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THE 

CENTURY  DICTIONARY 

AND 

CYCLOPEDIA 

A  WORK  OF  UNIVERSAL  REFERENCE 
IN  ALL  DEPARTMENTS  OF  KNOWLEDGE 
WITH  A  NEW  ATLAS  OF  THE  WORLD 


IN  TEN  VOLUMES 
VOLUME  I 


PUBLISHED  BY 

%\)t  Centurg  Co. 

NEW  YORK 


Copyright,  1889,  1890,  1891,  1894,  1895,  1896,  1897,  1898,  1899,  1900,  1901,  1902, 

By  The  Century  Co. 


All  Rights  Reserved. 


PUBLISHERS'  NOTE  ON  THE  COMPLETED  WORK 

With  the  publication  of  the  Atlas  which  is  incorporated  in  the  present  edition  The  Century  Diction- 
ary and  Cyclopedia  was  brought  to  completion.  As  the  Cyclopedia  of  Names  grew  out  of  the  Dictionary 
and  supplemented  it  on  its  encyclopedic  side,  so  the  Atlas  grew  out  of  the  Cyclopedia,  and  serves  as  an 
extension  of  its  geographical  material.  Each  of  these  works  deals  with  a  different  part  of  the  great  field 
of  words,— common  words  and  names,— while  the  three,  in  their  unity,  constitute  a  work  of  reference 
which  practically  covers  the  whole  of  that  field.  The  total  number  of  words  and  names  defined  or  other- 
wise described  in  the  completed  work  is  about  450,000. 

The  special  features  of  each  of  these  several  parts  of  the  book  are  described  in  the  Prefaces  which  will 
be  found  in  the  first,  ninth,  and  tenth  volumes.  It  need  only  be  said  that  the  definitions  of  the  common 
words  of  the  language  are  for  the  most  part  stated  encyclopedically,  with  a  vast  amount  of  technical, 
historical,  and  practical  information  in  addition  to  an  unrivaled  wealth  of  purely  philological  material; 
that  the  same  encyclopedic  method  is  applied  to  proper  names  —  names  of  persons,  places,  characters  in 
fiction,  books  — in  short,  of  everything  to  which  a  name  is  given;  and  that  in  the  Atlas  geographical 
names,  and  much  besides,  are  exhibited  with  a  completeness  and  serviceableness  seldom  equaled.  Of 
The  Century  Dictionary  and  Cyclopedia  as  a  whole,  therefore,  it  may  be  said  that  it  is  in  its  own  field 
the  most  complete  presentation  of  human  knowledge  —  scientific,  historical,  and  practical  —  that  exists. 

M  oreover,  the  method  of  distributing  this  encyclopedic  material  under  a  large  number  of  headings, 
which  has  been  followed  throughout,  makes  each  item  of  this  great  store  of  information  far  more  acces- 
sible than  in  works  in  which  a  different  system  is  adopted. 

The  first  edition  of  The  Century  Dictionary  was  completed  in  1891,  that  of  The  Century  Cyclopedia  of 
Names  in  1894,  and  that  of  the  Atlas  in  1897.  During  the  years  that  have  elapsed  since  those  dates  each 
of  these  works  has  been  subjected  to  repeated  careful  revisions,  in  order  to  include  the  latest  information, 
and  the  results  of  this  scrutiny  are  comprised  in  this  edition. 


THE 

CENTURY  DICTIONARY 

AN  ENCYCLOPEDIC  LEXICON 
OF  THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE 

i 

PREPARED  UNDER  THE  SUPERINTENDENCE  OF 

WILLIAM  DWIGHT  WHITNEY,  Ph.D.,  LL.D. 

PROFESSOR  OF  COMPARATIVE  PHILOLOGY  AND  SANSKRIT 
IN  YALE  UNIVERSITY 


PUBLISHED  BY 

C|)e  Cmturp 

NEW  YORK 


^  CSS* 


\ 


Copyright,  1889,  1890,  1891,  1895,  1896,  1897,  1899,  1900,  1901,  1902,.  by  The  Century  Co. 

All  Rights  Reserved. 


By  permission  of  Messrs.  Blackie  &  Son,  publishers  of  The  Imperial  Dictionary  by  Dr.  Ogilvie  and 
Dr.  Annandale,  material  from  that  English  copyright  work  has  been  freely  used  in  the  preparation  of 
The  Century  Dictionary,  and  certain  owners  of  American  copyrights  having  claimed  that  undue  use  of 
matter  so  protected  has  been  made  in  the  compilation  of  The  Imperial  Dictionary,  notice  is  hereby 
given  that  arrangement  has  also  been  made  with  the  proprietors  of  such  copyright  matter  for  its  use 
in  the  preparation  of  The  Century  Dictionary. 


THE  DEVINNE  PRESS. 


LIST  OF  COLLABORATORS: 


EDITOR-IN-CHIEF, 
WILLIAM  D.  WHITNEY,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D. 


MANAGING  EDITOR, 
BENJAMIN  E.  SMITH,  A.  M. 


EDITORIAL  ASSISTANTS, 
FRANKLIN  H.  HOOPER,  A.  B.  JOHN  W.  PALMER,  M.  D. 

ROBERT  LILLEY,  M.  R.  A.  S.  CHARLES  P.  G.  SCOTT,  Ph.  D. 

THOMAS  W.  LUDLOW,  A.  M.*  FRANCIS  A.  TEALL,  A.  M.* 

KATHARINE  B.  WOOD. 


EDITORIAL  CONTRIBUTORS, 


AUSTIN  ABBOTT,  LL.  D.* 

Law;  Legal  and  Political  Institutions. 

LYMAN  ABBOTT,  D.  D. 

Theology;    Liturgies;  Ecclesiastical 
History. 

CHARLES  BARNARD, 
Tools  afid  Machines. 


ALBERT  S.  BOLLES,  Ph.  D. 

Professor  of  Mercantile  Law  and  Practice 
in  the  Wharton  School  of  Finance  and 
Economy,  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

Commerce;  Finance. 


ELLIOTT  COUES,  M.  D.,  Ph.  D.* 

Late  Professor  of  Anatomy  in  the  National 
Medical  College. 

General  Zoology;  Biology;  Compar- 
ative Anatotny. 


4     EDWARD  S.  DANA,  Ph.  D. 

Professor  of  Physics  in  Yale  University. 
Physics;  Mineralogy. 

y' 

O  ISAAC  W.  DRUMMOND,  E.  M.,  Ph.  D, 
^  Pigments;  Dyes;  Dyeing,  etc. 

THEODORE  N.  GILL,  M.  D.,  Ph.  D. 

Professor  of  Zoology  in  the  Columbian  Uni- 
versity. 

Q  Ichthyology;  Conchology. 

0 

^     FRANCIS  M.  GREEN,  Com'r  U.  S.  N. 
(O  Naval  and  Nautical  Terins. 

W     JAMES  A.  HARRISON,  LiTT.  D.,  LL.  D. 

X.  Professor  of  English  and  Modern  Languages 

^  in  Washington  and  Lee  University. 

Contributions  to  the  Etymologies  (in 
g  the  last  Quarter  of  the  Alphabet). 

w)    J.  FRANKLIN  JAMESON,  Ph.  D. 

Professor  of  History  in  Brown  University. 
History  of  the  United  States. 


EDWARD  H.  JENKINS,  Ph.  D. 

Vice-Director  of  the  Connecticut  Agricultural 
Experiment  Station. 

Chemistry. 

FRANK  H.  KNOWLTON,  S.  M. 

Associate  Curator  of  Botany,  U.  S.  National 
Museum. 

Cryptogamic  Botany,  H-Z. 

GEORGE  F.  KUNZ,  A.  M. 
Gems;  Lapidary  Work. 

THOMAS  R.  LOUNSBURY,  A.  M. 

Professor  of  English  in  the  Sheffield  Scientific 
School,  Yale  University. 

Middle  English  ( Chaucer). 

THOMAS  W.  LUDLOW,  A.  M.* 

Architecture;  Sculpture;  Greek  and 
Roman  ArchcBology. 

DAVID  A.  LYLE,  Capt.  U.  S.  A. 
Military  Tenns. 

THOMAS  C.  MENDENHALL, 

Ph.  D.,  LL.  D. 

President  of  Worcester  Polytechnic  Institute. 
Electricity. 

CHARLES  S.  PEIRCE,  S.  B.,  A.  M. 

Late  Lecturer  on  Logic  at  the  Johns  Hop- 
kins University,  and  of  the  U.  S.  Coast 
and  Geodetic  Survey. 

Logic;  Metaphysics;  Mathematics; 
Mechanics;  Astronomy;  Weights 
and  Measures. 

CHARLES  C.  PERKINS,  A.  B.* 
Painting;  Engraving;  Etching. 

WALDO  S.  PRATT,  A.  M. 

Professor  of  Worship,  Hymnology,  and 
Sacred  Music  in  the  Hartford  Theo- 
logical Seminary. 

Music. 

CHARLES  P.  G.  SCOTT,  Ph.  D. 
Etymologies. 

ARTHUR  B.  SEYMOUR,  S.  M. 

Assistant  in  the  Cryptogamic  Herbarium, 
Harvard  University. 

Cryptogamic  Botany,  A-G. 


RUSSELL  STURGIS,  A.  M. 

Late  Professor  of  Architecture  and  the  Arts 
of  Design  in  the  College  of  the  City  of 
New  York. 

Decorative  Art;  Ceramics;  Medie- 
val ArchcBology;  Heraldry;  Cos- 
tumes. 


JAMES  K.  THACHER,  M.  D.* 

Professor  of  Physiology  and  Clinical  Medi- 
cine in  Yale  University. 

Physiology ;     Medicine;  Surgery; 
Hmnan  Anatomy;  Histology. 


ROBERT  H.  THURSTON, 

A.  M.,  Doc.  Eng. 
Director  of  Sibley  College,  Cornell  Uni- 
versity. 

General  Technology. 


LESTER  F.  WARD,  A.  M.,  LL.  B. 

Geologist,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey;  Honor- 
ary Curator  of  Botany  and  Fossil  Plants, 
U.  S.  National  Museum. 


Botany,  H-Z. 


SERENO  WATSON,  Ph.  D.» 

Curator  of  the  Herbarium,  Harvard  Uni- 
versity. 

Botany,  A-G. 


HENRY  M.  WHITNEY,  A.  M. 

Professor  of  English  Literature  in  Beloit 
College. 

Synonyms. 


JOSIAH  D.  WHITNEY,  LL.  D.*  , 
Professor  of  Geology,  Harvard  University. 
Geology;  Lithology;  Mining;  Metals 
and  Metallurgy ;  Physical  Geogra- 
phy; Fossil  Botany. 


WILLIAM  D.  WHITNEY,  Ph.  D.,LL.D.« 

Professor  of  Comparative  Philology  and  San- 
skrit in  Yale  University. 

Spelling;  Pronunciation;  Gram- 
mar; Comparative  Philology; 
Ethnology;  Anthropology. 


'  Deceased. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS, 
WILLIAM  LEWIS  FRASER. 

138768 


PREFACE. 


HE  plan  of  The  Centuey  Dictionaey  includes  three  things :  the  construction  of  a 
general  dictionary  of  the  English  language  which  shall  be  serviceable  for  every  literary 
and  practical  use;  a  more  complete  collection  of  the  technical  terms  of  the  various 
sciences,  arts,  trades,  and  professions  than  has  yet  been  attempted ;  and  the  addition  to 
the  definitions  proper  of  such  related  encyclopedic  matter,  with  pictorial  illustrations, 
as  shall  constitute  a  convenient  book  of  general  reference.  The  attempt  to  accomphsh  these  ends,  and 
at  the  same  time  to  produce  a  harmonious  whole,  has  determined  both  the  general  character  of  the 
work  and  its  details.  This  design  originated  early  in  1882  in  a  proposal  to  adapt  The  Imperial 
Dictionary  to  American  needs,  made  by  Mr.  Roswell  Smith,  President  of  The  Century  Co.,  who  has 
supported  with  unfailing  faith  and  the  largest  liberality  the  plans  of  the  editors  as  they  have  gradually 
extended  far  beyond  the  original  limits. 


The  most  obvious  result  of  this  plan  is  a  very  large  addition  to  the  vocabulary  of  preceding 
dictionaries,  about  two  hundred  thousand  words  being  here  defined.  The  first  duty  of  a  comprehensive 
dictionary  is  collection,  not  selection.  When  a  full  account  of  the  language  is  sought,  every  omis- 
sion of  a  genuine  English  form,  even  when  practically  necessary,  is  so  far  a  defect ;  and 

.  ,  „  1-  Tlie  vocabulary. 

it  is  therefore  better  to  err  on  the  side  oi  broad  mclusiveness  than  oi  narrow  exclusive- 
ness.   This  is  the  attitude  of  The  Century  Dictionary.    It  is  designed  to  be  a  practically  complete 
record  of  the  main  body  of  English  speech,  from  the  time  of  the  mingling  of  the  Old  French  and 
Anglo-Saxon  to  the  present  day,  with  such  of  its  offshoots  as  possess  historical,  etymological,  literary, 
scientific,  or  practical  value.    The  execution  of  this  design  demands  that  more  space  be  given  to  obso- 
lete words  and  forms  than  has  hitherto  been  the  rule  in  dictionaries.    This  is  especially 
true  of  Middle  English  words  (and  particularly  of  the  vocabulary  of  Chaucer),  which 
represent  a  stage  of  the  language  that  is  not  only  of  high  interest  in  itself,  but  is  also  intimately  con- 
nected, etymologic  ally  and  otherwise,  with  living  speech.    Only  a  few  of  these  words  are  contained  in 
existing  dictionaries.     This  is  the  case  also,  to  a  great  degree,  with  the  language  of  much  later 
times.    The  literature  of  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries,  the  formative  period  of  modern 
English,  abounds  in  words  and  idioms  hitherto  unrecorded  by  lexicographers.    Not  to  include  all  of  these 
terms  which  from  their  etymological  connections,  intrinsic  literary  value,  or  availability 
for  modern  use,  are  worthy  of  record,  is  to  make,  not  a  dictionary  of  English*,  but     Dialectal  and  pro- 

'  ./  7  7  ./  o        7  vjncjal  words. 

merely  a  dictionary  of  modern  and  selected  English.  A  similar  reason  has  led  to  the 
admission  of  an  unusually  large  number  of  dialectal  and  provincial  words.  Until  about  the  time  of 
the  Reformation  the  language  existed  chiefly  in  the  form  of  dialects  ;  and  while  the  common  literary 
tongue  was  establishing  itself,  and  after  it  became  established,  its  relations  with  dialectal  and  provincial 
forms  were  most  intimate.  Many  "  literary "  words  sank  to  the  position  of  provincialisms,  and  on  the 
other  hand  provincialisms  rose  to  literary  rank  —  a  process  which  has  been  continuous  to  the  present 
day.   Thus  both  historically  and  with  regard  to  present  usage  it  is  impossible  to  draw  a  hard  and  fast 


vi 


PEEFACE. 


line  between  these  two  sides  of  the  language,  either  with  respect  to  words  or  to  their  individual  senses. 
This  dictionary,  therefore,  includes  words  of  dialectal  form  or  provincial  use  which  appear  to  be  an 
important  part  of  the  history  of  the  language.  Within  the  sphere  of  mere  colloquialism,  slang,  and 
cant,  a  much  narrower  rule  of  inclusion  has,  of  course,  been  followed;  but  colloquialism  and  even 
slang  must  be  noticed  by  the  lexicographer  who  desires  to  portray  the  language  in  its 
Colloquialism  and  natural  and  full  outlines,  and  these  phases  of  English  have  therefore  been  treated  with 
Sms^'"^^™^'  liberality.  Americanisms,  especially,  have  received  the  recognition  naturally  to  be 
expected  from  an  American  dictionary,  many  being  recorded  for  the  first  time ;  on  the 
other  hand,  many  words  and  uses  heretofore  regarded  as  peculiar  to  this  country  have  been  found  to 
be  survivals  of  older  or  provincial  English,  or  to  have  gained  a  foothold  in  broader  English  use. 
Another  notable  increase  in  the  vocabulary  is  that  due  to  the  admission  of  the  many  terms  which  have 

come  into  existence  during  the  present  century  —  especially  during  the  last  twenty  years  in  connection 

with  the  advance  in  all  departments  of  knowledge  and  labor,  scientific,  artistic,  professional,  mechanical, 
and  practical.  This  increase  is  nowhere  more  conspicuous  than  in  the  language  of  the 
m'cTtermr^*^'^  physical  sciences,  and  of  those  departments  of  study,  such  as  archfeology,  which  are  con- 
cerned with  the  Hfe  and  customs  of  the  past.  Not  only  have  English  words  been  coined  in 
astonishing  numbers,  but  many  words  of  foreign  origin  or  form,  especially  New  Latin  and  French,  have 
been  imported  for  real  or  imaginary  needs.  To  consign  these  terms  to  special  glossaries  is  unduly  to 
restrict  the  dictionary  at  the  point  at  which  it  comes  into  the  closest  contact  with  what  is  vital  and 
interesting  in  contemporary  thought  and  Hfe ;  it  is  also  practically  impossible,  for  this  technical  language 
is,  in  numberless  instances,  too  closely  interwoven  with  common  speech  to  be  dissevered  from  it.  A 
similar  increase  is  noticeable  in  the  language  of  the  mechanical  arts  and  trades.  The  progress  of  inven- 
tion has  brought  nearly  as  great  a  flood  of  new  words  and  senses  as  has  the  progress  of  science.  To 
exclude  this  language  of  the  shop  and  the  market  from  a  general  English  dictionary  is  as  undesirable 
as  to  exclude  that  of  science,  and  for  similar  reasons.  Both  these  Hues  of  development  have  therefore 
been  recorded  with  great  fullness.  There  is  also  a  considerable  number  of  foreign  words  — Latin, 
French,  and  other  — not  in  technical  use,  which  have  been  admitted  because  they  either  have  become 
established  in  English  literature  or  stand  for  noteworthy  things  that  have  no  Enghsh  names.  Lastly, 
the  individual  words  have  been  supplemented  by  the  insertion  of  idiomatical  phrases  that  are  not  fully 
explained  by  the  definitions  of  their  component  parts  alone,  and  have  in  use  the  force  of  single  words ; 
and  of  the  numerous  phrase-names  used  in  the  arts  and  sciences.  The  number  of  these  phrases  here 
defined  is  very  large. 

No  English  dictionary,  however,  can  well  include  every  word  or  every  form  of  a  word  that  has 
been  used  by  any  English  writer  or  speaker.  There  is  a  very  large  number  of  words  and  forms  dis- 
coverable in  the  literature  of  all  periods  of  the  language,  in  the  various  dialects,  and  in  colloquial 

use,  which  have  no  practical  claim  upon  the  notice  of  the  lexicographer.  A  large 
^I^exdudi!^'''*      ^^^^^        meriting  inclusion  consists  of  words  used  only  for  the  nonce  by  writers  of 

all  periods  and  of  all  degrees  of  authority,  and  especially  by  recent  writers  in  news- 
papers and  other  ephemeral  publications ;  of  words  intended  by  their  inventors  for  wider  use  in  popular 
or  technical  speech,  but  which  have  not  been  accepted;  and  of  many  special  names  of  things,  as  of 
many  chemical  compounds,  of  many  inventions,  of  patented  commercial  articles,  and  the  like.  Yet 
another  group  is  composed  of  many  substantive  uses  of  adjectives,  adjective  uses  of  substantives 
(as  of  nouns  of  ma'terial),  participial  adjectives,  verbal  nouns  ending  in  -ing,  abstract  nouns  ending 
in  -ness,  adverbs  ending  in  -ly  from  adjectives,  adjectives  ending  in  -ish,  regular  compounds,  etc., 
which  can  be  used  at  will  in  accordance  with  the  established  principles  of  the  language,  but  which 
are  too  obvious,  both  in  meaning  and  formation,  and  often  too  occasional  in  use,  to  need  separate 
definition.  So  also  dialectal,  provincial,  or  colloquial  words  must  be  excluded,  so  far  as  they  stand 
out  of  vital  relation  to  the  main  body  of  the  language  which  it  is  the  object  of  a  general  dic- 
tionary to  explain.  The  special  limitations  of  the  technical  and  scientific  vocabulary  will  be  men- 
tioned later. 


PREFACE. 


vii 


None  of  these  considerations  is  of  the  nature  of  a  definite  rule  that  can  be  used  with  precision 
in  all  cases.  On  the  contrary,  the  question  whether  a  word  shall  be  included,  even  in  a  dictionary 
so  comprehensive  as  this,  must  often  be  decided  by  the  special  circumstances  of  the  case. 


The  sources  of  the  English  vocabulary  thus  presented  are  extremely  various.  No  other  tongue, 
ancient  or  modern,  has  appeared  in  so  many  and  so  different  phases;  and  no  other  people  of  high 
civilization  has  so  completely  disregarded  the  barriers  of  race  and  circumstance  and  adopted  into  its 
speech  so  great  a  number  of  unnative  words  and  notions.  The  making  of  the  Etymologies. 
English  language  began,  it  may  be  said,  with  the  introduction  of  Roman  rule  and 
Roman  speech  among  the  barbarous  Celts  of  Britain.  The  Latin  language,  as  the  vehicle  of  civil- 
ization, affected  strongly  the  Celtic,  and  also  the  speech  of  the  Teutonic  peoples,  Saxons,  Angles, 
and  Jutes,  who  in  the  fifth  century  obtained  a  footing  on  the  island.  This  Teutonic  tongue,  while 
assimilating  something  both  of  the  native  Celtic  idiom,  and  of  Latin  in  a  Celtic  guise,  in  time 
became  the  dominant  language.  The  speech  thus  formed  (called  Anglo-Saxon  or,  as  some  now 
prefer,  Old  English)  was  raised  almost  to  classic  rank  by  the  labors  of  Alfred  and  of  the  numerous 
priests  and  scholars  who  sought  to  convey  to  their  countrymen  in  their  native  language  the  treasures 
of  Latin  learning  and  the  precepts  of  the  Latin  Church.  Though  uniting  in  the  ninth  century  with  an 
infiux  of  Scandinavian  speech,  and  in  the  eleventh  century,  through  the  Norman  conquest,  with  the 
stream  which  fiowed  through  France  from  Rome,  it  remained  the  chief  fountain  of  English.  From  these 
two  elements,  the  Teutonic  and  the  Latin  (the  latter  both  in  its  original  form  and  as  modified  in  the 
Romance  tongues),  our  language  has  been  constructed;  though  materials  more  or  less  important  have 
been  borrowed  from  almost  every  known  speech. 

The  details  of  this  history  are  exhibited  in  the  etymologies.    They  have  been  written  anew,  on  a 
uniform  plan,  and  in  accordance  with  the  established  principles  of  comparative  philology.    The  best 
works  in  English  etymology,  as  well  as  in  etymology  and  philology  in  general,  have  been  regularly 
consulted,  the  most  helpful  being  those  of  Prof.  Skeat  and  Eduard  Miiller,  and  the  "New  Enghsh 
Dictionary  on  Historical  Principles,"  edited  by  Dr.  J.  A.  H.  Murray  (which,  however,  could  be  con- 
sulted in  revising  the  proofs  of  A  and  of  part  of  B  only) ;  but  the  conclusions  reached  are  independent. 
It  has  been  possible,  by  means  of  the  fresh  material  at  the  disposal  of  the  etymologist,  to  clear  up 
in  many  cases  doubts  or  difBculties  hitherto  resting  upon  the  history  of  particular  words,  to  decide 
definitely  in  favor  of  one  of  several  suggested  etymologies,  to  discard  numerous  current  errors,  and 
to  give  for  the  first  time  the  history  of  many  words  of  which  the  etymologies  were  previously 
unknown  or  erroneously  stated.   Noteworthy  features  of  the  etymologies  will  be  found 
to  be  the  method  followed  in  stating  the  ascertained  facts  of  the  history  of  each  foJe^sJfteS^I 
word,  and  the  extensive  collation  of  cognate  or  allied  words.     Beginning  with  the 
current  accepted  form  or  spelling,  each  important  word  has  been  traced  back  through  earlier  forms 
to  its  remotest  known  origin.     Middle  English  forms  are  given,  in  important  cases  in  numerous 
variants  for  the  four  centuries  included  in  that  period,  and  are  traced  to  the  Anglo-Saxon  (in  which 
are  given  the  typical  forms,  with  the  important  variants  and  the  oldest  glosses)  or,  as  the  case  may 
be,  to  the  Old  French,  including  in  special  instances  the  Old  French  as  developed  in  England,  or 
Anglo-French.    The  derivation  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  or  French  form  is  then  given.    When  an  Anglo- 
Saxon  or  other  Teutonic  form  is  mentioned,  the  cognate  forms  are  given  from  the  Old  Saxon,  the 
Old  Friesic,  the  Dutch,  Low  Oerman,  High  German,  and  Icelandic  in  their  several  periods,  the  Swedish 
(and  often  the  Norwegian),  the  Danish,  and  the  Oothic.    The  same  form  of  statement  is  used  with 
the  Romance  and  other  groups  of  forms  — the  Old  French  and  modern  French,  the  Provencal,  the 
Spanish,  the  Portuguese,  the  Italian,  and  sometimes  in  special  instances  the  Wallachian  and  other 
Romance  forms,  being  given  in  a  regular  order,  and  derived  together  from  their  Latin  or  other  soui-ce. 
With  the  Latin  are  mentioned  the  Greek  cognates,  if  any  such  existed,  the  Slavic  forms,  if  concerned, 
and  the  Sanskrit,  Persian,  etc.    If  the  Arabic  or  Hebrew  is  reached,  other  Semitic  forms  are  sometimes 


viii 


PREFACE. 


stated.  The  rule  has  been  to  deduce  from  a  comparison  of  all  the  principal  forms  the  primitive  sense 
or  form,  and  also  to  make  the  process  of  inference  clear  to  the  consulter  of  the  dictionary.  Of  course, 
in  a  search  through  so  vast  a  field,  in  which  the  paths  of  words  have  been  in  many  instances  effectu- 
ally obliterated  or  confused,  many  points  of  uncertainty  remain;  but  from  the  evidence  at  hand 
various  degrees  of  approximation  to  certainty  can  be  established,  and  these  it  has  been  sought  clearly 
to  indicate  by  terms  of  qualification.  The  various  prefixes  and  suffixes  used  in  the  formation  of  English 
words  are  treated  very  fully  in  separate  articles. 

There  are  thus  two  distinct  groups  of  forms  in  the  etymologies:  those  in  the  line  of  derivation  or 
direct  descent,  and  those  in  the  lines  of  cognation  or  collateral  descent.    A  Greek  word,  for  example, 
may  occur  not  only  in  Anglo-Saxon  (and  English),  but  also  in  other  Teutonic  and  in  Romance  and 
other  tongues,  and  the  full  account  of  the  English  form  requires  the  mention  of  the 

The  symbols  used.  i  t 

most  important  of  these  other  forms  as  "parallel  with"  or  "equal  to"  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  and  English.  To  separate  these  groups  more  plainly  to  thought  and  to  the  eye,  and  to 
save  the  space  which  would  be  taken  up  by  the  frequent  repetition  of  the  words  "from,"  "parallel 
with,"  and  "whence,"  distinctive  symbols  are  used.  For  "from"  is  used  the  sign  <,  denoting  that  the 
form  without  the  angle  is  derived  from  the  form  within  it ;  for  "  whence,"  the  sign  > ,  with  a  similar 
significance;  for  "parallel  with"  or  "equal to"  or  "cognate  with,"  the  familiar  sign  of  equality,  =;  for 
the  word  "root,"  the  ordinary  algebraic  symbol  V-  An  asterisk  *  is  prefixed  uniformly  to  all  forms 
which  are  cited  either  as  probable  or  as  theoretical,  or  as  merely  alleged ;  it  indicates  in  all  cases  that 
the  form  so  marked  has  not  been  found  by  the  etymologist  in  the  records  of  the  language  concerned, 
or  in  its  dictionaries.  But  in  some  cases  words  are  marked  with  the  asterisk  which  are  found  in  certain 
dictionaries,  but  have  not  been  verified  in  the  actual  literature.  Special  care  has  been  taken  with  the 
Anglo-Saxon  words,  unverified  forms  of  which  exist  in  the  current  dictionaries,  some  of  them  probably 
genuine,  though  not  found  in  any  of  the  accessible  texts,  and  others  due  to  early  errors  of  editors  and 
dictionary-makers. 

Words  of  various  origin  and  meaning,  but  of  the  same  spelling  (homonyms),  have  been  distinguished 
by  small  superior  figures  {\  ^,  ^,  etc.).    Such  words  abound  in  English.    They  are  mostly  common 
monosyllables,  and  much  confusion  exists  not  only  in  the  explanation  of  them  but  also  in  their  use, 
words  of  diverse  origin  having  been,  in  many  cases,  regarded  as  one,  with  consequent 

Homonyms.  -  /       <->  7  -a 

entanglement  or  complete  mergmg  of  meanings.  In  numbering  these  homonyms,  the 
rule  has  been  to  give  precedence  to  the  oldest  or  the  most  familiar,  or  to  that  one  which  is  most  nearly 
English  in  origin.  The  superior  numbers  apply  not  so  much  to  the  individual  word  as  to  the  group  or 
root  to  which  it  belongs ;  hence  the  different  grammatical  uses  of  the  same  homonym  are  numbered  alike 
when  they  are  separately  entered  in  the  dictionary.  Thus  verbs  and  nouns  of  the  same  origin  and  the 
same  present  spelling  receive  the  same  superior  number.  But  when  two  words  of  the  same  form,  and  of 
the  same  radical  origin,  now  differ  considerably  in  meaning,  so  as  to  be  used  as  different  words,  they  are 
separately  numbered. 

The  etymologies  have  been  written  by  Dr.  Charles  P.  G.  Scott,  with  the  assistance,  in  the  later 
parts  of  the  work,  of  contributions  from  Prof.  James  A.  Harrison,  Prof.  William  M.  Baskervill, 
Prof.  Francis  A.  March,  Jr.,  and  others.  In  ascertaining  the  particular  facts  with  regard  to  the 
origin  of  technical  terms,  much  aid  has  been  given  by  the  specialists  in  charge  of  the  various 
departments. 


Of  the  great  body  of  words  constituting  the  familiar  language  the  spelling  is  determined  by  well- 
established  usage,  and,  however  accidental  and  unacceptable,  in  many  cases,  it  may  be,  and  however 
much  of  sympathy  and  well-wiUing  may  be  due  to  the  efforts  now  making  to  introduce  a  reform,  it  is 
not  the  office  of  a  dictionary  like  this  to  propose  improvements,  or  to  adopt  those  which  have  been 
proposed,  and  have  not  yet  won  some  degree  of  acceptance  and  use.  But  there  are  also  considerable 
classes  as  to  which  usage  is  wavering,  more  than  one  form  being  sanctioned  by  excellent  authorities, 


PREFACE. 


either  in  this  country  or  in  G-reat  Britain,  or  in  both.  Familiar  examples  are  words  ending  in  -or 
or  -our  (as  labor,  labour),  in  -er  or  -re  (as  center,  centre),  in  -i^e  or  -ise  (as  civilize,  civilise) ;  those 
having  a  single  or  double  consonant  after  an  unaccented  vowel  (as  traveler,  traveller;  worshiped,  wor- 
shipped), or  spelt  with  e  or  with  ce  or  oe  (as  hemorrhage,  diarrhea;  hcemorrhage,  diar- 
rhoea) ;  and  so  on.  In  such  cases,  both  forms  are  given,  with  an  expressed  preference  for  '^^^  orthography, 
the  briefer  one,  or  the  one  more  accordant  with  native  analogies.  The  language  is  struggling  toward 
a  more  consistent  and  phonetic  spelling,  and  it  is  proper,  in  disputed  and  doubtful  cases,  to  cast  the 
influence  of  the  dictionary  in  favor  of  this  movement,  both  by  its  own  usage  in  the  body  of  the  text, 
and  at  the  head  of  articles  by  the  order  of  forms,  or  the  selection  of  the  form  under  which  the  word 
shall  be  treated.  Technical  words  not  in  general  use,  and  words  introduced  from  other  languages, 
have  also  their  varieties  of  orthographic  form :  the  former,  in  part,  because  of  the  ignorance  or  care- 
lessness of  those  who  have  made  adaptations  from  Latin  or  Greek ;  the  latter,  because  of  the  different 
styles  of  transliteration  or  imitation  adopted.  In  such  cases,  slight  variants  are  here  sometimes  dis- 
regarded, the  more  correct  form  being  given  alone,  or  with  mere  mention  of  others ;  in  other  cases,  the 
different  forms  are  given,  with  cross  references  to  the  preferred  one,  under  which  the  word  is  treated. 
Finally,  the  obsolete  words  which  have  no  accepted  spelling,  but  occur  only  in  the  variety  of  forms 
characteristic  of  the  periods  from  which  they  come,  are  treated  regularly  under  that  form  which  is 
nearest  to,  or  most  analogous  with,  present  English,  and  the  quotations,  of  whatever  form,  are  as  a 
rule  presented  there;  side-forms  are  entered  as  liberally  as  seemed  in  any  measure  desirable,  with 
references  to  the  one  preferred.  All  citations,  however,  are  given  in  the  orthography  (though  not 
always  with  the  punctuation)  of  the  texts  from  which  they  are  taken. 


Still  greater  than  the  variation  in  the  orthography,  even  the  accepted  orthography,  of  English 
words,  is  the  variation  in  the  pronunciation.  And  here  the  same  general  principles  must  govern  the 
usage  of  the  dictionary.  No  attempt  is  made  to  record  all  the  varieties  of  popular,  or  even  of  educated, 
utterance,  or  to  report  the  determinations  made  by  different  recognized  authorities. 
It  has  been  necessary,  rather,  to  make  a  selection  of  words  to  which  alternative  pro-  '^^^  p''<''^'^''i**i<'°- 
nunciations  should  be  accorded,  and  to  give  preference  among  these  according  to  the  circumstances 
of  each  particular  case,  in  view  of  the  general  analogies  and  tendencies  of  English  utterance.  A 
large  number  of  scientific  names  and  terms — words  that  are  written  rather  than  uttered,  even  by 
those  who  use  them  most — are  here  entered  and  have  a  pronunciation  noted  for  the  first  time. 
For  such  words  no  prescriptive  usage  can  be  claimed  to  exist  ;  the  pronunciation  must  be  deter- 
mined by  the  analogies  of  words  more  properly  English,  or  by  those  governing  kindred  and  more 
common  words  from  the  same  sources.  With  respect  to  many  foreign  words,  more  or  less  used  as 
English,  it  is  often  questionable  how  far  usage,  has  given  them  an  English  pronunciation,  or  has 
modified  in  the  direction  of  English  the  sound  belonging  to  them  where  they  are  vernacular.  In 
not  a  few  instances  a  twofold  pronunciation  is  indicated  for  them,  one  Anglicized  and  the  other 
original.  Words  of  present  provincial  use  are  for  the  most  part  pronounced  according  to  literary 
analogies,  without  regard  to  the  varieties  of  their  local  utterance.  The  principal  exceptions  are 
Scotch  words  having  a  certain  literary  standing  (owing  to  their  use  especially  by  Scott  and  Burns) ; 
these  are  more  carefully  marked  for  their  provincial  pronunciation.  Wholly  obsolete  words  are  left 
unmarked. 

There  are  certain  difficult  points  in  varying  English  utterance,  the  treatment  of  which  by  the 
dictionary  calls  for  special  explanation.  One  is  the  so-called  "long  m"  (as  in  use,  muse,  cure),  repre- 
sented here,  as  almost  everywhere,  by  u.  In  its  full  pronunciation,  this  is  as  precisely  goo  {go)  as  if 
written  with  the  two  characters.  But  there  has  long  existed  a  tendency  to  lessen  or  remove  the 
^/-element  of  the  combination  in  certain  situations  unfavorable  to  its  production.  After  an  r,  this 
tendency  has  worked  itself  fully  out ;  the  pronunciation  oo  (6)  has  taken  the  place  of  u  in  that  situa- 
tion so  generally  as  to  be  alone  accepted  by  all  recent  authorities  (although  some  speakers  still  show 


PREFACE. 


plain  traces  of  the  older  utterance).  The  same  has  happened,  in  a  less  degree,  after  I,  and  some  of  the 
latest  authorities  (even  in  England)  prescribe  always  loo  {Id)  instead  of  lU;  so  radical  a  change  has 
not  been  ventured  upon  in  this  work,  in  which  6  is  written  only  after  an  I  that  is  preceded  by 
another  consonant:  cultivated  pronunciation  is  much  less  uniform  here  than  in  the 
utrZt::rn  ^^'"''^^^.^  ^^^^^  ^he  other  so-called  dental  consonants  t,  d,  s, 

of  certain  vowels.      oxccpt  m  Syllables  immediately  following  an  accent,  the  usage  of  the  majority  of 
good  speakers  tends  to  reduce  the  7/-elemeut  to  a  lighter  and  less  noticeable  form, 
while  many  omit  it  altogether,  pronouncing  oo  {o).    Of  this  class  of   discordances  no  account  is 
taken  m  the  re-spellings  for  pronunciation;  usage  is  in  too  fluid  and  vacillating  a  condition  to 
be  successfully  represented.    After  the  sounds  ch,  j,  sh,  zJi,  however,  only  o  is  acknowledged.  Another 
case  is  that  of  the  r.    Besides  local  differences  in  regard  to  the  point  of  production  in  the  mouth, 
and  to  the  presence,  or  degree,  of  trilling  in  its  utterance,  a  very  large  number,  including  some 
of  the  sections  of  most  authoritative  usage,  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic,  do  not  really  utter  the 
r-sound  at  aU  unless  it  be  immediately  followed  by  a  vowel  (in  the  same  or  a  succeeding  word),  but 
either  sUence  it  altogether  or  convert  it  into  a  neutral-vowel  sound  (that  of  hut  or  hurt).    The  muti- 
lation thus  described  is  not  acknowledged  in  this  dictionary,  but  r  is  everywhere  written  where  it 
has  till  recently  been  pronounced  by  all;  and  it  is  left  for  the  future  to  determine  which  party  of  the 
speakers  of  the  language  shall  win  the  upper  hand.    The  distinction  of  the  two  shades  of  neutral- 
vowel  sound  in  hut  and  hurt,  which  many  authorities,  especially  in  England,  ignore  or  neglect,  is,  as 
a  matter  of  course,  made  in  this  work.     The  latter,  or  /^^^r^sound,  is  found  in  English  words  only 
before  r  in  the  same  syllable;  but  it  is  also  a  better  correspondent  to  the  French  eu  and  "mute  e» 
sounds  than  is  the  former,  or  /m^-sound.    In  like  manner,  the  air-sound  is  distinguished  (as  a)  from  the 
ordinary  e-  or  a-sounds.    Further,  the  two  sounds  written  with  o  in  sot  and  song  are  held  apart  through- 
out, the  latter  (marked  with  6)  being  admitted  not  only  before  r  (as  in  nor),  but  in  many  other  situations, 
where  common  good  usage  puts  it.    But  as  there  is  a  growing  tendency  in  the  language  to  turn  o  into 
0,  the  line  between  the  two  sounds  is  a  variable  one,  and  the  6  (on  this  account  distinguished  from  a, 
with  which  from  a  phonetic  point  of  view  it  is  practically  identical)  must  be  taken  as  marking  an 
o-sound  which  in  a  part  of  good  usage  is  simple  o.    A  similar  character  belongs  to  the  so-called  "  inter- 
mediate a"  of  ask,  can%  command,  and  their  like,  which  with  many  good  speakers  has  the  full  a-sound 
(of /ar,  etc.),  and  also  by  many  is  flattened  quite  to  the  "short  a"  oi  fat,  etc.    This  is  signified  by  d, 
which,  as  applied  to  English  words,  should  be  regarded  rather  as  pointing  out  the  varying  utterance 
here  described  than  as  imperatively  prescribing  any  shade  of  it. 

On  the  side  of  consonant  utterance,  there  is  a  very  large  class  of  cases  where  it  can  be  made  a 
question  whether  a  pure  i  or    or  5  or  ^  is  pronounced  with  an  i-  or  ^/-sound  after  it  before  another  vowel, 
or  whether  the  consonant  is  fused  together  with  the  i  or  y  into  the  sounds  ch,  j,  sh,  or  zh  respectively  — 
for  example,  whether  we  say  nature  or  nachur,  gradual  or  grajoal,  sure  or  shor,  vizual 
ItllnZlfn^r  There  are  many  such  words  in  which  accepted  usage  has  fully  ranged 

nants.  itsclf  ou  the  sidc  of  the  fused  pronunciation :  for  example,  vizhon,  not  vizion,  for 

vision;  azhur,  not  azUre,  for  azure;  but  with  regard  to  the  great  majority  usage  is  less 
decided,  or  else  the  one  pronunciation  is  given  in  ordinary  easy  utterance  and  the  other  when  speaking 
with  deliberation  or  labored  plainness,  or  else  the  fused  pronunciation  is  used  without  the  fact  being 
acknowledged.  For  such  cases  is  introduced  here  a  special  mark  under  the  consonant— thus,  t,  d,  5,  z  — 
which  is  intended  to  signify  that  in  elaborate  or  strained  utterance  the  consonant  has  its  own  proper 
value,  but  in  ordinary  styles  of  speaking  combines  with  the  following  i-element  into  the  fused  sound. 
The  mark  is  not  used  unless  the  fused  sound  is  admissible  in  good  common  speech. 

This  same  device,  of  a  mark  added  beneath  to  indicate  a  familiar  utterance  different  from  an 
elaborate  or  forced  one,  is  introduced  by  this  dictionary  on  a  very  large  scale  in  marking  the  sounds  of 
the  vowels.  One  of  the  most  peculiar  characteristics  of  English  pronunciation  is  the  way  in  which  it 
slights  the  vowels  of  most  unaccented  syllables,  not  merely  lightening  them  in  point  of  quantity  and 
stress,  but  changing  their  quality  of  sound.    To  write  (as  systems  of  re-spelling  for  pronunciation,  and 


PREFACE. 


even  systems  of  phonetic  spelling,  generally  do)  the  vowels  of  unaccented  syllables  as  if  they  were 
accented,  is  a  distortion,  and  to  pronounce  them  as  so  written  would  be  a  caricature  of  English  speech. 
There  are  two  degrees  of  this  transformation.  In  the  first,  the  general  vowel  quality  of  a  long  vowel 
remains,  but  is  modified  toward  or  to  the  corresponding  (natural)  short:  thus,  d 
and  0  lose  their  usual  vanish  (of  e  and  6  respectively),  and  become,  the  one  e  (even,  in  InTetsyuriet 
some  final  syllables,  the  yet  thinner  i),  the  other  the  true  short  o  (which,  in  accented 
syllables,  occurs  only  provincially,  as  in  the  New  England  pronunciation  of  home,  whole,  etc.) ;  e  and  d 
(of  food)  become  i  and  ii  (of  good)-,  d  ov  6  become  (more  rarely)  o.  This  first  degree  of  change  is 
marked  by  a  single  dot  under  the  vowel:  thus,  a,  e,  g,  u,  g,  6.  In  the  second  degree,  the  vowel  loses 
its  specific  quality  altogether,  and  is  reduced  to  a  neutral  sound,  the  slightly  uttered  u  (of  hut)  or  e 
(of  hurt).  This  change  occurs  mainly  in  short  vowels  (especially  a,  o,  less  often  e,  but  i  chiefly  in  the 
ending  -ity) ;  but  also  sometimes  in  long  vowels  (especially  u  and  a).  This  second  degree  of  alteration 
is  marked  by  a  double  dot  under  the  vowel:  thus,  a,  e,  p,  i,  a,  u.  Accordingly,  the  dots  show  that 
while  in  very  elaborate  utterance  the  vowel  is  sounded  as  marked  without  them,  in  the  various  degrees 
of  inferior  elaborateness  it  ranges  down  to  the  shortened  or  to  the  neutrahzed  vowel  respectively ;  and 
it  is  intended  that  the  dots  shall  mark,  not  a  careless  and  slovenly,  but  only  an  ordinary  and  idiomatic 
utterance  — not  that  of  hasty  conversation,  but  that  of  plain  speaking,  or  of  reading  aloud  with  dis- 
tinctness. In  careless  talk  there  is  a  yet  wider  reduction  to  the  neutral  sound.  It  must  be  clearly 
understood  and  borne  in  mind  that  these  changes  are  the  accompaniment  and  effect  of  a  lightening 
and  slighting  of  utterance ;  to  pronounce  with  any  stress  the  syllables  thus  marked  would  be  just  as 
great  a  caricature  as  to  pronounce  them  with  stress  as  marked  above  the  letter. 


In  the  preparation  of  the  definitions  of  common  words  there  has  been  at  hand,  besides  the  material 
generally  accessible  to  students  of  the  language,  a  special  collection  of  quotations  selected  for  this  work 
from  English  books  of  all  kinds  and  of  all  periods  of  the  language,  which  is  probably  much  larger 
than  any  that  has  hitherto  been  made  for  the  use  of  an  English  dictionary,  except 
that  accumulated  for  the  Philological  Society  of  London.  From  this  source  much  ^^^'^'^"^^^I'^^l 
fresh  lexicographical  matter  has  been  obtained,  which  appears  not  only  in  hitherto 
unrecorded  words  and  senses,  but  also,  it  is  believed,  in  the  greater  conformity  of  the  definitions 
as  a  whole  to  the  facts  of  the  language.  In  general,  the  attempt  has  been  made  to  portray  the  language 
as  it  actually  is,  separating  more  or  less  sharply  those  senses  of  each  word  which  are  really  distinct, 
but  avoiding  that  over-refinement  of  analysis  which  tends  rather  to  confusion  than  to  clearness.  Special 
scientific  and  technical  uses  of  words  have,  however,  often  been  separately  numbered,  for  practical 
reasons,  even  when  they  do  not  constitute  logically  distinct  definitions.  The  various  senses  of  words 
have  also  been  classified  with  reference  to  the  limitations  of  their  use,  those  not  found  in  current 
literary  English  being  described  as  obsolete,  local,  provincial,  colloquial,"  or  technical  (legal,  botanical, 
etc.).  The  arrangement  of  the  definitions  historically,  in  the  order  in  which  the  senses  defined  have 
entered  the  language,  is  the  most  desirable  one,  and  it  has  been  adopted  whenever,  from  the  etymo- 
logical and  other  data  accessible,  the  historical  order  could  be  inferred  with  a  considerable  degree  of 
certainty;  it  has  not,  however,  been  possible  to  employ  it  in  every  case.  The  general  definitions  have 
also  been  supplemented  by  discussions  of  synonyms  treating  of  about  7000  words,  contributed  by 
Prof.  Henry  M.  Whitney,  which  will  be  found  convenient  as  bringing  together  statements  made  in 
the  definitions  in  various  parts  of  the  dictionary,  and  also  as  touching  in  a  free  way  upon  many  literary 
aspects  of  words. 

Many  of  the  extracts  mentioned  above,  together  with  some  contained  in  the  Imperial  Dictionary 
and  in  other  earlier  or  special  works,  have  been  employed  to  illustrate  the  meanings  of  words, 
or  merely  to  establish  the  fact  of  use.  They  form  a  large  collection  (about  200,000)  representing  all 
periods  and  branches  of  English  literature.  In  many  cases  they  will  be  found  useful  from  a  his- 
torical point  of  view,  though,  as  was  intimated  above,  they  do  not  furnish  a  complete  historical 


xii 


PREFACE. 


record.    All  have  been  verified  from  the  works  from  which  they  have  been  taken,  and  are  furnished 
with  exact  references,  except  a  few  obtained  from  the  Imperial  Dictionary,  which  could  not  readily 
be  traced  to  their  sources,  but  were  of  sufficient  value  to  justify  their  insertion  on  the  authority  of 
that  work.    Their  dates  can  be  ascertained  approximately  from  the  list  of  authors 

The  quotations.  .,  /      -i       t  •        \      •     i  • 

and  works  (and  editions)  cited,  which  will  be  published  with  the  concluding  part  of 
the  dictionary.  These  quotations  have  been  used  freely  wherever  they  have  seemed  to  be  helpful ;  but 
it  has  not  been  possible  thus  to  illustrate  every  word  or  every  meaning  of  each  word  without  an 
undue  increase  in  the  bulk  of  the  book.    The  omissions  affect  chiefly  technical  and  obvious  senses. 

In  defining  this  common  English  vocabulary,  important  aid  has  been  received  from  Mr.  Benjamin  E. 
Smith,  who  has  also  had,  under  the  editor-in-chief,  the  special  direction  and  revision  of  the  work  on  all 
parts  of  the  dictionary,  with  the  charge  of  putting  the  book  through  the  press;  from  Mr.  Francis  A. 
Teall,  who  has  also  aided  in  criticizing  the  proofs ;  from  Mr.  Robert  Lilley,  in  the  preliminary  working- 
up  of  the  literary  material  as  well  as  in  the  final  revision  of  it;  from  Dr.  Charles  P.  Gr.  Scott,  who 
has  also  had  special  charge  of  the  older  English,  and  of  provincial  English;  from  Prof.  Thomas  R. 
Lounsbury,  who  has  contributed  to  the  dictionary  the  results  of  a  systematic  reading  of  Chaucer ;  from 
Dr.  John  W.  Palmer,  who  has  aided  in  revising  the  manuscript  prepared  for  the  press,  and  has  also 
contributed  much  special  literary  matter;  from  Prof.  Henry  M.  Whitney,  who  has  given  assistance  in 
preparing  the  definitions  of  common  words  in  certain  later  divisions  of  the  work  and  has  also  examined 
the  proofs ;  from  Mr.  Thomas  W.  Ludlow ;  from  Mr.  Franklin  H.  Hooper ;  from  Mr.  Leighton  Hoskins, 
who  has  also  contributed  material  for  the  definitions  of  most  of  the  terms  in  prosody;  from  Miss 
Katharine  B.  Wood,  who  has  superintended  the  collecting  of  new  words  and  the  selection  and  verifi- 
cation of  the  quotations ;  from  Miss  Mary  L.  Avery ;  and  from  many  others  who  have  helped  at  special 
points,  or  by  criticisms  and  suggestions,  particularly  Prof.  Charles  S.  Peirce  and  Prof.  Josiah  D.  Whitney. 


Much  space  has  been  devoted  to  the  special  terms  of  the  various  sciences,  fine  arts,  mechanical 
arts,  professions,  and  trades,  and  much  care  has  been  bestowed  upon  their  treatment.  They  have 
been  collected  by  an  extended  search  through  all  branches  of  technical  literature,  with  the  design  of 
providing  a  very  complete  and  many-sided  technical  dictionary.  Many  thousands  of 
ScaUei'ms."**^*'^  words  havc  thus  been  gathered  which  have  never  before  been  recorded  in  a  gen- 
eral dictionary,  or  even  in  special  glossaries.  Their  definitions  are  intended  to  be  so 
precise  as  to  be  of  service  to  the  specialist,  and,  also,  to  be  simple  and  "popular"  enough  to  be 
intelligible  to  the  layman.  It  is  obvious,  however,  that  the  attempt  to  reconcile  these  aims  must 
impose  certain  limitations  upon  each.  On  the  one  hand,  strictly  technical  forms  of  statement  must 
in  many  cases  be  simplified  to  suit  the  capacity  and  requirements  of  those  who  are  not  technically 
trained;  and,  on  the  other,  whenever  (as  often,  for  example,  in  mathematics,  biology,  and  anatomy) 
a  true  definition  is  possible  only  in  technical  language,  or  the  definition  concerned  is  of  interest  only 
to  a  specialist,  the  question  of  immediate  intelligibility  to  a  layman  cannot  be  regarded  as  of  prime 
importance.  In  general,  however,  whenever  purely  technical  interests  and  the  demands  of  popular 
use  obviously  clash,  preference  has  been  given  to  the  latter  so  far  as  has  been  possible  without  sacrifice 
of  accuracy.  In  many  instances,  to  a  technical  definition  has  been  added  a  popular  explanation  or 
amplification.  It  is  also  clear  that  the  completeness  with  which  the  lexicographic  material  of  interest  to 
the  specialist  can  be  given  must  vary  greatly  with  the  different  subjects.  Those  (as  metaphysics, 
theology,  law,  the  fine  arts,  etc.)  the  vocabulary  of  which  consists  mainly  of  abstract  terms  which  are 
distinctly  English  in  form,  of  common  English  words  used  in  special  senses,  or  of  fully  naturalized 
foreign  words,  may  be  presented  much  more  fully  than  those  (as  zoology,  botany,  chemistry, 
mineralogy,  etc.)  which  employ  great  numbers  of  artificial  names,  many  of  them  Latin. 

The  technical  material  has  been  contributed  by  the  gentlemen  whose  names  are  given  in  the  list  of 
collaborators,  with  the  assistance  at  special  points  of  many  others;  and  aU  their  work,  after  editorial 
revision,  has  been  submitted  to  them  in  one  or  more  proofs  for  correction.    This  method  of  obtaining 


PREFACE.  xiii 


both  accuracy  and  homogeneity  has,  perhaps,  never  before  been  so  fully  adopted  and  faithfully  applied 
in  a  dictionary.  A  few  special  explanations  are  necessary  with  regard  to  the  work  in  several  of  the 
technical  departments. 

To  the  biological  sciences  a  degree  of  prominence  has  been  given  corresponding  to  the  remarkable 
recent  increase  in  their  vocabulary.    Dm4ng  the  last  quarter  of  a  century  there  has  been  an  extensive 
reorganization  and  variation  of  the  former  systems  of  classification,  from  which  have  come  thousands 
of  new  names  of  genera,  families,  etc.;  and  also  a  profound  modification  of  biological 
conceptions,  which  has  led  both  to  new  definitions  of  old  words  and  to  the  coinage  of  many         "^^^  biological 
new  words.    All  these  terms  that  are  English  in  form,  and  for  any  reason  worthy  of  record,  sciences, 
have  been  included,  and  also  as  many  of  the  New  Latin  names  of  classificatory  groups  as  are  essential 
to  a  serviceable  presentation  of  zoology  and  botany.    The  selection  of  the  New  Latin  names  in  zoology 
has  been  liberal  as  regards  the  higher  groups,  as  families,  orders,  etc.,  whether  now  current  or  merely 
forming  a  part  of  the  history  of  the  science ;  but  of  generic  names  only  a  relatively  small  number  have 
been  entered.    Probably  about  100,000  names  of  zoological  genera  exist,  60,000  at  least  having  a  definite 
scientific  standing;  but  the  whole  of  them  cannot,  of  course,  be  admitted  into  any  dictionary.  The 
general  rule  adopted  for  the  inclusion  of  such  names  is  to  admit  those  on  which  are  founded  the  names 
of  higher  groups,  especially  of  families,  or  which  are  important  for  some  other  special  reason,  as  popular 
use,  an  established  position  in  works  of  reference,  the  existence  of  species  which  have  popular  English 
names,  etc.    A  simUar  rule  has  been  adopted  with  regard  to  botanical  names.    The  common  or  ver- 
nacular names  of  animals  and  plants  have  been  freely  admitted;  many  naturalized  and  unnaturalized 
foreign  names,  also,  which  have  no  English  equivalents  and  are  noteworthy  for  special  Uterary,  com- 
mercial, or  other  reasons,  have  been  included.    The  definitions  that  have  a  purely  scientific  interest 
have  been  written  from  a  technical  point  of  view,  the  more  popular  information  being  given  under 
those  technical  names  that  are  in  famiUar  use  or  under  common  names.    In  the  zoological  department 
is  properly  included  anatomy  in  its  widest  sense  (embracing  embryology  and  morphology),  as  the  science 
of  animal  structure,  external  and  internal,  normal  and  abnormal.    Its  vocabulary  necessarily  includes 
many  Latin,  or  New  Latin,  words  and  phrases  which  have  no  English  technical  equivalents. 

The  definitions  of  that  part  of  general  biological  science  which  in  any  way  relates  to  animal  life 
or  structm-e,  including  systematic  zoology,  have  been  written  by  Dr.  Elliott  Coues,  who  has  been  assisted 
in  ichthyology  and  conchology  by  Prof.  Theodore  N.  Gill,  in  entomology  by  Mr.  Leland  0.  Howard 
and  Mr.  Herbert  L.  Smith,  and  in  human  anatomy  by  Prof.  James  K.  Thacher.  Special  aid  has  also 
been  received  from  other  naturaUsts,  particularly  from  Prof.  Charles  V.  Riley,  who  has  furnished  a 
number  of  definitions  accompanying  a  valuable  series  of  entomological  cuts  obtained  from  him.  Prof. 
Thacher  has  also  defined  aU  terms  relating  to  medicine  and  surgery.  The  botanical  work  was  under- 
taken by  Dr.  Sereno  Watson,  with  assistance,  in  cryptogamic  botany,  from  Mr.  Arthur  B.  Seymour,  and 
has  been  conducted  by  him  through  the  letter  G;  at  that  point,  on  account  of  practical  considerations 
connected  with  his  official  duties,  he  transferred  it  to  Dr.  Lester  P.  Ward.  Mr.  Seymour  also  withdrew 
his  work  passing,  under  Dr.  Ward's  editorship,  to  Prof.  Frank  H.  Knowlton.  All  the  definitions  of  the 
terms  of  fossil  botany  have  been  written  by  Prof.  J.  D.  Whitney. 

In  the  treatment  of  the  physical  and  mathematical  sciences  an  equally  broad  method  has  been  adopted. 
While  their  gi-owth  has,  perhaps,  not  been  so  great,  from  a  lexicographical  point  of  view,  as  has  that  of 
biology,  it  is  certainly  almost  as  remarkable.  The  remodeling  and  readjustment  of  former  ideas,  and 
the  consequent  modification  of  the  senses  of  old  terms  and  the  coinage  of  new,  have 
been  hardly  less  marked;  whUe  one  department,  at  least -that  of  chemistry  -  has  kept  The  physical  and 
pace  m  the  invention  of  names  (of  chemical  compounds)  with  zoology  and  botany.  To  '""^^cTentf 
this  must  be  added  the  almost  numberless  practical  applications  of  the  principles  and 
results  of  physical  science.  The  department  of  electrotechnics  is  a  marked  example  of  the  formation 
^thm  a  comparatively  few  years  of  a  large  technical  vocabulary,  both  scientific  and  mechanical.  The 
adequate  definition  of  all  the  lexicographical  matter  thus  furnished  involves  a  very  complete  presenta- 
tion of  the  present  status  of  human  knowledge  of  these  sciences.    The  definitions  in  physics  have  been 


xiv 


PREFACE. 


written  by  Prof.  Edward  S.  Dana,  with  the  collaboration,  in  eleotrotechnics,  of  Prof.  Thomas  C. 
Mendenhall,  and  in  many  special  points,  particularly  those  touching  upon  mathematical  theory,  of 
Prof.  Charles  S.  Peirce.  Professor  Dana  has  also  contributed  the  definitions  of  mineralogical  terms, 
including  the  names  of  all  distinct  species  and  also  of  all  important  varieties.  He  has  been  assisted  in 
defining  the  names  of  gems  and  the  special  terms  employed  in  lapidary  work  by  Mr.  George  F.  Kunz. 
The  lithological  definitions,  as  also  all  those  relating  to  geology,  mining,  metallurgy,  and  physical  geog- 
raphy, have  been  contributed  by  Prof.  J.  D.  Whitney.  Professor  Peirce  has  written  the  definitions  of 
terms  in  mechanics,  mathematics,  astronomy,  and  astrology,  of  weights  and  measures,  and  of  the  various 
names  of  colors.  In  the  mathematical  work  the  aim  has  been  to  define  all  the  older  English  terms,  and 
all  the  modern  ones  that  can  be  considered  to  be  in  general  use,  or  are  really  used  by  a  number  of 
English  mathematical  writers,  but  not  all  the  numerous  terms  that  may  be  found  only  in  special 
memoirs.  All  English  names  of  weights  and  measures,  as  well  as  many  foreign  names,  have  been 
entered,  but,  as  a  rule,  those  of  the  latter  that  are  at  once  obsolete  and  not  of  considerable  importance 
have  been  omitted.  As  regards  chemistry,  it  has  of  course  been  impossible  to  include  names  of  com- 
pounds other  than  those  that  have  a  special  technical  and  practical  importance.  The  chemical  definitions 
have  been  written  by  Dr.  Edward  H.  Jenkins,  with  assistance  from  Dr.  Isaac  W.  Drummond  in  defining 
the  coal-tar  colors,  the  various  pigments,  dyes,  etc.,  and  the  mechanical  processes  of  .painting  and  dyeing. 

The  definitions  comprehended  under  the  head  of  general  technology  (including  all  branches  of  the 
mechanical  arts)  have  been  contributed  by  Prof.  Robert  H.  Thurston,  with  the  collaboration,  in  defining 
the  names  of  many  tools  and  machines,  of  Mr.  Charles  Barnard,  and,  in  various  mechanical  matters  which 
are  closely  related  to  the  special  sciences,  of  the  gentlemen  who  have  been  named 
The  mechanical       abovc  —  as  of  Prof .  Mendenhall  in  describing  electrical  machines  and  appliances,  of 

arts  and  trades. 

Prof.  Dana  and  Prof.  Peirce  in  describing  physical  and  mathematical  apparatus,  of 
Prof.  J.  D.  Whitney  in  describing  mining-tools  and  processes,  etc.  The  terms  used  in  printing  and 
proof-reading  have  been  explained  by  Mr.  F.  A.  Teall,  with  the  aid  of  valuable  contributions  of  material 
from  Mr.  Theodore  L.  De  Vinne.  Special  assistance  in  collecting  technological  material  has  been  received 
from  Mr.  F.  T.  Thurston,  and,  at  particular  points,  from  many  others. 

The  terms  of  the  philosophical  sciences  have  been  exhibited  very  completely,  with  special  reference 
to  their  history  from  the  time  of  Plato  and  Aristotle,  through  the  period  of  scholasticism,  to  the  present 
day,  though  it  has  not  been  possible  to  state  all  the  conflicting  definitions  of  different  philosophers 

and  schools.  The  philosophical  wealth  of  the  English  language  has,  it  is  believed,  never 
The  philosophical     ^gg^      f^j^y  presented  in  any  dictionary.    Both  the  oldest  philosophical  uses  of  English 

sciences. 

words  and  the  most  recent  additions  to  the  vocabulary  of  psychology,  psycho-physios, 
sociology,  etc.,  have  been  given.  The  definitions  of  many  common  words,  also,  have  been  prepared 
with  a  distinct  reference  to  their  possible  philosophical  or  theological  applications.  The  logical  and 
metaphysical,  and  many  psychological  definitions  have  been  written  by  Prof.  Peirce.  The  same  method 
of  treatment  has  also  been  applied  to  ethical  terms,  and  to  those  peculiar  to  the  various  sociological 
sciences.  In  political  economy  special  assistance  has  been  received  from  Prof.  Albert  S.  Bolles,  Mr. 
Austin  Abbott,  and  others.  Prof.  Bolles  has  also  contributed  material  relating  to  financial  and  com- 
mercial matters. 

In  the  department  of  doctrinal  theology  considerable  difficulty  has  naturally  been  experienced  in 
giving  definitions  of  the  opinions  held  by  the  various  denominations  which  shall  be  free  from  partisan- 
ship.   The  aim  of  the  dictionary  has  been  to  present  aU  the  special  doctrines  of  the  different  divisions 

of  the  Church  in  such  a  manner  as  to  convey  to  the  reader  the  actual  intent  of  those 
Theological  and  ec-  acccpt  them.     To  this  end  the  Rev.  Dr.  Lyman  Abbott,  to  whom  this  branch 

of  the  work  has  been  intrusted,  has  consulted  at  critical  points  learned  divines  of 
the  various  churches;  though,  of  course,  the  ultimate  responsibility  for  the  statements  made  in 
the  dictionary  on  these  and  other  theological  matters  rests  with  him  and  with  the  editor-in-chief. 
Aid  has  been  obtained  in  this  manner  from  the  Right  Rev.  Thomas  S.  Preston,  the  Rev.  Dr. 
William  R.  Huntington,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Daniel  Curry,  Prof.  V.  L.  Conrad,  and  others.    Besides  the 


PEEFACE. 


XV 


purely  theological  definitions,  others,  very  numerous  and  elaborate,  have  been  given  of  terms  desig- 
nating vestments,  ornaments,  rites,  and  ceremonies,  of  words  relating  to  church  architecture,  church 
music,  etc.,  etc.  Systems  of  religion  other  than  the  Christian,  as  Mohammedanism,  Confucianism, 
etc.,  are  treated  with  considerable  detail,  as  are  also  the  more  simple  and  barbarous  forms  of  religious 
thought,  and  the  many  related  topics  of  anthropology.  Church  history  is  given  under  the  names 
of  the  various  sects,  etc.  Assistance  in  matters  relating  to  liturgies,  and  particularly  to  the  ritual  of 
the  G-reek  Church,  has  been  received  from  Mr.  Leighton  Hoskins. 

In  defining  legal  terms,  the  design  has  been  to  offer  all  the  information  that  is  needed  by  the 
general  reader,  and  also  to  aid  the  professional  reader  by  giving,  in  a  concise  form,  all  the  important 
technical  words  and  meanings.  Professional  terms  now  in  common  use  have  been  defined  in  their 
general  and  accepted  sense  as  used  to-day  in  the  highest  courts  and  legislative  bodies,  not  excluding, 
however,  the  different  senses  or  modes  of  use  prevalent  at  an  earlier  day.  Particular  attention  has 
also  been  given  to  the  definitions  of  common  words  which  are  not  technically  used  in  law,  but  upon 
the  definition  of  which  as  given  in  the  dictionaries  matters  of  practical  importance  often  depend. 
Statutory  definitions,  as  for  example  of  crimes,  are  not  as  a  rule  given,  since  they  vary  greatly  in 
detail  in  the  statutes  of  the  different  States,  and  are  full  of  inconsistencies.  Definitions  are  also  given 
of  all  established  technical  phrases  which  cannot  be  completely  understood  from  the  definitions  of 
their  separate  words,  and  of  words  and  phrases  from  the  Latin  and  from  modern  foreign  languages 
(especially  of  Mexican  and  French-Canadian  law)  which  have  become  established  as  parts  of  our 
technical  speech,  or  are  frequently  used  without  explanation  in  English  books.  The  definitions  have 
been  written  by  Mr.  Austin  Abbott. 

The  definitions  of  the  principal  terms  of  painting,  etching,  and  engraving,  and  of  various  other 
art-processes,  were  prepared   by  Mr.  Charles  C.  Perkins  some  time  before  his  death.    They  have 
been  supplemented  by  the  work  of  Mr.  Thomas  W.  Ludlow,  who  has  also  had  special  charge  of 
architectm-e,  sculpture,  and  Greek  and  Roman  archaeology ;  and  of  Mr.  Eussell  Sturgis, 
who  has  furnished  the  material  relating  to  decorative  art  in  general,  ceramics,  medieval  The  fine  arts, 

archaeology,  heraldry,  armor,  costumes,  furniture,  etc.,  etc.  Special  aid  has  also  been  received  from 
many  architects,  artists,  and  others.  The  musical  terms  have  been  defined  by  Prof.  Waldo  S.  Pratt, 
who  has  had  the  use  of  a  large  collection  of  such  definitions  made  by  Mr.  W.  M.  Ferriss.  Many 
definitions  of  names  of  coins  have  been  contributed  by  Mr.  Warwick  Wroth,  F.  S.  A.,  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Coins  of  the  British  Museum. 

A  very  full  list  of  nautical  terms  and  definitions  has  been  contributed  by  Commander  Francis  M. 
Green,  and  of  military  terms  by  Captain  David  A.  Lyle. 

The  inclusion  of  so  extensive  and  varied  a  vocabulary,  the  introduction  of  special  phrases,  and 
the  full  description  of  things  often  found  essential  to  an  intelligible  definition  of  their  names,  would 
alone  have  given  to  this  dictionary  a  distinctly  encyclopedic  character.  It  has,  however,  been  deemed 
desirable  to  go  somewhat  further  in  this  direction  than  these  conditions  render  strictly 
necessary.  Accordingly,  not  only  have  many  technical  matters  been  treated  with  unusual  Encyclopedic 
fullness,  but  much  practical  information  of  a  kind  which  dictionaries  have  hitherto  te,.tnres. 
excluded  has  been  added.  The  result  is  that  The  Centuey  Dictionaky  covers  to  a  great  extent  the 
field  of  the  ordinary  encyclopedia,  with  this  principal  difference  —  that  the  information  given  is  for 
the  most  part  distributed  under  the  individual  words  and  phrases  with  which  it  is  connected,  instead 
of  bemg  collected  under  a  few  general  topics.  Proper  names,  both  biographical  and  geographical,  are 
of  course  omitted  except  as  they  appear  in  derivative  adjectives,  as  Darwinian  from  Darwin,  or  Indian 
from  India.  The  alphabetical  distribution  of  the  encyclopedic  matter  under  a  large  number  of  words 
will,  it  is  believed,  be  found  to  be  particularly  helpful  in  the  search  for  those  details  which  are 
generally  looked  for  in  works  of  reference;  while  the  inevitable  discontinuity  of  treatment  which  such 
a  method  entails  has  been  reduced  to  a  minimum  by  a  somewhat  extended  explanation  of  central  words 


PREFACE. 


(as,  for  example,  electricity),  and  by  cross  references.  Sucli  an  encyclopedic  method,  though  unusual 
in  dictionaries,  needs  no  defense  in  a  work  which  has  been  constructed  throughout  from  the  point  of 
view  of  practical  utility.  In  the  compilation  of  the  historical  matter  given,  assistance  has  been  received 
from  the  gentlemen  mentioned  above  whenever  their  special  departments  have  been  concerned,  from 
Prof.  J.  Franklin  Jameson  in  the  history  of  the  United  States,  from  Mr.  F.  A.  Teall,  and  from  others. 
Special  aid  in  verifying  dates  and  other  historical  matters  has  been  rendered  by  Mr.  Edmund  K.  Alden. 


The  pictorial  illustrations  have  been  so  selected  and  executed  as  to  be  subordinate  to  the  text, 
while  possessing  a  considerable  degree  of  independent  suggestiveness  and  artistic  value.  Cuts  of  a  dis- 
tinctly explanatory  kind  have  been  freely  given  as  valuable  aids  to  the  definitions,  often  of  large 
groups  of  words,  and  have  been  made  available  for  this  use  by  cross  references;  many 
niustrations.  familiar  objects,  also,  and  many  unfamiliar  and  rare  ones,  have  been  pictured.  To 
secure  technical  accuracy,  the  illustrations  have,  as  a  rule,  been  selected  by  the  specialists  in  charge 
of  the  various  departments,  and  have  in  all  cases  been  examined  by  them  in  proofs.  The  work 
presented  is  very  largely  original,  cuts  having  been  obtained  by  purchase  only  when  no  better  ones 
could  be  made  at  first  hand.  The  general  direction  of  this  artistic  work  has  been  intrusted  to  Mr. 
W.  Lewis  Fraser,  manager  of  the  Art  Department  of  The  Century  Co.  Special  help  in  procuring 
necessary  material  has  been  given  by  Mr.  Gaston  L.  Feuardent,  by  Prof.  William  R.  Ware,  by  the 
Smithsonian  Institution,  by  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History  in  New  York,  and  by  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  in  Philadelphia. 


In  the  choice  of  the  typographical  style  the  desire  has  been  to  provide  a  page  in  which  the  matter 
should  be  at  once  condensed  and  legible,  and  it  is  believed  that  this  aim  has  been  attained  in  an 
unusual  degree.  In  the  proof-reading  nearly  all  persons  engaged  upon  the  dictionary  have  assisted, 
particularly  those  in  charge  of  technical  matters  (to  nearly  all  of  whom  the  entire  proof  has  been 
sent);  most  efficient  help  has  also  been  given  by  special  proof-readers,  both  by  those  who  have  worked 
in  the  office  of  The  Century  Co.,  and  by  those  connected  with  The  De  Vinne  Press. 

Finally,  acknowledgment  is  due  to  the  many  friends  of  the  dictionary  in  this  and  other  lands 
who  have  contributed  material,  often  most  valuable,  for  the  use  of  its  editors.  The  list  of  authorities 
used  and  other  acknowledgments  and  explanations  that  may  be  needed,  will  be  given  on  the  comple- 
tion of  the  work.  It  should  be  stated  here,  however,  that  by  arrangement  with  its  publishers,  considerable 
use  has  also  been  made  of  Knight's  American  Mechanical  Dictionary. 

WILLIAM  DWIGHT  WHITNEY. 

New  Haven,  May  1st,  1889. 


ABBREVIATIONS 
USED  IN  THE  ETYMOLOGIES  AND  DEFINITIONS. 


a.,  adj  adjective. 

abbr  abbreviation. 

abl  ablative. 

acc  accusative. 

accom  accommodated,  accom- 
modation. 

act  active. 

adv  adverb. 

AF  Anglo-French. 

agrL  agriculture. 

AL  Anglo- Latin. 

alg  algebra. 

Amer  American. 

anat.  anatomy. 

anc  ancient. 

antiq  antiquity. 

aor  aorist. 

appar  apparently. 

Ar  Arabic. 

arch  architecture. 

archseol  archaeology. 

arith  arithmetic. 

art.  article. 

AS  Anglo-Saxon. 

astrol  astrology. 

astron  astronomy. 

attrib  attributive. 

aug  augmentative. 

Bav  Bavarian. 

Beng.  Bengali. 

biol  biology. 

Bohem  Bohemian. 

bot.  botany. 

Braz.  Brazilian., 

Bret  Breton. 

bryol  bryology. 

Bulg.   Bulgarian. 

carp  carpentry. 

Cat  Catalan. 

Cath  Catholic. 

caus  causative. 

ceram  ceramics. 

cf  L.  confer,  compare. 

ch  church. 

Chal  Chaldee. 

chem  chemical,  chemistry. 

Chin  Chinese. 

ehron.   chronology. 

coUoq.  colloquial,colloquially. 

com  commerce,  commer- 
cial. 

comp  composition,  com- 
pound. 

compar.  comparative. 

conch  conchology. 

conj  conjunction. 

contr  contracted,  contrac- 
tion. 

Corn  Cornish. 

craniol  craniology. 

craniom  craniometry. 

crystal  crystallography. 

D  Dutch. 

Dan  Danish. 

dat  dative. 

def  definite,  definition. 

deriv  derivative,  derivation. 

dial  dialect,  dialectal. 

diff  different. 

dim  diminutive. 

distrib  distributive. 

dram  dramatic. 

dynam  dynamics. 

E  East. 

E  English  (usually  mean- 

tn^rmodern  English). 

eccl.,  eccles  ecclesiastical. 

6con  economy. 

 L.  exempli  gratia,  for 

example. 

Egypt  Egyptian. 

E-  Ind  East  Indian. 

*l6ct  electricity. 

embryol  embryology. 

Eng.  English. 


.  .engineering. 

. .  entomology. 

. .  Episcopal. 

.  .equivalent. 

. .  especially. 

Eth  

.  .Ethiopic. 

. .  ethnography. 

. .  ethnology. 

. .  etymology. 

Eur.   

.  European. 

.  exclamation. 

.  feminine. 

. .  French  (mually  mean- 

ing modern  French). 

Flem  

Flemish. 

fort  

.  .fortification. 

. .  frequentative. 

Fries  

. .  Friesic. 

fut  

future. 

. .  Germ3.n(ustially'mean- 

ing  New  High  Ger- 

man). 

Gael  

Gaelic. 

.  .galvanism. 

gen  

genitive. 

geog  

.  .geography. 

.  .geology. 

geometry. 

Goth  

.  .Gothic  (Moesogothic). 

Gr.   

Greek. 

gram  

grammar. 

gun  

.  .gunnery. 

Heb  

Hebrew. 

.  .heraldry. 

. .  herpetology. 

Hind  

.  .Hindustani. 

history. 

horology. 

.  .horticulture. 

.  .Hungarian. 

hydraulics. 

. .  hydrostatics. 

Icel  

.  Icelandic  (usually 

meaning   Old  Ice- 

landic,otAermsecoK- 

ed  Old  Norse). 

. .  ichthyology. 

i.  e.  

. .  L.  id  est,  that  is.  • 

impers  

impersonal. 

impf  

imperfect. 

.  imperative. 

improperly. 

Ind  

Indian. 

.  .indicative. 

Indo-European. 

indef  

indefinite. 

inf  

. .  infinitive. 

.  .instrumental. 

inter  j  

.  .interjection. 

intr. ,  intrans. 

. .  intransitive. 

Ir  

.  .Irish. 

.  .irregular,  irregularly. 

It  

.  .Italian. 

.  .Japanese. 

.  .Latin  (usually  meari- 

ing  classical  Latin). 

Lett  

Lettish. 

LG  

. .  Low  German. 

.  .lichenology. 

Ut  

literal,  literally. 

lit  

literature. 

Lith  

. .  Lithuanian. 

.  .lithography. 

lithol  

.  .lithology. 

LL  

Late  Latin. 

.masculine. 

M  

Middle. 

mach  

machinery. 

mammal.  . 

.  .mammalogy. 

.  .manufacturing. 

.  .mathematics. 

MD  

.  .Middle  Dutch. 

ME  

.  .Middle  English  (other- 

wise called  Old  Eng- 

lisb). 

mech  mechanics,  mechani- 
cal. 

med  medicine. 

mensur.  mensuration. 

metal  metallurgy. 

metaph  metaphysics. 

meteor  meteorology. 

Hex  Mexican. 

MGr.  Middle  Greek,  medie- 
val Greek. 

MHG.  Middle  High  German. 

milit  military. 

mineral  mineralogy. 

ML  Middle  Latin,  medie- 
val Latin. 

MLG  Middle  Low  German. 

mod  modern. 

mycol  mycology. 

myth  mythology. 

n  noun. 

n.,  neut  neuter. 

N  New. 

N.  North. 

N.  Amer  North  America. 

nat  natural. 

naut  nautical. 

nav  navigation. 

NGr.  New  Greek,  modern 

Greek. 

NHG.  New    High  German 

(usually  simply  G., 
German). 

NL.  New  Latin,  modern 

Latin. 

nom  nominative. 

Norm  Norman. 

north  northern. 

Norw  Norwegian. 

numis   .numismatics. 

0  ...Old. 

obs  obsolete. 

obstet  obstetrics. 

OBulg  Old  Bulgarian  (other- 
wise called  Church 
Slavonic,  Old  Slavic, 
Old  Slavonic). 

OCat  Old  Catalan. 

CD  Old  Dutch. 

ODan  Old  Danish. 

odontog  odontography. 

odontol  odontology. 

OF  Old  French. 

OFlem  Old  Flemish. 

OGael  Old  Gaelic. 

OHG  Old  High  German. 

Olr  Old  Irish. 

Olt  Old  Italian. 

OL  Old  Latin. 

OLG  Old  Low  German. 

ONorth  Old  Northumbrian. 

OPruss  Old  Prussian. 

orig  original,  originally. 

ornith  ornithology. 

OS  Old  Saxon. 

OSp  Old  Spanish. 

osteol  osteology. 

OSw  Old  Swedish. 

OTeut  Old  Teutonic. 

p.  a  participial  adjective. 

paleon  paleontology. 

part.  participle. 

pass  passive. 

pathol  pathology. 

perf.  perfect. 

Pers  Persian. 

pers  person. 

persp  perspective. 

Peruv.  Peruvian. 

petrog  petrography. 

Pg  Portuguese. 

phar  pharmacy. 

Phen  Phenician. 

philol  philology. 

philos  philosophy. 

phonog  phonography. 


photog  photography. 

phren  phrenology. 

phys  physical. 

physiol  physiology. 

pL,  plur  plural. 

poet  poetical. 

polit  political. 

Pol  Polish. 

poss  possessive. 

pp  past  participle. 

ppr.  present  participle. 

Pr  Provencal  (imtaZij 

meaning  Old  PrO' 
veni;al). 

pref  prefix. 

prep  preposition. 

pres  present. 

pret  preterit. 

priv  privative. 

prob  probably,  probable. 

pron  pronoun. 

pron  pronounced,  pronun- 
ciation. 

prop  properly. 

pros  prosody. 

Prot  Protestant. 

prov.  provincial. 

psy  chol  psychology. 

q.  V  L.  quod  (or  pi.  quae) 

vide,  which  see. 

refl  refiexive. 

reg  regular,  regularly. 

repr  representing. 

rhet  rhetoric. 

Rom  Roman. 

Rom  Romanic,  Romance 

(languages). 

RusB  Russian. 

S  South.  ■ 

S.  Amer  South  American. 

so  L.  scilicet,  understand, 

supply. 

Sc  Scotch. 

Scand  Scandinavian. 

Scrip  Scripture. 

sculp  sculpture. 

Serv  Servian. 

sing  singular. 

Skt  Sanskrit. 

Slav  Slavic,  Slavonic. 

Sp  Spanish. 

subj  subjunctive. 

superl  superlative. 

surg  surgery. 

surv  surveying. 

Sw.  Swedish. 

syn  synonymy. 

Syr.  Syriac. 

technol  technology. 

teleg  telegraphy. 

teratol  teratology. 

term  termination. 

Teut  Teutonic. 

theat.  theatrical. 

theol  theology. 

therap  therapeutics. 

toxicol  toxicology. 

tr.,  trans  transitive. 

trigon  trigonometry. 

Turk.  Turkish. 

typog.   typography. 

ult.  ultimate,  ultimately 

v  verb. 

var.  variant. 

vet.   veterinary. 

v.  L  intransitive  veib. 

V.  t  transitive  verb. 

W  Welsh. 

Wall  Walloon. 

Wallach  Wallachian. 

W.  Ind  West  Indian. 

zodgeog  zoogeography. 

2061  zoology. 

zoOt  zootomy. 


KEY  TO  PRONUNCIATION. 


a  as  in  fat,  man,  pang, 

a  as  in  fate,  mane,  dale, 

a  as  in  far,  father,  guard, 

a  as  in  fall,  talk,  naught, 

a  as  in  ask,  fast,  ant. 

a  as  in  fare,  hair,  bear. 

e  as  in  met,  pen,  bless, 

e  as  in  mete,  meet,  meat, 

e  as  in  her,  fern,  heard. 

i  as  in  pin,  it,  biscuit. 

i  as  in  pine,  fight,  file. 

o  as  in  not,  on,  frog. 

6  as  in  note,  poke,  floor. 

6  as  in  move,  spoon,  room. 

6  as  in  nor,  song,  ofl:. 

u  as  in  tub,  son,'blood. 

u  as  in  mute,  acute,  few  (also  new, 
tube,  duty :  see  Preface,  pp.  ix,  x). 

u  as  in  pull,  book,  could. 

ii  German  ii,  French  u. 


oi  as  in  oil,  joint,  boy. 

ou  as  in  pound,  proud,  now. 

A  single  dot  under  a  vowel  in  an  imaecented 
syllable  indicates  its  abbreviation  and  lighten- 
ing, without  absolute  loss  of  its  distinctive  qual- 
ity.   See  Preface,  p.  xi.    Thus  : 

a  as  in  prelate,  courage,  captain, 

e  as  in  ablegate,  episcopal. 

0  as  in  abrogate,  eulogy,  democrat, 
u  as  in  singular,  education. 

A  double  dot  under  a  vowel  in  an  unaccented 
syllable  indicates  that,  even  in  the  mouths  of 
the  best  speakers,  its  sound  is  variable  to,  and 
in  ordinary  utterance  actually  becomes,  the 
short  !(-sound  (of  but,  pun,  etc.).  See  Preface, 
p.  xi.  Thus: 

a  as  in  errant,  republican, 
e    as  in  prudent,  difference. 

1  as  in  charity,  density. 

o   as  in  valor,  actor,  idiot. 


a   as  in  Persia,  peninsula. 

e    as  in  the  book. 

u   as  in  nature,  feature. 

A  mark  (■^)  under  the  consonants  t,  d,  s,  s  in- 
dicates that  they  in  like  manner  are  variable  to 
ch,j,  sh,  zh.  Thus: 

t  as  in  nature,  adventure, 

d  as  in  arduous,  education, 

s  as  in  pressure, 

z  as  in  seizure. 

th  as  in  thin. 
TH  as  in  then. 

ch  as  in  German  ach,  Scotch  loch. 

n    French  nasalizing  n,  as  in  ton,  en. 

ly  (in  French  words)  French  liquid  (mouill6)  1. 

'  denotes  a  primary,  "  a  secondary  accent.  (A 

secondary  accent  is  not  marked  if  at  its  regular 

interval  of  two  syllables  from  the  primary,  or 

from  another  secondary.) 


SIGNS. 


<  read /rom;  i.  e.,  derived  from. 

>  read  whence ;  i.  e.,  from  which  is  derived. 

+  read  and ;  i.  e.,  compounded  with,  or  with  suffix. 

=  read  cognate  with;  i.  e.,  etymologically  parallel  with. 


•/  read  root. 

*  read  theoretical  or  alleged ;  i.  e.,  theoretically  assumed, 

or  asserted  but  unverified,  form, 
t  read  obsolete. 


SPECIAL  EXPLANATIONS. 


A  superior  figure  placed  after  a  title-word  in- 
dicates that  the  word  so  marked  is  distinct 
etymologically  from  other  words,  following  or 
preceding  it,  spelled  in  the  same  manner  and 
marked  with  different  numbers.    Thus  : 

bacfci  (bak),  n.    The  posterior  part,  etc. 
backi  (bak),  a.    Lying  or  being  behind,  etc. 
back'^  (bak),  v.    To  furnish  with  a  back,  etc. 
back^  (bak),  adv.    Behind,  etc. 
backet  (bak),  «.    The  earlier  form  of  bat"^. 
back^  (bak),  n.    A  large  flat-bottomed  boat, 
etc. 

Various  abbreviations  have  been  used  in  the 
credits  to  the  quotations,  as  "  No."  for  number, 
"st."  for  stanza,  "p."  for  page,  "1."  for  line, 
IF  for  paragraph,  "  fol."  for  folio.  The  method 
used  in  indicating  the  subdivisions  of  books 
will  be  understood  by  reference  to  the  follow- 
ing plan : 

Section  only   §  5. 

Chapter  only   xiv. 

Canto  only   xiv. 

Book  only   iii. 


Book  and  chapter   \ 

Part  and  chapter  I 

Book  and  line   I 

Book  and  page  \         iii.  10. 

Act  and  scene  j 

Chapter  and  verse  | 

No.  and  page  / 

Volume  and  page   II.  34. 

Volume  and  chapter   IV.  iv. 

Part,  book,  and  chapter   II.  iv.  12. 

Part,  canto,  and  stanza   II.  iv.  12. 

Chapter  and  section  or  IF  vii.  §  or  IT  3. 


Volume,  part,  and  section  or  IF  .  .1.  i.  §  or  H  6. 
Book,  chapter,  and  section  or  IF ..  I.  i.  $  or  1  6. 

Different  grammatical  phases  of  the  same 
word  are  grouped  under  one  head,  and  distin- 
guished by  the  Eoman  numerals  I.,  II.,  III., 
etc.  This  applies  to  transitive  and  intransi- 
tive uses  of  the  same  verb,  to  adjectives  used 
also  as  nouns,  to  nouns  used  also  as  adjectives, 
to  adverbs  used  also  as  prepositions  or  con- 
junctions, etc. 

The  capitalizing  and  italicizing  of  certain  or 
all  of  the  words  in  a  synonym-list  indicates 
that  the  words  so  distinguished  arc  discrimi- 


nated in  the  text  immediately  following,  or 
under  the  title  referred  to. 

The  figures  by  which  the  synonym-lists  are 
sometimes  divided  indicate  the  senses  or  defi- 
nitions with  which  they  are  connected. 

The  title-words  begin  with  a  small  (lower- 
case) letter,  or  with  a  capital,  according  to 
usage.  When  usage  differs,  in  this  matter, 
with  the  different  senses  of  a  word,  the  abbre- 
viations [cop.]  for  "capital"  and  \l.  c]  for 
"lower-case"  are  used  to  indicate  this  varia- 
tion. . 

The  difference  observed  in  regard  to  the 
capitalizing  of  the  second  element  in  zoologi- 
cal and  botanical  terms  is  in  accordance  with 
the  existing  usage  in  the  two  sciences.  Thus, 
in  zoology,  in  a  scientific  name  consisting  of 
two  words  the  second  of  which  is  derived  from 
a  proper  name,  only  the  first  would  be  capi- 
talized. But  a  name  of  similar  derivation  in 
botany  would  have  the  second  element  also 
capitalized. 

The  names  of  zoological  and  botanical  classes, 
orders,  families,  genera,  etc.,  have  been  uni- 
formly italicized,  in  accordance  with  the  pres- 
ent usage  of  scientific  writers. 


xvlii 


COLORED  PLATES 

UBLISHERS'  NOTE.  In  the  execution  of  the  following  plates  great  care  has  been  taken 
to  reproduce  the  effect  of  the  natural  coloration  of  the  objects  represented.  To  this  end 
the  most  advanced  methods  and  the  highest  skill  in  lithography  have  been  employed.  The 
same  care,  also,  has  been  Ijestowed  upon  the  drawings  of  the  various  figures.  They  have 
been  taken  from  the  most  authoritative  sources,  or  have  been  prepared  under  the  direction 
of  specialists  from  the  objects  themselves.  The  plates,  as  a  whole,  supplement  in  an 
important  way  the  illustrations  already  in  the  dictionary.  The  color  of  an  object  is  not  infrequently  one 
of  its  most  essential  qualities,  and  is  often  the  characteristic  by  which  it  is  most  easily  identified ;  but 
no  picture  in  black  and  white  can  convey  it,  neither  can  it  adequately  be  expressed  by  words  in  definition 
or  description.  To  be  known  it  must  be  seen.  The  use  of  color,  accordingly,  in  the  dictionary  as  an 
adjunct  to  illustration  is  not  merely  admissible :  it  is  really  indispensable. 


INDEX  OF  COLORED  PLATES 

GAME-FISHES  OF  NORTHERN  ATLANTIC  COASTS. 

Weakflsli,  Whitiug,  Redfish  or  Red  Drum,  Bluefisli,  Spanish  Mackerel,  Tarpon,  Red  Grouper,  Kingfish, 
Striped-bass,  Sheepshead,  Tautog  or  Blackfisli. 

GAME-FISHES  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  LAKES  AND  STREAMS. 

Large-mouthed  Black-bass,  Small-mouthed  Black-bass,  Maskalonge,  Alaskan  Grayling,  Land-locked 
Salmon,  Pickerel,  Yellow  Perch,  Salmon,  Brook-trout,  Lake-trout  or  Mackinaw  Trout,  Brown  Trout, 
Black-spotted  Trout,  Dolly  Varden  Trout. 

GAME-BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA:  WATER-BIRDS. 

Blue-winged  Teal,  Wood-duck,  Shoveler,  Canada  Goose,  Mallard,  Canvasbaek,  Whistling  Swan,  Redhead 
or  Pochard,  Brent-goose,  Snow-goose,  Dusky  Duck,  American  Widgeon. 

GAME-BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA:  LAND-BIRDS. 

Wilson's  Snipe,  Dowitcher,  Bartramian  Sandpiper,  Californian  Partridge  or  Helmet-quail,  Black-bellied 
Plover,  Praii-ie-hen,  Virginia  Rail,  Wild  Turkey,  Ruflfed  Grouse,  Golden  Plover,  Sharp-tailed  Grouse, 
Bob-white  or  Quail,  Knot,  Woodcock,  Hudsonian  Curlew. 

WILD  FLOWERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Blue  Flag,  Mariposa-lily,  Columbine,  Evening  Primrose,  Wild  Azalea,  Creeping  Phlox,  ^Vi*row-head, 
Wake-robin,  Fringed  Gentian,  Wild  Lily,  Cardinal-flower,  Lupine. 

WILD  FLOWERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Bloodroot,  Stag-horn  Sumac,  Wild  Geranium,  Shinleaf,  Wild  Rose,  Goldenrod,  Chicory,  Yellow  Lady's- 
slipper,  Early  Saxifrage,  Trumpet-honeysuckle,  Marsh-marigold,  Yellow  Adder's-tongue. 

PLATE  VII.  LEAVES  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  TREES. 

Swamp-oak,  Smooth  Alder,  White  Oak,  Paper-birch,  Buttonwood,  Willow,  Indian  Bean,  Large-toothed 
Aspen,  Sassafras,  American  Beech,  American  Elm,  Locust. 


PLATE  I. 


PLATE  II. 


PLATE  III. 


PLATE  IV. 


PLATE  V. 


PLATE  VI. 


PLATE  VIII.  LEAVES  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  TREES. 

Hemlock,  Shagbark  Hickory,  Witch-hazel,  White  Ash,  American  Aspen,  Wild  Black  Cherry,  American 
Chestnut,  Black  Spruce,  Silver  Maple,  White  Pine,  Magnolia,  American  Hornbeam. 


INJURIOUS  INSECTS. 

Bedbug,  Mosquitos  (1,  Female  Culex;  2,  Female  Anopheles),  Oriental  Cockroach,  Silver-fish,  Squash-bug, 
House-fly,  Red  Ant,  Hessian  Fly,  Buffalo-bug,  House-cricket,  Clothes-moth,  Cabbage-butterfly  and  -worm. 
White  Ant,  Croton-bug,  Ai-my-worm,  House  Centiped,  Chinch-bug,  Cheese-fly,  Western  Migratory  Grass- 
hopper, Imported  Elm-leaf  Beetle,  Colorado  Potato-beetle,  San  Jose  Scale,  Codling-moth,  Plum-curculio. 

NORTH  AMERICAN  BUTTERFLIES. 

Theela  melinus,  Chi-ysophauus  hypophlteas,  Colias  philodice,  Danaus  plexippus,  Vanessa  milbertii, 
Lyc«na  pseudargiolus,  Limenitis  arthemis,  Argynnis  cybele,  Satyrus  alope,  Argynnis  myrina,  Junonia 
coenia,  Papilio  turnus,  Grapta  comma,  Limenitis  lorquinii,  Melitfea  brucei,  Ageronia  fornax,  Apatura 
celtis,  Pyrameis  cardui. 

EGGS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

Green  Heron,  Bob-white  or  "  Quail,"  Yellow-billed  Cuckoo,  Common  Tern,  Kingbird,  Sora  or  Carolina 
Rail,  Cliff-  or  Eaves-swallow,  Chickadee,  Cowbird,  Screech-owl,  Purple  Grackle,  Purple  Finch,  Catbird, 
Red-winged  Blackbird,  Blue  Jay,  Crow,  Osprey  or  Fish-hawk,  Woodcock,  Brown  Thrasher,  Crested  Fly- 
catcher, Cedar  Waxwing,  Bobolink,  Mocking-bird,  Baltimore  Oriole,  Red-eyed  Vireo,  Scarlet  Tanager, 
Robin,  House  Wren,  Humming-bird,  Chipping  Sparrow,  Song-sparrow,  Rose-breasted  Grosbeak,  Sparrow- 
hawk,  Night-hawk,  Wood-thrush,  Killdeer. 

PLATE  XII.  COLOR-TYPES  OP  THE  RACES  OF  MEN  (British  Association  Scale). 

Pale  White  (American),  Florid  and  Rosy  (German),  Brownish  White  (Italian),  Yellowisli  White  (Chinese), 
Yellow  or  Olive  (Polynesian),  Dark  Yellow-brown  (Malay),  Copper-colored  (American  Indian),  Chocolate 
(Melanesian),  Sooty  Black  (West  Coast  African),  Coal-black  (South  African). 

PLATE  XIII.  PRECIOUS  STONES. 

Diamond,  Topaz,  Opal,  Turquoise,  Emerald,  Ruby,  Amethyst,  Sapphire,  Cat's-eye. 

PLATE  XIV.  COLORS  OF  THE  SPECTRUM  AND  OF  PIGMENTS. 

Prismatic  Spectrum  with  Fraunhofer  Lines.  Normal  Spectrum,  by  diffraction,  with  Fraunhofer  Lines. 
The  three  primary  pigment  colors,  yellow,  crimson  and  blue,  overlapping  and  forming  orange  red,  green 
and  violet,  and  black  in  center.  The  three  fundamental  or  primary  color-sensations,  red,  green  and  vio- 
let, overlapping  and  forming  yellow,  blue  and  crimson,  and  white  in  center.  Crimson,  Carmine,  Scarlet, 
Cardinal,  Orange,  Salmon,  Yellow,  Green  Yellow,  Yellow  Green,  Apple-Green,  Blue  Green,  Sea-Green, 
Blue,  Ultramarine,  Rose,  Ashes  of  Roses,  Vermilion,  Pink,  Buff,  Amber,  Straw,  Corn,  Olive,  Ocher, 
Emerald,  Turquoise,  Navy  Blue,  Electric  Blue,  Violet,  Mauve,  Heliotrope,  Lavender,  Pearl- gray.  Dove, 
Ecru,  Drab,  Purple,  Magenta,  Lilac,  Peacock-blue,  Venetian  Red,  Old  Gold,  Cafe  au  Lait,  Terra-cotta, 
Maroon,  Claret,  Seal-brown,  Sepia,  Chocolate,  Cherry,  Vandyke  Brown,  Indigo. 

PLATE  XV.   FLAGS  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  NATIONS. 

Argentine  Republic  (Ensign),  Austria  (Merchant),  Belgium  (Royal  Standard),  Bolivia,  Brazil,  Burma 
(Merchant),  Chile,  China  (Ensign),  Colombia  (Merchant),  Cuba,  Denmark  (Merchant,  Royal  Standard), 
Ecuador,  Egypt,  Khedive  of,  France,  Germany  (Ensign,  Imperial  Standard,  National  and  Merchant),  Great 
Britain  (Red  Ensign,  Royal  Standard,  Union  Jack,  White  Ensign),  Greece  (Ensign),  Italy  (Ensign),  Japan 
(Imperial  Standard,  Merchant),  Korea,  Mexico  (Ensign),  Netherlands  (Royal  Standard),  Norway  (Mer- 
chant, Royal  Standard),  Persia,  Peru  (Merchant),  Portugal,  Russia  (Ensign,  Imperial  Standard,  Merchant), 
Siam  (Merchant),  Spain  (Ensign,  Merchant,  Royal  Standard),  Sweden  (Merchant,  Royal  Standard),  Swit- 
zerland, Turkey,  United  States  (National  Flag,  Union  Jack),  Venezuela  (Merchant). 

PLATE  XVI.  SIGNALS,  INTERNATIONAL  SIGNAL-FLAGS,  ETC. 

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ. 
Code  Flag  and  Answering  Pennant. 

FUNNELS  OF  TRANSATLANTIC  LINERS. 

Cunard  Line,  White  Star  Line,  American  Line,  Italian  Royal  Mail  S.  S.  Co.,  North  German  Lloyd  Line, 
Wilson  Line,  Allan  Line,  Belgian  Line,  Compagnie  Generale  Transatlantique,  Hamburg- American  Line, 
Anchor  Line,  Netherlands  Line. 

U.  S.  WEATHER  SIGNALS. 

1.  Information  Signal.  2.  Temperature  Signal :  above  3  or  4,  warmer ;  below,  colder.  3.  Clear  or  fair. 
4.  Rain  or  Snow.  5.  Cold  Wave.  G.  Severe  S.  W.  Winds.  7.  Severe  N.  W.  Winds.  8.  Severe  S.  E. 
Winds.    9.  Severe  N.  E.  Winds.    10.  Hurricane. 


PLATE  IX. 


PLATE  X. 


PLATE  XI. 


PLATE  I 


COPVR16HT.  I902,  BY  THE  CENTURY  CO  '  ^  "  ~  —  — — — ^— ^— — 

*M((»(C»N  UTMD<ift**HIC  CO. "IT  . 

GAME-FISHES  OF  NORTHERN  ATLANTIC  COASTS. 


Copyright.  I902  by  the  century  rn  '  "  '  —  -.     ■  -  .  -■  — 

GAME-FISHES  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  LAKES  AND  STREAMS. 


PLATE  III. 


PLATE  IV. 


PLATE  V. 


PLATE  VI. 


Bloodroot.  Stag-horn  sumac.  wild  geranium.  shinleaf. 


WILD  ROSE.  ^  GOLDENROD.  CHICORY.  YELLOW  LADY's-SLIPPER. 


EARLY  Saxifrage  trumpet-honeysuckle.  marsh-marigold.  yellow  adder's-tongue. 


COPVRISHT.  1902.  BY  THE  CENTURV  CO  ~~~  —  

AMERIOUf  UTHOGAAPH..: 

WILD  FLOWERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


PLATE  VIII. 


PLATE  IX. 


PLATE  X. 


PLATE  XI. 


Green  heron. 


Bob-white  or  "Ouail 


^Yellow-billed  Cuckoo. 


Common  Tern 


SoRA  OB  Carolina  Rail. 


Kingbird. 


Cliff  or  Eve  Swallow. 


Chickadee 


SCRE  ech-owl. 


Catbird. 


purple  Crackle. 


Purple  Finch 


Red-winged  blackbird. 


BLUE  Jay. 


ROSE-BREASTED  GROSBRAK, 


Night-hawk 


Wood-thrush 


KiLLDEER 


COPYRiiiHI    .£>0?.  BY    TH£   CENIURV  CO 

1  READ    CLiFF-oft  Eaves-swallow. 

2  Read:  grosbeak. 


EGGS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

NATURAL  SIZES. 


PLATE  XII. 


PLATE  XIII. 


PRECIOUS  STONES. 


PLATE  XIV 


A    a     B  C 


I 


PRISMATIC  SPECTRUM  WITH  FRAUNHOFER  LINES. 


] 


B  C  D  E    b  F 

NORMAL  SPECTRUM,  BY  DIFFRACTION,  WITH  FRAUNHOFER  LINES. 


SCARLET  CARDINAL 


I  I  I 
I  I 


GREEN  YEL. 


I      I  I 


YEL.  GREEN  APPLEGRN 


THE  THREE  PRIMARY  PIOMENT  COLORS,  YELLOW,  CRIMSON  AND  BLUE,  OVERLAPPING  AND 
FORMING  ORANGE  RED,  GREEN  AND  VIOLET,  AND  BLACK  IN  CENTRE. 


THE  THREE  FUNDAMENTAL  OR  PRIMARY  COLOR  SENSATIONS,   RED,  GREEN  AND  VIOLET, 
OVERLAPPING  AND  FORMING  YELLOW,  BLUE  AND  CRIMSON,  AND  WHITE  IN  CENTRE. 


EMERALD  TURQUOISE 


PEARL  GREY  ■ 

DOVE 

ECRU 

DRAB 

i 

VENET.  RED 

OLD  GOLD 

CAFE  AU  LAIT  1 

FERRA  COTTA 

COPYRIUHT  ItOl.  BY  THt  CfHYum'  CO 


COLORS  OF  THE  SPECTRUM  AND  OF  PIGMENTS. 


PLATE  XV. 


FLAGS  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  NATIONS. 


1.  The  first  letter  in  the 
English  alphabet,  as  also 
generally  in  the  other  al- 
phabets which,  like  the 
English,  come  ultimately 
from  the  Phenieiau.  Our 
letters  are  the  same  as 
those  used  by  the  Eo- 
maus ;  the  Roman  or  Latin 
alphabet  is  one  of  several 
Italian  alphabets  derived  from  the  Greek;  and 
the  Greek  alphabet  is,  with  a  few  adaptations 
and  additions,  formed  from  the  Phenieian. 
As  to  the  origin  of  the  Phenieian  alphabet, 
opinions  are  by  no  means  agreed;  but  the 
view  now  most  widely  current  is  that  put 
forth  and  supported  a  few  years  ago  by  the 
French  scholar  De  Eouge:  namely,  that  the 
Phenieian  characters  are  derived  "from  early 
Egyptian  hieratic  characters,  or  abbreviated 
forms  of  written  hieroglyphs.  Under  each 
letter  will  be  given  in  this  work  the 'Phe- 
nieian character  from  which  it  comes,  along 
with  an  early  form  or  two  of  the  Greek  and 
Latin  derived  characters  (especially  intended 
to  show  the  change  of  direction  of  the  let- 
ter consequent  upon  the  change  of  direction 
■of  writing,  since  the  Phenieian  was  always 
written  from  right  to  left);  and  to  these  will 
"be  added  the  hieratic  and  hieroglyphic  char- 
acters from  which  the  Phenieian  is  held  to 
originate,  according  to  De  Rouge's  theory.  It 
is  to  be  noticed  that  oui-  ordinary  capitals  are 
the  original  forms  of  our  letters ;  the  lower- 
case, Italic,  and  written  letters  are  all  derived 
from  the  capitals.  Our  A  corresponds  to  the 
Phenieian  letter  called  alepli;  and  this  name, 
signifying  "ox,"  is  also  the  original  of  the 
Greek  name  of  the  same  letter,  alpha.  The 
comparative  scheme  for  A  is  as  follows : 


Egyptian. 
Hieroglyphic.  Hieratic. 


Pheni-  Early 

cian.        Greek  and  Latin. 


The  Phenieian  aleph  was  not  a  proper  vowel- 
sign,  but  rather  a  quasi-consonantal  one,  to 
which  an  initial  vowel-sound,  of  whatever 
kind,  attached  itself;  since  the  fundamental 
plan  of  that  alphabet  assumed  that  every  syl- 
lable should  begin  with  a  consonant.  But  the 
Greeks,  in  adapting  the  borrowed  alphabet  to 
their  own  use,  made  the  sign  represent  a  single 
vowel-sound:  that,  namely,  which  we  usually 
call  the  "Italian"  or  "  Continental"  a  (a),  as 
heard  in  far,  father.  This  was  its  value 
in  the  Latin  also,  and  in  the  various  alphabets 
founded  on  the  Latin,  including  that  of  our 
own  ancestors,  the  speakers  and  writers  of 
earliest  English  or  Anglo-Saxon;  and  it  is 
mainly  retained  to  the  present  time  in  the 
languages  of  continental  Europe.  In  conse- 
quence, however,  of  the  gradual  and  per- 
vading change  of  utterance  of  English  words, 
without  corresponding  change  in  the  mode 
ot  writing  them,  it  has  come  to  have  in  our 
use  a  variety  of  values.  The  sound  of  a  in 
jar  is  the  purest  and  most  fundamental  of 
vowel-sounds,  being  that  which  is  naturally 
sent  forth  by  the  human  organs  of  utterance 
^  J'V  ™outh  and  throat  are  widely  opened, 
and  the  tone  from  the  larynx  suffered  to  come 


out  with  least  modifying  interference  by  the 
parts  of  the  mouth.    On  the  other  hand,  in 
the  production  of  the  «-sound  of  machine  or 
])ique  and  the  if-sound  of  rule  (or  double  o  of 
povl),  the  organs  are  brought  quite  nearly 
together:  in  the  case  of  i,  the  fiat  of  the  tongue 
and  the  roof  of  the  mouth;  in  the  case  of 
M,  the  rounded  lips.   Hence  these  vowels  ap- 
proach a  consonantal  character,  and  pass  with 
little  or  no  alteration  into  y  and  w  respec- 
tively.   Then  e  and  o  (as  in  they  and  note)  are 
intermediate  respectively  between  a  (a)  and  i 
and  a  (a)  and  u;  and  the  sounds  in  fat  and  fall 
are  still  less  removed  in  either  direction  from  a 
(a).    The  pure  or  original  sound  of  a  (far)  is 
more  prevalent  in  earlier  stages  of  language, 
and  is  constantly  being  weakened  or  closened 
into  the  other  vowel-sounds,  which  are  to  a  great 
extent  derived  from  it;  and  this  process  has 
gone  on  in  English  on  a  larger  scale  than  in 
almost  any  other  known  language.   Hence  the 
rt-sound  (as  in  far)  is  very  rare  with  us  (less 
than  half  of  one  per  cent,  of  our  whole  utter- 
ance, or  not  a  tenth  part  as  frequent  as  the 
sound  of  i  in  pit  or  as  that  of  u  in  bid); 
its  short  sound  has  been  so  generally  flattened 
into  that  in  fat,  and  its  long  sound  into  that 
in  fate,  that  we  now  call  these  sounds  respec- 
tively "short  a"  and  "long  a";  and,  on  the 
other  hand,  it  has  in  many  words  been  broad- 
ened or  rounded  into  the  sound  heard  in  all 
and  fall.  Thus  the  most  usual  sounds  of  Eng- 
lish written  a  are  now,  in  the  order  of  their 
frequency,  those  in/a^,/aie,/aZZ,/«r;  there  are 
also  afeweases  like  the  a  in  tchat  a.ud  ((•as(after 
a  ic-sound,  nearly  a  corresponding  short  to  the 
a  of  all),  many  (a  "short  e"),  and  others  yet 
more  sporadic.    In  syllables  of  least  stress 
and  distinctness,  too,  as  in  the  first  and  third 
syllables  of  abundant  and  abundance,  it  is  uni- 
Yersally  uttered  with  the  "  short  «"  sound  of 
but.    The  "  long  a  "  of  fate  is  not  strictly  one 
sound,  but  ends  with  a  vanishing  sound  of 
"longe":  i.  e.,  it  is  a  slide  from  the  e-sound 
of  they  down  to  the  i-sound  of  pique.  From 
this  vanish  the  a  of  fare  and  bare  and  their 
like  is  free,  while  it  has   also  an  opener 
sound,  and  is  even,  in  the  mouths  of  many 
speakers,  indistinguishable  in  quality  from  the 
"  short  a"  of  fat;  hence  the  a-sound  ot  fare  is 
in  the  respellings  of  this  work  written  with  a, 
to  distinguish  it  from  the  sound  in  fate.  There 
is  also  a  class  of  words,  like  ask,  fast,  ant,  in 
which  some  pronounce  the  vowel  simply  as 
"short  a,"  while  some  give  it  the  full  open 
sound  of  a  in  far,  and  yet  others  make  it 
something  intermediate  between  the  two :  such 
an  a  is  represented  in  this  work  by  a.  A  occurs 
as  final  only  in  a  very  few  proper  English 
words ;  and  it  is  never  doubled  in  such  words. — 
2.  As  a  symbol,  a  denotes  the  first  of  an  actual 
or  possible  series.    Specifically — («)  In  music, 
the  name  of  the  sixth  note  of  the  natural 
diatonic  scal-e  of  C,  or  the  first  note  of  the 
relative  minor  scale ;  the  la  of  Italian,  French, 
and  Spanish  musicians,   it  i.s  the  note  soumleil  by 
the  open  secoml  strintc  of  tlie  violin,  ami  to  it  assiven  l)y 
a  fixed-toned  instrument  (as  the  oboe  or  orsan)  all  the 
instruments  ot  an  orchestra  are  tuned,    (j)  the 
mnemonic  words  of  logic,  the  universal  affirma- 
tive proposition,  as,  all  men  are  mortal.  Simi- 
larly, I  stands  for  the  particular  affirmative,  as,  some 
men  are  mortal ;  E  for  tli.e  universal  nesative,  as,  no  men 
are  mortal ;  0  for  the  particular  negative,  as,  some 


men  are  not  mortal.  The  use  of  these  symbols  dates 
from  the  thirteenth  century ;  they  appear  to  be  arbitrary 
applications  of  the  vowels  a,  e,  i,  o,  but  are  usually 
supposed  to  have  been  taken  from  the  Latin  Afflruw, 
I  alfli-m,  and  nEgO,  I  deny.  But  some  authorities  main- 
tain that  their  use  in  Greek  is  much  older,  (c)  in 
math.:  In  algebra,  a,  b,  c,  etc.,  the  first  letters 
of  the  alphabet,  stand  for  known  quantities, 
while  X,  y,  z,  the  last  letters,  stand  for  un- 
known quantities;  in  geometry.  A,  B,  C,  etc., 
are  used  to  name  points,  lines,  and  figm-es. 
(d)  In  abstract  reasoning,  suppositions,  etc., 
A,  B,  C,  etc.,  denote  each  a  particular  person 
or  thing  in  relation  to  the  others  of  a  series  or 
group,  (c)  In  writing  axid. printing,  a,  b,  c,  etc., 
are  used  instead  of  or  in  addition  to  the  .Arabic 
figures  in  marking  paragraphs  or  other  divi- 
sions, or  in  making  references.  (/)  In  naut. 
lang.,  Al,  A2,  etc.,  are  symbols  used  in  the 
Record  of  American  and  Foreign  Shipping, 
and  in  Lloyd's  Register  of  British  and  Foreign 
Shipping,  to  denote  the  relative  rating  of  mer- 
chant vessels,  in  the  former,  the  character  assigned  to 
vessels  by  the  surveyors  is  expressed  by  the  numliers 
from  1  to  3,  Al  standing  for  the  highest  and  A3  for  the 
lowest  grade.  The  numbersli,  1|,  2,  2J  express  interme- 
diate degrees  of  seawortliiness".  Vessels  classed  as  Al  or 
Ali  are  regarded  as  fit  for  the  carriage  of  all  kinds  of 
cargoes  on  all  kinds  of  voyages  for  a  specified  term  of 
years ;  those  classed  as  AIJ  or  A2,  for  all  cargoes  on 
Atlantic  voyages,  and  in  exceptional  cases  on  long  voy- 
ages, and  for  such  cargoes  as  oil,  sugar,  molasses,  etc., 
on  any  voyage ;  those  classed  as  A2i  or  A3,  for  coasting 
voyages  only,  with  wood  or  coal.  In 'Lloyd's  Register,  the 
letters  A,  A  (in  red),  M,  and  E  are  used  to  denote  various 
degrees  of  excellence  in  the  hulls  of  ships,  the  figure  1 
being  added  to  express  excellence  of  equipment,  such  as 
masts  and  rigging  in  sailing-sliips,  or  boilers  and  engines 
in  steamers.  The  broad  A  in  the  British  Lloyd's  indicates 
a  ship  built  of  iron.  In  the  American  Register,  the  an- 
nexed figures  do  not  refer  to  the  eiiuipment. —  Hence,  in 
commerce,  A\  is  used  to  denote  the  highest  mercantile 
credit;  and  colloquially  ^11,  or  in  the  United  .States  A 
No.  1,  is  an  adjective  of  commendation,  like  first-class, 
first-rate  ':  as,  an  ^1  speaker. 

"He  must  be  a  first-rater,"  said  Sam.  "Ai,"  replied 
Mr.  Roker.  Dickens,  Pickwick  Papers. 

An  A  number  one  cook,  and  no  mistake. 

Mrs.  Stou-e,  Dred. 

3.  As  an  abbreviation,  a  stands,  according  to 
context,  for  acre,  acting,  adjective,  ansicer,  arc 
(in  the  metric  system),  argent  (in  her.),  anal 
(anal  fiji,  in  ichth.),  anechinoplacid  (in  echi- 
noderms),  etc.;  in  com.,  for  approved,  for  ac- 
cepted, and  for  Latin  ad.  (commonly  written  -S) ), 
"  at "  or  "  to  "  :  as,  500  shares  L.  I.  prefen-ed  'a) 
Ql\;  25® 30  cents  per  yard. — 4.  Attrib.,  hav- 
ing the  form  of  the  capital  A,  as  a  tent. 

The  common  or  A  tent,  for  the  use  of  enlisted  men. 

Wilhelm,  Mil.  Diet. 

a"  (a  or  a),  indef.  art.  [<]VIE.  a  (before  con- 
sonants), earlier  an,  orig.  with  long  vowel, 
<  AS.  an,  one,  an:  see  ««!.]  The  form  of  an 
used  before  consonants  and  words  beginning 
with  a  consonant-sound:  as,  a  man,  a  woman, 
a  year,  a  union,  a  eulogy,  a  oneness,  a  hope. 
An,  however,  was  formerly  often  used  before 
the  sounds  of  /(  and  initial  long  u  and  eii 
even  in  accented  syllables  (as,  an  hospital,  an 
union),  and  is  still  retained  by  some  before 
those  sounds  in  imaccented  syllables  (as,  an 
historian,  an  united   whole,  an  euphonious 

sound).  The  form  a  first  appeared  about  the  beginning 
of  the  thirteenth  century.  It  is  placed  before  nouns  of  the 
singular  nimiber,  and  also  before  plural  nouns  wlien/Vjc  or 
great  iHrtii;/ is  interposed.  [Fcic  was  originally  singular  as 
well  as  plural,  and  the  article  was  singular  (ME.  a)  or 
plural  (ME.  «//<■)  to  agree  with  it.  In  the  phrase  a  great 
mang,  the  article  agrees  with  many,  which  is  properly  a 
nomi  (AS.  menigu:  see  manyl,  «.);  the  following  plural 


a 

noun,  as  in  the  phrase  o  great  many  books,  is  really  a 
partitive  genitive.] 

(a  or  a),  jvep.  [<  ME.  and  late  AS.  a,  re- 
duced form  of  on,  o«,  on,  in:  seeoH.]  Aredueed 
form  of  the  preposition  on,  formerly  common 
in  all  the  uses  of  on,  but  now  restricted  to  eer- 
taia  constructions  in  which  the  preposition  is 
more  or  less  disguised,  being  usually  wi-itten  as 
one  word  with  the  following  noun.  («)  Of  place: 
On,  in,  tipon,  unto,  into ;  the  preposition  and 
the  following  noim  being  usually  wi'itteu  as  one 
word,  sometimes  with,  but  commonly  without, 
a  hyphen,  and  regarded  as  an  adverb  or  a  predi- 
cate adjective,  but  best  treated  as  a  preposi- 
tional phrase,  in  such  phrases  a  denotes  — (1)  Posi- 
tion :  as,  to  lie  ahi  il :  to  be  a/oat ;  to  ride  a  horseback;  to 
stmnla-tiptoc.  (i)  Motion:  ;is,  t(i  f(x/,iwv ;  "liowjocund 
did  tliey  di-ive  tlieii-  team  ii^inhl"  (-iniii.  {::)  Direction: 
as,  to  go  aliend  ;  to  turn  axhlv  :  to  draw  o'<«i7r  (modern, 
to  draw  back).    (4)  Partition  :  as,  to  take  apart ;  to  burst 

asunder.  Similarly — (&)  Of  state:  On,  in,  etc.: 
as,  to  be  aJice  [AS.  on  life];  to  be  asJccp 
[AS.  on  sl(e})e\;  to  set  afire;  to  be  afloat;  to 

set  adrift,  in  this  use  now  applicable  to  any  verb  (but 
eliietly  to' monosyllables  and  dissyllables)  tal^en  as  a  noun  : 
as,  to  be  aglow  with  excitement ;  to  be  a-xirhn  ;  to  be  all 
a-treinhlc.  (c)  Of  time  :  On,  in,  at,  by,  etc.,  re- 
maining in  some  colloquial  expressions :  as,  to 
stay  out  a  nights  (often  written  o' nights);  to 
go  fishing  a  Simday ;  now  a  days  (generally 

written  noivadays).  Common  with  adverbs  of  repe- 
tition :  as,  twice  f(  day  [<  ME.  t ivies  a  ilai,  <-\S.  twiwa 
on  (/(('//I,  once  a  week  (<  ME,  (iiics  a  irikc,  <  AS.  cene  on 
UHiraii],  tlnee  times  a  year  [ct.  ME.  tlue  .iitltcs  a  ycr, 
<  AS.  thriiii  sitliuiii  uiiijcarc],  etc. :  ((  day  being  a  reduced 
form  of  oil  day  (cf.  to-day),  ciiui\aleut  to  F.  par  jour,  L. 
per  diem  ;  a  year,  of  on  year,  equivalent  to  F.  jj(ir  au,  L. 
per  annum,  etc.  But  in' this  construction  the  preposition 
a  is  now  usually  regarded  as  the  indefinite  article  (vary- 
ing to  an  before  a  vowel),  "four  miles  an  hour,"  "ten 
cents  a  yard,"  etc.,  being  explained  as  elliptical  for  "  four 
miles  in  an  hour,"  "ten  cents /or  a  yard,"  etc.  Of 
process  :  In  course  of,  with  a  verbal  noun  in -in;/, 
taken  passively:  as,  the  house  is  n  building; 
"while  the  ark  was  «  preparing"  (1  Pet.  iii.  20) ; 
"while  these  things  were  «  doing.  The  prepo- 
sitional use  is  clearly  seen  in  the  alterna- 
tive construction  with  in:  as,  "Forty  and  six 
years  was  this  temple  in  building,"  John  ii.  20. 

In  modern  use  the  preposition  is  omitted,  and  the  verbal 
noun  is  treated  as  a  present  participle  taken  passively  : 
as,  the  house  is  buildiny.  But  none  of  these  forms  of 
expression  has  become  thoroughly  popular,  the  popular 
instinct  being  sliown  in  the  recent  development  of  the 
desired  "progressive  passive  participle":  as,  the  house  is- 
beinu  built,  tlie  work  is  heiny  done,  etc.  This  construction, 
though  condemned  Ijy  logicians  and  purists,  is  well  estab- 
lished in  popular  speech,  and  will  probably  pass  into 
coiTect  literary  usage,  (c)  Of  action  :  In,  to,  into  ; 
with  a  verbal  noun  in  -ing,  taken  actively. 

(1)  With  be :  as,  to  be  a  coming  ;  to  be  a  doing  ;  to  be  a 
fighting.  Now  only  collo(|uial  or  provincial,  literary 
usage  omitting  the  preposition,  and  treating  the  verbal 
noiin  as  a  present  participle  :  as,  to  be  coming ;  to  be 
doing.  (2)  With  verbs  of  nn.tioii  :  as,  to  go  a  fishing;  to 
go  a  wooing  ;  to  go  a  begging  ;  to  fall  a  crying  ;  to  set 
a  going.  The  preposition  is  often  joined  to  the  noun 
by  a  hyphen,  as,  to  go  o-fishing,  or  sometimes  omitted, 
as,  to  go  fishing,  to  set  going,  etc.  For  other  examples  of 
the  uses  of  f«3,  jtrep.,  see  the  prepositional  phrases  abed, 
aboard,  ahead,  etc.,  or  the  simple  nouns. 

a*.  [Another  spelling  of  o,  now  written  o',  a  re- 
duced form  of  of,  the /being  dropped  before  a 
consonant,  and  the  vowel  obscured.  Cf.  a"^, 
a-3,  rt-4.]  A  reduced  form  of  of,  now  generally 
written  o',  as  in  man-o'-war,  six  o'clock,  etc. 
The  name  of  John  a  Gaunt.  Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  i.  3. 

It's  sixe  a  clocke. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humor,  i.  4. 

(a),  x>ron.  [E.  dial.,  corruption  of  I,  being 
the  first  element,  obscured,  of  the  diphthong 
ai.]  A  modern  provincial  corruption  of  the 
pronoun  /. 

a6  pron.  [E.  dial.,  <ME.  dial,  a,  corruptly 
iov  he,  he,  heo,  she,  he,  it,  heo,  hi,  they.]  An 
old  (and  modern  provincial)  corruption  of  all 
genders  and  both  numbers  of  the  third  per- 
sonal pronoun,  he,  she,  it,  they.  So  quotha, 
that  is,  quoth  he. 
A  babbled  of  green  fields.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  3. 

a^  (a),  V.  [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  a,  ha,  reduced  form 
of  have,  the  v  being  dropped  as  in  or  o'  for 
of  (ov).]  An  old  (and  modern  provincial) 
corruption  of  have  as  an  auxiliary  verb,  tm- 
accented,  and  formerly  also  as  a  principal 
verb. 

I  had  not  thought  my  body  could  a  yielded.  Beau,  and  Fl. 

sfi  {&,).  [Sc.,  usually  written  a',  —  E.  all,  like 
Sc.  ca' =  E.  call,  fa' =  fall,  ha' =  hall,  etc.] 
All, 

For  a'  that,  an'  a'  that, 

His  riband,  star,  an'  a'  that. 
The  man  o'  independent  mind. 

He  looks  an'  laughs  at  a'  that. 

Bums,  For  A"  That. 


2 

a^  (a  or  a),  interj.  [See  ah  and  0.]  The  early 
form  of  ah,  preserved,  archaically,  before  a 
leader's  or  chieftain's  name,  as  a  war-cry  (but 
now  treated  and  pronounced  as  the  indefinite 
article). 

The  Border  slogan  rent  the  sky, 
A  Home  !  a  Gordon  !  was  the  cry. 

Scott,  Marmion. 

a^O.  [L.  «,  the  usual  form  of  ab,  from,  of,  before 
consonants :  see  «&-.]  A  Latin  preposition, 
meaning  of,  off,  away  from,  etc.  it  occurs  in  cer- 
tain phrases  :  as,  a  priori,  a  posteriori,  a  mensa  et  thoro,  etc.; 
also  in  certain  persoinvl  names  of  medieval  or  modern 
origin  :  as,  Tliomas  ((  Kempis,  that  is,  Thomas  of  Kemfien, 
the  school-iiauie  given  to  Tliomas  Hamnierken,  born  at 
Kempen  near  Diisseldorf  ;  Abraham  a  Saneta  Clara,  tliat 
is,  Abraham  of  .St.  Clare,  the  name  assumed  by  Ulrich 
llegerle.  The  true  name  of  Thomas  a  Beeket  (written 
also  4'Becket.  and,  in  un-Enghsh  fashiim,  (i  Becket,  A 
Becket)was  simply  Thomas  Becket  or  Beket ;  the  a  appears 
to  be  a  later  insertion,  though  supported  by  such  late 
Middle  Enghslinaraes  as  Wydo  del  Beck't,  .TohndeBeckote, 
William  atte  Beck,  etc.,  that  is,  of  or  at  the  brook  \;*becket, 
not  found  as  a  common  noun,  being  appar.  a  dim.  of  beck, 
a  brook,  or  perhaps  <  OF.  becquet,  bequet,  a  pike  (flsh),  dim. 
of  bee,  beak]. 

a-.  A  prefi:s  or  an  initial  and  generally  insepara- 
ble particle.  It  is  a  relic  of  various  Teutonic 
and  classical  particles,  as  follows  : 

a-i.  [<  ME.  a-,  <  AS.  a-  (=  OS.  a-  =  OHG.  ar-,  ir-, 
ur-,  MHG.  ir-,  er-,  G.  er-  =  Goth,  us-,  before  a 
vowel  before  r  ur-),  a  common  unaccented 
prefix  of  verbs,  meaning  'away,  out,  up,  on,'  of- 
ten merely  intensive,  inmod.  E.  usually  without 
assignable  force.  It  appears  as  an  independent 
prep,  in  OHG.  nr,  Goth,  vs,  out,  and  as  an  ac- 
cented prefix  of  noims  and  adjectives  in  OHG. 
MHG.  G.  ur-,  D.  oor-,  AS.  or-,  E.  or-  in  ordeal 
and  ort,  q.  v.  In  nouns  from  verbs  in  AS.  a-  the 
accent  fell  upon  the  prefix,  which  then  re- 
tained its  length,  and  has  in  one  word,  namely, 
E.  oakum,  <  AS.  d-cumha,  entered  mod.  E.  with 
the  reg.  change  of  AS.  d-  tmder  accent,  losing 
all  semblance  of  a  prefix.]  An  unaccented 
inseparable  prefix  of  verbs,  and  of  noims  and 
adjectives  thence  derived,  originally  implying 
motion  away,  but  in  earlier  English  merely 
intensive,  or,  as  in  modern  English,  without 
assignable  force,  as  in  abide,  abode,  arise, 
awake,  ago  -  agone,  etc.  The  difference  between 
abide,  arise,  awake,  etc.,  and  the  simple  verbs  bide,  rise, 
wake,  etc.,  is  chiefly  syllaliic  or  rliythndc.  In  a  few  verbs 
this  prefix  has  taken  in  spelling  a  Latin  semblance,  as  in 
accurse,  affright,  allay,  for  a-eursc,  a-fright,  a-lay. 

a-2.  [<  ME.  a-,  usually  and  prop,  written  sepa- 
rately, a,  <  late  AS.  a,  a  reduced  form  of  ME. 
and  AS.  an,  on :  see  a^,  prep.,  and  on.']  An 
apparent  prefix,  properly  a  preposition,  the 
same  as  a*,  prep,  when  used  behjre  a  substantive  it 
forms  what  is  really  a  prepositional  phrase,  which  is  now 
generally  written  as  one  word,  with  or  without  a  hyphen, 
and  regarded  as  an  adverb  or  as  a  predicate  adjective : 
as,  to  lie  abed,  to  be  asleep,  to  he  all  a-tremhle,  etc.  With 
vei'bal  nouns  in  -ing  it  forms  what  is  regarded  as  a  present 
participle,  either  active,  as,  they  are  a-co/yiinr;  (colloq.),  or 
passive,  as,  the  house  was  a-building.  In  the  latter  uses 
the  a  is  usually,  and  in  all  it  would  be  properly,  written 
separately,  as  a  preposition.  See  a^,  prep.,  where  the  uses 
are  explained. 

a-3.  [<  ME.  a-,  or  separately,  a,  <  AS.  a  (only  in 
ddUn,  ddune,  aredueed  form  of  of  dune),  a  re- 
duced form  of  of,  E.  of,  off:  see  of,  off,  and 
cf.  a-^.l  A  prefix,  being  a  reduced  form  of 
Anglo-Saxon  of,  prep.,  English  off',  from,  as 
in  adoivn  (which  see),  or  of  later  English  of,  as 
in  anew,  afresh,  akin,  etc.  (which  see). 

a-*.  [<  ME.  a-,  a  reduced  form  of  of-,  <  AS.  of-, 
an  intensive  prefix,  orig.  the  same  as  of,  prep.: 
see  «-3  and  o/.]  A  prefix,  being  a  reduced  form 
of  Anglo-Saxon  of-,  an  intensive  prefix,  as  in 
athirst,  ahungered  (which  see). 

a-''.  [<  ME.  a-,  a  reduced  form  of  and-,  q.  v.] 
A  prefix,  being  a  reduced  form  of  and-  (which 
see),  as  in  along^  (which  see). 

a-^.  [<  ME.  a-,  var.  of  i-,  y-,  e-,  reduced  forms 
of  ge,  AS.  ge-:  see  «-.]  A  prefix,  being  one  of 
the  reduced  forms  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  prefix 
ge-  (see  i-),  as  in  along'^  [<  AS.  gelang],  aware 
[<  AS.  ge-tvmr],  aford,  now  spelled  afford,  sim- 
tdating  the  Latin  prefix  «/-  [<  AS.  ge-forthian], 
among  [<  AS.  ge-mang,  mixed  with  on-ge-mang 
&nA  on-mang],  etc.  The  same  prefix  is  other- 
wise spelled  in  enough,  iwis,  yclept,  etc. 

a-'^.  [<  ME.  a-,  reduced  form  of  at-,  <  AS.  mt- 
in  cet-foran,  mixed  in  later  E.  with  on-foran, 
afore :  see  afore.']  A  prefix,  being  a  reduced 
form  of  at-,  mixed  with  a-  for  07i-,  in  afore 
(which  see). 

a-S.  [<  ME.  a-,  a  reduced  form  of  at  in  north. 
E.,  after  Icel.  at,  to,  as  a  sign  of  the  infin.,  like 
E.  to:  see  at.]  A  prefix,  in  ado,  originally 
at  do,  northern  English  infiiutive,  equivalent  to 
English  to  do.    See  ado. 


-a 

a-^.  [A  mere  syllable.]  A  quasi-prefix,  a  mere 
opening  syllable,  in  the  interjections  aha,  ahoy. 
In  aha,  and  as  well  in  ahoy,  it  may  be  con- 
sidered as  ah. 
a-io.  [A  reduced  form  of  D.  houd.  Cf.  «-».]  A 
quasi-prefix,  a  mere  opening  syllable,  in  avast, 
where  a-,  however,  represents  historically 
Dutch  houd  in  the  original  Dutch  expression 
houd  vast  =  English  holdfast. 
a-ii.  [<  ME.  a-,  OF.  a-,  <  L.  ad-,  or  assimi- 
lated ab-,  ac-,  af-,  etc. :  see  ad-.]  A  prefix, 
being  a  reduced  form  of  the  Latin  prefix  ad-. 
In  Old  French  and  Middle  English  regularly  a-,  and  so 
properly  in  modern  French  and  English,  as  in  avouch 
[ult.  <  L.  advocare],  amount  [ult.  <  L.  ad  montein],  ava- 
lanche [ult.  <L.  ad  vallem],  abet,  ameliorate,  etc.;  but  in 
later  Old  French  and  Middle  English  a-  took  in  spell- 
ing a  Latin  semblance,  ad-,  ac-,  af-,  etc.,  and  so  in  mod- 
ern English,  as  in  address,  account,  affect,  aggrieve,  etc., 
where  the  doubled  consonant  is  unetymological.  See  ad-. 
a-^2.  [<  L.  a-,  a  later  and  parallel  form  of  ad- 
before  sc-,  sp-,  st-,  and  gn-.]  A  prefix,  being 
a  reduced  form  (in  Latin,  and  so  in  English, 
etc.)  of  the  Latin  prefix  ad-  before  sc-,  sp-,  st-, 
and  gn-,  as  in  ascend,  aspire,  aspect,  astringent, 
agnate,  etc. 

a-i3.  [<ME.  a-,  <  OF.  a-,  <  L.  ab-:  see  ab-.'] 
A  prefix,  being  a  reduced  form  (in  Middle 
English,  etc.)  of  Latin  ab-,  as  in  abate  (which 
see).  In  a  few  verbs  this  a-  has  taken  a  Latin 
semblance,  as  in  abs-tain  (treated  as  ai-stain), 
as-soil.    See  these  words. 

a-^*.    [<  L.  fl-  for  ab-  before  v  :  see  ab-.]  A 
prefix,  being  a  reduced,  form  (in  Latin,  and  so 
in  English,  etc.)  of  the  Latin  prefix  ab-,  from, 
as  in  avert  (which  see). 
a-15.  [<  ME.  «-,  <  OF.  a-  for  reg.  OF.  e-,  cs-, 
<  L.  CX-,  out :  see  c-  and  «•-.]    A  prefix,  being 
an  altered  form  of  <?-,  reduced  form  of  Latin 
ex-,  as  in  amend,  abash,  etc.,  aforce,  afray  (now  I 
aff'orce.  affray),  etc.  (which  see).  | 
a-i'5.  [<ME.fl-,  reduced  foi-m  of  «)}- for  (?»-,<  OP. 
en- :  see  cm-I.]  A  prefix,  being  a  reduced  form 
of  an-  for  en-,  in  some  words  now  obsolete  or 
spelled  in  semblance  of  the  Latin,  or  restored, 
as  in  acloy,  acmnber,  apair,  etc.,  later  accloy, 
accumber,  modern  encumber,  impair,  etc.  i 
a-l'^.  [Ult.  <  L.  «/(,  interj.]  A  quasi-prefix,  rep-  | 
resenting  original  Latin  ah,  interj.,  in  «?«.s 
(which  see), 
a-l^.  [<  Gr.  a-,  before  a  vowel  av-,  inseparable 
negative  prefijc,  known  as  alpha  privative  (Gr. 
a-  crepr/TiKov),  -  -  L.  in-  =  Goth.  AS.  E.,  etc.,  un- : 
see  «?!-!.]  A  prefix  of  Greek  origin,  called  al- 
pha privative,  the  same  as  English  un-,  mean- 
ing not,  without,  -less,  used  not  only  in  words 
taken  directly  or  through  Latin  from  thi 
Greek,  as  abyss,  adamant,  acatalectic,  etc.,  bur 
also  as  a  naturalized  English  prefix  in  new 
formations,  as  achromatic,  asexual,  etc.,  espe- 
cially in  scientific  terms,  English  or  New  Latin, 
as  Aptcryx,  Asiphonata,  etc. 
a-19.  [<Gr.  a-  copulative  (a-  adpomriKdv),  com- 
monly without,  but  sometimes  and  prop,  witli, 
the  aspirate,  d-,  orig.  *(7a-  =  Skt.  sa-,  sam-.  Cf. 
Gr.  afia,  together,  =  E.  same,  q.  v.]    A  prefix  of 
Greek  origin,  occurring  unf  elt  in  English  acolyte, 
adelphous,  etc.  [ 
a-^*'.  [<Gr.  a- intensive  (a-  emranKov),  prob.  orig.  j 
the  same  as  a-  copulative  :  see  a-i9.]   A  prefix 
of  Greek  origin,  occurring  unfelt  in  atla^, 
amaurosis,  etc. 

a-21.  [Ult.  <Ar.  al,  the.]   A  prefix  of  Arabic  I 
origin,  occurring  unfelt  in  apricot,  azimutli,] 
hazard  (for  *azard),  etc.,  commonly  in  the  fuU 
form  al-.    See  a?-2. 
-al.  [L.  -a  (pi.  -ai).  It.  -a  (pi.  -e),  Sp.  Pg.  -a' 
(pi.  -as),  Gr.  -a,  -Tj  (pi.  -ai,  L.  spelling  -ai),  =  AR. 
-u,  -e,  or  lost ;  in  E.  lost,  or  represented  unfelt 
by  silent  final  e.]    A  suffix  characteristic  ofj 
feminine  nouns  and  adjectives  of  Greek  on 
Latin  origin  or  semblance,  many  of  which! 
have  been  adopted  in  English  without  change 

Examples  are:  (a)  Greek  (first  declension  —  in  Latin 
spelling),  idea,  coma,  basilica,  mania,  etc. ;  (6)  Latin  (fli  st 
declension),  area,  arena,  formula,  copula,  nebula,  vertebra, 
etc.,  whence  (c),  in  Italian,  opera,  piazza,  stanza,  etc, ; 
(d)  Spanish,  armada,  flotilla,  mantilla,  etc.  ;  (e)  Portu- 
guese, madeira;  (f)  New  Latin,  chiefly  in  scientific  ternis,^ 
alumina,  soda,  sUiea,  etc.  ;  dahlia,  fuchsia,  camelha,\ 
wistaria,  etc.,  amoeba,  Branta,  etc. ;  common  in  geo- 
graphical names  derived  from  or  formed  according  tc 
Latin  or  Greek,  as  Asia,  Africa,  America,  Polynesia. 
Arabia,  Florida,  etc.  In  English  this  suffix  marks  so.\ 
only  in  personal  names,  as  in  Cornelia,  Julia,  Maria. 
Anna,  etc.  (some  having  a  corresponding  masculine,  ^i-' 
Cornelius,  Julius,  etc.),  and  in  a  few  feminine  terras  frmr 
the  Italian,  Spanish,  etc.,  having  a  corresponding  mascu 
line,  as  doniM,  doRa,  duenna,  signora,  sefiora,  sultana 
inamorata,  etc.,  corresponding  to  masculine  don,  signer, 
seflor,  sultan,  inamorato,  etc. 
-a2.  [L.  -a,  pi.  to  -um,  =  Gr.  -a,  pi.  to  -ov,  2d 
declension ;  L.  -a,  -i-a,  pi.  to  -um,  -e,  =  Gr.  -a, 


Ik 


neut.  pi.,  3d  declension ;  lost  in  AS.  and  E.,  as 
in  head,  deer,  sheep,  etc.,  pi.,  without  suffix.] 
A  sufBx,  the  nominative  neuter  plural  ending  of 
nouns  and  adjectives  of  the  second  and  third 
declensions  in  Greek  or  Latin,  some  of  which 
have  been  adopted  in  English  without  change 
of  ending.  Examples  are  :  (a)  in  Greek,  phenomena, 
plural  of  phenomenon,  miasmata,  plural  of  miasma(t-), 
etc. ;  (h)  in  Latin,  strata,  plural  of  stratum,  data,  plural 
of  datum,  genera,  plural  of  genus,  etc.  Some  of  these 
words  have  also  an  English  plural,  as  automatons,  cri- 
tenons,  dogmas,  memorandums,  mediums,  besides  the 
Greek  or  Latin  plurals,  automata,  criteria,  dogmata, 
memoranda,  media,  etc.  This  suffix  is  common  in  New 
latin  names  of  classes  of  animals,  as  in  Mammalia,  Am- 
phibia, Cnistacea,  Protozoa,  etc.,  these  being  properly 
adjectives,  agreeing  with  animalia  understood. 

-a^.  [Sometimes  written,  and  treated  in  dic- 
tionaries, as  a  separate  syllable,  but  prop, 
written  as  a  suffix,  being  prob.  a  relic  of  the 
ME.  intlexive  -e,  which  in  poetry  was  pro- 
noimeed  (e.  g.,  ME.  stil-e,  mil-e:  see  quot.) 
whenever  the  meter  required  it,  long  after  it 
had  ceased  to  be  pronounced  in  prose.]  An 
unmeaning  syllable,  used  in  old  ballads  and 
songs  to  fill  out  a  Line. 

Jog  on,  jog  on,  the  footpath  way. 

And  merrily  hent  the  stile-a  ; 
A  merry  heart  goes  all  the  day, 
Your  sad  tires  in  a  mile-a. 

Quoted  by  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  2. 

aam  (am),  «.  [<  D.  aam,  a  liquid  measure, 
—  Gr.  ahm,  also  ohm  (see  ohm),  =  Icel.  ama, 
<ML.  ama,  a  tub,  tierce,  <L.  Jiama,  ama,  <Gr. 
afir/,  a  water-bucket,  pail.]  A  measure  of 
liquids  used,  especially  for  wine  and  oil, 
in  Holland,  Germany,  Switzerland,  Livonia, 
Esthonia,  Denmark,  and  Sweden;  a  tierce. 
Its  value  differs  in  different  localities  :  thus,  in  Amsterdam 
an  aam  of  wine=41  gallons,  and  an  aam  of  oil  =  37|  gal- 
lons ;  while  in  Brunswick  an  aatn  of  oil  =  39J  gallons. 
Also  written  aum,  aume,  awm,  awme. 


Aardvark  {Orycteropus  cafmsts). 

aardvark  (ard'vark),  n.  [D.,  <  aarde,  =  E. 
earth,  -f  varlc,  used  only  in  dim.  form  varlcen, 
a  pig,  =  E.  farrow'^  and  E.  pork,  q.  v.  ]  The 
ground-hog  or  earth-pig  of  South  Africa.  See 
Orycteropus. 


Aaronitic  (ar-pn-it'ik),  a.  [_<Aaromte  +  -ic] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Aaronites. 

The  assumption  that  the  representations  in  regard  to 
the  origin  of  the  Aaronitic  priesthood  are  essentially  false 
cannot  well  be  sustained,  unless  it  can  be  proved  that 
Hebrew  literature  did  not  arise  until  about  the  eighth  cen- 
tury B.  c,  as  the  critics  claim. 

Schaff-IIcrzog,  Encyc,  p.  1923. 

Aaron's-beard  (ar'pnz-  or  a'ronz-berd),  w. 
[See  Ps.  cxxxiii.  2.']  1.  A  dwarf  evergreen 
shrub,  Hypericum  calycimim,  with  large  flowers 
(the  largest  of  the  genus)  and  numerous 
stamens,  a  native  of  southeastern  Europe, 
and  sometimes  found  in  cultivation ;  St.-John's- 
wort:  so  called  from  the  conspicuous  hair-like 
stamens.— 2.  The  smoke-tree,  IS/tHs  CoUnus.— 
3.  A  species  of  saxifrage  (Saxifraga  sarmeii- 
iosa)  found  in  cultivation;  Chinese  saxifrage. 
Aaron's-rod  (ar'onz-  or  a'ronz-rod),  n.  [See 
Ex.  vii.  10;  Num.  xvii.  8.]  l"  In  arch.,  an  orna- 
ment consisting  of  a  straight  rod  from  which 
pointed  leaves  sprout  on  either  side.    The  term 

is  also  applied  to  an  ornament  consisting  of  a  rod  with 
one  serpent  entwined  aljout  it,  as  distinguished  from  a 
caduceus,  which  has  two  serpents. 

2.  A  popular  name  of  several  plants  with  tall 
flowering  stems,  as  the  goldenrod,  the  hag-ta- 
per, etc. 

Ab  (ab),  n.  [Heb.  Cf.  Heb.  eh,  verdure.]  The 

eleventh  month  of  the  Jewish  civil  year,  and 
the  fifth  of  the  ecclesiastical  year,  answering 
to  a  part  of  J uly  and  a  part  of  August.  In  the 
Syriac  calendar  Ab  is  the  last  summer  mouth, 
ab-.    [L.  «&-,  prep,  ab,  older  form  «j>  =  Etrur. 

=  «i'«  =  Goth.  «/=OHG.  a6a, 
MHG.  G.  «i  =  AS.  0/ (rarely,  as  a  prefiix,  <e/-), 
^-  of,  ■■  see  of,  off,  apo,  and  «-i3,  rt-i4.]  a 
prefix  of  Latin  origin,  denoting  disjimetion, 
separation,  or  departure,  off,  from,  away,  etc., 
as  in  abdlict,  abjure,  etc.  Before  c  and  t,  ah  becomes 
(m  Latin,  and  so  in  English,  etc.)  ate,  as  in  abscond,  ab- 
stain, etc. ;  before  v  and  m,  it  becomes  a,  as  in  avert 
amentia,  etc.— In  abbacinate  and  abbreviate,  the  prefix 
(reduced  to  a-  m  abridge,  which  see)  is  rather  an  assimi- 
lation of  ad-. 

A.  B.  1.  An  abbreviation  of  the  Middle  and 
New  Latin  Artium.  Baccalaureus,  Bachelor  of 
-Arts.  In  England  it  is  more  commonly  written 
B.  A.  See  bachelor. —  2.  An  abbreviation  of 
able-bodied,  placed  after  the  name  of  a  seaman 
on  a  ship's  papers. 

abal  (ab'a),  M.  [<Ar. '«&«.]  1.  A  coarse  woolen 
stuff,  woven  of  goats'  or  camels'  or  other  hair  or 
wool  in  Syria,  Arabia,  and  neighboring  coun- 
tries. It  is  generally  striped,  sometimes  in  plain  bars  of 
black  and  white  or  blue  and  white,  sometimes  in  more 
elaborate  patterns. 

2.  (a)  An  outer  garment  made  of  the  above, 
very  simple  in  form,  worn  by  the  Ai-abs  of  the 
desert.  The  illustration  shows  such  an  aba,  made  of 
two  breadths  of  stuff  sewed  together  to  make  an  oblon"- 
about  four  by  nine  feet.  This  is  then  folded  at  the  line's 
ab,ab,  the  top  edges  are  sewed  together  ata  c,  a  c,  and 
armholes  are  cut  at  af,af.  A  little  simple  embroidery  in 


Aardwolf  {Proteles  latandi). 

lardwolf  (ard'wulf),  n.  [D.,  <  aarde,  =  E 
earth  +  wolf  =  E.  Im>o?/.]  The  earth-wolf  of 
South  Africa.  See  Proteles. 
laron  (ar'on  or  a'ron),  n.  [A  corrupt  spelling 
ct  aron  (Gr.  apov),  a  form  of  Arum,  in  simula- 
tion of  Aaron,  a  proper  name.]  The  plant 
Anm  maculatum.  See  Arum. 
i^aronic(a-ron'ik),  a.  [<  LL.  Aaron,  <  Gr.  'kapuv, 
perhaps,  says  Gesenius,  the  same 
with  haron,  a  mountaineer,  <  haram,  be  high.  ] 
1.  Pertaining  to  Aaron,  the  brother  of  Moses, 
or  to  the  Jewish  priestly  order,  of  which  he 
was  the  first  high  priest:  as,  the  ^aron/c priest- 
hood ;  Aaromc  vestments.—  2.  In  the  Mormon 
merarehy,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  second  or 
lesser  order  of  priests.  See  priesthood  and 
Mormon. 

iUronical  (a-ron'i-kal),  a.  i<  Aaronic  + -all 
Fertaming  to  or  resembling  the  Aaronic 
pnesthood. 

laronite  (ar'pn-it  or  a'ron-it),  n.    l<  Aaron + 
A  descendant  of  Aaron,  the  brother  of 
JeS:.K.'^^f  Aaronites  were  hereditary  priests  in  the 
Jewish  church,  and  next  to  the  high  priest  in  dignity. 


colored  wool  on  the  two  sides  of  the  breast  completes  the 
garment,  d  e  is  the  seam  between  the  two  breadths  of 
stuff,  and  this  is  covered  by  a  piece  of  colored  material 
(b)  A  garment  of  similar  shape  worn  in  the 
towns,  made  of  finer  material. 

Over  the  Kamis  is  thrown  a  long-skirted  and  short- 
sleeved  cloak  of  camel's  hair,  called  an  Aba.  It  is  made 
in  many  patterns,  and  of  all  materials,  from  pure  silk  to 
coarse  sheep's  wool.       M.  P.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  150. 

Also  spelled  abba. 

aba2  (ab'a),  n.  [From  the  name  of  the  in- 
ventor.] An  altazimuth  instrument,  designed 
by  Antoine  d'Abbadie,  for  determining  latitude 
on  land  without  the  use  of  an  artificial  hori- 
zon.   K  E.  D. 

abaca  (ab'a-ka),  n.  The  native  Philippine  name 
of  the  plant  Musa  textilis,  which  yields  manila 
hemp.    Also  spelled  abaka. 

abacay  (ab'a-ka),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  kind 
of  wMte  parrot ;  a  calangay. 


abacus 

abacinate,  abacination.   See  abbacinate,  ab- 

bucinatioH. 

abaciscus  (ab-a-sis'kus),  «. ;  pi.  abacisci  (-i). 
[ML.,  <  Gr.  afiaKimoc,  a  small  stone  for  inlay- 
ing, dim.  of  a/?af :  see  abacus;']  In  arch.,  a  di- 
minutive of  abacus  in  its  various  senses.  Also 
called  abaculus. 
abacist  (ab'a-sist),  n.  It.  abachista,  an  arith- 
metician, <ML.  abacista,  <  L.  abacus:  see  aba- 
cus, 2.]  One  who  uses  an  abacus  in  casting 
accounts ;  a  calculator, 
abacfci  (a-bak'),  adv.  [<  ME.  abak,  a  hale,  on  hak, 
<  AS.  on  bwc,  on  or  to  the  back,  backward,  = 
Icel.  d  baki,  aback  :  see  «3  and  backl.]  1.  To- 
ward the  back  or  rear ;  backward ;  rearward ; 
regressively. 

They  drewe  ahacke,  as  halfe  with  shame  confound. 

Spenser,  .Shep.  Cal.  (.June). 

2.  On  or  at  the  back  ;  behind  ;  from  behind. 
His  gallie  .  .  .  being  set  upon  both  before  and  abacke. 

Knolles,  Hist,  of  Turks,  fol.  879  A. 

3.  Away;  aloof.  [Scotch.] 
Oh,  would  they  stay  aback  frae  courts. 
And  please  themsel's  wi'  country  sports. 

Btirnx,  The  Twa  Dogs. 

4.  Ago  :  as,  "eight  days  a&«c;;-,"7?os.s;.  [Prov. 
Eng.]  —  5.  Naut.,  in  or  into  the  condition  of  re- 
ceiving the  wind  from  ahead ;  with  the  wind 
acting  on  the  forward  side  :  said  of  a  ship  or  of 
her  sails — Laid  aback  (naut.),  said  of  .sails  (or  of 

vessels)  when  they  areplaced  in  the  same  jiositi.jn  as  when 
taken  aliack,  in  order  to  effect  an  immediate  retreat  or 
to  give  the  ship  steniway,  so  as  to  avoid  some  danger  dis- 
covered before  her.  — Taken  aback,  (a)  Xauf.,  said  of  a 
vessels  sails  when  cau^lit  by  tlie  wind  in  such  a  way  as 
to  press  them  aft  against  tlie  mast.  Hence  — (//)  Figura- 
tively, suddenly  or  unexpectedly  checked,  confounded  or 
disappointed:  as,  he  was  quite  taken  aback  when  he  was 
refused  admittance. —  To  brace  aback  (naut.),  to  swing 
(the  yards)  round  by  means  of  the  braces,  so  that  the 
s.iils  may  be  aback,  in  order  to  check  a  ships  progi-ess  or 
give  her  sternway. 

aback^t  (ab'ak),  n.  [<L.  abacus:  see  abacus.'} 

An  abacus,  or  something  resembling  one,  as  a 
flat,  square  stone,  or  a  square  compartment, 
abacot  (ab'a-kot),  n.  Like  abocock,  etc.,  an  erro- 
neous book-fonn  of  bycocket  (which  see), 
abactinal  (ab-ak'ti-ual),  a.  [<  L.  ab,  fi-om,  -I-  E. 
actinal.']    In  zool.,  remote  from  the  actinal  or 
oral  area;  hence,  devoid  of  rays;  aboral.  The 
abactinal  surface  may  be  either  the  upper  or  lower  surface 
according  to  the  position  of  the  mouth.  ' 
abactinally  (ab-ak'ti-nal-i),  adv.    In  an  abac- 
tinal direction  or  position. 

The  ambulacral  plates  have  the  pores  directly  super- 
posed abact.inalhj.       P.  M.  Duncan,  Geol.  JIag.,  II.  492. 

abactio  (ab-ak'shi-6),  «.    [NL.,  <  L.  ahigere, 
drive  away:  see  abactor.']    In  med.,  an  abor- 
tion produced  by  art. 
abaction  (ab-ak'shon),  ».    [<NL.  ff6rtc«o(«-): 
see  abactio.]    In  law,  the  stealing  of  a  number 
of  cattle  at  one  time, 
abactor  (ab-ak'tpr),  n.   [L.,<  abactus,  pp.  of  abi- 
gere,  di-ive  off,  <  ab,  off,  H-  agere,  drive.]    In  law, 
one  who  feloniously  drives  away  or  steals  a 
herd  or  numbers  of  cattle  at  once,  in  distinction 
fi'om  one  who  steals  a  single  beast  or  a  few. 
abaculus(ab-ak'ii-lus),  n.  ■  pi.  ahaciiU  (-H).  [L. 
dim.  of  abacus.]    Literallv,  a  small  abacus. 

bpecifically,  one  of  the  little  cubes  or  slabs  of  colored 
glass,  enamel,  stone,  or  other  material  employed  in  mo- 
saic work  or  in  marquetry.  Also  called  abaciscus 
abacus  (ab'a-kus),  11.  ;  pi.  abaci  (-si).  [L.,  a 
sideboard,  counting-table,  etc.,  <L.  ahax,  <  Gr. 
a/3af,  a  reckoning-board,  sideboard,  etc.  ;  said 
to  be  from  Phen.  abale,  sand  strewn  on  a  sur- 
face for  writing,  because  the  ancients  used 
tables  covered  with  sand  on  which  to  make 
figures  and  diagrams.]  1.  A  tray  strewn  with 
dust  or  sand,  used 
in  ancient  times  for 
calculating.  —  2.  A 
contrivance  for  cal- 
culating, consisting 
of  beads  or  balls 
strung  on  wires  j 
rods  set  in  a  frame,  fc^r 

Jomp 'iTfr     " -"S'""'      Chinese  Abacus,  for  calculating, 
some  variations  in  form, 

by  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  and  is  still  in  everv-day  use  in 
many  eastern  countries,  from  Russia  to  .lapan.  for  even 
the  most  complex  calculations.  The  sand-strewn  tray  is 
supposed  to  have  been  introduced  from  Ilabvlon  i'lito 
Greece  by  Pythagoras,  who  taught  both  iiritliiiietic  and 
geometry  upon  it;  hence  this  fonii  is  sometimes  called 
abacus  Pythagorirus.  In  the  form  with  movable  balls, 
these  are  used  simply  as  counters  to  record  the  suc- 
cessive stages  of  a  mental  operation.  The  sum  shown 
:n  the  annexed  engraving  of  a  Chinese  abacus  (called 
sivanpan,  or  "reckoning-board")  is  5,196,301. 
3.  In  arch.:  (a)  The  slab  or  plinth  which 
forms  the  upper  member  of  the  capital  of  a. 
column  or  pillar,  and  upon  which  rests,  in 


abacus 


4 


abannition 


classic  styles,  the  lower  surface  of  the  archi- 
trave.   In  the  Greek  Doric  it  is  thiclv  and  siiuare,  witli- 
out  sculptured  decoration ;  in  the  Ionic  unier  it  is  tliinner, 
and  ornamented  with  niold- 
,  ings  on  the  sides;  in  tlie 

W Corinthian  also  it  is  orna- 
mented, and  has  concave 
sides  and  truncated  cor- 
ners. In  medieval  arclii- 
tucture  the  entablature  was 
aliandoned  and  tlie  arch 
placed  directly  on  the  col- 
unm  or  pillar  ;  the  abacus, 
however,  was  retained  until 
Capital  of  the  Parthenon.  tlie  decline  of  the  style  In 
A,  abacus.  Byzantine  work  it  is  often 

a  deep  block  attiliated  with 
classic  examples.  In  western  styles  every  variety  of  size, 
shape,  and  ornamentation  occurs.  The  general  use  of 
a  polygonal  or  round  abacus,  as  more  consonant  with 
neighboring  forms  than  the  square  shape,  is  one  of  the 
distinctive  features  of  perfected  Pointed  architecture. 

(b)  Any  rectangular  slab  or  piece;  especially, 
a  stone  or  marble  tablet  serving  as  a  side- 
board, shelf,  or  credence.  —  4.  In  jRom.  antiq., 
aboard  divided  into  compartments,  for  use  in  a 
game  of  the  nature  of  draughts,  etc. —  5.  The 
mystic  staff  carried  by  the  grand  master  of  the 
Templars. — Abacus  harmonicus.  (a)  Inane  jmisic, 

a  diagram  of  the  notes  witli  their  names,  (b)  The  struc- 
ture and  arrangement  of  the  keys  or  pedals  of  a  musical 
instrument.— Abacus  major,  a  trough  in  which  gold  is 
washed.    £.         AbaCUS  PythagoricUS.   See  2,  above. 

Abaddon  (a-bad'on),  )(.  [L.  Abaddon,  <  Gr. 
'AfSaddoiv,  <  Heb.  dbaddon,  destruction,  <  dbad, 
be  lost  or  destroyed.]  1.  The  destroyer  or 
angel  of  the  bottomless  pit;  Apollyon  (which 
see).  Kev.  ix.  11. —  2.  The  place  of  destruc- 
tion ;  the  depth  of  hell. 

In  all  her  gates  Abaddon  rues 
Tliy  bold  attempt.  Milton,  P.  R.,  iv.  624. 

abadevine,  n.    Same  as  aberdevine. 

abadir  (ab'a-der),  n.    Among  the  Phenieians, 

a  meteoric  stone  worshiped  as  divine.  See 

ba'ti/lus. 

abaft  (a-baff),  adv.  and  prep.  [<ME.  *abaft, 
obaft,  on  baft :  see  and  6a/<l.]  iVoHt,  behind; 
aft ;  in  or  at  the  back  or  hind  part  of  a  ship, 
or  the  parts  which  lie  toward  the  stern :  op- 
posed to  forward ;  relatively,  further  aft,  or 
toward  the  stern:  as,  abaft  the  mainmast 
(astern). 

The  crew  stood  abaft  the  windlass  and  hauled  the  jib 
down.  R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  32. 

Abaft  the  beam  («au<.),  behind  a  line  drawn  through 
the  middle  of  a  ship  at  right  angles  to  the  keel. 

abaisancet  (a-ba'sans),  n.  [<0F.  abaissance, 
abasement,  humility  (see  abase) ;  in  E.  use  con- 
fused with  obeisance.^  Same  as  obeisance :  as, 
"to  make  a  low  abaissance,"  Skinner,  Etymol. 
Ling.  Ang.  _ 

abaiser  (a-ba'ser),  n.  [Origin  not  ascertained.] 
Ivory-black  or  animal  charcoal.  Weale  ;  ISim- 
mnnds. 

abaisse  (a-ba-sa'), p.  a.  [F.,  pp.  of  abaisser,  de- 
press, lower:  see  abase. '\    In  her.,  depressed. 

Applied  to  the  fesse  or  any  other  bearing  having  a  definite 
place  in  the  shield  when  it  is  depressed,  or  situated  below 
its  usual  place ;  also  applied  to  the  wings  of  an  eagle 
when  represented  as  open,  but  lower  than  when  dis- 
played (which  see).  Also  abased. 

abaissed  (a-basf),  P-  «•    Same  as  abaisse. 
abaistt,  pp.  [ME. ;  one  of  numerous  forms  of  the 
■pY>.  ot  abassen :  see  abash.']  Abashed.  Chaucer. 
abaka,  n.   See  abaca. 

abalienate  (ab-a'lyen-at),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 

abalienated,  -^-pv.  abaUenating.  [<L.  abaliena- 
ttts,  pp.  of  abalienare,  separate,  transfer  the 
ownership  of,  estrange,  <  ab,  from,  -1-  alienare, 
separate,  alienate:  see  alienate.]  1.  In  civil 
law,  to  transfer  the  title  of  from  one  to  another ; 
make  over  to  another,  as  goods. —  2t.  To  es- 
trange or  wholly  withdraw. 

So  to  bewitch  them,  so  abalienate  their  minds. 

Abp.  Sandys,  Sermons,  fol.  132b. 

abalienated  (ab-a'lyen-a-ted),  j;.  a.  [^(.aba- 
lienate.] 1.  Estranged;  transferred,  as  prop- 
erty.—  2.  In  med.:  (a)  So  decayed  or  injured 
as  to  require  extirpation,  as  a  part  of  the  body. 
(b)  Deranged,  as  the  mind,  (c)  Corrupted ; 
mortified. 

abalienation  (ab-a-lyen-a'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ab- 
alienatio(n-),  tva,nstev  6i  property:  see  abalien- 
ate.] 1.  The  act  of  transferring  or  making 
over  the  title  to  property  to  another;  the  state 
of  being  abalienated  ;  transfer ;  estrangement. 
—  2.  In  wfecL,  derangement ;  corruption. 

abalone  (ab-a-lo'ne),  n.  [A  Sp.  form,  of  un- 
known origin.  Cf.  Sp.  abalorios,  bugles,  glass 
beads.]  A  general  name  on  the  Pacific  coast 
of  the  United  States  for  marine  shells  of  the 
family  Haliotidce  (which  see),  having  an  oval 
form  with  a  very  wide  aperture,  a  narrow,  fl.at- 


tened  ledge  or  columella,  and  a  subspiral  row 
of  perforations  extending  from  the  apex  to  the 


Abalone,  or  Eapshell, 


distal  margin  of  the  shell.  They  are  used  for  or- 
namental purposes,  such  as  inlaying,  and  for  the  manu- 
facture of  buttons  and  other  articles.  Also  called  ear- 
shell,  and  by  the  Japanese  aumbi  (which  see). —  Abalone- 
meat,  the  dried  animal  of  the  abalone.  It  is  exported 
from  California  in  large  quantities. 

abamurus  (ab-a-niu'rus),  n.    [ML.,  <  aM-  (OF. 

a  bas,  down,  below)  +  L.  mums,  wall.]    A  but- 
tress, or  a  second  wall  added  to  strengthen  an- 
other. Weale. 
abanr  ""a-ban'),  v.  t.    [<«-!  +  v.,  after 

ME.  abanne{n),  <  AS.  dbannan,  summon  by 
proclamation.  ]  To  ban  ;  anathematize.  See 
fcrtwi,  V. 

How  durst  the  Bishops  in  this  present  council  of  Trident 
so  solemnly  to  abanne  and  accurse  all  them  that  dared  to 
find  fault  with  the  same?        Bp.  Jeivell,  Works,  II.  697. 

abandt  (a-band'),  v.  t.    [Short  for  abandon.] 

1.  To  abandon  (which  see). 

And  Vortiger  enforst  the  kingdome  to  aband. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  x.  65. 

2.  To  exile  ;  expel. 

'Tis  better  far  the  enemies  to  aband 

Quite  from  thy  borders.      Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  119. 

abandon  (a-ban'don),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  abandonen, 
abandounen,  <  OF.  abanduner,  abandoner  (F. 
abandonncr  =  lt.  abandonnare),  abandon,  equiv. 
to  mettre  a  bandon,  put  under  any  one's  juris- 
diction, leave  to  any  one's  discretion  or  mercy, 
etc.,<rt  bandon,  in  ME.  as  an  adv.  abandon, 
abandoun,  under  one's  jurisdiction,  in  one's  dis- 
cretion or  power:  a  (<L.  ad),  at,  to;  bandon, 
a  proclamation,  decree,  order,  jurisdiction,  = 
Pr.  bandon,  <  ML.  *bando{n-),  extended  form  of 
bandum,  more  correctly  bannum,  a  proclama- 
tion, decree,  ban:  see  banl,  «.]  1.  To  detach 
or  withdraw  one's  self  from;  leave,  (n)  To  de- 
sert ;  forsake  utterly :  as,  to  abandon  one's  home ;  to  aban- 
don duty. 

Abandon  fear  ;  to  strength  and  counsel  join'd 
Think  nothing  hard,  much  less  to  be  despair'd. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  494. 

(6)  To  give  up ;  cease  to  occupy  one's  self  with ;  cease  to 
use,  follow,  etc.:  as,  to  abandon  an  enterprise;  this  cus- 
tom was  long  ago  abandoned,  (c)  To  resign,  forego,  or  re- 
nounce ;  relinquish  all  concern  in :  as,  to  abandon  the 
cares  of  empire. 

To  understand  him,  and  to  be  charitable  to  him,  we 
should  remember  that  he  abandons  the  vantage-ground 
of  authorship,  and  allows  his  readers  to  see  him  without 
any  decorous  disguise  or  show  of  dignity. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  167. 
(d)  To  relinquish  the  control  of ;  yield  up  without  re- 
straint :  as,  he  abandoned  the  city  to  the  conqueror. 

2t.  To  outlaw;  banish;  drive  out  or  away. 

Being  all  this  time  abandon'd  from  your  bed. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,2. 

3t.  To  reject  or  renounce. 

Blessed  shall  ye  be  when  men  shall  hate  you  and  aban- 
do7i  your  name  as  evil.  Rheims  N.  T.,  Luke  vi.  22. 

4.  In  com.,  to  relinquish  to  the  underwriters 
all  claim  to,  as  to  ships  or  goods  insured,  as 
a  preliminary  toward  recovering  for  a  total 
loss.     See  abandonment.  — abandon  one's 

self,  to  yield  one's  self  up  without  attempt  at  control  or 
self-restraint:  as,  to  abandon  one's  scZ/ to  grief.  =  Syn.  1. 
Forsake,  Desert,  Abandon,  etc.  (see  forsake),  forego,  sur- 
render, leave,  evacuate  (a  place),  desist  from,  forswear, 
divest  one's  self  of,  throw  away.  (See  list  under  abdicate.) 
abandont  (a-ban'don),  M.l  i<  abandon,  v.]  The 
act  of  giving  up  or  relinquishing ;  abandon- 
ment. 

These  heavy  exactions  have  occasioned  an  abandon  of 
all  mines  but  what  are  of  the  richer  sort.      Lord  Karnes. 

abandon  (a-bon-don'),  n.^  [P.,  <  abandonner, 
give  up:  see  abandon,  v.]  Abandonment  to 
naturalness  of  action  or  manner ;  freedom  from 
constraint  or  conventionality ;  dash. 

I  love  abandon  only  when  natures  are  capable  of  the 
extreme  reverse. 

Marg.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  228. 

abandoned  (a-ban'dond),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  aba7i- 
don,  V.  ;  in  imitation  of  F.  abandonne  in  same 
senses,  pp.  of  abandonner.  ]  1 .  Deserted ;  utterly 


forsaken ;  left  to  destruction :  as,  an  abandoned 
ship. 

If  .  .  .  we  had  no  hopes  of  a  better  state  after  this, 
...  we  Christians  should  be  the  most  abandoned  and 
wretched  creatures.  Atterbury,  On  1  Cor.  xv.  19. 

2.  Given  up,  as  to  vice,  especially  to  the  indul- 
gence of  vicious  appetites  or  passions ;  shame- 
lessly and  recklessly  wicked  ;  profligate. 

Where  our  abandoned  youth  she  sees. 
Shipwrecked  in  luxury  and  lost  in  ease.  PHor,  Ode. 
=  Syn.  1.  Forsaken,  deserted,  given  up,  reliniiuished, 
discarded,  rejected,  destitute,  forlorn.  —  2.  Profligate, 
Abandoned,  Reprobate,  depraved,  corrupt,  vicious, 
wicked,  unprincipled,  hardened,  dead  to  honor,  incor- 
rigible, irreclaimable.  Profligate,  abandoned,  reprobatt 
express  extreme  wickedness  that  has  cast  off  moral  re- 
straint. Profligate  is  applied  to  one  who  throws  away 
means  and  character  in  the  pursuit  of  vice,  and  especially 
denotes  depravity  exhibited  outwardly  anil  conspicuously 
in  conduct ;  hence  it  may  be  used  to  characterize  political 
conduct :  as,  a  profligate  administration.  Abandoned  is 
applied  to  one  who  has  given  himself  wholly  up  to  the 
gratification  of  vicious  propensities ;  it  is  stronger  than 
profligate  and  weaker  than  reprobate.  Reprobate  is  applied 
to  one  who  lias  become  insensible  to  reproof  and  is  past 
hope ;  from  its  use  in  the  Bible  it  has  become  the  theo- 
logical term  for  hopeless  alienation  from  virtue  or  piety. 
(For  comparison  with  depraved,  etc.,  see  criminal,  a.) 

Next  age  will  see 
A  race  more  profligate  than  we.  Roscommon, 

To  be  negligent  of  what  any  one  thinks  of  you,  does  not 
only  show  you  arrogant  but  abandoned.  J.  Hughes. 

In  works  they  deny  him,  being  abominable,  and  disobe- 
dient, and  unto  every  good  work  reprobate.        Tit.  1.  16. 

abandonedly  (a-ban'dond-li),  adv.  In  an 
abandoned  manner ;  without  moral  restraint, 
abandonee  (a-ban-do-ne'),  n.  l<abandon,  v., 
+  -eel,  as  if  <  F.  abandonne :  see  abandoned.] 
In  law,  oue  to  whom  anything  is  abandoned, 
abandoner  (a-ban'don-er),  n.  [<  abandon,  v., 
+  -c/  l.]    One  who  abandons. 

Abandoner  ot  veyeWs,  mute,  contemplatiue. 

Seau.  and  Fl.,  Two  Noble  Kinsmen. 

abandonment  (a-ban'don-ment),  n.  [<P. 
abandonnement,<,  abandonner,  give  up  (see  aban- 
don, v.),  +  -ment.]  1.  The  act  of  abandoning, 
or  the  state  of  being  abandoned  ;  absolute  re- 
linquishment ;  total  desertion. 

The  ablest  men  in  the  Christian  community  vied  with 
one  another  in  inculcating  as  the  highest  form  of  duty  the 
abandonment  of  social  ties  and  the  mortification  of  domes- 
tic affections.  Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  140. 

2.  Abandon ;  enthusiasm ;  freedom  from  con- 
straint. 

There  can  be  no  greatness  without  abandonment. 

Emerson,  Works  and  Days. 
In  eloquence  the  great  triumphs  of  the  art  are,  when 
the  orator  is  lifted  above  himself.  .   .   .  Hence  the  terra 
abandonment,  to  describe  the  self-surrender  of  the  orator. 

Emerson,  Art. 

3.  In  law :  (a)  The  relinquishment  of  a  pos- 
session, privilege,  or  claim,  (b)  The  voluntary 
leaving  of  a  pei'son  to  whom  one  is  bound  by 
a  relationship  of  obligation,  as  a  wife,  husband, 
or  child;  desertion. — 4.  In  maritime  law,  the 
surrender  of  a  ship  and  freight  by  the  owner 
to  one  who  has  become  his  creditor  through 
contracts  made  by  the  latter  with  the  master 
of  the  ship.  In  effect  such  an  abandonment 
may  release  the  owner  from  further  responsi- 
bility.—  5.  In  marine  insurance,  the  relinquish- 
ing to  underwriters  of  all  the  property  savedl  ' 
from  loss  by  shipwreck,  capture,  or  other  peril 
provided  against  in  the  policy,  in  order  that  thei 
insured  may  be  entitled  to  indemnification  foi' 

a  total  loss.— 6.  In  the  customs,  the  giving  up  oi 
an  article  by  the  importer  to  avoid  payment  of 
the  duty — Abandonment  for  wrongs,  in  civil  law,\ 
the  relinquishment  of  a  slave  or  an  animal  that  had  comj 
mitted  a  trespass  to  the  person  injured,  in  discharge  O!' 
the  owner's  liability  for  the  trespass.— Abandonment  01 
railways,  in  Eng.  law,  the  title  of  a  statute  under  whicl 
any  scheme  for  making  a  railway  may  be  abandoned  anc: 
the  company  dissolved  by  warrant  of  the  Board  of  Tradfj 
and  consent  of  three  fifths  of  the  stock. —  Abandonmentj 
of  an  action,  in  Scots  law,  the  act  by  which  the  pursue:) 
abandons  the  cause.  When  this  is  done,  the  pursuer  mus ' 
pay  costs,  but  may  bring  a  new  action.  Abandonment  o 
the  action  is  equivalent  to  tlie  English  discontinuance 
nonsuit,  ot  nolle  jrrosequi. — Aljandonment  to  the  seC'l 
ular  arm,  in  old  eecles.  la-w,  the  handing  over  of  ai 
otfender  by  the  church  to  the  civil  authorities  for  punish! 
nient  such  as  could  not  be  administered  by  the  ecclesi' 
astical  tribunals. 

abandumt  (a-ban'dum),  n.  [ML.,  also  dbm, 
donnm  and  abandonniuni,  formed  in  imitatioil 
of  F.  abandon  :  see  abandon.]  In  old  law,  aiiy| 
thing  forfeited  or  confiscated. 

abanet  (ab'a-net),  n.    See  abnet. 

abanga  (a-bang'ga),  n.  [Native  name.]  Thij 
fruit  of  a  species  of  palm  found  in  the  islaiKj 
of  St.  Thomas, West  Indies,  which  is  said  to  bl 
useful  in  pulmonary  diseases. 

abannitiont,  abannationt  (ab-a-nish'on,  -na', 
shon),  n.  [<  ML.  abannitio(n-),  'abannatio(n-),  | 
*abannire,  -are,  after E.  aban{ne)  ovban,  F.  ban 


abannition 

nir,  'banish:  see  dban.']  In  old  law,  banishment 
for  a  year,  as  a  penalty  for  manslaughter. 

abaptiston (a-bap-tis'ton),  n.;  pi. ahaptista (-fa). 
[ML. ,  <  Gr.  aftaTCTioTov,  neut.  of  afidirnaTog,  that 
will  not  sink,  <  a-  priv.  +  paKTLC,eiv,  dip,  sink  : 
see  baptize.  ]  In  surf/. ,  an  old  form  of  trepan,  the 
crown  of  which  was  made  conical,  or  provided 
with  a  ring,  collar,  or  other  contrivance,  to  pre- 
vent it  from  penetrating  the  cranium  too  far. 

abarthrosis  (ab-ar-thro'sis),  w.  [NL.,  <  L.  ab, 
away,  from,  +  NL.  arthrosis,  q.  v.]  Same  as 
diarthrosis. 

abarticulation  (ab-ar-tik-ii-la'shon),  n.  [<L. 
ah,  from,-)-  artictdatio{n-),&]ovntvagJ]  In  anat., 
a  term  sometimes  used  for  diarthrosis,  and  also 
for  synarthrosis.    Also  called  dearticulation. 

abas,  n-    See  abbas,  1. 

^  bas  (a  ba').  [F.,  down  :  d  (<  L.  ad),  to  ;  bas, 
low:  see  Sasel.]  .A  French  phrase,  down!  down 
with!  as,  a  bas  les  aristocrates !  down  with  the 
aristocrats :  opposed  to  vive,  live,  in  vive  le  roi ! 
long  live  the  king,  and  similar  phrases. 
a,base  (a-bas'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  abased,  ppr. 
abasing.  [<ME.  abesse  (Gower),  <  OF.  abais- 
sier,  etc.  (F.  (tfeaisser),  <  ML.  abassare,  <  L.  ad 
+  ML.  bassare,  lower,  <  LL.  bassus,  low :  see 
6asei  and  bass^.  The  ME.  abasen,  abaisen,  with 
its  many  variants,  appears  always  to  have  the 
sense  of  abash,  q.  v.]  1.  To  lower  or  depress, 
as  a  thing;  bringdown.  [Rare.] 

When  suddeinly  that  Warriour  gan  abace 

His  threatned  speare.       Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  26. 

And  will  she  yet  abase  her  eyes  on  me? 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  2. 

2.  To  reduce  or  lower,  as  in  rank,  estimation, 
ofi&ce,  and  the  like  ;  depress ;  humble ;  degrade. 

=  Syn.  2.  Abase,  Debase,  Degrade,  Humiliate,  Humble, 
Dugrace,  depress,  bring  low,  dishonor,  cast  down.  Abase, 
to  bring  down  in  feelings  or  condition ;  it  is  less  often 
used  than  humiliate  or  humble.  Debase,  to  lower  morally 
or  in  quality :  as,  a  debased  nature ;  debased  coinage.  De- 
grade, literally,  to  bring  down  a  step,  to  lower  in  rank, 
often  used  as  an  official  or  military  term,  but  figuratively 
used  of  lowering  morally :  as,  intemperance  degrades  its 
victims  ;  a  degrading  employment.  Hximiliate,  to  reduce 
in  the  estimation  of  one's  self  or  of  others ;  it  includes  abase- 
ment of  feeling  or  loss  of  self-respect.  Humble,  to  abase, 
generally  without  ignominy ;  induce  humility  in  ;  reflex- 
ively,  to  become  humble,  restrain  one's  pride,  act  humbly. 
Disgrace,  literally,  to  put  out  of  favor,  but  always  with 
ignominy ;  bring  shame  upon. 

Those  that  walk  in  pride  he  is  able  to  abase.  Dan.  iy.  37. 

It  is  a  kind  of  taking  of  God's  name  in  vain  to  debase 
religion  with  such  frivolous  disputes.  Hooker. 

Every  one  is  degraded,  whether  aware  of  it  or  not,  when 
other  people,  without  consulting  him,  take  upon  them- 
selves unlimited  power  to  regulate  his  destiny. 

J.  S.  Mill,  Kep.  Govt.,  viii. 
Me  they  seized  and  me  they  tortured,  me  they  lash'd  and 
humiliated.  Tennyson,  Boadicea. 

He  that  humbleth  himself  shall  be  exalted.  Luke  xiv.  11. 

Do  not  disgrace  the  throne  of  thy  glory.  Jer.  xiv.  21. 
ibased  (a-basf)  ,  p.  a.  In  her.,  the  same  as 
abnisse. 

ibasement  (a-bas'ment),  n.  [<  abase  +  -ment, 
after  F.  afeaisse;?ie»^,  "lowering,  depression,  hu- 
miliation.] The  act  of  abasing,  humbling,  or 
bringing  low ;  a  state  of  depression,  degrada- 
tion, or  humiliation. 

ibash  (a-bash' ),  v.  [<  ME.  dbashen,  abassen,  aba- 
sen,  abaisen,  etc.,  <  AF.  abaiss-,  OF.  eba{h)iss-, 
extended  stem  of  aba{h)ir,  eba(li)ir,  earlier 
esbaUr  (>r.  s'ebahir),  be  astonished  (=  Wal- 
loon esbawi  =  It.  sbaire,  be  astonished),  <  es- 
(<L.  ex,  out:  see  ex-)  +  bahir,  bair,  express 
astonishment,  prob.  <  bah,  interjection  express- 
ing astonishment.  The  D.  verbasen,  astonish, 
may  be  a  derivative  of  OF.  esbahir.']  I.  trans. 
To  confuse  or  confound,  as  by  suddenly  ex- 
citing a  consciousness  of  guilt,  error,  inferi- 
ority, etc. ;  destroy  the  self-possession  of  ; 
make  ashamed  or  dispirited;  put  to  confu- 
sion. =syn.  Abash,  Confuse,  Confound,  discompose,  dis- 
concert, put  out  of  countenance,  daunt,  overawe.  (See 
list  under  confuse.)  Abash  is  a  stronger  word  than  con- 
.fuse,  but  not  so  strong  as  confound.  We  are  abashed  in 
the  presence  of  superiors  or  when  detected  in  vice  or 
misconduct.  When  we  are  confused  we  lose  in  some 
degree  the  control  of  our  faculties,  the  speech  falters, 
and  the  thoughts  lose  their  coherence.  When  we  are 
confounded  the  reason  is  overpowered  —  a  condition 
produced  by  the  force  of  argument,  testimony,  or  detec- 
tion, or  by  disastrous  or  awe-inspiring  events. 
Abashed  the  devil  stood, 
And  felt  how  awful  goodness  is.    Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  846. 

Sudden  he  view'd,  in  spite  of  all  her  art, 

An  earthly  lover  lurking  at  her  heart. 

Amazed,  confused,  he  found  his  power  expired. 

Pope,  E.  of  L..  iii.  145. 

Confounded,  that  her  Maker's  eyes 

Should  look  so  near  upon  her  foul  deformities. 

Milton,  Nativity,  ii.  43. 

Il.f  reflex,  and  intrans.  To  stand  or  be  con- 
founded ;  lose  self-possession. 


5 

Abashe  you  not  for  thys  derkenes. 

Caxton,  Paris  and  Vienna,  p.  62. 
For  she  .  .  .  never  abashed. 

Holinshed,  Chron.,  III.  1098. 
abashment  (a-bash'ment),  n.  [<ME.  abashe- 
mcnt,  after  OF.  abaisseinent :  see  abash.'} 
The  act  of  abashing,  or  the  state  of  being 
abashed ;  confusion  from  shame ;  consterna- 
tion; fear. 

Which  manner  of  abashment  became  her  not  ill. 

Skelton,  Poems. 
And  all  her  senses  with  abashment  quite  were  quayld. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  viii.  34. 

abasset,  f  ■      Obsolete  form  of  abash.  Chaucer. 
abassi,  abassis  (a-bas'i,  -is),  n.    See  abbasi. 
abastardizet  (a-bas'tar-diz),  v.  t.    [<  OF.  abas- 
tardir  (>E.  abdtardir),  <  a-  (<  L.  ad,  to)  4- 
bastard:  see  bastard  and  bastardize.^  To  bas- 
tardize ;  render  illegitimate  or  base. 

Being  ourselves 
Corrupted  and  abastardized  thus. 

Daniel,  Queen's  Arcadia. 

Abastor  (a-bas'tor),  n.  [NL.  (Gray,  1849).]  A 
North  American  genus  of  ordinary  harmless 
serpents  of  the  family  Colubridce.  a.  erythro- 
grammus  is  the  hoop-snake,  an  abundant  species  in  damp 
marshy  places  in  the  southern  United  States. 

abatable  (a-ba'ta-bl),  a.  [<  abate  +  -able. ]  Ca- 
pable of  being  abated :  as,  an  abatable  writ  or 
nuisance. 

abatamentumt  (ab"a-ta-men'tum),  «.  [ML., 
after  abatement,  q.  v.]  In  old  Eng.  law,  the 
ouster  or  disseizin  of  an  heir,  effected  by  the 
wrongful  entry  of  a  stranger  after  the  ances- 
tor's death  and  before  the  heir  had  taken  pos- 
session. 

abate  (a-baf),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  abated,  ppr. 
abating.  [<  MB.  abaten,  <  OF.  abatre  (F.  abat- 
tre),  <  ML.  abbatere,  <  L.  ab  +  batere,  popular 
form  of  batuere,  beat.  In  the  legal  sense,  abate 
had  orig.  a  diff.  prefix,  en-,  OF.  enbatre,  thrust 
(one's  self)  into,  <  en,  in,  +  batre,  beat.  See 
batter^,  v.,  and  &flfei.]  I.  tratis.  If.  To  beat 
down  ;  pull  or  batter  down. 

The  king  of  Scots  .  .  .  sore  abated  the  walls  [of  the 
castle  of  Norham].       Hall,  Chronicles,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  5. 

2.  To  deduct ;  subtract ;  withdraw  from  con- 
sideration. 

Nine  thousand  parishes,  abating  the  odd  hundreds. 

Fuller. 

3.  To  lessen ;  diminish ;  moderate :  as,  to 
abate  a  demand  or  a  tax. 

Tully  was  the  first  who  observed  that  friendship  im- 
proves happiness  and  abates  misery,  by  the  doubling  of 
our  joy  and  dividing  of  our  grief. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  68. 

4t.  To  deject ;  depress. 

For  miserie  doth  bravest  mindes  abate. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  256. 

5.  To  deprive  ;  curtail. 

She  hath  abated  me  of  half  my  train.  Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  4. 
6t.  To  deprive  of ;  take  away  from. 

I  would  abate  her  nothing.         Shak.,  Cymbeline,  i.  5. 

7.  In  laic :  (a)  To  cause  to  fail ;  extinguish : 
as,  a  cause  of  action  for  damages  for  a  per- 
sonal tort  is  abated  by  the  death  of  either 
party.  (6)  To  suspend  or  stop  the  progress 
of :  as,  where  the  cause  of  action  survives  the 
death  of  a  party,  the  action  may  be  abated  until 
an  executor  or  administrator  can  be  appointed 
and  substituted,  (c)  To  reduce :  as,  a  legacy  is 
abated  if  the  assets,  after  satisfying  the  debts, 
are  not  sufficient  to  pay  it  in  full,  (d)  To  de- 
stroy or  remove ;  put  an  end  to  (a  nuisance). 
A  nuisance  may  be  abated  either  by  a  public  officer  pursu- 
ant to  the  judgment  of  a  court,  or  by  an  aggrieved  person 
exercising  his  common-law  right. 

8.  In  metal.,  to  reduce  to  a  lower  temper. — 

9.  To  steep  in  an  alkaline  solution :  usually 

shortened  to  bate.    See  bate^  Abated  arms, 

weapons  whose  edge  or  point  is  blunted  for  the  tourna- 
ment.—  Abating  process,  a  process  by  which  skins 
are  rendered  soft  and  porous  by  putting  them  into  a  weak 
solution  of  ammoniacal  salt. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  decrease  or  become  less 
in  strength  or  violence :  as,  pain  abates;  the 
storm  has  abated. 

The  very  mind  which  admits  your  evidence  to  be  unan- 
swerable will  s^ving  back  to  its  old  position  the  instant 
tliat  the  pressure  of  evidence  abates. 

G.  H.  Lewes,  Proljs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  6. 

2.  In  laic :  (a)  To  fail ;  come  to  a  premature 
end  ;  stop  progress  or  diminish :  as,  an  ac- 
tion or  cause  of  action  may  abate  by  the  death 
or  marriage  of  a  party,  (b)  To  enter  into  a  free- 
hold after  the  death  of  the  last  possessor,  and 
before  the  heir  or  devisee  takes  possession. 
Blackstone. —  3.  In  the  manege,  to  perform  well 
a  downward  motion,  a  horse  is  said  to  abate,  or 
take  down  his  curvets,  when,  working  upon  curvets,  he 


abatis 

puts  both  his  hind  feet  to  the  ground  at  once,  and  observes 
the  same  exactness  of  time  in  all  the  motions. 

4t.  In  falconry,  to  flutter;  beat  with  the  wings. 

See  ?)afel.=Syn.  1.  To  Abate,  Subside,  Intermit,  de- 
crease,  decline,  dhninish,  lessen, wane,  eblj,  fall  away,  mod- 
erate, calm.  Abate,  to  diminish  hi  force  or  intensity:  as,  the 
storm  abated;  "my  wonder  abated,"  Addisun.  Subside, 
to  cease  fnjni  agitation  or  commotion ;  become  less  in 
quantity  or  .iinount:  as,  the  waves  subside;  the  excite- 
iiient  of  the  people  subsided.  Abate  is  not  so  complete 
in  its  effect  as  subside.  Intermit,  to  abate,  subside,  or 
cease  for  a  time. 

Nor  will  the  raging  fever'.s  fire  abate 
With  golden  canopies  and  lieds  of  state. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Lucretius,  ii.  38. 
A  slight  temporary  fermentation  allowed  to  sul)side,  we 
should  see  crystallizations  more  pure  and  of  moi-e  various 
beauty.  Marg.  Fuller,  Woman  in  I'Jth  Cent.,  p.  37. 

A  spring  which  intermits  as  often  as  every  three  min- 
utes. Nichols,  Fireside  Science,  p.  11. 

abatet  (a-baf),  n.  [<  abate,  v.'\  Abatement  or 
decrease. 

The  abate  of  scruples  or  dragmes.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

abate  (a-ba'te),  n.  See  abbate. 
abated  (a-ba'ted),  p.  a.  [<  abate,  «.]  In 
decorative  art,  lowered,  beaten  down,  or  cut 
away,  as  the  background  of  an  ornamental  pat- 
tern in  relief.  Used  specifically  of  stone-cutting ;  also 
of  metal  when  the  pattern  or  inscription  is  toshow  Ijright 
on  dark,  and  the  ground  is  therefore  worked  out  with  the 
graving-tool  and  left  rough  or  hatched  in  lines. 

abatement  (a-bat'ment),  n.    [<  OF.  abatement, 

<  abatre,  beat  down:  see  abate,  r.]  1.  The 
act  of  abating,  or  the  state  of  being  abated ; 
diminution,  decrease,  reduction,  or  mitigation: 
as,  abatement  of  grief  or  pain. 

The  spirit  of  accumulation  .  .  .  requires  abatement 
rather  than  increase.      J.  S.  Mill,  Pol.  Econ.,  I.  xiii.  §  2. 
Such  sad  abatement  in  the  goal  attained. 

Lowell,  Voyage  to  Vinland. 

2.  The  amount,  quantity,  or  sum  by  which  any- 
thing is  abated  or  reduced;  deduction;  de- 
crease. Specifically,  a  discount  allowed  for  the  prompt 
payment  of  a  debt,  for  damage,  for  overcharge,  or  for  any 
similar  reason ;  rebate. 

Would  the  Council  of  Kegency  consent  to  an  abate- 
ment of  three  thousand  pounds? 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxii. 

3.  In  her.,  a  mark  annexed  to  coat-armor,  in 
order  to  denote  some  dishonorable  act  of  the 
person  bearing  the  coat  of  arms,  or  his  illegiti- 
mate descent.  Nine  marks  for  the  foi-mer  purpose 
are  mentioned  by  heralds,  but  no  instance  of  their  actu.al 
use  is  on  record.  The  bendlet  or  baton  sinister  (which  see), 
a  mark  of  illegitimacy,  is  of  the  nature  of  an  abatement ; 
but  the  paternal  shield,  although  charged  with  the  baton 
sinister,  would  generally  be  the  most  honorable  bearing 
within  reach  of  the  illegitimate  son.  Abatements  gener- 
ally must  be  regarded  as  false  heraldry,  and  are  very 
modern  in  their  origin.  The  word  is  also  used  to  denote 
the  turning  upside  down  of  the  whole  shield,  which  was 
common  in  the  degrading  of  a  knight.  Also  called  rebate- 
ment. 

Throwing  Aovm  the  stars  [the  nobles  and  senators]  to 
the  ground ;  putting  dishonourable  abatements  into  the 
fairest  coats  of  arms.  J.  Spencer,  Righteous  Ruler. 

4.  In  law :  (a)  Removal  or  destruction,  as  of 
a  nuisance,  (b)  Failure;  premature  end;  sus- 
pension or  diminution,  as  of  an  action  or  of  a 
legacy.  See  abate,  (c)  The  act  of  intruding 
on  a  freehold  vacated  by  the  death  of  its  for- 
mer owner,  and  not  yet  entered  on  by  the  heir 
or  devisee,  (d)  In  revenue  law :  (1)  A  deduction 
from  or  refunding  of  duties  on  goods  damaged 
during  importation  or  in  store.  (2)  A  deduc- 
tion from  the  amount  of  a  tax.  The  mode  of 
abatement  is  prescribed  by  statute.— 5t.  In 
car}}..,  the  waste  of  a  piece  of  stuff  caused  by 
working  it  into  shape.- piea  in  abatement,  in 
law,  a  defense  on  some  ground  that  serves  to  suspend 
or  defeat  the  particular  action,  and  thus  distinguished 
from  a  plea  in  bar,  which  goes  to  the  merits  of  the 
claim.  Thus,  a  plea  that  the  defendant  is  now  insane 
would  be  only  a  plea  in  abatement,  because,  if  sustained, 
it  would  at  most  only  suspend  the  action  while  his 
insanity  continued  ;  but  a  plea  that  he  was  insane  at  the 
time  of  the  transactions  alleged  would  be  a  plea  in  bar, 
as  showing  that  he  never  incurred  any  liability  what- 
ever. =SyTl.  1.  Decrease,  decline,  diminution,  subsidence, 
intermission,  waning,  ebb.—  2.  Rebate,  allowance,  deduc- 
tion, discount,  mitigation. 

abater  (a-ba'ter),  «.    [See  abator.}    One  who 
or  that  which  abates.    See  abator. 
abatis^t  (ab'a-tis),  n.    [ML. ;  lit.,  of  the  mea- 
sures :  L.  a,  ab,  from,  of ;  LL.  batns,  <  Gr.  Paroc, 

<  Heb.  bath,  a  liquid  measure  :  see  bath-.}  In 
the  middle  ages,  an  oflSeer  of  the  stables  who 
had  the  care  of  measuring  out  the  provender ; 
an  avenor. 

abatis^,  abattis  (a-ba-te'  or  ab'a-tis),  n.  [<F. 
abatis,  demolition,  felling,  <  OF'.' aba feis,  <ML. 
*abbaticius,  <  abbatere,  beat  down,  fell :  see 
abate,  v.}  1.  In  fort.,  a  barricade  made  of 
felled  trees  denuded  of  their  smaller  branches, 
with  the  butt-ends  of  the  trunks  embedded 


abatis 

in  the  earth  or  secured  by  pickets,  and  the 
sharpened  ends  of  the  branches  directed  up- 
ward and  outward  toward  an  advancing  en- 


emy, for  the  purpose  of  obstructing  his  pro- 
gress. In  field-fortiftcations  the  abatis  is  usuaUy  con- 
structecl  m  front  of  the  ditch.   See  fortincation 

d.  In  coal-mmmg,  walls  of  cord- wood  piled  up 
crosswise  to  keep  the  underground  roads  open 
so  as  to  secure  ventilation.  [Leicestershire, 
Eng.]  ' 

abatised,  abattised  (ab'a-tist),  p.  a.  Provided 

with  an  abatis, 
abat-jour  (a-ba'zhor),  H.    [F. ,  any  contrivance 
or  apparatus  to  admit  light,  or  to  throw  it  in  a 
desired  direction,  as  a  lamp-shade:  <abattre 
throw  down  (see  abate),  +joii);  day,  daylight- 
see  1.  A  skylight,  or  any  beveled  ap- 
ertui-e  made  in  the  wall  of  an  apartment  or  in 
a  roof,  for  the  better  admission  of  light  from 
above.— 2  A  sloping,  box-like  structure,  flar- 
ing upward  and  open  at  the  top,  attached  to  a 
window  on  the  outside,  to  prevent  those  within 
from  seeing  objects  below,  or  for  the  purpose 
of  directing  light  downward  into  the  window 
abator  (a-ba'tor),  n.    [Also  abater;  <  abate + 

Sneo'ifl,"^Uv^in  y*"®  ^^""^  ^^icli  abates, 

i  f  ^'  f"  '!!";■■,  1"=''*^"  ^^ho  vvitliont  right 

before  e'lfeir  or  l^^''-  t  ^V'/'''"'  possessor 
betoi  e  the  heir  or  devisee,  (b)  An  agent  or  cause  by  whicl 

^^Jj  Tr'i  P™""-<^J-  (<')  One  who  removes^  I  nu t 
sance.    bee  abate,  abatement 

abattis,  «.    See  abatis'^. 

abattoir  (a-bat-wor'),  n.  [F.,  <fl6a«-r<',kuoek 
down,  slaughter,  +  -air  (<  L.  -drinm),  indicating 
place.]  A  public  slaughter-house,  m  Europe 
an.l  in  the  United  States  abattoirs  of  great  size  have  been 
erected  and  provided  ,vlth  elaborate  macliinery  for  the 
humane  and  rapid  slaugliter  of 
large  numbers  of  animals,  and 
for  tlie  proper  commercial  and 
sanitary  disposal  of  the  waste 
material. 

a  battuta  (a  bat-to'ta). 
[It.:  see  batc^,  batter'i.2 
With  the  beat,  in  music,  a 
tlirection  to  resume  strict  time 
after  the  free  declamation  of  a 
singer :  cliietly  used  in  recita- 
tives. It  is  equivalent  to  a 
t>'}tij)n.  Orooe. 

abature  (ab'a-tur),  n.  [< 
OF.  abutture,  a  throwing 
down,  pi.  abattures,  un- 
derbrush trampled  down, 
<  abatre,  beat  down:  see 
abate,  v."]  The  mark  or 
track  of  a  beast  of  the 
chase  on  the  grass;  foil- 
ing. 

abat-vent  (a-ba'von),  w. 
\_b.,  <  abattre,  throw  down  (see  abate),  +  vent 
wind  :  see  vcnt.-\  1.  A  vertical  series  of  slop- 
ing roofs  or  broad  slats,  inclined  outward  and 
downward,  forming 


voice  downward  toward  the  audience,  or  in 
any  desired  direction, 
abawet,  v.  t.  [<  me.  abauwn,  abaucn,  <  OF.  abaii- 
bir,  astonish,  <  a-  +  baubir,  baubier,  stammer, 
<.  h.  balbutire,  stammer,  <  balbus  (OF.  baitbe) 
stammering:  see  booby  baJhutics.  The  Me' 
form  and  sense  seem  to  have  been  affected  by 
Oi-  .  abahir,  ebaliii;  csbahir,  be  astonished,  for 
which  see  a&as/;.]   Toabash;  dazzle;  astonish. 

1  was  abawed  for  niiirveile.  Mom.  of  Rose,  1.  3646. 

abaxial  (ab-ak'si-al),  a.   Same  as  abaxile. 
abaxile  (ab-ak'sil),  a.   [<L.  ab,  away  from. 
+  axis :  see  axile.^    Not  in  the  axis.  Specificallv 

ihe''seed"^'^1,*"      •^'"'"T  out 'of The  o^f 

me  seed.    Another  form  is  abaxial 

abb  (ab), «.  [<  me.  abbe,<AS.  ab,  short  for  diceb, 
woof,  <  aivejan  {=OHG.  arweban,  G.  cnvebcn), 
weave,  <  a-  +  wefan,  weave:  see  «-l  and  weave, 
ueb  From  another  form  of  aweb,  namely 
oweb,  owcf,  comes  E.  ivoof,  q.  v.  ]  1.  Yarn  for 
the  warp  in  weaving.— 2.  In  wool-sortina,  one 
ottwo  qualities  of  wool  known  as  coarse  abb 
ana  fine  abb  resi^ectively. 

f  n^'^^S^'^^-        =  Heb.  ab,  father.  See 
aOOot  j    J^ather.    It  is  used  in  the  New  Testament 
hree  times  (Mark  xiv.  36,  Rom.  viii.  15,  Gal  v.  6)  taS 
mstaiice  accoinpanied  by  its  translation,  ''Abba  FShei  " 
t!oT  "eHW  H  °^  '^Vre.siuk  close  filiaire  a- 

tion  Either  through  its  liturgical  use  in  the  Judeo- 
monk,'''!M'"'"''  or  through  its  employment  by  the  Sydac 
n  th.  ?f into  general  ecclesiastical  langmge 

in  the  modified  form  of  abbat  or  abbot  (wliich  see) 
abba2,  v.    See  abni-. 

abbacinate  (a-bas'i-nat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp 

abbacinatcd,  piir.  abbacinating.    liWL.  abaci- 
natHs,  pp.  of  abacinare  (It.  abbacinare  =  OF 
abaciner),  <  a-  for  ad-,  to,  +  bacinus,  basin! 
see  &«««.]    To  deprive  of  sight  by  placing  a 
red-hot  copper  basin  close  to  the  eyesf  a 
mode  of  punishment  employed  in  the  middle 
ages.   Also  spelled  abacinate. 
abbacination  (a-bas-i-na'shon),  w.    l<  abbaci- 
nate}   The  act  or  process  of  blinding  a  per- 
son by  placing  a  red-hot  copper  basin  close  to 
the  eyes.    Also  spelled  abac.ination. 
abbacy  (ab'a-si),  n.  •  pi.  abbacies  (-siz).  [Earlier 
aooatic,  <  hL.  abbatia:  see  abbei/T^.']    1  The 
office  of  an  abbot ;  an  abbot's  dignity,  rights 
privileges,  and  jurisdiction.         »  , 
*°  /"^linus,  an  abbacy  is  tlie  dignity  itself, 
smce  abbot  is  a  term  or  word  of  dignity,  and  not  of  office. 

Ayiiffe,  Parergon. 

Owing  to  tlie  vast  wealth  of  the  churcli,  tlie  chief  offices 
in  It  and  especially  the  bishopries  and  the  great  afeS 
had  become  positions  of  great  worldly  power  and  dignUv 
Stille,  Stud.  Med.  Hist.,  p.  286.' 

^i",  f^'i  abbatial  establishment;  an  abbey  with 
all  that  pertains  to  it  ^ 


abley 

^abbm/'  English  forms  of 

They  carried  him  into  the  next  abhay. 

Chaucer, 'Dior's  Tale 
They  would  rend  this  abbaye's  massy  nave. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  ii  14 
abbe  (a-ba'),  n.  [F.,<  L.  abbatem,  acc.  of  abbas  • 
see  abbot  2  In  France,  an  abbot,  (a)  More 
erally,  and  especially  before  the  French  revolution 
Any  secular  person,  whetlier  ecclesiastic  or  layman  hold 
ing  an  abbey  in  commendam,  tliat  is,  enjoyitig  a  nArHnn 
generally  about  one  tlin-d,  of  its  revenues,  with  certahi  hon 
ors  but,  except  by  privilege  from  the  pope,  l  artng  no  jS' 
1  sdiction  over  the  monks,  and  not  bound  to  residence' 
tn  ZaT!  ""-''^  styled  commendataire.'<,  and  were 
required  to  be  in  orders,  though  a  dispensation  from  Ihit 
requirement  was  not  uncommonly  Itetoed  (2  A  tiUe 
«fe"sa"ke  of  ,-sTi,V\*'^'^  o.Aalning'an  ab^biy^J','' 

Iml  studied  f hi  i''°"'  "Jy'l.nn'nerous  class  of  men  who 
had  studied  theology,  practised  celibacy,  and  adonted  a 

flL'dmn^'nl;  '''If  formai'conneeS  with 

the  thuieh,  and  were  for  the  most  part  emploved  as  ti 

mu^iUts  "ri^"  t!."'^'  °^  engaTd  ,it'era?y 

piusmts.    (6)  In  recent  usage,  a  title  assumed  like  the 

seeuSr  clerks  "  "nbenefleed 

abbess  (ab'es),  n.  [<  ME.  abbesse,  abbes,  <  OP 
abbesse  abesse  =  Pv.  abadessa,  <  L.  abbatissa, 
lem.  of  abbas:  see  abbot,  andcf.abbotess.}  1  A 
temale  superior  of  a  convent  of  nuns,  regularly 
m  the  same  religious  orders  in  which  the  monks 
are  governed  by  an  abbot ;  also,  a  superior  of 

nm'?,''n,^f^®®-,  "I'lr^,  i"  general,  elected  by  the 
nuns,  and  is  subject  to  the  bishop  of  the  diocese,  bywliom 
^ct;'.  ""/sted  according  to  a  special  rite  called  tlie  bai^. 
d  ctwH  of  an  abbes.  She  must  be  at  least  forty  years  of 
age,  and  must  have  been  for  eiglit  years  a  nun  in  the 
same  monastery.  .  She  has  the  government  of  the  convent! 
witli  the  administration  of  the  goods  of  tlie  community 
Ifjf.'Tf  '  ■'recount  of  her  sex,  exercise  any  of  the 
spiiitual  functions  pertaining  to  the  priestliood.  Some- 
tmies  civil  or  feudal  rights  have  been  attaclied  to  the 
omce  of  abbess,  as  also  jurisdiction  over  other  subordinate 

coil  Veil  IS. 

2.  A  title  retained  in  Hanover,  Wiirtemberg 
Brunswick,  and  Schleswig-Holstein  by  the 
lady  superiors  of  the  Protestant  seminaries  and 
sisterhoods  to  which  the  property  of  certain 
convents  was  transferred  at  the  Eeformation 
apbeyi  (ab'e),  n.  [<  ME.  abbeye,  ahbaye,  etc., 
<  Oi-.  abeie,  abaie,<lAj.  abbatia,  an  abbey,  <L. 
abbas,  an  abbot:  see  abbot.}    1.  A  monastery 


The  abbot  was  elected  by  the  monks  of  the  monastery 
at  least  m  the  greater  part  of  abbacies.  ^' 
Adam  Smith,  Wealth  of  Nations,  v.  I. 


Abat-vent,  13th  century. 


the  filling  of  a  belfry 
light,  and  designed  to 
admit  ventilation  to 
the  timber  frame 
while  protecting  the 
interior  from  rain 
and  wind,  and  to  di- 
rect downward  the 
sound  of  the  bells. — 

2.  A  sloping  roof,  as 
that  of  a  penthouse  : 
so  named  because  the 
slope  neutralizes  the 
force  of  the  wind. — 

3.  Any  contrivance 
designed  to  act  as  a 
shelter  or  protection 
from  the  wind.  Specifi- 
cally, a  revolving  metal- 
lic cap  carrying  a  vane, 
attached  to  the  top  of  a 
chimney  to  keep  the  wind 
from  blowing  directly 
down  its  throat. 

abat-voix(a-ba'vwo),     ,  . 
n.   [F.,  <  abattre  (see  ''"k^: "^J,"""^ 

dbate,v. )  +  voix,Yo\(ie : 

see  voice.}  A  sounding-board  over  a  pulpit 
or  rostrum,  designed  to  reflect  the  speaker's 


Also  called  abbotcy. 
abbandonatamente  ( ab-ban-do-na-ta-men'te) 
adv.    [It.,  <  abbandonata,  fern.  pp.  of  abban- 
donare  (see  abandon),  +  adv.  suffix  -mente,  orig. 
U  mente,  abl.  of  mens,  mind:  see  mental.}  In 
music,  with  abandonment ;  so  as  to  make  the 
time  subordinate  to  the  expression, 
abbast,  «.    [Per.s.]    1.  An  Eastern  weight  for 
pearis,  said  to  be  2J  grains  troy.  Also  spelled 
abas.— 2.  8a.me  as  abbasi,  1. 
abbasi  (a-bas'i),  «.  [Said  to  be  named  from  the 
Persian  ruler  Shah  Abbas  II.]    1.  The  name 
ot  a  silver  coin  formeriy  current  in  Persia. 
It  IS  not  certain  to  wlutt  particular  coin  tlie  term  was  ap- 
1684  i70o'".n'r#o  °  "arsden,  various  pieces  ZZd  fn 
1684,  1,00,  and  1,01,  and  weigliing  about  4  dwt.  17  gr  are 
abbasis,  and  are  worth  about  29  cents.         ">'•■"  are 
2.  The  20-copeck  silver  piece  circulating  in 
Kussia,  weighing  about  61  grains,  .500  fine 
and  worth  about  8^  cents.  ' 
Also  written  abassi,  abassis. 
abbatt  (ab'at),  n.    Same  as  abbot 
abbate  (ab-ba'te),  n. ;  pi.  abbati  (-ti).  [It.,  also 
abate,       abbatem,  acc.  of  abbas:  see  abbot.} 
A  title  of  honor,  now  given  to  ecclesiastics 
m  Italy  not  otherwise  designated,  but  formeriy 
apphecl  to  all  in  any  way  connected  with  cler- 
ical affairs,  tribunals,  etc.,  and  wearing  the  ec- 
clesiastical dress.    Also  spelled  abateT 
An  old  Abate  meek  and  mild, 
My  friend  and  teacher  when  a  child. 

Longfellow,  Wayside  Inn,  3d  Inter 

abbatesset,  n.   See  abbotess. 

abbatial  (a-ba'shial),  «.  [<  ml.  ahbatialis,  < 
1.U  aJ}batia  :  see  abbacy.}  Pertaining  to  an 
abbot  or  abbey:  as,  an  abhatial  benediction: 
abbatial  lands.  ' 

abbaticalt  (a-bat'i-kal),  a.   Same  as  abbatial. 


or  convent  of 
persons  of  either 
sex  devoted  to 
religion  and  cel- 
ibacy, and  gov- 
erned by  an 
abbot  or  abbess 
(which  see). 
Royal  and  imperial 
abbeys  were  depen- 
dent on  the  supreme 
civil  authority  in 
tlieir  temporal  ad- 
ministration; others 
were  episcopal,  etc. 
In  exempt  abbe.ys, 
the  abbot  or  abbess 
is  subject  not  to  the 
bishop  of  the  dio- 
cese, but  dkectly  to 
tlie  pope. 

2.      The  build- 
Plan  of  the  Abbey  of  St.  Germain-des-Pr6s.   iiiffs    of  a  moTi- 
Pans.  m  the  13th  century.  "-^  mOU- 

A,  church  ;  B,  cloister;  C,  city  gate  •  D  ^Stery  Or  COU- 
country  gate  or  Porte  Papale;  E,  chapter^  VCUt  ;  SOmC- 
house,  with  dormitories  above;  F,  Chapel  •  i- 

of  the  Virgin  ;  G,  refectory  ;  H,  cellars  and  tlMeS,  lU  partlC- 
presses;  I  abbot's  lodging;  K,  ditches;  L,  ular.  the  hoUSfi 
gardens;  M,  various  dependencies.  "iai ,   uiie  iioube 

. ,  set  apart  for  the 

residence  of  the  abbot  or  abbess.  After  the  sup- 
pression of  the  English  monasteries  by  Henry  VIII  manv 
of  the  abbatial  buildings  were  converted  into  private 
dwellings,  to  which  tlie  name  abbey  is  still  applied  as  for 
example,  Newstead  Abbey,  the  residence  of  Lord  Byron 
3.  A  church  now  or  formerly  attached  to  a 
monastery  or  convent:  as,  Westminster  Abbey. 
—  4.  In  Scotland,  the  sanctuary  formerly  af- 
forded by  the  abbey  of  Holyrood  Palace,  as 
having  been  a  royal  residence. 
abbey2  (ab'e),  «.  [Prob.  a  modification  of 
abele,  q.  v.,  in  simulation  of  abbey^.}  A  name 
sometimes  given  to  the  white  poplar,  Poimlus 
alba.  [Eng.] 


Obverse, 


Abbey-counter,  in  the  British  Museum. 


Reverse. 


al)l)ey-coiinter 

aTjbey-COunter  (ab'e-koun"ter),  n.  \_<aUey^ 
TcounteA.^  A  kind  of  medal,  stamped  with 
sacred  emblems,  the  arms  of  an  abbey,  or 
other  device,  given  to  a  pilgrim  as  a  token  ot 
his  having  visited  the  shrine ;  a  kmd  ot  pil- 
OTim's  sign  (which  see,  under  iJihjrim). 

abbey-laird  (ab'e-lard),  n.  l<abbey^  (m  ref 
to  the  abbey  of  Holyrood)  +  laird,  proprietor.  ] 
In  Scotland,  a  name  humorously  applied  to  an 
insolvent  debtor  who  escaped  his  creditors  by 
taking  refuge  within  the  legal  sanctuary  for- 
merly constituted  by  the  precincts  of  Holy- 
rood  Abbey. 

abbey-land  (ab'e-land),  «.   l<abb€f  +  taHf?.] 

Au  estate  in  land  annexed  to  an  abbey, 
abbey-lubber  (ab'e-lub"er),  «  [<«Me(yl  + 
lubber.'i  An  old  term  of  contempt  tor  an  able- 
bodied  idler  who  grew  sleek  and  fat  upon  the 
charity  of  religious  houses:  also  sometimes 
applied  to  mojiks. 

This  is  no  huge,  overgrown  abbey -lubber. 

Dryden,  Spanish  Friar,  ui.  3. 

abbot  (ab'ot),  n.    [<ME.  abbot,  abbod,  <  AS. 
abbot,  usually  abbod,  abbud,  <  L.  abbatem,  acc. 
of  abbas,  an  abbot,  <  L.  abba,  father :  see 
a66al.]   1.  Literally,  father :  a  title  originally 
given  to  any  monk,  but  afterward  limited  to 
the  head  or  superior  of  a  monastery.  It  was 
formerly  especially  used  in  the  order  ot  St.  Benedict, 
rector  being  employed  by  the  Jesuits,  guardianus  by  the 
Franciscans  prior  by  the  Dominicans,  and  archimandrite 
OT  hegoumetws  by  the  Greek  and  Oriental  churches,  to 
designate  the  same  office.    Originally  the  abbots,  like  the 
monks,  were  usually  laymen  ;  later  they  were  required  to 
be  in  holy  orders.  They  were  at  first  subject  to  the  bishop 
of  the  diocese ;  but  in  the  contentions  between  the  bishops 
and  abbots  the  latter  in  many  cases  gradually  acquired 
exemption  from  jurisdiction  of  the  bishops  and  became 
subject  to  the  pope  directly,  or  to  an  abbot-general,  or 
archabbot,  who  exercised  a  supervision  over  several  asso- 
ciated abbeys.   As  the  influence  ot  the  religious  orders 
increased,  the  power,  dignity,  and  wealth  of  the  abbots 
increased  proportionally ;  many  of  them  held  rank  as  tem- 
poral lords,  and,  as  mitered  abbots,  exercised  certain  epis- 
copal functions  in  the  territory  surrounding  their  monas- 
teries.  In  the  reign  ot  Henry  VIII.  twenty-six  abbots  sat 
in  the  House  of  Lords.    Until  the  sixth  century  abbots 
were  chosen  from  the  monks  by  the  bishop  ;  since  that 
time  they  have  been  generally  elected  by  the  monks  them- 
selves ordinarily  for  life.    In  some  instances,  where  the 
administration  of  the  revenues  of  an  abbey  fell  under  the 
civil  authority,  the  conferring  of  the  benefice,  and  there- 
fore the  nomination  of  the  abbot,  came  into  the  hands  of 
the  temporal  sovereign,  a  practice  variously  regulated  by 
concordats  with  the  different  countries.    The  right  of 
confirination  varies ;  the  solemn  benediction  of  an  abbot 
ordinarily  belongs  to  the  bishop  of  the  diocese,  occasion- 
ally to  the  head  abljot,  or  to  a  special  bishop  chosen  by 
the  abbot  elect.    In  some  instances  of  exempt  abbeys  it 
has  been  conferred  by  the  pope  in  person. 
2.  In  later  usage,  loosely  applied  to  the  holder 
of  one  of  certain  non-monastic  offices,  (a)  The 
principal  of  a  body  of  parochial  clergy,  as  an  Episcopal 
rector     (6)  A  cathedral  officer  at  Toledo,  Spain,   (c)  In 
the  middle  ages,  the  head  of  various  guilds,  associations, 
and  popular  assemblages :  as,  abbot  of  bell-ringers ;  the 
abbot  of  misrule. 

8.  A  title  retained  in  Hanover,  Wiirtemberg, 
Brunswick,  and  Sehleswig-Holstein  by  the 
heads  of  certain  Protestant  institutions  to 
which  the  property  of  various  abbeys  was 
transferred  at  the  Reformation.    See  abbess, 

2— Abbot  of  abbots,  a  title  formerly  conferred  upon 
the  abbot  of  the  original  Benedictine  monastery  of  ilonte 
Cassino.— Abbot  of  misrule  (in  England),  abbot  of  un- 
reason (in  Scotland),  the  personage  who  took  the  principal 
part  in  the  Christmas  revels  of  the  populace  before  the  Ref- 
ormation.—Abbot  of  the  people  (abbas  populi).  (a) 
From  1270  to  1339,  the  nominal  chief  magistrate  of  the 
republic  of  Genoa,  (b)  The  chief  magistrate  of  the  Geno- 
ese in  Galata. -Abbot  Of  yellow-beaks,  or  freshmen, 
a  mock  title  at  the  University  of  Pans.—  Gardmal  ab- 
bot a  title  borne  by  the  abbots  of  Cluny  and  Veiidome 
•who  were  ex  officio  cardinals.— Mitered  abbot,  an  abbot 
who  has  the  privilege  of  using  the  insignia  and  exercising 
certain  of  the  functions  of  a  bishop.— Eegular  abbot, 
an  abbot  duly  elected  and  confirmed,  and  exercising 
the  functions  of  the  office.  —  Secular  abbot,  a  person 
who  is  not  a  monk,  but  holds  an  abbacy  as  an  ecclesi- 
astical benefice  with  the  title  and  some  of  the  revenues 
and  honors  of  the  office.  See  def.  3,  above.— Titular  ab- 
bot a  person  possessing  the  title  but  not  exercising  the 
functions  of  an  abbot,  as  when  an  abbey  had  been  con- 
fiscated or  given  in  commendam.  See  abfte'.- Triennial 
abbot  an  abbot  appointed  for  three  years  instead  of,  as 
ordinarily,  for  life.  =  Syn.  Abbot,  Prior.    See  prior. 

abbotcy  (ab'ot-si),  ».  i<  abbot +  -cy.']  Same  as 
abbacy.    [Rare.]  _      ,  t 

abbotesst,  »•  [<ME.  abbatesse,  -isse,  <Ab.  ab- 
bodesse,  -i.sse,  abhadisse,  abbudisse,  <  ML.  abba- 
dissa,  prop,  abbatissa  (>  ult.  abbess,  q.  v.), 
<  abbas  (abbat-)  +  fem.  -issa.']  An  abbess.  Also 
written  abbatesse. 

Abbots,  Abbotesses,  Presbyters,  and  Deacons.  Selden. 
And  at  length  became  abbatesse  there. 

Holinshe-d,  Chron. 

abbot-general  (ab'ot-jen"e-ral),  n.    The  head 

of  a  congregation  of  monasteries, 
abbotship  (ab'ot -ship),  n.    l<  abbot  + -ship.'] 

The  state  or  office  of  an  abbot. 


abbozzo  (ab-bot's6),  n.    [It.,  also  abbozzato, 
sketch,  outline,  <  abbozzare,  to  sketch,  deline- 
ate, also  bozzare,  <  bozza,  blotch,  rough  draft, 
-Fi:  bossa  (>F.  bosse),  swelling,  <  OHG.  bozo, 
a  bundle :  see  boss^  and  beat.]    The  dead  or 
fii-st  coloring  laid  on  a  picture  after  the  sketch 
has  been  blocked  in.    Mrs.  Merrijield,  Ancient 
Practice  of  Painting  (1849),  I.  cec. 
abbr.    A  common  abbreviation  of  abbreviated 
and  abbreviation. 
abbreuvoir,  «■    See  abreuvoir. 
abbreviate  (a-bre'vi-at),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ab- 
breviated, ppri  abbreviating.  [<  LL.  abbreviatus, 
pp.  of  abbreviare,  shorten,  <  ad-,  to,  +  brevis, 
short.    The  same  L.  verb,  through  the  F.,  has 
become  E.  abridge :  see  abridge  and  brief.] 
I.  trans.  1.  To  make  briefer;  abridge;  make 
shorter  by  contraction  or  omission  of  a  part : 
as,  to  abbreviate  a  writing  or  a  word.— 2.  In 
math.,  to  reduce  to  the  lowest  terms,  as  frac- 
tions. =  Syn.  1.  To  shorten,  curtail,  abridge,  epitomize, 
reduce,  compress,  condense,  cut  down. 

II.  intrans.  To  practise  or  use  abbreviation. 
It  is  one  thing  to  abbreviate  by  contracting,  another  by 
cuttinc  off.  Bacon,  Essays,  .xxvi. 

abbreviate  (a-bre'vi-at),  a.  and n.  [<  LL.  abbre- 
viatus :  see  abbreviate,  v.]    I.  a.  Abbreviated. 
II.  n.  An  abridgment ;  an  abstract. 

The  Speaker,  taking  the  Bill  in  his  hand,  reads  the  Ab- 
breoiate  or  Abstract  of  the  said  bill.  . 

Chamberlayne,  State  of  Great  Britain. 

abbreviately  (a-bre'vi-at-li),  adv.  Briefly. 
[Rare.] 

The  sweete  smacke  that  Yarmouth  findes  in  it  .  .  . 
abbreviatly  and  meetely  according  to  my  old  Sarum  plaine- 
song  I  have  harpt  upon. 

Nashe,  Lenten  Stuffe  (Harl.  Misc.,  VI.  162). 

abbreviation  (a-bre-vi-a'shon),  n.    [=  p.  abre- 

viation,  <  LL.  abbreviatio{n-),  <  abbreviare :  see 
abbreviate,  v.]  1.  The  act  of  abbreviating, 
shortening,  or  contracting  ;  the  state  of  being 
abbreviated ;  abridgment. 

This  book,  as  graver  authors  say,  was  called  Liber 
Domus  Dei,  and,  by  abbreviation,  Domesday  Book. 

Sir  n'.  Temple,  Introd.  to  Hist,  of  Eng. 

2.  A  shortened  or  contracted  form;  a  part 
used  for  the  whole.  Specifically,  a  part  of  a  word, 
phrase,  or  title  so  used  ;  a  syllable,  generally  the  imtial 
syllable,  used  for  the  whole  word ;  a  letter,  or  a  series  ot 
letters,  standing  for  a  word  or  words  :  as,  Esq.  tm  esquire ; 
A.  D.  for  Anno  Domini;  F.  R.  S.  iov Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society. 

3.  In  math.,  a  reduction  of  fractions  to  the  low- 
est terms. — 4.  In  music,  a  method  of  notation 
by  means  of  which  certain  repeated  notes, 
chords,  or  passages  are  indicated  without  be- 
ing written  out  in  full.  There  are  various  forms 
of  abbreviation,  the  most  common  of  wliich  are  here 
shown : 

Written.  u 


abdest 

syllable,  taken  for  the  whole,  with  no  indication  of  the  re- 
maining portion:  as,  A.  T).  for  Anno  Domini;  Gen.  for 
Genesis  ;  math,  for  mathematics ;  Alex,  for  Alexander.  A 
contraction,  on  the  other  hand,  is  made  by  the  elision  of 
certain  letters  or  syllables  from  the  body  of  the  word, 
but  in  such  a  manner  as  to  indicate  the  whole  word :  as, 
reed.  payt.  or  reed  pay't  for  received  payment ;  contd.  for 
contracted  or  continued ;  Wm.  for  William.  In  common 
usage,  however,  this  distinction  is  not  always  observed. 

abbreviatio  placitorum  fa-bre-vi-a'shi-o  plas- 
i-to'rum).  [ML.]  Literally,  an  abridgment 
of  the  pleas  ;  a  brief  report  of  law-cases  ;  spe- 
cifically, notes  of  cases  decided  in  the  reign  of 
King  John,  which  constitute  the  earliest  Eng- 
lish law-reports,  and  embody  the  germs  and 
early  developments  of  the  common  law. 
abbreviator  (a-bre'vi-a-tpr),  n.  [<  ML.  ab- 
breviator,<hLi,  abbreviare:  see  abbreviate,  v.] 

1.  One  who  abbreviates,  abridges,  or  reduces 
to  a  smaller  compass;  specifically,  one  who 
abridges  what  has  been  written  by  another. 

Neither  the  archbishop  nor  his  abbrenintor. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Logic. 

2.  One  of  a  number  of  secretaries  in  the  chan- 
cery of  the  pope  who  abbreviate  petitions  ac- 
cording to  certain  established  and  technical 
rules,  and  draw  up  the  minutes  of  the  apostolic 
letters.  They  formerly  numbered  72,  of  whom  the  12  prin- 
cipal were  styled  de  miijori  parco  (literally,  of  the  greater 
parquet,  from  the  parquet  in  the  chancery  where  they 
wrote)  and  22  others  de  rninori  parco  (of  the  lesser  par- 
quet), the  remainder  being  of  lower  rank.  The  number  is 
now  reduced  to  11,  all  de  majon  parco.  They  sign  the 
apostolic  bulls  in  the  name  of  the  cardinal  vice-chancellor. 
The  abbreviator  of  the  curia  is  a  prelate  not  belonging  to 
the  above  college,  but  attached  to  the  office  of  the  apos- 
tolic datary  (see  i/a^an/S);  he  expedites  bulls  relating  to 
pontifical  laws  and  constitutions,  as  for  the  canonization 
of  saints,  and  the  like. 

abbreviatory  (a-bre'vi-a-to-n),  a.  l<.  abbre- 
viate +  -ory.]  "Abbreviating  or_  tending  to 
abbreviate  ;  shortening  ;  contracting, 
abbreviature!  (a-bre'vi-a-tui'),  n.  [<  abbreviate 
-l--i(/-e.]  1.  A  letter  or  character  used  as  an 
abbreviation. 

The  hand  of  Providence  writes  often  by  abbreviatures, 
hieroglyphics,  or  short  characters.  ^  „. 

Sir  r.  iJcoiCTie,  Christ.  Mor.,  §  25. 

2.  An  abridgment ;  a  compendium. 

This  is  an  excellent  abbreviature  of  the  whole  duty  of  a 
Christian.  Jer.  Taylor,  Guide  to  Devotion. 


=  Syil  2  Abbreviatim,  Contraction.  An  abbreviation  oi  a. 
word  is  strictly  a  part  of  it,  generally  the  first  letter  or 


abbrochmentt  (a-broch'ment),  n.  [<  ML.  abro- 
ca»^e?^^^(^»,  appar.  formed  from  stem  of  E.  brok- 
age,  brok-er,  etc.]  The  act  of  forestalling  the 
market  or  monopolizing  goods.  Erroneously 
spelled  abroachment. 

abb-wool  (ab'wiil),  n.  1.  Wool  for  the  abb  or 
warp  of  a  web.— 2.  A  variety  of  wool  of  a 
certain  fineness.    See  abb. 

a-b-C  (a-be-ce).  [ME.  aba  ;  as  a  word,  spelled 
variously  abece,  apece,  apecy,  apsie,  apcie,  absee. 
absie,  absey,  abeesee,  etc.,  especially  for  a  primer 
or  spelling-book ;  in  comp.,  absey-booJc,  etc.  Cf. 
abecedarian  zjnd.  alphabet.]  1.  The  first  three 
letters  of  the  alphabet ;  hence,  the  alphabet. 
—  2.  An  a-b-c  book;  a  primer — A-b-c  book,  a 

primer  for  teaching  the  alphabet. 
Abd  (abd).    [At.  'abd,  a  slave,  servant.]  A 
common  element  in  Arabic  names  of  persons, 
meaning  servant:  as,  Abdullah,  servant  of 
God  ;  Abd-el-Eader,  servant  of  the  Mighty  One; 
Abd-ul-Latif  (commonly  written  AbdtdlatiJ  or 
Abdallatif),  servant  of  the  Gracious  One. 
abdalavi,  abdelavi  (ab-da-,  ab-de-lii've),  n. 
[Ar.]    The  native  name  of  the  hairy  melon  ot 
Egypt,  a  variety  of  the  muskmelon,  Cucumis 
Melo.  _ 
Abderian  (ab-de'ri-an),  a.    [<L.  Abdera,  <Gr. 
"k(idiipa,  a  town  in  Thrace,  birthplace  of  De- 
mocritus,  called  the  laughing  philosopher.] 
Pertaining  to  the  town  of  Abdera  or  its  inhabi- 
tants ;  resembling  or  recalling  in  some  way 
the  philosopher  Demoeritus  of  Abdera  (see 
Abderite);  hence,  given  to  incessant  or  con- 
tinued laughter.  _ 
Abderite  (ab'de-rit),  H.    [<L.  Abdenia,  also 
Abderites,  <  Gr.   'AP^riphvc,  <  "A/i^Vpa,  L.  Ab- 
dera. ]   1 .  An  inhabitant  of  Abdera,  an  ancient 
maritime  town  in  Thrace.—  2.  A  stupid  per- 
son, the  inhabitants  of  Abdera  having  been 
proverbial  for  their  stupidity — The  Abderite, 
Demoeritus  of  Abdera.  born  about  4C0  B.  C,  and  the  most 
learned  of  the  Greek  philosophers  prior  to  Aristotle  He 
was  with  Leucippus,  the  foumkrof  the  atomic  or  atomis- 
tic philosophy  (see  atom  ic),  the  first  attempt  at  a  coniplete 
mechanical  interpretation  of  physical  and  psychical  plie- 
noniena.  The  tradition  that  Demoeritus  always  laughed 
at  the  follies  of  mankind  gained  for  liim  the  title  ot  tne 
laughing  philosopher.    Fragments  of  some  of  his  numer- 
ous works  have  been  preserved. 

abdest  (ab'dest),  n.  [Per.  dldast,  <  ab,  water, 
-H  dast,  hand.  ]  Purification  or  ablution  before 
prayer :  a  Mohammedan  rite. 


Abdevenham 

Abdevenham  (ab-dev'u-ham),  n.    in  astroL, 
the  head  of  the  twelfth  house  in  a  scheme  of 
the  heavens, 
abdicable  (ab'di-ka-bl),  a.    [<L.  as  if  *abdi- 
cabilis,  <abdicare:  see  abdicate.-]    Capable  of 
being  abdicated, 
abdicant   (ab'di-kant),  «.  and  n.    [<L.  abdi- 
canj-)g,  ppr.  of  obdicare:  see  abdicate^    I  a 
Abdicating ;  renouncing.  [Rare.] 
Monks  abdicant  of  their  orders. 

Whitlock,  Maimers  of  Eng.  Teople,  p.  93. 
II.  n.  One  who  abdicates, 
abdicate  i  ab'tU-kat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  abdi- 
cated,  ppr.  abdicnthuj.    [<L.  abdicatns,  pp.  of 
abdicarc,  renounce,  lit.  proclaim  as  not  belong- 
ing to  one,         from,  +  dicdre,  proclaim,  de- 
clare, akin  to  rfim-f,  say.]    I.  trans.  1.  To  give 
up,  renounce,  abandon,  lay  down,  or  withdraw 
from,  as  a  right  or  claim,  office,  duties,  dignity, 
authority,  and  the  like,  especially  in  a  volun- 
tary, public,  or  formal  manner. 
The  cross-bearers  abdicated  their  service. 

Gibbon,  i).  anil  F.,  Ixvii. 


8 

definite  regions,  called  abdominal  regions  (see  ahdominaD 
Tlie  principal  contents  of  the  abdomen,  in  man  and  other 
mammals,  are  the  end  of  the  esophagus,  the  stomach  the 
small  and  most  of  the  large  intestine!  the  liver  pancreas 

i,";  hfe"^  nn'„.  n  ^,  ''"'^'t,  ^".P>---"-<^"«l  capsules,^ ; 
liladdei  (in  ])art),  uterus  (<iuring  i)regiiaiicv  at  leastl  nnrt 
sometimes  the  testicles,  with  tile  assuciateVnervmis'  vas 
cular,  and  serous  structures.  The  apertures  in  the  ab- 
dominal walls  are,  usually,  several  throiit;h  the  .Iiaphra4r. 
for  the  passage  of  the  esophagus,  nerves  blno  |.vess?ls' 

o?nl  1^"'""""%'  "'^  S'™'"'  f"'-  «'«  Pas«>ge  of  the  fern: 
01  al  vessels  and  nerves  and  the  spermatic  cord,  or  the 
ltl,l"f"°«"™*  °^  the  uterus;  and  at  the  navel  °n  tie 
fetus,  for  the  passage  of  the  umbilical  vessels. 

In  vertebrates  below  mammals,  in  which 
there  is  no  diaphragm,  and  the  abdomen  con- 
sequently IS  not  separated  from  the  thorax  a 
region  of  the  body  corresponding  to  but  not  co- 
incident with  the  human  abdomen,  and  varying 
in  extent  accordine  to 


He  [Charles  II.]  was  utterly  ivithout  ambition.  He  de- 
tested business,  and  would  sooner  have  abdicated  his 
crown  than  have  undergone  the  trouble  of  really  direct- 
ing the  admmistration.  Macaula;,,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

2.  To  discard;  cast  away;  take  leave  of:  as 
to  abdicate  one's  mental  faculties.— 3  In  ciri'l 
to  disclaim  and  expel  from  a  family,  as  a 
child  ;  disinherit  during  lifetime  :  with  a  per- 
sonal subject,  as  father,  2>arent. 

The  father  will  disinherit  or  abdicate  his  child  quite 
cashier  him.  i^-^o 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.  (To  the  Reader),  I.  86. 
4t.  To  put  away  or  expel;  banish;  renounce 
the  authority  of  ;  dethrone  ;  degrade. 

Scaliger  would  needs  turn  down  Homer,  and  abdicate 
inm  after  tlie  possession  of  three  thousand  years. 

Dryden,  Pref.  to  Third  Misc. 
=Syn.  1  To  resign,  renounce,  give  up,  quit,  vacate  re- 
don'^l^)'  desert.   (.See  list  under  aban- 

II.  intrans.  To  renounce  or  give  up  some- 
thing; abandon  some  claim;  relinquish  a  rieht 
^  power,  or  trust.  ' 

He  cannot  abdicate  for  his  children,  otherwise  than  by 
his  own  consent  in  form  to  a  bill  from  the  two  houses 

Swift,  Sent,  of  Ch.  of  Eng.  Jlan. 

Don  .lohn  is  represented  ...  to  have  voluntarily  re- 
sl;ored  the  throne  to  his  father,  who  had  once  abdicated  in 
his  favor.  Tickiior,  Span.  Lit.,  II.  221. 

abdicated  (ab'di-ka-ted),  p.  a.  Self-deposed  ; 
in  the  state  of  one  who  has  renounced  or  given 
up  a  right,  etc.:  as,  "the  abdicated  Emperor 
of  Austria,"  Sowells,  Venetian  Life,  xxi. 
abdication  (ab-di-ka'shon),  n.  [<L.  abdica- 
tio[n-),i  abdicarc:  see  abdicate.']  The  act  of 
abdicating;  the  giving  up  of  an  office,  power  or 
authority,  right  or  trust,  etc. ;  renunciation  ;  es- 
pecially, the  laying  down  of  a  sovereignty  hith- 
erto inherent  in  the  person  or  in  the  blood. 

The  consequences  drawn  from  these  facts  [were]  that 
they  amounted  to  an  abdication  of  the  government,  which 
abdication  Aid  not  only  affecfthe  person  of  the  king  him- 
self, but  also  of  all  his  heirs,  and  rendered  the  throne 
absolutely  and  completely  vacant.  Blaclcstone,  Com.,  I.  iii: 

"'"^  "■'"^  approach  seems  to  require  an  abdi- 
cation  of  all  our  present  and  past  possessions. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  311. 

abdicative  (ab'di-kS-tiv),  a.  l<abdicate  +  -ive  ■ 
m  form  like  L.  abdicatiru.s,  negative,  <  abdi- 
Causing  or  implying  abdication.  [Rare.] 
abdicator   (ab'di-ka-tor),  n.     [<L.  abdicarc  - 

see  abdicate.']    One  who  abdicates 
abditive   (ab'di-tiv),   «.     [<L.  abditicm,  re- 
moved or  separated  from,  <  abditii.s,  pp.  of 
abdere,  put  away,  <  ab,  from,  away,  +  -dare  (in 
comp.),  put.]    Having  the  power  or  qualitv  of 
hiding.  [Rare.] 
abditory  (ab'di-to-ri),  «.    [<ML.  abditorinm, 
^  b.  abdere :  see  abditirc.]   A  concealed  reposi- 
tory; a  place  for  hiding  or  preserving  valu- 
ables, as  goods,  money,  relics,  etc.  [Rare.] 
abdomen  (ab-do'men  or  ab'do-men),  n.  [L 
of  uncertain  origin ;  perhaps'  irreg.  <  abdo-c, 
put  away,  hide,  conceal :  see  abditive.]   1.  The 
belly ;  that  part  of  the  body  of  a  mammal  which 
lies  between  the  thorax  and  the  pelvis;  the 
perivisceral  cavity  containing  most  of  the  di- 
gestive and  some  of  the  urogenital  organs  and 
associated  structures,    it  is  bounded  above  by  the 
diaphragm  w  uch  separates  it  from  the  thoracic  cavitv  • 
below  by  the  brim  of  the  pelvic  cavity,  with  which  it  is 
continuous;  behind  by  the  vertebral  column  and  the 
psoas  and  quadratus  luraborum  muscles  ;  in  front  and 
laterally  by  several  lower  ribs,  the  iliac  bones,  and  the 
abdominal  muscles  proper.    The  walls  of  the  abdomen 
are  lined  with  the  serous  membrane  called  peritoneum 
and  are  externally  invested  with  common  integument' 
Its  e.xtemal  surface  is  arbitrarily  divided  Into  certain 


n.  Abdomen  of  an  Insect  {/sa- 
sotna  hordei). 


the  configuration  of 
the  body.  Thus,  the  ab- 
domen of  a  serpent  is  coex- 
tensive witli  the  under  side 
of  the  body  from  head  to 
tail ;  and  in  descriptive 
iiniitliology  "pectus  Is  re- 
st lieted  to  the  swelling  an- 
tei  inr  i)art  of  the  gastra;um, 
wliii  li  we  call  belly  or  ab- 
duiiien  as  soon  as  it  begins  to 
straigliten  out  and  flatten." 
Coiten,  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  90. 
3.  In  entom.,  the  hind 
body,  the  posterior  one 
of  the  three  parts  of  a 
perfect  insect,  united 
with  the  thorax  by 
,.         ,  a  slender  connecting 

portion,  and  containing  the  greater  part  of  the 
digestive  apparatus,    it  is  .livided  into  a  number  of 

respiiatory  stigmata,  or  spiracles. 
4.  In  Arthropoda  other  than  insects,  the  cor- 
responding hinder  part  of  the  body,  however 
distinguished  from  the  thorax,  as  the  tail  of  a 
lobster  or  the  apron  of  a  crab.— 5.  In  ascid- 
lans  {Tumcata),  a  special  posterior  portion 
ot  the  body,  situated  behind  the  great  pharyn- 
geal cavity,  and  containing  most  of  the  ali- 
mentary canal. 

\i  compound  Ascidians,  the  greater 

pait  of  the  alimentary  canal  lies  altogether  beyond  the 
branchial  sac,  in  a  backward  prolongation  of  the  body 
n,nn  .il'fl  '^'^en  termed  the  abdomen,  and  is  often  longer 
than  all  tlie  rest  of  the  body. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  517. 

abdominal  (ab-dom'i-nal),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  ab- 
dominalis,  <L.  abdomoi:  see  abdomen.]    I.  a. 

.jfi:  - .  !•  Pertaining  to 


abdominous 

domlnal  regions,  mhinnan  anat.,  certain  regions  int, 
which  the  abdomen  is  arbitrarily  divided  f or  the  purpos, 
of  mapping  its  surface  with 
reference  to  the  viscer'i 
which  lie  beneath  these  re 
gions  respectively.  Two  hori- 
zontal parallel  lines  liein" 
drawn  around  the  body  one 
{a  a)  crossing  the  cartilage  ol 
the  ninth  rib,  the  other  (i/,) 
crossing  the  highest  point  ot 
the  iliac  bone,  tlie  abdominal 
surface  is  divided  into  three 
zones,  an  upper,  a  middli., 
and  a  lower,  respectively 
called  epigastric,  umbilicul, 
and  hypogastric.  Each  ol 
these  is  subdivided  into  three 
parts  by  two  vertical  lines 
(c  c),  each  drawn  through  the 
middle  of  Pouparts  liga- 
ment. The  central  part  of 
the  epigastric  zone  (1)  re- 
tains the  name  of  epigastric ; 
its  lateral  portions  (4  4)  are 
the  right  and  left  hypochon- 
driac regions;  the  middle 
^   .  part  of  the  umbilical  (2)  is 

horizontal  line  through  the  called  the  nmbilienl  region 
S^i'oTa.l:'ro.S'^thf,h*:  -"ile  its  lateral  portions^"") 
est  parts  of  the  ihac  crests;  ?f  are  the  right  and  left  lumbar 
vertical  lines  drawn  through  the  regions  ;  the  middle  portion 
S'n  el  Lr°  ■  of  the  hypogastric  zone  (3)  is 

pc^^t  u.nhi,ic'kl='';fSr^  1-  called  the  Aj;poi,«.(ncregnon, 
hypogastric  region ;  4  4,  hypo-  Sometimes  the  pubic  re- 
chondriac  regions;  5  lumbar  gion,  while  its  lateral  por- 
regions ;  6  6.  iliac  regions.  tions  (6  G)  are  called  the  right 

,    ■         rr.,      ...  and  left  iliac  (or  inr/itinal) 

legions.  The  adjoining  region  of  the  thigh,  below  the  fold 
rinifjH  ";•  l"'''P'^'''y.'^-^<'l»'le'l-- Abdominal  respi- 
ration, that  type  of  respiration  in  which  the  action  of  tlie 
(liaplii  agm,  and  consequently  the  movement  of  the  abdo- 
men, IS  most  marked  :  contrasted  with  thoracic  or  costal 
re«yrtra«,o«.— Abdominal  ribs,  in  herpet.,  a  series  of 
transverse  ossifications  in  the  wall  of  the  abdomen  of 
some  reptiles,  as  dinosaurs  and  crocodiles ;  in  the  latter 
the  series  consists  of  seven  on  each  side,  lying  superficial 
to  the  recti  muscles.  They  are  quite  distinct  from  true 
rihs,  and  considered  by  some  to  be  dermal  ossifications 

Abdominal  dermal  ribs  are  developed  in  some  species 
[of  Dinosauria],  if  not  in  all.  Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  227 
Abdominal  ring,  in  anat.  -.  (a)  internal,  an  oval  open- 
ing in  the  fascia  of  the  transversalis  abdominis  (trans- 
verse muscle  of  the  abdomen),  about  midway  between  the 
superior  iliac  .spine  and  the  pubic  spine,  and  half  an  inch 
above  Ponpart's  ligament,  (b)  External,  a  similar  oblong 
opening  in  the  fascia  of  the  obliquus  externiis  abdominis 
(external  oblKpie  muscle  of  the  abdomen),  further  down 
and  nearer  the  mid-line  of  the  body.  These  rin<'s  are 
respectively  the  inlet  and  outlet  of  the  inguinal  canal 
Also  called  inguijial  Abdominal  SCUteUa  in 

herpet.  the  short,  wide,  imhrieate,!  scales  which  lie"^ ong 
the  belly  of  a  serpent  from  chin  to  anus.— Abdominal 
segments,  m  entom.,  etc.,  the  individual  .somites  or  rings 
of  which  the  abdomen  of  an  insect,  a  crustacean  etc 


the  abdomen  or 
belly ;  situated 
in  or  on  the 
abdomen :  as, 
abdominal  ven- 
tral tins. —  2.  In 
ichth.,  having 
ventral  fins  un- 
.,,    .  ,  ^.  ^  -  dertheabdomen 

Abdommal  Fish,  with  ventral  behind  pec  and    about  the 

,  ,  ,  ■  middle    of  the 

nMommal  fish.    See  Abdominales 

—  Abdommal  aorta,  in  man  and  other  mammals  that 
portion  of  the  aorta  between  its  passage  through  the  dia- 
phragm and  Its  liifureatioii  into  the  iliac  arteries— Ab- 
dominal apertures.    See  ab-  ' 
domen,  1.— Abdominal  fins,  in 
ichth.,  ventral  fins  when  situated 
behind  the  pectoral  fins.— Ab- 
dominal legs,  in  entom.,  false 
legs  or  prop-legs  of  the  abdomen  of 
insects.    In  liexapodous  insects 
they  are  soft,  fleshy,  inarticulate, 
and  deciduous.    Tliere  may  be  as 
many  as  eight  pairs,  or  only  a  single 
pair,  or  none.    The  spinnerets  of 
spiders,  though  abdominal  in  posi- 
tion, are  regarded  as  homologous 
with  the  jointed  legs  of  higher 

insects.— Abdominal  line,  in 

human  anat. :  (a)  The  white  line 
(linea  alba)  or  lengthwise  mid-line 
of  union  of  the  abdominal  muscles 
along  the  front  of  the  belly,  and  ^ 
one  of  several  cro.ss-lines  inter-  ■■  7h°ecL^  ho»?H  •? ' 
sectmg  the  course  of  the  rectus  ance. 
muscle.  The  exaggeration  of  these 

hues  in  art  gives  the  "checker-board "  appearance  of  the 
abdomen  m  statuary.  (&)  pi.  Certain  imagin.^ry  lines 
diawn  to  divide  the  surface  of  the  abdomen  into  regions 
^Lf.iy,';"  .^'«':'"'--Abdominal  pore,  in  some  fishes,  an 
aperture  111  the  belly  connected  with  the  sexual  function. 

This  [the  ovarium],  in  some  few  fishes,  sheds  its  ova  as 
soon  as  they  are  ripened,  into  the  peritoneal  cavitv 
whence  they  escape  by  abdominal  pores,  which  place  that 
cavity  in  direct  communication  with  the  exterior. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  95. 
Abdominal  reflex,  a  superficial  reflex  consisting  of  a 
contraction  in  the  abdominal  muscles  when  the  skin  over 
the  abdomen  in  the  mammary  line  is  stimulated  — Ab- 


 "'^  ...ju-^i.icii  ui  ,111  iiioecL,  a  crusraceaii,  etc  ,  is 

or  may  be  eomposed.-Abdominal  vertebrse,  in  ichth., 
all  the  vertebra;  behind  the  head  which  have  ribs  or  rib- 
Iike  processes  arching  over  the  visceral  cavity.— Abdom- 
inal viscera,  those  organs,  collectively  considered  which 
are  situated  in  the  abdomen,  being  especially  thosts  of  the 
digestive  system.    See  abdomen,  1. 

II.  One  of  the  Abdominales  (which  see). 
Abdominales  (ab-dom-i-na'lez),  n.  pi.  [NL. 
pi.  of  abdominalis:  see  abdominal]  1.  A 
name  introduced  into  the  ichthyologieal  sys- 
tem of  Linnaeus,  and  variouslv  applied  :  («)  bv 
Linna!us,  as  an  ordinal  name  for  alfosseous  fishes  with 
abdominal  ventrals  ;  (b)  by  Cuvier,  as  a  subordinal  name 
lor  all  those  malacopterygian  osseous  fishes  which  have 
abdominal  ventrals;  (c)  by  J.  Miiller,  as  a  subordinal 
name  for  those  malacopterygian  fishes  which  have  abdom- 
inal ventrals  and  also  a  pneumatic  duct  between  the 
air-l)ladder  and  intestinal  canal.  The  name  has  also  been 
applied  to  other  groups  varying  more  or  less  from  the 
.  preceding.  The  salmonids  and  the  clupeids  or  herring  fam- 
ily are  typical  representatives  in  all  the  above  divisions. 
2.  A  section  of  the  coleopterous  family 
Carabidw,  proposed  by  Latreille  for  beetles 
with  the  abdomen  enlarged  in  proportion  to 
the  thorax. 

Abdominalia  (ab-dom-i-na'li-a),  n.  pi.  [NL. 
(sc.  animalia,  animals),  neut'.'  pi.  of  abdomi- 
nalis :  see  abdominal]  An  order  of  cirriped 
crustaceans,  having  a  segmented  body,  three 
•  pairs  of  abdominal  limbs,  no  thoracic  limbs,  a 
flask-shaped  carapace,  an  extensive  mouth, 
two  eyes,  and  the  sexes  distinct.    The  members 

of  the  order  all  burrow  in  shells.   Two  families  are  recog- 
nized, Cryptophialidce  and  Alcippidw. 

The  whole  family  of  the  ^6(/o?n?MaKn,  a  name  proposed 
by  Darwin,  if  I  am  not  mistaken,  have  the  sexes  separate. 

Beneden,  An.  Parasites.   (A'.  £.  D.) 

abdominally  (ab-dom'i-nal-i),  adv.  On  or  in 
the  abdomen;  toward  the'abdomen. 
abdominoscopy  (ab-dom-i-nos'ko-pi),  «.  [<L. 
abdomen  (-min-)  +  Gr.  -uK07T!a,  <oK0Treiv,  look  at, 
view.]  In  mcd.,  examination  of  the  abdomen 
for  the  detection  of  disease, 
abdominous  (ab-dom'i-nus),  a.  [<  abdomen 
(-min-)  +  -ovs.]  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
abdomen;  abdominal.— 2.  Having  a  large 
belly;  pot-bellied.  [Rare.] 

Gorgonius  sits  abdominous  and  wan, 
Like  a  fat  squab  upon  a  Chinese  fan. 

Cowper,  Prog,  of  Err. 


abduce 

abduce  (ab-dus'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ahduced, 
ppr.  ahducinq.  [<L.  abducere,  <  ab,  away, 
+  ducere,  lead:  see  ductile. '\  If.  To  draw  or 
lead  away  by  persuasion  or  argument. —  2.  To 
lead  away  or  carry  off  by  improper  means; 
abduct.  [Rare.]— 3f.  To  draw  away  or  aside, 
as  by  the  action  of  an  abductor  muscle. 

If  we  alidiice  the  eye  unto  either  corner,  the  ol)ject  will 
not  duplicate.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iii.  20. 

ibducens  (ab-du'senz),  v. ;  pi.  abducentes 
(-sen'tez).  [L.  :  see  abducent,  o.]  In  anat., 
one  of  the  si.xth  pair  of  cranial  nerves:  so 
called  because  it  is  the  motor  nerve  of  the 
rectus  externus  (external  straight)  muscle  of 
the  eye,  which  turns  the  eyeball  outward, 
ibducent  (ab-du'sent),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  ahdu- 
cen(t-)s,  ppr.  of  abducere,  draw  away:  see  ab- 
duce.'i  I.  «.  Drawing  away;  pulling  aside.  In 
anat,  specifically  applied  — («)  to  those  muscles  which 
draw  certain  parts  of  the  body  away  from  the  axial  line 
of  the  trunk  or  of  a  limb,  in  contradistinction  to  the  ad- 
ducent muscles  or  adductors;  (b)  to  motor  nerves  which 
effect  this  action.— Abducent  nerves,  tlie  sixth  pair  of 
cranial  nerves  ;  the  abducentes. 

II.  «•  That  which  abducts  ;  an  abducens. 
ibduct  (ab-dukf),  V.  t.    [<L.  abductus,  pp.  of 
a&rf«re?-e,  lead  away :  &ee  abduce. '\    1.  To  lead 
away  or  carry  off  surreptitiously  or  by  force  ; 
kidnap. 

Tlie  thing  is  self-evident,  that  his  Majesty  has  been 
abducted  or  spirited  away,  "  enlevi,"  by  some  person  or 
persons  unknown,  Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  II.  iv.  4. 

2.  In  physioI.,  to  move  or  draw  away  (a  limb) 
from  the  axis  of  the  body,  or  (a  digit)  from  the 
axis  of  the  limb  :  opposed  to  adduct. 
ibduction  (ab-duk'shon),  n.  [<  L.  abductio(n-), 
(.abducere:  see  abduce.'\  1.  The  act  of  abdu- 
cing  or  abducting,  (a)  In  law,  the  act  of  illegally 
leading  away  or  carrying  oft  a  person  ;  more  especially, 
the  taking  or  carrying  away  of  a  wife,  a  child,  a  ward,  or 
a  voter  by  fraud,  persuasion,  or  open  violence.  (6)  In 
phxjdol.,  the  action  of  the  muscles  in  drawing  a  limb  or 
other  part  of  the  body  away  from  the  axis  of  the  body  or 
of  the  limb,  as  when  the  arm  is  lifted  from  the  side,  or  the 
thmnb  is  bent  away  from  the  axis  of  the  arm  or  the 
middle  line  of  the  hand,  (c)  In  surg.,  the  receding  from 
each  other  of  the  extremities  of  a  fractured  bone. 

2.  [<  NL.  abductio,  a  word  used  by  Giulio  Paeio 
(1550-1635),  in  translating  airayuyi)  in  the  25th 
chapter  of  the  second  book  of  Aristotle's  Prior 
Analytics,  in  place  of  deductio  and  reductio, 
previously  employed.]  In  logic,  a  syllogism  of 
which  the  major  premise  is  evident  or  known, 
while  the  minor,  though  not  evident,  is  as  cred- 
ible as  or  more  credible  than  the  conclusion. 
The  term  is  hardly  used  except  in  translations  from  the 
passage  referred  to. 

After  adverting  to  another  variety  of  ratiocinative  pro- 
cedure, which  he  calls  Apagoge  or  Abduction  (where  the 
minor  is  hardly  more  evident  than  the  conclusion,  and 
might  sometimes  conveniently  become  a  conclusion  first 
to  be  proved),  Aristotle  goes  on  to  treat  of  objection 
generally.  Grote,  Aristotle,  vi. 

ibductor (ab-duk'tor),  n.  [NL.,  <L.  abducere: 
see  abduce.  ]    One  who  or  that  which  abducts. 

Specifically,  in  anat.  [pi.  abductores  (ab-duk-to'rez)],  a 
muscle  which  moves  certain  parts  from  the  axis  of  the 
body  or  of  a  limb :  as,  the  abductor  poUicis,  a  muscle  which 
pulls  the  thumb  outward  :  opposed  to  addtictor.  The 
abductor  muscles  of  the  human  body  are  the  abductor 
pollicis  (abductor  of  the  thumb)  and  abductor  minimi 
digiti  (abductor  of  the  least  digit)  of  the  hand  and  foot 
respectively.  The  first  dorsal  interosseous  muscle  of  the 
human  hand  is  sometimes  called  the  abductor  indicis 
(abductor  of  the  forefinger).  The  abductor  tertii  inter- 
nodii  secundi  digiti  (abductor  of  the  third  internode  of  the 
second  digit)  is  a  peculiar  muscle  of  both  hand  and  foot 
of  the  gibbons  (Hylobates),  arising  from  the  second  meta- 
carpal or  metatarsal  bone,  and  inserted  by  a  long  tendon 
into  tlie  preaxial  side  of  the  ungual  internode  of  the  second 
digit.  The  abductor  metacarpi  quinti  (abductor  of  the  fifth 
metacarpal)  is  a  muscle  of  the  hand  in  certain  lizards. 
For  the  abductors  in  human  anatomy,  see  cut  under  muscle. 

Jrbe  (a-be'),  V.  i.  [For  be;  prefix  unmeaning, 
or  as  in  fflrfo.]  Used  in  the  same  sense  as  be. 
Also  spelled  abee  To  let  aba,  to  let  be ;  let  alone. 

Hence,  let-abe  is  used  in  the  substantive  sense  of  forbear- 
ance or  connivance,  as  in  the  phrase  let-abe  for  let-abe, 
one  act  of  forbearance  in  return  for  another,  mutual  for- 
bearance. 

I  am  for  let-abe  for  let-abe.  Scott,  Krate,  II.  xvii. 

Let  abe,  let  alone ;  not  to  mention ;  far  less :  as,  he 
couldna  sit,  let  abe' stand.  [Scotch.] 
clbeam  (a-bem'),  pj-e/J.  pJir.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a^, 
prep.,  on,  +  beam.2  Naut.,  in  or  into  a  direc- 
tion at  right  angles  to  the  keel  of  a  ship ; 
directly  opposite  the  middle  part  of  a  ship's 
side,  and  in  line  with  its  main-beam :  as,  we 
had  the  wind  abeam. 

The  wind  was  hauling  round  to  the  westward,  and  we 
could  not  take  the  sea  abeam. 

Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  II.  iol. 

The  sea  went  down  toward  night,  and  the  wind  hauled 
abeam.  R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  347. 

abear  (a-bar'  ),v.t,  [<  ME.  aberen,  <  AS.  dberan, 
<a-  +  6era??,  bear :  see  a-l  and  &eari.]  If.  To 
bear;  behave. 


9 

So  did  the  Faerie  Knight  himselfe  abeare. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  xii.  10. 

2.  To  suffer  or  tolerate.  [Provincial  or  vulgar.] 

But  if  I  mun  doy  I  mun  doy,  for  I  couldn  abear  to  see  it. 

Tennyson,  Northern  Farmer. 

abearancet  (a-bar'ans),  n.  l<.  abear  + -ancc  ; 
substituted  for  abearing,  ME.  abering.^  Be- 
havior ;  demeanor. 

The  other  species  of  recognizances  with  sureties  is  for 
the  good  abearance  or  good  behaviour. 

Blackstone,  Com.,  IV.  xviii. 

abearingt  (a-bar'ing),  n.  [ME.  abering,  verbal 
n.  of  aberen,  abear.]    Behavior ;  demeanor. 

abecedaria,  n.   Plural  of  abecedarium. 

abecedarian (a"be-se-da'ri-an),«.  and «.  [Cf.  F. 
abecedaire ;  <LL.  abecedarius  (p.salmi  abecedarii, 
alphabetical  psalms),  <a  +  be  +  ce  +  de,  the 
first  four  letters  of  the  alphabet  (cf.  alphabet), 
+  -arius :  see  -ariau.'\  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or 
formed  by  the  letters  of  the  alphabet. —  2. 
Pertaining  to  the  learning  of  the  alphabet,  or 
to  one  engaged  in  learning  it ;  hence,  relat- 
ing to  the  first  steps  in  learning. 

There  is  an  Abecedarian  ignorance  that  precedes  know- 
ledge, and  a  Doctoral  ignorance  that  comes  after  it. 

Cotton,  tr.  of  Montaigne,  I.  606. 

Another  form  is  abecedary. 
Abecedarian  psalms,  hymns,  etc.,  psalms,  hymns,  etc. 
(as  the  119th  psalm),  in  which  the  verses  of  successive 
distinct  portions  are  arranged  in  alphabetical  order. 

II,  n.  1.  One  who  teaches  or  learns  the  let- 
ters of  the  alphabet. —  2.  {.cap.']  A  follower  of 
Nicolas  Storeh,  an  Anabaptist  of  Germany,  in 
the  sixteenth  century.  The  Abecedarians  are  said 
to  have  been  so  called  because  Storch  taught  that  study 
or  even  a  knowledge  of  the  letters  was  unnecessary,  since 
the  Holy  Spirit  would  impart  directly  a  sufficient  under- 
standing of  the  Scriptures. 

abecedariuin  (a"be-se-da'ri-um),  «. ;  pi.  abe- 
cedaria (-a).  [Neut.  of  LL.  abecedarius :  see 
abecedarian. 1   An  a-b-c  book. 

It  appears  therefore  that  all  the  Italic  alphabets  were 
developed  on  Italian  soil  out  of  a  single  primitive  type,  of 
which  the  abecedaria  exhibit  a  comparatively  late  survival. 

Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  II.  131. 
Logical  abecedarium,  a  table  of  all  possible  combina- 
tions of  any  finite  number  of  logical  terms.   J  evens. 

abecedary  (a-be-se'da-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<L.  abece- 
darius: see  abecedarian.]  I,  a.  Same  as  abe- 
cedarian. 

II.  w.  1.  An  a-b-c  book';  a  primer.  Hence  — 
2.  A  first  principle  or  element ;  rudiment :  as, 
"such  rudiments  or  abecedaries,"  Fuller,  Ch. 
Hist.,  VIII.  iii.  2. 

abechet,  v.  t.  [ME.,  <  OF.  abecher  (ML.  abbe- 
care),  <  a,  to, +  bee,  beak:  see  beak^.]  To  feed, 
as  a  parent  bird  feeds  its  young. 

Yet  should  I  somdele  ben  abeched. 
And  for  the  time  well  refreshed. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  v. 

abed  (a-bed'),  adv.  [<  ME.  a  bedde,  <  AS.  on 
&efMe ;" prep,  on,  and  dat.  of  bedd,  bed:  see  a3 
and  bed.]    1.  In  bed. 

Not  to  be  abed  after  midnight  is  to  be  up  betimes. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  3. 

2.  To  bed. 

Her  mother  dream'd  before  she  was  deliver'd 
That  she  was  brought  abed  of  a  buzzard. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  False  One,  iv.  3. 

abee  (a-be'),  n.    [A  native  term.]   A  woven 
fabric  of  cotton  and  wool,  made  in  Aleppo. 
Simmonds. 
abegget,  «'•  t.    An  old  form  of  aby'^. 

There  dorste  no  wight  bond  upon  him  legge. 
That  he  ne  swore  he  shuld  anon  abegge. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  18. 

abeigh  (a-bech'),  adv.    [A  variant  of  ME.  abey, 
abai,  etc. :  see  bay^,  n.]    Aloof ;  at  a  shy  dis- 
tance. [Scotch.]  —To  stand  abeigh,  to  keep  aloof. 
Maggie  coost  her  head  f  u'  high, 
Look'd  asklent  an'  unco  skeigh, 
Gart  poor  Duncan  stand  abeigh  — 

Ha,  ha,  the  wooing  o't.    Burns,  Duncan  Gray. 

abele  (a-bel'),  n.  [Formerly  abeele,  abeal,  etc., 
<  D.  abeel,  in  comp.  abeel-boom,  <  OF.  abel,  ear- 
lier aubel,  <  ML.  albellus,  applied  to  the  white 
poplar,  prop.  dim.  of  L.  albus,  white.]  The 
white  poplar,  Popidus  alba  :  so  called  from  the 
white  color  of  its  twigs  and  leaves.  See  poplar. 
Also  called  abel-tree,  and  sometimes  abbey. 

Six  abeles  i'  the  kirkyard  grow,  on  the  north  side  in  a  row. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Duchess  ilay. 

Abelian^  (a-bel'i-an),  n.  [<  Abel  +  -ian;  also 
Abelite,  <  LL.  Abelitw,  pi.,  <  Abel:  see  -ifei.] 
A  member  of  a  religious  sect  which  arose  in 
northern  Africa  in  the  fourth  centiu-y.  The 
Abelians  married,  but  lived  in  continence,  after  the  man- 
ner, as  they  maintained,  of  Abel,  and  attempted  to  keep 
up  the  sect  by  adopting  the  children  of  others.  Tliey  are 
known  only  from  the  report  of  St.  Augustine,  written  after 
they  had  become  extinct.  Also  called  Abelite  and  Abelonian. 


aberrancy 

Abelian^  (a-bel'i-an),  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to 

the  Norwegian  mathematician  Niels  Henrik 
Abel  (1802-1829) — Abelian  equation,  an  irrcducilile 
algebraic  eciuation,  one  of  wliose  roots  is  expressible  as  a 
rational  function  of  a  second,  and  shown  by  Aljel  to  be 
solvable  by  the  solution  of  a  second  ciiuation  of  a  lower 
degree.— Abelian  function,  in  math.,  a  liyperellijitic 
function  ;  a  symmetric  function  of  inverses  of  Abelian 
integi'als.  The  name  has  been  used  in  slightly  different 
senses  by  difterent  autliors,  but  it  is  best  apjilied  to  a  ratio 
of  double  theta  functions. — Abelian  integral,  one  of  a 
class  of  ultraelliptic  integrals  first  investigated  by  Abel ; 
any  integral  of  an  algebraic  function  not  reducible  to. 
elliptic  functions. 

Abelite,  Abelonian  (a'bel-it,  a-bel-6'ni-an),  n. 

Same  as  Abelian^. 
Abelmoschus  (a-bel-mos'kus),  n.    [ML.,  <  Ar. 

«?)M7->«0i'A', -w/s/i,  father  (source)  of  musk:  aim, 
father ;  al,  the  ;  mosk,  ini.sk,  musk :  see  abba'^  and 
musk.]  A  generic  name  formerly  applied  to 
some  species  of  plants  now  referred  to  Hibis- 
cus, including  A.  moschatus  or  //.  Abelmoschus, 
the  abelmosk  or  muskmallow  of  India  and 
Egypt,  producing  the  muskseed  used  in  per- 
fumes, and  A.  or  H.  esculentus,  the  okra.  See 
Hibiscus. 

abelmosk  (a'bel-mosk),  n.  [<  ML.  Abelmos- 
chus.] A  plant  of  the  former  genus  Abelmos- 
chus.   Also  spelled  abelmusk. 

abel-tree  (a'bel-tre),  n.    Same  as  abele. 

abelwhacketst,  n.    See  abtcu-hackets. 

a  bene  placitO  (a  ba'ne  pla'che-to).  [It.:  a, 
at;  bene  (<L.  bene),  well;  pdacito  {ilj.  placi- 
tum),  pleasure:  see  please  and  pdea.]  In 
music,  at  pleasure ;  in  the  way  the  performer 
likes  best. 

Abeona  (ab-e-6'na),  n.  [LL.  Abeona,  the  god- 
dess of  departing,  <  L.  abire,  go  away,  abeo,  I 
go  away,  <  ab,  away,  +  ire,  go,  eo,  I  go.]  1.  In 
Eom.  myth.,  the  goddess  who  presided  over 
departure,  as  of  travelers. —  2.  [NL.  (Chas. 
Girard,  1854).]  In  ichth.,  a  genus  of  viviparous 
embiotocoid  fishes  of  the  family  Holconotidce, 
represented  by  such  surf -fishes  as  A.  trow- 
bridgi,  of  the  Califomian  coast. —  3.  In  entom., 
a  genus  of  hemipterous  insects.    St&l,  1876. 

aber  (ab'er),  n.  [Gael,  abar  =  W.  aber,  a  con- 
fluence of  waters,  the  mouth  of  a  river.  Cf. 
Gael,  inbhir,  with  same  senses,  =  W.  ynfer,  in- 
flux: see  iwi'er-.]  A  Celtic  word  used  as  a  pre- 
fix to  many  place-names  in  Great  Britain,  and 

, signifying  a  confluence  of  waters,  either  of 
two  rivers  or  of  a  river  with  the  sea  :  as,  Aber- 
deen, Aberdour,  Abergavenny,  Aberystwith. 

aberda'Vine,  n.    See  aberdevine.  Laiham. 

aberdeen  (ab'er-den),  n.  [Etym.  uncertain. 
Cf.  aberdevine.]  In  ornith.,  a  name  of  the  knot 
(which  see),  Tringa  canutus. 

aberde'Vine  (ab'''er-de-vin'),  n.  [Etym.  un- 
known: see  below.]  The  siskin,  Chrysomitris 
spinus,  a  well-known  European  bird  of  the 
finch  family  {FringilHdee),  nearly  related  to  the 
goldfinch,  and  somewhat  resembling  the  green 
variety  of  the  canary-bird.  See  siskin.  Also 
spelled  aberdavine,  abadevine.    [Local,  Eng.] 

About  London,  the  siskin  is  called  the  aberdevine  by 
bird-catchers.    Rennie,  ed.  of  Montagu's  Diet.,  1831,  p.  2. 

[The  word  {aberdevine)  is  not  now  in  use.  If  it  ever  was. 
I  believe  it  was  first  published  by  Albin  (1737),  and  that 
it  was  a  bird-catchers'  or  bird-dealers'  name  about  Lon- 
don ;  but  I  suspect  it  may  have  originated  m  a  single 
bird-dealer,  who  coined  it  to  give  fictitious  value  to  a 
common  bird  for  which  he  wanted  to  get  a  good  price. 
Book-writers  have  gone  on  repeating  Albin's  statement 
without  adding  any  new  information,  and  I  have  never 
met  with  any  one  who  called  the  siskin  or  any  other  bird 
by  this  name.  No  suggestion  as  to  its  etymology  seems 
possible.    Prof.  A.  Newton,  letter.] 

aberr  (ab-er'),  v.  i.  [<L.  aberrare:  see  aber- 
rate.]   To  wander;  err.  [Rare.] 

Divers  were  out  in  their  account,  aberring  several  ways 
from  the  true  and  just  compute,  and  calling  that  one  year, 
which  perhaps  might  be  another. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iv.  12. 

aberrance  (ab-er'ans),  n.  Same  as  aberrancy. 

aberrancy  (ab-er'an-si),  n. ;  pi.  aberrancies 
(-siz).  [<L.  as  ii  *aberrantia,  <  aberran(t-)s : 
see  aberrant.]  A  wandering  or  deviating  from 
the  right  way;  especially,  a  deviation  from 
truth  or  rectitude.  Another  form  is  aberrance. 
[Rare.] 

They  do  not  only  swarm  with  errours,  but  vices  depend- 
ing thereon.    Thus  they  commonly  affect  no  man  any 
farther  than  he  deserts  his  reason,  or 

 h    complies  with  their  aberrancies. 

Sir  T.  Browne.  Vulg.  Err.,  1.  3. 

^\  Aberrancy  of  curvature,  in  math., 

the  angle  between  the  normal  to  a 
curve  at  any  point  and  the  line 
from  that  point  to  the  middle  point 
Aberrancy  of  Curvature,  °^  the  infinitesimal  chord  parallel 
the  angle  a  h  c.        to  the  tangent. 


aberrant 

aberrant  (ab-er'ant),  a.  [<  L.  aberran{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  aherrare :  see  aberrate.}  1.  Wander- 
ing ;  straying  from  the  right  or  usual  course. 

An  aberrant  berg  appears  about  three  hundred  miles 
west-south-west  of  Irehind,  in  latitude  51°,  longitude  18' 
'^est.  Science,  III.  343. 

2.  In  2ool  and  bol.,  differing  in  some  of  its 
characters  from  the  group  in  which  it  is 
placed:  said  of  an  individual,  a  species,  a 
genus,  etc. 

In  certain  aberrant  Rotalines  the  shell  is  commonly 
of  a  rich  crimson  hue.       iV.  B.  Carpenter,  Jlicros.,  §  459] 

The  more  aberrant  any  form  is,  the  greater  must  have 
been  the  number  of  comiecting  forms  which  have  been 
exterminated  or  utterly  lost. 

Darwin,  Origin  of  Species,  p.  387. 
Aberrant  duct  of  the  testis,  in  anat.,  a  slender  tube 
or  diverticulum  from  the  lower  part  of  the  canal  of  the 
epididymis,  or  from  the  beginning  of  the  excretory  duct 
of  the  testis  (vas  deferens).  It  varies  from  2  to  14  inclies 
in  length,  is  coiled  up  into  a  fusiform  mass  extendinu-  up 
the  spermatic  cord  2  or  3  inches,  and  terminates  bliiidly 
Two  or  more  such  tubes  are  occasionally  found  together, 
butthey  are  sometimes  entirely  wanting.  See  testis.  Also 
called  ras  aberran.s,  vasculuin  aberrans. 

aberrate  (ab-er'at),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aber- 
rated, ppr.  aberrating.  [<L.  aberratus,  pp.  of 
aherrare,  stray  from,  <  ah,  from,  +  errare,  to 
stray:  see  e?v.]  To  wander  or  deviate  from 
the  right  way;  diverge.  [Rare.] 
The  product  of  their  defective  and  aberrating  vision. 

^  De  Quincey. 

aberration  (ab-e-ra'shon),  «.  [<  L.  aherra- 
tio{n-),<  aherrare  :  see  aberrate.']  1.  The  act 
of  wandering  away;  deviation;  especially, 
in  a  figurative  sense,  the  act  of  wandering 
fi'om  the  right  way  or  course  ;  hence,  deviation 
from  truth  or  moral  rectitude. 

So  then  we  draw  near  to  God,  when,  repenting  us  of  our 
former  aberrations  from  him,  we  renew  our  covenants 
with  him.  Bp.  Hall,  Sermon  on  James  iv.  8. 

The  neighbouring  churches,  both  by  petitions  and  mes- 
sengers, took  such  happy  pains  with  the  church  of  Salem 
as  presently  recovered  that  holy  flock  to  a  sense  of  his 
[Koger  Williams's]  aberrations. 

C.  Mather,  Mag.  Chris.,  vii.  1. 


10 

heavenly  body  due  to  the  joint  effect  of  the 
motion  of  the  rays  of  light  proceeding  from 
it  and  the  motion  of  the  earth.  Thus,  when  the 
light  from  a  star  that  is  not  directly  in  the'  line  of  the 
earth  s  motion  is  made  to  fall  centrally  into  a  telescope 
the  telescope  is  in  reality  inclined  slightly  away  from  the 
true  direction  of  the  star  toward  that  in  which  the 
earth  is  moving  ;  just  as  one  running  under  a  vertically 
falling  shower  of  rain,  and  holding  in  his  hand  a  long- 
necked  flask,  must  incline  its  mouth  forward  if  he  does 
not  wish  the  sides  of  the  neck  to  be  wetted.  This  phe- 
nomenon, discovered  and  explained  by  Bradley  (1728)  is 
termeil  the  aberration  of  light,  and  its  ettect  in  displacing 
a  star  is  called  the  aberration  o.f  the  star.  The  annual 
aberration,  due  to  the  motion  of  the  earth  in  its  orbit 
.amounts  to  20".4  in  the  maximum ;  the  diurnal  aberration 
due  to  the  rotation  of  the  eartli,  is  only  0".3  at  most 
See  planetary  aberration,  below.— Circle  Of  aberration 


abhor 

One  who  abets  or  incites ;  one  who  aids  or  en- 
courages another  to  commit  a  crime  ;  a  sup- 
porter or  encourager  of  something  bad.  Abet- 
tor is  the  form  used  in  law. 

But  let  th'  abettor  of  the  Panther's  crime 
Learn  to  make  fairer  wars  another  time. 

Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  1.  1647. 
In  faic,  an  abettor,  as  distinguished  from  an  accessory  is 
more  especially  one  who,  being  present,  gives  aid  or  en- 
couragement. 

2.  One  who  aids,  supports,  or  encourages :  in 
a  good  sense. 

It  has  been  the  occasion  of  making  me  friends  and  open 
abettors  of  several  gentlemen  of  known  sense  and  wit. 

Pope,  Letters,  June  15,  1711. 


the  circle  of"colored  light  observeTrin'ex^'erinTent^Twtl!     "^5^-  ^-  ■^^'^ttor.  Accessory,  Accomplice.  See  accomplice. 

ml'Z'^L\'^thtt  ,v!;»I*''f'L*l'.!,,Pi'".lE  I'l"?  I'^^'S  abevacuation  (ab-e-vak-u-a'shon),  n. 


meet  and  that  where  the  red  rays  meet.— Constant  of 
aberration.  See  constant.— Ciown  of  aberration  a 

luminous  circle  surrounding  the  disk  of  the  sun,  depend- 
mg  on  the  aberration  of  its  rays,  by  which  its  apparent 
diameter  is  enlarged.- Planetary  aberration  (see  5, 
above),  better  called  the  equation  of  liaht  an  apparent 
displacement  of  a  moving  body,  as  ,a  pLanot,  owing  to  its 
not  being  in  the  same  position  at  the  moment  the  light 
reaches  the  earth  that  it  was  when  the  light  left  it  =  Syn 
1.  Deviation,  divergence,  departure.—  2.  (a)  Derangement' 
hallucination,  illusion,  delusion,  eccentricity,  mania, 
aberrational  (ab-e-ra'shon-al),  a.  Character- 
ized by  aberration ;  erratic." 
aberuncatet  (ab-e-rung'kat),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  abendicated,  ppr.  aberuncating.  [An  erro- 
neous form  of  averruncate,  as 
if  <  L.  *aberuncarc,  <  ab,  from, 
+  e  for  ex,  out,  +  riincare, 
uproot,  weed ;  hence  the  un- 
authorized sense  given  by 
Bailey.  See  averruncate.']  To 
pull  up  by  the  roots ;  extir- 
pate utterly.  Johnson. 

Aberuncated,  pulled  up  by  the 
roots,  weeded.  Bailey. 

aberuncationt  (ab-e-rung-ka'- 

shon),  n.  [<  aberimcate.] 
Eradication;  extirpation;  re- 
moval 


2.  In  pathol.:  (a)  A  wandering  of  the  intel-  aberuiicator  Cab-e  nmo-'Vo 
lect ;  mental  derangement,  (h)  Vicarious  hem  ^^^runcator  (ab-e-rung  ka- 


orrHage.  (c)  Diapedesis  of  blood-corpuscles. 
(d)  Congenital  malformation.— 3.  In  zodl.  and 
bat.,  deviation  from  the  type  ;  abnormal  struc- 
ture or  development. 

In  whichever  light,  therefore,  insect  aberration  is  viewed 
by  us,  .  .  .  we  affii-m  that  it  does  .  .  .  exist. 

Wollaston,  Var.  of  Species,  p.  2. 

4.  In  optics,  a  deviation  in  the  rays  of  light 
when  unequally  refracted  by  a  lens  or  reflected 


tor),  w.  ]_<  aberimcate.  Cf.  L. 
runcator,  a  weeder.]    1.  An 
implement  for  extirpating  weeds  ;  a  weeder 
or  weeding-maehine.— 2.  An  instrument  for 


,  .     .        .  -.-    [<  NL. 

ahevacuatio{n-) :  see  ab- aud  evacuation.]  In 
vied.,  variously  used  to  signify  a  morbid  evacu- 
ation, whether  excessive  or  deficient, 
ab  extra  (ab  eks'tra).     [L.]  From  without: 
opposed  to  ah  intra  (which  see). 

Those  who  are  so  fortunate  as  to  occupy  the  philosophi- 
cal position  of  spectators  ab  extra  are  very  few  in  any 
generation.       Lowell,  Among  niy  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  140. 

abeyance  (a-ba'ans),  n.  [<  OF.  aheiance,  abey- 
ance, <  a-  (<L.  ad-),  to,  at,  +  beancc  {*beiaiice), 
expectation,  desive,i  beant,  expecting,  think- 
ing, ppr.  of  beer,  baer  (F.  bayer),  gape,  gaze 
at,   expect  anxiously,  <  ML.  baclare,  gape.] 

1.  In  law,  a  state  of  expectation  or  contempla- 
tion. Thus,  the  fee  simple  or  inheritance  of  lands  and 
tenements  is  in  abeyance  when  there  is  no  person  in  being 
in  whom  it  can  vest,  so  that  it  is  in  a  state  of  expectancy 
or  waiting  until  a  proper  person  shall  appear.  So  also 
where  one  man  holds  land  for  life,  with  remainder  to  the 
heirs  of  another,  and  tlie  latter  is  yet  alive,  the  remainder 
is  in  abeyance,  since  no  man  can  have  an  heir  until  his 
death.  Titles  of  honor  and  dignities  are  said  to  be  in 
abeyance  when  it  is  uncertain  who  shall  enjoy  them 
Thus,  in  Eng.  law,  when  a  nobleman  holding  a  dignity 
descendible  to  his  heirs  general  dies  leaving  daughters, 
the  king  by  his  prerogative  may  grant  the  dignity  to  any 
one  of  the  daughters  he  pleases,  or  to  the  male  issue  of 
one  of  such  daughters.  Wliile  the  title  to  the  dignity  is 
thus  in  suspension  it  is  said  to  be  in  abeyance. 

2.  A  state  of  suspended  action  or  existence,  or 
temporary  inactivity. 

Upon  .awaking  from  slumber,  I  could  never  gain,  at 
once,  thorough  possession  of  my  senses  ;  .  .  .  the  mental 
faculties  in  general,  but  the  memory  in  especial,  being  in 
a  condition  of  absolute  abeyance.  Poe,  Tales,  I.  333. 


"h-tr  n  TY^^y^n-r.  cr"t-i,„+  +u      a"       i  '-T    ten,  more  properly,  «Derru«ca(o>-. 

by  a  mirror,  so  that  they  do  not  converge  and  „v,_+  xA+A 


meet  in  a  point  or  focus,  but  separate,  form 
ing  an  indistinct  image  of  the  object,  or  an 
indistinct  image  with  prismatically  colored 
edges.  It  is  called  spherical  when,  as  in  the  former  case, 
the  imperfection  or  blurring  arises  from  the  form  of  curva- 
ture of  the  lens  or  reflector,  and  chromatic  when,  as  in  the 
latter  case,  there  is  a  prismatic  coloring  of  the  image  aris- 
ing from  the  different  refrangibility  of  the  rays  compos- 
ing white  light,  and  the  consequent  fact  that  the  foci  for 
the  difl'erent  colors  do  not  coincide.  Thus,  in  fig  l  the 
rays  passing  through  the  lens  L  L  near  its  edge  have  a 
focus  at  A,  while  those  which  pass  near  the  axis  have  a 
focus  at  B;  hence,  an  image  formed  on  a  screen  placed 
at  TO  TO  would  appear  more  or  less  distorted  or  indistinct. 


pruning  trees  when  their  branches  are  beyond  abeyancy  (a-ba'an-si),  n.     The  state  or  eon- 
easy  reach  of  the  hand.   There  are  various  forms  of    dition  of  being  iii  abeyance.  Hawthorne 
these  implements,  hut  they  all  consist  of  two  blades,  similar  abevant  Ca-ba'ant")    a       Tlnf  erred  frmn  nh^u 
to  those  of  stout  shears,  one  of  which  is  fixed  rigidly  to  a    n„,t  -  Lt    !!^J  }  ^-nierrea  Irom_  aOeiJ- 

long  handle,  while  the  other  forms  one  arm  of  a  lever,  to  "  ^'^^  """^^  -anf^.]  In  latv,  being  m 

which  a  cord  passing  over  a  pulley  is  attached.  Also  writ-  abeyance. 

abgregatet  (ab'gre-gat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  abgrcgatus, 
pp.  of  abgrcgarc,  lead  away  from  the  flock, 
<  ah,  from,  -t-  grex  (greg-),  flock.  Cf. 


t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  abetted,  ppr. 
abetting.  [<  ME.  abetten,  <  OF.  abetter,  abeter, 
instigate,  deceive,  <  a-  (<  L.  ad-),  to,  -f-  heter, 
bait,  as  a  bear,  <  Icel.  beita,  bait,  cause  to  bite : 

see  bait,  v.;  also  bct^,  a  shortened  form  of  abgregationf  (ab-gre-ga'shon) 
abet.]    1.  To  encourage  by  aid  or  approval:  "  ' 

used  with  a  personal  object,  and  chiefly  in  a 
bad  sense. 


-i 

Fig. 


,  diagram  illustrating  the  spherical  aberration  of  a  lens, 
diagram  illustrating  the  chromatic  aberration. 


Fig.  2, 


They  abetted  both  parties  in  the  civil  war,  and  always 
furnished  supplies  to  the  weaker  side,  lest  there  should 
be  an  end  put  to  these  fatal  divisions. 

Addison,  Freeholder,  No.  28. 
Note,  too,  how  for  having  abetted  those  who  wi-onged  the 
native  Irish,  England  has  to  pay  a  penalty. 

//.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  487. 
2t.  To  maintain  ;  support ;  uphold. 

"  Then  shall  I  soone,"  quoth  he,  "so  God  me  grace, 
Abett  that  virgins  cause  disconsolate." 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  x.  04. 

3.  In  law,  to  encourage,  counsel,  incite,  or  as- 
sist in  a  criminal  act — implying,  in  the  case 
of  felony,  personal  presence.  Thus,  in  military 
law,  it  is  a  grave  crime  to  aid  or  abet  a  mutiny  or  sedi- 
tion, or  excite  resistance  against  lawful  orders.  In  Scots 
law,  a  person  is  said  to  be  abetting  though  he  may  only 
protect  a  criminal,  conceal  him  from  justice,  or  aid  him 
in  making  his  escape. 

Hence — 4.  To  lead  to  or  encourage  the  com- 
mission of. 

■Would  not  the  fool  abet  the  stealth 
Wlio  rashly  thus  exposed  his  wealth  ? 

Gay,  Fables,  ii.  12. 

=S3Tl.  To  support,  encourage,  second,  countenance,  aid, 
assist,  back,  connive  at,  stand  by,  further. 

abett  (a-bef),  n.  [<  ME.  abet,  instigation,  <  OF. 
abet,  instigation,  deceit  (ML.  abettum),  <  abeter: 
see  abet,y.]    The  act  of  aiding  or  encouraging, 


especially  in  a  crime.  Chaucer, 

In  fig.  2  the  violet  rays  (o  v)  have  a  focus  at  V,  while  the  abetment  (a-bet'ment),   n.     [<  abet  +  -ment.] 

The  act  of  abetting ;  that  which  serves  to  abet 
or  encourage, 
abettal  (a-bet'al),  n.  [<  abet  +  -al.]  The  act  of 

abetting;  aid.    Bailey.  [Rare.] 
abetter,  abettor  (a-'bet'er,  -or,  or  -or),  n. 
[Formerly  ahettour";  <  abet  +  -erl,  -or^.]  1. 


less  refrangible  red  rays  (r  r)  come  to  a  focus  at  R.  A 
spot  of  light  with  a  red  border  would  be  observed  on  a 
screen  placed  at  a  a,  and  one  with  a  blue  I)order  on  a 
screen  at  b  b.  In  the  eye  the  iris  and  crystalline  lens  par- 
tially eliminate  these  aberrations.  Optical  instruments 
corrected  for  chromatic  aberration  are  called  achromatic. 
5.  In  astron.,  the  apparent  displacement  of  a 


congre- 
gate, segregate.]  To  separate  from  a  flock. 
Cockeram,  1612. 

„  .  _  [<ML.  ab- 

gregatto{n-),  <  h.  abgrcgarc:  see  ahqreqate.] 
The  act  of  separating  from  a  flock.  Bailey. 
abhal  (ab'halj,  n.  A  name  given  in  the  East 
Indies  to  the  berries  of  the  common  juniper, 
Jimiperus  commmiis.  Also  spelled  abhel  and 
abhtd. 
abhel,  n.    See  ahhal. 

abhominable  (ab-hom'i-na-bl),  a.  An  old 
mode  of  spelling  abominable,  on  the  supposi- 
tion that  it  was  derived  from  ah  homine,  from 
or  repugnant  to  man,  ridiculed  as  pedantic  by 
Shakspere  in  the  character  of  the  pedant 
Holofernes. 
This  is  abhominable  (which  he  would  call  abominable). 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  1. 
[Abhominable  occurs  in  the  Promptorium  Parvulorum 
(c.  1440),  and  in  Gower ;  abhominacyoun  is  in  Wyclif's 
New  Testament,  abhominacioun  in  Chaucer,  and  abhomy- 
nacioun  in  Mandeville.  Fuller  has  abhominal,  a  foim 
made  to  suit  the  false  etymology.] 

abhor  (ab-hor' ),?;.;  pret.  and  pp.  abhorred,  ppr. 
abhorring.  [<  L.  ahhorrere,  shrink  from,  <  ab, 
from,  +  horrere,  bristle  (with  fear) :  see  hor- 
rid.] I.  trans.  1.  Literally,  to  shrink  back 
from  with  horror  or  dread ;  hence,  to  regard 
with  repugnance ;  hate  extremely  or  with  loath- 
ing; loathe,  detest,  or  abominate  :  as,  to  abhor 
evil ;  to  abhor  intrigue. 

Thou  didst  not  abhor  the  vii-gin's  womb.        Te  Deum. 

Nature  abhors  the  old,  and  old  age  seems  the  only  dis- 
ease. Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser. ,  p.  289. 

2t.  To  fill  with  horror  and  loathing ;  horrify. 

He  fAlexander]  caused  the  women  that  were  captive  to 
sing  before  him  such  songes  as  abhorred  the  ears  of  the 
Macedons  not  accustomed  to  such  things. 

J.  Brende,  tr.  of  Quintus  Curtius,  vi. 
How  abhorred  my  imagination  is ;  my  gorge  rises  at  it 
Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  L 
=  SjTl.  1.  Hate,  Abhor,  Detest,  etc.    See  Aate. 


abhor 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  shrink  back  with  disgust, 
or  with  fear  and  shudderings. 
To  abhorre  from  those  vices. 

Udall,  Erasmus,  St.  James,  iv. 

2.  To  be  antagonistic ;  be  averse  or  of  oppo- 
site character :  with /mm. 

Wliich  is  utterly  abhorring  from  the  end  of  all  law. 

Milton,  Divorce,  II.  vii.  79. 

abhorrence  (ab-hor'ens),  w.  {_i  abhorrent :  see 
-«Hce.]  1.  The  act  of  abhorring  ;  a  feeling  of 
extreme  aversion  or  detestation ;  strong  hatred. 

One  man  thinks  justice  consists  in  paying  debts,  and  has 
no  measure  in  his  abhorrence  of  another  who  is  very  re- 
miss in  tliis  duty.  Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  286. 

2t.  An  expression  of  abhorrence.  Specifically, 
an  address  presented  in  1680  to  Charles  II.  of  England, 
e.\pressing  abhorrence  of  the  Addressers  (which  see). 

3.  That  which  excites  repugnance  or  loathing: 
as,  servility  is  my  abhorrence.  =  syn.  1.  Horror, 
hatred,  detestation,  repugnance,  disgust,  loathing,  shrink- 
ing, antipathy,  aversion. 

abhorrencyt  (ab-hor'en-si),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  abhoiTent,  or  the  state  of  regarding  any- 
thing with  horror  or  loathing. 

The  first  tendency  to  any  injustice  .  .  .  must  be  sup- 
pressed with  a  show  of  wonder  and  abhorrency  in  the 
parents.  Locke,  Education,  ^  110. 

abhorrent  (ab-hor'ent),  a.  [<L.  abhorren(t-)s, 
ppr.  ot  ahhorrere :  see  abhor.']  1.  Hating;  de- 
testing ;  struck  with  abhorrence. 

The  arts  of  pleasure  in  despotic  courts 

I  spurn  abhorrent.  Glover,  Leonidas,  x. 

2.  Exciting  horror  or  abhorrence ;  very  repul- 
sive ;  detestable:  as,  abhorrent  scenes;  an 
abhorrent  criminal  or  course  of  conduct. — 3. 
Contrary;  utterly  repugnant;  causing  aver- 
sion: formerly  with  from,  now  with  to. 

And  yet  it  is  so  abhorrent  from  the  vulgar. 

Glanville,  Seep.  Sci. 

Christianity  turns  from  these  scenes  of  strife,  as  abhor- 
rent to  her  highest  injunctions.       Sumner,  Aug.  27, 1816. 

abhorrently  (ab-hor'ent-li),  adv.    With  abhor- 
rence ;  in  an  abhorrent  manner, 
abhorrer  (ab-hor'er),  n.    One  who  abhors. 

Specifically  (with  or  without  a  capital  letter),  in  the  reign 
of  Charles  II.  of  England,  a  member  of  the  court  party, 
afterward  called  Tories.  They  derived  their  name  from 
their  professed  abhorrence  of  the  principles  of  the  Ad- 
dressers, who  endeavored  to  restrict  the  royal  prerogative. 
See  addresser. 

Scarce  a  day  passed  but  some  abhorrer  was  dragged 
before  them  [the  House  of  Commons]  and  committed  to 
the  custody  of  the  sergeant-at-arms,  at  the  pleasure  of  the 
house.  Roger  North,  Examen,  p.  561. 

abhorrible  (ab-hor'i-bl),  a.  [<  abhor  +  -ible, 
after  horrible.]  Worthy  or  deserving  to  be  ab- 
horred. [Bare.] 

abhorring  (ab-hor'ing),  n.  1.  A  feeling  of  ab- 
horrence ;  loathing. 

I  find  no  abhorring  in  my  appetite.      Donne,  Devotion. 
2t-  An  object  of  abhorrence. 
They  shall  be  an  abhorring  unto  all  fiesh.     Isa,  Ixvi.  24. 
abhul,  n.    See  abhal. 

Abia(a'bi-a), «.  A  genus  otHymenopter a.  Leach. 

Abib  (a'bii)),  n.  [Heb.  dbib,  an  ear  of  corn, 
<  (ibab,  produce  early  fruit,  <  db,  swelling.] 
The  time  of  newly  ripe  grain  ;  the  first  month 
of  the  Jewish  ecclesiastical  year,  beginning 
with  the  new  moon  of  March.  Abib  seems  to  have 
been  the  designation  of  a  season  rather  than  the  name  of 
a  month.  After  the  Babylonish  captivity  it  was  also 
called  Xisan  (Seh.  ii.  1). 

abidance  (a-bi'dans),  n.  [<  abided  +  -ance.] 
The  act  of  abiding  or  continuing ;  abode  ;  stay. 
Fuller.  [Rare.] 

And  then,  moreover,  there  is  His  personal  abidance  in 
our  churches,  raising  earthly  service  into  a  foretaste  of 
heaven.  J.  H.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  475. 

abidei  (a-bid'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  abode,  ppr. 
abiding.  [<  ME.  abiden  (pret.  sing,  abod,  pi. 
abiden,  pp.  abiden),  <  AS.  dbidan  (pret.  sing. 
abdd,  pi.  abidon,  pp.  abiden)  (=  Goth,  nsbeidan, 
expect),  <  «-  -I-  bidan,  bide :  see  bide.  The  ME. 
and  AS.  forms  are  trans,  and  intrans.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  wait  for;  especially,  to  stand  one's 
ground  against. 
Abide  me  if  thou  dar'st.  Shah,  M.  N".  D.,  iii.  2. 

Howbeit  we  abide  our  day  !      M.  Arnold,  Balder  Dead. 

2.  To  await ;  be  in  store  for. 

Bonds  and  afflictions  abide  me.  Acts  xx.  23. 

3.  To  endure  or  sustain ;  remain  firm  under. 
Wlio  may  abide  the  day  of  his  coming?  Mai.  Iii.  2. 
Greatness  does  not  need  plenty,  and  can  very  well  abide 

its  loss.  Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser. ,  p.  232. 

4.  To  put  up  with;  tolerate.  [In  this  collo- 
quial sense  approaching  abide'^.] 

I  cannot  abide  the  smell  of  hot  meat. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  3. 


11 

As  for  disappointing  them,  I  shouldn't  so  much  mind, 
but  I  can't  abide  to  disappoint  myself. 

Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  i.  1. 
5t.  To  encounter;  undergo:  in  a  jocular 
sense.  [?] 

I  wil  give  hym  the  alder-beste 
Gifte,  that  ever  he  abode  hys  lyve. 

Chaucer,  Dethe  of  Blaunche,  1.  247. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  have  one's  abode ;  dwell; 
reside. 

In  the  noiseless  air  and  light  that  flowed 
Round  your  fair  brows,  eternal  Peace  abode. 

Bryant,  To  the  Apennines. 

2.  To  remain  ;  continue  to  stay. 

Except  these  abide  in  the  ship,  ye  cannot  be  saved. 

Acts  xxvii.  31. 

Here  no  man  can  abide,  except  he  be  ready  with  all  his 
heart  to  humble  himself  for  the  love  of  God. 

Thomas  d  Kem2ns,  Im.  of  Christ,  i.  17. 

3.  To  continue  in  a  certain  condition ;  remain 
steadfast  or  faithful. 

But  she  is  happier  if  she  so  abide  [in  widowhood]. 

1  Cor.  vii.  40. 

4t.  To  wait ;  stop ;  delay. 

He  hasteth  wel  that  wysly  kan  abyde. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  949. 

5.  To  inhere  ;  belong  as  an  attribute  or  qual- 
ity ;  have  its  seat. 
Though  far  more  cause,  yet  much  less  spirit  to  curse 
Abides  in  me.  Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  4. 

To  abide  by.  (a)  To  remain  at  rest  beside  :  as,  "abide 
by  thy  crib,"  Job  xxsLx.  9.  (6)  To  adhere  to  ;  maintain  ; 
defend  ;  stand  to  :  as,  to  abide  by  a  friend.  Specifically, 
in  Scots  law,  to  adhere  to  as  true  and  genuine :  said  of 
the  party  who  relies  upon  a  deed  or  writing  which  the 
other  party  desires  to  have  reduced  or  declared  null  and 
void,  on  the  ground  of  forgery  or  falsehood,  (c)  To  await 
or  accept  the  consequences  of  ;  rest  satisfied  with  :  as,  to 
abide  by  the  event  or  issue.  =  Syn.  1  and  2.  Abide, 
Sojom-n,  Contimie,  Dwell,  Reside,  Live,  remain,  stay, 
stop,  lodge,  settle,  settle  down,  tarry,  linger.  Live  is  the 
most  general  word  :  to  pass  one's  life,  without  indicating 
place,  time,  or  manner.  Abide,  sojourn,  to  stay  for  a 
time  —  length  of  stay  being  associated  in  the  mind  with 
the  former,  and  briefness  or  shortness  of  stay  with  the 
latter.  Continue,  to  stay  on,  without  interval  of  absence. 
Dwell,  to  be  domiciled.  Reside,  to  have  one's  home ;  dwell. 
And  if  these  pleasures  may  thee  move, 
Then  live  with  me  and  be  my  love. 

Marlowe,  Shepherd  to  his  Love. 

0  Thou  who  changest  not,  abide  with  me  !  Lyte. 
A  certain  man  of  Beth-lehem-judah  went  to  sojourn  ui 

the  country  of  Moab,  he,  and  his  wife,  and  his  two  sons. 
.  .  .  And  they  came  into  the  country  of  Moab,  and  con- 
tinued there.  Ruth  i.  1,  2. 
And  Moses  was  content  to  dwell  with  the  man. 

Exod.  ii.  21. 

There,  at  the  moated  grange,  resides  this  dejected  Ma- 
riana. Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 

abide^  (a-bid'),  v.  t.  [This  word  in  the  sense 
of  '  suffer  for '  does  not  occur  much  earlier  than 
Shakspere's  time.  It  is  a  corruption  of  ME. 
abijen,  pay  for,  due  to  confusion  with  abided, 
wait  for  (as  if  that  sense  were  equivalent  to 
'endure'):  see  further  under  aby^,  and  cf. 
abide'^,  v.  t.,  4.]  To  pay  the  price  or  penalty 
of ;  suffer  for. 

If  it  be  found  so,  some  will  dear  abide  it. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iii.  2. 
Ah  me  !  they  little  know 
How  dearly  I  abide  that  boast  so  vain. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  86. 

abident.  Old  perfect  participle  of  ahide^. 
abider  (a-bi'der),  n.    [i  abided  +  -er'i-.]  One 

who  dwells  or  continues ;  one  who  lives  or 

resides. 

abiding  (a-bi'ding),  p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  abide^.] 
Continuing ;  permanent ;   steadfast :  as,  an 
abiding  faith. 
Here  thou  hast  no  abiding  city. 

Thoinas  d  Kempis,  Im.  of  Christ,  ii.  1. 

1  do  not  think  that  Pope's  verse  anywhere  sings.  But  it 
should  seem  that  the  abiding  presence  of  fancy  in  his  best 
work  forbids  his  exclusion  from  the  rank  of  poet. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  432. 

abidingly  (a-bi'ding-li),  adv.  In  an  abiding 
manner;  enduringly;  lastingly;  permanently. 

abiding-place  (a-bi'ding-plas),  n.  l<  abiding, 
verbal  n.  of  abided,  +  jjlace.]  A  place  where 
one  abides ;  a  permanent  dwelling-place ;  hence, 
a  place  of  rest ;  a  resting-place. 

A  very  charming  little  abiding-place. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  41. 
Many  ot  these  plants   .  .  .  found  suitable  abiding- 
places  at  the  South.  Science,  III.  359. 

Abies  (ab'i-ez),  n.  [L.  aiies  (aUet-),  the  silver 
fir;  origin  unknown.]  A  genus  of  trees,  the 
firs,  of  the  suborder  Abietinew,  natural  order 
Coniferw,  some  of  which  are  valuable  for  their 
timber,  it  differs  from  Pinus  in  its  solitary  leaves  and 
in  the  thin  scales  of  its  cones,  which  ripen  the  first  year. 
From  the  allied  genera  Picea,  Tsuga,  etc.,  with  which 
it  has  sometimes  been  united,  it  is  distinguished  by  its 
closely  sessile  leaves,  by  the  bracts  of  the  female  aments 
being  much  larger  than  the  scales,  and  by  having  erect 
cones  with  deciduous  scales.   It  includes  16  or  18  species, 


The  leaves  are  linear  or 


(i)  stamina te  and  f2)  pistil- 
late inflorescence  of  the  pine: 
(3)  a  pistillate  scale,  and  (4) 
the  same  showing  a  longitudi- 
nal section  of  the  ovules. 


ability 

confined  to  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  equally  divided 
lietween  the  old  and  new  worlds.  To  it  belong  the  sil- 
ver fir  of  central  Europe  (A.  iiecVinnta),  tlie  Ijalsam-fir  of 
eastern  North  America  (.^1.  bulsamea),  the  red  aiKl  wliite 
firs  of  western  America  (A.  grandis,  concolor,  and  nobH.in), 
the  sacred  fir  of  Mexico  (A.  religiosa),  etc.  See  fir. 

abietene  (ab'i-e-ten),  w.  [<  L.  abies  (ahict-), 
the  fir,  -I-  -ene.i  A  hydrocarbon  obtained  by 
distillation  from  the  resin  of  the  nut-pine 
of  California,  Pinus  Sabiniana.  it  consists  almost 
wholly  of  normal  heptane,  C7H],;,  and  is  a  nearly  color- 
less mobile  liquid,  having  a  strong  aromatic  smell,  highly 
inflammable,  and  burning  witli  a  white,  smokeless  liame. 

abiotic  (ab-i-et'ik),  a.  [<  L.  abies  (abict-),  the 
fir,  +  -ic]  Of  or  pertaining  to  trees  of  the 
genus  Abies;  derived  from  the  fir.— Abietic 
acid,  C2oH3o02>  acid  olitained  from  the  resin  of  some 
species  of  pine,  larch,  and  fir.  These  resins  are  anhydrids 
of  abietic  acid  or  mixtures  containing  it. 

abietin  (ab'i-e-tin),  n.  [<  L.  abies  (abiet-),  the 
fir,  -I-  -in^.]  A  tasteless,  inodorous  resin,  de- 
rived from  the  turpentine  obtained  from  some 
species  of  the  genus  Abies. 

Abietinese  (ab*i-e-tin'e-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  L. 
abies  {abiet-),  the  fir,  +  -in-ew.]  A  suborder  of 
the  natural  order  Coniferw,  distinguished  by 
bearing  strobiles  (cones)  with  two  inverted 
ovules  at  the  base  of  each  scale,  which  become 
winged  samaroid  seeds, 
needle-shaped,  and  never  two- 
ranked.  It  includes  many  of 
the  most  valuable  kinds  of  tim- 
ber-trees, viz.,  pine  {Finns), 
true  cedar  (Cedrus),  spruce  (Pi- 
cea), hemlock-spruce  {Tsuga), 
Douglas's  spruce(Psct/rfofs?/!/a), 
fir  (Abies),  and  larch  (Larix). 

abietinic  (ab''''i-e-tin'ik), 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  de- 
rived from  abietin :  as, 
abietinic  acid. 

abietite  (ab'i-e-tit),  n. 
[<  L.  abies  (abiet-),  the  fir, 
+  -ite'^.]  A  sugar,  CgHgOs, 
obtained  from  the  needles 
of  the  European  silver  fir, 
Abies  pectinata. 

Abietites  (ab"i-e-ti'tez), 
n.  [NL.,  pi.  (so.,  plantw), 

<  L.  abies  (abiet-),  the  fir.]  A  genus  of  fossD. 
plants,  natural  order  Coniferce,  occurring  in  the 
Wealden  and  Lower  Greensand  strata. 

Abigail  (ab'i-gal),  n.  [<  Abigail,  the  "waiting 
gentlewoman "  in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's 
play  of  "The  Scornful  Lady" — so  named, 
perhaps,  in  allusion  to  the  expression  "thine 
handmaid,"  applied  to  herself  by  Abigail,  the 
vrife  of  Nabal,  when  carrying  provisions  to 
David :  see  1  Sam.  xxv.  2-41.]  A  general  name 
for  a  waiting-woman  or  lady's-maid.  [CoUoq.] 
Sometimes  written  as  a  common  noun,  with- 
out a  capital. 

The  Abigail,  by  immemorial  custom,  being  a  deodand, 
and  belonging  to  holy  Chui-ch. 

Reply  to  Ladies  and  Bachelors  Petition,  1694 

(Harl.  Misc.,  IV.  440). 
I  myself  have  seen  one  of  these  male  Abigails  tripping 
about  the  room  with  a  looking-glass  in  his  hand  and 
combing  his  lady's  hair  a  whole  morning  together. 

Spectator. 

abigeat  (ab-ij'f-at),  n.  [<  OF.  abigeat,  <  L. 
abigeatus.  cattle-stealing,  <  abigeus,  a  cattle- 
stealer,  <  abigere,  drive  away :  see  abactor. 
For  the  second  sense  (6),  cf.  L.  abiga,  a  plant 
which  has  the  power  of  producing  abortion, 

<  abigere,  as  above.]  In  law :  (a)  The  crime 
of  stealing  or  driving  off  cattle  in  droves.  (6) 
A  miscarriage  procured  by  art. 

abiliatet  (a-bil'i-at),  v.  t.  [For  abilitate;  or 
irreg.  forni'ed  from  able,  L.  habilis,  ML.  {h)abi- 
lis.]    To  enable.    Bacon.  [Rare.] 

abilimentt  (a-bil'i-ment),  n.  [Var.  of  habili- 
ment, q.  v.]  Ability:  as,  "  abiliment  to  steer  a, 
kingdom,"  Ford,  Broken  Heart,  v.  2. 

abilimen'tst,  «•  pi.    Same  as  habiliments. 

abilitatet  (a-bil'i-tat),  r.  t.  [<ML.  habilitatus, 
pp.  of  habititare  (>  OF.  habileter,  habiliter),  ren- 
der uhle,  <  habilis,  aMe:  see  ablc^.]  To  assist. 
Nicholas  Ferrar. 

ability  (a-bil'i-ti),  ??.  [<  ME.  abilite  (four  svl- 
lables),  ■<  OF."  habiJite  (ME.  also  ablcte,  <  OF. 
ablete),  <  L.  habilita{t-)s,  ML.  abili1ait-).s,  apt- 
ness, <.  habilis,  apt,  able:  see  able^.]  1.  The 
state  or  condition  of  being  able  ;  power  or 
capacity  to  do  or  act  in  any  relation ;  compe- 
tence in  any  occupation  or  field  of  action,  from 
the  possession  of  capacity,  skill,  means,  or 
other  qualification. 

They  gave  after  their  ability  unto  the  treasure  of  the 
work.  Ezra  ii.  69. 

Alas !  what  poor 
Ability's  in  me  to  do  Iiim  good  ? 

Shak.,  M.  forM.,  i.  5 


ability 

To  the  close  of  the  Republic,  the  law  was  the  sole  field 
for  all  ability  except  the  special  talent  of  a  capacity  for 
generalship.  Maine,  Village  Communities,  p.  380. 

We  must  regard  the  colloidal  compounds  of  which  or- 
ganisms are  built  as  having,  by  their  physical  nature,  the 
ability  to  separate  colloids  from  crystalloids. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  7. 

2.  pi.  In  a  concrete  sense,  talents ;  mental 
gifts  or  endowments. 

Natural  abilities  are  like  natural  plants,  that  need  prun- 
ing by  study.  Bacon,  Studies,  Essay  50. 

He  had  good  abilities,  a  genial  temper,  and  no  vices. 

Emerson,  Soc.  and  Sol. 
8.  The  condition  of  being  able  to  pay  or  to 
meet  pecuniary  obligations ;  possession  of 
means  :  called  distinctively  fimmcial  or  pecu- 
niary ahilitij. 

Out  of  my  lean  and  low  ability 
I'll  lend  you  something.       SItak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  1. 
A  draft  upon  my  neighbour  was  to  me  the  same  as 
money ;  for  I  was  sufficiently  convinced  of  his  ability. 

Goldsmith,  Vicar,  .\iv. 

4.  That  which  is  within  one's  power  to  do; 
best  endeavor. 

Be  thovi  assur'd,  good  Cassio,  I  will  do 
All  my  abilities  in  thy  behalf.  Shak.,  0th.,  iii.  3. 
=Syn.  1.  Ability,  Capacity,  power,  strength,  skill,  dex- 
terity; faculty,  capability,  qualification,  efficiency.  Ability 
denotes  active  power  or  power  to  perform,  and  is  used 
with  regard  to  power  of  any  kind.  Capacity  conveys  the 
idea  of  receptiveness,  of  the  possession  of  resources ;  it  is 
potential  ratlier  than  actual,  and  may  be  no  more  than 
undeveloped  ability.  Ability  is  manifested  in  action,  wliile 
capacity  does  not  imply  action,  as  when  we  speak  of  a  ca- 
pacity for  virtue.  Capacity  is  the  gift  of  nature  ;  ability 
is  partly  the  result  of  education  or  opportunity. 

What  is  a  power,  but  the  ability  or  faculty  of  doing  a 
thing?  What  is  the  ability  to  do  a  thing,  but  tlie  power 
of  employing  the  means  necessary  to  its  execution  ? 

A.  Hamilton,  Federalist,  No.  S3. 

Capacity  is  requisite  to  devise,  and  ability  to  execute,  a 
great  enterprise.  H.  Taylor. 

2.  Abilities,  Talents,  Parts,  etc.  (see  genius),  gifts,  fac- 
ulty, aptitude,  accomplishments. 

-ability.    See  -aMe,  -hilitij,  -ibility. 

abilliamentst  (a-bil'i-a-ments),  n.  pi.  [<  OF. 
habillemenf,  armor,  war  equipments  (mod.  F., 
clothing)  ;  the  E.  spelling  -Ui-  imitates  the 
sound  of  F.  U,  as  in  billiards,  q.  v.  See  habili- 
ment.^ Same  as  habiliments,  but  applied  more 
especially  to  armor  and  warlike  stores. 

And  now  the  temple  of  Janus  being  shut,  warlike  abillia- 
ments  grew  rusty.  Arth.  Wilson,  Hist.  James  I. 

abimet,  abismet, «.  [<  OF.  abime,  earlier  abismc  : 
see  abysm.~\    An  abysm. 

Column  and  base  npbering  from  abime. 
Ballad  in  Commendacioun  of  Oure  Ladie,  1.  129. 
Feel  such  a  care,  as  one  whom  some  Abisme 
In  the  deep  Ocean  kept  had  all  his  Time. 

Drummond  of  Hawthomden,  Works,  p.  59. 

ab  initio  (ab  i-nish'i-6).  [L. :  ab,  from;  initio, 
abl.  of  beginning  :  see  initial.'}  From 

the  beginning. 

abintestate  (ab-in-tes'tat),  a.  [<LL.  abintes- 
tatus,  <  L.  ab,  from,  +  intestatus  :  see  intestate.} 
Inheriting  or  devolving  from  one  who  died  in- 
testate. 

ab  intra  (ab  in'tra).  [L. :  see  a6- and  mfra-.] 
From  within  :  opposed  to  ab  extra. 

abiogenesis  (ab"i-o-jen'e-sis),  n.  [NL.  (Huxley, 
1870),  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  (iiog,  life,  +  ytveaig,  gen- 
eration.] In  biol.,  the  production  of  living 
things  otherwise  than  through  the  growth  and 
development  of  detached  portions  of  a  parent 
organism ;  spontaneous  generation.  Abiogenesis 
was  formerly  supposed  to  prevail  quite  widely  even  among 
comparatively  complex  forms  of  life.  It  is  now  proved 
that  it  occurs,  if  at  all,  only  in  the  simplest  microscopic 
organisms,  and  the  weight  of  evidence  is  adverse  to  the 
claim  that  it  has  been  directly  demonstrated  there.  The 
tendency  of  recent  biological  discussion,  however,  is  to- 
ward the  assumption  of  a  process  of  natural  conversion 
of  non-living  into  living  matter  at  the  dawn  of  life  on 
this  earth.  Also  called  abiogeny.  See  biogenesis  and  het- 
erogenesis. 

At  the  present  moment  there  is  not  a  shadow  of  trust- 
worthy direct  evidence  that  abiogenesis  does  take  place, 
or  has  taken  place  within  the  period  during  which  the 
existence  of  life  on  the  globe  is  recorded. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  40. 

abiogenesist  (ab^i-o-jeu'e-sist),  n.  [<  abior/cnc- 
sis  +  -ist.}    Same  as  abiogenist. 

abiogenetic  (ab'i-o-je-net'ik),  a.  [See  abio- 
genesis and  genetic.}  Of  or  pertaining  to  abio- 
genesis. 

abiogenetically  (ab'^i-o-je-nefi-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  abiogenetic  manner;  by  spontaneous  gener- 
ation ;  as  regards  abiogenesis. 

abiogenist  (ab-i-oj'e-nist),  «.  \_<.aUogeny  + 
-ist.}  A  believer  in  the  doctrine  of  abiogenesis. 
Also  called  abiogenesist. 

abiogenoilS  (ab-i-oj'e-nus),  a.  Produced  'by 
spontaneous  generation. 


12 

abiogeny  (ab-i-oj'e-ni),  n.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  (3iog, 
life,  +  -yevf/c,  -born  :  see  abiogenesis  and  -gen.} 
Same  as  abiogenesis. 
abiological  (ab"i-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv. 
+  E.  biological.}  Not  biological ;  not  pertain- 
ing to  biology. 

The  biological  sciences  are  sharply  marked  off  from  the 
abiological,  or  those  which  treat  of  the  phenomena  mani- 
fested by  not-living  matter.    Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  1. 

abiologically  (ab"i-o-loj'i-kal-i),  adr.  Not  bio- 
logically ;  in  an  abiological  manner, 
abirritant   (ab-ir'i-tant),  n.     [<  L.  ab,  from, 
+  E.  irritant.}    In  med.,  a  soothing  drug  or 
application. 

abirritate  (ab-ir'i-tat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  abir- 
ritated,-p^r.  abirritating.  [<L.  a&,  from,  +  E. 
irritate.}  In  med.,  to  deaden  or  lessen  irrita- 
tion in  ;  soothe  by  removing  or  diminishing 
irritability. 

abirritation  (ab-ir-i-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ab,  away, 
from,  +  E.  irritation.}    liipathol.,  the  removal 
or  diminution  of  irritation  or  irritability  in  the 
various  tissues, 
abirritative  (ab-ir'i-ta-tiv),  a.    Tending  to  ab- 
irritate ;  due  to  abirritation, 
abismet,  ».    See  abime. 
abitt.    Third  person  sing.  pres.  of  a&idel. 
abitt,  «.    Obsolete  form  of  habit. 
abitaclet,  n.    Obsolete  form  of  habitacle. 
abitet,  v.  t._   [ME.  abitan,  <  AS.  dbltan,  bite,  eat, 
devour,  <  a- +  bite.]    To  bite;  eat;  de- 

vour. 

abitiont  (ab-ish'on),  M.  [<  L.  abitioinr-),  <  ahire, 
go  away,  <  ab,  away,  +  ire,  go.]  The  act  of 
departing ;  death, 
abject  (ab'jekt),  «.  and  «.  [<  ME.  abject,  Kh. 
abjectus,  downcast,  low,  mean,  pp.  of  abiccre, 
also  spelled  abjicere,  <  ab,  away,  -I-  jacerc,  throw, 
=  Gr.  idTrrew,  throw:  see  iambic.}  I,  a.  If.  Cast 
aside  ;  cast  away ;  abjected. 

So  thick  bestrown. 
Abject  and  lost,  lay  these,  covering  the  flood, 
Under  amazement  of  their  hideous  change. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  312. 
2.  Low  in  condition  or  in  estimation  ;  utterly 
humiliating  or  disheartening ;  so  low  as  to  be 
hopeless :  as,  abject  poverty,  disgrace,  or  ser- 
vitude.—  3.  Low  in  kind  or  character ;  mean; 
despicable  ;  servile  ;  groveling. 

Or  in  this  abject  posture  have  ye  sworn 
To  adore  the  conqueror?  Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  322. 
=Syn.  3.  Abject,  Low,  Mean,  Groveling,  debased,  despi- 
cable, degraded,  degenerate,  wretched,  menial,  worthless, 
beggarly.  (See  list  under  tow.)  Abject,  low,  and  mean  may 
have  essentially  the  same  meaning,  but  loia  is  more  often 
used  with  respect  to  nature,  condition,  or  rank ;  mean, 
to  character  or  conduct ;  abject,  to  spirit.  Groveling  has 
the  vividness  of  figurative  use  ;  it  represents  natural  dis- 
position toward  what  is  low  and  base.  Loiv  is  generally 
stronger  than  mean,  conformably  to  the  original  senses  of 
the  two  words. 

Never  debase  yourself  by  treacherous  ways. 
Nor  by  such  abject  methods  seek  for  praise. 

Dryden,  Art  of  Poetry,  iv.  976. 
An  abject  man  he  [Wolsey]  was,  in  spite  of  his  pride ;  for 
being  overtaken  riding  out  of  that  place  towards  Esher  by 
one  of  the  King's  chamberlains,  who  brought  him  a  kind 
message  and  a  ring,  he  alighted  from  his  mule,  took  oft 
his  cap,  and  kneeled  down  in  the  dirt. 

Dickens,  Child's  Hist.  Eng.,  xxvii. 
■What  in  me  is  dark 
Illumine,  what  is  low  raise  and  support. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  23. 
There  is  hardly  a  spirit  upon  earth  so  mean  and  con- 
tracted as  to  centre  all  regards  on  its  own  interests. 

Bp.  Berkeley. 

This  vice  of  intemperance  is  the  arch-abomination  of 
our  natures,  tending  ...  to  drag  down  the  soul  to  the 
slavery  of  grovelling  lusts.  Everett,  Orations,  I.  374. 

Il.t  n.  A  person  who  is  abjectly  base,  ser- 
vile, or  dependent ;  a  caitiff  or  menial. 

Yea,  the  abjects  gathered  themselves  together  against 
me,  and  I  knew  it  not.  Ps.  xxxv.  15. 

We  are  the  queen's  abjects,  and  must  obey. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  2. 
abjectt  (ab-jekf),  V.  t.    [<  L.  abjectus,  pp.:  see 
the  adj.]    1.  To  throw  away;  cast  off  or  out. 

For  that  offence  only  Almighty  God  abjected  Saul,  that 
he  should  no  more  reign  over  Israel. 

Sir  T.  Elyot,  The  Governour,  i. 
2.  To  make  abject ;  humiliate  ;  degrade. 

It  abjected  his  spirit  to  that  degree  that  he  fell  danger- 
ously sick.  Strype,  Memorials,  i.  15. 

What  is  it  that  can  make  this  gallant  so  stoop  and  ab- 
ject himself  so  basely?        Fotherby,  Atheomastix,  p.  48. 

abjectednesst  (ab-jek'ted-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  condition  of  being  abject;  abjectness;  hu- 
miliation. 

Our  Saviour  sunk  himself  to  the  bottom  of  abjectedness 
to  exalt  our  condition  to  the  contrary  extreme.  Boyle. 
abjection  (ab-jek'shon),  n.    1<'ME.  abjeccioun, 
<  OF.  abjection,  <  L.  abjectio(n-),  act  of  casting 
away,  <  abicere,  abjicere :  see  abject,  a.}    If.  The 


abjurer 

act  of  easting  away  or  down  ;  the  act  of  hum- 
bling'or  abasing ;  abasement. 

The  audacite  and  bolde  speche  of  Daniel  signifyeth  the 
abjection  of  the  kynge  and  his  realme. 

Jo-ye,  Exp.  of  Daniel,  ch.  v. 

2.  The  state  of  being  cast  down  or  away ; 
hence,  a  low  state  ;  meanness  of  spirit ;  base- 
ness ;  groveling  humility  ;  abjectness. 

That  this  should  be  termed  baseness,  abjection  of  mind, 
or  servility,  is  it  credible?        Hooker,  Eccl.  Pol.,  v.  §  47. 
Contempt  for  his  abjection  at  the  foul  feet  of  the  Church. 

Swinburne,  Shakespeare,  p.  80. 

3.  Eejection;  expulsion. 
Calvin  understands  by  Christ's  descending  into  hell, 

that  he  suffered  in  liis  soul  ...  all  the  torments  of  hell^ 
even  to  abjection  from  God's  presence. 

Heylin,  Hist,  of  Presbyterians,  p.  360. 
abjective  (ab-jek'tiv),   a.     [<  abject  +  -ive.} 
Tending  to  abase ;  demoralizing :  as,  abjective 
influence.    Pall  Mall  Gascttc. 
abjectly  (ab'jekt-li),  adv.    In  an  abject,  mean, 
or  servile  manner. 

See  the  statue  which  I  create.    It  is  abjectly  servile  to 
my  will,  and  has  no  capacity  whatever  to  gainsay  it. 

H.  James,  Subs,  and  Shad.,  p.  40. 
abjectness  (ab'jekt-nes),  n.     The   state  or 
quality  of  being  abject,  mean-spirited,  or  de- 
graded ;  abasement ;  servility. 

When  a  wild  animal  is  subdued  to  abjectness,  all  its  in- 
terest is  gone.  Higginson,  Oldport  Days,  p.  37. 

abjudge  (ab-juj'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  abjudged, 
ppr.  abjudging.  [<  ab-  +  judge,  after  abjudicate, 
q.  v.]  To  take  away  by  judicial  decision;  rule 
out.  [Rare.] 
abjudicate!  (ab-jo'di-kat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  ahjudi- 
catus,  pp.  of  abjudicarc,  <  ab,  away,  +  judicare, 
judge:  see  judge.}  1.  To  take  away  by  judicial 
sentence.  A.<ih. —  2.  To  judge  to  be  illegal  or 
erroneous;  reject  as  wi-ong:  as,  to  abjudicate 
a  contract. 

abjudication  (ab-jo-di-ka'shon),  n.  [<  abjudi- 
cate.} Deprivation  by  judgment  of  a  court; 
a  divesting  by  judicial  decree.  Specifically,  a 
legal  decision  by  which  the  real  estate  of  a  debtor  is  ad- 
judged to  his  creditor, 
abjugatet  (ab'jo-gat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  abjugatus, 
pp.  of  abjugare,  unyoke,  <  ab,  from,  +  jugum 
=_E.  yoke.}  To  unyoke.  Bailey. 
abjuncti've  (ab-jungk'tiv),  a.  [<  L.  ahjunctus, 
pp.  of  abjungere,  unyoke,  separate,  <  ab,  from, 
+  jungere,  join.  Of.  conjunctive  and  subjunctive.} 
Isolated ;  exceptional.  [Bare.] 

It  is  this  power  which  leads  on  .  .  .  from  the  accidental 
and  abjunctive  to  the  universal.    7s.  Taylor,  Sat.  live.,  xxi. 

abjuration  (ab-jo-ra'shon),  n.  [<  L.  abjm-a- 
tio{n-),  <  abju7-are:  see  abjure.}  The  act  of 
abjuring ;  a  renunciation  upon  oath,  or  with 
great  solemnity  or  strong  asseveration :  as,  to 
take  an  oath  of  abjuration;  an  abjuration  of 

heresy.  The  oath  of  abjuration  is  the  negative  part  of 
the  oath  of  allegiance.  In  the  United  States,  foreigners 
seeking  naturalization  must  on  oath  renounce  all  alle- 
giance to  every  foreign  sovereignty,  as  well  as  swear 
allegiance  to  the  constitution  and  government  of  the 
United  States.  Formerly,  in  England,  public  officers  were 
required  to  take  an  bath  of  abjuration,  in  which  they 
renounced  allegiance  to  the  house  of  Stuart  and  acknow- 
ledged the  title  of  the  liouse  of  Hanover, 
abjuratory  (ab-jo'ra-to-ri),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
expressing  abjuration— Abjuratory  anathema. 
See  anathema. 

abjure  (ab-jor'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  abjured,  ppr. 
abjuring.  [<  F.  abjurer,  <  L.  abjurare,  deny  on 
oath,  <  ab,  from,  +  jurare,  swear,  <  jus  (jur-), 
law,  right.  Gt.  adjure,  conjure, perjure.}  J.,  trans. 
1.  To  renounce  upon  oath;  forswear;  with- 
draw formally  from  :  as,  to  abjure  allegiance  to 
a  prince. —  2.  To  renounce  or  repudiate;  aban- 
don ;  retract ;  especially,  to  renounce  or  re- 
tract with  solemnity :  as,  to  abjure  one's  errors 
or  wrong  practices. 

I  put  myself  to  thy  direction,  and 
Unspeak  mine  own  detraction  ;  here  abjure 
The  taints  and  blames  I  laid  upon  myself. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 
Not  a  few  impecunious  zealots  abjtired  the  use  of 
money  (unless  earned  by  other  people),  professing  to  live 
on  the  internal  revenues  of  the  spirit. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  194. 
To  abjure  the  realm,  formerly,  in  England,  to  swear 
to  leave  the  country  and  never  return  :  an  oath  by  which 
felons  taking  refuge  in  a  church  might  in  some  cases 
save  their  lives.  =  Syn.  To  Renounce,  Becant,  Abjure,  etc. 
(see  renounce),  relinquish,  abandon,  disavow,  take  back, 
disclaim,  repudiate,  unsay. 

II.  intrans.   To  take  an  oath  of  abjuration. 
One  Thomas  Harding,  .  .  .  who  had  abjured  in  the  year 
1506.  Bp.  Burnet,  Hist,  of  Eef.,  i.  166. 

abjurementt  (ab-jor'ment),  n.    The  act  of  ab- 
juring ;  renunciation.   J.  Hall. 
abjurer  (ab-jo'rer),  n.   [<  abjure  +  -eri.]  One 
who  abjures  or  forswears. 


abjuror 

abjuror  (ab-jo'ror),  n.  See  abjurer, 
abkar  (ab'kar),  n.  [Hind.  Pers.  dbkdr,  a  distil- 
ler, <  Hind.  Pers.  clb,  Skt.  dp,  water,  +  kdr,  Skt. 
kdi  a,  making,  <  Skt.  ■/  kar,  make :  see  ahkari.'\ 
In  India,  one  who  makes  or  sells  spirituous 
liquors ;  one  who  pays  abkari. 
abkari,  abkary  (ab-kii'ri),  n.  [<  Hind.  Pers. 
dbkdri,  the  liquor-business,  a  distillery,  <  abkar, 
a  distiller:  see  abkar.']  Literally,  the  manu- 
facture and  sale  of  spirituous  liquors ;  hence, 
specifically,  in  British  India,  the  government 
excise  upon  such  liquors ;  the  licensing  of  deal- 
ers in  strong  drink.  The  method  of  obtaining  revenue 
from  this  source,  called  the  abkari  system,  is  by  farming 
out  the  privilege  to  contractors,  who  supply  the  retail 
dealers.    Also  spelled  abkaree,  aubkaury,  etc. 

Abkhasian  (ab-ka'zian),  «.  and  w.    I.  a.  Of 

or  belonging  to  a  Caucasian  tribe  occupying 
the  Russian  territory  of  Abkhasia  on  the  north- 
east coast  of  the  Black  Sea. 
II,  w.  A  member  of  this  tribe. 
Also  written  Abkasian,  Abcliasian,  Abasian. 

abl.   An  abbreviation  of  ablative. 

ablactate  (ab-lak'tat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
ablactatcd,  ppr.  ablactating.  [<  L.  ablactatus, 
pp.  of  ablactare,  wean,  <  ab,  from,  -f-  lactare, 
give  suck :  see  lactation.']  To  wean  from  the 
breast.  [Rare.] 

ablactation  (ab-lak-ta'sbon),  n.  [<  L.  ablacta- 
tioiii-),  weaning,  <  ablactare,  wean :  see  ablac- 
tate.] 1.  The  weaning  of  a  child  from  the 
breast. — 2.  In  }wrt.,  same  as  marching.  See 
inarch. 

ablaciuet,  ablackt  (ab'lak),  n,  A  sort  of  stuff 
used  in  the  middle  ages,  supposed  to  have  been 
made  from  the  silk  of  a  mollusk,  the  pinna, 
and  probably  similar  to  that  still  made  on  the 
shores  of  the  Mediterranean  from  the  same 
material. 

ablaqueatef  (ab-lak'we-at),  v.  t.  [<  L.  abla- 
queatus,  pp.  of  ablaqueare,  turn  up  the  earth 
around  a  tree,  prop,  disentangle,  loosen,  <  ab, 
from,  +  laqueus,  a  noose:  see  lace.]  To  lay 
bare  in  cultivation,  as  the  roots  of  trees. 

ablaqueationt  (ab-lak-we-a'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ab- 
laqueatio(n-),  <.  ablaqueare :  see  ablaqueate.]  A 
laying  bare  of  the  roots  of  trees  to  expose 
them  to  the  air  and  water.  Evelyn. 

ablastemic  (a-blas-tem'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv. 
+  E.  blastemic]  Not  blastemic ;  non-germinal. 

ablastous  (a-blas'tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  afSTiaarog,  not 
budding,  ban-en,  <  a-  priv.  +  fiAaarSc,  a  bud, 
germ.]    Without  germ  or  bud. 

ablatet  (ab-laf),  v.  t.  [<  L.  ablatus,  taken  away: 
see  ablative.]  To  take  away ;  remove.  Boorde. 

ablation  (ab-la'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ablatio{n-),  a 
taking  away,  <  ablatus,  taken  away :  see  ablate 
and  ablative,  a.]  1.  A  carrjdng  or  taking  away ; 
removal ;  suppression. 

Prohibition  extends  to  all  injustice,  whether  done  by 
force  or  fraud ;  whether  it  be  by  ablation  or  prevention  or 
detaining  of  rights.        Jer.  Taylor,  Great  Exemplar,  §  37. 

Complete  ablation  of  the  functions  of  the  nervous  sys- 
tem in  death.  Jmir.  of  Ment.  Sci.,  XXII.  15. 

2.  In  med.,  the  taking  from  the  body  by  me- 
chanical means  of  anything  hurtful,  as  a 
diseased  limb,  a  tumor,  a  foreign  body,  pus, 
or  excrement.— 3.  In  chem.,  the  removal  of 
whatever  is  finished  or  no  longer  necessary. — 
4.  In  geoL,  the  wearing  away  or  waste  of  a 
glacier  by  melting  or  evaporation, 
ablatitious  (ab-la-tish'us),  a.  [<L.  ablatus, 
taken  away,  -I-  -ititis,  -icius,  E.  -itious,  as  in  ad- 
dititious,  adscititioiis,  etc.]  Having  the  quality 
or  character  of  ablation — Ablatitious  force,  in 
astron.,  that  force  which  diminishes  the  gravitation  of  a 
satellite  toward  its  planet,  and  especially  of  the  moon  to- 
ward the  earth.   JV.  E.  D. 

ablatival  (ab-la-ti'val),  a.    [(.ablative  +  -al.] 
In  gram.,  pertaining  or  similar  to  the  ablative 
case.    See  ablative. 
The  ablatival  uses  of  the  genitive. 

Tram.  Amer.  Philol.  Ass.,  XV.  5. 

ablq,tive  (ab'la-tiv),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  ablativus,  the 
name  of  a  case,  orig.  denoting  that  from  which 
something  is  taken  away,  <  ablatus,  pp.  asso- 
ciated with  anferre,  take  away,  <  ab,  =  E.  off,  + 
ferre='E.  bear^,  with  which  are  associated  the 
pp.  latus  and  supine  latum,  OL.  tlatus,  tlatum, 
V*tta  =  Gr.  TlijvaL,  bear,  akin  to  OL.  tulere,  L. 
tollere,  lift,  and  E.  thole'^,  q.  v.]  l.a.l.  Taking 
or  tending  to  take  away  ;  tending  to  remove  ; 
pertaining  to  ablation.  [Rare.] 

mere  the  heart  is  forestalled  with  mis-opinion,  ablative 
directions  are  found  needfuU  to  unteach  error,  ere  we  can 
learne  truth.  Bp.  Hall,  Sermons,  Deceit  of  Appearance. 
2.  In  gram.,  noting  removal  or  separation: 
applied  to  a  case  which  forms  part  of  the  origi- 
nal declension  of  nouns  and  pronouns  in  the 


13 

languages  of  the  Indo-European  family,  and 
has  been  retained  by  some  of  them,  as  Latin, 
Sanskrit,  and  Zend,  while  in  some  it  is  lost,  or 
merged  in  another  case,  as  in  the  genitive  in 
Greek.  It  is  primarily  the //  om-case. —  3.  Per- 
taining to  or  of  the  uatiu'e  of  the  ablative  case : 
as,  an  ablative  construction. 

II,  n.  In  gram.,  short  for  ablative  case.  See 
ablative,  a.,  2.  Often  abbreviated  to  abl  Abla- 
tive absolute,  in  Latin  gf am. ,  the  name  given  to  a  noun 
with  a  participle  or  some  other  attributive  or  qualifying 
word,  either  expressed  or  understood,  in  the  ablative  case, 
which  is  not  dependent  upon  any  other  word  in  the  sen- 
tence. 

ablaut  (ab'lout ;  G.  pron.  ap'lout),  w.  [G.,<a6, 
off,  noting  substitution,  +  laut,  n.,  sound,  <  laut, 
a.,  loud:  see  loud.]  In  j)/wtoL,  a  substitution  of 
one  vowel  for  another  in  the  body  of  the-root  of 
a  word,  accompanying  a  modification  of  use  or 
meaning :  as,  bind,  band,  bound,  bond,  German 
bund;  more  especially,  the  change  of  a  vowel  to 
indicate  tense-change  in  strong  verbs,  instead 
of  the  addition  of  a  syllable  {-ed),  as  in  weak 
verbs  :  as,  get,  gat,  got;  sink,  sank,  sunk. 

ablaze  (a-blaz'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.    [<  a^, 
prep.,  on,  -I-  blaze^,  q.  v.]    1.  On  fire;  in  a 
blaze;  burning  briskly:  as,  the  bonfire  is 
— 2.  Figuratively,  in  a  state  of  excitement  or 
eager  desire. 

The  young  Cambridge  democrats  were  all  ablaze  to  as- 
sist Torrijos.  Carlyle. 

This  was  Emerson's  method,  ...  to  write  the  perfect 
line,  to  set  the  imagination  ablaze  with  a  single  verse. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  930. 

3.  Gleaming ;  brilliantly  lighted  up :  as,  ablaze 
with  jewelry, 
ablel  (a'bl),  a.  [<  ME,  able,  abel,  etc.,  <  OF.  able, 
hable  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  habil,  It.  abile,  <  L.  habilis, 
aec.  habilem,  apt,  expert,  <  habere,  have,  hold: 
see  habit.]  1.  Having  power  or  means  suffi- 
cient ;  qualified ;  competent :  as,  a  man  able  to 
perform  military  service  ;  a  child  is  not  able 
to  reason  on  abstract  subjects. 

Every  man  shall  give  as  he  is  able.  Deut.  xvi.  17. 

To  be  conscious  of  free-will  must  mean  to  be  conscious, 
before  I  have  decided,  that  I  am  able  to  decide  either 
way.  J.  S.  Mill. 

The  memory  may  be  disciplined  to  such  a  point  as  to  be 
able  to  perform  very  extraordinary  feats. 

Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

2.  Legally  entitled  or  authorized  ;  having  the 
requisite  legal  qualification :  as,  an  illegitimate 
son  is  not  aftfe  to  take  by  inheritance. —  3.  In 
an  absolute  sense  :  (a)  Vigorous;  active. 

His  highness  comes  post  from  Marseilles,  of  as  able  body 
as  when  he  numbered  thirty.        Shak.,  All's  Well,  iv.  5, 

(6)  Having  strong  or  unusual  powers  of  mind, 
or  intellectual  qualifications :  as,  an  able  min- 
ister. 

Provide  out  of  all  the  people  able  men.       Ex.  xviii.  21. 

With  the  assassination  of  Count  Kossi,  the  ablest  of  the 
Roman  patriots,  there  vanished  a  last  hope  of  any  other 
than  a  violent  solution  of  the  Papal  question. 

E.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  97. 

Able  for  is  now  regarded  as  a  Scotticism,  though  Shak- 

spere  has 

"  Be  able  forr  thine  enemy  rather  in  power  than  use." 

All's  Well,  i.  1. 

His  soldiers,  worn  out  with  fatigue,  were  hardly  able  for 
such  a  march.  Principal  Robertson. 

Able  seaman,  a  seaman  who  is  competent  to  perform 
any  work  which  may  be  required  of  him  on  board  ship, 
such  as  fitting  and  placing  rigging,  making  and  mending 
sails,  in  addition  to  the  ability  to  "hand,  reef,  and  steer." 
=  Syn.  1  and  3.  Capable,  competent,  qualified,  fitted, 
adequate,  efficient ;  sti'ong,  sturdy,  powerful,  vigorous ; 
talented,  accomplished,  clever. 

ablest  (a'bl),  V.  t.    [<  ME.  ablen,  abilen,  ena- 
ble, <  ME.  aWe,  aftiZ,  able.]    1.  To  enable. 
And  life  by  this  death  abled  shall  controll 
Death,  whom  thy  death  slew.  Donne,  Resurrection. 

2.  To  warrant  or  answer  for. 

None  does  offend,  none,  I  say  none  ;  I'll  able  'em. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  6. 

["  For  some  time  the  verb  able  was  not  uncommon. 
Bishop  Bale  uses  it  often  ;  Bishop  Latimer,  Shakespeare, 
Dr.  Donne,  Chapman,  etc.,  have  it  too."    F.  Hall.] 

able^  (a'ljl),  n.  [F. :  see  ablet.]  Same  as  ablet. 
-able,  -ible.    [(a)  ME.  -able,  <  OF.  -able,  mod. 

F.  -able  =  Sp.  -able  =  Pg.  -avel  =  It.  -abile,  <  L. 

-dbilis,  acc.  -dbilem;  (b)  ME.  -ible,  <0F.  -ible, 

-eble,  mod,  F.  -ible  =  Sp.  -ible  =  Pg.  -ivel  =  It. 

-ibile,  <.'Li. -ibilis,  aec.  -ibilem;  (c)  rarely -eJ/e, 

<  L.  -ebilis,  aec.  -ebilem,  etc. ;  being  -ble,  L, 
-bilis,  suffixed  in  Latin  to  a  verb-stem  ending, 
or  made  to  end,  in  a  vowel,  a,  i,  e,  etc. :  see 
-ble.  Examples  are:  (a)  ami-able,  <  ME.  aimi- 
able,  <  OF.  aimable,  <  L.  amicdbilis,  friendly, 

<  amicd-re,  make  friendly ;  (b)  horr-ible,  <  ME. 
horrible,  orrible,  <  OF.  orrible,  <  L.  horribilis, 


ablet 

<  horre-re,  shudder ;  (e)  del-eble  (negative,  irt- 
delible,  conformed  to  preceding),  <  L.  delebilis, 

<  dele-re,  destroy.  From  adjectives  in  -ble  are 
formed  nouns  in  -ncss  (-blc-ncss),  or,  from  or 
after  the  L.,  in  -biliti/,  which  in  some  cases  is  a 
restored  form  of  ME.  and  OF.  -blete,  <  L.  -bili- 
tas,  aec.  -bili-lat-cm.  See  -ble,  -bililtj,  -ittj,  -ty.] 
A  common  termination -of  English  adjectives, 
especially  of  those  based  on  verbs.  To  the  ba.se  to 
which  it  is  attached  it  generally  adds  the  notion  of  capable 
of,  wortliy  of,  and  sometimes  full  of,  causing  :  as,  obtain- 
able,  capable  of  being  obtained ;  tolerable,  capable  of  being 
home  ;  laudable,  worthy  of  praise  ;  credible,  that  may  be 
believed,  or  worthy  of  belief ;  forcible,  full  of  force  ;  hor- 
rible, terrible,  full  of  or  causing  hoiTor,  terror.  Many  of 
these  adjectives,  such  as  tolerable,  credible,  legible,  have 
been  borrowed  directly  from  the  Latin  or  the  i'rench,  and 
are  in  a  somewhat  different  position  from  those  formed  l)y 
adding  the  termination  to  an  already  existing  English 
word,  as  in  the  case  of  obtainable.  Adjectives  of  tliis 
kind,  witli  a  passive  signification,  are  the  most  numerous, 
and  the  base  may  be  Anglo-Saxon  or  Latin  ;  eatable,  bear- 
able, readable,  believable,  etc.,  are  of  the  former  kind.  Of 
those  in  -aWewith  an  active  signification  we  may  mention 
delectable,  suitable,  capable.  Of  a  neuter  signification  are 
durable,  equable,  conformable.  All  these  are  from  verbal 
bases,  but  there  are  others  derived  from  nouns,  such  as 
actionable,  objectionable,  peaceable,  salable,  serviceable. 
As  to  when  -able  and  when  -ible  is  to  be  used,  Mr.  Kitzed- 
ward  Hall  remarks :  "  Generally,  the  termination  is  -ible, 
if  the  base  is  the  essentially  uncorrupted  stem  of  a  Latin 
infinitive  or  supine  of  any  conjugation  but  the  first.  .  .  . 
To  the  rule  given  above,  however,  there  are  many  excep- 
tions. ...  To  all  verbs,  then,  from  the  Anglo-Saxon,  to 
all  based  on  the  uncorrupted  infinitival  stems  of  Latin 
verbs  of  the  first  conjugation,  and  to  all  substantives, 
whencesoever  sprung,  we  annex  -able  only."  See  his  woi'k 
"On  English  Adjectives  in  -Able,  with  Special  Reference 
to  Reliable,"  pp.  45-47. 

able-bodied  (a-'bl-bod^id),  a.  l<  able^- +  body 
+  -erf2.  ]  Having  a  sound,  strong  body ;  having 
strength  sufficient  for  physical  work :  as,  a 
dozen  able-bodied  men;  an  able-bodied  sailor. 
In  a  ship's  papers  abbreviated  to  A.  B. 

Feeding  high,  and  living  soft, 
Grew  plump  and  able-bodied. 

Tennyson,  The  Goose. 

ablegatet  (ab'le-gat),  v.  t.  [<L.  ablegatus,  pp. 
of  ablegare,  send  away,  <  ab,  off,  away,  +  legare, 
send  as  ambassador:  see  legate.]  To  send 
abroad. 

ablegate  (ab'le-gat),  n.  [<  L.  ablegatus,  pp. : 
see  ablegate,  v.]  A  papal  envoy  who  carries 
insignia  or  presents  of  honor  to  newly  ap- 
pointed cardinals  or  civil  dignitaries.  Apostolic 
ablegates  are  of  higher  rank  than  those  desig- 
nated pontifical. 

ablegation  (ab-le-ga'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ablega- 
tio(ii-),  <.  ablegare :  see  ablegate,  v.]  The  act 
of  ablegating,  or  sending  abroad  or  away ;  the 
act  of  sending  out. 

An  arbitrarious  ablegation  of  the  spirits  into  this  or  that 
determinate  part  of  the  body. 

Dr.  H.  More,  Antid.  against  Atheism,  I.  ii.  7. 

ablen  (ab'len),  n.    A  dialectal  form  of  ablet. 
ablenesst  (a'bl-nes),  n.  [<  ME.  abulnesse,  <  abul, 
abel,  able,  +  -nesse,  -ness.]    Ability  ;  power. 
I  wist  well  thine  ableness  my  service  to  further. 

Testament  of  Love. 

Ablephari  (a-blef 'a-ri),  n.  pi.  A  group  of  rep- 
tiles taking  name  from  the  genus  Ablephartis. 

Ablepharus  (a-blef 'a-rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a^At- 
0apof,  without  eyelids,  <  a-  priv.,  without,  +  (3Xi- 
<papov,  eyelid,  <  (iXeneiv,  see.    Cf.  ablepsia.]  A 


Ablepharus. 

genus  of  harmless  lizards,  family  Sciiicidee, 
with  five-toed  feet  and  only  rudimentary  eye- 
lids. 

ablepsia  (a-blep'si-a),  n.    [LL.,  <  Gr.  d/3/.£i/"'a, 
blindness,  <  a-  priv'.',  not,  +  /3/lf7rrof,  <  f3/.e~eiv, 
see.]  Want  of  sight ;  blindness.  [Rare,] 
ablepsy  (a-blep'si),  n.    Same  as  ablepsia. 
ableptically  (a-blep'ti-kal-i"),  adv.  \_<ablcpsia 
(ablept-)  +  -ic  -(-  -al  +  -ilfi.]    Blindly  ;  unob- 
servingly;  inadvertently, 
ablet  (ab'let),  n.    [<  F.  ablette,  dim.  of  able,  < 
ML.  abula,  for  albida,  a  bleak,  dim.  of  L.  albus, 
white  :  see  alb.]    A  local  English  (Westmore- 
land) name  of  the  bleak.    See  blealfl,  n.  Also 
called  ablen  and  able. 


ablewhackets 

ablewhackets  (a'bl-whak-ets),  n.  [<  able  (un- 
certain, perhaps  alluding  to  able  seaman) 
+  whack.  ]  A  game  of  cards  played  by  sailors, 
in  which  the  loser  receives  a  whack  or  blow 
with  a  knotted  handkerchief  for  every  game 
he  loses.   Also  spelled  abelwhackets. 

abligatef  (ab'li-gat),  v.  t.  [<L.  ab,  from,  + 
ligatHS,  pp.  of  ligat'v,  tie :  see  lien  and  obli- 
gate.'] _  To  tie  up  so  as  to  hinder.  Bailey. 

abligationt  (ab-li-ga'shon),  n.  The  act  of  tying 
up  so  as  to  hinder.  Smart. 

abligurition  (ab-lig-u-rish'on),  n.  [<  L.  ab- 
liguritio{ii-),  also  written  ubligurritio{n-),  a 
.  consuming  in  feasting,  <  abligiirrire,  consume 
in  feasting,  lit.  lick  away,  <  ah,  away,  +  ligur- 
rirc,  lick,  be  dainty,  akin  to  lingere,  lick,  and 
E.  lick,  q.  V.  ]  Excess ;  prodigal  expense  for 
food.  [Rare.] 

ablins,  adr.    See  aiblins. 

ablocate  (ab'lo-kat),  v.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  ablo- 
cated,  ppr.  ablocating.  [<  L.  ablocatus,  pp.  of 
ablocare,  let  out  on  hire,  <  ab,  from,  +  locare, 
let  out,  place  :  see  locate.']   To  let  out ;  lease. 

ablocation  (ab-lo-ka'shon),  n.  A  letting  for 
hire  ;  lease. 

abloom  (a-bl6m'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a^, 
prep.,  +  hloorn^.']  In  a  blooming  state;  in 
blossom. 

abludet  (ab-16d'),  v.  i.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  abluded, 
ppr.  abluding.  [<  L.  abludere,  be  different  from, 
<  ab,  from,  +  ludcre,  play.  Cf.  Gr.  aTjifoi',  sing 
out  of  tune,  dissent,  <  awd  (z=  L.  ah),  from, 
+  aSetv,  sing.]  To  be  unlike  ;  differ ;  be  out 
of  harmony.  [Rare.] 

The  wise  advice  of  our  Seneca  not  much  abluding  from 
the  counsel  of  that  blessed  apostle. 

Bp.  Hall,  Balm  of  Gilead,  vii.  1. 

abluent  (ab'lo-ent),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  abluen(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  ahhterc,  wash  off,  cleanse,  <  ah,  off,  + 
luere  =  Gr.  Xoveiv,  wash.]  I.  a.  Washing; 
cleansing ;  purifying. 

II.  H.  In  mcd. :  («)  That  which  purifies  the 
blood,  or  carries  off  impurities  from  the  system, 
especially  from  the  stomach  and  intestiues  ;  a 
detergent,  (h)  That  which  removes  filth  or 
viscid  matter  from  ulcers  or  from  the  skin, 

ablution  (ab-lo'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  ablution,  ab- 
lucioun,  <  OF.  ablution,  <  L.  ablutio(n-),  \  ab- 
luere,  wash  off:  see  abluent,  a.]  1.  In  a  gen- 
eral sense,  the  act  of  washing ;  a  cleansing 
or  purification  by  water. —  2.  Any  ceremonial 
washing.  («)  Among  the  Oriental  races,  a  washing  of  tlie 
person  or  of  parts  of  it,  as  the  hands  and  face,  and  among 
the  Hebrews  also  of  garments  and  vessels,  as  a  religious 
duty  on  certain  occasions,  or  in  preparation  for  some 
religious  act,  as  a  sign  of  moral  purification,  and  sometimes 
in  tolsen  of  innocence  of,  or  absence  of  responsibility  for, 
some  particular  crime  or  charge  (whence  the  expression 
"to  wash  one's  hands  of  anything").  The  Mohammedan 
law  requires  alilution  liefcjre  each  of  the  five  daily  prayers, 
and  permits  it  to  be  performed  with  sand  wlien  water  can- 
not be  procured,  as  in  the  desert. 

There  is  a  natural  analogy  between  the  ablution  of  the 
body  and  the  purification  of  the  soul. 

Jer.  Taylur,  Worthy  Communicant, 
(ft)  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.:  (1)  The  washing  of  the  feet  of 
the  poor  (John  xiii.  14)  on  Maundy  or  Holy  Tliursday, 
called  maiidatum.  (2)  The  washing  of  the  celebrant's 
hands  before  and  after  communion,  (c)  In  the  Eastern 
Church,  the  purification  of  the  newly  baptized  on  the 
eighth  day  after  baptism. 

3.  In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,  the  ■wine  and  water 
which  after  communion  are  separately  poured 
into  the  chalice  over  the  thumb  and  index- 
finger  of  the  officiating  priest,  who  drinks  this 
ablution  before  going  on  with  the  closing 
prayers.  —  4t.  In  chem.,  the  purification  of 
bodies  by  the  affusion  of  a  proper  liquor,  as 
water  to  dissolve  salts. —  5.  In  med.,t\ie  wash- 
ing of  the  body  externally,  as  by  baths,  or 
internally,  by  diluent  fluids. —  6.  The  water 
used  in  cleansing. 
Wash'd  by  the  briny  wave,  the  pious  train 
Are  cleansed,  and  cast  the  ablutions  in  the  main. 

Pope,  Iliad,  i.  413. 

ablutionary  (ab-l6'shon-a-ri),  a.  Pertaining 
to  ablution. 

ablu'vion  (ab-16'vi-on),  n.  [<  ML.  ahluvio(n-), 
a  changed  form  of  L.  ahluvium,  a  flood  or  del- 
uge, <  ahluere,  wash  off :  see  abluent,  a.]  If.  A 
flood. —  2.  That  which  is  washed  off  or  away. 
Dwight.  [Rare.] 

ably  (a'bli),  adv.  [<  ME.  aheliche,  <  abel,  able, 
+  -liche,  -ly2.  ]  In  an  able  manner ;  with 
ability. 

-ably.  [<  -able  +  -ly^,  ME.  dbehliche;  so  -bly, 
-ibly.]  The  termination  of  adverbs  from  adjec- 
tives in  -able. 

abnegate  (ab'ne-gat),  v.  t.:  pret.  and  pp.  abne- 
gated, ppr.  abnegating.    [<L.  abnegatus,  pp.  of 


14 

abnegare,  refuse,  deny,  <  ab,  off,  +  negare,  deny : 
see  negation.]  To  deny  (anything)  to  one's 
self ;  renounce  ;  give  up  or  surrender. 

The  government  wliicli  .  .  .  could  not,  without  abne- 
gatinij  its  own  very  nature,  take  the  lead  in  making  rebel- 
lion an  excuse  for  revolution. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  167. 
abnegation  (ab-ne-ga'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ahnega- 
tio{n-),  denial,  <  abnegare j deny  :  see  abnegate.] 
The  act  of  abnegating ;  a  renunciation. 

With  abnegation  of  God,  of  his  honour,  and  of  religion, 
they  may  retain  the  friendship  of  tlie  court. 

Knox,  Letter  to  Queen  Reg.  of  Scot. 
Judicious  confirmation,  judicious  abnegation. 

Carlyle,  Tlie  Diamond  Necldace. 

abnegati've  (ab'nf-ga-tiv  or  ab-neg''a-tiv),  a. 

Deujing;  negative.  Clarke.  [Rare.] 
abnegator  (ab'ue-ga-tor),  n.  [L.,  a  denier.] 
One  who  abnegates,  denies,  renounces,  or  op- 
poses. Sir  E.  Sandys. 
abnerval  (ab-ner'val),  a.  [<  L.  rt6,  from, + 
nervus,  nerve.]  From  or  away  from  the  nerve. 
Applied  to  electrical  currents  passing  in  a  muscular  fiber 
from  the  point  of  application  of  a  nerve-fiber  toward  the 
extremities  of  the  muscular  fiber. 

abnet  (ab'net),  M.  [<  Heb.  ahnet,  a  belt.]  1. 
In  Jewish  antiq.,  a  girdle  of  fine  linen  worn  by 
priests.    Also  called  ahanct. 

A  long  array  of  priests,  in  tlieir  plain  white  garments 
overvvrapped  by  abnets  of  many  folds  and  gorgeous  colors. 

L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  530. 
2.  In  surg.,  a  bandage  resembling  a  Jewish 
priest's  girdle. 

abnodatet  (ab'no-dat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  ahnodatus,  pp. 
of  abnodarc,  cut  off  knots,  <  ab  {—  E.  ojf')  + 
nodarc,  fill  with  knots,  <  nodus  =z  E.  knot  :  see 
node  and  knot.]  To  cut  knots  from,  as  trees. 
Blount. 

abnodationt  (ab-no-da'shon),  n.  The  act  of 
cutting  away  the  knots  of  trees, 
abnormal  (ab-nor'mal),  a.  [<  L.  abnormis, 
deviating  from  a  fixed  rule,  irregular,  <  ab, 
from,  +  norma,  a  rule  :  see  norm  and  normal. 
Earlier  unormal,  q.  v.]  Not  conformed  or 
conforming  to  rule  ;  deviating  from  a  type  or 
standard  ;  contrary  to  system  or  law  ;  irregu- 
lar ;  unnatural. 

An  argument  is,  that  the  above-specified  breeds,  though 
agreeing  generally  in  constitution,  habits,  voice,  colour- 
ing, and  in  most  parts  of  their  structure,  witli  the  wild 
rock  pigeon,  yet  are  certainly  highly  abnormal  in  other 
parts  of  their  structure.  Darwin,  Origin  of  Species,  i. 
Abnormal  dispersion.  See  dispersion. 
Abnormales  (ab-nor-ma'lez),  M.  j)l.  [NL., 
pi.  of  ahnormalis  :  see  abnormal.]  In  ornith., 
in  Garrod's  and  Forbes's  arrangement  of  Pas- 
seres,  a  division  of  the  Oscincs  or  Acromyodi 
established  for  the  Afistralian  genera  Menura 
and  Atrichia,  the  lyre-bird  and  scrub-bird,  on 
account  of  the  abnormal  construction  of  the 
syrinx.  See  Atrichiidce  and  Menuridw. 
abnormality  (ab-nor-mal'i-ti),  n.  l<  abnormal 
+  -ity.]  1.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  ab- 
normal ;  deviation  from  a  standard,  rule,  or 
type  ;  irregularity ;  abnormity. 

The  recognition  of  the  abnormality  of  his  state  was  in 
this  case,  at  any  rate,  assured.  Mind,  IX.  112. 

2.  That  which  is  abnormal ;  that  which  is 
characterized  by  deviation  from  a  standard, 
rule,  or  type  ;  an  abnormal  feature. 

The  word  [vice],  in  its  true  and  original  meaning,  signi- 
fies a  fault,  an  abnormalitt/.       Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVI.  234. 

A  single  [human]  body  presented  tlie  extraordinary 
number  of  twenty-five  distinct  abnormalities. 

Darwin,  Descent  of  Man,  I.  105. 

abnormally  (ab-n6r'mal-i),  adv.  In  an  ab- 
normal manner. 

Impressions  made  on  the  retina  abnormally  from  within, 
by  the  mind  or  imagination,  are  also  sometimes  projected 
OTitward,  and  become  the  delusive  signs  of  external  ob- 
jects having  no  existence.  Le  Conte,  Sight,  p.  72. 

abnormity  (ab-nor'mj-ti),  n.  [<  abnormous 
+  -ity,  on  type  of  enormity,  (.enormous.]  Irreg- 
ularity ;  deformity ;  abnormality. 

Blonde  and  whitish  hair  being,  properly  speaking,  an 
abnormity.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXII.  C7. 

The  faradaic  current  which  cures  some  deep-seated  ab- 
normity of  nutrition.  J,  Fiske,  Cos.  Phil. ,  I.  302. 

abnormous  (ab-nor'mus),  a.  [<  L.  abnormis, 
with  suffix  -ous,  like  enormous,  <  L.  enormis : 
see  abnormal.]    Abnormal ;  misshapen. 

The  general  structure  of  the  couplet  through  the  17th 
century  may  be  called  abnormous. 

Hallam,  Lit.  Hist.,  IV.  251. 

aboard^  (a-bord'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  a,nd  prej). 
[<  ME.  on  horde,  <  AS.  on  borde  (dat.),  on  hard 
(aee. ) :  prep,  on,  on ;  bord,  plank,  side  of  a  ship : 
see  board.  Cf.  F.  aller  d  bord,  go  aboard ; 
D.  aan  boord  gaan,  go  aboard.    The  F.  d  bord 


aboil 

has  merged  in  the  E.  phrase.    Cf.  dboarO^.  \ 

1.  adv.  1.  On  the  deck  or  in  the  hold  of  a  ship 
or  vessel ;  into  or  upon  a  vessel.  [In  the  U.  JS. 
used  also  of  railroad-oars  and  other  vehicles.] 

He  lowdly  cald  to  such  as  were  abord. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vi.  4. 

2.  Alongside  ;  by  the  side ;  on  one  side. 

He  was  desirous  of  keeping  the  coast  of  America  aboard 

Cook,  Voyages, 

Aboard  main  tack!  {naut.),  an  order  to  haul  one  uf 
the  lower  corners  of  the  mainsail  down  to  the  cliess 
tree.— All  aboard !  the  order  to  go  on  board  or  enter 
upon  the  starting  of  a  vessel  or  (U.  S.)  railroad-train.- 
To  fall  aboard  of,  to  come  or  strike  against :  said  of  u 
ship  whicli  strikes  against  another  broadside  on  or  at  an 
obtuse  angle.  Such  a  collision  is  distinctively  called  an 
abordage.  —  To  get  aboard,  to  get  foul  of,  as  a  ship,- 
To  go  aboard,  to  enter  a  ship ;  embark.— To  haul 
aboard  (naut.),  to  haul  down  the  weather-clew  of  the  forr 
or  main  course  liy  the  tack  to  tlie  bumkin  or  deck.— To 

keep  the  land  or  coast  aboard  {naut.),  to  keep  within 

siglit  of  land  while  sailing  along  it. 

We  sailed  leisurely  down  the  coast  before  a  light  fair 
wind,  keeping  the  land  well  aboard. 

R.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  124 
To  lay  aboard  (naut.),  to  run  alongside  of,  as  an  enemy's 
sliip,  for  the  purpose  of  fighting. 

II.  2)rep.  1.  Onboard;  into. 
We  left  this  place,  and  were  again  conveyed  aboard  our 
ship.  Fielding,  Voyage  to  Lisbon. 

2.  Upon;  across;  athwart.  [Rare.] 

Nor  iron  bands  aboard 
The  Pontic  sea  by  their  huge  navy  cast. 

Spenser,  Virgil's  Gnat,  1.  4C. 

aboard2t  (a-bord'),  n.  [<  F.  aho7-d,  approach, 
<  ahorder,  approach  the  shore,  land,  approach, 
accost  (cf.  a  hord,  on  board),  <  «  (<  L.  ad),  to, 
+  hord,  edge,  margin,  shore,  <  D.  board,  edge, 
brim,  bank,  board  (of  a  ship):  see  aboard^.] 
Approach.    Also  spelled  abord. 

He  would,  ...  at  the  first  aboard  of  a  stranger,  .  . 
frame  a  riglit  apprehension  of  liim. 

Sir  K.  Dighy,  Nat.  of  Bodies,  p.  25:1 

abocockt,  abocockedt,  n.   Corrupt  forms  of  by- 

cocket.    Compare  ahacot. 
abodancet  (a-bo'dans),  n.    [<  abode^  +  -ance.] 
An  omen. 

Verbum  valde  onilnatum,  an  ill  abodance. 

T.  Jackson,  Works,  II.  635. 

abodei  (a-bod'),  n.  [<  ME.  ahood,  ahod,  ear- 
lier ahad,  continuance,  stay,  delay,  <  ME.  abiden 
(pret.  ahod,  earlier  abad),  abide":  see  abide^,] 

1.  Stay;  continuance  in  a  place ;  residence  for 
a  time. 

I  was  once  in  Italy  myself,  but  I  thank  God  my  abode 
there  was  only  nine  days. 

Ascham,  quoted  by  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  40G. 

2.  A  place  of  continuance ;  a  dwelling ;  a  habi- 
tation. 

But  I  know  thy  abode,  and  thy  going  out,  and  thy  com- 
ing in.  2  Ki.  xix.  27. 
3t.  Delay:  as,  "fled  away  without  abode," 
Spenser — To  make  abode,  to  dwell  or  reside.  =  S3m. 
2.  Residence,  dwelling,  habitation,  domicile,  home,  house, 
lodging,  quarters,  homestead. 

abode^  (a-bod').    Preterit  of  rt&idel. 
abode^t  (a-bod'),  n.    [<  ME.  abode,  <  abeden  (pp. 
ahoden),  <  AS.  dhcddan :  see  a-i  and  hode^.]  An 
omen ;  a  prognostication  ;  a  foreboding. 

Astrologicall  and  other  like  vaine  predictions  and  abodet. 

Lydgate. 

High-thund'ring  Juno's  husband  stirs  ray  spirit  witli  true 
abodes.  Chapman,  Iliad,  xiii.  146. 

abode^t  (a-bod'), i<abocle^,n.]  I.  trans.  To 
foreshow ;  prognosticate  ;  forebode. 

Tliis  tempest. 
Dashing  tlie  garment  of  this  peace,  aboded 
The  sudden  breach  on't.       Sliak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  l. 

II.  intrans.  To  be  an  omen ;  forebode :  as, 
"this  abodes  sadly,"  Dr.  H.  More,  Decay  of 
Christian  Piety, 
abodementt  (a-bod'ment),  «.     [<  abodeS  + 
-mcnt.]    Foreboding ;  prognostication  ;  omen. 
Tush,  man  !  abodements  must  not  now  affright  us. 

Sliak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,'iv.  7 

abodingt  (a-bo'ding),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  abodc^. 
Cf.  boding.]  Presentiment;  prognostication; 
foreboding:  as,  "strange  ominous «?^o(7?'(((7S and 
fears,"  Bp.  Bull,  Works,  II.  489. 
abogado  (a-bo-ga'do),  n.  [Sp.,  <  L.  advocatus : 
see  advocate.]  An  advocate  ;  a  counselor  • 
used  in  parts  of  the  United  States  settled  by 
Spaniards. 

aboideau,  aboiteau  (a-boi-do',  -to'),  n.  [Of 

uncertain  F.  origin.]    A  dam  to  prevent  the  [ 
tide  from  overflowing  a  marsh.    [New  Bruns- 
wick. ] 

aboil  (a-boil'),  prep.  phr.  as  adr.  or  a.  [<  a^,  j 
prep.,  +  boil2.]   In  or  into  a  boiling  state. 


abolete 


15 


iboletet  (ab'o-let),  a.  [<  L.  *aholetus,  pp.  of  dbo- 
lescere,  decay,  <  abolere,  destroy :  see  abolish.  ] 
Old;  obsolete. 

ibolish  (a-bol'ish),  v.  t.  [<  late  ME.  abolysslien, 
<  OF.  aboliss;  extended  stem  of  aboUr,  <  L. 
abolere,  destroy,  abolish,  <  ab,  from,  +  *olerc, 

in  comp.,  grow.]   To  do  away  with;  put  an  end  abolitionism  (ab-o-lish'on-izm),  n 


tence  has  been  rendered.    Bouvier.]  =  Syn.  Overthrow, 
annulment,  obliteration,  extirpation,  suppression, 
abolitional  (ab-o-lish'on-al),  a.    Pertaining  or 
relating  to  abolition. 

abolitionary  ( a b-o-lish ' on-a-ri ),((.  Destructive ; 
abolitional. 


to ;  destroy ;  efface  or  obliterate  ;  annihilate  : 
as,  to  abolish  customs  or  institutions ;  to  abolish 
slavery ;  to  abolish  idols  (Isa.  ii.  18) ;  to  abolish 
death  (2  Tim.  i.  10). 

Or  wilt  thou  thyself 
Abolish  thy  creation,  and  unmake, 
For  him,  what  for  thy  glory  thou  hast  made  ? 

Milton,  P.  L,  iii.  163. 
Congress  can,  by  edict,  .  .  .  abolish  slavery,  and  pay 
for  such  slaves  as  we  ought  to  pay  for. 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  285. 
His  quick,  instinctive  hand 
Caught  at  the  hilt,  as  to  abolish  him, 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 


[<  abolition 


=  Syn.  To  Abolish,  Repeal,  Rescind,  Recall,  Revoke,  Abro- 
gate, Annul,  Cancel,  end,  destroy,  do  away  with,  set  aside, 
nullify,  annihilate,  quash,  vacate,  make  void,  extirpate, 
eradicate,  suppress,  uproot,  erase,  expunge.  Abolish  is  a 
strong  word,  and  signifies  a  complete  removal,  generally 


+  -ism.]  Belief  in  the  principle  of  abolition, 
as  of  slavery ;  devotion  to  or  advocacy  of  the 
opinions  of  abolitionists, 
abolitionist  (ab-o-lish'on-ist),  n.  [<  abolition 
+  -ist ;  —  F.  abolitioHiiiste.']  A  person  who 
favors  the  abolition  of  some  law,  institution, 
or  custom.  Specifically,  one  of  those  who  favored 
and  sought  to  effect  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  United 
States.  Before  1830  these  persons  generally  advocated 
gradual  and  voluntary  emancipation.  After  that  time 
many  began  to  insist  on  immediate  abolition,  without 
regard  to  the  wishes  of  the  slaveholders.  A  portion  of 
the  abolitionists  formed  the  Liberty  party,  which  after- 
ward  acted  with  the  Free-soil  and  Republican  parties,  and 
finally  became  merged  in  the  latter.  See  abolition,  1. 
abolitionize  (ab-6-lish'on-iz), 


aboriginal 

OF.  abominadon,  <  L.  abominatio(n-),  <  abomi- 
nari,  abhor:  see  abominate,  v.'\  1.  The  act  of 
abominating  or  the  state  of  being  abominated; 
the  highest  degree  of  aversion  ;  detestation. 

Who  have  nothing  in  so  great  aborni nation  as  those  they 
hold  for  heretics.  Swift. 

2.  That  which  is  abominated  or  abominable  ; 
an  object  greatly  disliked  or  abhorred ;  hence, 
hateful  or  shameful  vice. 

Every  shepherd  is  an  abomination  unto  the  Egyptians. 

Gen.  xlvi.  34. 
Ashtoreth,  the  abomination  of  the  Zidonians. 

2  Ki.  xxili.  13. 
The  adulterous  Antony,  most  large 
In  his  abominations.        Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iii.  6. 

3.  In  the  Bible,  often,  that  which  is  ceremo- 
nially impure  ;  ceremonial  impurity ;  defile- 
ment ;  that  which  defiles.  =  Syn.  1.  Detestation, 
loathing,  disgust,  abliorrence,  repugnance,  horror,  aver- 
sion.— 2.  Filthiness,  foulness,  impurity,  grossness. 

abominator  Cft-bom'i-na-tor),  n.  One  who 
abominates  or  detests. 


V.  t.;  pret.  and 

pp.  abolitionized,  ppr.  abolitionizinq.     To  im-    ,      •     ,  .   -,      ,.  s  ry-r,  , 

bue  with  the  doctrines  or  principles  of  aboli-  abominet.(a-bom  m),  v.  t.  [<F.  abominer,  <  L 
tionists.  abominan  :  see  abominate,  v.]     To  abominate  : 

but  not  always  by  a  summary  act.  It  is  the  word  specially  abolla  (k-bol'a),  n.  ;  pi.  abollm  (-e).     [L.,  <  Gr. 
used  m  connection  with  thmgs  that  have  been  long  estab-    A„/:i„-i,',  'i„j'/  e  • 

lished  or  deeply  rooted,  as  an  institution  or  a  custom  :  as,    ^/^.po'*^'?;  contracted  form  of  avapoAr/,  a  cloak, 

  ■  _      -  .  avajiaAAeLv,  throw  back,  <  ava,  back,  +  jidl'Aeiv, 

throw.  The  Gr.  form  afiuXTia  was  in  turn  bor- 
rowed from  the  Latin.]  In  Bom.  aniiq.,  a  loose 
woolen  cloak,  its  precise  form  is  not  known ;  it  dif- 
fered from  the  toga,  and  was  worn  especially  by  soldiers  ; 
perhaps  on  this  account,  it  was  adopted  by  Stoic  philoso- 
phers, who  affected  great  austerity  of  life,  whence  Juve- 
nal's expression /acinus  majoris  abollce,  a  crime  of  a  deep 
philosopher 


rescind  is  never  applied  to  a  statute  ;  it  is  the  common  ex-  aboma  (a-bo'ma),  n.  [<  Pg.  abovia.]  The  name 
r,rPQQi„n  fnv  tiip  o,-t.  nf  a  nnrtv  in  in=tiv  To,i„Hi<, ti„„  „  ^„r,        Guiaua  of  some  Very  large  boa  or  anaconda  of 

the  family  Pythonidce  or  Boidce,  of  the  warmer 


to  abolish  slavery  or  polygamy.  Repeal  is  generally  used 
of  tlie  formal  rescinding  of  a  legislative  act.  Abrogate, 
to  abolish  summarily,  more  often  as  the  act  of  a  ruler,  but 
sometimes  of  a  representative  body.  Annul,  literally  to 
bring  to  nothing,  to  deprive  of  all  force  or  obligation,  as  a 
law  or  contract.  Rescind  (literally,  to  cut  short)  is  coex- 
tensive in  meaning  with  both  repeal  and  annul.  Recall, 
revoke  (see  renounce).  Cancel  is  not  used  of  laws,  but 
jf  deeds,  bonds,  contracts,  etc.,  and  figuratively  of  what- 
3ver  may  be  thought  of  as  crossed  out.   [In  legal  parlance, 

is  the  common  ex 

pression  for  the  act  of  a  party  in  justly  repudiating  a  con 
tract.  Repeal  is  never  applied  to  a  contract ;  it  is  the 
;ommon  expression  for  the  termination  of  the  existence 
jf  a  statute  by  a  later  statute.  Annul  is  the  common  ex- 
jression  for  the  judicial  act  of  a  court  in  terminating  the 
jxistence  of  any  obligation  or  conveyance.  Cancel  is  used 
shell  the  instrument  is  obliterated  actually  or  in  legal 
jonteraplation  ;  the  other  words  when  the  obligation  is 
uinihilated  irrespective  of  whether  the  instrument  is  left 
ntact  or  not.] 

I  have  never  doubted  the  constitutional  authority  of 
Jongi'ess  to  abolish  slavery  in  this  District  [of  Columbia]. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  184. 

leaving  out  amended  acts  and  enumerating  only  acts 
;ntirely  repealed,  the  result  is  that  in  the  last  three 
essions  there  have  been  repealed  .  .  .  6.50  acts  belonging 
.0  the  present  reign.     H.  Spencer,  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXV.  6. 

The  king  also  rescinded  the  order  by  which  the  Bishop 
if  London  had  been  suspended  from  the  exercise  of  his 
unctions.  Buckle. 

Whose  laws,  like  those  of  the  Medes  and  Persians,  they 
annot  alter  or  abrogate.  Burke. 

Your  promises  are  sins  of  inconsideration  at  best ;  and 
ou  are  bound  to  repent  and  aimul  them.  Swift. 
I  here  forget  all  former  griefs. 
Cancel  all  grudge.  Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  v.  4. 

JOlishable  (a-bol'ish-a-bl),  a.  [<  abolish  + 
able.  Cf.  ¥  "  abolissable.~\  Capable  of  being 
abolished  or  annulled,  as  a  law,  rite,  custom, 
itc. ;  that  may  be  set  aside  or  destroyed. 
And  yet  .  .  .  hope  is  but  deferred ;  not  abolished,  not 
buUshaUe.  Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  I.  ii.  8. 

)olislier  (a-bol'ish-er),  n.  [<  abolish  +  -e/'l.] 
)no  who  or  that  which  abolishes, 
wlishment  (a-bol'ish-ment), [_<aboUsh  + 
meni.  Cf .  F.  dboUssement.y  The  act  of  abolish- 
Qg  or  of  putting  an  end  to  ;  abrogation  ;  de- 
traction;  abolition.    [Now  rare.] 

He  should  think  the  abolishment  of  Episcopacy  among 
s  would  prove  a  mighty  scandal. 

Swift,  Sent,  of  a  Ch.  of  Eng.  Man. 

)olition  (ab-o-lish'on),  n.  [<  F.  abolition, 
L.  abolitio(n-),  <  abolere,  annul,  abolish :  see 
bolish.l  1.  The  act  of  abolishing,  or  the  state 
f  being  abolished  ;  annulment ;  abrogation  ; 
tter  destruction:  as,  the  abolition  of  laws, 
ecrees,  ordinances,  rites,  customs,  debts,  etc. ; 


abominari :  see  abominate,  v.} 
as,  "  I  abomine  'em,"  Swift. 
aboon  (a-b6n'),i'rep.  and  adv.  [Sc.,  also  abnne, 
<  ME.  abuven :  see  above.}  Above.  [North. 
English  and  Scotch.] 

And  thou  shalt  bathe  thee  in  the  stream 
,  That  rolls  its  whitening  foam  aboon. 

J.  R.  Drake,  Culprit  Fay,  x.xxii. 
aborad  (ab-6'rad),  adv.   [<  ab-  +  orad.  Cf.  ab- 
oral.'\  In  anat.,  away  from  the  mouth  :  the  op- 
posite of  orad. 

Thacher  has  employed  orad  both  as  adjective  and  ad- 
verb, but  the  correlative  aborad,  which  might  have  been 
expected,  has  not  been  observed  by  us  in  his  papers. 

Wilder  and  Gage,  Anat.  Tech.,  p.  23. 

parts  of  America.    The  species  is  not  determined,  and  aboral  (ab-6'ral),  a.    [<  L.  ab,  from,  -I-  OS  (or-), 

rnouth:  see  o?-al.i  In  anat.,  pertaining  to  or 
situated  at  the  opposite  extremity  from  the 
mouth :  opposed  to  adoral. 

If  we  imagine  the  Astropliyton  with  its  mouth  turned 
upward  and  its  arms  brought  near  together,  and  the 
aboral  region  furnished  \vltli  a  long,  jointed,  and  flexible 
stem,  we  shall  hiive  a  form  not  very  unlike  the  Pentacri- 
nus  caput-medusie  of  the  West  Indies. 

Pu2J.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIII.  324. 

aborally  (ab-o'ral-i),  adv.  In  an  aboral  man- 
ner or  place  ;  at,  near,  or  in  the  direction  of 
the  aboral  end ;  aborad :  as,  situated  aborally. 
abord^t  (a-bord'),  «.  [Same  as  aboard^,  q.  v. : 
see  also  border.]  1.  Arrival;  approach. —  2. 
Manner  of  accosting  ;  address  ;  salutation. 
Your  abord,  I  must  tell  you,  was  too  cold  and  uniform. 

Chesterjield. 

abordlf   (a-bord'),   v.   t.     [<  F.  aborder,  ap- 
proach: see _tf iortrfR]    To  approach;  accost, 
abord^t  (a-bord'),  adv.   At  a  loss.  [Bare.] 
Used  in  the  'following  extract  probably  for  abroad,  in  the 
sense  of  adrift. 

That  how  t'  acquit  themselves  unto  the  Lord 
They  were  in  doubt,  and  flatly  set  abord. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  324. 


the  name  is  probably  of  general  applicability  to  the  huge 
tree-snakes  of  the  American  tropics.  As  a  book-name, 
aboma  is  identified  with  the  Epicrates  cenchris,  usually 
misspelled  Epicratis  cenchria,  after  the  Penny  Cyc,  1836. 
This  is  a  species  called  by  Sclater  the  thick-necked  tree- 
boa.  A  Venezuelan  species  is  known  as  the  brown  aboma, 
Epicrates  maurus.  Some  such  serpent  is  also  called  the 
ringed  boa.  Boa  aboma.  In  any  case,  the  aboma  is  a  near 
relative  of  the  anaconda,  Eunectes  murinus,  and  of  the 
common  boa,  Boa  constrictor.    Compare  boa  and  bom. 

The  tamacuilla  huilia  or  aboma  appears  to  be  the  ser- 
pent worshipped  by  the  ancient  Mexicans.  It  is  of  gigan- 
tic size.        S.  0.  Goodrich,  Johnson's  Nat.  Hist.,  II.  406. 

abomas'Um  (ab-6-ma'sum),  n.;  pi.  abomasa 
(-sa).  [NL.,  <  Ii.  ab,  from,  +  omasum.']  The 
fourth  or  true  stomach  of  ruminating  animals, 
lying  next  to  the  omasum  or  third  stomach, 
and  opening  through  the  pylorus  into  the  duo- 
denum.   See  cut  under  ruminant. 

abomasus  (ab-o-ma'sus),  «.;  pi.  abomasi  (-si). 
Same  as  abomasim. 

abominable  (a-bom'i-na-bl),  a.  [<  ME.  abomi- 
nable, abhominable,  <  OF.  abominable  =  Pr.  ab- 
homenable  =  Sp.  abominable  z=  Pg.  abominavel 
=  It.  abominabile,  <  L.  abominabilis,  deserving 
abhorrence,  <  abominari,  abhor,  deprecate  as 

an  ill  omen  :  see  aborninaie.  For  the  old  spell-  abordage  (a-bor'daj),  n.  '[¥.,  <  aborder,  board  : 
mg  abhominable  see  that  form.]  Deserving  or  gge  abordi;]  1.  The  act  of  boarding  a  vessel, 
liable  to  be  abominated ;  detestable ;  loath-  ^s  in  a  sea-fight.- 2.  A  collision.  See  fall 
some;  odious  to  the  mind;  offensive  to  the    aboard  of,  under  aboard'^-. 

senses.    In  colloquial  language  especially,  afeo)«moWe  aborigen,  aborigin  (ab-or'i-jen, -jin), /i.  [Sing., 
is  little  more  than  excessive  pxtrHinp  vprv  dis-     „  t        i       P  -,     M,     '  •>     "    ,  L"^"f6*> 

from  L.  pi.  aborigines.]  Same  as  aborimne. 
[Rare.] 

aboriginal  (ab-o-rij'i-nal),  a.  and  n.    [<  L.  pi. 

aborigines,  the  first  inhabitants;  specifically,  the 


often  means  little  more  than  excessive,  extreme,  very  dis 
agreeable :  as,  his  self-conceit  is  abominable. 

This  infernal  pit 
Abominable,  accursed,  the  house  of  woe. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  464. 
The  captain  was  convicted  of  the  murder  of  a  cabin-boy, 
after  a  long  course  of  abominable  ill-treatment. 

H.  N.  Oxenharn,  Short  Studies,  p.  54. 
=Syn.  Execrable,  Horrible,  etc.  (see  nefarious),  detest- 
able, loathsome,  hateful,  shocking,  horrid,  revolting,  in- 
tolerable.   See  list  under  detestable. 

abominableness  (a-bom'i-na-bl-nes),  n.  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  abominable,  detest- 

he  aboiition  of  slavery.   The  most  frequent'use  of  abominahlwT'bom'i  na  bli)  nrlr  Tn  111  nhmn; 
he  word  m  recent  times  has  been  in  connection  with  the  aDOminaDiy  (a-Dom  i-na-blij,  adv.  in  an  abomi- 
ffort  to  put  an  end  to  the  system  of  slavery,  which  was    nabie  manner  or  degree ;  execrably ;  detestably ; 
nally  accomplished  in  the  United  States  in  1865  by  the    sinfully.    Sometimes  equivalent  in  colloqiual  speech  to 
nineenth  amendment  to  the  Constitution.  excessively  or  disiigreeably  :  as,  he  is  abominably  vain. 

For  the  amalgamation  of  races,  and  for  th^,  abolition  of  abominate  (a-bom'i-nat),  v.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp. 
JwwL  i^-'-^ri*'^"!^?^':^'^"^'"^'''^  abominated,  mT.  abominating.    [<  L.  abomina- 

priesthood  m  the  middle  ages  exercised  over    tn.s,  pp.  of  abominclri,  abhois  deprecate  as  an 


'*'ty.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  .. 

It.  In  law:  (a)  Permission  to  desist  from 
urther  prosecution.    (6)  Remission  of  pun- 

^Z^^'^}  '  condonation,  [in  the  civil,  French,  and 
^nuan  la.vf,  abolition  is  used  nearly  synonymously  with 
araon,  renus.^wn,  grace.  Grace  is  the  generic  term ; 
araon  by  tliose  laws,  is  the  clemency  extended  by  the 


ill  omen,  <  ab,  from,  -f-  omindri,  regard  as  an 
omen,  forebode,  <  omen  (omin-),  an  omen :  see 
omen.]    To  hate  extremely  ;  abhor  ;  detest. 
You  will  abominate  the  use  of  all  unfair  arts. 

C.  Mather,  Essays  to  Do  Good. 
 .,»„^„„^u  =Syn.  Abhor,  Detest,  etc.    See  hate. 

"comnr   P''''*''=.'P'f"'^' ;°  crime  whTrs  noVa  principaror  abominate  (a-bom'i-nat),  a.    [<  L.  abominatus, 


ccomphce ;  remission  is  granted  in  cases  of  involuntary 
omicide  and  self-defense.  Abolition  is  used  when  the 
nme  cannot  be  remitted.  The  prince  by  letters  of  aboli 


pp. :  see  above.] 
nation. 


Detested ;  held  in  abomi- 


lon  may  remit  the  punishment,  but  the  infamy  remains  abomination  (a-bom-i-na'shon),  w.     [<  ME. 


mess  letters  of  abolition  have  been  obtained  before 


sen-    abominadon,  abhominacioun,  abhominacyon,  < 


primeval  Romans  :  see  aborigines.  Cf.  original, 
and  L.  a6or(f/j«e«s,  aboriginal.]  I.  «.  1.  Exist- 
ing from  the  origin  or  beginning  ;  hence,  first ; 
original ;  primitive :  as,  aboriginal  people  are 
the  first  inhabitants  of  a  country  known  to 
history. 

It  was  soon  made  manifest  .  .  .  that  a  people  inferior 
to  none  existing  in  the  world  had  been  formed  by  the 
mixture  of  three  branches  of  the  great  Teutonic  family 
with  each  other,  and  with  the  aboriginal  Britons. 

Macaulay. 

2.  Pertaining  to  aborigines ;  hence,  primitive  ; 
simple;  unsophisticated:  as,  aboriginal  cus- 
toms ;  aboriginal  apathy. 

There  are  doubtless  many  aboriginal  minds  by  which  no 
other  conclusion  is  conceivable. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol. 

3.  In  geol.  and  bot.,  native  ;  indigenous ;  au- 
tochthonous. =  Syn.  Indigenous,  etc.    See  oriffinal. 

See  also  primary. 

H,  n.  1.  An  original  inhabitant ;  one  of  the 
people  living  in  a  country  at  the  period  of  the 
earliest  historical  knowledge  of  it ;  an  autoch- 
thon.—  2.  A  species  of  animals  or  plants  which 
originated  within  a  given  area. 

It  may  well  be  doubted  whether  this  frog  is  an  aborigi- 
nal of  these  islands.        Darwin,  Voyage  of  Beagle,  xvii. 


aboriginality 

aboriginality  (ab-o-rij-i-nal'i-ti),  n.  The 
quality  or  state  of  beiug  aboriginal.   ^V.  E.  D. 

aboriginally  (ab-o-rij'i-nal-i),  adv.  In  an  ab- 
original manner;  originally;  from  the  very 
first. 

There  are  liardly  any  domestic  races  .  .  .  which  have 
not  been  ranked  ...  as  the  descendants  of  aburit/inaUy 
distinct  species.  Danviii,  Origin  of  .Species,  p.  10. 

aboriginary  (ab-o-rij'i-ua-ri),  n.  An  aborigi- 
nal inhabitant.    X.  E.  I). 

ab  origine  (ab  6-rij'i-ne).  [L. :  rt?;,  from;  ori- 
gine,  abl.  of  origo,  origin.]  From  the  origin, 
beginning,  or  start. 

aborigine  (ab-o-rij'i-ne),  n.  [Sing,  from  L.  pi. 
aborigines,  as  if  the  latter  were  an  E.  word.] 
One  of  the  aborigines  (which  see) ;  an  aborigi- 
nal.   Also  called  aborigen,  aborigin. 

aborigines  (ab-o-rij'i-nez),  n.  pi.  [L.,  pL,  the 
fii'st  inhabitants,  applied  especially  to  the  ab- 
original inhabitants  of  Latium,  the  ancestors 
of  the  Roman  people,  <  ab,  from,  +  origo  {ori- 
gin-), origin,  beginning.]  1.  The  primitive 
inhabitants  of  a  country ;  the  people  living 
in  a  country  at  the  earliest  period  of  which 
anything  is  known. —  2.  The  original  fauna 
and  flora  of  a  given  geographical  area. 

aborsementt  (a-bors'meut),  n.  [<  L.  ahorsus, 
brought  forth  prematurely  (collateral  form  of 
abortus:  see  abort,  v.),  +  -ment.^  Abortion. 
Bp.  Hall. 

aborsivet  (a-bor'siv),  a.  [<  L.  aborsus,  collat- 
eral form  of  abortus  (see  abort,  v.),  +  E.  -ii-e.] 
Abortive  ;  premature.  Fuller. 

abort  (a-borf),  i.  [<L.  abortare,  miscarry, 
<  abortus,  pp.  of  aboriri,  miscarry,  fail,  <  ab, 
from,  away,  +  oriri,  arise,  grow.]  1.  To  mis- 
carry in  giving  birth. —  2.  To  become  aborted 
or  abortive  ;  appear  or  remain  in  a  rudimen- 
tary or  undeveloped  state :  as,  organs  liable  to 
abort. 

In  the  pelagic  Phyllirhoe,  the  foot  aborts,  as  well  as  the 
mantle,  and  the  body  has  the  form  of  an  elongated  sac. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  438. 

The  temperature  now  falls,  and  the  disease  [smallpox] 
in  some  cases  will  abort  at  this  stage  [at  the  end  of  forty- 
eight  liours].  Quain,  Med.  Diet.,  p.  1442. 

abortt  (a-borf),  n.  [<  L.  abortus,  an  abor- 
tion, miscarriage,  <  abortus,  pp.  of  aboriri : 
see  abort,  v.~\    An  abortion.  Burton. 

aborted  (a-bor'ted),  p.  a.  1.  Brought  forth 
before  its  time. —  2.  Imperfectly  developed; 
incapable  of  discharging  its  functions ;  not 
having  acquired  its  functions. 

Although  the  eyes  of  the  Cirripeds  are  more  or  less 
aborted  in  their  mature  state,  they  retain  suiflcient  sus- 
ceptibility of  light  to  excite  retraction  of  the  cirri. 

Owen,  Comp.  Anat,,  xiii. 

aborticide  (a-bor'ti-sid),  n.  [<  L.  abortus  (see 
abort,  n.)  +  -cidinm  (as  in  liomicidium,  homi- 
eidel),  <  cwdere,  kill.]  In  obstet.,  the  destruc- 
tion of  a  fetus  in  the  uterus  ;  feticide. 

abortient  (a-bdr'shient),  a.  [<  LL.  abortien{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  abortire,  miscarry,  equiv.  to  abortare  : 
see  abort,  r.~\    In  bot.,  sterile  ;  barren. 

abortifacient  (a-bor-ti-fa'shient),  a.  and  n. 
[<  L.  abortus  (see  abort,  n.)  +  facien(f-)s,  ppr. 
of  facers,  make.]  I.  a.  Producing  abortion  : 
said  of  drugs  and  operative  procedures. 

II.  n.  In  med.,  whatever  is  or  may  be  used 
to  produce  abortion. 

The  almost  universal  keeping  of  abortifacients  by  drug- 
gists, despite  statutes  to  the  contrary. 

A^.  Y.  Independent,  July  24,  1873. 

abortion  (a-bor'shon),  n.  [<  L.  abortio(n-), 
miscarriage,  <  aboriri,  miscarry  :  see  abort, 
».]  1.  Miscarriage  ;  the  expulsion  of  the  fetus 
before  it  is  viable  —  that  is,  in  women,  be- 
fore about  the  28th  week  of  gestation.  Expul- 
sion of  the  fetus  occurring  later  than  this,  but  before  the 
normal  time,  is  called  (when  not  procured  by  art,  as  by  a 
surgical  operation)  premature  labor.  A  somewliat  use- 
less distinction  has  been  sometimes  drawn  Ijetween  abor- 
tion and  miscarriage,  by  which  the  former  is  made  to 
refer  to  the  first  four  months  of  pregnancy  and  the  latter 
to  the  following  three  montlis.  Criminal  abortion  is  pre- 
meditated or  intentional  abortion  procured,  at  any  period 
of  pregnancy,  by  artificial  means,  and  solely  for  the  pur- 
pose of  preventing  the  birth  of  a  living  child ;  feticide. 
At  common  law  the  criminality  depended  on  the  abortion 
being  caused  after  quickening.  .Some  modern  statutes 
provide  otherwise. 

In  the  penitential  discipline  of  the  Church,  abortion  was 
placed  in  the  same  category  as  infanticide,  and  the  stern 
sentences  to  which  the  guilty  person  was  subject  imprint- 
ed on  the  minds  of  Christians,  more  deeply  tlian  any  mere 
exhortations,  a  sense  of  the  enormity  of  tlie  crime. 

Lecky,  Europ.  Mor.als,  II.  24. 

2.  The  product  of  untimely  birth  ;  hence,  a 
misshapen  being;  a  monster. —  3.  Any  fruit 
or  product  that  does  not  come  to  maturity ; 
hence,  frequently,  in  a  figurative  sense,  any- 


16 

thing  which  fails  in  its  progress  before  it  is 
matured  or  perfected,  as  a  design  or  project. — 
4.  In  bot.  and  zodl.,  the  arrested  development 
of  an  organ  at  a  more  or  less  early  stage. 

In  the  complete  abortion  of  the  rostelUim  [of  Cephalan- 
thera  grandijlora]  we  have  evidence  of  degradation. 

Darwin,  Fertil.  of  Orchids  by  Insects,  p.  80. 

He  [Mr.  Bates)  claims  for  tliat  family  [the  Helioonidm] 
the  higliest  position,  chiefly  because  of  the  imperfect 
structure  of  the  fore  legs,  wliich  is  there  carried  to  an  ex- 
treme degree  of  abortion. 

A.  R.  Wallace,  Nat.  Selec,  p.  133. 

abortional  (a-bdr'shon-al),  a.  Of  the  nature  of 
an  abortion ;  characterized  by  failure. 

The  treaty  .  .  .  proved  abortional,  and  never  came  to 
fulfilment.  Carlyle,  Frederick  the  Great,  VI.  xv.  22. 

abortionist  (a-bor'shon-ist),  n.  [<  abortion  + 
-ist.']  One  who  produces  or  aims  to  produce 
a  criminal  abortion  ;  especially,  one  who  makes 
a  practice  of  so  doing. 

He  [Dr.  Robb]  urged  the  necessity  of  physicians  using 
all  their  influence  to  discountenance  the  work  of  abor- 
tionists. N.  Y.  Med.  Jour.,  XL.  580. 

abortive  (a-bor'tiv),  a.  and  [<  L.  abortivus, 
born  prematurely,  causing  abortion,  <  abortus, 
pp.  of  aboriri,  miscarry  :  see  abort,  v.']  I.  a.  1. 
Brought  forth  in  an  imperfect  condition  ;  im- 
perfectly formed  or  inadequately  developed,  as 
an  animal  or  vegetable  production ;  rudimen- 
tary.—  2.  Suppressed;  kept  imperfect;  re- 
maining rudimentary,  or  not  advancing  to  per- 
fection in  form  or  function  :  a  frequent  use  of 
the  term  in  zoology.    Compare  vestigial. 

The  toes  [of  seals]  are  completely  united  by  strong  webs, 
and  the  straight  nails  are  sometimes  reduced  in  lumiber, 
or  even  altogether  abortive.     Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  359. 

The  power  of  voluntarily  uncovering  tlie  canine  [tooth] 
on  one  side  of  the  face  being  thus  often  wholly  lost,  indi- 
cates that  it  is  a  rarely  used  and  almost  abortive  action. 

Daru'ln,  Express,  of  Eraot.,  p.  253. 

Hence  —  3.  Not  brought  to  completion  or  to  a 
successful  issue  ;  failing  ;  miscarrying ;  com- 
ing to  nought :  as,  an  abortive  scheme. 
Abortive  as  tlie  first-born  bloom  of  spring, 
Nipp'd  with  the  lagging  rear  of  winter's  frost. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1576. 
He  made  a  salutation,  or,  to  speak  nearer  the  truth,  an 
ill-deflned,  abortive  attempt  at  courtesy. 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  vii. 

4.  In  bot.,  defective ;  barren.  A.  Gray. —  5.  Pro- 
ducing nothing ;  chaotic  ;  ineffectual. 

The  void  profound 
Of  unessential  Night  receives  him  next, 
Wide-gaping  ;  and  with  utter  loss  of  being 
Tiireatens  liim,  plunged  in  that  abortive  gulf. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  438. 

6.  In  med.,  producing  or  intended  to  produce 
abortion  ;  abortifacient :  as,  abortive  drugs. — 

7.  Deformed  ;  monstrous.  [Rare.] 

Thou  elvish-mark'd,  abortive,  rooting  hog !  ; 
Thou  that  wast  seal'd  in  thy  nativity 
The  slave  of  nature  and  the  son  of  hell ! 

Shale,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 
Abortive  veUum,  vellum  made  from  the  skin  of  a  still- 
born calf. 

II.  11.  [<  L.  abortivum,  an  abortion,  abortive 
medicine  ;  neut.  of  abortivus,  a. :  see  the  adj.] 

1.  That  which  is  produced  prematurely ;  an 
abortion  ;  a  monstrous  birth. 

Abortives,  presages,  and  tongues  of  heaven. 

Shale,  K.  John,  iii.  4. 

2.  A  drug  causing  abortion ;  an  abortifacient. 
abortive!  (a-b6r'tiv),  V.    I.  trans.  To  cause  to 

fail  or  miscarry. 

He  wrought  to  abortive  the  bill  before  it  came  to  the 
birth.  £p.  Hacket,  Abp.  Williams,  i.  148. 

II.  intrans.  To  fail ;  perish ;  come  to  nought. 
Thus  one  of  your  bold  thunders  may  abortive, 
And  cause  that  birth  miscarry. 

Tomkis  (?),  Albumazar,  i.  3. 
When  peace  came  so  near  to  the  birth,  how  it  abortived, 
and  by  whose  fault,  come  now  to  be  remembered. 

Bp.  Hacket,  Abp.  Williams,  ii.  147. 

abortively  (a-b6r'tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  abortive 
or  untimely  manner  ;  prematurely ;  imperfect- 
ly ;  ineffectually  ;  as  an  abortion. 

If  abortively  poor  man  must  die. 
Nor  reach  what  reach  he  might,  why  die  in  dread  ? 

Young,  Night  Thoughts,  vii. 
The  enterprise  in  Ireland,  as  elsewhere,  terminated  abor- 
tively. Froude,  Hist.  Eng.,  IV.  94. 

abortiveness  (a-b6r'tiv-nes),  n.  The  quality 
or  state  of  being,  or  of  tending  to  become, 
abortive  ;  a  failure  to  reach  perfection  or  ma- 
turity ;  want  of  success  or  accomplishment. 

abortmentt  (a-bort'ment),  n.  [<  abort,  v.,  + 
-ment,  =  F.  avortemen't,  Sp.  abortamiento,  Pg. 
abortamento.']  An  untimely  birth;  an  abortion. 

Tlie  earth,  in  whose  womb  those  deserted  mineral  riches 
must  ever  lie  bm-ied  as  lost  abortments. 

Bacon,  Phys.  and  Med.  Remains. 


about 

abortus  (a-b6r'tus),  n.;  pi.  abortus.  [L.,  an 
abortion :  see  abort,  «.]  In  med.,  the  fruit  of 
an  abortion  ;  a  child  born  before  the  propt  r 
time ;  au  abortion. 

Abothrophera  (a-both-rof'e-ra),  n.  pi.  [ISTL.,  j 
prop.  *abothrophora,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  fiodpoc.  -i  i 
pit,  +  -(popoc,  <  (pipeiv  =  E.  bcar'^.']  A  group'of  ! 
old-world  solenoglyph  venomous  serpents,  cor-  i 
responding  to  the  family  (  yjen'drt'.  So  called  br-  ' 
cause  of  tlie  absence  of  a  pit  between  the  eyes  and  nosi  j 
contrasting  in  this  respect  with  the  £ott™p/ier«.  ' 

aboughtt,  pret.  of  aby.  [See  aby.]  Endured ; 
atoned  for ;  paid  dearly  for. 

The  vengeans  of  thilke  yre 
That  Atlieon  aboughte  trewely, 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  I.  144  ,. 

aboulia,  aboulomania,  n.   Same  as  abulia. 

abound  (a-bound'),  V.  i.  [<  ME.  abounden, 
abunden,  sometimes  spelled  habunden,  <  OP.  . 
abonder,  habonder,  F.  abonder=Sip.  Fg;.  abuu- 
dar  — It.  abbondare,  <  L.  abundare,  overflow, 
<  ab,  from,  away,  +  undare,  rise  in  waves,  over- 
flow, <  unda,  a  wave :  see  undulate.  Cf .  redound, 
surround.']  1.  To  be  in  great  plenty  ;  be  very  i 
prevalent. 

Wliere  sin  abounded,  grace  did  much  more  abound. 

Rom.  v.  20.  j 

In  every  political  party,  in  the  Cabinet  itself,  duplicity  j 
and  perfidy  abounded.     Macaulay,  Hallam's  Const.  Hist.  I 

2.  To  be  unstinted  in  possession  or  supply  (of 
anything) ;  be  copiously  provided  or  furnished 

(with  anything),   (a)  To  be  rich  or  affluent  (in),  as  j 
that  which  is  a  special  property  or  characteristic,  or  coii-  l 
stitutes  an  individual  distinction :  as,  he  abounds  in 
wealth  or  in  charity. 

Nature  abounds  in  wits  of  every  kind, 
And  for  each  author  can  a  talent  find.  j 
Dryden,  Art  of  Poetry,  i.  13. 
(b)  To  teem  or  be  replete  (with),  as  that  which  is  furnished 
or  supplied,  or  is  an  intrinsic  characteristic  :  as,  the  coun- 
try abounds  with  wealth,  or  with  fine  scenery. 
The  faithful  man  shall  abound  with  blessings.  , 

Prov.  xxviii.  20.  i 

To  abound  in  or  -witli  one's  own  senset,  to  be  at 

liberty  to  hold  or  follow  one's  own  opinion  or  judgment. 

I  meddle  not  with  Jlr.  Ross,  but  leave  him  to  abound  \ 
in  his  own  seme.  Bramhall,  ii.  032. 

Moreover,  as  every  one  is  said  to  abound  with  Ids  men  ' 
sense,  and  that  among  the  race  of  man-kind.  Opinions  I 
and  Fancies  are  found  to  be  as  various  as  the  severall  [ 
Faces  and  Voyces ;  so  in  each  individual  man  there  is  a 
differing  facultie  of  Observation,  of  Judgement,  of  Appli- 
cation. Howell,  Forreine  Travell,  1.  | 

aboundancet  (a-boun'dans),  n.  An  old  form  of 
abundance.  Timers  Storehouse,  ii. 

abounding  (a-boun'ding),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of 
abound.]    The  state  of  being  abundant ;  abuu-  j 
dance  ;  increase.   South,  Sermons,  II.  220. 

abounding  (a-boun'ding),  p.  a.  Overflowing; 
plentiful;  abundant:  as,  abounding  wealth. 

about  {a-houf ),  adv.  and  prep.    [<  ME.  about, 
aboute,  earlier  abouten,  abute,  abuten,  <  AS.  dbii-  , 
tan  (=  OFries.  dbuta),  about,  around,  <  a-  for 
on  (the  AS.  form  onbutan  also  occurs,  with  j 
an  equiv.  ymbutan,  round  about^  <  ymbe,  ymh, 
around,  about,  =  G.  um  =  Gr.  a/uxpi :  see  am-  j 

2)hi-)  +  butan,  outside,  <  be,  by,  +  utan,  out-  ; 
side,  from  without,  <  Mi,  prep,  and  adv.,  out:  ' 
see  on,  by,  6e-2,  and  out.]    I.  adv.  1.  Around  ; 
in  circuit ;  circularly ;  round  and  round  ;  on  j 
every  side  ;  in  every  direction  ;  all  around. 

Prithee,  do  not  turn  me  about ;  my  stomach  is  not  con- 
stant. Shak.,  Tempest,  ii. 
Algiers  .  .  .  measures  barely  one  league  about. 

J.  Morgan,  Hist.  Algiers. 

2.  Circuitously ;  in  a  roundabout  course.  j 
God  led  the  people  about  through  the  way  of  the  wilder- 
ness. Ex.  xiii.  13.  I 

To  wheel  three  or  four  miles  about.      Shak.,  Cor.,  1.  6. 

3.  Hither  and  thither ;  to  and  fro ;  up  and 
down  ;  here  and  there. 

He  that  goeth  about  as  a  tale-bearei\         Prov.  xx.  111. 
Wandering  about  from  house  to  house.       1  Tim.  v,  l.i. 
We  followed  the  guide  about  among  the  tombs  for  a 
while.  C.  D.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  xii, 

4.  Near  in  time,  number,  quantity,  quality,  or 
degree;  nearly;  approximately;  almost. 

He  went  out  about  the  third  hour.  Mat.  xx.  3. 

Light  travels  about  186,000  miles  a  second. 

J.  N.  Lockyer,  Elem.  Astron.  ' 

The  first  two  are  about  the  nicest  girls  in  all  London. 

Hawley  Smart,  Social  Sinners,  I. 
[In  contracts  made  on  the  New  York  Stock  Exchange,  the'  I 
term  about  means  "not  more  than  three  days''  when 
applied  to  time,  and  "not  more  than  10  per  cent."  when 
used  with  reference  to  a  number  of  shares.] 

5.  In  readiness ;  intending ;  going :  after  the  | 
verb  to  be. 

The  house  which  I  am  about  to  build.       2  Chron.  ii.  9. 

As  the  shipmen  were  about  to  flee  out  of  the  ship.  . 

Acts  xxvii.  30. 


about 


17 


Abraham-man 


-6.  At  work ;  astir;  begin  in  earnest :  used  with 
the  force  of  an  imperative. 

About,  my  brain  !  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

To  be  about,  to  be  astir ;  be  on  tlie  move  ;  be  attending 
to  one's  usual  duties.— To  bring  about,  to  cause  or  effect : 
as,  to  briiK/  about  a  reconciliation. — To  come  about,  to 
come  to  pass  ;  happen.— To  go  about.  («)  Literally,  to 
take  a  circuitous  route ;  hence,  to  devise  roundabout  or 
secret  methods  of  accomplishing  anything ;  contrive  ;  pre- 
pare ;  seek  the  means. 

Why  rjio  ye  about  to  kill  me  ?■  John  vii.  19. 

If  we  look  into  the  eyes  of  the  youngest  person,  we 
sometimes  discover  that  here  is  one  who  knows  already 
what  you  would  go  about  with  much  pains  to  teach  him. 

Emerson,  Old  Age. 

(6)  Xaut.,  to  take  a  different  direction,  as  a  vessel  in  tack- 
ing.—  Much  about,  very  nearly:  as,  his  health  is  much 
about  the  same  as  yesterday.— Put  about,  annoyed; 
disturbed  ;  provoked  :  as,  he  was  much  put  about  by  the 
news.— Ready  about !  About  ship!  orders  to  a  crew 
to  prepare  for  tacking.— Right  about!  Left  about! 
(mint.),  commands  to  face  or  turn  round  half  a  circle,  by 
the  right  or  left,  as.  the  case  may  be,  so  as  to  face  in  the 
opposite  direction.— Turn  about,  week  about,  etc.,  in 
rotation  or  succession ;  alternately  ;  on  each  alternate  oc- 
casion, week,  etc. 

A  woman  or  two,  and  three  or  four  undertaker's  men, 
.  .  .  had  charge  of  the  remains,  which  they  watched  turn 
about.  Thackeray. 

II.  prep.   1.  On  the  outside  or  outer  surface 
of ;  surrounding ;  around  ;  all  around. 
Bind  them  about  thy  neck.  Prov.  iii.  3. 

About  her  corameth  all  the  world  to  begge. 

Sir  T.  M ore,  To  them  that  trust  in  Fortune. 
Like  one  who  wraps  the  drapery  of  his  couch 
About  him,  and  lies  down  to  pleasant  dreams. 

Bryant,  Thanatopsis. 

2.  Near  to  in  place  ;  close  to ;  at :  as,  ahoiit 
the  door.  See  the  adv.,  4. —  3.  Over  or  upon 
different  parts ;  here  and  there ;  backward  and 
forward ;  in  various  directions. 

Wlaere  lies  thy  pain  ?   All  about  the  breast  ? 

Shah.,  L.  L.  L.,  Iv.  3. 

4.  Near  or  on  one's  person  ;  with  ;  at  hand. 

You  have  not  the  "Book  of  Riddles"  aftoui  you,  have 
you?  S/iafc,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  1. 

5.  In  relation  to;  respecting;  in  regard  to;  on 
account  of. 

He  is  very  courageous  mad  about  his  throwing  into  the 
water.  SAafc,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  1. 

The  question  is  not  about  what  is  there,  but  about  what 
I  see.  W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  256. 

It  is  not  enough  to  be  industrious ;  so  are  the  ants. 
^V^lat  are  you  industrious  about  >  Thoreau,  Letters,  p.  161. 

6.  Concerned  in  ;  engaged  in  :  as,  what  is  he 
about? 

I  must  be  about  my  Father's  business.  Luke  ii.  49. 
To  go  or  set  about,  to  become  occupied  with ;  engage 
in ;  undertake  ;  begin  :  as,  go  about  your  business ;  he  set 
about  the  performance  of  his  task. 

bout-sledge  (a-bout'slej),  M.  [<  about  (in  refer- 
ence to  its  being  swung  around)  +  sledge^.'] 
The  largest  hammer  used  by  blacksmiths.  It 
Is  grasped  at  the  end  of  the  handle  with  both 
hands  and  swung  at  arm's  length, 
bove  (a-buv'),  adv.  ^knA  prep.  [<  ME.  above, 
aboven,  abuve,  abuven,  abiifen  (>  E.  dial,  and  Sc. 
aboon,  abune,  q.  v.),  <  AS.  dbufan,  above,  <  d- 
for  on  -f-  biifan  (full  form  beufan  =  OS.  biobhaji 
=  D.  boven),  above,  <  be-,  by,  -I-  ufan,  from 
above,  above,  =  OS.  obliana,tvora  above,  obhan, 
above,  =  OHG.  opana,  obana,  MH6.  6.  oben, 
=  leel.  of  an;  all  from  a  base  appearing  in 
Goth,  iif,  prep.,  under,  OHG.  opa,  aba,  MHG. 
obe,  ob,  adv.  and  prep.,  over,  Icel.  of,  prep., 
over,  for.  A  different  form  oi:  the  same  base 
appears  in  ur),  q.  v.    See  also  over.l    I.  adv. 

1.  In  or  to  a  higher  place ;  overhead ;  often, 
in  a  special  sense :  (a)  In  or  to  the  celestial 
regions ;  in  heaven. 

Your  praise  the  birds  shall  chant  in  every  grove, 
And  winds  shall  waft  it  to  the  powers  above. 

Pope,  .Summer,  1.  80. 

(6)  Upstairs. 
My  maid's  aunt  .  .  .  has  a  gown  above. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  Iv.  1. 

2.  On  the  upper  side  (opposed  to  beneath) ; 
toward  the  top  (opposed  to  below) :  as,  leaves 
green  a&oye,  glaucous  beneath;  stems  smooth 
ahore,  hairy  below.  —  3.  Higher  in  rank  or 
power:  as,  the  courts  above. — 4.  Before  in 
rank  or  order,  especially  in  a  book  or  writing  : 
as,  from  what  has  been  said  above. —  5.  Be- 
sides :  in  the  expression  over  and  above. 

And  stand  indebted,  over  and  above, 
In  love  and  service  to  you  evermore. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V,,  iv.  1. 
IShakspere  has  more  above  in  the  same  sense. 

This,  in  obedience,  hath  ray  daughter  showed  me  ; 

And  more  abuve,  hath  liis  solicitinga  .  .  . 

All  given  to  mine  ear.  Hamlet,  il.  2.] 


Above  is  often  used  elliptically  as  a  noun,  meaning :  (1) 
Heaven:  as,  "Every  good  gift  ...  is  from  above,"  Jas. 

1.  17.  (2)  Preceding  statement,  remarks,  or  the  lilie:  as, 
from  the  above  you  will  learn  my  object.  It  has  the  force 
of  an  adjective  in  such  phrases  as  the  above  particulars,  in 
which  cited  or  'mentioned  is  understood. 

II,  prep.   1.  In  or  to  a  higher  place  than. 
And  fowl  that  may  fly  above  the  earth.  Gen.  i.  20. 

2.  Superior  to  in  any  respect :  often  in  the 
sense  of  too  high  for,  as  too  high  in  dignity  or 
fancied  importance  ;  too  elevated  in  charac- 
ter :  as,  this  man  is  above  his  business,  above 
mean  actions. 

Doubtless,  in  man  there  is  a  nature  found, 
Beside  the  senses,  and  above  them  far. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  ii. 
Seneca  \vrote  largely  on  natural  philosophy  .  .  .  solely 
because  it  tended  to  raise  the  mind  above  low  cares. 

Macaulay,  Lord  Byron. 

3.  More  in  quantity  or  number  than  :  as,  the 
weight  is  above  a  ton. 

He  was  seen  of  above  five  hundred  brethren  at  once. 

1  Cor.  XV.  6. 

4.  More  in  degree  than ;  in  a  greater  degree 
than ;  beyond  ;  in  excess  of. 

Thou  [the  serpent]  art  cursed  above  all  cattle. 

Gen.  iii.  14. 

God  .  .  .  will  not  suffer  you  to  be  tempted  above  that 
ye  are  able.  1  Cor.  x.  13. 

Above  the  bounds  of  reason.  Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V,,  ii.  7. 
I  heard  a  knocking  for  above  an  hour. 

Svjift,  Gull.  Trav.,  i.  1. 

Above  all,  above  or  before  everything  else ;  before  every 
other  consideration  ;  in  preference  to  all  other  things. — 
Above  the  rest,  especially  ;  particularly :  as,  one  night 
above  the  rest. — Above  the  world,  (a)  Above  considering 
what  people  say.  (6)  Holding  a  secure  position  in  life ; 
having  one's  fortune  made. 

With  such  an  income  as  that  he  should  be  above  the 
world,  as  the  saying  is.  A.  Trollope. 

=  Syn.  Over,  Above.    See  over. 

abO'veboard  (a-buv'bord),  preji.  phr.  as  adv.  or 
a.  l<.  above  +  board.  "A  figurative  expression, 
borrowed  from  gamesters,  who,  when  they  put 
their  hands  under  the  table,  are  changing  their 
cards."  Johnson.]  Inopensight;  withouttricks 
or  disguise :  as,  an  honest  man  deals  above- 
board;  his  actions  are  open  and  abovehoard. 

Lovers  in  this  age  have  too  much  honour  to  do  anything 
underhand  ;  they  do  all  aboveboard. 

Vanbrugh,  Relapse,  ii.  1. 

abO've-deck  (a-buv'dek),  jjrep.  phr.  as  adv.  or 
a.  1.  Upon  deck  :  as,  the  above-deck  cargo. — 
2.  Figuratively,  without  artifice ;  aboveboard : 
as,  his  dealings  are  all  above-deck.  [Colloq.] 

abo've-ground  (a-buv'ground),  prep),  phr.  as 
adv.  or  a.    Alive ;  not  buried. 

I'll  have  'em,  an  they  be  above-ground. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  The  Chances. 

ab  O'V'O  (ab  o'vo).  [L.,  from  the  egg:  ab, 
from;  ovo,  abl.  of  ovum,  egg,  ovum:  see  ovum.'] 
Literally,  from  the  egg  ;  hence,  from  the  very 
beginning,  generally  with  allusion  to  the  Roman 
custom  of  beginning  a  meal  with  eggs,  in  this 

case  it  is  the  first  part  of  the  phrase  ab  ovo  usque  ad  mala, 
from  the  egg  to  the  apples,  that  is,  from  beginning  to  end ; 
but  sometimes  the  allusion  is  to  the  poet  who  began  the 
history  of  the  Trojan  war  with  the  story  of  the  egg  from 
which  Helen  was  fabled  to  have  been  born. 

By  way  of  tracing  the  whole  theme  [the  Homeric  con- 
troversy] ab  ovo,  suppose  we  begin  by  stating  the  chrono- 
logical bearings  of  the  principal  objects  .  .  .  connected 
with  the  Iliad,  De  Quincey,  Homer,  i. 


Bark  with  Yards  Abox. 

abox  (a-boks'))  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  ^3, 
prep.,  -h  box'^.]  Naut.,  in  or  into  the  position 
of  the  yards  of  a  vessel  when  the  head-sails  are 
laid  aback:  applied  to  the  head-yards  only,  the 
other  sails  being  kept  full. 

abp.    A  contraction  of  archbishop. 

abracadabra  (ab'ra-ka-dab'ra),  n.  [L. ;  occur- 
ring first  in  a  poem  (Prwcepta  de  Medicina)  by 
Q.  Serenus  Sammonieus,  in  the  second  cen- 
tury; mere  jargon.  Ct.  abracalam.']  1.  A  caba- 


listic word  used  in  incantations.  When  writ- 
ten in  a  manner  similar  to  that  shown  in  the 
accompanying  diagram,  so  as  to  be  read  in  dif- 

ABRACADABRA 
ABRACADABR 
ABKACADAB 
A     B     R     A     C     A     D  A 
A     B     R"    A     C     A  D 
A     B     R     A     C  A 
A     B     R     A  C 
A     B     R  A 
A     B  R 
A  B 
A 

ferent  directions,  and  worn  as  an  amulet,  it  was 
supposed  to  cure  certain  ailments. 

Mr.  Banester  saith  that  he  healed  200  in  one  year  of  an 
ague  by  lianging  abracadabra  about  their  necks,  and 
would  stanch  blood,  or  heal  the  toothake,  although  the 
partyes  were  10  myle  of.  MS.  in  Brit.  Museum. 

Hence  —  2.  Any  word-charm  or  empty  jingle 
of  words. 

abracalam  (a-brak'a-lam),  n.  [Cf.  abraca- 
dabra.] A  cabalistic  word  used  as  a  charm 
among  the  Jews. 

abracnia  (a-bra'ki-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  %  priv. 
4-  L.  bracMum,  arm.]  In  sool.,  absence  of 
anterior  limbs. 

abrachius  (a-bra'ki-us),  n.;  pi.  abrachii  (-i). 
[NL. :  see  abrdchia.]  In  teratol.,  a  monster 
in  which  the  anterior  limbs  are  absent,  while 
the  posterior  are  well  developed. 

abradant  (ab-ra'dant),  a.  and  n.  [<  OF.  abra- 
dant, serving  to  scrape,  scraping,  <  L.  abra- 
den{t-)s,  ppr.  of  abradere,  scrape  off :  see  abrade.] 
I.  a.  Abrading;  having  the  property  or  quality 
of  scraping. 

II.  n.  A  material  used  for  grinding,  such  as 
emery,  sand,  powdered  glass,  etc. 

abrade  (ab-rad'),  v.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  abraded, 
ppr.  abradbuj.  [<  L.  abradere,  scrape  or  rub 
off,  <  ab,  off,  -I-  radere,  scrape  :  see  raze.]  To 
rub  or  wear  away ;  rub  or  scrape  off ;  detach 
particles  from  the  surface  of  by  friction :  as, 
glaciers  abrade  the  rocks  over  which  they  pass  ; 
to  abrade  the  prominences  of  a  surface. 

Dusty  red  walls  and  abraded  towers. 

Lathrop,  Spanish  Vistas,  p.  132. 

A  termination  is  the  abraded  relic  of  an  originally  dis- 
tinct qualifying  word.  J.  Fiske,  Cos.  Phil.,  I.  66. 
=  SjOl.  Scratch,  Chafe,  etc.    See  scrape,  v.  t. 

Abrahamt,      See  Abram. 

Abrahamic  (a-bra-ham'ik),rt.  [KJj.  Abraham, 
<  Gr.  'Afifjadfi,  repr.  Heb.  'Abraham,  father  of  a 
multitude,  orig.  'Abram,  lit.  father  of  height.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  patriarch  Abraham. 

Abrahamidse  (a-bra-ham'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
(.Abraham  +  -idee.]  The  descendants  of  Abra- 
ham ;  the  Hebrews. 

This  [Biblical]  revelation  of  origins  .  .  .  was  a  whole 
system  of  religion,  pure  and  elevating,  .  .  .  placing  the 
Abrahamidce,  who  for  ages  seem  alone  to  have  helil  to  it, 
on  a  plane  of  spiritual  vantage  immeasurably  above  that 
of  other  nations.  Dawson,  Orig.  of  World,  p.  71. 

Abrahamite  (a'bra-ham-it  or  a'bram-it),  «. 
[< ML.  ^fcra/iamito,  pi. ';'  as  Abraham  +  -ite'^.] 

1.  One  of  a  Christian  sect  named  from  its 
founder,  Abraham  of  Antioeh  (ninth  century), 
and  charged  with  Paulieian  (Gnostic)  errors. — 

2.  One  of  a  sect  of  Deists  in  Bohemia,  viho 
came  into  prominence  about  1782,  and  were 
banished  to  Hungary  by  the  Emperor  Joseph  II. 
for  nonconformity.  They  seem  to  have  professed 
the  religion  of  Abraham  before  his  circumcision,  to  have 
believed  in  God,  the  immortality  of  the  soul,  and  a  future 
state  of  rewards  and  punishments,  but  to  have  rejected 
baptism  and  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  aifd  to  have  ac- 
knowledged no  scripture  but  the  decalogue  and  the  Lord's 
prayer. 

Abrahamitical  (a''''bra-ham-it'i-kal  or  a-bram- 
it'i-kal),  a.  Relating  to  Abraham  or  to  the 
Abraiiamites. 

Abraham-man  (a'bra-ham-  or  a'bram-man), 
n.  1.  Originally,  a  mendicant  lunatic  from 
Bethlehem  Hospital,  London.  The  wards  in  the 
ancient  Bedlara  (Bethlehem)  bore  distinctive  names,  as  of 
some  saint  or  patriarch.  That  named  after  Abraliam 
was  devoted  to  a  class  of  lunatics  who  on  certain  days 
were  permitted  to  go  out  begging.  They  bore  a  badge, 
and  were  known  as  Abraham-men.  Jlany,  however,  as- 
sumed the  badge  without  right,  and  begged,  feigning 
lunacy.    Hence  the  more  received  meaning  came  to  lie  — 

2.  An  impostor  who  wandered  about  the 
country  seeking  alms,  under  pretense  of  lu- 
nacy.   Hence  the  phrase  to  sham  Abraham,  to  feign 

sickness, 

Matthew,  sceptic  aiul  scoffer,  had  failed  to  subscribe  a 
prompt  belief  in  that  pain  about  the  heart  :  he  h.nd  mut- 
tered some  words  in  wliich  the  phrase,  "  shaminiyig  Abra- 
ham," had  been  very  distinctly  audible. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxxiiL 


Abraham's-balm 

Abraham's-balmt  (il'bra-hamz-  or  a'bramz- 

bam),  «.    An  old  name  of  "an  Italian  wi'ilow 

supposed  to  be  a  charm  for  the  preservation  of 

chastity.    See  agnus  casttts,  under  arjnus. 
Abraham's-eyet  (a'bra-hamz-  or  a'bramz-i),  n. 

A  magical  charm  supposed  to  have  power  to 

deprive  of  eyesight  a  thief  who  refused  to  con- 
fess his  guilt. 
abraidt  (a-brad'),  v.     [<  ME.  abraidcn,  abrei- 

den,  start  up,  awake,  move,  reproach,  <  AS. 

dbregdan,  contr.  dbredan  (a  strong  verb),  move 

quickly:  see  braid^  and  iq)braid.^  I.  trans.  To 

rouse  ;  awake  ;  upbraid. 

How  now,  base  brat !  what !  are  thy  wits  thine  own, 
That  tliou  dar'st  thus  abraide  me  in  my  lainl  ? 

Greene,  Alphonsus,  ii. 

11.  intratis.  To  awake;  start. 

Ami  if  that  he  out  of  his  sleepe  abraide, 
He  niiglit  don  us  bathe  a  vilanie. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  270. 

Abramt,  Abrahamt,  «.  Corrupted  forms  of 
aubi(ni. 

Abramidina  (ab-ra-mi-di'na),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Abramis  (Abramid-)  +  -/»(-(.]  In  Giinther's 
classification  of  fishes,  the  twelfth  subfamily 
of  Cyjtrinidse,  having  the  anal  fin  elongate  and 
the  abdomen,  or  part  of  it,  compressed.  It  in- 
cludes the  genus  Abramis  and  similar  fresh- 
water fishes  related  to  the  bream. 

Abramis  (ab'ra-mis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ai3pa,uig 
(a^pa/iid-),  the  name  of  a  fish  found  in  the  Nile 
and  the  Mediterranean,  perhaps  the  bream, 
but  not  etym.  related  to  bream.']  A  genus 
of  fishes  of  the  family  Ci/prinidw,  typified  by 
the  common  fresh-water  bream  of  Europe,  A. 
brama,  Xlie  name  lias  been  adopted  witli  various  modi- 
fications by  different  iclithyologists,  being  restricted  by 
some  to  old-world  forms  closely  allied  to  the  bream,  and 
extended  by  others  to  include  certain  American  llslies 
less  nearly  related  to  it,  such  as  the  common  American 
shiner,  etc.    G.  Cu  vier,  1817.    See  breainl. 

Abranchia  (a-brang'ki-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  abranchius :  see  abranchious.]  A  name 
given  to  several  different  groups  of  animals 
which  have  no  gills  :  (a)  To  a  group  of  vertebrates, 
comprising  mammals,  birds,  and  reptiles  (or  Maiiunalia 
and  Sauropsida),  whose  young  never  possess  gills.  The 
group  is  thus  contrasted  with  Batnichia  and  Pisces  col- 
lectively. In  this  sense  the  term  has  no  exact  classitlca- 
tory  signification.  ('<)  To  a  group  of  gastropodous  mol- 
lusks,  variously  rateil  by  naturalists  as  a  suborder,  an  or- 
der, or  a  subclass ;  the  Ainiciistii  or  Dcnnatiijinva  of  some, 
related  to  the  N udibranrliiittn ,  having  no  branchi^,  the  up- 
per surface  of  the  body  ciliated,  and  no  shell  except  when  in 
the  larval  state.  This  group  includes  the  families  Liina- 
poatiihe,  Phi/lllrliiiitire,  and  Ebtsiklte.  (c)  To  an  order  of 
Annelida,  the  Oliijochcvta,  which  are  without  branchife, 
and  respire  by  tlie  surface  of  the  body.  Tliere  are  several 
families,  among  them  the  Liimbricidce,  to  which  the  com- 
mon earthworm  belongs.  They  are  mostly  hermaphrodite, 
and  undergo  no  metamorphosis.  They  have  no  feet,  but 
the  body  is  provided  with  bristles  (seta;).  The  mouth  is 
rudimentary,  not  suctorial,  as  in  the  related  order  Hiru- 
dinea  (leeches).  The  species  are  mostly  land  or  fresh- 
water worms,  (d)  In  Cuvier's  system  of  classification,  to 
the  third  family  of  the  order  Annelides,  containing  the 
earthworms  (Abranchia  setiriera)  and  the  leeches;  thus 
appro.ximately  corresponding  to  the  two  modern  orders 
Oligoclueta  and  Hirudinea.  It  included,  however,  some 
heterogeneous  elements,  as  the  gordians.  Sometimes 
called  Abranchiata  and  also  Abranchim.  [If  it  is  advisable 
to  apply  the  term  to  any  group  of  animals,  it  is  probably  to 
be  retained  in  the  second  of  the  senses  above  noted.] 

abranchian  (a-brang'ki-an),  n.    One  of  the 
Abran  cliin. 

Abranchiata  (a-brang-ki-a'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
neut.pl.  of  abranchiatus :  see  abranchiate.]  A 
term  sometimes  used  as  synonymous  with 
Abranchia. 

abranchiate  (a-brang'ki-at),  «.    [<  Nil.  abran-  ^ 

chiatus:  see  abranchious  and -afe"^.]  Devoid  of  abrayt  (a-bra'J, 


18 

It  is  one  of  the  most  ciwious  phenomena  of  language, 
that  words  are  as  subject  as  coin  to  defacement  and 
abrasion.        G.  P.  Marsh,  Lect.  on  Eng.  Lang.,  Int.,  p.  le. 

2.  The  result  of  rubbing  or  abrading;  an 
abraded  spot  or  place  :  applied  cniefly  to  a 
fretting  or  excoriation  of  the  skin  by  which  the 
underlying  tissues  are  exposed. — 3.  In  pathol., 
a  superficial  excoriation  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  intestines,  accompanied  by  loss 
of  substance  in  the  form  of  small  shreds. —  4. 
The  substance  worn  away  by  abrading  or  at- 
trition. Berkeley. 
abrasive  (ab-ra'siv),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  as  if 
*abrasiriis,  <  abrasus,  pp.  of  abradcrc :  see  ab- 
rade.] I.  a.  Tending  to  produce  abrasion ; 
ha^dng  the  property  of  abrading ;  abradant. 

The  .  .  .  abrasive  materials  used  in  the  treatment  of 
metallic  surfaces. 

C.  P.  B.  Shelley,  Workshop  Appliances,  p.  108. 

II.  n.  Any  material  having  abrading  quali- 
ties ;  an  abi-adant. 

The  amateur  is  most  strenuously  counselled  to  polish 
the  tool  upon  the  oil-stone,  or  other  fine  abrasive  em- 
ployed for  setting  the  edge. 

0.  Bijrnc,  Artisan's  Handbook,  p.  17. 
abraum  (ab'ram ;  G.  pron.  ap'roum),  ii.  [G.;  lit., 
what  has  to  be  cleared  away  to  get  at  some- 


abridger 

abreast  {&-'bTesi'),prep.phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<a-', 
prcp.,  on,  +  brcast.]  1.  Side  by  side,  with  breasts 
in  a  line :  as,  "  the  riders  rode  abreast,"  Dry  den. 

It  (the  wall  of  Chester]  has  everywhere,  however  i 
rugged  outer  parapet  and  a  broad  hollow  flaggnig,  w'iilr 
enough  for  two  strollers  abreast. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  ;i, 

2.  Naut. :  («)  Lying  or  moving  side  byside,  with 
stemsequally  advanced.  (6)  "When  used  to  indi- 
cate the  situation  of  a  vessel  in  regard  to  au  - 
other  object,  opposite ;  over  against ;  lying  so 
that  the  object  is  on  a  line  with  the  beam :  in 
this  sense  with  of. 

Tlie  Bellona  .  .  .  kept  too  close  to  the  starboard  shoal 
and  grounded  abreast  of  the  outer  ship  of  the  enemy. 

Southey,  Nelson,  li.  121. 

3.  Figuratively,  up  to  the  same  pitch  or  level : 
used  with  of  ov  with:  as,  to  keep  abreast  o/tho 
times  in  science,  etc.— 4t.  At  the  same  time ; 
simultaneously. 

Abreast  therewith  began  a  convocation.  Fuller 
Line  abreast,  a  formation  of  a  squadron  in  which  tin 
ships  are  abreast  of  one  another. 

abredet,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.    A  Middle  Englisli 
form  of  abread.    Bom.  of  the  L'o.sc. 
abregget,  v-  t.     A  Middle  English  form  of 
abridge.  Chaucer, 


thing  valuable  beneath;  the  worthless  upper  abrenoiincet  (ab-re-nouns'),  v.  t.    [<  L 


.Abraxas,  collection  of  the  British  Museum. 


gills  ;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Abranchia. 
abranchious  (a-brang'ki-us)  ,a.    [<  NL.  abran- 
chius, <  Gr.  a-  priv.  -f-  I3pdyxca,  gills.]    Same  as 
abranchiate.  [Eare.] 

The  second  family  of  the  aftrajic/iious  Annelides, — or,  the 
Abranchia  without  bristles. 

G.  Cuvier,  Rfegne  Anim.  (tr.  of  1849),  p.  398. 

Abrasaz  (ab'ra-saks),  n.  Same  as  Abraxas,  1, 2. 
abraset  (ab-raz'),  v.  t.    [<  L.  abrasus,  pp.  of 

abradere,  vuhoS:  see  abrade.]   Same  as  abrade. 
abraset  (ab-raz'),  rt.   [<L.  aftrasws,  pp. :  seethe  abrazite  (ab'ra-zit),  w. 

verb.]  Made  clean  or  clear  of  marks  by  rubbing.    (ipdCsLv,  boil,  ferment, 
A  nymph  as  pure  and  simple  as  the  soule  or  as  an  abrase 

table.      •  B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 


portion  of  a  vein  or  ore-deposit;  the  earth 
covering  the  rock  in  a  quarry  ;  <  dbriiiimen,  clear 
away,  take  from  the  room  or  place,  <  ab-  (=  E. 
off),  from,  +  raum,  place,  .  -  E.  room,  q.  v.] 
Red  oeher,  used  by  cabinet-makers  to  give  a 
red  color  to  new  mahogany — Abraum  salts  [G. 
abraumsahe],  a  mixture  of  salts  of  potash,  soda,  magnesia, 
etc.,  overlying  the  rock-salt  deposit  at  Stassfurt,  Prussia, 
and  vicinity,  the  value  nf  wliii  h  was  nnt  innuediately  rec- 
ognizeil  wlieii  tliese  deposits  were  opened,  but  which  is 
now  the  chief  source  of  supply  of  potassic  .salts  in  the  world. 

Abraxas  (ab- 
rak'sas),  h. 
[See  ■'  def.  2, 
and  cf.  abra- 
cadabra.] 1. 
In  aniiq.,  a 
Gnostic  amu- 
let consisting 
of  an  engraved 

gem,  often  bearing  a  mystical  figure  (which 
generally  combines  human  and  brute  forms) 
and  an  unintelligible  legend,  but  sometimes 
inscribed  with  the  word  Abraxas,  either  alone 
or  accompanying  a  figure  or  a  word  connected 
with  Hebrew  or  Egyptian 
religion,  as  lao,  t<ahaoth, 
Osiris. —  2.  A  mystical 
word  used  by  the  Gnostic 
followers  of  Basilides  to 
denote  the  Sujjreme  Being, 
or,  perhaps,  its  36.5  emana- 
tions collectively,  or  the 
365  orders  of  spirits  oc- 
cupying the  365  heavens. 
Later  it  was  commonly  applied  to 
any  symbolical  representation  of 
Gnostic  ideas.    It  is  said  to  have 

been  coined  by  Basilides  in  the  Abraxas.  (Both  examples  are 
second  century,  from  the  sum  of     of  the  Basilidian  type.) 
the  Greek  numeral  letters  ex- 

pressingthe  number 365  ;  thus  :  a  =  1,  ^  =  2,  p  =  100,  a  =1, 
1  =  (;o,  a  =  1,  s  =  200 ;  total,  365. 

Also  written  Abrasax. 
3.  A  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects,  of  the 
family  Geometrida;  containing  the  large  mag- 
pie-moth. Abraxas  grossulariata.    The  larva;  are 

very  destructive  to  gooseberry-  and  currant-bushes  in 
Europe,  consuming  their  leaves  as  soon  as  they  appear. 

[A  false  pres.  form. 


abrasion   (ab-ra'zhon),  n.     [<  L.  abrasio(n-). 


made  from  ME.  pret.  abrayde,  abraide,  taken 
for  a  weak  verb,  with  pret.  ending  -de  (=  E. 
-ed),  whereas  the  verb  is  strong,  with  pret. 
abrayde,  abraide,  properly  abraid,  abreid  (<  AS. 
ubrcegd),  similar  in  form  to  pres.  abrayde, 
abraide,  <  AS.  dbregde,  inf.  dbregdan:  see 
abraid.]    To  awake. 

But,  whenas  I  did  out  of  sleep  abray, 
I  found  her  not  where  I  left  her  whyleare. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  vi.  36. 

[<  Gr.  a-  priv.,  not,  + 
+  -ifc2.]     A  mineral 
found  at  Capo  di  Bove,  near  Rome,  probably 
the  same  as  that  named  zeagonite  and  later 
gismondine  (which  see). 


<  alrradere : 

away 

by  friction  or  attrition.  Conmion  examples  of  abra- 
sion are  :  (a)  The  wearing  or  rubbing  away  of  rocks  by  ice- 
bergs or  glaciers,  by  currents  of  water  laden  with  sand, 
shingle,  etc.,  by  blown  sand,  or  by  other  means,  (b)  The 
natural  wasting,  or  wear  and  tear,  to  which  coins  are  sulj- 
jected  in  course  of  circulation,  as  opposed  to  intentional 
or  accidental  defacement. 


ah. 

from  (here  intensive),  +  E.  renounce,  after  LL. 
ubrenuntidre,  <  L.  ab  +  renuntidre,  renounce; 
see  rcnottncc]    To  renounce  absolutely. 

Under  pain  of  the  pope's  curse  .  .  .  either  to  airenotoio 
their  wives  or  their  livings. 

Fo.ce,  Book  of  Martyrs,  Acts  and  Deeds,  fol.  mi 

abrenunciationt  (ab-re-nun-si-a'shon),  n. 
[<ML.  abrenuntiatio(n-)',  <L.  abrenuntiare :  see- 
ubrenounce.]    Renunciation ;  absolute  denial. 

An  abrenunciation  of  that  truth  which  be  so  long  ha. I 
professed.  Hurt  of  Sedition,  iii.  1. 

abreptionf  (ab-rep'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *ali- 
reptio(n-),<abripcrc,  pp.  abreptus,  snatch  away, 

<  aft,  away,  +  rapere,  seize:  see  rapt  and  rar- 
ish.]  The  state  of  being  carried  away  or  forci- 
bly separated ;  separation. 

abreuvoir  (a-bre-vwor'),  M.  [P.,  a  drinking- 
place,  horse-trough,  <  abreuver,  give  to  drink, 
earlier  abrcvcr,  <  OF.  abevrer  -  Sp.  abrcvar  = 
It.  abbeverarc,  <  ML.  abeverare,  orig.  *adbib(- 
rare,  <  ad,  to,  -I-  *Uberarc,  <  L.  bibere,  drink : 
see  bilA  and  beverage.]  1.  A  watering-placid 
for  animals;  a  horse-trough. —  2.  In  masonry, 
a  joint  or  interstice  between  stones,  to  be  filled 
up  with  mortar  or  cement.  Gwilt. 
Also  spelled  abbrcuvoir. 

abricockt,  abricott,  n.    Same  as  apricot. 

abrid  (a'brid),  n.  [Uncertain;  perhaps  due 
to  Sp.  *abrido,  for  irreg.  abierto,  pp.  of  abrir, 
open,  unlock,  <  L.  aperire,  open.]  '  A  bushinp- 
plate  around  a  hole  in  which  a  pintle  moves. 
E.  H.  Knigh  t. 

abridge  (a-brij'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  abridged. 
ppr.  abridging.  [<ME.  abregen,  abreggen,  abriij- 
gen,  etc.,  <  OF.  abrigier,  abridgier,  abbregicr, 
abrevicr='PT.  abrevjar,  <  L.  abbreriare,  shorten, 

<  ad,  to,  +  brevis,  short :  see  abbreviate  and  brief.  ] 
1.  To  make  shorter;  curtail:  as,  alwidged 
cloaks,"  Scott,  Ivanhoe,  xiv. —  2.  To  shorten 
by  condensation  or  omission,  or  both  ;  lewrito 
or  reconstruct  on  a  smaller  scale  ;  put  tbo 
main  or  essential  parts  of  ipto  less  space :  used 
of  writings :  as,  Justin  abridged  the  history  of 
Trogus  Pompeius. 

The  antiquities  of  Richborough  and  Reculver,  abridged 
from  the  Latin  of  Mr.  Archdeacon  Battely. 

N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  X.  14.i. 

3.  To  lessen  ;  diminish :  as,  to  abridge  labor. 

Power  controlled  or  abridged  is  almost  always  the  rival 
and  enemy  of  that  power  by  which  it  is  controlled  or 
abridged.  A.  Hamilton,  Federalist,  No.  l.'-. 

4.  To  deprive ;  cut  off :  followed  by  of,  and 
formerly  also  by  from :  as,  to  abridge  one  of 
rights  or  enjoyments. 

Nor  do  I  now  make  moan  to  be  abridg'd 

From  such  a  noble  rate.        Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  l. 

5.  In  alg.,  to  reduce,  as  a  compound  quantity 
or  equation,  to  a  more  simple  form.  =  Syn.  2. 
To  cut  down,  prune.  See  abbreviate. —  4.  To  disposses.^, 
divest,  strip,  despoil. 

abridgedly  (a-brij'ed-li),  adv.  In  a  concise  or 
shortened  form. 


see  abrade.]    1.  The  act  of  abrad-  abrazitxc  (ab-ra-zit'ik),  ».   Not  effervescing,  as  1^"^^^^^^    ,    hvii'pv^    «     n„«  wb,^  r..  tb<,t 

of  wearing  or  rubbin- off  or  awav    i"  acids  or  when  heated  before  the  blowpipe:  ^■Ondger   (a-brij  er),  «.     One  who  or  that 

01  wearing  or  ruDDin„  on  oi  away    ^^.^^      ^^^^^.^  minerals.    [Rare.]  ^"^^f  abridges,  by  curtailmg,  shortemug,  cr 

abread,  abreed  (a-bred'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  condensing. 

[Sc.,  <  ME.  abrede'i  on  hrede,  in  breadth  :  a,  on,  C"tic.ks  have  been  represented  as  the  gveat  ahridgers  ol 

prep.;    brede,  <  AS.  brwdu,  breadth,  <  brad,  "^t-ve  liberty  of  gemus          ff.  £!a.-  Lectures,,.,, 

hrnfld-  spp  «3  anrl  hrpnrlfl,    nnfl  r.f    «7i,w/r7  1  ^ftntfj/ere  are  a  kind  of  literary  men  to  whom  the  indr 

Droaa.  see  «•>  ana  Oreaam,  ana  et.  aMoacl.l  ,e„,.g     modern  readers  .  .  .  givefs]  ample  employment. 

Abroad.  Burns.  Also  spelled aftrajd.  [Scotch.]  /.  Z)'/sraeii,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  IL  o: 


abridgment 


19 


abscesslon 


abridgment  (a-brij'ment),  n.  [<  late  ME. 
abri/gement,  <  OF.  abrigement,  abregemcnt :  see 
abridge  aud  -?«c«i.]  1 .  The  act  of  abridging,  or 
the  state  of  being  abridged ;  diminution ;  eon- 
traction  ;  reduction  ;  curtailment ;  restriction  : 
as,  an  abridgment  of  expenses;  "abridgment 
of  liberty,"  Locke. 

Persons  employed  in  the  mechanic  arts  are  those  whom 
the  abridgment  of  commerce  would  immediately  affect. 

A.  Hamilton,  Works,  II.  15. 

It  was  his  sin  and  folly  which  brought  him  under  that 
abridijment.  South. 

2.  A  condensation,  as  of  a  book ;  a  reduction 
within  a  smaller  space  ;  a  reproduction  of  any- 
thing in  reduced  or  condensed  form. 

A  genuine  abridgment  is  a  reproduction  of  the  matter 
or  substance  of  a  larger  work  in  a  condensed  form,  and  in 
language  which  is  not  a  mere  transcript  of  that  of  tlie 
original.  Drone,  Copyright,  p.  158. 

Here  lies  David  Garrick,  describe  him  who  can, 
An  abridgment  of  all  that  was  pleasant  in  man. 

Goldsmith,  Retaliation. 

3.  That  which  abridges  or  cuts  short.  [Rare.] 

Look,  where  my  abridgments  come  [namely,  the  players 
who  cut  me  short  in  my  speech.  Compare,  however, 
meaning  4].  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

4.  That  which  shortens  anything,  as  time,  or 
makes  it  appear  short;  hence,  a  pastime. 
[Rare.] 

Say,  what  abridgment  have  you  for  this  evening  ? 
Wliat  mask,  what  music?  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  v.  1. 

Also  spelled  abridgement. 
—  Syn.  2.  Abridgment ,  Compendium,  Epitome,  Abstract, 
Compeclus,  Synopsis,  Summary,  Syllabiis,  Brief,  Digest. 
An  abridgment  is  a  work  shortened  by  condensation  of 
statement,  or  by  omitting  the  less  essential  parts.  A  com- 
pendium, or  compend,  is  a  concise  but  compreliensive  view 
of  a  subject ;  in  general  it  does  not  imply,  as  abridgment 
does,  the  existence  of  a  larger  or  previous  work.  An 
epitome  contains  only  the  most  important  points  of  a  work 
orsUbject,  expressed  in  the  smallest  compass.  Aji  abstract 
is  a  bare  statement  or  outline  of  facts,  heads,  or  leading 
features  in  a  book,  lecture,  subject,  etc.  Co7ispectus  and 
synopsis  are,  literally,  condensed  views  —  the  substance  of 
any  matter  so  arranged  as  to  be  taken  in  at  a  glance ; 
synop.ns  implies  orderly  arrangement  under  Iieads  and 
particulars.  A  summary  is  a  brief  statement  of  tlie  main 
points  in  a  work  or  treatise,  less  methodical  than  an  ab- 
stract or  a  syiwpsis ;  it  may  be  a  recapitulation.  A  sylla- 
fttts  is  commonly  a  synopsis  printed  for  the  convenience 
of  those  hearing  lectures  ;  but  the  term  is  also  applied  to 
certain  papal  documents.  (See  syllabus.)  Brie;" is  generally 
confined  to  its  technical  legal  meanings.  (See  brief.)  A 
digest  is  a  methodical  arrangement  of  the  material  of  a 
subject,  as  under  heads  or  titles ;  it  may  include  the 
whole  of  the  matter  concerned :  as,  a  digest  of  laws. 
There  may  be  an  abridgment  of  a  dictionary,  a  comjjend 
or  compendium  of  literature,  an  epitome  of  a  political 
situation,  an  abstract  of  a  sermon,  a  conspectus  or  synopsis 
of  a  book,  a  summary  of  the  arguments  in  a  debate,  a 
diiirst  of  opinions  on  some  moot  point, 
ibrigget,  v.  t.  A  Middle  English  form  of 
abridge.  Chaucer. 

,brin  (a'brin),  «.  [<  Abrus  +  -i»2.]  A  name 
given  to  a  poisonous  principle  obtained  from 
Abrus  precatorius. 

.broach  (a-broch'),  j?>-ej9.  jj/ir.  as  adv.  or  a.  [< 
ME.  abroche,  in  the  phrase  sette{n)  abrocJie,  set 
abroach,  <  a3  for  on  +  broche,  a  spit,  spigot, 
pin:  see  brooch  and  broach.']  Broached ;  letting 
out  or  yielding  liquor,  or  in  a  position  for  letting 
out:  as,  the  cask  is  abroach. 

If  the  full  tun  of  vengeance  be  abroach, 
Fill  out  and  swill  until  you  burst  again. 

Webster  (?),  Weakest  Goeth  to  the  Wall,  i.  2. 

To  set  abroach,   (a)  To  set  running ;  cause  to  flow  or 

let  out  liquor,  as  a  cask  or  barrel. 

BaiTels  of  ale  set  abroach  in  different  places  of  the  road 
had  kept  the  populace  in  perfect  love  and  loyalty  towards 
the  Queen  and  her  favourite.  Scott,  Kenilworth,  II.  xi. 
{b)  Figuratively,  to  give  rise  to  ;  spread  abroad  ;  dissemi- 
nate ;  propagate. 

What  mischiefs  he  might  set  abroach. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  2. 

broacht  (a-broch'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  abrochen, 
broach,  tap,  <  OF.  brocher,  brochier,  broach, 
with  prefix  a-,  due  to  adv.  abroche :  see  abroach, 
prep.pJir.,  and  broach.]  To  open,  as  a  cask,  for 
the  purpose  of  letting  out  liquor ;  tap;  broach. 
Thilke  tonne  that  I  schal  abroche. 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath,  Prol.,  1.  177. 

.broad  (a-brad'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [< 
ME.  abroad,  abrod,  <a^,prep.,  on,  +  brood,  brod, 
broad:  aee  broad.)    1.  Broadly;  widely;  ex- 
pansively ;  outward  on  all  or  on  both  sides. 
The  love  of  God  is  shed  abroad  in  our  hearts.    Rom.  v.  6. 
Her  winges  bothe  abrod  she  spradde.  Gower. 
Look  now  abroad  —  another  race  has  filled 
These  populous  borders.    Bryant,  The  Ages,  st.  32. 
2.  Out  of  or  beyond  certain  limits,    (a)  Beyond 
the  walls  of  a  house  or  the  bounds  of  any  inclosure  :  as, 
to  walk  abroad. 

Where  as  he  lay 
So  sick  alway, 

He  myght  not  come  abrode. 

Sir  T.  More,  A  Merry  Jest. 


We  are  for  the  most  part  more  lonely  when  we  go 
abroad  among  men  than  when  we  stay  in  our  cliambers. 

Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  147. 
(b)  Beyond  tlie  bounds  of  one's  own  country ;  in  foreign 
countries:  as,  he  lived  abroad  for  many  years.  [In  the 
United  States  used  most  commonly  with  reference  to 
Europe.  ] 

At  home  the  soldier  learned  liow  to  value  his  rights, 
abroad  how  to  defend  them. 

Macaulay,  Hallam's  Const.  Hist. 
Others,  still,  are  introduced  from  abroad  by  fashion,  or 
are  borrowed  thence  for  their  usefulness. 

F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  153. 

3.  Absent;  gone  away,  especially  to  a  consider- 
able distance :  as,  the  head  of  the  firm  is  abroad. 
— 4.  In  an  active  state;  astir;  in  circulation: 
as,  there  are  thieves  abroad;  rumors  of  disaster 
are  abroad. 
There's  villainy  abroad :  this  letter  will  tell  you  more. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  i.  1. 

To  be  all  abroad,  (a)  To  be  wide  of  the  mark,  in  a 
figurative  sense  ;  be  far  wrong  in  one's  guess  or  estimate. 
(b)  To  be  at  a  loss ;  be  puzzled,  perplexed,  bewildered, 
nonplussed  ;  be  all  or  quite  at  sea.— The  schoolmaster 
is  abroad,  education  is  diffused  among  the  people  :  often 
used  ironically  or  punningly,  implying  that  the  school- 
master is  absent.    See  schoolmaster. 

Abrocoma  (ab-rok'o-ma),  n.  Same  as  Habro- 
coma. 

abrocome  (ab'ro-kom),  n.  Same  as  habrocome. 
abrogable  (ab'ro-ga-bl),  «,   [<  L.  as  if  *ab- 
rogabilis,  <  abrogare,  abrogate  :  see  abrogate,  v., 
and  -ble.~\    Capable  of  being  abrogated, 
abrogate   (ab'ro-gat),   v.    t. ;    pret.  and  pp. 
abrogated,  ppr.  abrogating.    [<  L.  abrogatus, 
pp.  of  abrogare,  annul,  repeal,  <  ab,  from,  + 
rogare,  ask,  propose  a  law:  see  rogation.]  1. 
To  abolish  summarily ;  annul  by  an  authorita- 
tive act;  repeal.     Applied  specifically  to  the  repeal 
of  laws,  customs,  etc.,  wliether  expressly  or  by  establish- 
ing something  inconsistent  therewith.    See  abrogation. 
The  supremacy  of  mind  abrogated  ceremonies. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II.  34C. 
Since  I  revoke,  annul,  and  abrogate 
All  his  decrees  in  all  kinds  :  they  are  void  ! 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  170. 

2t.  To  keep  clear  of ;  avoid. 

Perge,  good  master  Holofernes,  perge;  so  it  shall  please 
you  to  abrogate  scuiTility.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  2. 

=  Syn.  1.  Abolish,  Repeal,  Rescind,  etc.  (see  abolish),  can- 
cel, invalidate,  dissolve,  countermand. 

abrogatet  (ab'ro-gat),  «.  [<  L.  abrogatus,  an- 
nulled, pp.  of  abrogare:  see  abrogate,  v.]  An- 
nulled; abolished. 

abrogation  (ab-ro-ga'shon),  w.  [<  L.  abro- 
gatio{n-),  a  repeal,  <  abrogare,  repeal :  see 
abrogate,  v.  ]  The  act  of  abrogating.  Specifi- 
cally, the  annulling  of  a  law  by  legislative  action  or  by 
usage.  See  derogation.  Abrogation  is  exp>re.ssed  when 
pronounced  by  the  new  law  in  general  or  particular 
terms  ;  it  is  implied  wlien  tlie  new  law  contains  provisions 
positively  contrary  to  the  former  law. 

There  are  no  such  institutions  here  ;  —  no  law  that  can 
abide  one  moment  when  popular  opinion  demands  its 
abrogation.  W.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  47. 

abrogative  (ab'ro-ga-tiv),  a.  Abrogating  or  an- 
nulling: as,  B.n  abrogative  larff. 
abrogator  (ab'ro-ga-tor),  n.    One  who  abro- 
gates or  repeals. 
Abronia  (a-bro'ni-a),  n.    [NL.,  prop.  *Habro- 
nia,  <  Gr.  ajSpog,  graceful,  elegant,  delicate :  see 
Abrus.]    A  genus  of  low  and  mostly  trailing 
herbs,  natural  order  Xyctaginacea',  of  the  west- 
ern United  States.  The  showy  and  sometimes  fragi-ant 
flowers  are  borne  in  umbels,  much  resembling  the  garden 
verbena  in  appearance,  but  very  different  in  structure. 
Two  or  three  species  are  found  in  cultivation, 
abroodt  (a-brod'),  j^rep.  phr.  as  adv.    [<  ME. 
abrode,  <  a3,  prep.,  on,  4-  brode,  E.  brood.]  In 
or  as  if  in  the  act  of  brooding. 
The  Spirit  of  God  sat  abroad  upon  the  whole  rude  mass. 

Abp.  Saticroft,  Sermons,  p.  135. 

abrookt  (a-bruk'),  V.  t.  [<  a-1  (expletive)  + 
brook^.]   To  brook ;  endure.    See  brook^. 

Ill  can  thy  noble  mind  abrook 
The  abject  people,  gazing  on  tliy  face, 
With  envious  looks  still  lauyhing  at  thv  shame. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  4 

abrotanoid  (ab-rot'a-noid),  n.  [<  Gr.  ajSpdrovov, 
an  aromatic  plant,  prob.  southernwood  (ML. 
abrotanum),+  eldog,  form:  see  idol.]  A  species 
of  sclerodermatous  East  Indian  reef-coral,  Ma- 
drepora  abrotanoida. 
abrotanum  (ab-rot'a-num),  n.  [<  ML.  abrota- 
num  and  aprotanum,  prop.  L.  abrotonum  (also 
abrotonus),  <  Gr.  ajSpdrovov  (also  apponvog),  an 
aromatic  plant,  prob.  southernwood  (Artemisia 
Abrotanum),  =  Skt.  mrdtana,  a  plant,  Cyperus 
rotundus;  less  prob.  for  *a(ip6Tovov,  <  aiipoq.  deli- 
cate, +  rdpof,  a  cord,  taken  in  the  sense  of  fila- 
ment or  fiber.  The  L.  form  gave  rise  to  AS. 
aprotane,  ambrotena,  prutene,  and  other  corrupt 
forms,  and  to  It.  Sp.  Pg,  abrotano,  OF.  abrone, 


averoinc,  F.  auronc]    A  European  species  of 
Artemisia,  A.  Abrotanum,  frequent  in  cultivation 
under  the  name  of  southernwood. 
Abrothrix  (ab'ro-thriks),  n.    Same  as  Habro- 

tlirix. 

abrupt  (a-brupf),  a.  and  n.     [<  L.  ahruptus, 
steep,  disconnected,  abrupt,  pp.  of  abrnmpcrc, 
break  off,  <  ab,  off,  +  rumpcrc,  break :  see  rup- 
ture.]   I.  a.  1.  Broken  or  aijpearing  as  if  bro- 
ken away  or  off  ;  marked  by  or  showing  a  sud- 
den breach  or  change  of  continuity ;  wanting 
continuation  or  completion:  as,  the  i)ath  or  the 
discourse  came  to  an  abrupt  termination;  an 
abru2)ttm-nina,road.    Hence  —  2.  Steep;  pre- 
cipitous: as,  an  abrupt  c\iS ;  an  ahrujjt  descent. 
The  abrupt  mountain  breaks. 
And  seems  with  its  accumulated  crags 
To  overhang  the  world.  Shelley,  Alastor. 

3.  Figuratively,  sudden ;  without  notice  to  pre- 
pare the  mind  for  the  event ;  unceremonious : 
as,  a,n  abrupt  entrance  or  address. 

Abrupt  death 
A  period  puts,  and  stops  liis  impious  breatli. 

Oldham,  Satires  on  Jesuits. 

4.  Lacking  in  continuity ;  having  sudden  tran- 
sitions from  one  subject  to  another:  as,  an 
abrupt  style.  —  5.  In  bot.,  terminating  sud- 
denly :  as,  an  abrupt  point :  sometimes  used  in 
the  sense  of  truncate  :   as,  an  abrupt  leaf. — 

Abrupt-pinnate.  Same  as  abrujitly  pinnnte.  See  abrupt- 
ly. =Syn.  2.  Precipitous,  perpendi('ular,  .sliet-r,  steep.— 3. 
Sudden,  unexpected,  hasty,  hurried,  ruugli,  rude,  brusk, 
blunt,  curt,  precipitate,  short,  summary,  vehement.— 4. 
Broken,  disconnected. 

II.  n.  [<L.  ahruptum,  a  steep  ascent  or  de- 
scent, prop.  neut.  of  abruptus,  broken  off:  see 
the  adj.]  An  abrupt  place ;  a  precipice  or 
chasm.    [Rare  aud  poetical.] 

Or  spread  his  aery  flight, 
Upborne  with  indefatigable  wings. 
Over  the  vast  abrupt.        Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  409. 

abruptt  (a-brupf),  V.  t.    To  break  off;  inter- 
rupt ;  disturb. 
Insecurity  .  .  .  abrupteth  our  tranquillities. 

Sir  T.  Broume,  Christ.  Jlor.,  ii.  112. 
abrupted  (a-brup'ted),  p.  a.    Broken  off  sud- 
denly ;  interrupted, 
abruptedly  (a-brup'ted-li),  adv.  Abruptly, 
abruption  (ab-rup'shon),  n.    [<  L.  abruj)tio(n-), 
a  breaking  off,  <  abru'mpere:  see  abrupt,  a.]  A 
sudden  breaking  off  ;  a  sudden  termination ;  a 
violent  separation  of  bodies. 

By  this  abruption  posterity  lost  more  instruction  than 
delight.  Johnson,  Life  of  Cowley. 

abruptly  (a-brupt'li),  adv.     1.  Brokenly;  by 
breaking  or  being  broken  off  suddenly  :  as,  the 
path  or  the  discourse  ended 
abruptly.— 2.  Precipitously, 
^^^(.x  or  with  a  very  steep  slope  : 

^^Ss^lPyfe  rocks  rise  abruptly 

^^^^^M  fs      from  the  water's  edge. —  3. 
^^^^P  .     Suddenly,  without  gi\'ing  no- 
tice,  or  without  the  usual 
Abruptly  Pinnate  Leaf,    f  orms :  as,  the  minister  left 
France  abruptly.  —  4.  With 
an  abrupt  termination. -Abruptly  pinnate  ter- 
minating without  an  odd  leaflet  or  tendril :  said  of  a  pin- 
nate leaf. 

abruptness  (a-brupt'nes),  n.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  abrupt,  (a)  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
broken  off,  steep,  or  craggy  ;  sudden  breach  of  continuity ; 
precipitousness.  (6)  Suddenness  ;  unceremonious  haste  or 
vehemence,  (c)  Any  want  of  continuity  or  smoothness. 

Some  other  languages,  for  their  soft  and  melting  fluency, 
as  having  no  abruptness  of  consonants,  have  some  advan- 
tage of  the  English.         Howell,  Forreine  Travell,  p.  158. 

Abrus  (a'brus),  n.  [NL.,  prop.  *Habriis,  <  Gr. 
d/3p(5f,  graceful,  elegant,  delicate.]  A  small 
genus  of  leguminous  plants,  a.  j'recatorius.  or 
Indian  licorice,  is  a  woody  twiner,  indigenous  to  India, 
but  now  found  in  all  tropical  countries,  where  its  root  is 
often  used  as  a  substitute  for  licorice.  Its  polislied,  party- 
colored  seeds,  of  the  size  of  a  small  pea,  called  crabs'- 
eyes,  jumble-beads,  and  jequirity  or  John  Crow  benn.^-.  are 
employed  for  rosaries,  necklaces,  etc.,  and  as  a  remedy  in 
diseases  of  the  conjunctiva.  They  have  given  their  native 
name  of  retti  [Hind,  ratti.  rati]  to  a  weight  (2.1S75  grains) 
used  by  Hindu  jewelers  and  druggists.    See  retti-ueights. 

abs-.    A  prefiLx  of  Latin  origin ;  a  form  of  ab-, 
used  (as  in  Latin)  before  c,  q,  t,  as  in  abscond, 
abstain,  ctbsterge,  abstract,  etc. 
abscess  (ab'ses),  n  .  [<L.  abscessus,  a  going  away, 
in  medical  language  an  abscess,  <  abscedere,  go 
away,  <  abs,  lengthened  form  of  ab,  away,  "+ 
cedere,  go  :  see  cede.]    In  med..  a  collection  of 
pus  in  the  tissues  of  any  part  of  the  body, 
abscessed  (ab'sest),  p.  a.    Diseased  with  an 
abscess  or  with  abscesses, 
abscessiont  (ab-sesh'on),  n.  [<  L.  ahscessio{n-), 
<  abscedere,  go  away;  see  abscess.]    1.  De- 
parture. 


abscession 


20 


absinthe 


Neither  justly  excommunicateii  out  of  that  particular 
church  to  wliich  he  was  orderly  joyned,  nor  excommuni- 
cating Iiimself  by  voluntaa-y  Scliisme,  declared  abscession, 
separation,  or  apostasie. 

£p.  Gauden,  Tears  of  the  Church,  p.  37. 
2.  In  mcd.,  an  abscess. 

abscess-root  (ab'ses-rot),  n.   A  popular  name 

of  the  plant  Polcmonium  rcptans. 
abscind  (ab-sind'),  v.  t.    [<  L.  ahscindere,  cut 

oft',  tear  off,  <  ab,  off,  +  scindcrc,  cut,  =  Gr. 

axKecv,  cut,  separate  :  see  scission  and  schism.} 

To  cut  off.  [Kare.] 

Two  syllables  abscinded  from  the  rest. 

Johnson,  Rambler,  No.  90. 

abscise  (ab-siz'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  jip.  abscised, 
ppr.  abscising.  [<  L.  ubscisus,  pp.  of  abscidcrc, 
cut  off,  <  abs  for  ab,  off,  away,  +  cwdcrc,  cut. 
Cf.  excise,  incise,  v.,  and  precise,  a.]  To  cut  off 
or  away. 

abscissa  (ab-sis'a),  n. ;  pi.  abseissee  or  abscissas 
(-e,  -az).  [L.  (tr.  of  Gr.  airakanliavofihri),  abbre- 
viation of  recta  ex  diametro  abscissa,  line  cut 
off  from  the  diameter;  fern,  of  abscissus,  cut 
oS., -p-p.  ot  abscindere :  see  abscind.]  In  math.: 
(a)  In  the  conic  sections,  that  part  of  a  trans- 
verse axis  which  lies  between  its  vertex  and 
a  perpendicular  ordinate  to  it  fi'om  a  given 
point  of  the  conic.  Thus  (flg.  1),  in  the  parabola  PAC, 
AM,  the  part  of  the  axis  AB  cut  olf  liy  tlie  ordinate 
PM,  is  the  abscissa  of  the  point  P.    (J)')  In  the  system 


-X 


Abscissa. 


of  Cartesian  coordinates,  a  certain  line  used 
in  determining  the  position  of  a  point  in  a 
plane.  Thus  (flg.  2),  let  two  fixed  intersecting  lines  (axes) 
OY  and  OX  be  taken,  and  certain  directions  on  them  (as 
from  0  toward  X  and  from  O  toward  Y)  be  assumed  as  posi- 
tive. From  any  point,  as  P,  let  a  line  be  drawn  parallel 
to  OY  and  cutting  OX  in  M.  Then  will  the  two  iiuantities 
OM  and  MP,  with  the  proper  algebraic  sign,  determine 
the  position  of  the  point  P.  OM,  or  its  value,  is  called  the 
abscissa  of  the  point,  and  the  fixed  line  X'X  is  called  the 
axis  of  abscfsf<as.    .See  coordinate,  n.,  2. 

abscissio  infiniti  (ab-sish'i-6  in-fi-ni'ti).  [L.; 
lit.,  a  cutting  off  of  an  infinite  (number) :  see 
abscission  and  infinite.']  In  logic,  a  series  of 
arguments  which  exclude,  one  after  another, 
various  assertions  which  might  be  made  with 
regard  to  the  subject  under  discussion,  thus 
gradually  diminishing  the  num"ber  of  jjossible 
assumptions. 

abscission  (ab-sizh'on),  n.    [<  L.  abscissio(n-), 

<  abscindere,  cut  off:  see  abscind.]  1.  The  act 
of  cutting  off;  severance;  removal. 

Not  to  be  cured  without  the  abscission  of  a  member. 

Jer.  Taylor. 

2t.  The  act  of  putting  an  end  to ;  the  act  of 
annulling  or  abolishing.  Sir  T.  Browne. —  3. 
Retrenchment.  [Rare.] — 4.  The  sudden  ter- 
mination of  a  disease  by  death.  Hooper, 
Med.  Diet. —  5.  In  rhct.,  a  figure  of  speech  con- 
sisting in  a  sudden  reticence,  as  if  the  words 
already  spoken  made  sufficiently  clear  what 
the  speaker  would  say  if  he  were  to  finish 
the  sentence:  as,  "He  is  a  man  of  so  much 
honor  and  candor,  and  such  generosity  —  but 
I  need  say  no  more." —  6.  In  astral.,  the  cutting 
off  or  preventing  of  anything  shown  by  one 
aspect  by  means  of  another —  At)scission  of  the 
cornea,  in  surp.,  a  specific  cutting  operation  performed 
upon  the  eye  for  the  removal  of  a  staphyloma  of  the  cor- 
nea. 

absconce  (ab-skons'),  n.  [<ML.  absconsa,  a 
dark  lantern,  fern,  of  L.  absconsus,  for  abscondi- 
tus,  pp.  of  ubscondere,  hide :  see  abscond  and 
sconce'^.]  Eccles.,  a  dark  lantern  holding  a  wax- 
light,  used  in  the  choir  in  reading  the  absolu- 
tion and  benediction  at  matins,  and  the  chap- 
ters and  prayers  at  lauds. 

abscond  (ab-skond'),  v.  [<L.  abscondere,  hide, 
put  away,  <  abs,  away,  +  condere,  put,  lay  up, 

<  con-,  for  cum,  together,  +  -dcre,  in  comp.,  a 
weakened  form  of  *dare,  put,  =  E.  do.]  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  retire  from  public  view,  or  from 
the  place  in  which  one  resides  or  is  ordinarily 
to  be  found  ;  depart  in  a  sudden  and  secret 
manner;  take  one's  self  off;  decamp;  espe- 
cially, to  go  out  of  the  way  in  order  to  avoid  a 
legal  process. 

He  must,  for  reasons  which  nobody  could  divine,  have 
absconded.  Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  150. 


2.  To  hide,  withdraw,  or  lie  concealed:  as, 
"the  marmot  absconds  in  winter,"  Bay,  Works 
of  Creation. 

A  flsh  that  flashes  his  freckled  side  in  the  sun  and  as 
suddenly  absconds  in  the  dark  and  dreamy  waters  again. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  377. 
=  Syn.  Escape,  retreat,  flee,  run  away,  make  off. 

Il.t  trans.  To  conceal. 

Nothing  discoverable  in  the  lunar  surface  is  ever  cov- 
ered and  absconded  from  us  by  the  interposition  of  any 
clouds  or  mists  but  such  as  rise  from  our  own  globe. 

Bentley,  Sermons,  viii. 
abscondedt  (ab-skon'ded),  p.  a.  Hidden ;  se- 
cret ;  recondite.  in  her.,  said  of  a  bearing  which  is 
completely  covered  by  a  superimposed  charge.  Thus,  if  a 
shield  has  three  mullets  in  pale,  the  middle  one  of  the 
three  would  be  completely  hidden  or  a6sco»i(ieci  by  a  shield 
of  pretense  or  inescutcheon. 

I  am  now  obliged  to  go  far  in  the  pursuit  of  beauty 
which  lies  very  absconded  and  deep. 

Shaftesbury,  Moralists,  p.  3. 

abscondedlyt  (ab-skon'ded-li),  adv.  In  con- 
cealment or  hiding. 

An  old  Boman  priest  that  then  lived  abscondedly  in 
Oxon.  Wood,  Athena)  Oxon.,  I.  C31. 

abscondencet  (ab-skon'dens),  n.  Concealment ; 
seclusion. 

absconder  (ab-skon'der),  n.  One  who  ab- 
sconds. 

absconsio  (ab-skon'shi-6),  n. ;  pi.  absconsiones 
(ab-skon-shi-6'nez).  [NL.,  <  L.  abscondere, 
hide:  see  abscond.]  In  anat.  and  surg.,  a  cav- 
ity or  sinus. 

absence  (ab'sens),  n.  [<  ME.  absence,  <  OF.  ab- 
sence, ausencc,  F.  absence  =  Sp.  Pg.  auscncia  = 
It.  asscnza,  <  L.  absentia,  absence,  <  absen{t-)s, 
absent:  see  absent,  a.]  1.  The  state  of  being 
absent ;  the  state  of  being  away  or  not  present : 
as,  speak  no  ill  of  one  in  his  absence. 

Say,  is  not  absence  death  to  those  who  love  1 

Pope,  Autmnn. 

We  see  on  the  lip  of  our  companion  the  presence  or 
absence  of  the  great  masters  of  thought  and  poetry  to  his 
mind.  Emerson,  Domestic  Life. 

2.  The  period  of  being  away  or  absent:  as,  an 
absence  of  several  weeks  or  years. — 3.  The 
state  of  being  wanting ;  non-existence  at  the 
place  and  time  spoken  of;  want;  lack:  as, 
the  absence  of  evidence. 

In  the  absence  of  conventional  law.  Chancellor  Kent. 
4.  Absent-mindedness  ;  inattention  to  things 
present :  a  shortened  form  of  absence  of  mind. 

To  conquer  that  abstraction  which  is  called  absence. 

Landor. 

For  two  or  three  days  I  continued  subject  to  frequent 
involuntary  fits  of  absence,  which  made  me  insensible,  for 
the  time,  to  all  that  was  passing  around  me. 

£.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  147. 
Absence  of  mind,  habitual  or  temporary  forgetfulness 
ot,  or  inattention  to,  one's  immediate  surroundings. — 
Decree  in  absence,  in  Scots  law,  a  decree  pronounced 
against  a  defendant  who  has  not  appeared  and  pleaded  on 
the  merits  of  the  cause.— Leave  Of  absence,  permission 
from  a  superior  to  be  absent.  In  the  United  .States  army 
an  oflicer  is  entitled  to  30  days'  leave  in  each  year  on  full 
pay.  He  may  permit  this  time  to  accumulate  for  a  period 
not  exceeding  four  years.  Wilhelm,  Mil.  Diet, 
absent  (ab'sent),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME,  absent,  < 
OV.  absent,  d'usent,  F.  absent  =  Sp.  Fg.  ausente 
=  lt:  assente,  <L.  absen(t-)s,  being  away  (ppr. 
of  abesse,  be  away),  <  ah,  away,  +  *sen{t-)s, 
ppr.  (=  Gr.  uv  (bvT-),  =  Skt.  sant,  being,  =  E. 
sooth,  true :  see  sooth),  <  inf.  esse,  be :  see  es- 
sence, am,  is,  and  cL  2)reseJit.]  I.  a.  1.  Not  in  a 
certain  place  at  a  given  time  ;  not  in  conscious- 
ness or  thought  at  a  certain  time ;  away :  op- 
posed to  present. 

With  this  she  fell  distract. 
And,  her  attendants  absent,  swallow'd  fire. 

Shale,  J.  C.,  iv.  3. 

The  picture  or  visual  image  in  your  mind  when  the 
orange  is  present  to  the  senses  is  almost  exactly  repro- 
duced when  it  is  absent.        J.  Fiske,  Idea  of  God,  p.  140. 

2.  Not  existing ;  wanting ;  not  forming  a  part 
or  attribute  of:  as,  among  them  refinement 
is  absent ;  revenge  is  entirely  absent  from  his 
mind. —  3.  Absent-minded  (which  see). 

From  this  passage  we  may  gather  not  only  that  Chaucer 
was  .  .  .  small  of  stature  and  slender,  but  that  he  was  ac- 
customed to  be  twitted  on  account  of  the  abstracted  or 
absent  look  which  so  often  tempts  children  of  the  world  to 
offer  its  wearer  a  penny  for  his  thoughts. 

A.  W.  Ward,  Life  of  Chaucer,  iii. 
Absent  with  leave  (milit.),  said  of  officers  permitted  to 
absent  themselves  from  their  posts,  and  of  enlisted  men 
on  furlough.— Absent  'without  leave  (mint.),  said  of 
officers  and  soldiers  (sometimes  of  deserters)  who  have 
alisented  themselves  from  their  posts  without  permission  ; 
they  are  so  reported  in  order  to  bring  their  offense  under 
the  cognizance  of  a  court  martial.  In  the  United  States 
army,  an  officer  absent  without  leave  for  three  months 
may  be  dropped  from  the  rolls  of  the  army  by  the  Presi- 
dent, and  is  not  eligible  to  reappointment.  Wilhelm,  Mil. 
Diet.  =  Syn.  3.  Absent,  Inattentive,  Abstracted,  Preoccu- 
pied, Dimrted,  Distracted.  An  absent  man  is  one  wliose 
mind  wanders  unconsciously  from  his  immediate  sur- 


roundings, or  from  the  topic  which  demands  his  attention  ; 
he  may  be  thinking  of  little  or  nothing.  An  alistrncteil 
man  is  kept  from  what  is  present  by  thoughts  and  fcrbnus 
so  weighty  or  interesting  that  they  engross  his  atluiitiiui 
He  may  have  been  so  preoccupied  by  them  as  to  be  unalih 
to  l)egin  to  attend  to  other  things,  or  his  thoughts  may 
be  diocrted  to  them  upon  some  chance  suggestion.  In  ail 
these  cases  he  is  or  bemmes  inattentive.  Distracted  (Ul- 
erally,  dragged  apart)  is  sometimes  used  for  diverted,  but  . 
denotes  more  properly  a  state  of  perplexity  or  mental  un- 
easiness sometimes  approaching  frenzy. 

Il.t  n.  One  who  is  not  present ;  an  absentee. 
Let  us  enjoy  the  right  of  Christian  ab.sents,  to  pray  for 
one  another.  Bp.  Morton,  To  Abp.  Uslier, 

absent  (ab-senf),  v-  t.  [<  F.  absentcr  =  Sp.  Pg. 
au,sentar  =  It.  assentare,  <  L.  abscntare,  cause 
to  be  away,  be  away,  <  ab.sen{t-)s,  absent:  see 
absent,  a.]  To  make  absent;  take  or  keep  away: 
now  used  only  reflexively,  but  formerly  some- 
times otherwise,  as  by  Milton:  as,  to  absent 
one's  self  from  home ;  he  absented  himself  from 
the  meeting. 

If  thou  didst  ever  hold  me  in  thy  heart. 
Absent  thee  from  felicity  awhile. 

Shah.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 
'Wliat  change  i 
Absents  thee,  or  what  chance  detains?  i 
Milton,  P.  L.,  X.  ICS. 

absentaneoust  (ab-sen-ta'ne-us),  a.  [<  ML.  ah- 
sentaneus,  <  L.  absen{t-)s,  absent :  see  absent,  a.] 
Relating  to  absence ;  absent.  Bailey. 

absentation  (ab-sen-ta'shon),  n.   [<  ML.  abscn-  i 
tatio{n-),  <  L.  absentare,  make  absent :  see  ab- 
sent, v.]    The  act  of  absenting  one's  self,  or 
the  state  of  being  absent.  [Rare.] 

His  absentation  at  that  juncture  becomes  significant. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Discussions,  p.  22f). 

absentee  (ab-sen-te'),  m.  1.  One  who  is  ab- 
sent ;  more  narrowly,  one  who  withdraws  from 
his  country,  oiHce,  estate,  post,  duty,  or  the  like. 
Specifically  applied,  generally  by  way  of  reproach,  to 
landlords  and  capitalists  who  derive  their  income  from 
one  country,  but  spend  it  in  another  in  which  they  reside. 
2.  In  law,  one  who  is  without  the  jui-isdictioii 
of  a  particular  court  or  judge. 

absenteeism  (ab-sen-te'izm),  n.  The  practice 
or  habit  of  being  an  absentee  ;  the  practice  of 
absenting  one's  self  from  one's  country,  station, 
estate,  etc.  Absenteeism  in  France,  under  the  old  rc- 
lyiiHe,  was  one  of  the  greatest  evils,  and  a  prominent  cause 
of  the  first  revolution  ;  and  in  Ireland  it  has  been  a  cause 
of  much  popular  discontent. 

Partly  from  the  prevailing  absenteeism  among  the  land- 
lords, .  .  .  these  peasants  of  the  north  (of  Russia]  are 
more  energetic,  more  intelligent,  more  independent,  and 
consequently  less  docile  and  pliable,  than  those  of  the 
fertile  central  provinces.     D.  M.  Wallace,  Russia,  p.  10!». 

absenteeship  (ab-sen-te'ship),  n.    Same  as  ab- 
sented sm. 

absenter  (ab-sen'ter),  n.  One  who  absents  him- 
self. 

He  [Judge  Foster]  has  fined  all  the  absenters  £20  apiece. 

Lord  Tliurlow,  Sir  M.  Foster. 

absente  reo  (ab-sen'te  re'6).    [L. :  absentc,  \ 
abl.  of  absen(t-)s,  absent;  reo,  abl.  of  retts,  a 
defendant,  <  res,  an  action  :  see  res.]    The  de-  | 
fendant  being  absent :  a  law  phrase.  I 

absently  (ab'sent-li),  adv.    In  an  absent  or  in- 
attentive manner ;  with  absence  of  mind. 

absentment  (ab-sent'ment),  n.  [<  absent,  v., 
+  -ment.]  The  act  of  absenting  one's  self,  or 
the  state  of  being  absent.    Barrow.    [Rare.]  | 

absent-minded  (ab'sent-min''''ded),  a.  Charac- 
terized by  absence  of  mind  (see  absence) ;  inat- 
tentive to  or  forgetful  of  one's  immediate  sur- 
roundings. 

absent-mindedness  (ab'sent-min'-'ded-nes),  V. 
The  quality,  state,  or  habit  of  being  absent- 
minded. 

absentness  (ab'sent-nes),  n.    The  quality  of 
being  absent,  inattentive,  or  absent-minded ; 
absent-mindedness.  \ 
absey-bookt  (ab'sf-buk),  n.     [That  is,  a-b-e  \ 
booh:  see  a-b-c]    A  primer,  which  sometimes  j 
included  a  catechism. 

Ajid  then  comes  answer  like  an  Absey-book. 

Shale,  K.  John,  i.  l. 

absidiole  (ab-sid'i-61),  n.    Same  as  apsidiole. 

absinth  (ab'sinth),  n.  [<  F.  absinthe,  <  L.  absin- 
thium:  see  absinthium.]  1.  Wormwood.  See 
absinthium. —  2.  Absinthe  (which  see). 

absinthate  (ab-sin'that),  n.    A  salt  foiTued  by 
a  combination  of  absinthic  acid  with  a  base. 

absinthe  (ab'sinth;  F.  pron.  ab-sant'),  [F., 
<  L.  absinthium:  see  absinthium.]    The  com-  j 
mon  name  of  a  highly  aromatic  liqueur  of  an  j 
opaline-green  color  and  bitter  taste ;  an  abbre-  'i 
■viation  of  extrait  d'absinthe,  extract  of  absin-  | 
thium.    It  is  prepared  by  steeping  in  alcohol  or  strong 
spirit  bitter  herbs,  the  chief  of  which  are  Artemisia  Afi- 
sinthium,  A.  mutellina,  A.  spicata;  besides  which  some  || 
recipes  mention  plants  that  are  not  of  this  genus,  and  | 


absinthe 

can  be  intended  only  to  modify  the  bitter  of  the  worm- 
woods; the  liquor  so  flavored  is  then  redistilled.  It  is 
considered  tonic  and  stomachic.  Its  e.xcessive  use  pro- 
duces a  niorbi<l  condition  differing  somewhat  from  ordi- 
nary alcoholism.  Vertigo  and  epileptiform  convulsious 
are  marked  symptoms,  and  hallucinations  occur  without 
other  symptoms  of  delirium  tremens.  The  use  of  it  pre- 
vailed at  one  time  among  the  French  soldiers  in  Algiers, 
but  it  is  now  forbidden  throughout  the  French  army. 
The  most  common  way  of  preparing  it  for  drinking  is  by 
pouring  it  into  water  drop  by  drop  or  allowing  it  to  trickle 
through  a  funnel  with  a  minute  opening ;  so  prepared,  It 
is  called  la  hussarde,  and  is  common  in  the  cafes  of  France, 
Italy,  and  .Switzerland. 

tbsinthial  (ab-siu'tM-al),  a.    Of  or  pertaining 
to  wormwood ;  hence,  bitter.   N.  E.  D. 
ibsinthian  (ab-sin'tM-an),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
of  the  nature  of  wormwood. 

Tempering  absinthian  bitterness  with  sweets. 

Randolph,  Poems  (1652),  p.  60. 

kbsinthiate  (ab-sin'thi-at),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

absinthiated,  ppr.  absinthiating.  [<  L.  ahsinthi- 
att(S,  pp.  adj.,  contaiaing  wormwood,  <  absin- 
thium: see  absinthium.']  1.  To  impregnate  with 
wormwood. —  2.  To  satui'ate  with  absinthe. 

Latinised  English  and  absinthiated  barrack-room  mo- 
rality. The  Spectator,  No.  3035,  p.  1154. 

.bsinthic  (ab-sia'thik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
absinthiimi  or  worm  wood — Absinthic  acid,  an  acid 
derived  from  wormwood,  probably  identical  with  succinic 
aciJ. 

rbsinthin  (ab-sin'thin),  v.  The  crystalline  bit- 
ter principle  (C20H28O4)  of  wormwood,  Arte- 
misia Absinthium. 

bsinthine  (ab-sin'thin),  a.  Havingthe  qualities 
of  absinth  or  wormwood ;  absinthic.  Carlyle. 
>bsinthism  (ab-sin'thizm),  11.    The  cachectic 
state  produced  by  the  use  of  absinthe  (which 
see). 

ibsintllitllll  (ab-sin'thi-um),  n.    [L.,  <  Gr.  a^piv- 
diov,  also  a-tjjivdog  and  aipivdia,  wormwood,  of 
Pers.  origin.]  The  common 
wormwood,  Artemisia  Ab- 
sinthium, a  European  spe- 
cies, much  cultivated  for  its 
bitter  qualities,  it  contains  a 
volatile  oil  which  is  the  principal 
ingredient  in  the  French  liqueur 
absinthe, 
absinthol  (ab-sin'thol),  «. 
The  chief  constituent  of  oil 
of  wormwood,  CioHigO. 
absis  (ab'sis),  n.    Same  as 
apsis. 

absistt  (ab-sisf),  V.  i.  [<L. 
absistere,  withdraw,  <  ab, 
off,  +  sistere,  stand,  a  re- 
duplicated form  of  stare,  to 
stand:  see  state,  stand.]  To 
desist. 

absistencef  (ab-sis'tens),  n. 
A  standing  off ;  a  refrain- 
ing or  holding  back. 

Leafandflowerins branch,  j^^gj^  (ab'sit),  «.     [L.  ;  third 

pers.  pres.  subj.  of  abesse, 
be  away.]  In  colleges,  a  leave  of  absence  from 
commons. 

bsit  omen  (ab'sit  6'men).  [L. ;  lit.,  may  the 
omen  be  away  :  absit,  third  pers.  pres.  subj.  of 
abesse,  be  away ;  omen,  an  omen :  see  absent 
and  omen.]  May  it  not  be  ominous  !  May  the 
omen  fail! 

bsolute  (ab'so-liit),  a.  and  «.  [<ME.  absolut, 
<  OF.  absolut,  <  L.  absolutus,  complete,  unre- 
stricted, absolute,  pp.  of  absolvere,  loosen  from : 
see  absolve.]  I,  a.  1.  Free  from  every  restric- 
tion; imconditional :  as,  the  only  absolute  ne- 
cessity is  logical  necessity;  absolute  skepticism; 
absolute -proot. — 2.  Perfect;  complete;  entire; 
possessed  as  a  quality  in  the  highest  degree, 
or  possessing  the  essential  characteristics  of  the 
attribute  named  in  the  highest  degree:  as,  ab- 
solute pui-ity ;  absolute  liberty. 

What  philosophical  inquiry  aims  at  is,  to  discover  a 
proof,  by  subjective  analysis,  of  a  greater  certainty  in  the 
law,  of  an  inviolable  uniformity  in  nature,  of  what  may 
properly  be  called  an  absolute  uniformity,  if  only  the  word 
absolute  is  used  as  opposed  to  incomplete  or  partial,  and 
not  as  opposed  to  relative  or  phenomenal. 

S.  Hodgson,  Phil,  of  Reflection,  II.  iv.  §  1. 
Hence — 3.  Perfect;  free  fi-om  imperfection: 
sometimes  applied  to  persons. 

May  seem  as  shy,  as  gi-ave,  as  just,  as  absolute 

As  Angelo.  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1. 

So  absolute  she  seems, 
And  in  herself  complete.         Milton,  P.  L,  viii.  547. 

4.  Fixed;  determined;  not  merely  provisional; 
irrevocable. 

0,  pass  not.  Lord,  an  absolute  decree. 
Nor  bind  thy  sentence  unconditional. 

Dryden,  Annus  Mirabilis. 

5.  Viewed  independently  of   other  similar 


Artemisitt  Absinthi. 


21 

things ;  not  considered  with  reference  to  other 
similar  things  as  standards ;  not  comparative 
merely:  opposed  to  relative:  as,  absolute  posi- 
tion; absolute  velocity  (see  below).  [Careful 

writers,  without  an  explanation,  or  uiUess  the  context 
makes  the  meaning  clear,  do  not  use  the  word  in  this  sense ; 
so  tliat,  though  it  has  always  belonged  to  the  word,  it  is 
considered  as  secondary. ) 

Such  a  code  is  that  here  called  Absolute  Ethics  as  dis- 
tinguished from  Relative  JJthics  —  a  code  the  injunctions 
of  which  are  alone  to  be  considered  as  absolutely  right,  in 
contrast  with  those  that  are  relatively  right  or  least 
wrong ;  and  which,  as  a  system  of  ideal  conduct,  is  to 
serve  as  a  standard  for  our  guidance  in  solving,  as  well  as 
we  can,  the  problems  of  real  conduct. 

H.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  104. 

6.  Unlimited  in  certain  essential  respects ; 
arbitrary ;  despotic :  applied  especially  to  a 
system  of  government  iu  which  the  will  of 
the  sovereign  is  comparatively  unhampered 
by  laws  or  usage :  as,  an  absolute  monarchy. 

As  Lord  Chamberlain,  I  know,  you  are  absolute  by  your 
office,  in  all  that  belongs  to  the  decency  and  good  man- 
ners of  the  stage.         Dryden,  Orig.  and  Prog,  of  Satire. 

All  absolute  governments,  of  whatever  form,  concen- 
trate power  in  one  uncontrolled  and  irresponsible  individ- 
ual or  body,  whose  will  is  regarded  as  the  sense  of  the 
community.  Calhoun,  Works,  I.  37. 

7.  Certain;  infallible. 

The  colour  of  my  hair — he  cannot  tell. 

Or  answers  "dark,"  at  random, — while,  be  sure. 

He's  absolute  on  tlie  figure,  five  or  ten, 

Of  my  last  subscription. 

Mrs.  Brovming,  Aurora  Leigh,  iii. 

8.  Domineering;  peremptory;  exacting  strict 
obedience. 

Tapped  on  her  head 
With  absolute  forefinger.       Mrs.  Brovming. 

9.  Ultimate ;  not  derived  from  anything  else : 
as,  an  absolute  principle. — 10.  Immeasurable; 
not  definable  by  measurement ;  not  led  up  to 
by  insensible  gradations:  as,  the  distinction 
between  right  and  wrong  is  absolute. 

The  opposition  is  no  longer  of  the  rigid  or  absolute 
nature  which  it  was  before.  A.  Seth. 

11.  In  gram. ,  standing  out  of  the  usual  syntac- 
tical relation  or  construction :  applied  to  the 
ease  of  a  noun  and  an  adjunct  in  no  relation 
of  dependence  upon  the  rest  of  the  sentence, 
and  defining  the  time  or  circumstances  of  an 
action:  as,  the  genitive  absolute  in  Greek,  the 
ablative  absolute  iaJj&tm,  the  locative  absolute  in 
Sanskrit,  and  the  nominative  absolutein  English. 
—Absolute  alcohol.  See  alcohol. —Absolute  atmo- 
sphere, an  absolute  unit  of  pressure,  equal  to  one  million 
grams  per  centimeter-second  square  ;  that  Is,  one  million 
times  the  pressure  produced  on  a  square  centimeter  by  a 
force  of  one  gram  accelerated  every  second  by  a  velocity 
of  one  centimeter  per  second. — Absolute  ego,  iu  7net- 
aph.,  the  non-individual,  pure  ego,  neither  subject  nor 
object,  which,  according  to  the  German  metaphysician 

S.  G.  Fichte,  posits  the  world. —  Absolute  electrometer. 
See  electrometer. — Absolute  equation,  in  astron.,  the 
sum  of  the  optic  and  eccentric  equations,  the  former 
being  the  apparent  inequality  of  a  planet's  motion  in  its 
orbit  due  to  its  unequal  distance  from  the  earth  at  dif- 
ferent times,  an  effect  which  would  subsist  even  if  the 
planet's  real  motion  were  uniform,  and  the  latter  being 
the  inequality  due  to  a  real  lack  of  uniformity  in  the  plan- 
et's motion. — Absolute  estate,  in  law,  an  unqualified, 
unconditional  estate,  entitling  the  owner  to  immediate 
and  unlimitedpossession  and  dominion. — Absolute  form. 
See  form. — Absolute  identity,  the  metaphysical  doctrine 
that  mind  and  matter  are  phenomenal  modifications  of  the 
same  substance. — Absolute  instrument,  an  instrument 
designed  to  measure  electrical  or  other  physical  quantities 
in  terms  of  absolute  units.  See  unit. — Absolute  in- 
■variant,  in  alg.,  an  invariant  entirely  unchanged  by  a 
linear  transformation  of  thequantic. —  Absolute  magni- 
tude, magnitude  without  regard  to  sign,  as  2>hts  or  tninus: 
opposed  to  algebraical  magnitude. — Absolute  measure, 
that  which  is  based  simply  on  the  fundamental  units  of 
time,  space,  and  mass,  and  does  not  involve  a  cumijarison 
with  any  other  arbitrary  quantity,  especially  not  any  gravi- 
tation-unit, whose  value  varies  with  the  latitude  and  ele- 
vation above  the  sea.  Thus,  the  absolute  measure  of  a 
force  is  that  of  the  velocity  it  would  impart  to  the  unit- 
mass  in  a  unit  of  time.  The  units  so  derived  are  called  ab- 
solute units;  for  example,  the  poundal  or  dyne.  See  miit. 
—  Absolute  position,  position  in  absolute  space. — Ab- 
solute pressure,  (a)  That  measure  of  pressure  which 
Includes  atmospheric  pressure,  (b)  Pressure  expressed 
in  absolute  measure,  commonly  in  absolute  atmospheres 
(which  see). — Absolute  problem,  a  qualitative  problem 
iu  which  it  is  sought  to  discover  whether  an  object  pos- 
sesses a  given  character,  but  not  to  compare  different 
objects.— Absolute  proposition,  in  loi/ic,  a  categorical 
proposition. — Absolute  reality,  in  mc?ajj/(.,  reality  not 
as  it  is  conceived,  but  as  it  exists  independently  of  all 
thought  about  it.— Absolute  reciprocant.  See  recipro- 
can(.— Absolute  space,  space  considered  as  the  recep- 
tacle of  tilings,  and  not  as  relative  to  the  objects  in  it : 
opposed  to  spatial  extension. —  Absolute  temperature, 
temperature  measured  from  the  absolute  zero  of  tem- 
perature (see  below)  on  the  absolute  or  thermodynamic 
scale  of  temperature,  which  is  defined  by  the  condition 
that  the  area  included  between  two  fixed  adiabatic  lines 
and  any  two  isothermal  lines  is  proportional  to  the  differ- 
ence of  temperatures  for  those  lines  on  this  scale.  This 
absolute  scale  of  temperature  differs  by  very  small  quan- 
tities, usually  negligible,  from  that  of  an  air-thermometer, 
and  by  the  absolute  temperature  is  often  meant  the  tem- 
perature on  the  latter  scale  above  the  absolute  zero. — 


absolutely 

Absolute  term,  (a)  In  lorjic,  a  general  class-name,  as 
man,  as  opposed  to  a  relative  or  connotative  tenn.  (i>) 
In  alg.,  that  term  of  an  equation  or  quantic  in  which  the 
unknown  quantity  does  not  appear,  or,  if  it  appears,  has 
the  exponent  0.  Thus,  in  the  equation  x-  +  I'ic— 24=0, 
which  may  also  be  written  -f  12x  —  24^0=^0,  the  term 
written  — 24  in  the  first  form  and  —  24zO  in  the  second 
form  is  called  the  absolute  term. — Absolute  time,  time 
regarded  as  a  quasi-substance  independent  of  tlie  events 
it  brings  into  relationship,  that  is,  which  occur  in  it. 

Absolute,  true,  and  mathematical  time,  in  itself  and  its 
own  nature  out  of  relation  to  anything  out  of  itself,  flows 
equably,  and  is  otherwise  callc<l  duration :  relative,  ap- 
parent, and  vulgar  time  is  any  sensible  and  external 
measure  of  duration  by  motion  (whether  accurate  or  in- 
equable] which  the  vulgar  use  in  jilace  of  true  time,  as  an 
hour,  a  day,  a  month,  a  year. 

Sir  I.  Newton,  Principia  (trans.),  Def.  8,  Scholium. 

Absolute  velocity,  the  velocity  of  a  body  witli  refer- 
ence not  to  other  moving  bodies,  but  to  something  im- 
movable. 

We  know  nothing  about  absolute  velocities  in  space,  for 
we  have  no  standard  of  comparison. 

A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  15. 
Absolute  zero  of  temperature,  the  lowest  possible 

temperature  wliich  the  nature  of  heat  admits;  the  tem- 
perature at  which  the  particles  whose  motion  constitutes 
heat  would  be  at  rest ;  that  temperature  at  whicli,  if  it 
were  maintained  in  the  refrigerator  of  a  perfect  thermo- 
dynamic engine,  the  engine  would  convert  all  the  heat 
it  should  receive  from  its  source  into  work.  This  tem- 
perature has  been  proved  to  be  273.7  degi'ees  below  the 
zero  of  the  centigrade  scale.  See  absolute  temjierature. 
=  Syn.  1.  Unconditional,  independent. — 2.  Finished, 
perfect,  rounded,  consummate,  complete. —  6.  Arbitrary, 
autocratic,  unrestricted,  iiTesponsible. — 7.  Positive,  de- 
cided, certain,  sure. —  8.  Peremptory,  imperative,  dicta- 
torial.—  9.  Immediate,  direct,  self -existent. 

II.  n.  1.  In  metaph.:  (a)  That  which  is  free 
from  any  restriction,  or  is  unconditioned; 
hence,  the  ultimate  ground  of  all  things  ;  God: 
as,  it  is  absurd  to  place  a  limit  to  the  power 
of  the  Absolute. 

Being  itself,  and  the  types  which  follow,  as  well  as  those 
of  logic  in  general,  may  be  looked  upon  as  definitions  of 
the  Absolute,  or  metaphysical  definitions  of  God :  at  least 
the  first  and  third  typical  form  in  every  triad  may. 

Hegel,  Logic,  tr.  by  Wallace,  §  85. 

The  contention  of  those  who  declare  the  Absolute  to 
be  unknowable  is,  that  beyond  the  sphere  of  knowable 
phenomena  there  is  an  Existent,  which  partially  appears 
in  the  phenomena,  but  is  something  wholly  removed  from 
them,  and  in  no  way  cognizable  by  us. 

G.  H.  Letoes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  II.  430. 

(&)  That  which  is  perfect  or  complete :  as,  its 
beauty  approaches  the  absolute,  (c)  That  which 
is  independent  of  some  or  all  relations ;  the 
non-relative. 

The  term  absolute  is  of  a  twofold  .  .  .  ambiguity,  corre- 
sponding to  the  double  .  .  .  signification  of  the  word  in 
Latin.  Absolutum  means  what  is  freed  or  loosed ;  in 
.  which  sense  the  absolute  will  be  what  is  aloof  from  rela- ' 
tion,  comparison,  limitation,  condition,  dependence,  etc. 
In  this  meaning,  the  absolute  is  not  opposed  to  the  infi- 
nite. Absolutum  means  finished,  perfected,  completed; 
in  which  sense  the  absolute  will  be  what  is  out  of  rela- 
tion, etc.,  as  finished,  perfect,  complete,  total.  ...  In 
this  acceptation  —  and  it  is  that  in  which  for  myself  I 
exclusively  use  it  —  the  absolute  is  diametrically  opposed 
to,  is  contradictory  of,  the  infinite. 

Sir  W.  Hamiltoii,  Discussions  (3d  ed.),  p.  13,  foot-note. 
"Wliatever  can  he  kno^vn  or  conceived  out  of  all  relation, 
that  is  to  say,  without  any  correlative  being  necessarily 
known  or  conceived  along  with  it,  is  the  known  Absolute. 

Ferrier,  Institutes  of  Metaph.,  prop.  xx. 

2.  In  math.,  a  locus  whose  projective  relation 
to  any  two  elements  maybe  considered  as  con- 
stituting the  metrical  relation  of  these  elements 
to  one  another.  All  measurement  is  made  by  succes- 
sive superpositions  of  a  unit  upon  parts  of  the  quantity  to 
be  measured.  Now,  in  all  shif  tings  of  the  standard  of  mea- 
surement, if  this  be  supposed  to  be  rigidly  connected  with 
an  unlimited  continuum  superposed  upon  that  in  which 
lies  the"  measured  quantity,  there  will  be  a  certain  locus 
which  will  always  continue  unmoved,  and  to  which,  tliere- 
f  ore,  the  scale  of  measurement  can  never  be  applied.  This 
is  the  absolute.  In  order  to  establish  a  system  of  mea- 
surement along  a  line,  we  first  put  a  scale  of  numbers  on 
the  line  in  such  a  manner  that  to  every  point  of  the  line 
corresponds  one  number,  and  to  every  number  one  point. 
If  then  we  take  any  second  scale  of  numbers  related  in  this 
manner  to  the  points  of  the  line,  to  any  number,  x,  of  the 
first  scale,  will  correspond  just  one  number,  ?/,  of  the  sec- 
ond. If  this  coiTcspondence  extends  to  imaginary  pnhits, 
X  and  1/  will  be  connected  by  an  equation  linear  in  x  and 
linear  in  )/,  which  may  be  written  thus :  xy  +  ax+  by  + 
c  =  0.  The  scale  will  thus  be  shifted  from  x  =  0  to »/  =  6  or 
x=  — c/a.  In  this  shifting,  two  points  of  the  scale  re- 
main unmoved,  namely,  those  which  satisfy  the  C(iuation 
x2 +(a+b)x  + 0=^0.  This  pair  of  points,  which  may  be 
really  distinct,  coincident,  or  imaginary,  constitute  the 
absolute.  For  a  plane,  the  absolute  is  a  curve  of  the  sec- 
ond order  and  second  class.  For  three-dimensional  space 
it  is  a  quadric  surface.  For  the  ordinary  system  of  mea- 
surement in  space,  producing  the  Euclidean  geomctiy,  the 
absolute  consists  of  two  coincident  planes  joined  along  an 
imaginary  circle,  which  circle  is  itself  usually  termed  the 
absolute.  See  distance  and  anbarmonic  ratio. —  Philoso- 
phies of  the  absolute,  certain  systems  of  metaphysics 
founded  on  Kant's  Critique  of  Reason  —  most  prominently 
those  of  Fichte,  Sclielliiig,  and  Hegel — which,  departing 
from  tlie  principles  of  Kant,  maintain  that  the  absolute 
is  cognizable. 

absolutely  (ab'so-lut-li),  adv.  Completely ; 
whoUy;  independently;  without  restriction, 


absolutely 

limitation,  or  qualification ;  unconditionally  ; 
positively  ;  peremptorily. 

Command  me  absolutely  not  to  go. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  1156. 
Absolutely  we  cannot  discommend,  we  cannot  absolutHy 
approve,  either  willingness  to  live  or  forwardness  to  die. 

Hooker,  Eccl.  Pol.,  v. 
As  a  matter  of  fact,  absolutely  pure  water  is  never  fouml 
in  the  economy  of  nature.  Huxley,  Physiog.,  p.  115. 

absoluteness  (ab'so-lut-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  absolute ;  independeuee  ;  completeness  ; 
the  state  of  being  subject  to  no  extraneous 
restriction  or  control;  positiveness ;  perfection. 

If  you  Iiave  lived  about,  as  the  phrase  is,  you  have  lost 
that  sense  of  the  absoluteness  and  the  sanctity  of  the  hab- 
its of  your  fellow-patriots  which  once  made  you  so  happy 
in  the  midst  of  them. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Portraits  of  Places,  p.  75. 
absolution  (ab-so-lu'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  dbsolu- 
ciun,  -cion,  -cioun,  <L.  absohttio(n-),  iabsolvere, 
loosen  from:  see  absolve.']  1.  The  act  of  ab- 
solving, or  the  state  of  being  absolved  ;  release 
from  consequences,  obligations,  or  penalties; 
specifically,  release  from  the  penal  conse- 
quences of  sin. 

God's  absolution  of  men  is  his  releasing  of  them  from 
the  bands  of  sin  with  which  they  were  tied  and  bound. 

Trench,  Study  of  Words,  p.  240. 
(a)  According  to  Rom.  Cath.  theol.,  a  remission  of  sin, 
which  the  priest,  on  the  ground  of  authority  received 
from  Christ,  makes  in  the  sacrament  of  penance  (wliich 
see).  "  It  is  not  a  mere  announcement  of  the  gospel,  or  a 
bare  declaration  that  God  will  pardon  the  sins  of  those 
who  repent,  but,  as  the  Council  of  Trent  defines  it,  is 
a  judicial  act  by  which  a  priest  as  judge  passes  a  sen- 
tence on  the  penitent."  Cath.  Diet,  (b)  According  to  Praf. 
theol.,  a  sacerdotal  declaration  assuring  the  penitent  of  di- 
vine forgiveness  on  the  ground  of  his  repentance  and  faith. 
In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  the  priest  pronounces  the 
absolution  in  his  own  name:  "I  absolve  thee."  In  Prot- 
estant communions  that  use  a  form  of  absolution,  and  in 
the  Greek  Church,  it  Is  pronounced  in  the  name  of  God 
and  as  a  prayer  :  "  God  [or  Christ]  absolve  thee." 

By  absolution  [in  the  Augsburg  Confession]  is  meant  the 
official  declaration  of  the  clergyman  to  the  penitent  that 
his  sins  are  forgiven  him  upon  finding  or  believing  that  he 
is  e.\ercising  a  godly  sorrow,  and  is  trusting  in  the  blood 
of  Christ.  Sheclcl,  Hist,  of  Christ.  Doct. 

2t.  Abolition  ;  abolishment. 

But  grant  it  true  [that  the  Liturgy  ordered  too  many 
ceremonies],  nut  a  total  absolution,  but  a  reformation 
thereof,  may  hence  be  inferred.  Fuller,  Ch.  Hist.,  XI.  x.  8. 
3.  In  civil  law,  a  sentence  declaring  an  accused 
person  to  be  innocent  of  the  crime  laid  to  his 
charge — Absolution  from  censures  (eccles.),  the  re- 
moval of  penalties  imposed  by  the  clau'ch.— Absolution 
for  the  dead  (eccles.),  a  short  form  of  prayer  for  the  re- 
pose of  the  soul,  said  after  a  funeral  mass.— Absolutions 
in  the  breviary  (ecfies.),  certain  short  prayers  said  be- 
fore the  lessons  in  matins,  and  before  the  chapter  at  the 
end  of  prime.  =  Syn.  1.  Remission,  etc.  See  pardon,  n. 
absolutism (ab'so-lu-tizm), «.  [< absolute  +  -ism, 
after  F.  absolutisine  =  Pg.  absolutisrno.']   1.  The 

state  of  being  absolute.  Specifically,  in  political  sci- 
ence, that  practice  or  system  of  government  in  which  the 
power  of  the  sovereign  is  unrestricted ;  a  state  so  gov- 
erned ;  despotism. 

Tlie  province  of  absolutism  is  not  to  dispose  of  the 
national  life,  but  to  maintain  it  without  those  checks  on 
the  exercise  of  power  which  exist  elsewhere. 

Woolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  99. 
From  the  time  of  its  first  conversion  Germany  has  never 
taken  kindly  to  the  claims  of  absulutism.,  either  of  author- 
ity or  of  belief,  so  strongly  put  forward  by  the  Church. 

G.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  310. 

2.  The  principle  of  absolute  individual  power 
in  government ;  belief  in  the  unrestricted  right 
of  determination  or  disposal  in  a  sovereign. — 

3.  The  theological  doctrine  of  predestination 
or  absolute  decrees. — 4.  The  metaphysical 
doctrines  of  the  absolutists.  =  syn.  1.  Tyranny, 

Autocracy,  Ab,iolutism,  etc.   See  despotistn.     '  ' 

absolutist  (ab'so-lu-tist),  n.  and  a.  [<  absolute 
+ -ist,  after  F.  aksolutiste.]  I.  «.  1.  An  advo- 
cate of  despotism,  or  of  absolute  government. — 
2.  In  metaph.,  one  who  maintains  that  there  is 
an  absolute  or  non-relative  existence,  and  that 
it  is  possible  to  know  or  conceive  it. 

Hence  the  necessity  which  compelled  Schelling  and  the 
absolutists  to  place  the  absolute  in  the  indifference  of  sub- 
ject and  object,  of  knowledge  and  existence. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  absolutism ;  des- 
potic ;  absolutistie. 

Socialism  would  introduce,  indeed,  the  most  vexatious 
and  all-encompassing  absolutist  government  ever  invented. 

Rae,  Cont.  Socialism,  p.  3CG. 

All  these  things  were  odious  to  the  old  governing  classes 
of  France  ;  their  spirit  was  absolutist,  ecclesiastical,  and 
military.  John  Morley. 

absolutistie  (ab'^'so-lu-tis'tik),  a.  Of,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  characterized  by  absolutism  ;  charac- 
teristic of  absolutists  or  absolutism. 

But  the  spirit  of  the  Roman  empire  was  too  absolutistie 
to  abandon  the  prerogative  of  a  supervision  of  public  wor- 
ship. Schaff,  Hist.  Christ.  Church,  III.  §  2. 


22 

absolutory  (ab-sol'u-to-ri),  a.  [<  ML.  absolute- 
r ills,  ill.  absohitus:  see  absolute.']  Giving  ab- 
solution; capable  of  absolving:  as,  "an  ab- 
solutory sentence,"  Ai/liffe,  Parergon. 

absolvable  (ab-sol'va-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
absolved;  deserving  of  or  entitled  to  absolution. 

absolvatory  (ab-sol'va-to-ri),  a.  [In-eg.  <  ab- 
solve +  -aiory  ;  prop,  absolutory,  q.  v.]  Confer- 
ring absolution,  pardon,  or  release;  having 
power  to  absolve. 

absolve  (ab-solv'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  absolved, 
ppr.  absolving.  [<  L.  absolvere,  loosen  from, 
<a&,  from,  +  solvere,  loosen:  see  solve,  and  cf. 
assoil.]  1.  To  set  free  or  release,  as  from  some 
duty,  obligation,  or  responsibility. 

No  .amount  of  erudition  or  technical  skill  or  critical 
power  can  absolve  the  mind  from  the  necessity  of  creating 
if  it  would  grow.  IF.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  104. 

2.  To  free  from  the  consequences  or  penalties 
attaching  to  actions;  acquit;  specifically,  in 
eccles,  language,  to  forgive  or  grant  remission 
of  sins ;  pronounce  forgiveness  of  sins  to. 

The  felon's  latest  breath 
Absolves  the  innocent  man  who  bears  his  crime. 

Bryant,  Hymn  to  Death. 
I  am  just  absolved. 
Purged  of  the  past,  the  foul  in  me,  washed  fair. 

Browniny,  Ring  and  Book,  11,  18. 

3t.  To  accomplish ;  finish. 

The  work  begun,  how  soon 
Absolved.  Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  94. 

4t.  To  solve  ;  resolve  ;  explain. 

We  shall  not  absolve  the  doubt. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  vi.  10. 
=  Syn.  1.  To  free,  release,  excuse,  liberate,  exempt.— 2. 
To  acquit,  excuse,  clear,  pardon,  forgive,  justify.  See 
acquit. 

absolver  (ab-sol'ver),  «.  One  who  absolves; 
one  who  remits  sin,  or  pronoimces  it  to  be  re- 
mitted. 

absolvitor  (ab-sol'vi-tor),  i>.  [Irreg.  <L.  ab- 
solvere: see  absolve.]  "in  law,  a  decree  of 
absolution — Decree  of  absolvitor,  in  Scots  law,  a 
decree  in  favor  of  the  defendant  in  an  action.  A  decree 
in  favor  of  the  pursuer  or  plaintiff'  is  called  a  decree  con- 
dein  nator. 

absolvitory  (ab-sol'vi-to-ri),  a.  [See  absolva- 
tory.]   Absolutory;  absolvatory. 

absonant  (ab'so-nant),  a.  [<  L.  ab  +  sonan(t-)s : 
see  sonant,  and  cf.  absonous.]  Wide  from  the 
purpose;  contrary;  discordant:  opposed  to 
consonant:  as,  "absonant  to  nature,"  Quarles, 
The  Mourner.    [Now  rare.] 

absonatet  (ab'so-nat),  v.  t.  [For  *ahsoniate,  < 
ML.  absoniatus,  pp.  of  absoniare,  avoid,  lit.  be 
discordant:  see  aftsoMOMS.l  To  avoid;  detest. 
Ash. 

absonoust  (ab'so-nus),  a.  [<  L.  absonus,  dis- 
cordant, <  ab,  from,  +  sonus,  sound :  see  sound^.] 
1.  Unmusical.— 2.  Figuratively,  discordant; 
opposed;  contrary:  as^  "absonous  to  our  rea- 
son," Glanville,  Seep.  Sci.,  iv. 

absorb  (ab-s6rb'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  absorbere,  swallow 
down  anything,  iab,  away,  +  sorbere,  suck  up, 
=  Gr.  po(l>eiv,  sup  up.]  1.  To  drink  in;  suck 
up  ;  imbibe,  as  a  sponge  ;  take  in  by  absorp- 
tion, as  the  lacteals  of  the  body ;  hence,  to  take 
up  or  receive  in,  as  by  chemical  or  molecular 
action,  as  when  charcoal  absorbs  gases. 

It  is  manifest,  too,  that  there  cannot  be  great  self- 
mobility  luiless  the  absorbed  materials  are  efficiently  dis- 
tributed to  the  organs  which  transform  insensible  motion 
into  sensible  motion.     H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  2. 

Every  gas  and  every  vapor  absorbs  exactly  those  kinds 
of  rays  which  it  emits  when  in  the  glowing  condition, 
whilst  it  permits  all  other  kinds  of  rays  to  traverse  it  with 
undiminished  intensity.   Lommel,  Nature  of  Light,  p.  164. 

2t.  To  swallow  up;  engulf;  overwhelm:  as,  the 
sea  absorbed  the  wreck. 

And  dark  oblivion  soon  absorbs  them  all. 

Cowper,  On  Names  in  Biog.  Brit. 

3.  To  swallow  up  the  identity  or  individuality 
of;  draw  in  as  a  constituent  part ;  incorporate: 
as,  the  empire  absorbed  all  the  small  states. 

A  clear  stream  flowing  witli  a  muddy  one. 
Till  in  its  onward  current  it  absorbs  .  .  . 
The  vexed  eddies  of  its  wayward  brother. 

Tennyson,  Isabel. 

4.  To  engross  or  engage  wholly. 

When  a  tremendous  sound  or  an  astounding  spectacle 
absorbs  tlie  attention,  it  is  next  to  impossible  to  think  of 
anything  else.  //.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  98. 

The  confirmed  invalid  is  in  danger  of  becoming  ab- 
sorbed in  self.        Whately,  On  Bacon's  Ess.  of  Adversity. 

5t.  In  med.,  to  counteract  or  neutralize :  as, 
magnesia  absorbs  acidity  in  the  stomach  Ab- 
sorbing-well, a  vertical  excavation  or  shaft  sunk  in  the 
earth  to  enable  the  surface-watei'  to  reach  a  permeable 
bed  which  is  not  saturated  with  water,  and  can  therefore 
take  up  or  absorb  and  carry  off  the  water  which  has  access 


absorption 

to  it  from  above.    Such  wells  are  sometimes  called  hc.,,. 
live  wells,  waste-wells,  and  drain-wells;  also,  in  the  sonih 
of  England,  dead  wells.  The  geological  conditions  favuri  n- 
their  use  .are  rare;  but  they  have  occasionally  lieen  toiml 
practicable  and  convenient  in  connection  with  manufact  m 
ing  establishments,  =  Syn.  4.  To  Absorb,  Jinyross  Sicnl 
low  up.  Engulf,  engage,  arrest,  rivet,  fix.    (See  enyron.  ) 
Absorb  and  engross  denote  the  engagement  of  one's  wiinle  ■ 
attention  and  energies  by  some  object  or  occupation  •  but 
absorb  commonly  has  connected  with  it  the  idea  of  ment  il  i 
passivity,  engross  that  of  mental  activity.    Thus  one  is 
(ifcsor-fted  in  a  novel,  but  <;)i(7)-ossed  in  business.    The'words  I 
however,  are  sometimes  used  interchangeably.  Swallow, , 
and  engulf  have  a  much  stronger  figurative  sense;  enimlf 
generally  expresses  misfortune.  '  ' 

absorbability  (ab-s6r-ba-bil'i-ti),  «.   The  state  i 

or  quality  of  being  absorbable, 
absorbable  (ab-s6r'ba-bl),  a.  Capable  of  beuif 
absorbed  or  imbibed.  " 
absorbed  (ab-s6rbd'),  j)-  a.  1.  Drawn  in  or 
sucked  up.  Specifically  applied  to  the  coloringin  paiiit-  • 
ings  when  the  oil  has  sunk  into  the  canvas,  leaving  tlie 
color  flat  and  the  touches  dead  or  indistinct :  nearly  sy. 
nonymous  with  sunk  in. 

2.  Engrossed :  as,  an  absorbed  look, 
absorbedly  (ab-sor'bed-H),  adv.   In  an  ab- 
sorbed manner. 

absorbedness  (ab-s6r'bed-nes),  «.  The  state 
of  being  absorbed,  or  of  h&ying  the  attention 
fully  occupied. 

absorbefacient  (ab-s6r-be-fa'shient),  a.  and  )/. 
[<  L.  absorbere,  absorb,  + /rtC(eH(i-)s,  ppr.  of 
facere,  make.]    I.  a.  Causing  absorption. 

II.  «.  Any  substance  causing  absorption,  :is 
of  a  swelling.    H.  C.  Wood,  Therap. 
absorbency  (ab-s6r'ben-si), «.  Absorptiveness. 
absorbent  (ab-s6r'bent),  a.  and  n.    [<L.  ab- 
sorben(t-)s,  ppr.  of  absorbere :  see  absorb.]  I.  a.  \ 
Absorbing  or  capable  of  absorbing ;  imbibing ;  j 
swallowing ;  performing  the  function  of  alj- 
sorption:  as,  absorbent  vessels;  the  absorbent  \ 
system. 

"Absorption-bands"  [in  the  spectrum]  .  .  .  indicate 
what  kind  of  light  has  been  stopped  and  extinguished  by 
the  absorbent  object.    A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  460. 

Absorbent  cotton.  See  coffon  i.— Absorbent  gland,  i 

See  f/Zafid. —Absorbent  grounds,  in  painting,  picture- 
grounds  prepared,  either  on  board  or  on  canvas,  so  as  to 
have  the  power  of  absorbing  the  redundant  oil  from  tiie 
colors,  for  the  sake  of  quickness  in  drying,  or  to  increase 
the  brilliancy  of  the  colors.— Absorbent-Strata  water- 
power,  a  hydraulic  device  for  utilizing  the  power  of  water 
passing  through  an  absorbing-well.  .See  absorbing-well, 
under  absorb. 

II.  n.  Anything  which  absorbs.  Specifically - 
(a)  In  anat.  and  physiol,  a  vessel  which  imbibes  or  takes 
nutritive  matters  into  the  system ;  specifically,  in  tlie 
vertebrates,  a  lymphatic  vessel  (which  see,  under  lym- 
phatic), (b)  In  theraijeutics :  (1)  any  substance  used  to 
absorb  a  morbid  or  excessive  discharge ;  (2)  an  alkali  used 
to  neutralize  acids  in  the  stomach,  (c)  In  chem. :  (1)  any- 
thing that  takes  up  into  itself  a  gas  or  liquid,  as  a  sub- 
stance which  withdraws  moisture  from  the  air;  (2)  a  sub- 
stance, such  as  magnesia,  lime,  etc.,  which  neutralizes  acids. 

absorber  (ab-s6r'ber),  n.  One  who  or  that  j 
which  absorbs. 

Let  us  study  the  eff'ect  of  using  sodium  vapour  as  the  i 
medium  — not  as  a  source  of  light,  but  as  an  absorber. 

J.  N.  Loekyer,  Spect.  Anal.,  p.  39, 

Schlosing  has  investigated  the  action  of  the  ocean-wator  j 
as  an  absorber  and  regulator  of  the  carbonic  acid  gas  in  | 
the  atmosphere.  Smithsonian  Report,  1881,  p.  2(R).  j 

absorbing  (ab-s6r'bing),  p.  a.  1.  Soaking  up;  | 
imbibing;  taking  up.  j 

If  either  light  or  radiant  heat  be  absorbed,  the  absorb- 
ing body  is  warmed.        Tyndall,  Light  and  Elect.,  p.  7i'i. 

2.  Engrossing;  enchanting:  as,  the  spectacle  ] 
was  most  absorbing. 

The  total  aspect  of  the  place,  its  sepulchral  stillness,  | 
its  absorbing  perfume  of  evanescence  and  decay  and  ffi'ir-  J 
tality,  confounds  the  distinctions  and  blurs  the  details. 

//.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  3::4 

absorbingly  (ab-s6r'bing-li),  adv.    In  an  al> 

sorbing  manner ;  engrossingly. 
absorbitiont  (ab-s6r-bish'on),  n.     [Irreg.  <  ab- 
sorb +  -ition.]  Absorption, 
absorptt  (ab-s6rpt'),  a.    [<  L.  absorptus,  pp.  of  : 
■absorbere :  see  absorb.]  Absorbed. 

Circe  in  vain  invites  the  feast  to  share, 
Absent  I  wander  and  absorpt  in  care. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  iv. 

absorptiometer  (ab-s6rp-shi-om'e-ter),  n.  [<  L. 
absorptio,  absorption,  -\-  Gr.  fihpov,  a  measiu'e  : 
see  mcter'^.]  An  instrument  invented  by  Pro-, 
fessor  Bunsen  to  determine  the  amoimt  of  gas  j 
absorbed  by  a  unit-voltrme  of  a  liquid,  it  is  a 
graduated  tube  in  which  a  certain  quantity  of  the  gas  and ' 
liquid  is  agitated  over  mercury.  The  amount  of  absorp- 
tion is  measured  on  the  scale  by  the  height  to  which  the 
mercury  presses  up  the  liquid  in  the  tube. 

absorption  (ab-s6rp'shon),  n.  [<  lj.absorptio(n-), 
a  drinking,  <"  absorbere  ":  see  absorb,]  The  act 
or  process  of  absorbing,  or  the  state  of  being 
absorbed,  in  all  the  senses  of  the  verb:  as — i 
(a)  The  act  or  process  of  imbibing,  swallowing,  or  engulfing  | 
mechanically,    (i)  The  condition  of  having  one's  atteu- 


absorption 

tion  entirely  occupied  with  something,  (c)  In  chem.  and 
vhys.,  a  taking  in  or  reception  by  molecular  or  chemical 
action  :  as,  ab!,oriJtion  of  gases,  light,  heat.  See  below. 

We  know  the  redness  of  the  sun  at  evening  arises,  not 
from  absorption  by  the  ether,  but  from  absorption  by  a 
ireat  thickness  of  our  atmosphere. 

J.  N.  Lockyer,  Spect.  Anal.,  p.  30. 
'd)  In  phxjsiol.,  the  process  of  taking  up  into  the  vascular 
system  (venous  or  lymphatic)  either  food  from  the  ali- 
mentary canal  or  inflammatory  products  and  other  sub- 
stances from  the  various  tissues.  Plants  absorb  moisture 
ind  nutritive  juices  principally  by  their  roots,  but  some- 
times by  their  general  sui'faces,  as  in  seaweeds,  and  car- 
bonic acid  by  their  leaves.  Absorption  of  organic  matter 
by  leaves  takes  place  in  several  insectivorous  plants.— 
dbsorption-bands,  in  spectrum  analysis,  dark  bauds 
in  the  spectrum  more  or  less  broad  and  in  general  not 
sharply  defined.  They  are  seen  when  the  light  has  passed 
through  a  body  not  necessarily  incandescent,  and  which 
may  be  a  solid  (as  a  salt  of  didymium),  a  liquid  (as  a  solu- 
tion of  blood),  or  a  vapor  (as  tlie  rain-band  caused  by  the 
jqueous  vapor  in  the  terrestrial  atmosphere).  See  absorp- 
tion-lines and  s/icc^rum.— Absorption  of  color,  the  phe- 
nomenon observed  when  certain  colors  are  retained  or  pre- 
vented from  passing,  through  certain  transparent  bodies, 
rhus,  pieces  of  colored  glass  are  almost  opaque  to  some 
parts  of  the  spectrum,  while  allowing  other  colors  to  pass 
through  freely.  This  is  merely  a  special  case  of  the  ab- 
sorption of  light.— Absorption  of  gases,  the  action  of 
some  solids  and  liquids  in  taking  up  or  absorbing  gases, 
rhus,  a  porous  body  like  charcoal  (that  is,  one  presenting 
it  large  surface)  has  the  ability  to  take  in,  or  condense  on 
its  surface,  a  large  quantity  of  some  gases  through  the  mo- 
lecular attraction  e.xerted  between  its  surface  and  the  mol- 
ecules of  the  gas,  boxwood  charcoal,  for  example,  being 
ible  to  absorb  90  times  its  volume  of  ammonia-gas.  On 
account  of  this  property,  charcoal  is  used  as  a  disinfectant 
to  absorb  noxious  gases.  (See  occlusion. )  Liquids  also  ha  ve 
the  power  to  absorb  or  dissolve  gases,  the  quantity  ab- 
sorbed varying  with  the  nature  of  the  liquid  and  the  gas  ; 
it  is  also  proportional  to  the  pressure,  and  increases  as  the 
temperature  is  lowered.  For  example,  at  the  ordinary 
temperatm'e  and  pressure  water  absorbs  its  own  volume 
of  carbon  dioxid  ;  at  a  pressure  of  two  atmospheres,  two 
rolumes  are  absorbed,  and  so  on.  If  tlus  additional  press- 
ure is  relieved,  the  excess  over  one  volume  is  liberated  with 
effervescence,  as  in  soda-water.— Absorption  of  heat,  the 
action  performed  in  varying  degrees  in  different  bodies  — 
solids,  liquids,  and  gases  —  of  stopping  radiant  heat,  as 
a,  result  of  which  their  own  temperature  is  more  or  less 
raised.  For  example,  rock-salt  and  carbon  disulphid  ab- 
sorb but  little  radiant  heat,  that  is,  are  nearly  diatherma- 
nous.  On  the  other  hand,  alum  and  water  arrest  a  large 
portion  of  it,  that  is,  are  comparatively  athermanous. 

The  waves  of  ether  once  generated  may  so  strike  against 
the  molecules  of  a  body  exposed  to  their  action  as  to 
yield  up  their  motion  to  the  latter ;  and  in  this  transfer 
of  the  motion  from  the  ether  to  the  molecules  consists 
the  absorption  of  radiant  heat.  Tyndall,  Radiation,  §  2. 
Absorption  of  light,  that  action  of  an  imperfectly  trans- 
parent or  opaque  body  by  which  some  portion  of  an  in- 
cident pencil  of  light  is  stopped  within  the  body,  while 
the  rest  is  either  transmitted  through  it  or  reflected  from 
it.  It  is  owing  to  this  action  that,  for  example,  a  certain 
thickness  of  pure  water  shows  a  greenish  color,  of  glass  a 
bluish-green  color,  etc. — Absorption-lines,  in  spectrum 
analysis,  dark  lines  produced  in  an  otherwise  continuous 


Part  of  bolar  Spectrum,  showing  Absorption-lines. 

spectrum  by  the  absorption  of  relatively  cool  vapors 
through  which  the  light  has  passed.  The  absorption  takes 
place  in  accordance  with  the  principle  that  a  body,  when 
exposed  to  radiation  from  a  source  hotter  than  itself,  ab- 
sorbs the  same  rays  which  it  emits  when  incandescent. 
Thus,  the  radiation  from  a  lime  light  passed  through  an 
alcohol  flame  colored  with  sodium  vapor  yields  a  continu- 
ous spectrum,  interrupted,  however,  by  a  dark  line  in  the 
place  of  the  bright  line  afforded  by  the  sodium  vapor 
alone.  The  solar  spectrum  shows  a  multitude  of  dark 
lines,  due  to  the  absorption  of  the  solar  atmosphere,  and  in 
part  also  to  that  of  the  earth. — Absorption-spectrum,  a 
spectrum  with  absorption  -Unes  or  -bands.  —  Cutaneous  or 
external  absorption,  in  med.,  the  process  by  which  cer- 
tain substances,  when  placed  in  contact  with  a  living  sur- 
face, produce  the  same  effects  upon  the  system  as  when 
taken  into  the  stomach  or  injected  into  the  veins,  only  in 
a  less  degree.  Thus,  arsenic,  when  applied  to  an  external 
wound,  will  sometimes  afl'ectthe  system  as  rapidly  as  when 
introduced  into  the  stomach ;  and  mercury,  applied  ex- 
ternally, excites  salivation. —  Interstitial  absorption. 
See  interstitial. 

ibsorptive  (ab-s6rp'tiv),  a.  _[<  F.  ahsorptif, 
<  L.  as  if  *absorptivus,  (.absorhere  :  see  absorb.'] 
Having  power  to  absorb  or  imbibe ;  causing 
absorption ;  absorbent. 

The  absorptive  power  of  a  substance  may  not  be  so  ex- 
tensive as  to  enable  it  to  absorb  and  extinguish  light-rays 
or  heat-rays  of  all  kinds  ;  it  may  arrest  some  only. 

A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  449. 

ibsorptiveness  (ab-sorp'tiv-nes),    n.  The 
quality  of  being  absorptive  ;  absorptivity. 
Ibsorptivity  (ab-s6rp-tiv'i-ti),  n.    The  povrer 
or  capacity  of  absorption."  [Kare.] 
The  absorptivity  inherent  in  organic  beings.  J.  D.  Dana. 

ibsquatulate  (ab-skwot'u-lat),  v.i.;  pret.  and 
pp.  absrinaUdated,  ppr.  'absquatulating.  [A 
feigned  word,  of  American  origin,  simulating 
a.  L.  derivation.  Cf.  abscond,  ambulate.']  To 
rim  away ;  abscond ;  make  off.  [Slang.] 


23 

abSQUe  hoc  (abz'kwe  hok).  [L.,  without  this 
(or  that) :  absque,  without,  <  abs,  off,  from,  with 
generalizing  euSix -que ;  hoc,  abl.  of  liic,  this, 
that.]  "Without  this  or  that :  specifically  used, 
in  law,  in  traversing  what  has  been  alleged  and 
is  repeated. 

absq[ue  tali  causa  (abz'kwe  ta'li  ka'za).    [L. : 

absque,  without;  tali,  abl.  of  talis,  such;  causa, 
abl.  of  causa,  cause.]  Without  such  cause :  a 
phrase  used  in  law. 

abs.  re.  In  law,  an  abbreviation  of  Latin  ab- 
sente  reo  (which  see),  the  defendant  being  ab- 
sent. 

abstain  (ab-stan'),  v.  [<  ME.  abstainen,  ab- 
stcinen,  abstenen,  <  OF.  abstener,  abstenir,  as- 
tcnir,  F.  abstenir,  refl.,  <L.  abstinerc,  abstain, 

<  abs,  off,  +  tenere,  hold  :  see  tenable.  Cf .  con- 
tain, attain,  detain,  pertain,   retain,  sustain.] 

1.  intrans.  To  forbear  or  refrain  voluntarily, 
especially  from  what  gratifies  the  passions  or 
appetites:  used  with /roni ;  as,  to  abstain  from 
the  use  of  ardent  spirits  ;  to  abstain  from  lux- 
uries. 

Abstain  from  meats  offered  to  idols.  Acts  xv.  29. 

To  walk  well,  it  is  not  enough  that  a  man  abstains  from 
dancing.  De  Quincey,  Herodotus. 

Il.t  trans.  To  hinder ;  obstruct ;  debar ; 
cause  to  keep  away  from:  as,  abstain  men 
from  marrying,"  Milton. 

abstainer  (ab-sta'ner),  «.  One  who  abstains; 
specifically,  one  who  abstains  from  the  use  of 
intoxicating  liquors ;  a  teetotaler. 

abstainment  (ab-stan'ment),  n.  The  act  of  ab- 
staining; abstention. 

abstemious  (ab-ste'mi-us),  a,    [<L.  abstemius, 

<  abs,  from,  +  a  supposed  *temmn,  strong  drink, 
>  temetum,  strong  drink,  and  temulentus,  drunk- 
en.] 1.  Sparing  in  diet ;  moderate  in  the  use 
of  food  and  drink ;  temperate ;  abstinent. 

Under  his  special  eye 
Abstemious  I  grew  up,  and  thriv'd  amain. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  637. 

Instances  of  longevity  are  chiefly  among  the  abstemious. 

Arbuthnot,  Nat.  and  Choice  of  Aliments. 
Abstemious,  refusing  luxuries,  not  sourly  and  reproach- 
fully, but  simply  as  unfit  for  his  habit. 

Emerson,Mis,c.,  p.  261. 

2.  Eestricted ;  very  moderate  and  plain ;  very 
sparing ;  spare  :  opposed  to  luxurious  or  rich  : 
as,  an  abstemious  diet. —  3.  Devoted  to  or  spent 
in  abstemiousness  or  abstinence:  as,  an  ab- 
stemious life. 

Till  yonder  sun  descend,  O  let  me  pay 
To  grief  and  anguish  one  abstemious  day. 

Pope,  Iliad,  xix.  328. 

4.  Promoting  or  favoring  abstemiousness  ;  as- 
sociated with  temperance.  [Rare.] 

Such  is  the  virtue  of  th'  abstemious  well. 

Dryden,  Fables. 

abstemiously  (ab-ste'mi-us-li),  adv.  In  an 
abstemious  manner ;  temperately ;  with  a 
sparing  use  of  meat  or  drink. 

abstemiousness  (ab-ste'mi-us-nes),  n.  The 
quality  or  habit  of  being  temperate,  especially 

in  the  use  of  food  and  drink.  =Syn.  Abstemious- 
ness, Abstinence,  Temperance,  Sobriety,  soberness,  modera- 
tion, temperateness.  (See  sobriety.)  The  italicized  words 
denote  voluntary  abstention  from  objects  of  desire,  most 
commonly  abstention  from  food  or  drink,  regarded  either 
as  an  act  or  as  an  element  in  character.  Abstemiousness, 
by  derivation  and  earlier  use,  suggests  abstinence  from 
mne  ;  but  it  has  lost  this  special  sense,  and  now  generally 
signifies  habitual  moderation  in  the  gratification  of  the  ap- 
petites and  desires ;  abstinence  is  simply  the  refraining 
from  gratification,  and  may  be  applied  to  a  single  act. 
They  both  suggest  self-denial,  while  tempera'nce  and  so- 
briety suggest  wisdom,  balance  of  mind,  and  propriety. 
Temperance  suggests  self-control,  the  measure  of  absten- 
tion being  proportioned  to  the  individual's  idea  of  what  is 
best  in  that  respect.  Hence,  abstinence  and  temperance 
often  stand  in  popular  use  for  total  abstinence  from  intoxi- 
cating drink. 

Knowing  the  abstemiousness  of  Italians  everywhere, 
and  seeing  the  hungry  fashion  in  which  the  islanders 
clutched  our  gifts  and  devoured  them,  it  was  our  doubt 
whether  any  of  them  had  ever  experienced  perfect  re- 
pletion. Howells,  Venetian  Life,  xii. 

If  twenty  came  and  sat  in  my  house,  there  was  nothing 
said  about  dinner,  .  .  .  but  we  naturally  practised  ab- 
stinence. Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  154. 

The  rule  of  "  not  too  much,"  by  temperance  taught. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  531. 

abstention  (ab-sten'shon),   n.     [<  L.  absten- 

tio{n-),iabstinere :  see  abstain.]  A  holding  off 
or  refraining ;  abstinence  from  action ;  neglect 
or  refusal  to  do  something. 

As  may  well  be  supposed,  this  abstention  of  our  light 
cavalry  was  observed  by  the  Russians  with  surprise  and 
thankfulness.  Kinglake. 

Thus  the  act  [of  nursing]  is  one  that  is  to  both  exclu- 
sively pleasurable,  while  abstention  entails  pain  on  both. 

M.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  102. 


abstinency 

abstentionist  (ab-sten'shon-ist),  n.  One  who 
practises  or  is  in  favor  of  abstention,  as  from 
the  act  of  voting,  from  eating  flesh,  etc. 
abstentious  (ab-sten'shus),  a.  [<  abstention  + 
-ous.  Cf.  contentious,  etc.]  Characterized  by 
abstention.  Farrar. 
abstert  (ab-ster'),  V.  t.  [<  L.  absterrere,  frighten 
from,  <  abs,  from,  +  tcrrcrc,  frighten  :  see  terri- 
ble.]   To  frighten  off ;  deter ;  hinder. 

So  this  in  like  manner  sliould  ahster  and  fear  me  and 
mine  from  doing  evil.  Becon,  Cliristmas  lianquet. 

absterge  (ab-sterj'),''-  pret.  and  pp.  absterged, 
ppr.  absterging.  [<  L.  abstergere,  wipe  off,  <  abs, 
off,  +  tergere,  Vfipe:  see  terse.]  1.  To  wipe, 
or  make  clean  by  wiping ;  wash  away. 

Baths  are  used  to  absterr/e,  belike,  that  fulsomeness  of 
sweat  to  which  they  are  there  subject. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  286. 

2.  In  med.:  (a)  To  cleanse  by  lotions,  as  a  wound 
or  ulcer.    (6)  To  purge.    See  deterge. 

abstergent  (ab-ster'jent),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  abster- 
gcn{t-)s,])T^r.  ol  abstergere :  see  absterge.]  I.  a. 
Having  cleansing  or  purgative  properties. 

II.  n.  1.  Anjiihing  that  aids  in  scouring  or 
cleansing,  as  soap  or  fuller's  earth. —  2.  In 
med.,  a  lotion  or  other  application  for  cleans- 
ing a  sore :  in  this  sense  nearly  superseded  by 
detergent. 

abstergifyt,  t-  or  i.  [Improp.  <  L.  abstergere 
(see  absterge)  +  E.  -/«/.]  To  cleanse ;  perform 
one's  ablutions. 

Specially  when  wee  would  abstergifie. 

Benvenuto,  Passengers'  Dialogues. 

absterse  (ab-sters'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ab- 
stersed,  ppr.  abstersing.  [<  L.  abstersus,  pp.  of 
abstergere :  see  absterge,]  To  absterge ;  cleanse ; 
purify.  Sir  T.  Browne.  [Rare.] 
abstersion (ab-ster'shon), n.  [i'L.* abstersio{n-), 
(.abstergere,  pp.  abstersus:  see  absterge.]  1. 
The  act  of  wiping  clean:  as,  "ablution  and 
abstersion,"  Scott,  Waverley,  xx. —  2.  In  w erf., 
a  cleansing  by  substances  which  remove  foul- 
ness from  about  sores,  or  humors  or  obstruc- 
tions from  the  system. 

Abstersion  is  plainly  a  scouring  off  or  incision  of  the 
more  viscous  humours,  and  making  the  humours  more 
fluid  ;  and  cutting  between  them  and  the  part. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  42. 

abstersive  (ab-ster'siv),  a.  and  n.    [=  F.  ab- 

stersif,  <  L.  *abstersirus,  <  abstergere,  pp.  abster- 
sus: see  absterge.]  I.  a.  Cleansing;  having  the 
quality  of  removing  foulness.    See  detersive. 

The  seats  vrith  purple  clothe  in  order  due. 
And  let  the  abstersive  sponge  the  board  renew. 

Po2)e,  Odyssey,  xx.  189. 
A  tablet  stood  of  that  abstersive  tree 
Where  ^Ethiop's  swarthy  bird  did  build  her  nest. 

Sir  J.  Denham,  Chess. 

II.  n.  That  which  effects  abstersion ;  that 
which  purifies. 

Abstersives  are  fuUer's  earth,  soap,  linseed-oil,  and  ox- 
gall. Petty,  in  Sprat's  Hist.  Royal  Soc,  p.  295. 

abstersi'veness  (ab-ster'siv-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  abstersive  or  abstergent. 

A  caustick  or  a  healing  faculty,  abstersivcness,  and  the 
like.  Boyle,  Works,  II.  117. 

abstinence  (ab'sti-nens),  n.  [<  ME.  abstinence, 
<  OF.  abstinence,  asiinence,  astenance,  <  L.  ab- 
stinentia,  <  abstinen{t-)s,  ppr.  of  abstinere :  see 
abstinent.]  1.  In  general,  the  act  or  practice 
of  voluntarily  refraining  fi'om  the  use  of  some- 
thing or  fi'om  some  action  ;  abnegation. 

Since  materials  are  destroyed  as  such  by  being  once 
used,  the  whole  of  the  labour  required  for  their  production, 
as  well  as  the  abstinence  of  the  persons  who  supplied  the 
means  for  carrying  it  on,  must  be  remunerated. 

J.  S.  Mill,  Pol.  Econ. 

More  specifically  —  2.  The  refraining  from 
indulgence  in  the  pleasm-es  of  the  table,  or 
from  customary  gratifications  of  the  senses  or 
the  intellect,  either  partially  or  wholly. 

Against  diseases  here  the  strongest  fence 
Is  the  defensive  virtue  abstinence.  Herrick. 

Hen  flew  to  frivolous  amusements  and  to  criminal 
pleasures  with  the  greediness  whicli  long  and  enforced 
abstinence  naturally  produces.  Macaulay. 

3.  In  a  still  narrower  sense  —  (a)  Forbearance 
from  the  use  of  alcoholic  liquors  as  a  beverage : 
in  this  sense  usually  preceded  by  the  adjective 
total,  (b)  Ecclcs.,  the  refraining  from  certain 
kinds  of  food  or  drink  on  certain  days,  as  from 
flesh  on  Fridays  Day  of  abstinence,  in  the  Rom. 

Catli.  Cli. ,  a  day  on  which  it  is  forbidden  to  eat  flesli-meat. 
A  fasting-day  limits  to  one  full  meal,  and  commonly  in- 
cludes abstinence.  =  SjTl.  Abstemiousness,  Abstinence, 
Temperance,  etc.    See  abstemiotisncss. 

abstinency  (ab'sti-nen-si),  n.  The  habit  or 
practice  of  abstaining  or  refraining,  especially 
from  food.  [Eare.l 


al)stlnent 

abstinent  (ab'sti-nent),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  absti- 
nent, <  OF.  ahstinent,  astinent,  astenant,  <  L. 
al>stincn(t-)Sy  ppr.  of  ahstinere,  abstain:  see  ab- 
stain.'] I.  a.  Refraining  from  undue  indul- 
gence, especially  in  the  use  of  food  and  tlrink ; 
charactei'ized  by  moderation  ;  abstemioiis. 

II.  n.  1.  One  who  abstains  or  is  abstinent; 
an  abstainer. 

Very  iew  public  men,  for  instance,  care  to  order  a  bottle 
of  wine  at  a  public  table.  It  is  not  because  they  are 
total  abstinents.  Harper's  May.,  LXV.  633. 

2.  [cap.]  One  of  a  sect  which  appeared  in 
France  and  Spain  in  the  third  century.  The  Ab- 
stinents opposed  mai-riage,  condemned  the  eating  of  flesh, 
and  placed  the  Holy  Spirit  in  the  class  of  created  beings. 

abstinently  (ab'sti-nent-li),  adv.  In  an  ab- 
stinent manner ;  with  abstinence, 
abstortedt  (ab-st6r'ted),  i).  a.  [<  L.  abs,  away, 
+  tortus,  pp.  of  torquere,  twist:  see  tort  and 
torture.']  Forced  away.  Phillijjs,  1662. 
abstract  (ab-strakf),  V.  l<  1j.  abstractus,  pp. 
of  abstraliere,  draw  away,  <  abs,  away,  +  tra- 
here,  draw:  see  trach,  tract.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
draw  away  ;  take  away ;  withdraw  or  remove, 
whether  to  hold  or  to  get  rid  of  the  object  with- 
drawn :  as,  to  abstract  one's  attention ;  to  ab- 
stract a  watch  from  a  person's  pocket,  or  money 
from  a  bank.  [In  the  latter  use,  a  euphemism 
for  steal  ov  j^urloin.] 

Thy  furniture  of  radiant  dye 
Abstracts  and  ravishes  the  curious  eye. 

King,  Ruflnus,  1.  257. 
Abstract  what  others  feel,  what  others  think, 
All  pleasures  sicken,  and  all  glories  sink. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iv.  45. 
In  truth  the  object  and  the  sensation  are  the  same 
thing,  and  cannot  therefore  be  abstracted  from  each  other. 

Berkeley,  Prin.  of  Human  Knowl.  (1710),  i.  1  5. 

2.  To  consider  as  a  form  apart  from  matter ; 
attend  to  as  a  general  object,  to  the  neglect  of 
special  circumstances ;  derive  as  a  general 
idea  from  the  contemplation  of  particular  in- 
stances ;  separate  and  hold  in  thought,  as  a  part 
of  a  complex  idea,  while  letting  the  rest  go. 
This  meaning  of  the  Latin  abstrahere,  with  the  corre- 
sixmding  meaning  of  abstractio,  first  appears  toward  the 
end  of  the  great  dispute  between  the  nominalists  and 
realists  in  the  twelfth  century.  The  invention  of  these 
terms  may  be  said  to  embody  the  upshot  of  the  contro- 
versy. They  are  unquestionably  translations  of  the  Greek 
a4>aipfiv  and  itfiaipeai^,  though  We  cannot  say  how  these 
Greek  terms  became  known  in  the  West  so  early.  The 
earliest  passage  is  the  following  :  "  We  say  those  thoughts 
{intellectus)  are  by  abstraction  (per  abstract ionem),  which 
either  contemplate  the  nature  of  any  form  in  itself  with- 
out regard  to  the  subject  matter,  or  think  any  nature  in- 
differently (iiul ifferenter),  apart,  that  is,  from  the  difference 
of  its  individuals.  ...  On  the  otiier  hand,  we  may  speak 
of  subtraction,  when  any  one  endeavors  to  contemplate  the 
nature  of  any  subject  essence  apart  from  all  fonn.  Eitlfer 
thought,  however,  the  abstracting  as  well  as  the  subtract- 
ing, seems  to  conceive  the  thing  otherwise  than  it  exists." 
De  Intellectibus,  in  Cousin's  Fragments  Philosophiques 
(2d  ed.),  p.  481.  This  old  literature  having  been  long  for- 
gotten, an  erroneous  idea  of  the  origin  of  the  term  arose. 
"  Abstraction  means  etymologically  the  active  withdrawal 
of  attention  from  one  thing  in  order  to  fix  it  on  another 
thing."  Sully.  [This  plausible  but  false  notion  gave  rise 
to  the  phrase  to  abstract  (intrans.)/TOm.    See  below.] 

3.  To  derive  or  obtain  the  idea  of. 

And  thus  from  divers  accidents  and  acts 
Which  do  within  her  observation  fall 

The  goddesses  and  powers  divine  abstracts, 
As  Nature,  Fortune,  and  the  Virtues  all. 

Sir  J.  Davies. 

4.  To  select  or  separate  the  substance  of,  as  a 
book  or  writing ;  epitomize  or  reduce  to  a  sum- 
mary. 

The  great  world  in  a  little  world  of  fancy 
Is  here  abstracted. 

Ford,  Fancies  Chaste  and  Noble,  ii.  2. 
Let  us  abstract  them  into  brief  compends. 

Watts,  Imp.  of  Mind. 

5t.  To  extract :  as,  to  abstract  spirit.  Boyle. 

=  Syn.  2.  To  disengage,  isolate,  detach. — 4.  See  abridge. 

II,  intrans.  To  form  abstractions ;  separate 
ideas ;  distinguish  between  the  attribute  and 
the  subject  in  which  it  exists :  as,  "  brutes  ab- 
stract not,"  Loclce. 

Thus  the  conamon  consciousness  lives  in  abstraction, 
though  it  has  never  abstracted.  E.  Caird,  Hegel,  p.  159. 
To  abstract  from,  to  withdraw  the  attention  from,  as 
part  of  a  complex  idea,  in  order  to  concentrate  it  upon 
the  rest. 

I  noticed  the  improper  use  of  the  term  abstraction  by 
many  philosophers,  in  applying  it  to  that  on  which  the 
attention  is  converged.  This  we  may  indeed  be  said  to 
prescind,  but  not  to  abstract.  Thus,  let  A,  B,  C  be  three 
qualities  of  an  object.  We  prescind  A,  in  abstracting 
from  B  and  C,  but  we  cannot  without  impropriety  say  that 
we  abstract  A.  Hamilton,  Lectures  on  Metaph.,  xxxv. 
[This  is  all  founded  on  a  false  notion  of  the  origin  of  the 
term.  See  above.] 
abstract  (ab'strakt),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  abstractus, 
pp.  of  abstraliere :  see  abstract,  v.  As  a  philo- 
sophical term,  it  is  a  translation  of  Gr.  rd 
at^aipiaeuc;,]    I.  a.  1.  Conceived  apart  from 


24 

matter  and  from  special  cases :  as,  an  abstract 
number,  a  number  as  conceived  in  arithmetic, 
not  a  number  of  things  of  any  kind.  Originally 
applied  to  geometrical  forms  (the  metaphor  being  that 
of  a  statue  hewn  from  a  stone),  and  down  to  the  twelfth 
century  restricted  exclusively  to  mathematical  forms  and 
quantities.  (Isidorus,  about  A.  l>.  600,  defines  abstract 
mimber.)  It  is  now  applied  to  anything  of  a  general  nature 
which  is  considered  apart  from  special  circumstances : 
thus,  abstract  right  is  what  ought  to  be  done  indepen- 
dently of  instituted  law.  [The  phrase  in  the  abstract  is 
preferable  to  the  adjective  in  this  sense.] 

Abstract  natures  are  as  the  alphabet  or  simple  letters 
whereof  the  variety  of  things  consisteth  ;  or  as  the  colours 
mingled  in  the  painter's  shell,  wherewith  he  is  able  to 
make  infinite  variety  of  faces  and  shapes. 

Bacon,  Valerius  Maximus,  xiii. 

Abstract  calculations,  in  questions  of  finance,  are  not 
to  be  relied  on.  A.  Hamilton,  Works,  I.  129. 

Consider  the  positive  science  of  Crystallography,  and 
presently  it  appears  that  the  mineralogist  is  studying  the 
abstract  Crystal,  its  geometrical  laws  and  its  physical 
properties. 

G.  H.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  §  CI. 
2.  In  gram,  (since  the  thii-teenth  century), 
applied  specially  to  that  class  of  nouns  which 
are  formed  from  adjectives  and  denote  char- 
acter, as  goodness,  audacity,  and  more  gen- 
erally to  all  nouns  that  do  not  name  concrete 
things.  Abstract  in  this  sense  is  a  prominent  term  in 
the  logic  of  Occam  and  of  the  English  nominalists. 

Of  the  name  of  the  thing  itself,  by  a  little  change  or 
wresting,  we  make  a  name  for  that  accident  which  we 
consider;  and  for  "living"  put  into  the  account "  life  ";  for 
"moved,"  "motion";  for  "hot,"  "heat";  for  "long," 
"length";  and  the  like:  and  all  such  names  are  the 
names  of  the  accidents  and  properties  by  which  one  mat- 
ter and  body  is  distinguished  from  another.  These  are 
called  ' '  names  abstract, "  because  severed,  not  from  matter, 
but  from  the  account  of  matter.    Hobbes,  Leviathan,  i.  4. 

A  mark  is  needed  to  shew  when  the  connotation  is 
dropped.  A  slight  mark  put  upon  the  connotative  term 
answers  the  purpose  ;  and  shews  when  it  is  not  meant  that 
anything  sliould  be  connoted.  In  regard  to  the  word 
black,  for  example,  we  merely  annex  to  it  the  syllable 
ness  ;  and  it  is  immediately  indicated  that  all  connotation 
is  dropped  :  so  in  sweetness,  hardness,  dryness,  lightness. 
The  new  words,  so  formed,  are  the  words  whicli  have  been 
denominated  abstract;  as  the  connotative  terms  from 
which  they  are  formed  have  been  denominated  concrete  ; 
and  as  these  terms  are  in  frequent  >ise,  it  is  necessary  that 
the  meaning  of  them  should  be  well  remembered.  It  is 
now  also  manifest  what  is  the  real  nature  of  abstract 
terms  ;  a  subject  which  has  in  general  presented  such  an 
appearance  of  mystery.  They  are  simply  the  concrete 
terms  with  the  connotation  dropped. 

James  Mill,  Analysis  of  the  Human  Mind,  ix. 

Why  not  say  at  once  that  the  abstract  name  is  the  name 
of  the  attribute  ?  J.  S.  Mill. 

3t.  Having  the  mind  drawn  away  from  present 
objects,  as  in  ecstasy  and  trance ;  abstracted : 
as,  "abstract  as  in  a  trance,"  Milton,  P.  L., 
viii.  462. —  4.  Produced  by  the  mental  process 
of  abstraction :  as,  an  abstract  idea.  Under  this 

head  belong  two  meanings  of  abstract  which  can  hardly  be 
considered  as  English,  though  they  are  sometimes  used  by 
writers  influenced  by  the  German  language.  They  are  — 
(a)  General ;  having  relatively  small  logical  comprehen- 
sion ;  wide ;  lofty ;  indeterminate.  Tliis  is  the  usual 
meaning  of  abstract  in  German  ;  but  its  establishment  in 
English  would  greatly  confuse  our  historical  terminology. 
(6)  Resulting  from  analytical  thought ;  severed  from  its 
coiniections  ;  falsified  by  the  neglect  of  important  con- 
siderations. This  is  the  Hegelian  meaning  of  the  word,  car- 
rying with  it  a  tacit  condemnation  of  the  metliod  of  ana- 
lytical mechanics  and  of  all  application  of  mathematics. 
5.  Demanding  a  high  degree  of  mental  abstrac- 
tion ;  difficult;  profound;  abstruse:  as,  highly 
abstract  conceptions ;  very  abstract  specula- 
tions.—  6.  Applied  to  a  science  which  deals 
with  its  object  in  the  abstract :  as,  abstract 
logic ;  abstract  mathematics :  opposed  to  ap- 
plied logic  and  mathematics. — 7.  Separated 
from  material  elements  ;  ethereal ;  ideal. 

Love's  not  so  pure  and  abstract  as  they  use 
To  say,  which  have  no  mistress  but  their  muse. 

Don7ie,  Poems,  p.  27. 
Abstract  arithmetic.   See  arithmetic,  2. 

II.  w.  1.  That  which  concentrates  in  itself 
the  essential  qualities  of  anything  more  exten- 
sive or  more  general,  or  of  several  things  ;  the 
essence  ;  specifically,  a  summary  or  epitome 
containing  the  substance,  a  general  view,  or 
the  principal  heads  of  a  writing,  discourse, 
series  of  events,  or  the  like. 

You  shall  find  there 
A  man  who  is  the  abstract  of  all  faults 
That  all  men  follow.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  i.  4. 

This  is  but  a  faint  abstract  of  the  things  which  have 
happened  since.        D.  Webster,  Bunker  Hill  Monument. 

2.  That  portion  of  a  bill  of  quantities,  an  esti- 
mate, or  an  account  which  contains  the  sum- 
mary of  the  various  detailed  articles. —  3.  In 
phar.,  a  dry  powder  prepared  from  a  drug  by 
digesting  it  with  suitable  solvents,  and  evap- 
orating the  solution  so  obtained  to  complete 
dryness  at  a  low  temperature  (122°  F.).  it  is 
twice  as  strong  as  the  drug  or  tlie  fluid  extract,  and 
about  ten  times  as  strong  as  the  tincture. 
4.  A  catalogue;  an  inventory,  [Rare.] 


abstraction 

He  hath  an  abstract  for  the  remembrance  of  such  places 
and  goes  to  them  by  his  note.    Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  -j. 

5.  In  gram.,  an  abstract  term  or  noun. 

The  concrete  "like"  has  its  abstract  "likeness"  -  tlse 
concretes  "father"  and  "son"  have,  or  might  have'  tiic 
abstracts  "paternity  "  and  " fliiety  "  or  "filiation."  ' 

J.  S.  Mil!. 

Abstract  of  title,  in  latv,  an  epitome  or  a  short  statr. 
ment  of  the  successive  title-deeds  or  other  evidences  .if 
ownership  of  an  estate,  and  of  the  encumbrances  there- 
on.—  In  the  abstract  [L.  in  abstracto],  conceived  apart 
from  matter  or  special  circumstances  ;  without  refereiK  r 
to  particular  applications;  in  its  general  principles  m- 
meanings. 

Were  all  things  red,  the  conception  of  colour  in  the  ah- 
struct  could  not  exist.     //.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  § 

Be  the  system  of  absolute  religious  equality  good  (.r 
bad,  pious  or  profane,  in  the  abstract,  neither  churchmen 
nor  statesmen  can  afford  to  ignore  the  question.  How 
will  it  work?         H.  N.  Oxenham,  Short  Studies,  p.  401. 

=  Ssrn.  1.  Abridgment,  Compendium,  Epitome,  Abstract  ' 
etc.  See  abridgment.  ' 
abstracted  (ab-strak'ted),  p.  a.  1.  Refined; 
exalted:  as,  " abstracted  sTpmtuallove,"  Donm. 
—  2.  Difficult ;  abstruse  ;  abstract.  Johnson.— 
3.  Absent  in  mind;  absorbed;  inattentive  to 
immediate  surroimdings.  J 

And  now  no  more  the  abstracted  ear  attends 
The  water's  murmuring  lapse. 

T.  Warton,  Melancholy,  v.  179. 
Thy  dark  vague  eyes,  and  soft  abstracted  air. 

M.  Arnold,  Scholar-Gipsy. 
=  Syn.  3.  Absent,  Inattentive,  Abstracted,  etc.  See  absent. 

abstractedly  (ab-strak'ted-li),  adv.  1.  In  an 
abstracted  or  absent  manner. —  2.  In  the  ab- 
stract ;  in  a  separated  state,  or  in  contempla- 
tion only. 

It  may  indeed  be  difficult  for  those  who  have  but  little  1 
faitli  in  the  invisible  ...  to  give  up  their  own  power  of 
judging  what  seems  best,  from  the  belief  that  that  only  is  | 
best  wliich  is  abstractedly  right. 

//.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  57.  ' 

abstractedness  (ab-strak'ted-nes),  n.  The  | 
state  of  being  abstracted ;  abstractness :  as,  i 
"the  abstractedness  of  these  speculations,"'  j 
Hume,  Human  Understanding,  §  1.  ; 

Advance  in  representativeness  of  thought  makes  pos- 
sible advance  in  abstractedness :  particular  properties  and 
particular  relations  become  thinkable  apart  from'  the 
things  displaying  them. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  493. 

abstracter  (ab-strak'ter),  n.  1 .  One  who  ab- 
stracts or  takes  away. —  2.  One  who  makes  an 
abstract  or  summary. 

The  London  Chemical  Society,  a  few  years  ago,  issued  to 
the  abstracters  for  its  journal  a  series  of  instructions  on 
chemical  nomenclature  and  notation.       Science,  VI.  369. 

abstraction  (ab-strak'shon),  n.  [<LL.  abstrac- 
tio(n-),  <  h.  abstrahere:  see  abstract,  v.]  1. 
The  act  of  taking  away  or  separating ;  the  act 
of  withdrawing,  or  the  state  of  being  with- 
drawn ;  withdrawal,  as  of  a  part  from  a  whole,  i 
or  of  one  thing  from  another.  Rarely  applied  to  i 
the  physical  act  of  taking  or  removing  except  in  a  deroga- 
tory sense  :  as,  the  abstraction  (dishonest  removal,  larceny)  ] 
of  goods  from  a  warehouse. 

A  hermit  wishes  to  be  praised  for  his  abstraction  [that 
is,  his  withdrawal  from  society].  Pope,  Letters. 

The  sensation  of  cold  is  really  due  to  an  abstraction  of 
heat  from  our  own  bodies. 

ir.  L.  Carpenter,  Energy  in  N.ature,  p.  41. 

Wordsworth's  better  utterances  have  the  bare  sincerity, 
the  absolute  abstraction  from  time  and  place,  the  im- 
nuinity  from  decay,  that  belong  to  the  grand  simplicities 
of  the  Bible.       Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  24B. 

2.  The  act  of  abstracting  or  concentrating  the 
attention  on  a  part  of  a  complex  idea  and  neg- 
lecting the  rest  or  supposing  it  away ;  especially, 
that  variety  of  this  procedure  by  which  we  pass  j 
from  a  more  to  a  less  determinate  concept,  from 
the  particular  to  the  general ;  the  act  or  process  ' 
of  refinmg  or  sublimating. 

The  mind  makes  the  particular  ideas,  received  from  par- 
ticular objects,  to  become  general;  which  is  done  by  con-  j 
sidering  them  as  they  are  in  the  mind  such  appearances, 
separate  from  all  other  existences,  and  the  circumstances 
of  real  existence,  as  time,  place,  or  any  other  concomitant  I 
ideas.  This  is  called  aiistraction,  whereby  ideas,  taken 
from  particular  beings,  become  general  representatives  of 
all  of  the  same  kind. 

Locke,  Human  Understanding,  II.  xi.  §  9.  j 

To  be  plain,  I  own  myself  able  to  abstract  in  one  sense, 
as  when  I  consider  some  particular  parts  or  qualities  sep- 
arated from  others,  with  which,  though  they  are  united  in 
some  object,  yet  it  is  possible  they  may  really  exist  with- 
out them.  But  I  deny  that  I  can  abstract  one  from  an- 
other, or  conceive  separately,  those  qualities  which  it  is 
impossible  should  exist  so  separated  ;  or  that  I  can  frame  ! 
a  general  notion  by  abstracting  from  particulars  in  tlie 
manner  aforesaid.  Which  two  last  are  the  proper  accep- 
tations of  abstraction.  • 
Berkeley,  Prin.  of  Human  Knowl.,  Int.,  H  10.  j 

The  active  mental  process  by  which  concepts  are  formed  [ 
is  commonly  said  to  fall  into  three  stages,  comparison,  j 
abstraction,  and  generalization.  .  .  .  When  things  are 
widely  unlike  one  another,  as  for  example  different  fruits,  I 
as  a  strawberry,  a  peach,  and  so  on,  we  must,  in  order  to  3 
note  the  resemblance,  tmn  the  mind  away  from  the  differ-  I 


I 


abstraction 


25 


abthanage 


ences  of  form,  colour,  etc.  This  is  the  diiBcult  part  of  the 
operation.  Great  differences  are  apt  to  impress  the  mind, 
and  it  requires  a  special  etfort  to  turn  aside  from  them 
and  to  keep  the  mind  directed  to  the  underlying  similarity. 
This  effort  is  known  as  abstraction. 

Sully,  Outlines  of  Psychology,  ix. 
This  was  an  age  of  vision  and  mystery ;  and  every  work 
was  believed  to  contain  a  double  or  secondary  meaning. 
Ji'othing  escaped  this  eccentric  spirit  of  refinement  and 
abstraction.  T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry. 

3.  A  concept  which  is  the  product  of  an  ab- 
stracting process;  a  metaphysical  concept; 
hence,  often,  an  idea  which  cannot  lead  to  any 
practical  result;  a  theoretical,  impracticable 
notion ;  a  formality ;  a  fiction  of  metaphysics. 

Ariel,  delicate  as  an  abstraction  of  the  dawn  and  vesper 
smilight.  Hies  around  tlie  shipwrecked  men  to  console 
them.  A.  U.  Welsh,  Eng.  Lit.,  I.  388. 

Tangents,  sines,  and  cosines  are  not  things  found  iso- 
lated in  Nature,  but,  because  they  are  abstractions  from 
realities,  they  are  applicable  to  Nature. 

6.  H.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  §  71. 
The  arid  abstractions  of  the  schoolmen  were  succeeded 
by  the  fanciful  visions  of  the  occult  philosophers. 

/.  D' Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  285. 

4.  Inattention  to  present  objects ;  the  state  of 
being  engrossed  with  any  matter  to  the  exclu- 
sion of  everjrthing  else  ;  absence  of  mind :  as, 
a  fit  of  abstraction. 

Keep  your  hoods  about  the  face ; 
They  do  so  that  affect  abstraction  here. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 
The  tank  was  nearly  five  feet  deep,  and  on  several  occa- 
sions I  narrowly  escaped  an  involuntary  bath  as  I  entered 
my  room  in  moments  of  abstraction. 

0' Donovan,  Merv,  xi. 

5.  In  distillation,  the  separation  of  volatile 
parts  from  those  which  are  fixed,  it  is  chiefly 
used  mth  relation  to  a  fluid  that  is  repeatedly  poured 
upon  any  substance  in  a  retort  and  distilled  off,  to  change 
its  state  or  the  nature  of  its  composition. — Abstraction 
from  singulars  but  not  from  matter,  in  the  Scotist 
logic,  the  degree  of  abstraction  required  to  form  such 
a  concept  as  that  of  a  white  man,  where  we  cease  to 
think  of  the  individual  man,  but  yet  continue  to  attend 
to  the  color,  which  is  a  material  passion. —  Concrete 
abstraction.  Same  as  partial  abstraction. — Divisive  ab- 
straction. Same  as  negative  abstraction. — Formal  ab- 
straction, the  mental  act  of  abstraction,  as  distinguished 
from  the  resulting  concept. — Intentional  abstraction, 
mental  abstraction ;  separation  in  thought.  —  Logical  ab- 
straction, that  process  of  abstractive  thought  which  pro- 
duces a  general  concept. — Mathematical  abstraction, 
the  act  of  thinking  away  color,  etc. ,  so  as  to  gain  pure  ge- 
ometrical conceptions. — Metaphysical  abstraction,  a 
process  of  abstraction  carried  further  than  the  mathemati- 
cal.—Minor  abstraction,  a  kind  of  abstraction  involved 
in  sensuous  perception,  according  to  the  Thomists. — Neg- 
ative abstraction,  separation  of  one  concept  from  an- 
other in  tlie  sense  of  denying  one  of  the  other.— Objec- 
tive abstraction,  the  concept  produced  by  the  act  of  ab- 
stracting.—Partial  abstraction,  the  imagining  of  some 
sensible  thing  deprived  of  some  extensive  part,  as  a  man 
without  a  head.— Physical  abstraction,  abstraction 
from  singulars ;  that  grade  of  abstraction  required  in 
physics.— Precisive  abstraction,  the  thinking  of  a  part 
of  a  complex  idea  to  the  neglect  of  the  rest,  but  without 
denjing  in  thought  those  predicates  not  tliought  of. — 
Real  abstraction,  the  real  separation  of  one  thing  from 
another,  as  tlie  (supposed)  abstraction  of  the  soul  from  the 
body  in  ecstasy. 

ibstractional  (ab-strak'shon-al),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  abstraction.    H.  Bushnell. 
.bstractionist  (ab-strak'shon-ist),  n.  One  who 
occupies  himself  with  abstractions ;  an  ideal- 
ist ;  a  dreamer. 

The  studious  class  are  their  own  victims  :  .  .  .  they  are 
abstractionists,  and  spend  their  days  and  nights  in  dream- 
ing some  dream.  Emerson,  Montaigne. 

.bstractitioust  (ab-strak-tish'us),  a.  [<  L.  as 
il  *ahstractitiiis :  see  abstract,  v.']  Abstracted 
or  drawn  from  other  substances,  particularly 
from  vegetables,  without  fermentation.  Bailey. 
ibstractive  (ab-strak'tiv),  a.  I—  F.  abstractif, 
<  L.  as  if  *abstractivus,  <  abstractus,  pp. :  see 
abstract,  v.']  1.  Pertaining  to  abstraction; 
having  the  power  or  quality  of  absti-aeting. — 
2.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  abstract, 
epitome,  or  summary. —  3t.  Abstraetitious. 
—Abstractive  cognition,  cognition  of  an  object  not  as 
present. 

The  names  given  in  the  schools  to  the  immediate  and 
mediate  cognitions  were  intuitive  and  abstractive,  meaning 
by  the  latter  term,  not  merely  what  we  with  them  call 
abstract  knowledge,  but  also  the  representations  of  con- 
crete objects  in  the  imagination  and  memory. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Lectures  on  Metaph.,  xxiii. 

ibstractively  (ab-strak'tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  ab- 
stractive manner ;  in  or  by  itseK ;  abstractly. 
[Rare  or  obsolete.] 

That  life  which  abstractively  is  good,  by  accidents  and 
adherences  may  become  unfortunate. 

Fcltham,  Resolves,  ii.  186. 

ibstractiveness  (ab-strak'tiv-nes),  n.  The 
property  or  quality  of  being  abstractive. 
[Eare.] 

ibstractly  (ab'strakt-li),  adv.  In  an  abstract 
manner  or  state ;  absolutely ;  in  a  state  or  man- 


ner unconnected  with  anything  else ;  in  or  by 
itself :  as,  matter  abstractli/  considered. 

abstractuess  (ab'strakt-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  abstract;  a  state  of  being  in 
contemplation  only,  or  not  connected  with  any 
object :  as,  "  the  ahstractness  of  the  ideas  them- 
selves," Locke,  Human  Understanding. 

abstrahent  (ab'stra-hent),  a.  [<L.  ahstra- 
hen{t-)s,  ppr.  of  abstrahere,  draw  away :  see 
abstract,  t'.]  Abstract,  as  concepts ;  abstract- 
ing from  unessential  elements. 

abstrich  (ab'strik;  G.  pron.  ap'strich),  n.  [G., 
<  abstreichen,  wipe  off :  see  ojf  and  strike.']  Lit- 
erally, that  which  is  cleaned  or  scraped  off. 
Technically,  in  metal.,  the  dark-brown  material  which 
appears  on  the  surface  of  lead  in  a  cupeling-furnace,  and 
becomes  pure  litharge  as  the  process  goes  on.  Abzug  is  a 
nearly  equivalent  term. 

abstrictedt  (ab-strik'ted),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *ah- 
strictus,  pp.  of  *abstringere :  see  abstringe  and 
strict.']   Unbound ;  loosened.  Bailey. 

abstriction  (ab-strik'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *ab- 
strictio{n-),  <  ^abstrictus,  pp. :  see  abstricted.] 

1.  The  act  of  unbinding  or  loosening.  [Obso- 
lete and  rare.]  —  2.  In  bot.,  a  method  of  cell- 
formation  in  some  of  the  lower  cryptogams, 
differing  from  ordinary  cell-division  in  the  oc- 
currence of  a  decided  constriction  of  the  walls 
at  the  place  of  division. 

abstringet  (ab-strinj'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  as  if  *ab- 
stringere,  <  abs,  from,  +  stringere,  bind :  see 
stringent.]    To  unbind. 

abstrude  (ab-strod'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ab- 
struded,  ppr.  abstruding.  [<  L.  abstriidere,  throw 
away,  conceal,  <  abs,  away,  4-  trudere,  thrust, 
push  (=  E.  threaten,  q.  v.),  remotely  akin  to  E. 
thrust,  q.  v. :  see  also  abstruse.]  To  thrust 
away.   Bailey;  Johnson. 

abstruse  (ab-stros'),  «•  [<  L.  abstrusus,  hid- 
den, concealed,  pp.  of  abstrudere,  conceal, 
thrust  away:  see  abstrude.]  If.  Withdrawn 
from  view ;  out  of  the  way ;  concealed. 

Hidden  in  the  most  abstruse  dungeons  of  Barbary. 

Shelton,  tr.  of  Don  QuLxote,  I.  iv.  15. 

2.  Remote  from  comprehension;  diflicult  to 
be  apprehended  or  understood ;  profound ;  oc- 
cult ;  esoteric :  opposed  to  obvious. 

It  must  be  still  confessed  that  there  are  some  mys- 
teries in  religion,  both  natural  and  revealed,  as  well  as 
some  abstruse  points  in  philosophy,  wherein  the  wise  as 
well  as  the  unwise  must  be  content  with  obscure  ideas. 

Watts,  Logic,  iii.  4. 

The  liigher  heathen  religions,  like  the  Egyptian  religion, 
Brahmanism,  and  Buddhism,  are  essentially  abstruse,  and 
only  capable  of  being  intelligently  apprehended  by  specu- 
lative intellects.  Faiths  of  the  World,  p.  349. 

abstrusely  (ab-stros'li),  adv.  In  an  abstruse 
or  recondite  manner ;  in  a  manner  not  to  be 
easily  understood. 

abstruseness  (ab-stros'nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  abstruse,  or  difficult  to  be  un- 
derstood ;  difficulty  of  apprehension. 

abstrusion  (ab-stro'zhon),  n.  [<L.  abstriisio(n-), 
a  removing,  a  concealing,  <  abstrudere :  see  ab- 
strude.]   The  act  of  thrusting  away.  [Rare.] 

abstrusity  (ab-stro'si-ti),  n.;  pi.  abstrusities 
(-tiz).  [<  abstruse  +  -ity.]  Abstruseness  ;  that 
which  is  abstruse.  [Rare.] 

Matters  of  difficulty  and  such  which  were  not  without 
abstrusities.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Eit.,  vii.  13. 

absumet  (ab-stim'),  v.  t.  [<L.  absiimere,  take 
away,  diminish,  consume,  destroy,  <  ab,  away, 
-f-  sTunere,  take :  see  assume.]  To  bring  to  an 
end  by  a  gradual  waste;  consume;  destroy; 
cause  to  disappear.  Boyle. 

absumptionf  (ab-sump'shon),  n.  [<  L.  absump- 
tio(n-),  a  consuming,  <  absumere,  pp.  absumptus, 
consimie :  see  absume.]    Decline ;  disappear- 
ance; destruction. 
The  total  defect  or  absumption  of  religion. 

Bp.  Gauden,  Eccl.  Ang.  Susp. 

absurd  (ab-serd'),  a.  and  n.  [=F.  absurde  = 
Sp.  Pg.  absurdo  =It.  assurdo,  <  L.  absurd  us, 
harsh-sounding,  inharmonious,  absurd ;  a  word 
of  disputed  origin:  either  (1)  'out  of  tune,'  <  ab, 
away,  from,  +  *surdus,  sounding,  from  a  root 
found  in  Skt.  -y/ svar,  sound,  and  in  E.  (Gr.) 
siren,  q.  v. ;  or  (2)  <  ab-  (intensive)  4-  surdus,  in- 
distinct, dull,  deaf,  >  E.  surd,  q.  v.]  I.  rt.  1 . 
Being  or  acting  contrary  to  common  sense  or 
sound  judgment ;  inconsistent  with  common 
sense;  ridiculous;  nonsensical:  sm  absurd 
statement ;  absurd  conduct ;  an  absurd  feUow. 

There  was  created  in  the  minds  of  many  of  these  en- 
thusiasts a  pernicious  and  absurd  association  between 
intellectual  power  and  moral  depravity. 

Macaulay,  Moore's  Byron. 

Specifically — 2.  In  logic  or  philos.,  inconsis- 
tent with  reason ;  logically  contradictory ;  im- 


possible: as,  that  the  whole  is  less  than  the 
sum  of  its  parts  is  an  absurd  proposition;  an 
absurd  hypothesis. 

It  would  1)0  absurd  to  measure  with  a  variable  stan- 
dard. //.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  44. 
=  Syn.  Absurd,  Silly,  Foolish,  Stupid,  Irrational,  lln- 
reasonable.  Preposterous,  Infatuated,  ridiculous,  non- 
sensical, senseless,  incongruous,  unwise,  ill-judged,  ill- 
advised.  (Hee  foolish.)  Foolish,  absurd,  anil  //reposteroiis 
imply  a  contradiction  of  cominou  sense,  rising  in  degree 
from. foolish,  whicli  is  commonly  applied  where  the  con- 
tradiction is  small  or  trivial.  That  whicli  is  foolish  is 
characterized  by  weakness  of  mind,  and  provokes  our 
contempt.  That  which  is  silly  is  still  weaker,  and  more 
contemptible  in  its  lack  of  sense ;  silly  is  the  extreme  in 
that  direction.  That  which  is  altsurd  does  not  directly 
suggest  weakness  of  mind,  but  it  is  glaringly  opposed  to 
common  sense  and  reason  ;  as,  that  a  thing  should  be  un- 
equal to  itself  is  absurd.  That  which  is  prejMsterov^  is 
the  height  of  absurdity,  an  absurdity  as  conspicuous  as 
getting  a  thing  wrong  side  before ;  it  excites  amazement 
that  any  one  should  be  capable  of  such  an  extreme  of  foolish- 
ness. That  which  is  irrational  is  contrai-y  to  reason,  but 
not  especially  to  common  sense.  Unreasonable  is  more 
often  used  of  the  relation  of  men  to  each  other ;  it  implies 
less  discredit  to  the  understanding,  but  more  to  the  will, 
indicating  an  unwillingness  to  confomi  to  reason.  Irra- 
tional ideas,  conclusions  ;  unreasonable  demands,  assump- 
tions, people.  An  infatuated  person  is  so  possessed  by  a 
misleading  idea  or  pa.ssion  that  his  thoughts  and  conduct 
are  controlled  by  it  and  turned  into  folly.  He  wlio  is 
stupid  appears  to  have  little  intelligence  ;  tliat  whicli  is 
stupid  is  that  whicli  would  be  natural  in  a  person  whose 
powers  of  reasoning  are  defective  or  suspended. 

'Tis  a  fault  to  heaven, 

A  fault  against  the  dead,  a  fault  to  nature, 

To  reason  most  absurd.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 

From  most  silly  novels  we  can  at  least  extract  a  laugh  ; 
but  those  of  the  modern-antique  school  have  a  ponderous, 
a  leaden  kind  of  fatuity,  under  which  we  groan. 

George  Eliot,  Silly  Novels. 
How  way  ward  is  this /ooKs7i  love  !   Shale, T.  G.  of  V.,i.  2. 
A  man  who  cannot  write  with  wit  on  a  proper  subject 
is  dull  and  stupid.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  291. 

The  brave  man  is  not  he  who  feels  no  fear. 

For  that  were  stupid  and  irrational. 

Joanna  Baillie,  Basil. 
She  entertained  many  unreasonable  prejudices  against 
liim,  before  she  was  acquainted  with  his  personal  worth. 

Addison. 

Though  the  error  be  easily  fallen  into,  it  is  manifestly 
preposterous.  Is.  Taylor. 

The  people  are  so  infatuated  that,  if  a  cow  falls  sick,  it 
is  ten  to  one  but  an  old  woman  is  clapt  up  in  prison  for  it. 

Addison,  Travels  in  Italy. 

II.  n.  An  unreasonable  person  or  thing;  one 
who  or  that  which  is  characterized  by  unrea- 
sonableness; an  absm-dity.  [Rare.] 

This  arch  absurd,  that  wit  and  fool  delights. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  i.  221. 

absurdity  (ab-ser'di-ti),«. ;  pi.  absurdities  {-tiz). 
[^TP .  absurdite  =  ^'p.  absurd/dad  =  'Pg.  absurdi- 
dadc—  It.  assurditd,  <  L.  absurdita{t-)s,  absur- 
dity, <  absurdus:  see  absurd.]  1.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  absurd  or  inconsistent  with 
obvious  truth,  reason,  or  sound  judgment ;  want 
of  rationality  or  common  sense  :  as,  the  absur- 
dity of  superstition  ;  absurdity  of  conduct. 

The  absurdity  involved  in  exacting  an  inexorable  con- 
cealment from  those  who  had  nothing  to  reveal. 

De  Quincey,  Essenes,  ii. 

2.  That  which  is  absurd ;  an  absiu-d  action, 
statement,  argument,  custom,  etc. :  as,  the 
absurdities  of  men;  your  explanation  involves 
a  gross  absurdity. 

And  this  absurdity  —  for  such  it  really  is  —  we  see  every- 
day —  people  attending  to  the  diflicult  science  of  matters 
where  the  plain  practice  they  quite  let  slip. 

M.  Arnold,  Literature  and  Dogma,  xii. 
=  Syn.  1.  Absurdness,  silliness,  unreasonableness,  self- 
contradiction,  preposterousiiess,  inconsistency.  See. folly. 

absurdly  (ab-serd'li),  adv.  In  an  absurd  man- 
ner ;  in  a  manner  inconsistent  with  reason  or- 
obvious  propriety. 

absurdness  (ab-serd'nes),  n.  Same  as  absurdity. 

abterminal  (ab-ter'mi-nal),  a.  [<  L.  ab,  from, 
+  terminus,  end.]  From  the  terminus  or  end  : 
applied  to  electric  currents  which  pass  in  a 
muscular  fiber  from  its  extremities  toward  its 
center. 

abthain,  abthane  (ab'than),  n.  [Sc. ;  formerly 
also  spelled  abthein,  abthen,  abthan,  abbathain, 
etc. ;  <  ML.  abthania,  an  abbacy,  <  Gael.  <ib- 
dhaine,  an  abbacy.  The  origin  of  ML.  abthania 
not  being  known,  it  came  to  be  regarded  as 
the  office  or  dignity  of  an  imaginary  ahthanus, 
a  word  invented  by  Fordtm,  and  explained  as 
'  superior  thane,'  as  if  <  L.  abbas,  father  (see 
abbot),  +  ML.  thanus,  E.  thnnc.]  1.  An  abbacy 
(in  the  early  Scottish  church). —  2.  EiTone- 
ously,  a  superior  thane. 

abthainry,  abthanrie  (ab'than-ri),  n.  [Sc., 

<  abthain,  abthane,  +  -;•)/.]  1.  The  territon-  and 
jurisdiction  of  an  abbot ;  an  abbacy. —  2.  Erro- 
neously, the  jurisdiction  of  the  supposed  ab- 
thain.   See  abthain,  2. 

abthanage  (ab'tha-naj),  n.  Same  as  abthainry. 


abucco 

abucco  (a-buk'ko),  «.  [A  native  term.]  A 
weight  nearly  equal  to  half  a  pound  avoirdu- 
pois, used  in  Biu'ma. 

abulia  (a-bii'li-ii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  hjiovXia,  ill- 
advisethiess,  thoughtlessness,  <  d/3oDAof,  ill-ad- 
vised, thoughtless,  <  a-  priv.  +  liovAij,  advice, 
counsel.]  A  form  of  mental  derangement  in 
which  volition  is  impaii'ed  or  lost.  Also  wi-itteu 
ahourui. 

abulpmania  (a-bo-lo-ma'ni-a),  11.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

d/Joi'/of ,  ill-ad\'ised,  thoughtless,  +  fiavia,  mad- 
ness.] Same  as  abulia.  Also  written  aboulo- 
mania. 

abumbral  (ab-um'bral),  a.  Same  as  abiim- 
hrdlur. 

abumbrellar  (ab-um-brerar),  «.  [<L.  fl?>,  from, 
+  XL.  tinibi  cUa,  the  disk  of  aealephs.]  TmTied 
away  from  the  imibrella  or  ilisk :  applied  to 
the  siu'faee  of  the  vehmi  or  marginal  ridge  of 
medusfe  or  sea-blubbers,  and  opposed  to  adum- 
brcUar  (which  see). 

abuna  (a-bo'na),  n.  [Ethiopic  and  Ai-.  ahu-na, 
our  father.  Cf.  «?)&«.]  The  head  of  the  Chris- 
tian church  in  Abyssinia.    See  Abyssinian. 

abundance  (a-buu'dans),  n.  [<  ME.  abundance, 
habniiddiiHce,  aboundance  (see  aboundance), 
<  OF.  abondance,  <.  Jj.  abundantia,  abundance, 
Kabundare,  abound:  see  abound.'\  1.  A  copious 
supply  or  quantity ;  overflowing  plenteousness ; 
unrestricted  sutiieiency :  strictly  applicable  to 
■quantity  only,  but  sometimes  used  of  number : 
as,  an  abundance  of  corn,  or  of  people ;  to  have 
money  in  great  abundance. 

By  reason  of  the  abundance  of  liis  horses  their  dust 
ahall  cover  thee.  Ezek.  xxvi.  10. 

2.  Overflowingfullness  or  affluence ;  repletion; 
-amplitude  of  means  or  resources. 

Out  of  tlie  abundance  of  the  heart  the  mouth  speaketh. 

Mat.  xii.  34. 

The  abundance  [of  Chaucer]  is  a  continual  fulness  witliin 
the  fixed  limits  of  good  taste  ;  that  of  Langland  is  squan- 
■dered  in  overflow.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  260. 

=  Syn.  Exuberance,  Profusion,  etc.  (see  jilenty);  plen- 
teousness, plentifulness,  plenitude,  sufficiency,  copious- 
ness, anipleness,  luxuriance,  supply.    .See  affluence. 

abundancyt  (a-bun' dan-si),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  abundant. 

abundant  (a-bun'dant),  a.  [<  ME.  abundant, 
liubuudant,  aboundant,  <  OF.  abondant,  habon- 
•dant,  <L.  abundan(t-)s,  ppr.  of  abundare,  over- 
flow :  see  abound.']  1.  Plentiful ;  present  in 
great  quantity ;  fully  sufScient :  as,  an  abun- 
dant supply. 

Thy  abundant  goodness  shall  excuse 
This  deadly  blot  in  thy  digressing  son. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  v.  3. 
The  history  of  our  species  is  a  history  of  the  evils  that 
have  flowed  from  a  source  as  tainted  as  it  is  abundant. 

Brougham. 

2.  Possessing  in  great  quantity ;  copiously  sup- 
plied ;  having  great  plenty ;  abounding :  fol- 
lowed by  in. 

The  Lord,  .  .  .  abundant  in  goodness  and  truth. 

Ex.  xx.xiv.  6. 

Abundant  definition.  See  definition.  —Abundant  num- 
ber, in  arith.,  a  numljer  the  sum  of  whose  aliquot  parts 
exceeds  tlie  numljer  itself.  Thus,  12  is  an  abundant 
number,  for  the  sum  of  its  aliquot  parts  (1  +  2  +  3  +  4  +  6) 
is  16.  It  is  thus  distinguished  from  a  perfect  number, 
-which  is  equal  to  the  sum  of  all  its  aliquot  parts,  as 
6  =  1  +  2  +  3;  and  from  a  defirient  number,  wliich  is 
greater  than  the  sum  of  all  its  aliciuot  parts,  as  14,  which 
is  greater  than  1  +  2  +  7.  =  S^fn.  Plentiful,  plenteous,  co- 
pious, ample,  exuberant,  lavish,  overflowing,  rich,  large, 
great,  bountiful,  teeming.  See  ample. 

abundantly  (a-bun'dant-li),  adv.  In  a  plentiful 
or  sufficient  degree  ;  fully ;  amply  ;  plentifully. 

abune  (a-bon';  Scotch  pron.  a-biin'),  adv.  and 
prep.  fContr.  <  ME.  abuven,  aboven  (pron. 
a-bo'ven),  <  AS.  dbufan :  see  above.]  Above  ; 
beyond ;  in  a  great- 
er or  higher  degree. 
Also  written  aboon. 
[Scotch.] 

ab  urbe  condita  (ab 

er'be  kon'di-ta). 
[L. ;  lit.,  from  the 
city  founded :  ab, 
from ;  urbe,  abl.  of 
urbs,  city;  condita, 
fern.  pp.  of  condere, 
put  together,  estab- 
lish.] From  the 
founding  of  the  city, 
that  is,  of  Rome,  B.  C. 
753,  the  beginning  of 
the  Eoman  era.  Usu- 
ally abbreviated  to 
A.  U.  C.  (which  see). 
Aburria  (a-bur'i-a), 
origin.]   A  genus  of  guans,  of  which  the  type 


[NL. ;  of  S.  Amer. 


26 

is  the  wattled  guan,  Penelope  aburri  or  Aburria 
carunculata,  of  South  America.  Beiclienbach, 
1853. 

aburton  (a-ber'ton),  ^jrej).  phr,  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  «3  -I-  burton :  see  burton.]  Naut.,  placed 
athwartships  in  the  hold :  said  of  casks. 

abusable  (a-bu'za-bl),  a.  [<  abuse  +  -able.] 
t'apable  of  being  abused. 

abusaget  (a-bii'zaj),  n.    Same  as  abuse. 

abuse  (a-biiz')>  f.  t-'i  pret.  and  pp.  abused,  ppr. 
abusing).  [<  ME.  abusen,  <  OF.  abuser  (F.  abu- 
ser), <  ML.  abusari,  freq.  of  L.  abiiti,  pp.  abusus, 
use  up,  consimie,  misuse,  abuse,  <  ab,  from, 
mis-,  4-  uti,  use:  see  ttse,  v.]  1.  To  use  ill;  mis- 
use ;  put  to  a  wrong  or  bad  use ;  divert  from 
the  proper  use;  misapply:  as,  to  abuse  vights 
or  privileges ;  to  abuse  words. 

They  that  use  this  world  as  not  abusing  it.  1  Cor.  vii.  31. 
Tlie  highest  proof  of  virtue  is  to  possess  boundless 
power  witliout  abusing  it.  Macaulay,  Addison. 

2.  To  do  wrong  to  ;  act  injuriously  toward ;  in- 
jure ;  disgrace  ;  dishonor. 

I  swear,  'tis  better  to  be  much  abus'd 

Than  but  to  know't  a  little.       Shale,  Othello,  iii.  3. 

Poor  soul,  thy  face  is  much  abused  with  tears. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iv.  1. 

3.  To  violate;  ravish;  defile. —  4.  To  attack 
with  contumelious  language;  revile. —  5.  To 
deceive ;  impose  on ;  mislead. 

You  are  a  great  deal  abused  in  too  bold  a  persuasion. 

Shalt.,  Cymbeline,  i.  5. 
Nor  be  with  all  these  tempting  words  abused. 

Pope,  tr.  of  Ovid,  Sappho  to  Phaou,  1.  67. 
It  concerns  all  who  think  it  worth  while  to  be  in  ear- 
nest with  tlieir  immortal  souls  not  to  abuse  themselves 
with  a  false  confidence,  a  thing  so  easily  taken  up,  and 
so  hardly  laid  down.  South. 
=  Syn.  1.  To  Abuse,  Misuse,  misapply,  misemploy,  per- 
vert, profane.  Abuse  and  misuse  are  closely  synonymous 
terms,  but  misuse  conveys  more  particularly  the  idea  of 
using  inappropriately,  abuse  that  of  treating  injuriously. 
In  general,  abuse  is  the  stronger  word. 

So  a  fool  is  one  that  hath  lost  his  wisdom,  .  .  .  not  one 
that  wants  reason,  but  abuses  his  reason. 

Charnock,  Attributes. 
From  out  the  purple  grape 
Crushed  the  sweet  poison  of  misused  wine. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  47. 
2.  To  maltreat,  ill-use,  injure. —  4.  To  revile,  reproach, 
■vilify,  rate,  berate,  vituperate,  rail  at. 
abuse  (a-btis'),  «•  [=  F.  fffoi/s  =  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
abuso,  <  L.  abusus,  a  using  up,  <  abuti,  pp.  abusus, 
use  up,  misuse:  see  abuse,  v.]  1.  Ill  use; 
improper  treatment  or  employment ;  applica- 
tion to  a  wrong  purpose  ;  improper  use  or 
application :  as,  an  abuse  of  our  natural  powers  ; 
an  abuse  of  civil  rights,  or  of  religious  privi- 
leges ;  abuse  of  advantages  ;  abuse  of  words. 

Perverts  best  things 
To  worst  abuse,  or  to  their  meanest  use. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  204. 
And  thus  he  bore  without  abuse 
The  grand  old  name  of  gentleman. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriani,  ex. 

A  daring  abuse  of  the  liberty  of  conscience. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker. 

2.  Ill  treatment  of  a  person  ;  injury ;  insult ; 
dishonor ;  especially,  ill  treatment  in  words ; 
contumelious  language. 

I,  dark  in  light,  exposed 
To  daily  fraud,  contempt,  abuse,  and  wrong. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  76. 

3.  A  corrupt  practice  or  custom  ;  an  offense  ; 
a  crime  ;  a  fault :  as,  the  abuses  of  govern- 
ment. 

The  poor  abuses  of  the  time  want  countenance. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  2. 

If  abuses  be  not  remedied,  they  will  certainly  increase. 

Swift,  Adv.  of  Relig. 

4.  Violation  ;  defilement :  as,  self-a?;Mse. —  5t. 
Deception. 

This  is  a  strange  abuse.—  Let's  see  thy  face. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1. 
Is  it  some  abuse,  or  no  such  thing?    Shak.,  Ham.,  iv.  7. 

Abuse  of  distress,  in  law,  use  of  an  animal  or  chattel 
distrained,  wliich  makes  the  distrainer  liable  to  prosecu- 
tion as  for  wrongful  .appropriation.— Abuse  Of  process, 
in  towi.  (a)  Intentional  irregularity  for  tlie  purpose  of  gain- 
ing an  advantage  over  one's  opponent,  (b)  More  com- 
monly, the  use  of  legal  process  (it  may  be  in  a  manner 
formally  regular)  for  an  illegal  purpose ;  a  perversion  of  tlie 
forms  of  law,  as  making  a  criminal  complaint  merely  to 
coerce  payment  of  a  debt,  or  wantonly  selling  very  valua- 
ble property  on  execution  in  order  to  collect  a  trifling  sum. 
=  Syn.  1.  Misuse,  perversion,  profanation,  prostitution.— 
3.  Abuse,  Invective,  maltreatment,  outrage ;  vituperation, 
contumely,  scolding,  reviling,  aspersion,  slander,  oI)loquy. 
(See  invective.)  "Abuse  as  compared  with  invective  is 
more  personiil  and  coarse,  being  conveyed  in  liarsli  and 
unseemly  tei-ms,  and  dictated  by  angry  feeling  and  bitter 
temper.  Invective  is  more  commonly  aimed  at  character 
or  conduct,  and  may  be  conveyed  in  writing  and  in  re- 
fined language,  and  dictated  by  indignation  against  what 
is  in  itself  blameworthy.  It  often,  however,  means  public 


abut 

abuse  under  such  restraints  as  are  imposed  by  position 
and  education."    C.  J.  Smith. 

abuseful  (a-bus'ful),  a.  Using  or  p: 
abuse  ;  abusive.    [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

The  abuseful  names  of  hereticks  and  scbismaticks. 

Hp.  Barlow,  Remains,  p.  397 . 

abuser  (a-bii'zer),  n.    1.  One  who  abuses,  iu 
speech  or  behavior ;  one  who  deceives. 
Next  thou,  til'  abuser  of  thy  prince's  ear. 

Sir  J.  Denham,  Sophy. 

2.  A  ravisher. 

That  vile  abuser  of  young  m.iidens. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shep.,  v.  1. 
abusiont  (a-bu'zhon),  n.  [<  ME.  abusion,  <  OF. 
abusioH=Pi'.  a&!(c«o  =  Sp.  abusion  — Pg.  abusao 
=  It.  abusione,  <  L.  abusio{n-),  misuse,  in  rhet. 
catachresis,  <  abuti,  pp.  abusus,  misuse:  see 
abuse,  v.]  1.  Misuse;  evil  or  corrupt  usage; 
violation  of  right  or  propriety. 
Redress  the  abusions  and  exactions. 

Act  of  Pari.  No.  xxxiii.  (23  Hen.  VIIL). 
Shame  light  on  him,  that  through  so  false  illusion, 
Doth  turne  the  name  of  Souldiers  to  abusion. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  220. 

2.  Reproachful  or  contumelious  language ;  in- 
sult.—  3.  Deceit;  illusion. 

They  spekeu  of  magic  and  abusion. 

Chaucer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1. 116. 

abusive  (a-bii'siv),  a.  [=  P.  abusif  =  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  abusivo,  <  L.  abusivus,  misapplied,  improper, 
(.abuti,  pp.  a&M.s((S,  misuse :  see  abuse,  v.]  1. 
Practising  abuse;  using  harsh  words  or  ill 
treatment:  as,  a,n  abusive  axithor;  an  abusive  fel- 
low.—  2.  Characterized  by  or  containing  abuse ; 
marked  by  contumely  or  ill  use;  harsh;  ill- 
natured;  injurious. 

An  abusive,  scurrilous  style  passes  for  satire,  and  a  dull 
scheme  of  party  notions  is  called  fine  writing. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  12r.. 
One  from  all  Grub-street  will  my  faiue  defend. 
And,  more  abusive,  calls  himself  niy  friend. 

Pojie,  Prol.  to  Satires,  1. 112. 

3,  Marked  by  or  full  of  abuses;  corrupt:  as, 

an  abusive  exercise  of  power. 

A  very  extensive  and  zealous  party  was  formed  [in 
France],  which  acquired  the  appellation  of  the  Patriotic 
party,  who,  sensible  of  the  abusive  government  under 
which  they  lived,  sighed  for  occasions  of  reforming  it. 

Jefferson,  Autobiog.,  p.  50. 

4t.  Misleading,  or  tending  to  mislead ;  employed 
by  misuse ;  improper. 

In  describing  these  battles,  I  am,  for  distinction  sake, 
necessitated  to  use  the  word  Parliament  improperly,  ac- 
cording to  the  abusive  acception  tliereof  for  these  latter 
years.  Fuller,  Worthies,  I.  xviii. 

=  Syn.  1  and  2.  Insolent,  insulting,  offensive,  scurrilous, 
ribald,  reproachful,  opprolH'ious,  reviling. 

abuswely  (a-bii'siv-li),  adv.  1.  In  an  abusive 
manner;  rudely;  reproackfully. — 2t.  Improp- 
erly ;  by  misuse. 

Words  being  carelessly  and  abusively  admitted,  and  .is 
inconstantly  retained.    Glanville,  Van.  of  Dogmat.,  xvii. 

abusweness  (a-bii'siv-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  abusive ;  rudeness  of  language,  or  vio- 
lence to  the  person ;  ill  usage. 

abut  (a-buf),  ;  pret.  and  pp.  abutted,  ppr. 
abutting.  [<  ME.  abutten,  abouten,  <  OF.  abou- 
ter,  abuter,  abut  (F.  abouter,  join  end  to  end),  < 
a,  to,  +  bout,  but,  end;  cf.  OF.  boter,  F.  bouter, 
thrust,  push,  butt :  see  butt^.  The  mod.  F.  abou- 
tir,  arrive  at,  tend  to,  end  in,  depends  in  most 
of  its  senses  upon  bout,  an  end,  though  strictly 
it  represents  the  OF.  abouter,  in  the  sense  of 
'thrust  toward.']  I.  intrans.  1.  To  touch  at 
the  end;  be  contiguous;  join  at  a  border  or 
boundary;  terminate;  rest:  with  on,  upon,  or 
against  before  the  object:  as,  his  land  abvts 
upon  mine ;  the  building  abuts  on  the  highway; 
the  bridge  abuts  against  the  solid  rock. 
Whose  high  upreared  and  abutting  fronts 
The  perilous,  narrow  ocean  parts  asunder. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  i.  (cho.). 

Steam  is  constantly  issuing  in  jets  from  the  bottom  of  a 
small  ravine-like  hollow,  which  has  no  exit,  and  which 
abuts  against  a  range  of  trachytic  mountains. 

Darwin,  Geol.  Observations,  i.  2. 

In  the  last  resort  all  these  questions  of  physical  specu- 
lation abut  upon  a  metaphysical  question. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  243. 

The  lustrous  splendor  of  the  walls  abutting  upon  the 
Grand  Canal.  D.  G.  Mitchell,  Bound  Together,  ii. 

2.  In  ship-building,  same  as  butf^,  3 — Abutting 

owner,  an  owner  of  land  which  aljuts  or  joins.  Thus, 
the  owner  of  land  bounded  by  a  higliway  or  river,  or  l)y  a 
tract  of  land  belonging  to  anotlier  person,  is  said  in  refer- 
ence to  the  latter  to  be  an  abutting  owner.  Tlie  term 
usually  implies  that  the  relative  parts  actually  adjoin, 
but  is  sometimes  loosely  used  without  implying  more 
than  close  proximity. —Abutting  power  (in  an  active 
sense),  the  ability  of  an  abutment  to  resist  the  thrust  or, 
strain  of  the  arch,  gas,  fluid,  etc.,  pressing  or  reacting 
againstit.— Abutting  joint.   &ee  abutment,  i  (b)  (i).  ' 


Abutment. 
/4,  A,  arch-abut- 
ments; S,  B,  current- 
or  ice-abutments. 


abut 

II.  Irans.  To  cause  to  terminate  against  or 
in  contiguity  with ;  project,  or  cause  to  im- 
pinge upon. 

Sometimes  shortened  to  Int. 
Abutilon  (a-bii'ti-lon),  n.  [NL.,  <  Ai'.  auhutiJun, 
a  name  given  by  Avicenna  to  this  or  an  allied 
genus.]  A  genus  of  polypetalous  plants,  nat- 
ural order  Malvacecc,  including  over  70  species 
distributed  through  the  warmer  regions  of  the 
globe.  Tliey  are  often  very  ornaraental,  and  several 
species  {A.  striatum,  venosum,  insigne,  etc.)  are  frequent 
in  gardens  and  greenhouses.  Some  Indian  species  fur- 
nish fiber  for  ropes,  and  in  Brazil  the  flowers  oi  A.escu- 
lentiiin  are  used  as  a  vegetable. 

abutment (a-but'ment),«.  [_<ahiit  +  -ment.']  1. 
The  state  or  condition  of  abutting. —  2.  That 

 which  abuts  or  borders  on  some- 

I,  thing  else ;  the  part  abutting  or 

abutted  upon  or  against.  Spe- 
cifically —  (a)  Any  body  or  surface  de- 
signed to  resist  the  tlu-ust  or  reaction 
of  any  material  structure,  vapor,  gas, 
or  liquid  that  may  press  upon  it ;  par- 
ticularly, in  arch. ,  the  portion  of  a  pier 
or  other  structure  that  receives  the 
thrust  of  an  arch  or  vault ;  in  engin., 
the  terminal  mass  of  a  bridge,  usually 
of  masonry,  which  receives  the  thrust 
of  an  arch  or  the  end-weight  of  a  truss: 
in  distinction  from  a  pier,  which  car- 
ries intermediate  points ;  a  stationary  wedge,  block,  or 
surface  against  which  water,  gas,  or  steam  may  react,  as 
in  a  rotary  pump  or  engine  ;  the  lower  part  of  a  dock  or 
bridge-pier  designed  to  resist  ice  or  currents  in  a  stream, 
etc.  See  bridge  and  impost,  (h)  In  carp. :  (1)  The  shoulder 
of  a  joiner  s  plane  between  which  and  the  plane-bit  the 
wedge  is  driven.  E.  H.  Knight.  (2)  Two  pieces  of  wood 
placed  together  with  the  grain  of  each  at  a  riglit  angle 
witli  tlie  other.    Tlieir  meeting  forms  an  abutting  joint. 

Sometimes  shortened  to  hutment. 
abutment -crane  (a-but'ment-kran),  n.  [< 
abutment  +  crane,  2.]    A  hoisting-crane  or  der- 
rick used  in 
building  piers, 
towers,  chim- 
neys, etc.  It 
stands  at  the  edge 
of  a  platform  rest- 
ing on  the  top  of 
the    work,  and 
may  be  gradually 
raised  as  the  work 
proceeds. 

abuttal  (a- 

but'al),  n. 
That  part  of  a 
piece  of  land 
which  abuts 
on  or  is  con- 
tiguous to  an- 
other; a  boundary;  a  line  of  contact:  used 
mostly  in  the  plural. 

abutter  (a-but'er),  n.  One  whose  property 
abuts:  as,  the  abutters  on  the  street. 

abutua  (a-bii'tu-a),  n.  The  native  Brazilian 
name  of  the  root  of  a  tall  woody  menisper- 
maceous  climber,  Chondrodenclron  tomentosum, 
known  in  commerce  under  the  Portuguese 
name  otxMreira  brava  (which  see).  Also  called 
butiia. 

abuyt  (a-bi'),  v.  t.  [A  more  consistent  spelling 
of  ahiji-,  which  is  composed  of  a-l  and  bmjj] 
To  pay  the  penalty  of. 

When  a  holy  man  abiiys  so  dearly  such  a  slight  frailty, 
of  a  credulous  mistaking,  what  shall  become  of  our  hei- 
nous and  presumptuous  sins  ? 

Bp.  Hall,  Seduced  Prophet  (Ord.  JIS.). 

ibuzz,  abuz  (a-buz'),  X>rep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  a^,  prep.,  on,  +  buss,  n.']  Buzzing;  filled  with 
buzzing  sounds. 
Tlie  court  was  all  astir  and  ahuzz. 

Dickens,  Tale  of  Two  Cities,  ix. 

ibvacuationt  (ab-vak-u-a'shon),  n.  [<L.  ab, 
from,  -I-  racuatio{n-) :  see  abevacuation.^  Same 
as  ahevacuation. 

abvolation  (ab-vo-la'shon),  n.  [See  avolation.'] 
The  act  of  flying  from  oi-  away.  [Rare.] 
abylf  (a-bi'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  alought  or 
abied,  ppr.  ahijing.  [<  ME.  abyen,  ahien,  abyg- 
gen,  ahuggen,  eto.  (pret.  aboiighte),  <AS.  dbi/c- 
gan,  pay  for,  buy  off,  <  «-  4-  bycgan,  buy:  see 
a-i  and  &»(/.]  To  give  or  pay  an  equivalent 
for ;  pay  the  penalty  of  ;  atone  for ;  suffer  for. 
Also  spelled  abye  and  abuy. 
Ye  shul  it  decre  aheye.  Chancer,  Doctor's  Tale,  1.  100. 
My  lord  has  most  justly  sent  me  to  abye  the  conse- 
quences of  a  fault,  of  which  he  is  as  innocent  as  a  sleeping 
man  s  dreams  can  be  of  a  waking  man's  actions. 

Scott,  Kenilworth,  I.  xv. 

aby2t  (a-bi'),  v.i.  [A  coiTupt  form  of  abided, 
through  influence  of  aftyl.  Cf .  ahide"^,  suffer  for, 
a  corrupt  form  of  aby'i-,  through  influence  of 
abide'^,  continue.]    To  hold  out;  endure. 


Abutment-crane. 


27 

But  nought  that  wanteth  rest  can  long  ahy. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  vii.  3. 

Abyla  (ab'i-la),  n.  [NL. ;  prob.  after  Abyla 
(Gr.  'A(3vXt/),  a  promontory  in  Africa  opposite  the 
Rock  of  Gibraltar.]  A  genus  of  calycophoran 
oceanic  hydrozoans  of  the  family  Diphyidw. 
Quoy  and  Gaimard.  Also  called  Abylcs,  See 
cut  under  diphysooid. 

abymet,  n.    Same  as  abysm. 

abysmf  (a-bizm'),  n.  [<  OF.  abisme  (latev abime, 
F.  ablmc)  =  Pr.  abisme  =  Sp.  Pg.  abismu,  < 
ML.  *abissimus,  a  superl.  fonn  of  ML.  ahis- 
sus,  <  L.  abyssus,  an  abyss:  see  abyss.  The 
spelling  abysm  (with  y  instead  of  i)  is  sophisti- 
cated, to  bring  it  nearer  the  Greek.]  A  gulf  ; 
an  abyss:  as,  "the  abysm  of  hell,"  Shak.,  A. 
and  C,  iii.  11. 

abysmal  (a-biz'mal),  a.    [<  abysm  +  -al;  =  Sp. 
Pg.  abismdl.']    1.  Pertaining  to  an  abyss ;  bot- 
tomless; profound;  fathomless;  immeasurable. 
Let  me  hear  thy  voice  through  this  deep  and  black 
Abysmal  night.  Whittier,  My  Soul  and  I. 

The  .  .  .  Jews  were  struck  dumb  with  abysmal  terror. 

Merivale,  Hist.  Rom.,  V.  410. 

Specifically  —  2.  Pertaining  to  great  depths  in 
the  ocean :  thus,  species  of  plants  f oimd  only 
at  great  depths  are  called  abysmal  species,  and 
also  abyssal  (which  see). 

abysmally  (a-biz'mal-i),  adv.  Unfathomably. 
George  Eliot. 

abyss  (a-bis'),  n.  [<L.  abyssus,  ML.  abissus{'> 
Pg.  It.  abisso),  a  bottomless  gulf,  <  Gr.  d/Suo-ffof, 
without  bottom,  <  a-  priv.  +  (ivaaog,  depth,  akin 
to  (ivdog  and  (iado^,  depth,  <  jiadbg,  deep:  see 
bathos.']  1.  A  bottomless  gulf ;  any  deep,  im- 
measiu-able  space ;  anything  profound  and  un- 
fathomable, whether  literally  or  figuratively; 
specifically,  hell ;  the  bottomless  pit. 

Some  laboured  to  fathom  the  abysses  of  metaphysical 
theology.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

2.  In  her.,  the  center  of  an  escutcheon ;  the 
fesse-point. 

abyss  (a-bis'),  v.  t.   [<  abyss,  w.]   To  engulf. 

The  drooping  sea-weed  hears,  in  night  abyssed. 
Far  and  more  far  the  wave's  receding  shocks. 

Lowell,  Sea-weed. 

abyssal  (a-bis'al),  a.  1.  Relating  to  or  like  an 
abyss;  abysmal. —  2.  Inhabiting  or  belonging 
to  the  depths  of  the  ocean:  as,  an  abyssal  mol- 
lusk. 

Both  classes  of  animals,  the  pelagic  and  the  abyssal, .  .  . 
possess  the  feature  of  phosphorescence. 

The  American,  V.  285. 
Abyssal  zone,  in  phys.  geog.,  the  lowest  of  eight  biolog- 
ical zones  into  which  Professor  E.  Forbes  divided  the 
bottom  of  the  -?igeau  sea  when  describing  its  plants  and 
animals ;  the  zone  furthest  from  the  shore,  and  more  than 
105  fathoms  deep. 

Abyssinet,  «•  and  n.  [Also  Abissine,  Abassine; 
as  a  noun,  usually  in  pi.  Abyssines,  etc.,  =  F. 
Abyssins  =  Sp.  Abisinios  =  Pg.  Abexins;  <  ML. 
Abissini,  Abassini,  Abyssinians  (>  Abissinia, 
Abassinia,  Abyssinia),  <  Abassia,  <  Ar.  Habasha, 
Abyssinia,  Habasli,  an  Abyssinian,  said  to  have 
reference  to  the  mixed  composition  of  the  peo- 
ple, <  habash,  mixture.  The  natives  call  them- 
selves Itiopyavan,  their  country  Itiopia,  i.  e., 
Ethiopia.]    Same  as  Abyssinian. 

Abyssinian  (ab-i-sin'i-an),  a.  and  j).  [<  Abys- 
sine  (Abyssinia)  +  -ian.]  J.  a.  Belonging  to 
Abyssinia,  a  country  of  eastern  Africa,  lying 
to  the  south  of  Nubia,  or  to  its  inhabitants. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Abys- 
sinia. Specifically  —  2.  Amember  of  the  Abys- 
sinian Church.  This  church  was  organized  about  the 
middle  of  the  fourth  century  by  Frumeutius,  a  missionary 
from  Alexandria.  In  doctrine  it  is  Monophysite  (which 
see).  It  observes  the  Jewish  Sabbath  together  with  the 
Christian  Sunday,  forbids  eating  the  flesh  of  unclean 
beasts,  retains  as  an  object  of  worship  the  model  of  a  sa- 
cred .ark  called  the  ark  of  Zion,  practises  a  form  of  cir- 
cumcision, and  celebrates  a  yearly  feast  of  lustration,  at 
which  all  the  people  are  rebaptized.  The  Abyssinians 
honor  saints  and  pictures,  but  not  images ;  crosses,  but  not 
crucifixes.  Pontius  Pilate  is  accounted  by  them  a  saint 
because  he  washed  his  hands  of  innocent  blood.  The 
priests  may  l)e  married  men,  but  may  not  marry  after  or- 
dination. The  abuna,  or  head  of  the  Abyssinian  Church, 
is  appointed  by  the  patriarch  of  Alexandria. 

abzug  (ab'zog;  G.  pron.  ap'tsoch),  n.  [G.,  < 
ahsiehen,  draw  off,  <ab-,  =  E.  o_f,  +  siehen,  re- 
lated to  E.  tug  and  toifi.]  In  metal.,  the  first 
scum  appearing  on  the  surface  of  lead  in  the 
cupel.  Nearly  equivalent  to  abstrich  (which 
see). 

act,  n.  [Early  ME.  ac,  <  AS.  dc,  oak :  see  oak.]  The 
early  form  of  oak,  preserved  (through  the  short- 
ening of  the  vowel  before  two  consonants)  in 
certain  place-names  (whence  surnames) :  as, 
Acton  [<  AS.  ActUn'],   literally,  oak-town,  or 


acacio 

dwelling  among  the  oaks;  Acley  or  Ackley, 
also  Oakley  [<AS.  Acted'],  literally,  oak-lea. 

ac-.  A  prefix,  assimilated  form  of  ad-  before  c 
and  q,  as  in  accede,  acquire,  etc. ;  also  an  ac- 
commodated form  of  other  prefixes,  as  in  ac- 
curse,  accloy,  accumber,  etc.  See  these  words. 

-ac.  [=  F.  -aque,  <L.  -ac-us,  Gr.  -amf:  see  -ic] 
An  adjective-suffix  of  Greek  or  Latin  origin,  as 
in  cardiac,  maniac,  iliac,  etc.  It  is  always  pro- 
ceded  by  -i-  and,  like  -ic,  may  take  the  addi- 
tional suffix  -al. 

A.  C.  An  abbreviation  of  (1)  Latin  ante  Chris- 
tum, before  Christ,  used  in  chronology  in  the 
same  sense  as  B.  C. ;  (2)  army-corps. 

acacia  (a-ka'shiii),  ■)(.  [=:  Sp.  Pg.  It.  D.  acacia 
=  G.  acacie,  <  L.  acacia,  <  Gr.  aicaida,  a  thorny 
Egyptian  tree,  the  acacia,  appar.  reduplicated 
from  *v'  OK,  seen  in  d/c/f,  a  point,  thorn,  aia'/,  a 
point,  L.  acutns,  sharp,  acus,  needle,  etc. :  see 
acute.]  1.  [^cap.]  A  genus  of  shrubby  or  arbore- 
ous plants,  natural  ordev  Leguminosce,  suborder 
Mimosew,  natives  of  the  warm  regions  of  both 
hemispheres,  especially  of  Australia  and  Africa. 

It  numbers  about  430  species,  and  is  the  largest  genus  of 
the  order,  excepting  Astragalus.  It  is  distinguished  by 
small  regular  flowers  in  globose  heads  or  cylindrical 
spikes,  and  very  numerous  free  stamens.  The  leaves  are 
bipinnate,  or  in  very  many  of  the  Australian  species  are 
reduced  to  phyllodia,  with  their  edges  always  vertical. 
Several  species  are  valuable  for  the  gum  whicli  they 


Acacia  Arabica. 

exude.  Tlie  bark  and  pods  are  frequently  used  in  tan- 
ning, and  the  aqueous  extract  of  the  wood  of  some  Indian 
species  forms  the  catechu  of  commerce.  Many  species 
furnish  excellent  timber,  and  many  others  are  cultivated 
for  ornament  —  A.  Farnesiana  both  for  ornament  and  for 
the  perfume  of  its  flowers. 

2.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Acacia. —  3.  The  popu- 
lar name  of  several  plants  of  other  genera. 

The  green-barked  acacia  of  Arizona  is  Parkinsonia  Tor- 
reyana.  False  and  bastard  acacia  are  names  sometimes 
applied  to  the  locust-tree, /foil')) £a  Pseudacacia.  The  rose 
or  bristly  acacia  is  Rolnnia  hispida.  The  name  three- 
thorned  acacia  is  sometimes  given  to  the  honey-locust,  Gle- 
ditschia  triacantha. 

4.  In  vied.,  the  inspissated  juice  of  several 
species  of  Acacia,  popularly  known  as  gum  ara- 
ble (which  see,  ujider  gum^). —  5.  A  name  given 
by  antiquaries  to  an  object  resembling  a  roll 
of  cloth,  seen  in  the  hands  of  consuls  and  em- 
perors of  the  Lower  Empire  as  represented  on 
medals,  it  is  supposed  to  have  been  unfurled  by  tliem 
at  festivals  as  a  signal  for  the  games  to  begin. 
Acacian  (a-ka'shian),  n.  [The  proper  name 
Acacius,  Gr.  'AKdmog,  is  equiv.  to  Innocent,  <  Gr. 
aKaKog,  innocent,  guileless :  see  acacy.]  In  ecclcs. 
hist.,  amember  of  a  sect  or  school  of  moderate 
Arians  of  the  fourth  century,  named  Acacians 
from  their  leader,  Acacius,  bishop  of  Ca;sarea. 

Some  of  the  Acacians  maintained  that  the  Son,  though 
similar  to  the  Father,  was  not  the  same  ;  others,  that  he 
was  both  distinct  and  dissimilar.  As  a  body  they  finally 
accepted  the  Nicene  doctrine. 

acacia-tree  (a-ka'shia-tre),  n.  A  name  some- 
times applied  to  the  false  acacia  or  locust-tree, 
liobinia  Pseudacacia. 

acacin,  acacine  (ak'a-sin),  n.  [<  acacia  +  -i«2, 
Gum  arable.  Watt.-i. 

acacio  (a-ka'shio),  n.  [A  form  of  acajou,  ap- 
par. a  simulation  of  acacia,  with  which  it  has 
no  connection.]    Same  as  acajou,  3. 


acacy 


28 


acanthaceous 


acacyf  (ak'a-si),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *acacia,  <  Gr. 
OKaKia,  guilelessness,<  aKamg,  innocent,  <  a-priv. 
+  Ka/vdf,  bad.]  Freedom  from  malice.  Bailey. 
Academe  (ak'a-dem),  n.  [<L.  acudemia  :  see 
acmk'mij.']  1.  The  grove  and  gymnasium  near 
Athens  where  Plato  taught;  the  Academy;  fig- 
uratively, any  place  of  similar  character. 
The  softer  Adams  of  your  Academe. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 

Hence — 2.  [?.  c]  An  academy;  a  place  forphil- 
osophic  and  literary  intercoru'se  or  instruction. 

Nor  hath  fair  Europe  her  vast  bounds  throughout 
An  academe  of  note  I  found  not  out.  Howell. 

academial  (ak-a-de'mi-al),  a.   Pertaining  to  an 

academy;  academical.    Johnson.  [Rare.] 
academiant  (ak-a-de'mi-an),  n.  Amember  of  an 
academy  ;  a  student  in  a  imiversity  or  college. 
That  new-discarded  academian. 

Marston,  Scourge  of  Vill.,  ii.  6. 

academic  (ak-a-dem'ik),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  rtcrt- 
demique  =  Si:).  Pg.  academico  =  lt.  accadcmico, 
<  L.  (icademicus,  <  Gr.  'AnaSrj/iciKog,  pertaining  to 
the  'AKa6^/j.eia :  see  academi/.']  I,  a.  1.  \_caj).'] 
Pertaining  to  the  Academy  of  Athens,  or  to 
Plato  and  his  followers,  fi-om  his  having  taught 
there:  as,  the  Academic  groves;  the  Acadeinic 
school  or  philosophy. — 2.  Pertaining  to  an  ad- 
vanced institution  of  learning,  as  a  college,  a 
university,  or  an  academy;  relating  to  or  con- 
nected with  higher  education :  in  this  and  the 
following  senses  often,  and  in  the  third  gener- 
ally, written  academical :  as,  academic  studies ; 
an  academical  degree. 

These  products  of  dreaming  indolence  ...  no  more 
constituted  a  literature  than  a  succession  of  academic 
studies  from  the  pupils  of  a  royal  institution  can  consti- 
tute a  school  of  fine  arts.  De  Quincey,  Style,  iii. 

3.  Pertaining  to  that  department  of  a  college 
or  university  which  is  concerned  with  classi- 
cal, mathematical,  and  general  literary  studies, 
as  distinguished  from  the  professional  and  sci- 
entific departments;  designed  for  general  as 
opposed  to  special  instruction.  [U.  S.] — 4.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  an  academy  or  association  of 
adepts ;  marked  by  or  belonging  to  the  char- 
acter or  methods  of  such  an  academy;  hence, 
conforming  to  set  rules  and  traditions;  specu- 
lative; formal;  conventional:  as,  academical 
proceedings;  an acadmicaZ controversy;  an ac- 
ademic  figiu-e  (in  art). 

The  tone  of  Lord  Chesterfield  has  always  been  the  tone 
of  our  old  aristocracy ;  a  tone  of  elegance  and  propriety, 
above  all  things  free  from  the  stiffness  of  pedantry  or  aca- 
demic rigor.  De  Quincey,  Style,  i. 

For  the  question  is  no  longer  the  academic  one  :  "  Is  it 
wise  to  give  every  man  the  ballot?"  but  rather  the  piac- 
tical  one  :  "  Is  it  prudent  to  deprive  whole  classes  of  it 
any  longer?"  Lowell,  Democracy. 

Figure  of  academic  proportions,  in  painting,  a  figure 

of  a  little  less  than  half  the  natural  size,  such  as  it  is  the 
custom  for  pupils  to  draw  from  the  anticjue  and  from  life  ; 
also,  a  figure  in  an  attitude  resembling  those  chosen  by 
instructors  in  studies  from  life,  for  the  purpose  of  display- 
ing muscular  action,  form,  and  color  to  the  best  advan- 
tage ;  hence,  an  academic  figure,  composition,  etc.,  is  one 
which  appears  conventional  or  unspontaneous,  and  smacks 
of  practice-work  or  adherence  to  formulas  and  traditions. 

II,  «.  1.  [cap.]  One  who  professed  to  adhere 
to  the  philosophy  of  Plato. —  2.  A  student  in  a 
college  or  university:  as,  "a  young  academic," 
Watts,  Imp.  of  Mind, 
academical  (ak-a-dem'i-kal),  a.  and  n.  I,  a. 
Same  as  academic,  but  very  rare  in  sense  1. 

II.  n.  1.  A  member  of  an  academy. —  2.  pi. 
In  Great  Britain,  the  cap  and  gown  worn  by 
the  oflB.cers  and  students  of  a  school  or  college. 

At  first  he  caught  up  his  cap  and  gown,  as  though  he 
were  going  out.  ...  On  second  thoughts,  however,  he 
threw  his  academicals  back  on  to  the  sofa. 

T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Kugby,  xix. 

academically  (ak-a-dem'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
academical  manner;  as  an  academic. 

academician  (a-kad-e-mish'an),  «.  [<  F.  acade- 
micien,  <  NL.  *academicianus,  <L.  academicus  : 
see  academicl  A  member  of  an  academy  or  a 
society  for  promoting  arts  and  sciences.  Par- 
ticularly—(a)  A  member  of  the  British  Royal  Academy  of 
Arts :  commonly  called  Royal  Academician,  and  abbrevi- 
ated R.  A.  (b)  A  member  of  the  French  Academy,  (c)  A 
full  member  of  the  National  Academy  of  Design  of  New 
York,  (d)  Amember  of  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences. 
[U.  S.)    See  associate,  4,  .and  academy,  3. 

academicism  (ak-a-dem'i-sizm),  n.  The  mode 
of  teaching  or  of  procedure  in  an  academy ;  an 
academical  mannerism,  as  of  painting. 

Academics  (ak-a-dem'iks),  n.  [PI.  of  academic.'] 
The  Platonic  philosophy;  Platonism. 

Academism  (a-kad'e-mizm),  n.  The  doctrines 
of  the  Academic  philosophers;  Platonism. 

academist  (a-kad'e-mist),  «.  [<  academy  +  -ist; 
—  academiste,  academist,  =It.  accademista  = 
Pg.  academista,  a  pupil  in  a  riding-school.]  1. 


[cap."]  An  Academic  philosopher. —  2.  Amem- 
ber of  or  a  student  in  an  academy, 
academy  (a-kad'e-mi),  «. ;  pi.  academies  (-miz). 
[<F.  academic  — Pg.  academia  =  lt.  acca- 
demia,  <L.  academia,  sometimes  academia,  <Gr. 
\\.Ka6iifieia,  less  properly  l\.iia6>]fiia,  a  plot  of 
ground  in  the  subiu'bs  of  Athens,  <  AndSrujioQ, 
L.  .Jc«(fe»«.s',  a  reputed  hero  (fedf).]  1.  [cap.'] 
Originally,  a  public  pleasm-e-groiuid  of  Athens, 
consecrated  to  Athene  and  other  deities,  con- 
taining a  grove  and  gymnasium,  where  Plato 
and  his  followers  held  their  philosophical  con- 
ferences ;  hence,  Plato  and  his  followers  col- 
lectively; the  members  of  the  school  of  Plato. 

The  Academy,  which  lasted  from  Plato  to  Cicero,  consisted 
of  several  distinct  schools.  Their  number  is  variously 
given.  Cicero  recognized  only  two,  the  old  and  the  7iew 
.A.cademies,  and  this  division  has  been  generally  adopted ; 
others,  however,  distinguish  as  many  as  five  Academies. 

Had  the  poor  vulgar  rout  only  been  abused  into  such 
idolatrous  superstitions,  as  to  adore  a  marble  or  a  golden 
deity,  it  might  not  so  much  be  wondered  at ;  but  for  the 
Academy  to  own  such  a  paradox, —  this  was  without  ex- 
cuse. Soutli,  Sermons,  II.  245. 

2.  A  superior  school  or  institution  of  learning. 
Specifically — (a)  A  school  for  instruction  in  a  particular 
art  or  science :  as,  a  military  or  naval  academy.  (6)  In 
the  United  States,  a  school  or  seminary  holding  a  rank 
between  a  university  or  college  and  an  elementary  school. 

3.  An  association  of  adepts  for  the  promotion 
of  literatm-e,  science,  or  art,  established  some- 
times by  government,  and  sometimes  by  the 
voluntary  rmion  of  private  individuals.  The  mem- 
bers (academicians),  who  are  usually  divided  into  ordinary, 
honorary,  and  corresponding  members,  either  select  their 
own  departments  or  follow  those  prescribed  by  the  consti- 
tution of  the  society,  and  at  regular  meetings  communicate 
the  results  of  their  labors  in  papers,  of  which  the  more  im- 
portant are  afterward  printed.  Among  the  most  noted  in- 
stitutions of  this  name  are  the  five  academies  composing 
the  National  Institute  of  France  (the  French  Academy,  the 
Academy  of  Inscriptions  and  Belles- Lettres,  the  Academy 
of  the  Fine  Ai'ts,  the  Academy  of  IMoral  and  Political  Sci- 
ences, and  the  Academy  of  Sciences),  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Ai'ts  in  London,  the  Academy  of  Sciences  of  Berlin,  the  Im- 
perial .\cademy  of  Sciences  of  St.  Petersburg,  the  National 
Academy  of  Sciences  in  Washington,  etc.  The  chief  object 
of  the  French  Academy,  as  also  of  the  celebrated  Italian 
Academy  della  Crusca  and  of  the  Spanish  Academy,  is  to 
regulate  and  purify  the  vernaciilar  tongue. — Academy 
board,  a  paper  board,  the  surface  of  which  is  prepared 
for  drawing  or  painting.— Academy  figure,  academy 
study,  an  academic  study ;  a  drawing  or  painting  of 
the  human  figure,  especially  of  the  nude,  made  for  prac- 
tice only.  See  figure  of  academic  proportions,  under  aca- 
demic. 

acadialite  (a-ka'di-al-it), »?.  [<  Acadia  (see  Aca- 
dian) +  -lite  for  -litli,  <  Gr.  Xi6og,  stone.]  In  min- 
eral., a  variety  of  chabazite  (which  see),  usually 
of  a  reddish  color,  found  in  Nova  Scotia. 

Acadian  (a-ka'di-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Acadia,  Lat- 
inized form  of  Acadie,  the  F.  name  of  Nova 
Scotia.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  Acadia 
or  Nova  Scotia — Acadian  fauna,  in  zoOgeog.,  the  as- 
semblage of  animals  or  the  sum  of  the  animal  life  of  the 
coast- waters  of  North  America  from  Labrador  to  Cape  Cod. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Acadia 
or  Nova  Scotia ;  specifically,  one  of  the  original 
French  settlers  of  Acadia,  or  of  the  descendants 
of  those  who  were  expelled  in  a  body  by  the 
English  in  1755,  many  of  whom  formed  com- 
munities in  Louisiana,  then  a  French  colony, 
and  have  retained  the  name, 
acajou!  (ak'a-zho),  n.  [<  F.  acajou,  It.  acagiu, 
Pg.  acaju,  Sp.  acayoiba,  also  caoba,  caobana,  ma- 
hogany ;  prob.  S.  Amer.]  A  kind  of  mahogany, 
the  wood  of  Cedrela  fissilis :  also  applied  to  the 
true  mahogany  and  other  similar  woods.  See 
mahogany. 

acajou^  (ak'a-zho),  n.  [Cf.  F.  noix  (Pacajou, 
the  cashew-nut,  acajou  a  pommes,  the  cashew- 
tree;  confused  with  acajou^,  but  a  different 
word,  E.  prop,  cashew:  see  cashew'^.']  1.  The 
fruit  of  the  tree  Anacardium  occidentale.  See 
cashew-nut,  cashew-tree. —  2.  A  gum  or  resin  ex- 
tracted from  the  bark  of  Anacardium  occiden- 
tale. 

acaleph  (ak'a-lef),  n.  One  of  the  Acalephw  or 
sea-nettles.    Also  spelled  acalepjhe. 


1 


Acalephs. 

I,  Rhizosloma  cuvieri.  s.  Medusa  pellucens. 

Acalepha  (ak-a-le'fa),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 

*acalepM(s,  adj.,  <  (Sr.  aKakrj^Tj,  a  nettle,  a  sea- 
nettle.  Cf.  Acalephm.']  In  Cmner's  system  of 
classification,  the  third  class  of  Radiata,  a 


heterogeneous  group  now  broken  up  or  retained 
in  a  much  modified  and  restricted  sense.  See 

Acalepha;.  The  leading  genera  of  Cuvierian  acaleph;: 
were  Medusa,  Cyanca,  Rliizostonia,  Astoma,  Beroe,  and 
Cestum,  composing  the  Acalepha  siniplicia,  with  Pliysalia, 
Pliysophora,  and  Diphyes,  constituting  the  Acalepha  hy 
droslatica.  \ 

Acalephse  (ak-a-le'fe),  n.  pil-  [NL.  (sing,  aca-  : 
l(;pha),<.  Gv.  aKaliiipri,  a  nettle,  also  a  mollusk 
(Uriicd  marina)  which  stings  like  a  nettle.] 
A  name  given  to  a  large  number  of  marine 
animals  included  in  the  subkingdom  Ccelentc- 
rata,  and  represented  chiefly  by  the  Mcdusida 
and  their  allies,  in  popular  language  known  as  • 
sea-nettles,  sea-blubbers,  jelly-fish,  etc.  other 

forms  once  included  under  it  are  the  Discophora  and  Lucer- 
narida  (both  in  class  Hydrozoa),  and  the  Ctenophora  (ui 
class  Aclimzoa).  The  most  typical  of  tlie  Acalephce,  the 
Medusidai,  are  gelatinous,  free-swimming  animals,  consist- 
ing of  an  umbrella-shaped  disk  containing  canals  which  ra-  • 
diate  from  the  center,  whence  hangs  the  digestive  cavity. 
All  have  thread-cells  or  urticating  organs  (see  nematophare) 
which  discharge  minute  barbed  structures,  irritating  the 
skin  like  the  sting  of  a  nettle ;  hence  the  name  of  the  group. 

acalephan  (ak-a-le'fan),  a.  and  n.    I.  a.  Per- ' 
taining  to  the  Acalephw.  j 
II.  H.  An  acaleph.  j 

acalephe  (ak'a-lef),  n.    See  acaleph. 

acalephoid  (ak-a-le'foid),  a.  [<  Gr.  OKoA^^)?,  a 
sea-nettle,  +  f«5o?,  form.]  Like  an  acaleph  or 
a  medusa.    [Less  common  than  medusoid.'] 

acalycal  (a-kal'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  KoAnf, 
calyx,  +  -«?.  ]  In  bot.,  inserted  on  the  recep- 
tacle without  adhesion  to  the  calyx :  said  of 
stamens. 

acalycine  (a-kal'i-sin),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-priv.  +  koIv^, 
L.  caly.r,  a  cup,  +  -mjcI  :  see  calyx.']  In  bot., 
without  a  calyx. 

acalycinous  (ak-a-lis'i-nus),  a.    Same  as  acaly- 
cine. 

acalyculate  (ak-a-lik'u-lat),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv. 
4-  NL.  calyctdus  +  -aie^.]  In  bot.,  having  no 
calyculus  or  accessory  calyx.    N.  E.  D. 

Acalyptratae  (ak"a-lip-tra'te),  n.  pi.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  NL.  Calyptratw,  q.  v.]  A  sec-  | 
tion  of  dipterous  insects  or  flies,  of  the  family 
Muscida',  which,  with  the  exception  of  the 
Anthomyida',  are  characterized  by  the  absence 
or  rudimentary  condition  of  the  tegulse  or 
membranous  scales  above  the  halteres  or  pois- 
ing-wings,  whence  the  name  :  contrasted  with 
Cahjptrata-. 

acampsia  (a-kamp'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  uKafitpia, 
inflexibility,  <  a/ca/zTrrof,  unbent,  rigid,  <  d-  priv. 
+  Ka/iTrrdf,  bent.]  Inflexibility  of  a  joint.  See 
ankylosis. 

acampsy  (a-kamp'si),  n.    Same  as  acampsia. 
acanaceous  (ak-a-na'shius),  a.    [<  L.  acan-os, 

<  Gr.  anav-oq,  a  prickly  shrub  (<  mij,  a  point; 
of.  d/c/f,  a  point,  prickle),  +  -aceous.]    In  bot.,  \ 
armed  with  prickles :  said  of  some  rigid  prickly  I 
plants,  as  the  pineapple.  I 

a  candelliere  (a  kan-del-li-a're).    [It.:  o,  to,  I 
with;  candelliere —  'E.  chandelier.']    In  the  style 
of  a  candlestick:  said  of  arabesques  of  sym- 
metrical form,  having  an  upright  central  stem 
or  shaft. 

Acanonia  (ak-a-no'ni-a),  n.  [NL. ;  a  fuller  form 
^ca)(ato«ia  occurs;  formation  uncertain.]  The 
typical  genus  of  the  subfamily  Acanoniida. 

Acanoniida  (ak'a-no-ni'i-da),  n.  j)l.  [NL., 
<.  Acanonia  + -ida.]  In  e«to?w.,  one  of  the  thir- 
teen subfamilies  into  which  the  family  Fuh/ori- 
dcc  (which  see)  has  been  divided.  [The  regular 
form  of  the  word  as  a  subfamily-name  would 
be  Acanoniime.] 

acantha  (a-kan'tha),  n.;  pi.  acanthw  (-the).  \ 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  aKavda,  a  prickle,  thorn,  spine,  a 
prickly  jjlant,  a  thorny  tree,  the  spine  (of  fish, 
serpents,  men),  one  of  the  spinous  processes 
of  the  vertebrce,  <  aid/,  a  point.  Cf.  Acanthus.] 
1.  In  bot.,  a  prickle. —  2.  In  zool.,  a  spine  or 
prickly  fin. — 3.  In  anat. :  (a)  One  of  the  spinous  ' 
processes  of  the  vertebra,  (b)  The  vertebral 
column  as  a  whole. —  4.  [c«j>.]  In  entom.,  a 
genus  of  coleopterous  insects.  | 

acanthabole,  acanthabolus  (a-kan'tha-bol, 
ak-an-thab'o-lus),  n. ;  pi.  acdiithaboles,  acantha- 
boli  (-bolz,  -li).    Same  as  acanthabolus. 

Acanthaceae  (ak-an-tha'se-e),  w.  [NL.,  , 

<  Acanthus  +  -accw.]     A  large  natural  order  j 
of  gamopetalous  plants,  allied  to  the  Scrophn- 

lariacece.    They  are  herbaceous  or  shrubljy,  with  oppo- 
site leaves,  irregular  flowers,  and  two  or  four  st.amens,  ami  ^ 
are  of  little  economic  value.    Several  genera  (JusticUi,  , 
Aphelandra,  Thunhergia,  etc.)  are  very  ornamental  and 
are  frequent  in  cultivation. 

acanthaceous  (ak-an-tha'shius),  a.    [<  NL.  ae- 
anthaceus:  see  acantha and-aceous.]  1.  Armed 
vrith  prickles,  as  a  plant. —  2.  Belonging  to  the  jj 
OTdev  Acanthacew ;  of  the  type  of  the  acanthus. 


acanthse 

acanthae,  »•    Plural  of  acantha. 

Acantharia  (ak-an-tha'ri-a),  ».  pi.   [NL.,  <  Gr. 

aKiirtia,  a  tliorn,  spine.]  An  order  of  radiola- 
rians.    See  Badiolaria. 

acantharian  (ak-an-tha'ri-an),  a.  and  n.   I.  a. 

Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Acantha)  ia.' 

II.  H.  One  of  the  AcantUaria. 
A.canthia  (a-kan'thi-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  anavda,  a 
spine,  thorn.]    A  genus  of  heteropterous  he- 
mipterous  insects.  Fahricius.  The  name  is  used  by 
some  as  synonymous  with  Salda,  by  others  with  Cirnex. 

A.canthias  (a-kan'thi-as),  n.  [NL.,<Gr.  uKav- 
dia(,  a  kind  of  shark,  prob.  Squalus  acanthias, 
<  amvda,  a  thorn,  prickle.]  A  genus  of  sharks, 
containing  such  as  the  dogfish,  A.  vulgaris,  type 
of  the  family  Acanthiidce. 
icanthichthyosis  (ak-an-thik-thi-6'sis),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  aKavOa,  thorn,  spine,  +  i;t^t'f,  a  fish, 
+  -osis.']  In  pathol.,  spinous  flsh-sMn  disease. 
See  ichthijoisis.  ■ 

icanthiidaei  (ak-an-thi'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Acanthia  +  -idai.']  Li  entoni.,  a  family  of  het- 
eropterous insects,  taking  name  from  the  genus 
Acanthia.  Also  written  Acanthidce. 
\.canthiidae2  (ak-an-thi'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Acanthias  +  -idw.']  In  ichth.,  a  family  of  sela- 
chians, taking  name  from  the  genus  Acanthias. 
Also  written  Acanthidce,  Acanthiadm. 
icanthine  (a-kan'thin),  a.  and  n.  [<L.  acaw- 
thinus,  <  Gr.  aKavdivog,  thorny,  made  of  acan- 
tha-wood,  <  QKavdoc:,  brankursLne,  <  Mavda,  a 
thorn:  see  acantha,  Acanthus.']  I,  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  plants  of  the  genus 
Acanthus. —  2.  In  arch.,  ornamented  with  acan- 
thus-leaves. 

II,  n.  In  arch.,  a  fiUet  or  other  molding  orna- 
mented with  the  acanthus-leaf.  Buchanan, 
Diet.  Sci.  See  cut  under  Acanthus. 
LcanthiS  (a-kan'this),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKavdt^, 
the  goldfinch  or  the  linnet,  <  anavda,  a  thorn,  a 
thistle.]  1.  A  genus  of  fiingilline  birds,  con- 
taining the  linnets  or  siskins,  the  goldfinches, 
and  also  the  redpolls.  Bechstein,  1803.  [Now 
little  used.] — 2.  A  genus  of  bivalve  mollusks. 
Serres,  1816. 

Lcanthisittidae  (a-kan-thi-sit'i-de),  n.pl.^  [NL., 

<.  Acanthisitta ,  the  tyijical  genus  (<Gr.  aKavdig, 
the  goldfinch  or  the  linnet,  +  airrrj,  the  nut- 
hatch, Sitta  ewopwa),  +  -idoe.']  Same  as  Xeni- 
cidce. 

>canthite  (a-kan'thit),  n.  [<  Gr.  anavda,  a  thorn, 
4-  -ite?.]  A  mineral,  a  siilphid  of  silver  hav- 
ing the  same  composition  as  argentite,  but  dif- 
fering in  crystalline  form :  found  at  Freiberg, 
Saxony. 

cantllO-.  The  combining  form  of  Greek  aKavda, 
thorn,  meaning  "thorn"  or  "thorny." 
canthobolus  (ak-an-thob'o-lus),  n. ;  pi.  acan- 
thoboli  (-li).  [NL.,  less  correctly  acanthaholus, 
eontr.  acanthalus ;  also  in  E.  and  P.  form  acan- 
thobole,  less  covrectly  aca7ithabole ;  <Gr.  anavdo- 
fl(5Aof,  a  surgical  instrument  for  extracting 
bones,  also  lit.,  as  adj.,  shooting  thorns,  prick- 
ing, <  aKavda,  a  thorn,  spine,  4-  PaTi-leLv,  throw.] 
An  instrument  used  for  extracting  splinters 
from  a  wound.  Formerly  called  volseUa. 
LCanthobranclliata(a-kan*th6-brang-ki-a'ta), 
n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKavda,  thorn,  spine,  4-  (ipayx'ta, 
L.  hranchice,  gills,  +  -ata.]  A  suborder  of  nu- 
iibranchiate  gas- 


29 


acanthophorous 


tropods  with  spi- 
cules in  the  bases 
of  the  branchial 
tentacles.  It  in- 
cludes the  fami- 
lies Dorididce 
and  Polyceridce 
(which  see).  M. 
Sars. 

canthocarpous  ^ 

(a-kan-tho-kar'- 
pus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
aKavda,  a  thorn,  -f- 
•iapirog,  fruit.]  In 
bot.,  having  the 
fruit  covered 
with  spines. 

LCanthOCephala  Echinorhynchus  of  the  Flounder,  illustrat- 
(.a-Kan-tnO-Sei   -  tag  Acanthocefhala. 

a-la)  n  nl  TNT;  ^'  diagrammatic  representation  of  the 
"  "I'  1  •  L-^^-^'!  structure:  a,  proboscis;  *,  its  stem  ;  r,  an- 
neUt.pl.  01  ttCa)l-  teriorenlargementof  the  body;/,  neck,  or 
flmrj^nhnJiio  .  constriction  between  the  foregoing  and  d, 

mOCepnalUS.  see  the  rest  of  the  body;  e.  postlnor  funnel ; 
acanthocenha-  ^-  'emu'scus;  it,  superior  oblique  tubular 
lnuQ~\  A-,  J  bands;  *,  inferior  muscles  of  proboscis;  /, 
MMtS.J  An  order  «,  genitalia ;  o,  penis  or  vulva.  iJ,  lower 
of  worm-like  in  ^''^^'^"ilty  of  stem  of  the  proboscis  gan- 
fo-,„,„1  .,       glion  ;*,  vascular  space  ;<-,  inner  wall ;  < 

temal     parasites  ""ter  coat ;  t,  tubular  band,  with  the  nerve ; 

or  entozoa,  which  g^^ltaTa!™'^''         ^'  ^"^p^''^"""'  °f 


have  neither  mouth  nor  alimentary  canal,  but    rays  of  the  pectoral  and  ventral  fins  developed 
have  recm-ved  hooks  on  a  retractile  proboscis    as  spines.    The  chief  family  is  Acayithodidw. 
at  the  anterior  end  of  the  body,  by  wideh  they  Acanthoganoidei   (a-kan"t"h6-ga-noi'de-i),  n. 

pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKavda,  spine,  +  yavor,  luster, 
+  eMof,  form:  see  fjanoid.'}  A  superorder  of 
extinct  paleozoic  fishes,  consisting  only  of  the 
order  Acantliodoidea. 
Acanthoglossus  (a-kan-tho-glos'us),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  aKavda,  a  thorn,  +  ■)'ACicca,'  a,  tongue.]  A 
genus  of  aculeated  monotrematous  ant-eaters 
of  the  family  Tachyf/lossidw.  it  differs  from  Taehy- 
ylos.suK  ill  the  vertebral  formula  (wliicli  is  cervical  7,  dorsal 
17,  lumbar  4,  sacral  :i,  caudal  12),  in  liaving  ungual  plia- 
langes  and  claws  only  on  the  three  middle  digits  of  each 
foot,  in  the  much-lengtliened  and  decurved  snout,  and  in 
tlie  spatulate  tongue  with  three  rows  of  recurved  spines. 
The  type  and  only  species  is  A.  brnijni,  lately  discovered 
in  New  Guinea.  The  generic  name  is  antedated  by  Za- 
glomus  of  Gill.    Gervais,  1877. 

acanthoid  (a-kan'thoid),  a.   {_<  acantha,  spine, 

+ -oid.  Gf.  Acanthodcs.']  Spiny;  spinous. 
Acanthoidea  (ak-an-thoi'df-a),  n.  pi.  [NL. : 
see  acanthoid  and  Acanthodes.i  In  conch.,  regu- 
lar Chitonida',  with  insertion-plates  sharj)  and 
grooved  externally,  eaves  furrowed  beneath, 
and  muero  posteriorly  extended.  Dall. 


attach  themselves  to  the  tissues  of  animals 

Tliese  entozoans  belong  to  the  i:\&s,s  Nematchninllia.  The 
embryos  are  gregarina-lilfe,  and  become  encysted  a^  in  Ces- 
tiida,  ill  wliicli  state  tliey  are  swallowed  by  various  ani- 
mals, in  the  bodies  of  wliicli  they  are  developed.  A  spe- 
cies occurs  in  the  liver  of  the  cat,  and  another  in  the  ali- 
mentary canal  of  the  hog.  There  are  about  100  species, 
all  referable  to  the  family  Echinorhynchidm. 

The  Acanfhocejihala  undoubtedly  present  certain  resem- 
blances to  the  Nematoidea,  and  more  particularly  to  the 
Gordiacea,  but  the  fundamental  differences  in  the  struc- 
ture of  the  muscular  and  nervous  systems,  and  in  that  of 
the  reproductive  organs,  are  so  great  that  it  is  impossible 
to  regard  them  as  Neniatoids  wliich  have  undergone  a  re- 
trogressive metamorphosis. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  558. 

acanthocephalan  (a-kan-tho-sef 'a-lan),  n.  One 

of  the  Acunthocephala. 

Acanthocephali  (a-kan-tho-sef 'a-li),  n.  x>l- 
Same  as  Acanthocephala. 

Acanthocephalina  (a-kan-tho-sef -a-li'na),  «. 
pi.  [NL.,  <  Acanthocephalus  -\-  -ina.']  A  divi- 
sion of  hemipterous  insects,  of  the  superfamily 
Corcoidea 


acanthocephalous  (a-kan-tho-sef 'a-lus),  a.  acanthological  (a-kan-tho-loj'i-kal),  a.  [< 


acanthologij,  <  Gr.  aKavda,  thorn,  spine,  +  Aoyia: 
see  -ologij.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  study  of 
spines. 

acantholysis  (ak-an-thol'i-sis),  n.    [NL.,  <Gr. 

aKavda,  thorn,  spine,  -f-  /.vaig,  dissolution,  <  ?.L£tv, 
loose.]    In  pathol.,  atrophy  of  the  stratum  spi- 
nosum  (prickle-cells)  of  the  epidermis. 
United  States;  A.  arcuata  is  "another  example  of  this  acanthoma  (a-kan-tho'ma),  w. ;  pi.  acanthoma- 
-''"i^-  ta  (-ma-ta).    [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKavda.  thorn,  spine,  + 

-onia.  Cf.  acanthosis.']  Id. pathol.,  a  neoplasm 
or  tumor  of  the  stratum  spinosum  of  the  epider- 
mis, which  invades  the  eorium ;  a  skin-cancer. 
Acanthometra  (a-kan-tho-met'ra),  n.  [NL., 
fem.  of  acanthometnis :  see  acanthometrous.] 
1.  The  typiealr  genus  of  the  Acanthometridw. 
-    .        J.  ,     -n  .-,  ..^         Miiller,  1855. —  2.  A  genus  of  dipterous  insects, 

system  of  classification,  a  family  of  blenniiform  Acanthometrse  (a-kan-tho-met're),  n.pl.  [NL., 
acanthopterygian  fishes,  having  numerous  anal  pi.  of  Acan  thonwtru.]  A  suborder  of  acantha- 
spmes.  Only  one  genus,  Acanthoclimcs  is  known ;  it  is  rian  radiolarians,  whose  skeleton  is  composed 
peculiar  to  the  Pacific  ocean,  tlie  typical  species,  A.  lit-  /i;„i '         i„         ,i   i  i  j,^ 

toreus,  being  found  in  New  Zealand.  merely  of  radial  spicules,  and  does  not  foi-m  a 

Acanthoclinus  (a-kan-tho-kli'nus),  n.    [NL.,    fenesti-ated  shell.  Haeckel. 
<  Gr.  aKavda,  a  spine,  +  NL.  cUnus,  a  blennioid  Acanthometrida  (a-kan-tho-met'ri-da),  n.  pi. 
fish :  see  CT»i«/s.]    A  genus  of  fishes  represent-    i^i-';  ^Acanthometra  + -ida.]  In  Mivart's  sys- 


[<  NL.  acanthocephalus,  <  Gr.  aKavda,  a  spine, 
KC<pay/,  the  head.]  1.  Having  spines  on  the 
head. — 2.  Pertaining  to  the  Acanthocephala. 
Acanthocephalus  (a-kan-tho-sef 'a-lns),  n. 
[NL. :  see  acanthocep>halous.]  In  entom.,  the 
typical  genus  of  the  Acanthocephalina  (which 
see).  A.  declivis  is  a  large  bug  of  the  extreme  southern 


genus. 

acanthocladous  (ak-an-thok'la-dus),  a.    [<  Gr. 

aKavda,  a  spine,  -f-  KMSog,  a  shoot,  branch.]  In 

bot.,  having  spiny  branches, 
acanthoclinid  (ak-an-thok'li-nid),  n.    [<  Acan- 

thoclinidce.]   One  of  the  Acanthoclinidce. 
Acanthoclinidae  (a-kan-tho-klin'i-de),  n.  pi. 

[NL.,  <.  Acanthoclinus  + -idee.]     In  Giinther's 


ing  the  family  Acanthoclinidce  (which 
Jenyns,  1842. 


see). 


Acanthoclinus  Httoreus.   (From  "  Zoology  of  the  Beagle.") 


acanthodean  (ak-an-tho'de-an),  a.   Having  the 
character  of  or  pertaining  to  Acanthodes :  as, 
the  acanthodean  family  of  fishes ;  acanthodean 
scales.    Egerton,  1861. 
Acanthodei  (ak-an-tho'de-i),  [NL. :  see 

Acanthodes.]    The  name'  originally  given  by  Acanthophis   (a-kan'thp-fis),  n. 


Agassiz  to  the  family  ^canrtoc7if?«;  (which  see). 
Acanthodes  (ak-an-tho'dez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aKavdudr/c,  thorny,  spinous,  <  aKavda,  thorn, 
spine,  +  ei(5of,  form.]  1.  The  representative 
genus  of  the  family  Acanthodidoc .  Agassiz, 
1833. —  2.  A  genus  of  crustaceans. —  3.  A  genus 
of  coleopterous  insects. — 4.  A  genus  of  zoan- 
tharian  polyps.  Dybowski,  1873. 
Acanthodiase  (ak-an-thod'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 

<  Acanthodes  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  extinct 
fishes  of  the  order  Acantliodoidea,  typified  by 
the  genus  Acanthodes.  They  had  a  compressed 
elaviform  body,  posterior  dorsal  fins  nearly  opposite  to 
the  anus,  prolonged  upper  tail-lobe,  and  well-developed 
spines  in  front  of  the  fins.  The  only  species  known  are 
from  the  Devonian  and  Carboniferous  foniiations.  Also 
used  by  Huxley  as  a  subordinal  name  for  the  Acantho- 
doidea. 

Acanthodini  (a-kan-tho-di'ni),  n.  pi:  [NL., 

<  Acanthodes  +  -ini.]  An  order  of  fossil  ganoids 
of  the  Devonian  and  Carboniferous  periods, 
connecting  the  ganoids  and  selachians,  having 
a  cartUaginous  skeleton,  heteroeercal  tail,  small 
rhomboidal  scales,  and  a  fulcrum  before  each 
fin.  It  includes  such  genera  as  Acanthodes, 
Chiracanthus,  Diplacanthns,  etc 


sys- 
tem of  classification,  a  dixasion  of  radiolarians 
having  a  well-developed  radial  skeleton,  the 
rays  meeting  in  the  center  of  the  capsule,  and 
no  test  or  shell-covering. 
Acanthometridse  (a-kan-tho-met'ri-de),  n.  pi. 
[N'L.,  <.  Acanthometra  +  -idee]  A  family  of 
acantharians  having  the  skeleton  composed  of 
20  radial  spicules,  regularly  arranged  accord- 
ing to  J.  Miiller's  law  in  5  zones,  each  contain- 
ing 4  spicules.  It  consists  of  a  group  of  genera 
of  deep-sea  forms.  Haeckel. 
acanthometrous  (a-kan-tho-met'rus),  a.  [<NL. 
acanthometrus,  <  Gr.  aKavda,  a  thorn,  spine, 4-  /ne- 
Tpov,  measure.]  Pertainingtothe-Jca/(?/(o?Hef)-a:. 
Acanthomys  (a-kan'tho-mis),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr. 
aKavda,  spine,  -t-/ut'?=:E.  mouse.]  A  genus  of 
-AJriean  murine  rodents,  ha\'ing  the  fur  mixed 
with  spines.    E.  P.  Lesson. 

'  [NL.,  <Gr. 


aKavda,  a  thorn,  +  o(pig,  a  serpent :  see  ophidian.] 
A  genus  of  venomous  serpents,  of  the  family 
ElapidcE.  They  are  of  small  size,  live  on  dry  land,  and 
feed  upon  frogs,  lizards,  and  other  small  animals.  The 


Death-adder  of  Australia  {Acanthophis  antarctica). 

tail  is  furnished  with  a  horny  spur  at  the  end,  whence 
the  generic  name.  A.  antarctica,  the  death-adder  of  Aus- 
tralia, has  long  immovable  fangs,  and  is  considered  the 
most  venomous  reptile  of  that  country. 


nous  skeleton,  heteroeercal  caudal  fin,  shagreen 
like  scales,  no  opercular  bones,  and  the  external 


Ha\ing  or  producing  spines  or  prickles. 
speUed  acanthopherous. 


Also 


Acanthopliractse 

Acanthophractae  (a-kan-tli6-frak'te),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <Gr. aKavda,  a  thovn,  +  ^pmrog,  included, 
verbal  adj.  of  (ppacauv,  fence  in,  inclose.]  A 
suborder  of  acantharian  radiolarians,  having  a 
skeleton  of  20  radial  spicules  regularly  grouped 
according  to  J.  Miiller's  law,  and  a  fenestrated 
or  solid  shell  aroxmd  the  central  capsule  formed 
by  connected  transverse  processes. 

acanthopod  (a-kan'tho-pod),  «.  and  n.  {^iAcan- 
thopoda.'\    I.  a.  Ha\ing  spiny  feet. 

11.  n.  An  animal  with  spiny  feet ;  one  of  the 
Acanihopoda. 

Acanthopoda  (ak-an-thop'o-da),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<Gr.  amvOa,  a  spine,  +  rrovg  (iroJ-)  =  E.foot.^ 
In  Latreille's  system  of  classification,  a  gi-oup 
of  elavieorn  beetles,  the  first  tribe  of  the  second 
section  of  Clavicorncs,  with  broad  flattened  feet 
beset  outside  mth  spines,  short  4-jointed  tarsi, 
depressed  body,  dilated  prosternum,  and  curved 
11-jointed  antennie  longer  than  the  head.  The 
proup  corresponds  to  the  genus  Iletcrucerus  of  Bosc. 
Tliese  insects  harrow  in  the  ground  near  watei'. 

acanthoptere  (ak-an-thop'ter),  n.  [See  Acan- 
thoptcri.']    One  of  the  Acautliupteri. 

Acanthopteri  (ak-au-thop'te-ri),  H.jil.  [NL., 
ot  acttHtJiopterus:  see  acunihopterous.']  Same 
as  Acantlwpterygii  (h). 

acanthopterous  (ak-an-thop'te-rus),  a.  [<NL. 

ucanthopterus,  <  Gr.  amvOa,  a  spine,  +  ~-ep6v,  a 
wing,  =  'E.feather.;\  1.  Spiny-winged,  as  the 
cassowary.— 2.  Having  spiny  fins ;  of  the  nature 
of  the  Acanthopteri  or  Acanthoptenjgii ;  acan- 
thopterygious.— 3.  Having  spines :  as,  n.n  acan- 
thopterous fin. 
acanthopterygian  (a-kan"thop-te-rij'i-an),  a. 
and  n.  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the"  Acan- 
thopterygii;  having  the  characters  of  the  Jea«- 
thopterygii. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Acanthopterygii ;  a  fish 
with  spiny  fins. 

Acanthopterygii  (a-kan*thop-te-rij'i-i),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  pi.  of  acunthoptcrygius:  see  ocanthopte- 
rygious.']  A  large  group  of  fishes  to  which  vari- 
ous limits  and  values  have  been  assigned.  Tlie 
name  was  introduced  into  systematic  iciitliyology  l)y  Wil- 
lugliby  and  Ray,  adopted  by  Artedi,  and  llirge'ly  used  by 
subsequent  naturalists,  (a)  In  Cuvier's  system  of  chissitl- 
cation,  tlie  tirst  order  of  fishes,  characterized  hy  liard  spiny 
rays  in  tlie  doi'sal  fins,  iis  the  common  perch,  bass,  and 
mackerel ;  the  spiny-finned  fishes,  (b)  In  GUnther's  system 
of  classification,  an  order  of  teleosts  witli  part  of  the  rays 
of  the  doi'sal,  anal,  and  ventral  fins  spiny,  and  the  hjwer 
pharyngeals  separate.  The  last  tliaractcr  eliminates  the 
labrids  and  several  other  families  retained  by  t'nvier,  but 
by  Guntlier  referred  to  a  special  order  Pliiiniinnni/ia/hi 
(c)  In  Gill's  system  of  chissification,  a  subonier  of  Trlm- 
ccphali  with  ventrals  thoracic  or  jugular  (sometimes  sup- 
pressed), spnies  generally  in  the  anterior  jjortion  of  the 
dorsal  and  anal  fins  and  to  the  outer  edges  of  the  ventrals 
normal  symmetrical  head,  and  pharyngeal  bones  either 
separate  or  united.  The  i)eiliculate,  hemibranchiate,  and 
opisthomous  fishes  are  excluded  as  different  orders  and 
the  Percesuces,  Iili,;innj,teri,  Discocephali,  Tcenioxomi,  and 
Aempteri/ffiL  as  special  suborders.  Even  thus  limited  it 
comprises  more  species  than  any  other  suborder  or  order 
of  fishes.  The  perch,  bass,  porgy,  mackerel,  and  swordfish 
are  examples. 

acanthopterygious  (a-kan'-'thop-te-rij'i-us),  a. 
[<  NL.  acanthopterijgius,  <  Gr.  aKav&a,  a  thorn,  a 
spine,  +  7TTepvyiov,the  fin  of  a  fish,  dim.  of 
a  wing,  a  fin,  <  Trrepov,  a  vnng,=  E.  feather.'] 
Having  the  characters  of  the  Acanthojjterygii  or 
spiny-finned  fishes;  belonging  to  the  Acantho- 
pterygii ;  acanthopterygian. 

Acanthorhini  (a-kan-tho-ri'ui),  n.  ]}l.  [<  Gr. 
aKavda,  a  spine,  +  pig,  piv,  nose.]  An  ordinal 
name  suggested  by  Bonaparte,  1831,  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  Holocephala  (which  see). 

Acanthorhynchus  (a-kan-tho-ring'kus),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  aKavda,  a  thorn,  -f-  pvyxog,  snout.]  1. 
A  genus  of  Australian  birds,  of  the  family 
MeMphagiclm  and  subfamily  Mi/somelin(v :  so 
called  from  their  slender  acute  bill.  The  spe- 
cies are  A.  tenuirostris  and  A.  super ciliosus.  J. 
Gould,1837. —  2.  A  genus  of  helminths.  Biesinii. 
1850.  ^' 

acanthosis  (ak-an-tho'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  oKav- 
Oa,  spine,  +  -osis.]  A  name  applied  to  any  dis- 
ease affecting  primarily  the  stratum  spinosum 
(prickle-cells)  of  the  epidermis. 

Acanthoteuthis  (a-kan-tho-tu'this),  n.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  aKavda,  a  thorn,  +  revdig,  a  squid.]  A  genus 
of  fossil  cephalopods,  of  the  family  Belemnitida', 
characterized  by  the  almost  rudimentary  con- 
dition of  the  rostrum  and  the  large  pen-like 
form  of  the  proostracum.  It  occurs  in  the  Triassic 
rocks,  and  is  notable  as  the  oldest  known  cephalopod  of 
the  dibranchiate  or  acetabuliferous  order. 

Acanthotheca  (a-kan-tho-the'ka),  w.j)L  [NL., 

<  Gr.  aKavda,  a  thorn,  +  dtjKri,  a  case.]    Same  as 
Pentastomidea.    Also  written  Acanthothcci. 

acanthous  (a-kan'thus),  a.     [<Gr.  aKavda,  a 
spine :  see  acantha  and  -oms.]  Spinous. 


30 

acanthurid  (ak-an-thu'rid),  n.    A  fish  of  the 

family  Acanthtiridw. 

Acanthuridse  (ak-an-thu'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Acaiithurtis  + -idu'.']     A  family  of  acantho- 
pterygian fishes  typified  by  the 
genus  Acanthnrus,  to  which  va- 
rious limits  have  bee-n  ascribed . 
See  Teuthididw. 
Acanthnrus  (ak-an-thu'rus), 
n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  OKavda,  spine, 
+  o'vpa,  tail.]    1.  The  repre- 
sentative genus  of  the  fami- 
ly Acanthuridai,  characterized 
by  spines  on 
the  sides 
of  the  tail, 
whence  the 
name.  The 
Leaf  of  Acanthus     species  are  nu- 
s/'mosits.  iiierous  in  the 

tropical  seas, 
and  are  popularly  known  as  doc- 
tors, surgeons,  surgeon-fishes,  bar- 
bers, etc.  Synonymous  with  Teu- 
t/tis. 

2.  A  genus  of  reptiles.  Dan- 
din. —  3.  A  genus  of  coleop- 
terous insects.  Eirbi/,  1827. 
Acanthus  (a-kan'thus),  n. 
[L.  (>  Sp.  It.  acanto  =  Pg. 
acantho  =  F.  acanthe),  <  Gr. 
ciKavdoc,  brankm'sine,  also  a 
thorny  Egj-ptian  tree,  <  aKav- 
da, a  thorn:  see  acantha.] 

1.  In  hot.,  a  genus  of  tall 
herbaceous  plants  of  south- 
ern Europe  and  Africa,  nat- 
ural ovdev  AcaHthacea'.  They  Acanthus,  Inflorescence, 
have  large  spmosely  toothed  leaves, 

and  are  sometimes  cultivated  for  the  sake  of  their  beauti- 
ful foliage. 

2.  [Z.  c]  The  common  name  of  plants  of  this 
genus.— 3.  In  cool.,  a  genus  of  crustaceans.— 

4.  [/.<;.]  In<-()-c/i., 
i'tvi'^  a  characteristic 
ornament  derived 
from    or  resem- 
bling the  conven- 
tionalized foliage 
or  leaves  of  the 
acanthus,  used  in 
capitals  of  the  Corinthian  and  Composite  or- 
ders, and  in  Roman,  Byzantine,  medieval,  and 
Renaissance  architecture  generally,  as  upon 
friezes,  cornices,  modillions,  etc. 
Acanthyllis  (ak-an-thil'is),  w.    [<L.  acanthyl- 
lis,  <  Gr.  (iKavdvl'Aig,  the  pendulous  titmouse, 
dim.  of  aKavdig,  the  goldfinch  or  linnet,  <  aKavda, 
a  thorn:  see  acantha.]    A  genus  of  American, 
Indian,  and  Australian  birds  of  the  swift  family, 
Cypselidw;  the  spine-tailed  swifts,  now  usually 
referred  to  the  genus  Chwiura.  Usually  written 
Acanthylis.    Boie,  1826. 

acanticone,  acanticon  (a-kan'ti-kon,  -kon),  n. 
[<  Gr.  (iKr/,  a  point,  +  avri,  against,  +  kuvoc,  a 
cone.]  A  variety  of  epidote ;  arendalite  (which 
see). 

a  cappella,  alia  cappella  (iioral'la  ka-pel'la). 

[It. :  a  (L.  ad),  to,  according  to;  alia  (=  a  la), 
to  the ;  cappella,  chtu-eh,  chajjel,  church  musi- 
cians: see  chapel.]  In  the  style  of  church  or 
chapel  music.  Applied  to  compositions  sung  without 
instrumental  accompaniment,  or  with  an  accompaniment 
in  unison  with  the  vocal  part :  as,  a  mass  a  cappella. 

acapsular  (a-kap'su-lar),  a.    [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 

capsule.]  Without  a  capsule, 
acardia  (a-kar'di-a),  n.  [NL.:  see  acardius.] 
In  tcratol.,  absence  of  a  heart, 
acardiac  (a-kar'di-ak),  a.  [<  NL.  acardiacus, 
adj.,<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  Kap6caK6c,<.  Kapdta,  the  heart: 
see  ff-18  and  cardiac]  Without  a  heart, 
acardiacus  (ak-ar-di'a-kus),  n.;  pi.  acardiaci 
(-si).  [NL. :  see  acardiac]  In  teratol.,  that 
parasitic  part  of  a  double  monster  in  which  the 
heart  is  absent  or  rudimentary.  Acardiacus  amor- 
plim  is  a  shapeless  mass  covered  with  skin.  Acardiacus 
acormus  has  a  head,  while  the  thorax  and  abdomen  are  ru- 
dimentary. In  acardiacus  acephalus  the  head  is  lacking, 
the  thorax  rudimentary,  and  the  pelvis  and  posterior  limbs 
well  developed.  Acardiacus  anccps  has  a  well-developed 
trunk  and  rudimentary  head,  limbs,  and  heart. 

acardius  (a-kar'di-us),  11.;  pi.  acardii  (-i). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  aKCLpSiog,  without  a  heart,  <  a-  priv. 
+  KupSiazzz'E.  heart.]  Same  as  acardiacus. 
acarian  (a-ka'ri-an),  «.  [iAcariis,  q.  v.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  order  Acarida  ;  belonging  to 
or  resembling  the  genus  Acarus. 

In  some  cases  of  acne,  an  acarian  parasite,  called  by 
Owen  the  Demodex  foUiculorum,  is  present  in  the  affected 
foUicle.  S.  W.  Richardson,  Prevent.  Med.,  p  261 


•Architecture. 


acatalectic 

acariasis  (ak-a-ri'a-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <Jc(m«  + 
-iasis.]  A  ski'n-di'sease  caused  by  an  acariau 
parasite. 

acaricide  (a-kar'i-sid),  n.    [<  Acarus  +  L.  -cida 
a  killer,  <  ccedcre,  kill.    Cf.  homicide,  parricide 
matricide.']  A  substance  that  destroys  mites. ' 
acarid  (ak'a-rid),  n.    [<  Acaridal]    One  of  tho 
Acarida;  a  mite. 

Acarida  (a-kar'i-dii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Jcacwv 
+  -(■(/«.]  An  order  of  the  class  Arachnida,  in- 
cluding those  insects,  as  the  mites,  ticks,  itch- 
insects,  etc.,  which  are  without  a  definite  lino 
of  demarkation  between  the  unsegmented  ab- 
domen and  the  cephalothorax,  the  head,  thorax, 
and  abdomen  appearing  united  in  one.  Thev 
are  with  or  without  eyes  ;  the  mouth  is  either  suctorial  or 
masticatory  ;  the  respiration  is  either  tracheal  or  dermal 
and  the  legs  are  8  in  number  in  the  adult  and  6  in  the 
young,  being  in  some  cases  terminated  by  suckers  in 
others  by  seta;.  There  are  several  families  of  Acarida 
with  numerous  genera  and  species,  mostly  oviparous  ami 
generally  parasitic,  but  many  are  found  in  excrenienti- 
tioiis  or  decaying  animal  matter,  or  on  plants,  while  sonic 
are  marine  and  others  live  in  fresh  water.  Those  whicli 
live  on  plants  are  often  very  injurious  to  vegetation  and 
frequently  form  a  kind  of  gall,  sometimes  resembling  a 
fungus  or  a  bird's  nest,  as  the  "  witch-knot "  of  the  birch 
caused  liy  monibers  of  the  genus  Phytoptus.  The  gardeii- 
mites  O'ronihliliila'),  including  the  harvest-tick  (Leptw: 
auttivinalis)^  the  siiider-mites  (Giimasidw),  and  the  wood- 
mites  (Oi  ibatidie)  live  mostly  upon  vegetation.  The  true 
ticks  (/.TO(i((Zce)  attach  themselves  to  the  bodies  of  various 
animals ;  the  water-mites 
(Hydrarachiiidm)  are,  at 
least  in  part,  parasitic  up- 
on animals,  such  as  aqua- 
tic insects,  mollusks,  and 
even  mammals.  The 
cheese-mite,  Acarus  do- 
nifsticus,  is  typical  of  the 
family  ^ca)-((i(c  and  of  tlie 
whole  order.  The  inange- 
mite,  Dcinudex  foUiculo- 
rum, tyiie  of  the  family 
Deniodicidce,  is  found  in 
the  sebaceous  follicles  of 
man,  as  well  as  in  the  dog. 
The  itch-mite,  which  bur- 
rows into  the  skin,  is  the 
Sarcoptes  scabiei,  type  of 
the  family  Sarcoptidce. 
The  mites  and  ticks  .are 
also  called  collectively 
Acariilea,  acaridans, 
Acariua,  and  Mnuoiiieri)- 
souiata.  See  cuts  under 
Jinur-mite,  itcli-inile^  and 
Imnvst-ticlc. 
Acaridae  (a-kar'i-de) 


A  Tick  {^Ixodes  rtcinjts,  female),  il- 
lustrating structure  of  .-Icarida. 
<r,  mandibular  hooklets;  c.  hook- 
lets  of  sternal  surface  of  proboscis; 

'i,  e,  fourth,  third,  and  second  joints 
of  the  palp;./;  base  of  the  suctorial 
proboscis;  g,  stigma;  li,  genital 
aperture  ;  i,  anal  valves. 

  ,   „  n.  2)1.     [NL.,  <  Acaru.^ 

+  -Ida'.]  A  family  of  the  order  Acarida  (which 
see),  including  the  true  mites,  as  the  cheese- 
mite,  Acarus  domesticus.  See  Acarus  and 
chccsc-mite. 

acaridan  (a-kar'i-dan),  a.  and  n.    I.  a.  Of  or 

belonging  to  the  Acarida  or  Acarida;. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Acarida. 
Acaridea  (ak-a-rid'e-a),  H.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Acarus 

+-id-ca.]  Same  as  Acarida. 
Acarina  (ak-a-ri'na),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Acarus  + 
-iH«.]  Same  as  Acarida. 
acarinosis  (a-kar-i-no'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Acarina 
+  -osis.]  A  disease,  as  scabies,  produced  by 
the  presence  of  a  parasite  belonging  to  the 
Acarida,  or  mites. 

acaroid  (ak'a-roid),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  Acarus, 
q.  v.,  -I-  -oid.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Acarida;  resembling  the  mites;  mite-like.— 
Acaroid  gum,  a  red  resin  that  exudes  from  the  trunks  of 
the  Australian  grass-tree,  Xantliorrhoea  hastilis,  and  other 
species.  Also  called  Botany  Bay  reswi. —Acarold  resin. 
Same  as  acaroid  gum, 

11.  n.  One  of  the  Acarida;  a  mite, 
acarpelous  (a-kar'pe-lus),  a.     [<  Gr.  a-  priv. 
4-  cmpel  -I-  -ous.]    In  hot.,  ha-ving  no  carpels. 
Syd.  jSoc.  Lex. 
acarpous  (a--kar'pus),  a.    [<  Gr.  aKapxoc,  with- 
out fruit,  <  d-  priv.  4-  Kap-rrdg,  fruit :  see  carpel.] 
In  hot.,  not  producing  fruit ;  sterile;  barren. 
Acarus  (ak'a-ms),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  oKapi,  a  kind 
of  mite  bred  in  wax,  <  aKapi/g,  short,  small,  tiny; 
prop,  of  hair,  too  short  to  be  cut,  <  d-  priv. 
-f  Ksipeiv,  cut,  orig.  *aK£lpeiv  =  'E.  shear,  q.  v.] 
1.  The  typical  genus  of  the  family  Acaridw,  or 
true  mites. —  2.  [/.  c]  A  tick  or  mite,  without 
regard  to  its  genus.    [In  this  sense  it  may 
have  a  plural  form,  acari  (ak'a-ri).] 
The  acarus  (Myobia  coarctata)  of  the  mouse. 

Huxley,  Aiiat.  Invert.,  p.  331. 

acastt  (a-kasf),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  acasten,  akasten, 
pp.  acast,  akast,  throw  away,  cast  down,  <  aA 
+  casfc»,  cast:  see  e«s<i.]  To  cast  down;  cast 
off ;  cast  away, 
acatalectic  (a-kat-a-lek'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<L. 
acatalecticus,  also  acatalectus,  <Gr.  aKarah/KTOf, 
not  stopping,  <  a-  priv.  +  *KaTalijKTog,  KaTaXr/KU- 
Koc,  lea-ving  off,  stopping:  see  catalectic]  I.  a. 
Tn  pros.,  not  halting  short;  complete;  liaving 


acatalectic 


31 


accelerator 


the  complete  number  of  syllables  in  the  last 
foot:  as,  an  acatalectic  verse. 

II,  n.  A  verse  which  has  the  complete  num- 
ber of  syllables  in  the  last  foot, 
icatalepsy  (a-kat'a-lep-si),  n.  {<Gt.  hmralrj^ia, 
incomprehensibility,  <  aKardXriiTToi;,  incompre- 
hensible, <  a-  priv.  +  KaTdlr/nToc,  comprehensi- 
ble, comprehended,  seized:  see  catalepsy  J]  1. 
Incomprehensibility,    a  word  much  used  (in  its 

Greek  form)  by  the  Uiter  Academics  and  Skeptics  (Carnea- 
des  Arcesilaus,  etc.),  who  held  that  human  knowledge 
never  amounts  to  certainty,  but  only  to  probability,  and 
who  advocated  a  suspension  of  judgment  upon  all  ques- 
tions, even  upon  the  doctrine  of  acatalepsy  itself. 
2.  In  med.,  uncertainty  in  the  diagnosis  or 
prognosis  of  diseases. 

icataleptic  (a-kat-a-lep'tik),  a.  and  n.    [<  Gr. 

a/iard/ly/irTof,  incomprehensible :  see  acatalepsy.'] 

1.  a.  Incomprehensible ;  not  to  be  known  with 
certaraty. 

II.  M.  One  who  believes  that  we  can  know 
nothing  with  certainty.    See  acatalepsy. 

AH  Skeptics  and  Pyrrhonians  were  called  Acataleptics. 

Fleininr/. 

icataphasia  (a-kat-a-fa'zi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
d-  priv.  +  Karaipavaij  say  yes,  <  Kara,  here  in- 
tensive, +  (}ia-vaL  =  L.  fa-ri,  say,  speak.]  In 
pathol.,  faultiness  of  syntax  resulting  from  dis- 
ease, as  contrasted  with  the  faulty  use  of  indi- 
vidual words.  See  apihasia. 
icataposis  (a-ka-tap'o-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d- 
priv.  +  KaTciTToaig,  a  gulping  down,  deglutition, 

<  KaraniveLV,  gulp  down,  <  Kara,  down,  +  Triveiv, 
drink,  TTomg,  a  drink.]  lajMthol.,  difiicTilty  of 
swallowing;  dysphagia. 

icatet  (a-kaf),  [<  ME.  acate,  acat,  achate, 
achat,  <  OF.  acat,  assibilated  achat,  purchase, 
mod.  F.  achat  (ML.  acaptum,  *accaptum),  <  OF. 
acater,  aehater,  mod.  F.  acheter,  buy,  purchase, 

<  ML.  accaptare,  buy,  acquii-e,  <  L.  ad,  to,  + 
eaptare,  take,  seize.  Cf.  accept,  of  the  same 
origin.  Later  shortened  to  cctte,  cates.]  1.  A 
buying,  purchasing,  or  purchase.    Chaucer. — 

2.  [Usually  ia  pi.]  Things  purchased ;  espe- 
cially, purchased  viands'  or  provisions,  as  op- 
posed to  those  of  home  production ;  hence, 
especially,  daiaties,  delicacies.    Later,  cates. 

Tout  estat  est  vlamle  aux  vers,  all  states  are  wormes 
icates.  Cotijram  (under  Ver). 

Setting  before  him  variety  of  amies,  and  those  excel- 
lently dressed.  Shelton,  tr.  of  Don  Qui.xote,  I.  iv.  23. 

acatert  (a-ka'ter),  «.  [<  ME.  acatour,  achatour, 
-or,  <  OF.  acateor,  later  achatour,  mod.  F.  achc- 
teitr,  buyer,  <  ML.  accaptator,  buyer, <  accaptare, 
buy:  see  acflfe.  Later  shortened  to  ca to-. •  see 
cater,  n.]  A  purveyor;  a  caterer:  as,  "Robin 
Hood's  bailiff  or  acater,"  B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shep- 
herd (dram.  pers.).  Also  written  acator,  ac- 
cator,  achator,  achatour,  etc. 

A  manciple  tliere  was  of  the  temple 

Of  which  achators  might  take  ensample.  Chaucer. 

[The  keeper]  dressed  for  him  [a  prisoner  in  the  Tower 
of  London],  from  time  to  time,  such  pigeons  as  his  accatm- 
the  cat  provided.  U.  Dixon,  Her  Majesty's  Tower. 

acateryt,  acatryt  (a-ka'ter-i,  -tri),  n.  [<  ME. 
*acatry,  achatry ;  <  acater  +  -y ;  later,  eatery.'] 
1.  Aeates  in  general ;  provisions  purchased. 
— 2.  The  room  or  place  allotted  to  the  keep- 
ing of  all  such  provision  as  the  purveyors  pur- 
chased for  the  king. 

acatharsiaf  (ak-a-thar'si-a),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

aaadapcla,  uncleanness,  <  amdaprog,  uncleansed, 
unpurged,  <  d-  priv.  +  *Kadapr6g,  cleansed.  Cf . 
Kadap-iKdg,  fit  for  cleansing  :  see  cathartic]  In 
nicd. :  (a)  The  filth  or  sordes  proceeding  from 
a  wound;  impurity  of  blood,  (fc)  Failure  to 
use  a  purgative ;  lack  of  purging. 

acathar sy t  (ak' a-thar-si), « .  Same  as  acatharsia . 

acathistus  (ak-^a-this'tus),  n.  [ML.,  <  Gr.  d- 
priv.  +  KadiC,eiv,  'sit  dovsTi,  <  Kara,  down,  +  li^sLv 
=  E.  sit.]  In  the  Gr.  Ch.,  an  office  in  honor  of 
the  Virgin,  consisting  in  a  long  canon  or  hymn 
sung  by  all  standing  (whence  the  name)  on  the 
Satm-day  of  the  fifth  week  in  Lent,  in  com- 
memoration of  the  repulse  of  the  Avars  and 
other  barbarians  who  attacked  Constantinople 
imder  Heraclius,  A.  d.  625. 

acatort,  n.    See  acater. 

acaudal  (a-ka'dal),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv.,  n-l8,  + 
caudal.]    Tailless ;  anurous.    Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

acaudate  (a-ka'dat),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv.,  + 
caudate.]    Tailless;  acaudal;  ecaudate. 

acaules  (a-ka'lez),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d- priv. 
+  L.  caulis,  a  stem :  see  cauiis.]  Plants  which 
have  either  a  very  indistinct  stalk  or  none  at 
all,  as  lichens,  fungi,  alg8e,  etc. 

acaulescence  (ak-a-les'ens),  n.  [<.  acaulescent.] 
In  ])ot.,  an  aiTested  growth  of  the  main  axis, 
the  internodes  being  so  slightly  developed  that 


the  leaves  are  crowded  into  a  radial  tuft  or 
rosette,  as  in  the  dandelion.  Also  eaUed  acau^ 
losia. 

acaulescent  (ak-a-les'ent),  a.  [<  Gr.  d- priv., 
fl-18,  -I-  caulescent.]   In  hot.,  stemless.  Applied 

to  a  plant  in  wliicli  the  stem  is  apparently  absent.  Otiier 
forms  are  aeauline,  aeaulose,  and  acatdoas. 

acauline  (a-ka'lin),  a.  [<  NL.  acaidis  (see 
acaules)  -t-  -ine'^.]    Same  as  acaulescent. 

acaulosia  (ak-a-16'zi-a),  11.  [NL.,  <  ac«M?ose  .• 
see  acaulous.]    Same  as  acaulescence. 

acaulous,  aeaulose  (a-ka'lus,  -16s),  a.    [<  NL. 

acaulis  (<  Gr.  anavloc;,  without  stalk,  <  d-  priv. 
-I-  KavTiog  =  L.  caulis :  see  caulis,  and  cf . 
acaides)  +  -ous,  -ose.]    Same  as  acaulescent. 

acc.  An  abbreviation  (a)  of  according  and  ac- 
cording to;  ip)  of  accusative. 

acca  (ak'a),  n.  [Perhaps  from  Ahka  (Acre)  in 
Syria,  as  the  seaport  whence  it  was  obtained.] 
A  rich  flgui-ed  silk  stuff,  decorated  with  gold, 
used  in  the  fourteenth  centui-y. 

accablet  (a-ka'bl),  v.  t.  [<F.  accabler,  over- 
whelm, crush;  earlier,  in  pass,  sense,  be 
crushed;  <0F.  a-,  ac-  (<  L.  ad),  to,  +  caable, 
cadable,  <  ML.  cadabula,  a  catapult,  <  Gr.  Kara- 
PoXj],  a  throwing  down,  <  KarapdlXeiv,  throw 
down,  <  Kara,  down,  +  (ia'Alecv,  to  throw :  see 
cablish  and  catapult.]  To  overwhelm ;  oppress ; 
overburden. 

Honours  have  no  burden  but  thankfulness,  which  doth 
rather  raise  men's  spirits  than  accable  tliem  or  press  theiu 
down.  Bacon,  vi.  272.  (Latham.) 

Accad  (ak'ad),  n.  1.  A  member  of  one  of  the 
primitive  races  of  Babylonia.  The  Accads  are  be- 
lieved to  have  been  of  non-Semitic  origin,  and  to  have 
been  tlie  dominant  race  at  the  earliest  time  of  wliich  there 
are  contemporaneous  records. 

The  Accadai,  or  Accads,  were  "the  Highlanders,"  who 
had  descen<led  from  the  mountainous  region  of  Elam  on 
tlie  east,  and  it  was  to  them  that  tlie  Assyrians  ascribed 
the  origin  of  Chaldean  civilization  and  writing. 

A.  II.  Sayce. 

2.  The  language  of  this  race ;  Aecadian. 
Also  spelled  Al-Md. 
Aecadian  (a-ka'di-an),  a.  and  n.   I.  a.  Belong- 
ing to  the  Accads,  the  piimitive  inhabitants  of 
Babylonia. 

II.  n.  1.  An  Accad. —  2.  The  language  of  the 
Accads,  a  non-Semitic  and  perhaps  Ural-Altaic 
language  spoken  in  ancient  Babylonia  previ- 
ously to  the  later  and  better-known  Semitic 
dialect  o'f  the  cuneiform  inscriptions.  A  kindred 
dialect,  tlie  Sumerian,  seems  to  have  been  in  use  at  tlie 
same  time  in  Baljylonia. 
Also  spelled  Akkadian. 

accapitum  (a-kap'i-tum),  n.  [ML.,  <  L.  ad, 
to,  +  caput,  head.]  In  feudal  law,  money  paid 
by  a  vassal  upon  his  admission  to  a  feud ;  the 
relief  due  to  the  chief  lord. 

accatorf,  n.    See  acater. 

accedas  ad  curiam  (ak-se'das  ad  kii'ri-am). 
[L.,  go  thou  to  the  court :  see  accede,  ad-, 
curia.]  In  law,  a  v/rit  directed  to  the  sheriff 
for  the  purpose  of  removing  a  cause  from  a 
lower  to  a  higher  court. 

accede  (ak-sed'),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  acceded, 
ppr.  acceding.  [=F.  accede?' =  Sp.  Pg.  acccder 
=  It.  accedere,  <  L.  accedere,  earlier  adcedere, 
move  toward,  <  ad,  to,  +  cedere,  go,  move :  see 
cede.]  1.  To  come,  as  into  union  or  possession ; 
become  adjoined  or  entitled ;  attain  by  approach 
or  succession :  now  used  chiefly  of  attainment 
to  a  possession,  office,  or  dignity :  as,  he  acceded 
to  the  estate  on  his  majority ;  the  house  of 
Hanover  acceded  to  the  English  throne  in  1714. 

And  vain  were  com'age,  learning  ;  all, 

Till  power  accede.        Shenatuiie,  Ruined  Alibey. 

2.  To  come  by  assent  or  agreement ;  give  ad- 
hesion ;  yield ;  give  in :  as,  to  accede  to  one's 
terms  or  request. 

This  obvious  reflection  convinced  me  of  the  absurdity 
of  the  treaty  of  Hanover,  in  1725,  between  France  and 
England,  to  which  the  Dutch  afterwards  acceded. 

Chesterfield,  Letters,  162. 

There  are  many  who  would  accede  without  the  faintest 
reluctance  to  a  barbarous  custom,  but  would  be  quite  in- 
capable of  an  equally  barbarous  act  which  custom  liad  not 
consecrated.  Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  305. 

=  Syn.  1.  To  succeed,  come  (to),  attain. —  2.  To  agree, 
assent,  yield,  consent,  comiJly. 
accedence  (ak-se'dens),  n.  [<  F.  accedence, 
<  accedcr :  see  accede  and  -encc.]  The  act  or  ac- 
tion of  acceding  ;  the  act  of  assenting  or  agree- 
ing. [Rare.] 

accedencet,      An  error  for  accw?encel.  Milton. 

acceder  (ak-se'der),  n.  One  who  accedes;  one 
who  attains  to  a  possession,  an  office,  or  a  dig- 
nity ;  one  who  yields  or  assents. 

accelerando  (at-eha-le-ran'do),  adv.  [It.,  ppr. 
of  accelerare,  <  L.  accelerare,  hasten :  see  accele- 
rate.]   With  gradual  increase  of  speed:  a  di- 


rection in  music,  indicating  that  a  passage  is 
to  be  played  with  increasing  rapidity, 
accelerate  (ak-sel'e-rat),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ac- 
celerated, ppr.  accelerating.  [<  L.  aceeleratus, 
pp.  of  accelerare,  hasten,  make  haste,  <  ad,  to, 
4-  celerare,  hasten,  <  ccler,  quick.]     I.  trans. 

1.  To  make  quicker;  cause  to  move  or  advance 
faster ;  hasten ;  add  to  the  velocity  of ;  give  a 
higher  rate  of  progress  to:  as,  to  accelerate 
motion  or  the  rate  of  motion;  to  accelerate  the 
transmission  of  intelligence;  to  accelerate 
growth  of  a  plant,  or  the  progress  of  know- 
ledge. 

Leave  to  the  diamond  its  ages  to  grow,  nor  e.xpect  to 
accelerate  the  birtlis  of  tlie  eternal. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  191. 

2.  To  bring  nearer  in  time ;  bring  about,  or 
help  to  bring  about,  more  speedily  than  would 
otherwise  have  been  the  case :  as,  to  accelerate 
the  ruin  of  a  government;  to  accelerate  death 
—Accelerated  motion,  in  mech.,  tliat  motion  which  con- 
tinually receives  frcsli  accessions  of  velocity.  See  accelera- 
tion..—  Accelerating  force,  the  force  which  produces 
an  accelerated  motion,  as  gravity. —  Accelerating  gun, 
a  cannon  having  supplementary  powder-chainbeis,  de- 
signed to  be  fired  in  turn,  immediately  after  tlie  main  ex- 
plosion, to  accelerate  tlie  speed  of  tlie  shot ;  an  accelerator. 
=  Syn.  See  list  under  quicken,  3. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  faster;  increase  in 
speed. 

acceleratedly  (ak-sel'e-ra-ted-li),  adv.  In  an 
accelerated  or  accelerating  manner ;  with  ac- 
celeration or  gradual  increase  of  speed. 

acceleration  (ak-sel-e-ra'shon),  [<  L.  accelc- 
ratio{n-),  a  hastening,  <  accelerare,  hasten  :  see 
accelerate.]  The  act  of  accelerating,  or  the  state 
of  being  accelerated:  as  —  (a)  A  gradual  increase 
of  velocity. 

At  the  present  time,  and  for  several  thousand  years  in 
the  future,  the  variation  in  the  moon's  motion  has  lieen 
and  will  be  an  acceleration. 

Thomson  and  Tait,  Xat.  Phil.,  I.  f  830. 
(b)  In  mech. ,  the  rate  of  change  of  tlie  velocity  of  a  moving 
body ;  that  Is,  the  increment  of  velocity  (in  any  direction) 
in  the  unit  of  time  whicli  would  result  were  tlie  rate  of 
change  to  continue  uniform  for  that  leiiyth  of  time.  The 
acceleration  is  said  to  be  unifonn  if  tlie  body  gains  the 
same  velocity  in  any  constant  direction  in  eciual  successive 
portions  of  time,  no  matter  how  small  these  jiortions  may 
be  taken.  A  constant  force  produces  uniform  acceleration 
in  all  cases;  but  it  is  sometimes  convenient  to  sulistitute 
for  some  of  the  forces  fictitious  "constraints.  "  Tlius, 
gravity  (which  near  the  eartli's  surface  is  sensibly  a  con- 
stant force)  gives  a  falling  body  ji/ii/oniilii  accelemted 
motion  when  tlie  effect  of  the  atliio.'iplitiii  rtsistance  is 
eliminated;  in  this  case  the  increment  of  \eluiity  iu  eacli 
second,  wliicli  is  a  little  more  than  32  feet,  is  called  tlie 
acceleration  of  gravity,  and  in  mechanical  fornnUas  is  de- 
noted liy  the  letter  y.  When  the  velocity  of  a  movin;;  bcidy 
continually  diminishes,  the  acceleration  is  teriiKMl  uiiniis 
or  ne;iatim,  and  the  motion  is  said  to  Ijc  retarded;  this 
is  illustrated  by  the  case  of  a  ball  tlirown  upward,  tlie 
upward  component  of  the  velocity  of  wliicli  diiiiinishes  at 
the  rate  of  32  feet  a  second.  Similarly,  the  force  of  friction 
which  resists  the  motion  of  a  sltding  boily  is  said  to  give 
it  minus  or  negative  acceleration. 

Acceleration,\i\t.e  position  and  velocity,  is  a  relative  term, 
and  cannot  be  interpreted  absolutely. 

Clerk  Maxwell,  ilatter  and  ilotion,  art.  xxxv. 
(fi)  The  shortening  of  the  time  between  the  present  and 
the  happening  of  any  future  event  ;  specifically,  in  law, 
the  shortening  of  the  time  before  tlie  vesting  of  a  iicison 
with  the  possession  of  an  expected  interest,  (d)  In  jiln/xinl. 
and  pathol.,  increased  activity  of  the  functions  i>i  the  lindy, 
particularly  of  the  circulation  of  the  fluids. — Acceleration 
of  the  moon,  the  increase  of  the  moon's  mean  angular 
velocity  about  tlie  earth,  the  moon  now  moving  latlier 
faster  than  in  ancient  times.  This  phenomenon  has  not 
been  fully  explained,  but  it  is  laipwn  to  be  partly  ow  ing  to 
the  slow  diminution  of  the  eccentricity  of  the  earth's  orbit, 
from  which  there  results  a  slight  dimiuution  of  tlie  sun's 
influence  on  the  moon's  motions. — Acceleration  and 
retardation  of  the  tides,  certain  deviations  betw  een  the 
time  of  the  actual  occurrence  of  higli  water  at  any  place 
and  what  its  time  would  be  if  it  occurred  after  the  lapse  of 
a  uniform  mean  interval.  In  spring  and  neap  tides  the 
sun's  action  does  not  alter  the  time  of  high  water,  as  iu 
the  former  case  the  solar  and  lunai'  tides  are  synchronous, 
Avhile  in  the  latter  the  time  of  actual  or  lunar  low  water 
and  that  of  solar  high  water  are  the  same.  But  in  the  first 
and  third  quarters  of  the  moon  there  is  accelerationor  prim- 
ing of  high  water,  as  the  solar  wave  is  to  the  west  of  the 
lunar ;  and  in  the  second  and  fourth  quarters  there  is 
retardation  or  lagging,  for  an  analogous  reason. — Diumal 
acceleration  of  the  fixed  stars,  the  excess  of  the  appa- 
rent diurnal  motion  of  the  stars  over  that  of  the  sun,  aris- 
ing from  the  fact  that  the  sun's  apparent  yearly  mixtion 
takes  place  in  a  direction  contrary  to  that  of  its  ajiparent 
daily  motion.  The  stars  thus  seem  each  day  to  anticipate 
the  sun  by  nearly  3  minutes  and  bVi  seconds  of  mean  time. 

accelerati'Ve  (ak-sel'e-ra-tiv),  a.  [<  accelerate 
+ -ire.]  Tending  to  accelerate ;  adding  to  ve- 
locity; quickening  progression. 

accelera'tor  (ak-sel'e-ra-tor),  n.  [NL.,  etc., 
<  accelerate.]  One  -vf-ho  or  that  wliich  accele- 
rates; a  hastener.  Hence— (a)  In  England,  a  post- 
office  van.  (h)  In  anat.,  a  muscle,  the  accelerator  urina;, 
w-liich  expedites  the  discharge  of  urine,  (c)  In  photog.: 
(1)  Any  substance  or  device  which  shortens  the  time  of 
exposure  of  a  sensitized  plate  or  paper  to  the  light,  :n 
either  the  camera  or  the  printing-frame.  (2)  Any  chem- 
ical which  may  lie  added  to  the  developing  solution  to 
shorten  the  time  necessary  for  development,  or,  by  increas- 


accelerator 

ing  the  normal  efficiency  of  the  developer,  to  lessen  the 
requisite  time  of  exposure,  (rf)  An  accelerating  gun.  See 

accelerate. 

acceleratory  (ak-sel'e-ra-to-ri),  a.  Accelerat- 
ing or  teucling  to  accelerate ;  quickening  mo- 
tion. 

accendt  (ak-send'),  V.  t  [<  L.  accendere,  set  on 
fire,  biu-n,  <  ad,  to,  +  *canderc,  burn,  ioxind  only 
in  eomp.  (see  incense,  v.),  allied  to  candere, 
glow:  see  candid.]  To  set  on  fire;  kindle; 
inflame. 

Our  devotion,  if  sufficiently  accendcd,  would  burn  up 
innumerable  books  of  this  sort. 

Dr.  II.  More,  Decay  of  Christ.  Piety. 

accendent  (ak-sen'dent),  11.  [<L.  accenden{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  accendere:  see  accend.']  Same  as  ac- 
censor. 

accendibility  (ak-sen-di-bil'i-ti),  «.  [<  accendi- 
hle :  see  -biJitij. ]  The  quality  of  being  aceendi- 
ble  ;  inflammability. 

accendible  (ak-sen'di-bl),  a.  i<  accend-^  -ible. 
Cf .  L.  accensibiUs,  that  may  be  burned,  btu'uing.] 
Capable  of  being  inflamed  or  kindled. 

accendite  (ak-sen'di-te),  n.  [L.  accendite,  2d 
pers.  pi.  impv.  of  accendere,  light,  Idndle :  see 
accend.']  A  short  antiphon  formerly  chanted 
in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  on  lighting  the 
tapers  for  any  special  service. 

accension  (ak-sen'shou),  n.  [=Pg.  accensao 
—  It.  accensione,  <  L.  as  if  *accensio{n-),  <  ac- 
censits,  pp.  of  accendere:  see  accend.]  The  act 
of  kindling  or  setting  on  fire ;  the  state  of  being 
kindled;  inflammation;  heat.  [Rare.] 

Comets,  .  .  .  besides  the  light  that  they  may  have  from 
the  sun,  seem  to  shine  with  a  light  tliat  is  nothing  else 
but  an  accension,  which  they  receive  from  the  sun. 

Locke,  Elem.  of  Nat.  I'hil. ,  ii. 

accensor  (ak-sen'sor),  n.  [<  ML.  accensor,  a 
lamplighter,  <  L.  accendere,  pp.  accensus :  see  ac- 
cend.]  One  who  sets  on  fire  or  kindles.  [Rare.] 

accent  (ak'sent),  n.  [<F.  accc)if=  Sp.  acen- 
io  —  Pg.  It.  accento,  <  L.  accentus,  accent,  tone, 
LL.  also  a  blast,  signal,  fig.  intensity,  <  acci- 
nere,  sing  to  (see  accentor),  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  ca- 
nere,  sing:  see  cant'^  and  chant.]  1.  A  spe- 
cial effort  of  utterance  by  which,  in  a  word 
of  two  or  more  syllables,  one  syllable  is  made 
more  prominent  than  the  rest.  This  prominence 
is  given  in  part  liy  a  raised  pitcli,  in  part  by  increased 
force  or  stress  of  voice,  and  in  part  (as  a  conseiiucnce  of 
these)  by  a  fuller  pronunciation  of  the  constituents  of 
the  syllable.  These  elements  are  variously  combined  in 
different  languages.  In  English,  elevation  of  pitcli  is  con- 
spicuous when  a  word  is  spoken  or  read  by  itself  as  a 
word,  without  any  reference  to  a  sentence  of  whicli  it 
forms  or  should  form  a  part ;  but  in  connected  speech  the 
tone  and  niodulatiun  of  the  sentence  dominate  those  of 
the  individual  words  composing  it,  and  the  change  of  pitch 
may  be  absent,  or  even  reversed,  the  other  elements  giving 
without  its  aid  tlie  recjuired  prominence.  By  the  native 
gi-ammarians  of  the  classical  languages  of  our  family 
(Greek,  Latin,  and  Sanskrit),  chani^e  of  pitch  was  the  recog- 
nized constituent  of  accent.  They  called  a  syllable  actUe 
if  its  tone  was  sharpened  or  raised,  ijrave  if  it  remained 
at  the  general  level  of  utterance,  and  circumflex  if  it  be- 
gan at  acute  pitch  and  ended  at  grave.  A  word  of  three 
or  more  syllables  often  has  in  our  language,  besides  its 
principal  accent,  anotlier  and  lighter  or  secondary  one,  or 
even  also  a  third  ;  such  secondary  accents  are  denoted  in 
this  work  by  a  double  accent-mark ;  thus,  val"e-tu-di- 
na'ri-aii,  an"te-pe-nurti-mate.  The  vowels  of  wholly  un- 
accented syllables  in  English  are  much  modified,  being 
either  made  briefer  and  lighter,  or  else  reduced  even  to 
the  sound  of  the  so-called  neutral  vowel,  the  "short  u" 
of  but.  These  two  effects  are  marked  in  this  work  by 
writing  respectively  a  single  or  a  double  dot  under  the 
vowel,  in  the  respelling  for  pronunciation.  Emphasis 
differs  from  accent  in  being  expended  upon  a  word  which 
is  to  be  made  prominent  in  the  sentence. 

2.  A  mark  or  character  used  in  writing  to 
direct  the  stress  of  the  voice  in  pronunciation, 
or  to  mark  a  particular  tone,  length  of  vowel- 
sound,  or  the  like.  There  is  commonly  only  one  such 
sign  ( ' )  used  to  mark  the  stress  or  accent  in  English,  except 
in  works  on  elocution,  in  which  are  employed  the  three 
Greek  accents,  namely,  the  acute  ( ' ),  the  grave( ' ),  and  the 
circumflex  ("  or  " ).  In  elocution  the  first  shows  when  the 
voice  is  to  be  raised,  and  is  called  the  rising  inflection ; 
the  second,  when  it  is  to  be  depressed,  and  is  called  the 
falling  inflection  ;  and  the  third,  when  the  vowel  is  to  be 
uttered  with  an  undulating  sound,  and  is  called  the  com- 
pound or  waving  inflection.  An  accent  over  the  e  in  -ed 
is  sometimes  useil  in  English  poetry  to  denote  that  it  is 
to  be  pronounced  as  a  distinct  syllable  :  as,  lout-d  or  loved. 

3.  In  printing,  an  accented  or  marked  letter; 
a  type  bearing  an  accentual  or  diacritical  mark. 
The  accents  most  generally  used  in  English  type  (chiefly 
for  foreign  words),  and  regularly  furnished  in  a  full  font, 
are  the  vowels  bearnig  the  acute  ('),  grave  ('),  and  cir- 
cumflex (*)  aeecuts,  and  the  dieresis  ("),  and  also  the 
cedilla  or  French  c  ((,■)  and  the  .Spanish  ?!  (il).  Accents  for 
occasional  use  are  the  vowels  marked  long  (")  and  short 
("),  and  otlier  marked  letters  required  for  technical  works 
or  peculiar  to  certain  languages. 

4.  Manner  of  utterance ;  peculiarity  of  pronun- 
ciation, emphasis,  or  expression.  .Specifically,  a  pe- 
culiar modulation  of  the  voice  or  manner  of  pronunciation, 
marked  by  subtle  differences  of  elocution,  characteristic  of 
the  spoken  language  of  a  given  district  or  a  particular 
rank  in  society,  and  especially  of  each  distinct  nationality. 


32 

Your  accent  is  something  finer  than  you  could  purchase 
in  so  removed  a  dwelling.      Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ill.  2. 
Mild  was  his  accent,  and  his  action  free. 
Dnjdeii,  Tales  from  Chaucer,  Good  Parson,  1.  16. 

5.  Words,  or  tones  and  modulations  of  the 
voice,  expressive  of  some  emotion  or  passion  : 
as,  the  accents  ot  prayer;  the  acce«<  of  reproof. 

Short-winded  accents  of  new  broils. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1. 
The  tender  accents  of  a  woman's  cry.  Prior. 

6.  pi.  Words,  language,  or  expressions  in  gen- 
eral. 

Winds !  on  your  wings  to  heaven  her  accents  hesn; 
Such  words  as  heaven  alone  is  fit  to  hear. 

Dryden,  Virgil's  Eclogues,  iii. 
Deep  on  their  souls  the  mighty  acccnt.'i  fall. 
Like  lead  that  pierces  through  the  walls  of  clay. 

Jones  Very,  Poems,  p.  77. 

7.  In  eccles.  chanting,  one  of  the  seven  forms 
of  modulation  used  in  parts  simg  by  the  ofiieiat- 
ing  priest  or  his  assistants,  viz.,  the  immutable, 
medium,  grave,  acute,  moderate,  interrogative, 
final. —  8.  In  music:  («)  A  stress  or  emphasis 
given  to  certain  notes  or  parts  of  bars  in  a  com- 
position. It  is  divided  into  two  kinds,  (jraminatical 
and  rhetorical  or  esthetic.  Tlie  first  is  perfectly  regular  in 
its  occurrence,  always  falling  on  tlie  first  part  of  a  bar  ; 
the  esthetic  accent  is  irremilar,  and  depends  on  taste  and 
feeling.  ^  (J))  A  mark  placed  after  the  letter  rep- 
resenting a  note  to  indicate  the  octave  in 
which  it  is  found.  Thus,  if  C  is  in  the  great  octave 
(see  octave),  c  is  an  octave  above,  c'  an  octave  above  that, 
c"  in  the  next,  and  so  on. 

9.  In  math,  and  mech.:  (a)  In  all  literal  nota- 
tion, a  mark  like  an  acute  accent  placed  after  a 
letter  in  order  that  it  may,  without  confusion, 
be  used  to  represent  different  quantities,  in 

this  way  ahc,  a'  tt'c',  a"  b"  c",  etc.,  may  stand  for  magni- 
tudes as  difl'erent  in  value  as  those  which,  but  for  the  use 
of  the  accents,  must  be  represented  by  different  letters. 
Letters  so  marked  are  read  thus :  a  prime  or  first  (a'),  a 
second  (a"),  rt  third  (a'"),  etc.  (&)  In^/eow.  and  trigon., 
a  mark  at  the  right  hand  of  a  number  indicat- 
ing minutes  of  a  degree,  two  such  marks  indi- 
cating seconds:  as,  20°  10' 30"  =  20  degrees,  10 
minutes,  30  seconds,  (c)  In  mcnsiir.  and  cngin., 
a  mark  at  the  right  hand  of  a  number  used  to 
denote  feet,  inches,  and  lines ;  thus,  3'  C"  7"' 
=  3  feet,  6  inches,  7  lines,  (d)  In  plans  and 
drawings,  a  mark  similarly  used  after  repeated 
letters  or  figures,  to  indicate  related  or  corre- 
sponding parts,  and  read  as  in  algebra.  See 

above,  («).  =  Syn.  See  emphasis  and  inflection. 
accent  (ak-senf),  V.  t.  [<F.  accenter  =  lt.  ac- 
centure  ;  from  the  noun.  Gt.  accentuate^  1.  To 
express  the  accent  of;  pronounce  or  utter  ■with 
a  particular  stress  or  modulation  of  the  voice  : 
as,  to  accent  a  word  properly. — 2.  To  give  ex- 
pression to ;  utter. 

Congeal'd  with  grief,  can  scarce  implore 
Strength  to  accent.  Here  my  Albertus  lies.     IT.  Wotton. 

3.  To  mark  with  a  written  accent  or  accents : 
as,  to  accent  a  word  in  order  to  indicate  its  pro- 
nfmciation. — 4.  To  emphasize;  dwell  upon; 
accentuate    (which   see) — Accented  letter,  in 

printinfi,  a  letter  marked  with  an  accent.    See  accent,  n., 

3.— Accented  parts  of  a  bar,  in  music,  those  parts  of 

the  bar  on  which  the  stress  falls,  as  the  first  and  third 
parts  of  the  bar  in  common  time. 

accentor  (ak-sen'tor),  n.  [LL.,  one  who  sings 
with  another,  <  accinere,  sing  to  or  with,  <  L. 


Hedge-sparrow  (Accentor  modularis). 


ad,  to,  +  canere,  sing.]  1.  In  mxisic,  one  who 
sings  the  leading  part. —  2.  [F.  accenteur.]  In 
ornith.:  (a)  [cajj.]  A  genus  of  passerine  birds, 
family  jSiytowdfc,  subfamily  Jcce)*tor(«fe.  a.  mod- 
ularis is  the  European  hedge-sparrow,  hedge-warbler, 
shuffle-wing,  or  dumiock.    Bechstein,  180-2.    See  hedcfe- 

sparrow.  (J))  A  name  sometimes  applied  to  the 
golden-crowned  thrush  or  oven-bird,  Siurus 
auricapillus,  a  well-known  passerine  bird  of 
the  United  States,  of  the  family  Sijlvicolidm. 
Coues. 


accept 

Accentorinse  (ak-sen-to-ri'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL 
<  Accentor  + -ina:]    A  subfamily  of  birds,  of 
the  order  Passeres  and  family  Sijlviidw,  inchnl.. 
ing  the  genus  Accentor  (which  see).    G  j; 
Gray,  1840.  "  ' 

accentual  (ak-sen'tu-al),  a.  and  n.  [=It.  acecn- 
tualc,  <  L.  as  if  ''accentual is,  <  accentus,  accent.] 
I.  a.  Pertaining  to  accent ;  rhythmical. 

Diderot's  choice  ot  prose  was  dictated  and  justified  liv 
the  accentual  poverty  of  his  mother- tongue. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  :J42. 
The  term  figurate  which  we  now  employ  to  distin 
guish  florid  from  simple  melody  was  used  to  denote  thai 
which  was  simply  rliytlimical  or  accentual. 

\Y.  Mason,  Essay  on  Church  Music,  p.  2S. 
Accentual  feet, meters,  etc.,  those  in  which  the  rhythmi. 
cal  beat  or  ictus  coincides  with  the  syllaliic  accent  or  stress 
as  in  modern  poetry:  opposed  to  quantitative  feet,  meters 
etc.,  in  which  the  ictus  falls  upon  syllables  literally  Icii 
or  prolonged  in  time,  as  in  ancient  Greek  and  Latin  poetry' 
See  quantity. 

II.  n.    An  accent-mark, 
accentuality  (ak-sen-tu-al'i-ti),  n.   The  qual- 
ity of  being  accentual, 
accentually  (ak-sen'tu-al-i),  adv.    In  an  ac- 
centual manner ;  with  regard  to  accent, 
accentuate  (ak-sen'tu-at),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
accentuated,  ppr.  accentuating.    [<LL.  accen- 
tuatus,  pp.  of  accentuare  (>F.  accentuer  =  ^^. 
acentuar  =zVg.  accentuar  =  lt.  accenttiare),  <L. 
accentus,  accent :  see  accent,  «.]  1.  To  mark  or 
pronounce  with  an  accent  or  with  accents; 
place  an  accent  or  accents  on. —  2.  To  lay  stress 
upon;  emphasize;  give  prominence  to;  mark 
as  of  importance:  as,  he  accentuated  the  •views 
of  the  party  on  this  question. 

Still  more  to  accentuate  this  effusive  welcome  to  a  Turk 
ish  official  in  Turkish  waters. 

Fortnightly  Rev.,  Oct.  13,  1883,  p.  C!i 

accentuated  (ak-sen'tu-a-ted),  p.  a.  Strongly 
marked;  strong;  prominent;  very  distinct; 
as,  accentuated  featiu-es ;  an  accentuated  fault 
of  manner. 

Tlie  diagnostic  value  of  an  accentuated  cardiac  secoml 
sound.  Edin.  Med.  Jour.,  June,  1863. 

accentuation  (ak-sen-tu-a'shon),  [<LL.  ac- 
centuatio(n-),  (.accentuare:  see  accentuate.]  1. 
The  act  of  accentuating  or  of  marking  accent 
or  stress  in  speech  or  writing ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing accented  or  accentuated. —  2.  The  mode  of 
indicating  accent ;  accentual  notation. —  3.  The 
act  of  empliasizing  or  laying  stress ;  a  bring- 
ing into  prominence. 

A  perpetual  straining  after  the  abstract  idea  or  law  of 
change,  the  constant  accentuation,  as  it  is  called,  of  prin- 
ciple in  historical  writing,  invariably  marks  a  narrow  view 
of  truth,  a  want  of  mastery  over  details,  and  a  bias  towards 
foregone  conclusions.  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  III.  518. 

There  is  no  accentuation  of  the  distinctively  feminine 
charms  [of  Athena  in  the  Parthenon  frieze) ;  nay,  fromoue 
aspect  the  head  is  almost  boyisli  in  character. 

Tlie  Century,  XXVII.  179. 

accentus  (ak-sen'tus),  «.  [ML.:  see  accent.] 
In  ancient  church  music,  that  part  of  the  seiTiee 
which  is  sung  or  recited  by  the  priest  and  his 
assistants  at  the  altar,  in  contradistinction  to 
concentus,  the  part  sung  by  the  whole  choir, 
accept  (ak-sepf),  y.  t.  [<ME.  accepten,  <0F. 
accepter,  acepter,  F.  accepter  =  ^1'.  acceptar  = 
Sp.  aceptar  =  Pg.  aceitar=ilt.  accettare,  < L.  ac- 
ceptare,  receive,  a  freq.  of  accipere,  pp.  ac- 
ceplus,  receive,  <  ad,  to,  +  capere,  take:  see  cap- 
tion.] 1 .  To  take  or  receive  (something  offered ) : 
receive  with  approbation  or  favor :  as,  he  made 
an  offer  which  was  accepted. 

Bless,  Lord,  his  substance,  and  accept  the  work  of  his 
hands.  Deut.  x.xxiii.  11. 

If  you  accept  them,  then  their  worth  is  great. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  l. 

2.  To  take  (what  presents  itself  or  what  befalls 
one);  accommodate  one's  self  to:  as,  to  accept  j 
the  situation. 

They  carry  it  off  well,  these  fair  moving  mountains,  ami 
like  all  French  women  accept  franldy  their  natural  for 
tunes.  Eraser's  Maii. 

3.  To  listen  favorably  to ;  grant. 

Sweet  prince,  aci;cp<  their  suit.     SAa/r.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  7. 

4.  To  receive  or  admit  and  agree  to ;  accede  or 
assent  to:  as,  to  accept  a  treaty,  a  proposal,  an 
amendment,  an  excuse:  often  followed  by  of  : 
as,  I  accept  of  the,  terms. 

He  ['Wordsworth]  accepted  the  code  of  freedom  and 
brotherhood  as  he  would  have  accepted  the  proclamation 
of  a  new  and  noble  king  .  .  .  whose  reign  was  to  bring  in 
the  golden  age. 

Mrs.  Oliphant,  Lit.  Hist,  of  19th  Cent.,  I.  vi. 

5.  To  receive  in  a  particular  sense;  understand: 
as,  how  is  this  phrase  to  be  accepted  f — 6.  lu 
com.,  to  acknowledge,  by  signatiu-e,  as  calling  : 
for  payment,  and  thus  to  promise  to  pay:  as,  '\ 


accept 


33 


accession 


to  accept  a  bill  of  exchange,  that  is,  to  acknow- 
ledge the  obligation  to  pay  it  when  due.  See  ac- 
ceptance.— 7.  In  a  deliberative  body,  to  receive 
as  a  sufficient  performance  of  the  duty  with 
which  an  officer  or  a  committee  has  been 
charged ;  receive  for  further  action :  as,  the 
report  of  the  committee  was  accepted.  =  syn.  1. 

Take,  etc.    See  receive. 

icceptt  (ak-sepf),  i?.  a.  [<  ME.  accept,  <  L.  ac- 
ccptus,  pp.  of  aodpere,  accept:  see  accept,  v.'\ 
Accepted. 

In  tyme  accept,  or  wel  plesynge,  I  haue  herd  thee. 

Wyclif,  2  Cor.  vi.  2. 

We  will  sutldenly 
Pass  our  accept  and  peremptory  answer. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 
.(In  the  latter  passage  the  word  has  been  taken  to  mean 
acceptance.] 

acceptability  (ak-sep-ta-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  accept- 
able: see  -bilitij.^  The  quality  of  being  accept- 
able or  agreeable  ;  acceptableness. 
acceptable  (ak-sep'ta-bl,  formerly  ak'sep-ta- 
bl),  a.  [<  ME.  acceptable,  <  L.  acceptabilis,  wor- 
thy of  acceptance,  <  acceptare,  receive :  see 
accept.'\  Capable,  worthy,  or  sure  of  being 
accepted  or  received  with  pleasure;  hence, 
pleasing  to  the  receiver;  gratifying;  agreeable; 
welcome :  as,  an  acceptable  present. 

What  acceptable  audit  canst  thou  leave  ? 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  iv. 
This  woman,  whom  thou  mad'st  to  be  my  help,  .  .  . 
So  fit,  so  acceptable,  so  divine.       Milton,  P.  L. ,  x.  139. 

.cceptableness  (ak-sep'ta-bl-nes),  «,  Same  as 
acceptability. 

.cceptably  (ak-sep'ta-bli),  adv.  In  an  accept- 
able manner;  in  a  maimer  to  please  or  give 
satisfaction. 

Let  us  have  grace,  whereby  we  may  serve  God  accept- 
ably. Heb.  xii.  28. 

cceptance  (ak-sep'tans),  n.  [<  OF.  acceptance: 
see  acceptant.'\  1.  The  act  of  accepting,  or  the 
fact  of  being  accepted,  (a)  The  act  of  taking  or 
receiving  anything  offered ;  a  receiving  with  approbation 
or  satisfaction ;  favorable  reception. 

They  shall  come  up  with  acceptance  on  mine  altar. 

Isa.  Ix.  7. 

Such  with  him  finds  no  acceptance.   Milton,  P.  L. ,  v.  530. 

(6)  The  act  of  receiving  and  assenting  to  something  stated 
or  propounded,  as  a  theory,  etc.  (c)  The  act  of  agreeing 
to  terms  or  proposals,  and  thereby  becoming  bound.  Spe- 
cifically— (l)Intew,  an  agreeing  to  the  oft'er  or  contract  of 
another  by  some  act  which  binds  the  person  in  law.  Thus, 
if  a  person  receiving  an  estate  in  remainder  takes  rent  on 
a  lease  made  by  his  predecessor,  this  is  an  acceptance  of  the 
terras  of  the  lease,  and  binds  the  party  I'eceiving  to  abide 
by  the  terms  of  the  lease.  (2)  In  com. ,  an  engagement,  by  the 
person  on  whom  a  bill  of  exchange  is  drawn,  to  pay  the 
bill :  usually  made  by  the  person  writing  the  word  "  Ac- 
cepted" across  the  bill  and  signing  his  name,  or  simply 
OTiting  his  name  across  or  at  the  end  of  the  bill.  Ac- 
ceptances are  of  three  principal  kinds :  general  or  un- 
qvMlified,  when  no  limiting  or  qualifying  words  are  added  ; 
special,  when  expressed  as  payable  at  some  particular 
bank ;  and  qualified,  when  expressed  to  be  for  a  less  sura 
than  that  for  which  the  bill  was  originally  drawn,  or  when 
some  variation  in  the  time  or  mode  of  payment  is  intro- 
iuced.  Acceptance  supra  protest,  or  for  honor,  is  accept- 
ance by  some  third  person,  after  protest  for  non-accept- 
ance by  the  drawee,  with  the  view  of  saving  the  honor  of 
the  drawer  or  of  some  particular  indorser. 
2.  A  biU  of  exchange  that  has  been  accepted, 
or  the  sum  contained  in  it. —  Sf.  The  sense  in 
which  a  word  or  expression  is  understood ; 
signification ;  meaning ;  acceptation. 

An  assertion  .  .  .  under  the  common  acceptance  of  it 
not  only  false  but  odious.  South. 

Acceptance  with  God,  in  theol.,  forgiveness  of  sins  and 
reception  into  God's  favor.  =  Syn.  Acceptance,  Accept- 
ancy.  Acceptation.    See  acceptation. 

cceptancy  (ak-sep'tan-si),  n.  The  act  of  ac- 
cepting ;  acceptance ;  willingness  to  receive  or 
accept. 

Here's  a  proof  of  gift, 
But  here's  no  proof,  sir,  of  acceptancy. 

Mrs.  Browning^  Aurora  Leigh,  ii.  1057. 

=  Syn.  Acceptancy,  Acceptance,  Acceptation.  See  accep- 
tation. 

cceptant  (ak-sep'tant),  a.  and  n.  [<F.  ac- 
ccptant,  ill.  acceptdn{t-)s,  ppr.  of  acceptare: 
see  accept.l   I.  «•  Receptive.  N.  E.  D. 

II.  n.  1.  One  who  accejits;  an  accepter. 
Specifically— 2.  [mp.]  One  of  the  French  bish- 
ops and  clergy  who  accepted  the  bull  Unigeni- 
tus,  issued  in  1713  by  Pope  Clement  XI.  against 
the  Jansenists. 

cceptation  (ak-sep-ta'shon),  ».    [=Sp.  acep- 

tecio»  =  Pg.  aceita^do  =  li"  accettazione,  <L.  as 
if  *acceptatio(n-),  <  acceptare,  receive:  see  ac- 
cept.'] If.  The  act  of  accepting  or  receiving; 
reception ;  acceptance :  as,  the  acceptation  of  a 
trust. 

All  are  rewarded  with  like  coldness  of  acceptation. 

n  Sir  P.  Sidney. 


2.  The  state  of  being  accepted  or  acceptable; 
favorable  regard ;  hence,  credence ;  belief. 

This  is  a  faitliful  saying,  and  worthy  of  all  acceptation, 
that  Christ  Jesus  came  into  the  world  to  save  siiniers. 

1  Tim.  i.  15. 

Some  things  .  .  .  are  notwithstanding  of  so  great  dig- 
nity and  acceptation  with  God.      Hooker,  Eccles.  Pol.,  ii. 

[Richard  Cromwell]  spake  also  witli  general  acceptation 
and  applause  when  he  made  his  speech  before  the  Parlia- 
ment, even  far  beyond  the  Lord  i'ynes. 

Quoted  by  Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  2C1. 

3.  The  meaning  or  sense  in  which  a  word  or 
statement  is  taken  or  understood:  as,  this  term 
is  to  be  understood  in  its  usual  acceptation. 

Genius  is  a  word  which,  in  common  acceptation,  extends 
much  further  than  to  the  objects  of  taste.  H.  Blair,  Led. 
=  Syn.  Acceptance,  Acceptancy,  Acceptation.  These 
words  have  been  used  interchangeably,  but  there  is  a 
marked  tendency  to  use  acceptance  for  the  act  of  accept- 
ing, and  acceptatimi  for  the  state  of  being  accepted,  accept- 
ancy having  become  rare,  or  being  restricted  to  poetic  use. 

It  is  in  vain  to  stand  out  against  the  full  acceptance  of 
a  word  which  is  supported  by  so  much  and  so  respectable 
authority.        Whitney,  Lang,  and  Study  of  Lang.,  p.  41. 

To  reanimate  this  drooping  but  Divine  truth  of  human 
regeneration,  by  lifting  it  out  of  its  almost  wholly  lapsed 
and  lifeless  —  because  merely  ritual  —  private  acceptation, 
and  giving  it  a  grander  public  application. 

H.  James,  Subs,  and  Shad.,  p.  154. 

accepted  (ak-sep'ted),  p.  a.  1.  Acceptable; 
chosen;  appointed. 

Behold,  now  is  the  accepted  time;  behold,  now  is  the 
day  of  salvation.  2  Cor.  vi.  2. 

2.  In  com.,  received  or  acknowledged  as  bind- 
ing: often  abbreviated  to  a.  or  A.  See  accepts 
ance,  1  (c)  (2). 
accepter  (ak-sep'ter),  n.  1.  A  person  who  ac- 
cepts. Specifically,  in  com.,  the  person  who  accepts  a 
bill  of  exchange  so  as  to  bind  himself  to  pay  the  sum  speci- 
fied in  it.  [In  this  specific  sense  most  frequently  written 
acceptor  (which  see).] 

2t.  One  who  favors  unduly ;  a  respecter. 

God  is  no  accepter  of  persons  ;  neither  riches  nor  poverty 
are  a  means  to  procure  his  favour. 

Chillingworth,  Sermons,  iii.  §  33. 

acceptilate  (ak-sep'ti-lat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

acceptilated,  ppr.  accepjtilating.  [<  acceptila- 
tioH.']  To  discharge  (a  debt)  by  acceptila- 
tion. 

acceptilation  (ak-sep-ti-la'shon),  n.    [<  L.  ac- 

ceptilatio(n-),  also  written  separately  accepti 
latio{n-),  a  foi'mal  discharging  from  a  debt,  lit. 
a  bearing  of  a  receipt:  accepti,  gen.  of  accep- 
tum,  a  receipt,  pp.  neut.  of  accipere,  receive 
(see  accept,  v.);  latio{n-),  a  bearing,  <  latus,  pp., 
associated  with  /m'e  =  E.  bear^:  see  ablative, 
and  cf.  legislation.']  1.  In  civil  and  Scots  law, 
the  verbal  extinction  of  a  verbal  contract, 
with  a  declaration  that  the  debt  has  been  paid 
when  it  has  not,  or  the  acceptance  of  some- 
thing merely  imaginary  in  satisfaction  of  a  ver- 
bal contract.  Wharton.  Hence — 2t.  In  theol., 
the  free  forgiveness  of  sins  by  God,  for  Christ's 

sake.  The  word  (acceptilatio)  was  used  by  Duns  Scotus, 
in  whose  writings  it  first  appears  as  a  theological  term,  to 
signify  the  doctrine  that  God  accepts  the  sufferings  of 
Christ  as  a  satisfaction  to  justice,  though  in  strictness 
they  are  not  so,  as  opposed  to  the  notion  that  Christ's 
sufferings  were  infinite,  and  therefore  a  full  and  actual 
satisfaction  for  the  sins  of  mankind. 

Our  justification  which  comes  by  Christ  is  by  imputa- 
tion and  acceptilation,  by  grace  and  favour. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Ans.  to  Bp.  of  Rochester. 

acceptiont  (ak-sep'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  accepcioun, 
<0F.  acce/jiiow  =  Sp.  acepcion  —  Vg.  accepgao, 
<  L.  acceptio{n-),  <  accix^ere,  receive :  see  accept.] 

1.  Acceptation. 

The  diverse  acceptiom  of  words  which  the  schoolmen 
call  suppositions  ertect  no  homonymy. 

Burgersdicius,  trans,  by  a  Gentleman,  I.  xxvi.  12. 
That  this  hath  been  esteemed  the  due  and  proper  ac- 
ception  of  this  word,  I  shall  testify. 

Hammond,  Fundamentals. 

2.  The  act  of  favoring  unequally ;  preference. 

For  accepcioims  of  persoones,  that  is,  to  putte  oon  bi- 
fore  another  withoute  desert,  is  not  anentis  God. 

Wyclif,  Rom.  ii.  11. 

accepti'Vet  (ak-sep'tiv),  a.    Ready  to  accept. 
The  people  generally  are  very  acceptive  and  apt  to  ap- 
plaud any  meritable  work. 

B.  Jonson,  Case  is  Altered,  ii.  7. 

acceptor  Cak-sep'tor  or  -ter),  n.  [After  L.  ac- 
ceptor, one  who  receives,  <  accipere,  receive : 
see  accept,  v.]     Same  as  accepter,  but  more 

frequent  in  commercial  and  legal  use  Acceptor 

supra  protest,  a  person,  not  a  party  to  a  Ijill  of  exchange 
which  has  been  protested,  who  accepts  it  for  the  honor  of 
the  drawer  or  of  an  indorser,  thereby  agreeing  to  pay  it  if 
the  drawee  does  not. 

acceptress  (ak-sep'tres),  «.  A  female  acceptor. 
[Rare.] 

accerset  (ak-sers'),  t-  [<L.  accersere,  com- 
monly arcessere  (prefix  ar-,  <  ad-,  to),  summon, 
cause  to  come,  <  accedere,  come :  see  accede.] 


To  call  out  or  forth ;  siunmon,  as  an  army. 
Hall.  [Rare.] 
access  (ak'ses,  formerly  ak-ses'),  n.    [<  ME. 
acces,  aksis,  axes  (nearly  always  in  sense  .5), 

<  OF.  acces  (also  spelled  aces,  accx,  aches,  axccs), 
approach,  attack,  F.  acce.s  =  Sp.  acce.yo  =  Pg. 
It.  accesso,  <  L.  accessus,  approach,  passage,  in- 
crease, <  accedere,  go  to:  see  accede.]  1.  A 
coming  to ;  near  approach ;  admittance ;  admis- 
sion :  as,  to  gain  access  to  a  prince. 

We  are  denied  access  unto  his  person. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  1. 

2.  Means  of  approach  or  admission;  way  of 
entrance  or  passage  to  anything:  as,  the  access 
is  through  a  massive  door  or  a  long  corridor,  or 
by  a  neck  of  land. 

All  access  was  throng'd.  Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  7C1. 

Then  closed  her  access  to  the  wealthier  farms. 

l'e7inyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

3.  Admission  to  sexual  intercourse. 

During  coverture  access  of  the  husband  shall  be  pre- 
sumed, unless  the  contrary  be  shown.  Blackstone. 

4.  Addition;  increase;  accession. 

I,  from  the  influence  of  thy  looks,  receive 
Access  in  every  virtue.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  310. 

5.  The  attack  or  return  of  a  fit  or  paroxysm  of 
disease,  as  of  a  fever;  accession. 

Every  wight  gan  waxen  for  accesse 
A  leche  anon.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1578. 

The  first  access  looked  like  an  apoplexy. 

Bp.  Burnet,  Hist,  of  Own  Times. 
The  most  efficient  and  certain  means  for  stimulating  the 
cerebral  cortex,  in  order  to  provoke  an  epileptic  access, 
is  electrization.  Alien,  and  Meurol.,  VI.  8. 

6.  The  approach  of  the  priest  to  the  altar  for 
the  purpose  of  celebrating  the  eucharist. — 7. 
In  canon  law,  a  right  to  a  certain  benefice  at 
some  future  time,  now  in  abeyance  through 
lack  of  required  age  or  some  other  conditions : 
if  in  abeyance  through  actual  possession  of 
another,  it  is  equivalent  to  the  right  of  succes- 
sion. See  coadjutor,  ingress  is  a  right,  in  virtue  of 
some  previous  stipulation,  to  a  benefice  resigned  before 
entered  upon ;  regress,  to  a  benefice  actually  renounced. 
The  Council  of  Trent  and  succeeding  popes  abolished 
such  titles,  as  tending  to  make  benefices  hereditary  ;  since 
then  they  have  existed  in  Roman  Catholic  countries  only 
in  particular  instances  and  by  a  special  pontifical  privilege. 
—  Prayer  of  humble  access,  a  prayer  said  by  the  cele- 
brant in  his  own  behalf  and  in  that  of  the  people  before 
communicating.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  and  Greek  litur- 
gies it  is  used  shortly  before  the  communion  of  the  priest. 
In  the  present  Book  of  Common  Prayer  it  precedes  the 
Consecration. 

accessarily,  accessariness,  etc.  See  accesso- 

rily,  accessoriness,  etc. 

accessary  (ak-ses'a-ri  or  ak'ses-a-ri),  n.    [<  L. 

as  if  *accessarius,  <  accessus,  access:  see  access. 
Now  mixed  with  accessory,  a.  and  n.  Strictly 
the  noun  (a  person)  should  be  accessary,  the 
adj.  (and  noun,  a  thing)  accessory;  but  the  dis- 
tinction is  too  fine  to  be  maiutaitied.  See  -ary, 
-ory.]    Same  as  accessory. 

accessibility  (ak-ses-i-b'il'i-ti),  n.  [=F.  ac- 
cessibilite  =  It.  accessibilita ,  <  LL.  accessibili- 
tfi(t-)s,  (.accessibilis,  accessible:  see  accessible.] 
The  condition  or  quality  of  being  accessible,  or 
of  admitting  approach. 

accessible  (ak-ses'i-bl),  a.  [=F.  accessible  = 
Sp.  accesible  =  Pg.  accessirel  =  It.  accessibile, 

<  LL.  accessibilis,  accessible,  <  L.  accessus,  pp.  of 
accedere,  go  to,  approach :  see  accede.  ]  Capa- 
ble of  being  approached  or  reached;  easy  of 
access ;  approachable ;  attainable :  as,  an  ac- 
cessible town  or  mountain ;  the  place  is  accessi- 
ble by  a  concealed  path. 

JVIost  frankly  accessifife,  most  affable,  .  .  .  most  sociable. 

Barrow,  Works,  I.  260. 
Proofs  accessible  to  all  the  world. 

Buckle,  Hist.  Civilization,  I.  i. 

accessibly  (ak-ses'i-bli),  adv.  In  an  accessi- 
ble manner  ;  so  as  to  be  accessible. 

accession  (ak-sesh'on), )(.  [=  F.  accession,  <  OF. 
accessioun  =  Sp.  accesion  =  Pg.  acce.ssao  =  It, 
accessione,  <  L,  accessio{n-),  a  going  to,  an  ap- 
proach, attack,  increase,  <  accessus,  pp.  of  ac- 
cedere, go  to:  see  accede.]  1.  A  coining,  as 
into  the  possession  of  a  right  or  station ;  attain- 
ment; entrance;  induction:  as.  the  acccs.iion 
of  the  people  to  political  power,  or  to  the  ballot ; 
accession  to  an  estate,  or  to  the  throne. 

The  king,  at  his  accession,  takes  an  oath  to  maintain  all 
the  rights,  liberties,  franchises,  and  customs,  wTitten  or 
unwritten.  J.  Adams,  M  orks,  IV.  376. 

2.  The  act  of  acceding,  as  by  assent  or  agree- 
ment ;  consent ;  junction ;  adhesion :  as,  acces- 
sion to  a  demand  or  proposal ;  their  accession 
to  the  party  or  confederacy  was  a  great  gain. 

Declaring  their  acquiescence  in  and  access-ion  to  tha 
determiiiation  made  by  Congress. 

S.  Williarm,  Hist.  Vermont,  p.  283.   (N.  E.  D.) 


accession 


34 


accidental 


3.  Increase  by  sometliing  added ;  that  which 
is  added ;  augmentation ;  addition :  as,  an  ac- 
cession of  wealth,  ten-itory,  or  numbers. 

The  only  accession  which  the  Roman  Empire  received 
was  the  i)rovince  of  Britain.  Gibbon. 

Tlie  yule  log  drew  an  unusually  large  accession  of  guests 
around  the  Christmas  hearth. 

Barhain,  lugoMsby  Legends,  I.  17. 
The  ship  brought  but  twenty  passengers,  and  quenched 
all  hope  of  immediate  accessions. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  285. 

4.  In  law,  a  mode  of  acquiring  property,  by 
which  the  owner  of  a  corporeal  substance 
which  receives  an  addition  by  growth  or  by  the 
application  of  labor  has  a  right  to  the  thing 
added  or  to  the  improvement,  as  an  addition 
to  a  house  made  by  a  tenant  under  an  ordinary 
lease.— 5.  In  med.,  the  attack,  approach,  or 
commencement  of  a  disease;  access. — 6.  In 
the  election  of  a  pope,  the  transference  of  votes 
fi-om  one  candidate  to  another,  when  the  scru- 
tiny has  not  resulted  in  a  choice.  The  oppor- 
tunity of  doing  this  is  called  an  accessit  (which 

see). — Deed  of  accession,  in  Scots  lau\  a  deed  executed 
by  the  creditors  of  a  bankrupt,  by  which  they  approve  of 
a  trust  given  by  their  debtor  for  the  general  behoof,  and 
bind  themselves  to  concur  in  the  plans  proposed  for  extri- 
cating his  affairs.  =  Syn.  2.  Consent,  compliance,  assent, 
acquiescence.— 3.  Increase,  addition,  increment,  exten- 
sion, augmentation. 

accessibnal  (ak-sesh'on-al),  n.  [=Pg.  acces- 
sional,  <  L.  as  if  ^accessionalis :  see  accession.l 
Consisting  in  or  due  to  accession;  giving  in- 
crease or  enlargement ;  additional. 

The  specific  and  accessional  perfections  wliich  the  Im- 
man  understanding  derives  from  it.  Coleridge. 

I  regard  that,  rather,  as  a  superinduced,  collateral,  ac- 
cessional  fame,  a  necessity  of  greatness. 

B.  Ckoate,  Addresses,  p.  522. 

accessit  (ak-ses'it),  n.  [L.,  he  has  come  near, 
3d  pers.  sing,  perf .  ind.  of  accederc,  to  come  to  or 
near:  see  accede.]  1.  In  English  and  other  col- 
leges, a  certificate  or  prize  awarded  to  a  stu- 
dent of  second  (or  lower)  merit:  as,  second 
accessit,  third,  fourth,  etc.,  accessit. —  2.  In  the 
election  of  a  pope,  an  opportunity  given  the 
members  of  the  conclave,  after  each  ballot,  to 
revise  their  votes. 

Every  morning  a  ballot  is  cast,  followed  in  the  evening 
by  an  "  accessit"  ;  that  is,  if  the  morning  ballot  has  led  to 
no  result,  any  of  the  electors  is  allowed  to  transfer  his 
vote  to  that  one  of  the  candidates  whom  he  can  expect 
thereby  to  get  elected.         Schaff-Herzog,  Encyc,  I.  521. 

accessivet  (ak-ses'iv),  a.  [<  ML.  accessivus 
(rare,  and  special  sense  uncertain,  but  lit. '  ad- 
ditional'), <  L.  accessus,  addition:  see  access.'] 
Additional ;  contributory. 

God  "  opened  the  eyes  of  one  that  was  born  blind"  and 
had  increased  this  csecity  by  his  own  accessive  and  exces- 
sive wickedness.  Bev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  II.  379. 

accessorial  (ak-se-so'ri-al),  a.  Pertaining  to 
an  accessory :  as,  accessorial  agency. 

Mere  accessorial  guilt  was  not  enough  to  convict  him. 

R.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  265. 

accessorily  (ak-ses'o-ri-li  or  ak'se-so-ri-li),  adv. 
In  the  manner  of  an  accessory;  not  as  princi- 
pal, but  as  a  subordinate  agent.    Also  written 

accessarily. 

accessoriness  (ak-ses'o-ri-nes  or  ak'se-so-ri- 

nes),  n.  The  state  of  being  accessory,  or  of 
being  or  acting  as  an  accessory.  Also  written 
accessariness. 

accessorius  (ak-se-s6'ri-us),  a.  and  n. ;  pi.  acces- 
sorii  (-i).  [ML.:  see  accessory.]  In  a«ai.,  ac- 
cessory, or  an  accessory.  Applied  — (a)  To  several 
muscles :  as,  musculus  accessorius  ad  sacro-lumbalem, 
the  accessory  muscle  of  the  sacro-lumbalis,  passing,  in 
man,  by  successive  slips,  from  tlie  six  lower  to  the  six 
upper  ribs  ;  accessorii  orbicularis  superiores,  accessorii 
orbicularis  inferiores,  certain  superior  and  inferior  addi- 
tional or  accessory  muscular  fibers  of  the  orbicularis  oris 
muscle  of  man ;  flexor  accessorius,  the  accessory  flexor  of 
the  sole  of  the  foot  of  man,  arising  by  two  heads  from  the 
OS  calcis  or  heel-bone,  and  inserted  into  the  tendon  of 
the  long  flexor  of  the  toes  (flexor  longus  digitorum).  (b) 
To  the  eleventh  pair  of  cranial  nerves,  also  called  the 
spinal  accessory  nerves.  They  give  filaments  to  the  vagus, 
and  imiervate  the  sterno-mastoid  and  trapezius  muscles. 

accessory  (ak-ses'o-ri  or  ak'se-so-ri),  a.  and  n. 
I—  F.  accessoire  ='Sp.  accesorio  =  Pg.  It.  acces- 
sorio,  <  ML.  accessorius,  <  L.  acccssws,  pp.  of  ac- 
cedere :  see  accede,  and  cf .  accessary.]  1.  a.  1 .  (Of 
persons.)  Acceding;  contributing;  aifling  in 
producing  some  effect,  or  acting  in  subordina- 
tion to  the  principal  agent :  usually  in  a  bad 
sense  :  as,  accessory  to  a  felony.  Technically, 
in  law,  it  implies  aiding  without  being  present 
at  the  act. — 2.  (Of  things.)  (a)  Contributing  to 
a  general  effect ;  aiding  in  certain  acts  or  effects 
in  a  secondary  manner;  belonging  to  something 
else  as  principal ;  accompanying :  as,  accessory 
sounds  in  music;  accessory  muscles.  (6)  Ad- 
ditional, or  of  the  nature  of  an  appendage:  as, 


accessory  buds  are  developed  by  the  side  of  or 
above  the  normal  axillary  bud — Accessory  action, 

in  Scots  law,  an  action  in  some  degree  subservient  or  an- 
cillary to  another  action.— Accessory  contract,  one 
made  for  the  purpose  of  assuring  the  performance  of  a 
prior  contract,  either  by  the  same  i)!U  ties  or  by  otliers, 
such  as  a  suretyship,  a  mortgage,  or  a  pledge.  Bouoier.— 
Accessory  disk,  the  thin,  slightly  dim,  and  anisotropous 
disk  seen  near  tlie  intermediate  disk  in  certain  forms 
and  conditions  of  striated  nuiscle-fibers. — Accessory 
fruits,  those  fruits  a  considerable  portion  of  whose  sub- 
stance'is  distinct  from  the  seed-vessel  and  formed  of  the 
accrescent  and  succulent  calyx,  or  torus,  or  receptacle, 
bracts,  etc.— Accessory  muscles.  See  accmoW«s.— Ac- 
cessory Ohligation,  an  obligation  incidental  or  subor- 
dinate to  another  obligation.  Thus,  an  obligation  for  the 
regular  payment  of  interest  is  accessor;/  to  the  obligation 
to  pay  the  principal ;  a  mortgage  to  secure  payment  of 
a  bondis  accesOTJ-i/ to  the  bond.- Accessory  valves,  in 


Pholas  chUiji?isis,  bhovving  Accessory  Valves  [a  a). 


zoiil.,  small  additional  valves,  as  those  placed  near  the 
umbones  of  the  genus  Pholas  among  moUusks. —  Spinal 
accessory  nerves,  in  anat.,  the  eleventh  pair  of  cranial 
nerves.  See  accessorius. 

II.  n.;  i>l.  accessories  (-riz).  1.  In  laWj  one 
who  is  guilty  of  a  felony,  not  by  committing 
the  offense  in  person  or  as  a  principal,  nor  by 
being  present  at  its  commission,  but  by  being 
in  some  other  way  concerned  therein,  as  by  ad- 
\dsing  or  inciting  another  to  commit  the  crime, 
or  by  concealing  the  offender  or  in  any  way 
helping  him  to  escape  punishment.  An  accessor!/ 
before  the  fact  is  one  who  counsels  or  incites  another  to 
commit  a  felony,  and  who  is  not  present  when  the  act  is 
done ;  ajter  the  fact,  one  who  receives  and  conceals,  or  in 
any  way  assists,  the  offender,  knowing  him  to  have  com- 
mitted a  felony.  In  high  treason  and  misdemeanor,  by 
English  law,  there  are  no  accessories,  all  implicated  being 
treated  as  principals.   See  abetter. 

An  accessory  is  one  who  participates  in  a  felony  too  re- 
motely to  be  deemed  a  principal.  Bishop. 

In  that  state  [Massachusetts],  too,  the  aider  and  abettor, 
who  at  common  law  would  have  been  but  a  mere  acces- 
sory, may  be  indicted  and  convicted  of  a  substantive 
felony,  without  any  regard  to  the  indictment  or  conviction 
of  the  principal.  Am.  Cyc,  I.  58. 

The  prevailing  rule  of  the  criminal  law,  that  there  may 
be  principals  and  accessories  to  a  crime,  has  no  applica- 
tion whatever  to  treason.  Am.  Cyc,  XV.  851. 

2.  That  which  accedes  or  belongs  to  some- 
thing else  as  its  principal ;  a  Subordinate  part 
or  object ;  an  accompaniment. 

The  wealth  of  both  Indies  seems  in  great  part  but  an 
accessary  to  the  command  of  the  sea.  Bacon,  Essays,  xxix. 
Tlie  aspect  and  accessories  of  a  den  of  banditti.  Carlyle. 

3.  In  the^we  arte,  an  object  represented  which 
is  not  a  main  motive  or  center  of  interest,  but 
is  introduced  to  balance  the  composition  or  in 
some  way  enhance  its  artistic  effectiveness. 

In  a  portrait,  for  example,  everything  but  the  figure  is  an 
accessory. 

In  painting  the  picture  of  an  Oriental,  the  pipe  and  the 
coffee-cup  are  indispensable  accessories. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  178. 
[In  all  uses  interchangeable  with  accessary,  but 
accessory  is  more  common.]  =  Sjm.  1.  Abetter,  ac- 
complice. See  the  definitions  of  these  words, 
acciaccatura (at-chak-ka-to'ra), »i.  [It.;  lit.,  the 
effect  of  crushing,  <  acciaccare,  bruise,  crush, 
<  acciare,  mince,  hash,  <  accia,  an  ax,  <  L.  ascia, 
an  ax:  see  ax^.]  In  music:  (a)  A  grace-note 
one  half  step  below  a  principal  note,  struck  at 
the  same  time  with  the  principal  note  and  im- 
mediately left,  while  the  latter  is  held.  Before  a 
single  note  it  is  indicated  in  the  same  manner  as  the  short 
appoggiatura  ;  before  a  note  of  a  chord  it  is  indicated  by 


Written. 

1  ^- 

Played. 

 ^  

a  stroke  drawn  through  the  chord  imder  the  note  to 
which  it  belongs.  It  is  now  used  only  in  organ-music. 
(&)  More  frequently,  a  short  appoggiatura.  See 
appoggiatura. 

accidence!  (ak'si-dens),  «.  [A  misspelling  of 
accidents,  pi.,  or  an  aecom.  of  L.  accidentia, 
neut.  pi.,  as  accidence^  of  L.  accidentia,  fem. 
sing. :  see  accident,  6.]  1.  That  part  of  gram- 
mar which  treats  of  the  accidents  or  inflection 
of  words ;  a  small  book  containing  the  rudi- 
ments of  grammar. 

I  .  .  ,  never  yet  did  learn  mine  accidence. 

John  Taylor  (the  Water-Poet). 


We  carried  an  accidence,  or  a  grammar,  for  form. 

Lamb,  Christ's  Hospital. 
Hence — 2.  The  rudiments  of  any  subject. 

The  poets  who  were  just  then  learning  the  accidence 
of  their  art.        Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  162. 

accidence^!  (ak'si-dens),  n.  [<  ME.  accidence, 
<  OF.  accidence,  <  Ij.  accidentia,  a  chance,  a 
casual  event,  <  acciden{t-)s,  ppr.  of  accidere, 
happen :  see  accident.]  A  fortuitous  circum- 
stance ;  an  accident. 

accident  (ak'si-dent),  n.  [<ME.  accident,  <  OP. 
accident,  F.  accident  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  accidente,  < 
L.  acciden{t-)s,  an  accident,  chance,  misfor- 
tune, prop.  ppr.  of  accidere,  fall  upon,  befall, 
happen,  chance,  <  ad,  to,  upon,  -t-  cadere,  fall: 
see  cadence,  case^,  and  chance.]  1.  In  general, 
anything  that  happens  or  begins  to  be  without 
design,  or  as  an  unforeseen  effect ;  that  which 
falls  out  by  chance ;  a  fortuitous  event  or  cir- 
cumstance. 

The  story  of  my  life. 
And  the  particular  accidents  gone  by, 
Since  I  came  to  this  isle.       Shak.,  Tempest,  v.  1. 
Wlienever  words  tumble  out  under  the  blindest  acci- 
dents of  the  moment,  those  are  the  words  retained. 

De  Quincey,  Style,  i. 

2.  Specifically,  an  undesirable  or  unfortunate 
happening ;  an  imdesigned  harm  or  injury ;  a 
casualty  or  mishap,  in  legal  iise,  an  accident  is:  (a) 
An  event  happening  without  the  concurrence  of  the  will 
of  the  person  by  whose  agency  it  was  caused.  It  differs 
from  mistake,  in  that  the  latter  always  supposes  the 
operation  of  the  will  of  the  agent  in  producing  the  event, 
although  that  will  is  caused  by  erroneous  impressions  on 
the  mind.  Edw.  Livingston.  See  mistake,  (b)  Sometimes, 
in  a  loose  sense,  any  event  that  takes  place  without  one's 
foresight  or  expectation,  (c)  Specifically,  in  equity  prac- 
tice, an  event  which  is  not  the  result  of  personal  negli- 
gence or  misconduct. 

3.  The  operation  of  chance  ;  an  undesigned 
contingency :  a  happening  without  intentional 
causation ;  chance  ;  fortune :  as,  it  was  the  re- 
sult of  accident;  I  was  there  by  accident. 

Prizes  of  accident  as  oft  as  merit. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iii.  3. 
All  of  them,  in  his  opinion,  owe  their  being  to  fate,  acci- 
dent, or  the  blind  action  of  stupid  matter.  Dwight. 
4t.  That  which  exists  or  occurs  abnormally; 
something  unusual  or  phenomenal ;  an  uncom- 
mon occurrence  or  appearance. 

Noon  accident  for  noon  adversitee 
Was  seyn  in  her.      Chaucer,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  607. 
The  accident  was  loud,  and  here  before  thee 
With  rueful  cry.  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1552. 

5.  Irregularity  ;  imevenness  ;  abruptness,  (a) 
Any  chance,  unexpected,  or  unusual  quality  or  circum- 
stance. 

The  happy  accidents  of  old  English  houses. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Portraits  of  Places,  p.  262. 
(6)  An  irregularity  of  surface  ;  an  undulation :  as,  the 
enemy  was  favored  by  the  accideiits  of  the  ground. 

6.  A  non-essential.  In  logic  (translation  of  Gr.  o-ujui- 
^eprjKds)  :  (a)  Any  predicate,  mark,  character,  or  whatever 
is  in  a  subject  or  inheres  in  a  substance  :  in  this  sense 
opposed  to  substance,  (b)  A  character  which  may  be 
present  in  or  absent  from  a  member  of  a  natural  class:  in 
this  sense  it  is  one  of  the  five  predlcables,  viz.,  genus,  dif- 
ference, species,  property,  accident.  Accidents  are  divided 
into  separable  and  inseparable.  The  distinction  between 
an  inseparable  accident  and  a  property  is  not  clear. 

If  two  or  three  hundred  men  are  to  be  found  who  can- 
not live  out  of  Madeira,  that  inability  would  still  be  an 
accident  and  a  peculiarity  of  each  of  them. 

J.  H.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  83. 

7.  In  gram,.,  a  variation  or  inflection  of  a  word, 
not  essential  to  its  primary  signification,  but 
marking  a  modification  of  its  relation,  as  gen- 
der, number,  and  case.    See  accidence^. 

[In  Malay]  the  noun  has  no  accidents. 

It.  N.  Cust,  Mod.  Langs.  E.  Ind.,  p.  134. 

Chapter  of  accidents.  See  chapter.— ConveTsion  by 
accident.  See  conversion.— 'E&cieni  cause  by  acci- 
dent. See  cause.- Fallacy  Of  accident.  See  fallacy. 
=  Syn.  1.  Chance,  mischance,  hap,  mishap,  fortune,  mis- 
fortune, luck,  bad  luck,  casualty,  calamity,  disaster.— 6. 
Property,  Attribute,  etc.    See  quality. 

accidental  (ak-si-den'tal),  a.  and  n.  [=F. 

accidentel  =  7v.  Sp.  Pg.  accidentals  It.  acci- 
dentale,  <ML.  accidentalis,  <L.  acciden(t-)s,  an 
rfccident,  chance :  see  accident.]  1,  a.  1.  Hap- 
pening by  chance  or  accident,  or  unexpectedly ; 
taking  place  not  according  to  the  usual  course 
of  things;  casual;  fortuitous;  unintentional: 
as,  an  accidental  meeting. —  2.  Non-essential; 
not  necessarily  belonging  to  the  subject ;  ad- 
ventitious :  as,  songs  are  accidental  to  a  play. 
Of  your  philosophy  you  make  no  use, 
If  vou  give  place  to  accidental  evils. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iv.  3. 

Accidental  being.    See  being.— Accidental  colors, 

in  optics,  prismatic  complementary  colors  seen  when  the 
eye  is  turned  suddenly  to  a  white  or  light-colored  surface, 
after  it  has  been  fixed  for  a  time  on  a  brigl it-colored  ob- 
ject. If  the  object  is  blue,  the  accidental  color  is  yeUow : 
if  red,  green,  etc  Thus,  if  welook  fixedly  at  a  red  waferona 
piece  of  white  paper,  and  then  turn  the  eye  to  another  part 
of  the  paper,  a  green  spot  is  seen.— Accidental  definl- 


accidental 

tlon,  a  description.— Accidental  distinction,  in  logic, 
one  which  does  not  concern  the  definitions  of  tlie  objects 
distingnislied.— Accidental  error,  in  physics.   See  error. 

—Accidental  form.  See  /ocm.— Accidental  light,  in 

painting,  a  secondary  liglit  which  is  not  accounted  for  by 
the  prevalent  effect,  such  as  the  rays  of  the  sun  darting 
tlirough  a  cloud,  or  between  the  leaves  of  a  thicket,  or 
the  effects  of  moonlight,  candle-light,  or  burning  bodies,  in 
a  scene  which  does  not  owe  its  chief  light  to  such  a  som-ce. 
—Accidental  point,  in  persp. ,  that  point  in  which  a  right 
line  drawn  from  the  eye  parallel  to  another  given  right 
line  cuts  the  picture  or 
plane.  Thus,  suppose 
AB  to  be  the  line  given 
in  perspective,  CFE  the 
perspective  plane,  D  the 
eye,  DC  the  line  parallel 
to  AB ;  then  is  C  the  ac- 
cidental point.  =  Syn. 
1.  Accidental,  Chance, 
Casual,  Fortuitous,  In- 


35 

accidentalness  (ak-si-den'tal-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  accidental  or  'fortuitous. 

All  that  accidentalness  and  mixture  of  extravagance  and 
penury  whicli  is  the  natural  atmosphere  of  such  reckless 
^mi\s.  Mrs.  Oliphant,  Sheridan,  p. 


Accidental  Point. 


cidental,  Contingent.  The  first  four  are  the  words  most 
commonly  used  to  express  occurrence  without  expectation 
or  design.  Accidental  is  the  most  common,  and  expresses 
that  which  happens  outside  of  the  regular  course  of  events. 
Change  has  about  the  same  force  as  accidental,  but  it  is  not 
used  predicatively.  There  is  a  tendency  to  desynonymize 
accidental  and  casual,  so  as  to  make  the  former  apply  to 
events  that  are  of  more  consequence :  as,  an  accidental 
fall ;  a  casual  reinark.  As  to  actual  connection  with  the 
main  course  of  events,  casual  is  the  word  most  opposed  to 
incidental;  the  connection  of  what  is  incidental  is  real  and 
necessary,  but  secondary :  as,  an  incidental  benefit  or  evil. 
An  incidental  remark  is  a  real  part  of  a  discussion ;  a.  casual 
remark  is  not.  Fortuitous  is  rather  a  learned  word,  not 
applicable  in  many  cases  where  accidental  or  even  casual 
could  be  used ;  perhaps  through  its  resemblance  to  fortu- 
nate, it  is  rarely  if  ever  used  when  speaking  of  that  which 
is  unfavorable  or  undesired  ;  thus,  it  would  not  be  proper 
to  speak  of  a.  .fortuitous  shipwreck.  It  is  chiefly  used  with 
the  more  abstract  words  :  as,  fortuitous  events;  a. fortui- 
tous resemblance.  That  which  is  contingent  is  dependent 
upon  sometliing  else  for  its  happening  :  as,  his  recovery  is 
contingent  upon  the  continuance  of  mild  weather.  See 
occasional. 

Thy  sin's  not  accidental,  but  a  trade. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 
But  let  it  not  be  such  as  that 
You  set  before  cAance-comers. 

Tennyson,  Will  Waterproof. 
No  casual  mistress,  but  a  wife. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam. 
Fortuitous   coincidences  of  sound,  ...  in  words  of 
wholly  independent  derivation. 

Whitney,  Lang,  and  Study  of  Lang.,  p.  387. 
By  some  persons  religious  duties  appear  to  be  regarded 
as  an  incidental  business.  j.  Rogers. 

With  an  infinite  being  nothing  can  be  contingent. 

Paley. 

II.  «.  1.  Anything  happening,  occurring,  or 
appearing  accidentally,  or  as  if  accidentally; 
a  casualty.  Specifically  —  (a)  In  music,  a  sign  occurring 
m  the  course  of  a  piece  of  music  and  altering  the  pitch  of 
the  note  before  which  it  is  placed  from  t*lie  pitch  indicated 
by  the  signature,  or  restoring  it  to  the  latter  after  it  has 
undergone  such  alteration.  There  are  five  such  signs  ■  the 
sharp  (J),  double  sharp  ( x ),  flat  Q,),  double  flat  (bb),  and  nat- 
ural (fl).  The  sharp  raises  the  pitch  a  half  step,  the  double 
sharp  a  whole  step ;  the  flat  lowers  the  pitch  a  half  step 
the  double  flat  a  whole  step ;  the  natural  annuls  the  effect 
of  a  previous  sharp  or  flat  occurring  either  in  the  signature 
or  as  an  accidental.  The  effect  of  an  accidental  is  usually 
limited  to  the  bar  in  which  it  occurs.  (6)  In  7ned  tissue 
resulting  from  morbid  action :  chiefly  employed  in  this 
sense  by  French  writers,  but  adopted  by  some  English 
authors  (c)  In  painting,  a  fortuitous  or  chance  effect  re- 
sulting from  the  incidence  of  luminous  rays  or  accidental 
lights  upon  certain  objects,  whereby  the  latter  are  brought 
into  greater  emphasis  of  light  and  shadow. 
2.  An  unessential  property ;  a  mere  adjunct  or 
circumstance. 

He  conceived  it  just  that  accidentals  .  .  .  should  sink 
with  the  substance  of  the  accusation.  Fuller. 

Conceive  as  much  as  you  can  of  the  essentials  of  any 
subject,  before  you  consider  its  accidentals.  Watts,  Logic. 

accidentalism  (ak-si-den'tal-lzm),  n.  1.  The 
condition  or  quality  of  being  accidental ;  acci- 
dental character.—  2.  That  which  is  acciden- 
tal; accidental  effect;  specifically,  in  painting, 
the  effect  produced  by  accidental  rays  of  light. 
Ruskin.  See  accidental,  n.,  1  (c),  and  acciden- 
tal light,  under  accidental,  a.— 3.  In  med.,  the 
hypothesis  by  which  disease  is  regarded  as  an 
accidental  modification  of  health.  Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

accidentalist  (ak-si-den'tal-ist),  n.  In  mod.,  one 
who  favors  accidentalism.    Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

accidentality  (ak'si-den-tal'l-ti),  ».  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  accidental ;  accidental  char- 
acter. 

I  wish  in  short  to  connect  by  a  moral  copula  natural 
mstory  with  political  history,  or,  in  other  words,  to  make 
nistory  scientific,  and  science  historical  —  to  take  from 
mstory  its  accidentality,  and  from  science  its  fatalism. 

Coleridge,  Table-Talk. 

accidentally  (ak-si-den'tal-i),  adv.  In  an  acci- 
dental manner;  by  chance;  casually;  fortui- 
tously; not  essentially  or  intrinsically. 

I  conclude  choler  accidentally  bitter  and  acrimonious, 
out  not  in  itself.  Harvey,  Consumption. 

thPt?^'*''  comparatively  lukewarm  piety  of  the  age 
an  ''J  pilgrimage  is  religious  essentially,  accidentally 
an  affair  of  commerce.  U.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  40' 


accidentaryt  (ak-si-den'ta-ri),  a.    [=Sp.  Pg. 

accidentario,  <  L.  as  if  *accidentarim,  <  acci- 
den(t-)s :  see  accident.}  Accidental.  Holland. 
accidented(ak's)-den-ted),;>.  a.  Characterized 
by  accidents  or  irregularities  of  surface  ;  undu- 
lating. 

I  can  only  compare  our  progi'ess  to  a  headlong  steeple- 
chase over  a  violently  accidented  ploughed  field. 

0' Donovan,  Merv,  i. 
The  Brazilian  plateau  consists  in  gi-eat  part  of  table- 
lands, which,  from  the  deep  excavation  of  the  innumer- 
able river-valleys,  have  become  very  much  accidented,  so 
as  to  present  a  mountainous  aspect.  Science,  V.  273. 

accidentialt  (ak-si-den'shal),  a.    [<  L.  acciden- 
tia (see  accidence^)  +  -aLj  Accidental. 

The  substantiall  use  of  them  might  remain,  when  their 
aecidential  abuse  was  removed. 

Fuller,  Injured  Innocence,  i.  69. 
accidentiaryt  (ak-si-den'shi-a-ri),  a.  [<  L.  acci- 
dentia, the  accidence  (see  accidence^),  +  -ari/.} 
Pertaining  to  or  learning  the  accidence.  [Rare.] 
You  know  the  word  "  sacerdotes  "  to  signify  priests,  and 
not  the  lay-people,  which  every  accidentiary  boy  in  schools 
knoweth  as  well  as  you. 

Bp.  Morton,  Discharge  of  Imput.,  p.  186. 
accidiet,  n.    [ME.,  =  OF.  acdde  =  Sp.  Pg.  aci- 
dia  =  lt.  accidia,  <  ML.  accidia,  slothfulness, 
indolence ;  also,  and  better,  spelled  acedia,  q. 
v.]  _  Sloth ;  negligence ;  indolence.  Chaucer. 
Accipenser,  etc.    See  Acipenser,  etc. 
accipiter  (ak-sip'i-ter),  n. ;  pi.  accipitres  (-trez). 
[L.,  a  general  name  for  birds  of  prey,  espe- 
cially the  common  hawk  {Falco  palumbarius) 
and  the  sparrow-hawk  {F.  nisus),  an  appar. 
(irreg. )  deriv.  of  accipere,  take  (hence  the  rare 
form  acceptor,  lit.  the  taker,  seizor),  but  prob. 
for  *dcipiter,<.''dci-,  *acu-  (=Gr.  uKvg),  swift, 
+  *])etrum  (=  Gr.  TZTspov  =  E.  feather),  wing.  Cf . 
Gr.  uKVTTTEpog,  swift-winged,  applied  to  a  hawk 
(Homer,  E.,  xiii.  62).]    1.  In  ornith.i  (a)  A 
bird  of  the  order  Accipitres  or  Raptores  ;  an  ae- 
cipitrine  or  raptorial  bird.  (&)  [cap.]  A  genus 
of  birds  of  the  family  Falconidai,  embracing 
short-winged,  long-tailed  hawks,  such  as  the 
sparrow-hawk  of  Europe,  Accipiter  nisus,  and 
the  shai-p-shinned  hawk  of  North  America,  A. 
fuscus,  with  many  other  congeneric  species. 
Brisson,  1760.    See  Raptores.— 2.  In  surg.,  a 
bandage  applied  over  the  nose :  so  called  from 
its  resemblance  to  the  claw  of  a  hawk, 
accipitral  (ak-sip'i-tral),  a.    Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Accipitres  or  birds  of  prey;  having  the 
character  of  a  bird  of  prey ;  hawk-like. 

Of  temper  most  accipitral,  hawkish,  aquiline,  not  to  say 
vulturish.  Carlyle,  Misc.,  IV.  245. 


acclimatement 

But  iii  my  deske  what  was  there  to  accite 
So  ravenous  and  vast  an  appetite  ? 

Ji.  Jonson,  On  Vulcan, 
acclaim  (a-klam'),  v.  [In  imitation  of  claim, 
<  L.  acclamarc,  cry  out  at,  shout  at,  either  in  a 
hostile  or  a  friendly  manner,  <  ad,  to,  +  cla- 
marc,  shout:  see  claim,  v."]  I,  trans.  1.  To  ap- 
plaud; treat  with  words  or  sounds  of  joy  or 
approval.  [Rare.] 

How  gladly  did  they  spend  their  breath  in  acclaiming 
""^e  !  B2J.  Hall,  Contemplation,  iv.  25. 

2.  To  declare  or  salute  by  acclamation. 

While  the  shouting  crowd 
Acclaims  thee  king  of  traitors.  Smollett,  Regicide,  v.  8. 

II.  intrans.  To  make  acclamation  ;  shout  ap- 
plause . 

acclaim  (a-klam'),  n.    l<  acclaim,  v.]    A  shout 
of  joy ;  acclamation. 

The  herald  ends  :  the  vaulted  firmament 
With  loud  acclaims  and  vast  applause  is  rent. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  1801. 
And  the  roofs  were  starred  with  banners. 
And  the  steeples  rang  acclaim.      Whittier,  Sycamores, 
acclamatet  (ak'la-mat),  v.  t.    [<  L.  acclamatus, 
pp.  of  acclamarc  :  see  acclaim,  i'.]  To  applaud. 
Waterhousc.  [Rare.] 
acclamation  (ak-la-ma'shon),  n.  [<  L.  acclama- 
tio(n-),  a  shouting,  either  m  approval  or  in  dis- 
approval, <  acclamare :  see  acclaim .]  1 .  A  shout 
or  other  demonstration  of  applause,  indicating 
joy,  hearty  assent,  approbation,  or  good  will. 
Acclamations  are  expressed  by  hurralis,  by  clapping  of 
hands,  and  often  by  repeating  such  cries  as  Long  lice  the 
queen  !  Vim  I'empereur  !  Er  lebe  hoch  !  etc. 

The  hands 
Of  a  great  multitude  are  upward  flung 
In  acclamation.  Bryant,  Hymn  of  the  Sea. 

2.  In  deliberative  assemblies,  the  spontaneous 
approval  or  adoption  of  a  resolution  or  mea- 
spe  by  a  unanimous  viva  voce  vote,  in  distinc- 
tion from  a  formal  division  or  ballot. 

When  they  [the  Anglo-Saxons]  consented  to  anything 
It  was  rather  in  the  way  of  acclamation  than  by  the  exer- 
cise of  a  deliberate  voice.  Burke,  Abridg.  of  Eng.  Hist.,  ii. 
In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  method  of  papal  election  said 
to  be  by  inspiration  (per  inspiratioiiem),  because  "all  the 
cardinals,  with  a  sudden  and  harmonious  consent  as 
though  breathed  on  by  the  Divine  Spirit,  proclaim  some 
person  pontiff  with  one  voice,  without  any  previous  can- 
vassing or  negotiation  whence  fraud  or  insidious  sugges- 
tion could  be  surmised."  Vecchiotti. 

3.  Something  expressing  praise  or  joy.  Applied 
specifically— (a)  To  forms  of  praise,  thanksgiving  or  feli- 
citation at  the  close  of  ecclesiastical  gatherings.   (6)  To 

certain  short  inscriptions 


That  they  [Hawthorne's  eyes]  were  sometimes  accipitral 
we  can  readily  believe.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXII.  271. 

accipitraryt  (ak-sip'i-tra-ri),  n.  [<  ML.  accip)i- 
trarius,  a  falconer,  <  L.  accipiter :  see  accipiter.'] 
A  falconer.  Nathan  Brake. 
Accipitres  (ak-sip'i-trez),  n.  pil.  [L.,  pi.  of  ac- 
cipiter.'] Birds  of  prey;  the  accipitrine  or  rap- 
torial birds  regarded  as  an  order,  now  more  fre- 
quently named  Raptores  (which  see).  Limtwus, 
1735. 

Accipitrinae  (ak-sip-i-tri'ne),  n.  p>l.  [NL.,  <  Ac- 
cipiter +  -inw :  see  accipiter.]  In  ornith. :  (a)  A 
subfamily  of  Falconidw,  including  hawks  of 
such  genera  as  Accipiter  and  Astur.  (6)  In 
Nitzsch's  classification  of  birds,  same  as  Accip- 
itres or  Raptores  of  authors  in  general.  Other 
forms  are  Accipitrina,  Accipitrini. 
accipitrine  (ak-sip'i-trin),  a.  [<NL.  Accipitri- 
na;, <  L.  accipiter :  see  accijnter.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  (a)  the  Accipitres  or  raptorial  birds, 
or  (6)  the  hawks  proper,  of  the  subfamily  Accip- 
itrinm;  hawk-like ;  rapacious  :  as,  the  accipitrine 
order  of  birds, 
accismus  (ak-siz'mus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKKKj/iog, 
affectation  of  indifference,  coyness,  <  aKKt^ecdai, 
affect  indifference,  <  okku,  a  bugbear.]  In  rhet., 
a  feigned  refusal;  an  ironical  dissimulation. 
Smart. 

accitet  (ak-sif),  v.  t.  [<  L.  accitus,  pp.  of  acci- 
re,  summon,  <  ad,  to,  +  cire,  orig.  go  (=  Gr.  kIciv, 
go),  but  mixed  with  its  causative  ciere,  cause 
to  go,  summon :  see  cite  and  excite.]  1 .  To  c^U ; 
cite ;  summon. 

He  by  the  senate  is  accited  home. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  i.  1. 
2.  To  excite  ;  jirompt ;  move, 
mat  accrtes your  most  worshipful  thought  to  think  so' 
Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  2. 


Acclamation. 
Bronze  Coin  of  Hadrian,  British 
Museum.  (Size  of  the  original.) 


in  the  form  of  a  wish  or  in 
junction,  found  mostly  on 
tombs,  (f)  To  the  responses 
of  the  congregation  in  an- 
tiphonal  singing,  (rf)  In 
Rom.  antiq.,  to  represen- 
tations m  works  of  art,  es- 
pecially on  coins  or  med- 
als, of  popular  assent  or 
approval,  as  of  several 
figures  (standing  for  the 
whole  people,  or  a  class,  or 
a  military  division,  etc.) 
greeting  an  ofl^icial  or  ben- 
efactor. 

acclamatort  (ak'la- 
ma-tor),  n.    [<  L.  as 
if  *acclamator,  <  ac- 
clamare :  see  acclaim.]    One  who  expresses  joy 
or  applause  by  acclamation.  [Rare.] 
Acclamators  who  had  fill'd  ...  the  aire  with  "Vive 
I^fy  •  "  Evelyn,  Diary,  Sept.  7,  1651. 

acclamatory  (a-klam'a-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  if 
*acclamatorius.]  Expressing  joy  or  applause  by 
acclamation. 

acclearmentt  (a-kler'ment),  n.    [In-eg.  <  ac-  + 

clear -\- -ment :  see  clear"]  A  clearing;  a  show- 
ing ;  a  plea  in  exculpation.  [Rare.] 

The  acclearment  is  fair,  and  the  proof  nothing. 

Bp.  Hacket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  i.  14S. 

acclimatation  (a-kli-ma-ta'shon),  n.  [<  F.  ac- 
climatation,  <  acclimate);  acclimate:  see  accli- 
mate.] Acclimatization:  chiefly  used  in  tran- 
scription from  the  French:  as,'the  Acclimata- 
tion Society  of  Nantes. 

acclimate  (a-kli'mat),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ac- 
climated, ppr.  acclimating.  [<  F.  acclimafcr,  ac- 
climate, <  ac-  (L.  ad,  to)  +  climat,  climate;  cf. 
Pg.  acclimar,  acclimate,  <  ac-  +  clima,  climate: 
see  climate.]  To  habituate  to  a  foreign  eU- 
mate ;  acclimatize :  more  especially  (of  per- 
sons), to  adapt  to  new  climates:  as,  to  accli- 
mate settlers;  to  acclimate  one's  self. 

The  native  inhabitants  and  acclimated  Europeans. 

J.  Craufurd,  Commixture  of  Kaces. 

acclimatement  (a-kli'mat-ment),  «.  [<  F.  ac- 
climatemcnt,  acclimation,  <  acc/(«(a<er.-  .see  ac- 
climate.]   Acclimation.  [Rare.] 


acclimation 

acclimation  (ak-li-ma'shon),  n.  [<  acclimate  + 
-ion.  Cf.  Pg.  accJimagao,  <  accliinar,  acclimate.] 
The  process  of  acclimating,  or  the  state  of  being 
acclimated ;  acclimatization. 

acclimatisation,  acclimatise,  etc.  See  accH- 
mati:atiun,  etc. 

acclimatizable  (a-kli'ma-ti-za-bl),  a.  Capable 
of  being  acclimatized ;  suitable  for  acclimatiz- 
ing: as,  avvUmatizable  animals.  Also  spelled 
ucdimatisahle. 

acclimatization  (a-kli*ma-ti-za'shon),  n.  The 
act  or  process  of  acclimatizing,  or  state  of  be- 
ing acclimatized ;  the  modification  of  physical 
constitution  which  enables  a  race  or  an  in- 
dividual to  live  in  health  in  a  foreign  climate. 

Some  writers  use  this  word  witli  regard  to  brute  animals 
and  plants  only,  using  acclimation  wlieii  speaking  of  man. 
Also  spelled  acclimatisation. 

Acclimatisation  is  the  process  of  adaptation  by  which 
animals  and  plants  are  gradually  rendered  capable  of  sur- 
viving an<t  flonrisliing  in  countries  remote  from  their  ori- 
ginal habitats,  or  under  meteorological  conditions  different 
from  those  which  they  have  usually  to  endure,  and  which 
are  at  first  injiu'ious  to  them. 

A.  R.  Wallace,  Encyc.  Brit.,  I.  Si. 

acclimatize  (a-kli'ma-tiz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

acclimatized,  ppr.  acclimatizing.  [<  ac-  (<  L.  ad, 
to)  +  climate  + -ise  ;  aiter  acclimate  from  F.] 
To  accustom  or  habituate  to  a  foreign  climate ; 
adapt  for  existence  in  a  foreign  climate : 
especially  used  of  adapting  a  race  or  stock  for 
permanent  existence  and  propagation :  as,  to 
acclimatize  plants  or  animals.  Also  spelled 
acclimatise. 
Young  soldiers,  not  yet  acclimatized,  die  rapidly  here. 

London  Times. 

A  domesticated  animal  or  a  cultivated  plant  need  not 
necessarily  be  acclimatised ;  that  is,  it  need  not  be  capa- 
ble of  enduring  the  severity  of  the  seasons  without  pro- 
tection. The  canary-bird  is  domesticated  but  not  accli- 
matised,  and  many  of  our  most  extensively  cultivated 
plants  are  in  the  same  category. 

A.  R.  Wallace,  Encyc.  Brit.,  I.  84. 

acclimatizer  (a-kli'ma-ti-zer),  n.  One  who  in- 
troduces and  acclimatizes  foreign  species.  Also 
spelled  acclimatiser. 

Some  of  these  [birds]  .  .  .  cannot  fail  to  become  per- 
manent settlers  equally  with  those  for  the  transportation 
of  which  the  would-be  accli  mat  izers  might  find  themselves 
excused.  Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  736. 

acclimature  (a-kli'ma-tur),  n.  The  act  of  ac- 
climating, or  the  state  of  being  acclimated. 
[Rare.] 

acclinal  (a-kli'nal),  a.  [<L.  acclinis,  leaning 
on  or  against;  cf.  acclindre,  lean  on  or  against, 

<  ad,  to,  upon,  -t-  *clinare  =  E.  leanl :  see  in- 
cline.'] In  geoL,  leaning  against,  as  one  stratum 
of  rock  against  another,  both  being  tm'ned  up 
at  an  angle:  nearly  equivalent  to  overlying. 
[Rare.] 

acclinate  (ak'li-nat),  a.  [<L.  acclinatus,  pp. 
of  acclinare  (see  acclinal) :  on  the  model  of  de- 
clinate:  see  decline.']  In  zodl.,  bending  or 
sloping  upward  :  the  opposite  of  declinate. 

acclivet  (a-kliv'),  «.  [=Pg.  It.  acclive,  <L. 
acclivis,  also  less  frequently  acclivus,  steep, 

<  ad,  to,  +  clivus,  a  hill,  prop,  sloping,  from 
same  root  as  *clinare  =  E.  lean^ :  see  acclinal.] 
Rising;  steep.  [Rare.] 

The  way  easily  ascending,  hardly  so  acclive  as  a  desk. 

Aubrey,  Letters,  II.  231. 

acclivitous  (a-kliv'i-tus),  a.  Rising  with  a 
slope  ;  acclivous.    Is.  Taylor. 

acclivity  (a-kliv'i-ti),  w. ;  pi.  accZmfe'es  (-tiz). 
[<  L.  acclivita{t-)s,  an  acclivity,  <  acclivis,  slop- 
ing: see  acclive.]  1.  An  upward  slope  or  in- 
clination of  the  earth,  as  the  side  of  a  hill :  op- 
posed to  declivity,  or  a  slope  considered  as  de- 
scending. 

Far  up  the  green  acclivity  I  met  a  man  and  two  young 
women  making  their  way  slowly  down. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  420. 

2.  Specifically,  in/ort,  the  talus  of  a  rampart, 
acclivous  (a-kli'vus),  a.    [<  L.  acclivus,  less 

frequent  form  of  acclivis,  sloping:  see  acclive.] 
Rising,  as  the  slope  of  a  hill :  the  opposite  of 
declivous. 

accloyt  (a-kloi'),  V.  t.  [<ME.  acloien,  acloyen, 
var.  of  cttcloyen,  <  OF.  encloyer,  earlier  enclocr 
(F.  encloucr),  <  ML.  inclavare,  drive  in  a  nail, 
<L.  in,  in,  +  clavare,  nail,  <  clavus,  a  nail:  see 
cloy''-  and  clovc^.]  1.  To  prick  with  a  nail  in 
shoeing:  used  by  farriers.  Skeat. — 2.  To  in- 
jiu'e ;  harm ;  impair. 

And  whoso  doth,  ful  foule  hymself  acloyith. 

Chaucer,  Parliament  of  Fowls,  1.  517. 

3.  To  cloy ;  encumber ;  embarrass  with  super- 
fluity ;  obstruct. 

[Filth]  with  uncomely  weedes  the  gentle  wave  accloyes. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vii.  15. 


36 

accoastf  (a-kosf),  ».  i.    [A  diflf.  spelling  of 

accost  in  its  orig.  sense  'come  alongside  of; 

OF.  acoster,  touch,  graze :  see  accost  and  coast.  ] 

To  fly  near  the  earth.  [Rare.] 

Ne  is  there  hauke  which  mantleth  her  on  pearch, 
Whether  high  towring  or  accoastinij  low. 

Si>enser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  ii.  32. 

accoilt  (a-koil'),  v.  t.    [<  OF.  acoillir,  gather, 
assemble  (F.  accueillir,  receive),  <  ML.  accolli- 
gere,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  colligcre,  gather:  see  coil^, 
culU,  and  collect.]   To  gather  together ;  crowd. 
About  the  caudron  many  Cookes  accoyld. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  ix.  30. 

accoil  (a-koil'),  n.  [<  OF.  acoiJ,  F.  accueil ; 
from  the  verb.]  Welcome ;  reception.  Southcy. 
(X.  E.  D.) 

accolt  (a-kol'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  acolcn,  <  OF.  acoler 
(F.  accoler),  embrace,  —  Sp.  acolar,  arrange 
two  coats  of  arms  under  the  same  crown, 
shield,  etc.,  =  It.  accollare,  embrace,  mod. 
join,  yoke,  <  ML.  *accollare,  embrace,  <  L.  ad, 
to,  -I-  collum  (>0F.  col,  F.  co!«  =  OSp.  collo,  Sp. 
cuellor=  It.  collo),  neck:  see  collar.]  To  em- 
brace round  the  neck.  Surrey. 

accolade  (ak-o-lad'  or  -lad'),  n.  [<  P.  accolade, 
an  embrace,  a  kiss  (after  It.  accollata,  prop, 
fem.  pp.  of  accollare,  embrace),  <  accoler,  OF. 
acolcr:  see  accoL]  1.  A  ceremony  used  in  con- 
ferring knighthood,  anciently  consisting  in  an 
embrace,  afterward  in  giving  the  candidate  a 
blow  upon  the  shoulder  with  the  flat  of  a  sword, 
the  latter  being  the  present  method;  hence, 
the  blow  itself. 

We  felt  our  shoulders  tingle  with  the  accolade,  and 
heard  the  clink  of  golden  spurs  at  our  heels. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  58. 

2.  In  music,  a  brace  or  couplet  connecting 


i  iiii;  m  '  ■■ 

'  tll.-.l..., 

11!  1 

1  nil 

1  "lilt 

PI  f 

Accolade,  early  i6th  century  (France). 

several  staves. —  3.  In  arch.,  an  ornament 
composed  of  two  ogee  curves  meeting  in  the 
middle,  each  concave  toward  its  outer  extrem- 
ity and  convex  toward  the  point  at  which  it 
meets  the  other.  Such  accolades  are  either  plain  or 
adorned  with  rich  moldings,  and  are  a  frequent  motive 
of  decoration  on  the  lintels  of  doors  and  windows  of  the 
fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries,  especially  in  secular 
architecture.  Viollet-le-Duc. 

4.  In  Roman  and  early  monastic  MSS.,  the 
curved  stroke  made  by  the  copyist  around  a 
final  word  written  below  the  line  to  which  it 
belonged,  in  order  to  avoid  carrying  it  on  to 
the  next. 

accolated  ( ak'o-la-ted),  2^. «.  [<  ML.  accol(l)atus, 
pp.  of  accol{l)are,  embrace  :  see  accol.]  In 
numis.,  containing  two  or 
more  profile  heads  so  ar- 
ranged that  one  partially 
overlaps  the  next;  as,  an 
accolated  shilling, 
accolle  (ak-ol-a'),  p.  a. 
[<  AF.  accolle,  F.  accole, 
pp.  of  accoler  =  It.  accol- 
lare, >  accollata,  >  F.  and 
E.  accolade  :  see  accolade 
Accolated  Shilling  of  will-  and  «cco/.]    In  her.:  (o) 
iam  111.  and  Mary,  (sizeof  Gorgcd ;    coUarcd :  ap- 
>he  original.,  ^^g^j     aulmals  with  col- 

lars, etc.,  about  their  necks,  (b)  Touching  by 
their  corners,  as  lozenges  or  fusils  on  a  shield, 
(c)  Placed  side  by  side,  as  two  shields,  (rf) 
Surrounded  by  the  collar  of  an  order,  as  the 
shield  of  a  knight  of  that  order.    Also  spelled 

acolle — Tetes  accollees,  or  accoll6  heads,  in  decora- 
tire  art,  profile  heads  shown  in  relief,  one  behind  and 
partly  concealed  by  another,  as  often  in  cameos  and  on 
medallions  or  coins  where  a  sovereign  and  his  wife  are 
sliDwn  together.    See  cut  under  accolated. 

accombination  (a-kom-bi-na'shon),  n.  The  act 
of  combining  together.    Quarterly  Rev. 

accommodable  (a-kom'o-da-bl),  a.  [<F.  ac- 
commodablc  —  Si).  acomodable  —  'Pg.  accommo- 
davel  =  It.  accomodabile,  <  L.  as  if  *accomino- 


accommodation 

dabilis,  <  aceommodarc,  accommodate :  see  ac- 
commodate, v.]  Capable  of  being  accommo- 
dated, or  made  suitable  ;  adaptable.  [Rare.] 

Rules  accominudahle  to  all  this  variety. 

Watts,  Logic,  V.  §  64. 

accommodableness  (a-kom'o-da-bl-nes),  w.  The 
state  or  condition  of  being  aeeommodable. 
Todd.  [Rare.] 

accommodate  (a-kom'o-dat),  ;•. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

accommodated,  ppr.  acconiiiiodaliiig.  [<  L.  ac- 
commodatus,  pp.  ot  aceommodarc,  <.  ad,  to, + 
commodare,  fit,  <  commodus,  fit :  see  commodious 
and  mode^.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make  suitable, 
correspondent,  or  consistent ;  fit ;  adapt :  as,  to 
accommodate  ourselves  to  circumstances;  to 
accommodate  the  choice  of  subjects  to  the  oc- 
casion; to  accommodate  a  Latin  word,  in  form 
or  use,  to  English  analogies. 

'Twas  his  misfortune  to  light  upon  an  hypothesis  that 
could  not  be  accommodated  to  the  natm-e  of  things  and 
human  affairs.  Locke. 

Undoubtedly  the  highest  function  of  statesmanship  is 
by  degrees  to  accommodate  the  conduct  of  communities  to 
ethical  laws,  and  to  subordinate  the  conflicting  interests 
of  the  day  to  higher  and  more  permanent  concerns. 

Lou'ell,  Study  Windows,  p.  165. 

2.  To  show  fitness  or  agreement  in ;  reconcile, 
as  things  which  are  at  variance  or  which  seem 
inconsistent ;  bring  into  harmony  or  concord : 
as,  to  accommodate  prophecy  to  events. 

Part  know  how  to  accommodate  St.  James  and  St.  Paul 
better  than  some  late  reconcilers.  Norris. 

3.  To  adjust ;  settle :  as,  to  accommodate  dif- 
ferences. 

Sir  Lucius  shall  explain  himself — and  I  dare  say  mat- 
ters may  be  accommodated.     Slieridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  3. 

4.  To  supply  or  furnish ;  provide  with  certain 
conveniences ;  give  accommodation  to :  as, 
my  house  can  accommodate  a  large  number  of 
guests :  followed  by  with  when  what  is  supplied 
is  expressly  mentioned  :  as,  to  accommodate  a 
man  w'lth  apartments ;  to  accommodate  a  friend 
with  money. 

Better  accommodated!  —  it  is  good;  yea,  indeed,  is  it: 
good  phrases  are  surely,  and  ever  were,  very  commend- 
able. Accommodated!  it  comes  of  accommodo:  very 
good;  a  good  phrase.  Shale.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 

5.  To  suit ;  serve  ;  convenience  ;  oblige ;  do  a 
kindness  or  favor  to :  as,  he  is  always  delighted 
to  accommodate  a  friend. 

The  Indians  were  much  given  to  long  talks,  and  the 
Dutch  to  long  silence  —  in  this  particular,  therefore,  they 
accommodated  each  other  completely. 

Irvinr/,  Knickerbocker,  p.  101. 
=  Syn.  1.  To  suit;,  adapt,  fit,  conform,  adjust,  reconcile. — 
4.  To  furnish,  supply,  provide  for.  —  5.  To  serve,  oblige, 
assist,  aid. 

II.  intrans.  To  be  conformable ;  specifically, 
in  pliysiol.,  to  be  in  or  come  to  adjustment. 
See  accommodation,  4  (6). 

Their  motor  seem  regulated  by  their  retinal  functions, 
so  that,  according  to  Ludwig,  if  the  retinie  are  extirpated, 
the  eyes  often  cease  to  rotate,  then  to  accommodate,  then 
to  wink  together.  Mirid,  IX.  94. 

accommodate  (a-kom'o-dat),  a.  [<L.  accom- 
modatus,  pp.,  adapted:  see  accommodate,  v.] 
Suitable  ;  fit ;  adapted ;  accommodated. 

Means  accommodate  to  the  end.  Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 
Accommodate  distribution,  in  logic,  the  acceptation 
of  a  term  to  include  everything  it  naturally  denotes  except 
the  suliject  of  the  sentence  ;  as,  Samson  was  stronger  than 
any  man  (that  is,  than  any  other  man). 

accommodated  (a-kom'o-da-ted),  p.  a.  Made 
iit;  made  suitable;  adapted;  modified. 

We  sometimes  use  the  term  [religion]  in  an  accommodated 
sense,  i.  e.,  to  express  the  spiritual  results  with  which  reli- 
gion is  fraught,  rather  than  the  mere  carnal  embodiment 
it  first  of  all  offers  to  such  results. 

H.  James,  Subs,  and  Shad. ,  p.  5. 

accommodatelyt  (a-kom'o-dat-li),  adv.  Suit- 
ably; fitly. 

Of  all  these  [causes]  Moses  .  .  .  held  fit  to  give  an  ac- 
count accommodately  to  the  capacity  of  the  people. 

Dr.  H.  More,  Def.  of  Lit.  Cabbala,  p.  3. 

accommodatenesst  (a-kom'o-dat-nes),  n.  Fit- 
ness. 

Aptness  and  accommodateness  to  the  gi'eat  purpose  of 
men's  salvation.  HaUywell,  Saving  of  Souls,  p.  80. 

accommodating  (a-kom'6-da-ting),  p.  a.  Oblig- 
ing ;  yielding  to  the  desires  of  others ;  disposed 
to  comply  and  to  oblige  another :  as,  an  accom- 
modating man ;  an  accommodating  disposition. 

accommodatingly  (a-kom'o-da-ting-li),  adv. 
In  an  accommodating  manner ;  obligingly. 

accommodation  (a-kom-o-da'shon),  n.  [<  L. 
accommodatio\n-),  i  accommodare,  adapt:  see 
accommodate,  v.]  1.  The  act  of  accommodating: 
as— (a)  Adjustment;  adaptation;  especially,  the  adapta- 
tion or  application  of  one  thing  to  another  by  analogy, 
as  the  words  of  a  prophecy  to  a  subseiiuent  event. 

The  law  of  adaptation  which  we  thus  discern  and  trace 
alike  in  every  instance  of  organic  development  and  func- 


accommodation 

tion,  we  discern  and  trace  also  in  tlie  accommodation  of 
the  individual  to  his  social  surroundings  and  in  the  con- 
sequent modification  of  his  character. 

Maudsley,  Body  and  Will,  p.  96. 
Many  of  these  quotations  were  probably  intended  as 
nothing  more  than  accoiiimodations.  Paley. 

(b)  Adjustment  of  differences ;  reconciliation,  as  of  parties 
in  dispute. 

The  conformity  and  analogy  of  which  I  speak  .  .  .  has 
a  strong  tendency  to  facilitate  accommodation,  and  to  pro- 
duce a  generous  oblivion  of  the  rancour  of  their  quarrels. 

Burlce,  On  a  Regicide  Peace,  i. 

To  come  to  terms  of  accommodation.  Macaulay. 

(c)  Convenience  ;  the  supplying  of  a  want ;  aid. 

St.  James's  Church  had  recently  been  opened  for  the 
accommodation  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  new  quarter. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

2.  The  state  of  being  accommodated ;  fitness ; 
state  of  adaptation:  followed  by  to,  sometimes 
by  with. 

The  organization  of  the  body  with  accommodation  to  its 
functions.  Sir  M.  Hale,  Orig.  of  Mankind,  p.  53. 

Socinus'  main  design  .  .  .  was  to  bring  all  the  mysteries 
of  Christianity  to  a  full  accommodation  with  the  general 
notions  of  man's  reason.  South,  Works,  V.  iii. 

3.  Anything  yrhieh  supplies  a  want,  as  in  re- 
spect of  ease,  refreshment,  and  the  like ;  any- 
thing furnished  for  use ;  a  convenience :  chiefly 
applied  to  lodgings :  as,  accommodation  for  man 
and  beast :  often  used  in  the  plural. 

They  probably  thought  of  the  coach  with  some  contempt, 
as  an  accommodation  for  people  who  had  not  their  own 
gigs.  George  Eliot,  Felix  Holt,  iv. 

Outside  of  the  larger  cities  on  the  Continent  you  can 
get  as  ^vretched  accommodations  as  you  could  desire  for 
an  enemy.  T.  B.  Aldrich,  Ponkapog  to  Pesth,  p.  65. 

Specifically — 4.  {a)  In  com.,  pecuniary  aid  in 
an  emergency ;  a  loan  of  money,  either  directly 
or  by  becoming  security  for  the  repayment  of  a 
sum  advanced  by  another,  as  by  a  banker.  (&) 
Inphi/siol.,  the  automatic  adjustment  of  the  eye, 
or  its  power  of  adjusting  itself  to  distinct  vision 
at  different  distances,  or  of  the  ear  to  higher  or 
lower  tones,  in  the  eye  accommodation  is  effected  by 
an  alteration  of  the  convexity  of  the  crystalline  lens  (which 
see),  and  in  the  ear  by  an  increased  tension  of  tlie  tympanic 
membrane  for  higher  tones.— Accommodation  bill  or 

note,  paper,  or  indorsement,  a  bill  of  exchange  or 
note,  etc.,  drawn,  accepted,  or  indorsed  by  one  or  more 
parties  to  enable  another  or  others  to  obtain  credit  liy 
or  raise  money  on  it,  and  not  given  like  business  paper  in 
payment  of  a  debt,  but  merely  intended  to  accommodate 
the  drawer :  colloquially  called  in  Scotland  a  wind-bill, 
and  in  England  a  iiCe.— Accommodation  cramp.  See 
cramp.— Accommodation  ladder,  a  stairway  fixed  on 


Accommodation  Ladder. 

the  outside  of  a  ship  at  the  gangway,  to  facilitate  ascending 
from  or  descending  to  boats.— Accommodation  lands 

or  land,  (a)  Lands  bought  by  a  builder  or  speculator,  who 
erects  houses  upon  them  and  then  leases  portions  of  them 
upon  an  improved  ground-rent.  [Eng.  ]  (6)  Land  acquired 
for  the  purpose  of  being  added  to  other  land  for  its  im- 
provement. Rapalje  and  Lawrence.—  Accommodation 
road,  a  road  constructed  to  give  access  to  a  particular  piece 
of  land.  Rapalje  and  Laiorence.  [Eng.]- Accommodation 
train,  a  railway-train  which  stops  at  all  or  nearly  all  the 
stations  on  the  road :  called  in  Great  Britain  a  parliamen- 
tary train:  opposed  to  express-train.— KccoromoAaAiOU 
works,  works  which  an  English  railway  company  is  re- 
quired by  8  and  9  Vict.  xx.  to  make  and  maintain  for  the 
accommodation  of  the  owners  and  occupiers  of  land  ad- 
]onimg  the  railway,  as  gates,  bridges,  culverts,  fences,  etc. 

accommodative  (a-kom'6-da-tiv),  a.  [<flc- 
comm.odate  + -ive  ;  =  lt.  accomodativo.']  Dis- 
posed or  tending  to  accommodate,  or  to  be 
accommodating ;  adaptive. 

The  strength  of  the  infective  qualities  of  these  organ- 
isms may  be  greatly  increased  by  an  accommodative  cul- 
Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XX.  425. 

accommodativeness  (a-kom'o-da-tiv-nes),  w. 
The  quality  of  being  accommodative. 


37 

accommodator  (a-kom'o-da-tor),  n.  [=Sp. 

acomodador,  <  L.  as  if  *  accommodator  :  see  ac- 
commodate, V.  ]  One  who  or  that  which  accom- 
modates or  adjusts. 

accommodet  (ak-o-mod'),  v.  t.  [<F.  accom- 
modcr  z=lt.  accomodarc,  <L.  accommodare :  see 
accommodate.']    To  accommodate.  [Rare.] 

accompanablet  (a-kum'pa-na-bl),  a.  [Also  ac- 
companiable ;  <  F.  accompdgnahle,  "sociable, 
easie  to  be  conversed  with"  (Cotgrave),  iae- 
compagncr  + -able :  see  accompany.]  Sociable. 
Sir  P.  Sidney. 

accompanier  (a-kum'pa-ni-er),  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  accompanies.  [Rare.] 

Dear,  cracked  spinnet  of  dearer  Louisa !  Without  men- 
tion of  mine,  be  dumb,  thou  thin  accompanier  oi  her  thin- 
ner warble !  Lamli,  Elia. 

accompaniment  (a-kum'pa-ni-ment),  w.  [<  ac- 
company,  q.  v.,  +  -ment;  after  F.  accompagnc- 
ment,  OF.  acompaignemeut  =  8p.  acompaiia- 
miento  =  Pg.  acom2)anha7nento  =  It.  accompa- 
gnamento.]  Something  that  attends  another 
as  a  circumstance ;  something  incidental  or 
added  to  the  principal  thing  as  a  concomitant, 
by  way  of  ornament,  for  the  sake  of  symmetry, 
or  the  like. 

Elaboration  of  some  one  organ  may  be  a  necessary  ac- 
companiment of  Degeneration  in  all  the  others. 

E.  R.  Lankester,  Degeneration,  p.  32. 
Specifically— («)  In  music,  the  subordinate  part  or  parts 
added  to  a  solo  or  concerted  composition  to  eidiance  the 
effect,  and  also,  if  it  be  a  vocal  composition,  to  sustain 
the  voices  and  keep  them  true  to  the  pitch.  The  accom- 
paniment may  be  given  to  one  or  more  instruments,  or  to 
a  chorus  of  voices.  Instead  of  writing  accompaniments 
in  full,  as  is  now  done,  the  older  composers  were  accus- 
tomed merely  to  indicate  the  harmonies  to  be  employed 
by  means  of  a  figured  bass,  which  could  be  performed  in 
a  great  variety  of  ways,  more  or  less  elaborate,  according 
to  the  musical  knowledge,  taste,  and  skill  of  the  execu- 
tant. (6)  In  painting,  an  object  accessory  to  the  principal 
object,  and  serving  for  its  ornament  or  illustration :  gen- 
erally termed  an  accessory  (which  see),  (c)  In  her.,  any- 
thing added  to  a  shield  by  way  of  ornament,  as  the  belt, 
mantling,  supporters,  etc.— Accompaniment  of  the 

scale,  in  music,  the  harmony  assigned  to  the  series  of 
notes  forming  the  diatonic  scale,  ascending  and  descend- 
ing.—Additional  accompaniments,  parts  of  a  musical 
composition  not  written  by  the  original  composer,  but 
added  by  another:  as,  Mozart's  additional  accompani- 
ments to  Handel's  "Messiah."  Such  additions  are  justified 
in  most  cases  on  the  ground  that  some  instruments  have 
become  obsolete,  others  have  been  invented,  and  the  con- 
stitution of  the  orchestra  has  beea  much  changed  since 
the  time  of  the  original  composer. 

accompanist  (a-kum'pa-nist),  n.  In  music,  one 
who  plays  an  accompaniment. 

accompany  (a-kum'pa-ni),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ac- 
companied, ppr.  accompanying.  [<  OF.  acom- 
paignier,  acompaigner  (F.  accompagner  =  Sp. 
acompaUar  —  Pg.  acompanhar  =  It.  accompm- 
gnare),  associate  with,  <  a-  (L.  ad),  to,  with,  -t- 
compaignier,  compaigner,  compagner,  associate, 
<.comj)aignie,  cumpanie,  company:  see  company.] 

1.  trans.  1 .  To  be  or  exist  in  company  with ; 
be  joined  in  association  or  combination ;  con- 
stitute an  adjunct  or  concomitant  to :  as,  thun- 
der acenmpanies  lightning;  an  insult  accom- 
panied by  or  with  a  blow ;  the  President's  mes- 
sage and  accompanying  documents. 

The  still  night  .  .  .  with  black  air 
Accompanied,  with  damps  and  dreadful  gloom. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  X.  848. 
There  is  reason  to  believe  that  different  diseases  can  so 
accompany  each  other  as  to  be  united  in  the  same  indi- 
vidual. Buckle,  Hist.  Civilization,  II.  569. 

2.  To  keep  company  with;  be  associated  in 
intimacy  or  companionship;  act  as  companion 
to.    [Now  rare  or  obsolete.] 

Harry,  I  do  not  only  marvel  where  thou  spendest  thy 
time,  but  also  how  thou  art  accompanied. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 
Although  alone. 
Best  with  thyself  accompanied. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  428. 

3.  To  go  along  or  in  company  with ;  attend  or 
join  in  movement  or  action:  as,  to  accompany 
a  friend  on  a  walk  or  journey;  men-of-war 
formerly  accompanied  fleets  of  merchant  ships ; 
he  was  everywhere  accompanied  by  (not  with) 
his  dog. 

They  accompanied  him  unto  the  ship.  Acts  xx.  38. 

4.  To  put  in  company  (with) ;  cause  to  be  or 
go  along  (with) ;  combine;  associate:  as,  to ac- 
company  a  remark  with  (not  by)  a  bow;  he  ac- 
companied his  speech  -with  rapid  gestm-es. —  5. 
In  music,  to  play  or  sing  an  accompaniment  to 
or  for:  as,  he  accompanied  her  on  the  piano. — 
6t.  To  cohabit  with. 

The  phasma  .  .  .  accompanies  her,  at  least  as  she 
imagines.  Sir  T.  Herbert,  Ti-avels,  p.  374. 

=  Sjm.  To  attend,  escort,  wait  on,  go  with,  convoy,  be 
associated  with,  coexist. 


accomplisli 

II.  inlrans.  If.  To  be  a  companion  or  awso- 
ciato :  as,  to  accompany  with  others. —  2.  To 
cohabit.  [Rare.] 

The  king  .  .  .  loved  her,  and  accom/MnM  with  her  only, 
till  he  married  Elfrida.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  v. 

3.  In  music,  to  perform  the  accompaniment 
in  a  composition ;  especially,  to  perform  the  in- 
strumental part  of  a  mixed  vocal  and  iustru- 
montal  piece. 

accompanyist  (a-kum'pa-ni-ist),  n.  An  accom- 
panist. [Rarc.j 

From  which  post  he  soon  advanced  to  that  of  accom- 
panyist at  the  same  theatre.       Grove,  Diet.  Music,  I.  28. 

accompasst  (a-kum'pas),  v.  t.  To  achieve; 
effect ;  bring  about. 

The  remotion  of  two  sucli  impediments  is  not  commonly 
accompass'd  by  one  head-jiiece. 

Bp.  Hacket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  i.  42. 

accompletive  (a-kom'ple-tiv),  a.  Disposed  or 
tending  to  accomplish  or  fulfil.  [Rare.] 
accomplice  (a-kom'plis),  n.  [An  extension, 
(duo  perhaps  to  a  supposed  connection  with  ac- 
complish  or  accompany),  by  prefixing  ac-,  of  the 
older  form  complice,  in  same  sense,  <  F,  com- 
plice, an  associate,  particularly  in  crime,  <  L. 
complicem,  acc.  of  complex,  adj.,  confederate, 
participant,  <  compAicare,  fold  together,  <  com-, 
together,  +  plicare,  fold:  see  complex  and  com- 
plicate.] 1.  A  partner  or  cooperator:  not  in 
a  bad  sense. 

Success  unto  our  valiant  general. 
And  happiness  to  his  accomplices ! 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  2. 
One  fellow  standing  at  the  beginning  of  a  century,  and 
stretching  out  his  hand  as  an  accomplice  towards  another 
fellow  standing  at  the  end  of  it,  without  either  having 
known  of  the  other's  existence. 

De  Quincey,  .Secret  Societies,  i. 

More  commonly — 2.  An  associate  in  a  crime  ; 
a  partner  or  partaker  in  guilt.  Technically,  in  laiv, 
any  participator  in  an  offense,  whether  as  principal  or  as 
accessory :  sometimes  used  of  accessories  only,  in  contra- 
distinction to  principals.  It  is  followed  by  of  or  with  be- 
fore a  person,  and  in  or  of  before  the  crime :  as,  A  was 
an  accomplice  with  B  in  the  murder  of  C. 

Thou,  the  cursed  accomplice  of  his  treason. 

Jolimon,  Irene,  v.  ]. 
He  is  .  .  .  an  accoOTpKce  if  he  is  intimately  bound  up  in 
the  project  and  responsibility  of  the  schemes  as  a  prime 
mover.  C.  J.  Smith,  Synonyms,  p.  7. 

Sometimes  used  with  to  before  a  thing. 

We  free-statesmen,  as  accomplices  to  the  guilt  [of  slavery, 
are]  ever  in  the  power  of  the  grand  offender. 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  245. 
=Syn.  Abetter,  accessory  (see  the  definitions  of  these 
words),  coadjutor,  assistant,  ally,  confederate,  associate, 
accompliceship  (a-kom'plis-ship),  n.  Accom- 

plieity.    Sir  H.  Taylor.  [Rare.] 
accomplicity  (ak-om-plis'i-ti),  n.    [<  accomplice 
+  -ity,  after  complicity.]    The  state  of  being 
an  accomplice ;  criminal  assistance.  Quarterly 
Bev.  [Rare.] 

accomplish  (a-kom'plish),  V.  t.    [<  ME.  acom- 
plissen,  <  OP.  acompliss-,  stem  of  certain  parts 
of  acompUr,  F.  aceompUr,  complete,  <  a-  (L. 
ad),  to,  +  compUr,  <  'L.  complerc,  complete:  see 
complete,  v.]     1.  To  complete;  finish;  reach 
the  end  of ;  bring  to  pass ;  actually  do :  as,  he 
works  hard,  but  accomplishes  nothing. 
And  while  she  [Nature]  does  accomplish  all  the  spring. 
Birds  to  her  secret  operations  sing.     Sir  W.  Davenant. 
To  accomplish  anything  excellent,  the  will  must  work 
for  catholic  and  universal  ends.       Emerson,  Civilization. 

2.  To  bring  about  by  performance  or  i-ealiza- 
tion ;  execute  ;  carry  out ;  fulfil :  as,  to  aceom- 
jjlish  a  vow,  promise,  purpose,  or  prophecy. 

Thus  will  I  accomplish  my  fury  upon  them.    Ezek.  vi.  12. 

This  that  is  written  must  yet  be  accomplished  in  me. 

Luke  xxii.  37. 

Hence  —  Sf.  To  gain ;  obtain  as  the  result  of 
exertion. 

To  accomplish  twenty  golden  crowns. 

Shak., 3  Uen.YJ.,  iii.  2. 

4.  To  make  complete  by  furnishing  what  is 
wanting :  as  —  («t)  To  equip  or  provide  -with 
material  things. 

The  armourers,  accomplishing  the  knights. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  (cho.). 
It  [the  moon)  is  fully  accomplished  for  all  those  ends  to 
which  Providence  did  appoint  it. 

Bp.  Wilkins,  Math.  Works,  i. 

(b)  To  equip  or  furnish  mentally;  fit  by  educa- 
tion or  training. 

His  lady  is  open,  chatty,  fond  of  her  children,  and  anx- 
ious to  accomplish  them.    Mme.  D'Arblay,  Diary,  vi.  202. 

I  can  still  less  pause  .  .  .  even  to  enumerate  the  suc- 
cession of  influences  .  which  had  .  .  .  accomplished 
them  for  their  great  work  there  and  here. 

R.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  82. 
=S3ni.  1  and  2.  Execute,  Acliicve,  etc.  (see  perform),  com- 
plete, finish,  consummate,  succeed  in,  work  out,  fulfil, 
realize,  bring  to  pass,  end. 


accomplishable 

accomplishable  (a-kom'plish-a-bl),  a.  Capable 
of  being  accomplished. 

accomplished  (a-kom'plisht),  p.  a.  1.  Com- 
pleted; ett'eeted:  as,  an  accomplished  fact. — 

2.  Perfected ;  finished ;  consummate  :  used  in 
either  a  good  or  a  bad  sense :  as,  an  accom- 
plished scholar ;  an  accomplished  villain. 

Know  you  not  the  Egyiitian  Zabdas?  — the  mirror  of 
accomplished  knighthood  —  the  pillar  of  the  state  —  the 
Aurelian  of  the  East?  )>'.  Ware,  Zenobia,  I.  6!). 

3.  Possessing  accomplishments ;  having  the 
attainments  and  graces  of  cultivated  or  fashion- 
able society. 

An  accom [ilished  and  beautiful  yoiinu  lail\-. 

T}nii-li:raj!,  Xewcomes. 

accomplisher  (a-kom'plish-er),  ti.  One  who  ac- 
complishes or  fulfils. 

The  Fates,  after  all,  are  the  accomplishers  of  our  hopes. 

T/ioi-eau,  Letters,  p.  26. 

accomplishing  (a-kom'plish-ing),  n.  That 
which  is  accomplished  or  completed.  [Rare.] 
I  shall  simply  enumerate,  as  ends,  all  that  a  university 
should  accomplish,  although  these  accompli^hin</s  may, 
strictly  considered,  often  partake  more  of  the  character 
of  means.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

accomplishment  (a-kom'plish-ment),  n.  [<  ac- 
complish +  -mciit,  after  F.  accomplissement.'] 

1.  The  act  of  accomplishing  or  carrying  into 
effect ;  fulfilment ;  achievement :  as,  the  ac- 
complishmoit  of  a  prophecy;  the  accomplish- 
ment of  our  desires  or  ends. 

I  once  had  faith  and  force  enough  to  form  generous 
hopes  of  the  world's  destiny  .  .  .  and  to  do  what  in  me 
lay  for  their  accomplish inent. 

Hau'thorm;  Blithedale  Romance,  ii. 

2.  An  acquirement ;  an  attainment,  especially 
such  as  belongs  to  cultivated  or  fashionable 
society :  generally  in  the  plural. 

I  was  then  young  enough,  and  silly  enough,  to  think 
gaming  was  one  of  their  accomjilishmentti. 

Chesterfield,  Letters. 
Yet  wanting  the  accomplishment  of  verse. 

Wordsivorth. 

=Syil.  1.  Completion,  fulfilment,  perfection,  perform- 
ance, execution,  achievement. — 2.  Acquirements,  Acqui- 
sitiuns.  Attainments,  etc.  (see  acquirement),  qualifications, 
skill,  -i-accs. 

accomptt,  accomptablet,  accomptantt.  See 

account,  etc.  |The spellings  accompt,  accomptaUe,  etc., 
are  artificial  forms  used,  not  prevailingly,  in  the  sixteenth 
and  seventeenth  centuries.  They  are  now  obsolete,  or 
nearly  so,  though  accompt  and  accomptant  may  still  be 
used  in  the  formal  or  legal  style.  The  pronunciation  has 
always  conformed  to  the  regular  spelling,  account,  account- 
able, etc.] 

accoraget,  v-  t.  See  aecourage.  Spenser. 
accord  (a-k6rd'),  v.  [<ME.  aeorden  (less  fre- 
quently accorden),  agree,  be  in  harmony,  trans, 
bring  into  agreement,  <0F.  acordcr,  agree  (F. 
accorder  =  Sp.  Pr.  Pg.  acordar  =  lt.  accordarc), 
<  ML.  accordare,  agree,  <L.  ad,  to,  +  cor  (cord-) 
=  E.  heart.  Cf.  concord  and  discord."]  I.  in- 
truns.  1.  To  agree;  be  in  correspondence  or 
harmony. 

.My  heart  accordeth  with  my  tongue. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1. 
That  mind  and  soul,  according  well, 
May  make  one  music  as  before, 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriani  (Int.). 
Their  minds  accoided  into  one  strain,  and  made  delight- 
ful music.  Ilawtfiome,  Snow  Image,  p.  58. 

2.  To  make  an  agreement ;  come  to  an  under- 
standing. 

We  accorded  before  dinner.       Scott,  Waverley,  II.  xix. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  make  to  agi-ee  or  con-e- 
spond ;  adapt,  as  one  thing  to  another.  [Bare.] 
Her  hands  accorded  the  lute's  music  to  the  voice. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  ii. 

2.  To  bring  to  an  agreement  or  a  settlement ; 
settle,  adjust,  or  compose ;  reconcile :  as,  to 
accord  controversies. 

Hauing  much  a-doe  to  accord  differing  Writers,  and  to 
pick  trueth  out  of  partiality. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Apol.  for  Poetric. 
Is  there  no  way  left  open  to  accord  this  difference, 
But  you  must  make  one  with  your  swords  ? 

Lonfffellow,  Spanish  Student,  ii.  C. 

3.  To  grant ;  give ;  concede :  as,  to  accord  due 
praise  to  any  one. 

His  hands  were  thrust  into  his  pockets  ;  he  was  whistling 
thoughtfully,  and  walking  to  and  fro,  a  small  space  having 
l>een  accorded  liira  by  the  crowd,  in  deference  to  his  tem- 
porary importance.  Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  23. 

accord  (a-k6rd'),  n.  [<ME.  acord  (less  fre- 
quently accord),  <  OF.  acorde,  usually  acort, 
agreement  (F.  accord  =  Sp.  acorde  =  Pg.  acor- 
do,  accordo),  verbal  n.  of  acorder,  agree:  see 
accord,  v.]  1.  Agreement;  harmony  of  minds; 
consent  or  concurrence  of  opinions  or  wills ; 
assent. 

These  all  continued  with  one  accord  in  prayer  and  sup- 
plication. Acts  i.  14. 


38 

You  must  buy  that  peace 
With  full  accord  to  all  our  just  demands. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 

2.  A  imion  of  different  sounds  which  is  agree- 
able to  the  ear ;  concord ;  harmony. 

Those  sweet  accords  are  even  the  angels'  lays. 

Sir  J.  Daries,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  ii.  1. 

3.  Agreement;  just  correspondence  of  things; 
harmony  of  relation :  as,  the  accord  of  light  and 
shade  in  painting. 

Beauty  is  notliing  else  but  a  just  accord  and  mutual 
harmony  of  the  members,  animated  by  a  healthful  consti- 
tution.   Drydcn,  tr.  of  Dufresnoy's  Art  of  Painting,  Pref. 

4.  Will ;  voluntary  or  spontaneous  impulse  or 
act;  unaided  action  or  operation :  preceded  by 
own. 

Being  more  forward,  of  his  own  accord  he  went  unto 
you.  2  Cor.  viii.  17. 

Now  of  my  mm  accord  such  other  trial 
I  mean  to  .sliow  you  of  my  strength. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1643. 

5.  Adjustment  of  a  difference ;  reconciliation : 
as,  the  mediator  of  an  accord. 

If  both  are  satisfied  with  this  accord. 

Swear  by  the  laws  of  knighthood  on  my  sword. 

Dryden,  Fables. 

SpecificaUy,  in  law,  an  agreement  whieli  is  made  between 
Ijarties  for  the  settlement  of  a  liability  or  controversy,  and 
which,  when  executed,  that  is,  carried  into  effect,  is 
termed  an  accord  and  satisfaction,  and  bars  or  terminates 
a  suit ;  a  private  extra-judicial  agreement  or  arrangement. 

6.  lumiisic,  same  as  chord. —  7.  Milit.,  the  con- 
ditions under  which  a  fortress  or  command  of 
troops  is  surrendered — To  be  at  accord,  to  be  in 
agreement.  Chaucer.—  To  fall  Of  accordt,  to  come  into 
agi'eement.  Chancer. 

accordablet  (a-kor'da-bl),  a.  [<ME.  acordahle, 
<0F.  "acordahle,  F.  accordable,  <0F.  acorder : 
see  accord.  Ct.Sp.acordablemente,eidv.2  Capa- 
ble of  being  harmonized  or  reconciled ;  conso- 
nant; agreeable. 

accordance  (a-kor'dans),  V.  [<  ME.  acordance, 
acordaunce,  i  OF.  acordance,  later  accordance 
(=  Pr.  acordansa),  <  acordant,  etc.:  see  accor- 
dant.'] 1.  The  state  of  being  in  accord ;  agree- 
ment with  a  person ;  conformity  to  a  thing ; 
harmony. 

Their  voices  are  in  admirable  accordance  with  tlie  tran- 
(juil  solitude  of  a  summer  afternoon. 

Hawthorne,  Old  Manse. 
There  is  a  remarkable  accordance  in  the  power  of  diges- 
tion between  the  gastric  juice  of  animals  with  its  pepsin 
and  hydrochloric  acid,  <and  the  secretion  of  Drosera  witli 
its  ferment  and  acid  belonging  to  the  acetic  series. 

Darwin,  Insectiv.  Plants,  vi. 

2.  The  act  of  according,  granting,  or  giving. 

=  Syil.  1.  Harmony,  unison,  coincidence. 

accordancy  (a-k6r'dan-si),  n.  Same  as  accor- 
dance, but  less  used. 

accordant  (a-k6r'dant),  a.  [<ME.  acordant, 
acordaitnt,  <0F.  acordant,  F.  accordant,  agree- 
ing with,  <  ML.  accordan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  accordare, 
agree :  see  accord,  v.]  Corresponding ;  con- 
formable ;  consonant ;  agreeable  ;  of  the  same 
mind ;  harmonious  :  sometimes  followed  by  to, 
but  more  commonly  by  tcith :  as,  this  was  not 
accordant  to  his  tastes,  or  with  his  principles. 

If  he  found  her  accordant.  Shak.,  Much  Ado,  i.  2. 

Music  and  meaning  floated  together,  accordant  as  swan 
and  shadow.       Loivell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  326. 

In  the  neighboring  hall  a  strain  of  music,  proceeding 
From  the  accordant  strings  of  Michael's  melodious  fiddle. 

Longfellow,  Evangeline,  ii.  3. 

accordantly  (a-kor'dant-li),  adv.    In  an  accor- 
dant maimer ;  in  accordance  or  agreement, 
accorder  (a-kor'der),  n.    One  who  accords  or 
agrees;  one  who  grants  or  bestows.  [Bare.] 
according  (a-k6r'ding),  p.  a.     1.  Agreeing; 
harmonious. 

Th'  according  music  of  a  well-mixed  state. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iii.  294. 

2.  Suitable  ;  agreeable  ;  in  accordance  ;  in  pro- 
portion :  followed  by  to. 

Our  zeal  sliould  be  according  to  knowledge.    Bp.  Sprat. 

according  (a-k6r'ding),  adv.  In  accordance 
(with);  agreeably  (to):  used  with  to:  as,  he 
acted  according  to  his  judgment :  often  ap- 
plied to  persons,  but  referring  elliptically  to 
their  statements  or  opinions.  Often  abbrevi- 
ated to  acc. 

According  to  him,  every  person  was  to  be  bought. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 
For  no  delicious  morsel  pass'd  her  throat ; 
According  to  her  cloth  she'  cut  her  coat. 

Dryden,  Cock  and  Fox,  1.  20. 

According  as,  agreeably,  conformably,  or  proportionately 
as. 

A  man  may,  with  prudence  and  a  good  conscience,  ap- 
prove of  the  professed  principles  of  one  party  more  than 
the  other,  according  as  he  tliinks  they  best  promote  the 
good  of  church  and  state. 

Sivift,  Sentiments  of  a  Ch.  of  Eng.  Man,  i. 


account 

accordingly  (a-kor'ding-li),  adv.  1.  Agreeably; 
suitably ;  in  a  manner  conformable  :  as,  those 
who  live  in  faith  and  good  works  will  be  re- 
warded accordingly . 

W  lienever  you  are  to  do  a  thing,  though  it  can  never  be 
known  but  to  yourself,  ask  yourself  how  you  would  act 
were  all  the  world  looking  at  you,  and  act  accordingly. 

Jefferson,  Correspondence,  I.  286. 

2.  In  assent  or  compliance ;  acquiescently. 

Upon  this  the  Sultan  was  directed  to  place  himself  by  a 
huge  tub  of  water ;  which  he  did  accordingly. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  94. 
=  Syil.  2.  Therefore,  Wherefore,  Accordingly,  etc.  See 
there.fore. 

accordion  (a-k6r'di-pn),  n.  [Also  spelled  ac- 
cordcon,  <  F.'  accordeon,  <  accorder,  be  in  har- 
mony, accord.]  A  small  keyed  wind-instra- 
ment,  opening  and  shutting  like  a  bellows,  and 
ha-ving  its  tones  generated  by  the  play  of  wind 
thus  produced  upon  metallic  reeds.  It  is  con- 
structed on  the  same  principle  as  the  concertina  and  the 
harmonium,  but  is  much  inferior  to  them. 

accordionist  (a-kor'di-on-ist),  w.  A  player  on 
the  accordion. 

accorporatet  (a-kor'po-rat),  v.  t.  [<L.  accor- 
porutus,  pp.  of  accorporare,  <  ad,  to,  +  corpo- 
rare,  form  into  a  body:  see  corporate.]  To 
incorporate;  unite. 

Custom,  being  but  a  mere  face,  as  echo  is  a  mere  voice, 
rests  not  in  her  unaccomplishment,  until  hy  secret  inclina- 
tion she  accorporate  herself  with  errour. 

Milton,  Pref.  to  Doct.  of  Divorce. 

accorporationt  (a-kor-po-ra'shon),  n.  Incor- 
poration. 

accost  (a-kosf),  V.  [<F.  accoster,  <0F.  acos- 
ter,  come  alongside  of,  approach,  touch,  —  Sp. 
Pg.  acostar  =  li.  accostare,  <  ML.  accostare,  set 
one's  self  alongside  of,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  costa,  a 
rib,  a  side :  see  coast,  accoast,  and  costal.]  I, 
trans.  If.  To  come  side  by  side  or  face  to  face 
■with ;  draw  near ;  approach ;  make  up  to. 

Accost  [her].  Sir  Andrew,  accost. — What's  that? — Accost 
is,  front  her,  board  her,  woo  her,  assail  her. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  3. 

2.  To  speak  to ;  address. 

With  taunts  the  distant  giant  I  accost. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  x. 

Being  shown  into  the  common  room,  I  was  accosted  by 
a  very  well-dressed  gentleman.  Goldsmith,  "Vicar,  xviii, 
Sf.  To  border  on ;  adjoin. 

Lapland  hath  since  been  often  surrounded  (so  much  as 
accosts  the  sea)  by  the  English. 

Fuller,  Worthies,  Derbyshire. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  adjoin ;  be  adjacent. 

The  shores  which  to  the  sea  accoste. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  Y.  xi.  42. 

accost  (a-kosf),  n.  The  act  of  accosting;  ad- 
dress ;  salutation. 

He  revealed  himself  in  his  accost. 

Arch.  Forbes,  Souvenirs  of  some  Continents,  p.  101. 

accostable  (a-kos'ta-bl),  a.    [<F.  accostahle, 

<  accoster,  approach:  see  accost,  v.]  Capable 
of  being  accosted ;  easy  of  access ;  affable. 

The  French  are  a  free,  debonnair,  accostable  people. 

Howell,  Letters,  ii.  12. 
accosted  (a-k6s'ted),  jj.  a.  In  her.:  (a)  Placed 
on  either  or  on  each  side  of  a  principal  charge : 
as,  a  bend  accosted  by  two 
bendlets.  (b)  Placed  side  by 
side,  as  two  beasts,  whether 
facing  in  the  same  direction 
or  not. 

accouche  (a-kosh'),  v.  i.  [<  F. 
accoucher,  tr.  deliver,  intr.  be 
delivered,  give  birth,  <  OF. 
acoucher,  lay  one's  self  down 
in  bed,  <  a-  (L.  ad),  to,  +  cou- 
cher,  earlier  colcher,  colder,  F. 
coucher,  lay  one's  self  do'wn,  lie  dovm:  see 
couch,  v.]  To  act  as  an  accoucheur  or  a  mid- 
wife. N.  E.  D. 
accouchement  (a-kosh'moii),  n.  [F.,  <  accou- 
cher: see  accouche.]  Delivery  in  childbed ;  par- 
turition. 

accoucheur  (a-ko-sher'), «.  [F.,  a  man-midwife, 
i  accoucher:  see  accouche.]  A  man-midwife; 
a  medical  practitioner  who  attends  women  in 
childbirth — Accouclieur-toad.   See  nurse-frog. 

accoucheuse  (a-ko-shez'),  n.  [F.,  fem.  of  ac- 
coucheur.]   A  midwife. 

account  (a-koimf),  V.  [<  ME.  acountcn,  acun- 
ten,  <  OF.  acunter,  aconter  =  Pr.  OSp.  OPg. 
acontar  =  It.  accontare  (later  OP.  also  acomp- 
ter,  mod.  F.  accompter,  late  ME.  aconipten,  mod. 
E.  accompt,  q.  v.,  after  L.),  <  ML.  *accomputare, 

<  L.  ad,  to,  +  computarc,  count,  compute :  see 
count^  and  compute.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  count  or 
reckon  as;  deem;  consider;  think;  hold  to  be. 

The  opinion  of  more  worlds  than  one  has  in  ancient 
times  been  accounted  a  heresy. 

Bp.  WilMns,  Math.  Works,  L 


A  Bend  Accosted  by 
Bendlets. 


account 

I  have  been  accounted  a  good  stick  in  a  country-dance. 

Sheridan,  Tlie  Rivals,  iii.  4. 
He  fails  obtain  what  he  accounts  his  right. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  189. 

2t.  To  reckon  or  compute ;  count. 
The  motion  of  tlie  sun  wliereby  years  are  accounted. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

3.  To  assign  or  impute;  give  the  credit  of; 
reckon  as  belonging  or  attributable.  [Bare.] 

Even  as  Abraham  believed  God,  and  it  was  accounted 
to  him  for  righteousness.  Gal.  ii.  6. 

You  have  all  sorts  of  graces  accounted  to  you. 

Jerrold,  Works,  IV.  408. 

4t.  To  give  an  account,  reason,  or  explanation 
of ;  explain. 

A  way  of  accounting  the  solidity  of  ice.  Glanville. 
5+.  To  take  into  consideration.  Chaucer. —  6t. 
To  recount;  relate.  Chaucer. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  render  an  account  or  re- 
lation of  particulars ;  answer  in  a  responsible 
character :  followed  by  with  or  to  before  a  per- 
son, and  by  for  before  a  thing :  as,  an  oflScer 
must  account  with  or  to  the  treasurer /or  money 
received. 

They  must  account  to  me  for  these  things,  which  I  miss 
so  greatly.  Lamb,  Old  Benchers. 

2.  To  furnish  or  assign  a  reason  or  reasons; 
give  an  explanation :  with /or:  as,  idleness  «c- 
countsfor  poverty. 

You'll  not  let  me  speak  —  I  say  the  lady  can  account  for 
this  much  better  than  I  can.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  2. 

3t.  To  reckon ;  coimt. 

Calendar  months,  .  .  .  bywhich  months  we  still  account. 

Holder,  On  Time. 
To  account  oft,  to  make  account  of ;  esteem. 

It  [silver]  was  nothing  accounted  of  in  the  days  of 
Solomon.  1  Ki.  x.  21. 

I  account  of  her  beauty.  Shale.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  ii.  1. 

account  (a-kounf),  11.  [<  ME.  acount,  acunt, 
acont,  <  OF.  acunt,  acont  (<  a-  +  cont,  <  L.  cow- 
putum,  a  calculation),  acunte,  aconte  (later  OF. 
and  ME.  acompt,  acompte:  see  accompt),  <  OF. 
acimter,  aconte r :  Bee  account,  v."]  1.  A  reckon- 
ing, an  enumeration,  or  a  computation ;  meth- 
od of  computing :  as,  the  Julian  account  of  time. 

That  .  .  . 

I  might  in  virtues,  beauties,  livings,  friends. 
Exceed  account.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  2. 

2.  A  reckoning  of  money  or  business ;  a  state- 
ment or  record  of  financial  or  pecuniary  trans- 
actions, with  their  debits  and  credits,  or  of 
money  received  and  paid  and  the  balance  on 
hand  or  due :  as,  to  keep  accounts  ;  to  make  out 
an  account. —  3.  A  course  of  business  dealings 
or  relations  requiring  the  keeping  of  records  : 
as,  to  have  an  acco«»*  with  the  bank. — 4.  On 
the  stock  exchange,  that  part  of  the  transactions 
between  buyer  and  seller  to  be  settled  on  the 
fortnightly  or  monthly  settling-day :  as,  I  have 
sold  A.  B.  500  shares  for  the  accoun  t. —  5.  Nar- 
rative ;  relation ;  statement  of  facts ;  a  recital, 
verbal  or  wi"itten,  of  particular  transactions 
and  events:  as,  an  account  of  the  revolution  in 
France. 

The  account  which  Thucydides  has  given  of  the  retreat 
from  Syracuse  is  among  narratives  what  Vandyke's  Lord 
Strafford  is  among  paintings.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng. 

6.  A  statement  of  reasons,  causes,  grounds, 
etc.,  explanatory  of  some  event :  as,  no  satis- 
factory account  has  yet  been  given  of  these 
phenomena. — 7.  An  explanatory  statement  or 
vindication  of  one's  conduct,  such  as  is  given 
to  a  superior. 

Give  an  account  of  thy  stewardship.  Luke  xvi.  2. 

8.  Eeason  or  consideration;  ground:  used 
with  on;  as,  o»  all  accofmte;  on  every  account ; 
on  account  of. 

He  [Bacon]  valued  geometry  chiefly,  if  not  solely,  on 
account  of  those  uses,  which  to  Plato  appeared  so  base. 

Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

9.  Estimation  ;  esteem ;  distinction ;  dignity ; 
consequence  or  importance. 

Tliere  never  was  a  time  when  men  wrote  so  much  and  so 
well,  and  that  without  being  of  any  great  account  them- 
selves.  p_  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  293. 

10.  Profit ;  advantage :  as,  to  find  one's  account 
in  a  pursuit ;  to  turn  anything  to  account. 

Why  deprive  us  of  a  malady  by  which  such  numbers 
hnd  their  account  >  Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  5. 

11.  Regard;  behalf;  sake:  as,  all  this  trouble 
I  have  incurred  on  your  account. 

Sometimes  spelled  accompt. 
Account  current,  open  account,  a  course  of  business 
aeaungs  still  continuing  between  two  parties,  oran  account 
not  stated.— Account  rendered,  a  statement  presented  by 
a  creditor  to  his  debtor,  showing  the  charges  of  the  former 
against  the  latter.— Account  sales  (an  abbreviation  of 
account  of  the  sales),  a  separate  account  rendered  to  his 
pnncipal  by  a  factor  or  broker,  showing  the  goods  sold,  the 


39 

prices  obtained,  and  the  net  result  after  deduction  of  ex- 
penses, etc. —Account  stated,  an  account  or  statement 
showing  the  result  of  a  course  of  transactions,  for  adjust, 
ment  between  the  parties.  .Sometimes  called  a  «<«(«.  — Ac- 
tion of  account,  or  writ  of  account,  in  law,  an  action  or 
writ  which  the  plaintiff  brings,  demaruling  that  the  defen- 
dant shall  render  liis  just  account,  or  show  good  cause  to 
the  contrary. — For  accoiint  Of,  on  behalf  of :  as,  sold /or 
account  of  A.  B.,  that  is,  disposed  of  by  sale,  and  to  lie 
accounted  for  to  A.  B.  —  For  the  account,  for  settlement 
on  the  regular  settling-day,  and  not  for  casli  or  ready 
money  :  used  on  the  stock  excliange.  See  above,  4. — in 
account  with,  liaving  business  dealings  with  (some  one), 
requiring  the  keeping  of  an  account.— Money  Of  ac- 
count, a  denomination  of  money  used  in  reckoning,  but 
not  current  as  coins :  thus,  in  China,  the  tael  or  ounce- 
weight  of  silver  is  a  money  of  account.— On  or  to  ac- 
count, as  an  instalment  or  interim  payment. — On  one's 
own  account,  for  one's  self ;  for  one's  own  interest  and 
at  one's  own  risk  :  as,  he  has  gone  into  business  on  his  own 
account.— To  go  on  the  accountt,  to  join  a  piratical  ex- 
pedition ;  turn  pirate  :  probably  from  the  parties  sharing 
as  in  a  commercial  venture. 

I  hope  it  is  no  new  thing  for  gentlemen  of  fortune  who 
are  going  on  the  accoimt,  to  change  a  captain  now  and 
then.  Scott. 

To  make  accountt,  to  form  an  expectation ;  judge ; 
reckon. 

This  other  part  .  .  .  makes  account  to  find  no  slender 
arguments  for  this  assertion  out  of  those  very  Scriptures 
which  are  commonly  urged  against  it.  Milton. 

They  made  no  account  but  that  the  navy  should  be  ab- 
solutely master  of  the  seas. 

Bacon,  Consid.  of  War  with  Spain. 
To  make  account  of,  to  hold  in  estimation  or  esteem ; 
value :  generally  with  an  adjective  of  quantity,  as  much, 
little,  no,  etc. :  as,  he  makes  no  account  of  difficulties. 

Wliat  is  .  .  .  the  son  of  man,  that  thou  makest  account 
of  him  !  Ps.  cxliv.  3. 

We  never  make  much  account  of  objections  (to  war] 
which  merely  respect  the  actual  state  of  the  world  at  this 
moment,  but  which  admit  the  general  expediency  and 
permanent  excellence  of  the  project. 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  189. 
To  open  an  account  with,  to  begin  a  course  of  dealings 
with,  requiring  the  keeping  of  an  account.— To  take  into 
account,  to  take  into  consideration ;  make  a  part  of  the 
reckoning  or  estimate.  =  Syn.  5.  Account,  Relation,  Narra- 
tion, Narrative,  Recital,  Description,  Story,  statement,  re- 
hearsal, chronicle,  history,  tale,  report.  These  words  agree 
in  denoting  the  rehearsal  of  an  event  or  of  a  series  of  events. 
Account  directs  attention  to  the  facts  related  rather  than  to 
the  relater ;  it  is  the  most  general  term.  Relation  is  also 
general  in  its  meaning,  but  implies  more  directly  a  re- 
later  ;  it  is  less  used  in  this  sense  than  the  corresponding 
verb  relate.  It  holds  a  middle  place  between  account  and 
naiTative.  Narration  is  the  act  of  narrating;  the  mean- 
ing "  the  thing  narrated  "  has  by  desynonymization  been 
given  up  to  narrative.  A  narrative  sets  forth  a  series  of 
incidents  dependent  upon  each  other  for  meaning  and 
value,  and  generally  drawn  from  the  personal  knowledge 
of  the  narrator.  A  recital  is  a  narrative,  usually  of  events 
that  peculiarly  affect  the  interests  or  the  feelings  of  the 
reciter ;  hence  it  is  generally  more  detailed :  as,  the  re- 
cital of  one's  wrongs,  griefs,  troubles.  A  description  is  an 
account  addressed  to  the  imagination,  a  picture  in  words. 
A  story  is  by  derivation  a  short  history,  and  by  develop- 
ment a  narrative  designed  to  interest  and  please.  There 
may  be  an  account  of  a  battle  or  a  burglary ;  a  relation  of 
an  adventure ;  a  man  of  extraordinary  powersof  narrafion, 
so  tliat  his  narrative  is  exact  and  vivid ;  a  recital  of  one's 
personal  sufferings;  a  description  of  a  scene  or  an  inci- 
dent ;  a  story  of  a  life. 

accountt  (a-koimf),  pp.  [Reduced  from  ae- 
counted.']    Accounted ;  reckoned. 

Was  with  long  use  account  no  sin. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  i.,Gower. 
[In  older  editions  this  is  printed  account' d.] 

accountability  (a-koun-ta-bil'i-ti),  n.  The 
state  of  being  accountable  or  answerable;  re- 
sponsibility for  the  fulfilment  of  obligations ; 
liability  to  account  for  conduct,  meet  or  suffer 
consequences,  etc. :  as,  to  hold  a  trustee  to  his 
accountability ;  the  accountahility  of  parents  to- 
ward their  children,  or  of  men  toward  God. 

The  awful  idea  of  accotintabilify.  R.  Hall. 

accountable  (a-koun'ta-bl),  a.  [<  account  + 
-able.  Cf.  F.  comptable,  accountable,  respon- 
sible.] 1.  Liable  to  be  called  to  account;  re- 
sponsible, as  for  a  trust  or  obligation ;  answer- 
able, as  for  conduct :  as,  every  man  is  account- 
able to  God  for  his  conduct ;  a  sheriff  is  account- 
able as  bailiff  and  receiver  of  goods. 
Subjects  therefore  are  accountable  to  superiors. 

Dryden,  Post,  to  Ilist.  of  League. 

2.  Of  which  an  account  can  be  given;  that 
can  be  accounted  for :  in  this  use  opposed  to 
unaccountable.  [Rare.] 

We  can  never  frame  any  accountable  relation  to  it  [our 
country],  nor  consequently  assign  any  natural  or  proper 
affection  toward  it.  Shaftesbury,  Jlisc,  3. 

Accountable  receipt,  a  written  acknowledgment  of  the 
receipt  of  money  or  goods  to  be  accounted  for  by  the 
receiver.  It  differs  from  an  ordinary  receipt  or  acquittance 
in  that  the  latter  imports  merely  that  money  has  been 
paid.  =  Sya..  1.  Amenable,  answerable,  responsible. 

accountableness  (a-koun'ta-bl-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  accountable  ;  accountability. 

Tied  to  no  creed  and  confessing  no  intellectual  account- 
ableness to  any  power  less  than  the  Eternal  Reason. 

Bellows,  Introd.  to  Martiueau's  Materialism,  p.  7. 


accoutrement 

accountably  (a-koun'ta-bli),  adv.  In  an  ac- 
countable manner. 

accountancy  (a-koun'tan-si),  n.  The  art  or 
I)ractice  of  an  accountant.    N.  E.  D. 

accountant  (a-koun'tant),  n.  and  a.  [Also 
written  accomjptani,  <  i\  accomptant  (OF.  acun- 
tant),  ppr.  of  accompter :  see  account  and  -aw<l.] 

1.  n.  One  who  is  skilled  in  or  who  keeps  ac- 
counts ;  one  who  makes  the  keeping  or  exami- 
nation of  accounts  his  profession ;  an  ofiScer 
in  a  public  olBco  who  has  charge  of  the  ac- 
counts.   Also  spelled  accomptant. 

Il.t  «•  Giving  account ;  accountable ;  re- 
sponsible. 

His  offence  is  so,  as  it  appears, 
Accountant  to  the  law  upon  that  pain. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  ii.  4. 

accountant-general  (a-koun'tant-jen'e-ral),  n. 
The  principal  or  responsible  accountant  in 
a  public  office  or  in  a  mercantile  or  banking 
house  or  company ;  in  England,  formerly  also 
an  officer  in  chancery  who  received  all  moneys 
lodged  in  court  and  deposited  the  same  in  the 
Bank  of  England. 

accountantship  (a-koun'tant-ship),  n.  The 
office  or  employment  of  an  accountant. 

account-book  (a-kount'buk),  n.  A  book  con- 
taining accounts,  especially  one  containing  a 
record  of  sales,  purchases,  and  payments ;  a 
ruled  book  for  entering  details  of  receipts  and 
expenditures. 

account-day  (a-kount'da),  n.  A  day  set  apart 
once  in  each  fialf  month  for  the  adjustment  of 
differences  between  brokers  on  the  English 
stock  exchange.  A  similar  practice  prevails 
in  the  Continental  bourses. 

accouplet  (a-kup'l),  v.  t.  [<F.  accoupler,  join, 
<0F.  acoupler,  also  acoubler  =  Sp.  acoplar  =  lt. 
accoppiare,  <  ML.  accopulare,  <  L.  ad,  to,  + 
copulare,  couple :  see  couple,  «.]  To  join  or 
link  together ;  imite;  couple. 

The  Englishmen  accoupled  themselves  with  the  French- 
men. Hall,  Chronicles,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  9. 

accouplement  (a-kup'l-ment),  n.  [<F.  aecou- 
j)lement  =  lt.  accoppiamentb  :  see  accouple.']  1. 
The  act  of  aecoupling  or  connecting  in  pairs ; 
union  in  couples ;  marriage.  [Rare.] 

The  son  born  of  such  an  accouplement  shall  be  most 
untoward.  Trial  of  Men's  Wits,  p.  308. 

2.  In  carp. :  (a)  A  tie  or  brace.  (&)  The  entire 
piece  of  work  formed  by  a  brace  and  the  tim- 
bers which  it  joins. 

accouraget  (a-kru-'aj),  v.  t.  [<  OF.  accourager, 
earlier  acorager,  acoragier,  inspire  with  cour- 
age, <  a-  (L.  ad),  to,  4-  corage,  coraige,  courage. 
Cf.  encourage.^    To  encourage. 

But  he  endevored  with  speaches  milde 
Her  to  recomfort,  and  accourage  bold. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  viii.  34. 

accourtt  (a-kort'),  v.  t.   [<  ac-  +  court.  Cf .  OF. 

accort,  civil,  pohte,  accortement,  accortise,  po- 
liteness, ootirtesy,  as  if  from  a  verb  *accorter.'\ 
To  entertain  with  courtesy. 

Accourting  each  her  friend  with  lavish  fest. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  ii.  IG. 

accoutre,  accouter  (a-ko'ter),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and 

pp.  accoutred  or  accoutered,  ppr.  accoutring  or 
accoutering.  [<  F.  accoutrer,  earlier  accoustrer, 
acoustrer,  acoutrer,  clothe,  dress,  equip,  ar- 
range, =  Pr.  acotrar,  acoutrar ;  of  imcertain 
origin;  perhaps  <  OF.  a-  (L.  ad)  +  cousteur, 
coustre,  coutre,  the  sexton  of  a  church,  one  of 
whose  duties  was  to  take  care  of  the  sacred 
vestments,  both  of  the  priest  and  of  the  image 
of  the  Virgin ;  prob.  <  L.  *custorem  for  custodem, 
nom.  custos,  a  guardian,  keeper :  see  custo- 
dian.'] To  flress,  equip,  or  fiu-nish;  specifi- 
cally, array  in  a  military  dress ;  put  on  or 
furnish  with  accoutrements. 

Upon  the  word, 
Accoutred  as  I  was,  I  plunged  in. 

Shak.,  3.  C,  i.  2. 

He  ungirds  his  horse,  claps  the  whole  equipage  on  his 
own  back,  and,  thus  accoutred,  marches  on  the  next  inn. 

Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  >'o.  2. 

Our  globe,  .  .  .  accoutred  with  so  noble  a  furniture  of 
air,  light,  and  gravity.  Derham,  Physico-Theol.,  i.  5. 

accoutrement,  accouterment  (a-ko'ter-ment), 

n.  1.  Personal  vestment  or  clothing;  equip 
ment  or  furnishing  in  general ;  array ;  apparel. 
[Rare  in  the  singular.] 

And  not  alone  in  liabit  and  device. 
Exterior  form,  outward  accoutrement. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  i.  1. 

I  profess  requital  to  a  liair's  breadth ;  not  only,  ilistress 
Ford,  in  the  simple  office  of  love,  but  in  all  tlie  accoutre- 
ment, complement,  and  ceremony  of  it. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  2. 


accoutrement 

2.  pi.  Dress  in  relation  to  its  component  parts ; 
equipage;  trappings;  speeitically,  the  equip- 
ments of  a  soldier  except  arms  and  clotlung ; 
equipage  for  military  service.    See  equipage. 
In  robes  of  peace,  accoutre  merits  of  rest, 
He  was  advanc'd  a  counsellor. 

Ford,  Fiime's  Memorial. 
Among  piled  arms  and  rough  accoutrements. 

Tennijxon,  The  Princess,  v. 

accoyt  (a-koi'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  acoieii,  <  OF.  acoier, 
quiet,  <  (I-  (L.  ad),  to,  +  coi,  quiet :  see  fo^l.] 

1.  To  render  quiet ;  soothe. 
And  with  kind  words  accoyd,  vowing  great  love  to  mee. 

Spenser,      Q.,  IV.  viii.  59. 

2.  To  dishearten ;  daunt ;  subdue. 

Then  is  your  carelesse  courage  accoyed. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.  (Feb.). 

accraset,  v.  t.   See  acraze. 

accreaset  (a-kres').  v.  i.  [Formerly  also  ac- 
creace,  accress,  <  IVIE.  acresen,  increase,  <  OF. 
acreistre,  latev  accroisf re,  mod.  F.  accroitre  =  Sj>. 
acrecer  =  It.  accrescere,  <  L.  accrescere,  grow, 
become  larger  by  growth,  increase:  see  ac- 
cresee  (a  later  form,  after  the  L.),  increase,  de- 
crease, etc.,  and  der.  accrue.^    To  increase. 

Accrescere,  to  increase,  to  accrease,  to  add  vnto,  ...  to 
accrew,  to  eeke.  Florio. 

Such  .IS  ask,  why  the  sea  doth  never  debord  nor  accrcn re 
a  whit.  D.  Person,  Varieties,  1  §  6,  24.    (A',  i'.  D.) 

accredit  (a-kred'it),  v.  t.  [<  F.  accrediter,  ear- 
iiev acrediter,  accredit,  <ac-  (L.  ad),  to,  +  credit, 
n.,  credit  (see  credit,  n.);  =Sp.  Fg.  acreditar 
=  It.  accreditare,  accredit,  similarly  formed.] 

1.  To  give  credit  or  credence  to ;  repose  conti- 
dence  in ;  trust ;  esteem. 

Such  were  the  principal  tenns  of  the  surrender  of  Gra- 
nada, as  authenticated  by  the  most  accredited  Castilian  and 
Arabic  authorities.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  15. 

His  party  will .  .  .  protect  and  accredit  him,  in  spite  of 
conduct  the  most  contradictory  to  their  own  principles. 

Scott. 

2.  To  confer  credit  or  authority  on;  stamp  with 
authority. 

With  the  best  writers  of  our  age,  accredit  is  "invest  with 
credit  or  authority,"  to  which  may  be  added  its  diplo- 
matic sense,  "send  with  letters  credentiiil." 

F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  284. 
lam  better  pleased  indeed  that  he  censures  some  things 
than  I  should  have  been  with  unmixed  commendation ;  for 
his  censure  will  .  .  .  accredit  his  praises. 

Cowpcr,  Letters,  xliii. 

Hence,  specifically  —  3.  To  send  with  cre- 
dentials, as  an  envoy. 

According  to  their  rank,  some  agents  of  foreign  govern- 
ments are  directly  accredited  to  a  sovereign,  and  others 
to  his  minister  of  foreign  affairs. 

Woolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  91. 

4.  To  believe ;  accept  as  true. 
He  accredited  and  repeated  stories  of  apparitions,  and 

witchcraft,  and  possession,  so  silly,  as  well  as  monstrous, 
that  they  might  have  nauseated  the  coarsest  appetite  for 
wonder.  Southey,  Life  of  Wesley,  II.  198. 

5.  To  ascribe  or  attribute  to ;  invest  with  the 
credit  of :  followed  by  with. 

Mr.  Bright  himself  was  accredited  with  having  said  that 
his  own  effort  to  arouse  a  reforming  spirit  .  .  .  was  like 
flogging  a  dead  horse.       McCarthy,  Hist.  Own  Times,  xl. 

accreditatet  (a-kred'i-tat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

accreditated,  ppr.  accreditating.  [As  accredit  + 
-afe2.]    Same  as  accredit. 

She  bowed,  kissing  the  Thracian's  hands,  who  would  not 
resist  it,  to  accreditate  the  beginnings  of  his  Love  to  be  of 
estimation. 

Sir  A.  Cokaine,  tr.  of  Loredano,  Dianeii,  lY.  §3.  (iV.  E.  D.) 

accreditationt  (a-kred-i-ta'shon),  «.  The  act 
of  accrediting,  or  the  state  of  being  accredited. 

Having  received  my  instructions  and  letters  of  accredi- 
tation from  the  Earl  of  Hillsborough  on  the  17th  day  of 
April,  1780.      Mem.  of  P.  Cumberland,  I.  417.  (iV.  E.  D.) 

accrementitial  (ak'-'re-men-tish'al),  a.  [<L.  as 
if  *accrementuni  (found  once,  but  a  false  read- 
ing), addition  {iaccrescere,  increase:  see  ac- 
cresce,  and  cf.  excrement,  increment),  +  E.  Mial.'] 
hi  physiol.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  process  of 
accrementition. 

accrementition  (ak'''re-men-tish'on),  w.  [<L. 
as  if  *accrementuin,  on  analogy  of  accrementi- 
tial, q.  V.  The  regular  form  would  be  *accre- 
mentation.'\  In  physiol.,  the  production  or  de- 
velopment of  a  new  individual  by  the  separa- 
tion of  a  part  of  the  parent ;  gemmation. 

accrescet  (a-kres'),  v. «.  [Later  form  of  accrease, 
q.  v.,  after  orig.  L.  accrescere,  increase,  <  ad, 
to,  +  crescere,  grow:  see  crescent,  and  cf.  ac- 
crue.] 1.  To  increase;  grow.  [Eare.]  —  2. 
To  accrue.    See  accrue,  v.,  2. 

accrescence  (a-kres'ens),  11.  [i  accrescent ;  = 
Sp.  acrecencia  =  It.  dccrescenza,  increase.]  1. 
The  act  of  increasing;  gradual  growth  or  in- 
crease; accretion. 


40 

The  silent  accrescence  of  belief  from  the  unwatched  de- 
positions of  a  general,  never  contradicted,  hearsay. 

Coleridge,  Statesman's  Manual  (1839),  App.  B,  p.  296. 

2.  That  by  which  anything  is  increased;  an 
increment. 

accrescent  (a-kres'ent),  a.  [<L.  accrescen{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  accrescere,  grow:  see  accresce.']  In- 
creasing; gi-owing.  Specifically,  in  bot.,  applied  to 
parts  connected  with  the  flower  which  increase  in  size 
after  flowering,  as  frequently  occurs  with  the  calyx,  invo- 
lucre, etc. 

accrescimento  (iik-kresh-i-men'to),  «.  [It. :  see 
accresce.']  In  music,  the  increase  of  the  dura- 
tion of  a  sound  by  one  half,  indicated  by  a  dot 
after  the  note, 
accrete  (a-kref),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  accreted, 
ppr.  accreting.  [<  L.  accretus,  pp.  of  accrescere : 
see  accresce.']  I.  intrans.  1.  To  grow  by  ac- 
cretion ;  gather  additions  from  without.  [Rare.] 
AVe  see  everywhere  wasted  clift's  and  denuded  shores, 
or  aca-eted  shingle-banks  and  sand-hills. 

N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  62. 

2.  To  be  added ;  adhere  ;  become  attached  by  a 
process  of  accretion. 

Centres  about  which  thought  has  accreted,  instead  of 
crystallizing  into  its  own  free  forms. 

G.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  161. 

II.  trans.  To  cause  to  grow  or  unite, 
accrete  (a-kref),  a.    [<L.  accretus,  pp.  of  ac- 
crescere :  see  accresce.]  Grown  together ;  formed 
by  accretion ;  accreted, 
accretion  (a-ki-e'shgn),  n.    [<L.  accretio{n-), 

<  accretus,  pp.  of  accrescere,  grow :  see  accresce 
and  accrete.]  1.  The  act  of  accreting  or  accres- 
cing;  a  growing  to;  an  increase  hy  natural 
growth ;  an  addition ;  specifically,  an  increase 
by  an  accession  of  parts  externally. 

The  phrase  "  living  language,"  used  with  reference  to 
facts,  must  import  perpetual  excretion  and  accretion  of 
substance,  involving  or  producing  assimilation,  develop- 
ment, and  renewal.  F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  18. 

A  mineral  or  unorganized  body  can  undergo  no  change 
save  by  the  operation  of  mechanical  or  chemical  forces; 
and  any  increase  of  its  bulk  is  due  to  the  addition  of  like 
particles  to  its  exterior :  it  augments  not  by  growth  but 
by  accretion.  Owen,  Corap.  Anat.,  i. 

2.  In  pathol.,  the  growing  together  of  partsnor- 
mally  separate,  as  the  fingers  or  toes. —  3.  The 
thing  added;  an  extraneous  addition;  an  ac- 
cession :  commonly  used  in  the  pltrral,  and  re- 
stricted to  accessions  made  slowly  and  gradu- 
ally by  some  external  force. 

He  strove  to  pare  away  the  accretions  of  age. 

Merioale,  Hist.  Romans,  V.  150. 

4.  Inlaw:  (a)  The  increase  or  growth  of  prop- 
erty by  external  accessions,  as  by  alluvium 
naturally  added  to  land  situated  on  the  bank  of 
a  river,  or  on  the  seashore.  When  the  accretion 

takes  place  by  small  and  imperceptible  degrees  it  belongs 
to  the  owner  of  the  land  immediately  Ijchind,  Init  if  it 
is  sudden  and  considerable  it  may  belong  to  the 
state,  (b)  In  Scots  law,  the  completion  of 
an  originally  defective  or  imperfect  right 
by  some  subsequent  act  on  the  part  of  the 
person  from  whom  the  right  was  derived, 
accretive  (a-kre'tiv),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  accretion;  increasing  or  adding 
by  growth;  gi'owing;  accrescent:  as, 
"the  accretive  motion  of  plants,"  Glan- 
ville,  Seep.  Sci.,  ix.  60. 
accrewt,  accrewet,  w-  and  v.  Obsolete 
spellings  of  accrue.  The  spelling  is  retained  in 
the  clipped  form  crew^  (which  see), 
accriminatet  (a-krim'i-nat),  v.  t.  [<  ac-  +  crim- 
inate (cf.  Sp.  acriminar,  exaggerate  a  crime, 
accuse) :  see  criminate.]  To  charge  with  a 
crime. 

accroacht  (a-kroeh'),  v.  t.     [<ME.  acrochcn, 

<  OF.  accrocher,  fix  on  a  hook,  hook  up,  <  a-  (L. 
ad),  to,  +  croc,  a  hook,  a  crook :  see  crook  and 
crochet.  Gf.  encroach.]  1.  To  hook,  or  draw  to 
one's  self  as  with  a  hook. — 2.  In  old  laws,  to 
usurp :  as,  to  accroach  royal  power  to  one's  self. 

accroachmentt  (a-kroch'ment),  n.    The  act  of 
accroaching;  encroachment;  usurpation,  as  of 
sovereign  power, 
accrual  (a-kro'al),  w.    The  act  or  process  of  ac- 
cruing; accretion. 

accrue  (a-kro'),  n.  [Also  written  accrew  (now 
obs.),  <  late  ME.  *acrewc,  found  only  in  the 
clipped  form  crcwe(>E.  crew),  and  in  the  verb 
acreice,  accrue  ;  <  OF.  acrewe,  acreue,  that  which 
grows  up,  to  the  profit  of  the  owner,  on  the 
earth  or  in  a  wood,  later  "  accreue,  a  growth,  in- 
crease, eeking,  augmentation"  (Cotgrave),  orig. 
fem.  of  acreu,  "accreu,  growne,  increased " 
(Cotgrave),  (AF.  acru),  pp.  of  acreistre  (AF. 
acrestre),  later  accroistre,  mod.  F.  accroitre,  < 
L.  accrescere,  grow,  accrease,  accresce,  in- 
crease :  see  accrease,  accresce.   Hence  by  abbr. 


accumbent 

crue,crew:  see  crew^,  and  cf.  recruit.]  If,  An 
accession ;  addition ;  reinforcement. 

The  towne  of  Calis  and  the  forts  thereabouts  were  not 
supplied  with  anie  new  accrewes  of  soldiers. 

Hvlinshed,  Chron.,  III.  1136  1. 

Should  be  able  ...  to  oppose  the  French  by  the  accrue  of 
Scotland.    M.  Godwyn,  Annals  Eng.,  III.  283.  (N.E.D.) 

2.  A  loop  or  stitch  forming  an  extra  mesh  in 
network. 

There  are  also  accrues,  false  meshes,  or  quarterings, 
which  .are  loops  inserted  in  any  given  row,  by  which  the 
number  of  meshes  is  increased.    Encyc.  Brit.,  XVII.  359. 

accrue  (a-ki-6'),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  accrued,  ppr. 
accruing.  [Also  written  accrew  (now  obs.),  < 
ME.  acrewe,  v.,  <  *  acrewe,  n. :  see  accrue,  «.] 
If.  To  grow;  increase;  augment. 

And,  though  powre  faild,  her  courage  did  acerew. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  v.  7. 

2.  To  happen  or  result  as  a  natural  growth; 
come  or  fall  as  an  addition  or  increment,  as  of 
profit  or  loss,  advantage  or  damage ;  arise  in 
due  course :  as,  a  profit  accrues  to  government 
from  the  coinage  of  copper;  the  natural  in- 
crease accrues  to  the  common  benefit. 

To  no  one  can  any  benefit  accrue  from  such  aerial 
speculations  ...  as  crowd  almost  every  book  in  our  lan- 
guage that  we  turn  to.  F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  Pref. 

That  pleasui-e  which  accrues  from  good  actions. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Ten  Great  Relig.,  ii.  5. 

3.  In  laic,  to  become  a  present  and  enforcible 
right  or  demand.  Thus  the  right  to  set  up  the  statute 
of  limitations  against  a  claim  accrues  by  lapse  of  time ;  a 
cause  of  action  on  a  note  does  not  accrue  till  the  note 
becomes  payable. 

accrued  (a-krod'),  i>.  «.  In  her.,  full-gi-own :  an 
epithet  applied  to  trees. 

accruement  (a-kro 'ment),  n.  1.  Accrual. — 
2.  That  which  accrues;  an  addition;  incre- 
ment. 

accruer  (a-kro 'er),  n.  {(.accrue  +  -er^,  as  in 
user,  trover,  waiver,  and  other  law  terms,  where 
-er  represents  the  F.  inf.  sufiix.]  In  law,  the 
act  or  fact  of  accruing;  accrual  Clause  of  ac- 
cruer, a  clause  in  a  deed  or  bequest  to  several  persons, 
directmg  to  whom,  in  case  of  the  death  of  one  or  more, 
his  or  their  shares  shall  go  or  accrue. 

acct.  curt.  In  com.,  a  contraction  of  account 
current.  Originally  written  a/c,  a  symbol  now 
almost  exclusively  used  for  account. 

accubation  (ak-u-ba'shon),  n.  [<L.  accuba- 
tio{n-),  <  accubare,  lie  near,  esp.  recline  at  ta- 
ble, <  ad,  to,  +  cubare,  lie  down.  See  incubate 
and  accumb.]  1.  The  act  of  lying  down  or  re- 
clining ;  specifically,  the  ancient  practice,  de- 
rived from  the  Orient,  of  eating  meals  in  a  re- 
cumbent posture.  Among  the  Greeks  at  the  time  of 
tlie  Homeric  poems  this  practice  had  not  yet  been  adopted ; 
but  in  historical  times  it  obtained  in  general  among  both 
Greeks  and  Romans,  and  it  is  illustrated  in  e.arly  vase-paint- 
ings. It  was  customary  to  eat  reclining  diagonally  toward 


An  ancient  dinner. 

the  table,  resting  on  couches,  either  flat  on  the  breast 
or  supported  on  the  left  elbow  in  a  semi-sitting  position. 
Cushions  were  provided  to  relieve  the  strain  upon  the  el- 
bow and  the  back.  The  table  was  usuiilly  a  little  lower 
than  the  couches,  for  convenience  in  reaching  the  food. 
See  triclinium. 

Which  gesture  .  .  .  cannot  be  avoided  in  the  laws  of 
accubation.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  v.  6. 

2.  In  med.,  lying-in;  confinement;  accouche- 
ment.   Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

accumbt  (a-kumb'),  V.  i.  [<L.  accumbere,  lie 
near,  esp.  recline  at  table,  <.ad,  to,  +  *cumbere 
(in  comp.),  a  nasaUzed  foi-m  of  cubare,  lie 
down.  See  accubation.]  To  recline,  according 
to  the  ancient  fashion  at  table.  See  accuba- 
tion. Bailey. 
accumbencyt  (a-kum'ben-si),  n.  [<  accumbent: 
see  -cy.]  The  state  of  being  accumbent  or  of 
reclining. 

accumbent  (a-kum'bent),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  accum- 
ben{U)s,  ppr.  of  accumbere :  see 
accumb.]  I.  a.  1.  Leaning  or 
reclining,  in  the  manner  of  the 
ancients  at  their  meals.  See 
accubation. 

The  Roman  recumbent  (or  more 
properly  accumbent)  posture  in  eating 
was  introduced  after  the  first  Punic 
war.      Arbuthnot,  Anc.  Coins,  p.  134. 

2.  In  bot.,  lying  against:  applied  to  the  cotyle- 


Accumbent  Ovule 
( Tktaspi  arvevse). 


accumbent 

dons  of  an  embryo  when  their  edges  lie  against 
or  are  opposed  to  the  radicle. 

Il.t  «•  One  who  reclines,  as  at  meals ;  one 
at  table,  whether  reclining  or  sitting. 

A  penance  must  be  done  by  every  accumbent  in  sitting 
out  tlie  passage  tlirough  all  these  dishes. 

Bp.  Hall,  Occas.  Med.,  No.  81. 

accumberf  (a-kum'ber),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  acumhrcn, 
acombren,  for  earlier  encunibren,  cncomhren :  see 
encumber,  and  a-^^  and  To  encumber; 

clog. 

And  lette  his  sheep  acombred  in  the  inire. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  Parson's  Tale. 
Accumbred  with  carriage  of  women  and  children. 

Campion,  Hist.  Ireland,  p.  28. 

accumulate  (a-ku'mu-lat),  v.;  pret.  and  pp. 
accumulated,  ppr.  accumulating.  [<L.  accumu- 
latus,  pp.  of  accumulare,  heap  up,  <  ad,  to,  + 
cumulare,  heap,  <  cumulus,  a  heap :  see  cumu- 
late and  cumulus.']  I,  trans.  1.  To  heap  up; 
collect  or  bring  together;  make  a  pile,  mass, 
or  aggregation  of:  as,  to  accumulate  earth  or 
stones;  to  accumulate  money  or  sori'ows. 

Never  pray  more ;  abandon  all  remorse ; 

On  hon-or's  head  horrors  accumulate. 

Shah.,  Othello,  iii.  3. 

2.  To  form  by  heaping  up  or  collecting  the 
parts  or  elements  of ;  obtain  by  gathering  in ; 
amass:  as,  to  accumulate  wealth.  [Rare  in  the 
physical  sense,  as  in  the  first  extract.] 

Soon  the  young  captive  prince  shall  roll  in  fire, 
And  all  his  race  accumulate  the  pyre. 

J.  Barlow,  Columbiad,  iii.  362.    (N.  E.  D.) 
In  the  seventeenth  century  a  statesman  who  was  at  the 
head  of  affairs  might  easily,  and  without  giving  scandal, 
acctimulate  in  no  long  time  an  estate  amply  sufficient  to 
support  a  dukedom.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

A  weak  mind  does  not  accumulate  force  enough  to  hurt 
itself.  0.  W.  Holmes,  Autocrat,  ii. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  grow  in  size,  number,  or 
quantity ;  go  on  increasing  by  successive  addi- 
tions: as,  public  evils  accumulate. 

Ill  fares  the  land,  to  hastening  ills  a  prey. 
Where  wealth  accumulates,  and  men  decay. 

Goldsmith,  Des.  Vil.,  1.  52. 
We  are  the  heirs  to  an  inheritance  of  truth,  grandly  ac- 
cumulating  from  generation  to  generation. 

Sumner,  Orations,  I.  51. 

2.  To  take  degrees  by  accumulation,  as  in  some 
English  universities.    See  accumidation. 
accumulatet  (a-ldi'mii-lat),p.  a.    {Kli.  accumu- 
latus,  pp. :  see  accumulate,  v.]    Collected  into 
a  mass  or  quantity ;  increased ;  intensified. 
A  more  accumulate  degree  of  felicity. 

^  South,  Sermons,  viii.  147. 

Haply'made  sweeter  by  the  accumuiate  thrill. 

Lowell,  Cathedral. 

accumulation  (a-kti-mu-la'shon),  n.  [<  L.  accu- 
midatio{n-),i  accumulare:  see  accumidafe,  v.]  1. 
The  act  of  accumulating,  or  state  of  being  accu- 
mulated ;  an  amassing ;  a  collecting  together. 

It  is  essential  to  the  idea  of  wealth  to  be  susceptible  of 
accumidation ;  things  which  cannot,  after  being  produced, 
be  kept  for  some  time  before  being  used  are  never,  I  think, 
regarded  as  wealth.  J.  S.  Mill. 

2.  Growth  by  continuous  additions,  as  the  ad- 
dition of  interest  to  principal.  Specifically,  in  law: 
(a)  The  adding  of  the  interest  or  income  of  a  fund  to  the 
principal,  pursuant  to  the  provisions  of  a  will  or  deed  pre- 
venting its  being  expended.  The  law  imposes  restrictions 
on  the  power  of  a  testator  or  creator  of  a  trust  to  prohibit 
thus  the  present  beneficial  enjoyment  of  a  fund  in  order  to 
increase  it  for  a  future  generation.  (&)  The  concurrence 
of  several  titles  to  the  same  thing,  or  of  several  circum- 
stances to  the  same  proof:  more  correctly,  cumulation. 

3.  That  which  is  accumulated ;  a  heap,  mass, 
or  aggregation :  as,  a  great  accumulation  of  sand 
at  the  mouth  of  a  river. 

Our  days  become  considerable,  like  petty  sums  by  minute 
accumulations.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Urn-burial,  v. 

Accumulation  of  degrees,  in  some  of  the  English  uni- 
versities, the  taking  of  a  higher  and  a  lower  degree  to- 
gether, or  at  shorter  intervals  than  is  usual  or  is  gener- 
ally allowed  by  the  rules.— Accumulation  of  power, 

that  amount  of  force  or  capacity  for  motion  which  some 
machines  possess  at  the  end  of  intervals  of  time,  during 
which  the  velocity  of  the  moving  body  has  been  constantly 
accelerated. 

accumulative  (a-ku'mu-la-tiv),  a.  [<  accumu- 
late +  -ive;  =z  Sp.  acumtdaiivo  (in  adv.  acumida- 
tivamente)  =  Pg.  accumulativo.']  Tending  to  or 
arising  from  accumulation ;  cumulative  Accu- 
mulative judgment,  in  law,  a  second  judgment  against 
a  person,  the  effect  of  which  is  to  begin  after  the  first  has 
e.xpired. 

accumulatively  (a-kii'mu-la-tiv-li),  adv.  In  an 
accumulative  manner ;  by  heaping ;  in  heaps. 

accumulativeness  (a-kii'mu-la-tiv-nes),  n. 
The  quality  of  being  accumiilative ;  tendency 
to  accumulate. 

accumulator  (a-kii'mii-la-tor),  n.  [<  L.  accumu- 
lator, <  accumulare,  accumulate.]  1.  One  who 
or  that  which  gathers,  aecimiulates,  or  amasses. 
— 2.  One  who  takes  university  degrees  by  ac- 


Hydraulic  Accumulator. 
a,  cylinder;   ^,  plunger;  c, 

fland  ;  d,  weight-case;  e,  cross- 
ead  ;  y,  bolt ;       framework ; 
A,  1.  pipes. 


41 

cumulation  (which  see). —  3.  Anything  used 
for  collecting  and  storing  energy,  etc.  Specifi- 
cally, in  mech.  :  (a)  An  india-rubber  spring  serving  for  the 
storage  of  energy  to  be  \itilized  for  lifting  and  other  pur- 
poses, (ii)  An  elastic  section  of  a  drcdge-Iine,  so  placed 
as  to  prevent  a  sudden  break- 
ing strain,  (c)  An  apparatus 
used  principally  in  connec- 
tion with  hydraulic  machines 
as  an  equalizer  of  pressure,  or 
for  the  accumulation  of  ener- 
gy to  be  expended  intermit- 
tently, as  in  hydraulic  cranes, 
elevators,  riveters,  etc.  It 
consists  of  a  cylinder  fitted 
with  a  plunger,  having  at  its 
upper  end  a  cross-head  or 
cap,  to  whicli  are  secured  the 
weights  necessary  for  the  de- 
sired pressure.  The  water 
forced  into  the  cylinder  raises 
the  plunger,  whose  weight,  re- 
acting upon  the  water,  trans- 
mits this  pressure  to  the  op- 
erating machinery.  The  total 
force,  less  friction,  which  can 
be  expended  is  measured  by 
the  product  of  the  weight  of 
the  plunger  and  its  load  into 
the  distance  traversed  by  it. 
The  joint  capacity  of  the 
force-pumps  which  supply  the 
cylinder  is  such  as  will,  by 
continuous  running,  accumu- 
late in  the  cylinder  during 
periods  of  inaction  an  amount 
equal  to  that  expended  during 
a  maximum  effort.  In  an- 
other form,  called  the  hydro- 
pneumatic  accunnilator,  the 
water  within  the  cylinder  compresses  air,  which  reacts 
upon  it,  thus  serving  as  a  substitute  for  the  weights. 

By  availing  ourselves  of  the  hydrostatic  pressure  of 
water  stored  at  high  elevations,  or  by  storing  it  under 
pressure  artificially  produced  by  means  of  an  accumulator, 
we  can  utilise  sources  of  power  which  without  storage 
would  be  quite  insufficient  for  a  given  purpose. 

C.  P.  B.  Shelley,  Workshop  Appliances,  p.  313. 

((?)  In  elect. :  (1)  A  condenser  (which  see).  (2)  A  storage  bat- 
tery (which  see,  nnAnT  battery). — HydTO-pneumatic  ac- 
cumulator, an  apparatus  intended  to  be  used  with  hydro- 
static lifts  and  presses,  and  employing  compressed  air  as 
the  source  of  power.    See  above,  3  (c). 

accuracy  (ak'u-ra-si),  n.  [<  accura(te)  -t-  -c;/, 
as  if  <  L.  *accuratia.  The  sense  is  that  of  the 
rare  L.  accuratio.]  The  condition  or  quality 
of  being  accurate ;  extreme  precision  or  exact- 
ness ;  exact  conformity  to  truth,  or  to  a  rule  or 
model ;  correctness :  as,  the  value  of  testimony 
depends  on  its  accuracij ;  copies  of  legal  instru- 
ments should  be  taken  with  accuracy. 

The  schoolmen  tried  to  reason  mathematically  about 
things  which  had  not  been,  and  perhaps  could  not  be,  de- 
fined with  mathematical  accuracy. 

Macaulay,  Utilitarian  Theory  of  Government. 
=  S3T1.  Accurateness,  exactness,  exactitude,  precision, 
carefulness,  care,  niceness,  nicety. 

accurate  (ak'u-rat),  a.  [  =  Pg.  accurado  =  It. 
accurato,  <  L.  accuratus,  prepared  with  care, 
exact,  pp.  of  accurare,  prepare  with  care,  <  ad, 
to,  +  curare,  take  care,  <  cura,  care,  pains: 
see  cure.']  1.  Characterized  by  extreme  care  ; 
hence,  in  exact  conformity  to  truth,  or  to  a 
standard  or  rule,  or  to  a  model;  free  from 
error  or  defect ;  exact :  as,  an  accurate  ac- 
count ;  accurate  measiu-e  ;  an  accurate  expres- 
sion ;  an  accurate  calculator  or  observer. 

Our  American  character  is  marked  by  a  more  than  aver- 
age delight  in  accurate  perception,  whicli  is  shown  by  the 
currency  of  the  byword,  "I«o  mistake." 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  207. 

2t.  Determinate ;  precisely  fixed. 

Those  conceive  the  celestial  bodies  have  more  accurate 
influences  upon  these  things  below.  Bacon. 
=  Syn.  1.  Accurate,  Correct,  Exact,  Precise,  Nice,  care- 
ful, particular,  true,  faithful,  strict,  painstaking,  unerr- 
ing. Of  these  words  correct  is  the  feeblest ;  it  is  barely 
more  than  not  faulty,  as  tested  by  some  standard  or  rule. 
Accurate  implies  careful  and  successful  endeavor  to  be 
correct:  as,  an  accjtrate  accountant,  and,  by  extension  of 
the  meaning,  accurate  accounts  ;  an  accurate  likeness. 
Exact  is  stronger,  carrying  the  accuracy  down  to  minute 
details  :  as,  an  exact  likeness.  It  is  more  commonly  used 
of  things,  while  2'>'ecise  is  used  of  persons :  as,  the  exact 
truth  ;  he  is  very  precise  in  his  ways.  Precise  may  repre- 
sent an  excess  of  nicety,  but  exact  and  accxirate  rarely  do 
so :  as,  she  is  prim  and  precise.  As  applied  more  specifi- 
cally to  the  processes  and  results  of  thought  and  investi- 
gation, exact  means  absolutely  true ;  accurate,  up  to  a 
limited  standard  of  truth  ;  precise,  as  closely  true  as  the 
utmost  care  will  secure.  Thus,  the  exact  ratio  of  the  cir- 
cumference to  the  diameter  cannot  be  stated,  but  the 
value  3.14159265  is  accurate  to  eight  places  of  decimals, 
which  is  sufficiently  precise  for  the  most  refined  measure- 
ments. Nice  emphasizes  the  attention  paid  to  minute  and 
delicate  points,  often  In  a  disparaging  sense  :  as,  he  is 
more  nice  than  wise. 

What  is  told  in  the  fuUest  and  most  accurate  annals 
bears  an  infinitely  small  proportion  to  that  which  is  sup- 
pressed. Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng. 

But  we  all  know  that  speech,  correct  speech,  is  not  thus 
easily  and  readily  acquired. 

R.  G.  White,  Every-day  English,  p.  130. 


accusative 

It  (the  map)  presents  no  scene  to  the  imagination  ;  but 
it  gives  us  exact  information  as  to  the  bearings  of  tlic 
various  points.  ilacaiilay,  Uallam's  Const.  Hist. 

A  winning  wave,  deserving  note, 
In  the  tempestuous  petticoat, — 
A  careless  shoe-string,  in  whose  tie 
I  see  a  wild  civility,— 
Do  more  bewitch  me,  than  when  art 
Is  more  j/recise  in  every  part.  nerriek. 
He  is  fastidiously  nice  in  his  choice  of  language,  and  a 
fondness  for  dainty  and  delicate  epithets  too  often  gives  to 
his  style  an  appearance  of  prettiness. 

W'hijrplc,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  82. 

accurately  (ak'iVrat-li),  adv.  In  an  accurate 
manner;  with  precision;  without  eiTor  or  de- 
fect; exactly:  as,  a  wTiting  accz<rate?^  copied. 

Nature  lays  tlie  ground-plan  of  each  creature  accurately 
—  sternly  fit  for  all  his  functions;  then  veils  it  scrupu- 
lously. Emerson,  Success. 

For  no  two  seconds  together  does  any  possible  ellipse 
accurately  represent  the  orbit  [of  a  planet). 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  78. 

accurateness  (ak'ii-rat-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  accurate;  accuracy;  exact- 
ness; nicety;  precision. 

accurse  (a-kers'),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  rtccwr.sci?, 
ppr.  aecursing.  [A  wrong  spelling,  in  imita- 
tion of  L.  words  with  prefix  ac-,  of  acurse,  < 
ME.  acursicn,  acorsien,<  a-^  {<  AS.  d-)  +  cursien, 
corsiciiji  AS.  cursian,  curse :  see  curse,  v.]  To  im- 
precate misery  or  evil  upon;  call  down  curses 
on;  curse.  [Now  hardly  used  except  in  the 
past  participle  as  an  adjective:  see  below.] 

Hildebrand  accursed  and  cast  down  from  his  throne 
Henry  IV.  lialeigh.  Essays. 

accursed,  accurst  (a-kersf  or  a-ker'sed,  a- 
kerst'),  I),  a.  [<  ME.  acursed,  akursed,  acorscd, 
pp.:  see  accurse.]  1.  Subject  to  a  curse; 
doomed  to  harm  or  misf  ortime ;  blasted ;  ruined. 

The  city  shall  be  accursed.  Josh.  vi.  17. 

Thro'  you  my  life  will  be  accurst. 

Tennyson,  The  Letters,  v. 

2.  Worthy  of  curses  or  execrations;  detest- 
able; execrable;  cursed:  as,  "deeds  accursed," 
Collins,  Ode  to  Fear. 

Thus  cursed  steel,  and  more  accursed  gold, 

Gave  mischief  bu'th,  and  made  that  mischief  bold. 

Dryden,  Ovid's  iletamorph.,  i.  179. 

accursedly  (a-ker'sed-li),  adv.  In  an  accursed 
manner. 

accursedness  (a-ker'sed-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  accursed. 

accusable  (a-kti'za-bl),  a.  [=F.  accusable  = 
Sp.  acusable  =  Pg.  accusavcl  -  It.  accusabile 
(in  E.  sense),  <  L.  accusabilis  (found  once 
in  Cicero),  blameworthy,  <  accusare,  accuse, 
blame :  see  accuse.]  Liable  to  be  accused  or 
eensiu-ed;  chargeable;  blamable:  as,  accusable 
of  a  crime. 

Nature's  improvision  were  justly  accusable,  if  animals, 
so  subject  unto  diseases  from  bilious  causes,  should  want 
a  proper  conveyance  for  oholer. 

Sir  T.  Broume,  Vulg.  Err.,  iii.  2. 
accusal  (a-kii'zal),  n.    Accusation.    X.  E.  D. 
accusant!  (a-kti'zant),  n.   [  =  Pg.  It.  accusante, 
an  accuser,  <L.  accusan(t-)s,  ppr.  of  accusare, 
accuse :  see  accuse.]    One  who  accuses ;  an  ac- 
cuser. 

The  accusant  must  hold  him  to  the  proof  of  the  charge. 

Bp.  Hall,  Remain?,  Life,  p.  531. 

accusation  (ak-u-za'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  accM.s«- 
cion,  -cioun,  <  OF.  acusation,  F.  accusation  =  Sp. 
acusacion  =:  Pg.  acciisagao  =  It.  accusazione,  <  L. 
accusatio(n-),  an  accusation,  <  accusare,  accuse  : 
see  accuse.]  1 .  A  charge  of  wrong-doing ;  a  dec- 
laration of  the  commission  of  crime  or  eiTor; 
imputation  of  guilt  or  blame. 

Wrote  they  unto  him  an  accusation  against  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Judah  and  Jerusalem.  Ezra  iv.  6. 

The  breath 
Of  accusation  kills  an  innocent  name. 

Shelley,  The  Cenci,  iv.  4. 

2.  That  which  is  imputed  as  a  crime  or  wrong ; 
the  specific  guilt  or  error  charged,  as  in  a  state- 
ment or  indictment :  as,  what  is  the  accusation, 
against  me  ?  the  accusation  is  mui-der. 

And  set  up  over  his  head  his  accxisation.  Mat.  xxrvii.  37. 

3.  The  act  of  accusing  or  charging;  crimination. 

Thus  they  in  mutual  accusation  spent 

The  fruitless  hours.  Milton,  P.  L.,  Lx.  1187. 

=  SjTl.    Charge,  impeachment,  arraignment,  indictment, 

crimination,  imputation. 

accusatival  (a-kii-za-ti'val),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  accusative  case.    Jour,  of  Philology. 

accusative  (a-ku'za-tiv),  a.  and  n.  [=F.  ac- 
cnsatif=  Sp.  acu.sativo  =  Pg.  It.  accusatiro,  all  in 
the  sense  of  accusative  case,  Pg.  also  in  sense 
of  censuring,  <  L.  flcc)/,w<(i'«s,  prop,  belonging 
to  an  accusation,  but  used  only  in  the  gram- 
matical sense  (with  or  -without  casus,  case), 


accusative 

"being  a  translatioB  of  Gr.  ainanKf/  (sc.  irruaig, 
cai-u^),  regiu-ded  as  '  the  case  of  accusing,'  fern, 
of  a'iTiaTiKui;  usually  translated  '  of  or  for  accu- 
sation,' but  rather  '(the  ease)  of  the  effect,'  or 
terminal  cause  of  the  action  of  the  verb,  <  a'ma- 
Toi;  effect,  neut.  of  aiTiaror,  effected,  <  a'ma- 
cdai,  allege  as  the  cause,  charge,  accuse,  <  alria, 
a  cause,  occasiou,  charge.]  I.  a.  If.  Producing 
accusations ;  accusatory. 
This  hath  been  a  very  accumtive  age. 

Sir  E.  Bering,  Speeches,  p.  112. 
2.  In  {jram.,  noting  especially  the  direct  object 
of  a  verb,  and  to  a  considerable  extent  (and 
probably  iirimarily)  destination  or  goal  of  mo- 
tion: applied  to  a  ease  forming  part  of  the 
original  Indo-Eiu-opean  declension  (as  of  the 
ease-systems  of  other  languages),  and  retained 
as  a  distinct  form  by  the  older  languages  of  the 
family,  and  by  some  of  the  modem,  in  English 
grammar  it  is  usually  called  the  objective  case.  Its  abbre- 
viation is  acc. 

II.  >i.  Short  tor  accusative  case.    See  I.,  2. 
accusatively  (a-ku'za-tiv-li),  adv.    If.  In  an 
accusative  manner;  by  way  of  accusation.— 
2.  In  (/mm.,  in  the  position  or  relation  of  the 
accusative  case. 

accusatorial  (a-ku-za-to'ri-al),  a.  [<  L.  accn.sa- 
toriits,  <  accKs'ator,  accuser:  see  accusaton/.^ 
Of  or  pertaining  to  an  accuser  or  a  prosecutor: 
as,  aevusatorial  functions.  [Rare.] 

accusatorially  (a-ku-za-to'ri-al-i),  adc.  In  an 
accusatorial  manner. 

accusatory  (a-ku'za-to-ri),  a.  .[<  L.  accusato- 
riiis,  <  accusator,  accuser,  <  accusare :  see  ac- 
cuse.l  Accusing;  containing  an  accusation: 
as,  an  accusator ij  libel. 

I  would  s.ay  a  wuril  now  on  two  portions  of  his  public 
life,  one  of  wliiuh  lias  been  the  subject  of  acnisatory,  tlie 
other  of  disparaging,  criticism. 

R.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  284. 
accuse  (a-kuz'),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  accused,  ppr. 
accusing.  [<  ME.  accusen,  acusen,  <  OF.  acuser, 
F.  accuser  =  Pr.  acusar,  accusar  =  Sp.  acusar 
=  Pg.  accusar  =  It.  accusare,  <  L.  accusare,  call 
one  to  account.  <  ad,  to,  +  causa,  a  cause,  rea- 
son, aecotmt,  suit  at  law:  see  cause.}  1.  To 
make  an  imputation  against,  as  of  a  crime, 
fault,  or  eiTor;  charge  with  guilt  or  blame; 
affect  with  specific  censure :  used  either  abso- 
lutely or  witli  of  before  the  thing  charged,  and 
sometimes  with  for  before  the  subject  of  cen- 
sure :  as,  to  accuse  one  of  high  crimes,  or  as  an 
accomplice  in  crime ;  to  accuse  nature  for  our 
misfortunes. 

Accune  not  nature  ;  she  hath  done  her  part. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  ,561. 
The  accusing  spirit,  which  flew  up  to  heaven's  chancery 
with  the  oath,  blushed  as  he  gave  it  in. 

Sternr,  Tristram  Shandy,  vii.  7. 
The  professors  are  accused  of  the  ill  practices. 
«  Addison. 

The  Romanists  accuse  the  Protestants  for  their  indiffer- 
ence. Southey,  Quarterly  Rev.,  I.  1<«. 

2.  To  indicate;  evince;  show;  manifest;  show 
signs  of.    [A  Gallicism,  now  rare.] 

Amphialus  answered  .  .  .  with  such  excusing  himself 
that  more  and  more  accmed  his  love  to  Philoclea. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  ii. 
=  Syil.  1.  Accuse,  Charge,  Indict,  Arraign,  Impeach,  In- 
criminate, criminate,  inculpate,  tax  with,  taunt  with,  im- 
pute to.  Of  these  words  charge  is  the  most  general  and 
inay  be  the  weakest,  being  used  of  any  sort  of  imputa- 
tion, large  or  small,  against  persons  or  things  formally  or 
informally,  publicly  or  privately.  Accuse  commonly 
though  not  invariably,  expresses  something  more  formal 
and  gi-ave  than  charge.  Indict  is  a  purely  legal  term,  re- 
stricted to  the  action  of  a  grand  jury  when  it  makes  a 
formal  complaint  against  a  supposed  offender,  in  order 
that  he  may  be  brought  to  trial.  Arraign  has  primarily 
the  same  meaning  with  indict,  but  is  freer  in  figurative 
use  :  as,  to  arraign  a  political  party  at  the  bar  of  public 
sentiment.  Impeach  is  to  bring  to  answer  before  some 
legislative  body  for  wrong-doing  in  a  public  office,  and  has 
been  so  long  associated  with  the  peculiar  dignity,  solem- 
nity, and  impressiveness  of  such  trials  that  it  has  been  lifted 
into  corresponding  importance  in  its  figurative  uses  In- 
criminate is  obsolescent  except  in  the  special  meaning  of 
involving  another  with  one's  self  :  as,  in  his  confession  he 
incriminated  several  persons  hitherto  unsuspected  To 
charge  with  a  fault ;  to  accuse  of  dishonesty ;  to  indict  for 
felony  and  arraign  before  the  court ;  to  impeach  a  magis- 
trate or  one's  motives  or  veracity ;  to  incriminate  others 
with  one's  self  in  a  confession  of  guilt. 

And  from  rebellion  shall  derive  his  name, 

Though  of  rebellion  others  he  accuse. 

Milton,  P.  X.,  xii.  37. 
Charging  the  Scripture  with  obscurity  and  imperfec- 

Slillingfieet. 

It  is  lield  that  the  power  of  impeachment  extends  only 
to  such  offenders  as  may  afterward  be  indicted  and  pun- 
ished according  to  law:  that  is,  that  tiic  bouse  can  only 
impeach,  the  seniite  remove,  for  indictable  olfeii.ses. 

Cyc.  I'ol.  Sci.,  II.  481. 
Day  by  day  the  men  who  guide  public  affairs  are  ar- 
raigned before  the  judgment-seat  of  the  race. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  Const.,  I.  5. 


42 

accuset  ( a-kiiz'),  ».    [=  It.  accusa,  charge ;  from 
the  verb.]  Accusation. 
York  . . . 

By  false  accuse  doth  level  at  my  life. 

.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  l. 

accusementt  (a-kuz'ment),  n.   [<  ME.  acuse- 
mvnt,  <OF.  *aruscmentj'accuscmcnt,  <acuser,  ac- 
cuse.] Accusation. 
By  forged  an-iisi  nu  nts  .  .  .  were  condemned. 

Ilolinshed. 

accuser  (a-ku'zer),  n.  [<  ME.  accuser,  ac- 
cusonr,  <  AP.  accusour,  OP.  acusor,  acuscor,  P. 
accusatcur,  <  L.  accusator,  accuser,  <  accusare: 
see  accuse,  v.}  One  who  accuses  or  blames ; 
specifically,  a  person  who  formally  accuses  an- 
other of  an  offense  before  a  magistrate  or  a 
tribimal  of  any  kind, 
accusingly  (a-ku'zing-li),  adv.  In  an  accusing 
mamier. 

accustom  (a-kus'tom),  V.  [<  late  ME.  acus- 
tome,  ncttstunie,  <  OP.  acoustumer,  acostumer 
(P.  accoutumer  =  Sp.  acostumhrar  z=  Pg.  acos- 
tumar=lt.  accostumarc),  <  a  (L.  ad),  to,  +  cous- 
tume  (P.  coutume),  custom :  see  custom.']  I. 
trans.  To  familiarize  by  custom  or  use ;  habitu- 
ate or  inure:  as,  to  accustom  one's  self  to  a 
spare  diet ;  time  may  accustom  one  to  almost 
anything ;  to  be  accustomed  to  hard  work. 

So  accustomed  to  his  freaks  and  follies,  that  she  viewed 
them  all  as  niiitters  of  course. 

Hawthorne,  Twice-Told  Tales,  I.  176. 
We  are  not  accustomed  to  express  our  thoughts  or  emo- 
tions by  symbolical  actions.  Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  24. 
=  Syn.  To  habituate,  familiarize,  inure,  harden,  train. 

II,t  intrans.  1 .  To  be  wont  or  habituated  to 
do  anything. 

A  boat,  over-freighted,  sunk,  and  all  drowned,  saving  one 
woman,  m  her  first  popping  up  again,  which  most  living 
things  accustom,  got  hold  of  the  boat.  Carew. 
2.  To  consort  or  cohabit. 

Much  better  do  we  Britons  fulfil  the  work  of  nature  than 
you  Romans;  we,  with  the  best  men,  accustom  openly 
you,  with  the  basest,  commit  private  adultery. 

Milton,  Hist,  Eng.,  iii. 
accustomt  (a-kus'tom),  w.  l<  accustom,  r.]  Cus- 
tom: as,  "individual  accustom  of  life,"  Milton 
Tetraehordou  (ed.  1851),  p.  171. 
accustomablet  (a-kus'tom-a-bl),  a.    l<  accus- 
tom +  -able.]    Of  long  custom;  habitual;  cus- 
tomary: as,  " accHstomable  residence,"  Sir  M. 
Hale,  Orig.  of  Mankind,  xx. 
accustomablyt  (a-kus'tom-a-bli),  adv.  Accord- 
ing to  custom  or  habit ;"  habitually. 
Kings'  fines  accustomaUy  p.aid.        Bacon,  Alienations. 

accustomancet  (a-kus'tom-ans),  n.  [<  ME.  acus- 
tumaunce,  accustomance,  <  (5F.  acoustumance  (P. 
accoutumance :  cf.  Pr.  It.  costumanza),  <  acous- 
tumer, acostumer,  accustom:  see  accustom,  v. 
Cf.  custom.']   Custom ;  habitual  use  or  practice. 

Through  accustomance  and  negligence.  Boyle. 

accustomarilyt  (a-kus'tom-a-ri-li),  adv.  Ac- 
cording to  custom  or  common'practice ;  custom- 
arily. 

accustomaryt  (a-kus'tom-a-ri),  a.    [<  accustom 
+  -ary.    Cf .  customary.]    Usual ;  customary. 
Usual  and  accmtomary  swearing. 

Dr.  Peatlcy,  Dippers  Dipt,  p.  160. 

accustomatef  (a-kus'tom-at),  a.    [  =  0P.  acos- 
tome  =  lt.  accostumato  =  Fg.  acostumado  —  Sp. 
acostumhrado  (in  adv.  acostumhradamente);  ac- 
custom 4-  -afei.    Cf.  accustomed.]  Customary. 
Card.  Bainbridge. 
accustomed  (a-kus'tomd),  p.  a.    [<  ME.  acus- 
tomed;  pp.  of  accustom.]    1.  Often  practised 
or  used ;  customary ;  habitual ;  made  famUiar 
through  use ;  usual ;  wonted :  as,  in  their  ac- 
customed manner. 
Itisan  accustomed  action  with  her.    Shale,  Macb.,  v.  1. 
My  old  acciiMomed  corner  here  is. 

The  table  still  is  in  the  nook  ; 
Ah !  vanished  many  a  busy  year  is 
This  well-known  chair  since  last  I  took. 

Thackeray,  Ballad  of  Bouillabaisse. 
2t.  Ha-ving  custom  or  patronage ;  frequented. 

A  v/eW-accustom'd  house,  a  handsome  barkeeper,  with 
clean  obliging  drawers,  soon  get  the  master  an  estate. 

Mrs.  Centlivre,  Bold  Stroke,  i.  1. 
accustomedness  (a-kus'tomd-nes),  n.  Famil- 
iarity; wontedness;  the  quality  of  being  accus- 
tomed (to).  [Bare.] 
Accu.Htomedness  to  sin  hardens  the  heart. 

Bp.  Pearce,  Sermons,  p.  230. 
Freedom  from  that  bad  accustomedness  to  evil  and 
wrong.  The  American,  VII.  I(i4. 

ace  (as),  n.  [<  ME.  a.s,  aas,  <  OP.  as,  an  ace,  P. 
as  =  Sp.  as  =  Pg.  az  -  It.  asso  =  G.  ass  —  D. 
aa.s  =  Icel.  d.ss=zi~.w.  ess  z=  Dan.  es,  <  L.  as  (acc. 
assem),  a  unit,  a  pound,  a  foot,  usually  but  prob. 
erroneously  derived  from  ag,  said  to  be  the  Ta- 


Acephala 

rentine  form  of  Gr.  eig  (acc.  ki>a),  one,  a  unit  • 
akin  to  L.  setn-cl  and  E.  same:  see  same.]  1. 
A  unit ;  specifically,  a  single  pip  on  a  card  or 
die,  or  a  card  or  die  marked  with  a  single  pip. 
—  2.  A  very  small  quantity;  a  particle;  aii 
atom ;  a  trifie :  as,  the  creditor  will  not  abate 
an  ace  of  his  demand. 
I'll  not  wag  an  ace  farther.  Dryden,  Spanish  Friar, 
-ace.  [<  P.  -ace,  <  It.  -azzo,  -accio,  m.,  -uzza, 
-accia,  f.,  an  aug.  or  depreciative  suffix.]  A 
noim-suffix  occim-ing  in  populace,  pinnace,  etc 
(which  see).  It  is  not  used  as  an  English  for- 
mative. In  menace,  grimace,  and  other  words, 
the  suffix  is  of  different  origin, 
-acea.  [L.,  neut.  pi.  of -aee«s;  see -aceo2<s.]  A 
suffix  used  in  New  Latin  to  form  names  of 
classes  or  orders  of  animals,  as  Cetacea,  Crus- 
tacea, etc.,  these  names  being  properly  adjec- 
tives, agreeing  with  Latin  animalia  (animals) 
understood. 

-acese.  [L.,  fem.  pi.  of  -aceus:  see  -aceous.]  A 
suffix  used  in  New  Latin  to  form  names  of  or- 
ders or  families  of  plants,  as  Liliacece,  Rosacea;, 
etc.,  these  names  being  properly  adjectives, 
agreeing  with  Latinp/a«te  (plants)  imderstood. 
-acean.  [<  L.  -acc-us  +  -an.]  A  suffix  of  adjec- 
tives, equivalent  to  -aceous  (which  see);  also  of 
nouns  to  supply  a  singular  to  collective  plurals 
in  -acea,  as  cetacean,  crustacean,  etc. 
acedia (a-se'di-a),  «.  [NL.,<  Gr.  aKTjS'ia,  collateral 
form  of  aaySeia,  indifference,  heedlessness,  in 
eccl.  use  'sloth,'  <  a/c?/fS//f,  indifferent,  heedless, 
<  a-  priv.  +  K?;(5of ,  care,  distress,  ni/Seadai,  be  trou- 
bled or  distressed ;  in  ML.  corrupted  to  accidia, 
>  ME.  acc  'id'ie,  q.  v.]  Tin  abnoi-mal  mental  con- 
dition, characterized  by  carelessness,  listless- 
ness,  fatigue,  and  want  of  interest  in  affairs. 

A  melancholy  leading  to  desperation,  and  known  to 
theologians  under  the  name  of  acedia,  was  not  uncommon 
in  monasti  i  k  s,  and  most  of  the  recorded  instances  of 
mediieval  siiieides  in  Catholicism  were  by  monks. 

Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  55. 

acedy  (as'e-di),  n.  Same  as  acedia. 
Aceldama  (a-sel'da-mii),  «.  [ME.  (Wyclif) 
Achildemah,  Acheldemah";  <  L.  Aceldama,  <  Gr. 
'AKe?L6a/xd,  representing  Syr.  okel  damo,  the  field 
of  blood.]  1.  A  field  said  to  have  been  situ- 
ated south  of  Jerusalem,  the  potter's  field,  pur- 
chased with  the  bribe  which  Judas  took  for 
betraying  his  Master,  and  therefore  called  the 
"field  of  blood."  It  was  appropriated  to  the  in- 
terment of  strangers.  Hence  —  2.  Figuratively, 
any  place  stained  by  slaughter. 

The  system  of  warfare  .  .  .  which  had  already  converted 
immense  tracts  into  one  universal  A  celdama.    De  Quincey. 

Acemetse,  Acemeti,  w.  i^L  See  Acasmeta:,  Acce- 
■mcti. 

Acemetic  (as-e-met'ik),  a.  [<  Acemeti :  see  Acce- 
metm.]  Belonging  to  or  resembling  the  Aceme- 
tas  or  Accemeta3 ;  hence,  sleepless. 

That  proposition  [that  one  of  the  Trinity  was  made 
flesh]  .  .  .  was  impugned  by  the  Acemetic  monks  alone. 

Mullock,  tr.  of  Liguori,  p.  173. 
acensuada  (Sp.  pron.  a-then-so-a'dii),  n.  [Sp., 
pp.  of  acensuar,  to  lease  out  for  a  certain  rent, 
<  a-  (<  L.  ad,  to)  +  censo,  rent:  see  censo.]  In 
Mexican  laiv,  property  subject  to  the  lien  of  a 
censo  (which  see), 
acentric  (a  -sen'trik),  a,    [<  Gr.  aKsvrpog,  not 
central,  <  a-  priv.  +  Kenrpov,  center:  see  center.] 
Not  centric ;  ha'ving  no  center, 
-aceous.   [Accom.  of  L.  -ace-US,  -a,  -um,  a  com- 
pound adj.  termination,  as  in  herb-dceus,  ros- 
dceus,  galUn-dceus,  crct-dceus,  test-dceus,  etc.: 
see  the  corresponding  E.  forms.]  An  adjective- 
suffix,  as  in  herbaceous,  cretaceous,  etc.,  used 
especially  in  botany  and  zoology,  forming  Eng- 
lish adjectives  to  accord  with  New  Latin  nouns 
in  -acew,  -acea  (which  see),  as  rosaceous,  lilia- 
ceous, cetaceous,  crustaceous,  etc. 
acephal  (as'e-fal),  n.    One  of  the  Acephala. 
Acephala  (a-sef 'a-la),  n. pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  UKe^ia^a, 
neut.  pi.  of  aKefaAog,  headless:  see  acephalus.] 
1.  A  term  introduced  by  Cuvierinto  systematic 
zoology,  and  applied  by  him  as  a  class  name  to 
a  combination  of  the  eonchiferous  lamellibran- 
chiate  mollusks  and  the  tunicates.  Later  writers 
apply  it  to  the  lamellibranchiate  mollusks  alone,  which 
constitute  a  natural  class,  distinguished  by  Lamarck  as 
the  Conchifera.    All  the  ordinary  bivalves  belong  to  this 
class.    The  Aeephala  or  Aeephnles  of  Cuvier  were  at  first 
(1789)  the  thin!  order  of  Mollusen,  and  included  cirripeds, 
tunicates,  and  brachiopods  with  ordinai  y  bivalve  mollusks, 
being  thus  equivalent  to  Cirrii>e,ni(,  Tn'iiicata,  and  Conchi- 
./'cfa  of  Lamarck.    In  1804  I'uvier  excluded  the  cirripeds 
and  brachiopods,  and  made  Jce/ilmla  a  class  of  Mollusca. 
In  the  "  Rfegne  Animal"  (1817-1829)  Acephala  are  Cuvier's 
fourth  class  ot  Mollusca,  with  two  orders,  Ace.phalatestacea, 
or  shelled  acephals,  the  ordinary  bivalve  mollusks,  and 
Acephala  nuda,  or  shell-less  acephals,  the  tunicates. 


Acephala 

2.  Same  as  Acrania. — 3.  In  Latreille's  system 
of  classification  (1795),  one  of  seven  orders  of 
Xh-ehvaueaxLAptera,  containing  the  spiders,  etc., 
con-esponding  to  the  Arachnides  palpistcs  of 
Lamarck,  and  synonymous  with  Arachnida. — 
4.  In  Haeckel's  classification,  a  group  of  Mol- 
lusca  composed  of  the  Spirohranchia,  or  Brachi- 
opoda,  and  the  LamelUhranchia, 
Acephalasa  (a-sef-a-le'ii),  n.  j)!.  [NL.,  a  mod- 
ification of  Acephala,  ai'ter  Gr.  Ke^aAatog  (neut. 
pi.  KE<j)a'/iata),  belonging  to  the  head,  <  Keipa'Arj^ 
head :  see  Acephala.']  A  modification  by  La- 
marck of  the  name  Acephala,  given  at  fiirst  to  acephalopodius 
that  group  as  an  ordinal  name,  and  later  to  the  " 
bivalve  shells  as  a  class  name.  lu  Lamarck's  sys- 
tem of  classification  of  1801  the  Acephalcea  were  the  sec- 
ond order  of  Mollusca,  the  Acephala  of  Cuvier,  1789,  in- 
cluding cirripeds,  tunicates,  and  brachiopods  with  ordi- 
nary bivalve  molUislcs.  In  1809  Lamarcl<  excluded  the 
cirripeds,  and  in  1812  he  excluded  the  tunicates,  making 
Acephalcea  a  class  of  Evertebrata,  with  two  orders,  Mono- 
myaria  and  Dimyaria.    See  Comhifera. 

acephalan  (a-sef 'a-lan),  a.  and  n.  [<  Acepha- 
la.}   I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Acephala  or 

to  an  acephal. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Acephala  ;  an  acephal. 
Acephali  (a-sef 'a-li),  n.  pi.   [LL.,  pi.  of  acepha- 

lus:  see  acephalus.']    1.  Literally,  those  who 

have  no  head  or  chief,    in  ecdes.  hist.:  (a)  Those 

members  of  the  Council  of  Ephesus  who  refused  to  follow 

either  St.  Cyril  or  John  of  Antioch.     (6)  An  Egyptian 

Monophysite  sect  of  the  fifth  and  sixth  centuries,  composed 

of  those  who  refused  to  follow  the  patriarch  of  Alexandria 


43 


Acerinlnse 


Cuvier,  including  the  lamellibranchiates  and 

tunicates  together  with  the  brachiopods.  In  De 
Blainville's  system  of  classification,  the  Acephalopliora 
were  the  tliird  class  of  Malacozua,  divided  into  tlie  or- 
ders Palliubranchiata,  Rudista,  Lamellibranchiata,  and 
He.terobrancJiia ;  thus  corresponding  inexactly  to  Cuvier's 

>ifep/iato,  and  exactly  to  Lamarck's  vlcepAaZcea  of  1809,  or  Acera  (as'e-rii),'«.  [NL  "  f ( 
Lamarck's  later  Voachifcra  and  Tunicata  together.  i_        AccruS,  <  Gr.  a«£pof ,  V 

acephalophoran  (a-sef-a-lof'o-ran), «.    One  of     -  - 
the  Acephalopliora. 
acephalopodia  (a-sefa-lo-po'di-ii),  n.    [NL. : 
see  acephalopodius.}    In  teratol.,  absence  of 
head  and  feet 


(a-sefa-lo-po'di-us),  n. ;  pi. 
acephalopodii  (-i).  [NL.,"<  Gr.  aicefaAog,  without 
a  head,  -I-  Troig  (no6-)  =  E.  foot.}  In  teratol.,  a 
monster  without  head  or  feet, 
acephalorachia  (a-sef"a-16-ra'ki-a),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  ciKeipakog,  without  a  liead,  +  pax^C,  spine.]  In 
teratol.,  absence  of  head  and  vertebral  column, 
acephalostomia  (a-sef" a-16-st6'mi-a),w.  [NL. : 
see  acephalostomus.}  In  ieratoZ.,  the  absence  of 
the  head  with  the  presence  of  a  mouth-like 
opening. 

acephalostomus  (a-sef-a-los'to-mus),  n. ;  pi. 
accphalontomi  (-mi).  [NL'.,  <  Gr.  aKe<^a'kog,  with- 
out a  head,  •+•  ard/xa,  mouth.]  In  teratol.,  a 
monster  without  a  head,  but  having  in  its  su- 
perior parts  an  aperture  resembling  a  mouth, 
acephalothoracia  (a-sef^a-lo-tho-ra'si-a),  n. 
[NL. :  seeacephalothorus.}  ' 


Acera  bulla* 
one  of  the 
Butlida. 


,     ...     J.,,    J-  »  o     ■    -.      ,     i,   „  of  head  and  chest. 

m  subscribmg  the  edict  of  union  issued  by  the  Emperor  „„„„i,_i_4.t   /       £//    i-ii.-/      n  i 

Zeno.  (c)  Those  who  took  part  in  tlie  sessions  of  the  General  acepnalOtnorUS  (a-sef"a-lo-tho  rus),  «.;  pi.  ace- 

Council  of  Basle  that  were  not  presided  over  by  the  papal  phalotliori  (-i).    [NL.,  short  for  * acephalothora- 

legates.   (d)  A  name  given  to  the  Flagellants,  because  of  cius  (see  above),  <  Gr.  aK£<j>aloa  without  a  head, 

their  separation  from  the  autliority  of  the  Roman  Church.  +  d/,naF  a  breasf.-'nlafo  tho  chptst,-  opp  thnrrir  1 

(e)  Before  the  Council  of  Trent,  a  class  of  priests  belonging  7         V  f  "I^^^^'St-piate,  tue  cnest  .  See  tnomx.\ 

to  no  diocese.  in  teratoZ.,  a  monster  without  head  or  chest. 

2.  A  class  of  levelers,  mentioned  in  the  laws  acephalous  (a-sef'a-lus),  a.    [<  LL.  acephalus, 

of  Henry  I.  of  England,  who  would  acknow-  <  Gr.aK£^a;iof,  without  a  head,  <  a- priv^+Kei;(>aX?/, 


ledge  no  head  or  superior. — 3.  A  fabulous  na- 
tion in  Africa,  reported  by  ancient  writers  to 
have  no  heads:  identified  by  some  with  the 
Blemmyes,  a  historical  race, 
acephalia  (as-e-fa'li-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKetpaloc, 
headless:  see  acephalus.}  In  teratol.,  the  ab- 
sence of  the  head. 

acephalistt  (a-sef'a-Hst),  n.  [As  Acephali  + 
-ist.}  One  who  acknowledges  no  head  or  su- 
perior; specifically,  in  eccles.  hist.,  one  of  the 
Acephali. 

Tliese  acephalists,  who  will  endure  no  head  but  that 
upon  their  own  shoulders. 

Bp.  Gauden,  Tears  of  the  Church  (1659),  p.  464. 

Acephalite  (a-sef 'a -lit),  n.  [As  Acephali  + 
-ifel.]  One  of  the  Acephali,  in  any  of  the  senses 
of  that  word. 

acephalobrachia  (a-sef "a-lo-bra'ki-a),  w.  [NL. : 
see  aceplialobrachius.}  In  feratoZ.,  absence  of 
both  head  and  arms. 


a  head:  see  a-i8  and  cephalic.}  1.  Without  a 
head;  headless:  applied_(a)  in  zool.,  particularly 

to  the  members  of  the  class  Acephala  (which  see) :  opposed 
to  encephalous  and  cephalous.  (h)  In  bot.,  to  an  ovary  the 
style  of  which  springs  from  its  base  instead  of  its  apex, 
(c)  In  teratol.,  to  a  fetus  having  no  head,  (d)  In  pros.,  to 
a  verse  whose  scale  differs  from  the  regular  scale  of  the 
same  meter  by  lacking  the  first  syllable  of  the  latter. 

2.  Without  a  leader  or  chief. 
The  tendency  to  division  was  strengthened  by  the  aceph- 
alous condition  of  the  Courts.   Stiibbs,  Const.  Hist. ,  II.  267. 

3.  Wanting  a  distinct  beginning;  indefinite  in 
subject. 

A  false  or  acephalous  structure  of  sentence. 

De  Quincey,  Rhetoric, 
acephalus  (a-sef 'a-lus),  n.;  pi.  acephali  (-li). 
[LL.  (see  Acephati  and  acephalous)  and  NL.] 
1.  An  obsolete  name  of  the  tsenia  or  tapeworm. 
—  2.  In  teratol.,  a  monster  without  a  head. —  3. 
In  ^ros.,  a  verse  defective  at  the  beginning, 
ace-point  (as'point),  n.  The  single  spot  on  a 
card  or  die  ;  also,  the  side  of  a  die  that  has  but 
one  spot. 


ha-ving  opposite  simple  leaves  and  the  fruit  a 
double-winged  samara,  it  includes  aljout  50  species, 
of  nortliern  temperate  regions,  many  of  them  valuable 
timber-trees  or  widely  cultivated  for  shade  and  ornament. 
Sugar  is  oljtained  in  America  from  the  sap  of  A.  sacchari- 
num,  the  sugar-maple.    See  maple. 

fem.  sing,  or  neut. 
without  horns :  see 
Acerus  and  acerous^.}  1.  A  genus  of  mollusks, 
of  the  family  Bullidce  or  TornatelUdte,  belong- 
ing to  the  teetibranchiate  division 
of  opisthobranehiate  gastropods. 

These  bubble-sliells  liave  a  tliin  horny 
sliell,  flattened  and  almost  inclosed,  with  a 
slit  at  the  suture  as  in  the  olive-shells  ;  the 
head  is  long  and  without  eyes.  The  genus 
was  instituted  in  this  form  by  Lamarck, 
1818.  .4.  fiwHaia  is  an  example.  Originally 
spelled  Alcera.    0.  F.  Miiller,  1770. 

2.  Used  as  a  pi.  A  group  of  apter- 
ous insects  without  antennse.  In 
this  sense,  the  word  is  now  a  mere 
synonym  of  Arachnida  (which  see). —  3.  [Used 
as  a  plural.]   A  group  of  gastropodous  mollusks 
■without  tentacles.  [Disused.] 
Aceraceae  (as-e-ra'sf-e),  n.  pi.    Same  as  Acc- 
rinew. 

Acerse  (as'e-re),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  fem.  pi.:  see 

Accra.}    Same  as  Acei'a,  2  and  3. 
aceran  (as'e-ran),  n.    One  of  the  Acera,  in  any 
of  the  meanings  of  that  word. 
In  teratol.,  aioaenae  acerate  (as'e-rit),  w.  [< L.  acer,  maple,  + -afei.] 
A  salt  of  aeerio  acid. 

aceratophorous  (as"e-ra-tof' o-rus),  a.  [<Gr. 
a-  priv.  -1-  Kepag  (Kspar-),  horn,  +  -<p6pog,<.  ipepeev  = 
E.  bear^.}  Not  bearing  horns  ;  hornless :  as, 
an  aceratophorous  ruminant.  [Little  used.] 
acerb  (a-serb'),  a.  [=F.  acer&e  =  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
acerbo,  <  L.  acerbus,  bitter,  sour,  <  acer,  sharp, 
bitter:  see  acrid.}  Sour,  bitter,  and  harsh  to 
the  taste ;  sour,  with  astringency  or  roughness ; 
hence,  figuratively,  sharp,  harsh,  etc. 

We  have  a  foible  for  Ritson  with  his  oddities  of  spelling, 
his  acerb  humor,  .  .  .  and  his  obstinate  disbelief  in  Doc- 
tor Percy's  folio  manuscript. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  359. 
The  dark,  acerb,  and  caustic  little  professor. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  'V^illette,  xix. 

acerbate  (a-ser'bat  or  as'er-bat),  v.  t.;  pret. 
and  pp.  acerbated,  ppr.  acerbating.  [<L.  aeer- 
batus,  pp.  of  acerbare,  make  bitter  or  sour,  < 
acerbus,  bitter,  sour :  see  acerb,  and  cf.  exacer- 
bate.} To  make  sour,  bitter,  or  harsh  to  the 
taste;  hence,  to  embitter  or  exasperate.  [Rare.] 
acerbate  (a-ser'bat  or  as'er-bat),  a.  [<  L.  «c«-- 
batus,  pp.:  see  the  verb.]  Embittered;  exas- 
perated ;  severe.  N.  E.  D. 
acerbic  (a-ser'bik),  a.  Of  a  harsh  character. 
^V.  E.  D. 

acerbitude  (a-ser'bi-tiid),  n.  [<  L.  acerbitudo 
(rare),  equiv.  insensetoacerftitos;  see  acerbiti/.} 
Soiu'ness ;  acerbity.    Bailey.  [Rare.] 


acephalobrachius  (a-sef "a-lo-bra'ki-us),  5i.;  pi. 

acephalobrachii  i-l).    [NL'.,  <  Gr.  a^i^aAof,  with-  a"p^,^f  "';q„  .-s  „     pcir^  i    a  acerbity  (a-ser'bi-ti),  «.;  pi.  acerbities  (-tiz) 

L.  &mcMm,  arm.]    In  ^^t^oilfvi^^tion.    ^^"'^^        ^^^'^    ^    U^^vlier  acerbi^ie,  <  F.acerM^  -  - 


out  a  head,  +  Ppaxluv. 
teratol.,  a  monster  without  head  or  arms, 
acephalocardia  (a-sef" a-16-kar'di-a),  n.  [NL. : 
see  acephalocardius.}  "In  teratol.'j  absence  of 
both  head  and  heart. 

acephalocardius  (a-sef"a-16-kar'di-us),  n. ;  pi. 
acephalocardii  (-i).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ane^aXoc,  with- 
out a  head,  -I-  KapSta  =  E.  heart.}  In  teratol.,  a 
monster  without  head  and  heart. 

acephalochiria  (a-sef" a-lo-M'ri-a),  n.  [NL. : 
see  acephalochirus.}  In  tera  tol.,  absence  of  both 
head  and  hands.    Also  spelled  acephalocheiria. 

acephalochirus  (a-sef "a-lo-M'ms),  n.;  pi. 
acephalochiri  (-ri).  [NL!,  <  Gr.  aKe^alog,  with- 
out a  head,  -f-  x^'i-P,  hand.]  In  teratol.,  a  mon- 
ster without  head  and  hands.  Also  spelled 
acephalocheirus. 

acephalocyst  (a-sef'a-16-sist),  n.  [<  NL.  ace- 
phaloeystis,  <  Gr.  iiKicjiaAog,  headless  (see  acepha- 
lous), +  Kvang,  a  bag :  see  cyst^.}  A  hydatid ;  a 
member  of  a  supposed  genus  Acephalocystis,  in- 
stituted by  Hunter  for  the  hydatid  or  encysted 
stage  of  TcBnia  echinococcus.    See  Taenia. 

acephalocystic  (a-sef" a-lo-sis'tik),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  acephaloeysts ;  "ha-ving  the  character  of 
an  acephalocyst. 

acephalogaster  (a-sef'a-16-gas-ter),  n.  [NL., 
<Gr.  aKtcpa'Aog,  without  a  head,  +  yacjTfjp,  belly.] 
In  teratol.,  a  monster  destitute  of  head,  chest, 
and  superior  parts  of  the  belly. 

acephalogasteria  (a-sef"a-16-gas-te'ri-a),  n. 
[NL.,  <  acephalogaster.}  in  teratol.,  absence 
of  the  head  and  superior  parts  of  the  tnmk. 

Acephalophora  (a-sef-a-lof'o-ra),  n.  pi.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  KeipaXij,  head,  +  '-^opog,  -bearing, 

<  0£p£(v  —  E.  bear^.}  A  name  proposed  by  De 
Blain-ville,  1814,  for  the  acephalous  mollusks  of 


rigati 

Irrigating  canals  or  acequias  conduct  the  water  of  the 
Gila  over  all  this  cultivated  district. 

Mourry,  Arizona  and  Sonora,  p.  188. 

Acer  (a'ser),  n.  [L.,  a  maple-tree,  prob.  so 
called  from  its  pointed  leaves,  <  -v/  *ac,  be  sharp 
or  pointed,  appearing  in  acerb,  acetic,  acid,  acute, 


Su^ar-Maple  [Acer  sacekarinum'). 
flower ;  c.  stamen  ;  d.  fruit  with  one  car 


flowering  branch  ;  b,  sterile 
)el  cut  open  to  show  the  seed. 


( From  Gray's  *'  Genera  of  the  Plants  of  the  U.  S." ) 

etc.]  A  genus  of  discifloral  polypetalous  trees 
and  shrubs,  commonly  known  as  maples,  of  the 
natural  order  SapindacecE,  suborder  Acerinece, 


acerbidad 

=  It.  acerbitd,  <  L.  acerbita(t-)s,  sharpness,  sour- 
ness, harshness,  <  acerbus,  sharp :  see  acerb.}  1 . 
Sourness,  with  roughness  or  astringency  of 
taste. —  2.  Poignancy  or  severity. 

It  is  ever  a  rule,  that  any  over-great  penalty,  besides 
the  acerbity  of  it,  deadens  the  execution  of  the  law. 

Bacon,  'Works,  II.  542. 
■We  may  imagine  what  acerbity  of  pain  must  be  endured 
by  our  Lord.  Barrow,  Sermons,  xxvi. 

3.  Harshness  or  severity,  as  of  temper  or  ex- 
pression. 

The  lectures  of  Hazlitt  display  more  than  his  usual 
strength,  acuteness,  and  eloquence,  with  less  than  the 
usual  acerbities  of  his  temper. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  II.  10. 

acerdese  (as'er-des),  w.  [F.]  Gray  oxid  of  man- 
ganese :  a  name  given  by  Beudant  to  the  mineral 
manganite. 

acere  (as'er),  w.  A  mollusk  of  the  genus  .4cem. 
aceric  (a-ser'ik),  a.  [<  L.  acer  (see  Acer)  +  -ic.} 
Pertaining  to  the  maple;  obtained  from  the 

maple.— Aceric  acid,  an  acid  found  in  the  juice  of  Acer 
carnpestre,  the  common  European  maple. 

Acerina  (as-e-ri'na),  n.  [NL.,  as  Acerus,  q.  v., 
+  -i)ia.}  1.  A  genus  of  crustaceans.  Baji- 
nesquc,  1814. —  2.  A  genus  of  pereoid  fishes,  the 
popes.    Cuvier,  1817. 

Acerineae  (as-e-rin'e-e),  n.  pi.  [<  Acer  -\-  -4)1-  + 
-ecc.}  A  suborder  of  the  Sapindacece,  distin- 
guished from  the  rest  of  the  order  by  its  oppo- 
site leaves  and  exalbuminous  seeds,  it  includes 

the  maple  {Acer),  the  box-elder  (Xer/undo),  and  a  third 
genus,  Dobinea,  of  a  single  species,  nativeof  the  Himalayas. 
Acerininae  (as"e-ri-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [<  Acerina,  2, 
+  -inw.}  A  name  proposed  as  a  subfamUy  des- 
ignation for  the  genus  Acerina,  including  the 
ruffe  and  related  pereoid  fishes  ha-ving  a  cav- 
ernous head  and  a  single  dorsal  fin. 


acerose 

acerose  (as'e-ros),  a.  [<  L.  accrosus,  chaffy, 
<acuti  (accr-)  =  Gy.  a^vpov,  ehali;  akin  to  E. 
awu,  q.  v.,  and  also  to  L.  acer,  sharp,  and  aci<s, 
a  needle ;  from  a  root 
*«c',  be  sharp.  The 
second  sense  seems  ..jJIV-^ij 
to  rest  upon  L.  acus'^  -  "^ 
(flCit-),  a  needle;  but 


44 

The  act  or  process  of  becoming  acescent  or  mod- 
erately SOUl'. 
acescency  (a-ses'en-si),  v.     [See  accsccncc.'] 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  moderately  soiu' ; 
mild  acidity. 

Nurses  should  never  give  suck  after  fastiua' ;  tlie  niilU 
having  an  acescency  very  prejudicial  to  tlie  .  .  .  recipient. 

ir.  Jonex,  Life  of  Bp.  Horne,  p.  35U. 

acescent  (a-ses'ent),  a.  [<  p.  acescent  =  Pg. 
accsccnte,  <  L.  acct<ccn{t-)s,  ppr.  ot  acescere,  be- 
come sour,  <  oce/Y,  be  sour  :  see  «Ci'(?.]  Turning 
sour;  becoming  tart  or  acid  by  spontaneous 


the  form  can  be  de 
rived  only  from  aciis 
{acer-),    chaff.]  In 
hot:  (rt)  Chaffy;  re- 
sembling chaff'.  [Very 
rare.]     (5)  Straight, 
slender,     rigid,  and 
sharp-pointed,  as  the 
leaves   of   the  pine; 
needle-shaped, 
acerotet,  «■    Probably  a  misprint  for  acerose 
''Acerote  bread,  browne  bread."     Cocl-eram  Aceste  (a-ses'te),  h.  [NL.,  <  (?)  Gr.  aKearr/,  fern. 
(1612).    "Acerote,  browne  bread,  not  ranged,    of  awardf,  curable,  easily  revived,  <  aKElcdat, 


Acerose  Leaves  (Pine 


aceto-gelatin 
acetanilide  (a-set-an'i-lid),       [<  acH-tjl  +  nni- 
Mc  ']    A  substance,  CfiHsNH.CsHaO,  formed 
by  heating  aniline  and  glacial  acetic  acid  for 
several  hours,  or  by  the  action  of  acetyl  eldo- 
nd  or  acetic  anhydrid  on  aniline.  I'oicnes. 
acetart  (as'e-titr),  «.    [<  L.  acetaria  :  see  aceta- 
rij.  J    A  dish  of  raw  herbs  with  vinegar ;  a  salad 
acetarious  (as  ^.ta'ri-us);  a.    [<  L.  *acctarius\ 
adj.,  loimd  only  in  neut.  pi.  acetaria,  as  noun- 
see  acetary.]   1 .  Containing  acetary,  as  certain 
fruits.— 2.  Used  in  salads,  as  lettuce,  mustard, 

„    ^    cress,  endive,  etc. 

decomposition,  as  vegetable  or  animal  juices  acetary  (as'e-ta-ri),  n.  [<  L.  acetaria  (se 
or  infusions;  hence,  slightly  sour;  acidulous;  -  '--i-^     '  -  .... 

subacid. 

The  vinegar  wliicli  is  most  esteemed  for  culinary  pur- 
poses is  tliat  prepared  from  wine,  from  tlie  aei'.semt  varie- 
ties of  which  it  is  extensively  manufactured  in  France. 

W.  A.  Miller,  Elem.  of  Chem.,  §  1277. 


A  notable  genus  of  spatangoid 

A.  hellidifera  is  a  species  having  most  of 


chafl'ebread,  hungi-ie  bread."    Minsheu  (1625).  cure,  heal.] 

acerous^  (as'e-rus),  a.    Same  as  acerose.  sea-urchins. 

acerOUS^  (as'e-rus),  a.  [<Gr.  aKSpog  collateral  tl'f  upper  surface  occupied  by  the  deeply  sunlv-en7 odd,  an-  a  rpfaVa^l-^  s'^Vs  TL.K'^,  'J, 
form  of  iKiparoc,  aKepi^c,  \\athout  horns,  <  a-  priv.  "'".I'l'la^:™"!,  with  a  narrow  fasciole,  and  large  flat-    tafT'l^^  Corn  ^/f i, 

+  Kipa^;,  a  horn.]    1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  ■"^•.'."".i.o.ver  .the  hollow,  m  which  r.re  a  7:i    Combined  with  i 


number  of  great  discoicUxl  suckers. 

Acesfe  may  be  regarded  as  a  permanent  form  of  tlie 
young  of  Schizaster.  Stand.  JVat.  HUt.,  I.  17U. 

acetablet  (as'e-ta-bl),  n.    [<  OF.  acetabiilc,  <  L. 
acetabulum  :  see  acetabidioii.^    1.  An  acetabu- 
lum ;  a  measure  of  about  one  eighth  of  a  pint. 
,    .  ,,,    .  Sona)i(J.—2.Inanat.,ssimeiisacetabi<lum,2(a). 

during   sacrifices.     (b)  A  acetabula,  >i.    Plm-al  of  acetabulnm. 

oil  acetabular  (as-e-tab'u-liir),  a.    Belonging  to 
the  acetabulum ;  of  the  nature  of  an  acetabu- 


Acera,  2. —  2.  Having  minute  or  imdeveloped 
antennae,  as  an  insect. —  3.  Having  no  horns; 
aceratophorous. 
acerra  (a-ser'a),  [L.]  In  Rom.  antiq. :  (a) 
A  box  or  casket  used  to  hold  the  incense  which 
was  thrown  upon  the  altar 


small   portable  altar 
which  incense  was  burned, 
especially  at  fimeral  cere- 
monies. 

acertaint,  t.  An  occa- 
sional and  more  correct 
foi-m  of  ascertain  (which 
see). 

(as'e-rus),  n.    [NL.,  <Gr.  UKepog,  with- 
see  acerous^.^    1.  In  ornith.,  a  ge- 


Ancient  Acerra. 


Acerus 

out  horns 

nus  of  hornbills,  family  Bucerotidw,  having lio 
casque.  A.  nepalensis  is  the  type  and  only  spe- 
cies. B.  II.  Hodgson,  Also  spelled  Jcmw. 
— 2.  In  enfom.,  a  genus  of  coleopterous  insects. 
Dejean,  1833. 
acerval  (a-ser'val),  a.  [<  L.  acervalis,  <  acerviis, 
a  heap,  akin  to  accr,  sharp,  pointed,  and  per- 
haps to  acer,  a  maple-tree.]  Pertaining  to  a 
heap.  [Rare.] 

acervate  (a-ser'vat),  r.  f. :  pret.  and  pp.  acer- 
ratcd,  ppr.  acervating.  [<  L.  acervatus,  pp.  of 
acervarc,  heap  up,  <  acervus,  a  heap :  see  acer- 
ro/.]    To  heap  up.  [Rare.] 

acervate  (a-ser'vat),  a.  [<  L.  acervatus,  pp. : 
see  the  verb.]  In  bot.,  heaped ;  growing  in 
heaps,  or  in  closely  compacted  clusters. 

acervately  (a-ser'vat-li),  adv.  In  an  acervate 
manner ;  in  heaps.  [Rare.] 

acervation  (as-er-va'shon),  n.  [<L.  acerva- 
tio(it-),  <  acervare,  heap'  up:  see  acervate,  v.'] 
The  act  of  heaping  together.    Bullokar,  1676. 

acervative  (a-ser'va-tiv),  a.  Heaped  up ;  form- 
ing a  heap.  [Rare.] 

Piled  together  irregularly,  or  in  an  acervative  manner. 

W.  B.  Carpenter. 

acervoset  (a-ser'vos),  «.  [<  L.  as  if  *acervosus, 
<«ceri-»s,  a  heap.]    Full  of  heaps.  Bailey. 

Acervulina  (a-ser-vu-li'na),  n.  [NL.,  <  acervu- 
lus,  q.  v., -I- -(■««.]  A  genus  of  foraminifers, 
of  the  ta.mi\j  Nummulinidm. 

Acervulinse  (a-ser-vu-li'ne),  w.  pi.  [NL.,<  accr- 
vulus,  q.  v.,  +  -ina'.'i  A  group  of  foraminifer- 
ous  rhizopodous  protozoans,  in  which  the  spiral 
form  of  the  shell  is  so  obscured  or  effaced  by 
the  irregular  addition  of  new  chambers  that 
the  whole  appears  as  if  heaped  together. 

acervuline  (a-ser'vii-lin),  a.  [<  NL.  acemdus, 
q.  v.,  +  -«>?«!.]  1.  Having  the  form  or  appear- 
ance of  little  heaps ;  heaped  up.  [Rare.] 

The  latter  .  . 
vidine  manner. 


lum  ;  cotyloid  ;  cup-like 

Acetabulifera  (as-e-tab-u-lif 'e-ra),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  ot  acetabulifer :  see  acetabuliferous.2 
A  name  introduced  by  D'Orbigny,  1834,  as  an 
ordinal  term  for  the  cephalopods  with  suckers 
on  the  inner  faces  of  the  arms,  that  is,  the  cuttle- 
fishes, squids,  and  all  other  living  cephalopods 
except  the  yaiitdida:    Same  as  Cryptodihran- 
chiata  and  Dihranchiata  (which  see), 
acetabuliferous  (as-e-tab-u-lif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  NL. 
acetabulifer,  <  L.  acetabulum,  a'  sucker,  4-  fcrre 
=  E.  ftewri.]    1.  Having  or  bearing  acetabula. 
—  2.  Pertaining  to  the  Acetabulifera ;  having 
rows  of  cup-like  suckers,  as  the  cuttlefish, 
acetabuliform  (as-e-tab'u-li-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  ace- 
tabulum, a  cup-shaped  vessel,  +  -fornns,<,  forma, 
shape.]    1.  In  hot,  havingthe  form  of  a  shallow 
cup  or  bowl.— 2.  Having  the  form  of  an  ace- 
tabulum; sucker-shaped;  cup-like;  cotyloid, 
acetabulum  (as-e-tab'u-lum),  n. ;  pi.  act-tabula 
(-1:1).   [h-,^acctum,\-\i\eg&r:  seeacctum.']  1.  In 
Rom.  antiq.:  {a)  A  vinegar-cup ;  a  small  wide- 
mouthed  vessel  of  earthenware 
or   metal,  sometimes  placed 
on  the  larger  food-dishes,  in 
which  vinegar  or  other  condi- 
ment was  served,    {b)  A  dry 
or  liquid  measure,  .0677  of  a 
liter.   Uareniberg  et  Saglio.   (c)  A  similar  cup 
or  vessel  used  by  jugglers  in  their  feats.— 2.  In 

anat. :  (a)  The  cavity  of  the  os  innomiuatum,  acetify  (a-set'i-fi),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  acetified, 
or  hip-bone,  which  receives  the  head  of  tlio  Ppr-  acetifying.  [<  L.  acetum,  vinegar,  -I-  E.  -fy, 
femur;  the  eotyle,  or  cotyloid  cavity,  formed  at  make.]  I.  trans.  To  convert  into  vinegar; 
the  junction  of  the  ilium,  ischium,"  and  pubis,    make  acetous. 

See  cuts  under  s«c;-«n'i(w,  quarter,  innominate.  II.  intrans.  To  become  acetous;  be  con- 
(&)  A  cotyledon  or  lobe  of  the  placenta  of  ru-  verted  into  vinegar. 

minating  animals,  (c)  In  insects,  the  socket  of  acetimeter,  acetometer  (as-e-tim'e-ter,  -tom'- 

the  trunk  in  which  the  leg  is  inserted,  (rf)  A  e-ter),  n.  [=  F.  acetimctre  =  Pg.  acetometro,  < 
cup-like  sucker,  such  as  those  with  whieli  the  L.  acetum,  vinegar,  +  Gr.  perpov,  a  measure.] 
arms  of  the  cuttlefish  and  other  dibranchiate  -An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  specific 
cephalopodous  mollusks  are  provided.  See  gravity  of  vinegar  or  acetic  acid, 
cut  under  Sepia,  (e)  A  sessile  or  pedunculate  acetimetrical  (a-set-i-met'ri-kal),  a.  [<  *aee- 
sucker-like  organ  on  the  ventral  surface  of  cer-    timetric  (<  acetimeter)  +  -aZ.]    Of  or  pertaining 


Acetabula  {the  two 
small  vessels  shown 
as  resting  on  the 
larg;e  dish}. 


holera,  herbs),  herbs  prepared  with  vinegar  and 
oil,  salad,  neut.  pi.  of  *acetarius,<acctum,  vine- 
gar: see  acetum.  Cf.  It.  flccferrio,  a  salad.]  An 
acid  pulpy  substance  in  certain  fruits,  as  the 
pear,  inclosed  in  a  congeries  of  small  calculous 
boilies  toward  the  base  of  the  fruit.  Craig. 
acetate  (as'e-tat),  n.  [=F.  ace^afe  =  Sp.  Pg. 
acetate,  <  NL.  acetatum,<l,.  acetum,  vinegar:  see 
acetum ^  and  -«fci.]  In  chem.,  a  salt  formed  by 
the  union  of  acetic  acid  with  a  base. 

[As  if  pp.  of  *uce- 
acetie  acid. 

acetation  (as*-e-ta'shon),  M.  [As  if  <  *acetate,  v.] 
Same  as  acetification. 
acetic  (a-set'ik  or  a-se'tik),  a.  [=  F.  acetiqne  = 
Sp.  Pg.  acctico,  <  NL.  accticus,  <  L.  acetum,  \dne- 
gar:  see  acetum.^  Havingthe  properties  of  vine- 
gar ;  sour — Acetic  acid,  CHsCO.OH,  a  colorless  liquid 
witli  a  strongly  acid  and  pungent  smell  and  taste.  In  the 
.irts  it  is  chiefly  prepared  by  the  oxidation  of  alcohol  (ace- 
tous fermentation)  and  by  the  dry  distillation  of  wood.  It 
is  present  in  vinegar  in  a  dilute  and  impure  form.  In  its 
pure  state,  at  temperatures  below  62°  F.,  it  is  a  crystalline 
solid,  and  is  known  as  glacial  or  crystalline  acetic  acid.— 
Acetic  aniydrid,  (CH.jC0)20,  a  colorless  mobile  liquid 
with  an  odor  like  tliat  of  acetic  acid,  but  more  irritating. 
On  standing  in  contact  with  water  it  is  gTaiiually  converted 
into  acetic  acid.  Also  called  acetic  oxicl.— Acetic  ethers 
compounds  consisting  of  acetates  of  alcoliol  radicals! 
Common  acetic  ether  is  a  limpid  mobile  Ii<iuiil  liaving  a 
penetrating,  refreshing  smell,  and  a  pleasant  I'unnng  taste. 
It  is  used  in  medicine,  and  as  a  tlavoi  ini;  in^i  idicnt  in  the 
poorer  classes  of  wines.  It  is  prejiai  id  \i\  (li.-;tilliim  a  iiiix- 
tureof  alcohol,  oil  of  vitriol,  and  Kddiiiiii  acetate.  — Acetic 
ferment,  a  microscopic  fungus  (M  iicmlcniia  aeeti  of  Pas- 
teur) belonging  to  the  group  of  micro-bacteria,  which  is 
the  agent  in  the  production  of  vinegar  in  wine,  cider,  etc., 
by  the  o.xidation  of  alcohol, 
acetidin  (a-set'i-din),  n.  [<  acet-ic  +  -id  +  -in.'] 
Same  as  diacctin. 
acetification  (a-set"i-fi-ka'shon),  71.  [<  acetify  : 
see  -fication.']  The  act  or  process  of  acetifying 
or  becoming  acetous  ;  conversion  into  vinegar. 
—  Chemical  acetification,  tlie  conversion  of  wine,  beer, 
cider,  and  other  alcoliolic  fluids  into  vinegar.  It  has  been 
shown  to  depend  upon  the  presence  of  a  minute  fundus 
(Mycoderma,  in-'ii  of  rustcur),  which  derives  its  food  from 
the  albuminous  ami  mineral  matter  present  in  the  Iii|uor; 
it  is  very  rapidly  developed,  and,  absorbing  the  oxygen  of 
the  air,  transmits  it  to  the  alcohol,  which  by  oxidation  is 
transformed  into  vinegar.  See  feniiciitatiun. 
acetifier  (a-set'i-fi-er),  n.  An  apparatus  for 
hastening  the  acetification  of  fermented  liquors 
by  the  exposui-e  of  large  surfaces  to  the  air. 

Tlie  liquor  enters  the  top  ot  a  lask  or  vat  containing 
layers  of  shavings  or  brushwood,  by  w  hich  it  is  divided 
and  distributed,  and,  as  it  trickles  downward,  conies  into 
intimate  contact  with  air  which  is  admitted  through  per- 
forations in  the  sides  of  the  vat. 


are  often  piled  up  in  an  irregular  acer- 
W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros. ,  S  48:3. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  AcervuUnce. 

acervulus  (a-ser'vu-lus),  n.;  pi.  acervnli  (-I1). 
[NL.,  a  little  heap,  dim.  of  L.  acervus,  a  heap: 
see  acerval.']  In  anat.,  a  mass  of  calcareous 
gritty  particles,  consisting  principally  of  earthy 
salts,  found  within  and  sometimes  on  the  out- 
side of  the  eonarium  or  pineal  body  of  the  brain ; 
brain-sand.  Commonly  called  acervulus  cerebri 
(acervulus  of  the  brain). 

acescence  (a-ses'ens),  n.  [<F.  acescence  =  lt. 
acescensa,  <  L.  as  if  "acescentia,  <  acescen{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  acescere,  become  sour:  see  acescent.] 


tain  entozoa.— 3.  In  bot.:  (a)  The  cup-  or  sau- 
cer-like fructification  of  many  lichens.  (6)  The 
receptacle  of  certain  fungi. — 4.  In  music,  an 
ancient  instrument,  made  either  of  earthen- 
ware or  of  metal,  used  like  a  kettledrum  or 


to  acetimetry. 
The  acetimetrical  method  employed  by  the  Excise. 

f/re.  Diet.,  I.  16. 

acetimetry  (as-e-tim'e-tri),  n.  The  act  or  pro- 
cess of  ascertaining  the  specific  gravity  of 
vinegar  or  acetic  acid. 


struck  against  another  acetabulum  after  the  acetin  (as'e-tin),  n.  [<  acet-ic  +  -in.]  A 
manner  of  cymbals.  .     .  i-  .  J 

acetal  (as'e-tal),  n.  [<  acet-ic  +  al(cohol).]  A 
colorless  mobile  liquid,  CgHi402,  with  an  other- 
like  odor,  produced  by  the  imperfect  oxidation 
of  alcohol,  under  the  influence  of  platinum 
black, 
acetamid 

as'e-ta-mid  or  -mid),  n.  [<  acet-atc  +  amid.] 
A  white  crystalline  solid,  CH3CO.NH2,  pro- 
duced by  distilling  ammonium  acetate,  or  by 
heating  ethyl  acetate  with  strong  aqueous  am- 
monia. It  combines  vrith  both  acids  and  metals 
to  form  unstable  compounds. 


pound  obtained  by  the  union  of  one  molecule 
of  glycerin  with  one,  two,  or  tlu'ee  molecules 
of  acetic  acid.  The  acetins  may  also  be  regarded  as 
glycerin  in  which  one,  two,  or  three  atoms  of  hydrogen 
are  replaced  by  acetyl.  They  include  monoacetin  (C5 
H10O4),  diacetin  or  acetidin  (C7H12O5),  and  triacetin 

nid,  acetamide  (a-set'a-mid  or  -mid,  or  „^5ll+i*'^''\  " '""l   ^  *    i,     •    i  ™ 

a-m^id  or  -mid),  n.    [<  acet-atc  +  amid.]  A  Prefix  to  names  of  chemical  com- 

...         ,.-L^__^  """".J    pounds.  Signifying  the  presence  of  acetic  acid 

or  acetyl  radical, 
aceto-gelatin  (as^e-to-jera-tin),  a.  Containing 
acetic  acid  and  gelatin — Aceto-gelatia  emulsion, 
an  emulsion  formed  of  pyroxylin,  acetic  acid,  alcohol,  and 
gelatin  :  used  for  coating  certain  photographic  plates. 


acetometer 

acetometer,  n.    See  acetimeter. 

acetone  (as'e-ton),  n.  l<acet-ic+  -one.']  1. 
A  limpid  mobile  liquid,  (CH3)2CO,  with  an 
agi'eeable  odor  and  burning  taste,  produced  by 
the  destructive  distillation  of  acetates,  it  is 

procured  on  a  large  scale  from  the  aqueous  liquid  ob- 
tained iu  the  dry  distillation  of  wood. 

2.  The  general  name  of  a  class  of  compounds 
which  may  be  regarded  as  consisting  of  two 
alcoholic  radicals  united  by  the  group  CO,  or  as 
aldehydes  in  which  hydrogen  of  the  group  COH 
has  been  replaced  by  an  alcoholic  radical, 
acetonemia  (as*e-to-ne'mi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  E. 
acetone  +  Gr.  aifia,  blood.]  In  pathol.,  a  dis- 
eased condition  characterized  by  the  presence 
of  acetone  in  the  blood,  it  results  fi-om  various 
causes,  and  may  be  a  symptom  of  various  diseases.  Also 
spelled  acetonceniia. 

acetonic  (as-e-ton'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  de- 
rived from  acetone. 

acetose  (as'e-tos),  a.    Same  as  acetous,  1. 

acetosityt  (as-e-tos'i-ti),  n.  [=F.  acStosite  = 
Sp.  acetosidad  =  It.  acetositA,  <  NL.  as  if  *ace- 
tosita{t-)s,<  acetosus:  see  acetous  and -itij.'\  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  acetous  or  sour ;  acid- 
ity ;  sourness ;  tartness. 

Tha  juice  or  pulpe  of  Tamarinds  hath  a  great  acetositie. 

Woodall,  Surgeon's  Mate,  p.  175. 

acetous  (as'e-tus  or  a-se'tus),  a.  [=F.  ace- 
ieiix  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  acetoso,  <  NL.  acetosus,  <  L. 
ace<((/H,  vinegar:  seeacetum.]  1 .  Having  a  sour 
taste ;  vinegary.  Boyle.  Also  vn-itten  acetose. — 
2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  vinegar ;  causing  or  con- 
nected with  acetification.  —Acetous  acid,  a  term 

formerly  applied  to  impure  and  dilute  acetic  acid,  under 
the  notion  that  it  was  composed  of  carbon  and  hydrogen  In 
the  same  proportions  as  in  acetic  acid,  but  with  less  oxy- 
gen. It  is  now  known  that  no  such  acid  exists,  so  that  this 
terra  has  fallen  into  disuse.— Acetous  fermentation, 
the  process  by  which  alcoholic  liquors,  as  beer  or  wine, 
yield  acetic  acid  by  oxidation.    See  fermentation. 

acetum  (a-se'tiun),  n.  [L.,  vinegar,  in  form  pp. 
neut.  (acetum,  sc.  vinum,  soured  wine)  of  acere, 
be  soui',  akin  to  acer,  sharp,  sour:  see  acid  and 
acrid.  Hence  (from  acetum,  not  from  neut.  adj. 
acidim)  Goth,  akeit  =  AS.  wced,eced  —  OS.  ecid 
=  OD.  edick,  etick,  D.  edik,  eek  =  LG.  etik  = 
OHG.  ezzih,  MHG.  ezsich,G.  essig=I>an.  eddike 
(>Icel.  edik)=:8w.  dttika,  vinegar.]  Vinegar 
(which  see). 

acetyl  (as'e-til),  n.  [iacet-ic  +  -tjl,  <  Gr.  vAri, 
matter,  substance.]  A  univalent  radical  sup- 
posed to  exist  in  acetic  acid  and  its  derivatives. 
Aldehyde  may  be  regarded  as  the  hydrid,  and  acetic  acid 
as  the  hydrate,  of  acetyl. 

acetylene  (a-set'i-len  or  as'e-ti-len),  n.  [< 
acetyl  +  -eiie.']  A  colorless  endothermic  gas, 
C2H2,  having  a  characteristic  disagreeable 
odor,  and  burning  with  a  luminous  smoky  flame. 
Illuminating  gas  contains  a  small  amount  of  it,  and  it  is 
probably  formed  from  other  gaseous  compounds  during 
the  combustion  of  illuminating  gas.  It  is  also  formed 
from  its  elements,  carbon  and  hydrogen,  when  the  electric 
arc  is  passed  between  carbon-points  in  an  atmosphere  of 
hydrogen ;  and  also  by  the  imperfect  combustion  of  illu- 
nnnatnig  gas  and  other  hydrocarbons.  It  is  prepared  on 
a  commercial  scale  by  the  decomposition  of  water  with 
certain  metallic  carbides,  calcium  carbide  being  chiefly 
used  for  the  purpose.  At  pressures  of  less  than  two  atmo- 
spheres it  is  not  explosive  except  by  the  action  of  fulmi- 
nates. Undergreater  pressure  it  explodes  at  low  red  heat 
with  a  violence  nearly  equal  to  that  of  guncotton.  With 
certain  metals  and  metallic  salts  it  forms  explosive  com- 
pounds. The  acetylene  series  of  hydrocarbons  has  the  gen- 
eral formula  C2H2n-2;  it  includes  acetyl  orethinerCoHo), 
propine  (C3H4),  butine  (C4H6),  and  pentine  (CsHg). 

acetylic  (as-e-til'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
acetyl. 

acetylization  (as^e-til-i-za'shon),  w.  [<.aeetyl-\r 
-i^e  +  -ation.']  In  chem.,  the'proeess  of  com- 
bining or  causing  to  combine  with  the  radical 
acetyl  or  with  acetic  acid. 

ach^t,  «•    Same  as  ache^. 

acll2  (ach),  71.  [Cf.  Hind,  dk,  gigantic  swaUow- 
wort,  a  sprout  of  sugar-cane.  ]  An  East  Indian 
name  of  several  species  of  plants  of  the  rubia- 
eeous  genus  Morinda. 

Achaean,  «.  and  n.    See  Achean. 

Achaemenian  (ak-e-me'ni-an),  a.  [<  L.  AcJicb- 
mviiiiis,  a.,  Achwmenes,  n.,'  <  Gr.  'Axaifievri^,  a 
Persian  king,  ancestor  of  the  Achcemenidce,  Gr. 
'Axaijitvidai.']  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the 
Achsemenidffi,  an  ancient  royal  family  of  Per- 
sia, historically  beginning  with  Cyrus,  about 
558  B.  c,  and  ending  with  the  conquest  of  the 
Persian  empire  by  Alexande.r  the  Great,  330  B.C. 

achsenium,  n.    See  acJwnium. 

achsenocarp  (a-ke'no-karp),  n.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  a- 
priv.  -I-  xaiveiv,  gape,'  -f-  Kapnog,  fruit.]  In  hot., 
any  dry  indehiscent  fruit. 

Achsenodon  (a-ke'no-don),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a- 
priv.  -I-  xalveiv,  gape,'+  b6ov(;(bdovT-)  —  E.  tooth.'] 
A  genus  of  fossU  carnivorous  mammals  of 


45 

North  America,  having  a  suilline  type  of  den- 
tition, considered  by  Cope  as  referable  to  the 
family  Arctocyonida:  There  are  several  species;  A. 
imolenn,  the  type-species,  was  as  large  as  a  large  bear.  E. 
D.  Cope,  1873. 

Achseta  (a-ke'ta),  n.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 

uchwtus:  see  aciuctous.]  An  ordinal  name  for 
^  gephyreans  without   setse,  with   a  terminal 

mouth,  dorsal  anus,  and  the  anterior  region  of 

the  body  retractile.    It  includes  the  families 

Sipunculidw  and  Priapididai. 
achaetous  (a-ke'tus),  a.    [<  NL.  aclia-tus,  <  Gr. 

a- priv.  -f  x^^i-TI,  hair.]    Having  no  setse;  not 

chsetiferous ;  specifically,  pertaining  to  the 

AcJueta  (which  see). 

achage  (a'kaj),  «.  [<  ac/iei  +  -age.']  The  state 
or  condition  of  having  aches.  [Rare.] 

The  Pope  could  dispense  with  his  Cardinalate,  and  his 
achage,  and  his  breakage,  if  that  were  all. 

Tennyson,  Queen  Mary,  i.  1. 

Achaian  (a-ka'yan),  a.  and  w.  See  Achean. 

achane  (a-ka'ne),  n.  [<  Gr.  axavri.]  An  an-< 
cient  Persian  measure  for  grain. 

Acharinina  (ak"a-ri-ni'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  for 
acliarnina  Acharnes,' a.  genus  of  fishes,  < 

Gr.  axapvojg,  axapvoc,  axapvag,  a  sea-fish.]  In 
Giinther's  classification  of  fishes,  the  thu-d 
subfamily  group  of  his  family  Nandidm,  hav- 
ing hidden  pseudobranchiaB  or  false  gills,  five 
ventral  rays,  and  teeth  on  the  palate,  it  is  con- 
stituted for  fresh-water  fishes  from  tropical  America 
which  properly  belong  to  the  genus  Cichla  of  the  familyl 
Cichlidoe. 

acharnement  (a-sham'ment),  n.  [F., <  aeharne); 
give  a  taste  of  flesh  (to  dogs,  etc.),  refl.  s'achar-^ 
net;  thirst  for  blood,  <  L.  as  if  *adcarnare,  <  ad, 
to,  +  caro  {cam-),  flesh :  see  carnal.]  Blood- 
thirstiness,  as  of  wild  beasts  or  of  infuriated. 

men ;  ferocity ;  eagerness" 
for  slaughter.  [Rare.] 
achate^t  (ak'at),  n.    [<  L. 
achates :  see  agate.]  An 


jacinth,  achate, 
John  Taylor. 


The  christall, 
ruby  red. 


Agate-shell 
{Achatijia  variegata). 


achate^t,  n.  [Assibilated 
form  of  acate,  q.  v.]  See 
acate. 

Achatina  (ak-a-ti'na),  «. 
[NL.,  <  L.  achates,  agate  : 
see  agate.]  A  genus  of 
land-snails,  of  the  family 
Helicidw.  it  is  typified  by  tlie 
large  agate-shells  of  Africa,  and 
is  distinguished  by  an  intorted  and 
abruptly  truncate  columella.  The 
species  of  this  genus,  which  comprises  some  of  the  largest 
terrestrial  mollusks,  live  chiefly  near  water  about  trees ; 
they  are  mostly  African.  Tlie  small  species  formerly 
referred  to  Achatina  are  little  related  to  the  genus.  La- 
iimrck,  1799.  Also  Achatium  (Link,  1807)  and  Agathina 
(De.sliaj/es). 

Achatinella  (a-kat-i-nel'a),  «.    [NL.,  dim.  of 

Achatina.]  A  name  used  with  various  limits 
for  a  genus  of  Helicidce,  with  shells  of  moder- 
ately small  size,  resembling  those  of  Achatina. 

It  has  numerous  representatives  peculiar  to  the  Sand-  „„t  t    n  n  1.  ^  ■  ■, 

wich  Islands,  w.  Sivainson,  1828.  The  genus  has  also  acnecn,  «.  In  Egypt,  antiq.,  a  fabulous  animal, 
been  najned  Helicteres.  _  half  lion,  half  bird,  like  the  Grecian  griflSn. 

Acnatimnse  (a-kat-i-m'ne),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  acheckt,  t'.  t    iWii.acheken  {only 'invv-achch 


achenixmi 

[The  old  pronunciation  of  the  noun  (ach,  formerly  ach) 
led  to  a  similar  pronunciation  of  the  verb.    In  the  fol- 
lowing couplet  ache,  v.,  is  made  to  rime  with  patch  : 
Or  (icUia  wore  a  velvet  mastic  patch 
Upon  her  temples  when  no  tooth  did  ache. 

lSl>.  Hall,  Satires,  vi.  1. 
Thus  pronounced,  the  plural  of  the  noun  and  the  third 
person  singular  of  the  verb  were  dissyllabic : 

A  coming  shower  your  shooting  corns  presage, 
Old  achen  throb,  your  hollow  tooth  will  rage. 

Swift,  City  Shower. 

This  pronunciation  has  been  used,  on  the  stage  at  least, 
even  in  the  present  century,  being  required  by  the  meter 
in  such  passages  as  the  following : 

I'll  rack  thee  with  old  cramps  ; 
Fill  all  thy  bones  with  aches;  make  thee  roar. 

ahak..  Tempest,  i.  2.1 

=  Syn.  See  pain,  n.,  and  agony. 
achel,  ake  (ak),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ached,  aked, 
jjpr.  aching,  aking.  [In  this  pronunciation 
prop,  spelled  ake,  the  spelling  ache  prop,  rep- 
resenting a  different  pronunciation  (ach,  for- 
merly iieh)  in  imitation  of  the  noun  :  see  ache, 
n. ;  <  ME.  akcn,  ckcn  (never  *achen),  <  AS.  acan 
(strong  verb,  pret.  dc,  pp.  acen  ;  like  scacan,  E. 
shake,  and  tacan,  E.  take),  ache,  prob.  cognate, 
notwithstanding  the  wide  divergence  of  mean- 
ing, with  Icel.  aka  (strong  verb,  pret.  ok,  pp. 
ekinn),  drive,  move,  =  L.  agere  =  Gr.  ayeiv,  drive : 
see  act,  agent.]  To  suffer  pain;  have  or  be  in 
pain,  or  in  continued  pain ;  be  distressed  physi- 
cally :  as,  his  whole  body  ached. 

The  sense  aches  at  thee.  Shak.,  Othello,  iv.  2. 

Those  inmost  and  soul-piercing  wounds,  which  are  ever 
aching  while  uncured.  Raleigh,  Hist.  World,  Pref.,  p.  1. 
ache^t  (ach),  11.  [<  ME.  ache,  <  OF.  ache,  "the 
herb  smallage;  ache  des  jardins,  parsley"  (Cot- 
grave),  F.  ache  =  Sp.  It.  apio,  parsley,  <  L. 
apiiim,  parsley  (usually  referred  to  apis,  a  bee, 
bees  being  said  to  be  fond  of  it:  see  Ajiis),  < 
Gr.  a-KLov,  a  species  of  Euphorbia,  perhaps  the 
sun-spm-ge  (or  parsley  ?).  Cf.  smallage,  i.  e., 
small  ache.]  A  name  of  garden-parsley,  Fetro- 
selimim  sativum. 

Achean,  Achaean  (a-ke'an),  a.  and  n.    [<  L. 

Acha'iis,  <  Gr.  'Axaidg,  belonging  to  'Axala, 
Achaia,  L.  Acluea.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Aehsea 
(Achaia)  in  the  Peloponnesus,  to  the  Aeheans 
(Acheeans,  Achsei,  or  Aehaioi),  or  to  the  con- 
federacy called  the  Achean  League  Tte  Ache- 
an League,  originally,  a  confederation  for  religious  <il.str- 
vances  formed  l^y  tlie  cities  of  Ach.-ea  on  the  aliolitiun  of 
monarchical  government  and  the  establishment  of  democ- 
racy. The  league  was  giadually  broken  up  by  the  .Mace- 
donians, but  was  renewed  by  the  Aeheans  on  a  purely 
political  basis  about  280  B.  C,  when  they  thiX'W  (jtf  the 
Macedonian  yoke,  constituted  an  enlightened  and  purely 
federal  republic,  and  for  over  a  century  stood  as  an  ef- 
ficient bulwark  to  the  declining  lilierties  of  Greece. 

II,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  Achaia  (Achaia),  or 
one  of  the  ancient  Greek  people  (Aehaioi)  from 
whom  that  country  took  its  name.  The  name 
Aehaioi  is  in  Homer  used  as  a  generic  term  for  all  the 
Greeks,  but  was  later  applied  to  the  most  important  trilies 
of  eastern  Peloponnesus,  and  was  finally  restricted,  after 
the  Dorian  conquest,  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  region  on 
the  gulf  of  Corinth  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  Pelo- 
ponnesus. 

Also  spelled  Achaian,  in  closer  imitation  of 
the  Greek. 


Achatina  +  -ince.']  A  subfamily  of  land-snails,  of 
the  family  Rclicidw,  distinguished  from  Helici- 
nw  proper  by  the  character  of  the  lingual  den- 
tition, the  usually  shai-p  lip,  truncate  columella, 
swollen  body-whorl,  and  elongate  spire.  The 

group  includes  the  largest  known  pulmonates,  some  being 
10  inches  long.  Most  of  the  species  are  African ;  those  of 
the  genus  Achatina  are  known  as  agate-shells.  See  cut 
under  Achatina. 

achatourt,  n-  [Assibilated  form  of  acatotir,  aca- 
tcr:  see  acater,  «.]    Same  as  acater. 

ache^,  ake  (ak),  n.  [in  this  pronunciation  prop, 
spelled  ake,  <  ME.  ake_ ;  but  formerly  two  pro- 
nunciations existed,  ak  and  ach  (iik  and  ach), 
the  latter,  prop,  indicated  by  the  spelling 
ache,  representing  ME.  ache,  also  spelled  cchc, 
<  AS.  cce,  n.,  ache  {(.acan,  v.) ;  the  former  repre- 
senting ME.  ake,  directly  <  akcn,  <  AS.  acnti. 
ache,  a  strong  verb :  see  ache,  v.  Cf.  stark  and  , 
sto)-c/(,both<AS.sfert;'C.  The  anomalous  modern  achemum 


i  (only  in  pp.  acheked, 
in  passage  quoted  below),  <  a-i  (or  a-6)  +  cheken: 
see  check,  v.]    To  check;  stop;  hinder. 

When  they  metten  in  that  place. 
They  were  acheked  bothe  two. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  2093. 

Acheenese  (ach-e-nes'  or  -nez'),  a.  and  n.  See 
Achinese. 

acheilary,  etc.    See  achilary,  etc. 
acheiria,  etc.    See  achiria,  "etc. 
acheket,  v._  t.    See  achoke. 
acheless  (ak '  les),  a.    [<  ache'i-  +  -less.]  With- 
out ache  or  throl). 
achelort.    -A.  corrupt  spelHug  of  ashler. 
achene  (a-ken'),  «.    English  form  of  achenitm. 
Also  spelled  akene. 
achenia,  n.    Plui-al  of  achcninm. 
achenial  (a-ke'ni-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  an  ache- 
niiun. 

(a-ke'ni-um),  n. ;  pi.  achenia 


spelling  ache,  with  ch  pron.  k,  has  been  supposed 
to  rest  upon  the  notion  that  the  word  is  de- 
rived from  the  Gr.  axog,  pain,  distress;  but 
there  is  no  connection  between  the  two  words, 
nor  is  thei'e  any  with  the  intevj.  ah  =  L.  ah  =  G. 
a.c/j  =3 Dan.  ah,  ak.]  Pain  of  some  duration,  in 
opposition  to  sudden  twinges  or  spasmodic  pain ; 
a  continued  dull  or  heavy  pain,  as  in  toothache 
or  earache. 

Myself  was  lost, 
Gone  from  me  like  an  ache. 

Lowell,  Under  the  Willows. 


(-a). 


[NL.,  also  written  achcenium,  in-eg.  (cf.  Gr.  axa- 
vrjr,  not  gaping)  <  a-  priv.  -h  x^-^vetv,  gape,  akin 
to  E.  yawn,  q.  v.]  1.  m  hot.,  a 
smaU,  dry  and  hard,  one-celled, 
one-seeded,  indehiscent  frait: 
strictly,  a  single  and  free  car- 
pel of  this  character,  as  in  the 
buttercup,  avens,  etc.,  but  ex- 
tended to  all  similar  fmits  re- 
sulting from  a  compound  ovary, 
even  when  invested  with  an  adnate  calyx,  as 
in  the  order  Compositce.   Also  written  achem. 


Achenium. 
Lettuce  and  Ranun- 
culus. 


achenium 

achanmm,  akene,  and  akenium. —  2.  [cap.}  In 
entom.,  a  genus  of  beetles.    W.  E.  Leach. 

achenodium  (ak-e-no'di-um),  «. ;  pi.  acheno- 
dia  (-ii).    [NL,,  <  aclicnium  +  -odes,  <  Gr. 
-o-tiSiji;:  see  -old.}    In  hot.,  a  double  aehenium, 
sueli  as  is  found  in  the  order  Umbelliferw. 

Acheron  (ak'e-ron),  n.  [L.  Acheron  (-out-), 
also  Aclieruns  (-unt-),  <  Gr.  'Ax£p(^v  (-ovt-),  in 
earliest  use,  one  of  the  rivers  of  Hades  (popu- 
larly connected  with  a^og,  pain,  distress,  =  E. 
awe,  q.  v.),  later  the  name  of  several  rivers  of 
Greece  and  Italy,  which,  from  their  dismal  or 
savage  sui-roundings,  or  from  the  fact  that  a 
portion  of  their  course  is  beneath  the  groimd, 
were  believed  to  be  entrances  to  the  infernal 
regions.]  1.  In  Gr.  and  Eom.  myth.,  the  name 
of  a  river  in  Hades,  over  which  the  souls  of  the 
dead  were  ferried  by  Charon ;  hence,  a  general 
name  for  the  lower  world. 

Get  you  gone, 
And  at  the  pit  of  Acheron 
Meet  me  i'  the  morning.    Shak.,  Macb.,  iii.  5. 
2.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  neuropterous  insects. 

Acherontia  (ak-e-ron'shi-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
!!VXfpo^'''of,  pertaining  to  Acheron:  see  Acheron.'] 
A  genus  of  nocturnal  lepidopterous  insects,  of 
the  family  Sphingidw.  A.  atropos  is  the  death's- 
head  moth,  or  death's-head  hawk-moth.  See 
death's-head. 

Acherontic  (ak-e-ron'tik), «.  [<  L.  Acheronticus, 
< Acheron:  see  Acheron.}   Of  or  pertaining  to 

Acheron  or  the  infernal  regions  ;  dark;  gloomy: 
as,  Acherontic  mists. 

acnersett,  ».  An  error  for  a  cherset.  See  cher- 
set. 

achesount,  n.    Same  as  encheson. 

Acheta  (ak'e-ta),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  acheta,  the  male 
cicada,  <  Doric  Gr.  axera,  axerac,  Gr.  r/xerr/g,  the 
cicada,  ^rop.  adj.,  chirping,  <  Gr.  soimd, 
chirp.  <  ?/x*/,  a  sound,  akin  to  vx^i  a  sound,  an 
echo :  see  echo.}  The  typical  genus  of  the  fam- 
ily Achetidce:  equivalent  to  Grijllus  (which  see). 

Achetidae  (a-ket'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Acheta  + 
-idee.}  A  family  of  saltatorial  orthopterous  in- 
sects, embracing  the  crickets,  etc.,  named  from 
the  leadiag  genus,  Acheta.  The  name  is  now 
little  used,  the  family  being  generally  called 
GrijlUdce  (which  see). 

Achetina  (ak-e-ti'na),  n.  j)!.  [NL.,  <  Acheta  + 
-ina.}  A  group  of  orthopterous  insects,  includ- 
ing the  crickets,  as  distinguished  from  the  grass- 
hoppers, etc. 

achevet,  v.  t.    Obsolete  form  of  achieve. 

acheweed  (ak'wed),  «.  [<  uche^  +  weed^.}  An 
old  name  of  the  goutweed,  Mgopodium  poda- 
graria. 

achia,  achiar  (ach'ia,  ach'iar),  n.  [<  Pg.  achia, 
the  confected  Indian  cane','  acliar,  any  sort  of 
pickled  roots,  herbs,  or  fruits,  <  Hind,  achar, 
pickles.]  An  East  Indian  name  for  the  pickled 
shoots  of  the  yotmg  bamboo,  Bambusa  arundi- 
nacea,  used  as  a  condiment. 

achievable  (a-che'va-bl),  a.  [<  achieve  +  -able.} 
Capable  of  being  achieved  or  perfonned. 

To  raise  a  dead  man  to  life  doth  not  involve  contradic- 
tion, and  is  therefore,  at  least,  achievable  by  Omnipotence. 

Barrow,  Sermons,  xxix. 

achievancet  (a-che'vans),  n.  [<  OF.  achevance, 
<  achever :  see  achieve  'and  -ance.}  Performance ; 
achievement:  as,  "his  noble  acts  and  achiev- 
ances,"  Sir  T.  Elyot,  The  Governour,  iii.  22. 

achieve  (a-chev'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  achieved, 
ppr.  achieving.  [Formerly  also  atchieve,  <ME. 
acheven,  <  OF.  achever,  achiever,  achevir,  achiver 
(F.  achever),  finish,  <  the  phrase  venir  a  chief 
(P.  venir  d  chef),  come  to  an  end ;  OF.  chief  (F. 
chef),  an  end,  a  head:  see  chief.    Cf.  chieve.} 

1.  trans.  1.  To  perform  or  execute;  accom- 
plish, as  some  great  enterprise;  finish;  can-y 
on  to  a  prosperous  close. 

And  now  great  deeds 
Had  been  achieved.       Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  723. 
Enabled  him  at  length  to  achieve  his  great  enterprise 
m  the  face  of  every  obstacle  which  man  and  nature  had 
opposed  to  it.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa,,  i.  16. 

2.  To  gain  or  obtain,  as  the  result  of  exertion ; 
bring  about,  as  by  effort. 

Show  all  the  spoils  by  valiant  kings  achieved.  Prior. 
He  will  achieve  his  greatness.  Tennyson,  Tiresias. 

It  is  not  self-indulgence  allowed,  but  victory  achieved, 
that  can  make  a  fit  happiness  for  man. 

Bushnell,  Sermons  for  New  Life,  p.  214. 
=  Syn.  1.  Effect,  Accomplish,  etc.  (see  perform),  bring 
about,  work  out.  — 2.  To  acquire,  win,  obtain,  get. 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  come  to  an  end.  Chaucer. 
—2.  To  accomplish  some  enterprise;  bring 
about  a  result  intended. 

Fights  dragon-like,  and  does  achieve  as  soon 
As  draw  his  sword.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  7. 


46 

Still  achieving,  still  pursuing, 
Learn  to  labor  and  to  wait. 

Longfellow,  Psalm  of  Life, 
achievement  (a-chev'ment),  «.  [<  F.  acheve- 
ment,  completion,  <  achever  :  see  achieve  and 
-ment.}  1.  The  act  of  achieving  or  pei-forming; 
an  obtaining  by  exertion ;  accomplishment :  as, 
the  achievement  of  one's  object. 
Capable  of  high  achievement  as  a  writer  of  romance. 

Athena'um,  No.  3067,  p.  172. 

2.  That  which  is  achieved ;  a  great  or  heroic 
deed ;  something  accomplished  by  valor,  bold- 
ness, or  superior  ability. 

How  my  achievements  mock  me! 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  2. 
Illustrious  judges  have  declai-ed  that  Galileo's  conception 
of  the  laws  of  Motion  is  his  greatest  achievement. 

G.  H.  Leivcs,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  g  4S. 

3.  In  her.,  an  escutcheon  or  armorial  shield. 

The  proper  expression  is  "achievement  of  arms,"  and  sig- 
nities  a  complete  heraldic  composition,  whether  the  shield 
alone  or  the  shield  with  crest,  motto,  and  supporters,  if 
any.  The  term  achievement  is  aiiplied  especially  to  the 
escutcheon  of  a  deceased  person  dis])hived  at  his  obsequies 
over  his  tomb,  etc.,  distinctively  called  a.  funeral  achieve- 
ment, or  more  commonly  a  hatchment  (w'hich  see).  =  Syn 
2.  Deed,  Feat,  Exploit,  etc.  Seefeat.1. 

achiever  (a-ehe'ver),  n.  One  who  achieves  or 
accomplishes. 

We  are  well  accustomed  to  the  sight  of  a  fresh  young 
girl,  a  close  student,  a  fine  achiever,  .  .  .  sinking  .  .  .  into 
an  aching,  ailing,  moping  creature. 

E.  S.  Phelps,  quoted  in  Sex  and  Education,  p.  133. 
achilary  (a-ki'ia-ri),  a.  [As  achil-ous  +  -ary.} 
Without  a  lip ;  specifically,  in  bot.,  noting  the 
absence  of  the  labellum  'or  lip  in  monstrous 
flowers  of  the  order  Orchidacew.  Also  spelled 
acheilary. 

Achilida  (a-kil'i-da),  n.  jjI.  [NL.,  <Achiius  + 
-ida.}  A  division  of  the  great  family  of  homop- 
terous  insects  called  Fulgoridw,  one  of  13  so- 
called  subfamilies,  taking  name  fi-om  the  genus 
Achilus. 

Achillea  (ak-i-le'a),  II.  [L.,  a  plant  supposed 
to  be  the  same  as  that  called  in  Latin  achilleos, 
milfoil  or  yarrow,  <  Gr.  'Axi'^^eioq,  of.  Achilles, 
from  a  belief  that  Achilles  used  this  plant  in 
curing  Telephus.]  A  large  genus  of  perennial 
herbaceous  plants,  natural  order  Compositw,  of 
the  northern  hemisphere  and  mostly  of  the  old 
world.  Two  species  are  common,  the  milfoil  or  yarrow, 
A.  Millefolium,  indigenous  in  both  hemispheres  and  of 
repute  as  a  liitter  tonic,  and  the  sneezewort,  A.  Ptarmica 

Achillean  (ak-i-le'an),  a.  [<  L.  Achilleus,  <  Gr. 
'Axi'^'/^Eio^,  <  Ax^'^'^m,  L.  Achilles.}  Of,  resem- 
bling, or  belonging  to  Achilles,  the  hero  in  the 
war  against  Troy,  noted  for  his  valor,  swift- 
ness of  foot,  etc.,  but  especially  for  unrelent- 
ing wrath ;  hence,  valiant,  swift,  unrelenting, 
etc. 

I  dined  with  Mr.  Landor.  ...  I  had  inferred  from  his 
books,  or  magnified  from  some  anecdotes,  an  impression 
of  Achillean  wrath  —  an  untamable  petulance. 

Emerson,  Prose  Works,  II.  161. 

achilleic  (ak-i-le'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  de- 
rived from  Achillea  Millefolium  Achmeic  acid 

an  acid  found  in  the  leaves  and  flowers  of  milfoil  or  yar- 
row, Achillea  Millefolium:  probably  identical  with  aco- 
nitic  acid. 

achillein  (ak-i-le'in),  n.  l<  Achillea  + -i7fi.} 
An  amorphous,  brownish-red,  and  very  bitter 
substance,  C20H38N2O15,  derived  from  the  mil- 
foil, Achillea  Millefolium,  when  used  in  medicine  it 
is  found  to  produce  marked  irregularity  of  the  pulse. 
Achillis  tendo  (a-kil'is  ten'do).  [L. :  Achillis, 
gen.  of  Achilles;  tendo,  tendon.]  See  tendon 
of  Achilles,  under  tendon. 
achilous  (a-kl'lus),  a.  [Less  prop,  acheilous, 
<  NL.  achilus,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  A'e''^of,  lip.]  With- 
out Ups. 

Achilus  (a-M'lus),  w.  [NL. :  see  «cMoms.]  A 
genus  of  homopterous  insects,  of  the  family 
Cixiidm,  or  giving  name  to  a  gi-oup  Achilida 
(which  see).  Eirbtj,  1818. 
Achimenes  (a-kim'e-nez),  n.  [Perhaps  from 
L.  achfcmenis,  <  Gr.  axaijuevl^,  an  amber-colored 
plant  in  India  used  in  magical  arts.  Cf.  Achai- 
menian.}  A  genus  of  ornamental  herbs,  natu- 
ral order  Gesneracew,  belonging  to  tropical 
iVmerica.  They  are  frequent  in  greenhouses,  and  the 
number  of  varieties  has  been  largely  increased  by  cultiva- 
tion. 

Achinese  (ach-i-nes'  or  -nez'),  a.  andw.  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  Achin  (also  written  Acheen,  Atch- 
in,  and  Atchcen),  a  territory  in  the  northwest- 
ern part  of  the  island  of  Sumatra. 

II.  n.  sing,  and  pi.  1 .  A  native  or  an  in- 
habitant of  Achin,  or  the  people  of  Achin.— 
2.  The  language  used  by  the  Achinese,  which 
belongs  to  the  Malayan  family,  and  is  written 
with  Arabic  characters. 
Also  written  Acheenese  and  Atchinese. 


achorion 

aching  (a'king),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  ache^.}  Endur- 
ing or  causing  pain  ;  painful. 

What  peaceful  hours  I  once  enjoy'd  ! 

How  sweet  their  memory  still ! 
But  they  have  left  an  aching  void 
The  world  can  never  fill. 

Cowper,  Olney  Hymns, 
achingly  (a'king-li),  adv    With  aching ;  pain- 
fully. 

achibte  (Sp.  pron.  a-che-6'ta),  n.  [Sp.,  also 
achotc,  Pg.  achioti,  <  achiotl,  the  native  Ameri- 
can name  of  the  plant.]  The  vernacular  name 
in  Central  America  of  the  arnotto-tree,  Bixa 
Orellana.  See  arnotto. 
achira  (a-che'ra),  n.  [Appar.  a  native  name.] 
The  name  on  the  western  coast  of  South  Amer- 
ica of  the  Canna  edulis,  whose  large  tuberous 
roots  are  used  for  food,  and  vield  tous-les- 
mois,  a  superior  large-grained  kind  of  arrow- 
root. 

achiria  (a-ki'ri-a),  n.    [NL. ,  less  prop,  acheiria, 

<  Gr.  axeipia,  <  axeipog  or  axeip,  without  hands  : 
see  achirous.}    In  teratoL,  absence  of  hands. 

achirite  (ak'i-nt),  n.    [<Achir  Mahmed,  name 
of  a  Bokharian  merchant  who  furnished  the 
specimens  that  were  taken  in  1785  to  St.  Peters- 
burg, -I-  -itc^.}    Emerald  copper  or  dioptase. 
achirous  (a-ki'ms),  a.    [Less  prop,  acheirous, 

<  NL.  achirusj  <  Gr.  axeipog  or  axetp,  handless,  < 
(i- priv.  +  xi^'P,  hand.]  In  teratoL,  handless; 
without  hands. 

achirus  (a-ki'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  axecpog,  with- 
out hands:  see  achirous.}  1.  In  teratoL,  a  mon- 
ster  characterized  by  the  absence  of  hands. 
Also  spelled  acheirus. — 2.  [cup.}  In  zool.,  a 
genus  of  heterosomatous  fishes,  of  the  family 
Soleidcc,  having  no  pectoral  fins,  whence  the 
name.  a.  lincatws  is  an  American  sole,  commonly  call- 
ed hog-choker.    Lact'pide,  1802.    See  cut  under  Soleidee. 

achlamydate  (a-klam'i-dat),  a.  [<  Gr.  (i- 
priv.  (a-18)  +  chlamydate,  q.  v.]  Not  chlamy- 
date ;  having  no  pallium  or  mantle :  said  of 
mollusks. 

In  the  achlamydate  forms  [of  branchiogastropods]  true 
gills  are  usually  absent.      Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  437. 

Achlamydeae  (ak-la-mid'f-e),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
fem.  pi.  of  achlamydeus :  see'achlamydeous.}  In 
bot.,  a  term  proposed  by  Lindley  for  a  gi-oup  of 
dicotyledonous  orders  in  which  both  calyx  and 
corolla  are  wanting,  at  least  in  the  pistillate 
flowers,  as  in  willows  and  birches, 
achlamydeous  (ak-la-mid'e-us),  a.  [<NL. 
achlamydeus,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  4-  x^'^/^^-c  (-vd-),  a 
mantle:  see  a-l8  and  chlamydeous.}  In  bot., 
without  a  floral  envelop :  an  epithet  applied  to 
plants  which  have  neither  calyx  nor  corolla, 
and  whose  flowers  are  consequently  naked,  or 

destitute  of  a  covering,    it  has  also  been  applied  to 
an  ovule  which  consists  of  the  nucleus  only,  witliout  prop- 
er seed-coats,  as  in  the  mistletoe, 
achlorophyllous  (a-klo-ro-fil'us  or  ak-16-rof'i- 
lus),  a.    [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  x'^"pk,  green,  +  ^vl- 
Aoy,  leaf:  see  a-l8,  chlorophyl,  and  -ous.}  In 
6ot,  destitute  of  chlorophyl. 
achlys  (ak'lis),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  ax'^vr,  a  mist.] 
Same  as  caligo. 
achmite  (ak'mit),  n.    Incorrect  spelling  of  ac- 
mite. 

achoket,  v.  t.  [<ME.  achoJcen,  acheheuj  <AS. 
dceocian,  choke,  <  a-  +  *ceocian:  see  chokc^.  ]  To 
choke  ;  snffiocate.    Also  written  achekc. 

Whan  that  Thesus  seeth 
The  beste  acheked.     Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  2008. 
Gif  thou  will  achoken  the  fulflllyng  of  nature  with  su- 
perfluities. Chaucer,  Boethius,  ii.  prose  5. 

acholia  (a-kol'i-a),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  axolia,  <  axo- 
/lof,  without  bile  :  see  acholous.}    In  pathol., 
deficiency  or  want  of  bile, 
acholithitet  (a-kol'i-thit),  n.  [Corrupt  spelling 
of  acolouthite,  q.  v.]    Same  as  acolyte. 
To  see  a  lazy,  dumb  acholithite 
Armed  against  a  devout  fly's  despight. 

Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  iv.  7. 
acholous  (ak'o-lut.)t  a-    [<Gr.  a;i:o/lof,  without 
bile,  <  a-  priv.'  +  xo'^,  bile,  gall :  see  choler.} 
Wanting  or  deficient  in  bile, 
achor (ak'  or  or  a'kor),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  axup,  scurf, 
dandruff.]    1.  A  name  formerly  given  to  cer- 
tain scaly  or  crusty  cutaneous  affections  of  the 
head  and  face  in  infants,  particularly  to  cer- 
tain forms  of  eczema. — 2.  An  individual  acumi- 
nate pustule. 
Achordata  (ak-6r-da'ta),  n.  pi.    [NL.,<Gr.  a- 
priv.  +  xopS'fj,  chord :  see  aAS  and  Chordata.} 
A  collective  name  of  those  animals  which  have 
no  notochord :  opposed  to  Chordata. 
achorion  (a-ko'ri-on), «.;  pi.  achoria  (-a).  [NL.,< 
achor.}  The  name  given  to  one  of  the  three  prin- 
cipal dermatophytes,  or  epiphytes  of  the  skin. 


achorion 


47 


fhi'T",,^      f  f"' °^ .  *ayus  (achor),  and  achromophiloUS  (a-kro-mof 'i-lus),  a.    [<  G 

the  group  of  lungoid  plants  denominated    „  ^„  /    Te\  _l    i  i  i       n    t        t  i 

coniists  of  spores,  sporidia  or  tubes  filled    P?^"^-  («-^)  +  chromophUous.^    In  embryol. 

cnromophilous  (which  see) 


It  is  the  constituent  of  the  crusts  of  favns  (achor),  and 
belongs  to  the  group  of  fungoid  plan! 
Oidium.    It  consists  of  spores,  sporidia 
with  spores,  and  empty  branched  tubes  or  mycelium 
Erasmus  WiUon. 

Acliras(ak'ras),  n.  [L.,<Gr.  a;i-pdf,  a  kind  of  wild 
pear-tree.]  A  genus  of  plants  consisting  of  a 
single  species,  A.  Sapota,  of  the  natiu'al  order 
SapOtaceCB.  it  is  an  evergi-een  tree,  with  thick  shining 
leaves  and  milky  juice,  a  native  of  tropical  America,  and 
is  often  cultivated  for  its  edible  fruit,  the  sapodilla  or 
sapodillaplum.  Its  bark  (Jamaica  bark)  is  astringent  and 
is  used  as  a  febrifuge  ;  the  seeds  are  aperient  and  diuretic. 
2.  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects.  Water- 
house,  1879. 

achroiocythemia,  achroiocythsemia  (a-kioi*- 
o-si-the'mi-a),  n.  [NL.,  prop,  achroeoci/thaimia, 
<  Gr.  axpowg,  same  as  axpoog,  colorless  (see 


Gr. 


not 

See  extract, 
The  substance  of  the  ovum  [of  Ascaris]  is  also  remai-k- 
ably  ditterentiated,— that  of  the  "polar  disk"  alone  ex- 
hiliiting  a  vertical  striation,  and  differentiating  into  two 
layers,  superficial  and  subjacent  (termed  achromophilous 
and  chromophilous  respectively).     Bncyc.  Brit.,  XX.  417. 

achromous  (a-kro'mus),  a.    [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 

XP"^a,  color.]  Colorless;  without  coloiing 
matter. 

achronic,  achronical  (a-kron'ik,  -i-kal),  a.  An 

erroneous  spelling  of  acronych,  acronychal. 
achroodextrine  (ak'-'ro-o-deks'trin),  w.    [<  Gr. 
axpoog,  colorless  (see  achroous),  +  E.  dextrine.'] 
Dextrine  wliich  is  not  colored  by  iodine :  con- 
trasted with  erythrodextrine 


5'!!"^^ff^^t  '^\l^[l^*?.^7^^I-^^-  t  ach-root  (ach'rot),  n.     [<  ach^  +  root.]  The 

,.,„+,„7  ,1,  .      root  of  Morinda  tinctoria,  used  in  India  as  a 

dye.  See  ach^. 
achroovis  (ak'ro-us),  a.  [<  Gr.  axpoog,  also  axpoioc, 
colorless,  <  a- '  priv.  +  xp^'^,  Xpo^^,  color.  Cf. 
achromatic]  Colorless;  achromatic, 
achylous  (a-ki'lus),  a.  [<Gr.  axv?MC,  <  a- -priv. 
+  x^''^<j?,  chyle.]  Without  chyle.  Syd.  Soc. 
Lex. 

Achyrodon  (a-ki'ro-don),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  axvpcyv, 
pi.  axvpa,  chaff,  bran,  husks,  +  bdovg  (bSovr-)  = 
E.  tooth.]  A  genus  of  fossil  mammals  from  the 
Purbeck  beds  of  England,  having  teeth  of  the 
insectivorous  type,  and  more  than  eight  molars 
and  premolars.    Owen,  1877. 

Same  as  acicula,  2.  Dana, 


aiua,  blood.]  In  pathol.,  diminution  of  the  nor 
mal  amount  of  hemoglobin  in  the  red  blood- 
corpuscles.    Also  called  oligochromemia. 

achroite  (ak'ro-it)^w.  [<Gr.  d;t;poof,  colorless, 
+  -ite^.]  A  colorless  variety  of  tourmalin  found 
on  the  island,  of  Elba. 

achroma  (a-kro'ma),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  d-priv.  + 
Xpij/M,  color :  see  achromatic]  In  pathol.,  lack 
of  pigment  in  the  skin ;  achromasia. 

achromasia  (ak-ro-ma'zi-a),  M.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
axp(^fiaTog,  without  color :  see  achromatic]  In 
pathol.,  lack  of  pigment  in  the  skin. 

achromatic  (ak-ro-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  axp^fiaroQ, 
■without  color  (<a-  priv.,  without,  +  ;yp6i/ia(r-), 


color),  4-  -ic :  see  chromatic]  Destitute  of  acicle  (as'i-ki),  n. 
color;  free  from  coloration;  transmitting  light    Crustacea  I.  434 

without  decomposing  it  into  its  constituent  acicula  (a-sik'ii-l'a),  n. ;  pi.  adculce  (-le).  fL., 
colors  -       n,T,  r,ehyn,,,r,tre  ifins  nr  fBiA=r.Ar,o         ^  needle,  a  Small  pin,  dim.  of  acus,  a  needle^ 


Lens. 


Bolors :  as,  an  achromatic  lens  or  telescope 

The  human  eye  is  not  achromatic.    It  suffers  from  ckro- 
matic  aberration  as  well  as  from  spherical  aberration. 

Tyndall,  Light  and  Elect.,  p.  72. 

Achromatic  condenser,  an  achromatic  lens  placed  be- 
tween the  mirror  and  the  stage  of  a  microscope  to  con- 
centrate the  light  upon  the  object  when  the 
light  from  the  concave  mirror  is  not  sufficiently 
intense.— Achromatic  lens,  a  lens  sensibly 
free  from  chromatic  aberration.  It  is  usually 
composed  of  two  lenses  made  of  glass  having 
different  refractive  and  dispersive  powers  (for 
example,  a  double  convex  lens  of  crown-glass 
[a  a]  and  a  concavo-convex  lens  of  flint-glass 
[b  b]),  the  forms  of  which  are  so  adjusted  that 
one  lens  very  nearly  corrects  the  dispersion  of 
the  other  without,  however,  destroying  its  re- 
fraction.—Achromatic  telescope  or  micro- 
scope, a  telescope  or  microscope  in  which  the 
chromatic  aberration  is  prevented,  usually  by  ^'^^ 
means  of  an  achromatic  object-glass, 

achromatically  (ak-ro-mat'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
achromatic  manner. 

achromaticity  (a-kro-ma-tis'i-ti),  n.  [<  achro- 
matic +  -ity.]  The  state  or"  quality  of  being 
achromatic  ;  achromatism.   See  equation. 

achromatin  (a-ki-6'ma-tin),  71.  [<  Gr.  axpcifiarog, 
not  colored,  +  -in^.]  "In  hot.,  that  portion  of  the 
basic  substance  of  the  nucleus  of  a  vegetable- 
cell  which,  under  the  action  of  staining  agents, 
becomes  less  highly  colored  than  the  rest. 

achromatisation,  achromatise,  etc.  See  achro- 
matization,  achromatize,  etc. 

achromatism  (a-kro'ma-tizm),  n.  [<  achromat- 
ic + -ism.  Cf.  F.  achromatisme.]  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  achromatic;  absence  of  col- 
oration :  as,  to  secui-e  perfect  achromatism  in  a 
telescope. 

achromatization  (a-kro'^ma-ti-za'shon),  n.  The 
act  of  achromatizing  or  depriving  of  color.  Also 
spelled  achromatisation. 

achromatize  (a-kro'ma-tiz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
achromatized,  ppr.  achromatizing.  l<.  achromat- 
ic, as  if  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  xp^M-oriCeiv,  to  color,  < 
;t:p(ij//a(r-),  color.]    To  render  achromatic ;  de 


from  same  root  as  acer,  sharp,  acies,  an  edge, 
acutus,  sharp,  etc.:  see  acid,  acute,  acerb.]  1. 
A  needle,  pin,  or  bodkin,  of  wood  or  bone, 
used  by  Roman  women  as  a  hair-pin.  It  was 
not  smaller  than  an  acus  (which  see),  but  of  in- 
ferior material. —  2.  A  spine  or  prickle  of  an 
animal  or  plant.  Also  called  acicle. —  3.  [cap.] 
A  name  applied  to  several  genera  of  gastropods, 
and  retained  for  the  representative  genus  of  the 
family  ^dcwZidfc,  inhabiting  Europe.  A.fusca 
is  the  best-known  form. — 4.  [cap.]  A  genus  of 
worms. 

acicula,  «.    Plural  of  aciculum. 

Aciculacea  (a-sik-u-la'sf-a),  «. pi.    [NL.,  <  Aci- 

cida  +  -acea.]    A  synonym  of  Acicididce  (which 

see). 

acicular  (a-sik'u-lar),  a.  [<  NL.  acictdaris,  <  L. 
acicula,  a  needle :  see  acicida.]  Having  the 
shape  of  a  slender  needle  or  stout  bristle ;  hav- 


Acicular  Crystals.  Stibnite. 

ing  a  sharp  point  like  a  needle :  as,  an  acicular 
prism,  like  those  of  stibnite ;  an  acicular  bill, 
as  that  of  a  humming-bird.  Other  forms  are 
aciculate,  acicidated,  aciculiform,  and  aciculine. 

The  silver  salt  crystallizes  from  its  aqueous  solution  in 
small  acicular  prisms. 

E.  Frankland,  Exper.  in  Chem.,  p.  30. 
Acicular  hismuth.   See  aikinite. 
acicularly  (a-sik'u-lar-li),  adv.    In  an  acicu- 
lar manner;  in  the  manner  of  needles  or 
prickles. 


acidify 

bedded  in  the  parapodia  of  some  annelids,  as 
the  I'olychwta.  The  notopodial  and  the  neuropodial 
divisions  of  the  parapodia  each  carry  one  of  these  acicula. 
aciculus  (a-sik'u-lus),  n. ;  pi.  aciculi  (-U).  [NL., 
a  masc.  form  of  acicula,  q.  v.]  In  hot.,  a  strong 
bristle. 

acid  (as'id),  a.  and  n.  [=F.  aceVte  =Sp.  Pg. 
It.  acido,  <  L.  acidus,  sour,  <  acere,  be  sour 
Oacetum,  q.  v.),  akin  to  acer,  sharp,  acies, 
edge,  Gr.  aKfiii,  E.  acme,  edge,  etc.,  all  from  ■\/*ak, 
be  sharp,  pierce.]  I,  a.  Som-,  sharp,  or  biting 
to  the  taste ;  tasting  like  vinegar :  as,  acid  fruits 

or  liquors — Acid  rock.    See  acidic:. 

II.  n.  [<  NL.  acidum,  neut.  of  L.  acidus,  a.] 
Originally,  a  substance  possessing  a  sour  taste 
like  that  of  vinegar ;  in  modern  chemical  use,  a 
name  given  to  a  large  number  of  compounds 
which  do  not  necessarily  possess  this  property. 

It  does  not  appear  that  very  great  importance  was  at  any 
time  attached  to  soui'tiess  as  a  characteristic  of  acids  from 
a  chemical  point  of  view.  The  following  properties  are 
common  to  most  acids:  1st,  solubility  in  water;  2d,  a 
som-  taste  (in  some  acids,  on  account  of  their  corrosive- 
ness,  this  property  can  be  perceived  only  after  dilution 
with  a  large  (luautity  of  water);  3d,  the  power  of  turning 
vegetable  blues  to  red;  4th,  the  power  of  decomposing 
most  carbonates,  and  displacing  the  carbonic  acid  witli 
effervescence ;  5th,  the  power  of  destroying  more  or  less 
completely  the  characteristic  properties  of  alkalis,  at  the 
same  time  losing  their  own  distinguishing  characters,  form- 
ing salts.  In  modern  chemistry  an  acid  may  be  termed 
a  salt  of  hydrogen,  or  it  may  be  defined  as  a  compound 
containing  one  or  more  atoms  of  hydrogen  which  become 
displaced  by  a  metal,  or  by  a  radical  possessing  to  a  cer- 
tain extent  metallic  functions.  An  acid  containing  one 
such  atom  of  hydrogen  is  said  to  be  monobasic,  one  con- 
taining two  such  atoms  dibasic,  etc.  Acids  of  a  greater 
basicity  than  unity  are  frequently  termed  polybaxic  acids. 
When  an  acid  contains  oxygen,  its  name  is  generally 
formed  by  adding  the  terminal  -ic  either  to  the  name  of 
the  element  with  which  the  oxygen  is  united  or  to  an  ab- 
breviation of  that  name.  Thus,  sulphurforms  with  oxygen 
sulphm-ic  acid;  nitrogen,  nitric  acid;  and  phosphorus, 
phosphoric  acid.  But  it  frequently  happens  that  the  same 
element  forms  two  acids  with  oxygen ;  and  in  this  case 
the  acid  that  contains  the  larger  amount  of  oxygen  re- 
ceives the  terminal  syllable  -ic,  while  that  containing  less 
o.xygen  is  made  to  end  in  -ous.  Thus,  we  have  sulpluuous, 
nitrous,  and  phosphorous  acid,  each  containing  a  smaller 
proportion  of  oxygen  than  that  necessary  to  form  respec- 
tively sulphuric,  nitric,  and  phosphoric  acid.  In  some 
instances,  however,  the  same  element  forms  more  than 
two  acids  with  oxygen,  in  which  case  the  two  Greek  words 
UTTO  (hypo-),  under,  and  iinip  (hyper-),  over,  are  prefixed  to 
the  name  of  the  acid.  Thus,  an  acid  of  sulphur  contain- 
ing less  oxygen  than  sulphui'ous  acid  is  termed  liyposul- 
phm-ous  acid ;  and  another  acid  of  the  same  element  con- 
taining, in  proportion  to  sulphur,  more  oxygen  than  sul- 
phurous acid  and  less  than  sulphuric,  might  be  named 
either  hypersulphmous  or  hyposulphuric  acid;  but  the 
latterterm  has  been  adopted.  The  prefix  jjer-  is  frequently 

substituted  for  /ii/pec-.— Acetic  acid,  fatty  acid,  nitric 
acid,  etc.  See  these  adjectives.— Nordhausen  acid, 
brown  fuming  sulphuric  acid,  a  solution  of  sulphur  trioxid 
in  sulphuric  acid,  used  as  a  solvent  of  indigo,  and  at  pres- 
ent in  the  manufacture  of  artificial  alizarin.  It  is  named 
from  the  place  where  it  was  first  manufactured, 
acid-green  (as'id-gren'),  n.  A  coloring  mat- 
ter, a  sulphonic  acid  of  various  sorts  of  benzal- 
dehyde-greens.  It  is  one  of  the  coal-tar  colors.  It 
dyes  a  brighter  color  than  the  so-called  solid  green.  It  is 
also  called  Helvetia  green,  and  light  green  S.  Benedikt 
and  Knecht,  Chem.  of  Coal-tar  Colors,  p.  84. 

acidic  (a-sid'ik),  a.  1.  Acid:  in  chem.,  applied 
to  the  acid  element,  as  silicon,  in  certain  salts: 
opposed  to  hasic. —  2.  Containing  a  large  amount 
of  the  acid  element:  as,  the  acidic  feldspars, 
which  contain  60  per  cent,  or  more  of  silica. — 

Acidic  (or  acid)  rock,  a  crystalline  rock  which  contains  a 
relatively  large  amount  of  silica,  through  the  presence  of 
an  acidic  feldspar,  and  sometimes  also  of  free  quartz,  as  a 
prominent  constituent.  For  example,  trachyte  is  an  acid 
or  acidic  rock ;  basalt,  a  basic  rock. 

acidiferous  (as-i-dif'e-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  acidum, 
acid,  +  L./e>Te  =E.  b'ear'^,  +  -ous.]  Bearing,  pro- 
ducing, or  containing  acids,  or  an  acid  Aci- 
diferous mineral,  a  mineral  which  consists  of  an  earth 
combined  with  an  acid,  as  calcium  carbonate,  aluminite, 
etc. 


prive  of  color,  or  of  the  power  of  transmitting  aciculate,  aciculated  (a-sik'ii-lat, -la-ted),  j;.. «.  -cidifiable  fa-sid'i  fi  a  bll  a  r<nridif„-i. 
eolored  H0-ht     Ai«n  =T.«iiori /7..7„-«™^«c^        *       NL.  aciculatus.  <  L,.  acicula:  see  acicula.l  aciainaDie  (,a-sia  i-ti-a- Di;,  a.    \S  acidijy  + 


eolored  light.    Also  spelled  achromatise. 

For  two  kinds  of  light  a  flint-glass  prism  may  be  achro- 
matized by  a  second  prism  of  crown-glass. 

A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  480. 

achromatopsia  (a-kro-ma-top'si-a),  n.  [<Gr. 
a-  priv.  +  xp<^l-iaiT-),  color,  +  dfi'g,  sight,  <  of, 
the  eye,  face :  see  optic]  Color-blindness,  or 
inability  to  see  or  distinguish  colors.  Also 
called  acritochromacy. 

achromatopsy  (a-kro'ma-top-si),  n.    Same  as 

achromatopsia. 

achromatosis  (a-kro-ma-to'sis),  ?!. 


able;  =  F.  acidifiahle.]  Capable  of  being  acidi- 
fied, or  of  being  converted  into  an  acid. 


[<  NL.  aciculatus,  <  L.  acicula:  see  acicula.] 
Needle-shaped ;  acicular ;  aciculiform. 

aciculi,  H.    Plural  of  aciculus.  „„jj-«    /    •  j-j-/-,  x        t>    i  ■ 

aciculid  (a-sik'ii-M),  n.    A  gastropod -of  the  acidlfic  (as-i-dif  ik),  a.    Producmg  acidity  or 

tamilY  Aciculidd.  an  acid ;  acidifying.  Said  of  the  element  (o.xygen, 

\                        i  ■i„-,n-  .^^\  „    „7    rxrr     /  i  ■    i  sulphur,  etc.)  which  m  a  ternary  compound  is  considered 

AclCUlldSe  (as-l-ku  h-de),  n.  pi.   [NL.,  <AciClda,  as  uniting  the  basic  and  acidic  elements.    Thus,  in  cal 

q.  v.,  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  operculate  pulmonif-  cium  silicate,  calcium  is  called  the  basic,  silicon  the  acidic, 

erous  moUusks,  represented  by  the  EtU-opean  and  oxygen  the  aciV/)>>  element.  Dana. 

genus  Acicula  (which  see)  and  the  West  Indian  acidification  (a-sid"i-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [<  acidify; 
Geomelania.    They  have  very  small  turreted  shells  with    T.f  •  «£"'''/'C««0)i  =  Sp.  acidificacion  =  Pg.  aci- 

dijicagao.]  The  act  or  process  of  acidifying,  or 
of  changing  into  an  acid. 

Acidification  .  .  .  is  intended  to  break  up,  corrode,  or 
carbonize  the  albuminiferous  matters. 

n'.  L.  Carpenter,  Soap,  etc.,  p.  264. 

acidifier  (a-sid'i-fi-er),  «.  One  who  or  that 
which  acidifies ;  specifically,  in  c7ie»i..  that  which 
has  the  property  of  imparting  an  acid  quality, 
acidify  (a-sid'i-fi),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  acidified. 
ppr.  acidifying.  [<  acid  +  -fy;  =  F.  acidifier  = 
Pg.  acidijicar.]    I.  trans.  To  make  acid ;  con- 


few  whorls  and  a  thin  operculum,  the  outer  lip  plain  or 
produced  into  a  tongue,  and  the  eyes  on  the  back  of  the 
head. 


[NL.,  <  Gr. 

axpofiaTog,  without  color,  + -osis.]  A  name  aciculiform  (a-sik'ii-li-form),  a.  [<L.  acicida, 
applied  to  diseases  characterized  by  a  lack  of  needle,  +  -formis,  <  forma,  form.]  Same  as 
pigment  in  integumental  structures,  as  albi-  acicular. 

nism,  vitiligo,  or  canities.  aciculine  (a-sik'ii-lin),  a.    [<  NL.  acicidinus, 

acnromatous  (a-kro'ma-tus),  a.  [<Gt.  axpojpa-    <1j.  acicida:  see  acicula.]    S&me  as  acicular. 
Tof,  without  color :  see  achromatic]    Without  aciculum  (a-sik'u-lum),  n.;  pi.  acicula  (-la), 
color;  of  a  lighter  color  than  normal :  as,  achro-    [NL.,  a  neut.  form  to  acicula,  q.  v.]    In  zooL, 
VMtous  spots.  one  of  the  slender  sharp  stylets  which  are  em- 


acidify 

vert  into  an  acid;  render  sour;  soxtr,  literally  or 
figuratively. 

Such  are  the  plaints  of  Lou  vet,  liis  thin  existence  all 
acidified  with  rage  anil  preternatural  insight  of  suspicion. 

Carlyle,  French  Kev.,  III.  iii.  ISl. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  acid  or  sour, 
acidimeter  (as-i-dim'e-ter),  n.  l—Pg-acidimc- 
tro,  <NL.  acidum,  acid,  +  Gr./t/t  r/yoi',  a  measure.] 
An  instrument  for  determining  the  purity  or 
streugth  of  acids.  See  acidimetnj. 
acidimetrical  (as"i-di-met'ri-kal),  a.  Of  orper- 
taitiing  to  acitiimetry. 

The  acidimetrical  process  is  in  every  M-ay  similar  to 
that  practised  in  alkalimetry.  Ure,  Diet.,  I.  19. 

acidimetry  (as-i-dim'e-tri),  n.  [=Pg.  acidime- 
tria;  as  acidimeter  +  -y.']  The  act  or  process 
of  measuring  the  strength  of  acids.  Specifically, 
the  process  of  estimating  the  amount  of  aciil  in  a  liquid  by 
finding  exactly  how  much  of  a  standard  alkaline  solution 
is  required  to  neutralize  a  measured  quantity  of  the  given 
solution. 

acidity  (a-sid'i-ti),  n.  [=  F.  acidite  =  It.  acidita, 
<  L.  acidiia(i-)s,  sourness,  <  acidus,  sour:  see 
acid.'l  The  quality  of  being  acid  or  sour;  sour- 
ness ;  tartness ;  sharpness  to  the  taste. 

acid-magenta  (as'id-ma-jen'ta),  n.  A  coal-tar 
color,  a  green  metallic'-looldng  powder  giving 
a  red  color  when  dissolved  in  water,  it  is  a  mix- 
ture of  the  mono-  and  disulphonic  acids  of  rosanilin.  Also 
called  magenta  S.  and  rubine  S.  Used  for  dyeing  and  for 
coloring  wines.  Bemdikt  and  Enecht,  Chem.  of  Coal-tar 
Colors,  p.  96. 

acidness  (as'id-nes),  «.    Soiirness;  acidity. 

acidometer  (as-i-dom'e-ter),  n.  £Cf.  acidime- 
ter. ]  A  form  of  hydrometer  used  to  measiire 
the  strength  of  an  acid. 

acid-pump  (as'id-pump),  n.  A  glass  pump  used 
for  di-awing  con'osive  liquids  fi-om  carboys  and 
other  vessels,  it  has  valves  and  joints,  and  is  converti- 
ble into  a  siphon.  A  vacuum  is  created  in  it  by  means  of 
an  elastic  rubber  bulli,  which  controls  its  action  without 
coming  into  contact  witli  the  acid. 

acidulse  (a-sid'u-le),  «.  jj?.  [L.,  fem.  pi.  (sc. 
aqtuc,  waters)  of  acididus :  see  aciduJoits.']  A 
name  formerly  given  to  springs  of  cold  mineral 
waters,  from  their  sharp  and  pungent  taste. 
N.  E.D. 

acidulate  (a-.sid'u-lat),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp. 

acididatcd,  ppr.  acidulating.  [<L.  as  if  *acidti- 
latiis,  pp.  of  *acididarc,  <  acididus,  somewhat 
sour:  see  acidulous.']  1.  To  tincture  with  an 
acid;  render  somewhat  acid  or  sourish. 

This  latter  flask  is  filled  partly  with  mercury,  and  partly 
with  water  acidulated  witli  a  tenth  part  of  sulphuric  acid. 

Science,  III.  260. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  sour,  as  the  mind ;  embit- 
ter ;  make  cross  or  captious. 

Persons  .  .  .  were  especially  liable  to  diabolical  posses- 
sion when  their  faculties  were  impaired  by  disease  and  their 
tempers  ctcirf»to;ctZ  by  suffering,  iecty,  nationalism,  1. 106. 

acidulcist  (as-i-dul'sis),  a.    [Contr.  of  NL.  *aci- 
didulcis,  <L.  acidus,  sour,  acid,  +  dtdeis,  sweet: 
see  dulcc.']    Both  sour  and  sweet, 
acidulent  (a-sid'ii-leut),  a.  [<  F.  acidulant,  ppr. 
oiaciduler,  soui- slightly,  <acidule,  slightly  sour, 
<L.  acidulus:  see  acidulous.]    Somewhat  acid 
or  sour;  tart;  hence,  peevish:  as,  "anxious 
acidulent  face,"  Carlyle,  French  Eev.,  I.  i.  4. 
acidulous  (a-sid'u-lus),  a.  [<  L.  acidulus,  slightly 
sour,  dim.  of  acidus,  sour :  see  acid.]    1.  Slight- 
ly sour ;  subacid,  as  cream  of  tartar,  oranges, 
gooseben-ies,  etc. —  2.  Figuratively,  sour  in 
feeling  or  e.xpression ;  sharp;  caustic;  harsh. 
Acidulous  enough  to  produce  effervescence  with  alkalies. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Autocrat,  ix. 
It  is  beautiful,  therefore,  ...  to  find  a  woman,  George 
Eliot,  departing  utterly  out  of  that  mood  of  hate  or  even 
of  acidulous  satire  in  which  Thackeray  so  often  worked. 

S.  Lanier,  The  Eng.  Novel,  p.  207. 

acid-yellow  (as'id-yel'o),  n.  A  coal-tar  color, 
consisting  of  the  sodium  salts  of  the  sulphonic 
acids  of  amido-azobenzene  or  aniline  yellow. 
It  is  a  yellow  powder,  easily  solulile  in  water,  and  is  used 
for  dyeing  olive,  moss-green,  and  browns.  Also  some- 
times called /asi  yellow.  Bemdikt  and  Knecht,  Chem.  of 
Coal-tar  Colors,  p.  182. 

acierage  (as'i-e-raj),  n.  [<  F.  acierage,  <  acier 
—  Pr.  acier  =  Sp.  acero,  steel,  <  ML.  aciare,  aci- 
arium,  steel,  <  L.  acies,  edge,  sword-edge.]  The 
process  of  depositing  a  layer  of  iron  on  another 
metal,  by  means  of  electrical  action,  stereo- 
type and  copper  plates  are  sometimes  treated  in  this  way, 
thus  increasing  their  durability  without  injury  to  their  ar- 
tistic character.  When  thus  coated  witli  iron  they  are 
said  to  be  ".steel-faced." 

acierate  (as'i-e-rat),  v.  t.    To  convert  into  steel. 

acieratlon  (as  'i-e-ra'shon),  n.  [<  F.  acier,  steel, 
+  -ation.]  Conversion  into  steel :  a  word  oc- 
casionally used  by  writers  on  the  metallurgy  of 
iron  and  steel. 

Withdrawing  trial  pieces  from  time  to  time  and  break- 
ing them  so  as  to  ascertain  to  what  depth  the  acieration 
has  proceeded.  Mncyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  342. 


48 

aciform  (as'i-form),  a.  [<L.  acus,  a  needle,  + 
forma,  shape.]    Shaped  like  a  needle. 

aciliate,  aciliated  (a-sil'i-at,  -a-ted),  a.  [<  Gr.  a- 
priv.  +  ciliated:  see  cilia.]   Not  ciliated; 

having  no  cilia. 

Acilius  (a-sil'i-us),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  Acilius,  a  Eo- 
man_  name.]  A  genus  of  water-beetles  of  the 
family  Dytiscidw,  containing  species  of  mod- 
erate size,  with  ciliated  hind  tarsi  and  round 
tarsal  disks  in  the  male.  a.  sulcatus  is  a  European 
species.  A.  fraternus  is  a  common  New  England  insect, 
about  f  of  an  inch  long,  having  the  black  portions  of  the 
elytra  closely  punctured  upon  a  yellow  surface. 

acinaceous  (as-i-na'shius),  a.  [<  L.  acinus,  a 
beny,  esp.  a  grape,  a  grape-stone  or  kernel,  + 
-aceous.]    Consisting  of  or  full  of  kernels. 

acinaces  (a-siu'a-sez),  «.  [L.,  <Gr.  aKivcLKiig,  a 
short,  straight  sword,  <Pers.  d'Jienek  (*dhanak), 
a  short  sword,  <  dhen,  ahan,  a  sword,  lit.  iron, 
+  dim.  term,  -ek,  -ak,  now  applied  only  to  ra- 
tional objects  (-die  to  irrational  objects).]  A 
short,  straight  dagger,  peculiar  to  the  Modes 

and  Persians,  it  seems  to  have  been  worn  on  the  right 
side,  but  perhaps  only  when  a  longer  weapon  was  worn  on 
the  left.  Modern  writers  have  recognized  the  acinaces  in 
a  dagger  shown  in  sculptures  at  Persepolis,  also  in  the 
dagger  of  the  Jlitlira  sacrificial  groups. 

acinacifolious  (a-sin*a-si-fo'li-us),  a.  [<L. 
acinaces,  a  short  sword,"+  folium,  leaf.]  Having 
acinaeiform  leaves.    N.  E.  D. 

acinaciform  (  a-sin'a-si-form),  a.  [<L.  acinaces, 
a  short,   straight   sword,  taken  to  mean  a 

  simitar,  +  -formis,  <  forma, 

(j^^^^^^^^^^  shape.]  Li  io<.,  resembling 
^^^^^^^^^^  a  simitar  in  shape:  as,  an 
Acinaciform  Leaf.  "cinaciforin  leaf,  one  which 
has  one  edge  convex  and 
thin,  the  other  straighter  and  thick,  as  in  species 
of  Mesembryanthemum ;  an  acinaciform  pod,  as 
of  some  beans. 

acinarious  (as-i-na'ri-us),  a.  [<L.  acinarius, 
pertaining  to  the  grape,  <  acinus,  the  grape  :  see 
acinus.]  In  hot.,  covered  with  little  spherical 
stalked  vesicles  resembling  grape-seeds,  as  in 
some  algte. 

acinesia  (as-i-ne'.sia),  n.  Same  as  akinesia. 

Acineta  (as-i-ne'ta),  «.  [NL.,  <Gr.  (ikIvtitoc, 
motionless,  <  a- pr'iv.  +  kiveiv,  move.]  1.  A 
genus  of  noble  epiphytal  orchids,  from  Central 
America,  much  prized  as  hothouse  plants. —  2. 
A  genus  of  suctorial  infusorial  protozoans.  See 
Acinetw  and  Acinetina.  Elireuberg. 

Acinetae  (as-i-ne'te),  n.pl.  [NL.  :'see  Acineta.] 
An  order  of  the  class  Infusoria  (the  Infusoria 
tcntaculifcra  or  suctoria),  the  adult  members  of 
which  have  no  cilia  and  no  proper  mouth,  and 
are  non-locomotive.  The  body,  which  is  fixed  and 
stalked,  is  provided  with  radiating  retractile  suctorial 


Acineta:. 


processes,  or  tubular  tentacles,  having  at  their  extremi- 
ties a  knob  or  disk-like  sucker,  through  which  nutrient 
matter  is  imbibed. 

The  Acinetce  multiply  by  several  methods.  One  of 
these  .  .  .  consists  in  the  development  of  ciliated  embryos 
in  the  interior  of  the  body.  These  embryos  result  from 
a  separation  of  a  portion  of  the  endoplast,  and  its  con- 
version into  a  globular  or  oval  germ,  which  in  some 
species  is  wholly  covered  with  vibratile  cilia,  while  in 
others  the  cilia  are  confined  to  a  zone  around  the  middle 
of  the  embryo.  The  germ  makes  its  escape  by  bursting 
through  the  body-wall  of  its  parent.  After  a  short  exist- 
ence (sometimes  limited  tc  a  few  minutes)  in  the  condition 
of  a  free-swimming  animalcule,  provided  with  an  endo- 
plast and  a  contractile  vacuole,  but  devoid  of  a  mouth, 
the  characteristic  knobbed  radiating  processes  make  their 
appearance,  the  cilia  vanish,  and  the  animal  passes  into 
tlie  Acineta  state.  Huscley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  94. 

acinetan  (as-i-ne'tan),  w.    One  of  the  Acinetw; 

a  suctorial  tentaculrferous  infusorian. 
Acinetidse  (as-i-net'i-de),  w.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Acineta 
+  -ida'.]  A  family  constituting  the  order  Aci- 
netce.  The  leading  genus  is  Acineta. 
acinetiform  (as-i-net'i-form),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL. 
Acineta  +  L.  -formis,  <  forma,  shape.]  I.  a. 
Having  the  form  of  Acinetce;  resembling  an  aci- 
netan in  form. 

P>albiani  .  .  .  asserts  that  the  acinetiform  embryos  ob- 
served not  only  in  Paramoecium,  but  in  .  .  .  many  other 
ciliated  Infusoria,  are  not  embryos  at  all,  but  parasitic 
Acinetaj.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  100. 

II.  n.  An  infusorian  animalcule  resembling 
an  acinetan,  whether  an  embryonic  stage  of 
some  ciliate  infusorian  or  a  member  of  the 
order  Acinetw,    Also  written  acineta-form. 


Acipenser 

Acinetina  (as"i-ne-ti'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aci- 
neta +  -ilia.]  A  group"  of  infusorians  with  a 
single  aperture,  and  elongate,  nou-vibratile 
ciha,  originally  established  by  Ehrenberg  in 
1838  as  a  division  of  his  Pohjgastrica  :  equiva- 
lent to  Acinetw  (which  see). 

acini,  ».    Plural  of  acinus. 

aciniform  (as'i-ni-f6rm),  a.  [<  NL.  aciniformis, 
<L.  acinus,  grape  (see  acinus),  + -formis,  <  for- 
ma, shape.]  1.  Having  the  form  of  gi-apes,  or 
being  in  clusters  like  grapes;  acinose. —  2.  In 
anat.,  of  a  deep  purplish  tint;  resembling  a 

■grape  in  color:  applied  to  one  of  the  pigmen- 
tary layers  of  the  iris,  technically  called  the 
tunica  aciniformis.    See  uvea. 

acinose  (as'i-nos),  a.  [<  L.  acinosus,  like  grapes, 
<  acinus,  a  grape.]  1.  Resembling  a  grape  or  a 
bunch  of  grapes ;  consisting  of  granular  con- 
cretions.— 2.  Specifically,  in  awai.,  consisting  of 
acini.  Applied  to  glands  in  which  the  duct  enlarges  at 
the  distinctly  glandular  portion  into  a  little  spherical 
vesicle  (acinus),  or  into  a  little  saccule  (lobulus),  beset 
with  small,  round  epithelial  cysts  (acini),  or  in  which 
tiie  duct  branches  and  ends  in  more  or  less  numerous 
lobuli,  formed  of  acini.  Acinose  glands  are  distinguished 
from  tubular  glands. 

acinous  (as'i-nus),  a.    Same  as  acinose. 

acinus  (as'i-nus),  n.;  pi.  acini  (-ni).  [L.,  a 
berry,  esp.  a  grape,  also  a  grape-stone,  kernel.] 

1.  In  hot.:  (a)  One  of  the  small  di-upelets  or 
beiTies  of  an  aggregate  baccate  fruit,  as  the 
blackberry,  etc.,  or  the  contained  stone  or  seed. 
See  cut  under  Bubus.    (6)  A  grape-stone.— 

2.  In  anat. :  (a)  Formerly,  the  smallest  lobule 
of  a  gland.  (&)  Now,  generally,  the  smallest  sac- 
cular subdivision  of  an  acinose  gland,  several 
of  which  subdivisions  make  up  a  lobule.  Also 
called  alveolus,    (c)  A  lobule  of  the  liver. 

-acious.  [<  L.  -dci-  (nom.  -ax,  ace.  -deem,  >  It. 
-ace,  Sp.  Pg.  -rtr,  F.  -ace),  a  suffix  added  to  verb- 
stems  to  form  adjectives  expressing  intensity 
of  physical  or  mental  action,  as  aud-ax,  daring, 
cap-ax,  holding  much,  fnll-ax,  deceitful,  loqu- 
ax,  talking  much,  pugn-ax,  inclined  to  fight, 
etc.,  +  E. -OMs.  Cf. -acy,  3.]  A  compound  ad- 
jective termination  of  Latin  origin,  forming, 
from  Latin  verb-stems,  adjectives  expressing 
intensity  of  physical  or  mental  action,  as  in  au- 
dacious, daring,  very  bold,  capacious,  holding 
much,  fallacious,  deceitful,  loquacious,  talking 
much,  pugnacious,  inclined  to  fight,  mendacious, 
ready  at  lying,  vivacious,  very  lively,  voracious, 
eating  much,  etc.  Such  adjectives  are  accom- 
panied by  nouns  in  -aci-ty,  and  the  nouns  rarely 
by  verbs  in  -aci-t-ate :  as,  capacious,  capacity, 
capacitate,  etc. 
Acipenser  (as-i-pen'ser),  n.  [L.,  also  spelled 
aquipcnscr  and  acipcnsis  (>Gr.  aKKim/aiog),  the 
sturgeon ;  perhaps  <  *aci-  (=  Gr.  cjkvc),  swift, 
+  a  form  otpcnna  (OL.  pesna),  a  wing,  same  as 
pinna,  a  wing,  a  tin.  Cf.  accipiter  and  the  ety- 
mology there  suggested.]  The  typical  genus 
of  the  family  Acipenseridw,  including  all  the 


Skull  of  Sturgeon  {Actfie?iser),  top  and  side  views. 
Above,  the  cartilaginous  cranium,  shaded,  is  supposed  to  be  seen 
through  the  unshaded  cranial  bones. 
Upper  figure:  a,  ridge  formed  by  spinous  processes  of  vertebrae; 
*,  ^,  lateral  wing-like  processes;  c,  rostrum;  ^u,  site  o^  auditory 
organ;  A'^r,  of  nasal  sacs;  Or,  of  orbit.  The  membrane  bones  of  the 
upper  surface  are  :  .-1,  analogue  of  supraoccipital ;  B,  B,  of  the  epi- 
otics;  £,  of  ethmoid;  C,  G,  of  the  postfrontals ;  H,  H,  of  the  pre- 
frontals ;  C,  C,  of  the  parietals ;  D,  D  are  the  frontals,  and  F,  F  the 
squamosals;  A',  anterior  dermal  scute ;  /, /.  Z., /.,  dermalossifications 
connecting  the  pectoral  arch  with  the  skull.  Lower  figure  :  a,  ros- 
trum ;  nasal  chamber;  c.  auditory  region  ;  rf,  coalesced  anterior 
vertebrae ;  e,  ribs  ;./;  g;,  h,  suspensorium  ;  k,  palato-maxillary  appara- 
tus; yl/?/,  mandible  ;  Cr,  orbit. 

ordinary  sturgeons  (and  with  the  shovel-nosed 
sturgeons,  Scapliirliijnchons,  the  only  other  ge- 
nus, composing  the  family),  characterized  by 
the  flattened  tapering  snout,  a  spiracle  over 
each  eye,  and  5  distinct  rows  of  bony  plates. 
The  common  sturgeon,  A.  sfvrio,  is  found  liotlHii  Europe 
and  North  America;  it  sometimes  attains  a  b-ngtli  of  18 
feet.  The  green  sturgeon  of  the  Pacific  coast  is  A.  medi- 
rostris.  The  European  sterlet  is  v4.  ru^AenjiS.  The  largest 
known  species  is  the  Russian  sturgeon,  the  bielaga,  huso, 
or  hausen,  A.  huso,  sometimes  attaining  a  length  of  2S 
feet  and  a  weight  of  3000  pounds.  A.  giildenstddti  is  a 
fourth  example,  known  as  the  osseter.  Also  often  spelled 
Accipenser. 


Acipenseres 

Acipenseres  (as-i-pen'se-rez),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  pi. 

otAcipenser.']  An  ordinal  term  suggested  by 
Bonaparte,  1837,  as  a  substitute  for  Sturioncs  or 
Chondrostei  (which  see). 

acipenserid  (as-i-pen'se-rid),  n.  One  of  the 
AcipenscridcB ;  a  sturgeon. 

Acipenseridae  (as'-'i-pen-ser'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  A  cipenser  +  -idee.  ]  The  sturgeons,  a  family  of 
ehondi-osteous  ganoid  fishes,  sometimes  includ- 
ing only  the  genus  Acipenser,  sometimes  also 
the  genus  Scaphirhynchops.  The  body  is  elongate 
subcylindric,  with  5  rows  of  bony  bucklers  ;  the  snout  is 
produced,  subspatulate  or  conical,  with  the  mouth  on  its 
lowersurface,  small,  transverse,  protractile,  and  toothless ; 
there  are  4  barbels  in  a  transverse  series  on  the  lower  side 
of  the  snout ;  the  ventral  fins  have  a  single  series  of  fulcra 
in  front,  and  the  dorsal  and  anal  fins  approximate  to  the 
caudal,  which  is  heterocercal.    See  Acipenser. 

Acipenserinae  (as-i-pen-se-ri'ne),  n.  pi.   [NL.,  < 

Acipenser  +  -inw.']  A  subfamily  of  Adpenseri- 
dm,  typified  by  the  genus  Acipenser.  By  older 
ichthyologists  it  was  made  coequal  with  the  family. 
Lately  it  has  been  restricted  to  Acipenseridce  with  spira- 
cles, subconic  snout,  and  thick  tail,  and  thus  made  to  in- 
clude only  the  true  sturgeons. 

acipenserine  (as-i-pen'se-rin(,  n.    One  of  the 
Acipenserinw. 
acipenseroid  (as-i-pen'se-roid),  a.  and  n.    I.  a. 

Having  the  characters  ot  the  Aci2}enseridce. 

II.  ».  A  fish  of  the  family  Acipenseridce;  an 
acipenserid. 

Acipenseroidse  (as-i-pen-se-roi'de),  n.pl.  [NL.] 

Same  as  Acipenserida. 
Acipenseroidei  (as-i-pen-se-roi'de-i),  n.  pi. 

_[<  Acipenser  +  -oid-ei.']    A  name  used  by  some 

ichthyologists  as  a  subordinal  name  in  place 

of  Chondrostei. 
aciur^t  (as'i-er-ji),  n.    [<  Gr.  anig,  a  point,  + 

-ovpyia  {(.-o-epyia),  iu  comp.,  working,  <  ep-yew:= 

E.  ivork :  see  demiurgy  and  surgery.']  Operative 

surgery. 

ackerlf,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  acre  (Middle 

English  aker,  etc.). 
acker2  (ak'er),  n.    [E.  dial.  (Sc.  aiker  in  sense 

2),  <ME.  aker,  flood-tide,  a  bore,  an  eager; 

prob.  a  var.  of  eager^,  q.  v.]    If.  Flood-tide;  a 

bore ;  an  eager. 


49 


Aleiir  [var.  aker]  of  the  see  flowyng,  impetus  maris. 

Prompt.  Parv. 

2.  A  ripple  or  furrow  on  the  surface  of  water. 
[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
acketont,  »•   See  acton. 

ackman  (ak'man),  n. ;  pi.  achmen  (-men).  [< 
ack-,  of  unknown  origin,  +  man.']  A  "sailors' 
name  for  a  fi-esh-water  thief,  or  one  who  steals 
on  navigable  rivers.  Also  called  ack-pirate. 
Seniors'  Word-book. 
acknowt  (ak-no'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  aknowen,  know, 
acknowledge,  <  AS.  oncndwan,  perceive,  know, 
<  on-  for  and-  (=  Gr.  avri,  against,  back,  =  Goth'. 
anda-),  +  cndwan,  know :  see  a-5  and  know.]  To 
recognize;  acknowledge;  confess. 

You  will  not  be  acknoivn,  sir,  why,  'tis  wise  : 
Thus  do  all  gamesters  at  all  games  dissemble. 

B.  Jonsoii,  Volpone,  v.  6. 

acknowledge  (ak-nol'ej),  v.  t. ;  i>ret.  and  pp.  ac- 
knowledged, ppr.  acknowledging.  [<  ME.  know- 
lechen,  knoulechen,  cnawleclien,  acknowledge,  < 
knowleche,  knouleche,  cnaioleche,  knowledge:  see 
knowledge.  The  prefix  ac-,  for  a-,  is  due  to  the 
frequent  ME.  verb  aknowen:  see  acknow.]  1. 
To  admit  or  profess  a  knowledge  of ;  avow  to 
be  within  one's  knowledge  or  apprehension; 
own  to  be  real  or  true  ;*  recognize  the  exist- 
ence, truth,  or  fact  of :  as,  to  acknowledge  God, 
or  the  existence  of  orbelief  in  a  God;  to  acknow- 
ledge the  rights  of  a  claimant. 
He  that  acknowledgeth  the  Son  hath  the  Father  also. 

1  John  ii.  23. 

7  Jl^^^onians  that  erected  a  temple  to  Fortune,  ackiioiv- 
leaged  therem,  though  in  a  blinder  way,  somewhat  of  di- 
Sir  T.  Broume,  Eeligio  Medici,  i.  18. 
The  influence  attributed  to  Cecrops  .  .  .  indicates  that 
Athens  was  acknowledged  as  the  head  of  this  confederacy. 

Thirlwall,  Hist.  Greece,  xi. 

2.  To  express  or  manifest  perception  or  appre- 
ciation of;  give  evidence  of  recognizing  or 
realizing :  as,  to  acknoivledge  an  acquaintance 
by  bowing;  to  acknowledge  a  favor  or  one's 
faults. 

I  acknowledged  my  sin  unto  thee.  ...  1  said  I  will 
confess  my  transgressions.  Ps.  ,\.xxii.  5. 

They  his  gifts  acknowledged  none. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  612. 
^J^J'll  ^^^^  yitten  with  such  submissions  and  profes- 
S,7^^  ■  P^ti^onage,  as  I  had  never  seen  any  more  ac- 
knowledging. Evelyn,  Diary,  Aug.  18, 1673. 

acKwrJl''*fS"^*''''y.  '"=""y  •  ■  •  did  the  great  Zenobia 
aeknoviledge  the  greetings  of  her  people  ! 

.  W.  Ware,  Zenobia,  I.  87. 


So  great  a  soldier  as  the  old  French  Marshal  Montluc 
acknowledges  that  he  has  often  trembled  with  fear,  and 
recovered  courage  when  he  had  said  a  prayer  for  the  occa- 
sion- Emerson,  (Courage. 

3.  To  own  the  genuineness  of ;  own  as  binding 
or  of  legal  force :  as,  to  acknowledge  a  deed. — 

4.  To  admit  or  certify  the  receipt  of ;  give  infor- 
mation of  the  arrival  of :  as,  to  acknowledge  a  let- 
ter or  a  remittance. -To  acknowledge  a  deed  (or 

other  mstrument),  in  law,  to  avow  before  a  proper  officer  or 
court  that  one  has  executed  it,  for  the  purpose  of  having  a 
certificate  thereof  appended  wliich  will  qualify  the  instru- 
ment to  be  admitted  in  evidence  or  to  record,  or  both, 
without  further  proof  of  genuineness.  As  often  used,  the 
word  nnplies  not  only  the  avowal  of  the  party,  but  also 
the  procuring  of  the  official  certificate.  Thus  a  deed  is  said 
to  liave  been  acknowledged  when  it  actually  bears  the  cer- 
tificate. =  Syn.  Acknowkdge,  Admit,  Confess,  Own,  Avow, 
grant,  concede,  allow,  assent  to,  profess,  take  cognizance 
of.  To  acknowledge  is  to  state  one's  knowledge  of ;  it  may 
have  a  personal  object :  as,  he  acknowledged  her  as  his 
wife  ;  as  applied  to  acts,  it  often  implies  confession  under 
external  pressure.  Admit  has  a  similar  reference  to  so- 
licited or  forced  assent :  as,  he  admitted  the  charge ;  he 
admitted  that  his  opponent  was  a  good  man.  Confess 
implies  the  admission  of  that  which  Is  not  creditable  as 
wrong  conduct,  and  belongs  rather  to  specified  things  or 
particular  transactions.  He  aclcnmvledged  tlie  autlior- 
ship  of  the  book ;  he  admitted  the  truth  of  tlie  proposition  • 
he  confessed  that  he  was  guilty  of  the  theft.  Confess  is 
the  strongest  of  these  words,  being  applied  to  actions  of 
more  moment  than  acknowledge,  admit,  or  own.  To  own 
is  a  less  formal  act ;  there  is  a  tendency,  on  account  of  its 
brevity,  to  apply  the  word  to  anything  that  a  man  takes 
home  to  himself.  To  avow  is  a  bolder  act,  generally  per- 
formed in  spite  of  adverse  influences,  and  does  not  ne- 
cessarily imply  that  the  action  or  sentiment  avowed  is 
blameworthy.  To  acknowledge  an  error,  admit  a  fact,  con- 
fess a  fault,  own  one's  folly,  avow  a  belief 
_  You  must  not  only  acknowledge  to  God  that  you  are  a 
sinner,  but  must  particularly  enumerate  the  kinds  of  sin 
whereof  you  know  yourself  guilty.  Wake. 

I  admit,  however,  the  necessity  of  giving  a  bounty  to 
genius  and  learning.       Macaulay,  Speech  on  Copyright. 
Quotation  confesses  inferiority. 

Emerson,  Letters  and  Social  Aims. 
Ovming  her  weakness  and  evil  behaviour. 

Hood,  Bridge  of  Sighs. 
The  tempest  of  passion  with  which  he  [Othello]  commits 
his  crimes,  and  the  haughty  fearlessness  with  which  he 
a  vows  them,  give  an  extraordinary  interest  to  his  character. 

Macaulay,  Machiavelli. 

acknowledgement,  n.  See  acknowledgment. 
acknowledger  (ak-nol'e-jer),  n.  One  who  ac- 
knowledges, 
acknowledgment  (ak-nol'ej-ment),  n.  1.  An 
admission  or  profession  of  knowledge  or  appre- 
hension ;  a  recognition  of  the  existence  or  truth 
of  anything:  as,  the  acknowledgment  of  a  sov- 
ereign power,  or  of  a  debt. 

Immediately  upon  the  ackriowledgment  ot  the  Christian 
faith,  the  eunuch  was  baptized  by  Philip.  Hooker. 

2.  An  expression  or  manifestation  of  percep- 
tion or  appreciation;  recognition,  avowal,  or 
confession:  as,  an  acknowledgment  of  kindness 
or  of  one's  wrong-doing. 

With  this  acknowledgment 
That  God  fought  for  us.      Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  8. 

3.  Something  given  or  done  in  return  for  a 
favor.  Smollett.— 4:.  In  law :  (a)  The  certificate 
of  a  public  ofiicer  that  an  instmment  was 
acknowledged  before  him  by  the  person  who 
executed  it.  {b)  The  act  of  so  acknowledging 
execution. —  5.  In  com.,  a  receipt. 

Also  spelled  acknowledgement. 
Acknowledgment  money,  in  England,  money  paid  ac- 
cording to  the  customs  of  some  manors  by  copyhold  ten- 
ants on  the  death  of  the  lord  of  the  manor.  =  Syn.  1.  Ad- 
mission, recognition,  acceptance,  indorsement,  thanks, 
ack-pirate  (ak'pi-rat),  n.    [<  ack-,  of  unknown 
origin,  -\- pirate.]    Same  as  ackman. 
aclastic  (a-klas'tik),  a.    [<  Gr.  aKXacrog,  un- 
broken (<  a-  priv.  +  KXaaroc,  verbal  adj.  of 
K?.d£iv,  break),  +  -ic]  In  not.  j)hilos.,  not  refi-act- 
ing :  applied  to  substances  which  do  not  refract 
the  i-ays  of  light  passing  through  them.  N.  E.  D. 
acleidian  (a-kli'di-an),  a.    See  aclidian. 
aclid  (ak'lid),  n.    "A  gastropod  of  the  family 
Aclidw. 

Aclidae.  Aclididae  (ak'li-de,  ak-lid'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,<^cZw  {Aclid-) -idw :  see  acUs,  2.]  A 
family  of  ptenoglossate  pectiaibranehiate  gas- 
tropods typified  by  the  genus  Aclis,  with  a  much- 
curved  minute  odontophore,  densely  hii-sute, 
with  simple  uncinate  teeth  and  a  rimate  tur- 
reted  shell.    Two  genera,  AcUs  and  HemiacUs, 
are  represented  by  four  species  in  Norway, 
aclide  (ak'lid),  n.     [<  L.  aclis  {aclid-),  also 
spelled  aclys:  see  aclis.]    Same  as  aclis,  1. 
aclides,  n.    Plural  of  aclis. 
aclidian  (a-kli'di-an),  a.    [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  k^eiq 
{kIelS-),  a  key,  the'claviele.]    In  zool.,  deficient 
in  or  characterized  by  the  absence  of  clavicles. 
Also  spelled  acleidian. 
aclinic  (a-klin'ik),  a.    [<  Gr.  aKlivfj^,  not  bend- 
ing to  either  side,  <  d-  priv.  +  kaIvew,  incline, 
lean,  =  E.  lean'^.]     Having  no  inclination. — 


AcocUides 

Aclinic  line,  the  name  given  by  Professor  August  to  an 
irregular  curve  located  upon  the  surface  of  the  earth  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  equator,  where  the  magnetic  needle 
balances  itself  horizontally,  having  uo  dip.  It  has  been 
also  termed  the  magnetic  equator. 

aclis  (ak'lis),  M. ;  pi.  aclides  (-li-dez).  [<  L.  aclis, 
also  aclys,  a  small  javelin,  said  to  be  a  corrup- 
tion of  Gr.  aynv'Aic,  a  hook,  barb,  taken  in  the 
sense  of  ayKvXri,  a  bend,  twist,  thong  of  a  jave- 
lin, the  javelin  itself,  fem.  of  ayKvkoc,  crooked, 
bent,  =  L.  angulus,  angle:  see  angle^.]  1.  In 
Rom.  aniiq.,  a  heavy  missile  weapon ;  an  aclide. 
—  2.  [cap.]  [NL.]  The  representative  genua 
of  the  family  Aclidce  (which  see).  Lov6n,  1846. 
aclys  (ak'lis),  n.  Same  as  aclis,  1. 
Acmaea  (ak-me'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKualoc,  at  the 
height  or  prime','  in  full  bloom,  vigorous,  <d/c/.(j), 
a  point,  the  highest  point :  .see  acme.]  A  genus 
of  limpets,  of  the  famil/  Fatellida:,  or  giving 
name  to  a  family  Acmwidw.  a.  testndinalis  is  the 
common  limpet  of  the  northern  coast  of  the  United  States, 
of  large  size  and  variegated  color,  being  usually  mottled 
with  brown,  green,  and  white.  Eschscholtz,  1833. 
acmseid  (ak-me'id),  n.  A  limpet  of  the  family 
Acmandw;  a  false  limpet. 
Acmaeidse  (ak-me'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Acmwa 
+  -idw.]  A  family  of  false  or  single-gilled 
limpets,  or  zygobranchiate  gastropods  having 
a  single  cervical  gill.  Leading  genera  are  Ac- 
mwa,  Loitia,  and  Scurria. 
Acmaeodera  (ak-me-od'e-rii),  n.  [NL.,<Gr. 
(iKfialoc,  at  the  height  or  prime,  in  full  bloom, 
vigorous  {iaKfzi/,  a  point:  see  acme),  +  (?)  dt/jof, 
skin ;  allusion  not  clear.]  A  genus  of  buprestid 
beetles  related  to  Agrilus,  but  less  elongate 
and  with  an  indistinct  scutellum.  a.  culta,  a  com- 
mon species  of  ea.stem  North  America,  is  i  of  an  inch  long 
black,  with  yellow  spots  on  the  elytra.  ' 

acme  (ak'me),  «.  [<  Gr.  iKfi^/,  edge,  point,  the 
highest  point,  the  prime,  crisis ;  akin  to  om/, 
point,  d/c/f,  point,  L.  acus,  needle,  acer,  sharp, 
etc.  :  see  acid.]  1.  The  top  or  highest  point ; 
the  furthest  point  attained  ;  the  utmost  reach. 
For  beauty's  acme  hath  a  term  as  brief 
As  the  wave's  poise  before  it  break  in  pearls. 

Lowell,  Cathedral. 

The  independence  of  the  individual,  the  power  to  stand 
alone  as  regards  men  and  the  gods,  is  the  acme  of  stoical 
attainment.     G.  P.  Fisher,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.  178. 

2.  The  matui'ity  or  perfection  of  an  animal. — 

3.  In  med. :  (a)  The  height  or  crisis  of  a  disease. 
(&)  Another,  and  probably  the  correct,  form 
of  acne.— 4:.  [cap.]  In  sool.,  a  genus  of  land- 
shells.    Eartmann,  1821. 

acmite,  akmite  (ak'mit),  n.  [<Gr.  d^y/?},  a 
point,  +  -ite"^.]  A  mineral  of  a  brownish-black 
or  reddish-brown  color,  isomorphous  with  au- 
gite,  consisting  of  bisilicate  of  iron,  sesquioxid 
of  iron,  soda,  and  alumina :  so  called  from  the 
form  of  its  crystals.  It  is  found  in  Norway,  and 
also  in  Transylvania.  Also  spelled  achmitc. 
acne  (ak'ne),  «.  [NL.,  prob.  orig.  a  misprint 
(being  a  book-word)  for  acme,  <  Gr.  aKiiij,  a 
point :  see  acme.]  An  eruption  oecuiTing  most 
frequently  on  the  face,  and  on  the  shoulders 
and  chest,  about  the  period  of  puberty,   it  is  a 

follicular  or  perifollicular  inflammation  of  the  sebaceous 
glands,  resulting  in  the  formation  of  comedo-bearing  pap- 
ules, which  often  p.ass  into  pustules.  The  so-called  acne 
rosacea  is  a  hyperemia  of  the  face  combined  with  more  or 
less  acne. 

acnestis  (ak-nes'tis),  n. ;  pi.  acnestides  (-ti-dez). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  ciKvriaTcg,  the  spine  or  backbone  of 
quadrupeds,  <  d-  priv.  +  Kin/aroc,  scratched,  < 
Kvdeiv,  scratch,  scrape.]  That  part  of  the  spine 
in  quadrupeds  which  extends  from  between  the 
shoulder-blades  to  the  loins,  and  which  the  ani- 
mal cannot  reach  to  scratch, 
acnodal  (ak-no'dal),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  an 
acnode.  Salmon^ 

[Irreg.  <L.  acus,  a  needle, 
In  math.,  a  double  point 
belonging  to  a  curve,  but 
sieparated  from  other  real 
points  of  the  curve. 
Acocephalus  (ak-o-sef'a- 
lus),  n.    [NL.,  <  L.  acii's, 
needle,  +Gr.  Ks^iaAij,  head.] 
A  genus  of  homopterous 
hemipterous    insects,  of 
the  family  Jassida'  or  Tet- 
tigonidce,  having  a  boat- 
^  shaped  form,  a  coarse  sur- 
acnode.  face,  shovel-shaped  vertex 
with  a  thick,  smooth  mar- 
gin, and  thick  wing-covers  with  strong  veins. 

A.  nervosus  is  a  pale-yellowish  species,  i  of  an  inch  long, 
freckled  with  brown,  and  with  angular  whitish  lines,  in- 
habiting Europe  and  North  America. 
Acochlides  (a-kok' li-dez),  «.  pi.    [NL.  (F. 
acochlides),  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  +  /co^Aif  {kox>.i6-),  dim. 


acnode  (ak'nod),  n. 
+  nodus,  a  node.] 


Acnodal  Cubic. 


Acochlides 

of  n6x^o<;,  a  shell-fish  with  a  spiral  shell,  the 
shell  itself;  akiii  to  Koyxn,  a  shell:  see  conch  J] 
In  Latreille's  system  of  classification,  1825,  a 
family  of  acetabuliferous  cephalopods,  wathout 
a  sliell.    It  included  most  of  the  oetopods. 

acock  (a-kok'),  prei).  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a^, 
on,  +  In  a  cocked  manner:  as,  he  set 

his  hat  acock. 

a-COCkbill  (a-kok'bU),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  a^,  on,  +  cock'^  (eondatiou  of  being  cocked  or 
tm'ned  upward :  see  cock^)  +  hill^,  point  or  end : 
see  hill^,  5.]  Naut.,  with  the  ends  pointing  up- 
ward. Applied  (a)  to  an  anchor  when  it  liangs  down  by 
its  ring  from  the  cathead,  and  (6)  to  the  yards  of  a  ship 
when  they  are  tipped  up  at  an  angle  with  the  deck. 


50 

acolle,  p.  a.    See  accolU. 

acology  (a-kol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  okoc,  remedy,  + 
-Aoyta,  <  Aeyeiv,  speak  :  see  -ology.']  The  doctrine 
of  remedies,  stu-gieal  and  medical. 

Acoloithus  (ak-o-loi'thus),  iu  [NL.,  prop,  aco- 
Itithiis,  <  Gr.  ciKdAovdoc;,  a  follower:  see  acolyth, 
acolyte.^  A  genus  of  moths  belonging  to  the 
family  Zygamda',  founded  by  Clemens  in  1862. 


Man-of-war  with  Yards  a-cockbill. 

It  was  now  the  close  of  Lent,  and  on  Good  Friday  she 
had  all  her  yards  a-cockbill,  which  is  customary  among 
Catholic  vessels.  R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Slast,  p.  147. 
acocotl  (ak'o-kot-l),  n.    [Mex.]    A  musical  in- 
strument used  by  the  aborigines  in  Mexico :  now 

usually  called  cUrin.  it  consists  of  a  thin  tube  from 
8  to  10  feet  in  length,  made  of  the  dry  stalk  of  a  plant  of 
the  same  name.  The  performer  inhales  the  air  through  it. 
S.  K.  Handbook,  Mus.  Inst.,  p.  09. 

Acoela  (a-se'la),  w.  jjL  [NL. :  see  accB/o!(S.]  An 
order  of  worms  destitute  of  an  alimentary 

canal.  The  group  consists  of  the  family  Convolutidce, 
wliich  is  usually  placed  in  the  order  Tiirbellaria. 

Acoelpmata  (as-e-lom'a-ta),  7i.  j)!.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a-  priv.  -t-  KoiAufia,  a  hollow:  see  C0Bloma.'\  A 
division  of  Protoccelomata,  or  sponges,  contain- 
ing the  Ascones:  so  called  in  allusion  to  its 
pores  and  the  absence  of  ccelomata. 

acoelomate  (a-se'lo-mat),  a.  Same  as  acoelom- 
atous. 

accelomatous  (as-e-lom'a-tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv. 
-I-  Ko'ilufia,  a  hollow :  see  a-is,  coeloma,  and 
cceloma  tons.  ]  1 .  In  sodl. ,  having  no  body-cavity 
or  perivisceral  space ;  not  ccelomatous. 

Although  these  at'cp^oma^oits  worms  have  no  body-cavity, 
no  blood,  no  vascular  system,  they  always  have  a  liidney 
system.  IJaeckcl,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  II.  404. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  AcoeJomi ;  cestoid. 
Equivalent  forms  are  acwlomate,  accelomons. 
Accelomi  (as-e-16'mi),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d-  priv. 
+  Koilufia,  a  cavity.]  Those  worms  which  have 
no  proper  body-cavity  and  no  intestinal  cavity, 
and  which  are  also  devoid  of  a  blood-vascular 
system ;  the  cestoids  or  flat-worms,  such  as  tape- 
worms.   See  cuts  under  Cestoidea  and  Tcenia. 

The  name  is  nearly  synonymous  with  Plathelminthes,  but 
comprehends  not  only  the  actual  or  existing  plathelminths, 
in  a  zoological  sense,  but  also  the  liypothetical  primitive 
wonns,  Archelminthes,  supposed  to  have  possessed  the 
same  or  a  similar  type  of  structure.  In  Haeckel's  classifi- 
cation the  Acoelomi  form  one  of  the  classes  or  main  divi- 
sions of  the  animal  kingdom.  See  Ca-lomi. 
acoelomous  (a-se'lo-mus),  a.  Same  as  accelom- 
atous. 

acoelous  (a-se'lus),a.  [<NL.  ac(elus,<Gr.  aKOiXog, 
not  hollow, <  d- priv.  -1-  /coi/lof,  hoUow.]  In  eodl., 
having  no  intestinal  cavity ;  anenterous. 

Accemeti,  Acoemetae  (a-seni'e-ti,  -te),  n.  pi. 
[LL.,  <  Gr.  aicoifif/Toi,  masc,  aKoifiriTai,  fern.,  pi. 
of  aKoifxrjTog,  -ra,  sleepless,  <  d-  priv.  +  Koi/xav, 
bring  to  sleep:  see  cemetery.']  Aji  order  of 
monks  and  nuns  in  Constantinople  under  the 
Eastern  Empire,  so  named  because  they  divided 
their  communities  into  relays  for  keeping  up 
perpetual  worship,  in  the  sixth  century  the  monks 
embraced  Nestorianism  and  the  order  became  extinct. 
The  order  of  nuns,  however,  existed  till  the  conquest  of 
Constantinople  by  the  Turks  in  the  fifteenth  century. 
Also  spelled  Aremeti,  Acemetm. 

acoiet,  v.  t.  and  i.  A  Middle  English  form  of  accoy. 

acoldt  (a-kold'),  a.  [<  ME.  acoM,  acoled  (<  AS. 
acoled),  cold,  lit.  cooled,  pp.  of  «coZe«,<  AS. 
dcolian,  become  cool  or  cold,  <  a-  +  colian,  be- 
come cool  or  cold,  <  col,  cool,  cold  :  see  cool. 
The  ME.  form  acold,  acoled,  would  regularly  be- 
come E.  *acooled  (akold) ;  the  present  6  sound  is 
due  to  confusion  with  E.  cold,  <  AS.  ceald,  which 
is  akin  to  col,  and  so,  remotely,  to  acold.'\  Cold. 
Poor  Tom's  a-cold.  Shah.,  Lear,  iii.  4. 


Acotoithiis  america7iiis. 
a,  larva ;  h,  pupa  :  c,  cocoon  ;  d,  moth  :  e,  moth  with  outstretched 
wings. 

They  are  small  and  delicate  and  of  somber  colors.  The 
larvae  are  somewhat  hairy  and  feed  gregariously,  undergo- 
ing transformation  in  some  crevice,  within  tough  oval  co- 
coons. They  have  a  habit  of  following  one  another  in 
"Indian  file."  A.  ainericanus  (now  placed  in  Harrisina) 
destroys  grape-leaves. 

acolouthitet,  «•  [<  Gr.  uKdlovdog,  acolyth,  -I- 
:  see  acolyte.']    Same  as  acolyte. 

acolyctin  (ak-o-lik'tin),  n.  [<  NL.  Jco(w*<«ot) 
lyc(oc)t{onum),  the  plant  from  which  it  is  de- 
rived (see  Acoiiitum),  +  -in^.]  An  alkaloid  de- 
rived from  Aconitum  lycoctonum,  and  identical 
with  napellin. 

acolyte  (ak'o-Ut),  n.  [<  ME.  acoUt,  acolyt,  <  OF. 
acolyte  =  Si).  acolito  =  'Pg.  acolyto=  It.' accoKto, 
<ML.  acolytus,  acolitus,  acolythus  (>E.  acolyth), 
acolutus,  prop,  acolutkus,  an  acolyte,  <  Gr.  aiid- 
Aovdog,  a  follower,  an  attendant,  <  d-  copulative 
+  kcXevOoq,  a  way,  a  journey,  from  the  same  root 
as  Keleodai,  set  in  motion,  urge  on,  and  Kelebeiv, 
command.]  1.  One  who  waits  on  a  person; 
an  attendant ;  an  assistant. 
With  such  chiefs,  and  with  James  and  John  as  acolytes. 

Motley. 

2.  In  the  Fom.  Cath.  Ch.,  one  ordained  to  the 
fourth  and  highest  of  the  minor  orders,  ranking 
immediately  below  the  subdeacon.  See  orders. 

His  office  is  to  serve  those  of  the  superior  orders  in  tlie 
ministry  of  tlie  altar,  liglit  the  candles,  prepare  the  wine 
and  water,  etc.  The  name  is  now  commonly  extended  to 
tlie  boys  who  exercise  these  offices  without  ordination. 

3.  In  astron.,  an  attendant  or  accompanying 
star  or  other  heavenly  body ;  a  satellite. 

But  she  [the  moon]  is  the  earth's  nearest  neighbor,  and 
therefore  conspicuous  ;  lier  constant  acolyte,  whose  obse- 
((uious  and  rapid  motions  demand  and  compel  attention. 

New  Princeton  Rev,,  I.  47. 

Sometimes  wiitten  acolyth,  and  formerly  also 
acholithitc,  acolythc,  acoli/'thist,  acolothist. 

acolsrbh,  acolythe  (ak'o-lith,  -lith),  n.  [<  ML. 
acolythus,  for  acoluthtis,  the  correct  form  of 
acolytus:  see  acolyte.]    See  acolyte. 

acolythate  (a-kol'l-that),  n.  [<  acolyth  +  -atcS.] 
The  state,  office,  or  orders  of  an  acolyte. 

acolythical  (ak-o-lith'i-kal),  a.  [<  *acolythic  + 
-al.]    Belonging  or  pertaining  to  an  acolyte. 

acolythistf  (a-kol'i-thist),  n.    Same  as  acolyte. 

acombert,    t.  See  accumber. 

Acomys  (ak'o-mis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d^?/,  a  sharp 
point  (or  L.  ctcus,  a  needle),  +/ii}?=:E.  mouse.] 
A  genus  of  rodents,  of  the  family  Muridw  and 
subfamily  Murince,  having  sharp  flattened 
spines  ia  the  fur.  The  skull  and  teeth  are  as 
in  the  genus  Mus. 

aeon  (a'kon),  n.  [<  (?)  Gr.  aKuv,  a  dart.]  A  boat 
used  for  traveling  over  mud-beds.   See  extract. 

Walton  also  invented  the  pousse-pied  or  aeon,  a  kind  of 
boat  which  is  still  in  use.  The  aeon  is  composed  of  a 
plank  of  hard  wood,  which  constitutes  the  bottom,  and  is 
called  the  sole.  This  plank  is  bent  in  the  fore  part  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  form  a  sort  of  prow.  Three  light  planks, 
wliich  are  nailed  together  at  the  sides  and  back,  complete 
this  simple  boat.  E.  P.  Wright,  Anim.  Life,  p.  558. 

acondyl9us,  acondylose  (a-kon'di-lus,  -16s),  a. 

[<  Gr.  ciKivSv'Aoc,  without  knuckles  or  joints, 
<  d-  j^riv.  +  Kuvdvloe;,  a  knuckle,  a  joint :  see  a-^^, 
condyle,  and  -ous,  -ose.]    In  hot.,  jointless. 

aconella  (ak-o-nel'a),  n.  ['i^l'L.,<  acon{itu7n)  + 
dim.  -ella.]  In  chem.,  an  organic  base  obtained 
from  the  root  of  Aconitum  Napellus,  closely  re- 
sembling if  not  identical  with  narcotin. 

aconellin  (ak-o-nel'in),  ?».  [iaconella  + -in'^.'] 
Same  as  aconella. 

aconin,  aconine  (ak'o-nin),  n.  [<  acon.(itum)  + 
-in^.]  An  organic  base  derived  from  aconitin, 
and  probably  identical  with  napellin. 


acontium 

aconitate  (a-kon'i-tat),  n.  [<  aconite  +  -ate^.'] 
A  salt  formed  by  the  union  of  aeonitic  acid 
with  a  base. 

aconite  (ak'o-nit),  n.  [  =  F,  aco7u«  =  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  aconito,  <  L.  aconitum  :  see  Aconitum.]  The 
plant  wolf's-bane  or  monk's-hood,  Aconitum  A'«- 
pcllus.  It  is  used  in  medicine,  especially  in  cases  of 
fever  and  neuralgia.  See  Aconitum.  A'epdl  aconite  con- 
sists of  the  roots  of  A.  ferox  and  probably  otlier  species  indi- 
genous in  tlie  Himalayas ;  it  is  also  called  bikh,  bish,  and  bisk. 
Winter  aconite  is  araiiunculaceous  plant,  Erantliis  liiema- 
lit,  a  native  of  Italy,  and  one  of  tlie  earliest  spring  ffowers. 

aconitia  (ak-o-nish'ia),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  aconitum.'] 
Same  as  aconitin. 

aeonitic  (ak-o-nit'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
aconite — Aeonitic  acid,  CeHgOg,  a  tribasic  acid  found 

combined  witli  lime  in  some  species  of  tlie  genus  Aconi- 
tum, and  in  a  few  other  plants.  It  is  also  obtained  by  the 
dry  distillation  of  citric  acid.  Also  called  equisetic  acid. 
See  achilleic  acid,  under  achilleic. 
aconitin,  aconitine  (a-kon'i-tin),  n.  [_<.  aconite 
+  -(«2.]  A  highly  poisonous  narcotic  alkaloid, 
C30H47NO7,  obtained  from  the  roots  and  leaves 
of  several  species  of  Aconitum.  it  forms  white 
powdery  grains,  or  a  compact,  vitreous,  transparent  mass ; 
is  hitter,  acrid,  and  very  soluble  in  alcoliol.  It  is  an  im- 
portant remedy  in  neuralgia,  especially  of  tlie  fifth  cranial 
nerve.    Also  called  aconitia  and  acovitina. 

Aconit'um  (ak-o-ni'tum).  n.  [L.  aconitum,  a 
poisonous  plant,  monk's-hood,  wolf's-bane,  < 
Gr.  aKoviTov,  also 
ciKoviTo^,  a  poi  - 
sonous  plant,  of 
uncertain  etym. ; 
said  by  Pliny  to 
be  so  called  be- 
cause it  grew  £1' 
b.K6vaig,  on  sharp, 
steep  rocks  (Gr. 
aKovTj,  a  whet- 
stone, <  y/  *ak,  be 
sharp,  pierce). 
This  is  improba- 
ble. The  form  is 
the  same  as  the 
neut.  of  Gr.  aK6vi- 
rof,  without  dust, 
<  d-  priv.  Kiviq, 
dust,  but  there 
seems  to  be  no 
connection  be- 
tween the  tvTO 
words.]  A  ge- 
nus of  poisonous 
herbs,  natural  or- 
der Ranuncula- 
cc(e,  including  20 
species,  natives  of  the  mountains  of  the  north- 
ern hemisphere.  They  have  very  irregular,  showy 
flowers,  and  are  often  found  in  cultivation,  as  the  common 
monk^s-hood  (A.  Napellus)  and  wolf's-bane  (A.  lycocto- 
num)' The  roots  and  leaves,  chiefly  of  A.  Napellus,  are 
used  medicinally.  See  aconitin.  The  bikh  of  Nepal,  used 
in  poisoning  arrows  and  also  as  a  source  of  aconitin,  is 
derived  mainly  from  A.  ferox. 

acontia,  n.  Plm'al  of  acontium. 

Acontias  (a-kon'ti-as),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  anovriag,  a 
quick-darting  serpent,  a  meteor,  <  Ukuv,  a  jave- 
lin, dart,  <  cLKij,  a  point.]  The  leading  genus 
of  the  family  Acontiidce  (which  see). 

acontiid  (a-kon''ti-id),  n.  A  lizard  of  the  family 
Acontiidw. 

Acontiidae,  Acontiadse  (ak-on-ti'i-de,  -a-de),  n. 
pi.  [NL.,  <  Acontias  +  -idw,  or  -adce.]  A  family 
of  saurian  or  lacertilian  reptiles  of  the  scincoid 
gi'oup,  related  to  the  Angiddce,  the  family  to 
which  the  well-known  slow-worm  of  Europe 
belongs.  They  are  weak,  timid,  and  perfectly  harmless 
lizards,  resembling  snakes  in  consequence  of  the  apparent 
absence  of  limbs.  Acontias  is  the  leading  genus,  giving 
name  to  the  family  ;  there  are  numerous  species,  inhabit- 
ing chiefly  the  wanner  or  dryer  parts  of  the  old  world. 
Acontias  meleagris  is  sometimes  called  the  dart-snake, 
from  its  manner  of  darting  upon  its  prey. 

aconti'UIU  (a-kon'shium),  n. ;  pi.  acontia  (-shia).- 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  andvTiov,  a  small  dart,  dim.  of  aiiw 


Aconite  {A.  Napellus). 
a,  flower;  d,  same,  calyx  removed. 


Figure  with  Acontium.    ( From  "  Revue  Arch^ologique.") 


{(iKovT-),  a  javelin.]  1.  In  Gr.  antiq.:  (a)  A 
dart  or  javelin  smaller  and  lighter  than  the 
long  spear,  and  thrown  by  means  of  a  thong  or 
amentum.  Hence  —  (&)  The  game  of  hurling 
the  javelin,  one  of  the  five  exercises  of  the  fa- 
mous pentathlon  (which  see)  at  the  Olympian, 


acontitun 

Isthmian,  and  other  games. — 2.  pi.  In  zool., 
convoluted  cords  formed  in  the  Actinia  and 
fiu'nished  with  thread-cells.  Pascoe. 
acopt  (a-kop'),  prep.  pitr.  as  adv.    [<  a^,  on,  + 
co/ji,  top.]    At  the  top. 

She  weares  a  liood,  but  it  stands  acop. 

B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  ii.  6 


51 


Acopa  (a-ko'pa),  n.  pi.   [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 

KuTTri,  a  handle,  the  handle  of  an  oar,  an  oar.] 

1.  A  prime  division  of  the  Tunicata  or  Ascidia, 
in  which  the  aseidians  proper  are  distinguished 
collectively  from  the  Copelata  or  Appendicula- 
ria.  See  extract.  Compare  cuts  under  Ascidia 
and  Appendicularia. 

These  two  classes  were  formerly  separated  according  to 
wliether  tliey  had  or  had  not  a  propelling  tail,  as  the 
names  of  the  classes  showed.  I  have  retained  the  nomen- 
clature without  giving  an  importance  to  this  character 
wliich  does  not  belong  to  it ;  the  larvaj  of  many  Acopa 
have  the  directive  organ.  A  mucli  greater  difference  be- 
tween the  two  divisions  is  to  be  found  in  the  characters 
of  tlieir  spiracles.  In  the  Copelata  these  open  on  to  the 
exterior.  In  the  Acopa  they  open  into  a  cavity,  which  is 
formed  from  a  part  of  the  rudimentary  spiracle  of  the 
Copelata.  Gegenhaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  389. 

2.  [sing.']  A  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects, 
acopic  (a-kop'ik),  a.    [<Gr.  am-og,  removing 

weariuess,  <  a-  priv.  +  K(57ro?,  weariness,  toil, 
orig.  a  striking,  <  K6n-T-eiv,  strike.]  In  yned., 
fitted  to  relieve  weaiiness ;  restorative.  Bu- 
chanan, Diet.  Sei. 

acor  (a'kor),  n.    [L.,  a  soxu-  taste,  <  acere,  be 

sour:  see  acid.]    Acidity,  as  of  the  stomach, 
acorn  (a'kom,  often  a'kem),  n.    [Early  mod.  E. 
acorn,  akorn,  eykorn,  acron,  acquorn,  akecorne, 
oakern,  okecorn,  okehorne,  ete.,<  late  ME.  acorn, 
akorn,  accorne,  acorun,  ocorn,  occorn,  okecorne, 
ackerne,  akern,  hakern,  assibUated  achorne,  acli- 
arne,  atcherne,  etc.    The  reg.  mod.  form  would 
be  *afcern,  in  ME.  akern  (assibilated  «te/(erwe,  im- 
prop.  aspirated  hakern),  the  other  forms  being 
due  to  the  erroneous  notion  that  the  word  is  a 
derivative  of  oak,  or  a  compound  of  oak  (ME. 
ook,  ok,  oc,  earlier  ac,  <  AS.  dc)  and  corn  (ME. 
and  AS.  corn),  or  Jiorn  (ME.  and  AS.  horn).  A 
similar  error  has  affected  the  spelling  of  the 
word  in  other  languages.    ME.  akern,  <  AS. 
acern,  cecirn,  an  acorn,  orig.  any  fruit  of  the 
field,  being  prop,  an  adj.  formed  (like  silvern 
from  silver)  <  cecer,  a  field,  acre  (see  acre),  + 
-n  (see  -e«2) ;  =  d.  aker,  an  acorn,  <  akker,  a 
field  (but  now  usually  eikel,  an  acorn,  <  eik,  an 
oak) ;  =  LG.  ekker,  an  acorn,  <  akJcer,  a  field 
(also  ek,  an  acorn,  <  eke,  an  oak) ;  =r  G.  ecker  (after 
LG.),  an  acorn,  <  acker,  a  field  (also  eichel,  an 
acorn,  <  eiche,  an  oak) ;  =  Icel.  akarn,  an  acorn, 
<  akr,  a  field  (not  from  eik,  an  oak) ;  =  Norw. 
aakorn{&lso  aakomi,  aakodn,  and.akall),<aaker, 
a  field  (not  from  eik,  an  oak) ;  cf.  Sw.  ekollon,  an 
acorn, <efc,  oak,  +  ollon,  an  acorn;  =  Dan.  agern, 
an  acorn,  <  ager,  a  field  (not  from  eg,  an  oak) ; 
=  Goth,  akran,  fruit  in  general,  <  akrs,  a  field. 
Thus  acorn  has  nothing  to  do  with  either  oafc  or 
corn.']    1.  The  fruit  of  the  oak;  a  one-celled, 
one-seeded,  coriaceous,  rounded  or  elongated 
nut,  the  base  of  which  is  surrounded  by  an  in- 
durated scaly  cup.   Acorns  have  been  used  for  food 
and  are  still  eaten  in  various  countries.  The  sweet  acorn 
IS  the  fruit  of  the  Quercus  Ballota  of  northwestern  Africa 
and  IS  quite  palatable,  as  are  also  several  American  species 
All  are  excellent  food  for  swine. 

Thei  weren  wont  lyghtly  to  slaken  hir  hunger  at  euene 
with  acornes  of  okes.         Chaucer,  Boethius,  ii.  meter  5. 

Besides  the  gall  which  is  his  proper  fruite,  hee  shootes 
out  oakerns,  x.  e.,  ut  nunc  vocamus  acornes,  and  oakes  ap- 
ples and  polypody  and  moss. 

Sir  T.  Broione,  Works,  I.  203  (ed.  Bohn). 

2.  Naut,  a  smaU  ornamental  piece  of  wood,  of 
a  corneal  or  globular  shape,  sometimes  fixed 
on  the  point  of  the  spindle  above  the  vane,  on 
a  masthead,  to  keep  the  vane  from  being 
blown  off.— 3.  Any  similar  ornamental  tip.— 
4.  Same  as  acorn-shell,  2. 


Acom-moth  {Holcocera  glandulelta,  Riley). 
andthSiJ'i',™  :  *■  infested  with  the  larva ;  c,  head 

Uira  lateral  J,?^''"'^''"'^  '^rt'  "^L  abdominal  segments  of 

vt^l  ■'  f^^i  Tit"  •  °f       abdominal  segments  of  lar^a.  dorsal 


acorn-cup  (a'kom-kup),  w.    The  hardened  in- 
volucre covering  the  base  of  an  acorn.  Tiie 

acorii-cup.s  of  the  Quercua  ^-Efiilops,  under  the  name  va- 
lonia,  have  become  an  important  article  of  commerce 
large  quantities  being  used  in  tanning.    See  oalonia.  ' 

acprned  (a'kornd),  a.    1.  Furnished  or  Ipaded 

with  acorns.     Specifically,  in  her.,  said  of  an  oak  repre- 
sented on  a  coat  of  arms  as  loaded  witli  acorns. 
2.  Fed  with  acorns.    Shak.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  5. 
acorn-moth  (a'korn-moth),  n.    A  guest-moth, 
described  as  Holcocera  glandulella,  but  subse- 
quently referred  to  the  genus  Blastohasis,  be- 
longing to  the  Tineidw.    its  color  is  ash-gray,  witli 
two  distinct  spots  near  the  middle  of  the  fore  wings  and 
a  transverse  pale  stripe  across  the  basal  tliird.  Its  larva  is 
grayisli-wliite,  with  a  light-brown  head  and  cervical  and 
caudiil  shields,  and  is  commonly  met  witli  in  mast,  feed- 
ing cliiefly  on  those  acorns  that  have  Ijeeii  occupied  by 
the  acom-weevil.   See  cut  in  preceding  column, 
acorn-oil  (a'korn-oil),  n.    A  volatile  oil,  of  but- 
tery consistence  and  pimgent  odor,  obtained 
from  the  acorns  of  Quercus  rohur. 
acorn-shell  (a'korn-shel),  ».    1.  The  shell  of 
the  acorn.— 2.  One  of  the  eirripeds  of  the 
genus  Bala  n  us;  abarnaele:  called  by  this  name 
from  a  supposed  resemblance  of  some  of  the 
species  to  acorns.   See  Balanus  and  Cirripedia. 
acorn-weevil  (a'k6rn-we"vl),  n.    The  popular 
name  for  certain  species  of  the  cui-culionid  ge- 
nus Balaninus,  as  B.  tmiformis  (Le  Conte),  B. 
rectus  (Say),  and  B.  quercus  (Horn),  which  live 
in  the  larval  state  within  acorns.  The  females 

possess  extremely  long  and  slender  beaks,  by  means  of 
wluch  they  pierce  the  rind  of  the  acorn  and  push  an  e<"' 
into  the  interior.  The  larva  is  a  legless  grub  of  elongate 
curved  shape,  not  differing  essentially  from  other  curcu- 
lionid  larva;.  The  affected  acorn  drops  prematurely,  and 
the  tull-grown  larva  eats  its  way  out  to  cliange  to  a  pupa 
in  the  ground.   See  cut  under  Balaninus. 

acorn-worm  (a'kom- wei-m),  n.  A  name  given 
to  the  Balanoglossus,  the  type  and  sole  member 
of  the  order  Enteropneusta  :  so  called  from  the 
acorn-like  shape  of  the  anterior  end  of  its  body. 
See  Balanoglossus,  Enteropneusta. 
Acorus  (ak'o-rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKopoc,  the 
sweet-flag.]  A  genus  of  aromatic  flag-like 
plants,  natural  order  Aracece,  of  two  species. 

A.  Calamus,  the  Calamity  aroinaticus  of  druggists,  is  na- 
tive or  widely  naturalized  in  northern  temperate  regions 
and  IS  known  as  sweet-flag  or  sweet-rush.  See  sweet-flaq  ' 
acosmiat  (a-koz'mi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aaocfi'ia, 
disorder,  <  amanog,  without  order,  <  a-  priv.  4- 
KOCT^of,  order:  see  co.swos.]  1.  In-egularity  in 
disease,  particularly  in  crises.— 2.  Ill  health, 
with  loss  of  color  in  the  face, 
acosmism  (a-koz'mizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  -I- 
«o(7//or,  world,  +  -ism.  Cf .  acosniia.]  The  denial 
of  the  existence  of  an  external  world.  Dean 
Mansel. 

acosmist  (a-koz'mist),  n.  [As  acosm-ism  +  -ist.] 
One  who  holds  the  doctrine  of  acosmism. 
acosmistic  (ak-oz-mis'tik),  a.     Pertaining  to 

the  doctrine  of  acosmism. 
acotyledon  (a-kot-i-le'don),  n. ;  pi.  acotyledones, 
acotyledons  (-le'do-nez,  -donz).    [=F.  acotyle- 
done,  <  NL.  acotyledo(n-)" (so. 
planta),  a  plant  without  seed- 
lobes,  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  -I-  KOTvXrjSuv, 
any  cup-shaped  cavity :  see  co- 
tyledon.]   A  plant  destitute  of 
a  cotyledonous  embryo.  The 

name  Acotjiledones  was  proposed  by  the 
yoimger  Jussieu  for  the  class  of  plants 
which  have  no  proper  seed  or  embryo, 
now  usually  and  more  properly  desig- 
nated as  Cryptogamia  or  cryptogams. 

acotyledonous  (a-kot-i-ie'do- 

nus),  a.    Without  cotyledons, 

or  seed-lobes,   as   the    embryo      Germinating  spore 

01  Cuscuta;  more  usuallv,  with-  °'  Acoiyiedonous 
out  embryo  (and  consequently  rn?s".'ig'^nikS: 

without  cotyledons),  as  CrVPtO-  (Fi-jmSachs's-Lehr- 
gamS  buchderBotanik.") 

acou-.  For  acu-,  in  words  from  Greek  aKoieiv, 
hear :  an  irregular  spelling  due  to  the  French 
spelling  of  acoustic,  the  first  of  these  words  in- 
troduced into  English.  See  acoustic. 
acouchi-resin  (a-k6'shi-rez"in),  n.  [Acouchi 
(alouchi,  aluchi,  etc.),  native  name  (in  F.  spell- 
ing) in  Guiana.]  The  inspissated  juice  of  Pro- 
tium  Aracouchini  (Idea  heterophylla),  of  Guiana, 
and  other  species  of  tropical  South  America. 

It  resembles  the  elemi-resin  of  the  old  world,  and  is  appli- 
cable to  the  same  purposes.  Also  called  alouchi-,  aluchi-, 
or  aracouchini-resin. 

acouchy  (a-ko'shi),  n.  [<  F.  acouchi,  agouchi, 
said  to  be  from  the  native  Guiana  name.]  An 
animal  belonging  to  the  genus  Dasyprocta, 
tavaily  Dasyjyroctidw,  of  the  hystrieine  series  of 
the  order  Bodentia ;  the  olive  agouti  or  Surinam 
rat,  Dasyprocta  acouchy,  inhabiting  Guiana  and 
some  of  the  West  India  islands.  It  is  related 
to  the  cavies,  or  guinea-pig  family.  See  agouti 


acquaint 

and  Dasyproctida.  Also  spelled  acouchi  and 
acuchi. 


Acouchy  (Dasyfrocla  acouchy). 

acoumeter  (a-ko'-  or  a-kou'me-ter),  n.  [Also 
acouometer,  ireeg.<.Gv'.'aKoveiv,  hear,  +  jitrpov,  a 
measure.]  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
power  of  the  sense  of  hearing.    Also  called 

acousimeter. 

acoumetry  (a-ko'-  or  a-kou'me-tri),  n.  [Irreg.  < 
Gr.  angveiv,  liear,  -f-  -fie-pia,  <  fierpov,  a  r 


,-—-7  •  ^-  r— )- r~ measure.] 
ihe  measunng  of  the  power  of  hearing, 
acousimeter  (a-ko-  or  a-kou-sim'e-ter),  n.  [< 
Gr.  aKovnic,  a  hearing  (<  aKobetv,  hear),  -I-  fii-pm, 
a  measure.]  Same  as  acoumeter. 
acousmatic  (a-kos-  or  a-kous-mat'ik),  a.  and  n. 
[<  Gr.  (iKOvofiartKO^,  willing  to  hear  (oi  aKova/ia- 
TtKoi,  the  probationers  of  Pythagoras),  <  qkovc- 
f^a(T-),  a  thing  heard,  <  aKoveiv,  hear:  see  acous- 
tic] I.  a.  Hearing;  listening:  as,  acousmatic 
disciples. 

II.  «.  A  name  given  to  such  of  the  disciples 
of  the  Greek  philosopher  Pythagoras  as  had 
not  completed  their  years  of  probation;  hence, 
a  professed  hearer ;  a  probationer. 
An  equivalent  fonn  is  acoustic. 
acoustic  (a-kos'-  or  a-kous'tik),  a.  and  n. 
[Formerly  acou.stick,  acoustique,  <  F.  acoustique 
—  Sp.  Pg.  It.  acu.itico,  <  NL.  acusticus,  <  Gr.  okov- 
a-riKuc,  relating  to  hearing,  <  (iKovarog,  heard,  au- 
dible, <  QKoveiv,  hear;  cf.  qko?),  healing,  Koeiv, 
perceive;  root  prob.*KOD,  *kof,  *aKoF—'L.  cavere, 
heed,  cautus,  heedful  (see  caution),  =Goih.  tis- 
skawjan,  take  heed,  =  AS.  scedwian,  look  at,  E. 
show,  q.  V.  The  regular  E.  form  would  be  *acus- 
tic:  see  acou-.]  I.  «.  1.  Pertaining  to  the  sense 
or  organs  of  hearing,  or  to  the  science  of  sound. 
—2.  Same  as  «co«6w«?«c.-Acoustic color,  tiie  tim- 
bre or  quality  of  a  musical  note.  See  timbre.^ kcovLSXio 
duct,  in  anat.,  the  meatus  auditorius  externus,  or  external 

passage  of  the  ear.    .See  auditory,  and  cut  under  ea/-l.  

Acoustic  nerve,  the  auditory  nerve.— Acoustic  Spot 
macula  acustica.  See  (HOfiiZa.— AcoustiC  telegrapil' 
an  electric  or  mechanical  apparatus  for  the  reproduction' 
of  sounds  at  a  distance.— Acoustic  tubercle  (translation 
of  tuberculum  acusticum),  in  anat.,  a  rounded  elevation  on 
either  side  of  the  floor  of  the  fourth  ventricle  of  tlie  Ijrain 
over  which  certain  white  lines,  tlie  stria;  acustica;,  pass  — 
Acoustic  vessel,  acoustic  vase,  a  bell-shaped  vessel  of 
bronze  or  pottery,  of  which  a  number,  according  to  Vitru- 
vius,  were  built  in  beneatli  the  seats,  or  placed  in  chambers 
prepared  especially  to  receive  them,  in  the  auditorium  of 
ancient  theatere,  to  give  sonorousness  to  the  voices  of  the 
players.  No  such  vessels  have  been  recognized  among  the 
ruins  of  either  Greek  or  Roman  theaters ;  but  it  is  said  tliat 
similar  vases  were  Introduced  for  a  like  purpose  in  the 
vault  of  the  choir  of  the  medieval  church  of  the  Domini- 
cans at  Strasburg. 

II.  n.  It.  In         a  remedy  for  deafness  or 
imperfect  hearing. —  2.  Same  as  acousmatic. 
acoustical  (a-kos'-  or  a-kous'ti-kal),  a.    Of  or 
belonging  to  the  science  of  acoustics;  acoustie. 

Tlie  acuteness  of  tlie  blind  in  drawing  conclusions  from 
slender  acoustical  premises.  Science,  \I.  195. 

acoustically  (a-kos'-  or  a-kous'ti-kal-i),  adv. 
In  relation  to  acoustics  or  hearing, 
acoustician  (a-kos-  or  a-kous-tish'an),  n.  One 
skilled  in  the  science  of  sound;  a  student  of 
acoustics. 

The  transverse  vibrations  .  .  .  were  the  only  ones  no- 
ticed by  the  earlier  acousticians. 

Whewell,  Hist.  Inductive  Sciences,  viii.  6. 
acoustics  (a-kos'-  or  a-kous'tiks),  n.  [PI.  of 
acoustic  (see  -ics) ;  =  Fi'  acoustique  =  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
acustica.]  The  science  of  sound ;  the  study  of 
the  cause,  nature,  and  phenomena  of  the  vibra- 
tions of  elastic  bodies  which  affect  the  organ 

of  hearing.  The  manner  in  wliich  sound  is  produced, 
its  transmission  tlirough  air  and  other  media  (sometimes 
called  diacoustics),  the  theory  of  reflected  sound,  or  echoes 
(sometimes  called  catacoustics),  tlie  properties  and  effect-s 
of  different  sounds,  including  musical  sounds  or  notes,  and 
the  structure  and  action  of  the  organ  of  hearing,  are  all 
included  in  acoustics.    See  sound. 

acqua  (ak'wa),  n.    [It.]    See  aqua. 
acquaint  (a-kwanf),  a.  [Sc.  acquaint,  acquent, 
<  ME.  aqu'ente.  aqueynte,  aqwynt.  aquointe,  < 
OF.  acoint,  later  a  ceo  in  t,  "acquainted  or  famil- 


acQLuaint 

iar  with ;  also  neat,  compt,  fine,  spruce  in  ap- 
parel, or  otherwise"  (Cotgi-ave),  <  L.  accognitus, 
pp.  of  accognoscere,  know  or  recognize  perfect- 
ly, <  ad,  to,  +  cognoscere,  know,  <  co-,  com-,  to- 
gether, +  *gno-scere,  no-sccre  =  E.  Icrmv :  see 
know,  and  cognition,  cognize.  Cf.  quaint.  Ac- 
quaint is  now  regarded  as  a  clipped  form  of  ac- 
quainted,  Acquainted;  personally  or  mu- 

tually known  :  as,  we  are  not  acgwa^if.  [Scotch 
and  north.  Eng.] 

When  we  were  first  acquent. 

Burns,  John  Anderson. 

acQliaint(a-kwant'),i'.  [<ME. aqueinten,aqueyn- 
ten,  earlier  acointen,  akointen,  <  OP.  acoinier, 
acointier,  acouinter,  acuintier,  acoentier,  aquin- 
fcr,  later  accomier,  "to  make  acquainted;  .  .  . 
also  to  seek  or  affect  the  acquaintance  of; 
.  .  .  s'accoinier  dc,  to  wax  acquainted,  grow 
familiar  with,  or  to  get  or  desire  the  acquain- 
tance of"  (Cotgrave),  <  ML.  adcognitare,  make 
known,  <  L.  accognitus,  pp.  of  accognoscere, 
know  or  recognize  perfectly:  see  acquaint,  «.] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  have  acquaintance  or 
be  more  or  less  familiar;  make  conversant:  used 
with  Kith :  as,  to  acquaint  one's  self,  or  make 
one's  self  acquainted,  with  a  subject ;  to  make 
persons  (to  be)  acquainted  with  each  other. 

A  man  of  sorrows,  and  acquainted  with  grief.  Isa.  liii.  3. 
Misery  acquaints  a  man  with  strange  bedfellows. 

Shale,  Tempest,  ii.  2. 
We  that  acquaint  ourselves  leith  every  zone. 

Sir  J.  Dairies,  Int.  to  Immortal,  of  Soul. 
Persons  themselves  acquaint  us  with  the  impersonal. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  252. 

2.  To  furnish  with  knowledge  or  information 
(about) ;  make  conversant  by  notice  or  com- 
munication :  with  with  before  the  subject  of 
information,  and  formerly  sometimes  with  of: 
as,  to  acquaint  a  friend  with  one's  proceedings. 

But,  for  some  other  reasons,  my  grave  sir. 
Which  'tis  not  fit  you  know,  I  not  acquaint 
5Iy  father  o/this  business.        Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 
Though  you  are  so  averse  to  my  acquainting  Lady  Teazle 
ioith  your  passion  for  Maria,  I'm  sure  she's  not  your  enemy 
in  the  affair.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  3. 

=Syn.  1.  To  acquaint  (with),  make  known  (to),  familiar- 
ize (with),  introduce  (to). — 2.  To  inform  (of),  communicate 
(to),  apprise  (of),  mention  (to),  signify  (to),  intimate  (to), 
disclose  (to),  reveal  (to),  tell  (to).  See  announce  and  in- 
Jorm. 

Il.f  intratis.   To  become  acquainted. 

The  manere 
How  they  aqueynteden  in  fere. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  250. 

acquaintablet  (a-kwan'ta-bl),  a.  [<  OF.  acoin- 
table,  later  accointabJc,  "  acquaintable,  easie  to 
be  acquainted  or  familiar  with"  (Cotgrave), 
<  acoinier,  make  known:  s&q  acquaint,  v.']  Easy 
to  be  acquainted  with;  affable.  Kom.  of  Rose. 

acofuaintance  (a-kwan'tans),  n.  [<  ME.  aquayn- 
tance,  uqueijntance,  intimacy,  personal  know- 
ledge, friendship  (not  used  in  the  concrete 
sense  of  a  person  known),  <  OF.  acointance, 
later  accointance,  "acquaintance,  conversation 
or  commerce  with  "  (Cotgrave),  <  acointcr,  make 
known:  see  acquaint,  v. 1  1.  The  state  of  being 
acquainted,  or  of  being  more  or  less  intimately 
conversant  (used  with  reference  to  both  per- 
sons and  things) ;  knowledge  of ;  experience 
in:  used  with  with,  and  formerly  sometimes 
with  of. 

Good  Master  Brook,  I  desire  more  acquaintance  o/you. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  u.  2. 
That  general  acquaintance  with  the  mechanism  and 
worldng  of  the  living  system  which  all  persons,  even 
moderately  educated,  should  possess. 

Huxley  and  Youmans,  Physiol.,  §  3C8. 
I  have  a  very  general  acquaintance  here  in  New  Eng- 
land. Hawthorne,  Old  Manse,  i. 

2.  A  person  known  to  one,  especially  a  person 
with  whom  one  is  not  on  terms  of  great  inti- 
macy :  as,  he  is  not  a  friend,  only  an  acquain- 
tance. [This  is  the  only  sense  wmeh  adnuts  of 
a  plural  form.] 

We  see  he  is  ashamed  of  his  nearest  acquaintances. 

C.  Boyle,  Bentley  on  Phalaris. 
Mere  acquaintance  you  have  none  ;  you  have  drawn 
them  all  into  a  nearer  line  ;  and  tliey  wlio  have  conversed 
with  you,  are  for  ever  after  inviolably  yours. 

Dryden,  Orig.  and  Prog,  of  Satire. 

3.  The  whole  body  of  those  with  whom  one  is 
acquainted :  used  as  a  plural,  as  if  for  acquain- 
tances.   See  acquaintant. 

Mine  acquaintance  are  verily  estranged  from  me. 

Job  xix.  13. 

To  cultivate  one's  acquaintance,  to  endeavor  to  be- 
come intimate  with  one.  =Syn.  1.  Acqtiaintance,  Famil- 
iarity, Intimacy.  Acquaintance,  knowledge  arising  from 
occasional  intercourse ;  familiarity,  knowledge  arising 
fiom  frequent  or  daily  intercourse ;  intimacy,  unreserved 
intercourse,  intercourse  of  the  closest  possible  kind. 


52 

Nor  was  his  acquaintance  less  with  the  famous  poets  of 
his  age,  than  with  the  noblemen  and  ladies.  Dryden. 

The  honour  of  Sheridan's  familiarity  —  or  supposed  fa- 
miliarity—  was  better  to  my  godfather  than  money. 

Lamb,  My  Kirst  Play. 

The  intimacy  between  tlie  father  of  Eugenio  and  Agres- 
tis  produced  a  tender  friendship  between  his  sister  and 
Amelia.  Hawkesworth,  Adventurer,  No.  64. 

acquaintanceship  (a-kwan'tans-ship),  n.  The 
state  of  having  acquaintance. 

acquaintantt  (a-kwan'tant),  n.  [^(.acquaint 
+  -a>i<i,  after  OF.  acointdnt,  ppr.  of  acointer, 
acquaint ;  prob.  developed  from  acquaintance, 
with  which,  in  sense  3,  the  pi.  acquaintants 
would  nearly  coincide  in  pronunciation.]  A 
person  with  whom  one  is  acquainted.  See  ac- 
quaintance,  2. 
An  acquaintant  and  a  friend  of  Edmund  Spenser. 

/.  Walton. 

He  and  his  readers  are  become  old  acquaintants. 

Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub. 

acquainted  (a-kwan'ted),  j).  a.   [<  acquaint  + 
(jf.  acquaint,  rt.]    1.  Having  acquain- 
tance ;  informed ;  having  personal  knowledge. 
Faulk.  What,  is  he  much  acquainted  in  the  family? 
Abs.  0,  very  intimate.         Sheridan,  Tlie  Rivals,  ii.  1. 

2t.  Known  ;  familiarly  known  ;  not  new. 
Tilings  acquainted  and  familiar  to  us. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  Iv'.,  v.  2. 

acquaintedness  (a-kwan'ted-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  acquainted.  [Rare.] 

acquereur  (a-ka-rer'),  n.  [F.,  an  acquirer,  <  ac- 
querir,  acquire :  see  acquire.']  In  French  and 
Canadian  law,  one  who  acquires  title,  particu- 
larly to  immovable  property,  by  purchase. 

acquest  (a-kwesf),  «.  [<  OF.  acquest,  P.  ac- 
quet  =It.  acquisto  (ML.  acquistum),  an  acquisi- 
tion, purchase,  <  L.  acquwsitum,  usually  acquisi- 
tum,  a  thing  acquired,  neut.  pp.  of  acqtiirere, 
acquire :  see  acquire.  Cf.  conquest.']  If.  The 
act  of  acquiring ;  acquirement:  as,  "countries 
of  new  acquest,"  Bacon. — 2t.  A  thing  gained; 
an  acquisition  ;  a  thing  acquired  by  force :  as, 
"  new  acquests  and  encroachments,"  Woodward, 
Nat.  Hist. —  3.  In  civil  law:  (a)  Property  ac- 
quired in  other  ways  than  by  succession.  (6) 
Property  acquired  during  a  marriage  under  the 
rule  of  community  of  property.  [In  this  sense 
usually  in  the  pliu'al  and  spelled,  as  French,  ac- 
quets.]   See  conqiict. 

acquetont,  n.    See  acton. 

acquiesce  (ak-wi-es'))  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  acqui- 
esced, ppr.  acquiescing.  [<  P.  acquiescer,  "to 
yield  or  agree  unto,  come  to  agreement,  be  at 
quiet,  strive  or  stir  no  more  "  (Cotgrave),  =  It. 
acquiescerc,  <  L.  acquiesccre,  rest,  repose  in,  find 
rest  in,  <  ad,  to,  +  quiescere,  rest,  <  quies,  rest : 
see  quiescc  and  quiet.]  If.  To  come  to  rest,  or 
remain  at  rest. 

Whicli  atoms  are  still  hovering  up  and  down,  and  never 
rest  till  they  meet  with  some  pores  proportionable  and 
cognate  to  their  figures,  where  tliey  acquiesce. 

Howell,  Letters,  iv.  50. 

2.  To  agree ;  consent ;  tacitly  assent ;  quietly 
comply  or  submit :  as,  to  acquiesce  in  an  opin- 
ion, argument,  or  arrangement. 

Neander  sent  his  man  with  a  letter  to  Theomachus, 
who  acquiesced  to  the  proposal. 

Gentleman  Instructed,  p.  123. 

Presuming  on  the  unshaken  submission  of  Hippolita,  he 
flattered  himself  that  she  would  .  .  .  acquiesce  witli  pa- 
tience to  a  divorce.  Walpole,  Castle  of  Otranto,  1. 

Take  the  place  and  attitude  which  belong  to  you,  and 
all  men  acquiesce.  Finerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  136. 

[In  modern  usage,  acquiesce  is  generally  followed  by  the 
preposition  in;  foraierly  to,  %vith,  and /rom  were  in  use.] 

acquiescement  (ak-wi-es'ment;  p.  pron.  a- 
kyes'moii),  n.  [<  P.  "  acqiiiescement,  quiet- 
ness, also  an  agi-eement"  (Cotgrave):  see  ac- 
quiesce and  -nient.]  In  French  and  Canadian 
law,  acquiescence ;  free  consent. 

acquiescence  (ak-wi-es'ens),  n.  [=  Sp.  aquies- 
cencia=li.  acquiescenza,  '<  L.  as  if  *acquiescentia, 
<.  acquiescen{t-)s,  acqtdescent:  see  acquiescent.] 

1.  The  act  of  acqidescing  or  giving  tacit  as- 
sent ;  a  silent  submission,  or  submission  with 
apparent  consent,  it  is  distinguished  from  avowed 
consent  on  the  one  hand,  and  from  opposition  or  open  dis- 
content on  the  other :  as,  an  acquiescence  in  the  decisions 
of  a  court,  or  in  the  allotments  of  Providence. 

With  the  inevitable  acquiescence  of  all  public  servants, 
[he]  resumes  his  composure  and  goes  on. 

Hawthorne,  Snow  Image. 
There  is  a  certain  grave  acquiescence  in  ignorance,  a 
recognition  of  our  impotence  to  solve  momentous  and 
urgent  questions,  which  has  a  satisfaction  of  its  own. 

J.  H.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  198. 

2.  In  law,  such  neglect  to  take  legal  proceed- 
ings in  opposition  to  a  matter  as  implies  con- 
sent thereto.  =  Syn.  Assent,  Consent,  Concurrence,  etc. 
(see  assent),  compliance,  resignation. 


acqulry 

acquiescency  (ak-wi-es'en-si),  n.  [See  acqui- 
esce and  -cy.]  The  state" of  being  acquiescent; 
a  condition  of  silent  submission  or  assent. 

acquiescent  (ak-wi-es'ent),  a.  [<  L.  acqui- 
esven{t-)s,  ppr.  of  acquiescere :  see  acquiesce.] 
Disposed  to  acquiesce  or  yield;  submissive; 
easy;  unresisting. 

A  man  nearly  sixty,  of  acquiescent  temper,  miscellane- 
ous opinions,  and  uncertain  vote. 

George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  I.  11. 

acquiescently  (ak-wi-es'ent-li),  adv.  In  an  ac- 
quiescent manner. 

acquiescingly  (ak-wi-es'ing-li),  adv.  In  an  ac- 
quiescing manner ;  acquiescently. 

acquiett  (a-kwi'et),  v.  t.  [<  ML.  acquietare, 
quiet,  settle:  see  acquit.]  To  render  quiet; 
compose ;  set  at  rest. 

Acquiet  his  mind  from  stirring  you. 

•Sir  A.  Shirley,  Travels, 
acquirability  (a-kwir-a-bil'i-ti),  n.   The  quality 
of  being  acquirable.    Paley.  [Rare.] 
acquirable  (a-kwir'a-bl),  a.    [<  acquire  +  -able. 
Cf.  Sp.  adquirible,  f*g.  adquirivel.]    Capable  of 
being  acquired. 

acquire  (a-kwir'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  acquired, 
ppr.  acquiring.  [<  ME.  aqwere  (rare),  <  OP.  ac- 
querre,  later  aquerir,  F.  acquerir,  acquire,  get, 
=  Sp.  Pg.  adquirir,  <  L.  acquwrere,  a  collateral 
form  of  acquirere,  acquire,  get,  obtain,  <  ad,  to,  + 
qiiarere,  seek :  see  query.  The  E.  word  is  now 
spelled  with  i  instead  of  e,  to  bring  it  nearer  to 
the  Latin.  Cf.  inquire,  require.]  To  get  or 
gain,  the  object  being  something  which  is  more 
or  less  permanent,  or  which  becomes  vested  or 
inherent  in  the  subject:  as,  to  acquire  a  title, 
estate,  learning,  habits,  sldll,  dominion,  etc.; 
to  acquire  a  stammer;  sugar  acquires  a  brown 
color  by  being  burned,  a  mere  temporary  posses- 
sion is  not  expressed  by  acquire,  but  by  obtain,  procure, 
etc. :  as,  to  obtain  (not  acquire)  a  book  on  loan. 

Descent  is  the  title  whereby  a  man,  on  the  death  of  his 
ancestor,  acquires  his  estate  by  right  of  representation,  as 
his  heir  at  law.  Blackstone. 

Having  been  left  in  a  greater  degree  than  others  to  man- 
age their  own  affairs,  the  English  people  have  become 
self-helping,  and  have  acquired  great  practical  ability. 

H.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  429. 

Men  acquire  faculties  by  practice. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  94. 

The  young  demand  thoughts  that  find  an  echo  in  their 
real  and  not  their  acquired  nature,  and  care  very  little 
about  the  dress  they  are  put  in. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  406. 
Acquired  logic.  See  logic.  =SYa..  To  get,  obtain,  gain, 
attain,  procure,  win,  earn,  secure,  gather,  master,  learn. 
See  attain. 

acquirement  (a-kwir 'ment),  n.    1.  The  act  of 

acquiring;  especially,  the  gaining  of  knowledge 
or  mental  attributes. 

It  is  very  difficult  to  lay  down  rules  for  the  acquirement 
of  such  a  taste.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  409. 

2.  That  which  is  acquired ;  attainment :  com- 
monly in  the  plural. 

His  acquirements  by  industry  were  enriched  and  en- 
larged by  many  excellent  endowments  of  nature. 

Sir  J.  Hayward,  Raigne  of  Edward  VI. 
=  SjTl.  1.  Gathering,  gaining.— 2.  Acquirements,  Acqui- 
sitions, Attainments,  Accomplishments,  Endowments, 
Enduements ;  gain,  resources.  Acquisitions  is,  the  most 
general  term,  but  it  is  gradually  being  restricted  to  ma- 
terial gains.  Attainments  denotes  exclusively  intellec- 
tual or  moral  acquisitions :  as,  a  man  of  great  attainments ; 
his  spiritual  attainments  were  high.  Acquirements  has 
nearly  the  same  meaning  as  attainments,  though  it  is 
sometimes  loosely  used  as  equivalent  to  acquisitions;  it 
has  more  direct  reference  to  particular  things  acquired  : 
as,  skill  in  boxing  was  among  his  acquirements.  Accom- 
plishments are  attainments  or  acquirements,  particularly 
such  as  fit  the  possessor  for  society  :  as,  French,  dancing, 
and  music  were  the  sum  of  her  accomplishments.  En- 
dotmnents  are  the  gifts  of  nature,  as  genius  or  aptitude. 
Enduements  are  endowments,  acquirements,  or  attain- 
ments in  the  field  of  moral  and  spiritual  life,  but  tliey  are 
opposed  to  attainments  in  being  regarded  as  gifts  from 
heaven  rather  than  as  the  result  of  personal  endeavor. 
See  endued. 

When  you  are  disposed  to  be  vain  of  your  mental  ac- 
quirements, look  up  to  those  who  are  more  accomplished 
than  yourself.  Dr.  J.  Sloore. 

Interference  has  been  sanctioned,  .  .  .  either  in  the 
purely  domestic  concerns  of  a  nation,  or  with  respect  to 
its  foreign  relations  and  territorial  acquisitions. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  192. 

It  is  in  general  more  profitable  to  reckon  up  our  defects 
than  to  boast  of  our  attainments.  Carlyle,  Essays. 

I  danced  the  polka  and  cellarius. 

Spun  glass,  stuffed  birds,  and  modeled  flowers  in  wax, 

Because  she  liked  accomplishments  in  girls. 

Mrs.  Brouming,  Aurora  Leigh,  i.  1. 

He  ought  to  think  no  man  valuable  but  for  his  public 
spirit,  justice,  and  integrity  ;  and  all  other  endowments 
to  be  esteemed  only  as  they  contribute  to  the  exerting 
those  virtues,  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  340. 

acquirer  (a-kwir'er),  n.    One  who  acquires. 

acquiryt  (a-kwir'i),  n.  [<  acquire  +  -y,  after  in- 
quiry.] Acquirement. 

No  art  requireth  more  hard  study  and  pain  toward  the 
acquiry  of  it  than  contentment.  Barrow,  Sermons,  III.  62. 


acquisible 

acquisible  (a-kwiz  'i-bl), «.  [<  L.  acquis-itus,  pp. 
of  acquirere,  acquire  (see  acquire),  +  E.  -ible.'} 
Capable  of  being  acquired.  [Rare.] 

acquisitet  (ak'wi-zit),  a.  [<  L.  acquisitus, 
gained,  pp.  of  acquirere,  gain :  see  acquire.  Cf. 
exquisite,  requisite.'}    Acquired;  gained. 

A  humour  is  a  liquid  or  fluent  part  of  the  body,  coui- 
prehended  in  it,  for  the  preservation  of  it ;  and  is  either 
innate  or  boru  with  us,  or  adventitious  and  acquidte. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  95. 

acquisition  (ak-wi-zish '  on),  «.  [<  L.  acquisi- 
tio{n-),  acquisition,  <  acquirere:  see  acquire.'] 

1.  The  act  of  acquiring  or  gaining  possession  : 
as,  the  acquisition  of  property. 

Any  European  state  may  be  restrained  from  pursuing 
plans  of  acquisition,  or  making  preparations  looking  to- 
ward future  acquisitions,  which  are  judged  to  be  hazard- 
ous to  the  independence  ...  of  its  neighbors. 

Woolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  43. 

2.  That  which  is  acquired  or  gained;  especially, 
a  material  possession  obtained  by  any  means, 
but  sometimes  used  in  the  plural  of  mental 
gains. 

Tlie  Cromwellians  were  induced  to  relinquish  one  third 
of  their  acquisitions.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  v. 

They  learn  so  fast  and  convey  the  result  so  fast  as  to 
outrun  the  logic  of  their  slow  brother  and  make  his  ac- 
quisitions poor.  Emerson,  Woman. 

=  Syn.  2.  Acquirements,  Acquisitions,  etc.  See  acquire- 
ment. 

acquisitive  (a-kwiz 'i-tiv),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *acqui- 
sitivus,  <  acquisitus,  pp. :  see  acquisite.]  If. 
Acquired. 

He  died  not  in  his  acquisitive,  but  in  his  native  soil. 

Wotton,  Reliquiae,  p.  106. 

2.  Making  or  tending  to  make  acquisitions; 
having  a  propensity  to  acquire :  as,  an  acquis- 
itive disposition. 

The  first  condition  then  of  mental  development  is  that 
the  attitude  of  the  mind  should  be  creative  rather  than 
acquisitive.  W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  105. 

Acquisitive  faculty,  in  psychol.,  perception;  the  pre- 
sentative  faculty. 

acquisitively  (a-kwiz'i-tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  ac- 
quisitive manner ;  by  waj-  of  acquisition. 

acquisitiveness  (a-kwiz 'i-tiv-nes),  n.  1.  The 
quality  of  being  acquisitive ;  a  propensity  to 
acquire  property.— 2.  In  ^;7jrew.,  the  organ  to 
which  is  attributed  the  function  of  producing 
the  general  desire  to  acquire  and  possess,  apart 
from  the  uses  of  the  objects.  Sometimes  called 
covetiveness.    See  cut  -trndiev  phrenology. 

acquistt  (a-kwisf),  n.  [A  form  of  acquest,  after 
It.  acquisto,  ML.  acquistum,  L.  acquisitum.]  Ac- 
quest; acquirement. 

New  acquist 
Of  true  experience.         Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1755. 

acquit  (a-kwif),  v.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  acquitted, 
ppr.  acquitting.  [<  ME.  aquiten,  acwiten,  <  OF. 
aquiter,  acuiter,  latev  acquiter,  "to  quit,  acquit, 
free,  clear,  discharge,  rid  of,  deliver  from" 
(Cotgrave),  F.  acquitter  —  Pr.  aquitar  =  It.  ac- 
quetare,  appease,  quiet,  <  ML.  *acquitare,  acquie- 
tare,  settle  a  claim,  appease,  quiet,  <  L.  ad,  to, 
+  quietare,  quiet,  <  quietus,  discharged,  free,  at 
rest,  quiet:  see  acquiet,  quiet,  and  quit.]  1.  To 
release  or  discharge,  as  from  an  obligation,  ac- 
cusation, guilt,  censure,  suspicion,  or  whatever 
IS  laid  against  or  upon  a  person  as  a  charge  or 
duty;  specifically,  in  laiv,  to  pronounce  not 
guilty:  as,  we  acquit  a  man  of  evil  intentions ; 
the  jury  acquitted  the  prisoner,  it  is  followed  by  o/ 
before  the  thing  of  which  one  is  acquitted ;  to  acquit  from 
13  obsolete.  >         a  .< 

His  poverty,  can  you  acquit  him  of  that  ? 

Sheridan,  The  Duenna,  ii.  3. 
If  he  [Bacon]  was  convicted,  it  was  because  it  was  impos- 
sible to  acquit  him  without  offering  the  grossest  outra'^e 
to  justice  and  common  sense.       Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 
2.  To  atone  for.  [Bare.] 

Till  life  to  death  acquit  my  forced  off'ence. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1071. 

3^0  settle,  as  a  debt;  requite ;  pay;  discharge ; 

Aquyte  hym  wel  for  goddes  love,  quod  he. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1200. 


Midst  foes  (as  champion  of  the  faith)  he  ment 
lhat  palme  or  cypress  should  his  paines  acquite. 

Carew,  Tasso. 

I  admit  it  to  be  not  so  much  the  duty  as  the  privilege  of 
an  American  citizen  to  acquit  this  obligation  to  the  mem- 
ory ot  his  fathers  with  discretion  and  generosity. 

Everett,  Orations,  I.  382. 
We  see  young  men  who  owe  us  a  new  world,  so  readily 
ana  lavishly  they  promise,  but  they  never  acquit  the  debt. 

Emerson,  Experience. 

4.  With  a  reflexive  pronoun:  (a)  To  clear 
one's  self. 

ftay  God  he  may  acquit  him  [himself]  of  suspicion  ! 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VL,  iii.  2. 

(6)  To  behave ;  bear  or  conduct  one's  self :  as. 


53 

the  soldier  acquitted  himself  well  in  battle ;  the 
orator  acquitted  himself  indifferently. 

Though  this  was  one  of  the  first  mercantile  transac- 
tions of  my  life,  yet  I  had  no  doubt  about  acquitting  my- 
selj  with  reputation.  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  xiv. 

5t.  To  release ;  set  free ;  rescue. 

Till  I  have  acqidt  your  captive  Knight. 

Spenser,  b'.  Q.,  I.  vii.  52. 
=  Syn.  1.  To  exonerate,  exculpate,  discharge,  set  free. 
See  absolve.— 1.  (b)  To  behave,  act,  bear,  conduct,  demean, 
deport,  or  quit  (one's  self). 

acquitt.    Past  participle  of  acquit. 
I  am  glad  I  am  so  acquit  of  this  tinder-box. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  3. 

acquitet  (a-kwif),  v.  t.  Same  as  acquit.  [Com- 
pare requite.'] 
acquitment  (a-kwit'ment),  n.  The  act  of  ac- 
quitting, or  the  state  of  being  acquitted;  ac- 
quittal. [Rare.] 
acquittal  (a-kwit'al),  n.  [<  ME.  acquitalle, 
-aijle  ;<  acquit  + -al.]  1.  The  act  of  acquitting, 
or  the  state  of  being  acquitted.   Specifically,  in 

law:  (a)  A  judicial  setting  free  or  deliverance  from  the 
charge  of  an  offense  by  pronouncing  a  verdict  of  not  guilty. 
(6)  In  England,  freedom  from  entries  and  molestations  l)y 
a  superior  lord  for  services  issuing  out  of  lands.  Cowell. 
2.  Performance,  as  of  a  duty ;  discharge  of  an 
obligation  or  a  debt. 

I  have  been  long  in  arrears  to  you,  but  I  trust  you  will 
take  this  huge  letter  as  an  acquittal. 

Walpole,  Letter  to  H.  Mann. 

acquittance  (a-kwit'ans)^  n.  [<  ME.  aquitance, 
-ans,  acquitance,  -aurice,  <  OF.  aquitance,  <  aqui- 
fer, discharge:  see  acquit  a,nd. -ance.]  1.  The 
act  of  acquitting  or  discharging  from  a  debt  or 
any  other  liability;  the  state  of  being  so  dis- 
charged. 

Now  must  your  conscience  my  acquittance  seal. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  7. 

2.  A  writing  in  evidence  of  a  discharge  ;  a  re- 
ceipt in  full,  which  bars  a  fiu-ther  demand. 

You  can  produce  acquittances 
For  such  a  sum.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  ii.  1. 

Sf.  The  act  of  clearing  one's  self. 

Being  suspected  and  put  for  their  acquittance  to  take 
the  sacrament  of  the  altar.  Jer.  Taylor. 

acquittancet  (a-kwit'ans),  v.  t.    To  acquit. 

Your  mere  enforcement  shall  acquittance  me 
From  all  the  impure  blots  and  stains  thereof 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  7. 

acquittance-roll  (a-kwit'ans-rol),  n.  In  the 
British  army,  the  pay-roll  of  a  company,  troop, 
or  battery.  ^'  ^' 

Acraea  (a-kre'a),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  anpalo^,  equiv. 
to  djcpof,  at  the  top  or  extremity.]  A  genus  of 
nymphalid  butterflies,  typical  of  the  subfamily 
Acrceinai.  A.  antias  is  an  example. 
Acrseinse  (ak-re-i'ne),  n.  jjI.  [NL.,  <  Acrwa  + 
-ma;.]  A  subfamily  of  butterflies  of  the  family 
Nymphalidcc,  taking  name  from  the  leading 
genus  Acrwa,  and  containing  mostly  African 
species  of  small  or  moderate  size,  with  semi- 
transparent  wings,  reddish-brown  marked  with 
black.  There  are  about  85  species. 
Acramphibrya  (ak-ram-fib'ri-a),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  d/cpof,  at  the  end,  +  d/i^/,'  on  both  sides, 
+ppvov,  a  flower,  blossom,  <  ppvciv,  swell,  be  full 
to  bursting.  ]  In  &o  t ,  a  term  used  by  EndUcher 
as  a  class  name  for  exogenous  plants,  which  he 
described  as  plants  growing  both  at  the  apex 
and  at  the  sides, 
acrania  (a-kra'ni-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
Kpavwv,  Jj.  cranium,  the  skull.]  1.  [NL.,  fern, 
sing.]  In  ieratol.,  a  malformation  consisting 
in  an  entire  absence  of  the  bones  and  integu- 
ments forming  the  vault  of  the  skuU.  Also 
written  acr«M(/.— 2.  [cop.]  [NL.,  neut.  pi.]  A 
name  proposed  by  Haeckel  as  a  class  designa- 
tion for  Amphioxus  or  Branch iostom a ;  a  syn- 
onym of  MyeJo-oa  or  Leptocardia  (which  see). 
-Also  called  A  cephala.  See  A  mphioxus  and  Bran- 
chiostoma. 

acranial  (a-kra'ni-al),  a.    [See  acrania.]  Hav- 
ing no  skull. 

acrany  (ak'ra-ni),  n.    Same  as  acrania,  1. 
acraset,  v.  t.  '  See  acraze. 
acrasiat,  n.    See  acrasi/. 
Acraspeda,  Acraspedota  (a-kras'pe-da,  a- 
kras-pe-do'ta),  n.  j)l.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  -f 
Kpaairedov,  a  hem  or  border.]    The  name  given 
by  Gegenbaur  to  the  aealephs  proper ;  that  is, 
to  those  jelly-fishes  and  sea-nettles  the  lobate 
border  of  whose  disk  is  not  provided  (with  few 
exceptions,  as  in  Aurclia)  with  a  contractUe 
marginal  fold  or  velum:  nearly  synonymous 
vrith  Discopfiora  (which  see):  opposed  to  Cras- 
pedota.    See  cut  under  acaleph. 
acraspedote  (a-kras'pe-dot),  a.    [<  Gr.  d-  priv. 
(a-18)  +  craspedote,  or  as  Acraspeda  +  -ate.] 


acreage 

Having  no  velum,  as  a  diseophore ;  of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Acraspeda. 

The  liydroidea  and  .Siplionophora  are  cra.spedote ;  the 
Discophora  are  supposed  to  be  de.stitute  of  a  veil,  and  are 
therefore  acraspedote.  Stand,  yat.  Hist.,  I.  94. 

acrasyt,  acrasiat  (ak'ra-si,  a-kra'zi-a),  n.  [< 
ML.  acra.sia,  which  appears  to  combine  the  no- 
tions of  (1)  Gr.  atipaaia,  later  form  of  aKparua, 
intemperance,  want  of  self-control  (<  aKparrjc, 
wanting  in  self-control,  intemperate,  unbridled. 
<  a-  priv.  +  Kpdrof,  strength,  power,  akin  to  E! 
hard,  q.  v.) ;  and  (2)  Gr.  iiKpaaia,  bad  mixture, 
ill  temperature,  ianparor,  unmixed,  untempered, 
intemperate,  excessive,  <  a-  priv.  +  "Kparuc, 
mixed:  see  crater  and  cra.sis.]  Excess;  surfeit: 
intemperance ;  incontinence. 

Acrasies,  whether  of  the  body  or  mind,  occasion  great 
uneasiness.  Cornish,  Life  of  Firrain,  p.  84. 

acratia  (a-kra'shia),  n.    [<  Gr.  oKpareia,  want 
of  power:  see  acrasy.]    In  pathol,  failure  of 
strength;  weakness;  debility, 
acrazet,  acraset  (a-kraz'),  v.  t.  l<F.acraser, 
"accraser,  break,  burst,  craze,  bruise,  ci-ush*' 
(Cotgrave),  same  as  ecraser,  escraser,  "to  squash 
down,  beat  flat,"  etc.  (Cotgrave) :  see 
and  craze.]   To  weaken,  impair,  or  enfeeble  in 
mind,  body,  or  estate. 
I  acrazed  was.  Mir.  for  Mays. ,  p.  138. 

My  substance  impaired,  my  credit  acrased. 

Gascoigne,  Letter  in  Hermit's  Tale,  p.  21. 
Cold  in  the  night  which  acraseth  the  bodie. 

Holinshed,  Chronicles,  III.  1049. 

acre  (a'ker),  «.  [<  ME.  aker,  aldr,  a  field,  an 
acre,  <  AS.  wcer,  a  field,  later  also  an  acre,  = 
OS.  alckar  =  OVvieB.  ekkcr  =1).  akker—OB.G. 
ahhar,achar,accar,  MHG.  G.  acto- =  Ieel.  akr  = 
Sw.  dker = Dan.  agcr — Goth,  akrs  =  L.  ager—  Gr. 
ayp6c  =  Skt.  ajra,  all  in  the  sense  of  field,  orig. 
a,  pasture  or  a  chase,  hunting-ground ;  <  *ag, 
Skt.  -y/  aj  =  Gr.  ayeiv  =  L.  agcre  =  leel.  aka', 
drive:  see  ake  =  ache^,  and  (<L.  agere)  act, 
etc.  Hence  acorn,  q.  v.  The  spelling  acre  in- 
stead of  the  reg.  aker  (ef.  baker,  AS.  bwcere)  is 
due  to  its  legal  use  in  imitation  of  OF.  acre,  < 
ML.  (Law  L.)  acra,  acrum,  from  Teut.]  1. 
OrigLaally,  an  open  plowed  or  sowed  field.  This 

signification  was  gradually  lost  after  the  acre  was  made  a 
definite  measure  of  surface.  Still  used  in  the  plural  to 
denote  fields  or  land  in  general. 

My  bosky  acres,  and  my  unshrubb'd  down. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 
Over  whose  acres  walked  those  blessed  feet 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1. 

2.  A  superficial  measure  of  land,  usually 
stated  to  be  40  poles  in  length  by  4  in  breadth; 
but  160  perches  (=  4840  square  yards,  or  43,560 
square  feet)  make  an  acre,  however  shaped. 

An  acre,  as  a  specific  (luantity  of  land,  was  reckoned  in 
England  as  much  as  a  yoke  of  oxen  could  plow  in  a  day 
till  the  establishment  of  a  definite  measure  by  laws  of  the 
thirteenth  century  and  later.  This  is  known  in  Great 
Britain  and  the  United  States  as  the  statute  acre  to  dis- 
tinguish it  from  the  customary  acres  still  in  use  to  some 
extent  m  Scotland,  Ireland,  and  Wales.  The  Scotcli  acre 
is  larger  than  the  statute  acre,  as  it  contains  6150.4  square 
yards,  48  Scotch  acres  being  equal  to  01  statute  acres.  The 
Irish  acre  is  7840  square  yards,  100  Irish  acres  being  nearly 
equivalent  to  162  statute  acres.  In  Wales  different  mea- 
sures, the  env,  the  stang,  the  paladr,  are  called  acres  The 
true  erw  is  4320  square  yards ;  the  stang  is  3240.  There 
is  also  the  Cornish  acre,  of  5760  square  yards.  Among 
the  customary  English  acres  are  found  measures  of  the 
following  numbers  of  perches  :  80  (of  hops),  90  (of  hops) 
107,  110,  120  (shut  acre),  130,  132,  134,  141,  180  (forest 
acre),  200  (for  copyhold  land  in  Lincolnshire),  212  256  (of 
wood).  The  Leicestershire  acre  has  2308i  square  yai'ds 
the  Westmoreland  acre  6760  square  yards,  the  Cheshire 
acre  10,240  square  yards.    Often  abbreviated  to  A.  or  a. 

The  acre  was  in  many  cases  a  small  field  simply   i  e 
an  ager;  and  a  hundred  and  twenty  small  fields  were 
called  a  hide.    A  standard  acre  was  hardly  established 
until  the  thirteenth  century. 

D.  W.  Itoss,  German  Land-holding,  Notes,  p.  131. 

3t.  A  lineal  measure  equal  to  a  fuiTow's  length, 
or  40  poles ;  more  frequently,  an  acre's  breadth, 
4  poles,  equal  to  22  or  25  yards. -Burgh  acres. 

.See  burnh.—God'S  acre.    See  God's-acre. 

acreable  (a'ker-a-bl),  a.  [<  acre  -h  -able.]  Ac- 
cording to  the  acre ;  measured  or  estimated  in 
acres  or  by  the  acre. 

The  acreable  produce  of  the  two  methods  was  nearly  the 
same.  Complete  Farmer,  Art.  Potatoe  (Oril.  MS.). 

acreage  (a'ker-aj),»?.  l<acre-i-  -age.]  The  num- 
ber of  acres  in  a  piece  or  tract  of  land  ;  acres 
taken  collectively ;  extent  in  acres :  as,  the 
acreage  of  farm-land  in  a  eomitry ;  the  acreage 
of  wheat  sown. 

No  coarse  and  blockish  God  of  acreage 
Stands  at  thy  gate  for  thee  to  grovel  to. 

Ten7iyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 
Tlie  interests  of  a  nation  of  our  acreage  and  population 
are  a  serious  load  to  be  conducted  safely. 

N.  A.  Hev.,  CXLI.  211. 


acrecbolic 


54 


acro- 


acrecbolic  (ak-rek-bol'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  (kpof,  at 
the  top,  +  ccbolic,  q.  v.]  Eversible  by  protru- 
sion of  the  iipex ;  protruded  by  a  forward  move- 
meut  of  the  tip :  applied  to  the  introverted  pro- 
boscis of  certain  animals,  as  rhabdocoelous  pla- 
narians  and  sundry  gastropods:  the  opposite  of 
acrembolic,  and  correlated  with  plcuremhoUc : 
as,  ^'acrecbolic  tubes  or  introverts,"  E,  R.  Lan- 
Irster,  Eneye.  Brit.,  XVI.  652. 

acrecencia  (Sj).  pron.  a-kra-then'the-a),  n. 
[Sp.,  =:E.  accrcsccnce,  q.  v.]  Increase ;  augmen- 
tation ;  gi'owth ;  accretion,  iiore  specifically,  the 
enhancement  of  the  portiousot  one  or  more  of  several  heirs, 
legatees,  etc.,  resulting  when  the  others  do  not  accept  or 
are  incapable  of  sharing  the  inheritance.  Used  in  the  law 
of  parts  of  the  United  States  originally  settled  by  Span- 
ianls. 

acrecimiento  (Sp.  pron.  a-kra-the-me-en'to),  n. 
[Sp.,  <  «crece/-  =  E.  accresce,  q.  v.]  Same  as 
acrecencia. 

acred  (a'kerd),  a.  Possessing  acres  or  landed 
property :  used  chiefly  in  composition :  as, 
^'many-acred  men,"  Sir  TF.  Jones,  Speech  on 
Eef.  of  Pari. 

He  was  not  unfrequently  a  son  of  a  noble,  or  at  least  of 
an  acred,  house.  The  Nation,  July  26, 1877,  p.  58. 

acre-dale  (a'ker-dal),  ».  l<acre+  dale^=deaU, 
a  share.]  Land  in  a  common  field,  different 
parts  of  which  are  held  by  different  proprietors. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

Acredula  (a-kred'u-la),  «.  [L.,  an  unknown 
bird,  variously  guessed  to  be  a  thrush,  owl, 
nightingale,  or  lark.]  Agenus  of  titmice,  fam- 
ily Pacidn',  founded  by  Koch  in  1816,  character- 
ized by  the  great  length  of  the  tail.  Acredula 
caudata,  the  type  of  the  genus,  is  the  common  long-tailed 
titmouse  or  European  bottle-tit  (which  see).  A.  rosea  is 
another  species. 

acremant  (a'ker-man),  n.  [<  ME.  akerman,  < 
AS.  a  ccrman  ;  <  acre,  a  field,  +  /»«».]  A  farmer ; 
one  who  cultivates  the  fields.    E.  D. 

acrembolic  (ak-rem-bol'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a/cpof,  at 
the  top,  +  embolic,  q.  v.]  Introversible  by  in- 
trusion of  the  apex ;  withdrawn  by  a  sinking  in 
of  the  tip :  applied  to  the  everted  proboscis  of 
certain  animals,  as  rhabdocoelous  planarians 
and  sundry  gastropods :  opposed  to  acrecbolic. 

The  acrembolic  proboscis  or  frontal  introvert  of  the 
Nemertine  worms  has  a  complete  range. 

E.  R.  Lankexter,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  652. 

acre-shott  (a'ker-shot),  n.  [<  acre,  a  field,  + 
shot,  proportion,  reckoning:  see  scot  and  shot.'\ 
A  local  laud-tax  or  charge.  Dugdale. 

acre-staflff  (a'ker-staf),  «.  [<  acre,  a  field,  + 
staff.'\  A  plow-staff,  used  to  clear  the  colter 
or  cutter  of  the  plow  when  clogged  with  earth. 
Also  spelled  aker-staff. 

Where  the  Husbandman's  Acre-stajf  and  the  Shepherd's 
hook  are,  as  in  this  County,  in  State,  there  they  engross 
all  to  themselves.  Fidler,  Worthies,  I.  561. 

acrid  (ak'rid),  a.  and  n.  [First  in  18th  century ; 
<L.  acer,  varely  acris,  acrus  (>F.  <?cre  =  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  acre),  sharp,  pungent ;  with  termination  due 
to  the  kindi-ed  L.  acidus,  sharp,  sour :  see  acid.'] 

1.  a.  1.  Sharp  or  biting  to  the  tongue  or  in- 
tegtmients;  bitterly  pungent;  irritating:  as, 
acrid  salts.  Acrid  substances  are  those  which  excite  in 
the  organs  of  taste  a  sensation  of  pungency  and  lieat,  and 
when  applied  to  the  skin  irritate  and  inflame  it.  Acrid 
poisons,  including  those  also  called  corrosive  and  escha- 
rotic,  are  those  which  irritate,  corrode,  or  liurn  the  parts 
to  which  they  are  applied,  producing  an  intense  burning 
sensation,  and  acute  pain  in  the  alimentary  canal.  They 
include  concentrated  acids  and  alkalis,  compounds  of  mer- 
cury, arsenic,  copper,  etc. 

The  acrid  little  jets  of  smoke  which  escaped  from  the 
Joints  of  his  stove  from  time  to  time  annoyed  him. 

Howells,  A  Modern  Instance,  iii. 

2.  Figuratively,  severe;  virulent;  violent; 
stinging:  as,  ''acrid  temper,"  C'ott;/>er,  Charity. 

it.  n.  1.  An  acrid  poison :  as,  "a  powerful 
acrid,"  Pereira,  Mat.  Med. —  2.  One  of  a  class 
of  morbific  substances  supposed  by  the  humor- 
ists to  exist  in  the  humors. 

acridia  (a-krid'i-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  Acrid- 
ium.~\  Members  of  the  grasshopper  family,  or 
the  family  itself,  considered  without  special 
reference  to  its  rank  in  classification.  Also 
called  acridii.    See  Acrididw. 

acridian  (a-krid'i-an),  a.  and  n.    I.  a.  Belong- 
ing or  relating  to  the  Acrididw. 
II,  n.  One  of  the  acridia. 

Acrididae,  Acridiidse  (a-krid'i-de,  ak-ri-di'i- 
de),  n.  pi.  [NL., <  Acrid-ium,  Acridi-um,  +  -idtc.] 
A  family  of  saltatorial  orthopterous  insects, 
including  the  locusts  or  short-homed  grass- 
hoppers, having  the  hind  legs  fitted  by  enlarge- 
ment of  the  femora  for  leaping:  related  to  the 
crickets  (Gryllidw)  and  to  the  long-horned 
grasshoppers  and  katydids  {Locustidce) . 


In  Gryllid!B  and  Locustldsc  the  antenna;  are  long  and 
setaceous,  ...  in  Acridiidce  they  are  short  and  stout, 
rarely  clavate.  The  ovipositor  in  the  two  former  families 
is  often  very  large  ;  in  Acridiido!  there  is  no  ovipositor. 

Pascoe,  Zoiil.  Class.,  1880,  p.  115. 

acridii  (a-kiid'i-i),  [NL.,  masc.pl.]  Same 
as  acridia. 

acridity  (a-kiid'j-ti),  n.  [<  acrid  +  -ity,  after 
acidity.']  The  quality  of  being  acrid ;  pungency 
conjoined  with  bitterness  and  corrosive  irrita- 
tion; aeridness. 

Acridium  (a-krid'i-um),  n.  [NL.;  also  written 
improp.  ^cr(/d('«>»;  <  Gr.  (iKpiSiov,  dim.  of  d/ip/f, 
a  locust :  see  Acris."]  A  leading  genus  of  grass- 
hoppers, giving  name  to  the  family  Acridida;. 

acridly  (ak'rid-li),  adv.  With  sharp  or  irritat- 
ing bitterness. 

aeridness  (ak'rid-nes),  h.  The  quality  of  being 
acrid  or  pungent. 

acridophagUS  (ak-ri-dof'a-gus),  «.;  pi.  acridoph- 
ayi  (-ji).  [NL.,<  Gr.  aKpidofdyog,  <  d/<p<'f  {a.Kpc3-),  a 
locust  (see  Acris),  +  (payeiv,  eat.]  A  locust-eater. 

They  are  still  acridophagi,  and  even  the  citizens  far  pre- 
fer a  dish  of  locusts  to  the  "  fasikh,"  which  act  as  ancho- 
vies, sardines,  and  herrings  in  Egypt. 

R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  343. 

Acridotheres(ak''''ri-do-the'rez),  ??.  [NL.(Vieil- 
lot,  1816),  <  Gr.  d/cp/f  (JiK.pi6-),  a  locust,  +  d?]pav, 
hunt  or  chase,  <  dlipa,  a  hunting,  the  chase.]  A 
notable  genus  of  old-world  sturnoid  passerine 
birds,  founded  by  Vieillot  in  1816 ;  the  minas 
or  mina-birds,  several  species  of  which  are 
among  the  commonest  and  most  characteristic 
birds  of  India  and  zoologically  related  coun- 
tries. They  resemble  and  are  iillied  to  starlings.  A.  tristin 
is  a  leading  example.  The  species  have  often  been  re- 
f eiTed  to  the  Cu vierian  genus  Graculus  (which  see).  Crido- 
theres  is  an  erroneous  form  of  Acridotheres,  apparently 
originating  with  Cuvier. 

acrimonious  (ak-ri-mo'ni-us),  a.  [=F.  acri- 
monieux  —  Pg.  acrimonioso,  <ML.  acrimoniosvs, 
<  L.  aerimonia,  acrimony.]  1.  Abounding  in 
acrimony  or  aeridness;  acrid;  corrosive.  [Now 
rare.] 

If  gall  cannot  be  rendered  acrimviiious  and  bitter  of 
itself.  Harvey,  Consumption. 

2.  Figuratively,  severe ;  bitter ;  virulent ;  caus- 
tic; stinging:  applied  to  language,  temper, 
etc. 

The  factions  have  the  cunning  to  say,  that  the  bitter- 
ness of  their  spirit  is  owing  to  the  harsh  and  acrimonious 
treatment  they  receive.  Ames,  Works,  II.  113. 

If  we  knew  the  man,  we  should  see  that  to  return  an 
acrimonious  answer  would  be  the  most  ridiculous  of  all 
possible  modes  of  retort.    Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  139. 

acrimoniously  (ak-ri-mo'ni-us-li),  adv.  In  an 
acrimonious  manner ;  sharply ;  bitterly ;  pun- 
geutly. 

acrimoniousness  (ak-ri-mo'ni-us-nes),  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  acrimonious. 

acrimony  (ak'ri-mo-ni),  n.  [  =  F.  acrimonie= 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  aerimonia,  <  L.  aerimonia,  sharpness, 
pungency,  austerity,  <  acer  (acr-),  sharp,  pun- 
gent: see  acrid  and  acid.']  1.  Acridity;  harsh- 
ness or  extreme  bitterness  of  taste ;  pungency ; 
corrosiveness.    [Now  rare.] 

Those  milks  [in  certain  plants]  have  all  an  acrimony, 
though  one  would  think  they  should  be  lenitive. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  639. 

2.  Figuratively,  sharpness  or  severity  of  tem- 
per ;  bitterness  of  expression  proceeding  from 
anger,  ill  nature,  or  petulance  ;  virulence. 

Acrimony  of  voice  and  gesture. 

Bp.  Haclcet,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams. 

In  his  official  letters  he  expressed  with  great  acrimony 
his  contempt  for  the  king's  character  and  understanding. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xii. 
Acrimony  of  the  humors,  an  imaginary  acrid  change 
of  the  blood,  lymph,  etc.,  which  by  the  humorists  was 
conceived  to  cause  many  diseases.  Dunglison.  =  Syn.  2. 
Acrimony,  Asperity,  Harshness,  Severity,  Tartness,  Sour- 
ness, Bitterness,  Virulence,  Rancor,  acerbity,  crabbedness, 
irascibility.  (See  harshiiess.)  These  words  express  differ- 
ent degrees  of  severe  feeling,  language,  or  conduct,  their 
signification  being  determined  largely  by  their  derivation 
and  primary  use.  Tartness  is  the  mildest  term,  applying 
generally  to  language ;  it  implies  some  wit  or  quickness  of 
mind,  and  perhaps  a  willingness  to  display  it.  As  tartness 
is  the  subacid  quality  of  mind,  so  acrimony  is  its  acidity ; 
it  is  a  biting  sharpness ;  it  may  or  may  not  proceed  from 
a  nature  permanently  soured.  Sourness  is  the  Anglo-Saxon 
iov  acrimony,  with  more  suggestion  of  permanent  quality  — 
sourness  of  look  or  language  proceeding  from  a  sour  nature. 
Bitterness,  which  is  founded  upon  a  kindred  figure,  is  sour- 
ness with  a  touch  of  rancor;  it  is  more  positive  and  aggi'es- 
sive.  Sourness  and  bitterness  contain  less  malignity  than 
acrimony.  Virulence  rises  to  a  high  degi-ee  of  malignity, 
and  rancor  to  such  a  height  as  almost  to  break  down  self- 
control;  the  whole  nature  is  envenomed,  rancid.  These 
words  are  almost  never  applied  to  conduct ;  asperity  and 
harshness,  being  founded  upon  a  different  figure,  are  nat- 
urally and  often  so  applied ;  they  convey  the  idea  of  rough- 
ness to  the  touch.  Asperity  is  the  lighter  of  the  two ;  it  is 
often  a  roughness  of  manner,  and  may  be  the  result  of  anger ; 
it  has  a  sharper  edge  than  harshness.  Harshness  is  the 
most  applicable  to  conduct,  demands,  etc.,  of  all  the  list; 
it  may  proceed  from  insensibility  to  others'  feelings  or 


rights.  Severity  has  a  wi<le  range  of  meaning,  expressing 
often  that  which  is  justified  or  necessary,  and  often  that 
which  is  harsh  or  hard ;  as  applied  to  language  or  conduct 
it  is  a  weighty  word.  We  may  speak  of  acrimony  in  de- 
bate or  of  feeling ;  asjyerity  of  manner ;  harshness  of  con- 
duct, language,  requirements,  terms,  treatment;  severity 
of  censure,  punishnicMt,  manner;  (artnm- of  reply ;  sour- 
ness of  aspect;  bitterness  of  spirit,  feeling,  retort;  viru- 
lence and  rancor  of  feeling  and  language. 

It  is  well  known  in  what  terms  of  acrimony  and  per- 
sonal hatred  Swift  attacked  Dryden. 

Godwin,  The  Enquirer,  p.  379. 
The  orators  of  the  opposition  declared  against  him 
with  great  animation  and  asperity. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  v. 
He  that  by  harshness  of  nature  and  arbitrariness  of 
commands  uses  his  children  like  servants  is  what  they 
mean  by  a  tyrant.  Sir  W.  Temple. 

Severity,  gradually  hardening  and  darkening  into  mis- 
anthropy, characterizes  the  works  of  Swift. 

Macaulay,  Addison. 
The  Dean  [Swift],  the  author  of  all  the  mirth,  preserves 
an  invincible  gravity  and  even  sourness  of  aspect. 

Macaulay,  Addison. 
To  express  themselves  with  smartness  against  the  errors 
of  men,  without  bitterness  against  their  persons. 

Steele,  Tatler,  No.  242. 
No  authors  draw  upon  themselves  more  displeasure 
than  those  who  deal  in  political  matters,  which  is  justly 
incurred,  considering  that  spirit  of  rancour  and  viriilence 
with  which  works  of  this  nature  abound.  Addison. 
They  hate  to  mingle  in  the  filthy  fray. 
Where  the  soul  sours,  and  gradual  rancour  grows, 
Inibittered  more  from  peevish  day  to  day. 

Thomson,  Castle  of  Indolence,  i.  17. 
Acris  (ak'ris),  n.    [NL.,<Gr,  mpis  (aKpi6-),  a 
locust  (L.  gryllus).]    A  genus  of  tree-frogs  of 

the  family  Hylidw.  Acris  gryllus,  a  characteristic  ex- 
ample, is  common  in  the  United  States,  its  loud  rattling 
pipe  being  heard  everywhere  in  the  spring.  Dumiril  and 
Bibron. 

acrisia  (a-kris'i-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKptaia,  want 
of  judgment,  tlie  undecided  character  of  a 
disease,  <  aKpirog,  undecided,  undiscernible,  <  d- 
priv.  -I-  Kpcrdg,  separated,  distinguished,  <  Kpivuv, 
separate,  distinguish,  judge :  see  crisis  and 
critic]  A  condition  of  disease  such  as  to  render 
prognosis  impossible  or  unfavorable ;  absence 
of  determinable  or  favorable  symptoms. 

acrisy  (ak'ri-si),  n.  [(.acrisia.]  1.  Same  as 
acrisia. —  2.  Injudiciousness.  [Rare.] 

Acrita  (ak'ri-ta),  n.pl.  [NL.,<  Gr.  aKpira,  neut. 
pi.  of  &KpiToc,  undiscernible,  indiscriminate:  see 
acrisia.]  A  name  originally  proposed  for  that 
group  of  animals  in  which  no  distinct  nervous 
system  exists  or  is  discernible,  it  thus  included, 
besides  all  of  the  Protozoa,  such  as  the  acalephs,  some 
of  the  Polypi/era,  certain  Entozoa,  the  Polygastrica,  etc. 
The  name  has  been  employed  by  different  writers  with 
varying  latitude  of  signification,  but  is  now  disused,  ex- 
cept as  a  (loose)  synonym  of  Protozoa  and  other  low  forms 
of  the  Cuvierian  Radiata,  .since  it  has  been  shown  to  apply 
to  no  natural  group  of  animals.  See  Cryptoneura.  Also 
incorrectly  written  Acrites,  after  the  French. 

acritan  (ak'ri-tan),  a.  [See  Acrita.]  Of  or  be- 
longing to  the  Acrita. 

acrite  (ak'rit),  a.    Same  as  acritan. 

acritical  (a-kiit'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  +  crit- 
ical ;  Pg.  acriiico,  not  critical.  Cf .  Gr!  aKpirog, 
undev  acrisia.]  Inpathol.:  (a)  Having  no  crisis : 
as,  an  acritical  abscess.  (6)  Giving  no  indica- 
tions of  a  crisis :  as,  acritical  symptoms. 

acritochromacy  (ak''''ri-t6-kr6'ma-si),  n.  [< 
acritochromatic :  see -act/.]  Inability  to  distin- 
guish between  colors ;  color-blindness ;  achro- 
matopsia. 

From  imperfect  observation  and  the  difficulty  experi- 
enced in  communicating  intelligently  with  the  Eskimo,  I 
was  unable  to  determine  whether  acritochromacy  existed 
among  them  to  any  great  extent. 

Arc.  Cruise  of  the  Corwin,  1881,  p.  24. 

acritochromatic  (ak'-'ri-to-kro-mat'ik),  a. 
[<  Gr.  aKpiTog,  not  distinguishing  (see  acrisia), 
+  xpt^/J-air-),  color.]  Characterized  by  or  af- 
fected with  acritochromacy;  unable  to  distin- 
guish between  colors. 

acritude  (ak'ri-tiid),  n.  [<  L.  acritudo,  sharp- 
ness, <  acer,  sharp :  see  acrid.]  An  acrid  qual- 
ity; bitter  pungency ;  biting  heat.  [Rare.] 
acrityt  (ak'ri-ti),  n.  [After  F.  derete,  <  L.  acri- 
ta{t-)s,  <  acris,  sharp:  see  acrid.]  Sharpness; 
keen  severity;  strictness. 

The  aerify  of  prudence,  and  severity  of  judgment. 

A.  Gorges,  tr.  of  Bacon,  De  Sap.  Vet.,  xviii. 

aero-.  [L.,  etc.,  <  Gr.  uKpo-,  combining  form  of 
CLKpoQ,  at  the  furthest  point  or  end,  terminal, 
extreme,  highest,  topmost,  outermost;  neut. 
mpov,  the  highest  or  furthest  point,  top,  peak, 
summit,  headland,  end,  extremity;  fem.  aKpa, 
equiv.  to  anpov.  Cf.  d/c?;,  a  point,  edge,  and  see  j 
acid,  etc.]  In  sodl.  and  bot.,  an  element  of 
many  compounds  of  Greek  origin,  referring  to  i 
the  top,  tip,  point,  apex,  summit,  or  edge  of 
anything.  In  a  few  compounds  aero-  (acr-) 
improperly  represents  Latin  acer,  acris,  sharp, 
pungent:  as,  acronarcotic,  acrolein. 


acroama  55  acrodactylum 

acroama  (ak-ro-a'ma),  w. ;  pi.  rtcroawato  (-am'-    vvalnutcase-bearer.feedsupouvvalnutamlhickory.fastcn-  aprrtPPnTinlv  Cnk-rn-tcf'.i  m  »       {<  Ciy 
a-ta).     [<  Gr.  hKpoafia,  anything  heard,  recita-    '"S       leaves  tosetlier  ami  skeletonizing  tlieni  from  l.ase    (  hn  l.Slhpit  noint  '  ^l^J  I'Z'u  7  '  \  i/ 1     '  ' 
-    ■     ■         '      -      ■  -  •'    -  ,„!^.     to  tip.    ^.  mdt,r7£wii(i(Zellur)is  a  common  pest  on  apple,    l-""  POint,  peak,  +  KE^a?,?/,  head  :  see 

■^^  •    trees,  and  is  known  as  tlie  apple-leaf  erumpler.  ceplialic.]   A  town  of  the  human  skull  in  which 

acrobat  (ak'ro-bat),  n.    [<  F.  acrobafe  =  Sp.    the  vault  is  lofty  or  pyramidal. 
acrobato  =  Pg.'  It.  acrobata  (ef.  NL.  Acrohatea),  Acrocera  (ak-ros'e-ra),  w.    [XL.,  <  Gr.  iiKpor,  at 
<  Gr.  aKp6paTor,  walking  on  tiptoe,  also  going.to    the  top  or  end,  +  idpac;,  a  horn.]    A  genus  of 
the  top,  <  OK/'roi',  the  highest  point,  top,  summit, 
neut.  of  aKpor,  highest,  topmost,  +  iiaror,  verbal 
adj.  from  jiaivEiv, 


tion,  <  ciKpoaaOai,  hear,  prob.  akin  to  kXvelv,  hear 
see  client.']    1.  Rhetorical  declamation,  as  op- 
posed to  argument. 

Facciolati  expanded  the  argument  of  Paoius  .  .  .  into  a 
special  Acroama ;  but  his  eloquence  was  not  more  effec- 
tive than  the  reasoning  of  his  predecessors. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Kiscussions,  p.  153.  (N.  JS.  D.) 
2.  Oral  instruction  designed  for  initiated  dis- 
ciples only ;  esoteric  doctrine.  See  acroamatic. 
acroamatic  (ak'ro-a-mat'ik),  a.  [<  L.  acroama- 
tieus,  <  Gr.  ciKpoa/iiariKog,  designed  for  hearing 
only,  <  (iKp6afia{T-),  anything  heard:  see  acro- 
ama.']   Abstruse ;  pertaining  to  deep  learning : 

opposed  to  exoteric.  Applied  particularly  to  those 
writings  of  Aristotle  (also  termed  esoteric)  which  possessed 
a  strictly  scientific  content  and  form,  as  opposed  to  his 
exoteric  writings  or  dialogues,  which  were  of  a  more 
popular  character.  The  former  were  addressed  to  "hear- 
ers," that  is,  were  intended  to  be  read  to  his  disciples  or 
were  notes  written  down  after  his  lectures:  hence  the  AcrobateS  (ak 
epithet  acroamatic.  All  the  works  of  Aristotle  which  we  rob  '  a  -  tez)  )) 
possess,  except  a  few  fragments  of  his  dialogues,  belong  to  "  -  ~ 

this  class.    See  esoteric.    An  equivalent  form  is  acroatic. 
We  read  no  acroamatic  lectures. 

Hales,  Golden  Remains. 
Acroamatic  proof  or  method,  a  scientific  and  strictly 
demonstrative  proof  or  method, 
acroamatical  (ak"ro-a-mat'i-kal),  a.    Of  an  ac- 
roamatic or  abstruse  character;  acroamatic. 

Aristotle  was  wont  to  divide  his  lectures  and  readings 
into  acroamatical  and  exoterical.  Hales,  Golden  Remains. 

acroamatics  (ak'^ro-a-mafiks),  n.  x>l.  [PI.  of 
acroamatic:  see  -i'cs.]  Aristotle's  acroamatic 
writings.  See  acroamatic.  Also  called  acro- 
atics. 

acroasis  (ak-ro-a'sis),  w.  [L.,  <  Gr.  aKpooGir,  a 
hearing  or  lecture,  <  anpoaadai,  hear  :  see  acro- 
ama.]   An  oral  discom-se. 

acroatic  (ak-ro-at'ik),  a.  [<  L.  acroaticus,  <  Gr. 
aKpoaTinoQ,  of  or  for  hearing,  <  aKpoar^q,  a  hearer, 
ianpoaadai,  hear:  see  acroaniM.]  Same  as  acro- 
amatic. 

acroatics  (ak-ro-at'iks),  n.  pi.    Same  as  acroa- 
matics. 

Acrobasis  (ak-rob'a-sis),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 
the  top  or  end,  +  jiaaig,  a  going.    Cf.  acrobat.] 


go,  =  E.  come,  q. 
v.]  1.  A  rope- 
dancer;  also,  one 
who  practises 
high  vaulting, 
tumbling,  or  oth- 
er feats  of  person- 
al agility. —  2.  A 
species  of  the  ge- 
nus Acrobates. 


[NL.,<  Gr.  as  if 

^anpofiaTT!^,  equiv. 
to  aKpSjiaro^ ;  see 
acrobat.]  A  genus 
or  subgenus  of 
marsupial  quad- 
rupeds of  the  f  am- 
ily  Phalangistidw, 
peculiar  to  Aus- 
traha.  it  is  related 
to  Petaurus,  and  in- 
cludes such  pygmy  petaurists  as  the  opossum-mouse,  Acre- 
bates  pygmmus,  one  of  the  most  diminutive  of  marsupials 
being  hardly  larger  than  a  mouse.  Like  various  other  so- 
called  flyiu]        ■        ■  " 


Opossum-mouse  of  New  South  Wales 
[Acrobates  pygmceits). 


flies,  founded  by  Mcigen,  having  the  antenna; 
on  the  summit  of  the  forehead,  the  type  of  the 
family  Acroceridcc  (which  see). 
Acroceraunian  (ak"ro-se-ra'ni-an),  a.  [<L. 
Acroceramiia,  <  Gr.  ^Xiiponepahvia,  n.  pi.,  <  anpov, 
peak,  summit,  +  i<epavvio^,  thunder-smitten,  < 
Kepavyoi;,  thunder  and  lightning.]  An  epithet 
applied  to  certain  mountains  in  the  north  of 
Epirus  in  Greece,  projecting  into  the  strait  of 
Otranto. 

The  thunder-hills  of  fear, 
The  Acroceraunian  mountains  of  old  name.  Byron. 

Acroceridae  (ak-ro-ser 'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., <  Acro- 
cera +  -idee.]  A  family  of  dipterous  insects, 
belonging  to  the  section  or  suborder  Brachijcera, 
having  antennas  with  few  joints,  and  to  the 
Tetrach(et(e,  the  division  of  the  Brachijcera  in 
which  the  number  of  pieces  composing  the 

haustellum  is  four,  it  was  established  by  Leach  in 
1819,  and  is  typified  by  the  genus  Acrocera  (which  see). 

acrochirismus  (ak-ro-ki-ris'mus),  n.  [Gr. 
aKpoxtipiaixuc^,  wrestling  with  the  hands,  <  iiKpo- 
XupKuv,  wrestle  with  the  hands,  seize  with 
the  hands,  <  uKpoxeip,  later  form  for  oKpa  xcif'> 
the  (terminal)  hand:  aKpa,  fem.  of  ciKpoc,  at  the 
end,  terminal,  e.xtreme ;  xi:'P,  hand.]  In  Gr. 
antiq.,  a  kind  of  wrestling  in  which  the  an- 
tagonists held  each  other  by  the  wrists.  Also 
spelled  acrocheirismns. 


called  flying  quadrupeds,  the  opossum-mouse  is  provided  „„^_„i,*j  /„^^  .       ,  •, 

with  a  parachute.    The  genus  was  founded  by  Desmarest  acrOCnortt  (ak  r9-kord),  n.     [<  Acrochordus,  q, 


ill  1820.    Also  written  Acrobata. 


v.]    A  snake  of  the  genus  Acrochordm. 


acrobatic  (ak-ro-bat'ik),  a.  acrobatique,  acrochordid  (ak-ro-kor'did),  «.    A  snake  of  the 

<Gr.  aKpof3aTiK6g,  fit  for  climbing,  <  (i/cp(5/3arof: 
see  acrobat.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  acrobat 
or  his  performances  :  as,  acrobatic  feats ;  acro- 
batic entertainments. 


Made  his  pupil's  brain  manipulate  ...  the  whole  ex- 
traordinary catalogue  of  an  American  young  lady's  school 
curriculum,  with  acrobatic  skill. 

E.  H.  Clarice,  Sex  in  Education,  p.  71. 

acrobatical  (ak-ro-bat'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  ac- 
robatic.   [Rare.]  ' 

acrobatically  (ak-ro-bat'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  the 
manner  of  an  acrobat ;  with'  acrobatic  skill  or 
dexterity. 

acrobatism  (ak'ro-bat-izm),  n.  [<  acrobat  + 
-ism.]  The  performance  of  acrobatic  feats; 
the  profession  of  an  acrobat. 

Acrobrya  (ak-rob'ri-a), «.  2>l.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 

acrobryus :  see  acrobryoiis.    Ct.  AcrampMbrya .] 


family  Acrochordidw  ;  a  wart-snake. 
Acrochordidae  (ak-ro-kor'di-de),  w.  [NL., 
<  Acrochordus  +  -'ida:]  A  family  of  viviparous 
ophidian  reptiles  of  the  aglyphodont  or  colu- 
brine  division,  which  contains  ordinary  in- 
nocuous sei-pents.  The  typical  genus  is  Acrochordus, 
containing^,  javanicus,  a  large,  stout-bodied,  and  very 
short-tailed  serpent  of  Java,  some  8  feet  long,  the  entire 
body  of  which  is  covered  with  small  granular  or  tubercular 
scales,  not  imbricated,  as  is  usual  in  the  order.  With  its 
sullen  eyes  and  swollen  jaws,  it  presents  a  very  savage 
appearance.  The  family  contains  two  other  genera  of 
wart-snakes,  Chersyclrus  and  Xenodermus. 

acrochordon  (ak-ro-kor'don),  n. ;  pi.  acrochor- 
dorics  (-do-nez).  [L.,  <  Gr.  uKpoxopdcov,  a  wart 
with  a  thin  neck,  <  mpov,  top,  end,  +  xop^>/,  a 
string:  see  chord.]  A  small  filLfoi-m  fibroma- 
tous  outgrowth  of  the  skin,  often  becoming 
bulbous  at  the  end ;  a  hanging  wart. 


6 

Exemplifications  of  Acrobasis. 
n,  leaflets  attacked   by  larva  of  A.  Juslandis  (walnut  case- 
bearer);  b,  case  of  larva;  c,  win^s  of  A.  nebitlo:  d,  wings  of  A 
juglandis;  e,  wings  of  A.  nebula  var. 

A  genus  of  moths  belonging  to  the  Phyeidee, 
a  family  founded  by  Zeller  in  1839.  The  larvae 
skeletonize  leaves,  forming  for  themselves  silken  tubes, 
either  straight  or  crumpled.    A.  juglandis  (Le  Baron),  the 


A  term  used  by  Endlieher  as  a  class  name  for  Acrochordus  (ak-ro-kor'dus),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
plants  growing  at  the  apex  only ;  the  higher  '^'^po^t  top,  end,  +  xop^V,  a  string :  see  aa-ochor- 
cryptogams  :  equivalent  to  acrogens.  don.]    A  genus  of  wart-snakes  typifying  the 

acrobryous  (ak-rob'ri-us),  a.  [<  NL.  acrobryus,  family  Acrochordidm  (which  see).  Hornstedt. 
<  Gr.  aKpog,  at  the  end,  +  (ipvov,  a  flower.]    In  written  Acrocordus.  Shaw, 

bot.,  gi-owing  at  the  apex  only;  of  the  nature  of  Acrocinus  (ak-ro-si'nus),  «.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  oKpov. 


Acrobrya 

Acrocarpi  (ak-ro-kar'pi),  w.  pi.    [NL.,  pi.  of 

acrocarpus:  see  acrocarpous.]  In  bot.,  a  di- 
vision of  the  mosses,  containing  the  genera  in 
which  the  capsule  terminates  the  growth  of  a 
primary  axis, 
acrocarpous  (ak-ro-kar'pus),  a.  [<  NL.  acromr- 
pus,  <  Gr.  (iKpoKap-Koc,  fruiting  at  the  top,  <  aKpog, 
at  the  end  or  top,  +  Kap-iroc,  fruit.]  In  bot.,  hav- 
ing the  fruit  at  the  end  or  top  of  the  primary 
axis :  applied  to  mosses. 

The  flower  of  Mosses  either  terminates  the  growth  of  a 
primary  axis  (Acrocarpous  Mosses),  or  the  .  .  .  flower  is 
placed  at  the  end  of  an  axis  of  the  second  or  third  order 
(Pleurocarpous  Mosses).       Sachs,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  319. 

acrocephalic  (ak^ro-se-fal'lk  or  ak-ro-sef 'a-lik), 
a.  In  ethnol.,  pertaining  to  or  characterized  by 
acrocephaly;  high-skulled:  as,  acrocephalic  men 
or  tribes. 

acrocephaliue  (ak-ro-sef'a-lin),  a.  [<  Acroce- 
phalus  +  -inc.]  In  omii/i.",' resembling  a  bird  of 
the  genus  Acrocephalus  in  the  character  of  the 
bill:  said  of  certain  warblers.    Henry  Seeiohm. 

Acrocephalus  (ak-ro-sef'a-lus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aKpov,  here  used  in  the  mere  sense  of  point,  in 
ref.  to  the  bill  of  these  birds,  +  ke^cA?/,  head." 
In  ornith.,  a  genus  of  birds  founded  by  Nau" 
mann  in  1811  to  embrace  old-world  warblers  of 
the  svOoidLrmlj  Sylviinw ;  the  reed-warblers,  it  is 
a  well-marked  group  of  12  or  15  species,  distinguished  by 
a  comparatively  large  bill,  depressed  at  base  and  acute  at 
tip,  \yith  moderately  developed  rictal  bristles,  a  very  small 
spurious  first  primary,  a  rounded  tail,  and  more  or  less 


end,  extremity,' +  Kzi-fZi;,  move.]  A  genus  of 
longicorn  beetles,  of  the  family  Cerarnbycidw  : 
so  called  by  Uliger  fi-om  having  a  movable 
spine  on  each  side  of  the  thorax,  a.  longimanus, 

the  harlequin-beetle  of  South  America,  is  the  type.  It  is 
2i  inches  long,  with  antenna;  5  and  fore  legs  alone  i 
inches  in  length. 
Acroclinium  (ak-ro-klin'i-um),  n.  [NL.  (with 
ref.  to  the  acutely  conical  receptacle),  <  Gr. 
anpov,  top,  peak,  +  k?Jvj/,  couch.]  A  generic 
name  retained  by  florists  for  a  composite  plant 
from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  more  properly 
classed  as  Helipterum  roseum.  It  has  immor- 
telle-like flowers,  with  scarious  colored  bracts. 
Acrocomia  (ak-ro-ko'mi-a),  n.  [NL.,<Gr. 
KOfio^,  with  leaves  at  the  top,  tufted  with  leaves,  < 
aKpog,  at  the  top,  +  Kdfir/,  a  tuft,  hair:  see  coma^.] 
A  genus  of  tropical  American  palms,  allied  to 
the  cocoa-palm,  with  a  tall  prickly  tnink,  some- 
times swollen  in  the  middle,  bearing  a  tuft  of 
very  large  pinnate  leaves,  a.  sderocarpa  is  widely 

distributed  through  South  America,  and  yields  a  small 
round  truit  with  thin,  sweetish  pulp  and  an  edible  keniel. 
The  young  leaves  are  eaten  as  a  vegetable,  and  a  sweet, 
fragrant  oil  is  extracted  from  the  nuts,  whicli  is  used  as 
an  emollient  and  in  the  manufactui-e  of  toilet-soaps.  See 
,  macaw-tree. 

head.]  acrocyst  (ak'ro-sist),  n.  [<  Gr.  aKpoc,  at  the 
top,  +  Ki(T-«f,  bladder, bag,  pouch:  see  c)/sf.]  In 
zool.,  an  external  sac  which  in  some  hydroids 
is  formed  upon  the  simamit  of  the  gona'ngium, 
where  it  constitutes  a  receptacle  in  which  the 
ova  pass  through  some  of  the  earlier  stages  of 
theu'  development.  Alhnnn. 


Apple-leaf  Grumpier  {Acrobasis  indigiytelta 
a,  case,  containing  caterpillar;  b,  cases  in  winter; 
noiacic  joinU  of  larva,  enla 
size). 


It  is  related  to  P/i./?fosco^>»,--,  acrodactyluiU  (ak-ro-dak'ti-lum),  w. ;  xA.  acro- 
typical  species  IS  the  aquatic     ,inr.f,n„  iv.w      rVr    Vr-,.    a   iil.  j 


*t  '  — :  : — ..QicLjiiitii  ;  u,  cii:3c^  in  winter;  c,  head  and 
inoracic  joinU  of  larva,  enlarged;  d,  moth  (the  cross  shows  natural 


uniform  brownish  plumaL 

Locustella,  Hypolais,  etc.    A  typical  species  is  the  aquatic  tln,.t„ln  I'V-w      rXT    Vr-,.    •-  tii  *  _i_ 

reed-warbler,  A.  aquaticm.    Most  of  the  species  of  this  "'J^^U'"'  ("nW-     [NL.,<Gr.  aupog,  at  the  top,  + 

genus  are  migratory,  and  their  molt  is  double.   See  Cala-  ""KrvAog,  a  digit:  see  dactyl.]    In  ornith.,  the 

modyta  and  reed-warbler.  upper  SUl-face  of  a  bird's  toe.     [Little  used.j 


acrodont 

acrodont  (ak'ro-dont),  H.  and  a.  [<  NL.  acro- 
cJ<>n{t-),  <  Gr.  d/ipof,  at  the  end  or  edge,  +  bdovc 
(orfoiT-)  =  E.  tooth.^  I.  n.  One  of  those  lizards 
■which  have  the  teeth  attached  by  theii-  bases 


S6  acropodiiuQ 

rest  being  generally  of  wood,  and  covered  with  acromyodian  (ak"r6-mi-6'di-an),  a.  and  n  K 

either  textile  drapery  or  thin  plates  of  metal.    AcromijoclL]    I.  a.'  Of  or  pertainin<'  to  th^ 

}l}<;^^^^;]^^_r-'^,<^^^oai>i>Vwdtongiu-^^                          Acromyodi;  having  that  arrangement  of  the 


which  the  heads  and  extremities  were  foi'med  of  marble, 
■  tlie  well-known  metopei 

(a-ki'ol'i-than),  a 


to  the  edge  of  the  jaw,  without  bony  alveoU  on  "V^r+v,"  V''^"->;'!""';^  ■"^toP<^^  of^Seiinus,  Sicily:"'  muscles  of  the  syrinx  which  characterizes  the 
either  the  inner  or  the  outer  side.  acroiltnan 


II.  a.  1. 


Uthic. 


Same  as  aero-   Acromyodi:  as,      acromyodian  bird. 

II,  n.  One  of  the  Acromyodi. 


^n?t^"fn-lLeme^^^^^^^  acrolithic  (ak-ro-litVik),  a.    Of  the  nature  of  acrpmy^dic  (ak^ro-mi-od'ik), '  a.    [<  A.^orny. 


acrodont ;  having  that  an-angement  of  the  Feeth 
which  characterizes  an  acrodont :  as,  an  acro- 


ss aerolith;  formed  like  an  acrolith:  as,  an  ac-    '"'^'•]    Same  as  acromyodian. 
rolitJiic  statue.  acromyodous  (ak-ro-mi'o-dus),  a.    Same  as- 

acrologic  (ak-ro-loj'ik),  a.    [<  aerology  +  -jc]  acromyodian. 

Pertaining  to  aerology;  founded  on  or  using  acronarcotic  (ak*ro-nar-kot'ik),  a.  and».  [<L. 
initials;  using  a  sign  primarily  representing  a  "cris,  sharp,  pungent  (see  acrid),  +  narcotic.'] 
word  to  denote  its  initial  letter  or  sound:  as,    ^-Jl-  Actijigas  an  ii-ritant  and  a  narcotic. 


Skull  of  a  Lizard  ( Krtra«»j)  with  Acrodont  Dentition.    . 

o.  articular  bone  of  mandible;  r,  coronoid  bone  of  do. ;  rf.  dentary  aCrOlOgy  (a-krol' O-Jl),  «. 
bone  of  do. ;/,  frontal  ;y  ,  prefrontal postfrontal lacrymal :      end    +    "      '       '  "  '* 
malar ;  m.r,  maxilla  ;  n,  nasal ;  o,  otic  ;  p,  parietal ;  pt,  pterygoid  ;  ' 
columella;  transverse  bone ; /.r,  premaxilla ;  ^,  quadrate  ; 

sq.  squamosal. 

do«<  lizard;  rtcrorfoni  dentition. —  2.  Having  the 
characters  of  the  Acrodonta,  or  heterodontoid 
fishes. 

Acrodonta  (ak-ro-don'ta),  «.  pi.    [NL. :  see 

acrodont.]  A  name  proposed  for  a  group  or 
suborder  including  the  heterodontoid  and  re- 
lated sharks,  which  have  the  palato-quadrate 
apparatus  disarticulated  from  the  cranium,  the 
dentigerous  portions  enlarged,  and  the  mouth 

inferior.     The  only  living  representatives  are  the  hete- 
rodontids  (Port  Jackson  shark,  etc.),  hut  the  extinct  forms  acromia  n 
are  numerous.  av^j.  v/niia,  . 

acrodynia  (ak-ro-din'i-a),  n.   [NL.,  <  Gr.  oKpoc.  acromial 


at  the  extremity,  +  66i<v7/,  pain.]  An  epidemic 
disease  characterized  by  disturbances  in  the 
alimentary  canal  (vomiting,  colic,  diaiThea),  by 
nervous  symptoms  (especially  pain  in  the  ex- 
tremities), sometimes  by  cramp  or  anaesthesia, 
and  by  a  dermatitis  aif  ecting  the  hands  and  feet, 
acrogen  (ak'ro-jen),  n.  [<  Gr.  oKpog,  at  the  top, 
+  -yevrjc,  -born,  produced :  see  -gen  and  genus.] 


acrologic  notation ;  acrologic  names. 

The  twenty-two  names  [of  the  Semitic  letters]  are  aero- 
lorjic ;  that  Is,  the  name  of  each  letter  begins  with  that 
letter.  Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  I.  167. 

acrological  (ak-ro-loj'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  acro- 
logic. 

acrologically  (ak-ro-loj'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  ae 
rologic  manner ;  by  means  of  aerology 
Taylor.  ■  ^ 

"    ■  [<  Gr.  d/cpof,  at  the  4P^onptus  (ak-r9-no' 

Tioyta,  <  It'yetv;  speak :  see  -olooii.]   The  highest  point,  + 

use  ot  a  picture  of  some  object  to  represent 
alphabetically  the  fii-st  part  (letter  or  syllable) 
of  the  name  of  that  object.    See  acropliony. 

A  polysyllabic  language  did  not  lend  itself  so  readily  as 
the  Chinese  to  this  solution.  According  to  Hal^vy,  the 
difficulty  [of  effecting  the  transition  from  ideograms  to 
phonograms]  was  overcome  by  the  adoption  of  the  power- 
ful principle  of  Aerology. 

Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  I.  43. 

aerometer  (a-krom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  aKpoc,  at 
the  top,  -)-  fUTpov,  a  measure.]  An  instrument 
for  indicating  the  specific  gravity  of  oil.  See 
oleometer. 

Plural  of  acromion. 
acromial  (a-ki-o'mi-al),  a.    [<  acromion.]  In 
anat.,  relating  to  the  acromion  Acromial  pro- 
See  accojftio/t.— Acromial  thoracic  artery.  See 


cess, 

acromiothoracic. 
acromioclavicular  (a-kro^mi-o-kla-vik'Tl-lar), 
a.  [<NL.  acromion  +  clavicula,  clavicle.]'  Per- 
taining to  the  acromion  and  the  clavicle.— Acro- 
mioclavicular articulation,  the  joint  between  the  col- 
lar-bone and  the  shoulder-blade.— Acromioclavicular 
ligaments,  superior  and  inferior,  two  fibrous  bands  which 
join  the  acromion  and  the  clavicle. 


:^>,^°/°Sf°°^^  P  r  K     "^^^^  acrogens  form  a  division  acromiodeltoideUS  (a-kl'6"mi-6-del-toi'de-us) 

of  the  (Irtintonn.min   rnstino-insliprl  from  t.hp  thnllrtfrorn!  l^ir  ,  .     ,  ,    Y  "/ 


of  the  Cryptogamia,  distinguished  from  the  thallogens  by 
their  habits  of  growth  and  mode  of  impregnation.  They 
have  true  stems  with  leafy  appendages  (excepting  the  ric- 
cias  and  marchantias),  and  the  embryonic  sac  is  impreg- 
nated by  the  spermatozoids.  They  are  divided  into  two 
groups  :  (a)  those  composed  wholly  of  cellular  tissue,  the 
charas,  liverworts,  and  mosses ;  and  (b)  those  in  which 
vascular  tissue  is  present,  the  ferns,  horsetails,  pillworts, 
and  club-mosses.— nie  age  of  acrOgens,  in  geol.,  the 
Carboniferous  era,  when  acrogens  were  the  characteristic 
vegetable  forms, 
acrogenic  (ak-ro-jen'ik),  a.  Relating  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  acrogens. 

That,  under  tit  conditions,  an  analogous  mode  of  growth 
will  occur  in  fronds  of  the  acrogenic  type,  ...  is  shown 
by  the  case  of  Jungermannia  furcata. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §194. 

acrogenous  (a-kroj'e-nus),  a.  [As  acrogen  + 
-ous.]  Increasing  by  growth  at  the  summit  or 
by  terminal  buds  only,  as  the  ferns  and  mosses ; 
of  the  nature  of  or  pertaining  to  acrogens. 

acrography  (a-krog'ra-fi), «.  [<  Gr.  uKpog,  at  the 
top,  +  -ypa(j>ia,  <  ypdfeiv,  write :  see  graphic]  A 
process  for  producing  designs  in  relief  on  metal 
or  stone  through  a  ground  of  finely  powdered 
chalk,  solidified  by  hydraulic  pressure  into  a 
compact  mass,  a  design  is  drawn  on  the  slightly  shin- 
ing white  surface  with  a  finely  pointed  brush  charged  with 
a  glutinous  ink,  which,  wherever  it  is  applied,  unites  the 
particles  of  chalk  so  firmly  that  they  remain  standing  in 
black  ridges  after  the  intermediate  white  spaces  have  been 
rubbed  away  with  a  piece  of  velvet  or  a  light  brush.  If  the 
plate,  which  has  then  the  appearance  of  an  engraved  wood 
block,  is  dipped  in  a  solution  of  silica,  a  stereotype  cast 
or  an  electrotype  copy  can  be  taken  from  it  to  be  used  for 
printing  with  type. 

acroket,  prep.  phr.  as  adv. 
form  of  acroolt. 

acrolein  (a-kro'lf-in),  n.  [<  L.  acris,  sharp, 
pungent  (see  acrid),  +  olerc,  smell,  -f-  -in.]  A 
colorless  limpid  liquid,  CII2CHCOH,  having  a 
disagreeable  and  intensely  irritating  odor,  such 
as  that  noticeable  after  the  flame  of  a  candle 
has  been  extinguished  and  while  the  wick  still 
glows.  It  is  the  aldehyde  of  the  allyl  series,  and  is  ob- 
tained by  distilling  glycerin  to  which  acid  potassium  sul- 
phate or  strong  phosphoric  acid  has  been  added,  also  Ijy 
the  dry  distillation  of  fatty  bodies.  It  burns  with  a  clear, 
luminous  flame. 

acrolith  (ak'ro-lith),  n.  [<  L.  acrolithus,  <  Gr. 
aKpo'Atdoc,  with  the  ends  made  of  stone,  <  aKpoc, 
extreme,  at  the  end,  +  Xtdoc,  a  stone.]  In  Gr. 
antiq.,  a  sculptured  figure  of  which  only  the 
head  and  extremities  were  carved  in  stone,  the 


II.  n.  One  of  a  class  of  poisons,  chiefly  of 
vegetable  origin,  which  irritate  and  infiame  the 
parts  to  which  they  are  applied,  and  act  on  the 
brain  and  spinal  cord,  producing  stupor,  coma, 
paralysis,  and  convulsions.  Also  called  nar- 
cotico-acrid  or  narcotico-irritant. 
acronic,  acronical,  a.  See  acronyeJial. 
Isaac  ^-cronotine  (ak-ro-no'tin),  a.  [<  Acronotus.]  to, 
zodl.,  pertaining  to  the  subgenus  Acronotus. 

'tus),  w.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  oKpor, 
vuToc,  back.]  1.  A  sub- 
genus of  ruminating  animals  found  in  Africa. 
Damalis  (Acronotus)  bubalus  is  the  type.  Ham. 
Smith,  1827.— 2.  A  genus  of  beetles. 
Acronuridse  (ak-ro-uii'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [<  Acromi- 
rus  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  spiny-finned  fishes, 
referred  byGiinther  to  his  Acanthox^terygii  cotto- 
scomlyriformes,  having  one  dorsal  with  several 
spongy  spines  anteriorly,  one  or  more  bony 
spines  on  each  side  of  the  tail,  and  the  teeth 
compressed,  truncate  or  lobate,  and  closely  set 
in  a  single  series.  The  species  are  known  as  barber- 
fish  and  sttrgeons.  The  family  is  also  called  Acanthuri- 
dce  and  Teuthididce.    See  these  words. 

Acronurus  (ak-ro-nii'rus),  n.  [NL. ,  appar.  ir- 
reg.  <  Gr.  aKpov,  extremity,  +  ovpci,  tail.]  A  for- 
mer generic  name  of  small  fishes  now  known  to 
be  the  young  of  species  of  Acanthurus  (which 
see). 

acronych  (a-ki-on'ik),  a.  [Also  written  acronyc, 
acronic,  and  achronic,  by  confusion  with  adjec- 
tives in  -ic  and  with  chronic  and  Gr.  xp^vog, 
time ;  =  F.  acronyqiie  =  Sp.  acronicto,  acrdnico 
=  Pg.  acronico,  achronico  —  It.  aei-onico,  <  Gr. 
aKp6vvxo(,  also  aKpdvvKrog  and  aapovhiiTioc,  at 
nightfall,  <  d/cpof,  at  the  end  or  edge,  +  vtf 
{vvKT-)  =  E.  night.]    Same  as  acronychal. 


n.;  pi.  acromiodeltoidei  (-1). 
+  Gr.  SeXroEiSiiQ,  deltoid.] 
animals,  extending  from  the  acromion  to  the 
deltoid  ridge  of  the  humerus,  coiTesponding  to 
an  acromial  part  of  the  hurcan  deltoid  muscle, 
acromion  (a-kro'mi-on),  n. ;  pi.  acromia  (-ii). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  uKpufuov,  a  by-form  of  aKpu/ua,  the 
point  of  the  shoulder-blade,  <  aKpor,  at  the  ton 

or  end,  +  the  shoulder  with  the  upper  7 'r-r™7"'T 

arm,  akin  to  L.  Hmerus :  see  humerus.]  In  anat.,  acronychally  (a-kron  i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  acron 


[NL.,  <  acromion 

A  muscle  of  some  acronychal  (a-kron'i-kal),  a.  [Also  written 
acronycal,  acronical,  etc. ,  as  acronych  ;  <  acronych 
+  -al.]  In  astron.,  occumng  at  sunset:  as,  the 
acronychal  rising  or  setting  of  a  star :  opposed 
to  cosmical — Acronychal  place  or  observation,  the 

place  or  observation  of  a  planet  at  its  opposition  :  so- 
called  because  in  an  early  state  of  astronomy  the  opposi- 
tion of  a  planet  was  known  by  its  acronychal  rising. 


the  distal  eM  of  the  spine  of  the^capula  or  l^^i^^^^^J^^i^^;^^' 

orSS  by' an' imlepeiideni  c^entef  of  ^CtOnyctOUS  (ak-ro-nik'tus),  «.     [<  Gr.  a.p6vv.- 

■    "   '  I.C  ui  osMiiLd    Toc:  see  acronych.]    Same  as  acronychal. 


tion,  articulates  with  tlie  distal  end  of  the  clavicle,  and  1  /    ,     ,  v^  - 

gives  attachment  to  part  of  the  deltoid  and  trapezius  acrOOK  (a-kruk  ),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  ov  a. 


muscles  :  commonly  called  the  acromial  process,  or  acro- 
mion process.  Its  relations  are  the  same  in  other  mam- 
mals which  have  perfect  clavicles.  See  cut  under  scap- 
ula. 

The  acromion  process 
shoulder. 


[<ME. 


forms  the  summit  of  the 
Quain,  Anatomy,  I.  37. 

acromiothoracic  (a-kr6"mi-6-th6-ras'ik),  a.  [< 
Gr.  aKpiijiLov,  shoulder,  +  dupaS,  (dupau-),  thorax.] 
Pertaining  to  the  shoulder  and  thorax  Acro- 
miothoracic artery,  a  branch  of  the  axillary  artery, 
supplying  parts  about  the  shoulder  and  breast. 

acromiotrapezius  (a-kr6"mi-6-tra-pe'zi-us),  n. ; 

-pi.  ac7-omiotrapezii(-i).   [l^lj.,<  acromion -i- tra-  _   

pesius.]    An  intermediate  cervical  portion  of  acropetally  (ak-r'op'e-tal-i), 

the  trapezius  muscle,  in  special  relation  with  tal  manner. 

the  spine  of  the  scapula  and  the  acromion,  o^,   ,  t    1  1    t    v,-  1         „     •   1  ,  .1, 

1     T         J.          ,    .    ""-^i"'"'"^)  The  lateral  shoots  which  normally  arise  below  the  gi-ow- 

torming  a  nearly  distinct  muscle  m  some  am-  ing  apex  of  a  mother-shoot  are  always  arranged  acrope- 

nials.  tally,  like  the  leaves.           Sachs,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  152. 

A  Middle  English  acromonogrammatic  _  (ak'-'ro-mon'-'o-gra-mat'-  acrophonetic  (ak^'ro-pho-nefik),  a.  IKaerojyh- 
ik)^  «.  and  w.    [<  Gr.  aKpoc,  at  the  end,  -\-  /lovo-  •       -  ^    .  ^  -fw  >-  . 


acroke,  <  a^,prep.,  on,  +  crohe,  crook.]  Awry;, 
crookedly.    [Now  rare.] 

Humbre  renneth  fyrst  a  crook  out  of  the  south  side  of 
York.  Caxton,  Descr.  Britain,  p.  12. 

This  gear  goth  acrook.        Udall,  Roister  Bolster,  iv.  3. 
Libertie  ys  thing  that  women  loke. 
And  truly  els  the  mater  is  acroke. 

Court  of  Love,  1.  378, 

acropetal  (ak-rop'e-tal),  a.  [<  Gr.  aKpov,  the  top, 
+  L.  petere,  seek.  Cf.  centripetal.]  In  hot.,  de- 
veloping from  below  upward,  or  from  the  base 
toward  the  apex ;  basifugal. 

Inanacrope- 


on  ?/,  after  t>honetic.] 
see  mono-    (which  see) 
grammatie.]    A  term  applied  to  a  poetical  acrophony  (a-krof 'o-ni). 


ypa/ifiaToc,  consisting  of  one  letter 


Pertaining  to  acrophony 


composition  in  which  every  verse  begins  with 
the  same  letter  as  that  with  which  the  preceding 
verse  ends. 

Acromyodi  (ak'-'ro-mi-o'di),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <Gr. 

aKpoc,  at  the  end,  +  ^vc,  muscle,  -I-  uSr/,  song.] 
A  suborder  or  superfamily  of  passerine  birds, 
embracing  the  Oscines,  or  singing  birds  proper, 
and  characterized  by  having  the  several  intrin- 
sic syringeal  muscles  attached  to  the  ends  of 
the  upper  bronchial  half-rings :  opposed  to 
Mesomyodi.  The  great  majority  of  the  Pas  seres  are 
Acromyodi.  [The  word  is  also  used  as  an  adjective  in  the 
expression  Passeres  acromyodi,  equivalent  to  acromyo- 
dian Passeres.] 


[<  Gr.  oKpoc,  at 


the  end,  +  -(puvia,  <  (jx^r/,  sound.]  In  the  de- 
velopment of  alphabetic  writing,  the  use  of  a 
symbolic  picture  of  an  object  or  idea  to  repre- 
sent phonetically  the  initial  syllable,  or  the 
initial  sound,  of  the  name  of  that  object  or 
idea ;  as  in  giving  to  the  Egyptian  hierogljrph 
for  nefer,  good,  the  phonetic  value  of  we,  its  first 
syllable,  or  of  n,  its  first  letter.  See  aerology. 
acropodium  (ak-ro-po'di-um),  n.;  pi.  acrojiodia 
(-a).  [<  Gr.  aKpoc,  at  the  top,  +  -n-dSiov,  dim.  of 
TTovc  (7ro(i-)  =  E.  foot.]  1.  In  sool.,  the  upper 
surface  of  the  whole  foot.  Brande. —  2.  In  or- 
nith.,  sometimes  used  as  synonymous  with  ac- 


acropodium 

rodactylum.  [Little  used  in  either  of  these  two 
senses.]  —  3.  In  art,  an  elevated  pedestal  bear- 
ing a  statue,  particularly  if  raised  from  the 
substruotm-e  on  supports  or  feet ;  the  plinth  of 
a  statue  or  other  work  of  art,  if  resting  on 
feet.    £d.  Guillaume. 

acropolis  (a-krop'6-lis),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  aKpoKoT^ig, 
the  upper  city,  <  oKpog,  highest,  upper,  +  Trd^jf, 
a  city:  seej^oficc]  The  citadel  of  a  Grecian 
city,  usually  the  site  of  the  original  settlement, 
and  situated  on  an  eminence  commanding  the 


57 


act 


acroteriai  (ak-ro-te'ri-al),  a.  [<  acroterium.'] 
Pertaining  to  an  acroterium:  as,  acroteriai  or- 
naments.   An  equivalent  form  is  acroteral. 


The  Acropolis  of  Athens,  from  the  southeast. 


surrounding  country,  wiien  the  city  spread  beyond 
its  earlier  limits,  the  acropolis  was  generally  cleared  of  its 
inhabitants  and  held  sacred  to  the  divinities  of  the  state, 
whose  temples  were  upon  it.  The  acropolis  of  Athens 
contained  the  most  splendid  productions  of  Greek  art,  the 
Parthenon,  the  Erechtheum,  and  the  Propyl^a. 

acrosarcuiu  (ak-ro-sar'kum),  n. ;  pi.  acrosarca 
(-ka).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKpoQ,  at  the  end,  +  aap^ 
{aapK-),  flesh.]  A  name  given  by  Desvaux  to  a 
beny  resulting  from  an  ovary  with  adnate  calyx, 
as  in  the  currant  and  cranberry. 

acrosaurus  (ak-ro-sa'rus),  n. ;  pi.  acrosauri 
(-ri).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKpog,  extreme,  +  aavpog,  a 
lizard:  see  SaurusJ]  An  extraordinary  fossil 
reptile,  with  30  or  40  teeth  and  a  broad  cheek- 
bone process,  occurring  in  the  Triassic  sand- 
stones of  southern  Africa. 

Acrosoma  (ak-ro-so'mii),  11.  [NL.,  <Gr. 
top,  peak,  extremity,  +  ou/ua,  body.]  A 


w"»ii*''h  f '^l'""^""".'  l^i^^-  (K^TO**'"  Shak.,  Alls    thing  added  to  the  end  of  a  psalm  or  hymn,  as 

Well,  n.  1,  the  allusion  is  to  strikmg  an  adversary  cross-  „  ,Ir.vr.1rirr,r  f^"'^       ".r"*",  o,a 

wise  with  the  spear  in  tilting  instead  of  by  thrusting,  the       uoxoiogy ; 

former  being  considered  disgraceful.]  acioter  (ak  ro-ter),  n.    Same  as  acroterium. 

2.  From  one  side  to  another ;  transversely;  in  acroteral  (ak-ro-te'ral),  a.    8a.me  a.B  acroteriai. 
a  transverse  line:  as,  what  is  the  distance  acroteria,  «.    t'lurnl  ot  acroterium. 
across?  I  came  across  in  a  steamer. 

At  a  descent  into  it  [cavern  of  Vauclusc]  of  thirty  or 
forty  feet  from  the  brink  where  we  stood  was  a  pool  of 
water,  perhaps  thirty  feet  across. 

C.  IJ.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  ii. 

3.  Adversely  ;  eontrarily  :  as,  "  things  go 
across,"  Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  344.-To  break  across, 

in  tilting,  to  allow  one's  spear  by  awkwardness  to  lie  broken 
across  the  body  of  one's  adversary,  instead  of  by  the  push 
of  the  point. 

One  said  he  brake,  across.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

II.  j'rej).  1 .  From  side  to  side  of,  as  opposed 
to  along,  which  is  in  the  direction  of  the  length ; 
athwart ;  quite  over :  as,  a  bridge  is  laid  across 
a  river. 

IThe  boys]  will  go  down  on  one  side  of  the  yacht  .  .  .  and 
bob  up  on  the  other,  almost  before  you  have  time  to  run 
across  the  deck.  Lady  Brassey,  'Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  ii. 
2.  Transverse  to  the  length  of ;  so  as  to  inter- 
sect at  any  angle :  as,  a  line  passing  across  an- 
other.—  3.  Beyond;  on  the  other  side  of. 
0  love,  we  two  shall  go  no  longer 
To  lands  of  summer  across  the  sea. 

Tennyson,  Daisy. 

Across  lots,  by  the  shortest  way ;  byashortcut.  [CoUoq.] 
—  To  come  across,  to  meet  or  fall  in  with. 

If  I  come  across  a  real  thinker,  ...  I  enjoy  the  luxury 
of  sitting  still  for  a  while  as  much  as  another. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  The  Professor,  i. 

acrostic^  (a-kros'tik),  n.  and  a.  [=  F.  acrostichc 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  acrostico,  <  Gr.  aapocTixiov,  Mpo- 
oTixic,  an  acrostic,  <  d/cpof,  at  the  end,  +  oTixor, 
row,  order,  line,  <  dTelxeiv  *aTix),  go,  walk, 
march,  go  in  line  or  order, = AS.  stigan,  E.  sty^, 
go  up.  The  second  element  would  prop,  be 
-stick,  as  in  distich;  it  has  been  assimilated  to 
the  common  suffix -ic]  I.  n.  1.  A  composition 
in  verse,  in  which  the  first,  or  the  first  and  last, 
or  certain  other  letters  of  the  lines,  taken  in  or- 
der, form  a  name,  title,  motto,  the  order  of  the 
alphabet,  etc. —  2.  A  Hebrew  poem  in  which  the 
initial  letters  of  the  lines  or  stanzas  were  made 
to  riui  over  the  letters  of  the  alphabet  in  their 
order.  Twelve  of  the  Psalms  are  of  this  charac- 
ter, of  which  Psalm  exix.  is  the  best  example. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to,  of  the  nature  of,  or  con- 
taining an  acrostic :  as,  acrostic  verses. 

acrostiC"t  (a-kros'tik),  a.  l<  across  (crossed, 
crosi), confused -withacrosfoci.]  Crossed;  fold- 
ed across ;  crossing.  [Rare.] 

But  what  melancholy  sir,  with  acrostic  arms,  now 
comes?  Middleton,  Family  of  Love,  iv.  4. 

aCKOStical  (a-kros'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as  acrostic^. 
[Rare  or  unused.] 


Acroteria. 

Hypothetical  restoration  of  tlie  gate  of  the  Agora  of  Athena 
Archegetis  at  Athens. 

acroterium  (ak-ro-te'ri-tun),  «.;  pi.  acroteria 
(-a).  [L.,  <  Gr.  anpu-Tjpiov,  pi.  aKpurijpLa,  any 
topmost  or  prominent  part,  the  end  or  extrem- 
ity, in  pi.  the  extremities  of  the  body,  the 
angles  of  a  pediment,  <  aKpor,  extreme.]  1. 
In  classic  arch.,  a  small  pedestal  placed  on  the 
apex  or  angle  of  a  pediment  for  the  support  of 
a  statue  or  other  ornament. — 2.  (a)  A  statue 
or  an  ornament  placed  on  such  a  pedestal.  (6) 
Any  ornament  forming  the  apex  of  a  building 
or  other  structure,  or  of  a  monument,  such  as 


top,  peajs,  extremity, -t- (J6jua,  Doay.     A  genus  „„_„„4.;„„n„  /   i      /j.- i  i  •^  t  iraue.^^.    "compare  «?(r(7ia".    Also  caueci 

of  orbitelarian  spiders  of  the  family  Epeiridw  ti-kal-i),  In  the  man-  acrothymion,  acrothymium  (ak-ro-th 


(or  GrasfmmwJ/iirfa),  ha'ving  the  sides  of  the  ab-  „„.„^„4.,-„;„^  •  „\        rx  i  . 

domen  prolonged  iAto  imm^ense  horns  whence  t<  -'"-^-^  + 


th™e.    If  is  a  tropical  genus  with  many  a^l^^k^^i^^^^-^r 


^TclTi^j^^e-fGv^&'Sht^^^^  ^T"      f^^^^™''' which,  however,  acrotic  (a-krot^'ii)r«.'"''[Irr;g.  <  Gr.  a^pornc,  an 

r.^;i  ci,-..^  NT.  o„,-,.^  \v  „  „n   rrv, '*.„^    referred  to  the  stem  of  a  ship  (see  anlustre);    ovtrp,>i5tx-  <  o^+^i:^^       ti,^  +  '  „„'v-u„ 


[Formerly  aker 


(-a).  [NL. 


um),  n. ;  pi.  acrostolia 
oKpodToXiov,  defined  as  the 


Acroterium.—  Choragic  Monument  of  Lysicrates,  Athens. 

the  anthemia  of  Greek  tombstones  or  the  dec- 
orations of  some  modern  architectural  balus- 
trades.   Compare  Also  called  «c/-ofer. 

im  (ak-ro-thim'i-on, 
-um),  «.;  pi.  acrothymia(-&).  [NL.',  <  Gr.  Mpor, 
at  the  top,  +  dvf/oc,  thyme:  see  thyme.']  In 
pathol.,  a  rugose  wart,  with  a  narrow  basis  and 
broad  top,  compared  by  Celsus  to  the  flower  of 
thyme.    Also  called  thymus. 


coil,  spii-e,  >L.  spira,  >E.  spire,  q.  v.]    The  fii-st 


ship  (see  aplustre); 


leaf  which  rises'above  the  gi-ound  in  the  ger-  of  a  ship,  prop,  the  extremity 

mination  of  grain ;  also  the  rucUmentary  stem        ^^"^  ^^P^         '  <  "'P"^'  +  "I^'^^S' 


or  first  leaf  which  appears  in  malted  grain ;  the 
developed  plumule  of  the  seed, 
acrospire  (ak'ro-spir),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  acro- 
spired,  ppr.  acrospiring.  [Formerly  wA-er-,  acker- 
spire;  from  the  noun.]  To  throw  out  the  first 
leaf ;  sprout. 

acrospired  (ak'ro-spird),  2}-  «•  Ha-ving  or  exhib- 
iting the  acrospire :  especially,  in  malt-making, 
applied  to  the  grains  of  barley  which  have 
sprouted  so  far  as  to  exhibit  the  blade  or  plu- 
mule-end, together  with  the  root  or  radicle. 

acrospore  (ak'ro-spor),  71.  [<  Gr.  mpoc,  at  the 
end,  +  GKopa,  seed:  see  spore.]  In  l>ot.,  a  form 
of  fruit  in  Peronospora,  a  genus  of  microscopic 


Acrostoliuin. 


a  ship's  beak, 
an appendage, 
prop.  arma- 
ment, equip- 
ment, <  ari'A- 
leiv,  arrange, 
equip.]  An 
ornament,  of- 
ten gracefully 
curved  and 


extremity,  <  d/>pof,  extreme,  at  the  top,  on  the 
surface.]    In  jjathoL,  belonging  to  or  affecting 
external  surfaces  :  as,  acrotic  diseases, 
acrotism  (ak'ro-tizm),  «.    [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  -t- 
KpoTog,  sound  of  beating,  +  -ism.]    In  pathol., 
absence  or  weakness  of  the  pulse, 
acrotomous  (a-krot'o-mus),  a.    [<  Gr. 
fioc,  cut  ofi:,  sharp,  abrupt,  <  aKpog,  extreme,  at 
the  top,  +  -Tofiog,  <  rejiveiv,  cut.]    In  mineral., 
having  a  cleavage  parallel  to  the  top  or  base, 
acryl  (ak'ril),  w.   [<acr{olein)  +  -iiL]    In  chem., 
a  hypothetical  radical  (CH2:CH.C0)  of  which 


acrylic  acid  is  the  hydrate. 
^.  ,         ^elaborately  acrylic  (a-kril'ili),  «.   [< acryl  + -ic]  Oforper- 

fungi,  borne  at  the  ends  of  erect  simple  or  acrotarsial  (ak-ro-tar'si-al),  a.    Of  or  pertain-  Acryllium  (a-kril'i-um)  n     [NL    appar  <  Gr 
■  ingtotheacrotarsium.  d.poi',  extremity  (with  ref.' to  the  pointed  tail)! 

acrotarsmm  (ak-ro-tar  si-mn)  ». ;  jA.acrotar-  +  jim.  term,  -v/.liov.]  A  notable  genus  of 
sia  (-a  .  [NL.,  <  Gr.  cK^of  at  the  top,  +  rapadg,  guinea-fowls,  family  Numidid<e.  The  onlv  species 
the  sole  of  the  foot:  see  tarsus.]    1.  In  ^ooZ.,    ■    ■      •    ■        -  ■-  •     -    ■     ■    -    .  -vi 


branching  filaments  of  the  mycelium.  The  term 
is  also  applied  generally  to  the  reproductive  organs  of 
fungi  when  they  are  developed  at  the  apex  of  the  mother 
cell  or  sporophore. 

acrosporous  (a-kros'po-rus),  a.  Having  spores 
naked  and  produced  at  the  tips  of  cells :  applied 
to  one  of  the  two  modes  in  which  fruit  is  formed 
in  fimgi.  For  the  other  method  see  ascigerous. 
across  (a-kr6s'),  j)rep.  plir.  as  adv.  and  prep. 
[<  late  ME.  acros  (also  in  cross,  and  in  maner  of 
a  cros) ;  <  a3  -t-  cross.]  I.  adv.  1 .  From  side  to 
side;  in  a  crossing  or  crossedmanner;  crosswise. 
■Who  calls  me  villain?  breaks  my  pate  across? 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 


the  upper  surface  of  the  tarsus ;  the  instep  of 
the  foot. — 2.  In  ornith.,  the  front  of  the  tarso- 
metatarsus,  this  segment  of  the  limb  being 


is  A.  vulturinum  of  Africa,  having  the  head  and  upper 
part  of  the  neck  nearly  naked,  the  fore  pjirt  of  the  body 
covered  with  elongated  lanceolate  feathers,  and  the  tail 
pointed  with  long  acute  central  rectrices.  The  genus  was 
founded  by  G.  E.  Gray  in  1S40. 


called  tarsus  in  ordinary  descriptive  omithol-  act  (akt),  n.  '[<ME.  act  =  F.  acte  =  Sp.  Pg, 


'With  arms  across. 
He  stood  reflecting  on  his  country's  loss. 


Ogy.  [The  terms  acropodium,  acrolarsium,  and  acrodn 
tylum  have  varying  senses  with  different  writers,  or  as  a])- 
plied  to  different  animals ;  properly,  the  first  of  these  covers 
the  other  two,  as  a  whole  includes  the  parts  of  which  it  con- 
sists. They  are  little  used  in  any  sense.  See  tarsus.] 
acroteleutic  (ak'ro-te-lii'tik),  n.  [<  Gr.  aKpo- 
re^evTiov,  the  fag-end,  esp.  of  a  verse  or  poem, 
Dryden.    <  aKpog,  extreme,  +  TelevTT],  end.]    Eceles.,  any- 


auto  and  acto  =  It.  atto ;  partly  (fl)  <  L.  actum 
(pi.  acta),  a  thing  done,  esp.  a  public  transac- 
tion, prop.  neut.  of  actus,  pp.  of  agcrc,  do ;  and 
partly  (b)  <  L.  actus  (pi.  actus),  n.,  the  doing  of 
a  thing,  performance,  action,  division  of  a  play, 
<  agere,  lead,  di'ive,  impel,  move,  cause,  make, 
perform,  do,  =  Gr.  ayetv,  lead,  diive,  do,  =Icel. 


aka,  drive.  =  Skt.  ■/  aj,  drive.  Hence  (from  L. 
agere),  exact,  redact,  transact,  cogent,  exigent, 
agile,  agitate,  cogitate,  etc. ;  see  also  ake  =  ache^, 
acre,  acorn,  agrarian,  agriculture,  etc.]  1.  An 
exertion  of  energy  or  force,  pliysieal  or  mental ; 
anj'thing  that  is  done  or  performed ;  a  doing  or 
deed  ;  an  operation  or  performance. 

Illustrious  acts  high  raptures  do  iiifuse.  Waller. 

Nor  deem  that  acts  heroic  wait  on  chance. 

Loicdl,  Three  Mem.  Poems. 

2.  A  state  of  real  existence,  as  opposed  to  a 
possibility,  power,  or  being  in  germ  merely; 
actuality ;  actualization  ;  enteleehy.  [Transla- 
tion of  the  Greek  f  I'ip}  em  and  ivreXexeia .  ]  The  soul, 
according  to  the  Aristotelians,  is  the  act,  that  is,  is  the 
enteleehy  or  perfect  development  of  the  body.  .So  God  is 
said  to  be  pure  act,  for  Aristotle  siiys,  "There  must  be  a 
principle  whose  essence  it  is  to  be  actual  r;  ovma.  ifip- 
7eta),"  and  this  is  by  many  writers  understood  to  mean 
"whose  essence  is  to  be  active."  In  the  phrase  in  act, 
therefore,  act,  tliough  properly  meaning  actuality,  is  often 
used  to  mean  activity. 

The  seeds  of  jilants  are  not  at  fli-st  in  at-;,  but  in  possi- 
bility, what  they  afterwards  grow  to  be.  Hooker. 

3.  A  part  or  di\-ision  of  a  play  performed  con- 
secutively or  -without  a  fall  of  the  curtain,  in 
TvHch  a  definite  and  coherent  portion  of  the 
plot  is  represented  :  generally  subdivided  into 
smaller  portions,  called  scenes. — 4.  The  result 
of  public  deliberation,  or  the  decision  of  a 
prince,  legislative  body,  eoimcil,  court  of  jus- 
tice, or  magistrate ;  a  decree,  edict,  law,  stat- 
ute, Judgment,  resolve,  or  award  :  as,  an  act  of 
Parliament  or  of  Congress ;  also,  in  plural, 
proceedings ;  the  formal  record  of  legislative 
resolves  or  of  the  doings  of  individuals.  Acts 

are  of  two  kinds:  (1)  general  or  public,  which  are  of  gen- 
eral application ;  and  l2)private,  which  relate  to  particular 
persons  or  concerns.  A  law  or  statute  proposed  in  a  legis- 
lative body,  tlien  called  a  bill,  becomes  an  act  after  having 
been  passed  by  both  branches  and  signed  by  the  chief  ex- 
■ecutive  othcer  ;  but  in  a  few  of  the  United  States  the 
governor's  signature  is  not  necessary.  British  acts  are 
usually  referred  to  by  mentioning  them  simply  by  the 
regnal  year  and  number  of  chapter :  as,  act  of  7  and  8  Vict, 
c.  32.  American  acts,  particularly  acts  of  Congress,  are 
often  ref en-ed  to  simply  by  date :  as,  act  of  May  G,  1SS2. 

6.  In  universities,  a  public  disputation  or  lectm'e 
lequired  of  a  candidate  for  a  degree  of  master. 

The  performer  is  said  to  "  keep  the  act.  "  Hence,  at  Cam- 
bridge, the  thesis  and  examination  for  the  degree  of  doc- 
tor; at  Oxford,  the  occasion  of  the  completion  of  degrees. 
So,  act  holiday,  act  feast.  The  candidate  wlio  keeps  the 
act  is  also  himself  called  the  act.  In  medieval,  and  some- 
times in  modern  scholastic  use,  any  puljlic  defense  of  a 
"tliesis  by  way  of  disputation  is  called  an  act. 

Such  that  expect  to  proceed  Masters  of  Arts  to  exhibit 
their  synopsis  of  acts  required  by  the  laws  of  the  College. 

Orders  of  Overseers  of  Harvard  College,  1650. 
'[Such  a  synopsis  (cedula),  stating  the  time  of  studies,  the 
acts  made,  and  the  degrees  taken  by  the  candidate,  and 
duly  sworn  to,  had  usually  been  required  in  universities 
since  the  middle  ages.] 

1  pass  therefore  to  the  statute  which  ordains  a  public 
■act  to  be  kept  each  year.  This  is  now  in  a  manner  quite 
worn  out,  for  of  late  there  has  not  been  a  public  act  above 
■once  in  ten  or  twalve  years ;  ...  the  last  one  we  had  was 
upon  the  glorious  peace  of  1712. 

Amhurst,  Terrae  Filius  (1721),  No.  xlvii. 
•6.  In  laic,  an  instrument  or  deed  in  writing, 
-serving  to  prove  the  truth  of  some  bargain  or 
transaction :  as,  I  deliver  this  as  my  act  and 

•deed.  The  term  is  used  to  show  the  connection  between 
the  instrument  and  the  party  who  has  given  it  validity  by 
his  signature  or  by  his  legal  assent ;  when  thus  perfected, 
the  instrument  becomes  the  act  of  the  parties  who  have 
signed  it  or  assented  to  it  in  a  form  required  by  law.  isdw. 
Livingston. 

Acts  having  a  legal  validity  are  everywhere  reduced  to 
certain  forms ;  a  cert.ain  number  of  witnesses  is  required 
-to  prove  them,  a  certain  magistrate  to  authenticate  them. 

Woolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  75. 

7.  In  theol.,  something  done  at  once  and  once 
ior  all,  as  distinguished  from  a  loork.  Thus,  justi- 
fication is  said  to  be  an  act  of  God's  free  grace,  but  sancti- 
fication  is  a  imrk  carried  on  through  life. —  In  the  act  in 
the  actual  performance  or  commission :  said  especially  of 
persons  who  are  caught  when  engaged  in  some  misdeed. 

This  woman  was  taken  in  adultery,  in  the  very  act. 

John  viii.  4. 

Jn  act  to,  prepared  or  ready  to  ;  on  the  very  point : 
implying  a  certain  bodily  disposition  or  posture:  as  in 
■act  to  strike.  ' 

Gathering  his  flowing  robe,  he  seemed  to  stand 
In  act  to  speak,  and  graceful  stretched  his  hand.  Pope. 
Shot  sidelong  glances  at  us,  a  tiger-cat 
7n  act  to  spring.  Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 

Act  of  bankruptcy.  See  bankruptcy.— Xct  Of  faith 
auto  de  fe  (which  see).— Act  Of  God,  in  law,  a  direct,  vio- 
lent, sudden,  and  overwhelming  action  of  natural  forces, 
such  as  could  not  by  human  ability  have  been  foreseen,  or,  if 
foreseen,  could  not  by  human  care  and  skill  have  been  re- 
sisted. It  is  a  good  defense  to  an  action  for  non-performance 
of  a  contract ;  and,  in  general,  no  man  is  held  legally  respon- 
sible for  injuries  of  which  such  act  of  God  was  directly  the 
cause,  exceptbyspecial  agreement. —Act  of  grace,  a  term 
sometimes  applied  to  a  general  pardon,  or  the  granting  or 
extension  of  some  privilege,  at  the  beginning  of  anew  reign, 
the  coming  of  age  or  the  marriage  of  the  sovereign,  etc. — 
-Act  of  honor,  an  instrument  drawn  by  a  notary  public 
-after  protest  of  a  bill  of  exchange,  whereby  a  third  party 


58 

agrees  to  pay  or  accept  the  bill  for  the  honor  of  any  party 
thereto.— Act  Of  indemnity.  See  indeinnitii.—A.cX,  in 
pals,  a  judicial  act  pcrfunucii  out  of  c<uirt  and  not  re- 
corded. .See  ;;)«i'.v.— Act's  breakfast,  an  entertainment 
which  from  early  times  has  bccTi  liivcn  by  a  candidate  for 
a  university  degree  on  tlie  day  of  liis  making  his  act.  The 
■act  for  master  or  doctor  of  theology  fre(iuently  impover- 
ished the  candidate  for  life.  — ActS  Of  the  Apostles,  the 

title  of  the  Hfth  book  of  the  New  Testament.    See  acta.  

Acts  Of  faith,  hope,  charity,  and  contrition,  forms  of 
prayer  in  connnon  use  in  the  Jtuman  Catholic  Church,  ex- 
pressive of  the  internal  exercise  of  the  virtues  lumied.— 
Acts  of  the  Martyrs,  scc  lu       Acts  of  Uniformity, 
three  acts  for  the  regulation  of  public  worship  passed  in 
England  hi  1549, 1559,  and  1062,  obliging  all  clergy,  in  the 
conduct  of  public  services,  to  use  only  the  Book  of  Com- 
mon Pr.ayer.— Act  term,  the  last  term  of  the  university 
year.— Baines'S  Act.  («)  An  English  statute  of  1848,  treat- 
ing accessories  before  the  fact  in  felonies  like  principals, 
and  jjerniitting  sejiarate  prosecution  of  accessories  after 
the  fact,    (b)  Xn  Englisli  statute  of  1849,  relating  to  ap- 
peals to  the  quarter  sessions.  — Bank  Charter  Act.  See 
Bank  Act,  under  ;)«fiA-.— Berkeley's  Act,  an  English  stat- 
ute of  1855  prolnbiting  the  sale  of  beer,  wine,  and  liquor 
on  Sundays  and  holidays  between  3  and  5  o'clock  in  the 
afternoon,  and  from  11  o'clock  at  night  to  4  o'clock  the 
next  morning.  — Black  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1722 
(9  Geo.  I.  c.  22),  so  called  because  designed  originally  to 
suppress  associations  of  the  lawless  persons  calling  them- 
selves "  blacks."    It  made  felonies  certain  crimes  against 
,  the  game  laws,  sending  anonymous  letters,  demanding 
money,  and  similar  offenses.- Black  acts,  the  acts  of 
the  Scottish  Parliament  during  the  reigns  of  the  first  five 
Jameses,  Mary,  and  James  VI.,  down  to  1586  or  1587. 
They  were  so  called  fi-om  the  circumstance  of  their  being 
written  in  the  Old  English  character,  called  black  letter. 
—  Bovill'S  Act.  (a)  An  English  statute  of  1860  simplify- 
ing proceedings  in  petitions  of  right.    Also  known  as 
Sir  William  Bovilfs  Act,  and  as  the  Petitions  of  Rights 
Act,  1860.    (b)  An  English  statute  of  1865,  also  known  as 
Chief  Justice  BoviH's  Act,  abolishing  the  rule  by  which 
creditors  could  hold  liable  as  a  partner  any  one  who  had 
participated  in  the  profits  of  a  business  as  profits,  irre- 
spective of  the  intent  of  the  parties.— Burke's  Act.  (a) 
An  English  statute  of  1782  abolishing  certain  offices  and 
otherwise  aflfecting  the  civil  establishment,   (b)  An  Eng- 
lish statute  of  1773,  known  also  as  one  of  the  corn  laws ;  it 
was  one  of  the  first  steps  toward  free  trade.— Burr  Act 
a  statute  of  Ohio,  of  1806,  directed  against  the  treasonable 
acts  of  Aaron  Burr  on  the  Ohio  river.    It  was  in  force  for 
one  year  only,  .and  authorized  the  arrest  and  punishment  of 
all  persons  fitting  out  or  arming  vessels,  or  enlisting  sol- 
diers, etc.,  within  the  State  of  Ohio  to  disturb  the  peace  of 
the  United  States.— Chinese  Act,  or  Chinese  Restric- 
tion Act,  an  act  of  the  I'nited  States  Congress  of  1882, 
amended  in  1884,  suspending  for  ten  years  the  innnigration 
of  Chinese  into  the  United  States.    In  1892  its  main  pro- 
visions were  continued  for  ten  years.—  Complete  act,  in 
metaph.,  that  act  of  a  thing  to  which  nothing  of  the  nature 
of  the  thing  is  wanting,  as  the  act  of  a  substance  in  re- 
spect to  possessing  its  attributes.    Aijuinas. — Coventry 
Act,  an  English  statute  of  1071  against  maiming :  so  called 
because  passed  on  the  occasion  of  an  assault  on  Sir  John 
Coventry,  M.  P.— Dingley  Act,  an  act  of  Congress  of  1884, 
to  foster  the  shipping  trade  of  the  United  States. — Ed- 
munds Act,  an  act  of  Congress  of  March  22, 1882,  punish- 
ing polygamy.—  Elicit  act,  an  act  of  the  will  itself,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  an  iinperate  act,  which  is  some  movement 
of  the  body  or  the  soul  consequent  upon  the  act  of  the  will. 
^IfytfirtO-s-. —Essential  act,  in  metaph.,  that  act  which  is 
at  the  same  time  essence.    Scotvs. —  First  act.   See  en- 
ergy.—Siade  Palmer's  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1869 
abolishing  the  preference  which  the  common  law  gave  to 
the  payment  of  specialty  debts  over  simple  contract  debts, 
in  settling  the  estates  of  deceased  persons. —  Hogarth's 
Act,  an  English  statute  of  1766  which  secured  the  prop- 
erty in  engravings,  prints,  etc.,  to  their  designers  or  in- 
ventors, and  to  the  widow  of  William  Hogarth  the  property 
in  his  works.— Immanent  act,  one  which  remains  within 
the  agent,  and  does  not  consist  in  an  effect  produced  on 
something  else.— Imperate  act.    See  elicit  act.— In- 
formant  act,  in  metaph.,  the  perfection  of  passive  or  sub- 
jective power;  that  act  by  which  matter  receives  a  qual- 
ity or  form  in  the  Aristotelian  sense. —  Jekyll's  Act,  an 
English  statute  of  17.36  directed  against  the  sale  of  spiritu- 
ous liquors.— Lands'  Clauses  Act,  an  English  statute  of 
1845  (8  and  9  Vict.  c.  18)  regulating  the  taking  of  priv.ate 
property  for  public  use  by  corporations,  etc.— Leeman's 
Act,  an  English  statute  (30  Vict.  c.  29)  declaring  con- 
tracts for  sale  of  stocks  void,  imless  the  numbering  of  the 
shares  or  certificates,  or  the  name  of  a  registered  owner,  be 
specified  in  writing.— Lord  Aberdeen's  Act,  an  English 
statute  of  1845  carrying  into  effect  a  treaty  with  Brazil 
for  the  regulation  and  final  abolition  of  the  slave-trade.— 
Lord  Campbell's  Act.   (a)  An  English  statute  of  1846 
allowing  the  relatives  of  a  person  whose  death  has  been 
caused  by  negligence  or  wrongful  act  to  recover  damages 
therefor.    The  principle  of  this  act  has  been  generally 
adopted  in  the  United  States  by  statutes  allowing  the 
executor  or  administrator  to  sue  and  recover  damages  in 
such  a  case  for  the  benefit  of  the  wife,  husband,  or  next 
of  kin.    (b)  An  English  statute  of  1843  as  to  defama- 
tion,   (f)  An  English  statute  of  1838  as  to  obscene  publi- 
cations.—Lord  Cran-worth's  Act.    (a)  An  English  stat- 
ute of  1860  giving  to  mortgagees  and  trustees  certain 
general  powers,  such  as  are  commonly  provided  in  settle- 
ments, mortgages,  and  wills,  in  aid  of  their  rights  or  duties. 
(b)  An  English  statute  of  1860  as  to  endowed  schools.— 
Lord  Demnan'S  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1843  (6  and  7 
Vict.  c.  8,5)  abolishing  common-law  rules  that  excluded 
witnesses  from  testifying  by  reason  of  interest  or  crime. 
—Lord  Ellenborough's  Act,  an  English  statute  (43  Geo. 
III.  c.  58)  punishing  offenses  against  the  person.  —  Lord 
Lyndhurst's  Act.    (a)  An  English  statute  of  1835  inval- 
idating nuirriages  within  the  prohibited  degrees,    (b)  An 
English  statute  of  1844  for  conserving  the  property  of 
dissenting  congTegations  to  the  uses  of  the  faith  originally 
intended,  by  making  25  years'  usage  evidence  thereof  in 
the  absence  of  a  controlling  declaration  in  the  deed  or 
instrument  of  trust.    This  act  is  known  also  as  the  Dis- 
senters Chapels  Act.— Loid  St.  Leonard's  Acts.  English 
statutes  (22  and  23  Vict.  c.  35,  and  23  and  24  Vict.  c.  38) 
amending  the  law  of  property,  relieving  trustees,  etc.— 


act 

Lord  Tenterden'S  Act.  (a)  An  English  statute  of  1828 
by  which  new  promises  relied  on  to  revive  a  debt  which 
is  statute-barred,  or  to  ratify  one  contracted  in  infancy 
were  reiiuired  to  be  in  writing  and  signed.  (6)  An  Engl 
lish  statute  of  1833  shortening  the  time  prescribed  by 
the  statute  of  limitations  in  certain  cases.— McCuIloch 
Act,  a  statute  of  Virginia,  March  28,  1879,  designed  to  re- 
duce the  amount  of  interest  payable  by  the  State  of  Vir- 
ginia upon  its  public  debt,  by  obtaining  the  consent  of 
the  bondholders  to  such  reduction.— Pure  act  in  metaph 
an  act  joined  with  no  objective  lujr  subjective  power ;  that 
act  whose  very  essence  or  possil)ilitv  involves  its  existence 
in  all  its  attributes ;  God.— Riddleberger  Act,  a  Virginia 
statute  of  1882  attempting  to  reduce  the  bonded  debt  and 
interest  thereon  of  that  State,  on  the  ground  that  the 
State  of  West  Virginia,  which  had  been  carved  out  of  Vir- 
ginia, ought  to  pay  a  certain  proportion  of  the  debt.— Sec- 
ond act.  See  energy.—  Sherman  Act,  an  act  of  Congress 
of  July  14, 1890,  directing  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  to 
purchase  monthly  4,500,000  ounces  of  fine  silver  bullion, 
or  so  much  thereof  as  might  be  offeied,  at  the  market 
rate,  not  to  exceed  $1.00  for  371J  grains  of  fine  silver. 
Repealed  in  1893.— Sir  Robert  Peel's  Act.  See  Bank 
Act,  under  bank.—  Sir  WiUiam  Bovill's  Act.  See  Bo- 
mWs_  Act,  above.—  Stilwell  Act,  a  New  York  statute  ot 
1831'abolishing  imprisonment  for  debt,  except  in  cases  of 
fraud  or  tort,  and  giving  proceedings  for  punishment  of 
fraudulent  debtors.— The  Lords'  Act,  an  English  statute 
of  1759  (32  Geo.  II.  c.  28)  to  relieve  insolvent  debtors  from 
imprisonment.— The  Six  Acts,  English  statutes  of  1819 
restricting  the  rights  of  public  assembly  and  military 
organization,  and  the  freedom  of  the  press.  —  TUden 
Act,  a  New  York  statute  of  1875,  otherwise  known  as  the 
Peculation  Act,  giving  a  civil  remedy  to  the  State  for  mal- 
versation by  municipal  or  county  officers  as  well  as  state 
officers. — Transient  act,  one  which  consists  in  the  pro- 
duction of  an  effect  upon  an  object  different  from  the  sub- 
ject.—Yazoo  Frauds  Act,  the  name  given  to  a  statute 
of  Georgia,  of  1795,  for  the  sale  of  a  vast  tract  of  public 
lands,  comprising  the  present  State  of  Mississippi  and  one 
half  ot  Alabama,  to  private  persons.  It  was  declared  by 
a  statute  of  the  next  year  to  be  null  and  void,  as  having 
been  fraudulently  enacted.  (For  noted  acts  on  particular 
subjects,  such  as  the  Army  Act,  Bankruptcy  Act,  etc.,  see 
the  qualifying  word  or  words.  See  also  article,  bill,  by- 
law, charter,  code,  decree,  edict,  laic,  ordinance,  2}etition, 
provision,  stattite.)=SyTL.  1.  Aetioti,  Act,  Deed.  Seeaction. 

act  (akt),  r.  [<  L.  actus,  pp.  of  agerc,  lead, 
di'ive,  impel,  cause,  make,  perform,  do :  see  act, 
«.]    I.  tra7is.  1.  To  do,  perform,  or  transact. 

Thou  wast  a  spirit  too  delicate 
To  act  her  earthy  and  abhorr'd  commands. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2. 

2.  To  represent  by  action;  perform  on  or  as  on 
the  stage ;  play,  or  play  the  part  of ;  hence, 
feign  or  counterfeit :  as,  to  act  Macbeth ;  to  act 
the  lover,  or  the  part  of  a  lover.  ■ 

With  acted  fear  the  villain  thus  pursued.  Dryden. 

3.  To  perform  the  ofiSce  of ;  assume  the  char- 
acter of:  as,  to  act  the  hero. —  4t.  To  put  in 
action;  actuate. 

Self-love,  the  spring  of  motion,  acts  the  soul. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  ii.  59. 
What  spirit  acted  the  party  that  raised  this  persecution, 
one  may  guess.  C.  Mather,  Mag.  Chris.,  Int.,  iii. 

II,  intrans.  To  do  something;  exert  energy 
or  force  in  any  way :  used  of  anjrthing  capable 
of  movement,  either  original  or  communicated, 
or  of  producing  effects.  Specifically — 1.  To 
put  forth  effort  or  energy ;  exercise  movement 
or  agency;  be  employed  or  operative:  as,  to  acf 
vigorously  or  languidly;  he  is  acting  against 
his  o^wn  interest ;  his  mind  acts  sluggishly. 
He  hangs  between  ;  in  doubt  to  act,  or  rest. 

Pojie,  Essay  on  Man,  ii.  7. 
Act,  act  in  the  living  Present  I 

Longfellow,  Psalm  of  Life. 
You  can  distinguish  between  individual  people  to  such 
an  extent  that  you  have  a  general  idea  of  how  a  given 
person  will  act  when  placed  in  given  circumstances. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  76. 

2.  To  exert  influence  or  produce  effects;  per- 
form a  function  or  functions ;  operate :  as, 
praise  acts  as  a  stimulant;  mind  acts  upon 
mind;  the  medicine  failed  to  act;  the  brake 
refused  to  act,  or  to  act  upon  the  wheels. 

How  body  acts  upon  the  impassive  mind. 

Garth,  Dispensary. 
Man  acting  on  man  by  weight  of  opinion. 

Emerson,  Civilization. 

3.  To  be  employed  or  operate  in  a  particular 
way ;  perform  specific  duties  or  fimctions :  as, 
a  deputy  acts  for  or  in  place  of  his  principal ; 
he  refused  to  act  on  or  as  a  member  of  the  com- 
mittee. Often  used  with  reference  to  the  performance 
of  duties  by  a  temporary  substitute  for  the  regular  incum- 
bent of  an  office :  as,  the  lieutenant-governor  will  act  in  the 
absence  of  the  governor.   See  acting. 

4.  To  perform  as  an  actor;  repi-esent  a  char- 
acter ;  hence,  to  feign  or  assume  a  part :  as,  he 

acfe  well;  he  is  only  acting  To  act  on,  to  act  in 

accordance  with ;  regulate  one's  action  by :  as,  to  act  on 
the  principle  of  the  golden  rule ;  to  act  on  a  false  assimip- 
tion. — To  act  up  to,  to  equal  in  action;  perform  an 
action  or  a  series  of  actions  correspondent  to ;  fulfil :  as, 
he  has  acted  up  to  his  engagement. 

He  is  a  man  of  sentiment,  and  acts  up  to  the  senti- 
ments he  professes.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  i.  2. 
=  Syil.  Act,  Work,  Operate.  These  words  agree  in  ex- 
pressing the  successful  exertion  of  power.  In  their  in- 
transitive use  they  are  sometimes  interchangeable :  as, 


act 

a  medicine  acts,  works,  or  operates ;  a  plan  works  or  op- 
erates. Where  they  differ,  act  may  more  often  refer  to  a 
single  action  or  to  the  simpler  forms  of  action  :  as,  a  ma- 
chine works  well  when  all  its  parts  act.  Act  may  also 
the  most  general,  applying  to  persons  or  things,  the  oth 
ers  applying  generally  to  things.  Operate  may  expr 
the  more  elaborate  forms  of  action.  Work  may  express 
the  more  powerful  kinds  of  action  :  as,  it  worked  upon  his 
mind. 

acta  (ak'ta),  n.  pi.  [L.,  pi.  of  actum:  see  act, 
«.]  1.  Acts.  Specifically — 2.  Proceedings  in 
a  legal  or  an  ecclesiastical  coui-t,  or  minutes 
of  such  proceedings.-Acta  (or  Actus)  Apostolo- 

rum  (Acts  of  the  Apostles),  the  title  in  the  Vulgate  of 
the  fifth  book  of  the  New  Testament. — Acta  Martyrum 
(Acts  of  the  Martyrs),  contemporary  accounts  of  the  early 
Christian  martyrdoms,  from  judicial  register 


to  Actium,  a  town  and  promontory  of  Acamania 

in  Greece — Actian  games,  games  held  from  remote 
antiquity  at  Actium  in  honor  of  Apollo,  and  reorganized 
and  developed  by  Augustus  to  celebrate  his  naval  victory 
over  Antony  near  that  town,  Sept.  2,  31  B.  c.  As  remod- 
eled by  the  Romans  they  were  celebrated  every  four  years, 
and  became  the  fifth  in  importance  of  the  great  Greek  fes- 
tivals. Uence,  Actian  years,  years  reckoned  from  the 
era  of  the  new  Actian  games.  Games  also  called  Actian 
were  celebrated,  by  senatorial  decree,  every  four  years  at 

I  registers  or  reports  „„j.j^li  /  wf      i\        ry/^     •     ■  /•  n 
of  eye-witnesses,  or  as  drawn  up  by  the  ecclesiastical  actmal  (al£  tl-nal),  a.  [<  Gr.  o/fnf  (a/cr/i^-),  a  ray, 


59  actinoid 

Slf  S.^°o3!l°'  ^''^  Actinidffi  (ak-tin'i-de)  n.  pi.    Same  as  Actini- 

 -'^  —  id<r.    J.  J).  Dana,  1846. 

or  ak'tin-i-form),  ff.  [< 
-formifi,<  forma,  form.] 
,  resembling  an  actinia 
Actiniidae,  Actiniadse  (ak-ti-ni'i-de,  -a-de),  « 
2)1.    [NL.,  <.  Actinia  +  -itkc,  -adce.]    The  sea 


notaries ;  specifically,  the  critical  edition  of  such  acts  by 
the  Benedictine  Ruinart,  first  published  in  1689,  and  the 
additional  collections  by  the  Orientalist  Stephen  Assemani, 
in  1748.— Acta  Sanctorum  (Acts  of  the  Saints),  a  name 
applied  generally  to  all  collections  of  accounts  of  saints 
and  martyrs,  both  of  the  Roman  and  Greek  churches; 
specifically,  the  name  of  a  work  begun  by  the  BoUandists, 
a  society  of  Jesuits,  in  1643,  and  not  completed  until  1870. 
It  now  consists  of  sixty-one  folio  volumes,  including  an  in- 
dex published  in  1875. 

actable  (ak'ta-bl),  a.  [<act-¥  -aNe.']  Practically 
possible ;  per'f  ormable ;  capable  of  being  acted. 
Is  naked  truth  actable  in  true  life  ? 

Tennyson,  Harold,  iii.  1. 
Mr.  Browning  set  himself  to  the  composition  of  another 
actable  play.  The  Century,  XXIII.  199. 


+  -al.^  In  zool. :  (a)  Pertaining  to  the  side  of 
a  radiate  animal  which  contauis  the  mouth: 
equivalent  to  oral,  since  the  pole,  surface,  or 

aspect  of  the  body  whence  parts  radiate  is  also  actini'<^m  C-ik'ti  ni7m)  « 
that  in  which  the  mouth  is  situated:  the  oppo-  ^^^^I'll.S™       ti-nizm),  n. 

site  of  abactinal  or  ahoral.     The  actinal  side  orsur 


Actsea  (ak-te'a),  n.  [L.,  herb-ehristopher,  from 
the  resemblance  of  the  leaves  to  those  of  the 
elder,  <  Gr.  UKraia, 
erroneous  form 
of  aurea,  contr. 
Q/cr?/,  the  elder- 
tree.]  A  genus  of 
herbs,  natural  or- 
Ranuncula- 


properties.  The 

old-world  species,  A. 
spicata,    the  bane- 
berry  or  herb-chris- 
topher,    has  black 
berries.     The  com- 
mon forms  of  North 
America    with  red 
beiTies  are  now  con- 
Red  Baneberry  (Actaa  rubra),  showing  sidered  varieties  of 
flowering  plant  and  fruiting  raceme.      the  same  SpecieS,  but 
the  white-berried  A. 
alba  is  kept  distinct.    In  the  Atlantic  States  these  are 
known  as  red  and  white  cohosh  or  baueherry. 
Actseon  (ak-te'on),  n.    [L.,  <  Gr.  ^AuraLt^,  in 
myth.,  a  grandson  of  Cadmus,  who,  haviagcome 
accidentally  upon  Diana  bathing,  was  changed 
by  her  into  a  stag,  and  then  torn  to  pieces  by 
bis  own  dogs.   Cf.  aKraioc,  on  the  coast,  <  d/cr?/, 
a  coast,  headland,  edge.]    1.  The  representa- 
tive genus  of  the  molluscan  family  Actwonidaj. 
Originally  written  ^cteo«.  Montfort,19,\Q.  Also 


face  may  be  the  upper  one,  in  the  usual  attitude  of  the  ani- 
mal, as  in  the  case  of  a  sea-anemone,  which  is  fixed  by  its 
abactinal  or  aboral  pole,  and  grows  upward ;  or  it  may  be 
the  lower  one,  as  in  the  case  of  a  starfish,  which  creeps  upon 
its  actinal  or  oral  surface.  In  a  sea-urchin  of  more  or  less 
globular  shape  nearly  the  whole  superficies  is  actinal. 

The  so-called  mouth  is  always  placed  at  one  end  of  these 
poles,  and  from  it  radiate  the  most  prominent  organs,  in 
consequence  of  which  I  have  called  this  side  of  the  body 
the  oral  or  actinal  area,  and  the  opposite  side  the  aboral 
or  abactinal  area. 

L.  Agassiz,  Contrib.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  A.,  IV.  376. 
The  mouth  [of  sea-urchins]  is  always  situated  upon  the 
lower  or  actinal  aspect,  which  is  applied  in  progression 
to  the  surface  upon  which  the  animal  moves. 

Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.  161. 

(&)  In  general,  having  tentacles  or  rays. 

The  upper  extremity  [of  members  of  the  genus  Actinia] 
is  called  the  actinal  end,  since  it  bears  the  tentacles  or 
rays.  Dana,  Corals,  p.  22. 

cea;  with  some"  [NL.,<Gr. 
what  deleterious    ^^'f  («™„),  ray  +  dim. + -i(i«.]   A  fam- 
ily name  ot  radiolarians :  synonymous  with  As- 
trolophididce  (which  see). 
Actinellidse  (ak-ti-nel'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL., <  Acti- 
nella  (not  used)  +  -idw.']   A  family  of  acantho- 
metrous  acantharians  with  the  skeleton  com- 
posed of  a  varying  number  of  spicules,  which 
are  not  distributed  according  to  J.  Miiller's  law. 
actinenchyma  (ak-ti-neng'ki-ma),  n.     [<  Gr. 
d/cr/f  {anTLv-),  ray,  +  eyxviua,  infusion,  <  iyxs^tv, 


anemones  or  animal-flowers  proper,  regarded 
as  a  family,  having  as  type  the  genus  Actinia, 
and  belonging  to  the  order  Hciianlhoida  or 
Malacodcrmuta,  of  the  class  Actinozoa.  It  con- 
tains numerous  genera  and  species.  See  Acti- 
nozoa. Also  WTitten  Actinida: 
actiniochrome  (ak-tin'i-o-krom),  n.  [<  Gr.  ok- 
Tt^(aKTtv-),  ray  (see  actinium),  +  xpi^/^",  color.] 
A  red  pigment  obtained  by  Mosoley  from  some 
specimens  of  Jiunode.s  crassus,  one  of  the  Ac- 
tinozoa. 

[<  Gr.  (i/cr/f  (ciKTiv-), 
ray,  -I-  -ism.']  If.  The  radiation  of  heat  or  light, 
or  that  branch  of  natural  philosophy  which 
treats  of  the  radiation  of  heat  and  light. — 
2.  That  property  of  light  which,  as  mav  be 
seen  iu  photography,  produces  chemical  com- 
binations and  decompositions,    a  pencil  of  rays, 

when  decomposed  by  retraction  through  a  prism,  is  found 
to  possess  three  pi-operties,  viz.,  the  heating,  the  lumi- 
nous, and  the  chemical  or  actinic.  It  was  formerly  sup- 
posed that  the  actinic  property  belonged  peculiarly  to 
the  more  refrangible  part  of  the  spectrum,  beginning  with 
the  violet  and  extending  far  beyond  tlie  visible  spectnnu  ; 
it  is  now  known,  however,  that  the  different  rays  differ 
essentially  only  in  their  wave-lengths,  and  that  the  phe- 
nomena of  heat,  light,  or  chemical  action  observed  depend 
upon  the  surface  on  which  the  rays  respectively  fall.  The 
violet  end  of  the  spectrum  acts  especially  on  the  sensitive 
silver  salts,  but  the  chemical  decomposition  of  the  carbon 
dioxid  (CO2)  in  the  atmosphere  involved  in  the  growth 
of  vegetation  takes  place  most  actively  under  the  action 
of  the  yellow  rays  ;  and  under  proper  conditions  a  pho- 
tograph of  even  the  ultra-red  rays  at  the  opposite  end  of 
the  spectrum  may  be  obtained  on  a  gelatin  plate  sensitized 
with  silver  bromid. 
actinium  (ak-tin'i-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dxr/c  (d/c- 
TIV-),  ray.]  A  supposed  chemical  element  found 
associated  with  zinc.  Its  chemical  and  physi- 
cal properties  have  not  been  fully  investigated, 
actino-.  [NL.,  etc.,  <  Gr.  aKTic;  {aKTcv-),  ray :  see 
actinic.']  An  element  in  scientific  compounds 
of  Greek  origin,  meaning  ray.  In  chemical  com- 
pounds it  represents  specifically  actinism. 
Actinocheiri,  «.   See  ActinocMri. 


to  a  system  or  tissue  of  stellate  cells, 
acting  (ak'ting),  J}-  a.  Performing  duty,  ser- 
vice, or  functions ;  specifically,  performing  the 
functions  of  an  office  or  employment  tempo- 
rarily: as,  an  acting  governor  or  mayor;  an 
acting  colonel  or  superintendent,  in  the  United 
States  there  is  generally  some  officer  of  lower  gr-ade  legal- 
ly entitled  to  become  the  acting  incumbent  of  an  impor- 
tant executive  office  during  a  temporary  vacancy  from 
absence  or  disability  of  the  elected  incumbent.  Tempo 


polu- in.]    In  &oi.,  a  name  that  has  been  given  ^^^■''i'lO-cheniistry  (ak"ti-n6-kem'is-tri),  n. 

  [<  actin-ism  +  chemistry.]    Chemistry  in  its  re- 
lation to  actinism.    See  actinism. 
Actinochiri  (ak"ti-n6-ki'ri),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

d/cr/f  (cLKTiv-),  ray,  +  x^ip,  hand.]  An  order  of 
fishes  having  six  unpaired  and  one  pair  of  basilar 
bones  supporting  the  pectoral  fin,  and  all  ar- 
ticulating with  the  scapula,  its  only  known  repre- 
sentatives form  the  extinct  family  Pelecopteridce,  of  the 
Upper  Cretaceous  formation.  Cope,  1875.  Also  spelled 
_  Actinocheiri. 

2^™«..«^-2.Agenusoi^rSi:S:s^?^  t^V^^^  ''f^Z^^:S;rt^^tJSt 

amily  ,E;Z,«.<^_._(which  Actim^^  </£f™+  '^^^^^ 

ray.]   1.  A  genus  of  zoophytes,  belonging  to  the    tinocrinus  >        ^'  j  & 

i^ffAML2^^^'''J'^^''i^f  ''V^^  i^''  actinocrinite  (ak"ti-n6-kri'nit),         [<  Actino- 

ordev Malacodermata,  suhelass  Zoantharia,  class  crinus  +  -/fe2.]    An  encrinite,  or  fossil  crinoid, 

Actmozoa  snhkingdom  Ccelenterata,  m  modern  of  the  genus  Actinocrinus.     [By  eiTor  some- 

classihcation.  The  body  is  cylindrical  and  is  attached  times  spelled  ac<«wocn7e.] 

by  one  extremity,  the  mouth  occupying  the  m  ddle  of  the  A  „+i„««'^,-v,„„ /„i  z/^--     -  1   -/       x  txtt 

upper  or  free  extremity.  The  mouth  is  surrounded  by  ActinOCnnUS  (ak*tl-no-kn'nus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
concentric  circles  of  tentacles,  which  when  spread  re-  okt'?  (oktiv-),  ray,  +  Kpivov,  lily:  see  crinoid.] 
semble  the  petals  of  a  flower,  whence  the  popular  names  A  genus  of  encrinites,  or  fossil  crinoids  re- 
animal-flowers  and  sea-anemones  (which  see).  They  are  ferred  to  the  fnmilv  Fnrrinirhr  nr  mai^c  t,.„« 
not  perfectly  radial  in  symmetry,  the  common  polyp  of  +  w  /  -f  7?^^  JincnnutCC,  or  made  tj  pc 
the  sea-shore,  A.  mesembryanthemum,  having  the  oral    Ot  the  tamily  ^C?«H0cr(W«f7a'._  L.  Agassiz,  1834. 

aperture  slightly  elliptical,  the  long  axis  being  marked  by  actinO-electricity  (ak"ti-no-e-lek-tris'i-ti),  n. 
a  tubercle  at  either  end ;  the  animal  thus  presents  a  faint  [<  actin-ism  +  elcctricitil.]  Electricitv  nrodueed 
but  well-marked  indication  of  bilateral  symmetry.    They    =  -   -  i-  -        '  /  Fi"u.>i<-c  i 

move  by  alternately  contracting  and  expanding  their  bases, 
and  by  their  tentacles.  The  species  are  often  of  brilliant 
colors ;  many  of  them  are  used  as  food.    See  Actinozoa. 

2.    [?.  c]    An  animal  of  the  genus  Actinia  or 
familjr  Actiniidw. 
Actiniadae,  n.  pi.    See  Actiniidae. 

■  ...  ,«.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Ac- 

tinia +  -aria.]   One  of  the  divisions  of  the  class 


odous  mollusks,  of  the  family 

see) :  a  synonym  of  Elysia.    Oken,  1815. 
Actseonella  (ak-te-o-nel'a),  n.    [NL.,  <Actwon 

+  -ella.]    The  typical  genus  of  ActceonelUdce, 

containing  numerous  species  with  thick  conoid 

or  convoluted  shell,  short  or  concealed  spire, 

long  nan-ow  aperture,  and  the  columella  with 

three  regular  spiral  plaits  in  front.  Originally 

written  Acteonella._  D'OrUgny,  1842. 
actseonellid  (ak-te-o-nel'id),  n.    A  gastropod 

of  the  family  ActceonelUdce. 
Actaeonellidae  (ak-te-o-nel'i-de),  w.  pi.  [NL., 

iActmonella  +  -idee.]    A  family  of  gastropods, 

taking  name  from  the  genus  Actceonella  ('which 

see). 

actseonid  (ak-te'on-id),  w.   A  gastropod  of  the 
family  Actwonidce. 

Actaeonidae  (ak-te-on'i-de),  m.  pi.  [NL., <  Actce- 
on  +  -idee]    A  family  of  tectibranchiate  gas- 

?eT?!i.T^i''''TT  -^"'"''i'.  ^*  ^^^'^''^  Actiniari^^ak'^iin-i^I'ri-a) 

genus  Actaion.    it  is  now  chiefly  restricted  to  animals -    -  -  " 

retractile  in  their  shells  and  having  a  wide  frontal  lobe  ter- 
minating behind  in  broad  triangular  tentacles  ;  uncinate 
Imgual  teeth,  which  are  numerous,  nearly  unifonn  and 
an-anged  in  series  diverging  from  the  middle  ;  and  a  sub- 
cylindrical  spiral  shell  having  a  columellar  fold.  The  liv- 
ing species  are  of  small  size,  marine,  and  chiefly  tropical 
or  subtropical,  and  have  been  distributed  among  several 
genera.  Numerous  fossil  species  have  been  found.  The 
se™        ^^^'^  known  under  the  name  Tornatellidai  {vihich 

act-drop  (akt'drop),  n.    In  a  theater,  a  curtain 
which  is  lowered  between  acts. 

Actenobranchii   (ak-ten-6-brang'ki-i),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  +  Krei^  (ktsv-),  a  comb,  +  „„4.,-„:„„n    /  1  i-  /-'i-  ^  ■\ 
Ppm  gills.]"^  In  Macleay's  ichthyolog  cal  ^fc'^f^i^y  (ak-tin'i-kal-i) 
system,  one  of  five  primar/ groups  of  fifhes,    ^^^^^eal  action  of  the  sun': 
characterized  solely  by  the  branchi®  not  being 
pectinated  like  those  of  most  fishes,    it  is  a  very 


in  a  body  (e.  g.,  rock-crystal)  by  direct  heat- 
radiation.  Rankel. 
Actinogastra  (ak'ti-no-gas'tra),  n.pl.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  d\T/f  {(iKTiv-),  ray,  4-  ya'arz/p,  belly.]  In 
Haeckel's  classification,  a  subclass  of  Asterida, 
containing  those  starfishes  or  sea-stars  which 
have  the  gastric  cavity  radiated,  whence  the 
name. 


Actinozoa,  containing  the  sea-anemones,  and  actinograph  (ak-tin'o-graf),  n.     [<  Gr.  d/cr/f 


nearly  equivalent  to  the  order  Malacodermata 
actinic  (ak-tin'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  d/cr/f  (ciktcv-),  a  ray, 
+ -ic]    Pertaining  to  actinism;  having  the 
property  of  actinism. 

The  so-called  actinic  rays,  which  were  discovered  by 
their  special  activity  in  connection  with  the  earlier  pho- 
tographic processes,  but  which  can  now  be  changed  into 
visible  rays,  are  merely  vibrations  too  rapid  to  att'ect  the 
eyes.  Tait,  Light,  §  3. 

Actinic  process,  a  generic  name  for  any  photographic 
process ;  sjiecifically,  any  photo-engraving  process. 


(oKTiv-),  ray.  +  ypatfiEtv,  write.  Cf.  Gr. 
ypa<pia,  a  treatise  on  radiation,  of  same  forma- 
tion.] An  instrument  for  measuring  and  re- 
gistering the  variations  of  actinic  or  chemical 
influence  in  the  solar  rays.  The  intensity  of  this 
influence  bears  no  direct  relation  to  tlie  quantity  cf  light, 
but  varies  at  different  periods  of  the  liay  and  of  the  year. 
There  are  several  forms  of  actinograph,  all  of  them  using 
the  same  test,  namely,  the  depth  of  the  blackening  effect 
of  chemical  rays  allowed  to  fall  on  a  sensitive  piece  of 


paper  for  a  given  time. 
adv.  As  regards  the  actinoid  (ak'ti-noid), [(.Gr.  aKTivoetS{;^,<.aKTi^ 
s  rays.  {aK-iv-),  ray,  +  EtJof,  form :  see -oW.]  Ha^^ng 

The  light  which  finally  emerges,  however  much  cor-  ^^^^  '  resembling  a  stai-fish ;  con- 

rected,  becomes  more  and  more  actinically  weak.  spicuously  radiate  :   as,  the  actinoid  type  of 

Silver  Sunbeam,  p.  35.  echinoderms. 


Actinoida 

Actinoida  (ak-ti-noi'da),  n.  pi.  [NL. :  see  acU- 
7toid.]    Same  as  Actinozoa. 

actinolite  (ak-tiu'o-lit),  n.  [<  Gr.  aKt/f  {aanv-), 
ray,  +  liOo^,  st  one.]  A  radiated  mineral,  called 
by  Werner  strahlstein  (ray-stone),  consisting  of 
silicates  of  calcium,  magnesium,  and  iron,  it  is 

a  variety  of  amplubole  or  iiornbleiule,  of  a  green  color,  and 
having  a  columnar  to  fibrous  structure.  Also  called 'acri- 
»io(f.— Actinolite  schist,  a  metamorpliic  rock  consisting 
principally  of  actinolite,  witli  an  admixture  of  mica,  quartz, 
or  feldspar ;  its  texture_is  slaty  and  foliated. 

actinolitic  (ak"ti-no-lit'ik),  a.  Like,  pertaining 

to,  or  consisting  of  actinolite. 
actinology  (ak-ti-nol'o-ji),  «.    [<  Gr.  a/cr/f  {aK- 
rip-),  ray,  +  -Aoyia,  <  ;ifjfa',  speak:  see  -ology.'\ 
That  branch  of  science  which  investigates  the 
chemical  action  of  light, 
actinomere  (ak-tin'o-mer),  n 


60  action 

Having  ray-like  actinostome  (ak-tin'o-stom), 
{cLKTiv-),  ray,  +  ard/fn,  inouth.] 
of  an  actinozoan. 


-<p6poc,  <  (pepeiv  =  E.  hear^."] 
spines. 

actinophryan  (ak-ti-nof'ri-an),  a.  [<  AcUno- 
phrys.]    Of  or  pertaining  to  Actinophrys. 

The  anueban,  like  the  actinophryan  type,  shows  itself  in 
the  testaceous  as  well  as  in  the  na'ked  form. 

W.  II.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  407. 

Actinophryidae  (ak"ti-n6-fri'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Actinophrys  +  -idee.']  A  family  of  endoplastie 
rhizopods,  typified  by  the  genus  Actinophrys 


11.  [<  Gr.  (iKTii 
The  oral  orifice 


The  ingrowth  of  the  rim  of  the  blastopore  in  Actinozoa 
to  form  an  actinostome  is  therefore  due  to  a  fusion  be- 
tween the  primitive  stomodeum  ami  the  blastopore. 

Hi/att,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  (1885),  p.  107. 
actinote  (ak'ti-not),  w.     [<  Gr.  (iktivutSc,  fur- 
nished with  rays,  <  aicrig  (uktiv-),  ray.]    Same  as 
actinolite. 


(which  see),  referred  to  the  order  Eeliozoa  or  actinotrichium  (ak"ti-n6-trik'i-um),  «. ;  pi 


TIP-),  ray,  +  /xcpog,  a  part,  <  neiptaOai  (■/  *//ep),  di 
vide.]    One  of  the  ratlially  symmetrical  parti- 
tions or  di\isions  of  a  sea-anemone,  coral-polyp, 
or  other  actinozoan. 
actinomeric  (ak'  ti-no-mer'ik),  a. 


constituting  an  order  Phlceopliora  (Carus),  and 
containing  organisms  known  as  heliozoans  or 
sun-animalciUes.  Other  genera  than  Actino- 
phrys placed  in  this  family  are  Ciliophrys  and 
Actinosphwrium  (which  see). 
[<  Gr.  a^r/f  (qk-  Actinophryina  (ak'ti-no-fri-i'nii),  n.pl.  [NL., 


<Actinoplirys  +  -)na.'\  A  group  of  rhizopodsj 
taking  name  from  the  genus  Actinophrys,  con- 
taining heliozoans  or  sun-animalcules.  See  Ac- 
tinophryidw. 

Relating  to  Actinophrys  (ak-ti-nof'ris), «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d/cr/f 


{uKuv-),  ray,  +  b<j,pvg  =  E.  brow.)  A  genus  of 
protozoans,  belonging  to  a  division  of  the  class 


an  actinomere;  having  actiuomeres;  being  di- 
vided into  radiated  parts, 
actinometer  (ak-ti-nom'e-ter),  n.  [<Gr.  d/cr/f 
(aKTip-),  ray,  +  fierpov,  measiu-e.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  intensity  of  radia- 
tion. 

actinometric  (ak"ti-n6-met'rik),  a.  Of  or 
belonging  to  the  actinometer,  or  to  actinom- 
etry. 

actinometrical  (ak"ti-n6-met'ri-kal),  a.  Same 

as  actinometric. 

actinometry  (ak-ti-nom'e-tri),  w.  [^As  actinome-  ^   

\         "^^^  measurement  of  the  intensity  Actinopteri  (ak-ti-nop^te-ri),  n.  j)l 

ot  radiation.  ot  actinopterus :  see  acti'hoptcrous.] 

Actinomma  (ak-ti-nom'a),  ».    [NL.,  <  Gr.  d/cr/f        '         "    '  •        ^     -  - 

(anTiv-),  ray,  +  o/x/^a,  eye!]   A  notable  genus  of 

radiolarians,  established  by  Haeckel  in  1860. 

See  extract. 

As  the  lateral  processes  [ot  the  rays  of  some  radiolari- 
ans] .  .  .  become  more  largely  developed,  a  continuous  cir- 
cumferential skeleton  is  formed,  which  encloses  the  whole 
organism,  as  in  Actinomma,  in  which  there  are  sometimes 
three  or  more  concentric  shells.      Stand.  A'at.  IJist.,  I.  9. 


tinotrichia  (-a).  [NL.  (J.  A.  Eyder,  1885),  <  Gr. 
d/cr/'c  (d/crw-),  ray,  +  dpi^  {rpi/  \  a  hair.]  One 
of  the  homogeneous  hair-like  fibers  which  rep- 
resent the  rays  in  the  fin-folds  of  the  embryos 
of  fishes,  and  which  subsequently  fuse  to  form 
the  membranous  basis  of  the  permanent  rays 
of  the  adult  fish. 
Actinotrocha  (ak-ti-not'ro-ka),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
d/cr/f  ((iKTiv-),  ray,  +  rpox'/,'  a  wheel,  ring.]  An 
embryonic  form  of  a  gephyrean  worm  of  the 
genus  Phoronis  (which  see),  which  was  mistaken 
for  a  distinct  animal  and  named  Actinotrocha 
hranchiata. 


Rhizopoda  known  as  Heliozoa,  and  the  leading  Actinozoa  (ak"ti-no-z6'ii),         [NL.,< Gr.  d/cTtf 
 .  (d/cr;i^-),  ray,  +  C^oi',  an  animal :  see  ^-OOM.]  A 


Actinomonadidae  (ak"ti-n6-m6-nad'i-de),  n.pl. 
[NL.,  <  Actinomonas  {-ad-)  +  -idw.']  A  family 
of  oval  or  spheroidal  animalcules,  fixed  or 


genus  of  a  family  Actinophryidw.  Actinophrys  sol, 
a  typical  species,  is  the  well-known  sun-animalciile  of 
microscopists. 

Most  species  of  the  genus  Actinophrys,  or  "sun-animal- 
cule," which  is  common  in  ponds,  are  simply  free-swim- 
ming my.xopods  with  stiffish  pseudopodia,  which  radiate 
from  all  sides  of  the  globular  body. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  82. 

a.ctinopteran  (ak-ti-nop'te-ran),  n.  One  of  the 
Actinopteri  ;  an  actinoptei'oas  fish. 

[NL.,  pi. 

_    In  Cope's 

system  of  classification,  a  subclass  of  fishes 
embracing  all  the  teleosts,  most  of  the  osseous 

ganoids,  and  the  Stui-geons.  The  technical  charac- 
ters of  the  group  are  opercular  bones  well  developed  on  a 
separate  and  comple.\  suspensorium,  a  double  ceratohyal, 
no  pelvic  elements,  primary  railii  of  the  fore  limb  parallel 
with  basilar  elements  and  entering  into  the  articulation 
with  the  scapular  arch,  and  basilar  elements  reduced  to  a 
metapterygium  and  very  rarely  a  mesopterygium. 

actinopterous  (ak-ti-nop'te-ms),  a.  [<  NL.  ac- 
tinopterus, <  Gr.  d/cr/f  (aiiriv-),  ray,  +  irrepdv, 
wing.]    Having  the  characters  of  or  pertain- 


«     1        . .,  -  ,  ing  to  the  ActinorHeri. 

rreeiy  moiue.  They  are  entirely  naked,  possess  neither  actinOSOma  Cak^ti-no-so'TTial  «•  nl  nefinnvn 
a  hardened  test  nor  a  central  capsule,  and  have  fine  ray-    „,^  r.^  rA    r/n^?  •  {  ^  actmoso- 

hke  pseudopodia  projecting  from  all  points  of  the  surface  V        "  ^"  "  (annv-),  ray,  +  au/ja, 

supplemented  at  one  point  by  a  long  vibratile  ttagellum. '    body.]    The  entire  body  of  any  actinozoan, 
Actinomonas  (ak'''ti-n6-mon'as),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.    whether  simple,  as  in  the  sea-anemones,  or  com- 
d/cr/f  (aKTiv-),  ray,  +  //ovdf,  a  unit:  see  monad.]    posed  of  several  zooids,  as  in  most  corals. 
The  typical  genus  of  infusorians  of  the  family  Actinosphaerium  (ak"ti-no-sfe'ri-um),  n.  [NL., 
Actinomonadidce.  <  Gr.  d/cr/f  (d/crw-),  ray,  +  a^aZpa,  sphere.]  l.A 

actinomorphic  (ak"ti-n6-m6r'fik),  a.    Same  as   genus  of  rhizopods,  or  endoplastie  protozoans, 
acti)iomorphous. 

actinomorphous  (ak"ti-n6-m6r'fus),  a.  [<Gr. 
d/cr/f  {(iKTLv-),  ray,  4-  iiop(p!i,  form.]  Eay-shaped: 
in  hot.,  applied  to  flowers  which  may  be  divided 
vertically  into  similar  halves  through  two  or 
more  planes  :  synonymous  with  polysynmetri- 
cal.  iSachs. 

actinomyces  (ak'^ti-no-mi'sez),  pi.  actinomy- 
cetcs  (-mi-se'tez).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d/cr/f  (aK-iv-), 
ray,  -I-  fivKr/g  (pi.  /uvKT/re^),  a  mushroom,  an  ex- 
crescence.] The  ray-fungus:  so  called  from 
the  rosettes  of  club-shaped  structures  in  which 
it  presents  itself.  The  disease  actinomycosis 
is  caused  by  the  presence  of  this  fungus. 

actinomycotic  (ak"ti-n6-mi-set'ik),  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  caused  by  actinomycetes  :  as,  an 
actinomycetic  tumor. 

actinomycosis  (ak"ti-no-mi-k6'sis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
actinomyces  +  -osis.]  A  progressive  inflamma- 
tory afl'ection  caused  by  the  presence  of  acti- 
nomycetes, occurring  in  cattle  and  swine,  and 
sometimes  in  m.an.  it  is  most  frequently  found  in 
the  jaws  of  cattle,  lint  may  invade  other  parts.  It  is  com- 
municated by  contact  with  a  wound  or  an  abrasion.  Also 
called  lumpy-jaw. 

actinophohe  (ak-tin'o-phon),  n.  [<  Gr.  d/cr/f 
(ciKTiv-),  ray,  +  <l>uv)/,  sound.]  An  apparatus  for 
the  production  of  sound  by  actinic  rays.  A.  G. 
Bell.   See  radiophone. 

actinophonic  (ak-tin-o-fon'ik),  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  actinoiihone,  or  to  sounds  produced  by 
actinic  rays. 

actinophore  (ak-tin'o-for),  n.  [<  Gr.  aicrivotpopoc, 
ray-bearing:  see  ac'tinophorous.]  One  of  the 
peripheral  skeletal  elements  which  directly  af- 
ford support  to  the  true  fin-rays  of  Lyrifera, 
that  is,  typical  fishes  and  selachians. 

The  actinophores  of  the  paired  fins  may  be  distinguished 
from  those  of  the  unpaired  fins  by  calling  the  latter  the 
median  actinophores.  J.  A.  Ryder. 

actinophorous  (ak-ti-nof'o-rus),  a.  [<  Gr.  d/c- 
Tivo(p6po(,  ray-bearing,  <  d/cr/f  (d/crw-),  ray,  -I- 


classot  Cwlenterata; 
radiated,  marine  zo-  W 
ophytos,  embracing 
the  sea-anemones, 
corals,  sea-pens, 
etc.,  in  which  the 
mouth  is  furnished 
with  hollow  retract- 
ile tentacles,  simple 
in  one  subclass  (Zo- 
antharia)  or  fringed 
in  the  other  (Alcyo- 
naria).  The  digestive 
cavity  is  separated  from 
the  body-wall  by  an  in- 
tervening perivisceral 
space,  which  is  radially 
divided  into  several  com- 
partments by  i)artitions 
called  mesenteries,  in 
which  the  reproductive 
organs  are  situated.  The 
great  majority  are  com- 
pound, living  in  a  polypidom ;  some  adhere  to  rocks,  etc., 
and  some  are  free.  The  rayed  tentacles  about  the  mouth 
present  in  some  genera,  as  Actinia,  no  remote  resem- 
blance to  some  of  the  finest  composite  flowers.  Reproduc- 
tion is  eflfected  by  eggs  thrown  out  at  the  mouth,  by  gem- 
mules  or  buds  developed  on  the  Ijase  of  their  disk,  and  by 
division,  each  separated  part  becoming  a  complete  ani- 
mal. They  present  the  phenomenon  known  as  metagen- 
esis or  alternation  of  generation.  When  reproduced  by  or- 
dinary generation,  the  egg  develops  into  a  free  locomotive 
planula  with  vibratile  cilia.  The  sexes  are  either  united 
or  distinct.  The  Acdnozoa  and  Hydrozoa  constitute  the 
subkingdom  Coelenterata.  Also  called  Actinoida.  See  Hy- 
drozoa. 

actinozoal  (ak'ti-no-za'al),  a. 
Actinozoa. 


Vertical  Section  of  an  Actinozoan 
(a  sea-anemone,  Actinia  holsaticay, 
showing  type  of  structure  of  Actinozoa. 

IT,  mouth,  oral  aperture ;  A,  gastric 
cavity;  c,  axial  cavity,  common  to  d  and 
to  (/,  an  intermesenteric  chamber  in  the 
perivisceral  or  somatic  cavity,  c  and 
together  being  the  enteroccele ;  e.  free 
thickened  margin  of  a  mesentery,  /, 
containing  nematocysts;  £■,  reproduc- 
tive organ;  /i,  one  of  the  circlet  of 
tentacles  around  the  mouth. 


Relating  to  the 


Sun.animalcule  {Actinosfihcsriitm  eichho 
I.  The  whole  animal,  with  c,  c,  contractile  vat 
periphery  more  magnified,  with  a,  fou 
four  nuclei  or  endoplasts.   III.  A  young 


0.  magnified, 
les.   II.  Portion  of 
stiff  pseudopodia,  and  «, 
ctinosphserium. 


having  a  number  of  nuclei  or  endoplasts  in  the 
central  parts  of  the  protoplasm,  and  numerous 
stiff  radiating  pseudopodia. 

Neither  conjugation  nor  fission  has  been  observed 
among  ordinary  Radiolaria,  but  both  these  processes  take 
place  in  ActinosphcBrimn.      Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  85. 

2.  _  [l.  c]  A  member  of  this  genus, 
actinost  (ak'ti-nost),  n.    [<  Gr.  d/cr/f  {clktiv-), 
ray,  +  btjrtov,  a  bone.]    In  ichth.,  one  of  the 
bones  which  in  true  fishes  immediately  support 
the  rays  of  the  pectoral  and  ventral  fins.  They 

are  generally,  in  the  pectorals,  four  in  number,  but  some- 
times, as  in  some  pediculates,  are  reduced  to  two,  and 
sometimes,  as  in  ganoids,  increased  to  more  than  four; 
they  are  rarely  atrophied.  Gill. 


actinozoan  (ak^ti-no-zo'an),  n.  One  of  the  Ac- 
tinozoa ;  any  member  of  that  class. 

actinozoon  (ak''''ti-n6-z6'on),  n.  [NL.,  sing,  of 
Actinozoa.]    An  actinozoan. 

actinula  (ak-tin'u-la),  w. ;  pi.  actinulas  (-le). 
[NL.,  dim.  of  Gr.  d/cr/f  (d/cr»-),  ray.]  A  name 
given  by  Allman  to  the  larval  condition  of 
Hydrophora  {Hydrozoa),  appearing  when  the 
ciliated  locomotive  planula  or  embryo  has  be- 
come fixed  by  its  aboral  end,  and  has  passed 
into  the  elongated  gastrula-stage  by  the  forma- 
tion of  the  mouth  with  its  circlet  of  tentacles. 
See  planula. 

In  most  Discophora,  the  embryo  becomes  a  fixed  actin- 
ula (the  so-called  Hydra  tuba,  or  Scyphistoma). 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  133. 

action  (ak'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  accion,  -oun,  <  OF. 
action  =  Sp.  accion  =  Pg.  ac<;ao  =  It.  azione,  <  L. 
actio{n-),  <  agerc,  do,  act :  see  act,  n.]  1 .  The 
process  or  state  of  acting  or  of  being  active,  as 
opposed  to  rest;  change  of  which  the  cause  lies 
within  the  subject ;  activity  ;  active  exertion ; 
energy  manifested  in  outward  acts,  as  con- 
trasted with  contemplation,  speculation,  speak- 
ing, or  writing:  as,  a  man  of  action.  [In  this 
sense  not  used  in  the  plural.] 

The  basis  of  Action,  as  distinguished  from  motion,  or 
movement,  is  the  existence  of  desire  residing  in  the  ani- 
mate organism.         L.  F.  Ward,  Dynam.  Sociol.,  II.  90. 

2.  All  event  considered  as  predicated  of  its 
cause ;  an  act,  usually  in  a  complex  or  an  in- 
clusive sense ;  that  which  is  done  about  or  in 
relation  to  anything;  a  specific  performance, 
proceeding,  or  course  of  conduct:  as,  a  good 
or  a  bad  action ;  actions  speak  louder  than 
words ;  the  action  of  a  deliberative  body. 

The  Lord  is  a  God  of  knowledge,  and  by  him  actions 
are  weighed.  1  Sam.  ii.  3. 


action 

What  dangerous  action,  stood  it  next  to  death, 
Would  I  not  undergo  for  one  calm  look  ! 

Shah.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  v.  4. 
An  action  is  the  perfection  and  publication  of  thought. 

Emerson,  Natui'e. 

The  word  action  is  properly  applied  to  those  exertions 
•which  are  consequent  on  volition,  whether  the  exertion 
be  made  on  external  objects,  or  be  confined  to  our  mental 
operations.  D.  Stewart,  Works,  VI.  121. 

3.  An  exertion  of  power  or  force ;  the  real  rela- 
tion of  a  cause  to  its  effect;  causality;  influ- 
ence ;  agency ;  operation ;  impulse :  as,  the  ac- 
tion of  wind  upon  a  ship's  sails. 

The  action  which  given  electrical  masses  exert  on  the 
exterior  of  any  closed  surface  is  the  same  as  that  of  a  layer 
of  the  same  mass  spread  on  this  surface  according  to  a 
certain  law.    Atkinson,  tr.  of  Mascart  and  Joubert,  I.  44. 

4.  Manner  of  moving ;  kind  of  motion  or  physi- 
cal performance :  as,  this  horse  has  fine  action; 
the  action  of  a  machine. 

Imitate  the  action  of  the  tiger.      Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  1. 

5.  In  rhet.,  gesture  or  gesticulation ;  the  deport- 
ment of  the  speaker,  or  the  accommodation  of 
his  attitude,  voice,  gestures,  and  countenance 
to  the  subject,  or  to  the  thoughts  and  feelings 
expressed. 

Suit  the  action  to  the  word,  the  word  to  the  action. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 
Whilst  the  true  brood  of  actors,  that  alone 
Keep  nat'ral,  imstrain'd  Action  in  her  throne. 
Behold  their  benches  bare.       Carew,  To  Davenant. 

6.  In  poetry  and  the  drama,  the  connected 
series  of  events  on  which  the  interest  of  the 
piece  depends ;  the  main  subject  or  story,  as 
distinguished  from  an  incidental  action  or  epi- 
sode. Unity  of  action  is  one  of  the  dramatic 
imities. 

This  action  should  have  three  qualifications:  first,  it 
should  be  one  action;  secondly,  it  should  be  an  entire  ac- 
tion; and  thirdly,  it  should  be  a  great  action. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  267. 

7.  In  physiol. :  (a)  Any  one  of  the  active  pro- 
cesses goiug  on  in  an  organized  body;  some 
manifestation  of  vital  activity;  the  perform- 
ance of  a  function:  as,  the  action  of  the 
stomach  or  the  gastric  juice  on  the  food ;  a 
morbid  action  of  the  liver.    (6)  A  more  or  less 

complex  muscular  effort,  it  may  be  voluntary,  as 
the  contractions  of  the  voluntary  muscles  in  response  to 
the  will ;  involuntary,  asthoseof  the  heart ;  mixed,  as  those 
of  respiration,  deglutition,  etc.;  or  reflex,  as  most  involun- 
tary actions,  and  also  those  performed  by  voluntary  mus- 
cles under  the  iiifiuence  of  stimuli  without  involving  con- 
scious volition. 

8.  In  law :  (a)  A  proceeding  instituted  ia  court 
by  one  or  more  parties  against  another  or  others 
to  enforce  a  right,  or  punish  or  redress  a  wrong: 
distinguished  from  judicial  proceedings  which 
are  not  controversial  in  form,  as  the  probate  of  a 
will,  (ft)  Such  a  proceeding  under  the  forms  of 
the  common  law,  as  distinguished  from  a  chan- 
cery suit  and  a  criminal  prosecution.  But  since 
the  merger  of  law  and  equity,  the  remedy  formerly  had 
by  suit  in  chancery  is  had  by  an  equitable  action.  In  the 
wider  sense  an  action  is  civil  or  criminal:  it  is  criminal 
when  instituted  by  the  sovereign  for  the  punishment  of  a 
crime  (see  criminal) ;  civil  when  instituted  by  the  sover- 
eign power  in  its  capacity  as  an  owner  or  contracting 
party,  or  by  a  subject  or  citizen.  A  criminal  action  is  fre- 
quently spoken  of  as  an  indictment,  which,  however,  is 
only  one  kind  of  formal  complaint  by  which  such  a  pro- 
ceeding may  be  commenced  or  presented  for  trial.  A 
common-law  action  is  real,  personal,  or  mixed:  real  when 
it  claims  title  to  real  estate ;  personal  when  it  demands  a 
chattel,  a  debt,  damages  for  an  injury,  or  a  statutory  pen- 
alty ;  and  mixed  when  it  demands  both  real  estate  and 
damages  for  a  wrong.  Actions  are  in  personam  or  in  rem : 
in  personam  when  the  party  defendant  is  a  natural  person 
or  a  corporation ;  in  rem  when  it  is  a  thing  the  ownership 
of  which  it  is  sought  to  change  or  affect,  as  when  it  is 
sought  to  make  damages  for  a  collision  at  sea  a  lien  on 
the  guilty  ship,  or  to  confiscate  smuggled  property.  Ac- 
tions where,  the  defendant  being  out  of  the  reach  of  the 
court,  a  judgment  against  him  will  bind  only  his  property 
previously  attached,  and  actions  merely  to  determine  the 
status  of  the  parties,  as  for  divorce,  are  also  sometimes 
properly  called  actions  in  rem  ;  for  the  property  attached 
and  the  status,  respectively,  are  in  one  sense  the  subjects 
of  the  action,  and  it  is  their  presence  which  enables  the 
com-t  to  exercise  its  jurisdiction  as  against  persons  ab- 
sent.   See  also  in  personam,  in  rem.     (c)  The  right 

of  bringing  an  action :  as,  the  law  gives  an 
atjtiOH  for  every  claim.  [The  following  French  phrases 
are  common  m  Canadian  law:  Action  en  declaration 
a  hypothique,  action,  by  a  creditor  having  a  hypothec 
against  a  third  person  in  possession  of  the  real  property 
to  have  it  declared  subject  to  the  hypothec.  Action  en 
interruption  (de  prescription),  an  action  brought  to  inter- 
rupt the  running  of  the  time  fixed  in  a  statute  of  limita- 
tions as  a  bar  to  an  action.  Action  en  revendication,  action 
in  replevin ;  an  action  by  the  alleged  owner  of  property  to 
recoverpossession.  Action  hypothicaire,  an  action  brought 
Dy  the  hypothecary  creditor  against  a  third  person  holding 
the  property  subject  to  the  hypothec,  the  object  being  to 
cave  the  property  or  its  value  applied  to  pay  the  debt. 
Actwn  negatoire,  an  action  by  the  owner  of  real  property 
against  any  person  exercising  an  alleged  right  of  servitude 
or  easement  on  the  property,  praying  that  such  alleged 
rigtit  be  declared  unfounded  and  that  such  person  be  per- 
petually barred  from  its  exercise.  Action  populaire,  a 
qui  tam  action ;  an  action  in  the  interest  of  the  public] 


61 

9.  In  the^Mc  arts:  (a)  The  appearance  of  ani- 
mation, movement,  or  passion  given  to  figures 
by  their  attitude,  position,  or  expression,  either 
singly  or  concurrently,  (b)  The  event  or  epi- 
sode represented  or  illustrated  by  a  work  of  art. 
— 10.  A  military  fight ;  a  minor  engagement  be- 
tween armed  bodies  of  men,  whether  on  land 
or  water:  of  less  importance  than  a  battle.  See 
battle. 

How  many  gentlemen  have  you  lost  in  this  action  > 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  i.  1. 
A  general  action  now  ensued,  which,  after  the  loss  of 
several  killed  and  wounded,  terminated  in  the  retreat  of 
the  British  party  towards  the  centre  of  tlie  town. 

Everett,  Orations,  p.  90. 

1 1.  In  mach. :  (a)  The  mechanism  of  a  breech- 
loading  gun  by  which  it  is  opened  to  receive 
the  charge.  (6)  That  part  of  the  mechanism  of 
a  pianoforte,  an  organ,  or  other  similar  instru- 
ment by  which  the  action  of  the  fingers  upon 
the  keys  is  transmitted  to  the  strings,  reeds,  etc. 
In  a  harp  the  action  is  a  mechanism,  controlled  by  pedals 
by  which  the  key  is  changed  by  a  half  or  whole  step.  ' 

12.  [A  French  usage.]  A  share  in  the  capital 
stock  of  a  company ;  in  the  plural,  stocks,  or 
shares  of  stock—Abandonment  of  an  action.  See 

abandonment.— Xccessory  action.  See  « cce.sson/.— Ac- 
tion Of  account.  See  a(  co«)i(.— Action  of  adherence 

See  adherence.— Action  of  a  moving  system,  in  meeh.', 
twice  tlie  time-integral  of  the  kinetic  energy,  which  is 
equal  to  the  sum  of  the  average  momentums  for  the  spaces 
described  by  the  parts  of  the  system  from  any  era  each 
multiplied  by  tlielength  of  its  path.— Action  Of  ejection 
and  intrusion.  See  ejection.— Action  of  ejectment. 

See  ejectment  and  cas!(a<. —Action  Of  foreclosure  See 
/orec/osMrc— Action  Of  mesne  profits.    See  mesne.— 

Action  on  the  case.  See  ca.sei.— Amicable  action 

See  amicaftfe— Angle  Of  action.  See a«(/ie3._Back  ac- 
tion, (a)  In  marine  engines,  action  in  which  the  cylinder 
u  between  the  cross-liead  or  cross-tail  and  the  crank. 
In  tins  arrangement,  which  is  sometimes  used  where  a  sav- 
ing of  longitudinal  space  is  desired,  parallel  side-bars  con- 
nect the  cross-head  of  the  piston-rod  with  a  cross-tail,  and 
from  this  a  connecting-rod  extends  to  the  shaft  at  the  same 
end  of  the  cylinder  as  the  cross-head.  The  opposite  of 
direct  action  (see  below),  (t)  In  firearms,  when  the  locks 
are  bedded  into  the  stock  alone.  E.  H.  Knight.— Csmse 
of  action.  See  cause.—  Chemical  action,  action  within 
a  molecule,  or  between  molecules,  of  matter,  by  which 
atoms  are  added,  removed,  or  rearranged.  It  is  often 
attended  with  evolution  of  heat  and  light.    See  chemical. 

—  Chose  In  action.  See  c/iose2.— circuity  of  action 
See  circuity.— Concovase  Of  actions.    See  concourse. 

—  Concurrence  of  actions.  See  concMcrejice.- Con- 
solidation of  actions.  See  co«so?ii/a(io)i.— Currents 
of  action.   See  cM)  )v?!t.— Declaratory  action.  See 

declarafor.—'Diiect  action,  in  a  steam-engine,  action  in 
which  the  piston-rod  or  cross-head  is  directly  connected 
by  a  rod  with  the  crank.— Double  action,  in  7nach.,  ac- 
tion, as  of  a  piston,  in  which  work  is  done  at  every  stroke 
or  reciprocal  movement.— Droitural  action.  See  droi- 
furai.— Equivocal  action,  one  in  which  the  effect  is  of 
a  difi^erent  species  from  the  agent,  as  the  action  of  a  blow 
upon  a  drum,  causing  it  to  sound.— Form  of  action 
See  form.—  Gist  of  an  action.  See  gist2. —laxmsiueai 
action,  one  whose  effect  is  within  the  agent  or  cause ; 
transient  action,  one  whose  effect  is  an  object  other 
than  its  cause. 

In  the  action  immanent  the  agent  and  the  patient  are 
the  same  ;  in  the  trajisient  different,  in  the  thing  itself. 

Burgersdicius,  tr.  by  a  Gentleman,  i.  8. 
In  action,  in  a  condition  or  state  of  activity;  in  active 

operation.— Law  Of  action  and  reaction,  Newton  s 

third  law  of  motion.  It  is  as  follows :  To  every  action 
there  is  always  an  equal  and  contrary  reaction;  or  the 
mutual  actions  of  two  bodies  are  always  equal  and  oppo- 
sitely directed.  By  actioyi  here  is  to  be  understood  the 
force,  or  sometimes  (according  to  Newton)  the  product 
of  its  effective  component  into  the  velocity  of  its  point 
of  application.  While  the  first  two  laws  of  motion  de- 
termine how  forces  of  eveiy  conceivable  kind  affect  bod- 
ies, and  what  motions  they  produce,  the  third  is  more 
positive,  in  that  it  begins  the  description  of  the  forces 
that  are  actually  found  in  nature,  by  enunciating  the 
proposition  that  the  algebraic  sum  of  all  the  forces  that 
are  called  into  play  on  each  occasion  is  zero.  The  follow- 
ing passage  gives  Newton's  comments  on  this  law,  in  the 
language  of  Thomson  and  Tait,  except  that  the  original 
word  action  is  restored,  in  place  of  the  word  activity  which 
those  authors  substitute  for  it,  in  order  to  avoid  confusion 
with  the  action  of  a  moving  system,  as  defined  above :  "  If 
one  body  presses  or  draws  another,  it  is  pressed  or  drawn 
by  this  other  with  an  equal  force  in  the  opposite  direction. 
If  any  one  presses  a  stone  with  his  finger,  his  finger  is 
pressed  with  the  same  force  in  the  opposite  direction  by 
the  stone.  A  horse  towing  a  boat  on  a  canal  is  dragged 
backwards  by  a  force  equal  to  that  which  he  impresses  on 
the  towing-rope  forwards.  By  whatever  amount,  and  in 
whatever  direction,  one  body  has  its  motion  changed  by 
impact  upon  another,  this  other  body  has  its  motion 
changed  by  the  same  amount  in  the  opposite  direction ; 
for  at  each  instant  during  the  impact  the  force  between 
them  was  equal  and  opposite  on  the  two.  When  neither 
of  the  two  bodies  has  any  rotation,  whether  before  or 
after  the  impact,  the  changes  of  velocity  which  they  ex- 
perience are  proportional  to  their  masses.  When  one 
body  attracts  another  from  a  distance,  this  other  attracts 
it  with  an  equal  and  opposite  force.  If  the  action  of  an 
agent  be  measured  by  its  amount  and  velocity  conjointly, 
and  if,  similarly,  the  reaction  of  the  resistance  be  measured 
by  the  velocities  of  its  several  parts  and  their  several 
amounts  conjointly,  whether  these  arise  from  friction,  co- 
hesion, weight,  or  acceleration,  action  and  reaction,  in 
all  combinations  of  machines,  will  be  equal  and  opposite." 

—  Local  action  (in  a  voltaic  cell).    See  amalgamate,  v. 

—  Perficient  action,  that  action  which  changes  the 
thing  acted  upon  without  destroying  it;  corrupting 


active 

action,  that  which  destroys  it.  —  Principle  of  least 

action,  of  Maupertuis,  the  principle  that,  of  all  the  dif- 
ferent sets  of  paths  along  wliich  a  conservative  system 
may  be  guided  from  one  configuration  to  another,  with 
its  total  energy  constant,  that  one  for  which  the  action 
is  the  least  is  such  that  the  .system  will  require  only 
to  be  started  with  tlie  proper  velocities  to  move  along  it 
unguided.— Single  action,  in  mach.,  action,  as  of  a  pis- 
ton or  plunger,  in  wliicli  work  is  performed  on  only  one  of 
two  or  more  strokes  :  as,  a  single-action  pump,  one  in 
which  the  water  is  raised  on  every  alternate  stroke,  or  the 
upward  lift  of  the  pump-rod.— To  take  action  to  take 
steps  in  regard  to  anytliing  ;  specifically,  to  institute  legal 
proceedings.— Univocal  action,  that  by  which  an  agent 
produces  an  effect  of  the  same  species  as  itself ;  thus,  the 
action  of  lieat  in  heating  a  body  ]>y  conduction  is  univocal. 
—  Wave-action,  in  yun.,  abnormally  high  pressure  in  a 
gun  from  very  large  charges.  =  Syn.  Action,  Act,  Deed.  In 
many  cases  these  words  are  synonymous,  but  action  (in  the 
singular)  denotes  more  particularly  the  operation,  act  and 
deed  the  accomplished  result.  Only  action  may  be  used 
to  signify  the  doing  or  the  method  of  doing ;  it  is  also  the 
word  for  ordinary  activity,  act  signifying  that  which  is 
more  notable  or  dignified.  An  action  may  include  many 
acts,  while  act  is  generally  individual.  An  exception  to 
this  is  in  the  use  of  the  word  act  to  indicate  a  section 
of  a  play,  which  is  a  survival  of  old  usage ;  yet  action  is  in 
this  connection  broader  than  act,  covering  the  movement 
of  the  plot  tlirough  all  the  acts  :  as,  in  Macbeth  the  action 
is  highly  tragic.  A  course  of  action ;  his  action  was  con- 
tinued ;  repeated  acts  of  humanity ;  his  arts  were  incon- 
sistent. Deed  in  old  usage  liad  a  very  general  application, 
but  in  modern  usage  it  is  applied  chiefiy  to  acts  wliich  are 
for  any  reason  especially  noteworthy  ;  it  is  a  more  formal 
word  than  action  or  act.  The  Acts  of  the  Apostles,  the  ac- 
tion of  a  watch  ;  the  acts  of  a  prince,  the  actions  of  chil- 
dren ;  an  act  of  mercy ;  a  deed  of  valor  ;  a  base  deed  or  act. 
For  comparison  with  feat,  etc.,  see  feat. 

Fundamentally  there  is  no  such  thing  as  private  action. 
All  actions  are  public  — in  themselves  or  their  conse- 
quences. Bovee,  Summaries  of  ITiou^t. 
Our  acts  our  angels  are,  or  good  or  ill. 
Our  fatal  shadows  that  walk  by  us  still. 

J.  Fletcher,  Honest  Man's  Fortune,  1.  37. 
Who  doth  right  deeds 
Is  twice-born,  and  who  doeth  ill  deeds  vile. 

Edmn  Arnold,  Light  of  Asia,  vi.  78. 

action  (ak'shon),  v.  t.  [<  action,  w.]  To  bring 
a  legal  action  against.  [Rare.] 
actionable  (ak'shon-a-bl),  a.  [<  ML.  actiona- 
bijis,  <  L.  actio(n-),  action :  see  action.}  Fur- 
nishing sufficient  ground  for  an  action  at  law : 
as,  to  call  a  man  a  thief  is  actionable. 

Many  things  which  have  been  said  in  such  papers  .  .  . 
are  equally  actionable.  The  American,  VIII.  5. 

actionably  (ak'shon-a-bli),  adv.  In  an  action- 
able manner ;  in  a  manner  that  may  subject  to 
legal  process. 

actional  (ak'shpn-al),  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to 
action  or  actions.  Crrote. 
actionary  (ak'shon-a-ri),   n. ;  pi.  actionaries 
(-riz).  [=F.  actio'nndire,  <  ML.  actionarius,  <  L. 
ffcfio(«-),  action:  see,  action.']  A  shareholder  in 
a  joint-stock  company ;  one  who  owns  actions 
(see  action,  12)  or  shares  of  stock.    Also  called 
actionist.    [Chiefiy  used  of  French  subjects.] 
actioner  (ak'shon-er),  n.    The  workman  who 
makes  or  adapts  the  action  of  an  instrument, 
as  of  a  piano,  etc. 
actionist  (ak'shon-ist),  n.    [<  action  -f  -ist.] 
Same  as  actionary. 
actionize  (ak'shon-Iz),  v.  t.  [<  action  +  4ze.']  To 
bring  a  legal  action  against.    [Rare.]   jY.  E.  D. 
actionless  (ak'shon-les),  a.    l<  action  + -less.y 
Without  action  ;  inert, 
action-sermon  (ak'shpn-ser'''mon),  n.    In  the 
Presbyterian  ehurches'of  Scotland,  the  sermon 
preached  before  the  celebration  of  the  com- 
munion. 

action-takingt  (ak'shon-ta"king),  a.  Litigious ; 
accustomed  to  seek  redress  by  law  instead  of 
by  the  sword  :  an  epithet  of  contempt. 

A  lily-liver'd,  action-taking  .  .  .  rogue. 

Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  2. 

actioust  (ak'shiis),  ff.    {_<  action  + -ous.   Ct.  fac- 
tious.']   Active ;  full  of  activity ;  full  of  energy- 
He  knows  you  to  be  eager  men,  martial  men,  men  of 
good  stomachs,  very  hot  shots,  yery  actious  for  valour. 

Dekker  ami  )Yebster  (?),Sir  Thomas  Wyat,  p.  44. 

actitation  (ak-ti-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  "ac- 
titatio(n-),  <  actitare,  act  or  plead  frequently, 
used  only  of  lawsuits  and  dramas ;  double  freq. 
of  agere,  act,  do.]  Frequent  action ;  specifi- 
cally, the  debating  of  lawsuits.  [Rare.] 
activatet  (ak'ti-vat),  v.  t.  [<  active  +  -ate^.] 
To  make  active  ;  intensify. 

Snow  and  ice,  especially  being  holpen,  and  their  cold 
activated  by  nitre  or  salt,  will  turn  water  to  ice,  and  that 
in  a  few  hours.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  83. 

active  (ak'tiv),  a.  [<  ME.  actif,  <  OF.  actif,  F. 
actif,  -ive,  <  L.  activus,  <  agere,  do,  act :  see  act,  ».] 
1.  Having  the  power  or  property  of  acting;  tend- 
ing to  cause  change  or  communicate  action  or 
motion ;  capable  of  exerting  influence :  opposed 
to  passive  :  as,  attraction  is  an  active  power. 

When  the  mind  has  a  p.issive  sensibilitv,  but  no  active 
strength.  Hawthorne.  Twice-Toid  Tales,  II.  83. 


active 

I  find  I  can  excite  ideas  in  my  mind  at  pleasure,  and 
vary  and  sliift  the  scene  as  often  as  I  tliinli  fit.  This 
making  and  unmaking  of  ideas  doth  very  properly  de- 
nominate tlie  mind  iiclii-t: 

Berkdcy,  Principles  of  Human  Knowledge,  i.  §  38. 

Power,  thus  considered,  is  twofold  — viz.:  as  able  to 
make,  or  able  to  receive,  any  change ;  the  one  may  be 
called  active  and  the  other  passive  power.  Locke. 

[This  distinction  is  taken  from  Aristotle.) 

Specifically— 2.  In  med.,  acting  quickly;  pro- 
ducing immediate  effects:  as,  active  remedies 
or  treatment. —  3.  Having  the  power  of  quick 
motion,  or  disposition  to  move  with  speed ; 
nimble;  lively;  brisk;  agile:  as,  an  rtc/fcc  ani- 
mal.— 4.  Busy;  constantly  engaged  in  action; 
acting  with  vigor  and  assiduity :  opposed  to  dull, 
slow,  or  indolent:  as,  an  active  officer;  also  to 
sedentary :  as,  an  active  life. 

Malaga  possessed  a  brave  and  numerous  garrison,  and 
the  common  people  were  active,  hardy,  and  resolute. 

Irviiiij,  Granada,  p.  318. 

5.  In  a  state  of  action ;  marked  by  movement 
or  operation;  in  actual  progress  or  motion ;  not 
quiescent,  dormant,  or  suspended :  as,  to  take 
active  proceedings  against  an  offender ;  to  en- 
gage in  active  hostilities. 

The  world  hath  had  in  these  men  fresh  experience  how- 
dangerous  such  active  errors  are.  Hooker. 

Fanaticism,  or,  to  call  it  by  its  milder  name,  enthusi- 
asm, is  only  powerful  and  active  so  long  as  it  is  aggressive. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  232! 
Hence  —  6.  In  com.,  marked  by  quickness  or 
frequency;  brisk;  lively;  coming  or  moving 
freely  or  abundantly :  as,  an  active  trade  or  de- 
mand for  goods ;  active  freights  or  stocks. —  7. 
Eequiiing  action  or  exertion ;  practical ;  opera- 
tive ;  producing  real  effects :  opposed  to  specu- 
lative: as,  the  rtc^ice  duties  of  life;  the  active 
powers  of  the  mind. 

The  diiision  of  the  faculties  of  the  human  mind  into 
understanding  and  will  is  very  ancient,  and  has  been 
generally  adopted,  the  former  comprehending  all  our 
speculative,  the  latter  all  our  active,  powei-s.  Beid. 

[This  use  of  active  for  practical,  in  philosophy,  is  rightly 
condemned  by  Hamilton.] 

8.  In  gram.,  signifying  the  performance  and  not 
the  endurance  of  an  action :  opposed  to  passive. 
Said  of  a  verb  or  verb-form,  and  used  especially  in  the  case 
of  languages  which,  like  Latin,  have  a  nearly  complete 
passive  conjugation  of  the  verb,  or  else,  like  Greek  and  San- 
skrit, a  partial  one  ;  but  also,  less  properly,  of  those  which, 
like  English  and  French,  have  a  system  of  verb-phrases  with 
passive  meaning,  made  with  an  auxiliary.  Some  gramma- 
rians (quite  improperly)  use  active  as  equivalent  to  tranni- 
iidc— Active  apperception,  that  apperception  which 
chooses  one  among  a  immber  of  ideas  that  present  them- 
selves. —Active  bonds,  bonds  which  bear  a  fixed  rate  of  in- 
terest payable  in  full  from  the  date  of  issue,  as  distinguished 
from  pas.sive  bonds,  on  which  no  interest  is  paid,  but  which 
entitle  the  holder  to  some  future  benefit  or  claim.— Active 
capital  or  wealth,  money,  or  property  that  may  readily 
be  converted  into  money,  used  in  commerce  or  other  em- 
ployment.—Active  cause.  See  cause.— Active  com- 
merce, the  commerce  in  which  a  nation  carries  its  own  and 
foreign  commodities  in  its  own  ships,  or  which  is  prose- 
cuted by  its  own  citizens,  as  contradistinguished  from  pas- 
sive, in  which  the  productions  of  one  country  are  trans- 
ported by  the  people  of  another. — Active  debt.  See  debt. 
—Active  or  living  force,  in  phys.,  same  as  ms  viva  (which 

see).— Active  fund.   See  .At>i<i.— Active  instrument, 

one  wliich  upon  being  set  into  action  goes  on  of  itself,  as 
fire.- Active  list,  the  list  of  officers  in  the  army  or  navy 
liable  to  be  called  upon  for  active  service,  as  distinguished 
from  the  retired  li.it.-~ Active  power.  See  quotation 
from  Locke  under  def.  1.  Reid  uses  the  term  to  denote 
the  will,  appetites,  affections,  etc.;  but  that  use  has  been 
generally  condemned.— Active  service  {milit).  (a)  The 
performance  of  duty  against  au  enemy,  or  operations  car- 
ried on  in  his  presence. 

It  was  evident,  from  the  warlike  character  of  El  Zagal, 
that  there  would  be  abundance  of  active  service  and  hard 
fighting.  Irmntj,  Granada,  p.  437. 

(6)  The  state  of  having  a  place  on  the  active  list,  under 
full  pay  :  used  in  contradistinction  to  being  on  the  retired 
list,  under  reduced  pay.— Active  Sjsrmptoms,  in  pathol., 
symptoms  of  excitement.— Optically  active  substance 

,in  phys.,  one  which  has  the  power  of  rotating  tiie  plane 
•of  polarization  of  a  ray  of  light  transmitted  through  it. 
=  Syn.  Active,  Busy,  Officious,  livelj^  agile,  stirring,  vigor- 
ous, industrious,  indefatigable.  (See  busy.)  Activeregards 
either  mind  or  body ;  there  is  no  sinister  sense  of  the  word 
The  activity  may  be  merely  for  its  own  sake.  Active  is  op- 
posed to  lazy,  inert,  or  quiescent :  an  active  mind,  life,  per- 
son. Busy  is  active  about  something  that  is  supposed  to 
be  useful.  As  applied  to  disposition,  the  word  has  ac- 
quired a  bad  sense,  that  of  meddlesome :  a  iMS)/body ;  he 
is  too  busy  about  others'  affairs.  An  officious  person  is  one 
whose  efforts  to  be  active  or  busy  for  others'  benefit  come, 
through  his  lack  of  judgment,  to  be  regarded  as  annoying 
or  intrusive.    See  impertinent. 

Whose  very  languor  is  a  punishment 
Heavier  than  active  souls  can  feel  or  guess. 

Aubrey  de  Vere,  Song  of  Faith. 
Best  is  not  quitting  the  busy  career. 

John  Dwight,  True  Rest. 
I  will  be  hang'd  if  some  eternal  villain. 
Some  busy  and  insinuating  rogue. 
Some  cogging,  cozening  slave,  to  get  some  office. 
Have  not  devis'd  this  slander.    Shak.,  Othello,  iv.  2. 

You  are  too  officious 
In  her  behalf  that  scorns  your  services. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  2. 


62 

actively  (ak'tiv-li),  adv.  1 .  In  an  active  man- 
ner ;  by  action  or  movement ;  hence,  briskly  or 
energetically:  as,  to  engage  actively  in  busi- 
ness ;  to  work  actively. 

To  flaming  youth  let  virtue  be  as  wax,  .  .  . 
Since  frost  itself  as  actively  doth  burn. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 

2.  In  an  active  sense;  by  active  application  or 
attention  ;  in  a  way  involving  or  implying  ac- 
tion :  opposed  to  passively :  as,  to  employ  a  verb 
actively  ;  to  study  actively. 

The  student  is  to  read  history  activebi  and  not  passively  ■ 
to  esteem  his  own  life  the  text,  and  'books  the  commen- 
t'^T-  Emerson,  History. 

activementt  (ak'tiv-ment),  n.  [Irreg.  <  active 
+  -ment.^  Business ;  employment.  Bp.  Rey- 
nolds. 

activeness  (ak'tiv-nes),  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing active  ;  the  faculty  of  acting  ;  nimbleness ; 
acti\'ity.  [Rare.] 

What  strange  agility  and  activeness  do  our  common 
tumblers  and  dancers  on  the  rope  attain  to ! 

Bp.  Wilkins,  Math.  Magick. 

activity  (ak-tiv'i-ti),  «.;  pi.  activities  (-tiz). 
[<  F.  activite,  <  ML.  activita{t-)s,  <  L.  activus, 
active:  see  active.']  1.  The  state  of  action; 
doing. 

Orl.  He  is,  simply,  the  most  active  gentleman  of  France. 
Con.  Doing  is  activity,  and  he  w  ill  still  be  doing. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  7. 

2.  Activeness:  the  quality  of  acting  promptly 
and  energetically. 

If  thou  knowest  any  men  of  activity  among  them,  then 
make  them  rulers  over  my  cattle.  Gen.  xlvii.  6. 

3.  An  exercise  of  energy  or  force;  an  active 
movement  or  operation ;  a  mode  or  course  of 
action. 

The  activities  of  sentient  beings  are  perpetually  directed 
to  averting  pain  and  attracting  pleasure. 

L.  P.  Ward,  Dynam.  Sociol.,  I.  681. 

4.  In  phys.,  a  term  introduced  by  Sir  "William 
Thomson  as  an  equivalent  of  "rate  of  doing 
work,"  or  the  rate  per  unit  of  time  at  which  en- 
ergy is  given  out  by  a  working  system. 

The  activity,  or  work  per  second,  or  horse-power  of  a 
dynamo  can  be  measured  electrically. 

S.  P.  Thompson,  Dynamo-Elect.  Mach.,  p.  99. 

5t.  A  physical  or  gymnastic  exercise ;  an  agile 
performance. 

I  was  admitteil  into  the  dauncing  and  vaulting  Schole,  of 
which  late  activity  one  Stokes,  the  Master,  set  forth  a 
pretty  book.  Evelyn,  Diary,  1637. 

actless  (akt'les),  a.    [<  act  +  -less.']  Without 
action  or  spirit.  [Rare.] 
A  poor,  young,  actless,  indigested  thing. 

Southern,  Loyal  Brother,  i.  1. 
acto  (ak'to),  n.  [Sp.,  also  auto,  <  L.  actum,  actus : 
see  act,  «.]  An  act  or  a  proceeding,   in  judicial 

matters  it  is  applied  to  any  of  the  proceedings,  orders, 
decrees,  or  sentences  of  a  court,  in  parts  of  tlie  United 
States  settled  by  Spiiniards.    //.  W.  Halleck. 

acton  (ak'ton),  w.  [<  ME.  acton,  aktone,  aketon, 
acqueton,  acketon,  -toun,  etc.,  later  often  with 
h,  liacton,  haketon,  haqueton,  etc.,  also  hocton, 
liocqueton,  etc.,  <  OF.  acoton,  aqueton,  auquc- 
ton,  etc.,  later  liocqueton,  hocton,  F.  hoqiteton 
=  Pr.  alcoto,  cotton-wool,  padding,  a  padded 
and  quilted  jacket,- <  Sp.  algodon,  alcoton,  cot- 
ton, cotton-plant,  <  Ar.  al-qutun,  cotton,  <  al, 
the, -i- qutvn,  cotton:  see  cotton.]  A  kind  of 
quilted  vest  or  tunic,  made  of  taffeta  or  leather, 
worn  under  the  habergeon  or  coat  of  mail  to 
save  the  body  fi-om  bruises,  and  sometimes  worn 
alone  like  a  buffcoat ;  in  later  times,  a  corselet 
or  cuirass  of  plate-armor.    See  gainbeson. 

His  acton  it  was  all  of  black.  Percy's  Reliques. 

Yet  was  his  helmet  hack'd  and  hew'd. 
His  acton  pierced  and  tore.      Scott,  Eve  of  St.  John. 
By  an  order  in  1297  for  the  London  City  Gate  guard  the 
haketon  and  gambeson  are  to  be  both  worn,  or  in  default 
the  haketon  and  corset  or  haketon  and  plates. 

Fairholt,  II.  3. 

actor  (ak'tor),  n.  [<  ME.  actour,  agent,  pleader, 
<  L.  actor,  doer,  plaintiff,  advocate,  agent,  play- 
er, <  agere,  drive,  do,  act:  see  act,  n.]  1.  One 
who  acts  or  performs ;  the  doer  or  performer  of 
an  action ;  specifically,  one  who  represents  a 
character  or  acts  a  part  in  a  play ;  a  stage- 
player. 

He  [Pitt]  was  an  actor  in  the  Closet,  an  actor  at  Coun- 
cil, .  .  .  and  even  in  private  society  he  could  not  lay  aside 
his  theatrical  tones  and  attitudes. 

Macaulay,  William  Pitt. 
2.  In  law :  («)  An  advocate  or  a  proctor  in  civil 
courts  or  causes.  (6)  A  plaintiff.  [In  this 
sense  properly  a  Latin  word.]  -  Character-actor 
an  actor  who  portrays  characters  with  strongly  marked  pe- 
culiarities. 


actualization 

actress  (ak'tres),  n.  [<  actor  +  -ess.  Cf.  F.  ao- 
trice,  an  actress,  <  L.  actrix,  ace.  actricem,  a 
female  plaintiff',  a  stewardess,  fem.  of  actor: 
see  actor.]    A  female  actor  or  performer. 

■Virgil  has,  indeed,  admitted  Fame  as  an  actress  in  the 
^neid.  Addison. 
Specifically,  a  woman  who  represents  or  acts  a  part  in  a 
play.  Actresses  were  not  introduced  in  England  till  after 
the  Restoration,  though  they  seem  to  have  been  em- 
ployed in  some  parts  of  Europe  much  earlier.  Thomas 
Coryat,  the  traveler,  mentions  them  in  his  "Crudities" 
published  in  1611 :  "  Here  [Venice]  ...  I  saw  women  acte 
a  thnig  that  I  never  saw  before;  though  I  have  heard  that 
it  hath  been  used  in  London."  In  Shakspere's  time  fe- 
inale  parts  were  performed  by  boys,  as  is  still  the  custom 
in  Cliiiia  and  some  other  countries.  "The  king,  one  night 
was  impatient  to  have  tlie  play  begin.  'Sire,'  said  Dave- 
nant,  'they  are  shaving  the  queen.'"  Memoirs  of  Count 
de  Gramont.  In  the  epilogue  to  "As  you  Like  it"  Ro- 
salind says:  "If  I  were  a  woman,  I  would  kiss  as  many 
of  you  as  had  beards  that  pleased  me,"  etc.  In  1662  the 
employment  of  actresses  w.as  sanctioned  by  Charles  II. 
"  Whereas  the  women's  parts  in  plays  have  hitherto  been 
acted  by  men,  in  the  habits  of  women,  at  which  some 
have  taken  great  offence,  we  do  permit  and  give  leave, 
for  the  time  to  come,  that  all  women's  parts  be  acted  by 
women."  Extract  from  license  in  1662  to  a  London  theater 

actual  (ak'tu-al),  a.  [<  ME.  actual,  actiiel,  ac- 
tive, <  OF.  and  F.  actuel,  <  LL.  actualis,  active, 
practical,  <  L.  actus  (actu-),  act,  action,  per- 
formance: see  act,  n.]    If.  Active;  practical. 

Besides  herwalkingand  other  actual  performances,  what 
.  .  .  have  you  heard  her  say?  Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  1. 

Either  in  discourse  of  thought  or  actual  deed. 

Shak.,  Othello,  iv.  2. 

2.  In  full  existence ;  real ;  denoting  that  which 
not  merely  can  be,  but  is :  opposed  to  x^otential, 
apparent,  constructive,  and  imaginary. 

Hermogenes,  says  Horace,  was  a  singer  even  when  si- 
lent; how'/- a  singernoti/jac<«  but»/i/)osse.  SoAlfemis 
was  a  cobbler,  even  when  not  at  work  ;  that  is,  he  was  a 
cobbler  potential,  whereas,  when  busy  in  his  booth,  he  was 
a  cobbler  actual.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

The  smallest  actual  good  is  better  than  the  most  magnifi- 
cent promises  of  impossibilities.    Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

In  sundry  abnormal  states,  strong  feelings  of  cold  or 
heat  are  felt  throughout  the  body,  though  its  actual  tem- 
perature has  remained  unaltered. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  47. 

3.  Now  existing ;  present :  opposed  to  jmst  and 
future:  as,  in  the  actual  condition  of  affairs. — 
Actual  being.    See  being.— Actvial  cautery.  See 

cautery,  1.— Actual  cognition,  opposed  to  virtual  and  to 
habitual  cognition,  lasts  only  while  the  attention  is  en- 
gaged upon  the  object.— Actual  difference.  See  differ- 
ence.— Act\ial  energy,  in  me'ch.,  energy  in  the  form 
of  motionj  vis  viva :  opposed  to  potential  energy,  which  is 
energy  in  the  form  of  position.  See  cfi('*OT.— Actual 
entry.  See  en</  !/.— Actual  fraud.  See  ./Vo  itrf.— Actual 
relation,  one  which  depends  upon  an  outward  fact,  and 
not  upon  a  mere  desire  or  fancy.— Actual  Sin,  in  theol, 
the  sin  of  the  individual,  in  contrast  with  the  sin  of  the 
race,  or  original  sin.— Actual  Whole,  in  logic:  (a)  Any 
whole  except  a  potential  whole. 

This  whole  is  called  potential,  whereas  the  rest  of  the 
species  are  called  actual. 

Burgersdicius,  tr.  by  a  Gentleman,  i.  14. 
(b)  An  individual  .as  containing  in  it  species,  or  a  species 
as  containing  in  it  genera;  a  metaphysical  or  formal 
whole.  So  actual  parts.— The  actual,  that  which  is  real 
and  existing,  as  opposed  to  what  is  ideal  or  merely  pos- 
sible ;  the  activities  and  cares  of  life. 

That  delicious  sense  of  disenthrallment  from  the  actual 
which  the  deepening  twilight  brings  with  it. 

Loicell,  Study  Windows,  p.  54. 

=  Syn.  Actual,  Positive,  etc.  (see  real),  veritable,  genuine, 
certain,  absolute. 

actualisation,  actualise.  See  actualization, 
actualize. 

actualism  (ak'tu-al-izm),  n.  [<  actual  +  -ism.] 
In  metaph.,  the  doctrine  that  all  existence  is 
truly  active  or  spiritual,  and  not  dead  or  inert. 

There  is  nothing  so  clear  in  his  [Hinton's]  earliest 
thought  as  the  doctrine,  embodied  in  the  word  Actualism, 
that  the  world  is  a  process.  Mind,  IX.  399. 

actualist  (ak'tii-al-ist),  n.  [<  actual  -\-  -ist.] 
One  who  is  interested  in  or  deals  with  actuali- 
ties ;  a  realist :  opposed  to  idealist.  Grote. 
actuality  (ak-tu-ari-ti),  n. ;  pi.  actualities  (-tiz). 
[=  F.  actualite,<  ML.  actualita{t-)s  (Duns  Sco- 
tus),  <  L.  actualis,  actual:  see  actual.]  1.  The 
state  of  being  actual,  as  opposed  to  potential- 
ity;  existence,  as  opposed  to  ideality. 

A  man  may  deny  actuality  ...  to  the  Mahometan  idea 
of  God,  and  yet  be  no  atheist. 

Theodore  Parker,  Speculative  Atheism. 

George  Sand  says  neatly,  that  "Art  is  not  a  study  of 
positive  reality"  {actuality  were  the  titter  word),  "but  a 
seeking  after  ideal  truth."   Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  208. 

2.  That  in  which  anything  is  realized. 

Nature  and  religion  are  the  bands  of  friendship ;  excel- 
lency and  usefulness  are  its  great  endearments ;  society 
and  neighborhood,  that  is,  the  possibilities  and  the  cir- 
cumstances of  converse,  are  the  determinations  and  actu- 
alities of  it.  Jer.  Taylor,  Friendship. 

actualization  (ak'tu-al-i-za'shon),  «.  A  making 
real  or  actual;  the  reducing  of  an  idea  to  a 


actualization 

state  of  actuality  or  existence  ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing made  actual.    Also  spelled  actualisation. 


It  [the  idea  of  peace]  is  expounded,  illustrated,  defined, 
with  ditfereut  degTees  of  clearness  ;  and  its  actualization, 
or  the  measures  it  should  inspire,  predicted  according  to 
the  liglit  of  each  seer.  Einerson,  War. 


63 

If  thou  dost  love,  my  kindness  shall  iivcite  thee 
To  bind  our  loves  up  in  a  holy  band. 

Shale,  Much  Ado,  iii.  1. 


More  apt 

To  slacken  Virtue,  and  abate  her  edge, 
Than  prompt  lier  to  do  aught  may  merit  praise. 

Milton,  P.  R.,  ii.  i'M. 
With  the  education  she  had  received,  she  could  look  on 
this  strange  interruption  of  her  pilgrimage  only  as  a  spe- 
cial assault  upon  her  faith,  instigated  by  those  evil  spirits 
that  are  ever  setting  themselves  in  conflict  with  the  just. 

Mrs.  Stowe,  Agnes  of  .Sorrento,  xxv. 
His  [Macaulay  sj  critical  seventy  almost  ac«Maiize«  the  opt,iinf.p^  (a'k'fi,  nt>  n     T<  MT  ^/>/„^#„o 
idea  of  critical  damnation.     Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  20.  aCXUaTOt  (aK  tu-atj,  a.     \S  ML,,  actuatus,  pp.  of 
X    11    ^  w^--   1  •^     7      -I    A  X    I        actuare :   see  the  verb.]     Put  into  action, 

actually  (ak'tu-al-i),  adv.    1.  As  an  actual  or    goutlt     FRare  1 

existing  faetj  really  ;Jn^tju^^^^^  actuation  (ak-ta-a'shon),  n.    A  putting  in  mo- 

tion or  operation ;  communication  of  active  en- 


actualize  (ak'tu-al-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ac- 
tiialized,  ppr.  aciuali'hig.  [<  actual  +  -izc ;  —  F. 
actualiser.^  To  make  actual.  Also  spelled  ac- 
tualise. 


an  expression  of  wonder  or  surprise :  as,  he  ac- 
tually accomplished  what  he  undertook. 

On  one  occasion  Sheridan  actually  forced  Burke  down 
upon  liis  seat  in  order  to  prevent  a  furious  explosion  of 
passion.  Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  xv. 

The  refraction  of  the  atmosphere  causes  the  sun  to  be 
seen  before  it  actually  rises,  and  after  it  actually  sets. 

Tyndall,  Light  and  Elect.,  p.  43. 


ergy  or  force. 

I  have  presupposed  all  things  distinct  from  him  to  have 
been  produced  out  of  nothing  by  him,  and  consequently 
to  be  posterior  not  only  to  the  motion,  but  the  actuation 
of  his  will.  Bp.  Pearson,  Expos,  of  Creed,  iv. 

actuator  (ak'tii-a-tor),  n.    One  who  or  that 
„,   Tj       +•  4-  i-       •       X    which  actuates'or  puts  in  action.  rRare.l 

ll\^L^''^v^JoJl  mamfestation;  m  act  actuoset  (ak'tu-6s),  a.  [<  L.  actuosus,  full  of 
ni  f  pp  .  nrar        v.  activity,  <  actiis,  action  :  see  act,  «.]  Having 

the  power  of  action  ;  having  strong  powers  of 
action  ;  abounding  in  action, 
actuosity  (ak-tu-os'i-ti),  n.  [=Vg.actuosidade, 
<L.  as  if  *actuosita(i-)s,  iactuosus:  see  actuose.'] 


or  deed;  practically. 

Of  all  your  sex,  yet  never  did  I  know 
Any  that  yet  so  actually  did  shew 
Such  rules  for  patience,  such  an  easyway. 

Drayton,  Elegies. 

actualness  (ak'tu-al-nes),  «.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  actual ;  actuality.  [Rare.] 

actuarial  (ak-tu-a'ri-al),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  an  actuary  or  to  actuaries,  or  to  the  business 
of  an  actuary :  as,  actuarial  calculations ;  an«c- 
tuarial  society. 

actuarially  (ak-tu-a'ri-al-i),  adv.   After  the 
manner  of  an  actuary ;  in  an  actuarial  way. 

The  trade-unions  of  England  are,  actuarially  speaking, 
bankrupt.  N.  A.  Meo.,  CXLIII.  233. 

actuary  (ak'tu-a-ri), -^l.  actuaries  {-viz).  [<L. 
uctuarius,  a  shorthand-writer,  a  clerk,  <  actus 
(actu-),  action,  public  employment:  see  act,n.~\ 

1.  A  registrar  or  clerk:  a  term  of  the  civil  law, 
used  originally  in  courts  of  civil-law  jurisdic- 
tion. In  England — (a)  A  clerk  wlio  registers  the  acts  and 
constitutions  of  the  lower  house  of  Convocation,  (fc)  All 
officer  appointed  to  keep  a  savings-bank's  accounts. 

2.  A  person  skilled  in  the  application  of  the 
doctrine  of  chances  to  financial  affairs,  more 
especially  in  regard  to  the  insurance  of  lives. 
The  term  is  generally  applied  to  an  officer  of  a  life-insur- 
ance company  whose  main  duties  are  to  make  the  com- 
putations necessary  to  determine  the  valuation  of  contin- 
gent liabilities,  computation  of  premiums,  compilation  of 
tables,  etc. 

actuate  (ak'tu-at),  v.  t.:  pret.  and  pp.  actu- 
ated,  ppr.  actuating.    [<  ML.  actuatus,  pp.  of  ac-  acuate  (ak  u-at)^  «. 


If.  Power  or  state  of  action.  [Rare.]  —  2.  In 
metaph.,  a  state  of  acti\-ity  which  is  complete 
in  itself,  without  leading  to  any  result  that 
must  be  regarded  as  its  completion. 

That  ac(uosi<;/ in  which  the  action  and  its  completion 
coincide,  as  to  think,  to  see.  J.  Hutchison  Stirlimj. 

acturet  (ak'tur),  n.  [<  act  +  -lire.']  Actual 
operation  or  performance.  Shak.,  Lover's  Com- 
plaint, 1.  185. 
acturience  (ak-tu'ri-ens),  «.  [<  L.  as  if  *acturi- 
en{t-)s,  ppr.  of  an  assumed  *acturire,  desire  to 
act,  <  actus,  pp.  of  agere,  do,  act,  +  -urire,  de- 
siderative  suffix.  Cf.  esurient,  parturient.'}  A 
desire  for  action.  Grote.  [Rare.] 
actus  (ak'tus),  n. ;  pi.  actus.  [L.,  lit.  a  driving, 
<  agere,  drive :  see  act,  w.]  In  laio,  a  road  for 
passengers  riding  or  di-iving;  a  public  road  or 
highway.  [Rare.] 

acuatet  (ak'u-at),  v.  t.  [<  L.  as  if  *acuatus,  pp. 
of  *acuare,  <  L.  acuere,  pp.  acutus,  sharpen: 
see  acute,  a.]  To  shai-pen ;  make  pungent  or 
sharp,  literally  or  figuratively. 

Immoderate  feeding  upon  pickled  meats,  and  debauch- 
ing with  strong  wines,  do  inflame  and  acuate  the  blood. 

Harvey,  Consumption. 


[<  L.  as  if  *acuatus,  pp. 
tware,  perfoi-m,  put  in  action,  <  L.  actus:  see    see  the  verb.]    Sharpened;  pointed. 
act,  w.]    1.  To  put  into  action;  move  or  incite  acuchl,       See  acouchy. 
to  action:  as,  men  are  actuated  by  motives  or 
passions. 

Those  whom  their  superior  talents  had  deified,  were 
found  to  be  still  actuated  by  the  most  brutal  passions  of 
human  nature.  Goldsmith,  Origin  of  Poetry. 


I  succeeded  in  making  a  very  good  electro-magnet,  .  .  . 
which  .  .  .  performed  the  work  of  actuatiny  the  arma- 
ture with  perfect  success. 

E.  Gray,  in  G.  B.  Prescott's  Elect.  Invent.,  p.  185. 
2t.  To  make  actual  or  real;  carry  out;  exe- 
cute; perform. 

Only  to  be  thought  worthy  of  your  counsel, 
Or  actuate  what  you  command  to  me, 
Were  a  perpetual  happiness. 

Massinger,  Roman  Actor,  iv.  2. 
=S3T1.  1.  Actuate,  Impel,  Induce,  Iiicite,  Prompt,  Insti- 
gate. (See  impel.)  To  actuate  is  merely  to  call  into  action, 
without  regard  to  the  natui'e  of  the  actuating  force ;  but 
it  is  very  commonly  used  of  motives :  as,  the  murderer  was 
actuated  by  revenge.  Impel,  to  drive  toward,  is  expressive 
of  more  passion,  haste,  urgency,  necessity;  hence  it  is  cou- 
pled with  words  of  corresponding  kind,  and  when  used 
with  quieter  words  it  gives  them  force :  as,  youth  impelled 
him.  Induce,  to  lead  toward,  is  gentler  by  as  much  as 
leading  is  gentler  than  driving;  it  implies  the  effort  to 
persuade  by  presenting  motives,  but  is  also  used  where  the 
persuasion  is  only  figurative :  as,  I  was  at  last  indxiced  to 
go ;  he  was  induced  by  my  example.  Incite,  pi-ompt,  insti- 
gate are  used  only  when  motives  irrespective  of  physical 
force  are  the  actuating  power.  Incite  is  weaker  than  im pel 
and  stronger  than  prompt;  it  expresses  more  eagerness 
than  impel;  it  implies  the  urging  of  men  toward  the  ob- 
jects of  kindled  feelings  and  generally  of  strong  desire. 
Prompt  is  more  general  in  its  meaning,  depending  upon 
Its  connection  forforce  and  limitation;  it  is  of  ten  preferred 
for  its  brevity  and  breadth  of  application.    "  ' 


acuerdo  (Sp.  pron.  a-ko-ar'do),  n.  [Sp.,  =  E. 
accord,  m.]  1.  A  resolution  of  a  deliberative 
body,  as  of  an  ayuntamieuto  or  town  council. 
—  2.  A  decision  or  legal  opinion  of  a  court. — 
3.  Ratification.  [Used  in  parts  of  the  United 
States  settled  by  Spaniards.] 
acuitiont  (ak-u-ish'on),  n.  [<  ML.  acuitio{n-), 
<  L.  acuere,  sharpen:  see  acute,  a.]  The  act  of 
rendering  sharp,  literally  or  figuratively.  Spe- 
cifically —  (a)  The  sharpening  of  medicines  to  increase  their 
effect,  as  by  the  addition  of  a  mineral  acid  to  a  vegetable 
acid.  (6)  The  highest  sound  (accent)  in  the  pronunciation 
of  a  word. 

acuity  (a-ku'i-ti),  n.     [<  F.  acuite,  <  ML.  acui- 
ta{t-)s,  iiTeg.  <  L.  acuere,  sharpen:  see  acute, 
and -«<(/.]    Sharpness;  acuteness. 

[The]  acuity  or  bluntness  of  the  piii  that  bears  the  card. 

Perkins,  Magnetic  Needle,  Hist.  Royal  Soc,  IV.  18. 
Many  of  them  [Eskimos]  .  .  .  being  endowed  ^vith  the 
acuity  of  vision  peculiar  to  nomads  and  hunters. 

Arc.  Cruise  of  the  Corwin,  1881,  p.  24. 

Aculeata  (a-ku-le-a'ta),  n.  pi.    [L.,  neut.  pi.  of 

aculeatus,  furnislied  with  stings :  see  aculeate, 
a.]  1.  A  name  given  by  Latreille,  1802,  to  a 
group  of  hymenopterous  insects  in  which  the 
abdomen  of  the  females  and  neuters  is  armed 


acupressure 

aculeated  (a-ku'le-a-ted),  p.  a.    [<  aculeate  + 
-ed'^.']    1.  Armed  with  prickles.— 2.  Pointed; 
sharp ;  incisive, 
aculei,  n.    Plural  of  aculcus. 
aculeiform  (a-ku'le-i-fOrm),  a.    [<  L.  aculeus, 
prickle,  +  -furmis,  '<  forma,  shape.]  Formed 
like  a  prickle, 
aculeolate  (a-ku'Ie-6-lat),  a.    [<  NL.  aculeola- 
tus-,  <  L.  aculeolus,  dim.  of  aculeus,  a  sting, 
prickle  :  see  aculeus.']    In  hot.,  having  small 
prickles  or  sharp  points.    A.  Gray. 
aculeous  (a-ku'le-us),  a.  [<  aculeus  +  -ous.]  In 

hot.,  same  as  actdcate. 
aculeus  (a-ku'le-us),  n. ;  pi.  aculei  (-i).  [L.,  a 
sting,  prickle,  spine,  dim.  of  acus,  a  needle :  see 
acus.]  1.  The  poison-sting  of  the  aculeate  hy- 
menopterous insects,  as  bees,  wasps,  etc.  See 
Aculeata. —  2.  In  &of.,  aprickle ;  a  slender,  rigid, 
and  pointed  outgrowth  from  the  bark  or  epi- 
dermis, as  in  the  rose  and  blaekberrj',  in  distinc- 
tion from  a  thom,  which  grows  from  the  wood, 
acumen  (a-ku'men),  n.  [L.,  a  point,  sting, 
fig.  acuteness,  <  acucre,^  sharjien:  see  acute.] 

1.  Quickness  of  perception  ;  the  faculty  of  nice 
discrimination ;  mental  acuteness  or  penetra- 
tion ;  keenness  of  insight. 

His  learning,  above  all  kings  christened,  liis  acumen, 
his  judgment,  his  memoiy. 

Sir  B.  Coke,  K.  James's  Proc.  agt.  Garnet,  sig.  G,  p.  3b. 

Individual  insight  and  acumen  may  point  out  conse- 
quences of  an  action  which  bring  it  under  previously 
known  moral  rules.         W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  II.  135. 

2.  In  hot,  a  tapering  point.  =Syn.  1.  Penetration, 
discei'nment,  acuteness,  shai-pness,  perspicacity,  insight. 

acuminate  (a-ku'mi-nat),  v.;  pret.  and  pp. 
acuminated,  ppr.  acuminating.  [<  L,  acumina- 
tus,  pp.  of  acuminare,  shai-pen,  <  acumen,  a 
point:  see  acumen.]  I.  trans.  To  bring  to  a 
point;  render  sharp  or  keen:  as,  "to  acumi- 
nate despaii',"  Cowpcr,  Letters,  p.  172.  [Rare, 
except  in  the  past  participle.] 

This  is  not  acuminated  and  pointed,  as  in  the  rest,  but 
seemeth,  as  it  were,  cut  off.       Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

II.  intrans.  To  taper  or  rise  to  a  point. 
[Obsolete,  except  in  the  present  participle.] 

They  [the  bishops],  .  .  .  acuminating  still  higher  and 
higher  in  a  cone  of  prelaty,  instead  of  healing  up  the 
gashes  of  the  church,  .  .  .  fall  to  gore  one  another  with 
their  shai-p  spires,  for  upper  places  and  precedence. 

Milton,  Church  Gov.,  i. 

acuminate  (a-ku'mi-nat),  a.  [<  L.  acuminatus, 
pp. :  see  the  verb.]  Pointed ;  acute.  Specifically 

—  (a)  In  bot.,  ha\ing  a  long,  tapering 
termination :  applied  to  leaves  and  other 
organs.  When  the  narrowing  takes 
place  at  the  base  it  is  so  expressed,  for 
example,  acuminate  at  the  base;  when 
the  w  Old  is  used  ^vitho^lt  any  limitation 
it  always  refers  to  the  apex,  (h)  In  ornith., 
applied  in  a  similar  sense  to  the  feathers 
of  birds ;  tapering. 

acumination  (a-ku-mi-na'shon), 
II.     [<  L.  as  ii  *acuminatio(n-). 
\  acuminare :  see  acuminate,  v.]  1. 
The  act  of  acuminating,  or  the 
i-     state  of  being  acuminated ;  a 
Acuminate  Leaf,  sharpening ;    termination    in  a 
sharp  point. —  2.  A  sharp  and 
tapering  point ;  a  pointed  extremitj'. 

The  coronary  thoms  .  .  .  did  also  pierce  his  tender  and 
sacred  temples  to  a  multiplicity  of  pains,  by  their  numer- 
ous acurninations.  Bp.  Pearson,  Expos,  of  Creed,  iv. 

3.  Acuteness  of  intellect;  acmnen.  [Rare.] 

Wits,  which  erect  and  inscribe,  with  notable  zeal  and 
acumination,  their  memorials  in  every  mind  they  meet 
with.  Waterhouse,  Apol.  for  Learning  (1653),  p.  190. 

acuminose  (a-ku'mi-nos),  a.  [<  XL.  acumino- 
s«s,<L.  acumen,  point:  see  acumen.]  In  hot., 
ha-ving  a  sharp  or  tapering  point.  [Rare.] 
acuminous  (a-ku'mi-nus),  a.  [<  acumen  (-/«/»-) 
+ -ous.  Ci.  acuminose.]  1.  Characterized  by 
acumen;  sharp;  penetrating. —  2.  Same  as  wcii- 
minose. 


 ./  „.  „pj,„  „...    Instigate,  to    ^^ji^^.v^,  ^o.     j-ncwc, , 

goad  on,  IS  sometimes,  but  erroneously,  used  of  incitement  apnlpntp  (a-kfi'lp  nt)  n  and 
to  good;  it  should  be  used  only  where  the  urging  is  toward  ^l^i;„C°iL-Ji  l-'''  "^1^^^ 
evil.  It  generally  implies  that  such  urging  is  underhand, 
although  that  fact  is  sometimes  explicitly  stated :  he  was 
(secretly)  instigated  to  his  perfidy. 

It  is  observed  by  Cicero  that  men  of  the  gi-eatest  and 
most  shining  parts  are  most  actuated  by  ambition. 

Addison. 

Thus  we  see  that  human  nature  is  impelled  by  affections 
of  gratitude,  esteem,  veneration,  joy,  not  to  mention  vari- 
ous others.  Channing,  Perfect  Jjfe,  p.  13. 

Desire  with  thee  still  longer  to  converse 

Induced  me.  Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  253. 


with  a  sting,  consisting  of  two  fine  spieula  with  acuminulate  (ak-u-min'u-lat),  a.  [<  L.  as  if 
reverted  barbs,  connected -with  a  poison-reser-  *acuminulum,  dim.'of  acumen,  a  point,  +  Httc^; 
voir.  The  group  includes  bees  and  wasps.—  after  acuminate.]  Somewhat  or  slightly  acu- 
2t.  In  maminal.,  an  artificial  gi-oup  of  spiny    minate.  [Rare.] 

rodents,  composed  of  the  genera  Hystrix  and  acupress  (ak'u-pres),  v.  t.  [<  L.  acus.  a  needle, 
Loncheres.    IlUger,  1811.  abl.  acu,  ^vith"  a  needle,  +  press.]    In  surg.,  to 

....  n.   [^CL.  aculeatus,    apply  acupressure  to,  as  a  bleeding  arterv. 

furnished  with  stings,  thorny,  prickly,  <ace<?ci<4-,  acupression  (ak-u-presh'on),  «.  [<  L.  acus,  a 
a  sting,  prickle:  see  aculeus.]  I.  a.  1.  In  -odV.,  needle,  +  pressio{n-),  pressure.]  Same  as  acu- 
fumished  with  a  sting;  pertaining  to  or  charac-  pressure. 

teristic  of  the  Aculeata.— 2.  In  hot,  furnished  acupressure  (ak'u-presh-ui-),  n.  [<  L.  acus,  a 
with  aculei  or  sharp  prickles;  aculeous. —  3.    needle, +^jressiira,  pressure:  see  pressure.]  In 


Figui-atively,  pointed ;  stinging. 

II.  n.  A  hjrmenopterous  insect,  one  of  the 
Aculeata. 

aculeate  (a-ku'le-at),  V.  t.  [<  L.  aculeatus :  see 
aculeate,  a.]  To  make  pointed;  sharpen.  [Rare.] 


surg.,  a  method  (first  published  by  Sir  J.  Y. 
Simpson  in  1859)  of  stopping  hemorrhage  in 
arteries  during  amputations,  etc.,  consisting  in 
pressing  the  artery  closely  by  means  of  a  pin 
or  needle  or  bit  of  inelastic  ■wire,  introduced 


acupressure 

through  the  sides  or  flaps  of  the  wound,  instead 

of  tjing  with  a  thread.  There  are  various  modes 

of  inserting  the  pin. 
acupuncturation  (ak-u-pungk-tu-ra'shon),  n. 

A  pricking  with  or  as '  if  with  "a  needle ;  the 

practice  of  acupuncture.  [Rare.] 
acupuncturator  (ak-u-pungk'tu-ra-tqr),  n. 

An  instrument  for  performing  the'  operation  of 

acupuncture, 
acupuncture  (ak'u-pungk-tur),  71.    [<  L.  acus,  a 

needle,  +  punctura,  a  pricking  :  see  puncture.'^ 

1.  A  siu'gical  operation  consisting  in  the  in- 
sertion of  delicate  needles  in  the  tissues.  This 

operation  has  been  practised  for  ages  in  many  parts  of  tlie 
world.  Apart  from  tlie  employment  of  needles  to  evacu- 
ate a  morbid  fluid,  as  in  edema,  or  to  set  up  an  inflamma- 
tion, as  in  ununited  fractures,  acupuncture  has  been  mostly 
used  for  myalgic,  neuralgic,  and  other  nervous  affections. 

2.  A  mode  of  infanticide  in  some  countries, 
consisting  in  forcing  a  needle  into  the  brain  of 
the  child. 

acupuncture  (ak'u-pungk-tur),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and 

pp.  acupunctured,  ppr.  acupuncturing.  In  surg., 
to  perform  the  operation  of  acupuncture  upon. 

acurset,  v.  t.    See  accurse. 

acus  (a'kus),  n. ;  pi.  acus.  [L.  amis  (acu-),  a 
needle  or  pin,  as  being  pointed;  of.  acuere, 
make  sharp  or  pointed:  see  acute,  a.]  1.  A 
needle,  especially  one  used  for  surgical  pur- 
poses.—  2.  In  archaoJ.,  sometimes,  the  pin  of 
a  brooch  or  fibula.— 3.  [cap.]  (flf)  A  genus  of 
fishes.  Johnston,  1650.  (b)  A  genus  of  mol- 
lusks.    Humphreys,  1797.    See  Terebra  Acus 

Cannulata,  a  trocar,  or  a  tubular  needle  for  discharging 
Huids.— Acus  interpunctoria,  a  couching-needle,  used 
in  operations  for  cataract.— Acus  ophthalmica,  a  needle 
used  in  operations  for  ophthalmia  or  cataract.— Acus 
triquetra,  a  three-sided  needle ;  a  trocar. 

Acusidse  (a-ko'si-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  irreg.  <  Acus, 
3  (b),  +  -i'ffrt'.]    Same  as  Terebridce. 

acustomt,  acustomancet,  etc.  See  accustom, 
accustomance,  etc. 

acutangular  (a-kiit'ang"gu-lar),  a.  Same  as 
acute-angular.  Warburton. 

acutate  (a-ku'tat),  a.  [<  acute  +  -a<ei.]  Slight- 
ly pointed. 

acute  (a-kiit'),  a.  [<  L.  acutus,  sharp,  pp.  of 
acuere,  sharpen,  <  *ac,  be  sharp,  pierce :  see 
acid.']  1.  Sharp  at  the  end; 
ending  in  a  sharp  point  or  an- 
gle :  opposed  to  bluyit  or  ob- 
tuse. Specifically  applied,  (a)  in  hot,. 
to  a  leaf  or  other  organ  ending  in  a 
sharp  angle  ;  (6)  in  georn.,  to  an  angle 
less  than  a  right  angle.  See  acute- 
angled. 

2.  Sharp  or  penetrating  in  in- 
tellect; possessing  keenness  of 
insight  or  perception ;  exercis- 
ing nice  discernment  or  discrimination :  op- 
posed to  dull  or  stupid:  as,  "the  acute  and 
ingenious  author,"  Locke. —  3.  Manifesting  in- 
tellectual keenness  or  penetration  ;  marked  or 
characterized  by  quickness  of  perception  or 
nice  discernment :  applied  to  mental  endow- 
ments and  operations:  as,  acute  faculties  or 
arguments. 

Leigh  Hunt,  whose  feminine  temperament  gave  him 
acute  perceptions  at  the  expense  of  judgment. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  261. 

4.  Having  nice  or  quick  sensibility ;  suscepti- 
ble of  slight  impressions ;  having  power  to  feel 
or  perceive  small  or  distant  objects  or  effects : 
as,  a  man  of  acute  eyesight,  hearing,  or  feeling. 

Were  our  senses  made  much  quicker  and  acuter,  the  ap- 
pearance and  outward  scheme  of  things  would  have  quite 
another  face  to  us.  Locke. 

The  acute  hearing  of  the  Veddahs  is  shown  by  their 
habit  of  finding  bees'  nests  by  the  hum. 

H.  Sjiencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  40. 

5.  Keen ;  sharp  ;  intense  ;  poignant :  said  of 
pain,  pleasure,  etc. — 6.  High  in  pitch;  shrill : 
said  of  sound :  opposed  to  grave.  See  acute  ac- 
cent, below. — 7.  In  pathol.,  attended  with  more 
or  less  violent  sjTnptoms  and  coming  speedily 
to  a  crisis:  applied  to  a  disease:  as,  an  acute 
pleurisy:  distinguished  from  subacute  and 
chronic — Acute  accent,  (d)  Utterance  of  a  single 
sound,  as  a  syllable  of  a  word,  at  a  higher  pitch  tlian 
others ;  accentual  stress  of  voice,  (b)  A  mark  (')  used  to 
denote  accentual  stress,  and  also  for  other  purposes.  To 
denote  stress  in  English,  it  is  now  generally  placed  after 
the  accented  syllable,  as  in  this  dictionary,  but  sometimes 
over  the  vowel  of  that  syllable.  The  latter  is  done  regu- 
larly in  such  Greek  words  as  take  this  accent,  and  in  all 
Spanish  words  the  accentuation  of  which  varies  from  the 
standard  rule.  In  some  languages  it  is  used  only  to  de- 
termine the  quality  or  length  of  vowel-sounds,  as  on  e  in 
French  (as  in  ^Je),  and  on  all  the  vowels  in  Hungarian  ;  and 
in  Polish  and  other  Slavic  languages  it  is  also  placed  over 
some  of  the  consonants  to  mark  variations  of  their  sounds. 
For  other  uses,  see  accent,  m.  —  Acute  angle.  See  cinr/leM. 
—Acute  ascending  paralysis.  See  Landry's  paralysis, 
under i)arai!/«i».— Acute  bisectrix.  See  bisectrix.  =tya. 


64  A.  D. 

1.  Keen,  etc.    See  sharp.~-2  and  3.  Acute,  Keen,  Shreivd,  mrate  •  similflrlv  In  n    tt      vr^r.^^  n, 

penetrating,  piercing,  sharp-witted,  bright,  (sie  subtle  )         '^^A'  similarly  m  -cra«/,  q.  v.     Hence  the 

An  acute  mind  pierces  a  subject  like  a  needle ;  a  keen  mind  f^^'^  torni  -CI/,  esp.  in  designations  of  office,  as 

has  a  fine,  incisive  edge,  like  a  knife.   Keen  may  be  the  m  captain-cy,  ensign-cy,  cornet-cy,  etc.]    A  suffix 


most  objective  of  these  words, 
shows  penetration  into  the  si  _  , 
with  acuteness  a  certain  amount  of  sarcasm,  or  antagonism 


-  An  ocMfe  answer  is  one  that    of  Latin  or  Greek  origin,  forming  nouns  of  cmal- 

shows  penetration  mto  the  subject;  a  iecH  answer  unites  ^t.,*..  j^i^.^^^i      "^"e  "wuub  ui  qual- 


ity, state,  condition,  office,  etc.,  from  nouns  in 

to  the  person  addressed ;  a  shrewd  answer  is  one  that  com- 

-ate  (which  becomes  -ac-,  the  suffix  being  -ate 
bines  remarkable  acuteness^with  wisdom  as  to  what  it  is    changed  to  -ac-,  +  -y),  as  in  primacy,  curacy  ad- 

cj,„...,,  ..:»■„..„  .   _         ^ocacy,  piracy,  etc.,  or  from  adjectives  in -aci- 

oiis,  as  in  fallacy. 
acyanoblepsy  (a-si'-'a-no-blep'si),  n.  [<  Gr.  d- 
priv.  +  livavog,  a  blue  substance,  blue  (see  cya- 
nide), +  -ffleipia,  <  pMnecv,  see,  look  on.]  A  de- 
fect of  vision,  in  consequence  of  which  the  color 
blue  cannot  be  distinguished. 


practically  best  to  say.  Shrewd  differs  from  acute  and 
keen  by  having  an  element  of  practical  sagacity  or  as- 
tuteness. Only  keen  has  the  idea  of  eagerness :  as,  he  was 
keen  in  pursuit.    See  astute  and  sharp. 

Powers  of  acute  and  subtile  disputation.  Sir  J,  Herschel. 

The  tongues  of  mocking  wenches  are  as  keen 

As  is  the  razor's  edge  invisible.       Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

Mother-wit  and  the  common  experiences  of  life  do  often 


furnish  people  with  a  sort  of  shrewd  and  sound  judgment  acycliC  (a-sik'lik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  -f-  kvkIikoc 
that  carries  them  very  creditably  through  the  world.  circular :  see  a-18  and  cyclic la  hot.,  not  cvclic '• 

J.  Morley,  Popular  Culture,  p.  303.  „rrflTio-«H  ir,  w>,^vl/  .  r"®' 


t.    To  render  acute  in  tone. 


Acute  Leaves. 


acute  (a-kuf),  V 
[Rare.] 

He  acutes  his  rising  inflection  too  much.    Walker,  Diet. 

acute-angled  (a-kiit'ang'''gld),  a.  Having  sharp 
or  acute  angles,  or  angles  less  than  right  angles. 
—Acute-angled  triangle,  a  triangle  that  has  each  of  its 
angles  less  than  a  right  angle. 

acute-angular  (a-kut'ang'gu-lar),  a.    1.  Hav- 
ing an  angle  less  than  a  right  angle  :  acute- 
angled. —  2.  In  bot.,  having  stems  with  sharp 
corners  or  edges,  as  labiate  plants. 
Also  wiitten  acutangular, 

acutely  (a-kut'U),  adv.  In  an  acute  manner; 
sharply ;  keenly ;  with  nice  discrimination. 

acutenaculum  (ak"u-te-nak'u-lum),  n. ;  pi.  acu- 
tenacula  (-lii).  [<L.  acus,  needle,  +  tenaculum, 
holder,  <  tcnerc, 
hold.]  In  surg., 
a  needle-holder 
used  during  op- 
erations. 

acuteness  (a- 
kut'nes),  n.  The  quality  of  being  acute,  (a)  The 
quality  of  being  sharp  or  pointed. 

The  lance-shaped  windows  fonn  at  their  vertex  angles 
of  varying  degrees  of  acuteness.  Oxford  Glossarij. 

(b)  The  faculty  of  nice  discernment  or  perception  ;  quick- 
ness or  keenness  of  the  senses  or  understanding.  [By  an 
acuteness  of  the  senses  or  of  mental  feeling  we  perceive 
small  objects  or  slight  impressions  ;  by  an  acutejiess  of  in- 
tellect we  discern  nice  distinctions.] 

He  [Berkeley]  was  possessed  of  great  acuteness  and  in- 
genuity, but  was  not  distinguished  for  good  sense  or 
shrewdness.  McCosh,  Berkeley,  p.  53. 

There  may  be  much  of  acuteness  in  a  thing  well  said,  but 
there  is  more  in  a  quick  reply. 

Dryden,  Pref.  to  Mock  Astrol. 

(c)  In  rhet.  or  music,  sharpness  or  elevation  of  sovmd. 

(d)  In  paffto?.,  violence  of  adisease,  which  brings  it  speedily 
to  a  crisis. 

acutiatort  (a-ku'shi-a-tor),  n.  [ML.,  <  acuti- 
are,  sharpen,  <  L.  acutus,  sharp 


Acutenaculum,  or  Needle-holder. 


not  arranged  in  whorls.  Applied  by  Braun  to  flowers 
that  have  a  spiral  arrangement  of  parts,  when  the  spiral 
turns  made  by  each  class  of  organs  are  not  all  complete 
in  distinction  from  hemicyclic,  where  all  are  complete.  ' 

Braun  has  termed  such  flowers  acyclic,  when  the  transi- 
tion from  one  foliar  structure  to  another,  as  from  calyx  to 
corolla  or  irom  corolla  to  stamens,  does  not  coincide  with 
a  deflnite  number  of  turns  of  the  spiral  (as  NymphieaceiB 
and  Helleborus  odorus);  hemicyclic  when  it  does  so  coin- 
'^■'de.  Sachs,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  623. 

acyprinold  (a-sip'ri-noid),  a.    [<  Gr.  a-  priv. 

(((-18)  +  cyprinoid.']  In  zodgeog.,  characterized 
by  the  absence  of  cyprinoid  fishes :  applied  to 
one  of  the  fresh-water  divisions  of  the  equa- 
torial zone,  embracing  the  tropical  American 
and  tropical  Pacific  regions.  Gunther. 
ad-.  [<  L.  ad-,  prefix,  act,  prep.,  to,  imto,  toward, 
upon,  for,  etc.,  =  AS.  wt,  E.  at,  q.  v.  In  later 
L.  ad-  before  b,  c,  f,  g,  I,  n,  p,  q,  r,  s,  t,  was 
assimilated,  as  ab-,  ac-,  af-,  ag-,  al-,  an-,  ap-, 
ac-,  ar-,  as-,  at-  (see  ab-breviate,  ac-cuse,  af-fect, 
ag-gravate,  al-lude,  an-nex,  ap-plaud,  ac-quiesce, 
ar-rogate,  assist,  at-tract).  Before  sc-,  sp-,  st-, 
it  was  reduced  to  a-  (see  a-scend,  a^spire,  a- 
stringeni,  and  fl-i2).  Before  d,  h,  j,  m,  before 
vowels,  and  often  in  other  cases,  it  remained 
unchanged.  In  OF.  ad-  with  all  its  variants 
was  reduced  to  a-,  and  was  so  adopted  into  ME. 
But  in  the  14th  and  15th  centuries  a  fashion  of 
"restoring"  the  L.  spoiling  {ad-,  ac-,  af-,  etc.) 
began  to  prevail,  and  soon  became  the  rule  in 
both  P.  and  E.,  though  P.  still  retains  many, 
and  E.  a  few,  of  the  old  foi-ms  (see  ac-company, 
ad-dress,  af-front,  ag-grieve,  al-lay^,  al-low,  an- 
nounce, ap-peal,  ar-rest,  at-tend,  etc.).  By  con- 
fusion of  the  ME.  a-,  for  ad-,  ac-,  af-,  etc.,  with 
ME.  a-  of  other  origin  (<  L.  ab-,  OP.  en-,  es-, 
AS.  «-,  ge-,  on-,  etc.),  the  latter  a-  has  been  in 
some  cases  erroneouisly  "restored"  to  ad-,  ac-, 
af-,  etc.,  as  in  ad-vance,  ac-cloy,  ac-curse,  ac- 
knowledge, af-ford,  af-fray,  al-lay^,  ad-miral, 


Cf .  aiguis'e^']  In  the  midcile  ages^  a  person  whose  } •  \  Prefix  of  Latin  origin,  with  primary 

, „   Ti_j!  sense  "to."  and  llfiTlPO  n.lan  "  fnwnrrl  imnn  fivf^> 

etc 


duty  it  was'to  sharpen  weapons'.   Before  thein-    sense  "to,"  and  hence  also  "  toward,  upon,  for, 


vention  of  firearms  such  persons  were  neces- 
sary attendants  of  armies, 
acutifoliate  (a-ku-ti-fo'li-at),  a.    [<L.  acutus, 
sharp,  +  foliakis,  leaved:  see  foliate.']  In  bot., 
having  sharp-pointed  leaves.    A.  Gray. 
Acutilingues  (a-kii-ti-ling'gwez),  w.  p?.  [NL., 

<  L.  acutus,  sharp,  +  lingua  =  E.  tongue.]  A 
division  of  Andrcnidw,  containing  those  soli- 
tary bees  whose  labium  is  acute  at  the  end: 
distinguished  from  Obtusilingues,  in  which  the 
labium  is  obtuse. 

acutilobate  (a^kii-ti-16'bat),  a.  [<  L.  acutus, 
sharp,  +  NL.  "lobatus,  lobato  :  see  lobate.]  In 
bot.,  having  acute  lobes :  said  of  certain  leaves. 
A.  Gray. 

acuto-nodose  (a-ku-to-no'dos),  a,  [<  L.  acu^ 
tus,  sharp,  +  nodosus,  knotted:  see  nodose.] 
Acutely  nodose.  Dana.  (N.  E.  D.) 
acuyari-'WOOd  (a-ko-ya'ri-wud),  n.  The  aro- 
matic wood  of  the  tree  Bursera  {Idea)  altissima 
of  Guiana. 

-acy.  [(1)  Directly,  or  through  ME.  and  OF. 
-acie,  <  ML.  -acia,  <  LL.  -atia,  forming  nouns  of 
quality,  state,  or  condition  from  nouns  in  -a{t-)s, 
as  in  abb-acy,  < LL.  abb-at-ia,  <  abb-a{t-)s,  abbot ; 
prim-acy,  <  F.  prim-atie,  <  LL.  prim-at-ia, < prim- 
a{t-)s,  primate,  etc.  (2)  <  LL.  -atia,  forming 
nouns  of  state  from  nouns  in  -atus,  as  in  ad- 
voc-acy,  <  LL.  advoc-at-ia,  <  L.  advoc-at-us,  advo- 
cate, etc.  (3)  <  L.  -acia,  forming  nouns  of  qual- 
ity from  adjectives  in  -ax  {-aci-),  as  in  fall-acy, 

<  L.  fall-aci-a,  <  fall-ax  {-aci-),  deceptive,  etc. 
These  three  sources  of  -acy  were  more  or  less 
confused,  and  the  suffix  has  been  extended  to 
foi-m  many  nouns  which  have  no  corresponding 
form  in  L.,  as  in  cur-acy,  accur-acy,  etc.  Analogy 


expressing  in  Latin,  and  so  in  English, 
etc.,  motion  or  direction  to,  reduction  or  change 
into,  addition,  adherence,  intensification,  etc., 
in  English  often  without  perceptible  force. 
According  to  the  following  consonant,  it  is 
variously  assimilated  ab-,  ac-,  af-,  etc.,  or  re- 
duced to  a-.  See  etymology. —  2.  A  prefix  of 
various  other  origin,  erroneously  put  for  other 
prefixes,  as  in  advance,  etc.  See  etymology, 
-adi.  [<L.  -as  {-ad-),  <  Gr.  -ac  {-a^-),  fem.  suffix 
equiv.  to  -ig  (-^(5-):  see  -id^.]  A  suffix  of  Greek 
origin  appended  to  nouns,  it  is  used  in  forming- 
(1)  collective  numerals,  .as  monad,  dyad,  triad,  tetrad,  etc., 
terms  used  in  classifying  chemical  elements  or  radicals 
according  to  the  number  of  their  combining  units;  (2) 
feminine  patronymics  (=  -id),  as  in  'dryad,  Pleiades,  etc. 
(see  -adce,  -idai);  hence  used  in  \Kw  (l\ia&-),  Iliad,  and 
in  the  titles  of  poems  named  in  imitation  of  it,  as  Dunciad, 
Columbiad :  compare  jEneid,  Thebaid ;  (3)  by  Lindley, 
family  names  of  plants  akin  to  a  genus,  as  liliad,  trilliad, 
etc.,  on  words  ending  in  -a  or  after  a  vowel ;  otlierwise  -id, 
as  in  orchid. 

-ad2.  [<P.  -ade:  see  -ade'^.]  A  suffix  in  ballad 
and  .salad  (formerly  balade  and  salade),  usually 
represented  by  -ade.    See  -ade^. 

-ad^.  [A  mod.  use  of  L.  ad,  to.]  In  anat.,  a 
suffix  denoting  relation,  situation,  or  direction, 
having  the  same  force  as  the  English  suffix 

-ward,  or  the  word  toward.  Thus,  dorsad,  backward, 
towarii  the  dorsum  or  back ;  ectad,  outward,  toward  the 
exterior;  eiilad,  inward,  toward  the  interior.  So,  also, 
cephalad,  headward,  forward;  dextrad,  to  the  right,  on 
the  right  hand  of,  etc.  It  is  used  almost  at  will,  with 
either  Greek  or  Latin  words.  Its  use  is  advantageous  as 
restricting  the  idea  of  direction  to  the  body  of  the  animal 
itself,  without  considering  the  position  in  which  that 
body  may  be  with  relation  to  externals ;  since,  for  ex- 
ample, what  is  backward  in  the  anatomy  of  man  when  in 
the  erect  posture  is  upward  in  that  of  a  quadruped  when 
in  the  correlatively  natural  horizontal  attitude,  while  in 
both  it  is  equally  dorsad. 


has  extended  -acy,  <  L.  -atia,  to  some  words  of  ad.  An  abbreviation  of  advertisement. 
Gr.  origin:  (4)  <  'L.-atia,  <  Gr.  -areia,  as  in»«r-  A.  D.  An  abbreviation  of  the  Latin  phrase  awwc 
acy,  <  LL.  "pir-atia,  <  Gr.  ■KEipare'ia,  <  Tretparric,    Domini,  in  the  year  of  the  Lord:  as,  A.  D.  1887. 


-ada 

-ada.  [Sp.  Pg.  -ada  =r  It.  -ata  =  F.  -ee,  <  L.  -dta, 
fern,  of  -dtus:  see  -ade^,  -afei.]  A  sirBBx  of 
Latin  origin,  the  Spanish  feminine  form  of 
-ade^,-ate^,  as  inarmada :  in  English  sometimes, 
erroneously,  -ado,  as  in  bastinado,  Spanish  bas- 
tinada. 

Adacna  (a-dak'na),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
SaKvetv,  bite.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Adacnidw  (which  see).    Eicimald,  1838. 

adacnid  (a-dak'nid),  n.  A  bivalve  moUusk,  of 
the  family  Adacnidw. 

Adacnidae  (a-dak'ni-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Adacna 
+  -ida:}  A  family  of  dimyarian  bivalve  mol- 
lusks,  typified  by  the  genus  Adacna.  The  animals 

which  compose  this  family  have  elongated,  nearly  united 
siplions,  and  a  compressed  foot;  the  shell,  which  gapes 
behind,  has  a  sinuated  pallial  line  and  a  nearly  toothless 
hinge,  or  the  teeth  merely  rudimentary.  The  species  are 
chielly  inhabitants  of  the  Aral,  Caspian,  and  Black  seas 
an  I  neighboring  waters. 

adactt  (a-dakf),  v.  t.  [<  L.  adactus,  pp.  of  adi- 
gcrc,  drive  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  agere,  drive.]  To 
drive  ;  coerce.  Fotherby,  Atheomastix,  p.  15. 

adactyl,  adactyle  (a-dak'til),  a.  Same  as 
adactijlous. 

adactylous  (a-dak'ti-lus),  a.    [<  Gr.  d-  priv., 

without,  +  6dKTvlog,  digit :  see  dactyl.']  In  zooL, 
without  lingers  or  toes. 

adadt  (a-dad'),  intcrj.  [A  var.  of  egad.]  An  ex- 
pletive of  asseveration  or  emphasis. 

-adse.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  -adai,  pi.  of  -adrji;,  after  -i-, 
equiv.  to  -LSr]g  after  a  consonant  or  another 
vowel :  see  -idee.']  In  zodl.,  a  suifix  equivalent 
to  -idee,  forming  names  of  families  of  animals. 
See  -idee. 

adsemonist  (a-de'mon-ist),  n.    [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 

daifiuv,  a  demon  (see  demon),  +  -ist.]  One  who 
denies  the  existence  or  personality  of  the  devil. 

adag,  attac  (ad'ag,  at'ak),  n.  [<  Gael,  adag, 
a  haddock ;  perhaps  borrowed  from  E.  had- 
dock.]  A  local  name  of  the  haddock,  used  about 
Moray  frith  in  Scotland.  Gordon. 

adaga  (a-da'ga),  H.  [Pg.  adaga,  a  dagger,  a 
short  sword.  Cf.  adargue  ('?).]  An  Asiatic 
weapon,  having  a  short,  broad  blade  at  right 
angles  with  a  staff  which  serves  as  a  handle. 
R.  F.  Burton,  Book  of  the  Sword. 

adage  (ad'aj),  n.  [<r.  adage,  <L.  adagium  (col- 
lateral form  adagio),  <  ad,  to,  +  -agium,  <  aio 
(orig.  *agio),  I  say,  =  Gr.  ?;///,  I  say,  =  Skt.  all, 
say.]  A  pithy  saying  in  current  use ;  a  brief 
familiar  proverb;  an  expression  of  popular 
wisdom,  generally  figurative,  in  a  single  phrase 
or  sentence,  and  of  remote  origin. 

Unless  the  adage  must  be  verified. 
That  beggars,  mounted,  run  their  horse  to  death. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  4. 
=Syil.  Aphorism,  Axiom,  Maxim,  etc.    See  aphorism. 

adagialt  (a-da'ji-al),  a.  Of  the  nature  of  or 
containing  an  adage:  as,  "that  adagial  verse," 
Barrow,  Works,  I.  93. 

adagietto  (a-da-jiet'to),  n.  [It.,  dim.  of  adagio, 
q.  v.]  In  music  :  (a)  A  short  adagio,  (b)  An 
indication  of  time,  signifying  somewhat  faster 
than  adagio. 

adagio  (a-da'jio),  adv.,  a.,  and  n.  [It.,  slowly, 
lit.  at  leisure,  <  ad,  to,  +  agio,  leisure,  ease  :  see 
ease.]  In  music:  I,  ady.  Slow;  slowly,  leisure- 
ly, and  with  grace.  When  repeated,  adagio, 
adagio,  it  directs  the  performance  to  be  very 
slow. 

II.  a.  Slow :  as,  an  adagio  movement. 

III.  n.  A  slow  movement;  also,  a  piece  of 
music  or  part  of  a  composition  characterized  by 
slow  movement. 

adagyt  (ad'a-ji),  n.    Same  as  adage. 
Adalia  (a-da'U-a),  ?i.    [NL.  (Mulsant,  1851),  an 
invented  name.]    A  genus  of  beetles,  of  the 

family  Coccinellidce.  The  commonest  species  is  A. 
bipunctata,  the  two-spotted  lady-bird,  having  a  black  head 
with  two  yellow  spots  on  each  side,  the  prothorax  black 
and  marked  with  yellow,  the  scutellum  black,  and  the 
elytra  yellowish  with  a  central  round  black  spot  on  each. 
The  insect  is  useful  in  destroying  plant-lice. 

Adam  (ad'am),  n.  [<  L.  Adam  (and  Adamus), 
<  Gr.  'KSdji  (and  'iVda/^of),  <  Heb.  ddam,  a  hu- 
man being,  male  or  female ;  perhaps,  according 
to  Gesenius,  <  a(Za?w,  be  red.]  1.  The  name  of 
the  tu"st  man,  the  progenitor  of  the  human 
race,  according  to  the  aecoimt  of  creation  in 
Genesis.— 2.  The  evil  inherent  in  human  na- 
ture, regarded  as  inherited  from  Adam  in  conse- 
quence of  the  fall. 

Consideration  like  an  angel  came. 
And  whipp'd  the  offending  Adam  out  of  hira. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  i.  1. 

?K  ■  A,  ^^""JSant  or  bailiff,    riiis  sense  rests  chiefly  on 
the  foUowing  quotation,  and  i.-'  txpliiined  by  the  commen- 
tators as  a  reference  to  the  fact  that  the  buff  worn  by  the 
Daitiff  resembled  the  native  "buff  "  of  our  first  parent. 
5 


65 

Not  that  Adam  that  kept  the  paradise,  but  that  Adam 
that  keeps  the  prison.  Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iv.  3. 

Adam  and  Eve,  the  popular  name  in  the  United  .States 
for  a  certain  terrestrial  orchid,  Aplectrum  hitmali'.— 
Adam's  ale,  Adam's  wine,  water,  as  being  the  only  bev- 
erage in  Adam's  time  :  sometimes  called  Adam.  [Colloq.J 
A  Rechabite  poor  Will  must  live, 
And  drink  of  Adam's  ale. 

Prior,  Wandering  Pilgrim. 
Sirrah,  ...  go  bring 
A  cup  of  cold  Adam  from  the  next  purling  spring. 

Tom  Brown,  Works,  IV'.  11. 
Adam's  apple,  (a)  Pomvm  Adami,  the  prominence  on 
the  fore  part  of  the  throat  formed  by  the  anterior  part  of 
the  thyroid  cartilage  of  the  laryu.x :  so  called  from  the 
notion  that  a  piece  of  the  forbidden  fruit  stuck  in  Adam's 
throat.  The  protuberance  is  specially  noticeable  in  the 
male  sex  after  puberty,  as  the  larynx  enlarges  in  boys  at 
the  time  when  the  change  in  the  voice  occurs,  (h)  A  va- 
riety of  the  lime,  Citrus  medica,  with  a  depression  which 
IS  fancifully  regarded  in  Italy  as  the  mark  of  Adam's  teeth. 
See  Cilnis.  (c)  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  plantain, 
the  fruit  of  Musa  paradmacff.— Adam's  flannel  the 
common  mullen,  Verbascvm  Thapsus.— Adsnn'S  needle 
and  thread,  a  common  name  of  yurca  Jilninentosa. 

adamant  (ad'a-mant),  n.  [<ME.  adamant,  ada- 
maunt,  ademaunt,  adamaund,  also  athamant, 
atthamant,  etc.  (after  AS.  athamans),  and  ad- 
mont,  <  OF.  adamaunt,  ademaunt,  in  popular 
form  aimant  =  Pr.  adiman,  aziman,  ayman  -  -  Sp. 
Pg.  iman,  <  ML.  *adi?nas  {"adimant-),  L.  adamas 
{adamant-),  <  Gr.  aSifiag  (aSa/iavT-),  lit.  uncon- 
querable (<  d-  priv.  4-  6a/iav,  conquer,  =  L.  do- 
mare  =E.  tame,  q.  v.),  first  used  (by  Homer)  as 
a  personal  epithet ;  later  (in  Hesiod  and  subse- 
quent writers)  as  the  name  of  a  very  hard  metal 
such  as  was  used  in  armor — prob.  steel,  but 
endowed  by  imaginative  writers  with  super- 
natural powers  of  resistance ;  in  Plato,  also  of 
a  metal  resembling  gold;  in  Theophrastus,  of 
a  gem,  prob.  a  diamond;  in  Pliny,  of  the  dia- 
mond, under  which  he  includes  also,  perhaps, 
corundum;  in  Ovid,  of  the  magnet;  in  later 
writers  regarded  as  an  anti-magnet.  The  name 
has  thus  always  been  of  indefinite  and  fluctu- 
ating sense.  From  the  same  source,  through 
the  perverted  ML.  forms  diamans,  diamentum, 
comes  E.  diamant,  diamond,  q.  v.]  1..  A  name 
applied  -with  more  or  less  indefiniteness  to 
various  real  or  imaginary  metals  or  minerals 
characterized  by  extreme  hardness :  as  (1)  the 
diamond,  (2)  the  natural  opposite  of  the  dia- 
mond, (3)  a  lodestone  or  magnet,  and  (4)  an 
anti-magnet. 
The  garnet  and  diamond,  or  adamant. 

Sullivan,  Views  of  Nature,  I.  438.    (iV.  E.  D.) 
The  adamant  cannot  draw  yron,  if  the  diamond  lye 
'jy 't-  i^yli/,  Euphues,  sig.  K,  p.  10.    (3'.  i'.  I).) 

The  grace  of  God's  spirit,  like  the  true  loadstone  or 
adamant,  draws  up  the  iron  heart  of  man  to  it. 

Bp.  Hall,  Occas.  Med.,  p.  52. 
The  adamant  ...  is  such  an  enemy  to  the  magnet. 

Leonardus,  Mirr.  Stones,  p.  63.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

2.  In  general,  any  substance  of  impenetrable 
or  surpassing  hardness ;  that  which  is  impreg- 
nable to  any  force.  [It  is  chiefly  a  rhetorical 
or  poetical  word.] 

As  an  adamant  harder  than  flint  have  I  made  thy  fore- 
liead.  £2ek.  iii.  9. 

But  who  would  force  the  soul,  tilts  with  a  straw 
Against  a  champion  cased  in  adamant. 

Wordsworth,  Persecution  of  Covenanters,  iii.  7. 

adamanteant  (ad*a-man-te'an),  a.  [<L.  ada- 
manteus,  <  adamas,  adamant:  see  adamant.] 
Hard  as  adamant.  [Rare.] 

Chalybean  temper'd  steel,  and  frock  of  mail 
Adarnantean  proof.  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  134. 

adamantine  (ad  -a-man'tin),  a.  [<L.  adaman- 
finus,  <  Gr.  adajiavTLvog,  <  ada/iag:  see  adamant.] 

1.  Made  of  adamant;  having  the  qualities  of 
adamant ;  impenetrable. 

In  adamantine  chains  shall  death  be  bound. 

Pope,  Messiah,  1.  47. 

Each  gun 
From  its  adamantine  lips 
Flung  a  death-cloud  round  the  ships. 

Campbell,  Battle  of  Baltic. 

2.  Resembling  the  diamond  in  hardness  or  in 
luster — Adamantine  hards,  in  U.  s.  poi.  hist.  See 

hard,  n.— Adamantine  spar,  (a)  A  very  hard,  hair- 
brown  variety  of  corundum,  often  of  adamantine  or  dia- 
mond-like luster.  It  yields  a  very  hard  powder  used  in 
polishing  diamonds  and  other  gems.  (())  Corundum,  from 
its  liardiiess  or  peculiar  occasional  luster.  See  corundum. 
adamantoid  (ad-a-man'toid),  n.  [i  Gv.  adafjai; 
(ada/xavT-),  adamant,  diamond,  -1-  n6oc,  form :  see 
"-Old.]  A  crystal  characterized  by  being  bound- 
edby48  equal  triangles;  ahexoctahedron.  See 
cut  under  Jiexoctahedron. 

adambulacral  (ad-am-bu-la'ki-al),  a.  [<  L.  ad, 
to,  +  ainbidacrim,  q.  v.]'  Adjacent  to  the  am- 
bulacra. Applied  in  ?ooL,  byway  of  distinction  from 
ambulacral,  to  a  series  of  ossicles  in  echinoderms  which 


Adapis 

lie  at  the  sides  of  the  ambulacral  grooves,  and  againrt 
which  the  ambulacral  ossicles  abut.    See  cut  under  Ante- 

riidie. 

Adamhood  (ad'am-hud),  «.   Adamic  or  human 

nature;  manhood.    Emerson.  [Rare.] 
Adamic  (a-dam'ik),  a.  1.  Relating  or  pertain- 
ing to  Adam  or  to  his  descendants :  as,  the 
Adamic  world ;  Adamic  descent. 

Prof.  Winchell,  of  course,  takes  the  ground  that  the  older 
or  black  race  is  of  an  inferior  type  to  the  subsequent  or 
as  he  calls  them,  the  Adamic  races.  ' 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIII.  500. 
I  have  stated  these  supposed  conditions  of  the  Adamie 
creation  briefly.  Dawson,  Origin  of  World,  p.  239. 

2.  Resembling  Adam  before  the  fall ;  naked ; 

imclothed — Adamic  earth,  common  red  clay,  so  called 
from  a  notion  that  Adam  means  red  earth. 

Adamical  (a-dam'i-kal),  a.     Relating  or  re- 
lated to  Adam;  Adarnic. 
Adamically   (a-dam'i-kal-i),  adv.    After  the 

manner  of  Adam  ;  nakedly. 

Halbert  standing  on  the  plunging  stage  Adamically, 
without  a  rag  upon  him.    //.  Kingsley,  Geoff.  Ham.,  xlvi. 

adamine  (ad'a-min),  n.  Same  as  Adamite,  4. 
Adamite  (ad'a-mit),  w.  l<.  Adam+ -ite^.]  1. 
One  of  mankind  ;  one  of  the  human  race  con- 
sidered as  descended  from  Adam. —  2.  One  of 
that  section  of  mankind  more  particularly  re- 
garded as  the  offspring  of  Adam,  in  contradis- 
tinction to  a  supposed  older  race,  called  I're- 
adamites. 

Prof.  Winchell's  pamphlet  on  Adamites  and  Preadam- 
ites-  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIII.  500. 

3.  [LL.  Adamitce,  pi.]  One  of  a  sect  which 
originated  in  the  north  of  Africa  in  the  second 
century,  and  pretended  to  have  attained  to  the 
primitive  innocence  of  Adam,  its  membere  accord- 
ingly rejected  marriage  as  an  effect  and  clothing  as  a  sign 
of  sin,  anil  appeared  in  their  assemblies,  called  paradises, 
naked.  This  heresy  reappeared  in  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury, in  Savoy,  and  again  in  the  fifteenth  century  among 
the  Brethren  and  Sisters  of  the  Free  Sjjirit,  in  Gennany, 
Bohemia,  and  Moravia.  It  was  suppressed  in  1421  on 
account  of  the  crimes  and  inmioralities  of  its  votaries.  (See 
Picard  and  Picardist.)  When  toleration  was  proclaimed 
by  Joseph  II.,  in  1781,  the  sect  revived,  but  was  promptly 
proscribed.  Its  latest  appearance  was  during  the  insur- 
rection of  1848-9. 

The  truth  is,  Teufelsdrockli,  though  a  Sans-culottist,  is 
no  Adannte,  and,  much  perhaps  as  he  might  wish  to  go 
forth  before  this  degenerate  age  "  as  a  sign,"  would  no- 
wise wish  to  do  it,  as  those  old  Adamites  did,  in  a  state 
of  nakedness.  Carlyle,  Sartor  Kesartus,  p.  40. 

4.  \_l.  c.]  [After  the  French  mineralogist  M, 
Adam  -I-  -ite^.]  A  mineral  occurring  in  smaU 
yellow  or  green  crystals  and  in  mammillary 
groups  ;  a  hydrous  arseniate  of  zinc,  isomor- 
phous  with  olivenite  :  found  in  Chili,  and  also 
at  Laurium  in  Greece.    Also  called  adamine. 

Adamitic  (ad-a-mit'ik),  a.    [<  Adamite  +  -fc] 

1 .  Of  or  pertaiiiingto  the  descendants  of  Adam ; 
pertaining  to  mankind ;  human. 

He  (Mr.  Webster]  was  there  in  his  Adamitic  capacity, 
as  if  he  alone  of  all  men  did  not  disappoint  the  eye  and 
the  ear,  but  was  a  fit  figure  in  the  landscape. 

Emerson,  Fugitive  Slave  Law. 

2.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling  the  sect  of 
the  Adamites. 

Nor  is  it  other  than  rustic  or  Adamitic  impudence  to 
confine  nature  to  itself. 

Jer.  Taylor  (;!),  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  164. 

Adamitical  (ad-a-mit'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  Adam- 
itic. 

Adamitism  (ad'a-mit-izm),  n.  [<  Adamite -i- 
-ism.]  1.  The  doctrines  of  the  Adamites.— 2. 
The  practice  of  dispensing  -with  clothing,  as  did 
the  Adamites,  or  the  state  of  being  unclothed. 
See  Adamite,  3. 
adamsite  (ad'amz-it),  n.  A  name  given  to  a 
greenish-black  mica  found  in  Derby,  Vermont ; 
a  variety  of  museovite  or  common  mica, 
adance  (a-dans'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a^, 
on,  -t-  dance.]  Dancing. 

[You  cannot]  prevent  Beranger  from  setting  all  pulses 
a-dance  in  the  least  rhythmic  and  imaginative  of  modeiTi 
tongues.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  2.38. 

Adansonia  (ad-an-s6'ni-a),  ».  [NL. ;  named  in 
honor  of  Michel  Adanson  (died  1806),  a  French 
naturalist  who  traveled  in  Senegal  in  1749- 
53.]  A  genus  of  trees,  natiu'al  order  Malva- 
cea;  suborder  Bombacca:  a.  digitata  is  the  Afri- 
can calabash-tree,  or  baobab-tree  of  Senegal.  See  baobab. 
A.  Gre'ivrii,  the  only  other  species,  is  the  crcani-of-tartar 
tree  of  northern  Australia.  See  cream-of-tartar  tree,  under 
crt'am. 

Adapidse  (a-dap'i-de),  n.  [NL.,  <  Adapis 
+  -ida\]  A  family  of  extinct  lemiu'oid  mam- 
mals, of  which  the  genus  Adapis  is  the  type. 
Adapis  (ad'a-pis),  n.  [NL. ;  a  name  applied 
by  Gesner,  about  IS.iO,  to  the  common  rabbit. 
Etym.  unknown ;  refeiTed  doubtfully  to  Gr.  d- 
intensive  -f  dd-if,  a  i-ug,  carpet.]  A  genus  of 
extinct  mammals  of  the  Eocene  or  Lower  Ter- 
tiary age,  described  from  portions  of  three 


Adapis 

skulls  found  by  Cuvier  in  the  gypsum-quarries 
of  Montmartre,  Paris,  and  by  him  referred  to 
his  order  I'achi/dermata,  and  considered  as  re- 
lated ia  some  respects  to  Anoplotheriiim.  The 
animal  was  of  about  the  size  of  a  rabbit.  Subsequent  in- 
vestigations, based  upon  additional  material,  have  shown 
Adapis  to  be  the  type  of  a  family  Adapidce,  representiijg 
a  generalized  form  of  the  lemurine  series  (Pachylemurince, 
Filhol)  of  the  order  Primates. 

adapt  (a-dapf),  v.  t.  [<  F.  adapter  =  lt.  adat- 
tare,  <  L.  adaptare,  fit  to,  <  ad,  to,  4-  aptare, 
make  fit,  <  aptus,  fit:  see  apt.']  1.  To  make 
suitable;  make  to  correspond;  fit  or  suit;  pro- 
portion. 

A  good  poet  will  adapt  the  very  sounds,  as  well  as  words, 
to  the  things  he  treats  of.  Pope,  Letters. 

The  form  and  structure  of  nests,  that  vary  so  much,  and 
are  so  wonderfully  adapted  to  the  wants  and  habits  of 
each  species.  A.  R.  Wallace,  Nat.  Selec,  p.  210. 

Two  errors  are  in  common  vogue  in  regard  to  instinct : 
first,  that  it  never  errs ;  secondly,  that  it  never  adapts 
itself  to  changed  circumstances. 

MaxuUley,  Body  and  \Yill,  §  5. 

2.  To  fit  by  alteration ;  modify  or  remodel  for 
a  different  purpose:  as,  to  adapt  a  story  or  a 
foreign  play  for  the  stage ;  to  adapt  an  old  ma- 
chine to  a  new  manufacture. — 3.  To  make  by 
altering  or  fitting  something  else ;  produce  by 
change  of  form  or  character :  as,  to  bring  out 
a  play  adapted  from  the  French;  a  word  of  an 
adapted  form.  =  Syn.  1.  To  adjust,  accommodate,  con- 
form.—  2.  To  arrange. 

adaptf  (a-dapf),  a.  [Short  for  adapted,  prob. 
suggested  by  apt.]    Adapted ;  fit ;  suitable. 

If  we  take  this  definition  of  happiness,  and  examine  it 
with  reference  to  the  senses,  it  will  be  acknowledged 
wonderfully  adapt.  Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  ix. 

[Providence]  gave  him  able  arms  and  back 
To  wield  a  flail  and  carry  sack. 
And  in  all  stations  active  be, 
Adapt  to  prudent  husbandry. 

D'Urfey,  Colin's  Walk,  i. 

adaptability  (a-dap-ta-bil'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  adapta- 
bilities  {-tiz).  [(.adaptable :  see -bility.']  1.  The 
quality  of  being  adaptable ;  a  quality  that  ren- 
ders adaptable. 

No  wonder  that  with  such  ready  adaptabilities  they 
[Norwegians]  made  the  best  of  emigrants. 

Froude,  Sketches,  p.  77. 

2.  Specifically,  in  biol.,  variability  in  respect 
to,  or  under  the  influence  of,  external  condi- 
tions; susceptibility  of  an  organism  to  that 
variation  whereby  it  becomes  sidted  to  or 
fitted  for  its  conditions  of  environment ;  the 
capacity  of  an  organism  to  be  modified  by  cir- 
cumstances, 
adaptable  (a-dap'ta-bl),  a.  [<  adapt  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  beiug  adapted ;  susceptible  of  adap- 
tation. 

Yet,  after  all,  thin,  speculative  Jonathan  is  more  like 
the  Englishman  of  two  centuries  ago  than  John  Bull  hun- 
self  is.  He  has  lost  somewhat  in  solidity,  has  become 
fluent  and  adaptable,  but  more  of  the  original  ground- 
work of  character  remains. 

Lowell,  Introd.  to  Biglow  Papers,  1st  ser. 

adaptableness  (a-dap'ta-bl-nes),  n.  Adapta- 
bility. 

adaptation  (ad-ap-ta'shon),  n.  [<  F.  adapta- 
tion, <  ML.  ada})tatio(fi-),  <  L.  adaptare :  see 
adapt,  v.]  1.  The  act  of  adapting  or  adjust- 
ing ;  the  state  of  being  adapted  or  fitted ;  ad- 
justment to  circumstances  or  relations. 

Government,  ...  in  a  just  sense,  is,  if  one  may  say  so, 
the  science  of  adaptations  —  variable  in  its  elements,  de- 
pendent upon  circumstances,  and  incapable  of  a  rigid 
mathematical  demonstration. 

Story,  Misc.  Writings,  p.  616. 

Must  we  not  expect  that,  with  a  government  also,  spe- 
cial adaptation  to  one  end  implies  non-adaptation  to  other 
ends?  H.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  303. 

2.  That  which  is  adapted ;  the  result  of  alter- 
ing for  a  different  use.  Specifically,  a  play  trans- 
lated or  constructed  from  a  foreign  language  or  a  novel, 
and  rendered  suitable  for  representation :  as,  this  com- 
edy is  a  free  adaptation  from  a  French  author. 

3.  In  biol.,  advantageous  variation  in  animals 
or  plants  under  changed  conditions ;  the  result 
of  adaptabUity  to,  and  variability  under,  exter- 
nal conditions ;  the  operation  of  external  influ- 
ences upon  a  variable  organism,  or  a  character 
acquired  by  the  organism  as  the  result  of  such 
operation,  it  is  regarded  as  one  of  two  principal  fac- 
tors in  the  evolution  of  organic  forms,  inducing  those 
changes  which  it  is  the  tendency  of  the  opposite  factor, 
heredity,  to  counteract,  the  result  in  any  given  case  being 
the  balance  between  adaptation  and  heredity,  or  the  diag- 
onal of  the  parallelogram  of  forces  which  adaptation  and 
heredity  may  be  respectively  considered  to  represent. 

Adaptation  is  commenced  by  a  change  in  the  functions 
of  organs,  so  that  the  physiological  relations  of  organs 
play  the  most  important  part  in  it.  Since  adaptation  is 
merely  the  material  expression  of  this  change  of  function, 
the  modification  of  the  function  as  much  as  its  expression 
is  to  be  regarded  as  a  gradual  process.  As  a  rule,  there- 
fore, adaptation  can  be  perceived  by  its  results  only  in  a 


66  ■ 

long  series  of  generations,  while  transmission  [£.  e. ,  hered- 
ity] can  be  recognised  in  every  generation. 

Gegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  9. 

adaptational  (ad-ap-ta'shon-al),  a.  Relating 
or  pertaining  to  adaptation,  or  the  adjustment 
of  one  thing  to  another;  adaptive:  in  biol., 
applied  to  physiological  or  functional  modifi- 
cations of  parts  or  organs,  as  distinguished 
from  morphological  or  structural  changes. 

adaptative  (a-dap'ta-tiv),  a.  [<  L.  adaptatus, 
pp.  of  adaptare,  adapt  (see  adapt,  v.),  +  -ive.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  adaptation;  adaptive. 
[Eare.]_ 

adaptatlveness  (a-dap'ta-tiv-nes),  n.  Adapta- 
bility. 

adaptedness  (a-dap'ted-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  adapted;  suitableness;  fitness. 

The  adaptedness  of  the  Christian  faith  to  all  such  [the 
poor  and  oppressed],  which  was  made  a  reproach  against 
it  by  supercilious  antagonists,  constitutes  one  of  its  chief 
glories.  G.  P.  Fisher^  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.  645. 

adapter  (a-dap'ter),  «.  1.  One  who  adapts,  or 
makes  an  adaptation ;  specifically,  one  who 
translates,  remodels,  or  rearranges  a  composi- 
tion or  work,  rendering  it  fit  to  be  represented 
on  the  stage,  as  a  play  from  a  foreign  tongue 
or  from  a  novel. 

And,  if  these  imaginary  adapters  of  Homer  modernized 
his  whole  diction,  how  could  they  preserve  his  metrical 
effects  ?  De  Quincey,  Homer,  iii. 

2.  That  which  adapts ;  anything  that  serves 
the  purpose  of  adapting  or  adjusting  one  thing 
to  another.  Specifically — 3.  In  chein.,  a  re- 
ceiver with  two  necks  diametrically  opposite, 
one  of  which  admits  the  neck  of  a  retort,  while 
the  other  is  joined  to  a  second  receiver,  it  is 
used  in  distillations  to  give  more  space  to  elastic  vapors, 
or  to  increase  the  length  of  the  neck  of  a  retort. 

4.  In  optics:  (a)  A  metal  ring  uniting  two 
lengths  of  a  telescope,  (b)  An  attachment  to 
a  microscope  for  centering  the  illuminating  ap- 
paratus or  throwing  it  out  of  center.  JS.  H. 
Knight,  (c)  A  means  for  enabling  object- 
glasses  made  by  different  makers,  and  having 
different  screws,  to  be  fitted  to  a  body  not  spe- 
cially adapted  to  receive  them.  E.  U.  Knight. 
—  5._  A  glass  or  rubber  tube,  with  ends  differ- 
ing in  size,  used  to  connect  two  other  tubes 
or  two  pieces  of  apparatus. 

adaption  (a-dap'shon),  n.    [<  adapt  +  -ion.  Cf. 
adoption,  i' adopt.]  "  Adaptation ;  the  act  of  fit- 
ting. [Rare.] 
Wise  contrivances  and  prudent  adaptions.  Cheyne. 

adaptional  (a-dap'shon-al),  a.  Relating  or 
pertaining  to  adaptation,  or  the  action  of  adapt- 
ing: in  biol.,  applied  to  the  process  by  which 
an  organism  is  fitted  or  adapted  to  its  environ- 
ment :  as,  adaptional  swellings. 

adaptitude  (a-dap'ti-tiid),  n.  [<  adapt  -f  -dtude, 
after  aptitude.]  Adaptedness;  special  apti- 
tude. Browning. 

adaptive  (a-dap'tiv),  a.  [<  adapt  +  -ive.  Cf. 
adaptative.]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  characterized 
by  adaptation ;  making  or  made  fit  or  suitable ; 
susceptible  of  or  undergoing  accordant  change. 

Much  used  in  biology  with  reference  to  functional  or 
physiological  changes  occasioned  by  variations  of  exter- 
nal conditions  or  environment,  as  opposed  to  homological. 
See  adaptation,  3. 

The  adaptive  power,  that  is,  the  faculty  of  adapting 
means  to  proximate  ends. 

Coleridge,  Aids  to  Reflec,  p.  178. 

The  function  of  selective  discrimination  with  the  com- 
plementary power  of  adaptive  response  is  regarded  as  the 
root-principle  of  mind.  Science,  IV.  17. 

In  the  greater  number  of  Mammals,  the  bones  assume 
a  very  modified  and  adaptive  position. 

W.  H.  Flower,  Osteology,  p.  242. 
These  resemblances,  though  so  intimately  connected 
with  the  whole  life  of  the  being,  are  ranked  as  merely 
"  adaptive  or  analogical  characters." 

Darwin,  Origin  of  Species,  p.  374. 

adaptively  (a-dap'tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  adap- 
tive manner  ;"with  adaptation  ;  in  an  adjusted 
or  fitting  manner ;  with  fitness :  as,  "adap- 
tively modified  structures,"  Owen,  Class,  of 
Mammalia. 

adaptiveness  (a-dap'tiv-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  adaptive  ;  capability  of  making  or  be- 
coming fittor  suitable. 

adaptlyt  (a-dapt'li),  adv.  In  a  suitable  or  con- 
venient manner ;  aptly  ;  fitly. 

For  active  horsemanship  adaptly  fit. 

Prior,  Colin's  Mist.,  iii.  3. 

adaptnesst  (a-dapt'nes),  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing fitted;  adaptation;  aptness:  as,  "adapt- 
ness  of  the  soimd  to  the  sense,"  Bj).  Newton, 
Milton. 


ad  capt. 

adaptorial  (ad-ap-to'ri-al),  a.  [<  adapt  +  -cry 
+  -at]  Tending  to  adapt  or  fit ;  adaptive. 
[Rare.] 

Adar  (a'dar),  n.  [Heb.  addr ;  etym.  imeer- 
tain.]  A  Hebrew  month,  being  the  sixth  of  the 
civil  and  the  twelfth  of  the  ecclesiastical  year, 
corresponding  to  the  latter  part  of  February 
and  the  first  part  of  March. 
ada,rce  (a-dar'se),  «.  [L.,  also  adarca,  <  Gr. 
adapur]  ov  aSapKT/c,  also  aSapKO^,  a  word  of  for- 
eign origin.]  A  saltish  concretion  on  reeds  and 
grass  in  marshy  gi-ounds,  noted  especially  in 
ancient  Galatia,  Asia  Minor,   it  is  soft  and  porous, 

and  has  been  used  to  cleanse  the  skin  in  leprosy,  tetters* 
and  other  diseases.  ' 

adarguet,  w.  [OSp.,ofAr.  origin.]  AnAi'abie 
weapon  like  a  broad  dagger, 
adarkon  (a-dar'kon),  n.  [Heb. ;  deriv.  uncer- 
tain; by  some  writers  connected  with  the  name 
Darius :  see  daric.]  A  gold  coin  (also  called 
darkemon)  mentioned  in  the  original  text  of  the 
book  of  Ezra,  etc.,  as  in  use  among  the  Jews, 
and  translated  dram  in  the  authorized  version. 
It  was  a  foreign  coin,  probably  the  Persian 
daric  (which  see),  and  is  so  rendered  in  the  re- 
vised version. 

adarme  (a-dar'ma),  n.  [Sp.  adarme,  a  dram ; 
a-  perhaps  represents  the  Ar.  art.  al,  the,  and 
-darme  the  L.  drachma :  see  drachma  and 
dram.]  A  Spanish  weight,  a  drachm,  the  16th 
part  of  an  oimce,  or  the  256th  part  of  a  pound, 
equal  (in  Castile)  to  l-jV  avoirdupois  drachms. 
Another  form  is  adareme.  in  their  origin,  avoirdu- 
pois weight  and  the  Spanish  system  were  identical. 

adarticulation  (ad-ar-tik-u-la'shon),  n.    [<  ad- 

+  articulation.]  Same  a,s  arthro'dia. 
adatit  (ad'a-ti),  M.  [Also  written  adaty,  pi.  ad- 
atis,  adaties,  etc. ;  of  E.  Ind.  origin.  Cf.  Beng. 
adat  (cerebral  d)  or  drat,  a  warehouse,  a  gen- 
eral store.]  A  kind  of  piece-goods  exported 
from  Bengal, 
adauntt  (a-danf),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  adaunteti,  <  OF. 
adanter,  adonter,  later  addomter,  <a-  +  danter, 
donter,  daunt:  see  a-H  smA.  daunt.]  To  sub- 
due. 

Adaunted  the  rage  of  a  lyon  savage. 

Skelton,  Hercules. 

adaw^t  (a-da'),  v.  [<  ME.  adaweri,  <a-  +  dawen, 
E.  dial.  da!(;.- see  a-l  and  dawi.]  1.  intrans.  To 
wake  up;  awake;  come  to. 

But  sire,  a  man  that  wakith  out  of  his  slep, 
He  may  not  sodeynly  well  taken  keep 
Upon  a  thing,  ne  seen  it  parfytly, 
Til  that  he  be  adawed  verrayly. 

Chaucer,  Merchant's  Tale,  1.  1156. 

II.  trans.  To  awaken ;  arouse  from  sleep  or 
swoon.  Chaucer. 

ada'W^t  (a-da'),  v.  [First  used  in  16th  century; 
perhaps  <  ME.  adawe,  of  datve,  of  dage,  or  in 
fuller  phrase  of  lyfe  dawe,  usually  with,  verb 
bringen  or  don,  lit.  bring  or  do  (put)  'out  of 
(life)  day,'  i.  e.,  kill,  hence  the  sense  quell,, 
subdue,  assisted  prob.  by  an  erroneous  etym. 

<  ad-  +  atce,  and  prob.  also  by  association  with 
adaunt.  The  form  daw,  daunt,  is  later:  see 
daw^.]    I.  trans.  1.  To  daunt ;  quell ;  cow. 

The  sight  whereof  did  greatly  him  adaw. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  vii.  13. 

2.  To  moderate  ;  abate. 

Gins  to  abate  the  brightnesse  of  his  heme, 
And  fervour  of  his  flames  somewhat  adaw. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  ix.  35. 

II,  intrans.  To  become  moderated  or  less 
vehement. 

Therewith  her  wrathfuU  courage  gan  appall. 
And  haughtie  spirits  meekely  to  adaw. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  vi.  26. 

ada'Wlet  (a-da'let),  n.    [Also  written  adaivlut, 

<  Hind,  'addlat,  <  Ar.  'addla{t),  a  com-t  of  jus- 
tice, <  Hind,  and  Ar.  'adl,  justice.]  In  the  East 
Indies,  a  court  of  justice,  civil  or  criminal. 

ada'wn  (a-d&n' ),  j)rep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.    [<  a* 

-f-  dawn.]    Dawning;  at  the  point  of  dawn, 
adayt  (a,-d&'),prep.  phr.  as  adv.    [<  ME.  aday,. 
adai;  <f  a3  +  day^.]    1.  By  day. — 2.  On  each 
day;  daily. 

Now  written  a  day,  sometimes  a-day.    See  a^. 
adays  (a-daz'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.     [<  ME. 
adayes,  a  dayes,  a  daies ;  <  «3  -f  days,  adverbial 
gen.  sing,  (now  regarded  as  ace.  pi.)  of  day.] 
It.  By  day;  in  the  daytime. 

I  have  miserable  nights ;  .  .  .  but  I  shift  pretty  welt 
adays.  Johnson  to  Mrs.  Thrale,  Mch.  19,  1777. 

2.  On  or  in  the  day  or  time :  only  in  the  com- 
pound phrase  nowadays  (which  see), 
adazet  (a-daz'),  v.  t.     [<  ME.  adascn,  <  a-  + 
dascn,A2^ze:  seedaze.]  To  dazzle.  Sir  T.  More. 
ad  capt.    An  abbreviation  of  ad  captandttm. 


aa  captandum 

ad  captandum  (ad  kap-tan'dum).  [L. :  ad,  to, 
for;  captandum,  geiund  of  capture,  eateh,  seize, 
<  capere,  take :  see  captive.]  For  the  purpose 
of  catching,  as  in  the  phrase  ad  captandum  vul- 
gus,  to  catch  the  rabble :  often  applied  adjee- 
tively  to  claptrap  or  meretricious  attempts  to 
catch  popular  favor  or  applause :  as,  ad  captan- 
dum oratory. 

adcorporatet  (ad-kor'po-rat),  V.  t.  [See  accor- 
porate.']  To  imite,  as  one  body  with  another; 
accorporate. 

add  (ad),  V.  [<  ME.  adden,  <  L.  addere,  <  ad, 
to,  + -dere  for  *dare,  put,  place:  see  do.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  join  or  unite  into  one  sum  or  ag- 
gregate. Specifically,  in  math.,  to  find  the  measure  of 
the  sum  of  two  or  more  quantities,  or  a  combination  of 
them  into  which  each  enters  with  its  full  etfect  and  inde- 
pendently of  the  others,  so  that  an  increase  of  any  one  of 
the  added  quantities  produces  an  equal  increase  of  the 
sum :  used  with  together  or  up :  as,  to  add  numbers  to- 
gether ;  to  add  or  add  up  a  column  of  figures. 
2.  To  unite,  join,  attach,  annex,  or  subjoin  as 
an  augmentation  or  accretion ;  bring  into  cor- 
porate union  or  relation:  with  to  before  the 
subject  of  addition,  and  sometimes  without  an 
expressed  object  when  this  is  implied  by  the 
subject:  as,  add  another  stone,  or  another 
stone  to  the  pile ;  he  continually  added  [goods 
or  possessions]  to  his  store ;  to  add  to  one's 
grief. 

Ye  shall  not  add  [anything]  unto  the  word  which  I  com- 
mand you.  Deut.  iv.  2. 
And,  to  add  greater  honours  to  his  age 
Than  man  could  give  him,  he  died  fearing  God. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iv.  2. 
[I]  add  thy  name, 
0  sun,  to  tell  thee  how  I  hate  thy  beams. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  36. 
They  added  ridge  to  valley,  brook  to  pond. 
And  sighed  for  all  that  bounded  their  domain. 

Emerson,  Hamatreya. 

3t.  To  put  iato  the  possession  of;  give  or 
grant  additionally,  as  to  a  person. 

The  Lord  shall  add  to  me  another  sou.      Gen.  xxx.  24. 

For  length  of  days,  and  long  life,  and  peace,  shall  they 
add  to  thee.  Prov.  iii.  2. 

Added  money,  in  sporting,  money  added  by  a  jockey 
club  to  sweepstakes.— Added  Sixth,  in  music.  See 
*ia:<A.— Add  in,  to  include.— Add  up,  to  find  the  sum 
of.  =  Syn.  Add,  Attach,  Affix,  Annex,  adduce,  adjoin. 
The  first  four  words  agi-ee  in  denoting  the  increasing  of  a 
thing  by  something  additional.  Add  is  the  most  general 
term,  but  it  may  denote  an  intimate  union  of  the  things 
combined,  the  formation  of  a  whole  in  which  the  parts 
lose  their  individuality:  as,  to  add  water  to  a  decoc- 
tion; to  add  one  sum  to  another.  This  idea  is  not  ex- 
pressed by  any  of  the  others.  Attach  (as  also  affix  and 
annex)  denotes  a  more  external  combination;  it  im- 
plies the  possibility  of  detaching  that  which  is  attached  : 
as,  to  attach  a  locomotive  to  a  train.  Hence  we  do  not  at- 
tach, but  add,  one  fluid  to  another.  It  generally  retains  its 
original  notion  of  a  strong  connection,  physical,  moral,  or 
other :  as,  to  attach  a  condition  to  a  gift,  a  tag  to  a  lace, 
or  one  person  to  another.  A ffix  may  be  used  either  of  that 
which  is  essential  to  the  value  or  completeness  of  the 
whole,  or  of  something  that  is  wholly  extrinsic  or  unre- 
lated :  as,  to  affix  a  signature  or  seal  to  an  instrument ; 
to  affix  a  notice  to  a  post.  To  annex  sometimes  brings 
the  parts  into  vital  relation :  as,  to  annex  territory,  a  codi- 
cil to  a  will,  or  a  penalty  to  a  prohibition. 

Care  to  our  coffin  adds  a  nail,  no  doubt. 

Dr.  John  Wolcot,  Expost.  Odes,  xv. 

Their  names  cling  to  those  of  the  greater  persons  to 
whom  some  chance  association  attached  them. 

Mrs.  Oliphant,  Lit.  Hist,  of  19th  Cent.,  III.  150. 

In  affixingYiia  name,  an  attesting  witness  is  regarded  as 
certifying  the  capacity  of  the  testator.  Am.  Cyc,  XIV.  24. 

Since  the  French  nation  has  been  formed,  men  have 
proposed  to  annex  this  or  that  land  on  the  ground  that  its 
people  spoke  the  French  tongue. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Race  and  Language,  p.  111. 

n.  intrans.  1.  To  be  or  serve  as  an  addition; 
be  added:  with  to:  as,  the  consciousness  of 
folly  often  adds  to  one's  regret.  [Really  tran- 
sitive in  this  use,  with  the  object  implied  or 
understood.  See  I.,  2.]  — 2.  To  perfoi-m  the 
arithmetical  operation  of  addition. 

addal  (ad'a),  n.  [Egypt.]  A  small  species  of 
Egyptian  lizard,  Scincus  officinalis ;  the  skink. 
It  is  called  "officinal"  on  account  of  the  repute  in  which 
It  has  been  held  by  Eastern  physicians  for  its  alleged  effi- 
cacy m  the  cure  of  elephantiasis,  leprosy,  and  certain 
other  diseases  common  in  the  East.  See  skink  and  Scincus. 

adda^  (ad'a),  n.  [Telugu  adda  (cerebral  d).] 
A  measure  used  in  India,  equal  to  8i  pints. 
McElrath,  Com.  Diet. 

addability  (ad-a-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  addable :  see 
-bihti/.]  The  quality  of  being  addable.  Also 
written  addihility. 

addable  (ad'a-bl),  a.  [<  add  +  -able.']  Capable 
of  bemg  added.    Also  written  addible. 

addax  (ad'aks),  n.  [L.,  in  aco.  addacem,  occur- 
ring in  Pliny,  who  treats  of  the  animal  under 
the  name  of  strepsieeros,  i.  e.,  the  twisted-horn ; 
a  north  African  name,  still  used,  it  is  said,  in 
the  forms  addas,  and  alcas,  aJcesh.'\    1.  The 


67 

native  name  of  a  species  of  African  antelope, 
a  ruminant,  hoofed,  artiodactyl  quadruped,  of 
the  subfamily  Antilopina;  family  Bovidai ;  the 
Antilope  addax  of  Lichtenstein,  Oryx  addax  of 
some,  Oryx  nasomaculatus  of  others,  now  Addax 
nasomaculatus :  the  word  addax  thus  becoming 
technically  a  generic  name,  after  having  been 
a  technical  specific  term,  as  well  as  originally 
a  vernacular  appellation.    The  addax  is  about  o 

feet  long,  and  about  3  feet  high  at  the  shoulder ;  stout  in 
the  body,  like  the  ass ;  and  with  horns  3  or  4  feet  long, 
slender,  ringed,  spirally  twisted  into  two  or  three  turns, 


Addax  of  Eastern  Africa  (A.  nasomaculatus). 


addicent 

of  about  2  feet,  of  which  the  tail  constitutes  one  eighth ; 
the  head  is  oval,  with  a  l)lnnt  snout ;  tlie  color  varies 
from  lirown  or  olive  to  brownisli-yellow,  variegated  witli 
a  row  of  large  cimHncnt  rhombic  spots  along  the  miildle 
line  of  the  Ijack,  and  a  row  of  small  black  or  blackish  spots 
on  each  side.  Though  the  adder  is  venomous,  its  bite  is 
not  certainly  known  to  l)c  fatal. 

2.  A  name  loosely  applied  to  various  snakes 
more  or  less  resembling  the  viper,  I'elias  berm : 
as  —  (a)  By  the  translators  of  the  authorized  vei  sion  of  the 
llible,  to  several  different  species  of  venomous  seri)ents.  (ii) 
l!y  the  translators  of  Haeckel,  to  the  suborder  A/jlypho- 
donta.  (c)  By  the  translators  of  Cuvier,  to  the  I.innean  ge- 
nus Coluber  in  a  large  sense,  (d)  In  the  United  States,  to 
various  spotted  serpents,  venomous  or  harudess,  as  species 
of  Toxicophis,  lleterodon,  etc. 

3.  The  sea-stickleback  or  adder-fish.  See  ad- 
der-fish. 

adder2  (ad'er),  n.   [<  add  +  -«•!.]  1.  One  who 

adds. — 2.  An  instrument  for  perfoiTuing  addi- 
tion. 

adder-bead  (ad'er-bed),  m.  [<  addcr^  +  6ead.] 
Same  as  adder-stone. 

adder-bolt  (ad'er-bolt),  «.  [<  adder'i^  -1-  bolf^, 
from  the  shape  of  the  body.]  The  dragon-fly. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

adder-fish  (ad'er-fish),  n.  [<adder^  +fish^.] 
The  sea-stickleback,  Spinacliia  vidgaris,  a  fisli 
of  the  family  Gasterosteidw,  distinguished  by 
an  elongated  fonn  and  the  development  of 
numerous  dorsal  spines.  Also  called  adder  and 
sea-addcr. 

adder-fly  (ad'er-fli),  »i.  [<  adderl -\- fly^.']  A 
name  in  Great  Britain  of  the  dragon-fly.  Also 
called  adder-bolt  and  flying  adder.  See  dragon- 
fly- 

[<  adder^  +  gem.'] 


and  present  in  both  sexes.  The  ears  and  tail  are  long,  the 
latter  terminated  by  a  switch  of  hair;  there  are  tufts  of  - 

hair  upon  the  throat,  forehead,  and  tear-bag;  the  hoofs  adder-gem  (ad  er-jem),  n. 
are  large  and  semicircular,  adapted  for  treading  upon  the  Same  as  adder-stone. 
shifting  sands  of  the  desert.  The  general  color  of  the  ani-  ^AAf^r  o-rnco  (a<\'pv  m-na>  «  r<  ^,^7A.,-1  -i-  ^,i./.£.o  1 
mal  is  whitish,  with  a  reddish-brown  head  and  neck,  black  aCiaer-graSS  (aa  ei-gias),  n.  L<  «««f'  ^  +  g)  ass.] 
hoofs,  and  a  white  blaze  on  the  face,  whence  the  name  ^  name  used  in  the  south  ot  Scotland  for  Or- 
nasomaculatus.    The  addax  is  related  to  the  oryx,  but  is    cliis  maculata. 

generically  as  well  as  specifically  distinct.  The  identity  addcr-plke  (ad'er-pik),  n.  [<  adder^  +  pike^.] 
of  this  annual  with  that  mentioned  bv  Plinv  fsee  etvmol-     ai      ix'     i-  i  Jit    .e  S  i       n  i 

ogy),  though  known  to  Gesner,  was  o4riooL\l  by  subse-  ^^^^"^^  English  name  of  the  fish  commonly  called 
quent  naturalists  until  rediscovered  by  the  travelers  Kup-  the  iesser  weaver,  IracMnuS  Vipera.  AlsO  called 
pell,  Hemprich,  and  Ehrenberg,  who  found  the  animal  otter-pike.  See  weever. 
known  to  the  natives  under  a  name  like  that  ascribed  to  orfrlor  o-fprn  ('nrl ff>T■T^^  « 
the  strepsieeros  by  Pliny.  auaer  s  lern  (.aa  erz-iern;,  n 


2.  icap.]  A  genus  of  antelopes  of  the  subfam-  7^^"-^ 
ily  Oryginw,  of  which  the  addax,  A.  nasomacu-  ^^^^^  S-flower^(ad  erz-flou'er), « 


The  common 


latus,  is  the  only  species. 


pion,  Lychnis  diurna. 


addebtedt,  a.  [Sc. ;' at  first  adciemf,  flfWe«ef7,  ^^^er's-meat  (ad  w 

for  earlier  eudetted:  see  indebted.]    Indebted^  g^^^?  English  wake-robin, 


addecimatet  (a-des'i-mat),  v.  t. 


The  red  eam- 

A  name  some- 
_    h  wake-robin, 
Arum  maculatum  (see  cut  under  Arum),  and  (6) 


Indebted. 

matus,  pp.  of  addecimare,  <ad,  to,  +  rfecwT  ehickweed, ^teWarm  Holostea 

take  the  tenth :  see  decimate.]  To  take  or  as-  adder  S-mouth  (ad  erz-mouth),  n 
certam  the  tithe  or  tenth  part  of ;  tithe ;  deci- 


mate. Cockeram. 

addeemf  (a-dem'),  v.  t.  [<  ad-  +  deem.  Cf.  ad- 
doom.]    1.  To  award;  adjudge;  sentence. 

Unto  him  they  did  addeeme  the  prise. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  iii.  15. 

2.  To  deem ;  judge ;  esteem ;  account. 

She  scorns  to  be  addeemed  so  worthless-base. 

Daniel,  Civil  Wars. 

addendum  (a-den'dum),  n. ;  pi.  addenda  (-da). 
[L.,  gerund  of  addere,  add:  see  add.]  A  thing 
to  be  added ;  an  addition ;  an  appendix  to  a 
work — Addendum-circle  (of  a  gear),  in  much.,  a  cii'cle 
which  touches  the  points  of  the  teeth.— Addendum  Of  a 
tooth,  in  mach.,  that  part  of  the  tooth  of  a  gear  which  lies 
between  the  pitch-circle  and  the  point, 
adderl  (ad'er),  n.  [<  ME.  adder,  addere,  addre, 
edder,  eddre,  etc.,  forms  interchanging  with  the 
more  correct  nadder,  naddere,  naddre,  nadre, 
neddere,  neddre,  etc.  (through  confusion  of  a 
nadder  with  an  adder ;  cf .  apron,  auger,  orange, 
umpire,  which  have  lost  their  initial  n  in  the 
same  way),  <  AS.  ncedre,  nwddre  =  OS.  nadra  = 
D.  adder  =  OHG.  natara,  natra,  MHG.  natere, 
nater,  G.  natter  =  leel.  nathra,  f .,  nathr,  m.,  = 
Goth.  nadrs  =  lT.  nathair  =  'W.  neidr,  a  snake,  a 
serpent.  The  L.  natrix,  a  water-snake,  is  a  dif- 
ferent word,  prop,  a  swimmer,  <  nare,  swim. 
The  word  has  no  connection  with  atter,  poi- 
son, q.  v.]  1.  The  popular  English  name  of 
the  viper,  Vipera  communis,  now  Pelias  berus,  a 
common  venomous  serpent  of  Eui'ope  (and  the 
only  poisonous  British  reptile),  belonging  to 


A  delicate 

orchid,  Microstylis  ophioglossoides,  found  in  cool 
damp  woods  in  North  America,  with  a  raceme 
of  minute  greenish  flowers,  and  a  single  leaf 
shaped  somewhat  like  the  head  of  a  snake, 
adder-spit  (ad'er-spit),  «.  [<  addcr'^  -\-  sjM^.] 
A  name  of  the  common  brake,  Pteris  aquilina. 
adder 's-spear  (ad'erz-sper), «.  Same  a.sadder's- 
tongue. 

adder-stone  (ad'er-stou),  n.  [<  adderi-  -h  stone.] 
The  name  given  in  different  parts  of  Great 
Britain  to  certain  rounded  perforated  stones  or 
glass  beads  foimd  occasionally,  and  popularly 
supposed  to  have  a  supernatural  efficacy  in 
curing  the  bites  of  adders.  They  are  believed  by 
archaeologists  to  have  been  anciently  used  as  spindle- 
whorls,  that  is,  small  fly-wheels  intended  to  keep  up  the 
rotary  motion  of  the  spindle.  Some  stones  or  beads  of  this 
or  a  similar  kind  were  by  one  superstitious  tradition  said 
to  have  been  produced  by  a  number  of  adders  putting 
their  heads  together  and  hissing  till  the  foam  became  con- 
solidated into  beads,  supposed  to  be  powerful  charms 
against  disease.  Also  called  ovum  anguinum,  serpent- 
stone,  adder-bead,  adder-gem,  and  in  Wales  glain-neidr  and 
druidical  bead.  The  last  name  is  given  upon  the  supposi- 
tion that  these  objects  were  used  as  charms  or  amulets  by 
the  Druids. 

And  the  potent  adder-stone, 
Gender'd  'fore  the  autumnal  moon, 
When  in  undulating  twine 
The  foaming  snakes  prolific  join. 

W.  Mason,  Caractacus. 
adder's-tongue   (ad'erz-tung),    n.    The  fern 
Ophioglossmn  vulgatum :  so  called  from  the  form 
of  its  fruiting  spike.   Also  called  addei-'s-spear. 
See  Ophioglossum.—Yenow  adder's-tongue,  a  name 

given  to  the  plant  Erythronium  Americanum. 


the  family  Viperidce,  of  the  suborder  Soleno-  adder's-violet  (ad'erz-vi'o-let),  n.  The  rattle- 
glypha,  of  the  order  Ophidia.    it  grows  to  a  lenn-th    snake-p  antam,  Goody  era  pubescen.%  alow  orchid 

,     or  JMorth  America,  with  conspicuously  white- 

veined  leaves. 
adder's-WOrt  (ad'crz-wert),  n.  Snakeweed,  Po- 
lygonmn  Bistorta :  so  named  from  its  wi-ithed 
roots.  Also  called  bistort,  for  the  same  reason, 
addibility  (ad-i-bil'i-ti),  «.  See  addability. 
addible  (ad'i-bl),  a"  See  addable. 
addicef  (ad'is),  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  adc. 
addicent  (ad'i-sent),  n.  [<L.  addiccn{t-)s,  ppr. 
of  addicere :  see  addict,  v.]    One  who  authori- 
Adder,  or  Viper  (/>«/iaj*«r«r).  tatively  transfers  a  thing  to  another.  -V.  £.  D. 


addict 

addict  (a-dikf),  v.  t.  [<  L.  addictus,  pp.  of 
addicere,  devote,  deliver  over,  prop,  give  one's 
assent  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  dicere,  say,  declare.]  1. 
To  devote  or  give  u}^,  as  to  a  habit  or  occupa- 
tion; apply  habitually  or  sedulously,  as  to  a 
practice  or  habit:  used  reflexively:  as,  to  ad- 
dict one's  self  to  the  exercise  of  charity  ;  he  is 
addicted  (addicts  himself)  to  meditation,  plea- 
sure, or  intemperance.  [Now  most  frequently 
used  in  a  bad  sense.] 

They  have  addicted  themselves  to  the  ministry  of  tlie 
saints.  1  Cor.  xvi.  15. 

I  advise  thee  ...  to  addict  thyself  to  the  .Study  of  Let- 
ters. Cotton,  tr.  of  Montaigne  (2d  ed.),  I.  385. 
2t.  To  give  over  or  surrender;  devote,  attach, 
or  assign ;  yield  up,  as  to  the  service,  use,  or 
control  of :  used  both  of  persons  and  of  things. 

Youi's  entirely  addicted,  madam. 

B.  Jonsoa,  Cynthia's  Kevels,  iv.  3. 
The  land  about  is  exceedingly  addicted  to  wood. 

Erelyn,  Diary,  April  18,  1680. 

Specifically — 3.  In  Rom.  law,  to  deliver  over 
foi-mally  by  the  sentence  of  a  judge,  as  a  debt- 
or to  the  service  of  his  creditor.  =  syn.  1.  Addict, 
Devote,  Apply,  accustom.  These  words,  where  they  ap- 
proach in  meaning,  are  most  used  rertexively.  Addict  and 
devote  are  often  used  in  the  passive.  Addict  has  quite  lost 
the  idea  of  dedication  ;  it  is  the  yielding  to  impulse,  and 
generally  a  bad  one.  Devote  retains  much  of  tlie  idea  of 
service  or  loyalty  by  vow ;  hence  it  is  rarely  used  of  that 
which  is  evil.  Addicted  to  every  form  of  folly ;  devoted  to 
hunting,  astronomy,  philosophy.  Apply  is  neutral  moral- 
ly, and  implies  industry  or  assiduity :  as,  he  applied  him- 
self to  his  task,  to  learning. 

The  Courtiers  were  all  much  addicted  to  Play. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  7. 
We  should  reflect  that  the  earliest  intellectual  exercise 
to  which  a  yoimg  nation  devotes  itself  is  the  study  of  its 
laws.  Maine,  Village  Communities,  p.  380. 

That  we  may  apply  our  hearts  unto  wisdom.  Ps.  xc.  12. 
addictf  (a-dikf),  a-  [<  L.  addictus,  pp. :  see  the 
verb.]  Addicted. 

If  he  be  addict  to  vice. 
Quickly  him  they  will  entice. 

Shak.,  Pass.  Pil.,  xxi. 

addictedness  (a-dik'ted-nes),  n.   The  quality  or 
state  of  being  addicted. 
My  former  addictedness  to  make  chymical  experiments. 

Boyle. 

addiction  (a-dik'shon),  n.  [<  L.  addictio{n-),  de- 
livering up,  awarding,  <  addicere :  see  addict,  ?■.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  given  up  to  some  habit, 
practice,  or  pursuit ;  addictedness ;  devotion. 

His  addiction  was  to  courses  vain.     Shale,  Hen.  V.,  i.  1. 

Fi  "om  our  German  forefathers  we  inherit  our  phlegm, 
our  steadiness,  our  domestic  habitudes,  and  our  unhappy 
addiction  to  spirituous  liquors. 

W.  R.  Grey,  Misc.  Essays,  2d  ser.,  p.  13. 

Southey,  in  a  letter  to  William  Taylor,  protests,  with 
much  emphasis,  against  his  addiction  to  words  "  wliicli 
are  so  foreign  as  not  to  be  even  in  Johnson's  fairago  of  a 
dictionary."  F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  135. 

2.  In  Rom.  law,  a  formal  giving  over  or  deliv- 
ery by  sentence  of  court;  hence,  a  suiTender  or 
dedication  of  any  one  to  a  master.    N.  E.  D. 

ad  diem  (ad  di'em).  [L. :  ad,  at,  to;  diem,  ace. 
of  dies,  day:  see  dies,  dial.']    In  law,  at  the  day. 

adding-machine  (ad'ing-ma-shen*),  n.  [<  add- 
infi,  verbal  n.  of  add,  +  machine.]  An  instru- 
ment or  a  machine  intended  to  facilitate  or 
perform  the  addition  of  numbers.  See  calcu- 
latinfj-machine,  arithmometer. 

addist,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  adz. 

Addisonian  (ad-i-s6'ni-an),  a.  [The  surname 
Addison,  ME.  Adeson,  is'equiv.  to  Adamsoii,i.  e., 
Adam's  son.  Cf.  Atchison.]  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  the  English  author  Joseph  Addison 
or  his  writings  :  as,  an  Addisonian  style. 

It  was  no  part  of  his  plan  to  enter  into  competition 
with  the  Addisonian  writers.    The  Century,  XXVII.  927. 

Addison's  cheloid  (ad'i-sonz  ke'loid).  See 

kelis. 

Addison's  disease  (ad'i-sonz  di-zez').  See 

disease. 

additament  (ad'i-ta-ment),  n.  [<  L.  addita- 
mentum,  an  increase,  <"additus,  pp.  of  addere, 
add:  see  add.]   An  addition;  something  added. 

In  a  palace  .  .  .  there  are  certain  additaments  that 
contribute  to  its  ornament  and  use. 

Sir  M.  Hale,  Origin  of  Mankind. 
In  Hawthorne,  whose  faculty  was  developed  among 
scholars,  and  with  the  finest  additaments  of  scholarship, 
we  have  our  first  true  artist  in  literary  expression. 

The  Century,  XXVI.  293. 
additamentary  (ad'^i-ta-men'ta-ri),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  additament;  addi- 
tional. 

The  numerous  ...  addi!amera«ar!/bones  which  are  met 
with  in  old  cases  of  osteo-arthritis. 

T.  Holmes,  Syst.  of  Surg.,  IV.  27. 

addition  (a-dish'on),  n.  [<  ME.  addicion,  -oun, 
<  F.  addition,  <  L.  additio{n-),  <  addere,  increase : 


68 

see  add.]  1.  The  act  or  process  of  adding  or 
imiting,  especially  so  that  the  parts  remain 
independent  of  one  another :  opposed  to  sub- 
traction or  diminution :  as,  a  sum  is  increased 
\)j  addition  ;  to  increase  a  heap  by  the  addition 

of  more.  Specifically,  in  arith.,  the  uniting  of  two  or 
more  numbers  in  one  sum ;  also,  that  branch  of  arithmetic 
which  treats  of  such  combinations.  Simple  addition  is  the 
adding  of  numbers,  irrespective  of  the  things  denoted  by 
tliem,  or  the  adding  of  sums  of  the  same  denomination,  as 
pounds  to  pounds,  ounces  to  ounces,  etc.  Compound  ad- 
dition is  the  adding  of  sums  of  different  denominations,  as 
pounds,  shillings,  and  pence  to  pounds,  shillings,  and 
pence,  like  being  added  to  like.  The  addition  of  all  kinds 
of  multiple  quantity  is  performed  according  to  the  prin- 
ciple of  compound  addition ;  thus,  the  addition  of  two 
imaginary  quantities  is  effected  by  adding  the  real  parts 
together  to  get  the  new  real  part,  and  the  imaginary  parts 
to  get  the  new  imaginary  part.  Logical  addition  is  a  mode 
of  combination  of  terms,  propositions,  or  arguments,  re- 
sulting in  a  compound  (the  sum),  true  if  any  of  the  ele- 
ments are  true,  and  false  only  if  all  are  false. 

2.  The  result  of  adding  ;  anything  added,  whe- 
ther material  or  immaterial. 

Her  youth,  her  beauty,  innocence,  discretion, 
Without  additions  of  estate  or  birth. 
Are  dower  for  a  prince  indeed. 

Ford,  Lover's  Melancholy,  v.  1. 
Specifically — (a)  In  law,  a  title  or  designation  annexed  to 
a  man's  name  to  show  his  riink,  occupation,  or  place  of  resi- 
dence :  as,  John  Doe,  Esq.;  Richard  Roe,  Gent.;  Robert 
Dale,  Mason;  Thomas  Way,  of  Boston.  Hence — (b)  An 
epithet  or  any  added  designation  or  description:  a  use 
frecpient  in  Shakspere,  but  now  obsolete. 

They  clepe  us  drunkards,  and  with  swinish  phrase 
Soil  our  addition.  Shale,  Hamlet,  i.  4. 

This  man,  lady,  hath  robbed  many  beasts  of  their  partic- 
ular additiom ;  he  is  as  valiant  as  the  lion,  churlish  as  the 
bear,  slow  as  tlie  elephant.  SJiak.,  T.  and  C.,  i.  2. 

(ct)  In  music,  a  dot  at  the  side  of  a  note  indicating  that 
its  sound  is  to  be  lengthened  one  half,  (d)  In  tier.,  same 
as  augmentation,  (c)  In  tlistilliny,  anything  added  to  tlie 
wash  or  liquor  when  in  a  state  of  fermentation. —  Exer- 
cise and  addition.  See  i  re ;■(■(,«•. —Geometrical  addi- 
tion, or  addition  of  vectors,  tlic  finding  of  a  vector 
quantity,  S,  such  that  if  tlie  vectors  to  be  added  .are  placed 
in  a  linear  series,  each  alter  the  first  beginning  where  the 
one  before  it  ends,  then,  in  whatever  order  they  are  taken, 
if  S  be  made  to  l)egin  where  the  firstof  the  added  vectors 
begins,  it  ends  where  the  last  ends.  =  Syn.  1.  Adding,  an- 
nexation.—  2.  Superaddition,  appendage,  adjunct,  in- 
crease, increment,  extension,  enlargement,  augmentation, 
addition  (a-dish'on),  V.  t.  If.  To  furnish  ■with 
an  addition,  or  a  designation  additional  to  one's 
name. 

Some  are  additioncd  with  the  title  of  laureate. 

Fuller,  Worthies,  Cambridgeshire. 

2.  To  combine  ;  add  together.  [Rare.] 

The  breaking  up  of  a  whole  into  parts  really  precedes 
in  facility  the  additioning  of  parts  into  a  whole,  for  the 
reason  that  the  power  of  destruction  in  a  child  obviously 
precedes  the  power  of  construction. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVII.  617. 

additional  (a-dish'on-al),  a.  and  w.    [==  F.  ad- 

ditionnel,  <  L.  as  if  *additionalis,  <  additio{n-) : 
see  addition.]    I.  a.  Added ;  supplementary. 

Every  month,  every  day  indeed,  produces  its  own  novel- 
ties, with  the  additional  zest  that  they  are  novelties. 

De  Quincey,  Style,  iv. 

Additional  accompaniments,  in  music.  See  accom- 
paniment. 

II.  w.  Something  added ;  an  addition.  [Rare.] 

Many  thanks  for  the  additionals  you  are  pleased  to 
communicate  to  me,  in  continuance  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney's 
Arcadia.  Howell,  Letters,  iv.  20. 

additionally  (a-dish'on-al-i),  adv.  By  way  of 
addition. 

additionaryt  (a-dish'on-a-ri),  a.  Additional. 

What  is  necessary,  and  what  is  additionary. 

Herbert,  Country  Parson,  xxxi. 

addititious  (ad-i-tish'us),  a.  [<  LL.  additicius, 
additional,  <  L.  addere,  pp.  additus,  add :  see 
add.]  Additive;  additional;  characterized  by 
ha'ving  been  added.  [Rare.] 
additive  (ad'i-tiv),  a.  [<  LL.  additivus,  added, 
<  L.  addere,  pp.  additus,  add :  see  add.]  To  be 
added  ;  of  the  nature  of  an  addition ;  helping 
to  increase:  as,  an  additive  correction  (a  cor- 
rection to  be  added). 

The  general  sum  of  such  work  is  great ;  for  all  of  it,  as 
genuine,  tends  towards  one  goal ;  all  of  it  is  additive,  none 
of  it  subtractive.  Carlyle,  Hero  Worship,  iv. 

additively  (ad'i-tiv-li),  adv.    By  way  of  addi- 
tion ;  in  an  additive  manner, 
additor  (ad'i-tor),  n.    [<  L.  as  if  ""additor,  <  ad- 
dere, pp.  additus,  add :  see  add.]  A  piece  of  link- 
work  for  adding  angles,  forming  part  of  Kempe's 
apparatus  for  describing  algebraic  curves, 
additory  (ad'i-to-ri),  a.    [<L.  as  if  *additorii(s  : 
see  additor.]    Adding  or  eaijable  of  adding; 
making  some  addition.  Arhuthyiot.  [Rare.] 
addlei  (ad'l),  n.  and  a.    [<  ME.  adel  (as  in  add 
cij,  addle  egg),  orig.  a  noun,  <  AS.  adela,  mud, 
=  MLGr.  adele,  mud,  =  East  Fries,  adel,  dung 
( >  adelig,  foul,  comp.  adelpol,  addle-pool ;  ef . 
Lowland  Sc.  addle  dub,  a  filthy  pool),  =  OSw. 
adel,  in  comp.  Ico-adel,  cow-uiine.    No  connee- 


address 

tion  -with  AS.  ddl,  disease.]    I.  w.  1,  Liquid 

filth ;  putrid  urine  or  mire ;  the  drainage  from 
a  dunghill.  [Pro v.  Eng.]  — 2t.  The  di-ylees  of 
wine.  Bailey;  Ash. —  3.  Same  as  aMZel. 

II.  a.  [Addle  egg,  ME.  adel  ey,  equiv.  to  ML. 
ovum  urinai,  lit.  egg  of  urine,  a  perversion  of  L. 
ovum  annum  (Pliny),  repr.  Gr.  u6v  ohptvov,  a 
wind-egg  (oipof,  a  -wind).  A  popular  etym.  con- 
nected addle,  as  an  adj.,  with  idle:  "An  adle 
egge,  q.  idle  egge,  because  it  is  good  for  noth- 
ing" (Minsheu).]  1.  Having  lost  the  power 
of  development  and  become  rotten;  putrid: 
applied  to  eggs.  Hence  — 2.  Empty;  idle; 
vain;  barren;  producing  nothing;  muddled, 
confused,  as  the  head  or  brain. 

To  William  iiU  give  audience. 
And  pray  ye  for  his  noddle, 
For  .all  the  Farie's  evidence 
Were  lost,  if  that  were  addle. 

Bp.  Corbet,  Farewell  to  the  Faeryes. 
His  brains  grow  addle. 

Dryden,  Prol.  to  Don  Sebastian,  1.  24. 
addle^  (ad'l),  v. ;  prot.  and  pp.  addled,  ppr.  ad- 
dling, [iaddle'^,  a.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make  cor- 
rupt or  putrid,  as  Gggs. 

Themselves  were  chilled,  their  eggs  were  addled. 

Cou'per,  Pairing  Time  Anticipated. 
Hence  —  2.  To  spoil;  make  worthless  or  inef- 
fective; muddle;  confuse:  as,  to  addle  the 
brain,  or  a  piece  of  work. 

His  cold  procrastination  addled  the  victory  of  Lepanto, 
as  it  had  formerly  addled  that  of  St.  Quentin. 

Simpson,  Sch.  Shak.,  I.  97.    (ff.  E.  D.) 

3.  To  manure  with  liquid.  [Scotch.] 

II.  intrans.  To  become  addled,  as  an  egg; 
hence,  to  come  to  nought;  be  spoiled, 
addle^  (ad'l),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  addled,  ppr.  ad- 
dling. [E.  dial.,  also  eddle,  <  ME.  addlen,  adlen, 
earn,  gain,  Icel.  odhla,  in  refl.  ddhlask,  spelled 
also  a'dhlask,  win,  gain,  <  ddhal,  patrimony, = AS. 
ethel,  home,  dwelling,  property.]  I,  trans.  To 
earn ;  accumulate  gradually,  as  money.  [North. 
Eng.] 

Parson's  lass  .  .  . 

Mun  be  a  guvness,  lad,  or  summut,  and  addle  her  bread. 

Tennyson,  Northern  Farmer,  N.  S. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  produce  or  yield  fruit ;  ripen. 
Where  ivy  enibraceth  the  tree  very  sore, 
Kill  ivy,  else  tree  will  addle  no  more. 

Tusser,  Five  Hundred  Points  (1573),  p.  4t. 

addle2  (ad'l), «.  [<addle^,v.]  Laborers' wages. 
Halliwell.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

addle-brain  (ad'l-bran),  «..  [<  addle^,  a.,  + 
brain.]    A  stupid  bungler ;  an  addle-pate. 

addle-headed  (ad']-hed"ed),  a.  [<  addle'^,  a.,  + 
head  +  -ed^.]  Stupid ;  muddled.  An  equiva- 
lent form  is  addlc-pated. 

addlement  (ad'l-ment),  n.    [<  addle'^, 
-ment.]    The  process  of  addling  or  of  hecom- 
ing  addled.    N.  E.  D. 

addle-pate  (ad'l-pat),  n.  [<  addle''-,  a.,  +  pate.] 
A  stupid  person. 

It  is  quite  too  overpowering  for  such  addle-pates  as  this 
gentleman  and  myself.  Mrs.  Craik,  Ogilvies,  p.  138. 

addle-pated  (ad'l-pa"ted),  a.    [As  addle-pate 

+  -ed^.]    Same  as  addle-headed. 
addle-plot  (ad'l-plot),  n.    [<  addle'',  v.,  +  obj. 

jylot^.]    A  person  who  spoils  any  amusement; 

a  marsport  or  marplot, 
addle-pool  (ad'l-pol),  n.    [<  addle^-  +  pooU;  = 

East  Iries.  adelpol.]    A  pool  of  filthy  water. 

Halliwell.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
addlingl  (ad'ling),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  addle'-,  v.] 

1.  Decomposition  of  an  egg. —  2.  Muddling  of 

the  wits. 

addling^  (ad'ling),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  addle^,  v.] 
1.  The  act  of  earning  by  labor. —  2.  pi.  That 
which  is  earned;  earnings.  Also  written  ad- 
lings.  [North.  Eng.] 
addoomt  (a-dom'),  V.  t.  [<  ad-  +  doom.  Cf.  ad- 
deem.]    To  adjudge. 

Unto  me  addoom  that  is  my  dew. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VII.  vii.  66. 

addorsed,  p.  a.    See  adorsed. 

address  (a-dres'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  addressed 
(also  addrest),  ppr.  addressing.  [<  ME.  adressen, 
<  OF.  adresser,  adressier,  adresier,  earlier  ad- 
rescer,  adrecer,  adrecier,  etc.,  F.  adresser  =  Pt. 
adreysar  =  Sp.  aderezar  =  Pg.  adereqar  —  It.  ad- 
diri3zare,<.Mh.  *addrictiare  (addretiare,  addres- 
sare,  etc.)  for  '^addirectiare,  <  ad,  to,  +  *dric- 
tiare,  *directiare,  make  straight,  >  OF.  drescer, 
dresser,  > E.  dress :  see  a-H,  ad-,  and  dress,  v.]  I. 
trans.  If.  Primarily,  to  make  direct  or  straight; 
straighten,  or  straighten  up;  hence,  to  bring 
into  line  or  order,  as  troops  (see  dress) ;  make 
light  in  general ;  arrange,  redress,  as  -wrongs, 
etc.  N.  E,  D. —  2t.  To  direct  in  a  course  or  to 


address 


69 


adductor 


an  end ;  impart  a  direction  to,  as  toward  an  ob- 
ject or  a  destination ;  aim,  as  a  missiie ;  apply 
directly,  as  action.    [Still  used,  in  the  game  of 
golf,  in  the  phrase  "to  address  a  ball,"  and 
sometimes  in  poetry.] 
Imbrasides  addrest  his  javeline  at  him.  Chapman,  Iliad. 
Good  youth,  address  thy  gait  unto  her.  Skak.,  T.  N.,  i.  4. 
Then  those  eight  mighty  daughters  of  the  plough 
Bent  their  broad  faces  toward  us  and  address'd 
Their  motion.  Tennyson,  The  Princess,  iv. 

3.  To  direct  the  energy  or  force  of;  subject  to 
the  effort  of  doing;  apply  to  the  accomplish- 
ment of :  used  reffexively,  with  to :  as,  he  ad- 
dressed himself  to  the  work  in  hand. 

This  was  a  practical  question,  and  they  [the  framers  of 
the  American  Constitution]  addressed  themselves  to  it  as 
men  of  knowledge  and  judgment  should. 

Lowell,  Democracy. 

4.  To  direct  to  the  ear  or  attention,  as  speech 
or  writing;  utter  directly  or  by  direct  trans- 
mission, as  to  a  person  or  persons:  as,  to  ad- 
dress a  warning  to  a  friend,  or  a  petition  to 
the  legislature. 

The  young  hero'  had  addressed  his  prayers  to  him  for 
his  assistance.  Dryden. 

The  supplications  which  Francis  [Bacon]  addressed  to 
his  luicle  and  aunt  were  earnest,  humble,  and  almost  ser- 
vile. Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

5.  To  direct  speech  or  writing  to ;  aim  at  the 
hearing  or  attention  of ;  speak  or  write  to :  as, 
to  address  an  assembly;  he  addressed  his  con- 
stituents by  letter. 

Though  he  [Caesar]  seldom  addresses  the  Senate,  he  is 
considered  as  the  finest  speaker  there,  after  the  Consul. 

Maeaulay,  Fragments  of  a  Roman  Tale. 
Straightway  he  spake,  and  thus  address'd  the  Gods. 

M.  Arnold,  Balder  Dead. 

6.  To  apply  in  speech ;  subject  to  hearing  or 
notice:  used  reflexively,  with  to:  as,  he  ad- 
dressed himself  to  the  chairman. 

Our  legislators,  our  candidates,  on  gi'eat  occasions  even 
our  advocates,  address  themselves  less  to  the  audience 
than  to  the  reporters.  Macaulay,  Athenian  Orators. 

7.  To  direct  for  transmission ;  put  a  direction 
or  superscription  on :  as,  to  address  a  letter  or 
parcel  to  a  person  at  his  residence ;  to  address 
newspapers  or  circulars. 

Books  .  .  .  not  intended  for  .  .  .  the  persons  to  whom 
they  are  addressed,  but  .  .  .  for  sale,  are  liable  to  customs 
duties  upon  entering  .  .  .  Colombia.     U.  S.  Postal  Guide. 

8.  To  direct  attentions  to  in  courtship;  pay 
court  to  as  a  lover. 

To  prevent  the  confusion  that  might  arise  from  our 
both  addressing  the  same  lady,  I  shall  expect  the  honour 
of  yom-  company  to  settle  our  pretensions  in  King's  Mead 
Fields.  Sheridan. 

She  is  too  fine  and  too  conscious  of  herself  to  repulse 
any  man  who  may  address  her. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  316. 

9.  To  prepare  J  make  ready:  often  with  to  or 
for. 

The  five  foolish  virgins  addressed  themselves  at  the 
noise  of  the  bridegroom's  coming.  Jer.  Taylor. 

Tumus  addressed  his  men  to  single  fight. 

Dryden,  ^neid. 
To-morrow  for  the  march  are  we  address'd. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  3. 

Hence — lOf.  To  clothe  or  array;  dress;  adorn; 
trim. 

Other  writers  and  recorders  of  fables  could  have  told 
you  that  Tecla  sometime  addressed  herself  in  man's  ap- 
parel. Bp.  Jewell,  Def.  of  Apologle,  p.  375. 

11.  In  com.,  to  consign  or  intrust  to  the  care  of 
another,  as  agent  or  factor:  as,  the  ship  was 
addressed  to  a  merchant  in  Baltimore. 
Il.t  intrans.  1.  To  direct  speech;  speak. 
My  lord  of  Burgundy, 
We  first  address  towards  you.         Shak.,  Lear,  i.  1. 

2.  To  make  an  address  or  appeal. 

The  Earl  of  Shaftesbury,  having  addressed  in  vain  for  his 
majesty's  favour,  resorted  by  habeas  corpus  to  the  King's 
Bench.  Marvell,  Growth  of  Popery. 

3.  To  make  preparations ;  get  ready. 

Let  us  address  to  tend  on  Hector's  heels. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  4. 
They  ended  parle,  and  both  address'd  for  fight. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  296. 

address  (a-dres'),  n.  [=F.  adresse,  n. ;  from  the 
verb.]  i.  Power  of  properly  directing  or 
guiding  one's  own  action  or  conduct;  skilful 
management;  dexterity;  adi-oitness:  as,  he 
managed  the  affair  with  address. 
_  Here  Rhadamanthus,  in  his  travels,  had  collected  those 
inventions  and  institutions  of  a  civilized  people,  which  he 
had  the  address  to  apply  to  the  confirmation  of  his  own 
authority.  j,  Adams,  Works,  IV.  505. 

There  needs  no  small  degree  of  address  to  gain  the  repu- 
tation of  benevolence  without  incurring  the  expense. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  v.  1. 

S.  Direction  or  guidance  of  speech;  the  act  or 
manner  of  speaking  to  persons ;  personal  bear- 


ing in  intercourse ;  accost :  as.  Sir  is  a  title  of 
address;  he  is  a  man  of  good  address.  Hence 
— 3.  The  attention  paid  by  a  lover  to  his  mis- 
tress; courtship;  pi.  (more  commonly),  the  acts 
of  courtship;  the  attentions  of  a  lover:  as,  to 
pay  one's  addresses  to  a  lady. 

As  some  coy  nymph  her  lover's  warm  address 
Not  quite  indulges,  nor  can  quite  repress. 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  19. 
Tell  me  whose  address  thou  favour'st  most. 

Addison,  Cato,  i.  4. 
A  gentleman  .  .  .  made  his  addresses  to  me.  Addison. 

4.  An  utterance  of  thought  addressed  by 
speech  to  an  audience,  or  transmitted  in  ■writ- 
ing to  a  person  or  body  of  persons ;  usually,  an 
expression  of  views  or  sentiments  on  some 
matter  of  direct  concern  or  interest  to  the  per- 
son or  persons  addressed;  a  speech  or  dis- 
course suited  to  an  occasion  or  to  circum- 
stances :  as,  to  deliver  an  address  on  the  events 
of  the  day ;  an  address  of  congratulation ;  the 
address  of  Parliament  in  reply  to  the  queen's 
speech. 

It  was,  therefore,  during  a  period  of  considerable  polit- 
ical perturbation  that  Mr.  Bright  put  forth  an  address 
dated  January  31st,  1837. 

J.  Barnett  Smith,  John  Bright,  p.  23. 

5.  A  formal  request  addressed  to  the  executive 
by  one  or  both  branches  of  a  legislative  body, 
requesting  it  to  do  a  particular  thing. 

The  Constitutions  of  England,  of  Massachusetts,  of 
Pennsylvania,  authorized  the  removal  of  an  obnoxious 
judge  on  a  mere  address  ol  the  legislature. 

U.  Adams,  John  Randolph,  p.  132. 
The  power  of  address,  whenever  it  has  been  used  in  this 
commonwealth,  has  been  used  to  remove  judges  who  had 
not  violated  any  law.  W.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  161. 

6.  A  direction  for  guidance,  as  to  a  person's 
abode  ;  hence,  the  place  at  which  a  person  re- 
sides, or  the  name  and  place  of  destination, 
with  any  other  details,  necessary  for  the  di- 
rection of  a  letter  or  package  :  as,  what  is  your 
present  address  ?  the  address  or  superscription 
on  a  letter. 

Mrs.  Dangle,  shall  I  beg  you  to  offer  them  some  refresh- 
ments, and  take  their  address  in  the  next  room  ? 

Sheridan,  The  Critic,  i.  2. 

7.  In  equity  pleading,  the  technical  description 
in  a  bill  of  the  court  whose  remedial  power  is 
sought. —  8.  In  com.,  the  act  of  despatching  or 
consigning,  as  a  ship,  to  an  agent  at  the  port  of 
destination. —  9t.  Formerly  used  in  the  sense 
of  preparation,  or  the  state  of  preparing  or 
being  prepared,  and  in  various  applications 
arising  therefrom,  as  an  appliance,  array  or 

dress,  etc.  N.  E.  B.=Sya.  l.  Tact,  cleverness.— 2. 
See  port. — 4.  Oration,  Hararuiue,  etc.  (see  speech),  lecture, 
discourse,  sermon. —  6.  Residence,  superscription. 

addressee  (a-dres-e'),  n.  [<  address,  v.,  +  -ee2.] 
One  who  is  addressed;  specifically,  one  to 
whom  anything  is  addressed. 

The  postmaster  shall  also,  at  the  time  of  its  arrival, 
notify  the  addressee  thereof  that  such  letter  or  package 
has  been  received. 

Reff.  of  the  U.  S.  P.  0.  Dep.,  1874,  iii.  §  52. 

The  strong  presumption  this  offers  in  favour  of  this 
youthful  nobleman  [Lord  Southampton]  as  the  addressee 
of  the  sonnets  is  most  strangely  disregarded  by  Shaksperian 
specialists  of  the  present  day.   N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  X.  22. 

addresser  (a-dres'er),  n.  One  who  addresses 
or  petitions.  Specifically  (with  or  without  a  capital 
letter),  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  of  England,  a  member 
of  the  country  party,  so  called  from  their  address  to  the 
king  praying  for  an  immediate  assembly  of  the  Parlia- 
ment, the  summons  of  which  was  delayed  on  account  of  its 
being  adverse  to  the  court ;  an  opponent  of  the  court  party 
or  Abhorrers.  They  also  received  the  name  of  Petitioners, 
and  afterward  that  of  Whigs.    See  abhorrer. 

addressful  (a-dres'£ul),  a.    SkiKul;  dexterous. 

Mallet. 

addressing-machine  (a-dres'lng-ma-shen'O,  n. 
An  apparatus  for  placing  addresses  on  news- 
paper-wrappers, etc. 

addressiont  (a-dresh'on),  n.  [<  address.  Cf. 
compression,  etc.]  The  act  of  addressing  or 
directing  one's  course;  route;  direction  of  a 
journey. 

To  Pylos  first  be  thy  addression  then. 

Chapman,  Odyssey,  1.  438. 

addressmentt  (a-di-es'ment),  n.  [<  F.  adresse- 
ment  (Cotgra\e) :  see  address  and -ment.'j  Tlie 
act  of  addressing;  the  act  of  directing  one's 
attention,  speech,  or  effort  toward  a  particu- 
lar point,  person,  or  object, 
addubitationt  (a-dii-bi-ta'shpn),  n.  [<L.  addti- 
bitatus,  pp.  of  addubitare,  incline  to  doubt,  <  ad, 
to,  +  dubitare,  doubt:  see  doubt.'\  A  doubting; 
insinuated  doubt. 

That  this  was  not  a  vniuersall  practice,  it  may  appeare 
by  St.  Austins  addubitation. 

J.  Denison,  Heavenly  Banquet  (1619),  p.  353. 


adduce  (a-dus'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  adduced, 
I>pr.  adducing.  [<  L.  adducerc,  lead  or  bring 
to,  <  ad,  to,  +  ducere,  lead :  see  duct,  duke.'i  To 
bring  forward,  present,  or  offer;  advance;  cite; 
name  or  instance  as  authority  or  evidence  for 
what  one  advances. 

Reasons  good 
I  shall  adduce  in  due  time  to  my  peers. 

BromUng,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  313. 

The  speculations  of  those  early  Christian  theologians 
who  adduced  the  crying  of  tlie  new-ljoin  babe  in  proof  of 
its  innate  wickedness.  J.  Fiske,  Cos.  Phil.,  I.  105. 

=  Syn.  Adduce,  Allege,  Assign,  Advance,  Offer,  Cite.  Offer 
and  assign  are  the  least  forcible  of  these  words.  To  offer 
is  simply  to  present  for  acceptance.  We  may  offer  a  plea, 
an  apology,  or  an  excuse,  but  it  may  not  be  accepted.  We 
may  assign  a  reason,  but  it  may  not  he  the  real  or  only 
reason  which  might  be  given  ))y  us.  We  may  advance  an 
opinion  or  a  theory,  and  may  cite  authoi  ities  in  support  of 
it.  yfHer/e  is  the  most  positive  of  all  these  words.  To  al- 
lege is  to  make  an  unsupported  statement  regarding  some- 
thing; to  adduce,  on  the  other  hand,  is  to  bring  forward 
proofs  or  evidence  in  support  of  some  statement  or  propo- 
sition already  made  :  as,  he  alleged  that  he  had  been  l  obbed 
by  A.  B.,  but  adduced  no  proof  in  support  of  his  allegation. 

I  too  prize  facts,  and  am  adducing  nothing  else. 

Channing,  Perfect  Life,  p.  177. 

To  allege  the  real  pr  supposed  primeval  kindred  between 
Magyars  and  Ottomans  as  a  ground  for  political  action 
...  is  an  extreme  case. 

H.  A.  Freeman,  Race  and  Language. 

To  some  such  causes  as  you  have  assigned,  may  be 
ascribed  the  delay  which  the  petition  has  encountered. 

Washington,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  372. 

The  views  I  shall  advance  in  these  lectures. 

Beak;  Bioplasm,  §  2. 
If  your  arguments  be  rational,  offer  them  in  as  moving 
a  manner  as  the  nature  of  the  subject  will  admit.  Swift. 

adduceable  (a-dii'sa-bl),  a.  [<  adduce  +  -able.'] 
See  additcible. 

adducent  (a-dii'sent),  a.  [<  L.  adducen{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  adducerc:  see  adduce.']  Bringing  to- 
gether; dra'wing  one  thing  to  or  toward  an- 
other ;  perfoi-ming  the  act  of  adduction ;  ha'ving 
the  fimction  of  an  adductor :  opposed  to  abdu- 
cent: chiefly  or  exclusively  an  anatomical  term, 
applied  to  certain  muscles  or  to  their  action. 
See  adductor,  a. 

adducer  (a-dii'ser),  H.    One  who  adduces. 

adducible  (a-dii'si-bl),  a.  [<  adduce  +  -ible.'] 
Capable  of  being  adduced.  Sometimes  (but 
very  rarely)  spelled  adduceable. 

Here  I  end  my  specimens,  among  the  many  which  might 
be  given,  of  the  arguments  adducible  for  Christianity. 

J.  11.  A'eivman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  478. 

adduct  (a-dukf),  v.  t.  [<  L.  adductus,  pp.  of 
adducere :  see  adduce.']  If.  To  draw  on;  in- 
duce ;  allure. 

Either  impelled  by  lewd  disposition  or  addxictedhy  tio^e 
of  rewarde.  Time's  Storehouse,  p.  680. 

2.  In  physiol.,  to  bring  to  or  toward  a  median 
line  or  main  axis.    See  adduction,  2. 

The  pectineus  and  three  adductors  adduct  the  thigh 
powerfully.  //.  Gray,  Anat.,  p.  412. 

adduction  (a-duk'shon),  n.  [< ML.  adductio{n-), 
<  L.  adducere,  pp.  adductus:  see  adduce.]  1. 
The  act  of  adducing  or  bringing  forward  some- 
thing as  e'vidence  in  support  of  a  contention  or 
an  argument.  [Rare.] 

An  adduction  of  facts  gathered  from  various  quarters. 

Is.  Taylor. 

2.  (a)  In  physiol.,  the  action  of  the  adductor  or 
adducent  muscles.  (6)  In  surg.,  the  adducent 
action  of  a  surgeon  upon  a  limb  or  other  mem- 
ber of  the  body ;  the  position  of  a  part  which 
is  the  result  of  such  action :  the  opposite  of  ab- 
duction. In  either  use,  adduction  consists  in  bringing  a 
limb  to  or  toward  the  long  axis  of  the  body,  so  that  it 
shall  be  parallel  therewith  or  with  its  fellow ;  or  in  bring- 
ing together  two  or  several  similar  parts,  as  the  spread  fin- 
gers of  the  human  hand,  the  opened  shells  of  a  bivalve 
mollusk,  etc. 

adductive  (a-duk'tiv),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *adduc- 
tivus,  <  adducere,  pp.  adductus :  see  adduce.] 
Adducing  or  bringing  forward. 

adductor  (a-duk'tor),  n.  and  a.  [L.,  a  pro- 
curer, lit.  one  who  draws  to,  <  adducere,  pp. 
adductus:  see  adduce.]  I.  «.;  pi.  adductors 
(-torz)  or  adductores  (ad-uk-to'rez).  In  anat. 
and  zodl.,  that  which  adduets  ;  specifically,  the 
name  of  several  muscles  which  draw  certain 
parts  to  or  toward  one  common  center  or  median 
line :  the  opposite  of  abductor.  The  word  is  also  ap- 
plied to  various  muscles  not  specifically  so  named ;  thus, 
the  internal  rectus  of  tlie  eye  is  an  adductor  of  the  eyeball. 
The  muscles  which  close  the  shells  of  bivalves  are  generi- 
cally  tenned  adductors.  See  cuts  under  LanielUbranchiata, 
Waldheimia,  and  Productidce.—  AdductOT  arcuum,  the 
adductor  of  the  arches,  a  muscle  of  the  si<Ie  of  the  neck 
of  some  Batrachia,  as  Menopoma.—AddMCtOT  brancM- 
arum,  the  adductor  of  the  gills,  a  muscle  of  some  Batra- 
chia,  as  Mcnobranch  AddUCtor  bre'vls  (the  short  ad- 
ductor), adductor  longus  (the  long  adductor),  a4dactor 


adductor 

magnus  (the  great  adductor),  three  adductor  muscles  of 
the  human  thigh,  arising  from  the  pelvis  and  inserted  in 
the  linea  iispera  of  the  femur.— Adductor  digiti  tertii, 
adductor  digiti  quarti,  the  adductor  muscle  of  the  tliirtl 
digit  and  of  the  fourth  digit,  found  in  various  animals,  as 
■  the  chameleon.— Adductor  mandibulse,  in  Crustacea,  a 
muscle  which  adducts  the  mandible,  and  so  brings  to- 
gether the  opposite  sides  of  the  upper  jaw.— Adductor 
pollicis,  the  adductor  of  the  thumb. — Adductor  polli- 

cis  pedis,  or  adductor  hallucis,  the  adductor  of  the 
great  toe.  (Other  muscles  of  the  digits  having  the  same 
function  are  sometimes  called  adductors.] 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  adductor ;  having 
the  function  of  adducting ;  adducent :  as,  the 
«rff?MCtor  muscles  of  the  thigh:  opposed  to  ah- 
dMctor.— Adductor  impressions,  in  conch.,  the  scars 
on  the  interior  surfaces  of  the  opposite  valves  of  bivalve 
shells  left  by  the  adductor  muscles;  the  ciboria.  (See 
cibun  u  m . )  There  are  generally  two,  an  anterior  and  a  pos- 
terior, as  in  the  clam,  but  often  only  one,  as  in  the  oyster 
andscallop(Pec«c«).— Adductor  muscles,  (a)  In  anat., 
the  adductors.  See  I.  (i)  In  malacvlugn,  the  muscles 
which  draw  together  or  close  the  valves  in  bivalve  mol- 
lusks.    See  cut  under  Waldheimia. 

addulcet  (a-duls'),  v.  t.    [<  late  ME.  adoulce,  < 
OF.  adotilcir,  earlier  adulcir,  adolcir,  F.  adoucir, 
< ML.  *addulcire, ili.ad,  to,  +  dulcis,  sweet :  see 
dulce."]    To  sweeten. 
Some  mirth  t'  addulce  man's  miseries.  Herrick. 

-adel.  [(1)  <  P.  -ade,  <  Pr.  Sp.  or  Pg.  ^da,  or 
It.  -ata,  <  L.  -ata,  f.;  (2)  <  Pr.  -at,  Sp.  or  Pg. 
-ado,  or  It  -aio,  <  L.  -atus,  m.,  pp.  suffix  of 
verbs  in  -are :  see  -afel.  The  native  P.  form  is 
-ee,  OF.  -ee,  whence  in  older  E.  -y :  cf.  army  (F.) 
withan»ada(Sp.),ult.<L.  armata.']  1.  A  suffix 
of  nouns  of  French  or  other  Romance  origin, 
as  accolade,  ambuscade,  brigade,  cannonade,  lem- 
onade, etc.,  or  of  (a  few)  English  nouns  formed 
on  the  same  model,  as  blockade,  orangeade. —  2. 
A  suffix  of  nouns  of  Spanish  or  Italian  origin 
(originally  masculine  form  of  preceding),  as 
brocade,  renegade,  etc.  It  also  appears  in  the 
Spanish  form  -adOj  as  in  renegade,  desperado. 

-ade2,  [<  F.  -adc,  <  L.  -as  (-ad-),  <  Gr.  -ag  (-aiJ-), 
fem.  suffix:  see-afZ2.]  A  suffix  of  Greek  origin, 
now  usually  -ad,  as  in  decade  (sometimes  decad), 
nomade  (usually  womad,  like  monad,  triad,  etc.). 

adeb  (ad'eb),  n.  [Ar.]  An  Egyptian  weight 
,    equal  to  210  okes.    See  oke. 

adeedt,  adv.  Indeed. 

"  Say,  did  ye  fleech  and  speak  them  fair?  "  "Adeed  did 
I,"  quo'  Bottom.  Blackwood's  Mag.,  XXII.  404. 

adeem  (a-dem'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  adimere,  take  away, 
<  ad,  to,  +  emere,  take.  Cf.  redeem.']  In  law, 
to  revoke  (a  legacy),  either  (1)  by  implication, 
as  by  a  different  disposition  of  the  bequest  dur- 
ing the  life  of  the  testator,  or  (2)  by  satisfaction 
of  the  legacy  in  advance,  as  by  delivery  of  the 
thing  bequeathed,  or  its  equivalent,  to  the  lega- 
tee during  the  lifetime  of  the  bequeather. 

A  specific  legacy  may  be  adeemed ;  ...  if  the  subject 
of  it  be  not  in  existence  at  the  time  of  the  testator's  death, 
then  the  bequest  entirely  fails.  ...  A  specific  gift  is  not 
adeemed  by  the  testator's  pledge  of  the  subject  of  it,  and 
the  legatee  will  be  entitled  to  have  it  redeemed  by  the 
executor.     ^  Am.  Cyc,  X.  316. 

adeep  (a-dep'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.   [<  a3  -)-  ^eep, 
after  aliigh,  alow,  etc.]    Deeply.  [Rare.] 
We  shout  so  adeep  down  creation's  profound. 
We  are  deaf  to  God's  voice. 

Mrs.  Broimiing,  Ehap.  of  Life's  Progress. 

Adela  (a-de'la),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aSrjXoQ,  not  mani- 
fest, <  a-  priv.,  not,  +  d^Aof,  clear,  manifest.]  A 
genus  of  moths,  of  the  family  Tponomeutidce. 
A.  degeerella  is  a  woodland  species,  notable  for  spinning 
gossamer.    Latreille,  1796. 

adelantadillo  (a-da-lan-ta-del'yo),  n.  [Sp., 
dim.  of  adelantado,  advanced,  early,  applied  to 
fruit  or  plants :  see  adelantado.']  A  Spanish 
red  ■wine  made  of  the  earliest  ripe  grapes. 

adelantado  (a'-'da-lan-ta'do),  n.  [Sp. ;  lit.,  ad- 
vanced, forward ;  as  applied  to  fruit  or  plants, 
early ;  pp.  of  adelantar,  advance,  grow,  antici- 
pate, <  adelante,  adv.,  forward,  onward,  <  ad-,  d 
(<  L.  ad),  to,  +  el,  the  (<  L.  ille,  that),  -I-  ante 
(<  L.  ante),  before.]  The  title  formerly  given 
in  Spain  to  the  governor  of  a  province. 

Invincilde  adelantado  over  the  army  of  pimpled  .  . 
faces.  Massinger,  Viigin-Martyr,  ii.  1. 

The  marquess  had  a  secret  conference  with  Don  Pedro 
Enriquez,  Adelantado  of  Andalusia.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  29. 

Adelarthrosomata  (ad-f-lar-thro-so'ma-ta),  n. 
pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aSrjloq,  not  manifest  (<  a-  priv., 
not,  +  dijAoc,  manifest),  +  apdpov,  joint,  +  aiifia, 
pi.  (jufiuTa,  body.]  In  Westwood's  system  of 
classification,  an  order  of  arachnids  which  re- 
spire by  tracheae,  it  consists  of  the  false  scorpions 
and  harvestmen,  or  the  families  Solptcgid.ce,  Cheliferidce, 
and  Phalangiidce :  distinguished  from  the  Monomeroso- 
mata.  With  the  view  of  adapting  Leach's  system  to  that 
of  Latreille,  Westwood  adopted  Latreille's  three  sections 
of  Arachnida,  namely,  Pulmonaria,  Trachearia,  and  Apo- 
robranchia,  dividing  the  first  of  these  sections  into  the 
orders  Dirmrosomata  and  Polyinerosomata,  the  second 
section  into  the  orders  Adelarthrosomata  and  Monoinero- 


70 

somata,  and  making  the  third  section  consist  ot  the  order 
/'o(/o.'{o?»a(a  —  these  ordinal  names  being  all  Leach's,  ex- 
cepting Westwood's  Adelarthroso)nata. 

adelarthrosomatous  (ad  -  e  -  lar  -  thro  -  so '  ma  - 
tus),  a.  Being  indistinctly  jointed ;  having  the 
body  indistinctly  segmented;  specifically,  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Adelarthrosomata. 
adelaster  (ad-e-las'ter),  «.  [NL.,<  Gr.  adr/log, 
not  manifest, +dCTr7p,  star  (in  ref .  to  the  flower).] 
A  proposed  name  for  such  plants  as  come  into 
cultivation  before  they  are  sufficiently  well 
known  to  be  referred  to  their  true  genera, 
adelfisch  (a'del-fish),  «.  [G.,  <  adel,  nobility, 
+  /sc/*  =  E.  fish.]  A  name  of  a  European 
species  of  whitefish,  Coregonus  lavaretus:  sy- 
nonj^mous  with  lavaret  (which  see), 
adelingt,  n.  Obsolete^ form  of  atheling. 
Adelobranchia  (ad"e-16-brang'ki-a),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  a^T/Xoc,  not  manifest,  +" jipdyxia, 
gills.]  1.  A  family  name  for  gastropods  in 
which  the  respiratory  cavity  has  a  slit-like  out- 
let and  is  without  a  siphon.  The  term  includes 
the  pulmonates  as  well  as  the  marine  forms. 
Dumeril,  1807.— 2.  An  ordinal  name  for  the 
true  pulmonates.  Risso,  1826. 
adelocodonic  (ad*e-16-k6-don'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  arfj?- 
?.of,  not  manifest,  +  kMuv,  a  bell,  the  head  of  a 
flower.]  In  zoiiL,  noting  the  condition  of  a  gon- 
ophoro  when  no  developed  umbrella  is  present. 
Pascoe. 

adelomorphous  (ad'e-lo-mor'fus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
aSyfAoQ,  not  manifest,  +  fiopcfiri,  form.]  Of  a  form 
which  is  inconspicuous  or  not  apparent:  ap- 
plied to  the  so-called  principal  or  central  cells 
of  the  cardiac  glands  of  the  stomach, 
adelopneumon  (ad-'e-lop-nu'mon),  n.  One  of 
the  Adelopneumona. 

Adelopneumona  (ad^e-lop-nii'mo-na),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  adr/'Ang,  not  nianifest,  +  tt'vev/mjv,  lung: 
seejyneumon  ia.]  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the 
inoperculate  terrestrial  gastropods,  in  allusion 
to  the  inclosure  of  the  pulmonary  cavity  by  the 
union  of  the  mantle  with  the  nape,  except  at  a 
lateral  apertiu'e :  synonymous  with  Pulmonifera. 
adelopod,  adelopode  (a-de'lo-pod,  -pod),  n. 

[<  Gr.  adr/Aor,  not  manifest,  +  novg  (nod-)  =  E. 
foot.]  An  animal  whose  feet  are  inconspicu- 
ous or  not  apparent, 
-adelphia.  [NL., <  Gr.  -adeT^ia, <  a6eX(p6^,  brother, 
aSelipij,  sister,  lit.  co-uterine,  <  a-  copulative  + 
^l:^hg,  uterus.]  In  bot.,  the  second  element, 
signifying  fraternity,  in  the  names  of  the  17th, 
18th,  and  19th  classes  {Monadelphia,  Diadelphia, 
and  Polyadelphia)  of  the  Linnean  system  of 
sexual  classification,  used  to  denote  the  coa- 
lescence of  stamens  by  their  filaments  into 
one,  two,  or  more  sets. 
Adelphian  (a-del'fl-an),  n.  [<Gr.  adeT^dg,  bro- 
ther: see  above.]  Same  as  i'Mc/tj'fe. 
adelphous(a-del'fus),  a.  [<Gr.  ade^^df,  brother: 
see  -adelphia.]  Related;  in  hot.,  having  sta- 
mens united  by  their  filaments  into  sets :  used 
mostly  in  composition,  as  in  monadelphous,  etc. 
ademptf  (a-dempf),  a.  [<  L.  adefnptus,  pp.  of 
adimere,  take  away:  see  adeem.]    Taken  away. 

Without  any  sinister  suspicion  of  anything  being  added 
or  adempt.  Latimer,  Pref.  to  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI. 

ademption  (a-demp'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ademp- 
tio(n-),  <  adimere,  pp.  ademptus,  take  away:  see 
adeem.]  In  law,  the  revocation  of  a  grant,  do- 
nation, or  the  like;  especially,  the  lapse  of  a 
legacy,  (1)  by  the  testator's  satisfying  it  by 
delivery  or  payment  to  the  legatee  before  his 
death,  or  (2)  by  his  otherwise  dealing  with  the 
thing  bequeathed  so  as  to  manifest  an  intent 
to  revoke  the  bequest.  See  adeem. 
Aden  (a'den),  n.  [Also  written  fancifully 
Aidenn,  after  the  Oriental  forms,  Ar.  Adn, 
Hind.  Adan,  etc. :  see  Eden.]  Same  as  Eden. 
Blooming  as  Aden  in  its  earliest  hour. 

Byron,  Bride  of  Abydos,  ii.  20. 
Tell  this  soul  with  sorrow  laden  if,  within  the  distant 
Aidenn, 

It  shall  clasp  a  sainted  maiden  whom  the  angels  name 
Lenore.  Poe,  The  Raven. 

aden-.    Same  as  adeno-. 
adenalgia  (ad-e-nal'ji-a),  n.   [NL.,  <  Gr.  ad^v 
(adev-),  a  gland,  +  -aXyia,  <  alyo^,  pain.]  In 
pathol.,  pain  in  a  gland;  adenodynia. 
adenalgy  (ad-e-nal'ji),  n.    Same  as  adenalgia. 
Adenanthera  (ad'''e-nan-the'ra)_,  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aSr/v  (aSev-),  a  gland,  +  NL.  anihera,  anther :  see 
anther.]  A  genus  of  trees  and  shrubs,  natives  of 
the  East  Indies  and  Ceylon,  natural  order  Legu- 
minosce,  suborder  Mimosew.    A.  pavonina  is  one  of 
the  largest  and  handsomest  trees  of  India,  and  yields  hard 
solid  timber  called  red  sandal-wood.    The  bright-scarlet 
seeds,  from  their  equality  in  weight  (each =4  grains),  ai-e 
used  by  goldsmiths  in  the  East  as  weights. 


adenomyoma 
adeni-.    Same  as  adeno-. 

adenia  (a-de'ni-a),  n.    [NL.,<  Gr.  aSrjv,  a  gland.] 
1.  A  name  which  has  been  applied  to  strumous 
or  syphilitic  chronic  adenitis,  and  to  Hodgkin's 
disease.— 2.  [cap.]  In  zool.,  a  genus  of  dipter- 
ous insects.    Desvoidy,  1863. 
adeniform  (a-den'i-f 6rm  or  ad'e-ni-form),  a.  [< 
Gr.  h6i]v  {hSsv-),  a  gland,  +  L.  -formis,  <  forma, 
shape.]    Of  a  gland-like  shape, 
adenitis  (ad-e-ni'tis),  n.  [NL., <  Gr.  adirv  {aSev-), 
a  gland,  +  -itis.]    Inflammation  of  a  gland,  es- 
pecially of  a  lymphatic  gland. 
adenko(a-deng'k6),»i.   [Nativename.]  Aeala- 
bash  or  gom-d  used  on  the  Gold  Coast  of  Africa 
for  holding  liquids,  and  generally  decorated  by 
carvings  in  low  relief  or  incised  lines, 
adeno-.  [Combining  form  {aden-  before  a  vowel, 
adeni-  regarded  as  Latin)  of  Gr.  ddtjv  {adevo-), 
a  gland.]    An  element  in  compound  words  of 
Greek  origin,  meaning  gland, 
adenocarcinoma  (ad"e-n6-kar-si-n6'ma), pi.  , 
adenocarcinomata  (-ma-ta).    [NL.,  <'Gr.  aS^ 
(adev-),  a  gland,  +  KapKivu/xa :  see  carcinoma.] 
A  tumor  which  deviates  from  the  true  gland- 
structure  characterizing  the  adenomata,  but 
which  does  not  differ  from  it  as  much  as  a  typi- 
cal carcinoma.    See  adenoma. 
adenocele  (ad'e-no-sel),  «.  l<Gr.ad^(adev-), 
a  gland,  -I-  k?/X^,  a  ttmior.]    Same  as  adenoma. 
adenochirapsologyt  (ad'e-no-lu-rap-soro-ji), 

n.  [<  Gr.  a6r/v  (d6ev-),  a  gland,  +  ^£«pai/i(a,  a 
touching  with  the  hand  (<  x^lp,  hand,  +  anreiv, 
touch),  +  -loyia,  <  Myeiv,  speak :  see  -ology.] 
The  doctrine  of  the  reputed  power  of  kings 
to  cure  diseases,  as  scrofula  or  king's  evil,  by 
touching  the  patient:  a  word  used  as  the  title 
of  a  book  on  that  subject  published  in  1684. 
adenochondroma  (ad"e-no-kon-dr6'ma),  «.; 
pi.  adenochondromata  (-ma-ta).  [NL.,  "<  Gr. 
adi'iv  (b.6ev-),  a  gland,  +  x^vdpog,  cartilage,  + 
-oma,  q.  v.]  A  tumor  consisting  of  glandular 
and  cartilaginous  tissue. 

adenodynia  (ad"e-n6-din'i-a),  w.    [NL.,  <Gr. 

aSr/v  (adev-),  a  gland,  +  6(5w;?,"pain.]  Jnpathol, 
pain  in  a  gland  or  in  the  glands ;  adenalgia. 
adenographic  (ad"e-n6-graf'ik),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  adenography. 

adenography  (ad-e-nog'ra-fl),  n.  [<  Gr.  a6^ 
(adev-),  a  gland,  +  -ypa<j>ia,<.  y/)d0E«v, write.]  That 
part  of  descriptive  anatomy  which  treats  of, 
glands. 

adenoid  (ad'e-noid),  a.  [<  Gr.  a8evou6ri^,  glandi- 
form, <  a67jv  (adev-),  a  gland,  +  eldoc,  form  :  see 
-aid.]  1.  In  the  form  of  a  gland  ;  glandiform; 
glandular. — 2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  glands,  es- 
pecially to  those  of  the  lymphatic  system  Ade- 
noid cancer.  See  cancer.— Adenoid  tissue,  in  anat.,  a 
retiform  or  net-like  tissue,  the  interstices  of  which  contain 
cells  resembling  white  blood-corpuscles.  Such  tissue  .is 
found  in  the  lymphatic  glands,  and  in  a  diffuse  form  'in 
the  intestinal  mucous  membrane,  and  elsewhere. 

Retiform,  adenoid,  or  lymphoid  connective  tissue  is 
found  extensively  in  many  parts  of  the  body,  often  sur-  i 
rounding  the  minute  blood-vessels  and  forming  the  com- 
mencement of  lymphatic  channels.  H.  Gray,  Anat. 

adenoidal  (ad-e-noi'dal),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  glands ;  ha-ving  the  appearance  of 
a  gland ;  adenoid. 

adenological  (ad^e-no-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  *ade- 
nologic(<  adenology)  +  -al.]  Pertaining  to  ade- 
nology. 

adenology  (ad-e-nol'o-ji),  n.    [<  Gr.  adrjv  (adev-), 
a  gland,  +  -loyia,  <  Xeyeiv,  speak :  see  -ology.']  1 
In  anat.,  the  doctrine  or  science  of  the  glands, 
their  nature,  and  their  uses, 
adenolymphocele  (ad'^e-no-lim'fo-sel),  «.  [< 
Gr.  adr/v  (adev-),  a  gland,  +  L.  lynipha,  in  mod. 
sense  '  lymph,'  +  Gr.  KijXri,  a  tumor.]  Dilatation 
of  the  aflierent  or  efferent  vessels  of  the  lym-  j 
phatic  glands. 

adenoma  (ad-e-no'ma),  n. ;  pi.  adenomata  (-ma- 
ta).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  adijv  (adev-),  a  gland,  +  -oma, 
q.  v.]  A  tumor  presenting  the  characteristics 
of  the  gland  from  which  it  springs ;  a  tumor 
originating  in  a  gland,  and  presenting  the  gen- 
eral character  of  racemose  or  of  tubular  glands. 
Also  called  adenocele. 

adenomatous  (ad-e-nom'a-tus),  a.  [<  adeno- 
ma(t-)  +  -oiis.]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  natme 
of  an  adenoma. 

adenomeningeal  (ad-'e-no-me-nin'je-al),  a. 
[<  Gr.  adr/v  (adev-),  a  gland,  +  fiijviyf,  a'mem- 
brane,  esp.  the  pia  mater :  see  meningitis.]  An 
epithet  applied  to  a  kind  of  fever  supposed  to 
depend  upon  disease  of  the  intestinal  follicles, 
adenomyoma  (ad*e-n6-mi-6'ma),  n. ;  pi.  ade- 
nomyomata  (-ma-ta).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dd?}v  (adev-),  a 
gland,  +  five,  a  muscle  (see  myology),  +  -oma, 


adenomyoma 

q.  v.]    A  tumor  consisting  of  glandiilar  and 

muscular  tissue, 
adenoncus  (ad-e-nong'kus),  w. ;  pi.  adenonci 

(-non'si).    [NL.,<  Gr.  adriv  {aSev-),  a  gland,  + 

6yKo<;,  a  bulk,  mass.]    A  swelling  of  a  gland, 
adenopathy  (ad-e-nop'a-thi),  n.    [<  Gr.  aSrjv 

(adev-),  a  gland,  +  -TtaBia,  <  TzdOo^,  suffering.] 

Disease  of  a  gland. 

There  are  no  lesions  of  the  mucous  membrane,  nor  can 
any  adenopathy  be  found  (case  of  syphilodermaj. 

Duhring,  Skin  Diseases,  plate  U. 

adenopharyngitis  (ad'-'e-no-far-in-ji'tis),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  ddijv  {aSev-),  a  gland,  +  (pdpvyi,  pha- 
rynx, +  -ift's.]  Inflammation  of  the  tonsils  and 
pharynx. 

adenophore  (a-den'o-for),  n.  [As  adenopUo- 
rous.']  In  hot.,  a,  short  stalk  or  pedicel  support- 
ing a  nectar-gland. 

adenophorous  (ad-e-nof 'o-rus),  a.  [<  Gr.  aSr'/v 
(adev-),  a  gland,  +  -^6pog,  <  (ptpsiv  =  E.  &ea?'l.]  In 
zool.  and  bot.,  bearing  or  producing  glands. 

adenophthalmia  (ad-'e-nof-thal'mi-a),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  aSr/v  (a6ev-),  a  gland,  +  b(fdal/idc, 
eye.]  Inflammation  of  the  Meibomian  glands. 

adenophyllous  (ad'-'e-no-firus),  a.  [<  Gr.  aSt/v 
(adev-),  a  gland,  +  ^vXTiOv  -  -  h.  folium,  a  leaf: 
see  folio:']  In  lot.,  having  leaves  bearing  glands, 
or  studded  with  them. 

adenophyma  (ad'e-no-fi'ma),  n. ;  pi.  adenophy- 
mata  (-ma-ta).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  'ddrjv  {d6ev-),  a  gland, 
+  ipviia,  a  tumor,  lit.  a  growth,  <  (pveiv,  grow :  see 
physic]  In  pathol.,  a  swelling  of  a  gland: 
sometimes  used  to  signify  a  soft  swelling. 

adenos  (ad'e-nos),  n.  [Native  term.]  A  kind 
of  cotton  which  comes  from  Aleppo,  Turkey, 
Also  called  marine  cotton.    E.  D. 

adenosarcoma  (ad'e-no-sar-ko'ma),  n.;  pi.  ade- 
nosarcomata  ^-ma-ta).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ad^v  (dSev-), 
a  gland,  +  mpKu/iaj  sarcoma.]  A  tumor  con- 
sisting in  part  of  adenomatous  and  in  part  of 
sarcomatous  tissue. 

adenose,  adenous  (ad'e-nos,  -nus),  a.  [<  NL. 
adenosus,  <  Gr.  a6rjv,  gland.]  Like  or  apper- 
taining to  a  gland ;  adenoid  J  adeniform. 

adenotomic  (ad  '  e  -  no  -  tom '  ik),  a.  [<  adenoto- 
my.]    Pertaining  to  adenotomy. 

adenotomy  (ad-e-not'o-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  aS'fiv 
{a6ev-),  a  gland,  +  -rofiia,  a  cutting,  <  Te/iveiv, 
cut.  Lt.  anatomy.']  In  a?iaf.  and  swrgr.,  dissec- 
tion or  incision  of  a  gland. 

adenous,  a.    See  adenose. 

Adeona  (ad-e-6'na),  n.  [LL.,  in  myth.,  a  Ro- 
man divinity  who' presided  over  the  arrival  of 
travelers,  <  L.  adire,  come,  arrive,  adeo,  I  come, 

<  ad,  to,  +  ire,  go.  Cf.  Aheona.]  In  zodl.,  the 
typical  genus  ot  Adeonidw  (which  see). 

Adeonidse  (ad-f-on'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Adeona 
+  -idee.]  A  family  of  chilostomatous  poly- 
zoans,  typifled  by  the  genus  Adeona.  They  have 
the  zoarium  erect  or  (rarely)  incrusting,  affixed  by  a  flex- 
ible jointed  or  jointless  radicate  peduncle,  immediately 
attached.  The  zoarium  is  bilaminar  when  not  incrusting, 
and  foliacious  and  fenestrate,  or  branched  or  lobate  and 
entire.  The  cells  are  usually  of  three  kinds,  zooecial, 
ocecial,  and  avicularian  ;  the  zooeciaare  of  the  usual  type. 
The  family  (originally  named  Adeo7iece  by  Busk)  contains 
about  38  recent  species,  referred  to  3  genera.  Busk. 

Adephaga  (a-def'a-ga),  n.  pi..  [NL.,  neut.  pi., 
<Gr.  adrjipayog :  see  adephagous.]  A  group  of 
voracious,  carnivorous,  and  predatory  beetles, 
composing  a  part  of  the  pentamerous  division 
of  the  order  Coleoptera.  They  have  filiform  anten- 
nae and  but  two  palpi  to  each  maxilla.  Of  the  four  families 
■which  make  up  this  group,  two,  Qt/rinidce  and  Dytiscidoe, 
are  aquatic,  and  sometimes  called  Hydradephaga ;  the 
other  two,  Carabidce  and  Cicindelidce,  are  chiefly  terres- 
trial, and  are  sometimes  called  Geodephaga.  The  whirli- 
gig and  the  tiger-beetle  respectively  exemplify  these  two 
divisions  of  Adephaga.  Also  called  Carnivora.  See  cuts 
under  Dytiscus  and  Cicindela. 

adephagan  (a-def'a-gan),  n.    A  beetle  of  the 

group  Adephaga. 
adephagia  (ad-e-fa'ji-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 

yia,  <  a6r]tpdyog,  eating  one's  fill,  gluttonous: 
see  adephagous.]  In jja^/ioL, voracious  appetite; 
bulimia. 

adephagous  (a-def'a-gus),  a.  [<  NL.  adepha- 
gus,  <  Gr.  adTifdyoc,  eating  one's  fill,  gluttonous, 

<  dSjjv,  or  a<S7/v,  abundantly,  enough  (cf.  L.  satis, 
enough),  -1-  (payelv,  eat.]  Gluttonous;  of  or  per- 
tainingtothe^dep/iag'a.-  as,  adephagousheetles. 

adeps  (ad'eps),  n.  [L.,  the  soft  fat  or  grease  of 
animals,  suet,  lard :  see  adipose  and  adipic.]  1. 
Fat ;  animal  oil ;  the  contents  of  the  cells  of 
the  adipose  tissue;  specifically,  lard.— 2.  In 
i)ftar.,  tallow;  suet;  prepared  fat.- ceratum  adi- 

[gen-  sing,  of  adeps],  simple  cerate;  hog's  lard  with 
the  addition  of  white  wax  to  give  it  greater  consistency 
adept  (a-depf),  a.  and  n.    [<  L.  adeptiis,  having 
attamed,  ML.  adeptiis,  n.,  one  who  attained 
knowledge  or  proficiency,  prop.  pp.  of  adipisci, 


71 

arrive  at,  reach,  attain,  obtain,  <  ad,  to,  + 
ap-isci,  reach,  attain,  —  Gr.  an-reiv,  touch,  seize, 
=  Skt.  y  dp,  attain,  obtain:  see  apt.]  I.  a. 
Well  skilled ;  completely  versed  or  acquainted. 
Adept  in  everything  profound.  Cowper,  Hope,  1.  S50. 
II.  n.  One  who  has  attained  proficiency; 
one  fully  skilled  in  anything;  a  proficient  or 
master;  specifically,  in  former  times,  a  pro- 
ficient in  alchemy  or  magic;  a  master  of  oc- 
cult science,  or  one  who  professed  to  have  dis- 
covered "the  great  secret"  (namely,  of  trans- 
muting base  metal  into  gold). 

Shakespeare,  in  the  person  of  Trospero,  has  exhibited 
the  prevalent  notions  of  the  judicial  astrologer  combined 
with  the  adept,  whose  white  magic,  as  distinguished  from 
the  black  or  demon  magic,  holds  an  intercourse  with  purer 
spirits.  /.  D'Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  285. 

Howes  was  the  true  adept,  seeking  what  spiritual  ore 
there  might  be  among  the  dross  of  the  hermetic  philoso- 
Pliy-  Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  2G9. 

Tlie  Persians  were  adepts  in  archery  and  horsemanship, 
and  were  distinguished  by  courtesy  and  high-breeiling. 

N.  A.  Rev.,  CXL.  329. 
=  SyTl.  Adept,  Expert.  An  adept  is  one  who  possesses 
natural  as  well  as  acquired  aptitude  or  skill  in  anything : 
as,  an  adept  in  the  art  of  governing ;  an  adept  in  diplomacy, 
lying,  cajolery,  whist-playing,  etc.  An  expert,  on  tlie  otiier 
hand,  is  one  whose  skill  and  proficiency  are  more  conspicu- 
ously the  result  of  practice  or  experience,  or  of  an  intimate 
acquaintance  with  a  subject.  The  term  is  mostly  limited 
toone  possessingspecial skill  or  knowledge  in  some  branch, 
and  regarded  as  an  authority  on  it:  as,  an  expert  in  alien- 
ism, chemistry,  penmanship,  etc. 

adeptiont  (a-dep'shon),  n.  [<  L.  adeptio{n-),  < 
adipisci:  see  adept.]  An  obtaining  or  gaining ; 
acquirement. 

In  the  wit  and  policy  of  the  captain  consisteth  the  chief 
adeption  of  the  victory.  Grafton,  Rich.  III.,  an.  3. 

adeptistt  (a-dep'tist),  M.  l<  adept  + -ist.]  An 
adept. 

adeptness  (a-dept'nes),  n.  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  adept ;  skilfulness ;  special  proficiency, 
adeptship  (a-dept'ship),  n.    The  state  of  being 
an  adept ;  adeptness :  specifically  used  in  the- 
osophy. 

adequacy  (ad'e-kwa-si),  n.  [<  adequate:  see 
-acy.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being  adequate  ; 
the  condition  of  being  proportionate  or  sufii- 
cient;  a  sufficiency  for  a  particular  purpose: 
as,  the  adequacy  of  supply  to  expenditure,  or 
of  an  effort  to  its  purpose ;  an  adequacy  of  pro- 
visions. 

adequate  (ad'e-kwat),  a.  [Formerly  adcequate, 
-at,  <  L.  adcequatus,  pp.  of  adaquare,  make 
equal,  <  ad,  to,  +  aquus,  equal:  see  equal.] 
Equal  to  requirement  or  occasion;  commen- 
surate; fully  sufiicient,  suitable,  or  fit:  as, 
means  adequate  to  the  object;  an  adequate  com- 
parison. 

I  did  for  once  see  right,  do  right,  give  tongue 
The  adequate  protest. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  56. 
In  our  happy  hours  we  should  be  inexhaustible  poets, 
if  once  we  could  break  through  the  silence  into  adequate 
rhyme.  Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  305. 

Adequate  cognition,  in  logic :  (a)  A  cognition  involving 
no  notion  which  is  not  perfectly  clear  and  distinct.  (6)  A 
cognition  at  once  precise  and  complete.— Adequate  defi- 
nition or  mark,  in  logic.  See  depiition.  =  Syn.  Ade- 
quate, Sufficient,  Enoxigh,  commensurate,  competent.  A 
thing  is  adequate  to  something  else  when  it  comes  quite 
up  to  its  level ;  yet  neither  may  be  sufficient  when  viewed 
ill  relation  to  some  third  thing.  That  which  is  suficient 
may  be  adequate  and  more.  Enough  equals  adequate,  but 
is  applied  to  a  different  class  of  subjects. 

Nothing  is  a  due  and  adequate  representation  of  a  state 
that  does  not  represent  its  ability  as  well  as  its  property. 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 
Sufficient  unto  the  day  is  the  evil  thereof.     Mat.  vi.  34. 
Which  is  enough,  I'll  warrant, 
As  this  world  goes,  to  pass  for  honest. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  ii.  3. 

adequatet  (ad'f-kwat),  v.  t.  1 .  To  make  equal 
or  adequate. 

Let  me  give  you  one  instance  more  of  a  truly  intellectual 
object,  exactly  adequated  and  proportioned  unto  the  in- 
tellectual appetite ;  and  that  is,  learning  and  knowledge. 

Fotherby,  Atheomastix,  p.  208. 

2.  To  attain  equality  with;  equal. 

Though  it  be  an  impossibility  for  any  creature  to  ade- 
quate God  in  his  eternity,  yet  he  hath  ordained  all  his 
sons  in  Christ  to  partake  of  it  by  living  with  him  eternally. 

Shel/ord,  Discourses,  p.  227. 
adequately  (ad'e-kwat-li),  adv.    In  an  ade- 
quate manner  ;  eommensurately ;  sufficiently, 
adequateness  (ad'e-kwat-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  adequate;  justness  of  adaptation;  suJfi- 
ciency;  adequacy. 

The  adequateness  of  the  advantages  [of  a  given  course 
of  study]  is  the  point  to  be  judged. 

//.  Spencer,  Education,  p.  28. 
adequation  (ad-f-kwa'shon),  n.    [<  L.  adcequa- 
tio{n-),  <  adaquare,  make  equal :  see  adequate. 


adhere 

a.]  A  making  or  being  equal;  an  equivalence 
or  equivalent.  [Rare.] 

The  principles  of  logic  and  natural  reason  tell  us,  that 
there  must  be  a  just  proportion  and  adequation  between 
the  medium  by  which  we  prove,  and  the  conclusion  to  be 
proved.  Bp.  Barlow,  Remains,  p.  125. 

It  was  the  arme  (not  of  King  Henry)  but  King  Edward 
the  First,  which  is  notoriously  known  to  liave  been  the 
adequation  of  a  yard.    [An  erroneous  statement.) 

Fuller,  Worthies,  Berkshire, 
adequative  (ad'e-kwa-tiv),  a.    [<  ML.  adaqua- 
tivus,  <  L.  adwqu'are:  see  adequate,  a.]  Equiv- 
alent or  sufficient ;  adequate.  [Rare.] 
Adesma  (a-des'mii),  v.pl.    Same  &sAdesmacea. 
Adesmacea  (ad-es-ma'se-ii),  n. pi.  [NL.,  < ades- 
ma (<  Gr.  aSsa/ioc:,  unfettered,  tmbound :  see  adcs- 
my)  +  -acca.]    An  old  family  name  for  lamelli- 
branchiato  mollusks  destitute  of  a  ligament. 
The  term  includes  the  Pholadidm  and  Teredi- 
nida'.    Blainville,  1824. 

adesmy  (a-des'mi),  n.  [<  NL.  adcsmia,  <  Gr. 
dSeoiio^,  unfettered,  xmbound,  <  a-  priv.  +  6Enfi6^, 
a  bond,  tie,  <  dietv,  bind,  tie.]  In  hot.,  a  term 
applied  by  MoiTen  to  the  division  of  organs 
that  are  normally  entire,  or  their  separation  if 
normally  united, 
adespotic  (a-des-pot'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  (a-i8) 
+  despotic.  Cf.  Gr.  dSiarroToc,  without  master 
or  owner.]  Not  despotic ;  not  absolute. 
Adessenarian  (ad-es-e-na'ri-an),  n.  [<  NL. 
Adessenarii,  pL,  irreg.  <^  L.  adesse,  be  present,  < 
ad,  to,  near,  +  esse,  be:  see  essence  and  -arian.] 
In  eccles.  hist.,  a  name  given  in  the  sixteenth 
century  to  those  who  believed  in  the  real  pres- 
ence of  Christ's  body  in  the  eucharist,  not  by 
transubstantiation,  but  by  impanation  (which 
see). 

ad  eundem  (ad  e-un'dem).  [L. ;  lit.,  to  the 
same  (sc.  gradum,  grade):  ad,  to;  eundem,  nee. 
masc.  sing,  of  idem,  the  same:  see  idem.]  A 
phrase  used  in  universities  to  signify  the  ad- 
mitting of  a  student  of  another  university, 
without  examination,  to  the  degree  or  standing 
he  had  previously  held  in  that  other  university. 

Here  [Oxford  in  the  vacation]  I  can  take  my  walks  un- 
molested, and  fancy  myself  of  what  degree  or  standing  I 
please.    I  seem  admitted  ad  eundem.         Lamb,  Oxford. 

ad  extremum  (ad  eks-tre'mum).  [L.:a(?,  to; 
extremum,  ace.  neut.  sing,  of  extremus,  last:  see 
extreme.]  To  the  extreme  ;  at  last ;  finally, 
adfected  (ad-fek'ted),  a.  [<  L.  adfectus,  later 
affectus,  pp.  of  adficere,  later  afficere,  affect : 
see  affect.]  In  alg. ,  compounded ;  consisting  of 
different  powers  of  the  unknown  quantity. — 
Adfected  or  afifected  equation,  an  equation  in  which 
the  unknown  quantity  is  found  in  two  or  more  different 
degrees  or  powers  :  thus,  x'-^—px2-^qx=a  is  an  adfected 
equation,  as  it  contains  three  different  powers  of  the  un- 
known quantity  x. 

adfilia'te,  adfiliation,  etc.   See  affiliate,  etc. 
ad  finem  (ad  fi'nem).    [L. :  ad,  to ;  finem,  ace. 

ot  finis,  end:  see^m's.]    To  or  at  the  end. 
adnuxion  (ad-fluk'shon),  n.    [Var.  of  affluxion, 
q.  v.]    A  flow,  as  of  sap,  caused  by  a  drawing, 
not  a  propelling,  force, 
adglutinate  (ad-glo'ti-nat),  a.    Same  as  agglu- 
tinate. 

adgustum  (ad  gus'tiun).  [L. :  ad,  to;  gustum, 
acc.  of  gustus,  taste:  see  gust^.]  To  the  taste ; 
to  one's  liking. 
Adhatoda  (ad-hat'o-da),  n.  [NL.,  from  the 
Singhalese  or  Tamil  name.]  A  genus  of  herbs 
or  shrubs,  natural  order  ^cawWiaceo?.  A.  Vasica 
is  used  in  India  to  expel  the  dead  fetus  in 
abortion. 

adhere  (ad-her'),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  adhered, 
ppr.  adhering.  [<  F.  adherer,  <  L.  adhmrere,  < 
ad,  to,  +  hcerere,  stick,  pp.  ha:sus.  Cf.  cohere, 
inhere,  hesitate.]  1.  To  stick  fast;  cleave;  be- 
come joined  or  united  so  as  not  to  be  easily 
separated  without  tearing :  as,  glutinous  sub- 
stances adhere  to  one  another ;  the  lungs  some- 
times adhere  to  the  pleura. 

When  a  piece  of  silver  and  a  piece  of  platinum  are 
brought  in  contact  at  500°  C.  they  adhere. 

A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  229. 

2.  To  hold  closely  or  firmly  (to) :  as,  to  adhere 
to  a  plan. 

[Clive]  appears  to  have  strictly  adhered  to  the  rules 
which  he  had  laid  down  for  the  guidance  of  others. 

ilacaulay.  Lord  Clive. 

3.  To  belong  intimately;  be  closely  connected. 
A  shepherd  s  daugliter. 

And  what  to  her  adheres.    Shak.,  Vt.  T.,  iv.  (cho.). 

4.  To  be  fixed  in  attachment  or  devotion ;  be 
devoted ;  be  attached  as  a  follower  or  up- 
holder :  as,  men  adhere  to  a  party,  a  leader,  a 
church,  or  a  creed ;  rarely,  to  be  attached  as  a 
friend. 

Two  men  there  are  not  living 
To  whom  he  more  adheres.         Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 


adhere 

6.  To  be  consistent ;  hold  together ;  be  in  ac- 
cordance or  agreement,  as  the  parts  of  a  sys- 
tem ;  cohere.    [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

Everything  adheres  together.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  4. 

6.  Specifically,  in  Scots  law :  («)  To  affirm  a 
judgment ;  agree  with  the  opinion  of  a  judge 
previously  pronounced,  (b)  To  return  to  a 
husband  or  wife  who  has  been  deserted.  See 
adherence,  3.-7.  In  logic  and  mctaph.,  to  be 
accidentally  connected.  See  adherent,  a.,  3. 
adherence  (ad-her'ens),  n.  [<  F.  adherence,  < 
ML.  adharentia,<  L.  adherens:  see  adherent.'] 
1.  The  act  or  state  of  sticking  or  adhering: 
rare  in  a  physical  sense,  adhesion  being  com- 
monly used.— 2.  Figuratively,  the  character 
of  being  fixed  in  attachment ;  fidelity ;  steady 
attachment :  as,  an  adherence  to  a  party  or 
opinions ;  the  act  of  holding  to  closely :  as,  a 
rigid  adherence  to  rules. 

A  tenacious  adherence  to  the  rights  and  liberties  trans- 
nutted  from  a  wise  and  virtuous  ancestry.  Addkon. 

3.  In  Scots  law,  the  return  of  a  husband  or 
wife  who  has  for  a  time  deserted  his  or  her 

spouse.  The  spouse  -vvho  has  been  deserted  may  bring 
an  action  of  adherence  to  compel  the  deserting  spouse  to 
return. 

4.  In  painting,  the  effect  of  those  parts  of  a 
picture  which,  wanting  relief,  are  not  detach- 
ed, and  hence  appear  adhering  to  the  canvas  or 
surface.  Fairholt.—  5.  hi  logic andmetaph.,  the 
state  of  being  adherent.    See  adherent,  a.,  3. 

=  Sjm.  Adherence,  Adhesion.  These  words  are  under- 
going desynonymization,  the  moral  and  figurati\'e  sense 
being  hmited  to  adherence,  and  the  pliysical  to  adhesion  ■ 
as,  adherence  to  the  doctrines  of  Adam  Smith ;  the  ad- 
hemon  of  putty  to  glass.  [Note :  Adherent,  n.,  is  not  used 
of  physical  attachment,  nor  adherent,  a.,  of  moral  at- 
tachment.  Adhere,  v.,  is  used  of  either.] 

If  he  departs  in  any  degree  from  strict  adherence  to 
these  rules,  ...  he  not  only  departs  from  rule,  but  com- 
mits an  act  of  treachery  and  baseness. 

Gladstone,  Kin  beyond  Sea,  p.  210. 

Writing  and  drawing  with  chalks  and  pencils  depend 
on  the  adhesion  of  solids. 

Atkinson,  tr.  of  Ganot's  Physics,  p.  87. 

adherencyt  (ad-her'en-si),  n.    [As  adherence: 
see  -ency.~\    1.  The  state  of  being  adherent. 
Adherencies  and  admirations  of  men's  persons. 

Jer.  Taylor  (?),  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  172. 

2.  That  which  is  adherent. 


72 


Vices  have  a  native  adherency  of  vexation. 

Decay  of  Christ.  Piety. 
adherent  (ad-her'ent),  a.  and  m.    [<  F.  ad- 
herent, <Ij.  adhceren'(t-)s,  ppr.  of  adhcerere:  see 
adhere.'^  I.  a.  1.  Sticking;  clinging;  adhering. 
Close  to  the  cliff  with  both  his  hands  he  clung. 
And  stuck  adherent,  and  suspended  hung. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  1.  547. 

2.  In  hot,  congenitally  united,  as  parts  that 
are  normally  separate :  generally  used  as  equiv- 
alent to  adnate.  See  cut  \mdev  adnate. — 3.  In 
logic  and  metaph.,  accidentally  connected;  not 
belonging  to  the  nature  of  a  thing;  not  in- 
herent :  as,  if  a  cloth  is  wet,  its  wetness  is  a 
quality  adherent  to  it,  not  inherent  in  it. 

II.  H.  1.  A  person  who  adheres;  one  who 
follows  or  upholds  a  leader,  party,  cause,  opin- 
ion, or  the  like;  a  follower,  partizan,  or  sup- 
porter. 

Rip's  sole  domestic  adherent  was  his  dog  Wolf,  who  was 
as  much  hen-pecked  as  his  master. 

Irving,  Eip  'Van  Winkle. 
2t.  -Anything  outwardly  belonging  to  a  person : 
an  appendage. 
His  humour,  his  carriage,  and  liis  extrinsic  adherents. 

Gov.  of  Tongue. 

=  Syn.  1.  Disciple,  pupil,  upholder,  supporter,  dependant. 

adherently  (ad-her'ent-H),  adv.  In  an  adher- 
ent manner. 

adherer  (ad-her'er),  n.  One  who  adheres ;  an 
adherent.  [Rare.] 

adherescence  (ad-he-res'ens),  n.  The  state  of 
being  so  closely  connected  with  or  attached  to 
anything  as  to  form  -with  it  a  quasi-compound 
or  unit.  [Rare.] 

adherescent  (ad-he-res'ent),  a.  [<  L.  adha- 
rescen{t-)s,  ppr.  of  a'dhwrere,  adhere :  see  adhere 
and  -escent.2  Tending  to  adhere  or  become 
adherent;  adhering.  [Rare.] 

adhesion  (ad-he'zhon),  n.  [<  F.  adhesion,  <  L. 
adhcvsio{n-),  <  adhwsus,  pp.  of  adhmrere:  see  ad- 
here.'] 1.  The  act  or  state  of  adhering,  or  of 
being  united  and  attached  ;  close  connection 
or  association :  as,  the  adhesion  of  parts  united 
by  growth,  cement,  etc.;  inflammatory  ac?/iesio» 
of  surfaces  in  disease. 

One  mendicant  whom  I  know,  and  who  always  sits  upon 
the  steps  of  a  certain  bridge,  succeeds,  I  believe,  as  the 
season  advances,  in  heating  the  marble  beneath  him  by 
firm  and  unswerving  adhesion.        Howells,  Ven.  Life,  iii. 


2.  Steady  attachment  of  the  mind  or  feelings ; 
firmness  in  opinion ;  adherence :  as,  an  adhesion 
to  'vice. 

Obstinate  adhesion  to  false  rules  of  belief. 

Whit  lock.  Manners  of  the  English,  p.  216. 
The  council  assigned  as  motives  for  its  decrees  an  ad- 
hesion of  heart  on  the  part  of  the  victims  to  the  cause  of 
the  insurgents.  Motley,  Dutcli  Republic,  II.  404. 

3.  Assent ;  concurrence. 
To  that  treaty  Spain  and  England  gave  in  their  adhe- 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xiv. 

4.  That  which  adheres ;  accretion. 

Casting  off  all  foreign,  especially  all  noxious,  adhesions. 

Carlyle,  Misc.,  I.  14. 

5.  In  molecular  attraction  exerted  be- 
tween the  sm-faces  of  bodies  in  contact,  as 
between  two  solids,  a  solid  and  a  liquid,  or  a 
solid  and  a  gas.    See  extract,  and  cohesion. 

Adhesion,  a  term  used  to  denote  the  physical  force  in 
Wrtue  of  which  one  body  or  substance  remains  attached 
to  the  surface  of  another  with  which  it  has  been  brouglit 
into  contact.  It  is  to  be  distinguished  from  cohesion 
which  is  the  mutual  attraction  that  the  particles  of  the 
same  body  exert  on  each  otlier.  Encyc.  Brit.,  I.  153. 

6.  In  dot.,  the  union  of  parts  normally  separate. 
— Jnpathol.,  especially  in  the  plural,  the  ad- 
ventitious bands  or  fibers  by  which  inflamed 
parts  have  adhered,  or  are  held  together. —  8.  In 
surg.,  the  reimionof  divided  parts  by  a  particu- 
lar kind  of  inflammation,  called  the  adhesive. — 
9.  'himech.,  often  used  as  synonymous  with /nc- 
<«o»  (which  see). -Adhesion-car,  a  railroad-car  pro- 
vided with  means  for  increasing  tlie  adhesive  or  tractive 
power  beyond  tliat  due  merely  to  tlie  weight  imposed 
upon  the  rails.  This  is  usually  effected  by  a  center  rail 
gripped  horizontally  by  a  pair  of  friction-wheels  placed  on 
its  opposite  sides,  or  by  a  cogged  wheel  working  into  a 
rack  laid  parallel  with  the  road-bed.  In  some  cases  the 
treads  of  the  driving-wheels  are  grooved,  and  the  face  of 
the  rails  is  flanged  to  correspond  to  them.— Adhesion  Of 
■Wheels  'to  rails,  the  friction  lietween  tlie  surfaces  in  con- 
tact, acting  to  prevent  slipping,  in  amount  dependent 
upon  the  condition  of  those  surfaces  and  the  pressure 
Eor  driving-wheels,  as  of  locomotives,  it  is  a  fraction  of 
the  weight  borne  by  them,  ranging  from  about  one  twenti- 
eth when  the  rails  are  "greasy  "  to  one  fifth  when  they  are 
clean  and  dry.  =  Syn.  Adhesion,  Adherence.  See  adher- 
ence. 

adhesive  (ad-he'siv),  a.  [<  F.  adhesif,  -ive,  <  L. 
as  if  *adhwsivus,  <  adhwsus,  pp.  of  adhwrere  : 
see  adhere.']  1 .  Sticky ;  tenacious,  as  glutinous 
substances. 

She  trusts  a  place  unsound. 
And  deeply  plunges  in  th'  adhesive  ground. 

Crabbe,  Parish  Register. 

2.  Figuratively,  clea-ving  or  clinging ;  adher- 
ing ;  remaining  attached ;  not  de-viating  fi-om. 

If  slow,  yet  sure,  adhes-ioe  to  tlie  track. 

Thomson,  Autumn. 
Both  were  slow  and  tenacious  (that  is,  adhesive)  in  their 
feelings.  De  Qumcey,  Secret  Societies,  ii. 

3.  Gummed ;  fitted  for  adhesion :  as,  adhesive 
envelops.- Adhesive  felt,  a  felt  manufactured  in  Great 
IJritain  for  use  in  sheathing  wooden  ships.  —  Adhesive 
inflammation,  in  rned.  and  surg.,  a  term  applied  to  the 
union  of  the  hps  of  an  incised  wound  without  suppuration  • 
also  to  inflammations  leading  to  adhesion  between  normally 
free  surfaces,  as  between  the  intestine  and  the  body-wall. 
—Adhesive  knowledge,  in  metaph.,  knowledge  which 
implies  adhesion  or  assent,  as  well  as  apprehension  See 
apprehensive.— AdJassvre  plaster,  i  n  surg.,  a  plaster 
made  of  litharge-plaster,  wax,  and  resin.- Adhesive 
Slate,  a  variety  of  slaty  clay  which  adheres  strongly  to 
the  tongue,  and  rapidly  absorbs  water. 

adhesively  (ad-he'siv-li),  adv.  In  an  adhesive 
manner. 

adhesiveness  (ad-he'siv-nes), «.  1.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  adhesive,  or  of  sticking  or 
adhering;  stickiness;  tenacity.— 2.  In phrcn., 
a  mental  faculty  manifested  in  attachment  to 
objects,  animate  or  inanimate,  lasting  friend- 
ships, love  of  social  intercourse,  etc.,  supposed 
to  be  located  in  a  special  part  of  the  brain.  It 
is  said  to  be  strongest  in  women.  See  »7tre- 
nology. 

adhibit  (ad-hib'it),  v.  t.  [<  L.  adhibitus,  pp.  of 
adhibere,  hold  toward,  bring  to,  apply,  <  ad, 
to,  +  habere,  hold,  have:  see  habit.]  1.  To 
use  or  apply-  specifically,  to  administer  as  a 
remedy ;  exhibit  medicinally. 

Wine  also  that  is  dilute  may  safely  and  properly  be 
adhibited.  T.  Whitaker,  Blood  of  the  Grape,  p.  33. 

2.  To  attach :  as,  he  adhibited  his  name  to  the 
address. 

The  greatest  lords  adhibited  .  .  .  faith  to  his  words. 

Nail,  Chronicles,  Hen.  VII.,  aii.  7. 

3.  To  take  or  let  in;  admit.  [Rare  in  all  uses.] 
adhibition  (ad-hi-bish'on),  n.  [<  L.  adMbitio(n-), 

application,  <  adhibere':  see  adhibit.]  Applica- 
tion ;  use ;  specifically,  use  as  a  remedy.  [Rare.] 

The  adhibition  of  dilute  wine. 

T.  Whitaker,  Blood  of  the  Grape,  p.  55. 

ad  hoc  (ad  hok).  [L. :  ad,  to;  hoc,  acc.  neut.  of 
hie,  this  :  see  hie]  To  this ;  with  respect  to 
this  (subject  or  thing) ;  in  particular. 


adiaphorism 
ad  hominem  (ad  hom'i-nem).  [L.:  ad,  to-  ho- 
mmem,  acc.  of  homo,  man:  see  Homo.]  To  the 
man ;  to  the  interests  or  passions  of  the  person 
— Argumentum  ad  hominem,  an  argument  drawn  from 

premises  which,  wlietlior  true  or  not,  ought  to  be  admitted 
by  tlie  person  to  wliom  tliey  arc  addressed,  either  on  account 
of  Ins  peculiar  beliefs  or  experience,  or  because  thev  are 
necessary  to  justify  his  conduct  or  are  otherwise  conducive 
to  his  interest.  Aristotle  (Topics,  viii.  U)  remarks  that  a 
IS  sometimes  necessary  to  refute  the  disputant  rather  than 
his  position,  and  some  medieval  logicians  taught  that  refu 
tation  was  of  two  kind^,  solutio  recta  and  sal?aio  ad  hoTi- 
Th,'!=  r1  l^"<='-;,^eing  imperfect  or  fallacious  refutatio 
Thus,  Blundeville  says:  "Confutation  of  person  is  done 
either  by  taunting,  ra.yli.ig,  rendring  checke  for  check" 
hv^,r,fT"-"^  =  says:  "Either  wee  purpose 

by  (  isputacion  to  aunswere  fully  to  the  inatier  or  els  sec- 
ondly (if  power  want  to  compass  that)  we  seke  some  other 
meanes  to  satisfy  the  man." 

My  design  being  not  a  particular  victory  over  such  a 
sort  of  men,  but  an  absolute  establishing  of  the  truth  I 
shall  lay  down  no  grounds  tliat  are  merely  aromnenta  'ad 
homuiem.  Dr.  H.  More,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  ii.  1. 

adhortt  (ad-h6rt'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  adhortari,  en- 
courage, urge  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  hortari,  urge,  in- 
cite: see  exhort.]    To  exhort;  advise. 

That  eight  times  martyred  mother  in  the  Maccabees' 
when  she  would  adhort  her  son  to  a  passive  fortitude 
.  .  desires  him  to  look  upon  the  heavens,  the  earth  ali 
111  them  contained.  Feltham. 

adhortationt  (ad-h6r-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  adhor- 
tatio{n-),  encouragement,  (' adhortari :  see  ad- 
I'prt.]  Ad-vice;  exhortation;  encoui-agement. 
adhortatoryt  (ad-hor'ta-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  if 
''adhortatorius,  <  adhortator,  ehcourager,  advi- 
ser, <  ad/;ortorj ;  see  adhort.]  Ad-visory;  con- 
veying counsel,  warning,  or  encouragement. 
Abp.  Potter. 

adiabatic  (ad'-'i-a-bat'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  aSi- 
afiaroa  not  to  be  passed  over,  <  a-  priv.,  not 
-f  dcapaTd^,  verbal  adj.  of  6iafiaiveiv,  pass  over: 
see  diabaterial.]  I.  a.  Without  transference: 
used  in  thermodynamics  of  a  change  in  vol- 
ume, whether  by  expansion  or  contraction, 
unaccompanied  by  a  gain  or  loss  of  heat.— 
Adiabatic  curve  or  line,  a  line  exhibiting  the  relation 
between  tlie  pressure  and  the  volume  of  a 
fluid,  upon  the  assumption  that  it  expands 
and  contracts  without  either  receiving  or 
giving  out  heat.  The  cm'ves  are  drawn  upon 
a  rectangular  system  of  coordinates,  the  ab- 
scissas representing  the  volume  of  the  sub- 
stance and  the  ordinates  the  pressure  upon 
it;  the  curves  thus  being  the  loci  of  points 
representing  different  possible  states  of  the 
body  wliich  passes  between  different  states 
represented  by  different  points  on  the  same 
curve  without  imparting  heat  to  other  bodies 
or  receiving  heat  from  them.  Tlie  adiabatic  lines  are 
steeper  than  the  isothermal  lines,  as  shown  in  the  figure, 
where  the  cm-ves  a  are  adiabatics. 

If  a  series  of  adiabatic  lineshe  drawn  so  that  the  points 
at  which  they  cut  one  of  the  isothermal  lines  correspond 
to  successive  equal  additions  of  heat  to  tlie  substance  at 
that  temperature,  then  this  series  of  adiabatic  lines  will  cut 
off  a  series  of  equal  areas  from  the  strip  bounded  by  any  two 
isothermal  lines.    Clerk  Maxioell,  Theory  of  Heat,  p.  166. 

II.  n.  An  adiabatic  line. 

Mr.  W.  Peddie  gave  a  communication  on  the  isothermals 
and  adiabatics  of  water  near  the  maximum  density  point. 

Nature,  XXX.  403. 

adiabatically  (ad'-'i-a-bat'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
adiabatic  manner. 

adiabolist  (ad-i-ab'o-list),  n.    [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 

&d/3oAof,  de-vil,  +  -i'st.]    A  disbeliever  in  the 
existence  of  the  de-vil.  [Rare.] 
adiactinic  (ad-'i-ak-tin'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv. 
(a-18)  +  diaetinic]    Imper-vious  to  the  actinic 
or  chemical  rays  of  light. 
Adiantum  (ad-i-an'tum),  n.    [L.,  <  Gr.  adiavroc, 
maidenhair,  prop,  adj.,  unwetted  (in  reference 
to  the  resistance  which  the  fronds  oft'er  to  wet- 
ting), <  d-  priv.  -f-  diavrdc,  capable  of  being  wet- 
ted, verbal  adj.  of  6iahuv,  wet.]    A  large  genus 
of  ferns,  -widely  distributed,  and  great  favor- 
ites in  hothouses  on  account  of  their  beautiful 
forms.   It  includes  the  common  maidenhair  ferns,  A. 
Cajnllus- Veneris  and  ^.  pedatum,  the  latter  peculiar  to 
North  America.    They  have  been  used  in  the  preparation 
of  capillaire. 
adiaphora,  n.    Plural  of  adiaphoron. 
adiaphoracyt  (ad-i-af'o-ra-si),  n.    [Improp.  for 
adiaphory:  see-acy.]  Indifference, 
adiaphoresis  (ad-i-af-o-re'sis),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 
d-  priv.  +  (ha<j)opeii>,  throw  off  by  perspiration, 
lit.  carry  off  or  away,  <  Sid,  apart,  +  <j>epeiv  = 
E.  6eari :  see  a-i8  and  diaphoresis.]   In pathol., 
deficiency  of  perspiration.    Also  vrritten  adi- 
aphorosis. 

adiaphorism  (ad-i-af 'o-rizm),  n.  [<  adiapho- 
rous +  -ism.]  Religious  tolerance  or  moderation 
in  regard  to  indift'erent  or  non-essential  mat- 
ters; hence,  latitudinarianism ;  indifferentism. 

The  English  Thirty-nine  Articles  on  the  whole  are  ele- 
vated by  the  same  lofty  adiaphorism  as  that  which  pene- 
trated the  Westminster  Confession  of  Faith. 


Dean  Stanley,  in  MacmiUan's  Mag.,  XLIV.  291. 


adiaphorist 

adiaphorist  (ad-i-af'o-rist),  n.  [<  adiaphorous 
+  -ist.']  A  person  characterized  by  indiffer- 
ence or  moderation,  especially  in  religious  mat- 
ters. Specifically  [cap.],  a  follower  or  supporter  of  Me- 
lanchthon  in  the  controversy  which  arose  in  the  reformed 
church  in  the  sixteenth  century  regarding  certain  doc- 
trines and  rites  publicly  admitted  by  Melanchthon  and 
his  party,  in  the  document  known  as  the  Leipsic  Interim, 
to  be  matters  of  indifference.  See  interim.  Also  called 
adiaphorite. 

He  [Lord  Burleigh]  may  have  been  of  the  same  mind 
with  those  German  Protestants  who  were  called  Adiaph- 
orists,  and  who  considered  the  popish  rites  as  matters 
indifferent.  Macaulay,  Burleigh. 

adiaphoristic  (ad-i-af-o-ris'tik),  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  things  which  are  morally  indifferent ;  adi- 
aphorous.—  2.  Relating  to  the  adiaphorists. 
See  adiaphorist. 

adiaphorite  (ad-i-af 'o-rit),  n.  [<  adiaphorotts 
+  -ite-.'\    Same  as  adiaphorist. 

adiaphoron  (ad-i-af 'o-ron),  «. ;  pi.  adiaphora 
(-V&).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aSiaipopov,  neut.  of  adidtpopog, 
indifferent:  see  adiaphorous.l  In  theol.  and 
ethics,  a  thing  indifferent;  a  tenet  or  practice 
which  may  be  considered  non-essential. 

Life  and  death  are  among  the  adiaphora  —  things  indif- 
ferent, which  may  be  chosen  or  rejected  according  to  cir- 
cumstances.   G.  P.  Fisher,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.  175. 

He  [Luther]  classed  images  in  themselves  as  among  the 
adiaphora,  and  condemned  only  their  cultus. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  714. 

adiaphorosis  (ad-i-af-o-ro'sis),  n.  [NL.,  im- 
prop.  for  adiaphoresis,  assimilated  to  term. 
-osis,  q.  v.]    Same  as  adiaphoresis. 

adiaphorous  (ad-i-af 'o-ms),  a.  [<  Gr.  aSidtpopoc, 
not  different,  indifferent,  <  a-  priv.  +  6id<popog, 
different,  <  Aai^Epew  (=z:L.  diffcre,  >  E.  differ),  <  6id 
=  L.  dis-,  apart,  +  (pipeiv  =  h.  ferre  =  'E.  &e«)-i.] 
1.  Indifferent;  neutral;  morally  neither  right 
nor  wi'ong. 

Why  does  the  Church  of  Rome  charge  upon  others  the 
shame  of  novelty  for  leaving  of  some  rites  and  ceremonies 
which  by  her  own  practice  we  are  taught  to  have  no  ob- 
ligation iu  them,  but  to  be  adiaphorous ? 

Jer.  Taylor,  Liberty  of  Prophesying,  §  5. 
Hence — 2t.  Applied  by  Boyle  to  a  spirit  nei- 
ther acid  nor  alkaline. — 3.  In  med.,  doing  nei- 
ther good  nor  harm,  as  a  medicament, 
adiaphoryt  (ad-i-af'o-ri),  n.  [<  Gr.  adca<popla, 
indifference,<  aM0opof:  see  adiaphorous.']  Neu- 
trality; indifference. 

adiapneustia  (ad'i-ap-niis'ti-a),  n.   [NL.,  <  Gr. 

adianvEvaTia,  <  a-  priv.  +  ScaTTve'var-iKog,  <  diaTrveiv, 
breathe  through,  perspire,  <  6id,  through,  + 
TTve'iv,  breathe.]  Inpathol.,  defective  perspira- 
tion; adiaphoresis.  Dunglison. 
adiathermanous  (a-di-a-ther'ma-nus),  a.  [< 
Gr.  d-  priv.  (a-i8)  +  didthermano'us,  q.  v.  Cf. 
adiaihermic.']    Same  as  adiathermic. 

A  body  impervious  to  light  is  opaque,  impervious  to 
dark  heat  it  is  adiatherma?ious. 

A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  448. 

adiathermic  (a-di-a-ther'mik),  a.  [<  Gr.  d- 
priv.  (a-18)  +  diathermic.']  Impervious  to  radi- 
ant heat. 

adicity  (a-dis'i-ti),  n.  [<  -ad^  (1)  +  -icittj,  as 
in  atomicity,  periodicity.]  la  chem.,  combining 
capacity,  according  as  an  element  or  a  com- 
pound is  a  monad,  dyad,  etc. ;  same  as  valency. 
N.E.D.  " 

adieu  (a-du';  r.  pron.  a-dye'),  inter j.  [Early 
mod.  E.  adiew,  adew,  adue,  <  ME.  adew,  adewe, 
<  OF.  a  Bleu,  a  Deu,  mod.  F.  adieu,  to  which  the 
mod.  E.  conforms  in  spelling;  =  It.  addio  =  Sp. 
adios  or  d  Bios  =  Pg.  adeos  or  a  Beos;  <  L.  ad 
Deum:  ad,  to;  Beum,  acc.  of  Beus,  God:  see 
deity.  Cf.  good-by,  orig.  God  be  with  you.]  Lit- 
erally, to  God,  an  ellipsis  for  I  commend  you  to 
God :  an  expression  of  kind  wishes  at  the  part- 
ing of  friends,  equivalent  to /aj-eweZ^;  hence,  a 
parting  salutation  in  general :  as,  adieu  to  my 
hopes. 

Adewe,  and  adewe,  Wis ! 

Testavient  of  Love,  ii.  292. 
Adieu,  adieu !  my  native  shore 
Fades  o'er  the  waters  blue. 

Byron,  Chjlde  Harold,  i.  13. 
Delightful  summer!  then  adieu!  Hood,  Summer. 

=  Syn.  Adieu,  Farewell,  Oood-by.  These  words  have 
completely  lost  their  original  meanings.  In  use  the  dif- 
ference between  them  is  only  one  of  formality,  good-by 
being  the  most  common,  and  adieu  the  most  formal.  By 
the  Society  of  Friends  (and  perhaps  some  other  sects)  fare- 
well 13  preferred,  as  not  involving  the  careless  mention  of 
the  name  of  God.  In  strict  propriety,  fareivell  is  a  parting 
salutation  to  persons  going  away. 

adieu  (a-dii';  F.  pron.  a-dye'),  ».;  pi.  adieus  or 
(in  French  spelling)  adieux  (a-diiz',  a-dye')- 
A  farewell  or  commendation  to  the  care  of  God : 
as,  an  everlasting  adieu;  to  make  one's  adieus. 
We  took  our  last  adieu 
And  up  the  snowy  Splugen  drew. 

Tennyson,  Daisy. 


73 

adightt  (a-dif),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  adihtcn,  adighten, 
<  AS.  *ddihtan,  <  d-  +  dihtan,  arrange,  dight: 
see  dight.]    To  set  in  order.    See  dight. 

adightt  (a-dif),  p.  a.  [<  ME.  adiht,  adight,  pp. : 
see  the  verb.]    Set  in  order ;  arrayed. 

ad  indefinitum  (ad  in-def-i-ni'tum).  [L. :  ad, 
to;  indefinitum,  acc.  neut.  of  indefinitus,  indefi- 
nite: see  j»rfe^mte.]  To  the  indefinite ;  indefi- 
nitely ;  to  an  indefinite  extent.  An  expression  used 

by  some  wiiters  in  place  of  ad  infinitum,  as  being  in  theii- 
opinion  more  precise. 

ad  inf.  -Aji  abbreviation  of  Latin  ad  injimtum 
(which  see). 

ad  infinitum  (ad  in-fi-ni'tum).  [L.:  ad,  to, 
unto;  infinitum,  acc.  neut.  of  infinitus,  infinite: 
see  infinite.]  To  infinity ;  endlessly;  on  and  on 
without  end ;  through  an  infinite  series. 

adinole  (ad'i-nol),  n.  [Etym.  uncertain.]  A 
hard,  compact  rock,  composed  of  quartz  and 
albite,  produced  by  the  alteration  of  certain 
schists  due  to  the  influence  of  intruded  dia- 
base. 

ad  inquirendum  (ad  in-kwi-ren'dum).  [L.,  for 
the  purpose  of  inquiring:  ad,  to,  for;  inquiren- 
dum, gerund  of  iwg!«rere,  inquire  :  see  inqidre.] 
In  law,  a  judicial  writ  commanding  inquiry  to 
be  made  concerning  a  cause  depending  in  a 
court. 

ad  int.  An  abbreviation  of  ad  interim  (which 
see). 

ad  interim  (ad  in'ter-im).  [L. :  ad,  to,  for;  in- 
terim, meanwhile  :  see  interim.]  In  the  mean 
time  ;  for  the  present. 

adios  (a-de'os),  Miier/.    [Sp.,  =Pg.  ac?eos  =  It. 

addio  =  F .  adieu :  see  adieu.]    Adieu;  good-by. 

[Southwestern  U.  S.] 
adipate  (ad'i-pat),  n.    [<  L.  adeps  (adip-),  fat, 

+  -ate^:  see  adipic.    Cf.  L.  adipatus,  supplied 

with  fat.]    A  salt  of  adipic  acid, 
adipescent  (ad-i-pes'ent),  a.    [<  L.  adej;s 

{adip-),  fat,  4-  -escent.]  "Becoming  fatty, 
adipic  (a-dip'ik),  a.    [<  L.  adeps  (adip-),  fat,  + 

-ic2 :  see  adeps.']  Of  or  belonging  to  fat  Adipic 

acid,  CgHio04,  an  acid  obtained  by  treating  oleic  acid 

or  fatty  bodies  with  nitric  acid.    It  forms  soft,  white 

nodular  crusts,  which  seem  to  be  aggregates  of  small 

crystals. 

adipocerate  (ad-i-pos'e-rat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

adipocerated,  ppr.  adipocerating.  [<  adipocere 
+  -ate'^.]    To  convert  into  adipocere.  Craig. 

adipoceration  (ad-i-pos-e-ra'shon),  n.  The  act 
of  changing  or  the  state  of  beiiig  changed  into 
adipocere.  Craig. 

adipocere  (ad'i-po-ser"),  n.  [=F.  adipocirc,  < 
L.  adeps  {adip-)',  fat,  +  cera,  wax.]  A  soft 
unctuous  or  waxy  substance,  of  a  light-brown 
color,  produced  by  the  decomposition  of  ani- 
mal matter  when  protected  from  the  air,  and 
under  certain  conditions  of  temperature  and 
humidity.  It  consists  chiefly  of  ammonium 
margarate,  vrith  an  admixture  of  the  marga- 
rates  of  potassium  and  calcium  Adipocere  min- 
eral, a  fatty  matter  found  in  some  peat-mosses,  and  in  the 
argillaceous  iron  ore  of  Merthyr-Tydvil,  Wales ;  adipoce- 
rite.  It  is  inodorous  when  cold,  but  when  heated  it  emits 
a  slightly  bituminous  odor.  Also  called  adipocerite  and 
hatcheitin. 

adipoceriform  (ad'i-po-ser'i-form),  a.  [<  adi- 
pocere +  L.  -formis,  <.' forma,  form.]  Having 
the  appearance  or  form  of  adipocere. 

adipocerite  (ad-i-pos'e-rit),  n.  [<.  adipocere  + 
-ite^.]    Adipocere  mineral.    See  adipocere. 

adipocerous  (ad-i-pos'e-rus),  a.  Relating  to 
adipocere;  containing  adipocere. 

adipocire  (ad'i-po-ser"),  n.  [F. :  see  adipocere.] 
Same  as  adipocere. 

adipo-fibroma  (ad'i-po-fi-bro'ma),  n.  Same  as 
lipo-fibroma. 

adipoma  (ad-i-p6'ma),  n.    Same  as  lipoma. 

adipose  (ad'i-pos),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  adipeux,  Sp. 
adiposo,  etc.,  <  NL.  adiposus,  <  L.  adeps  {adip-), 
fat:  see  adejys.]  I.  a.  Fatty;  consisting  of,  re- 
sembling, or  having  relation  to  fat  Adipose 

arteries,  the  branches  of  the  diaphragmatic,  capsular,  and 
renal  arteries  which  nourish  the  fat  around  the  kidneys. 
— Adipose' body,  in  entoia.,  a  peculiar  fatty  substance 
occupying  a  considerable  portion  of  the  interior  of  the 
body,  and  especially  abundant  in  the  full-grown  larva;  of 
insects,  consisting  of  a  yellowish  lobulated  mass  lining  the 
walls  of  the  body-cavity  and  filling  up  the  spaces  between 
the  viscera.  CaHas.— Adipose  fin,  a  posterior  dorsal  ap- 
pendage, generally  sacciform  or  pedunculated  and  more 
or  less  fat-like,  but  sometimes  cariniform,  developed  in 
certain  fishes,  especially  the  salmonids  and  silurids.— Adi- 
pose membrane,  the  cell-wall  of  a  fat-cell ;  the  ex- 
tremely delicate  structureless  membrane  which  surrounds 
a  fat-globule  or  vesicle  of  fat.— Adipose  sac,  a  fat-cell 
or  fat-vesicle  whose  limiting  cell-wall  consists  of  an  adi- 
pose membrane,  and  whose  contents  are  a  globule  of  fat. 
—Adipose  tissue,  a  connective  tissue  of  loose  structure 
containing  masses  of  fat-cells,  that  is,  cells  in  which  the 
protoplasm  has  been  largely  replaced  by  fat.  Adipose 
tissue  underlies  the  skin,  invests  the  kidneys,  etc.— Adi- 
pose tumor,  a  lipoma. 


adjacently 

II.  n.    Fat  in  general;  specifically,  the  fat 

on  the  kidneys, 
adiposis  (ad-i-p6'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <Ij.  adeps  {adip-), 
fat,  +  -osis.]  1.  General  corpulency. —  2.  The 
accumulation  of  fat  in  or  upon  a  single  organ, 
adiposity  (ad-i-pos'i-ty),  n.  [<NL.  as  if  "adi- 
pwsitas,  <  adiposus:  see  adipose  and-i^y.]  Fat- 
ness ;  adiposis. 

adipous  (ad'i-pus),  a.  [<  L.  adeps  {adip-),  fat, 
+  -ous.  Cf.  adipose.]  Fat;  of  the  nature  of 
fat;  adipose. 

adipsia  (a-dip'si-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  as  if  *a6iypia, 
absence  of  thirst,  <  a(ki]jo<;,  not  thirsty:  see  adip- 
sous.]  In  mod.,  absence  of  thirst.  Also  called 
adipsy. 

adipsous  (a-dip'sus),  a.  [<  Gr.  d6iipoq,  not  thirsty, 
<  d- priv.  +  (5(i/'q;,  thirst:  see  adipsia.]  Tending 
to  quench  thirst,  as  certain  fruits, 
adipsy  (ad'ip-si),  n.  Same  as  adipsia. 
adit  (ad'it),  n.  [<  L.  aditus,  an  approach,  < 
adirc,  pp.  adittis,  approach,  <  ad,  to,  +  ire,  go: 
see  itinerant.  Cf.  exit.]  1.  An  entrance  or  a 
passage ;  specifically,  in  mining,  a  nearly  hori- 
zontal excavation,  or  drift  (which  see),  specially 
used  to  conduct  from  the  interior  to  the  surface 
the  water  which  either  comes  into  the  workings 
from  above  or  is  pumped  up  from  below.  The  word 
tunnel  is  in  general  use  in  the  United  .States,  and  especially 
in  the  western  mining  regions,  for  adit;  but  the  former 
properly  signifies  an  excavation  open  at  both  ends,  such  as 
is  used  in  railroads.  When  there  are  two  or  more  adits, 
the  lowest  is  called  the  deep  adit.  Adits  are  occasionally 
several  miles  in  length.  The  so-called  Sutro  tunnel, 
draining  the  Comstock  lode  at  'Virginia  City,  Nevada,  is 
the  most  extensive  work  of  this  kind  yet  constructed  in 
the  United  States.  It  is  about  20,000  feet  in  length,  and 
intersects  the  lode  at  a  depth  of  about  2000  feet.  Also 
called  adit-level.    See  cut  under  level. 

2.  Milit.,  a  passage  under  ground  by  which 
miners  approach  the  part  they  intend  to  sap. 
Wilhelm,  Mil.  Diet.— 3.  Admission;  access; 
approach.  [Rare.] 

Yourself  and  yours  shall  have 
Free  adit.  Tennyson,  Princess,  vi. 

aditiont  (a-dish'on),  n.  [<  L.  aditio{n-),  ap- 
proach, <  adire:  "  see  adit.]  The  act  of  ap- 
proaching. 

adit-level  (ad'it-lev'-'el),  n.    Same  as  adit,  1. 
adi've  (a-div'),  n.    [Appar.  a  native  name.] 
Same  as  corsak. 
adj.  An  abbre-viation  of  adjective. 
adjacence  (a-ja'sens),  n.    [<  ML.  adjacentia,  < 
L.  adjacen{t-)s :  see  adjacent]    The  state  of  be- 
ing adjacent ;  adjacency. 

adjacency  (a-ja'sen-si),  n. ;  pi.  adjacencies  (-siz). 

1 .  The  state  of  being  adjacent,  or  of  lying  close 
or  contiguous ;  proximity  or  near  neighborhood : 
as,  the  adjacency  of  lands  or  buildings. —  2.  That 
which  is  adjacent.  [Rare.] 

Distracted  by  the  vicinity  of  adjacencies. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  'Vulg.  Err.,  ii.  2. 
All  lands  beyond  their  own  and  its  frontier  adjacencies. 

De  Quincey,  Herodotus. 

adjacent  (a-ja'sent),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  adja- 
ccn{t-)s,  ppr.  of  "adjacere,  lie  near,  <  ad,  to,  + 
jacerc,  lie:  seejacent.]  I.  a.  Lying  near,  close, 
or  contiguous ;  adjoining ;  neighboring :  as,  a 
field  adjacent  to  the  highway. 

Sauntering  .  .  .  along  the  banks  of  the  adjacent  mill- 
pond.  Irving,  Sleepy  Hollow. 

Tribes  which  are  larger,  or  better  organized,  or  both, 
conquer  adjacent  tribes  and  annex  them. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  448. 
Adjacent  angles.  See  angled.  =  Syn.  Adjacent,  Adjoin- 
ing, Contiguous.  These  words  apply  only  to  material 
things  ;  if  they  are  applied  to  aljstract  things,  it  is  only  by 
considerable  liberty  in  figurative  use.  They  are  not  ap- 
plicable to  separate  persons  or  animals  under  any  circum- 
stances. Adjacent  villages,  camps,  herds ;  adjoining  fields ; 
contiguous  houses:  not  adjacent  soldiers,  cattle.  Adja- 
cent, lying  near,  neighboring,  but  not  necessarily  in  con- 
tact. New  York  and  the  towns  adjacent.  Adjoining,  joining 
to  or  on,  so  as  to  touch.  Contiguous,  touching  along  a  con- 
siderable line. 

From  the  barge 
A  strange  invisible  perfume  hits  the  sense 
Of  the  adjacent  wharfs.        Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  2. 
The  Fire  Tender  is  in  the  adjoininq  library,  pretending 
to  write.  C.  D.  Warner,  Backlog  Studies,  p.  72. 

[The  Emperor  of  Morocco]  is  the  only  full-blown  despot 
whose  dominions  lie  contiquous  to  civilization. 

T.  B.  Aldrich,  Ponkapog  to  Pesth,  p.  215. 

II.  n.  1 .  That  which  is  next  or  contiguous ; 
an  abutting  neighbor.  [Rare.] 

No  adjacent,  no  equal,  no  co-rival. 

Shelford,  Learned  Discoiu'ses,  p.  220. 

2.  In  logic,  a  predicate — Propositions  of  second 

adjacent,  propositions  in  which  the  copula  and  predicate 
are  merge<l.—  Propositions  of  third  adjacent  (transla- 
tion of  Greek  Trporacri?  e'/c  ipnov  Kcnr^yopovixtvov),  proposi- 
tions whose  copula  and  predicate  are  separated. 

adjacently  (si-ja'sent-li),  adv.    So  as  to  be  ad- 
jacent. 


adjag 

adjag  (aj'ag),  n.  [Native  name  in  Java.]  A 
kind  of  wild  dog,  Canis  rutilans,  found  in  Java. 

The  dog-tribe  is  represented  by  the  fox-like  adjag  (Canis 
rutilans),  which  hunts  in  ferocious  packs. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  603. 

adject  (a-jekf),  V.  t.  [<  L.  adjectus,  pp.  of 
adjicere,  usually  contr.  adicere,  add,  put  to, 
<ad,  to,  +  jacere,  throw:  see  jactation,  Jeii.] 
To  add  or  put,  as  one  thing  to  another;  annex. 
[Rare.] 

Lanstufan  castel  and  lordship  by  the  new  act  is 
adjected  to  Pembrokeshire.       Leland,  Itinerary,  III!  -ia 

adjection  (a-jek'shon),  n.  [<  L.  adjectio{n-),  an 
addition,  <  adjicere,  adicere,  add:  see  adject.'] 
The  act  of  adjecting  or  adding,  or  the  thing 
added.  [Rare.] 

This  is  added  to  complete  our  happiness,  by  the  adjec- 
tion  of  eternity.  Bp.  Pearson,  Expos,  of  Creed,  xii. 

adjectitious  (ad-jek-tish'us),  a.  [<  LL.  adjec- 
titius,  better  spelled  «(|/et';<'c»(s,  added,  beside,  < 
L.  arfyec^MS,pp.:  sneadject.']  Added;  additional: 
as,  "  adjectitious  work,"  Mauiidrell.  [Rare.] 

adjectival  (ad-jek-ti'val  or  aj'ek-ti-val),  a. 
[<  adjective  +  -al]  Belonging  to  or  like  an  ad- 
jective ;  having  the  import  of  an  adjective. 

The  more  frequent  employnient  of  both  the  participles 
with  an  adjectival  syntax  is,  in  its  origin,  a  Gallicism. 

G.  P.  Marsh,  Lects.  on  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  658. 
Relatively  to  the  real,  which  is  substantival,  the  idea 
IS  adjectival.  Mind,  IX.  127 


74 

as  an  assistant:  see  adjoin.']  If.  One  who  is 
joined  or  associated  with  another  as  a  helper ; 
an  adjunct.  [Rare.] 

You  are,  madam,  I  perceive,  said  he,  a  public  minister 
and  this  lady  is  your  adjoint.  ' 

Gentleman  Instrxtcted,  p.  108. 

2.  [Pron.  a-jwan'.]  In  France,  specifically— 
(rt)  An  assistant  of  or  substitute  for  the  mayor 
of  a  commune,  or  in  Paris  of  an  arrondisse- 
ment.    (b)  An  assistant  professor  in  a  eol- 


adjunct 


adjectivally  (ad-jek-ti'val-i  or  aj'ek-ti-val-i), 
adv.  By  way  of  or  as  an  adjective :  as,  a  iioun 
or  participle  adjectivally  used. 

adjective  (aj'ek-tiv),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  adjectivus, 
that  is  added  (only  as  a  grammatical  term),<  ad- 
jectus,  pp.  of  adjicere,  add:  see  adject.]  I.a.l. 
Naming  or  forming  an  adjunct  to  a  noun :  as, 
an  adjective  name.— 2.  Pertaining  to  an  adjec- 
tive :  as,  the  adjective  use  of  a  noun. —  3.  Added 
oradjected;  additional.    [Rare.]— Adjectivecol- 

Or,  in  dyeinrj,  a  color  which  is  not  absorbed  directly  from 
Its  solution  by  the  fibers  of  the  substance  dyed,  but  can  be 
fixed  only  by  a  mordant  or  by  some  other  means :  opposed  to 
.substantive  color,  which  the  fibers  directly  absorb.— Ad- 
jective law.  See  laiv.  —  Noun  adjective,  a  word  stand- 
ing for  the  name  of  an  attribute :  now  usually  adjective  n 
See  below. 

II.  n.  1.  In  gram.,  a  word  used  to  qualify, 
limit,  or  define  a  noim,  or  a  word  or  phrase 
which  has  the  value  of  a  noun ;  a  part  of  speech 
expressing  quality  or  condition  as  belonging  to 
something:  thus,  whiteness  is  the  name  of  a 
quality,  and  is  a  noun ;  ivhite  means  possessing 
whiteness,  and  so  is  an  adjective.  The  adjective 
is  used  attributively,  appositively,  or  predicatively  ■  thus 
attributively  in  "aunse  ruler";  appositively,  in  "a  ruler 
wise  and  good";  predicatively,  in  "the  ruler  is  wise." 
Commonly  abbreviated  to  a.  or  adj. 
2f.  A  dependant  or  an  accessory;  a  secondary 
or  subsidiary  part, 
adjective  (aj'ek-tiv),  v.  t.  To  make  an  adjec- 
tive of ;  form  into  an  adjective  ;  give  the  char- 
acter of  an  adjective  to.  [Rare.] 

In  English,  instead  of  adjectiving  our  own  nouns,  we 
have  borrowed  in  immense  numbers  adjectived  signs  from 
other  languages,  without  borrowing  the  unadjectived  signs 
of  these  ideas.  .  Home  Tooke,  Purley. 

adjectively  (aj'ek-tiv-li),  adv.  In  the  manner 
of  an  adjective  :  as,  the  word  is  here  used  ad- 
jectively. 

adjiger  (aj'i-ger),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  repr.  Hind. 
ajgar.]  A  large  Indian  rock-snake,  Python  mo- 
lurus.  See  anaconda. 
adjoin  (a-join'),  V.  [<  ME.  ajoinen,  <  OF.  ajoin- 
dre  (F.  adjoindre),  <  L.  adjungere,  <  ad,  to,  -f 
jungere,  join:  see  join.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  join 
on  or  add ;  unite  ;  annex  or  append. 

A  massy  wheel  .  .  . 
To  whose  huge  spokes  ten  thousand  lesser  things 
Are  mortis'd  and  adjoin'd.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  3. 

2.  To  be  contiguous  to  or  in  contact  with :  as, 
his  house  adjoins  the  lake ;  a  field  adjoinina 
the  lawn. 
As  one  .  .  . 

-Forth  issuing  on  a  summer's  mom,  to  breathe 
Among  the  pleasant  villages  and  farms 
Adjoin'd,  from  each  thing  met  conceives  delight. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  449. 

II.  intrans.  1 .  To  be  contiguous  ;  lie  or  be 
next,  or  in  contact:  with  to:  as,  "a  farm  ad- 
joining to  the  highway,"  Blackstone.—2i.  To 
approach ;  join. 

She  lightly  unto  him  adjoyned  syde  to  syde. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  vii.  42. 

adjoinantt  (a-joi'nant),  a.    [<  p.  adjoignant, 
ppr.  of  adjoindre  :  see  adjoin.]  Contiguous. 

To  the  town  there  is  adjoinant  in  site  ...  an  ancient 
castle.  p.  Carew,  Survey  of  Cornwall, 

adjpint  (aj'oint),  n.  [<  F.  adjoint,  assistant, 
adjunct,  prop.  pp.  of  adjoindre,  adjoin,  assign 


adjourn  (a-jem'),  v.  [<ME.  ajournen,  ajornen, 
<  OF.  ajorner,  ajurner,  F.  ajotirner  =  ^g.  ajor- 
nar  =  It.  aggiornare,  <  ML.  adiurnare,  adjurnare, 
adjornare,  fix  a  day,  summon  for  a  particular 
day,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  LL.  *diurnus,  *jurnus,  *jornus 
(>  It.  giorno  =  Pr.  jorn  =  OF.  jor,  jiir,  F.  jour,  a 
day),  <  L.  diurnus,  daily,  <  dies,  day :  see  diurnal, 
journal.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  put  off  or  defer,  prop- 
erly to  another  day,  but  also  till  a  later  period 
indefinitely. 

Or  how  the  sun  shall  in  mid  heaven  stand  still 
A  day  entire,  and  night's  due  course  adjourn. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  264. 
It  is  a  common  practice  to  adjourn  the  reformation  of 
their  lives  to  a  further  time.  Barrow. 

Specifically— 2.  To  suspend  the  meeting  of, 
as  a  public  or  private  body,  to  a  future  day 
or  to  another  place  ;  also,  defer  or  postpone  to 
a  future  meeting  of  the  same  body :  as,  the 
court  adjourned  the  consideration  of  the  ques- 
tion. 

The  queen  being  absent,  't  is  a  needful  fitness 
That  we  adjourn  this  court  till  further  day. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  ii.  4. 

II.  intrans.  To  suspend  a  sitting  or  trans- 
action till  another  day,  or  transfer  it  to  another 
place:  usually  said  of  legislatures,  eom-ts,  or 
other  formally  organized  bodies :  as,  the  legis- 
lature adjourned  at  four  o'clock;  the  meeting 
adjourned  to  the  town  hall.— To  adjourn  sine  die 
(literally,  to  adjourn  without  day),  to  adjourn  without  set- 
ting a  time  to  reconvene  or  sit  again  ;  specifically  to  ad- 
journ without  intending  or  expecting  to  sit  again :  the 
usual  formula  of  minutes  recording  the  proceedings  of  a 
body,  as  a  court  martial,  whose  existence  terminates  with 
the  business  for  which  it  was  convened, 
adjournal  (a-jer'nal),  n.  [<  adjourn  +  -al] 
In  Scots  law,  the  proceedings  of  a  single  day 
in,  or  of  a  single  sitting  of,  the  Court  of  Justi- 
ciary: equivalent  to  sederunt  as  applied  to  a 
civil  court.- Act  of  adjournal,  the  record  of  a  sen- 
tence in  a  criminal  cause.— Book  of  adjournal,  a  book 
containing  the  records  of  the  Court  of  Justiciary, 
adjournment  (a-jem'ment),  n.  [<  OF.  ajourne- 
ment,  earlier  ajornement:  see  adjourn  and  -ment] 

1.  The  act  of  postponing  or  deferring. 
We  run  our  lives  out  in  adjournments  from  time  to  time. 

L' JSstranffe. 

2.  The  act  of  discontinuing  a  meeting  of  a 
public  or  private  body  or  the  transaction  of  any 
business  until  a  fixed  date  or  indefinitely.— 

3.  The  period  during  which  a  public  body  ad- 
journs its  sittings:  as,  during  an  adjournment 
of  six  weeks — Adjournment  In  eyre,  in  old  Eng. 
laiv,  the  appointment  by  the  justices  in  eyre,  or  circuit 
judges,  of  a  day  for  future  session.  =Syn.  Adjournment 
Recess,  Prorogation,  Dissolution.  Adjournment  is  the  act 
by  which  an  assembly  suspends  its  session  in  virtue  of 
authority  inherent  in  itself ;  it  may  be  also  the  time  or  in- 
terval of  such  suspension.  A  recess  is  a  customary  sus- 
pension of  business,  as  during  the  period  of  certain 
recognized  or  legal  holidays :  as,  the  Easter  recess  ■  a 
recess  for  Washington's  birthday.  Recess  is  also  popu- 
larly used  for  a  brief  suspension  of  business  for  any  reason  • 
as,  it  was  agreed  that  there  be  a  recess  of  ten  minutes 
A  prorogation  is  the  adjournment  of  the  sittings  of  a 
legislative  body  at  the  instance  of  the  authority  which 
called  it  together,  as  the  sovereign ;  during  a  prorogation 
It  can  hold  no  sittings,  but  in  order  to  resume  business 
must  be  again  summoned :  the  close  of  a  session  of  the 
British  Parliament  is  called  a  prorogation.  Dissolution 
IS  the  act  by  which  the  body,  as  such,  is  broken  up,  and  its 
members  are  finally  discharged  from  their  duties.  The 
United  States  House  of  Representatives  dissolves  every 
two  years  at  a  time  fixed  by  law,  but  the  Senate  has  a 
continuous  life,  and  therefore  adjourns  from  one  Congress 
to  another.  The  dissolution  of  the  British  Parliament 
necessitates  a  new  election ;  the  dissolution  of  the  United 
States  House  of  Representatives  is  provided  for  by  law  an 
election  being  previously  held.  ' 

adjoustt,  V.  Obsolete  form  of  adjust. 
adjt.  A  contraction  of  adjutant. 
adjudge  (a-juj'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  adjudged, 
ppr.  adjudging.  [<  ME.  adjugen,  ajugen,  <  OF. 
ajugier,  ajuger,  F.  adjuger,  <  L.  adjudicarc, 
award,  decide,  <  ad,  to,  +  judicare,  decide :  see 
judge  &TLdi  adjudicate.]  1.  trans.  1.  To  award 
judicially;  assign:  as,  the  prize  was  adjudged 
to  him. 

Ajax  ran  mad,  because  his  arms  were  adjudged  to 
Ulysses.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  165. 

2.  To  decide  by  a  judicial  opinion  or  sentence ; 
adjudicate  upon ;  determine ;  settle. 


Happily  we  are  not  without  authority  on  thU  point. 

It  has  been  considered  and  adjudged. 

D.  W ebster.  Speech,  March  10, 1818. 

3.  To  pass  sentence  on ;  sentence  or  condemn. 

Those  rebel  spirits  adjudged  to  hell. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  823. 

4t.  To  deem;  judge;  consider.  [Rare.] 

He  adjudged  him  unworthy  of  his  friendship.  Knolles. 
=  Syn.  To  decree,  adjudicate. 

II.  in  trans.  To  decree ;  decide ;  pass  sentence. 
There  let  him  still  victor  sway 
As  battel  hath  adjudged.         Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  377. 

adjudgeable  (a  -  juj '  a  -  bl),   a.    [<  adjudge  + 
-able.]   Capable  of  being  adjudged. 

Burgh  customs  still  stand  in  the  peculiar  position  of 
being  neither  adjudgeable  nor  arrestable. 

EiKyc.  Brit.,  IV.  63. 

adjudgement,  n.    See  adjudgment. 
adjudger  (a-juj'er),  n.    One  who  adjudges, 
adjudgment  (a-juj'ment),  n.    The  act  of  ad- 
judging; adjudication;  sentence.  Also  spelled 
adjudgement. 
The  adjudgment  of  the  punishment. 

Sir  W.  Temple,  Introd.  to  Hist.  Eng. 

adjudicataire  (a-jo*cli-ka-tar'),  n.  [P.,  <  L. 
adjudica  tus,  pp.  of  adjudicare :  see  adjudicate.] 
In  Canada,  a  purchaser  at  a  judicial  sale, 
adjudicate  (a-jo'di-kat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ad- 
judicated, ppr.  adjudicating.  [<  L.  adjudicatus, 
pp.  of  adjudicare,  award,  decide,  <  ad,  to,  + 
judicare,  judge:  see  adjudge  and  judge.]  I. 
trans.  To  adjudge ;  pronounce  judgment  upon ; 
award  judicially. 

Superior  force  may  end  in  conquest ;  .  .  .  but  it  cannot 
adjudicate  any  right.      Sumner,  True  Grand,  of  Nations. 

II.  intrans.  To  sit  in  judgment ;  give  a  judi- 
cial decision  :  with  upon :  as,  the  court  adjudi- 
cated upon  the  case. 

From  the  whole  taken  in  continuation,  but  not  from  any 
one  as  an  insulated  principle,  you  come  into  a  power  of 
adjudicating  upon  the  pretensions  of  the  whole  theory. 

De  Quincey,  Style,  ii. 

adjudication-(a-j6-di-ka'shon),  n.  [<  L.  adjudi- 
catio(n-),  <  adjudicare :  see  adjudicate.]  1.  The 
act  of  adjudicating;  the  act  or  process  of  deter- 
mining or  adjudging ;  a  passing  of  judgment. 

To  pass  off  a  verdict  of  personal  taste,  under  the  guise 
of  an  adjudication  of  science.    P.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  81. 

2.  In  laio :  (a)  A  judicial  sentence ;  judg- 
ment or  decision  of  a  com-t.  (6)  The  act  of  a 
court  declaring  an  ascertained  fact:  as,  an 
adjudication  of  bankruptcy. 

The  consequence  of  adjudication  is  that  all  the  bank- 
rupt's property  vests  in  the  registrar  of  the  court  until 
the  appointment  by  the  creditors  of  a  trustee,  and  there- 
after in  the  trustee.  Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  343. 

3.  In  Scots  law,  the  diligence  or  process  by 
which  land  is  attached  in  security  for  or  in 
payment  of  a  debt. -Articulate  adjudication,  in 

Scots  law,  adjudication  which  is  often  used  where  there 
are  more  debts  than  one  due  to  the  adjudging  creditor  •  in 
which  case  it  is  usual  to  accumulate  each  debt  by  itself, 
so  that,  in  case  of  an  error  in  ascertaining  or  calculating 
one  of  the  debts,  the  error  may  affect  only  that  debt.— 
Effectual  adjudication,  in  Scots  law,  a  form  of  action 
by  which  real  property  is  attached  bya  creditor.- Pormer 
adjudication,  in  law,  a  previous  judicial  decision  be- 
tween the  same  parties  or  those  whom  they  succeed, 
available^  or  sought  to  be  made  available,  to  bar  a  subse- 
quent litigation  involving  the  same  point, 
adjudicator  (a-jo'di-ka-tor),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  "ad- 
judicator, <  adjudicare :  see  adjudicate.]  One 
who  adjudicates. 

adjudicature  (a-jo'di-ka-tiir'''),  n.  [<  adjudi- 
cate +  -lire.]  The  act  "or  process  of  adjudi- 
cating ;  adjudication, 
adjugatet  (aj'6-gat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  adjugatus,  pp. 
of  adjugare,  unite,  <  ad,  to,  +  jugare,  join,  < 
jiigum  (=  E.  yoke),  ijungere,  join :  see  yoke  and 
join.]  To  yoke  to.  Bailey. 
adjumentt  (aj'6-ment),  n.  [<  L.  adjUmentum,  a 
means  of  aid,  a  contr.  of  *adjuvamentum,  <  ad- 
juvare,  help,  aid:  see  aid.]  Help;  support; 
that  which  supports  or  assists. 


Nerves  are  adjuments  to  corporal  activity. 

Waterhouse,  Fortescue,  p.  197. 


adjunct  (aj'ungkt),  a.  and  n.    [<  L.  adjunctus, 

i pined  to,  added,  pp.  oi  adjungere :  see  adjoin.'] 
'..a.  1.  United  with  another  (generally  in  a 
subordinate  capacity)  in  oifice  or  in  action  of 
any  kind  :  as,  an  adjwwc^  prof  essor. — 2.  Added 
to  or  conjoined  with,  as  a  consequence ;  attend- 
ing; accompanying. 

Though  that  my  death  were  adjunct  to  my  act. 
By  Heaven,  I  would  do  it.       Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  3. 

Adjunct  diagnostics.  See  diagnostic.— Adjunct  note, 
in  music,  an  unaccented  auxiliary  note  not  forming  an 
essential  part  of  the  harmony. 

II.  n.  1.  Something  added  to  another,  but 
not  essentially  a  part  of  it. 


adjunct 

Learning  is  but  an  adjunct  to  ourself. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  3. 
Discretion  in  its  several  adjuncts  and  circumstances  is 
nowhere  so  useful  as  to  tlie  clergy.  Swi/t. 

2.  A  person  joined  to  another  in  some  duty  or 
service ;  an  assistant  or  subordinate  colleague. 
An  adjunct  of  singular  experience  and  trust. 

Sir  H.  Wotton. 


75 


In  the  Royal  Academy  of  Science  at  Paris,  there  are 
twelve  members  called  adjuncts  attached  to  the  study  of 
some  particular  science.  Buchanan,  Diet.  Sci. 

3.  In  metaph.,  any  quality  of  a  thing  not  per- 
taiiung  to  its  essence. — 4.  In  gram.,  a  word  or 
a  number  of  words  added  to  define,  limit,  or 
qualify  the  force  of  another  word  or  other 
words ;  a  word  or  phrase  having  value  in  a  sen- 
tence only  as  dependent  on  another  member 
of  the  sentence,  as  an  adjective,  an  adverb,  the 
words  of  a  dependent  clause,  etc. —  5.  In  music, 
a  scale  or  key  closely  related  to  another;  a 
relative  scale  or  key. -External,  internal,  etc., 

adjunct.    See  the  adjectives. 

adjunction (a-jungk'shon), n.  [_<'L.adJunctio(ii-), 
<adju)igere,  join:  see  adjoin.]  1.  The  act  of 
joining;  the  state  of  beiag  joined.— 2.  The 
thing  joined.— 3.  In  civil  law,  the  joining  of 
one  person's  property  to  that  of  another  per- 
manently, as  the  bmlding  of  a  house  upon  an- 
other's land,  painting  of  a  picture  on  another's 
canvas,  and  the  like.    Bapalje  and  Lawrence. 

adjunctive  (a-jungk'tiv),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  ad- 
junctivus,  that  is  joined,  <  adjunctus,  pp. :  see 
adjunct.']  I.  a.  Joining;  having  the  quality  of 
joining. 

II.  n.  One  who  or  that  which  is  joined. 

adjunctively  (a-jungk'tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  ad- 
junctive manner ;  as  an  adjunct. 

adjunctly  (aj'ungkt-H),  adv.  In  connection 
with;  by  way  of  addition  or  adjunct;  as  an 
adjunct. 

ad  jura  regis  (ad  jo'rii  re'jis).  to  the 

rights  of  the  king:  ad,  to;  jura,  acc.  pi.  of  jus 
(Jur-),  right;  regis,  gen.  of  rex  (reg-),  king.] 
An  old  EngUsh  writ  to  enforce  a  presentation 
by  the  king  to  a  living,  against  one  who  sought 
to  eject  the  clerk  presented. 

adjuration  (aj-o-ra'shon),  n.  [<  L.  adjuratio{n-), 
<  adjurare  :  see  adjure.]  1.  The  act  of  adjur- 
ing ;  a  solemn  charging  on  oath,  or  under  the 
penalty  of  a  curse;  hence,  an  earnest  appeal 
or  question. 

To  the  adjuration  of  the  high-priest,  "Art  thou  the 
Christ,  the  son  of  the  blessed  God?"  our  Saviour  replies  in 
St.  Matthew,  "Thou  hast  said." 

Blackwall,  Sacred  Classics,  II.  163. 

2.  A  solemn  oath. 

To  restrain  the  significance  too  much,  or  too  much  to 
enlarge  it,  would  make  the  adjuration  either  not  so 
weighty  or  not  so  pertinent. 

Milton,  Eeason  of  Church  Gov.,  i. 
adjuratory  (a-jo'ra^to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  adjurato- 
nus,  <  adjurator,  one  who  adjures,  <  adjurare  : 
see  adjure.]  Pertairung  to  or  containing  adju- 
ration ;  of  the  nature  of  an  adjuration :  as,  an 
adjuratory  appeal, 
adjure  (a-jor'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  adjured,  ppr. 
adjuring.  [<  ME.  adjuren,  <  L.  adjurare,  swear 
to,  adjTu-e,  <.ad,  to,  +jurare,  swear:  see  jurat. 
Cf .  abjure,  conjure,  and  perjure.]  1 .  To  charge, 
Dmd,  or  command,  earnestly  and  solemnly,  of- 
ten with  an  appeal  to  God  or  the  invocation  of 
a  curse  in  case  of  disobedience :  hence,  to  en- 
treat or  request  earnestly:  as,  ''I  adjure  thee 
oy  the  living  God,"  Mat.  xxvi.  63;  his  friend 
adjured  him  to  be  careful. 

Joshua  adjured  them  at  that  time,  saying.  Cursed  be 
the  man  before  the  Lord,  that  riseth  up  and  buildeth  this 
city  Jericho.  Josh.  vi.  26. 

2.  To  swear  by :  as,  to  adjure  the  holy  name 
of  God.  tRare.]=Syn.  1.  To  conjure,  implore,  en- 
join, pray,  beg,  entreat,  beseech,  supplicate, 
arnurer  (a-jor'er),  n.  One  who  adjures, 
adjust  (a-jusf),  V.  t.  [<F.  "adjuster,  to  ad- 
just, set  aptly,  couch  evenly,  joyn  handsomly, 
match  fitly,  dispose  orderly,  several  things  to- 
gether" (Cotgrave),  now  ajuster  (=  It.  aggius- 
i^re,  aggiostare  =  Tg.  Sp.  ajustar),  arrange, 
dispose,  fit,  etc.,  <  ML.  adjustare,  in  form  <  L. 
ad,  to,  +justus,  just,  but  suggested  by  OF.  ajtis- 
ter,  ajouster,  to  add,  adjoyn,  set  or  put  unto; 
also,  increase,  augment,  eek,  also  as  adjuster  " 
(totgrave)  (>  ME.  ajusten,  adjousten,  add,  put, 
suggest)  F.  ajouter  (see  adjute),  lit.  put  side 
by  side,  <  ML.  adjuxtare,  put  side  by  side,  <  L. 
ad,  to,  +juxta,  near,  lit.  adjoining,  fi-om  same 
root  as  i«wf7ere,  join:  see  juxtaposition.]  1.  To 
nt,  as  one  thing  to  another;  make  correspon- 
aent  or  conformable ;  adapt ;  accommodate :  as, 
to  adjust  things  to  a  standard. 


Adjust  the  event  to  the  prediction. 

Addison,  Def.  of  Christ.  Relig. 
According  to  HelmhoUz,  then,  we  adjust  the  eye  to  near 
objects  by  contraction  of  the  ciliary  muscle. 

Le  Conte,  Sight,  p.  44. 
The  living  body  is  not  only  sustained  and  reproduced  • 
it  adjusts  itself  to  external  and  internal  changes. 

Huxley,  Animal  Automatism. 

2.  To  put  in  order;  regulate  or  reduce  to  sys- 
tem ;  bring  to  a  proper  state  or  position  :  as,  to 
adjust  a  scheme;  to  adjust  affairs;  "adjusting 
the  orthography,"  Johnson. 

To  adjust  the  focal  distance  of  his  optical  instruments. 

J.  S.  Mill,  Logic,  i.  1. 

3.  To  settle  or  bring  to  a  satisfactory  state,  so 
that  parties  are  agreed  in  the  result:  as,  to 
adjust  accounts. 

Half  the  differences  of  tlie  parish  are  adjusted  in  this 
very  parlour.  Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer. 

4t.  To  put  forward;  suggest.  Chaucer. —  5t. 
To  add.  Caxton.=Syn.  To  suit,  arrange,  dispose,  trim, 
proportion,  balance,  conform,  set  right,  rectify,  reconcile. 

adjustable  (a-jus'ta-bl),  «.    [<  adjust  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  adjusted, 
adjustably  (a-jus'ta-bli),  adv.    As  regards  ad- 
justment ;  so  as  to  be  capable  of  adjustment. 

The  bed  is  held  adjustabhj  in  place  by  means  of  screw- 
^')\ts,.  c.  T.  Davis,  Leather,  p.  329. 

adjustaget  (a-jus'taj),  n.  Adjustment.  Sylves- 
ter. [Rare.] 
adjuster  (a-jus'ter),  n.  A  person  who  adjusts ; 
that  which  regulates, 
adjusting-cone  (a-jus'ting-kon),  n.  An  in- 
strument for  measuring  the  distance  between 
the  axes  of  the  eyes  when  they  are  parallel,  as 
in  looking  at  a  distant  object,  it  consists  of  two 
hollow  cones,  each  perforated  at  the  apex.  Through  these 
perforations  the  person  whose  eyes  are  to  be  measured 
looks  at  a  distant  object,  and  the  cones  are  moved  until 
the  two  fields  of  vision  coincide.  The  distance  between 
the  apexes  then  gives  the  measurement  sought. 

adjusting-screw  (a-jus'ting-skro),  n.  A  screw 
by  which  the  adjustable  parts  of  an  instrument 
or  a  machine  are  moved  to  required  positions. 
It  also  often  serves  to  hold  the  parts  fii-mly  in 
those  positions, 
adjusting-tool  (a-jus'ting-tol),  «.  a  tool  for 
regulating  the  snail  of  a  fusee  in  a  timepiece, 
so  that  its  increase  of  diameter  may  exactly 
compensate  for  the  decrease  of  tension  of  the 
spring  as  it  unwinds  from  the  barrel, 
adjustive  (a-jus'tiv),  a.  [<  adjust  +  4ve.]  Tend- 
ing or  serving  to  adjust. 

adjustment  (a-just'ment),  n.  [<  adjust  +  -ment, 
after  F.  ajustement.]  1 .  The  act  of  adjusting ; 
a  makingfit  orconformable  ;  the aetof  adapting 
to  a  given  purpose ;  orderly  regulation  or  ar- 
rangement :  as,  the  adjustment  of  the  parts  of  a 
watch. 

The  rest  of  the  apparel  required  little  adjustment. 

Scott,  Waverley,  xliii. 

2.  The  state  of  being  adjusted ;  a  condition  of 
adaptation;  orderly  relation  of  parts  or  ele- 
ments. 


adjutant-general 

adjutancy  (aj'o-tan-si),  n.    [<  adjutan(t)  -f-  -cy.] 

1.  The  office  of  adjutant.  Also  called  adju- 
tantship. —  2t.  Assistance. 

It  was,  no  doubt,  disposed  with  all  the  adjutancy  of 
definition  and  division.  [iurke.  Appeal  to  Old  Whigs, 
adjutant  (aj'o-tant),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  adjutan(t-)8, 
ppr.  otadjutare,  aid,  assist,  freq.  otadjuvare,  aid: 
see  aid.]  I.  a.  Helping;  assistant.  Bullokar 
(1676).  [Rare.] 

II.  n.  1.  A  helper;  an  assistant;  an  aid. 
[Rare.] 

A  fine  violin  must  ...  be  the  best  adjutant  to  a  fine 
^'oice.  W.  Mason,  Eng.  Church  JIusic,  p.  74. 

2.  Milit.,  properly,  a  regimental  staff-officer  ap- 
pointed to  assist  the  commanding  officer  of  a 
regiment  in  the  discharge  of  the  details  of  his 

military  duty.  Tlie  title  is  also  given  to  oHicers  hav- 
ing similar  functions  attached  to  larger  or  smaller  divi- 
sions of  troops,  to  garrisons,  and  to  the  War  Department 
of  the  United  States  goveniment.  (See  adjutant-general.) 
Adjutants  are  also  assigned,  as  in  the  British  army,  to  di- 
visions of  artillery.  Fonnerly,  in  England,  called  aid-ma- 
jor.  Often  contracted  to  adjt. 

3.  The  adjutant-bird  (which  see)  post  adju- 
tant, a  person  holding  the  office  of  adjutant  with  refer- 
ence to  the  organization,  of  whatever  character,  of  the 
troops  stationed  at  a  post,  garrison,  camp,  or  cantonment. 
—  Regimental  adjutant,  a  person  holding  the  ottice  of 
adjutant  with  reference  to  a  regimental  organization 
whether  the  regiment  is  in  one  place  or  dispersed  at  dif- 
ferent stations. 

adjutant-bird  (aj ' o-tant-berd)„  n.  The  name 
given  by  English  residents  of  Bengal  to  a  very 
large  species  of  stork,  common  in  India,  the 
Lepjloptilus  argala  of  some  naturalists,  belong- 


Adjutant-bird  [Leptoflilin;  nr^ala  \ 


Throughout  all  phases  of  Life  up  to  the  highest  every 
advance  is  the  eflfecting  of  some  better  adjustment  of  in- 
ner to  outer  actions.         H.  Silencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  61. 

3.  That  which  serves  to  adjust  or  adapt  one 
thmg  to  another  or  to  a  particular  service :  as, 
the  adjustments  of  constitutional  government, 
of  a  microscope,  a  timepiece,  etc. 

The  nicest  of  all  the  adjustments  involved  in  the  working 
of  the  British  Governmentis  that  which  determines,  without 
formally  defining,  the  internal  relations  of  the  Cabinet. 

Gladstone,  Might  of  Right,  p.  162. 


4.  The  act  of  settling  or  arranging,  as  a  differ- 
ence or  dispute;  settlement;  arrangement.  

5.  In  marine  insurance,  the  act  of  settling  and 
ascertaining  the  amount  of  indemnity  which 
the  party  insured  is  entitled  to  receive  under 
the  policy  after  all  proper  allowances  and  de- 
ductions have  been  made,  and  the  settling  of 
the  proportion  of  that  indemnity  which  each 
underwriter  is  liable  to  bear.  =  syn.  Arrangement, 
regulation,  settlement,  adaptation,  accommodation  dis- 
posal. ' 

adjuster  (a-jus'tor),  n.  [<  adjust  +  -or.]  In 
anat.  and  zool,  that  which  adjusts,  eoaptates, 
or  makes  to  fit  together:  a  name  of  sundrv 
muscles :  as,  the  dorsal  and  ventral  adjusters  of 
the  shells  of  brachiopods.  See  extract,  and 
cuts  under  Lingulidw  and  Waldheimia. 

The  dorsal  adjusters  are  fixed  to  the  ventral  surface  of 
the  peduncle,  and  are  again  inserted  into  the  hinge-plate 
in  the  smaller  valve.  The  ventral  adjusters  are  consid- 
ered to  pass  from  the  inner  extremity  of  the  peduncle  and 
to  become  attached  by  one  pair  of  theii-  extremities  to  the 
ventral  valve,  one  on  each  side  of  and  a  little  behind  the 
expanded  base  of  the  divaricators.  Encyc.  Brit.,  IV.  192. 
adjutage,  n.    See  ajutage. 


mg  to  the  family  Ciconndw.    it  is  the  Ardea  dubia 

of  Gmelin,  the  A.  argala  of  Latham,  the  Ciconia  marabou 
of  Temmmck,  and  the  argala  of  the  native  Indians.  Great 
confusion  has  been  occasioned  by  the  transference  by 
Temminck  of  the  native  name,  argala,  to  a  related  but 
distinct  African  species.  The  name  marabou  has  likewise 
been  given  to  both  species,  since  both  furnish  the  orna- 
mental plumes  so  named  in  commerce.  The  African  spe- 
cies should  be  distinguished  as  the  marabou,  the  Indian 
species  being  left  to  bear  its  native  name  ai-gala.  The 
name  adjutant,  or  adjutant-bird,  is  a  nickname  bestowed 
upon  the  bird  from  some  fancied  likeness  of  its  bearing  to 
the  stiff  martinet  air  of  tlie  military  functionary  known 
as  an  adjutant.  The  bird  is  a  gigantic  stork,  5  or  often  6 
feet  high,  and  its  expanded  wings  measure  14  feet  from 
tip  to  tip.  It  has  an  enormous  bill,  nearly  bare  head  and 
neck,  and  a  sausage-like  pouch  hanging  from  the  under 
part  of  the  neck.  It  is  one  of  the  most  voracious  carniv- 
orous birds  known,  and  in  India,  from  its  devouring  all 
sorts  of  carrion  and  noxious  animals,  is  protected  by  law. 
Also  called  adjutant-crane,  adjutant-stork,  and  pouched 
stork.  The  name  is  sometimes  extended  to  a  related  spe- 
cies, L.  javanicus,  known  as  the  lesser  adjutant  or  adju- 
tant-bird. 

adjutant-crane  (aj'o-tant-kran),  n.  Same  as 
adjutant-bird. 

adjutant-general  (aj'6-tant-jen'e-ral),  n.;  pi. 
adjutants-general.  1.  Milit.,  a  staff-officer,  the 
chief  assistant  of  a  commanding  general  in  the 
execution  of  his  military  duties,  as  in  issuing 
and  executing  orders,  receiving  and  registering 
reports,  regulating  details  of  the  service,  etc. 

By  law  there  is  but  one  adjutant-general  of  the  United 
States  army.  He  is  a  principal  otticer  of  the  War  Depart- 
ment of  the  United  States  government,  the  head  of  a 
bureau  conducting  the  army  correspondence,  and  having 
charge  of  the  records,  of  recruiting  and  enlistment,  of  the 
issue  of  commissions,  etc.  Most  of  the  individual  States 
also  have  adjutants-general,  performing  similar  duties 
with  respect  to  the  militia  of  their  several  States.  The 
adjutant-general  is  aided  by  assistant  adjutants-general. 
In  the  British  service,  the  adjutant-general  of  the  forces 
IS  an  oflicer  of  the  full  rank  of  general,  having  a  body  of 


adjutant-general 

assistants  at  the  Horse  Giuuds  or  headquarters  of  the 
army  in  London,  and  performing  the  same  class  of  duties 
as  those  mentioned  above.  Commonly  abbreviated  to  A. 
G.  when  appended  to  a  name. 

2.  Eccles.,  a  title  mistakenly  given  by  transla- 
tors to  the  assistants  of  the  general  of  the 
Jesuits.    See  assistant,  3. 
adjutantship  (aj'6-tant-ship),  «.    Same  as  ad- 
jutancy, 1. 

adjutant-stork  (aj'o-tant-stork),  11.    Same  as 

adjiitani-bird. 
adjutator  (aj'o-ta-tor),  n.    [NL.,  an  assistant, 

<  L.  adjutare,  assist :  see  adjutant.^    An  adju- 

tor  or  helper.    See  note  under  agitator,  2. 

[Rare.] 

adjutet  (a-jof),  V.  t.  or  i.  [<  F.  ajouter,  formerly 
adjouster,  add:  see  adjust.^    To  add. 

There  be 

Six  bachelors  as  bold  as  he,  adjuting  to  his  company. 

B.  Jnnson,  Underwoods. 

adjutor  (a-jo'tor),  n.  [L.,<  adjuvare,  help:  see 
adjutant  and  aid.'}  A  helper.  [Rare;  its  com- 
pound coadjutor  is  in  common  use.] 

He  .  .  .  and  such  as  his  adjiitors  were. 

Drayton,  Barons'  Wars,  iv.  10. 
adjutoryt  (aj'o-to-ri),  a.    [<  L.  as  if  *adjutorius, 
helping  ;  cf .  adjutorium,  help :  see  adjutor.} 
Serving  to  help  or  aid.    Blount;  Bailey. 
adjutrix  (a-jo'triks),  M. ;  pi.  adjutrices  (a-j(3-tri'- 
sez).    [L.,  fern,  of  adjutor:  see  adjutor.}  A 
female  assistant.  [Rare.] 
adjuvant  (aj'6-vant  or  a-jo'vant),  a.  and  n. 
[<  L.  adjuvan(t-)s,  ppr.  of  adjuvare,  help:  see 
aid.}   I.  a.  Serving  to  help  or  assist;  auxiliary; 
contributory:  as,  an  ad/MM/if  medicine. 
Cause  adjuvant  worketh  not  by  himself,  but  is  a  helper. 

BlundeviUe. 

But  that  humidity  is  only  an  adjuvant  and  not  even  a 
necessary  adjuvant  cause,  is  proved  by  the  immunity  of 
fruit-eaters  in  the  swampiest  regions  of  the  equatorial 
coast-lands.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XX.  162. 

II.  n.  1 .  A  person  or  thing  aiding  or  helping ; 
whatever  aids  or  assists. 

Undoubtedly,  a  flavor  smacking  of  the  caucus,  the  jubi- 
lee, and  other  adjuvants  of  "the  cause  "  is  found  in  some 
of  his  [Whittier's]  polemic  strains. 

Stedman,  Poets  of  America,  p.  124. 

Specifically —  2.  In  med.,  whatever  aids  in  re- 
moving or  preventing  disease  ;  especially,  a 
substance  added  to  a  prescription  to  aid  the 
operation  of  the  principal  ingredient. 

aalegation  (ad-le-ga'shon),  w.  [<  L.  adlega- 
tio{n-),  later  allegatio{n-),  a  deputing,  <  adle- 
gare,  allegare,  depute,  commission,  <  ad,  to,  4- 
legare,  send  with  a  commission.  See  allegation, 
the  same  word  in  another  use.]  The  right  of 
ministers  of  the  individual  states  of  the  old  Ger- 
man empire  to  be  associated  with  those  of  the 
emperor  in  public  treaties  and  negotiations  re- 
lating to  the  common  interests  of  the  empire. 
This  right  was  claimed  by  the  states,  but  dis- 
puted by  the  emperor. 

ad  lib.    An  abbreviation  of  ad  libitum. 

ad  libitum  (ad  lib'i-tum).  [L. :  ad  =  E.  at ; 
ML.  or  NL.  libitum,  L.  only  in  pi.  libita,  plea- 
sure, acc.  neut.  pp.  of  libet,  also  spelled  lubet,  it 
pleases,  akin  to  E.  lief  and  love :  see  lief,  love, 
liberal,  eta.}  At  pleasure ;  to  the  extent  of  one's 

wishes.  Specifically,  in  music,  indicating  that  the  time 
and  expression  of  a  passage  are  left  to  the  feeling  and  taste 
of  the  performer.  In  the  case  of  cadenzas  and  other  orna- 
ments, the  phrase  indicates  that  the  performer  may  omit 
them  or  substitute  others  in  their  place.  An  accompani- 
ment is  said  to  be  ad  libitum  when  it  may  be  used  or 
omitted.  Often  abbreviated,  in  speech  as  well  as  writing, 
to  ad  lib. 

adlings,  n.    See  addling'^,  2. 
adlocution  (ad-lo-kii'shon),  n.   Same  as  allocu- 
tion, 1. 

Adlumia  (ad-lo'mi-a),  n.    [NL.,  named  for  Ma- 


Adlumia  cirrhosa  ;  single  leaf  and  panicle. 


jor  Adlum.}  A  genus  of  American  plants  of 
a  single  species,  A.  cirrhosa,  the  climbing  fumi- 


76 

tory,  a  delicate  climbing  herbaceous  biennial, 
with  panicles  of  drooping  flowers.  It  is  a  native 
of  the  Alleghanies,  and  is  often  cultivated. 

admanuensis  (ad-man-u-en'sis),  «. ;  pi.  adman- 
uenses  (-sez).  [ML.,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  manus,  hand, 
-\--ensis.  CL  amanuensis.}  In  old  Eng.  laiv,  one 
taking  a  corporal  oath,  that  is,  by  laying  the 
hand  on  the  Bible,  in  distinction  from  one  tak- 
ing the  oath  in  other  forms,  or  affirming. 

admarginate  (ad-mar'jin-at),  v.  t.  [<  L.  ad,  to, 
-t-  margo  (margin-),  margin,  +  -ate^ :  see  ad-, 
margin,  and  -ate^.}  To  note  or  write  on  the 
margin.  [Rare.] 

Receive  candidly  the  few  liints  which  I  have  admargi- 
nated. Coleridge. 

admaxillary  (ad-mak'si-la-ri),  a.    [<  L.  ad,  to, 

+  maxilla,  jaw,  after  E.  maxillary.}  In  anat., 
connected  with  the  jaw. 
admeasure  (ad-mezh'uiO,  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
admeasured,  ppr.  admeasuring.  [<  ME.  aniesu- 
ren,  <  OF.  amesurer,  admesurcr,  <  ML.  admensu- 
rare,  measure,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  LL.  mensurare,  mea- 
sm-e ;  cf.  L.  admetiri,  measure  out  to,  <  ad,  to, 
+  metiri,  the  ult.  L.  source  of  measure :  see  ad- 
and  tneasure,  v.}  1.  To  ascertain  the  dimen- 
sions, size,  or  capacity  of ;  measure. 

The  identification  of  the  reasoner's  intellect  with  that 
of  his  opponent  depends,  if  I  understand  you  aright,  upon 
the  accuracy  with  which  the  opponent's  intellect  is  ad- 
measured. Poe,  Tales,  I.  272. 

2.  In  law,  to  survey  and  lay  off  a  due  portion  to, 
as  of  dower  in  real  estate  or  of  pasture  held  in 
common.    This  was  formerly  done  by  icrit  of 
admeasurement,  directed  to  the  sheriff. 
Upon  this  suit  all  the  commoners  shall  be  admeasured. 

Blackstone,  Com.,  iii.  IG. 

admeasurement  (ad-mezh'm--ment),  n.  [<  OF. 
amcsurcmcut,  admcsurement :  see  admeasure  and 
-ment.}  1.  The  process  of  measuring ;  the  as- 
certainment of  the  numerical  amount  of  any 
quantity. —  2.  The  numerical  amount  or  mea- 
sure of  anything,  whether  a  number,  the  dimen- 
sions of  a  solid,  the  bulk  of  a  fluid,  mass,  dura- 
tion, or  degree. —  3.  In  law,  ascertainment  and 
assignment  of  the  due  proportion :  as,  admea- 
surement of  damages,  or  of  dower  in  an  estate ; 
admeasurement  of  the  right  of  an  individual  in 
a  common  pasture. 
Sometimes  called  admensuration. 

admeasurer  (ad-mezh'ur-er),  n.  One  who  ad- 
measures. 

admedian  (ad-me'di-an),  a.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  -I-  me- 
dius,  middle:  see  ad-  and  median.}  In  conch., 
a  synonym  of  lateral,  as  applied  to  the  series 
of  teeth  of  the  radula,  these  being  rachidian  or 
median,  lateral  or  admedian,  and  imcinal. 

For  "lateral"  Professor  Lankester  substitutes  the  term 
admedian.  W.  li.  Dall,  Science,  IV.  143. 

admensuration  (ad-men-su-ra'shon),  n.  [<  ML. 
admensuratio{n-),  <  admensurare :  see  admea- 
sure.}   Same  as  admeasurement.  [Rare.] 

Admetacea  (ad-me-ta'se-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Admcie  -\-  -acea.}  A  family  name  used  by  some 
naturalists  for  the  Admetidw  (which  see). 

Admete  (ad-me'te),  M.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ad/XTjTog, 
fem.  dS/it/TTi,  untamed,  unbroken,  poet,  form  of 
a6d/MToc  =  'E.  tmtamed.  Ci.  adamant.}  The  typ- 
ical genus  of  gastropods  of  the  family  Adme- 
tidw. A.  viridula  is  a  small  whitish  species,  half  an  inch 
long,  found  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  North  America  from 
Cape  Cod  northward. 

admetid  (ad-me'tid),  n.  A  gastropod  of  the 
family  Admetidai. 

Admetidse  (ad-met'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Admete 
-t-  -id(B.}  A  family  of  toxoglossate  pectinibran- 
chiate  gastropods,  typified  by  the  genus^dwefc. 

The  family  is  closely  related  to  the  Cancellariidce,  but  the 
species  aff'ect  colder  waters.  Ad-inete  viridula  is  a  com- 
mon northern  form.  The  members  of  this  family  have  a 
rounded  head,  filiform  tentacles,  eyes  on  minute  tuber- 
cles external  to  the  tentacles,  and  a  characteristic  den- 
tition of  the  odontophore ;  the  shell  has  an  ovate  aper- 
ture, with  an  obliquely  truncated  plicate  columella  and 
a  trenchant  outer  lip. 

adminicle  (ad-min'i-kl),  n.  [<  L.  adminiculum, 
help,  support,  prop,  lit.  that  on  which  the  hand 
may  rest,  <  ad,  to,  +  manus,  hand,  4-  double 
dim.  suffix  -culum.}  1.  That  which  gives  aid 
or  support ;  an  auxiliary.  [Rare.] 

The  senate  of  five  hundred  .  .  .  was  a  permanent  ad- 
junct and  adminicle  of  the  public  assembly. 

Grote,  Greece,  III.  99. 

2.  In  law,  supporting  or  corroboratory  proof. 

Specifically,  in  Scots  and  French  law,  whatever  aids  in 
proving  the  tenor  of  a  lost  deed ;  any  deed  or  scroll  which 
tends  to  establish  the  existence  of  the  deed  in  question, 
or  to  make  known  its  terras. 

3.  In  med.,  any  aid  to  the  action  of  a  remedy. 
—  4.       la  entom.    See  adminiculum,  2. 

adminicula,  ».    Plural  of  adminiculum. 


administer 

adminicular,  adminiculary  (ad-mi-nik'u-lar, 

-la-ri),  a.  [<  L.  adminiculum,  help  :  see  admini- 
cle.}   Supplying  help ;  helpful ;  corroborative. 

The  humanity  of  Christ  is  not  set  before  us  in  the  New- 
Testament  as  sustaining  merely  a  conditional  or  adminic- 
ular relation  to  a  work  whose  intrinsic  and  essential  value 
comes  from  another  source.  Prog.  Orthodoxy,  p.  20. 

The  several  structural  arrangements  adminicular  to  the 
integrity  of  the  whole  are  thus  co-ordinated. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  PsychoL 

Adminicular  evidence,  in  law,  explanatory  or  complet- 
ing evidence. 

adminiculate  (ad-mi-nik'u-lat),  V.  i.  or  t.  [<L. 

adminiculatus,  jjp.  of  adminicular c,  help,  prop, 
<  adminiculum :  see  adminicle.}  To  give  admi- 
nicular evidence ;  testify  in  corroboration  of. 
[Rare.] 

adminiculatort  (ad-mi-nik'u-la-tor),  n.  [L.,  < 
adminicularc :  see  adminiculate.}  An  assistant ; 
specifically,  an  advocate  for  the  poor, 
adminiculum  (ad-mi-nik'u-lum),  n. ;  pi.  admi- 
nicula (-la).  [L.,  a  prop:  see  adminicle.}  1. 
An  aid  or  help ;  an  adminicle. 

Of  other  adminicula,  or  aids  to  induction,  only  the  titles 
are  given  by  Bacon,  and  it  would  be  hazardous  to  conjec- 
ture as  to  their  significance. 

R.  Adamson,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  792. 

2.  J)?.  In  entom.,  Kirby's  name  for  the  short 
spines  on  the  abdominal  segments  of  certain 
insects,  pupse  or  grubs,  whereby  they  make  their 
way  through  any  substance  in  which  they  bur- 
row. Also  called  adminicles.  N.  E.  D. 
administer  (ad-min'is-ter),  V.  [<  ME.  admyn- 
istren,  amynistren,  <  OF.  aministrcr,  administrcr, 
mod.  F.  administrcr,  <  L.  administrare,  manage, 
execute  (cf.  administer,  an  attendant),  <  ad,  to, 
+  ministrare,  attend,  serve,  <  minister,  servant: 
see  minister.}  I.  trans.  1.  To  manage  or  con- 
duct as  minister,  chief  agent,  or  steward ;  super- 
intend the  management  or  execution  of ;  control 
or  regulate  in  behalf  of  others :  as,  to  adminis- 
ter the  laws  or  the  government,  or  a  depart- 
ment of  government ;  to  administer  a  charitable 
trust,  the  affairs  of  a  corporation,  or  the  estate 
of  a  bankrupt. 

For  forms  of  government  let  fools  contest, 
Whate'er  is  best  administer'd  is  best. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iii.  304. 
Brawn  without  l)rain  is  thine  :  my  prudent  care 
Foresees,  provides,  administers  the  war. 

Dryden,  Ajax  and  Ulysses,  1.  554. 

2.  To  afford;  supply;  dispense  ;  bring  into  use 
or  operation,  especially  in  the  execution  of  a 
magisterial  or  sacerdotal  office :  as,  to  adminis- 
ter relief ;  to  administer  justice. 

Have  they  not  the  old  popish  custom  of  administering 
the  blessed  sacrament  of  the  holy  eucharist  with  wafer 
cakes  ?  Hooker. 
Let  zephyrs  bland 
Administer  their  tepid  genial  airs.       J.  Philips. 

3.  To  give  or  apply;  make  application  of:  as, 
to  administer  medicine,  punishment,  counsel, 
etc. 

Close  by  was  a  heap  of  stout  osier  rods,  such  as  [are]  used 
in  administeriiig  the  bastinado.     O'Donovan,  Merv,  xiii. 

4.  To  tender  or  impose,  as  an  oath. 
Swear  by  the  duty  that  you  owe  to  Heaven  .  .  . 
To  keep  the  oath  that  we  adminuter. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  i.  3. 

5.  In  laiv,  to  manage  or  dispose  of,  as  the 
estate  of  a  deceased  person,  in  the  capacity 
either  of  executor  or  administrator.  See  ad- 
ministration,  9.  =  Syn.  1.  To  control,  preside  over.— 2 
and  3.  Administer,  Minister,  distribute,  give  out,  deal  out. 
In  the  sense  of  supplying,  dispensing,  minister  is  now  used 
principally  of  things  spiritual :  as,  to  minister  comfort,  con- 
solation, or  relief  ;  while  administer  is  used  of  things  both 
spiritual  and  material :  as,  to  administer  food,  medicine, 
reproof,  justice. 

He  asserted  that  ...  a  noxious  drug  had  been  admin- 
istered to  him  in  a  dish  of  porridge. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xv. 
The  greatest  delight  which  the  fields  and  woods  minister 
is  the  suggestion  of  an  occult  relation  between  man  and  the 
vegetable.  Emerson,  Nature. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  contribute  assistance; 
bring  aid  or  supplies ;  add  something :  with 
to :  as,  to  administer  to  the  necessities  of  the 
poor. 

There  is  a  fountain  rising  in  the  upper  part  of  my  gar- 
den, which  .  .  .  administers  to  the  pleasure  as  well  as  the 
plenty  of  the  place.  Spectator,  No.  447. 

2.  To  perform  the  office  of  administrator:  with 
upon :  as,  A  administers  upon  the  estate  of  B. 

=  Syn.  A  dminister  to,  M inister  to.  Minister  to  is  now  pref- 
erable to  administer  to  in  such  connections  as  to  minister 
to  one's  needs,  to  minister  to  the  necessities  of  the  poor,  to 
minister  to  the  pleasure  of  the  assembly.  Administer  to  in 
such  connections  is  archaic, 
administert  (ad-min'is-ter),  n.  [L. :  see  the 
verb.]  One  who  administers ;  a  minister  or  an 
administrator. 

You  have  shewed  yourself  a  good  administer  of  the 
revenue.  Bacon,  Speech  to  Sir  J.  Denham. 


administerial 

administerial  (ad-min-is-te'ri-al),  a.  [<  L.  ad- 
minister, attendant  (or  <  E.  administer,  v.),  + 
-ial,  in  imitation  of  ministerial,  q.  v.]  Pertain- 
ing to  administration,  or  to  the  executive  part 
of  government ;  ministerial.  [Rare.] 

administrable  (ad-min'is-tra-bl),  a.  [<L.  as  if 
*administrabilis,  (.  administrare :  see  administer, 
t'.]    Capable  of  being  administered. 

adiainistrador  (Sp.  pron.  ad-me-ue-stra-dor'), 
n.  [Sp.  :  =  E.  administrator.']  A  steward;  an 
overseer.  G.  Yale.  [Used  in  parts  of  the 
United  States  acquired  from  Mexico.] 

administrant  (ad-min'is-trant),  a.  and  n.  [<  F. 
administrant,  ppr.  of  administrer :  see  adminis- 
ter, v.]  I,  a.  Managing;  executive;  jiertain- 
ing  to  the  management  of  affairs. 

II.  n.  One  who  administers ;  an  executive 
oificer. 

administrate  (ad-min'is-trat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and 

pp.  administrated,  ppr.  administrating.  [<L.  ad- 
ministratus,  pp.  of  administrare :  see  adminis- 
ter, v.]  To  administer ;  dispense ;  give ;  supply : 
as,  "to  administrate  the  sacraments,"  Knox. 
administration  (ad-min-is-tra'shon),  n.  [<ME. 
admirdstracioun,  <  OF.  administration,  <  L.  ad- 
ministratio{n-),  <.  administrare :  see  administer, 
v.]  1.  The  act  of  administering;  direction; 
management;  government  of  public  affairs;  the 
conducting  of  any  office  or  emj)loyment. 

The  administration  of  government,  in  its  largest  sense, 
corapreliends  all  tile  operations  of  the  body  politic,  whether 
legislative,  executive,  or  judiciary ;  but  in  its  most  usual, 
and  perhaps  in  its  most  precise,  signification,  it  is  limited  to 
executive  details,  and  falls  peculiarly  within  the  province 
of  the  executive  department. 

A.  Hamilton,  Federalist,  No.  72. 

2.  The  duty  or  duties  of  an  administrator ; 
specifically,  the  executive  fimctions  of  govern- 
ment, consisting  in  the  exercise  of  all  the  powers 
and  duties  of  government,  both  general  and 
local,  which  are  neither  legislative  nor  judicial. 
—  3.  The  body  of  persons  who  are  intrusted 
with  the  execution  of  laws  and  the  sujjerinten- 
dence  of  public  affairs :  in  particular,  in  Great 
Britain,  the  ministry;  in  the  United  States, 
the  President  and  cabinet,  or  the  President 
and  cabinet  during  one  presidential  term  :  as, 
Washington's  first  administration. 

Did  the  administration  .  .  .  avail  themselves  of  any 
one  of  those  opportunities? 

Burke,  Tracts  on  Popery  Laws. 

It  was,  therefore,  clear  from  the  beginning  that  the  new 
administration  was  to  have  a  settled  and  strong  opposition. 

T.  II.  Benton,  Thirty  Years,  I.  55. 

4.  Any  body  of  men  intrusted  with  executive 
or  administrative  powers. 

The  support  of  the  State  governments  in  all  their  rights, 
as  the  most  competent  administrations  for  our  domestic 
concerns.  Jefferson,  First  Inaugm-al  Address. 

5.  The  period  during  which  an  execiitive  offi- 
cer or  a  ministry  holds  office  ;  specifically,  in 
the  United  States,  the  period  during  which  the 
President  holds  office. — 6.  Dispensation;  dis- 
tribution;  rendering :  as,  the  administration  of 
justice,  of  the  sacraments,  or  of  grace. 

For  the  administration  of  this  service  not  only  supplieth 
the  wants  of  the  saints,  but  is  abundant  also  by  many 
thanksgivings  unto  God.  2  Cor.  ix.  12. 

7.  The  act  of  prescribing  medically. —  8.  The 
act  of  tendering  or  imposing,  as  an  oath. —  9. 
In  law :  (a)  The  management  of  the  estate  of  an 
intestate  person,  or  of  a  testator  having  no  com- 
petent executor,  under  a  commission  (called 
letters  of  administration)  from  the  proper  au- 
thority. This  management  consists  in  collect- 
ing debts,  paying  debts  and  legacies,  and  dis- 
tributing surplus  among  the  next  of  kin.  (b) 
In  some  juiisdietions,  the  management  of  the 
estate  of  a  deceased  person  by  an  executor,  the 
corresponding  term  execution  not  being  in  use. 
Administration  of  a  deceased  person's  estate  may  be  granted 
for  general,  special,  or  limited  purposes ;  as :  (1)  Adminis- 
tration durante  absentia  (during  absence),  when  the  next 
person  entitled  to  the  grant  is  beyond  sea.  (2)  Adminis- 
tration pendente  lite  (while  the  suit  is  pending),  when  a 
suit  is  commenced  in  the  probate  court  regarding  the  va- 
lidity of  a  will  or  the  right  to  administration,  and  lasting 
till  the  suit  is  determined.  (3)  Administration  cum  testa- 
mento  annexu  (with  the  will  annexed),  in  cases  where  a 
testator  makes  a  will  without  naming  executors,  or  where 
the  executors  named  in  the  will  are  incapable  of  acting  or 
refuse  to  act.  (4)  Administration  de  bonis  non  (concern- 
mg  goods  not,  that  is,  not  administered),  when  the  first 
administrator  dies  before  he  has  fully  administered.  (5) 
Administration  ad  colliijendum  (for  the  purpose  of  collect- 
ing), for  collecting  and  preserving  goods  about  to  perish. 
{6)  Ancillary  administration  is  subordinate  to  the  princi- 
pal administration  for  collecting  V.ie  assets  of  foreigners. 
It  is  taken  out  in  the  country  where  the  assets  are.  See 
ancillary.  (7)  Administration  minori  wtate  (during  minor 
or  minority)  is  granted  when  the  executor  is  a  minor. 
(8)  Foreign  administration  is  administration  exercised  by 

authority  of  a  foreign  power.  -  Council  of  administra- 
tion. See  council.  =Syn.  1.  Conduct,  control,  superin- 
tendence, regulation,  execution. 


77 

administrational  (ad-min-is-tra'shon-al),  a. 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  administration.  ' 

The  administrational  merits  of  Uarius  are  so  great  that 
tliey  have  obscured  his  military  glories. 

G.  Rawlinson,  Five  Great  Monarchies,  III.  429. 

administrative  (ad-min'is-tra-tiv),  a.    [<  L. 

adiiiiiii.slnittous,  practical,  <  administrare,  pp. 
adt)iiniglr<itus :  see  administer,  v.]  Pertaining 
to  administration  ;  executive  ;  administering. 

The  production  and  distribution  of  wealth,  the  gi'owth 
and  effect  of  administrative  machinery,  tlie  education  of 
the  race,  these  are  cases  of  general  laws  which  constitute 
the  science  of  sociology.       W.  K.  Clifford,  Lect.,  II.  284. 

Sometimes  the  term  Executive,  which  strictly  means 
an  Authority  which  puts  the  laws  in  force,  is  opposed  to 
the  term  Administrative,  which  implies  the  performance 
of  every  other  sort  of  immediate  Governmental  act,  such  as 
collecting  taxes,  organizing  and  directing  the  Army,  Navy, 
and  Police,  supervising  trade,  locomotion,  postal  commu- 
nication, and  carrying  out  in  detail  legislative  measures 
for  promoting  public  health,  education,  morality,  and  gen- 
eral contentment.  S.  Amos,  Sci.  of  Pol.,  p.  99. 

administratively  (ad-min'is-tra-tiv-li),  adv. 
In  an _ administrative  manner;  in  relation  to 
administration;  from  an  administrative  point 
of  view ;  as  regards  administration. 

The  English  country  gentleman,  who  was  lord  of  the 
manor,  was  administratively  a  person  of  great  authority 
and  influence.        Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  314. 
Administratively,  Kazan  is  divided  into  twelve  districts. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  20. 

administrator  (ad-min'is-tra-tor),  n.  [L.,  a 
manager,  <  administrare,  pp.  administratus :  see 
administer,  v.]  1.  One  who  atlministers ;  one 
who  directs  or  manages  affairs  of  any  kind: 
sometimes  used  as  a  title  of  executive  ofiice. 
—  2.  In  law :  (a)  One  who,  by  virtue  of  a  com- 
mission from  a  probate,  orj^hans',  or  surrogate's 
court,  or,  in  England,  from  the  probate,  di- 
vorce, and  admiralty  division  of  the  High 
Court  of  Justice,  has  charge  of  the  goods  and 
chattels  of  one  dying  without  a  will.  In  some 
juiisdietions  his  power  is  extended  to  real  prop- 
erty. Often  contracted  to  a(?/«r.  (b)  In  Scots  lau\ 
a  tutor,  curator,  or  guardian,  having  the  care 
of  one  who  is  incapable  of  acting  for  himself. 

The  term  is  usually  applied  to  a  father  who  has  power 
over  his  children  and  their  estate  during  their  minority.— 
Administrator  bishop.  See  bishop.— ■p-abUc  admin- 
istrator, a  public  officer  authorized  to  administer  the 
estates  of  persons  dying  without  relatives  entitled  to  per- 
form the  duty. 

administratorship  (ad-min'is-tra-tor-ship),  n. 
The  office  of  administrator. 

Removed  by  order  of  court  from  an  administratorship 
for  failure  to  settle  his  accounts. 

The  Nation,  XXXVI.  540. 

administratress  (ad-min-is-tra'tres),  n.  [<  ad- 
ministrator + -ess.  Ct.  administratricc.]  A  fe- 
male administrator. 

administratricet,      [<  F.  administratrice,  <  It. 
amministratrice,  <  NL.  administratrix  (-trie-): 
see  administratrix.']    A  female  administrator, 
administratrix  (ad-min-is-tra'triks),  n.;  pi. 
administratrices  (ad-min'-'is-tra-tri'sez).  [NL., 
fem.  of  L.  administrator,  q.  v.]    A  female  ad- 
ministrator.  Often  contracted  to  admx. 
admirability  (ad"mi-ra-bil'i-ti),  «.    [<  L.  ad- 
mirabilita{t-)s,  <  adtnirabilis,  "admh-eible  :  see  ad- 
mirable.]   Admirableness.    Bailey.  [Rare.] 
admirable  (ad'mi-ra-bl),  a.    [<  F.  admirable, 
<  L.  admirabilis,  <  a'dmirari,  admire :  see  ad- 
m'lre.]    If.  Fitted  to  excite  wonder;  marvel- 
ous ;  strange ;  surprising. 

It  seemeth  equally  admirable  to  me  that  holy  King 
Edward  the  Sixth  should  do  any  wrong,  or  harsh  Edward 
the  Fourth  do  any  right  to  the  Muses.  Fuller. 

In  man  there  is  nothing  admirable  but  his  ignorance 
and  weakness.       Jer.  Taylor,  Diss,  from  Popery,  II.  i.  §  7. 

2.  Worthy  of  admiration  ;  having  qualities  to 
excite  wonder,  with  approbation,  esteem,  rev- 
erence, .or  affection;  very  excellent:  used  of 
persons  or  things. 

What  a  piece  of  work  is  a  man !  How  noble  in  reason  1 
how  infinite  in  faculty !  In  form  and  moving,  how  express 
and  admirable !  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

admirableness  (ad'mi-ra-bl-nes),  «.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  admirable  ;"  the  power  of  exciting 
admiration. 

admirably  (ad'mi-ra-bli),  adv.  In  an  admira- 
ble manner ;  in  a  manner  to  excite  wonder, 
approbation,  and  esteem  ;  excellently, 
admiral  (ad'mi-ral),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  admiral, 
amiral,  amyral,  amerall,  amrall,  with  varying 
term,  -alle,  -ale,  -ail,  -ai/l,  -ayle,  -el,  -elle,  -aid,  -eld, 
-ant,  -aunt,  <  OF.  admiral,  amiral,  almiral,  -ail, 
-alt,  -aidt,  -aut,  -ant,  -and,  -auble,  -ajle,  -et,  -e, 
mod.  F.  amiral  =  Pr.  amirau,  amiralh,  ami- 
rats,  mod.  Pr.  amiral  =  OSp.  almiralle,  -age, 
Sp.  almirante  =  Pg.  amiralh,  almirante  =  It. 
ammiraglio,  <  ML.  admiralis,  -alius,  -alius,  -al- 
dus,  -arius,  -abilis,  -andus,  -atus,  almiraldus,  am- 


admiralty 

mirandus,  ammiratus,  etc.,  and  prop,  amiralis 
(the  forms  in  adm-,  aim-  being  due  to  popular 
etymology,  which  associated  the  word  with 
L.  adniirare,  admire,  admirabilis,  admirable,  or 
with  Sp.  At.  al-,  the,  and  the  termination  being 
variously  accommodated),  <  Ar.  amir,  emir,  a  ru- 
ler, commander  (sec  ameer  and  emir),  the  -al  be- 
ing due  to  the  Ar.  article  al,  present  in  all  the 
Arabic  and  Turkish  titles  containing  the  word, 
as  amir-al-umard,  ruler  of  rulers,  amir-al-bahr, 
commander  of  the  sea,  amir-al-nmminin,  com- 
mander of  the  faithful.  The  present  sense  of 
admiral  is  due  to  Ar.  amir-al-bahr.  Latinized 
as  admiralius  maris  and  Englished  under  Ed- 
ward III.  as  "  amyrel  of  the  se,"  or  "  admyrall  of 
the  navy,"  afterward  simply  admiral.  N.  E.  D.] 

1.  n.  If.  An  emir  or  prince  under  the  sultan; 
any  Saracen  ruler  or  commander.  [The  com- 
mon Middle  English  and  Old  French  sense.]  — 

2.  A  naval  officer  of  the  highest  rank;  a  com- 
mander-in-chief of  a  fleet,  in  the  United  States 
navy,  as  in  most  foreign  services,  there  are  three  degrees  of 
this  rank,  viz.,  admiral,  vice-admiral,  and  rear-admiral. 
These  titles  did  not  exist  in  the  United  States  till  the 
grade  of  rear-admiral  was  created  in  1862,  that  of  vice-ad- 
.niral  in  1864,  and  that  of  admiral  in  1866.  The  last  was 
held  by  Farragut  and  Porter,  ami,  by  law,  ceased  to  exist  on 
thedeath  of  the  latterin  1891.  In  1899  the  title  of  aiimiral 
was  revived  and  was  conferred  ui>on  Rear-admiral  Dewey. 
The  office  of  vice-admiral,  which  also  was  held  by  Farragut 
and  Porter  and  by  Admiral  Rowan,  was  abolished  in  1890 
on  the  death  of  the  last-named  incumlient.  An  admiral 
displays  his  distinguishing  flag  at  the  mainmast,  a  vice-ad- 
miral at  the  foremast,  and  a  rear-admiral  at  the  mizzen- 
inast.  In  the  British  navy,  admii  als  were  formerly  divided 
into  three  classes,  named,  after  the  colors  of  their  respec- 
tive flags,  admirals  of  the  red,  of  ihetchi'e,  and  of  the  blue, 
with  vice-admirals  and  rear-admirals  of  eac  h  flag  ;  but  in 
1864  this  distinction  was  abolished,  and  all  British  men-of- 
war  now  display  the  white  ensign. 

3.  The  recognized  chief  commander  or  director 
of  a  mercantile  fleet,  as  one  of  fishing-vessels 
off  Newfoundland  or  in  the  North  Sea.  a  royal 
proclamation  in  1708  ordered  that  the  mas'er  of  the  first 
vessel  that  entered  a  harbor  or  creek  in  Newfoundland  for 
the  fishing  season  should  be  admiral  thereof,  the  second 
vice-admiral,  and  the  third  rear-admiral. 

4.  The  ship  which  carries  the  admiral ;  hence, 
the  most  considerable  ship  of  any  fleet,  as  of 
merchantmen  or  of  fishing-vessels. 

The  mast 

Of  some  great  ammiral. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  294. 

5.  A  collectors'  name  for  butterflies  of  the 
family  Papilionidce,  especially  the  Limenitis  Ca- 
milla, distinguished  as  white  admiral,  and  the 
Vanessa  atalanta,  or  red  admiral. —  6.  A  name 
given  by  collectors  of  shells  to  a  univalve  shell, 

the  admiral-shell  (which  see)  Admiral  pf  the 

fleet,  a  title  of  distinction  conferred  on  a  few  admirals  in 
the  British  service,  corresponding  to  that  of  field-marshal 
in  the  army.— Lord  high  admiral,  in  Great  Britain,  the 
officer  at  the  head  of  the  naval  administration  when,  as 
has  been  rarely  the  case  since  1632,  the  office  is  held  by 
a  single  person.  See  admiralty. — Yellow  admiral,  a 
name  applied  in  the  British  navy  to  a  rear-admiral  who  is 
retired  without  having  served  afloat  after  his  promotion. 

II.  a.  Carrying  an  admiral ;  chief  in  a  fleet. 

The  admiral  galley  .  .  .  struck  upon  a  rock. 

Knolles,  Hist.  Turks, 
admiral-shell  (ad'mi-ral-shel),  n.    A  shell  of 
the  genus  Conns,  the  Conus  ammiralis,  a  species 
formerly  esteemed  as  much  for  its  rarity  as  for 
its  beauty. 

admiralship  (ad'mi-ral-sMp),  n.  [<  admiral  + 
-shij).]  The  office  or  position  of  an  admiral. 
[Rare.] 

admiralty  (ad'mi-ral-ti),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
admiraltie,  amiraltye,  amraltie,  <  ME.  amyralte, 
ameralte,  amrelte,  <  OF.  admiralte,  amiraidte: 
see  admiral  and -ty.]  1.  In  Great  Britain  :  (a) 
The  ofiice  and  jurisdiction  of  the  lords  commis- 
sioners appointed  to  take  the  general  manage- 
ment of  maritime  affau-s,  and  of  all  matters  re- 
lating to  the  royal  navy,  with  the  government 
of  its  various  departments,  (b)  The  body  of 
officers  appointed  to  execute  the  office  of  lord 
high  admiral ;  a  board  of  commissioners,  called 
lords  (or,  in  full,  lords  commissioners)  of  the  ad- 
miralty, for  the  administration  of  naval  affairs, 
(c)  leap.]  The  building  in  which  the  lords  of 
the  admiralty  transact  business,  and  in  which 
the  clerks  and  other  officials  connected  with 
this  department  are  employed. — 2.  That  branch 
of  law  which  deals  with  maritime  cases  and  of- 
fenses. 

The  power  [of  the  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States]  extends  ...  to  all  cases  of  admiralty  and 
marine  jurisdiction.  Calhoun,  Works,  I.  213. 

Admiralty  court,  or  court  of  admiralty,  a  tribunal 

having  jurisdiction  over  maritime  causes,  wliether  of  a 
civil  or  criminal  nature.  In  England  it  was  formerly  held 
before  the  lord  high  admiral,  and  afterward  before  his  dep- 
uty or  the  deputy  of  the  lords  commissioners  ;  but  now  it 
forms  a  branch  of  the  probate,  divorce,  and  admiralty  di- 


admiralty 

vision  of  the  High  Court  of  Justice,  the  judge  in  it  being 
appointed  by  the  crown  as  one  of  the  judges  of  the  High 
Court.  The  English  court  of  admiralty  is  twofold,  the  in- 
staiice  court  and  the  prize  court.  The  civil  jurisdiction  of 
the  instance  court  extends  generally  to  such  contracts  as 
are  made  upon  the  sea,  and  are  founded  in  maritime  ser- 
vice or  consideration.  It  also  regulates  many  other  points 
of  maritime  law,  as  disputes  between  part-owners  of  ves- 
sels, and  questions  relating  to  salvage.  It  has  likewise 
power  to  inquire  into  certain  wongs  or  injuries  committed 
on  the  high  seas,  as  in  cases  of  collision.  In  criminal  mat- 
ters the  court  of  admiralty  has,  partly  by  common  law 
and  partly  by  a  variety  of  statutes,  cognizance  of  piracy 
and  all  other  indictable  offenses  committed  either  upon 
the  sea  or  on  the  coasts  when  beyond  the  limits  of  any  Eng- 
lish county.  The  prize  court  is  the  only  tribunal  for  de- 
ciding what  is  and  what  is  not  lawful  prize,  and  foradjudi- 
catingupon  all  matters,  civil  and  criminal,  relating  toprize, 
or  every  acquisition  made  by  tlie  law  of  war  whicli  is  either 
itself  of  a  maritime  character  or  is  made,  whether  at  sea 
or  by  land,  by  a  naval  force.  In  Scotland  the  cases  for- 
merly brought  before  this  court,  which  has  been  abolish- 
ed, are  now  prosecuted  in  the  Court  of  Session  or  in  the 
sheriff  court,  in  the  same  way  as  ordinary  civil  causes.  In 
the  United  States  the  admiralty  powers  are  exclusively 
vested  in  the  federal  courts.  They  extend  over  the  great 
lakes  and  navigable  rivers.— Droits  Of  admiralty.  See 
droit.— mgh  Covirt  Of  Admiralty,  an  ancient  English 
court,  held  before  the  lord  high  admiral  of  England  or  liis 
deputy  (styled  judge  of  the  admiralty),  with  cognizance  of 
all  crimes  and  offenses  committed  either  upon  the  sea  or 
upon  the  coasts,  out  of  the  body  or  extent  of  any  English 


78 

or  qualities  of;  look  on  or  contemplate  with 
pleasure. 

The  fact  seems  to  be,  that  the  Greeks  admired  only 
themselves,  and  that  the  Romans  admired  only  them- 
selves and  the  Greeks.  Macaulay,  History. 
And  Enid  woke  and  sat  beside  the  couch. 
Admiring  him,  and  thought  within  herself, 
Was  ever  man  so  grandly  made  as  he  ? 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 
II.  iiitrans.  1.  To  wonder;  be  affected  with 
surprise  ;  marvel :  sometimes  with  at.  [Nearly 
obsolete  in  the  literal  sense.] 

Let  none  admire 
That  riches  grow  in  hell.      Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  690. 
I  admire  where  a  fellow  of  his  low  rank  should  acquire 
such  a  nobleness  and  dignity  of  sentiment.  Henry  Brooke. 

I  more  admire  at  a  third  party,  who  were  loyal  when 
rebellion  was  uppermost,  and  have  turned  rebels  (at  least 
in  principle)  since  loyalty  has  been  triumphant. 

Dryden,  Ded.  of  Plutarch's  Lives. 

2.  To  feel  or  express  admiration. 

I'll  report  it, 
■Where  senators  shall  mingle  tears  with  smiles ; 
Wiere  great  patricians  shall  attend,  and  shrug, 
I'  the  end  admire.  Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  9. 

3.  To  feel  pleasure;  be  pleased:  as,  I  should 
admire  to  go.    [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 


county.    It  proceeded  without  jury,  a  method  contrary  to  admiredt  (ad-mird'),  ^.  a.   Eegarded  with  won 


the  genius  of  the  law  of  England.  "  Stephen. 

admirancet  (ad-mir'ans),  n.  [<  OF.  admirance, 
<  admirer:  see  admire  and -«nce.]  Admiration. 

[She]  with  great  admiraunce  inwardly  was  moved, 
And  honoui-d  him  with  all  that  lier  behoved. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  x.  39. 

admiration  (ad-mi-ra'shon),  n.  [<  late  ME. 
admyracioti,  <  OF.  admiration,  <  L.  admira- 
tio(n-),  <  admirari,  admire:  see  admire.^  If. 
Wonder  ;  astonishment ;  surprise. 

And  I  saw  the  woman  drunken  with  the  blood  of  Wie 
saints,  .  .  .  and  when  I  saw  her,  I  wondered  with  great 
admiration.  Rev.  xvii.  6. 

Your  boldness  I  with  admiration  see.  Dryden. 

2.  Wonder  mingled  -with  approbation,  esteem, 


der ;  wonderful ;  astonishing. 

You  have  displac'd  the  mirth,  Ijroke  the  good  meeting. 
With  most  admir'd  disorder.       Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4.' 

admirer  (ad-mir'er),  n.  One  who  admires; 
specifically,  one  who  pays  coui-t  to  or  manifests 
his  admiration  of  a  woman ;  a  lover. 

For  fear  of  Lucia's  escape,  the  mother  is  ,  .  .  constantly 
attended  by  a  rival  that  explains  her  age,  and  draws  off 
the  eyes  of  her  admirers.  Tatler,  No.  20G. 

admiringly  (ad-mir'ing-li),  adv.  In  an  admir-' 
ing  manner ;  with  admiration ;  in  the  manner 
of  an  admirer, 
admissibility  (ad-mis-i-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  admis- 
sible, after  F.  admissibilite.']  The  quality  of 
being  admissible. 


love,  or  veneration ;  an  emotion  excited  by  admissible  (ad-mis'i-bl),  a.    [<  F.  admissible 


■what  is  novel,  great,  beautiful,  or  excellent : 
as,  admiration  of  -virtue  or  goodness;  admira- 
tion of  a  beautiful  woman  or  a  fine  picture. 

Where  imitation  can  go  no  farther,  let  admiration  step 
on,  whereof  there  is  no  end  in  the  wisest  form  of  men. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  III.  2. 
If  it  should  be  here  objected,  as  Cicero  objected  to 
Caesar,  "  We  have  matter  enough  to  admire,  but  would 
gladly  see  something  to  praise,"  I  answer,  that  true  ad- 
miration is  a  superlative  degree  of  praise. 

Bacon,  Essays,  etc.  (Bohn  ed.),  p.  486. 
There  is  a  pleasure  in  admiration,  and  this  is  that  which 
properly  causeth  admiration,  when  we  discover  a  great 
deal  in  an  object  which  we  understand  to  be  excellent. 

Tillotson. 

3t.  The  quality  of  exciting  wonder  or  sur- 
prise; marvelousness ;  admirableness. 

Admir'd  Miranda ! 
Indeed  the  top  of  admiration. 


4.  An  object  of  wonder  or  approbation :  now 
only  in  the  phrase  tli£  admiration  of. 

He  was  the  admiration  of  all  the  negroes. 

Irving,  Sleepy  Hollow. 

Note  of  admiration,  an  exclamation-point  (!).— To  ad- 
miration, in  a  very  excellent  or  admirable  manner ;  in  a 
manner  to  elicit  admiration. 

They  have  curious  straw  worke  among  the  nunns,  even 
to  admiration.  Evelyn,  Diary,  March  23,  1646. 

[He]  .  .  .  moulded  heads  in  clay  or  plaster  of  Paris  to 
admiration,  by  the  dint  of  natural  genius  merely. 

Lamb,  Old  Benchers, 
admirati've  (ad'mi-ra-tiv),  a.  and  n.    I.  a.  Ex- 
pressing admiration  or  wonder.  [Rare.] 

Il.t  n.  The  pomt  of  exclamation  or  admira- 
tion (!).  _ 

admirati'vely  (ad'mi-ra-tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  ad- 
mirative  manner;  admiringly.  [Rare.] 

admire  (ad  -mir'),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  admired, 
ppr.  admiring.  [<  F.  admirer,  OF.  admirer,  ear- 
lier amirer,  =  Sp.  Pg.  admirar  =  It.  ammirare, 
<  L.  admirari,  wonder  at,  <  ad,  at,  +  mirari 
(for  *smirari),  wonder,  =  Gr.  /iciSav  (for  *a/i£i- 
<5dv),  smile,  =  Skt.  V  smi,  smile:  cf.  smile, 
smirk.}  I.  trans.  1.  To  regard  with  wonder  or 
surprise ;  wonder  or  marvel  at :  foi-merly  used 
literally,  but  now  chiefly  in  an  ironical  or  sar- 
castic sense,  ■vpith  reference  to  meaning  2 :  as, 
I  admire  your  audacity. 

Neither  is  it  to  be  admired  that  Henry,  who  was  a  wise 
as  well  as  a  valiant  prince,  should  be  pleased  to  have  the 
greatest  wit  of  those  times  in  his  int«-ests. 

Dryden,  Pref.  to  Fables. 
One  hardly  knows  whether  most  to  admire  the  stupid- 
ity of  such  a  degradation  or  to  detest  its  guilt. 

Farrar,  Marlb.  Sermons,  iv.  36. 

2.  To  regard  with  wonder  mingled  ■with  ap- 
probation, esteem,  reverence,  or  affection ;  feel 
admiration  for;  take  pleasui-e  in  the  beauty 


admittatur 

or  act,  may  be  proved  against  a  party  if  they  were  made 
by  hira  or  by  one  authorized  by  or  sufficiently  identified 

with  him.  (6)  The  act  of  receiving  evidence  of- 
fered upon  a  judicial  investigation,  as  compe- 
tent for  consideration  in  reaching  a  decision. 

=  Syn.  2.  Admittance,  Admifsion.    See  admittance 

admissive  (ad-mis'iv),  a.  [<  LL.  admissivns (used 
once  in  sense  of  'permissive'),  <  L.  admis.9us, 
pp.  of  admittere,  admit:  see  admit.']  Tending 
to  admit ;  having  the  nature  of  an  admission ; 
containing  an  admission  or  acknowledgment.  ' 

A  compliment  which  is  always  more  admissiae  than  ex- 
cusatory. Lamb,  Elia. 

admissory  (ad-mis'o-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  "admis- 
soriiis,  <  admissor,  one  who  grants  or  allows 
<  admittere,  pp.  admissus,  admit:  see  admit.} 
Granting  admittance ;  adjnittrng. 
admit  (ad-mif),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  admitted,  ppr. 
admitting.  [<  ME.  admitten,  amitten,  amytten,  < 
OF.  admettre,  amettre,  <  L.  admittere,  lit.  send 
to,  <  ad,  to,  +  mittere,  send :  see  missile.}  I. 
trans.  1.  To  suffer  to  enter;  grant  or  afford 
entrance  to:  as,  to  admit  a  student  into  col- 
lege; windows  admit  light  and  air;  to  admit  a 
serious  thought  into  the  mind. 

Mirth,  admit  me  of  tliy  crew.    Milton,  L'AUegro,  1.  38. 
0,  I  am  a  brute,  when  I  but  admit  a  doubt  of  your  true 
constancy !  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  2. 

2.  To  give  right  or  means  of  entrance  to  :  as, 
a  ticket  admits  one  into  a  theater;  this  key 
Will  admit  you  to  the  garden.— 3.  To  permit  to 
exercise  a  certain  function;  grant  power  to 
hold  a  certain  office :  as,  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar;  to  admit  a  man  to  the  ministry. — 4.  To 
have  capacity  for  the  admission  of  at  one  time : 
as,  this  passage  admits  two  abreast. —  5.  To 
grant  in  argument;  receive  as  true;  concede; 
allow:  as,  the  argument  or  fact  is  admitted. 

It  was  admitted  that  tlie  heavy  expenditure  which  had 
been  occasioned  by  the  late  troubles  justified  the  king  in 
asking  some  furtlier  supply.      Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 
It  is  so  hard  for  shrewdness  to  admit 
Folly  means  no  harm  when  she  calls  black  white  ! 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  36. 

6.  To  permit,  grant,  allow,  or  be  capable  of: 
as,  the  words  do  not  admit  such  a  construction. 
See  II. — 7.  To  acknowledge;  own;  confess: 

as,  he  admitted  his  guilt.  =  Syn.  Acknowledge,  Ad- 
mit, Confess,  etc.  (see  acknowledge) ;  to  let  in,  receive,  take 
in. 

II.  intrans.  To  give  wan-ant  or  allowance ; 
grant  opportunity  or  permission :  with  of:  as, 
circumstances  do  not  admit  of  this ;  the  text 
does  not  admit  o/this  interpretation. 

Economy  is  a  subject  which  admits  of  being  treated 
with  levity,  but  it  cannot  so  be  disposed  of. 

Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  33. 
To  answer  a  question  so  as  to  admit  of  no  reply,  is  the 
test  of  a  man, —  to  touch  bottom  every  time. 

Emerson,  Clulis. 

admittable  (ad-mit'a-bl),  a.    [<  admit  +  -able. 
Cf .  admissible.  ]  Capable  of  being  admitted  or  al- 

.,  ,   ,    lowed.   Sometimes  spelled  adwi«i6Ze.  [Rare.] 

admit :  see  admit.}  1.  The  act  of  admitting  or  admittance  (ad-mit'ans),  n.  [<  admit  -t-  -ance.} 
allowing  to  enter ;  the  state  of  being  admitted ;  1.  The  act  of  admittiug.— 2.  Permission  to 
entrance  afforded  by  permission,  by  provision  enter ;  the  power  or  right  of  entijance ;  hence, 
or  existence  of  means,  or  by  the  removal  of  ob-  actual  entrance  :  as,  he  gained  admittance  into 
stacles :  as,  the  admission  of  aliens  into  a  eoun-  the  church, 
try;  the  admission  of  light  into  a  room  by  a 
window  or  by  opening  the  ■window. 

Some  minds  seem  well  glazed  by  nature  against  the  ad- 
mission of  knowledge. 

George  Eliot,  Theophrastus  Such,  p.  91. 

2.  Admittance;  power  or  permission  to  enter; 
entrance ;  access ;  power  to  approach :  as,  to 
grant  a  person  admission. 

I  .  .  .  applied  to  one  of  the  vergers  for  adm.ission  to 
the  library.  Irving,  Mutability  of  Lit. 

3.  The  price  paid  for  entrance ;  admission  fee : 
as,  the  admission  was  one  dollar. — 4.  Eccles. : 
(a)  In  the  Church  of  England,  an  act  of  a 
bishop  accepting  a  candidate  presented  to  a 
benefice.  (5)  In  the  Presbyterian  churches, 
especially  in  Scotland,  a  similar  official  act  of 
a  presbytery  admitting  a  minister  to  his  church. 
—  5.  The  act  of  expressing  assent  to  an  argu- 
ment or  proposition,  especially  one  urged  by 
an  opponent  or  adversary;  hence,  a  point  or 
statement  admitted ;  concession ;  allowance  : 
as,  this  admission  lost  him  the  argument. —  6. 
Acknowledgment;  confession  of  a  charge,  an 
error,  or  a  crime  :  as,  he  made  fidl  admission  of 
his  guilt. 

Maggie  had  no  sooner  uttered  this  entreaty  than  she 
was  wretched  at  the  admission  it  implied. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  vi.  9. 

7.  Inlaw:  (a)  A  voluntary  acknowledgment 
that  something  is  true.  Admissions  in  an  action 
may  be  made  by  a  party  to  it,  or  by  his  attorney,  in  writ- 
ing or  in  open  court.  Other  admissions,  whether  by  word 


<  ML.  admissibilis,  <  L.  admissus,  pp.  of  admit- 
tere, admit :  see  admit.}  1.  Capable  or  worthy 
of  being  admitted  or  suffered  to  enter. 

Tliey  were  admissible  to  political  and  military  employ- 
ment. Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

2.  That  may  be  allowed  or  conceded ;  allow- 
able :  as,  your  proposals  are  not  admissible. — 

3.  In  law,  capable  of  being  considered  in  reach- 
ing a  decision:  used  of  evidence  offered  in  a 
judicial  investigation. 

No  confession  is  admissible  when  made  in  terror. 

W.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  200. 

admissibleness  (ad-mis'i-bl-nes),  w.  The  qual- 
ity or  state  of  being  admissible  or  allowable, 
admissibly  (ad-mis'i-bli),  adv.    In  an  admis- 
sible manner ;  so  as  to  be  admitted,  entertain- 
ed, or  allowed. 


SAaA;.,  Tempest,  iii.  1.  admission  (ad-mish'on),  w.    [<  ME.  admyssion, 
v,„i,„  .  <.li.  admissio(n-),  <  admissus,  pp.  ot  admittere. 


[Bacon's  philosophy)  found  no  difficulty  in  gaining  ad- 
mittance, without  a  contest,  into  every  understanding 
fitted  ...  to  receive  her.  Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

3f .  Concession ;  admission ;  allowance :  as,  the 
admittance  of  an  argument. — 4t.  The  custom 
or  privilege  of  being  admitted  to  the  society 
of  the  great. 

Sir  John,  .  .  .  you  are  a  gentleman  of  excellent  breed- 
ing, ...  of  great  admittance.   Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  ii.  2. 

5.  In  law,  the  giving  possession  of  a  copyhold 

estate.  =  Sjrn.  1  and  2.  Admittance,  Admission,  intro- 
duction, initiation,  reception,  welcome,  access.  In  the 
separation  of  admittance  and  admission,  the  latter  has 
taken  the  figurative  senses,  while  not  yet  wholly  aban- 
doning to  the  former  the  literal  ones.  Hence  in  its  figura- 
tive use  admission  has  meanings  that  admittance  has  not. 
When  admission  has  the  literal  meaning,  its  use  is  gener- 
ally broader,  having  less  definiteness  with  respect  to  place. 
No  admittance  except  through  the  office  ;  admission  to 
the  harbor  ;  admission  to  the  peerage  ;  he  gave  no  admis- 
sion to  unkind  thoughts  ;  admission  of  a  fault.  Perhaps 
admission  implies  somewhat  more  of  selection  or  judg- 
ment passed  upon  the  person  admitted  :  as,  admission  to- 
society. 

He  [the  traveler)  must  obtain  admittance  to  the  conviv- 
ial table  and  the  domestic  hearth.    Macaxday,  Hist.  Eng.. 
When  once  love  pleads  admission  to  our  hearts, 
In  spite  of  all  the  virtue  we  can  boast. 
The  woman  who  deliberates  is  lost. 

Addison,  Cato,  iv.  1. 
It  is  to  M.  Guizot  that  I  was  .  .  .  obliged  for  admission 
to  the  French  archives.         Bancroft,  Hist.  Const.,  Pref. 

admittatur  (ad-mi-ta'ter),  n.  [L.,  let  him  be 
admitted,  3d  pers.  sing.  pres.  subj.  pass,  of 
admittere,  admit:  see  admit.}    A  certificate  of 


admittatuT 


79 


admission  to  membership  in  a  university  or  admonishingly  (ad-raon'ish-ing-li),  adv.  By 

college.                    ,         J      T  way  of  admonition  ;  in  an  admonishing  manner 

admittedly  (ad-mit  ed-h),  adv.   In  an  acknow-  admonishment  (ad-mon'ish-ment),  w.  Admo 

ledged  manner ;  confessedly.  ■          •        — " 

The  influence  of  ocean-currents  in  the  distribution  of 
lieat  over  tlie  surface  of  the  globe  would  still  be  admit- 
tedly en-oneous.  J.  Croll,  Climate  and  Time,  p.  52. 

admittendo  clerico  (ad-mi-ten'do  kler'i-ko). 
[ML.,  for  admitting  a  clerk  (clergyman) :  L.  ad- 


ado 


mittendo,  abl.  of  admittendus,  gerund  of  admit- 
tere,  admit:  see  admit;  Mh.  clerico,  aM.  ot  cleri- 
cus,  a  clerk:  see  clerk.1  An  old  English  writ, 
issued  to  the  bishop  instead  of  to  the  sheriff  as 
in  ordinary  actions,  to  enforce  a  judgment  es- 
tablishing the  right  of  the  crown  to  make  a  pre- 
sentation to  a  benefice. 

admittendo  in  socium  (ad-mi-ten'do  in  s6'- 
shi-um).  [ML.,  for  admitting  as  an  associate  : 
L.  admittendo:  see  above ;  in,  to,  as ;  socium,  acc. 
of  socius,  a  fellow,  associate :  see  social.'^  An 
old  English  writ  addressed  to  justices  of  assize 


nition;  counsel;  warning.  [Rare.] 

When  was  my  lord  so  much  ungently  temper'd 
To  stop  his  ears  against  adriwnishment  ? 
Unarm,  unarm,  and  do  not  fight  to-day. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  v.  3. 
Thy  grave  admonishments  prevail  with  me. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  5. 

admonition  (ad-mo-nish'on),  n.  [<  ME.  amoni- 
cion,  -oun,  <  OF.  a'monition,  later  admonition,  < 
L.  admonitio(n-),  <  admonere,  advise,  admonish: 
see  admonish.']  1.  The  act,  or  an  act,  of  ad- 
monishing; counsel  or  advice;  gentle  reproof ; 
instmetion  in  duties ;  caution ;  direction. 

Now  all  these  things  happened  unto  them  for  ensamples: 
and  they  are  written  for  our  admonitiori.       1  Cor.  x.  11. 
He  learns  the  look  of  things,  and  none  the  less 
For  admonitions  from  the  hunger-pinch. 

Browning,  Fra  Lippo  Lippi. 

2.  EccUs.,  public  or  private  reproof  to  reclaim 


uii.  ^ligiioii  ..ixu  cvvA.il coocvx  juouiccs  uj.  assize  jijccws.,  puuiic  or  private  reprooi  to  reclaim 
reqmrmg  them  to  associate  with  themselves  an  offender :  the  first  step  in  church  discipline 
other  desismated  persons,  commonlvknip'hts  of   followerl.  wVipn  nniioorici  v.,^  c,,c,r.«»,o;^„ 


other  designated  persons,  commonly  knights  of 
the  county,  in  holding  assizes  at  the  circuit, 
admitter  (ad-mit'er),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
admits. 

admittible  (ad-mit'i-bl),  a.  [<  admit  +  -ibU  : 
see  -able,  -ible.']    Same  as  admittable. 

admix  (ad-miks'),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  admixed 
and  admixt,  ppr.  admixing.  [First  in  p.  a.  ad- 
mixed, prop,  admixt,  of  L.  origin,  <  admixtus,  pp. 
of  admiscere,  mix  with,  <  ad,  to,  +  miscere  =  AS. 
miscan,  E.  mix,  q.  v.]  To  mingle  with  some- 
thing else ;  add  to  something  else.    See  mix. 

The  small  quantities  of  alkalies  present  [in  the  topaz] 
may  be  attributed  either  to  admixed  impurity,  or  to  an 
incipient  alteration.  Aitier.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  XXIX.  329. 

admixtiont  (ad-miks 'chon),  n.  [<  L.  admix- 
tio{n-),  <  admiscere,  pp.  admixtus,  miY  with:  see 
admix.'}  The  act  of  mingling  or  admixing;  a 
mingling  of  different  substances ;  the  addition 
of  an  ingredient ;  admixture. 

All  metals  may  be  calcined  by  strong  waters,  or  by  ad- 
mixtion  of  salt,  sulphur,  and  mercury.  Bacon. 
admixture  (ad-miks'tur),  n.  [<  L.  admixtus, 
pp.  of  admiscere,  mix  with :  see  admix  and  mix- 
fwre.]  1.  The  act  of  mingling  or  mixing;  the 
state  of  being  mingled  or  mixed. 

When  a  metallic  vapour  is  subjected  to  admixture  -with 
another  gas  or  vapour,  or  to  reduced  pressure,  its  spectrum 
becomes  simplified.  J.  jV.  Lockyer,  Spect.  Anal.,  p.  154. 
2.  That  which  is  mingled  or  fonned  by  min- 
gling; a  compound  made  by  mixture. — 3.  An 
ingredient  different  in  kind  from  that  which 
gives  a  mixture  its  principal  properties. —  4. 
In  general,  anything  added;  especially,  any 
alien  element  or  ingredient, 
ad  modmn  (ad  mo'dum).  [L. ;  lit.,  to  the  way, 
mode,  means,  manner :  ad,  to ;  modum,  acc.  of 
modus:  see  mode.']  In  the  manner;  in  such 
way,  or  to  such  effect ;  as ;  like, 
admonish  (ad-mon'ish),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  admon- 
ysshen,  amonysshen,  -esshen,  -asen,  etc.,  earlier 
and  prop,  amonesten,  -isten  (adm-  for  am-  in 
imitation  of  the  L,  original,  and  -ish  for  -est  in 
imitation  of  verbs  in  -ish^),  <  OF.  amonester 
(F.  admonester),  advise,  <  ML.  *admonistare,  a 
corruption  of  admonitare,  freq.  of  L.  admonere, 
pp.  admonitus,  advise, <  ad,  to,+  monere,  advise, 
warn:  see  monish,  monition.]  1.  To  notify  of 
or  reprove  for  a  fault ;  reprove  with  mildness. 

Count  him  not  as  an  enemy,  but  admonish  him  as  a 
"■■other.  2  Thes.  iii.  15. 

2.  To  counsel  against  something;  caution  or 
advise ;  exhort ;  warn. 

I  wam'd  thee,  I  admonish'd  thee,  foretold 
The  danger  and  the  lurking  enemy. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  1171. 
Me  fruitful  scenes  and  prospects  waste 
Alike  admonish  not  to  roam. 

Cowper,  The  Shrubbery. 

3.  To  instruct  or  direct ;  guide. 

Ye  choice  spirits  that  admonish  me. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  3. 
Moses  was  admonished  of  God  when  he  was  about  to 
make  the  tabernacle.  Heb.  viii.  6. 

This  view,  which  admonishes  me  where  the  sources  of  - 
wisdom  and  power  lie,  can-ies  upon  its  face  the  highest  admonitor  (ad-mon'i-tor),  n 
certificate  of  truth.  £'merso)i.  Nature.  -   •       ^"  • 

4.  To  inform;  acquaint  with ;  notify;  remind; 
recall  or  incite  to  duty. 

The  angel  bright, 
Ere  he  drew  nigh,  his  radiant  visage  turn'd, 
Admonish d  by  his  ear.  Milton,  P.  L.,  lii.  647. 

But  Maggie  stood,  right  sair  astonish'd, 
Till  by  the  heel  and  hand  admonish'd. 

Burns,  Tam  o'  Shanter. 

admonisher  (ad-mon'ish-er),  n.    One  who  re- 
proves or  counsels. 

Horace  was  a  mild  admonisher,  a  court  satirist  fit  for 
the  gentle  times  of  Augustus.  Dryden. 


followed,  when  unheeded,  by  suspension  or  ex 

communication.  =Syn.  Admonition,  Reprehensio?i,  Re- 
proof,  Monition,  Censure,  Reproach,  Rebuke,  Reprimand, 
remonstrance,  expostulation,  warning,  suggestion,  hint, 
intimation.  In  the  primary  and  almost  invariable'sensei 
admonition,  reprehension,  and  reproof  are  bestowed  upon 
conduct  which  is  morally  defective.  Censure  and  reprre- 
hension  may  or  may  not  be  addressed  directly  to  the  per- 
son blamed ;  tlie  utterances  expressed  l)y  the  other  words 
are  always  so  addressed.  Admonition  is  caution  or  warn- 
ing with  reference  to  future  conduct;  it  is  often  based 
upon  past  failures  :  as,  admonition  not  to  repeat  a  fault. 
It  is  often  an  official  act,  as  of  the  authorities  of  a  church, 
school,  or  college.  Monition  is  a  softer  word,  and  is  mostly 
confined  to  subjective  promptings  or  warnings:  as,  the 
monitions  of  conscience  or  of  reason.  Tlie  other  words 
are  wholly  retrospective.  Reprehensioti  may  be  the  mild- 
est of  them,  or  may  be  strengthened  by  an  adjective :  as, 
the  severest  reprehension.  It  is  unofficial,  and  may  de- 
note the  act  of  an  equal.  Reproof  is  the  act  of  a  superior 
or  elder,  an  authoritative  and  personal  censure.  Censure 
is  unfavorable  judgment,  generally  severe,  possibly  official. 
Reproach  is  censure  with  opprobrium  ;  it  is  used  chiefly  as 
a  relief  to  excited  feelings,  and  is  intended  to  humiliate 
rather  than  correct.  Rebukeis  energeticand  summary,  like 
stopping  one's  mouth;  it  implies  feeling,  like  reproach, 
but  more  self-control.  Reprimand  is  the  act  of  a  superior, 
is  severe,  and  is  often  official  and  public  as  a  form  of  pen- 
alty :  as,  sentenced  to  receive  a  reprimand  from  his  com- 
manding officer  in  the  presence  of  the  regiment.  (See  the 
discrimination  of  corresponding  verbs  under  censure,  v.) 

A  man  that  is  an  heretic,  after  the  first  and  second  ad- 
monition, reject.  Tit.  iii.  10. 

The  admonitions,  fraternal  or  parental,  of  his  fellow- 
Christians,  or  the  governors  of  the  church,  then  more  pub- 
lic reprehensions.  Hammond. 
Those  best  can  bear  reproof  who  merit  praise. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  583. 
Divine  inanition  Nature  yields. 
That  not  by  bread  alone  we  live. 

Wordsworth,  Devotional  Incitements. 
The  pain  of  a  little  censure,  even  when  it  is  unfounded, 
is  more  acute  than  the  pleasure  of  much  praise. 

Jefferson,  Correspondence,  II.  440. 
Dread  of  reproach,  both  by  checking  cowardice  in  battle 
and  by  restraining  misbehaviour  in  social  life,  has  tended 
to  public  and  private  advantage. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  526. 
My  caution  was  more  pertinent 
Than  the  rebuke  you  give  it.  Shak.,  Cor.,  ii.  2. 

The  knight  .  .  .  inquires  how  such  an  one's  wife,  or 
mother,  or  son,  or  father  do[es],  whom  he  does  not  see  at 
church ;  which  is  understood  as  a  secret  reprimand  to  the 
person  absent.  Addison,  Spectator. 

admonitioner  (ad-mo-nish'on-er),  n.  [For- 
merly also  admonishio'ner ;  <  admonition  -I-  -eri.] 
-An  admonisher;  a  dispenser  of  admonitions; 
specifically,  an  Admonitionist  (which  see). 
Hales. 

Admonitionist  (ad-mo-nish'on-ist),  n.  [<  ad- 
monition +  -ist.]  A  name  given  to  the  follow- 
ers of  Thomas  Cartwright,  two  of  whom  in  1572 
published  "  An  Admonition  to  Parliament,"  fol- 
lowed by  a  second  one  by  himself,  strongly  ad- 
vocating church  government  by  presbyters  as 
opposed  to  bishops,  and  the  supremacy  of  the 
church  over  the  state. 

admonitive  (ad  -mon'i-tiv),  a.  [(,  L.  admonitus, 
pp.  of  admonere:  see  admonish.]  Containing 
admonition.  [Rare.] 

Instructive  and  admonitive  emblems. 

Barrow,  Works,  II.  xxvi. 

 ,   -    [L.,  (.admonere : 

see  admonish.]    .Aji  admonisher ;  a  monitor. 

Conscience  .  .  .  is  at  most  times  a  very  faithful  and  very 
prudent  admonitor.         Shenstone,  Essays  (1763),  p.  222. 

admonitorial  (ad-mon-i-to'ri-al),  a.  [<  admoni- 
tory-al.]  Reproving;  admonishing ;  having 
the  manner  of  an  admonitor ;  admonitory. 

Miss  Tox  .  .  .  had  ac(iuired  an  admonitorial  tone,  and 
a  habit  of  improving  passing  occasions. 

Dickens,  Dombey  and  Son,  li. 
admonitorily  (ad-mon'i-to-ri-li),  adv.    In  an 
admonitory  manner ;  with  warning  or  reproof. 
Carlyle. 


admonitory  (ad-mon'i-to-ri),  a.    [<  L.  as  if  *ad- 

monitorius;  ef.  admonitor  turn,  an  admonition.) 
Containing  admonition  ;  tending  or  serving  to 
admonish:  as,  "admonitory  of  dxAw,"  Barrow. 
Works,  L  430. 

She  held  up  her  small  hand  with  an  admonitory  gesture. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  ix. 

adnionitrix(ad-mon'i-triks),  n.;  pi.  admonitriecs- 
(ad-mon-i-tri'sez).  [L.,  fem.  of  admonitor, 
q.  v.]    A  female  admonitor ;  a  monitress.  A'. 

admortization  (ad-m6r-ti-za'shon),  n.  Same- 

as  amortization. 
admovet  (ad  -mov'),  V.  t.    [Earlier  amove  (se& 
amoved),  <  L.  admovere,  move  to,  <  ad,  to,  -J- 
movere,mo\e:  seemove.]   To  move  (to);  bring^ 
(to) :  as,  "  admoved  unto  the  light,"  CoverdalCy 
tr.  of  Erasmus,  1  John  ii.  8. 
admr.    A  contraction  of  administrator. 
admx.    A  contraction  of  administratrix. 
adnascence  (ad-nas'ens),  «.    l<adnascent:  see- 
-encc.]    Adhesion  of  parts  to  each  other  by  the 
whole  surface.    Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 
adnascent  (ad-nas'ent),  a.    [<  L.  adnascen(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  adnasci,  usually  agnasci,  full  foi-m  ad- 
gnasci,  grow  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  *gnasci,  usually  nasci, 
grow,  be  bom:  see  agnate andnascent.]  Grow- 
ing to  or  on  something  else. 

Moss,  which  is  an  adnascent  plant. 

iJnebjn,  Sylva,  II.  vii.  §  8. 

adnata  (ad-na'ta),  n.   [NL. ;  (1)  fem.  sing.  (2)- 
neut.  pi.  of  L.  ddnatus:  see  adnate.]    1.  sing. 
Same  as  tunica  adnata  (which  see,  under  tunica). 
—  2.  pi.  In  ^•o67.,  tegumentary  appendages,  as 
hair  or  feathers,  or  other  covering  or  growth 
superficially  attached  to  an  animal, 
adnate  (ad'nat),  a.    [<  L.  adnatus,  grown  to, 
pp.  of  adnasci :  see  adnascent,  and  cf.  agnate.'] 
In  pkysiol.  and  bot.,  congeni- 
tally  attached  or  grown  to- 
gether.   See  adnation.  Also 
coadnate,   coadunate,  coadu- 
nated,  and  consolidated  Ad- 
nate anther,  an  anther  that  is  at- 
tached for  its  whole  length  to  one- 
side  of  its  filament. 

adnation  (ad-na'shon),  n.  The 
state  of  beiag  adnate;  con- 
genital union  of  different  or- 
gans by  their  surfaces.  Specifically,  in  bot.,  the 

union  or  adhesion  of  different  circles  of  inflorescence  a& 
the  calyx-tube  to  the  ovary,  in  distinction  from  coalescence 
which  denotes  the  union  of  members  of  the  same  circle 
only.    Also  called  consolidation. 

ad  nauseam  (ad  na'sf-am).  [L. :  ad,  to ;  nau- 
seam, acc.  of  nausea ;"  see  nausea.]  Literally, 
to  sickness ;  to  disgust ;  to  the  extent  of  excit- 
ing disgust,  especially  the  disgust  which  arises- 
from  satiety  or  wearisome  repetition :  as,  state- 
ments or  complaints  repeated  ad  nauseam. 
adnerval  (ad-ner'val),  a.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  +  ner- 
vus,  nerve.]  Moving  toward  the  nerve :  a  term 
applied  to  electrical  currents  passing  in  a  mus- 
cular fiber  toward  the  point  of  application  of 
a  uei"ve-fiber. 
adnexed  (ad-neksf),  a.  [<  L.  adnexus,  con- 
nected, -I-  -ed2.]  In  bot.,  annexed  or  connected : 
applied  to  the  giUs  in  Agaricusyrhen  they  reach 
to  the  stem  but  are  not  adnate  to  it. 
adnominal  (ad-nom'i-nal),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *acf- 
nominalis:  see  adnoun.]  In  gram.,  belonging 
to  or  qualifying  a  noun ;  adjectival. 

The  true  genitive  is  originally  adnominal  ;  that  is  its- 
primary  function  is  to  limit  the  meaning  of  a  substantive. 

Trans.  Amer.  Philol.  Ass.,  XV.  7. 

adnomination  (ad-nom-i-na'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ad- 
nominatio{n-),  agnominatio(n-)j  equiv.  to  Gr. 
vapovofiaata,  a  pun;  <  ad,  to,  +  nominare,  name, 
<  nomen  (nomin-),  a  name.]  A  play  upon  words 
paronomasia, 
adnoun  (ad 'noun),  w.  l<  L.  ad -h  noim.  Cf. 
L.  adnomen,  usually  agnomen,  surname:  see- 
agnomen.]  In  gram.,  an  adjective  or  attributive- 
word  ;  an  adjunct  to  a  noim ;  specifically,  ac- 
cording to  some  grammarians,  an  adjective 
used  substantively,  as  the  good,  the  true,  and 
the  beautiful. 

ado  (a-do'),  n.,  orig.  inf.  [<  ME.  ado,  at  do. 
North,  dial,  equiv.  to  E.  to  do,  the  prep,  at, 
Scaud.  at,  being  the  sign  of  the  inf.,  like  to  in. 
literary  E.  From  the  use  of  this  inf.  in  phrases- 
like  much  ado,  little  ado,  more  ado,  i.  e.,  much 
to  do,  etc.,  ado  came  to  be  regarded  as  a  noun 
("ado,  or  grete  bysjTiesse,  soUicitudo," 
Prompt.  Pai-\'.,  p.  7),  qualified  by  much,  little, 
more,  and  hence  later  (jreat.  any,  etc.,  as  an 
adj.  Cf.  affair,  <  OF.  'a  faire,  to  do,  a-do.l 
I.t  inf  1.  To  do. 


,  Adnate  Anther. 
,  Adnate  Stipule. 


ado 


80 


adorable 


With  that  prynce  Must  we  have  at  do. 

Tovmeley  Mysteries,  p.  237. 
He  schalle  have  ado  every  day  with  hem. 

Mandeville,  p.  132. 
I  wonder  wliat  he  had  ado  in  appearing  to  me? 

J.  Hogg,  Tales  (1837),  II.  194. 

2.  In  doing;  being  done. 

Only  an  eager  bustling,  that  rather  keeps  ado  than  does 
anything.  Earle,  Microcosm.,  xxvii.  08. 

II,  n.  Doing;  action;  business;  bustle;  trou- 
ble ;  labor ;  difficulty :  as,  to  persuade  one  with 
much  ado. 

Let's  follow,  to  see  the  end  of  this  ado. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  v.  i. 
We  had  much  ado  to  keepe  ourselves  above  water,  the 
biUows  breaking  desperately  on  our  vessel. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Sept.  22,  1641. 
And  what  is  life,  that  we  should  moan?  why  make  we 
such  ado  !  Tennyson,  May  Queen,  Conclusion. 

-ado.  [Sp.  Pg.  -ado,  It.  -ato  =  F.  e,  <  L.  dtiis,  m. : 
see  -aiel.]  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  the  Spanish 
masculine  form  of  -ade'^,  -ate"^,  as  in  renegado, 
desperado,  etc.  In  some  words  -ado  is  an  er- 
roneous form  of  -ada,  as  in  bastinado.  See 
-ada. 

adobe  (a-do'ba),  n.  and  a.  [Less  correctly 
adobi,  colloquially  shortened  to  dobie;  <  Sp. 
adobe,  an  unburut  brick  dried  in  the  sun,  < 
adobar,  daub,  plaster.  Cf.  daub.}  I.  >i.  1.  The 
Mexican-Spanish  name  of  the  sun-dried  brick 
in  common  use  in  countries  of  small  rainfall 
and  of  inferior  civilization. 

This  is  a  desolate  town  of  two  thousand  inhabitants 
dwelling  in  low  dilapidated  huts  of  the  most  common 
building  m^erial  in  the  Andes — adobe,  or  sun-dried  blocks 
of  mud  mingled  with  straw. 

J.  Orton,  Andes  and  Amazon,  p.  46. 

2.  Clay  or  soil  from  which  sun-dried  bricks  are 
made,  or  which  is  suitable  for  making  them. — 

3.  In  the  quicksilver-mines  of  the  Pacific  coast, 
a  brick  made  of  the  finer  ores  mixed  with  clay, 
for  more  convenient  handling  in  the  fiu-nace. 

II.  a.  1.  Built  or  made  of  adobes  or  sun- 
dried  bricks. —  2.  Suitable  for  making  sun- 
dried  bricks  :  as,  an  adobe  soil. 

adolescence  (ad-o-les'ens),  n.  [<  ME.  adoles- 
cence, <  OF.  adolescence,  <  L.  adolescentia,  msxx- 
aUj  adulescentia,  <  adolescen{t-)s,  usually  adules- 
cen{t-)s,  yoimg:  see  adolescent.']  The  state  of 
growing;  specifically,  youth,  or  the  period  of 
life  between  puberty  and  the  full  development 
of  the  frame,  extending  in  man  from  about  the 
age  of  fourteen  years  to  twenty-five,  and  in  wo- 
man from  twelve  to  twenty-one :  applied  almost 
exclusively  to  the  young  of  the  human  race. 

adolescency  (ad-o-les'en-si),  n.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  adolescent  or  in  the  growing  age. 

adolescent  (ad-o-les'ent),  a.  and  n.  [<  late 
ME.  adolescente,  n.,  <  OF.  adolescent,  <  L.  adoles- 
cen(t-)s,  usually  adulescen{t-)s,  growing  up,  not 
yet  grown,  yoimg,  a  youth,  prop.  ppr.  (and  as 
such  prop,  written  adolescen{t-)s)  of  adolescerc, 
grow  up  (see  adult),  <  ad,  to,  +  olescere,  the  in- 
ceptive form  of  *olere,  grow,  <  alere,  nourish: 
see  aliment.'}  I.  a.  Growing  up ;  advancing 
from  childhood  to  manhood  or  womanhood ; 
youthful. 

Schools,  unless  discipline  were  doubly  strong, 
Detain  their  adolescent  charge  too  long. 

Cowper,  Tirocinium. 

II.  n.  One  who  is  growing  up ;  a  person  of 
either  sex  during  the  period  of  adolescence. 

adolode  (ad'o-lod),  n.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  d(5Aof, 
fraud  (see  dole^,  deceit),  -f-  oJof,  way.]  An  ap- 
paratus for  detecting  fraud  in  distillation. 

Adonai  (ad-o-na'i  or  a-do'ni),  n.  [Heb.  adondi, 
lit.  '  my  lords,'  <  adon,  lord.  Cf.  Adonis.']  A 
Hebrew  name  of  God,  reverentially  used  in 
reading  as  a  substitute  for  the  "ineffable  name" 
JHVH,  that  is,  Jehovah.  See  Adonist  and  Je- 
hovah. 

Adonean  (ad-o-ne'an),  a.  [<  L.  Adoneus,  <  Gr. 
'A6<l)veLo^,  <  "kduvt^,  Adonis.]  Pertaining  to  or 
connected  with  Adonis:  as,  "fair  Adonean 
Venus,"  Faber. 

Adonla(a-d6'ni-a),  n.pl.  [L.,  <Gr.  !fV5(jf /a,  prop, 
neut.  pi.  of  adj.  ^duMOf,  pertaining  to  'Adwfif, 
Adonis.]  A  festival  of  two  days'  duration 
(properly,  the  rites  performed  during  the  fes- 
tival), anciently  celebrated  by  women  in  honor 
of  Adonis,  among  the  Phenicians  and  Greeks. 
The  first  day  was  spent  in  mourning  and  lamentation,  and 
the  second  in  feasting  and  merrymaking,  commemorating 
the  periodical  death  and  return  to  life  of  Adonis,  personi- 
fying the  alternation  of  the  seasons  and  the  productive 
forces  in  nature. 

Adonian  (a-do'ni-an),  a.    Same  as  Adonic. 

Quevedo  .  .  .  must  have  done  violence  to  his  genius  in 
the  composition  of  ten  short  pieces,  which  he  calls  Eu- 
dechas,  in .4c((»«'a?i  verse.         Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  III.  52. 


Adonic  (a-don'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *Adoni- 
cus,  <  Adonis.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Ado- 
nis. See  ^do«is,  etymology  Adonic  verse.  Seeii. 

II.  n.  An  Adonic  verse :  so  called,  it  is  said, 
because  used  in  songs  smig  at  the  Adonia,  or 

festival  of  Adonis,  it  consists  of  a  dactyl  lind  a  spon- 
dee or  trochee,  as  rara  juventCis,  and  on  account  of  its 
animated  movement  is  adapted  to  gay  and  lively  poetry. 
It  is  seldom  used  by  itself,  but  is  joined  with  other  kinds 
of  verse.  It  is  said  to  have  been  devised  by  Sapplio. 
Adonis  (a-do'nis),  n.  [<  L.  Adonis,  <  Gr.  "Adovig, 
also  "A6qv,  in  myth.,  a  favorite  of  Aphrodite 
(Venus) ;  according  to  the  oldest  tradition,  the 
son  of  Theias,  king  of  Assyria,  and  his  daugh- 
ter Myrrha  or  Smyrna.  He  was  killed  by  a 
wild  boar,  but  was  permitted  by  Zeus  to  pass 
four  months  every  year  in  the  lower  world, 
four  with  Aphrodite,  and  foiu"  where  he  chose. 
The  name,  like  the  myth,  is  of  Phenician  ori- 
gin, akin  to  Heb.  a(7d;i,  lord  :  see  Adonai.]  1. 
A  beau ;  a  dandy ;  an  exquisite :  as,  he  is  quite 
an  Adonis. — 2.  In  bot.,  a  genus  of  European 
plants  belonging  to  the  natural  order  Manuncu- 
lacew.  In  the  corn-adonis,  or  pheasant's-eye,  A.  autum- 
7ialis,  the  petals  are  bright  scarlet,  and  are  considered  as 
emblematical  of  tlie  blood  of  Adonis,  from  which  the 
plant  is  fabled  to  have  sprung. 
3t.  [I.  c]  A  kind  of  wig  formerly  worn. 
He  puts  on  a  fine  flowing  adonis  or  white  periwig. 

H.  Graves,  Spirit.  Qui.xote,  III.  xix. 

Adonist  (a-do'nist),  n.  [<  Heb.  adondi  (see 
Adonai)  -i-  -ist.]  One  who  maintained  that  the 
vowel-points  ordinarily  vsritten  under  the  con- 
sonants of  the  Hebrew  word  JHVH  (pronounced 
since  the  sixteenth  century,  except  among  the 
Jews,  Jehovah)  are  not  the  natural  points  be- 
longing to  that  word,  but  are  vowel-points  be- 
longing to  the  words  Adonai  and  Elohim  ;  these 
words  are  substituted  in  reading  by  the  Jews 
for  the  name  JHVH,  a  name  which  they  are 
forbidden  to  utter,  and  the  true  pronunciation 
of  which  is  lost.  Those  persons  who  held  the 
opposite  view  were  termed  Jchovists. 

adonize  (ad'o-niz),  v.  t.  [=F.  adoniscr;  < 
Adonis,  q.  v.,  +  -ire.]  To  make  beautiful  or  at- 
tractive ;  adorn  one's  self  with  the  view  of  at- 
tracting admiration  :  said  only  of  men.  [Karo.] 
I  employed  three  good  hours  at  least  in  adjusting  and 
adonizi/ig  myself.  Smollett,  tr.  of  Gil  Bias,  III.  418. 

adoorst  (a-dorz'),  prep,  phr,  as  adv.  [A  reduced 
form  of  both  of  doors  and  at  doors,  as  in  the 
phrases  out  of  doors,  out  o'  doors,  forth  a  doors, 
and  in  a  doors,  in  at  doors:  see  a-3,  and 
door.]    At  doors ;  at  the  door. 

If  I  get  in  a-doors,  not  the  power  o'  th'  country, 
Nor  all  my  aunt's  curses  shall  disemliogue  me. 

Fletcher  and  Shirley,  Night-Walker,  v.  1. 

adopt  (a-dopf),  v.  [<  F.  adopter,  <  L.  adoptarc, 
adopt,  choose,  <  ad,  to,  +  optare,  vnsh :  see  op- 
tative.] I.  trans.  1.  To  choose  for  or  take  to 
one's  self ;  make  one's  own  by  selection  or  as- 
sent ;  receive  or  agree  to  as  a  personal  belong- 
ing or  opinion:  as,  to  adopt  a  name  or  an  idea; 
an  adopted  citizen  or  country ;  the  meeting 
adopted  the  resolution. 

Tell  me,  may  not  a  king  adopt  an  heir  ? 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 
I  have  adopted  the  Roman  sentiment,  that  it  is  more 
honourable  to  save  a  citizen  than  to  kill  an  enemy. 

Johnson,  Pref.  to  Shak. 
Men  resist  the  conclusion  in  the  morning,  but  adopt 
it  as  the  evening  wears  on,  that  temper  prevails  over 
everything  of  time,  place,  and  condition. 

Emerson,  Experience. 
2.  Specifically,  to  admit  into  a  relation  of  af- 
filiation ;  confer  the  rights  or  privileges  of  kin- 
ship upon,  as  one  who  is  not  naturally  related 
or  connected ;  especially,  to  receive  and  treat 
as  a  child  or  member  of  one's  family,  etc.:  as, 
the  orphans  were  adopted  by  friends.  See  adop- 
tion, 2. —  3.  To  take  or  receive  into  any  kind  of 
new  relationship:  as,  to  adopt  a  person  as  an 
heir,  or  as  a  friend,  guide,  or  example. 
Titus,  I  am  incorporate  in  Rome, 
A  Roman  now  adopted  happily. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  i.  2. 
Strangers  were  very  rarely  adopted  into  a  right  of  prop- 
erty in  clan  land  in  the  early  time. 

D.  W.  Ross,  German  Land-holding,  p.  73. 

II.  intrans.  In  euchre,  to  play  with  the  suit 
turned  up  for  trumps :  a  privilege  of  the  dealer. 

adoptability  (a-dop-ta-bil'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  adopta- 
bilities (-tiz).  The  state  of  being  adoptable ;  the 
caj^ability  of  being  adopted ;  that  which  can  be 
adopted  or  made  use  of :  as,  "the  select  adopto- 
bilities,"  Carhjle,  Past  and  Present,  II.  xvii. 

adoptable  (a-dop'ta-bl),  a.  [<  adopt  + -able.] 
Capable  of  being  adopted  ;  fit  or  worthy  to  be 
adopted. 

The  Liturgy  or  adaptable  and  generally  adopted  set  of 
prayers.  Carlyle,  Past  and  Present,  II.  xvii. 


adoptant  (a-dop'tant),  a.  and  n.  [<  F.  adoptant, 
<L.  adoptan(t-)s,  ppr.  of  adoptarc:  see  adopt.] 

1.  a.  Adopting. 

II.  M.  One  who  adopts  a  child  or  thing  as  his 

own. 

adoptatet  (a-dop'tat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  adoptatus,  pp. 

of  adoptarc :  see  adopt.]    To  adopt. 
adoptati'Ve  (a-dop'ta-tiv),  a.    [<  L.  adoptatus, 

pp.  of  adoptdre  {see  adopt),  -t-  -ive.]    Same  as 

adoptive.  [Rare.] 
adoptedlyt  (a-dop'ted-li),  adv.    By  adoption. 
Lucio.  Is  she  your  cousin? 

Isab.  Adoptcdly,  as  school-maids  change  their  names. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  1.  6. 

adopter  (a-dop'ter),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
adopts. 

adoptian  (a-dop'shan),  a.  [<  ML.  Adoptiani, 
the  adoptian  heretics,  irreg.  <  L.  adoptarc :  see 
adopt.]  In  theol.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  doc- 
trine of  adoption — Adoptian  controversy.  See 

adoptionisin. 

adoptianism  (a-dop'shan-izm),  n.  [<  adoptian 
+  -ism.]    Same  as  adoptionisin. 

The  recantation  was  probably  insincere,  for  on  return- 
ing to  his  diocese  he  [Felix,  bishop  of  Urgel]  taught  adop- 
tianism as  before.  Encyc.  Brit.,  I.  163. 

adoptianist  (a-dop'shan-ist),  n.  [<  adoptian  + 
-ist.]    Same  as  adoptionist. 

It  was  under  this  pontificate  [Leo  III.]  that  Felix  of 
Urgel,  the  adoptianist,  was  anathematized  by  a  Roman 
synod.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  449. 

adoption  (a-dop'shon),  M.  [<  L.  adoptio(n-),  a 
shorter  form  oi  adoptatio(n-),  (.adoptarc,  adopt: 
see  adopt.]  1.  The  act  of  adopting  or  taking 
as  one's  own ;  a  choosing  for  use,  or  by  way  of 
preference  or  approval;  assumption;  fonnal 
acceptance :  as,  the  adoption  of  a  distinctive 
di-ess;  he  favored  the  adoption  of  the  bill;  the 
adoption  of  a  new  woi'd  into  a  language. 

The  adoption  of  vice  has  ruined  ten  times  more  young 
men  than  natural  inclinations.  Lord  Chesterfield. 

2.  The  act  of  taking  into  an  affiliated  relation; 
admission  to  some  or  all  of  the  privileges  of 
natural  kinship  or  membership :  as,  the  adoption 
of  a  child ;  adoption  into  a  tribe ;  a  son  by  adop- 
tion. Simple  adoption  of  a  child  extends  only  to  his 
treatment  as  a  member  of  the  iKjusehuld  ;  legal  adoption 
may  confer  upon  him  any  or  all  of  the  rights  of  actual  re- 
lationship. In  the  absence  of  any  legally  assumed  obli- 
gation, an  adopted  child  is  not  in  law  deemed  a  relative 
of  the  adopting  parent,  and  does  not  inherit  as  such,  and 
tlie  adopting  parent  acquires  no  other  authority  than  that 
which  affection  or  the  consent  of  the  natural  parent  may 
give.  The  civil  or  statute  laws  of  most  countries  strictly 
regulate  the  principles  of  legal  adoption  with  reference  to 
its  limitation,  the  rights  of  natural  heirs,  etc. 

3.  In  theol.,  that  act  of  divine  grace  by  which, 
through  Christ,  those  who  have  been  justified 
"  are  taken  into  the  number  and  enjoy  the  lib- 
erties and  privileges  of  the  children  of  God." 
TVest.  Conf.  of  Faith,  xii. 

But  ye  have  received  the  Spirit  of  adoption,  whereby  we 
cry,  Abba,  Father.  Rom.  viii.  15. 

adoptional  (a-dop'shon-al),  a.  [<  adoption  + 
-al.]    Relating  to  adoption, 

adoptionism  (a-dop'shon-izm),  w,  [iadoption 
+  -ism.]  In  theol.,  the  doctrine  that  Christ  is 
the  Son  of  God  by  adoption  only,  it  was  held 
that,  as  the  son  of  David,  he  had  simply  a  human  nature, 
which  afterward  by  an  act  of  adoption  became  united 
with  the  divine  nature,  or  the  eternal  Word.  This  doc- 
trine, though  not  unknown  in  the  early  church,  was  first 
distinctly  propounded  in  Spain  near  the  end  of  the  eighth 
century  by  Felix,  bishop  of  Urgel,  and  Elipandus,  arch- 
bishop of  Toledo.  It  was  opposed  by  Alcuin,  and  con- 
demned by  three  councils,  at  Ratisbon  in  792,  at  Frank- 
fort in  794,  and  at  Aix-la-Chapelle  about  799.  Also  writ- 
ten adoptianism. 

adoptionist  (a-dop'shon-ist),  n.  [<  adoption  + 
-ist]  One  wiio  holds  the  doctrine  of  adoption- 
ism. Also  written  adoptianist. 
adoptioust  (a-dop'shus),  a.  [<  adoption  +  -ous. 
Cf.  ambitious,  ambition.]  Adoptive ;  adopted 
or  assumed. 

Pretty,  fond,  adoptions  Christendoms. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  i.  1. 

adoptive  (a-dop'tiv),  a.  [<  L.  adoptivus,  i adop- 
tarc:  see  adojyt.]  1.  Fitted  for  or  given  to  adopt- 
ing: as,  a  receptive  and  adoptive  language. — 2. 
Constituted  by  adoption ;  adopting  or  adopted : 
as,  an  arto/j^itJe  father  or  son. —  3.  Assumed:  as, 
"adoptive  and  cheerful  boldness," i/i/ton,  Ref. 
in  Eng.,  i.— Adoptive  arms,  in  her.,  arms  which  the 
adopter  is  obliged  to  marshal  with  his  own,  as  the  condi- 
tion of  some  honor  or  estate  left  him. 

adoptively  (a-dop'tiv-li),  adv.    In  an  adoptive 

manner ;  by  way  of  adoption, 
adorability  (a-dor-a-bil'i-ti),  n.     [<  adorable: 

see  -bility.]  "The  quality  of  being  adorable. 

Coleridge. 

adorable  (a-dor'a-bl),  a.  [<  F.  adorable,  <  L. 
adorabilis,i  adordrc,  adore :  seeadore'^.]   1.  De- 


adorable 

manding  adoration  ;  worthy  of  being  adored  ; 
wortliy  of  divine  honors. 

Tliere  are  those  who  liave  treated  tlie  history  of  Abra- 
ham as  an  astronomical  record,  and  have  spoken  of  our 
adorable  Saviom'  as  the  sun  in  Aries. 

J.  H.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  364. 

2.  Worthy  of  the  utmost  love  or  admiration :  as, 
she  is  an  adorable  creature ;  an  adorable  statue. 

When  he  [tlie  pope]  touclied,  as  he  did  briefly,  on  tlie 
misfortunes  of  the  ehurcli,  an  ailorablc  fire  came  into  his 
eyes.  T.  B.  Aldricli,  Ponkapog  to  I'esth,  p.  114. 

adorableness  (a-dor'a-bl-nes),  ft.  The  quality 
of  being  adorable,  or  worthy  of  adoration. 

adorably  (a-dor'a-bli),  adv.  In  a  manner  wor- 
thy of  adoration. 

adoral  (ad-6'ral),  a.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  +  os  {or-), 
mouth,  4-  -al;  after  ahoral.'\  In  sodl.,  situated 
at  or  near  the  mouth ;  being  relatively  toward 
the  mouth :  the  opposite  of  aboral. 

They  [Halterim\  have  a  spiral  adoral  wreath  of  cilia  for 
swimming.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.  43. 

The  object  of  the  unique,  one-sided  arrangement  of  the 
adoral  cilia  is  to  direct  food-particles  to  the  mouth. 

■Amer.  Jour,  of  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  XXIX.  328. 

adorally  (ad-6'ral-i),  adv.  Toward  or  in  the 
direction  of  the  mouth. 

adoration  (ad-o-ra'shgn),  n.  [<  F.  adoration,  < 
L.  adoratio{n-)  ',  <  adorare :  see  adore^.J  1.  The 
act  of  paying  honors,  as  to  a  divine  being ;  wor- 
ship addressed  to  a  deity ;  the  supreme  worshijj 
due  to  God  alone.  [Sometimes  used  specifically  of 
words  addressed  to  the  Deity  e.xpressive  of  a  sense  of  his 
infinite  holiness  and  perfection.]  In  the  Jioin.  Cath.  Ch., 
adoration  is  applied  to  any  one  of  three  kinds  of  worship 
(though  properly  only  to  the  first),  namely :  latria,  or  wor- 
shipdue  to  God  alone;  dulia,  orthe  secondary  worship  paid 
to  angels  and  saints  directly,  or  through  the  veneration  of 
relics  and  images;  and  hyperdulia,  the  higher  worship 
paid  to  the  Virgin  Mary.  The  saints  and  the  Virgin  are 
adored  as  the  friends  of  God,  having  intercessory  power 
with  him. 

Lowly  reverent 

Towards  either  throne  they  bow,  and  to  the  ground 

With  solemn  adoration  down  they  cast 

Their  crowns.  Milton,  P.  L.,  lii.  351. 

Knowledge  is  the  fire  of  adoration,  adoration  is  the  gate 
of  knowledge.      Bushnell,  Sermons  for  New  Life,  p.  163. 

They  [Indians]  perform  their  adorations  and  conjura- 
tions in  the  general  language  before  spoken  of,  as  the 
Catholics  of  all  nations  do  their  mass  in  the  Latin. 

Beverley,  Virginia,  iii.  1[  31. 

2.  Homage,  or  an  act  of  homage,  paid  to  one  in 
high  place  or  held  in  high  esteem;  profound 
reverence;  the  utmost  respect,  regard,  or  es- 
teem ;  the  highest  degree  of  love,  as  of  a  man 
for  a  woman ;  heart's  devotion. 

Oli.  How  does  he  love  me? 

Vio.  With  adorations,  with  fertile  tears. 
With  gi'oans  that  thunder  love,  with  sighs  of  fire. 

Shale,  T.  N.,  i.  5. 

3.  In  art  and  arclueol. :  (a)  A  representation  of 
the  adoration  of  the  infant  Jesus  by  the  magi  or 
the  shepherds.  (&)  _ 
A  representation 
of  the  worship  of 
an  ancient  divin- 
ity, of  the  deified 
dead,  or  of  a  king 
or  an  emperor. 
In  Latin,  adoratio. 
Such  representations 
are  common  in  Greek 
vase-paintings  and  fu- 
neral sculptures,  and 
In  Roman  reliefs  and 
medals.  The  ancient 
adoration  is  usually 
characterized  by  the 
gesture  of  raising  the 
right  hand,  particu- 
larly with  the  thumb 

laid  on  the  first  finger ;  though  it  is  sometimes  exhibited, 
chiefly  in  Oriental  examples,  in  a  prostrate  position. 

4.  A  method  of  electing  a  pope.    See  extract. 
The  third  way  of  creating  Popes  is  by  Adoration,  which 

is  perform'd  in  this  manner  :  That  Cardinal  who  .  .  . 
desires  to  favour  any  other  Cardinal  .  .  .  puts  himself 
before  him  in  the  Cliappel,  and  makes  him  a  low  Re\  er- 
ence ;  and  when  it  falls  out  that  two  thirds  of  the  Cardi- 
nals do  the  same,  the  Pope  is  then  understood  to  be  created. 

G.  H.,  tr.  of  Hist.  Cardinals,  III.  286.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

Adoration  of  the  blessed  sacrament,  in  the  Rom. 

i.n:u     '  ^"P'''^™''  worship  (latria)  paid  to  the  eucharist. 

Catholics  pay  to  the  eucharist  .  .  .  wherever  it  may  be 
present  that  supreme  worship  which  is  due  to  God  alone." 
tath.  Diet.  (1884),  p.  321.  Religious  communities  of  wo- 
men for  the  perjietual  adoration  of  the  blessed  saerament 
nave  been  founded  at  various  times,  the  first  by  Anne 
of  Austria,  mother  of  Louis  XIV.— Adoration  Of  the 
cross,  m  the  Roin.  Cath.  Ch.,  that  part  of  the  service  on 
Good  Iriday,  following  the  prayers,  in  which  the  cross  is 
exposed  to  view  and  "adored"  by  clergy  and  people.— 
Adoration  of  the  host,  in  the  celebration  of  the  mass, 
the  silent  worship  paid  by  the  congregation,  kneeling,  at 
the  elevation  of  the  host.  See  /io.v«:i.— Adoration  Of  the 
pope,  a  mark  of  homage  paid  to  the  pope  immediately 
alter  his  election,  by  kissing  the  golden  cross  on  the  sandal 
worn  on  his  right  foot.  Cardinals  also  kiss  his  right  hand, 
receiving  m  return  the  kiss  of  peace.  The  ceremony  is 
6 


An  ancient  Adoration. —  Coin  of  Ephe- 
sus  struck  under  Macrinus;  British  Mu- 
seum.   {Size  of  the  original.) 


four  times  repeated ;  the  first  two  adorations  take  place 
in  the  conclave  itself,  the  third  in  the  Sistine  chapel,  and 
the  fourth  in  St.  Peter's,  wlicrc  the  homage  of  the  people 
is  received. 

adoratory  (a-dor'a-to-ri),  n. ;  pi.  adoratories 
(-riz).  [<  ML.  adoratorium,  e.Kplaiucd  as  "an 
undergi'oimd  place  where  the  Indians  sacrifice 
to  their  gods  and  departed  ancestors,"  <  L.  ado- 
rare,  adore  :  see  adorc'^-  and  07-atory.~\  A  place 
of  worship ;  especially,  a  pagan  temple  or  place 
of  sacrifice.  [Rare.] 
adore^  (a-dor'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  adored,  ppr. 
adoring.  [<  ME.  adourcn,  <  OF.  adourer,  adorer 
(earlier  ME.  aourcn,  <  OF.  aoitrer,  aiircr,  aiirer), 
mod.  F.  ffrforer=z Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  adorar  =  lt.  adorare, 
adore,  <  L.  adorare,  speak  to,  address,  beseech, 
pray  to,  adore,  worship,  <  ad,  to,  +  orare,  speak, 
pray,  <  os  {or-),  the  mouth  :  see  oral.']    I.  trans. 

1.  To  worship;  pay  supreme  reverence  to;  ad- 
ch-ess  in  prayer  and  thanksgiving ;  pay  divine 
honors  to  ;  honor  as  divine. 

Bishops  and  priests  .  .  .  liearing  the  host,  which  he 
publicly  adored.  Sinullelt,  Hist.  Eng.,  an.  1689. 

God  shall  be  all  in  all.  But,  all  ye  gods. 
Adore  him,  who  to  compass  all  this  dies  ; 
Adore  the  Son,  and  honour  him  as  me. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  342. 

2.  To  honor  and  regard  in  a  very  high  degree ; 
regard  with  the  utmost  esteem,  love,  and  re- 
spect. 

The  people  appear  adoring  their  prince.  Tatler,  No.  57. 
Thus,  Madam,  in  the  midst  of  crowds,  you  reign  in  soli- 
tude ;  and  are  adored  with  the  deepest  veneration,  that  of 
silence.  Dryden,  Ded.  of  State  of  Innocence. 

When  he  who  adores  thee  has  left  but  the  name 
Of  his  faults  and  his  follies  behind.  Moore,  Irish  Mel. 
=  Syn.  Adore,  Worship,  Reverence,  Ve7ierate,  Revere,  idol- 
ize, deify,  pay  homage  to.  Adore  and  imrship,  when  not  ap- 
plied exclusively  to  God  or  gods,  are  manifestly  hyperboli- 
cal: as,  he  ?<'ors/n>erf  the  ground  she  trod  on.  The  others 
seem  literal  when  applied  to  men,  places,  or  things. 
Adore  and  worship  are  applied  primarily  to  acts  and 
words  of  homage ;  the  others  are  not.  None  of  them 
primarily  includes  the  idea  of  intercessory  prayer.  Adore 
is  the  noblest  of  the  words.  To  tcorship  is  to  pay  homage 
by  outward  forms  or  in  customary  places:  "A  man  of 
Ethiopia  .  .  .  had  come  to  Jerusalem  for  to  worship." 
Acts  viii.  27.  In  the  Bible  worship  is  used  to  express  also 
extreme  manifestations  of  respect  paid  to  men:  "As 
Peter  was  coming  in,  Cornelius  met  him,  and  fell  down 
at  his  feet,  and  worship2>ed  him."  Acts  x.  25.  Reverence 
is  upon  a  plane  a  little  different  from  that  of  venerate, 
there  being  sometimes  more  fear  suggested  by  the  former 
and  more  sacredness  by  the  latter.  We  should  reverence 
position,  ability,  and  character;  we  sliould  venerate  old 
age.  Revere  differs  from  reverence  chiefly  in  suggesting 
rather  less  solemnity  or  awe. 

It  [worship]  is  also  an  act  of  the  will,  whereby  the  soul 
adores  and  reverences  his  majesty.  .  .  .  We  must  worship 
God  iinderstandingly  ;  it  is  not  else  a  reasonable  service. 

Charnock,  Attributes. 
Fall  down  and  dy  before  her ; 
So  dying  live,  and  living  do  adore  her. 

Spenser,  Sonnets,  xiv. 
I  love  Quaker  ways  and  Quaker  worship,  I  venerate  tlie 
Quaker  principles.  Lamb,  Elia. 

A  foolish  world  is  prone  to  laugh  in  public  at  what  in 
private  it  reveres  as  one  of  the  highest  impulses  of  our  na- 
ture ;  namely,  love.  Longfellow,  Hyperion,  iii.  8. 

II.  intrans.  To  perform  an  act  of  worship; 
be  filled  vdth  adoration,  reverence,  or  reveren- 
tial admiration. 

If  the  stars  should  appear  one  night  in  a  thousand  years, 
how  would  men  believe  and  adore !       Emerson,  Nature. 
Litanies,  chanted  day  and  night  by  adoring  hearts. 

De  Quincey,  Secret  Societies,  i. 

adore^t  (a-dor'),  v.  t.  [A  poet,  perversion  of 
adorn;  perhaps  only  in  the  two  passages  quoted.] 
To  gild ;  adorn. 

Like  to  the  Iiore 
Congealed  litle  drops  which  doe  the  morne  adore. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  xi.  46. 
Armlets  for  great  queens  to  adore. 

Fletcher  and  Massinger,Tilder  Brother,  iv.  3.  (N.  E.  D.) 

adorementt  (a-dor'ment),  «.  Adoration  ;  wor- 
ship. 

Adorement  of  cats,  lizards,  and  beetles. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  i.  3. 

adorer  (a-dor'er),  n.    [<  adore^  +  -eri.]  One 

who  adores,  (a)  One  who  worships  or  honors  as  divine. 
(b)  One  who  esteems  or  respects  highly ;  a  lover ;  an  ad- 
mirer. 

I  profess  myself  her  adorer,  not  her  friend. 

Shah.,  Cymbeline,  i.  .5. 

adoring  (a-dor'ing).  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  adore'^.'] 
An  act  of  adoration,  or  one  of  homage  paid  by 
a  lover. 

And  soft  adorings  from  their  loves  receive. 

Keats,  Eve  of  St.  Agnes,  vi. 

adoringly  (a-dor'ing-li),  adv.  With  adoration, 
adorn  (a-dorn'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  adomen.  adournen, 
<  OF.  adorner,  adourner  (earlier  ME.  aournen, 
aornen,  <  OF.  aourner,  aiirner,  adrner),  mod.  F. 
adorner  =  Sp.  Pg.  adornar  =  It.  adornare,  <  L. 
adornare,  <  ad,  to,  +  ornare,  deck,  beautify :  see 


adorsed 

ornate.]  1.  To  beautify  or  decorate ;  increase 
or  lend  beauty  or  attractiveness  to,  as  by  dress 
or  ornaments ;  hence,  in  general,  to  render 
pleasing,  or  more  pleasing  or  attractive;  em- 
bellish. 

A  bride  adorneth  herself  with  her  jewels.     Isa.  Ixi.  10. 
Virtue  adorn'd  his  mind,  ti  iumpli  Iiis  brow. 

Ford,  Fame's  >Ieniorial. 
He  left  the  name  at  which  the  world  grew  pale, 
To  point  a  moral,  or  adorn  a  tale. 

Johnson,  Van.  of  Hum.  WLslies,  I.  222. 

2.  To  display  the  beauty  or  excellence  of :  as, 
to  "adorn  the  doctrine  of  God,"  Tit.  ii.  10. 
=  Syn.  Adorn,  (Jrnamenf,  Decorate,  Emhellish,  Beautify, 
Deck,  Array,  grace,  garnish,  bedeck,  set  off.  (See  decorate.) 
The  italicized  words,  except  deck  and  array,  are  expressive 
of  the  attempt  to  add  or  increase  beauty.  Adorn  lias  the 
most  iiolileness  and  spirituality ;  it  is  the  least  external. 
Garments  that  adorn  a  woman  seem  a  part  of  her  person- 
ality and  liring  out  her  comeliness ;  many  virtues  adorn  his 
character ;  tlie  hall  was  adorned  witli  the  portraits  of  their 
ancestors.  In  these  examples,  no  other  word  in  the  list 
is  high  enoUKh  or  near  cnougli  to  take  the  place  of  adorn. 
Ornoiiieiit  ;ui<l  drmrdte  express  the  addition  of  something 
external,  which  still  iJiescrves  its  separate  character  and 
may  perhaps  be  easily  removed.  Ornairient,  as  kindred, 
to  adorn,  is  nearer  to  its  meaning ;  decorate  expresses  that 
which  is  more  showy:  ornamented  with  pictures;  the 
bare  walls  were  decorated  for  the  occasion  with  flags  and 
wreaths.  Both  express  the  adding  of  beauty  to  that 
which  was  deficient  in  it  before.  Embelliih  implies  pre- 
vious beauty,  to  which  luster  or  brilliancy  is  added  by 
something  which  perhaps  becomes  a  part  of  the  original : 
as,  a  book  embellished  with  plates;  a  style  embellished. 
with  figures  of  speech.  The  word  is  simietimes  used  of 
over-ornamentation.  Beautify  is  the  most  direct  in  its 
expression  of  the  general  idea.  Of  the  first  five  words, 
decorate  is  the  least  often  used  figuratively  ;  decorated 
speech  is  speech  in  which  the  urnanients  have  no  vital 
connection  or  harmony  with  the  thouglit,  so  that  they  seem 
merely  ornamental.  Deck  is  to  cover,  and  hfucu  to  cover 
in  away  to  please  the  eye  :  as,  decked  witJi  Howt-rs.  Array 
is  used  especially  of  covering  with  .splendid  dress,  the 
meaning  being  extended  from  persons  to  animals,  etc. : 
the  fields  were  arrayed  in  green. 

But  that  which  fairest  is,  but  few  behold. 
Her  mind  adornd  with  vertues  manifold. 

Spenser,  Sonnets,  xv. 

A  whimsical  fashion  now  prevailed  among  the  ladies, 
of  strangely  ornamenting  their  faces  with  abundance  of 
black  patches  cut  into  grotesque  forms. 

J.  D' Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  I.  311. 
Ivy  climbs  the  crumbling  hall 
To  decorate  decay.  Bailey,  Festus. 

We  are  to  dignify  to  each  other  the  daily  needs  and  of- 
fices of  man's  life,  and  embellish  it  by  courage,  wisdom, 
and  unity.  Emerson,  Friendship. 

Nature  has  laid  out  all  her  art  in  beautifying  the  face. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  98. 
And,  with  new  life  from  sun  and  kindly  showers. 
With  beauty  deck  the  meadow  and  the  hill. 

Jones  Very,  Poems,  p.  90. 

Even  Solomon  in  all  his  glory  was  not  arrayed  like  one 
of  these  [lilies].  Mat.  vi.  29. 

adornt  (a-dorn'),  n.  [=It.  Sp.  adorno,  orna- 
ment; from  the  verb.]  Ornament. 

Her  brest  all  naked,  as  nett  yvory 
Without  adorne  of  gold  or  silver  bright. 

SiJcnser,  F.  Q.,  III.  xii.  20. 

adornt  (a-dom'),  a.  [<  It.  adomo,  short  form  of 
adornato  (=  Sp.  Pg.  adornado),  pp.  of  adornare, 
<  L.  adornare :  see  adornate,  adorn,  r.]  Adorn- 
ed; decorated. 

ilade  so  adorn  for  thy  delight.    Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  576. 

adornatet  (a-d6r'nat),  V.  t.    [<  L.  adornatus,  pp. 
of  adornare :  see  adorn,  v.]    To  adorn. 
To  adornate  gardens  with  the  fairnesse  thereof. 

Frampton,  p.  33. 

adornationt  (ad-6r-na'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if 
*adornatio{n-),  <  adornare,  pp.  adoi'natus:  see 
adorn,  v.]  Ornament. 

Memory  is  the  soul's  treasury,  and  thence  she  hath  her 
garments  of  adornation. 

Wits'  Commomcealth,  p.  81. 

adorner  (a-dor'ner),  «.    One  who  adorns, 
adorning  (a-dor'ning),  n.    Ornament;  decora- 
tion. 

Whose  adorning  let  it  not  be  that  outward  adorning  of 
plaiting  the  hair,  and  of  weai'ing  of  gold,  or  of  putting  on 
of  apparel.  1  Pet.  iii.  3. 

adorningly  (a-dor'ning-li),  adv.  By  adorning : 
in  an  acloruing  manner, 
adornment  (a-d6rn'ment),  n.  [<  ME.  adourn- 
rnent,  <  OF.  adournement,  adornement  (earlier 
ME.  aournement,  aornemcnt,  <  OF.  aournement), 
mod.  F.  adornement :  see  adorn  &u(i.-ment.']  An 
adorning;  that  which  adorns ;  ornament. 

I  will  write  all  down  : 
Such  and  such  pictures :  — There  tlie  window  :  Such 
The  adornment  of  her  bed.       Shak.,  Cjiubeline,  li.  2. 

adorsed  (a-dorsf),  p.  a.  [Also  -«Titten  ad- 
ih)ys(d.  a  restored  form  of  adosscd, 
addu.s.srd,  <  F.  ados.fc,  pp.  of  adosser, 
set  back  to  back  (<  d,  to,  +  dos, 
<  L.  dorsum,  the  back),  +  -ed^.] 
Two  noiphins  Placed  back  to  back,  in  her.,  applied 
Adorsed.      to  any  two  animals,  birds,  fishes,  or  other 


adorsed 

bearings  placed  back  to  back  :  opposed  to  affronU.  Equiv 
alent  forms  are  addorsed,  adossed,  ndossi,  ado.is(>e,  and  in- 
dorsed. 

adosculation  (ad-os-ku-la'shon),  71.  [<  L.  as 
if  '(idosculatio{n-),  <,  adoscidari,  kiss,  <  «(/,  to,  + 
oscukiri,  kiss:  see  osculate.]  1.  hi  jyhi/siol.,  im- 
pregiiation  hy  external  contact  merely,  as  in 
most  fishes,  and  not  by  intromission. —  2.  In 
hot.:  {a)  The  impregnation  of  plants  by  the  fall- 
ing of  the  pollen  on  the  pistils,  (b)  The  inser- 
tion of  one  part  of  a  plant  into  another.  [Rare.] 

adosse,  adossee  (a-dos-a'),  «•  [F.,  pp.  of  ados- 
ser  :  see  adorsed.']    In  her.,  same  as  adorsed. 

adossed  (a-dosf),  a.    In  her.,  same  as  adorsed. 

adown  (a-doun'),  adv.  {orig. prep,  jjhr.)  a,ndprep. 
[<ME.  adoun,  aduii,  adoune,  adune,  odune,  <  AS. 
ddune,  adv.  and  (rarely)  prep.,  orig.  prep,  phr., 
of  dune,  down,  downward,  lit.  oJJ  the  down  or 
hill:  of,  prep.,  off,  from;  dune,  dat.  of  dun, 
down:  see  down^,  n.  The  adv.  and  prep,  doicn 
is  a  short  form  of  adown.]  I.  adv.  From  a 
higher  to  a  lower  part ;  downward ;  down ;  to 
or  on  the  ground. 

Tlirise  did  she  sinke  adoivne.    Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  vil.  24. 

Of  braided  blooms  unmown,  which  crept 
Adown  to  where  the  water  slept. 

Tennyson,  Recol.  of  Ar.  Nights,  st.  3. 

II.  prep.  1.  From  a  higher  to  a  lower  situa- 
tion ;  down :  implying  descent. 
Adown  her  shoulders  fell  her  length  of  hair.  Dryden. 
Star  after  star  looked  palely  in  and  sank  adown  the  sky. 

Whittier,  Cassandra  .Southwick. 

2.  From  top  to  bottom  of ;  along  the  length 
of ;  downward  ;  all  along. 

Full  well  'tis  known  adown  the  dale, 
Tho'  passing  strange  indeed  the  tale. 

Percy's  Reliques,  I.  iii.  14. 

Adoxa  (a-dok'sa),  n.  [NL.,  <  6r.  aSo^oc,  with- 
out glory,  <  a-  priv.  +  6d^a,  glory :  see  doxology.] 
A  genus  of  plants,  of  the  natural  order  Capri- 
foliaceee.  The  only  species,  A.  Moschatellina  (hollow- 
root),  is  a  little  inconspicuous  plant,  4  or  5  inches  high, 
found  in  woods  and  moist  shady  places  in  the  cooler  re- 
gions of  the  northern  hemisphere.  The  pale-green  flowers 
have  a  musky  smell,  whence  its  common  name  of  mos- 
chatel. 

adoze  (a-doz'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a^, 
jn'ej).,  +  do:;e.]    In  a  doze  or  dozing  state. 

adpao  (ad'pou),  n.  [E.  Ind.,  <  ad,  dd  (cerebral 
d)  =  Hind,  ar,  dr,  a  prefix  implying  deviation 
or  inferiority,  +  Hind.,  etc.,  pauwd,  pdo,  a 
quarter,  a  weight,  the  quarter  of  a  ser.]  An 
East  Indian  weight,  equal  in  some  places  to  a 
little  less,  and  in  others  to  a  little  more,  than 
4  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

ad  patres  (ad  pa'trez).  [L. :  ad,  to;  patres, 
acc.  pi.  of  ^jfl^e*-  =  E.  father.]  Literally,  to  tho 
fathers ;  gathered  to  one's  fathers,  that  is,  dead. 

adpress  (ad-pres'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  adpressus,  pp.  of 
adprimere,  <  ad,  to,  +  premere,  press.]  To  lay 
flat ;  press  closely  (to  or  together). 

Birds  when  frightened,  as  a  general  rule,  closely  ad- 
press all  their  feathers.    Darwin,  Express,  of  Emot.,  p.  100. 

A  most  artfully  coloured  spider  lying  on  its  back,  with 
its  feet  crossed  over  and  closely  adpressed  to  its  body. 

H.  0.  Forbes,  Eastern  Archipelago,  p.  Gi. 

adpressed  (ad-presf),  p.  a.  In  hot.,  growing 
parallel  to  and  in  contact  with  the  stem,  with- 
out adhering  to  it,  as  leaves  or  branches.  Also 
written  appressed. 

adpromissor  (ad-pro-mis'or),  n.  [L.,  <  adpro- 
mittere,  promise  in  addition  to,  <.ad,  to,  +  pro- 
mittere,  promise  :  see  promise.]  In  Rom.  law, 
a  surety  for  another  ;  security  ;  bail. 

ad  quod  damnum  (ad  kwod  dam'num).  [L., 
to  what  damage :  ad,  to;  quod='K.  ivhat ;  dam- 
num, damage.]  In  laiv,  the  title  of  a  writ  (1) 
ordering  the  sheriff  to  inquire  what  damage 
will  result  from  the  grant  by  the  crown  of  cer- 
tain liberties,  as  a  fair  or  market,  a  highway, 
etc. ;  (2)  ordering  the  assessment  of  the  com- 
pensation and  damages  to  be  paid  when  private 
property  is  taken  for  public  use. 

adradt  (a-drad'),  p.  a.    Same  as  adread^,  p.  a. 

I  was  the  less  a-drad 
Of  what  might  come. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  13. 

adradial  (ad-ra'di-al),  a.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  near,  + 
radius,  a  ray,  +  -al.]  Situated  near  a  ray.  a 
term  applied  by  Lankester  to  certain  processes  or  ten- 
tacles of  a  third  order  which  appear  in  the  development  of 
some  hydrozoans,  the  primary  ones  being  termed  jwrrarfiai, 
the  secondary  ones  interradial.    Eyicyc.  Brit.,  XII.  558. 

adradially  (ad-ra'di-al-i),  adv.  In  an  adradial 
manner. 

adragant  (ad'ra-gant),  n.  [<F.  adragant  (=  Sp. 
adragante.  It.  adraganti),  a  corrupt  form  of 
tragacanthe :  see  tragacanth.]  An  old  name  of 
gum  tragacanth. 


82 

adraganthin  (ad-ra-gan'thin),  n.  [<  adragant{h ) 
+  -in'^.]  A  name  given  to  purified  gura'  traga- 
canth.   See  hassorin. 

adras  (a-dras'),  n.  A  stuff,  half  silk  and  half 
cotton,  woven  in  central  Asia,  having  a  gloss, 
and  usually  striped.  The  gloss  is  heightened  by 
beating  with  a  broad,  flat  wooden  instrument.  E.  Schuy- 
li  r,  Turkistan,  I.  5. 

adread^t  (a-di-ed'),  v.  [<  ME.  adreden  (pret. 
adredde,  adradde,  adred,  adrad,  pp.  adred,  adrad, 
adreddc,  adradde), <.  AS.  ddrwdan,  reduced  form 
of  aiuldrwdan,  andrmlan,  ondrwdan  (=08.  *and- 
drudan,  antdrddan,  andrddan  =  OB.G.  intrdtan), 
tr.  and  intr.,  dread,  fear,  refl.  fear,  be  afraid,  < 
and-,  an-,  on-  (E.  w-S)  +  *drcedan  (only  in  comp. ), 
dread.  Mixed  ia  ME.  and  later  with  adread^, 
q.  v.]  I.  trans.  To  dread;  fear  greatly. 
The  pes  is  sauf,  the  werre  is  ever  adrad. 

Pol.  Poems  and  Songs,  II.  6.    (N.  E.  D.) 

II.  intrans.  or  refl.  To  fear;  be  afraid. 
Ganhardin  seighe  that  sight, 
And  sore  him  gan  adrede. 

Sir  Tristrem,  1.  288.    (X  E.  D.) 

adread^t  (a-dred'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  adreden,  ofdre- 
den,i  AS.  ofdrcedan,  make, afraid,  terrify,  <  of- 
(E.  ff-'t)  +  *drwdan,  dread.  Hence  p.  a.  adread'^, 
q.  V.  Mixed  in  ME.  and  later  with  adread^, 
q.  v.]    To  make  afraid;  terrify. 

With  these  they  adrad,  and  gasten,  sencelesse  old  wo- 
men. IJarsnet,  Pop.  Impost.,  p.  135.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

adread^t  (a-di-ed'),  p-  a.  [<  ME.  adred,  adrad. 
adredde,  adradde,  earlier  ofdred,  ofdrad,  pp.  of 
adreden,  ofdreden,  E.  adread'^,  v.,  make  afraid: 
see  adread^,  v.]    Affected  by  di-ead. 

Thinking  to  make  all  men  adread. 

Sir  P.  Sidney^  Arcadia  (1622),  p.  126. 

adreamed,  adreamt  (a-tiremd',  a-dremt'),  p. 

a.  [<  a-  +  dream  +  -ecft'.  The  formation  is  im- 
usual,  and  the  prefix  is  uncertain,  prob.  a-2, 
the  suffix  -erf2  being  used,  as  sometimes  in  other 
instances,  for  the  sufSjc  -iiig'^.  To  be  adreamed 
would  thus  be  equiv.  to  to  be  a-dreaming.] 
In  the  state  of  dreaming.^ To  be  adreamed  or 

adreamt  (the  only  form  of  its  use),    (at)  To  dream. 
Hee  is  adreamd  of  a  dry  summer. 

Withals,  Diet.  (1556).    (iV.  E.  D.) 
I  was  a-dream'd  I  overheard  a  ghost. 

Fielding,  Pasquin,  iv.  1.  (N.  E.  D.) 
Qj)  To  doze;  be  between  sleeping  and  waking.  |Prov. 
Eng.  ]  Halliwell. 

adrectal  (ad-rek'tal),  a.  [<  ad-  +  rectum.] 
Situated  at  or  by  the  rectum :  sjiecifically  ap- 
plied to  the  purpuriparous  gland  or  purple- 
gland  of  mollusks. 

The  presence  of  glandular  plication  of  the  sm-face  of 
the  mantle-Hap  and  an  adrectal  gland  (purple-gland)  are 
frequently  observed.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  G4S. 

ad  referendum  (ad  ref-e-ren'dum).  [L. :  ad, 
to;  nferendum,  gerund  of  referrc:  see  refer.] 
To  be  referred;  to  be  held  over  for  further 
consideration. 

ad  rem  (ad  rem).  [L. :  ad,  to;  rem,  aec.  of 
res,  thing,  matter,  ease,  point,  fact:  see  res.] 
To  the  point  or  purpose;  pertinently  to  the 
matter  in  hand ;  to  the  question  under  consid- 
eration; practically,  considering  the  peculiar- 
ities of  the  special  case. 

Your  statements  of  practical  difficulty  are  indeed  much 
more  ad  rem  than  my  mere  assertions  of  principle. 

Buskin,  Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  7,  1865. 

adrenal  (ad-re'nal),  n.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  +  ren,  only 
in  pi.  renes,  kidney:  see  renal.]  In  anat.,  a 
suprarenal  capsule;  one  of  a  pair  of  small 
glandular  or  follicular  but  ductless  bodies,  of 
unknown  function,  capping  the  kidneys  in 
mammals  and  most  other  vertebrates.  Also 
called  atrabiliary  capsule,  in  man  the  adrenals  are 
an  inch  or  two  long,  less  in  width,  and  about  a  fourth  of 
an  inch  thick,  and  consist  essentially  of  an  outer  yellowish 
cortical  portion,  an  inner  medullary  portion  (of  very  dark 
color,  whence  the  term  atrabiliary),  with  vessels,  nerves,  etc. 
See  Addison's  disease,  under  disease.  See  cut  nnder  kidney . 

Adrian  (a'dri-an),  a.  [<  L,  Adrianus,  prop. 
Hadrianus,  Adriatic]    Same  as  Adriatic. 

Adrianite  (a'dri-an-it),  n.  [<  ML.  Adrianitce, 
<  L.  Adrianus,  prop.  Hadrianus.]  1 .  A  member 
of  a  supposed  Gnostic  school  of  heretics  men- 
tioned by  Theodoret. —  2.  One  of  a  sect  of  Ana- 
baptists in  the  sixteenth  century,  followers  of 
Adrian  Hamstedius,  who  held,  among  other 
things,  that  Jesus  Christ  was  formed  solelyfrom 
the  substance  of  his  mother.    Also  Adrianist. 

Adrianople  red.   See  red. 

Adriatic  (a-dri-at'ik),  a.  [<  L.  Adriaticus,  prop. 
Hadriaticus,  <  Hadria  (now  Adria),  a  town  be- 
tween the  mouths  of  the  Po  and  the  Adigc, 
after  which  the  sea  was  named.]  Appellative 
of  the  sea  east  of  the  peninsula  of  Italy  (the 
Adriatic  sea);  pertaining  to  that  sea:  as,  the 
Adriatic  coast. 


adrostral 

adrift  (a-di-iff),  prep.  phr.  as  ndv.  or  a.  [<  aS 
+  drift.]  1.  Floating  at  random;  not  fastened 
by  any  kind  of  moorings ;  at  the  mercy  of  winds 
and  currents. 

Trees  adrift 
Down  the  great  river.       Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  832. 
So  on  the  sea  she  shall  be  set  adrift, 
And  who  relieves  her  dies. 

Dryden,  Marriage  h.  la  Mode,  iii. 

Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  swayed  by  any  chance 
impulse;  all  abroad;  at  a  loss. 

Frequent  reflection  will  keep  their  minds  from  running 
adrift.  Locke,  Education. 

To  turn  adrift,  to  unmoor;  set  drifting;  hence,  figura- 
tively, to  turn  away,  dismiss,  or  discharge,  as  from  home, 
employment,  etc. ;  throw  upon  the  world. 

Great  raultytudes  who  had  been  employed  in  the  woollen 
manufactories,  or  in  the  mines,  were  turned  adrift. 

Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th' Cent.,  i. 

adrip  (a-drip'),  prep,  phr,  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a3  + 
drip.]  In  a  di'ipping  state.  B.  G.  Mitchell. 
adrogate  (ad'ro-gat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  adro- 
gated,  ppr.  adrogating.  [<  L.  adrogatus,  pp.  of 
adrogare,  later  arrogare,  take  a  homo  sui  juris  (a 
person  not  under  the  power  of  his  father)  in 
the  place  of  a  child,  adopt,  <  ad,  to,  +  rogare, 
ask.  The  same  word  in  other  senses  gave  rise 
to  arrogate,  q.  v.  See  adrogation.]  To  adopt 
by  adrogation. 

Clodius,  the  enemy  of  Cicero,  was  adrogated  into  a  ple- 
beian family.  S7nith,  Diet.  Antiq.,  p.  15. 

adrogation  (ad-ro-ga'shon),  w.  [<  L.  adroga- 
tio(n-),  later  arro'gatio(n-),  <  adrogare:  see  ad- 
rogate.] A  kind  of  adoption  in  ancient  Rome, 
by  which  a  person  legally  capable  of  choosing 
for  himself  was  admitted  into  the  relation  of 
son  to  another  by  a  vote  of  the  people  in  the 
Comitia  Cui-iata,  or  in  later  times  by  a  rescript 
of  the  emperor :  so  called  from  the  questions 
put  to  the  parties.  Also  written  arrogation. 
adrogator  (ad'ro-ga-tor),  n.  [L. , <  adrogare :  see 

adrogate  and  arrogate.]  One  who  adrogates. 
adroit  (a-droit')<  «•  [<  F.  adroit,  dexterous,  <  a. 
droit,  right,  rightly:  a,  to,  toward;  droit,  right, 
<  ML.  drictum,  prop,  directum,  right,  justice, 
neut.  of  directus,  right :  see  direct.  Of.  mal- 
adroit.] Dexterous;  skilful;  expert  in  the  use 
of  the  hand,  and  hence  of  tho  mind ;  ingenious ; 
ready  in  invention  or  execution;  possessing 
readiness  of  resource. 

You  may  break  every  command  of  the  decalogue  with 
perfect  good-breeding :  nay,  if  you  are  adroit,  without 
losing  caste.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  68. 

=  Syn.  Cunning,  Artful,  Sly,  etc.  See  cuniiingl .  Adroit, 
Dexterous,  Expert,  Skil.ful,  Clever,  smart,  handy,  apt,  quick, 
subtle.  The  first  four  words  express  primarily  various  de- 
grees in  the  combination  of  manual  facility  with  know- 
ledge. Adroit  and  dexterous  make  prominent  the  idea  of 
a  trained  hand  :  as,  an  adroit  pickpocket;  a.dexterous  con- 
jurer, swordsman.  Adroitness  implies  quickness  or  sud- 
denness ;  dexterity  may  require  sustained  agility.  Adroit 
tends  toward  sinister  figurative  meanings :  as,  an  adroit 
rogue ;  but  mental  adroitness  may  be  simply  address  or 
tact.  Expert  emphasizes  experience,  practice,  and  hence 
is  commonly  a  lower  word  than  skilftd,  which  makes 
knowledge  tlie  principal  thing :  a  skilful  mechanic  makes 
more  use  of  liis  mind  than  an  expert  mechanic.  Clever  im- 
plies  notable  (|uickness,  readiness,  resource  in  practical 
affairs,  and  sometimes  the  lack  of  the  larger  powers  of 
niind  :  a  clever  mechanic  has  fertility  in  planning  and  skill 
in  executing  what  is  planned.  A  clever  statesman  may  or 
may  not  be  an  able  one ;  a  man  may  be  clever  in  evil. 

Why,  says  Plato,  if  he  be  manually  so  adroit,  likely  he 
will  turn  pickpocket.    S.  Lanier,  The  Eng.  Novel,  p.  117. 

The  dexterous  management  of  terms,  and  being  able  to 
fend  and  prove  with  them,  passes  for  a  great  part  of 
learning.  Locke. 

His  only  books  were  an  almanac  and  an  arithmetic,  in 
which  last  he  was  considerably  expert. 

Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  161. 
Thus,  like  a  skilful  chess-player,  by  little  and  little  he 
draws  out  his  men,  and  makes  his  pawns  of  use  to  his 
greater  persons.  Dryden,  Dram.  Poesy. 

But  the  names  of  the  clever  men  who  invented  canoes 
and  bows  and  arrows  are  as  utterly  unlcnovvn  to  tradition 
as  the  names  of  the  earliest  myth-makers. 

J.  Fiske,  Evolutionist,  p.  204. 

adroitly  (a-droit'li),  adv.  In  an  adroit  manner ; 
with  dexterity  ;  readily ;  skilfully. 

He  [Eadmund]  turned  his  new  conquest  adroitly  to  ac- 
count by  using  it  to  bind  to  himself  the  most  dangerous 
among  his  foes.  J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  266. 

adroitness  (a-droit'nes),  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing adroit;  dexterity;  readiness  in  the  use  of 
the  hands  or  of  the  mental  faculties. 

Sir  John  Blaquire  had  some  debating  power  and  great 
skill  and  adroitness  in  managing  men. 

Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  xvi. 

adroop  (a-drop'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  a3  -f- 
droop.]  In  a  drooping  position.  J.  D.  Long, 
^neid,  xi.  1128. 

adrostral  (ad-ros'tral),  a.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  at,  + 
rostrum,  beak.]  In  zodl.,  pertaining  to  or  situ- 
ated at  the  beak  or  snout. 


adry 


83 


adulteration 


adry  (a-dri'),  a.  [<  r/-*  +  di-;j  ;  prob.  in  imita- 
tiou  of  athirst,  q.  v.]  In  a  dry  condition; 
thirsty. 

Doth  a  man  that  is  adry  desire  to  drink  in  gold  ? 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  355. 

adscendent  (ad -sen 'dent),  a.  [<  L.  adscen- 
den{t-)s,  ascenden{t-)s :  see  ascendent.']  Ascend- 
ing.   Imp.  Diet.  • 

adscite  (ad'sit),  a.  [<  L.  acZsciiiW,  derived:  see 
below.]  In  entom.,  pertaining  to  the  Braconidce, 
or  Ichneumones  adsciti. 

Adsciti  (ad'si-ti),  n.pl.  [NL.,  pi.  of  L.  adscitus, 
derived,  assumed,  foreign:  see  adscititious.'] 
A  group  of  ichneumon-flies  which  have  only 
one  recurrent  nervure  in  the  fore  wing  instead 
of  two.  It  corresponds  to  the  modern  family 
Braconid(e  (which  see). 

adscititious  (ad-si-tish'us),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *ad- 
scititius,  <  adscitus,  derived,  assumed,  foreign, 
pp.  of  adsciscere,  later  asciscere,  take  knowingly 
to  one's  self,  appropriate,  assume,  adopt,  <  ad, 
to,  +  sciscere,  seek  to  know,  <  scire,  know :  see 
science.']  Added  or  derived  from  without ;  not 
intrinsic  or  essential;  supplemental;  additional. 
Also  written  ascititious. 

The  fourth  epistle  on  happiness  may  be  thought  adsci- 
titious, and  out  of  its  proper  place. 

J.  Warton,  Essay  on  Pope. 

The  first  s  of  the  tense-sign  sis  is  an  adscititious  sibilant 
added  to  the  root.  Am.  Jour,  of  Philol.,  VI.  280. 

adscititiously  (ad-si-tish'us-li),  adv.  In  an  ad- 
scititious manner. 

adscript  (ad'skript),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  adscriptus, 
pp.  of  adscrihere,  later  ascrihere,  enroll,  <  ad,  to, 
+  scribere,  wi'ite :  see  ascribe.']  I.  a.  1.  Written 
after,  as  distinguished  from  subscript,  or  written 
under:  as,  in  Greek  grammar,  an  iota  («)  ad- 
script.—  2.  Attached  to  the  soil,  as  a  slave  or 
feudal  serf.    See  adscriptus  glebce. 

II.  n.  A  serf  attached  to  an  estate  and 
transferable  wdth  it. 

adscripted  (ad-skrip'ted),  a.    Same  as  adscript. 

adscriptiou  (ad-skrip'shon),  n.  [<  L.  adscrip- 
tio(>i-),  later  ascriptio{n-),  >E.  ascription,  q.  v.] 
1.  Same  as  ascription. —  2.  Attachment  to  the 
soil,  or  as  a  feudal  inferior  to  a  superior  or 
overlord. 

adscriptitious  (ad-skrip-tish'us),  a.  [<  L.  ad- 
scripticius,  ascripticius,  enrolled,  bound,  <  ad- 
scriptus, ascriptus:  see  adscript.]  Bound  by 
adscription.    N.  E.  D. 

adscriptive  (ad-skrip'tiv),  a.  [<  L.  adscripti- 
vus,  enrolled,  adscript,  <  adscriptus :  see  ad- 
script.] Held  to  service  as  attached  to  an  es- 
tate, and  transferable  with  it,  as  a  serf  or  slave. 

Many  estates  peopled  with  crown  peasants  have  been 
ceded  to  particular  individuals  on  condition  of  establishing 
manufactories ;  these  peasants,  called  adscriptive,  working 
at  the  manufactories  on  fixed  terms.  Brougham. 

adscriptus  glebae  (ad-skrip'tus  gle'be);  pi.  ad- 
scripti  glebce  (-ti).  [L. :  adscriptus,  adscript; 
glebce,  gen.  of  gleba,  glebe.]  Belonging  or  at- 
tached to  the  soil,  as  a  serf,  in  Roman  law  this 
term  was  applied  to  a  class  of  slaves  attached  in  per- 
petuity to  and  transferred  with  the  land  they  cultivated. 
The  same  custom  prevailed  among  all  Germanic  and  Slavic 
peoples,  and  has  been  but  gradually  abolished  during  the 
past  three  hundred  years,  do\vn  to  the  emancipation  of 
the  Russian  serfs  in  1861. 

adsignification  (ad-sig"ni-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [< 
ML.  adsignificatio(n-),  <  L.  adsignificare,  make 
evident:  see  adsignify.]  The  act  of  adsignify- 
ing;  a  modification  of  meaning  by  a  prefix  or 
suffix;  an  additional  signification.  [Rare.] 

And  in  this  opinion  (viz.,  that  there  is  no  adsignification 
of  manner  or  time  in  that  which  is  called  the  indicative 
mood,  no  adsignification  of  time  in  that  which  is  called 
the  present  participle)  I  am  neither  new  nor  singular. 

Home  Tooke,  Purley. 

adsignify  (ad-sig'ni-fi),  v.  t.  [<  L.  adsignificare, 
show,  make  evident,  denote,  point  out,  <  ad,  to, 
+  s«^>i(^care,  signify :  see  ad- and  signify.]  To 
add  signification  or  meaning  to  (a  word)  by  a 
prefix  or  suffix.    Home  Tooke.  [Bare.] 

adsorption  (ad-s6rp'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  + 
*sorptio{n-),  after  absorption,  q.  v.]  Conden- 
sation of  gases  on  the  sm-faces  of  solids. 

adstipulate  (ad-stip'ii-lat),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
adstipulated,  ppr.  adstipulating.  [<  L.  adstipu- 
lari,  astipulari,  stipulate  with,  <  ad,  to,  +  stipu^ 
lari,  stipulate.]  To  act  as  second  stipulant  or 
receiving  party  to  a  bargain,  attaining  thereby 
an  equal  claim  with  the  principal  stipulant. 
N.E.I). 

adstipulation  (ad-stip-ii-la'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ad- 
stipulatio{n-),  astipulatio{n-),  {adstipulari :  see 
adstipulate.]  The  addition  of,  or  action  as,  a 
second  receiving  party  in  a  bargain.    N.  E.  D. 

adstipulator  (ad-stip'u-la-tor),  n.  [L.,  also 
astipulator,  <  adstipulari,  astipulari:  see  ad- 


stipulate.] In  law,  an  accessory  party  to  a  prom- 
ise, who  has  received  the  same  promise  as  his 
principal  did,  and  can  equally  receive  and  ex- 
act payment. 

adstrictt,  adstrictiont,  adstringentt,  etc.  See 

astrict,  etc. 

adsum  (ad'sum).    [L.,  1st  pers.  sing.  pres.  ind. 

of  adcsse,  to  be  present,  <  ctd,  to,  +  esse,  be :  see 
essence.]  I  am  present;  present;  here:  used 
in  some  colleges  and  schools  by  students  as  an 
answer  to  a  roll-call. 

adsurgent  (ad-ser'jent),  a.    Same  as  assurgent. 

adterminal,  atterminal  (ad-,  a-ter'mi-nai),  a. 
[<  L.  ad,  to,  +  terminus,  end,  +  -at.]  Moving 
toward  the  end :  an  epithet  applied  to  electrical 
cm-rents  passing  in  a  muscular  fiber  toward  its 
extremities. 

adubt  (a-dub'),  V.  t.    [<  ME.  adubben,  adouben, 

<  OF.  adiibber,  aduber,  adouber,  equip  a  knight, 
array,  <  a,  to,  +  diiber,  doiiber,  dub:  see  dub^.] 
1.  To  knight;  dub  as  a  knight. —  2.  To  equip; 
array;  accoutre. 

adularia  (ad-u-la'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,<  Jdwto,  a 
mountain  group  in  the  Grisons  Alps,  formerly 
confounded  with  St.  Gotthard,  where  fine  speci- 
mens are  found.]  A  variety  of  the  common 
potash  feldspar  orthoclase,  occurring  in  highly 
lustrous  transparent  or  translucent  crystals. 
It  often  exhibits  a  delicate  opalescent  play  of 
colors,  and  is  then  called  moonstone  (which  see). 
Fine  specimens  are  obtained  from  various  lo- 
calities in  the  Alps. 

adulate  (ad'u-lat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  adulated, 
ppr.  adulating.  [<  L.  adtdatus,  pp.  of  adulari, 
flatter,  fawn  upon  as  a  dog,  <  ad,  to,  +  ^ulari,  a 
word  of  imdetermined  origin,  not  found  in  the 
simple  form ;  according  to  some,  <  *ida  =  Gr. 
ovpa,  a  tail,  adulari  meaning  then  '  wag  the  tail 
at,'  as  a  dog.]  To  show  feigned  devotion  to; 
flatter  servilely. 

It  is  not  that  I  adulate  the  people  ; 
Without  me  there  are  demagogues  enough. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  ix.  25. 
Love  shall  he,  but  not  adulate 
The  all-fair,  the  all-embracing  Fate. 

Emerson,  Woodnotes,  ii. 
adulation  (ad-ii-la'shon),  n.    [<  F.  adulation,  < 
L.  adulatio(n-),  flattery,  fawning,  <  adulari,  flat- 
ter: see  adulate.]    Servile  flattery;  excessive 
or  unmerited  praise ;  exaggerated  compliment. 

Adulation  pushed  to  the  verge,  sometimes  of  nonsense, 
and  sometimes  of  impiety,  was  not  thought  to  disgrace  a 
poet.  Macaulay. 
And  there  he  set  himself  to  play  upon  her 
With  .  .  .  amorous  adulation,  till  the  maid 
Rebell'd  against  it. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
=S3^.  Adulation,  Flattery,  Compliment.  These  are  vari- 
eties of  praise.  Adulation  is  servile  and  fulsome,  pro- 
ceeding either  from  a  blind  worship  or  from  the  hope  of 
advantage.  It  may  not  be,  but  generally  is,  addressed 
directly  to  its  object.  Flattery  is  addressed  to  the  per- 
son flattered  ;  its  object  is  to  gratify  vanity,  with  or  with- 
out a  selfish  ulterior  object.  It  is  generally  praise  beyond 
justice.  Compliment  is  milder,  and  may  be  expressive  of  the 
truth ;  it  may  be  sincere  and  designed  to  encourage  or  to 
express  respect  and  esteem.  We  may  speak  of  a  compli- 
ment, but  not  of  an  adulation  or  a  flattery.  Adulation  of 
the  conqueror ;  gross  or  delicate  flattery  of  those  in  power ; 
the  language  of  compliment.  In  conduct,  the  correspon- 
dent to  adulation  is  obsequiousness. 

Adulation  ever  follows  the  ambitious ;  for  such  alone 
receive  most  pleasure  from  flattery. 

Goldsmith,  Vicar,  iii. 
Flattery  corrupts  both  the  receiver  and  the  giver ;  and 
adulation  is  not  of  more  service  to  the  people  than  to 
kings.  Burke,  Rev.  in  PYance. 

Who  flatters  is  of  all  mankind  the  lowest. 
Save  he  who  courts  the  flattery. 

Hantiah  More,  Daniel. 
The  salutations  of  Arabs  are  such  that  .  .  .  "compli- 
ments in  a  well-bred  man  never  last  less  than  ten  min- 
utes." //.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  343. 

adulator  (ad'u-la-tor),  n.  {Ij.,  <.  adulari :  see 
adulate.]  An  obsequious  flatterer;  one  who 
offers  praise  servilely. 

And  became  more  than  ever  an  adulator  of  the  ruling 
powers.  D.  G.  Mitchell,  Wet  Days. 

adulatory  (ad'u-la-to-ri),  a.    [<  L.  adulatorius, 

<  adulator  :  see  adidator.]  Characterized  by 
adulation;  fulsomely  flattering ;  servilely  prais- 
ing :  as,  an  adulatory  address. 

You  are  not  lavish  of  your  words,  especially  in  that 
species  of  eloquence  called  the  adulatory.  Chesterfield. 

adulatress  (ad'ii-la-tres),  n.    [=F.  adulatricc, 

<  L.  adulatricem,  acc.  of  adulatrix,  fem.  form  of 
adulator :  see  adulator.]    A  female  adulator. 

Indiana,  when  the  first  novelty  of  tete-d-tetes  was  over, 
wished  again  for  the  constant  adulatress  of  her  charms 
and  endowments.  Miss  Burney,  Camilla,  x.  14. 

AduUamite  (a-duram-it),  n.  [<  Adullam  + 
-ite^.]  1.  An  inhabitant  of  the  village  of  Adul- 
lam. Gen.  xxxviii.  12.  —  2.  In  Eng.  hist.,  one  ot 
a  group  of  Liberals  who  seceded  from  the  Wliig 


party  and  voted  with  the  Conservatives  when 
Earl  Russell  and  Mr.  Gladstone  introduced  a 
measure  for  the  extension  of  the  elective  fran- 
chise in  1866.  They  received  the  name  from  their  be- 
ing likened  by  Mr.  Bright  to  the  discontented  persons  who 
took  refuge  with  David  in  the  cave  of  Adullam  (1  .Sam.  xxii. 
1,  2).    The  party  was  also  known  collectively  as  the  Cate. 

The  Conservative  party  then  presented  a  tolerably  solid 
front  against  the  extension  of  the  suffrage,  and  received 
besides  a  large  reinforcement  of  Adiillamites  from  the 
Liberal  side.  New  York  Times,  July  19,  1884. 

adult  (a-dulf),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  adultus,  grown 
up,  pp.  of  aclolescere,  grow  up:  see  adolescent.'] 

1.  a.  1.  Having  arrived  at  mature  years,  or  at- 
tained full  size  and  strength :  as,  an  adult  per- 
son, animal,  or  plant. 

The  elaborate  reasonings  of  the  adult  man. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol, 

2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  adults ;  suitable 
for  an  adult :  as,  adult  age  ;  an  adidt  school. 

11.  n.  A  person  or  (sometimes)  an  animal 
grown  to  fyll  size  and  strength ;  one  who  has 
reached  the  age  of  manhood  or  womanhood. 

Embryos  and  adults  of  common  and  curious  fonns  are 
constantly  met  with,  thus  furnishing  material  both  for 
general  work  and  original  investigation.    Science,  V.  212. 

adultedt  (a-dul'ted),  a.    Completely  grown. 
Now  that  we  are  not  only  adulted  but  ancient  Chris- 
tians, I  believe  the  most  acceptable  sacrifice  we  can  send 
up  to  heaven  is  prayer  and  praise. 

Ilou'ell,  Letters,  I.  vi.  32. 

adultert  (a-dul'ter),  n.  [L.,  an  adulterer,  a 
counterfeiter,  adulter,  adj.,  adulterous;  forma- 
tion uncertain,  perhaps  <  ad,  to,  +  alter,  other, 
different.  In  mod.  E.  adulter,  adulterer,  etc., 
have  been  substituted  for  the  older  avouter,  ad- 
vouter,  etc. :  see  advouter,  etc.]    An  adulterer. 

We  receive  into  our  mass  open  sinners,  the  covetous, 
the  extortioners,  the  adulter,  the  baek-biter. 

Tyndale,  Expos.  1  John. 

adultert  (a-dul'ter),  V.  [<  L.  adulterare,  com- 
mit adultery:  see  adulterate,  v.]  I.  intrans. 
To  commit  adultery.    B.  Jonson,  Epigrams. 

II.  trans.  To  pollute;  adulterate:  •a.s,"adul- 
tering  spots,"  Marston,  Scourge  of  Villainy,  ii. 

adulterant  (a-dul'ter-ant),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
aclulteran(t-)s',  ]y-^v.  of  adulterare:  see  adulter- 
ate, v.]  I.  a.  Adulterating ;  used  in  adulter- 
ating. 

II.  n.  A  substance  used  for  adulterating, 
adulterate  (a-dul'ter-at),  v.;  pret.  and  pp. 
adulterated,  ppr.  adulterating.  [<  L.  adultera- 
tus,  pp.  of  adulterare,  commit  adultery,  falsify, 
adulterate,  <  adidter,  an  adulterer,  a  coimter- 
feiter:  see  adulter,  n.]  I.  trans.  1:  To  debase 
or  deteriorate  by  an  admixture  of  foreign  or 
baser  materials  or  elements:  as,  to  adulterate 
food,  drugs,  or  coins ;  adulterated  doctrines. 

The  present  war  has  .  .  .  adulterated  our  tongue  with 
strange  words.  Spectator,  No.  65. 

2t.  To  graft ;  give  a  hybrid  character  to. 

Excellent  forms  of  grafting  and  adulterating  plants  and 
flowers.  Peacham,  Exper.  of  Own  Times. 

3t.  To  defile  by  adultery. 

To  force  a  rape  on  virtue,  and  adulterate  the  chaste 
bosom  of  spotless  simplicity.  Ford,  Line  of  Life. 

=SyTl.  1.  To  mix,  degrade,  corrupt,  contaminate,  vitiate, 
alloy,  sophisticate. 

Il.t  in  trans.  To  commit  adultery. 

But  Fortune,  O  !  .  .  . 
She  adulterates  hourly  with  thy  uncle  John. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  1. 

adulterate!  (a-dul'ter-at),  a.  [<  L.  adulteratus^ 
pp. :  see  the  verb.]  1.  Tainted  with  adultery: 
as,  "the  adulterate  Hastings,"  Shak.,  Rich. 
III.,  iv.  4. —  2.  Debased  by  foreign  mixture; 
adulterated :  as,  "  adulterate  copper,"  Swift, 
Miscellanies. 

No  volatile  spirits,  nor  compounds  that  are 
Adulterate.  Carew,  To  G.  N. 

adulterately  (a-dul'ter-at-li),  adv.  In  an  adul- 
terate manner. 

adulterateness  (a-dul'ter-at-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity or  state  of  being  adulterated  or  debased. 

adulteration  (a-dul-te-ra'shon),  n.  [<  L.  adul- 
teratio{n-),  adulteration,  sophistication,  <  adid- 
terare  :  see  adulterate,  v.]  1.  The  act  of  adul- 
terating, or  the  state  of  being  adulterated  or 
debased  by  admixtme  with  something  else, 
generally  of  inferior  quality;  the  use,  in  the 
production  of  any  professedly  genuine  article, 
of  ingredients  which  are  cheaper  and  of  an  in- 
ferior quality,  or  which  are  not  considered  so 
desirable  by  the  consumer  as  other  or  genuine 
ingredients  for  which  they  are  substituted. 

In  commerce,  there  are  several  kinds  of  adulteration  : 
conventional,  to  suit  the  taste  and  demands  of  the  public ; 
fraudulent,  for  deceptive  and  gainful  purposes ;  and  ac- 
cidental or  unintentional  adulteration,  arising  from  care- 
lessness in  the  preparation  of  the  staple  or  commodity  at 
the  phice  of  growth  ur  shipment.    Simmvnd..,  Com.  Dict> 


adulteration 


84 


advance 


2.  The  product  or  result  of  the  act  of  adulter- 
ating; that  which  is  adulterated. 

adulterator  (a-dul'ter-a-tor),  n.  [L.;  adultera- 
tor monctw,  a  counterfeiter  of  money ;  <  adnlter- 
are  :  see  adulterate,  i'.]    One  who  adidterates. 

adulterer  (a-did'ter-er),  n.  adulter,  v.,  + 
substituted  for  the  older  form  avoutrer, 
adroutrer,  q.  v.]  A  man  guilty  of  adidtery;  a 
maiTied  man  who  has  sexual  commerce  with 
any  woman  except  his  wife.  See  adultery. 
Formerly  also  spelled  adultrcr. 

adulteress  (a-dul'ter-es),  n.  [<  adulter,  n.,  + 
-CSS ;  substituted  for  the  older  form  avouiress, 
advoutress,  q.  v.]  A  woman  guilty  of  adultery. 
Formerly  also  spelled  adul tress. 

adulterine  (a-dul'ter-in),  rt.  and  n.  [<  L.  adul- 
terinus,<.  adulter:  see  adulter,  ii.]  I.  «.  1.  Of 
adxdterous  origin;  born  of  adultery. 

It  must  be,  however,  luulerstood  that  strong  moral  re- 
pugnance to  the  fictitious  attiliation  of  these  illegitimate 
and  adulterine  children  begins  to  show  itself  among  the 
oldest  of  the  Hindu  law-writers  whose  treatises  have  sur- 
vived. Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  99. 

2.  Relating  or  pertaining  to  adidtery ;  involv- 
ing or  implying  adultery :  as,  adulterine  fiction ; 
adulterine  marriage  (used  by  St.  Augustine  of 
a  second  marriage  after  divorce). — 3.  Charac- 
terized by  adidteration ;  spurious;  base:  as, 
adulterine  drugs  or  metals.  [A  Latinism,  now 
rare.] — 4t.  Illegitimate;  illicit;  imauthorized : 
as,  adulterine  castles  (castles  biult  by  the  Nor- 
man barons  in  England,  after  the  conquest, 
without  royal  warrant). 

The  adulterine  guilds,  from  which  heavy  sums  were  ex- 
acted in  1180,  were  stigmatised  as  adulterine  because  they 
had  not  purchased  the  right  of  association,  as  the  older 
legal  guilds  had  done,  and  had  set  themselves  up  against 
the  government  of  the  city  which  the  king  had  recognised 
by  his  charter.  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  III.  584. 

II.  n.  In  o»77       a  child  begotten  in  adidtery. 
adulterize  (a-dul'ter-iz),  v.  i.  [(.adulter +  -i::e.'] 
To  be  guilty  of  adultery.  Milton.   Also  spelled 
adulterise.  [Rare.] 

Where  did  God  ever  will  thee  to  lie,  to  swear,  to  op- 
press, to  adulterise  >         Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  II.  365. 

adulterous  (a-dul'ter-us),  a.  [<  adulter  +  -ous; 
substituted  for  the  older  form  advoutrous,  q.  v.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  adultery; 
given  to  adultery. 

An  evil  and  adulterous  generation  seeketh  after  a  sign. 

Mat.  xii.  39. 

2.  Illicit :  said  of  combinations  or  relations  of 
any  kind. 

Some  of  our  kings  have  made  adulterous  connections 
abroad.  Burke,  On  a  Kegicide  Peace. 

3.  Spurious;  corrupt;  adulterated:  as,  "forged 
and  adulterous  stuff,"  Casaubon,  Of  Credulity 
(trans.),  p.  297.  [Rare.] 

adulterously  (a-dul'ter-us-li),  adv.  In  an  adul- 
terous manner. 

adultery  (a-dul'ter-i),  n.;  pi.  adtdteries  (-iz). 
[<L.  adulterium,  (adulter;  substituted  for  the 
older  form  advoutry,  q.  v.]  1.  Violation  of  the 
marriage-bed ;  carnal  connection  of  a  married 
person  with  any  other  than  the  lawful  spouse ; 
in  a  more  restricted  sense,  the  wrong  by  a  wife 
which  introduces  or  may  introduce  a  spurious 
offspring  into  a  family,  it  is  sometimes  called  sin- 
gle adulterii  when  only  one  of  the  parties  is  married,  and 
double  adiiltery  when  both  are  married.  In  some  juris- 
dictions the  law  makes  adultery  a  crime,  in  some  only  a 
civil  injury.  In  England,  formerly,  it  was  punished  by 
fine  and  imprisonment,  and  in  Scotland  it  was  frequently 
made  a  capital  offense.  In  Great  Britain  at  the  present 
day,  however,  it  is  punishable  only  by  ecclesiastical  cen- 
sure ;  but  when  committed  by  the  wife,  it  is  regarded  as  a 
civil  injury,  and  forms  the  ground  of  an  action  of  dam- 
ages against  the  paramour.  Contrary  to  the  previous  gen- 
eral opinion,  it  has  recently  been  held  in  the  United 
States  that  the  wife  may  have  a  corresponding  action 
against  a  woman  who  seduces  away  her  husband.  In  Eng- 
land and  Scotland  the  husband's  recovery  of  damages 
against  the  paramour  can  now  be  had  only  by  joining  him 
with  the  mfe  in  an  action  for  divorce.  See  divorce. 
2.  In  the  seventh  commandment  of  the  deca- 
logue, as  generally  understood,  all  manner  of 
lewdness  or  unchastity  in  act  or  thought.  See 
Mat.  V.  28. —  3.  Eccles.,  intrusion  into  a  bish- 
opric during  the  life  of  the  bishop. — 4.  In  old 
arboriculture,  the  grafting  of  trees :  so  called 
from  its  being  considered  an  unnatural  union. 
—  5t.  Adulteration;  corruption:  as,  "all  the 
adulteries  of  art,"  B.  Jonson,  Epicoene,  i.  1. —  6t. 
Injury;  degradation;  ruin. 

You  might  wrest  the  caduceus  out  of  ray  hand  to  the 
adultery  and  spoil  of  nature. 

jB.  Jonson,  Mercuric  Vindicated. 

adultness  (a-dult'nes),  n.  The  state  of  being 
adult. 

adumbral  (ad-um'bral),  a.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  + 
umbra,  shade.  Cf.  adumbrate.}  1.  Shady. —  2. 
Same  as  adumbrellar. 


adumbrant  (ad -um' brant),  a.  [<  L.  adum- 
lirint{t-)s,  ppr.  of  adumbrarc :  see  adumhratr.] 
tiiviug  a  faint  shadow,  or  showing  a  slight  re- 
semblance. 

adumbrate  (ad-um'brat),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
adumbrated,  ppr.  adumbrating.  [<L.  adumbra- 
tiis,  pp.  of  adumbrare,  cast  a  shadow  over;  in 
painting,  to  represent  an  object  with  due  min- 
gling of  light  and  shadow,  also  represent  in 
outline;  (ad,  to,  +  umbra,  shadow.]  1.  To 
overshadow ;  partially  darken  or  conceal. 

Nor  did  it  [a  veil]  cover,  but  adumbrate  only 

Her  most  heart-piercing  parts. 

Marlowe  and  Chapman,  Hero  and  Leander,  iv. 

2.  Figm-atively,  to  give  a  faint  shadow  or  re- 
semblance of ;  outline  or  shadow  forth;  fore- 
shadow; prefigure. 

Both  in  the  vastness  and  the  richness  of  the  visible  uni- 
verse the  invisible  God  is  adumbrated.  Is.  Taylor. 

In  truth,  in  every  Church  those  who  cling  most  tena- 
ciously to  the  dogma  are  just  the  men  "who  have  least 
hold  of  the  divine  substance  "  which  it  faintly  adumbrates. 

H.  N.  Oxenltam,  Short  Studies,  p.  314. 

adumbration  (ad-um-bra'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ad- 
umbratio{n-),  (  adumbrare  :  see  adumbrate.}  1. 
The  act  of  adumbrating  or  making  a  shadow  or 
faint  resemblance. —  2.  Figm-atively,  a  faint 
sketch;  an  imperfect  representation;  some- 
thing that  suggests  by  resemblance,  or  shadows 
forth ;  a  foreshadowing. 

Our  knowledge  is  .  .  .  at  best  a  faint  confused  adum- 
bration. Glanville,  Seep.  Sci. 

Belief  comes  into  existence  when  man  is  not  reasonalile 
enough  to  have  a  theory  about  anything,  while  he  is  still 
mainly  a  feeling  animal,  possessing  only  some  adumbra- 
tions or  instincts  of  tliought.    Kcary,  Prim.  Belief,  p.  23. 

3.  In  her.,  the  shadow  only  of  a  figure,  outlined, 
and  painted  of  a  color  darker  than  the  field. 
Shadow,  however,  has  no  proper  place  in  heraldry.  It  is 
a  modern  abuse. 

adumbrative  (ad-um'bra-tiv),  «.  {(adumbrate 
+ -/re]  Shadowing  fortii ;  faintly  resembling ; 
foreshadowing  or  typical. 

We  claim  to  stand  there  as  mute  monuments,  patheti- 
cally adumbrative  of  much.      Carlyle,  Fr.  Rev.,  II.  i.  10. 

adumbratively  (ad-um'bra-tiv-li),  adv.  In  an 
adumbrative  manner. 

adumbrellar  (ad-um-brel'ar),  a.  [<  L.  ad,  to,+ 
NL.  umbrella,  the  disk  of  aealephs:  see  um- 
brella.'] Pertaining  to  the  upper  surface  of  the 
velum  in  sea-blubbers  (Medusw) :  opposed  to 
abumbrellar. 

adunation  (ad-u-na'shgn),  n.  [<  L.  adunatto(n-), 
(  adunare,  pp.  adunatus,  make  into  one,  <  ad, 
to,  +  M»iMS  =  E.  one:  see  union,  unite,  etc.  Cf. 
atone,  the  cognate  E.  form.]  The  act  of  uniting 
or  the  state  of  being  united;  union:  as,  "real 
union  ov  adunation," Boyle,  Scept.  Chym.  (1680), 
p.  94.  [Rare.] 

adunc  (ad-ungk'),  a.    [Formerly  adunque,  as 
if  F. ;  <  L.  aduncus,  hooked :  see  aduncous.} 
Same  as  aduncous. 
Parrots  have  an  adunque  Bill.   Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. ,  §  238. 
The  Nose  ...  if  Aquiline  or  Adunc. 

Evelyn,  Nuniismata,  p.  297.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

aduncal  (ad-ung'kal),  a.  [<  L.  aduncus :  see 
aduncous.}    Same  as  aduncous. 

The  spire  also  opens  out  at  its  growing  margin,  .  .  . 
and  thus  gives  rise  to  .  .  .  the  common  aduncal  type  of 
thisorganism  [Orbiculina].  W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  § 464. 

aduncate  (ad-ung'kat),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ad- 
uncated, ppr.  aduncating.  [<  ML.  aduncatus, 
pp.  of  aduncare,  hook,  curve,  <  L.  aduncus, 
hooked:  see  aduncous.}  To  curve  inward,  as 
a  bird's  beak  or  a  nose. 

aduncate  (ad-ung'kat),  a.  [<  ML.  aduncatus, 
pp.:  see  the  verb.]  Aduncous;  hooked;  hav- 
ing a  hook :  as,  the  aduncate  bill  of  a  hawk. 

aduncity    (a-dim'sj-ti),  n.    [<  L.  aduncitas, 
hookedness,  <  aduncus,  hooked :  see  aduncous.} 
The  condition  of  being  hooked  ;  hookedness. 
The  aduncity  of  the  pounces  and  beaks  of  the  hawks. 

Martinus  Scriblerus. 

aduncous  (a-dung'kus),  a.  [<  L.  aduncus,  hook- 
ed, <  ad,  to,  +  uncus,  hooked,  barbed,  uncus,  a 
hook,  barb.]  Hooked;  bent  or  made  in  the 
form  of  a  hook ;  incurved.  Equivalent  forma- 
tions are  adunc  and  aduncal. 

ad  unguem  (ad  ung'gwem).  [L. :  ad,  to;  un- 
guem,  acc.  of  unguis,  nail,  claw.]  To  the  nail, 
or  touch  of  the  nail ;  exactly ;  nicely. 

adunquet  (ad-ungk'),  a.  Obsolete  foi-m  of 
adunc. 

aduret  (a-diii''),  v.  t.  [<  L.  adurere,  set  fire  to, 
burn,  <  ad,  to,  +  urere,  burn,  akin  to  Gr.  ebeiv, 
singe,  ahetv,  kindle,  Skt.  ■\/  ush,  burn.  Hence 
adust^,  q.  v.]  To  burn  completely  or  partially ; 
calcine,  scorch,  or  parch. 


adurentt  (a-du'rent),  a.    [<L.  aduren{t-)s,  ppv. 

of  adurere:  see  adurc.}    BuiTiing;  heating. 

Baron.  [Rare.] 
adusk  (a-dusk'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.    [<  o3, 

prep.,  +  dusk.}    In  the  dusk  or  twilight ;  dark; 

in  gloom.  [Rare.] 

You  wish  to  die  and  leave  the  world  adu.ik 

For  others.     Mrs.  Broioninrf,  Aurora  Leigh,  i.  502. 

adusti  (a-dusf),  prep.  phr.  as  a.  [<  a3,  prep., 
+  dust.}  Dusty. 

He  was  tired  and  adust  with  long  riding ;  but  he  did  not 
go  home.  George  Eliot,  Roraola,  xlv. 

Lose  half  their  lives  on  the  road  often  miry  or  adust. 

Blackwood's  Mag.,  XXI.  792. 

adust^  (a-dusf),  a.  [<  L.  adustus,  burned,  pp. 
ot  adurere :  see  adure.}  1.  Burned;  scorched; 
become  dry  by  heat ;  hot  and  fiery. 

Which  with  torrid  heat, 
And  vapour  as  the  Libyan  air  adust, 
Began  to  parcli  that  temperate  clirae. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  635. 

2.  Looking  as  if  burned  or  scorched. 

In  person  he  was  tall,  tliin,  erect,  with  a  small  head,  a 
long  visage,  lean  yellow  cheek,  dark  twinkling  eyes,  adust 
complexion,  .  .  .  and  a  long,  sable-silvered  beard. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  109. 

3t.  In  ^ai/foL,  having  much  heat:  said  of  the 
blood  and  other  fluids  of  the  body;  hence,  ar- 
dent; sanguine;  impetuous. 

If  it  [melancholy]  proceed  from  blood  adust,  or  that 
there  be  a  mixture  of  blood  in  it,  "such  are  commonly 
ruddy  of  complexion,  and  high-coloured,"  according  to 
Sallust,  Salvianus,  and  Hercules  de  Saxonia. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  242. 

adustedt  (a-dus'ted),  a.  [<  adust^  +  -ed'^.}  Be- 
come hot  and  dry ;  burned ;  scorched. 

Those  rayes  which  scorch  the  adusted  soyles  of  Calabria 
and  Spaine.  Howell,  Forreine  Travell,  p.  74. 

adustiblet  (a-dus'ti-bl),  a.    [<  adusf^  +  -ible.} 

Capable  of  being  biu'ned  up. 
adustiont  (a-dus'tion),  n.    [<  L.  adustio{n-),  ( 

adurere:  see  adure,  adusf^.}     1.  The  act  of 

burning,  scorching,  or  heating  to  dryness ;  the 

state  of  being  thus  heated  or  dried.  Harvey. 
others  will  have  them  [symptoms  of  melancholy]  come 

from  the  diverse  adustion  of  the  four  humours. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  242. 

2.  In  med.,  cauterization, 
adv.    A  common  abbreviation  of  adverb  and  of 

advertisement. 

advailablet  (ad-va'la-bl),  a.  Obsolete  form  of 
available. 

ad  val.  An  abbreviation  of  ad  valorem. 

ad  valorem  (ad  va-16'rem).    [NL. :  L.  ad,  to ; 

LL.  and  NL.  valorem,  acc.  of  valor,  value.:  see 
valor.}  According  to  value.  Applied— (i)  in  com., 
to  customs  or  duties  levied  according  to  the  marketable 
value  or  worth  of  the  goods  at  the  original  place  of  ship- 
ment, as  sworn  to  by  the  owner  and  verified  by  the  cus- 
toms appraisers ;  (2)  in  law,  to  lawyers'  fees  for  the  draw- 
ing of  certain  deeds  or  other  work  chargeable  according 
to  the  value  of  the  property  involved, 
advance  (ad-vans'),  v.;  pret.  an<ipp.  advanced, 
ppr.  advancing.  [Earlier  advaunce,  avaunce,  ( 
ME.  avauncen,  avaunsen,  avancen,  avansen,  < 
OF.  avancer,  avancier,  later  avancer,  "to  for- 
ward, set  forward,  further,  put  on;  also,  to 
hasten ;  and  to  shorten  or  cut  off  by  haste ; 
also,  to  advance,  prefer,  promote"  (Cotgrave), 
mod.  P.  avancer  =  Pr.  Sp.  avanzar=  Pg.  avangar 
=  It.  avanzare,  (  ML.  *abanteare,  (  aban  te,  away 
before,  >  It.  Sp.  Pg.  avante,  Pr.  OF.  F.  ava)it, 
before :  see  avant,  avaunt,  and  van^.  The  prefix 
is  thus  historically  av-  for  orig.  ab- ;  the  spelling 
adv-,  now  established  in  this  word  and  advan- 
tage, is  due  to  a  forced  '  restoration '  of  a-  taken 
as  a  reduced  form  of  ad-:  see  a-H  and  a-i3.] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  bring  forward  in  place  ;  move 
further  in  front. 

Now  Morn,  her  rosy  steps  in  the  eastern  clime 
Advancing,  sow'd  the  earth  with  orient  pearl. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  2. 
One  lac'd  the  helm,  another  held  the  lance : 
A  third  the  shining  buckler  did  advance. 

Dry  den,  Pal.  and  Arc.,1.  1732. 
A  line  was  entrenched,  and  the  troops  were  advanced  to 
the  new  position.  If.  S.  Grant,  Pers.  Mem.,  I.  377. 

2.  To  forward  in  time  ;  accelerate  :  as,  to  ad- 
vance the  growth  of  plants. —  3.  To  improve 
or  make  better ;  benefit ;  jjromote  the  good  of: 
as,  to  advance  one's  true  interests. 

As  the  calling  dignifies  the  man,  so  the  man  much  more 
advances  his  calling.  South,  Sermons 

4.  To  promote  ;  raise  to  a  higher  rank :  as,  to 
advance  one  from  the  bar  to  the  bench. 
And  to  advance  again,  for  one  man's  merit, 
A  thousand  heirs  that  have  deserved  nought? 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  vilL 
It  has  ben  the  fate  of  this  obliging  favorite  to  advance 
those  who  soone  forget  their  original. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  July  22,  1674. 


advance 

5,  To  raise ;  enhance  :  as,  to  advance  the  price 
of  goods. — 6.  To  offer  or  propose;  bring  to 
view  or  notice,  as  something  one  is  prepared 
to  abide  by ;  allege  ;  adduce  ;  bring  forward  : 
as,  to  advance  an  opinion  or  an  argument. 

Propositions  which  are  advanced  in  discourse  generally 
result  from  a  partial  view  of  the  question,  and  cannot  be 
kept  under  examination  long  enough  to  be  corrected. 

Macaulay,  Athenian  Orators. 

7.  In  com.,  to  supply  beforehand  ;  furnish  on 
credit,  or  before  goods  are  delivered  or  work  is 
done,  or  furnish  as  part  of  a  stock  or  fund ;  sup- 
ply or  pay  in  expectation  of  reimbursement :  as, 
to  advance  money  on  loan  or  contract,  or  to- 
ward a  purchase  or  an  establishment. 

Two  houses  advanced  to  Edward  the  Tliird  of  England 
upwards  of  three  hundred  thousand  marks. 

Macaulay,  Machiavelli. 

8.  To  raise ;  lift  up  ;  elevate. 

They  .  .  . 

Advanc'd  their  eyelids.        Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 
0,  peace  !   Contemplation  makes  a  rare  turkey-cock  of 
him !  how  he  jets  under  Iris  advanced  plumes ! 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  5. 
A  cherub  tall ; 
Who  forthwith  from  the  glittering  staff  unfurl'd 
The  imperial  ensign,  which,  full  high  advanced, 
Shone  like  a  meteor.  Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  536. 

9.  To  put  forth  or  exhibit  with  a  view  to  dis- 
play. [Bare.] 

And  every  one  his  love-feat  will  advance 

Unto  his  several  mistress.        Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

lOf.  To  commend  ;  extol ;  vaunt. 

Greatly  advauncing  his  gay  chivalree. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  v.  16. 

lit.  To  impel;  incite. 

That  lewd  rybauld  with  vyle  lust  advaunst. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  10. 
=S3m.  4.  To  elevate,  e.\alt,  prefer,  aggrandize,  dignify. 
—  5.  To  increase,  augment. —  6.  Adduce,  Allege,  Assign 
(see  adduce) ;  propound,  bring  forward,  lay  down. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  move  or  go  forward;  pro- 
ceed :  as,  the  troops  advanced. 

But  time  advances :  facts  accumulate  ;  doubts  arise. 
Faint  glimpses  of  truth  begin  to  appear,  and  shine  more 
and  more  unto  the  perfect  day. 

M acaulay.  Sir  James  Mackintosh. 
They  watched  the  reapers'  slow  advancing  line. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  375. 


85 

I  got  back  on  the  5th  with  the  advance,  the  remainder 
following  as  rapidly  as  the  steamers  could  carry  them. 

U.  S.  Grant,  Pers.  iMem.,  I.  290. 

8.  In  schools,  a  lesson  not  previously  learned : 
opposed  to  review. — 9.  Advancement;  promo- 
tion ;  preferment :  as,  an  advance  in  rank  or 
office. — 10.  An  offer  or  tender. 

The  advance  of  kindness  wliich  I  made  was  feigned. 

Dryden,  All  for  Love,  iv. 

11.  In  com.:  (a)  Addition  to  price ;  rise  in  price: 
as,  an  advance  on  the  prime  cost  of  goods  ;  there 
is  an  advance  on  cottons,  (b)  A  giving  before- 
hand; a  furnishing  of  something  before  an 
equivalent  is  received,  as  money  or  goods,  to- 
ward a  capital  or  stock,  or  on  loan,  or  in  expec- 
tation of  being  reimbursed  in  some  way :  as,  A 
made  large  advances  to  B. 

I  shall,  with  great  pleasure,  make  the  necessary  ad- 
vances. Jay. 

The  account  was  made  up  with  intent  to  show  what 
advances  had  been  made.  Kent. 

(c)  The  money  or  goods  thus  furnished. — 12. 
In  naval  tactics,  the  distance  made  by  a  ship 
P  imder  way,  in  the  direc- 
tion of  her  course,  after 
the  helm  has  been  put  to 
one  side  and  kept  there: 
opposed  to  transfer,  the 
distance  made  at  right  an- 
gles to  the  original  com-se 
of  the  vessel  before  the 
D  helm  was  put  over — inad- 
vance.  (a)  Before ;  in  front : 
as,  the  cavalry  marched  in  ad- 
vance, or  in  advance  of  the  ar- 
tillery. See  above,  6.  (6)  Be- 
forehand ;  before  an  equivalent 
Is  received:  as,  to  pay  rent  ira 
advance. 

They  .  .  .  paid  you  in  ad- 
vance the  dearest  tribute  of 
their  atfection. 

Junius,  To  the  King,  1769. 
(c)  In  the  state  or  condition  of 
having  made  an  advance  :  as, 
A  is  in  advance  to  B  a  thousand  dollars.  =  Syn.  Advance- 
ment, Proficiency,  etc.    See  progress,  n. 

advanceable  (ad-van'sa-bl),  a 


ABC,  ship's  track. 
B,  point  where  helm  is  put 
over. 

D  C,  advance  \  of  curve 
B  D,  transfer   J       B  C. 


[<  advance  + 

_  _    .  ,  ,       -a&Ze.]    Capable  of  being  advanced. 

2.  To  improve  or  make  progress;  grow,  etc.:  advance-bill  (ad-vans'bil),  n.  Same  as  ad- 
as,  to  advance  m  knowledge,  stature,  wisdom,  vance-note. 

advanced  (ad-vansf),  p-  a.    1.  Situated  in 
front  of  or  before  others.    Hence  —  2.  In  the 


rank,  office,  dignity,  or  age 

A  great  advancing  soul  carries  forward  his  whole  age  ; 
a  mean,  sordid  soul  draws  it  back. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  p.  34. 

3.  To  increase  in  quantity,  price,  etc. :  as,  the 
stock  advanced  three  points, 
advance  (ad-vans'),  «.  [_=Y.avance;  from  the 
verb.]  1.  A  moving  foi-ward  or  toward  the 
front ;  a  forward  course ;  progress  in  space  : 
as,  our  advance  was  impeded  by  obstructions. 
Don  Alonzo  de  Aguila  and  his  companions,  in  their 


front ;  forward ;  being  in  advance  of  or  beyond 
others  in  attainments,  degree,  etc. :  as,  an  ad- 
vanced Liberal. 
The  most  advanced  strategic  ideas  of  the  day. 

Grote,  Hist.  Greece,  II.  86. 

3.  Having  reached  a  comparatively  late  stage, 
as  of  development,  progress,  life,  etc. :  as,  he  is 
now  at  an  advanced  age. 

e&gev  advance,  had  .  got  entangled  in  deep  glens'and  advanCC-gUard  (ad-vans'gard),  W.  [Cf.  avant- 
the  dry  beds  of  torrents.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  90.     guard,  VanguardV]     Milit.,  a  body  of  troopS  Or 

2.          the  order  or  signal  to  advance:  as,  the  other  force  marching  or  stationed  in  front  of 

advance  was  sounded.— 3.  A  step  forward;  the  main  body  to  clear  the  way,  guard  against 

actual  progress  in-any  course  of  action  :  often  surprise,  etc. 

in  the  plural:  as,  an  advance  in  religion  or  advancement  (ad-vans'ment),  n.    [Earlier  afZ- 

knowledge;  civilization  has  made  great  ad-  vauncemetit,  avauncement,  <  ME.  avancement,  < 


vances  ia  this  century. 

Witness  the  advance  from  a  rustic's  conception  of  the 
Earth  to  that  which  a  travelled  geologist  has  reached. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  481. 

4.  An  act  of  approach;  an  effort  for  approxi- 
mation or  agreement ;  anything  done  to  bring 
about  accord  or  any  relation  with  another  or 
others:  with  to  before  the  person  and  toward 
before  the  object  or  pui-pose :  as,  A  made  an 
advance  or  advances  to  B,  or  toward  acquain- 
tance with  B. 

Frederic  had  some  time  before  made  advances  toward  a 
reconciliation  with  Voltaire. 

Macaulay,  Frederic  the  Great. 

5.  A  forward  position;  place  in  front,  at  the 


OF.  (and  E .)  avancement,  <  avancer:  see  advance 
and -me«t]  1.  The  act  of  moving  forward  or 
proceeding  onward  or  upward. —  2.  The  act  of 
promoting,  or  state  of  being  promoted ;  prefer- 
ment; promotion  in  rank  or  excellence;  im- 
provement; fui'therance. —  3t.  Settlement  on  a 
wife;  jointure.  Bacon. — 4.  In  ?«?«,  provision 
made  by  a  parent  for  a  child  during  the  parent's 
life,  by  gift  of  property  on  account  of  the  share 
to  which  the  child  would  be  entitled  as  heir  or 
next  of  kin  after  the  parent's  death. —  Sf.  The 
payment  of  money  in  advance ;  money  paid  in 

advance.  =Syn.  1  and  2.  Advatice,  Proficiency,  etc.  See 
progress,  n. — 2.  Exaltation,  elevation,  preferment,  en- 
hancement, amelioration,  betterment. 


head,  or  in  the  lead:  as,  his  regiment  took  the  advance-note  (ad-vans'not),  n.    A  draft  on  the 


advance  in  the  march.— 6.  The  state  of  being 
forward  or  in  front;  a  being  or  going  at  tho 
head  or  in  the  lead:  chiefly  in  the  phrase  in 
advance:  as,  the  groom  rode  in  advance  of  tho 
carriage;  he  is  far  in  advance  of  the  other 

pupils.  In  this  sense  the  word  is  often  used  in  compo- 
sition, sometimes  without  joining,  giving  it  the  appear- 
ance of  an  adjective,  as  it  has  been  called  in  such  use,  al- 
though it  is  never  really  one.  Thus,  an  advance  (-)  agent 
IS  an  agent  sent  out  in  advance  of  a  theatrical  company, 
exhibition,  etc.,  to  make  preliminary  arrangements;  an 
advance  (-)  ditch  or  foss  is  a  ditch  around  the  esplanade 
;lacis  of  a  fortified  place,  and  hence  in  advance  of  it ; 


owner 'or  agent  of  a  vessel,  generally  for  one 
month's  wages,  given  by  the  master  to  the 
sailors  on  their  signing  the  articles  of  agree- 
ment. Known  in  the  United  States  as  an  advance-bill. 
The  practice  was  abolished  in  the  United  States  by  act  of 
Congress  in  1884. 

advancer  (ad-van'ser),  n.    [ME.  avauricer, 
avaunser;  <  advance  +  -erl.]    1.  One  who  ad- 
vances; a  promoter. —  2.  A  branch  of  a  buck's 
horn,  the  second  from  the  base, 
advancingly  (ad-van'sing-li),  adv.    In  an  ad- 
progressively. 


 ^  ,    vancmg  manner ;  ^  --^  

advance J-)  sheets  are  sheets  of  a  printed  work  sent  to  advanciVC  (ad-van'siv),  a.  [Irreg.  <  advance  + 
TZVt^TZ^^^'t^-^  the  headorin  Tending  to  advance  or  promote  [Rare.] 

the  lead;  the  foremost  or  forward  part;  espe-    J^lVt^noi  tne^Zl^ ^^^^^^^^^ 

eiaily,  tne  ieadmg  body  of  an  army.  Washington,  in  Bancroft  s  Hist.  Const.,  I.  416. 


advantage 

advantage  (ad-van'taj),  H.  [<  ME.  avantage, 
avauntage,  <  OF.  (and  F.)  avantage,  "an  advan- 
tage, odds;  overplus;  addition;  eeking;  a  bebe- 
fit,  furtherance,  forwarding,"  etc.  (Cotgrave), 
=  Pr.  avantage  {ML.  reflex  avantagium),  <  ML. 
*abantaticum,  advantage,  <  aftawie,  >  OF.  avant, 
etc.,  before:  see  advance,  v.'\  1.  Any  state, 
condition,  circumstance,  opportunity,  or  means 
specially  favorable  to  success,  prosperity,  inter- 
est, reputation,  or  any  desired  end;  anything 
that  aids,  assists,  or  is  of  service :  as,  he  had 
the  advantage  of  a  good  constitution,  of  an  ex- 
cellent education;  the  enemy  had  the  advan- 
tage of  elevated  ground;  "the  advantages  of  a 
close  alliance,"  Macaulay. 

Advantage  is  a  better  soldier  than  rashness. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  6. 
The  streets,  seen  now  under  the  advantages  of  a  warm 
morning  sun  adding  a  Ijeauty  of  its  own  to  whatever  it 
glanced  upon,  showed  much  more  brilliantly  than  ours 
of  Rome.  W.  Ware,  Zenobia,  I.  58. 

2.  Superiority  or  prevalence :  regularly  with  of 
or  over. 

Lest  Satan  should  get  an  advantage  of  us.    2  Cor.  ii.  11. 
I  have  seen  the  hungry  ocean  gain 
Advantage  on  the  kingdom  of  the  shore. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  Ixiv. 
The  special  advantage  of  manhood  over  youth  lies  .  .  . 
in  the  sense  of  reality  and  limitation. 

J.  M.  Seele.y,  Nat.  Religion,  p.  145. 

3.  Benefit;  gain;  profit. 

What  advantage  will  it  be  unto  thee?         Job  xxxv.  3. 
Yet  hath  Sir  Proteus,  for  that's  his  name, 
Made  use  and  fair  advantage  of  his  days. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  ii.  4. 

4t.  Usury;  interest;  increase. 

Methought  you  said,  you  neither  lend  nor  borrow 
Upon  advantage.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  3. 

And  with  advantage  means  to  pay  thy  love. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  .3. 

5t.  A  thirteenth  article  added  to  a  dozen,  mak- 
ing what  is  commonly  known  as  a  baker's 
dozen. 

If  the  Scripture  be  for  reformation,  and  Antiquity  to 
boot,  it  is  but  an  advantage  to  the  dozen. 

Milton,  Ref.  in  Eng.,  i. 
6.  In  lawn-tennis,  the  first  point  gained  after 
deuce.  Commonly  called  vantage.  See  lawn- 
tennis — To  advantage,  with  good  effect ;  advantage- 
ously.—To  have  the  advantage  of,  to  have  superiority 
over ;  be  in  a  more  favorable  position  than ;  in  particular, 
to  know  without  being  known  ;  have  a  personal  knowledge 
that  is  not  reciprocal :  as,  you  have  the  advantage  of  me. — 

Toplayuponadvantaget,  tocheat.— To  take  advan- 
tage of.  (a)  To  avail  one's  self  of ;  profit  by  in  a  legitimate 
way.  (b)  To  overreach  or  impose  upon,  (c)  To  utilize  as  a 
means  toward  overreaching  or  imposition. 

The  restrictions  both  on  masters  and  servants  were  so 
severe  as  to  prevent  either  from  taking  advantage  of  the 
necessities  of  the  other.  Froude,  Sketches,  p.  146. 

=  Syn.  1  and  3.  Advantage,  Benefit,  Utility,  Profit,  help, 
vantage-ground,  good,  service.  Advantage  is  the  possession 
of  a  good  vantage-ground  for  the  attainment  of  ulterior  ob- 
jects of  desire :  as,  he  has  the  advantage  of  a  good  education. 
Benefit  is  a  more  immediate  and  realized  good  :  as,  a  chief 
benefit  of  exercise  is  the  improvement  of  health.  Utility 
is  usefulness  in  the  practical  or  material  sense  :  the  utility 
of  an  education  is  a  small  part  of  the  benefit  derived  from 
it.  Profit  signifies  gain,  with  a  suggestion  of  trade  or 
exchange.  A  man  may  have  g;ood  advantages,  but  derive 
from  them  little  benefit  or  profit;  ewentheii  utility  to  him 
may  be  small. 

And  deny  his  youth 
The  rich  advantage  of  good  exercise. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  2. 
The  importance  of  the  American  revolution,  and  the 
means  of  making  it  a  benefit  to  the  world. 

Washington,  Letter  to  Dr.  Price. 
An  undertaking  of  enormous  labour  and  yet  of  only 
very  partial  utility.  F.  Hail,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  36. 

What  profit  lies  in  barren  faith? 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  cviii. 

advantage  (ad-van'taj),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ad- 
vantaged, ppr.  advantaging.  [<  late  ME.  avan- 
tage, <  OF.  avantager,  avantagier,  later  avan- 
tager,  "to  advantage,  give  advantage  imto," 
etc.  (Cotgrave);  from  the  noun.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  benefit;  be  of  service  to;  jneld  profit  or 
gain  to. 

What  is  a  man  advantaged,  if  he  gain  the  whole  world, 
and  lose  himself,  or  be  cast  away  ?  Luke  ix.  25. 

If  trade  pinches  the  mind,  commerce  liberalizes  it ;  and 
Boston  was  also  advantaged  with  tlie  neighborhood  of  the 
country's  oldest  college,  which  maintained  the  wholesome 
traditions  of  culture.         Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  96. 

2t.  To  gain  groimd  or  win  acceptance  for:  pro- 
mote or  further.  [Rare.] 

The  Stoics  that  opinioned  the  souls  of  wise  men  dwelt 
about  the  moon,  and  those  of  fools  wandered  about  the 
earth,  advantaged  the  conceit  of  this  effect. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

3t.  To  increase,  as  by  interest. 

Advantaging  their  loan  with  interest 
Of  ten  times  double  gain  of  happiness. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  4. 


advantage 

4t.  Eeflexively,  to  cause  to  be  an  advantage  to ; 
avail  (one's  self). 

It  is  observed  of  wolves,  that  wlieii  they  go  to  tlie  fold 
for  prey,  they  will  be  sure  to  adrantiTjt'  tlieniselves  of  the 
wind.  Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  II.  121. 

II.  in  trans.  To  gain  an  advantage ;  be  bene- 
fited. 

The  carnivoraa(ii)(i/i(a(7e  by  the  accident  of  their  painted 
skins.  P.  Robinson,  Under  the  Sun,  p.  ISO. 

advantageable   (ad-van'taj-a-bl),   a.  [Early 
mod.  E.   avatitageable ;  <  advantage  + 
Profitable;  convenient;  gainful.  [Rare.] 

It  is  advantageable  to  a  physician  to  be  called  to  the 
cure  of  declining  disease.  Sir  J.  Haijward. 

advantage-ground  (ad  -  van '  taj  -  ground),  n. 
Vantage-ground.  Clarendon. 

advantageous  (ad-van-ta'jus),  a.  [Formerly 
adrantagioiis ;  iadvaniagc,  n.,  + -ous,  after  F. 
avantageux,  <  avanfage.2  Of  advantage;  fur- 
nishing convenience  or  opportunity  to  gain 
benefit ;  gainful ;  profitable ;  useful ;  beneficial : 
as,  an  advan  tageous  position  of  the  troops;  trade 
is  advantageous  to  a  nation. 

Between  these  colonics  and  the  mother  country,  a  very 
advantageous  traffic  was  at  tirst  carried  on. 

Guliliiinith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  xxv. 
It  is  evident  that  they  [changes  in  color]  are  under  the 
control  of  the  flsh,  and  therefore  advantageous. 

Science,  IV.  339. 

=  Syn.  Helpful,  servicealile,  favuralile,  remunerative, 
advantageously  (ad-vau-ta'jus-li),  adv.    In  an 
advantageous  manner ;  vrith  advantage ;  profit- 
ably; usefully;  conveniently. 

It  was  advuntagcnushi  .situated,  there  being  an  easy 
passage  from  it  to'  India  liy  sea.  Arbxithnot. 

Their  mother  is  cx  idcntly  not  without  hopes  of  seeing 
one,  at  least  [of  her  daughters],  ad  vantageousbi  settled  in 
life.  Barhain,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  184. 

advantageousness  (ad-van-ta'jus-nes),  n.  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  advantageous ;  profit- 
ableness ;  usefulness ;  corvenienee. 

The  last  property,  which  qualifies  God  for  the  fittest  ob- 
ject of  our  love,  is,  the  ad va ntageuusness of  Histo  us,  Initli 
in  tlie  present  and  the  future  life.     Boyle,  Worlvs,  I.  •Il'.K 

advectitious  (ad-vek-tish'us),  a.  [<  L.  advcc- 
titiiis,  prop,  adrecticitts,  brought  to  a  place  from 
a  distance,  foreign,  <  advectus,  pp.  of  advchrre, 
bring  to :  see  advehent.']  Brought  from  another 
place.  Blount. 

advehent  (ad'vf-hent),  a.  [<  L.  advehen{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  advehere,  bring  to,  carry  to,  <  ad,  to,  -f 
veliere,  bring,  carry :  see  r chicle,  convey.']  Bring- 
ing; carrying  to;  afferent:  in  anat.,  applied 
to  sundry  vessels  :  the  opposite  of  revehent. 
advene  (ad-ven'),  v.  i.  [<  L.  advenirc,  come  to, 
arrive  at,  <  ad,  to,  +  venire,  come,  —E.  come,  q.  v. 
Cf.  convene,  intervene,  supervene.]  To  accede 
or  come;  be  added  or  become  a  part,  though 
not  essential.  [Rare.] 
Where  no  act  of  the  will  advenes  as  a  co-efficient. 

Coleridge,  Remains  (1836),  III.  19. 
advenientt  (ad-ve'nient),  rt.  [<L.  advenien{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  flrfi-enire.-  see  advene.']  Advening;  com- 
ing from  without ;  superadded. 

Divided  from  truth  in  themselves,  they  are  yet  farther 
removed  by  advenient  deception. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  i.  3. 

advent  (ad'vent),  n.  [<  ME.  advent,  <  L.  ad- 
ventus,  a  coming  to,  approach,  <  advenirc :  see 
advene.]  1.  A  coming  into  place,  view,  or  be- 
ing ;  visitation ;  an-ival ;  accession :  as,  the  ad- 
vent of  visitors,  of  an  infant,  or  of  death.  [A 
modern  use  of  the  word,  the  ecclesiastical  use 
having  been  the  original  one  in  English.] 

With  the  advent  of  the  empire  all  this  was  destined  to 
undergo  a  complete  change. 

Merivale,  Roman  Empire,  xxxv. 

With  the  advent  to  power  of  a  liberal-minded  Sovereign 
...  it  might  have  been  expected  that  there  would  be  an 
immediate  change  in  the  Government  of  Piedmont. 

E.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  64. 

Specifically — 2.  The  coming  of  Christ  as  the 
Saviour  of  the  world.  Hence  —  3.  \_cap.]  Ec- 
cles.,  the  period  immediately  preceding  the  fes- 
tival of  the  Nativity,  it  includes  four  Sundays,  reck- 
oning from  the  Sunday  nearest  St.  Andrew's  day  (Nov.  30) 
to  Christmas  eve,  and  has  been  observed  since  the  sixth 
century  as  a  season  of  devotion  with  reference  to  the  com- 
ing of  Christ  in  the  flesh  and  to  his  second  coming  to  judge 
the  world;  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  observed  also  as 
a  time  of  penance  and  fasting.  In  the  Oriental  and  Greek 
Churches  the  period  includes  six  Sundays,  or  forty  days.— 
Second  advent,  the  second  coming  of  Christ  to  establish 
a  personal  reign  upon  the  earth  as  its  king.  See  mille- 
narinnism  and  jireiii illennialism. 

Adventist  (ad'ven-tist),  M.  [<  advent  +  -ist.] 
One  who  believes  in  the  second  coming  of 
Christ  to  establish  a  personal  reign  upon  the 
earth ;  a  millenarian ;  a  Seeond-adventist.  The 
Adveiitists  of  the  United  States  owe  their  origin  to  the 
millenarian  teachings  of  William  Miller  (see  Millerite), 
most  of  them  believing  at  first  in  various  dates  fixed  for 
the  second  coming  of  Christ  from  1843  to  1861,  but  after- 


86 

ward  abandoning  the  attempt  to  determine  the  date. 
Tliere  are  several  divisions  or  sects  of  Adventists,  the  prin- 
cipal of  which  are:  the  Advent  (ov  Second  Advent)  Chris- 
tian!;, the  largest ;  the  Seventh-day  Adventists,  much  small- 
er, but  more  compactly  organized  ;  and  the  Evangelical 
Adventists,  the  smallest.  The  members  of  the  first  two  be- 
lieve in  the  final  annihilation  of  the  wicked,  which  those 
of  the  third  reject.  The  second  observe  the  seventh  day  as 
the  Sabbath,  and  believe  In  the  existence  of  the  spirit  of 
prophecy  among  them;  they  maintain  missions  in  various 
parts  of  the  world,  and  a  number  of  institutions  at  Battle 
Creek,  Michigan,  tlieir  headquarters. 

adventitia  (ad-ven-tish'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  fem. 
sing.  (sc.  nu  mhrana,  or  tunica)  oi  L.  adventitius : 
see  adventitious.]  In  auaf.,  any  membranous 
structure  covering  an  organ  but  not  properly 
belonging  to  it  (in  full,  membrana  adventitia, 
adventitious  membrane);  specifically,  the  out- 
ermost of  the  three  coats  of  a  blood-vessel  (in 
full,  tunica  adventitia,  adventitious  tunic),  con- 
sisting of  connective  tissue, 
adventitious  (ad-ven-tish'us),  a.  [<  L.  adven- 
titius, prop,  advcnticius,  coming  from  abroad, 
(.adventus,  pp.  of  advenirc:  see  advene.]  1. 
Added  extrinsically ;  not  springing  from  the  es- 
sence of  the  subject,  but  from  another  source ; 
foreign;  accidentally  or  casually  acquired:  ap- 
plied to  that  which  does  not  properly  belong  to 
a  subject,  but  which  is  superadded  or  adopted, 
as  in  a  picture  or  other  work  of  art,  to  give  it  ad- 
ditional power  or  effect. 

Every  subject  acquires  an  adventitious  importance  to 
him  who  considers  it  with  application. 

Goldsm  ith,  Polite  Learning,  xiv. 
But  apart  from  any  adventitious  associations  of  later 
growth,  it  is  certain  tliat  a  very  ancient  belief  gave  to  magic 
the  power  of  imparting  life,  or  the  semblance  of  it,  to  inani- 
mate things.       Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  117. 

2.  In  hot.  and  cool.,  appearing  casually,  or  in 
an  abnormal  or  imusual  position  or  place  ;  oc- 
curring as  a  straggler  or  away  from  its  natural 
position  or  habitation ;  adventive. 

Tlie  inflorescence  [of  Cuscata  glomerata]  is  developed 
from  numerous  crowded  adventitious  buds,  and  not  by  the 
repeated  branching  of  axillary,  flowering  branches,  as 
commonly  stated.  Scieme,  IV.  342. 

3.  In  anat.,  of  the  nature  of  adventitia:  as,  the 
adventitious  coat  of  an  artery. 

adventitiously  (ad-ven-tish'us-li),  adv.    In  an 
adventitious  or  extrinsic  manner ;  accidentally, 
adventitiousness  (ad-ven-tish'us-nes),  n.  The 

state  or  quality  of  being  adventitious, 
adventive  (ad-ven'tiv),  a.  and  n.    [<L.  adven- 
tus, pj).  of  advenirc  (see  advene),  +  -ive.]    I.  a. 
If.  Accidental ;  adventitious. 
The  relative  and  adventive  characters  of  offences. 

Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  ii. 

Specifically — 3.  In  bot.  and  zooL,  only  tran- 
sient and  locally  spontaneous,  not  thoroughly 
naturalized:  applied  to  introduced  plants  and 
animals. 

Il.t  n.  One  who  or  that  which  comes  from 
vrithout ;  an  immigrant. 

That  the  natives  be  not  so  many,  but  that  there  may  be 
elbow-room  enough  for  them,  and  for  the  adventivcs  also. 

Bacon,  Advice  to  Villicrs. 

adventryt  (ad-ven'tri),  w.  [<  adventure,  asif  *a(Z- 
ventury.]  An  enterprise ;  an  adventure.  [Rare.  ] 
Act  a  brave  work,  call  it  thy  last  adventry. 

B.  Jomon,  Epigrams. 

Adventual  (ad-ven'tu-al),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *ad- 
ventualis,  <  arfcexto.?  (arfeewto-),  approach :  see 
advent.]  Relating  to  the  season  of  Advent. 
B2).  Sanderson. 
adventure  (ad-ven'tur),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  of- 
ten also  achwnter,<WE.  aventure,  auenture,  often 
contr.  auntour,  aunter,  anter,  etc.,  <  OF.  (and 
-P.)  aventure  —  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  aventura  —  It.  av- 
ventura  =  Fries,  aventure  —  MHG.  aventiure,  G. 
abenteuer  =  Dan.  ccventyr,  eventyr  =  Sw.  dfven- 
tyr,  <  ML.  aventura,  also  adventura,  lit.  a  thing 
about  to  happen,  <  L.  advenirc,  fut.  part.  act. 
adventurus,  come  to,  happen:  see  advene. 
The  ME.  prefix  a-  (a-^i)  has  been  restored  to 
its  orig.  L.  form  ad-.  Hence  peradventure,  q.  v. 
Ct.  venture.]  If.  That  which  comes  or"happens 
to  one ;  hap ;  chance ;  fortune ;  luck. 

Searching  of  thy  wound, 
I  have  by  hard  adventure  found  mine  own. 

Shale,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  4. 
And  as  my  fair  adventure  fell,  I  found 
A  lady  all  in  white,  with  laurel  crown'd. 

Dryden,  Flower  and  Leaf,  1.  463. 

2.  A  hazardous  enterprise ;  an  undertaking  of 
uncertain  issue,  or  participation  in  such  an  un- 
dertaking. 

He  forged, 

But  that  was  later,  boyish  histories 
Of  battle,  bold  adventure,  dungeon,  wreck. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

3.  A  remarkable  occurrence  in  one's  personal 
history ;  a  noteworthy  event  or  expei-ience  in 
one's  life. 


adventuresu 

Come,  never  mind  our  uncle's  age,  let  us  hear  his  od- 
ventures.  Irving,  Tales  of  a  Traveler. 

4.  A  speculation  of  any  kind,  commercial, 
financial,  or  mining;  aventm-e;  specifically,  a 
speculation  in  goods  sent  abroad. 

Lafayette  directed  the  captain  to  steer  for  the  United 
States,  which,  especially  as  he  had  a  large  pecuniary  ad- 
venture of  his  own  on  board,  he  declined  doing. 

Everett,  Orations,  I.  46t. 

5t.  Peril;  danger. 

He  was  in  great  adventure  of  his  life.  Berners. 

6.  Adventurous  activity ;  participation  in  ex- 
citing or  hazardous  imdertakings  or  enterprises : 
as,  a  spirit  of  adventure — At  all  adventurest,  at 
all  hazards ;  whatever  may  be  the  consequence. 

In  this  mist  at  all  adventures  go.  Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  ii.  2. 
Bill  of  adventure.  See  bill'i. 
adventure  (ad-ven'tur),  v.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  ad- 
ventured, ppr.  adventuring.  [<  ME.  aventuren, 
usually  contr.  to  aunteren,  auntren  (which  sur- 
vives, prob.,  in  saunter,  q.  v.),  <  OF.  aventurer 
=:Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  aventiirar  =  lt.  avventurare,  <  ML. 
adventurare ;  from  the  noun.]  I,  trans.  1.  To 
risk  or  hazard;  put  in  the  power  of  unforeseen 
events:  as,  to  adventure  one's  life. 

My  father  fought  for  you,  and  adventured  his  life  far. 

Judges  ix.  17. 

2.  To  venture  on ;  take  the  chance  of ;  run  the 
risk  of  doing  or  suffering. 

So  bold  Leander  would  adventure  it. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  iii.  1. 
Well,  my  lord,  I  do  adventure,  on  your  word, 
The  duke's  displeasure. 

Dekker  and  Webster(>),  Sir  Thomas  Wyat,  p.  15. 

II,  intrans.  To  take  the  risk  involved  in  do- 
ing anything ;  proceed  at  a  venture. 

Still  y  plague  continuing  in  our  parish,  I  could  not 
without  danger  adventure  to  our  church. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Sept.  7,  16B6. 
Its  government  began  to  adventure  on  a  lenient  policy. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  349. 

adventureful  (ad-ven'tur-fiil),  a.    Given  to 
adventure ;  full  of  enterprise.  [Rare.] 
adventurementt  (ad-ven' tur-ment),  n.  Haz- 
ardous enterprise. 

Wiser  Raymnndus,  in  his  closet  pent. 
Laughs  at  sucli  danger  and  adventuremcnt. 

Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  IV.  iii.  35. 

adventurer  (ad-ven'tur-er),  n.  [Late  ME.  ad- 
ventorer,  a  gamester,  suggested  by  F.  aventurier, 
■with  same  sense,  <  ML.  adventurarius,  -erius: 
see  adventure  and  -er.]  1.  One  who  engages 
in  adventure ;  an  undertaker  of  uncertain  or 
hazardous  actions  or  enterprises,  as  in  travel, 
war,  trade,  speculation,  etc. :  as,  the  Young  Adi- 
venturer,  a  title  given  to  Prince  Charles  Edward 
Stuart  on  account  of  his  leading  the  desperate 
insurrection  of  1745.  Specifically  — (a)  One  of  a  class 
of  soldiers  in  the  middle  ages  who  sold  their  services  to 
the  highest  bidder,  or  fought  and  plundered  on  their  own 
account.  (6)  Formerly,  a  seeker  of.rfortune  by  foreign 
trade,  travel,  or  emigration ;  one  who  engaged  in  foreign 
discovery,  colonization,  or  speculation  for  the  sake  of 
profit,  especially  in  North  America. 

While  these  things  were  thus  acting  in  America,  the 
adventttrers  in  England  were  providing,  though  too  tedi- 
ously, to  send  them  recruits.     Beverley,  Virginia,  i.  H  7. 

Tlie  [colonial]  governor  [of  Maryland]  was  authorized  to 
erect  each  holding  of  1,000  acres  and  over  into  a  manor,  to 
be  called  by  such  name  as  the  adventurer  or  adventurers 
shall  desire.  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Stud.,  III.  319. 

(c)  In  general,  one  who  undertakes  any  great  commercial 
risk  or  speculation  ;  a  speculator ;  in  mining,  a  share- 
holder in  or  promoter  of  mines,  particularly  under  the 
cost-book  system.    See  cost-book. 

2.  In  a  bad  sense,  a  seeker  of  fortune  by  un- 
derhand or  equivocal  means ;  a  speculator  upon 
the  credulity  or  good  nature  of  others;  espe- 
cially, one  who  ingratiates  himself  ynth  soci- 
ety by  false  show  or  pretense  in  order  to  gain 
a  surreptitious  livelihood — Adventurer  tunnel. 
See  tunnel.— Merchant  Adventurers,  the  title  of  a  com- 
mercial company  first  established  in  Antwerp,  and  char- 
tered in  England  by  Henry  IV.  in  1406,  and  by  successive 
sovereigns  down  to  Charles  I.  in  1634,  who  carried  on 
trading  and  colonizing  enterprises  in  North  America  and 
other  parts  of  the  world.  Several  local  associations  of 
merchants  still  exist  in  England  under  this  name,  that  of 
Newcastle  reckoning  its  origin  from  the  seventeenth  year 
of  King  John  (1216). 

adventuresome  (ad-ven'tur -sum),  a.  [<  ad- 
ven  ttire,  n.,  +  -some.]  Bold;  daring;  adventur- 
ous ;  incurring  hazard.    See  venturesome. 

Adventuresome,  I  send 
My  herald  thought  into  a  wilderness. 

Keats,  Endymion,  i. 

adventuresomeness  (ad-ven'tur-sum-nes),  «. 
The  quality  of  being  bold  and  venturesome, 
adventuress  (ad-ven'tur-es),  n.  [<  adventurer 
-I-  -ess.]  A  female  adventurer;  a  woman  en- 
gaged in  or  capable  of  bold  enterprises,  espe- 
cially enterprises  of  equivocal  character. 


adventuress 


87 


advert 


It  might  be  very  well  for  Lady  Bareacres  .  .  .  and  other 
ladies  ...  to  cry  fle  at  the  idea  of  the  odious  arfoe;j<Mress 
making  her  curtsey  before  the  sovereign. 

Thackeray,  Vanjty  Fair,  xlviii. 

adventurous  (ad-ven'tur-us),  a.  [<ME.  aven- 
turous,  aventurus,  aunterms,  etc.,  <  OF.  aventeros, 
F.  aventureux  =  Vv.  avcnturos  — It.  amenturoso: 
see  adventure,  n.,  and  -oms.]  1.  Inclined  or 
willing  to  incur  hazard  or  engage  in  adven- 
tures ;  bold  to  encounter  danger ;  daring ;  ven- 
turesome ;  courageous ;  enterprising. 

In  many  a  doubtful  fight, 
Was  never  known  a  more  adoent'rous  knight. 

Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  1.  2207. 

Th'  adventurous  baron  the  bright  locks  admired. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  ii.  29. 

2.  Full  of  hazard ;  attended  with  risk ;  exposing 
to  danger ;  requiring  courage ;  hazardous :  as, 
an  adventurous  undertaking. 

Of  instriunental  harmony,  that  breathed 
Heroic  ardour  to  adventurous  deeds. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  66. 
A  Greek  temple  preserves  a  kind  of  fresh  immortality 
in  its  concentrated  refinement,  and  a  Gothic  cathedral  in 
its  adventurous  exuberance. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  36. 
"=  Syn.  \.  Adventurovji,  Enterprising,  Rash,  Reckless,  Fool- 
hardy, venturesome,  venturous.  The  adventurous  man 
incurs  risks  from  love  of  the  novel,  the  arduous,  and  the 
bold,  trusting  to  escape  througli  the  use  of  his  bodily  and 
mental  powers ;  he  would  measure  himself  against  difficult 
things.  When  this  spirit  does  not  go  so  far  as  to  deserve 
the  name  of  rashness  or  foolhardiness,  it  is  considered  a 
manly  trait.  The  enterprising  man  is  alert  to  undertake 
new  and  large  things,  not  necessarily  involving  risk ;  he  is 
constantly  breaking  out  of  routine.  The  rash  man  hastens 
to  do  a  thing  with  little  thought  of  the  consequences,  and 
generally  in  the  heat  of  feeling.  With  the  foolhardy  man 
the  risks  are  so  great  and  the  absence  of  thought  is  so 
entire  that  he  seems  to  have  the  hardihood  of  the  fool. 
The  reckless  man  has  the  impetuosity  of  the  rash  man,  but 
he  is  more  careless  of  consequences.  The  rash  man  is 
too  precipitate ;  the  reckless  man  shows  temerity ;  the 
foolhardy  man  is  careless  or  defiant  even  when  he  under- 
takes the  impossible. 

Commerce  is  unexpectedly  confident  and  serene,  alert, 
adventurous,  and  unwearied.      Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  130. 

There  have  not  been  wanting  enterprising  and  far-see- 
ing statesmen  who  have  attempted  to  control  and  direct 
the  Spirit  of  the  Age.         IF.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  80. 

He  is  rash,  and  very  sudden  in  choler,  and,  haply,  may 
strike  at  you.  Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  1. 

I  am  one,  my  liege. 
Whom  the  vile  blows  and  buffets  of  the  world 
Have  so  incens'd,  that  I  am  reckless  what 
I  do  to  spite  the  world.         Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  1. 
The  foolhardy  levity  of  shallow  infidelity  proceeds  from 
a  morbid  passion  for  notoriety,  or  the  malice  that  finds 
pleasure  in  annoyance.         Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  194. 

adventurously  (ad-ven'tur-us-li),  adv.  In  an 
adventurous  manner ;  boldly ;  daringly. 

They  are  both  hanged ;  and  so  would  this  be,  if  he  durst 
steal  anything  adventurously.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  4. 

adventurousness  (ad-ven'tur-us-nes),  w.  The 
quality  of  being  adventurous ;  daring. 

adverb  (ad'verb),  n.  [<F.  adverbefXli.  adver- 
bium,  an  adverb  (a  tr.  of  Gr.  e-irippTjfia,  an  ad- 
verb, something  additional  to  the  predication), 
<  ad.  to,  +  verhum,  a  word,  verb:  see  veri.']  La 
gram.,  one  of  the  indeclinable  parts  of  speech: 
so  called  from  being  ordinarily  joined  to  verbs 
for  the  purpose  of  limiting  or  extending  their 
signification,  but  used  also  to  qualify  adjectives 
and  other  adverbs :  as,  I  readily  admit ;  you 
speak  wisely ;  very  cold;  naturally  brave;  very 
generally  acknowledged;  much  more  clearly. 
Adverbs  may  be  classified  as  follows :  (1)  Adverbs  of  place 
and  motion,  as  here,  there,  up,  out,  etc.  (2)  Of  time  and 
succession,  as  now,  then,  often,  ever,  etc.  (3)  Of  manner 
and  quality,  as  so,  (ftjts,  well,  truly,  faithfully,  etc.  (4)  Of 
measure  and  degree,  as  much,  more,  very,  enough,  etc.  (5) 
Of  modality,  as  surely,  not,  perhaps,  therefore,  etc.  Often 
abbreviated  adv. 

adverbial  (ad-ver'bi-al),  a.  [<  L.  adverhialis, 
iadverhium,  adverb:  see  adverb.']  1.  Pertain- 
ing to,  or  having  the  character  or  force  of,  an 
adverb.— 2.  Much  inclined  to  use  adverbs; 
given  to  limiting  or  qualifying  one's  state- 
ments. [Rare.] 

He  is  also  wonderfully  adverbial  in  his  expressions,  and 
breaks  off  with  a  "  Perhaps  "  and  a  nod  of  the  head  upon 
matters  of  the  most  indifferent  nature.  Tatler,  No.  191. 
Adverbial  modality  (of  a  proposition),  in  Zoj/ic,  modal- 
ity expressed  by  an  adverb  :  as,  offenses  necessarily  come  : 
opposed  to  7iominal  modality,  which  is  expressed  by  an 
adjective:  as,  it  is  necessary  that  offenses  should  come.— 
Adverbial  phrase,  or  adverb-phrase,  a  collocation  of 
two  or  more  words  in  a  sentence  having  conjointly  the 
grammatical  force  of  an  adverb.  The  most  distinct  ad- 
verbial phrases  consist  of  a  preposition  and  a  noun  or  a 
word  used  as  a  noun,  with  or  without  adjuncts,  as  on  the 
wlu)le,  in  very  deed,  by  the  way,  by  chance,  of  course.  In 
this  dictionary  many  such  phrases  in  common  use  are  de- 
nned under  their  principal  words.  Many  elliptical  phrases 
without  a  preposition  are  in  reality  adverbial,  but  are  not 
usually  treated  as  such:  as.  he  goes  tnere  every  day ;  this 
IS  many  times  larger  than  that.  Some  phrases  have  been 
made  compound  adverbs  by  coalescence,  as  indeed,  per- 


chance, nevertheless,  nowadays.  See  prepositional  phrase, 
under  prepositional. 

adverbiality  (ad-ver-bi-al'i-ti),  n.  [<  adverbial 
+  -ity ;  =  F.  advcrbialite.]  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  adverbial ;  adverbial  form  of  expres- 
sion.   N.  E.  D. 

adverbialize  (ad-ver'bi-al-iz),  v.  t;  pret.  and 

pp.  adverbialised,  ppr.  adverbializing.  [<  adver- 
bial +  -izc.']  To  give  the  form  or  force  of  an 
adverb  to  ;  use  as  an  adverb. 

adverbially  (ad-ver'bi-al-i),  adv.  In  the  man- 
ner or  with  the  force  or  character  of  an  ad- 
verb ;  as  an  adverb. 

adversaria  (ad-ver-sa'ri-a),  n.  pi.  [L.  (sc. 
scripta),  miscellaneous  notes,  memoranda,  lit. 
writings  lying  before  one's  eyes,  <  adversarius, 
turned  toward,  being  in  front  of,  standing  op- 
posite :  see  adversary,']  A  miscellaneous  col- 
lection of  notes,  remarks,  or  selections  ;  a  com- 
monplace-book ;  memoranda  or  aniiotations. 

These  parchments  are  supposed  to  have  been  St.  Paul's 
adversaria.  Bp.  Bull,  Sermons. 

adversarious  (ad-ver-sa'ri-us),  a.  [<  L.  adver- 
sarius :  see  adversary.]    Adverse ;  hostile. 

adversary  (ad'ver-sa-ri),  a.  and  ».  [<  ME.  ad- 
versary, adversarie  (also  adversere,  <  AF.  ad- 
verser, OF.  adversier,  avcrsier,  mod.  F.  adver- 
saire),  <  L.  adversarius,  a.,  standing  opposite 
or  opposed  to,  turned  toward,  <  adversarius,  n., 
antagonist,  opponent,  <  adversus,  opposite :  see 
adverse,  a.]  1,  «.  1.  Opposed;  opposite  to; 
adverse:  antagonistic:  as,  " adversary  forces," 
Bp.  King.  [Rare  or  obsolete.] — 2.  In  Zaw,  hav- 
ing an  opposing  party,  in  contradistinction  to 
unopposed :  as,  an  adversary  suit. 

II.  n. ;  pi.  adversaries  (ad'ver-sa-riz).  1. 
One  who  acts  adversely  or  inimicaliy ;  an  un- 
friendly opponent  or  antagonist ;  an  enemy. 
The  Lord  will  take  vengeance  on  his  adversaries. 

Nahum  i.  2. 

We  carry  private  and  domestic  enemies  within,  public 
and  more  hostile  adversaries  without. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Eeligio  Medici,  ii.  7. 

Specifically — 2.  leap.]  The  devil ;  Satan  as 
the  general  enemy  of  mankind :  as,  the  wiles 
of  the  Adversary. — 3.  An  opponent  in  a  con- 
test; one  who  contends  against  another  or 
strives  for  victory ;  a  contestant. 

Agree  with  thine  adversary  quickly,  .  .  .  lest  at  any 
time  the  adversary  deliver  thee  to  tlie  judge.    Mat.  v.  25. 

Forsaketh  yet  the  lists 
By  reason  of  his  adversary's  odds. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  5. 

The  adversaries  may  consult  as  to  a  fresh  deal  [in  whist]. 

American  Uoyle,  p.  2. 
=  SyTl.  lands.  Adversary,  Antagonist,  Opponent,  Enemy , 
Fve.  These  words  vary  in  strength  according  as  they  ex- 
press spirit,  action,  or  relation.  A  foe  has  most  of  the  spirit 
of  enmity,  or  is  actively  hostile.  The  word  is  more  used  in 
poetry  than  in  prose.  Enemy,  as  denoting  an  opponent  in 
war,  or  a  member  of  an  opposing  party,  does  not  necessarily 
imply  personal  hostility.  Opponent,  ad  versary,  and  antago- 
nist are  less  severe  in  their  opposition,  and  need  have  no  an- 
imosity. Opponent  is  often  a  passive  word  ;  antagonist  is 
always  active  and  personal.  A  man  may  be  our  opponent 
in  an  argument  or  a  lawsuit,  our  adversary  in  a  game,  as 
chess,  our  antagonist  in  a  wrestling-  or  boxing-match,  or 
other  occasion  of  strenuous  exertion :  the  choice  between 
the  three  words  depends  chiefly  upon  the  measure  of  ac- 
tivity involved.  In  the  Bible,  adversary  covers  the  mean- 
ing of  all  five  words. 

I  will  be  ...  an  adversary  to  thine  adversaries. 

Ex.  xxiii.  22. 

He  that  wrestles  with  us  strengthens  our  nerves  and 
sharpens  our  skill.    Our  antagonist  is  our  helper. 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

In  the  Socratic  way  of  dispute  you  agree  to  everything 
your  opponent  advances.       Addison,  Spectator,  No.  239. 

If  they  are  spared  by  the  humanity  of  the  enemy  and 
carried  from  the  field,  it  is  but  a  prolongation  of  torment. 

R.  Hall,  Mod.  Infidelity. 
Those  who  are  national  or  political  enemies  are  often 
private  friends.  Crabb. 
No  man's  defects  sought  they  to  know 
So  never  made  themselves  a  foe.        Prior,  Epitaph. 

adversaryt  (ad'ver-sa-ri),  v.  t.  [<  adversary,  a.] 
To  antagonize ;  oppose. 

To  give  any  retorting  accounts  of  the  principal  persons 
who  thus  adversaried  him.  C.  Mather,  Mag.  Chris. ,  ii.  12. 

adversationt  (ad-ver-sa'shon),  n.  [<L.  adver- 
satio{n-),<.  adversari,  pp.  adversatus,  oppose :  see 
adverse,  v.]  The  state  of  being  adverse;  ad- 
verseness ;  opposition ;  hostility. 

adversative  (ad-ver'sa-tiv),  a.  and  n.  [<  LL. 
adversativus,  <  adversatus,  pp.  of  adversari,  op- 
pose: see  adverse,  v.]  I.  «.  1.  Expressing  differ- 
ence, contrariety,  opposition,  or  antithesis :  as, 
an  adversative  conjunction,  in  the  sentence,  he  is 
an  honest  man,  but  a  fanatic,  but  has  an  adversative  force, 
and  is  called  an  adversative  conjunction,  and  the  whole 
proposition  is  called  an  adversative  proposition. 

Sf.  Of  adverse  nature  ;  inimical. 


II.  M.  A  word  or  proi)osition  denoting  con- 
trariety or  opposition. 

adversatively  (ad-ver'sa-tiv-li),  adv.    In  an 
adversative  or  opposing  manner, 
adverse  (ad' vers,  sometimes  ad-vfers'),  a.  [< 
ME.  adverse,  <  OF.  advers,  earlier  avers,  auvers, 
F.  adverse  =  Pr.  adverse  =  Sp.  Pg.  adverso  = 
It.  avverso,  <  L.   adversus,  earlier  advorsus, 
turned  toward,  over  against,  opposite,  opposed, 
pp.  of  advertere,  earlier  advortere,  turn  to :  see 
advert]    1.  Being  or  acting  in  a  contrary  di- 
rection ;  opposed  or  opposing  in  position  or 
course ;    opposite ;    confronting :  most  com- 
monly used  of  hurtful  or  hostile  opposedness, 
but  sometimes  of  mere  opposition  in  space. 
With  adverse  blast  upturns  them  from  the  south 
Notus.  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  701. 

Thus  marching  to  the  trumpet's  lofty  sound. 
Drawn  in  two  lines  adverse  they  wheel'd  around. 

Dryden,  Flower  and  Leaf,  1.  280. 
He  looked  upon  the  bright  green  slope,  that  skirts  the 
adverse  hills. 

Blackie,  Lays  of  Highlands,  p.  167.   (N.  E.  D.) 

2.  Antagonistic  in  purpose  or  effect ;  opposite ; 
hostile  ;  inimical :  as,  an  adverse  party ;  ad- 
verse criticism. 

The  spirit  of  personal  invective  is  peculiarly  adverse  to 
the  coolness  of  rhetoric.  De  Quincey,  Khetoric. 

Error  is  adverse  to  human  happiness. 

//.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  238. 

3.  Opposing  desire ;  contrary  to  the  wishes  or 
to  supposed  good;  hence,  unfortunate;  calam- 
itous :  unprosperous  :  as,  adverse  fate  or  cir- 
cumstances. 

He  lived,  we  are  told,  to  experience  sport  of  adverse  for- 
tune. Merivale,  Koman  Empire,  xlii. 

In  studying  the  minor  poets,  we  see  with  especial  clear- 
ness the  adverse  influences  of  a  transition  era,  composite 
though  it  be.  Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  28. 

4.  In  bot.,  turned  toward  the  axis :  the  opposite 
of  averse,  but  rarely  used.  See  anatropous. 
[The  early  botanist^  used  the  term  in  the  sense 

of  opposite.]  —Adverse  leaf,  a  leaf  which  has  its  up- 
per surface  turned  toward  the  stem.— Adverse  posses- 
sion, in  law,  occupancy  of  realty  as  if  by  right  witliout 
molestation,  which  may  at  length  ripen  into  a  sufficient 
title.— Adverse  radicle,  in  bot.,  a  radicle  turned  toward 
the  hilum,  as  in  anatropous  seeds.   S>ee  anatropous.  =  %yTX. 

1.  Opposite,  contrary,  unfavorable.— 2.  Averse,  Inimical, 
etc.  See  hostile. — 3.  Unfortunate,  unlucky,  calamitous, 
untoward,  disastrous. 

adverset  (ad -vers'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  adversari,  op- 
pose, <  adversus,  opposite  :  see  adverse,  a.]  To 
oppose. 

Fortune  should  him  adverse.     Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  ii. 

adversely  (ad'vers-li),  adv.  In  an  adverse 
manner ;  oppositely  ;  inimicaliy  ;  offensively ; 
unfortunately ;  unprosperously  ;  in  a  manner 
contrary  to  desire  or  success. 

If  the  drink  you  give  me  touch  my  palate  adversely,  I 
make  a  crooked  face  at  it.  Shak.,  Cor.,  ii.  1. 

adverseness  (ad'vers-nes),  n.  1.  Opposition; 
repugnance. 

This  would  account  for  an  adverseness  to  all  our  over- 
tures for  peace.  Hallam. 

2.  Adversity  ;  unprosperousness :  as,  adverse- 
ness of  circumstances. 

adversifoliate  (ad-ver-si-fo'li-at),  a.  [<  L.  ad- 
versus, opposite,  +  folium,  leaf,  +  -ate^.]  In 
bot.,  having  opposite  leaves:  applied  to  plants 
where  the  leaves  are  arranged  opposite  to  each 
other  on  the  stem. 

adversifolious  (ad-ver-si-fo'li-us),  a.  [As  ad- 
versifoli-ate  +  -ous.]    Same  as  adversifoliate. 

adversiont  (ad-ver'shon),  n.  [<  L.  adversio(n-), 
a  turning  to,  <  advertere,  pp.  adversus,  turn  to : 
see  advert.]    Attention;  perception. 

The  soul  bestoweth  her  adversion 
On  something  else. 

Dr.  H.  More,  Phil.  Poems,  p.  294. 

adversity  (ad-ver'si-ti),  «.;  pi.  adversities  {-i\z). 
[<  ME.  adversite,  i  OF.  adversiteit,  adversitet, 
aversitet,  <  L.  adversita(t-)s,  <  adversus,  adverse: 
see  adverse,  a.]  1.  Adverse  fortune  or  fate :  a 
condition  or  state  marked  by  misf  ortime,  calam- 
ity, distress,  or  unhappiness. 

Sweet  are  the  uses  of  adversity, 

Which,  like  the  toad,  ugly  and  venomous. 

Wears  yet  a  precious  jewel  in  his  head. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  1. 

2.  An  imf ortunate  event  or  circumstance ;  an 
ill  chance ;  a  misfortune  or  calamity :  generally 
in  the  plural. 

Ye  have  this  day  rejected  your  God,  who  himself  saved 
you  out  of  all  your  adversities.  1  Sam.  x.  19. 

=  Syn.  Trouble,  distress,  misery,  disaster,  woe,  ill  luck, 
advert  (ad-verf),  v.  [<  ME.  adverten,  averten, 
<  OF.  avertir,  later  advertir,  "to  inform,  eerti- 
fie,  advertise,"  etc.  (Cotgi-ave),  <  L.  advertere, 
earlier  advortere,  turn  toward ;  animum  adver- 
tere (see  animadvert),  or  simply  advertere,  turn 


advert 


88 


advised 


the  miud  toward,  advert  to.  notice,  regai"d ;  < 
ad,  to,  +  vcrterr,  earlier  vortcre,  tiu'u :  see  ver- 
tex,  vortex,  verse,  etc.  Cf.  advertise.']  I.  in- 
trans.  1.  To  turn  tlie  mind;  fix  the  attention; 
give  or  pay  lieed :  witli  to,  and  sometimes  upon, 
before  the  object  of  attention. 

He  was  so  strangely  advisable  that  he  would  advert  vnto 
the  judgement  of  the  meanest  person. 

Bp.  Fell,  Life  of  Hammond, 
As  I  cannot  be  conscious  of  what  I  do  not  perceive,  so  I 
do  not  perceive  that  which  I  do  not  advert  tipon.  That 
which  makes  me  feel  makes  me  advert. 

W.  Wollasfon,  Religion  of  Nature,  ii. 
Even  these  primreval  mountains 
Teach  the  adverting  mind. 

Shelley,  Jlont  Blanc,  iv. 

2.  To  turn  the  attention  in  speech  or  writing ; 
make  a  remark  or  remarks  (about  or  in  relation 
to) :  wdth  to,  and  formerly  sometimes  on  or  upon, 
before  the  subject  of  remark:  as,  he  adverted 
briefly  to  the  occurrences  of  the  day 

I  will  on\y  advert  to  some  leading  points  of  the  argu- 
ment. Emerson,  Am.  Civilization. 
=  Syn.  2.  Advert  (to).  Refer  (to).  Allude  (.to),  Hin<  (at),  re- 
mark (upon),  take  notice  (of),  dwell  (upon),  glance  (at), 
animadvert  (upon).  These  words  are  primarily  used  of 
the  speaker  in  the  conduct  of  his  discourse.  ^4((i'<')-^,  to 
turn  to  a  thing  directly  and  plainly,  perhaps  abruptly,  so 
that  the  hearer's  attention  is  fixed  upon  it  for  a  time. 
Refer  implies  a  lighter  treatment  than  advert.  Allude, 
to  play  upon,  is  a  still  more  delicate  reference  to  some- 
thing that  is  well  enough  known  to  make  an  allusion 
sufficient,  or  is  too  much  a  matter  of  sensitiveness  to  per- 
mit the  speaker  to  advert,  or  even  refer,  to  it  plainly ; 
for  these  or  other  reasons,  the  mention  is  slight  or  indefi- 
nite. A  still  lighter  reference  is  expressed  by  hint  (at). 
See  hint,  v. 

Wien  ...  a  well-dressed  gentleman  in  a  well-dressed 
company  can  advert  to  the  topic  of  female  old  age  with- 
out e.xciting,  and  intending  to  excite,  a  sneer.  Lamb. 

I  proceed  to  another  affection  of  our  nature  which  bears 
strong  testimony  to  our  being  born  for  religion.  I  refer 
to  the  emotion  which  leads  us  to  revere  what  is  higher 
than  ourselves.  Channing,  Perfect  Life,  p.  11. 

There  is  one  Principle  of  the  Gospel,  which  constitutes 
its  very  essence,  to  which  I  have  not  even  alluded. 

Channing,  Perfect  Life,  p.  278. 
And  one,  in  whom  all  evil  fancies  clung 
Like  serpent  eggs  together,  laughingly 
Would  )iint  at  worse  in  eitlier. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

II. t  trans.  1.  To  turn  the  mind  or  attention 
to  ;  take  note  of ;  observe. 

Advertinq  his  father's  dear-bought  experience. 

'Wagstaffe,  Vind.  Carol.,  Int.,  p.  12.    (N.  K.  D.) 

2.  To  ad\'ise,  warn,  or  counsel. 

1  can  no  more,  but  in  my  name,  advert 
All  earthly  powers  beware  of  tyrant'.s  heart. 

Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  442. 

advertence  (ad-ver'tens),  n.  [<  ME.  advertence, 
advertens,  <  OF.  advertence,  earlier  avertancc, 
<  ML.  advertentia,  <  L.  advcrten(t-)s :  see  adver- 
tent] A  turning  or  directing  of  the  mind ;  at- 
tention ;  notice  ;  consideration  ;  heed  ;  refer- 
ence. 

Such  a  process  cf  reasoning  is  more  or  less  implicit,  and 
without  the  direct  and  full  advertence  of  the  mind  exer- 
cising it.  J.  H.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent. 

Godwin  .  .  .  writes,  vnt\\  advertence  to  the  days  of 
Queen  Elizabeth,  that,  etc.  F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng. 

advertency  (ad-ver'ten-si),  11.  [As  advertence : 
see  -eiicij.]  The  act  or  habit  of  being  advertent 
or  attentive  ;  attentiveness  ;  heedfulness. 

advertent  (ad-ver'tent),  a.  [<  L.  adverten{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  advertere,  advert:  see  advert]  Atten- 
tive ;  heedful. 

Advertent  lest  he  should  be  deceived. 

Sir  M.  Hale,  Wisdom  of  God. 

advertently  (ad-ver'tent-li),  adv.  In  an  ad- 
vertent manner ;  with  direct  attention  or  inten- 
tion. 

The  impression  produced  on  the  mind  is  altogether  dif- 
ferent, and  that  which  Lord  Macaulay  advertently  avoided 
conveying.  F.  Hall,  False  Philol.,  p.  30. 

advertise  (ad'ver-tiz  or  ad-ver-tiz',  formerly 
ad-ver'tiz),  v. ;  pret.  audj^p.  advertised,  ppr.  ad- 
vertising. [Mod.  E.  also  advertize,  <  ME.  adver- 
tisen,  avertisen,  -ysen,  <  OF.  advertiss-,  avertiss-, 
base  of  certain  parts  of  advertir,  avertir,  mod. 
F.  avertir,  inform,  certify,  warn,  admonish,  <  L. 
adeerfere,  notice :  see  advert.  The  sutfix-ise  has 
the  same  origin  as  -ish  in  abolish,  polish,  ravish, 
etc.]  1.  trans.  If.  To  take  note  of;  notice; 
observe. 

Yet  is  to  be  aduertised  that  it  is  in  diuers  respects  that 
they  be  so  exercised. 

Bryskett,  Disc.  Civ.  Life,  p.  252.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

2.  To  inform ;  give  notice,  advice,  or  intelli- 
gence to,  whether  of  a  past  or  present  event,  or 
of  something  ihiture :  as,  I  advertised  him  of 
my  intention. 

I  will  advertise  thee  what  this  people  will  do  to  thy 
people  in  the  latter  days.  Num.  xxiv.  14. 


His  Ma'',  being  advertis'd  of  some  disturbance,  forbore 
to  go  to  the  Lord  Maior's  shew  and  fe.ast  appointed  next 
day.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  28,  1662. 

One  does  not  need  to  advertise  the  squirrels  where  the 
nut-trees  are.     Loicell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  127. 

3.  To  give  information  to  the  public  concern- 
ing ;  make  iiublic  intimation  or  annoimeement 
of,  by  publication  in  periodicals,  by  printed 
bills,  etc.,  as  of  anything  for  sale,  lost  or  found, 
a  meeting,  an  entertainment,  or  the  like. 

It  [the  Carnival]  was  advertised  to  begin  at  half  past  two 
o'clock  of  a  certain  Saturday. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  113. 

=  Syn.  2.  To  apprise,  inform.— 3.  To  make  known,  an- 
nounce, proclaim,  promulgate,  publish. 

II,  intrans.  If.  To  take  note;  take  heed; 
consider. 

Not  advertising  who  spe.aketh  the  words,  but  rather 
what  is  said.    J'cjMi,  Disput.  Purg.  (1829),  p.  83.  (X.E.D.) 

2.  To  make  public  annoimcement  of  anything 
of  which  it  is  desired  to  inform  the  public  ;  an- 
nounce one's  washes  or  intentions  by  advertise- 
ment: as,  to  advertise  for  something  that  is 
wanted. 

advertisement  (ad-ver'tiz-ment  or  ad-ver-tiz'- 
ment),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  advcrtizement,  < 
MiiC.  advertisement,  avertiscment,  <  OF.  advcr- 
tissement,  avertissement,  i  avertir:  see  advertise 
and-we»f.]  If.  Attention;  observation;  heed. 
—  2t.  Instruction;  warning;  intelligence. 

That  is  an  advertisement  to  a  proper  maid  ...  to  take 
heed.  Shak.,  All's  Well,  iv.  3. 

For  this  advertisement  is  five  days  old. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 

3.  A  giving  of  notice  or  information ;  notifica- 
tion ;  specific  intelligence  about  anything :  as, 
a  ljublisher's  advertisement  prefixed  to  a  book 
(as  part  of  it).  [Now  rare.] — 4.  A  notice  or 
an  annoimcement  made  isublic  by  handbill,  pla- 
card, or  similar  means,  or,  as  formerly,  by  pro- 
clamation, as  by  a  town  crier ;  specifically,  a 
paid  notice  of  any  Idnd  inserted  in  a  uews- 
pajjer  or  other  public  print. 

[The  liandj  with  noisy  advertisement,  by  means  of  brass, 
wood,  and  sheepskin,  makes  the  circuit  of  our  startled 
village  streets.    Lowell,  Introd.  to  Biglow  Papers,  1st  ser. 

Aimouncements  in  the  public  journals  known  as  adver. 
tisements  appeared  while  journalism  was  in  its  infancy. 

Am.  Cyc.,  I.  137. 

5.  A  bringing  into  public  notice  or  attention; 
publicity ;  notoriety. 

All  these  matters  have  given  the  federation  great  ad- 
vertisement. N.  A.  liev.,  CXLIII.  229. 

Often  abbreviated  ad.,  adv.,  or  advt. 
Foreclosure  by  advertisement.  See  foreclosure. 

advertiser  (ad'ver-ti-zer  or  ad-ver-ti'zer),  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  advertises. 

advertising  (ad'ver-ti-zing  or  ad-ver-ti'zing, 
formerly  ad-ver'tiz-ing),  n.  [Formerly  also 
advertizing ;  verbal  n.  of  advertise.]  If.  Noti- 
fication; information. — 2.  The  act  or  practice 
of  bringing  anything,  as  one's  wants  or  one's 
business,  into  public  notice,  as  by  paid  an- 
nouncements in  periodicals,  or  by  handbills, 
placards,  etc. :  as,  to  secure  customers  by  ad- 
vertising.  Often  used  attributively :  as,  an  ad- 
vertising agent ;  an  advertising  scheme ;  an  ad- 
vertising medium. 

advertising  (ad'ver-ti-zing  or  ad-ver-tl'zing, 
formerly  ad-ver'tiz-ing),  p.  a.  If.  Attentive; 
adverting;  giving  attention. 

As  I  was  then 
Advertising,  and  holy  to  your  business. 
Not  changing  heart  with  habit,  I  am  still 
Attorney'd  at  your  service.  Shak.,  'il.  for  jr.,  v.  1. 

2.  Giving  public  notice ;  publishing  advertise- 
ments: as,  the  advertising  public, 
advice  (ad-vis'),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ad- 
vise, <  late  ME.  advyse,  advys,  earlier  avys,  avis, 
<  OF.  avis  (F.  avis^Vv.  avis=  Sp.  Pg.  aviso  — 
It.  avviso),  <  ML.  advisum,  view,  opinion,  neut. 
pp.  of  advidere,  look  to,  advise,  <  L.  ad,  to,  + 
videre,  see :  see  vision.  The  mod.  spelling  has 
ad-  restored  for  earlier  a-,  and  -ce  for  earlier 
and  orig.  -s.]  1.  An  opinion  recommended,  or 
ofl'ered,  as  worthy  to  be  followed ;  counsel ; 
suggestion. 

■What  advice  give  ye  ?  2  Chi'on.  x.  9. 

2.  Deliberate  consideration ;  reflection  ;  cogi- 
tation. 

And  that's  not  suddenly  to  be  perform'd. 
But  with  advice  and  silent  secrecy. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  2. 

3.  Information  ;  notice  ;  intelligence  ;  a  com- 
munication, especially  from  a  distance,  con- 
taining information  :  as,  to  receive  advice  of  a 
coming  storm,  or  advices  from  abroad.  [Most 
commonly  in  the  plural.] 


[The  Armada]  is  sailed, 
Our  last  advices  so  report. 

Sheridan,  The  Critic,  ii,  2. 
Specifically- — 4.  In  com.,  a  notification  by  one 
person  to  another  in  respect  to  a  business  trans- 
action in  which  they  are  mutually  engaged,  as 
information  given  by  one  party  to  another,  by 
letter,  as  to  the  bills  or  drafts  drawn  upon  him ; 
formal  official  notice.- To  take  advice,  to  consult 
with  others  ;  specifically,  to  consult  one  who  has  a  special 
knowledge  of  a  subject ;  take  the  opinion  of  a  profes- 
sional or  skilled  person,  as  a  physician,  lawyer,  or  the  like. 
=  SjTl.  1.  Admonition,  recommendation,  exhortation,  per- 
suasion,—3.  Intelligence,  Tidings,  etc.  (see  neivs),  word, 
notification. 

advice-boat  (ad-vis'bot),  «.    A  swift  vessel 

employed  for  carrying  despatches  or  infoi-ma- 

tiou,  or  for  reconnoitering. 
advie'Wt  (ad-vii'),  v.  t.    [Later  form  of  aview, 

■with  restored  prefix  ad- :  see  avieto.]    Same  as 

avieiv. 

advisability  (ad-vi-za-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  advisable: 
see  -biUty.]  The  quality  of  being  advisable  or 
expedient;  advisableness ;  expediency. 

Mr.  Benjamin  Allen  was  holding  a  hurried  consultation 
with  Mr.  Bob  Sawyer  on  the  advisability  of  bleeding  the 
eonip.-uiy  generally.  Dickens,  Pickwick, 

advisable  (ad-vi'za-bl),  a.    [<  advise  +  -able.] 

1.  Proper  to  be  advised ;  prudent;  expedient; 
proper  to  be  done  or  practised. 

Some  judge  it  advisable  for  a  man  to  account  with  his 
heart  every  day;  and  this,  no  doubt,  is  the  best  and  surest 
course.  South,  Sermons. 

2.  _  Open  to  or  desirous  of  advice  ;  capable  of 
being  influenced  by  advice.  [Bare.] 

Pray  for  an  advisable  and  teachable  temper. 
Wesley,  in  Fom'  Cent,  of  Eng,  Letters,  p.  231.   (N.  E.  D.) 
=  Syn.  1.  Fit,  desirable,  wise,  best, 
advisableness  (ad-vi'za-bl-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  ad\'isable  or  expedient ;  ad-visability. 
advisably  (ad-vi'za-bli),  adv.    In  an  ad'visable 
manner ;  with  advice, 
advisatory  (ad-vi'za-to-ri),  a.    Pertaining  to 
an  ad'viser,  or  to  the  giving  of  advice ;  ad'vis- 
ing;  ad-visory.  [Bare.] 

Though  in  recent  times  Church  dignitaries  do  not  ac- 
tively participate  in  war,  yet  their  advisatory  function  re- 
specting it  —  often  prompting  rather  than  restraining  — 
has  not  even  now  ceased, 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Socio!.,  §  492. 

advise  (ad-viz'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  advised,  ppr. 
advising.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  advice,  advyse, 
avize,  <  late  ME.  advysen,  earlier  avisen,  <  OF. 
aviser,  rarely  adviser,  F.  aviscr  -  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
avisar  —  It.  avvisarc,  <  ML.  advisare,  advise,  in- 
form, give  notice  to ;  from  the  noun,  ML.  ad- 
visum, OF.  avis,  etc.:  see  advice.]  I,  trans.  If. 
To  look  at ;  ■view. 

They  advised  you  well  and  their  eie  was  never  off,  won- 
dering to  see  your  rich  purple  robes, 

Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch's  Slor,,  p,  96.    (N.  E.  D.) 

2.  To  give  counsel  to ;  offer  an  opinion  to,  as 
worthy  or  expedient  to  be  fallowed :  as,  I  ad- 
vise you  to  be  cautious  of  speculation. — 3.  To 
recommend  as  wise,  prudent,  etc. ;  suggest  as 
the  proper  course  of  action:  as,  under  these 
circumstances  we  advise  abstinence. 
I'll  do  what  Mead  and  Cheselden  advise, 
To  keep  these  limbs  and  to  preserve  these  eyes. 

Pope,  Imit.  Horace,  I.  i,  51. 
4.  To  give  information  to  ;  communicate  no- 
tice to  ;  make  acquainted  with  :  followed  by  of 
before  the  thing  communicated :  as,  the  mer- 
chants were  advised  of  the  risk. 

So  soon  as  I  shall  return  to  the  settled  country,  I  shall 
advise  you  of  it.  Monroe,  in  Bancroft's  Hist,  Const,,  I,  452. 
=  Syn.  2.  To  counsel,  admonish,  suggest  (to),  recommend 
(to),  — 4.  To  inform,  appi-ise,  acquaint, 

tl,  intrans.  If.  To  deliberate ;  take  thought; 
consider;  reflect:  sometimes  used  reflexively. 

Ad/vise,  and  see  what  answer  I  shall  return  to  him  that 
sent  me.  2  Sara,  xxiv,  13, 

Advise  thyself  ot  what  word  I  shall  bring  again  to  him 
that  sent  me,  l  Chron,  xxi.  12. 

Advise  you  what  you  say  ;  the  minister  is  here. 

Shak.,  T,  N,,  iv,  2. 

2.  To  take  counsel ;  join  others  in  deliberating; 
seek  the  advice  of  another  or  others  :  followed 
by  with :  as,  I  shall  advise  with  my  friends  as 
to  what  is  to  be  done. 

Advising  with  me  often  as  to  projected  changes,  she 
was  sometimes  more  conservative  than  myself, 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Pass,  Pilgrim,  p,  134. 

3.  To  coimsel;  give  advice:  as,  I  'will  act  as 
you  advise. 

[Advise  and  its  derivatives  have  been  used  by  old  writers 
in  a  number  of  other  applications  connected  with  the  no- 
tions of  seeing,  viewing,  reflecting,  etc,  suggested  by  the 
etymology,] 

advised  (ad-vizd'),  p.  a.    If.  Cautious;  pru- 
dent ;  acting  wath  deliberation. 
With  the  well  advised  is  wisdom.  Prov.  xiii.  10. 

Let  him  be  .  .  .  advised  in  his  answers.   Bacim,  Essays. 


advised 

2.  Marked  by  or  resulting  from  advice  or  delib- 
eration;.  considerate  or  considered;  prudent; 
expedient:  now  used  chiefly  in  composition 
with  well  or  ill:  as,  a  well-advised  movement; 
your  conduct  is  very  ill-advised. 

We  have  no  express  purpose  .  .  .  nor  any  adoised  ilc- 
termination.  Hooker,  Works,  I.  49. 

advisedly  (ad-vi'zed-li),  adv.  With  advice  or 
deliberation ;  heedfully ;  purposely ;  by  design : 
as,  I  speak  advisedly ;  an  enterprise  advisedly 
undertaken. 

advisedness  (ad-vi'zed-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  advised  ;  deliberate  consideration ;  pru- 
dent procedure. 

advisement  (ad-viz'ment),  w.  [<  ME.  avise- 
ment,  <  OF.  avisement  —  Pr.  avisament  -  Pg. 
avisamento  =  It.  avvisamento;  from  the  verb: 
see  advise  and  -ment.'i    If.  Counsel ;  advice. 

I  will,  according  to  your  adoisement,  declare  the  evils 
which  seem  most  hurtful.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

2.  Deliberation ;  circumspection ;  consultation : 
now  used  chiefly  in  the  phrase  under  advisement. 

Among  those  that  do  all  things  with  advisement  there 
is  wisdom.  Prov.  xiii.  10  (trans.  1539). 

I  have  not  decided  against  a  proclamation  of  liberty  to 
the  slaves,  but  hold  the  matter  under  advisetnent. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  215. 

adviser  (ad- vi' zer),  M.  [<  advise  + -er^.  Cf. 
ML.  advisor. ~}  One  who  gives  advice  or  ad- 
monition ;  also,  in  a  bad  sense,  one  who  insti- 
gates or  persuades.  Specifically,  in  politics,  one  of 
the  counselors  or  ministers  about  a  ruler,  who  may  or  may 
not  be  legally  responsible  for  their  superior's  official  acts. 
In  the  United  States  government  the  official  advisers  of 
the  President  are  the  heads  of  the  various  departments, 
collectively  called  the  Cabinet.  He  requests  their  opin- 
ions in  accordance  with  custom,  but  not  through  any  pro- 
vision of  the  Constitution.  lu  England,  until  the  middle 
of  the  seventeenth  century,  the  Privy  Council  formed  the 
King's  executive  advisers.  This  body,  greatly  enlarged,  is 
now  summoned  in  full  only  upon  extraordinary  occasions, 
and  the  ordinary  advisers  of  the  crown  are  those  members 
of  the  ministry  who  constitute  the  Cabinet,  which  is  in 
effect  a  committee  of  the  Privy  Council.  The  responsi- 
bility rests  with  the  ministry,  and  not  with  the  sovereign. 
See  cabinet,  and  primj  council,  under  council. 

advisership  (ad-vi'zer-ship),  n.    The  office  of 
an  adviser.  [Rare.] 
advising  (ad-\'i'zing),  n.    Advice  ;  counsel. 

Fasten  your  ear  on  my  advisings.  Shalt.,  JI.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 
advisot  (ad-vi'z6),  11.    [With  orig.  ad-  for  a-, 

<  Sp.  Pg.  aviso  =  li.  avriso:  see  advice.]  1. 
Advice ;  suggestion ;  information  given  :  as, 
"  coimsels  and  advisos,"  Whitlock,  Manners  of 
English,  p.  176. —  2.  An  advice-  or  despatch- 
boat  ;  an  aviso. 

advisory  (ad-vi'zo-ri),  a.  [<  advise  +  -ory.] 
Pertaining  to  or  giving  advice ;  having  power 
to  advise:  as,  their  opinion  is  only  advisory ;  an 
advisory  council. 

The  powers  of  both  these  bodies  are  merely  advisory. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  356. 
The  general  association  has  a  general  advisory  superin- 
tendence over  all  the  ministers  and  churches. 

B.  Trumbull,  Hist.  Conn. 

ad  vivum  (ad  vi'vum).  [L. :  ad,  to ;  vivum,  aec. 
neut.  of  vivus,  alive:  see  vivid.']  To  the  life; 
lifelike ;  strikingly  exact  or  good :  said  of  por- 
traits, etc. 

advocacy  (ad'vo-ka-si),  M. ;  advocacies  {-siz). 
[<  ME.  advocacye,  <  OF.  aclvocatie,  advocacie,  ad- 
vocassie,  <  ML.  advocatia,  <  L.  aclvocatus,  advo- 
cate: see  advocate,  «.,  and  -acy.]  1.  The  act 
of  pleading  for,  supporting,  or  recommending; 
active  espousal. 

His  advocacy  or  denunciation  of  a  measure  is  to  affect 
lor  evil  or  good  the  condition  of  millions. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  193. 

2t.  A  lawsuit;  a  plea  or  pleading:  as,  " advo- 
cacies newe,"  Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1469. 
advocate  (ad'vo-kat),  n.  [<  ME.  advocat,  ad- 
voket,  -ette,  earlier  avocat,  avoket,  in  late  ME. 
also  clipped  vocate,  voket,  <  OF.  avocat,  'Inter  ad- 
vocat, F.  avocat,  vernacular  OF.  avoet,  avoe, 
avoue  (>  E.  avoivce,  advowee,  q.  v.),  =  Pr.  avoucat 
=  8p.  ahogado  =  Pg.  advogado  =  It.  avvocato, 

<  L.  advocatus,  an  advocate,  attorney,  orig.  a 
person  called  by  one  of  the  parties  in  a  suit  to 
aid  as  a  witness  or  counsel,  <  advocatus,  pp.  of 
advocare,  call  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  vocare,  call,  <  vox, 
voice:  see  voice,  vocation.]  1.  One  who  pleads 
the  cause  of  another  in  a  coui"t  of  law ;  specif- 
ically, a  lawyer  of  full  rank  in  a  country,  or 
practising  before  a  court,  in  which  the  civil  or 
the  canon  law  prevails,  as  France  and  Scotland, 
and  the  admiralty  and  ecclesiastical  courts  of 
England.— 2.  One  who  defends,  vindicates,  or 
espouses  a  cause  by  argument;  a  pleader  in 
favor  of  any  person  or  thing ;  an  upholder  ;  a 
defender:  as,  an  advocate  of  peace  or  of  the  op- 
pressed. 


89 

That  cause  seems  commonly  the  better  that  has  tlie 
better  advocate.  Sir  IK.  Temple,  Miscellanies. 

This  is  the  mode  of  the  advocate  rather  than  of  the 
critic.  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  II.  138. 

Advocate  of  the  church  (ML.  advocatus  ecclesia),  a 
person,  usually  a  layuiau,  appointed,  according  to  a  cus- 
tom originating  in  the  liftli  century,  to  protect  the  prop- 
erty of  a  church  or  an  abljey,  to  plead  its  causes  in  the 
civil  courts,  and  to  manage  its  temporal  affairs. — Devil's 
advocate  (ML.  advocatus  diaboli).  (a)  In  the  Rom.  Cath. 
Ch.,  a  name  commonly  applied  to  the  promoter  of  the 
faith,  one  of  the  college  of  consistorial  advocates  in  the 
papal  court,  from  his  office  of  urging  the  objections  against 
tile  virtues,  miracles,  etc.,  of  a  person  proposed  for  canon- 
ization. Hence — {b)  One  given  to  bringing  forward  accu- 
sations against  personal  character. — Faculty  Of  Advo- 
cates, in  Scotland,  a  society  consisting  of  the  whole  body 
of  lawyers  who  practise  in  the  highest  courts,  and  who  are 
admitted  members  after  following  a  certain  course  of 
study,  undergoing  the  prescribed  examinations,  and  pay- 
ing the  requisite  fees.  It  consists  of  about  400  members, 
and  from  this  body  vacancies  on  the  bench  are  supplied. 
—  God's  advocate  (ML.  advocatus  Dei),  in  the  Rom.  Cath. 
Ch.,  the  ijrocurator  of  the  cause  in  a  canonization,  regu- 
larly one  of  the  same  order  or  country  as  the  person 
to  be  canonized.  See  devil's  advocate,  above. — Judge- 
adVOCate,  a  person,  generally  a  military  officer,  detailed 
by  the  authority  appointing  a  court  martial  or  military 
commission  to  prosecute  cases  before  it  and  to  act  as  its 
legal  adviser.  It  is,  in  general,  the  duty  of  the  judge-ad- 
vocate to  see  that  the  court  conforms  to  the  law  and  to 
military  custom,  to  secure  for  the  accused  his  rights  before 
the  court,  to  summon  witnesses,  and  to  administer  oaths. 

—Judge-advocate  general,  (a)  In  the  United  States 
army,  a  staff-officer  witli  tlie  rank  of  brigadier-general, 
who  is  also  chief  of  the  bureau  of  military  justice,  and 
whose  duty  it  is  to  receive,  revise,  and  record  tlie  proceed- 
ings of  all  courts  martial,  courts  of  inquiiy,  and  military 
commissions,  (b)  In  England,  formerly,  an  official  who 
prosecuted  in  all  criminal  cases  falling  under  military  law 
which  concerned  the  crown ;  now,  a  subordinate  member 
of  the  government  who  acts  as  the  legal  adviser  of  the 
crown  in  all  matters  of  military  law.— Lord  advocate, 
in  Scotland,  the  principal  crown  counsel  in  civil  causes,  the 
chief  public  prosecutor  of  crimes,  and  an  important  politi- 
cal functionary  in  the  management  of  Scottish  affairs. 
His  tenure  of  office  ceases  with  that  of  the  administration 
with  which  he  is  connected.  He  is  assisted  in  the  dis- 
charge of  his  duties  by  the  solicitor-general  and  four  advo- 
cates depute,  appointed  by  himself.  The  lord  advocate 
has  usually  a  seat  in  Parliament,  and  before  the  union 
he  had  ex  officio  a  seat  in  the  Scots  Parliament.  He  is 
also  called  crowm  advocate,  queen's  (or  kimfs)  advocate. 

advocate  (ad'vo-kat),  v.-,  pret.  and  pp.  advo- 
cated, ppr.  advocating.  [<  L.  advocatus,  pp.  of 
advocare :  see  advocate,  n.  In  the  sense  of  '  act 
as  an  advocate,'  the  verb  is  from  the  noun.]  I. 
trans.  If.  To  invoke. 

[The  mercy  of  GodJ  is  not  to  be  advocated  upon  every 
vain  trifle.  Bp.  Andrews,  Sermons,  V.  534. 

2.  To  plead  in  favor  of  ;  defend  by  argument 
before  a  tribunal ;  support  or  vindicate. 

This  is  the  only  thing  distinct  and  sensible  which  has 
been  advocated.  Burke,  Ref.  of  Representation. 

The  most  eminent  orators  were  engaged  to  advocate  his 
cause.  Mit/ord. 

3.  In  Scots  law,  formerly,  to  transfer  from  an 
inferior  court  to  the  Court  of  Session,  as  an 
action  while  still  pending,  or  after  judgment 
had  been  given,  in  order  that  the  judgment 
might  be  reviewed.  See  advocation,  2.  =  syn.  2. 
To  plead  for,  stand  up  for,  favor,  uphold. 

II,  intrans.  To  act  as  an  advocate ;  plead. 
[Kare.] 

To  advocate  in  my  own  child's  behalf. 

Dawbeny,  Hist.  Cromwell  (1659),  Pref. 
I  am  not  going  to  advocate  for  this  sense  of  actual. 

F.  Hall,  False  Philol.,  p.  75. 

advocateship  (ad'vo-kat-ship),  n.    The  office 

or  duty  of  an  advocate, 
advocatesst  (ad'vo-ka-tes),  n.    [Improp.  <  ad- 
vocate +  -ess.]    A  female  advocate.  [Rare.] 
See  advocatress. 

God  hath  provided  us  of  an  advocatess  [in  some  editions, 
advocatress].  Jer.  Taylor,  Diss,  from  Popery,  i.  S  8. 

advocation  (ad-vo-ka'shpn),  n.  [<  L.  advoca- 
tio(n-),  a  calling  in  of  legal  assistance,  legal 
assistance,  time  allowed  for  procuring  it,  any 
kind  of  delay  or  adjournment,  <  advocare,  call 
in  legal  assistance :  see  advocate,  n.  See  also 
advowson,  which  is  a  doublet  of  advocation. 
The  first  sense  of  advocation  is  due  to  advocate, 
v.]  If.  The  act  of  advocating;  a  pleading  for; 
plea ;  apology. 

My  advocation  is  not  now  in  tune.      Shak.,  0th.,  iii.  4. 

2.  In  Scots  laiv,  a  form  of  process,  now  obso- 
lete, the  object  of  which  was  to  remove  a  cause 
from  an  inferior  to  the  supreme  coui-t  for  re- 
view or  continuance, 
advocator  (ad'vo-ka-tor),  w.  [<  LL.  advocator, 
an  advocate,  <  L.  advocare:  see  advocate,  n.] 
An  advocate ;  a  supporter. 

The  advocators  of  change  in  the  present  system  of  things. 

Browning,  Soul's  Tragedy,  ii.    (N.  E.  I).) 

advocatory  (ad'vo-ka-to-ri),  a.  [<  ML.  adro- 
catorius,  <  LL.  advocator:  see  above.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  an  advocate  or  his  functions. 


adynamia 

advocatress  (ad '  vo  -  ka  -  tres),  n.    [<  advocator, 
il.y.,+  -CSS ;  \>roh.  sitter  advocatricc.]  A  female 
advocate  ;  an  advocatrix  or  advocatess. 
advocatricet  (ad'vo-ka-tris),  n.    [ME.  advoca- 
tricc, <  OF.  advocatricc,  <  ML.  advocatrix,  acc. 
advocatricem :  see  advocatrix.]    An  advocatrix. 
Swich  an  advocatricc  who  can  dyvyne 
.  .  .  our  greeves  to  redresse. 

Chaucer,  Mother  of  God,  L  40. 
The  emperour  reioysed  to  him  selfe,  that  Cinna  had 
founde  such  an  advocatrix. 

Sir  T.  Elyot,  The  Govcmour,  ii.  7. 

advocatrixt  (ad'vo-ka-triks),  n.    [ML.,  fem.  of 

LL.  advocator,  advocate:  see  advocator.]  A 
female  advocate ;  an  advocatress.  [Rare.] 
advocatus  Dei  (ad-vo-ka'tus  de'i).  [ML.] 

Same  as  God^s  advocate  (which  see,  under  ad- 
vocate). 

advocatus  diaboli  (ad-vo-ka'tus  di-ab'o-li). 
[ML.]  Same  as  devil's  advocate  (which  see, 
under  advocate). 
advoket  (ad-v6k' ),  v.  t.  [<  L.  advocare,  summon, 
call  to:  see  advocate,  n.]  To  transfer;  rele- 
gate ;  specifically,  call  to  a  higher  court. 

Queen  Katharine  had  privately  prevailed  with  the  Pope 
to  advoke  the  cause  to  Rome.        Fuller,  Ch.  Hist.,  I.  48. 

advoutert  (ad-vou'ter),  n.  [<  late  ME.  advoic- 
ter,  advoutour,  advoutre  (also  advoiv-),  earlier 
avouter,  avoutere,  avoutier  (also  avoiv-),  <  OF. 
avoutre,  aoutre,  earlier  avoltre,  avultre,  later  ad- 
voultre,  =  Pr.  avoutre,  avoutro,  <  L.  adulter,  an 
adidterer:  see  advoutrer  (with  additional  suf- 
fix), and  the  later  substituted  forms  adulter,  n., 
and  adulterer.]  An  adulterer, 
advoutrert  (ad-vou'trer),  n.  [<  late  ME.  ad- 
voutrer, advouterer,  advouterere  (also  advow-), 
earlier  avoutrer,  avouterer,  avoutcrcre  (also 
avow-),  <  advouter,  avouter,  +  -erl.  See  the 
later  substituted  form  adulterer.]  An  adul- 
terer. 

advoutresst  (ad-vou'tres),  n.    [Early  mod.  E. 

advoutresse,  -trice,  <  ME.  avoutres,  avoutresse 
(also  avow-),  <  OF.  avoutresse,  avotresse,  <  avou- 
tre, an  adulterer  (see  advouter),  +  -esse,  E.  -ess. 
See  the  later  substituted  form  adulteress.]  An 
adulteress. 

advoutroust  (ad-vou'trus),  a.  [<  late  ME.  ad- 
voutrous,  <  advouter  +  -ous.  See  the  later  sub- 
stituted form  adulterous.]  Adulterous, 
advoutryt  (ad-vou'tri),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  ad- 
voutry, -trie, -tery,  advoultry,  etc.,  <  ME.  avou- 
trie,  avowtrie,  avutry,  -trie,  -terye,  etc.,  also 
avowter,  <  OF.  avoutrie,  avouterie,  earlier  aou- 
terie,  aulterie  (<  L.  as  if  *adulteria,  f.),  also 
avoutire,  avoutere,  avoltere,  avultere,  <  L.  adul- 
terium,  neut.,  adultery,  <  adulter,  an  adulterer. 
See  the  later  substituted  form  adultery.]  Adul- 
tery.   Also  written  avowtry. 

A  marriage  compounded  between  an  advoutrx/  and  a 
rape.  Bacon,  Hist.  Hen.  VII. 

advcwee  (ad-vou-e'),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  avowee, 

<  ME.  avowe,  <  OF.  avoue,  earlier  avoe,  avoet,  < 
L.  advocatus,  patron,  advocate :  see  advocate,  n., 
and  advowson.]  In  England,  one  who  has  the 
right  of  advowson.  So  called  originally  as  being  the 
advocate,  protector,  or  patron  of  an  ecclesiastical  office, 
house,  or  benefice. 

advo'wson  (ad-vou'zn),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
advoivzen,  advouson,  <  ME.  avowson,  avoweson, 
avoiveisoun,  <.  AF .  advouison,  advoweson,  advoe- 
son,  OP.  avoeson,  <  L.  advocatio(n-),  a  calling  to 
or  summoning  of  legal  assistance,  hence  in  ML. 
the  duty  of  defense  or  protection,  the  right  of 
presentation,  <  advocare,  call  to  defend :  see  ad- 
vocation, and  cf.  advowee.]  If.  Originally,  the 
obligation  to  defend  an  ecclesiastical  office  or 
a  religious  house.  See  advocate  of  the  church, 
imder  advocate. —  2.  In  £ng.  law,  the  right  of 
presentation  to  a  vacant  benefice,  it  was  origi- 
nally vested  in  the  bishop  of  the  diocese,  but  was  often  trans- 
ferred to  tlie  founder  or  patron  of  the  church.  Advowsons 
are  of  tliree  kinds,  presentative,  collative,  and  donative: 
presentative  when  the  patron  presents  a  clergj-man  to  the 
bishop  mth  a  petition  tliat  he  be  instituted  with  the  bene- 
fice ;  collative  when  the  bishop  is  the  patron,  and  both  pre- 
sents and  institutes  (or  collates)  ihe  incumbent;  donative 
when  the  sovereign,  or  any  sul)ject  by  liis  license,  having 
founded  a  church,  appoints  its  incumbent  without  any 
reference  to  the  bishop.  Advowsons  are  also  appendant, 
that  is,  annexed  to  the  possession  of  a  certain  manor  ;  or 
in  gross,  that  is,  separated  by  legal  conveyance  from  the 
ownership  of  the  manor. 

advoyer  (ad-voi'er),  M.    Same  as  avoyer. 
ad'vt.   A  common  contraction  of  advertisement. 
ad'Wardt  (ad-ward'),  n.  and  c.    A  forced  spell- 
ing of  award.    Spenser.  F.  Q.,  IV.  x.  17. 
adynamia  (ad-i-na'mi-il),  n.    [NL.  (>E.  adytia- 
ni)/  z=  F.  adynamie).  <  Gr.  iuh'vaaia,  Aveakness, 

<  aSi'vaiioc:,  weak,  <  (i-  priv.,  without,  -I-  divaui^, 
power:  see  dynamic]    In  pathol,,  weakness; 


adynamia 

want  of  strength  occcsioiied  by  disease  ;  a  de- 
ficieuey  of  vital  power;  asthenia.  Also  called 
adyiuiiiii/. 

adynamic  (ad-i-nam'ik),  a.    [As  adynamia  + 
-ic  :  see         and  di/namic.']    1.  In  pathoL,  of 
or  pertaining  to  adynamia;  characterized  by 
or  resulting  from  vital  debility  ;  asthenic  :  as, 
adynatnic  fevers;  an  adynamic  condition;  the 
adynam  ic  sinking  of  typhoid  fever. — 2.  ln.ph  ys. , 
characterized  by  absence  of  force, 
adynamy  (a-din'a-mi),  «.    Same  as  adynamia. 
adytt  (ad'it),  n.    Same  as  adytum. 
Behold,  aiiiicist  the  adt/ts  of  our  gods,  .  .  . 
The  ghosts  of  dead  men  liowliiig  walk  about. 
Greene  and  Lod<je,  Looking  Glass  for  Loud,  and  Eng. 

adytum  (ad'i-tum),  n.  ;  pi.  adyta  (-ta).  [L.,  < 
Gr.  ath'Tov,  an  adytum,  a  shrine,  a  place  not  to 
be  entered,  neut.  of  aSvni;,  not  to  be  entered, 
<  a-  priv.  +  dvrdg,  verbal  adj.  of  dveiv,  enter.] 

1 .  In  ancient  worship,  a  sacred  place  which  the 
worshipers  might  not  enter,  or  which  might  be 
entered  only  by  those  who  had  performed  cer- 
tain rites,  or  only  by  males  or  by  females,  or 
only  on  certain  appointed  days,  etc. ;  also,  a 
secret  sanctuary  or  shrine  open  only  to  the 
priests,  or  whence  oracles  were  delivered; 
hence,  in  general,  the  most  sacred  or  reserved 
part  of  any  place  of  worship,  in  Greece  an  adytum 
was  usually  an  inner  recess  or  chamber  in  a  temple,  as  in 
that  of  Hera  at  ^Egium ;  but  it  might  be  an  entire  temple, 
as  that  of  Poseidon  at  Mantinea,  or  a  grove,  inclosure,  or 
cavern,  as  the  sacred  inclosure  of  Zeus  on  the  Lycsean 
mount  in  Arcadia.  The  most  famous  adytum  of  Greece 
was  the  sanctuary  of  the  Pythic  oracle  at  Delphi.  The 
Jewish  holy  of  holies  in  the  temple  at  Jerusalem  may  be 
considered  as  an  adytum.  The  word  is  also  applied  some- 
times to  the  chancel  of  a  Christian  church,  where  the 
altar  stands. 

2.  Figuratively,  the  innermost  or  least  accessi- 
ble part  of  anything ;  that  which  is  screened 
from  common  view ;  hidden  recess ;  occult 
sense. 


Cooper's  Adz. 


Ship-carpenter's  Adz 


Railroad  Adz. 


adz,  adze  (adz),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  ads,  adds, 
addes,  addis,  addice,  <  ME.  adis,  adse,  adese,  < 
AS.  adesa,  an  adz  or 
ax,  a  word  thought  by 
some  to  be  a  corrup- 
tion of  an  older  *ac- 
iresa  (—  Goth,  akioisi), 
the  full  form  of  eax, 
a'x,  a'cs,  acas,  ONorth. 
acasa,  acase,  ax ;  but  in 
the  earliest  example 
adesa  occurs  in  con- 
nection with  ft'cs  as 
a  different  word:  see 
rtji.]  A  cutting-tool 
somewhat  like  an  ax, 
but  having  the  blade 
placed  at  right  angles 
to  the  handle  and 
formed  to  a  curve 
nearly  corresponding 
to  its  sweep  through 
the  air  when  in  use. 
It  is  used  for  dressing  tim- 
ber, and  has  its  cutting  edge 
ground  upon  the  concave 
side.  The  adz  is  also  used,  though  rarely,  as  a  weapon ; 
and  among  certain  savage  tribes  adzes  of  hard  stone  are 
richly  adorned  for  ceremonial  uses.— Hollow  adz,  a  tool 
with  a  curved  blade  used  in  chamfering  the  chine  of  a  cask 
on  the  inner  side. 

adz,  adze  (adz),  v.  t.    [<  adz,  w.]    To  chip  or 
shape  with  an  adz  :  as,  to  adz  logs  or  timber, 
adz-plane  (adz'jslan),  n.    A  tool  adapted  for 


90 

regularly  as  e  in  similar  positions,  that  is, 
either  e  or  e  :  often  improp.  pron.  e  in  all  posi- 
tions. In  the  Continental  pron.  of  Latiu,  e  or 
a  ;  in  the  'Roman,'  iii  ori.)  A  digraph  or  lig- 
ature appearing  in  Latin  and  Latinized  Greek 
words.  In  Middle  Latin  and  New  Latin  it  is  usually 
written  and  printed  as  a  ligature,  and  sounded  like  Latiu 
e,  with  which  in  Middle  Latin  it  constantly  interchanges. 
In  classical  Latin  it  was  usually  written  separately  (and 
hence  usually  so  printed  in  modern  editions  of  classical 
texts),  and  pronounced  probably  as  a  diphthong.  In  Old 
Latin  al  appears  instead  of  ae,  and  Latin  ae,  w  is  the  regu- 
lar transliteration  of  Gr.  ai,  asaegis  or  (egis,  fromGr.  aiyi?. 
In  English  words  of  Latin  or  Greek  origin  ae  or  ce  is  usually 
reduced  to  e,  except  generally  in  proper  names,  as  Ca-sai; 
Jineas,  in  words  belonging  to  Roman  or  Greek  antiqui- 
ties, as  cenis,  and  modern  words  of  scientific  or  technical 
use,  as  piuenogainotis.  But  the  tendency  is  to  reduce 
ae  or  oe  to  e  in  all  words  not  purely  Latin  or  New  Latin, 
except  proper  names  in  their  original  forms.  In  some 
names  of  changed  form  the  a  has  become  permanently 
eliminated,  as  Egypt,  and  in  some  of  otherwise  unchanged 
form  nearly  or  quite  so,  as  Etna,  Ethiopia.  When  ae  rep- 
resents the  diphthong  oe,  it  should  be  distinguished  from  ae 
not  a  diphthong,  the  latter  being  commonly  marked  with 
a  dieresis,  as  in  aero-,  aerial,  etc. 

se^.  A  character  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  alphabet 
representing  a  simple  vowel,  having  when  short 
the  soimd  of  English  a  in  glad  (a),  and  when 
long  the  sound  of  English  a  in  glare,  dare,  etc. 
(a),  as  commonly  ijronoimced  in  the  United 
States.  The  form  is  that  of  the  late  Latin  ee,  which  had 
a  sound  nearly  the  same  as  simple  c  (see  ceI).  In  the 
twelfth  century  short  a;  began  to  disappear,  being  repre- 
sented by  a. (sometimes  by  e),  without,  however,  any 
appreciable  change  of  sound.  Long  ce  also  disappeared, 
being  regularly  replaced  by  e  (long)  or  ee,  with  a  change 
of  sound  through  Middle  English  e  (that  is,  d  in  modern 
pronunciation)  to  modern  i  (that  is,  e  in  modern  pronun- 
ciation). Examples  are :  (1)  short  ce,  whence  Middle  Eng- 
lish and  modern  English  a:  as,  Anglo-Saxon  glced,  seed, 
cet,  licet,  etc.,  whence  Middle  English  and  modern  English 
glad,  sad,  at,  hat,  etc.;  (2)  long  ee,  whence  Middle  EngUsh 
e_or  ee,  modern  English  ee  or  ea:  as,  Anglo-Saxon  seed, 
rcedan,  see,  etc.,  Middle  English  seed,  rede,  se  or  see,  etc., 
modern  English  seed,  read,  sea,  etc.  Before  r,  long  ce  has 
usually  retained  its  Anglo-Saxon  sound  (at  least  in  the 
United  States):  as,  Anglo-Saxon  cer,  their,  hwcer,  hatr, 
etc.,  modern  English  ere,  there,  where,  hair,  etc.  In  Brit- 
ish works  the  vowel  in  these  words  is  usually  treated  as  a 
Iirolonged  "short  c"  (as  in  inet),  or  as  a  slightly  modified 
"long  a"  (as  in  mate). 

The  symbol  used  in  Lloyd's  Register 
for  third-class  wooden  and  composite  ships. 
This  class  includes  vessels  unfit  for  the  conveyance  of  dry 
and  perishable  goods  on  short  voyages,  and  of  cargoes  in 
their  nature  subject  to  sea-damage  on  any  voyage.  See 
Al,  under  al. 

-ae.  The  nominative  plural  termination  of  Latin 
and  Latinized  Greek  words  in  -a  (in  Latinized 
Greek  also  -e,  -as,  -es)  of  the  first  declension, 
feminine,  sometimes  masculine.  This  plural  ter- 
mination is  sometimes  retained  in  English,  as  in  formula;, 
nebulat,  vertebrce,  minutice,  etc.,  in  some  cases  alongside 
of  a  regular  English  plural,  as  in  formulas,  nebulas,  etc. 
In  the  formal  and  technical  terminations,  -aeece,  -ecB,  -idee, 
■ince,  in  botany  and  zoology,  -ce  ends  the  plural  names  of 
orders,  tribes,  etc.,  of  plants,  and  of  families  and  subfami- 
lies of  animals. 

^chmophorus  (ek-mof 'o-rus),  n.  [NL.  (Coues, 
1862),  <  Gr.  alxiJ.o^6poQ,  one  who  carries  a  spear, 
<  aixfJ-'i,  a  spear,  +  -(j)6pog,  <  <ptpsiv  =  E.  bear^.'] 


South-Sea  Island  Adzes. 


Adz-plane  and  Specimen  of  Work. 


molding  and  rabbeting,  used  in  panel-work  by 

coach-  and  pattern-makers, 
ae  (a),  a.    [For  Se.  ane,  =  E.  a  (emphatic)  for 

owe ;  see  «2  and  owe.]    One.  [Scotch.] 
ael.    (As  a  character,  pron.  e,  or,  spelled  out, 

a-e;  in  words,  E.  or  L.,  accordingto  the  E.  pron. 


Western  Grebe  {A^chmophorns  occidentalts). 

A  genus  of  large,  long-necked  grebes  of  Ameri- 
ca, having  the  bill  extremely  long,  slender,  and 
acute,  whence  the  name.  'The  type  is  .3i.  occi- 
dentalis,  known  as  the  western  grebe. 

secidia,  n.    Plural  of  wcidium,  2. 

aecidiai  (e-sid'i-al),  a.  Relating  or  pertaining 
to  Wcidium  (which  see). 

A  monograph  ...  by  Von  Thiimen  contains  an  account 
of  the  ceeidial  forms  attacking  Coniferse,  and  includes  a 
number  of  species  found  in  the  United  States. 

Smithsonian  Rep.,  1880,  p.  324. 

secidioform  (e-sid'i-6-f6rm),  n.  [<  NL.  wcidium 
+  L.  forma,  form.]    Same  as  wcidiostage. 

.SIcidiomycetes  (e-sid-'i-o-mi-se'tez),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Wcidium  +  Gr.  fivKT/rei;,  pi.  of  /-ivkt}^,  a 
mushroom,  fungus.]  A  group  of  minute  para- 
sitic fungi,  each  species  of  which  exists  in  at 
least  two  forms,  usually  very  unlike.  To  this 
group  belong  many  rusts,  blights,  and  mildews  which  in- 
fest cultivated  plants. 


aegagrus 

afcidiospore  (e-sid'i-6-sp6r),  v.  [<  NL.  axidium 
+  Gr.  oTTupd,  seed,  sjiore.]  A  spore  produced 
in  the  ascidiostage  of  growth  of  certain  para- 
sitic fungi,  distinguished  by  or  peculiar  in  their 
development  by  a  process  "of  abstrictiou.  See 
(ccidiostagc. 

secidiostage  (e-sid'i-6-staj),  n.  [<  NL.  acidimn 
+  E.  stage.']  The  first  of  the  alternations  of 
development  of  numerous  fungi  of  the  order 
Uredineai.  See  Mcidium.  Also  called  wcidio- 
form. 

.£cidium  (e-sid'i-um),  w.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a'ma,  in- 
jiuy,  +  dim.  -i^iov.']  1 .  A  genus  of  fungi,  natural 
order  Uredinem,  now  believed  to  be  only  a  sub- 
ordiaate  stage  in  the  development  of  the  gen- 
era Uromyccs  and  Puccinia,  though  this  has 
not  been  demonstrated  in  regard  to  all  the  re- 
ptited  species. —  2.  [/.  c]  pi.  cccidia  (e-sid'i-a). 
The  cup-like  organ  (pseiuloperidium)  charac- 
teristic of  the  genus  or  form.  See  pseudoperi- 
dium. 

These  (ipct(?tMTO-fruits,  which  .arise  from  the  same  myce- 
lium as  the  spermogonia,  lie  at  first  beneath  the  epidermis 
of  the  leaf.  Sachs,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  247. 

aedes  (e'dez),  n. ;  pi.  wdes.  [L.,  a  house,  a  tem- 
ple: see  edify.']    1.  In  Jfom.  aw any  edifice, 

sacred  or  profane.  Specifically,  as  distinguished  from 
a  temple  (templum),  a  building  set  apart  for  the  cult  of 
a  divinity,  but  not  solemnly  consecrated  by  the  augurs. 
Thus,  the  "temple"  of  Vesta  is  properly  an  cades,  and  was 
so  termed  in  antiquity. 
2.  In  Christian  arch.,  a  chapel, 
aedicula  (e-dik'u-la),  w. ;  pi.  wdiculm  (-le).  [ML., 
dim.  of  L.  aides:  see  above.]  In  Rom.  antiq.: 
(a)  A  very  small  house  or  chapel.  (6)  A  shrine 
in  the  form  of  a  small  building;  a  recess  in  a 
wall  for  an  altar  or  statue. 

Every  division  of  the  city  had  likewise  its  Lares  compi- 
tales,  now  three  in  number,  who  had  their  own  cedicula  at 
the  cross-roads.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  313. 

sedile,  aedileship,  etc.   See  edile,  etc. 
sedcealogy  (e-de-al'o-ji),  n.  A  less  proper  form 
of  a'dmology. 

sedoeology  (e-df-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  alSoia,  the 
private  parts,  +  -Xoyia,  <  leyew,  speak :  see 
-ology.]  That  part  of  medical  science  which 
treats  of  the  organs  of  generation ;  also,  a  trea- 
tise on  or  an  accoimt  of  the  organs  of  gener- 
ation. 

sedoeoptosis  (e -de -op -to' sis),  w.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

aliola,  the  private  parts,  +  ktuolq,  a  falling,  < 
■KLTTTEiv,  fall.]  Displacement  downward  of  some 
part  of  the  female  genital  organs,  and  also  of 
the  bladder. 

aedoeotomy  (e-de-ot'o-mi),  w.  [<  Gr.  aldola,  the 
private  parts,  +  ro//?),  a  cutting,  <  refiveiv,  cut.] 
Dissection  of  the  organs  of  generation. 

aefauld  (a'fald),  a.  [Sc.,  =  E.  onefold,  q.  v.] 
1.  Honest;  upright;  witlTout  duplicity. —  2f. 
Single ;  characterized  by  oneness :  as,  the  ae- 
fauld (jodhead.   Barbour.    [Scotch,  and  rare.] 

aefauldness  (a'fald-nes),  w.  [<  Sc.  aefaidd  + 
-wess.]  Honesty;  uprightness;  singleness  of 
heart ;  freedom  from  duplicity.  [Scotch.] 

.51ga  (e'ga),  n.  [NL.  (Leach,  1815),  <  Gr.  aif 
(aiy-),  goat.]  A  genus  of  isopods  giving  name 
to  the  family  jEgidce.  jE.  psora,  known  as  the  salve- 
bug,  is  a  fish-louse  found  attached  by  its  sharp  claws  to  cod 
and  halibut.  See  cut  imder  saUe-bug. 

.Sgaeonichthyinse  (e  "  ji  -  on  -  ik  -  thi  -i '  ne),  w . 
[NL.,<  ^gawiichthys  +  -ina;.]  A  subfamily 
of  pedieulate  fishes,  of  the  family  Ceratiidw. 
The  mouth  is  of  moderate  size  ;  the  cephalic  spine  has  its 
basal  element  subcutaneous,  procumbent,  and  at  an  acute 
or  a  right  angle  with  the  distal  element ;  the  second  dorsal 
spine  is  wanting ;  the  body  and  head  are  depressed ;  anil  the 
mouth  is  vertical  or  inclined  forward,  the  mandibular  .ar- 
ticulation being  projected  forward.  The  aspect  of  the  fish 
is  very  singular. 

aBgaeonichthyine  (e'-'ji-on-ik'thi-in),  n.  A  fish 
of  the  subfamily  JEgceonichthyinw. 

.^gaeonichthys  (e"ji-on-ik'this),  «.  [NL.,<  Gr. 
Aiyaiuv,  in  myth.,  a  name  of  Briareus,  also  the 
.3ilgean  sea,  +  /x^t'f,  a  fish.]  The  typical  genus 
of  pedieulate  fishes  of  the  subfamily  JEgaonich- 
thyinw.  But  one  species  is  known,  appelli,  occurring 
in  the  deep  sea  near  New  Zealand. 

aegagre  (e-gag're),  n.    Same  as  wgagrus. 

aegagri,  n.   Plm-al  of  wgagrus. 

aegagropila  (e-ga-grop'i-la),  «. ;  pi.  cegagropila: 
(-le).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  alyaypoQ,  the  wdld  goat  (see 
wgagrus),  +  L.  pila,  a  ball  {ov  jnlus,  hair).]  A 
ball  of  hair  found  in  the  stomach  of  some  rumi- 
nating quadrupeds,  as  the  goat. 

aegagropile  (e-gag'ro-pil),  n.  Same  as  mgagro- 
pila.    Also  contracted  a;gropile. 

aegagrus  (e-gag'rus),  n. ;  pi.  wgagri  (-ri).  [L.,  < 
Gr.  aiyaypog,  the  wild  goat,  <  ai^  {aiy-),  goat,  + 
aypog,  field,  aypiog,  wdld.]  A  wild  goat,  supposed 
to  be  the  species  now  known  to  inhabit  the 


segagrus 


91 


mountains  of  tlie  Caucasus,  Persia,  etc.,  the  aegialitid  (e-ji-a-lit'id),  jj. 
paseng  or  pasing  of  the  Persians,  and  the  wild    ily  Mgialitidm" 
stock  of  most  if  not  all  of  the  breeds  of  the  do- 
mestic goat.  It  is  the  Capra  hircus  of  Linnaeus,  C.  cega- 
grus  of  Gmelin  and  Pallas,  C.  caucasica  of  H.  Smith,  and 


A  beetle  of  the  fam- 


Wild  Goat  ( Capra  agagriis). 

Hircus  mgagnis  of  J.  E.  Gray.  J.  F.  Brandt  asserts  that 
this  is  incontestably  and  exclusively  the  source  of  the  do- 
mestic goat.  In  fact,  the  name  mgagrus  may  have  been 
applied  sometimes  to  goats  run  wild,  and  the  Capra  cega- 
grus  of  both  G.  and  F.  Cuvier,  the  bezoar-goat,  ascribed  to 
Persia  and  the  Alps,  is  said  to  have  been  merely  the  do- 
mestic goat  run  wild.  The  celebrated  Angora  goat  may 
have  been  derived  from  a  different  species  or  variety, 
Cajyra  falconeri,  originating  in  central  Asia.  The  goat  or 
segagrus  in  all  its  varieties  is  closely  related  to  the  ibex, 
Capra  ibex,  which,  however,  is  a  distinct  species.  In  the 
stomach  and  intestines  of  the  goat,  as  in  those  of  other  ar- 
tiodactyls,  are  found  the  concretions  called  bezoar-stones. 
Also  written  cegagre. 

Whether  the  Capra  cegagrus  or  the  Capra  ibex  should  be 
regarded  as  the  stock  of  the  domesticated  goat  of  Europe 
has  long  been  a  question  among  naturalists  ;  the  weighty 
arguments  which  may  be  drawn  from  the  character  of  the 
wild  species  which  was  contemporary  with  the  Bos  primi- 
genius  .  .  .  [are]  shown  ...  to  be  in  fayor  of  Capra 
cegagrus.  Owen. 

^gean,  Egean  (§-je'an),  a.  or  n.  [<  L.  ^gceum 
(sc.  marc,  sea),  <  Gr.  Alyalov  (sc.  TreAayog),  or 
Aiyalog  (sc.  jrovrof),  the  jSlgean  sea,<  Alyat,  .3j}gcB, 
a  town  in  Eubcea,  and  also  the  name  of  several 
cities.]  A  name  often  applied  to  that  part  of 
the  Mediterranean  sea  otherwise  called  the 
Archipelago. 

aeger  (e'jer),  n.  [L.,  sick.]  Same  as  aigrotat. 
.£geria  (e-je'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  after  .^ge- 
'ria,  or  Egeria,  a  prophetic  nymph  or  Camena 
celebrated  in  Eoman  legend,  instructress  of 
Numa.]  In  entom.:  (a)  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  ^geriklce,  order  Lepidoptera.  it  consists 
of  brightly  colored  moths  with  the  wings  wholly  or  in 
part  transparent.  The  larvas  are  endophy  tous,  boring  into 
the  stems  and  trunks  of  shrubs  and  trees,  and  embrace 
some  of  the  most  destructive  enemies  to  cultivated  fruit- 
trees.   See  borer  and  maple-borer.    Also  sometimes  called 

Sesia.  (p)  A  genus  of  Diptera  founded  by  Robi- 
neau-Desvoidy.    Also  spelled  Egeria. 
aegerian  (e-je'ri-an),  a.    Of  or  belonging  to  the 
3igeriidoe.    Also  spelled  egerian. 

An  ^Egerian  enemy  of  the  native  pines.  Science,  VI.  542. 

segeriid  (e-je'ri-id),  n.  A  moth  of  the  family 
Mgeriidw;  a  clearwing. 

^geriidse  (e-je-ri'i-de),  n.  j^l.  [NL.,  <  JEgeria 
+  -idw.~\  In  entom.,  a  family  of  Lepidoptera, 
section  Heterocera,  comprising  a  number  of  in- 
terestiag  moths  related  to  the  sphinxes,  hawk- 
moths,  or  SphingidcB,  and  commonly  called 
clearwiugs,  from  the  transparency  of  their 
"WmgS.  The  larvae  live  in  the  interior  of  the  branches 
and  roots  of  trees.  Some  attack  the  apple,  and  one,  the 
jEgeria  tipuliformis,  or  cm-rant-clearwing,  feeds  upon 
the  pith  of  cm-rant-bushes.  Also  ^vritten  ^geridce,  jSge- 
riadoe,  and  with  initial  E  instead  of  Also  sometimes 
called  Sesiidoe. 

.ffigialites  (e^ji-a-li'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  alyLoldg, 
the  sea-shore,  beach  (that  over  which  the  sea 
rushes?  <  hiaaeLv,  rush,  -I-  a/If,  the  sea),  +  -iies.] 

1.  In  ornith.,  a  genus  of  Limicolw,  of  the  family 
Charadriidce,  or  plovers,  chiefly  distinguished 
from  Charadrius  by  color,  having  the  upper 
parts  not  speckled,  the  lower  never  extensively 
black,  and  bars  or  i-ings  upon  the  head,  neck, 
or  breast.  The  tarsus  is  comparatively  short,  with 
large  scutella  arranged  in  two  or  three  special  rows. 
The  sexes  are  usually  distinguishable,  though  similar. 
The  genus  contains  the  numerous  species  of  small  plovers 
toown  as  ring-plovers,  inhabiting  all  parts  of  the  world. 
The  kiUdeer  vociferus),  the  ring-neck  semipal- 
imtus),  and  the  piping  plover  (.E.  mdodus)  are  character- 
istic species  of  .the  United  States.    Also  written  jEgialitis. 

2.  lu  entom.,  the  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Mgialitidse.    Eschscholtz,  1833. 


Ringed  Plover  {^gialites  kiaticula). 

.SJgialitidse  (e'-'ji-a-lit'l-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,<  Mgia- 
Utes,  2,  +  -«(?«?.]  A  family  of  heteromerous 
coleopterous  insects,  having  the  anterior  coxal 
cavities  closed  behind,  the  tarsal  claws  simple, 
and  six  ventral  segments,  the  last  two  being 
closely  united  and  the  first  two  connate.  J. 
L.  Le  Conte,  1862. 

.aigiceras  (e-jis'e-ras),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  al^  (aly-), 
a  goat,  -f-  Ktpag,  a  horn :  see  Cerastes.']  A  ge- 
nus of  plants  consisting  of  a  single  species, 
uSi.  majus,  belonging  to  the  natural  order  Myrsi- 
nacece.  it  is  a  shrub  or  small  tree,  found  on  the  swampy 
shores  of  the  East  Indies  and  Australia.  Its  seeds  germi- 
nate while  still  on  the  tree,  and  send  down  perpendicular 
roots  into  the  mud,  thus  forming  impenetrable  thickets, 
which  constitute  the  only  vegetation  for  miles  along  some 
coasts,  particularly  of  Sumatra. 

aegid  (e'jid),      Anisopod  of  the  family  Mgidw. 

jSTgidae  (e'ji-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  jEga  +  -ida;.'\ 
A  family  of  isopod  crustaceans,  tjrpified  by  the 
genus  ^ga,  having  all  the  segments  beyond 
the  head  distinct,  and  no  operculum  closing 
the  branchial  chamber. 

aegilopic,  egilopic  (e-ji-lop'ik),  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  of  the  nature  of  eegilops. —  2.  Alf  ected 
with  eegilops. 

aegilopical,  egilopical  (e-ji-lop'i-kal),  a.  Same 
as  (cgilopic. 

aegilops,  egilops  (e'ji-lops),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  alyl- 
Icoip  {-OTV-),  an  ulcer  in  the  eye ;  also,  a  kind  of 
wild  oats,  and  a  Idnd  of  oak  with  sweet  fruit. 
Cf .  alyiXog,  an  herb  of  which  goats  were  said  to 
be  fond ;  appar.  <  ai'f  (aly-,  *alyi'k-),  a  goat,  +  6ip, 
eye;  cf.  cjf,  face,  appearance.]  1.  In. pathol., 
goat-eye ;  a  tumor,  abscess,  or  other  affection  of 
the  inner  angle  (canthus)  of  the  eye;  some- 
times, a  fistula  lacrymalis  or  other  affection  of 
the  lacrymal  duct.  In  a  mild  form,  it  is  simply 
a  swelling  of  the  lacrymal  papilla,  and  is  very 
common. —  2.  [cap.']  In  hot.,  a  genus  of  grasses 
allied  to  Triticum,  or  wheat-grass,  growing 
wild  in  the  south  of  Europe  and  parts  of  Asia. 
It  is  believed  by  many  botanists  to  be  the 
origin  of  cultivated  wheat. —  3.  A  species  of 
oak,  Quercus  Mgilops  ;  the  valonia-oak  of  the 
Levant. — 4.  [cap.]  Agenusof  lamellibranchs. 
James  E.  Hall,  1850. 

Mp.-a.di,  (e-ji'na),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  Jigina,  iGr. 
Alyiva,  an  island  in  the  Saronie  gulf;  also,  in 
myth.,  a  nymph  of  Argolis,  beloved  by  Zeus.] 
1 .  The  typical  genus  of  the  family  ^ginidce. 
EschschoUz,  1829. — 2.  A  genus  of  crustaceans. 

.5!ginetan  (e-ji-ne'tan),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Jigi- 
neta,  <  Gr.  AiyivrjTT}^,  an  inhabitant  of  klyiva : 
see  Mgina.]    I.  a.  Relating  or  pertaining  to 

the  island  of  ^gina  or  its  inhabitants  iEglne- 

tan  sculptures,  or  .ffigina  marbles,  a  collection  of  an- 


.^githalinse 

cient  sculptures  discovered  in  1811  on  the  i.sland  of  ^Egina, 
wliicli  originally  decorated  the  temple  of  Athena.  They 
date  from  about  47r)  B.C.,  and,  althoiu;h  in  general  true 
to  nature,  their  faces  bear  that  forced  smile  which  cliarac- 
terizes  the  portrayal  of  the  human  suljject  in  all  early 
Greek  art.  These  sculptures  are  now  the  most  notable 
orn.nnent  of  the  Glyptothck  at  Munich. 
II.  n.  An  inhabitant  of  .ffigina. 
.SIginetic  (e-ji-net'ik),  u.  [<  Gr.  Aiyiv^TiuSc, 
pertaining  to  Aly cva,  JEgina.]  -iEginetan;  re- 
sembling -lEginetan  work. 

The  coinage  of  Locris,  Phocis,  and  Boeotia  Ls  entirely  on 
tlie  jEginetic  standard.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVII.  642. 

.^ginidse  (e-jin'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  jEgina,  1,  + 
-idw.]  A  family  of  Trachijmcdusw,  typified  by 
the  genus  JEgbia,  containing  craspedote  aca- 
lephs  with  a  hard  discoidal  umbrella,  pouch- 
like enlargements  of  the  digestive  cavity,  and 
the  circular  vessel  usually  reduced  to  a  row  of 
cells :  related  to  Geryoniidw  and  Trachtjncmidai. 

The  order  to  which  the  Jliginida:  pertain  is  called  Hydro- 
inedusm,  Ilaplomorplia,  anil  Ijy  other  names ;  it  is  that  in 
which  there  is  no  hydriform  trophosorae,  the  medusa;  de- 
veloping directly  from  the  ovum. 
.SIgiothuS  (e-ji'o-thus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aiyiodor, 
also  alyidog,  and  later  aiyivdor,  a  bird,  perhaps 
the  hedge-sparrow.]  The  redpolls  or  redpoll 
linnets,  a  notable  genus  of  Fringillidw,  founded 
by  Cabanis  in  1851.  There  are  several  species,  of 
Europe,  Asia,  and  North  America ;  the  common  redpoll  is 
linaria;  the  mealy  redpoll  is  J£.  canescens.  They  are 
small  finches,  chiefly  boreal  in  distiibution,  streaked  with 
dusky  and  flaxen  brown  and  white,  the  males  with  crim- 
son poll  and  rosy  breast.    See  cut  under  redpoll. 

M^Tp&n  (e'ji-pan),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  AlyiTrav,  <  atf 
('^''y-)i  goat,  -t-  Ilai^,  Pan.]  1.  An  epithet  of 
the  god  Pan,  having  reference  to  his  goat-like 
lower  limbs,  short  horns,  and  upright  pointed 
ears,  the  other  portions  of  his  body  being  like 
those  of  a  man.  See  Diopan,  and  also  satijr  and 
faun. —  2.  In  entom.,  a  genus  of  orthopterous 
insects,  of  the  family  Locustidw.  Scudder,  1877. 

segirine  (e'ji-rin),  n.    Same  as  cegirite. 

aegirite  (e'ji-rit),  n.  [<  JEgir,  the  Icel.  god  of 
the  sea  (or  JEgirusl),  +  -ite^.]  A  mineral  oc- 
curring in  greenish-black  prismatic  crystals, 
isomorphous  with  pyroxene.   It  is  a  bisiiicate  of 

iron  sesquioxid,  iron  protoxid,  lime,  and  soda,  found  in 
Norway,  and  also  at  Hot  Springs,  Arkansas.    Also  OTit- 
ten  cegyrite  and  cegirine. 
.^giriis  (e-ji'rus),  n.    [NL.,  <  (?)  Gr.  Aiyeipoc,  a 
city  of  Lesbos.    Cf.  alyeipoc,  the  black  poplar.] 


^ginetan  Sculpture. 
Herakles,  from  the  eastern  pediment  pf  the  temple  of  Athena. 


A^girits punctilucens.  dorsal  view. 

A  genus  of  nudibranehiate  or  notobranchiate 
gastropods,  of  the  family  Pohjccridce,  having 
large  tubercles  on  the  convex  loack.  Three  spe- 
cies are  known  from  the  European  seas.  Also  written 
^■Egires.  Looen,  1844. 
aegis  (e'jis),  n.  '  [L.  a;gis,  <  Gr.  a'lylg,  the  segis, 
also  a  rushing  storm,  humeane,  appar.  <  aiaaeiv, 
shoot,  dart,  glance ;  popularly  identified  with 
alylc,  a  goat-skin,  <  oi'f  (aly-),  a  goat :  see  Aix.] 

1.  In  Gr.  tnytli.,  originally 
the  storm-cloud  envelop- 
ing the  thunderbolt,  the 
especial  weapon  of  Zeus ; 
afterward  considered  as 
the  skin  of  the  goat  Amal- 
thea,  the  foster-mother  of 
Zeus,  which  the  latter  took 
for  defensive  armor  in  his 
war  with  the  Titans.  Ac- 
cording to  another  conception, 
it  was  a  terrible  and  immortal 
arm  wrought  by  Hepluestus  after 
the  fashion  of  a  thunder-cloud 
fringed  with  lightning.  It  was 
intrusted  by  Zeus  to  Apollo  and 
to  Athena,  and  became  a  charac- 
teristic attribute  of  the  latter. 

2.  In  art,  a  representation 
of  the  segis  as  a  sort  of 
mantle  fringed  with  ser- 
pents, much  more  ample 
in  archaic  examples  than  later,  generally  worn 
covering  the  breast,  but  sometimes  held  ex- 
tended over  the  left  arm,  or  thrown  over  the 

arm  to  serve  as  a  shield.  The  a-gis  of  Athena,  ex- 
cept in  the  most  primitive  representations,  bears  in  the 
midst  the  head  of  the  Gorgon  Jledusa,  and  is  usually 
covered  with  scales  like  those  of  a  serpent. 

Hence,  figuratively  —  3.  Anyinfluence  orpower 
which  protects :  as,  under  the  imperial  a'gis. 

Also  spelled  eo"-*- 
.Sgithalinae  (e-jith-a-li'ne),  u.  pi.     [NL..  < 
.Jigithalu^  +  -iiue.]    A  subfamily  of  titmice, 


jCgis. —  Varvakeion  Statu- 
ette of  Athena. 


^githalinse 

famih'  Paridw,  tj^ified  bj-  the  genus  Mgifhalits. 

It  was"  luimod  liy  Keiclieiiliacti  in  ISSO,  and  by  Gray  is 
mailt'  to  inc-ludi'  I'anuntx  and  a  number  of  other  genera 
of  tits  of  Eui-ope,  Asia,  and  Africa. 

^githalus  (e-jith'a-lus),  n.  [NL.,<Gr.  oJj/fo- 
/oc,  the  tit,  L.  parus.']  The  typical  genus  of 
jEgithaliHcr,  based  iipon  Paruv pendtdinus,  one 
of  the  Em-opean  bottle-tits.  The  name  is  also  used 
for  anotlier  genus  of  tits,  more  commonly  called  Acretliila 
(which  see),  of  which  ^4.  caudata  is  the  type.  Also  writ- 
ten ^Kt/itkalos. 

.Sffithognathae  (e-ji-thog'na-the), «.  jjI-  [NL., 
<  (jr.  aiyidug,  also  aqlodoc,  the  hedge-sparrow, 
or  perhajjs  the  bunting,  +  yvadog,  jaw.]  In 
Huxley's  classification  of  birds,  a  suborder  of 
Curintitce,  ha\-ing  the  bones  of  the  palate  dis- 
posed as  in  the  sparrow  and  other  passerine 
birds,  and  embracing  the  passerines,  swifts, 
and  woodpeckers.    See  mjithognathism. 

aegithognathism  (e-ji-thog'ua-thism),  n.  The 
quality  or  condition  of  being  iegithognathous  ; 
that  structure  of  the  bony  palate  of  birds  which 
consists  in  the  union  of  the  vomer  with  the 
alinasal  walls  and  ttu-binals,  and  is  character- 
istic of  the  suborder  Jitjithognatha'.  Parker  dis- 
tinguishes four  styles:  («)  incuinplete,  very  curiously  ex- 
hibited by  the  low  Turnix,  which  is  closely  related  to 
gallinaceous  birds ;  (b,  c)  complete,  as  represented  under 
two  varieties,  one  typified  by  the  crow,  an  oscine  passerine, 
the  other  by  the  clamatorial  passerines  Pachiirhamphu'< 
ami  Pijiru ;  (cl)  compound,  that  is,  mi.\ed  witli  a  kind  of 
desmognathism. 

jEgithogiiathism  is  exhibited  almost  unexceptionally  by 
the  great  group  of  passerine  birds  ;  it  is  also  nearly  coin- 
cident with  Passeres,  though  a  few  other  liinls,  notably 
the  swifts,  also  exhiljit  it.  Cones,  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  172. 

aegithognathous  (e-ji-thog'na-thus),  a.  [As 
Jigithognathu'  +  -o«.<.]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or 
ha\'ing  the  characteristics  of  the  ^Egithognatlia' ; 

'  having  the  vomer  united  with  the  alinasal  walls 
and  turbinals.    See  (vgitUognathism. 

JEg\Q  (e'gle),  n.  [L.,<Gr.  ai)!?],  splendor,  a 
female  name  in  Greek  mj'thology.]  1.  A  ge- 
nus of  plants  of  tropical  Inilia,  allied  to  and 
resembling  the  orange-tree,  but  with  trifoliate 
leaves,  .f;,  Marmelox,  the  Bengal  (luince,  golden  apple, 
or  bel,  has  an  aromatic  fruit,  somewhat  like  an  orange, 
A  perfume  and  a  yellow  dye  are  obtained  from  the  rind, 
and  the  dried  fruit  is  a  popular  remedy  in  diarrhea  aiul 
dysentery. 

2.  A  genus  of  braehym-ous  decapodous  crusta- 
ceans, or  crabs,  of  which  a  species,  ^TJgfe  rnfo- 
punctata,  is  foimd  in  Mauritius  and  the  Philip- 
pine islands. —  3.  A  genus  of  mollusks.  Olen, 
181.5.  See  Pneumodcrmon. — 4.  A  genus  of 
leijidopterous  insects.    HUbner,  1816. 

aegobronchophony  ( e  *  go  -  brong  -  kof '  6  -  ui ) ,  n. 

[<  Gr.  o(f  («'>-),  goat,  +  ppoyx'a,  the  bronchial 
tubes,  +  (puvT/,  voice.]  In  pathoL,  a  combina- 
tion of  two  sounds,  »gophony  and  bronchoph- 
ony, heard  by  auscultation  in  pleuro-pneumo- 
nia.    See  (cgoplioiii/  and  hronchuphoiuj. 

aegocerine  (e-gos'e-rin),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
characteristic  of  the  genus  jEgoccnis :  as,  an 
(egoceri)ie  goat  or  antelope;  wgocerine  horns. 
Also  written  aigocerinc. 

.ffigocerus  (e-gos'e-rns),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aif 
goat,  +  Kcpac;,  a  horn.]  1.  A  genus  of 
wild  goats,  related  to  the  ibexes,  of  the  subfam- 
ily Caprinw.  P.  iS.  Pallas,  1811 ;  J.  E.  Gray. — 
2.  A  genus  of  antelopes  with  long  spiral  horns, 
related  to  the  oryx  and  the  addax,  of  the  sub- 
family tilopince :  equal  to  Hippo  tragus  ( Sunde- 
vall).  Hamilton  Smith,  1827 ;  H.  N.  Turner,  1849. 
Also  written  Aigocems,  JEgoceros. 

aegophonic  (e-go-fon'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  eegophony.    Sometimes  written  egophonic. 

aegophony  (e-gof'o-ni),  «.  [<  Gr.  ajf  {a'ly-),  a 
goat,  +  (fiuvlj,  voice,  sound.]  In  pathol.,  a  form 
of  vocal  resonance,  broken  and  tremulous,  heard 
in  auscultation,  and  suggesting  the  bleating  of 
a  goat.  It  is  best  heard  in  hyirothorax  at  the 
level  of  the  fluid.   Sometimes  written  egophon  ij. 

aegropil6  (e'gro-pil),  n.    Same  as  wgagropile. 

aegrotans  (e-gro'tanz),  ». ;  pi.  wgrotantes  (e-gro- 
tan'tez).  [L.,  ppr.  of  (cgrotare,  be  sick:  see 
(egrotat.~\  In  English  imiversities,  one  who  is 
sick ;  one  who  holds  an  aBgrotat  (which  see). 

aegrotant  (e-gro'tant),  n.  [ilj.  a;grotan{t-)s, 
jjpr.  of  wgrotare  :  see  wgrotat.'}  One  who  is 
sick  ;  an  invalid.  [Rare.] 

aegrotantes,  n.    Plural  of  wgrotans. 

aegrotat  (e-gro'tat),  n.  [L.,  he  is  sick,  3d  pers. 
sing.  pres.  ind.  of  (cgrotare,  be  sick,  <  wgrotus, 
sick,  <  ager,  sick.]  In  English  universities,  a 
medical  certificate  given  to  a  student  showing 
that  he  has  been  prevented  by  sickness  from 
attending  to  his  duties.    Also  called  (egcr. 

I  sent  my  servant  to  the  apcjthccary  for  a  thing  called 
an  myrotat,  which  I  understood  .  .  .  meant  a  certificate 
that  I  was  indisposed. 

Babbage,  Pass,  from  Life  of  a  Phil.  (1864),  p.  37. 


92 

Reading  aegrotat,  in  some  universities,  leave  taken, 
commonly  in  December,  in  order  to  get  time  to  read  for 
one's  degree, 

aegyrite,  n.  See  wgiriie. 

aelurid  (e-lu'rid),  n.   A  carnivorous  mammal 

of  the  family  Ailurida'. 

.^luridae  (e-lu'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Jilurus 
+  -ida:]  A  family  of  carnivorous  quadrupeds, 
of  the  order  Fcrw,  suborder  Fissipcdia,  and 
series  Arctoidca,  closely  related  to  the  Ursidw 
(bears),  it  is  based  upon  a  single  genus  and  species, 
^Klunts  fulijeihs;  the  panda,  resembling  a  racoon  in  some 
respects.  Tlie  technical  characters  of  the  family  are  found 
chiefly  in  the  details  of  the  skull  and  teeth,  as  compared 
with  those  of  either  bears  or  racoons.  The  tail  is  well  de- 
veloped (rudimentary  in  U rsida) ;  the  teeth  are  36  in  num- 
ber (40  in  Prociiomdcr) ;  there  are  only  2  true  molars  on 
each  side  of  either  jaw,  with  3  premolars,  1  canine,  and 
3  incisors.  The  alisphenoid  canal  is  well  developed ;  the 
auditory  bulla  is  very  small,  and  is  separated  from  the  long 
trigonal  paroccipital  process.    Also  written  Ailuridce. 

aeluroid  (e-lii'roid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  allovpog,  a 
cat  (see  Jilurus),  +  fWof,  form.]  I.  a.  Feline ; 
cat-like;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
JEluroidea. 

II.  n.  A  member  of  the  Jiluroidca. 

.^luroidea  (e-lu-roi'de-ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.  :  see 
a-luroid.']  A  superfamily  section  of  feline  fis- 
siped  carnivorous  mammals,  typified  by  the 
cat  family,  Fclida;  and  containing  also  the 
families  Cri/pfoprocfida;  Protclidw,  Hijwnidw, 
Vivirridw,  and  Euphridcc  (but  not  the  family 
^luridas):  distinguished  as  a  series  from  the 
Cijnoidea  or  canine  series,  and  the  Arctoidca  or 
ursine  series  (to  which  the  family  JSluridw  be- 
longs). The  carotid  canal  is  not  well  developed ;  the 
glenoid  foramen  is  minute  or  wanting ;  the  foramen 
lacerum  posterius  and  the  condyloiii  foramen  debouch 
together;  Cowper's  glands  are  present ;  and  the  os  penis 
is  rudimentary,  except  in  Criiptopnicta.  .1\hiroidca  ii/pica 
are  the  true  felines  or  cats,  of  the  families  Fflidii-  and 
Crijptiiproi-tidiv.  ^Ehi i-oiilea  /iiiirni/tiniiiii  are  the  hyenas, 
of  the  families  lliKvnidic  and  Pinti'lida'.  .Ehi'riiidfa 
riccrrifiirmici  are  tlie  civets,  ichneumons,  etc,  of  the  fam- 
ilies Virerridie  and  Hiipli  ridii'.  See  tliese  family  names. 
Flower ;  Gill.    Also  written  Ailiiroidca. 

It  is  unfortunate  that  the  two  names  ^luroidea  and 
-EluridiB  should  clash,  as  not  belonging  to  the  same  sec- 
tions (of  the  Carnivora].  Pascoe,  Zool.  Class,,  p,  258, 

.£luropoda  (e-lti-rop'o-da),  w.  pi.    [NL..  neut. 

pi.  ot  aiuropus  (-pod-),  adj.:  see  a'lurojiodoKs.'] 
A  name  given  by  J.  E.  Gray  to  the  typical  vi- 
verriue  division  of  the  family  Vircrrida-,  the 
species  of  which  division  are  seluropodous 
(which  see).  The  name  is  contrasted  with 
Ci/nupoda. 

aeluropodous  (e-lu-rop'o-dus),  a.  [<  NL.  aiii- 
rojiKs  (-pod-),  adj.,  cat-footed:  see  Jilnropus.'] 
Cat-footed;  having  feet  like  a  cat,  that  is,  witli 
sharp,  retractile  claws:  opposed  to  cipiopodous, 
or  dog-footed,  and  specifically  applied  to  the 
typical  viverrine  division  of  the  family  Viver- 
ridce. 

.Slluropus  (e-Wro-pus),  n.  [NL.,  <  JUlurus,  q. 
v.,  +  Gr.  TTovc  (ttoS-)  =  E.  foot.^   A  remarkable 


V 


^litropits  ntelanolejicns. 


genus  of  caraivorous  quadrupeds  of  the  arctoid 
series  of  the  order  Fera\  connecting  the  true 
bears  with  JElurus  and  other  genera,  in  the  upper 

jaw  they  have  3  incisor,  1  canine,  4  premolar,  and  2  molar 
teeth,  and  in  the  lower  3  incisors,  1  canine,  3  premolars, 
and  3  molars ;  the  skull  has  a  short  facial  portion,  the 
bony  palate  not  extending  back  of  the  teeth,  an  alisphenoid 
canal,  an  em  irmous  sagittal  crest,  and  zygomatic  arches ; 
the  tail  is  very  short,  and  the  feet  are  less  plantigrade  and 
the  soles  more  hairy  than  in  the  true  bears,  JE.  melann- 
levciis.  of  Tiljet,  the  type  and  only  species,  is  of  the  size  of 
a  small  brown  bear,  of  a  whitish  color,  with  black  limbs, 
shoulders,  ears*  and  eye-ring.  Also  wi'itten  Aihtropus. 
.Slums  (e-lu'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ailovpor,  a  cat, 
perhaps  <  a'ld/ or,  quick-moving,  +  oi'pd,  tail.  The 
early  history  of  tlie  domestic  cat  being  involved 
in  doubt  (see  cat),  some  identify  the  Gr.  al\ovpo(; 
with  the  ferret  or  polecat,  Putorius  furo,  antl 
others  with  the  genet  or  civet-cat,  a  species  of 
Viverrd.']     The  typical  genus  of  the  family 


.£olididae 

JEluridw  (which  see),  containing  the  wah  or 
panda,  JElurus  fulgcns,  of  India.  Also  written 
Ailurus. 

Molidun^  (e-6'li-an),  a.  [<  h.  ^EoUiis,  <  Gv. 
Ai6?uo^,  .^olian,  <  Aiu'Ao^,  Molus,  the  god  of  the 
winds:  seeJiohis.'i  1 .  Pertaining  to .^Doliis,  the 
god  of  the  winds  in  Greek  mythology,  and  hence 
sometimes  (with  or  without  a  caintal)  to  the 
wind  in  general:  as,  the  Aioliun  Isles  (now  the 
Lipari  islands,  north  of  Sicily),  the  fabled  home 
of  the  god.    Also  written  Eolian  and  Aiolian. 

The  breezes  blur  the  fofintain's  glass. 
And  wake  .Eolian  melodies, 

T.  B.  Aldrich,  Pampinea, 

2.  [I.  c]  Due  to  atmospheric  action;  ^wind- 
blown: as,  an a'oZiaw deposit :  applied,  in  j/eo/.,  to 
accumulations  of  detrital  material,  especially 
fine  sand  and  loam,  which  have  been  carried  to 
their  present  position  by  the  wind.  Ey  far  the 
most  important  deposit  of  this  kind  is  the  loess  of  nortli- 
western  China  (see  loess),  and  it  was  ti>  designate  this  ]iecu- 
liar  and  most  remarkable  formation  that  the  term  ci'„Iian 
was  applied  in  geology  in  place  (pf  suhm  rial  see). 
Also  written  coi/an,—,ffiolian  attachment,  a  contrivance 
attached  to  a  pianoforte,  by  w  liich  a  stream  of  air  can  be 
thrown  upon  the  wires,  prolimging  their  vibration  and 
.greatly  increasing  the  volume  of  sound,  — ,ffiolian  harp 
or  lyre,  a  stringed  instrument  that  is  caused  to  sound  by 
the  impulse  of  air.  A  common  form  is  that  of  a  box  of 
thin  fibrous  wood,  to  which  are  attached  a  number  of  fine 
catgut  strings,  sometimes  as  many  as  fifteen,  of  eijual 
length  and  tuned  in  unison,  stretched  on  low  bridges  at 
each  eiul.  Its  length  is  made  to  correspond  witlf  the  size 
of  the  window  or  aperture  in  which  it  is  intended  to  be 
placed.  When  the  wind  blows  athwart  the  strings  it  pro- 
duces the  effect  of  an  orchestra  when  heard  at  a  distance, 
sweetly  mingling  all  the  harmonics,  and  swelling  or  dimin- 
isbiu,g  the  sounds  according  to  the  strengtli  of  the  blast, 
— .ffiolian  rocks.  See  above,  2. 
.Solian^  (e-6'li-an),  a.  and  n.  [<L.  jEolius,  <Gr. 
A'loAior,  <  AioAof,  ^olus,  the  mythical  foimder  of 
the  ^Eolians,  one  of  the  sons  of  Hellen,  reputed 
ancestor  of  all  the  Hellenes,  >  Gr.  AJo/if  iV,  an 
Eolian,  pi.  A/oXfif  A'loAfjg,  >  L.  Afiolcs,  the  Moli- 
ans.  See  jEoUaiii-.'\  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
branch  of  the  Greek  race  named  from  .^olus, 
son  of  Hellen,  or  to  .^olia  or  ^olis,  a  district 
of  Asia  Minor  north  of  Ionia  colonized  by  and 
named  from  them — .ffiolian  mode,  (o)  In  Greek 
music,  a  diatimic  scale  consisting  of  two  steps  +  a  half 
step  +  two  steps  -t-  a  half  step  -f  a  step.  It  is  correctly 
represented  by  the  natural  notes  of  the  .staff  beginning 
with  A  and  counting  downward.    Usually  and  moVe  prop- 

erly  called  the  hypodorian,  sometimes  the  Locrian,  mode, 
(h)  The  ninth  of  the  Gregorian  church  modes  or  scales.  It 
was  the  fifth  of  the  authentic  modes,  and  consisted  of  a 
step  +  a  half  step  +  two  steiis  +  a  half  step  +  two  steps, 


represented  by  the  natiu-al  notes  of  the  staff  beginning 
with  A  and  counting  upward. 

II,  11.  A  member  of  one  of  the  three  great 
divisions  of  the  ancient  Greek  race,  the  two 
other  divisions  being  the  Dorian  and  the  Ionian.  ' 
The  inhabitants  of  /Eolis,  of  part  of  The.ssaly,  of  Bajotia 
and  much  of  central  Greece,  of  Arcadia,  and  other  dis- 
tricts not  Dorian  or  Ionian,  were  conmionly  accounteil 
jEolians.  The  Acheans,  when  not  spoken  of  as  a  distinct 
race  of  Greeks,  were  also  included  among  the  vEolians. 

Also  written  Eolian  and  Aiolian. 
JEo\\C  (e-ol'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Jiolicus,  <  Gr. 
AioA«/((5f,  of  or  pertaining  to  .3Dolis  or  the  Mo\i- 
ans :  see  JEoUan'^.']  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  j35olis  or 
.lEolia,  tothe^olians,  or  to  J^olus,  their  myth- 
ical ancestor;  j3ilolian:  as,  JEolic  towns;  the 
Molic  branch  of  the  Greek  race. 

That  Dicaiarchus  was  correct  is  proved  by  an  examina- 
tion of  the  peculiar  position  occupied  by  the  traces  of  I 
Aiolic  influence  in  Homer.    Ainer.  Jour.  PMlol. ,^11.  232.  t 

,£oliC  dialect,  one  of  the  three  great  dialects  or  groups 
of  subdialects  of  ancient  Greek,  the  others  being  the  Doric 
and  Ionic,  It  was  spoken  in  ^■Eolis  and  many  other  Greek 
countries,  and  is  important  as  the  dialect  used  by  the 
Lesbian  poets  Sappho,  Alcaius,  etc. 

II.  «.  The  language  of  the  ^olians ;  the  ' 
-iEolian  dialect  of  Greek. 

Also  written  Folic  and  Aiolic. 

aeolid,  aeolidid  (e'o-lid,  e-ol'i-did),  w.   A  mem- 
lier  of  the  jEolida'  or  JEolidid<v.  \ 

.^lolidae  (e-ol'i-de),  v.  pi.    Same  as  JEoUdida'. 

jHolididae  (e-o-lid'i-de),  -n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  ^Eoli.^ 
(-i(l-)  +  -ida'.]  A  family  of  nudibranchiatc 
gastropodous  mollusks,  with  diversiform  gills 
placed  on  the  sides  of  the  back,  and  the  tenta- 
cles retractile.  They  are  active,  and  swim  freely  on 
their  backs.  In  the  .genus  .Eolis  (which  see)  the  gills  con- 
sist of  an  immense  number  of  finger-like  processes,  forming 
tufts  on  each  side  of  the  body,  some  of  which  receive  ca;cal 
prolongations  of  the  stomach  and  liver.  Their  papillae  pos- 


iBolididse 

sess  the  power  of  discharging,  wlieii  the  animal  is  irritated, 
a  millcy  fluid,  which,  liowever,  is  liarraless  to  the  human 
sliin.    Also  written  EoUdidce,  yEolida;  Enlvlre. 


^otis  coronata,  dorsal  view. 


jEolidinse  (e'^o-li-di'iie),  n.  [NL.,  <  ^olis 
(-id-)  +  -irtrt".] '  A  group  of  mollusks.  See  Eo- 
Udidce.   Also  written  Eolidmce. 

seolina  (e-o-li'na),  n.  [<  L.  JEolus,  <  Gr.  AloXoc, 
the  god  of  the  winds :  see  Mollis.']  A  small 
fi-ee-reed  musical  instrument,  the  precursor  of 
the  accordion  and  concertina  (which  see),  in- 
vented by  Wheatstone  about  1829 


93 

of  the  capacity  of  6  ostrich-eggs  or  about  12  dozen  hen- 
eggs.  Tile  remains  are  found  in  very  recent  deposits,  and 
the  bird  was  proljably  contemporary  with  themoa.  .Epyor- 
)i;is  is  the  type  of  a  family  .■k/j;/orrdthul<x,  related  to  the 
Dinar nithidm,  of  the  subclass  liatitce.  Sometimes  spelled 
Epyornis,  and  even  fjjmn-iiin;  the  latter  is  wholly  inad- 
missible. 

.flSpyornithes  (e-pi-6r'ni-thez),  n.pl.    [NL.,  pi. 

of  Epijornis  (-nith-).']  A  superfamily  gi'oup, 
made  an  order  by  Newton,  of  gigantic  extinct 
ratite  birds,  based  upon  the  Epyornithidce 
(which  see), 
.^pyornithidse  (e-pi-6r-nith'i-de),  n.p?.  [NL., 
<  Mpyornis  {-nith-)  +  -idw.']  A  family  of  birds 
represented  by  the  genus  JEpyornis  (which  see), 
.^pyprymnus  (e-pi-prim'nus),  n.  [NL.,<Gr. 
a'lnvg,  high,  steep,  +  Trpu/iva,  stern.]  A  notable 
genus  of  kangaroo-rats  of  comparatively  large 
size,  and  otherwise  resembling  the  hare-kanga- 
roos, Lagorchestes.  The  type  is  E.  rufescens, 
the  red  potoroo  of  New  South  Wales.  A.  H. 
Garrod,  1875. 


aeolipile  (e'o-li-pil  or  e-ol'i-pil),  n.    [<  L.  ceoli-  ^.pys  (e'pis),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  alirv^,  also  a'nrdc, 


high,  steep.]    A  genus  of  adephagous  beetles^ 
of  the  family  Carabidw,  the  larvae  of  which  have 
but  one  claw  on  each  foot.    Also  wi-itten  jEpus. 
aequaliflorous,  «.    See  cqualiflorous. 
aequisonance,  aequisonant.   See  equisonance, 
    eqtiisonant. 

of  ahollowball  containing  water  and  two  arms  bent  in  JE!Q.1livalyia  (e-kwi-val '  vi-a),  n.pl.     [NL.,  < 

opposite  directions,    L.  <eq^ms,  equal,  +  valva,  door  (valve).]  1. 

In  Lamarck's  classification,  1801,  one  of  two 
divisions  of  his  conchiferous  Acephalcea,  con- 
taining the  equivalve  bivalves:  opposed  to 
Incequivalvia. — 2.  In  Latreille's  classification, 
1825,  one  of  two  divisions  of  pedunculate  Bra- 
cJdopoda  (the  other  being  Incequivalvia),  repre- 
sented by  the  genus  Lingula.  See  cut  under 
Lingulidce. 

.Slquorea  (e-kw6're-a),  n.    [NL.,  fern,  of  L. 

cequoreus,  of  the  sea:  see  cequoreal.^  A  genus 
of  medusae,  constituting  the  family  Equoreiclce 
(which  see).    M.  cyanea  is  an  example. 


pilw,  pi.,  <  JEolus,  god  of  the  winds  (see  JEolus), 
+  pila,  a  ball.]  An  instrument  illustrating  the 
erpansive  force  of  steam  generated  in  a  closed 
vessel,  and  escaping  by  a  narrow  apertm-e, 
said  to  have  been  invented  by  Hero  of  .AJex- 
andiia  in  the  second  century  b.  c.    it  consisted 


from  the  narrow 
apertures  of  which 
steam  issued  with 
such  force  that  the 
air,  reacting  on  it, 
caused  a  circular 
or  rotary  motion  of 
the  ball.  Several 
attempts  have  been 
made  to  apply  the 
principle  of  the  seo- 
lipile  to  rotating 
Ely's  feolipile  is  used  for  rotating  a  toy.  It 
boiler,  with  an  arm  through  which  the 


Ely's  ^olipile. 


macliinery. 
consists  of 

steam  is  permitted  to  escape,  placed  upon  a  central  up 

right  pivot,  and  connected  by  a  band  with  the  dram  of  v""^-"  "^^J-    ^/  -^^ 

the  toy  to  lie  rotated.   Also  spelled  eolipile  and  (by  mis-  SeC[llOreal  (e-kwo  re-al),  a.  [<  L.  cequoreus,  of  the 

take)  eolipyle.  sea,  <  cequor,  level,  even  surface,  esp.  a  calm, 

.Slolis  (e'o-lis),  w.   [NL.  (likeL.^oZi5,Gr.  AioA/f  smooth  sea,  <  wquus,  even,  equal:  see  equal.'] 

(-iS-),  name  of  a  country),  <  alulog,  quick-mov-  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  sea  ;  marine  ;  oceanic 


ing,  nimble,  rapid,  changeable.]  The  typical 
genus  of  the  f.2tTm\j  JEoUdidce  (which  see).  Also 
spelled  Eolis,  as  originally  by  Cuvier,  1798. 


specifically  used  in  the  name  of  a  fish,  the 
wquoreal  pipefish,  Syngnathus  cequorea.  Tar- 
rell. 


iE'olism  (e'6-lizm),  «.  [<  Gr.  *A;oA<(T/idf,  <  AioAi-  .Slquoreidse,  .Squoridse  (e-kw6-re'i-de,  e- 
(Etv,  imitate  the  ^olians:  see  ^S^oZic  and -/sot.]    ^^y,'^'^^^)' !bPj-    L^}^-,  < -^i^quorca  + -idee.]  A 


family  of  Hydromedusce,  represented  by  the 
genus  jEquorea,  with  numerous  radial  vessels 
and  marginal  tentacles.  The  family  is  related  to  the 
canipanularians  and  sertularians,  and  pertains  to  an  order 
CalyptoUastea,  or  to  a  suborder  Campanularice  of  Hydro- 
medusce. They  attain  a  large  size,  being  a  foot  or  more  in 
..^...v..  „  J  ,i„„ui    ,     ^      diameter.  The  family  was  founded  by  Eschscholtz in  1829. 

.V  aer  (a'er),  n.    [L.,  <  Gr.  qwj,  air:  see  a»-l.]  1. 

[<  L._^o?«s,  the  god  of  the  Ordinary  air  of  the  atmosphere.  (6)  Some 
kind  of  air,  as  a  gas.  [Formerly  a  common 
term  in  chemistry  and  physics,  now  rare  or  ob- 
solete.] —  2.  In  the  Hellenic  branch  of  the  East- 
em  Church,  the  third  or  outermost  of  the  veils 
placed  over  the  sacrament.  See  a/rl,  n.,  7. — 
Aer  perfiabills  (L,  air  blowing  through),  open  air. 

Open  air,  which  they  call  aer  perflabilis. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  331. 

sera,  n.  See  era. 
seraria,  n.  Plural  of  cerarium. 
aerarian  (e-ra'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  cerarius, 
monetary,  fiscal,  cerarius,  n.  (sc.  civis),  an  Eera- 
rian,  <  ces  (cer-),  bronze,  money:  see  ccs.]  I.  a. 
In  Rom.  Mst,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  serarium  or 
Roman  treasury ;  fiscal:  as,  the  ce^'ariaM  prefects. 

II.  M.  One  of  the  lowest  class  of  Roman 
citizens,  who  paid  only  a  poll-tax  and  had  no 
right  to  vote.  To  this  class  the  censors  could  degrade 
citizens  of  any  higher  rank  who  had  committed  heinous 
crimes. 

In  the  case  of  a  sphere,  the  tendency  to  set  in  a  uniform  aerarium  (e-ra'ri-imi),  W.:  pi.  ceraria  (-a,).  fL., 


A  peculiarity  of  the  ^olic  dialect,  or  such  pe- 
culiarities collectively.  Sometimes  written 
Usm. 

First  must  be  eliminated  from  the  so-called  jEolisms  all 
phenomena  which,  so  far  from  deserving  the  name  of 
jEolisms,  do  not  so  much  as  occur-  in  ^olic. 

Amer.  Jour,  of  Philol.,  V.  621. 

.ffi9list  (e'o-list),  n 

winds,  +  -ist.]  A  pretender  to  inspiration :  so 
called  humorously  by  Swift  ("Tale  of  a  Tub," 
viii.),  as  deriving  all  things  from  wind  (that  is, 
the  breath  of  inspiration). 

seolotropic  (e'-'o-lo-trop'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  ceolot- 
ropy  +  -ic]  I.  a.  In pkys.,  not  having  the  same 
properties  in  all  directions ;  non-isotropic ;  ani- 
sotropic :  said  of  a  body  with  reference  to  elas- 
ticity or  the  action  upon  it  of  Ught,  heat,  etc. 

An  individual  body,  or  the  substance  of  a  homogeneous 
solid,  may  be  isotropic  in  one  quality  or  class  of  qualities, 
but  ceolotropic  in  others. 

Thomson  and  Twit,  Nat.  Phil.,  I.  §  677. 
II.  n.  A  non-isotropic  substance,  or  one  hav- 
ing different  properties  in  different  directions, 
as  a  biaxial  crystal. 

aeolotropy  (e-o-lot'ro-pi),  n.  [<  Gr.  aiolog, 
changeful,  +  -rpoTvla,  <  Tpineiv,  turn.]  Inphys., 
the  state  or  quality  of  being  seolotropic ;  the 
opposite  of  isotropy  (which  see) ;  anisotropy. 


[magnetic]  field  is  wholly  dependent  on  the  molotropy  of 
the  sphere.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XV.  245. 

.^olus  (e'o-lus),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  Molog,  the  god 
of  the  winds,  lit.  the  rapid  or  the  changeable,  < 
a'lokog,  quick-moving,  rapid,  glancing,  changing, 
changeable.]  1.  In  classical  wyth.,  thegodand 
ruler  of  the  winds,  which  at  his  will  he  set  fi-ee 
or  held  prisoners  in  a  hollow  mountain. —  2.  [1. 
c]  An  apparatus  for  renewing  the  air  in  rooms. 
— 3.  A  genus  of  coleopterous  Insects.  Esch- 
scholtz, 1829. 

fflon,  seonian,  etc.    See  eon,  eonian,  etc. 

^pus  (e'pusj,  n.    Same  as  .^pys. 

^pyornis  (e-pi-6r'nis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  amv^, 
high,  -t-  bpvi^,  a  bird.]  A  genus  of  gigantic 
fossd  birds,  found  in  Madagascar.  The  species  is 
named  ^Epyornis  maximus.  It  was  3-toed  like  Dinar- 
nw,  of  simdar  enormous  stature,  and  is  one  of  the  largest 
mown  birds.  The  egg  was  some  12  or  14  inches  long,  and 


neut.  of  cerarius,  of  or  pertaining  to  money :  see 
cerarian.']  Among  the  Romans,  a  place  where 
public  money  was  deposited ;  the  public  trea- 
sury. 

aerate  (a'e-rat),  v.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  aerated, 
ppr.  aerating.    [<  L.  aer,  air  (see  air^),  +  -ate^.] 

1 .  To  expose  to  the  free  action  of  the  air. — 

2.  To  cause  to  mix  with  carbonic-acid  or  other 
gas. — 3.  In  physiol.,  to  change  the  circulating 
fluids  of,  as  animals,  by  the  agency  of  the  air ; 
arteriaUze — Aerated  bread,  bread  baked  from  dough 
into  which  carbonic-acid  gas  has  been  forced  mechanical- 
ly, instead  of  being  set  free  within  its  substance  by  fer- 
mentation of  yeast  or  decomposition  of  baking-powder. — 
Aerated  waters,  a  term  applied  to  a  variety  of  acidu- 
lous and  alkaline  beverages,  more  or  less  impregnated  with 
carbonic-acid  gas,  which  renders  them  sparkling  and  ef- 
fervescent. The  most  common,  carbonic-acid  water  (usu- 
ally called  soda-water,  because  it  was  formerly  an  offici- 
nal preparation  and  contained  sodium  carbonate),  is  made 


aerial 

on  a  large  scale  by  pouring  dilute  sulphuric  acid  on  carbon- 
ate of  lime,  marble,  or  chalk.  (_)arbonic-acid  gas  is  evolved, 
which  is  either  forced  into  water  at  once  by  its  own  ten- 
sion as  it  is  evolved,  or  received  in  a  reservoir  and  after- 
ward forced  into  water  by  a  pump.  A  small  (juantity  of 
gingeror  capsicum-extract  and  sugar,  placed  in  bottles  be- 
fore filling  with  this  water,  converts  the  solution  into  gin- 
gerade  or  ginger  ale,  while  essence  of  lemon,  citric  acid, 
and  sugar  mixeii  in  the  same  way  form  lemoiuide.  All 
water  from  naturaj  springs  is  aerated  ;  and  the  flat,  mawk- 
ish taste  of  freshly  boiled  water  is  due  to  the  absence  of 
air  and  carbonic  acid.— Aerating  filter,  a  vvater  Hlter  in 
which  the  water  as  it  descends  falls  into  a  closed  chaiiiber, 
displacing  the  contained  air,  which,  passing  upward  through 
the  filtering  material,  aerates  the  water  in  its  passage. 

aeration  (a-e-ra'shon),  n.  [<  aerate.  ]  1.  The  act 
of  airing  or  of  exposing  to  the  action  of  the 
air:  as,  the  aeration  of  soil  by  plowing,  har- 
rowing, etc. —  2.  The  act  or  operation  of  mix- 
ing or  saturating  with  a  gas,  as  carbonic-acid 
gas  or  common  air. —  3.  In  pihysiol.,  the  arterial- 
ization  of  the  venous  blood  by  respiration  in. 
the  higher  animals,  and  by  corresponding  pro- 
cesses in  the  lower  animals. 

The  taking  in  of  food  by  a  polype  is  at  intervals  now 
short,  now  very  long,  as  circumstances  determine  ;  .  .  . 
while  such  aeration  as  is  effected  is  similarly  without  a 
trace  of  rhythm.  H.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  28. 

aerator  (a'e-ra-tor),  n.  [<  aerate,  as  if  L.  "aera- 
tor.] 1.  A  blower;  a  contrivance  for  fumigat- 
ing wheat  and  other 
grain,  to  bleach  it 
and  destroy  fungi 
and  insects.  —  2. 
An  apparatus  for 
forcing  air  or  car- 
bonic-acid gas  into 
water  or  other  li- 
quids. The  most  sim- 
ple form  is  a  mechanical 
device  for  pumping  air 
into  water,  or  a  spray 
for  bringing  water  into 
contact  with  air.  More 
complicated  forms  em- 
ploy chemicals  to  secure 
the  formation  of  car- 
bonic-acid gas  in  water 
or  liquors,  or  elaborate 
machinei-y  for  forcing 
the  gas  into  vessels  con- 
taining the  liquid,  and 
for  producing  the  prop- 
er mixture  by  agitating 
the  latter  in  presence  of 
the  gas  under  pressure, 
aerial  (a-e'ri-al),  a.  [Formerly  also  aereal,  <  L. 
aerius  (=  Gr.  aepiog),  also  ciereus,  pertaining  to 
the  air,  <  aer,  <  Gr.  a?'/p  :  see  ««>!.]  1.  Belong- 
ing or  pertaining  to  the  air  or  atmosphere ; 
inhabiting  or  frequenting  the  air ;  existing  or 
happening  in  the  air ;  produced  by  or  in  the  air : 
as,  aerial  regions ;  aerial  perspective ;  aerial 
songsters ;  aerial  ascents. 

Even  till  we  make  the  main,  and  the  aUrial  blue, 
An  indistinct  regard.  Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  1. 

Aerial  honey  and  ambrosial  dews. 

Dryden,  Virgil's  Georgics. 

2.  Consisting  of  air;  partaking  of  the  nature 
of  air ;  airy ;  hence,  imsubstantial ;  visionary : 
as,  aerial  beings ;  aerial  fancies ;  an  aerial  castle. 

Fays,  fairies,  genii,  elves,  and  d;emc>ns,  hear : 
Ye  kiiow  the  spheres  and  various  tasks  assign'd 
By  laws  eternal  to  the  aerial  kind. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  ii.  76. 
The  next  who  follows  .  .  .  has  to  build  his  own  cloud- 
castle  as  if  it  were  the  first  aerial  edifice  that  a  human 
soul  had  ever  constructed.    0.  W.  Holmes,  Emerson,  xvi. 

3.  Reaching  far  into  the  air ;  high  ;  lofty ;  ele- 
vated: as,  aerial  spires;  an  ac'rial  flight. 

The  atrial  mountains  which  pour  down 
Indus  and  Oxus  from  their  icy  caves.    S/ielley,  Alastor. 

4.  Possessed  of  a  Ught  and  graceful  beauty ; 
ethereal. 

Some  music  is  above  me  ;  most  music  is  beneath  me.  I 
like  Beethoven  and  Mozart  —  or  else  some  of  the  aerial 
compositions  of  the  older  Italians.    Coleridge,  Table-Talk. 
The  light  aeria/l  gallery,  goldeu-rail'd, 
Burnt  like  a  fringe  of  fire. 

Tennyson,  Palace  of  Art. 

5.  Inbot.,  growing  in  the  air,  and  independently 
of  the  soil,  as  epiphytes,  or  the  adventitious 
roots  of  some  trees:  as.  cicrial  orchids  or  roots. 


Cameron's  ASrator. 
(7,  gas-penerator  ;  d,  b,a.ndm,fn,m, 
agitators  ;  c,  stuffing-box  ;  e,  acid-hold- 
er;/", conical  plug;  d,  s,  leaden 
pipes ;  h,  stuffing-box  ;  k,  pin  ;  /,  bridle  ; 
n,  nut;  o,  intermediate  vessel;  /, 
pressure-gage ;  v,  impregnator. 


ASnai  Roois  oi  che  isaniau      tcus  indtc»}. 


aerial 

Aerial  acid,  an  old  name  for  carbonic-acia  gas,  from  a  be- 
lief tliat  it  entereil  into  the  coiDposition  of  atniosplieric 
ail-.— Aerial  birds  (^ivs  acrUv),  birds  wliicli  nabitiially 
move  cliietly  by  tli-ht,  as  ilistinguislied  from  walking  wad- 
ing, and  swimming  birds.— Aerial  car,  a  car  nstd  for 
traveling  in  the  air;  speciflcally,  the  basket  of  :i  balloon, 
or  a  car  designed  for  an  aerial  railway.— Aerial  figures' 
figures  by  which  painters  seek  to  represent  the  faiiled  inhab- 
itants of  the  air,  as  demons,  genii,  gnomes,  ete. — Aerial 
gills,  the  wings  of  insects.  Oten.— Aerial  image,  an  im- 
age caused  by  the  convergence  of  rays  of  light  retlectcd  or 
refracted  from  oljjeets  through  strata  of  air  of  different 
densities,  the  image  appearing  suspended  in  the  air,  as 
the  different  kinds  of  mirage;  also,  an  image  perceived 
by  looking  into  or  towanl  a  concave  mirror.  "See  mii-aije. 

—Aerial  mammals,  the  bats.  ir.  H.  Flower.— AeAsH 
navigation.  J>ee /irovV/cr^w;;,— Aerial  perspective.  See 

pers/iectioe. —  Aeria,!  photography,  pliotography  by 
means  of  canu-ras  supported  at  a  considerable  height 
above  the  grouiul  by  kites  or  balloons.— Aerial  poiSOn. 
Same  as  mi;(.v»!  (.  — Aerial  railway.  («)  A  proposed 
system  of  wires  for  uiiidiiig  balloons,  (h)  A  name  some- 
times applied  to  systems  of  transportation  by  cars  sus- 
pended from  a  rail  cir  rope  above  them.— Aerial  rockS. 
Same  as  leolian  ruckt:.  See  .EuUan'^,  2.— Aerial  tele-^ 
graphy,  a  method  of  telegraphing  by  means  of  kites.— 
Aerial  tints,  in  pKintimj,  tints  or  modifications  of  color 
by  which  tlie  exjjression  of  distance  is  attained.  =  Syn. 
Airy,  Ai  rial.    See  rr/n/l. 

aeriality  (a-e-ri-ai'i-ti),  n.  l<  aerial  + -ity.'] 
Unsiibstantiality ;  airiness. 

The  mere  aeriality  of  the  entire  speculation. 

De  Quiiicey,  Murder,  Postscript, 
aerially  (a-e'ri-al-i),  adv.    In  an  aerial  manner ; 
so  as  to  resemble  air  or  the  atmosphere  ;  ethe- 
really. 

Your  eyes 
Touch'd  with  a  somewhat  darker  hue. 
And  less  aerially  blue.        Tennyson,  Margaret. 

aerialness  (a-e'ri-al-nes),  n.    The  quality 

being  aerial  or  airy, 
aerianl  (a-e'ri-an),  a.    [<  L.  aerius :  see  aerial.'] 

Aerial;  of  or  belonging  to  the  air;  produced  or 

existing  in  the  atmosphere. 

In  the  flasks  which  are  altered  by  these  airian  spores, 
there  rarely  is  perceived  that  nauseating  cadaveric  odor  of 
intense  putrefaction.  Science,  III.  520. 

Aerian^  (a-e'ri-an),  w.  [<  LL.  Aeriani,  pi.,  < 
Aerius,  a  proper  name.]  A  member  of  a  re- 
forming sect  of  the  fom-th  century,  so  called 
from  their  leader  Aerius,  a  presbyter  of  Sebas- 
tia  in  Pontus,  who  separated  from  the  church 

about  A.  D.  360.  They  maintained  that  a  presbyter  or 
elder  does  not  differ  from  a  bishop  in  authority,  repu- 
diated prayers  for  the  dead,  and  rejected  church  fasts. 

Aerides  (  a-er'i-dez),  n.  ([NL.,  ^  L.  ai^r,  air, 
-ides.]  A  genus  of  epiphytal  plants,  natural 
order  Orchidacew.  These  plants  have  distichous  leaves, 
and  large,  bright-colored,  sweet-scented  flowers.  They  are 
natives  of  the  warmer  parts  of  Asia,  and  are  extensively 
cultivated  in  hothouses. 

aerie^t,  «•    See  «eryi. 

aerie^,  «.  and  v.    See  aer\fi.  ' 

aerifaction  (a"e-ri-fak'shon),  n.  [<  aerifij :  see 
-faction.]  The  action  of  aerifying;  aerifica- 
tion.   N.  E.  I). 

aeriferous  (a-e-rif'e-ras),  a.  [<  L.  aer,  air,  + 
ferre  =  E.  beur^.]  Conveying  air,  as  the  tra- 
cheae and  bronchial  tubes  of  air-breathing  ver- 
tebrates or  the  tracheae  of  insects. 

aerification  (a"e-ri-ti-ka'shon),  n.  [<  aerify: 
see  -fication.]  i.  The  act  of  combining  any- 
thing with  air ;  the  state  of  being  filled  with 
air. — 2.  The  act  of  becoming  air,  or  of  chang- 
ing into  an  aeriform  state,  as  substances  which 
are  converted  from  a  liquid  or  solid  form  into 
gas  or  an  elastic  vapor ;  the  state  of  being  aeri- 
form. 

aeriform  (a'e-ri-form),  a.  [<  L.  aer,  air,  -f- 
-formis,  i  forma,  form.]  1.  Having  the  form 
or  nature  of  air,  or  of  an  elastic  invisible  fluid ; 
gaseous.  The  gases  are  aeriform  fluids. — 2. 
Figuratively,  unsubstantial ;  imreal.  C'arlyle. 

aerify  (a'e-ri-fi),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aerified, 
ppr.  aerifying.  [<  L.  aer,  air,  -f-  -ficare,  ifacere, 
make :  see  -fy.]  1 .  To  infuse  air  into ;  fill  with 
air,  or  combine  air  with. —  2.  To  change  into 
an  aeriform  state. 

aero-.  [NL.,  etc.,  <  Gr.  atpo-  {asp-),  combining 
form  of  ar/p,  L.  aer,  air:  see  mVl.j  The  first 
element  in  many  compound  words  of  Greek 
origin,  meaning  air,  the  air,  atmosphere. 

aerobate  (a'e-ro-bat),  v.  i.  [<  Gr.  atpojiaTeiv,  < 
a-^p  (aep-),  air,  +  parelv,  tread.]  To  walk  (as 
if)  on  the  air.    [Rare.]    N.  E.  D. 

aerobe  (a'e-rob),  «.    One  of  the  aerobia. 

aerobia  (a-e-ro'bi-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
aeroiius,  <  Gr.  a^/p"(aep-),  air,  +  /3/of,  life.]  A 
name  given  by  Pasteur  (in  the  French  form, 
aerobies)  to  those  bacteria  which  are  able  to  live 
in  contact  with  the  air,  and  which  absorb  oxy- 
gen from  it :  opposed  to  anaerobia. 

aerobian  (a-e-ro'bi-an),  a.  Relating  to  or  char- 
acteristic of  aerobia  (which  see);  dependent 


94 

upon  air  for  life.  An  equivalent  form  is  aero- 
bio  IIS. 

aerobic  (a-e-ro'bik),  a.    Same  as  aerobian. 
aerobiosis  (a*e-r6-bi-6'sis),  n.    [NL.,  <Gr.  nr/p 
((i'-p-),  air,  +  i-iiuaic,  way  of  life,  <  jiioeiv,  live, 

<  ,i(Of,  life.]  Life  in  and  by  means  of  an  atmo- 
sphere containing  oxygen. 

aerobiotic  (a"e-r6-bi-ot'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aijp  {aep-), 
air,  -I-  jhuTiKo^,  pertaining  to  life,  <  l3i6eiv,  live  : 
see  aerobiosis.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  aerobiosis; 
living  on  atmospheric  oxygen :  as,  aerobiotic 
forms  in  fermentation. 

aerobious  (a-e-ro'bi-us),  a.  [<  NL.  aerobius  : 
see  aerobia.]  "Same  as  aerobian.  Pasteur,  Fer- 
mentation (trans.),  p.  210. 

Aerobranchia  (a'e-ro-brang'ki-a),  n.  pi.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  aijp  {aep-),  air,  -I-  ftpayxif,  gills.]  A  sub- 
class or  "grade"  of  Arachnida,  composed  of 
Scorpionina,  Fedipalpi,  and  Araneida,  or  true 
scorpions,  whip-scorpions,  and  spiders ;  one 
of  three  groups,  the  other  two  being  Eemato- 
brancliia  and  Lipobranchia.  E.  R.  Lankester, 
1881. 

aerobranchiate  (a'-'e-ro-brang'ki-at),  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  Aeroiranchia. 

aeroclinoscope  (a'e-ro-kli'no-skop),  n.  [<  Gr. 
a/'/p  {aep-),  air,  -1-  nXiveiv,  bend,  incline,  +  aKoneiv, 
view,  examine.]  The  name  given  to  a  kind  of 
weather-signal,  it  consists  of  an  elevated  vertical 
a.\is  with  movable  arms,  either  of  which  may  be  raised  or 
depressed  according  to  the  increase  or  decrease  of  the 
barometrical  pressure  in  the  quarter  to  which  it  points, 
thus  showing  the  direction  of  the  wind  and  state  of  the 
weather  to  be  expected.  It  has  been  much  used  in  Europe. 

aerocyst  (a'e-ro-sist),  M.  [<  Gr.  arip  {aep-),  air, 
+  livdTic,  bladder:  see  cyst.]  In  bot.,  the  air- 
vessel  or  bladder  by  means  of  which  many  al- 
gffi,  as  Fucus  vesiculosiis,  are  supported  in  the 
water,  and  oceanic  species,  as  the  gulfweed, 
iloat  on  the  surface.    See  cut  under  air-cell. 

aerodynamic  (a"e-r6-di-nam'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a^p 
{asp-),  air,  -f-  dynamic,  q.  v.]  Relating  or  per- 
taining to  the  force  of  air  and  gases  in  motion. 

aerodynamics  (a"e-r6-di-nam'iks),  n.  [PI.  of 
aerodynamic :  see  dynamics.]  The  science 
which  treats  of  the  motion  of  the  air  and  other 
gases,  or  of  their  properties  and  mechanical 
effects  when  in  motion. 

aerognosy  (a-e-rog'no-si),  n.  [<  Gr.  afip  {aep-), 
air,  -(-  yvwOTf,  knowledge.]  Same  as  aerology. 
[Rare.] 

aerographer  (a-e-rog'ra-fer),  M.  One  who  de- 
scribes the  atmosphere! 

aerographic  (a"e-ro-graf 'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
aerograj)liy. 

aerographical  (a'e-ro-graf 'i-kal),  a.  Same  as 

aerograpJiic. 

aerography  (a-e-rog'ra-fi),  n.  [<  Gr.  d^p  {aep-), 
air,  -I-  -ypa(j>ia,  <  ypa<peiv,  write,  describe.]  De- 
scription of  the  air  or  atmosphere. 

aerohydrodynamic  (a"e-r6-hi"dr6-di-nam'ik), 
a.  [<  Gr.  aijp  {aep-),  air,  -f  hydrodynamic] 
Acting  by  the  power  of  air  in  water  Aero- 
hydrodynamic wheel,  an  apparatijs  for  transmitting 
power  to  a  distance,  proposed  by  M.  Calles,  a  Belgian  en- 
gineer. The  operation  consists  in  conducting  condensed 
air  through  a  tube,  and  discharging  it  into  the  curved 
buckets  of  a  cogged  wheel  submerged  in  water  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  turn  the  wheel  by  its  ascensional  force. 

aerohydrous  (a"e-r6-hi'drus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a7jp 
{aep-),  air,  -f  h6up{vdp-),  water,  +  -ous.]  Com- 
posed of  or  containing  air  and  water:  specifi- 
cally applied  to  minerals  which  contain  water 
in  their  cavities.  Craig. 

aerolite  (a'e-ro-lit),  n.  [The  more  common 
form  of  aiiroliih:  see -lite  and -litJi.]  A  body 
falling  through  the  atmosphere  to  the  earth 
from  outer  space ;  a  meteorite ;  properly,  a 
meteoric  stone.    See  meteorite. 

aerolith  (a'e-ro-lith),  n.  [<  Gr.  d?;p  {aep-),  air, 
+  'Aidoc,  stone.]    Same  as  aerolite. 

aerolitnology  (a"e-r6-li-thoro-ji),  n.  [<  aero- 
lith  +  Gr.  -'/Myia,  '<  leyeiv,  speak:  see  -ology.] 
That  department  of  science  which  treats  of 
aerolites. 

aerolitic  (a'^e-ro-lifik),  a.  Relating  to  aerolites, 
aerologic,  aer'ological  (a"e-ro-loj'ik,  -i-kal), 

a.    Pertaining  to  aerology, 
aerologist  (a-e-rol'o-jist),  n.  One  who  is  versed 
in  aerology. 

aerology  (a-e-rol'o-ji),  «.  [<  Gr.  a^p  {aep-),  air, 
-I-  -'Aoyia,  <  Xeyeiv,  speak:  see  -ology.]  That 
branch  of  physics  which  treats  of  the  air,  its 
properties  and  phenomena.  Also  called  aerog- 
nosy. 

aeromancer  (a'c-ro-man'-'ser),  n.  [<  ME.  ayero- 
mauncer ;  <  aeromancy  +  -erl.]  One  who  prac- 
tises aeromancy. 


aeroscepsy 

aSromancy  (a'e-ro-man"si),  n.  [<  ME.  aero- 
mancyc,  ticroinauncc,  <  OF.  *aeromancie,  aero 
mantic  (Cotgrave),  mod.  F.  acromancie,  <  LL. 
aeromantia,  <  LGr.  aepopavreia  (Harper's  Lat. 
Diet.),  <  Gr.  di'/p,  air,  -I-  fiavreia,  divination,  < 
pavreveadat,  divine,  prophesy,  <  pavrig,  prophet.] 
Divination  by  means  of  the  air  and  winds  or 
atmospheric  phenomena  :  now  sometimes  used 
to  denote  the  practice  of  forecasting  changes 
in  the  weather. 

aeromantic  (a"e-r9-man'tik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  of  the  nature  of  aeromancy. 
aerometer  (a-e-rom'e-ter),  n.  [<  NL.  aerome- 
trum,  <  Gr.  ai/'p  {aep-),  air,  4-  perpov,  measure. 
Cf.  Gr.  aepoperpeiv,  measm'e  the  air.]  An  in- 
strument for  weighing  air,  or  for  ascertaining 
the  density  of  au'  and  other  gases  Barometri- 
cal aerometer,  an  instrument  consisting  of  a  vertical 
l!-tube  with  open  ends  and  mounted  upon  a  stand,  used  in 
measuring  the  relative  specific  gravities  of  liquids.  Thus, 
if  water  is  poured  into  one  branch  of  the  tube  and  oil  into 
the  other,  and  if  it  is  found  that  9  inches  of  water  balance 
10  inches  of  oil,  it  indicates  that  their  relative  specific 
gravities  are  as  10  to  9. 
aerometric  (a"e-ro-met'rik),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  aerometry. 

aerometry  (a-e-rom'e-tri),  «.  [=  F.  aeromi- 
trie,  <  NL.  aerometria,  <  aerometrum :  see  aero- 
meter.] The  science  of  measuring  the  weight 
or  density  of  air  and  other  gases,  and  of  deter- 
mining the  doctrine  of  their  pressure,  elasticity, 
rarefaction,  and  condensation, 
aeronaut  (a'e-ro-nat),  n.  [<  F.  aSronaute,  <  Gr. 
aijp  {aep-),  air,  +  vavT?K  {—Jj.  nauta),  sailor,  < 
vaiif  =  L.  navis,  ship:  see  nautical.]  One  who 
sails  or  floats  in  the  air ;  an  aerial  navigator ; 
a  balloonist. 

aeronautic,  aeronautical  (a'e-ro-na'tik,  -ti- 
kal),  a.    Pertaining  to  aeronautics  or  aerial  j 
sailing.  i 
aeronautics  (a'e-ro-na'tiks),  «.    [PI.  of  aero-  i 
nautic :  see  -ics.]    The  doctrine,  science,  or  art 
of  floating  in  the  air,  or  of  aerial  navigation,  as 
by  means  of  a  balloon.  j 
aeronautism  (a'c-ro-na'tizm),  n.    [<  aeronaut 
+  -ism.]    The  practice  of  ascending  and  float-  ! 
ing  in  the  atmosphere,  as  in  balloons, 
aerophane  (a'e-ro-fan),  n.    [<  Gr.  ar/p  {aep-), 
air,  +  -favi/c,  appearing,  <  ijiaiveiv,  show.]  A 
light  gauze  or  imitation  of  crape.  E.  H.  Knight. 
aerophobia  (a"e-r9-f6'bi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aepo- 
(p6jjoi;,  afraid  of  air,  <  a//p  (aep-),  air,  -I-  -0<$/3of, 
fearing :  see  -2}hobia.]    A  cb-ead  of  air,  that  is, 
of  a  current  of  air :  a  symptom  common  in  hy- 
drophobia, and  occasionally  observed  in  hys- 
teria and  other  diseases, 
aerophoby  (a'c-ro-fo'-'bi),  w.  Aerophobia, 
aerophone  (a'e-ro-phon),  u.    [<  Gr.  ar/p  {atp-), 
air,    -t-  (pojvi/,  voice,  sound.]     An  apparatus 
invented  by  Edison  fof  increasing  the  inten- 
sity (amplitude)  of  sound-waves,  as  those  from 
spoken  words, 
aerophore  (a'e-ro-for),  n.    [<  Gr.  ar/p  {aep-),  air, 
+  -<l>6po<;,  <  tjiiipeiv  =  E.  bear^.]    A  respu-ator  in 
tlie  form  of  a  tank,  into  which  the  air  exhaled 
from  tiie  lungs  passes,  and  which  contains 
chemicals  designed  to  revive  it  and  fit  it  to  be 
breathed  again,    it  is  carried  on  the  back  like  a  knap- 
sack, and  was  contrived  for  the  use  of  firemen  in  entering 
burning  buildings,  etc.    See  respirator. 
aerophyte  (a'e-ro-fit),  n.    [<  Gr.  ai/p  {aep-),  air, 
-I-  (pvTuv,  a  plant,  <  (p'veiv,  produce.]    A  plant 
which  lives  exclusively  in  air,  absorbing  all  its 
nourishment  from  it  alone,  as  some  orchids  and 
many  Bromeliacew ;  an  air-plant,    ^ee  epiphyte. 
aeroplane^  (a'e-ro-plan),  n.    [<  Gr.  ai/p  {aep-) 
air,  -I-  plane,  q.  v.]    Alight  framework,  either 
plane  or  somewhat  concave,  covered  on  its  un- 
der side  with  a  fabric,  used  in  flj'ing-inachines 
and  aerostatical  experiments.  When  the  machine  \ 
is  driven  through  the  air,  the  aeroplane,  set  at  an  angle  of  f 
about  7°  above  the  horizontal,  tends  to  support  it  by  its  : 
lifting-power.    See  fly iny -machine. 

aeroplane'^  (a'e-ro-plan),  n.  [=  F.  aSroplane, 
<  Gr.  aep6n\avoc,  wandering  in  air,  <  ai/p  {aep-),  \ 
air, -t- TT/ldwof,  wandering:  see pZa?(ef.]  A  flying- 
machine  invented  by  Victor  Tatin  and  success- 
fully tried  at  the  French  experiment-station  of 
Chalais-Meudon  in  1879.  it  consists  of  a  cylindrical 
receiver  for  compressed  air  used  to  drive  two  air-propel- 
lers, two  laterally  extended  wings,  and  a  tail  for  steering. 
The  velocity  obtained  was  8  meters  per  second, 
aeroscepsy  (a'e-ro-skep"si),  n.  [<  Gr.  ai/p  {aep-), 
air,  -I-  cKe-^ig,  a  viewing,  perception,  (.aKenreadat, 
look  at,  watch :  see  sceptic,  skeptic]  In  eodl., 
ability  to  perceive  the  state  of  the  atmosphere ; 
such  susceptibility  to  atmospheric  conditions  as 
various  animals  (insects  and  snails,  for  exam- 
ple) are  supposed  to  possess ;  the  sense  of  aeros- 
copy;  the  faculty  of  exercising  aeroscopy  in- 


aeroscepsy 

stinctively.  it  is  oonsideretl  by  some  zoologists  to  be  a 
function  of  the  atitenii.i',  these  being  organs  by  means  of 
wliich  sucli  animals  may  practise  aeroscopy  (whicli  see). 
[Aeroscepsy  anil  a>'rusrnpij  are  often  used  as  synonymous  by 
zoologists ;  but  the  distinction  here  indicated  is  convenient, 
and  agreeable  to  their  difference  of  formation.] 
aerOSCOpe  (a'e-ro-skop),  n.  [<  Gr.  *hEpoaK6noQ : 
see  aeroscopy.']  '  An  apparatus  for  collecting 
microscopic  objects  from  the  air.  it  consists  of 
an  Inspirator  and  a  glass  collecting-vessel  smeared  with 
glycerin.  When  air  is  dra-\vn  through  it  the  fine  dust  sticlis 
to  the  flira  of  glycerin. 

aeroscopic  (a"e-ro-skop'ili),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
exercising  aeroscopy. 

aeroscopy  (a-e-ros'ko-pi),  11.  [<  Gr.  hepoaKOTria, 
divination  by  observing  tlie  heavens^  <  *aepoaK6- 
;rof,  observing  the  heavens,  <  a'lp  (aep-),  air,  + 
OKomiv,  observe,  look  at.]  If.  Divination  by 
means  of  the  air ;  weather-prophecy. —  2.  Ex- 
amination or  observation  of  the  atmosphere ; 
the  practice  of  meteorology. —  3.  In  zooL,  per- 
ception or  observation  of  atmospheric  condi- 
tions, as  by  insects  and  snails ;  the  instinctive 
exercise  of  aeroscepsy ;  the  operation  or  result 
of  the  faculty  of  aeroscepsy.    See  aeroscepsy. 

serose  (e'ros),  a.    [<  L.  arosus,  full  of  copper, 

<  as  (<Er-),  copper:  see  «?s.]  Having  the  nature 
of  or  resembling  copper  or  brass ;  coppery.  Also 
spelled  erose. 

aerosiderite  (a"e-r6-sid'e-rit),  n.  [<  Gr.  ar'/p 
(asp-),  air,  +  aLSrjp'iTTjg,  of  iron :  see  siderite.'] 
A  meteorite  consisting  essentially  of  metallic 
iron.    See  meteorite. 

aerosiderolite  (a"e-r6-si-de'ro-lit),  «.   [<  Gr. 

aijp  (aep-),  air,  +  cridt/poc,'  iron,  +  lidog,  stone.] 
A  meteorite  containing  both  stone  and  iron. 
See  meteorite. 

aerosphere  (a'e-ro-sfer),  n.  [<  Gr.  a?jp  (aep-), 
air,  +  a<j>aipa,  sphere.]  The  body  of  air  sur- 
rounding the  earth ;  the  aerial  globe ;  the  en- 
tire atmosphere. 

aerostat  (a'e-ro-stat),  n.  [<  F.  aerostat,  <  Gr. 
a^p  (aep-),  air,  -f  arardg,  placed,  standing,  verbal 
adj.  of  i-ard-vai,  place, cause  to  stand :  see  static.] 

1.  A  machine  or  vessel  sustaining  weights  in 
the  air ;  a  balloon ;  a  flying-machine. 

The  aerostat  was  brought  down  in  the  very  meadow 
whence  it  had  set  off.  Science,  IV.  330. 

2.  An  aeronaut ;  a  balloonist.  [Rare  and  in- 
correct.] 

aerostatic,  aerostatical  (a"e-ro-stat'ik,  -i-kai), 

a.  [=F.  aerostatique,  ^  Gt.  a?'/p*  (aep-),  air, + 
oTaTiKdg,  causing  to  stand,  <  arardc,  standing : 
see  aerostat  and  static]  1 .  Pertaining  to  aero- 
statics.—  2.  Pertaining  to  aerostation,  or  the 
art  of  aerial  navigation. 

A  memorable  event  in  the  history  of  aerostatic  science. 

The  American,  VIII.  317. 

Aerostatic  balance,  an  Instrument,  constructed  on  the 
same  principle  as  the  barometer,  for  ascertaining  the 
weight  of  the  air. 
aerostatics  (a^'e-ro-stat'lks),  n.  [PI.  of  aero- 
static :  see  -ics.]  The  science  which  treats  of 
the  weight,  pressure,  and  equilibrium  of  air  and 
other  elastic  fluids,  and  of  the  equilibrium  of 
bodies  sustained  in  them. 

aerostation  (a'^e-ro-sta'shon),  n.  [<  F.  aerosta- 
tion, improp.  <  aerostat,  aerostat,  in  imitation  of 
words  in -a^ioM,  like  station,  ete.]  1.  The  art 
or  practice  of  aerial  navigation ;  the  science  of 
raising,  suspending,  and  guiding  machines  in 
the  air,  or  of  ascending  in  balloons. —  2t.  The 
science  of  aerostatics. 

aerotherapeutics  (a"e-r6-ther-a-pii'tiks),  n.  [< 
Gr.  ayp  (asp-),  air,  +  ilierapeutics.]  A  mode  of 
treating  disease  by  varying  the  pressure  or 
modifying  the  composition  of  the  air  surround- 
ing the  patient. 

aerothermal  (a''''e-r6-ther'mal),  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  using  hot  air:  as,  Mouchot's  aerother- 
mal bakery,  that  is,  a  bakery  in  which  the 
baking  is  effected  by  heated  air.    Ure,  Diet., 

.  I.  487. 

aerotonometer  (a'e-ro-to-nom'e-ter).  n.  [<  Gr. 
atp6TCfvoq,  stretched  or  driven  by  air  {(arip  (aep-), 
air,  +  Teiveiv,  stretch),  +  /.drpov,  measure.]  An 
instrument  for  determining  the  tension  of  gases 
in  the  blood. 

aerotropism  (a-e-rot'ro-pizm),  n.  [<  NL.  aero- 
tropismuSyi  Gr.  ar/p  (aep-),  air,  +  -rpo7rof,<  rpcTreiv, 
turn,  +  -ism.]  In  hot.,  deviation  of  roots  from 
their  normal  direction  by  the  action  of  gases. 

Molisch. 

serugineoust  (e-ro-jin'e-us),  a.  Same  as  ceru- 
ginous.  Bailey. 

aeruginous  (e-ro'ji-nus),  a.    [<  L.  ceruginosus, 

<  wrugo  (wrugin-),  rust  of  copper  :  see  wrvgo.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  verdigris 
or  the  rust  of  copper. 


95 

A  .  .  .  kind  of  salt  drawn  out  of  ferreous  and  eruginous 
earths,  partaking  i  liiefly  of  iron  and  copper. 

Sir  T.  Browm. 

2.  Of  the  color  of  verdigris. 

Also  spelled  eruginous. 

aerugo  (e-ro'go),  n.  [L.,  rust  of  copper,  verdi- 
gris prepared  fi'om  it,  <  ws  (wr-),  copper,  bronze : 
see  a's.]  Verdigi'is  (which  see) — .ffirugo  nobilis 
(noble  verdigris),  or  simply  cerugo,  a  greenish  crust  found 
on  antiiiue  bronzes;  the  patina.    See  patinn. 

aeryl  (a'ri,  a'er-i),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  aerie; 
for  airy,  with  forced  spelling,  in  imitation  of  L. 
aereus,  aerius,  airy,  aerial:  see  airy'^,  aerial.] 
Airy  ;  breezy ;  exposed  to  the  air  ;  elevated ; 
lofty ;  ethereal ;  visionary.  [Rare  and  poeti- 
cal.] 

The  shepherd's  pipe  came  clear  from  aery  steep.  Keats. 
Whence  that  aery  bloom  of  thine, 

Like  a  lily  which  the  sun 
Looks  thro'  in  his  sad  decline  ? 

Tennyson,  Adeline. 

aery2,  aerie^  (a'ri,  a'ri,  a'e-ri,  or  e'ri:  see 
etym.,atend), ». ;  pl.ames(-riz).  [Alsovrritten 
airy,  eijry,  eyrie,  and  in  early  mod.  E.  airie,  aiery, 
ayry,  ayery,  eyery,  eyerie,  etc.,  a  lengthened  form 
(with  added  syllable  -y  or  -ie  after  E.  airy'^,  a., 
or  the  ML.  form  aerea)  of  early  mod.  E.  aire, 
ayre,  <  ME.  *aire,  eyre,  oldest  form  air,  an 
aery  (rare,  and  found  only  in  the  phrase  liauke 
of  noble  air  (var.  nohulle  eyre),  after  OF.faucon 
de  gentil  or  hon  aire,  i.  e.,  a  hawk  of  noble  or 
good  stock:  see  under  debonair),  <  OF.  aire, 
m.,  an  auie  or  nest  of  hawkes"  (Cotgrave), 
OF.  also  f.,  mod.  F.  aire,  f.,  =  Pr.  aire,  <  ML. 
area,  aria,  aerea,  aeria,  the  nest  of  a  bird  of 
prey ;  of  uncertain  origin,  but  prob.  only  a 
special  use  of  the  common  L.  area,  also  writ- 
ten aria,  an  open  space,  floor,  area,  the  spell- 
ings aerea,  aeria,  being  due  to  a  supposed  con- 
nection with  L.  aereus,  aerius,  aerial,  airy, 
such  nests  being  built  in  lofty  places.  Owing 
to  its  poetical  associations,  and  to  confused 
notions  as  to  its  origin,  this  word  has  suffered 
unusual  changes  of  spelling  and  pronunciation. 
The  reg.  mod.  form,  rej>r.  ME.  *aire,  air,  eyre, 
would  be  *air  (pron.  ar),  or,  with  the  added 
syllable,  airy  (pron.  a'ri).  The  mod.  spelling 
aery  or  aerie  is  in  imitation  of  the  ML.  aerea, 
aeria ;  cf.  aery"^,  a.,  iovairy^,  a.,  after  L.  aereus, 
aerius.  The  spelling  eyry,  eyrie  does  not  follow 
from  the  ME.  form  eyre  (which  would  give  *air, 
as  said  above),  but  is  a  17th  century  arehaistic 
simulation  of  ME.  ey,  egg.  The  word  not  being 
in  current  popular  use,  the  pronunciation,  prop, 
a'ri  in  all  spellings,  has  varied  with  the  spell- 
ing; the  form  aery  ov  aerie  is  also  pron.  a'ri 
or  a'e-ri,  while  many  dictionaries,  following 
Walker,  give  as  the  exclusive  or  as  an  alterna- 
tive pronunciation  e'ri,  a  purely  pedantic  pro- 
nimciation,  due  to  mistakiug  the  ae-  for  the 
diphthong  ae  or  ce.  Similarly,  the  form  eyry  or 
eyrie,  pron.  usually  like  aery  or  aerie,  is  in  pres- 
ent usage  sometimes  pron.  i'ri.]  1.  The  nest 
of  a  bird  of  prey,  as  an  eagle  or  a  hawk ;  hence, 
a  lofty  nest  of  any  large  bird. 

There  the  eagle  and  the  stork 
On  cliffs  and  cedar-tops  their  eyries  build. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  424. 

2.  The  brood  in  the  nest ;  the  young  of  a  bird 
of  prey ;  figuratively,  children. 

Glo.  Our  aiery  buildeth  in  the  cedar's  top.  .  .  . 
Q.  Mar.    Your  aiery  buildeth  in  our  aiery's  nest. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 

3.  An  elevated  habitation  or  situation. 

Wherever  beauty  dwell, 
In  gulf  or  aerie,  mountain  or  deep  dell. 

Keats,  Endymion,  ii.  94. 
These  men  had  from  their  eyrie  seen  us  go  up  the  glacier. 
F.  Jacomb,  in  P.  P.  and  Gl.,  '2d  ser.,  I.  328.  (N.  E.  D.) 

aery2,  aerie^  (a'ri :  seeetym.  otaery^,  n  .,  at  end), 
V.  i.   [<  aery"^,  n.]    To  build  or  have  an  aery. 

She  [Pilhannaw,  a  monstrous  great  bird]  aeries  in  the 
woods  upon  the  high  hills  of  Ossapy. 

Josselyn,  New  England's  Rarities  (1672),  p.  41. 

aery-light  (a'ri-lit),  a.  [<  aer«/l  +  light^.]  Light 
as  air.  Milton. 

aes  (ez),  w.  [L.  ces  (cer-),  prop,  ore,  but  applied 
chiefly  to  copper,  or  the  alloy  of  copper  and  tin 
(and  sometimes  lead),  bronze  ;  hence,  anything 
made  of  copper  or  bronze ;  in  particular,  coins, 
money;  =  Goth,  ais  —  AS.  dr,  E.  ore :  see  o?-el.  ]  In 
Bom.  antiq.,  copper  or  bronze;  money  or  coins  of 
copper  or  bronze ;  money  in  general;  works  of  art 
or  other  objects  made  of  bronze.  See  copper  and 
bronze. — Corlnthium,  Corinthian  bronze  :  the  vari- 
ous alloys  and  art-works  in  bronze  produced  at  Corinth 
had  a  very  high  reputation  in  the  ancient  world,  par- 
ticularly among  the  Romans. — JEs  Cyprium  (literally, 
Cyprian  ore  or  metal:  see  copper),  copper. — grave 
(see  grave'i),  a  general  term  applied  to  the  large,  heavy 
bronze  coins  of  the  libral  system,  first  issued  in  Italy  by 


iEsculapian 

the  Romans  and  other  communities  toward  the  end  of  the 
fifth  century  n.  C.  The  Roman  as  is  the  most  familiar 
example.— .ffis  Hide  (see  rvdr),  the  first  Roman  money, 
consisting  of  rude  masses  of  copi)er,  uncoined,  of  regular 
weights  varying  from  two  ijouiuls  to  two  ounces.-  iEs 
Signatum  (stamped  bronze),  tlic  first  Roman  expedient 
toward  securing  a  regular  coinage,  legally  sanctioned  aa 
early  as  4.54  B.  c.  The  pieces  arc  appro.vimately  rectangular 
in  shape,  bearing  on  each  side,  in  relief,  a  rude  figure,  a.s  of 
a  hull,  a  boar,  or  an  elephant,  and  weigh  about  live  pounds 
each.  For  smaller  values  the  pieces  were  cut  into  frag- 
ments, and  the  (es  rude  also  remained  in  use.  The  ces  gig- 
natum  continued  to  be  employed  for  some  time  after  a  more 
advanced  system  of  coinage  bad  been  adopted. 

.SIsalidse  (e-sal'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aisalus  4- 
-idm.]  A  family  of  lamellicom  coleopterous 
insects,  based  by  Macleay  (1819)  upon  the  ge- 
nus ^salus.    See  Lucanidce. 

aesalon  (e'sa-lon),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aiaa/  on>,  a  small 
kind  of  hawk,  prob.  the  merlin.]  1.  An  old 
name  of  the  merlin,  Falco  wsalon  or  ^salon 
regulus.  See  merlin. —  2.  \cap.]  A  genus  of 
falcons  (Brisson,  1760) :  formerly  used  in  a 
broad  sense,  later  restricted  to  the  small  species 
related  to  the  merlin.  JE.  columbarius  is  the 
common  pigeon-hawk  of  North  America.  See 
pigeon-hawk. 

.diSalus  (e'sa-lus),  n.  [NL.  Cf.  aesalon.]  The 
typical  geniis  of  jEsalidce,  based  by  Fabricius 
(1801)  upon  scarabceoides,  a  European  lamel- 
licom beetle  with  subquadrate  body,  unarmed 
head,  3-jointed  antennae,  and  short  tarsi,  now 
refei-red  to  Lucanida;. 

.Slschna  (esk'na),  n.  [NL.  (first  Jishna,  Fabri- 
cius, 1776),  prob.  an  error  for  *ceschra  (fern.;  cf. 
^schrus,  m.,  a  genus  of  neuropters),  <  Gr.  a'la- 
Xp6g,  iiglj)  ill-favored.]  A  genus  of  neuropte- 
rous  insects  belonging  to  the  suborder  or  group 
Odonata,  referred  to  the  family  Libellulidcc  or 
made  the  type  of  a  separate  family  ^schnidw. 
There  are  several  species,  all  known  as  dragon- 
flies.    Sometimes  wrongly  written  ^shna. 

.SIschnidae  (esk'ni-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  ^sc/ma 
+  -idw.]  A  family  of  neuropterous  insects, 
founded  on  the  genus  Mschna,  having  the  wings 
unequal,  the  triangles  of  all  the  wings  alike, 
male  genitals  with  connate  anterior  hamule 
and  conjoined  penis  and  vesicle,  and  female 
genitals  exposed. 

.^SChylean  (es-ki-le'an),  a.  [<  L.  Mschylus,  < 
Gr.  ^Aiaxv'^og,  orig.  a  nickname,  'Little  Ugly,' 
dim.  of  alaxp^Q,  ugly,  ill-favored ;  in  a  moral 
sense,  base,  shameful ;  <  alaxog,  ugliness,  shame, 
disgrace.  ]  Written  by  or  pertaining  to  .^schy- 
lus,  an  illustrious  Athenian  poet  and  dramatist, 
born  525  B.  c. ;  resembling  his  writings  or  char- 
acteristic of  them. 

.5Iscliynanthus(es-ki-nan'thus),  n.  [NL.,<Gr. 
a'iaxvv7],  shame  (<  a'taxvveadaL,  be  ashamed),  + 
avdoQ,  a  flower.  The  name  has  reference  to  the 
crimson  or  scarlet  ('blushing')  flowers.  The 
species  have  been  called  blushworts.]  A  genus 
of  beautiful  epiphytal  plants,  natives  of  tropical 
Asia,  natural  order  Gesneracece,  with  pendent 
stems  and  scarlet  or  orange  flowers.  They  are 
among  the  most  splendid  hothouse  flowers. 

seschynite  (es'ki-nit),  n.  [<  Gr.  alaxiivrj,  shame, 
disgrace,  +  -ite"^.]  A  rare  mineral  from  Miask 
in  the  Ural  mountains,  occurring  in  black  pris- 
matic crystals,  and  containing  niobium,  titani- 
um, thorium,  the  cerium  metals,  and  other  un- 
common elements.  So  called  by  Berzelius  as  being  the 
"disgrace"of  chemistry,  which  at  the  tinje  of  its  discovery 
was  unable  to  separate  two  of  its  constituents,  titanic 
acid  and  zirconia.    Also  spelled  eschynite. 

.ffischynomene  (es-H-nom'e-ne),  n.  [L.^  a 
sensitive  plant,  <  Gr.  aiaxwoiikmi,  a  sensitive 
plant,  prop.  fem.  ppr.  oialaxiiveadai,  be  ashamed, 
pass,  of  a'laxvveiv,  make  ugly,  disfigiu'e,  dis- 
honor ;  cf.  alaxog,  ugliness,  shame,  dishonor.] 
A  genus  of  leguminous  plants,  with  jointed 
pods,  pinnate  leaves  which  are  sometimes  sen- 
sitive, and  usually  yellow  flowers.  There  are  30 
species,  herbaceous  or  somewhat  shrubby,  of  which  3  or 
4  are  widely  distributed  through  the  tropics,  the  rest  be- 
ing natives  of  America,  from  Patagonia  to  Virginia.  The 
stem  of  the  East  Indian  ^-E.  aspera,  remarkable  for  its 
lightness,  is  cut  into  thin  strips  for  the  manufacture  of 
hats.  It  is  also  made  into  swimming-jackets,  floats  for 
nets,  etc.,  and  is  often  worked  into  models  of  temples, 
flowers,  etc. 

aeschynomenoust  (es-M-nom'e-nus),  a.   [<  Gr. 

aiaxvv6iievo(;,  ppr. of  a\a xi'veaOat,  be  ashamed :  see 
JSschynomene.]  Sensitive:  applied  to  plants. 
.Sscuiapian  (es-ku-la'pi-an),  a.  and  «.  [<  L.  ^s- 
cxdapius,  accom.  of  Gr.  ''AcKltj-iog,  Dor.  'Aaula^ 
■kiSq,  the  god  of  medicine:  see  Asclepias.]  I. 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  iEseulapius,  god  of  medi- 
cine ;  medical ;  pertaining  to  the  healing  art. 

II.  n.  A  medical  man;  a  physician:  gen- 
erally in  a  humorous  sense. 

Also  spelled  Esculapian. 


j^scttlits  Hippocastamtm. 
,  flower  ;  *,  seed ;  <r,  seed  cut  longitudinally. 


sesculin 

aesculin,  aesculine.    See  escuUn,  escxiUne. 
.£sculus  (es'ku-lus),  »«. •  [L.,  the  Italian  oak: 
see  escidin,  etc.]   A  genus  of  trees  and  shi-ubs, 

natui'al  order 
SapiHd(icc(v, 
chiefly  North 
American, with 
broad  digitate 
leaves  and 
showy  flowers 
in  large  pani- 
cles. The  seeds 
are  large,  of  the 
sluipe  anil  color 
of  chestnuts,  but 
too  hitter  to  be 
eaten.  The  timber 
is  of  little  value. 
The  horse-chest- 
nut, ^a.  Hippocas- 
tanum,  supposed 
to  be  originally 
from  northern  In- 
dia, is  very  exten- 
sively cultivated 
as  an  ornamental 
shade-tree,  and  the 
fruits  are  used  in 
southern  Europe 
fcu-  feeding  sheep 
and  horses.  Tlie 

American  species,  growing  in  the  western  and  southern 
United  States,  Iiave  the  popular  name  buckeye  (which  see). 

-Slshna  (esh'na),  n.    See  -Jischna. 

JEsix  (a'  ser,  Icel.  pron.  a'sir,  mod.  i'sir),  n.  pi. 
[leel.,  nom.  pi.  of  ass,  a  god:  see  Js^.]  The 
collective  name  for  the  gods  of  Scandinavian  my- 
thology. There  were  twelve  gods  and  twenty-six  god- 
desses, dwellers  in  Asgard.    See  Asgard. 

aesnecy,  n.    See  esnecy. 

^SOpian  (e-s6'pi-an),  a.  [<  L.  ^sophis,  <  Mso- 
pus,  Gr.  At(7(j;rof,  Jisop.]  Pertaining  to  ^sop, 
an  ancient  Greek  writer  of  fables,  of  whom  lit- 
tle or  nothing  is  certainly  known ;  composed  by 
him  or  in  his  manner :  as,  a  fable  in  the  ^so- 
pian  style.    A.lso  spelled  Esopimi. 

aestates  (es-ta'tez),  «.  jn.  [L.,  freckles,  pi. 
of  wsta{t-)s,  summer,  summer  heat:  see  esti- 
val.'\  In  med.,  heat-spots;  freckles;  sunburnt 
patches. 

aesthematology,  n.    See  esthematology. 

sesthesia  (es-the'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  alaOrintQ, 
perception  by  the  senses,  <  aladdveodat,  perceive 
by  the  senses.]  Perception;  feeling;  sensa- 
tion; sensibility:  the  opposite  of  ancesihesia 
(which  see).  Also  -^vritten  csthcsia,  (csthesis, 
estliesis. 

sesthesiogen,  sesthesiogenic,  etc.  See  esthe- 
siogen,  etc. 

aesthesiology,  aesthesiometer,  etc.  See  estlie- 
siology,  etc. 

aesthesis  (es-the'sis),  n.  Same  as  asthesia. 
Also  spelled  esthesis. 

aesthesodic,  aesthete,  etc.   See  esthesodic,  etc. 

aestiferous,  aestival,  etc.    See  estiferous,  etc. 

.51strelata,  ».    See  (Estrelata. 

aestuancet  (es'tu-ans),  n.  [<  L.  cestuan{t-)s,  ppr. 
of  (estuare,  burn,"  glow:  see  (cstuate.'i  Heat; 
warmth:  as,  "regulated  estuance  from  wine," 
Sir  T.  Browne.    Also  spelled  estuance. 

aestuary  (es'tu-a-ri),  n. ;  pi.  (estuaries  (-riz).  [< 
L.  wstuarium,  a  vent-hole  for  vapors,  also  an 
estuary,  <  wstuari,  rage,  bui-n,  be  warm:  see 
estuary.']  1 .  A  vapor-bath,  or  any  other  means 
for  conveying  heat  to  the  body. — 2.  See  estuary. 

aestuatet  (es'tu-at),  v.  i.  [<  L.  wstuatus,  pp.  of 
wstuare,  burn,  glow,  rage,  boil  up,  <  mstus,  a 
burning,  glow,  flre,  surge,  etc.:  see  estuary, 
estival.']  To  boil;  swell  and  rage ;  be  agitated. 
Also  spelled  estuate. 

aestuationt  (es-tu-a'shon),  n.  [<  L.  (estuatio(n-), 
Kcestuare:  see  (estuate.']  A  boiling;  agitation; 
commotion  of  a  fluid ;  hence,  violent  mental 
commotion;  excitement:  as,  " estuations o{  joys 
and  fears,"  Mountague.    Also  spelled  estuation. 

aesturet  (es'tur),  n.  [Ii-reg.  <  L.  (estuare,  be  in 
commotion,  boil,  rage,  etc.,  as  if  for  (ssttts, 
surge,  billows:  see  (estuate.]  Violence;  com- 
motion.   Also  spelled  esture. 

The  seas  retain 
Not  only  their  outrageous  cesture  there. 

Chapman,  Odyssey,  xii.  111. 

set.,  aetat.  [Abbrev.  of  L.  cetatis,  gen.  of  (eta(t-)s, 
age:  see  age  and  eternal.]  Of  the  age;  aged: 
chiefly  used  in  classic  or  scholarly  epitaphs  or 
obituaries,  whether  composed  in  English  or  in 
Latin:  as,  Ob.  1880,  eet.  (or  (etat.)  70:  in  full 
Latin,  obiit  [_anno  Domini]  MDCCCLXXX,  [an- 
no] mtatis  (sucb)  LXX;  that  is,  he  (or  she)  died 
in  (the  year  of  the  Lord)  1880,  in  the  seventieth 
year  of  his  (or  her)  age  (but  usually  taken  as 
"70  [full]  years  of  age,"  "aged  70"). 


j^theria  semilunata. 


Also 


96 

.Stea  (e-te'a),  n.    [NL. ;  origin  not  obvious.] 

The  typical  genus  of  JEte'idce.  M.  angumea  is 
known  as  snake-coralline.  Also  written  jEta. 
.^Iteidae  (e-te'i-de),  w. p}.  [NL.,  <  Mtea  +  -uke.] 
A  family  of  chilostomatous  polyzoans,  typified 
by  JEtca,  erect  and  free  or  decumbent  and 
adherent,  uniserial,  with  subterminal  mem- 
branous area  and  tubular  zooeeia.  Also  writ- 
ten Jifidiv. 

jEthalium  (e-tha'li-um),  «.    [NL.,<  Gr.  oiQaKoi;, 

smoke,  soot ;  with  ref .  to  the  abundant  dust-like 
spores.  Of.  FuUgo,  an  allied  genus,  <  h.fuligo, 
soot.j  1.  A  genus  of  Myxomycetes,  or  slime- 
molds,  forming  thick  cake-like  receptacles  cov- 
ered by  a  brittle  cortex,  and  closely  adherent 
to  the  sm-face  on  which  they  grow.  They  are 
often  found  in  hothouses  where  spent  tan  is  used  for  heat- 
ing purposes,  and  hence  are  sometimes  called  Jiotoers  of  ta  n. 

2.  [?.  c]  A  similar  receptacle  in  any  genus: 
with  a  plm-al,  a'thalia  (-a). 

astheling,  n.    See  athelfng. 

aetheogam  (a-e'the-o-gam),  n.  [<  Gr.  d//%-, 
imusual  (<  (i-  priv.  +  f/'doi;  custom:  see  ethic),  + 
yiifwg,  marriage.]  In  De  Candolle's  system  of 
classifleation,  a  plant  belonging  to  a  group  of 
eryijtogams  which  were  the  only  ones  of  the 
order  then  known  to  have  sexual  organs,  includ- 
ing the  Equisetaceai,  Filices,  Musci,  higher  Hepa- 
tica',  etc. 

aetheogamous  (a-e-the-og'a-mus),  a.  Belong- 
ing to  the  aetheogams. 
ffither,  n.    See  cther'^. 

jEtheria  (e-the'ri-a),  «.  [NL.,  appar.  named 
from  the  brilliancy  of  the  interior  surface,  <  L. 
(BtJierius,  <  Gr.  a'lOipioq, 
of  the  ether  or  upper 
air,  heavenly,  ethe- 
real :  see  ethereal.]  A 
genus  of  bivalve  mol- 
lusks,  of  the  family 
Unioniil(B,  found  in  the 
rivers  of  Afiica  and 
Madagascar ;  river- 
oysters.  The  exterior  is 
rugged,  but  the  interior 
of  the  valves  is  pearly,  of 
a  vivid  green  color,  and 
raised   in  small  blisters. 

The  natives  of  Nubia  adorn  their  tombs  with  them, 
spelled  Etheria,  as  originally  by  Lanuirck,  1808. 

aetheriid  (e-the'ri-id),  n.  A  bivalve  mollusk  of 
the  family  2Etlicriida;. 

.SItheriidae  (e-the-rl'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  mJie- 
ria  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  mollusks,  of  which 
Mthcria  is  the  tyijical  genus.  Also  wi'itten  jEthe- 
rioidxc,,  jEtheridce,  jEt}ieriad(e,  and  Etherid(e. 

.SIthiop,  .^thiopiant.  See  EtUop,  Ethiopian. 

aethiopst  (e'thi-ops),  n.  [NL.,  after  L.  jEthiops, 
Ethiopian  :  see  Ethiop.]  An  old  pharmaceuti- 
cal term  applied  to  several  mineral  prepara- 
tions of  a  black  or  nearly  black  color.  Also 
spelled  ethiops.—jEihiovs  martial  [<  L.  viartialts,  of 
Mars,  i.  e.,  of  iron],  black  oxid  of  iron.— iEthlops  min- 
eral, black  sulphid  of  mercury,  prepared  in  the  laboratory. 

aethogen  (e'tho-jen),  «.  [<  Gr.  aWoc,  a  burniag 
heat  (see  ether),  +  -yevfjq,  taken  as  'produ- 
cing': see  -gen.]  Nitiid  of  boron;  a  white, 
amorphous,  tasteless,  inodorous  powder,  insol- 
uble in  water,  infusible,  and  non-volatile. 
Heated  in  an  alcohol-flame  fed  with  oxygen,  it  burns 
rapidly  with  a  faint  greenish-white  flame.  Watts. 

aethrioscope  (eth'ri-o-skop),  n.  [<  Gr.  alBpia,  the 
open  sky  (<  aldpioQ,  clear-,  fair,  in  the  open  air, 
<  aWpr],  the  open  sky,  <  aidrip,  the  sky,  the  upper 
air,  >  E.  ether),  +  moirelv,  observe,  look  at.] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  minute  varia- 
tions of  temperature  due  to  different  conditions 
of  the  sky.  it  consists  of  a  differential  thermometer 
(which  see,  under  tliennometer),  both  bulbs  of  which  are 
within  a  cup-shaped  mirror,  one  of  them  in  its  focus,  so 
as  to  be  especially  affected  on  being  exposed  to  the  sky. 
The  cup  is  kept  covered  with  a  lid  when  the  instrument  is 
not  in  use.  Its  delicacy  is  so  gi-eat  that  it  is  affected  by 
every  passing  cloud. 

.ffithusa  (e-thii'sa),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aldovaa,  fern, 
of  aWuv,  ppr.  of  aWecv,  burn,  blaze  :  see  ether.] 

1.  In  bo t.,  a,  genus  of  umbelliferous  plants,  of 
a  single  species,  JB.  Cynajnum,  introduced  into 
America  from  Europe,  and  known  as  fool's- 
parsley.  it  is  an  annual  garden-weed,  of  nauseous  and 
deleterious  properties,  and  is  sometimes  mistaken  for  pars- 
ley, whence  its  common  name. 

2.  In  Mol.,  a  genus  of  decapod  crustaceans,  of 
the  family  Boripjndee. 

Aetian  (a-e'shi-an),  n.  [<  LL.  Aetius,  Gr.  'At- 
Ttoc,  a  personal  name,  <  *amog,  acTeioc,  almor, 
of  the  eagle,  <  acrdc,  oIeto^,  eagle.]  One  of  a 
sect  of  strict  Arians  of  the  fourth  century, 
named  from  their  leader  Aetius,  called  the 
Atheist  (died  in  Constantinople,  a.  d.  367). 
See  Eunomian  and  Anomosan. 


afar 

.^tidae  (e'ti-de),  n.  pi.    Same  as  Mteidce, 
aetiological,  etiological   (e"ti-o-loj'i-kal),  o. 

[<  Gr.  aiTio'AojiKoi;,  incpiiring  into  cause's:  see 
(etiology.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  tetiology ;  con- 
nected with  or  dependent  upon  the  doctrine  of 
eflScient  or  physical  causes,  as  distinguished 
from  teleological  or  final  causes. 

The  practical  results  of  Hioluijical  studies,  so  far  as  the 
prevention  and  cm-e  of  disease  are  concerned,  are  likely 
to  be  much  greater  than  those  which  have  been  gained  by 
the  pathologists.  G.  M.  Sternbeni,  Bacteria,  p.  230. 

astiologically,  etiologically  (e"ti-9-loj'i-kal-i), 

adiK  In  an  fetiological  manner;  with  regard 
to  cause,  or  the  assignment  of  a  cause :  as,  an 
wtioJogieally  obscure  faihu-e  of  nutrition, 
aetiologist,  etiologist  (e-ti-ol'o-jist),  n.  One 
who  is  versed  in  ix>tiology ;  oiie  who  investi- 
gates physical  causes,  or  inquires  into  the  re- 
lations of  such  catises  to  effects  in  physics  or 
biology :  often  used  as  the  opposite  of  tele- 
ologist. 

aetiology,  etiology  (e-ti-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  LL.  astio- 
logia,  <  Gr.  anioloyia,  statement  of  the  cause 
(cf.  a'lTtoloye'tv,  inquire  into  the  cause,  account 
for),  <  aiTia,  cause,  +  -loyia,  <  liyciv,  speak: 
see  -ology.]  1.  An  inquiry  into  or  a  theory 
of  the  physical  causes  of  any  class  of  phenom- 
ena. 

Morphology,  distribution,  and  physiology  investigate 
and  determine  the  facts  of  biology.  jEtiolugy  has  for  its 
object  the  ascertainment  of  tlie  causes  of  these  facts,  and 
the  explanation  of  biological  phenomena,  by  showing  tliat 
they  constitute  particular  cases  of  general  physical  laws. 
It  is  hardly  needful  to  say  that  wtiology,  as  thus  con- 
ceived, is  in  its  infancy.   •    Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  37. 

2.  Specifically,  in  med.,  an  inquiry  into  or  ac- 
count of  the  origin  or  causes  of  disease,  or  of 
a  particular  kind  or  case  of  disease. 
_  Sometimes  written  aitiology. 

aetites  (a-e-ti'tez),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  aeriTTj^,  eagle- 
stone,  <  derdf,  eagle.]    Same  as  eaglestone. 

.SItnean,  a.    See  Etnean. 

.SItolian  (e-to'li-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Mtolia, 
<  Gr.  k'lTu'Xia,  ^tolia.]  I.  a.  Relating  or  per- 
taining to  -iEtolia,  a  district  of  Greece  lying 
north  of  the  gulf  of  Corinth,  or  to  the  race  who 
anciently  inhabited  it.-.stolian  League,  a  demo- 
cratic confederation  of  the  tribes  of  ancient  yEtolia,  some- 
times including  the  people  of  various  neighlioring  re- 
gions, celebrated  for  its  long  successful  wars  against  the 
Macedonians,  Acheans,  etc. 

II,  n.  One  of  the  race  anciently  inhabiting 
^tolia.  The  ^tolians,  though  famous  in  the  heroic 
age,  were  rude  and  barbarous  as  late  as  the  time  of  the 
Peloponnesian  war,  and  were  not  even  reckoned  as  Greeks 
till  a  late  period ;  but  they  attained  to  considerable  power 
through  their  warlike  prowess  after  the  time  of  Alexander 
the  Great  and  tlieir  gallantry  against  the  invading  Gauls. 

aetomorph  (a'e-to-morf),  n.  A  member  of  the 
Aetomorphee ;  a  bird  of  prey. 

Aetomorphae  (a"e-t6-ni6r'fe),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  aerdg,  an  eagle,  +  fiop^ij,  form,  shape.]  In 
ornith.,  the  birds  of  prey;  a  group  equivalent 
to  the  Raptores  or  Accipitres  of  most  authors. 

Named  by  Huxley  in  1867  as  a  superfamily  of  the  desmog- 
nathous  division  of  the  order  Carinatm,  and  divided  by 
him  into  the  four  families  of  Striyidce,  Cathartidce,  Gypa:- 
tidce,  and  Gypogeranidcu.  The  characters  of  the  group 
are  drawn  chiefly  from  osteology,  hut  are  those  of  the 
Raptores  as  commonly  understood. 

aetomorphic  (a'''e-t6-m6r'fik),  a.  Having  the 
characters  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Aetomorphw; 
raptorial,  as  a  bird. 

Aetosauria  (a'-'e-to-sa'ri-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dcrdf,  eagle,  +  aavpog,  lizard.]  An  order  of 
sam-ians  represented  by  the  family  Aetosauri- 
d(e  (which  see).    O.  C.  Marsh. 

Aetosauridae  (;a''''e-t6-sa'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Aetosaurus  +  -idee.  ]  A  family  of  extinct  Triassic 
reptiles  allied  to  or  of  the  order  of  dinosaurians, 
with  limbs  and  dermal  armature  resembling 
those  of  crocodilians,  the  calcaneum  produced 
backward,  and  two  sacral  vertebrse.  O.  C. 
Marsh. 

Aetosaurus  (a'-'e-to-sa'rus), n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  derdc, 
eagle,  +  aaiipog,  a  lizard.]  A  genus  of  extinct 
reptiles,  representing  the  family  Aetosauridae. 

aeuia,  aevia.  In  church  music,  a  contraction 
of  alleluia.    See  halleluiah. 

aeviternalt,  aeviternallyt,  etc.  See  evitemal, 
etc. 

.^X  (eks),  n.    In  sooL,  same  as  Aix. 

af-.  Assimilated  form  of  Latin  ad-,  also  an  erro- 
neous form  of  other  prefixes,  before  /.  See  ad-. 

aface  (a-fas'),  prep.  2)hr.  as  adv.  [<  +  face.] 
In  face  ;  in  front.  [Bare.] 

afar  (a-far'),  adv.  [<  ME.  afer,  aferre,  ofer, 
afar,  commonly  separated,  a  fer,  a  ferr,  earliest 
form  aferrum,  on  ferrum  {-um  is  the  dat.  suf- 
fix), of  feor,  equiv.  in  sense  to  AS.  feorran, 
from  far:  ME.  of,  from  (E.  of,  prefix  a-4),  later 
confused  with  on,  a  (E.  on,  prefix  a-3) ;  feor, 


afar 

later /er,  far.    Cf.  anear.J    1.  From  far;  from 
a  distance :  now  usually  preceded  hyfrom. 
He  sawe  a  place  afer  [var.  afeer].       Wyclif,  Gen.  xxii. 
And  from,  afer  came  walking  in  tlie  raede. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Good  Women,  1.  212. 
Held  from  afar,  aloft,  the  immortal  prize. 


97 


fabulaUo(n-),  story,  <  fahulari,  narrate,  (.fdbula, 
tale,  fable  :  see  fable.']    The  moral  of  a  fable. 

Bailey. 

affabulatoryf  (a-fab'u-la-to-ri),  a.    Having  a 
moral :  as,  an  ajfabidatory  allegory.  [Rare.] 
affadyllt,  n.  A  variant  of  affodill.   See  daffodil. 
Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  90.  affaint  (a-fan'),  V.  t.    [<  af-  +  fain,  an  old  spell- 
at  or  to  a  distance;  re-    i'lig  oi  feign;  with.  vet.  to  Ij.  affiiujerc,  adfingcrc, 
add  falsely,  <  ad,  to,  +  jingerc.  make,  'invent, 
feign:  see  feign.]   To  lay  to  one's  charge  falsely 
or  feignedly.  [Rare.] 
Those  errors  which  are  maliciously  affained  to  him. 

Bp.  Hall,  Christ.  Moderation,  p.  35. 

affair  (a-far'),  n.  [<  ME.  afere,  affere,  <  OF. 
afaire,  afeire  (F.  affaire  =  Pr.  afar,  afairc  — 
It.  aff'are),  orig.  a  prep,  phrase,  a  faire  (F.  a 
faire  =  It.  a  fare),  to  do:  a,<  L.  ad,  to;  faire 
—  It.  fare,  <  L.  facere,  do:  see  fact.  E.  ado 
is  of  parallel  formation.]  1.  Anything  done 
or  to  be  done ;  that  which  requires  action  or 
effort ;  a  moving  interest ;  business ;  concern : 
as,  this  is  an  affair  ot  great  moment;  a  man  of 
affairs;  affairs  ot  state. 

Thy  constellation  is  right  apt 
For  this  affair.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  4. 

The  nature  of  our  popular  institutions  requires  a  nu- 
merous magistracy,  for  whom  competent  provision  must  be 
made,  or  we  may  be  certain  our  affairs  will  always  be 
committed  to  improper  hands,  and  experience  will  teach 
us  that  no  government  costs  so  much  as  a  bad  one. 

A.  Hamilton,  Continentalist,  No.  6. 
Services  to  those  around  in  the  small  affairs  of  life 
may  be,  and  often  are,  of  a  kind  which  there  is  equal 
pleasure  in  giving  and  receiving. 

H.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  102. 

2.  pi.  Matters  of  interest  or  concern ;  partic- 
ular doings  or  interests;  specifically,  pecuniaiy 
interests  or  relations:  as,  to  meddle  with  a 
neighbor's  affairs;  his  affairs  are  in  an  embar- 
rassed state. 

Not  I,  but  my  affairs,  have  made  you  wait. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  ii.  6. 

3.  An  event  or  a  performance ;  a  particular  ac- 
tion, operation,  or  j^roceeding;  milit.,  a  partial 
or  minor  engagement  or  contest ;  a  skirmish  : 
as,  when  did  this  affair  happen  ?  an  affair  of 
honor,  or  of  outposts. 

In  this  little  affair  of  the  advanced  posts,  I  am  concerned 
to  add  that  Lieut.  B.  was  killed.    Wellinytoii's  Despatches. 

4.  A  private  or  personal  concern;  a  special 
function,  business,  or  duty. 

Oh  generous  youth !  my  counsel  take, 

And  warlike  acts  forbear ; 
Put  on  white  gloves  and  lead  folks  out, 
For  that  is  your  affair.   Lady  M.  W.  Montagu. 
To  marry  a  rich  foreign  nobleman  of  more  than  thrice 
her  age  was  precisely  her  affair. 

J.  Hawthorne,  Dust,  p.  102. 

5.  Thing;  matter;  concern:  applied  to  any- 
thing made  or  existing,  with  a  descriptive  or 
qualifying  term :  as,  this  machine  is  a  compli- 
cated affair ;  his  anger  is  an  affair  of  no  con- 
sequence. 

"  They  are  offended,"  said  Kristian  Koppig,  leaving  the 
house,  and  wandering  up  to  the  little  Protestant  affair 
known  as  Christ  Church. 

G.  W.  Cable,  Old  Creole  Days,  p.  231. 
6t.  Endeavor ;  attempt. 
And  with  his  best  affair  obeyed  the  pleasure  of  the  sun. 

Chapman,  Iliad,  v.  503. 

adfabiUs,  easy  to  be  spoken  to,  <  'affari^adfaH,  "    1\      ,      ■     r/ ^ 

speak  to,  address,  <  ad,  to,  +  /anf  speak /  see  ^    T  ''^'t."'  ^V"""      ^^tF '  'Z"'""''' 

fable.-]  1.  Easy  of  conven^sation  or  approach ;  2! i-vtTf '^^f  to  T^.l'-X'"'"''  ^  ''l^'^T'-^ 
admittingothersto  intercourse  withoutreserve ;         T  '  '    '  liunger :  see  famish.] 

courteous;  complaisant;  of  easy  manners;  kind  offo^fiir^^^+x  /   *  u 
or  benevolent  in  manner:  now  usually  applied  affamishmentt  (a-fam'ish-ment),  n.    The  act 
to  those  high-placed  or  in  authority:       an  «f-       starving,  or  the  state  of  bemg  starved. 

 ;   .1        7        J         Carried  into  the  wilderness  for  the  affamishment  of  his 

body.  Bp.  Hall,  Contemplations,  iv. 

affatuatet  (a-fat'ii-at),  v.  t.    [<  L.  as  if  *affa- 


2.  Far;  far  away 

motely  in  place :  now  usually  followed  by  o^" 
A  fer  fro  hem,  alle  be  hem  selue. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  1215. 
Abraham  lifted  up  his  eyes,  and  saw  the  place  afar  off. 

Gen.  xxii.  4. 

The  steep  where  Fame's  proud  temple  shines  afar. 

Beattie,  Minstrel,  i.  1. 
The  coronach  stole 
Sometimes  afar  and  sometimes  anear. 

Tennyson,  Dying  Swan. 
[Shakspere  uses  afar  off  also  in  the  sense  of  remotely  in  de- 
gree ;  mdirectly. 

He  that  shall  speak  for  her  is  afar  o/ guilty. 
But  that  he  speaks.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  ii.  1. 

A  kind  of  tender  made  afar  off  by  Sir  Hugh  here. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  1.) 

afeart  (a-fer'),  v.  t.    [Now  only  E.  dial.,  often 
shortened  to  'fear;  <  ME.  aferen,  <  AS.  dfwran, 
terrify,  <  a-  +  fwran  ( >  ME.  fer  en),  teiTif y,  </«r, 
danger,  terror,  fear:  see /ea/-i.]   To  cause  to 
fear;  frighten;  terrify;  make  afraid. 
Clerkes  may  bere  wepen  ...  to  afere  theues. 
Dive^  <t  Pauper  (W.  de  Worde),  V.  xix.  222.    (iV.  E.  D.) 
As  ghastly  bug  does  greatly  them  affeare. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iii.  20. 

afeard,  afeared  (a-ferd'),  p.  a.  [<  ME.  afered, 
aferd,  p.  a. :  see  dfear  and  -ed^.  No  connection 
with  (///-aid.]  Affected  with  fear;  frightened; 
afraid.    [Now  colloquial  or  vulgar.] 

Be  not  afeard  ;  the  isle  is  full  of  noises. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  2. 

afebrile  (a-feb'ril),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  (a-i8)  + 
febrile.]    Without  fever ;  feverless. 

The  course  of  subcutaneous  fractures  without  extravasa- 
tion of  blood  is  usually  afebrile. 

Belfield,  Rel.  of  Micro-Org.  to  Disease,  p.  38. 
Afer  (a'fer),  n.    [L.,  African,  used  by  Milton 
for  Africus  (sc.  ventus,  wind),  the  southwest 
wind,  blowing  from  Africa ;  It.  Affrico  or  Gher- 
bino,  Garbino.]    The  southwest  wind.  Milton. 
aS.  {at),  prep,  audi  adv.   Off.    [Scotch.]— Aff-han' 

olfhaud;  withoutreserve;  frankly.  fiuJVis.—AfF  hands' 
hands  off.— Aff-loof,  right  off  from  memory,  or  with- 
out premeditation.    -B«)7is.— To  feeze  aff.  See/ee^eS. 

affa  (af 'a),  11.  [The  native  name.]  A  weight, 
equal  to  an  ounce,  used  on  the  Guinea  coast. 
Also  spelled  offa. 

affability  (af-a-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  late  ME.  affa- 
bylite,  <  OF.  affabiliie,  F.  affabilite,  <  L.  affabili- 
ta{t-)s,  <  affabilis,  affable:  see  affable.]  The 
quality  of  being  affable ;  readiness  to  converse 
or  be  addressed;  civility  in  intercourse ;  ready 
condescension ;  benignity. 

Hearing  of  her  beauty,  and  her  wit. 
Her  affability,  and  bashful  modesty. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,ii.  1. 
He  had  a  majestic  presence,  with  much  dignity,  and  at 
the  same  time  affability  of  manner. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  18. 
=Syil.  Sociability,  approachableness,  accessibility,  urban- 
ity, complaisance,  suavity,  comity,  amenity,  friendliness, 
openness. 

affable  (af 'a-bl),  a.    [=  F.  affable,  <  L.  affabilis 


fable  prince 

An  affable  and  courteous  gentleman. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  i.  2. 
He  is  so  insufferably  affable  that  every  man  near  him 
would  like  to  give  him  a  beating. 

Thackeray,  Newcomes,  I.  xiii. 
2.  Expressing  or  betokening  affability ;  mild  ; 
benign:  as,  an  affable  countenance. 

His  manner  was  very  unpretending— too  simple  to  be 
termed  affable ;  ...  he  did  not  condescend  to  their  so- 
ciety—he seemed  glad  of  it. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxvii. 
=Syn.  Courteous,  civil,  complaisant,  accessible,  mild, 
Denign,  condescending,  communicative,  familiar,  easy, 
gracious,  conversable. 

affableness  (af'a-bl-nes),  n.  Affability, 
altably  (af 'a-bli),  adv.    In  an  affable  manner  ; 
courteously. 

affabroust  (af'a-brus),  a. 
ber,  skilfully  made,  <  ad,  . 
^°.*°^,a'Jilike,  <  faber,  workman':  see  fabric] 
Skilfully  made.  Bailei/. 

affabulationt  (a-fab-u-ia'shon),  «.  [=:F.  affa- 
bulatim,  <  L.  as  if  *affabulatio{n-),  <  ad,  to,  + 


affect 

Jellied  to  affecf^;  the  two  verbs,  with  their  de- 
rivatives, run  into  each  other,  and  cannot  be 
completely  separated.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  aim 
at ;  aspire  to  ;  endeavor  after. 

In  this  point  charge  him  home,  that  he  affects 
Tyrannical  power.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iii.  3. 

But  this  proud  man  affects  imperial  sway. 

Dryden,  Iliad. 

2.  To  use  or  adopt  by  preference;  choose; 
prefer;  tend  toward  habitually  or  naturally. 

Musing  Meditation  most  affects 
The  pensive  secrecy  of  desart  cell. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  386. 
The  peculiar  costume  which  he  affected. 

Thackeray,  Newcomes,  I.  126.    (iV.  E.  D.) 
The  drops  of  every  fluid  affect  a  round  figure. 

Newton,  Opticks. 

3.  To  be  pleased  with ;  take  pleasure  in ;  fancy; 
like;  love. 

No  profit  grows  where  is  no  pleasure  ta'en ; — 
In  brief,  sir,  study  what  you  most  affect. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  i.  1. 
They  [the  Koreans]  more  particularly  affect  the  flowering 
shrubs,  to  a  comparative  neglect  of  the  annuals. 

Science,  V.  252. 

Maria  once  told  me,  she  did  affect  me. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  5. 
With  two  of  them  at  once  I  am  in  love 
Deeply  and  equally  ;  the  third  of  them 
My  silly  brother  here  as  much  affects. 

Chapman,  The  Blind  Beggar. 

4.  To  make  a  show  of;  put  on  a  pretense  of; 
assume  the  appearance  of ;  pretend ;  feign :  as, 
to  affect  ignorance. 

I  affect  to  be  intoxicated  with  sights  and  suggestions, 
but  I  am  not  intoxicated.   ■  Emerson,  Self-reliance. 

5.  To  use  as  a  model;  imitate  in  any  way. 
Spenser,  in  affecting  the  ancients,  writ  no  language. 

B.  Jomon,  Discoveries. 
Nor  can  he,  however  laudatory  of  the  masters  he  (V- 
fected  in  youth,  look  upon  other  modern  poets  except  with 
the  complacency  felt  by  one  who  listens  to  a  stranger's 
rude  handling  of  the  native  tongue. 

Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  402. 

6t.  To  resemble ;  smack  of. 

He  hath  a  trick  of  Coeur-de-Lion's  face; 
The  accent  of  his  tongue  affecteth  him. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  i.  1. 

Il.t  intrans.  1.  To  incline;  be  disposed.— 
2.  To  make  a  show;  put  on  airs;  manifest 
affectation. 

affect^  (a-fekf),  V.  t.  [<L.  affectus,  pp.  of  a-ffi- 
cere,  adjicere,  act  upon,  influence,  affect,  attack 
with  disease,  lit.  do  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  facere,  do, 
make.  Ct.  affect^.]  1.  To  act  upon;  produce 
an  effect  or  a  change  upon;  influence;  move  or 
touch:  as,  cold  affects  the  body;  loss  affects  our 
interests. 

There  was  not  a  servant  in  the  house  whom  she  did  not 
.  .  .  infinitely  a/eef  with  her  counsell.  i't'eiy/i.  Diary,  1635. 

On  the  whole,  certain  kinds  of  particles  affect  certain 
parts  of  the  spectrum.  Lockyer,  Spect.  Anal.,  p.  142. 

The  whole  character  and  fcjrtune  of  the  individual  are 
affected  liy  the  least  inequalities  in  the  culture  of  the  un- 
derstanding. Emerson,  Nature. 

2t.  To  urge;  incite.  Jb(/e.—3t.  To  render  lia- 
ble to  a  charge  of ;  show  to  be  chargeable  with. 

By  the  civil  law,  if  a  dowry  with  a  wife  be  promised  and 
not  pai<l,  the  husband  is  not  obliged  to  allow  her  alimony. 
But  if  her  parents  shall  become  insolvent  by  some  misfor- 
tune, she  shall  have  alimony,  unless  you  can  affect  them 
with  fraud.  Ayliffe,  Parergon  (1726),  p.  59. 

4.  To  assign;  allot;  apply:  now  only  in  the 
passive. 

One  of  the  domestics  was  affected  to  his  especial  service. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  III.  8. 
A  considerable  number  of  estates  were  affected  to  the 
use  of  the  Imperial  family  under  the  name  of  appanages. 

D.  M.  Wallace,  Russia,  p.  473. 
=  Sjm.  1.  To  work  upon  ;  to  concern,  relate  to,  interest, 
bear  upon  ;  to  melt,  soften,  subdue,  change.    Affect  and 
effect  are  sometimes  confused.    To  affect  is  to  influence, 
to  effect  is  to  accomplish  or  bring  about. 


tuatus,  pp.  of  -affatuari,  <  ad,  to,  +fatuari,%e  affPot^.Vn  fektM  »  '"'''uXv  «tf  ,  V  t  , 
foolish.  Cf.  infatuate.]    To  infatuate.  Milton.  ^Szf tfofl'   "f  ^-   I     i!T'  ^  ^fff^'.^l^^ 
~  ■     ■  .     .   J  adjectus,  a  state  of  mind  or  body  produced  by 

some  (external)  influence,  esp.  sj-mpathy  or 
love,  <  afficere,  act  upon,  influence :  see  affect^, 


affatuate,  affatuated  (a-fat'u-at,  -a-ted),  a 

[<  L-  *aff'atuatiis,  pp.,  after  infatuate,  a.,  q.  v.] 
Infatuated.    [Obsolete  or  poetical.] 

They  ...  are  so  much  affatuated,  not  with  his  person 
only,  but  with  his  palpable  faults,  and  dote  upon  his  de- 
formities. Milton,  Pref.  to  Eikonoklastes. 
You'U  see  a  hundred  thousand  spell-bound  hearts 
By  art  of  witchcraft  so  affatuate. 
That  for  his  love  they'd  dress  themselves  in  dowlas 
And  fight  with  men  of  steel. 

Sir  H.  Taylor,  Ph.  van  Art.,  II.,  v.  2. 

affear^t,  v.  t.    Same  as  afear. 
affear^t,  v.  t.    Obsolete  form  of  affeer. 
[<L.  affaber,  adfa-  affect^  (a-fekf),  v.    [<  ME.  affecten,  <  OF.  af- 
to,  +  faber,  skilful,    fecter,  <  L.  affectare,  adfectare,  strive  after  a 
thing,  aim  t'o  do,  aspire  to,  pursue,  imitate 
with  dissimulation,  feign;  also,  in  pass.,  be 
attacked  by  disease ;  freq.  of  afficere,  adficere, 
act  upon,  influence :  see  affect^,  which  is  nearly 


V.    Affect,  n.,  like  affection,  is  foi-mally  a  "deriv. 
of  affect^,  v.,  but  in  usage  it  rests  also  in  part 
upon  affecf^.]    1.  Aff'ection;  passion;  sensa- 
tion; inclination;  inward  disisosition  or  feeling. 
My  gray-headed  senate  in  tlie  laws 
Of  strict  opinion  and  severe  dispute 
'Would  tie  tlie  limits  of  our  free  affects. 
Like  superstitious  Jews. 

Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  i.  1. 
Rachel,  I  hope  I  shall  not  need  to  urge 
The  sacred  purity  of  our  affects. 

B.  Jonson.  Case  is  Altered,  1. 
The  affects  and  passions  of  the  heart. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  97. 
2.  State  or  condition  of  body ;  the  way  in 
which  a  thing  is  affected  or  disposed.  Wiseman, 
Surgery. 


afi'ectate 


98 


affectuous 


affectatet  (a-fek'tat),  a.  [<  L.  affectatus,  pp.  of 
affectare:  see  affect'i^.']  Affected;  marked  by- 
affectation.  Elyot,  Diet, 
affectation  (af-ek-ta'shon),  ».  [<  L.  affecta- 
tk>{H-),  atlj'ectatio^n-),  a  striving  after,  affecta- 
tion, conceit,  <  affectare,  adfectare,  strive  after, 
affect,  imitate :  see  affect^.']  If.  Strenuous 
pursuit  or  desire  ;  earnest  quest ;  a  striving  in 
the  direction  (of). 
Pretended  sedition  and  affectation  of  the  crown. 

Bp.  Pearson,  E.\pos.  of  Creed,  p.  293. 
The  affectation  of  being  Gay  and  in  Fashion  has  very 
nearly  eaten  up  oiu-  Good  Sense  and  our  Religion. 

Steele,  Spectator. 

2.  A  stri^^ing  for  the  appearance  (of) ;  pre- 
tense of  the  possession  or  character  (of) ;  effort 
for  the  reputation  (of):  as,  an  affectation  of 
wit  or  of  virtue  ;  affectation  of  great  wealth. 

His  arguments  are  stated  with  the  utmost  affectation  of 
precision.  Macaulay,  Mill  on  Government. 

In  matters  of  taste  the  Anglo-Saxon  mind  seems  always 
to  have  felt  a  painful  distrust  of  itself,  which  it  betrays 
either  in  an  affectation  of  ljurly  contempt  or  in  a  pretence 
of  admiration  equally  insincere. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  395. 

3.  A  striving  for  effect ;  artificiality  of  manner 
or  conduct ;  effort  to  attract  notice  by  pretense, 
assumption,  or  any  peculiarity :  as,  his  affecta- 
tions are  insufferable. 

Affectation  is  an  awkward  and  forced  imitation  of  what 
should  be  genuine  and  easy,  wanting  the  beauty  that  ac- 
companies what  is  natural.  Locke,  Education. 

The  good  sense  and  good  taste  which  had  weeded  out 
affectation  from  moral  and  political  treatises  would,  in  the 
natural  course  of  things,  have  effected  a  similar  reform  in 
the  sonnet  and  the  ode.  Macaulay,  Dryden. 

4t.  Affection;  fondness. 

Bonds  of  affectation  .  .  .  between  man  and  wife. 

Bp.  Hall,  Cases  of  Conscience,  iv.  3. 

affectationist  (af-ek-ta'shon-ist),  n.  [<  affec- 
tation +  -ist.~\  One  who  indulges  in  affectation ; 
one  who  is  given  to  putting  on  airs. 

It  is  just  the  kind  of  phrase  to  be  petted,  as  it  Is,  by  cer- 
tain affectationists.  F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  94. 

affectedi  (a-fek'ted),  p.  a.  [<  affect^  +  -ed2.] 
It.  Beloved:  as,  "his  affected  Hercules,"  Chaj)- 
man,  Iliad,  viii.  318. —  2.  Having  an  affection, 
disposition,  or  inclination  of  any  kind ;  inclined 
or  disposed :  as,  well  affected  to  government  or 
toward  a  project. 
Made  their  minds  evil  affected  against  the  brethren. 

Acts  xiv.  2. 
How  he  doth  stand  affected  to  our  purpose. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iu.  1. 

3.  Assumed  artificially;  not  natural:  as,  af- 
fected airs. 

Of  all  his  epistles,  the  least  affected  are  those  addressed 
to  the  dead  or  the  unborn.  Macaulay,  Petrarch. 

4.  Given  to  affectation ;  assuming  or  pretend- 
ing to  possess  characteristics  which  are  not 
natural  or  real:  as,  an  affected  lady. 

Olivia  was  often  affected,  from  too  great  a  desire  to 
please.  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  i. 

=  Syn.  3.  Artificial,  feigned,  insincere.— 4.  Pretentious, 
self-conscious. 

affected^  (a-fek'ted),  p.  a.  l<  affecf^  +  -ed^ ; 
partly  merged  in  affected^.']  1.  Acted  upon; 
influenced;  particularly,  influenced  injurious- 

.  ly ;  impaired ;  attacked,  as  by  climate  or  dis- 
ease.—  2.  In  alg.,  same  as  adfected. — 3.  In  the 
Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,  said  of  a  benefice  the  collation 
of  which  is  reserved  to  persons  possessed  of 
certain  qualifications;  specifically,  when  the 
pope,  by  some  disposition  of  the  benefice,  pre- 
vents the  regular  collation  and  tacitly  signifies 
his  intention  of  himself  providing  for  the  bene- 
fice when  it  shall  become  vacant. 

affectedly  (a-fek'ted-li),  adv.  1.  In  an  affected 
or  assumed  manner;  with  affectation;  hypo- 
critically ;  with  more  show  than  reality :  as,  to 
svalk  affectedly;  affectedly  civil. 

Balzac  was  genuinely  as  well  as  affectedly  monarchical, 
and  he  was  saturated  with  a  sense  of  the  past. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Little  Tour,  p.  7. 

2t.  With  tender  care ;  lovingly. 

Letters  sadly  penn'd  in  blood, 
With  sleided  silk  feat  and  affectedly 
Enswathed.       Shak.,  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  48. 

affectedness  (a-fek'ted-nes),  n.    The  quality 
of  being  affected ;  affectation, 
affecter  (a-fek'ter),  n.  [<  affect^  +  -erl.]    1.  One 
who  affects,  pretends,  or  assumes. — 2t.  One 
who  affects  or  loves. 

Bring  forth  the  princess  dress'd  in  royal  robes, 
The  true  affecter  of  Alvero's  son. 

Lust's  Dominion,  v.  1. 

Also  spelled  affector. 
affectibility  (a-fek-ti-bil'i-ti),  11.   The  state  of 

being  affectible. 
affectible  (a-fek'ti-bl),  a.     [_<affect'^  +  4bU.'] 

Capable  of  being  affected.  [Rare.] 


affectingif  (a-fek'ting),  p.  a.    [Ppr.  of  affect'^.'] 

1.  Loving;  affectionate. —  2.  Using  affectation ; 
affected. 

I  never  heard  such  a  drawling-a/ccii/i;/  rogue. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  ii.  1. 

affecting2  (a-fek'ting),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  affect'^.'] 
Having  power  to  excite  or  move  the  f  eeUngs ; 
tending  to  move  the  affections;  pathetic:  as, 
an  affecting  spectacle ;  an  affecting  speech. 

I  suppose  you  are  surprised  that  I  am  not  more  sorrow- 
ful at  parting  with  so  many  near  relations  ;  to  be  sure  'tis 
very  affecting.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  1. 

=  Syn.  Moving,  touching,  impressive,  stirring. 

affectingly  (a-fek'ting-U),  adv.  In  an  affecting 
manner ;  in  a  manner  to  excite  emotion. 

affection  (a-fek'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  aff'ectiun, 
affection,  <  OF.  affection,  <  L.  aff'ectio{n-),  a  state 
of  mind  or  feeling,  especially  a  favorable  state, 
love,  affection,  <  afficere,  adficere,  act  upon,  in- 
fluence :  see  affect^.  Affection  is  formally  a 
deriv.  of  affect^,  but  in  usage  it  rests  also  in 
part  on  aff'ecf^.^  1.  The  state  of  having  one's 
feelings  affected;  bent  or  disposition  of  mind; 
phase  of  mental  disposition ;  feeling. 
Beware  chiefly  of  two  affectiom,  fear  and  love. 

Latimer,  2d  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1550. 
Affection  is  applicable  to  an  unpleasant  as  well  as  a 
pleasant  state  of  the  mind  when  impressed  by  any  object 
or  quality.  Cogan,  On  the  Passions,  i.  §  1. 

Specifically — (a)  A  general  name  for  that  class  of  feelings 
which  bear  an  immediate  relation  of  attraction  or  hos- 
tility toward  other  persons,  and  even  toward  things,  as 
love,  esteem,  gratitude,  hatred,  jealousy,  etc.  This  use  of 
the  term  is  most  frequent  in  ethical  discussions,  as  in  the 
common  distinction  between  benevolent  and  malevolent 
affections. 

The  affectiom  and  the  reason  are  both  undoubtedly  ne- 
cessary factors  in  morality,  but  the  initiation  is  not  in  the 
reason,  but  in  the  affections. 

Fowler,  Shaftesbury  and  Hutcheson,  p.  217. 
The  hues  of  sunset  make  life  great;  so  the  affections 
make  some  little  web  of  cottage  and  fireside  populous, 
important,  and  filling  the  main  space  in  our  history. 

Emerson,  Success. 

(b)  Besire ;  inclination  ;  appetite ;  propensity,  good  or 
evil :  as,  virtuous  or  vile  affections.  Rom.  i.  26 ;  Gal.  v.  24. 
(ct)  One  of  the  passions  or  violent  emotions. 

Most  wretched  man. 
That  to  affections  does  the  bridle  lend. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iv.  34. 

2.  A  settled  good  will,  love,  or  zealous  attach- 
ment :  as,  the  affection  of  a  parent  for  his  child : 
generally  followed  by /or,  sometimes  by  to  or  to- 
ward, before  the  object. 

Affection  turn'd  to  hatred  threatens  mischief. 

Ford,  Lady's  Trial,  ii.  2. 

[Essex]  desired  to  inspire,  not  gratitude,  but  affection. 

Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

I  think  no  modern  writer  has  inspired  his  readers  with 
such  affection  to  his  own  personality. 

Emerson,  Sir  W.  Scott, 

3t.  Natural  instinct  or  impulse ;  sympathy. 

Affection, 

Master  of  passion,  sways  it  to  the  mood 

Of  what  it  likes,  or  loathes.    Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iv.  1. 

4t.  Prejudice ;  bias. 

"Well,"  he  says,  "a  woman  may  not  reign  in  England." 
"  Better  in  England  than  anywhere,  as  it  shall  well  appear 
to  him  that  without  affection  will  consider  the  kind  of  regi- 
ment."    Bp.  Aylmer,  Harborough  for  Faithful  Subjects. 

5.  A  modification ;  the  effect  or  result  of  ac- 
tion upon  a  thing;  especially,  vajysycliol.,  a  pas- 
sive modification  of  consciousness. 

All  affections  of  consciousness  we  term  sensations. 

H.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  91. 

6.  In  metaph.  (translation  of  Gr.  itaQog,  suffer- 
ing), one  of  those  qualities  of  bodies  by  which 
they  directly  affect  the  senses :  often  improp- 
erly extended  to  other  properties  of  bodies. 

I  distinguish  extension  and  figure  by  the  title  of  the 
mathematical  affections  of  matter.  D.  Stewart. 

The  so-called  forces  of  nature  have  been  well  and  truly 
spoken  of  as  the  moods  or  affections  of  matter. 

W.  L.  Carpenter,  Energy  in  Nature,  p.  1. 

7.  A  disease,  or  the  condition  of  being  diseased ; 
a  morbid  or  abnormal  state  of  body  or  mind : 
as,  a  gouty  affection;  hysteric  affection. 

And,  truly,  waking  dreams  were,  more  or  less, 
An  old  and  strange  affection  of  the  house. 

Tennyson,  The  Princess,  i. 
I  have  been  thinking  ...  of  the  singular  affection  to 
which  you  are  subject. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Mortal  Antipathy,  xxi. 

8.  In  painting,  a  lively  representation  of  pas- 
sion.   Wotton.    [Rare.] — 9t.  Affectation. 

Pleasant  without  scurrility,  witty  without  affection. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  1. 

=  Syn.  2.  Attachment,  Fondness,  etc.  (see  love),  tender- 
ness, partiality,  bias.    See  passion. 
affection  (a-fek'shon),  V.  t.    [=  F.  affectionner; 
from  the  noun.]   To  love ;  have  an  affection  for. 
[Rare.] 

But  can  you  affection  the  'oman  ? 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  1. 


affectional  (a-fek'shon-al),  a.    Relating  to  or 

implying  affection ;  relating  to  the  affections. 

God  has  made  women,  as  men,  compound  creatures, 
with  a  fivefold  nature  ;  and  it  cannot  be  that  either  side, 
physical,  mental,  moral,  affectional,  or  spiritual,  can  suffer 
loss  without  injury  to  the  whole. 

Quoted  in  Sex  and  Education,  p.  172. 

affectionate  (a-fek'shon-at),  a.  [<  affection  + 
-ate'^;  suggested  by  F."  affectionne,  pp.  of  affec- 
tionner: see  affection,  v.'\  1.  Having  great  love 
or  affection;  warmly  attached;  fond;  kind; 
lo^ving :  as,  an  affectionate  brother. 

Her  father  appears  to  have  been  as  bad  a  father  as  a. 
very  honest,  affectionate,  and  sweet-tempered  man  can  well 
be.  Macaulay,  Madame  D'Arblay. 

2t.  Devoted  in  feeling;  zealous. 

In  their  love  of  God,  and  desire  to  please  him,  men  can 
never  be  too  affectionate.  Bp.  Sprat,  Sermons. 

3.  Characterized  by  or  manifesting  affection; 
possessing  or  indicating  love ;  tender ;  warm- 
hearted: as,  the  affectionate  care  of  a  parent. 

He  [Lord  Russell]  had  sent  to  Kettlewell  an  affectionate 
message  from  the  scaffold.       Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xiv. 

Victor  Emmanuel  was  a  man  of  strong  family  feeling 
and  affectionate  disposition. 

E.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  152. 

4t.  Strongly  disposed  or  inclined :  with  to. 

Affectionate  to  the  war  with  France. 

Bacon,  Hist,  of  Hen.  VII. 

5t.  Biased  ;  partizan.  =  Syn.  Warm-hearted,  tender- 
hearted, attached,  devoted. 

affectionatet  (a-fek'shon-at),  V.  t.  or  i.    To  af- 
fect ;  be  affected,  inclined,  or  disposed. 
Be  kindly  affectionated  one  to  another. 

Cambridge  N.  T.,  1683  (Rom.  xii.  10). 
Give  me  but  ten  days  respite,  and  I  will  reply. 
Which  or  to  whom  myself  affectionates. 

Greene,  Friar  Bacon  and  Friar  Bungay. 

affectionately  (a-fek'shon-at-li),  adi).  1.  In  an 
affectionate  manner ;  with  affection ;  fondly ; 
tenderly ;  kindly. 

Being  affectionately  desirous  of  you.  1  Thes.  ii.  8. 

2t.  In  a  biased  manner ;  in  the  manner  of  a 
partizan. 

He  doth  in  that  place  affectionately  and  unjustly  re- 
prove both  the  Bishop  of  Rome  and  Alexandria. 

Abp.  Whitgift,  Works,  II.  185. 

affectionateness  (a-fek'shon-at-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  affectionate  ;  fondness  ;  good 
will ;  affection. 

Dryden  and  Pope,  however,  kept  their  strength  for 
satire  and  invective,  and  this  style  does  not  easily  com- 
port with  hearty  affectionateness. 

N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXXIX.  587. 

affectioned  (a-fek'shond),p.  a.    [<  affection  + 
-fd2.    Cf.  affectionate.']    1.  Having  a  certain 
disposition  of  feeling ;  disposed.  [Archaic] 
Be  kindly  affectioned  onejo  another.         Rom.  xii.  10. 

A  man  meanelie  learned  himselfe,  but  not  meanely  af- 
fectioned to  set  forward  learning  in  others. 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  133. 

2t.  Affected ;  conceited. 

An  affectioned  ass,  that  cons  state  without  book. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  u.  3. 

affectioust  (a-fek'shus),  a.  [<  affection  +  -ous. 
Cf.  affectuous.]    Affectionate;  cordial. 

Therefore  my  deare,  deare  wife,  and  dearest  sonnes. 
Let  me  ingirt  you  with  my  last  embrace  : 
And  in  your  cheekes  impresse  a  fare-well  kisse, 
Kisse  of  true  kindness  and  affectious  love. 

Tragedy  of  Nero  (1607). 

affective  (a-fek'tiv),  a.  [<  ML.  affectivus,  <  L. 
aff'ectus,  pp.  of  afficere,  affect :  see  affect"^.]  1. 
Affecting  or  exciting  emotion  ;  suited  to  affect. 
[Rare.] 

A  preacher  more  instructive  than  affective. 

Bp.  Burnet,  Own  Times  (1689),  iv. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  affections  ;  emotional. 

Without  epilepsy  she  would  have  a  condition  of  the  af- 
fective power  of  the  mind  which  is  so  deficient  as  to  lessen 
responsibility.  Alien,  and  Neurol.,  VI.  376. 

Affective  quality.   Same  as  affection,  6. 

affectively  (a-fek'tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  affective 
manner ;  as  regards  the  affections.  [Rare.] 

affector,  n.    See  affecter. 

affectualt  (a-fek'tu-al),  a.  [<  L.  affectus,  men- 
tal disposition,  desire  (see  affect'^,  n.),  +  -al.] 
Pertaining  to  or  consisting  in  disposition  or 
desire;  emotional;  affectional;  earnest. 

God  hath  beholden  your  affectuall  devocyon  fro  heaven. 

Caxton,  Golden  Legend,  p.  389. 
Lust  not  only  affectual,  but  actual,  is  dispensed  with. 

Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  I.  205. 

affectuoust  (a-fek'tu-us),  a.  [=  F.  affectueux, 
<  L.  affectuosus,  <  affectus,  affection,  mood : 
see  affect^,  ?;  .]  Marked  by  passion  or  affection ; 
earnest;  affectionate;  affecting:  as,  "made 
such  affectuous  labour,"  Fabian,  vii. 


aflFectuously 

affectuouslyt  (a-fek'tu-us-li),   adv.  Passion- 
ately ;  zealously ;  affectionately. 
St.  Remigius  prayed  so  affectiwusly.  Fabyan. 
affeeblet  (a-fe'bl),  v.  t.    [Late  ME.  affeeble,  < 
OF.  afeblir,  afeblier,  <  a,  to,  +  feblier,  weaken, 
<fieble,  feeble:  see/ee6fe.]    To  enfeeble, 
affeer  (a-fer'),  v.  t.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  ajfear ; 
<  IIE.  afferen,  affuren,  <  AF.  afferer,  aferer,  OF. 
affeurer,  afeurer,  earlier  aforer  =  Sp.  aforar,  < 
ML.  cifforare,  fix  the  price  or  market  value, 
assess,  value,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  forum,  market ;  ML. 
also  market  price,  fixed  rate:  see  forum.']  1. 
In  law,  to  assess  or  settle,  as  an  amercement  or 
arbitrary  fine. 

That  the  constables  in  every  parish  should  collect  the 
money  affered  (assessed)  in  eacli  parish  to  be  delivered  to 
the  captain,  who  was  bound  to  return  any  overplus  unex- 
pended. Stubbn,  Const.  Hist.,  §  696,  note. 

2.  To  confirm:  as,  "the  title  is  affeer' d,"  ShaJc., 
Macbeth,  iv.  3.  ,  '  ' 

Also  spelled  affere. 
aflfeerer,  ».   See  affeeror. 


99 


aflfeering-man  (a-fer'ing-man),  n.   An  affeeror. 

affeerment  (a-fer'ment),  «.  The  act  of  affeer- 
ing  or  assessing  an  'amercement  according  to 
the  circumstances  of  the  case. 

affeeror,  affeerer  (a-f er'or,  -er),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  affearer;  <  ME.  *aff'erer,  affurer,  -our,  < 
AF.  *affereur,  -our,  OF.  affeureur,  aforeur,  < 
ML.  afforator,  <  afforare:  see  affeer.']  One  who 
affeers ;  a  person  sworn  to  assess  arbitrary  fines 
to  what  seems  a  reasonable  amount. 

Affenthaler  (af 'en-ta-ler),  n.  [G.  (sc.  wein, 
wine) :  so  called  from  the  village  Affenthal,  in 
Baden.]  A  red  wine  made  in  Baden.  It  is  one 
of  the  most  esteemed  of  the  Markgrafler  wines. 

afferent  (af'e-rent),  a.  [<  L.  afferen{t-)s,  ppr.' 
of  afferre,  adferre,  carry  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  ferre, 
carry,  bear.]  Bringing;  carrying  to  or  toward ; 

conveying  inward,  used  in  physiol.  as  the  opposite 
of  efferent,  and  said  (a)  of  veins  which  convey  blood  from 
the  periphery  to  the  physiological  center  of  the  blood- 
circulation ;  (6)  of  those  lymphatic  vessels  wWch  enter  a 
lymphatic  gland,  as  opposed  to  those  which  leave  it ;  and 
chiefly  (c)  of  those  nerves  which  have  a  sensory  o'r  es- 
thesodic  function,  conveying  an  impulse  from  the  periph- 
ery to  a  ganglionic  center  of  the  nervous  system  In  the 
case  of  nerves,  afferent  is  nearly  synonymous  with  sensoni 
as  opposed  to  motor.  The  term  is  also  applied  to  the 
function  of  these  nerves,  and  to  that  which  they  convey  • 
as,  an  afferent  impulse.  ' 

Having  arrived  at  this  notion  of  an  impulse  travelling 
along  a  nerve,  we  readily  pass  to  the  conception  of  a  sen 
sory  nerve  as  a  nerve  which,  when  active,  brings  an  im- 
pulse to  a  central  organ,  or  is  afferent;  and  of  a  motor 
nerve,  as  a  nerve  which  carries  away  an  impulse  from  the 
organ,  or  is  efferent.  It  is  very  convenient  to  use  these 
terms  to  denote  the  two  great  classes  of  nerves  ■  for 
there  are  afferent  nerves  which  are  not  sensory  while 
there  may  be  in  man,  and  certainly  are  in  animals,  effe- 
rent nerves  which  are  not  motor,  in  the  sense  of  inducing 
muscular  contraction.  Huxley,  Physiol.,  p.  289T 

affermet,  v.  t.  Obsolete  form  of  affrm,.  Chaucer. 

aflettuoso  (af-fet-to-o'so),  a.  [It.,  affectionate, 
kmd,  tender,  <  L.  affectuosus  :  see  afectuous.] 
lender;  affecting:  in  music,  designating  a 
movement  which  is  to  be  sung  or  played  sof tlv 
and  affeetingly. 

affiance  (a-fi'ans),  n.  [<  ME.  affiance,  afiance, 
affyance,  -aunce,  <  OF.  afiance,  <  after,  affier, 
trust  m,  >  ME.  aften,  affien :  see  aff'y  and  -ance.] 

1.  irust;  confidence;  reliance. 
The  Christian  looks  to  God  with  implicit  affiance. 

Hammond. 

Lancelot,  my  Lancelot,  thou  in  whom  I  have 
Most  love  and  most  affiance. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

2.  The  pledging  of  faith,  as  in  contracting 
marriage ;  a  solemn  engagement ;  a  marriage 

Accord  of  friendes,  consent  of  Parents  sought 
Affyaunce  made,  my  happinesse  begonne. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iv.  21. 

3.  AfiBnity;  intimate  relation;  connection. 
In  defiance  of  his  church  and  not  in  affiance  with  it. 

H.  James,  Subs,  and  Shad.,  p.  198. 
affiance  (a-fi'ans),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  affianced, 
ppr.  affiancing.  [<  OF.  afiancer ;  from  the 
noun.]  1.  To  betroth;  bind  by  promise  of 
marriage :  as,  to  a|^arice  a  daughter;  to  affiance 
one's  self. 

In  me  behold  the  Prince, 
I  our  countryman,  affianced  yeai-s  ago 
10  the  Lady  Ida.  Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 

2.  To  assure  by  pledge  or  promise.  [Rare.] 
Stranger  !  whoe'er  thou  art,  securely  rest 
Affianced  in  my  faith,  a  friendly  guest. 

_  Pope,  Odyssey,  .xv.  305. 

iX^'^  (a-fi'an-ser),  n.  One  who  affiances ; 
parties  ™       ^  contract  of  marriage  between 


affiant  (a-fi'ant),  n.  [<  OF.  affiant,  ppr.  of  affier, 
pledge  one's  faith :  see  a_^iy  and -aw^i.]  Inlaiv, 
one  who  makes  an  affidavit.  [United  States.] 
affichet,  V.  t.  See  affitch. 
affiche  (a-fesh'),  n.  [F.,  <  afficher,  OF.  aficher, 
afichicr,  fasten  to,  >  ME.  affiche:  see  affitch  and 
affix.]  A  paper  of  any  kind  pasted  or  affixed  to 
a  wall,  post,  etc.,  to  be  read  by  passers-by;  a 
poster. 

affidationt,  affidaturet  (af-i-da'shon,  af'i-da- 
tur),  n.  [<  ML.  uffidarc,  pledge:  see  affy  and 
affiance.]  A  mutual  contract  of  fidelity, 
affidavit  (af-i-da'vit),  n.  [ML.,  he  has  made 
oath,  3d  pers.  sing.  perf.  ind.  of  afidare,  make 
oath:  see  affy  and  affiance.]  A  written  decla- 
ration upon  oath;  a  statement  of  facts  in  writ- 
ing signed  by  the  affiant,  and  sworn  to  or  eon- 
firmed  by  a  declaration  before  a  notary  pub- 
magistrate,  or  other  authorized  officer. 
Alhdavits  are  usually  required  when  evidence  is  to  be  laid 
before  a  judge  or  court  on  a  motion  or  summary  applica- 
tion, as  distinguished  from  a  trial  of  the  merits  of  the 
cause.  The  word  is  sometimes  loosely  used  of  an  oral  de- 
claration under  oath, 
affiet,  i\    See  affy. 

affilet,  V.  t.  [<  ME.  affilen,  afilen,  afylen,  <  OF. 
afiler,  later  affiler,  to  sharpen,  also  to  deck,  mod. 
F  affiler,  <  ML.  *affilare  (in  deriv.),  bring  to  an 
edge,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  filum,  thread,  ML.  also 
edge:  see^Ze3.]    To  polish;  sharpen. 

He  moste  preche  and  well  affyle  his  tunge. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  714. 

affiliable  (a-fll'i-a-bl),  a.  [<  ML.  as  if  *affili- 
abdts,  <  affihare:  see  afflliate.]  Capable  of  be- 
ing affihated;  chargeable  as  result  or  effect: 
with  on  or  upon. 

The  distribution  of  sediment  and  other  geological  pro- 
cesses which  these  marine  currents  effect,  are  affiliable 
upon  the  force  which  the  sun  radiates. 

H.  Silencer,  First  Principles,  §  69. 

affiliate  (a-fil'i-at),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  affiliated, 
ppr.  affiliating.  [<  ML.  affiliatus,  pp.  of  aMi- 
are,  adfiliare  (>  F.  affilier),  adopt  as  a  son,  <  L. 
arf,  to,  +  films,  son,  filia,  daughter.]  I.  trans. 
1.  To  adopt;  receive  into  a  family  as  a  son 
or  daughter ;  hence,  to  bring  into  intimate  as- 
sociation or  close  connection. 

Is  the  soul  affiliated  to  God,  or  is  it  estranged  and  in 
"■^belhon?  V  j,^yi^^_ 

2  In  law,  to  fix  the  paternity  of,  as  a  bastard 
child:  with  upon  :  as,  the  mother  affiliated  her 
child  MpoM  John  Doe.  Hence— 3.  To  connect 
in  the  way  of  descent  or  derivation :  with  ujion. 

Ethical  requirements  may  here  be  to  such  extent  affili- 
ated upon  physical  necessities,  as  to  give  them  a  partially 
scientific  authority.         H.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  108. 

4.  To  associate ;  receive  or  establish  on  terms 
of  fellowship. 

_  Men  who  have  a  voice  in  public  affairs  are  at  once  affil- 
iated with  one  or  other  of  the  great  parties  between  which 
society  IS  divided.  Lowell,  Democracy. 

[^^.^f  ?ljel  hoped  the  party  of  progress  would  affiliate 
Itself  with  him.  G.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  63. 

Austria  and  .  .  .  the  affiliated  Governments  of  the  Pe- 
ninsula. E.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  137. 
Affiliated  societies,  local  societies  connected  with  a 
central  society  or  with  one  another. 

II.  intrans.  To  associate ;  consort ;  be  inti- 
mately united  in  action  or  interest. 

The  political  organization  with  which  the  blacks  now 
naturally  affiliate  is  restrained,  by  fear  of  Caucasian  senti- 
ment, from  giving  this  element  the  prominence  it  numeri- 
cally  deserves.  ,v.  A.  Rev.,  CXXXIX.  426. 

(a-fil-i-a'shon),  n.  [<  F.  affiliation, 
<ML.  affiliatio(n-),  adfiUatio(n-),  <affiliare:  see 
affiliate.]  1.  Adoption;  association  in  the 
same  family  or  society ;  hence,  consanguinity 
or  kinship  of  feeling  or  character. 

There  are  a  number  of  affiliatiom  which  were  of  at  least 
equal  antiquity  with  Adoption,  and  which,  I  suspect 
served  its  object  even  more  completely  in  very  ancient 
*™es.  Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  98. 

So  intense  is  our  sense  of  affiliation  with  their  nature 
tnat  we  speak  of  them  universally  as  our  fathers. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  221. 

2.  Association  in  general ;  relation  ;  connec- 
tion; friendship;  alliance. 

The  merry  gallants  of  a  French  colonial  military  service 
which  had  grown  gross  by  affiliation  with  Spanish-Ameri- 
can frontier  life.         G.  W.  Cable,  Old  Creole  Days  p  4 


affinity 


The  population  [of  the  disputed  territory  on  the  western 
boundary  of  Afghanistan]  is  sparse,  with  few  affiliations 
with  the  Afghans.  Science,  V.  359. 

3.  In  law,  the  act  of  imputing  or  of  determin- 
ing the  paternity  of  a  child,  and  the  fixing  upon 
the  father  the  obligation  to  provide  for  its 
maintenance.  Hence  —  4.  The  fathering  of  a 
thing  upon  any  one ;  the  assignment  of  any- 
thing to  its  origin  ;  connection  by  way  of  deri- 
vation or  descent :  with  upon. 


The  relationship  of  the  sense  of  smell  to  the  fundamen- 
tal organic  actions  is  traceable,  not  only  througli  its  affUi. 
ation  upon  the  sense  of  taste,  but  is  traceable  dii<-ctly. 

//.  Spencer,  I'rin.  of  Psychol, 
affinal  (a-fi'nal),  a.    [<  L.  affinis  (see  affme^ 
+  -at.]    Belated  by  affinity  ;  derived  from  the 
same  source :  as,  affinal  tribes  or  products. 
[Rare.] 

affinel  (a-flu'),  a.  and  n.    [<  OF.  affin,  afin,  "a 
kinsman  or  allie,  one  with  whom  affinity  is  had 
or  contracted  "  (Cotgrave),  <  L.  a  finis,  neigh- 
boring, related  by  mairiage,  one  related  by  mar- 
riage, <  ad,  to,  +  finis,  border,  end:  see  fine^, 
and  cf.  affinity.]    I.  a.  Related ;  akin ;  affined. 
II.  n.  A  relative  by  man-iage  ;  one  akin. 
affine2t  (a-fin'),  V.  t.    [<  F.  affincr,  OF.  afiner  = 
Pr.  Sp.  afinar  =  It.  affinare,  <  ML.  affinare,  re- 
fine, <  L.  ad,  to,  +  ML.  finus  (>  OF.  fin,  etc.), 
fine:  seefinc'^.]    To  refine.  Holland. 
affined  (a-find'),  a.     [<  affmc^  +  -ed^.]  1. 

Joined  by  affinity  or  any  close  tie;  akin;  allied: 
confederated. 

For  then,  the  bold  and  coward. 
The  wise  and  fool,  the  artist  and  unread. 
The  hard  and  soft,  seem  all  affind  and  kin. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  3> 
If  partially  affin'd,  or  leagu'd  in  office, 
Thou  dost  deliver  more  or  less  than  trutli 
Thou  art  no  soldier.  Shnk.,  Othello,  ii.  3. 

2t.  Bound  or  obligated  by  affinity  or  some  in- 
timate relation. 

Now,  sir,  be  judge  yourself. 
Whether  I  in  any  just  term  am  affin'd 
To  love  the  Moor.  Shak.,  Othello,  i.  1. 

^1.^?  joined  in  natural  affinity;  haviag 

affinity  ;  allied  homologically  and  morphologi- 
cally ;  related  in  structural  character. 

Birds  are  homologically  related,  or  naturally  allied  or- 
affined,  according  to  the  sum  of  like  structural  characters.. 

Coues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  68.. 

affinitative  (a-fin 'i-ta-tiv),  a.    [<  L.  affini- 
ta{t-)s,  affinity,  +  -ive.]  Of  the  nature  of  affin- 
ity :  as,  an  affinitative  resemblance.    X.  E.  B 
affinitatively  (a-fin'i-ta-tiv-li),  adv.   By  means 
of  affinity;  as  regards  affinity, 
affinition  (af-i-nish'on),  n.     [<  affine"^  +  -ition.. 
Cf.  define,  definition.]    The  state  or  quaUty  of 
being  affined;   mental  affinity  or  attraction 
[Rare.] 

affinitive  (a-fin'i-tiv),  a.  l<  affinity  + -ive.  Cf. 
definitive.]  Characterized  by  affinity;  eloselv 
related.    N.  E.  D.  j  j  j 

affinity  (a-fin'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  affinities (-tiz).  [< ME 

afinite,  affinite,  <  OF.  afinite,  F.  affinite,<'L.  affini- 
ta{t-)s,  <  affinis,  neighboring,  related  by  mar- 
riage: sea  affined,  affined.]  1.  An  artificial  re- 
lationship between  persons  of  different  blood 
regarded  as  analogous  to  consanguinity;  the 
relation  between  families  or  indi\'iduals  created 
by  intermaiTiage  (excluding  that  between  the- 
married  persons),  by  legal  adoption,  or  by  spon- 
sorship; more  especially,  the  relation  between 
a  husband  or  wife  and  the  kindred  of  the  other 
spouse.  In  the  Jewish,  Roman,  and  canon  laws  affinity 
by  marriage  or  adoption  is  a  bar  to  marriage  within  certaia 
degrees,  equally  with  consanguinity ;  and  on  this  ground 
rests  the  prohibition  of  marriage  with  a  deceased  wife's- 
sister  in  Great  Britain.  The  canon  law  treats  unlawful 
sexual  intercourse  as  creating  the  same  affinity  with  mar- 
riage ihe  relationship  of  godparents  and  godchildren 
called  spiritual  affinity,  is  not  now  considered  a  bar  to  mar- 
riage, ite  It  was  before  the  Council  of  Trent,  which  made 
no  provision  on  the  subject. 

Solomon  made  affinity  with  Pharaoh,  king  of  Egypt  and 
took  Pharaoh's  daughter.  i  xi  iii.  i. 

2t.   Intercourse;    acquaintance;  companion- 

forty  years  past,  I  began  a  happy  affinity  with 
William  Cranmer.  Burton 

Hence— 3.  A  natural  liking  for,  or  attraction  to, 
a  person  or  thing ;  a  natural  drawing  or  inclina- 
tion ;  an  inherent  mutual  liking  or  attraction. 

Some  transcendent,  unborn  affinity,  by  which  we  are 
linked  to  things  above  the  range  of  mere  nature. 

Bushnell,  Nat.  and  the  Supernat.,  p.  68. 

4.  Inherent  likeness  or  agi-eement  as  between 
things ;  essential  or  specific  conformity ;  inti- 
mate resemblance  or  connection. 

The  perception  of  real  affinities  between  events  (that  is 
to  say,  of  ideal  affinities,  for  those  only  are  real)  enables 
the  poet  thus  to  make  free  with  the  most  imposing  forms 
and  phenomena  of  the  world,  and  to  assert  the  predomi- 
nance of  the  soul.  Emerson,  Nature. 

5.  In  chem.,  that  force  by  which  the  atoms  of 
bodies  of  dissimilar  nature  unite  in  certain  defi- 
nite proportions  to  form  a  eompoimd  different 
in  its  nature  from  any  of  its  constituents: 
called  distinctively  chemical  or  elective  affinity. 
The  word  has  lost  its  original  meaning,  and  now  signifies 
nothing  more  than  chemical  force.    See  chemical. 

Affinity  is  neither  the  gases  nor  their  product,  but'  a 
power  which  renders  the  product  possible. 

G.  H.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  §  25. 


affinity 

6.  In  biol.,  morphological  and  impUed  genetic 
relationship,  resulting  in  a  resemblance  in  gen- 
eral plan  or  structure,  or  in  the  essential  struc- 
tiu'al  parts,  existing  between  two  organisms  or 
groups  of  organisms  ;  true  and  near  structural 
relationship,  p:^edicai)le  of  two  or  more  organ- 
isms morphologically  related,  however  diverse 
physiologically. 

At  first  we  find  marsupials,  and  Carnivora  with  marsu- 
pial ajitiities.  J.  Fbske,  Evolutionist,  p.  24. 

7.  In  psycho!.,  that  in  ideas  which  renders  them 
capable  of  being  associated  in  the  mind,  as  theii- 
similarity  or  coadjacency.  The  la  w  of  the  affinity  of 
ideas  is  another  name  for  the  law  of  continuity  of  notions, 
according  to  which  two  notions  cannot  be  so  similar  but 
that  it  is  possible  to  find  a  third  intermediate  between  thera. 

8.  In  geom.,  the  relationship  between  two  fig- 
ures in  the  same  plane  which  correspond  to 
each  other,  point  to  point  and  straight  line  to 
straight  line,  any  point  of  the  one  lying  in  a 
fixed  direction  from  the  corresponding  point 
of  the  other,  and  at  a  distance  from  it  propor- 
tional to  its  distance  from  a  fixed  liue,  called 
the  axis  of  affiniti/,  the  direction  of  which  is 
that  of  lines  joining  corresponding  points. 

affirm  (a-ferm'),  v.  [Formerly  afferm,  but  now 
spelled"  so  as  to  approach  the  L. ;  <  ME.  affer- 
men,  afermen,  <  OF.  afermer,  affermer,  later 
affirmcr,  affirm,  avotich,  mod.  F.  affermer  — 
Pr.  affermar=  Sp.  afirmar  =  Pg.  affi'rmar  =  lt. 
affirriiare,  <  L.  affirmare,  adfirmarc,  present  as 
fi^ed,  aver,  affirm,  <  ad,  to,  +Jirmarc,  make  firm, 
<,  firmus,  fii-m:  see  firm,  a.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
state  or  assert  positively ;  tell  with  confidence ; 
aver;  declare  to  be  a  fact;  maintain  as  true: 
opposed  to  deny. 

One  Jesus,  which  was  dead,  whom  Paul  affirmed  to  be 
alive.  Acts  xxv.  19. 

The  gentleman  came  up,  and  asked  pardon  for  having 
disturbed  us,  affinning  that  he  was  ignorant  of  our  being 
so  near.  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  viii. 

2.  To  make  firm ;  establish,  confli-m,  or  ratify : 
as,  the  appellate  com-t  affirmed  the  judgment. 
=  Syil.  1.  Assert,  Affirm,  Declare,  etc.    See  assert. 

II.  in  trans.  1.  To  declare  or  assert  positively 
or  solemnly. 

Not  that  I  so  affirm,  though  so  it  seem 
To  thee,  who  hast  thy  dwelling  here  on  earth. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  117. 
All  books  that  get  fairly  into  tlie  vital  air  of  the  world 
were  written  by  the  .  .  .  affirtniiKj  and  ailvancing  class, 
who  utter  what  tens  of  tliousands  feel  thougli  tliey  cannot 
say.  Emerson,  Books. 

2.  To  declare  solemnly  before  a  court  or  ma- 
gistrate, but  without  oath  (a  practice  allowed 
where  the  aflftrmant  has  scruples  against  tak- 
ing an  oath) ;  make  a  legal  affirmation.  See 
affrmation. 

affirmable  (a-fer'ma-bl),  a.  [<  affirm  +  -able.'] 
Capable  of  "being  "affirmed,  asserted,  or  de- 
clared: followed  by  o/;  as,  an  attribute  a.^m- 
ahJe  of  eyerj  just  man. 
affirmably  (a-fcr'ma-bli),  adv.  In  a  way  capa- 
ble of  affirmation, 
affirmance  (a-fer'mans),  71.  [<  OF.  affermance, 
afermance,  <  affermer,  afermer,  affirm:  see  af- 
firm.] 1.  The  act  of  affirming ;  asseveration; 
assertion. 

E'en  when  sober  truth  prevails  throughout, 
They  swear  it,  till  aj/irmance  breeds  a  doubt.  ■ 

Cowper,  Conversation,  1.  66. 

2.  Confirmation ;  ratification. 
All  sentences  are  liable  to  the  king's  affirmance  or  re- 
versal. Brougham. 

3.  In  laiv  :  (a)  The  confirmation  by  an  appel- 
late court  of  the  adjudication  of  a  lower  court 
or  officer.    (6)  Confirmation  of  a  voidable  act. 

affirmant  (a-fer'mant),  n.  [<L.  affirman{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  affirmare:  see  affirm.]  1.  One  who  af- 
firms or  asserts. —  2.  In  law,  one  who  makes 
affirmation  instead  of  taking  an  oath. 

affirmation  (af-er-ma'shon),  n.  [<  L.  affirma- 
tio(n-),  <  affirmare,  affirm':  see  affirm.]  1.  The 
assertion  that  something  is,  or  is  true ;  the  as- 
signment of  a  certain  character  to  an  object : 
opposed  to  denial  or  negation,  in  ordinary /or-ma^ 
logic,  the  distinction  relates  merely  to  the  form  of  expres- 
sion, but  usually  affirmation  is  taken  to  mean  the  assertion 
of  something  positive  and  definite,  as  opposed  to  a  merely 
negative  assertion. 

2.  That  which  is  affirmed ;  a  proposition  that 
is  declared  to  be  true  ;  averment ;  assertion. 

That  he  shall  receive  no  benefit  from  Christ,  is  the  affir- 
mation whereon  his  despair  is  founded. 

Hammond,  Fundamentals. 

3.  Confirmation  ;  ratification  ;  establishment 
of  something  of  prior  origin. 

Our  statutes  sometimes  are  only  the  affirmation  or  rati- 
fication of  that  which  by  common  law  was  held  before. 

Hooker, 


100 

4.  In  latD,  the  solemn  declaration  made  by 
Quakers,  Moravians,  or  others  conscientiously 
opposed  to  taking  oaths,  in  cases  where  an  oath 
is  generally  required.  False  affirmations  made  by 
such  persons  are  punislialile  in  tlie  same  way  as  perjury, 
afcmati've  (a-fer'ma-tiv),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME. 
affirmatyff,  n.|'<  OF.  affirmatif  F.  affirmatif,  -ire, 
a.,  affirmatire,  n.,  <  L.  affirmativus,  <  affirmaius, 
■p-p.  of  affirmare  :  see  affirm.]  I.  «.  1.  Charac- 
terized by  affirmation  or  assertion ;  assertive  ; 
positive  iu  form ;  not  negative:  Sts,  ana ffirmative 
proposition  ;  affirvtatire  principles,    in  formal 

logic,  tlie  distinction  of  affirmative  and  negative  proposi- 
tions relates  not  to  the  nature  of  wliat  is  asserted,  but 
only  to  the  form  of  the  proposition,  which  is  called  affirm- 
ative if  it  contains  no  negative  particle. 

Hence  —  2.  Positive  in  manner ;  confident ; 
dogmatic. 

Be  not  confident  and  affirmative  in  an  uncertain  matter. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Living,  p.  102. 

3.  Giving  affirmation  or  assent ;  confirmatory; 
ratifying  ;  concurring ;  agreeing :  as,  an  affirm- 
ative decree  or  judgment  by  an  appellate  court ; 
an  affirmative  answer  to  a  request. 

II.  n.  1.  That  which  affirms  or  asserts;  a 
positive  proposition  or  averment :  as,  two  neg- 
atives make  an  affirmative. 

Your  four  negatives  make  your  two  affirmatives. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  v.  1. 

2.  That  which  gives  affirmation  or  assent ;  the 
agreeing  or  concurring  part  or  side  :  with  the 
definite  article:  as,  to  support  the  affirmative; 
to  vote  in  the  affirmative  (that  is,  in  favor  of  the 
affirmative  side),  as  in  a  legislative  body. 

A  government  i5  perfect  of  which  the  affirmative  can  be 
truly  stated  in  answering  these  questions.  Brougham. 

3.  In  judicial  proceedings,  the  side  which, 
whether  iu  itself  an  affirmation  or  a  negation, 
requires  first  to  be  supported  by  proof,  pre- 
STunption  in  the  absence  of  proof  being  against 
it ;  the  side  which  has  the  burden  of  proof. — 

4.  Naitt.,  the  signal-flag  or  pendant  by  which 
assent  is  expressed. 

affirmatWely  (a-fcr'ma-tiv-li),  adv.  1.  In  an 
affirmative  manner ;  by  express  declaration ; 
positively;  expressly. —  2.  In  the  affirmative 
mode  ;  by  asserting  that  a  disputed  or  doubt- 
ful thing  is :  opposed  to  negatively. 

I  believe  in  God.  First,  in  God  affirmatively,  I  believe 
he  is  ;  against  atheism.  Secondly,  in  God  exclusively, 
not  in  gods;  as  against  polytheism  and  idolatry. 

Bp.  Pearson,  Expos,  of  Creed,  i. 

affirmatory  (a-fer'ma-to-ri),  a.  [<  LL.  as  if  *af- 
firmatorius,  ( affirmcitor,  an  affirmer,  <  L.  affir- 
mare: see  affirm.]    1.  Affirmative;  assertive. 

An  oath  may  as  well  sometimes  be  affirmatory  as  prom- 
issory. Hobbes,  Gov.  and  Society,  ii.  §  20. 

2.  Dependent  upon  an  affirmative  principle  : 
as,  an  affirmatory  syllogism.    Dc  Morgan. 
affirmer  (a-fer'mer),  M.    One  who  affirms. 

The  burthen  of  the  proof  in  law  resteth  upon  the  affirmer. 

Bp.  Brainhall,  Schism  Guarded,  p.  285. 

affitcht,  V.  t.  [<  ME.  affitche,  afficche,  affiche,  <  OF. 
afichcr,  afichier,  mod.  F.  affichcr  =  Pr.  aficar, 
afiquar  =  Sp.  afijar  -  It.  afficcare,  <  ML.  as  if 
*affigicare,  a  freq.  form  equiv.  to  affixarc,  freq. 
of  L.  affigere,  adfigere,  fasten  to,  affix:  see  affix, 
auA  et.  fitch^,  fix.]    To  fasten  to;  affix. 

The  platis  of  gold,  the  whiche  he  hadde  affitchide. 

Wyclif,  2  Ki.  xviii.  16.    (N.  E.  D.) 

affix  (a-fiks'),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  affixed  (for- 
merly often  and  still  occasionally  affixt),  ppr. 
affixing.  [<  ML.  affixarc,  freq.  of  L.  affigere,  ad- 
figere, pp.  affixus,  adfixus,  fasten  to,  <  ad,  to,  + 
figere,  fasten,  fix.  The  older  form  in  E.  was 
affltch,  q.  v.]  To  fix;  fasten,  join,  or  attach; 
conjoin,  add,  or  append;  make  an  adjunct  or 
part  of :  followed  by  to. 

Archbishop  Whitgift  was  the  first  to  affix  his  name  to 
the  death  warrant.  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  226. 

As  plants  became  more  highly  developed  and  affixed  to 
the  ground,  they  would  be  compelled  to  be  aneraophilous 
in  order  to  intercross. 

Darwin,  Cross  and  Self  Fertilization,  p.  409. 
We  hesitate  at  doing  Spenser  so  great  an  honor  as  to 
think  that  he  intended  by  his  allegory  the  sense  we  affix 
to  it.  Emerson,  Art. 

=  Syn.  Add,  Affix,  Annex,  etc.  (see  add),  suffix,  superadd, 
tack  on,  fasten  on,  join, 
affix  (af'iks),  n.  [<  F.  affixe,  a.  and  n.,  <  L. 
affixus,  adfixus,  pp. :  see  affix,  v.]  1 .  That  which 
is  joined,  attached,  or  added;  an  addition  or 
attachment. —  2.  Inphilol.,  a  syllable  or  letter, 
prefix  or  suffix,  attached  to  a  word  or  a  verbal 
root  or  stem,  as  in  good-wess,  revi-fy,  civil-i^e, 
«»-able,  un-con-iovm-able. — 3.  In  decorative  art, 
any  small  feature,  as  a  figure,  a  flower,  or 
the  like,  added  for  ornament  to  a  vessel  or 
other  utensil,  to  an  architectural  feature,  etc. : 


afflict 

used  especially  with  reference  to  ceramios  and 
bronzes.  Decoration  of  this  kind  is  characteristic  of 
the  famous  Palissy  ware,  which  is  adorned  with  affixes  in 
tlie  shape  of  serpents,  lizards,  fishes,  and  the  like ;  and 


Affixes. 

Italo-Greek  Vase  in  the  Campana  Collection,  Louvre  Museum. 
( From  "  L'Art  pour  Tous." ) . 


modern  ceramic  ware  of  both  fine  and  ordinary  quality  is 
often  ornamented  with  flowers,  figures,  etc.,  in  relief.  The 
most  beautiful  examples  of  the  artistic  use  of  affixes  are, 
luiwever,  to  be  sought  among  .Japanese  bronzes. 

affixal(af'iks-al),a.  [i  affix,n.,+  -al.]  Pertain- 
ing to  an  affix ;  having  the  character  of  an  affix. 
[Rare.] 

affixation  (af-iks-a'shon),  n.    [<ML.  as  if  *af- 

fixatio{n-),  <  affixarc:  see  affix,  v.]    The  act  ' 
"of  affixing,  attaching,  or  appending;  affixion. 
[Rare.] 

affixion  (a-fik'shon),  n.  [<  L.  affixio(n-),  ad- 
fixio{n-),  <  affigere,  adfigere :  see  affix,  v.]  The 
act  of  affixing,  or  the  state  of  being  affixed. 
[Rare.] 

In  his  scourging,  in  his  affixion,  in  his  transfixion. 

Bp.  Hall,  Sermon,  Gal.  ii.  20. 

affixture  (a-fiks'tiir),  n.  [<  affix  +  -ture,  after 
fixture.]  1.  The  act  of  affixing;  attachment. 
—  2.  That  which  is  affixed.  [Rare.] 

afflatet  (a-flaf),  v.  t.  [<  L.  afflatus,  pp.  of  af- 
fiare,  adflarc,  blow  on,  <  ad,  to,  +  fiare,  blow : 
see  bloto'^.]    To  breathe  on;  inspire. 

afflation  (a-fla'shou),  «.  [<  L.  as  if  *afflatio(n-), 
<afflare,  adflarc:  see  afflatus.]  A  blowing  or 
breathing  on ;  inspiration. 

afflatus  (a-fla'tus),  n.  [<  L.  afflatus,  adflatus, 
<  affiare,  adflare,  blow  on:  see  afflate.]  1.  A 
blowing  or  breathing  on,  as  of  wind;  a  breath 
or  blast  of  wind.  [Rare  or  unused.] — 2.  An 
impelling  mental  force  acting  from  within; 
supernal  impulse  or  power,  as  of  prophecy  or 
expression;  religious,  poetic,  or  oratorical  in-  ^ 

spiration.  Often  spoken  of  as  the  divine  afflatus,  a  trans-  j 
lation  of  the  Latin  afflatus  divinus,  inspiration. 

The  poet  writing  against  his  genius  will  be  like  a  pro 
phet  without  his  afflatus.  J.  Spence,  The  Odyssey. 

affleure  (a-fle-ra'),  «•  [F.,  pp.  of  affleurer  (Pr. 
afflourar),  make  level  or  flush,  <  a  fleur  =  Pr. 
a  flour  =  Pg.  a  flor  =  It.  a  fior,  on  a  level,  even, 
flush:  appar.  <  L.  adflorem :  ad,  to,  at;  florew, 
acc.  of  flos,  flower,  in  the  later  sense  of  'upper 
surface'  (see  flower),  in  this  sense  perhaps  as- 
sociated with,  if  not  derived  from,  G.  flur  =  E.  i 
floor,  q.  v.]  In  decorative  art,  simk  to  a  level 
with  the  surface ;  not  projecting :  said  of  a  f 
medallion,  a  disk,  or  other  ornamental  adjunct, 
inlaid  as  part  of  a  design. 

afflict  (a-fiikf),  V.  t.  [In  earlier  form  a  flight, 
q.  V. ;  <"L.  afflictare,  adflictare,  trouble,  agitate, 
vex  greatly,  intensive  of  affligere,  adfligere,  pp. 
affiictus,  adflictus,  beat  down,  dash  to  the  grountl, 
<ad,  to,  +fligere,  beat,  strike,  prob.  akin  to  E. 
blow^,  a  stroke,  hit.]  If.  To  strike  down ;  pros- 
trate; overthrow;  rout. 

And,  reassembling  our  afflicted  powers, 

Consult  how  we  may  henceforth  most  offend  i 

Our  enemy.  Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  186.  j 

2.  To  distress  with  mental  or  bodily  pain; 
trouble  greatly  or  gi-ievously;  harass  or  tor- 
ment :  as,  to  be  afflicted  with  the  gout,  or  by 
persecution. 

Ye  shall  not  afflict  any  widow  or  fatherless  child. 

Ex.  xxii.  22. 


afflict 

Thtte  is  no  community  free  from  a  multitude  of  croak- 
ers and  alarmists,  .  .  .  who  ajflict  the  patience  and  con- 
science of  all  good  Christians  witliin  the  reach  of  their 
influence.  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Kev.,  II.  118. 

The  afflicted  voice  of  the  country,  in  its  hour  of  danger, 
has  charmed  down  with  a  sweet  persuasion  tlie  angry 
passions  of  the  day.  Everett,  Orations,  I.  379. 

=Syn.  Afflict,  Distress,  Trouble,  Harass,  Torment;  try, 
pain,  hurt,  plague,  persecute.  Of  these  words,  afflict  im- 
plies the  most  spiritual  effect,  the  greatest  depth  and  con- 
tinuance of  sorrow.  To  distress  is  a  more  outward  act, 
bringing  one  into  straitness  of  circumstances  or  feeling,  so 
that  there  is  more  anxiety  for  the  futui'e,  while  perhaps 
the  afflicted  person  knows  the  full  measure  of  his  loss  and 


101 

A  feeling  of  sadness  and  longing, 

That  is  not  akin  to  pain. 
And  resembles  sorrow  only 
As  the  mist  resembles  the  rain. 

Longfellow,  The  Day  is  Done. 
Great  distress  has  never  hitherto  taught,  and  while  the 
world  lasts  it  never  will  teach,  wise  lessons  to  any  part  of 
mankind.         Burke,  Letter  to  Memb.  of  Nat.  Assembly. 

The  state  of  one  who  really  wishes  for  death  is  firmly 
linked  in  our  thoughts  with  the  extreme  of  misery  and 
wretchedness  and  disease.  11',  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  1.  229. 
2.  Trouble,  misfortune,  disaster,  visitation,  blow, 
woe,  tribulation.    See  list  imder  grief. 


trial, 


is  wholly  occupied  with  the  past.    To  <to«6<<!  is  a  lighter  amiCtlVe  (a-nik  tiv),  a.     [=F.  afflictif,  (.  ML. 


act,  involving  perhaps  confusion  or  uncertainty  of  mind, 
and  especially  embarrassment.  Harass,  as  appUed  to  mind 
or  body,  suggests  the  infliction  of  the  weariness  that  comes 
from  the  continuance  or  repetition  of  trying  experiences, 
EC  that  there  is  not  time  for  rest.  Torment  implies  the 
infliction  of  acute  pain,  physical  or  mental,  and  is  fre- 
quently used  in  the  sense  of  harassing  by  frequent  return. 
The  use  of  afflicted  otherwise  than  of  persons  severally  or 
collectively  is  highly  figurative  or  poetic :  as,  my  afflicted 
fortunes ;  the  other  words  have  freer  figurative  use.  See 
afflietion. 

O  ye  afflicted  ones  who  lie 
Steeped  to  the  lips  in  misery. 

Longfellow,  Goblet  of  Life. 
I  come  to  visit  the  afflicted  spirits 
Here  in  the  prison.        Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  ii.  3. 
Myself  distress'd,  an  e.xHe,  and  unknown, 
Debarr'd  from  Europe,  and  from  Asia  thrown, 
In  Libyan  deserts  wander  thus  alone. 

Dryden,  MneiA,  i.  631. 
For  my  own  part  I  should  be  very  much  troubled  were  I 
endowed  with  this  divining  quality. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  7. 
Nature,  oppress'd  and  harass'd  out  with  care. 
Sinks  down  to  rest.  Addison,  Cato,  v.  1. 

The  sight  of  any  of  the  house  of  York 
Is  as  a  fury  to  torment  my  soul. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  3. 
afflictt  (a-flikf),  p-  a.    [In  earlier  form  aflight, 
q.  V. ;  <  L.  afflictus,  adflictus,  pp. :  see  the  verb.] 
Afflicted;  distressed. 

afflictt,  «.    [<  afflict,  V.I    CoiLflict;  struggle. 

The  life  of  man  upon  earth  is  nothing  else  than  a  "war- 
fare" and  continual  afflict  with  her  ghostly  enemies. 

Becon,  Fasting  (ed.  1844),  p.  542.    (N.  E.  D.) 

afflictedness  (a-flik'ted-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  aftiicted;  affliction. 

Thou  art  deceived  if  thou  thinkest  that  God  delights  in 
the  afflictedness  of  his  creatures. 

Bp.  Hall,  Balm  of  Gilead,  ii.  §  6. 

afflicter  (a-flik'ter),  n.    One  who  afflicts  or 

causes  pain  of  body  or  of  mind, 
afflictingly  (a-flik'ting-li),  adv. 

manner. 

affliction  (a-flik'shon),  M.  [<  ME.  affliccioun, 
-tyon,  <  OF.  afliction,  <  L.  afflictio(n-),  adflic- 
tio{n-),  <  affligere,  adfligere :  see  afflict.  ]  1 .  The 
state  of  being  afflicted;  a  state  of  pain,  dis- 
tress, or  grief. 
To  visit  the  fatherless  and  widows  in  their  affliction. 

Jas.  i.  27. 

He  kindly  tooke  us  all  by  the  hand,  and  made  signes 
that  he  should  see  us  no  more,  which  made  us  take  our 
leave  of  him  with  extreame  reluctancy  and  affliction  for 
the  accident.  Evelyn,  Diary,  March  23,  1646. 

2.  A  cause  of  continued  pain  of  body  or  mind, 
as  sickness,  loss,  calamity,  adversity,  persecu- 
tion, etc. 

Many  are  the  afflictions  of  the  righteous.   Ps.  xxxiv.  19. 


afflictivus,  <  L.  afflictus,  pp.  of  affligere:  see 
afflict,  «.'.]  Characterized  by  or  causing  mental 
or  physical  pain  ;  painful ;  distressing ;  of  the 
nature  of  an  affliction:  as,  an  afflictive  dis- 
pensation of  Pro\'idenee. 

We  consider  with  the  most  afflictive  anguish  the  pain 
which  we  have  given  and  now  cannot  alleviate. 

Johnson,  Rambler,  No.  54. 
Many  that  want  food  and  clothing  have  cheerier  lives 
and  brighter  prospects  than  she  had  ;  many,  harassed  by 
poverty,  are  in  a  strait  less  afflictive. 

Charlotte  Bronti',  Shirley,  xiii. 
=  Syn.  Afflicting,  grievous,  calamitous,  disastrous,  oppres- 
sive, severe,  unhappy,  trying.  „ 
afflictively  (a-flik'tiv-li),  adv.    In  an  afflictive  afford "(a-f^rd'') 


afforestment 

force,  compel ;  <  L.  ad,  to,  or  ex,  out,  4-  ML. 
/orto/re,  strengthen:  see /cyrct'i.]  1.  To  force; 
compel;  violate.— 2.  To  strengthen  or  rein- 
force by  the  addition  of  other  or  of  specially 
skilled  members,  as  juries  and  deliberative 
bodies. 

The  remedy  for  insufficient  "governance"  was  sought 
...  in  admitting  the  houses  of  Parliament  to  a  greater 
share  of  influence  in  executive  matters,  in  the  aj/orcing  or 
amending  of  the  council,  and  in  the  passing  of  reforming 
statutes.  Stubbs,  Const.  Uist.,  §  095. 

3.  Reflexively,  to  exert  one's  self ;  endeavor ; 
attempt. 

afforcementt  (a-fors'ment),  n.  [<  OP.  afforce- 
ment,  iafflorccr,  f//o/-cer, "strengthen:  see  afforce 
and  -ment.l  1.  A  reinforcement ;  a  strengthen- 
ing, especially  of  a  jury  or  deliberative  body. 
See  extract. 

As  it  became  difficult  to  find  juries  personally  informed 
as  to  the  points  at  issue,  the  jurors  .  .  .  summoned  were 
allowed  first  to  add  to  their  number  persons  who  possessed 
the  recjuisite  knowledge,  under  the  title  of  afforceinent. 
After  this  proceeding  had  been  some  time  in  use,  the  af- 
forcing  jurors  were  separated  from  the  uninformed  jurors, 
and  relieved  them  altogether  from  their  character  of  wit- 
nesses. Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  164. 

2.  A  fortress  ;  a  fortification.  Bailey. 


manner ;  in  a  manner  that  is  painful  and  trying, 
affluence  (af'lo-ens),  «.  [=F.  affluence,  <  L. 
affluentia,  adflnentia,  abimdance,  <  affluen{t-)s, 
adfluen{t-)s,  ppr.,  abundant :  see  affluent.'^  1 .  A 
flowing  to;  a  concourse  j  afflux. 
There  had  been  great  affluence  of  company. 

Carlyle,  Frederick  the  Great,  III.  viiL  37. 

2.  Figuratively,  an  abundant  supply,  as  of 
thoughts,  words,  etc. ;  a  profusion,  as  of  riches; 
hence,  abundance  of  material  goods ;  wealth. 

Few  scholars  have  manifested  so  much  independence 
and  affluence  of  thought,  in  connection  with  so  rich  and 
varied  an  amoimt  of  knowledge. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Kev.,  I.  17. 
Many  old  and  honourable  families  disappeared,  .  .  . 
and  many  new  men  rose  rapidly  to  afflueme. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 
=  Syn.  2.  Wealth,  Riches,  etc.  (see  opulence);  exuberance, 
profusion,  overflow ;  fortune,  prosperity,  ample  means. 
See  list  under  abundance. 
affluency  (af '16-en-si),  n.  An  abundant  flow  or 
supply;  affluence.  [Rare.] 

There  may  be  certain  channels  running  from  the  head 
to  this  little  instrument  of  loquacity  [a  woman's  tongue], 
and  conveying  into  it  a  perpetual  affluency  of  animal 
spirits.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  247. 

In  an  afflicting  affluent  (af'16-ent),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  affluent, 
<  OF.  affluent,  mod.  F.  affluent,  <  L.  afluen{t-)s, 
adfluen{t-)s,  abundant,  rich,  ppr.  of  affluere, 
adfluere,  flow  to,  aboimd  in,  <  ad,  to,  -I-  flucre, 
flow:  see  fluent.]  I.  a.  If.  Flowing  to:  as, 
''affluent  blood,"  Harvey,  Consumption. —  2. 
Abundant;  copious;  abotmding  in  anything, 
as  attributes,  attainments,  or  possessions; 
hence,  specifically,  abounding  in  means  ;  rich: 
as,  a  man  of  affluent  intellect ;  an  affluent  man 
or  community;  rt_^Me»<  circumstances. 

His  imagination  is  most  affluent  when  it  is  pervaded  by 
a  calm,  yet  intense  and  lofty  spirit  of  meditation. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  249. 

II.  w.  A  tributary  stream ;  a  stream  or  river 
flowing  into  another,  or  into  a  lake,  bay,  etc. 
He  cast  anchor  in  a  very  gi-eat  bay,  with  many  affluents. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  108. 
As  the  Thames  rolls  along,  it  receives  a  number  of  these 
feeders,  or  affluents,  which  empty  themselves  into  the 
^i^'^r-  Huxley,  Physiog.,  p.  4, 

affluently  (af'lo-ent-li),  adv.    In  an 
manner  ;  in  abundance  ;  abimdantly. 

5s),  n.  The  state  of 
being  affluent ;  great  plenty, 
afflux  (af 'luks),  n.  [=  F.  afflux,  <  L.  as  if  *af- 
fluxus,  n.  {at.  flux,  <  fluxus,  n.),  <  affluere,  pp. 
affluxus,  flow  to  :  see  affluent.']  The  act  of  flow- 
ing to  ;  a  flow  or  flowing  to ;  an  accession :  as, 
an  afflux  of  blood  to  the  head. 

Not  unfrequently  it  happens  that  to  a  spot  where  two 
or  more  filaments  have  met,  there  is  an  afflux  of  the  pro- 
toplasmic substance.        W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  395. 

affluxion  (a-fluk'shon),  n.    [<  L.  as  if  *afflux- 
io{n-)  (ef.  fluxion), "<  affluere,  flow  to:  see  af- 
fluent.]   A  flowing  to  or  toward;  an  afflux  or 
accession.  Sir  T.  Browne. 
affodillt  (ar  o-dil),  ?(.  Obsolete  form  of  daffodil. 


V.  t.  [Spelled  aff-  as  if  of  L. 
origin,  but  prop,  with  one  early  mod.  E.  af- 
ford, affoard,  aff'oord,  afoord,  <  ME.  aforthen, 
iforthen,  ivortlien,  earlier  iforthien,  gefortliian, 
<  AS.  geforthian,  further,  advance,  promote, 
accomplish,  perform,  <  ge-  -\-  forthian,  further, 
advance,  promote,  perform,  <  fortlt,  forth,  for- 
ward :  see  a-6,  ge-,  and  forth ;  ef.  further,  v.] 


=Syil.  1.  Affliction,  Grief,  Sorrow,  Sadness,  Distress,  Mis- 
ery, Wretchedness,  pain.  Affliction  is  acute,  continued 
suffering  caused  by  loss  or  its  consequences.  That  is  an 
afflu-tion  which  is  a  severe  deprivation  or  loss,  as  of  health, 
hmbs,  faculties,  friends,  or  the  property  necessary  to  one's 
support ;  not  temporary  ailments,  nor  losses  easily  borne 
or  repaired.    Grief  is  mental  suffering  too  violent  to  be 

long  continued,  and  therefore  subsiding  into  sorroic  or  afflueutneSS  (af '16-ent-nes) 
«o«/iess;  It  IS  always  in  view  of  something  recently  past.        •        ~.       >  •■.    -  " 

Affliction  is  a  personal  matter ;  grief  may  be  over  another's 
woe.  Sorrow,  though  more  quiet,  may  be  long  continued 
or  permanent  (as,  a  lifelong  sorrow),  and  may  be  in  view 
of  the  past,  present,  or  future ;  it  may  be  active  peni- 
tence for  wrong-doing,  as  sorrow  for  sin,  or  it  may  be 
wholly  sympathetic.  Sadness  is  a  feeling  of  dejection  or 
mabihty  to  be  cheerful,  the  cause  being  not  ah^-ays  a 
matter  of  consciousness ;  it  is  primarily  personal,  and  is 
of  various  degrees  of  depth  and  permanence.  Distress  is 
extreme  adversity,  and,  subjectively,  the  corresponding 
state  of  mmd ;  it  is  the  agitation  appropriate  to  circum- 
stances well-nigh  desperate.  It  may  be  wholly  sympa- 
thetic, as  the  distress  caused  by  calamity  to  another,  and 
It  may  unply  a  struggle.  The  first  five  words  may  be 
freely  used  for  either  cause  or  effect ;  misery  and  wretched- 
ness denote  generally  only  the  effect,  that  is,  the  state  of 
leeling.   Muery  is  great  and  unremitting  pain  of  body  or 


mi»cl,  uiihappmess  that  crushes  the  spirit.  Wretchedness  afforage  (af 'or-aj),  n.  [<  OF.  aff'oraae,  aWeurane, 
S:yrd^t"v:^tSnt^''tr?iL^  <«.^'«-'-'  assess,  val4; 

The  furnace  of  affliction  refines  us  from  earthly  drossi- 
ness,  and  softens  us  for  the  impression  of  God's  own 
'*^°»P-  Boyle. 

Indeed  the  violence  and  impression  of  an  excessive 
gruf  must  of  necessity  astonish  the  soul,  and  whoUy  de- 
pnve  her  of  her  ordinary  functions. 

Cotton,  tr.  of  Montaigne  (3d  ed.),  ii. 


If.  To  promote:  further;  forward;  carry  out; 
accomplish ;  achieve ;  manage. 

And  here  and  there  as  that  my  litille  wit 
Aforthe  may,  eek  think  I  translate  hit. 

Occleve.  (Halliwell.) 

2.  To  give,  yield,  produce,  or  confer  upon; 
yield,  fm-nish,  supply,  as  an  effect  or  a  result, 
as  of  growth,  effort,  or  operation  :  as,  the  earth 
affords  grain  ;  trade  aff'ord.s  profit ;  religion  af- 
fords consolation  to  the  afflicted ;  the  transac- 
tion afforded  him  a  good  profit ;  to  afford  one  an 
agreeable  sensation. 

What  could  be  less  than  to  afford  him  praise? 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  46. 
Standing  out  in  strong  relief  from  the  contrast  afforded 
by  the  sable  background  was  a  waxen  image. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  145. 
The  delight  which  a  work  of  art  affords  seems  to  arise 
from  our  recognizing  in  it  the  mind  that  formed  Nature, 
again  in  active  operation.  Emerson,  Art. 

3.  To  manage,  be  able,  or  have  the  means  (with 
an  infinitive  clause) ;  be  able  to  give  or  bear, 
spare,  or  meet  the  expense  of  (with  an  object- 
noim) :  always,  from  the  implication  of  ability, 
^nth.  may  or  can  :  as,  we  can  afford  to  sell 
cheap;  he  might  afford  to  gratify  "us;  you  can 
well  afford  the  expense. 

Only  this  commendation  I  can  afford  her. 

Shah.,  Much  Ado,  i.  1. 
Thou  Shalt  lie  close  hid  with  nature,  and  canst  not  be 
afforded  to  the  Capitol  or  the  Exchange. 

Emerson,  The  Poet. 
A  man  is  rich  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  things 
wliich  he  can  afford  to  let  alone.   Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  89. 

=  SjTl.  2.  To  supply,  furnish,  bestow,  communicate,  give, 
impart. 

affordable  (a-for'da-bl),  a.  [<  afford  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  afforded,  spared,  yielded,  or 
borne. 

affluent  affordmentt  (a-ford'ment),  n.     [<  afford  + 
-77ient.]    A  donation  ;  a  grant.  [Rare.] 
Your  forward  helps  and  affordments. 

H.  Lord,  Ded.  of  Sect  of  the  Banians,  1630. 

afforest  (a-for'est),  V.  t.  [<  ML.  afore.stare, 
convert  into  a  forest,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  ML.  foresta, 
a  forest :  see  forest.]  To  convert,  as  bare  or 
cultivated  land,  into  forest,  as  was  done  by 
the  first  Norman  kings  in  England,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  pro-vdding  themselves  with  hunting- 
grounds. 

afforestation  (a-for-es-ta'shon),  «.  [<  ML.  af- 
forestatio(n-),  <  aff'orestare  :  see  afforest.]  The 
act  of  turning  ground  into  forest  or  woodland, 
or  subjecting  it  to  forest  law ;  the  temtory  af- 
forested. 

Richard  I.  and  Henry  II.  .  .  .  had  made  new  afforesta- 
tions,  and  much  extended  the  rigour  of  the  forest  laws. 

Sir  M.  Hale,  Hist.  Com.  Law  of  Eng. 


affeer:  see  affeer.]    Formerly,  in  France,  a  afforestment  (a-for'est-ment),  n.    [<  afforest 


duty  paid  to  the  lord  of  a  district  for  permis- 
sion to  sell  wine  or  liquors  within  his  seigniory, 
afforcet  (a-fors'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  aforcen,  afor- 
sen,  <  OF.  aforcer,  <  ML.  *afflortiare,  afforci'are, 
strengthen,  fortify  (ef.  afforcement) ;  mixed 
with  OF.  efforcer,  esforcer,  <  ML.  exfortiare, 


+  -nient.]  The  act  of  converting,  as  arable 
land,  into  a  forest ;  aft'orestation. 

Land  once  afforested  became  subject  to  a  peculiar  sys- 
tem of  laws,  which,  as  well  as  the  formalities  required  to 
constitute  a  valid  afforestment,  have  been  carefully  ascer- 
tained by  the  Anglo-Norman  lawyers. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  Ii  409. 


afform 

afformt  (a-form'),  r.  t.    [<  OF.  aformer,  <  a-  (L. 

(t(l,  to)  +  former,  form.]    To  form;  model; 

cause  to  couform. 
afformative  (a-for'ma-tiv),  «.    [<  af-  (L.  ad, 

to)  +  formutire.'i  In  };7<(7o/.,  an  affix ;  a  forma- 
tive addition  to  a  word  or  stem, 
affranchise  (a-fran'chiz  or  -ehiz),  v.  t. ;  pret. 
and  pp.  affranchised,  ppr.  affrancliising.  [<  late 
ME.  aff'runchyse,  afranchise,  <  OF.  afraii chins-, 
F.  aff'raiichiss-,  stem  of  certain  parts  of  OF. 
afrancliir,  F.  aff'ranchir,  make  free,  <  a  (L.  ad), 
to,  +  franc,  tree  :  see  frank  and  franchise.']  To 
make  free ;  enfranchise. 

affranchisement  (a-fran'ehiz-ment),  «.  [<  F. 
affranchisscmen  t.]  The  act  of  setting  free,  or  of 
liberating  from  a  state  of  dependence,  servi- 
tude, or  obligation ;  enfranchisement. 

It  is  deliverance  from  .ill  evil,  it  is  supreme  affranchise- 
ment. J.  F.  Clarke,  ten  Great  Religions,  iv.  7. 

affrapt  (a-frap'),  i'.  t.  and  i.  [=  It.  aff'rappare,  < 
af-  (L.  ad,  to)  4-  frappare  =  F.  frappcr,  strike, 
of  uncertain  origin :  seefrap.]  To  strike;  come 
to  blows. 

They  bene  ymett,  both  ready  to  affrap. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  26. 

affray  (a-frii'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  a  frayen,  afrayen, 
affruicn,  (fraien  (pp.  aff'rayed,  afrayed,  aff'raied, 
afraied,  >  E.  afraid,  q.  v.),  terrify,  frighten,  < 
OF.  afrayer,  affrayer,  aff'raier,  usually  with 
initial  e,  effrayer  (  >  mod.  F.  effrayer),  effraer, 
effreer,  eff'roier,  cff'crer,  esfrayer,  csfraier,  esfrcer, 
esfroier,  ezf'roier,  etc.,  earlier  esfreder  =  Pr.  es- 
fredar,  ten-ify,  frighten,  disturb,  disquiet  (the 
OF.  forms  in  aff-,  and  the  prevailing  sense  of 
'terrify'  rather  than  'disturb,'  may  be  due  to 
the  influence  of  affrc,  afrc,  terror,  fright,  afre, 
afrou,  hoiTible,  frightful,  >  F.  affreu.r,  horrible, 
frightful),  prob.  <  ML.  *exfridare,  disturb,  dis- 
quiet, <  L.  ex,  out  of,  +  ML.  fridus,  fridum, 
<  OHG.  fridit,  frido  (MHG.  vr'ide,  G.  friede), 
peace,  =  AS.  fritku,  peace  :  see  frith'i^.  To  af- 
fray, then,  is  to  'break  the  peace.']  Tofrighten; 
terrify ;  give  a  shock  to ;  arouse ;  disturb. 

Smale  foules  a  grete  hepe 
That  had  afrayed  me  out  of  my  slepe. 

Chaucer,  Deatli  of  Blanche,  1.  296. 
The  kettle-drum  and  far-heard  clarionet 
Affray  his  ears.         Keats,  Eve  of  .St.  Agnes,  x.vix. 

affray  (a-fra'),  n.  [<ME.  affray,  afray,  terror, 
distm'bance,  brawl,  <  OF.  affray,  affrai,  usually, 
with  initial  e,  effrei,  cffroi,  effroy,  csfrai,  esfrei, 
esfroi  (F.  cffroi)  =  Pr.  esfrei ;  from  the  verb: 
see  affray,  v. ;  see  also  fray^,  a  short  form  of 
affray.]    If.  Fear;  terror. 

Some  maner  afray.    Chaucer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1. 1039. 
Full  of  ghastly  fright,  and  cold  affray. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  iii.  12. 

2t.  Disturbance  involving  terror, 

Atte  laste  he  made  a  foul  affray. 

Chaucer,  Monk's  Tale,  1.  93. 

3.  A  public  fight;  a  noisy  quarrel;  a  brawl;  a 

tumult ;  disturbance.  Specifically,  in  law,  the  fight- 
ing of  two  or  more  persons  in  a  public  place  to  the  terror  of 
others.  It  usually  implies  a  casual  meeting,  not  by  previous 
agreement  to  fight.  [A  private  quarrel  is  not  in  a  legal 
sense  an  affray  .]  =  Syn.  3.  Broil,  Scuffle,  etc.  See  quarrel,n. 

affrayer  (a-fra 'er),  n.    One  who  raises  or  is 
engaged  in  affrays  or  riots  ;  a  disturber  of  the 
peace.  [Rare.] 
Felons,  night-walkers,  affrayers. 

M.  Dalton,  Country  Justice  (1620). 

affraymentt (a-fra'ment), «.  [<  OF.  aff'raiement, 
affraiment  {yWh.  affraimentum),  <  affraier:  see 
affray,  v.]    Same  as  affray. 

affreight  (a-fraf),  v.  t. '  [<  F.  affreter,  <  «-  +fre- 
ter,  freight,  charter :  see  freigh  t.]  To  hire,  as  a 
ship,  for  the  transportation  of  goods  or  freight. 
(Jraig.  [Rare.] 

affreighter  (a-fra'ter),  n.  The  person  who 
hires  or  charters  a  ship  or  other  vessel  to  con- 
vey goods.  Craig. 

affreightment  (a-frat'ment),  n.  [<  affreight  + 
-ment,  alter  F.  a ffretement.]  1.  The  act  of  hir- 
ing a  ship  for  the  transportation  of  goods. — 2. 
The  freight  carried  by  a  ship, 
affrendedt,  «•  See  affriended. 
affrett  (a-fref),  n.  [<  It.  affrettare,  hasten, 
hurry  (cf.  affretto,  hurried,  affrettaviento,  haste, 
precipitation,  fretfa,  haste,  hurry),  <  frettare, 
sweep,  prop,  rub,  <  LL.  *frictarc,  <  L.  frictus, 
pp.  of  fricare,  rub :  see  fret^,  v.]  A  furious 
onset  or  attack. 

With  the  terrour  of  their  fierce  affret 
They  rudely  drove  to  ground  both  man  and  horse. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  ix.  16. 

affrictiont  (a-frik'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *aff'ric- 
tio(n-);  cf.  affricatio'(n-),  <.  affricare,  rub  on  or 
against,  <  ad,  to,  +  fricare,  rub,  >  E.  friction.] 
The  act  of  rubbing ;  friction.  Boyle. 


102 

affriendedt,  affrendedt  (a-fren'ded),  a.  [<  af- 
(L.  ad)  +  friend,  formerly  spelled/re«d.]  Made 
friends;  reconciled. 

She  saw  that  cruell  war  so  ended, 
And  deadly  foes  so  faithfully  affrended. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  iii.  50. 

affright  (a-frif),  V.  t.  [Spelled  aff-,  as  if  of  L. 
origin,  but  prop,  with  one  /;  <  ME.  afrighten, 
afrigtcn  (pp.  af  right,  afrigt),  <  AS.  dfy'rhtan, 
terrify,  <  (7-  +  fyrhtan,  terrify,  <  forht,  fearful: 
see  «-l  and  frigh  t.  Not  connected  with  afraid 
or  afvard.]  To  impress  with  sudden  "fear; 
frighten  ;  terrify  or  alarm.  [Archaic] 

Thrice  did  her  tremliling  feet  for  Hight  prepare, 
And  thrice  affriyhtnl  did  her  tlinlit  forbear. 

Dryden,  Ovid's  Art  of  Love,  1.  620. 
Hot  to  affright  your  tender  soul  with  horror, 
We  may  descend  to  tales  of  peace  and  love. 

Ford,  Lady's  Trial,  ii.  1. 
=S3T1.  To  scare,  alarm,  dismay,  appal,  daunt,  intimidate, 
startle,  shock,  overawe. 

affrightf.  Past  participle  of  ff_^ri.(77(i.  Chaucer. 
affright  (a-frif),  n.    1.  Sudden  or  great  fear; 
terror;  fright. 

We  have  heard  of  these  midnight  scenes  of  desolation, 
.  .  .  the  ominous  din  of  the  alarm-bell,  striking  with  af- 
fright on  the  broken  visions  of  the  sleepers. 

Everett,  Orations,  I.  116. 

2t.  The  cause  of  terror ;  a  frightful  object. 
The  gods  upbraid  our  suft'rings  .  .  . 
By  sending  these  affrights.    B.  Jonson,  Catiline. 

affrightedly  (a-f  ri'ted-li),  adv.  In  an  affrighted 
manner ;  with  fright. 

affrighten  (a-fri'tn),  v.  t.  [<  affright  +  -e»l,  af- 
ter/;'(V//(^f«.]    To  terrify;  frighten. 

affrighter  (a-fri'ter),  11.    One  who  frightens. 

affrightful "(a-frit'fvd),  a.  [<  affright,  v.,  + 
-fuL]  Terrifying;  terrible ;  frightful:  as,  "af- 
frightful accidents,"  Bp.  Hall,  Sermons,  xxxiii. 

affrightment  (a-frit'ment),  n.  [<  affright  + 
-inent.]    If.  The  act  of  frightening. 

Since  your  affrightment  could  not  make  her  open  [her 
pursej  unto  you,  you  thought  to  make  her  innocency 
smart  for  it.  M.  Brome,  Northern  Lass. 

2.  The  state  of  being  frightened ;  fright. 

With  as  much  affrightment  as  if  an  enemy  were  near. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Sermons,  II.  iii. 
With  much  terror  and  affrightment  they  turned  the  ship 
about,  expecting  every  moment  to  be  dashed  in  pieces 
against  the  rocks. 

E.  Johnson,  Wonderworking  Providence  (1654). 

affront  (a-fnmt'))  V.  t.  [<  ME.  afronten,  afroun- 
tcn,  <  OF.  afronter,  afrunter,  later  and  mod.  F. 
affronter  =  Pr.  Sp.  afrontar  —  Pg.  affrontar  — 
It.  affrontare,  confront,  oppose  face  to  face,  at- 
tack, <  ML.  aff'rontare,  adfronlare,  border  on,  as 
land,  confront,  attack,  <  L.  ad  frontem,  to  the 
face,  in  front:  ad,  to;  frontem,  acc.  of  frons, 
forehead, front ;  ct.'L.d f route,  before, in  front: 
rt  for  ah,  from;  fronte,  abl.  oi  frons,  forehead, 
front.  Cf.  afront,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.]  1.  To 
meet  or  encounter  face  to  face  ;  .confront ; 
front ;  face. 

That  he,  as 't  were  by  accident,  may  here 

Affront  Ophelia.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 

Earnestly  for  her  he  raised 
His  voice  in  council,  and  affronted  death 
In  battle-fleld.  Bryant,  Knight's  Epitaph. 

2.  To  offend  by  an  open  manifestation  of  dis- 
respect ;  put  a  slight  upon  ;  offend  by  effront- 
ery or  insolence :  as,  to  affront  one  by  doubt- 
ing his  word ;  an  affronting  speech. 

Only  our  foe. 

Tempting,  affronts  us  with  his  foul  esteem 
Of  our  integrity.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  328. 

Let  me  tell  you,  Mr.  Dangle,  'tis  damn'd  affronting  in 
you  to  suppose  that  I  am  hurt,  when  I  tell  you  I  am  not. 

Sheridan,  The  Critic,  i.  1. 

3.  To  put  out  of  countenance  ;  make  ashamed 
or  confused ;  give  a  shock  to. 

Without  affronting  their  modesty. 

Cave,  Prim.  Christianity,  ii.  33.    (N.  E.  D.) 

affront  (a-frunf),  n.  [=  F.  affront  =  It.  af- 
fronto;  Jrom  the  verb.]  If.  The  act  of  oppos- 
ing face  to  face ;  open  defiance  ;  encounter. 

This  day  thou  shalt  have  ingots  ;  and,  to-morrow,  give 
lords  th'  affront.  B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  ii.  2. 

I  walk'd  about,  admired  of  all,  and  dreaded 
On  hostile  ground,  none  daring  my  affront. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  531. 

2.  A  personally  offensive  act  or  word ;  an  in- 
tentional or  supercilious  slight;  an  open  mani- 
festation of  disrespect  or  contumely ;  an  insult 
to  the  face. 

Oft  have  they  violated 
The  temple,  oft  the  law,  with  foul  affronts. 

Milton,  P.  R.,  iii.  161. 
Men  of  my  condition  may  be  as  incapable  of  affronts,  as 
hopeless  of  their  reparations. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  Pref. 
An  affront  to  our  understanding. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  512. 


affy 

3t.  Shame ;  disgrace  ;  anything  producing  a 
feeling  of  shame  or  disgrace. 

Antonius  .  .  .  was  defeated,  upon  the  sense  of  which 
affront  he  died  of  grief.  Arbuthnot,  Anc.  Coins. 

=  Syn.  2.  Affront,  Insult,  Indignity,  Outrage,  provoca- 
tion, impertinence,  offense,  rudeness.  These  words  ex- 
press disrespect  shown  in  a  way  that  is,  or  is  meant  to  be, 
galling.  An  affront  is  generally  open  and  to  the  face.  Aii 
insult  is  sti'onger,  perhaps  accompanied  by  more  insolence 
of  manner ;  it  is  a  deeper  disgrace  and  a  greater  injury  to 
tlie  feelings  of  its  object.  An  indignity  is,  specitically, 
treatment  that  is  unworthy  — an  affront,  insult,  injury,  of 
outrage  from  which  one's  condition  or  character  should 
have  saved  one :  as,  Zenobia  was  subjected  to  the  indig- 
nity of  being  led  in  chains  at  Aurelian's  ti  iumph.  An 
outrage,  primarily  uivolving  the  idea  of  violence  to  the 
person,  is  a  wanton  transgression  of  law  or  propriety  in 
any  way,  the  perpetration  of  that  which  is  shamefully 
contrary  to  the  dictates  of  humanity  or  even  decency; 
toward  a  person  it  is  a  combination  of  insult  with  indig- 
nity ;  hence  it  often  stands  for  extreme  abusiveness  of 
language.  It  has  freedom  of  use  sufficient  to  make  proper 
such  expressions  iis,  an  outrage  to  his  feelings,  an  outrage 
to  all  decency. 

To  call  God  to  witness  truth,  or  a  lie  perhaps;  or  to 
appeal  to  him  on  every  trivial  occasion,  in  common  dis- 
course, ...  is  one  of  the  highest  indignities  and  affronts 
that  can  be  offered  him.  Ray. 
I  will  avenge  this  insult,  noble  Queen, 
Done  in  your  maiden's  person  to  yourself. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 
The  enmity  and  discord,  which  of  late 
Sprung  from  the  rancorous  otitrage  of  your  duke 
To  mercliants.  Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  i.  1. 

affronts  (a-froh-ta'),  «•     [F.,  pp.  of  affronter: 
see  affront,  v.]    1.  In  art,  facing  each  other; 
front  to  front :  said  of  two  figures.    This  was  a 
frequent  mode  of  representing  animal  and    ^  -.^ 
other  figures  in  Oriental  and  early  Greek  f;5a 
art,  as,  for  example,  in  Assyrian  and  Hittite  w'^^sS'Ia 
sculptures,  the  so-called  lions  of  Mycena;,  and  (i^f 
the  sphinxes  of  the  temple  epistyle  of  Assos. 
2.  Specifically,  in /(er.,  applied  to  an-  u  « 
imals  represented  (a)  front  to  front.    Two  Uons 
or  aspectant :  opposed  to  adorsed ;  ^°n"'P^"'' 
(&)  facing  the  spectator  directly,  as 
the  lion  in  the  royal  crest  of  Scotland,  not  with 
merely  the  head  turned  outward.    See  gardant 
and  cut  under  crest. 

Equivalent  forms  are  affrontee  (feminine) 
and  con  fronte. 

T6tes  affrontees,  or  affronts  heads,  in  decorative  art, 
profile  heads  in  relief  shown  facing  each  other,  as  often  in 
cameos,  etc.,  liut  rarely  on  coins, 
affrontedly  (a-frun'ted-li),  adv.    In  a  manner 
to  affront ;  with  effrontery.  Bacon. 
affrontee  (a-fnm-te'),  n.    [<  affront  +  -eel.] 
One  who  receives  an  affront.    N.  E.  D. 
affronter  (a-frun'ter),  n.    1.  One  who  affronts 
or  insults  another  openly  and  of  set  purpose. — 
2t.  A  deceiver  or  pretender. 

Must  I,  because  you  say  so. 
Believe  that  this  most  miserable  king  is 
A  false  affru)}ifr? 

Massinger,  Believe  as  you  List,  iii.  3. 

affrontingly  (a-frun'ting-li),  adv.  In  an  af- 
fronting manner. 

affrontive  (a-frun'tiv),  a.  [<  affront  +  -ive.] 
Gi'ving  offense ;  tending  to  offend;  abusive. 

How  much  more  affrontive  it  is  to  despise  mercy. 

South,  Sermon  on  the  Restoration. 
Will  not  this  measure  be  regarded  as  affrontive  to  the 
pride  ...  of  portions  of  the  people  of  America? 

jR.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  348. 

affuse  (a-fiiz'),  V.  t.  [<L.  affusus,  pp.  of  affun- 
dere,  adfundere,  pour  upon,  <  ad,  to,  +  fundere, 
pour:  see/Msei.]    To  pom-.  [Rare.] 

I  first  affused  water  upon  the  compressed  beans. 

Boyle,  Works,  IV.  568. 

affusion  (a-fii'zhon),  n.  [<  ML.  affusio(n-),  <  L. 
a ffundere,  Ytom' upon:  see  affuse.]  1.  The  act 
of  pouring  upon ;  the  act  of  pom-ing  water  or 
other  liquid,  as  upon  a  child  in  baptism. 

When  the  Jews  baptized  their  children,  in  order  to  cir- 
cumcision, it  seems  to  have  been  indifferent  whether  it 
was  done  by  immersion  or  affusion. 

Wheatly,  111.  of  Book  of  Cora.  Prayer,  p.  362. 

2.  In  med.,  the  act  of  pouring  water  on  the 
body  as  a  curative  means,  as  from  a  vessel,  by 
a  shower-bath,  etc. 

Wlien  I  travell'd  in  Italy,  and  the  Southern  parts,  I  did 
sometimes  frequent  the  publiq  bathes,  .  .  .  but  seldorac 
without  peril  of  my  life  'till  I  us'd  this  frigid  affusion,  or 
rather  profusion  of  cold  water  before  I  put  on  my  gar- 
ments. Evelyn,  To  Doctor  Beale. 

Some  of  these  [remedies]  are  affusion,  half-baths,  .  .  . 
fomentations,  injections,  wrapping  up  in  the  wet  sheet. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  439. 

affyt  (a-fi'),  v.  [<  ME.  affyen,  affien,  afycn,  <  6F. 
after,  later  and  mod.  F.  affier,  <  ML.  affidare, 
trust,  pledge,  make  oath,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  ML. 
fidare,  trust,  <  L.  fidus,  faithful,  <  fides,  faith : 
see  faith,  fidelity.  Deriv.  affiance  and  affidavit, 
q.  v.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  trust,  confide  (a  thing 
to  a  person) ;  reflexively,  to  confide  one's  self. — 
2.  To  confide  in;  trust. — 3.  To  affii'm  on  one's 


aflfy 

faith ;  make  affidavit. —  4.  To  assure  by  prom- 
ise ;  pledge  ;  betroth ;  affiance. 

Wedded  be  thou  to  tlie  liags  of  hell, 
For  darins  to  affy  a  mighty  lord 
Unto  the  daughter  of  a  worthless  king. 

Shak.,  -2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  1. 

6.  To  engage ;  bind ;  join. 
Personal  respects  rather  seem  to  affy  me  unto  that  synod. 

Bp.  Momitagu,  Appeal  to  Csesar,  p.  69. 

n.  intrans.  To  trust;  confide. 

I  do  affy 
In  thy  uprightness  and  integrity. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  i.  1. 
Afghan  (af 'gan),  n.  and  a.    [A  native  name,  de- 


103 

2.  Figuratively,  moving;  passing  from  place 
to  place ;  in  circulation  :  as,  a  rumor  is  afloat. 

I  should  like  to  know  how  much  gossip  there  is  ajloat 
that  the  minister  does  not  know. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Backlog  Studies,  p.  144. 

3.  Unfixed ;  moving  without  guide  or  control : 
as,  our  affairs  are  all  afloat. — 4.  In  a  state  of 


African 

and  cf. /or»e«s<.]  I.  j)rep.  Over  against;  op- 
posite. 

The  yonder  hous  that  stent  afrmjens  us. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1188. 

II.  adv.  Over  against. 

The  centurien  that  stood  o/orn  a,y.ni>. 

Wyclif,  Mark  xv.  .3!).    (A'.  E.  D.) 


afloat. —  5.  On  board  ship;  at  sea:  as,  cargo 
afloat  and  ashore, 
aflow  (a-flo'),  2irep.  pltr.  as  adi\  or  a.    [<  a3 
+flow.']    In  a  loose,  waving  state ;  flowing:  as, 

_^  ^  ^,   ^   "with  gray  hair  ft^ow,"  7F/a«i«-. 

rived  by  Afghan  chroniclers  from  Afghdna,  a  afoam  (a-fom'),  j^rep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  «3 
mj-thical  grandson  of  Saul,  king  of  Israel.]  I.  +/o«'«.]  In  a  state  of  foam ;  foaming :  as,  the 
«.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Afghanistan,'    water  was  all  afoam. 

a  mountaiuous  country  lying  northwest  oi  &ioo\,  {si-tut'),  prep.  phr.  &s  adv.  ov  a.  [<  ME 
British  India,  south  of  Asiatic  Russia,  and  east    '^^  f'^^'^t  ow  fote,  earlier  with  pi.  a  foten,  <  AS 


overflow;   flooded:    as,  the  main  deck  was  a  fortiori  (a  for-shi-o 'ri).    [L.;  lit.,  from  a 


of  Persia ;  distinctively,  a  member  of  the  prin- 
cipal or  dominant  race  of  Afghanistan,  speak- 
ing the  Afghan  language,  the  other  inhabitants 
generally  speaking  Persian. —  2.  The  language 
of  the  Afghaiis,  called  by  themselves  Pushtu  or 
Pukhtu,  of  Aryan  affinity,  though  formerly  sup- 
posed by  some  to  be  Semitic. — 3.  [/.  c]  Akind 
of  blanket  made  of  knitted  or  crocheted  wool, 
used  as  a  sofa-cover  or  as  a  carriage-robe. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  Afghanistan 
or  its  people, 
afield  (a-feld'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  ME. 
afelde,  ofelde,  o  feld,  <  AS.  on  felda  (dat.),  on 
feld{a,ee.):  on,  E.  a^,  on,  in;  feld,  E.  field.']  1. 
In  or  to  the  field  or  fields:  as,  "we  drove  a^eZrf," 
Milton,  Lycidas,  1.  27;  ".^neasis  afield,"  Shak., 
T.  and  C,  v.  3. 

What  keeps  Gurth  so  long  afield?  Scott,  Ivanhoe. 

2.  Abroad ;  off  the  beaten  path ;  far  and  wide. 
Why  should  he  wander  afield  at  the  age  of  fifty-five? 

Trollo2je. 

Without  travelling  further  afield  for  illustrations,  it  will 
suffice  if  we  note  these  relations  of  causes  and  effects  in 
early  European  times.    H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  375. 
afilet,  V.  f.    See  affile. 

afire  (a-fir'),  prep.  j)hr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  ME.  afire, 
afyre,  afyr,  afere,  afiire,  o  fure  (also  in  fire) : 
a,  0,  E.  a3;  fyre,  E.  fire.]    On  fire. 

The  match  is  left  afire.    Fletcher,  Island  Princess,  ii.  1. 
His  heart  afire 
With  foolisli  hope. 

W.  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  131. 

aflame  (a-flam'),  prep.  jjhr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a^, 
on,  +  flame.]    On  fire;  in  or  into  flame ;  ablaze. 

The  e.vplosions,  once  begun,  were  continued  at  intervals 
till  the  mine  was  all  aflame  and  had  to  be  flooded. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XX.  425. 
Aflame  with  a  glory  beyond  that  of  amber  and  ame- 
thyst. George  Eliot. 

aflat  (a-flaf),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<a3, 
on,  +flatK]   On  a  level  with  the  ground;  flatly. 
Lay  all  his  branches  aflat  upon  the  ground. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  426. 
aflaunt  (a-flanf  or  a-flant'),  prej;.  j)hr.  as  adv. 
ova.    I<a3,  on,  +  flaunt.]    Flaunting  or  flaunt- 
ingly;  with  showy  equipage  or  dress. 

His  hat  all  aflaunt  and  befeathered  with  all  kinds  of 
coloured  plumes. 

Copley,  Wits,  Fits,  and  Fancies  (1614),  p.  29. 
aflightt,  V.  t.    [<  ME.  aflight,  pret.,  after  aflight, 
p.  a. :  see  aflight,  p.  a.,  and  afflict,  v.    The  ME. 
spelling  with  gh  may  be  due  to  the  influence  of 
ME.  af  right,  affrighted,  and  words  of  similar 
spelling;  but  cf.  delight.]    To  teiTify;  alarm. 
Cam  never  yet  .  .  .  to  mannes  sight 
Merveille  which  so  sore  aflight 
A  mannes  herte  as  it  tho  dede  [then  did]. 

Gower,  Conf.  Aniant.,  i.  327. 

aflightt,  p.  a.  [ME.,  <  OF.  aflit,  later  apict,  <  L. 
affltctus,  pp.:  see  a-fiict,  p.  a.]  Afflicted;  dis- 
tressed. 

Her  herte  was  so  sore  aflight 
That  she  ne  wiste  what  to  thinke. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  ii.  309. 
aflightedt,  p.  a.    [<  aflight  +  -ed2.]    Same  as 
aflight. 

Juda: 
afiighted. 


on  fdtum:  on,  E.  a^,  on;  fotum,  dat.  pi.  otfof, 
E.foot.]  1.  On  foot;  walking:  opposed  toon 
horseback,  or  in  a  carriage  or  other  convey- 
ance :  as,  he  was  moimted,  but  I  came  afoot. — 

2.  In  a  condition  to  walk  about,  as  after  sick- 
ness. 

He  distinguished  himself  as  a  sick-nurse,  till  his  poor 
comrade  got  afoot  again.  Carlyle. 

3.  Astir;  stirring;  about. 

When  thy  eager  hand. 
With  game  afoot,  unslipped  the  hungry  pack. 

Whittier,  Southern  Statesman. 

4.  In  progress  ;  in  course  of  being  carried  out : 
as,  there  is  mischief  afoot. 

afore  (a-for'),  adv.,  prep.,  and conj.  [<  ME.  afore, 
aforn,  aforne,  aforen,  <  AS.  on-foran,  before,  < 
on,  on,  +  foran,  at  the  front.  With  ME.  afore 
was  merged  early  ME.  atj^'ore,  <  AS.  wt-foran,  < 
a;t,  at,  +  foran :  see  a-2,  a-7,  and /ore,  and  cf .  he- 
fore.  Afore  is  nearly  obsolete  in  literary  use, 
though  still  common  in  colloq.  and  dial,  speech ; 
cf.  ahinU]  1,  adv.  1.  Before  in  place ;  in  front: 
especially  in  nautical  phraseology. 

Will  you  go  on  afore?  Shak.,  Othello,  v.  1. 

2.  Before  in  time  ;  previously. 

If  he  have  never  drunk  wine  afore,  it  will  go  near  to  re- 
move his  fit.  Shak.,  Tempest,  ii.  2. 

II.  prep.  1.  Before  in  time. 
If  your  diligence  be  not  speedy,  I  shall  be  there  afore 

you.  SAai.,  Lear,  i.  5. 

2.  Before  in  place;  naut.,  further  forward  or 
nearer  the  bows  than :  as,  afore  the  windlass. — 

3.  Before  in  position,  station,  or  rank. 
In  this  Trinity  none  is  afore  or  after  other. 

Athanasian  Creed. 

4.  In  or  into  the  presence  of ;  under  the  re- 
gard or  notice  of. 

Afore  God,  I  speak  simply. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  ii.  3. 
Notwithstanding  all  the  dangers  I  laid  afore  you. 

B.  Jonson,  Epiccene,  iii.  5. 

Afore  the  mast.    See  before. 

III,  conj.  Before  that ;  before ;  rather  than. 

Afore  I'U 

Endure  the  tyranny  of  such  a  tongue 
And  such  a  pride.     B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady. 

aforegoing  (a-for'go'-'ing),  a.    [<  afore  +  going.] 

Going  before ;  foregoing, 
aforehand  (a-for'hand),  jjrep.  phr.  as  adv.  and  afreet  (a-fref),  «.   Same  as  afrit. 


stronger  (sc.  cause) :  a  for  ah,  from ;  fortiori, 
abl.  otfortior,  fortius,  eompar.  ot  for  lis,  strong : 
see/or^.]  For  a  stUl  stronger  reason;  all  the 
more.  A  phrase  used  in,  and  sometimes  employed  as  the 
designation  of,  a  kind  of  argument,  which  concludes 
either  (a)  that  something  does  not  take  place,  because  the 
causes  which  alone  could  bring  it  to  pass  operate  still  more 
strongly  in  another  case  without  producing  that  effect ;  or 
lb)  that  something  does  take  place,  because  causes  much 
weaker  than  those  which  operate  to  bring  it  about  are  ef- 
fective in  another  case.  An  argument  of  the  latter  kind 
is  the  following  :  "  If  God  so  clothe  the  grass  of  the  field, 
which  to-day  is  and  to-morrow  is  cast  into  the  oven,  shall 
he  not  much  more  clothe  you,  O  ye  of  little  faith?"  Mat. 
vi.  30. 

As  he  [Shakspere]  has  avoided  obscurities  in  his  sonnets, 
he  would  do  so  a  fortiori  in  his  plays,  both  for  the  purpose 
of  immediate  effect  on  the  stage  and  of  future  apprecia- 
tion. Loivell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser,,  p.  165. 

afoul  (a-foul'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a3 
+  foul.]  In  a  state  of  collision  or  entangle- 
ment: with  of:  as,  a  ship  with  its  shrouds 

afoul;  the  brig  ran  afoul  of  the  steamer  To 

fall  afoul  of,  to  assail  violently;  attack  vigorously  in 
any  way :  as,  he  fell  afoul  of  him  tooth  and  nail,  or  with 
an  envenomed  pen. 

afraid  (a-frad'),  a.  [<  ME.  afraied,  etc.,  pp.  of 
afraien,  etc.,  >  E.  affray,  frighten:  see  affray, 
V.  Not  connected  with  afeard.]  Impressed 
with  fear  or  apprehension  ;  fearful :  followed 
by  of  before  the  object  of  fear,  where  that  is 
not  an  infinitive :  as,  to  be  afraid  of  death ;  I 
am  afraid  to  go. 
Be  of  good  cheer  :  it  is  I ;  be  not  afraid.  Mat.  xiv.  27. 
WhistMng,  to  keep  myself  from  being  afraid. 

Dryden,  Amphitryon,  iii.  1. 
A  man  who's  not  afraid  to  say  his  say. 
Though  a  whole  town's  against  him. 

Longfellow,  John  Endicott,  ii.  2. 
=  Syn.  Afraid,  Frightened,  Terrified,  timid,  shy,  appre- 
hensive, troubled,  suspicious,  distrustful.  Afraid  ex- 
presses a  less  degree  of  fear  than  frightened  or  terrified, 
which  describe  outward  states.  In  colloquial  language,  I 
am  afraid  is  often  nearly  equivalent  to  I  suspect,  I  am 
inclined  to  think,  or  the  like,  and  is  regularly  used  as  a 
kind  of  polite  introduction  to  a  correction,  objection,  etc., 
or  to  make  a  statement  sound  less  positive :  as,  I  am  afraid 
you  are  wrong ;  I  am  afraid  that  argument  won't  hold. 
And  there  is  ev'n  a  happiness 
That  makes  the  heart  afraid. 

Hood,  Melancholy. 
Antony,  on  the  other  hand,  was  desirous  to  have  him 
there,  fancying  that  he  would  ...  be  frightened  into  a 
compliance.  C.  Middleton,  Life  of  Cicero,  III.  ix. 

Airy  ghosts. 
That  work  no  mischief,  terrify  us  more 
Thau  men  in  steel  with  bloody  purposes. 

T.  B.  Aldrich,  Set  of  Turquoise. 
Afrancesado  (Sp.  pron.  a-fran-tha-sa'do),  n. 
[Sp.,  lit.  Frenchified,  pp.  of  afrancesar,  French- 
ify, <  d  (L.  ad),  to,  -I-  Frances,  <  ML.  Francensis, 
French :  see  French.]  A  member  of  that  party 
in  Spain  which  during  the  war  of  independence 
(1808-14)  supported  the  French  government  of 
the  country. 


«.    [ME.  aforehande,  also  afor  the  hond  ;  <  afore 
+  hand.   Cf.  beforehand.]   I.  adv.  Beforehand  ; 
in  advance ;  in  anticipation. 
She  is  come  aforehand  to  anoint  my  body.  Mark  xiv.  8. 

II.  a.  Beforehand  in  condition;  forehanded: 
as,  he  is  aforehand  vrith  the  world. 
Aforehand  in  all  matters  of  power. 

Bacon,  War  with  Spain, 
aforementioned  (a-for'men'-'shond),  a.  Men- 
tioned before ;  forementioned. 
aforenamed  (a-for'namd),  a.    Named  before, 
aforesaid  (a-f or'sed),  a.   [ME.  aforseyd ;  <  afore 
+  said.]    Said,  recited,  or  mentioned  before, 
or  in  a  preceding  part  of  the  same  writing  or 
discourse:  common  in  legal  use. 


afrescat,  adv.  [Prop,  afresco,  <  It.  afreseo,  a 
fresco:  a,  <  L.  ad,  to  ;  Jresco,  fresh,  fresco:  see 
fresco.]  In  fresco.  Evelyn. 
afresh  (a-fresh'),  iJrep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  a4  (for 
of,  as  inanew)  +  fresh.]  Anew;  again;  after 
intermission. 


Malice 


as!  .  .  .  tooke  a  speciall  pleasure  to  see  them  so  aforethoilffht  (a-for'that^  a 
Sir  T.  More,  Works,  p.  1389.  '''"'reinougm;  (a-ior  tnat),  a 

afloat  (a-flof),  prep,  p7*n  as  ad.,  or  «.    [<ME.    tJ^^^tt^i'^    I,  «.  Thoug 

^:^di;^}^^t!:T&^,    ^S^^^^j;-^^'^^^^  premeditation; 

i>ee  floats,  n.  and  v.]  1.  Borne  on  the  water; 
in  a  floatmg  condition  :  as,  the  ship  is  afloat. 

It  was  not  without  constant  e.xertion  that  we  kept  afloat, 
paimg  out  the  scud  that  broke  over  us,  and  warding  off  the 
ice  with  boat-hooks.         Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  II.  264. 

Seventy  per  cent,  of  aU  the  shipping  afioat  now  use  the 
Greenwich  meridian.  Science,  IV.  377. 


They  crucify  to  themselves  the  Son  of  God  afresh. 

Heb.  vi.  6. 

Not  a  few  of  the  sites  of  the  Roman  cities  were  in  after 
times  occupied  afresh  as  English  towns. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  130. 

Afric  (af'ric),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Africus:  see  fol- 
io-wing.] Same  as  4/'rjca«  .•  as,  "Afric  shore," 
Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  585. 

Then  will  the  Afric  indeed  have  changed  his  skin  and 
the  leopard  his  spots.  A".  A.  Rev.,  CXXIII.  446. 

1  f  ^''^  '^^i.^-^T  African  (af'ri-kan),  a.  and  w.  [<  L.  Africanus, 
rhoughtof  beforehand;  i  Africa,  name  of  the  country,  prop.  fem.  of 
Africus,  a.,  <  Afer,  an  Afiican,  a  word  of  Pheni- 
cian  (Carthaginian)  origin.]  I.  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  Africa:  either  {a)  to  the  continent  of 
that  name,  or  (h)  to  the  region  about  Carthage, 
the  ancient  Roman  province  of  Africa. —  2.  Of 
or  belonging  to  the  black  race  of  Africa ;  char- 
acteristic of  or  peculiar  to  negroes :  as,  African 
features;  -J/'^'caji  cheerfulness  African  almond, 

CUbebS,  goose,  etc.     See  the  nouns. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  of  the  continent,  or  La 
ancient  times  of  the  province,  of  Africa. — 2. 
A  member  of  the  black  .iVfrican  race;  a  negro. 


time.]    In  time  past ;  in  a  former  time. 

For  whatsoever  things  were  written  aforeiime  were  writ- 
ten for  our  learning.  Bom.  xv.  4. 

afornt,  adv.  and  prep.    Obsolete  form  of  afore. 
afornenst,  prep,  and  adv.    [ME.,  also  aforyens, 
avoreye,  aforn  agens,  <  afore,  aforn,  before,  -t- 
ajeKS,etc., against :  see  afore,  aforn.  and  against, 


Africander 

Africander  (af'ri-kan-der),  n.  [<  Africa))  + 
-rf-e/-.]  A  native  of  Cape  Colony  or  the  neigh- 
boring regions  of  Africa  born  of  white  parents ; 
a  descendant  of  European  settlers  in  southern 
Africa. 

The  young  Africander  picks  up  his  language  from  the 
half-caste  Uutcli,  and  the  descendants  of  Malay  slaves  and 
Hottentot  servants. 

R.  N.  Cust,  Mod.  Lang,  of  Africa,  p.  44. 

Africanism  (af'ri-kan-izm),  n.     [<  African  + 
1.  An  African  provincialism;  a  pecu- 
liarity of  Latin  diction  characteristic  of  some 
of  the  African  fathers  of  the  church. 

He  that  cannot  understand  the  sober,  plain,  and  unaf- 
fectec  style  of  the  Scriptures,  will  t>e  ten  times  more  puz- 
zled With  the  knotty  Africanisins,  the  pampered  metaphors, 
the  intricate  and  involved  sentences  of  the  fatliers. 

Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  i. 

2.  A  mode  or  peculiarity  of  speech  of  the  Af- 
rican race  in  America. 

He  dropped  the  West  Indian  softness  that  had  crept  into 
his  pronunciation,  and  the  Af  ricanisms  of  his  black  nurse. 

G.  W.  Cable,  Creoles  of  Louisiana,  p.  260. 

Africanization  (af"ri-kan-i-za'shon),  n.  The 
act  of  making  African  in  character,  or  of  pla- 
cing under  negro  domination. 

Africanize  (af'ri-kan-iz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
Af)-ica)iized,  ppr.  Africanizmg.  [<  African  -\- 
-izeJ]  1.  To  give  an  African  character  to. — 2. 
To  place  imder  negro  domination. 

But  the  whites  have  race  instincts,  and  when  the  Afri- 
canizing and  ruin  of  the  South  becomes  a  clearly  seen 
danger,  they  will  be  a  unit,  the  country  over,  for  the  rem- 
edy. N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXXIX.  429. 

afrit,  afrite  (af-rif,  af-rit'),  n.  [<  Ar.  Hfr-it,  a 
demon.]  In  Arabia))  myth.,  a  powerful  evil  de- 
mon or  monster.    Also  written  afr-eet. 

Be  he  genie  or  afrite,  caliph  or  merchant  of  Bassora, 
into  whose  hands  we  had  fallen,  we  resolved  to  let  the 
adventui'e  take  its  course. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  197. 
We  first  behold  the  feet, 
Then  the  huge,  grasping  hands  ;  at  last  the  frown 
On  what  should  be  the  face  of  this  Afreet. 

R.  H.  Stoddard,  Guests  of  the  State. 

Afrogsean  (af-ro-je'an),  a.  [<  L.  Afrr,  Afri- 
can, +  Gr.  }a;a,  )?/,  earth,  land.]  In  zoiigeog., 
African  or  Ethiopian.  Applied  by  Gill  to  a  prime 
realm  or  zoological  division  of  tlie  earth's  land-surface, 
including  Africa  south  of  the  desert  of  Sahara,  with  Mada- 
gascar, the  Mascarenes,  and  perliaps  the  Arabian  penin- 
sula. 

&  froid  (a  frwo').  [F. :  d,  to,  with,  <  L.  ad,  to; 
froid,  <  L.  fl-igidxs,  cold :  see  frigid.']  In  ceram., 
applied  without  heat ;  not  baked  or  fired.  Said 

of  decoration  applied  to  pottery,  glass,  or  tlie  like,  by  or- 
dinary painting  or  gilding,  and  wliich  therefore  can  be 
scraped  or  washed  away. 

afront  (a-frunf),  phr.  as  adv.  and  prep. 

l<.  a^  +  front.    Of.  affront.']    I.  adv.  Face  to 
face ;  in  front ;  abreast. 
These  four  came  all  a-front  and  mainly  thrust  at  me. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

Il.t  prep.  In  front  of:  as,  afront  the  foe. 
afti  (aft),  a.  and  adv.  [<  ME.  *aft.  *afte,  *aften, 
<  AS.  (cftan,  behind,  in  the  rear,  <Goth.  aftana, 
from  behind,  <  afta,  behind,  back ;  forms  de- 
veloped from  the  comparative,  AS.  after  = 
Goth,  aftra :  see  after,  and  cf.  Icel.  apitr  (pro- 
nounced and  formerly  spelled  aftr),  back,  back- 
ward, aft.]  Na)it.,  in,  near,  or  toward  the  stem 
of  a  ship :  as,  the  aft  part  of  the  ship ;  haid  aft 
the  main-sheet,  that  is,  further  toward  the 

stern — Flat  aft,  hauled  aft  as  far  as  possible :  said  of  a 
fore-and-aft  sail.— Fore  and  aft,  lengthwise  or  through- 
out the  whole  length  of  a  ship.  — Fore-and-aft  Sail.  See 
.fore-and-aft. —  "BA^ht  aft,  in  a  direct  line  with  the  stern. 
aft2,aften(aft,  af'n),  ady.  Oft;  often.  [Scotch.] 
aftaba  (af'ta-ba),  n.  [Pers.  aftaha,  a  ewer.]  A 
vessel  for  water,  like  an  aigui^re  with  handle 
and  long  spout,  made  in 
Persia  and  northern  India, 
commonly  of  metal,  and 
decorated  with  enamels  or 
damascening,  itis  used  with 
a  basin  liaviiig  a  perforated  lid 
for  washing  tlie  hands  before 
and  after  eating.  Sometimes 
writte]!  aflaheh. 

aftcastle  (aft'kas-l),  n.  [< 
aft  +  castle.  Cf.  forecas- 
tle.] Naut.,  an  elevation 
formerly  placed  on  the 
after  part  of  ships  of  war, 
to  aid  in  fighting. 
Aftaba  of  copper  with  after  (after),  adv.,  prep., 
andconj.  [(1)  After,  adv., 
<  ME.  after,  after,  efter, 
etc.,  <  AS.  eefter,  adv.,  after,  afterward,  back, 
=  OS.  aftar,  after  —  OFries.  efter  —  D.  achter 
=  leel.  aptr,  aftr  =  Dan.  Sw.  efter  —  OHG.  af- 
ta/r,  after  =  Goth,  aftra,  after,  again,  backward, 


disks  of  white  and  blue 
amel;  Persian,  i8th  century. 


104 

etc.,  =  Gr.  aTTOTipu,  further  off,  =  OPers.  apa- 
taram,  further;  all  adverbs,  compar.  forms,  < 
af-,  ap-  (=  Goth.  af=  AS.  and  E.  of,  prep.,  q. 
v.),  off,  -I-  compar.  suffix  -ter,  -tar;  hence  af- 
tei-  orig.  meant  '  more  off,  further  off.'  (2)  After, 
prep.,  <  ME.  after,  after,  etc.,  <  AS.  after,  prep., 
after,  behind,  along,  =  OS.  aftar,  after  =  OFries. 
efter  =  D.  achter  ~  Icel.  eptir,  cftir  -  Dan.  Sw. 
efter  =  OHG.  aftar,  after,  prep. ;  all  from  the 
adverb.  (3)  After,  conj.,  is  an  elliptical  use  of 
the  prep.]  I.  adv.  1.  Behind;  in  the  rear:  as, 
to  follow  after. —  2.  Later  in  time  ;  afterward : 
as,  it  was  about  the  space  of  three  hours  after. 
First,  let  her  show  her  face  ;  and,  after,  speak. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1. 

II.  prep.  1 .  Behind  in  place  :  as,  men  placed 
in  a  line  one  after  another. 

Many  of  the  warriors,  roused  by  his  [Hamet's]  words 
and  his  example,  spurred  resolutely  after  his  banner. 

Irving,  Granada,  p.  205. 

2.  Later  in  time  than ;  in  succession  to ;  at  the 
close  of :  as,  after  supper. 

After  life's  fitful  fever  he  sleeps  well. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  2. 
For  life  is  sweet,  but  after  life  is  death. 

Swinburne,  Ballad  of  Burdens. 

3.  In  pursuit  of ;  in  search  of ;  with  or  in  de- 
su-e  for. 

After  whom  is  the  king  of  Israel  come  out  ? 

1  Sam.  xxiv.  14. 

As  the  hart  panteth  after  the  water-brooks,  so  panteth 
my  soul  after  thee,  O  God.  ■         Ps.  xlii.  1. 

That  [habit  of  mind]  which  chooses  success  for  its  aim 
and  covets  after  popularity. 

Gladstone,  Might  of  Right,  p.  20. 

4.  In  imitation  of,  or  in  imitation  of  the  style 
of :  as,  to  make  a  thing  after  a  model ;  after  the 
French ;  after  the  antique ;  after  Raphael. 

He  gave  his  only  son  the  name  of  Orlando,  after  the 
celebrated  hero  of  Roncesvalles. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  1. 

5.  According  to;  in  proportion  to;  in  accor- 
dance with:  as,  "after  their  intrinsic  value," 
Bacon,  War  with  Spain. 

0  Lord,  deal  not  with  us  after  our  sins.  .  .  .  Neither 
reward  us  after  our  iniquities.  Common  Prayer. 

6.  According  to  the  nature  of;  in  agreement 
or  unison  with  ;  in  conformity  to. 

For  if  ye  live  after  the  flesh,  ye  shall  die.  Rom.  viii.  13. 

Mr.  Partridge  has  been  lately  pleased  to  treat  me  after 
a  very  rough  manner.  Swift,  Bickerstaff  Papers. 

The  captive  king  readily  submitted  to  these  stipulations, 
and  swore,  after  the  manner  of  his  faith,  to  observe  them 
with  exactitude.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  144. 

7.  Below  in  rank  or  excellence  ;  next  to  :  as, 
Milton  is  usually  placed  after  Shakspere  among 
English  poets. — 8.  Concerning  :  as,  to  inquire 
after  a  person. 

Thus  much  may  give  us  light  after  what  sort  Bookes 
were  prohibited  among  the  Greeks. 

Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  8. 

1  told  him  you  had  sent  me  to  inquire  after  his  health, 
and  to  know  if  he  was  at  leisure  to  see  you. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  ii.  1. 
9.  Subsequent  to  and  in  consequence  of :  as, 
after  what  has  happened  I  can  n,ever  return. — 
To  look  or  see  after,  to  attend  to  ;  take  care  of :  as,  lie 
hired  a  boy  to  look  after  the  furnace. 

III.  conj.  Subsequent  to  the  time  that. 
After  I  am  risen  again,  I  will  go  before  you  into  Galilee. 

Mat.  .xxvi.  32. 

=  Syn.  Behind,  After.    See  behind. 

after  (after),  a.  [<  ME.  after,  cefter,  etc.,  adj., 
merged  with  after,  adv.,  in  loose  comp.  like  af- 
ter-past, etc. ;  <  AS.  aftera,  fern,  and  neut.  af- 
tere,  adj.,  <  after,  adv.  and  prep.]  1.  Later  in 
time  ;  subsequent ;  succeeding :  as,  an  after 

period  of  life.  [After  in  composition  may  be  either 
the  adjective  in  loose  combination,  where  the  hyplien  is 
optional :  as,  an  after  period,  after-ages ;  or  the  adverb, 
qualifying  a  verbal  form,  or  depending  logically  on  a  verb 
implied  :  as,  after-past,  the  aftercome,  aftergrowth.  The 
loose  combinations  are  very  numerous ;  only  a  few  are 
here  given.] 

So  smile  the  Heavens  upon  this  holy  act 
That  a/(e)'-hour3  with  sorrow  chide  us  not ! 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  6. 
To  after-age  thou  shalt  be  writ  the  man. 
That  with  smooth  air  couldst  humour  best  our  tongue. 

Milton,  Sonnets,  viii. 
Wlieresoever  I  am  sung  or  told 
In  a/(e>--time,  this  also  shall  lie  known. 

Tennyson,  Morte  d'Arthur. 

2.  Naut. :  (a)  Further  aft,  or  toward  the  stern 
of  the  ship :  as,  the  after-sails, ;  the  «/fer-hatch- 
way.  (6)  Pertaining  to  the  after-body  of  a 
ship:  as,  a/ter-timbers._After-cabin, after-peak, 
after-sail,  after-yard.  See  the  respective  nouns, 
afterbirth  (after-berth),  M.  1.  That  which  is 
expelled  from  the  uterus  after  the  birth  of  a 
child.  It  includes  the  placenta,  part  of  the 
umbilical  cord,  and  the  membranes  of  the 
ovum.    Also  called  secundines. — 2.  Aposthu- 


afterings 

mous  birth ;  a  birth  ocem-ring  after  the  father's 
last  will,  or  after  his  death  :  used  as  a  transla- 
tion of  agnatio  in  Roman  law. 
after-body  (af  ter-bod"i),  n. ;  pi.  after-hodies 
(-iz).  That  part  of  a  ship's  hull  which  is  abaft 
the  midships  or  dead-flat. 

afterbrain  (after-bran),  n.  That  part  of  the 
brain  which  lies  behind  the  hind  brain ;  the  last 
encephalic  segment,  following  the  hind  brain ; 
the  medulla  oblongata  as  far  as  the  pons  Varo- 
lii :  called  metcnccphalon  by  Wilder  and  Gage, 
and  myelencephalon  by  Huxley  and  others.  See 
these  words. 

after burthent  (af 'ter-ber'THn),  n.  The  af- 
terbirth.   Also  written  afterhwden . 

afterclap  (af  ter-klap),  n.  [<  ME.  afterclap, 
afterclappe,  <  after  +  clappe  :  see  cto^^i.]  An 
unexpected  subsequent  event ;  something  hap- 
pening after  an  affair  is  supposed  to  be  at  an 
end. 

Those  dreadful  afterclaps.       South,  Sermons,  VI.  227. 
To  spare  a  little  for  an  afterclap 
Were  not  improvidence. 

Massinger,  The  Renegade,  i.  3. 
aftercome  (af  ter-kum),  «.  What  comes  after; 
consequence.  [Scotch.] 

Ajid  how  are  you  to  stand  the  after-come  ? 

Hogg,  Brownie  o'  Bodsbeck,  ii.  9. 

aftercrop  (after-krop),  n.  A  second  crop  in 
the  same  year. 

after-damp  (after-damp),  n.    The  irrespirable 
gas  left  in  a  coal-mine  after  an  explosion  of 
fire-damp  (which  see).    It  consists  chiefly  of 
carbonic-acid  gas  and  nitrogen, 
after-egg  (af  ter-eg),  n.    Same  as  metovum. 
after-eyet  (af-ter-i'),  v.  t.    To  keep  in  view. 

Thou  shouldst  have  made  him 
As  little  as  a  crow,  or  less,  ere  left 
To  after-eye  him.  Shak.,  Cymbeline,  i.  4. 

afterfeed  (after-fed), «.  Grass  that  gi-ows  after 
the  first  crop  has  been  mown,  and  is  fed  off  in- 
stead of  being  cut  as  aftermath. 

after-game  (after-gam),  n.  A  second  game 
played  in  order  to  reverse  or  improve  the  issues 
of  the  first ;  hence,  the  methods  taken  after  the 
first  turn  of  affairs. -After-game  at  Irish,  an  old 
game  resembling  backgannnon.    N.  E.  I). 

after-gland  (after-gland),  n.    In  mech.,  a  piece 
which  grasps  a  part  of  any  mechanism  and 
transmits  force  to  it. 
afterglo'W  (af 'ter-gl6),  n.    1.  The  glow  fre- 
quently seen  in  the  sky  after  simset. 

The  after-glow  of  the  evening  suffused  the  front  of  the 
chapel  with  a  warm  light. 

e.  W.  Stoddard,  South-Sea  Idyls,  p.  239. 
Frequently  in  the  month  of  November  my  attention  had 
been  called  to  the  intense  coloring  of  the  sky,  and  brilliant 
red  afterglows,  slowly -fading  away,  and  lasting  long  after 
the  sun  had  set.  Science,  III.  121. 

2.  A  second  or  secondary  glow,  as  in  heated 
metal  before  it  ceases  to  be  incandescent. 

aftergrass  (af  ter-gras),  n.  A  second  growth 
of  grass  in  a  mown  field,  or  grass  growing 
among  the  stubble  after  harvest. 

aftergrowth (after-groth),  n.  Asecondgrowth 
or  crop  springing  up  after  a  previous  one  has 
been  removed ;  hence,  any  development  natu- 
rally arising  after  any  change,  social  or  moral. 

The  after-growths  which  would  have  to  be  torn  up  or 
broken  through.  J.  S.  Mill,  Pol.  Econ.,  II.  ii.  §  2. 

afterguard  (af  ter-gard),  «.  In  men-of-war, 
that  division  of  the  crew  which  is  stationed  on 
the  quarter-deck  to  work  the  after-sails,  etc., 
generally  composed  of  ordinary  seamen  and 
landsmen  who  are  not  required  to  go  aloft; 
hence,  a  drudge;  one  occupying  an  inferior 
position. 

While  in  the  steerage,  however  useful  and  active  you 
may  be,  you  are  but  a  mongrel, — a  sort  of  afterguard  and 
"ship's  cousin."  R.  H.  Daria,  Jr.,  Before  tlie  Mast,  p.  57. 

afterhind  (after-hind),  adv.  [<  after  +  hind?, 
as  in  6efti«d.]  Afterward.  Also  written  a/ter- 
hin,  afterhint.  [Scotch.] 

after-hold  (after-hold),  n.  Naut.,  that  portion 
of  the  hold  of  a  ship  which  lies  between  the 
mainmast  and  the  stern. 

The  Glasgow  was  in  flames,  the  steward  having  set  fire  to 
her  while  stealing  rum  out  of  the  after-hold. 

Southey,  Life  of  Nelson,  I.  28. 

after-hood  (af  ter-hiid),  M.  Naut..  that  portion 
of  the  after  end  of  a  vessel's  bottom  plank  which 
is  fastened  to  the  stern-post. 

after-image  (af  ter-im"aj),  n.  An  image  per- 
ceived after  withdrawing  the  eye  from  a  bril- 
liantly illimiinated  object.  Such  images  are  called 
positive  when  their  colors  are  the  same  as  those  of  the 
object,  and  negative  when  they  are  its  complementary 
colors. 

afterings  ( af  ter-ingz),  w.  pi.  [<  after  +  -ing-s.] 
1 .  The  last  milk  drawn  in  milking ;  strippings. 


affceringa  105 

It  were  only  yesterday  as  she  aimed  her  leg  right  at  f  afterthoUghted  (af  '  ter  -  tha  "  ted),  a.  Having 
pail  wi  t  n/fcnnj7«  m ;  she  knovved  It  were  C(«erinr7s  as  aff prthmi^lif «  7?  T««7/>^  aviug 
well  as  any  Christian.      it/ re.  GasMZ,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  xv.     aitermougllts.     IS.  lay  lor. 

alter-wale  (a£  ter-wal), «.  In  saddler !/,  the  body 
of  a  collar ;  the  portion  against  which  the 
hames  bear. 

afterward,  afterwards  (after-ward,  -wardz), 
[<  ME.  afterward,  also  in  the  rare  gen. 


2t.  Figuratively,  remaining  dregs ;  concluding 
incidents  or  events. 


These  are  the 


afterings  of  Christ's  sufferings. 

Bp.  Hall,  Sermons,  No.  : 


ado. 

form  afterward'es,  <  AS.  wfterweard,  adj. , "be- 
hind, <  a/'fcr,  adv.,-f  -weard,  >E.  -ward,  toward.] 
In  later  or  subsequent  time  ;  subsequently. 

In  matliematics,  when  once  a  proposition  has  been 
demonstrated,  it  is  never  afterwards  contested. 

Macaulay,  Von  Ranke. 
after-'wise  (af'ter-wiz),  a.    [<  after  +  wise^.'] 
Wise  alter  the  event;  wise  when  it  is  too  late ; 
after-witted. 


aftermath  (after-math),  n.  [<.  after  +  math.'] 
A  second  mowing  of  grass  from  the  same  land  in 
the  same  season.  Also  called  lattermath,  rowcn, 
or  roivett,  and  in  some  places,  when  left  long  on 
the  ground,  fog. 

So  by  many  a  sweep 
Of  meadow  smooth  from  aftermath  we  reach'd 
The  griffiu-guarded  gates.    Tennyson,  Audley  Court. 
To  reap  an  aftermath 
Of  youth's  vainglorious  weeds. 

Lowell,  Comm.  Ode. 

aftermost  (after-most),  a.  superl.    [<  ME.  after- 
mest,  eftemest,  <  AS.  wftemest,  ceftemyst  =  Goth. 
aftumists,  the  last,  superl.  of  aftuma,  the  last,  it- 
self a  superl.,  <  a/- (see  a/ter)  + -iw-wa,  a  double  after-wit  (after-wit),  n. 
superl.  sufiix  associated  with  the  eompar.  sulfix    ^-fter  the  event. 
-ta-ra,  AS.  and  E.  -ter,  as  in  after,  q.  v.    In  af- 
termost the  r  is  inserted  in  imitation  of  after, 
and  -mest  is  changed  to  -most  in  imitation  of 
most,  superl.  of  more,  q.  v.    So  foremost,  hind- 
most, inmost,  outmost,  etc. :  see  -most.]  Hind- 
most; wawf.,  nearest  the  stern:  opposed  to  fore-    1,  ,         „-4.     •  ,  -',  ■  ^  . 
most.  [Little  used  exceptin  the  nautical  sense.]        after-wit ;  circumspect  when  it  is  too  late. 

afterrteSS  (af  ter-nes),  n.     [<  after,  a.,  +  -ness.]  fashions  of  eating  make  us  slothfull  and  unlusty  to 

The  state  of  being  or  coming  after.  labour,  .     .  after-witted  (as  we  call  it),  uncircumspect,  in- 

afternoon  (af-ter-non'),  n.  and  a.    [<  ME.  after-  ^^fy'  '^yndaie,  On  Mat.  vi. 

no»,  orig.  prep.  phr.  ff/to- ?!OMe ;  see  after,  prep.,  aft-gate  (aft'gat),  «.  Same  as  tail-gate.  See 
and  noon.]    I.  n.  That  part  of  the  day  which 


There  are  such  as  we  may  call  the  after-wise,  who,  wlien 
any  project  fails,  foresaw  all  the  inconveniences  that 
would  arise  from  it,  though  they  kept  their  thoughts  to 
themselves.  Addison. 

Wisdom  that  comes 

After-wits  are  dearly  bought. 
Let  thy  fore-wit  guide  thy  thought.  Southwell. 
After-wi.t,  like  bankrupts'  debts,  stands  tallied, 
Without  all  possibilities  of  payment. 

Ford,  Broken  Heart,  iv.  1. 

after-witted  (after-witted),  a.  Characterized 


extends  from  noon  to  evening, 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  after  part  of  the  day : 
as,  afternoon  shadows. 

afternoon-ladies  (af  ter-non-la'diz),  n.pl.  [Cf. 
r.  helle  de  nuit,  lit.  the  beauty  of  night.]  In 
hot.,  a  species  of  the  four-o'clock,  Mirabilis  Ja- 
lapa  or  M.  longiflora :  so  called  from  its  flow- 
ers opening  only  toward  evening. 
marvel  of  Peru. 


aft-mealt  (aft'mel),  n.  A  meal  accessory  to  the 
principal  meal,  as  dessert  to  dinner  ;  a  subse- 
quent or  late  meal. 
At  aft-meales  who  shall  paye  for  the  wine  ? 

Thynne,  Debate,  p.  49. 
aftmost  (aft'most),,^.  superl.    [<  aft  +  -niost.] 
Naut.,  situated  neatest  the  stern. 
Also  called  aftward,  aftwards  (aft'wiird,  -wardz),  adv.  [< 
aft  +  -ward,  -wards.]    Naut.,  toward  the  stern 


after-note  (af  ter-not),  n.    In  music,  the  second  or  hinder  part  of  a  vessel, 

or  unaccented  note,  the  first  of  every  two  notes  ag-.    Assimilated  form  of  Latin  ad-  before  g. 

being  naturally  accented ;  one  or  more  small  See  ad-. 

notes  that  are  not  appoggiaturas,  but  belong  Ag.   [Abbrev.  of  L.  argentum,  silver.]  In  chem., 

to  the  preceding  instead  of  the  succeeding  note,  the  symbol  for  silver. 

after-pains  (after-panz),  n.  pi.     The  uterine  A.  G.    -Aji  abbreviation  of  adjutant-general. 

pains  which  occur  in  childbirth  after  the  ex-  aga  (a'ga  or  a'ga),        [<  Turk,  agha,  a  great 


Feather  from  Argus  Pheasant, 
a,  d,  main  stem;  d,  calamus;  a, 
rachis ;  c,  c,  c.  vanes,  cut  away  on 
ri^ht  side  in  order  not  to  interfere 
with  view  of  the  aftershaft,  the 
whole  of  the  left  vane  of  which  is  like- 
wise cut  away. 


pulsion  of  the  child 
and  the  afterbirth, 
afterpiece  (af'ter- 
pes),  M.  A  short  dra- 
matic entertainment 
performed  after  the 
principal  play. 

after-rake  ( af '  ter  - 

rak),  n.  [<  after  -f 
rafc.]  Naut.,  that 
part  of  the  hull  of  a 
vessel  which  over- 
hangs the  after  end 
of  the  keel, 
aftershaft  (af '  ter  - 

shaft),  11.  [A  tr.  of 
the  term  hi/porachis, 
coined  by  Nitzsch, 
who  used  it  for  the 
whole  of  a  supple- 
mentary feather,  as 
described  below ; 
and  this  usage  is 
customary.  Later 

Sundevall  restricted  hyjwrachis,  and  conse- 
quently aftershaft,  to  the  shaft  alone  of  such  a 
feather,  the  whole  of  which  he  called  hypopti- 
lum.]  In  ornith. :  (a)  A  supplementary  feather 
growing  out  of  a  feather;  the  hypoptilum. 

_  The  after-shaft,  when  well  developed,  is  like  a  duplicate 
in  miniature  of  the  main  feather,  from  the  stem  of  which 
It  springs,  at  junction  of  calamus  with  rhachis,  close  by  the 
umbilicus.  Coues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  84. 

W  The  shaft  of  such  a  supplementary  feather. 
Also  called  hyporachis. 

aftershafted  (af 'ter-shaf '■'ted),  a.  Having 
aftershafts:  as,  "Y>^\uaa.ge  after-shafted,"  Coues, 
Key  to  N.  A.  Birds.  ' 

afterthought  (af  ter-that),  n.  1.  A  later  or 
second  thought.— 2.  Eeflection  after  an  act; 
some  consideration  that  occurs  to  one's  mind 
too  late,  or  after  the  performance  of  the  act  to 
which  it  refers. 

,    ,  ,  After-thought,  and  idle  care, 

And  doubts  of  motley  hue,  and  dark  despair. 

Dryden,  Fables. 

th^'^'il^'^'^'^y  afterthought  of  God,  but  a  fore- 

"lought,  Bushnell,  Nat.  and  the  Supernal.,  p.  31. 


lord,  commander,  <  Tatar  aha  (Mahn).]  1.  A 
title  formerly  given  to  gi-eat  chiefs  in  Turkey, 
and  especially  to  the  commander-in-chief  of 
the  janizaries. 

There  came  a  vast  body  of  dragoons,  of  different  nations, 
under  the  leading  of  Harvey,  their  great  aga. 

Swift,  Battle  of  Books. 

2.  A  title  of  respect  given  to  village  magnates 
and  petty  gentlemen  in  Turkey. 

He  did  not  care  for  a  monk,  and  not  much  for  an  agou- 
menos ;  but  he  felt  small  in  tlie  presence  of  a  mighty 
Turkish  aga.      R.  Curzoyi,  Monast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  375. 

Also  spelled  agha. 

agabanee  (ag-a-ba'ne),  n.  A  cotton  fabric  em- 
broidered with  silk,  made  in  Aleppo. 

agacella  (ag-a-sel'a),  n.  [A  quasi-Latin  form 
of  algacel,  q.  v.]  "in  her.,  an  antelope,  or  a 
tiger  with  horns  and  hoofs. 

agada,  agadic,  etc.    Same  as  haggada,  etc. 

again  (a-gen',  a-gan'),  adv.,  prep.,  and  conj.  againbuyt  (a-gen'bi),  v.  t.    [<ME.  agen-,  aijen- 


against 

I  have  pursued  mine  enemies,  and  desiroyed  them ;  and 
turned  not  again  till  1  had  consumed  them. 

2  Sam.  xxii.  38. 

2.  Of  action:  Back;  in  return;  in  reply,  re- 
sponse, answer,  echo. 

Do  good,  and  lend,  hoping  for  nothing  again. 

Luke  vi.  35. 

\Vlio  art  thou  that  answerest  again)         Rom.  ix.  20. 
All  Israel  shouted  with  a  great  shout,  so  that  the  earth 
rang  again.  i  Sam.  iv.  5. 

I  knit  my  hand-kercher  about  your  brows ;  .  .  . 
And  I  did  never  ask  it  you  again.    Shak.,  K.  John,  iv  1, 
He  laughed  till  the  glasses  on  the  sideboard  rang  again. 

Dirkem,  Pickwick,  I.  261. 

3.  Of  action  or  fact  as  related  to  time,  or  of 
time  simply:  Once  more;  in  addition;  another 
time;  anew:  marking  repetition  —  (a)  Of  action 
or  existence:  as,  to  do  anything  again;  he  had 
to  make  it  all  over  again. 

I  will  not  ar^aiji  curse  the  ground  any  more,  .  .  .  neither 
will  I  again  smite  any  more  every  thing  living,  as  I  have 
done.  Gen.  viii.  21. 

If  a  man  die,  shall  he  live  again?  Job  xiv.  14. 

Quicken  the  Past  to  life  again. 

Whittier,  The  Norseman. 
(6)  Of  nunjber  or  quantity:  only  in  the  phrases 
as  much  or  as  many  again  (=  twice  as  much  or 
as  many),  half  as  much  again  (=  once  and  a 
half  as  much),  etc.  (c)  Of  kind  or  character: 
marking  resemblance. 

lliere  is  not  in  the  world  again  such  a  spring  and  semi- 
nary of  brave  military  people  as  in  England,  Scotland,  and 
Ireland.  Bacon. 

4.  Of  succession  of  thought:  Once  more;  in 
continuation ;  in  an  additional  case  or  instance ; 
moreover ;  besides  (marking  transition) ;  on  the 
other  hand  (marking  contrast). 

Again,  there  is  sprung  up 
An  heretic,  an  arch  one,  Cranmer. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iii.  2. 
He  was  sometimes  sad,  and  sometimes  again  profusely 
merry.  Burton,  Anat.'of  Mel.,  p.  49. 

Again  and  again,  often  ;  with  frequent  repetition. 

Good  books  should  be  read  again  and  again,  and  thought 
about,  talked  about,  considered  and  re-considered. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  p.  323. 

Now  and  again,  now  and  then;  occasionally.— Once 
and  again,  repeatedly. 

The  effects  of  which  he  had  once  and  again  experienced. 

Brougham. 

To  and  again,  to  and  fro  ;  backward  and  forward. 
[The  adverb  againwa.?,  much  used  in  Middle  English,  and 
less  frequently  in  Anglo-Saxon,  in  loose  composition  with 
verbs  or  verbal  derivatives,  as  equivalent  to,  and  gener- 
ally as  an  express  translation  of,  the  Latin  prefix  re-,  as  in 
again-fight  (L.  re-pugnare),  again-rising  (L.  re-surrectio), 
again-buy  (L.  red-imere),  again-stand  (L.  re-sistere);  or  of 
Latin  contra-,  as  again-say  (L.  cotitra-dicere),  etc. ;  being 
in  this  use  variable  with  gain-,  q.  v.  Only  a  few  such  com- 
pounds are  entered  below.] 

II.  t  i^rej).  Against. 

Ageyn  another  hethen  in  Turkye. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  66. 
[Again,  prep.,  was  formerly  in  use  in  all  the  senses  of 
againM  by  which  in  literary  use  it  has  been  displaced.  It 
is  still  common  in  dialectal  speech,  pronounced  agen  or 
agin:  as,  I  have  nothing apiJi  him.] 

III.  t  conj.  Against  the  time  that :  like 
against,  conj.   [In  this  use  now  only  dialectal.] 

Bid  your  fellows 
Get  all  their  flails  ready  again  I  come. 
B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  i.  1. 


[The  usual  pron.  a-gen'  is  that  of  the  spelling 
agen,  which  is  still  occasionally  used,  esp.  in 
poetry ;  the  pron.  a-gan'  follows  the  usual  spell- 
ing again.  The  ME.  forms  were  numerous  (of 
various  types,  agen,  again,  ayen,  ayain,  ayan, 
etc.),  namely,  agen,  again,  agcin,  ag'ayn,  ageyn, 
again  (and  with  final  -e,  againe,  etc.),  ayen, 
ayein,  ayeyn,  etc.,  agen,  again,  agein,  ogein,  etc., 
earlier  angen,  ongein,  <  AS.  ongegn,  ongen,  on- 
gedn,  later  agen,  agedn  (=0S.  angegin  =  0'H.G. 
ingagan,  ingegin,  ingagene,  ingegane,  MHG.  in- 
gegene,  engegenc,  engegen,  G.  entgegen  =  lce\. 
igegn  (for  *in  gcgn)  =  Dan.  igjen  =  Sw.  igcii), 
adv.  and  prep.,  <  on-  for  an-  (in  G.  and  Scand. 
in-),  orig.  and-,  again,  back,  -I-  *gegn,  gedn,  in 
comp.  gegn-,  geagn-,  gedn-,  over  against:  see 
fl-5,  gain^,  and  gain-.  Cf.  against.]  I.  adv. 
1 .  Of  motion  or  direction :  Back ;  in  the  oppo- 
site direction;  to  or  toward  a  former  or  the 
original  position;  to  the  same  place  or  person: 
often  strengthened  with  hack. 

He  nyste  whethir  hyni  was  moste  fayn, 
For  to  fyghte  or  turne  agai/n. 
Rich.  Coer  de  Lion,  1.  5299  (in  Weber,  Jletr.  Rom.,  II.). 
On  JIarie  I  prayd  them  take  good  hede. 
To  that  I  cam  agane.    Toumeley  Mysteries,  p.  78. 
Bring  us  word  again  by  what  way  we  must  go  up. 

Deut.  i.  22. 


a  lit.  tr.  of  L.  redimere,  redeem : 
To  redeem. 


hyen,  etc. 
redeem.] 

We  hopeden  that  he  should  have  againbonght  Israel. 

yVyclif,  Luke  xxiv.  21. 
againrisingt  (a-gen'ri'^zing),  «.    [<  ME.  agen-, 
ayen-rising,  etc.,  often  transposed,  rising  agen, 
etc. ;  a  lit.  tr.  of  L.  resurrectio.]  Eesurrection. 

The  againrising  of  deede  men.  Wyclif,  Rom.  i.  4. 

againsawt  (a-gen'sa),  n.  [<  ME.  again-saw, 
-sagh,  ete.,_<  again  +  saic,  a  saying:  see  saw-s.] 
Contradiction ;  gainsaying. 

againsayt  (a-gen'sa),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  agen-,  ayen- 
seyen,  etc.,  <  agen-,  ayen-,  etc.,  +  -seyen,  -seggen, 
etc.,  a  lit.  tr.  of  L.  contradicere :  see  contradict. 
Now  gainsay,  q.  v.]    Obsolete  form  of  gainsay. 

against  (a-gensf,  a-ganst'),  prep,  and  conj. 
[In  pron.  and  form  like  again  +  -s^;  <ME.  agcnst, 
agaynst,  ageynsf,  agrynest,  etc..  ayenst,  agenst, 
agencst,  etc.,  with  added  t,  as  in  betwixt,  whilst, 
etc.,  the  earlier  forms  being  agcns,  agenes, 
agains,  agayns,  ageins,  ageyncs,  etc.,  ayens, 
ayeins,  ayenis,  agenes,  ageines,  ageyncs,  etc., 
with  adverbial  gen.  ending  -es,  <  again,  agen, 
ayen,  etc.:  see  again.  Cf.  AS.  to-gednes.  simi- 
larly formed,  with  prefix  to-,  to.]  I.  prep.  1. 
Of  motion  or  direction:  In  an  opposite  direc- 
tion to,  so  as  to  meet;  (a)  toward;  {b)  upon: 


against 

as,  to  strike  against  a  rock;  the  rain  beats 
against  the  window ;  to  ride  against  the  wind. 
Agayiis  his  daughter  haslilich  goth  he. 

Chaitcer.  VWvk  s  Tale,  1.  911. 
The  birds  against  the  April  « iiul 
Flew  northward,  singing  as  tliuv  Hew. 

Wliittirr,  Wliat  the  Birds  Said. 

2.  Of  position:  {a)  In  an  opposite  position; 
directly  opposite;  in  front  of:  in  this  sense 
often  preceded  by  over :  as,  a  ship  is  against 
the  mouth  of  a  river. 

[Aaron]  lighted  the  lamps  thereof  over  against  the  can- 
dlesticlc.  Num.  viii.  3. 

(J))  In  contact  with ;  bearing  upon:  as,  to  lean 
against  a  wall;  in  optical  contact  ■with  (some- 
thing behind) ;  athwart :  as,  the  ship  loomed 
up  dark  and  grim  against  the  sky. 

He  saw 

High  up  in  heaven  the  hall  that  Merlin  built, 
Blackening  against  the  dead-green  stripes  of  even. 

Tennyson,  Pelleas  and  Ettarre. 

3.  Of  action  or  purpose:  {a)  In  opposition  to; 
in  contrariety  to ;  adverse  or  hostile  to :  as, 
twenty  votes  against  ten ;  against  law,  reason, 
or  public  opinion. 

His  hand  will  be  against  every  man.  Gen.  xvi.  12. 

When  a  scandalous  story  is  believed  against  one,  there 
certainly  is  no  comfort  like  the  consciousness  of  having 
deserved  it.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  3. 

(6)  In  resistance  to  or  defense  from :  as,  pro- 
tection a^/aiws^  burglars,  cold,  fire,  etc. ;  to  waru 
one  against  danger ;  the  public  are  cautioned 
against  pickpockets. 

As  if  the  man  had  fl.\ed  his  face, 
In  many  a  solitary  place, 
Against  the  mnd  and  open  sky  ! 

Wordsworth,  Peter  Bell,  i.  26. 

(c)  In  provision  for;  in  preparation  for ;  in  an- 
ticipation of ;  with  reference  to. 
Against  the  day  of  my  burying  hath  she  kept  tliis. 

John  xii.  7. 

It  was  now  high  time  to  retire  and  take  refreshment 
against  the  fatigues  of  the  following  day. 

Goldsmith,  Vicar,  iii. 

(rf)  In  exchange  for;  in  return  for;  as  a  bal- 
ance to :  as,  an  exporter  draws  against  mer- 
chandise shipped. 

Vavasours  subdivide  again  to  vassals,  exchanging  land 
and  cattle,  human  or  otherwise,  against  fealty. 

Motlei/,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  28. 

Against  thegraln.  See  f/raua.— Against  the  sun,  ina 

dirt-itiiin  contrary  to  the  apparent  movement  of  the  sun. 
— Against  time.  («)  Literally,  in  competition  with  time : 
as,  a  iiiatcli  or  a  race  against  time,  that  is,  with  the  effort 
to  finish  before  the  close  of  a  given  time. 
I  always  felt  as  if  I  was  riding  a  race  against  time. 

Dickens. 

(6)  For  the  purpose  of  consuming  time :  as,  he  talked 
against  time,  that  is,  merely  to  gain  time,  a  method  some- 
times adopted  by  members  of  legislative  and  deliberative 
assemblies  who  desire  to  defeat  some  measure  or  motion 
by  lapse  of  time,  or  to  gain  time  for  supporters  to  assem- 
ble.—To  be  against,  to  be  unfavorable  to:  as,  the  bid  is 
against  you,  tliat  is,  in  favor  of  some  other  bidder. — To 

bear  against,  to  bristle  against,  to  go  against,  etc. 

See  these  \  erbs.  — To  run  against,  to  meet  accidentally. 

II.  conj.  (by  ellipsis).  Against  the  time  that; 
by  the  time  that ;  before :  as,  be  ready  against 
I  get  back.    [Now  only  colloq.  or  dial.] 

Throw  on  another  log  of  wood  against  father  comes 
home.  Dickens,  Pickwick. 

againstandt  (a-gen'stand),  v.  t._  [<  ME.  agein-, 
agen-standen,  -stonden,  <  AS.  dgen-,  ongedn-stan- 
dan :  see  again  and  stand.2  To  stand  against ; 
withstand;  oppose. 

againwardt,  adv.  [ME.  agayn-,  again-,  ayen- 
ward,  etc.;  <  again  +  -ward.']  1.  Backward; 
back  again.  Chaucer. —  2.  In  return;  back. 
Sir  T.  More. — 3.  Again;  once  more. — 4.  Con- 
versely; vice  versa.  Spenser. —  5.  On  the  con- 
trary ;  on  the  other  hand.    Sir  T,  More. 

agalactia  (ag-a-lak'ti-a),  n.  [NL., <  Gr.  aya7iaK- 
Tta,  want  of  milk,  <  aya'AaKToc,  wanting  milk :  see 
agalactons.']  In  pathol.,  a  deficiency  of  milk  in 
a  mother  after  childbirth.   Also  called  agalaxy. 

agalactous  (ag-a-lak'tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  aydluKTo^, 
wanting  milk,  <  a-  priv.  +  yala  {yaXaKT-)  =  L. 
lac  (lact-),  milk.]  Characterized  by  agalactia. 
Sijd.  Soc.  Lex. 

agal-agal  (a'gal-a'gal),  n.    Same  as  agar-agar. 

agalaxy  (ag'a-lak-si),  n.  Less  correct  form  of 
agalactia. 

Agalena  (ag-a-le'nii),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv. 

+  ya'Ar/vr/,  repose,  calmness,  tranquillity:  in  al- 
lusion to  the  spider's  restlessness.]  A  genus 
of  true  spiders,  founded  by  Walekenaer,  giving 
name  to  the  family  Agalenidw.  a.  labyrinthica  is 
a  pretty  British  species  which  spins  its  web  upon  herbage. 
Usually  written,  incorrectly,  Agelena. 

agalenid  (ag-a-le'nid),  n.  A  spider  of  the 
family  Agalenidm. 

Agalenidse  (ag-a-le'ni-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aga- 
lena +  -idee.']    A  family  of  tubitelarian  spiders. 


106 

typified  by  the  genus  Agalena,  of  the  order 

AranciV.  They  liave  an  oblong  cephalothorax,  with  the 
large  cephalic  region  distinct,  and  tlie  upper  niannnillic 
larger  tlian  tlie  lower.  The  species  are  numerous,  and  13 
genera  have  been  admitteil  for  tlu)se  of  Europe.  Among 
them  are  some  of  tlie  most  familiar  spiders  which  spin 
tubular  Nvelis. 

agalloch  (a-gal'ok),  n.    Same  as  agalloclmm. 

agallochum  (a-gal'o-kum),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayal- 
Aoxov  (Dioscorides),  not,  as  stated  iu  Liddell 
and  Scott's  Lexicon,  the  bitter  aloe,  but  the 
fragrant  wood  also  called  in  later  times  ^i<?M'A6r/, 
in  NL.  transposed  AloKri/Jon  (another  genus), 
translated  lignum  aloes,  E.  lig>i-al()cs,  q.  v.;  of 
eastern  origin:  cf.  Heb.  akhdlhn,  masc.  pi.,  from 
a  sing.  al<hdl.  Hind,  aghil,  Skt.  agiiru,  agalloch, 
aloes-wood.  See  aloe.]  A  fragrant  wood,  the 
aloes  or  lign-aloes  of  the  Scriptures,   it  is  nuich 

used  by  the  Orientals,  and  especially  by  the  Chinese,  as  in- 
cense in  their  religious  ceremonies.  It  is  the  produce  of 
Aquilaria  Agallocha,  a  large  tree  wliich  grows  in  the 
mountains  of  Cochin-China,  Assam,  and  adjoining  regions, 
and  belongs  to  the  natural  order  Thymdeacece.  Portions 
of  the  trunk  and  branches  become  saturated  with  a  dark 
aromatic  resin,  and  these  alone  are  used  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  incense.  The  resin  is  sometimes  extracted  by  dis- 
tillation or  infusion.  The  wood  is  also  called  calamhac, 
alues-ioood,  and  agila-,  agal-,  or  eaglewood.  See  eagle- 
wood. 

agalma  (a-gal'ma),  w. ;  pi.  agalmata  (-ma-ta). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  ayalfia,  a  delight,  honor,  a  pleasing 
gift,  esp.  to  the  gods,  a  statue,  any  image  or  work 
of  art,  <  aydMeadai,  take  delight  iu,  aydMew, 
honor,  glorify.]  1.  In  law,  the  impression  or  im- 
age of  anything  upon  a  seal. — 2.  In  Gr.  antiq.,  a 
votive  offering  to  a  deity,  especially  a  statue,  but 
also  a  painting  or  any  other  art-object.  See 
etymology  of  anathema. — 3.  [cap.]  In  zodl., 
a  genus  of  physophorous  oceanic  hydroids,  the 
tj'pe  of  the  family  Agahnida'.   Eschscholtz,  1829. 

agalmatolite  (ag-al-mat'o-lit),  n.  [<  Gr.  dyaX- 
/ia(r-),  image,  +  AidoQ,  stone.]  A  soft  stone,  of 
a  grayish  or  greenish  color,  found  in  China  and 
elsewhere,  it  can  be  cut  with  a  knife  and  polished, 
and  in  China  is  thus  formed  into  works  of  art,  as  grotesque 
figures,  pagodas,  etc.  It  belongs  in  part  to  the  mineral 
piiute,  and  in  part  to  pyrophyllite  aiui  steatite.  Also 
called  Jigure-stone,  lardstune,  bildstein,  and  pagodite. 

Agalmidse  (a-gal'mi-de),  n.iil.  [NL.,'<  Agalma 
+  -idw.']  A  family  of  physophorous  siphonoph- 
orous  hydrozoans,  having  a  greatly  elongated 
and  spirally  twisted  stem,  the  swimming-col- 
umn with  two  or  more  rows  of  nectocalyces, 
and  hydrophyllia  and  tentacles  present. 

Agalmopsis  (a-gal-mop'sis),  -n.  [NL.,  <  Agalma 
+  oTpi^,  appearance.]  A  genus  of  Aga'lmidw 
resembling  Agalma,  having  deciduous  hydi'o- 
phyllia  replaced  by  nectocalyces,  a  saccule  and 
an  involucre,  a  terminal  filament  and  no  vesicle. 
Sars,  1846. 

agalwood  (ag'al-wud),  n.  [See  eaglewood.'] 
Same  as  agaUochuin. 

Agamal  (ag'a-ma),  n.  [NL.,  from. the  Carib- 
bean name.]  1.  A  genus  of  small  sauiiau 
reptiles,  typical  of  the  family  Agamidw  (which 
see). —  2.  [/.  c]  A  member  or  species  of  the 
genus  Agama,  or  of  closely  related  genera:  with 
a  plural,  agamas  (-maz). 

Agama^  (ag'a-ma),  ii  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
agamiis:  see  agamous.]  The  agamous  division 
of  mollusks.   Latreille,  1825.    See  agamous,  2. 

Agamae  (ag'a-me),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (sc.  plantw), 
fem.  pi.  of  agamus:  see  agamous.]  A  name 
given  by  some  authors  to  the  large  division  of 
cryptogamic  plants,  which  were  fonnerly  sup- 
posed to  be  without  distinctions  of  sex. 

agami  (ag'a-mi),  n.  [F.  agamy  (1741),  now 
agami,  from  the  native  name  in  Guiana.]  A 
grallatorial  bird, 
Fsophia  crepi  tans, 
a  native  of  South 
America,  often 
called  the  golden- 
breastedtrumpet- 

er.  It  is  in  Ijody  of 
the  size  of  a  pheasant; 
it  runs  with  great 
speed,  l)ut  flies  poorly, 
is  easily  tamed,  and 
becomes  as  docile  and 
attached  to  man  as  a 
dog.    See  Psophiidoe. 

agamiani  (a-ga'- 
mi-an),  a.  and  n. 
[_=^.  agatnicn,  < 
NL.  AganHA.]  I. 
a.  Pertaining  or 
belonging  to  the 
Agamidai. 

II,  n.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  family 
Agamidai  (which 

Agami,  or  Trumpeter  (/'jo/Zija 
°^^J-  crepitans). 


agamoid 

agamian^  (a-ga'mi-an),  a.  [As  agamic  + 
-i-an.]    Same  as  agamic. 

agamic  (a-gam'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  dya/wg,  unmarried 
(aee  agamous),  +  -ic]  1.  Asexual :.  in  ^oo/., 
applied  to  reproduction  without  the  congress 
of  individuals  of  opposite  sexes,  as  by  fission, 
budding,  encystment,  or  parthenogenesis ;  used 
also  of  ova  capable  of  germination  without  im- 
pregnation. The  word  is  of  general  application  to 
asexual  reproduction,  but  has  some  special  applicability 
to  the  phenomena  of  alternate  generation  or  discontinuoiu 
development  which  may  intervene  in  ordinary  sexual  re- 
production. Opposed  to  gamic.  See  agamogenesis. 
The  agamic  reproduction  of  insects  and  other  animals. 

W.  B.  Carpenter,  in  Corr.  of  Forces,  p.  425. 
The  agamic  ova  may  certainly  be  produced,  and  give  rise 
to  embryos,  without  impregnation. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  250. 
2.  In  hot.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Agamas  or 
cryptogams. 

agamically  (a-gam'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  agamic 
or  asexual  manner ;  asexually. 

agamid  (ag'a-mid),  H.  A  lizard  of  the  family 
Agamidw. 

Agamidse  (a-gam'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  AganwX 
+  -idw.]  A  family  of  saurian  reptiles,  order 
Lacertilia,  superf amily  Agamoidea.  They  are  char- 
acterized by  having  a  short,  thick  tongue,  entire  (that  is, 
uncleft)  or  nearly  so,  and  not  extensible  ;  small  rhombic 
overlapping  ventral  scales  ;  a  long  tail ;  round  pupil,  and 


Agama  brachyitra. 

eyes  provided  with  lids.  The  family  is  very  closely  re- 
lated to  the  Iguanidoe,  but  the  dentition  is  acrodont,  not 
pleurodont.  It  is  named  from  the  leading  genus,  Agama 
(or  Anipkibolurus),  but  contains  several  others,  among 
them  Draco.  D.  vola7is  is  the  so-called  flying  lizard.  The 
family  is  divided  into  Agmninm  and  Draconince. 

Agaminae  (ag-a-mi'ne),  pi.  [<  Agama^  + 
-ina:.]  A  subfamily  of  agamoid  lizards  with 
no  wing-like  lateral  expansions,  a  mouth  of 
moderate  size,  and  small  conical  incisors.  It 
embraces  abouf  70  species,  inhabiting  Asia, 
Africa,  and  Australasia. 

agamine  (ag'a-min),  n.  A  lizard  of  the  sub- 
family Agamince. 

agamist  (ag'a-mist),  n.    [<  Gr.  dya/j.og,  unmar- 
ried (see  agamous),  +  -ist]    One  who  does  not 
marry ;  one  who  refuses  to  marry ;  one  who  op- 
poses the  institution  of  marriage. 
Agamists  and  wilful  rejecters  of  matrimony. 

Foxe,  Book  of  Martyrs. 

agamogenesis  (ag"a-m6-jen'e-sis),  M.  [<  Gr. 
dya/iog,  unmarried  (see  agamous),  +  yevemg,  pro- 
duction.] Non-sexual  reproduction,  (a)  In  zool., 

the  production  of  young  without  the  congress  of  the  sexes, 
one  of  the  phenomena  of  alternate  generation ;  partheno- 
genesis :  opposed  to  gamogenesis. 

Agamogenesis  is  of  frequent  occurrence  among  insects, 
and  occurs  under  two  extreme  forms ;  in  the  one,  the 
parent  is  a  perfect  female,  while  the  germs  have  all  the 
morphological  characters  of  eggs,  and  to  this  the  term 
parthenogenesis  ought  to  be  restricted.  In  the  other,  the 
parent  has  incomplete  female  genitalia,  and  the  germs 
have  not  the  ordinary  characters  of  insect  eggs. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  383. 
(6)  In  hot.,  natural  reproduction  by  buds,  offshoots,  cell- 
division,  etc. 

agamogenetic  (ag'^a-mo-jf-nefik),  a.  [<  aga- 
mogenesis. Sitter  genetic,  q.  v.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  agamogenesis ;  produced  without  the  con- 
gress of  the  sexes. 

All  known  agamogenetic  processes  .  .  .  end  in  a  com- 
plete return  to  the  primitive  stock. 

Huxley,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  312. 

agamogenetically(ag"a-m6-je-net'i-kal-i),od«;. 

In  an  agamogenetic  manner ;  by  or  with  asex- 
ual generation. 

In  most  Discophora,  the  embryo  becomes  a  fixed  actin- 
ula,  .  .  .  multiplies  agamogenetically  by  budding,  and 
gives  rise  to  permanent  colonies  of  Hydriform  polyps. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  133. 

agamoid  (ag'a-moid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Agama^  + 
-oid,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  In  ^ool.,  pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling the  Agamidw  or  Agamoidea. 

II.  n.  A  lizard  of  the  family  J(7«mMcBor  su- 
perfamily  Agamoidea. 


Agamoidea 


107 


Agamoidea  (ag-a-moi'de-a),  n.  pj.    [NX,.,  <  Agaphelus  (a-gaf'e-lns),  n.    [XL.,  <  Gr.  ayav. 


JijanuA  +  -oidca.]  Asuperfamilyof eriglossate 
laeertilians,  lia\'iug  coneavo-couvex  vertebrae, 
clavicles  not  dilated  proximally,  and  no  post- 
orbital  or  postfi'outal  squamosal  arches.  Tlie 


very,  much,  +  fioe/i/f,  smooth.  These  whales 
lack  the  usual  folds  or  plaits  of  the  throat.] 
The  tj^iieal  genus  of  the  subfamily  Af/ajjheliiia'. 
A.  gibbosH-s  is  the  scrag-whale.  E.  D.  Cope,  1868. 


group  coiiiprises  the  families  A,,amUh^,  J,j„to,idce,  Xf^iw-  agapMte  (ag'a-fit),  n.    [So  named  by  Fischer 

saitruhe,  Zuniindce,  ajid  AnguidcK.    bee  cuts  uuder  ^70-  ;°  1  qi /;./  („■■;. ;    ,  ,,„(-,.,  1        ■        1  *i 

mido' auA  J'tmnia.  m  1816  ;  <  a  natui'alist  who  Visited  the 

agamous  (ag'a-mus),  a.    [<  NL.  agamus,  <  Gr.  i^egions  m  Persia  where  the  tui-quoise  is  found, 

d>auof,  without  marriage,  unmarried,  <  a-  priv.  +       -i    ^  i^ame  sometimes  given  to  the  tui-- 

+  ydftoc,  marriage.]    1.  In  but,  same  as  aqumlc.  quoise.  more  especially  to  the  fine  blue  variety. 

3.  In  zooL,  having  no  distinguishable  sexual  Agapomis  (ag-a-p6r'nis),  n.    [NL.,<  Gr.  iiya-,i. 


organs.    See  agamic,  1.  [Rare.] 

The  moUuscan  race  are  divided  into  t«o  branches,  the 
plianerogaraous  and  the  agamous  or  cryptoganiic. 

Johmton,  Intrqd.  to  Conchol. 
agamy  (ag'a-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  ayafi'ia,  <  aya/iog :  see 
agamous.']  Xon-man-iage ;  abstention  from 
marriage,  or  rejection  or  non-recognition  of  the 
requirement  of  marriage  in  the  relation  of  the 
sexes. 

aganglionic  (a-gang-gli-on'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a- 
priv.  («-i8)  -1-  gaxglionic.}  Characterized  by 
the  absence'  of  ganglia. 

agapse,       Plural  of  ugape^. 

Agapanthus  (ag-a-pan'thus),  n.  [XL.,  <  Gr. 
ayd-r/,  love  (see  agapjc^),  +  avdoc,  flower.]  A 
small  genus  of  ornamental  plants  belonging  to 
the  natiu'al  order  Liliacea'.  The  species  are  peren- 
nial herbs  from  soutliern  Africa,  with  strap-shaped  radical 
leaves  and  large  umbels  of  bright-blue  flowers.  They  have 
lieen  long  in  cultivation. 

agapei  (a-gap'  or  a-gap'),  prej).  phr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  rt3  +  gape.]  With  the  mouth  wide  open ;  in 
an  attitude  of  wonder,  expectation,  or  eager  at- 
tention. 

Dazzles  the  crowd,  and  sets  them  all  agape. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  r.  357. 
A  fledgeling  priest, 
Beginning  life  .  .  .  with  callow  beak 
Agape  for  luck.    Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  61. 

.agape^  (ag'a-pe),  n. ;  pi.  agapce  (-pe).  [L.,  < 
Gr.  aya-7].  love,  charity  in  the  abstract  sense ; 
aya-av,  to  love,  treat  with  affection.]  1 .  A  meal 


love  (see  agape-),  +  bpvic,  a  bird.]    A  genus  of 


Agape, 


partaken  of  in  common  by  the  primitive  Chris- 
tians, originally  in  connection  ^vith  the  Lord's 
supper.  It  was  made  the  occasion  of  offerings  for  the 
poor,  and  closed  with  devotional  exercises,  including  the 
kiss  of  love.  According  to  late  usage,  agapse  were  also  as- 
sociated with  weddings,  funerals,  anniversaries  of  martjT- 

<loms,  and  the  dedication  of  churches.    The  loss  of  their  Agaricia  (ag-a-ris'i-a),  « 


-origmal  character  and  the  growth  of  abuses  led  to  the  pro- 
hibition of  them  in  church  buildings,  and  in  the  fourth  cen- 
tmy  to  their  separation  from  the  Lord's  supper  and  their 
gradual  discontinuance.   Vestiges  of  thepractice,  however 


Love-birds  {Agapc^itts  cana). 

small  African  parrots,  including  the  love-birds, 
sometimes  made  the  type  of  a  subfamily  Aga- 
pornithince.    P.  J.  Sclby,  1836.    See  love-bird. 

agart,  ».  Same  as  acker^,  eager^.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

agar-agar  (a'gar-a'gar),  >k  The  native  name 
of  Ceylon  moss  or  Bengal  isinglass,  consisting 
of  dried  seaweed  of  several  species,  such  as 
Gracilaria  Uclienoidcs,  Eucheuma  spinosum,  etc. 
It  is  much  used  in  the  East  for  soups  and  jel- 
Ues.    Also  called  agal-agal.    See  gelose. 

agaric  (ag'a-rik  or  a-gar'ik),  n.  and  «.  [<  L. 
agancuni,  <  Gr.  ayaptnov,  a  sort  of  tree-fungus 
used  as  tinder,  named,  according  to  Dioscori- 
des,  fi-om  the  country  of  the  Agari,  in  Sarmatia, 
where  this  fungus  abounded.]  I,  11.  A  fungus 
of  the  genus  Agaricus.  Among  the  old  herbalists  the 
name  had  a  wider  range,  including  the  corky  forms  grow- 
ing on  trunks  of  trees,  like  the  "  feinale  agaric,"  Folvpornx 
vjpriiialif,  to  which  the  word  was  originally  applied,  and 
«  hicli  IS  still  known  as  agaric  in  the  materia  medica.  See 
A;iani-us,  Boletus,  and  PoliqMrus.—Agaxic-saaX,  a  dip- 
terous insect  of  the  family  'ilycetophilUke  (which  see). 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  agarics ;  fungoid. — 

Aganc  mineral,  a  very  soft  and  light  variety  of  calcite  or 
calcium  carlionate.  It  is  generally  pure  white,  found  chief!  v 
in  the  clefts  of  rocks  and  at  the  bottom  of  some  lakes  in 
a  loose  or  semi-indurated  foi-m  resembling  a  fungus.  The 
name  is  also  applied  to  a  stone  of  loose  consistence  found 
in  Tuscany,  of  which  bricks  may  be  made  so  light  as  to 
float  in  water,  and  of  which  the  ancients  are  supposed  to 
liave  made  their  floating  bricks.  It  is  a  hydrated  silicate 
of  magnesium,  mixed  with  lime,  alumina,  and  a  small 
(luantity  of  iron.  Also  called  mountain-milk  and  maun- 
taiti-meal. 

[XL.,  <  Agarictis,  q. 


v.]  A  genus  of  aporose  selerodennatous  stone- 
eorals,  of  the  family  Fungidce,  or  mushroom- 
corals.    Laniard;  1801. 


remained  as  late  as  the  Council  of  Basle  in  the  fifteenth  agariciform  (a-gar'i-si-form),  a.     [<  XL.  Aaa 


century,  and  customs  historically  derived  from  it  are  still 
observed  by  some  denominations.    See  love-feast. 

May  God  speed  the  universal  pentecost  and  agape  of 
his  one  Holy  Catholic  and  Apostolic  Church. 

Sehaf,  Christ  and  Christianity,  p.  20. 

2.  [cap.]  [XL.]  In  ,-007.,  a  genus  of  lepidop- 
terous  insects. 
Agapemone  (ag-a-pem'o-ne),  n.    [In-eg.  <  Gr. 

aydTz?),  love  (see  agape^),  uov//,  a  staving,  a 
stopping-place,  dwelling,  <  uivecv,  stay,  remain : 


ncus,  agaric,  -I-  L.  -formis,  <  forma,  form.] 
Mushroom-shaped, 
agaricin  (a-gar'i-sin),  n.  [<  agaric  +  -in^.]  A 
white  crystalline  substance  obtained  from  the 
white  agaric,  Polyporus  officinalis. 
Agaricini  (a-gar-i-si'ni),";(.  pA.  [XL.,  <  Aga- 
ricus.] An  order  of  fungi  ha\-ing  the  fruit- 
bearing  sm-face  arranged  in  radiating  giUs,  as 

  ^   in  the  mushrooms  and  toadstools. 

see  rewVin  ]     Literally,  the  abode"of  IcTve;  a^garicoid  (a-gar'i-koid),  a.    Of  the  nature  of 
specifically,  the  name  of  an  association  of  men        agaric  ;  mushroom-like, 
and  women  established  at  Charlvnch,  Somerset-  Agaricus  (a-gar'i-kus),  n.    [NL.,  mase.,  <  L. 
shire,  England,  in  1846,  imder  the  direction  of    «!I('>'^cum,  prop.neut.  adj.:  see  agaric]  A  large 
the  Rev.  Henry  James  Prince,  the  members  of 
which  lived  on  a  common  fund. 
Agapemonian,  Agapemonite  (ag'a-pe-mo'ni- 
an,  ag-a-pem'o-iiit),  n.    An  inmate  of  the  Aga- 
pemone (which  see). 
agapetse(ag-a-pe'te),  [LL.,<Gr. 
fern.  pi.  of  dya-rjToc,  beloved,  verbal  adj.  of  aya- 
~ar,  to  love.]    A  title  given  in  the  early  ages 
of  the  church  to  %irgins  who  dwelt,  in  a  state  of 
so-caUed  spiritual  love,  with  monks  and  others 
professing  celibacy.     This  intereoui-se  occa- 
sioned scandal,  and  was  condemned  by  the 
Lateran  Coimcil  in  1139. 
Agaphelinae  (a-gaf-e-li'ne),  n.  pi.   [XL.,  <  Aga- 
phelus +  -iute.]    A  subfamily  of  finner  whales, 
family  BaJcenopteridce,  having  the  skin  of  the 

throat  not  plicated  and  no  dorsal  fin.  common  Mushroom  [Agaricus  camfcstri,). 


agate 

and  important  genus  of  fungi,  characterized  by 
having  a  fleshy  cap  or  pileus,  and  a  number  of 
radiating  plates  or  gills  on  which  are  produced 
the  naked  spores.  The  majority  of  tlie  species  are 
fmiiished  with  stems,  but  some  are  attached  by  their  pilei 
to  the  objects  on  wliicli  they  grow.  Over  a  thousand  .species 
are  known,  which  are  an  ange<l  in  five  sections  according  as 
the  color  of  their  spores  is  wliite,  pink,  brown,  purple,  or 
black.  Many  of  the  sjjecies  are  edible,  like  the  eonimon 
nuisliroom,  A.  campextris,  while  others  are  deleterious  and 
even  poisonous.    .See  mughroom. 

Agarista  (ag-a-ris'tji),  n.  [XL.]  The  typical 
genus  of  the  family  Agari.stidw.  Leach. 

Agaristidae  (ag-a-ris'ti-de),  >i.  pi.  [XL.,  <  Aga- 
rista +  -id(e.]  A  family  of  heteroeerous  lepi- 
dopterous  insects,  or  moths,  typified  by  the 
genus  Agarista. 

agastt,  V.  t.  [<  ME.  agasten,  pp.  agast:  see 
aghast,  gast,  ghost.]  1.  To  frighten;  terrify: 
usually  in  past  participle  agast,  now  written 
aghast  (which  see). 

Or  other  grisly  thing  that  him  aghast. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  ix.  21. 

2.  Reflexively,  to  be  tenified. 

The  rynges  on  the  temple  dore  that  honge, 
And  eek  the  dores,  clatereden  ful  faste, 
Of  which  Arcita  somwhat  hym  agaste. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  2424. 

Agastrese  (a-gas'tre-e),  n.  pi.  [NL. :  see  Agas- 
tria.]  A  term  proposed  in  1874  by  Huxley  ae 
a  pro\isional  designation  of  one  of  two  di%isions 
of  metazoic  animals  (the  other  being  Gastrea-), 
by  which  the  orders  Cestoidea  and  Acantho- 
cephala,  which  have  no  alimentary  canal  or 
IDroper  digestive  cavity,  are  contrasted  -with 
all  other  Metazoa.     Jour.  Linn.  Soc,  XII.  226. 

Some  ajferations  in  this  scheme  have  since  been  made ; 
.  .  .  the  Agastrece  are  relegated,  the  Cestoidea  to  Trema- 
toda  and  Acanthocephala  to  the  Nematoidea. 

Pascoe,  Zobl.  Class.,  p.  4. 

Agastria  (a-gas'tri-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a- 
priv.  +  -/aari/p,  stomach.]  A  term  of  no  exact 
signification  in  modern  biology,  but  formerly 
employed  to  designate  certain  low  organisms 
which  have  no  proper  digestive  cavity.  Also 
called  Agastrica. 

agastric  (a-gas'trik),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  -1-  yatr- 
n'/p,  stomach:  see  gastric]  Without  a  stomach 
or  proper  intestinal  canal,  as  the  tapeworm. 

Agastrica  (a-gas'tri-ka),  /(.  jA.  Same  as  Agas- 
tria. 

agatel  (a-gaf),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  ME.  on 
gate:  on,  E.  a^,  on;  gatc,E.  gate^,  way:  see 
gate^  and  gait.]  On  the  way  ;  going;  agoing; 
in  motion  :  as,  "set  him  agate  again,"  Lingua, 
iii.  6;  "set  the  bells  agate,"  Cotgrave.  [Old 
and  prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

agate^  (ag'at),  [Early  mod.  E.  aggat,  ag- 
get,  aggot,  aggott,  agat,  agot,  agath  (=D.  agaat 
=  Sw.  Dan.  agat),  <,  OF.  agate,  later  "  agathe, 
an  agate  "  (Cot- 
grave),  mod.  F. 
agate  =  Pr.  aga- 
th es,  a  ch-a  tes — Sp . 
Pg.  It.  agata  =  { 
MHG.  G.  achat, 
<  L.  achates,  <  Gr. 
dxarr^,  an  agate : 
so  called,  accord- 
ing to  Pliny,  be- 
cause first  found 
near  the  river 
IA.;i;d-7?f,in  Sicily.] 

1.  A  variety  of  quartz  which  is  peculiar  in 
consisting  of  bands  or  layers  of  various  eotors 
blended  together,  it  is  essentially  a  variegated  chal- 
cedony, but  some  of  the  bands  may  consist  of  other  varie- 
ties of  quartz,  for  the  most  part  cryptocrystalline.  The 
varied  manner  in  which  these  materials  are  arranged  causes 
the  agate  when  polished  to  assume  characteristic  differ- 
ences of  appearance,  and  thus  certain  varieties  are  distin- 
guished, as  ribbon-agate,  fortification-agate,  zone-agate, 
star-agate,  moss-agate,  clouded  agate,  etc.  See  also  cut 
under  concentric.  Agate  is  found  chiefly  in  trap-rocks 
and  serpentine,  often  in  the  form  of  nodules,  called  ge- 
odes.  It  is  esteemed  the  least  valuable  of  the  precious 
stones.  Agates  are  cut  and  polished  in  large  quantities 
at  Oberstein  in  Oldenljurg,  Germany,  where  also  artificial 
means  are  used  to  produce  striking  varieties  of  color  in 
these  stones.  In  Scotland  also  they  are  cut  and  polished, 
imder  the  name  of  Scotch  pebbles.  They  are  used  for  rings, 
seals,  cups,  beads,  boxes,  liaudles  of  small  utensils,  bur- 
nishers, pestles  and  mortars,  and.  in  delicate  mechanism, 
as  bearing-surfaces,  pivots,  and  the  knife-edges  of  weigh- 
ing apparatus.  In  Shakspere  agate  is  a  sjTnbol  of  little- 
ness or  smallness,  from  the  little  figures  cut  in  these  stones 
when  set  in  rings. 

I  was  never  manned  with  an  agate  till  now. 

Shal:.  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  2. 

2.  A  draw-plate  used  by  gold-wire  drawers, 
named  from  the  piece  of  agate  through  which 
the  eye  is  diilled. — 3.  In  printing,  type  of  a  size 
between  pearl  and  nonpareil,  gi%'ing  about  160 


Agate,  polished,  showing  banded 
structure. 


agate 

lines  to  the  foot.  It  is  used  chiefly  in  news- 
papers.   In  Great  Britain  it  is  known  as  ruby. 

Tliis  line  is  printed  in  agate. 

4.  An  instrument  used  by  bookbinders  for  pol- 
ishing; a  biu-uisher.    McElrath,  Com.  Diet. — 

5.  A  child's  playing-marble  made  of  agate,  or 
of  glass  in  imitation  of  agate. 

agate-glass  (ag'at-glas),  n.  A  variegated  glass 
made  by  melting  together  waste  pieces  of  col- 
ored glass. 

agate-shell  (ag'at-shel),  w.  A  popular  name 
of  certain  large  shells  of  the  genus  Achatina 
(which  see). 

agate-snail  (ag'at-snal),  n.  A  species  of  the 
genus  Achatina  (which  see). 

agate-ware  (ag'at-war),«.  1.  Pottery  mottled 
and  veined  in  imitation  of  agate. —  2.  A  variety 
of  enameled  iron  or  steel  household  ware. 

Agathis  (ag'a-this),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayadl^,  a 
ball  of  thread.]  1.  In  bot,  the  older  and  now 
accepted  name  for  the  genus  of  Coniferw  com- 
monly known  as  Dammara  (which  see). —  2. 
In  zooL,  a  genus  of  iehneumon-tlies,  of  the 
family  Braconidw.    Latreille,  1804. 

agatbism  (ag'a-thizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  aya66^,  good, 
+  -ism.']  The  doctrine  that  all  things  tend  to- 
ward ultimate  good. 

agathist  (ag'a-thist),  ?i.  [<  Gr.  ayadd^,  good,  + 
-ist.]  One  who  holds  the  doctrine  of  agathism. 

agathocacological  (ag"a  -  tho  -  kak"9-loj  'i-kal), 
a.  [<  Gr.  ayadui;,  good,  +  naKdg,  bad,  -i-  -~Aoyia 
(-loyiKdc),  <.?Jyeiv,  speak:  see  -ology.]  Com- 
posed of  good  and  evil ;  pertaining  to  both  good 
and  e\'il.    Southey,  Doctor,  I.  120. 

agathodsemon  (ag'a-tho-de'mon),  n.  [<.  Gr. 
ayaOodaiixow,  prop,  written  separately  ayadbg 
daifj-tm :  aj  aQog.  good  ;  daifiuv,  spirit,  demon : 
see  demon.']  A  good  genius  or  spirit;  a  male 
divinity  corresponding  to  the  female  Agathe 

Tyche,  or  Good  Fortime.  At  Athens,  and  elsewhere 
in  ancient  Greece,  it  was  customary  at  the  end  of  a  meal 
to  pour  out  in  his  honor  a  libation  of  pure  wine. 

agathodsemonic  (ag*a-th6-de-mon'ik),  a.  [< 
Gri.ayadodai/iiuv.  see agathoda;)Hon  and  dononic] 
Relating  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  agathodas- 
mon  ;  pertaining  to  an  agathodiEmon. 

agathopoietic  (ag"a-tho-poi-et'ik),  a.  [Prop. 
agathopoeetic  or  -poetic,  <  Gr.  a-jado-otdv,  do 
good,  <  ayadoq,  good,  -t-  noLeiv,  do:  see  poetic] 
Intended  to  do  good;  benevolent.  Bentham. 
[Rare.] 

Agathosma  (ag-a-thoz'ma),  n.  [<  Gr.  aya06c, 
good,  +  ba/j.^,  earlier  b6/ir/,  smell,  akin  to  L.  odor  : 
see  odor.]  A  large  genus  of  plants,  natural  or- 
der Rutacece,  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

The  Hottentots  mix  the  dried  and  powdered  leaves  of  A. 
pitlchella  with  the  grease  with  which  they  smear  their 
bodies,  giving  them  a  smell  intolerable  to  Europeans. 
Several  species  are  cultivated  for  their  Howers. 
agatiferous  (ag-a-tif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  agate^  + 
-i-ferous,  <  L.  ferrc  =  'E.  bear'^.]  Containing  or 
producing  agates.  Craig. 

agatiform  (ag'a-ti-f6rm),  a.  [<  agate^  + -i- 
form,  <  L.  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form  of 
an  agate ;  resembling  an  agate  in  appearance. 

agatine  (ag'a-tin),  a.  [<  agate^  +  -ine^.]  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  agate. 

agatize  (ag'a-tiz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  agatised, 
ppr.  agatizing.    [<  agate^  +  -ize.]    To  change 

into  agate.     Also  spelled  agatise  Agatized 

wood,  sUicified  wood  in  the  form  of  agate. 

agaty  (ag'a-ti),  a.  [<  agate^  +  -y.]  Of  the  na- 
ture of  or  resembling  agate:  as,  "an  agaty 
flint,"  Woodward, 

Agave  (a-ga've),«.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  ayawj,  noble,  used 
also  as  a  proper  name, 
'AyavTj,  L.  Agauc,  Agave; 
fem.  of  ayavoQ,  noble, 
illustrious,  akin  to  yaieiv, 
be  proud,  rejoice,  and 
to  L.  gaudium,  joy.]  A 
large  North  American  ge- 
nus of  plants,  of  the  nat- 
ural order  Amaryllidacem, 
chiefly  Mexican.  They  are 
acaulescent  or  nearly  so,  of  slow 
growth,  often  large,  consisting  of 
a  dense  cluster  of  rigid  fleshy 
leaves,  which  are  spine-tipped 
and  usually  spinosely  toothed. 
The  best-known  species  is  the 
century-plant,  or  American  aloe, 
A.  Americana,  first  introduced 
from  Mexico  into  Europe  in  1561, 
and  now'  frequently  cultivated 
for  ornament,  as  are  also  various 
other  species.  It  lives  many 
years,  10  to  50  or  more,  before 
flowering,  whence  the  name  Century-PIant  (^^-aw 
century -plant.    At  maturity  it  Americana). 


108 

throws  up  rapidly  from  its  center  a  tall  scape  bearing  a  large 
compound  inflorescence,  and  dies  after  perfecting  its  fruit. 
It  is  extensively  cultivated  in  Mexico  under  the  name  of 
maguey,  and  is  put  to  many  uses.  The  sap,  obtained  in 
abundance  from  the  plant  when  the'  flowering  stem  is  just 
ready  to  burst  forth,  produces  when  fermented  a  beverage 
resembling  cider,  called  by  the  Mexicans  pulqtie.  An  ex- 
tract of  the  leaves  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  soap,  and  the 
flower-stem,  when  withered,  is  cut  up  into  slices  to  form 
razor-strops.  The  leaves  of  nearly  all  the  species  yield  a 
more  or  less  valuable  liber,  which  is  made  into  thread  and 
ropes  and  has  been  used  in  the  manufacture  of  paper.  Sisal 
hemp,  or  heneiiuin,  is  the  product  of  A.  Ixtli,  and  is  ex- 
ported in  large  quantities  from  Yucatan.  A  West  Indian 
species,  A.  Keratto,  closely  resembling  A.  Americana, 
yields  the  keratto  fiber.  A.  Viryinica,  of  the  southern 
United  States,  known  as  false  aloe,  belongs  to  a  group  of 
species  with  less  rigid  leaves  and  with  the  solitary  flowers 
in  a  simple  spike, 
agaze  (a-gaz'),  prep.  plir.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  ME. 
a  gase:  a,  E.  ^3;  gase,  E.  gaze.]  On  the  gaze; 
in  a  gazing  attitude. 

agazedt  (a-gazd'),  p.  a.    [<  ME.  agased ;  prob. 
same  as  dgast,  modified  toward  gaze :  see  agast, 
aghast,  and  gaze.    The  examples  cited  below 
are  the  only  ones  found.]  Aghast;  astonished. 
The  [they]  were  so  sore  agased. 

Chester  Plays,  ii.  85. 
Whereatt  this  dreadful  conquerour 
Thereatt  was  sore  agazed. 
Percy's  Fvlio  MSS.  (ed.  Hales  and  Furnivall),  iii.  154. 
As  ankered  faste  my  spirites  doe  all  resorte 
To  stand  agazed,  and  sink  in  more  and  more. 

Surrey,  Songes  and  Sonnettes  (1557). 
Of  understanding  rob'd,  I  stand  agaz'd.  (1600.) 
In  E.  Farr's  Select  Poetry  (1845),' II.  438.    (N.  E.  D.) 
The  French  exclaim'd.  The  devil  was  in  armes; 
All  the  whole  ai'my  stood  agaz'd  on  him. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 

age  (aj),  n.  [<  ME.  age,  later  sometimes,  in  OF. 
spelling,  aege,  cage,  aage,  <  OF.  aage,  cage,  ear- 
lier edage,  F.  dge  =  'Pr.  atge,  <  ML.  "a'taticim, 
<L.  a;ta(t-)s,  age  (>  OF.  ae),  a  coutr.  of  earlier 
a;vita(t-)s,  which  reappears  in  ML.  in  the  sense 
of  eternity  (cf.  atermts,  eternal:  see  eternal 
and  eternity),  <  wviim,  OL.  acvom  =  Gr.  aiuv 
(*aiFojv),  a  period  of  existence,  an  age,  a  life- 
time, a  long  space  of  time,  eternity  (see  a'on, 
eon),  =  Goth,  aiivs,  an  age,  eternity  (acc.  aiw, 
used  adverbially,  ever, with neg.,  iii  aiw,  never), 
=  AS.  d  =  leel.  ei,  E.  aye,  ever,  =  AS.  wiv,  ce, 
life,  custom,  law,  maiTiage :  see  ayc'^.] 

1 .  The  length  of  time  during  which  a  being  or 
thing  has  existed ;  length  of  life  or  existence  to 
the  time  spoken  of ;  period  or  stage  of  life  in 
the  history  of  an  individual  existence,  animate 
or  inanimate :  as,  his  age  is  twenty  years ;  he 
died  at  the  age  of  eighty ;  at  your  age  you 
should  know  better ;  a  tree  or  a  building  of  un- 
known age  ;  to  live  to  a  great  age  ;  old  age. 

Jesus  himself  began  to  be  about  thirty  years  of  aye. 

Luke  iii.  23. 

2.  Duration  of  existence,  specifically  or  gener- 
ally ;  the  lifetime  of  an  individual,  or  of  the  in- 
dividuals of  a  class  or  species  on  an  average  : 
as,  the  age  of  the  horse  is  from  twenty-five  to 
thirty  years. 

Wliat  fame  is  left  for  human  deeds 
In  endless  aye?       Tennyson,  In  Mem.,  Ixxlli. 
The  ages  of  the  patriarchs  before  the  flood  have  been  a 
subject  of  critical  dispute.  Am.  Cyc,  I.  181. 

3.  A  period  of  human  life  usually  marked  by 
a  certain  stage  of  physical  or  mental  develop- 
ment ;  especially,  a  degree  of  development,  ap- 
proximately or  presumptively  measured  by 
years  from  birth,  which  involves  responsibility 
to  law  and  capacity  to  act  with  legal  effect :  as, 
the  age  of  discretion  or  of  matiuity  (the  former 
technically  occurring  some  years  prior  to  the 
latter,  abouttheageof  fourteen).  More  specifically, 

of  age,  full  age,  or  lauful  age  designates  the  attainment  of 
majority,  or  that  period  when  the  general  disabilities  of  in- 
fancy cease.  It  is  fixed  by  the  law  of  England  and  of  most  of 
the  United  States  at  21  (in  some  States  at  18  for  females),  but 
in  Germany  and  some  other  European  states  at  24  or  25.  At 
common  law  one  is  of  full  age  the  first  instant  of  the  begin- 
ning of  the  day  before  the  21st  anniversary  of  one's  birth. 
Other  periods  are  fixed  for  special  purposes :  thus,  the  age 
of  consent  for  marriage  was  fixed  by  the  common  law  at  14 
for  males  and  12  for  females,  not  as  being  a  marriageable 
age  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  being  a  suitable  age  for  mar- 
riage, but  as  being  the  age  after  which  one  contracting  mar- 
riage could  not  justly  repudiate  its  obligations  on  the  mere 
ground  of  youth.  For  the  purposes  of  consent  which  will 
preclude  charges  of  abduction  and  the  like,  the  age  of  con- 
sent has  been  fixed  in  some  jurisdictions  at  16.  Up  to  the 
age  of  7  a  child  is  conclusively  presumed  to  be  incapable 
of  criminal  intent ;  from  7  to  14  (in  some  jurisdictions  12) 
it  is  presumed  to  be  incapable  of  such  intent,  but  the  con- 
trary may  be  proved  ;  over  that  age  it  is  presumed  to  ]>e 
capable  of  such  intent.  At  12  the  capacity  to  take  the  oath 
of  allegiance  begins.  The  age  of  discretion,  in  the  sense 
in  which  the  term  is  used  in  the  law  of  infancy,  is  14,  after 
which  the  child's  wishes  as  to  the  choice  of  a  guardian  are 
consulted  (sometimes  called  the  age  of  election) ;  and  the 
entire  period  before  the  age  of  14  is  called  the  age  of  nur- 
ture. The  age  at  which  testamentary  capacity  begins  in 
most  of  the  United  States  is  21,  with  exceptions,  many  al- 


age 

lowing  a  younger  age  for  wills  of  personal  property,  and 
also  for  females  or  for  married  women. 
He  is  of  age,  ask  him.  John  ix.  2L 

4.  The  particular  period  of  life  at  which  one  be- 
comes naturally  or  conventionally  qualified  or 
disqualified  for  anything:  as,  at  46  a  man  is 
over  age  and  cannot  be  enlisted ;  under  age  for 
the  presidency ;  canonical  age  (which  see,  be- 
low). 

Sara  .  .  .  was  delivered  of  a  child  when  she  was  past 
age.  Heb.  xi.  11. 

5.  Specifically,  old  age  (see  1) ;  the  latter  part 
of  life  or  of  long-continued  existence ;  the  lapse 
of  time,  especially  as  affecting  a  person's  physi- 
cal or  mental  powers;  the  state  of  being  old; 
oldness. 

The  eyes  of  Israel  were  dim  for  age.       Gen.  xlviii.  10. 
Age  cannot  wither  her,  nor  custom  stale 
Her  infinite  variety.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  2. 

6.  An  aged  person,  or  old  people  collectively. 

And  age  in  love  loves  not  to  have  years  told. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  c.xxxviii. 

7.  One  of  the  periods  or  stages  of  development 
into  which  human  life  may  be  divided ;  time  of 
life :  as,  life  is  divided  into  four  ages,  infancy, 
youth,  manhood  or  womanhood,  and  old  age. 

All  the  world's  a  stage. 
And  all  the  men  and  women  merely  players : 
They  have  their  exits,  and  their  entrances ; 
And  one  man  in  his  time  plays  many  parts, 
His  acts  being  seven  ages. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7. 
Just  at  the  age  'twixt  boy  and  youth, 
When  thought  is  speech  and  speech  is  truth. 

Scott,  Marmion,  Int.  to  ii. 

8.  A  particular  period  of  history,  as  distin- 
guished from  others;  a  historical  epoch:  as,  the 
golden  age;  the  age  of  heroes;  the  age  of  Peri- 
cles; the  dramatists  of  the  Elizabethan  age. 
See  ages  in  mythology  and  history,  below. 

Intent  on  her,  who,  rapt  in  glorious  dreams, 
The  second-sight  of  some  Astriean  age, 
Sat  conipass'd  with  professors. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 
Our  nineteenth  century  is  the  age  of  tools. 

Emerson,  Works  and  Days. 

9.  In  geol.,  a  great  period  of  the  history  of  the 
earth,  characterized  by  the  development  of 
some  particular  phase  of  organic  life  or  of  phys- 
ical condition :  as,  the  age  of  reptiles ;  the  age  of 
ice.  In  Dana's  scheme  of  classification,  the  Silurian  is 
the  age  of  invertebrates,  the  Devonian  tlie  age  of  fishes, 
the  Mesozoic  the  age  of  reptiles,  the  Tertiai'y  the  age  of 
mammals,  and  the  Quaternary  the  age  of  man. 

10.  The  people  who  live  at  a  particular  period ; 
hence,  a  generation  or  a  succession  of  gene- 
rations: as,  ages  yet  unborn. — 11.  [Cf.  L.  s(b- 
CM?Mrn,  an  age,  a  eentiu'y :  see  secidar.]  A  cen- 
tury ;  the  periofl  of  one  hundred  years,  as  in 
the  phrases  dark  ages,  middle  ages,  etc. 

Henry  .  .  .  justly  and  candidly  apologizes  for  these  five 
ages.  Uallam. 

12.  A  great  length  of  time ;  a  protracted  period: 
as,  I  have  not  seen  you  for  an  age. 

So  rose  within  the  compass  of  the  year 
An  age's  work,  a  glorious  theatre. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  1067. 
Suffering  thus  he  made 
Minutes  an  age.  Tennyson,  Geraint. 

13.  In  2^oker,  the  eldest  hand,  or  the  first 

player  to  the  left  of  the  dealer  who  bets  Age  of 

acrogens.  See  acrogen. — Age  of  the  moon,  tlie  time 
elajised  since  her  last  conjunction  with  the  sun.— Ages  In 
mythology  and  history,  particular  periods  in  the  life 
of  mankin<l  distinguished  by  bearing  specific  names.  The 
most  important  of  these  periods  are :  (a)  The  poetic  di- 
vision of  human  existence  into  the  golden,  silver,  heroic 
(generally  omitted),  brazen,  and  iron  ages,  accredited  to 
Hesiod  (about  the  eighth  century  B.  c),  who  regarded  the 
people  of  the  different  ages  as  constituting  distinct  races 
successively  replacing  each  other.  See  extract.  The  terms 
are  still  in  use,  especially  golden  age,  which  is  applied  to 
the  culminating  or  most  brilliant  epoch  of  any  portion  of 
history  or  department  of  activity ;  as,  the  seventeenth 
century  was  the  golden  age  of  the  drama  ;  the  nineteenth 
century  is  the  golden  age  of  invention  ;  the  golden  age  of 
a  country's  power  or  prosperity. 

The  golden  age  [of  Hesiod],  synchronous  with  the  reign 
of  Saturn,  was  a  period  of  patriarchal  simplicity,  when 
the  earth  yielded  its  fruits  spontaneously  and  spring  was 
eternal ;  the  silver  age,  governed  by  Jupiter,  was  a  law- 
less time,  in  which  the  seasons  were  first  divided,  agricul- 
ture took  its  rise,  and  men  began  to  hold  property  in 
land  ;  the  brazen  age,  or  reign  of  Neptune,  was  an  epoch 
of  war  and  violence  ;  in  the  heroic  aye  (omitted  by  Oiid) 
the  world  began  to  aspire  toward  better  things ;  and  in 
the  iron  or  Plutonian  age,  in  which  Hesiod  believed  him- 
self to  be  living,  justice  and  piety  had  disappeared  from 
the  earth.  Am.  Cyc,  I.  185. 

(6)  The  dark  ages,  a  period  of  European  history,  begin- 
ning with  or  shortly  before  the  fall  of  the  Koman  Empire 
of  the  West  (A.  D.  476),  marked  by  a  general  decline  of 
learning  and  civilization.  It  was  introduced  by  the  great 
infiux  of  barbarians  into  western  Europe  in  the  fourth 
and  fifth  centuries  known  as  the  wandering  of  the  na- 
tions, and  is  reckoned  by  Hallam  as  extending  to  the 
eleventh  century,  when  a  general  revival  of  wealth,  man- 
ners, taste,  and  learning  began,  and  by  others  to  the  time 


age 

of  Dante  in  the  thirteenth  century,  or  later,  (c)  The  mid- 
dle ages,  a  period  of  about  a  thousand  years,  between 
the  close  of  what  is  technically  considered  ancient  his- 
tory and  the  first  definite  movements  in  Europe  of  the 
distinctively  modern  spirit  of  freedom  and  enterprise.  Its 
beginning  is  synchronous  with  that  of  the  dark  ages,  and 
It  is  variously  reckoned  as  extending  to  the  fall  of  Con- 
stantinople (1453),  the  invention  of  printing,  the  Renais- 
sance, or  the  discovery  of  America,  in  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tmy,  or  to  the  Reformation,  in  the  early  part  of  the 
sixteenth,  (d)  The  feudal  ages,  a  portion  of  the  middle 
ages,  marked  by  the  prevalence  of  feudal  institutions  and 
of  the  spirit  of  chivalry,  extending  from  their  nearly  uni- 
versal establishment  in  the  tenth  century  to  their  decline 

in  the  sixteenth.— Archaeological  ages  or  periods,  the 
stone  age,  the  bronze  age,  arid  tlie  iron  age,  these  names 


Implements  of  the  Stone  Age. 

1.  saw-edged  flint  knife;  2,  crescent-shaped  flint  knife ;     stone  ax; 

4,  flint  flake-knife  ;  5,  harpoon-head  of  flint ;  6,  flint  knife. 

being  given  in  accordance  with  the  materials  employed 
for  weapons,  implements,  etc.,  during  the  particular  pe- 
riod. The  stone  age  has  been  subdivided  into  two,  the 
paleolithic  and  neolithic.  (See  these  words.)  The  word 
age  in  this  sense  is  improperly  used  (by  an  unfortunate 
transfer  from  the  Scandinavian  archfeology),  since  it  has 
no  reference  to  chronology,  but  simply  denotes  the  stage 
at  which  a  people  has  arrived  in  its  progress  toward  civil- 
ization. There  are  tribes  yet  in  their  stone  age.  Neither 
do  the  more  primitive  implements  necessarily  disappear 
wholly  on  the  appearance  of  those  of  a  more  advanced 
stage.  The  phrase  stoiie  age  or  stage,  therefore,  merely 
marks  the  most  primitive  period,  and  bronze  age  (chiefly 
in  antiquity)  that  before  the  employment  of  iron,  among 
any  specified  people  or  tribe. — Canonical  age.  (<x)  In 
the  Horn.  Cath.  C/!.,that  age  fixed  by  the  church  at  which 
her  subjects  incur,  or  become  capable  of  assuming,  special 
obligations,  states  of  life,  etc.,  or  of  enjoying  special  priv- 
ileges and  dignities.  Thus,  the  obligation  of  fasting  begins 
at  twenty-one ;  profession  by  religious  vows  is  made  only 
after  the  age  of  sixteen ;  and  to  become  a  bishop  one  should 
have  completed  his  thirtieth  year.  The  age  of  reason  is 
that  at  which  a  child  becomes  morally  responsible,  sup- 
posed, in  the  majority  of  cases,  to  be  about  seven,  (i)  In 
Anglican  churches,  the  age  at  wliich  a  man  may  be  or- 
dained to  any  one  of  the  three  grades  of  the  ministry.— 
Dark  ages.  See  above.— Fabulous  age.  See  fahulous. 
—Geological  ages.  See  above,  9.— Middle  ages.  See 
above.  — The  age  of  a  horse,  in  racing  and  trotting  rules, 
is  reckoned  from  January  1st  of  the  year  of  foaling.  Other 
dates,  as  JIay-day,  were  formerly  used.  =  Syn.  Era,  Period, 
etc.  (see  epoch),  date ;  years,  eon,  cycle. 

age  (aj),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  aged,  ppr.  aging.  [< 
WEi.  agen,  agyn,<,age,-D..'\  j,  intrans.  To  grow 
old ;  assume  the  appearance  of  old  age :  as,  he 
ages  rapidly. 

I  am  aging ;  that  is,  I  have  a  whitish,  or  rather  a  light- 
colom-ed  hair  here  and  there.  Landor. 

II.  trans.  To  make  old;  cause  to  grow  or 
to  seem  old ;  produce  the  effect  of  age  upon ; 
bring  to  maturity  or  to  a  state  fit  for  use ;  give 
the  character  of  age  or  ripeness  to  :  as,  to  age 
wine,  clay,  etc. 

-age.  [<  ME.  -age,  <  OF.  -age,  mod.  F.  -age  = 
Pr.  -atge  =  Sp.  -age  =  It.  -aggio  and  -atico,  <  L. 
-dticum,  a  noun  suffLx,  orig.  neut.  of  -dticus,  adj. 
suffix.  For  examples  see  savage,  voyage,  etc.] 
A  noun  suffix  of  French,  ultimately  of  Latin 
origin.  Frequent  in  words  taken  from  the  French,  as 
language,  saeage,  voyage,  pottage,  baggage,  etc.,  it  has 
come  to  be  a  common  English  formative,  forming,  (a)  from 
names  of  things,  collective  nouns,  as  fruitage,  leafage, 
baggage,  etc.;  (6)  from  personal  terms,  nouns  denoting 
condition,  office,  rank,  service,  fee,  etc.,  as  bondage,  parson- 
age, porterage,  etc.;  (c)  from  verbs,  nouns  expressing  va- 
rious relations,  as  breakage,  cleavage,  postage,  steerage,  etc. 

aged  (a'jed,  sometimes  ajd),  p.  a.  [ME.  aged, 
agyd;  <  age,  v.,  +  -erf2.]  i.  Old;  having  lived 
or  existed  long;  having  reached  an  advanced 
period  of  life :  as,  an  aged  man ;  an  aged  oak. 

Shall  aged  men,  like  aged  trees. 
Strike  deeper  their  vile  root,  and  closer  cling. 
Still  more  enamom-'d  of  their  wretched  soil '? 

Young,  Night  Thoughts,  iv.  111. 
[Under  English  racing  rules,  a  horse  is  said  to  be  aged 
(pron.  ajd)  when  he  is  more  than  seven  years  old.] 

2.  Of  the  age  of:  as,  a  man  aged  forty  years. — 

3.  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  old  age. 

These  bitter  tears,  which  now  you  see 
Filling  the  aged  wrinkles  in  my  cheeks. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iii.  1. 
=  Syn.  1.  Aged,  Elderly,  Old,  Ancient.  Old  is  the  general 
word  for  being  near  to  the  natural  end,  or  having  nearly 
reached  the  usual  period,  of  life :  as,  a  cat  is  old  at  twelve 
years.  Elderly  is  rather  old,  beginning  to  be  old.  Aged  is 
very  old.  Ancient  is  so  old  as  to  seem  to  belong  to  a  past 
age.  (See  other  comparisons  under  ancient.) 


109 

The  aged  man  that  coffers  up  his  gold 

Is  plagu  d  with  cramps  and  gouts  and  painful  fits. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  855. 
It  is  a  gi'eat  misfortune  to  us  of  the  more  elderly  soi  t, 
that  we  were  bred  to  the  constant  use  of  words  in  Engli.sh 
children's  books,  which  were  without  meaning  for  us  and 
only  mystified  us.    0.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  172. 

You  are  old ; 
Nature  in  you  stands  on  the  veiy  verge 
Of  her  confine.  Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  4. 

Change  "The  Ancient  Mariner"  to  "The  Old  Sailor," 
and  you  throw  the  mind  into  a  mood  utterly  inharmonious 
with  the  tone  of  Coleridge's  wonderful  poem. 

A.  S.  Hill,  Rhetoric. 

agedly  (a'jed-li),  adv.    Like  an  aged  person, 
agedness  (a'jed-nes),  n.  The  state  or  condition 
of  being  old ;  oldness. 
Custom  without  truth  is  but  agedness  of  error. 

Milton,  Reform,  of  Church  Discipline,  i.  2C. 

agee  {a-je'),  2>rep.  pkr.  as  adv.  or  a.  Same  as 
ajce. 

ageing,  n.    See  aging.  _ 

Agelaemse  (aj''''e-le-i'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Age- 
Iceus  +  -ina'.']  A  subfamily  of  American  oscine 


Marsh-Blackbird  [A^claiis  tricolor). 


passerine  birds  of  the  family  Icteridce.  it  is  re- 
lated to  the  conirostral  Fringillidce,  or  finches,  less  nearly 
to  the  crows,  Corvidce,  and  to  some  extent  it  replaces  and 
represents  in  America  the  old-world  Sturnidoe,  or  star- 
lings. The  subfamily  includes  the  marsh-blackbirds  of  the 
genus  Agelceus,  as  the  common  red-winged  blackbird  of 
the  United  States,  A.  phceniceus ;  the  yellow-headed  black- 
bird, Xanthocephalus  icterocephalus ;  the  cow-bird,  Molo- 
thrus  ater;  the  bobolink,  Dolichonyx  oryzivorus ;  and  nu- 
merous related  species,  chiefiy  of  the  warmer  parts  of 
.\merica.    Less  correctly  written  Agelaince. 

Agelseus  (aj-e-le'us),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayelaloc, 
belonging  to  a  herd,  gregarious,  <  ayklr/,  a  herd 
(L.  grex),  <  ayeiv,  drive.]  The  tjrpical  genus 
of  blackbirds  of  the  subfamily  ^(/eteiKo;;  the 
marsh-blackbirds.  There  are  several  species,  such  as 
A.  phceniceus,  the  common  red-winged  marsh-blackbird 
of  the  United  States,  and  ^•1.  tricolor  oi  California.  Also 
spelled  Agelaius,  as  originally  by  Vieillot,  181C. 

agelast  (a,i 'e-last),  n.  [<  Gr.  ayiiaaroc,  not 
laughing,  <  a-  priv.  +  yzlacrbQ,  verbal  adj.  of 
yAav,  laugh.]  One  who  never  laughs.  [Rare.] 
Men  whom  Rabelais  would  have  called  agelasts,  or  non- 
laughers.  London  Times,  Feb.  5,  1877.    {N.  E.  D.) 

Agelena,  Agelenidae.  See  Agalena,  Agalenidce. 
ageless  (aj'les),  a.  l<.  age,  n.l+ -less.']  Without 
age  ;  without  definite  limits  of  existence, 
agemina  (a-jem'i-na),  n.    Same  as  azzimina, 
agen  (a-gen'),  adv.,  prep.,  and  conj.    An  old 
spelling  of  again,  still  occasionally  used. 
Borne  far  asunder  by  the  tides  of  men. 
Like  adamant  and  steel  they  meet  agen. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  i. 
agency  (a'jen-si),  n. ;  pi.  agencies  (-siz).  [=  F. 
agence,  <  ML.  agentia,  <  L.  agen(t-)s,  ppr.  of 
age)-e,  act:  see  agent.']  ■  1.  The  state  of  being 
in  action  or  of  exei'ting  power ;  action ;  opera- 
tion ;  instrumentality. 

The  agency  of  providence  in  the  natural  world. 

Woodward,  Pref.  to  Ess.  toward  Nat.  Hist,  of  Earth. 
For  the  first  three  or  four  centuries  we  loiow  next  to 
nothing  of  the  course  by  which  Christianity  moved,  and 
the  events  tlu-ough  which  its  agency  was  developed. 

i)e  Quincey,  Essenes,  i. 

2.  A  mode  of  exerting  power ;  a  means  of  pro- 
ducing effects. 

But  although  the  introduction  of  a  fluid  as  an  Agent  ex- 
plains nothing,  the  fluid  as  an  Agency  —  i.  e.,  its  hydrody- 
namic  laws  —  explains  much. 

G.  H.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  §  92. 
Opinion  is  the  agency  through  which  character  adapts 
external  arrangements  to  itself. 

U.  Spe-iwer,  Social  Statics,  p.  517. 

3.  The  office  of  agent  or  factor;  the  business 
of  an  agent  intrusted  with  the  concerns  of 
another :  as,  the  principal  pays  the  charges  of 
agency. — 4.  The  place  of  business  of  an  agent. 

In  the  United  States,  frequently  used  in  the  sense  of  an 
Indian  agency,  an  office  or  settlement  in  or  near  the  res- 
ervation of  an  Indian  tribe,  at  which  resides  an  Indian 
agent  of  the  government,  charged  with  the  interests  of  the 
tribe  and  the  care  of  the  relations  of  the  government  to  it : 
as,  the  Pawnee  agency.— Ytbq  agency.   See  free. 


agent 

agendi  (a'jend),  n.    Same  as  agendum  (c). 

agendum  (a-jen'dum),  w. ;  pi.  agenda  (-da). 
[L.,  something  to  be  done,  neut.  of  agcndu.% 
gerundive  of  agcrc,  do:  see  agent,  act.]  A 
thing  to  be  done  :  usually  in  the  plural,  things 
to  be  done  ;  duties.  Specifically  — (a)  Items  of  busi- 
ness  to  be  brought  before  a  connnittee,  council,  board,  etc., 
as  things  to  be  done.  (6)  Matters  of  practice,  as  opposed 
to  credenda,  or  matters  of  belief. 

The  moral  and  religious  credenda  and  agenda  of  any 
good  man.  Coleridge. 

Especially— (ct)  Matters  of  ecclesiastical  practice ;  ritual 
or  liturgy,  (d)  As  a  collective  singular,  a  mtmoraiiduni- 
book.    [Rare  in  all  uses.] 

agenesia  (aj-e-ue ' si-a),  w.  [NL.]  Same  as 
agenesis. 

agenesic  (aj-e-nes'ik),  a.  [<  agenesis  +  4c.] 
Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  agenesis. 

agenesis  (a-jen'e-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
ytvtair,  generation.]  In  physiol.,  any  anomaly 
of  organization  consisting  in  the  absence  or 
imperfect  development  of  parts.  Also  called 
agenesia.  [Rare.] 

Agenia  (a-je-ni'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  iiytvetoc, 
beardless,  <  u-  priv.  -I-  yeveiov,  beard,  <  yhv^  = 
E.  chin.]  In  entom.,  a  genus  of  hymenopterous 
spider-wasps,  of  the  family  Pompiliida',  charac- 


Agenia  hombycina  (Cresson). 

a,  cell  constructed  by  the  wasp ;  b,  female  wasp.    (The  vertical  line 
shows  natural  size. ) 

terized  by  having  smooth  legs.   The  females  build 
curious  mud  cells  inider  logs  or  under  the  bark  of  trees, 
provisioning  them  with  spiders, 
agennesia  (aj-e-ne'si-a),  n.    [NL.].    Same  as 
ugeniiesis. 

agennesic  (aj-e-nes'ik),  a.  [<  agennesis  +  -ic] 
Characterized  by  sterility  or  impotence  ;  per- 
taining to  agennesis. 

agennesis  (aj-e-ne'sis),  «.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  d-  priv. 

+  yevvr/aig,  engendering,  <  yeiwdu,  engender.]  In 
med.,  want  of  reproductive  power  in  either  sex; 
impotence  of  the  male  or  sterility  of  the  female. 
Also  called  agennesia.  [Rare.] 

agennetic  (aj-e-net'ik),  a.  [<  agennesis  (agen- 
net-)  + -ic]  Characterized  by  sterility ;  unpro- 
ductive; agennesic:  as,  an  agennetic  jteriod. 

agent  (a'jent),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  agen{t-)s,  ppr. 
of  agere,  drive,  lead,  conduct,  manage,  per- 
form, do,  —  Gr.  ayeiv,  lead,  conduct,  do,  =  Icel. 
alca,  drive,  =  Skt.  ■\/  aj,  drive:  see  act,  etc.,  and 
ef.  alee,  aclie^,  acre.]  I.  a.  Acting:  opposed 
to  patient  in  the  sense  of  sustaining  action. 
[Rare.] 

The  force  of  imagination  upon  the  body  agent. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  902. 

Agent  intellect.   See  intellect. 

II.  n.  [<  F.  agent,  <  ML.  agen{t-)s,  a  deputy, 
attorney,  factor,  etc.,  substantive  use  of  L. 
agen{t-)s,  ppr.  of  agere:  see  above.]  1.  An 
active  cause;  an  efficient  cause;  one  who  or 
that  which  acts  or  has  the  power  to  act:  as,  a 
moral  agent;  many  insects  are  agents  of  fertil- 
ization. Inphys.,  heat,  light,  and  electricity  are  called 
agents,  in  order  to  avoid  hypothesis  with  regard  to  their 
nature.  In  chem.  and  med.,  whatever  produces  a  chemical 
or  medical  effect  is  called  an  agent. 

Heaven  made  us  agents  free  to  good  or  ill. 
And  forc'd  it  not,  though  he  foresaw  the  will. 

Dryden,  Cock  and  Fox,  I.  538. 

To  say  that  man  is  a  free  agent  is  no  more  than  to  say 
that,  in  some  instances,  he  is  truly  an  agent  and  a  cause, 
and  is  not  merely  acted  upon  as  a  passive  instrument.  On 
the  contrary,  to  say  that  he  acts  from  necessity  is  to  say 
that  he  does  not  act  at  all,  that  he  is  no  agent,  and  that, 
for  anything  we  know,  there  is  only  one  ajent  in  the  uni- 
verse, who  does  everything  that  is  done,  whether  it  be 
good  or  ill.  Meid. 
Thro'  many  agents  making  strong, 
Matures  the  individual  form. 

Tennyson,  Love  thou  thy  Land. 

2.  A  person  acting  on  behalf  of  another,  called 
'his  principal ;  a  representative ;  a  deputy,  fac- 
tor, substitute,  or  attorney.  Often  abbreviated 
to  agt.  In  law.  agent  implies  a  kind  of  service  in  which 
the  one  serving  lias  some  discretion  as  to  the  manner  of 
accomnlishing  the  object. 


The  house  in  Leadenhall  street  is  nothing  more  than  a  aePftU  (a-iosfM 
change  for  their  aflaits,  factors,  and  deputies  to  meet  in  Jj'*'*' 


110  aggrandizement 

 deputies  to  meet  in  v"'-J-°'' /'  L< 'L'.  aggestus,  pp.  of  agglutination  (a-glo-ti-na'shon),  ».    r=p  aa- 

to  talie  care  of  their  atfaus,  and  to  support  theii- interests'    'W^''^'''^')  ""i^em-e,  bring  together  :  see  Of/r/er.]    /-/.,/;.)^./.v..,  . /  ;,.<.■„„.„..  n  -4  Vn,      K    »  • '*£^ 

£M<*e.    To  heap  up. 

In  the  evening  arrived  .  .  .  one  of  the  three  afieiit.s  of       Tlie  violence  of  the  waters  afujested  the  earth, 
the  Ohio  company,  sent  to  complete  the  negotiations  for  Fuller,  Church  Hist.,  Ded.  of  bk.  9 

Western  lands.  Bancroft,  Hist.  Const..  11.  110.  aggett,  aggettt,  «•  Obsolete  Spellings  of  agate^. 

3.  An  official:  as,  an  agent  of  police  Agent  agglomerate  (a-glom'e-rat),  v.;  pret.  and  pp. 

and  patient,  in  ?(!«•,  a  person  who  is  both  the  doer  of  a    (tggh)ita  rutcd,  ppr.  agglomerating.     [<  L.  ag- 

glomeratus,  pp.  of  agghmerare,  adglomcrure, 


thiiiu  and  the  party  to  whom  it  is  done;  thus,  when 
person  who  owes  money  to  another  dies  and  makes  the 
creditor  his  e.\ecutor,  the  latter  may  retain  out  of  the 
estate  as  nmch  as  satisfies  his  claim,  and  is  thus  said  to  be 
agent  and  patient.  [Rare.]  —  Agent  Of  truancy,  tlie  name 
given  to  a  class  of  otticers  or  employees  scrviim  under  the 
local  school  autliorities  in  several  cities  of  Xew  York  .State, 
to  enforce  tlie  provisions  of  the  Compulsory  Education 
Act,  requiring  tlie  attenilance  of  children  at  school.— 
Catalytic  agent.  Sec  i-atnliitii-.—  CTovra  agent,  st-e 
cro!('«.  — First  agent,  an  agent  not  incited  by  another. 
— General  agent,  an  ai;ent  whose  autlu>rit^•,  though  it 
may  lie  limited  to  a  particular  trade  or  business,  and  a  par- 
ticular place,  is  general  in  respect  to  extending  to  all  acts 
of  a  kind  ordinarily  involved  in  the  matters  in  question. 
—  Morbific  agent,  in  med.,  a  cause  of  disease.— Thera- 
peutic agent,  in  med.,  a  substance,  as  for  example  mor- 
phine, or  a  form  of  motion,  as  heat  or  electricity,  used  in    _  „„,.,   .li^.-^iiiu 

treating  disease.— Voluntary  or  free  agent,"  one  who  afffflnmpra+p"rr^l'mi"i"p"r5n  „ 
may  do  or  not  do  any  action,  and  has  the  conscious  per-  agglomerate  (,a-glom  e-rat),_  a.  and  « 
ception  that  his  actions  result  from  the  exercise  of  his  own 
will.    See  free. 

agential  (a-jen'shal),  a.  [<  ML.  agentia,  agency, 

<  L.  age>i{t-)s:  see  agent.^    Pertaining  to  an 

agent  or  to  an  agency, 
agentshipt  (a'jeut-ship),  «.    The  office  of  an 

agent;  agency.    Beau,  and  Fl. 
age-prayer  (aj'prar),  v.    [<  age  +  prayer,  after 

Law  L.  wtatis  jjrecatio,  a  plea  of  age,  or  a'fatem 

precari,  plead  age,  AF.  age  prier :  see  age  and 

pray.}  In  early  Eng.  law,  a  suggestion  of  non- 
age, made  in  a  real  action  to  which  an  infant 


-  .   ,  PP'  ,   , 

wind  into  a  ball,  <  ad,  to,  -f-  glomerare,  wind 
into  a  ball,  <  glomus  (gfomer-),  a  ball,  akin  to 
.  a  ball :  see  (/?ofce.   Ct  conglomerate.']  I. 

trans.  To  collect  or  gather  into  a  inass. 

In  one  agglomerated  cluster  hung. 

Young,  Night  Thoughts,  ix.  1911. 
There  is  to  an  Americati  someUiing  richly  artificial  and 
scenic,  as  it  were,  in  tlie  way  these  colossal"  dwellings  are 
packed  together  in  their  steep  streets,  in  the  depths  of 
then-  little  enclosed,  agglomerated  city. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  .Sketches,  p.  261. 

II,  intrans.  To  gather,  grow,  or  collect  into 
a  ball  or  mass  :  as,  "  hard,  agglomerating  salts," 
Thomson,  Seasons,  Autumn,  !.  766. 


  [<L. 

agglomeratus,  pp. :  see  the  verb.]  I.  a.  Gathered 
into  a  ball  or  mass ;  piled  together ;  specifically, 
in  bat.,  crowded  into  a  dense  cluster,  but  not 
cohering. 

II.  n.  1.  A  fortuitous  mass  or  assemblage 
of  things;  an  agglomeration. —  2.  In  geol.,  an 
accumulation  of  materials  made  up  chiefly  of 
large  blocks  "huddled  together  in  a  pell-mell 
way,  without  regard  to  size,  shape,  or  weight." 
A.  H.  G-reen.  The  term  is  used  almost  exclusively  with 
reference  to  volcanic  ejections,  and  is  rarely,  it  ever,  em- 
ployed by  American  authors.  See  breccia  and  conglome- 
rate 


ri^?e?^^^?S^l^:^^ZS^  a^lomeratic(a-glom-e-rat'ik),  a,  Pertaining 


be  stayed  until  the  infant  should  come  of  age 
Also  called  j)tea  of  parol  demurrer.  Stimson. 

ager  (a'jer),  n.  [L.,  =  E.  acre,  q.  v.]  In  civil 
law,  a  field;  generally,  a  portion  of  land  in- 
closed by  definite  boundaries. 

agerasia  (aj-f-ra'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  Englished  age- 
rasy,  <  Gr.  ayj/pauia,  eternal  youth,  <  a)  r/paroc,  «}  '/- 
paoQ,  ayrjpug,  not  growing  old:  see  Agerntum.] 
A  green  old  age ;  freshness  and  vigor  of  mind 
and  body  late  in  life.  [Bare.] 

agerasy  (aj'f-ra-si),  n.    Same  as  agerasia. 

Ageratum  (a-jer'a-tum),  n.  [NL. ;  also,  as  L., 
ageraton,  <  Gr.  ayijpaTov,  an  aromatic  plant,  per- 
haps yarrow  or  milfoil,  Achillea  agera  turn  ;  prop, 
neut.  of  ayffparoq,  a^ijpaoq,  d)  ijpuq,  not  growing 
old,  undecaying,  <  a-  priv.  +  yf]paq,  old  age.] 
A  genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Compositw,  all 
American  and  chiefly  tropical,  nearly  allied  to 
Eupatorium.  a.  congzoides  (A.  Mexicanum)  is  a  well- 
known  flower-border  annual,  with  dense  lavender-blue 
heads,  which  keep  their  color  long 

Ageronia  (aj-e-i'o'ni-ii),  [NL.]  A  genus  of 
American  butterflies  of  the  family  Xymj>hal- 
idce.  A.  foriKtx  occurs  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  the  United  States  and  southward. 

ageusia,  ageusis  (a-gu'si-a,  -sis),  w.  [NL.] 

Same  as  ageustia. 
ageustia  (a-gtis'ti-a),  «.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  aycvarla, 
a  fasting,  <  aycvoro^,  fasting,  not  tasting,  <  d- 
priv.,  not,  -|-  yevarog,  verbal  adj.  of  yeveadai. 
taste,  akin  to  L 


to  or  having  the  nature  of  an  agglomerate, 
agglomeration  (a-glom-e-ra'shon),  n.  [<  L. 
agglomeratio{n-),  <  agglomerare":  see  agglome- 
rate, v.]  1.  The  act  of  agglomerating  or  the 
state  of  being  agglomerated ;  the  state  of  gath- 
ering or  being  gathered  into  a  mass. 
By  an  undiscerning  agglomeration  of  facts  he  [Berkeley]  aggracet  (a-gras') 


glutination  ;  <  agglutinate,  «.]  1.  Theactof  unit- 
ing by  glue  or  other  tenacious  substance  ;  the- 
state  of  bemg  thus  united;  adhesion  of  parts- 
that  which  is  united  ;  a  mass  or  gi'oup  cementei 
together.— 2.  InphiloL,  the  condition  of  being 
agglutinate ;  the  process  or  result  of  aggluti- 
nate combination.    See  agglutinate,  a. 

in  the  Aryan  languages  the  modifications  of  words  com- 
prised under  declension  and  ciinjuKUtion,  were  likewise 
originally  expressed  by  agglutination.  But  the  component 
parts  began  soon  to  coalesce,  so  as  to  form  one  integral 
word  liable  in  its  turn  to  phonetic  corruption  to  such  an 
ex-tent  that  it  became  impossible  after  a  time  to  decide 
which  was  the  root  and  which  the  modificatory  element. 

Max  MuUer. 

Immediate  agglutination,  in  swr,..  union  of  the  parts 

of  a  wound  by  tlie  first  intention  (sec  liitmtion)  as  distin 
guished  from  mediate  agglutination,  uhich'is  secured 
througli  tlie  interposition  of  sonic  substance,  as  lint  be- 
tween the  lips  of  the  wound.  ' 

agglutinationist  (a-glo-ti-na'shon-ist),  n.  In 
plulol.,  an  adherent  to  the  theory  of  agglutina- 
tion. See  agglutinate,  a.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XXI.  272 

agglutinative  (a-gl6'ti-na-tiv),  a.  1.  Tending 
or  having  power  to  agglutinate  or  imite;  hav- 
ing power  to  cause  adhesion:  as,  an  agglutina- 
tive substance.— 2.  In  philoL,  exhibiting  or 
characterized  by  the  formative  process  known 
as  agglutination ;  agglutinate  (which  see) :  as, 
an  agglutinative  language. 

Tlieir  fundamental  common  characteristic  is  that  they 
[the  Scyfluan  languages]  follow  what  is  styled  an  agglu- 
tiinitin'  type  of  Structure.  That  is  to  say,  the  elements  out 
ot  wliicli  their  words  are  formed  are  loosely  put  together 
instead  of  being  closely  compacted,  or  fused  into  one. 

Whitney,  Lang,  and  Study  of  Lang.,  p.  316. 

aggracet  (a-gi-as'),  v.  t.  [<  ag-  +  grace,  v. ;  sug- 
gested by  OP.  agracher,  agrachier  =  li.  aggra- 
ziare,  formerly  aggratiare,  <  ML.  aggratiare, 
show  gi-ace  to,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  gratia,  gi-ace.]  1. 
To  show  gi-ace  or  favor  to.  Spenser.— 2.  To 
add  gi-ace  to,  or  make  graceful. 

And,  that  which  all  faire  workes  doth  most  agqrace, 
The  art,  which  all  that  wrought,  appeared  in  iio  place. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  II.  xii.  58. 


n.    Kindness;  favor. 

convinced  numbers  in  his  own  day,  and  he  has  had  be-  aggrade  (a-grad  ),  V.  t.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  +  gradus, 
lievers  in  Ireland  almost  to  our  day,  that  tar-water  could  step.  Cf.  degrade.]  In  qeol.,  to  grade  UD  ;  fill 
cure  all  manner  of  diseases.         jl/cCo.sA,  Berkeley,  p.  83.     up:   the   opposite   of  degrade  Ot  tvear  away. 

2.  That  which  is  agglomerated;  a  collection;  a  aggrandisable,  aggrandisation,  etc.    See  ag- 

heap;  any  mass,  assemblage,  or  cluster  formed    grandizahlc,  eid. 

aggrandizable  (ag'ran-di-za-bl),  a.    [<  aggran- 
dize +  -able. ]    Capable  of  'being  aggrandized. 
Also  spelled  aggrandisable. 
aggrandization  (a-gran-di-za'shou),  «.  The 
act  of  aggrandizing,  or  the  condition  or  state  of 


by  mere  juxtaposition, 

The  charming  cdteau  which  .  .  .  faces  the  town,  — a 
soft  agglomeration  of  gardens,  vineyards,  scattered  villas, 
gables  and  turrets  of  slate-roofed  chateaux,  terraces  with 
gray  balustrades,  moss-grown  walls  draped  in  scarlet  Vir- 
ginia creeper.  //.  James,  Jr.,  Little  Tour,  p.  9. 

agglomerative  (a-glom'e-ra-tiv),  a.  Having  a 
tendency  to  agglomerate  or  gather  together. 

Taylor  [is]  eminently  discursive,  accumulative,  and  (to 
use  one  of  his  own  words)  agglomerative. 

Coleridge,  Poems,  etc.  '(1817),  p.  139. 


being  aggrandized.  Also  spelled  aggrandisa- 
tion. [Rare.] 

No  part  of  the  body  will  consume  by  the  aggrandization 
of  the  other,  but  all  motions  will  be  orderiy,  and  a  just 
distribution  be  to  all  parts. 

Waterhouse,  Fortescue,  p.  197. 


agglutinant  (a-glo'ti-nant),  a.  and  «.    [<  L.  aggrandize  (ag'ran-diz),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.'  ag 


gustus,  taste:  see  gust^.]  In 
med.,  a  defect  or  loss  of  taste,  occurring  in 

colds  and  fevers,  or  arising  from  nervous  dis-  "^„^'^^'li2T''v■\■  -m  , 
gase.  agglutinate  (a-glo  ti-nat),  v.  t. 

aggatt,  n.    Obsolete  spelling  of  aga  te^. 

aggelationt  (aj-e-la'shon),  n.  [<  ML.  aggela- 
tio{v-),  <  L.  ad,  to,  -1-  gelare,  freeze :  see  con- 
geal.]   Congelation;  freezing.    Sir  T.  Browne. 

aggenerationt  (a-jen-e-ra'shon),  w.  [<  L.  ag- 
generare,  adgenerare,  beget  additionally,  <  ad. 


agglutinan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  agglutinare :  see  agglu- 
tinate, v.]  I.  a.  Uniting  as  glue;  tending  to 
cause  adhesion. 

Something  strengthening  and  agglutinant. 

Grag,  Works  (1825),  II.  192. 
II,  n.  Any  -viscous  substance  which  agglu- 
tinates or  unites  other  substances  by  causing 
adhesion ;  any  application  which  causes  bodies 
to  adhere  together, 

pret.  and  pp 

agglutinated,  ppr.  agglutinating.'  [<L.  aggluti- 
natus,  pp.  of  agglutinare,  adglutinare,  paste  to, 
<  ad,  to,  +  glutinare,  paste,  <  gluten,  paste,  glue : 
see  gluten  and  glue.]  To  unite  or  cause  to  ad- 
here, as  with  glue  or  other  viscous  substance ; 
unite  by  causing  an  adhesion. 


to,  +  generare,  beget :'  see  generate.]   The  act  of  agglutinate  (a-gl6'  ti-nat)  a   [<  L.  agglutina  tus, 
•  -    -     •   pp.:  see  the  verb.]    United  as  by  glue ;  char- 

acterized by  adherence  or  incorporation  of  dis- 
tinct parts  or  elements  :  as,  an  agglutinate  lan- 
guage. (See  below.)  in  6o(.,  grown  together:  equiva- 
lent to  accrete :  applied  also  to  fungi  that  are  firmly  attached 
to  the  matrix.  Sometimes  written  adglutinate. — Agglu- 
tinate languages,  languages  exhibiting  an  inferior  de- 


generating or  producing  in  addition.    N.  E.  D. 

agger  (aj'er),  n.  [L.,  a  pile,  heap,  mound,  dike, 
mole,  pier,  etc.,  <  aggerere,  adgerere,  bring  to- 
gether, <  ad,  to,  +  gerere,  carry.]  1.  In  Bom. 
antiq.,  an  earthwork  or  any  artificial  mound  or 
rampart,  as,  in  Rome,  the  agger  of  Servius  Tul- 
lius. —  2.  A  Roman  road  or  military  way,  so 
called  because  these  roads  were  raised  in  the 
middle  to  turn  water  to  the  sides. 

aggeratet  (aj'e-riit),  v.  t.  [<.li.  aggeratus,  T^p. 
of  aggerare,  adgerdre,  foi-m  an  agger  or  heap, 
heap  up,  <  agger :  see  agger.  Cf.  exaggerate.] 
To  heap  up.  Bailey. 

aggerationt  (aj-e-ra'shon),  n.  [<  L.  agger a- 
tio{n-),  <  aggerare  :  see  aggerate.]  A  heaping; 
accumulation  :  as,  " aggerations  of  sand,"  Bay, 
Diss,  of  World,  v.  §  1. 

aggerose  (aj'e-ros),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *aggerosus, 
dagger:  see  agger,]  In  heaps;  formed  in 
heaps.  Dma, 


gree  of  integration  in  the  elements  of  their  words,  or  of 
unification  of  words,  the  suflSxes  and  prefixes  retaining  a 
certain  independence  of  one  another  and  of  the  root  or 
stem  to  which  they  are  added:  opposed  to  inflective  or 
inflectional  languages,  in  which  the  separate  identity  of 
stem  and  ending  is  more  often  fully  lost,  and  the  original 
agglutination  even  comes  to  be  replaced  by  an  internal 


grandized,  ppr.  aggrandizing.  [<  P.  aggrandiss-, 
extended  stem  of  "aggrandir,  to  greaten,  aug- 
ment, enlarge,"  etc.  (Cotgrave),  now  agrandir  = 
It.  aggrandire,  enlarge,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  grandire, 
increase,  <  grandis,  large,  great :  see  grand.] 
I.  traris.  1.  To  make  great  or  greater  in  power, 
wealth,  rank,  or  honor;  exalt:  a,s,  to  aggrandize 
a  family. 

The  Stoics  identified  man  with  God,  for  the  purpose  of 
glorifying  man— the  Neoplatonists  for  the  purpose  of  ag- 
grandising  God.  Leclcy,  Europ.  Jlorals,  I.  345. 

2t.  To  magnify  or  exaggerate. 

If  we  trust  to  fame  and  reports,  these  may  proceed  .  .  . 
from  small  matters  aggrandized. 

Wollaston,  Religion  of  Nature,  §  5. 
3.  To  widen  in  scope;  increase  in  size  or  in- 
tensity; enlarge;  extend;  elevate. 

These  furnish  us  with  glorious  springs  and  mediums  to 
raise  and  aggrandize  our  conceptions. 

Watts,  Improvement  of  Mind. 
Covetous  death  bereaved  us  all. 
To  aggrandize  one  funeral. 

Emerson,  Threnody. 
=  Syil.  1.  To  honor,  dignify,  advance,  elevate,  give  lus- 
ter to. 

II,  intrans.  To  grow  or  become  greater. 
[Rare.] 

Follies,  continued  till  old  age,  do  aggrandize  and  be- 
come horrid.  Jolin  Hall,  Pref.  to  Poems. 
Also  spelled  aggrandise. 


change  in  the  root  or  stem.  But  the  distinction  is  of  little  aggrandizement  (ag'ran-diz-ment  Or  a-gran' 


scientific  value.    Turkish  is  a  favorite  example  of  an  ag- 
glutinate tongue, 
agglutinating  (a-glo 'ti-na-ting),  p.  a.  In 
philol.,  characterized  by  agglutination;  agglu- 
tinate (which  see). 

The  natives  [of  the  southern  islands  of  the  Fuegian 
Archipelago]  .  .  .  speak  an  agglutinatim;  language,  cur- 
rent from  the  middle  of  Beagle  passage  to  the  southern- 
most islands  about  Cape  Horn.  Science,  111.  168. 


diz-ment),  n.  [<  P.  "  aggrandisscment,  a  grant- 
ing, enlarging,  encrease,  also  preferment,  ad- 
vancement" (Cotgrave),  now  agrandisscment: 
see  aggrandize  and  -ment.]  The  act  of  aggran- 
dizing; the  state  of  being  exalted  in  power, 
rank,  or  honor;  exaltation;  enlargement:  as, 
the  emperor  seeks  only  the  aggrandizement  of 
his  own  family.    Also  spelled  aggrandisement. 


aggrandizement 

Survival  of  the  fittest  will  determine  whether  such  spe- 
cially favourable  conditions  result  in  the  affijrandisement 
of  the  individual  or  in  the  multiplication  of  the  race. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  359. 
=  Syn.  Augmentation,  advancement,  elevation  ;  prefer- 
ment, promotion,  exaltation, 
aggrandizer  (ag'ran-di-zer),  n.    One  who  ag- 
grandizes or  exalts  in  power,  rank,  or  honor. 
Also  spelled  aggrandiser. 
aggrappet,  n-    Obsolete  form  of  agraffe. 
aggratet  (a-graf  \  v.  t.    [<  It.  aggmtarc,  also  ag- 
gradaie  and  aggradire,  <  ML.  * aggratare  (ef. 
aggratiare,  under  aggrace),  please,  <  L.  ad,  to, 
+  grains,  pleasing,  >  It.  grato,  pleasing,  grado, 
pleasm-e.]    1.  To  please. 

Each  one  sought  his  lady  to  aggrate. 

S2>enset;  F.  Q.,  II.  i.x.  34. 
2.  To  thank  or  express  gratitude  to. 
The  Island  King  .  .  . 

Aygrates  the  Knights,  who  thus  his  right  defended. 

P.  Fletcher,  Purple  Island,  ii.  9.    (N.  E.  I).) 
aggravablef  (ag'ra-va-bl),  a.    [<  L.  aggrava-ro 
(see  aggravate)  +  E.  -hle.'\    Tending  to  aggra- 
vate ;  aggravating. 

This  idolatry  is  the  more  discernible  and  aggravable  in 
the  invocation  of  saints  and  idols. 

Dr.  H.  More,  Antidote  against  Idolatry,  ii. 

aggravate  (ag'ra-vat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ag- 
gravated, ppr.  aggravating.  [<  L.  aggravatus, 
pp.  of  aggravare,  adgravare,  add  to  the  weight 
of,  make  worse,  oppress,  annoy,  <  ad,  to,  +  gra- 
vare,  make  heavy,  <  gravis,  heavy:  see  grave'^. 
Cf.  aggrieve  and-  aggredge.']  If.  Literally,  to 
add  weight  to  or  upon ;  increase  the  amount, 
quantity,  or  force  of;  make  heavier  by  added 
quantity  or  burden. 

Then,  soul,  live  thou  upon  thy  servant's  loss. 
And  let  that  pine  to  aggravate  thy  store. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  cxlvi. 
In  order  to  lighten  the  crown  still  further,  they  aggra- 
vated responsibility  on  ministers  of  state. 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France,  p.  39.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

2.  To  make  more  grave  or  heavy;  increase  the 
weight  or  pressure  of;  intensify,  as  anything 
evil,  disorderly,  or  troublesome :  as,  to  aggra- 
vate guilt  or  crime,  the  evils  or  annoyances  of 
life,  etc. 

Maim'd  in  the  strife,  the  falling  man  sustains 
Th'  insulting  shout,  that  aggravates  his  pains. 

Crabbe,  Tales  of  the  Hall. 
The  [French]  government  found  its  necessities  aggra- 
vated by  that  of  procuring  immense  quantities  of  firewood. 

Jefferson,  Autobiog.,  p.  72. 
In  every  department  of  nature  there  occur  instances  of 
the  instability  of  specific  form,  which  the  increase  of  ma- 
terials aggravates  rather  than  diminishes. 

A.  B.  Wallace,  Nat.  Selec,  p.  165. 

3.  To  exaggerate ;  give  coloring  to  in  descrip- 
tion; give  an  exaggerated  representation  of: 
as,  to  aggravate  circumstances.  [Rare.] 

He  [Colonel  Nath.  Bacon]  dispatched  a  messenger  to 
the  governor,  by  whom  he  aggravated  the  mischiefs  done 
by  the  Indians,  and  desired  a  conmiission  of  general  to 
go  out  against  them.  Beverley,  Virginia,  i.  Tf  97. 

4.  To  provoke;  irritate;  tease.  [Colloq.] 

I  was  so  aggravated  that  I  almost  doubt  if  I  did  know. 

Dickens. 

=Syn.  2  and  3.  To  heighten,  raise,  increase,  magnify ; 
overstate.    See  list  under  exaggerate. 

aggravating  (ag'ra-va-ting),  J),  a.  1.  Making 
worse  or  more  heinous :  as,  aggravating  circum- 
stances.— 2.  Provoking;  annoying;  exasperat- 
ing: as,  he  is  an  aggravating  fellow.  [Colloq.] 
Which  makes  it  only  the  more  aggravating.  Thackeray. 

aggravatingly  (ag'ra-va-ting-li),  adv.  In  an 
aggravating  manner." 

aggravation  (ag-ra-va'shon),  11.  [=F.  aggra- 
vation, <  ML.  aggrdvatio(iih-),  <  L.  aggravare :  see 
aggravate.}  1.  Increase  of  the  weight,  inten- 
sity, heinousness,  or  severity  of  anything;  the 
act  of  making  worse ;  addition,  or  that  which  is 
added,  to  anything  evil  or  improper:  as,  an 
aggravation  of  pain,  grief,  crime,  etc. —  2.  Ex- 
aggeration, as  in  a  pictorial  representation  or 
in  a  statement  of  facts;  heightened  descrip- 
tion. [Rare.] 

Accordingly  they  got  a  painter  by  the  knight's  directions 
to  add  a  pair  of  whiskers  to  the  face,  and  by  a  little  aggra- 
vation of  the  features  to  change  it  into  the  Saracen's  Head. 

Addison. 

3.  Provocation;  irritation.  [Colloq.] — 4.  In 
Rom.  canon  law,  a  censure,  threatening  excom- 
munication after  disregard  of  three  admoni- 
tions.   Cliamb.  Cijc.  (1751). 

aggravative  (ag'ra-va-tiv),  a.  and  n.    I.  a. 

Tending  to  aggravate.  ' 

II.  M.  That  which  aggravates  or  tends  to  ag- 
gravate or  make  worse. 

aggravator  (ag'ra-va-tor),  n.    One  who  or  that 
which  aggravates. 

aggredget,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  agredgen,  aggrcgen,  ag- 
reggen,  agregen,  <  OF.  agreger,  agregier  =  Pr. 


Ill 

jf 

agreujar,  <  ML.  "aggreviare  for  *aggraviare, 
equiv.  to  L.  aggravare,  to  add  to  the  weight  of, 
make  worse,  oppress,  annoy,  aggravate :  see 
aggravate  and  aggrieve,  and  ef.  abridge,  abbre- 
viate, allege"^,  alleviate.'}  To  make  heavy;  ag- 
gravate; exaggerate. 

aggregant  (ag're-gant),  n.  [<  L.  aggregan(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  aggregare :  see  aggregate,  v.}  One  W  the 
particidars  which  go  to  make  up  an  aggregate ; 
specifically,  one  of  a  number  of  logical  terms 
which  are  added  together  to  make  a  logical  sum. 

Aggregata  (ag-re-ga'ta),  «.  j)l-  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  L.  aggregatus :  see  aggregate,  v.}  In  Cuvier's 
system  of  classification,  the  second  family  of 
his  Acephnla  nuda,  or  shell-less  acephals;  the 
compound  or  social  ascidians:  opposed  to  He- 
gregata. 

aggregate  (ag're-gat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aggre- 
gated, ppr.  aggregating.  [<  L.  aggrcgatits,  pp. 
of  aggregare,  adgregare,  lead  to  a  flock,  add  to, 
<  ad,  to,  +  gregare,  collect  into  a  flock,  <  grex 
(greg-),  a  flock:  see  gregarious.  Cf.  congregate, 
segregate.}  I.  trans.  1.  To  bring  together;  col- 
lect into  a  stun,  mass,  or  body:  as,  "the  aggre- 
gated soil,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  293. 

The  protoplasmic  fluid  within  a  cell  does  not  become 
aggregated  unless  it  be  in  a  living  state,  and  only  imper- 
fectly if  the  cell  has  been  injured. 

Danoin,  Insectiv.  Plants,  p  02. 
Ideas  which  were  only  feebly  connected  become  aggre- 
gated into  a  close  and  compact  whole. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  93. 

2.  To  amount  to  (the  number  of);  make  (the 
sum  or  total  of) :  an  elliptical  use. 

The  guns  captured  .  .  .  will  aggregate  in  all  probability 
five  orsix  hundred.  Morning  Star,  April  17, 1865.  (iV.  E.  D.) 

3.  To  add  or  unite  to  as  a  constituent  member ; 
make  a  part  of  the  aggregate  of :  as,  to  aggre- 
gate a  person  to  a  company  or  society.  [Rare.] 

II.  intrans.  To  come  together  into  a  sum  or 
mass ;  combine  and  form  a  collection  or  mass. 

The  taste  of  honey  aggregates  with  sweet  tastes  in  gen- 
eral, of  which  it  is  one  —  not  with  such  tastes  as  those 
of  quinine,  or  of  castor  oil. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  114. 

aggregate  (ag're-gat),  a.  and  ».  [<L.  aggrega- 
tus, pp. :  see  the  verb.]  I.  a.  Formed  by  the 
conjimction  or  collection  of  particulars  into  a 
whole  mass  or  sum ;  total ;  combined :  as,  the 
aggregate  amount  of  indebtedness. 

Societies  formed  by  conquest  may  be  .  .  .  composed  of 
two  societies,  which  are  in  a  large  measure  .  .  .  alien ; 
and  in  them  there  cannot  arise  a  political  force  from  the 
aggregate  will.  H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  469. 

Specifically —(a)  In  geol.,  composed  of  several  different 
mineral  constituents  capable  of  being  separated  by  me- 
chanical means :  as,  granite  is  an  aggregate  rock.  (6)  In 
anat.,  clustered :  as,  a(7f/re(;a?e  glands  (Peyer's  glands),  (c) 
In  bot.,  forming  a  dense  cluster,  (d)  In  zobl.,  compound  ; 
associated,  (e)  In  law,  composed  of  many  individuals  united 
into  one  association.— Aggregate  animals,  animals  in 
which  many  individual  organisms  are  united  in  a  common 
*'  household  "  or  oecium,  as  various  polyps,  acalephs,  etc. 
See  cuts  VLUiiev  anthozooid  saiA  Coralligena. — Aggregate 
combination,  in  mech.,a,  combination  which  causes  com- 
pound motions  in  secondary  pieces.  The  effects  of  ag- 
gregate combinations  are  classified  as  aggregate  paths 
and  aggregate  velocities  (which  see,  below).— Aggregate 
flower,  one  formed  of  several  florets  closely  gathered  upon 
a  common  receptacle,  but  not  coherent,  as  in  Conipositce.— 
Aggregate  fruit,  a  fruit  formed  when  a  clusterof  distinct 
carpels  Ijelonging  to  a  single  flower  are  crowded  upon  the 
common  receptacle,  becoming  baccate  or  drupaceous,  and 
sometimes  more  or  less  coherent,  as  in  the  blackberry  and 
the  fruit  of  the  magnolia.  Also  sometimes  used  as  synony- 
mous with  multiple  or  compound  fruit  (which  see,  under 
fruit).  See  cut  under  Rubus.^  Aggregate  glands.  See 
(/iawZ.— Aggregate  path,  in  uieeh..  that  i.atli  through 
which  a  part  of  a  machine  is  moved,  which  is  the  resultant 
of  the  aggregate  combination  of  the  other  parts  which  op- 
erate it.  Thus,  in  so-called  parallel  motion,  a  movement 
of  one  part  in  a  right  line  is  effected  by  the  combined  and 
counteracting  movements  of  other  parts  moving  in  circu- 
lar arcs.— Aggregate  velocity,  the  resultant  velocity  im- 
parted by  forces  moving  with  different  or  with  varying 
velocities,  as  the  velocities  imparted  by  systems  of  pulleys 
tlu-ough  trains  of  gearing,  or  by  so-called  differential  mo- 
tions.—Corporation  aggregate,  in  law.  See  corpora- 
tion. 

II.  w.  1.  A  sum,  mass,  or  assemblage  of  par- 
ticulars ;  a  total  or  gross  amount ;  any  com- 
bined whole  considered  with  reference  to  its 
constituent  parts.  An  aggregate  is  essentially  a  sum, 
as,  for  example,  a  heap  of  sand,  whose  parts  are  loosely  or 
accidentally  associated.  When  the  relation  between  the 
parts  is  more  intimate — either  chemical,  as  in  a  molecule 
or  a  crystal,  or  organic,  as  in  a  living  body,  or  for  the  reali- 
zation of  a  design,  as  in  a  house  —  the  sum  ceases  to  be  a 
mere  aggregate  and  becomes  a  compound,  a  combination, 
an  organism,  etc.  But  in  a  general  way  anything  con- 
sisting of  distinguishable  elements  may  be  called  an  ag- 
gregate of  those  elements  :  as,  man  is  an  aggregate  of 
structures  and  organs  ;  a  mineral  or  volcanic  aggregate 
(that  is,  a  compound  rock). 

Looking  to  the  aggregate  of  all  the  interests  of  the  com- 
monwealth.      D.  Webster,  Speech,  Boston,  June  5,  182S. 

Aggregates  of  brilliant  passages  rather  than  harmonious 
wholes.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  414. 


aggression 

The  difference  between  an  aggregate  and  a  product  is 
that  in  the  first  case  tlie  component  parts  are  simply 
grouped  together,  added  ;  in  the  second,  tile  constituent 
elements  are  blended,  nuiltiplied  into  eacli  other. 

G.  //.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  .Mind,  II.  ii.  §  93. 

2.  Any  hard  material  added  to  lime  to  make 
concrete.  N.  E.  I).— 3.  Milil.,  the  total  com- 
missioned and  enlisted  force  of  any  post,  de- 
jiartment,  division,  eori)s,  or  other  command. 
—  In  the  aggregate,  taken  together;  considered  as  a 
wliolc  ;  collectively. 

Our  judgment  of  a  man's  character  is  derived  from  ob- 
serving a  numlfer  of  successive  acts,  forming  in  the  aggre- 
gate his  general  course  of  conduct. 

Sir  G.  C.  Lewis,  Authority  in  Matters  of  Opinion,  ii. 

aggregated  (ag're-ga-ted),  p.  a.  Same  as  aggre- 
gate, a. 

aggregately  (ag're-gat-li),  adv.  Collectively; 

taken  together  or  in  the  aggi'egate. 

JIany  little  things,  though  separately  they  seem  too  in- 
significant to  mention,  yet  aggregately  are  too  material 
for  me  to  omit.  Chesterfield,  Letters,  II.  347. 

aggregation  (ag-re-ga'shon),  n.  [<  ML.  aggre- 
gatio{n-),  <  L.  aggregare :  "see  aggregate,  v.}  1. 
The  act  of  collecting  or  the  state  of  being  col- 
lected into  an  unorganized  whole. 

By  "material  aggregation"  being  meant  the  way  in 
which,  by  nature  or  by  art,  the  molecules  of  matter  are 
arranged  together.  Tyndall. 

Wanting  any  great  and  acknowledged  centre  of  national 
life  and  thought,  our  expansion  has  hitherto  been  rather 
aggregation  than  growth.    Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  83. 

2.  In  logic,  the  union  of  species  to  form  a  ge- 
nus, or  of  terms  to  form  a  term  true  of  any- 
thing of  which  any  of  its  parts  are  true,  and 
only  false  when  all  its  parts  are  false. — 3.  The 
adding  of  any  one  to  an  association  as  a  mem- 
ber thereof ;  affiliation.  [Rare.] 

The  second  [book]  recounts  his  aggregation  to  the  soci- 
ety of  free-masons.      Monthly  Rev.,  XX.  537.  (N.  E.  D.) 

4.  A  combined  whole ;  an  aggregate. 

In  the  United  States  of  America  a  century  hence  we 
shall  therefore  doubtless  have  a  political  aggregation  im- 
measurably surpassing  in  power  and  in  dimensions  any 
empii-e  that  has  as  yet  existed. 

J.  Fiske,  Amer.  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  139. 
Creatures  of  inferior  type  are  little  more  than  aggrega- 
tions of  numerous  like  parts. 

//.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  493. 

5.  In  bot.,  applied  by  Darwin  specifically  to 
the  peculiar  change  induced  in  the  cells  of  the 
tentacles  of  Drosera  by  mechanical  or  chemi- 
cal stimulation — Theorem  of  aggregation,  in  the 

theory  of  invariants,  a  theorem  concerning  the  number  of 
linearly  independent  invariants  of  a  given  type, 
aggregative  (ag're-ga-tiv),  a.     [<  aggregate  + 
-ive;  =F.  agregatif.}  '  1.  Pertaining  to  aggre- 
gation; taken  together ;  collective. 

other  things  equal,  the  largest  mass  M  ill,  because  of  its 
superior  aggregative  force,  become  hotter  thau  the  others, 
and  radiate  more  intensely. 

H.  Spencer,  Universal  Progress,  p.  293. 

2.  Tending  to  aggregate;  gi-egarious;  social. 
[Rare.] 

His  [Jlirabeau's]  sociality,  his  aggregative  nature  .  .  . 
will  now  be  the  quality  of  qualities  for  him. 

Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  I.  iv.  4. 

aggregator  (ag're-ga-tor),  n.  One  who  collects 
into  a  whole  or  mass.  Burton. 
aggress  (a-gres'),  v.  [<  L.  aggressus,  pp.  of  ag- 
gredi,  adgredi,  attack,  assail,  approach,  go  to, 
<  ad,  to,  +  gradi,  walk,  go,  >  gradus,  step :  see 
grade.}  I.  intrans.  1.  To  make  an  attack; 
commit  the  first  act  of  hostility  or  offense; 
begin  a  quarrel  or  controversy ;  hence,  to  act 
on  the  offensive. 
The  moral  law  says  —  Do  not  aggress .' 

H.  S2)encer,  Social  Statics,  p.  298. 

2.  To  encroach;  intrude;  be  or  become  intru- 
sive. 

The  plebeian  Italian,  inspired  by  the  national  vanity, 
bears  himself  as  proudly  as  the  noble,  without  at  all  ag- 
gressing in  his  manner.         Howells,  Venetian  Life,  xxi. 

While  the  individualities  of  citizens  are  less  aggressed 
upon  by  public  agency,  they  are  more  protected  by  public 
agency  against  aggression. 

H.  Spencer,  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XX.  12. 

II.  trans.  To  attack.  Quarterly  Fcr.  [Rare.] 
aggresst  (a-gi-es'),  n.    [<0F.  aggrcsse,  <  L.  ag- 
gressus, adgressus,  an  attack,  <  aggredi,  adgredi : 
see  aggress,  v.}    Aggi-essiou  ;  attack. 
Militai-y  aggresses  upon  others. 

.Sir  M.  Hale,  Pleas  of  the  Crown,  xv. 

aggression  (a-gresh'on),  «.  [<  F.  aggression, 
attack,  now  agression,  <  L.  aggressio(n-),  < 
aggredi,  adgredi:  see  aggress,  r.}  1.  The  act 
of  proceeding  to  hostilities  or  invasion;  a 
breach  of  the  peace  or  right  of  another  or 
others;  an  assault,  inroad,  or  encroachment; 


aggression 

hence,  any  offensive  action  or  procedure :  as,  an 
aggression  upon  a  country,  or  upon  vested  rights 
or  liberties. 

We  have  undertaken  to  resent  a  supreme  insult,  and 
have  had  to  bear  new  insults  and  aggressions,  even  to  the 
direct  menace  of  oui'  national  capital. 

0.       Hulmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  103. 

2.  The  practice  of  making  assaults  or  attacks ; 
offensive  action  in  general. 

Only  this  policy  of  unceasing  and  untiring  aggression, 
this  wearing  out  and  crushing  out,  this  war  upon  all  tlie 
resources  and  all  the  armies  of  the  rebellion,  could  now 
succeed.  Badeau,  Mil.  Hist,  of  Grant,  II.  10. 

=  Syn.  Attack,  invasion,  assault,  encroachment,  injiu'y, 
offense. 

aggressionist  (a-gresh'on-ist),  «.  [<  aggression 
+  -isf.]  One  who  commits  or  favors  aggres- 
sion. 

Aggressionists  would  much  more  truly  describe  the  anti- 
freetraders  than  the  eupliemistic  title  "protectionists"; 
since,  that  one  producer  may  gain,  ten  consumers  are 
fleeced.  U.  Spencer,  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXV.  15C. 

aggressive  (a-gres'iv),  a.  [<  aggress  +  -ive ;  = 
F.  agrcssif.^  Characterized  by  aggression; 
tending  to  aggress ;  prone  to  begin  a  quarrel ; 
making  the  first  attack ;  offensive,  as  opposed 
to  defensive:  as,  the  minister  pursued  an  ag- 
gressive foreign  policy. 

That  whiclx  would  be  violent  if  aggressive,  might  be  justi- 
fied if  defensive.  Phillimore' s  Reports,  II.  135. 

I  do  not  think  there  is  ever  shown,  among  Italians, 
either  the  aggressive  pride  or  the  abject  meanness  which 
marks  the  intercourse  of  people  and  nobles  elsewhere  in 
Europe.  Howells,  Venetian  Life,  .\xi. 

=  Syn.  Aggressive,  Offensive.  Offensive  is  the  direct  op. 
posite  to  defensive.  Offensive  warfare  is  that  in  which  one 
is  quick  to  give  battle,  as  opportunity  offers  or  can  be 
made,  and  presses  upon  tlie  enemy.  Aggressive  warfare 
is  only  secondarily  of  this  sort ;  primarily  it  is  a  warfare 
prompted  by  the  spirit  of  encroachment,  tlie  desire  of 
conquest,  plunder,  etc.  A  war  that  is  tlii-.s  aggressive  is 
naturally  offensive  at  first,  but  may  lose  that  character  by 
the  vigor  of  the  resistance  made ;  it  then  ceases  to  be 
thouglit  of  as  aggressive.  Hence  aggressive  has  come  to  be 
often  synonymous  with  offensive. 

The  steady  pushing  back  of  the  boundary  of  rebellion, 
in  spite  of  resistance  at  many  points,  or  even  of  such  ag- 
grfssiry  iiirnads  as  tliat  which  our  armies  are  now  meeting 
with  their  lung  lines  of  bayonets. 

0.  ir.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  101. 

The  peremptory  conversion  of  Lee's  clever  offensive  into 
a  purely  defensive  attitude,  ...  in  marked  contrast  with 
the  tactics  of  his  rival. 

Badeau,  Mil.  Hist,  of  Grant,  II.  130. 

aggressively  (a-gres'iv-li),  adv.  In  an  aggres- 
sive or  offensive  manner. 

aggressiveness  (a-gres'iv-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  aggressive ;  the  disposition  to  en- 
croach upon  or  attack  others. 

aggressor  (a-gres'or),  n.  [L.,  also  adgressor,  < 
aggrrssus,  pp.  of  aggredi,  adgredi :  see  aggress, 
f.]  The  person  who  first  attacks ;  one  who  be- 
gins hostilities  or  makes  encroachment ;  an  as- 
sailant or  invader. 

There  is  nothing  more  easy  than  to  break  a  treaty  rati- 
fied in  all  the  usual  forms,  and  yet  neitlier  party  be  tlie 
aggressor.  Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  .xvii. 

aggrievancet  (a-gre'vans),  n.  [<  ME.  aggre- 
vaunce,  -aims,  <  OF.  agrevance,  <  agrever:  see 
aggrieve  and  -ance.']  Oppression;  hardship; 
injury;  grievance. 

Deliver  those  aggrievances,  which  lately 
Your  importunity  possest  our  council 
Were  fit  for  audience. 
Fletcher  (and  another),  Fair  Maid  of  the  Inn,  iii.  1. 

aggrieve  (a-grev'),  v.;  pret.  andpp.  aggrieved, 
ppr.  aggrieving.  [<  ME.  agreven,  <  OF.  agrever, 
agriever,  later  restored  agraver,  aggraver,  to 
aggravate,  exasperate,  =  Sp.  agravar  =  I'g.  ag- 
gravar  —  It.  aggravare,  <  L.  aggravare,  make 
heavy,  make  worse,  aggravate :  see  aggravate. 
Cf.  aggredge  and  grieve^  I.  trans.  If.  To  give 
pain  or  sorrow  to ;  afflict ;  grieve. 

Which  yet  aggrieves  my  heart.  Spenser. 
2.  To  bear  hard  upon;  oppress  or  injure  in 
one's  rights;  vex  or  harass,  as  by  injustice: 
used  chiefly  or  only  in  the  passive. 

The  two  races,  so  long  hostile,  soon  found  that  they  had 
common  interests  and  common  enemies.  Both  were  alike 
aggrieved  by  the  tyranny  of  a  bad  king.  ilacaulay. 

So  the  bargain  stood  : 
They  broke  it,  and  he  felt  himself  aggrieved. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  27. 

Il.t  in  trans.  To  mourn;  lament. 

My  heart  aggriev'd  that  such  a  wretch  should  reign. 

Mir.  for  M  ags. ,  p.  442. 

aggroupt  (a-grop'),  v.  t.  [<  F.  agroiiper  (—  Sp. 
Pg.  <igriip(ir=z  It.  aggruppare  and  aggroppare), 
<  «,  to,  -t-  grouper,  group:  see  group,  v.^  To 
bring  together ;  group  ;  make  a  group  of. 

Bodies  of  divers  natures  which  are  aqgrouped  (or  com- 
bined) together  are  agreeable  and  pleasant  to  the  sight. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Dufresuoy,  p.  197. 


112 

aggroupment  (a-grop'ment),  n.  Arrangement 
in  a  group,  as  in  statuary  or  in  a  picture; 
grouping.  Also  spelled  ugroupihent. 
aggry-beads  (ag'ri-bedz),  w.  pi.  [< aggry,  prob. 
of  African  origin,  +  beads.}  Glass  beads,  sup- 
posed to  be  of  ancient  Egyptian  manufacture, 
occasionally  found  in  the  Ashantee  and  Fanti 

COUjftries.    They  are  of  exquisite  colors  and  designs,  and 
are  much  valued  by  the  natives.  Also  spelled  aggri-beads. 
agha,  n.    See  aga. 

aghanee  (ag-ha'ne),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  also  writ- 
ten ughunee,  repr.  Hind,  agkaiii,  the  produce 
of  the  month  Aghan,  the  eighth  in  the  Hindu 
year,  answering  to  the  last  half  of  November 
and  the  first  half  of  December.]  The  name 
given  to  the  chief  rice-crop  in  Hindustan,  it  is 
the  second  of  the  three  crops,  being  sown  along  with  the 
bhadoee  crop  in  April  and  May,  and  reaped  in  November 
and  December.    Called  amun  in  lower  Bengal. 

aghast  (a-gasf),  p.  or  a.  [The  spelling  with  7t 
is  unnecessary  and  wrong;  <  ME.  agast,  rarely 
in  the  fuller  foi-m  agasted,  pp.  of  the  com- 
mon verb  agasten,  rarely  agesten,  pret.  agaste, 
terrify,  <  a-  (<_AS.  a-)  +  gasten  (pret.  gaste,  pp. 
gast),  <  AS.  gcestan,  terrify:  see  a-^,gast,  ghast, 
and  ghastly,  and  cf.  agazed.']  Struck  with 
amazement ;  filled  with  sudden  fright  or  hor- 
ror.   See  agast,  v.  t. 

Aghast  he  waked,  and  starting  from  his  bed. 
Cold  sweat  in  clammy  drops  his  limbs  o'erspread. 

Dryden,  ^Eneid. 

Stupefied  and  aghast,  I  had  myself  no  power  to  move 
from  the  upright  position  I  had  assumed  upon  first  hearing 
the  shi-iek.  Poe,  Tales,  I.  372. 

=  Syn.  Horrified,  dismayed,  confoimded,  astounded,  dum- 
fouiided,  thunderstruck. 

agiblet  (aj'i-bl),  a.    [<  ML.  agibilis,  that  can  be 
done,  <  L.  agere,  do  :  see  agent,  act.'}  Capable 
of  being  done ;  practicable. 
When  they  were  fit  for  agible  things. 

Sir  A.  Shirley,  Travels,  Persia,  i. 

agila-wood  (ag'i-la-wud),  n.    [See  eaglewood.} 

Same  as  agallochum. 
agile  (aj'il),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  agil,  agill,  <F. 
agile,  <  L.  agilis,  <  agere,  do,  move :  see  agent, 
act.}  Nimble;  having  the  faculty  of  quick  mo- 
tion ;  apt  or  ready  to  move ;  brisk ;  active  :  said 
of  the  mind  as  well  as  of  the  body. 

Shirley  was  sure-footed  and  agile ;  she  could  spring  like 
a  deer  when  she  chose.        Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xix. 

The  subtle,  agile  Greek,  unprincipled,  full  of  change  and 
levity.  Be  Quincey,  Secret  Societies,  ii. 

=  S3T1.  Nimble,  Agile  (see  nimble),  quick,  lively,  alert,  sup- 
ple, sjiry. 

agilely  (aj'il-i),  adv.  In  an  agile  or  nimble 
manner ;  with  agility. 

agileness  (aj'il-nes),  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  agile  ;  nimbleness ;  activity ;  agility. 
Agilia  (a-jiri-ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  L. 
agilis,  agile:  see  agile.}  In  Illiger's  classifica- 
tion of  mammals,  a  family  of  rodents  notable 
for  their  agility.  It  contains  the  squirrels  and 
dormice.  [Not  in  use.] 
agility  (a-jil'i-ti),  11.  [<  F.  agilite,  <  L.  agili- 
ta(t-)s,  <  agilis" agile :  see  agile.}  1.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  agile ;  the  power  of  mov- 
ing quickly ;  nimbleness ;  briskness ;  activity, 
either  of  body  or  of  mind. 

A  limb  overstrained  by  lifting  a  weight  above  its  power, 
may  never  recover  its  former  agility  and  vigour.  Watts. 

The  Common  Dormouse  .  .  .  handles  its  hazel- or  beech- 
nuts with  all  the  airof  a  squirrel,  and  displays  no  less  agilitt/ 
in  skipping  about  the  shrubbery  and  tangle  it  inhabits  and 
forages  in.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  V.  11.5. 

2t.  Powerful  action ;  active  force. 

No  wonder  there  be  found  men  and  women  of  strange 
and  monstrous  shapes  considering  the  agility  of  the  sun's 
flery  heat.  Holland. 
=  Syn.  1.  See  agile. 
aging  (a'jing),  w.  [Verbal  n.  of  a^/e,  v.]  1.  Any 
process  for  imparting  the  characteristics  and 
properties  of  age :  as,  the  aging  of  wines  and 
liquors  by  heat  and  agitation. —  2.  In  calico- 
printing  and  dyeing,  the  process  of  fixing  the 
soluble  mordant  or  dye  by  exposing  the  cloth 
in  well-ventilated  chambers  to  air  which  is  kept 
warm  and  moist,  for  a  time  sufficient  to  allow 
the  mordant  or  dye  laid  upon  the  surface  of  the 
cloth  to  penetrate  the  fibers  and  become  fii'mly 
attached  to  them.  Any  superfluous  portions, 
or  those  which  may  remain  soluble,  are  removed 
by  dimging. — 3.  In  ceram.,  the  storage  of  pre- 
pared clay,  to  allow  it  time  to  ferment  and  ripen 
before  using.  E.  3.  Knight.  The  clay  is  kept  wet, 
and  is  often  mixed  and  tempered;  and  the  process  some- 
times lasts  for  many  years. 

Also  spelled  ageing. 
agio  (aj'i-6  or  a'j'i-6),  n.    [<Fr.  agio,  <  It.  agio, 
usually  in  this  sense  spelled  aggio,  exchange, 
premium,  the  same  word  as  agio,  ease :  see  ada- 


agitate 

gio  and  ease.}  A  commercial  term  in  use,  princi- 
pally on  the  continent  of  Europe,  to  denote  

(a)  The  rate  of  exchange  between  the  currencies 
of  two  countries,  as  between  those  of  Italy  and 
the  United  States,  {b)  The  percentage  of  dif- 
ference in  the  value  of  (1)  two  metallic  curren- 
cies, or  (2)  a  metallic  and  a  paper  currency  of 
the  same  denomination,  in  the  same  country; 
hence,  premium  on  the  appreciated  currency' 
and  disagio,  or  discount,  on  the  depreciated  one! 

Six  years  ago  this  kinsatsu  (Japanese  paper  currency] 
stood  at  par  and  was  even  preferred  by  the  natives  to  the 
gold  and  silver  currency ;  now,  from  40%  to  45%  a<jio  is 
P'^'d.  Rein,  Japan,  p.  382. 

(c)  An  allowance  made  in  some  places  for  the 
wear  and  tear  of  coins,  as  in  Amsterdam,  Ham- 
burg, etc. 

a  giorno  (a  jor'no).  [It.,  =  F.  a  jour.}  In  deco- 
rative art,  same  as  a  jour. 

agiotage  (aj'i-  or  a'ji-o-taj),  n.  [F.,  <  agioter, 
job  or  dabble  in  stocks,  <  agio,  price,  rate  of 
exchange,  discount:  see  agio.}  Speculation  in 
stocks,  etc.;  stock-jobbing.  [Not  used  in  the 
United  States.] 

Vanity  and  agiotage  are,  to  a  Parisian,  the  oxygen  and 
hydrogen  of  life.   Landor,  Imaginary  Conversations,  xlvii. 

agist  (a-jisf),  V.  t.  [<  OF.  agister  (>  ML.  agis- 
tare,  adgistare),  <  a-  (L.  ad,  to)  -I-  gister,  as- 
sign a  lodging,  <  giste,  a  bed,  place  to  lie  on :  see 
gist,  gise"^,  gite^.}  1 .  To  feed  or  pasture,  as  the 
cattle  or  horses  of  others,  for  a  compensation : 
used  originally  of  the  feeding  of  cattle  in  the 
king's  forests. —  2.  To  rate  or  charge ;  impose 
as  a  burden,  as  on  land  for  some  specific  pur- 
pose. 

agistage  (a-jis'taj),  «.  [<  agist  +  -age.}  In 
law :  (a)  The  taking  and  feeding  of  other  men's 
cattle  in  the  Idng's  forests,  or  on  one's  own 
land.  (&)  The  contract  to  do  so  for  hire,  (c) 
The  price  paid  for  such  feeding,  (d)  Generally, 
any  burden,  charge,  or  tax.  Also  called  gait 
and  agistment. 

agistatorf,  n.    [ML.,  <  agistare,  pp.  agistatus  : 
see  agist.}    Same  as  agistor. 
agister,  n.    See  agistor. 

agistment  (a-jist'ment),  n.  [<  OF.  agistement 
OMh.agistameiitutn):  see  agist  smA-ment.}  1. 
Same  as  agistage. 

Henry  de  Lacy,  earl  of  Lincoln,  who  .  .  .  had  t\ie  agist- 
ments and  summer  and  winter  herbage  of  Pendle. 

Baines,  Hist.  Lancashire,  II.  25. 

No  sooner  had  that  [the  Irish]  Parliament,  by  its  reso- 
lutions concerning  tlie  tithe  of  agistment,  touclied  the 
interests  of  his  ordei-,  than  he  [Swift]  did  everytliing  in 
his  power  to  discredit  it.     Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  vii. 

2.  A  dike  or  embankment  to  prevent  the  over- 
flow of  a  stream  or  encroachments  of  the  sea. 
E.  E.  E night. 

agistor,  agister  (a-jis'tor,  -ter),  n.  [<  ME.  agis- 
ter, <  AF.  agistour,  <  OF.  agister,  v. :  see  agist.} 
An  officer  of  the  royal  forests  of  England,  hav- 
ing the  care  of  cattle  agisted,  and  of  collecting 
the  money  for  the  same;  one  who  receives 
and  pastures  cattle,  etc.,  for  hire, 
agitablet  (aj'i-ta-bl),  a.    [<  F.  agitable,  <  L.  agi- 
tabilis,  <  agitar'e:  see  agitate.}    1.  Capable  of 
being  agitated  or  shaken.— 2.  That  may  be 
debated  or  discussed, 
agitate  (aj'i-tat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  agitated,  ppr. 
agitating.    [<  L.  agitatns,  pp.  of  agitare,  drive, 
move,  arouse,  excite,  agitate,  freq.  of  agere, 
drive,  move,  do:  see  agent  and  act.}    I.  trans. 
If.  To  move  or  actuate ;  maintain  the  action  of. 
Where  dwells  this  sov'reign  arbitrary  soul, 
Which  does  the  human  animal  controul. 
Inform  each  part,  and  agitate  the  whole  I 

Sir  R.  Blackmore. 

2.  To  move  to  and  fro ;  impart  regular  motion 
to. 

Tlie  ladies  sigh,  and  agitate  their  fans  with  diamond- 
sparkling  hands. 

J.  E.  Cooke,  Virginia  Comedians,  I.  xlviii. 

3.  To  move  or  force  into  violent  irregular  ac- 
tion; shake  or  move  briskly ;  excite  physically: 
as,  the  wind  agitates  the  sea ;  to  agitate  water 
in  a  vessel. 

Tall  precipitating  fiasks  in  which  the  materials  were 
first  agitated  with  the  respective  liquids  and  were  then 
allowed  to  stand  at  rest  under  various  conditions  as  to 
light,  temperature,  etc. 

Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  XXIX.  2. 

4.  To  disturb,  or  excite  into  tumult;  perturb. 

The  mind  of  man  is  agitated  by  various  passions. 

Johtison. 

5.  To  discuss ;  debate ;  call  attention  to  by 
speech  or  writing:  as,  to  agitate  the  question 
of  free  trade. 

Though  tliis  controversy  be  revived  and  hotly  agitated 
among  the  moderns.  Boyle,  ColouHL 


agitate 

•6.  To  consider  on  all  sides;  revolve  in  the 
-mind,  or  view  in  all  its  aspects ;  plan. 
When  politicians  most  agitate  desperate  designs. 

Eikon  Basilike. 

=Syn.  3  and  4.  To  rouse,  stir  up,  ruffle,  discompose. —  5 
and  6.' To  canvass,  deliberate  upon. 

II.  intrans.  To  engage  in  agitation ;  arouse 
or  attempt  to  arouse  public  interest,  as  in 
some  political  or  social  question :  as,  lie  set  out 
to  agitate  in  the  country. 

The  Tories  agitated  in  the  early  Hanoverian  period  for 
short  pailiaments  and  for  the  restriction  of  the  corrupt 
influence  of  tlie  Crown.         Leeky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  i. 

agitated (aj'i-ta-ted),jj. a.  Disttirbed;  excited; 
expressing  agitation:  as,  in  an  agitated  man- 
ner; "an  agitated  countenance,"  Thackeray. 

She  burst  out  at  last  in  an  agitated,  almost  violent,  tone. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  iii.  2. 

a,gitatedly  (aj'i-ta-ted-li),  adv.  In  an  agitated 
manner. 

a.gitating  (aj'i-ta-ting),  jj.  a.  Distui-bing;  ex- 
citing; moving. 

agitation  (aj.-i-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  agitatio(n-), 
\agitare:  see  agitate.']  The  act  of  agitating, 
or  the  state  of  being  agitated,  (a)  The  state  of  be- 
ing shaken  or  moved  with  violence,  or  with  irregular  ac- 
tion ;  commotion  :  as,  the  sea  after  a  storm  is  in  agitation. 

The  molecules  of  all  bodies  are  in  a  state  of  continual 
agitation.  J.  N.  Lackye.r,  Spect.  Anal.,  p.  114. 

■(b)  Disturbance  of  the  mind ;  perturbation ;  excitement  of 
passion. 

Agitations  of  the  public  mind  so  deep  and  so  long  con- 
tinued as  those  which  we  have  witnessed  do  not  end  in 
nothing.  Macaulay,  Pari.  Keform. 

Away  walked  Catherine  in  great  agitation,  as  fast  as 
the  crowd  would  permit  her. 

Jane  Atisten,  Northanger  Abbey,  xiii. 

<<;)  Examination  of  a  subject  in  controversy ;  deliberation ; 
discussion ;  debate. 

We  owe  it  to  the  timid  and  the  doubting  to  keep  the 
great  questions  of  the  time  in  unceasing  and  untiring  agi- 
tation. 0.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  80. 
(d)  The  act  of  arousing  public  attention  to  a  political  or 
.social  question  by  speeches,  etc.  =  Syn.  (b)  Agitation,  Trepi- 
dation, Tremor,  Emotion,  excitement,  flutter.  Tremor  is, 
in  its  literal  use,  wholly  physical ;  it  may  be  in  a  part  of 
■the  body  or  the  whole ;  it  is  generally  less  violent  than 
trepidation.  Trepidation  and  agitation  are  more  often  used 
of  the  mind  than  of  the  body.  But  all  three  words  may  ex- 
press states  either  of  the  body  or  the  mind,  or  of  both  at 
once  through  reflex  influence.  Trepidation  is  generally 
the  result  of  fear ;  it  is  the  excited  anticipation  of  speedy 
disaster,  penalty,  etc.  Agitation  may  be  retrospective  and 
occasioned  by  that  which  is  pleasant ;  it  includes  the  mean- 
ing of  trepidation  and  a  part  of  that  of  emotion.  Emotion 
is  used  only  of  the  mind ;  it  is  the  broadest  and  highest  of 
these  words,  covering  all  movements  of  feeling,  whether 
of  pleasure  or  pain,  from  agitation  to  the  pleasure  that  the 
mind  may  take  in  abstract  truth. 

What  lengths  of  far-famed  ages,  billowed  high 
With  human  agitation,  roll  along 
In  unsubstantial  images  of  air ! 

Young,  Night  Thoughts. 
I  can  recall  vividly  the  trepidation  which  I  carried  to 
that  meeting.  D.  G.  M  itehell,  Bound  Together,  i. 

I  had  a  worrying  ache  and  inward  tremor  underlying  all 
the  outward  play  of  the  senses  and  mind. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life. 
Mellow,  melancholy,  yet  not  mournful,  the  tone  seemed 
to  gush  up  out  of  the  deep  weU  of  Hepzibah's  heart,  all 
steeped  in  its  profoundest  emotion. 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  vi. 

agitational  (aj-i-ta'shon-al),  a.  Relating  or 
pertaining  to  agitation. 

agitative  (aj'i-ta-tiv),  a.  [<  agitate  +  -ive.l 
Having  a  tendency  to  agitate. 

agitato  (a-je-ta'to),  a.  [It.,  pp.  of  agitare,  <  L. 
agitare:  see  agitate.']  Agitated;  restless:  a 
word  used  in  music,  generally  in  combination 
with  allegro  or  presto,  to  describe  the  charac- 
ter of  a  movement  as  broken,  hurried,  or  rest- 
less in  style. 

agitator  (aj'i-ta-tor),  n.  [L.,  <  agitare:  see  agi- 
tate.] 1.  One  who  or  that  which  agitates.  Spe- 
cifically— (a)  One  who  engages  in  some  kind  of  political 
agitation ;  one  who  stirs  up  or  excites  others,  with  the  view 
of  strengthening  his  own  cause  or  party. 

[Robin  of  Redesdale]  collected  forces  and  began  to 
traverse  the  country  as  an  agitator  in  the  summer  of  1469 ; 
possiblyat  the  suggestion,  certainly  with  the  connivance, 
of  Warwick.  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  681. 

(6)  A  machine  for  agitating  and  mixing;  specifically,  a 
machine  for  stirring  pulverized  ore  in  water. 
2.  A  name  given  to  certain  ofiieers  appointed 
by  the  army  of  the  English  Commonwealth  in 
1647-9  to  manage  their  concerns.  There  were 
two  from  each  regiment. 

They  proceeded  from  those  elective  tribunes  called  agi- 
tators, who  had  been  established  in  every  regiment  to 
superintend  the  interests  of  the  army. 

Hallam,  Const.  Hist.,  II.  210. 
fit  has  been  supposed  that  in  this  sense  the  proper  spelling 
of  the  word  is  adjutator,  meaning  not  one  who  agitates,  but 
•one  who  assists.  But  Dr.  J.  A.  H.  Murray  says  :  "  Care- 
ful investigation  satisfies  me  that  Agitator  was  the  actual 
title,  and  Adjutator  originally  only  a  bad  spelling  of  sol- 
<iier3  familiar  with  Adjutants  and  the  Adjutors  of  1642."] 

a 


113 

agitatorial  (aj'i-ta-to'ri-al),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  an  agitator. 

Aglaophenia(ag"la-6-fe'ni-a),  w.  [NL.  (La- 
marck, 1812),  appar.  an  error  for  "aglaophema,  < 
Gr.  'Ay?^ao(p>//i?!,  one  of  the  sirens,  fern,  of  ayXa6- 
(pVfJ-o^,  of  splendid  fame,  <  dyAadf,  splendid,  bril- 
liant, -I-  <j>j/ft7/  =  L.  fama,  fame.]  A  notable  ge- 
nus of  calyptoblastie  hydroids,  of  the  family 

Plumulariidce.  A.  struthimddes  is  an  elegant  species 
of  the  Pacific  coast  of  North  America,  known,  from  its  fig- 
ure and  general  appearance,  as  the  ostrich-plume.  Others 
occur  on  the  Atlantic  coast. 

aglare  {z.-g\wc'),  jjrep.  plir.  as  adv.  or  a.  [ia^ 
+  glare^.]    In  a  glare  ;  glaring. 

The  toss  of  unshorn  hair. 
And  wringing  of  hands,  and  eyes  aglare. 

Whittier,  The  Preacher. 
Aglaura  (ag-la'ra),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  "XyXavpo^,  a 
mythol.  name.]    1.  A  genus  of  craspedote  hy- 
droids, or  TracltymeduscB,  of  the  family  Trachy- 
nemidw.  Pdron  and  Lesueur,  1809. —  2.  A  genus 
of  worms. — 3.  A  genus  of  lepidopterous  in- 
sects.   Boisduval,  1851. 
Aglaurinae  (ag-la-ri'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  Aglaura, 
1,  +  -ina.]    A  group  of  Trachymedusm,  typified 
by  the  genus  Aglaura,  having  8  radial  canals 
and  a  pedicle  to  the  stomach, 
ag-leaf  (ag'lef ),  n.    [Prob.  a  corruption  of  hag- 
leaf,  as  witches  were  believed  to  use  the  plant 
in  their  incantations  :  see  hag^.]    A  name  of 
the  common  muUen,  Verbascum  Thapsus. 
agleam  (a-glem'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [< 
a3  -I-  gleam.]    Gleaming;  in  a  gleaming  state. 
Faces  .  .  .  agleam  with  pale  intellectual  light. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  380. 

aglee,  agley  (a-gle'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  a-3 
+  Sc.  gley,  gleg,  squint,  oblique  look:  see  gley.] 
Oif  the  right  line ;  obliquely;  wrong.  [Scotch.] 
The  best  laid  schemes  o'  mice  an'  men 

Gang  aft  a-gley.  Burns,  To  a  Mouse. 

aglet,  aiglet  (ag'let,  ag'let),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  agglet,  <  ME.  aglet,  aglette,  <  OP.  aguil- 
lette,  aiguillette,  F.  aiguillette,  a  point,  dim.  of 
aiguille,  <  ML.  acucula,  dim.  of  L.  acus,  a  needle : 
see  acMS.]  1.  A  tag  or  metal  sheathing  of  the 
end  of  a  lace,  or  of  the  points  (see  point)  or  rib- 
bons generally  used  in  the  sixteenth  and  seven- 
teenth centuries  to  fasten  or  tie  dresses.  They 
were  .originally  intended  simply  to  facilitate  the  passing 
of  the  ends  through  the  eyelet-holes,  as  in  modern  shoe- 
laces and  stay-laces,  but  were  afterward  frequently  formed 
of  the  precious  metals,  carved  into  small  figures,  and  sus- 
pended from  the  ribbon,  etc.,  as  ornaments  (whence  Shak- 
spere's  phrase  "an  aglet-baby,"  which  see);  and  they  are 
still  so  used  in  the  form  of  tagged  points  or  braid  hanging 
from  the  shoulder  in  some  military  uniforms,  now  officially 
styled  aiguiUettes.   Also  written  aigulet. 

And  on  his  head  an  hood  with  aglets  sprad. 

Spe7iser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  ii.  5. 
His  gown,  addressed  with  aglets,  esteemed  worth  25i. 

Sir  J.  Hayward,  Life  of  Edw.  VI. 

2t.  In  6of.,  a  pendent  anther;  also,  a  loose  pen- 
dent catkin,  as  of  the  birch. 

aglet-babyt  (ag'let-ba"bi),  n.  A  small  image 
on  the  end  of  a  lace.    See  aglet. 

Marry  him  to  a  puppet,  or  an  aglet-baby. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  i.  2. 

agley,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.    See  aglee. 

aglimmer  (a-gUm'er),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  a3  +  glimmer.]  'hi  or  into  a  glimmering 
state  ;  glimmering. 

aglistt  (a-glisf),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a^ 
+  glist,  q.  v.]    Glistening:  as,  aglist with  dew. 

aglobulia  (ag-lo-bii'li-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d- 
priv.  +  L.  globulus,  globule.]  Same  as  oligo- 
cythemia. 

aglobulism  (a-glob'u-lizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 

globule  +  -ism.]    Inpathol. :  (a)  Diminution  of 
the  amount  of  hemoglobin  in  the  blood.  (6) 
OUgoeythemia. 
Aglossa  (a-glos'a),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayZucrtJof, 
tongueless,  <  a-  priv.  +  yTuoaaa,  tongue.]    1.  A 

series  of  anu- 
rous or  salient 
batrachians 
which  have  no 
tongue,  (at)  In 
some  systems  com- 
prehending the 
genera  Pi'iJrt,  Dae- 
tylethra,  and  Myo- 
batrachus,  and  di- 
vided into  Aglossa 
haplosiphonia  for 
the  first  two  of 
these  genera,  and 
Aglossa  diplosi- 
phonia  for  the 
third  genus :  in  this  sense  the  term  is  contrasted  with 
Phaneroglossa.  (b)  Restricted  to  Pipa  and  Xenojnis  (or 
Dactylethra),  and  divided  into  the  families  PipidcR  and 
Xenopodidoe,  which  agree  in  having  opisthocoelian  verte- 
brae, expansive  sacral  processes,  discrete  epicoracoids, 
and,  in  the  larval  state,  one  pair  of  spiracles. 


Surinam  Toad  {Pipa  snrinamensis). 


agnail 

2t.  [Used  as  a  singular.]   A  genua  of  pyralid 

moths,  containing  such  species  as  A,  pinguinalis 
and  A.  capreolatus. 
aglossal  (a-glos'al),  a.  [<  Gr.  ayloaaoc,  tongue- 
less,  +  -al.]    Tongueless;  pertaining  to  the 

Aglossa. 

aglossate  (a-glos'at),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  aglos- 
sa tus:  see  Aglo.ssa  ani-ate'^.]  I.  a.  Having  no 
tongue ;  aglossal. 

if.  w.  An  aglossal  batrachian ;  a  member  of 
the  suborder  Aglossa.    See  Aglo.^sa,  1. 

aglossostoma  (ag-lo-sos'to-ma),  n.;  pi.  aglos- 
sostomata  (ag^'lo-so-sto ' ma-ta).  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ayXuaao^,  without  a  tongue,  4-  ariim,  mouth.] 
In  icratol.,  a  monster  having  a  mouth  without 
a  tongue. 

aglow  (a-gl6'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a3 
+  glow.]  In  a  glow;  glowing:  as,  her  cheeks 
were  all  aglow. 

The  ascetic  soul  of  the  Puritan,  aglow  with  the  gloomy 
or  rapturous  mysteries  of  his  theology. 

Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  12. 
A  painted  window  all  aglow  with  the  figures  of  tradition 
and  poetry.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  251. 

agllltition  (ag-lo-tish'on),  n.    [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 

L.  *glutitio{n-),  <  glutirc,  pp.  glutitus,  swallow.] 
In  pathol.,  inability  to  swallow. 

Aglycyderes  (ag-li-sid'e-rez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
d-  priv.  +  y?iVKvc,  sweet,  -f-  deprj,  Attic  form  of 
Seipr/,  neck.  The  first  two  elements,  meaning 
lit.  'not  sweet,'  are  taken  in  the  forced  sense 
of  'uncomely'  or  'unusual.']  A  notable  genus 
of  beetles,  of  the  family  BruchidcB,  character- 
ized by  the  fact  that  the  head  of  the  male  is  an- 
teriorly produced  on  each  side  into  a  horn-like 
process,  and  posteriorly  contracted  into  a  nar- 
row neck,  whence  the  name.  Westwood,  1863. 

aglyphodont  (a-glif 'o-dont),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Aglyphodontia.]  I.  a.  In  herpet.,  having  the 
characteristics  of  the  Aglyphodontia ;  without 
grooved  teeth  and  poison-glands. 

II.  n.  A  serpent  of  this  character;  one  of 
the  Aglyphodontia  (which  see). 

Aglyphodonta  (a-glif-o-don'ta),  w.  pi.  [NL.] 
Same  as  Aglyphodontia. 

Aglyphodontia  (a-glif-o-don'shia),  n.  pi.  [< 
Gr.  ayXvfoc,  uncarved  (<  a-  priv.  +  y'AvtpEiv,  carve, 
cut  out),  +  bdovc  (bdovT-)  =  E.  tooth.]  A  group 
or  series  of  innocuous  serpents  (Ophidia), 
embracing  ordinary  colubrine  or  colubriform 
snakes,  without  poison-glands,  with  a  dilatable 
mouth,  and  with  solid  hooked  teeth  in  both 
jaws.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  last  character ; 
for  the  venomous  serpents  of  the  series  Proteroglypha  or 
Solenoglypha  have  poison-fangs  channeled  or  grooved  for 
the  transmission  of  the  venom.  The  Aglyphodontia  in- 
clude numerous  families  and  genera,  of  most  parts  of  the 
world,  Colubridce  and  Boidoe  being  among  the  best  known 
of  the  families.  Synonymous  with  Colubrina.  See  cuts 
under  Coluber  and  Boa. 

agmatology  (a^-ma-tol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  ay(ia{T-), 
a  fragment  (<  ayvi  vac,  break),  -I-  -7yoyia,  <  ?J:yeiv, 
speak :  see  -ology.]  That  department  of  sur- 
gery which  is  concerned  with  fractures. 

agmen  (ag'men), »?. ;  pi.  agmina  (-mi-na).  [L., 
a  train,  troops  in  motion,  army,  multitude,  < 
agere,  drive,  move,  do:  see  agent.]  In  zool., 
a  superordinal  group;  a  division  of  animals 
ranking  between  a  class  and  an  order.  Sunde- 
vall. 

Sundevall  would  still  make  two  grand  divisions(.43mt»ia) 
of  birds.  A.  Neicton,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  37. 

agminalf  (ag'mi-nal),  a.  [<  L.  agminalis,  <  ag- 
men (agmin-),  a  train:  see  agmen.]  If.  Pertain- 
ing to  an  amiy  or  a  troop.  Bailey. — 2.  in  soot., 
of  or  pertaining  to  an  agmen. 

agminate  (ag'mi-nat),  «.  [<  NL.  agminatus,  < 
L.  agmen  (agmin-),  a  multitude:  see  agmen.] 
Aggregated  or  clustered  together:  in  anat., 
said  of  the  lymphatic  glands  forming  patches 
in  the  small  intestines  (Peyer's  patches),  as 
distinguished  from  the  solitary  glands  or  fol- 
licles: as,    agminate  glands,"  II.  Gi'ay,  Anat. 

agminated  (ag'mi-na-ted),  a.  [<  agminate  -t- 
-ed2.]    Same  as  agminate. 

agnail  (ag'nal),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  agnail,  ag- 
nale,  agnel,  agnell,  agnuyle,  angnale,  angnaylc, 
mod.  dial,  angnail,  <  ME.  agnaylc,  *angnail,  < 
AS.  angna-gl,  occurring  twice  (Leechdoms,  U. 
p.  80,  and  iiidex,  p.  8),  and  usually  explained  by 
paronychia,  i.  e.,  a  whitlow,  but  prop.,  it  seems, 
a  com,  wart,  or  excrescence  (cf.  angset,  angseta, 
ongseta,a-wa,vt, boil,  carbimcle),  {—  OFries.  ong- 
nil,  ogneil,  a  misshapen  finger-nail  or  an  ex- 
crescence following  the  loss  of  a  finger-nail,  = 
O'H.G.  ungnagel,  G.  dial,  annegelcn,  cinnegeln — 
Grimm),  <  (?)  angc,  wnge,  engc,  narrow,  tight, 
painful  (see  anger^,  anguish  ;  for  the  sense  here, 
cf.  LG.  noodnagel,  a  hangnail,  nood,  distress, 


agnail 

trouble,  ■psdn),+  nwgl,  a  nail,  i.  e.,  a  peg  (cf.  L. 
clavus^  nail,  peg,  also  a  wart),  in  comp.  icer- 
nwgl,  E.  xcarnel,  q.  v.,  a  wart,  lit.  'man-nail.' 
The  second  element  was  afterward  referred  to 
a  finger-  or  toe-nail,  and  the  term  applied  to  a 
whitlow  (end  of  16th  century),  and  to  a  'hang- 
nail' (Bailey,  1737),  hangnail,  like  the  equiv. 
Sc.  anger-nail,  being  due  to  a  popular  ety- 
mology.]   If.  A  corn  on  the  toe  or  foot. 

Agnayle  upon  ones  too,  corret.  Palsgrave. 

Corret,  an  ar/naile,  or  little  corn,  upon  a  toe.  Cotyram. 

Fignoli,  agitels,  corns,  pushes,  felons  or  swellings  in  the 
flesh.  Florio. 

Passing  good  for  to  be  applyed  to  the  agnels  or  corns  of 
the  feet.  Holland,  Plijiy,  x.\.  3.    (N.  E.  D.) 

2t.  A  painful  swelling  or  sore  imder  or  about 
the  toe- or  finger-nails;  a  whitlow. 

Good  to  be  layde  unto  .  .  .  ulcered  nayles  or  agnayles, 
whiche  is  a  paynefuU  swelling  aboute  the  ioyntes  and 
nayles.  Lyte,  Dodoens  (157S),  p.  258.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

Agnail,  a  sore  at  the  root  of  the  nail  on  the  Angers  or 
toes.  Bailey  (1721). 

3.  A  hangnail;  a  small  piece  of  partly  sepa- 
rated skin  at  the  root  of  a  nail  or  beside  it. 
agname  (ag'nam),  n.    [<  ag-  +  name,  after  L. 
agnomen.']    An  appellation  over  and  above  the  o'^*i+i«ni  r^^  ^\.\. 
ordinary  name  and  surname.    N.  E.  D.  dgmwonr  (,ag-msn 

-  Qu),  n.    [<  L.  agni- 

tio(n-),  <  agnitus,  pp. 
of  agnoscere,  also  ad- 
gnoscere,  adnoscere, 
laiow  as  having  seen 
before,  recognize, 


agnus 

li^.^'^'Z  P^nfaif  ''''''  agnomical  (ag-no'mi-kal),  a.    [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 

Mai7ie,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  118.    >?r/"''  t^iought,  purpose  :  see  gnome,  gmmic.'l 

Of  or  pertaining  to  the  absence  of  set  purpose 
or  intention.    N.  E.  D. 


2.  Alliance  or  relationship  generally;  descent 
from  a  common  source.  [Rare.] 

Agnation  may  be  found  amongst  all  the  languages  in 
the  Northern  Hemisphere. 

Poumall,  Study  of  Antiquities,  p.  168. 

agnel^t  (ag'nel),  M.  Obsolete  form  of  agnail. 
agnel2  (ag'nel;  F.  pron.  a-nyel'),  n.  [<  OF. 
agncl_(F.  agneau),  a  lamb,  an  agnel^  <  L.  agnel- 
lus,  dim.  of  agnus,  a 
lamb:  see  agnus.'] 
A  French  gold  coin 
bearing  a  figure  of 
the  paschal  lamb, 
first  issued  by  Louis 
IX.,  and  not  struck 
after  Charles  IX.  its 
original  weight  was  from 
62.5  to  64.04  grains,  but 
after  the  reign  of  John  II. 
it  gradually  fell  to  about 
38.7  grains. 

agni.Ji.  Plural  of  a^r. 

n  us. 


agnamed  (ag'namd),  «.  [<  agname  +  -ed^.] 
Styled  or  called  apart  from  Christian  name  and 
surname.    N.  E.  D. 

agnate  (ag'nat),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  ag- 
nat,  agnet,  <  F.  agnat,  <  L.  agnatus,  adgnatus, 
adnatus,  prop.  pp.  of  agnasci,  adgnasci,  be  born 
to,  belong  by  birth,  <  ad,  to,  +  *gnasci,  nasci, 
be  born.  Cf.  adnate  and  cognate.]  I,  n.  Spe- 
cifically, a  kinsman  whose  connection  is  trace- 
able exclusively  through  males;  more  gener- 
ally, any  male  relation  by  the  father's  side. 
See  agnati. 

Who  are  the  Agnates  J  In  the  first  place,  they  are  all  the 
Cognates  who  trace  their  connexion  exclusively  through 
males.  A  table  of  Cognates  is,  of  course,  formed  by  taking 
each  lineal  ancestor  in  tui  n  and  including  all  his  descen- 
dants of  both  sexes  in  the  tabular  view ;  if  then,  in  tracing 
the  various  branches  of  such  a  genealogical  table  or  tree, 
we  stop  whenever  we  come  to  tlie  name  of  a  female  and 
pursue  that  particular  branch  or  ramification  no  further, 
all  who  remain  after  the  descendants  of  women  have  l)een 
excluded  are  Agnates,  and  their  connexion  together  is 
Agnatic  Relationsliip.  Maine,  Ancient  Law,  p.  148. 

II.  a.  1.  Eelated  or  akin  on  the  father's  side. 
■    — 2.  Allied  in  kind;  from  a  common  source: 
as,  "agnate  words,"  Pownall,  Study  of  Antiqui- 
ties, p.  168.  [Rare.] 
Agnatha  (ag'na-tha),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
a(;Ha</iMS,  jawle'ss:  "see  agnathous.]    A  section 
of  geophilous  gastropods  destitute  of  jaws. 
Agnathi  (ag'na-thi),  w.  pi.    [NL.,  masc.  pi.  of 
a^«af/«»s,  jawless:       agnathous.]    A  group  or  Agnoetse  (ag-no-e'te)," 
series  of  neuropterous  insects,  held  by  some  as  '      "      -  ~    •  ' 

a  suborder  of  the  order  Neuroptera :  so  called 
because  the  jaws  are  rudimentary  or  obsolete. 

The  wings  are  naked  and  not  folded  in  repose,  the  posterior 
pair  small,  sometimes  wanting ;  the  antenn.Te  are  short, 
setaceous,  and  3-jointed ;  and  the  abdomen  ends  in  two  or 
three  long,  delicate  setse.  The  group  includes  the  well- 
known  May-flies,  and  is  practically  identical  with  the 
family  Ephemeridm. 

agnathia  (ag-na'thi-a),  n.  INh.,  <  agnathus, 
jawless  (see  agnathous),  +  -ia.]  In  pathol. 
anat.,  absence  of  the  lower  jaw,  due  to  aiTested 
development. 

agnathous  (a^'na-thus),  a.  [<  NL.  agnathus, 
jawless,  <  Gr.  a- priv.  +  yvd^or,  jaw.]  1.  With- 
out jaws ;  characterized  by  the  absence  of  jaws. 
Syd.  SoG.  Lex. — 2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Ag- 
natha or  Agnathi. 

agnati  (ag-na'ti),  n.  j>l.  [L.,  pi.  of  agnatus: 
see  agnate.]  The  members  of  an  ancient  Ro- 
man family  who  traced  their  origin  and  name 
to  a  common  ancestor  through  the  male  line, 
under  whose  paternal  power  they  would  be  if  he 
were  living;  hence,  in  laio,  relations  exclusively 
in  the  male  line.    See  agnate. 

agnatic  (ag-nat'ik),  a.  [<  F.  agnatique,  <  L. 
agnatus :  see  agnate.]  Characterized  by  or  per- 
taining to  descent  by  the  male  line  of  ancestors. 
See  agnate. 

Nevertheless,  the  constitution  of  the  [Hindu]  family  is 
entirely,  to  use  the  Roman  phrase,  agnatic;  Idnsliip  is 
counted  through  male  descents  only. 

Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  76. 

agnatically  (ag-nat'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  ag- 
natic manner ;  by  means  of  agnation. 

agnation  (ag-na'shon),  n.  [<  F.  agnation,  <  L. 
agnatio{n-),  <  agnatus  :  see  agnate.]  1.  Rela- 
tion by  the  father's  side  only;  descent  from  a 
common  male  ancestor  and  in  the  male  line :  dis- 
tinct from  cognation,  which  includes  descent  in 
both  the  male  and  the  female  lines. 


Reverse. 

Ag:ncl  of  John  II.,  King  of  France, 
of  the  original.) 


(Siz 


To  acknowledge; 


acknowledge,  <  ad, 
to,  +  *gnoscere,  nos- 
ce)-e,know:  B&eknow. 
Cf.  agnomen.]  Ac- 
knowledgment, 
agnize  (ag-niz'),  v.  t. 

[<  L.  agnoscere,  in 
imitation  of  cognize, 
ult.  (through  F.)  < 
L.  cognoscere :  see  agnition.] 
own;  recognize.  [Rare.] 

I  do  agnize 
A  natur.ll  and  prompt  alacrity 
I  find  in  hardness.  Shak.,  Othello,  1.  3. 

Doubtless  you  have  already  set  me  down  in  your  mind 
as  .  .  .  avotary  of  the  desk  — a  notched  and  cropt  scriven- 
er—  one  that  sucks  his  sustenance,  as  certain  sick  people 
are  said  to  do,  through  a  quill.  Well,  I  do  agnize  some- 
thing of  the  sort.  Lamb,  Elia,  I.  ii.  11. 
agnoea  (ag-ne'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayvoia,  want 
of  perception,  ignorance,  <  *ayvoo(;,  not  know- 
ing, <  d-  priv.  +  *yv6og,  voof,  contr.  vovg,  per- 
ception, mind,  akin  to  E.  Mow :  see  nous  and 
Itiow.]  In  pathol.,  the  state  of  a  patient  who 
does  not  recognize  persons  or  things. 
'  '  -  ^  n.  2)1-  [ML.;  also  im- 
prop.  Agno'itai;  <  Gr.  'Ayvor/rai,  heretics  so  named, 
<  ayvoeiv,  be  ignorant,  <  *ayvoog,  not  knowing: 
see  agnaa.]  1.  A  Christian  sect  of  the  fourth 
century,  which  denied  the  omniscience  of  the 
Supreme  Being,  maintaining  that  God  knows 
the  past  only  by  memory,  and  the  future  only 


agnomina,  n.    Plm-al  of  agnomen. 
agnominal  (ag-nom'i-nal),  a.    [<  agnomen  (ag- 
nomin-)  4-  -al.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  agnomen, 
agnominatet  (ag-nom'i-nat),  v.  t.    [<  L.  *ag- 
Dominatus,  pp.  of  *agnominare,  implied  in  ag- 
nominatio:  see  agnomination.]    To  name. 

The  flowing  current's  silver  streams  .  .  . 
Shall  be  agnominated  by  our  name.      Loerine,  iii.  2. 

agnomination  (ag-nom-i-na'shon),  M.  [<  L. 
agnominatio{n-),  adnominatio{n-),  paronomasia^ 
<  *agnominare,  <  ad,  to,  +  *gnominare,  nominare] 
name.]  1.  An  additional  name  or  title ;  a  name 
added  to  another,  as  expressive  of  some  act, 
achievement,  etc.;  a  surname. —  2.  Resem- 
blance in  sound  between  one  word  and  another, 
especially  by  alliteration ;  also,  the  practice  of 
using  in  close  proximity  to  one  another  words 
which  resemble  each  other  in  sound  (see  an- 
nomination):  as,  "Scott  of  Scotstarvet's  Stag- 
germg  State  of  Scots  Statesmen." 

Our  bards  .  .  .  hold  agnominations  and  enforcing  of  con- 
sonant words  or  syllables  one  upon  the  other  to  be  the 
greatest  elegance.  ...  So  have  I  seen  divers  old  rhymes, 
in  Italian  running  so :  ...  "In  selva  salvo  a  me:  Piu, 
caro  cuore."  Howell,  Letters,  i.  40. 

agnostic  (ag  -nos'tik),  n.  and  a.  [<  Gr.  ayvuaro^y 
imlmowing,  unknown,  unknowable,  <  d-  priv., 
not,  +  yvucrroc,  later  form  of  yvuToq,  known,  t» 
be  known  (cf.  yvuoruid^,  good  at  knowing), 
verbal  adj.  of  yi-yvu-oK-eiv,  know,  r=  L.  *gno-sc- 
ere,  no-sc-erc  =  E.  know:  see  a-i8  and  gnostic. 
The  word  agnostic  was  "suggested  by  Prof. 
Huxley  .  .  .  in  1869.  .  .  .  He  took  it  from  St. 
Paul's  mention  of  the  altar  to  '  the  Unknown' 
God'  {_ayv6(7TGi  6e<^,  Acts  xvii.  23].  R.  H.  Hut- 
ton,  in  letter,  .  .  .  1881."  N.  E.  D.]  I.  n.  One 
of  a  class  of  thinkers  who  disclaim  any  know- 
ledge of  God  or  of  the  ultimate  nature  of  things. 

They  hold  that  human  knowledge  is  limited  to  experience, 
and  that  since  the  aljsolute  and  unconditioned,  if  it  exists 
at  all,  cannot  fall  within  experience,  we  have  no  right  to 
assert  anything  whatever  with  regard  to  it. 

I  only  said  I  invented  the  word  agnostic. 

Huxley,  London  Academy,  Nov.  24,  1883. 

While  the  old  Atheist  sheltered  his  vice  behind  a  ram- 
part of  unbelief  where  no  appeals  could  reach  him,  the 
new  Agnostic  honestly  maintains  that  his  opinions  are  the 
very  best  foundations  of  virtue. 

F.  P.  Cobbe,  Peak  in  Darien,  p.  3. 

II.  «.  Pertaining  to  the  agnostics  or  their 
doctrines;  expressing  ignorance  or  unknow- 
ableness. 

That  bold  thinker  in  the  third  century,  Clement  of 
Alexandria,  declares  .  .  .  that  the  process  of  theology  is, 
with  regard  to  its  doctrine  of  God,  negative  and  agnostic 
always  "setting  forth  what  God  is  not,  rather  than  what 
he  IS."  Pop.  SH.  Mo.,  XXV.  79. 

agnostically  (ag-nos'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  ag- 
nostic manner ;  from  an  agnostic  point  of  view; 
with  a  tendency  or  inclination  to  agnosticism ; 
as  an  agnostic. 


Z'^^rJ^r..  ^^Iirif  *r.?- agnosticism^(ag-nos'ti-sizm),       [<  agnostic_+ 


I  have  already  stated  my  belief  that  at  the  back  of  the 
ancestor-worship  practised  by  Hindus  there  lay  a  system 


of  the  sixth  century,  followers  of  Themistius, 
deacon  of  Alexandria,  who,  on  the  authority  of 
Mark  xiii.  32  (  "But  of  that  day  and  that  hour 
knoweth  no  man,  .  .  .  neither  the  Son,  but  the 
Father" ),  held  that  Christ,  as  man,  was  ignorant 
of  many  things,  and  specifically  of  the  time  of 
the  day  of  judgment. 

Other  forms  are  Agnoitce  and  Agnoites. 
Agnoete,  Agno'ite  (ag'no-et,  -it),  n.  One  of  the 
Aguoetse. 

agnoetism  (ag-no-e'tizm),  n.  [<  Agnoetce  + 
-ism.]  The  doctrinal  system  of  the  Agnoetee. 
agnoiology  (ag-noi-ol'o-ji),  n.  [Better  *ag- 
nodology,  <  Gr.  ayvoca,  ignorance  (see  agncea), 
+  -loyia,  <  leyeiv,  speak  of:  see  -ology.]  In 
metaph.,  the  doctrine  or  theory  of  ignorance, 
which  seeks  to  determine  what  we  are  neces- 
sarily ignorant  of. 

We  must  examine  and  fix  what  ignorance  is — what  we 
are,  and  can  Ije,  ignorant  of.  And  thus  we  are  tlirown 
upon  an  entirely  new  research,  constituting  an  intermedi- 
ate section  of  philosophy,  which  we  term  the  agnoiology, 
■  .  .  the  theory  of  true  ignorance. 

Ferrier,  Inst,  of  Metaphysics,  p.  51. 
Agnoite,  n.  See  Agnoete. 
agnomen  (ag-no'men),  n. ;  pi.  agnomina  (-nom'- 
i-nii).  [L.,  also  adnomen  (min-),  <  ad,  to,  + 
*gnomen,  nomen,  name  (=E.  name),  <  "gnoscere, 
noscere,  know,  =  E.  know.]  An  additional  name 
given  by  the  Romans  to  an  individual  in  allu- 
sion to  some  quality,  circumstance,  or  achieve- 
ment by  which  he  was  distinguished,  as  Afri- 
canus  added  to  the  name  of  P.  Cornelius  Scipio ; 
hence,  in  modern  use,  any  additional  name  or 
epithet  conferred  on  a  person. 


-ism.]  1.  The  doctrines  of  the  agnostics;  the 
doctrine  that  the  ultimate  cause  and  the  es- 
sential nature  of  things  are  unknowable,  or  at 
least  unknown. 

By  Agnosticism  I  understand  a  theory  of  things  which 
abstains  from  either  affirming  or  denying  the  existence  of 
God.  It  thus  represents,  with  regard  to  Theism,  a  state 
of  suspended  judgment ;  and  all  it  undertakes  to  affirm  is, 
that,  upon  existing  evidence,  the  being  of  God  is  unknown. 
But  the  term  Agnosticism  is  frequently  used  in  a  widely 
dilTerent  sense,  as  implying  belief  tliat  the  being  of  God 
is  not  merely  now  unknown,  but  must  always  remain  un- 
knowable.       G.  J.  Romanes,  Contemporary  Rev.,  L.  59. 

2.  Belief  in  the  doctrines  of  the  agnostics. 
AgnostUS  (ag-nos'tus),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayvuaroc, 
unknown:  see  agnostic]    A  genus  of  trilobites- 
of  the  Lower  Silurian  rocks :  so  called  because 
of  the  imcertainty  attaching  to  its  true  affinities. 

They  are  of  small  size  and  somewhat  semicircular  form, 
and  it  has  been  supposed  that  they  may  be  the  larval  form- 
of  some  other  animal. 

Agnotherium  (ag-n9-the'ri-um),w.  [NL.,  short 

for  *agnostotherium.,  <  Gr.  ayvuaro^,  tmknown 
(see  agnostic),  +  Oripiov,  a  wild  beast,  <  dijp,  a. 
vrild  beast.]  A  genus  of  extinct  mammals  of 
uncertain  affinities.  It  is  identified  by  some 
with  the  amphicyon  (which  see).  Eaup. 
agnus  (ag'nus),  n. ;  pi.  agni  (-ni).  [L.,  a  lamb, 
perhaps  for  *avignus,  lit.  'sheep-born,'  <  *avis, 
older  form  of  avis,  a  sheep  (=  Skt.  avi  =  Gr. 
*dRf,  *bFig,  6(f  =  E.  ewe,  q.  v. ;  cf.  also  Gr.  d//v(ic, 
a  lamb,  for  *aFiv6^,  prop,  adj.,  <  *aFi-  +  -vof),  + 
-gnus  (cf.  benign,  malign),  -genus  (see  -genons), 
<  *ff^n,  beget,  bear.]  1.  An  image  or  repre- 
sentation of  a  lamb  as  emblematical  of  Christ; 
an  Agnus  Dei  (see  below). 


agnus 

They  will  kiss  a  crucifix,  salute  a  cross,  carry  most  de- 
voutly a  scapulary,  an  agnus,  or  a  set  of  beads  about  them. 

Brevint,  Saul  and  Samuel  at  Endor,  p.  331. 

2.  [ca/J.]  In  sodl. :  (a)  A  genus  of  beetles. 
Burmeister,  1847.  (6)  A  genus  of  fishes.  Giin- 
ther,  1860 — Agnus  castus  (kas'tus).   (L.,  supposed  to 

mean  'chaste  lamb'  (hence  tr.  into  O.  keaschlamm),  but 
agnus  is  here  only  a  transliteration  of  ayros,  the  Greek 
name  of  the  tree,  and  L.  castus,  chaste,  is  added  in  allusion 
to  its  imagined  virtue  of  preserving  chastity,  from  the  re- 
semblance of  the  Greek  name  ayi'o?  to  ayTOs,  chaste.]  A 
disagreeably  aromatic  shrub  or  small  tree  of  the  genus 
Vitex,  V.  Agnus-castus,  natm'al  order  Verbenaceoe.  It  has 
digitate  leaves  and  spikes  of  purplisli-blue  flowers,  and  is 
native  in  the  countries  around  tlie  Mediterranean.  Also 
called  chaste-tree  and  Abraham' s-balm. 

The  herbe  Agnus  castus  is  always  grene,  and  the  flowre 
therof  is  namly  callyd  Agnus  castus,  for  wyth  sraelle  and 
vse  it  makyth  men  chaste  as  a  lombe. 
Trevisa,  tr.  of  Earth.  Ang.  de  P.  R.,  xvii.  612.   (if.  E.  D.) 
And  wreaths  of  Agnus-castus  others  bore ; 
These  last,  who  with  those  virgin  crowns  were  drest, 
Appear'd  in  higher  lionour  than  the  rest. 

Dryde7i,  Flower  and  Leaf,  1.  172. 
Agnus  Dei  (de'i).  [LL.,  Lamb  of  God.]  (a)  Any  image 
or  representation  of  a  lamb  as  emblematical  of  Christ; 


Agnus  Dei, 
(From  the  Campanile  of  Giotto,  Florence.) 

speclflcally,  such  a  representation  with  the  nimbus  in- 
scribed with  the  cross  about  its  liead,  and  supporting  the 
banner  of  the  cross.  (6)  One  of  tlie  titles  of  Christ.  John 
i.  29.  (c)  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.  :  (1)  A  waxen  medallion 
blessed  by  the  pope  and  stamped  with  the  figure  of  a  lamb 
bearing  the  banner  of  the  cross.  It  is  worn  by  Roman 
Catholics  as  a  supplication  to  be  preserved  from  evil  by 
the  merits  of  the  Lamb  of  God.  Anciently  these  cakes  of 
wax  were  often  mounted  or  inclosed  in  precious  metals, 
etc.,  but  this  is  not  now  permitted.  Relics  of  the  saints 
were  sometimes  preserved  within  them.  (2)  A  prayer,  be- 
ginning with  these  words,  said  by  the  priest  at  mass  shortly 
before  the  communion,  (d)  In  the  GV.  Ch.,  the  cloth  bear- 
ing the  figure  of  a  lamb 
which  covers  the  com- 
munion service. — Ag- 
nus Scythicus  (sith'- 
i-kus),  the  Scythian  or 
Tatarian  lamb,  a  fab- 
ulous creature,  haU 
animal,  half  plant, 
formerly  believed  to 
inhabit  the  plains  bor- 
dering upon  the  Vol- 
ga; in  reality,  the 
shaggy  rhizome  of  the 
fern  Dickso7iia  Baro- 
Tnetz,  which  wlien  in- 
verted and  suitably 
trimmed  somewhat  re- 
sembles a  small  lamb. 

ago,  agone  (a-go', 
a-gon'),  a.  and 
adv.  [<  ME.  ago, 
agon,  agoon,  pp.  of  agon,  <  AS.  dgan,  go  away, 
pass  away,  go  forth,  come  to  pass  (=  Gr.  ergehen, 
come  to  pass ;  cf .  OS.  dgangan,  go  by,  =  Goth. 
usgaggan,  go  forth),  <  a-  +  gdn,  go:  see  «-i  and 
go.  The  form  agone  is  now  obsolete  or  archa- 
ic] I.  a.  Gone;  gone  by;  gone  away;  past; 
passed  away:  always  after  the  noun. 

Of  this  world  tlie  feyth  is  all  agon. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  410. 
Yonder  woman,  sir,  you  must  know  was  the  wife  of  a 
certain  learned  man  .  .  .  who  had  long  dwelt  in  Amster- 
dam, whence,  some  good  time  agone,  he  was  minded  to 
cross  over  and  cast  in  his  lot  with  us  of  the  Massachusetts. 

Hawthorne,  Scarlet  Letter,  iii. 

II.  adv.  In  past  time ;  in  time  gone  by : 
only  in  the  phrase  long  ago. 

O  brother,  had  you  known  our  mighty  hall, 
Wliich  Merlin  built  for  Arthur  long  ago  ! 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 

3'gOg  {&-gog'),prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [Former- 
ly on  gog,  on  gogge,  perhaps  <  OF.  en  gogues  : 
"  estre  en  ses  gogices,  to  be  frolick,  lusty,  lively, 
wanton,  gamesome,  all  a  hoit,  in  a  pleasant 
humour ;  in  a  vein  of  mirth,  or  in  a  merry  mood  " 
(lit.  be  in  his  glee),  "  gogues,  jollity,  glee,  joy- 
fulness,  light-heartedness"  (Cotgrave),  in  sing. 
gogm,  mirth,  glee  (Roquefort),  "se  goguer,  to 


Agnus  Scythicus 
{Dt'cMsonta  Barotnetz). 


115 

be  most  frolick,  lively,  blithe,  crank,  merry," 
etc.  (Cotgrave) ;  origin  uncertain.  The  W.  gog, 
activity,  velocity,  gogi,  agitate,  shake,  appear 
to  be  unoriginal,  and  may  be  from  E.]    In  a 
state  of  eager  desire ;  highly  excited  by  eager- 
ness or  curiosity ;  astir. 
Or  at  the  least  yt  setts  the  harte  on  gogg.  Gascoigne. 
Cotton  Mather  came  galloping  down 
All  the  way  to  Newbury  town, 
Witli  his  eyes  agog  and  his  ears  set  wide. 

Whittier,  Double-headed  Snake. 

agoggled  (a-gog'ld),  a.    [<  a-  (expletive)  + 
goggled,  q.  v.]    Staring;  having  staring  eyes. 
[Rare.] 
A  man  a  little  agoggled  in  his  eyes. 

A.  Leighton,  Trad.  Scot.  Life,  p.  8.    (N.  E.  D.) 

agometer  (a-gom'e-ter),  n.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  ayeiv, 
lead,  draw,  weigh,  +  iitrpov,  measure.]  A  form 
of  rheostat.  A  mercury  agometer  is  an  instrument  for 
measuring  electrical  resistances,  or  for  varying  tlie  re- 
sistance of  a  circuit,  by  means  of  a  mercury  column  wltose 
lengtli  may  Ije  adjusted  as  required. 

Agomphia  (a-gom'fi-a),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  neut.  pi. 

ot  agomphius :  see  ago7nphious.']  A  name  given 
by  Ehrenberg  to  those  rotifers  which  have  tooth- 
less jaws.    [Not  in  use.] 

agomphian  (a-gom'fi-an),  n.  One  of  the  Agom- 
phia. 

agomphiasis  (a-gom-fi'a-sis),  n.    [NL.,  <Gr. 

ayoii^ioi;  {see  agomphious)  +  -iasis.']  Looseness 
of  the  teeth. 

agomphious  (a-gom'fi-us),  a.  [<  NL.  agomphius, 

<  Gr.  ayo/LKpiog,  without  giinders,  <  a-  priv.  +  yo/i- 
<t>iog,  prop.  adj.  (sc.  bSov^,  tooth),  a  grinder-tooth, 
a  molar.]    Toothless.  N.  E.  D. 

agon^t.    An  obsolete  form  of  ago. 

agonal  (ag'on),  n.;  pi.  agones  (a-go'nez).  [<  Gr. 
ayuv,  contest:  see  agony. '\  In  Gr.  antiq.,  a  con- 
test for  a  prize,  whether  of  athletes  in  the  games 
or  of  poets,  musicians,  painters,  and  the  like. 

agone^,  a.  and  adv.    See  ago. 

agone^  (ag'on),  n.  [<  Gr.  ayuvo(;,  without  an 
angle,  <  d-  priv.  -t-  yuvia,  angle:  see  goniometer, 
trigonometry,  etc.}  An  agonic  line.  Seeagonic. 

agonic  ( a-gon 'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  ayuvog,  without  an 
angle:  see  agone'^.}    Not  forming  an  angle. — 

Agonic  line,  an  irregular  line  connecting  those  points  on 
tlie  earth's  surface  where  the  declination  of  the  magnetic 
needle  is  zero,  that  is,  where  it  points  to  the  true  north, 
and  consequently  does  not  form  an  angle  with  the  geo- 
graphical meridian.  There  are  two  principal  agonic  lines : 
one,  called  the  American  agone,  is  in  the  western  hemi- 
sphere, and  passes  northward  tlirough  the  eastern  part 
of  Brazil,  North  Carolina,  Virginia,  Ohio,  Lake  Erie,  and 
British  America.  The  other,  called  the  Asiatic  agone,  is 
in  the  eastern  hemisphere,  and  traverses  western  Australia, 
the  Indian  ocean,  Persia,  and  Russia,  toward  the  magnetic 
north  pole.  A  third  agonic  line,  having  the  form  of  an 
oval  curve,  incloses  a  part  of  eastern  Asia.  The  agonic 
lines  are  continually  changing  their  position ;  that  in  the 
eastern  United  States  has  been  moving  slowly  westward 
since  the  beginning  ot  this  century.  See  declination  and 
isogonic. 

agonid  (a-gon'id),  M.  One  of  the  fishes  form- 
ing the  family  Agonida. 

Agonidse  (a-gon'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Agonus 
+  -idce.l  A  family  of  acanthopterygian  fishes, 
exemplified  by  the  genus  Agonus. 

Agoninae  (ag-o-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  l'Nh.,<  Agonus  + 
-inw.']  A  subfamily  of  the  Agonida,  having  two 
dorsal  fins,  the  spinous  being  well  developed. 

agonise,  agonisingly.  See  agonize,  agonizingly . 

agonist  (ag'o-nist),  n.  [<  L.  agonista^  <  Gr. 
ayijvwTTjQ,  contestant,  pleader,  actor,  <  ayuviQe- 
adai,  contend,  etc. :  see  agonize.  Cf.  antagonist, 
X>rotagonist.~\  1.  One  who  contends  for  the 
prize  in  public  games;  a  combatant;  a  cham- 
pion; a  dramatic  actor.  Also  called  agonister. 
— 2.  [cap.']  One  of  a  violent  party  of  Donatists 
in  northern  Africa  in  the  fourth  century. 

agonistarch  (ag-o-nis'tark),  n.  [<  L.  agonis- 
tarcha  (in  an  inscription),  <  Gr.  *ayuviardpxK, 

<  ayuviarrjg  (see  agonist)  -f-  apx^tv,  rule,  govern.] 
In  Gr.  antiq.,  one  who  trained  jiersons  to  com- 
pete in  public  games  and  contests. 

agonistert  (ag'o-nis-ter),  n.     [<  agonist  +  -c)-l. 
Cf.  sophister.~\    Same  as  agonist,  1. 
agonistic  (ag-o-nis'tik),  a.    [<  ML.  agonisticus, 

<  Gr.  ayuviariiidg,  <  ayuvLOTrjq,  agonist :  see  ago- 
nist.'] 1.  Pertaining  to  contests  of  strength  or 
athletic  combats,  or  to  contests  of  any  kind,  as 
a  forensic  or  argumentative  contest. 

The  silver  krater  given  Ijy  Acliilles  as  an  agonistic  prize 
at  the  funeral  of  Patroklos,  whicli,  as  the  poet  tells  us, 
was  made  by  the  Sidonians,  and  brouglit  over  the  sea  by 
the  Phoenicians.    C.  T.  Newton,  Art  and  Arcliseol.,  p.  289. 

3.  Combative;  polemic;  given  to  contending. 

Two  conflicting  agonistic  elements  seem  to  liave  con- 
tended in  tlie  man,  sometimes  pulling  him  different  ways, 
like  wild  horses. 

Walt  Whitman,  in  Essays  from  The  Critic,  p.  32. 
3.  strained;  aiming  at  effect;  melodramatic. 
N.  E.  D. 


agony 

agonistical  (ag-o-nis'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as  ago- 
nistic. 

agonistically  (ag-o-nis'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
agonistic  manner.  [Rare.] 

agonistics  (ag-o-nis'tiks),  w.  [PI.  of  agonistic  : 
see  -ics.]  The  art  or  science  of  contending  in 
public  games  or  other  athletic  contests. 

agonizant  (ag-o-ni'zant),  «.  [<  ML.  agoni- 
zan(t-)s,  ppr.  of  agonisare:  see  agonize.']  One 
of  a  Roman  Catholic  confraternity  whose  chief 
duty  it  is  to  offer  prayers  for  the  dying,  and 
more  especially  to  assist  and  pray  for  criminals 
under  sentence  of  death. 

agonize  (ag'o-niz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  agonized, 
ppr.  agonizing.  [<  F.  agoniser,  <  ML.  agonizare, 
labor,  strive,  contend,  be  at  the  point  of  death, . 
<  Gr.  ayuvtCenOat,  contend  for  a  prize,  fight, 
struggle,  exert  one's  self,  <  ayuv,  a  contest  for 
aprize,  etc.  See  agony,  from  which  the  stronger 
sense  of  agonize  is  imported.]  I.  intrans.  1. 
To  struggle  ;  ■wrestle,  as  in  the  arena ;  hence, 
to  make  great  effort  of  any  kind. —  2.  To  writhe 
with  extreme  pain ;  suffer  violent  anguish. 

To  smart  and  agonise  at  every  pore. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  i.  198. 

II.  trans.  To  distress  with  extreme  pain; 
torture. 

He  agonized  his  mother  by  his  beliaviour.  Thackeray. 
Also  spelled  agonise. 
agonizingly  (ag'o-ni-zing-li),  adv.    In  an  ago- 
nizing manner;  with  extreme  anguish.  Also 
spelled  agonisingly. 
AgonoderUS  (ag-o-nod'e-rus),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  ayu- 
vog,  without  angle,  +  Sep?/,  Seiprj,  neck,  throat.] 
A  genus  of  Cara- 
hidce,  comprising  a 
moderate  number 
of  species  of  very 
small   or  medium- 
sized  beetles  pecu- 
liar  to  temperate 
America,    it  is  not 

readily  defined  either  by 
structural  character or  by 
general  appearance,  and 
the  smaller  species,  wliich 
are  of  nearly  uniform 
liglit-brown  ortestacemis 
color,  are  very  difficult 
to  distinguish  from  simi- 
larly colored  species  of 
other  genera.  A.pallipes 
(Fabricius),  one  of  the 
commonest  species,  is 
about  a  quarter  of  an  Inch  long,  and  of  a  pale-yellowish 
color.  Its  elytra  have  a  wide  black  stripe,  divided  hy  the 
suture ;  the  disk  of  the  prothorax  is  usually  marked  with  a 
large  black  spot,  and  the  head  is  always  black.  Most  of 
the  species  in  the  United  States  are  extremely  abundant, 
especially  in  moist  places,  and  arereadily  attracted  by  light. 
Notliing  is  known  of  tlieir  earlier  stages, 
agonoid  (ag'o-noid),  a.  and  »?.  [<  Agonus  +  -oid.] 

1.  a.  Having  the  characters  of  the  Agonida;. 
II.  w.  A  fish  of  the  family  Agonidce;  an  agonid. 

agonothete  (a-go'no-thet),  n.  [<  L.  agonotheta 
and  agonothetes,  <Gr.  ayorvoderrig,  <  ayuv,  contest, 
-1-  Ti-Oe-vat,  place,  appoint:  see  theme,  thesis, 
etc.]  One  of  the  officials  who  presided  over 
public  games  in  ancient  Greece  and  awarded 
the  prizes. 

agonothetic  (a-go-no-thet'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  ayuvo- 
UeTiKog,  <  aycjvodiTT/g :  see  agonothete.]  Pertain- 
ing to  the  office  of  agonothete. 

Agonus  (ag'o-nus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 
■}^vv,  knee  (taken  in  the  sense  of  '  joint '),  =  E. 
Jcnee.]  A  genus  of  fishes,  typical  of  the  family 
Agonida;.  Bloch,  1801.  Also  called  Aspido- 
phorus.  A.  cataphractus  {Asp.  europcens)  is  the 
sea-poacher  or  pogge. 

agony  (ag'o-ni),  n. ;  pi.  agonies  (-niz).  [<  ME. 
agonie,  <  OF.  agonie,  <  LL.  agonia,  <  Gr.  ayuvla, 
a  contest,  struggle,  agony,  ori^.  a  contest  for  a 
prize  at  the  public  games,  <  ayoiv,  a  contest, 
wrestle,  a  place  of  contest,  an  assembly  (see 
agon^),  <  ayeiv,  assemble,  bring  together,  lead, 
drive,  move,  etc.,  =  L.  agere :  see  agent,  act,  etc. 
Cf.  agonize,  etc.]  1.  A  violent  contest  or  strug- 
gle. [Rare.] 

Till  he  have  thus  denudated  liimself  of  all  these  incum- 
brances, he  is  utterly  unqualified  for  these  agonies. 

Decay  of  Chri.st.  'Piety,  p.  408. 

2.  The  struggle,  frequently  imconscious,  that 
often  precedes  natural  death :  in  this  sense  of- 
ten used  in  the  plural :  as,  he  is  in  the  agonies  of 
death. —  3.  Extreme,  and  generally  prolonged, 
bodily  or  mental  pain  ;  intense  sufl'ering;  hence, 
intense  mental  excitement  of  any  kind:  as,  the 
agony  of  suspense  or  uncertainty. 

A  great  agony 
Of  hope  strove  in  lier. 

W.  ilorris,  Eartlily  Paradise,  II.  310. 


/Igonoderus  dorsalis  (  Le  Conte). 
Vertical  line  shows  natural  size. 


agony 

A  solitary  shriek,  the  bubbling  cry 
Of  some  strong  swimmer  in  his  agony. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  ii.  53. 
Continued  agony  is  followed  by  exhaustion,  which  in  fee- 
ble persons  may  be  fatal.  H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  29. 

4.  In  a  special  sense,  the  sufferings  of  Christ  in 
the  garden  of  Gethsemane — Agony  column,  the 

column  of  a  newspaper  whicli  contains  advertisements 
relating  to  lost  relatives  and  friends  and  other  personal 
matters :  so  called  from  the  apparent  distress  of  the  adver- 
tisers. (English,  and  chietiy  in  London.]  =  Syn.  3.  Aijony, 
Anguisli,  Pang,  Torture,  Torment,  throe,  paroxysm,  acli'e. 
These  all  denote  forms  of  excruciating  pain  of  the  body 
or  the  mind.  Agony  is  pain  so  e.xtreme  as  to  cause  strug- 
gling; it  is  general  rather  than  local  pain.  Anguish  is, 
in  the  body,  commonly  local,  as  the  anguish  of  amputa- 
tion, and  transient.  I'ang  is  brief  and  intermittent ;  it 
is  a  paroxysm,  spasm,  tliroe,  thrill,  or  throb  of  pain ;  in 
the  mind  there  may  be  the  pangs  of  remembrance,  etc., 
and  in  the  body  the  pangs  of  hunger,  etc.  The  agonies  or 
pangs  of  dissolution  ;  the  anguish  of  a  fresh  bereavement. 
Torture  and  torment  are  by  dei;ivation  pains  that  seem  to 
wrench  or  rack  the  body  or  mind  ;  they  are  the  most  power- 
ful of  these  words.  Tonnent  expresses  a  more  permanemt 
state  than  torture.    See  pain. 

The  octopus  had  seized  his  left  arm,  causing  dreadful 
agony  by  the  fastening  of  its  suckers  upon  the  limb. 

P.  Bobinson,  Under  the  Sun,  vii. 
One  fire  burns  out  another's  bm'ning. 
One  pain  is  lessen'd  by  another's  annuish. 

Shah.,'R.  and  J.,  i.  2. 
That  last  glance  of  love  which  becomes  the  sharpest 
pang  of  sorrow.  George  Eliot,  Daniel  Deronda,  xliii. 

Suspense  in  news  is  torture;  speak  them  out. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1569. 
O,  that  torment  should  not  be  confined 
To  the  body's  wounds  and  sores  ! 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  606. 

agoodt  (a-giid'),  jx'ej).  phr.  as  adv.    [<  «3,  on, 
in,  +  good.   Cf.  the  phrase  in  good  earnest.}  In 
earnest ;  heartily. 
I  made  her  weep  a-good.  Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  iv.  4. 

The  world  laughed  agood  at  these  jests. 

Armin,  Nest  of  Ninnies,  1608.  (Halliu'ell.) 

agora  (ag'o-ra),  n.  [<  Gr.  ayopa,  assembly,  mar- 
ket-place, <  a-}eipeii',  call  together,  assemble.] 
In  ancient  Greece  :  (a)  A  popular  political  as- 
sembly; any  meeting  of  the  people,  especially 
for  the  promulgation  or  discussion  of  laws  or 
public  measures.  Hence  — (&)  The  chief  pub- 
lic square  and  market-place  of  a  town,  in  whicli 
such  meetings  were  originally  held,  correspond- 
ing to  the  Roman  forum.  Tlie  agora  usually  occu- 
pied  the  site  about  the  original  public  fountain  or  well  of 
a  settlement,  which  was  the  natural  place  of  reunion  for 
the  inhabitants.  It  was  often  surrounded  by  colonnades 
and  public  buildings  ;  sometimes  public  buildings  and 
temples  stood  within  it.  In  some  instances  a  large  open 
space  was  reserved  for  public  meetings,  and  the  remain- 
der was  variously  subdivided  for  purposes  of  traffic.  It 
was  customary  to  erect  in  the  agora  altars  to  the  gods 
and  statues  of  heroes  and  others,  and  sometimes,  as  at 
Athens,  it  was  adorned  with  alleys  of  trees. 

agoranome  (ag'o-ra-nom"),  n.  [<  L.  agorano- 
■m  us,  <  Gr.  ayopavofioc,  clerk  of  the  market,  <  ayopa, 
market,  +  ve/necv,  manage,  rule.]  One  of  those 
magistrates  in  a  Greek  city  who  had  charge  of 
the  inspection  of  the  markets,  of  weights  and 
measures,  and  of  public  health.  Their  func- 
tions corresponded  to  those  of  the  Roman 
ediles. 

agoraphobia  (ag'''9-ra-f6'bi-a),  n.  [<  Gr.  ayopa, 
market-place  (see  agora),  +  -tpoliia,  fear :  see 
-plwhia.\  In  jjathoL,  a  dread  of  crossing  open 
spaces,  such  as  open  squares,  city  parks,  etc. : 
a  feature  of  some  cases  of  neurasthenia. 

agostadero  (ii-go-sta-da'ro),  71.  [Sp.,  a  sum- 
mer pasture,  <  agostar,  pasture  cattle  on  stub- 
ble in  summer,  dial,  plow  in  August,  <  Agosto, 
August,  harvest-time,  harvest.]  A  place  for 
pasturing  cattle.  [Used  in  parts  of  the  United 
States  settled  by  Spaniards.] 

agouara  (a-go-a'ra),  n.  [Native  name  in  South 
America.]  A  species  of  racoon,  Procyon  cau- 
crivortis,  about  the  size  of  a  fox.    it  is  a  native  of 

the  warmer  parts  of  America,  and  eats  all  kinds  of  crus- 
taceans and  mollusks,  marine  and  terrestrial ;  from  this 
habit  it  is  also  called  the  crab-eating  racoon. 

agoumenos  (a-go'me-nos),  n.  Same  as  liegu- 
menos. 


116 

family  Solenodontidw.  it  is  so  puzzling  to  natural- 
ists that  it  has  received  the  name  of  S.  paradoxus.  It  has 
the  fur,  ears,  and  tail  of  the  opossum,  but  the  teeth  and 
elongated  nose  of  the  shrew.  Its  feet  terminate  in  five 
toes,  and  the  long  claws  are  curved  and  evidently  adapted 
for  scraping  in  the  earth.  The  dentition  is  unique,  the 
grooving  of  the  second  incisor  of  the  lower  jaw  distinguish- 
ing this  genus  from  all  others  whose  dental  system  is 
known.  It  is  of  the  size  of  a  rat,  and  not  unlike  one  in 
general  appearance.    See  alniiqui  and  Solenodon. 

agouti  (a-go'ti),  n.  [<F.  agouti,  acouti,  <  Sp. 
aguti,  <  aguti,  acuti,  the  native  Amer.  name.] 


Agouti  ^Dasyprocta  agouti). 

The  American  name  of  several  species  of  rodent 
mammals  of  the  genus  Dasyprocta  and  family 
Dasyproctida;.  The  common  agouti,  or  yellow-rumped 
cavy,  D.  agouti,  is  of  the  size  of  a  rabbit.  The  upper  part 
of  the  body  is  brownish,  with  a  mixture  of  red  and  black ; 
the  belly  yellowish.  Three  varieties  are  mentioned,  all 
peculiar  to  South  America  and  the  West  Indies.  It  bur- 
rows in  the  ground  or  in  hollow  trees,  lives  on  vegetables, 
doing  much  injury  to  the  sugar-cane,  is  as  voracious  as  a 
pig,  and  makes  a  similar  grunting  noise.  It  holds  its  food 
in  its  fore  paws,  like  a  squirrel.  When  scared  or  angry 
its  hair  becomes  erect,  and  it  strikes  the  ground  with  its 
hind  feet.  Its  flesh  is  white  and  of  agreeable  taste,  and 
the  animal  is  pursued  as  game  in  Brazil.  Also  spelled 
aguti  and  agouty.    See  acouchy  and  Dasyprocta. 

agracet,  v.  t.    See  aggrace. 

agraffe  (a-gr&f),  «.  [Also,  as  a  historical 
term,  agrappe,  aggrappc ;  <  F.  agrafe,  formerly 
agraffe,  "agraphe,  a  clasp,  hook,  brace,  gi'ap- 
ple,  hasp"  (Cotgrave),  also  *  agrappe  (Walloon 
agrap),  <  a-  +  grap)pe,  <  ML.  grajjpa,  <  OHG. 
chrapfo,  G.  lirapfc,  a  hook:  see  grape,  grapple.'] 
1 .  A  clasp  or  hook,  used  in  armor  or  in  ordinary 
costume,  fastening  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
modern  hook  and  eye,  often  made  into  a  large 
and  rich  ornament  by  concealing  the  hook  itself 
beneath  a  jeweled,  engraved,  embossed,  or  en- 


Agouta  {Solenodon paradoxus). 

agouta  (a-go'ta),  n.  [Native  name.]  An  in- 
sectivorous mammal  peculiar  to  Hayti,  the 
type-member  of  the  genus  Solenodon  and  of  the 


Agraffe  —  13th  century. 
The  plate  is  in  two  parts;  a  hook  behind  the  left-hand  piece  enters 
a  ring  behind  the  other.   (From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "Diet,  du  Mobilier 
fran^ais.") 

ameled  plate:  as,  "an  agraffe  set  with  bril- 
liants," Scott,  Ivanhoe.   Also  agrappje,  fermail. 

Amongst  the  treasures  is  the  Crowne  of  Charlemagne, 
his  7  foote  high  scepter  and  hand  of  justice,  the  agraffe  of 
his  royall  mantle  beset  with  diamonds  and  rubies,  his 
sword,  belt  and  spurrs  of  gold. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Nov.  12,  1643. 

S.  A  device  for  preventing  the  vibration  of 
that  part  of  a  piano-string  which  is  between 
the  pin  and  the  bridge. —  3.  A  small  cramp- 
iron  used  by  builders. 

agrammatism  (a-gram'a-tizm),  n.  [<  Gr. 
aypafi/zaroc;,  without  learning  (<  a-  priv.  +  ypdfi- 
pa(T-),  a  letter),  +  -is-m.]  In  pathol.,  inability 
to  form  a  grammatical  sente_nce. 

agrammatistt  (a-gram'a-tist"),  n.  [As  agram- 
mat-ism  +  -ist.']   An  illiterate  person.  Bailey. 

agraphia  (a-graf'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv. 
+  -ypacpia,  <  -ypdipew,  write.]  A  form  of  cere- 
bral disorder  in  which  there  is  a  partial  or  total 
loss  of  the  power  of  expressing  ideas  by  ■written 
symbols. 


agree 

agraphic  (a-graf'ik),  a.    Pertaining  to  or  char- 
acterized by  agraphia, 
agrappe  (a-grap'),  «•    Same  as  agraffe,  1. 
agrarian  (a-gra'ri-an),  a.  and  «.    [<  L.  agra- 

rius,  <  agcr,  field,  country,  laud,  =  E.  acre,  q.  v. ; 
agrarias  leges,  laws  relating  to  the  division  of 
the  public  lands  among  the  poorer  citizens; 
agrarii,  u.  pi.,  those  who  favored  such  laws.] 

1.  a.  1.  Relating  to  lands,  especially  public 
lauds  ;  pertaining  to  the  equal  or  uniform  divi- 
sion of  land. 

His  grace's  landed  possessions  are  irresistibly  inviting  to 
an  agrarian  experiment.  Burke. 

2.  Growing  in  fields  ;  wild :  said  of  plants. 

We  believe  that  the  charlock  is  oidy  an  agrarian  form 
of  Brassica. 

Prof.  Buckman,  Kep.  Brit.  Ass.  Adv.  of  Sci.,  1861. 

3.  Rural — Agrarian  la'ws,  in  ancient  Rome,  laws 
regulating  tlie  distriljution  of  the  public  lands  among  the 
citizens ;  hence,  in  modern  use,  laws  relating  to  or  provid- 
ing for  changes  in  tlie  teimre  of  landed  property.— Agra- 
rian murder,  agrarian  outrage,  a  murder  or  an  outrage 

brought  about  by  some  dispute  concerning  the  occupancy 
of  land,  or  by  general  discontent  among  tenants  or  the  I'ural 
classes.— Agrarian  region,  the  name  proposed  by  H.  C. 
Watson  for  that  altitudinal  zone  of  vegetation  within  which 
gi'ain  can  be  cultivated. 

II,  n.  1.  One  who  favors  an  equal  division 
of  in-operty,  especially  landed  property,  among 
the  inhabitants  of  a  country,  or  a  change  in 
the  tenure  of  land.  Hence,  sometimes  applied  to  agi- 
tators accused  of  leveling  tendencies  or  of  hostile  designs 
against  the  liolders  of  property,  as  to  certain  political  par- 
ties at  ditferent  times  in  the  United  States. 

The  new  party  [the  Equal  Rights  party,  1835,  nicknamed 
Locofocos]  was  arrayed  in  the  habiliments  of  a  real  bug- 
bear. Agrarians  was  the  accursed  name  to  be  fastened 
on  them,  and  to  make  them  an  abomination  in  the  eyes  of 
all  those  who  took  any  interest  in  law  or  social  order. 

//.  V071  Hoist,  Const.  Hist,  (trans.),  II.  397. 

2,  The  land  itself.  [Rare.] 

The  agrarian  in  America  is  divided  among  the  common 
people  in  every  state.  J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  359. 

3.  An  agrarian  law.  [Rare.] 
agrarianism  (a-gra'ri-an-izm),  n.    [<  agrarian 

+  -ism.~i  1.  The  principle  or  theory  of  an  equal 
or  uniform  division  of  lands;  more  generally, 
any  theory  involving  radical  changes  in  the 
tenm'e  of  land,  as  the  denial  of  the  right  of 
private  property  in  it,  and  advocacy  of  its  dis- 
tribution and  control  by  the  government. —  2. 
The  movement  or  agitation  in  favor  of  agrarian 
views,  or  for  the  establishment  of  more  favor- 
able conditions  in  the  use  of  land ;  violence  ex- 
ercised in  pm-suit  of  this  object. 

Every  county  board,  every  central  council,  however  lim- 
ited its  legal  powers,  may  become  a  focus  for  agrarianism 
or  sedition.  Nineteenth  Century,  XIX.  319. 

agrarianize  (a-gra'ri-an-iz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

agrarianizcd,  ppr.  agrarianizing.  [<  agrarian 
+  -ise.  ]  1 .  To  distribute,  as  public  lands,  among 
the  people. — 2.  To  imbue  with  ideas  of  agra- 
rianism.   N.  E.  D. 

Agra  ■work.   See  loork. 

agret,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.    See  agree. 

agreablet,  agreabletet.  Obsolete  forms  of 
agreeable,  agrceahility. 

agreet,  prep,  pin:  as  adv.  [<  ME.  agree,  agre 
(also  in  forms  in  grce,  at  grec,  to  gree),  <  OP.  a 
gre  (P.  a  grv),  favorably,  according  to  one's 
will,  at  pleasure :  «  (<  L.  ad),  to,  at ;  gre,  earlier 
gred,  gret,  that  which  pleases,  <  ML.  gratum, 
will,  pleasure,  neut.  of  L.  gratus,  pleasing:  see 
grateful.  Cf.  agree,  r.]  In  good  part;  kindly; 
in  a  friendly  manner. 

But  toke  agree  alle  hool  my  play. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  4349. 

agree  (a-gre'),  v.  [<  ME.  agreen,  <  OP.  agreer,  P, 
agreer  =  Pr.  agreiar,  from  the  OP.  phrase  a  gre, 
favorably,  according  to  one's  will,  at  pleasure : 
see  agree,  adv.']  I.  intrans.  A.  With  a  person- 
al or  personified  subject,  in  which  case  agree 
is  either  used  absolutely  or  is  followed  by  with 
before  the  agreeing  object,  and  by  wpow,  07i,  for, 
to,  or  in,  and  sometimes  with,  before  the  object 
or  condition  of  the  agreement ;  the  latter  may 
be  expressed  by  an  infinitive  or  a  clause.  1 .  To 
be  of  one  mind ;  harmonize  in  opinion  or  feel- 
ing: as,  "svith  regard  to  the  expediency  of  the 
law  all  the  parties  agree. 

Science  .  .  .  a^j-ces  with  common  sense  in  demanding  a 
belief  in  real  objective  bodies,  really  known  as  causes  of  the 
various  phenomena,  the  laws  and  interrelations  of  which 
it  investigates.  Mioart,  Nature  and  Thought,  p.  89. 

2.  To  live  in  concord  or  without  contention; 
harmonize  in  action;  be  mutually  accordant 
in  intercourse  or  relation. 

How  dost  thou  and  thy  master  agree  ? 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  ii  2. 


agree 

3.  To  come  to  one  opinion  or  mind ;  come  to  an 
arrangement  qv  understanding ;  arrive  at  a  set- 
tlement. 

Agree  with  thine  adversary  quickly.  Mat.  v.  25. 

They  agree,  he  to  command,  they  to  obey. 

Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  88. 

Where  an  ambiguous  question  arises  between  two  gov- 
ernments, there  is,  if  they  cannot  agree,  no  appeal  e.xcept 
to  force.  Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

Didst  not  thou  agree  with  me  for  a  penny?  Mat.  x.\.  13. 

Make  not  a  city  feast  of  it,  to  let  the  meat  cool  ere  we 
can  agree  upon  the  first  place.         Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iii.  6. 

Society  seems  to  have  agreed  to  treat  fictions  as  realities, 
and  realities  as  Actions.  Emerson,  Clubs. 

4.  To  yield  assent;  consent;  rarely,  express 
concurrence:  as,  he  agreed  to  accompany  the 
ambassador. 

Agree  to  any  covenants.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  5. 

Agree  with  his  demands  to  the  point. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 
The  tyrant  would  have  agreed  to  aU  that  the  nation  de- 
manded. Macaulay,  Burleigh. 
B.  With  a  thing  or  things  for  the  subject,  in 
which  case  agree  now  takes  no  preposition  ex- 
cept with  or  in  after  it,  though  formerly  to  was 
also  so  used.  5.  To  be  consistent;  harmonize; 
not  to  conflict  or  be  repugnant:  as,  this  story 
agrees  with  wha,t  has  been  related  by  others. 
Their  witness  agreed  not  together.  Mark  xiv.  56. 
When  we  possess  ourselves  with  the  utmost  security  of 
the  demonstration,  that  the  three  angles  of  a  triangle  are 
equal  to  two  right  ones,  what  do  we  more  but  perceive 
that  equality  to  two  right  ones  does  necessarily  agree  to, 
and  is  inseparable  from,  the  three  angles  of  a  triangle? 

Locke,  Human  Understanding,  v.  1. 
A  wild-rose  roofs  the  ruined  shed. 
And  that  and  summer  well  agree. 

Coleridge,  A  Day  Dream. 

6.  To  resemble  ;  be  similar ;  be  applicable  or 
appropriate ;  tally ;  match ;  correspond ;  coin- 
cide: as,  the  picture  does  not  agree  with  the 
original. 

They  all  agree  in  having  for  their  object  deliverance 
from  the  evils  of  time. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Ten  Great  Religions,  iii.  5. 
His  system  of  theology  agreed  with  that  of  the  Puritans. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vii. 

7.  To  suit ;  be  accommodated  or  adapted :  as, 
the  same  food  does  not  agrrce  with  every  consti- 
tution.—  8.  In  gram.,  to  correspond  in  number, 
case,  gender,  or  person :  as,  a  verb  must  agree 

with  its  subject.  =Syn.  To  accord  (with),  concur  (in), 
subscribe  (to),  promise,  engage,  undertake.  See  list  under 
accede. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  settle;  determine;  arrange. 
He  saw  from  far  .  .  . 

Some  troublous  uprore  or  contentious  fray. 
Whereto  he  drew  in  hast  it  to  agree. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iv.  3. 
I  do  believe  the  two  Pretenders  had,  privately,  agreed 
the  matter  beforehand.  Gray. 
[This  use  of  the  verb  agree  is  now  obsolete  e.xcept  in  the 
Impersonal  phrase  it  is  agreed,  and  in  a  few  legal  and  busi- 
ness expressions :  as,  the  account  has  been  agreed. 

It  is  thus  agreed 

That  peaceful  truce  shall  be  proclaim'd  in  France. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  4.] 

2t.  To  agree  with ;  suit.  • 

If  harm  agree  me,  wherto  pleyne  I  thenne? 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  409. 

Case  agreed  or  stated.  See  rasei. 
agreeability  (a-gre-a-bil'i-ti),  n.  [Mod.  form 
of  ME.  agreabi'ete,  <  OF.  dgreablete  (=Pr.  agra- 
dabletat),  <  agreable  :  see  agreeable  and  -bility.'] 
The  quality  of  being  agreeable ;  easiness  of 
disposition ;  agreeableness. 

Al  fortune  is  blisful  to  a  man  by  the  agreablete  or  by  the 
egalite  of  hym  that  suffereth  it.  Chaucer,  Boethius. 

She  was  all  good  humour,  spirits,  sense,  and  agreeabili- 
ty. (Surely  I  may  make  words  when  at  a  loss,  if  Dr.  John- 
son does.)  Mme.  D'ArUay,  Diary,  I.  42. 

agreeable  (a-gre'a-bl),  a.  [<  ME.  agreable,  <  OF. 
agreable  (F.  agreable),  <  agreer :  see  agree,  v.] 

1.  Suitable;  conformable ;  correspondent :  as, 
conduct  agreeable  to  the  moral  law. 

Though  they  embraced  not  this  practice  of  burning,  yet 
entertained  they  many  ceremonies  agreeable  unto  Greek 
and  Rorpan  obsequies.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Urn-Burial,  i. 
(In  this  sense  agreeable  is  sometimes  incoiTcctly  used  for 
agreeably :  as,  agreeable  to  the  order  of  the  day,  the  house 
took  up  the  report  of  the  committee.] 

2.  Pleasing,  either  to  the  mind  or  to  the  senses ; 
to  one's  liking:  as,  agreeable  manners;  fruit 
agreeable  to  the  taste. 

There  was  something  extremely  agreeable  in  the  cheer- 
ful flow  of  animal  spirits  of  the  little  man. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  260. 

My  idea  of  an  agreeable  person,  said  Hugo  Bohun,  is  a 
person  who  agrees  with  me.  Disraeli. 

3.  Willing  or  ready  to  agi-ee  or  consent:  now 
used  only  or  chiefly  as  a  colloquialism. 

These  Frenchmen  give  unto  the  said  captain  of  Calais  a 
great  sum  of  money,  so  that  he  will  be  but  content  and 
agreeable  that  they  may  enter  into  the  said  to\vn. 

Latiiner. 


117 

I'll  meet  you  there,  and  bring  my  wife  that  is  to  be.  .  .  . 

You're  agreeable  1  Dickens. 

4t.  Agreeing  one  with  another ;  concordant. 

These  manifold  and  agreeable  testimonies  of  the  olde 
aind  new  writers.  Author  of  1596,  quoted  by  F.  Hall. 
=  SjTl.  1.  Fitting,  befitting,  appropriate,  consonant  (with). 
—  2.  Pleasing,  etc.    See  pleasant. 

agreeableness  (a-gre'a-bl-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  agi-eeable.  (a)  Suitableness ; 
conformity ;  consistency :  as,  the  agreeableness  of  virtue 
to  the  laws  of  God.  (6)  The  quality  of  pleasing ;  that 
quality  which  gives  satisfaction  or  moderate  pleasure  to 
the  mind  or  senses  :  as,  agreeableness  of  manners ;  there  is 
an  agreeableness  in  the  taste  of  certain  fruits. 

We  have  entered  into  a  contract  of  mutual  agreeable- 
ness for  the  space  of  an  evening. 

Jane  Austen,  Northanger  Abbey,  x. 
(ct)  Concordance ;  harmony  ;  agreement. 

The  agreeableness  between  man  and  other  parts  of  crea- 
tion. Grew,  Cosmologia  Sacra. 

agreeably  (a-gre'a-bli),  adv.  [<  ME.  agreable- 
ly :  see  agreeable  "and.  -ly^.^  In  an  agreeable 
manner,  (a)  Suitably;  consistently;  conformably.  See 
remark  under  agreeable,  1. 

The  effect  of  which  is,  that  marriages  grow  less  frequent, 
agreeably  to  the  maxim  above  laid  down.  Paley. 

Reason  requires  us,  when  we  speak  of  Christianity,  to 
expound  the  phrase  agreeably  to  history,  if  we  mean  to 
claim  on  its  behalf  the'authority  of  civilized  man. 

Gladstone,  Might  of  Right,  p.  189. 

(b)  Pleasingly ;  in  an  agreeable  manner  ;  in  a  manner  to 
give  pleasure :  as,  to  be  agreeably  entertained  with  a  dis- 
course. 

The  years  which  he  [Temple]  spent  at  the  Hague  seem 
...  to  have  passed  very  agreeably. 

Macaulay,  Sir  William  Temple. 
We  were  also  most  agreeably  surprised  by  the  beauty  of 
the  scenery.    Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  II.  xxii. 
(ct)  Alike  ;  in  the  same  or  a  similar  manner ;  similarly. 

With  hem  that  every  fortune  receyven  agreablely  or 
egaly  [equally].  Chaucer,  Boethius. 

Armed  both  agreeably.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  vii.  3. 

agreeinglyt  (a-gre'ing-U),  adc.  In  conformity 
to.  Sheldon. 
agreement  (a-gre'ment),  n.  [<  ME.  agrement, 
<  OF.  agrement,  F.  agrement:  see  agree,  v.,  and 
-ment.']  1.  The  state  of  agreeing  or  of  being 
in  accord,  (a)  Concord;  harmony;  conformity ;  resem- 
blance ;  suitableness. 
Wliat  agreement  hath  the  temple  of  God  with  idols  ? 

2  Cor.  vi.  16. 

Knowledge  is  represented  as  the  perception  of  the 
agreement  or  repugnance  of  our  ideas,  not  with  things, 
but  with  one  another  ;  in  some  cases  the  agreement  being 
seen  intuitively  or  directly,  and  in  others  by  a  process  in 
which  there  may  be  more  or  less  certainty. 

McCosh,  Locke's  Theory,  §  2. 
(6)  Union  of  opinions  or  sentiments ;  harmony  in  feeling ; 
absence  of  dissension :  as,  a  good  agreement  subsists  among 
the  members  of  the  council. 

With  dim  lights  and  tangled  circiunstance  they  tried  to 
shape  their  thought  and  deed  in  noble  agreement. 

George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  Prelude. 

(c)  In  gram.,  correspondence  of  words  in  respect  of  num- 
ber, gender,  etc.  See  agree,  v.,  I.,  8.  (d)  In  logic,  capability 
of  being  true  together ;  said  of  terms. 

2.  The  act  of  coming  to  a  mutual  arrangement ; 
a  bargain,  contract,  covenant,  or  treaty :  as,  he 
made  an  agreement  for  the  purchase  of  a  house. 

Make  an  agreement  with  me  by  a  present. 

2  Ki.  xviii.  31. 

An  agreement,  if  it  involve  an  unlawful  act  or  the  pre- 
vention of  lawful  acts  on  the  part  of  others,  is  plainly  un- 
lawful. Woolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  42. 

3.  Agreeable  quality  or  circumstance;  agree- 
ableness: generally  in  the  plural.  [A  (jalli- 
eism,  now  often  written  as  French,  agrements.'] 

This  figm-e,  says  he,  wants  a  certain  gay  air;  it  has  none 
of  those  charms  and  agreements. 

Tom  Brown,  Works,  III.  52. 

Agreement  for  insurance,  an  agreement  preliminary  to 

the  filling  out  and  deli\ery  of  a  policy 
with  specific  stipulations. — External 
agreement.  See  fjfeoia;.— Memo- 
randum of  agreement.  See  memuran- 
rfiiiH.— Method  of  agreement.  See 
?H(?(/iod.— Non-importation  agree- 
ment, an  agreement  made  between  the 
American  colonies  at  Philadelphia,  Oct. 
20,  1774,  not  to  import  anything  from 
or  manufactured  in  Great  Britain  or  Ire- 
land or  the  West  Indies.  This  action  was 
taken  by  way  of  retaliation  for  the  passage 
by  Parliament  of  certain  acts  for  raising 
revenue  in  America. 

See 


V. 


ag- 


agreget,  agregget, 

gredge. 

agrenon  (a-gi-e'non),  «.  [Gr. 
aypTjvov,  a  net,  a  net-like  woolen 
robe.]  In  Crr.  antiq.,  a  net-like 
woolen  garment  worn  by  bac- 
chanals and  soothsayers. 

agrestial  (a-gres'tial),  a.    [<  L. 
agrestis :  see  agrestic. '\     1.  In- 
habiting the  fields. —  2.  In  bot.,  growing  wild 
in  cultivated  land.  [Rare.] 


Torso  of  Apollo 
wearinjj  the  Ajrre- 
non.  found  at  Ha- 
drian's Villa  near 
Tivoli. 


agriculturist 

agrestic  (a-gres'tik),  a.  [<  L.  agrestis,  rural, 
rustic,  <  agcr,  field:  see  agrarian  and  acre.^ 
Rural ;  rustic ;  pertaining  to  fields  or  the  coun- 
try; unpolished.  [Rare.] 

Cowley  retreated  into  solitude,  where  he  found  none  ot 
the  agrestic  charms  of  the  landscapes  of  his  muse. 

/.  D' Israeli,  Calam.  of  Authors,  I.  64. 

agrestical  (a-gres'ti-kal),  a.    Same  as  agrestic. 

agrevet,  v.  t.   An  obsolete  spelling  of  aggrieve. 

agria  (ag'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ay(>tor',  wild, 
savage,  malignant,  <  aypof,  field,  =  E.  acre,  q. 
v.]    Same  as  herpes. 

agricolationt  (a-gi-ik-o-la'shon),  n.  [<  L.  agri- 
colatio(n-),  <  agricolari,  cultivate  land,  <  o^/n- 
co?a,  a  cultivator  of  land,  farmer:  see  agricole.'] 
Cultivation  of  the  soil.  Cockeram. 

agricole  (ag'ri-kol),  n.  [<  F.  agricole,  <  L.  agri- 
cola,  a  farmer,  <  agcr,  field  (see  acre),  +  colere, 
till.]  A  husbandman;  arustic.  N.E.D.  [Rare.] 

agricolistt  (a-grik'o-list),  n.  [<  L.  agricola, 
farmer  (see  agricole),  +  -ist.']  An  agriculturist. 

The  pasture  and  the  food  of  plants 
First  let  the  young  agricolist  be  taught. 

Dodsley's  Coll.  of  Poems,  Agriculture. 

agricolous  (a-grik'6-lus),  a.  l<  Li.  agricola, 
farmer  (see  agricole),  +  -oms.]  Agricultural. 
Sydney  Smith. 

agricultor  (ag'ri-kul-tor),  n.  [L. ,  better  written 
separately,  agri  cultor,  tiller  of  land:  agri,  gen. 
of  ager,  land,  field  (see  acre);  cultor,  tiller,  < 
colere,  till,  cultivate.  Cf.  agricole.']  A  tiller  of 
the  ground;  a  farmer;  a  husbandman.  [Rare.] 

agricultural  (ag-ri-kul'tur-al),  a.  Pertaining 
to,  connected  with,  or  engaged  in  agriculture. 

The  transition  from  the  pastoral  to  the  agricultural  life 
has  almost  always  been  efi^ected  by  means  of  slavery. 

D.  W.  Hoss,  German  Land-holding,  p.  3. 

Agricultural  ant,  a  kind  of  ant  which  clears  the  ground 
of  verdure  in  the  vicinity  of  its  nest.  Such  a  species  is 
Pogonomyrmex  barbatus  of  Texas,  which  cuts  down  all 
the  herbage  within  ten  or  twelve  feet  of  its  nest. —  Agri- 
cultural chemistry,  a  branch  of  chemistry  treating  of 
the  composition  and  chemical  properties  of  plants,  soils, 
manures,  feeding-stuffs  for  cattle,  etc. — Agricultural 
Children  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1873  (36  and  37  Vict, 
c.  67)  which  restricts  the  employment  of  children  in  agri- 
cultural work  and  provides  for  their  education. — A^:!- 
CUltural  engine,  a  portable  steam-motor  for  general  work 
on  a  farm.  See  traction-engine  and  steam-plou'. — Agri- 
cultural Gangs  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1867  (30  and 
31  Vict.  c.  130)  which  regulates  the  contracting  of  women 
and  children  to  laljor  on  farms. — Agricultural  geology, 
that  branch  of  geology  which  treats  of  the  resources  of  a 
country  in  respect  of  soils,  subsoils,  subjacent  strata,  and 
mineral  manures. — Agricultural  Holdings  Acts,  two 
English  statutes  of  1875  and  1883,  as  to  the  relation  of  land- 
lord and  tenant,  the  settlement  of  their  disputes,  and  com- 
pensation for  improvements. — Agricultural  society,  a 
society  for  promoting  agricultural  interests,  such  as  the 
improvement  of  land,  of  implements,  of  the  breeds  of  cat- 
tle, etc. 

agriculturalist  (ag-ri-kul'tur-al-ist),  n.  [<  ag- 
ricultural +  -ist.  Cf.  naturaiisi.'i  Same  as  agri- 
culturist. 

Every  truly  practical  man,  whether  he  be  merchant, 
mechanic,  or  agriculturalist,  transmutes  his  experience 
into  intelligence,  until  his  will  operates  witli  the  celerity 
of  instinct.  Whipple,  Lit.  and  Life,  p.  194. 

agriculturally  (ag-ri-kul'tur-al-i),  adv.  As  re- 
gards agiiculture  or  agricultirral  pui-poses. 

The  dissolved  constituents  of  sewage  —  by  far  the  most 
valuable  portion  agriculturally. 

Sci.  Amer.  Supp.,  XXII.  8836. 

agriculture  (ag'ri-kul-ttu-),  «.  [<  F.  agricul- 
ture, <.  L.  «(7)-?cM7<i/ra,  better  written  separately, 
agri  cultura,  tilling  of  land:  agri,  gen.  of  ager, 
field;  ci<?ii<m,  tilling,  cultivation:  see  agricultor 
&nd  culture.]  The  cultivation  of  the  ground; 
especially,  cultivation  with  the  plow  and  in  large 
areas  in  order  to  raise  food  for  man  and  beast ; 
husbandry;  tillage;  farming.   Theoretical  agricul- 

<!(re,orthe  theory  of  agriculture,is,  a  science  comprehending 
in  its  scope  the  nature  and  properties  of  soils,  the  dirt'erent 
sorts  of  plants  and  seeds  fitted  for  them,  the  composition 
and  qualities  of  manures,  and  the  rotation  of  crop-s,  and 
involving  a  knowledge  of  chemistry,  geology,  and  kindred 
sciences.  Practical  agriculture,  or  hiisbandry,  is  an  art 
comprehending  all  the  labors  of  the  field  and  of  the  farm- 
yard, such  as  preparing  the  land  for  the  reception  of  the 
seed  or  plants,  sowing  and  planting,  rearing  and  gathering 
the  crops,  care  of  fruit-trees  and  domestic  animals,  dis- 
position of  products,  etc.— Bachelor  of  agriculture,  a 
degree,  corresponding  to  bachelor  of  arts  or  of  scicnci', 
conferred  by  agricultural  colleges,  tlften  ablircviateil  to 
B.  J (/f.— Chamber  of  Agriculture,  an  association  of 
agriculturists  for  the  purpose  of  proniutiiitr  ;ind  protect- 
ing the  interests  of  ai;riculture. — Department  Of  Agri- 
culture and  Commissioner  of  A^CUltUre.  See  de- 
partment. 

agriculturism  (ag-ri-kul'tur-izm),  [<  agri- 
culture +  -ism.]  The  art  or  science  of  agricul- 
ture. [Rare.] 

agriculturist  (ag-ri-kul'tur-ist),  n.  [<  agricul- 
ture +  -ist.]  One  occupied  in  cultivating  the 
ground ;  a  husbandman.  Also  written  agricul- 
turalist. 


agriculturist 


118 

They  preferred  the  produce  of  their  flocks  to  that  of  offrinloDir  (atr  ri  nl'n  ii^  « 
their  lands,  and  were  shepherds  instead  of  a„riculturist,.  ^piOlOgV  (ag-ri-ol  o-ji)  w 
Buckle,  Civilization,  11.  i.    Savage  (<  ajpdf^fleld),  + 
CiBsar  tells  us  that  the  natives  [of  Britain]  in  lus  time 
were  not  generally  agriculturists,  but  lived  ou  milk  and 
meat,  and  clothed  tliemselves  with  skins. 

G.  I{aioH)Uion,  Origin  of  Nations,  p.  134. 

agrieff  (a-gref),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.    [ME.  also 

1 .  In  grief. 


agrcef,  aijref,  agreve;  <  a3  +  grief.'] 
Chaucer.  —  2.  Amiss; 
luikiudly.  Chaucer. 

agrievancet,  agrievet. 

See     aggrievance,  ag- 
grieve. 

^  griffes  (a  gref).  [P.: 
«,  to,  with;  griffes,  pi. 
oigriffe,  claw:  see  griff.} 
(Held  or  secured)  by 
claws  or  clamps,  as  a 
stone  in  a  ring.  The 
clamps  used   for  this 

piu'pose  in  ancient  jewelry  are  often  of  con 
siderable  size  and  of  decorative  form. 
Agrilus  (ag'ri-lus),  «.     [NL.,  based  on  Gr. 
aypdf,  field.  Cf.  Agrotis.'] 


Agrilus  rujicolt. 
,  anal  end  of  body  of  larva ;  b,  larva  ; 

lines  show  natural  sizes.) 


.    [<  Gr.  aypioq,  wild, 
_    .     ...        ,,       /io^fa,  <    yew,  speak: 
see  -ology.]     The  comparative  study  of  the 
customs  of  man  in  his  uncivilized  state. 
Agrion  (ag'ri-on),  w.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  aypioi;,  living 
in  the  fields,  <  aypog,  a  field.]   The  typical  genus 
of  the  family  Agrionidw  or  group  A  grionina.  A. 
saucium  is  red,  variegated  with  black, 
agrionid  (ag-ri-on'id),  w.    A  dragon-fly  of  the 
family  Agrionidw. 

Agrionid'ae  (ag-ri-on'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Agri- 
on +  -idce.2  A  family  of  nem'opterous  insects, 
or  dragon-flies,  closely  related  to  the  Libellu- 
lidm,  of  the  group  Odonata,  order  Neuroptera: 
named  fi-om  a  leading  genus,  Agrion,  a  species 
of  which,  A.  pueUa,  is  the  common  blue  dragon- 
fly of  Britain. 
Agrionina  (ag"ri-o-ni'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Agri- 
on +  -ina.]  A  gi-oup  of  dragon-flies,  typified  by 
the  genus  Agrion  and  corresponding  to  the 
family  Agrionidw,  comprising  small  slender- 
bodied  forms  with  metallic  hues,  whose  larvse 
have  external  leaf-like  gills. 
A  genus  of  buprestid  agriopodid  (ag-ri-op'o-did),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
family  Agriopodidw. 
Agriopodidse  (ag"ri-6-pod'i-de),  M.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Agriopus{-pod-)  +  -ida:']  Afamilyof acanthop- 
terygian  fishes,  represented  by  the  genus  Agri- 
opus.  It  includes  those  Cottoidea  in  wliich  the  dorsal  fln 
is  very  long,  commencing  on  tlie  nape,  and  consisting  of 
an  elongated  acanthopterous  anil  short  artliropterous  por- 
tion ;  the  anal  (in  is  short ;  the  ventrals  are  thoracic  and 
well  developeil,  and  have  1  spine  and  5  soft  rays ;  the  head 
is  compressed,  with  small  mouth  and  lateral  eyes ;  the 
branchial  apertures  are  separated  by  an  isthmus;  the 
trunk  is  nuchadiform  and  compressed  ;  and  tlie  vertebrse 
are  munerons  (for  example,  is  abdominal  and  21  caudal). 
Agriopus  (a-gi-i'o-pus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aypioi, 
wild,  savage,  +  jroi  f  {ttoS-)  =  ^.foot,  as  assumed 


Agraffe  with  the  central  stone 
mounted  d  griffes. 


beetle.    (The  vertical 


Agrotis 

assign,  administer;  in  a  special  use,  to  feed  or 
graze  cattle.]    An  agronomist, 
agronomial  (ag-ro-no'mi-al),  a.    Same  as  agro- 
nomic. 

Rapid  as  was  Leonard's  survey,  his  rural  eye  detected 
the  signs  of  a  master  in  the  art  agronomial. 

Bulwer,  My  Novel,  v.  2. 
agronomic  (ag-ro-nom'ik),  a.     [<  agronome  + 
-ic]    Relating  to  agronomy,  or  the  manage- 
ment of  farms. 
Maxims  of  agroiwmic  wisdom.  D.  G.  Mitchell,  Wet  Days, 
agronomical  (ag-ro-nom'l-kal),  a.     Same  as 
agronomic. 

The  experience  of  British  agriculture  has  shown  that 
the  French  agronomical  division  of  the  soil  is  infinitely 
less  profitable  .  .  .  than  that  prevailing  in  this  country. 

Edinburgh  Rev.,  CIII.  94. 

agronomics  (ag-ro-nom'iks),  w.  [Pi.  of  agro- 
nomic: see  -ics.]  The  science  of  the  manage- 
ment of  farms ;  that  division  of  the  science  of 
political  economy  which  treats  of  the  manage- 
ment of  farming  lands. 

agronomist  (a-gron'o-mist),  n.    [<  agronomy 
+  -ist]    One  who  is  engaged  in  the  study  of 
agronomy,  or  the  management  of  lands. 
An  impartial  foreign  agronomist.         Edinburgh  Rev. 
M.  J.  A.  Barral,  a  distinguished  French  chemist  and 
agronomist.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVI.  288. 

agronomy  (a-gron'o-rni),  n.  [<F.  agronomic,  < 
Gr.  as  if  *aypovojida,  <  aypov6/wg:  see  agronome.] 
The  art  of  cultivating  the  ground ;  agriculture. 

agrope  (a-grop'),  pre2}.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  a3  -1- 
grope.]  Gropingly. 

Three  women  crept  at  break  of  day, 
Agrope  along  the  shadowy  way 
Where  Joseph's  tomb  and  garden  lay. 

M.  J.  Preston,  Myrrh-bearers, 
agrost.    Preterit  of  agrise. 


beetles  comprising  numerous  species  distrib- 
uted all  over  the  globe  in  the  temperate  and 

tropical  zones.  They  may  at  once  be  distinguished 
from  most  other  genera  of  Buprestidce  by  their  very  slender 


elongate  form,  the  body  being  usually  of  a  uniform  coppery  agriOu,  n.    aee  egriot. 


or  bronze  color.  In  the  larval  state  most  of  them  live  ... 
the  terminal  twigs  of  deciduous  trees,  often  doing  consider- 
able damage,  and  a  few  also  live  in  the  stems  of  herbaceous 
plants.  The  red-necked  raspberry  buprestid,  Agrilus  ru/i- 
coilis  (Fabricius),  causes  large  excrescences  or  galls  on  the 
raspberry,  known  as  the 
raspberry  gouty-gall. 

agrimensor  (ag-ri- 
men'sor),  n. ;  pi. 
agrimensores{-men- 
so'rez).  lL.,<.ager 
(see  acre)  +  inen- 
sor,  <  metiri,  pp. 
mensus,  to  mea- 
sure.] In  Bom. 
antiq.,  a  land-sur- 
veyor. 

There  was  a  disin- 
clination on  the  part  of 
the  Greek  geometer  to 
be  satisfied  with  a  mere 
approximation,  were  it 
ever  so  close ;  and  the 
unscientific  agrimensor 
shirked  the  labour  in- 
volved in  acquiring  the 
knowledge  which  was 
indispensable  for  learn- 
ing trigonometrical  cal- 
culations. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XX.  89. 

agrimony  (ag'ri- 
mo-ni),  ft.    [<  ME. 


in  the  deriy.  form  Agriopodidw,  but  in  intention  Agrostemma  (ag-ro-stem '  a),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

.  •  _  N  -,     .  „    aypog,  field,  +  are/x/xa,  a  wreath:  see  stemma.] 

A  Linnean  genus  of  plants,  of  the  natural  order 
Caryophyllacew.  it  is  now  generally  regarded  as  a  sec- 
tion of  the  genus  Lychnis,  from  which  it  differs  only  in  the 
elongated  segments  of  the  calyx,  and  in  the  petals  being 
without  scales.  A.(L.)  Githago,  the  common  corn-cockle 
with  large  entire  purple  petals,  is  the  only  species  belong- 
ing to  tlie  section  as  now  limited.  There  are  several  va- 
rieties in  cultivation. 


prob.  Clip  (uTT-),  face,  appearance.]  A  genus  of 
aeanthopterygian  fishes,  typical  of  the  family 
Agriopodidw.  a.  torms,  the  sea-Iiorse,  is  about  2  feet 
in  length,  and  is  common  on  the  shores  of  the  Cape  of 
Good  Ifope.    Also  called  Agriopes. 


Agriotes  (a-gri'6-tez),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  aypidrriq, 
wikhiess,  <  dypwf,  v(dld,<n)'p(lf,  field.]    A  genus     

of  coleopterous  insects,  of  the  family  £'tetenrfcE  Agrostis  (a-gros'tis),  n.    [NL.,  <  L.  anrostis. 


(click-beetles  or  snapping-beetles),  of  the  pen- 
tamerous  division  of  the  order  Coleoptera.  The 
larva;  of  several  species,  as  the  British .4.  lineatus,  are  well 
known  as  wire-worms.    See  cut  under  wire-ivortn, 

agrippa  (a-grip'a),  n. ;  pi.  agrippw  (-e).  [NL. 
Cf.  L.  Agrippa,  a  Roman  family  name.]  In 
obstet. :  (a)  A  person  bom  with  the  feet  fore- 
most.   (6)  Foot-presentation;  a  footling  case. 

Agrippinian  (ag-ri-pin'i-an),  n.    [<  LL.  Agrip- 


<  Gr.  aypucTig,  couch-grass  (cf.  ayp6aT7jc,  nearly 
equiv.  to  L.  agrestis,  rm-al,  of  the  field:  see 
agrestic),  <  ayp6(,  a  field,  the  coimtry.]  A  large 
genus  of  grasses,  distributed  over  the  globe,  and 
valuable  especially  for  pasturage.  The  English 

species  are  known  as  bent-grass.  The  marsh-bent,  A.  alba, 
was  at  one  time  widely  known  as  florin.  A.  vulgaris,  cul- 
tivated for  both  hay  and  pasturage,  is  called  in  America 
red-top,  or  sometimes  herd's-gi-ass.    See  bent^. 


piniani,  pi.,  <  Agrippinus^'a,  personal  name,  <L.  agrostographer (ag-ros-tog'ra-fer), «.  Awriter 
Agrippa,  a  Roman  family  name.  ]    Eccles.,  a    "Pon  gi-asses._ 

"    "  .....  -  .   .  .     _        .  „  i..   ii/.l^S      _  pgj,_ 


follower  of  Agrippinus,  bishop  of  Carthage^ 
probably  late  in  the  second  centmy,  who  taught 
that  apostates  should  be  rebaptized. 
agriset,  v.    [<  ME.  agrisen  (sometimes  misspell-  .       -       .,  . 

ed  agjysen),  pret.  agros,  shudder,  be  terrified,  <  agrostography  (ag-ros-tog'ra-fi),  n.    [<  Gr, 


agrostographic  (a-gros-to-graf 'ik),  a 

taiiiing  to  agi'ostography. 
agrostographical  (a  -  gros  -  to  -  graf '  i  -  kal). 

Same  as  agrostographic. 


Agrimony  {Agrimonia  Eupatoria), 
showing  branch,  flowerinjj  spray,  and 


agrimony,  egrimony,  agri- 
moyne,  cgremoyne,  egremounde,  etc. ;  <  OP.  aigre- 
moine,  <  L.  agrimonia,  a  false  reading  of  arge- 
monia  (Pliny),  a  plant  similar  to  another  called 
argemone  (Pliny), <  Gr.  apye/iuv?!,  a  certain  plant, 
<  apyefiov,  also  apyefia,  a  white  speck  in  the  eye, 
for  which  this  plant  is  said  to  have  been  re- 
garded as  a  cure,  <  apydf,  white,  shining.]  The 

general  name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Jfl/-imo»ia,  „^„-„i„„  ,  -  A-^t  s 
natural  order  Itosacew,  which  includes  several 
species  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  South 
America.  They  are  perennial  herbs,  with  pinnate  leaves, 
yellow  flowers,  and  a  rigid  calyx-tube  beset  above  with 
hooked  bristles.  The  common  agrimony,  A.  Eupatoria, 
of  Europe  and  the  United  States,  was  formerly  of  much 
repute  in  medicine.  Its  leaves  and  i-oot-stock  are  astrin- 
gent, and  the  latter  yields  a  yellow  dye. 


AS.  dgrisan,  pret.  *dgras,  shudder,  be  terrified, 
<  «-  +  *grisan,  >  early  ME.  grisen,  pret.  gros, 
shudder,  be  terrified:  see  grisly.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  cause  to  shudder  or  tremble;  terrify;  dis- 
gust. 

All  where  was  nothing  heard  but  hideous  cries. 
And  pitious  plaints,  that  did  the  harts  agrise. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas.  ^ 

2.  To  abhor.  Chaucer. — 3.  To  make  frightful;  agrostology  Tag  -ros-tol'o-ji),  n 
disfigure.  couch-grass  (see  Agros'tis),  + 


aypuarig,  couch-grass  (see  Agrostis),  +  -ypafla, 
<  ypd(j>£tv,  write.]    A  description  of  grasses, 
agrostologic  (a-gros-to-loj'ik),  a.    Relating  or 
pertaining  to  agrostology, 
agrostological  (a-gros-to-loj'i-kal),  a.  Same 
as  agrostologic. 
agrostologist  (ag-ros-tol'o-jist),  n.  One  skilled 
in  agrostology.    Encyc.  Brit. 

[<  Gr.  aypuari^, 
Aoyia,  <  Xeyeiv, 


Engrost  with  mud  which  did  tiiem  fowie  agrise.        speak  of :  see  -ology.]    That  part  of  botany 
Spniser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vi.  46.    which  relates  to  grasses. 
II.  intrans.  To  shudder;  tremble  with  fear;  Agrotis  (a-gro^tis),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  aypLrriq,  of 


be  much  moved. 

There  sawe  I  soche  tempest  arise, 
That  evfery  herte  might  agrise, 
To  se  it  paintid  on  the  wall. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  210. 
She  nought  agros.       Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  930. 

[It.,  <  ag7-o  (<L. 
acer,  sharp,  sour)  +  dolce,  <  L.  didcis,  sweet.] 
A  compound  formed  by  mixing  sour  and  sweet 
things. 

Agrodolce  ...  is  a  blending  of  sweets  and  sours,  and 
is  made  by  stewing  in  a  rich  gravy  prunes,  Corinth  cur- 
rants, almonds,  pine-kernels,  raisins,  vinegar,  and  wine. 

Badham,  Prose  Halieutics,  p.  62.    (N.  E.  D.) 


the  field,  wild,  <  ayp6^,  field.]  A  genus  of  moths, 
of  the  family  iSfoctuidw,  comprising  a  large  num- 
ber of  the  night-flying  moths,  chiefly  distin- 


agrin  (a-grin'),  vrep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a3  agrom  (ag'rom),  n.  [Appar.  from  Gujarati 
■i-  grin.]  In  the  act  or  state  of  grinning;  on  agrun,  ulceration  of  the  tongue  from  chronic 
the  grm:  as,  "his  visage  all  agrin,"  Tennijson.     disease  of  the  alimentary  canal.]    The  native 

agriological  (ag*  ri-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  Of  or  per-  name  in  India  for  a  rough  and  cracked  con- 
taining to  agriology.  dition  of  the  tongue  not  imcommon  in  that 

agriologist  (ag-ri-ol'o-jist),  n.    [<  agriology  +  country. 
-ist.]    One  who  makes  a  comparative  study  of  agronome  (ag'ro-nom),  n.     [<  F.  agronome,  < 
human  customs,  especially  of  the  customs  of    Gr.  aypov6/ioc,  aii  overseer  of  the  public  lands, 
man  in  a  rude  or  uncivilized  state.  Max  Midler,    aypovojuoc,  rural,  <  aypog,  field,  +  vifietv,  deal  out. 


W-raarked  Cutworm  i^Agrotis  clatidestina,  Harris)  and  Greasy 
Cutworm  Moth  {Agrotis  ypsilon,  Hiibner),  natural  size. 


Agrotis 


119 


guished  by  their  somber  colors  and  as  being  the  ague-bark  (a'gu-biirk),  n.  The  bark  of  the 
parents  of  worms  injurious  to  agriculture,  espe-  wafer-ash,  Ptelca  trifoliata. 
cially  the  different  cutworms,  '^qq  cutworm.  ague-cake  (a'gu-kak),  w.  An  enlarged  and 
aground  (a-ground'),  prep.  plir.  as  adv.  or  a.  hardened  spleen,  the  consequence  of  intermit- 
[ME.  agrounde,  also  on  grounde ;  <  a^,  on,  +  tent  and  remittent  fevers. 
ground.']  1.  On  the  ground;  stranded:  a  nau-  ague-drop  (a'gu-drop),  w.  A  solution  of  the  ar- 
tical  term  signifying  that  the  bottom  of  a  ship    senite  of  potassium;  the  liquor potassii  arseni- 


rests  on  the  ground  for  want  of  sufficient  depth 
of  water:  opposed  to  a^oa^. —  2.  Figuratively, 
brought  to  a  stop  for  want  of  resources,  matter, 
and  the  like :  as,  the  speaker  is  aground. 

The  Administration  are  now  in  fact  aground  at  the  pitch 
of  high  tide,  and  a  spring  tide  too. 

H.  Adams,  Gallatin,  p.  431. 

agroupment,  n.    See  aggroupment. 
agrypnia  (a-grip'ni-a),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  aypmvca, 

<  aypvTTvoi,  sleepless 

lessness ;  insomnia ; 

vigilance. 

agrypnocoma  (a-grip-no-ko'ma),  «.    [NL.,  < 

Gr.  aypv-voQ,  sleepless  (see  Agrypniis),  -f  Kuixa, 
coma.]  A  lethargic  or  partly  comatose  state, 
between  natural  sleep  and  coma.  [Rare.] 
agrypnotic  (ag-rip-not'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  F. 
agnjpnotique  (with  term,  assimilated  to  that  of 
hypiiotique,  hypnotic),  <  Gr.  aypv-vr/rtKog,  wake- 
ful, <  aypvTTVElv,  be  wakeful,  <  aypv~vog,  wakeful : 
see  Agrypnus.]  I.  a.  Sleep-preventing;  caus- 
ing wakefuluess. 


tis  of  the  United  States  Pharmacopoeia,  it  is 

also  known  as  Fowler's  solution,  and  is  much  employed  as 
a  remedy  in  intermittent  fever, 
ague-fit  (a'gii-fit),  n.    A  paroxysm  of  cold  or 
shivering;  a  sharp  attack  of  chilliness. 
This  ague-fit  of  fear  is  over-blown. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  iii.  2. 

ague-grass  (a'gu-gras),  n.    The  plant  blazing- 
star,  Aletris  farimsa.    Also  called  ague-root, 
see  Agryjnius.^    Sleep-  ague-proof  (a'gu-prof),  a.   Proof  against  ague, 
morbid  wakefulness  or       I  am  not  ague-proof.  Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  6. 

ague-root  (a'gu-rot),  «.    Same  as  ague-grass. 
aguerriedt  (a-ger'id),  a  " 


rv    ?         T  aguerrir,  to  ^head  {^-hed'),  prep.  phr. 

make  warlike,  <  a  «  L  ad  to)  +  guerre  war:  ^  head  Lnt.j  1 

see  guerrilla.]   Inured  to  the  hardships  of  war ;       '  -  '  ' 
instructed  in  the  art  of  war. 


An  army,  the  best  aguerried  of  any  troops  in  Europe. 

Lord  Lyttelton,  Hist.  Hen.  II. 

ague-spell  (a'gu-spel),  n.    A  spell  or  charm  to 
cure  or  prevent  ague. 

His  pills,  his  balsams,  and  his  ague-spells. 

^./rfvl^^S.T^J^.*'^*^"^  t«  ague-tree  (a'gu-tre),  n.    A  name'so'metSirs 

applied  to  sassafras  on  accoimt  of  its  supposed 
febrifugal  qualities. 

ague-weed  (a'gu-wed), 


drive  away  sleep ;  an  antihypnotie 
Agrypnus  (a-gi-ip'nus),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  aypvrr- 

vog,  wakeful,  sleepless,  <  aypevciv,  aypuv,  hunt, 
seek,  -t-  vTvog,  sleep.]  A  genus  of  coleopterous 
insects,  of  the  tamilj  JElateridce ;  one  of  those 
.  genera  of  insects  whose  destructive  larvsB  are 
known  as  wire-worms. 

agt.  A  contraction  («)  of  ageyit  and  (6)  of  against. 

agua  (a'gwii),  n.    Same  as  agua-toad. 

aguara  (a-gwa'ra),  w.   [Native  name.]  A  name 

of  the  maned  dog  of  South  America,  Canisjuba- 

tus.    Also  called  guara  and  culpeu. 
aguardiente  (a-gwar-di-en'te),  «.    [Sp.,  contr. 


in  Spain  and  Portugal,  generally  from  grapes. 
— 2.  In  general,  in  Spanish  countries,  any  spir- 
ituous liquor  for  drinking,  in  CaUfomia  and  New 
Jlexico  the  name  is  applied  to  American  whisky,  and  in 
iIe.\ico  to  pukjiie  (which  see), 
agua-toad  (a'gwa-tod),  n.  [<  NL.  agua,  the 
specific  name  (appar.  of  native  origin),  -f  E. 


1 .  The  common 
boneset  of  the  United  States,  Eupatorium  per- 
foUatum. —  2.  A  species  of  gentian,  Gentiana 
quinqueflora. 
aguey  (a'gu-i),  a.  [<  ague  +  -yi.]  Aguish. 
X.  E.  D. 

aguilert,  n.  [<  ME.  aguler,  aguiler,  <  OF.  aguil- 
ler,  aguillier,  mod.  aiguillier  (=  Pr.  aguUarie 
(Roquefort),  a  needle-case ;  cf .  agullier,  needle- 
maker),  <  aguile,  aiguille,  F.  aiguille,  needle :  see 
aiguille.]  A  needle-case.  Bom.  of  the  Bose,  1.98. 

[<  ME.  agilten,  agylten, 
be  guilty,  <  a-  +  gyltan : 
see  a-'- sjiA  guilt.]    I,  intrans.  To  be  guilty  of . 
Thing  of  which  they  nevere  agilte  hyre  lyve. 


ahu 

complaint,  contempt,  dislike,  joy,  exultation, 
etc.,  according  to  the  manner  of  utterance. 

When  it  es  (is)  born  it  cryes  swa  [so] : 

If  it  be  man,  it  cryes  a,  a. 

That  the  first  letter  es  of  the  nam  [name] 

Of  our  forme  [fli'stj  fader  Adam ; 

And  if  the  child  a  woman  be. 

When  it  is  born  it  says  e,  e.    [SeeeA.]  Uampole. 

A.  H.  An  abbreviation  of  the  Latin  anno  he- 
jirm,  in  the  year  of  the  hejira,  or  flight  of  Mo- 
hammed from  Mecca,  A.  D.  622. 

aha^  (a-ha'),  interj.  [A  repetition  of  ah,  a^, 
with  aspiration  of  the  second  a;  <  ME.  a  ha  = 
G.  aha,  etc.  Cf.  ha,  ha-ha'^,  o-ho,  etc.]  An  ex- 
clamation expressing  triumph,  contempt,  sim- 
ple surprise,  etc.,  according  to  the  manner  of 
utterance. 

They  .  .  .  said,  Aha,  aha,  our  eye  hath  seen  it. 

Ps.  XXV.  21. 

aha^  (a'ha),  n.    Same  as  ha-ha^. 

as  adv.  or  a.    [<  a3. 
In  or  to  the  front; 
in  advance ;  before :  as,  they  walked  ahead  of 
us  all  the  way :  in  nautical  language,  opposed 
to  astern :  as,  to  lie  ahead. 
The  east  end  of  the  island  bore  but  a  little  ahead  of  us. 

Fielding,  Voyage  to  Lisbon. 
It  seemed  to  me  when  very  young,  that  on  this  subject 
life  was  ahead  of  theology,  and  the  people  knew  more  than 
the  preachers  taught.  Emerson,  Compensation. 

2.  Forward;  onward;  with  unrestrained  mo- 
tion or  action :  as,  go  ahead  {■=  go  on ;  proceed ; 
push  forward  or  onward;  carry  out  yom*  task 
or  purpose :  an  idiomatic  phrase  said  to  have 
originated  in  the  United  States,  and  sometimes 
converted  into  an  adjective :  as,  a  go-ahead  per- 
son) ;  he  pushed  ahead  with  his  plans. 

They  suffer  them  [children]  at  first  to  run  ahead. 

Sir  R.  L' Estrange,  Fables. 

To  forge  ahead.  Naut.  (a)  To  move  slowly,  and  as  it 
were  laboriously,  past  another  object;  draw  ahead,  as  one 
ship  outsailing  another. 

No  man  would  say  at  what  time  of  the  night  the  ship 
(in  case  she  was  steering  our  course)  might  Jorge  ahead  of 
us,  or  how  near  she  might  be  when  she  passed.  Dickens, 
(b)  To  move  ahead,  as  in  coming  to  anchor  after  the  sails 


II. 


are  furled.— To  get  ahead,  hold  ahead,  etc.  See  get, 
hold,  etc.— To  run  ahead  of  one's  reckoning.  See 

T'CCkOTVi'iXQ 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath  s  Tale,  1.  392.  aheap  (a-hep'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.    [<  a3,  on,  in, 


Agua-toad  {Bu/o  martnus). 


toad.]  The  Bufo  marinus  or  B.  agua,  a  very 
large  and  common  South  American  toad,  with 
enonnous  parotid  glands,    it  is  one  of  the  noisiest 

of  its  tribe,  uttering  a  loud  snoring  kind  of  bellow,  chiefly         •       -         ■ r, 
during  the  niglit.  It  is  very  voracious,  and,  being  believed  agUlZet,  «■  and  V.    See  aguise. 
to  devom-  rats,  has  been  largely  imported  from  Barbados  aguti,  n.    See  agouti. 
into  Jamaica  to  keep  down  the  swarms  of  rats  that  infest  affVfa'ii")  a     \'<  fine  -h  -vl  1    Ao'erJ-old    AT  P  D 
the  plantations.    Also  called  ar/ua.  -    ^  ^  ffZ'^- 


trans.  To  sin  against ;  offend, 
Whi  hastow  mad  Troylus  to  me  untriste 
That  nevere  yet  agglte  hym  that  I  -ivyste  1 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  840. 

aguiset,  aguizet  (a-giz'),  n.  [<  a-  (expletive)  -f- 
guise.]  Dress. 

Their  fashions  and  brave  agguize. 

Dr.  H.  More,  Song  of  the  Soul,  p.  7. 

aguiset,  aguizet  (a-giz'),  v.  t.    [See  aguise,  «.] 
To  dress ;  adorn. 
And  that  deare  Crosse  uppon  your  shield  devizd, 
Wherewth  above  all  Knights  ye  goodly  seeme  aguizd. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  31. 

aguish  (a'gii-ish),  a.  \_i  ague  + -ish^.]  1.  ChU- 
ly;  somewhat  cold  or  shivering. — 2.  Having 
the  qualities  of  an  ague :  as,  an  aguish  fever. 

Her  aguish  love  now  glows  and  burns.  Granville. 

3.  Productive  of  agues :  as,  an  aguish  locality. 

Through  chill  aguish  gloom  outburst 
The  comfortable  sun.        Keats,  Endymion,  iii. 

4.  Subject  to  ague. 

aguishness  (a'gu-ish-nes),  n.  The  condition  of 

being  aguish ;  chilliness, 


+  heap.]  In  a  heap ;  in  a  huddled  or  crouching 
condition,  as  from  terror ;  in  a  constrained 
attitude,  as  from  fear  or  astonishment :  as,  this 
fearful  sight  struck  us  all  aheap  (=  all  of  a 
heap). 

When  some  fresh  bruit 
Startled  me  aU  aheap !  and  soon  I  saw 
The  horridest  shape  that  evei  raised  my  awe. 

Hood,  Mids.  Fairies,  xvl. 

aheightt  (a-hif),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [Also 
spelled  ahight;<.  a*,  on,  +  height,  hight.  Cf. 
aloft,  of  similar  sense.]  Aloft;  on  high:  as, 
"  look  up  a-height,"  Shal:,  Lear,  iv.  6. 
ahem  (a-hem'),  interj.  [Intended  to  represent 
an  inarticulate  soimd  made  in  clearing  the 
throat,  usually  as  preparatory  to  speaking.] 
An  utterance  designed  to  attract  attention, 
express  doubt,  etc. 
ahight  (a-hi'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<a3,  on,  + 
high.]    On  high. 

One  heav'd  a-high,  to  be  hurl'd  down  below. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  4. 

ahint,  ahin  (a-hinf,  a-hin'),  prep,  or  adv.  [< 
ME.  at  hind,\  AS.  cei-hindan,  behind,  <  at,  E. 
at,  +  hindan,  from  the  back,  behind:  see  fl-7, 
hind^,  lehind,  And.  Qf.  afore.]  Behind.  [Scotch.] 
ahm  (am),  n.  Same  as  aam. 
ahna-tree  (a'na-tre),  n.  [<  ahna,  anna,  native 
name,  +  tree.]  A  large  evergreen  thorny  spe- 
cies ot  Acacia,  growing  abundantly  in  the  sandy 
river-beds  of  Damaraland,  Africa.  Tlie  wood  is 
light  but  durable,  and  the  bark  is  said  to  be  a  good  tan- 
ning material.  The  tree  bears  a  profusion  of  pods,  which 
are  very  nutritious  food  for  cattle,  and  are  also  eaten  by 
the  natives.    Also  WTitten  anna-tree. 

aholdt  (a-hold'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.    [<  a'^. 
Near  the  wind,  so  as  to  hold  or 
lay  a  ship  a-hold.  Shak. 

    ......     'er/.    [Same  as  hoy,  interj.,  ynth 

ering  (the  chill),  hot  or  burnin^,'and7w"e"atins;    organs.  pre'fix'  a- marking  a  slight  preUminary  utter- 

chills  and  fever,  agyrate  (a-ji'rat),  a.   [<  NL.*a^?/ratK5:  see  a-18    ance:  see  a-9.]    jVa)/<.,  an  exclamation  used  to 

That  ye  schul  have  a  fever  terciane  £'^''«^e.]    In  bot,  not  arranged  in  whorls.     attract  the  attention  of  persons  at  a  distance: 

OTanagu.    CAaiicce,  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  L  14a  ^'^        "'^^''^    [A  natiu'al  cry,  expressive  of  sud-    as,  ship  rt/ioy 
3.  Chilliness ;  a  chiU  not  resulting  from  dis-         emotion ;  ME.  a  (cf .  OHG.  *a  =  Icel.  cr,  ai)  ahu  (a'ho),  n.    [Pers.  ahu,  a  deer.]   One  of  the 
-     -  =  OF.  a,  F.  «7i  =  L.  a/i  =  Gr.  a;  in  Teut.  usually   native  names  of  the  common  gazel  of  cencral 

■\^-ith  final  guttural.  AS.  ed  (for  *eah)  =  D.  arh  Asia,  the  Gazella  subgutturosa  {Aniilope  subgut- 
=  OHG.  ah,  MHG.  G.  ach  =  Sw.  ack  =  Dan.  ak.  turosa  of  Giildenstadt).  it  is  said  to  inhabit  in  herds 
Often  repeated,  with  aspiration,  ah  ha  aha  the  open  country  of  central  Asia,  Persia,  the  Baikal  region, 
Spp  nhnl  onr!  hn  ar,A  of  n  nl,  1   A«  „ (. ■         ^nd  to  be  found  from  the  eastern  boundao'  of  Bokhara  to 

bee  aliaj-  ana  ha,  and  et.  O,  oh.]  An  exclamation  the  Hellespont,  its  principal  food  is  a  species  of  worm- 
expressive  ot  pain,  surprise,  pity,  compassion,    wood,  Artemisia  Ponlica.   The  ahu  is  pale-brown,  wlute 


agtia. 

ague  (a'gu),  n.  [<  ME.  agu,  ague,  <  OF.  agu,. 
fern,  ague  (F.  aigu,  fem.  aigue),  =  Pr.  agut,  fem. 
aguda,  sharp,  acute,  <  L.  acutus,  fem.  acuta, 
acute,  sharp,  -^nolent,  severe ;  febris  acuta,  a 
violent  fever:  see  acute.]  If.  An  acute  or 
violent  fever. 
And  the  burning  agiw,  that  shall  consume  the  eyes. 

Lev.  xxvi.  16. 

2.  Intermittent  fever ;  a  malarial  fever  charae- 


agynary  (aj'i-na-ri),  a.  [After  F.  agynaire 
(De  Candolle),  <f  NL.  *agynarius :  see  agynous 
and  -ary.]  In  bot.,  characterized  by  the  ab- 
sence of  female  organs :  a  term  applied  by  A.  P. 
de  CandoUe  to  double  flowers  which  consist 
wholly  of  petals,  no  pistils  being  present, 
agynic  (a-jin'ik),  a.  [As  agynous  +  -ic]  In 
bot.,  a  term  applied  to  the  insertion  of  stamens 
which  are  entirely  free  from  the  ovary.  [Rare.] 


ease — Dumb  ague.  See  dumt. 
ague  (a'gu),  V.  t.    [<  ague,  «.]    To  cause  s 
shivermg  in;  strike  with  a  cold  fit.  Heywood. 
[Rare.] 


■'♦'i  fliirbt  and  atued  fear 


Faces  pale 


."^hnk..  Cot.. 


ahu 

below  and  on  the  anal  disk,  with  a  light  stripe  on  the  side, 
adark  stripe  on  the  haunches,  and  the  end  of  the  tail  black. 
Also  called  jairou. 

ahuatle  (a'o-at-l),  n.  [Mes.]  A  preparation 
of  the  eggs  of  a  dipterous  insect  of  Mexico, 
Ephydra  hians,  used  for  food. 

It  is  of  the  eggs  of  this  insect  .  .  .  that  the  greater  part 
of  the  food  products  of  this  lake  [Lake  Texcoco],  known 
as  Ahtiatle,  is  composed.  .  .  .  The  eggs  are  .  .  .  cleaned 
and  ground  into  flour,  which  is  called  Ahuatle.  This  food 
is  deemed  suitable  for  tliose  days  in  which  the  religious 
observances  prohibit  the  use  of  flesh.  It  is  prepared  by 
mi.\ing  with  hens'  eggs  and  fried  with  fat  in  small  cakes. 
The  taste  is  similar  to  that  of  caviare. 

Stand.  Nat.  Hint.,  II.  432. 

a-huflff  (a-huf'),  j»Tj5.  pJir.  as  adv.  [<  aS  + 
J'liff.^    In  a  swaggering  manner. 

Set  cap  a-huff,  and  challenge  him  the  field. 

Greene,  James  IV.,  iv. 

ahullf  (a-hul'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a^, 
ou,  in,  +  hull.']  Kaut.,  in  or  into  the  position 
of  a  ship  when  her  sails  are  furled  and  the 
hebn  is  lashed  to  the  lee  side ;  in  the  position 
of  a  vessel  when  she  lies  to,  with  all  her  sails 
furled. 

ahungeredt  (a-hung'gerd),  a.  or  pp.  [Also  an- 
hungered, <  Mis.  ahungred,  ahungryd,  anhungred, 
with  substituted  prefix  an-,  earlier  ofhungered, 
ofhungred,  ofhyngred,  offingred,  ofyngred,  afin- 
gred,  pp.,  <  AS.  of-hyngred,  pp.  of  of-hyngrian, 
cause  to  hunger,  <  of-  intensive  +  hyngrian, 
cause  to  hunger:  see  «-4  and  hunger,  v.  Cf. 
athirst.2  Pinched  with  hunger ;  hungry.  [Er- 
roneously printed  in  the  New  Testament  as 
two  words,  in  the  forms  (in  different  editions) 
a  hungered,  an  hungered,  and  an  hungred.^ 

ahungryt  (a-hung'gri),  a.  [Same  as  ahungered, 
with  suffix  changed  in  imitation  of  hungry.} 
Hungry:  as,  "I  am  not  a-hungry,"  Shak.,  M. 
W.  of  W.,  i.  1. 

Ahuramazda  (a'ho-ra-maz'da),  n.  [Zend 
Ahuro  mazdao,  >  Pers.  Ormuzd.']  Same  as  Or- 
muzd. 

ahyu  (a'ii),  M.  [Jap.]  The  ai,  a  Japanese 
sahnonoid  iish,  Salmo  (Plecoglossus)  altwelis, 
also  known  as  the  one-year  fish.  It  is  catadro- 
mous,  and  an  annual. 

The  ahyu  is  specially  worthy  of  record  as  the  only  fish 
known  to  combine  the  habits  of  the  two  classes  [of  cata- 
di'omous  and  annual  fishes]. 

Gill,  Smithsonian  Rep.,  1883,  p.  726. 

ail.  [(1)^  <  ME.  ai,  ay,  ei,  ey,  mi,  ag,  eg,  (es,_<  AS. 
wg,  eg,  mg,  eg,  that  is,  the  vowel  w  or  e,  ce  or  e, 
followed  by  the  palatal  g,  in  ME.  g,  g,  or  y,  also 
written  i,  merging  with  vowel  y  ovi:  see  g,  y,  i. 
(The  digraph  in  hair,  ME.  here,  has  taken  the 
place  of  earlier  e  as  in  ere,  there,  their,  etc.) 
(2)  <  ME.  ai,  ay,  ei,  ey,  with  following  vowel 
aie,  etc.,  <  OF.  ai,  ei,  etc.,  of  various  origin, 
usually  developed  from  L.  a  or  e.  (3)  Of  vari- 
ous other  origin.  See  examples  cited  below.] 
A  common  English  digraph,  representing  gen- 
erally the  sound  of  "long  a"  (a),  which  be- 
comes a  before  r,  as  in  ail  (sounded  like  ale), 
vain  (sounded  like  vane,  vein),  air  (sounded  like 
ere,  heir),  etc.  As  commonly  pronounced,  it  is  strictly 
a  diphthong  consisting  of  "  long  a  "  (a),  or  e  (e),  followed  by 
a  vanish,  i  (i),  which  is,  in  words  of  Anglo-Saxon  origin, 
historically  identical  with  the  consonant  y.  This  di- 
graph occurs  in  words  —  (1)  of  Anglo-Saxon  origin,  as  in 
ail,  haili,  nail,  sail,  fain,  wain,  fairl,  lair,  etc.,  being  also 
used,  parallel  with  ae,  in  modern  Scotch  spelling  for  "  long 
a"  equivalent  to  E.  "long  o,"  oa,  o-e,  as  in  aith,  raid, 
ain,  etc.,  =  E.  oath,  road,  rode,  own,  etc.;  (2)  of  French, 
and  ultimate  Latin  origin,  as  in  fail,  J'aint,  vain,  grain, 
aim,  fair2,  etc. ;  (3)  of  Greek  origin,  being  used  some- 
times as  a  direct  transliteration  of  Greek  at  instead  of  the 
usual  Latin  transliteration  ae  or  ce  (see  eel),  as  in  aitiology, 
etc.;  (4)  of  various  other  origin,  usually  representing  the 
diphthong  ai  or  i,  as  in  Gennan  kaiser  and  Oriental  and 
"native"  words,  especially  proper  names,  as  Aino,  Cairo, 
etc.  In  the  words  of  Anglo-Saxon  and  French  origin  ai 
varied  with  ay,  which  now  prevails  wlien  final,  usually 
changing  back  to  ai  wlien  made  medial  by  the  addition 
of  a  suffix,  as  in  day,  clay,  yay,  affray,  array,  etc.,  daily, 
afraid,  raiment,  etc.;  but  in  some  such  cases,  especially 
before  a  suffix  beginning  with  a  vowel,  ay  remains  un- 
changed, as  in  payment,  betrayed,  clayey,  etc. 

ai^  (a'e),  n.  [=  F.  ai,  hay,  <  Braz.  ai,  hat  (Mahn).] 
The  three-toed  sloth,  Bradypus  tridactylus  or 
torquatus:  so  called  from  having  a  feeble, 
plaintive  cry  somewhat  resembling  the  sound 
represented  by  its  name.  See  sloth  and  Bra- 
dypus. 

aP  (i),  M.    [Jap.]    Same  as  ahyu. 

aiaia,  aiaiai  (i-i'a,  -i),  n.  [Native  name,  prob. 
imitative;  of  unsettled  orthography,  found  as 
a  book-name  in  the  forms  above  given,  and 
also  in  the  forms  ayaya,  ajaia,  ajaja.]  1.  The 
South  American  name  of  the  roseate  spoonbill, 
a  large  grallatorial  bird  of  the  genus  Platalea, 
family  Plataleidw,  related  to  the  ibis. —  2.  In 
the  form  ajaja :  (a)  The  specific  name  of  the 


120 

bird  Platalea  ajaja.  (6)  [cap.]  Reichenbach's 
generic  name  of  the  bird,  which  he  calls  Ajaja 
rosea,  to  separate  it  generically  from  the  old- 


1  i-Jy.y<t  'vs,fa). 


world  spoonbill,  Platalea  leucorodia.  See  spoon- 
hill. — 3.  In  Paraguay,  the  jabiru,  Mycteria 
americana :  in  this  sense  only  in  the  form  aiaiai. 
E.  D.  See  cut  \m(ieT  jahiru. 
aiblins  (ab'linz),  adv.  [Also  spelled  ablins, 
ablis,  abil,  able  (Jamieson);  <  able,  "fit,  proper, 
apt,  liable,  in  danger  of"  (Jamieson),  +  -liiis, 
-lings,  -lis:  see  able'>-  and -I ing'^.']  Perhaps;  per- 
adventure;  possibly.  [Scotch.] 

But  fare-ye-weel,  auld  Nickie-ben  1 
Oh  wad  ye  tak'  a  thought  and  men', 
Ye  aiblins  might  — I  diuna  ken  — 

Still  ha'e  a  stake.      Burns,  To  the  De'il. 

Aich  metal.    See  metal. 

aidi  (ad),  !'.  t.  [<  ME.  aiden,  <  OF.  aider,  also 
eider,  aidier,  mod.  F.  aider z=zPv.  ajudar,  <  L.  ad- 
jutare,  help,  aid,  freq.  of  adjuvare,  pp.  adjutus, 
help,  <  ad,  to,  +  juvare,  help:  see  adjutant,  ad- 
juie.'\  1.  To  help;  assist;  afford  support  or 
relief;  promote  the  desire,  purpose,  or  action 
of:  as,  to  aid  a  person  in  his  business,  or  an 
animal  in  its  efforts ;  to  aid  a  medicine  in  its 
operation. 

Till  more  hands 
Aid  us,  the  work  under  our  labour  grows, 
Luxurious  by  restraint.         Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  208. 
So  aid  me  Heaven  when  at  mine  uttermost. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

2.  To  promote  the  course  or  accomplishment 
of;  help  in  advancing  or  bringing  about;  for- 
ward; facilitate:  as,  to  aid  the  recovery  of  a 
patient,  or  the  operation  of  a  machine ;  to  aid 
one's  designs. 

Take  your  choice  of  those 
That  best  can  aid  youi-  action.      Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  6. 
No  more  these  scenes  my  meditfition  aid. 

Pope,  Eloisa  to  Abelard,  1.  161. 
[In  this  sense  aid  is  often  followed  by  in,  giving  it  the 
appearance  of  an  intransitive  verb,  the  direct  object  of 
assistance  being  unexpressed  :  as,  he  actively  aided  in  the 
search.]— Aiding  and  abetting,  in  criminal  law,  an  of- 
fense committed  by  one  who,  though  not  directly  perpe- 
trating a  crime,  is  yet  present  at  its  commission  and  ren- 
ders aid  to  the  perpetrator.  =  SjTl.  To  support,  sustain, 
serve,  back,  second,  abet,  cooperate  with,  relieve. 

aid^  (ad),  M.  [<  P.  aide,  <  OF.  aide,  eide,  etc. ; 
from  the  verb.]  1,  Help;  succor;  support; 
assistance. 

Sweet  father,  I  behold  him  in  my  dreams 
Gaunt  as  it  were  the  skeleton  of  himself. 
Death-pale,  for  lack  of  gentle  maiden's  aid. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

2.  He  who  or  that  which  aids  or  yields  as- 
sistance ;  a  helper ;  an  auxiliary ;  an  assistant : 
as,  Coleridge's    Aids  to  Reflection." 

It  is  not  good  that  man  sliould  be  alone ;  let  us  make 
unto  him  an  aid  like  unto  himself.  Tobit  viii.  6. 

The  aids  to  noble  life  are  all  within. 

M.  Arnold,  Worldly  Place. 

3.  In  feudal  law,  a  customary  payment  made 
by  a  tenant  or  vassal  to  his  lord,  originally  a 
voluntary  gift;  hence,  in  Eng.  hist.,  applied  to 
the  forms  of  taxation  employed  by  the  crown 
between  the  Norman  conquest  and  the  foiu-- 
teenth  century.  Aids  in  the  narrower  sense,  whether 
to  the  crown  or  mesne  lords,  were  by  Magna  Charta  lim- 
ited to  grants  on  three  special  occasions  ;  (a)  to  ransom 
the  lord  when  a  prisoner ;  (b)  to  make  the  lord's  eldest  son 
a  knight;  (c)  the  marriage  of  the  lord's  eldest  daughter. 
The  legal  authority  to  enforce  such  aids  was  abolished  in 
1660. 

First  there  were  payments  called  aids ;  in  the  theory  of 
our  earlier  authors  tliey  were  off'ered  of  the  tenant's  free 
will,  to  meet  the  costs  incurred  by  the  lord  on  particular 
occasions  ;  but  they  settled  into  a  fixed  custom  afterwards, 
if  they  had  not  really  done  so  when  those  authors  wrote. 

F.  Pollock,  Land  Laws,  iii. 

The  marriage  was,  according  to  the  new  feudal  ideas, 
made  the  excuse  for  a  heavy  exaction  of  money,  an  aid,  as 
the  feudal  lawyers  call  it. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Norman  Conquest,  V.  123. 


aigui^re 

4.  An  aide-de-camp :  so  called  by  abbre'vdation. 
—  5.  pi.  In  the  manege,  the  helps  by  which  a, 
horseman  contributes  toward  the  motion  or  ac- 
tion required  of  a  horse,  as  by  a  judicious  use 
of  the  heel,  leg,  rein,  or  spur.-Court  of  aid, in 

French  hist.,  a  court  for  the  collection  of  the  royal  aids 
or  excise.— Emigrant  aid  societies.     See  c?(i/(/ra)i(.— 

Extents  in  aid.  See  extent. ~  To  pray  in  aid.  See 

aid-prayer.  =Syn..  1.  Cooperation,  furtherance,  relief.— 
2.  Coadjutor,  assistant. 

aid2(ad),  w.  [Eng.  dial. ;  etym.  unknown.]  1. 
A  deep  gutter  cut  across  plowed  land.  [Shrop- 
shire, Eng.]— 2.  A  reach  in  a  river.  [Shrop- 
shire, Eng.] 

aidance  (a'dans),  «.  [<  OF.  aidance,  <  aider, 
aid:  see  aidi',  v.]  That  which  aids,  or  the  act 
of  aiding;  help;  assistance.  [Rare.] 

The  means  and  aidances  supplied  by  the  Supreme  Rea- 
son. Coleridge. 

aidant  (a'dant),  a.    [<  OF.  aidant,  ppr.  of  aider, 

<  L.  adjutan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  adjutare,  aid :  see  aid^, 
v.,  and  adjutant.}  Helping;  helpful;  supplying 
aid.  [Rare.] 

Be  aidant  and  remediate. 
In  the  good  man's  distress  !  Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  4. 

aid-de-camp,  n.    See  aide-de-camp. 
aide  (ad),  n.    Same  as  aide-de-camp. 

[Hamilton]  was  picked  out  by  'Washington  to  serve  as 
his  confidential  aide.  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXIII.  117. 

aide-de-camp  (E.  pron.  ad'de-kamp,  F.  pron. 
ad'de-kon),  n. ;  pi.  aides-de-camp  (adz'de-kamp 
or  adz'de-kon).  [<  F.  aide  de  camp,  lit.'  a  field 
assistant:  aide,  aid,  assistant  (see  aid^,  «.);  de, 

<  L.  de,  of ;  camp,  <  L.  campus,  field,  battlefield: 
see  camp^.']  Milit.,  a  confidential  officer  whose 
duty  it  is  to  receive  and  communicate  the  orders 
of  a  general  officer,  act  as  his  secretary  upon 
occasion,  and  the  like.  Sometimes  ■written  aidr 
de-camp. 

aider  (a'der),  n.  One  who  helps;  an  assistant 
or  auxiliary ;  an  abetter ;  an  accessory. 

All  along  as  he  went  were  punished  the  adherents  and 
aiders  of  the  late  rebels.  Burnet. 

[Emerson]  was  the  friend  and  aider  of  those  who  would 
live  in  the  spirit.  M.  Arnold. 

aides-de-camp,  n.    Plural  of  aide-de-camp. 
aidful  (ad'fiil),  a.   [<  aid^  +  -ful.}    Gi-vdng  aid; 
helpful.  [Rare.] 

Aidful  to  the  distresses  of  God's  people. 

Bp.  Hall,  Haman  Disrespected. 

aidless  (ad'les),  a.  [<  airfi  +  -less.}  "Without 
aid ;  helpless ;  'without  succor ;  unsupported. 

aid-majort  (ad'ma"jor),  n.    Same  as  adjutant. 

aid-prayer  (ad'prar)j'  n.  A  petition  or  plea  for- 
merly employed  in  actions  concerning  estates 
in  land,  by  which  a  defendant  claimed  the  as- 
sistance of  another  person  jointly  interested 
with  him  in  sustaining  the  title. 

aigleti  (a'glet),  n.  [Dim.  of  OF.  aigle,  eagle: 
see  eaglet.}    In  her.,  an  eaglet  or  young  eagle. 

aiglet^,  n.    See  aglet. 

aigoceri'ne,  a.    See  tegocerine. 

Aigocerus,  ».    See  ^gocerus. 

aigre^t  (a'ger),  a.  [<  F.  aigre :  see  eager'^t'] 
Sharp  ;  sour.    See  cager'^. 

Like  aigre  droppings  into  milk. 

Shak.  (1623),  Hamlet,  i.  5. 

aigre^  (a'ger),  n.    See  eager^. 

aigremore  (a'ger-mor),  n.  [F. ;  origin  un- 
kno-wn.]  Charcoal  made  ready  for  the  admix- 
ture of  the  other  constituent  materials  of  gun- 
powder. 

aigret,  aigrette  (a'gret,  a-gret'),  w-  [<  F-  ai- 
grette: see  egret.}    1.  The  small  white  heron. 

See  egret. —  2.  (a)  A  plume 
composed  of  feathers  ar- 
ranged in  imitation  of  the 
feathers  on  the  head  of 
the  heron,  and  worn  on  hel- 
mets or  by  ladies  as  a  part 
of  their  head-dress,  etc.  (6) 
A  copy  in  jewelry  of  such  a 
plume,  often  so  made  that 
the  seeming  feathers  trem- 
ble with  the  movements  of 
the  wearer,  causing  the 
gems  to  sparkle. —  3.  In 
lot,  same  as  eg7-et. — 4.  In 
ichth.,  a  labroid  fish,  Lach- 
nolwmus  maximus,  better 
known  as  the  hogfish  (which 
see). 

aigue-marine  (ag-ma-ren'),  n.  [F.]  Same  as 
aquamarine. 

aiguifere  (a-gi-ar'),  n.  [F.,  a  ewer,  jug:  se» 
eiuer"^.}  A  tall  and  slender  vessel  of  metal,  por- 


Aigret. 
(From  HansBiirgkraair's 
"  Triumph  of  Maximilian 
I.") 


Aigiiifere  of  silver^lt  in  the 
Pitti  Palace,  Florence. 


algni^re 

celain,  glass,  or  pottery, 
with  a  foot,  a  handle,  and 
a  spout  or  nozle.  in  English 
the  word  is  generally  limited  to 
vessels  of  liighly  decorative  char- 
acter, of  rich  material,  etc.  See 
aftaba. 

aiguille  (a-gwel'),  «•  [F.,  a 
needle:  see  aglet.']  1.  A 
slender  form  of  di-ill  used  for 
boring  or  drilling  a  blast- 
hole  in  i-oek. —  2.  A  priming- 
wire  or  blasting-needle. — 
3.  The  name  given  near 
Mont  Blanc  to  the  sharper 
peaks  or  clusters  of  needle- 
like rock-masses,  ordinarily 
seen  wherever  the  slaty  erys- 
taUiae  rocks  occur,  forming 
a  more  or  less  considerable 
part  of  a  mountain  range,  but  most  strikingly 
near  Chamonix.  Hence  applied,  though  rare- 
ly, to  similar  sharply  pointed  peaks  elsewhere. 

aiguillesque  (a-gwe-lesk'),  a.  [<F.  aiguille,  a 
needle,  +  -esque.']  Shaped  like  an  aiguille; 
resembling  an  aiguille.    Ruskin.    {N.  E.  D.) 

aiguillette  (a-gwe-lef),  n.  [F.,  dim.  of  aiguille,  a 
needle:  see  aglet.']  1.  Same  as  cf^fe^,  1. — 2.  In 
cookery,  a  name  given  to  a  number  of  hors  d'wu- 
vre,  or  side-dishes,  from  their  being  served  on 
small  ornamental  skewers  or  needles  (aiguilles). 

aigllis^  (a-gwe-za'),  a.  [F.,  pp.  of  aiguiser, 
sharpen,  =  Pr.  agusar  =  It.  aguzzare,  <  ML. 
acutiare,  sharpen,  <  L.  acutus,  sharp :  see  acute.'] 
In  her.,  sharpened  or  pointed:  applied  to  any- 
thing sharpened,  but  in  such  manner  as  to  ter- 
minate in  an  obtuse  angle.  Synonymous  with 
appointee.    Also  written  eguise. 

aigulet  (a'gii-let),  n.  Same  as  aglet,  1:  as, 
"golden  aygulets,"  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iii.  26. 

aikinite  (a'kln-it),  n.  [Named  after  Dr.  A. 
Aikin.]  A  native  sulphid  of  bismuth,  lead, 
and  copper,  of  a  metallic  luster  and  blackish 

lead-gray  color,  it  commonly  occurs  in  embedded 
acicular  crystals,  and  is  lience  called  needle-ore  and  acic- 
ular  bismuth. 

aim,  a.  [<  ME.  eyie,  eil,  <  AS.  egle,  painful, 
troublesome,  =  Goth,  aglus,  hard.  Cf.  Goth. 
agio,  distress,  tribulation,  akin  to  agis,  fright, 
=  E.  awe\  q.  v.]  Painful ;  troublesome. 

Eyle  and  hard  and  muche. 

Castle  of  Love,  1.  223. 

sAV-  (al),  V.  [<  ME.  ailen,  aylen,  earlier  eile?i, 
eylen,  egleti,  <  AS.  eglian,  eglan,  trouble,  pain,  = 
Goth.  *agljan,  only  in  comp.  usagljan,  trouble 
exceedingly,  distress;  from  the  adj.:  see  ail^, 
a.  and  «.]  I.  trans.  To  affect  with  pain  or  un- 
easiness, either  of  body  or  of  mind;  trouble: 
used  in  relation  to  some  uneasiness  or  affection 
whose  cause  is  tmknown :  as,  what  ails  the  man "? 
What  aileth  thee,  Hagar?  Gen.  xxi.  17. 

What  do  you  ail,  my  love?  why  do  you  weep? 

Webster,  The  White  Devil,  iv.  2. 
Never  rave  nor  rail, 
Nor  ask  questions  what  I  ail. 

Peele,  Edward  I.  (Dyce  ed.,  1861),  p.  395. 
[Rarely  used  with  a  specific  disease  as  subject,  unless  col- 
loquially in  iterative  answer  to  a  question:  as,  "What 
ails  you'!   A  pleurisy  a(7s  me."] 

II.  intrans.  To  feel  pain ;  be  ill  (usually  in  a 
slight  degree) ;  be  unwell :  now  used  chiefly  in 
the  present  participle :  as,  he  is  ailing  to-day. 
And  much  he  ails,  and  yet  he  is  not  sick. 

Daniel,  Civil  Wars,  iii. 
One  day  the  child  began  to  ail. 

R.  H.  Stoddard,  Pearl  of  the  Philippines. 

aiU  (al),  n.  [Prom  the  verb.  Cf.  early  ME.  eile, 
eil,  harm  (very  rare) ;  from  the  adj.]  Indisposi- 
tion or  morbid  affection ;  ailment.  Pope. 

ail^  (al),  n.  [E.  dial.,  in  pi.  ails;  variously  cor- 
rupted oils,  lioils,  hauels;  <  ME.  eyle,  eile,  eigle, 
<  AS.  egl,  the  beard  of  grain,  corn,  found  only 
twice,  as  tr.  of  L.  festuca,  "the  mote  that  is  in 
thy  brother's  eye"  (Luke  vi.  41, 42),  =OHG.  ahil, 
G.  achel,  beard  of  grain ;  from  the  same  root, 
with  diff.  suffix  (-T),  as  awn''-  and  ear^,  q.  v.] 
The  beard  of  wheat,  barley,  etc.,  especially  of 
barley:  chiefly  in  the  plural.  Halliwell;  Wright. 
[Prov.  Eng.  (Essex).] 

For  to  winden  [var.  windwe,  winnow)  hweate,  and 
scheaden  [shed,  i.  e.,  separate]  the  eileti  and  tet  chef 
[the  chaff)  ui-om  the  clene  cornes. 

Ancren  Riwle,  p.  270.  (iV.  E.  D.) 

ailantic,  ailanthic  (a-lan'tik,  -thik),  a.  [<J!i- 
lantus,  Ailanthns,  +  -ic]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Ailantus — Ailantic  acid,  an  acid  obtained  from  the 
bark  of  Ailantus  excelsa. 

ailantine  (a-lan'tin),  a.  [<  ailantus  +  -ixel.] 
Relating  or  pertaining  to  the  ailantus,  or  to  the 
silkworms  which  feed  upon  its  leaves. 


121 

Ailantus  (a-lan'tus),  n.  [NL. ;  also  errone- 
ously Ailanthus  (simulating  Gr.  avOo^,  flower) ; 
<  ailanto,  the  Malacca  name  of  one  species, 
said  to  mean  'tree  of  heaven.']  1.  A  genus  of 
trees,  natm-al  order  Simaruhacea;.  The  only  com- 
monly known  species  is  the  tree  of  heaven  or  Chinese 
sumach,  A.  glandulosa,  native  of  Mongolia  and  Japan, 
frequently  planted  as  a  shade-tree.  It  is  of  rapid  growth, 
with  very  long  pinnate  leaves,  and  throws  up  aljundant 
root-suckers,  by  which  it  is  usually  propagated.  The 
llowers  are  polygamous  or  nearly  dioecious,  and  are  very 
ill-scented.  Bombyx  (Philosamia)  cynthia,  a  species  of 
silkworm,  feeds  on  its  leaves.  In  Japan  the  produce  of 
silkworms  fed  on  this  tree  is  veiy  large,  and  the  material, 
tlinugh  wanting  the  fineness  and  gloss  of  mulberry  silk, 
is  produced  at  far  less  cost,  and  is  more  durable. 
2.  \l.  c]  A  tree  of  the  genus  Ailantus,  or  the 
genus  collectively:  as,  the  ailantus,  when  once 
established,  is  diJfieult  to  eradicate. 

ailet,  n.  1.  The  older  and  more  correct  spelling 
of  aisle. —  2.  [F. :  see  ailette.]  Milit,  a  wing  or 
flank  of  an  army  or  a  fortification. 

aileron  (a'le-ron),  n.  [F.,  dim.  of  aile,  wing: 
see  ailette.]    Same  as  ailette. 

ailette  (a-lef),  «•  [F.,  dim.  of  aile,  a  wing,  < 
L.  dla,  wing:  see  ala  and  aisle.]  A  plate  of 
iron  worn  over  the  mail  to  pro- 
tect the  shoulders  of  a  man- 
at-arms,  before  the  introduc- 
tion of  plate-armor  for  the 
body.  Ailettes  were  some- 
times charged  with  heraldic 
bearings.  Also  aislette  and 
aileron. 

ailing  (a'ling),  n.  [Verbal  n. 
of  v.]     Sickness;  indis- 

position. 

ailing  (a'ling),  p.  a.  Not  well; 
intlisposed. 

But  there  is  a  sort  of  puny  sickly 
reputation,  that  is  always  ailing,  yet 
will  outlive  the  robuster  characters 
of  a  hundred  prudes. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  i.  1. 

Mymotherhadlongbeena«i«r7,and  b=tdngtnTiddfeT.3?h 

not  able  to  eat  much.  century.  (FromViollet- 

R.  D.  Blaclcmore,  Lorna  Doone,  p.  41.  le-Duc's  •'  Diet,  du  Mo- 

bilier  fran^ais.") 

=  Syn.  Unwell,  etc.  See  siek. 
ailment  (al'ment),  n.  \iaiV-,  v.,  +  -ment.]  Dis- 
ease; indisposition;  morbid  affection  of  the 
body :  not  ordinarily  applied  to  acute  diseases. 
=  Syn.  Sickness,  etc.  (see  illness),  indisposition,  disorder, 
complaint. 

Ailsa-COCk  (al'za-kok),  n.  A  local  name  for 
the  puffin,  Fratercula  arctica,  from  its  breeding 
about  Ailsa  Craig,  in  the  Frith  of  Clyde,  Scot- 
land.   See  cut  under  puffin. 

Ailuridse  (a-lti'ri-de),  n.  pi.    Same  &s  ^luridw. 

Ailuroidea  (a-lii-roi'de-a),  n.  pi.  Same  as  JSZit- 
ividea. 

Ailuropus  (a-lu'ro-pus),  n.   Same  as  Mluropus. 

Ailurus  (a-lii'rus),  n.    Same  as  Mlurus. 

ailweed  (al'wed),  n.  [<  aiA  (?)  -1-  weed^.]  The 
clover-dodder,  Cuscuta  Trifolii. 

aim  (am),  V.  [<  ME.  aymen,  amen,  eymen,  <  OF. 
amer  (Picard),  esmer(=  Pr.  esmer,  <  L.  cestimare), 
and  with  prefix,  eesmer,  aesmer,  aasmer,  <  ML. 
adwstimare,  <  L.  ad,  to,  -1-  cestimare,  estimate : 
see  estimate.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  esteem;  con- 
sider.—  2t.  To  estimate;  guess;  conjecture. 
TVyclif. — 3t.  To  calculate ;  devise;  intend. 
My  speech  should  fall  into  such  vile  success 
Which  my  thoughts  aim'd  not.    ,Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  3. 

4.  To  direct  or  point  at  something;  level:  as, 
to  aim  the  fist  or  a  blow ;  to  aim  a  satire  or  a 
reflection  at  some  person  or  vice. 

Bulls  aim  their  horns,  and  asses  lift  their  heads. 

Pujje,  Ini.  of  Horace,  Sat.  i.  85. 

5.  To  give  a  certain  direction  and  elevation  to 
(a  gun,  cannon,  arrow,  etc.),  for  the  purpose 
of  causing  the  projectile,  when  the  weapon  is 
discharged,  to  hit  the  object  intended  to  be 
struck:  as,  to  aim  a  gun. 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  estimate;  guess;  conjec- 
ture. 

Ro7n.  In  sadness,  cousin,  I  do  love  a  woman. 
Ben.  I  aim'd  so  near,  when  I  suppos'd  you  lov'd. 

Shale,  K  and  J.,  i.  1. 

2.  To  direct  one's  intention,  purpose,  or  ac- 
tion, as  to  the  attainment  or  accomplishment 
of  something ;  intend ;  endeavor :  as,  a  man 
aims  at  distinction ;  aim  to  be  just  in  all  you  do. 

The  short-sighted  policy  which  aimed  at  making  a  nation 
of  saints  has  made  a  nation  of  scoffers. 

Macaulay,  Leigh  Hunt. 

3.  To  direct  or  point  anything,  as  a  weapon  or 
missile,  toward  an  object. 

[In  all  senses  aim  is  used  with  at  or  an  infinitive  before 
the  object  to  be  reached.) 

To  cry  aimt,  in  archery,  to  encourage  the  archers  by  cry- 
ing out  "Aim ! "  when  they  were  about  to  shoot.  Hence  it 
came  to  mean  to  applaud  or  encourage  in  a  general  sense. 


Aino 

It  ill  beseems  this  presence  to  cry  aim 

To  these  ill-tuned  repetitions.    Shak.,  K.  John,  il.  1. 

aim  (am),  n.    [<  ME.  ayme,  amc,  <  OF.  esme; 
from  the  verb.]    If.  Conjecture;  guess. 
He  that  seeth  no  mark,  must  shoot  by  aim. 

Bp.  Jewell,  Keply  to  Hardinge,  p.  31. 
It  is  impossible  by  aim  to  tell  it. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 
What  you  would  work  me  to,  I  have  some  aim. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  2. 

2.  Course;  direction:  in  particular,  the  direc- 
tion in  which  a  missile  is  pointed;  the  line  of 
shot. 

And  when  the  cross-blue  lightning  seeni'il  to  open 

The  breast  of  heaven,  I  did  present  myself 

Even  in  the  aim  and  very  Hash  of  it.    Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  .3. 

3.  The  act  of  aiming  or  directing  anything  (as 
a  weapon,  a  blow,  a  discourse,  or  a  remark)  at 
or  toward  a  particular  point  or  object  with  the 
intention  of  striking  or  affecting  it;  the  point- 
ing or  directing  of  a  missile. 

Each  at  the  head 
Levell'd  his  deadly  aim.      Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  712. 

4.  The  point  intended  to  be  hit,  or  object  in- 
tended to  be  affected ;  the  mark  or  target. 

To  be  the  aim  of  every  dangerous  sliot. 

Shak.,  Kich.  III.,  iv.  4. 

5.  A  purpose;  intention ;  design ;  scheme:  as, 
men  are  often  disappointed  of  their  aim. 

The  aim,  if  reached  or  not,  makes  gi-eat  the  life. 
Try  to  be  Shakspeare,  leave  the  rest  to  fate. 

Browning,  Bishop  Blougi'ani's  Apology. 
The  aim  of  scientific  thought,  then,  is  to  apply  past  ex- 
periences to  new  circumstances. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  131. 
To  give  aim,  in  archery,  to  stand  near  the  butts  to  tell 
the  archers  where  their  arrows  alight.  The  terms  are  "wide 
on  the  shaft  (right)  hand,"  "wide  on  the  bow  (left)  hand," 
"short,"  "gone";  the  distances  being  measured  by  bow- 
lengths.  See  bow-hand.  —  Syn.  5.  End,  scope,  drift,  goal, 
intent,  ambition. 

aim-criert  (am '  ki-i "  er),  n.    1.  One  who  en- 

com-aged  an  archer  by  crying  "  Aim ! "  when  he 
was  about  to  shoot.  Hence  —  2.  An  encom-ager 
generally;  an  approving  on -looker ;  an  abetter. 

Thou  smiling  aim-crier  at  princes'  fall. 

G.  Markham,  Eng.  Arcadia, 
aimer  (a'mer),  n.    One  who  aims, 
aim-frontlett  (am'frunf'let),  n.    A  piece  of 
wood  fitted  to  the  muzzle  of  a  cannon  so  as  to 
make  it  level  with  the  breech,  formerly  used  by 
gunners  to  facilitate  aiming, 
aimful  (am'ful),  a.    [<  aim  +  -ful.]    Full  of 
purpose. 

aimfully  (am'ful-i),  adv.  In  an  aimful  manner", 

with  fixed  purpose, 
aiming-drill  (a'ming-dril),  n.    A  military  ex' 

ercise  designed  to  teach  men  the  proper  method 

of  pointing  and  aiming  firearms ;  a  training  pre 

liminary  to  target-practice, 
aiming-stand  (a'ming-stand),  n.    Milit.,  a  rest 

for  a  gun,  used  in  teaching  the  theory  of  aiming, 
aimless  (am'les),  a.    [<  aim  +  -less.]  Without 

aim;  pui-poseless. 
The  Turks,  half  asleep,  ran  about  in  aimless  confusion. 

Dryden,  Don  Sebastian. 

aimlessly  (am'les-li),  acfo.  Without  aim;  pur- 
poselessly. 

aimlessness  (am'les-nes),  n.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  without  aim  or  definite  purpose. 

[Thoreau's)  whole  life  was  a  rebuke  of  the  waste  and 
aimlessness  of  our  American  luxury,  which  is  an  abject 
enslavement  to  tawdry  upholstery. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  209. 

ain  (an),  a.  [Also  spelled  ane,  =  E.  ou-n^.] 
Own.  [Scotch.] 

-ain.  [<  ME.  -ain,  -ein,  -ayn,  -eyn,  <  OF.  -ain,  -ein, 
<  L.  -anus :  see  -an.]  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  oc- 
cm-ring  imfelt  in  English  nouns,  as  in  chieftain, 
captain,  chaplain,  curtain,  and,  as  originally,  in 
adjectives,  as  in  certain,  etc.  It  is  a  Middle 
English  and  Old  French  form  of  -an  (which  see). 

aince,  aines  (ans),  adv.  [<  ME.  ancs,  north, 
form  of  ones  (pron.  6'nes),  now  corrupted  to 
once  (pron.  wuns).]   Once.  [Scotch.] 

ainhum  (an'hum),  n.  [A  negi'O  term,  said  to 
mean  orig.  'saw.']  A  disease  peculiar  to  the 
negro  race,  consisting  of  the  sloughing  off  of 
the  little  toes,  imaccompanied  by  any  other 
disorder  of  the  system. 

Aino  (i'no),  a.  and  w.  [Etym.  doubtfiil;  sup- 
posed to  be  a  corruption  of  Jap.  inu  (pron. 
e'no),  a  dog,  apiplied  contemptuously  by  the 
Japanese.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Ainos,  certain  aboriginal  tribes  in  Japan  now 
forming  small  tribal  commujiities  in  the  island 
of  Yezo,  the  Kurile  islands,  and  Saghalin  or 
Karafuto.  They  are  a  hairy  people,  with  Cau- 
casian featui-es  and  gentle  manners,  but  in  a 
low  state  of  civilization. 
II,  n.  The  language  of  the  Ainos. 


ainsel' 

ainsel',  ainsell  (an-sel'),  «.   [<  ain  =  E.  own, 

+  sell  =  E.  tielf.]    Own  self.  [Scotch.] 
ain't,  an't  (aut).    A  vulgar  contraction  of  the 
negative  phrases  am  not  and  are  not :  often  used 
for  is  not,  and  also,  with  a  variant  hain't,  for 
hare  not  and  has  not. 
Aiolian  (a-6'li-an),  a.  and  n.    Same  as  Molian^ 

and  ^oUan^. 
Aiolic  (a-ol'ik),  a.  Same  as  jSHolic. 
Aiolism  (a'o-lizm),  n.  Same  as  MoUsm. 
airi  (ar),  w.  '  [Early  mod.  E.  ayre,  also  aer  (after 
L. ),  <  ME.  eier,  aire,  eire,  aijer,  eyer,  ayre,  eyre, 
aier,  eyr,  eir,  <  OP.  air,  F.  air,  the  air,  breath, 
wind,  =  Pr.  air,  aire  =  Sp.  aii-e  =  Pg.  ar  =  It. 
aere,  aire,  now  commonly  aria,  all  in  the  physi- 
cal sense ;  <  L.  aer,  <  Gr.  ai'/p  {aep-),  air,  mist, 
<  aeiv,  breathe,  blow,  prob.  akin  to  E.  wi?id, 
q.  V.  See  air^  and  uir^,  ult.  identical  vrith  air^, 
but  separated  in  sense  and  in  time  of  intro- 
duction.] 1.  The  respirable  fluid  which  sur- 
roimds  the  earth  and  forms  its  atmosphere. 
It  is  inodorous,  invisible,  insipid,  colorless,  elastic,  pos- 
sessed of  gravity,  easily  moved,  rarefied,  and  condensed, 
essential  to  respir  ation  and  combustion,  and  is  the  medium 
of  sound.  It  is  composed  by  volume  of  21  parts  of  oxygen 
and  79  of  nitrogen ;  by  weight,  of  23  of  oxygen  and  77  of 
nitrogen.  These  gases  are  not  chemically  united,  but  are 
mixed  mechanically.  Air  contains  also  ^ttbtj  of  carbon 
dioxid,  some  aqueous  vapor,  about  one  per  cent,  of  argon, 
and  small  varying  amounts  of  ammonia,  nitric  acid,  ozonej 
and  organic  matter.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  air  at  32°  F. 
is  to  that  of  water  as  1  to  773,  and  lUO  cubic  inches  at  mean 
temperature  and  pressure  weigh  30J  grains.  When  airisin- 
lialed  into  tlie  lungs  oxygen  is  sepafated  from  the  nitrogen, 
and,  uniting  with  tlie  carbon  in  the  Idood,  is  expelled  as  car- 
bon dioxid ;  it  thus  serves  to  purify  the  blood  and  furnishes 
the  body  with  heat.  By  the  ancient  philosophers  air  was 
considered  one  of  the  four  elements  of  all  tilings,  and  this 
view  was  maintained  until  comparatively  recent  times. 

The  greate  house,  formerly  tlie  Duke  of  Buckingham's, 
a  spacious  and  excellent  place  for  the  extent  of  ground, 
and  situation  in  a  good  aire.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Jan.  16, 1679. 

The  health  of  the  mental  and  bodily  functions,  the 
spirit,  temper,  disposition,  the  correctness  of  the  judg- 
ment, and  brilliancy  of  the  imagination,  depend  directly 
upon  pure  air.  Hvxley  and  Youmans,  Physiol. ,  §  395. 
2.  In  oldchem.,  gas :  still  in  use  in  this  sense  in 
foundriesandmachine-shop8,esp6ciallyforsuch 
gases  as  are  mingled  with  air  or  formed  from 
it,  as  the  gases  from  a  furnace,  in  distinction 
Irom  this  use,  common  air  is  often  called  atmospheric  air. 

5.  A  movement  of  the  atmosphere;  a  light 
"breeze:  usually  in  the  plural. 

The  summer  airs  blow  cool.     Tennyson,  May  Queen,  ii. 
4.  Utterance  abroad ;  publication ;  publicity. 
You  gave  it  air  before  me.  Dryden. 

Hence — 5t.  Intelligence;  information;  advice. 

It  grew  from  the  airs  which  the  princes  and  states 
abroad  received  from  their  ambassadors  and  agents  here. 

Bacon,  Hist.  Hen.  VII. 

6.  The  graphic  representation,  as  in  a  painting, 
of  the  effect  of  the  atmospheric  medium  through 
which  natural  objects  are  viewed. — 7.  In  the 
Gr.  Ch.,  a  very  thin  veil  spread  over  both  the 
paten  and  the  chalice,  in  addition  to  the  paten 
and  chalice  veils.    Also  called  nephele. 

The  third  [chalice  veil]  is  called  .  .  .  air,  because,  as  the 
air  surrounds  the  eartli,  so  does  this  surround  the  holy 
gifts.  .  .  .  This  name,  air,  has  found  its  way  into  our  own 
Church,  througli  Bishop  Andrewes,  and  the  divines  of  his 
time,  who  (especially  Wren)  were  well  versed  in  the  East- 
em  Liturgies.    J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  350,  note. 

DephlOgiStlcated  air,  in  old  chem.,  oxygen:  so  called 
from  the  notion  that  it  was  ordinary  air  deprived  of  phlo- 
giston (which  see).  — Fixed  air,  the  name  given  by  Dr. 
Joseph  Black  of  Edinburgh  to  carbonic-acid  gas  on  his 
discovery  of  it  in  1754,  because  it  was  found  in  solid  bodies. 
See  car6o«(c.  — Ground-air,  air  inclosed  in  porous  surface- 
soil,  like  surface-moisture  or  ground-water.  Like  ground- 
water, ground-air  is  regarded  as  an  important  factor  in  de- 
termining the  sanitary  condition  of  a  locality.  Ground-air 
fluctuates  with  the  barometric  pressure,  and  with  the  con- 
ditions of  temperature  and  the  rise  and  fall  of  ground-wa- 
ter.—In  the  air.  (a)  In  circulation  ;  fiyiiigaliout  from  one 
to  another ;  hence,  generally  felt  or  anticipated :  as,  there 
is  a  rumor  of  war  in  the  air;  it  is  in  tlie  air  that  he  can- 
not succeed,  (h)  Without  foundation  or  actuality ;  vision- 
ary or  uncertain  :  as,  a  castle  in  the  air  (see  castle);  our 
prospects  are  in  the  air.  (e)Milit.,  in  an  unsupported  or 
disconnected  position ;  incapable  of  receivingorgivingaid ; 
Improperly  exposed  or  separated  :  as.  the  left  wing  of  the 
army  was  m  the  air.  Liquid  air.  See  liquefaction  of 
n'ises,  under  liquefaction.—  Residual  air,  the  air  which 
remains  in  the  chest  and  cannot  he  expelled,  variously  esti- 
mated at  from  81  to  120  cubic  inches.  Also  called  gujipU- 
mental  air.— Tidal  air.  See  tidal.— To  beat  the  air. 
See  beat,  v. To  take  air,  to  be  divulged ;  be  made  pub- 
lic: as,  the  story  has  taken  air.— To  take  the  air,  to  go 
abroad ;  walk  or  ride  a  little  distance. 

I  din'd  at  Sir  William  Godolphin's,  and  with  that  learned 
gentleman  went  to  take  y  aire  in  Hyde  Park,  where  was 
a  glorious  cortege.  Evelyn,  Diary,  July  1, 1679. 

[Air  is  used  in  many  compounds  of  obvious  meaning ;  only 
those  which  have  a  peculiar  or  specific  sense  are  entered 
below  in  alphabetical  order.] 

aipi  (ar),  V.  [First  in  mod.  E. ;  from  the  noun.] 
I.  trans.  1.  To  expose  to  the  air;  give  access 


122 

to  the  open  air;  ventilate :  as,  to  air  clothes ;  to 
air  a  room. 

I  ayre  or  wether,  as  men  do  thynges  whan  they  lay  them 
in  the  open  ayre,  or  as  any  lynen  thyng  is  after  it  is  newe 
wasshed  or  it  be  worne.  .  .  .  Ayre  these  clothes  for  feaie 
of  mothes.  Palsgrave. 

To  this  [public  prison]  is  also  annexed  a  convenient 
yard  to  air  the  criminals  in,  for  the  preservation  of  their 
lite  and  health,  till  the  time  of  their  trial. 

Beverley,  Virginia,  iv.  1]  68. 

Hence  —  2.  To  expose  ostentatiously ;  display ; 
bring  into  public  notice :  as,  to  air  one's  views. 

Airing  a  snowy  hand  and  signet  gem. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  i. 
3.  To  expose  to  heat ;  warm :  as,  to  air  linen ;  to 
air  liquors.— 4.  re/?.  To  expose  (one's  self)  to 
the  air. 

To  go  and  air  myself  in  my  native  fields.     Lamb,  Elia. 
It  is  my  pleasure  to  walk  forth. 
And  air  myself  a  little. 

Middleton,  Chaste  Maid,  ii.  2. 

II,  intrans.  To  take  the  air. 

She  went  airing  every  day. 

Miss  Nitford,  Om-  Village,  2d  ser.,  317. 
air2  (ar),  n.  [First  in  mod.  E.  (end  of  16th  cen- 
tury) ;  <  P.  air,  OF.  aire,  nature,  disposition, 
manner,  mien,  air,  =  Pr.  aire  =  It.  aire,  aere, 
now  aria,  manner,  mien,  coimtenance ;  a  word 
of  disputed  origin,  prob.  the  same  as  OF.  air, 
Pr.  air,  aire,  E.  airi-,  the  atmosphere  (cf.  atmo- 
sphere in  similar  uses):  see  air^  and  a«>3.]  1, 
The  peeidiar  look,  appearance,  and  bearing  of 
a  person :  as,  the  air  of  a  youth ;  a  graceful  air; 
a  lofty  air. 

Then  returned  to  my  side,  .  .  .  and  strolled  along  with 
the  air  of  a  citizen  of  the  place  pointing  out  the  objects 
of  interest  to  a  stranger. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  xiv. 

2.  The  general  character  or  complexion  of 
anything  ;  appearance  ;  semblance. 

Too  great  liberties  taken  [in  translation]  in  varying 
either  the  expression  or  composition,  in  order  to  give  a 
new  air  to  the  whole,  will  be  apt  to  have  a  very  bad  effect. 

Bp.  Lou'th,  On  Isaiah. 
As  it  was  communicated  with  the  air  of  a  secret,  it  soon 
found  its  way  into  the  world.     Pope,  Ded.  of  R.  of  the  L. 

3.  pi.  Affected  manner ;  manifestation  of  pride 
or  vanity ;  assumed  haughtiness  :  chiefly  in  the 
phrases  to  put  on  airs,  to  give  one's  self  airs. 

Mrs.  Crackenbury  read  tlie  paragraph  in  bitterness  of 
spirit,  and  discoursed  to  her  followers  about  the  airs 
which  that  woman  was  giving  herself. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  Ixviii. 
And  the  queen  of  the  hoopoes  gave  herself  airs,  and  sat 
down  upon  a  twig  ;  and  she  refused  to  speak  to  the  me- 
rops  her  cousin,  and  the  other  birds  who  had  been  her 
friends,  because  they  were  but  vulgar  birds. 

H.  Curzon,  Monast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  136. 

4t.  pL  The  artificial  motions  or  carriage  of  a 
horse. —  5.  In  painting,  that  which  expresses 
action,  manner,  gesture,  or  attitude. 
air3  (ar),  n.  [Fu-st  in  mod.  E.  (end  of  16th  cen- 
tury) ;  <  F.  air,  a  tune,  sound,  or  air  in  music, 
<  It.  aere,  aire,  now  aria  (>  Sp.  Pg.  aria,  E.  aria, 
q.  V. ) ;  prob.  identical  (through  aere,  aire,  aria, 
manner,  E.  air^;  cf.  L.  modus,  manner,  mode, 
musical  mode,  melody)  with  aere,  aire,  aria,  E. 
airl.]  1.  In  music:  (a)  A  rhythmical  melody; 
a  tune  consisting  of  single  successive  notes 
divided  into  groups  which,  in  duration,  have 
some  definite  ratio  to  one  another,  recognizable 
by  the  ear.  (6)  A  song  or  piece  of  poetry  for 
singing:  as,  the  air,  "Sound  an  Alarm."  (c) 
The  soprano  part  in  a  harmonized  piece  of 
music.  Also  called  aria. —  2.  Any  piece  of 
poetry.  [Rare.] 

The  repeated  air 
Of  sad  Electra's  poet.        Milton,  Sonnets,  iii. 
National  air,  in  music,  a  popular  tune  peculiar  to  or 
characteristic  of  a  particular  nation ;  specifically,  that 
tune  which  by  national  selection  or  consent  is  usually 
sung  or  played  on  certain  public  occasion.?  as  "  God  Save 
the  Queen"  in  England,  "The  Star-Spangled  Baimer"  in 
ihe  United  States,  the  "Marseillaise"  in  France,  the 
"Emperor's  Hymn"  in  Austria,  etc. 
air^t  (ar),  V.  t.    [<  mV3,  w.]    To  set  to  music. 
For  not  a  drop  that  flows  from  Helicon 
But  ayred  by  thee  grows  streight  into  a  song. 
J.  Cobb,  Prefix  to  Lawes's  Ayres  and  Dialogues  (1653). 

air^t,       Same  as  airy"^,  acry^. 
air^  (ar),  adv. _&n(!i  a.     [Also  written  ear;  = 
E.  ere,  <  AS.  wr,  rarely  used  as  an  adj.,  com- 
mon as  a  prep,  and  adv. :  see  ere  and  early.'] 
Early.  [Scotch.] 

An  air  winter's  a  sair  winter.  Scotch  proverb. 

Aira  (a'ra),  n.  [NL.,  prop.  *tcm,  <  Gr.  alpa,  a 
kind  of  darnel,  prob.  Lolium  temulentum  (Lin- 
neeus).]  A  genus  of  slender  perennial  grasses 
of  temperate  regions,  mostly  of  little  value.  The 
more  common  species  are  known  as  hair-grass, 
airablet  (ar'a-bl),  a.  [<  air^,  v.,  +  -able.']  Suit- 
able to  1)6  sung.  Howell, 


air-cane 

air-bag  (ar'bag),  n.  A  large  bag  composed  of 
layers  of  canvas,  saturated  or  coated  with  air- 
proof  and  water-proof  preparations  and  filled 
with  air,  designed  for  use  in  raising  sunken 

vessels.  When  needed  for  use,  empty  air-bags  are  secured 
to  tlie  vessel  beneath  the  surface  of  the  water  and  air  is 
then  forced  into  them.    Also  called  air-ciishion. 
air-balloon  (ar'ba-16n"),  n.    See  balloon. 
air-bath  (ar'bath),  n.    1.  The  protracted  ex- 
posm-e  of  the  person  to  the  action  of  the  air 
for  the  promotion  of  health,  usually  under  the 
direct  rays  of  the  sun.    See  sun-hath.— 2.  An 
arrangement  for  drying  substances  by  exposing 
them  to  air  of  any  desired  temperature, 
air-bed  (ar'bed),  n.    A  bed  made  by  inflating 
an  air-tight  bed-shaped  bag  with  air. 
air-bladder  (ar'blad'er),  «.   l.  a  vesicle  in  an 
organic  body  filled  with  air. 

The  pulmonary  artery  and  vein  pass  along  the  surfaces 
of  these  air-bladders  in  an  infinite  number  of  ramifications. 

Arbuthnot,  Aliments. 

2.  In  ichth.,  the  sound  or  swim-bladder;  asym- 
metrical bladder  or  sac  filled  with  air,  generally 
situated  directly  under  the  vertebral  column  in 
front,  and  homologous  with  the  lungs  of  air- 
breathing  animals,  its  principal  function  is  the  regu- 
lation of  the  equilibrium  of  the  body.  It  is  either  connected 
by  a  tube  with  the  intestinal  canal,  as  in  the  physostomous 
fishes,  or  shut  olT  from  all  communication  with  it,  as  in  the 
physoclistous  fishes.  It  is  subject  to  great  vai-iation  in 
form,  and  is  liable  to  atrophy  or  complete  abortion  in 
species  allied  to  such  as  have  it  well  developed, 
air-blast  (ar'blast),  «.  a  stream  or  ciurent  of 
air  under  pressure ;  specifically,  such  a  stream 
used  to  urge  fires  in  forges  or  to  assist  combus- 
tion in  furnaces,  when  heated  it  is  called  a  hot 
blast ;  when  at  normal  temperature,  a  cold  blast.  Air- 
blasts  are  also  used  to  perform  certain  kinds  of  light  work 
as  separating  hairs  and  dust  from  fur  in  hat-making,  re- 
moving dust  or  chaff  in  grinding,  sawing,  etc.,  and  picking 
up  paper  and  light  materials, 
air-bone  (ar'bon),  n.  A  bone  having  a  large 
cavity  filled  with  air,  as  in  birds.  Owen.  Spe- 
cifically, the  atmosteon  (which  see), 
air-box  (ar'boks),  «.  l.  A  ventilating  flue; 
specifically,  a  wooden  tube  or  box  used  to  con- 
vey air  to  a  mine  for  ventilation.—  2.  A  flue 
used  to  supply  air  to  a  furnace,  either  (a)  to 
promote  combustion,  or  (6)  to  be  heated  in 
order  to  warm  apartments. — 3.  A  chamber  at 
the  rear  of  the  fire-box  of  a  furnace  to  supply 
air  for  the  more  complete  combustion  of  the 
gases  disengaged  from  the  fuel, 
air-brake  (ar'brak),  n.  A  system  of  continuous 
railway-brakes  operated  by  compressed  air. 
The  air  is  compressed  by  a  pump  upon  the  locomotive, 
and  conveyed,  through  pipes  beneath  the  cars  and  flexible 
hose  between  them,  to  cylinders  under  each  car.  The 
pistons  of  the  cylinders  are  connected  with  and  move  the 
brake-levers,  which  transmit  pressure  to  the  brake-shoes. 
See  vacuum-brake. 

air^braving  (ar'bra'ving),  a.    Breasting  or  de- 
fying the  air  or  wind. 

Stately  and  air-braving  towers. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  2. 
air-breather  (ar'bre''''THer),  n.     An  animal 
which  breathes  air;  specifically,  a  marine  ani- 
mal breathing  out  of  water  by  means  of  lungs, 
instead  of  imder  water  by  means  of  gills, 
air-brick  (ar'brik),  n.    1.  A  brick  perforated 
or  with  open  sides,  to  permit  the  flow  of  air 
through  it  for  purposes  of  ventilation. — 2. 
A  metal  box  of  the  size  of  a  brick,  with  grated 
sides  for  the  passage  of  air.    See  air-grating, 
air-bridge  (ar'brij),  n.     A  furnace-bridge  so 
constructed  as  to  admit  air  to  the  gases  pass- 
ing over  it,  to  facilitate  their  combustion.  See 
bridge. 

air-brush  (ar'brush),  n.    An  atomizer  used  by 
artists  for  distributing  liquid  pigment  upon  any 
surface :  invented  by  Liberty  Walkup.    it  con- 
sists of  an  air-pump,  reservoir,  and  handpiece  by  which 
the  pigment  is  fed  into  a  jet  of  air  and  distributed  in  dot, 
line,  or  shadow  at  the  will  of  the  operator, 
air-bucket   (ar'buk"et),  n.    A  water-wheel 
bucket,  so  constructed  as  to  permit  the  unim- 
peded outflow  of  the  air  displaced  by  the  water 
as  it  enters  the  bucket, 
air-buflfer  (ar'bufer),  n.    Same  as  air-spring. 
air-bug  (ar'bug),  n.   Any  heteropterous  hemip- 
terous  insect  of  the  division  Geocores  (land- 
bugs)  or  of  the  Aurocores. 

air-built  (ar'bilt),  a.  Erected  in  the  air;  hav- 
ing no  solid  foundation ;  chimerical :  as,  an  air- 
huilt  esLstle;  air-built  hojyes. 
air-camel  (ar'kam'''el),  n.  A  caisson  or  air- 
chamber  placed  beneath  or  alongside  of  vessels, 
to  diminish  their  draft  and  enable  them  to  pass 
over  shallow  spots  or  obstructions,  and  also 
used  in  raising  sunken  vessels, 
air-cane  (ar'kan),  n.  A  walking-stick  having 
an  air-gun  concealed  within  it. 


Air-cells  in  Gulf- 
weed  ( Sar^assum 


air-carbureter 

air-carbureter  (ar'kar'-'bu-ret-er),  n.  An  ap- 
paratus in  which  air  is  passed  through  or  over 
the  surface  of  liquid  hydrocarbons,  and  thus 
becomes  charged  with  inflammable  vapor. 
See  gas-machine. 

air-casing  (ar'ka"sing),  n.  An  air-tight  casing 
of  sheet-iron  placed  around  a  pipe  to  prevent 
undue  transmission  of  heat  or  cold ;  specifically, 
the  casing  placed  around  the  base  of  the  funnel 
or  smoke-stack  of  a  steamship,  to  prevent  too 
great  a  transmission  of  heat  to  the  deck. 

air-castle  (ar'kas"l),  n.  A  castle  in  the  air;  a 
day-dream;  a  visionary  scheme.    See  castle. 

Adventures,  triumphs  of  strength  and  skill  —  these  fur- 
nish subject-matter  for  the  talk  of  the  uncivilized  man 
and  the  air-castles  of  the  youth. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  482. 

air-cavity  (ar'kav'i-ti),  n.  A  cavity  contain- 
ing air ;  specifically,  such  a  cavity  occurring  in 
the  body  or  bones  of  an  animal ;  a  large  air- 
sac  or  pneumatocyst  of  a  bird. 

In  the  latter  case,  air-cavities  take  the  place  of  the 
medulla,  which  disappears,  and  so  diminish  permanently 
the  specific  gravity  of  the  animal. 

Gegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  573. 

air-cell  (ar'sel),  n.  1.  In  hot.,  one  of  the  cav- 
ities in  the  leaves,  stems,  or  other  parts  of 
plants,  containing  air.  They  are 
well  seen  in  the  bladders  of  seaweeds,  and 
are  found  in  other  aquatic  plants,  which 
they  serve  to  Hoat. 

2.  hianat.  andzodl.,  adefinite cir- 
cumscribed cavity  in  the  body, 
containing  atmospheric  air  in- 
haled through  air-passages  which 
place  it  in  direct  communication 
with  the  outer  air.   The  term  is  used 

for  any  such  cavity,  without  reference  to   

the  technical  meaning  of  cell  (which  see).  '■mUgarci 
An  air-cell  is  generally  of  small  size,  if 
not  microscopic,  as  one  of  those  in  lung-tissue ;  but  it 
sometimes  forms  a  great  space  or  inflatable  inclosed  area, 
as  the  air-cells  of  birds,  and  is  then  also  called  air-space, 
air -receptacle,  or  pneumatocyst.  Specifically  —  {a)  One  of 
the  small  hemispherical  saccules  which  beset  the  walls  of 
the  alveolar  passages  and  infundibula  of  the  lungs.  Also 
called  alveolus,  (b)  One  of  the  dilatations  of  the  trachea 
or  air-tube  in  insects  forming  the  respiratory  apparatus, 
(c)  In  ornith.,  a  pneumatocyst;  any  one  of  the  e.xtra-pul- 
monary  cavities  of  the  body  of  a  bird,  containing  air,  which 
are  continuous  with  one  another  and  with  one  or  more  of 
the  bronchial  tubes.    See  pneu7natocyst. 

air-chamber  (ar'cham'ber),  n.  1.  A  large 
cavity  in  an  organic  body  containing  air. — 

2.  A  compartment  of  a  hydraulic  engine  or 
apparatus,  as  a  pump,  interposed 
between  and  connected  with  the 
supply-  and  delivery-passages,  and 
containing  air  which  by  its  elas- 
ticity equalizes  the  pressure  and 
flow  of  the  fluids.  Thus,  in  a  recipro- 
cating force-pump,  the  impulse  given  to 
the  fluid  by  the  delivery-stroke  compresses 
the  air  in  the  air-chamber,  and  this  com- 
pressed air  reacts  upon  the  outflowing  fluid 
to  continue  its  motion  during  the  reverse 
stroke,  or  during  those  intervals  when  the 
force  imparted  falls  below  the  average  or 

AiKhamber.    normal  amount.  The  pressure  and  flow  are 
thus  made  practically  uniform,  notwith- 
standing the  intermittent  or  variable  action  of  the  force. 
For  some  special  forms,  see  air-vessel. 

3.  Any  compartment  or  chamber  designed  to 
contain  air :  as,  the  air-chamber  of  a  life-boat. 

air-chambered  (ar'cham"berd),  a.  Furnished 
with  an  air-chamber  or  with  air-chambers. 
It  [the  life-boat]  was  air-chambered  and  buoyant. 

Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  I.  49. 

air-cock  (ar'kok),  n.  A  cock  used  to  control 
the  admission  or  outflow  of  air.    See  cock\  8. 

air-;COmpressor  (ar'kom-pres*or),  n.  A  ma- 
chine for  condensing  air,  usually  in  the  form  of 
a  force-pump.    See  compressor. 

air-cone  (ar'kon),  n.  A  cone  in  a  marine  en- 
gme  uesigued  to  receive  air  and  steam  from 
the  hot-well,  and  can-y  them  off  through  a 
pipe  at  the  top. 

air-cooler  (ar'ko"ler),  n.  Any  appliance  for 
lowering  the  temperature  of  the  air,  as  in  hos- 
pitals, dwellings,  and  theaters.  A  common  form 
consists  of  chambers  filled  with  ice,  or  fitted  with  screens 
of  light  fal)ric  kept  constantly  wet  with  cooling  liquids, 
through  which  a  current  of  air  is  forced.  See  refrigerat- 
ing-chamber,  under  refrigerate. 

air-course  (ar'kors),  n.  A  passage  in  a  mine 
made  or  used  for  ventilating  purposes ;  an  air- 
way. 

air-crpssing  (ar'kr6s'''ing),  w.  A  passageway 
or  bridge  constructed  to  carry  one  air-course 
over  another,  as  in  the  ventilation  of  coal-mines. 

air-cushion  (ar'kush'on),  n.  1.  A  bag  made 
of  an  air-tight  fabric  used  when  inflated  with 
air  as  a  cushion  for  a  seat. —  2.  Same  as  air- 
oag. —  3.  A  ball  or  cylinder  (usually  of  india- 
rubber)  filled  with  air  and  placed  in  a  water-pipe, 


123 

to  act  as  a  cushion  for  the  water,  or  to  receive 
the  pressure  or  shock  caused  by  a  sudden  stop- 
page of  its  flow,  or  by  the  expansion  of  the 
water  in  freezing. — 4.  Same  as  air-spring  or 
pneumatic  spring. 

air-cylinder  (ar'sil^in-der),  n.  In  gun.,  a  de- 
vice consisting  of  a  cylinder  and  piston,  used 
for  checking  the  recoil  of  heavy  guns  by  means 
of  the  elasticity  of  atmospheric  air  confined 
within  it ;  a  pneumatic  buffer. 

air-dew  (ar'du),  n.    Manna.  [Rare.] 

air-drain  (ar'dran),  n.  1.  An  empty  space  left 
around  the  external  foundation-walls  of  a  build- 
ing to  prevent  the  earth  from  lying  against 
them  and  thus  causing  dampness. —  2.  In  mold- 
ing, a  large  passage  for  the  escape  of  gases 
from  heavy  castings  while  in  the  mold. 

air-drawn  (ar'dran),  a.  Drawn  or  depicted  in 
the  air:  as,  "the  air-drawn  dagger,"  Shak., 
Macbeth,  iii.  4. 

air-dried  (ar'drid),  a.  Dried  by  or  in  the  air: 
applied  to  fruits  and  materials  from  which 
moisture  has  been  removed  by  exposure  to 
currents  of  air  under  natural  atmospheric  con- 
ditions. 

air-drill  (ar'dril),  n.  A  rock-drill  driven  by 
compressed  air,  as  distinguished  from  a  drill 
driven  by  steam.    See  rock-drill. 

air-drum  (ar'dmm),  n.  A  drum-shaped  cham- 
ber or  reservoir  for  air;  specifically,  in  ornith., 
a  large  lateral  cervical  pneumatocyst. 

The  great  air-drums  of  our  pinnated  grouse  and  cock- 
of-the-plains.  Coues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  200. 

air-duct  (ar'dukt),  n.  A  duct  or  passage  con- 
veying air;  specifically,  in  ichth.,  the  commu- 
nication of  the  air-bladder  with  the  intestinal 
canal.  It  is  persistent  in  physostomous,  tem- 
porary in  physoelistous,  fishes. 

aire^t,  n.    An  old  form  of  aery'2. 

aire^  (i're;  mod.  pron.  ar),  n.  [Ir.,  pi.  airig; 
of.  aireach,  a  noble,  a  privileged  person.]  In 
Irish  antiq.,  a  freeman;  a  gentleman;  one  of 

the  privileged  classes.  Aires  were  of  two  classes :  (a) 
the  flaths,  or  those  who  possessed  property  In  land ;  and 
(6)  the  bo-aires,  who  possessed  cows  and  other  chattels. 
The  king  was  elected  by  these  two  classes. 

Clansmen  who  possessed  twenty-one  cows  and  upwards 
were  airig  (sing,  aire),  or,  as  we  should  say,  had  the  fran- 
chise, and  might  fulfil  the  functions  of  bail,  witness,  etc. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  257. 

The  upper  classes  were  all  aires.  To  be  eligible  to  the 
aire  grade,  the  freeman  should  possess,  besides  a  certain 
amount  of  wealth  in  cattle,  a  prescribed  assortment  of 
agricultural  implements  and  household  goods. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  IV.  252. 

air-endway  (ar'end"wa),  «.  A  roadway  or 
level  driven  into  a  coal-seam  parallel  vsith  a 
main  level,  used  chiefly  for  purposes  of  venti- 
lation.   Gresley.  [Eng.] 

air-engine  (ar'en'jin),  n.  A  motor  employing 
(a)  the  elastic  force  of  air  expanded  by  heat. 


air-heading 

air-equalizer  (ar'e"kwal-i-zer),  n.  A  device  for 
distributing  a  current  oiE  air  equally  throughout 
its  working-space. 

airer  (ar'er),  n.  [<  airl,  v.,  +  -«rl.]  1.  One 
who  airs  or  exposes  to  the  air. —  2.  A.  screen 

for  drying  clothes,  etc. 

air-escape  (ar'es-kap"),  n.  An  air-trap  for  the 
escape  of  air  which  collects  in  the  upper  bends 
of  water-pipes  and  in  other  hydraulic  apparatus. 
The  usual  foi-m  is  that  of  a  ball-cock  (which  see)  inclosed 
in  a  chamber  situated  at  the  point  at  which  the  air  is  to 
be  withdrawn,  and  so  adjusted  that  as  the  water-level 
within  is  lowered  by  the  pressure  of  the  accumulated  air 
the  ball-float  descends,  opens  the  valve,  and  permits  the 
air  to  escape ;  the  water  then  rising  buoys  up  the  float 
and  closes  the  valve. 

air-exhauster  (ar'eg-zas"ter),  n.  1.  Same  as 
air-escape. —  2.  Any  apparatus,  as  an  air-pump, 
exhaust-fan,  suction-blower,  or  steam-jet,  used 
for  withdrawing  air  from  an  inclosed  place,  for 
ventilation  or  for  the  creation  of  a  vacuum. 
See  air-pump,  blower,  fan,  and  ventilator. 

air-faucet  (ar'ta'set),  n.  A  stop-cock  for  let- 
ting air  out  or  in. 

air-filter  (ar'fil"ter),  «.  An  apparatus  for  ex- 
tracting dust,  smoke,  microscopic  germs,  etc., 
from  the  air.  it  consists  of  screens  or  strainers  of 
woven-wire  fabrics,  gun-cotton,  asbestos,  slag-wool,  or 
other  flocculent  material,  through  which  the  air  is  drawn ; 
or  of  showers,  sprays,  or  films  of  water  or  chemical  solu- 
tions, through  or  over  which  the  air  to  be  filtered  passes. 
Air-filters  are  used  in  the  ventilation  of  buildings  and  rail- 
road-cars, in  physical  research,  in  surgery,  and  in  the  re- 
covery of  by-products  In  manufactures. 

air-flue  (ar'flo),  n.  A  conduit  for  air.  See  air- 
box,  air-funnel,  and  air-pipe. 

air-fountain  (ar'foun"tan),  n.  An  apparatus 
for  producing  a  jet  of  water  by  the  elastic  force 
of  air  compressed  in  a  close  vessel  and  made  to 
act  on  the  surface  of  the  water  to  be  raised. 

air-funnel  (ar'^m'^el),  n.  In  ship-building,  a 
flue  formed  by  the  omission  of  a  timber  in  the 
upper  works  of  a  vessel,  and  designed  to  pro- 
mote the  ventilation  of  the  hold. 

air-furnace  (ar'fer"nas),  n.  1.  A  reverbera- 
tory  furnace  (which  see,  under  furnace). —  2. 
An  air-heating  furnace  for  warming  apart- 
ments. Air  is  led  into  a  space  formed  between  an  outer 
casing  and  the  sides  of  a  fire-pot  and  combustion-cham- 
ber, and,  after  becoming  heated  by  contact  with  the  walla 
of  the  latter,  flows  to  the  apartments  which  are  to  be 
■warmed.    See  air-stove,  furnace,  and  heater. 

air-gage  (ar'gaj),  n.  An  instrument  for  indi- 
cating the  pressure  of  air  or  gases,  it  consists  of 
a  glass  tube  of  uniform  caliber,  closed  at  the  top  and  hav- 
ing its  lower  end  dipped  into  a  cup  of  mercury  on  the  sur- 
face of  which  the  air  or  gas  presses,  thus  forcing  mercury 
into  the  tube,  and  compressing  the  air  within  it  to  an 
amount  directly  proportioned  to  the  pressure.  This  pres- 
sure can  be  read  from  a  scale  attached  to  the  tube,  the 
zero  of  the  scale  being  usually  placed  at  the  upper  sur- 
face of  the  mercurial  column  when  the  instrument  is  ex- 
posed to  the  ordinary  atmospheric  pressure.  Also  called 
air -manometer. 

air-gas  (ar'gas),  w.  An  inflammable  illuminat- 
ing gas  made  by  charging  ordinaiy  atmospheric 
air  with  the  vapors  of  petroleum,  naphtha,  or 
some  similar  substance,  as  the  hydrocarbon 
called  gasolene. 

air-gate  (ar'gat),  M.  1.  An  underground  road- 
way in  a  coal-mine,  used  chiefly  for  ventilation. 
[Eng.  Midland  coal-fields.] — 2.  In  molding,  an 
orifice  through  which  the  displaced  air  and  the 
gases  whi*h  are  formed  escape  from  the  mold 
while  the  molten  matter  is  filling  it. 

air-gossamer  (ar'gos"a-mer),  n.  Same  as  air- 
thread. 

air-governor  (ar'guv'er-nor),  n.  A  device,  at- 
tached to  pneumatic  apparatus  and  machinery, 
for  regulating  the  pressure  or  delivery  of  air. 

air-grating  (ar'gra"ting),  n.  A  grating  pro- 
tecting or  forming  a  ventilating  orifice  in  a 
wall  or  partition.    See  air-brick. 

air-gun  (ar'gun),  n.  A  gun  in  which  condensed 
air  is  used  as  the  propelling  agent.  The  bore  of  the 
barrel  is  connected  with  a  reservoir  inclosed  within  or  at- 
tached without  the  stock,  into  which  air  is  forced  by  a 
piston  or  plunger  fitted  to  the  bore,  or  by  an  independent 


Ericsson's  Hot-air  Pum  ping-engine. 
a,  beam  ;  d,  air-piston  ;  c,  transfer-piston  ;  rf,  cylinder;  j,  air-piston 
link ;  A,  bell-crank  ;  o,  side-rods ;  fi,  transfer-piston  rod  ;  r,  pump ;  s. 
air-chamber;  I,  vacuum-chamber;  it,  gas-furnace;  v,  gas-burners; 
TV,  gas-chamber ;  x,  water-jacket 

or  (b)  air  compressed  by  means  of  another  and 
separate  motor,  called  a  compressor,  which  is 
generally  a  steam-engine.  Machine-drUls,  in  min- 
ing, are  generally  run  by  compressed-air  engines,  the  com- 
pressor being  located  at  the  surface,  and  the  air-engines 
distributed  underground,  at  the  various  points  where 
their  work  is  required- 


Air-gub. 

condenser.  When  the  trigger  is  pulled  it  operates  a  valve 
which  permits  the  sudden  escape  of  the  whole  or  of  a  por- 
tion of  the  condensed  air  into  the  barrel  at  the  rear  of 
the  ball  or  dart,  thus  projecting  the  latter.  In  some 
forms  the  propelling  agent  is  a  compressed  spring  freed 
by  the  trigger.  The  reactive  force  of  the  spring  com- 
presses the  air  which  interposes  between  it  and  the  pro- 
jectile, and  the  air  acts  upon  and  projects  the  ball, 
air-heading  (ar'hed"ing),  n.  An  excavation  in 
a  mine  through  which  air  is  made  to  pass  for 
ventilation. 


air-hoist 

air-hoist  (ar'hoist),  n.  Hoisting  machinery  op- 
erated by  compressed  air,  or  by  the  creation  of 
a  partial  vacuum,  it  consists  of  a  cylinder  fitted  witli 
a  piston,  whicli  is  connected  by  ropes  passing  over  pulleys 
with  thi;  platform  of  the  hoist.    See  elevatur  and  hoist. 

air-holder  (ar'hol'der),  ».  1 .  A  vessel  for  hold- 
ing air  for  any  pui-pose,  as  for  counteracting 
the  pressure  of  a  decreasing  column  of  merciuy, 
or  for  keeping  up  a  moderate  and  steady  cm-- 
rent  of  air.  See  airorneter,  air-vessel,  and  gas- 
holder.—  2t.  A  gasometer. 

air-hole  (ar'hol),  n.  1.  An  opening  to  admit 
or  discharge  air. —  2.  In  founding,  a  fault  in  a 
casting,  caused  by  a  bubble  of  air  which  passes 
from  the  core  outward,  and  is  retained  in  the 
metal.  Also  called  blow-holc. —  3.  A  natural 
opening  in  the  frozen  surface  of  a  river  or  pond, 
caused  by  currents  or  springs. 

airiest  (ar'i),  a.    An  old  spelling  of  «»•(/!. 

airie-t  (ar'i),  «.    An  old  spelling  of  aery^. 

airified  (ar'i-fid),  «.  [<  *airify,  make  airy  (< 
ai)-i  («(■/•-)  +  -fy),  +  -<'d2.]  Fashioned  in  an  airy 
manner;  characterized  by  the  assumption  of 
airs:  as,  an  airified  style.  [Contemptuous  or 
slighting.] 

airily  (ar'i-li),  acZii.  [i  airy^  + -ly^.l  1.  In  an 
airy  or  gay  manner ;  gaily ;  jauntily. 

Fanny  bade  her  father  good-night,  and  whisked  off 
airily.  Dickens,  Little  Uorrit. 

2.  Lightly;  delicately:  as,  airily  wrought  de- 
tails. 

airiness  (ar'i-nes),  n.  1.  Exposure  to  a  free 
current  of  air;  openness  to  the  air:  as,  the  air- 
iness ot  a  country-seat. — 2.  Unsubstantiality, 
like  that  of  air. —  3.  Delicacy  and  lightness; 
ethereality. — 4.  Sprightliness  of  motion  or 
manner;  gaiety;  jauntiness;  vanity;  affecta- 
tion: as,  the  airiness  of  young  persons. 

airing  (ar'ing),  M.  [Verbal  n.  of  ai'rl,  t;.]  1.  An 
exposure  to  the  air,  or  to  a  fire,  for  drying  or 
warming. —  2.  Exercise  in  or  exposure  to  the 
open  air ;  an  excursion  for  the  purpose  of  tak- 
ing the  air. 

All  the  virtues  seemed  to  have  come  out  for  an  airing 
in  one  chariot.  Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  III.  534. 

airing-stage  (ar'ing-staj),  n.  A  stage  or  plat- 
form upon  which  materials  are  placed  to  be 
aired  or  dried :  as,  the  airing-stage  upon  which 
powder  is  dried. 

air-injector  (ar'in-iek"tor),  n.  A  simple  blow- 
ing device,  used  with  a  dental  drill  or  employed 
for  removing  dust  from  the  path  of  a  fine  saw. 

airisadt,  airisardt,  ».   Same  as  arisad. 

airisht  (ar'ish),  a.  [ME.  ayrisshe,  ayerissh, 
etc.;  <  airl  -I-  -ish^.'*  1.  Of  or  belonging  to 
the  air ;  aerial. 

And  beheld  the  ayerisshe  bestes. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  965. 

2.  Cool;  fresh. 
The  moniinges  are  airish.  Best,  Farming,  p.  18.  (iV.  E.  D.) 
air-jacket  (ar'jak"et),  n.    A  jacket  inflated  with 
air,  or  to  which  bladders  filled  with  air  are  fas- 
tened, to  render  the  wearer  buoyant  in  water, 
airless  (ar'les),  «.    [<  aij-l  +  -less.'i    1.  Not 
open  to  a  free  current  of  air ;  wanting  fresh  air 
or  communication  with  open  air. —  2.  Without 
air;  devoid  of  atmosphere. 
Desolate  as  the  lifeless,  airless  moon.  ■. 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXV.  73. 

air-level  (ar'lev'el),  n.    A  name  sometimes 

given  to  a  spirit-level  (which  see), 
air-line  (ar'lin),  >i.  and  a.   I.  w.  Alineasdirect 

as  though  drawn  or  stretched  through  the  air; 

a  bee-line. 

II.  a.   Straight  or  direct  as  a  line  in  the  air; 
not  deflected  laterally:  as,  an  a  jr-H«e  railroad. 
airlingt(ar'ling), M.  liair^  +  -ling^.']  Athought- 
less,  gay  person. 

Some  more  there  be,  slight  airlings,  will  be  won 
With  dogs  and  horses.  B.  Junson,  Catiline,  i.  3. 

air-lock  (ar'lok),  n.  An  air-tight  chamber  in  a 
caisson  in  which  operations  are  carried  on  imder 
water,  communicating  by  one  door  with  the 
outer  air  and  the  main  entrance-shaft  of  the 
caisson,  and  by  another  door  with  the  chambers 
filled  with  condensed  air  in  which  the  men  are  at 
work.  Its  purpose  is  to  regulate  the  air-pressure  so 
that  the  change  from  ordinary  air  to  condensed  air  may 
be  made  without  injury.  When  a  workman  steps  from 
the  shaft  into  the  air-lock  the  door  of  ingress  is  closed,  and 
condensed  air  is  admitted  until  the  pressure  is  the  same 
as  that  in  the  working-chamber.  The  process  is  reversed 
when  leaving  the  caisson. 

air-locomotive  (ar'16-ko-m6''''tiv),  n.  A  loco- 
motive driven  by  compressed  or  heated  air, 
usually  the  former. 

air-logged  (ar'logd),  a.  [<  airl  +  logged,  after 
water-logged.^  In  mach.,  impeded,  as  motion, 
by  the  intrusion  of  air.    Thus,  a  machine  consisting 


124 

in  part  of  a  piston  moving  in  a  cylinder  would  become 
air-logged  if  air  should  enter  the  cylinder  and  remain 
between  the  piston  and  the  cylinder-head,  so  as  to  pre- 
vent the  piston  from  making  its  full  stroke. 

air-machine  (ar'ma-shen"),  n.  In  mining,  an 
apparatus  by  which  pure  air  is  forced  into  parts 
badly  ventilated,  and  the  foul  air  extracted. 

air-manometer  (ar'ma-nom'''e-ter),  n.  Same 
as  air-gage.    See  manometer. 

air-meter  (ar'me''''ter),  n.  An  apparatus  for 
measuring  the  quantity  or  rate  of  flow  of  ah-. 
Various  devices  are  used,  as  bellows,  cylinder  and  piston, 
and  rotating  buckets,'  in  which  capacities  are  constant, 
and  fans  and  vanes,  which  measure  the  rapidity  of  flow 
through  conduits  of  known  sectional  area,  and  therefore 
indicate  the  quantities  passing  in  any  given  time. 

aim  (arn),  «.    Scotch  form  of  iron. 

airohydrogen  (ar'6-hi"dro-jen),  a.  [<  a»i, 
after  aero-,  +  hydrogen.']  Pertaining  to  a  mix- 
ture of  atmospheric  air  and  hydrogen  Airo- 
hydrogen blowpipe.   See  blowpipe. 

airometer  (ar-om'e-ter),  n.  [<  ae>i,  after  aero-, 
-I- Gr. //frpoi',  measure.  Gt.  aerometer.']  1.  An 
air-holder  constructed  upon  the  principle  of  the 
gasometer,  whence  the  name.  See  gasometer. 
—  2.  Same  as  air-meter. 

The  airometer,  the  invention  of  Mr.  Henry  Hall,  the  in- 
spector, by  means  of  a  delicately-constructed  windmill, 
shows  the  rate  of  the  cui-rent  of  air  in  the  passages  of  the 
colliery.  Ure,  Diet.,  IV.  890. 

air-passage  (ar'pas"aj),  n.  1.  In  anat.,  one  of 
the  passages  by  which  air  is  admitted  to  the 
lungs,  as  the  nasal  passages,  the  larynx,  the 
trachea,  and  the  bronchial  tubes  or  their  minute 
ramifications. —  2.  In  bot.,  a  large  intercellular 
space  in  the  stems  and  leaves  of  aquatic  plants, 
and  in  the  stems  of  endogens. 

air-pipe  (ar'pip),  n.  A  pipe  used  to  di'aw  foul 
air  out  of  or  conduct  fresh  air  into  close  places. 
Specifically  —  (a)  A  pipe  used  to  draw  foul  air  from  a 
ship's  hold  by  means  of  a  communication  with  the  furnace 
and  of  the  rarefaction  of  the  air  by  the  fire.  (6)  In  min- 
ing, a  pipe  through  which  air  passes,  either  for  ventila- 
tion or  for  use  in  an  air-engine,  (e)  A  small  copper  pipe 
leading  from  the  top  of  the  hot-well  of  a  marine  engine 
through  the  side  of  the  vessel,  for  the  discharge  of  the 
air  and  uncondensed  vapor  removed  from  the  condenser 
hy  the  air-pump, 

air-pit  (ar'pit),  n.  A  pit  or  shaft  in  a  coal- 
mine, used  for  ventilation.  Also  called  air- 
shaft.  [Eng.] 

air-plant  (ar'plant),  n.    A  plant  unconnected 
with  the  grotmd  and  apparently  living  on  air : 
applied  to  epiphytes,  but  usually  not  to  para- 
sites.  Many  epiphytic  orchids  in  cultivation 
are  popularly  so  named, 
air-poise  (ar'poiz),  n.    An  instrument  used  to 
measure  the  weight  of  the  air. 
air-port  (ar'port),  n.    In  ship-huilding :  (a)  A 
small  aperture  cut  in  the  side  of  a  vessel  to 
admit  light  and  air.   One  is  generally  placed  in  each 
state-room,  and  there  are  several  on  each  side  along  the 
berth-deck.    They  are  usually  fitted  so  as  to  close  with  a 
pane  of  thick  glass,  set  in  a  brass  frame,  turning  on  a 
hinge,  and  secured  when  closed  by  a  heavy  thumb-screw. 
(b)  A  large  scuttle  placed  in  a  ship's  bows  for 
the  admission  of  air.    Also  called  air-scuttle. 
air-proof  (ar'prof),  a.    Impervious  to  air. 
air-pump  (ar'pump),  11.    An  apparatus  for  the 
exhaustion,  compression,  or  transmission  of 
air.    Air-pumps  are  used  for  many  purposes,  and  are 
made  in  a  variety  of  forms,  which  differ  according  to  the 
uses  that  they  serve.    In  the  more  common  forms  the 
air  is  exhausted  by  means  of  a  cylinder  and  piston,  as  in 
Ritchie's  air-pump  (see  cut),  or  by  centrifugal  action.  Ro- 
tating buckets  dipping  into 
water,  which  forms  a  seal, 
are  used  for  some  special 
purposes ;  as  is  also,  for 
slight  changes  of  pressure, 
a  form  consisting  of  a  vessel 
closed  at  the  top  and  sides 
but  open  at  the  bottom,  and 
dipping  to  a  certain  e.xtent 
into  water  or  other  fluid, 
which  forms  a  seal  and 
prevents  the  escape  of  the 
air.    For  the  Sprengel  air- 
pump,  see   mercury  air- 
pump, under  mercury .  The 
air-punii)  of  a  condensing 
steam-engine  is  used  to 
maintain  a  vacuum  with- 
in the  condenser  by  with- 
drawing from  it  air  and 
uncondensed  vapor.  See 
air-compressor,  aspirator, 
ejector,  pump,  .^team-jet. — 

Air  and  circulating 
pumps,  in  a  condensing 
steam-engine,  a  combineil 
apparatus  used  as  an  air- 
pump  and  aiso  to  circu- 
late the  condensing  water. — Air-pump  bucket,  an 
open  piston  with  valves  on  the  upper  surface  open- 
ing upward  so  as  to  admit  air  and  water  during  the 
down-stroke,  and  lift  them  with  the  up-stroke,  of  the 
pump. 

air-pyrometer  (ar'pi-rom''''e-t6r),  n.  Aninstru- 
ment  used  for  measuring  high  temperatures. 


Ritchie's  Air-Pump. 


air-trunk 

It  consists  of  a  hollow  globe  made  of  platinum,  so  that  it 
may  resist  excessive  heat,  filled  with  air  or  gas,  and  con- 
nected with  a  bent  glass  tube,  which  holds  at  its  bend 
water,  mercury,  or  other  liquid.  The  expansion  by  heat  of 
the  air  within  the  globe  exerts  a  pressure  upon  the  liquid, 
causing  it  to  rise  in  one  leg  of  the  tube  to  a  height  propor- 
tioned to  the  expansion,  and  therefore  to  the  heat  which 
causes  it.    See  pt/rometer. 

air-receptacle  (ar're-sep'''ta-kl),  n.  In  omith., 
a  large  air-cell ;  an  air-space,  air-sac,  or  pneu- 
matocyst. 

Continuous  air-receptacles  throughout  the  body.  Owen 

air-regulator  (ar'reg''''u-la-tor),  n.  Any  appa- 
ratus designed  to  govern  the  admission  or  flow 
of  air,  as  a  damper  or  register. 

air-reservoir  (ar'rez'er-vwor),  n.  See  air- 
holder  and  air-vessel. 

air-sac (ar'sak), M.  1.  Inorni'Wf., alargeair-cell; 
an  air-space,  an  air-receptacle,  or  a  pneumato- 
cyst;  one  of  the  membranous  bags  or  receptee 
cles  of  air  lodged  in  the  hollow  bones  and  the 
ca'vities  of  the  body  of  birds,  and  commimicating 
with  the  lungs. —  2.  pi.  The  elongated  cavities 
forming  the  ultimate  branches  of  the  air-pas- 
sages in  the  lungs  of  mammals.  Also  called 
infund'ibula. 

air-scuttle  (ar'skufl),  n.  Same  as  air-port,  (b). 

air-setting  (ar'sef'ing),  a.  Setting  or  harden- 
ing on  exposm'e  to  air,  as  common  mortar. 

air-shaft  (ar'shaft),  >?.  1.  Same  as  air-pit. — 2. 
Any  ventilating  shaft. 

air-slaked  (ar'slakt),  a.  Hydrated  and  disin- 
tegrated by  exposure  to  atmospheric  air :  as, 
air-slaked  lime. 

air-sollar  (ar'sol^'ar),  n.  A  compartment,  pas- 
sageway, or  brattice  carried  beneath  the  floor 
of  a  heading  or  an  excavation  in  a  coal-mine, 
for  ventilation.    See  sollar. 

air-space  (ar'spas),  n.  1.  In  omith.,  an  air- 
cell  of  large  size  ;  an  air-receptacle  or  a  pneu- 
matoeyst  (which see). —  2.  Inmed.  and  sanitary 
science,  the  clear  cubic  contents  of  a  room,  as 
the  ward  of  a  hospital,  with  reference  to  the 
respirable  air  contained  in  it :  as,  air-space  per 
man,  so  many  cubic  feet. — 3.  In  firearms,  a 
vacant  space  between  the  powder-charge  and 
the  projectile. 

air-spring  (ar'spring),  M.  Any  device  designed 
to  resist  a  sudden  pressure,  as  the  recoil  of  a 
gim,  the  momentum  of  a  railroad-car,  or  the 
thrust  of  the  moving  parts  of  a  machine,  by 
means  of  the  elasticity  of  compressed  ah.  The 
common  form  is  that  of  a  cylinder  containing  air  which  is 
compressed  by  a  piston  or  plunger.  Same  as  pneumatic 
spring.    Also  called  air-cushion  or  air-buffer. 

air-S'tack  (ar'stak),  ??.  A  chimney  used  for  ven- 
tilating a  coal-mine.  [Pennsylvania.] 

air-stove  (ar'stov),  n.  A  stove  provided  with 
flues  about  the  fire-box  and  chamber,  the  air 
in  which  when  heated  ascends  through  pipes 
to  the  apartments  to  be  supplied  with  warmth. 
See  air-furnace  and  heater. 

air-strake  (ar'strak),  n.  In  ship-building,  an 
opening  left  for  ventilating  purposes  between 
two  planks  of  the  inside  ceiling  of  a  ship. 

airt  (art),  n.  [Also  spelled  airth,  art,  arth ;  < 
Gael,  aird,  drd  =  It.  ard,  a  height,  top,  point, 
a  promontory,  a  point  of  the  compass,  esp.  one 
of  the  four  cardinal  points,  a  quarter  of  the 
heavens.]  Point  of  the  compass;  direction. 
[Scotch.] 

Of  a'  the  ot)'(.s'  the  wind  can  blaw, 

I  dearly  lo'e  the  west.  Burns,  Song. 

airt  (art),  V.  t.  [Also  spelled  art,  ert;  <  airt,  «.] 
To  direct  or  point  out  the  way :  as,  can  you  airt 
me  to  the  school-house  ?  [Scotch.] 

air-thermometer  (ar'ther-mom"e-ter),  n.  A 
thermometer  in  which  air  is  used  instead  of 
mercury,  it  has  the  advantage  of  being  more  delicatr 
and  accurate,  and  can  be  employed  at  any  temperature  ; 
but  it  is  difficult  to  use,  and  hence  is  en)ployed  only  in 
physical  experiments.  It  is  useful  as  a  standard  with  whicli 
the  indications  of  ordinary  thermometers  may  be  con i 
pared.  Leslie's  differential  thermometer  is  a  kind  of  air 
thermometer.    See  thermometer. 

air-thread  (ar'thred), «.  A  spider's  threadfloat- 
ing  in  the  air.    Also  called  air-gossamer. 

air-tight  (ar'tit),  a.  So  tight  or  close  as  to  be 
impermeable  to  air:  as,  an  air-tight  Yessel — Air- 
tight stove,  akind  of  sheet-iron  stove  in  which  wood  isuseil 
as  fuel :  so  named  because,  although  not  literally  air-tight, 
it  is  practically  so  in  comparison  with  an  open  fireplace. 

air-trap  (ar'trap),  n.  1 .  A  contrivance  for  pre- 
venting the  access,  as  to  a  room,  of  the  effluvia 
arising  from  drains  and  sinks. — 2.  A  reservoir 
and  escape-valve  placed  at  the  joints  or  higher 
points  of  a  water-main  or  pipe-line  to  allow  the 
escape  of  air  which  may  accumulate  in  the  pipes. 

air-trunk  (ar'trungk),  n.  A  large  conduit  for 
supplying  pure  air  to,  or  for  removing  foul  or 
heated  air  from,  theaters,  etc. 


air-tube 

air-tube  (ar'tub),  n.  1.  In  soiil.,  a  name  given 
to  certain  horny  passages  for  air  in  the  abdo- 
men of  some  aquatic  insects. —  2.  Naut.,  a  small 
iron  tube  filled  with  water  and  hung  in  a  coal- 
box  in  the  eoal-bunkers  of  a  steamship  as  a 
means  of  ascertaining  the  temperatm-e  of  the 
coal.  The  temperature  of  the  water  is  taken  by  means 
of  a  thermometer.  Its  use  is  a  precaution  against  tlie 
spontaneous  combustion  of  tlie  coal. 

3.  The  tube  of  an  atmospheric  railway,  as  the 
pneumatic  tube  (which  see,  xmder  tube). 
air-tumbler  (ar 'tum"bler),  n.    That  which 
tumbles  through  the  air ;  specifically,  a  kind  of 
pigeon. 

Mr.  Brent,  however,  had  an  Air-Tumbler  .  .  .  whicli 
had  in  both  wings  eleven  primaries. 

Darwin,  Var.  of  Animals  and  Plants,  p.  167. 

air-valve  (ar'valv),  n.  In  general,  a  valve  de- 
signed to  control  the  flow  of  air.  Specifically 
— 1.  A  valve  placed  upon  a  steam-boiler  to  ad- 
mit air,  and  thus  prevent  the  formation  of  a 
vacuum  by  the  condensation  of  steam  within 
when  the  boiler  is  cooling  off,  and  the  conse- 
quent tendency  to  collapse. — 2.  A  valve  placed 
at  bends  and  summits  of  water-pipes,  etc.,  for 
the  outflow  of  air,  as  when  the  pipes  are  being 
filled,  and  for  the  ingress  of  air  to  prevent  the 
formation  of  a  vacuum  when  the  water  is  drawn 
out. 

air-vesicle  (ar'ves'i-kl),  1.  In  entom.,  a 
dilatation  of  the  trachea  of  certain  insects, 
which  enables  them  to  change  their  specific 
gravity  by  filling  the  trachea  with  or  emptying 
it  of  air. — 2.  In  ichth.,  a  vesicle  containing  air, 
connected  with  the  swim-bladder  and  also  with 
the  ear-parts. 

air-vessel  (ar'ves'''el),  ».  1.  An  air-chamber  or 
air-holder,  especially  one  which  serves  as  a  res- 
ervoir of  air  in  certain  machines,  as  in  carbu- 
reters.— 2.  The  air-chamber  of  certain  pumps. 
In  the  feed-pumps  of  a  steam-boiler  an  air-vessel  is  used 
which  serves  both  to  equalize  the  flow  of  the  water  and  to 
collect  from  it  the  free  air  which  is  an  active  agent  in  the 
corrosion  of  boilers.  In  pumping-engines  working  against 
considerable  heads  and  into  long  rising  mains,  such  air- 
vessels  are  made  of  great  size  to  insure  steady  flow. 
3.  In  mat.  and  zodl.,  a  cavity  of  the  body  re- 
ceiving, containing,  or  conveying  atmospheric 
air ;  an  air-tube,  air-cell,  or  air-chamber ;  espe- 
cially, a  respiratory  passage,  as  the  windpipe  of 
a  vertebrate  or  the  trachea  of  an  insect. 
Also  called  air-reservoir. 

airward,  airwards  (ar'ward,  -wardz),  adv.  [< 
airi  +  -ward,  -loards.']  tTp  into  the  air;  up- 
ward: as,  "soar  airwards  again,"  ThacJceray, 
Shabby-Genteel  Story,  iv. 

air-washings  (ar'wosh"ingz),  n.  pi.  Any  fluid 
in  which  air  has  been  washed,  or  the  residue  left 
after  the  evaporation  of  such  fluid.  The  process  of 

washing  consists  either  in  causing  air  to  buljble  slowly 
through  the  fluid,  or  in  agitating  a  confined  volume  of  air 
with  the  fluid.  The  air  in  either  case  gives  up  to  the  fluid  the 
dust,  spores,  and  other  foreign  substances  suspended  in  it. 

In  several  cases,  the  air-washings  which  were  under  ex- 
amination gave  a  distinct,  clear,  green  coloration  in  place 
of  the  characteristic  yellowish-brown  precipitate  pro- 
duced by  ammonia.  Science,  III.  463. 

airway  (ar'wa),  w.  Any  passage  in  a  mine 
used  for  purposes  of  ventilation ;  an  air-cotirse. 
[In  England,  to  fill  up,  obstruct,  or  damage  an  airway  ma- 
hciously  is  a  felony.] 

air-wood  (ar'wiid),  n.  Wood  dried  or  seasoned 
by  exposm-e  to  the  air,  and  not  artificially. 

Have  the  veneers  ready,  which  must  be  air-wood,  not 
too  dry.  Workshop  Receipts,  1st  ser.,  p.  414. 

airyl  (ar'i),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  airie,  ayry,  aiery, 
ayery  (sometimes,  and  still  poet.,  aery,  after  L. 
aerms:  see  aery''-),  <  ME.  ayery;  <  air'-  (in  sense 
8,  <  aM-2,  ult.  =  air'-)  -I-  -yi.]  1.  Consisting  of 
or  having  the  character  of  air;  immaterial; 
ethereal. 

The  thinner  and  more  airy  parts  of  bodies.  Bacon. 
Oft,  as  in  airy  rings  they  skim  the  heath. 
The  clamorous  lapwings  feel  the  leaden  death. 

Po2M,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  131. 

2.  Relating  or  belonging  to  the  air;  being  in 
the  air ;  aerial. 

Her  eye  in  heaven 
«  ould  through  the  airy  region  stream  so  bright. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  il.  2. 
Airy  navies  grappling  in  the  central  blue. 

Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 

3.  Open  to  a  free  current  of  air ;  breezy :  as, 
an  airy  situation. 

And  by  the  moon  the  reaper  weary. 
Piling  sheaves  in  uplands  airy. 

Tennyson,  Lady  of  Shalott. 

4.  Light  as  air;  intangible;  unsubstantial; 
empty ;  unreal ;  flimsy :  as,  airy  ghosts. 

The  poet's  pen  .  .  .  gives  to  airy  nothing 
A  local  habitation  and  a  name. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  v.  1. 


125 

I  hold  ambition  of  so  airy  and  light  a  quality,  that  it  is 
but  a  shadow's  shadow.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

5.  Visionary;  speculative:  as,  airy  notions;  an 
airy  metaphysician. — 6.  Graceful ;  delicate. 

E'en  the  slight  hare-bell  raised  its  head, 
Elastic  from  her  airy  tread. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  i.  18. 

Here  delicate  snow-stars,  out  of  the  cloud, 
Come  floating  downward  in  airy  play. 

Bryant,  Snow-Shower. 

7.  Light  in  manner  or  movement ;  sprightly ; 
gay;  lively. 

It  saddens  the  heart  to  see  a  man,  from  whom  nature 
has  withheld  all  perception  of  the  tones  and  attitudes  of 
humour,  labouring  with  all  his  might  to  be  airyani  play- 
ful. Gifford,  I'ord's  Plays,  Int.,  p.  xlv. 

Chaucer  works  still  in  the  solid  material  of  his  race,  but 
with  what  airy  lightness  has  he  not  infused  it? 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  252. 

8.  Jaunty ;  full  of  airs ;  affectedly  lofty ;  preten- 
tious.—  9.  In  painting,  showing  that  proper  re- 
cession of  all  parts  which  expresses  distance 

and  atmosphere.  =  Syn.  Airy,  Aerial,  aeriform.  Ainj 
is  more  open  to  figurative  meanings  than  aerial.  The  latter 
is  the  more  exact  word  in  other  respects  ;  it  applies  to  the 
air  as  atmosphere:  as,  aerial  navigation.  Airy  applies 
rather  to  air  in  motion,  and  to  that  which  has  the  quali- 
ties, literal  or  imagined,  of  air. 

Echo's  no  more  an  empty  airy  sound ; 
But  a  fail'  nymph  that  weeps  her  lover  drown'd. 

Dryden,  Art  of  Poetry,  iii.  598. 
We  have  already  discovered  the  art  of  coasting  along 
the  aerial  shores  of  oui-  planet,  by  means  of  balloons. 

Irviny,  Knickerbocker,  p.  77. 
airy^t  (ar'i),  n.    An  old  and  better  spelling  of 
aery^. 

airy^  (ar'i),  n.    A  provincial  form  of  area. 

aisle  (il),  11.  [<  ME.  ele,  liele,  eille,  eyle,  ille,  ylle, 
He,  yle,  whence  in  early  mod.  E.  isle,  and  even 
yland  (see  ile'^,  isle^),  by  confusion  with  ME.  He, 
yle,  later  corruptly  isle  (see  He'-,  isle'-),  <  OF.  ele, 
eele,  ale,  later  aelle,  aile  (whence  the  mod.  E. 
spelling  aile,  recently  spelled  with  s,  aisle,  after 
«5fe2,  isle'-,  as  above),  aisle,  wing  of  a  church,  < 
L.  dla,  a  wing,  wing  of  a  building,  upper  end 
of  the  arm,  a  contr.  of  *axula,  *axla,  dim.  (dou- 
ble dim.  axilla :  see  axil)  of  axis :  see  ala,  axis, 
axle.  The  s  in  aisle,  isle^  is  thus  unoriginal ;  the 
pronunciation  has  remained  true  to  the  proper 
historical  spelling  He.}  Properly,  a  lateral  sub- 
division of  a  church,  parallel  to  the  nave, 
choir,  or  transept,  from  which  it  is  divided  by 
piers  or  columns,  and  often  surmounted  by  a 

gallery.  The  term  is  also  improperly  applied  to  the  cen- 
tral or  main  division  :  as,  a  three-aisled  chm-ch,  that  is,  a 
church  with  a  nave  and  two  aisles.    It  is  also  used  to  des- 


South  Aisle  of  Rouen  Cathedral  (13th  century). 


ignate  the  alleys  or  divisions  of  other  structures,  such 
as  mosques,  Egyptian  temples,  theaters,  public  halls,  etc. 
As  popularly  applied  to  churches  in  which  the  nave  and 
aisles  proper  are  filled  with  pews,  and  in  general  to  modern 
places  of  assembly,  ai'-sie  denotes  merely  a  passageway  giv- 
ing access  to  the  seats  :  as,  the  center  aisle  and  side  aisles. 
Sometimes  wi-itten  isle.    See  figure  showing  ground-plan 
of  a  cathedral,  under  cathedral. 
aisle  (a- la'),  a.    [F.  aisle,  aile,  pp.  of  aisJer, 
ailer,  give  wings  to,  <  aisle,  aile,  a  wing:  see 
aisle.']    In  Iwr.,  winged  or  having  wings, 
aisled  (ild),  a.    Fm-nished  with  aisles, 
aisleless  (il'les),  a.    [<  aisle  +  -less.']  Without 
aisles. 

The  so-called  Christian  basilica  may  have  been  a  simple 
oblong  aisleless  room  divided  by  a  cross  arch. 

Edinburyh  Rev.,  CLXIII.  46. 

aislet  (i'let),  M.    Misspelling  of  islet. 
aisle'tte,  «.    See  ailette. 

ait  (at),  n.  [Little  used  in  literature;  also 
spelled  aight,  eijet,  eyot,  eyght,  <  ME.  eyt,  ceit 
(also  in  comp.  eitlon'd  and  ceitlond,  an  island), 


ajutage 

earlier  *eyet,  <  AS.  "cget,  a  prob.  var.  of  iget 
(found  once  in  the  AS.  Charters),  an  ait,  another 
form  of  the  reg.  (W.  Saxon)  igoth,  also  spelled 
igcoth,  iggoth,  iggath  {"cgath  not  found),  an 
island,  with  suffix  -oth,  -dth,  here  appar.  dim., 
<  ig,  var.  eg,  an  island,  fouiul  in  mod.  E.  only 
as  the  first  element  of  i-land,  now  spelled  im- 
prop.  inland,  and  as  the  final  element  (-ew,  -ca, 
-y)  in  certain  place-names:  see  is  tod  and  2.] 
A  small  island  in  a  river  or  lake. 

Fog  up  the  river,  where  it  flows  among  green  aits  and 
meadows.  Dickens. 

aitcb  (ach),  n.  A  modem  spelling  of  the  name 
of  the  letter  i/;  formerly  written  ac/jc.  See//, 
aitchbone  (aeh'bon),  n.  [Written  and  pron.  va- 
riously, aitch-,  H-,  ach-,  each-,  edge-,  ash-,  ische-, 
ise-,  izc-,  ice-hone,  etc.,  and  even  turned  into 
haunch-,  hook-,  ridge-bone,  etc.,  all  being  cor- 
ruptions or  erroneous  explanations  of  the 
misunderstood  or  not-understood  original  ME. 
7iache-bone,  <  itache  (<  OF.  vachc,  nagc,  the  but- 
tock, <  ML.  *natica,  <  L.  natis,  buttock)  +  bone'^. 
The  initial  n  was  early  lost,  as  in  adder'^ ;  hence 
the  form  ach-,  hach-hone,  etc.]  The  bone  of  the 
buttock  or  rimip  in  cattle ;  the  cut  of  beef  which 
includes  this  bone. 

Kerve  up  the  flesh  ther  up  to  the  hach-hone. 

Book  of  St.  Albans  (1486). 

aitchpiece  (aeh'pes),  w.  [<  aitch,  the  name  of  the 
letter  H,  -¥  piece.  ]   A  part  of  a  plunger  or  force- 
pump  by  which  the  water  is  forced  into  the 
stand-pipe  through  the  door-piece.  Also  H-piece. 
aith  (ath),  n.    Scotch  form  of  oath. 
aitiology  (a-ti-ol'o-ji),  «.     Another  spelling, 
nearer  the  Greek,  of  (etiology. 
aits  (ats),  M.    Scotch  form  of  oats. 
aiver  (a'ver),  n.    Scotch  form  of  aver^,  a  work- 
horse. 

Aix  (aks),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aif  {a'ly-),  a  water- 
bird,  appar.  of  the  goose  kind;  prop,  a  goat.] 
A  genus  of  fresh-water  ducks,  of  the  family 
Anatidce  and  subfamily  Anatime,  noted  for  the 
elegance  of  their  i)lumage.  it  includes  the  cele- 
brated mandarin-duck  of  China,  A.  gale.riculata,  and  the 
beautiful  wood-duck  or  summer  duck  of  North  America, 
A.  sponsa.    Also  written  ^i'x. 

Aix  beds.    See  bed. 

aizle  (a'zl  or  e'zl),  H.    Scotch  form  of  isle^. 
ajaia,  ajaja,  «.   See  aiaia. 
ajar^  (a-jar'),  2^rep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.    [<  a^ 
+jar'-,  discord.]    Out  of  harmony;  jarring. 

Any  accident  .  .  .  that  puts  an  individual  ajar  with  the 
world.  Hawthorne,  Marble  Faun,  I.  xiii. 

ajar^  (a-jar'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<ME. 
on  char,  ajar,  lit.  on  the  tui-n ;  rare  as  applied 
to  a  door,  but  common  in  other  senses :  on, 
prep.,  on;  char,  cherre,  etc.,  a  tm'n,  time,  piece 
of  work,  etc. :  see  «3  and  jar^  =  char^.  The 
change  of  ME.  ch  to  E.  j  is  very  rare ;  it  appears 
also  in  jowl  and  jaw,  q.  v.]  On  the  turn;  nei- 
ther quite  open  nor  shut ;  partly  opened :  said 
of  a  door. 

Leave  the  door  ajar 
When  he  goes  wistful  by  at  dinner-time. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  129. 

ajava  (aj'a-va),  n.    Same  as  ajoivan. 

ajee,  agee  (a-j'e'),  prcii.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  «3 
+  jee  or  gee :  seejee,  gee.]  Awry ;  off  the  right 
line;  obliquely;  wrong.  [Scotch  and  prov. 
Eng.] 

His  brain  was  a  wee  ajee,  but  he  was  a  braw  preacher  for 
a'  that.  Scott,  Old  Mortality,  xxiv. 

ajouan,  «.    See  ajowan. 

ajoupa  (a-jo'pa),  n.  [F.  spelling  of  native 
name.]  A  hut  or  wigwam,  built  on  piles  and 
covered  with  branches,  leaves,  or  rushes. 

h  jour  (a  zhor).  [F. :  a,  to,  with;  jowr,  day: 
sdQ  journal.]  In  decorative  art,  pierced  through; 
showing  daylight  through.  Said  of  carving  where 
the  work  is  carried  throuj.'h  the  solid  mass,  leaving  open 
spaces,  and  also  of  embroidery,  metal-work,  or  any  other 
fabric  ;  said  also  of  translucent  designs,  as  in  eimmel 
or  intaglio,  when  meant  to  be  seen  by  transmitted  rather 
than  reflecteil  light.    Also  called  a  giorno.    See  open  work. 

ajoure  (a-zho-ra'),  a.  [F.,  as  if  pp.  of  *ujourer, 
let  daylight  thi-ough,  <  djottr:  see  above.]  In 
her. ,  said  of  any  ordinary  or  bearing  of  which  the 
rniddle  part  is  taken  away,  leaving  only  an  outer 
rim,  through  or  within  which  the  field  is  seen. 

ajo'wan,  ajouan  (aj'o-an),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  The 
fruit  of  an  annual  umbelliferous  plant.  Amnti 
Copticum,  cultivated  in  Egypt,  Persia,  andlndia. 
It  is  much  used  as  a  condiment  and  as  a  carminative. 
The  oil  extracted  from  it  contains  thymol  or  thymic  acid. 
Also  called  ajaca  oTjaranee  seeds. 

ajustt,  V.  t._    An  old  spelling  of  adjust. 
ajutage  (aj'6-taj),  n.    [<  F.  ajoutage,  something 

added,  (.ajoutcr,  add,  join:  see  adjust.]  Prop.. 

erly,  a  short  tube,  or  nozle,  inserted  into  the  wall 


ajutage 

of  a  vessel  or  into  the  end  of  a  pipe,  so  shaped 
as  to  offer  the  least  frictional  resistance  to  the 
outflow  of  a  liquid.  The  cross-section  of  an  ajutage  is 
generally  circular ;  longitudinally,  the  most  advantageous 
section  approaches  that  of  two  frustums  of  cones  with  their 
smaller  bases  in  contact.  The  word  is  also  used  for  the 
spout  or  nozle  of  a  funnel  or  of  a  fountain.  Sometimes 
spelled  adjutage. 

akamatsu  (a-ka-mats'),  n.  [<  Jap.  aka,  red,  + 
matsu,  pine.]  Japanese  red  pine;  the  Finns 
densiflora. 

akazga  (a-kaz'ga),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  kind 
of  poison  used  as  an  ordeal  in  Africa.  Also 
called  houdou  (see  voudou)  and  quai. 

akazgia  (a-kaz'ji-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  akazga.'\  An 
alkaloid  obtained  from  akazga,  resemhling 
strychnine  in  its  physiological  action. 

akbeer  (ak'ber),  n.  [Hind.]  A  red  powder 
thrown  on  the  clothes  and  person  at  Hindu  fes- 
tivals. 

ake,  n.  and  v.    See  aclie^. 

Akebia  (a-ke'bi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Jap.  afcefti.]  A 
genus  of  woody  climbing  plants,  natural  order 
Berberidacece,  of  China  and  Japan,  a.  quinata  has 
been  introduced  into  cultivation,  and  is  a  handsome,  hardy 
Tine,  \vith  dark-green  digitate  leaves  and  small  purplish 
flowers. 

akee  (a-ke'),  n.  The  Cupania  (Blighia)  sapida, 
natural  order  Sapindacece,  a  native  of  Guinea, 
whence  it  was  car- 
ried by  Captain 
Bligh  to  Jamaica  in 
1793,  and  thence  dis- 
seminated over  the 
West  Indies  and 
South  America,  it 
is  a  small  tree,  with  ash-  r^^^cui^ 
like  leaves  and  a  fleshy  ^ukcci-iuiL. 
fruit  containing  several  large  jet-black  seeds  partly  em- 
bedded in  a  white  spongy  aril.  This  aril  when  cooked 
becomes  somewhat  like  custard,  and  is  highly  es- 
teemed. 

akehornf,  n.    A  corrupt  spelling  of  acorn. 

akelet,  v.  t.  [<1ME.  akelen  (also  achelen),  <  AS. 
dcelan,  (.  d-  +  celan,  >  E.  keel^,  make  cool:  see 
keel?  and  acoZ<?.]  To  make  cold;  cool.  Court 
of  Love. 

akembo,  akembow  (a-kem'bo),  prep.  phr.  as 

adv.    See  akimbo. 
akene,  akenium,  n.    Same  as  achenium,  1. 
aker^t  (a'ker),  n.  The  old  and  regular  spelling 

of  acre. 

aker^t,  n.    Older  form  of  acker^. 
Akera  (ak'e-ra),  n.    Same  as  Accra,  1. 
akernt,  n.    The  historically  correct  but  long 

obsolete  spelling  of  acorn. 
akerspiret,  »•  and  n.   An  old  spelling  of  acro- 

spire. 

aker-staflft,  n.    See  acre-staff. 

akey  (ak'a),  n.  [Native  term.]  The  monetary 
standard  of  the  Gold  Coast  of  Africa,  equal  to 
20  grains  of  gold-dust,  or  about  80  cents. 

akimbo,  akimbow  (a-kim'bo),  prep.  phr.  as 
adv.  or  a.  [Eecently  also  written  akembo, 
akembow,  earlier  a-kimbo,  a-kembo,  a  kimbow,  a 
kembo,  on  kimbo,  on  kimbow,  and  by  apheresis 
himbo,  kimbow,  kembo  (used  attrib.  as  an  adj. 
and  also  as  a  verb :  see  kimbo,  kimbow),  also 
with  perverted  termination,  a-kimboU,  a-kem- 
ioU,  on  kemboll,  a  kenbold,  a  kenbol,  early  mod. 
E.  a  kenboiv,  on  kenbow,  <  ME.  (once)  in  kene- 
howe,  i.  e.,  'in  keen  bow,'  in  a  sharp  bend,  at 
an  acute  angle,  presenting  a  sharp  elbow :  in 
or  on,  E.  a3 ;  kene,  E.  keen'^,  sharp-pointed, 
sharp-edged  (in  common  use  in  ME.  as  ap- 
plied to  the  point  of  a  spear,  pike,  dagger,  goad, 
thorn,  hook,  anchor,  etc.,  or  the  edge  of  a  knife, 
sword,  ax,  etc.);  bowe,  E.  bow^,  a  bend:  see 
a^,  keen^,  boic^,  and  cf.  elbow  ;  for  the  phonetic 
changes,  cf .  alembic,  limbeck,  and  keelson,  kelson, 
kilson.  In  its  earliest  use,  and  often  later,  the 
term  connotes  a  bold  or  defiant  attitude,  in- 
volving, perhaps,  an  allusion  to  keen  in  its  other 
common  ME.  sense  of  'bold.'  Previous  ex- 
planations, all  certainly  erroneous,  have  been : 
(1)  It.  aschembo,  asghembo,  or  rather  a  schembo, 
a  sghembo,  across,  awry,  obliquely  (Skinner, 
Wedgwood);  (2)  <  a  cambok,  in  the  manner  of 
a  crooked  stick  (ME.  cambok.  Sc.  cammock,  a 
crooked  stick,  a  shinny-club :  see  cammock^) ; 
(3)  a  cam,  bow,  in  a  crooked  bow :  a  phrase  in- 
vented for  the  purpose,  like  the  once-occurring 
a^gambo  for  akembo,  simulating  cam^,  gamb;  (4) 
Icel.  kengboginn,  crooked,  <  kengr,  a  crook,  sta- 
ple, bend,  bight,  +  boginn,  bent,  pp.  of  bjugn  = 
AS.  bugan,  E.  bow^:  see  kink  and  6o««l.]  Lit- 
erally, in  a  sharp  bend ;  at  an  acute  angle ; 
adjeetively,  bent;  crooked:  said  of  the  arms 
when  the  hands  are  on  the  hips  and  the  elbows 
are  bent  outward  at  an  acute  angle. 


126 

The  hoost  .  .  .  set  his  bond  in  kenebowe.  .  .  . 
Woulst  thow,  said  he  to  Beryn,  for  to  skorne  me  ? 

Tale  of  Beryn  (ed.  Furnivall),  1837. 
A  book  through  which  folly  and  ignorance,  those  breth- 
ren so  lame  and  impotent,  do  ridiculously  look  very  big 
and  very  dull,  strut  and  hobble,  cheek  by  jowl,  with  their 
arras  oti  himbo,  being  led  and  supported,  and  bully-backed 
by  that  blind  Hector,  Impudence. 

Dennis,  Pope's  Ess.  on  Criticism,  p.  30. 
That  struts  in  this  fashion  with  his  Arms  a  kimbo,  like 
a  City  Magistrate.  Dryden,  Amphitryon,  ii. 

She  would  clap  her  arms  a  kimbo. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  187. 

akin  (a-kin'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  o*  + 
kin^;  earlier  o/  kin,  which  is  still  in  use:  see 
fcijil,  n.  Sometimes  abbr.  kin:  see  a.] 
Of  kin.  Specifically— (a)  Related  by  blood;  hence,  in- 
timately allied,  as  by  aftinity,  union,  or  structure :  as,  the 
two  families  are  near  akin ;  the  buffalo  is  akin  to  the  ox. 
Akin  to  thine  is  this  declining  frame. 
And  this  poor  beggar  claims  an  Uncle's  name. 

Crabbe,  Parish  Register. 
Wert  thou  akin  to  me  in  some  new  name 
Dearer  than  sister,  mother,  or  all  blood, 
I  would  not  hear  thee  speak. 

Beati.  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Malta,  i.  3. 

(6)  Allied  by  nature ;  partaking  of  the  same  properties : 
as,  envy  and  jealousy  are  nearatiji ;  "pity's  akin  to  love," 
Southern,  Oroonoko,  ii.  1. 

Near  akin  as  the  judicial  and  military  actions  originally 
are,  they  are  naturally  at  first  discharged  by  the  same 
agency.  H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  528. 

=  Syn.  Kin,  kindred,  cognate,  analogous. 

akinesia  (ak-i-ne'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKivrjata, 
quiescence,  motionlessness,  <  a-  priv.  +  Ktvijaic, 
motion,  <  Ktveiv,  move.]  Paralysis  of  the  motor 
nerves ;  loss  of  the  power  of  voluntary  motion. 
Also  written  acincsia,  akincsis. 

akinesic  (ak-i-ne'sik),  a.  Pertaining  to,  of  the 
nature  of,  or  characterized  by  akinesia. 

akinesis  (ak-i-ne'sis),  «.    Same  as  akinesia. 

Akkad^  n.    See  Accad. 

Akkadian,  a.  and  n.    See  Accadian. 

akmi'te,  «.    See  acmite. 

aknee  (a-ue'),  ^jrejj.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  ME.  a  kne, 
a  cne,  on  kne,  on  cneowe,  <  AS.  on  cneow :  on,  E. 
a3;  cnedw,  E.  knee.'\  On  the  knee  or  knees. 
[Bare.] 

Aknee  they  fell  before  the  Prince. 

Southey,  Madoc. 

akno'Wt,  akno'wledget.  Older  forms  of  acknow, 

acknowledge. 
ako  (ak'6),  n.    [Hung,  ako.']  A  liquid  measure 

used  in  Hungary,  equal  to  about  18^  gallons, 
akornf,  n.    An  old  spelling  of  acorn. 
al^  (al),  n.    [<  Hind,  dl,  a  plant  (see  def.).]  A 

plant  of  the  genus  Morinda,  allied  to  the  madder. 
aPt,  a.,  adv.,  and  n.    An  old  form  of  all. 
Al.    In  chem.,  the  symbol  for  aluminium. 
al-^.    An  assimilated  form  of  Latin  ad- before  I 

(see  ad-);  also  an  erroneous  form  of  from 

-Anglo-Saxon  a-.    See  ad-. 

al-2.  [Ar.  al,  in  mod.  At.  commonly  e?;  before 
a  sibilant  or  a  liquid,  the  I  is  assimilated  (as-, 
05-,  ar-,  am-,  an-,  etc.),  with, the  elision  of  the 
vowel  if  another  vowel  precedes.]  A  prefix  in 
some  words  of  Arabic  origin,  being  the  Arabic 
definite  article  "the ";  as  in  alcaid,  alchemy,  al- 
cohol, alcove,  Aldebaran,  algebra,  alguazil,  alkali, 
Alkoran,  etc.;  and,  variously  disguised,  in  apri- 
cot, artichoke,  assagai,  azimuth,  hazard,  lute,  etc. ; 
also  el,  as  in  elixir. 

-al.  [<  F.  -al,  -el  =  8p.  Pg.  -al  -  It.  -ale,  <  L. 
-dlis,  acc.  -diem,  an  adj.  suffix,  'of  the  kind  of,' 
'pertaining  to,'  varying  with  -am,  orig.  the 
same  as  -dlis,  and  iised  for  it  when  I  precedes, 
as  in  al-aris,  E.  al-ar :  see  -ar3.  In  OF.  this  suf- 
fi-x  was  reg.  -el,  >  ME.  -el,  but  afterward  -al 
prevailed:  cf.  mortal,  annual,  gradual,  n.,  etc. 
As  a  noun  suffix,  -al  is  due  to  the  adj.  suffix,  L. 
-dlis,  neut.  -die,  in  noims  also  -al  (as  animal, 
animal).  In  espousal,  and  some  other  words, 
-al  is  ult.  due  to  L.  -dl-ia,  neut.  plur. ;  hence 
the  plur.  E.  form,  espousals.  In  bridal  and 
burial  -al  is  of  different  origin.  Cf.  -el  and-iZ.] 
A  very  common  suffix,  of  Latin  origin,  it  forms 
from  nouns  in  Latin,  and  thence  in  English  — (a)  Adjec- 
tives, as  in  oral  [<  L.  or-dlis,  <  os  (or-),  mouth],  manual  [<  L. 
manu-dlis,  <  manu-s,  hand],  etc. :  in  this  use  equivalent  to 
-ar,  of  the  same  ultimate  origin,  as  in  alar,  polar,  both 
forms  occurring  with  a  difl'erentiation  of  meaning  in  lin- 
eal, linear  (which  see),  (b)  Secondary  from  primary  adjec- 
tives, as  in  equal[(.  L.  oequ-dlis,<^cequ-us,  equal],  whence  in 
English  -al  is  now  applied  to  Latin  adjectives  ending  in 
-e-us,  -i-us,  -u-un,  -rn-us,  -is,  -ic-us,  etc.,  to  give  them  a  dis- 
tinctive English  form,  as  in  aerial,  senatorial,  perpetual, 
eternal,  celestial,  medical,  etc.,  and  similarly  to  Greek  ad- 
jectives in  -iK-os,  -aK-os,  -oei6->)s (English  -ic,  -ac,  -oid),  etc., 
as  in  musical,  heliacal,  rhomboidal,  etc.;  hence  in  some 
cases  a  differentiation  of  meaning,  as  in  comi^i  and  comical, 
historic  and  historical,  etc.  (c)  Nouns  from  such  adjec- 
tives, as  in  animal,  rival,  etc.  (d)  Nouns  from  verbs  in 
English  after  the  analogy  of  espousal,  as  in  denial,  pro- 
posal, refusal,  etc.,  and  even  from  native  English  verbs,  as 
in  bestowal,  betrothal,  vnthdrawal,  etc. 


alabaster 

k  la  (a  la).  [F. :  (i,  <  L.  ad,  to ;  la,  fern,  of  def. 
art.  le,  <  L.  ille,  fem.  illa.\  To  the;  in  the; 
hence,  according  to ;  in  the  (fashion  of) ;  after 
the  (manner  of):  as,  h  lafrancaise,  after  the  man- 
ner of  the  French ;  d  la  mode,  in  the  fashion. 

ala  (a'la),  n. ;  pi.  alw  (a'le).  [L.,  a  wing:  see 
aisle  and  axil.l  1.  In  bot. :  (a)  One  of  the  two 
side  petals  of  a  papilionaceous  blossom,  or  the 
membranous  expansion  of  an  organ,  as  of  a 
fruit,  seed,  stem,  etc.  See  cut  under  banner, 
(b)  In  mosses,  one  of  the  basal  lobes  or  aimcles 
of  the  leaves,  (c)  An  axilla  or  axil.  [Ran 
in  this  sense.] — 2.  In  anat.,  zodl.,  etc.:  (a)  A 
wing.  (6)  Any  part  of  a  wing-like  or  flap-like 
character:  as,  aJa  auris,  the  upper  and  outer 
part  of  the  external  ear.  (c)  The  armpit. — 3. 
jd.  Specifically,  in  Cirripedia,  the  lateral  part.'- 
of  the  shell,  as  distinguished  from  the  parictcs, 
when  they  are  overlapped  by  others;  when 
they  overlap  they  are  termed  radii. — 4.  In  anc. 
Bom.  arch.,  a  wing  or  a  small  apartment  placed 
on  each  side  of  the  atrium  of  a  Roman  house. 

Audsley — Ala  Cinerea  (ash-gray  wing),  a  triangular 
area  on  each  side  of  the  hinder  part  of  the  floor  of  the 
fourth  ventricle  of  the  brain,  darker  than  the  rest  ami 
containing  nuclei  of  the  vagus  and  glossopliaryngeuE 
nerves. — Alae  cordis  (wings  of  the  heart),  in  entom.,  tliu 
series  of  attachments  of  the  dorsal  vessel  or  heart  of  an 
insect  to  the  walls  of  the  body  or  other  support. 

In  Insecta  it  [the  dorsal  vessel]  is  attached  to  the  wall 
of  the  body,  and  sometimes  even  to  the  tracheae  (in  the 
larvse  of  the  Muscidse),  by  the  aim  cordis. 

Gegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  283. 
AIS9  nasi  (^vings  of  the  nose),  the  parts  forming  the 
outer  or  lateral  boundaries  of  the  nostrils. — Alae  Of  the 
diaphragm,  in  anat.,  its  lateral  leaflets.— Alae  vomerls 
(wings  of  the  vomer),  the  lateral  projections  of  the  supe- 
rior border  of  the  vomer. — Ala  notha  (false  wing),  in 
ornith.,  the  parapterum ;  the  scapular,  axillary,  and  tertia) 
feathers  of  a  bird  s  wing,  collectively  considered.— Ala 
sphenoldalis,  wing  of  the  sphenoid  bone,  especially  tin 
greater  wing.  See  cut  under  sphenoid.  —  Ala  spuria,  in 
ornith.  See  alula.— Ala.  vespertilionls  (bat's  wing),  :i 
term  applied  to  the  broad  ligament  of  the  human  uterus 
and  associated  parts,  from  some  fancied  resemblance  to  a 
bat's  wing. 

Alabamian  (al-a-ba'mi-an),  a.  and  n.    I.  a. 

Pertaining  to  jOabama,  one  of  the  southern 
United  States. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  the  State 
of  Alabama. 

alabandine  (al-a-ban'din),  m.  1<.1j.  Alabandina 
(sc.  gemma),  a  precious  stone,  fem.  of  Alaban- 
dinus,  pertaining  to  Alabanda,  a  city  in  Caria, 
Asia  Minor,  now  Arab-Hissar.]  Manganese 
glance  or  blende,  a  sulphid  of  manganese.  Also 
called  alabandite. 

alabarch.  (al'a-bark),  n.  [<  L.  alabarclies,  more 
correctly  arabarches,  <  Gr.  'A?^apdpxvc,  more  cor- 
rectly 'ApapdpxJ/c,  the  prefect  of  the  Arabian 
nome  in  Egypt,  in  Josephus  appar.  as  in  def. , 
(."Apatp,  pi. 'ilpa/3ef ,  Arab,  +  dpxuv,  rule,  govern.] 
The  title  of  the  governor  or  chief  magistrate  of 
the  Jews  in  Alexandria  imder  the  Ptolemies 
and  Roman  emperors.    Also  written  arabarcli. 

Philo,  the  principal  of  the  Jewish  embassage,  .  .  . 
brother  to  Alexander  the  alabarch. 

Whiston,  tr.  of  Josephus,  Antiq.,  xviii.  8. 

alabaster  (al'a-bas-ter),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod. 
E.  usually  alablaster,  allablaster,<  ME.  alabastre, 
alabaster,  alabaustre,  alabast  (—  OD.  alabasf, 
abast,  D.  albast  =  Dan.  alabast  —  Sw.  albaster, 
now  alabaster),  <  OF.  alabastre,  F.  albdtre  =  Sp. 
Pg.  It.  alabastro  =  MHG.  G.  alabaster,  <  ML.  ala- 
bastrum,  alabaustrum,  alabaster  (the  mineral), 
<  L.  alabaster,  m.,  alabastrum,  neut.,  a  box  or 
casket  for  perfumes,  unguents,  etc.,  tapering 
to  a  point  at  the  top,  hence  also  the  form  of  a 
rose-bud,  =  Goth,  alabalstraun,  <  Gr.  dlajiaaTpor, 
m.,  okajiaaTpov,  neut.,  earlier  and  more  coiTCctly 
aXdpauTog,  a  box,  casket,  or  vase  of  alabaster 
(later  also  of  other  materials),  the  mineral 
itself  being  hence  known  as  aXaliaaurr/c  or  aAa- 
PaarpLTT]^,  L.  alabastrites  (see  alabastrites) ;  said 
to  be  named  from  a  town  in  Egypt  where  there 
were  quarries  of  alabaster;  but  in  fact  the 
town  was  named  from  the  quarries,  'AXalSaarpiip 
irdTiig  (Ptolemy),  L.  Alabastron  oppidum,  i.  e., 
'town  of  alabastra.'  In  Ar.  and  Pers.  alabas- 
ter is  called  n<Maw.]  I.  n.  If.  A  box,  casket, 
or  vase  made  of  alabaster.  See  alabastrum. — 
2.  A  marble-like  mineral  of  which  there  are 
two  well-known  varieties,  the  gypseous  and  the 
calcareous.  The  former  is  a  crystalline  granular  variety 
of  sulphate  of  calcium  or  gypsum,  CaS04.2H20.  It  is  "f 
various  colors,  as  yellow,  red,  and  gray,  but  is  most  es- 
teemed when  pure  white.  Being  soft,  it  can  be  formed  by 
the  lathe  or  knife  into  small  works  of  art,  as  vases,  statu- 
ettes, etc.  For  this  purpose  the  snow-white,  fine-grained 
variety  found  near  Florence  in  Italy  is  especially  prized. 
Calcareous  or  Oriental  alabaster  (the  alabastrites  of  the 
ancients)  is  a  variety  of  carbonate  of  calcium  or  calcite, 
occurring  as  a  stalactite  or  stalagmite  in  caverns  of  lime- 
stone rocks. 


alabaster 

n.  o.  Made  of  alabaster,  or  resembling  it: 
as,  "an  alabaster  column,"  Addison,  Travels 
in  Italy.— Alabaster  glass,  an  opaque  enamel  or  glass 
made  in  imitation  of  alabaster. 

alabastos  (al-a-bas'tos), «.  Same  as  alahastrum. 

alabastra,  n.    Plural  of  alabastrum. 

alabastrian  (al-a-bas'tri-an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  like  alabaster",' 

alabastrine  (al-a-bas'trin),  a.  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  resembling  alabaster.  —  Alabastrine  posi- 
tive, in  photoj.,  a  collodion  positive  on  glass,  in  which  the 
light  portions  of  the  picture  have  been  bleached  and 
rendered  permanently  white  in  a  bath  of  bichlorid  of  mer- 
cury, alcohol,  and  nitric  and  hydrochloric  acids, 
alabastrites  (al'^a-bas-tri'tez),  M.  [L.,  <  Gr. 
akafiaaTpLTrjg,  more  correctly  a^iaPaariTT/^  (sc. 
/itdoc,  stone),  calcareous  alabaster,  <  aXajiaaTog, 
a  box  or  vase:  see  alabaster.']  A  precious  and 
richly  veined  mineral  much  used  in  ancient  art; 
the  hard  Oriental  alabaster.    See  alabaster,  2. 

It  is  evident  from  Pliny  that  the  Alabastrites  which  this 
Phrygian  marble  resembled  was  diversified  with  varied 
colours.  Stuart  and  Revett,  Antiq.  of  Athens,  I.  v. 

alabastrum  (al-a-bas'trum),  w. ;  pi.  alabastra 
(-tra).    [L.,  <  Gr.  aT^ajiaarpov:  see  alabaster.] 

1.  In  Gr.  antiq.,  a  small  elongated 
vase  for  xmguents  or  perfumes, 
rounded  at  the  bottom  and  provided 
with  a  broad  rim  about  a  small  ori- 
fice. Vases  of  this  class  were  originally  so 
called  because  made  of  alabaster;  but  the 
name  was  applied  also  to  vessels  of  similar 
form  and  use  in  other  materials,  as  metal, 
glass  (sometimes  richly  ornamented  in  col- 
or), or  pottery.  Sometimes  called  alabaster, 
alabaatos. 

2.  [NL.,  also  alabastriis ;  prop.  L. 
alabaster  (aec.  pi.  alabastros,  in 
Pliny),  a  rose-bud:  see  alabaster.] 
A  flower-bud — Iconic  alabastrum,  a 
name  sometimes  given  to  an  alabastrum 
terminating  above  in  a  figure  or  head. 

k  la  carte  (a  la  kart).     [P. :  d  la 
(see  d  la);  carte  =  Pr.  Sp.  It.  carta, 

<  L.  charta,  card:  see  card'^,  chart, 
and  charta.]  By  a  bill  of  fare:  as, 
dinner  d  la  carte,  that  is,  a  dinner  in  which  only 
such  dishes  as  have  been  ordered  from  the  bill 
of  fare  are  paid  for :  opposed  to  table  d'hote,  in 
which  a  fixed  charge  is  made  covering  the  whole 
meal,  whether  all  the  dishes  served  in  regular 
course  are  eaten,  or  only  some  of  them.  See 
cartel,  i_ 

alack  (a-lak'),  interj.  [Early  mod.  E.  alac, 
alacke.  North.  alaJce,  alaiJc;  according  to  Skeat, 

<  a9,  ah,  +  lack,  failure,  fault,  disgrace.  Other- 
wise explained  as  a  variation  of  alas,  q.  v. ;  the 
phonetic  change  is  unusual,  but  interjections 
are  unstable.  Also  shortened  to  lack.]  An 
exclamation  expressive  of  sorrow.  [Obsolete 
or  poetical.] 

Alaek,  when  once  our  grace  we  have  forgot, 
Nothing  goes  right.  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iv.  4. 

Alack,  alack,  his  lips  be  wondrous  cold ! 

Ford,  Broken  Heart,  iv.  2. 
alackaday  (a-lak'a-da),  interj.  [Also  alack  the 
day  !  as  if  alas  the  day  !  day  being  vaguely  used. 
Also  shortened  to  lackaday,  q.  v.]  An  exclama- 
tion expressive  of  regret  or  sorrow.  Also  writ- 
ten alack  the  day.    [Now  rare.] 

Alack  the  day,  ...  I  pray  you  tell  me  is  my  boy  .  . 
alive  or  dead?  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  ii.  2. 

alacrify  (a-lak'ri-fi),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  alac- 
rified,  ppr.  alacrifying.  [<  L.  alacer,  alacris, 
cheerful,  + -^care,  < /acere,  make :  see-/y.]  To 
make  cheerful ;  rouse  to  action ;  excite.  [Rare.] 

alacrioust  (a-lak'ri-us),  a.  [<  L.  alacer,  ala- 
cns,  lively,  brisk,  quick,  eager,  active,  cheerful 
(>  It.  allegro  =  OF.  alegre :  see  allegro  and  ale- 
ger),  +  -ous.]  Acting  with  alacrity ;  cheerfully 
prompt  or  brisk. 

'Twere  well  if  we  were  a  little  more  alacrious  and  exact 
m  the  performance  of  the  duty. 

Hammond,  Works,  IV.  550. 

alacrlouslyt  (a-lak'ri-us-li),  adv.    With  alac- 
nty;  briskly. 

alacriousnesst  (a^lak'ri-us-nes),  n.  Alacrity: 
cheerful  briskness. 


127 

I  have  not  that  alacrity  of  spirit, 

Nor  cheer  of  mind,  that  I  was  wont  to  have. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  v.  3. 

Hence — 3.  Readiness;  quickness;  swiftness. 

With  a  dream's  alacrity  of  change. 

The  priest,  and  the  swart  fisher  by  his  side. 

Beheld  the  Eternal  City  lift  its  domes. 

Whittier,  Dream  of  Pic  Nono. 
Alactaga  (a-lak'ta-ga),  n.  [NL.,  said  to  be  the 
native  name,  in  the  Mongol  Tatar  language,  of 
a  spotted  colt.]  A  genus  of  rodent  mammals,  of 
the  family  Bipodidce,  or  jerboas,  of  the  murine 
series  of  the  suborder  Simplicidentata,  order 
Rodentia.  it  belongs  to  the  same  subfamily  (Dipodinon) 
as  the  true  jerboas  of  the  genus  i»i>!(s,  but  is  distinguished 
from  them  by  having  hind  feet  with  5  toes  instead  of  3, 
plain  instead  of  grooved  upper  incisors,  a  small  upper 
premolar  on  each  side,  and  certain  cranial  characters 
resulting  from  less  development  of  the  occipital  region  of 
the  skull.  The  best-known  species  is  A.jaculus,  which 
resembles  a  jerboa,  but  is  larger,  with  a  longer,  tufted 
tail.  It  is  yellowish  above  and  white  beneath,  moves  on 
all-fours  as  well  as  by  leaping,  lives  in  colonies  in  under- 
gi-ound  burrows,  and  hibernates  in  winter.  Species  of 
the  genus  occur  throughout  a  large  part  of  central  Asia 
Syria,  Arabia,  etc.,  and  also  in  northern  Africa.  They  are 
commonly  called  jumping  rabbits, 
a  la  cuisse  (a  la  kwes).  [P.,  at  the  thigh:  see 
d  la  and  cuisse.]  Literally,  at  the  thigh:  ap- 
plied in  her.  to  a  leg  used  as  a 
bearing,  when  it  is  erased  or 
couped  in  the  middle  of  the 
thigh. 

Aladdinist  (a-lad'in-ist),  n.  [< 
Aladdin,  a  learned  divine  under 
Mohammed  II.  and  Bajazet  II., 
+ -ist.    The  name  Aladdin,  At.    a  hawk's  legerased 
A'l-ad-din,  means  '  height  of  tessed.^^l'^^arv^il^i' 


Alabastrum. 


To  infuse  some  life,  some  alacrioumess  into  you. 

Hammond,  Sermons,  p.  553. 

alacritous  (a-lak'ri-tus),  a.  [<  alacrity  +  -ous.] 
Brisk ;  lively;  cheerful;  full  of  alacrity.  Haw- 
thorne. 

alacrity  (a  lak'ri-ti),  n.  [=  P.  alacrite  =  It. 
atacrita,  <  L.  alacrita{t-)s,  liveliness,  briskness, 
<  alacer,  alacris,  lively,  brisk:  see  alacrious.]  1. 
Livehness ;  briskness ;  sprightKness.— 2.  Cheer- 
ful readiness  or  promptitude ;  cheerful  willing- 
ness. 


«   ...  .       ,     ,        _  P   ,   ,        jessed,  and  varveled 

■  laitn  or  religion ' ;  <  a  Za,  height,    ( From  Berry  s  Diet 

acme,  'aliy,  high,  +  al,  the,  +  °f  ""^'^'y  ") 
din,  faith,  creed.]  A  free-thinker  among  the 
Mohammedans. 
Aladdinize  (a-lad'in-iz),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp. 
Aladdinized,  ppr.  Aladdinizing .  [<  Aladdin,  the 
possessor  of  the  magic  lamp,  in  the  "Arabian 
Nights,"  a  common  personal  name  (see  Alad- 
dinist), +  -ize.]  To  transform  as  if  by  maeic. 
N.  E.D. 

aladja  (al-a-ja'),  n.  [Prob.  the  same  as  alatcha, 
both  appar.  repr.  Turk,  alaja,  spotted,  streaked, 

<  ala,  spotted,  +  -Ja,  an  adj.  formative.]  A  cot- 
ton stuff  made  throughout  Turkey  and  Greece ; 
nearly  the  same  as  alatcha  (which  see). 

alae,  n.    Plural  of  ala. 

alagai  (al'a-gi),  n.     [Cf.  aladja.]    A  mixed 
textile  fabric  of  silk  and  cotton,  obtained  from 
southern  Russia  and  Asia  Minor, 
ei-la-grecque,  ^-la-grec  (a-la-grek'),  «.  [P., 
after  the  Greek  (fashion) :  see  d  la  and  Greek.] 
In  arch.,  a  name  for  the  Greek  fret.  Sometimes 
written  aligreelc.    Seefret^,  n. 
Alahance  (al-a-hans'),  n.  [Prob.  of  Ar.  origin.] 
A  small  constellation,  better  called  Sagitta 
(which  see), 
alaise  (a-la-za'),  a.  [P.  form,  as  if  pp.  of  *alaiser, 

<  a  I'aise,  at  ease,  easily:  see  d  la  and  ease.]  In 
her.,  same  as  humete. 

Alali,  n.  Plural  of  Alalus. 
alalia  (a-la'li-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  as  if  ^aXaWia,  < 
a/xiXoc,  not  talking:  see  Alalus.]  In  pathol., 
partial  or  complete  loss  of  the  power  of  articu- 
lation, due  to  paralysis  of  muscles  employed  in 
articulating.  See  anarthria. 
alalite(ara-lit), «.  [(.Ala,  a  valley  in  Piedmont, 
+  -lite,  <  Gr.  Xido(;,  stone.]  Same  as  diopside. 
Alalus  (al'a-lus),  M. ;  pi.  Alali  (-li).  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aXa'Aoc,  not  talking,  <  a-  priv,  +  TiaMv,  talk.] 
Haeckel's  hypothetical  "ape-man,"  a  conjec- 
tured genus  of  mammals,  based  upon  the  Pithe- 
canthropus, or  primitive  speechless  man,  sup- 
posed to  have  made  his  appearance  toward  the 
close  of  the  Tertiary  epoch,  in  what  is  usually 
called  the  human  form,  but  destitute  of  the 
power  of  framing  and  using  speech,  as  well  as 
of  the  capacities  accompanying  that  faculty. 
Haeckel  uses  the  terms  Alalus  and  Fithecan- 
thropus  interchangeably. 

The  ape-men,  or  Alali,  were  therefore  probably  already 
in  existence  toward  the  close  of  the  tertiary  epoch. 

Haeckel,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  il.  182. 
alameda  (a-la-ma'da),  n.    [Sp.  and  Pg.,  a  pop- 
lar-grove, any  public  walk  planted  with  trees, 

<  Sp.  and  Pg.  alamo,  poplar:  see  alamo.]  A 
shaded  public  walk,  especially  one  planted  vrith 
poplar-trees.  [Texas,  and  other  parts  of  the 
United  States  settled  by  Spaniards.] 

alamo  (a'la-mo),  n.  [Sp.,  =  Pg.  alamo,  alemo, 
the  poplar;  Sp.  alamo  bianco,  white  poplar, 
alamo  negro,  'black  poplar,' i.  e.,  alder;  prob. 
(through  *almo,  *alno)  <  L.  alnus,  alder:  see 
alder^.]    The  Spanish  name  of  the  poplar-tree : 


alar 

applied  in  Texas  and  westward,  as  in  Mesdco; 
to  species  of  the  Cottonwood  (Fopulm). 

alamodality  (a*Ia-m6-dari-ti),  n.    [<  alamode 
+  -ality,  after  modality.]  Conformity  to  the  pre- 
vailing mode  or  fashion  of  the  times.  [Rare.] 
Doubtless  it  hath  been  selected  for  me  because  of  its 
alamodality  —  a  good  and  pregnant  word. 

Southey,  Doctor,  interchapter  xx. 

alamode  (a-la-mod'),  adv.,  a.,  and  n.  [Formerly 
also  all-a-mode;  <  F.  dla  mode,  in  the  manner 
or  fashion:  see  d  la  and  mode.]  I.  adv.  In  the 
fashion ;  according  to  the  fashion  or  prevailing 
mode. 

II.  a.  Fashionable ;  according  to  some  par- 
ticular fashion.-Alamode  beef,  beef  alamode 

(often,  or  more  commonly,  Oeef  d  la  mode),  beef  larded 
and  stewed  or  braised  with  spices,  vegetables,  fine  herbs, 
wine,  etc. 

III.  n.  If.  A  fashion. 

For  an  old  man  to  marry  a  young  wife ...  is  become  the 
A  la  mode  of  the  times. 

Kennet,  tr.  of  Erasm.  Moriae  Enc,  p.  44.  (N.  E.  X>.) 
2.  A  thin  glossy  silk  for  hoods,  scarfs,  etc. 
alamort,  ^  la  mort  (al-a-morf,  a  la  mort),  a. 
[Sometimes  written  all  amort,  as  if  all,  adv.,  -with 
amort,  q.  v. ;  <  F.  d  la  mort,  lit.  to  the  death :  d  la 
(see  d  la) ;  mort,  <  L.  mor(t-)s,  death :  see  mortal] 
In  a  half -dead  or  moribund  condition;  de- 
pressed; melancholy. 

'Tis  wrong  to  bring  into  a  mix'd  resort 
What  makes  some  sick,  and  others  a-la-mort. 

Cou'per,  Conversation,  1.  292. 
alant,  alantt,  n,  [Early  mod.  E.  also  allan,  aU 
land,  etc.,  <  ME.  alant,  aland,  alaunt,  <  OF.  alan, 
"allan,  a  kind  of  big,  strong,  thick-headed  and 
short-snouted  dog;  the  brood  whereof  came 
first  out  of  Albania  (old  Epirus).  Allan  de 
bouclierie  is  like  our  mastive,  and  serves  butch- 
ers to  bring  ia  fierce  oxen,  and  to  keep  their 
stalls.  Allan  gentil  is  like  a  greyhound  in  all 
properties  and  parts,  his  thick  and  short  head 
excepted.  Allan  vautre,  a  great  and  ugly  cur 
of  that  kind  (having  a  big  head,  hanging  lips, 
and  slouching  ears),  kept  only  to  bait  the  bear, 
and  wild  boar"  (Cotgrave),  also  with  excres- 
cent t,  alant,  allant.  It.  Sp.  alano  =  Pg.  alao,  < 
ML.  alanus,  a  kind  of  hunting-dog,  perhaps 
named  fi-om  the  Alani  (L.  Alajii,  Gr.  'AXavoi),  a 
Scythian  nation  upon  the  Tanais  (Don).]  1.  A 
species  of  large  dog,  used  to  hunt  beasts  of  prey. 
Aboute  his  char  ther  wenten  white  alauntz 
Twenty  and  mo,  as  gret  as  any  stere, 
To  hunten  at  the  leon  or  the  dere. 

ChaiLcer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  129a 
2.  In  her.,  a  mastiff-dog  with  short  ears. 

Also  written  aland,  alaun, 
alaund,  alaunt,  etc. 
alandi  (a-land'),  prep.  phr.  a* 
adv.  [<"ME.  alond,  alonde,  a 
lande,  <  AS.  on  land  (ace), 
on  lande  (dat.) :  on,  E.  on,  a^; 
land,  lande,  E.  land.]  On  or  at 
land.    [Obsolete  or  poetical.] 


Alan.  He  made  his  shippe  alonde  for  to 

(From  Berry's  "Diet.  sette. 

of  Heraldry." )  Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  2166. 

3d  Fish.  Master,  I  marvel  how  the  fishes  live  in  the  sea. 
1st  Fish.    Why,  as  men  do  a  land;  the  great  ones  eat 
up  the  little  ones.  Shak.,  Pericles,  ii.  1. 

A  well-hooped  cask  our  shipmen  brought  aland 
That  knew  some  white-walled  city  of  the  Rhine. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  33. 

aland2  (al'and),  n.  [<Dan.  aland,  the  ehaven- 
der,  chub,  =  Icel.  olun,  *dhmn,  a  fish,  supposed 
to  be  the  mackerel,  =  OS.  alund  (Kluge)  =  OHG. 
alant,  alunt,  MHG.  G.  alant,  the  chub  or  mul- 
let; origin  obscui-e.]    A  fish,  same  as  orfe. 

aland^t,  n.    Same  as  alan. 

alandier  (a-lan'der),  n.  [Appar.  i'F.d  landier : 
d,  to,  with;  landier,  andiron:  see  andiro)i.]  A 
fireplace  used  in  connection  with  a  poreelain- 
Mhi.    See  kiln. 

alane  (a-lan'),  a.  andadv.   Scotch  form  of  aZowe. 

alanin,  alanine  (al'a-nin),  n.  [<  L.  al{dehyde) 
+  -a»(ameaninglesssyllable)  -{--«H2,-i)if2.]  An 
organic  base  (C3H7NO2)  obtained  by  heating 
aldehyde  ammonia  with  hydrocyanic  acid  in 
presence  of  an  excess  of  hydrochloric  acid.  It 
forms  compounds  both  with  acids  and  with 
some  of  the  metals,  as  copper,  silver,  and  lead. 

alantt,  n.    Same  as  alan. 

alantin,  alantine  (a-lan'tin),  «.   [<  G.  alant, 

OHG.  alant  (origin  unknown),  elecampane,  + 
E.  -»(2j  -ine'^.]  A  substance  resembling  starch, 
found  in  the  root  of  elecampane ;  inulin  (which 
see). 

alar  (a'lar),  a.  ^[<  L.  alaris,  more  frequently 
alarius{'>'E.  alary),  <  ala.  Skiving:  see  aisle.]  1. 
Pertaining  to  or  having  alte  or  -wings. —  2.  In 
&o«.,borneintheforksof  astem;  axiUary;  situ- 


alar 


128 


a  latere 


ated  in  the  axils  or  forks  of  a  plant  Alar  artery 

and  vein,  a  small  artery  and  its  attendant  vein  supplying 
the  axilla,  usually  termed  the  alar  thoracic  artery  and 
vein. — Alar  cartUage,  the  lower  lateral  cartilages  of  the 
nose. — Alar  cells,  in  mosses,  the  cells  at  the  basal  angles 
of  a  leaf.— Alar  expanse,  or  alar  extent,  in  omith.  and 

entom.,  the  distance  from  tip  to  tip  of  the  spread  wings  of 
a  bird  or  an  insect.  — Alar  flexure.  See /en/ ic  — Alar 
ligaments,  in  two  fringe-like  folils  spriiigiii!;  from 

the  ligamentum  mucosum  of  the  knee-joint  and  projecting 
into  the  synovial  cavity.  Also  called  plicce  ail ipuace  and 
■marsupiuiii. 

alarget  (a-larj'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  alargen  =  OF. 
*alargir  (ef.  OF.  eslargii;  F.  clargir,  -with  pre- 
fix es-,  <  L.  ex-),  <  ML.  *aUargire  (cf.  Pr.  alar- 
gar  =  Sp.  Pg.  alargar,  <  ML.  allargarc),  <  L. 
ad,  to,  4-  ML.  largire,  largare,  enlarge;  cf.  L. 
largiri,  give  largess,  grant,  <  largus,  large :  see 
large.    Cf.  eiilargcj]    To  enlarge;  increase. 

Alaria  (a-la'ri-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  alar i us,  <  ala, 
a  wing:  see  aisle.']  A  genus  of  olive-brown 
algSB,  found  in  the  colder  parts  of  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  oceans.  The  membranous  frond  is  from 
3  to  20  feet  long  and  has  a  thick  midrib.  A.  csculenta  is 
variously  called  badderlucks,  henware,  or  iiiurlins.  The 
midrib  is  used  as  an  article  of  food  in  some  parts  of  Scot- 
land and  Ireland,  and  in  Iceland. 

alarm  (a-larm'),  n.  [Also  alarum,  and  abbrev. 
larum,  aform,  now  partly  dift'erentiated  in  mean- 
ing, due  to  rolling  the  r ;  formerly  also  allarm, 
all  arme,  all'  army ;  <  ME.  alarme,  usedinterjec- 
tionally,  alarom,  a  loud  noise  (=  D.  G.  Sw.  Dan. 
alarm,  alai-m,  noise,  byapheresis  G.  Idrm,  Dan. 
larm),<.  OF.  alar?ne,  "  an  alarum  "(Cotgrave),  = 
Pr.  aJarma  =  Sp.  Pg.  alarma,  <  It.  allarme,  tu- 
mult, fright,  alarm,  <  alV  arme,  to  arms !  —  alle,  < 
a  (<  L.  ad),  to,  4-  le,  tern,  pi.,  <  L.  illas,  ace.  fem. 
pi.  of  ille,  the ;  arme,  fem.  pl.,<  L.  arma,  neiit.  pi., 
arms :  see  arm^.~\  1 .  A  summons  to  arms,  as  on 
the  approach  of  an  enemy ;  hence,  any  sound, 
outcry,  or  information  intended  to  give  notice 
of  approaching  danger. 
Sound  an  alarm  in  my  holy  mountain.  Joel  ii.  1. 

Ready  to  ride  and  spread  the  alarm 
Through  every  Middlese.x  village  and  farm. 

Longfellow,  Paul  Revere's  Ride. 

2t.  A  hostile  attack ;  a  tumult;  a  broil ;  a  dis- 
turbance. 

Remove  your  siege  from  ray  unyielding  heart ; 
To  love's  alarms  it  will  not  ope  the  gate. 

Shah.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  424. 

3.  A  sudden  fear  or  painful  suspense  excited 
by  an  apprehension  of  danger ;  apprehension  ; 
fright :  as,  there  is  nothing  in  his  illness  to 
cause  alarm. 

I  shook  her  breast  with  vague  alarmn. 

Tennyson,  The  Letters. 

4.  A  waming  sound ;  a  signal  for  attention;  an 
urgent  caU,  summons,  or  notification.  Speciflcally 
—(a)  In  fencing,  an  appeal  or  a  challenge  made  by  a  step 
or  stamp  on  the  ground  with  the  advancing  foot.  (6)  In 
freemaaonri/,  a  knock  at  the  door  of  the  lodge  to  give 
warning,  as  of  the  entrance  of  a  candidate  for  initiation. 

5.  A  self-acting  contrivance  of  any  kind  used 
to  call  attention,  rouse  from  sleep,  warn  of 
danger,  etc.  Such  devices  are  made  in  a  great  variety 
of  forms,  as,  for  example,  alarm-clocks,  fog-bells,  fog- 
whistles,  and  sounding  or  whistling  buoys ;  bells  to  indi- 
cate changes  in  temperature,  the  opening  or  shutting  of 
doors,  gates,  or  drawers,  the  arrival  of  a  given  hour,  or 
the  condition  of  telephone-  and  telegraph-wires ;  signals 
to  call  attention  to  the  escape  of  gas,  steam,  water,  air, 
etc.— Alarm  check- valve,  a  valve  in  a  steam-boiler 
usually  closed  by  a  spring  and  opening  under  the  pressure 
of  steam,  used  to  give  an  alarm  when  the  injector  ceases 
to  work  or  refuses  to  start. — Electric  alarm.  See  elec- 
tric.— Low-water  alarm,  in  a  steam-ljoiler,  an  automatic 
device  for  giving  a  signal  by  sounding  a  whistle  when  the 
water  falls  below  the  point  of  safety. —  Still  alarm.  See 
still.  =Syn.  1.  Alarum,  tocsin.— 3.  Alarm,  Apprehen- 
sion, Friijht,  Terror,  Dismay,  Consternation,  Panic,  af- 
fright, agitation,  flutter,  perturbation.  These  words  all 
express  degrees  of  fear  in  view  of  possible  or  certain,  per- 
haps imminent,  danger.  Apjrrchension  is  the  lowest  de- 
gi-ee  of  fear ;  the  mind  takes  hold  of  the  idea  of  danger, 
and  without  alarm  considers  the  best  way  of  meeting  it. 
Alarm  is  the  ne.xt  stage  ;  by  derivation  it  is  the  alarum  or 
summons  to  arms.  The  feelings  are  agitated  in  view  of 
sudden  or  just-discovered  danger  to  one's  self  or  others. 
Generally  its  effect  upon  the  mind  is  like  that  of  appre- 
hension; it  energizes  rather  than  overpowers  the  mental 
faculties.  Frigid,  terror,  and  dismay  are  higher  and  per- 
haps equal  degrees  of  fear;  their  difference  is  in  kind  and 
in  effect.  Fright  affects  especially  the  nerves  and  senses, 
being  generally  the  effect  of  sudden  fear.  Terror  may  be 
a  later  form  of  fright,  or  independent  and  as  sudden  ;  it 
overpowers  the  understanding  and  unmans  one.  Dismay 
appals  or  breaks  down  the  courage  and  hope,  and  there- 
fore, as  suggested  by  its  derivation,  the  disposition  to  do 
anything  to  ward  off  the  peril ;  what  dismays  one  may  be 
the  failure  or  loss  of  his  chosen  means  of  defense.  Fright 
and  terror  are  often  the  effect  of  undefined  fears,  as  in 
superstition,  and  are  especially  used  with  reference  to 
physical  fear.  Consternation  overwhelms  the  mental  fac- 
ulties by  the  suddenness  or  the  utterly  unexpected  great- 
ness of  the  danger.  Panic  is  a  peculiar  form  of  fear ;  it  is 
sudden,  demoralizing,  a  temporarynnadness  of  fear,  alto- 
gether out  of  proportion  to  its  cause  ;  there  may  even  be 
no  cause  discoverable.  It  is  the  fear  of  a  mass  of  people, 
or,  figuratively,  of  animals. 


It  was  clear  that  great  alarm  would  be  excited  through- 
out Europe  if  either  the  Emperor  or  the  Dauphin  should 
become  King  of  Spain. 

Macaulay,  Mahon's  Succession  in  Spain. 
Rip  now  felt  a  vague  apprehension  stealing  over  him ; 
he  .  .  .  perceived  a  strange  flgui'e  slowly  toiling  up  the 
rocks.  Irving,  Rip  Van  Winkle. 

To  go  to  bed  was  to  lie  awake  of  cold,  with  an  added 
shudder  ol  fright  whenever  a  loose  casement  or  a  waving 
cui'tain  chose  to  give  you  the  goose-flesh. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  30. 
Shadows  to-night 
Have  struck  more  terror  to  the  soul  of  Richard, 
Than  can  the  substance  of  ten  thousand  soldiers. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  v.  3. 
Dismay  seized  our  soldiers,  the  panic  spread,  increased 
by  the  belief  that  a  fresh  army  had  come  up  and  was  en- 
tering the  fleld.  W.  Ware,  Zenobia,  II.  xiii. 

Conceive  but  for  a  moment  the  consternation  which  the 
approach  of  an  invading  army  would  impress  on  the 
peaceful  villages  in  this  neighbourhood. 

Ji.  Hall,  Reflections  on  War. 
Each  [the  child  and  the  soldier]  is  liable  to  panic,  which 
is,  exactly,  the  terror  of  ignorance  suiTendered  to  the  im- 
agination. Emerson,  Courage. 

alarm  (a-larm'),  t\  [(.alarm,  n.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  call  to  arms  i' or  defense ;  give  notice  of  dan- 
ger to;  rouse  to  vigilance  and  exertions  for 
safety :  as,  alarm  the  watch. 

A  countryman  had  come  in  and  alarmed  the  Signoria 
before  it  was  light,  else  the  city  would  have  been  taken 
by  surprise.  George  Eliot,  Romola,  II.  liv. 

2.  To  surprise  with  apprehension  of  danger; 
disttu-b  with  sudden  fear ;  fill  with  anxiety  by 
the  prospect  of  evil. 

Pan  flies  alarm' d  into  the  neighbouring  woods. 
And  frighted  nymphs  dive  down  into  the  floods. 

Dryden,  Art  of  Poetry,  ii.  245. 
A  screech-owl  at  midnight  has  alarmed  a  family  more 
than  a  band  of  robbers.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  7. 

II. t  intrans.  To  give  an  alarm. 
Now,  valiant  chiefs !  since  heaven  itself  alarms, 
Unite.  Pope,  Iliad,  ii.  93. 

alarmable  (a-lar'ma-bl),  a.    [<  alarm  +  -able.'] 
Liable  to  be  alarmed  or  frightened, 
alarm-bell  (a-larm'bel),  n.    A  bell  used  in  giv- 
ing notice  of  danger,  as  from  the  approach  of 
an  enemy,  from  fire,  etc. 

On  the  gates  alartn-bells  or  watch-bells. 

Hilton,  Hist.  Moscovia,  ill. 

alarm-bird  (a-larm'berd),  it.  A  species  of  tura- 
eou,  Sclrizoriiis  sonurus,  of  Africa. 

alarm-clock  (a-larm'klok),  11.  A  clock  which 
can  be  so  set  as  to  make  a  loud  and  continued 
noise  at  a  particular  time,  in  order  to  arouse 
from  sleep  or  attract  attention. 

alarm-compass  (a-larm'kum'''pas),  n.  A  mari- 
ner's compass  having  an  electrical  attachment 
for  indicating  by  an  alarm  any  deviation  of  the 
ship  from  its  course. 

alarm-funnel  (a-larm'fun''''e'l),  n.  A  form  of 
fimnel  for  use  in  filling  casks  or  barrels,  so 
constructed  that  when  the  liquid  has  lisen  to 
a  certain  height  in  the  cask  a  bell  is  rung. 

alarm-gage  (a-larm'gaj),  n.  A  contrivance  for 
indicating  automatically,  by  an  alarm,  when 
pressure,  as  in  a  steam-boiler  or  an  air-com- 
pressor, reaches  a  certain  point. 

alarm-gun  (a-larm'gun),  n.  A  gun  fired  as  a 
signal  of  alarm. 

alarmingly  (a-lar'ming-li),  adv.  In  an  alarm- 
ing manner;  with  alarm;  iu  a  manner  or  de- 
gree to  excite  apprehension. 

This  mode  of  travelling  .  .  .  seemed  to  our  ancestors 
wonderfully,  and  Indeed  alarmingly,  rapid. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

alarmism  (a-lar'mizm),  n.  [<  alarm  +  -ism.] 
A  tendency  to  create  alarms,  or  to  be  alarmed 
needlessly ;  a  state  of  needless  alarm ;  the  con- 
dition or  practice  of  an  alarmist.  [Rare.] 

alarmist  (a-lar'mist),  n.  [<  alarm  +  -ist;  =  P. 
alarmiste.'i'  One  who  excites  alarm;  one  who 
is  prone  to  raise  an  alarm,  as  by  exaggerating 
bad  news  or  prophesying  calamities,  particu- 
larly in  regard  to  political  or  social  matters. 

He  was  frightened  into  a  fanatical  royalist,  and  became 
one  of  the  most  extravagant  alarmists  of  those  wretched 
times.  Macaulay,  Walpole's  Letters. 

It  was  as  he  approached  fourscore,  during  the  Adminis- 
tration of  Sir  Robert  Peel,  that  the  Duke  [of  Wellington] 
became  an  alarmist.  Gladstone,  Gleanings,  I.  121. 

alarm-lock  (a-larm'lok),  n.  A  lock,  padlock, 
bolt,  latch,  or  knob  so  arranged  that  a  bell  is 
caused  to  ring  by  any  movement  of  its  parts, 
or  by  any  attempt  to  open  the  door,  till,  or  the 
like,  to  which  it  is  fastened. 

alarm-post  (a-larm'p6st),  ii.  A  position  to 
which  troops  are  to  repair  in  case  of  an  alarm. 

alarm-'Watch  (a-larm'woch),  n.  A  watch  pro- 
vided with  an  alarm  which  can  be  set  to  strike 
at  a  given  moment,  in  order  to  attract  attention. 

You  shall  have  a  gold  alarm-watch,  which,  as  there 
may  be  cause,  shall  awake  you.  Sir  T.  Herbert,  Memous. 


alarum  (a-lar'um  or  a-lar'um),  n.  [A  form  of 
alarm,  due  to  a  strong  rolling  of  the  r:  see 
alarm,  n.]  Same  as  alarm,  but  now  used  only 
in  sense  4,  except  poetically. 

A  floiu'ish,  trumpets!  strike  alarum,  drums! 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  4. 
The  dread  alarum  should  make  the  earth  quake  to  its 
centre.  Hawthorne,  Old  Manse. 

She  had  an  alarum  to  call  her  up  early. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Jane  Eyre,  xxi. 

alarum  (a-lar'um  or  a-lar'um),  v.  t.    Same  as 
alarm. 

Wither'd  murther, 
Alarum'd  by  his  sentinel,  the  wolf. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  1. 

alarum-bell  (a-lar'um-bel),  n.    Same  as  alarm- 
bell. 

No  citizen  can  lie  down  secure  that  he  shall  not  be 
roused  by  the  alarum-bell,  to  repel  or  avenge  an  injury. 

Macaulay,  Dante. 

alary  (a'la-ri),  rt.  [(.Jj.  alarius :  see  alar.]  1. 
Relating  to  wings  or  vnng-like  parts;  being 
wing-like.  Specifically  applied,  in  entom.,  to  certain 
muscles  passing  in  pairs  from  the  walls  of  the  pericardial 
chamber  of  some  insects  to  the  abdominal  parietes.  See 
aloe  cordis,  under  ala. 
The  alary  system  of  insects. 

Wollaston,  Variation  of  Species,  p.  45. 
The  alary  muscles,  which  in  most  insects  are  fan-shaped, 
and  lie  in  pairs,  opposite  one  another,  on  each  side  of  the 
heart,  either  unite  in  the  middle  line,  or  are  inserted  into 
a  sort  of  fascia,  on  the  sternal  aspect  of  the  heart,  to  which 
organ  they  are  not  directly  attached. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  373. 

2.  In  anat.  and  bot.,  wing-shaped, 
alas  (a-las'),  intcij.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  abbr.  . 
las,  lass;  <  ME.  alas,  alias,  alaas,  allaas,  alace,  aU 
lace,  <  OF.  a  las,  ha  las,  hai  las  (later  lielas,  also 
abbr.  las;  mod.  F.  lielas;  =Pr.  ai  lasso  =  11.  ahi 
lasso),  <  fl,  ah !  (<  L.  alt,  ah!),  -f-  las,  wretched,  < 
L.  lassus,  weary:  see  lassitude.]  An  exclama- 
tion expressive  of  sorrow,  gi'ief,  pity,  concern, 
or  apprehension  of  evil :  in  old  writers  sometimes 
followed  by  the  day  or  the  ivhile :  as,  alas  the  day, 
alas  the  while.    See  alackaday.  f 

For  pale  and  wanne  he  was  (alas  the  while!). 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  Jan. 
Alas,  the  day !  I  never  gave  him  cause. 

Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  4. 
Alas  for  those  who  never  sing. 
But  die  with  all  their  music  in  them. 

O.  II'.  Holmes,  The  Voiceless. 

Alascan  (a-las 'kan),  n.  A  name  given  to  a 
foreign  Protestant  in  England  during  the  reign 
of  Edward  VI.  So  called  from  John  Laski  or  Alasco, 
a  Polish  refugee  of  noble  birth  who  was  made  superinten- 
dent of  the  foreign  churches  in  London. 

alaskaite  (a-las'ka-Tt),  n.  [Better  *alashite,  < 
Alaska  (see  def . )  +  '-ite^.]  A  sulphid  of  bismuth, 
lead,  silver,  and  copper  fotmd  at  the  Alaska 
mine  in  Colorado. 

Alaskan  (a-las'kan),  a.  Of  or  belonging  to 
the  peninsula  or  territory  of  Alaska  in  N.  W. 
America;  growing  or  found  in  Alaska:  as, 
"Alaskan  cedar,"  Science,  IV.  475. 

alastor  (a-las'tor),  n.   [<  Gr.  'A'^d(7To>p,t'he  aveng- 
ing deity,  lit.  tiie  unforgettin^;  cf.  akaoToc,  not  , 
to  be  forgotten,  unceasing,  <  a-  priv.  4-  *XaaT6(, 
verbal  adj.  of  'AaOeiv,  forget.]     A  relentless  I 
avenging  spirit ;  a  nemesis.    N.  E.  D. 

Alata  (a-la'ta),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  neut.  jal.  of  L. 
alatus,  winged:  see  alate^.]    A  name  given  by  j 
Lamarck  to  a  combination  of  the  molluscau  | 
families  Strombidai,  Aporrliaidw,  and  Striithio- 
lariidw,  h&ving  reference  to  the  expanded  wing- 
like outer  lip  of  the  shell.    See  wingslwll. 

alatcha  (a-la-eha'),  M.  [^ee  aladjaj]  A  cotton 
stuff  made  in  central  Asia,  dyed  in  the  thread, 
and  woven  with  white  stripes  on  a  blue  groimd. 
E.  Schuyler,  Ttirkistan,  I.  5. 

alate^t  (a-laf),  prep.  plir.  as  adv.    [<  a*  for  of 
+  late.]  "  Of  late;  lately.  I 
Where  chilling  frosts  alate  did  nip,  | 
There  flashetli  now  a  fire.      Greene,  Doralicia. 

alate2,  alated  (a'lat,  a'la-ted),  a.  [<  L.  alatus, 
winged,  <  ala,  wing:  see  aisle.]  1.  Winged; 
having  membranous  expansions  like  wings. 

But  the  Harpies  alate 
In  the  storm  came,  and  swept  off  the  maidens. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Poems  (1878),  p.  219. 
Specifically  — (a)  In  bot.,  applied  to  stems  and  leaf -stalks 
with  the  edges  or  angles  longitudinally  expanded  into  leaf- 
like borders,  or  to  other  organs  having  membranous  ex- 
pansions: opposed  to  apterous.  (6)  In  concft.,  having  an 
expandedlip:  applied  to  shells.  See  cut  under  ^poj-rAaidff. 

2.  In  arch.,  having  wings,  as  a  building:  as, 
' '  an  alate  temple,"  Stukeley,  Palceogi-aphia  Sacra 
(1763),  p.  73. 
a  latere  (a  lat'e-re).  [L.,  from  the  side :  a  for 
ab,  from ;  latere,  abl.  of  latus,  side:  see  lateral] 
Prom  the  side ;  from  beside  a  person :  used  iv 
the  phrase  legate  a  latere.    See  legate. 


alatern 

alatern  (al'a-tern),  n.    Same  as  alaternus 


aiaternUS  (al-a-ter'nus),  «.    [The  L. 


(Pliuy).]   A  species  of  Rhamnus,  or  buckthorn, 
often  planted  in  English  gardens,  Rhamnus  Ala 
tennis.    See  Rhamnus. 
alation  (a-la'shon),  n. 
[<  L.  ate  tiis,  winged :  see 
atefc2.]    1,  A  winged 
condition ;  the  state  of 
being  winged  or  of  hav- 
ing wings,  as  a  bat,  or 
parts  resembling  wings, 
as  a   plant. — 2.  The 
manner  of  formation  or 
disposition  of  the  wings, 
especially  in  insects, 
alatratet,  v.  t.  See  alla- 
trate. 

a  latticinio  (a  lat-ti- 
che'ui-o).    [It. :  <f,  <  L 


129 

Alausa  (a-lft'sa),  n.    Same  as  Alosa. 
name  alb^  (alb),  n.  [<  ME.  albe,  <  AS.  albe,  <  ML.  alba 


L-        "-^"^y  N        "'"c,  \        luuu    LceuLu  centuiy  ana  later  as  a  drug-pot. 
(sc.  wsas-,  garment),  fem.  of  L.  albus,  white :  see  albarium  (al-ba'ri-um),  n.    [L.  (sc.  ornw,  work) 


albe 

the  sides  externally  concave,  used  in  the  fif- 
teenth centiu-y  and  later  as  a  drug-pot. 


aubc,  the  French  form.]  1.  In  the'/i'o/«.  Catlt. 
Ch.  (and  in  many  Anglican  churches),  a  white 
linen  robe,  with  tight  sleeves,  worn  at  the  cele- 
bration of  the  eucharist  under  the  chasuble. 


white  stucco;  neut.  of  albarius,  pertaining  to 
the  whitening  of  walls.  Cf.  alburc,  whiten,  < 
nlhus,  white.]  A  stucco  or  white  lime  obtained 
from  bmiit  marble.    Mclilralh;  Simmoiids. 


cope,  or  dalmatic  by  the  officiating  priest  and  albata  (al-ba'ta),  n.    [NL.,<  L.  aihata  fem  of 

his  assistants,    it  readies  to  tlie  ffpt. 


 ,.    ^ —      .  —  ad,  to;  latticinio,  <  L. 

lacticinium,  milk-food,  <  lac{t-),  milk:  see  lac- 
tation.'] (Decorated)  with  lines  or  bands  of 
opaque  white  glass,  buried  in  the  transparent 
body  of  the  vessel :  said  of  ornamental  glass, 
such  as  that  made  in  Murano,  near  Venice. 
Alauda  (a-la'da),  w.  [L.,  the  lark;  according  "if' 
to  Pliuy,  Suetonius,  and  Gregory  of  Tours,  a 
Gaulish  or  Celtic  word 
(cf.  Bret,  alchoueder, 
alchoucdez,  the  lark); 
said  to  be  "lit.  'great 
songstress,'  from  al, 
high  or  gi-eat,  and  aud, 
song."  The  W.  name 
nchedydd,  lit.  'soarer,' 
is  a  dilferent  word. 
Hence  It.  aloda  =  Sp. 
alondra,  OSp.  aluda, 
aloa=Pr.  alausa =0F. 
aloe,  with  dim.  ML. 
laudula,  laudila,  It.  al- 
lodola,  lodola  (dial. 
lodana),  and  Olt.  alo- 
detta,  allodetta  =  OSp. 
aloeta  =  Pr.  alauseta 
=  F.  alouette,  the  lark. 
Cf .  calandra  and  larl^.']    A  genus  of  birds,  typi- 


his  assistants,  it  readies  to  the  feet,  and  is  bound 
around  the  waist  by  a  girdle  called  tlie  alh-conl.  Usually 
it  is  ornamented  at  the  edsies  ami  wrists  with  embroidery 
or  lace-work.  The  alb  was  formerly  the  common  dress  of 
the  clergy.  Colored  albs  have  been  used  in  the  service  of 
the  English  Church.  The  corresponding  garment  in  the 
Greek  Church  is  the  stoicharion  {which  see). 
A  white  albe  plain  with  a  vestment  or  cope. 

Book  of  Common  Prayer  (1549). 
Each  priest  adorn'd  was  in  a  surplice  white ; 
The  bishops  donn'd  their  albs  and  copes  of  state. 

Fairfax,  Tasso,  ii.  4. 

2.  In  the  early  church,  a  white  garment  worn 
fi-om  the  Saturday  before  Easter  until  the  first 
Sunday  after  Easter  by  the  newly  baptized. 

Formerly  also  wi-itten  alba,  albe 
Apparels  of  the  alb 

ors  or  precious  orphre^ 
upon  the  alb,  commonly  in  six  pl„„^„ 
the  eleventh  and  sixteenth  centuries. 

(alb),  «.  [Turk.]  A  small  Turkish  coin, 
nearly  equal  in  value  to  a  cent, 
alba  (al'ba),  ?).  [NL.  (sc.  substantia),  fem.  of  L. 
albus,  white,  used  as  a  noun.]  White  fibrous 
nerve-tissue,  as  distinguished  from  the  gray  or 
cellular. 

The  alba  constitutes  the  columns  of  the  myelon,  etc. 

Wilder  and  Gage,  Anat.  Tech.,  p.  472. 

albacore  (al'ba-kor),  n.  [Also  formerly  written 
albecore.  albocore  (cf.  F.  ''albacore,  a  certain 


albatus,  clothed  in  white,  made  white,  pp.  of 
albarc,  make  white,  <  albus,  white.]  An  alloy 
consisting  of  a  combination  of  nickel,  zinc,  and 
copper  united  in  various  proportions,  often  with 
antimony,  iron,  lead,  tin,  and  silver,  it  is  a  white 
metal,  resembling  silver  in  appearance,  and  is  made  into 
spoons,  forks,  teapots,  etc.  Also  called  Uritixk  jJate  and 
German  silver. 

He  was  not  the  genuine  article,  hut  a  substitute,  a  kind 
of  albata.  G.  A.  Sala,  Baddiiigtoii  I'eerage,  II.  232. 

Albati  (al-ba'ti),  n.pl.  [LL.,  pi.  of  L.  albatus, 
clothed  in  white :  see  aihata.']  A  body  of  fanat- 
ics who  about  1400  appeared  in  Italy  as  peni- 
tents, clad  in  white  garments.  They  were  sup- 
pressed by  tlie  pope.  Also  called  Whi  te  Brethren. 


lb,  square  pieces  of  embroidery  in  col-  ,CTr-!.VlV  1 '1?°?''^  ^  v^"^  '     1  • 

:irey-work  sewed  or  otherwise  fastened  aiDatrOSS  (al  ba-tros),  n.  [i!  OTmeTlJ  albltross, 
lonly  in  six  places:  much  used  between    albetross,  also  algatross  (cf.  D.  albatros —  G.  ah- 


Woodlark  {Alaitda  arborea 


batross  (but  D.  usually  stormvogcl,  G.  sturmvogel, 
'storm-bird')  =F.  albatros,  formerly  ulgatros,  = 
It.  albatro  =  Bp.  albatroste  =  'Pg.  albatros,  all 
prob.  from  or  affected  by'the  E.  form),  a  modi- 
fication (aZc-v  fl?r/- changed  to  alb-,  prob.  in  allu- 
sion to  L.  albiis,  white)  of  Pg.  alcatraz,  a  sea- 
fowl,  cormorant,  albatross,  orig.  a  pelican:  see 
alcatras.]  1.  Aweb-footed  sea-bird  of  the  petrel 
family,  Procellariidw,  and  subfamily  IHomede- 
inw.  About  12  species  of  albatross  are  known,  all  except 
the  sooty  albatross,  I'hoebetria  fvliginosa,  belonging  to  the 
genus  Diomedea.  They  are  distinguished  as  a  group  from 
other  birds  of  the  petrel  family  by  having  the  hind  toe 
rudimentary,  and  the  tubular  nostrils  separated,  one  on 
each  side  of  the  base  of  the  upper  mandible.  The  bill  is 
stout  and  hooked  at  the  end,  the  wings  are  very  long,  the 
tail  and  feet  short,  and  the  statui-e  is  very  great.  Alba- 
trosses inhabit  the  southern  seas  at  large,  and  the  whole 
Pacific  ocean,  but  not  the  northern  Atlantic.  Some  of 
them  are  the  largest  known  sea-birds,  and  all  are  noted 
for  their  powers  of  flight,  sailing  for  hours,  aud  in  any  di- 


Albacore  or  Tunny  {Orcynits  alalon^^a). 


cai  of  the  family  Alaudidm,  or  larks.  The  genus 
was  formerly  coextensive  with  the  family,  but  is  now  re- 
stricted to  such  species  as  the  skylark,  A.  arvensis,  and 
the  woodlark,  A.  arborea.  The  species  of  Alauda  proper 
are  natives  of  the  old  world,  and  inhabit  chiefly  its  northern 
portions ;  they  are  small,  plain-colored,  spotted,  and  streak- 
ed birds ;  they  nest  on  the  ground,  and  are  noted  for  sing- 
ing as  they  soar  aloft,  and  for  the  delicacy  of  their  flesh. 
See  Alaudulce  and  lark'^. 

Alaudldse  (a-la'di-de),  n.  pi.   [NL.,  <  Alauda  + 


fish  m  the  Indian  sea,  which  is  very  good 
meat,"  Cotgrave),  <  Pg.  albacor,  albacora,  al- 
becora  =  Sp.  albacora,  an  albacore,  <  Ar.  al,  the, 
+  bukr,  pi.  bakdrat,  a  young  camel,  a  heifer.] 
1.  A  name  given  to  several  fishes  of  the  tunny 
or  mackerel  kind,  specifically  to  the  germon 
or  long-finned  tunny,  Orcynus  germo  or  O.  ala- 
longa.  See  Orcynus  and  tunny.— 2.  The  Lichia 
glauca,  a  fish  of  the  family  Carangidw.  Couch. 
Also  written  albicore. 


-idee.]    The  lark  family;  a  family  of  birds,  of      -^^^o  written  albit 

the  order  Passeres  and  suborder  Oscines.  They  albadara  (al-ba-da'ra),  n.  The  Arabian  eaba- 
are  notably  distinguished  from  other  oscine  Passeres  by    listic  name  for  the  basal  or  sesamoid  ioint  of 

tne  great  toe,  to  which  extraordinary  properties 
were  anciently  ascribed. 


 wauij  uiai/iiif^uisiicu  iiuiii  uLiier  oscme  i^asseres  u^ 

having  the  tarsi  scutellate  behind,  and  are  therefore  re'- 
ferred  by  some  to  a  special  series,  Oscines  seutelliplantares, 

in  distinction  fmrti  mnat.  /-^tVicr  /li?/.-!*^.).-.   «7V.i.^v.  if..^:.^: 


in  distinction  from  most  other  OsciTics,  which  are  lamini-  ^VC"  "T'i/i""x  t 

plantar.  By  others,  however,  the  Alaiididoe  have  been  aiDan  (al  ban),  n.  [<  L.  albus,  white,  +  -an.] 
ranked  as  a  subfamily,  Alaudince.  under  Fringillidai.  The  A  white  resinous  Substance  extracted  from  gut- 
hallux  bears  a  lengthened  straightened  claw.  There  are  ta-percha  by  alcohol  or  ether  Ure  Diet  T  41 
many  genera  and  species,  mostly  of  the  old  world  and  A  1V>o.„«v.^«/  cvi^uiiui  ui  clubi.  uit,  ■L'lCt.,  l.  41. 
especiaUy  of  Africa  I  only' one  genus,  Eremophila  or  o"o-  -^^^^^enses  (al  -  ba  -nen  sez),  n.  pi.  [ML.,  < 
corys,  the  shore  or  horned  lark,  is  indigenous  to  America.  1^  Piedmont.]     One  of  the  sects  embraced 

The  Alaiididce  are  mostly  migratory ;  they  inhabit  open    under  the  general  name  Cathari  (which  see) 
country,  nest  on  the  ground,  lay  colored  eggs,  and  sing  as  Albanensian  fal-ba-nen'si-anl  a  nnrl  «     T  n 
they  soar;  some  of  the  species  are  gregarious.   See  ^^au-    PeSng  toSe  llba^^^^^ 


da  and  larkl. 

Alaudinae  (al-a-di'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Alauda 
+  -ince.]  A  subfamily  of  larks.  The  term  repre 
sents— (a)  A  subfamily  of  Fringillidai,  including  all  larks 
[Disused.]  (b)  A  subfamily  of  Alaudidm,  including  the 
typical  larks  represented  by  the  genus  Alauda  and  its  im- 
mediate allies. 

alaudine  (a-la'din),  a.  [<  Alauda  +  -ine^.] 
Having  the  character  of  a  lark  ;  pertaining  to 
the  Alaudidce  or  lark  family. 

There  is  .  .  .  abundant  evidence  of  the  susceptibility  of 
the  Alaudine  structure  to  modification  from  external  cir- 
cumstances. Eneyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  316. 

alaunt,  alaundt,  alauntt,  n.   Same  as  alan. 
Alaus  (a-la'us),  n.    [NL.,  in  form  <  Gr.  alaoQ, 
blind,  <  d-  priv.  -I-  Meiv,  see ;  but  said  to  be  based 
on  alaodai,  wander,  roam,  stray.]    A  genus  of 
ehek-beetles,  of 


A  member  of  the  sect  of  the  Alba- 


the  family  Ela- 
teridw.    a.  oeula- 

tus,  one  of  the  largest 
of  the  North  Ameri- 
can snapping-bee- 
tles,  is  a  well-known 
species  upward  of  li 
inches  long.  It  has 
two  velvety  black 
spots  encircled  with 
white  on  the  pro- 
thorax,  and  white 
dots  scattered  over 
the  whole  surface ; 
its  larvae  live  in  de- 
caying wood. 
9 


Alb  of  Thomas  k  Becket  in  the  cathe- 
dral at  Sens,  with  apparels  of  rich  SCulf 
sewed  on  the  Ixjttom  and  sleeves. 


II.  n. 

The  term  repre-  nenses. 

dudingaii  larks.  Albanian  (al-ba'ni-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Albania.] 
I.  «•  Relating  or  pertaining  to  modern  Albania, 
or  to  its  inhabitants,  or  their  language,  man- 
ners, customs,  etc. 

11.  M.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Albania, 
a  division  of  European  Turkey,  comprising  the 
greater  part  of  the  ancient  Epirus,  and  parts  of 
Illyria  and  Macedonia. —  2. 
pi.  Light  cavalry,  formerly 
recruited  in  Albania  and  the 
neighboring  lands,  and  armed 
according  to  the  Levantine 
fashion  of  the  time.  There  was 
such  a  corps  in  the  service  of  Charles 
VIII.  aud  of  Louis  XII.  of  France. 
See  argolet  and  extradiot. 

3.  The  language  of  Albania, 
possessing  strongly  marked 
dialects,  and  usually  classed 
as  Aryan  or  Indo-European. 

(The  adjective  and  noun  also  apply 
to  ancient  Albania,  on  the  western 
coast  of  the  Caspian  sea :  as,  the  Al- 
banian Gates  (Albanice  Pylce,  now 
the  pass  of  Derbend).] 

albarello  (al-ba-rel'6),  w.  [It., 
from  the  shape,  which  is  held 


Albarello, 
Italian  glazed  pottery, 
17th  century. 


Wandering  Albatross  [Diomedea  exulans). 

rection  with  reference  to  the  wind,  without  visible  move- 
ment of  the  wings.  They  nest  on  the  ground,  and  lay  a 
single  white  egg.  They  are  very  voracious,  may  be  caught 
with  a  hook  and  line  baited  with  pork,  and  when  taken 
on  board  a  vessel  are  observed  to  walk  with  difficulty. 
One  of  the  commonest  and  best-known  species  is  the  wan- 
dering albatross,  D.  e.rulaiu;  it  is  also  the  largest  species 
having  a  stretch  of  wings  of  about  12  feet  — an  assigned  di- 
mension of  17i  feet  being  either  a  great  exaggeration  or 
highly  exceptional.  This  bird  is  mostly  white,  w  ith  dark 
markings  on  the  upper  parts,  flesh-colored  feet,  and  a 
low  bill.  The  sliort-tailed  albatross,  D.  brachi/ura,  is  a 
related  but  smaller  species.  It  goes  far  north  in  the  Pa- 
cilic  ocean,  where  is  also  found  the  black-footed  albatross, 
D.  nignpes  of  Auilubon.  The  yellow-nosed  albatross  is 
D.  chlororhynchwi,  to  which  another  species,  D.  culininata, 
is  closely  related ;  these,  and  D.  inelanophrys,  are  among 
the  smaller  species,  and  of  about  the  size  of  the  sooty  al- 
batross. The  latter  is  wholly  dark-colored.  I'rom  their 
liabit  of  following  ships  for  days  together  without  resting, 
albatrosses  are  regarded  with  feelings  of  attachment  and 
superstitious  awe  by  sailors,  it  being  coiisidereil  unlucky 
to  kill  one.  Coleridge  has  availed  himself  of  this  feeling 
in  his  "Ancient  Mariner."  Also  spelled  albatros,  and  in 
New  Latin  form  albatrus,  as  either  a  generic  or  a  specific 
designation. 

A  thin  xmtwilled  woolen  material  used  for 


2 

 „„.^^     iitiii  women's  dresses. 

to  resemble  a  tree-trunk ;  dim.  of  albero,  a  tree.]  albel,  n.    See  a»l. 
An  earthen  vessel,  cylindrical  in  general  shape,  albe-'t,  albeet,  conj.    Same  as  albeit.  Spenser. 


albedo 


130 


albumen 


albedo  (al-be'do),  71.  [L.,  whiteness,  <  albus, 
white.]  Whiteness;  specifieally,  the  propor- 
tion of  light  falling  on  a  suiiace  and  irregularly 
retieeted  from  it:  as,  the  albedo  of  the  moon, 
albeit  (al-be'it),  conj.  [<  ME.  al  be  it,  al  be  it 
that,  like  al  be  that,  al  icere  it  so  that,  etc.,  in  con- 
cessive clauses,  al  being  the  adv.  all,  found  also 
joined  with  though  and  (/",  with  the  subjunctive 
of  the  verb  be :  see  all',  adc,  2  {b),  and  of.  «/- 
though.']   Although ;  notwithstanding  that. 

WTiereas  ye  say,  The  Lord  saith  it ;  albeit  I  have  not 
spoken.  Ezek.  xiii.  7. 

Albeit  so  mask'ii,  Madam,  I  love  the  truth. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 

Albert  cloth.   See  cMh. 

Albert  coal.    Same  as  albertite. 

Albertia  (al-ber'ti-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Albert  (Prince 
Albert).]  1.  A  geiius  of  free  iiof //era,  or  wheel- 
animalcules,  ha\'ing  a  lengthened  and  vermi- 
foiTu  body,  and  the  trochal  disk  reduced  to  a 
small  ciliated  lip  around  the  mouth.  Held  by 

S(.-timarda  to  constitute  with  the  genus  Seison  a  separate 
group,  Peroxotrocha.  They  are  internal  parasites  of  va- 
rious oligochaetous  annelids,  such  as  the  earthworm. 
2.  A  genus  of  dipterous  insects.  Jion(laiii,lM3. 
—  3.  A  genus  of  coelenterates.  Thomson,  1878. 
Albertl  bass.   See  bass^. 

Albertiidse  (al-ber-ti'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Al- 
bertia + -idw.}  A  family  of  rotifers,  or  wheel- 
animalcides,  of  which  the  genus  Albertia  is  the 
tj-pe.    See  Albertia. 

Albertine  (al'ber-tin),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
younger  and  royal  branch  of  the  Saxon  house 
which  descended  from  Albert  (G.  Albrecht), 
Duke  of  Saxony  (1443-1500).— Albertine  tracts, 
pamphlets  dealing "witli  econoniic  sulijects,  written  about 
1530  under  the  auspices  of  tlie  Albertine  branch  of  the 
Saxon  house,  and  in  opposition  to  a  debasement  of  the  cur- 
rency proposed  by  the  Ernestine  branch  of  the  same  house. 

The  Albertine  tracts,  according  to  Roscher,  exhibit  such 
sound  views  of  the  conditions  and  evidences  of  national 
wealtli,  of  the  nature  of  money  and  trade,  an<l  of  tlie  rights 
and  duties  of  (iovernments  in  relatiim  to  economic  action, 
that  he  regards  the  unknown  autlmr  as  entitled  tn  a  place 
beside  Raleigh  and  the  otlur  Enulisli  "  culi)nial-tliei>rists " 
of  the  end  of  the  10th  and  beginning  of  the  17th  century. 

Eneiic  Brit.,  XIX.  356. 

Albertist  (al'ber-tist),  w.  [<  ML.  Albcrtistce,  pi., 
<  AlberUis,  Albert.]  An  adherent  of  the  philos- 
ophy of  Albertus  Magnus,  a  German  scholastic 
philosopher  (1193-1280).  The  Albertists  were  oidy 
recognized  as  a  distinct  schoid  in  tlie  university  of  Co- 
logne in  the  fifteenth  century.  This  school  was  an  off- 
shoot from  tliat  of  tlie  Tliomists,  from  wliich  it  differed 
concerning  many  points  of  logic,  pliysics,  and  theology. 
It  was  attached  to  the  college  of  St.  Lawrence.  The  differ- 
ences which  separatecl  the  Alliertists  from  tlie  Tliondsts 
were  insignificant.  Among  otlier  points,  the  former  held 
that  logic  is  a  sinH  iilative,  not  a  jn'actical,  discipline ;  that 
universals  in  ri-  and  im^t  rfin  are  identical  (see  unirernal, 
n.);  and  that  the  principle  of  individuation  (which  see)  is 
matter. 

albertite  (al'ber-tit),  «.  [<  Albert,  name  of  a 
county  in  New  Brunswick,  where  this  mineral 
is  found,  +  -ite".~\  A  hydrocarbon,  pitch-like 
in  ajjpearance,  and  related  to  asphaltum,  but 
not  so  fusible  nor  so  soluble  in  benzine  or 
ether,  it  fills  a  fissure  in  tlie  lower  carboniferous  rocks 
at  the  Albert  mine  iu  New  i;runswii  k.  It  is  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  illuminating  gas,  and  of  illmninating  and 
luliricating  oils.    Also  called  Albert  enal. 

albertype  (al'ber-tip),  n.  [<  ^o^e-ph  Albert, 
name  of  the  inventor,  +  type.']  1.  A  method 
of  direct  printing  in  ink  from  photographic 
plates.  See  photolithograjihi/. —  2.  A  picture 
produced  by  this  method. 

albescence  (al-bes'ens), »!.  l<  albescent.]  The 
act  or  state  of  growing  white  or  whitish. 

albescent  (al-bes'ent),  a.  [<  L.  albescen(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  albcscere,  become  white,  inceptive  of  al- 
bere,  be  white, <  albus,  white.]  Becomingwhite 
or  whitish ;  moderately  white ;  of  a  pale,  hoary 
aspect ;  bleached ;  blanched. 

albespinet  (al'be-spin),  n.  [<  ME.  albespyne,  < 
OF.  albesjiine,  later  aubespine,  mod.  P.  aubcpine 
-  Pr.  albespin,  <  ML.  *alba  spinus,  the  white- 
thorn (-tree),  in  ref.  to  the  whiteness  of  its  bark 
as  contrasted  with  the  blackthorn :  L.  alha,  fern, 
of  albus,  white ;  spinus,  the  blackthorn,  sloe- 
tree,  <  spina,  a  thorn,  spine:  see  spiine.]  The 
hawthorn,  Crataegus  Oxyacantha. 

albicans  (al'bi-kanz),  «. ;  pi.  albicantia  (al-bi- 
kan'shi-a).  [NL.,  sc.  corjms,  body:  see  albi- 
cant.]  One  of  the  corpora  albicantia  of  the 
brain.    See  corpora  albicantia,  under  corpus. 

albicant  (al'bi-kant),  a.  [< L.  albican{t-)s,  ppr. 
of  albicare,  be  white,  <  albus,  white.]  Becom- 
ing or  growing  white.    N.  E.  D. 

albicantia,  n.    Plural  of  albicans. 

albication  (al-bi-ka'shon),  n.  [<  L.  albicare,  pp. 
*albicatus,  be  white:  see  albicant.]  In  bot.,  a 
growing  white ;  a  development  of  white  patches 
in  the  foliage  of  plants. 


albicore  (al'bi-kor),  n.    See  albacore. 

albificationt  (al"bi-fi-ka'shgn),  n.  [<  ME.  albifi- 
cacioun,<.M.lj.  albi_ticatio{n-'j,<.  albijicare,  whiten: 
see  albify.]  In  alchemy,  the  act  or  process  of 
making  white.  Chaucer. 

albiflorous  (al-bi-llo'rus),  a.  [<  NL.  albiflorus, 
<  L.  albus,  white,  +  flos  (flor-),  a  flower.]  In 
bot.,  having  white  Howers. 

albifyt  (al'bi-fi),  v.  t.  [<  ML.  alhiflcare,  <  L.  al- 
ius, white,  +  -ficare,  <  faccre,  make.]  To  make 
white ;  whiten. 

Albigenses  (al-bi-jen'sez),  n.pl.    [ML.,  >r.  Al- 

bigeois,  inhabitants  of  Albi.]  A  collective  name 
for  the  members  of  several  anti-sacerdotal  sects 
in  the  south  of  France  in  the  twelfth  and  thir- 
teenth centmles:  so  called  from  Albi,  in  Lan- 
guedoc,  where  they  were  dominant.  They  revolted 

from  the  Church  of  Rome,  were  cliarged  with  Manicha;an 
errors,  and  were  so  vigorously  persecuted  that,  as  sects, 
they  had  in  gi-eat  part  disappeared  by  the  end  of  the  thir- 
teenth century. 
Albigensian  (al-bi-jen'si-an),  a.  and  n.  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  Albigenses. 

By  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century,  the  Albigensian 
heresy  had  been  neai-ly  extirpated. 

Preseott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  7. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Albigenses. 

albin  (al'bin),  n.  [<  L.  albus,  white.  See  al- 
bino.] A  mineral  of  an  opaque  white  color,  re- 
garded as  a  variety  of  Bohemian  apophyllite. 

Eilbiness  (al-bi'nes),  n.  [<  albino  +  -ess.]  A 
female  albino. 

In  them  [the  negative  Idondesl  the  soul  has  often  be- 
come pale  with  that  blanching  of  the  hair  and  loss  of  color 
in  the  eyes  which  makes  them  approach  the  character  of 
albinesses.  0.  11'.  liubneit,  The  Professor. 

albinism  (al'bi-nizm),  Jf.  {(.albino  -i- -ism;  = 
F.  albinismc  =  Pg.  albiuismo.]  The  state  or 
condition  of  being  an  albino  ;  leucopatliy ;  leu- 
eism.  In  bot.,  a  condition  of  flowers  or  leaves  in  which 
tliey  are  w  hite  instead  of  having  their  ordinary  colors,  ow- 
ing to  a  pei  sistent  deficiency  of  the  usual  coloring  matter  : 
to  be  distinguished  from  blanrliini/or  etitilation,  where  the 
color  returns  on  exposure  to  light.  Compare  erythrism. 
Also  written  albinoism. 

Albitnstn  being  well  known  to  be  strongly  inherited,  for 
instance  with  white  mice  and  many  other  (piadrupeds,  and 
even  white  Howers. 

Danrin,  Var.  of  Animals  and  Plants,  p.  115. 

albinistic  (al-bi-nis'tik),  a.    Same  as  albinotic. 

albino  (al-bi'no),  n.  [<  Pg.  albino,  orig.  applied 
l>y  the  Portuguese  to  the  wliite  negroes  they 
met  with  on  the  coast  of  Africa  (=  Sp.  It.  al- 
bino, >  F.  albiuos),  <  albo,  now  alvo,  =  Sp.  It. 
(ilho,  <  L.  albus,  white.]  1.  A  person  of  pale, 
milky  complexion,  with  light  hair  and  pink 
eyes.  This  abnormal  condition  ijppears  to  depend  on  an 
absence  of  the  minute  particles  of  coloring  matter  which 
ordinarily  occur  in  the  lowest  and  last-deposited  layers 
of  the  epidermis  or  outer  skin.  Albinos  occasionally  occur 
among  all  races  of  men. 

Hence  —  2.  An  animal  characterized  by  the 
same  peculiarity  in  physical  constitution,  a 

perfect  albino  is  jjure  white,  with  pink  eyes ;  but  there 
may  be  every  degree  of  departure  from  the  normal  color- 
ation, exhibiting  every  variation  in  paleness  of  color  or  in 
spotting  or  marking  with  white,  such  pallid  or  pied  indi- 
viduals being  called  partial  albinos.  An  albino  is  always 
a  sport  or  freak  of  nature,  as  when  one  of  a  brood  of  crows 
or  blackbirds  is  snow-white ;  but  albinism  tends  to  be- 
come hereditary  and  thus  established,  as  in  tlie  case  of 
white  mice,  white  rabbits,  and  white  poultry.  Any  al- 
bino, therefore,  is  to  be  distinguished  from  an  animal  that 
is  naturally  white,  like  the  snowy  heron  or  polar  bear,  or 
that  periodically  turns  white  in  winter,  like  the  arctic  fox, 
polar  hare,  or  ptarmigan.  Some  animals  are  more  sus- 
ceptible to  albinism  than  others,  but  probably  all  are  lia- 
ble to  the  deficiency  or  total  lack  of  pigment  which  con- 
stitutes this  afl'ection. 

3.  A  plant  the  leaves  of  which  are  marked  by 
the  absence  of  chlorophyl,  or  whose  flowers  are 
exceptionally  white.    See  albinism. 

albinoism  (al-bi'no-izm),  n.    Same  as  albinism. 

albinotic  (al-bi-not'ik),  a.  [<  albino  +  -otic,  as 
in  hypnotic  and  other  words  of  Gr.  origin.]  Af- 
fected with  albinism;  exhibiting  leucism;  being 
an  albino.    An  equivalent  form  is  albinistic. 

albione  (al-bi-6'ne),  n.  [NL.,  after  L.  Albion,  a 
son  of  Neptune  ?]  A  sea-leech ;  a  leech  of  the 
gentis  Pontobdella. 

albion-metal  (arbi-pn-met"al),  «.  [<  Albion, 
poetic  name  of  England  (<  L.  Albion,  Gr.  ^A'kpiuv, 
an  ancient  name  of  Britain),  +  metal.]  A  com- 
bination made  by  overlaying  lead  with  tin  and 
causing  the  two  to  adhere  by  passing  them,  un- 
der pressure,  between  rollers. 

albite  (al'bit),  n.  [<  L.  albus,  white,  +  -ite^.]  A 
triclinie  soda  feldspar;  a  common  mineral,  usu- 
ally white  or  nearly  white,  occurring  in  crystals 
and  in  cleavable  masses  in  granite  veins,  also 
as  a  constituent  of  many  crystalline  rocks,  as 
diorite  and  some  kinds  of  granite.  See  feldspar. 

albitic  (al-bit'ik),  «.  l<  albite  + -ic]  Pertaining 
to  or  of  the  nature  of  albite ;  containing  albite. 


Albizzia  (al-bits'i-a),  H.    [NL.,  <  It.  Albizzi,  a 
noble  family  of  Tuscany,  who  first  brought  the 
siUc-tree  into  Italy.]    A  large  genus  of  legMmi-  j 
nous  plants  of  tropical  Asia  and  Africa,  allied  : 
to  Acacia.    Many  are  trees  furnishing  a  hard,  strong,  , 
and  durable  wood.    A.  Julibrissin  (the  silk-tree)  and 
A.  Lebbek  are  I'reciuently  cultivated  for  ornament  in  the 
Mediterranean  region  and  in  America.    Tlie  bark  of  an 
Abyssinian  species,  A.  antlielmintica,  known  as  mesenna 
or  besenna,  is  an  effective  tamiafuge. 

albo-carbon  (arb6-kar"bon),  n.  [<  L.  albus,  ' 
white,  +  E.  carbon.]    A  solid  residuum  of  crea- 

SOte — Albo-carbon  light,  a  light  produced  by  carbu- 
reting ordinary  burning-gas  by  the  volatilization  of  albo- 
carbon,  which  is  placed  in  cylindrical  chambers  about  a 
gas-burner. 

albolite  (arbo-lit),  n.    Same  as  albolith. 

albolith  (al'b6-litti), ».  [<  L.  albus,  white,  +  Gr. 
X/9of,  a  stone.]  A  cement  made  by  mixing  pid- 
verized  calcined  magnesite  with  fine  silica,  it 

forms  a  hard,  durable  compound  wliich  can  be  molded, 
and  is  found  very  useful  in  repairing  stonework  and  a& 
a  preservative  for  various  materials  of  construction.  ■ 

Alb  Sunday.  [See  alb^  and  Sunday.  Cf.  JFMt- 
sunday.]  The  first  Sunday  after  Easter:  so 
called  because  on  that  day  those  who  had 
been  baptized  on  Easter  eve  wore  their  white 
robes  for  the  last  time.  Also  called  Low  Sun- 
day. 

albuginea  (al-bu-jin'f-a),  n.    [NL.,  fem.  (sc. 

tunica)  of  an  assumed  L.  *albugiucus :  see  albu-  j 
gineous.]    In  a  name  (properly  tunica  al-  ' 

buginea)  applied  to  several  membranes:  (a)  To 
the  fibrous  covering  of  the  testis  beneath  the 
tunica  vaginalis  (sheathing  membrane) ;  (b)  to  | 
the  similar  fibrous  covering  of  the  ovary  be-  | 
neath  the  peritoneum;  (c)  to  the  sclerotic  or 
white  of  the  eye. 

albuginean  (al-bii-jin'e-an),  a.    [<  L.  albugo  i 
(albugin-),  whiteness,  a  white  spot,  +  -e-an.] 
Same  as  albugincous.  I 

albugineous  (al-bii-jin'e-us),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *al- 
bugineus  (>  Sp.  Pg.  It.  a'lbugineo),  the  more  cor- 
rect E.  form  being  albuginous  —  F.  albugiueux  =  i 
Sp.  It.  albuginoso,  <  L.  *albuginosus,  <  albugo  (al- 
bugin-), ■whiteness,:  see  albugo.]  Pertaining  to 
or  resembling  the  white  of  tlie  eye  or  of  an  egg. 
Equivalent  forms  are  albuginean  and  albuginous. 
—  Albugineous  humor,  the  a(|neous  humor  of  the  eye. — 
Albugineous  tunic,  the  albuginea  (which  .see). 

albuginitis  (al-bfi-ji-ni'tis),  H.  [<  albuginea  + 
-itis.]  Inflammation  of  the  tunica  albuginea  of 
the  testis.    See  albuginea. 

albuginous  (al-bii'ji-nus),  a.    Same  as  albugin- 
cous. 

albugo  (al-bu'go),  n.  [L.,  whiteness,  a  white 
spot,  <  albus,  white.]  A  disease  of  the  eye, 
cliaracterized  by  deep  opacity  of  the  cornea. 
Sometimes  called  leucoma. 

Albula  (al'bu-la),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  of  L.  albulus, 
whitish,  <  «76ms|' white:  see  able^,  ablet.]  A  ge- 
nus of  fishes  distinguished  by  their  whitish  or 
silvery  color,  typical  of  the  family  Albulidce. 

albulid  (al'bii-iid),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family  Al-  . 
bulidm;  a  bonefish,  ladyfish,  macab6,  or  French  I 
mullet. 

Albulidae  (al-bu '  li-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Albula 
+  -idai.]    A  family  of  abdominal  fishes  having 
an  elongate  body  covered  with  silvery  scales, 
conical  head  with  produced  overhanging  snout,  _ 
small  mouth,  and  pavement-like  teeth  on  the ' 
sphenoid  and  pterygoid  bones.    Only  one  species, 

Albula  vulpes,  is  known.  It  is  generally  distributed  in 
tropical  seas,  and  is  known  in  the  West  Indies  and  Elorid;i 
as  the  ladyfish  and  bonefish.  It  is  interesting  from  modi 
tications  of  structure  of  the  heart  which  suggest  the  ga- 
noids.   See  cut  under  ladyfish. 

Albulina  (al-lm-li'na),  w.        [KL.,  <  Albula  + 
-ilia.]    In  Giinther's'classifieation  of  fishes,  the  i 
fifth  group  of  Clupeidce.    The  technical  characters  | 
are  — tlie  mouth  inferior,  of  moderate  width  and  toothed, 
the  upper  jaw  projecting  beyond  the  lower,  and  the  inter-  | 
maxillary  juxtaposed  to  the  upper  edge  of  tlie  maxillai  j 
bones.    The  group  corresponds  to  the  family  Albulida. 
Preferably  written  Albulince,  as  a  subfamily.  | 

album  (al'bum),  n.    [L.,  prop.  ueut.  of  albus,  | 
white.]    1.  In  Ixom.  antiq.,  a  white  tablet,  on  \ 
which  the  names  of  public  oflSeers  and  records 
of  public  transactions  were  written,  and  which 
was  put  up  in  a  public  place. —  2.  A  book  eon-  I 
sisting  of  blank  leaves  variously  prepared  for  I 
special  pui^poses,  as  for  the  reception  or  pres- 
ervation of  autographs,  photographs,  verses, 
"sentiments,"  etc.— 3.  A  book  expensively 
printed  or  bound,  containing  short  selections 
of  poetry  or  prose,  usually  illustrated,  and  in-  i 
tended  as  a  gift  or  an  ornament. —  4t.  In  lau; 
white  (silver)  money  paid  as  rent.  f 

albumen  (al-bii'men),  n.  [L. ;  albumen  ovi,  the 
white  of  an  egg;  lit.,  whiteness,  <  albus,  white.] 
1.  The  white  of  an  egg;  hence,  an  animal  and 
vegetable  principle  which  oecui's  in  its  purest 


albumen 

natural  form  in  the  white  of  an  egg:  in  the 
latter  sense  more  eon'eetly  called  albumin 
(which  see). — 2.  In  hot.,  any  form  of  nutritive 
matter,  whatever  its  chemical  constitution, 


131 


Seeds  cut  vertically,  showing  their  Embryos  and  Albumen. 


stored  withm  the  seed  and  about  the  embryo. 
It  may  be  farinaceous,  as  in  the  cereals ;  oily  and  fleshy, 
as  in  many  nuts ;  horny,  as  in  the  coffee-berry ;  or  bony,' 
as  in  the  vegetable  ivory.  Also  called  endosperm.— M\)U- 
men  glue.    See  r/lue._ 

albumenize  (al-bu'men-iz),  v.  t.    See  albumin- 
ise. 

albumenoid,  a.  and  n.    See  albuminoid. 
album  graecum  (al'bum  'gre'kum).    [L. ;  lit., 
Greek  white.]    The  dung  of  dogs,  etc.,  which, 
from  exposure  to  the  air,  has  become  white  like 
chalk.    It  was  formerly  used  as  a  medicine,  and 
is  still  used  by  tanners  to  soften  leather, 
albumin  (al-bu'min),  n.    [<  L.  album{en)  +  -««2. 
See  albumen.']    In  chem.,  a  substance  named 
from  the  Latin  for  the  white  of  an  egg,  in  which 
it  occurs  in  its  purest  natural  state  (see  albu- 
men). It  is  a  proximate  principle  composed  of  nitrogen, 
cai-bon,  hydrogen,  and  oxygen,  with  a  little  sulphur,  and 
enters  generally  into  the  composition  of  the  animal  and 
vegetable  juices  and  solids.    Animal  albumin  abounds  in 
the  serum  of  the  blood,  the  vitreous  and  crystalline  lunuors 
of  the  eye,  the  so-called  coagulable  lymph,  the  juices  of 
flesh,  etc.   Vegetable  albumin  is  found  in  most  vegetable 
juices  and  in  many  seeds ;  in  composition  and  properties 
it  does  not  differ  greatly  from  animal  albumin.  Albumin 
obtained  from  eggs  or  blood-serum  is  used  for  giving  a 
lustrous  coating  to  photographic  paper,  and  rarely  in  some 
other  photographic  processes,  for  fixing  colors  in  printing' 
and  for  clarifying  syi-upy  liquids.    When  heated  with  such 
liquids  it  coagulates  and  sinks  to  the  bottom,  or  else  rises 
as  a  scum,  carrying  with  it  the  fine  suspended  particles 
which  had  made  the  liquid  turbid.  When  albumin  in  solu- 
tion IS  digested  with  a  weak  acid,  it  passes  into  a  modi- 
fication distinguished  by  the  following  properties :  it  is 
insoluble  in  water  and  weak  saline  solutions,  soluble  in 
weak  acids  or  alkalis,  and  not  coagulated  by  heat.  This 
modification  is  called  acid  albuynin.    Similar  treatment 
with  a  weak  or  strong  alkali  produces  a  substance  having 
nearly  the  same  properties  as  acid  albumin,  but  called 
alkah  albumin.  Syntonin  is  not  distinguishable  from  acid 
albumin.   Wlien  a  solution  of  either  acid  or  alkali  albumin 
IS  neutralized,  a  neutralization  precipitate  is  obtained 
This,  dissolved  in  acid,  gives  acid  albumin ;  dissolved  in 
alkah,  it  gives  alkali  albumin  though  there  is  reason  to 
beheve  that  neither  the  acid  nor  the  alkali  combines 
chemically  with  the  albumin.    Albumin  is  found  in  com- 
merce in  a  dry  state,  being  prepared  both  from  the  white 
of  eggs  and  from  the  serum  of  blood ;  84  dozen  eggs  pro- 
duce about  1.2  gallons  of  white,  which  yields  14  per  cent 
of  commercial  albumin,  while  the  blood  of  5  oxen  yields 
about  2  lbs.    Pure  albumin,  entirely  free  from  mineral 
matter,  begins  to  coagulate  at  about  139°,  and  becomes 
completely  solidified  at  167°.     Coagulated  albumin  is  a 
white  opaque  substance,  possessing  the  property  of  com- 
bming  readily  with  a  great  many  coloring  materials,  such 
as  fuchsine,  aniline  violet,  piirpuramide,  etc.    It  is  em- 
ployed extensively  in  the  arts,  as  in  calico-printing  in 
which  it  IS  used  to  fix  pigments,  especially  ultramarine 
chrome-yellows,  etc.,  upon  the  fibers  of  cotton  cloth,  serv- 
ing both  as  a  vehicle  for  the  color  and  as  a  varnish.  With 
anihne  colors,  however,  it  forms  a  true  mordant.— Albu- 
min process,  a  little-used  process  of  making  photo- 
graphic plates,  in  which  albumin  is  used  instead  of  collo- 
dion or  gelatin. 

albuminate  (al-bu'mi-nat),  n.  [<  albumen  (al- 
bumn-)  +  -ate^,-]  One  of  a  class  of  bodies  in 
which  albumin  appears  to  be  in  weak  combina- 
tion with  a  base.  Alkali  albuminate  is  regarded 
by  some  as  identical  with  casein. 

albumin-beer  (al-bu'min-ber),  «.  A  preserv- 
ing bath  which  has  been  used  for  some  early 
photographic  emulsions,  composed  of  albumin, 
ammonia,  pyrogallic  acid,  beer,  and  water. 

albuminiferous  (al-bii-mi-nif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L. 
albumen  (-min-)  +  ferre,  bear.]  Producing  al- 
bumin.   W.  L.  Carpenter. 

albuminiform  (al-bii'mi-ni-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  al- 
0}men{-miH-)  +  -formis,<forma,iorm.2  Formed 
like  or  resembling  albumin. 

albuminimeter  (al-bii-mi-nim'e-ter),  n.  [<  L. 
albmnen  (-win-)  -f  metrnm,  <  Gr.  fierpov,  mea- 
sure. J  An  instrument  for  measuring  the  quan- 
tity of  albumin  contained  in  any  liquid. 


albuminln  (al-bii'mi-nin),  n.  [<  albumen  (-min-) 
+  -(«2.]  The  substance  of  the  cells  inclosing 
the  white  of  birds'  eggs.  It  contains  no  nitro- 
gen, and  dissolves  in  caustic  potash.  Also 
called  odnin. 
albuminiparous  (al-bii-mi-nip'a-rus),  a.  [<  L. 
albumen  {-min-)  -k-  -parus,  <.  parere,  produce.] 
Same  as  albuminiferous. 

At  its  upper  end  this  latter  [duct]  has  an  albuminipa- 
rous gland  attached  to  it. 

Ger/enbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  383. 

albuminize  (al-bii'mi-niz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

albuminized,  ppr.  albuminizing.  [<  albumin  -(- 
4ze.']  To  convert  into  albumin;  cover  or  im- 
pregnate with  albumin,  as  paper  for  the  silver- 
printing  of  photogi-aphs.  Also  written  albu- 
menize. 

albuminoid  (al-bu'mi-noid),  a.  and  n.     [<  L. 

albumen  (-min-)  +  -oid.]  I.  a.  Resembling  al- 
bumen or  albumin. 

During  hard  work  a  larger  supply  than  usual  of  albu- 
minoid food  is  necessary. 

W.  L.  Carpenter,  Energy  in  Nature,  p.  192. 
Albuminoid  disease,  lardaceous  disease  (which  see,  un- 
der lardaceous). 

II.  71.  A  substance  resembling  albumin;  pro- 
teid  (which  see). 
Also  written  albumenoid. 
albuminoidal  (al-bu-mi-noi'dal),  a.  Relating 
to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  albuminoid, 
albuminone  (al-bii'mi-non),  n.    Same  as  pep- 
tone. 

albuminose  (al-bii'mi-nos),  a.  [=F.  alhumi- 
neux  =  It.  albuminoso,  <  NL.  albuminosus,  <  L. 
albumen  (-min-):  see  albumen,  albumin.']  1. 
Pull  of  or  containing  albumen :  applied  to  the 
seeds  of  certain  plants,  as  grain,  palms,  etc. — 
2.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  natui-e  of  albumin, 
albuminosis  (al-bu-mi-no'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  L. 
albumen  (-min-)  +  -osis.'\  A  condition  of  the 
blood  characterized  by  the  presence  of  more 
than  the  usual  amount  of  albumin, 
albuminous  (al-bii'mi-nus),  a.  Same  as  albu- 
minose. —  Albuminous  infiltration.  See  cloudy  swell- 
ing, under  cloudy. 

albuminousness  (al-bii'mi-nus-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  albuminous, 
albumin-paper  (al-bu'min-pa'per),  n.  Paper 
sized  or  coated  with  albumin,  used  for  ordi- 
nary photographic  printing, 
albuminuria  (al-bii-mi-nii'ri-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  L. 
albumen  (-min-)  -I-  Gr.  ovpov,  iirine:  see  urine.'] 
In  patliol.,  the  presence  of  albumin  in  the  ui-ine, 
indicating  changes  in  the  blood  or  in  the  kid- 
neys. 

albuminuric  (al-bu-mi-nii'rik),  a.  [<  albumi- 
nuria +  -ic.  ]  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by 
albuminuria, 
alburn  (al'bern),  a.  and  n.  [<  ML.  alburnus, 
whitish  (see  auburn),  first  as  a  noun,  LL.  al- 
burnus, m.,  a  white  fish,  prob.  the  bleak  or  blay, 
L.  alburnum,  neut.,  sap-wood  (see  alburnum)^  <. 
albus,  yvhite.]  I.fa.  Anobsoleteformof  a«/6i«-». 

II.  n.  1.  Same  as  alburnum. —  2.  A  name 
sometimes  given  to  the  fish  commonly  called 
the  bleak. 

alburnous  (al-ber'nus),  a.    [<  alburnum,  q.  v., 
+  -ous.]    Relating  to  or  of  the 
nature  of  alburnum, 
alburnum  (al-ber'num),  w.  [L., 
sap-wood,  prop.  neut.  of  albur-  <j( 
nus,  which  appears  in  ML.  in 
the  sense  of  'whitish':  see  au- 
burn.]   The  lighter-colored  and 
softer  part  of  the  wood  of  exo- 
genous plants,  between  the  in- 
ner bark  and  the  heart-wood,  it 

is  frequently  called 


alcatras 

of  these  consists  of  an  anacrusis,  a  trochee,  a  spondee,  and 
two  dactyls.  A  second  consists  of  a  eatalectic  iambic  pen- 
tameter, of  which  the  third  foot  is  always  a  spondee,  and 
the  first  may  be.    A  third  consists  of  two  dactyls  followed 


Great  Auk  {A/ca  intpeiim's). 
( From  a  drawing  by  R,  W.  Shufeldt  after  Audubon. ) 


—  1  —  J  .ji. ^-iiui/u.,     aiiu.     13     -""f  - " 

gradually  transformed  into  heart-wood 

-  1  -  .......  bark 


mp-wood,  and  is  sap-wood ;  heart- 

...  ,  ,     ,  A  .     .     pjjf,  . 


or  dui-amen.    Another  form  is  alburn. 

Alca  (al'ka),  n.  [ML.  and  NL.,  <  Icel.  alka, 
dllca,  auk:  see«i<ti.]  The  leading  genus  of  the 
Alcidw,  or  auk  family  of  birds.  It  h;is  been  made  to 
cover  nearly  all  the  species  of  the  family,  Init  is  now  gener- 
ally restricted  to  the  great  auk,  Alca  impennis,  alone  or 
with  the  razor-billed  auk,  A.  tarda  or  Utainania  tarda 
See  auk,  and  cut  in  next  column. 

alcabala  (Sp.  pron.  al-ka-ba'la),  n.  Same  as 
alcavala. 

Alcadse  (al'ka-de),  m.jjL  Same  as  Alcidw. 
alcahest,  alcahestic,  etc.  See  alkahest,  etc. 
Alcaic  (al-ka'ik),  «.  and  n.  [<  L.  Alcaicus.  < 
Gr.  'A^.KdiKo^,  <  ^AlualoQ,  AlcEeus.]  I.  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  Alcseus,  a  lyi'ie  poet  of  Mvtilene,  in 
Lesbos,  who  floui-ished  about  600  'b.  c— 2. 
\l.  c.]  Pertaining  to,  of  the  nature  of,  or  con- 
sisting of  alcaics  :  as,  an  a?c«ic  strophe.  See  II. 
—Alcaic  verse.  See  il. 

ll.n.  [I.e.]  A  line  written  in  one  of  the  mea- 
sures invented  by  Alcseus.  The  most  important  one 


by  two  trochees.  Two  lines  of  the  first,  followe<l  by  one 
of  the  second  and  one  of  the  third,  constitute  the  alcaic 
strophe,  the  commonest  arrangement  of  alcaics.  The  fol- 
lowing IS  an  example  of  an  alcaic  strophe  : 

0  mighty-mouth'd  inventor  of  harmonies, 
0  skill'd  to  sing  of  Time  or  Eternity, 
God-gifted  organ-voice  of  England, 
Milton,  a  name  to  resound  for  ages. 

Tennyson,  Exper.  in  Quantity,  Alcaics. 

alcaid.  alcayde  (al-kad' ;  Sp.  pron.  ai-ka'e-da), 
n.  [<  Sp.  Pg.  alcaide,  formerly  alcayde,  a  gov- 
ernor, jailer,  warden,  <  Ar.  al-qaid,  <  al,  the  (see 
al-^),  +  qdid,  leader,  governor,  prefect,  <  qada, 
lead,  govern.]  In  Spain,  Portugal,  etc.,  a  com- 
mander of  a  fortress;  a  military  officer;  also 
a  jailer. 

alcalde  (al-kal'de ;  Sp.  pron.  al-kal'da),  n.  [Sp. 
alcalde  (in  Pg.  ofcaifZe  by  confusion  with  alcaide, 
alcaid),  <  Ar.  al-qddi,  <  al,  the,  +  qddi,  judge  (> 
Tui-k.  kadi,  >  E.  cadi,  q.  v.),  <  qadaij,  judge,  de- 
cide.] In  Spain  and  Portugal,  and  in  countries 
settled  by  Spaniards  or  governed  by  Spanish 
law,  the  mayor  of  a  pueblo  or  town,  who  is  the 
head  of  the  mimicipal  council,  and  is  vested  with 
judicial  powers  similar  to  those  of  a  justice  of 
the  peace. 

alcaldeship  (al-kal'de-ship),  n.  The  office  of 
alcalde. 

The  heart  of  the  Spanish  local  system  is  th?  Alcaldeship. 

C.  H.  Shinn,  Mining  Camps,  p.  83. 

alcali,  alcalimeter,  alcalizable,  etc.  See  al- 
kah, etc. 

alcamistret,  alcamyt,  etc.  See  cdchcmist,  al- 
chemy, etc. 

Alcanse  (al-ka'ne),  n.  jjI.  Same  as  Aleince. 
alcanna  (al-kan'a),  n.  [Also  written  cdcana,  < 
Sp.  alcana,  alcana  (=  Pg.  alcanna).  <  Ar.  al- 
hennd, <  al,  the,  +  henna,  henna.]  Sameashenna. 
Alcantarine  (al-kan'ta-rin),  n.  [<  Sp.  Alcan- 
tara, a  city  on  the  Tagus,  Ut.  the  Bridge,  <  Ar. 
al,  the,  +  qantarah,  a  bridge.  Cf.  almucantar.] 
A  member  of  a  branch  of  the  Franciscans 
founded  in  1555  by  St.  Peter  of  Alcantara 
(whence  the  name).  See  Franciscan. 
alcarraza  (al-ka-ra'za ;  Sp.  pron.  al-kar-ra'tha), 
n.  [Sp.,  <  Ar.  al-kurrdz,  <  al,  the  (see  al-'2),  + 
kurraz,  an  earthen  vessel,  pitcher.]  A  vessel 
made  of  porous  unglazed  pottery,  used  in  hot 
climates  for  cooling  water  by  the  evaporation 
of  the  moisture  oozing  through  the  substance 

of  the  vessel.  The  effectiveness  of  the  process  is 
greatly  increased  by  exposure  to  a  cm-rent  of  air  In  the 
southwestern  United  States  commonly  called  olla. 

alcarsin,  ».    See  ulkarsin. 

alcatotet,  «.  [E.  dial.,  also  alkitotle  (Exmoor 
Vourtsh  ip) ;  origin  obscui-e.]  A  silly  elf  or  fool- 
ish oaf.    Gloss.  Exmoor  Scolding. 

Why,  you  know  I  [am]  an  ignorant,  unable  trifle  in  such 
business,  an  oaf,  a  simple  alcatote,  an  innocent. 

Ford,  Fancies,  iv.  1. 

alcatras  (al'ka-tras),  n.  [<  Sp.  Pg.  alcatraz,  a 
pelican,  etc.,  prob.  a  mollification  of  Pg.  alca- 
truz  =  Sp.  arcaduz,  alcaduz,  the  bucket  of  a 
noria  or  water-raising  wheel,  <  Ar.  al.  the,  + 
qddus,  bucket,  <  Gr.  mSoc,  a  water-vessel ;  the 
term  "bucket"  being  applied  to  the  pelican  for 
the  same  reason  that  the  Arabs  call  it  .^aggd, 
water-canTier,  because  it  carries  water  in  its 
pouch  (De\ae).]  A  Spanish  and  Portuguese 
name  loosely  applied  to  sundi-y  large  sea-bLi-ds. 


and  the  corresponding  animal  of  northern  North  America 
known  ;is  the  moose.    See  f/frl,  2,  and  moose. 
alchemic  (al-kem'ik),  a.     [Formerly  alchymic 
—  F.  ulchimiquc,  <  ML.  alchimicus,  <  alchimia, 

alchemy:  see  alchenn/,  and  of.  chcmic.']    Relat-  Foi-merly  also  spelled  alchymy. 

ing  to  or  produced  by  alchemy.    Formerly  also  alchochoden  (al-ko-ko'den),  w.  [Ar.]  Inastrol., 

spelled  alchymic.  the  giver  of  life  or  years;  the  planet  which  is 

At  last  lowered  into  the  semi-conscious  alchemic  state  the  dispositor  of  hyleg  and  in  aspect  with  that 

wherein  misery  turns  to  habit.  planet  when  a  person  is  born,  indicating  by  its 

L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  138.  position  the  length  of  his  life, 

alchemical  (al-kera'i-kfil),«.  S&me  as  alchcnuc  alchymict,  alchymistt,  etc.    See  alchemic,  etc 

alchemically  (al-kem'i-kal-i),  adi\    In  an  al-  Alcidse  (al'si-de),  n.  pi.  [! 


alcatras  132 

as  the  pelican  (Pelecanus),  gannet  (Sula),  alba- 
tross {Biomedea,  espeeiailj  D.  fuUgiiiosa),  frig- 
ate-bird (Tachypetes  aquiltis),  etc.,  but  of  no  ex- 
act signification  in  ornithology. 

alcavala  (al-ka-va'la),  11.  [Sp.  alcahala,  alca- 
vala,  <  Ar.  cd-qabdlah,  <  al,  the,  +  qnhdlah,  tax, 
duty,  <  qabala,  receive:  see  cabala.']  A  tax  of 
one  tenth  formerly  imposed  in  Spain  upon  pub- 
lic sales  and  exchanges,  and  paid  by  the  seller. 
Also  wi'itten  alcahala. 

alcayde,  ».    See  alcaid. 

alcazar  (al-kaz'iir;  Sp.  pron.  al-ka'thar),  n. 
[Sp.  and  Pg.,  a  castle,  fort,  quarter-deck,  <  Ar. 
alqagr,  <  al,  the,  +  qagi;  a  fortilied  place,  in 
pi.  a  castle.]  1.  In  Spain,  a  fortress  ;  a  castle ; 
also,  a  royal  palace,  even  when  not  fortified. 

He  was  then  conducted  to  the  alcazar,  and  the  ke.vs  of 
the  fortress  were  put  into  his  hand. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  21. 

The  blessed  cross  was  planted  in  place  of  the  standard 
of  Jlahiinift,  and  the  banner  of  tlie  sovereigns  floated 
triumphantly  above  the  Alcazar.   Irvimj,  Granada,  p.  516. 

2.  A  name  given  to  certain  places  of  amuse- 
ment in  France  and  elsewhere,  particularly 
when  decorated  in  the  Moorish  style. — 3. 
Naut.,  the  quarter-deck. 

Alee  (al'se),  «.    [NL.,  <Gr.  a/l^??,  elk:  seee/fci.]  alchemistert,       Same  as  aZc/towist 
A  genus  of  ruminating  mammals,  comprising  alchemistic  (al-ke-mis'tik),  a. 
the  European  elk  and  the  American  moose :  sy-    practising  alchemy. 

nonymous  with  Alces  (which  see).    See  e/A,"l.  Paracelsus  informs  us  that  the  composition  of  his  "triple 

Alcedidae  (al-sed'i-de),  n.  pi.    Same  as  Alccdi-    panacea"  can  be  described  only  iu  the  language  of  al- 
nklce  adepts.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XX.  bi. 

alcedinid  (al-sed'i-nid),  n.    A  bird  of  the  f am-  alchemistical  (al-ke-mis'ti-kal),  a.    Same  as 

\\y  Alcedinidw ;  a  kingfisher  or  halcyon.  alcncDiistic. 
Alcedinidae  (al-sf-din'i-de),  ».  jd.     [NL.,  <    ,„^"'sf;"ifi;i|''''"'^^        co^irageous,  contagious  ale,  al- 
Alcedo  {Alcedin-)  +  -idw.]    A  family  of  birds,     '^^Oekk^and  Webster  (?),  Weakest  Goeth  to  the  Wall,  i.  2. 
the  kingfishers,  referred  to  the  order  Fissi-  akhemistry  (al-kem'is-tri), «.    [Early  mod.  E. 
rostres  when  that  gi-oup  was  an  vogue,  some-    alchymistry,  alchumistrie,  alcimistric :  see  alchc- 


alcohol 


Here  be  the  tavern-beakers,  and  here  peep  out  the  fine 
alchemy  knaves,  looking  like  .  .  .  most  of  our  gallants, 
that  seem  what  they  are  not. 

Middleton,  Your  Five  Gallants,  ii.  3. 


chemio  manner;  by  means  of  alchemy.  For- 
merly also  spelled  alchymically. 

Lully  would  prove  it  alchemicall;/. 

Camden,  Remains,  Money. 

alchemist  (al'ke-mist),  w.  [Early  mod.  E.  al- 
chymist,  alckimisf,  alcumist,  alkemystc  (also  with 
added  term.  *alchemistcr,  alchymistcr,  al- 
chiiiiister,  <  ME.  alcamistcr,  alkamystere,  alka- 
viystrc),  <  OF.  alkemiste,  alqueniiste,  mod.  F. 
alchimiste  =  STp.  alquimista  =  Pg.  It.  alchiinista, 
<  ML.  alchymista,  <  alchymia:  see  alchemy  and 
-isf.]  One  who  practises  or  is  versed  iu  alche- 
my.   Formerly  also  spelled  alchymist. 

Vou  are  an  alchymist,  make  gold  of  that. 

Shale,  T.  of  A.,  v.  1. 


some- 
times to  a  group  known  as  Syndactyli,  now  to 
an  order  Picariw,  which  includes  many  fami- 
lies of  non-passerine  insessorial  birds.  However 

classed,  tlie  Alcedinidte  form  a  very  natural  family  of 
birds,  distinguished  by  the  cohesion  of  the  third  and 
fourth  toes ;  the  non-serrate  tomia  of  the  long,  large, 
straight,  and  deeply  cleft  bill ;  the  rudimentary  or  very 
small  tongue ;  the  small,  weak  feet,  unfitted  for  progres- 
sion, usually  bare  of  feathers  above  the  tibio-tarsal  joint ; 
the  long  wings,  of  10  primaries  ;  and  a  short  tail,  of  12 
rectrices.  The  family  includes  a  number  of  curious  and 
aberrant  forms,  among  them  two  genera  (fieyx  and  Alcy- 


[NL.,  <  Alca  +  -i.da'.'i 
Tlie  auks ;  a  family  of  natatorial  sea-birds  hav- 
ing short  wings  and  tail,  palmate  three-toed 
feet,  and  a  bill  shaped  very  variously  in  the 

different  species.  The  body  is  stout  and  clumsy,  and 
the  legs  are  inserted  far  back  and  deeply  buried  iu  the 
common  integument  of  the  body,  as  in  other  birds  of  the 
order  Pyrjopodcs.  The  family  is  variously  subdivided  by 
different  writers,  the  most  obvious  division  being  into  the 
Alcince  proper,  with  stout,  hooked  bills,  comprising  the 
auks,  puffins,  etc.,  and  the  Uriina:,  or  guillemots  and 
murres,  with  long,  slender,  acute  bills.  The  family  con- 
tains some  2.5  species  of  about  12  genera.  The  Alcidce  are 
all  marine,  and  confined  to  the  northern  Atlantic,  north- 
ern Pacific,  and  Polar  seas.  Alsowritten^ZcddcE.  See  cuts 
under  Alca,  mvrrc,  and  piijfiii. 

alcidine  (al'si-dln),  a,  [<  Alcidce  +  -iwei.]  In 
ornith.,  pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  auk 
family. 

Relating  to  or  Alcinae  (al-si'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  (.Alca  +  -ina:.'] 
A  subfamily  of  birds,  of  the  family  Alcidce,  em- 
bracing the  auks  proper  and  their  immediate 
allies.  The  bill  is  variously  shaped,  but  always  hard 
and  horny,  stout,  compressed,  and  more  or  less  hooked. 
The  leading  species  of  Alcince  are  the  great  auk,  Alca 
impennis;  the  razor-bill,  Alca  or  Utamania  tarda;  the 
puffins,  of  the  genera  Fratercula  and  Lunda;  and  the 
horn-billed  auk,  Ceratorhyncha  monocerata. 

alcine^  (al'sin),  a.  [<  Alces  +  -mel.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  elk ;  noting  the  group  of  Cervidce 
to  which  the  elk  of  Europe  and  the  moose  of 
America  belong. 

alcine^  (al'sin),  a.    [<  Alca  +  -inel.]   Of  or  per- 
*    ri?„„i„         -p  „i    taining  to  the  auk,  Alca,  or  family  Alcidce. 
'•  <  ataV?;i    To  Alcit)pe  (al-sip'e),  n.   '[NL.,  <  Gr.  'AMI..,,  in 
'  „;  !:-l*„l„    mytli.  a  daughter  of  Ares,  <  Hkv,  strength,  + 

tTTTrof,  a  horse.] 


For- 


mist  and  -ry.    Cf.  chemistry.]  Alchemy, 
merly  also  spelled  alchymistry. 
alchemize  (al'ke-miz) 

chymize,  alcumize,  -ise, 

change  by  alchemy;  transmute,  as  metals. 
Lovelace,  [Rare.] 

That  which  becks 
Our  ready  minds  to  fellowship  divine, 
A  fellowship  with  essence ;  till  we  shine 
Full  alchemiz'd  and  free  of  space. 

Keats,  Endymion,  i.  781 


o;!?)  in  which  tlie  inner  front  toe  is  defective.    All  the  ^i-     ,  .  /  wi„  „-\  „      nr'„,.i,r  tv,«,i    t?  oio/^ 

cc<Zimd<x!  nest  in  holes  and  lay  white  eggs.  Their  charac-  alchcmy  (al'ke-mi),  M.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
teristic  habit  is  to  sit  motionless  on  the  watch  for  their    cdchymy,  alcumy,  cdcomy,  alcamy,  allcimy,  etc.,  < 


prey,  to  dart  after  it,  seize  it,  and  return  to  their  perch. 
There  are  about  120  species  in  various  parts  of  the  world, 
referable  to  about  20  genera.  The  family  is  divided  into 
two  subfamilies,  Alcedininne  and  Dacelonin.ce.  Sometimes 
called  HalcyonidcE.    Also  Alcedidce. 

Alcedininae  (aF'se-di-ni'ne),  n.  pil.  [NL.,  <  Al- 
cedo  {Alcedin-)  +  -ince.]  A  subfamily  of  Alcedi- 
tiidce,  embracing  the  piscivorous  or  fish-eating 
as  distinguished  from  the  insectivorous  king- 
fishers, or  Dacelonince.  it  consists  of  about  O  genera 
and  some  50  species ;  one  of  the  genera,  Ceryle,  includes  all 
the  kingfishers  of  America.  The  common  kingfisher  of 
Europe,  Alcedo  ispida,  and  the  belted  kingfisher  of  North 
America,  Ceryle  alcyon,  are  typical  examples. 

alcedinine  (al-sed'i-nin),  a.  [<  Alcedinince.'] 
Having  the  characters  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Alcedinince :  appHed  to  the  piscivorous  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  halcyonine  kingfishers. 

Alcedinoidese  (al"se-di-noi'de-e),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Alcedo  {Alcedin-) 


ME.  alkumye ;  also  alknamye,  alkenamye,  alca- 
my ne,  and  hence  alconomie,  alconomy,  alcono- 
mye  (simulating  astronomy) ;  <  OF.  allcemie,  also 
assibilated  alchemic  (mod.  F.  alchimie),  also 
arkemie,  arquemie,  =  Pr.  alkimia  --  Sp.  Pg.  al- 
quimia  (Pg.  also  alchimia)  —  It.  alchimia,  <  ML. 
alchimia,  alchymia,  <  MGr.  apxri/^io-,  <  Ai'.  al- 
kimia, <  al,  the  (see  al-"^),  +  kimia,  <  MGr.  xvif^ia, 
also  xvfii-d,  alchemy,  defined  by  Suidas  as  ^  rov 
apyvpov  Kal  xpvoov  KaTaanevrj,  i.  e.,  the  "orepara- 
tion  of  silver  and  gold.  Joannes  Antiochenus 
says  that  Diocletian  burned  the  books  of  the 
Egyptians  Trtpt  XW''^^  apyvpov  nal  xp'^'^o^',  i-  e., 
concerning  the  transmutation  of  silver  and 
gold ;  hence  the  name  has  been  identified  with 


1.  A  genus  of 
cirriped  crusta- 
ceans, of  the 
order  Abdomina- 
lia,  having  three 
pairs  of  abdomi- 
nal limbs,  no 
,    ^  thoracic  limbs,  a 

I,  femafe,  with  mates  seen  as  darfc  specks  Segmented  bOdy, 
on  eitfier  side  of  upper  part  of  the  sac  ;  2,  twO  eveS,  extcn- 
femaie,  in  section ;  3,  male ;  4,  burrow  of  ., 

the  animal  in  a  shell ;  H,  horny  disk  of  at-  SllO  mOUtU,  aUQ 
tachment.  In  the  female -c,  ovary;  ^]^Q  SOXCS  dls- 
first  pair  of  cirn ;  k,  I,  n.  three  thoracic 

segments  without  cirri ;  next  are  short  seg-  tlUCt.  It  is  the  type 
ments  bearinff  three  abdominal  terminal  g^j^^  only  member  of 
cirri.    Inthemale-«.antennary_appen-  ^  j^^jjy  ^l^ippiaa. 

A  species,  A.  lampas, 
is  found  on  the  Brit- 


In  the  male  —  a,  anten 
dages ;  b,  seminal  vesicle  ;  <i,  testis ; 
nis ;     orifice  of  sac  ;  o,  eye. 


ish  coast,  burrowing  in  shells  of  Fusus  and  Buccinum 
(whelks). 

3.  A  genus  of  birds,  of  uncertain  position, 
classed  by  G.  R.  Gray  (1869)  as  one  of  the 

Mgithinidce.  it  was  founded  by  E.  Blyth  in  1844,  and 
contains  12  species,  inhabiting  India,  China,  the  Malay 
peninsula,  and  Borneo.    A.  einerea  is  the  type. 


Xn^f/a,  the  Gr.  form  of  Z^/mi,  the  native  name  of  ,   .  r/  ai  ■    ■^^--\  \„ 

Egypt,  Ht. '  black  earth' ;  hutxwa  is  prob.  for  alcippid  (al-sip'id)  n    [<  Alcmndw.]   An  ah 
i-uui  uc-o;,  «.  j«.    L^"^-,    ^^fJr,\  rr^ir^P■^\np■  an  infusion  <  luice     dommal  Cirriped  of  the  family  J ZcjppirfcF. 

-oidece.]    A  superfamily    ^!!!^''t'2f^^t'^±     l^TZ'  i  K^^}  S  Alcipp^idae  :al-sip'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Alcippe 


of  birds,  containing  the  families  Alcedinidce, 
Bucerotidw,  Momotidw,  Todiclce,  and  Meropidce. 
Alcedo  (al-se'do),  n.  [L.,  also  improp.  hidcedo, 
a  kingfisher;  the  same,  with  different  suflx,  as 
Gr.  a/iKvuv,  >  L.  cdcyon,  halcyon,  a  kingfisher:  see 
halcyon.]  A  genus  of  kingfishers,  of  the  family 
Alcedinidce  and  subfamily  Alcedinince,  giving 
name  to  these.  A.  ispida  is  the  common  species 
of  Europe.  See  Alcedinidce  and  kingfisher. 
Alcelaphinae  (al-sel-a-fi'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Al- 
celaphus  +  -incc]  A  subfamily  of  bovine  ante- 
lopes, containing  large  species,  such  as  those  of 
the  genera  Alcelaphus  and  Connochcctes,  or  the 
bubaline  antelopes  of  Africa — the  hart-beests, 
blesboks,  and  gnus.  See  cut  under  blesbok. 
Alcelaphus  (al-sel'a-fus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aA/c^, 
elk,  +  lla^oi;,  deer.]'  -  The  typical  genus  of  the 
subfamily  AlcelaphinCB.  The  leading  species  are  the 
bubaline  antelope  {A.  buhalis),  the  hartbeest  {A.  caaina), 
and  the  blesbok  {A.  albifrons). 
Alces  (al'sez),  n.  [L.,  elk,  =Gr.  akicri,  elk,  = 
E.  elk'^,  q.  v.]    A  genus  of  ruminant  mammals 

of  the  deer  family,  Cervidce.  They  are  of  innnense 
stature,  and  have  a  heavy,  ungainly  body,  very  high  at  the 
withers  ;  a  short,  thick  neck,  with  a  Ijeard  at  the  throat ; 
a  tumid  muzzle  ;  broadly  palmate  horns  in  the  male  ;  long 
ears ;  coarse,  brittle  hair ;  and  no  metatarsal  gland,  but 
a  small  tarsal  gland  covered  with  reversed  hair.  The 
genus  includes  two  species,  or  one  species  of  two  varieties, 
namely,  the  animal  of  northern  Europe  called  the  elk 


'^J^\tlff3,^.1^1k.'^^  T +"^-y.  f  family  of^  cirripeds  of  which 

and  to  E.  i7Ms7*.    J^cfem?/ would  thus  be  origi-   -^toppe  is  the  typical  genus. 
nally  the  art  of  extracting  juices  from  plants  Alcmanian (alk-ma'ni-sm  l^^'illZZT' 
for  Medicinal  purposes.]    1.  Medieval  chemis-  if^^^^^^'^^^Z^^^ 

tury  B.  C,  celebrated  for  his  amatory  verses.— 
Alcmanian  verse  or  line,  a  dactylic  tetrameter  catalec- 
tic,  or  series  of  three  dactyls  or  spondees  (the  third  foot 
regularly  a  dactyl),  followed  by  a  spondee  or  trochee.  A 
couplet  consisting  of  a  hexameter  followed  by  such  aline 
is  called  an  Alcmanian  distich,  and  this  may  be  used  sin- 
gle or  double  as  an  Alcmanian  strophe  or  stanza. 
alco  (al'ko),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  variety  of 
small  dog,  with  a  small  head  and  large  pendu- 


purposes.] 

try;  the  doctrines  and  processes  of  the  early 
and  medieval  chemists ;  in  particular,  the  sup- 
posed process,  or  the  search  for  the  process, 
by  which  it  was  hoped  to  transmute  the  baser 
metals  into  gold. 

Alchemy  vcas,  we  may  say,  the  sickly  but  imaginative  in- 
fancy through  which  modern  chemistry  had  to  pass  before 
it  attained  its  majority,  or,  in  other  words,  became  a  pos- 
itive science.  Emic  Brit.,l.  ib',).    ^  _  „  . 

2.  Any  magical  or  mysterious  power  or  process  lous  ears,  found  wild  in  Mexico  and  Peru,  and 
of  transmuting  or  transforming.  now  domesticated. 

Go  laugh,  .  .  .  transmuting  imps  into  angels  by  the  al-  alcoate  (ark9-at),  n.  A  contracted  form  01 
cheiny  of  smiles.  Alcott,  Tablets,  p.  64.  alcoholate. 

In  the  tiny  cellulose  sac,  by  the  vegetable  protoplasm  alCOgenC  (al'ko-jen),  n.  [<  dlcoQiol)  +  -gene.] 
is  wrought  the  very  alchemy  of  life.  rpj^  vapor-cooler  in  a  distilling  apparatus.    JV . 

S.  B.  Hernck,  Plant  Life,  p.  21.     ^         -"^  o    x  j. 

3.  Formerly,  a  mixed  metal  used  for  utensils,  „! "  (al'ko-hat),  n.  A  contracted  form  c£ 
a  modification  of  brass :  so  called  because  be-  ^yj^/jo^afe 

lieved  to  have  been  originally  formed  by  the  -Icohol  (al'ko-hol),  n.  [Formerly  also  spelled 
art  of  alchemy ;  hence,  an  imitation,  as  alchemy  f^cohole,  alkohol,  <  F.  alcohol,  now  alcool,  =  Sp. 
was  supposed  to  be  of  brass :  used  fagui'atively  _    _     .  , 

by  Milton  for  a  trumpet. 

Four  speedy  Cherubim 
Put  to  their  mouths  the  sounding  alchymy. 

MUton,  P.  L.,  ii.  517. 


Pg.  alcohol  =  It.  alcohol,  cdcool,  alcoole,  <  ML. 
alcohol,  orig.  in  the  sense  of  a  fine,  impalpable 
powder,  the  black  sulphid  of  antimony,  after- 
ward extended  to  any  fine  powder  produced  by 


alcohol 

trituration  or  sublimation,  then  to  essence, 
quintessence,  or  spirit,  esp.  tlie  rectified  spir- 
its of  wine,  and  finally  used  as  at  present ;  <  Ar. 
al-koWl,  <  al,  the,  +  koh'l,  the  fine  powder  of  an- 
timony used  in  the  East  to  paint  the  eyebrows, 
<kahala,  stain,  paint.]  1.  A  liquid,  ethyl  hy- 
drate, C2H5OH,  formed  by  the  fermentation  of 
aqueous  sugar-solutions,  or  by  the  destructive 
distillation  of  organic  bodies,  as  wood.  Absolute 
or  pure  alcohol  is  a  colorless  mobile  liquid,  of  a  pleasant 
spirituous  smell  and  burning  taste,  of  specific  gravity  .7:i3 
at  60°  F.,  and  boiling  at  173°  F.  It  is  inflammable,  and 
burns  without  smoke  or  residue,  the  products  of  combus- 
tion being  carbon  dioxid  and  water.  At  very  low  tem- 
peratures it  becomes  viscid,  but  does  not  congeal  above 
—200°,  and  for  this  reason  is  used  forfilling  thermometers 
to  register  low  temperatures.  It  mixes  with  water  in  all 
proportions,  is  a  general  solvent  for  organic  principles, 
bases,  resins,  oils,  etc.,  and  as  such  has  extensive  use  in  the 
arts  and  in  medicine.  Different  grades  of  alcohol  are  some- 
times designated  in  trade  according  to  the  source  from 
which  they  are  derived,  as  grain-alcohol,  prepared  from 
maize  or  other  grain ;  root-alcohol,  from  potatoes  and  beets ; 
moss-alcohol,  which  is  made  in  large  quantity  from  reindeer- 
moss  and  Iceland  moss  in  Norway,  Sweden,  and  Russia. 
Alcohol  is  a  powerful  stimulant  and  antiseptic,  and  in  some 
dilute  form  is  used  as  an  intoxicating  beverage  among  all 
races  and  conditions  of  people.  Proof  spirit  contains  49  3 
per  cent,  by  weight  of  pure  alcohol,  or  57.1  per  cent,  by 
volume.  Underproof  and  overproof  a.ve  designations  of 
weaker  and  stronger  solutions.  Distilled  liquors  or  ardent 
spirits,  whisky,  brandy,  gin,  etc.,  contain  40  to  50  per 
cent,  of  absolute  alcohol,  \vines  from  7  or  8  to  20,  ale  and 
porter  from  5  to  7,  and  beer  from  2  to  10. 
2.  In  popular  usage,  any  liquor  containing  this 
spirit. — 3.  In  organic  cliem.,  the  general  name 
of  a  series  of  compounds  which  may  be  regarded 
as  derived  from  the  normal  hydi-oearbons  by  re- 
placing hydrogen  with  the  group  OH,  or  hydro.x- 
yl,  and  which  correspond  to  the  hydroxids  of 

the  metals.  Such  compounds  are  classed  as  primary, 
secondary,  or  tertiary  alcohols,  according  to  their  constitu- 
tion and  the  products  of  their  decomposition.  Primary 
alcohols  are  regarded  as  containing  the  group  CHoOH  and 
by  oxidation  yield  aldehyde  and  ultimately  an  acid  of  the 
same  carbon  series.  Secondary  alcohols  are  regarded  as 
contaming  the  group  CHOH,  and  by  oxidation  do  not  yield 
aldehyde,  but  a  ketone,  which  on  further  oxidation  breaks 
up  into  two  acids  of  a  lower  carbon  series.  Tertiary  alco- 
hols are  regarded  as  having  the  group  COH,  and  break  up 
at  once  on  oxidation  into  two  acids  of  a  lower  carbon  series. 
4t.  An  impalpable  powder. 

If  the  same  salt  shall  be  reduced  into  alcohol  as  the 
cliymists  speak,  or  an  impalpable  powder,  the  particles  and 
intercepted  spaces  will  be  extremely  lessened.  Boyle, 
AmyUc  alCOllOl  (CgHnO),  also  called  hyd  rate  of  amyl, 
a  general  name  applicable  to  eight  isomeric  alcohols  hav- 
ing the  formula  given.  The  most  common,  inactive  ann/l 
alcohol,  is  a  transparent  colorless  liquid,  with  a  stroii" 
offensive  odor,  derived  from  the  fermentation  of  starchy 
matters.  It  is  the  chief  constituent  of  fusel-oil,  a  pro- 
duct of  fermentation  in  distilleries,  which  is  contained  in 
crude  spirit,  and  whose  presence,  even  in  small  quantity 
injmes  the  quality  of  the  spirit.— Anhydrous  alcohol 
alcohol  entu-ely  free  from  water.— Caustic  alcohol,  so- 
dium ethylate,  C2H5NaO,  or  sodium  alcoholate,  a  product 
formed  by  adding  sodium  to  absolute  alcohol.  It  forms  a 
white  powder,  which  in  contact  with  water  or  moist  ani- 
mal tissue  decomposes  into  alcohol  and  caustic  soda.  It  is 
used  in  medicine  as  a  caustic— Cresylic  alcohol.  See 
cresyiic.— Methylic  or  methyl  alcohol,  or  wood-alco- 
nol,  alcohol  obtained  by  the  destructive  distillation  of 
wood.  When  pure  it  is  a  colorless  mobile  liquid  (CH3OH) 
with  an  odor  and  taste  like  ordinary  alcohol  (ethyl  hydrate, 
C2H5OH ;  see  above),  though  the  commercial  article  has  a 
strong  pyrohgneous  smell.  It  is  inflammable.  It  is  a  by- 
product in  the  manufacture  of  charcoal,  and  is  used  in  the 
arts  as  a  solvent  for  resins,  also  in  the  manufacture  of 
amhne  dyes.  Also  called  wood-spirit,  methal,  and  hydrate 
of  methyl. 

alcoholate  (al'ko-hol-at),  n.  [< alcohol  +  -«fei.] 
A  compound  in  which  a  hydrogen  atom  of  al- 
cohol is  replaced  by  an  alkali  metal,  as  potas- 
sium alcoholate,  or  ethylate,  CgHgOK,  formed, 
with  evolution  of  hydrogen,  when  metallic  po- 
tassium is  dissolved  in  alcohol.  Sometimes 
contracted  to  alcoate,  alcoliate. 

alcoholature  (al-ko-hol'a-tur),  M.  [<  F.  alcooJa- 
ture :  see  alcohol.]  An  alcoholic  tincture  pre- 
pared with  fresh  plants.    N.  E.  D. 

alcohol-engine  (al'ko-hol-en'-'jin),  M.  A  motor 
emploj-ing  the  vapor  of  alcohol  in  place  of  steam. 

alcoholic  (al-ko-hol'ik),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or 
of  the  natm-e  of  alcohol.— 2.  Containing  or  us- 
mg  alcohol:  as,  an  «fco7io/ic  thermometer. 

alcoholicity  (al*k6-hol-is'i-ti),  n.  [<  alcoholic 
+  -itii.']    Alcoholic  quality. 

.  Some  brandy  is  added  to  the  wine,  by  which  its  alcohol- 
icity rises  to  about  t3  per  cent,  of  proo'f  spirit. 

Urc,  Diet.,  IV.  950. 


133 

alcoholization  (al"ko-hol-i-za'shon),  n.  1. 
The  act  of  rectifying  spirit  till  it  is  wholly  do- 
pri'^ed  of  impurities. —  2.  Saturation  with  alco- 
hol, or  exposure  to  its  action.— 3t.  The  act  of 
reducing  a  substance  to  an  impalpable  powder. 
Phillips,  1678.-4.  Same  as  alcoholism. 
Also  spelled  alcohoHsation. 

alcoholize  (al'ko-hol-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  al- 
coholized, ppr.  alcoholizing.  [<  alcohol  +  -izc.'] 
1.  To  convert  into  alcohol ;  rectify  (spirit)  till 
it  is  wholly  purified.— 2.  To  saturate  with  al- 
cohol ;  expose  to  the  influence  or  subject  to  the 
effects  of  alcohol. 

The  gum  will  not  penetrate  any  part  which  is  still  aim- 
hohzed.  W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  191. 


alcoholisable,  etc.    See  alcohoUzable,  etc. 
alcoholism  (al'ko-hol-izm),  «.    [<  alcohol  + 
"'?'"•]    In  pathol,  the  effects  of  excessive  use 

<^illks.  They  are  distinguished  as  acute, 
resulting  from  the  consumption  of  a  large  amount  of 
alcoholic  drink  at  once  or  within  a  short  period,  and 
quantitie?"    "°  l^abitual  consumption  in  smaller 

alcoholizable  (al'ko-hol-i"'za-bl),  a.  [<  alcohol- 
ize +  -able.]  Capable  of  yielding  or  of  beingcon- 
verted  mto  alcohol.   Also  spelled  alcoholisable. 


3t.  To  reduce  to  an  impalpable  powder.  Phil 
lips,  1706;  Johnson. 

Also  spelled  alcoholise. 
alcoholomieter  (al*ko-hol-om'e-ter),  n.  [<  al- 
cohol +  Gr.  ftcTpov,  nieasui'e.]  An  instrument 
for  determining,  by  means  of  a  gi-aduated  scale, 
the  percentage,  either  by  weight  or  by  volume, 
of  pure  alcohol  in  a  liquid.  Sometimes  con- 
tracted to  alcohometer  and  alcodmeter. 
alcoholometrical  (al*ko-hol-o-met'ri-kal),  a. 
Eelating  to  the  alcoholoineter  or  to  alcoh'olome- 
try:  as,  alcoholometrical  tables.  Sometimes 
contracted  to  alcoometrical. 
alcoholometry  (al'''k6-hol-om'e-tri),  n.  [<  al- 
coholometer.'] The  process  of  estimating  the 
percentage  of  pure  or  absolute  alcohol  in  a 
spirituous  liquid.  Sometimes  contracted  to  al- 
coometrtj. 

alcohometer  (al-ko-hom'e-ter),  n.  See  alcohol- 
ometer. 

Alcoideae  (al-koi'df-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Alca  + 
-oideai.]  A  superfamily  of  birds,  composed  of 
the  Alcidw  or  auks  and  the  Urinatoridm  or 
loons,  and  placed  in  the  order  Cecomorphce. 
alcoometer  (al-ko-om'e-ter),  n.  See  alcohol- 
ometer. 

alcoometrical  (al"ko-o-met'ri-kal),  a.  See  alco- 
holometrical. 
Alcoran  (al'ko-ran  or  al-ko-ran'),  n.  [<  ME. 
alkaron,  alkarbuii,  <  OF.  alcoran,  mod.  F.  alco- 
raH  =  B-p.  alcoran  =  Pg.  alcorao  =  li.  alcorano, 
<  Ar.  al-qoran,  al-qurdn,  lit.  the  book,  <  al,  the, 
+  qordn,  quran :  see  Koran.]  Same  as  Koran. 
Also  spelled  Alkoran. 
Alcoranic  (al-ko-ran'ik),  a.  Eelating  to  the 
Koran  or  to  Mohammedanism.  Also  spelled 
Alkoranic. 

Alcoranish  (al-ko-ran'ish),  a.  [<  Alcoran  + 
-ish^.]  Same  as  Alcoranic.  Also  spelled  Al- 
koranish. 

Alcoranist  (al-ko-ran'ist),  n.  [<.  Alcoran 
-ist.]  A  Mussulman  who  adheres  strictly  to  the 
letter  of  the  Koran,  rejecting  all  comments. 
The  Persians  are  generally  Alcoranists ;  the  Turks,  Arabs 
and  Tatars  admit  a  multitude  of  traditions.  Also  spelled 
Alkoranist. 

Alcora  porcelain.  porcelain. 
alcornoaue  (al-kor-no'ka),  n.  [Sp.  Pg.  alcor- 
noque  (>  It.  alcornoch,  the  cork-tree);  origin 
uncertain.  Cf.  Sp.  Pg.  alcorque,  cork  soles  or 
clogs,  cork,  Sp.  corcho,  Pg.  corcha,  cork;  but 
no  etymological  connection  can  be  made  out.] 
The  bark  of  a  Brazilian  leguminous  tree.  Bow  - 
dichia  virgilioides,  formerly  used  as  a  remedy  for 

phthisis.    Also  written  alcornoco  American  al- 

cornoque,  the  bark  of  several  species  oi Byrsonima,  used 
in  tanning.  — European  alcomoque,  the  bark  of  the 
smaller  branches  of  the  cork-oak,  Quercus  suber. 

alcove  (al'kov  or  al-kov'),  n.  [<  F.  alcove,  <  It. 
alcova,  alcovo  =  OF.  aucube,  tent,  =  Pr.  alcuba, 

<  Sp.  alcova,  now  alcoba,  =  Pg.  alcova,  a  recess, 

<  Ar.  al-qobbah,  <  al,  the,  +  qobbah,  a  vault, 
a  vaulted  space,  dome,  tent,  alcove,  <  qubba, 
vault,  arch,  dome.  No  connection  with  E.  cove^.] 
A  covered  recess.  Speciflcally-(a)  In  the  strictest 
sense,  any  recessed  bay  or  small  room  attached  to  a  larger 
one,  having  a  coved  or  vaulted  ceiling,  (b)  Most  commonly, 
a  recess  in  a  room  for  the  reception  of  a  bed,  one  of  the  re- 
cesses or  separate  compartments  for  books  in  a  library- 
building,  a  niche  for  a  seat  or  statue,  etc.  (<■)  An  arched 
or  covered  seat  in  a  garden,  or  any  natural  recess,  as  a 
clear  space  in  a  grove  or  wood,  a  small  liay,  a  place  nearly 
inclosed  by  rocks  or  hills,  and  the  like.  [In  this  use,  chiefly 
poetical.] 

On  mossy  banks,  beneath  the  citron  gi-ove, 
The  youthful  wand'rers  found  a  wide  alcove. 

Falconer,  Shipwreck, 
alcumistt,  alcumyt.  Former  spellings  of  al- 
chemist, alchemy. 
alcyon  (al'si-on),  n.  and  a.  [L.,<  Gr.  Hkvuv,  the 
kingfisher ;  also  written  erroneously  uakvuv,  >  L. 
halci/on,  >  E.  halojon,  the  form  now  usual :  see 
halci/on.]  I.  ??.  1.  An  old  or  poetical  name  of 
the  kingfisher.  Commonly  written  halci/on. —  2. 
leap.]  A  genus  of  kingfishers :  same  as  Halcyon, 


Alcyonidiidae 
2.-3.  The  specific  name  of  the  belted  king- 
fisher of  North  America,  Cerylc  alcyon.— 4^.  A 
general  name  of  the  kingfishers  of  the  genus 
Halcyon  and  others  of  the  subfamily  Baceloni- 
nw:  as,  the  wood-alcyons,  tree-alcyons,  etc. 
II.  (t.  Same  as  halcyon. 
Alcyonaria  (aF'si-o-na'ri-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Alcyonium  +  -aria.]  An  order  of  actinozoan 
corals,  or,  as  some  hold,  a  subclass  of  coralli- 
genous  Aciinozoa,  distinguished  in  this  use 
from  Zoantharia,  the  other  subclass  of  Actinozoa 
(which  contains  the  sea-anemones,  etc.),  by  hav- 
ing pinnately  fringed  instead  of  simple  tenta- 
cles, arranged  around  the  mouth  like  the  rays  of 
a  starfish,  whence  the  alternative  name  A.<itc- 

roida.  The  tentacles  of  Alcyonaria  are  in  one  series  of 
8,  instead  of  0  or  a  multiple  of  C,  whence  the  alternative 
name  Octocoralla,  the  sea-anemones  being  known  as  Ilexa- 
coralla.  For  the  same  reason,  the  Alcyonaria  are  also 
termed  Octactinice.  The  coralluin,  when  present,  is  ex- 
ternal, spicular,  or  with  a  sclerobasic  axis,  but  occasion- 
ally thecal  or  tubular.  The  polyps  are  connected  by  the 
cojnosarc,  through  which  permeate  prolongations  of  the 
body-cavity  of  each,  thus  permitting  a  free  circulation  of 
fluids.  There  is  sometimes  an  outer  skeleton,  either  with 
or  without  a  central  sclerobasic  axis.  The  corallum  is 
rarely  thecal,  never  presenting  traces  of  septa.  (Pascoe.) 
These  compound  organisms  are  found  only  in  deep  water, 
and,  except  the  sea-pens,  are  fixed  to  some  foreign  body. 
The  subclass  or  order  is  divided  into  several  orders  orsub- 
orders,  of  which  are  :  (a)  the  Alcyoniacew,  having  a  lea- 
thery contractile  ectoderm— a  group  including  the  so- 


Alcyofiarta. 

I,  Sea-fan  {Rhiptdogorgia  flabelhim);  2,  Sea-pen  {Pennatula 
phosphorea);  3,  Cornularia  rjigosa. 

called  dead  men's  fingers;  (6)  the  Cori/onmcei^,  or  sea-fans, 
which  are  branched  calcareous  or  horny  corals  ;  (c)  the  Isi- 
dacece,  which  are  alternately  calcareous  and  horny;  (d) 
the  TuUporaceai,  or  organ-pipe  corals,  which  are  tubular  ; 
and  (e)  the  Pennatulacece,  or  sea-pens.  See  these  words. 
Some  species  have  the  appearance  of  sponges,  others  re- 
semble fans,  feathers,  stars,  etc.  Also  called  Halcyonoida. 

alcyonarian  (al"si-6-na'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Alcyonaria  +  -an.]  I.  a.  Eelating  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  order  or  to  a  member  of  the  order 
Alcyonaria.  Equivalent  terms  are  halcyonoid 
and  asteroidal. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Alcyonaria  (which  see). 

Various  forms  of  alcyonarians,  a  special  group  of  corals 
were  found  at  considerable  depths.  Science,  IV.  171. 

Also  written  halcyonarian. 
Alcyone  (al-si'o-ne),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  'A7.kv6v7i,  in 
myth,  the  daughter  of  .^olus  and  wife  of  Ceyx, 
a  Thessalian  king ;  she  was  changed  into  a  king- 
fisher and  her  husband  into  a  sea-bird.  See 
alcyon.]  1.  A  greenish  star  of  magnitude  3.0, 
the  brightest  of  the  Pleiades,  r/  Tauri.  See 
cut  under  Pleiades.— 2.  In  orniih.,  a  genus  of 
kingfishers,  of  the  family  Alcedinidcc,  subfamily 
Daceloninee,  related  to  the  genus  Ceii.i;  both  be- 
ing distinguished  by  the  rudimentary  condition 
of  the  inner  front  toe.  Also  written  Halci/one. 
Alcyonella  (al"si-o-nel'a),  n.  [NL.,  as  Alcyo- 
■n{ium)  -f-  dim.  -ella.]  A  genus  of  fresh-water 
Polyzoa,  or  so-called  ascidian  zoophytes,  related 
to  Plumatella,  Fredericella,  and  Vristatclla,  of  the 

family  Phimatellida;.  a.  staynorum  is  of  a  gi-eenish- 
black  color,  and  is  found  in  stagnant  water.  The  species 
were  formerly  regarded  as  plants.  Also  written  Halcyo- 
nella. 

Alcyoniacese  (al'si-on-i-a'se-e),  w.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Alcyonium  +  -acea:]  An  order  of  Alci/onaria 
(which  see)  considered  as  a  subclass,  it  is  char- 
acterized by  having  a  leathery  contractile  ectodernj  with 
calcareous  spicules,  but  no  sclerobasis ;  the  polynary  is  at- 
tached to  some  foreign  object,  and  bears  some  resemblance 
to  a  sponge.  Theorderconsistsof  thefamilies.i;<-i/o;ni<l(E 
and  Cornulariidce.  to  which  some  authorities  add  J'eles- 
tidce.  .See  Alcyoniida'.  Also  written  Halcyoniacece. 
alcyonic  (al-si-on'ik),  a.  [<  Alcyonium  4-  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  the  Alcyoniida'.  Also  written 
halcyonic. 

Alcyonidiidae  (ar'si-on-i-di'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Alcyonidium  +  -ida'.]  A  family  of  Polyzoa,  or 
so-called  ascidian  zoophj-tes,  belonging  to  the 
infundibulate  order  {Gytmiolannata)  of  that 
class,  the  mouth  having  no  epistome.  The  family 
forms  with  the  VesiculariidcB  a  group  or  suborder  whicta 


Alcyonidiidse 


134 


times  called  black  alder,  the  Rhamma  alnifolia  dwarf  al- 
der, and  the  Clethra  alnifolia  wliite  alder. 

alder'-^t,  «•  aud  n.    An  old  foim  of  clder^. 
alder^t,  allert,  «•    [ME.,  also  written  alther,  al- 
dre,  (tier,  aire,  <  AS.  calra,  also  alra,  gen.  pi.  of 
all:  see  all.    The  d  is  inserted  as  in  ai- 
rfeci.]    The  Middle  English  genitive  plm-al  of 

all.  From  its  common  occurrence  before  adjectives  in  tlie 
superlative  it  came  to  be  regarded  as  a  prefix  of  such  ad- 
jectives :  as,  alder- first,  first  of  all ;  alder-Oest,  best  of  all ; 
alder-liefest  or  alder-lierest,  dearest  of  all.  It  is  also  used, 
in  the  form  aller,  with  the  genitive  plural  of  personal  pro- 
nouns :  as,  youre  aller,  of  all  of  you ;  oure  aller,  of  all  of 
us ;  here  aller,  of  all  of  them. 

A-raorwe  whan  the  day  bigan  to  sprynge, 
Up  ros  our  hoste,  and  was  oure  aller  cok. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  823. 
You,  mine  alder-liefest  sovereign.    Shak.,  2  Hen. VI.,  i.  1. 

one  of  alder-buckthorn  (al'der-buk'thorn),  n.  The 

the  sponge-like  fossils  common  in 

mation.    Also  written  hale yoiiite.  '"l^-  s         ^    u         /  \ 

iScyonium  (al-si-o'ni-um),  n.    [NL.,  <  L.  al-  alderman  (al'der-man), «. ;  jpL  aldermen  (-men) 
also  alcyoneiim,  <  Gr.  alKvdviov, 


has  been  called  Ctenosomata.  the  cell-opening  being  closed 
with  marginal  set;e,  and  there  being  no  vibracula  and  no 
avicularia.  Aleiionidium  is  the  leading  or  only  genus. 
Also  written  Al'ciinnidiadit',  Alcyoiiidid<^,  and  Halci/uni- 
diidie :  not  to  he  confounded  with  Alcyuniidiv. 

Alcyonidium  (al"si-o-uid'i-um), n.  [NL.,  as  Al- 
cyon-ium  -\-  dim.  -idium,  <  Gr.  -i6iov.']  A  genus  of 
Folyzoa,  of  the  family  Alcyonidiidw.  A.  (iiutim- 
mm.  one  of  the  species,  is  called  ragged-statf  or  mermaid's 
glove,  and  was  formerly  regarded  as  a  plant.  Also  written 
Halciiiinidi  inn.  _ 

Alcyoniidse  (al*si-6-m'i-de),  w.^jZ.  [NL.,< 

Alcyoiiitim  +  -idte.']  A  family  of  aleyonarian 
polyps,  of  the  order  Alcyoniaeea'.  The  leading 

genus  is  Alci/nniuiii  (which  see).    Representatives  of  the 
family  are  found  in  all  seas  and  at  \  arious  tlcpths ;  some 
are  called  cork-polyps.    Also  written  Alnnmidiv  and  Hal- 
ciinniidte;  not  to  be  confounded  witli  Ah-iionidiidw. 
alcyonite  (al'si-o-nit),  n.    [<  Alcyonium  +  -ite^.'] 

A  fossil  of  or  like  the  genus  J/CTo«iH»«;  one  of  ,    ^r,,-         n        7      o  r>7 

6  the  chalk  for-   Emopeanplantif7ia/«Hi(si*^)-aH5r((/a.  SeeEham- 


Device  of  Aldus,  from  Statius. 


also 


cyonium,  _  _  „ 

aAKvovnov,  bastard-sponge,  a  zoophyte,  so  called 
from  its  resemblance  to  the  nest  of  the  uIkvuv, 
halcyon:  see  alcyon.']  The  leading  genus  of 
polyps  of  the  family  Alcyoniidcc  (which  see).  A. 
dii/itatum,  the  so-called  dead  men's  fingers,  dead  men's 
toes,  and  cow's  paps,  is  a  common  Britisli  species.  It  is 
a  lobed,  spongy-looking  body,  pellucid  when  distended 
■with  water,  and  covered  with  stellate  apertures  for  the 
polyps.  (Pascoe.)  A.  gloineratuin  is  another  species. 
The  name  of  the  genus  Is  synonymous  with  Lobularia. 
Also  written  Halcyuninm. 

alcyonoid  (al'si-o-noid),  n.  [<  Aleyonium  + 
-oid.1  A  member  of  the  family  Alcyoniidw  or  of 
the  order  Alci/oniacew.  Also  written  halcyonoid. 

aldayt,  f"^''-  "[ME.,<  al,  all,  +  rfoj/l.]  Constant- 
ly; continually;  always.  Chaucer. 

Aldebaran  (iil  de-ba-ran'  or  al-deb'a-ran),  n. 
[Ar.,  the  follower  (i.  e.  of  the  Pleiades).]  A 
chrome  star  of  magnitude  1.0;  a  Tauri. 

aldehyde  (al'df-hid),  «.  [<  al{cohol)  +  NL.  de- 
hyd{rogenatus)',  deprived  of  hydi-ogen,  <  L.  de, 
from,  expressing  deprivation,  -f-  hydrogen.']  1. 
A  transparent  colorless  Uqiud,  CH3COH,  of 
pimgent  suffocating  odor,  produced  by  the  ox- 
idation of  ordinary  alcohol.  AVhen  exposed  to  the 
air  or  to  ox.ygen  it  is  converted  into  acetic  acid.  Distinc- 
tively called  acetic  aldehyde  and  etiialdehydc. 
2.  The  general  name  of  a  class  of  compoimds 
intermediate  between  alcohols  and  acids,  de- 
rived from  their  corresponding  primary  alco- 
hols by  the  oxidation  and  removal  of  two  atoms 
of  hydrogen,  and  converted  into  acids  by  the 
addition  of  an  atom  of  oxygen — Aldehyde  resin, 

aresinous  body  formed  by  heating  aldehyde  with  potasli  in 
alcoholic  solution.  It  is  a  bright  orange-colored  powder, 
sparingly  soluble  in  water,  but  readily  soluble  in  alcohol. 

aldehydic  (al'de-hi-dik),  «.    Of,  pertaining  to, 

or  containing  aldehyde, 
alder^  (al'der),  n.    [E.  dial,  aller,  also  owler; 

<  ME.  alder,  aldyr,  aldir,  also  aller,  ellir,  olr,  etc., 
the  d  being  in 

serted  as  in  alder  j •tii 

for  aller,  gen.  pi.  /f'*''^WT!^&^\ 
otall{seealder3y,       '"^-y^i  ^sli^^^SSv 

<  AS.  ah;  alor,  '  '  ^ ' 
aler  =  D.  els  = 
LG.  e?Zer  =  OHG. 
elira,  erila,  erla, 
MHG.  erU,  G. 
erle,  dial,  eller, 
else,  —  Icel.  olr, 
elrir,  m.,  elri, 
neut.,  =  Sw.  al, 
dial,  alder,  dlder, 
—  Norw.  older,  also  or,  elle,  =  Dan.  el,  pi.  elle,  = 
Goth.  *aliza,  *aluza  (>  Sp.  aliso,  alder)  =  L. 
alnus,  orig.  *alsnus  (>  F.  aune,  alder,  and  per- 
haps Sp.  Pg.  alamo,  poplar:  see  alamo),  = 
OBulg.  jelihu,  Bidg.  jelha  =  Serv.  jelsha  =  Bo- 
hem,  jelshe,  olshe  =  Pol.  olcha,  olcza  =  Euss. 
olikha,  voUkha,  dial,  elkha,  elokha,  =Lith.  Lett. 
elksnis,  alksnis,  alder.]  1 .  The  popular  name  of 
shrubs  and  trees  belonging  to  the  genus  Alnus, 
natural  order  Cupuliferte.  Tlieconnnon  alder  of  Eu- 
rope is  Alnus  rjlutinosa.  In  tlie  eastern  United  States  the 
common  species  are  the  smooth  alder,  A.  serrulata,  and 
tlie  speckled  alder,  A.  incana.  Both  are  also  known  as 
black  alder.  These  are  usually  tall  shrubs,  rarely  small 
trees.  The  alders  of  the  Pacific  coast,  A.  rhombifolia  and 
A.  rubra,  fre(iuently  grow  to  be  trees  of  medium  size.  Tlie 
bark  of  the  alder  has  been  used  in  several  parts  of  the 
world  as  one  of  the  materials  for  dyeing  black  along  with 
copperas  or  iron  liijuor,  and  also  in  obtaining  otlier  colors, 
as  brownish  yellow  or  orange.    See  Alnus. 

2.  A  name  of  species  of  other  widely  differ- 
ent genera,  from  their  resemblance  to  true  al- 
ders. The  black  or  berry-bearing  alder  of  Europe  is  the 
alder-buckthorn,  Rhamnus  Frangula.  In  southern  Africa 
the  name  red  alder  is  given  to  the  Cununia  Capensis,  and 
white  alder  to  Platylophus  trifoliatus,  both  saxifragaceous 
shrubs.    In  North  America  the  Ilex  verticillata  is  some- 


ale-conner 

Aldriant,  w.    [Perhaps  .Ar.]    A  star  in  the 
neck  of  the  Lion.  Chaucer. 
Aldrovandine  (al-dro-van'din),  a.    Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  naturalist  Ulisse  Aldrovandi 
(152-2-1607):   as,  Aldro- 
vandine owl,  the  Scops 
aldrovandii. 

ale  (al),  n.  [<  ME.  ale,  < 
AS.  calti,  also  ealo,  im- 
prop.  eala  (so  in  uom.  aud 
ace.,  but  gen.  and  dat. 
ealoth,  alotii,  pointing  to 
an  orig.  stem  *alut),  — 
OS.  alo  (in  comp.  alo-fat 
=  AS.  ealofait,  an  ale- 
cup,  >  E.  ale-vat)  =  Icel. 
Sw.  Dan.  ol,  ale,  =  OBulg. 
olu,  cider,  =  Sloven,  ol, 

olej,  vol  =  OPruss.  alu  =  Lith.  ahis  =  Lett,  alius 
(>  Finn,  olut),  beer.  Cf.  Gael,  and  Ir.  ol, 
drink.]  1.  A  light-colored  beer,  made  from 
malt  which  is  dried  at  a  low  heat.    See  beer. 

Pale  ale  is  made  from  the  palest  or  lightest-colored  malt, 
tlie  fermenting  temperature  being  kept  below  72°  to  pre- 
vent tlie  formation  of  acetic  acid. 

2\.  An  ale-drinking ;  a  festival  or  merrymaking 
at  which  ale  was  the  beverage  drimk.  Com-- 
pare  bridal,  church-ale,  clerk-ale,  etc. 

Every  inhabitant  of  the  town  of  Okebrook  shall  be  at 
the  several  ales ;  and  every  husband  and  his  wife  shall 
pay  two-pence,  every  cottager  one  penny. 

Quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  X.  391. 

Sf.  A  brew  of  ale ;  as  much  ale  as  is  brewed 
at  one  time. 

Witnesseth,  that  the  inhabitants,  as  well  of  the  said 
parish  of  Elvaston  as  of  the  said  town  of  Okebrook,  shall 
brew  four  ales,  and  every  ale  of  one  quarter  of  malt,  and 
at  their  own  costs  and  charges,  betwixt  this  and  the  feast 
of  St.  John  Baptist  next  coming. 

Quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  X.  391. 

4t.  -An  ale-house. 

Thou  hast  not  so  much  charity  in  thee  as  to  go  to  the 
ale  with  a  Cliristian.  Shale,  T.  G.  of  "V.,  ii.  5. 

O,  Tom,  that  we  were  now  at  Putney,  at  the  ale  there. 

Thomas,  Lord  Cromwell,  iii.  1. 

Adam's  ale.  See  ^dam.— Bitter  ale,  bitter  'beer,  a 

clear,  strong,  highly  hopped  ale,  of  a  pleasant  bitter  taste. 
—  Medicated  ale,  ale  which  is  prepared  for  medicinal 
purposes  by  an  infusion  of  herbs  during  fermentation, 
aleak  (a-lek'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.    [<  a^  +  leak, 
q.  v.]    In  or  into  a  leaking  state. 

also  possess  some  judicial  powers.  In  Pennsylvanian  cities  aleatiCO  (al-e-at'i-ko),  n.  [It.]  A  Sweet  and 
the  title  alderman  is  given  to  an  officer  having  duties  equiv-  ^^y.Qj^„  ^ed  wine  made  in  Tuscany.  It  is  of  dark- 
alent  to  Uiose  of  a  j  ustice  of  the  peace  elsewhere._  f  ^^^^^  ^nd  is  one  of 

3.  In  England,  a  half-crown :  a  meaning  ex-    ^^^^  ^^^^  ■  j  ^^^^  ^^g^t  ^i„gs 

plained  by  Brewer  as  containing  an  allusion  to  aleatory  (a'le-a-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  aleatorius,  per- 
the  fact  that  an  aldei-man  is  a  sort  of  half-king,    taining  to  a  gamester  or  to  gaming,  <  aleator,  a 


[<  ME.  alderman,  atdermon,  <  AS.  ealdorman  ( 
ONorth.  aldormon,  -mann,  -monn),  <  ealdor,  a 
prince,  chief,  elder,  +  man  {mann,  man,  monn), 
man :  see  alder^,  elder^,  and  7nan.']  1,  In  the 
Anglo-Saxon  period  of  English  history,  a  title 
meaning  at  fii'st  simply  chieftain  or  lord,  but 
later  used  specifically  to  denote  the  chief  magis- 
trate of  a  county  or  group  of  counties.  The  office 
was  both  civil  and  luilitiu'y,  and  was  tending  to  become  a 
great  hereditary  benefice  when  it  was  replaced,  under  Ca- 
nute, by  the  earldom.  After  this  the  name  was  applied  to 
any  head  man,  as  the  head  man  of  a  guild. 

If  the  earlier  kingdoms  were  restored,  the  place  of  the 
king  in  each  was  taken  by  an  ealdorman,  who,  however 
independent  and  powerful  he  might  be,  was  still  named 
hy  the  West-Saxon  sovereign,  and  could  be  deposed  by 
that  ruler  and  the  national  Witan. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  24S. 
Tlie  ealdormen  were  nobles  by  birth,  and  generally  the 
leaders  in  war.  StilU,  Stud.  Med.  Hist.,  p.  203. 

Hence  —  2.  In  modem  usage,  a  magistrate  of  a 
city  or  borough,  next  in  rank  to  the  mayor.  In 
England  and  Ireland,  besides  being  a  member  of  the  com- 
mon council,  which  manages  tlie  art'airsof  the  municipality, 
he  is  vested  with  tlie  powers  of  a  police  judge.  Tlie  corre- 
sponding title  in  Scotland  is  bailie.  Aldermen  are  usually 
chosen  for  tliree  years,  but  the  twenty-six  aldermen  of  Lon- 
don are  chosen  for  life.  In  most  of  tlie  United  States  there 
is  in  each  city  an  elected  board  of  aldermen,  i-epresenting 
wards,  wlio  constitute  the  municipal  assembly,  or  the  up- 
per brancli  of  it  wliere  it  consists  of  two  bodies,  and  usually 


[Slang.] — 4.  Aturkey.  [Slang.] —Alderman  in 
chains,  a  turkey  hung  with  sausages.  [Slang.] —Alder- 
man's pace,  a  slow,  stately  pace :  equivalent  to  the 
French  pas  d'abbi'. 

aldermanate  (al'der-man-at),  M.  [<  alderman  -f 
-offS.]  The  office  of  alderman;  aldermen  col- 
lectively. 

aldermancy  (al'der-man-si),  M.    [^C  alderman  + 


gamester,  a  player  with  dice,  <  alea,  a  game 
with  dice.]  Literally,  depending  upon  the 
throw  of  a  die;  hence,  depending  on  a  con- 
tingent event  Aleatory  contract,  in  law,  an  agree- 
ment tlie  conditions  of  which  depend  on  an  uncertain 
event. — Aleatory  sale,  a  sale  the  completion  of  which 
depends  on  the  happening  of  some  uncertain  event. 

alea'Tementt,  n.    See  allevement. 


-cy,  as  in  abbacy  and  other  words  of  ult.  L.  ori-  ale-bench  (al'bench),  n.    [ME.  not  found ;  <  AS. 

gin.]    The  ofSce  of  an  alderman ;  aldermanate,  ealu-benc:  see  ale  and  bench.]    A  bench  in  or 

aldermanic  (al-der-man'ik),  a.    [<  alderman  +  luefore  an  ale-house. 

-ic]    Relating  or  belonging  to  an  alderman;  sit  on  their  aic-icncfe  with  their  cups  and  cans, 

characteristic  of  aldennen.  Munday  and  Others,  Sir  Jolin  Oldcastle,  i.  1. 

aldermanity  (al-der-man'i-ti),  w.  alderman  ale-berry  (al'ber"i),  w.  [Early  mod.  E.  a/e6ery, 
+ -ity^]    1.  Aldermen  collectively ;  the  body    ale-brue,  <  WE,,  alebery,  alherey,  alebrey,  albry, 


Alder  {Alniis ghttinosa 


of  aldermen.  B.  Jonson. —  2.  The  dignity  or 
qualities  of  an  alderman.  Lamb. 
alderman-lizard  (arder-man-liz"ard),  n.  A 
book-name  of  the  Saurom'alus  dter,  a  stout 
black  Califomian  lizard:  so  called  from  its 
obesity,  a  characteristic  popularly  attributed 
to  aldermen.  It  attains  a  length  of  about  a 
foot.    See  Sauromalus. 

aldermanly  (al'der-man-li),  a.  [<  alderman  + 
-ly'^.]    Pertaining  to  or  like  an  alderman. 

aldermanry  (al'der-man-ri),  n. ;  pi.  alderman- 
ries (-riz).  [<  alderman  +  -ry.]  A  district  of 
a  borough  having  its  own  alderman ;  a  ward. 
N.  E.  D. 

aldermanship  (al'der-man-ship),  n.    [<  alder- 
viitn.  -\-  -shi}).]    The  oflQce  of  an  alderman, 
aldernt  (al'dern),  a.   [<  alder  +  -en'^,  -w2;  —  D. 
elzen,  <  els,  alder.]    Made  of  alder. 

Then  aldern  boats  first  plow'd  the  ocean. 

May,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georgics. 

Aldine  (al'din  or  al'din),  a.  [<  NL.  Aldinus,  < 
Aldus.]  An  epithet  applied  to  those  editions, 
chiefly  of  the  classics,  which  proceeded  from 
the  press  of  Aldus  Manutius  (Latinized  form 
of  Italian  Aldo  Manuzio),  of  Venice,  and  his 
family,  from  1494  to  1597.  The  distinguishing  mark 
is  an  anchor  entwined  with  a  dolphin  printed  on  the  title- 
page.  These  editions  are  noted  for  both  the  beauty  of  the 
typography  and  the  correctness  of  the  text.  The  terra  has 
also  been  applied  to  certain  English  and  American  edi- 
tions of  various  works.    See  cut  in  next  column. 


alebre,  <  ale,  ale,  +  bre,  also  spelled  brewe,  broth, 
soup  (>  bree,  broo,  q.  v.),  <  AS.  brkv,  broth. 
The  word  is  thus  prop,  ale-bree,  or  ale-brew, 
ale-broo,  the  second  element  being  perverted  in 
simulation  of  berry'^.]  A  beverage  formerly 
made  by  boiling  ale  with  spice,  sugar,  and  sops 
of  bread. 

ale-brewer  (arbro'er),  n.  One  whose  occupa- 
tion is  the  brewing  of  ale. 

alec  (a'lek),  n.  [L.,  better  allee,  also  alex,  and 
with  aspirate  hallec,  halex,  the  sediment  of  a 
costly  fish-sauce,  gainim,  and  in  general  fish- 
sauce,  fish-pickle.]  1.  A  pickle  or  sauce  of 
small  herrings  or  ancho-vies. —  2t.  A  herring. 
N.  E.  D. 

alecampanet(al*e-kam-pan'))  Same  a,B  ele- 
campane. 

alecize  (al'e-siz),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  alecized. 
ppr.  alecizing.  [<  alec  +  -ize.]  To  dress  -with 
alec  sauce.    N.  E.  D. 

ale-conner  (al'kon'er),  n.  [<  ale  +  Conner^.] 
Originally,  a  local  officer  appointed  to  assay  ale 
and  beer,  and  to  take  care  that  they  were  good 
and  wholesome,  and  sold  at  a  proper  price. 

The  duty  of  the  ale-conners  of  London  now  is  to  inspect 
the  measures  used  by  beer-  and  liquor-sellers,  in  order  to 
prevent  fraud.  Four  of  these  officers  are  chosen  annually 
by  the  liverymen,  in  common  hall,  on  Midsummer's  Day 
(June  24).    Also  called  ale-taster. 

'Tis  well  known  to  the  parish  I  have  been  twice  ale-con- 
ner. Middleton,  Mayor  of  Queenborough,  iii.  3. 


ale-cost 

ale-cost  (al'kost),  n.  [<ale+  cost^:  see  cost- 
mary.}  Costmary,  Tanacetum  Balsamita,  a 
plant  put  into  ale  to  give  it  an  aromatic  flavor. 
See  costmary. 

Alector  (a-lek'tor),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  aleKTup, 


135 

longs  to  South  America.  Sometimes  written,  more  correct- 
ly, Alectorurus,  ariJ  also  Alectrura,  Alecturus,  Alectura. 
alectryomachy  (a-lek-tri-om'a-ki),  n.    [<  Gr. 
a'AeKTpvuv,  a  cock,  -l-  ficixi,  a  fight.]  Coek-fight- 
ing.    Sometimes  written  alectoromachy. 


alembic 

smooth,-!-  eMof,  appeai-ance.]  A  genus  of  para- 
sitic HijmcHoptera,  of  the  family  Braconidce. 
The  species  are  parasitic  ujjon  caterpillars,  undergoing 


poet,  for  alcKTpvuv  (ef.  Alectryon),  a  cock;  of  alectryomancy  (a-lek'tri-o-man'-'si)^  n.    [<  F 


disputed  origin.]    If.  Klein  s  name  (1756)  for  a 

genus  of  bli'ds  of  which  the  common  hen  is  the 

type:  a  synonym  of  Gallus  (Linnffius). —  2t. 

Merrem's  name  (1786)  for  birds  of  the  family 

Cracidw,  or  eurassows :  a  synonym  of  Crax  (Lin- 
naeus).— 3.    [?.  c]   The  Linnean  specific  name 

for  a  species  of  curassow,  Crax  alector. 
alectoriai  (al-ek-to'ri-a),  n. ;  pi.  alectorice  (-e). 

[L.  (sc.  gemma),  fem.  of  alectorius,  pertaining  Alectryon  (a-lek  tri-on),  n 

to  a  cock,  <  Gr.  aAeump,  a  cock.]    Cockstone;    TP^<^^,^a.  cock:  see  Alector.} 

a  peculiar  stone,  erroneously  supposed  to  be 

sometimes  found  in  the  stomach  or  liver  of  an 

aged  cock  or  capon.    Many  imaginary  virtues 

were  attributed  to  it. 
Alectoria^  (al-ek-to'ri-a),  w.  [NL.,<  Gr. 

equiv.  to  a?^eKTpoc,  unmarried,  <  a-  priv.  -I-  ?lIk- 


alectryomantie  (Cotgrave),  <  Gr.  a.XeKTpv6v,  a 
cock,  -t-  fiavTela,  divination.]  An  ancient  prac- 
tice of  foretelUug  events  by  means  of  a  cock. 
The  letters  of  the  alphabet  were  traced  on  the  ground  in 
squares  within  a  circle,  and  a  grain  of  corn  was  placed  on 
each ;  acock  was  then  permitted  to  pick  up  the  grains,  and 
the  letters  imder  them,  being  formed  into  words  in  the 
order  of  their  selection  by  the  cock,  were  supposed  to 
foretell  the  event.   Sometimes  written  alectoromancy. 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  hlEK- 
1.  In  ornith.,  a  ge- 
nus of  birds,  proposed  by  Cabanis  in  1846  for  a 
section  of  the  Macartney  pheasants,  genus  Eu- 
plocamus  of  Temmiuck.  The  type  is  A.  ery- 
throphihalmus  of  Malacca. —  2.  A  poetical  name 
of  the  domestic  cock. 
Loud  the  cock  Alecti'yon  crowed. 


Longfellow. 


Tpov,  bed,  marriage-bed  (see  lectica) ;  from  the  ale-drapert  (al'dra'per),  n.    [<  ale  +  draper,  as 
I     i  i  1-  n  n     .    in  linen-draper :  a  humorous  name,  perhaps  in 

allusion  to  the  old  ale-yard:  see  ale-yard.']  An 
ale-house  keeper. 


uncertainty  respecting  its  male  flowers.]  A 

genus  of  lichens,     a.  jubata,  or  rocklmir,  grows  on 
.  trees  and  rocks,  and  affords  food  for  the  reindeer  while  the 
snow  is  deep. 

Alectorides  (al-ek-tor'i-dez),  w.  pi.     [NL.,  < 

Gr.  a'AeKTopig,  pi.  -iSe^,  fem. .of  altKTup,  a  cock.] 
1.  In  Nitzseh's  classification  (1829),  a  group  of 
birds  represented  by  the  genera  Diciiolophns 
and  Otis.  —  2.  In  Temminck's  classification,  a 
group  of  birds  of  uncertain  extent.  [Not  now  in 
use.  ]  —  3.  A  suborder  or  order  of  birds  which  in- 
cludes the  cranes,  rails,  and  their  allies.  Coues. 
alectoridine  (al-ek-tor'i-din),  a.  [<  Alectorides 
+  -wigi.]  Having  the  character  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Alectorides. 

It  [the  genus  Farm]  would  appear  to  be  limicoline,  not 
alectoridine.  Coues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  669. 

alectoromachyt  (a-lek-to-rom'a-ki),  n.  [<  Gr. 
oKenTup,  a  cock,  -I-  fi&xv,  a  fight,  <  /idxeadai, 
fight.]    Same  as  alectryomachy. 

alectoromancyt  (a-lek'to-ro-man'-'si),  n.  [<  Gr. 
okiKTup,  a  cock,  -I-  /navreia,  divination.  Cf.  alec- 
tryomancy.']   Same  as  alectryomancy. 

alectoromorph  (a-lek'to-ro-morf),  n.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  Alectoromorplue. 

Alectoromorpliae  (a-lek"to-ro-m6r'fe),  n.  pi 


I  get  mee  a  wife ;  with  her  a  little  money ;  when  we  are 
married,  seeke  a  house  we  must;  no  other  occupation 
have  I  but  to  be  an  ale-draper. 

Henry  Chettle,  Kind-Hart's  Dreame  (1592). 
So  that  nowe  hee  hath  lefte  brokery,  and  is  become  a 
draper.  A  draper,  quoth  Freeman,  what  draper,  of  wooUin 
orlinnen?   No,  qd[quod,  quoth] he,  anale-draper,  wherein 
he  hath  more  skil  then  [than]  in  the  other. 

Discoverie  of  Knights  of  the  Poste,  1597.  (Halliwell.) 

alee  (a-le'),  prep.phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [ME.  a  lee, 
after  Icel.  a  Me,  alee;  <  a^,  on,  -1-  /eel,  q.  y.] 
Naut.,  on  or  toward  the  lee  side  of  a  ship  or  boat, 
that  is,  the  sheltered  side,  on  which  the  wind 
does  not  strike ;  away  fi-om  the  wind :  opposed 
to  aweather  (which  see).  The  helm  of  a  ship  is  said 
to  be  alee  when  the  tiller  is  pushed  close  to  the  lee  side, 
causing  the  rudder  to  move  in  the  opposite  direction,  and 
thus  bringing  the  ship's  head  into  t  he  wind.  In  cases  where 
a  steering-wheel  is  used,  the  same  effect  is  produced  by 
turning  the  wheel  toward  the  wind. 

The  reek  of  battle  drifting  slow  alee 
Not  sullener  than  we.    Lowell,  On  Board  the  '76. 
Helm's  alee  !  hard  alee  !  orders  given  in  tacking  a  sail- 
ing vessel,  after  the  helm  has  been  put  down,  to  diiect 
that  the  head-sheets  and  fore-sheets  should  be  let  fly. 


[NL.,  <  Gr.  aA£KTup,a  cock, '-I-  'pop(p^,  form.]   In  ale-fed  (al'fed),  a.    Nourished  with  ale. 
Huxley's  classification  of  birds,  the  fifth  super-       The  growth  of  his  ale-fed  corps.-   Stafford,  Niobe,  ii.  62. 

family  of  the  suborder  Schizognathce,  of  the  aleft  (a-leff),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.   [<  a^,  on,  -I- 

order  Crtwirtto.   it  includes  the  families  TMrmcidcB,  left.]  'Dn  or  to  the  left.    Southey.  [Rare.] 

Phasianidai  Pteiyclidoe  Megapodidce  and  Cracidce,  or  the  alegar  (al'e-  or  a'le-gar),  n.  [<  ME.  aleaar  (Halli 
fowls  and  fowl-like  birds,  and  therefore  corresponds  to  >    ^    •  o    /j      l  — 

the  old  order  Gallince  or  Rasores,  exclusive  of  the  pi- 


well),  <  ale  +  egar,  eger,  sow.  see  eager^.  The 
mode  of  formation  is  not  English,  but  imitates 
vinegar,  <  P.  vin  aigre,  soui-  wine.]  Ale  or  beer 
which  has  been  passed  through  the  acetous  fer- 
mentation ;  sour  ale,  used  in  the  north  of  Eng- 
land as  a  cheap  substitute  for  vinegar. 

For  not,  after  consideration,  can  you  ascertain  what 
liquor  it  is  you  are  imbibing ;  whether  .  .  .  Hawkins'  en- 
tire, or,  perhaps,  some  other  great  brewer's  penny-swipes, 
or  even  alegar.  Carlyle,  Boswell's  Johnson. 

ale-garland  (al'gar'land),  n.  A  wreath  hung 
to  an  ale-stake  as  a  part  of  the  sign  of  a  tavern. 
This  custom  is  as  old  as  the  time  of  Chaucer, 

 who  alludes  to  it. 

Alectoromorpliw,  containing  the"^  true^fowl  and  alegeancet,  «•    See  allegeance^. 
related  to  the  domestic  hen,  as  pheasants,  tur-  alegert,  a.    [<  OF.  alegre,  alaigre,  F.  allegre  = 
keys,  guinea-fowl,  grouse,  partridges,  quail,    Sp.  alegre  =  Pg.  It.  allegro  (see  allegro),  <  L. 


geons  and  tinamous.  Since  1867,  when  the  term  was  pro 
posed,  a  stricter  signification  has  been  attached  to  it  by  ex 
elusion  of  the  Turnicidce  and  Pteroclidce.  In  the  restricted 
sense,  it  is  divided  into  the  two  groups  of  Alectoropodes 
and  Peristeropodes,  the  former  containing  the  fowls  proper 
(old  family  Phasianidce,  etc.),  the  latter  the  mound-birds 
Ullegapodidce)  and  eurassows  (Cracidw). 

alectoromorphous  (a-lek'to-ro-mSr'fus),  a. 
Having  the  character  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
AlectoromorplHB ;  gallinaceous  or  rasorial,  in  a 
strict  sense. 

Alectoropodes (a-lek-to-rop'o-dez), n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  aleKTDp,  a  cock,  -f-  ttov^,  pi.  TrdSeg,  —  E. 
foot.]    A  subdivision  of  Huxley's  superfamily 


etc.:  distinguished  from  those  gallinaceous 
birds,  as  the  Megapodidce  and  Cracidce,  which 
have  the  feet  more  as  in  pigeons,  and  are  there- 
fore called  Peristeropodes.  See  cuts  under  Cu- 
pidonia,  grouse,  partridge,  and  quail. 
alectoropodous  (a-lek-to-rop'6-dus),  a.  Hav- 
ing the  character  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Alec- 
toropodes. 

The  suborders  [of  Alectoromorphce]  are  called  respec- 
tively the  Alectoropodous  .  .  .  and  the  Peristeropodous 
Gunmee.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  IV.  197. 

Alectrurinae  (a-lek-tro-ri'ne),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Alectrurus  +  -ina:.]  A  subfamily  of  clamatorial 
passerine  birds,  of  the  family  Tyrannidw :  an 
inexact  synonym  of  Fluvicolince  and  of  Tceniop- 
terinw.  See  these  words,  and  Alectrurus. 
alectrurous  (al-ek-tro'rus),  a.  [<  NL.  alectru- 
rus, adj. :  see  Alectrurus.]  Having  a  tail  Like 
that  of  the  cock :  applied  to  certain  birds.  See 
Alectrurus. 

Alectrurus  (al-ek-tro'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aAeKTup,  a  cock,  -I-  ohpd,  a  tail.]  A  genus  of 
clamatorial  passerine  birds,  of  the  family  Ty- 
rannidce,  or  tyrant  flycatchers,  of  which  the 
type  is  A.  tricolor :  so  named  from  the  long. 


alacer,  alacris,  brisk,  lively :  see  alacrious,  alac- 
rity.] Lively;  brisk;  sprightly;  cheerful;  gay. 

Coffee,  the  root  and  leaf  betle,  [and]  .  .  .  tobacco  .  .  . 
do  all  condense  the  spirits  and  make  them  strong  and 
aleger.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  738. 

alegget,  «^  t.    See  allay  and  allege. 

ale-gill  (al'jil),  n.  [<  ale  +  giW,  ground-ivy, 
and  the  liquor  made  therefrom :  see  gill^, 
and  cf.  alehoof.]  A  kind  of  medicated  liquor 
prepared  by  the  infusion  of  ground-ivy  in  malt 
liquor. 

alehoof  (al'hof),  ?i.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  alehoove, 
alehove,  <  ME.  alehoofe,  lialehove,  appar.  a  cor- 
ruption, simulating  ale,  of  earlier  haihove,  hey- 
Jiove,  etc.,  prob.  <  hey,  hay"^,  a  hedge,  -I-  hoofe, 
hove,  ground-ivy,  <  AS.  hofe,  ivy  (see  hove).  The 
D.  eiloof,  ivy,  is  appar.  borrowed  from  English.] 
Ground-ivy,  Nepeta  Glechoma,  the  leaves  of 
which  were  used  in  ale-makiag  before  the  in- 
troduction of  hops. 

ale-house  (al'hous),  n.  [<  ME.  alehous,  aille- 
hous,  <  AS.  ealo-hus.]  A  house  where  ale  is  re- 
tailed. 


The  redcoats  filled  all  the  ale-houses  of  Westminster 
and  the  Strand.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

compressed,  erectile  tail,  it  is  sometimes  made  the  Aleiodes  (al-i-6'dez),  «.  [NL.,  prop.  "aZiorfes, 
type  of  a  subfamily,  AlectruriTue.    The  whole  group  be-    appar.  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  -f-  Ticiudr/g,  smooth,  <  /UZof, 


Aleiodes /ttmipennis  (Cresson). 
a,  cocoon  :  d,  enlarged  segment  of  same  ;  b.  female  ( cross  shows  nat- 
ural size) ;  c,  tip  of  her  abdomen  from  side,  enlarged  ;  ^,  larva. 

transformation  in  the  dried  and  rigid  skin  of  their  host. 
A.  rileyi  (Cresson)  is  uniformly  reddish-yellow,  and  is 
parasitic  on  larvte  of  the  lepidopterous  genus  Acronycta. 

aleist,  n.    [ME.  aleis,  <  OF.  alies,  alls,  usually 
alie,  alye,  later  alise  (mod.  P.  alisc  and  alize), 
<  Teut.  *aliza,  OHG.  *eliza,  var.  of  elira,  erila, 
erla,  G.  erle,  dial,  else,  the  alder,  in  comp.  else- 
haum,  the  white  beam-tree,  elsebeere,  the  berry 
of  the  white  beam-tree ;  =  AS.  air,  >  E.  alder^, 
q.  v.]    The  fruit  or  berry  of  the  white  beam- 
tree,  Pyrus  Aria.    Bom.  of  the  Bose,  1.  1377. 
ale-knightf  (al'nit),  n.    A  pot-companion. 
Come,  all  you  brave  wights. 
That  are  dul)bed  ale-Iaiights,  .  .  . 
Know  malt  is  of  mickle  might. 

Wits'  Recreations  (1654). 
To  have  his  picture  stamp'd  on  a  stone  jug 
To  keep  ale-knights  in  memory  of  sobriety. 

Chapman,  Gentleman  Usher,  iii.  1. 

alem  (al'em),  11.    [Turk,  'alem,  a  flag,  banner, 
standard,  ensign,  the  crescent,  <  Ar.  'alam,  a 
flag,  ensign,  <  'alama,  know.     Cf.  alim,  almah.] 
The  imperial  standard  of  the  Turkish  empire. 
Alemannian  (al-e-man'i-au),  a.  Alemannic. 
Two  Alemannian  dukes  of  tlie  lOtli  century. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XX.  4. 

Alemannic  (al-e-man'ik),  a.  and  n.    [<  'L.Ale- 

mannicus,  Alamannicus,  pertaining  to  the  Ale- 
manni,  Alamanni,  the  Latinized  form  of  the  Ger- 
man name  of  a  confederation  of  German  tribes, 
lit.  all  men,  after  Goth,  alamans,  all  men,  all 
mankind,  <  alls  z=  OHG.  al  zzz  E.  all,  -1-  manna  = 
OHG.  man  =  E.  man.  Hence  L.  Alemannia,  the 
country  of  the  Alemanni,  extended  by  the  Gauls 
to  all  Germany,  >  F.  Allemagne,  Germany,  Al- 
Icmand,  German:  see  Alman,  Almain.]  I.  a. 
Belonging  to  the  Alemanni,  confederated  Ger- 
man tribes  who  began  to  appear  between  the 
Main  and  the  Danube  about  the  beginning  of 
the  third  century,  and  occupied  that  region 
completely. 

II.  n.  The  language  of  the  Alemanni,  or  an- 
cient people  of  southwestern  Germany. 

Also  spelled  Allemannie. 
alembdar  (a-lem'dar),  n.  [Turk,  'alemdar,  < 
'alem,  flag,  standard  (see  alem),  +  -ddr,  <  Pers. 
-dar,  holder,  bearer.]  In  Turkey,  an  officer 
who  bears  the  green  standard  of  Mohammed 
when  the  sultan  appears  in  public, 
alembic  (a-lem'bik),  )(.  [Early  mod.  E.  alem- 
bick,alimbeck,  and  abbr.  lembick,  limbeck,  q.  v. ;  < 
ME.  alembike,  alembyk,  alenibek,  ear- 
lier alambik,  alambic,  <  OF.  alambic, 
also  written  alambique,  P.  alambic 
—  Pr.  elambic  =  Sp.  alambique— Fg. 
alambique,  lambique=  It.  lambicco, 
limbicco,  <  ML.  alambicus,  <  Ar.  al- 
anbiq,  <  al,  the  (see  al-"),  +  anbiq 
(>  Pers.  amblq),  a  still,  <  Gr.  au.it^, 
a  cup,  later  the  cup  of  a  still;  ef. 
Ionic  Gr.  afijirj  =  Gr.  ap,iuv,  foot  of  a  ^,e„,o,c 
goblet.]  1 .  A  vessel  formerly  used 
in  chemistry  for  distillation,  and  usually  made 
of  glass  or  copper.  The  Ijottom  p.irt,  containing  the 
liquor  to  be  distilled,  was  called  tlie  matrass  or  ciinirMt; 
the  upper  pait,  which  received  and  condensed  the  volatile 
products,  was  called  the  head  OT  capital,  the  lieak  of  which 
W.1S  fitted  to  the  neck  of  a  receiver.  The  head  alone  was 
more  properly  the  alembic.  It  is  now  superseded  by  the 
retort  and  worm-still. 

Hence — 2.  An j-thing  which  works  a  change  or 
transformation  :  as,  the  alembic  of  sorrow. 
Thus  is  Art,  a  nature  passed  through  the  alembic  of  man. 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  27. 

alembic  (a-lem'bik),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  alem- 
bicked,  ppr.  alembicking.  [<  alembic,  «.]  To 
distil  as  by  an  alembic ;  obtain  as  by  means  of 
an  alembic.  [Rare.] 


alembic 

I  have  occasioned  great  speculation,  and  diverted  my- 
self  with  the  important  mysteries  that  have  been  aleiii- 
bickecl  out  of  a  triHe.  Walpole,  ftetters,  I.  208. 

alembroth  (a-lem'broth),  «.  [Formerly  also 
alembor,  late  ME.  alembroke;  origin  unknown.] 
The  salt  called  by  the  alchemists  the  salt  of  art, 
science,  or  wisdom;  a  double  chlorid  of  mer- 
cury and  ammonia.  Although  poisonous,  it 
was  formerly  used  as  a  stimulant. 

alenaget,  «.    Same  as  alnage. 

Alengon  lace.    See  lace. 

alengtht  (a-length'),  prep.phr.  as  adv.  and  »re». 
[ME.  alenght  (for  *alen</tJi) ;  <  ^3  on,  at,  + 
length.']   I.  ado.  At  full  length ;  along:  stretch- 
ed at  full  length. 
II.  prep.  In  the  direction  of  the  length  of. 

Alepas  (al'e-pas),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d-  copulative 
+  /fTiif,  a  limpet :  see  Lepas.]  A  genus  of 
barnacles  or  acorn-shells,  of  the  family  Lepadi- 
dw.  They  are  ordinary  cLrripeds  with  thoracic 
limbs.  _  A.  cornuta  is  an  example. 

aleph  (a'lef),  n.  [Heb.  'dleph  =  At.  'alif:  see 
alpha.]  The  first  letter  of  the  Hebrew  alpha- 
bet (X),  representing  the  older  Phenician  let- 
ter which  gave  name  and  form  to  the  Greek  A, 
al(j)a.  See  fll.  This  letter,  in  the  Semitic  languages,  is 
not  properly  a  vowel,  but  is  a  quasi-consonantal  sign,  to 
which  the  pronunciation  of  any  initial  vowel  may  be  at- 
tached. In  transliteration  into  Roman  letters,  this  sign 
is  represented  by  a  Greek  "smooth  breathing"  (')  or  is 
left  unmarked. 

alepidosaurid  (a-lep"i-d6-sa'rid),  n.  A  fish  of 
the  family  Alepidosauridw.  Also  called  alepi- 
dosauroid. 

Alepidosauridse  (a-lep*i-d6-sa'ri-de),  n.  j}l. 
[NL.,  <  Alepidosaurus  +  -idw.]  A  family  of 
large,  fierce,  and  voracious  abdominal  deep-sea 
fishes.  Also  called  Alepwsauridcc  and  Alepi- 
sauridw. 

The  Alepidosauridae  are  deep-sea  fishes  of  large  size  re- 
markable for  the  great  size  of  their  teeth.  The  body  is 
elongate,  and  without  scales;  the  mouth  is  extremely 
large,  with  rows  of  compressed  teeth  of  unequal  size 
some  of  those  on  the  lower  jaw  and  palatines  being  fang- 
like. The  dorsal  fin  is  very  long,  covering  almost  the 
whole  of  the  back,  and  there  is  no  adipose  flu. 

Statid.  Nat.  Hist.,  III.  138. 


Alepidosaurina  (a-lep'i-do-sa-ri'na),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Alepidosaurus  +  -ina.']  In  Giinther's 
classification  of  fishes,  a  di\ision  of  Scopelida;, 
containing  those  with  the  dorsal  fin  occupying 
nearly  the  entire  length  of  the  back ;  a  gi-oup 
corresponding  to  the  family  Alepidosaurida 
(which  see).  Preferably  written  Alejndosau- 
rince,  as  a  subfamily. 

alepidosauroid  (a-lep'-'i-do-sa'roid),  a.  and  n. 
[<  Alepidosaurus  +  -aid.]     I.  a.   Having  the 
characters  of  the  Alepidosauridce. 
II.  11.  An  alepidosaurid. 

Alepidosaurus  (a  -  lep  "  i  -  do  -  sa '  nis), «.  [NL. , 
as  Aleposaurus,  but  with  Gr.  Xenig  {XeiriS-)  in- 
stead of  equiv.  /.{' Trof  {Xeno-),  a  scale.]  A  genus 
of  fishes,  typical  of  the  family  Alepidosauridm. 
It  was  at  one  time  supposed  to  be  related  to  Saurus,  but 
is  distinguished  by  the  scaleless  skin,  whence  the  name. 
Also  called  Alepisaurus,  Aleposaurus.  A.  ferox  is  a  spe- 
cies known  as  handsaw-fish  and  lancet-fish. 

alepidote  (a-lep'i-dot),  a.  and  n.  [<Gr.  aXen!- 
(5(J70f,  without  scales,  <  a-  priv.  +  Xctv!^  (XeTrcS-), 
a  scale :  see  Lejndium.]  I.  a.  Not  having 
scales:  as,  an  alepidote  fish. 

II.  11.  Any  fish  whose  skin  is  not  covered  with 
scales. 

alepinet  (al'e-pen),  n.  [Also  written  alapeen, 
prob.  for  Aleppine,  belonging  to  Aleppo:  see 
Aleppine.]  A  mixed  stuff,  either  of  wool  and 
silk  or  of  mohair  and  cotton.  Dyer. 

Alepisauridae  (a-lep-i-sa'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Alepisaurus  +  -idee.]    Same  as  Alepidosauridw. 

Alepisaurus  (a-lep-i-sa'rus),  n.  [NL.,  improp. 
for  Alepidosaurus.]    Same  as  Alepidosaurus. 

Alepocephali  (a-lep-o-sef'a-li),  n.  jd.  [PI.  of 
Alepocephalus.]    Same  as  Alepocephalidm. 

alepocephalid  (a-lep-6-sef'a-lid),  n.  One  of 
the  Alcpoeephalidce  (which  see). 

Alepocephalidse  (a-lep*6-se-fari-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Alepocephalus  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  clu- 
peoid  abdominal  fishes.    The  technical  characters 


136 

referable  to  four  genera  have  been  discovered  in  the  deeper 
portions  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans,  as  well  as  of 
the  Mediterranean  sea.    Also  called  Alepocephali 

alepocephaloid  (a-lep-6-sef'a-loid),  «.  and  w. 
I,  a.  Having  the  character  of  the  Alepocephali- 
dce. 

II.  n.  Same  as  alepocephalid. 
Alepocephalus  (a-lep-6-sef 'a-lus),  n.    [NL.,  < 
Gr.  d-  priv.  +  ?.i7rof,  scale,  +"Ke^aXi/,  head.]  A 
genus  of  fishes,  typical  of  the  family  Alepoce- 
phali da :  so  called  from  the  scaleless  head, 
ale-polet  (al'pol),  n.    Same  as  ale-stake. 
Aleposauridae  (a-lep-6-sa'ri-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,< 
Aleposaurus  +  -idw.]    Same  as  Alepidosauridw. 
Aleposaurus  (a-lep-6-sa'rus),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dAeTTOf,  faulty  form  of  aXe-n-lduTog,  without  scales 
(<  a-  priv.  +  XeTToc,  also  Xervig,  a  scale :  see  Le- 
jiidium),  +  Gaipog,  a  lizard,  also  a  sea-fish:  see 
Saurus.]    Same  as  Alepidosaurus. 
ale-postt  (al'post),  n.    Same  as  ale-stake. 
ale-pot  (al'pot),  n.    A  pot  or  mug  for  holding 
ale.    In  England  a  pot  of  beer  or  ale  means  a  quart  of 
It;  hence,  ale-pot  means  especially  a  quart-pot. 

A  clean  cloth  was  spread  before  him,  with  knife,  fork 
and  spoon,  salt-cellar,  pepper-box,  glass,  and  pewter  ale- 
l""-  bickens,  Little  Dorrit. 

Aleppine  (a-lep'in),  a.  and  n.  [(.Aleppo,  Euro- 
pean (It.)  form  of  Turk,  and  Ar.  Haleb,  said  to 
be  named  from  Ai-.  halah,  m\\k.]  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  Aleppo,  a  city  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  or 
to  its  inhabitants. 
II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Aleppo. 
Aleppo  gall,  ulcer.  See  ulcer. 
alerce  (a-lers';  Sp.  pron.  a-lar'tha),  n.  [Sp.,  the 
larch,  prob.  <  a-,  repr.  Ar.  al,  the,  +  *lerce, 
*larce  =  It.  larice,  <  L.  larix  (acc.  laricem),  the 
larch  (see  larch),  perhaps  mixed  with  Ar.  al- 
'arsah,  al-'erz,  <  ul,  the,  +  'arzah,  'erz,  Pers.  arz, 
cedar.]  1.  A  name  given  in  Spain  to  wood 
iised  by  the  Moors  in  their  edifices,  obtained 
from  the  sandarac-tree  of  Morocco,  Callitris 
quadrivalvis.  See  Callitris.— -2.  Same  as  alerce- 
tree. 

With  here  and  there  a  red  cedar  or  an  alerce  pine. 

Dartvin,  Voyage  of  Beagle,  xiii. 


Alepocephalus  bairdi. 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  1884.) 

are :  supramaxillary  bones  of  three  pieces,  as  in  the  Clupe- 
idcB,  the  dorsal  fin  posterior  and  opposite  the  anal  fin,  few 
pyloric  caica,  and  no  air-bladder.    About  a  dozen  species 


alerce-tree  (a-lers'tre),  n.    A  large  coniferous 
timber-tree  of  Chili,  Libocedrus  Chilensis,  ex- 
tensively used  on  the  southern  Pacific  coast, 
alerion,  n.    See  allerion. 

alert  (a-lerf),  a.  and  «.,  orig.  prep.  phr.  [<  F. 
alertc,  interj.  phr.,  adj.,  and  n.,  formerly  allerte, 
sometimes  written  d  I'erte,  =  Sp.  alerta  (alerto, 
adj.)  =  Pg.  alerta,  <  It.  all'  erta,  on  the  watch,  on 
the  lookout;  stare  all'  erta,  be  on  one's  guard, 
lit.  stand  on  the  lookout:  a.11'  for  alia  for  a 
la,  <  L.  ad  illam,  on  the ;  erta,  a  lookout,  also  a 
declivity,  a  slope,  a  steep,  fem.  of  erto.  raised 
aloft,  steep,  pp.  of  crgere,  raise,  erect,  <  L.  eri- 
gere,  raise,  pp.  erectus,  >E.  erect,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  1. 
Active  in  vigilance;  watchful;  vigilantly  at- 
tentive. 

Yet  ceaseless  still  she  throve,  alert,  alive. 
The  working  bee,  in  full  or  empty  hive. 

Crabbe,  Parish  Register. 
Nothing  is  worth  reading  that  does  not  require  an  alert 
raind.  C.  D.  Warner,  Backlog  Studies,  p.  15. 

2.  Moving  with  celerity ;  brisk ;  active ;  nim- 
ble: as,  "an  alert  young  fellow,"  Addison, 
Spectator,  No.  403.  =  Syn.  1.  Heedful,  wary.— 2  Live- 
ly, agile,  quick,  prompt,  ready,  spry. 

II.  n.  [From  the  phi-,  on  the  alert,  a  pleo- 
nastic E.  version  of  the  orig.  It.  phr.  all'  erta : 
see  I.]  An  attitude  of  vigilance;  watch; 
guard :  especially  in  the  phrase  on  or  upon  the 
alert,  upon  the  watch ;  on  the  lookout;  guarding 
against  surprise  or  danger:  as,  "the  readiness 
of  one  on  the  alert,"  Dickens. 

He  was  instructed  to  notify  his  officers  to  be  on  the 
alert  for  any  indications  of  battle. 

U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I.  412. 
alertly  (a-lert'li),  adv.  In  an  alert  manner ;  with 
watchful  vigilance ;  nimbly ;  briskly;  actively, 
alertness  (a-lert'nes),  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  alert;  briskness;  nimbleness ;  activity, 
-ales.  [<  L.  -ales,  pi.  of  -alis,  a  common  adj. 
sufiSx :  see  -al.  ]  In  6o«. ,  a  plural  termination  dis- 
tinguishing the  names  of  cohorts,  a  grade  inter- 
mediate between  class  and  order, 
ale-scott,  ale-shott  (al'skot,  al'shot),  n.  [< 
ale  +  scot,  also  shot,  pajTuent:  see  scot  and 
shot,  payment.]  A  reckoning  to  be  paid  for  ale. 
alese,  ».    See  aleze. 

ale^silver  (al'siF'ver),  n.  A  duty  anciently 
paid  to  the  lord  mayor  of  London  by  the  sellers 
of  ale  within  the  city. 

ale-staket  (al'stak),  w.  A  stake  having  a  gar- 
land or  bush  of  twigs  at  the  top  of  it,  set  up  as 
a  sign  before  an  ale-house. 


aleurone 

A  garland  hadde  he  set  upon  his  heed 
As  gret  as  it  were  for  an  ale-stake. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  667. 

Also  called  ale-pole,  ale-post. 
ale-taster  (artas"ter),  n.    Same  as  ale-conner 
alethiology  ^a-le-thi-ol'6-ji),  «.    [<  Gr.  aXT/deia, 
truth  {<aArjdr/c,  true,  <  d-  priv.  +  lavdaveiv,  TmBeIv 
escape  notice,  be  concealed :  see  Lethe),  +  -\oyia 
<^eyeiv,  speak:  see  -ology.]    A  term  used  by 
Sir  Wilham  Hamilton  to  denote  that  part  of 
logic  which  treats  of  the  nature  of  truth  and 
error,  and  of  the  rules  for  their  discrimination, 
alethoscope  (a-le'tho-skop),  11.    [<  Gr.  al?/d>K, 
true  (see  alethiology),  +  aKoneiv,  view.]    An  op- 
tical instrument  by  means  of  which  pictures 
are  made  to  present  a  more  natural  and  life- 
like appearance. 
Aletornis  (al-e-t6r'nis),  11.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  aX^/r^^, 
a  wanderer,  vagrant  (<  aAaadai,  wander,  stray) 
+  opvic,  bird.]    A  genus  of  extinct  Tertiary 
birds  from  the  Eocene  of  Wyoming  Temtory 
Several  species  are  described  by  Marsh,  who  places  them 
among  the  cranes  and  rails.    They  range  in  size  from  that 
of  a  woodcock  to  that  of  a  small  crane. 
Aletris  (al'e-tris),  11.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  aXerpic,  a  (fe- 
male) gi-inder  of  corn,  (aXeTpd'eiv,  extendedfrom 
aXeiv,  grind.]    A  genus  of  plants,  natural  order 
Semodoracew,  natives  of  the  eastern  United 
States,  chiefly  from  New  Jersey  southward. 

The  two  species,  A.farinosa  and  A.  a  urea,  are  low  smooth 
steniless,  bitter  herbs,  with  fibrous  roots,  a  cluster  of  spread- 
ing, flat,  lance-shaped  leaves,  and  a  spiked  raceme  of  small 
white  or  yellow  flowers.  They  are  called  colic-root  from 
their  medicinal  reputation,  and  also  ague-grass,  star-r/rass. 
lilazmg-star,  etc.  j      ,        j  , 

alette  (a-lef),  n.  [F.,  =  Sp.  aleta  =  It.  aletta, 
a  small  wing;  dim.  of  L.  ala,  wing:  see  aisle.] 

In  arch. :  (a)  A 
small  wing  of  a 
building.  (6)  A 
pilaster  or  but- 
tress, (c)  The 
lateral  face  of 
the  pier  of  an 
arch,  extending 
from  the  edge 
of  the  opening; 
especially,  that 
portion   of  the 


B,  B,  pilasters;  C,  C,  alettes  (c) 


lateral  face  between  the  edge  of  the  opening 
and  a  semi-column,  pilaster,  or  the  Uke,  serving 
to  decorate  the  pier.  Also  spelled  allette. 
Aleurites  (al-u-ri'tez),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aXevpiT?ig, 
pertaining  to  aXevpov,  meal,  esp.  wheaten  flour,  < 
aXciv,  grind.]  A  genus  of  plants,  natural  order 
Euphorbiacew.  The  most  important  species,  A.  triloba 
(the  candleberry-tree),  a  tree  30  to  40  feet  high,  is  a  native 
of  the  Moluccas  and  some  of  the  Pacific  islands,  and  is  cul- 
tivated m  tropical  countries  for  its  nuts,  which  abound  in 
oil,  and  when  dried  are  used  by  the  Polynesian  islanders 
as  a  substitute  for  candles,  whence  they  are  called  candle- 
nuts  or  candleberries.  The  oil  expressed  from  the  kernels 
dries  rapidly,  and  is  known  as  country  walnut  or  artists' 
oil,  or  kekune-oil.  A.  cordata  is  the  Chinese  varnish-tree, 
and  the  oil  from  its  seeds  is  used  in  China  in  painting. 

Aleurodes  (al-u-ro'dez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aXevpu- 
Stjc,  like  flour,  <  aXevpov,  flour,  +  ddoq,  form.] 
The  typical  and  only  genus  of  the  family  Aleri- 
rodidw.  Also  written  Aleyrodes. 
Aleurodidae  (al-u-rod'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  JZcM- 
rodcs  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  hemipterous  insects, 
of  the  suborder  Fhytophthiria,  or  plant-lice,  re- 
lated to  the  aphids  and  scale-insects.  These  in- 
sects are  very  small  and  exceedingly  prolific ;  they  have 
large  oval  elytra  and  wings,  held  nearly  horizontal  when 
in  repose ;  the  head  is  small,  with  divided  eyes ;  the  an- 
tenna; are  short,  6-jointed,  with  the  rostrum  2-jointed ;  and 
the  legs  are  short,  simple,  with  2-jointed  tarsi  provided 
with  2  claws.  There  are  .about  25  nominal  species  of  the 
single  genus  Aleurodes.  A.  prolctella  resembles  a  small 
white  moth  with  a  dark  spot  on  each  wing-cover,  and  is 
found  on  celandine,  cabbage,  oak,  etc.  The  larva  is  small 
flat,  and  oval  like  a  minute  scale,  as  in  Psyllidce;  the 
pupa  is  fixed  and  inclosed  in  an  envelop. 

aleuromancy  (a-lu'ro-man-si),  w.  [<  F.  aleu- 
romancie,  <  Gr.  aXevpofiavrelov,  divination  from 
meal,  <  aXevpov,  meal,  +  pavreia,  divination.] 
A  method  of  divination  by  meal  or  flour,  prac- 
tised by  the  ancients, 
aleurometer  (al-ii-rom'e-ter),  11.  [<  Gr.  aXevpov, 
flour,  esp.  wheaten  flour,  +  /utrpov,  measure.] 
An  instrument  invented  by  M.  Boland,  about 
1849,  for  ascertaining  the  bread-making  quali- 
ties of  wheaten  flour.  The  indications  depend  upon 
the  expansion  of  the  gluten  contained  in  a  given  quantity  of 
flour  when  freed  of  its  starch  by  pulverization  and  repeated 
washings  with  water, 
aleurone  (a-lu'ron),  n.  [<  Gr.  aXevpov,  fine  flour, 
+  -one.]  The  minute  albuminoid  granules 
(protein)  which  are  found,  in  connection  with 
starch  and  oily  matter,  in  the  endosperm  of  ripe 
seeds  and  the  cotyledons  of  the  embryo.  It  is 
considered  an  inactive  resting  form  of  proto- 
plasm.  Also  called,  protein-granules. 


aleuronic 

aleuronic  (al-u-ron'ik),  a.  [<  aleurone  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  aleurone. 

Aleutian,  Aleutic  (al-e-o'shi-an,  -tik),  a. 
[Named  from  the  inhabitants,  the  Aleuts,  Kuss. 
Alexitui.']  Appellative  of  or  pertaining  to  a  group 
of  islands  (the  Aleutian  islands)  separating 
Bering  sea  from  the  northern  Pacific,  nearly  or 
quite  coextensive  with  the  Catherine  archi- 
pelago, extending  from  near  the  southern  point 
of  Kamtchatka  to  the  peninsula  of  Alaska. 

ale-vat  (al'vat),  n.  [<  AS.  ealo-fiet  —  OS.  alo- 
fat:  see  ale  and  vat.']  A  vat  in  which  ale  is 
fermented. 

alevin  (al'e-vin),  n.  [<  F.  alevin,  prob.  for  *ale- 
vain,  <  OF.  alever,  rear,  <  L.  adlevare,  raise, 
<  ad,  to,  +  levare,  raise.  Cf.  alleve,  alleviate.] 
The  young  of  any  fish;  especially,  a  young 
salmonid  or  clupeid. 

alewt  (a-lu')>  «•  [Var.  of  halloo.]  Outcry; 
howling;  lamentation. 

Yet  did  she  not  lament  with  loude  alew, 

As  women  wont.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  vi.  13. 

ale-washed  (al'wosht),  a.  Steeped  or  soaked 
in  ale. 

And  what  a  beard  of  the  general's  cut  .  .  .  will  do 
among  foaming  bottles  and  ale-washed  wits,  is  wonder- 
ful to  be  thought  on.  Shale.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  e. 

alewifel  (al'wif),  n. ;  pi.  aleivives  (-wivz).  A 
woman  who  keeps  an  ale-house. 

Perliaps  he  will  swagger  and  hector,  and  threaten  to 
beat  and  butcher  an  ale-wife.      Swift,  Drapier's  Letters. 

alewife^  (al'wif),  w. ;  pi.  alewives  (-wivz).  [A 
particular  use  of  alewife^,  prob.  in  allusion  to 
their  corpulent  appearance  (see  quot.).  The 
form  aloofe,  recorded  in  1678,  is  said  to  be  the 
Indian  name  of  the  fish  ;  but  it  is  prob.  an  error 
ioT  alewife.]   1.  A  North  American  fish,  Clupea 


Alewife  [Ctufiea  vernatis). 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  1S84.) 

vernalis,  from  8  to  10  inches  long,  resembling 
a  small  shad,  but  much  inferior  to  it  as  food. 
It  is  taken  in  large  numbers  with  that  fish. 
Consorting  Herrings  and  the  bony  Shad, 
Big-bellied  Alewives,  Macrils  richly  clad 
With  Kain-bow  colours,  the  Frost-fish  and  the  Smelt, 
As  good  as  ever  Lady  Gustus  felt. 
S.  Clarke,  Four  Chief  Plantations  in  America  (1670). 

2.  A  name  given  at  Bermuda  to  the  round 
pompano,  Trachynotus  ovatus.  See  po7)ipano. — 

3.  A  local  English  name  of  the  allice-shad. 
alexanders  (al-eg-zan'derz),  n.    [Also  written 

alisander,  allisander,  alisaunder,  <  ME.  alisaun- 
dre,  <  OF.  alisaundre,  aUsandre ;  but  in  AS. 
alexandrie,  alexandre,  from  the  ML.  name  Petro- 
selinum  Alexandrinum,  i.  e.,  Alexandrine  pars- 
ley, equiv.  to  P.  Macedonicum,  i.  e.,  Macedonian 
parsley.]  1.  The  English  name  of  an  umbellif- 
erous plant,  Smijrnium  Olusatrum.  Of  all  the  um- 
bellifers  used  as  vegetables,  this  was  one  of  the  commonest 
in  gardens  for  nearly  fifteen  centuries,  but  it  is  now  aban- 
doned. The  history  of  its  use  can  be  traced  from  begin- 
ning to  end.  Theophrastus  mentions  it  as  a  medicinal 
plant,  under  the  name  hipposelinon  (horse-parsley),  but 
three  centuries  later  Dioscorides  says  that  either  the  root 
or  the  leaves  might  be  eaten,  which  implies  cultivation. 
In  Latin  (Pliny,  Columella,  etc.)  it  was  called  holus  atriun, 
later  olwiatrum,  and  corruptly  olisatrum.  Charlemagne 
commanded  it  to  be  sown  in  his  farms.  The  Italians  made 
great  use  of  it,  under  the  name  tnacerone.  At  the  end  of 
the  eighteenth  century  the  tradition  existed  in  England 
that  it  had  been  formerly  cultivated ;  later  English  and 
French  horticulturists  do  not  mention  it.    De  Candolle. 

2.  In  North  America,  a  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  plant  Thaspium  aureum. 
Alexandrian  (al-eg-zan'dri-an),  a.  [<L.  Alex- 
andria, classical  form  Alexandrea,  <  Gr.  'A^ffdi)- 
dpeia,  name  of  the  Egyptian  city  founded  by 
Alexander  the  Great,  <  ''AXe^avSpoq,  L.  Alexander, 
a  man's  name,  prop,  adj.,  'defending  men,'  < 
aXi^eiv,  ward  off,  defend,  +  man.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  Alexandria,  an  important  city 
of  Egypt,  founded  by  Alexander  the  Great  in 
332  B.  C. —  2.  Pertaining  to  Alexander  the  Great. 
—Alexandrian  Codex  (Corfcc  Alexandrimix),  an  impor- 
tant manuscript  of  the  Scriptures,  sent  to  Charles  I.  of  Eng- 
land by  the  Patriarch  of  Constantinople,  now  in  the  Brit- 
ish Museum.  It  is  written  in  Greek  uncials  on  parch- 
ment, and  contains  the  Septuagintversion  of  the  OklTestii- 
ment  complete,  except  parts  of  the  Psalms,  and  almost  all 
the  New  Testament.  It  is  assigned  to  the  fifth  century. 
— Alezanui'lan  Library,  a  celebrated  library  at  Alex- 
andria In  -'jg>'pt,  fvunded  by  Ptolemy  Soter  and  Ptolemy 
PhUadelphus  (323-247  B.  C),  and  destroyed  about  47  B.  C. 


137 

A  second  or  supplementary  library  in  the  Serapeum  at 
Alexandria  was  entirely  destroyed  by  a  mob  of  fanatics  un- 
der the  Patriarch  Theophilus  A.  D,  391 ;  a  popular  account, 
however,  assigns  its  destruction  to  the  Arabs  in  641. — 
Alexandrian  school,  (a)  A  school  of  literature,  science, 
and  philosophy  Himrishing  at  Alexandria  under  the  Ptole- 
mies during  the  three  centuries  preceding  the  Christian 
era,  and  continuing  under  the  Roman  empire,  especially 
as  a  philosophical  school  in  which  Neoplatonism  was 
the  most  important  element,  down  to  the  final  extinction 
of  paganism  in  the  fifth  century  after  Christ.  ((/)  A 
school  of  Christian  philosophy  and  theology  at  Alex- 
andria during  the  first  five  centuries ;  especially,  the  cate- 
chetical school  of  Alexandria,  existing  in  that  city  from 
the  earliest  times  of  Christianity  down  to  about  A.  D.  400, 
fur  the  purpose  of  instruction  in  the  Christian  faith, 
and  distinguished  for  the  high  attainments  of  its  instruc- 
tors in  pagan  as  well  as  in  Christian  philosophy  and  liter- 
ature. Among  its  most  famous  directors  were  St.  Clement 
and  Origen.  This  school  was  remarkable  for  its  attempt 
to  accommodate  Greek  philosophy  to  Clnistianity  and  to 
make  use  of  it  in  Christian  teaching,  thus  antagonizing 
Judaizing  views,  according  to  which  there  was  and  could 
be  nothing  in  common  between  the  two.  In  some  of  its 
fonns  it  tended  on  the  one  extreme  to  a  philosophic  ration- 
alism, on  the  other  to  an  ideaUziiig  mysticism.  Alexandria 
continued  to  be  the  most  important  center  of  Cliristian 
theology  down  to  the  time  of  the  Council  of  Chalcedon, 
A.  B.  451. 

Alexandrianism  (al-eg-zan'dri-an-izm),  n. 
The  teachings  of  the  Alexandrian  school  of 
theology,  especially  in  its  distinctive  character- 
istics. See  Alexandrian.  Also  written  Alexan- 
(Irinism. 

Alexandrine  (al-eg-zan'drin),  a.  and  n.    [<  L. 

Alexandrinus,  <,  Alexandria:  see  Alexandrian.] 
I.  a.  Same  as  Alexandrian,  1. 

For  some  time  a  steady  advance  of  science  appeared  to 
be  insui-ed  by  the  labors  of  the  Alexandrine  school. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIII.  263. 
Alexandrine  liturgy,  the  liturgy  of  St.  Mark.  See 
i£(Mr;/j/.— Alexandrine  mosaic,  or  opus  Alexandri- 
num, a  kind  of  rich  mosaic  in  which  are  used  red  and 
green  porphyries,  precious  marbles,  enamels,  and  other 
costly  and  brilliant  materials.  It  has  its  name  from  the 
Emperor  Alexander  Severus  (A,  D.  222-235),  and  was  used 
for  friezes,  panels,  etc.,  under  the  later  Roman  empire. 

II.  n.  [<  P.  alexandrin :  so  called,  it  is  said, 
from  Alexandre  Paris,  an  old  French  poet,  or 
from  poems  written  by  him  and  others  in  this 
meter  on  the  life  of  Alexander  the  Great.]  In 
pros.,  an  iambic  hexapody,  or  series  of  six  iam- 
bic feet.  French  Alexandrines  are  written  in  couplets, 
alternately  acatalectic  with  masculine  rimes  and  hyper- 
catalectic  with  feminine  rimes.  French  tragedies  are  gen- 
erally composed  in  Alexandrines.  The  cesura  occurs  at 
the  end  of  the  third  foot.  The  second  line  of  the  follow- 
ing extract  is  an  example : 

A  needless  Alexandrine  ends  the  song. 

That,  like  a  wounded  snake,  drags  its  slow  length  along. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  356. 

Alexandrinism  (al-eg-zan'drin-izm),  n.  Same 
as  Alexandrianism. 

alexandrite  (al-eg-zan'drit),  n.  [<  L.  Alexan- 
der (^texa«(Zer  II., Emperor  of  Russia)  +  4te^.] 
A  variety  of  chrysoberyl  found  in  the  mica  slate 
of  the  Ural  mountains. 

alexia  (a-lek'si-a),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 

'/.£§ig,  a  speaking  (or  reading),  <  ?ieyeiv,  speak, 
read.]  Inability  to  read,  as  the  result  of  a 
morbid  or  diseased  condition  of  nervous  cen- 
ters not  involving  loss  of  sight ;  word-blindness ; 
text-blindness. 

alexipharmact,  alexipharmacalt,  «•  See  alexi- 
pha rmic,  a lexipharmica I. 

alexipharmacumt  (a-lek-si-far 'ma-kum),  n. 
[NL.,  <  L.  alexipharmacon :  see  alexipharmic] 
See  alexipharmic. 

He  calls  steel  the  proper  alexipharmacum  of  this  mal- 
ady. Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  417. 

alexipharmic  (a-lek-si-far'mik),  a.  and  n.  [The 
final  syllable,  prop,  -ac,  has  been  conformed  to 
the  common  suflQx  -ic.  NL.  alexipharmacum,  L. 
alexipharmacon,  n. ;  <  Gr.  aAe^i(j>dp/j.aKog,  ward- 
ing off  poison,  acting  as  an  antidote  against  it, 
antidotal;  neuter  as  noun,  a^.e^KpapfioKov  (L. 
alexipharmacon),  an  antidote,  remedy,  <  aXi^eiv, 
ward  off,  +  (papjxaKov,  a  poison,  drug,  remedy: 
sec  pharmacon,  pharmacy,  etc.]  I,  a.  1.  Act- 
ing as  a  means  of  warding  off  disease ;  acting 
as  a  remedy;  prophylactic. —  2.  Having  the 
power  of  warding  off  the  effects  of  poison  taken 
inwardly;  antidotal. 

Some  antidotal  quality  it  [the  unicorn's  horn]  may  have, 
.  .  .  since  not  only  the  bone  in  the  hart,  but  the  horn  of  a 
iXeev  \s  alexipharmick.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

II.  71.  An  antidote  to  poison  or  infection, 
especially  an  internal  antidote. 

Finding  his  strength  every  day  less,  he  was  at  last  ter- 
rified, and  called  for  help  upon  the  sages  of  physic  :  they 
filled  his  apartments  with  ale.ripharmics,  restoratives,  and 
essential  virtues.  Johmon,  Rambler,  No.  120. 

alexipharmical  (a-lek-si-far'mi-kal),  a.  Same 

as  alexipharmic. 

alexipyretic  (a-lek'si-pi-ret'ik),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Gr.  aAt^eiv,  ward  off,  +  irvperof,  fever :  see 
pyretic]    In  med.,  same  3,8  febrifuge. 


i  f 


Ale-yard. 
Tricky  Ale-yard. 


alfin 

alexiteric  (a-lek-si-ter'ik),  a.  and  n.    [<  Gr. 

a'M^TiT^pioQ,  fit  or  able  to  keep  off  or  defend; 
neut.  ake^jfrijpiov  (sc.  6apjiaKov, 
drug),  a  remedy,  medicine  ;  < 
aktS,T]Ti)p,  one  who  keeps  off  or 
defends,  <  aXt^eiv,  keep  off,  de- 
fend. Cf.  alexipharmic]  I.  a. 
Resisting  external  poison ;  ob- 
viating tho  effects  of  venom. 

II.  71.  An  antidote  to  poison 
or  infection,  especially  an  ex- 
ternal application, 
alexiterical  (a-lek-si-ter'i- 
kal),  a.  Same  as  alexiteric. 
ale-yard  (al'yard),  n.  [<  ale 
+  yard'^.]  1.  A  glass  vessel 
used  as  a  measure  of  capacity 
as  well  as  a  drinking-glass, 
shaped  like  a  much  elongated 
vyine-glass,  formerly  in  use 
in  England. — 2.  A  glass  ves- 
sel having  the  shape  of  an  elongated  cone,  the 
small  end  communicating  with  a  hollow  ball. 
On  drinking  from  it,  as  soon  as  the  air  reaches  the  inside 
of  the  ball  all  the  li{iuid  contained  in  it  spurts  out  sud- 
denly.   Sometimes  called  tricky  ale-yard. 

Aleyrodes,  n.  Same  as  Aleurodcs. 
aleze,  alese  (a-laz'),  «•  [<  F-  «fcc,  formerly 
alese,  alaise,  appar.  <  d  Vaise,  at  ease:  a,  <  L.  ad, 
to,  at;  le,  the;  aise,  >  E.  ease,  q.  v.  The  spell- 
ing aleze  may  be  in  simulation  of  16,  breadth, 
as  if  a  'spread.']  A  cloth  folded  several  times 
in  order  to  protect  a  bed  from  discharges  of 
blood,  etc. 

alfa  (al'fa),  71.  A  name  in  northern  Africa  for 
varieties  of  esparto-grass,  Stipa  tenacissima  and 
;S'.  arenaria,  used  in  the  manufacture  of  ijaper. 
Also  written  halfa. 

alfa-grass  (al'fa-gras),  n.  Same  as  alfa. 
alfalfa  (al-farfa),  n.  [Sp.,  formerly  alfalfez, 
said  to  be  from  Ar.  al-faqfagali,  the  best  sort  of 
fodder.]  The  Spanish  name  of  lucerne,  Medi- 
cago  sativa,  and  the  common  name  under  which 
the  chief  varieties  of  lucerne  are  known  in  the 
western  United  States, 
alfaqui  (al-fa-ke'),  «•  [Sp.,  <  Ar.  al-faqih,  <  al, 
the,  +  faqih,  a  doctor  in  theology;  cf.  fqh, 
theological  learning,  <  faqiha,  be  wise.]  A  doe- 
tor  learned  in  Mussulman  law ;  a  Mohammedan 
priest. 

A  successful  inroad  into  the  country  of  the  unbelievers, 
said  he,  will  make  more  converts  to  my  cause  than  a  thou- 
sand texts  of  the  Koran,  expounded  by  ten  thousand  alfa- 
quis. Irving,  Granada,  p.  154. 

No  sooner  had  the  sovereigns  left  the  city,  than  Ximenes 
invited  some  of  the  leading  alfaquies,  or  Mussulman  doc- 
tors, to  a  conference,  in  which  he  expounded,  with  all  the 
eloquence  at  his  command,  the  true  foundations  of  the 
Christian  faith,  and  the  errors  of  their  own. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  6. 

alfenid,  alfenide  (al'fe-nid,  -nid  or  -nid),  M. 
[Perhaps  <  Sp.  alfen{ique),  a  sugar-paste  (verb 
alfen-icar,  ice  with  sugar),  +  -id,  -ide :  see  al- 
phenic]  Nickel-silver,  thickly  electroplated 
with  pure  silver. 

alferest  (al-f er'es),  71.  [Also  written  alfeeres,  al- 
ferez,  alfarez,  alfaras,  <  Sp.  alferez,  OSp.  _Pg. 
alferes,  ensign,  <  Ar.  al-fdris,  <  al,  the,  +  fdris, 
horseman,  knight,  ifaras,  horse.]  A  standard- 
bearer;  an  ensign;  a  cornet.  This  term  was  in  use 
in  England  some  time  before  and  during  the  civil  wais  of 
Charles  I. 

Commended  to  me  from  some  noble  friends 
For  my  alferes.  Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  i.  3. 

alfet  (al'fet),  n.  [<  ML.  alfetum  (as  defined  be- 
low), <  AS.  dlfa:t,  wlfcet,  a  pot  to  boil  in,  <  dl, 
wl,  fire  (see  anneal^),  +  fait,  a  vessel:  see  vat.] 
In  early  ling,  liist.,  a  vessel  of  boiling  water  into 
which  an  accused  person  plunged  his  arm  as  a 
test  of  his  innocence. 

alfileria  (al-fi-le'ri-a),  n.  Same  as  alfilerilla. 
alfilerilla  (al"fi-le-re'a),  n.  [Amer.  Sp.,  also 
alfileria,  alfilaria  :  so  called  from  the  shape  of 
tlie  carpels;  <  Sp.  «/^?er,  also  aljilcl,  Pg.  alfinete, 
a  pin,  <  Ar.  al-l:hill,  a  wooden  pin  used  for  fas- 
tening garments  (Freytag),  a  pin.]  A  name 
in  California  for  a  European  species  of  Ero- 
dium,  E.  cicutarium,  which  has  become  very 
widely  naturalized,  it  is  a  low  herb,  but  a  valuable 
forage-plant.  Its  carpels  have  a  sharp  point  and  a  long 
twisted  beak,  by  the  action  of  which,  under  the  influence 
of  the  moisture  of  the  air,  the  seed  is  buried  in  the  soil. 
Other  names  for  it  are  pin-clover  and  pin-nrass. 

alfint  (al'fin),  «.  [<  late  ME.  alfyn,  alphyn, 
aufyn,  etc.,  <  OP.  alfin,  like  ML.  alphinus.  It. 
alflno,  alfido,  alfierc,  alficro,  <  Sp.  alfl,  arfil  = 
Pg.  alfil,  alfir,  <  Ar.  al-lV,  the  elephant.  <  al.  the, 
+  fil,  <  Pei-s.  Hind.  /i>,  Skt.  elephant,  this 
piece  having  had  orig.  the  form  of  an  elephant.] 
In  chess,  a  name  of  the  bishop. 


alfiona 

alfiona,  alfione  (al-fi-6'ua,  al'fi-on),  «.  [Mex. 
Sp.]  Au  embiotoeoid  fish,  Bhacochilus  toxotcs, 
with  small  scales,  imiserial  and  jaw  teeth,  and 


Alfiona  {Rkacochilus  toxotes). 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.  1884.) 

lip  free  and  deeply  cut  along  its  margin,   it  is 

the  largest  as  well  as  the  most  valuable  food-flsh  of  the 
surf-flsh  family,  Emhiotocida;,  and  is  coninion  along  the 
Californian  coast,  where  it  is  also  called  sprat  and  perch 

al  fresco  (Ul  fres'ko).  [it.,  lit.  in  the  cool 
air:  al  for  a  il  (<  L.  ad  ilium),  in  the;  fresco, 
cool  or  fresh  air,  <  fresco,  cool,  fresh,  <  OHG. 
frisc  =  E.  fresh:  see  fresh,  fresco.~\  In  the 
open  air;  out  of  doors:  as,  to  dine  alfresco. 
Much  of  the  gayety  and  brightness  of  al-fresco  life. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  190. 
Such  alfresco  suppers  the  country-gentlemen  of  Italy  ate 
m  the  first  century  of  our  era !    D.  G.  Mitchell,  Wet  Days. 

Alfur  (al-for'),  n.  [<  D.  Alfoer,  Pg.  Alfiiros,  pi., 
said  to  be  <  Ar.  al,  the,  +  Pg.  fora  (=  It.  fora, 
fuora,  fuori),  outside  (see  foris-);  the  other 
forms,  Arafuras,  Haraforas,  are,  then,  varia- 
tions.]   Same  as  Alfurese,  n.  sing. 

Alfurese  (al-fo-res'  or  -rez'),  n.  and  a.  [See  Al- 
fur.^ I.  )i.  1.  sintj.  or  2}l.  A  member,  or  the 
members  eoUeetively,  of  the  race  of  Alfm-os  or 
Alfurs  (also  called  Arafuras,  Haraforas,  etc.), 
a  group  of  wild  and  savage  tribes  inhabiting 
Celebes  and  other  islands  of  the  Indian  archi- 
pelago, ethnologic  ally  intermediate  between 
the  Malays  and  Papuans  or  Negritos. 

The  Alfurese  are  totally  distinct  from  the  brown  Malay 
and  black  Negi-ito;  they  are  wild,  savage,  Pagan  head- 
hunters.  R.  If.  Oust,  Mod.  Langs.'  E.  Ind.,  p.  147. 

2.  The  language  spoken  by  the  AJfuros  or  Al- 
fm-s. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  ALfuros  or  Alfurs, 
or  to  theii"  language. 
Alfuro  (al-fo'ro),  n.    Same  as  Alfurese,  n.  sing. 
alg.    An  abbreviation  of  algebra. 
alga  (al'ga),  n.  ■  pi.  alga;  (-je).    [L.,  seaweed.] 

A  cryptogam  of  the  class  of  Alga. 
Algae  (al'je),  «.  pi.    [L.,  pi.  of  alga :  see  alga.'] 
A  division  of  thallogenous  chlorophyllous  cryp- 
togams found  for 


I,  Dictyota  dicliotoma:  d,  sport , 
vertical  view  of  a  cystocarp  ;  c,  vertical 
section  of  same.  2,  Ptocamium  cocci- 
neum:  /,  telraspore  :  ^r.  stichidium; 
branchlet  with  a  cystocarp. 


the  most  part  in 
the  sea  (seaweeds) 
or  in  fresh  water. 

They  are  wholly  cellu- 
lar, though  varying  ex- 
ceedingly in  form  and 
size,  from  a  single  mi- 
croscopic or  sometimes 
large  and  branching 
cell,  a  shapeless,  jelly- 
like mass,  or  mere 
string  of  ai'ticulatioiis, 
to  forms  with  trunk- 
like stems  and  mem- 
branous lamina;  many 
feet  in  length.  Nour- 
ishment is  absorbed  by 
the  surface  of  the  plant, 
never  through  roots. 
,.         .  .    X,     ,      •  "^^^  moAe  of  propaga- 

tion varies  greatly  in  the  different  orders.  In  many  no 
well-defined  sexual  differences  have  been  discovered  and 
reproduction  is  carried  on  by  means  of  cell-division  or  by 
non-sexual  spores  (tetraspores,  zoospores).  In  the  highest 
order  there  are  distinct  male  and  female  organs  (antheridia 
and  oogonia).  The  term  Alym  as  used  by  Linna;us  and 
early  botanists  included  not  only  seaweeds,  hut  also  the 
Hepaticie,  Lichenes,  and  Characece.  By  Harvey  the  Alqce 
were  divided  into  three  gi-oups,  distinguished  chiefly  by 
their  color,  viz. :  the  oUve-hrown,  Melanospermece ;  the  red 
or  purple,  Rhodosperrnem ;  and  the  gi-een,  Chlorospermecu 
This  arrangement  has  now  become  nearly  obsolete.  Recent 
authorities  have  proposed  several  different  schemes  of 
classification  for  the  thallophytes  in  general,  in  which 
structure  and  development,  as  well  as  supposed  relation- 
ship, are  taken  into  account,  and  in  which  the  Algce  are 
variously  distributed.  Substantial  agreement  is  not  yet 
reached,  and  the  nomenclature  for  many  of  the  groups  re- 
mains in  a  very  unsettled  condition.  It  may,  however,  be 
said  that  the  Alr/ce  are  now  generally  divided  into  the  fol- 
lowing orders  (classes,  etc.,  of  some),  viz. :  Florklece,  the 
most  highly  developed,  producing  cystocarps  after  fertili- 
zation; Ouspnrere.  propagating  sexually  Ijy  oospores  ■  Z<,i,. 
«po»-poe,  distinguished  l>y  the  conjugation  of  zoospores ;  ' 
jugatre,  ineluding  tile  diatoms,  desmids,  etc.,  in  which 
there  is  a  runjugation  of  cells ;  and  a  remainder,  the  Cryp- 
toph)i<  eif  lA  Thuret,  variously  disposed  of  by  other  authors, 
in  whicli  there  is  no  known  sexual  reproduction.  Many  of 
the  Alfice  are  edible  and  nutritious,  as  carrageen  or  Irish 
moss,  dulse,  laver,  etc.  Many  abound  in  gelatin,  and  make 
a  fine  glue  or  substitute  for  isinglass.    Kelp,  iodine,  and 


138 

bromine  are  products  of  various  species.  Seaweeds  are  also 
valuable  as  fertilizere. 

algal  (al'gal),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  alga  +  -al.]  I. 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Alga: ;  having  the 
nature  of  algffi. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Algw  (which  see), 
algaroba,  «.  See  algarroha. 
algarot,  algaroth  (al'ga-rot,  -roth),  n,  [<  F. 
algaroth,  fi-om  the  name  "of  the  inventor,  Alga- 
rotti,  an  Italian  scholar  of  Venice  (1712-64).] 
A  \iolently  purgative  and  emetic  white  powder, 
which  falls  when  chlorid  of  antimony  is  dropped 
into  water.  It  is  a  compoimd  of  chlorid  and  oxid 
of  antimony, 
algarovilla  (al"ga-r6-vil'a),  «.  See  algar  rohilla. 
algarroba  (al-ga-rd'ba),  «.  [Sp.,  <  Ar.  al-khar- 
rubah,  the  earob:  see  «?-2  and  carob.]  1.  The 
Spanish  name  of  the  carob-tree,  Ceratonia  Sili- 
qm.  See  Ceratonia.— 2.  In  America,  a  name 
given  to  the  honey-mesquit,  Prosopis  juliflora, 
and  to  the  mjmenaa  Courbaril.—  3.  A  substance 
resembling  catechu  in  appearance  and  proper- 
ties, obtained  from  the  La  Plata,  and  containing 
tannin  mixed  with  a  deep-brown  coloring  mat- 
ter. Crooks,  Handbook  of  Dyeing  and  Calico 
Printing,  p.  509. -Algarroba  bean.  See  teani; 

Also  spelled  algaroba. 
algarrobilla  (al"ga-r6-bil'a),  n.  [S.  Amer.  Sp., 
dim.  of  Sp.  algarroba :  see  above.]  The  astrin- 
gent resinous  husks  and  seeds  of  several  legu- 
minous trees  or  shrubs  of  South  America,  which 
are  an  article  of  commerce  for  their  value  in 

tanning  and  dyeing,  in  Brazil  and  tropical  America 
they  are  the  produce  chiefly  of  Pithecolubimn  parri folium 
(liigaMarthm  of  some  authors).  In  Chili  and  on  the  west- 
ern coast  they  are  obtained  from  Ccesalpinia  (Balsamo- 
earpum)  bremfolia  and  Prosopis  juliflora.  Also  written 
alt/a  rovdla. 

algate,  algates  (al'gat,  al'gats),  adv.  [<  ME. 
algatc,  allegatc,  alle  gate  {algates  occurs  in  Chau- 
cer), <  al,  all,  -I-  gate,  a  way:  see  gate'^  and  qait. 
Cf.  alwaij,  always.]  1.  In  every  direction; 
everywhere ;  always ;  under  all  circumstances. 
[Obsolete  except  in  the  Scotch  form  a'  gate  or 
fl'  gates.] 

Algates  he  that  hath  with  love  to  done. 
Hath  ofter  wo  than  changed  ys  the  mone. 

Chaucer,  Complaint  of  Mars,  1.  234. 

2.  In  every  respect ;  altogether ;  entirely.  [Ob- 
solete and  north.  Eng.  provincial.] 

Una  now  he  algates  must  foregoe. 
„     ^  Spenser,  V.  1}.,  II.  i.  2. 

Jt.  In  any  way ;  at  aU. 

Fayrer  then  herselfe,  if  ought  algatc 
Might  fayrer  be.  Spenser,  i\  Q.,  III.  viii.  9. 

4t.  By  all  means ;  on  any  terms ;  at  any  rate. 

As  yow  lyst  ye  maken  Uertes  digne ; 
Algates  hem  that  ye  wole  sette  a  fyre, 
Thei  dreden  shame  and  vices  thei  resigne. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  24. 


Algerine 


And  therefore  would  I  should  be  algates  slain  , 
For  while  I  live  his  life  is  in  suspense. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  iv.  60. 

5t.  Notwithstanding;  nevertheless. 

A  maner  latin  corrupt  was  hir  speche. 
But  algates  ther-by  was  she  understonde. 

Chaucer,  Man  of  Laws  Tale,  1.  422. 
algazel  (al-ga-zel' ),  n.  [An  early  form  of  gazel, 
after  Ar.al-ghazal :  seegazel.]  Anameformerly 
applied  to  one,  and  probably  to  several,  of  the 
ruminant  quadrupeds  of  eastern  Africa,  etc., 
now  known  as  gazels  and  antelopes,  it  is  vari- 
ously identified,  some  making  it  out  to  be  the  common 
gazel  of  Egypt,  etc.,  Antilope  dorcas  or  Dorcas  r/azella ; 
others,  the  sasin  or  common  antelope,  Antilope  bezoartica' 
a  very  different  animal.  It  is  more  probably  the  first- 
named  species,  or  one  closely  resembling  it. 

Algebar  (al'je-bar),  n.  [Said  to  be  <  Ar.  al, 
the,  -I-  gebdr  (Syr.  gaboro),  giant.]  An  Arabic 
and  poetical  name  of  the  constellation  Orion. 

Begirt  with  many  a  blazing  star 

Stood  the  gi-eat  giant  Algebar, 

Orion,  hunter  of  the  beast ! 

Longfellow,  Occult,  of  Orion, 
algebra  (al'je-brii),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  algeher, 
<  F.  algchre  (now  algebre) ;  the  present  E.  form, 
like  D.  G.  Sw.  Dan.  algebra,  Russ.  algebra,  Pol. 
algiebra,  etc.,  follows  It.  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  algebra,  < 
ML.  algebra,  bone-setting,  algebra,  <  Ar.  al- 
jabr,  al-jebr  (>  Pers.  al-jabr),  the  redintegration 
or  reunion  of  broken  parts,  setting  bones,  re- 
ducing fractions  to  integers,  hence  Hhn  aUjabr 
waH  muqdbalah,  i.  e.,  'the  science  of  redintegra- 
tion and  equation  (comparison),'  algebra  (> 
Pers.  al-jabr  wa'l  muqdbalah,  Hind,  jabr  o  muqd- 
balu,  algebra) :  'ilm,  'idm,  science,  <  'alama,  know 
(cf.  alem,  alirn,  almah);  al,  the;  jabr,  redinte- 
gration, consolidation,  <ja&am,  redintegi-ate,  re- 
imite,  consolidate  (=  Heb.  gdbar,  make  strong) ; 
iva,  and ;  'I  for  al,  the ;  muqdbalah,  comparison, 
collation,  <  qdbala,  confront,  compare,  collate  : 
see  cabala.    The  full  Ar.  name  is  reflected 


in  ML.  "Itidus  algebra  almucgrahalwque"  (13th 
eentmy),  and  in  early  mod.  E.  "  algicbar  and 
almachabel"  (Dee,  Math.  Prfef.,  6,  a.  d.  1570) 
and  the  second  part  in  ML.  almucabala,  almaca- 
bala,  algebra.]  1.  Formal  mathematics;  the 
analysis  of  equations;  the  art  of  reasoning 
about  relations,  more  especially  quantitative 
relations,  by  the  aid  of  a  compact  and  higldy 

systematized  notation.  I„  ordinary  algebra  the  re- 
lations between  liuantities  are  expressed  by  signs  of  equal- 
ity, addition,  subtraction,  multiplication,  etc  (=  -f  - 
X )  or  by  the  position  of  the  quantities  (as  xy  for  x  x  y 
and  a*  for  a;  to  the  y  power),  and  the  quantities  themselves 
are  denoted  by  letters.  Quantities  whose  values  are  un- 
known or  are  assumed  to  be  variable  are  denoted  by  the 
last  letters  of  the  alphabet,  as  x,  y,  z;  known  or  constant 
quantities  by  a,  b,  c,  etc. ;  and  problems  are  solved  by  ex- 
pressing all  the  data  in  the  form  of  equations,  and  then 
transforming  these  according  to  certain  rules.  The  con- 
ceptions of  negative  and  imaginary  quantities  (see  nega- 
tive and  imaginary)  are  employed.  The  term  higher  alge- 
bra usually  means  the  theory  of  invariants.  See  invari- 
ant. Multiple  algebra,  or  n-way  algebra,  introduces  the 
conception  of  units  of  diff  erent  denominations,  which  can 
however,  be  multiplied  together.  Each  such  system  has  a 
multiplication  table  characterizing  it. 
2  Any  special  system  of  notation  adapted  to 
the  study  of  a  special  system  of  relationship: 
as,  "  it  is  an  algebra  upon  an  algebra,"  Sylvester. 
— 3.  A  treatise  on  algebra. 

Its  abbreviation  is  alg. 
Boollan  algebra,  a  logical  algebra,  invented  by  the  Eng- 
lish matliematician  George  Boole  (1815-64),  for  the  solution 
of  problems  in  ordinary  logic.  It  has  also  a  connection 
with  the  theory  of  probabilities.  — Logical  algebra,  an 
algebra  which  considers  particularly  iion-iiuantitative  rela- 
tions.—Nilpotent  algebra,  an  algebra  in  which  every  ex- 
pression is  nilpotent  (which  see).  —Pure  algebra,  an  alge- 
bra m  which  every  unit  is  connected  with  every  other  by 
a  definite  relation. 

algebraic  (al-je-bra'ik),  a.  [<  algebra  +  -ic ; 
prop,  'algebric  =  F.  algebrique,  <  NL.  *algebri- 
cus.]  1.  Pertaining  to  algebra.— 2.  Involving 
no  operations  except  addition,  subtraction,  mul- 
tipUeation,  division,  and  the  raising  of  quan- 
tities to  powers  whose  exponents  are  commen- 
surable quantities  :  as,  an  algebraic  equation  or 
expression.— 3.  Relating  to  the  system  of  quan- 
tity which  extends  indefinitely  below  as  well  as 
above  zero — Algebraic  curve.  See  cMroc. -^Algebraic 

equation,  an  equation  in  which  the  unknown  quantities 
or  variables  are  subjected  to  no  other  operations  than  those 
enumerated  in  definition  2,  above  :  as,       xjH  +  ax^  =  6 

—Algebraic  form.  See /ojm.- Algebraic  function,  a 

lunction  whose  connection  with  its  variable  is  expressed 
by  an  algebraic  equation.  Thus,  x  and  y,  as  defined  hy  the 
above  equation,  are  algebraic  functions  of  one  another.— 
Algebraic  geometry,  a  name  given  to  the  application  of 
algebra  to  the  solution  of  geometrical  problems.— Alge- 
braic Sign,  the  sign  -I-  or  — which  has  to  be  attached  to  a 
real  number  to  fix  its  value  in  algebra.— Algebraic  space 
a  space  in  which  the  position  of  a  point  may  be  uniquely 
defined  by  a  set  of  values  of  periodic  algebraic  integrals 
without  exceptions  which  form  part  of  the  space.— Alge- 
braic sum,  the  sum  of  several  quantities  whose  algebraic 
signs  have  been  taken  into  account  in  adding  them :  as 
the  algebraic  sum  of  +4  and  —2  is  +2.  ' 

algebraical  (al-je-bra'i-kal),  a.  1.  Same  as 
algebraic— 2.  Resembling  algebra;  relating  to 
algebra. 

algebraically  (al-je-bra'i-kal-i),  adv.  By  means 
of  algebra,  or  of  algebraic  processes ;  in  an  alge- 
braic manner ;  as  regards  algebra. 

algebraist  (al'je-bra-ist),  n.  [<  algebra  +  -ist; 
prop.  *algebrist  =  F.  algebriste  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  alge- 
brista,  <  NL.  algebrista.]  One  who  is  versed  in 
the  science  of  algebra.    Also  algehrist. 

algebraize  (al'je-bra-iz),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
algebraized^  ppr.  algebraizing.  [<  algebra  +  -ize; 
l>rop.  *algebrize.]  To  perform  by  algebra;  re- 
duce to  algebraic  form. 

algebrist  (al'je-brist),  «.  Same  as  algebraist. 
algedo  (al-je'do),  n.  [NL. ,  <  Gr.  aXy7/Suv,  a  sense 
of  pain,  pain,  suffering,  <  a2.yelv,  feel  bodily  pain, 
suffer.]  In  pathol.,  violent  pain  about  the 
urethra,  testes,  bladder,  perineum,  and  anus, 
caused  by  sudden  stoppage  of  severe  gonorrhea, 
algefacient  (al-je-fa'shient),  a.  [<  L.  algere, 
be  cold,  -f-  facien(t-)s,  ppr.  of  facere,  make.] 
Making  cool ;  cooling. 
Algerian  (al-je'ri-an),  a.  and  ti.  [=  F.  AlgS- 
rieii,  <  Algeria  (F.  Algerie),  the  province,  Algiers 
(F.  Alger  =  ^^.  Argel=lt.  Algeri),  the  city,  <  Ar. 
Al-jezair,  the  city  of  Algiers,  lit.  the  Islands,  < 
al,  the,  +jezair,  pi.  otjezira,  island.]  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  city  of  Algiers,  or  to  Algeria  or  its 
inhabitants — Algerian  tea.  See  fca. 

II.  n.  An  inhabitant  of  the  French  colony  of 
Algeria^  in  the  north  of  Africa.  The  colony  was 
founded  in  1834,  extends  from  the  Mediterranean  south- 
ward to  the  desert  of  Sahara,  and  has  Tunis  and  Morocco 
on  its  east  and  west  frontiers  respectively. 
Algerine  (al-je-ren'),  a.  and  n.  [=  Sp.  Argelino 
—  IX.  Algerino  :  see  Algerian.]  I.  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  Algiers  or  Algeria,  or  to  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Algeria. 


Algerine 


139 


alien 


II.  n.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Al- 
giers or  Algeria,  in  Africa ;  particularly,  one 
of  the  indigenous  Berber  or  Ai'abic  inhabitants 
of  Algiers,  as  distinguished  from  the  French 
colonists.  See  Algerian.  Hence — 2.  Apirate: 
from  the  fact  that  the  people  of  Algiers  were 
formerly  much  addicted  to  piracy. — 3.  [/.  c]  A 
woolen  material  woven  in  stripes  of  bright  col- 
ors, and  often  with  gold  thread,  generally  too 
loose  and  soft  for  ordinary  wear,  and  made  into 
scarfs,  shawls,  and  the  like. 

algerite  (al'jer-it),  n.  [After  F.  Alger."]  A 
mineral  occurring  in  yellow  to  gray  tetragonal 
crystals  at  Franklin  Furnace,  New  Jersey.  It 
is  probably  an  altered  scapolite. 

algetic  (al-jet'ik),  a.    [<  Gr.  as  if  *aXj?jTCK6g, 

<  a2.yew,  have  pain.]  Producing  or  having  re- 
lation to  pain. 

algid  (al'jid),  a.   [<  L.  algidus,  cold,  <  algere, 

be  cold.]  Cold.— Algid  cholera,  in  pathvl.,  Asiatic 
cholera  :  so  called  from  the  fact  that  diminution  of  tem- 
perature is  one  of  its  leading  characteristics. 

algidity  (al-Jid'i-ti),  n.  [<  algid  +  -ity.]  The 
state  of  being  algid;  chilliness;  coldness. 

algidness  (al'jid-nes),  n.    Same  as  algidity. 

algific  (al-jif 'ik),  a.  [<  L.  algifieus,  <  algus,  cold 
{ialgere,  be  cold),  +/acere, make.]  Producing 
cold. 

algist  (al'jist),  n.  [<  L.  alga,  a  seaweed,  +  -ist.l 
A  student  of  that  department  of  botany  which 
relates  to  algae  or  seaweeds;  one  skilled  in 
algology. 

algodonite  (al-god'o-nit),  n.  [<  Algodones  (see 
def.)  +  -ite".']  An  arsenid  of  copper  occurring 
in  steel-gray  masses,  allied  to  domeykite.  it 
is  found  at  the  silver-mine  of  Algodones,  near  Coquimbo, 
Chili. 

algoid  (al'goid),  a.  [<  L.  alga,  a  seaweed,  + 
-oid.]    Resembling  algffi. 

Algol  (al'gol  or  al-gol'),  n.  [Ar.,  the  demon.] 
A  pale  star  varying  in  magnitude  from  2.3  to 
4.0  in  a  period  of  2.89  days ;  (i  Persei. 

algological  (al-go-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  algology  + 
-ical.']    Relating  or  pertaining  to  algology. 

algologist  (al-gol'o-jist),  n.  [<  algology  +  -ist.'] 
One  who  studies  algse  or  seaweeds ;  one  skilled 
in  algology ;  an  algist. 

algology  (al-gol'o-ji),  11.  [<  L.  alga,  a  seaweed. 
+  Gr.  -Xoyia,  <^Myuv,  speak:  see  -ology.]  A 
branch  of  botany  treating  of  algffl ;  phycology. 

Algonkin,  Algonciuin  (al-gon'kin),  a.  [Amer. 
Ind.  Algonquin  is  a,  F.  sj^elling.]  Belonging  to 
an  important  and  widely  spread  family  of  North 
American  Indian  tribes,  formerly  inhabiting 
the  eastern  coast  from  Labrador  down  through 
the  Middle  States,  and  extending  westward 
across  the  Mississippi  valley,  and  even  into  the 
Rocky  mountains.  Some  of  its  principal  divisions  are 
the  New  England  Indians,  the  Delawares,  the  Ojibvi'es  or 
Chippewas,  and  the  Blackfeet. 

algor  (al'gor),  «.  [L.,  <  ttZg'ere,  be  cold.]  In pa- 
thol.,  an  imusual  feeling  of  coldness;  rigor  or 
chiU  in  or  at  the  onset  of  fever. 

algorism  (al'go-rizm),  11.  [<  ME.  algorisme, 
algarism,  etc.,  also  contr.  algrim,  augrim,  etc., 

<  OF.  algorisme,  augorisme,  augorime  =  Pr.  algo- 
risme =  Sp.  alguarismo  (cf .  guarismo,  cipher)  = 
Pg.  It.  algorismo,  <  ML.  «Z^omwMS  (occasionally 
alchoarismus,  etc.),  the  Arabic  system  of  num- 
bers, arithmetic,  <  Ar.  al-Khoivdrazmi,  i.  e.,  the 
native  of  Khwdrazm  (Khiva),  surname  of  Abu 
Ja'far  Mohammed  ben  Musa,  an  Arabian  math- 
ematician, who  flourished  in  the  9th  centmy. 
His  work  on  algebra  was  translated  or  para- 
phrased into  Latin  early  in  the  13th  centiu-y, 
and  was  the  source  from  which  Europe  derived 
a  knowledge  of  the  Arabic  numerals.  His  sur- 
name, given  in  the  Latin  paraphi'ase  as  Algorit- 
mi,  came  to  be  applied  to  arithmetic  in  much  the 
same  way  that  "Euclid"  was  applied  to  geom- 
etry. The  spelling  algorithm,  Sp.  It.  algoritmo, 
Pg.  algorithmo,  ML.  algorithmus,  etc.,  simulates 
Gr.  apidfiog,  nrunber.]  1.  In  aritli.,  the  Arabic 
system  of  notation ;  hence,  the  art  of  computa- 
tion with  the  Arabic  figures,  now  commonly 
called  arithmetic. 

If  ever  they  came  to  the  connected  mention  of  addition, 
subtraction,  multiplication,  and  division,  it  ought  to  have 
been  a  sign  that  they  were  reading  on  algorism  as  distin- 
■   guished  from  arithmetic.    De.  Morgan,  Arith.  Books,  xix. 

2.  Any  peculiar  method  of  computing,  as  the 
rule  for  finding  the  greatest  common  measure. 
—3.  Any  method  of  notation:  as,  the  differen- 
tial algorism. 

Also  written  algorithm. 
algorismic  (al-go-riz'mik),  a.     [<  algorism  + 
-ic]    Pertaining  to  algorism ;  arithmetical. 
N.  E.  D,    Also  algorithmic. 


algorist  (al'go-rist),  n.  [<  algorism  +  -is*.]  A 
computer  with  the  Arabic  figures ;  an  arithme- 
tician ;  a  writer  on  algorism. 

The  Italian  school  of  aUjorixts,  with  Pacioll  at  their 
head,  found  followers  in  Germany,  England,  France,  and 
Spain.  De  Morgan,  Aritli.  Books,  xxi. 

algoristic  (al-go-ris'tik),  a.    Pertaining  to  the 
Arabic  tigiires. 
algorithm  (al'go-riTHm),  w.  An  erroneous  form 

of  algorism. 

algorithmic  (al-go-riTH'mik),  a.  1.  Same  as 
algorismic. — 2.  Pertaining  to  or  using  symbols : 
as,  algorithmic  logic. 

"Symbolic,"  as  I  understand  it,  being  almost  exactly 
the  equivalent  of  algorithmic. 

J.  Venn,  Symbolic  Logic,  p.  98. 
Algorithmic  geometry,  Wronski's  name  for  analytical 
geometry.    Seldom  used  by  writers  of  authority. 

algous  (al'gus),  a.  [<  L.  algosus,  abounding  in 
seaweed,  <  alga,  a  seaweed  :  see  alga.]  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  algee  or  seaweeds; 
abounding  with  seaweed. 

algrimt,  «.  A  Middle  English  form  of  algorism. 

alguazil  (al-gwa-zel'),  n.  [<  Sp.  alguacil,  for- 
merly alguasil,  alvacil,  —  Pg.  alguazil,  formerly 
alvazil,  alvacil,  also  alvazir,  alvacir,  an  officer 
of  justice  (cf.  guazil,  governor  of  a  sea-town), 
<  At.  al-wazir,  <  al,  the  (see  aU^),  +  toazir,  ofli- 
cer,  vizir :  see  vizir.]  In  Spain,  and  in  regions 
settled  by  Spaniards,  an  inferior  ofScer  of  jus- 
tice ;  a  constable. 

The  corregidor  .  .  .  has  ordered  this  alguazil  to  appre- 
hend you.  Smollett,  tr.  of  Gil  Bias,  v.  1. 

There  were  instances  in  which  men  of  the  most  vener- 
able dignity,  persecuted  without  a  cause  by  extortioners, 
died  of  rage  and  shame  in  the  gripe  of  the  vile  alguazils 
of  Impey.  Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

algum  (al'gum),  n.  A  tree,  in  the  time  of  Solo- 
mon and  Hiram,  growing  on  Mount  Lebanon, 
along  with  cedar-  and  fir-trees,  sought  for  the 
construction  of  the  temple ;  according  to  both 
the  Septuagint  and  Vulgate  versions,  the  pine. 
It  was  not  identical  with  the  almug-tree,  which 
was  brought  from  Ophir.    See  almug. 

Send  me  also  cedar  trees,  fir  trees,  and  algum,  trees,  out 
of  Lebanon.  2  Chron.  ii.  8. 

alhacena  (al-a-tha'na),  n.  [Sp.,  <  Ar.  ?]  A  cup- 
board or  recess  of  stucco,  decorated  in  the  Moor- 
ish or  Spanish  style.  A  magnificent  specimen  in  the 
South  Kensington  Museum,  London,  comes  from  Toledo 
in  Spain,  and  is  of  the  style  of  the  fom-teenth  century. 

Alhagi  (al-haj'i),  n.  [NL.,  <  Ai\  al-hdj  (Avi- 
cenna),  the  camel's-thorn.]  A  genus  of  legu- 
minous plants  of  several  reputed  species,  but 
all  probably  forms  of  one,  ranging  from  Egypt 
and  Greece  to  India,  a.  camelomm  is  a  rigid  spiny 
shrub,  the  leaves  and  branches  of  which  exude  a  species 
of  manna.  This  is  collected  in  considerable  quantity  in 
Persia  for  food  and  for  exportation  to  India ;  camels  are 
very  fond  of  it. 

Alhambraic  (al-ham-bra'ik),  a.  [<  Alhamhra 
(<  Ar.  al-hamra',  lit.  the  red  (house),  with  refer- 
ence to  the  color  of  the  sun-dried  bricks  which 


Court  i  f  Liuns,  Alhambra. 


compose  the  outer  walls,  <  al,  the,  +  hamrcT, 
fern,  of  ahmar,  red)  +  -ic]  Pertaining  to  or 
built  or  decorated  after  the  manner  of  the  Al- 
hambra, a  Moorish  palace  and  fortress  near 
Granada  in  Spain,  erected  during  the  thirteenth 
and  the  first  part  of  the  fourteenth  century,  and 
the  finest  existing  specimen  of  Moorish  archi- 
tecture ;  in  the  style  of  the  Alhambra.  The  style 
of  decoration  characteristic  of  the  Alhambra  is  remark- 
able for  the  elaborate  variety  and  complexity  of  its  details. 


which  are  somewhat  small  in  scale,  but  fancifully  varied 
and  brilliant  with  color  and  gilding. 

Alhambresque  (al-ham-bresk'),  a.  l<  Alham- 
bra +  -esque.]  Resembling  the  Alhambra,  or 
the  style  of  ornamentation  peculiar  to  the  Al- 
hambra.   See  Alhambraic. 

alhenna  (al-hen'ii),  n.    Same  as  henna. 

alhidade,  «.    See  alidade. 

alias  (a'li-as),  {h.  alias,  at  another  time; 

in  post-Augustan  period,  at  another  time  or 
place,  elsewhere,  under  other  circumstances, 
otherwise;  fem.  acc.  pi.  (cf.  E.  else,  a  gen. 
sing,  form,  from  same  original)  of  alius,  other: 
see  alien.]  At  another  time ;  in  another  place; 
in  other  circumstances;  otherwise.    It  is  used 

chiefly  in  judicial  proceedings  to  connect  the  different 
names  assumed  l)y  a  person  who  attempts  to  conceal  his 
true  name  and  pass  under  a  fictitious  one :  thus,  Simpson 
alias  Smith  means  a  person  calling  himself  at  one  time 
or  one  place  Smith,  at  another  Simpson. 

alias  (a'li-as),  M. ;  pi.  «?(«se.s' (-ez).  1.  [(.alias, 
adv.]    An  assumed  name ;  another  name. 

Outcasts  .  .  .  forced  to  assume  every  week  new  aliasex 
and  new  disguises.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxi. 

Most  [Moslem)  women  when  travelling  adopt  an  alias. 

R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinali,  p.  420. 

2.  [Prom  words  in  the  writ,  Sicut  alias  prcB- 
cipimus,  as  we  at  another  time  command.]  In 
law,  a  second  writ  or  execution  issued  when 
the  first  has  failed  to  serve  its  purpose.  Also 
used  adjectively:  as,  an  alias  execution, 
alibi  (al'i-bi),  adv.  [L.,  elsewhere,  in  another 
place,  <  alius,  other,  +  -bi,  related  to  E.  by,  q.  v.] 
In  law,  elsewhere ;  at  another  place. 

The  prisoner  had  little  to  say  in  his  defence ;  he  endea- 
vom'ed  to  prove  himself  alibi. 

Arbuthnot,  Hist.  John  Bull,  ii. 

alibi  (al'i-bi),  n.  [(.alibi,  adv.]  1.  In  laiv,  a  plea 
of  having  been  elsewhere  at  the  time  an  offense 
is  alleged  to  have  been  committed.  Hence — 2. 
The  fact  or  state  of  having  been  elsewhere  at  the 
time  specified :  as,  he  attempted  to  prove  an  alibi. 

alibility  (al-i-bil'i-ti),  n.  [=  F.  alibilite,  <  L. 
alibilis :  see  alible  and  -hility.]  The  capacity  of 
a  nutritive  substance  for  absorption ;  assiinila- 
tiveness.    Ni  E.  D. 

alible  (al'i-bl),  a.  [<  L.  alibilis,  nutritive,  <  dlere, 
nourish:  see  aliment. ]'^^utvitiYe. 

alicant  (al'i-kant),  n.  [<  Alicante,  a  town  in 
Spain,  whence  the  wine  is  exported.]  A  strong, 
sweet,  dark-colored  Spanish  wine.  Formerly 
written  aligant,  alligant,  allegant,  etc. 

alichel  (al'i-shel),  n.  [Orig.  a  misreading,  in 
a  black-letter  book,  of  alicbel,  <  Ar.  al^iqhdl,  < 
al,  the,  +  iqbdl,  advancement,  progress.]  In 
astrol.,  the  situation  of  a  planet  on  or  follow- 
ing an  angle. 

alictisal  (al-ik-ti'zal),  }(.  [<  Ar.  al-itti^dl,  <  al, 
the,  +  ittigdl,  contact,  conjiinction  of  planets, 

<  ivagala,  join.]  In  astrol.,  the  conjunction  of 
two  planets  moving  in  the  same  direction,  and 
one  overtaking  the  other. 

alicula  (a-lik'u-la),  n.  [L.,  dim.  of  ala,  wing, 
perhaps  because  it  covers  the  upper  part  of  the 
arm  {ala).]  In  Bom.  antiq.,  a  short  upper  gar- 
ment, like  a  cape,  worn  by  hunters,  country- 
men, and  boys. 

alidade  (al'i-dad),  )*.  [Also  alidad;  <  F.  alidade 
=  Sp.  alhidada,  alidada  =  Pg.  alidada,  alidade, 

<  ML.  alhidada,  <  Ar.  al-'idddah,  the  revolving 
radius  of  a  graduated  circle,  <  al,  the  (see  al-"^), 
+  'adad,  'adid,  'adud,  the  upper  aiTu,  which  re- 
volves in  its  socket.]  1.  A  movable  arm  pass- 
ing over  a  graduated  circle,  and  carrying  a 
vernier  or  an  index:  an  attachment  of  many  in- 
struments for  meastu-ing  angles.  See  cut  imder 
sextant. 

The  astrolabe  [used  by  Vasco  da  Gama]  was  a  metal  cir- 
cle graduated  round  the  edge,  with  a  limb  called  the  al- 
hidada fixed  to  a  pin  in  the  centre,  and  working  round 
the  graduated  circle.  Encyc.  Brit.,  X.  ISl. 

2.  A  straight-edge  carrying  a  telescope:  an  at- 
tachment of  the  plane-table  for  transferring  to 
paper  the  direction  of  any  object  from  the  sta- 
tion occupied. 

Also  written  alhidade. 
alie^  (a'li),  V.  t.    [Shetland  dial.,  <  Icel.  alan, 
nomish,  =  Goth,  alan,  nourish,  grow:  see  all 
SM-d.  aliment.]  To  cherish;  nurse;  pet.  Edmond- 
ston,  Shetland  Gloss. 

alie^  (a'li),  n.  [<  alie^,v.]  A  pet;  a  favorite. 
Edmondston,  Shetland  Gloss. 

alie^t,  V.  t.    A  former  spelling  of  ally^. 

alien  (al'yen),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
aliene,  alient,  aliant,  alliant,  <  ME.  alien,  alyen, 
ahjene,  aliente,  aliaunt,  etc.,<  OP.  alien,  allien,  < 
L.  alienus,  belongingto another,  <  alius,  another, 
akin  to  E.  else.]  1.  a.  1.  Residing  under  an- 
other government  or  in  another  country  than 


alien 

that  of  one's  birth,  and  not  having  rights  of 
citizenship  in  such  place  of  residence;  as,  the 
alien  population;  an  alien  condition. — 2.  For- 
eign ;  not  belonging  to  one's  own  nation. 
The  veil  of  alien  speech. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Chinese  Embassy. 
The  sad  heart  of  Ruth,  when,  sick  for  home, 
She  stood  in  tears  aiuid  the  alien  corn. 

Keats,  Ode  to  Niglitingale. 
3.  Wholly  different  in  nature;  estranged;  ad- 
verse; hostile:  used  with  to  ov  from. 

The  thing  most  alien  from  .  .  .  [the  Protector's]  clear 
intellect  and  his  commanding  spirit  was  petty  persecution. 

Macaulay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

It  is  difficult  to  trace  tlie  origin  of  sentiments  so  alien 
to  our  own  way  of  tliought. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Ten  Great  Religions,  vi. 
Alien  egg,  in  omith.,  the  egg  of  a  cuckoo,  cow-bird,  or 
other  parasitic  species,  dropped  in  the  nest  of  another 
bud.— Alien  enemy.  See  enemy.—Alien  friend  See 
friend.— Alien  good,  in  ethics,  a  good  not  under' one's 
own  control.— Alien  water,  any  stream  of  water  carried 
across  an  irrigated  field  or  meadow,  but  not  employed  in 
the  system  of  irrigation.    Imp.  Diet. 

II.  1.  A  foreigner;  one  born  in  or  belong- 
ing to  another  country  who  has  not  acquired 
citizenship  by  naturalization  ;  one  who  is  not 
a  denizen,  or  entitled  to  the  privileges  of  a  citi- 
zen. In  France  a  eliild  born  of  residents  who  are  not 
citizens  is  an  alien.  In  the  United  States,  as  in  Great 
Britain,  children  boni  and  remaining  within  the  country 
though  born  of  alien  parents,  are,  according  to  the  better 
opinion,  natural-born  citizens  or  subjects ;  and  tlie  children 
of  citizens  or  subjects,  though  born  in  other  countries  are 
generally  deemed  natural-born  citizens  or  subjects  and  if 
they  become  resident  are  entitled  to  the  privileges  of  resi- 
dent citizens ;  but  tliey  also  may,  when  of  full  age,  make 
declaration  of  alienage.    See  citizen. 

Wien  the  Roman  jurists  applied  their  experience  of 
Roman  citizens  to  dealings  between  citizens  and  aliens 
showing  by  the  difference  of  their  actions  tliat  tliey  re- 
garded the  circumstances  as  essentially  different,  they  laid 
the  foundations  of  that  great  structure  which  has  guided 
the  social  progress  of  Em  ope. 

K'.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  150. 
2.  A  stranger.  [Eare.] 

An  alien  to  the  hearts 
Of  all  the  coiut,  and  princes  of  my  blood. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 
AVho  can  not  have  been  altogether  an  alien  from  the  re- 
searches of  your  lordship.  Landor. 
Allen  Act.  (a)  See  alien  and  sedition  laws,  below,  (b) 
An  English  statute  of  1836  (6  and  7  Wni.  IV.  c.  11)  provid- 
ing for  the  registration  of  aliens ;  and  one  of  1844  (7  and 
8  Vict.  c.  66)  allowing  aliens  from  friendly  nations  to  hold 
real  and  personal  property  for  purposes  of  residence,  and 
resident  aliens  to  become  naturalized,  (c)  An  English  statute 
of  1847  (10  and  11  Vict.  c.  83)  concerning  naturalization.— 
Allen  and  sedition  laws,  a  series  of  laws  adopted  by  the 
United  States  government  in  1798,  during  a  controversy 
with  France  in  regard  to  which  the  country  was  violently 
agitated.  They  included  three  alien  acts,  the  second  and 
most  famous  of  which  (1  Stat.  570)  conferred  power  on  the 
President  to  order  out  of  the  country  such  aliens  as  he 
might  reasonably  suspect  of  secret  machinations  against 
the  government  or  judge  dangerous  to  its  peace.  It  ex- 
pired by  limitation  in  two  years.  The  sedition  law  was  a 
stringent  act  against  seditious  conspiracy  and  libel,  chiefly 
aimed  at  obstructive  opposition  to  the  proceedings  of  gov- 
ernment and  libelous  or  seditious  publications  in  regard 
to  them.  These  laws  had  little  effect  besides  that  of  over- 
throwing the  Federal  party,  which  was  held  responsible 
for  them. 

alien  (al'yen),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  alienen,  ahjcnen,  < 
OF.  aliener,  mod.  F.  alienor  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
alienar  =  It.  alienare,  <  L.  alienare,  make  alien, 
estrange,  <  alienus,  alien:  see  alien,  a.]  1.  To 
transfer  or  convey  to  another;  make  over  the 
possession  of:  as,  to  alien  a  title  or  property. 
In  this  sense  also  written  aliene. 

Alien  the  gleabe,  intaile  it  to  thy  loines. 

Marston,  What  You  Will,  ii.  1. 
If  the  son  alien  lands,  and  then  repiux'hase  them  again 
in  fee,  the  rules  of  descents  are  to  be  observed,  as  if  he 
were  the  original  purchaser. 

Sir  M.  Hale,  Hist.  Common  Law  of  Eng. 
Had  they,  like  him  [Charles  I.],  for  good  and  valuable 
consideration,  aliened  their  hurtful  prerogatives? 

Macaulay,  Conv.  between  Cowley  and  Milton. 

2,  To  make  averse  or  indifferent ;  turn  the  af- 
fections or  inclinations  of ;  alienate ;  estrange. 

The  prince  was  totally  aliened  from  all  thoughts  of,  or 
inclination  to,  the  marriage.  Clarendon. 

Poetry  had  not  been  aliened  from  the  people  by  the  es- 
tablishment of  an  Upper  House  of  vocables  alone  entitled 
to  move  in  the  stately  ceremonials  of  verse. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  157. 

alienability  (al'yen-a-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  alienable, 
after  F.  alien ahilite.']'  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  alienable ;  the  capacity  of  being  alienated 
or  transferred. 

The  alienability  of  the  domain.    Burke,'VfoT\LS,  III.  316. 

alienable  (al'yen-a-bl),  a.  [<  alien,  v.,  +  -able, 
after  F.  alienable.']  That  may  be  alienated; 
capable  of  being  sold  or  transferred  to  another : 
as,  land  is  alienable  according  to  the  laws  of  the 
state. 


140 

alienage  (al'yen-aj),  «.  [<  alien  +  -age."]  1. 
The  state  of  being  an  alien ;  the  legal  standing 
of  an  alien. 

Why  restore  estates  forfeitable  on  account  of  alienage? 

Story. 

I  do  hereby  order  and  proclaim  that  no  plea  of  alienage 
will  be  received,  or  allowed  to  exempt  from  the  obligation 
imposed  by  the  aforesaid  Act  of  Congress  any  person  of 
foreign  birth  who  shall  have  declared  on  oath  his  inten- 
tion to  become  a  citizen  of  the  United  States. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  370. 

2.  The  state  of  being  alienated  or  transferred 
to  another ;  alienation.  [Rare.] 

The  provinces  were  treated  in  a  far  more  harsh  manner 
than  the  Italian  states,  even  in  tlie  latter  period  of  their 
alienage.  Brougham. 
alienate  (al'yen-at),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  alien- 
ated, ppr.  alienating.  [<  L.  alienatus,  pp.  of 
alienare,  make  alien,  estrange:  see  alien,  .v.] 

1 .  To  transfer  or  convey,  as  title,  property,  or 
other  right,  to  another:  as,  to  alienate  lands 
or  sovereignty. 

He  must  have  the  consent  of  the  electors  when  he  would 
alienate  or  mortgage  anything  belonging  to  the  empire. 

Goldsmith,  Seveit  Years'  War,  iv. 
Led  blindfold  thus 
By  love  of  what  he  thought  his  flesh  and  blood 
To  alienate  his  all  in  her  behalf. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  117. 

2.  To  repel  or  turn  away  in  feeling ;  make  in- 
different or  averse,  where  love  or  esteem  be- 
fore subsisted;  estrange:  with /row  before  the 
secondary  object. 

He  [Pausanias]  alienated,  by  his  insolence,  all  who  might 
have  served  or  protected  him. 

Macaulay,  Mitford's  Greece. 
The  recollection  of  his  former  life  is  a  dream  that  only 
the  more  alienates  him  from  the  realities  of  the  present. 

Js.  Taylor. 

=  Syn.  1.  To  deliver  over,  surrender,  give  up. — 2.  To  dis- 
affect. 

alienate  (al'yen-at),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  alienatus, 
pp.  as  above,  in  the  pp.  sense.]  I.  a.  In  a  state 
of  alienation ;  estranged. 

0  alienate  from  God,  0  spirit  accui-sed  I 

Milton,  P.  L.,  V.  877. 
The  Whigs  are  .  .  .  wholly  alienate  from  truth. 

Swift,  Misc. 

II. t  n.  A  stranger;  an  alien. 
Whosoever  eateth  the  lamb  without  this  house,  he  is  an 
alienate.  Stapleton.  Fortresse  of  the  Faith,  fol.  148. 

alienated  (al'yen-a-ted),  p.  a.  Mentally  astray ; 
demented. 

alienation  (al-yen-a'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  alyenacion, 
-cyon,<  OF.  alienation,'<.  L.  alienatio{n-),  <  alie- 
nare, pp.  alienatus,  alien :  see  alien,  v.,  and  alien- 
ate, v.]    The  act  of  alienating,  or  the  state  of 

being  alienated,  (a)  In  law,  a  transfer  of  the  title  to 
property  by  one  person  to  another,  by  conveyance,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  inheritance.  A  devise  of  real  property  is 
regarded  as  an  alienation. 

In  some  cases  the  consent  of  all  the  heirs,  collateral  as 
well  as  descendant,  had  to  be  obtained  before  an  aliena- 
tion could  be  made. 

D.  W.  Ross,  German  Land-holding,  p.  74. 
(6)  The  diversion  of  lands  from  ecclesiastical  to  secular 
ownership. 

The  word  alienation  has  acquired  since  tlie  Reformation 
the  almost  distinctive  meaning  of  the  diversion  of  lands 
from  ecclesiastical  or  religious  to  secular  ownership. 

R.  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  ii. 
((■)  A  withdrawing  or  an  estrangement,  as  of  feeling  or 
the  affections. 
Alienation  of  heart  from  the  king.  Bacon. 
We  keep  apart  when  we  have  quarrelled,  express  our- 
selves in  well-bred  phrases,  and  in  this  way  preserve  a 
dignified  alienation.    George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  i.  5. 

She  seemed,  also,  conscious  of  a  cause,  to  me  unknown, 
for  the  gradual  alienation  of  my  regard.  ' 

Poe,  Tales,  I.  471. 

(d)  Deprivation,  or  partial  deprivation,  of  mental  faculties ; 
derangement ;  insanity. 

If  a  person  of  acknowledged  probity  and  of  kno^vn  pu- 
rity of  life  were  suddenly  to  do  something  grossly  immoral, 
and  it  were  impossible  to  discover  any  motive  for  his 
strange  and  aberrant  deed,  we  should  ascribe  it  to  an 
alienation  of  nature,  and  say  that  he  must  be  mad. 

Maudsley,  Body  and  Will,  p.  10. 

alienation-office  (al-yen-a'shon-ofis),  n.  An 
office  in  London,  at  which  persons  resorting  to 
the  judicial  processes  of  fine  and  recovery  for 
the  conveyance  of  lands  were  required  to  pre- 
sent their  writs,  and  submit  to  the  payment  of 
fees  called  the  prefine  and  the  postfine. 
alienator  (al'yen-a-tor),  «.  [=  F.  alienateur,  < 
ML.  ^alienator,  <  L.  alienare,  pp.  alienatus,  alien- 
ate: see  alien,  v.]  1.  One  who  alienates  or 
transfers  property.— 2.  A  thief.  [Humorous.] 
To  one  like  Elia,  whose  treasures  are  rather  cased  in 
leather  covers  than  closed  in  iron  coffers,  there  is  a  class 
of  alienators  more  formidable  than  that  which  I  have 
touched  upon ;  I  mean  youi-  borrowers  of  books. 

Lamb,  Two  Races  of  Men. 
aliene  (al-yen'),  V.  t.    Same  as  alien,  1. 


alight 

alienee  (al-yen-e'),  n.  [<  alien,  v.,  +  -cel.]  One 
to  whom  the  title  to  property  is  transferred :  as, 
"if  the  alienee  enters  and  keeps  possession," 
BlacJcstone. 

aliener  (siryen-er),  n.    Same  as  alienor. 
alien-house  (al'yen -hous),  n.     Formerly,  in 
England,  a  priory  or  other  religious  house  be- 
longing to  foreign  ecclesiastics,  or  under  theii 
control.    Encijc.  Brit.,  II.  459. 
alienigenate  (al-yen-ij'e-nat),  a.    [<  L.  alieni-  \ 
genus,  foreign-born  (<  aliemts,  foreign,  alien,  + 
-(/ewMs, -born),  + -aiei.]   Alien-born.  E.C.Win- 
throp. 

alienism  (al'yen-izm),  n.  [<  alien  +  -ism.}  1. 
The  state  of  being  an  alien. 

The  law  was  very  gentle  in  the  construction  of  the  dis- 
ability of  alienism.  Chancellor  Kent. 

2.  The  study  and  treatment  of  mental  dis- 
eases. 

alienist  (al'yen-ist),  n.  [<  alien  +  -ist.]  One 
engaged  in  the  scientific  study  or  treatment  of 
mental  diseases. 

He  [John  Locke]  looked  at  insanity  rather  too  superfi- 
cially for  a  practical  alienist. 

E.  C.  Mann,  Psychol.  Med.,  p.  114. 
alienor  (al'yen-or),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  alienour, 
<  AF.  alienor,  alienour  =  OF.  alieneur,  <  ML. 
^alienator:  see  alienator.]  One  who  transfers 
property  to  another.  Also  written  aliener.  j 
aliethmoid  (al-i-eth'moid),  M.  and  a.  [<  L.  ala,  \ 
a  wing,  +  E.  ethmoid.']  I.  ?j.  The  lateral  part 
or  wing  of  the  ethmoidal  region  of  the  orbito- 
nasal cartilage  in  the  skull  of  an  embryonic 
bird. 

The  hinder  region  or  aliethmoid  is  the  true  olfactory  re- 
gion- W.  K.  Parker. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  aliethmoid :  as,  the 
aliethmoid  region;  an  aliethmoid  cartilage, 
alietyt  (a-U'e-ti),  n.  [<  ML.  alietas,  <  L.  alius, 
other.]  The  state  of  being  different;  otherness, 
alifet  (a-lif'),  adv.  [Appar.  <  «3  -|-  Hfe,  as  if  for 
'as  one's  life,'  but  perhaps  orig.  due  to  lief.] 
Dearly. 

A  clean  instep. 
And  that  I  love  alife ! 

Fletcher,  M.  Thomas,  ii.  2. 
aliferoUS  (a-lif 'e-rus),  a.    [<  L.  ala,  wing,  + 
ferre  =  'E.  bear'i^.]    Having  wings, 
aliform  (al'i-form),  a.    [<  L.  ala,  wing,  +  -for- 
mis,  < forma,  shape.]    Having  the  shape  of  a 
wing  or  wings  :  in  anat.,  applied  to  the  ptery- 
goid processes  and  the  muscles  associated  with 
them.    See  i)terygoid.  [Rare.] 
aligantt  (al'i-gant),  n.   An  old  form  of  alicant. 
aligerous  (a-lij 'e-rus),  a.    [<L.  aliger,  bearing 
wings,  <  ala,  wing,  +  gerere,  bear.]  Having 
wings. 

alightif  (a-lif),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  alighten,  alyghten, 
aligten,  alygten,  alihten,  alyhten,<  (1)  AS.  dlihtan 
(OHG.  arliuhtan,  MHG.  erliuhten,  G.erleuchtcn), 
light,  illuminate,  <  «-,  E.  a-l,  -f  llhtan,'E..  liglifl, 
V.-,  (2)  AS.  onlihtan,  light,  illuminate,  <  on-,  E. 
«-2,  -I-  lihtan,  E.  light^,  v. ;  (3)  AS.  gelihtan,  ge-  \ 
lyhtan,  light,  give  light  to,  illuminate,  intr.  be-  ' 
come  light,  <  ge-,  E.  +  Uhtan,  E.  light^,  v. : 
see  a-l,  a-2,  a-6,  and  v.,  and  ef.  alighten'^, 

enlighten,  lighten'^;  see  also  alight^,  p.  a.]  1. 
To  light;  light  up;  illuminate. —  2,  To  set  light 
to;  light  (a  fire,  lamp,  etc.). 
Having  .  .  .  alighted  liis  lamp. 

Shelton,  tr.  of  Don  Quixote.  (N.  E.  D.) 
alight^  (a-lif),  p.  a.,  or  pref).  x>hr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  ME.  alight,  aligt,  aliht  (early  mod.  E.  alighted), 
<  AS.  *dlihted,  pp.  of  dlihtan,  E.  alighf^,  v.,  q.  v. ; 
but  now  regarded  as  parallel  to  afire,  ablaze, 
etc.,  <  a3  +  light!,  „.]  Provided  with  light; 
lighted  up ;  illuminated. 

The  chapel  was  scarcely  aliqht. 

Thackeray,  Four  Georges  (1862),  p.  169.    (N.  E.  D.)  i 
Set 

The  lamps  alight,  and  call  ' 
For  golden  music.     Tennyson,  Ancient  Sage. 
alightSf  (a-lif),  V.  t.    [<  ME.  alighten,  aligten, 
alihten,  <  AS.  gelihtan  {—  OHG.  gelih ten),  lighten, 
mitigate,  <  ge-,  E.  a-6,  -1-  Uhtan,  E.  light^,  v. :  see 
a-6,  light^,  v.,  and  ef.  alighten"^,  lighten'^.]  To 
make  light  or  less  heavy ;  lighten ;  alleviate. 
She  weiide  to  alyght  her  euylle  and  her  syniie. 

Caxton,  G.  de  la  Tour.  (xV.  E.  D.) 
alight^  (a-lif),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  alighted  (obs. 
pp.  alight),  ppr.  alighting.  [<  ME.  alighten, 
alyghten,  aligten,  alygten,  <  (1)  AS.  dlihtan  (oc- 
curring but  once,  in  a  gloss:  "Bissilio,  le  of 
dlihte,"  lit.  'I  alight  off'),  <  «-,  E.  +  lihtan, 
E.  light^;  (2)  AS.  gelihtan,  alight,  dismoimt, 
come  down,  <  ge-,  E.  ff-6,  -t-  liJitan,  E.  light^:  see 
a-l,  a-6,  and  light^,  and  ef.  alighten^  and  light- 
en^.] 1.  To  get  down  or  descend,  as  from 
horseback  or  fiom  a  carriage ;  dismoimt. 


aUght 


141 


We  pass'd  along  the  coast  by  a  very  rocky  and  rugged  alike-Dlindedt  (a-lik'min'''ded),  a.    Having  the 
'  -   same  mind ;  like-minded.         fl^aZ?,  Remains, 


way,  which  forc'd  us  to  alight  many  times  Ijefore  we  came 
to  Havre  cie  Grace.  Evelyn,  Diary,  March  28,  1C44. 

2.  To  settle  or  lodge  after  descending:  as,  a  bird 
alights  on  a  tree ;  snow  alights  on  a  roof. 

Truly  spake  Mohammed  el  Damiri,  "Wisdom  hath 
alighted  upon  three  things  — the  brain  of  the  Franks,  the 
haiids  of  the  Chinese,  and  the  tongues  of  the  Arabs." 

R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  333. 

Wliether  insects  alight  on  the  leaves  by  mere  chance,  as 
a  resting-place,  or  are  attracted  by  the  odour  of  tlie  secre- 
tion, I  know  not.  Danvin,  Insectiv.  Plants,  p.  17. 

3.  To  fall  (upon);  come  (upon)  accidentally, 
or  without  design ;  light:  as,  to  «/((//( f  on  a  par- 
ticular passage  in  a  book,  or  on  a  particular 
fact;  to  alight  on  a  rare  plant. 

alighten^t  (a-li'tn),  v.  t.  [<  alight^  +  -e»i.  Cf. 
li(/hten'^,  enliglitei!.]  To  make  light;  illuminate. 

aligllten^t  (a-li'tn),  v.  t.  [<  alight^  +  Cf. 
lighten^.']  To  make  light  or  less  heavy;  re- 
duce the  weight  or  burden  of ;  lighten. 

alighten^t  (a-li'tn),  v.  i.  [<  alight^  +  -en^.  Cf. 
liqhten'i.']    To  alight;  dismount. 

align,  alignment,  alignement.  See  aline^ 
aUnemeiit. 

aligreek  (al-i-grek'),  n.    [Corruption  of  F.  d 

la  grecque,  or  It.  alia  greca,  in  the  Greek  (fash- 
ion).]   Same  as  d-la-grecque.  [Rare.] 
alike  (a-lik'),  a.    [<  ME.  alike,  alyhe,  and  assib- 

ilated  "alyche,  aleche,  with  prefix  a-  repr.  both 

«-6  and  a-2,  the  earlier  forms  being — (1)  iZifc, 

mice,  ylike,  yhjk,  ylyke,  elik,  and  assibilated 

ilich,  iliche,  y'lich,  yliche,  yleche,  earliest  ME. 

gelic,  <  AS.  gelic  =  OS.  gilik  =  OFries.  gelik, 

usually  Uk,  —  OD.  ghelijck,  D.  gelijk  =  OHG. 

galih,  gilih,  gelih,  glih,  MHG.  gelich,  glich,  G. 

gleich  —  Icel.  glikr,  mod.  likr  =  Sw.  Uk  =  Dan. 

Zj(7  =  Goth.  galeiks,  like,  similar,  alike,  lit.  'hav- 
ing a  corresponding  body  or  form,'  <  ga-  (=  AS. 

ge-),  together,  indicating  collation  or  compari- 
son, +  leik  -=-  AS.  lie,  E.  like^,  lich  (in  comp.  like- 

ivake  =  lich-wake,  lich-gate,  q.  v.),  body;  (2) 

alike,  alyke  (in  adv.  also  olike,  olyke),  earlier 

with  prefix  an-,  accented,  unlike,  anlyke,  and 

assibilated  anlich,  onlich,  <  AS.  anlic,  onlic  = 

OD.  aenlijck  =  OHG.  *analih,  anagilih,  MHG. 

anelich,  G.  dhnlich  =  Icel.  dlikr  =  Goth.  *ana- 

leiks  (ia&dv.  analeiko),  Uke,  similar,  lit.  'on-ly,' 

having  dependence  on,  relation  to,  similarity 

to,  <  ana  (AS.  an,  on,  E.  on)  +  -leiks,  AS.  -lie, 

E.        a  suffix  used  here  somewhat  as  in  other 

relational  adjectives  (Goth,  swaleiks,  AS.  swilc. 

Sc.  sic,  E.  such,  Goth,  hwileiks,  hiveleiks,  AS. 

hwilc,  Sc.  lohilk,  E.  icMch,  etc.),  being  the  noun, 

Goth,  leik,  AS.  lie,  body,  used  as  a  relational 

suffix.    That  is,  E.  alike  represents  ME.  alike. 

Hike,  AS.  gelic,  with  prefix  ge-  and  accented 

base  lie,  mixed  with  or  having  absorbed  ME. 

alike,  olike,  anlike,  AS.  anlic,  with  accented  base  alimentary  (al-i- 

ati,  on,  and  suffix  -lie.    The  adv.  alike  follows   men'ta-ri),  a.  [< 

the  adj.    The  adj.  like  is  not  orig.,  but  merely  a 

mod.  abbrev.  of  alike,  the  latter  form  remaining 

chiefly  in  the  predicative  use ;  there  is  no  AS. 

adj.  *lic,  as  commonly  cited.    See  a-^,  a-2,  and 

Uke^,  like^,  like^.^    Having  resemblance  or 

similitude;  similar;  having  or  exhibiting  no 

marked  or  essential  difference.  Alike  is  now  only 

archaically  used  attributively,  and  is  regularly  predicated 

of  a  plural  subject.  It  was  also  formerly  used  in  phrases 

where  the  modern  idiom  requires  lilce.    See  ii/fel. 
The  darkness  and  the  light  are  both  alike  to  thee. 

Ps.  cxxxix.  12. 

In  birth,  in  acts,  in  arms  alike  the  rest. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso. 
His  [Clifford's]  associates  were  men  to  whom  all  creeds 
and  all  constitutions  were  alike. 

ilacaulay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

alike  (a-lik'),  adv.  [<  ME.  alike,  alyke,  and  as- 
sibilated aliche,  alyche,  with  prefix  a-  repr.  both 
a-6  and  a-2,  the  earlier  forms  being  —  (1)  Hike, 
ylike,  ylyke,  elike,  elyke,  assibilated  iliche,  ilyche, 
yliche,  ylyche,  cliche,  earliest  gelice,  <  AS.  gelice 
=  OS.  giUko  -  OFries.  like.  Ilk  =  OD.  ghelijck, 
D.  gelijk  =  OHG.  gilicho,  glicho,  MHG.  geliche, 
gliche,  glich,  G.  gleich  =  Icel.  glika,  mod.  lika  = 
Sw.  lika  =  i>Sin.  lige  =  Goth,  galeiko,  adv.;  (2) 
alike,  alyke,  alike,  olyke,  earlier  with  prefix  an-, 
accented  {*anlike  not  recorded  as  adv.),  <  AS. 
anlice  =  G.  dhnlich  =  Icel.  dlika  =  Goth,  ana- 
leiko, adv.,  the  forms  being  like  those  of  the  adj., 
with  the  adverbial  suffix,  Goth,  -o,  AS.  -e.  The 
adv.  like  is  not  orig.,  but  merely  a  mod.  abbrev. 
of  alike,  adv.  See  alike,  a.]  In  the  same  man- 
ner, form,  or  degree;  in  common;  equally;  both. 

The  highest  heaven  of  wisdom  is  alike  near  from  every 
point,  and  thou  must  find  it,  if  at  all,  by  methods  native 
to  thyself  alone.  Emerson,  Works  and  Days. 

Inexperienced  politicians  .  .  .  conceived  that  the  theory 
of  the  Tory  Opposition  and  the  practice  of  Walpole's 
Government  were  alike  inconsistent  with  the  principles 
of  liberty.  Maeaulay,  William  Pitt. 


alinasal 

let  (anus)  distinct  from  the  inlet  (mouth),  the  alimentary 
canal  assumes  more  defhdtely  the  character  of  a  special 
gastric  or  digestive  cavity,  which  may  remain  in  open  com- 
munication with  a  general  body-cavity,  or  become  shut  off 
therefrom  as  an  intestinal  tube.  The  latter  is  its  char- 
acter in  all  the  higher  aninial.s,  in  which,  moreover,  the 
canal  acquires  various  specializations,  as  into  gullet,  stom- 
ach, intestine,  etc.,  becomes  variously  comjilicated  or  con- 
voluted, has  special  ramifications  and  annexes,  etc.  In 
those  animals  which  develop  an  umbilical  vesicle,  or  this 
and  an  amnion  and  allantois,  the  <-avity  of  the  alimentary 
canal  is  primitively  continuons  witli  Ibat  r.l  tlic  vesicle  ami 
with  tlie  allantoic  cavity.  — Alimentary  debt,  in  SrotH 
law,  a  dclit  incuiTed  for  necessaries  oi-  maintenance. — Ali- 
mentary fund,  in  ScotH  law,  a  fund  set  apart  by  the  direc- 
tion of  the  giver  for  an  aliment  to  the  receiver.  If  the 
amount  of  it  is  not  unreasonable  in  view  cjf  the  rank  of 
the  receiver,  it  cannot  lie  seized  for  the  satisfaction  of  the 
claims  of  creditors.— Alimentary  mucous  membrane, 
that  mucous  membrane  which  lines  the  alimentary  canal, 
serving,  with  its  various  follicles,  annexed  glands,  and  lac- 
teals,  the  purpose  of  digesting  and  absorbing  aliment, 
alimentation  (al"i-men-ta'shon),  K.  [<  F.  ali- 
mentation, <  ML.  alimentatio{H-),  <  alinientare, 
pp.  alimentatus,  provide,  aliment:  see  aliment, 
«.]  1.  The  act  or  power  of  affording  nutri- 
ment. 

The  accumulation  of  force  may  be  separate<l  into  ali- 
mentation and  aeration.     H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  56. 

2.  The  state  or  process  of  being  nourished; 
mode  of,  or  condition  in  regard  to,  nourish- 
ment. 

Derangements  of  alimentation,  including  insufficient 
food,  and  morbid  states  of  the  lymphatic  and  blood-glands. 

Qnain,  Med.  Diet.,  p.  38. 

3.  The  providing  or  supplying  with  the  neces- 
saries of  life. 

The  aZimcnfaiion  of  poor  children  .  .  .  was  extended  or 
increased  by  fresh  endowments. 

Merivale,  Roman  Empire,  VIII.  193. 

Ceasing  by  and  by  to  have  any  knowledge  of,  or  power 
over,  the  concerns  of  the  society  as  a  whole,  the  serf-class 
becomes  devoted  to  the  processes  of  alimentation,  while 
the  noble  class,  ceasing  to  take  any  part  in  the  processes 
of  alimentation,  becomes  devoted  to  the  co-ordinated 
movements  of  the  entire  body  politic. 

U.  Spencer,  Univ.  Prog.,  pp.  405-6. 

2.  In  Scots  law,  to  maintain  or  support,  as  a  alimentative  (al-i-men'ta-tiv),  a.  [<  ML.  ali- 
person  unable  to  support  himself:  used  espe-  mentatus,  pp.  of  alinientare  (see  aliment,  v.),  + 
cially  of  the  support  of  children  by  parents,  or  -iue.'i  Nourishing;  relating  to  or  connected  with 
of  parents  by  children.  the  supply  of  nourishment:  as,  "the  alimenta- 

alimental  (al-i-men'tal),  a.  [i  aliment  +  -al.'\  iitje  machinery  of  the  physiological  units,"  jBTj^a;- 
Of  or  pertaining  to  aliment;  supplying  food;  ley, 

having  the  quality  of  nourishing;  furnishing  alimentic  (al-i-men'tik),  a.  [<  aliment  +  -ic] 
the  materials  for  natural  growth :  as,  chyle  is    Same  as  alimentary. 

There  may  be  emaciation  from  loss  of  rest,  derangement 
of  the  alimentic  processes,  a  quicker  pulse  than  normal, 
and  a  tongue  coated  in  the  centre. 

E.  C.  Mann,  Psychol.  Med.,  p.  79. 


p.  Hi!. 

alim  (a'lem),  H.    [Ar.  'dlim,  'dlini,  learned,  < 
'alama,  know.    Cf.  alem,  almah.']    Among  Mo- 
hammedans, a  learned  man ;  a  religious  teacher, 
such  as  an  imam,  a  mufti,  etc. 
The  calling  of  an  Alim  is  no  longer  worth  much  in  Egypt. 

11.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  93. 

Alima  (al'i-ma),  n.  [NL.,  for  Ualima,  <  Gr. 
akiiioi;,  of  the  sea.]  A  spurious  genus  of  crus- 
taceans, representing  a  stage  of  stomatopodous 
crustaceans,  for  which  the  term  is  still  in 
use. 

In  the  Alima  type  of  development  [of  Stomatopoda],  it 
seems  that  the  yoiuig  leaves  the  egg  in  nearly  the  Alima 
form,  and  in  the  youngest  stage  known  the  six  appendages, 
eight  to  thirteen,  are  absent,  althoiigh  three  of  the  cor- 
responding segments  of  the  body  are  developed. 

Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  II.  CO. 

aliment  (al'i-ment),  n.  [<  late  ME.  aliment,  < 
P.  aliment,  <  Jj." alimentum,  food,  <  alere,  nour- 
ish, =  Goth,  alan,  be  noui-ished,  aljan,  nom-ish, 
fatten,  =  Icel.  ala,  beget,  bear,  nourish,  sup- 
port; cf.  ahgi,  and  alt,  all,  and  oM.]  1.  That 
which  nourishes  or  sustains ;  food ;  nutriment ; 
sustenance ;  support,  whether  literal  or  figura- 
tive. 

Those  elevated  meditations  which  are  the  proper  ali- 
ment of  noble  souls.  Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  30. 

2.  In  Scots  law,  the  sum  paid  for  support  to 
any  one  entitled  to  claim  it,  as  the  dole  given 
to  a  pauper  by  his  parish. 

The  aliment  was  appointed  to  continue  till  the  majority 
or  marriage  of  the  daughters.  Erskine,  Institutes. 

aliment  (al'i-ment),  V.  t.  [<  ML.  alimentare, 
<  L.  alimentum  :"see  aliment,  w.]  1.  To  furnish 
with  means  of  sustenance ;  purvey  to ;  support : 
generally  in  a  figurative  sense :  as,  to  aliment 
a  person's  vanity. 

And  that  only  to  sustain  and  aliment  the  small  frailty 
of  their  humanity.  Urquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  ii.  31. 


alimental;  alimental  sap. 

alimentally  (al-i-men'tal-i),  adv.  In  an  ali- 
mental manner;  so  as  to  serve  for  nourishment 
or  food. 

alimentariness  (al-i-men'ta-ri-nes),  n.    The  alimentiveness  (al-i-men'tiv-nes),  n. 


[<  *ali- 


quality  of  being  alimentary, 
nutriment. 


L.  alimentarius, 
<  alimentum,  ali- 
ment :  see  ali- 
ment.'] 1.  Per- 
taining to  ali- 
ment or  food ; 
having  the  quali- 
ty of  nourishing : 
as,  alimentary  par- 
ticles.—  2.  Hav- 
ing an  apparatus 
for  alimentation, 
and  consequent- 
ly able  to  feed. 
Huxley.  [Rare.] 
—  3.  Concerned 
with  the  function 
of  nutrition:  as, 
alimentary  pro- 
cesses. —  Alimen- 
tary canal,  in  anat. 
and  zool.,  the  diges- 
tive sac,  tract,  or  tube 
of  any  animal;  the 
visceral  or  intestinal 
cavity;  the  canal  of 
the  enteron,  in  any 
condition  of  the  lat- 
ter, from  the  simplest 
form  of  archenteron 
to  the  most  complex 
of  its  ultimate  modi- 
fications. In  its  sim- 
plest form  it  is  merely 
the  cavity  of  a  two- 
layered  germ,  or  gas- 
trula,  lined  with  hy- 
poblastic  cells  —  a 
mere  sac,  the  mouth 
and  anus  being  one. 
With  increasing  com- 
plexity of  structure, 
and  especially  by  the 
formation  of  an  out- 


er of  supplying  mentive  + -^less.]  1 .  Propensity  to  seek  or  take 
nourishment,  to  eat  and  drink:  first  and  still 
chiefly  used  by  phrenologists. —  2.  The  organ 
of  the  brain  that  is  said  to  communicate  the 
pleasure  which  arises  from  eating  and  drink- 
ing, and  which  prompts  the  taking  of  nourish- 
ment. Its  supposed  seat  is  in  the  region  of  the 
zygomatic  fossa.  See  phrenology. 
alimonf,  n.  [Prop.  *halimon,  <  L.  halimon 
(sometimes  improp.  written  alimon,  as  if  <  Gr. 
a?ufiov,  neut.  of  aMfiog,  banishing  hunger,  <  d- 
Tpriy. +  Aifi6g,  hunger:  see  def.),  <  Gr.  aAifiov,  also 
d2.t^og,  a  shrubby  plant  gi-owing  on  the  shore, 
perhaps  saltwort,  prop.  neut.  of  aliixo^,  of  or  be- 
longing to  the  sea,  maiine,  <  d/lf,  the  sea.]  A 
plant,  perhaps  A  triplex  Halimns  (Linnaeus),  sup- 
posed to  be  the  halimon  of  the  ancients.  It  was 
fabled  to  have  the  power  of  dispelling  hunger. 
.^3  alimoniOUSt  (al-i-mo'ni-us),  a.  [<  L.  alimonia, 
food,  nourishment :  see  alimony.}  Affording 
food;  nourishing;  nutritive:  as,  "alimonioiis 
humours,"  Harvey,  Consumption, 
alimony  (al'i-mo-ni),  «.  [<L.  alimonia,  fern., 
also  alimonium,  neut.,  food,  nourishment,  suste- 
nance, support,  <  «?e>-e, nourish:  see  aliment,  «.] 
In  law :  (a)  An  allowance  which  a  husband  or 
former  husband  may  be  forced  to  pay  to  his 
wife  or  former  wife,  living  legally  separate  from 
him,  for  her  maintenance.  It  is  granted  or  with- 
held in  the  discretion  of  the  nuitrimonial  court,  with  re- 
gard to  the  merits  of  the  case  and  the  resources  of  the 
parties  respectively.  Alimony  pendente  lite  is  that  given 
to  the  wife  during  the  pendency  of  an  action  for  divorce, 
separation,  or  annulment  of  marriage ;  permanent  alimony 
is  that  given  to  a  wife  after  judgment  of  divorce,  separa- 
tion, or  annulment  in  her  favor.  (6)  In  Scots  law, 
aliment.  Erskine. 

alinasal  (al-i-na'zal),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  ala, 
wing,  +  nasiis,  nose.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  or  re- 
lating to  the  parts  forming  the  outer  or  lateral 
boundaries  of  the  nostrils.  See  alw  nasi,  under 
ala.  Specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  a  lateral  cartilage 
of  the  nasal  region  of  the  skull  of  an  embryonic  bird ;  sit- 
uated in  the  lateral  part  of  the  nasal  region  of  such  a 
skuU.— AJlnasal  process,  a  process  surrounding  each 


Alimentary  Canal  in  Man. 
I,  superior  turbinated  bone  ;  2,  middle 
turbinated  bone  ;  3,  opening  of  the  nasal 
duct ;  4,  inferior  turbinated  bone ;  5,  5. 
pharynx  ;  6,  opening  of  Eustachian  tube  ; 
7,  uvula  :  8,  tongue ;  9,  tonsil  ;  10,  epiglot- 
tis; II,  esophagus;  12,  cardiac  portion 
(left  side)  of  stomach;  13,  fundus  of 
stomach  ;  14,  pylorus  (right  side  of  stom- 
ach), resting  on  right  lobe  of  liver,  partly 
shown  in  outline  ;  15,  transverse  colon ; 
16,  duodenum  ;  17,  ascending  colon  ;  18, 
ileum  ;  19,  jejunum  ;  20,  c^ecum  :  21,  sig- 
moid flexure  of  colon ;  22,  beginning  of 
rectum  ;  23,  fundus  of  urinary  bladder. 


alinasal 

nasal  aperture  of  the  chondrocranium  of  the  frog  X)un- 
»na/i.— Alinasal  turbinal,  a  cartilage  of  the  alinasal  re- 
gion, connected  witli  the  alinasal  or  lateral  cartilage. 

The  alinasal  turbinal  of  [the  Yunx]  ...  has  two  turns 
and  that  ot  Gecinus  one.  Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  717. 

"•,  A„lateral  cartilage  of  the  nasal  region 
ot  the  skull  of  an  embryonic  bird,  in  which  is 
situated  the  external  nostril.    W.  K.  Parl-er 
alineH  (a-Uu'),  jvej).  i)hr.  as  adv.    [<  a3  in,  '+ 
hne^.^    in  a  straight  line. 

Take  thanne  a  rewle  and  draw  a  strike,  euene  alyne  fro 
the  pyn  unto  the  niiddel  prikke. 

Chaucer,  Astrolabe,  ii.  §  38. 

aline2  (a-lln'),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  alined, 
ppr.  aiming.  [Also  speUed  alline,  <  ML.  as  if 
*allineare,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  lineare,  reduce  to  a 
straight  line,  ML.  draw  a  straight  line,  <  linca 
a  Une.  The  reg.  E.  form  is  aline,  but  align, 
after  F.  aligner,  is  common.]  To  adjust  to  a 
line;  lay  out  or  regulate  by  a  line;  form  in 
line,  as  troops.  Equivalent  forms  are  aliqn, 
alline.  ' 

alineate  (a-lin'e-at),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aline- 
ated  ppr.  ahneating.  [Also  spelled  allineafe, 
<  ML.  as  if  *allineatus,  pp.  of  *allineare .-  see 
a<j«e2.]    Same  as  aline'^. 

The  intended  base  line  [must  be}  allineated  by  placin" 
a  telescope  a  little  beyond  one  of  its  proposed  extremities" 
so  as  to  command  them  both.  ' 

Sir  J.  Herschel,  Pop.  Lectures,  p.  18-i. 

alineation  (a-lin-e-a'shon),  «.  [Also  speUed 
allineation,  <  ML.  as  if  *allineatio(n-),  the  draw- 
ing of  a  line,  <  *allineare:  see  alineate.']  The 
act  of  bringing  into  line  ;  a  method  of  deter- 
mining the  position  of  a  remote  and  not  easily 
discernible  object,  by  running  an  imaginary 
line  through  more  easily  recognizable  interme- 
diate objects,  as  the  passing  of  a  straight  line 
through  the  pointers  of  the  Great  Bear  to  the 
pole-star. 

alinement  (a-lin'ment),  n.  [<  aline^  +  -ment, 
after F.  alignemen  t,  <  ML.  alineamcn  turn,  *aUinea- 
mentian,  <  'allineare  :  see  atine"^.]  1.  The  act 
of  alining;  the  act  of  laying  out  or  regulating 
by  a  line ;  an  adjusting  to  a  line.— 2.  The  state 
of  being  so  adjusted  ;  the  line  of  adjustment ; 
especially,  in  milit.,  the  state  of  being  in  line: 
as,  the  alinement  of  a  battalion  ;  the  alinement 
ofacamp.— 3.  In  engin.:  (a)  The  ground-plan 
ot  a  railway  or  other  road,  in  distinction  from 
the  gradients  or  profile,  (b)  The  ground-plan 
of  a  fort  or  field-work. 

Also  written allinement,  alignment,  alignement, 
allignment. 

aliner  (a-H'ner),  n.  One  who  alines  or  adjusts 
to  a  line.  Evelyn. 
aliped  (al'i-ped),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  alipes  {-ped-), 
wing-footed,  swift,  <  ala,  wing,  +  pes  {ped-) 
=  'E.foot:  see  pedal  B.nd.  foot.']  I.  a.  1.  Wing- 
footed  ;  having  the  toes  connected  by  a  mem- 
brane which  serves  as  a  wing,  as  the  bats  — 
2t.  Swift  of  foot. 

II.  n.  An  animal  whose  toes  are  connected 
by  a  membrane  serving  for  a  wing ;  a  chirop- 
ter,  as  the  bat. 
aliquant  (al'i-kwant),  a.  [<L.  aliquantus,  some 
somewhat,   moderate,    considerable,  <  alius 
other  (see  alien),  +  quantus,  how  great:  see 
quantity.]    Contained  in  another,  but  not  di- 
viding it  evenly :  applied  to  a  number  which 
does  not  measure  another  without  a  remainder: 
thus,  5  is  an  aliquant  part  of  16,  for  3  times  5 
are  15,  leaving  a  remainder  1. 
aliquot  (al'i-kwot),  a.  and  n.    [<  L.  aliquot, 
some,  several,  a  few,  <  alius,  other,  +  quot,  how 
many:  see  quotient.]    I.  a.  Forming  an  exact 
measure  of  something:  applied  to  a  part  of  a 
number  or  quantity  which  will  measiu-e  it  with- 
out a  remainder :  thus,  5  is  an  aliquot  part  of  15. 

II.  n.  That  which  forms  an  exact  measure ; 
an  aliquot  part :  as,  4  is  an  aliquot  of  12. 
alisandert  (al-i-san'der),  n.    An  old  form  of 
alexandcrs. 

aliseptal  (al-i-sep'tal),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  ala,  wing, 
+  S(eptum,  septum,  septum.]  I.  a.  Appellative 
of  a  cartilage  which  forms  a  partition  in  the 
lateral  part  of  the  nasal  passage  of  the  skull  of 
an  embryonic  bird ;  pertaining  to  or  connected 
with  this  cartilage 


142 

A.  Plantago,  is  the  principal  species.  See  water- 
plan  tmn. 

Alismaceae  (al-iz-ma'sf-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Alis- 
ma  +  -aeea:]  An  endogenous  order  of  aquatic 
or  marsh  herbs,  mostly  natives  of  the  northern 
temperate  zone.  Apart  from  a  few  species  of 
and  .sa.nttarM  funushmg  edible  tubers,  the  order  is  of 
iittlt'  importance. 

alismaceous  (al-iz-ma'shius),  a.    In  hot.,  relat- 
ing or  belonging  to  the  Alismacea. 

There  is  a  third  species  of  the  new  Alismaceous  genus 
\\  eisnena,  hitherto  known  in  India  and  Central  Africa 

Jour,  of  Botany,  Brit,  and  For.,  1883,  p.  160. 

alismad  (a-liz'mad),  n.    [<  Alistna  +  -adi-.]  In 

hot.,  one  of  the  Alismacea':  . 
alismal  (a-liz'mal),  a.    Relating  or  pertaining 
to  the  genus  Alisma  (which  see), 
alismoid  (a-liz'moid),  a.    [<  Alisma  + -oid.] 
In  hot.,  resembling  an  alismad;  like  plants  of 
the  genus  Alisma. 
■alison,  n.    See  alysson. 

alisphenoid  (al-i-sfe'noid),  a.  and  n,  [<  L. 
ala,  wing,  +  sphenoid,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  gi'eater  wing  of  the  sphenoid 

1  "?":7-'^^P^®'^°i^  canal,  an  osseous  canal  through 
winch  the  external  carotid  artery  runs  for  some  distance 
at  the  base  of  the  skull  of  the  dog  and  sundry  other  car- 
nivorous quadrupeds. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  bones  of  the  skull,  forming 
by  fusion  with  other  cranial  bones,  in  adult  life, 
a  great  part  of  the  compound  sphenoid  bone 
In  man  the  alisphenoid  is  the  greater  wing  of  the  sphe- 
noid, minus  the  so-called  internal  pterygoid  process.  See 
cuts  under  Croeodilin  and  shdl 

alisphenoidal  (al"i-sfe-noi'dal),  a.    [<  alisphe- 
noid -I-  -«/.]    Same  as  alisphenoid. 
alisson,  n.    See  alysson. 

alist  (a-lisf),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  aS 
+  list,  inclination.]  Kaut.,  listed,  or  canted 
over  to  one  side ;  inclined, 
alitrunk  (al  'i-tmngk),  n.  [<  L.  ala,  wing,  + 
truncus,  trunk.]  The  segment  of  the  posterior 
thorax  of  an  insect  to  which  the  wings  and  two 
posterior  pairs  of  legs  are  attached, 
-ality.  [<  -al  +  -ity.]  A  compound  suffix  of 
Latin  origin,  also  in  reduced  form  -alty,  as  in 
reality,  realty,  legality,  loyalty,  etc.  See  -al  and 
-tty,  -ty. 

aliunde  (a-li-un'de),  adv.  [L.,  fi-om  another 
place,  <  alius,  other,  +  wide,  whence.]  From 
another  place.-Evidence  aliunde,  evidence  from 
another  source,  as  from  without  a  will,  to  explain  some 
ambiguity  in  it. 

alive  (a-liv'),  prep.  phr.  as  a.  or  adv.  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  alyfv,  on  lyve,  on  lyfe,  <  ME.  alive, 
ahjje,  o  li  ve,  earlier  on  live,  on,  life,  <  AS.  on  life, 
m  life :  on,  \n ;  life,  dat.  case  of  Uf,  life :  see  ai 
and  life.  Hehce  abbrev.  live,  a.]  1.  In  life- 
Inang;  in  the  state  in  which  the  organs  of  the 
body  perform  their  functions:  opposed  to  dead: 
as,  the  man  is  alive. 

Nor  well  alive,  nor  wholly  dead  they  were 
But  some  faint  signs  of  feeble  life  appear. ' 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  151. 

2.  In  a  state  of  action ;  in  force  or  operation ; 
unextinguished;  undestroyed;  unexpired:  as, 
keep  the  suit  alive. 

Sweet  Liberty  inspires 
And  keeps  alive  his  fierce  but  noble  fires. 

Cowper,  Table-Talk. 

3.  Full  of  alacrity;  active;  sprightly;  lively: 
as,  the  company  were  all  alive. —  4.  Enlivened- 
animated ;  strongly  aroused.  ' 

This  perpetual  intercommunication  .  .  .  keeps  us  al- 
ways alive  with  excitement. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  7. 
The  special  quality  of  the  song  is  that,  however  care- 
lessly fashioned,  it  seems  alive  with  the  energy  of  music. 

Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  loi. 
5.  Attentive ;  open  to  impressions  (fi-om) ;  sen- 
sitive ;  susceptible :  used  with  to :  as,  he  is  suf- 
ficiently alive  to  the  beauties  of  nature,  but  yet 
more  alive  to  his  own  interests. 


Behind  the  alinasal  comes  the  aliseptal  region. 
XT       m,       n.         ,  W.E.  Parker. 

11.  M.  Ihe  aliseptal  cartilage, 
alish  (a'lish),  a.  [<  ale  +  -ish^.]  Like  ale ;  hav- 
ing some  quality  of  ale:  as,  "the  sweet  alish 
taste  [of  yeast],"  Mortimer,  Husbandly. 
Alisma  (a-liz'  ma),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aAiofm,  plan- 
tain.] A  small  genus  of  aquatic  plants,  natural 
order  A  lismacece.    The  c  ommon  water-plantain. 


Awakening  to  the  consciousness  of  evils  which  had  Ion<'' 
existed,  and  which  had  escaped  notice  only  because  no 
one  was  ahve  to  them.  Froude,  Sketches,  p.  142. 

6.  Filled  as  with  living  things;  swarming; 
thronged:  as,  the  city  was  all  alive  when  the 
general  entered. 

The  thick  roof 
Of  green  and  stirring  branches  is  alive 
And  musical  with  birds. 

Bryant,  Entrance  to  a  Wood. 
The  coarser  wheat  that  rolls  in  lakes  of  bloom  — 
Its  coral  stems  and  milk-white  flowers  alive  ' 
With  the  wide  murmurs  of  the  scattered  hive 

O.  W.  Holmes,  Ded.  of  Pittsfleld  Cemetery. 

7.  Of  all  living,  by  way  of  emphasis. 

The  Earl  of  Northumberland  .  .  .  was  the  proudest  man 

Clarend07i. 

8.  In  printing.    See  live. 


alkalify 

alizari  (al-i-za'ri),  n.  [F.,  Sp.,  etc. ;  also  called 
isari,  azala;  prob.  <  Ar.  al,  the,  -I-  'acdrah,  iuico 
pressed  out,  extract,  <  'agara,  press  out,  ex- 
tract.] Ihe  commercial  name  of  madder  in 
the  Levant. 

alizaric  (al-i-zar'ik),  a.  In  chem.,  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  ahzari,  or  madder:  as,  aliMric  acid 
alizarin  (al-i-za'rin),  n.  [<  F.  alizarine,  <  ali- 
cari:  see  alisari.]  A  peculiar  red  coloring 
matter  (C14H8O4)  formeriy  obtained  fi-om  mad- 
der, and  extensively  used  as  a  dvestufl'.  u  „-., 

discovered  in  1824  by  Robiquet  and  Colin,  who  obtained  it  bv  ' 
digesting  madder-root  with  alcohol  and  treating  this  with 
su  phm-ic  acid,  thus  producing  a  black  mass  which  they 
ea  led  cliarbon  de  yarance.  On  heating,  tliis  yielded  a 
sublimate  of  alizarin  in  long,  brilliant,  red,  needle-shaped 
cTystals  It  is  now  artificially  prepared  on  a  large  scale 
from  anthracene  (Ci4H,o),  a  product  of  the  distiuition  of 
coal-tiir  Itformsyellowish-red  crystals  insoluble  in  water 
dithcultly  soluble  in  alcohol,  but  readily  soluble  in  alkalis 
giving  to  the  solution  a  purplish-red  color  and  beautiful  flu^ 
orescence.  It  has  acid  properties  and  unites  with  bases  — 
Aiizarm  red.  See  red,  n. 
alki  (alk),  n.  [E.  dial.,  =  E.  aulc,  <  Icel.  dlJca  = 
bw.  alka=Da.n.  alk,  alke.]  A  provincial  Eng- 
lish name  for  the  razor-billed  auk,  Alca  or  Vta- 
mama  tarda.  Montagu.  See  Alca,  Alcida,  and 
auk.  ' 

alk2  (alk),  n  [<  Ar.  '«&.]  A  resin  obtained  in 
northern  Africa  from  the  terebinth-tree,  Pista- 

H,e  S'T**H^'"/*;  ■'^^'^  1"'^l"y  is  obtained  from 

the  terebinth  ;  but  m  Arabia  it  is  also  derived  from  the 
fv'Zi'pZ^r"''^'"'\  * ""^'''(t^edar),  the/6te? orpistacio- 
Uee(Pistac,u  r,  r«),  the  ..«,•»  (cypress),  and  theyeMt.  In 
iKluid  form  It  IS  the  Chio  turpentine  of  commerce. 

alkahest  (al'ka-hest),  n.  [F.  alcahest;  a  word 
ot  Ai'abic  appearance,  but  not  traceable  to  that 
language ;  supposed  to  have  been  invented  by 
Paracelsus  in  imitation  of  other  alchemical 
terms.]  The  pretended  universal  solvent  or 
menstruum  of  the  alchemists.  Also  spelled 
alcahest. 

alkahestic  (al-ka-hes'tik),  a.    Pertaining  to 

the  alkahest.    Also  spelled  alcahestic. 
alkahestical  (al-ka-hes'ti-kal),  a.    Same  as 
((tkahestte.    Also  spelled  alcdhestical. 
alkalamide  (al-kal'a-mid  or  -mid),  11.    [<  alkali 
+  amide.]    An  amide  which  has  resemblance 
to  an  amine,  containing  both  acid  and  alcohol 
radicals.    Also  spelled  alkalimide. 
alkalescence  (al-ka-les'ens),  w.  [<  alkalescent.] 
Ihe  process  of  becoming  alkaline;  alkales- 
ceney. 

alkalescency  (al-ka-les'en-si),  n.  A  tendency 
to  become  alkaline ;  the  quality  of  being  slightly 
alkaline  ;  the  state  of  a  substance  in  which  al- 
kaline properties  begin  to  be  developed  or  to  be 
predominant.  Ure. 
alkalescent  (al-ka-les'ent),  a.  [<  alkali  +  -es- 
cent.]  Becoming  or  tending  to  become  alka- 
line. 

alkali  (al'ka-li  or  -li),  n. ;  pi.  alkalis  or  alkalies 
(-hz  or-liz).  [<  ME.  alkaly,  alcaly,  <  OF.  F.  al- 
cali  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  alcali  =  D.  G.  Sw.Dan.  al- 
kali, <  Ar.  al-qaliy,  <  al,  the,  +  qaliy,  the  ashes 
ot  saltwort  and  glasswort,  which  abound  in 
soda,  hence  applied  to  the  plant  itself;  <  qalau 
roast  ma  pan,  fry.]  1.  Originally,  the  soluble 
part  of  the  ashes  of  plants,  especially  of  sea- 
weed; soda-ash.— 2.  The  plant  saltwort,  Sal- 
sola  kali.  Also  called  kali.—  B.  Now,  any  one 
of  various  substances  which  have  the  following 
properties  in  common:  solubility  in  water; 
the  power  of  neutralizing  acids  and  forming 
salts  vnth  them;  the  property  of  combining 
with  fats  to  form  soaps;  corrosive  action  on 
animal  and  vegetable  tissue;  the  property  of 
changing  the  tint  of  many  vegetable  coloring 
matters,  as  of  litmus  reddened  by  an  acid  to 
blue,  or  turmeric  from  yellow  to  brown,  in  its 
restricted  and  common  sense  the  term  is  applied  only  to 
the  liydrates  of  potassium,  sodium,  lithium,  c-esium  ru- 
bidium, and  ammonium.  In  a  more  general  sense  it  is 
applied  to  the  hydrates  of  metals  of  the  alkaline  earths 
barium,  strontium,  calcium,  and  magnesium  and  toa  large 
number  of  organic  substances,  both  natural  and  artificial 
described  under  alkaloid.  Alkalis  unite  with  saponiflable 
oils  to  form  soap. 

Sometimes  spelled  alcali. 
Fixed  alkalis,  potash,  soda,  and  lithia,  in  contradistinc- 
tion tonmmoma,  which  is  called  volatile  alkali.    See  am- 
monia. 

alkaliferous  (al-ka-lif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  alkali  + 
-fcrous.]  Containing  or  producing  alkalis ;  al- 
kaline :  as,  alkaliferous  clays. 

alkalifiable  (al'ka-li-fi"a-bl),  a.  [<  alkalify  + 
-able.]  Capable  of  being'alkalified or  converted 
into  an  alkali. 

alkalify  (al'ka-li-fi),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  alkalified, 
ppr.  alkalifying.    [<  alkali  +  -/>/.]    I.  trans.  To 
form  or  convert  into  an  alkali ;  alkalize, 
II.  intraus.  To  become  an  alkali. 


alkaligen 

alkaligent  (arka-li-jen),  )(.  [<  alkali  +  -gen; 
=z  F.  alcaligene.']  The  name  first  proposed  for 
nitrogen,  as  being  a  chief  constituent  of  am- 
monia or  volatile  alkali.    iV.  E.  D. 

alkaligenous  (al-ka-lij'e-nus),  a.  [(.alkali  + 
-genous :  see  -genou's.']  Producing  or  generating 
alkali. 

alkali-grass  (al'ka-li-gras),  n.  A  name  given 
to  several  species  of  gi-ass  growing  in  alkaline 
localities  in  the  western  portions  of  the  United 
States,  especially  to  Distichlis  maritima. 

alkallmeter  (al-ka-lim'e-ter),  71.  [<  alkali  + 
Gr.  iierpov,  measure.]  An  instrument  used  for 
ascertaining  the  strength  of  alkalis,  or  the 
quantity  of  alkali  in  caustic  potash  and  soda. 
This  is  done  by  iletermining  what  quantity  of  dilute  sul- 
phuric acid  of  a  known  strength  can  be  neutralized  by  a 
given  weight  of  the  alkali  or  of  caustic  potash  or  soda. 
Sometimes  spelled  alcaUmeter. 

There  are  several  .  .  .  forms  of  alkalime.ter,  but  which- 
ever of  them  is  employed  the  process  is  the  same. 

Ure,  Diet.,  I.  74. 

alkalimetric  (al*ka-li-met'rik),  a.  [<  alkali  + 
Gr.  finTptKog.  '  Cf.  dikalimetcr.']  Relating  to  al- 
kalimetry.   Sometimes  spelled  alcalinietric. 

alkalimetrical  (a^'ka-li-mefri-kal),  a.  Same 
as  alkalimetric. 

It  is  advisable,  where  alkalimetrical  assays  have  fre- 
quently to  be  made,  to  keep  a  stock  of  test  acid. 

Ure,  Diet,  I.  75. 

alkalimetrically  (ar'ka-li-met'ri-kal-i),  adv. 
As  in  alkalimetry ;  "by  means  of  an  alkalimeter. 
Sometimes  spelled  alcalimetricalbj. 

The  lime  in  this  process  is  estimated  alkalimetrically  by 
means  of  an  acid.  Ure,  Diet.,  III.  927. 

alkalimetry  (al-ka-lim'e-tri),  n.  [As  alkalimeter 
+  -tj.~\  The  process  of  determining  the  strength 
of  an  alkaline  mixture  or  liquid.  This  may  be 
done  by  voliunetric  analysis,  that  is,  l^y  estimating  the 
amount  of  a  standard  acid  solution  which  the  alkaline 
mi.xture  will  saturate ;  or  by  gi-avimetric  analysis,  that  is, 
by  decomposing  the  substance  and  finding  the  weight  of 
the  alkali  contained  in  it.    Sometimes  spelled  alcftUinetnj. 

The  principle  on  which  alkalimetry  is  based  consists  in 
determining  the  amount  of  acid  which  a  known  weight  of 
alkali  can  saturate  or  neutralise.  Ure,  Diet.,  I.  74. 

alkalimide,  n.    See  alkalamide. 

alkaline  (al'ka-lin  or  -lin),  a.  [<  alkali  +  -incT- ; 
=  F.  alcaliii.']  Pertaining  to  alkali ;  having  the 
properties  of  an  alkali — Alkaline  development, 

in  photo;!.,  the  development  of  an  exposed  plate  by  a  bath 
compounded  with  an  alkali,  snch  as  ammonia.  See  devel- 
opment.— Alkaline  earths,  lime,  magnesia,  baryta,  and 
strontia.    See  alkali. 

alkalinity  (al-ka-lin'i-ti),  n.  [<  alkaline  +  -ity.'i 
The  state  of  being  alkaline  ;  the  quality  which 
constitutes  an  alkali. 

alkalinize  (al'ka-lin-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  al- 

kalinized,  ppr.  atkalinizing.    [<  alkaline  +  -ize.'] 

To  render  alkaline.    N.  E.  B. 
alkalious  (al-ka'li-us),  a.    [i  alkali  + -oiis.'] 

Having  the  properties  of  an  alkali.  Formerly 

spelled  oZm?io««.  [Rare.] 
alkalisable,  alkalisate,  etc.  See  alkalizable, 

etc. 

alkali -stiff  (al'ka-li-stif ),  n.  A  stiffening 
matter  much  used  in  the  manufacture  of  infe- 
rior hats.  It  is  made  of  9  pounds  of  shellac,  dissolved 
with  18  ounces  of  sal  soda  in  3  gallons  of  water.  J.  Thom- 
son, Hats  and  Felting. 

alkalizable  (al'ka-li-za-bl),  a.  [<  alkalize  + 
-able.l  Capable  of  being  alkalized.  Sometimes 
spelled  alcalizable,  alkalisable. 

alkalizate  (al'ka-li-zat),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  al- 
kalizated,  ppr.  alkalizating.  [<  alkalize  +  -ate^.'} 
To  make  alkaline.  See  alkalize.  Also  spelled 
alcalizate,  alkalisate. 

alkalization  (al"ka-li-za'shon),  n.  [<  alkali- 
zate.'] The  act  or  process  of  rendering  alkaline 
by  impregnating  with  an  alkali.  Also  spelled 
alcalization,  alkalisation. 

alkalize  (al'ka-liz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  alka- 
lized, ppr.  alkalizing.  [<  alkali  +  -ize.]  To 
change  into  an  alkali ;  communicate  the  prop- 
erties of  an  alkali  to;  alkalify.  Also  spelled 
alkalisc. 

alkaloid  (al'ka-loid),  n.  and  a.  [<  alkali  + 
-oid.1  I.  n.  A  body  resembling  an  alkali  in 
properties ;  one  of  a  class  of  nitrogenous  com- 
pounds which  occur  in  plants  in  combination 
with  organic  acids,  and  are  sometimes  called 
the  organic  bases  of  plants,  as  morphine,  nico- 
tine, quinine,  etc.  They  are  intensely  bitter,  turn 
reddened  litmus  blue,  are  slightly  soluble  in  water  but 
readily  soluble  in  alcohol,  and  have  active  medicinal  or 
poisonous  properties.  Compounds  having  the  general  re- 
actions and  properties  of  alkaloids  (ptomains)  are  found 
in  decaying  animal  matters,  being  products  of  the  decora- 
position  of  the  tissues. 

II.  a.  Relating  to  or  containing  alkali. 


143 

alkaloidal  (al-ka-loi'dal),  a.  [< alkaloid  +  -aLI 
Pertaining  to  the  alkaloids ;  having  the  nature 
of  an  alkaloid. 

alkanet  (al'ka-net),  n.  [<  ME.  alkanct,  <  Sp.  al- 
caneta  (early  mod.  E.  also  orcanet,  orkanet,  or- 
chanet,  <  OF.  orcanette,  orchanette,  mod.  F.  or- 
canete,  <  Sp.  orcaneta,  var.  of  alcaneta),  dim.  of 
alcana,  alcana,  henna:  see  alcanna  andlicnna.'] 

1.  The  root  of  a  boraginaceous  herb,  Alkanna 
(Anchiisa)  tinctoria,  yielding  a  red  dye,  for  which 
the  plant  is  cultivated  in  central  and  southern 
Europe,  it  is  used  in  dyeing,  staining  wood,  coloring 
adulterated  wines,  and  in  pharmacy  to  give  a  red  color  to 
salves,  etc.  It  produces  brilliant  violet  and  gray  colors 
with  alum  and  iron  mordants  on  linen,  cotton,  and  silk, 
but  not  on  wool. 

2.  The  plant  which  yields  the  dye,  Alkanna 
tinctoria.  Also  called  orcanet  and  Spanish  bu- 
gloss. — 3.  A  name  of  similar  plants  of  other 

genera.  The  common  alkanet  of  England  is  Anchusa 
officinalis;  the  evergreen  alkanet,  A.  semjjervireiu ;  the 
bastard  alkanet,  Lithospermum  arvense,  and  in  America 
L.  canenoens. 

Alkanna  (al-kan' a),  w.  \^ee  alkanet. 1  A  bo- 
raginaceous genus  of  perennial  herbs,  of  about 
40  species,  natives  of  the  MediteiTanean  region. 

It  is  distinguished  from  Anchusa  (in  which  genus  it  was 
formerly  included)  mainly  by  the  absence  of  appendages 
from  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  The  principal  species  is 
A.  tinctoria.    See  alkanet. 

alkarsin,  alkarsine  (al-kar'sin),  n.   [<  alc{o- 

Jiol)  +  ars{enic)  +  -i^i^:  so  called  because  it  was 
at  first  considered  to  be  an  alcohol  in  which  oxy- 
gen was  replaced  by  arsenic]  A  heavy,  brown, 
fuming,  and  extremely  poisonous  liquid  con- 
taining eaeodyl  and  its  oxidation  products: 
formerly  known  as  Cadet's  fuming  liquid,  it  is 
characterized  by  an  insufferable  smell  and  by  spontaneous 
ignition  on  exposure  to  the  air.  It  has  been  proposed  to 
use  it  in  warfare  to  charge  shells,  whose  explosion  would 
set  a  ship  on  fire  and  destroy  the  crew  by  the  poisonous 
vapor.    Also  spelled  alcarsin. 

alkekengi  (al-ke-ken'ji),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  alkagengi,  etc.,  <  ME.  alkekengi/ ;  =  F.  al- 
kekenge  =  It.  alcachengi  =  Si>.  alquequeiije  =  'Pg. 
alquequenge,  <  ML.  alkekengi,  <  Ar.  al-kdkanj,  al- 
kdkenj,  <.al,  the,  +  Pers.  kdkanj,  a  kind  of  resin 
from  a  tree  growing  in  the  mountains  of  Herat 
in  Afghanistan.]  The  vrinter-cherry,  a  solana- 
ceous  plant,  Physalis  Alkekengi.  The  scarlet  fruit, 
inclosed  in  a  large  red  calyx,  makes  the  plant  very  orna- 
mental at  the  beginning  of  winter;  it  is  also  edible,  and 
has  a  slightly  acid  taste. 

alkenna  (al-ken'a),  n.  [See  alcanna  and  henna.'] 
Same  as  henna. 

alkermes  (al-ker'mez),  n.  [<  F.  alkermes,  now 
alkermi'S,  <.  Ar.  al-qirmiz :  see  kermes.]  1.  The 
name  of  a  once  celebrated  compound  cordial, 
to  which  a  fine  red  color  was  given  by  kermes. 

Its  ingredients  are  said  to  have  been  cider,  rose-water, 
sugar,  and  various  fragrant  flavoring  substances. 
2.  Same  as  kermes. 
alk-gum  (alk'gum),  n.    Same  as  alk^ — Alk-giun 

tree,  the  terebinth  of  southern  Europe  and  Asia  Minor, 
Pistacia  Terebinthus. 

alkoholt,  alkoholict,  etc.  Obsolete  forms  of 
alcohol,  etc. 

alkool,  [Repr.  Ar.  aZ-fco/i'Z ;  see  alcohol.']  A 
preparation  of  antimony  used  by  the  women 
of  Eastern  nations  to  darken  the  eyelids  and 
eyelashes.  Brande. 

Alkoran  (al'ko-ran  or  al-ko-ran'),  n.  Same  as 
Kcrran. 

Alkoranic,  Alkoranish,  etc.  See  Alcoranic, 
etc. 

alkoxid,  alkoxide  (al-kok'sid,  -sid  or  -sid),  w. 
[<  alc{ohol)  +  oxid.']  A  compound  in  which 
alcohol  unites  with  a  metallic  base.    The  base 

replaces  hydrogen  in  the  alcohol  hydroxyl :  as  CHjONa, 
sodium  alkoxid,  formed  by  treating  sodium  with  methyl 
alcohol. 

alkyl  (al'kil),  n.  [<  alk(ali)  +  -yl.']  A  generic 
name  applied  to  any  alcohol  radical,  such  as 
methyl  (CHg),  ethyl  (C2H5),  propyl  (C3H7),  etc. 

alkylogen  (al-kil'o-jen),  n.  A  halogen  salt  of 
the  alkyl  radicals. 

all  (al),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  all,  al,  pi.  alle,  <  AS.  all, 
al,  with  breaking  eall,  eal,  pi.  ealle,  =  ONorth.  al, 
alle,=OS.  al,  alle  or  alia,  =  OFries.  al,  alle,  —  D. 
al,  alle,  =OHG.  MHG.  al,  alle,  G.  all,  alle,  =  Icel. 
alb;  allir,  =  Sw.  all,  alia,  =  Dan.  all,  alle,  — 
Goth,  alls,  allai,  all;  as  a  prefix,  ME.  all-,  al-, 
AS.  call-,  eal-,  al-  =  OS.  al-,  etc.,  usually  with 
single  /,  merging  with  a  simpler  Teut.  form  al-, 
found  only  in  eomp.  and  deriv.  (AS.  al-,  (el-  z= 
OS.  OHG.  al-,  ala-,  alo-  =  Goth,  ala-,  as  in  AS. 
almihtig,  wlmihtig  =  OS.  almahtig,  alamahtig, 
alomahtig  =  OHG.  almahtig,  alamahtig,  al- 
mighty; OHG.  alaniuitn,  all  new;  Goth,  (da- 
mans, all  men  (see  Alemannic);  OS.  alung  = 
OFries.  along  =  OHG.  alanc,  entire,  complete, 
etc.),  perhaps  <  v'  ^^^^  (pret.  61), 


all 

nourish,  grow,  produce,  =  Icel.  ala  (>  E.  dial. 
alie^,  q.  v.),  nourish,  =  Goth,  alan,  grow,  be 
nourished,  =  L.  (derc,  nourish  (see  aliment),  of 
which  (dl,  Goth,  alls,  stem  "alia-,  an  assimila- 
tion of  *alna-,  would  be  an  ancient  pp.  adj.  form 
in  -n  (cf.  a  like  assimilation  iafuW^),  to  be  com- 
pared with  AS.  (dd,  eald,  E.  rjld,  OHG.  alt=Goth. 
*alths,  altheis,  old,  =  L.  altus.  deep,  high,  an  an- 
cient pp.  adj.  form  in  -t  {-d^,  -C(P) :  see  old  and 
alt.  Cf.  Ir.  tde,  uile  =  Gael.  «i7e  =  W.  oil,  whole, 
all,  every.  The  several  uses  of  all,  as  adj., 
pron.,  noun,  and  adv.,  overlap,  and  cannot 
be  entirely  separated.  See  alder^,  oi-ig.  gen. 
pi.  of  all.]  I.  a.  1.  The  whole  quantity  of, 
with  reference  to  substance,  extent,  duration, 
amount,  or  degree :  with  a  noun  in  the  singular, 
chiefly  such  nouns  (proper  names,  names  of 
substances,  abstract  nouns  —  any  whole  or  any 
part  regarded  in  itself  as  a  whole)  as  from  their 
meaning  or  particular  use  do  not  in  such  use 
admit  of  a  plm-al:  as,  all  Europe;  all  Homer; 
all  flesh ;  all  control ;  all  history. 

Gratiano  speaks  an  infinite  deal  of  nothing,  more  than 
any  man  in  all  Venice.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  1. 

All  hell  shall  stir  for  this.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  1. 

Xo  one  will  contend  that  all  legislative  power  belongs 
to  Congress,  all  executive  power  to  the  President,  or  all 
judicial  power  to  the  courts  of  the  United  States, 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Senate,  Jlay  17,  1834. 

2.  The  whole  number  of,  with  reference  to 
individuals  or  particulars,  taken  collectively : 
with  a  noun  in  the  plural :  as,  (dl  men ;  all  na- 
tions ;  all  metals;  (dl  hopes;  all  sciences;  all 

days.  [All  in  logic  is  the  sign  of  a  distributed  term  in 
an  affirmative  proposition :  as,  all  men  are  mortal.  This 
use  of  all,  in  place  of  every,  is  a  result  of  Boethius's  use  of 
ornnis  as  a  translation  of  the  tto?  of  Aristotle.] 

All  sins  are  in  all  men,  but  do  not  appear  in  each  man. 
He  that  hath  one  sin,  hath  all. 

Bushnell,  Nat.  and  the  Supernal.,  p.  388. 

3.  Every:  chiefly  with  kind,  sort,  manner,  and 
f oiTQerly  with  thing. 

Blessed  are  ye,  when  men  shall  revile  you  and  .  .  .  shall 
say  all  manner  of  evil  against  you,  falsely.       Mat.  v.  11. 

4.  Any;  any  whatever :  after  a  preposition  or 
verb  implying  negation  or  exclusion :  as,  be- 
yond (dl  controversy ;  out  of  all  question ;  he 
was  free  from  (dl  thought  of  danger. 

Yes,  without  all  doubt.  Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iv.  1. 

5t.  Only;  alone.  [Rare.] 

He  was  my  son  ; 
But  I  do  wash  his  name  out  of  my  blood. 
And  thou  art  all  my  child. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  iii.  2. 
When  joined  to  nouns  accompanieil  by  a  definitive  (the 
definite  article,  a  possessive  or  demonstrative  pronoun, 
etc.),  all  precedes  the  latter  whether  with  a  singular  or 
plural  nomi,  or  else  follows  the  noun  if  it  is  plural ;  as,  all 
my  labor ;  all  his  goods  ;  all  this  time  ;  all  these  tilings ; 
all  the  men  agreed  to  this,  or,  the  men  all  agreed  to  this. 
In  the  phrases  all  day,  all  night,  all  summer,  all  winter, 
all  the  year,  all  the  time,  etc.,  the  noun  is  an  adverbial 
accusative.  In  the  first  four  the  article  is  usually  omitted. 

All  the  world's  a  stage. 
And  all  the  men  and  women  merely  players. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  11.  7. 
Sii',  I  will  drink  success  to  my  friend,  with  all  my  heart. 

Sheridan,  Duenna,  li.  3. 
The  clergyman  walks  from  house  to  house  all  day  alt 
the  year  to  give  people  the  comfort  of  good  talk. 

Emerson,  Clubs. 

When  joined  to  a  personal  or  relative  pronoun  in  the 
plural,  all  may  precede,  but  now  usually  follows,  the  pro- 
noun. 

All  we  like  sheep  have  gone  astray.  Isa.  liii.  6. 

And  we  all  do  fade  as  a  leaf.  Isa.  Lxiv.  6. 

Be  ye  all  of  one  mind.  1  Pet.  iii.  8. 

That  they  all  may  be  one.  John  xvii.  21. 

The  alternative  construction  is  all  of  tis,  all  of  them,  etc 
(see  II.,  2);  or  the  two  constructions  may  stand  together. 

We  all  of  us  complain  of  the  shortness  of  time. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  93. 
The  adjective  all,  with  a  singular  or  plural  nomi,  is  often 
separated  from  its  subject,  especially  by  the  verb  be  (ex- 
pressed, or  in  the  present  participle  often  omitted),  and, 
being  thus  apparently  a  part  of  the  predicate,  assumes  a 
transitional  position,  and  may  equally  well  be  regarded  as 
an  adverb,  meaning  altogether,  wholly :  as,  the  house  was 
all  dark  ;  he  was  all  ears  ;  the  poor  hoi-se  was  all  skin  and 
bones ;  the  papers  were  all  in  confusion ;  it  was  all  a  mis- 
take ;  it  is  all  gone. 

He  is  all  for  fasting.        Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  245. 
She  follow'd  my  poor  father's  body, 
Like  Niobe,  all  tears.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 

He  has  alsorebuUt  y  parsonage  house,  all  of  stone,  very 
neate  and  ample.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Sept.  9,  1677. 

AU  Fools'  day.  See  fooU.—All  hands,  the  whole  com- 
pany ;  naitt.,  the  whole  crew.— All  my  eye.  See  eyei.— 
All  Saints'  day.  See  saint.— AO.  Souls'  day.  See  soul. 
—  For  all  the  world.  See  world. 

II.  a.  as  pron.  [Absolute  use  of  the  adj.] 
1 .  The  whole  quantity  or  amount ;  the  whole ; 
the  aggregate ;  the  total :  in  a  singular  sense. 

And  Laban  .  .  .  said,  .  .  .  All  that  thou  seest  is  mine. 

Gen.  x.x.xi.  43. 


all 

Dotli  all  that  haunts  the  waste  and  wild 
Mourn,  knowing  it  will  go  along  with  me  ? 

Tennyson,  Passing  of  Arthur. 

2.  The  whole  number ;  every  individual  or  par- 
ticular, taken  collectively ;  especially,  all  men 
or  all  people :  in  a  pliu-al  sense. 

Tliat  whelpes  are  blinile  nine  dayes,  and  then  begin  to 
see,  is  the  common  opinion  of  all ;  and  some  will  be  apt 
to  descend  to  oathes  upon  it.     Sir  T.  Browne,  \'ulg.  Err. 

And,  poured  round  all. 
Old  Ocean's  gray  and  melancholy  waste. 

Bryant,  Tlianatopsis. 
All,  in  either  of  the  preceding  uses,  is  often  followed  by 
a  limiting  phrase  with  of. 

'Tis  not  the  whole  of  life  to  live, 

Xor  all  of  death  to  die.^       Montyontcry,  Hymn. 

For  all  of  wonderful  and  wild 

Had  raptiu'e  for  the  lonely  child. 

Seott,  L.  of  the  L.  M.,  vi.  21. 
Then  I  and  you  and  all  of  us  fell  down. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iii.  -3. 

3.  Everything :  as,  is  that  all  ?  that  is  all. 

^\■hat  though  the  field  be  lost? 
All  is  not  lost.  Milton,  V.  L.,  i.  105. 

Above  all.  See  aftoye.— After  all,  after  everything  has 
been  cuiisidered  ;  in  spite  of  everything  to  the  contrary 
nevertlicless.  ^       =  J  . 

I'pun  my  soul,  the  women  are  the  best  judges  after  all. 

Sheridan,  Tlie  t'ri'tic,  i.  1. 
All  and  singular,  collectively  and  individually  ;  one  and 
all;  all  without  e.xception  :  a  common  legal  phrase.— AH 
and  some.  [<JIE.  alle  and  some,  prop,  pi.,  equiv.  to  L. 
unioersi  et  sinyuli,  hMt^also  used  in  sing,  form  al  ami  sum 
as  adv.,  altogether:  see  some.]   (a)  AH  and  sundry;  one 
and  all.    [Obsolete  or  archaic] 

We  are  betrayd  and  ynome  [taken], 
Horse  and  harness,  lords,  all  and  some. 

Rich.  C.  de  L.,  1.  2283. 
Stop  your  noses,  readers,  all  and  some. 
....  ....     ^,         .  Abs.  and  Achit.,  ii. 

(6t)  Altogether;  wholly. 

The  tale  ys  wrytyn  al  and  sum 
In  a  boke  of  Vitas  Patrum. 

Bob.  of  Brunne,  Handlyng  .Synne,  1.  169. 
AH  but,  everything  but;  everything  short  of;  almost; 
very  nearly  :  as,  she  is  all  but  nine  years  of  age. 

Hold  her  a  wealthy  bride  within  thine  arms. 
Or  all  but  hold,  and  then  — cast  her  aside. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 
All  in  all  (as  noun,  all-in-all),  all  things  in  all  respects ; 
all  or  everything  together ;  adverbially,  altogether. 
That  God  may  be  all  in  all.  1  Cor.  xv.  28. 

In  London  she  buyes  her  head,  her  face,  her  fashion.  0 
London,  thou  art  her  Paradise,  her  heaven,  her  all-in-all. 

Tuke,  On  Painting  (IBlti),  p.  CO.  (Halliwell.) 
Take  him  for  all  in  all, 
I  shall  not  look  upon  his  like  again. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 
Acres.  Dress  does  make  a  difference,  David. 
Dav.  'Tis  all  in  all,  I  think. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  4. 
Her  good  Philip  was  her  all-in-all. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 
And  all,  and  everything ;  and  everything  else :  used  in 
summing  up  after  an  enumeration  of  particulars. 

The  first  blast  of  wind  laid  it  [the  tree]  flat  upon  the 
ground,  nest,  eagles,  and  all.  L'Estranye. 

Woo'd  and  married  an'  a'.  Burns. 
And  aU  that,  and  all  the  rest  of  it :  used  like  the  pre- 
ceding, but  generally  in  a  slighting  or  contemptuous  way  : 
as,  he  believes  in  slate- writing,  materialization,  and  all 
that. 

Snuff,  or  the  fan,  supply  each  pause  of  chat. 
With  singing,  laughing,  ogling,  aiid  all  that. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  iii.  17. 

At  all.   [<  ME.  at  alle.]  (at)  In  every  way;  altogether; 

■wholly. 

She  is  a  shrewe  at  al.  Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Merchant's  Tale. 

(b)  In  any  degree ;  in  any  degree  whatever ;  in  the  least 
degree  ;  for  any  reason  ;  on  any  consideration :  as,  I  was 
surprised  at  his  coming  at  all. 

Thirdly,  the  starres  have  not  onely  varied  their  longi- 
tudes, whereby  their  ascents  are  altered  ;  but  have  also 
changed  their  declinations,  whereby  their  rising  at  all 
that  is,  tlieir  appearing,  hath  varied.  ' 

Sir  T.  Broume,  Vulg.  Err. 

(c)  In  any  way ;  to  any  extent ;  of  any  kind  or  character : 
in  negative,  interrogative,  or  conditional  clauses  (compare 
I.,  4):  as,  he  was  not  at  all  disturbed  ;  did  you  hear  any- 
thing at  all?  if  you  hear  anything  at  all,  let  me  know ;  no 
offense  at  all. 

An  if  this  be  at  all.  Shak.,  Tempest,  v.  1. 

Before  all,  before  eveiytliing ;  before  everything  else ;  be- 
yond all.—  Beyond  aU,  beyond  everything ;  beyond  every- 
thmg  else  ;  aljove  all.— For  aU.  (a)  For  all  purposes,  oc- 
casions, or  times:  especially  in  the  phrases  once  for  all  and 
for  good  and  all.    [Colloq.]  » 

Learn  now,  for  all, 
...  I  care  not  for  you.  Shak.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  3. 
<6)  Notwithstanding ;  in  spite  of  (the  thing  or  fact  men- 
tioned): followed  by  an  object  noun  or  pronoun  or  an  ob- 
ject clause  with  that,  which  is  often  omitted  :  as,  for  all 
that,  the  fact  remains  the  same ;  you  may  do  so  for  all 
{that)  I  care,  or  .for  all  me.    See  for. 

Go,  sirrah ;  for  all  you  are  my  man,  go  wait  upon  my 
cousin  Shallow.  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  l. 

As  Noah's  pigeon,  which  return'd  no  more. 
Did  show,  she  footing  found,  for  all  the  flood. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  xxxii. 
A  man's  a  man  for  a'  that.       Burns,  For  A'  That. 


144 

In  all.  {a)  In  the  whole  number  ;  all  included  :  as,  there 
were  m  all  at  least  a  hundred  persons  present. 

In  this  tyme  had  Steuen  regned  auht  jere  in  alle 
Rob.  of  Brunne,  Langtoffs  Chron.  (ed.  Hearne),  p.  122. 
(6)  In  whole :  as,  in  part  or  in  aH.  —  Over  allt,  everywhere 
Chaucer.  |Xovv  only  in  its  literal  meaning.]  — Two  (or 
twos)  all,  tliree  all,  etc.,  in  certain  games,  means  that 
all  (or  nitrt-ly  li.,tli)  tlie  players  or  sides  have  two  three 
etc.,  points. -When  aU  comes  to  all,  when  everything 
IS  explained  ;  at  bottom.— With  allt.    See  ivithal. 

III.  n.  [Preceded  by  an  article  or  a  pronoun, 
rarely  with  an  intervening  adjective.]  1.  A 
whole;  an  entirety;  a  totalitv  of  things  or  qual- 
ities.  The  All  is  used  for  the  universe. 

And  will  she  yet  abase  her  eyes  on  me,  .  .  . 

On  me,  whose  all  not  equals  Edward's  moiety'' 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  2. 
2.  One's  whole  interest,  concern,  or  property: 
usually  with  a  possessive  pronoun  :  as,  she  has 
given  her  all.  [Formerly  and  still  dialectieally 
with  pi. 

Though  a  very  industrious  tradesman,  I  was  twice  burnt 
out,  and  lost  my  little  all  both  times. 

Sheridan,  The  Critic,  i.  2. 

Old  Boreas  —  we  are  glad  of  that— was  required  to  pack 
up  "his  alls  "  and  be  off.  De  Quincey,  Herodotus,  ii. 

[For  all  in  composition,  see  the  adverb,  at  end.] 
all  (al),  adv.    [<  ME.  al,  rarely  alle,  <  AS.  call, 
cal  (=0S.  al,  etc.),  prop.  neut.  acc.  (cf.  AS. 
eallcs  =  OS.  allcs =(J,oth..  allis,  adv.,  prop.  gen. 
neut.)  of  eall,  cal,  all :  see  all,  a.   The  adverbial 
uses  of  all  overlap  the  adjectival  uses:  see  es- 
pecially under  all,  a.,  I.,  at  end.]    1.  Wholly; 
entirely;  completely;  altogether;  quite.  In 
this  use  common  with  adverbs  of  degree,  espe- 
cially too :  as,  he  arrived  all  too  late. 
And  tell  us  what  occasion  of  import 
Hath  all  so  long  detain'd  you  from  your  wife. 

6Vi.«S-.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  2. 
He  held  them  sixpence  all  too  dear. 

Shak.,  quoted  in  Othello,  ii.  3. 
Alone,  alone,  all,  all  alone. 
Alone  on  a  wide,  wide  sea. 

Coleridge,  Ancient  Mariner. 
0,  yet  methought  I  saw  the  Holy  Grail, 
All  pall'd  in  crimson  samite. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 
[From  the  frequent  Middle  English  use  of  all  in  this  sense 
before  verbs  with  the  prefix  to-  (see  to-2,  to-breah,  to-cut 
to-tear,  etc.),  that  prefix,  when  no  longer  felt  as  such,  came 
to  he  attached  to  the  adverb,  all  to  or  alto  being  regarded 
as  an  adverbial  phrase  or  word,  and  sometimes  improperly 
used,  in  later  English,  with  verbs  having  originally  no 
claim  to  the  prefix. 

The  sowdan  and  the  cristen  euerichone, 
Ben  al  to-hewe  and  stiked  at  the  hord. 

Chaucer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  332. 

And  a  certain  woman  cast  a  piece  of  a  millstone  upon 
Abimelecli's  head,  and  all  to-brake  [printed  all  to  brake] 
his  scull.  Judges  ix.  r.3. 

They  .  .  .  were  alle  to-cutte  with  the  stones. 

Caxton,  Golden  Legend,  p.  236. 
She  plumes  her  feathers,  and  lets  grow  her  wings. 
That  in  the  various  bustle  of  resort, 
Were  all  to-rujlied  (sometimes  printed  alloruffled],  and 
sometimes  impair  d.  Milton,  Com'us,  1.  380.] 

2.  Even;  just:  at  first  emphatic  or  intensive. 

(a)  With  prepositional  phrases  of  place  or  time,  in  later 
use,  particularly  in  l)allad  poetry,  little  more  than  merely 
expletive  or  pleonastic :  as,  all  in  the  month  of  May ;  all 
in  the  morning  tide. 

When  all  aloud  the  wind  doth  blow. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2  (song). 


allace 

His  sacriflce  he  dede  .  .  .  with  alle  circumstances 
Al  telle  I  nat  as  now  his  observances. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1406. 
But  living  art  may  not  least  part  expresse. 
All  were  it  Zeuxis  or  Praxiteles, 
His  dajdale  hand  would  faile  and  greatly  fayiit. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  iii.,'rr.il  | 
(c)  With  conjunction  as:  All  as.  (1)  Just  when ;  when  ;  as. 
All  as  his  straying  flocke  he  fedde. 

Speiiser,  Shep.  Cal.,  Prol. 
He  their  courtesy  to  retiuite, 
Gave  them  a  chain  of  twelve  marks  weight 

rt6- he  lighted  down.         Scott ,  iUmnion  i  11 

(2)  As  if. 

The  kene  cold  blowes  through  my  beaten  liyde 

All  as  I  were  tlirougli  the  body  gryde. 
o,    „  ,  ,     .  Spenser,  Shep.  Cal,  Feb. 

of.  Only;  exclusively. 

I  shall  never  marry  like  my  sisters, 
To  love  my  fatlier  all.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  1. 

All  along,  (n)  Throughout;  continuously;  uninterrupt- 
edly; from  the  beginning  onward:  as,  I  knew  that  all 
along. 

Ishmael 
went. 


A  damsel  lay  deploring, 
All  on  a  rock  reclined. 


Gay. 


One  night  my  pathway  swerving  east,  I  saw 
The  pelican  on  the  casque  of  our  Sir  Bors 
All  in  the  middle  of  the  rising  moon. 

Tennyson.  Holy  Grail. 
(6)  With  conjunctions  if  and  though,  in  conditional  and 
concessive  clauses  :  //  all,  though  all,  or  reversely,  all  if 
all  though,  even  if,  even  tliough.  These  forms  are  obso- 
lete, except  the  last,  which  is  now  written  as  one  word 
although  (which  see). 

I  am  nought  wode,  alle  if  I  lewed  be. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  398. 
Sif  alle  it  be  so  that  men  seyn,  that  this  crowne  is  of 
thornes.  Mandeville  (ed.  Halliwell),  p.  13. 

Thof  alle  that  he  werred  in  wo  &  in  strife,  ' 
The  foure  &  tuenty  houres  he  spended  in  holy  life. 
Rob.  of  Brunne,  Langtoffs  Chron.  (ed.  Hearne),  p.  23. 
Alle  thoughe  it  be  clept  a  see,  it  is  no  see. 

Mandeville  (ed.  Halliwell),  p.  266. 
[When  the  verb  in  such  clauses,  according  to  a  common 
subjunctive  construction,  was  placed  before  the  sul)ject 
the  conjunction?/ or  Wiouf/A  might  be  omitted,  leaving  all 
as  an  apparent  conjunction,  in  the  sense  of  even  if,  al- 
though ;  especially  in  the  formula  al  he,  as  al  be  it,  al  be 
It  that,  al  be  that  (now  albe,  albeit,  which  see). 
Al  be  her  herte  wel  nigh  to-broke 
No  word  of  pride  ne  grame  she  spoke. 

Lay  le  Freine,  1.  347,  in  Weber's  Metr.  Rom.,  I. 
Al  were  it  that  my  auncetres  were  rude 
Yit  may  the  highe  God  .  .  . 
Graunte  me  grace  to  lyve  vertuously. 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  316. 


went  forth,  .  .  .  weeping  all  along  as  he 
Jer.  xli.  6. 

<b)  From  end  to  end ;  in  bookbinding,  (sewed)  in  such  a 
manner  that  the  thread  passes  from  end  to  end  of  each 
section,    (c)  At  full  length. 

I  found  a  woman  of  a  matchless  form 
Stretcli'd  all  along  upon  the  marble  floor. 

Tuhe,  Five  Hours,  ii. 
And  there  in  gloom  cast  himself  all  along. 

Tennyson,  Balin  and  Balan. 
All  alongof.  Seentof/S.—Allintlie  wind  {naut.\ too 
close  to  the  wmd  :  said  of  a  vessel  so  brought  up  into  the 
wind  that  the  sails  shake.— All  of  a  sudden,  suddenly; 
quite  unexpectedly. 

Matters  have  taken  so  clever  a  turn  all  of  a  sudden,  that 
I  could  find  it  in  my  heart  to  be  so  good-humoured  ! 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  2. 
All  one,  the  same  thing  in  effect ;  quite  the  same. 

Yet  I  have  the  wit  to  think  my  master  is  a  kind  of  a 
knave  :  but  that's  all  one,  if  he  be  but  one  knave 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  iii.  1. 
All  outt  [ME.  al  oute,  alout],  entirely ;  completely ;  quite. 

Then  come  these  wikkyde  Jewes  .  .  .  and  brake  theyre 
thees,  and  slewe  them  alle  owte. 

MS.  Lincoln  (A),  i.  17,  folio  184.  {Halliwell.) 
Whanne  he  hadde  don  his  wille  al  oute. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  2101. 
Used  especially  with  drink  (see  carouse). 
I  qiiaught,  I  drinke  all  out.  Palsgrave. 
Alius  [¥.],  all  out;  or  a  carouse  fully  drunk  up.  Colgrave. 
All  over,  (a)  In  every  part ;  everywhere  ;  over  the  whole 
body.  Chaucer,  (^i)  Thoroughly ;  entirely  :  as,  "  Dombey 
and  Son  "  is  Dickens  all  over.  [Colloq.  ]  (c)  Indisposed  ;  gen- 
erally ill ;  having  an  all-overish  feeling.  [Colloc].]  (d)  AW 
past;  entirely  ceased  :  as,  thatisaHojx;?-.- All  over  With 
done  with;  finished:  as,  it  is  all  over  with  their  Mendahip] 
colloquially,  the  trouble  is  all  over  with. 

Ay,  a  final  sentence,  indeed  !  —  'tis  all  over  with  you, 
f'lith  !  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  3. 

All  right,  an  idiomatic  colloiiuial  phrase,  either  adjectival 
or  adverbial,  expressive  of  satisfaction  with,  approval  of, 
or  assent  to  anything,  and  equivalent  to  quite  correct  or 
correctly,  satisfactory  or  satisfactorily,  in  a  satisfactory 
condition  or  manner,  etc.:  as,  your  conduct  or  your  dress 
is  all  right ;  he  has  done  it  all  right;  "Are  you  ready?  All 
right;  go  ahead."— AH  the  [the,  adv. :  see  the'i],  to  all  that 
extent;  so  much  :  as,  all  the  better ;  all  the  fitter  ;  all  the 
sooner.  See  </i<;3.— All  there,  up  to  the  mark;  wide 
awake;  in  strict  fashion;  first-rate.  [Slang.]— All  up 
With,  at  an  end ;  all  over  with :  as,  when  the  pistol  was 
raised  he  knew  that  it  was  all  up  with  him.  [Colloq.) 

[All,  in  composition,  sometimes  forms  a  true  compound, 
as  in  almighty,  already,  always,  algates,  but  usually  stands, 
with  or  sometimes  without  a  hyphen,  in  loose  combination, 
retaining  a  syntactic  relation,  eitlier  (1)  as  adjective,  as  in 
All-hallow.',;  All-saints,  allspice;  (2)  as  noun,  either  (a)  in 
genitive  plural,  as  in  all-father,  or  (b)in  accusative  as  direct 
object,  as  in  all-giver,  all-seer,  all-heal,  particularly  with 
present  participles  having  all  as  object  (though  originally 
in  many  cases  all  was  adverbial),  as  in  all-healing,  all- 
seeing,  all-pervading,  etc.;  or  (3)  as  adverl),  either  (a)  with 
a  noun  (in  the  transitional  construction  mentioned  under 
all,  a.,  I.,  at  end),  as  in  all-bone,  all-mouth,  all-rail,  all- 
wool,  or  {b)  with  almost  any  adjective  that  admits  of  rhe- 
torical sweep,  as  in  all-perfect,  all-poiverful,  all-U'ise,  all- 
glorious,  all-important.  ] 

alia  (al'la).    [It.,  dat.  of  fern.  def.  art.  la;  =  F. 

a  la,  <  L.  ad  illam,  lit.  to  that :  used  for  alia  ma- 
nicra  (di),  in  the  manner  (of) :  see  d  la.']  In  mu- 
sic, after  the  (manner  of) ;  in  the  (style  of) :  as, 
allafrancese,  in  the  French  style  or  manner, 
alia  breve  (al'la  bra've).     [It. :  see  alia  and 
breve.']    In  music,  an  expression  understood  to 
denote  —  (a)  a  species  of  time  in  which  every 
bar  contains  a  breve,  or  four  minims;  or  (h)  a 
rhythm  of  two  or  four  beats  to  a  bar,  but  taken 
at  a  rate  of  movement  twice  as  fast,  as  if  the 
piece  were  simply  marked  with  the  sign  of  com- 
mon time.    The  sign  for  alia  breve  time  is  ^. 
allab'Uta  (al-a-bti'ta),  w.     [Origin  not  ascer- 
tained.]   The  hard,  black  seed  of  the  Chenopo- 
diiim  album,  used  in  stamping  shagreen  (which 
see).    Also  spelled  alabuta. 
alia  cappella.    See  a  capjiella. 
allacet,  interj.   An  old  spelling  of  alas. 


allagite 

allagite  (al'a-jit),  n.  [<  Gr.  aXlayr/,  change 
K  aXMaaeiv,  cliange,  lit.  make  other  than  it  is, 
<  d/lAof,  other:  see  alio-,  and  of.  enallage),  + 
-ite^.']  A  massive  mineral,  of  a  brown  or  green 
color,  a  carbonated  silicate  of  manganese,  found 
in  the  Harz  mountains,  near  Elbingerode,  Ger- 
many. It  is  an  altered  rhodonite, 
allagostemonous  (al"a-g6-ste'mo-nus),  a.  [< 
Gr.  aXkayi],  change  (see  above),  +  aTt/fiuv,  a 
thread,  taken  in  sense  of  arrjixa,  a  stamen.]  In 
lot.,  with  stamens  inserted  alternately  on  the 
torus  and  on  the  petals.  A.  Gray. 
Allah  (al'a),  n.  [F.  D.  G.  Dan.,  etc.,  Allah, 
Russ.  Allakhu,  etc.,  repr.  Ai-.  (>  Turk.  Pers. 
Hind.)  Allah,  contr.  of  al-ildh,  lit.  the  God,  <  al, 
the,  +  ildh,  God,  =  Aramaic  eldh  =  Heb.  eloah  : 
see  Eloliim.']  The  Arabic  name  of  the  Supreme 
Being,  which,  through  the  Koran,  has  found  its 
way  into  the  languages  of  all  nations  who  have 
embraced  the  Mohammedan  faith. 
AUamanda  (al-a-man'da),  n.  [Named  after 
Jean  N.  S.  Alldmand,  a  Swiss  scientist.]  A 
genus  of  woody  climbers,  natural  ovAev  Apocy- 
nacece,  natives  of  tropical  America.  The  flowers 
are  large  and  handsome,  and  several  species  are  cultivated 
in  greenhouses. 

all-amort  (al-a-morf),  a.    See  alamort. 

allamotti,  allamoth  (al-a-mot'i,  al'a-moth),  n. 
[E.  dial.;  also  alamonti,  allamonti ;  an  Orkney 
name.]  A  provincial  English  name  for  the  pe- 
trel, Procellaria  pelagica.  Montagu. 

allan^t,  ».    Same  as  alati. 

allan^t,  allent,  ■».  [Var.  of  aulin,  q.  v.]  A 
provincial  name  for  a  species  of  jaeger,  Sterco- 
rarius  parasiticus.  Montagu. 

allanite  (al'an-it),  n.  [Named  after  Thomas 
Allan,  of  Edinburgh,  the  discoverer.]  A  silicate 
of  cerium  and  allied  metals  with  aluminium, 
iron,  and  calcium.  It  is  isomorphous  with  epi- 
dote. 

allantoic  (al-an-to'ik),  a.  [<  allantois  +  -ic] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  allantois:  as,  allantoic 
fluid;  allantoic  ^.aid. ;  aWaretoic  placentation. 

allantoid  (a-lan'toid),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  allan- 
toide,  <  NL.  allantoides,  <  Gr.  aXkavToeL6r]g  (sc. 
iliTjv  or  xi-Ti^v:  see  hymen  and  chiton),  the  sau- 
sage-shaped (sc.  membrane),  <  aXkag  {a'Alavr-), 
a  sausage,  +  eMof,  form.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  allantois :  as,  the  allantoid  membrane. 
II.  n.  Same  as  allantois. 

allantoidal  (al-an-toi'dal),  a.  Same  as  allan- 
toid. 

AUantoidea  (al-an-toi'df-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  al- 
lantoides: see  allantoid.^  '  Those  vertebrates  in 
which  an  allantois  is  developed.  Considered  as  a 
group  in  zoology,  tlie  AUantoidea  consist  of  mammals, 
birds,  and  reptiles,  as  distinguislied  from  Anallantoidea, 
or  amphibians  and  fishes.  The  word  is  synonymous  with 
Amnionata,  as  distinguished  from  Anamnionata. 

allantoidian  (al-an-toi'di-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  al- 
lantoid +  -ian;  z=  F.  allantoid ien.'}  J.  a.  Hav- 
ing an  allantois,  as  the  embryo  or  fetus  of  one 
of  the  higher  vertebrates. 

II.  n.  An  animal  the  embryo  or  fetus  of 
which  has  an  allantois,  as  a  mammal,  bird,  or 
reptile. 

allantoin (a-lan'to-in),  n.  [< allantois  +  -in^.'i  A 
crystalline  substance  (C4H6N4O3)  found  in  the 
allantoic  fluid  of  the  cow ;  the  nitrogenous  con- 
stituent of  the  allantoic  fluid.  It  is  also  ob- 
tained from  other  sources.  Also  written  allan- 
toin. 

Allantoin  ...  is  one  of  the  products  of  the  oxidation 
of  uric  acid,  and  by  fm-ther  oxidation  gives  rise  to  urea. 

Foster,  Physiology,  pp.  879,  880. 

allantois  (a-lan'to-is),  n.  [NL.,  shorter  fonn 
(appar.  as  sing,  of  assumed  pi.)  of  allantoides: 
aee  allantoid.']  A  fetal  appendage  of  most  ver- 
tebrates, developing  as  a  sac  or  diverticulum 
from  the  posterior  portion  of  the  intestinal 
cavity.  It  is  one  of  the  organs  of  the  embryo  of  all  am- 
niotic vertebrates,  or  those  wliich  develop  an  amnion,  but 
is  wanting  or  is  at  most  rudimentary  in  amphibians  and 
fishes.  In  birds  and  reptiles  it  is  large  and  performs  a  re- 
spiratory function,  and  in  mammals  contributes  to  form 
the  umbilical  cord  and  placenta.  Its  exterior  primitively 
consists  of  mesoblast,  its  cavity  receiving  the  secretion  of 
the  primordial  kidneys  (Wolffian  bodies).  So  much  of  the 
sac  as  remains  pervious  within  the  body  of  the  embryo 
becomes  the  urinary  bladder,  or,  in  some  degree,  a  urinary 
passage.  The  umbilical  arteries  and  veins  course  along  tlie 
elongated  stalk  of  the  sac,  whicli  becomes  the  umbilical 
cord,  and  that  part  of  these  allantoic  vessels  witliin  the 
body  which  does  not  remain  pervious  becomes  the  urachus 
^"'1  roi'nd  ligament  of  the  liver.  The  expanded  extremity 
of  the  allantois,  in  most  mammals,  unites  with  the  chorion 
>,  ■  placenta.   In  tliose  vertebrates,  as  mammals,  in 

which  the  umlnlical  vesicle  lias  but  a  brief  period  of  activ- 
ity, the  allantois  chiefly  sustains  the  functions  whereby 
the  fetus  is  nourished  hy  the  blood  of  the  mother,  and  has 
Its  own  blood  arterialized.  In  parturition,  so  much  of  the 
allantois  as  is  outside  the  body  of  the  fetus  is  cast  ofl',  the 
separation  taking  place  at  the  navel.  See  cut  under  a  mnion. 
10 


145 

allantotpzicmn  (a-lan-to-tok'si-kum),  n.  [<  Gr. 

dA/lcif  {aXkavT-),  sausage,  +  to^ikov,  poison :  see 
toxic.']  Sausage-poison  ;  a  poison  found  in  pu- 
trid sausage  made  of  blood  and  liver. 

allanturic  (al-an-tti'rik),  a.  [<  allantoin  +  uric] 
Obtained  from  allantoin  and  uric  acid :  as,  al- 
lanturic acid. 

alia  prima  (al'la  pre'ma).  [It.,  lit.  according 
to  the  first :  alia,  q.  v. ;  prima,  f em.  of  prima, 
first:  see  prime.]  In  painting,  an  expression 
denoting  a  method  in  which  the  pigments  are 
laid  on  the  canvas  in  thick  heavy  masses,  instead 
of  in  washes,  glazes,  or  repeated  coats. 

Paolo  Veronese  painted  generally  allajirima  with  more 
body  tlaan  Titian  (whose  patience  he  appeared  to  want), 
so  that  tlie  finished  picture  was  little  more  than  the  ab- 
bozzo ;  that  is,  he  painted  up  at  once. 
iVrs.  Merrifield,  Anc.  Practice  of  Painting  (1849),  I.  cx.xxv. 

allassotonic  (a-las-6-ton'ik),  a.  [Ii-reg.  <  Gr. 
aXAdooeiv,  vary,  +  rovag,  tension.]  In  hot.,  a 
term  applied  by  De  Vries  to  the  movements 
induced  in  mature  vegetable  organs  by  stimu- 
lation, which  are  not  permanent,  in  distinc- 
tion from  the  permanent  or  auxotonic  efliects 
of  stimulation  upon  growing  organs.  See  auxo- 
tonic. 

allatratet  (al'a-trat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  allatratus,  pp. 
of  allatrare,  adlatrare,  bark  at,  revile,  <  ad,  to, 
+  latrare,  bark:  see  latrate.]  To  bark  out; 
utter  by  barking.    Also  spelled  alatrate. 

Let  Cerberus,  the  dog  of  hel,  alatrate  what  he  list  to 
the  contrary.    Stuhhes,  Anat.  of  Abuses  (ed.  1880),  p.  158. 

allaudf  (a-lad'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  allaudare,  adlaudarc, 
<  ad,  to,  +  laudare,  praise  (see  laud) ;  a  doublet 
of  allow^,  q.  v.]    To  praise. 

allayi  (a-la'),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  alay;  < 
ME.  alayen,  aleyen,  earlier  aleggen  (pret.  aleyde, 
pp.  aleyd,  alayd,  aleid),  <  AS.  dlecgan  (pret. 
dlegde,  dlede,  pp.  dlcgd,  died),  lay  down,  with- 
draw, suppress,  cause  to  cease  (=  OHG.  irlec- 
can,  MHG.  erleggen,  G.  erlegen  =  Goth,  uslag- 
jan,  lay  down),  <  a-,  E.  a-i,  4-  Iccgan,  E.  lay'^. 
The  word  should  therefore,  strictly,  be  spelled 
alay  (cf.  arise,  abide,  etc.);  the  spelling  all- 
simulates  a  L.  origin.  The  word  was  early 
confused  in  spelling  and  sense  with  several 
other  words  of  L.  origin,  namely,  allay'^,  allay^, 
allege^,  allege"^:  see  these  words.  The  senses 
mix  and  cannot  be  entirely  separated.]  I. 
trans.  If.  To  lay  down;  cause  to  lie;  lay:  as, 
to  aZ/ay  the  dust. —  2t.  To  lay  aside;  set  aside; 
suppress;  annul. 

Godes  lawes  that  were  aleyd. 

Rob.  of  Gloucester,  p.  144. 

3t.  To  put  down ;  humble ;  overthrow. 

Thy  pride  we  woU  alaye. 

Rum.  of  Arthur  and  Merlin,  1.  214. 

4.  To  put  down;  quiet;  assuage;  pacify,  ap- 
pease, calm,  as  a  commotion  of  the  elements, 
or,  figuratively,  civil  commotions,  mental  ex- 
citement, or  an  agitated  person. 

The  joyous  time  now  nighs  fast, 
That  shall  alegge  this  bitter  blast. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  March. 
If  by  your  art,  my  dearest  father,  you  have 
Put  the  wild  waters  in  this  roar,  allay  them. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2. 

There's  nothing  that  allays  an  angry  mind 
So  soon  as  a  sweet  beauty. 

Fletcher  {and  another),  Elder  Brother,  iii.  5. 
Instead  of  allaying  the  animosity  of  the  two  populations, 
he  inflamed  it  to  a  height  before  unknown. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 
Alas,  that  neither  moon  nor  snow  nor  dew 
Nor  all  cold  things  can  purge  me  wholly  through. 
Assuage  me,  nor  allay  me,  nor  appease. 
Till  supreme  sleep  shall  bring  me  bloodless  ease. 

Swinburne,  Anactoria. 

5.  To  abate,  mitigate,  or  subdue;  relieve  or 
alleviate :  as,  to  allay  misery  or  pain ;  to  allay 
the  bitterness  of  afiliction. 

The  griefs  of  private  men  are  soon  allayed. 

But  not  of  kings.  Marlowe,  Edward  II.,  v.  1. 

Yet  leave  me  not !  I  would  allay  that  gi-ief 
Which  else  might  thy  young  virtue  overpower. 

Beattie,  Minstrel,  ii.  32. 
=83^.  Alleviate,  Relieve,  Mitigate,  Assuage,  Allay  (see 
alleviate),  calm,  quiet,  soothe,  compose,  still,  lull,  tran- 
(juilize,  check,  repress,  soften,  ease,  moderate. 
Il.t  intrans.  To  abate  ;  subside  ;  grow  calm. 
For  raging  wind  blows  up  incessant  showers, 
And  when  the  rage  allays,  the  rain  begins. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  4. 
allayif  (a-la'),  n.   [<  allay^,  v.]   That  which  al- 
lays, lightens,  or  alleviates. 

You  are  of  a  high  and  choleric  complexion, 
And^ you  must  have  allays. 

Fletcher,  Double  Marriage,  v.  1. 
Friendship  is  the  allay  of  our  sorrow.         Jer.  Taylor. 


allegation 

allay^t  (a-la'),  r.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  alay; 
<  ME.  alayen,  <  AF.  alcyer,  alayer,  OF.  allayer 
(F.  aloycr),  a  var.  of  alier,  allicr  (>  ME.  alien, 
E.  aUy"^),  combine,  alloy  (ef.  Sp.  Pg.  ligar  =  lt. 
legare,  allay,  alloy,  whence  the  noun,  Sp.  Pg. 
liga  =  lt.  Icga,  allay,  alloy;  the  Sp.  aleur,  alloy, 
is  from  thoOF.),  <  L.  alligare,  combine,  join,  < 
ad,  to,  -I-  ligare,  bind:  see  «%i  and  alligate. 
Allay^  was  more  or  less  confused  with  allay'^, 
and  with  other  similar  forms :  see  allay'^.  At 
a  later  period  the  F.  aloyer  and  its  verbal  sub- 
stantive aloi  were  eri'oneously  explained  as  de- 
rived from  a  loi,  to  law,  as  if  meaning  '  brought 
to  the  legal  standard':  see  alloy.]  1.  To  mix, 
as  metals;  especially,  to  mix  a  nobler  with  a 
baser  metal;  alloy.  See  alloy,  v.,  I. —  2.  Fig- 
uratively, to  mix  with  something  inferior;  con- 
taminate or  detract  from. 

His  pupils  cannot  speak  of  liim  without  something  of 
terror  allaying  tlieir  gratitude.    Lamb,  Christ's  Hospital. 

3.  To  temper;  abate  or  weaken  by  mixture; 
dilute,  as  wine  with  water;  weaken;  diminish, 
allay^t  (a-la'),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  alay;  < 
ME.  alaye,  aley,  <  AF.  aley,  alay,  OF.* alay,  later 
aloy  (F.  aloi),  <  aleyer,  alayer  (F.  aloyer),  allay, 
alloy,  mix:  see  allay^,  v.,  and  alloy.]  1.  The 
act  or  process  of  alloying;  an  alloy. 

Coins  are  hard'ned  by  th'  allay. 

S.  Butler,  Hudiluas,  III.  ii.  482. 

2.  Figuratively,  admixture,  especially  of  some- 
thing inferior. 

This  comedy  grew  out  of  Congreve  and  Wycherley,  but 
gathered  some  allays  of  the  sentimental  comedy  whicli 
followed  theirs.  Lamb,  Artificial  Comedy. 

3.  Mixture ;  dilution. 
French  wine  with  an  allay  of  water. 

B.  jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  iii.  1. 

allay^t,  v.  t.  [<  late  ME.  alaye,  aleye,  alleye,<  OF. 
aleier,  alaier,  declare  on  oath,  <  L.  allegare,  men- 
tion, cite,  adduce:  see  allege'^  and  allegation.] 
To  cite;  quote;  allege, 
allay^t,  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  alay;  <  late  ME. 
allay,  <  AF.  *alais,  OF.  eslais,  <  eslaissier,  let 
out,  <  es-  (<  L.  ex),  out,  -t-  laissier  (F.  laisser), 
let,  <  L.  laxare,  relax:  see  lax,  laches,  and  c£. 
relay.]  In  hunting,  the  act  of  laying  on  the 
hounds;  the  addition  of  fresh  hounds  to  the 
cry. 

allayeri  (a-la'er),  n.  [<  allay^  +  -e>-i.]  One 
who  or  that  which  allays  or  alleviates. 

Phlegm  and  pure  blood  are  the  reputed  allayers  of  acri- 
mony. Harvey,  Consumption. 

allayer^t  (a-la'er),  n.  [<  allay'^  +  -erl.]  One 
who  or  that  which  allays  or  alloys, 
allayment  (a-la'ment),  «.  [iallay^  +  -ment.] 
The  act  of  quieting,  or  a  state  of  tranquillity ; 
a  state  of  rest  after  disturbance ;  abatement ; 
ease. 

The  like  allayment  could  I  give  my  grief. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  4. 

all-bet,  conj.    Same  as  albeit. 

Ay,  but  his  fear 
Would  ne'er  be  masked,  allbe  his  vices  were. 

B.  Jonson,  Sejanus,  iv.  5. 
allbone  (M'bon),  n.    [<  all  +  bone^;  a  tr.  of 
Gr.  okoGTEov,  <  6/iof,  whole,  -I-  bareov,  bone.]  An 
English  name  for  the  stitchwort,  Stcllaria  Ho- 
lostea,  from  its  jointed,  skeleton-like  stalks. 
Alle  (al'e),  n.    [NL.  (Linnaius,  1758),  <  Sw. 
alle,  the  Greenland  dove.]    A  genus  of  lairds  of 
the  auk  family,  containing  the  sea-dove,  dove- 
kie,  or  rotche,  Alca  alle  (Linnaeus),  Arctica  alle 
(Gray),  Mergulus  alle  of  authors  in  general,  now 
Alle  nigricans  (Link).    See  dovekie. 
allecret,  n.    See  hallecret. 
allectt  (a-lekt'),  v.  t.    [<L.  allectare,  adlectare, 
freq.  of  allicere,  adlicere,  attract,  draw  to  one's 
self,  <.ad,  to,  -f  lacere,  entice.]    To  entice, 
allectationt  (al-ek-ta'shon),  n.    [<  L.  allecta- 
tio(n-),  adlectatio{n-),  <  allectare,  adlectare:  see 
allect.]    Enticement;  allui-ement. 
allecti'vet  (a-lek'tiv),  a.  and  n.   [< allect  +  -ive.] 
I.  a.  Alliu'ing. 
II.  w.  An  allurement. 

WTiat  better  allectire  could  Satan  devise  to  allure  .  .  . 
men  pleasantly  into  damnable  servitude? 

J.  Xorthbrooke,  Dicing  (1843),  p.  117. 

alledget,  v.  t.  An  old  spelling  of  allege. 
allegantt,  n.  An  old  form  of  alicant. 
allegation  (al-f-ga'shon),  h.  [<  late  ME.  allega- 
cion,  -c'loun,  <  OF.  allegation,  <  L.  aUegatio(n-), 
adlcgatio{n-),  <  allegare,  adlegare,  pp.  allegatus, 
adlegatus:  see  allege^.]  1.  The  act  of  alleging; 
afiSrmation;  declaration:  as,  "erroneous  alle- 
gations of  fact,"  Hallam. —  2.  That  which  is  al- 
leged or  asserted;  that  which  is  offered  as  a 
plea,  an  excuse,  or  a  justification  j  an  assertion. 


allegation 

Reprove  my  alUffativn  if  you  can, 
Or  else  coiiclutle  luy  words  effectual. 

Shak:,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1. 
I  expect  not  to  be  excused  ...  on  account  of  youth 
want  of  leisure,  or  any  other  idle  ttlleyatiom.  Pope. 

3.  In  law  :  (a)  The  assertion  or  statement  of  a 
party  to  a  suit  or  other  proceeding,  civil  or 
criminal,  which  he  undertakes  to  prove,  (b) 
The  plaintiff's  first  pleading  in  a  testamentary 
cause,  (c)  In  eccles.  suits,  any  pleading  subse- 
quent to  the  first.— Defensive  aUegation,  in  Eng- 
land, the  mode  of  propounding  circumstances  of  defense 
by  a  defendant  in  tlie  spiritual  courts.  The  defendant  is  en- 
titled to  the  plaintiff's  answer  upon  oath  to  his  allcKation 
and  may  thence  proceed  to  proofs  as  well  as  his  antfiu'onist! 

allegei  (a-lej'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aUcgecl,  ppr. 
alleging.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  alledge,  allcage, 
alleadge,  <  ME.  alcggen,  alegen,  <  AF.  aleger, 
alegicr,  aligier  (<  Law  L.  adlegiare),  in  form  = 
OP.  esliyier  (<  ML.  *exUfigare,  clear  at  law,  <  L. 
ex,  out,  +  litigare,  sue  at  law:  see  litigate),  but 
in  sense  taken  as  =  OF.  alleguer,  F.  allegucr  (a 
restored  form  for  earlier  OF.  aleier,  alaier,  de- 
clare on  oath,  >  ME.  edeye,  allei/e,  alni/e:  see 
allay^)  =  Sp.  alegar  =  Pr.  Pg.  a'Uegar  =  It.  al- 
legare,  <  L.  allegare,  adlegare,  send,  depute, 
relate,  mention,  adduce,  <ffrf,  to,  +  leqare,  send: 
see  legate. 1.  To  declare  before  a  court; 
plead  at  law ;  hence,  in  general,  to  produce  as 
an  argument,  plea,  or  excuse ;  cite  or  quote  in 
confirmation:  as,  to  allege  exculpatory  facts; 
to  allege  the  authority  of  a  court. 

He  IThrasymaclius],  amongst  other  arts  which  he  alleges 
in  evidence  of  his  views,  cites  that  of  government. 

De  Qtiiiicei/,  Plato. 

2.  To  pronounce  with  positiveness ;  declare; 
afl&rm ;  assert :  as,  to  allege  a  fact. 

In  many  alleged  cases,  indeed,  of  haunted  houses  and 
the  like,  a  detailed  revelation  of  names  and  places  might 
expose  the  narrator  to  legal  action. 

H.  iV.  Oxenham,  Short  Studies,  p.  73. 
=Syn.  1.  Adduce,  Allege,  Assign,  etc.  (see  adduce),  bring 
forward,  aver,  asseverate,  maintain,  say,  insist,  plead,  pro- 
duce, cite. 

allege^t,  v.  t.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  alledge,  alege, 

<  ME.  aleggen,  alegen,  <  OF.  alleger,  aleger,  alegier 
=  Pr.  aleujar  =  It.  alleggiare,  <  LL.  alleviarc, 
lighten,  alleviate :  see  alleviate  and  alleve.  Cf. 
abridge,  abbreviate.  The  sense  and  the  ME. 
forms  mixed  -with  those  of  aUaij'^.'^  To  alle- 
viate; lighten;  mitigate;  allay. 

allegeable  (a-lej'a-bl),  a.  [<  allege^  +  -able.} 
Capable  of  being  alleged  or  affirmed. 

allegeance^t,  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  alledge- 
ance,  allegeaunce,  <  ME.  allegiainicc,  <  allegen, 
alegen,  cite,  assert :  see  allege'^  and  -awce.]  The 
act  of  alleging;  allegation. 

allegeance^t,  «.  [ME.,  also  allegiance,  alege- 
auncc,  <  OF.  alegeance,  mod.  allegeance,  allevia- 
tion, <  aleger,  alleviate:  see  allege^  &nd  -ance.'] 
Alleviation. 

allegeance^t,  n.    An  old  spelling  of  allegiance. 

allegementt  (a-lej'ment),  n.  [<  (dlege^  +  -mcnt.} 
Assertion ;  allegation. 

alleger  (a-lej'er),  n.    One  who  alleges. 

Alleghany  vine.    Same  as  Adlumia  cirrJiosa. 

allegiance  (a-le'jans),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
allegeance,  atleageance)  etc.,  <  MY..alegeaunce,  < 
a-  (prefixed  appar.  by  confusion  'wiila.allegeance'^, 
q.  v.)  +  legeaunce,  <  OF.  ligance,  ligeance  = 
Pr.  ligansa,  <  ML.  ligiantia,  also  ligantia  (as  if 
connected  with  L.  Ugare,  ppr.  ligan{U)s,  bind), 

<  ligius,  OF.  lige,  liege,  >  ME.  liege,  lege,  E.  liege, 
q.  V.  The  mod.  P.  allegeance  in  this  sense  is 
from  the  E.  word.]  1.  The  tie  or  obligation  of 
a  subject  or  citizen  to  his  sovereign  or  govern- 
ment ;  the  duty  of  fidelity  to  a  king,  government, 
or  state.  Every  citizen  owes  allegiance  to  the  government 
under  which  he  is  born.  Natural  or  implied  allegiance  is 
that  obligation  which  one  owes  to  the  nation  of  which  he  is 
a  natural-born  citizen  or  subject  so  long  as  he  remains  such, 
and  it  does  not  arise  from  any  express  promise.  Express 
allegiance  is  that  obligation  which  proceeds  from  an  express 
promise  or  oath  of  fidelity.  Local  or  temporary  allegiance 
is  due  from  an  alien  to  the  government  or  state  under  or 
in  which  he  resides.  In  the  United  States  the  paramount 
allegiance  of  a  citizen  has  been  decided  to  be  due  to  the 
general  government,  and  not  to  the  government  of  the 
particular  State  in  which  he  is  domiciled. 

Fealty  is  the  bond  that  ties  any  man  to  another  to 
whom  he  undertalies  to  be  faithful ;  the  bond  is  created 
by  the  undertaking  and  embodied  in  the  oath.  Homage 
is  the  form  that  binds  the  vassal  to  the  lord,  whose  man 
he  becomes,  and  of  whom  he  holds  the  land  for  which  he 
performs  the  ceremony  on  his  knees  and  with  his  hands  in 
his  lord's  hands.  Allegiance  is  the  duty  which  each  man 
of  the  nation  owes  to  the  head  of  the  nation,  whether  the 
man  be  a  land-owner  or  landless,  the  vassal  of  a  mesne 
lord  or  a  lordless  man ;  and  allegiance  is  a  legal  duty  to 
the  king,  the  state,  or  the  nation,  whether  it  be  embodied 
in  an  oath  or  not.  But  although  thus  distinct  in  origin, 
the  three  obligations  had  come  in  the  middle  ages  to  have, 
as  regards  the  king,  one  effect.    Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  785. 

The  conquest  of  the  Danelaw  was  followed  by  the  earli- 
est instances  of  those  oaths  of  allegiance  which  mark  the 


146 

substitution  of  a  personal  dependence  on  the  king  as  lord 
for  the  older  relation  of  the  freeman  to  the  king  of  his 
race.  J.  n.  Green,  Conq.  of  En"  ^ 


allenarly 

He  allegorizeth  upon  the  sacrifices. 

FtUke,  Against  Allen,  p.  223. 

It  being  a  certain  position  in  law,  that  aUegianc^lnd  ,  n         •tP!.";!''-"^-?'":^:  ^ 
■otection  are  reciprocal,  the  one  ceasing  when  the  other  ailegOIlZer  (al  e-go-ri^zer),  n.     One  who  alle- 
withdi  awn.  Jefferson,  Autobiog. ,  p.  12.    gorizes ;  one  who  speaks  in  allegory  or  expounds 

enee  — 2.  Observance  of  obligation  in  gen-    allegorieally.    Also  spelled  «/te(7omer. 
■al;  fidelity  to  any  person  or  thing ;  devotion.  ^^J^if^y  ('^I'^-go-ri),  w. ;  pi.  allegories  (-riz). 
That  I  (Bolingbrokei  did  pluck  allemance  from  men's    L<  F.  allegorie  =^T^.  alegoria  =  Pg.  It.  allegoria, 

<.  L.  allegona,  <  Gr.  aXkriyopia,  description  of  one 
thing  imder  the  image  of  another,  <  allijyopuv, 
speak  so  as  to  imply  something  else,  <  aAT^o^ 
other  (see  alio-),  +  ayopevciv,  speak,  <  ayopd,  a 
place  of  assembly,  market-place :  see  agora.  Cf. 
category.']  1.  A  figurative  treatment  of  a  sub- 
ject not  expressly  mentioned,  under  the  guise 
of  another  having  analogous  properties  or  cir- 
cumstances ;  usually,  a  sentence,  discourse,  or 
narrative  ostensibly  relating  to  material  things 
or  circumstances,  but  intended  as  an  exposition 
of  others  of  a  more  spiritual  or  recondite  na- 
ture having  some  perceptible  analogy  or  figura- 
tive resemblance  to  the  former. 

The  moment  our  discourse  rises  above  the  ground  line 
of  familiar  facts,  and  is  influenced  by  passion  or  exalted 
by  thought,  it  clothes  itself  in  images.  .  .  .  Hence,  good 
writing  and  brilliant  discourse  are  perpetual  allegories. 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  32. 

2.  A  method  of  speaking  or  writing  character- 
ized by  this  kind  of  figurative  treatment. 

Metaphor  asserts  or  siipposes  that  one  thing  is  another, 
as  "  Judah  is  a  lion's  whelp  "  ;  but  allegory  never  affirms 
that  one  thing  is  another. 

T.  U.  Home,  Introd.  to  Study  of  Holy  Script.,  II.  406. 

3.  In  painting  and  scidp.,  a  figui-ative  repre- 
sentation in  which  the  meaning  is  conveyed 
symbolically.  =  Syn. 

1.  Simile,  Metapfwr, 
Comparison,  etc.  See 
simile. 

allegoryt  (al'e-go- 
ri),  V.  i.  To'  ern- 
ploy  allegory;  alle- 
gorize. 

I  am  not  ignorant  that 
some  do  allegory  onttiis 
place.  Abp.  Whitgi/t, 
Defense,  p.  571. 


Hen 
er 

That  I  (BolingbrokeJ  did  pluck  allegiance  from  men's 
hearts, 

Fond  shouts  and  salutations  from  their  mouths, 
Even  in  the  presence  of  the  crowned  king. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 
Love,  all  the  faith  and  all  the  allegiance  then. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iii.  235. 
=  Syil.  Allegiance,  Loyalty,  Fealty.  Allegiance  is  the  most 
formal  and  official  of  these  words ;  it  is  a  matter  of  prin- 
ciple, and  applies  especially  to  conduct ;  the  oath  of  alle- 
giance covers  conduct  only.  Loyalty  is  a  matter  of  both 
principle  and  sentiment,  conduct  and  feeling ;  it  implies 
enthusiasm  and  devotion,  and  hence  is  most  frequently 
chosen  for  figurative  uses  :  as,  loyalty  to  a  lover,  husband 
family,  clan,  friends,  old  traditions,  religion.  Neither  alle- 
giance nor  loyalty  is  confined  to  its  original  meaning  of  the 
obligation  due  from  a  sul)ject  to  a  prince.  Fealtii  has 
escaped  less  completely  from  this  earliest  sense,  biit  has 
a  permissible  use  in  the  sense  of  fidelity  under  obligation 
of  various  kinds. 

Our  people  quarrel  with  obedience ; 
Swearing  allegiance,  and  the  love  of  soul, 
To  stranger  blood,  to  foreign  royalty. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  1. 
A  man  who  could  command  the  unswerving  loyalty  of 
honest  and  impulsive  Dick  Steele  could  not  have  been  a 
coward  or  a  backbiter.      Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  429. 

Nor  did  he  doubt  her  more, 
But  rested  in  her  fealty,  till  he  crown'd 
A  happy  life  with  a  fair  death.    Tennyson,  Geraint. 

allegiant  (a-le'jant),  a.  and  «.  [Assumed 
fi-om  allegiance,  after  analogy  of  adjectives  in 
-ant  having  associated  nouns  in  -ance :  see  -aw<i 
and  -ance.']    I.  a.  Loyal. 

For  yom-  great  graces 
Heaped  upon  me,  poor  undeserver,  I 
Can  nothing  render  but  allegiant  thanks. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iii.  2. 
II.  n.  One  who  owes  or  renders  allegiance; 
a  native. 

Strangers  shall  have  the  same  personal  rights  as  the  al- 
Icgiants.  N.  A.  Ree.,  CXLII.  125. 

allegoric  (al-e-gor'ik),  a.     Same  as  allegorical.    Defense  p  571 
allegorical  (al-e-gor'i-kal),  rt.    [<L.  ««e(7oncM.s  -n-^Atn  ig 
(<  Gr.  aUvyopiK6g,<aXkvyopia,  allegory:  see  al-    I3^,f^^„  i^l^  t 
legory)  +  -al]    Consisting  of  or  pertaining  to    f^^^i^  oiadearo- 
allegory ;  of  the  nature  of  allegory ;  figurative ; 
describing  by  resemblances. 

His  strong  allegorical  bent  .  .  .  was  heightened  by 
analysis  of  the  Arthurian  legends. 

Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  176. 
Allegorical  Interpretation,  the  drawing  of  a  spiritual 

or  figurative  meaning  from  what  is  apparently  historical : 
thus,  St.  Paul  (Rom.  ix.  7,  8)  gives  an  allegorical  interpre- 


see  allegro.]  1.  a. 
In  music,  quicker  in 
time  than  andante, 
but  not  so  quick  as 
allegro. 

11.  n.  A  move- 
ment in  such  time. 


Allegory— The  Church. 

........        ^  „„.  y^...^,,..  f^i»ca  .Iii  uK.t-i/u/ tuut  L/uerpre-     ment  in  SUCn  time        ^-.ithedral  of  Worms,  13th  century. 

ration  of  the  history  of  free-born  Isaac  and  slave-born  Ish-  -^^a<lT/^  /-li-'  -^'  The  beast  with  four  heads  symbolizes 
mael.—AUegorical  pictures,  pictures  representing  alle-  Allegro  (,ai-ia  gro),  the  Four  Gospels.  (Viollet-le-Uuc's 
<,.,>,.i„ol  =„l,i,..,t„  ^  "  «.  and  W.  [It.,  brisk,  de  1  Architecture.  J 


mael.— Allegorical  pictures,  pictures  representing 
gorical  subjects. 

allegorieally  (al-e-gor'i-kal-i),  adv.    In  an  al- 
legorical manner ;'  by  way'of  allegory, 
allegoricalness  (al-f-gor'i-kal-nes),  «.  The 
quality  of  being  allegorical, 
allegorisation,  allegorise,  etc.  See  allegoriza- 

tlOn,  etc.  .-^uiituj,  Vila  4uh;r.csu  CAcepu  presio. 

allegorist  (al'e-go-rist),  «.  [=F.  allegoriste,  <  alleluia  (al-e-16'ya),  infer/.  Sa.me  as  halleluiah, 
allegoriser,  allegorize:  see  allegorize.]  One  who  alleluia  (al-e-16'ya),  w.  1.  Same  as  halleluiah. 
allegorizes;  a  writer  of  allegory.  — 2.  \='P.  n,l,l.elnia—Rr\  nlplnnnh  —  If  ^ii^Unr, 


sprightly,  cheerful  (=  F.  allegre,  OF.  alegre, 
>E.  aleger,  q.  v.),  <  L.  alacer,  alacris, 'brisk, 
sprightly,  cheerful:  see  alacrious  and  alacrity.] 
I.  a.  In  music,  brisk  or  rapid. 

II.  n.  A  brisk  movement ;  a  sprightly  part  or 
strain,  the  quickest  except  presto. 


allegorister  (al"e-g6-ris'ter),  w."  [<  allegorist  + 
-e;-i.]    An  allegorist.  [Bare.] 

In  a  lengthened  allegory,  the  ground  is  often  shifted ; 
the  allegorister  tires  of  his  allegory,  and  at  length  means 

what  he  says,  and  nothing  more  „ „  ,         "  — .ux , .1,  ^cvcu^^eua 

„       .    ^.      ,  J-^  ^^™^'*:  ^''''\°^  alleluiatic  (al-e-lo-yat'ik),  a. 

allegorization  (al'e-gor-i-za'shon),  M.    l<alle-    hdatic.       ^  • 

gorize  +_-atioH.]    The  act  of  turning  into  alle-  allemande  (al-e-mond'),  n.    [F.,  prop.  fem.  of 


— 2.  [=F.  alleluia  =  Sp.  aleluyah  =  lt.  alleluja, 
<  ML.  alleluia :  so  called  because  it  blossoms  be- 
tween Easter  and  V/hitsuntide,  when  psalms 
ending  with  halleluiah  or  alleluia  are  sung  in 
the  churches.]  A  name  given  in  Europe  to  the 
wood-sorrel,  Oxalis  Acetosella. 

Same  as  halle- 


Also  spelled  alle- 


gory; allegorical  treatment 
gorisation. 

allegorize  (al'e-go-riz),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  alle- 
gorized, ppr.  allegorizing.  [<  OF.  allegoriser, 
mod.  F.  allegoriser,  <  L.  allegorizare,  <  Gr.  allri- 
yopelv,  speak  so  as  to  imply  something  else :  see 
allegory  and  -ize.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  turn  into 
allegory;  narrate  in  allegory;  treat  allegori- 
eally: as,  to  allegorize  the  history  of  a  people. — 
2.  To  imderstand  in  an  allegorical  sense;  in 


Allemand,  German:  see  Almain,  Alemannic]  1. 
In  music,  the  first  movement  after  the  prelude 
m  a  suite.  Like  the  prelude,  it  is  sometimes  absent. 
It  is  in  I  time,  a  rather  fast  andante,  and  consists  of  two 
strains,  each  repeated,  and  generally  of  equal  length. 
2.  A  German  dance  in  f  time,  resembling  the 
older  style  of  waltz,  and  often  so  called. —  3.  A 
German  national  dance  in  lively  |  time. — 4. 
A  figure  in  dancing. 

Allemannic,  a.  and  n.   See  Alemannic. 


-  v^i  .jwijovy  ,     ^^J.-  .C^XX\>.lXXC4i,llllll^,       .    Oilli-l  II.  VJK^ 

terpret  allegorieally:  as,  when  a  passage  in  an  allemontzte  (al-e-mon'tit),  n.  [<  Allemont  o' 
authormay  be  understood  either  literally  or  fig-  Allemond,  a  village  of  Isere,  France,  +  -ite^.] 
uratiyely,  he  who  gives  it  a  figurative  sense  al-  A  mineral  of  a  tin-white  color  and  metallic 
legorizes  it.  luster,  containing  arsenic  and  antimony.  Also 

An  alchemist  shall  .  .  .  allegorize  the  scripture  itself,    called  arsenical  antimony. 

and  the  sacred  mysteries  thereof,  into  the  philosopher  s  allenl  (al'en),  n.    [E.  dial. ;  origin  obscure.] 

If  we  might  allegorize  it  [the  opera  "  Tannhauser  "Iwe    ^"^'ti^f  ''T.'t^^I  up  (HalU  well) ;  un- 

should  say  that  it  typified  precisely  that  longing  after  Ve-  llic^osed  land  that  has  been  tilled  and  left  to 
nns,  under  her  other  name  of  Charis,  which  represents  the    run  to  feed  for  sheep  (Moor).     [Prov.  Eng.] 

relation  in  which  modern  should  stand  to  ancient  art.  alleU^t  w.    See  allan'^ 

__  ^  ^'^"'^y  Windows,  p.  224.  allenarly  (a-len'ar-li),  adv.  or  a.    [The  recog- 

II.  mtrans.  To  use  allegory :  as,  a  man  may  nized  legal  foi-m' of  the  more  reg.  allanerly, 
allegorise  to  please  his  fancy.  formerly  also  allanerlie,  alanerlie,  <  all  +  anerly, 


allenarly 

only,  <  ane,  one  :  see  anerhj.  Cf.  ME.  all-oneli, 
alle-oneli,  all-anhj,  only,  lit.  all  only:  see  aU  and 
cnly.']  Only;  solely;  merely:  a  technical  word 
used  in  Scotch  conveyancing.    Thus,  where  lands 

are  conveyed  to  a  father,  "for  his  life-rent  use  allenarly," 
the  force  "of  the  expression  is  that  tlie  father's  riglit  is  re- 
stricted to  a  mere  life-rent,  or  at  liest  to  a  fiduciary  fee, 
even  in  circumstances  wliere,  but  for  the  word  allenarly, 
the  father  would  have  been  unlimited  fiar. 

aller''-  (al'er),  n.    [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  aller,  <  AS. 
air :  see  aZderi.]   Same  as  alder^,  [Prov.  Eng.] 
aller^t,  a.    See  alder^. 

aller-fioat  (al'er-flot),  n.  [<  aller^,  dial,  form 
of  alder^,  +  float.'\  A  local  English  name  of 
a  large  trout  of  the  common  species,  given 
from  the  fact  that  it  hides  under  the  roots  of 
the  alder,  or  is  in  season  when  the  alder  is 
budding.  Also  called  aller-trout. 
allerion  (a-le'ri-on),  n.  [More  correctly  ale- 
rion,  <  OF.  alerion,  aleiron  (F.  alerion),  <  ML. 

alario{n-),  in  her.  a  little  eagle 
without  beak  or  claws,  in  form  sug- 
gesting L.  alarius,  <  ala,  a  wing 
(see  aisle),  but  prob.  of  other  ori- 
gin ;  perhaps  ult.  <  MHG.  adelar, 
G.  adler,  an  eagle.]  In  her. :  (a)  A 
bearing  representing  an  eagle  or 
AUenon.       eaglet  displayed  without  feet  or 
beak,    (b)  More  rarely,  an  eagle  heraldically 
represented,  but  complete.  Boutell. 
aller-trout  (al'er-trout),  n.  Same  as  aller-float, 
allette,  n.    See  alette. 

allevet,  f.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  spelled  aleive ;  <  OP. 
allever,  alever,  <  L.  allevare,  adlevare,  lift  up, 
raise,  lighten,  alleviate,  <  ad,  to,  +  levare,  lift 
up,  lighten :  see  alleviate,  and  cf .  relieve.^  To 
alleviate;  relieve.  Surrey. 

allevementt,  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  aleavement;  < 
alleve  +  -ment.^  The  act  of  alleviating  or  re- 
lieving; alleviation. 

alleviate  (a-le'vi-at),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  allevi- 
ated, ppr.  alleviating.  [<  LL.  alleviatus,  pp.  of 
alleviare,  adleviare,  for  L.  allevare,  adlevare, 
lighten,  alleviate,  <  ad,  to,  +  levare,  lift  up, 
lighten,  <  levis,  light,  not  heavy:  see  levity.  Cf. 
allege^  and  alleve.']  1.  To  make  light,  in  a  fig- 
urative sense;  remove  in  part;  lessen,  miti- 
gate, or  make  easier  to  be  endured:  as,  to  al- 
leviate sorrow,  pain,  care,  punishment,  burdens, 
etc. :  opposed  to  aggravate. 

Excellent  medicines  to  alleviate  those  evils  which  we 
bring  upon  ourselves.  Bentley. 

The  darkest  complexion  is  not  a  little  alleviated  by  a 
black  hood.  Addison. 

The  little  apples  which  it  [the  nebbak-tree)  bears  are 
slightly  acid  and  excellent  for  alleviating  thirst. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  69. 

2.  To  represent  as  less ;  lessen  the  magnitude 
or  heinousness  of ;  extenuate :  applied  to  moral 
conduct :  as,  to  alleviate  an  offense.  [Eare.] 
He  alleviates  his  fault  by  an  excuse.  Johnson. 

=Syil.  Alleviate,  Relieve,  Mitigate,  Assuage,  Allay,  di- 
minish, soften,  abate,  qualify,  reduce.  See  allayl.  Wliere 
these  words  are  applied  to  pain,  etc.,  alleviate  is  to  lighten 
somewhat,  and  especially  in  a  soothing  way ;  relieve  and 
allay  go  further  than  alleviate,  removing  in  large  measure 
or  altogether.  Mitigate  is  to  make  mild,  less  severe ;  per- 
haps it  stands  midway  between  alleviate  and  relieve.  As- 
suage is  to  calm  down,  and  that  idea  underlies  all  its  uses ; 
allay  conveys  similarly  the  idea  of  putting  to  rest. 

To  alleviate  the  congestion  of  the  optic  nerve  and  retina, 
the  artificial  leech  should  be  applied  several  times  at  in- 
tervals of  a  few  days,  but  should  then  be  desisted  from  if 
no  benefit  results.  J.  S.  Wells,  Dis.  of  Eye,  p.  383. 

It  [electricity]  has  relieved  the  paroxysms  of  angina 
pectoris.  Quain,  Med.  Diet.,  p.  430. 

In  the  advance  of  civilisation,  there  is  a  constant  ten- 
dency to  mitigate  the  severity  of  penal  codes. 

Lecky,  Rationalism,  I.  337. 
Foment  the  bruises,  and  the  pains  assuage. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  2003. 

dlleviation  (a-le-vi-a'shon),  n.  [<  ML.  allevia- 
tio{n-),  L.  allevatioin-),  <  allevare,  lighten :  see 
alleviate.']   1.  The  act  of  alleviating,  (a)  The  act 

of  removing  in  part,  lessening,  mitigating,  or  making 
easier  to  be  endured  :  as,  the  alleviation  of  taxes.  (6)  The 
act  of  making  less  by  representation ;  extenuation :  as, 
'■'alleviations  of  faults,"  South. 

2.  That  which  lessens,  mitigates,  or  makes  more 
tolerable  :  as,  the  sympathy  of  a  fiiend  is  an  al- 
leviation of  grief. 

I  have  not  wanted  such  alleviations  of  life  as  friendship 
could  supply.  Johnson. 

His  sister  was  waiting  in  a  state  of  wondering  alarm, 
which  was  not  without  its  alleviations. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  oh  the  Floss,  i.  8. 
=Syn.  Mitigation,  palliation,  relief. 
Sllleviative  (a-le'vi-a-tiv),  a.  andw.    [<  alleviate 
+  -ive.]    I.  a.  Tending  to  alleviate  or  mitigate. 

II.  n.  That  which  alleviates  or  mitigates : 
as,  "some  oheenng  alleviative,"  Corah's  Doom 
(1672),  p.  176. 


147 

alleviator  (a-le'vi-a-tor),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  alleviates,  lightens,  or  mitigates. 

alleviatory  (a-le'vi-a-to-ri),  a.  Fitted  to  alle- 
viate ;  having  the  quality  of  alleviating. 

allex  (al'eks),  n.  [L.,  also  hallex,  NL.  hallux: 
see  hallux.]    Same  as  hallux.  [Rare.] 

alleyi  (al'i),  «.  [<  ME.  alei,  aley,  <  OF.  alee 
(F.  allee),  a  going,  gallery,  passage,  <  aler,  aller 
(F.  aller),  go,  var.  of  an  earlier  aner  —  Pr.  anar 
=  Cat.  anar  =  Sp.  Pg.  andar  —  It.  andare,  dial. 
anare,  go;  of  uncertain  origin:  either  (1)  <  L. 
annare,  adnare,  swim  to,  toward,  or  along;  in 
Cicero  once  used  in  sense  of  'come  to,  approach ' ; 
<  ad,  to,  +  narc,  swim  (see  natation) ;  or  (2) 
ult.  <  ML.  *anditare  for  L.  aditare  (cf.  ML.  a«- 
ditus  for  L.  aditus,  and  ML.  rendere  for  L.  red- 
dere:  see  adit  and  render),  go  to  or  approach 
often,  freq.  of  adirc,  pp.  aditus,  go  to,  <  ad,  to, 
+  ire,  go:  see  adit.]    A  passage;  especially,  a 

narrow  passage,  {a)  A  passage  in  a  building,  giving 
access  from  one  part  to  another ;  also  sometimes  used  for 
aisle,  (b)  A  long,  narrow  inclosure  with  a  smooth  wooden 
floor  for  playing  at  bowls,  skittles,  etc.  (e)  A  walk,  inclosed 
witli  hedges  or  shrubbery,  in  a  garden :  as,  "yonder  alleys 
green,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  626. 

So  long  about  the  aleys  is  he  goen. 

Chaucer,  Merchant's  Tale,  1.  1080. 

(d)  A  narrow  passage  or  way  in  a  town,  as  distinct  from 
a  public  street,  (e)  In  a  printing-office,  the  space  between 
two  rows  of  composing-stands,  in  which  compositors  work 
at  the  cases  on  the  stands. 

alleys  (al'i),  n.  [Said  to  be  a  contr.  of  alabas- 
ter, from  which  alleys  are  said  to  have  been 
made.]  A  choice  taw  or  large  playing-marble. 
Also  spelled  ally. 

alleyed  (al'id),  a.  Laid  out  as  an  alley,  or 
with  alleys. 

TJntrimmed,  undressed,  neglected  now 
Was  alleyed  walk  and  orchard  bough. 

Scott,  Rokeby,  ii.  17. 

alley-taw  (al'i-ta),  n.  [<  alley^  +  taw"^.]  An  al- 
ley ;  a  large  playing-marble.  Sometimes  writ- 
ten alley-tor,  as  vulgarly  pronounced. 

After  inquiring  whether  he  had  won  any  alley-tors  or 
commoneys  lately,  he  made  use  of  this  expression. 

Dickens,  Pickwick. 

alleyway  (al'i-wa),  n.  A  short  alley;  a  lane 
or  narrow  passage  of  small  extent,  as  between 
two  houses. 

By  substantial  waUs  of  adobe,  with  narrow  alleyways 
running  between.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXV.  81. 

All-father  (al'fa*ther),  n.  [<  all,  orig.  gen.  pi., 
+  father;  after  Icel.  Alfddhr.]  The  Father  of 
all :  a  name  originally  of  Odin,  now  sometimes 
applied  to  Jupiter  and  to  God. 

And  I  told  of  the  good  All-father 
Who  cares  for  us  here  below. 

Lowell,  First  Snowfall. 

all-fired  (al-fird'),  a.  [Said  to  be  a  euphemism 
for  hell-fired,  and  hence  defined  as  'infernal,' 
but  prob.  to  be  taken  at  its  face  value  :<,all-\- 
fire  ■¥  -ed2,  all  Lutensifying  the  merely  rhetori- 
cal Jire.]  Tremendous:  as,  an  all-fired  noise; 
he  was  in  an  all-fired  rage.  [CoUoq.] 

all-fours  (al-forz'),  11.  A  game  of  cards  played 
by  from  two  to  six  persons  with  hands  of  six 
cards  each,  dealt  from  a  full  pack,  the  top  one 
of  the  remaining  cards  being  turned  as  the 
trump,  and  the  cards  ranking  as  in  whist,  it  de- 
rives its  name  from  tlie  four  chances  of  which  it  consists, 
for  each  of  which  a  point  is  scored.  These  chances  are  the 
secui'ing  of  high,  or  the  ace  of  tnmips  or  next  best  trumj) 
out;  of  low,  or  the  deuce  of  trumps  or  next  lowest  trump 
out;  of  jack,  or  the  knave  of  trumps;  of  game,  or  tricks 
containing  cards  which  will  make  the  largest  sum  when 
added  together,  an  ace  being  counted  as  four,  a  king  as 
three,  a  queen  as  two,  a  jack  as  one,  and  a  ten-spot  as  ten, 
the  other  cards  not  counting.  The  player  who  has  all  these 
is  said  to  have  all-fours.  Also  called  old  sledge,  seven-up, 
and  high-low-jack. 

allgood  (al'gud),  M.  An  old  name  of  the  plant 
Good  Henry,  or  English  mercury,  Chenopodium 
Bonus-Renricus. 

all-hail  (al-hal'),  V.  t.  [See  haiV^,  n.]  To  sa- 
lute or  addi-ess  with  the  exclamation  all  hail ! 
[Eare.] 

Who  all-hailed  me.  Thane  of  Cawdor. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  5. 

AU-hallont,  AU-hallondt,  etc.  Same  as  All- 
hallows. 

All-hallow  (al-hal'o),  n.    See  All-hallows. 
Allhallowe'en  (al-hal'o-en),  n.  [For  Allhallow- 

even:  'but  see  All-hallows.]  SeeAH-hallmosajnd 

Hallowe'en. 

AllhallO'wmas  (al-hal'o-mas),  n.     [<  ME.  al- 

halowmesse,  alhalivemesse,  ^  AS.  ealra  hdlgena 
mwsse-dwg,  all  saints'  mass-day:  see  All-hal- 
lows.] Allhallow-tide. 
All-hallownt  (al-hal'on),  n.  [Also  corruptly 
Allhallon,  -hollon,  -hollan,  -holland,  <  ME.  al 
halowen,  <  AS.  ealle  hdlgan,  all  saints :  see  All- 


alllance 

hallows.]  Same  as  All-hallows — All-hallown  sum- 
mer, formerly  tlie  name  in  England  of  a  season  of  line 
weather  in  the  late  autumn,  corresponding  to  St.  Martin's 
summer  in  France  and  to  Indian  summer  in  the  United 
.States.    iV.  E.  V. 

Farewell,  the  latter  spring!  Farewell,  AU-hallovm  sum- 
mer! Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  2. 

All-hallows,  All-hallow  (al-hal' 6z, -6),  n. 
[Prop.  All-hallows,  pi.,  but  in  comp.  All-hallow 
(sc.  day,  eve,  mass,  summer,  tide);  in  early  mod.  E. 
and  dial,  also  All-hallown,  -hallon,  -hallan,  -hol- 
lon, -hollan,  -holland,  etc. ;  <  ME.  alhalowes,  ear- 
lier al  halowen,  <  AS.  ealle  hdlgan,  all  hallows, 
i.  e.,  all  saints  (see  all  and  hallow'^,  n.),  usually 
in  gen.  pi.  ealra  hdlgena,  ME.  aire  (or  alle)  ha- 
loivene,  halewune,  etc.,  (day,  tide,  feast,  etc.)  of 
all  hallows.  The  term,  -n,  corruptly  -nd,  thus 
represents  the  AS.  pi.  suffix  -an,  and  in  comp. 
the  gen.  pi.  -ena,  the  latter,  ME.  -ene,  being 
appar.  merged  in  e'en  in  Allhallowe'en,  q.  v.] 

1.  All  saints.  It  was  formerly  common  to 
dedicate  a  church  to  All-hallows. —  2.  All  Saints' 
day,  the  1st  of  November:  a  feast  dedicated  to 
aU  the  saints  in  general.  See  All  Saints'  day, 
imder  saint. 

Allhallow-tide  (al-hal'o-tid),  w.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  Allhallown-tide,  Alhallon-tyd,  Allhollon- 
tide,  etc. :  see  All-hallows,  All-hallown,  and  tide.] 
The  time  near  All  Saints'  day,  November  1. 
Also  called  Hallow-tide. 

Apples,  pears,  hawthorn-quicks,  oaks,  set  them  at  AU- 
hollon-tide,  and  command  them  to  prosper;  set  them  at 
Candlemas,  and  iutreat  them  to  grow. 

Ray,  Eng.  Proverbs  (1678),  p.  350. 

allheal  (al'hel),  n.    [<  all  +  heaU.  Cf.  panacea 
and  Panax.]    The  name  of  a  plant,  cat's  vale- 
rian, 'Faleriana  officinalis.  The  clown's  allheal, 
or  clovm's  woimdwort,  is  Stachys  palustris. 
alliable  (a-li'a-bl),  a.    [<  aZZ?/l  -I-  -able.]  Capa- 
ble of  forming  or  of  entering  into  an  alliance, 
alliaceous  (al-i-a'shius),  a.    [<  L.  allium,  g&v- 
liQ,  + -aceous.    ^ee  Allium.]    1.  Pertaining  to 
or  having  the  properties  of  the  genus  Allium, 
which  includes  the  onion  and  garlic. —  2.  Hav- 
ing the  pecidiar  smell  or  taste  of  the  onion: 
applied  specifically  to  minerals  which  contain 
arsenic  and  emit  a  garlic-like  odor  when  heated 
on  charcoal  before  the  blowpipe, 
alliance  (a-li'ans),  n.    [<  Me.  aliance,  aliaunce, 
<  OF.  aliance,  <.  ML.  alligantia,  <  alligare  (OF. 
alter),  ally,  bind  to:  see  ally'^  and  -ance.]  1. 
The  state  of  being  allied  or  connected ;  the  re- 
lation between  parties  allied  or  connected.  Spe- 
cifically— (a)  Marriage,  or  the  relation  or  union  brought 
about  between  families  through  marriage. 
And  great  alliances  but  useless  prove 
To  one  that  comes  herself  from  mighty  Jove. 

Dryden,  Helen -to  Paris,  1.  55. 
(6)  Connection  by  kindred.  [Rare.] 

For  my  father's  sake,  .  .  . 
And  for  alliance'  sake. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  5. 

(c)  Union  between  nations,  contracted  by  compact,  treaty, 
or  league.  Such  alliance  may  be  defensive,  that  is,  an 
agi'eement  to  defend  each  other  when  attacked  ;  or  ojfen- 
sioe,  that  is,  an  agreement  to  make  a  combined  attack  on 
another  nation;  or  it  may  be  both  offensive  and  defensive. 

An  alliance  was  accordingly  formed  by  Austria  with 
England  and  Holland  against  France. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  126. 

(d)  A■tl^  joining  of  efforts  or  interests  by  persons,  families, 
states,  jr  organizations :  as,  an  alliance  between  church 
and  state. 

An  intimate  alliance  was  formed  between  the  Arian 
kings  and  the  Arian  clergy.       Buckle,  Civilization,  II.  ii. 

Lydgate  .  .  .  had  .  .  .  the  conviction  that  the  medical 
profession  .  .  .  offered  the  most  direct  alliance  between 
intellectual  conquest  and  the  social  good. 

George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  I.  159. 

2.  The  compact  or  treaty  which  is  the  instru- 
ment of  allying  or  confederating:  as,  to  draw 
u-p  An  alliance. —  3.  The  aggregate  of  persons  or 
parties  allied. 

Therefore,  let  our  alliance  be  combin'd. 

Shak.,  3.  C,  iv.  1. 

4.  In  tot.,  a  grade  intermediate  between  class 
and  order:  the  equivalent  in  Lindley's  classifi- 
cation of  the  more  recent  term  cohort. —  5.  In 
zodl.,  a  natui-al  group  of  related  families ;  a  su- 

perfamily  or  suborder  Arms  of  alliance,  in  her., 

arms  which  are  obtained  through  matrimonial  alliances. 
—Evangelical  Alliance.  See  eoa/ii/eiicai.— Holy  Alli- 
ance. See  holy. =%yu.  Alliance,  League,  Confederacy, 
Coalition,  relationship,  aftinity,  combination,  federation, 
copartnership.  The  first  four  words  have  been  used  with- 
out distinction  to  express  the  union  or  cooperation  of 
two  or  more  persons,  organizations,  or  states.  Alliance  is 
the  most  general  term.  Often  a  confederacy  and  some- 
times a  league  between  states  means  a  closer  union 
than  an  alliance.  Alliance  is  rarely  used  of  a  combination 
for  evil ;  but  the  other  words  are  often  so  used,  confederacy 
having  specifically  such  a  meaning  in  law.  Alliance  alone 
is  used  of  the  union  of  families  by  marriage.  Coalition  is 
often  used  of  the  temporary  cooperation  of  persons,  par- 
ties, or  states  that  are  ordiiiaiUy  opposed. 


alliance 

Alliances,  at  once  offensive  and  defensive,  liave  o!ie  of 
the  usual  and  more  important  characteristics  of  conteiler- 
ations.  }yuolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  J  103. 

We  must  resolve  to  incorporate  into  our  jilaii  tliose  in- 
gredients wliicli  maybe  considered  as  forming  the  cliariic- 
teristic  difference  between  a  league  and  a  ernnK  iit ; 
we  must  extend  the  authority  of  tlie  union  to  tlie  persons 
of  the  citizens  — the  only  proper  objects  of  government. 

A.  Hamiltun,  Federalist,  No.  15. 
I  stood  i'  the  level 
Of  a  fuU-charg'd  cunfederacy,  and  gi\e  thaidis 
To  you  that  chok'd  it.  Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  2. 

The  utility  of  a  coi\federacij,  as  well  to  supjiress  faction, 
and  to  guard  the  internal  trancinillity  of  states,  as  to  in- 
crease their  e.xternal  force  and  securilv,  is  in  reality  not  a 
new  idea.  ,4.  Hamiltun,  Federalist,  No.  9. 

The  coalitions  of  nearly  all  Europe,  wliich  resisted  and 
Anally  humbled  the  Grand  Jlonardi,  are  among  tlie  most 
righteous  examples  of  measiu  es  for  preserving  the  balance 
of  power  which  history  records. 

W'oul/ii  ii,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  44. 

alliance  (a-li'ans),  v.  t.  [<  ctllionce,  w.]  To 
imite  by  confederacy;  join  in  alliance;  ally. 
[Rare.] 

It  (sin]  is  allianced  to  none  but  wn.-tched,  forlorn,  and 
apostate  spirits.  Cudwortli,  Sermons,  p.  U2. 

alliantt  (a-li'ant),  n.  and  a.  [<  F.  uUiaiit,  OF. 
aliant,  ppr.  of  (dier,  ally:  see  alhj^,  i'.]  I.  w. 
An  ally:  as,  ''alliants,  electors,  princes,  and 
states,"  Wotton,  ReliqiiiEe,  p.  532. 

II.  «.  Akin;  united;  confederated.  Sir  T. 
More. 

allice,  allis  (al'is),  «.  [Var.  of  earlier  ullowcs 
for  ulo.-ie.  <  Y.aJose,  "a  shad  (fish)"  (Cotgrave): 
see  An  English  name  of  a  species  of 

shad,  Alosd  cuhjaris.    See  AJosa. 

allice-shad,  allis-shad  (al'is-shad"),  Same 
as  allice. 

alliciatet,  allicitet  (a-lish'i-at,  a-lis'it),  v.  t. 
[In-eg.  <  L.  (lUiceir.  alliu-e:  see  aUect.~\  To  at- 
tract; alliu'e;  entice. 

alliciency  (a-lish'eu-si),  «.  [^eealUcient.']  The 
power  of  attraetiiig;  attraction.  [Rare.] 

Tlie  magnetical  allicienci/  of  the  earth.    Sir  T.  Browne. 

allicient  (a-lish'ent),  a.  and  n.    [<  L.  (iJU- 
cieit{t-)s,  -p-pr.  oiaiiicere,  alliu'e  :  see  uUect.'\  I. 
a.  Enticing;  attracting.  [Rare.] 
II. t  ».  That  which  attracts. 

alligartat,  n.  An  old  form  of  uUigator.  B.  Jon- 
son. 

alligatet  (al'i-gat),  i\  t.  [<  L.  aUiyutus,  pp.  of 
alliyarc,  adligarc,  bind  to.<  ad,  to,  +  liijarc,  bind. 
Cf.  ally^,  v.,  and  allay'^.']  To  bind;  attach; 
unite  by  some  tie. 

Instincts  allirjateil  to  their  nature. 

Sir  M.  Hale.  Orig.  of  Mankind,  p.  375. 
God's  waies  are  not  as  mans,  neither  is  he  bound  to 
means,  or  alligated  to  number. 

R.  Parrot,  Iacol)'s  Vowe  (1C27),  App.,  p.  14. 

alligation  (al-i-ga'shpn),  n.  [<  L.  aUigaUo{n-),  a 
binding  to,  a  band,  CcdUgarc :  see  aUigatc.']  1. 
The  act  of  binding;  the  state  of  being  bound 
or  united.  [Rare.] — 2.  The  name  of  several 
rules  or  processes  in  practical  arithmetic  (see 
below)  for  ascertaining  the  relations  between 
the  proportions  and  prices  of  the  ingredients  of 
a  mixture  and  the  cost  of  the  mixture  itself  per 
unit  of  weight  or  volume.  Also  called  the  rule 
of  wwiio-es.— Alligation  alternate,  an  aritlinietical 
process  used  in  ascertaining  the  proportions  of  ingredients 
of  given  price  which  will  produce  a  mixture  of  given  cost. 
The  proposition  is  indeterminate,  and  the  rule  of  alliga- 
tion gives  only  particular  solutions. — Alligation  me- 
dial, tlie  operation  liy  which  the  cost  of  a  mi.xture  is 
found  when  the  prices  and  proportions  of  tlie  ingredients 
are  given. 

alligator  (al'i-ga-tor),  n.  [A  Latin-looking 
(NL.)  adaptation  of  early  mod.  E.  alligater,  al- 
ligarta,  aligarto,  alegarto,  alagarto,  also  simply 
lagarto,  <  Sp.  el  lagarto,  lit.  the  lizard :  el,  the, 
<  L.  ille,  that ;  lagarto,  <  L.  lacertus,  lizard :  see 
lizard.  The  prop.  Sp.  name  is  caiman  or  la- 
garto de  Indias;  Pg.  cainiao.  The  E.  form  has 
given  rise  to  NL.,  F.,  andPg.  alligator,  and  Sp. 
aligador.']  1.  Any  member  of  the  family  ^Z/i- 
gatoridse,  or  some  American  memberof  the  Cro- 
codilidse;  an  American  crocodile. 

An  alliqator  stuft'd,  and  other  skins 
Of  ill-shap'd  fishes.        Shak.,  K.  and  J.,  v.  1. 

2.  leap.']  [NL.]  More  specifically,  a  genus  of 
large  lizard-like  or  saurian  reptiles,  the  type  of 
the  family  AlUgatoridcc,  order  Crocodilia,  for- 
merly family  Crocodilidce,  order  Sauria.  See  Al- 
KgatoridcB.  Crocodilidce.  The  type  of  the  genus  is  A. 

lucius  or  A.  mississippiengis  of  the  United  States.  Tlie 
genus  formerly  included  the  cayman  and  the  jacar^,  which 
have  been  made  types  of  the  two  genera  Caiman  and 
Jacare  (which  see).  A  true  American  crocodile,  Croco- 
dilus  aviericamis,  long  overlooked  or  confounded  with 
the  alligator,  has  lately  been  found  in  Florida  and  the 
West  Indies.  The  alligators  differ  from  the  true  croco- 
diles in  having  a  shorter  and  flatter  head,  cavities  or  pits 


148 

in  the  upper  jaw,  into  whicli  the  long  teeth  of  the  under 
jaw  Ht,  and  feet  niucli  less  webbed.  Their  liabits  are  less 
aquatic.  Tliey  frequent  swamps  and  marslies,  and  may 
be  seen  liasking  on  tlie  di'y  ground  during  tlie  day  in  the 
beat  of  tlie  sim.  They  are  most  active  during  the  night. 
I'lie  largest  of  them  attain  tlie  length  of  17  or  18  feet.  They 
live  on  tish,  and  sometimes  catcli  liogs  on  the  sliore,  or  dogs 
which  are  swimming.  In  winter  tliey  burrow  in  tlie  nuid  of 
swamps  and  marshes,  lying  torpid  till  spring.  Tlie  female 
lays  a  great  number  of  eggs,  wbii  b  are  deiiosited  in  the 
sand,  and  left  to  be  hatched  by  the  beat  of  the  sun.  Tlie 
alligators  are  distributed  over  tropical  America,  and  some 
are  old  world,  as  the  Cliiiiese  alligator,  A.  sinensis.  Among 


Alligator  i,AiUgaior  mississippiensis). 


the  fossils  of  the  south  of  England  are  remains  of  a  true 
alligator,  A.  hantoniensis,  in  t)ie  Eocene  beds  of  the 
Hampshire  basin.  Leather  made  from  the  skin  of  the 
alligator  is  widely  used. 

3.  A  local  name  of  the  little  brown  fence-lizard, 
Sceloporus  undulatus,  common  in  many  parts  of 
the  United  States. — 4.  A  machine  for  bringing 
the  balls  of  iron  from  a  puddling-furnace  into 
compact  form  so  that  they  can  be  handled;  a 
squeezer. — 5.  A  peculiar  form  of  rock-breaker. 

alligator-apple  (al'i-ga-tor-ap'l),  n.  The  fniit 
of  Anona  palnstris,  a  West  Lidian  tree. 

alligator-fish  (al'i-ga-tor-fish),  n.  1.  An  ago- 
noid  fish,  Fodotheciis  acipenserinus,  with  a  com- 
pressed tapering  body,  about  12  polygonal 
plates  on  the  breast,  9  spines  and  7  rays'  in  the 
dorsal  fins,  gill-membranes  united  to  "the  isth- 
mus, and  the  lower  jaw  shutting  within  the  up- 
per. It  is  about  a  foot  in  length,  and  is  common 
from  Puget  Soimd  northward. —  2.  Any  ago- 
nid;  a  fish  of  the  family  Agoitidw  (which  see). 

alligator-forceps  (al'i-ga-tor-for'seps),  «.  A 
sm'gical  forceps  with  short  jaws,  having  teeth 
throughout  their  length,  and  one  of  them  work- 
ing by  a  double  lever.  It  suggests  an  alligator. 

alligatorid  (al'^i-ga-tor'id),  One  of  the  Al- 
liga  torida'. 

Alligatoridse  (al*i-ga-tor'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Alligator  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  saurian  reptiles, 
of  the  order  Crocodilia,  related  to  the  family 
Crocodilidfc,  and  with  some  authors  forming  only 
a  subfamily  (Alligatorina')  of  the  latter;  by 
most  naturalists  now  judged  to  be  distinct.  The 
typical  genus  of  the  family  is  Alliiiiitur ;  ntlu  r  genera  are 
Caiman  andJacare  (which  see).    According  to  Hu.xley's 


1,  Skull  of  Alligator.   2,  Skull  of  American  Crocodile. 
(Drawn  from  specimens  in  Am.  Museum  of  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York.) 

analysis,  the  Alligatoridce  ha-ve  the  head  short  and  broad  ; 
the  teeth  very  unequal,  the  first  and  fourth  of  the  under 
jaw  biting  into  pits  in  the  upper  jaw;  the  premaxilbj- 
maxillary  suture  straight  or  convex  forward;  the  man- 
dibular symphysis  not  extending  be.yond  the  fifth  tooth, 
the  splenial  element  not  entering  into  it ;  and  the  cervi- 
cal scutes  distinct  from  the  tergal.  The  Cromdilidtf  have 
the  head  longer;  the  teeth  unequal;  the  first  mandibular 
tooth  biting  into  a  fossa,  the  fourth  into  a  groove,  at  the 
side  of  the  upper  jaw ;  the  preniaxillo-maxiilary  suture 
straiglit  or  convex  backward ;  the  mandibular  symphysis 
not  extending  beyond  the  eighth  tooth,  and  not  involving 
the  splenial  elements ;  the  cervical  scutes  sometimes  dis- 
tinct from  the  tergal,  sometimes  united  with  them.  Most 
living  Alligatorida;  are  confined  to  America.  The  Croeo- 
dilidcB  were  supposed  to  be  confined  to  the  old  world 
until  the  discovery  of  a  true  crocodile  in  America.  In 
general  appearance  and  economy  the  members  of  the 
two  families  are  snfiiciently  similar  to  be  confounded  in 
popular  language.  Both  families  belong  to  the  section  of 
the  order  Crocodilia  in  whicli  the  nasal  bones  enter  into 
the  formation  of  the  narial  aperture,  the  contrary  being 
the  case  in  the  sei-tiuii  which  includes  the  Gangetic  croco- 
liile  or  gavial,  Garialia  (ram/ctii'iis. 
alligator-pear  (al'i-ga-tor-par),  J).  The  fruit 
of  the  Persea  gratissima  of  the  West  Indies,  re- 


alliteration 

sembling  a  pear  in  shape.  Also  called  avocado- 
pear.    See  avocado. 

alligator-terrapin  (al'i-ga-tor-ter'a-pin),  n.  1. 
A  name  of  the  common  snappi'ng-turtle  of  Amer- 


Alligator-terrapin  [Chtlydra  serpentina). 


ica,  Ciielydra  serpentina.  So  called  from  the  length 
of  the  neck  and  especially  of  the  tail  in  comparison  with 
the  small,  thin  shell,  into  which  the  members  cannot  be 
completely  retracted,  the  general  appearance  of  a  saurian 
being  thus  suggested.  It  is  found  from  Canada  to  Florida, 
and  westward  to  Louisiana  and  the  Missouri.  Also  called 
alUgator-turtle.    See  CheUjdra  and  snapping-turtle. 

2.  The  gia.ntSTisiTpj)\ng-tuTtle,Macrochelyslacer- 
tina.    See  Macrochelys. 
alligator-tortoise    (al'i-ga-tor -tor 'tis),  n. 

Same  as  alligator-terrapin . 
alligator-tree  (al'i-ga-tor-tre),  n.    The  sweet- 
gum  tree,  Liquidamhar  Siyraciflua,  of  the  south- 
ern United  States. 

alligator-turtle  (al'i-ga-tor-ter'tl),  n.  1.  Same 
as  alligator-terrapin. 

The  elongated  tail  of  the  animal  is  very  characteristic, 
and  .  .  .  has  .  .  .  given  rise  to  the  popular  name,  cdliga- 
tor-turtle.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  III.  452. 

2.  A  similar  fresh-water  turtle,  Macrochelys 
lacertina,  of  the  family  Chelydridw,  with  very 
long  tail  and  neck,  it  is  found  in  the  United  States 
from  Florida  to  Texas,  and  up  the  Mississippi  valley  to 
Missouri,  in  muddy  ponds,  bayous,  and  lakelets.  It  at- 
tains a  weight  of  50  or  60  pounds  or  more,  is  esteemed  for 
tlie  table,  and  is  often  seen  in  the  markets  of  tlie  coun- 
tries it  inhabits. 

alligator-wood  (al'i-ga-tor-wud),  n.   The  wood 
of  a  meliaceous  tree,  Guarea  grandifoUa,  of  the 
West  Indies, 
allign,  V.  t.    See  aliue^. 
alline,  allineate,  etc.    See  aline^,  etc. 
allis,  n.    See  allice. 

allisiont  (a-lizh'on),  w.  [<  L.  allisio{n-),  <  alli- 
dcrc,  adlidere,  pp.  allisus,  adlisus,  strike  against, 
<  ad,  to,  -I-  Icedere,  strike,  hurt  by  striking: 
see  lesion.  Cf.  collision,  elision.]  A  striking 
against;  beating;  collision.  [Rare.] 

Islands  .  .  .  severed  from  it  [the  continent]  by  the  bois- 
terous allision  of  the  sea.  Woodward. 

alliterate  (a-lit'e-rat),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  allit- 
erated, ppr.  alliterating.  [<  ML.  *alliteratus,  pp. 
of  *alliierare,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  litera,  littera,  let- 
ter: see  literate.']  1.  To  begin  with  the  same 
letter  or  sound,  as  two  or  more  words  in  im- 
mediate or  near  succession;  agree  in  initial 
letter  or  soimd ;  make  an  alliteration. 

The  "h"  in  harp  does  not  alliterate  with  the  "h"  in 
honored.  S.  Lanier,  Sci.  of  Eng.  Verse,  p.  309. 

2.  To  use  alliteration. 

The  whole  body  of  alliterating  poets. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  VIII.  411. 

alliterate  (a-lit'e-rat),  v.  [<  alliterate,  v.,  in 
allusion  to  literate,  n.]  One  given  to  the  use 
of  alliteration.  [Rare.] 

Even  the  stereotyped  similes  of  these  fortunate  alliter- 
ates [poets  before  Chaucer],  like  "weary  as  water  in  a 
•weir"  or  "glad  as  grass  is  of  the  rain,"  are  new,  like  na- 
ture, at  the  thousandth  repetition. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  257. 

alliteration  (a-lit-e-ra'shon),  n.  [=:  F.  allitera- 
tion, <  ML.  alliteratio{n-),  <  *alUterarc :  see  allit- 
erate, v.]  The  repetition  of  the  same  letter  or 
sound  at  the  beginning  of  two  or  more  words 
in  close  or  immediate  succeseion;  the  recur- 
rence of  the  same  initial  sound  in  the  first  ac- 
cented syllables  of  words;  initial  rime:  as, 
Wiany  wen,  »«any  iwinds. 

Apt  alliteration's  artful  aid. 

Churchill,  Prophecy  of  Famine,  1.  233. 
Verse  in  which  alliteration  is  essential,  and  other  rime 
ornamental,  is  tlie  ]n-evailing  form  in  Anglo-Saxon,  Ice- 
landic, Old  Saxon.    Specimens  are  found  in  Old  High  Ger- 
man.   Alliteration  in  these  languages  even  ran  into  prose. 

F.  A.  March,  A.-S.  Gram.,  §  606. 
Though  the  word  alliteration  seems  to  have  been  in- 
vented by  Pontanus  in  the  fifteenth  century,  the  Romans 
were  certainly  aware  that  the  device  was  in  use  among 
themselves.  Trans.  Ainer.  Philol.  Ass.,  XV.  59. 

Alliteration  was  a  characteristic  of  old  Teutonic  poetry 
(Anglo-Saxon  and  Middle  English,  Old  Saxon,  Icelandic, 
etc.),  terminal  rime,  as  a  regular  feature,  being  of  later 
(Romance)  introduction.  The  lines  were  divided  into  two 
sections,  the  first  having  regularly  two  alliterating  syl- 
lables, the  second  one ;  but  by  license  or  mere  -accident 
four  or  more  alliterating  syllables  might  occur,  as  in  the 
last  line  of  the  extract  from  Piers  Plowman.  The  alliter- 
ating syllable  was  always  accented,  and  was  not  neces- 
sarily initial,  as  written;  it  might  follow  an  unaccented 
prefix,  as  ar-raye  in  the  extract.    The  vowels,  being  all 


alliteration 

more  or  less  open  and  easy  of  utterance,  might  alliterate 
with  one  another.  In  Churchill's  line  "Apt  alliteration's 
artful  aid,"  given  above,  the  initial  vowel-sounds  are  dif- 
ferent (a,  a  or  a,  a,  a),  though  spelled  with  the  same  letter. 
The  following  is  an  e.xaraple  of  Middle  Englisli  alliteration : 

Hire  robe  was  ful  riche'  of  red  scarlet  engreyned, 

With  ribanes  of  red  gold'  and  of  riche  stones ; 

Hire  arraye  me  ravysshed'  such  richesse  saw  I  nevere  ; 

1  had  wondre  what  she  was"  and  whas  wyi  she  were. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  ii.  15. 
Chaucer's  verse  is  cast  on  the  Romance  model  with  final 
rime,  but  he  often  uses  alliteration  as  an  additional  orna- 
ment: 

Ther  schyveren  .soAaftes  upon  scfteeldes  thykke ; 
He  feeleth  thurgh  the  herte-spon  the  prikke. 
Up  sjsringen  speres  twenty  foot  on  highte  ; 
Out  goon  the  swerdes  as  the  .tilver  brighte. 
The  Aelmes  to-Aeweu  and  to-schrede 
Out  ftrest  the  Mood,  with  «(erne  s?reemes  reede, 
Witli  mighty  ?n.aces  the  feones  thay  to-6rest, 


14f) 

How  easy  it  is  to  bear  in  mind  or  to  map  such  an  allo- 
cation of  lines,  .so  that  when  produced  from  an  unknown 
body  the  e.\istence  of  either  [sodium  or  magnesium]  can 
be  detected  by  such  spectral  examination. 

J.      Lockyer,  Spect.  Anal.,  p.  45. 

allocatur  (al-o-ka'ter),  n.  [ML.,  it  is  allowed, 
3d  pers.  sing.  pres.  ind.  pass,  of  allocare:  see 
allocate.'^  In  law,  the  allowance  of  something 
by  a  judge  or  court:  commonly  used  to  signify 
the  indorsement  of  a  document,  by  which  the 
judge  certifies  that  it  is  approved  by  him. 
allochiria  (al-o-M'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,<Gr.  alloc, 
other,  +  x^i-Pt  liand.]  In  pathol.,  the  confusion 
of  sensations  in  the  two  sides  of  the  body,  as 
when  a  patient  with  locomotor  ataxia  locates 
in  the  right  leg  a  touch  on  the  left  leg. 


Also 

 .,„.  ^  „„„  ,  ^..„^  ^^^^  spelled  allocheiria 

He  thuigh  the  (Aikkeste  of  the  throng  gan  ihrest  (etc.).  allOChrolc  (al-6-kr6''ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  alMxpoo^,  of 
CAdMccr,  Knight's  Tale,  1. 1747.  another  color:  see  allocliroous.]  Changeable 
in  color.  Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 
allochroite  (al-o-kro'it),  n.  [<  Gr.  alldxpoo^, 
of  another  color  (see  allocliroous),  +  -ife2.]  A 
massive,  fine-grained  variety  of  iron  garnet. 
This  name  is  said  to  have  been  given  to  it  as  expressive  of 
its  changes  of  color  before  the  Ijlowpipe, 


Such  alliteration  is  much  affected  by  .Spenser  and  his  imi- 
tators, and  occui's  with  more  or  less  frequency  in  all  mod- 
ern poetry. 

alliterati've  (a-lit'e-ra-tiv),  a.  [<  alliterate  + 
-ive.]  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  in  allitera- 
tion ;  characterized  by  alliteration. 


A  few  verses  like  the  pleasantly  aimerative  one  in  allochromatic  (al"6-kr6-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
which  he  [Dryden]  makes  the  spider,  "from  the  silent     ■ti„„  „j-i,  i     -\   -ri    t  ■   ■  * 

ambush  of  his  den,"  "feel  far  off  the  trembling  of  his    ''l'^°^>  °^\^^>  +  COlor.]   Pertaining  to 

thread,"  show  that  he  was  beginning  to  study  the  niceties    change  of  color. 

of  verse.  iojce;;.  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  40.  allOChrOOUS  (a-lok'ro-us),  «.     [_<.Gt.  aX/idxpoog, 

alliteratively  (a-lit'e-ra-tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  changed  in  color,  <  alM,  other,  +  xpoM,  xp6a, 
alliterative  manner ;  with  alliteration.  color.]    Of  various  colors:  generally  applied 


Vowels  were  employed  alliteratively  much  less  often 


to  minerals. 


than  consonants.        Trans.  Amer.  Philol.  Ass.,  XV.  64.  alloCUtion  (al-6-ku.'shon),  n.    [^Jj.  allocutio(n-), 

adlocutio(n-),  <  alloqid,  adloqui,  pp.  allocutus,  ad- 
locutus,  speak  to,  <  ad. 


alliterativeness  (a-lit'e-ra-tiv-nes),  w.  The 
quality  of  being  alliterative, 
alliterator  (a-lit '  e-ra-tor),  n.    One  who  uses 
alliteration. 
We  all  know  Shakspere's  jokes  on  the  alliterators. 

S.  Lanier,  Sci.  of  Eng.  Verse,  p.  312. 

Alliuin  (al'i-um),  n.  [L.,  more  correctly  alium, 
garlic ;  perhaps  related  to  Gr.  alMg,  sausage : 
see  allantois.']  The  largest  genus  of  plants  of 
the  natural  order  Liliacece,  of  about  300  species, 
natives,  with  few  exceptions,  of  the  northern 
temperate  zone.  They  are  bulbous  plants,  with  a  pe- 
culiar pungent  odor,  and  bear  their  flowers  in  an  umbel 
at  the  summit  of  a  scape.  Several  species  have  been 
largely  cultivated  for  food  from  very  early  times,  includ- 
ing the  onion  (A.  Cepa),  leek  {A.  Porrum),  shallot  (A.  As- 
calonicum),  garlic  (A.  sativum),  chives  (A.  Schoenopra- 
sum),  rocambole  {A.  Scorodoprasum),  etc. 

allmouth  (al'mouth),  n.    [<  all  +  moufh.']  A 

name  of  the  fish  otherwise  known  as  the  com- 
mon angler,  Lopliius  piscatorius. 
allness  (al'nes),  11.    [<  all  +  -Mess.]    Totality ; 
entirety;  completeness;  universality. 

The  allness  of  God,  including  his  absolute  spirituality, 
supremacy,  and  eternity.  S.  T^irnbuU. 


to,  +  loqui,  speak:  see 
locution,  loquacious.'] 
1.  A  speaking  to; 
an  address,  especial- 
ly a  formal  address. 
Also  written  adlocu- 
tion. — 2.  Specifical- 
ly—  (a)  In  Eom.  an- 
tiq.,  a  formal  address 
by  a  general-in-chief 
or  imperator  to  his 
soldiers.  Such  scenes 
were  often  repre- 
sented in  art  on 
medals  and  reliefs.  (6)  In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Cli., 
a  public  address  by  the  pope  to  his  clergy,  or 
to  the  church  generally. 

Scarcely  a  year  of  his  pontificate  passed  without  his 
having  to  pronounce  an  allocution  on  the  oppression  of 
the  church  in  some  country  or  other. 

Card.  Wiseman,  Last  Four  Popes,  Greg.  XVI. 

allod  (al'od),  w.    A  short  form  of  allodium. 
Tlie  science  of  the  universal,  having  the  ideas  of  oneness  allodgementt  (a-loj'ment),  M.      [Also  written 


From  an  imperial  Roman  bronze 
coin  in  the  British  Mu 


and  allness  as  its  two  elements. 

Coleridge,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  339.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

alio-.  [NL.,  etc.,  <  Gr.  a'Alo-,  combining  form 
of  aXAog  =  1j.  alius,  other,  another:  see  alias, 
alien,  and  else.]  An  element  in  compound 
words  of  Greek  origin,  meaning  other,  another. 

Allobrogical  (al-o-broj'i-kal),  a.    An  epithet 


alodgement,  and  allogiament  after  ML.  allogia- 
mentum  (It.  alloggiamento),  a  lodging,  <  allogiare 
(It.  alloggiare),  lodge,  <  ad,  to,  +  logiare  (It.  log- 
giare),  lodge,  <  logia  (It.  loggia),  a  lodge :  see 
lodge.]    Lodging;  in  plural,  soldiers' quarters. 

The  allogiaments  of  the  garrison  are  uniforme. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  March  23,  1644. 


Sns^orVaMniJts?Susio?t'^^^^^  allodia  n    Plural  of  allodiunr 

Geneva,  the  chief  stronghold  of  the  sect,  was  ^R^^i^^^l  (^1°  di-al), «,  andn.  [,=  F.  Fg.  allodial, 
anciently  a  town  of  the  Allobroges.  N.  E.  D. 
allocate  (al'o-kat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  allocated, 
ppr.  allocating.  [<  ML.  allocatus,  pp.  of  allo- 
care, allot,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  locare,  place,  <  locus,  a 
place :  see  locus.  Alloc-ate  is  a  doublet  of  allow^, 
q.  v.]  1.  To  assign  or  allot;  set  apart  for  a 
particular  purpose ;  distribute :  as,  to  allocate 
shares  in  a  public  company. 

The  court  is  empowered  to  seize  upon  and  allocate,  for 
the  immediate  maintenance  of  such  child  or  children,  any 
sum  not  exceeding  a  third  of  the  whole  fortune. 

Burke,  Popery  Laws. 
He  [Wolseley]  can  inspire  his  subordinates,  he  can  allo- 
cate them  to  duties  in  the  fulfilment  of  which  they  earn 
credit  and  contribute  to  the  success  of  him  their  master. 
Arch.  Forbes,  Souvenirs  of  Some  Continents,  p.  112. 

2.  To  fix  the  place  of ;  locate;  localize.  [Eare.] 
It  is  the  duty  of  the  heritors  to  allocate  the  churchyard. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  IV.  537. 

allocation  (al-o-ka'shon),  n.    [<  ML.  alloca- 

tio(n-),  <.  allocare:  see  allocate.]    1.  The  act  of  allodialism  (a-lo'di-al-izm), 

allocating,  allotting,  or  assigning;  allotment;  -ism.]    The  allodial  system, 

assignment ;  apportionment :  as,  the  allocation  i„  order  to  illustrate  and  explain  feudalism,  I  shaU  fii-st 

or  snares  m  a  pubhc  company.  illustrate  its  negation,  allodialism. 

Under  a  juster  allocation  of  his  rank,  as  the  general  Sir  E.  Creasy,  Eng.  Const,  p.  75. 

lather  of  prose  composition,  Herodotus  is  nearly  related  nllnrlinliQt  (a  In'rli"  nl  lat^  «     r<  nlln/tinl  4.  n 

to  all  Uterature  whatsoever,  modern  not  less  than  ancient.  ailOaiailSt  (a-io  m-al-ist;,  «.    [<.  alloaial  +  -ist.] 

De  Quincey,  Herodotus.  *Jue  who  Owns  land  allodially. 

2f.  An  allowance  made  upon  accounts  in  the  Insulated  allodialists  are  of  very  little  importance  .  .  . 

exchequer. —  3.  The  act  of  locating  or  fixing  in  ''''^  compared  with  the  organic  groups  of  agricultwists, 

place  ;  the  state  of  being  located  or  fixed;  dis-  J^'^|,'?pSte1?nto  tha'^fS"^^^^                        •  "  " 

position;  arrangement.  N.  A.  Bev.,CXSJii.i5Z. 


<  ML.  allodialis,  <  allodium:  see  allodium.]  I, 
a.  Pertaining  to  aUodium  or  freehold ;  free  of 
rent  or  service ;  held  independently  of  a  lord 
paramount :  opposed  to  feudal.  In  tlie  United  States 
all  lands  are  deemed  allodial  in  the  owner  of  the  fee,  but 
subject,  nevertheless,  to  the  ultimate  ownership  or  domin- 
ion of  the  state.  In  England  there  are  no  allodial  lands, 
all  being  held  of  the  crown. 

The  lands  thus  presented  to  these  [Teutonic]  warriors 
[as  rewards  for  fidelity  and  courage]  were  called  allodial; 
that  is,  their  tenure  involved  no  obligation  of  service 
whatever.  Stille,  Stud.  Med.  Hist.,  p.  136. 

The  allodial  tenui'e,  which  is  believed  to  have  been 
originally  the  tenure  of  freemen,  became  in  the  Middle 
Ages  the  tenure  of  serfs. 

Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  341. 

II.  n.  1 .  Property  held  allodially. 

Tlie  contested  territory  which  lay  between  the  Danube 
and  the  Naab,  with  the  town  of  Neuburg  and  the  allodials, 
were  adjudged,  etc.  Coxe,  House  of  Austria,  xxii. 

2.  An  allodialist. 

n.    [<  allodial  + 
See  allodial. 


allomorphite 

allodiality  (a-lo-di-al'i-ti),  w.  [<  allodial  +  -ity, 
after  V.  allodialite.]  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  held  in  allodial  tenure. 

allodially  (a-16'di-al-i),  adv.  In  an  allodial  man- 
ner ;  in  allodial  tenure ;  as  a  freeholder. 

allodian  (a-16'di-an),  a.  [<  allodium  +  -an.] 
Allodial.  [Eare.] 

allodiary  (a-16'di-a-ri),  n. ;  pi.  allodiaries  (-riz). 
[<  ML.  allodiarius,  <  allodium :  see  allodium  and 
-ar;/.]    An  allodialist. 

allodification  (a-lod"i-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [<  allo- 
dium -{■  -fication.]  The  conversion  of  feudal 
into  allodial  or  freehold  tenure. 

allodium  (a-lo'di-um),  ?j.;  t^I.  allodia  {-a.).  [ML., 
also  spelled  alodium,  alodum,  alodis,  alodes,  also 
alaudium,  alaudum,  alaudes,  >  It.  Pg.  allodia  = 
Sp.  alodio  =  Ft.  alodi,  also  aloe,  alo,  =  OF.  aleu, 
aleud,  alod,  alode,  alodie,  aloud,  alien,  alleu,allicu, 
alloet,  alloeuf  (Eoquefort),  F.  alleu.  The  origin 
of  ML.  allodium  is  disputed;  prob.  <  OHG.  *al6d, 
*  allod,  i.  e.,  entire  property,  <  al,  all,  all,  +  6d, 
6t,  property,  estate,  wealth  (in  adj.  odag,  otag, 
wealthy,  happy),  =  OS.  od,  estate,  wealth,  = 
AS.  edd,  wealth,  happiness,  =  Icel.  audhr, 
wealth.  In  this  view  the  similarity  of  allodium 
in  form  and  sense  to  OHG.  uodal  (=  ddal)  = 
OS.  odhil  =  leel.  odhal,  a  patrimonial  estate,  is 
accidental.]  Freehold  estate;  land  which  is 
the  absolute  property  of  the  owner;  real  estate 
held  in  absolute  independence,  without  being 
subject  to  any  rent,  service,  or  acknowledgment 
to  a  superior.  It  is  thus  opposed  to  feud^.  Some- 
times used,  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  period,  of  land  which  was 
alienable  and  inheritable,  even  thougli  held  of  a  superior 
lord.   Also  written  allod,  alody. 

The  allod  in  some  form  or  other  is  probably  as  old  as 
the  institution  of  individual  landed  property,  and  we  may 
regard  it  as  equivalent  to  or  directly  descended  from  the 
share  which  each  man  took  in  the  appropriated  portion 
of  the  domain  of  the  gi-oup  to  which  he  belonged  — tribe, 
joint-family,  village  community,  or  nascent  city. 

Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  339. 

alloeogenesis  (al-e-6-jen'e-sis),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

aXAoiog,  of  another  sort  (see  allceosis),  +  yivtati;, 
generation.]  A  term  used  by  Haeckel  to  de- 
note a  mode  of  reproduction  supposed  to  char- 
acterize the  Geryoniidw,  but  subsequently  de- 
termined to  be  due  to  an  error  of  observation. 
[Disused.] 

alloeorgan  (al-e-6r'gan),  n.  [<  Gr.  al'Aoloc,  of 
another  sort  (see  alloeosis),  +  bpyavov,  organ.] 
Same  as  alloplast.    Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  842. 

alloeosis  (al-e-6'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aXAoiuaig,  a 
change,  altei'ation,  <  a/.Tioiovv,  change,  <  aXkolog, 
of  different  kind,  <  aXAog,  other,  different:  see 
alio-.]    In  med.,  a  constitutional  change. 

alloeotic  (al-f-ot'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aA?.oioiTiK6c,  fit 
for  changing,  <  aAXoiurog,  changed,  changeable, 
verbal  adj.  of  aAloioi/v:  see  allceosis.]  In  med., 
capable  of  causing  alloeosis  or  constitutional 
change. 

allogamy  (a-log'a-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  aAAoc,  other,  + 
-yafiia,  <  yafiog,  marriage.]  Cross-fertilization 
in  plants;  fecundation  of  the  ovules  of  one 
flower  by  poUen  from  another  of  the  same 
species.  Distinguished  from  autogamy,  or  self-fertiliza- 
tion, in  which  the  ovules  are  fecundated  by  pollen  from 
the  same  flower. 

allogeneity  (ar'o-je-ne'i-ti),  n.  [<  allogeneous 
+  -itij.]  Difference  of  nature.  Coleridge.  [Eare.] 

allogeneous  (al-o-je'ne-us),  a.  [<  Gr.  a'AloyEvt/c, 
of  another  kind  or  race,  <  a/.Aog,  other,  +  yhog, 
kind.]    Of  a  different  kind  or  nature.  [Eare.] 

allogiamentt,  n.    See  allodgement. 

allograph  (al'o-graf),  n.  [<  Gr.  d/Aof,  other,  + 
}pd(peiv,  write.]  In  law,  a  deed  not  written  by 
any  of  the  parties  to  its  execution:  opposed 
to  autograph. 

allomet,  n.    An  old  form  of  alutn. 

allomerism  (a-lom'e-rizm),  n.  [<  allomerous  + 
-ism.]  In  chem.,  the  property  of  retaining  a 
constant  crystalline  foi-m  while  the  chemical 
constituents  present  or  their  proportions  vary. 

allomerous  (a-lom'e-rus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a?.'/.oc,  other, 
+  fiEpoc,  part.]  In  chem.,  characterized  by  al- 
lomerism. Applied  to  bodies,  as  certain  crystals,  which 
possess  the  property  of  retaining  the  same  form,  though 
the  constituents  or  their  proportions  vary. 

allomorphic  (al-o-mor'fik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a/./.d/jop~ 
ipoQ,  of  strange  shape  (<  aTOiog,  other,  -t-  fjoptpij, 
form),  +  -ic]  Pertaining  to  or  possessing  the 
qualities  of  allomorphism. 

allomorphism  (al-o-mor'flzm),  «.  [As  allomor- 
phic +  -ism.]  The  property  possessed  by  cer- 
tain substances  of  assuming  a  different  form 
while  remaining  imchanged  in  constitution. 

allomorphite  (al-o-mor'fit),  «.  [As  allomor- 
phic +  -!fc2.]  In  mineral.,  a  variety  of  barite, 
or  hea\^'-spar,  having  the  form  and  cleavage  oi 
anhydrite. 


all-one 

all-one  (al'mxri'),  a.  [<  all  +  one.  Cf.  all  one, 
under  all,  adv.}  Being  all  and  yet  one:  an 
epithet  of  God.  [Rare.] 

Surely  tlie  fact  that  the  motive  principle  of  existence 
moves  in  a  mysterious  way  outside  our  consciousness,  no 
way  requires  tluit  tlie  All-One  Beiny  slioulil  he  himself  un- 
conscious.   SuUi/,  Westminster  Rev.,  new  ser.,  XLIX.  151. 

allonget  (a-hmj'),  v.  i.  [<  Y.  allonger,  earlier 
alotigcr,  alongier,  alungier,  lengthen,  =  It.  «/- 
longare,  alliiiigare,  <  ML.  -allongarc,  *allon- 
giare.i  L.  ail,  to,  4-  ML.  ''longare,  longiare 
( >  OF.  longicr,  loigncr),  make  long,  <  L.  longus, 
>  OF.  long,  lung,  long:  see  long'^  and  allonge, 
«.]  To  make  a  pass  or  thrust  wdth  a  rapier; 
Itmge. 

allonge  (a-hmj'),  n.  [<  F.  allonge,  OF.  alonge, 
lengthening,  extension, <  see  allonge,  v., 

and  ahbrev.  lunge.']  If.  A  pass  or  thrust  with 
a  sword  or  rapier;  a  lunge. —  2t.  A  long  rein, 
when  a  horse  is  trotted  in  the  hand.  Bailey. 
—  3.  (Pron.  as  F.,  a-16hzh'.)  A  slip  of  paper  at- 
tached to  a  hill  of  exchange  or  other  negotiable 
note,  to  receive  indorsements  when  the  back 
of  the  bill  will  hold  no  more ;  a  rider,  in  Great 
Britain,  where  liillsof  e.\change  must  he  written  on  stamped 
paper,  the  allonijc  is  considered  part  of  the  document,  and 
does  not  requii  e  to  he  stamped.  — Allonge  Wlg,  a  name 
given  to  tlie  large  and  flowing  periwig  of  the  time  of 
Louis  XIV. 

allonym  (al'o-nim),  n.  [=  F.  allonyme,  <  Gr. 
a//of,  other,  +  ovofia,  j^Iolic  6vv/ia,  name:  see 
OM(/wi.]  A  name  other  than  the  true  one;  an 
alias;  a  pseudonym.  [Rare.] 

allonymous  (a-lon'i-mus),  a.  [As  allont/m  + 
-oiis.  Ct.  a)iori>jinous.'i  Bearing  a  feigned  name : 
as,  an  alloni/mous  publication.  [Rare.] 

alloot  (a-16').    An  old  form  of  halloo. 

allopath  (al'o-path),  M.  l=F.  allojMthe ;  are- 
verse  formation  <  allopathij,  F.  allopatliie :  see 
allopathi/.]  An  allopathist ;  one  who  favors  or 
practises  allopathy. 

allopathetic  (al  'o-pa-thet'ik),  a.  [<  allopathy, 
aitev  2>athrtie,  q.  v.]  Pertaining  to  allopathv. 
[Rare.] 

allopathetically  (al"o-pa-thet'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 

a  manner  conformable  to  allopathy, 
allopathic  (al-o-path'ik),  a.    Pertaining  to  al- 
lopathy.   A  rare  equivalent  is  hetcropathie. 

There  are  only  three  imaginaljle  methods  of  employing 
medicines  against  disease,  anil  these  are  denominated 
antipathic,  homoeopathic,  and  allopathic. 

Pereira,  Materia  Medica. 

allopathist  (a-lop'a-thist),  «.  [<  allopathy  + 
-igt.]  One  who  practises  medicine  according 
to  the  principles  and  rules  of  allopathy ;  an  al- 
lopath. 

allopathy  (a-lop'a-thi),  w.  [=  F.  allopathic  = 
G.  allopathie  (Haliiiemann),  with  a  forced  mod. 
sense  (in  form  like  Gr.  a'A'AoTradeia,  the  state  of 
an  aXXoKadt/Q,  <  a/JoTradr/i;  having  influence  on 
another;  in  grammar,  transitive,  non-reflexive), 
<  Gr.  aA'Aog,  other,  different,  +  irddog,  suffering, 
feeling,  condition :  seejmthos.  Ct.homeopathy.'] 
In  7ned.,  a  therapeutic  method  characterized  by 
the  use  of  agents  producing  effects  different  from 
the  symptoms  of  the  disease  treated.  See  home- 
opathy. The  name  is  incorrectly  apjilicil,  in  distinction 
irom  homeopathy ,  to  the  traditional  scliool  (also  called  the 
"regular  "  or  "old"  school)  of  medicine,  wliich  op]ioses  the 
homeopathic  theory.    Sometimes  called  lieteropatlty, 

allophanate  (a-lof'a-nat),  n.  [<  allophanic  + 
-rt^fi.]    A  salt  of  allophanic  acid. 

allophane  (al'o-fan),  «.  [<  Gr.  allo<jiavr)c,  ap- 
pearing otherwise,  <  aXXoi;,  other,  +  -(pavr/c,  ap- 
pearing, <  (j>alveadai,  appear.]  A  mineral  of  a 
pale-blue,  and  sometimes  of  a  green  or  brown, 
color.  It  is  a  hydrosilicate  of  aluminium,  occuiring  in 
amorphous,  botryoidal,  or  reniform  ma.sscs,  ami  received 
its  name  from  its  change  of  appearance  under  the  blowpipe. 

allophanic  (al-o-ian'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aA'Aoipavr/g : 
see  allophane  and  -/c]  Pertaining  to  anything 
which  changes  its  color  or  appearance :  as,  allo- 
plianic  acid  or  ether. 

allophyle  (al'o-fil),  n.  [<  L.  a.llophylus,  <  Gr. 
a'AAdipvXoc,  of  another  tribe,  <  a/Ckoq,  other,  -f- 
(^vkfj,  tribe:  see  phylo.']  An  alien  ;  one  of  an- 
other tribe  or  race. 

allophylian  (al-o-fll'i-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  allo- 
phyle +  -ian.]  1.  a.  Of  another  race ;  foreign; 
strange :  sometimes  specifically  applied  to  those 
languages  of  Europe  and  Asia  which  are  non- 
Aryan  and  non-Semitic,  and  are  also  called 
Turaiuan. 

Instances  from  allophylian  mythology  show  types  which 
are  found  developed  in  full  vigimr  by  the  Aryan  races, 

E.  B.  Tylor,  Prim.  Culture,  II.  243. 

II.  11.  One  of  another  tribe  or  race, 
allophylic  (al-o-fil'ik),  a.    Same  as  allophylian. 

Another  indication  of  a  former  allophylic  population  in 
that  valley.  The  American,  IX.  105. 


150 

allophytoid  (a-lof'i-toid),  n.  [<  Gr.  aAAof,  other, 
+  ipvrdv,  plant,  +  fMof,  form.]  An  abnormal 
form  of  buds,  with  fleshy  scales  becoming  de- 
tached and  forming  new  plants,  as  the  bulblets 
of  the  tiger-lily,  offshoots  from  bulbs,  etc.  [Not 
used. ] 

alloplast  (al'o-plast),  n.  [<  Gr.  aX7.oQ,  other,  + 
Tv'AaoTog,  verbal  adj.  of  ■KTiciaauv,  form,  mold.]  In 
Haeckel's  terminology  of  morphology,  an  idor- 
gan  composed  of  two  or  more  different  tissues : 
the  opposite  of  homoplast.  The  alloplasts  include, 
as  sul  idivisions,  idomeres,  antinieres,  and  metameres.  Also 
called  alUvoryaii. 

alloposid  (a-lop'o-sid),  w.  One  of  the  Alloposi- 
d(V. 

Alloposidae  (al-o-pos'i-de),  n.jyl.  [_'NJj.,<Allo]>o- 
sus  +  -('c/rt'.]  A  family  of  octopod  cephalopods, 
represented  by  the  genus  A  llojwsus.  it  is  charac- 
terized by  an  ovoid  finless  body,  tapering  arms  connected 
)iy  a  moderate  web,  and  a  mantle  miited  directly  to  the 
head,  not  only  by  a  large  dorsal  commissure,  but  also  by 
a  median  ventral  and  two  lateral  longitudinal  commis- 
sures N\  liich  run  from  its  inner  surface  to  the  basal  pai'ts 
of  the  si]ihon. 

Alloposus  (a-lop'o-sus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  oX^of, 
different,  various,  -I-  Tvdaog,  of  a  certain  (indefi- 
nite) quantity  or  magnitude,  here  equiv.  to  '  in- 
definite.'] A  genus  of  cuttlefishes,  typical  of 
the  family  Alloposidw,  in  which  the  body  is  very 
soft,  and  consequently  somewhat  indefinite  or 
variable  in  form. 

alloquial  (a-lo'kwi-al),  a.  [As  alloquy  ■¥  -al, 
after  colloqidal.']  Of  the  natiu-e  of  address; 
jjertaining  to  or  characterized  by  the  act  of 
talking  to  others,  as  distinguished  from  con- 
versing with  them.  [Rare.] 

There  are  no  such  people  endured  or  ever  heard  of  in 
France  as  «Ho7«(aZ  wits ;  people  who  talk  to,  hut  not  with, 
a  cii'cle,  De,Quincey,  Style,  i. 

alloCLUialism  (a-16'kwi-al-izm),  n.  [<  alloquial 
+  -ism.']  A  phrase  or  manner  of  speech  used 
in  addressing.    N.  E.  D. 

alloquyt  (al'o-kwi),  n.  [<  L.  alloquium,  adlo- 
quiuin,  <  alloqui,  adloqui,  speak  to,  address: 
see  allocution.  Cf.  colloquy,  soliloquy,  and  ob- 
loquy.] The  act  of  speaking  to  another  or 
others ;  an  address. 

Allorhina  (al-o-ri'na),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dA/lof, 
other,  -I-  /)/f,  piv,  nose.]  A  genus  of  lamelli- 
corn  beetles  (Scaraha'idw),  belonging  to  the 
tribe  Cetoniini,  readily  distinguished  by  the 
fact  that  the  epimera  of  the  mesothorax  are 
visible  from  above  as  a  triangular  piece  between 
the  prothorax  and  the  elytra,  a  character  of 
rare  occurrence  in  Colcoptcra.  The  scutellum  is 

covered  by  a  prolongation  of  the  liasc  of  the  jirothorax. 
The  best-known  species  is  A.  iiitiilo  (Linn;eus),  very  com- 
mon in  the  more  southern  United  States.  It  is  a  green 
velvety  insect,  nearly  an  i'<.ch  long,  of  nearly  square  form, 
somewhat  pointed  in  front,  with  the  sides  of  the  thorax 


Allorhina  nitida. 
a.  larva;  b,  pupa;  c.  male  beetle  :  d,  e./.g,  mandible,  antenna, 
leg,  and  maxillary  palpus  of  larva. 

and  elytra  usually  brownish-yellow.  It  feeds  upon  the 
sap  of  wounded  trees,  but  in  dry  sununers  it  not  rarely 
attacks  cotton-bolls  and  ripe  fruit  of  all  sorts,  thus  doing 
considerable  damage.  Its  larva  feeds  upon  grass-roots, 
and  is  characterized  by  the  numerous  short  ancl  stiff  hairs 
with  which  it  is  covered,  and  by  means  of  which  it  is 
aljle,  when  placed  upon  its  back,  to  move  forward  or 
backward  with  considerable  velocity, 
allot  (a-lof),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  aUotted,  ppr. 
allotting.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  aJot,  <  OF.  aloter, 
alloter  (F.  allotir),  <  a,  to,  +  later,  lotir,  divide 
by  lot,  <  lot,  lot,  adopted  from  Teut. :  see  lot.] 
1 .  To  divide  or  distribute  as  by  lot ;  distribute 
or  parcel  out;  apportion:  as,  to  allot  shares  in 


allotropy 

a  public  company. —  2.  To  grant;  assign;  ap- 
propriate :  as,  to  allot  a  sum  of  money  for  some 
specific  purpose. 

There  is  an  endless  variety  of  personal  force  and  char- 
acter secured  through  the  proportion  of  powers  which 
creative  wisdom  allots.         Progressive  Orthodoxy,  p.  18. 

One  of  the  largest  wigwams  was  allotted  to  the  Jesuit 
missionaries.  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  186. 

3.  To  appoint;  destine;  set  apart. 

Happier  the  man  wliom  favourable  stars 
Allot  thee  for  his  lovely  bedfellow ! 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  6. 
All  its  allotted  length  of  days 
The  flower  ripens  in  its  place. 

Tennyson,  Choric  Song. 
=  Syn.  Dispense,  Distribute,  etc.  See  dispense. 
allotheism  (al'o-the-izm),  n.  [<  Gr.  dAAof,  other, 
+  Oeot;,  god,  +  -is in.]  The  worship  of  other  or 
strange  gods.  N.  E.  D. 
Allotheria  (al-o-the'ri-a),  w.  j)l.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a'AAog,  other,  +  Oijptov,  a  wild  beast.]  An  order 
of  American  Jurassic  mammals  proposed  by 
Marsh  in  1880  for  the  genera  Plagiaulax,  Ctena- 
codon,  and  possibly  some  others,  having  an 
inflected  angle  of  the  lower  jaw,  no  mylohyoid 
groove,  specialized  premolars  and  molars,  no 
canines,  and  teeth  below  the  normal  number: 
contrasted  with  I'antotheria. 
allotherian  (al-o-the'ri-an),  n.  One  of  the  Al- 
lotheria. 

allotment  (a-lot'ment),  V.  1.  The  act  of  allot- 
ting; distribution  as  by  lot. —  2.  That  which  is 
allotted;  a  share,  part,  or  portion  granted  or 
distributed  ;  that  which  is  assigned  by  lot  or  by 
the  act  of  God. 

The  allotments  of  God  and  nature.  L'Estrange. 
3.  A  place  or  piece  of  ground  appropriated  by 
lot  or  assignment. 
A  vineyard  and  an  allotment  for  olives.  Broome. 

Allotment  certificate,  or  letter  of  allotment,  a  docu- 
ment issued  to  an  applicant  for  shares  in  a  company  or 
public  loan,  announcing  the  number  of  shares  allotted  or 
assigned  to  such  applicant,  and  the  amounts  and  due- 
dates  of  the  calls,  or  different  payments  to  be  made  on  the 
same,  etc.— Allotment  note,  or  allotment  ticket,  a 

document  signed  by  a  seaman  authorizing  his  employers 
to  pay  ])eriodicalIy  a  part  of  his  wages  while  on  a  voyage 
to  sonic  dtlier  jicrson,  as  to  his  wife  or  parents. — Allot- 
ment of  goods,  in  com.,  the  division  of  a  ship's  cargo 
into  several  jiarts,  which  are  to  be  purchased  by  different 
persons,  each  person's  share  being  assigned  by  lot. —  Allot- 
ment of  land,  the  assignment  of  portions  of  ground  to 
claimants  on  the  division  and  inclosnre  of  commons  and 
waste  lands. — Allotment  system,  a  practice  sometimes 
followed  in  England  i^f  dividing  a  lielil  or  fields  into  lots 
or  garden-plots,  to  be  let  out  to  agricultural  laborers  and 
other  cottagers  foi'  cidtivation  on  their  own  account. 

allotriophagy  (a-lot-ri-of'a-ji),  n.  _  [=F.  allo- 
triophagie,  <  Gr.  aTJiorpio^,  belonging  to  ano- 
ther (see  allotrious),  +  -ipayia,  <  (payelv,  eat.]  In 
pathol.,  a  depraved  appetite  for  eating  sub- 
stances of  a  non-alimeutary  or  noxious  charac- 
ter, as  in  many  anemic  and  hysterical  persons. 

allotrious  (a-lot'ri-us),  a.  [<  Gr.  aA'Adrpiog,  be- 
longing to  another,  <  aMog,  other :  see  alio-.] 
Belonging  to  another;  alien — Allotrious  factor, 
in  iiialli.,  in  the  algorism  of  common  measure  of  two  alge- 
braic expressions,  the  factor  from  which  a  I'emainder  or 
quotient  must  be  freed  in  order  to  make  it  an  integral  and 
irreducible  function, 

allotrope  (al'o-trop),  «.  [<  Gr.  aXXoTpoTTOc,  in 
another  manner:  see  allotropy.]  One  of  the 
forms  in  which  an  element  having  the  property 
of  allotropy  exists :  thus,  the  diamond  is  an  allo- 
trope of  carbon. 

allotropic  (al-o-trop'ik),  a.  Relating  to  or 
characterized  by  allotropy. 

Sulphur  and  phosphorus  (both,  in  small  proportions, 
essential  constituents  of  organic  matter)  have  allotropic 
modifications.  //.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  1. 

allotropical  (al-o-trop'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  allo- 
tropic. 

allotropically  (al-o-trop'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
allotropic  manner;  with  ctange  of  physical 

Sroperties,  but  without  change  of  substance, 
lotropicity  (al'''o-tro-pis'i-ti),  n.  [<  allotropic 
■¥  -ity.]  The  cpiality  or  capacity  of  assuming 
different  physical  properties  while  remaining 
the  same  in  substance.  See  allotropy. 
allotropism  (a-lot'ro-pizm),  n.  [As  allotropy  -\- 
-ism.]    Allotropical  variation;  allotropy. 

Allotropismhemg  interpretable  as  some  change  of  molec- 
ular arrangement,  this  frequency  of  its  occm-rence  among 
the  components  of  orgaiuc  matter  is  significant  as  imply- 
ing a  fm'ther  kind  of  molecidar  mobility. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  1. 

allotropize  (a-lot'ro-piz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 

allotropi::ed,  ppr.  aJlotropizing.   [As  allotrojpy  + 

-i~e.]    To  render  allotropic. 
allotropy  (a-lot'ro-pi),  «.  [=F.  allotropie,  <  Gr. 

aXAoTponia,  variety,  <  ciAXSTpoTrog,  in  another 

way,  <  aAAog,  other,  -f  Tpdnog,  way,  manner, 


allotropy 

guise:  see  trope.]  The  property  which  certain 
chemical  elements  have  of  existing  in  two  or 
more  distinct  forms,  each  having  certain  char- 
acteristics peculiar  to  itself.  The  element  carbon, 
for  instance,  exists  nearly  pure  in  three  totally  distinct 
forms— the  diamond,  graphite,  and  charcoal. 

allottable  (a-lot'a-bl),a.   l<  allot  + -able.']  Ca- 

Sible  of  being  allotted, 
ottee  (al-o-te'),  n.    [<  allot  +  -eel.]    One  to 
whom  something  is  allotted,  as  a  plot  of  ground, 
shares  of  stock,  or  the  like. 

The  allotment  of  gardens,  which  yield  a  partial  support 
to  the  allottee,  is  another  means  of  cheap  labor.   M ayhew. 

allotter  (a-lot'er),  n.  One  who  allots  or  appor- 
tions.   N.  E.  I). 

allotteryt  (a-lot'e-ri),  n.  [<  allot  +  -ery,  after 
lottery,  q.  v.]  Allotment;  what  is  allotted  or 
assigned  to  use. 

Give  me  the  poor  allottery  my  father  left  me  by  testa- 
ment. Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  i.  1. 

all-over  (al-6'ver),  n.  [See  all  over,  under  all, 
adv.]  The  trade-name  of  a  gilt  button  washed 
or  plated  on  both  the  upper  and  imder  sides, 
as  distinguished  from  a  top,  which  is  plated  or 
washed  on  the  upper  side  only.    De  Colange. 

all-overish  (al-6'ver-ish),  a.  [<  all  over  +  -is/tl.] 
Affecting  the  whole  system ;  extending  all  over 
one :  as,  an  all-overish  feeling  of  sickness.  [Col- 
loq.] 

all-overishness  (al-6'ver-ish-nes),  n.  A  perva- 
sive feeling  of  uneasiness  produced  by  appre- 
hension or  indisposition;  general  discomfort; 
malaise.  [Colloq.] 

Our  sense  of  all-overishinegs-v/hen  our  friend  approaches 
the  edge  of  a  precipice  is  clearly  only  a  step  or  two  re- 
moved from  the  apprehension  or  the  actual  representa- 
tion of  a  fall.  Mind,  IX.  421. 
allow!  (a-lou'),  V.  [<  ME.  alowen,  alouen,<.0¥. 
aloiier,  aloer,  aluer,  aloier,  assign,  allot,  place 
(mod.  F.  allouer,  assign,  allow,  grant),  <  ML. 
allocare,  assign,  etc. see  allocate.  Already  in 
OF.  confused  in  sense  and  form  with  another 
verb,  the  source  of  allow^,  approve,  the  two 
being  regarded  in  E.  as  one  word ;  the  separa- 
tion is  merely  formal.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  gi-ant, 
give,  or  yield;  assign;  afford:  as,  to  allow  a 
tree  passage. 

I  am  told  the  gardner  is  annually  alowed  2000  scudi  for 
the  keeping  of  it.  Eoebjn,  Diary,  Nov.  29,  1644. 

Envy  ought,  in  strict  truth,  to  have  no  place  whatever 
allowed  it  in  the  heart  of  man.  Colton,  Lacon. 

2.  To  admit ;  concede ;  confess ;  own ;  acknow- 
ledge: as,  to  allow  the  right  of  private  Judg- 
ment; he  allowed  that  he  was  wrong;  he  allowed 
it  might  be  so. 

The  pow'r  of  music  all  our  hearts  allow. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  382. 
The  ruin'd  spendthrift,  now  no  longer  proud. 
Claimed  kindred  there,  and  had  his  claims  allowed. 

Goldsmith,  Des.  Vil. 

They'll  no't  allow  our  friend  Miss  Vermillion  to  be  hand- 
somer Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  ii.  2. 

A  bright  morning  so  early  in  the  year,  she  allowed, 
would  generally  turn  to  rain. 

Jane  Austen,  Northanger  Abbey,  p.  61. 

3.  To  abate  or  deduct ;  take  into  account ;  set 
apart:  as,  to  allow  so  much  for  loss;  to  allow 
a  sum  for  tare  or  leakage. 

The  schedule  of  tares  annexed  is  the  tare  to  be  allowed 
in  aU  cases  where  the  invoice  tare  is  not  adopted. 

Circ.  of  Sec.  of  U.  S.  Treasury,  July  14,  1862. 

4.  To  grant  permission  to ;  permit :  as,  to  allow 
a  son  to  be  absent. 

No  person  was  allowed  to  open  a  trade  or  to  commence 
a  manufacture  .  .  .  unless  he  had  first  served  his  appfen- 
ticeship.  Froude,  Sketches,  p.  170. 

Farewell,  for  longer  speech  is  not  allow'd. 

M.  Arnold,  Balder  Dead. 

5t.  To  grant  special  license  or  indulgence  to. 

There  is  no  slander  in  an  allowed  fool.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  5. 
6t.  To  invest ;  intrust. 

Thou  Shalt  be  met  with  thanks, 
Allow'd  with  absolute  power. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  v.  2. 

7.  To  assert,  declare,  say;  or,  of  mental  asser- 
tion, to  mean,  purpose,  intend,  or,  simply,  think : 
the  concessive  sense  presented  assertively. 
[Colloq.,  United  States.] 

He  said  he  allowed  to  work  it  out. 

Howells,  Subui-ban  Sketches,  p.  58. 

"  I  'low'd  maybe  dat  I  might  ax  yo'  fur  ter  butt  'gin  de 
tree,  and  shake  'em  down.  Sis  Cow,"  sez  Brer  Rabbit, 
sezee.  J.  C.  Harris,  Uncle  Remus,  p.  48. 

Brer  Tarrypin  he  say  wich  he  wern't  gwine  nowhar 
skasely.  Den  Brer  Rabbit  he  'low  he  wuz  on  his  way  to 
Miss  Meadows.  J.  C.  Harris,  Uncle  Remus,  p.  50. 

=  Syn.  Allow,  Permit,  Consent  to.  Sanction,  Suffer,  Tol- 
erate. Allow  axiA permit  are  often  used  synonymously;  but 
permit  strictly  denotes  a  formal  or  implied  assent ;  allow, 
the  absence  of  an  intent,  or  even  only  of  an  attempt,  to 


151 

hinder.  Content  to  Is  formally  to  permit  that  which  one 
has  the  power  and  generally  some  disposition  to  prevent ; 
it  implies  the  assumption  of  responsibility  for  that  which 
is  thus  allowed.  Sanction  has  a  secondary  sense  of  per- 
mitting with  expressed  or  implied  approbation  :  as,  I  can- 
not sanction  such  a  coiu'se.  Suffer  is  still  more  passive 
or  reluctant  than  allow,  and  may  imply  that  one  does  not 
prevent  something,  though  it  is  contrary  to  one's  feelings, 
judgment,  or  sense  of  right.  To  tolerate  is  to  bear  with 
something  unpleasant :  as,  I  would  not  tolerate  such  im- 
pertinence. Many  things  are  tolerated,  or  suffered,  or  even 
allowed,  that  are  not  permitted,  and  many  are  permitted 
that  are  not  really  consented  to,  much  less  sanctioned. 

And  when  the  Queen  petition'd  for  his  leave 

To  see  the  hunt,  allow'd  it  easily. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

For  crimes  are  but  permitted,  not  decreed. 

Dryden,  Cym.  and  Iph.,  1.  475. 
Scourge  the  bad  revolting  stars. 
That  have  consented  unto  Henry's  death  ! 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 

Constantine  certainly  sanctioned  what  are  called  pious 
uses.  H.  Binney,  Vidal  versus  City  of  Phila. 

Jesus  answering  said  unto  him.  Suffer  it  to  be  so  now  : 
for  thus  it  becometh  us  to  fulfil  all  righteousness. 

Mat.  iii.  15. 

They  cannot  understand  the  complex  feeling  that  finds 
relief  in  sarcasm  and  allegory,  that  tolerates  the  frivolous 
and  the  vain  as  an  ironic  reading  of  the  lesson  of  life. 

Shorthouse,  Little  Schoolmaster  Mark,  p.  49. 

II.  intrans.  1 .  To  make  abatement,  conces- 
sion, or  provision :  followed  by  for :  as,  to  al- 
low for  the  tare. 

Allowing  still /or  the  different  ways  of  making  it. 

Addison. 

2.  To  permit;  admit:  with  of:  as,  "o/this 
allow,"  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  (cho.). 

Thou  Shalt  hold  the  opinion  of  Pythagoras,  ere  I  will 
allow  of  thy  wits.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  iv.  2. 

The  Court,  which  is  the  best  and  surest  judge  of  writ- 
ing, has  generally  allowed  of  verse ;  and  in  the  town  it  has 
found  favourers  of  wit  and  quality. 

Dryden,  Ded.  of  Ess.  on  Dram.  Poesy. 

allO'W^t  (a-lou'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  alouen,  alowen,  < 
OF.  alouer,  praise,  later  allouer,  <  L.  allaudare, 
adlaudare,  praise,  <  ad,  to,  +  laudare,  praise: 
see  laud,  v. ;  cf .  OF.  loer,  loner,  approve,  <  L. 
laudare.  Early  confused  in  sense  and  form 
with  allow^,  q.  v.  Doublet,  allaud.]  To  praise 
or  commend ;  approve,  justify,  or  sanction. 

Ye  allow  the  deeds  of  your  fathers.  Luke  xi.  48. 

That  same  framing  of  his  stile,  to  an  old  rustick  lan- 
guage, I  dare  not  alowe.   Sir  P.  Sidney,  Apol.  for  Poetrie. 

If  your  grace  allow  me  for  a  preacher,  I  would  desire 
your  grace  to  give  me  leave  to  discharge  my  conscience. 

Latimer,  3d  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI. 

allO'wablel  (a-lou'a-bl),  a.  [<  allow'^  +  -able, 
after  F.  alloilable,  '<  ML.  alloeabilis,  <  allocare  : 
see  allocate.]  Proper  to  be  or  capable  of  being 
allowed  or  permitted;  not  forbidden;  legiti- 
mate ;  permissible :  as,  a  certain  degree  of  free- 
dom is  allowable  among  friends. 

In  actions  of  this  sort,  the  light  of  nature  alone  may 
discover  that  which  is  in  the  sight  of  God  allowable. 

Hooker. 

allo'wable^t  (a-lou'a-bl),  a.    [<  ME.  allowable, 
alowable,  <  alowen,  praise :  see  allow^  and  -able. 
Mixed  with  aZtoM^afe^ei.]    Praiseworthy;  lauda- 
ble; worthy  of  sanction  or  approval;  satisfac- 
tory; acceptable. 
Custom  had  made  it  not  only  excusable  but  allowable. 
Bp.  Sanderson,  Sermons,  Ad.  Mag.,  ii.  §  8.    {N.  E.  D.) 
allO'Wableness  (a-lou'a-bl-nes),  n.    The  quality 
of  being  allowable;  exemption  from  prohibi- 
tion ;  freedom  from  impropriety ;  lawfulness. 

I  cannot  think  myself  engaged  ...  to  discourse  of  lots, 
as  to  their  nature,  use,  and  allowaUeness ;  and  that  not 
only  in  matters  of  moment  and  business,  but  also  of  re- 
creation. South,  Sermons,  I.  viii. 

allO'Wably  (a-lou' a-bli),  adv.  In  an  allowable 
manner ;  with  propriety. 

allowance!  (a-lou'ans),  n.  [<  ME.  alouance, 
alowans,  <  OF.  alouance,  <  alouer:  see  allow^ 
and-awce.]  1.  Sanction ;  approval ;  tolerance : 
as,  the  allowance  of  slavery. 

See  what  allowance  vice  finds  in  the  respectable  and 
well-conditioned  class.  Emerson,  Conduct  of  Life. 

2.  Admission  or  acceptance;  a  conceding  or 
granting :  as,  the  allowance  of  a  claim. 

Or  what  if  I  were  to  allow  —  would  it  not  be  a  singular 
allowance^ — that  our  furniture  should  be  more  complex 
than  the  Arab's  in  proportion  as  we  are  morally  and  in- 
tellectually his  superior?  Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  40. 

3.  Allotment;  apportionment;  a  definite  sum 
or  quantity  set  apart  or  granted,  such  as  ali- 
mony: as,  an  alloivance  by  a  husband  to  a  wife ; 
an  allowance  of  grog  or  tobacco  to  a  seaman ; 
an  alloivance  of  pocket-money. 

And  his  [Jehoiachin's]  alloivance  was  a  continual  alloiv- 
ance given  him  of  the  king,  a  daily  rate  for  every  day,  all 
the  days  of  his  life.  2  Ki.  xxv.  30. 

4.  Specifically,  in  laic,  an  extra  sum  awarded 
besides  regular  costs  to  the  successful  party 


alloy 

in  a  diflScult  case. —  5.  A  deduction:  as,  the 
allowances  made  in  commerce  for  tare,  break- 
ages, etc. — 6.  An  abatement  or  addition  on 
account  of  some  extenuating,  qualifying,  en- 
hancing, or  other  circumstance:  as,  to  make 
allowances  for  a  person's  youth  or  inexperience ; 
allowance  for  difference  of  time;  allowance  toT 
shrinkage  of  values,  etc. 

But  even  these  monstrosities  are  interesting  and  in- 
structive; nay,  many  of  them,  if  we  can  but  make  allow- 
ance for  different  ways  of  thought  and  language,  contain 
germs  of  truth  and  rays  of  light. 

Max  Mailer,  India,  p.  106. 
The  saints  and  demi  gods  whom  history  worships  we 
are  constrained  to  accept  with  a  grain  of  allowance. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  268. 

7.  In  minting,  a  permissible  deviation  in  the 
fineness  and  weight  of  coins,  owing  to  the  dif- 
ficulty of  securing  exact  conformity  to  the 
standard  prescribed  by  law.  in  the  United  states 

the  allowance  for  the  fineness  of  gold  coins  is  .001,  and  for 
weight  a  quarter  of  a  grain  to  each  one-dollar  piece ;  in 
silver  coins  the  allowance  for  fineness  is  .003,  and  for  weight 
IJ  grains  to  each  coin.  In  the  gold  coinage  of  France  the 
allowance  for  both  fineness  and  weight  is  .002,  and  of  Eng- 
land .002  for  fineness  and  two  gi-ains  in  each  sovcieign  for 
weight.    Also  called  remedy  and  tolerance  (wliich  see).— 

Barrack  allowance.  See  barrack. —  Compassionate 
allowance.  See  compassionate. 
allowance!  (a-lou'ans),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  al- 
lowanced, ppr"  allowancing.  [<  allowance^,  n.] 
To  put  upon  allowance ;  limit  to  a  certain  fixed 
periodic  amount  of  any  thing :  as,  to  allowance 
a  spendthrift;  distress  compelled  the  captain 
of  the  ship  to  allowance  his  crew. 

You  have  had  as  much  as  you  can  eat,  you're  asked 
if  you  want  any  more, and  you  answer  "No."  Then  don't 
you  ever  go  and  say  you  were  allowanced,  mind  that. 

Dickens,  Old  Curiosity  Shop,  xxxvi. 

allowance^  (a-lou'ans),  n.    [<  ME.  allowaunce, 

<  OF.  alouance,  <  alouer :  see  allow^  and  -ance. 
Mixed  with  aWoM^awcel.]  If.  Praise;  commen- 
dation. 

It  is  not  the  allowance  or  applause  of  men  that  I  seek. 

Bp.  Hall,  Hard  Texts,  p.  259. 

2.  Sanction ;  approbation ;  authorization :  as,  a 
judge's  allowance  of  a  compromise  or  settle- 
ment of  a  case  by  the  parties  interested. 

You  sent  a  large  commission 
To  Gregory  de  Cassalis  to  conclude. 
Without  the  king's  will,  or  the  state's  alloivance, 
A  league  between  his  highness  and  Ferrara. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iii.  2. 

3t.  Eeputation. 

His  bark  is  stoutly  timber'd,  and  his  pilot 
Of  very  expert  and  approv'd  allowance. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  1. 

allowedly  (a-lou'ed-li),  adv.  Admittedly. 

Lord  Lyttleton  is  allowedly  the  author  of  these  dialogues. 

Shenstone,  Works,  III.  cii. 

allower  (a-lou'er),  n.  One  who  allows,  per- 
mits, grants,  or  authorizes, 
alloxan  (a-lok'san),  71.  [< all(antoin)  +  ox(alic) 
+  -an :  so  named  t)ecause  it  contains  the  ele- 
ments of  allantoin  and  oxalic  acid.]  One  of 
the  products  (C4H2N2O4)  of  the  decomposi- 
tion of  uric  acid  by  nitric  acid,  when  treated  with 
alkalis  it  produces  alloxanic  acid.  In  contact  with  am- 
monia it  produces  purpurate  of  ammonia,  identical  with 
murexid,  which  with  various  mordants  produces  reds  and 
purples  on  silk  and  wool.  This  was  much  used  in  1855 
and  1856,  but  was  soon  superseded  by  aniline  colors. 

allozanate  (a-lok'sa-nat),  n.  [<  alloxanic  + 
-afei.]  A  salt  formed  by  the  union  of  alloxanic 
acid  and  a  base. 

alloxanic  (al-ok-san'ik),  a.  [<  alloxan  -f-  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  or  produced  from  alloxan:  as, 
alloxanic  acid — Alloxanic  acid,  a  strong  crjstalline 

dibasic  acid  produced  by  the  action  of  alkalis  on  alloxan. 
On  boiling,  its  salts  decompose  into  urea  and  mesoxalates. 
alloxantin  (al-ok-san'tin),  n.  [<  alloxan{t-)  + 
-in^.]  A  white  crystalline  substance  (CgH4N407 
+  3H2O)  obtained  when  alloxan  is  brought  into 
contact  with  reducing  agents.  Oxidizing  agents 
reconvert  it  into  alloxan.  Also  called  uroxin. 
alloy  (a-loi'),  V.    [<F.  aloyer,  earlier  allayer, 

<  OF.  dleier,  alier,<.  L.  alligare,  combine:  see 
(of  which  alloy  is  the  recent  form,  based 

on  mod.  F.)  and  ally'^.  The  sense  has  been 
influenced  by  the  erroneous  etymology  fi-om  F. 
d  loi:  see  alloy,  n.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  mix  (two 
or  more  metals)  so  as  to  form  a  compoimd,  with- 
out reference  to  the  relative  value  of  the  metals 
mixed. 

When  we  wish  to  allon  three  or  more  metals,  we  often 
experience  difficulties,  either  because  one  of  the  metals  is 
more  oxidisable,  ordenser,  or  more  fusible  than  the  others, 
or  because  there  is  no  direct  affinity  between  two  of  the 
metals.  Ure,  Dii^^t-,  I.  92. 

2.  To  reduce  to  a  desired  standard  or  quality  by 
mixing  with  a  less  valuable  metal :  as,  to  alloy 
gold  or  silver  with  copper.— 3.  Figuratively, 
to  debase  or  reduce  in  character  or  condition  by 


alloy 

admixtiu'e ;  impair  by  the  intrusion  of  a  base 
or  alien  element;  contaminate;  modify:  as, 
external  prosperity  alloyed  by  domestic  trials. 

But  to  alloy  much  of  this  [rejoicing],  the  French  Heete 
rides  in  our  Channell,  ours  not  daring  to  interpose. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  June  24,  1690. 

II.  intrans.  To  enter  into  combination,  as 
one  metal  with  another. 

One  metal  does  not  alloy  indifferently  with  every  other 
metal,  but  is  governed  in  this  respect  by  peculiar  affinities. 

Ure,  Diet.,  I.  91. 

Formerly  written  allay. 
alloy  (a-loi'),  n.  [<  F.  aloi,  earlier  aloy,  <  OF. 
alei,  AF.  aley,  alay,  >  E.  allay'^,  n.  The  sense 
has  been  influenced  by  the  erroneous  etymology 
from  F.  d,  loi,  to  law,  as  if  '  that  which  is  brought 
to  the  legal  standard.']  1.  An  artificial  com- 
pound of  two  or  more  metals  combined  while 
in  a  state  of  fusion,  as  of  copper  and  tin,  which 
form  bronze,  or  of  lead  and  antimony,  which  form 
type-metal.  Xlie  alloys  are  numerous,  as  the  brasses, 
bronzes,  solders,  type-,  gun-,  and  bell-metals,  etc.,  and  are 
of  great  importance  in  the  practical  arts.  There  are  many 
varieties  of  these  alloys,  the  character  of  each  being  de- 
termined by  the  proportions  of  its  constituents.  An  ai  ti- 
flcial  metallic  mixture  containing  quicksilver  is  termed  an 
amalgam  (which  see). 

2.  An  inferior  metal  mixed  with  one  of  greater 
value.  The  gold  and  silver  coins  of  the  United  States 
are  of  the  standard  fineness  of  900  parts  of  fine  metal  and 
100  parts  of  copper  alloy,  of  which  in  the  case  of  gold  not 
more  than  one  tenth  may  be  silver.  In  the  case  of  silver 
coins  the  alloy  is  wholly  of  copper.  Hence  these  coins  are 
said  to  be  900  fine.    -See  alloyage. 

The  British  standard  for  gold  coin  is  22  parts  pure  gold 
and  2  parts  alloy,  and  for  sUver,  222  parts  pure  silver  to 
18  parts  of  alloy.  Ure,  Diet.,  I.  9e. 

3t.  Standard;  quality;  fineness. 

My  Lord  of  Northumberland,  .  .  .  whose  education  of 
his  Sonne,  I  heare,  has  ben  of  another  streine  and  alloy 
then  that  we  have  mentioned. 

Evelyn,  Letter  to  Edward  Thurland. 

4.  Figuratively,  admixture,  as  of  good  with 
evil ;  a  deleterious  mixture  or  element ;  taint : 
as,  no  earthly  happiness  is  without  alloy. 

The  friendship  of  high  and  sanctified  spirits  loses  no- 
thing by  death  but  its  alloy.  £,  Hall. 

Formerly  written  allay. 
D'Arcetz's,  Newton's,  Rose's  fusible  alloy  of  bis- 
muth. See  ?H<;tei.— Wood's  fusible  alloy,  an  alloy 
composed  of  15  parts  of  bismuth,  8  of  lead,  4  of  tin,  3  of 
cadmium.  It  has  a  brilliant  luster,  which  does  not  tar- 
nish readily,  and  melts  between  150°  and  160°  F.  Work- 
shop Receipts. 

alloyage  (a-loi'aj),  ?i.    [<  alloy  +  -age.'i  The 

practice  of  process  of  alloying  metals ;  specifi- 
cally, in  minting,  the  practice  of  adding  to  the 
precious  metals  a  small  proportion  of  a  baser 
one,  to  harden  them,  with  the  object  of  produ- 
cing a  clear  impression  when  the  coins  are 
struck,  and  of  preventing  or  lessening  abrasion 
while  they  are  in  circulation.    See  alloy,  n.,  2. 

alloy-balance  (a-loi'bal"ans),  n.  A  balance 
for  weighing  metals  which  are  to  be  combined 
in  decimal  proportions,  in  Robert  s  alloy-balance 
the  point  of  suspension  is  movable,  and  is  adjusted  to  the 
point  at  which  the  arms  of  the  balance  bear  to  one  an- 
other the  proportion  of  the  metals  to  be  weighed,  as  for 
example  17  per  cent,  of  tin  to  83  of  copper.  The  beam  of 
the  balance  is  then  brought  to  the  position  of  equilibrium 
by  means  of  a  weight  suspended  from  a  continuation  of 
the  short  arm  of  the  balance  ;  and  when  the  balance  is  so 
adjusted  any  quantity  of  copper  put  in  the  short-arm  scale 
will  be  balanced  by  the  requisite  proportion  of  tin  in  the 
other  scale,  that  is,  in  the  supposed  case,  17  per  cent,  of 
the  total  weight  of  the  two. 

allozooid  (al-o-zo'oid),  n.  [<  Gr.  alloc,  other, 
+  i(joei6^s,  like  an  animal :  see  zodid.1  In  sodl., 
an  animal  bud  or  zooid  separated  by  gemma- 
tion from  the  organism  by  which  it  is  produced, 
and  differing  from  it  in  character:  the  opposite 
of  isozoiiid. 

all-round  (al'round),  a.  [<  all,  adv.,  +  round, 
adv.'\  Able  to  do  many  things  well;  many- 
sided;  capable  of  doing  anything;  versatile; 
not  narrow ;  not  too  specialized. 

Let  our  aim  be  as  hitherto  to  give  a  good  all-round  edu- 
cation fitted  to  cope  with  as  many  exigencies  of  the  day 
as  possible.  Lowell,  Oration,  Harvard,  Nov.  8,  1886. 

One  of  the  usual  all-round  men,  who  considered  that  he 
could  do  most  things,  and  vaunted  his  precise  knowledge 
of  the  trails  throughout  the  territories. 

W.  Shepherd,  Prairie  Experiences,  p.  192. 

All-saints  (al'sants),  n.    Same  as  All  Saints' 
day  (which  see,  under  saint). 

allseed  (al'sed),  w.  A  name  given  in  Great 
Britain  to  several  very  different  plants:  (a) 
Polycarpon  tetraphyllum,  a  small  plant  found  in 
the  southwest  of  England;  (b)  the  knot-grass, 
Polygonum  avimlare;  (c)  Chenopodium  poly- 
spermum,  foimd  in  waste  places;  (d)  Radiola 
Millegrana. 

all-sorts  (al'sdrts),  71.  A  term  used  in  taverns 
or  beer-shops  to  denote  a  beverage  composed  of 
remnants  of  various  liquors  mixed  together. 


152 

All-souls  (al'solz),  n.    Same  as  All  Souls'  day 

(which  see,  under  soid). 
allspice  (al'spis),  «.  [<  a?Z  +  spice:  so  called 
because  supposed  to  combine  the  flavor  of  cin- 
namon, nutmeg,  and  cloves.]  The  friut  of 
Eugenia  Pimenta,  a  tree  of  the  West  Indies.  See 
pimento.  Carolina  allspice  is  the  sweet-shrub,  Cah/can- 
thits  jioridus.  Japan  allspice  is  a  common  name  for  the 
allied  shrub  of  Japan,  Chimonanthus  fragrans.  Wild 
allspice  is  a  name  sometimes  given  to  the  aromatic  Lindera 
Benzoin  of  the  United  States. 

allubescencet,  allubescencyt  (al-u-bes'ens, 
-en-si),  «.  [Also  adlubcscence ;  <  L.  adluhes- 
cen{t-)s,  alhibcscen(t-)s,  ppr.  of  adlubescere,  allu- 
bescere,  be  pleasing  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  lubere,  libere, 
please.  Ct.  ad  libitum.']  1.  Pleasantness. —  2. 
Willingness ;  compliance, 
allude  (a-liid'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  alluded  opr. 
alluding.  [<  L.  alludere,  adludere,  play  with, 
jest,  speak  sportively,  <  ad,  to,  +  ludere,  play.] 

1.  t  tra?is.  1.  To  play  with  or  make  game  of . — 

2.  To  compare. 

To  free  myselfe  from  the  imputation  of  pai-tiality.  He 
at  last  alltide  her  to  a  waterman.  John  Taylor. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  make  an  allusion;  refer 
easuaUy  or  tndii-ectly:  with  to  (foi-merly  also 
vnto). 

These  speeches  ...  do  seem  to  allude  unto  such  min- 
isterial garments  as  were  then  in  use.  Hooker. 

He  alludes  to  enterprizes  which  he  cannot  reveal  but 
with  the  hazard  of  his  life.       Steele,  Spectator,  No.  510. 

2t.  Topim;  have  a  punning  reference.  =8301,  l. 

Advert,  liefer.  Allude,  etc.    See  advert. 

allumt,  n.    An  old  spelling  of  ahwi. 
allumette  (al-u-mef),  n.    [F.,  a  match,  <  al- 
lumer,  light,  kindle:  see  allumine.']    A  match 
for  lighting. 

alluminatet  (a-lu'mi-nat),  v.  t.  [<  ML.  *allu^ 
minatus,  pp.  of  * alluminare :  see  allumine.']  To 
illuminate,  as  manuscripts.  Bailey. 
alluminet  (a-lu'miu),  v.  t.  [<  OF.  alluminer  for 
alumer,  la,ter allumer,  lighten,  kindle,  =Pr.  almn- 
nar,  alumenar  =  Sp.  alumbrar  =  Pg.  alumiar, 
allumiar  =  It.  allumare,  alluminare,  <  ML.  *al- 
luminare,  set  light  to,  <  L.  ad,  to,  -t-  luminarc, 
light,  <  lumen  (lumin-),  light:  see  luminous,  limn, 
and  cf.  illumine,  illuminate.]  To  illuminate; 
enlighten. 

alluminorf  (a-lu'mi-nor),  n.  [ME.  lymnour,  etc. 
(see  limner),  <  AF.  allmninour,  OF.  alumineor, 
later  allumineur,  <  ML.  as  if  *alluminator,  equiv. 
to  illuminator,  <  *alluminare,  equiv.  to  illumi- 
nare:  see  allumine,  illumine.]  An  illuminator 
of  manuscripts. 

Before  the  invention  of  printing,  certain  persons  called 
Alluminors  made  it  a  trade  to  paint  the  initial  letters  of 
maimscripts  in  all  sorts  of  coloui-s,  and  to  gild  them  with 
silver  and  gold.  Barclay,  Diet.  (1823). 

all-ups  (al'ups),  n.    A  mixture  of  all  qualities 
of  coal,  excepting  fine  slack,  raised  from  one 
seam.    Gresley.    [Leicestershire,  Eng.] 
allurancet  (a-liir'ans),  n.    [<  allure^  +  -ance.] 
Allurement, 
allurantt  (a-lur'ant),  a.    [<  allure^  +  -ant^.] 

Alluring;  enticing.  B.  Jonson. 
allure^  (a-lur'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  allured,  ppr. 
alluring.  [Early  mod.  E.  alure,  alewre,  <  ME. 
aluren,  <  AF.  alurer,  OF.  alurer,  aleurrer,  aler- 
rer,  attract,  allure,  <  a,  to,  -I-  lurer,  lure :  see 
lure.]  1.  To  tempt  by  the  offer  of  some  good, 
real  or  apparent ;  invite  by  something  flatter- 
ing or  acceptable ;  draw  or  try  to  draw  by  some 
proposed  pleasure  or  advantage:  as,  rewards 
allure  men  to  brave  danger. 

Allur'd  to  brighter  worlds,  and  led  the  way. 

Goldsmith,  Des.  VU.,  1.  170. 

2.  To  attract ;  fascinate  ;  charm. 

She  show'd  him  favours  to  allicre  his  eye. 

Shak.,  Pass.  Pilg.,  iv. 
Sleeking  her  soft  alluring  locks. 

Milton,  Comus,  I.  882. 
=  Syn.  Allure,  Lure,  Entice,  Decoy,  Seduce,  attract,  in- 
vite, coax,  engage,  prevail  on.  The  first  five  words  im- 
])ly  the  exercise  of  strong  but  subtle  influences  over  the 
mind  or  senses.  Allure,  lure,  to  attract  by  a  lure  or  bait, 
to  draw  by  appealing  to  the  hope  of  gain  or  the  love  of 
pleasure,  differ  but  little;  the  former,  however,  seems 
to  imply  a  more  definite  object  than  lure,  which  retains 
perhaps  a  little  more  of  the  original  meaning,  though 
it  is  less  often  used.  Entice  expresses  most  of  skill, 
subtlety,  flattery,  or  fair  speech.  Decoy  is  to  lead  into 
a  snare  by  false  appearances ;  this  word  is  the  one  most 
commonly  used  in  a  physical  sense.  Seduce,  to  lead  astray, 
generally  from  rectitude,  but  sometimes  from  interest  or 
truth. 

As  danger  could  not  daunt,  so  neither  could  ambition 
allure  him.  Latimer,  Sermons,  Int.,  p.  xli. 

So  beauty  lures  the  full-grown  child.      Byron,  Giaour. 
He  dooth  not  only  show  the  way,  but  giueth  so  sweete 
a  prospect  into  the  way,  as  will  intice  any  man  to  enter 
into  it.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Apol.  for  Poetrie. 


alluvion 

He  sailed  for  England,  taking  with  him  five  of  the  na- 
tives whom  he  had  decoyed.    Bancrojt,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  91. 

It  is  not  the  knavery  of  the  leaders  so  much  as  the  hon- 
esty of  the  followers  they  may  seduce,  that  gives  them 
power  for  evil.  Loivell,  Study  Windows,  p.  169. 

allure^t  (a-lur'),  n.  [<  allure^,  v.]  Allm-ement. 
allure^t,  n.    Same  as  alure. 
allurement  (a-liir'ment),  n.  [<  allure'^  +  -ment.] 

1 .  The  act  of  alluring  or  attracting. 

Adam  by  his  wife's  allurement  fell.  Milton,  P.  E.,  ii.  I34. 

2.  That  which  allures;  any  real  or  apparent 
good  hold  forth  or  operating  as  a  motive  to 
action;  a  temptation;  an  enticement:  as,  the 
allurements  of  pleasure  or  of  honor. 

Let  your  Scholer  be  iieiier  afraide,  to  aske  you  any 
dout,  but  vse  discretlie  the  best  allurements  ye  can,toen- 
corage  him  to  the  same.  Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  28. 

3.  Attractiveness;  fascination;  charm, 
allurer  (a-lur'6r),  n.    One  who  or  that  which 

allures. 

Money,  the  sweet  allurer  of  our  hopes, 
Ebbs  out  in  oceans,  and  comes  in  by  drops. 

Dryden,  Prol.  to  Prophetess,  1.  11. 

alluringly  (a-liir'ing-li),  adv.  In  an  alluring 
manner;  enticingly. 

alluringness  (a-lur'ing-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
beiu^  alliu-iug  or  fascinating, 
allusion  (a-lu'zhon),  n.  [<  F.  allusion,  <  L.  allu- 
sio{n-),  adlusio{n-),  playing  or  sporting  with,  < 
alludere,  pp.  allusus:  see  allude.]  If.  A  play 
upon  words ;  a  pim. 

The  alhision  holds  In  the  exchange. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  2. 
[Said  by  Holof ernes  with  reference  to  the  jest  about  the 
moon's  being  no  more  than  a  month  old  when  Adam  was 
fivescore.] 

2\.  A  symbolical  reference  or  comparison;  a 
metaphor. 

Virtue,  to  borrow  the  Christian  allusion,  is  militant  here, 
and  various  untoward  accidents  contribute  to  its  being 
often  overborne.  Butler,  Anal.  Eelig.,  i.  67. 

3.  A  passing  or  casual  reference ;  a  slight  or 
incidental  mention  of  something,  either  directly 
or  by  implication;  a  hint  or  reference  used 
by  way  of  illustration,  suggestion,  or  insinu- 
ation: as,  a  classical  allusion;  an  allusion  to 
a  person's  misconduct. 

We  have  here  an  elaborate  treatise  on  Government,  from 
which,  but  for  two  or  three  passing  allusions,  it  would 
not  appear  that  the  author  was  aware  that  any  govern- 
ments actually  existed  among  men. 

Macaulap,  Mill  on  Government. 
The  delicacy  of  touch,  the  circuitous  allusion,  with  which 
[Sydney]  Smith  refers  to  things  commonly  received  as  vul- 
gar, is  a  study  for  all  who  wish  to  master  the  refinements 
of  expression.  ^Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  155. 

allusive  (a-M'siv),  «.  [<  L.  as  if  *allusivus,  < 
allusus,  pp.  of  alludere :  see  allude.]  If.  Pun- 
ning.—  2t.  Metaphorical. 

Poetry  is  triply  divided  into  naiTative,  representative  or 
dramatic,  and  allusive  or  parabolical. 

Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  II.  4. 
3.  Having  reference  to  something  not  fully 
expressed ;  containing,  full  of,  or  characterized 
by  allusions. 

The  allusive  but  not  inappropriate  pseudonym  of  Cas- 
sandra. W.  R.  Greg,  Misc.  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  1. 
AUuslve  arms,  in  her.    See  arm^. 

allusively  (a-lu'siv-li),  adv.  If.  Symbolically; 
by  way  of  comparison  or  figure. —  2.  In  an  al- 
lusive manner;  by  way  of  allusion;  by  sugges- 
tion, implication,  or  insinuation, 
allusiveness  (a-lu'siv-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  allusive. 
The  multifarious  allusiveness  of  the  prophetical  style. 

Dr.  H.  More,  Seven  Churches,  ix. 
allusory  (a-lii'so-ri),  a.    [<  L.  as  if  *allusorius, 
<  allusus,  pp.  of  alludere :  see  allude.]  Allusive. 
Expressions  .  .  .  figurative  and  allusonj. 

Warburton,  Sermono,  II.  100. 
allu'Tia,  n.  Plural  of  alluvium. 
alluvial  (a-lu'vi-al),  a.  [<  L.  alluvius,  adluvius, 
alluvial  (see alluvium),  +  -aL]  Of,  pertaining  to, 
or  composed  of  alluvium:  as,  aZtoiaZ  deposits ; 
alluvial  soil — Allu'vlal  formations,  in  yeol,  recent 
deposits,  in  valleys  or  in  plains,  of  the  detritus  of  neigh- 
boring elevations,  brought  down  chiefly  by  the  action  of 
water.  Most  river-plains,  as  those  of  the  Mississippi,  are 
alluvial,  having  been  deposited  from  the  waters  of  a  river, 
a  lake,  or  an  arm  of  the  sea.   See  alluvium. 

The  windings  of  the  stream  in  large  alluvial  flats  are 
most  numerous  where  the  current  is  exceedingly  slow. 

Dana,  Geology,  p.  641. 
alluvian  (a-lii'vi-an),  a.    Same  as  alluvial. 
[Kare.] 

alluvio  (a-lu'vi-6),  n.  [L.]  Same  as  alluvion. 
alluvion  (a-lu'vi-on),  n.  [<F.  alhivion,  alluvion, 
accretion,  <  L.  aiiuvio(ji-),  adluvio(n-),  an  over- 
flowing, inundation,  <  alluere,  adluere,  flow  to, 
wash  upon,  <  ad,  to,  -I-  luere,  wash,  =  Gr.  lovetv, 
wash:  see  lave"^  sjiA  lotion.]   1,  Formerly — (a) 


alluvion 

The  wash  of  the  sea  against  the  shore,  or  of  a 
river  against  its  banks,  (h)  The  material  de- 
posited by  seas  or  rivers ;  alluvium  (which  see). 
— 2.  In  modern  legal  use,  an  increase  of  land 
on  a  shore  or  a  river-bank  by  the  action  of 
water,  as  by  a  eui'rent  or  by  waves,  whether 
from  natural  or  from  artificial  causes,  if  tlie  ad- 
dition has  been  gradual  and  imperceptible,  the  owner  of 
the  land  thus  augmented  lias  a  riglit  to  the  alluvial  earth ; 
but  if  the  addition  has  been  sudden  and  consideraljle,  by 
the  connnon  law  the  alluvion  is  the  property  of  the  sov- 
ereign or  state.  By  the  law  of  Scotland,  however,  it  re- 
mains the  property  of  the  person  of  whose  l^ds  it  origi- 
nally formed  part.  If  witnesses  could  see  from  time  to  time 
that  progress  liad  been  made,  thougli  they  could  not  per- 
ceive the  progress  while  the  process  was  going  on,  the 
change  is  deejued  gradual  within  the  rule. 

alluvious  (a-lii'vi-us),  a.     [<  L.  alluvius, 
vial:  see  rt?i««i'(tm.]   Same  as  fl/^wriaZ.  [Rare.] 

alluviuiu  (a-lu'vi-um),  pi.  alluvia  (-a).  [L., 
prop.  neut.  of  alluvius,  adluvius,  alluvial,  <  al- 
luere,  adluere,  flow  to,  wash  upon:  see  alluvion.1 
A  deposit,  usually  of  mingled  sand  and  mud, 
resulting  from  the  action  of  fluviatile  cuiTents : 
applied  by  geologists  to  the  most  recent  sedi- 
mentary deposits,  especially  such  as  occur  in 
the  valleys  of  large  rivers :  opposed  to  diluvium 

(which  see).  Alluvion  (which  see)  was  formerly  used 
for  both  marine  and  fresh-water  deposits,  but  alluvium 
has  taken  its  place,  although  generally  used  only  for  flu- 
viatile deposits. 

allwhere  (al'hwar),  adv.  [<  ME.  alwhere;  <  all 
+  where,'}    Everywhere.  [Rare.] 

I  follow  allwhere  for  thy  sake. 

Lowell,  To  the  JIuse. 

allwhither  (al'hwiTH'er),  adv.  [<  all  +  wliitlier.'] 
In  every  direction.  B.  Taylor,  Deukalion,  IV. 
iii.  153.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

allyi  (a-li'),  v. ',  pret.  and  pp.  allied,  ppr.  allying. 
[<ME.  aZ(/eft,  alien,  <  OF.  aUer,F.  allier,  combine, 
mix,  alloy;  in  another  form  OF.  aleier,  allayer, 
mod.  F.  aloyer,  mix,  alloy  (>  E.  allay'^  and  alloy, 
q.  v.);  <  L.  alligare,  adligare,  bind  to,  < ad,  to, 
+  ligare,  bind.  Cf.  alligate  and  alliance.']  I. 
trans.  1.  To  unite  by  marriage,  treaty,  league, 
or  confederacy ;  connect  by  formal  agi'eement : 
generally  used  in  the  passive  or  with  reflexive 
pronouns. 

Salamis  .  .  .  revolted,  and  allied  itself  to  Megara. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  476. 

2.  To  bind  together;  connect,  as  by  resem- 
blance or  friendship. 

Ah,  madam,  true  wit  is  more  nearly  allied  to  good-na- 
tiu'e  than  your  ladyship  is  aware  of. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  ii.  '2. 

No  fossU  form  allied  to  Amphio.xus  is  known. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  \y.  lOS. 

II.  intrans.  To  join  or  tmite;  enter  into  al- 
liance. 

allyi  (S'-li')  often  al'i),  n. ;  pi.  allies  (a-liz',  often 
al'iz)."  [<  ME.  alie,  ally,  esp.  kinsman,  <  OF.  alie, 
<.alier,F.  allier,  ally :  seeally^,v.]  1.  One  united 
or  associated  with  another  by  kinship,  treaty, 
or  league ;  a  confederate ;  more  particularly,  a 
sovereign  or  state  connected  with  another  by 
league  offensive  and  defensive,  or  a  subject  or 
citizen  of  such  sovereign  or  state. 

England  .  .  .  and  France  entered  the  war  as  allies. 

J.  McCarthy,  Hist.  Own  Times,  x.xvii. 

2.  An  auxiliary ;  an  associate  or  friend. 

What  did  not  a  little  contribute  to  leave  him  thus  with- 
out an  ally  was,  that  if  there  were  any  one  post  more 
untenable  than  the  rest,  he  would  lie  sure  to  throw  himself 
into  it.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy. 

3.  In  sool.,  an  animal  more  or  less  closely  re- 
lated to  another  in  respect  to  morphological 
characters,  and  placed  in  the  same  alliance 

(which  see).=5yn.  Associate,  Friend,  Comjianion,  etc. 
See  associate. 

ally^t,  n.    A  former  spelling  of  alley'^. 
ally3,  11.    See  alley'^. 

allyl  (al'il),  n.  [<  L.  all(ium),  garlic,  +  -yl,  <  Gr. 
vIt),  matter.]  An  organic  radical,  C3H5,  which 
does  not  exist  in  the  free  state.  At  the  moment 
of  its  liberation  two  molecules  combine  to  form  diallyl, 
CflHiO)  a  pungent  ethereal  liquid.    Also  spelled  allyle. — 

■  Allyl  sulphid,  (C:!H5)S,  the  oil  of  garlic,  which  gives  to 
onions  and  garlic  their  peculiar  smell  and  taste. 

allylamine  (a-lil'a-miu),  n.  [<  allyl  +  amine.] 
A  mobile  liquid,  lSfH2(C3H5),  having  a  sharp, 
burning  taste,  produced  by  the  action  of  potash 
on  allyl  cyanate.  It  may  be  regarded  as  am- 
monia in  which  one  hydrogen  atom  is  replaced 
by  allyl. 

allyle,  ».    See  allyl. 

allylic  (a-lil'ik),  a.  [<  allyl  +  -ic.']  Of  or  be- 
longing to  allyl :  as,  an  allylic  sulphid. 

alma,  almah  (al'ma),  n.  [<  Ar.  'almah,  learned, 
knowing  (with  ref .  to  their  instruction  in  music 
and  dancing),  <  'alama,  know.  Cf.  alim,  alem.] 
The  name  given  in  some  parts  of  the  East,  and 


153 

especially  in  Egypt,  to  a  girl  whose  occupation 
is  to  amuse  company  in  the  houses  of  the 
wealthy  or  to  sing  dirges  at  funerals ;  a  sing- 
ing girl,  of  a  higher  class  than  the  ghawazee  or 
dancing-girls  of  'Egypt,  with  whom  the  almas 
are  sometimes  confounded.  See  ghawasee  and 
ghaziyeh.  Also  spelled  alme  and  almeli. 
almacantart,  almaoantaratht,  Same  as 
almuca  ntar. 

almadia  (al-ma-de'a),  n.  [<  F.  almadie,  <  Ar. 
ul-niadlyali,  <  al,  the,  +  ma'diyah,  ferry-boat,  < 
ma'diy,  a  passage,  <  'aday,  pass  or  cross  over.] 

1.  A  river-boat  used  in  India,  shaped  like  a 
shuttle,  about  80  feet  long  and  6  or  7  broad. — 

2.  A  small  African  canoe  made  of  the  bark  of 
trees.  Some  of  the  larger  square-sterned  boats 
of  the  negroes  are  also  thus  designated. 

Also  written  almadie,  almady. 
Almagest  (al'ma-jest),  11.  [<  ME.  almagest,  al- 
mageste,  <  OF.  aiid  ML.  almageste,  <  Ar.  al-ma- 
jisii,  <  al,  the  (see  al-'^),  +  Gr.  //eylaT?;,  fem.  of 
ficyiGTo^,  greatest,  superl.  of  fiiyag,  great :  see 
mega-.]  The  greatest  work  on  astronomy  be- 
fore Copernicus,  written  in  the  second  century 
A.  D.  by  the  Alexandrian  astronomer  Ptole- 
my. Its  proper  title  is  "Mathematical  Composition"; 
but  it  was  called  Almagest,  or  the  greatest,  to  distinguish 
it  from  other  books  by  the  same  author. 

Cross,  and  character,  and  talisman, 
And  almagest,  and  altar. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  vi.  17. 

almagra  (al-ma'gra),  n.  [<  Sp.  almagra,  alma- 
gre  =  Pg.  almagre,  <.  Av.  al-maghrah,Ted.  oeher.] 
A  fine  deep-red  ocher,  with  an  admixture  of 
purple,  used  in  India  for  staining  the  person. 

It  is  also  sometimes  used  as  a  paint,  and  for  polisliing  sil- 
ver and  glass,  under  the  name  of  Indian  red. 

Almaint  (al'man),  fl.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  Ahnayn,  Almaigne,  Alman,  and  in  sense  II., 
2,  alman,  almond,  <  ME.  Almayn,  Ahnaun,  n.,  a 
German,  <  OF.  Aleman,  F.  AUemand,  German, 
<  L.  Alemanni,  Alamanni:  see  Alemannic]  I. 
a.  German. 

Almain  ritters  with  their  horsemen's  staves. 

Marlowe,  Faustus,  i. 

Almain  stone-ware  vessels. 

Jour.  Archoeol.  Ass.,  XXX.  131. 

II.  «.  1.  A  German. 

He  sweats  not  to  overthrow  your  Almain. 

Shale.,  Othello,  ii.  3. 

2.  Akind  of  dance. —  3.  A  kind  of  dance-music 
in  slow  time. 
Almain-rivet  (al'man-riv^et),  71.    [<  Almain  + 
rivet]   In  milit.  antiq.,  one  of  a  series  of  rivets 
or  short  pieces  of  metal 
sliding  in  slot-holes  form- 
ed in  overlapping  plates 
of  armor,  replacing  the 
common    appliance  of 
riveting  to  straps  of  lea- 
ther or  similar  material : 
first  used  by  the  Germans 
about  1450.    The  term  Al- 
inain-riixts  came  afterward  to 
be  applied  to  suits  of  armor 
constructed  in  this  manner. 
Also  spelled  Alinayne-rivet,  Al- 
man-rivet. 

alma  mater  (al'ma  ma'- 

ter).  [L. :  alma,  fem.  of  almus,  fostering,  cher- 
ishing, benign,  <  alere,  nourish,  foster  (see  ali- 
ment a,uA  alumnus) ;  mater  =  E.  mother.]  Liter- 
ally, fostering  mother :  in  modern  use,  applied 
by  students  to  the  university  or  college  in 
which  they  have  been  trained. 

Benjamin  Woodbridge  was  the  eldest  son  of  our  alma 
mater.  Peirce,  Hist,  of  Harv.  Univ.,  App.,  p.  57. 

Almant  (al'man),  a.  and  n.    Same  as  Almain. 

almanac  (al'rna-nak),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  alma- 
nack,, almanach,  <  ME.  almenak  —  F.  almanach 
—  Sp.  almanac,  almanaque  —  Pg.  almanach,  al- 
manac—It.  almanacco=T>.  almanak  =  G.  alma- 
nach (>  Pol.  almanach)  =  Sw.  almanach  —  Da,n. 
almana'k;  <  ML.  almanac,  almanach  (Roger  Ba- 
con, A.  D.  1267);  appar.  <  Ar.  al,  the,  +  "ma- 
ndkh,  almanaque,  calendario,"  so  given  in  the 
Arabic-Castilian  "  Vocabulista "  of  Pedro  de 
Alcala  (a.  D.  1505),  who  also  gives  "manah, 
relax  del  sol,"  i.  e.,  sun-dial.  The  word,  used,  it 
appears,  by  Arabic  astronomers  in  Spain  as 
early  as  the  12th  or  13th  century,  is  not  found 
elsewhere  as  Arabic,  and  must  be  of  foreign, 
presumptively  of  Greek,  origin ;  without  proof 
from  records,  it  has  been  identified  with  L. 
manachus  or  manacus,  also  cited  as  Gr.  */27/vaxoc, 
*fjavaxoc,  a  false  reading  in  Vitruvius  for  L. 
menccKS,,  a  circle  on  a  sun-dial  showing  the 
months  or  signs  of  the  zodiac,  <  Gr.  /irivalog, 
monthly,  <  /^f/v  =  L.  mensis,  month :  see  month.] 


Tasset  of  Plates,  Almain-rivet 
Annor,  15th  century. 


almoin 

A  yearly  calendar  showing  the  eorrespondeuce 
between  the  days  of  the  week  and  the  days  of  • 
the  month,  the  rising  and  setting  of  the  sun  and 
moon,  the  changes  of  the  moon  and  of  the  tides, 
and  other  astronomical  data,  and  usually  also 
the  ecclesiastical  fasts  and  feasts,  chronological 

information,  etc.  JIany  annual  publii  ations  called 
almanacs  are  largely  extended  by  tlic  insM  i  tiuu  of  lii.stori- 
cal,  political,  stati.stical,  and  otlier  curn  iit  infoi  niation,  as 
supplemental  to  tlie  calendar.—  Nautical  almanac,  an 
almanac  for  the  use  of  navigators  and  astrorinnurs,  in 
which  are  given  the  epliemerides  of  all  tlu'  Ijodics  of  tlie 
solar  system,  places  of  the  fixed  stars,  predictions  of  as- 
tronomical phenomena,  and  the  angular  distances  of  the 
moon  from  the  sun,  planets,  and  fixed  stars.  Nautical  al- 
manacs are  publislied  liy  the  governments  of  Great  Britain, 
tlie  United  States,  and  most  other  maritime  powers. 

almandert  (al-man'der),  n.  [ME.  almander, 
almaunder,  <  OF.  almandier,  mod.  amandier  (cf. 
STp.'almendro,  ML.  amondalarius),  an  almond- 
tree,  <  almande,  almond :  see  almond.]  An 
almond-tree.    Chaucer;  iVyclif. 

almandin,  almandine  (al'man-din),  n.   [<  F. 

ulmandiiic,  <  LL.  alamandind,  a  corruption  of 
alabandina  :  see  alahandine.]  Precious  or  no- 
ble garnet,  a  beautiful  mineral  of  a  red  color, 
of  various  shades,  sometimes  tinged  with  yel- 
low or  blue.  It  is  commonly  translucent,  sometimes 
transparent,  and  usually  crystallizes  in  the  rhombic  dode- 
cahedron.   Also  called  almandite.    See  garnet. 

Almaynet,  «•  and  «.    Same  as  Almain. 

alme,  almeli  (al'me),  n.    See  ahna. 

almena  (al-me'ua),  n.  [Sp.  almena  =  Pg. 
ameia,  a  two-pound  weight,  prob.  <  Ar.  al,  the, 
+  menn,  a  measure,  a  two-pound  weight.]  A 
weight  of  about  a  kilogram,  or  2i  pounds,  used 
in  the  East  Indies. 

almeriet,  almeryt,  «•  Variant  forms  of  ambry. 
almesset,  »•    An  old  form  of  alms. 
almicantaratht,  n.    Same  as  almucantar. 
almightt,  a.     [<  ME.  cdmight,  almyght,  almyzt, 
almiht,  <  AS.  celmiht,  almighty,  <  a:l-,  al,  all,  + 
miht,  might.]  Almighty. 
Blessed  be  God,  Father  aliiiir/ht. 

Primer  Hen.  VIII.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

almightily  (al-mi'ti-li),  adv.  In  an  almighty 
manner;  with  almighty  power :  sometimes  used 
vulgarly  as  an  expletive :  as,  I  was  almightily 
angry.  [Rare.] 

almightiness  (al-mi'ti-nes),  ?(.  The  quality  of 
being  almighty;  omnipotence ;  infinite  or  boimd- 
less  power:  as,  "the  force  of  his  almightiness," 
Jer.  Taylor. 

God  .  .  .  made  them  promises  binding  the  strength  of 
his  Almightiness  witli  covenants  sworn  to  everlastingly. 

L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  106. 

almighty  (al-mi'ti),  a.  [<  ME.  almighty,  al- 
myghty,  almigti,  aliiiihti,  <  AS.  calmihtig,  callmih- 
tig,  (clmihtig,  (clmeahtig  (=0S.  almahtig,  alamah- 
tig,  alomahtig  =  OHG.  almahtig,  alamahtig),  < 
eal,  call,  all,  +  mihtig,  mighty:  see  all,  adv.,  and 
mighty.]  1.  Possessing  all  power;  omnipotent; 
of  unlimited  might ;  of  boimdless  sufficiency. 
Him  the  Almighty  Power 
Hurl'd  headlong  flaming  from  the  ethereal  sky. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  44. 

2.  Great;  extreme;  overpowering.  [Colloq.] 
Poor  Ai'oar  can  not  live,  and  can  not  die, — so  that  he  is 
in  an  aliaiglity  fix.  _  De  Quincey. 

Almighty  dollar,  a  phrase  forcibly  expressive  of  the 
power  of  money:  first  used  by  Washington  Irving  in  "A 
Creole  Village,"  published  in  1837.— The  Almighty,  the 
omnipotent  God. 
By  tlie  Almighty,  who  shall  bless  thee.  Gen.  xlix.  25. 
almightyship  (al-mi'ti-ship),  n.  [(.almighty  + 
-ski}).]  The  state  or  quality  of  being  almighty ; 
omnipotence.  Cowley. 

almiCLUi  (al-me'ke),  n.  The  native  name  of 
Solenodon  cubanus,  an  insectivorous  mammal 
peculiar  to  Cuba,  belonging  to  the  family  >S'o/c- 
nodontida;.  The  animal  is  about  11  inches  long,  with 
a  tail'  7§  inches  in  length.  It  strikingly  resembles  an 
opossum  in  general  appearance,  though  belonging  to 
an  entirely  diflterent  order  of  mammals.  The  ainiiciui  is 
the  largest  of  American  Insecticora,  and  one  of  tlie  rarest 
of  American  mammals.  It  is  nocturnal  in  haliits  and 
lives  under  ground  in  caves.  There  is  a  similar  Haytian 
animal,  Solenodon  paradoxus,  called  agouta  (which  see). 
See  Solenodon. 

almirah  (al-me'rii),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  <  Hind. 
almdri,  <  Pg.  almario,  armaria,  <  1j.  armarium,  a 
closet,  chest,  >  E.  ambry,  q.  v.]  A  kind  of  cup- 
board used  in  India ;  an  armoire  or  wardrobe ;  a 
chest  of  drawers.  Also  wi'itten  almyra,  almura. 

almner,  n.   See  almoner'^. 

almoint,  almoignt  (al-moin').  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  almonc,  allmone,  ME.  almoyn,  alms, 
alms-chest,  <  AF.  ^almoin,  *almoign,  OF.  «/- 
mone,  almosne,  later  aumdnc:  see  alms,  and 
cf.  almoner'^.]  1.  Alms.— 2.  An  alms-chest.— 
Frank  almoin,  literally,  free  alms ;  a  perpetual  tenure  by 
free  gift  of  charity :  usually  written  as  one  word,  frankal- 
moin  (which  see). 


almond 

almond  (a'mond  or  al'mond),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  amahd,  <  ME.  "almoiide,  almunde,  al- 
mounde,  almaunde,  almande,  etc.,  <  OF.  ahnande, 
earlier  alemande,  alemandre,  alemandle,  also 
amande,  mod.  E.  a»m«rie  =  Pr.  amandolaz=  Sp. 
almendra  =  Pg.  amendoa  —  It.  mandorla,  man- 
dola  (the  aJ-  for  orig.  a-,  in  E.,  OF.,  and  Sp.,  be- 
ing due  prob.  to  confusion  with  the  Ai-.  art.,  or 
perhaps  with  the  word  AJmain,  German)  =  D 


154 


almucantar 

regularly  a  cardinal  or  other  high  prelate;  since  the  Revo-  alnKj-hntiiTi  Cnmy'hn'/wii'i  »  A  l.oci^  ^„  ^-  i,  r 
lution  this  post  lias  l.een  alternately  restored  and  abolislied    aimS-DaSin  (.amz  Da  bu  )  n.     A  basm  or  dish  of 

■    ■ .    -  - .     oiiMieu.    jjjg^^i  ^gg^     receive  the  alms-bags  to  be  laid 


In  England  there  is  a  lord  almoner,  or  lord  hiqh  almoner, 
an  ecclesiastical  otflcer,  generally  a  bishop,  who  formerly 
had  the  forfeitnre  of  all  deodauds  and  the  goods  of  all 
suicides,  wliich  he  had  to  distribute  to  tlie  poor.  He  now 
distributes  twice  a  year  the  sovereign's  bounty,  whicli  con- 
sists in  giving  a  silver  penny  each  to  as  many  poor  pei'sons 
as  the  sovereign  is  years  of  age.  There  is  also  a  mh-al- 
moner,  and  a  liereditary  grand  almoner.  The  office  of  the 
latter  is  now  almost  a  sinecure, 


rtw«MrfeZ  =  OHG.  mandala,  MHG.  G.  mandel=  almoner^t,  «•    [<  ME.  aliier  {ior  *almner),  aw- 


Dan.  Sw.  mandcl  =  B,uss.  mindaUna,  dim.,  <  ML 
amandola,  a  corruption  (through  *amiugdala)  of 
L.  amygdala,  <  Gr.  afivyScOiTi,  a/xvy6aXov,  an  al- 
mond: see  amygdala.^  1.  The  stone  or  kernel 
of  the  fruit  of  Friinus  {Amygdalus)  communis, 
the  almond-tree  (which  see).  There  are  two  kinds, 
the  sweet  and  tlie  bitter.  Sweet  almonds  are  a  favorite 
nut.  Tliey  are  the  soiu-ce  of  almond-oil,  and  an  emnlsion 
made  from  them  is  used  in  medicine.  The  best,  from 
Malaga,  are  known  as  Jordan  almonds.  Bitter  almonds 
are  smaller,  and  yield,  besides  almoud-oil  and  an  azotized 
substance  called  einiilxin  (found  also  in  sweet  almonds),  a 
bitter  crystalline  principle  called  amyffdalin,  which  when 
mi.xed  ivitli  emulsin  is  decomposed,  producing  hydrocyanic 
acid  and  bitter-almond  oil. 

2.  Anything  shaped  like  an  almond ;  an  orna- 
ment in  the  shape  of  an  almond;  specifically,  a 

piece  ot  rock-crystal  used  madornmg branched  almonership  (al'mon-er-ship),  n. 
candlesticks — African  almonds,  tlie  seeds  of  the  pro-    or  position  of  almoner. 

tea.ceous  shrub  Brabeiumstellatifoliuiii,o(  southern  Africa..     "  ■ 


aumener,  aivmener,  <  OF.  aumoniere,  almos- 
niere,  F.  aumoniere  (sometimes  used 
in  this  form  in  E.)  =  Pr.  almosncra 
(ML.  reflex  almonaria,  almoneha) 
=  Pg.  esmoleira,  alms-box,  <  ML. 
deemosynaria,  an  alms-purse,  alms- 
box.  prop,  adj.  (sc.  bursa,  piu'se,  area, 
box),  fem.  of  eleemosynariiis :  see  al- 
»iO)!e»-i,  and  cf.  almonry,  of  which 
almoner'^  is  a  doublet.]  1.  .An  alms- 
purse. —  2.  In  general,  a  purse,  es- 
pecially a  large  purse,  or  pouch,  usually  (fi-om 
the  twelfth  century  tmtil  the  fifteenth)  hung 
from  the  girdle,    it  was  closed  either  by  cords  drawn 

through  the  hem,  or  in  a  casing,  or  by  a  clasp.  It  took  to  alTrKJ-hriY  (■^im7'^1^^l.-^!^ 
a  great  extent  the  place  of  a  pocket,  ^'^^^ 


Alms-basm  aecoratea  with  champleve  enamel,  13th  century. 


—Almond  of  the  throat,  a  tonsil  or  amygdala.— Coun- 
try almonds,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  the  fruit  of  tlie 
East  Indian  tree  Tcrminalia  Catappa.—Jnya,  almonds 
tlie  fruit  of  Canariuiii  cu}iunune.  ' 

almond-cake  (a'mond-kak),  n.  The  cake  left 
after  expressing  the  oil  from  ahnonds.  Its 
powder  is  used  as  soap  in  washing  the  hands. 

almond-eyed  (a'mond-id),  a.  Ha\dng  almond- 
shaped  eyes,  as  the  Chinese  and  others  of  the 
Mongolian  race. 

almond-furnace  (al'mond-fer^nas),  n.  [Prob. 
for  Almain  or  Alman  furnace;  i  Almain,  Ger- 
man (see  Almain),  +  furnace.']  A  furnace  in 
which  the  slags  of  litharge  left  in  refining  sil- 
ver are  reduced  to  lead  by  being  heated  with 
charcoal. 

almond-oil  (a'mond-oil),  n.  A  bland,  fixed  oil 
obtained  from  almonds  by  pressui-e,  and  used 
in  medicine  as  a  demulcent  Bitter-almond  oil 

a  volatile  oil  distilled  from  the  residual  cake  of  bitter  al- 
monds after  the  almond-oil  lias  been  expressed,  and  due 
to  decomposition  of  tlie  amygdalin  and  emulsin  of  tlie 
seeds. 

almond-paste  (a'moud-past),  «.  A  cosmetic 
composed  of  bitter  almonds,  white  of  egg,  rose- 
water,  and  rectified  spirit,  used  to  soften  the 
skin  and  prevent  chapping, 
almond-tree  (ii'mond-tre),  n.  A  species  of 
Primus,  F.  communis,  ijrodueing  the  almond. 

Tlie  leaves  and  flowers 
resemble  those  of  the 


almonry  (al'mon-ri),  «. ;  pi.  almonries  (-riz) 
[<  late  ME.  almosnerye,  <  OF.  *almosnerie,  au- 
mosncrie,  F.  aumSnerie  =  'Pv.  almonaria  (ML.  re- 
flex almonaria,  almonarium),  <  ML.  eleemosyna 
ria,  an  almshouse,  the  residence  or 


upon  the  altar.  Sometimes  the  alms  was  received  di- 
rectly in  tlie  basin,  without  use  of  the  bag.  See  alnu-hag. 
Also  called  alms-dish. 

,,n.  Same  as  alms-chest. 
The  office  3<lms-chest  (amz'ehest),  A  chest  or  box  fast- 
ened to  the  wall,  as  of  a  church,  to  receive  offer- 
ings for  the  poor  or  for  any  religious  purpose, 
alms-deed  (amz'ded),  «.  [<  ME.  almes-dede, 
almesse-dedc,  etc.]  An  act  of  charity;  a  char- 
itable deed.    Acts  ix.  36. 

[<  ME.  almes-disshe.] 


'losy 

and  eleemosynary.  A  different  word  from  ambry, 
with  which,  through  the  forms  almcry,  ambery, 

it  has  been  in  part  confused:  see  ambry.]    The  alms-fee  (amz'fe),  n 
place  where  an  almoner  resides  or  where  alms  "       '  " 

are  distributed,  in  monasteries  it  is  situated  near  tlie 
church  or  at  the  gate-house ;  sometimes  it  is  a  separate 
building,  as  tlie  almonry  at  Canterlniry,  and  sometimes 
it  contains  lodgings  for  choristers  attached  to  the  church. 

almost  (al'most),  adv.  [Colloq.  or  dial,  amost, 
'most,  dial,  also  ommost,  omast.  Sc.  amaist, 
'maist,  <  ]VIE.  almost,  almoost,  almeste,  almaste, 
<  AS.  almcest,  ealmwst,  mostly  all,  nearly  all,  < 

al,  eal,  E.  all,  +  mcest,  E.  most,  adv.]    If.  Nearly    ,         ■,,  ,..  v 
aU ;  for  the  most  part ;  mostly.    [In  this  sense  alms^folk  (amz  fok),  n.  pi. 
almost  all  is  now  used.] 


Almond  {Prjetius  communis). 


Mediterranean,  in  Call 
fornia,  and  to  a  limited 
extent  in  the  southern 
United  States ;  else- 
where it  is  grown  for 
ornament,  on  account 
of  its  large  early  flow- 
ers. The  common  flower - 
iiiff  almond  is  a  dwarf 
double-flowered  species 
from  Russia,  P.  nana.  The  tropical  Terminalia  Catajypa, 
of  the  East  Indies,  is  also  called  almond-tree. 

almoner^,  almner  (al'mon-er,  am'ner),  n. 
[Early  mod.  E.  almoner,  almener,  almner,  ame- 
ner,  amner,  <  ME.  amoner,  amener,  earlier  a«*- 
moner,  aumener,  awmener,  etc.,  <  OF.  aumoner, 
aumonier,  almosnier,  mod.  F.  aumonier  =  Pr. 
almosnier,  almonier  (ML.  reflex  almonarius, 
*almosinarius)  =  Sp.  limosnero,  almoner,  =  Pg. 
esmoler,  almoner,  csmoleiro,  a  begging  friar, 
=  It.  limosiniero,  -iere,  -ario,  <  ML.  eleemo- 
synariiis, a  giver  or  distributer,  sometimes  also 
a  receiver,  of  alms  (cf.  OF.  almosnere,  al- 
mosneor  —  It.  limosinatore,  <  ML.  eleemosyna- 
tor,  a  giver  of  alms),  <  LL.  eleemosyna,  alms: 
see  eleemosynary  (of  which  almoner^  is  a  dou- 
blet), almoner^,  and  alms.]  A  dispenser  of 
alms  or  charity;  especially,  a  person  charged 
with  the  distribution  of  alms  as  an  official  duty. 
The  office  of  almoner  was  first  instituted  in  monasteries 
and  other  religious  houses,  whicli  were  required  to  dis- 
pense part  of  their  revenues  in  cliarity.  Almoners,  usually 
priests,  and  often  acting  also  as  cliaplains,  were  afterward 
attached  to  the  households  of  sovereigns,  feudal  lords, 
prelates,  etc.,  and  to  public  institutions  of  various  kinds. 
In  France  the  name  early  became  synonymous  with  chap- 
lain. (See  aumonier.)  The  jrrand  aZrnoncr  of  the  realm  was 


These  giuers  were  almost  Northmen. 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  133. 

2.  Very  nearly ;  well-nigh ;  all  but. 

I  almost  wish 
He  be  not  dead,  although  my  wrongs  are  great. 

Shelley,  The  Cenci,  iii.  2. 

Almost  never,  hardly  ever.— Almost  no,  almost  none, 

scarcely  any. 

moi^^cXiessed  witii  almoust,  «.  [=  Sc.  awmous,  <  ME.  almousc,  al- 
a  thin,  tough,  and  fi-  mows,  almus,  <.lcel.  almusa,  6lmtisa  =  Sw.  almosa 
brous  deciduous  husk  =T>&n.  almisse= AS.  celmesse,!^.  alms :  see  alms, 
when  ripe,  and  the  shell  of  which  almous.  Sc.  awmous,  represents  the 
^t:%hete?rciut  Scand.fomi.]  An  old  form  of 
vated  for  its  nuts  in  the  alms  (amz),  n.  sing.,  sometimes  used  as  pi.  [< 
region  bordering  the  ME.  almes,  almis,  almessc,  almisse,  elmes,  elmesse, 
wlmcsse,  celmissc,  <  AS.  wlmesse,  whnyssc  (in  comp 


office  of  alms-dish  (amz'dish),  n. 
Same  as  alms-basin. 

drink  (iimz'dringk),  n.    The  leavings  of 
such  as  might  be  given  away  in  alms. 

2d  Serv.  Lepidus  is  high-coloured. 
1st  Serv.  They  have  made  him  drink  alms-drink. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  7. 
[<  AS.  almes  feoh,  <  cel- 
messe,  alms,  +  feoh,  money:  see  fee.]  An  an- 
nual tax  of  one  penny  on  every  hearth,  collected 
in  England  and  Ireland  and  sent  to  Rome,  from 
the  beginning  of  the  tenth  century  vmtil  it  was 
abolished  by  Henry  VIII.  Also  called  Rome- 
scot  or  Rome-fee,  and  Petefs  pence. 

He  [Edmund],  toward  the  middle  of  the  tenth  century, 
strictly  coniniands  payment  of  tithe,  .  .  .  and  alms-fee. 

Kemble,  Saxons  in  Eng.,  ii.  10. 
Persons  supported 

by  alms. 

alms-gate  (amz'gat),  n.  That  gate  of  religious 
or  great  houses  at  which  alms  were  distributed 
to  the  poor. 

almsgiver  (amz'giv''''er),  n.  One  who  gives  alms, 
almsgiving  (amz'giv"ing),  n.   The  act  of  giving 
alms. 

almshouse  (amz'hous),  w.  [<  ME.  almesshowse.] 
A  house  approj^riated  for  the  use  of  the  poor 
who  are  supported  by  the  public  or  by  a  rev- 
enue derived  from  private  endowment ;  a  poor- 
house.  In  the  United  States  almshouse  and  poorhouse 
are  synonymous,  meaning  only  a  house  for  the  common 
residence  of  the  publicly  supported  paupers  of  a  town  or 
county.  In  Great  Britain  almshoii.9es  are  generally  a 
number  of  small  dwellings  built  together,  supported  by 
private  endowment,  for  tlie  use  of  respectable  persons 
reduced  to  poverty,  buildings  for  public  paupers  being 
called  vorkhouses  or  poorhovses. 


(clmes-,  almes-)  =  08.  alammna  =  OFvies.  icl-  ^''"7J"^„^^^^^  i     ,  ,  , 

mL,.,e  =  J).aalnL.,=OT{a  nrnn>«n.n,r  «7.,«,^.l   ™man  (amz  man),  n.;  ipl.  almsmen  (-men). 

[<  ML.  almesman,  wlmesmon,  etc.]  1.  A  person 
supported  by  charity  or  public  provision 


misse  =  'D.  aalmoes^OKG.  alamuosan,  alamosan, 
MHG.  almuosen,  G.  almoscn  =  lae\.  almusa,  61- 
musa  =  Sw.  almosa  =  Dan.  almisse  =  OF.  al- 
mosne,  aiimosne,  F.  aumonc  (see  almoin,  almoign) 
-  -  Pr.  almosna  =  Sp.  Umosna  =  Pg.  esmola  =  It. 
limosina  =  OBui.g.  almuslnno  z:=Bo\iem.  almuzhna 
=  Pol.  jalmuehna  =  Hung,  alamizsna,  <  ML.  *al- 
mosina,  elimosina,  LL.  eleemosyna,  alms,  <  Gr. 
cTiETj/ioavvr],  pity,  compassion,  alms,  <  iXeijfJuv, 
pitiful,  merciful,  compassionate,  <  eleo^,  pity, 
mercy,  compassion.  See  almoner'^-,  almoner'^, 
and  eleemosynary.]  1.  The  act  of  relieving 
the  needy;  charitable  aid;  ministration  to  the 
poor :  as,  to  give  money  in  alms. 


Even  bees,  the  little  almsmen  of  spring  bowers. 

Keats,  Isabella,  st.  13. 

2,  A  charitable  person;  a  dispenser  of  alms. 
Becon.  [Rare.] 
The  alms-man  of  other  men's  sympathies. 

Longfellow,  Hyperion,  iv.  7. 
alms-pot  (amz'pot),  n.  A  sort  of  box  carried 
by  beggars,  and  perhaps  succeeding  the  clack- 
dish  (which  see)  in  point  of  time,  it  was  some- 
times a  cylindrical  wooden  pot  with  a  slit  in  the  lid,  some- 
times a  more  carefully  made  vessel  of  pewter.  Until  very 
recently  beggars  in  London  carried  sucli  pots  fastened  to 
their  waist-belts. 


doesuiims,  let  not  thy  left  hand  i<now  what  almucantar,  almucanter  (al-mu-kan'tar,  -ter), 

n.  [Also  written  alma-,  almicantar,-er,  iormerly 


thy  right  hand  doeth.  Mat.  vi.  3. 

2.  That  which  is  given  to  the  poor  or  needy ;  a 
charitable  dole ;  anything  bestowed  in  charity. 

Enoch  set  himself. 
Scorning  an  ahns,  to  work  whereby  to  live. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 
To  scatter  from  our  abundance  occasional  alms  is  not 
enough.  Channing,  Works,  IV.  291. 

Reasonable  alms,  in  Eng.  law,  a  part  of  the  estate  of 
an  intestate  person  allotted  to  the  poor.— Tenure  by 
free  alms,  in  England,  an  ecclesiastical  tenure  of  land 
by  which  the  possessor  was  formerly  bound  to  pray  for 
the  soul  of  tlie  donor,  whether  dead  or  alive;  frankal- 
moin  (which  see). 

alms-bag  (amz'bag),  n.  A  bag  of  some  fine 
material  used  for  collecting  alms  during  divine 
service. 


also  almicantarath,  etc.,  ME.  ahnylcanter  a  {Chan- 
cer), <  F.  almucaiitaraths,  almucantarat,  almican- 
tarat  =  Sp.  ahuicantarat,  ulmicautaradas  —  Fg. 
(as  ML.),  <  ML.  almicantarath,  almucantaratli, 
<  Ar.  al-muqantardt,  <  al,  the,  4-  muqantardt,  pi. 
of  muqantarah,  a  sun-dial,  <  qantarah,  a  bridge, 
an  arch.]  1.  In  astron.,  a  small  circle  of  the 
sphere  parallel  to  the  horizon ;  a  circle  or  paral- 
lel of  altitude.  When  two  stars  are  on  the  same  almu- 
cantar they  have  the  same  altitude. 
2.  An  astronomical  instrument  (invented  by 
S.  C.  Chandler)  consisting  of  a  telescope  pro- 
vided yyith  horizontal  vyires  and  mounted  upon 
a  box  floating  upon  mercury.  The  float  is  first 
turned  round  so  as  to  point  tlie  telescope  east  of  the  me- 


almucantar 

ridian,  and  the  time  of  rising  of  a  star  over  the  wires  is 
noted ;  tlie  telescope  is  then  pointed  to  west  of  the  merid- 
ian, and  the  time  of  descending  of  a  star  is  noted.  In  this 
way,  if  the  positions  of  the  stars  are  known,  tlie  correction 
of  a' timepiece  and  the  latitude  may  be  determined;  on 
the  other  hand,  if  these  are  linown,  either  the  right  ascen- 
sions or  the  declinations  of  the  stars  may  be  determined. 
The  instrument  is  of  great  value  on  account  of  its  having 
fewer  instrumental  errors  than  a  meridian  circle. 

almucantar-staff  (al-mu-kan'tar-staf),  n.  An 
instrument  ha^dng  an  arc  of  15°,  formerly- 
used  to  take  observations  of  the  sun  about  the 
time  of  its  rising  or  setting,  to  find  its  ampli- 
tude, and  from  this  the  variation  of  the  com- 

Sass. 
mucanter,  »■    See  almucantar. 
almuce,        Same  as  amice^. 
almud,  almude  (al-mod'),  «.  [Sp.  almud,  Pg. 
almude,<Ai:  al-mudd,  adrymeasure, a  'bushel.' 
Cf.  Heb.  mad,  a  measm-e.]    A  variable  measure 
for  liquids  and  grain  in  Spain  and  Portugal, 
ranging  for  liquids  from  3 J  to  5i  English  gal- 
lons, and  for  grain  fi-om  3*  to  11  pints.  . 
almug  (al'mug),  n.    [Heb.  pi.  'ahmuj,  a  var.  of 
algum  :  see  algum.']   The  Tvood  of  a  tree  brought 
from  Ophir  by  the  ships  of  Hiram  and  servants 
of  Solomon,  wrought  into  the  ornaments  and 
musical  instruments  of  the  temple,  esteemed 
for  its  beauty  of  grain  or  for  its  agreeable  odor; 
probably  a  sandal-wood  of  India, 
almund  (al'mund),  «.    \_Ct  almnd?1    A  Turk- 
ish measui-e  of  capacity,  equal  to  1.151  imperial 
gallons.    Morgan,  U.  S.  Tariff, 
almiira,  ».    See  almirah. 

almuryt  (al'mu-ri),  n.  [ME.,  <  Ar.  al-mii'ri,  <  al, 
the,  +  m  ur'i,  indicator,  <  ra'ay,  see.]  A  pointer 
forming  a  part  of  an  astrolabe. 

Thin  alinury  is  cleped  the  denticle  of  Capricorne  or  elles 
the  kalkuler.  Chaucer,  Astrolabe,  i.  §  23. 

almutent,  «•  [Corrupt  for  almutaz  (as  in  OF. ), 
<  Ar.  al-mu'taz,  <  al,  the,  +  mu'taz,  prevailing, 
i'azz,  be  powerful.]  In  astral.,  the  prevailing 
or  ruling  planet  in  the  horoscope. 

almyra,  »•    See  almirah. 

alnage  (al'naj),  n.  [<  late  ME.  aulnage,  <  OF. 
aulnage  (F.  dunage),  <  aulner,  auner,  measure  by 
the  ell,  <  ahie,  aiine,  ell:  see  aujie  and  ell.']  A 
measuring  by  the  ell ;  specifically,  ofiicial  in- 
spection and  measurement  of  woolen  cloth  for 
the  purpose  of  laying  duties  on  it.  Also  spelled 

alenage,  tdiiage  Alnage  duties,  duties  formerly  paid 

in  England  on  woolen  cloths  at  so  much  per  ell. 

The  duties  of  subsidy  and  alenage  of  all  woUen  manu- 
facto"  for  the  co^  of  York  and  Lancaster. 

Record  Soc.  Lancashire  and  Cheshire,  XI.  54. 

alnager  (al'na-jer),  n.  [<  late  ME.  aulneger,  < 
OF.  aulnegeor,  <.  aulnage :  see  alnage.]  A  royal 
officer  who  examined  cloth,  and  afiixed  a  seal 
in  guaranty  of  its  quality  or  measure.  The 
office  existed  until  the  reign  of  William  III. 
Also  written  aulnager,  ulnager. 

The  officer  whose  business  it  was  to  examine  into  the 
assize  of  woolen  cloths  was  called  the  alnager. 

Archibald  Broimi,  Law  Diet.,  p.  20. 

alnagership  (al'na-jer-ship),  n.  The  office  or 
position  of  alnager. 

Execution  of  the  office  of  deputy  abiagership  by  the  re- 
lators Sowerby  and  Broolts. 

Record  Soc.  Lancashire  and  Cheshire,  XI.  68. 

alnascharism  (al-nas'kar-izm),  n.  [<  Alnascliar 
(see  def.)  +  -ism.']  Conduct  or  an  action  like 
that  of  Ahiaschar,  the  hero  of  a  story  in  the 
Arabian  Nights;  anticipation  of  future  gran- 
deur during  a  day-dream  or  reverie. 

With  maternal  alnascharism  she  had,  in  her  reveries, 
thrown  back  her  head  with  disdain,  as  she  repulsed  the 
famUy  advances  of  some  wealthy  but  low-born  heiress. 

iliss  Edgeworth,  Vivian,  i. 

alnightt  (al'nit),  m.  l<al,  all,  +  night.]  A 
great  cake  of  wax  with  a  w4ck  in  the  midst, 
intended  to  burn  all  night.  Bacon. 

Alnus  (al'nus),  n.  [L.,  alder:  see  alder'^.]  A 
genus  of  shrubs  and  small  trees,  natm-al  order 
Cupuliferce,  growing  in  moist  places  in  northern 
temperate  or  colder  regions.  There  are  about  15 

species,  of  which  half  are  American.  The  wood  is  light 
and  soft,  but  close-grained  and  compact,  enduring  long 
under  water,  valuable  for  cabinet-work,  and  making  an 
excellent  charcoal  for  gunpowder.  The  bark  is  used  for 
tanning  and  dyeing,  and  as  a  remedy  in  medicine.  Several 
species  are  cultivated  for  ornament.    See  alderi. 

alodgementt,  «.    See  allodgement. 
alody  (al'o-di), [<  ML.  allodium.]    Same  as 
allodium. 

aloe  (al'o),  n.  [<ME.  aloe,  also,  and  earlier 
always,  in  pi.  form  aloes,  alowes,  allowes,  ear- 
lier aloen,  <  AS.  almoan,  alewan,  alwan,  pi.  of 
unused  sing.  *aluwe,  *alwe  =  D.  aloe  =  G.  aloe 
=  Sw.  aloe  —'D&zi.  aloe=F.  aloes,  earlier  written 
aloes,  OF.  aloe=zI'r.  aloa,  aloe,  aloes,  aloeu—SjK 
Pg.  It.  aloe  =  Russ.  aloe=  Pol.  aloes,  <  L.  aloe, 


155 

ML.  also  aloes,  alues,  alua  (>  AS.  *aluwe,  *alwe, 
above),  <  Gr.  aUv,  the  aloe,  i.  e.,  prop.,  a  plant 
of  the  genus  AM,  and  the  ch-ug  prepared  there- 
from, but  used  also,  by  confusion,  in  the  Sep- 
tuagint  and  the  New  Testament  (and  hence  in 
the  LL.  (Vulgate)  and  mod.  languages)  to  trans- 


Aloc  vulgaris,  with  flower  entire  and  cut  longitudinally. 

late  the  Heb.  akhdUm,  akhdloth,  of  which  the 
proper  representative  is  Gr.  aydVioxov,  NL. 
agallochum,  E.  agalloch,  q.  v.,  the  fragrant 
resin  or  wood  which  was  called  in  later  Gr. 
^vlaMri,  whence  in  NL.  (transposed)  aloexylon, 
and  (translated)  lignum  aloes,  F.  hois  d^ aloes, 
lit.  wood  of  the  aloe,  in  E.  loood-aloes  and 
aloes-wood.  The  form  aloes,  as  sing.,  is  due  to 
the  ML.  sing,  aloes,  and  in  part,  perhaps,  to  the 
L.  gen.  aloes  in  lignum  aloes,  E.  lign-aloes,  q.  v. 
In  the  earliest  E.  (AS.)  use  the  reference  is 
usually  to  the  agallochum,  but  it  is  often  diffi- 
cult to  tell  which  meaning  is  intended,  and 
even  in  modern  writers  the  difference  is  often 
ignored.]  The  common  name  of  the  plants  of 
the  genus  Aloe.  They  are  natives  of  warm  climates 
of  the  old  world,  and  are  especially  abundant  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  Africa.  Among  the  Mohammedans  the  aloe  is 
a  symbolic  plant,  especially  in  Egypt,  and  every  one  who 
retm-ns  from  a  pUgriniage  to  Jlecca  hangs  it  over  his  street- 
door,  as  a  token  that  he  has  performed  the  journey.  In 
Africa  the  leaves  of  some  species  of  aloe  are  made  into 
ropes,  fishing-lines,  bow-strings,  and  hammocks.  Several 
species  yield  aloes,  the  well-known  bitter  purgative  medi- 
cine. The  American  aloe  is  the  century-plant,  Agave 
Amei-icana,  and  the  false  aloe  is  A.  Virginica.  See  Agave. 
Many  species  are  cultivated  for  ornament,- growing  readUy 
on  very  dry  soil.    See  aloes. 

Aloe  (al'o-e),  v.  [NL. :  see  aloe.]  A  genus  of 
liliaceous  plants,  including  trees,  shrubs,  and  a 
few  perennial  herbs,  -with  thick  fleshy  leaves, 
usually  spinosely  toothed  and  rosulate  at  the 
summit  of  the  caudex.    See  aloe. 

aloedarium  (ar'o-e-da'ri-um),  n.  [NL.:  see 
below.]    Same  as  dloedary. 

aloedary  (al-o-e'da-ri),  n.  [<  NL.  aloedarium,  < 
Gr.  alo7]6apLov,  <  Ilaoti,  aloe.]  A  compound  pur- 
gative medicine  of  which  aloes  is  a  chief  ingre- 
dient. 

aloes  (al'oz),  n.  sing.  ovpl.  (pi.  of  aloe,  used  also 
as  sing.).  [Seealoe.]  1.  A  drug,  the  inspissated 
juice  of  several  species  of  aloe,  it  is  obtained 

from  the  leaves,  sometimes  by  cutting  them  across,  when 
the  resinous  juice  exudes  and  is  evaporated  into  a  firm 
consistence,  sometimes  by  pressing  the  juice  and  mucilage 
out  together,  and  in  other  cases  by  dissolving  the  juice 
out  of  the  cut  leaves  by  boiling  and  then  evaporating  to  a 
proper  consistency.  Several  kinds  are  known  in  commerce. 
Socotrine  aloes,  also  called  East  Indian  or  Zanzibar  aloes, 
the  produce  mainly  of  varieties  of  A.  Perryi,  comes  chiefly 
from  Red  Sea  ports  and  Aden.  Barbados  and  Curac;oa 
aloes  are  produced  in  the  West  Indies  from  A.  vulgaris, 
which  has  been  introduced  from  the  Mediterranean.  Cape 
and  Natal  aloes  are  obtained  probably  from  A.  ferox,  and 
form  by  far  the  greater  part  of  the  supply.  The  name 
hepatic  aloes  is  applied  to  any  opaque  and  liver-colored 
variety  of  the  drug.  The  extract  of  aloes  when  treated 
with  nitric  acid  gives  rise  to  various  yellow  and  brown  pro- 
ducts, which  by  the  aid  of  mordants  can  be  fixed  to  sUk 
and  wool ;  but  they  are  seldom  used  in  dyeing. 
2.  The  fi-agrant  resin  or  wood  of  the  agallochum ; 
lign-aloes;  aloes-wood;  w-ood-aloes:  the  usual 
meaning  in  the  Bible.  See  agalloch  mn — Fetid, 
caballine,  or  horse  aloes,  a  coarse,  impure  prepar  ation 
of  aloes.    Cr.  S.  Dispensatory. 

aloes-wood  (al'6z--wud),  n.  SsimeSiS  agallochum. 

aloetic  (al-6-et'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  aloeticus, 
<  L.  aloe:  see  aloe.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  ob- 
tained from  the  aloe  or  aloes;  partaking  of  the 
qualities,  or  consisting  chiefly,  of  aloes. 

II.  n.  A  medicine  or  preparation  consisting 
chiefly  of  aloes. 

aloetical  (al-6-et'i-kal),  a.    Same  as  aloetic. 
aloetin  (a-16'e-ttn),  n.    Same  as  aloin. 
aloe-tree  (al'o-tre),  n.    The  plant  furnishing 
the  drug  aloes  (which  see).    See  aloe. 


alone 

The  bittrenesse  of  the  aloe  tre  distroyeth  (he  swittenesBe 
of  the  liony.  Hart  Jiioers,  Dictes,  p.  (18.    (A'.  A".  D.) 

aloft  {A-\6tt'),  2)rei>-  Pf"'-  P^^P- 
ME.  dioft,  a  loft,  o  loft  (ace),  alofle,  a  lofte,  o 
lofte  (dat.),  in  ftiller  form  on  the  loft,  on  the 
lofte,  inne  the  lofte,  <  Icel.  dloptiaec.  of  motion), 
d'topti  (dat.  of  position),  on  high,  aloft,  lit.  in 
the  air:  a  =  AS.  an,  on,  ME.  a,  o,  on,  in,  on, 
to;  lopt  (pron.  /q/Y)  =  AS.  lyft,  ME.  lyft,  luft,  lift 
(E.  lift),  the  air,  the  sky,  upper  floor,  loft:  see 
loft  and  lift^,  the  air.]  I.  adv.  1.  On  high;  in 
or  into  the  air;  high  above  the  ground:  as,  the 
eagle  soars  aloft. 

Then  will  I  raise  aloft  the  milk-white  rose 

With  whose  sweet  smell  the  air  shall  be  perfum'd. 

Shale,  2  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 

2.  Naut.,  in  or  into  the  top;  at  the  masthead, 
or  on  the  higher  yards  or  rigging;  hence,  on 
the  upper  part,  as  of  a  building. 

There's  a  sweet  little  clierub  that  sits  up  aloft. 
To  keep  watch  for  the  life  of  poor  Jack. 

Dibdin,  Poor  Jack. 

Il.t  prep.  On  the  top  or  surface  of;  above. 
Now  I  breathe  again 
Aloft  the  flood.  Skak.,  K.  John,  iv.  2. 

Alogi  (al'o-ji),  Ji.pZ.   \}KL.:  see  Alogian.]  The 
Alogians.'  See  Alogian. 
Alogian  (a-16'ji-an),  n.  [< ML.  Alogus,  pi.  Alogi, 
<  Gr.  aAoyof,  without  logos :  see  alugy.]    One  of 
a  sect  which  arose  toward  the -close  of  the  sec- 
ond centtuy,  and  which  denied  the  divinity  of 
Jesus  Christ  as  the  Logos,  or  "Word"  (John  i. 
1),  and  the  authenticity  of  St.  John's -writings, 
which  they  ascribed  to  the  Gnostic  Cerinthus. 
alogic  (a-loj'ik),  a.    Same  as  alogical. 
alogical  (a-loj'i-kal),  a.    [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  ?.oyi- 
KOf,  reasonable :  see  alogy  and  logic]  Without 
logic  or  reason;  illogical. 

There  is  an  immanent  teleology  in  his  [Julius  Bahnsen's] 
universe ;  but  it  is  not  merely  alogical,  but  anti-logical, 
and  even  anti-causal.    G.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  43. 

alogismt  (al'o-jism),  n.  [<  alogy  +  -ism.]  An 
illogical  or  irrational  statement, 
alogotrophy  (al-o-got'ro-fi),  n.  [<  Gr.  a/Myog, 
without  reckoning,  incommensurable  (see  alo- 
gy), +  arpocpog,  ill-fed:  see  atrophy.]  Unequal 
nutrition  of  different  parts  of  the  body,  espe- 
cially of  the  bones, 
alogyt  (al'o-ji),  n.  [<  L.  alogia,  <  Gr.  a7.o)ia,  < 
a/o>or,  without  reason,  unreasoning,  unreason- 
able, <  a-  priv.  +  /oyof,  speech,  reason,  reckon- 
ing, proportion,  also  Logos,  the  Word :  see  lo- 
gos.]   Unreasonableness;  absurdity. 

The  error  .  .  .  and  alomi  in  this  opinion  is  worse  than 
in  the  last.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  p.  108. 

alpin  (al'o-in),  ?i.  [<«Zoe  +  -/«2.]  A  crystalline 
bitter  principle  obtained  from  aloes  in  pale- 
yeUow  prismatic  needles,  grouped  in  stars.  It 

is  found  to  differ  in  constitution  according  to  the  material 
from  which  it  is  obtained,  Socotrine  aloes  yielding  soraiom 
(C15H16O7),  Cape  aloes  nataloin  (CjeHibOT),  and  Barba- 
dos aloes  barbaloin  (Ci7H2o07).  It  is  an  active  cathartic. 
Also  called  aloi  tin. 

alomancy  (al'o-man-si),  n.  SsLvaeashalomancy. 
Alombrado,  n  '.   See  Alumhrado. 
alondet,  prep-  p1>r.  as  adv.    A  Middle  English 
form  of  aland'^. 

alone  (a-16n'),  «•  and  adv.  [<  ME.  alone,  al 
on,  usually  separated,  al  one  {=  G.  allein  =  D. 
alleen  =  'D&-n.  alcne):  al,  E.  all,  adv.;  one,  orig. 
a  dissyllable,  <  AS.  ana,  alone,  -weak  inflection 
of  an,  one:  see  all  and  one.  The  pronuncia- 
tion given  to  one  in  al-one,  at-one,  on-ly,  is 
strictly  regular ;  the  pronunciation  ' '  wvoa. " 
given  to  the  simple  word  is  a  comparatively 
mod.  corruption.  In  mod.  dial,  or  coUoq.  use 
abbrev.  lone,  as  an  attributive.  In  most  in- 
stances alone  maybe  construed  equally  well  as 
adj.  or  adv.;  no  separation  is  here  made.]  1. 
Apart  from  another  or  others ;  single  or  singly ; 
solitary  or  solitarily ;  -without  the  aid  or  com- 
pany of  another:  applied  to  a  person  or  thing: 
as,  to  be  or  remain  alone;  to  -walk  alone. 
It  is  not  good  that  the  man  should  be  alone.  Gen.  ii.  18. 
He  rode  all  unarmed,  and  he  rode  all  alone. 

Scott,  Young  Lochinvar. 
Concert  fires  people  to  a  certain  fury  of  performance 
they  can  rarely  reach  alone. 

Emerson,  Society  and  Solitude. 

2.  Only ;  to  the  exclusion  of  other  persons  or 
things  ;  sole  or  solely:  as,  he  alone  remained. 
In  tills  sense  alone  is  sometimes  used  attributively  before 
a  noun. 

Man  shall  not  live  by  bread  alone.  Luke  iv.  4. 

It  is  not  to  rulers  and  statesmen  alone  that  the  science 
of  government  is  important  and  usefuL  It  is  equally  in- 
dispensable for  every  American  citizen. 

Story,  Misc.  Writings,  p.  624. 
Even  one  alone  verse  sometimes  makes  a  perfect  poeme. 

B.  .Joniton,  Timber. 
The  universal  soul  is  the  alone  creator  of  the  useful  and 
beautiful.  Emerson,  Art. 


alone 


156 


St.  Without  a  paraUel;  above  or  beyond  all  alongshore  (a-long'shor),  vren.  vh, 
others;  unique  ,     ,  .  ^  v  ^"  -r  ^.  -f 


To  her,  whose  worth  makes  other  worthies  nothing ; 
She  is  alotie.  Shak:,  T.  G.  of  V.,  ii.  4. 

I  iira  alone  the  villain  of  the  earth. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  6. 

4t.  Devoid;  destitute. 

For  bothe  a  wydowe  was  she  and  allone 
Of  ony  frend  to  whom  she  dorst  hire  mone. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  98. 
To  let  alone.  See  let.  =Syn.  Alone,  Only.  The  attribu- 
tive use  of  alune  is  now  very  rare.  In  the  Bible  and  earlier 
English  alone  is  often  used  for  the  adverb  only,  but  it  is 
now  becoming  restricted  to  its  own  sense  of  solitary,  un- 
accompanied by  other  persons  or  things. 
Who  can  forgive  sins  but  God  alone?  Luke  v.  21. 

Not  alone  at  Ephesus,  but  almost  throughout  aU  Asia. 

Acts  xix.  26. 

In  each  of  these  e.\amples  only  would  now  be  considered 
better,  though  not  alone  for  iu>t  only  is  in  common  use. 
Alone  means  unaccompanied:  as,  he  stood  alone.  Only  ap- 
plies to  that  of  which  there  is  no  other :  as,  an  only  son  • 
adverbially,  only  this. 

And  I  only  am  escaped  alone  to  tell  thee.  Job  i.  15. 
alonelyt  (a-16n'li),  adv.  and  a.  [<  IIE.  aloonly, 
alonhj,  usually  separated,  al  only,  all  only,  al 
onli,  aloonly,  etc.:  «/,  all,  adv.;  only,  adv.  Cf. 
alotie,  allenarly.  In  mod.  use  abbrev.  lonely,  esp. 
as  attrib.  adj.]    I,  adv.  Only;  merely;  singly. 

This  said  spirit  was  not  given  alonely  unto  him,  but 
unto  all  his  heirs  and  posterity.  Latimer. 

Farewell  with  him  [the  medical  attendant]  all  that  made 
sickness  pompous  — the  spell  that  hushed  the  household, 
...  the  sole  and  single  eye  of  distemper  alonely  fixed 
upon  Itself.  Lamb,  Elia,  p.  311. 

II.  a.  Exclusive;  sole;  only. 

The  alonely  rule  of  the  land  rested  in  the  queen. 

Fabyan,  Chron.,  an.  1328. 

aloneness  (a-16n'nes),  n.    The  state  of  being 
alone  or  vsitliout  company. 
Watching  over  his  aloneness. 

J.  Legge,  Life  of  Confucius,  p.  44. 
alongl  (a-16ng'),  prep,  and  adv.  [<  ME.  aloiig, 
olong,  earlier  anlong,  also  (by  confusion  with 
the  early  forms  of  endlong,  q.  v.)  andelong,  en- 
delong,  endlang,  etc.,  <  AS.  andlang,  along  (= 
OFries.  ondling,  ondlinga,  ondlenge  =  G.  entlang, 
along),  <  and-,  over  against,  away  toward,  + 
lang,  long:  see  and-,  w-S,  and  long'^.  Orig.  (in 
AS.)  an  adj.,  'stretching  long  or  far  away,' 
applied,  as  found,  only  to  periods  of  time,  'the 
livelong'  day  or  night,  but  prob.  also  to  space; 
then  used  adverbially  with  dependent  gen., 
afterward  taken  as  direct  obj.  of  along  as  a 
prep.,  the  prep,  implied  in  the  orig.  gen.  being 
subsequently  expressed  by  on,  upon,  by,  with, 
thus  giving  along  the  construction  of  an  adv. 
Quite  different  from  along'^,  owing  to,  q.  v.]  I 
j)rep.  Through  or  by  the  length  of;  from  one 
end  to  or  toward  the  other  of ;  lengthwise  or  in 
a  longitudinal  direction  through,  over,  or  by  the 
side  of:  implying  motion  or  direction:  as,  to 
walk  along  a  river  or  highway. 

And  the  messages  that  go  along  my  nerves  do  not  con- 
sist in  any  continuous  action. 

ir.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  258. 
II.  adv.  1.  By  the  length;  lengthwise;  paral- 
lel to  or  in  a  line  with  the  length. 

Some  laid  along. 
And  bound  with  burning  wires,  on  spokes  of  wheels  are 
hung.  Dryden. 

2.  In  a  line,  or  with  a  progressive  motion; 
onward:  as,  let  us  walk  along. 

A  firebrand  carried  along  leaveth  a  train. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

3.  In  company ;  together. 


o  ,,  jr  -x--  as  adv. 

[<  alongi  +  s/iorei.]    By  the  shore  or  coast; 
lengthwise  of  the  shore  and  near  it. 
I  see  .  .  .  California  quartz-mountains  dumped  down 


alp 

II.  V.  One  of  the  alopecoid  or  vulpine  series 
of  canine  quadrupeds:  as,  "alopccoids,  or  vul- 
pine forms,"  JV.  H.  Flower,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XV. 


in  New  York  to  be  repiled  architecturally  along-shore  from  Alonecuril<5  Ca  1  "n-nS  Ir fi  'rn  a^    ^>      tmt      /  n 
Canada  to  Cuba,  and  thence  westward  to  California  again.  _^  L?  P^:?"^^  X^->.  <  ^r. 


Jimerson,  Civilization;  ^".^'POf,  a  kind  of  grass,  <  iXuTrr/^,  fox,  -l- 

alongshoreman  (a-16ng'sh6r-man),  71.'  pi  Z^,%if]:),/''^^'''}-^'^f''',§'''^'^^.^ 
alo,u,shoremen  (-naen).    \<alonnslfore-l  man  \    f  stives  of  temperate  and  cold  regions.  A.pra- 

A  la  borer  emr>lnvpH   ol.k,,+  ^   i  ^  J     tens^  is  a  valuable  fodder-grass ;  some  of  the  other  species 

i  •  employed  about  docks  or  wharves    are  not  only  worthless,  but  troublesome  as  weeds  See 

and  in  the  loading  and  unloading  of  vessels.  .Mail-grass. 

Commonly  shortened  to  'longshoreman.  alopecy  (al'o-pe-si),  n.    Same  as  alopecia. 

alongside  (a-16ng'sid),  prep.  j)hr.  as  adv.  and  Alopias  (a-l6'pi-as),  «.    [NL.,  shortened  from 
prep.    [<  along'^  +  sidel.]    I,  adv.  Along  or  by    ^wpccias,  q.  v.]    A  genus  of  selachians,  con- 

the  side;  at  or  to  the  side  of  anything,  as  a   

ship:  as,  to  be  alongside  of  the  wall. 
Several  large  boats  came  alongside. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  18. 
II.  prep.  Beside;  by  the  side  of:  as,  the  ves- 
sel lay  alongside  the  wharf. 

We  first  tested  this  case  by  laying  it  alongside  the  his- 
toric facts  in  the  case. 

S.  Lanier,  The  English  Novel,  p.  its. 
alongstt  (a-longsf),  prep.    [ME.  alongest,  in 
longes;  <  along'^  +  -est,  -st,  after  amongst  from 
among,against  irom again,et<s.']  Along;  through 
or  by  the  length  of. 

Tlie  Turks  did  keep  straight  watch  and  ward  in  all  their 
parts  alongst  the  sea-coast.  Knolles,  Hist.  Turks. 

aloof  (a-lof),  2)rep.  phr.  as  adv.  and  prep. 
[Early  mod.  E.  aloofe,  aloufe,  a  loofe,  a  luf;  <  a^, 
on,  +  loof,  <  D.  loef,  loof,  luff;  ef.  D.  te  loef,  to 
loof,  i.  e.,  to  windward;  loef  liouden,  lit.  hold 
loof^  keep  to  the  windward:  cf.  the  E.  phrase 
to  hold  aloof.  See  Zoo/2,  luff'^.']  I,  adv.  At  a 
distance,  but  within  view;  intentionally  re- 
maining apart,  literally  or  figui-atively ;  \vith- 
drawn. 

It  is  necessary  the  Queen  join 
there  will  be  still  suspicions. 


Thresher-shark  {Alopias  vulprs). 


taming  the  shark  knovra  as  the  sea-ape,  sea-fox, 
fo.x-shark,  or  thresher,  Alopias  vulpes,  and  giv- 
ing name  to  the  family  Alopiidos.  Also  called 
Alopecias. 


Aloo.f  he  sits 
And  sullen,  and  lias  pitched  his  tents  apart. 

M.  Arnold,  Sohrab  and  Rustuni, 
Thy  smile  and  fi'own  are  not  aloof 
From  one  another ; 
Each  to  each  is  deai'est  brother. 

Tennyson 

II.  prep.  At  or  to  a  distance  from: 


apart  from.  [Rare.] 

Tile  great  luminary, 
.4;oo/the  vulgar  constellations  thick. 
That  from  his  lordly  eye  keep  distance  due, 
Dispenses  light  from  far.  Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  577. 

aloofness  (a-lof'nes),  n       

aloof,  or  of  keeping  at  a  distance  ;  indifference. 

Unfaithfulness  and  aloofness  o{  such  as  have  been  great- 
est friends.  D.  Rogers,  Naaman,  p.  93. 

By  the  wary  independence  and  aloofness  of  his  [the  In- 
dian's] dim  forest  life  he  preserves  liis  intercourse  with 
his  native  gods. 

Thoreau,  Concord  and  IWerriniac  Rivers,  p.  59. 


The  thresher-shark,  Alopias  vulpes,  is  readily  recognized 
by  Its  extraordinarily  long  tail,  which  forms  over  half  the 
length  of  the  whole  animal.  It  is  distributed  in  both  At- 
lantic and  Pacific  oceans.         Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  III.  80. 

Alopiidse  (al-o-pi'i-de),  n.  pi.   [NL.,  shortened 
from  Alopeciidw;  also  written  Alopiadm  ;  <  Alo- 
pias +  -idee,  -ado;.']    A  family  of  anarthrous 
selachians,  represented  by  the  genus  Alopias. 
Alosa  (a-lo'sii),  M.    [L.,  also  alcmsa,  >  F.  alose, 
>  E.  allice,  q.  v.]    A  genus  of  fishes,  of  the  fam- 
ily Clupeidw,  including  the  shad  (which  see). 
Also  written  Alausa. 
for  if  shP  ,t»„H  „i  f  alosei(a-16s'),M.  A  member  of  the  genus ^Zosa. 
for  If  she  sta^,d^«,oo/  aloseSt.  t'./.  [<  OP  «Zom-,  <«-+  Zos,  praise:  see 
a-ii  and  losc^.}    To  praise.  Chaucer. 
alouate,  alouatte  (al'6-at),  «.    [Prob.  a  F. 
form  of  a  native  name.]    A  name  given  by- 
French  naturalists,  as  Buffon,  to  the  red  howl- 
ing monkey  of  Guiana,  afterward  known  as  My- 
cetcs  scnicidus  (lUiger) ;  hence  used  as  a  general 
name,  like  hurleur,  for  the  South  Afnerican 
howlers.    See  cut  imder  howler. 
alouatta  (al-o-at'a),  n.    Same  as  alouate. 
alouchi,  aluchi  (a-16'chi),  n.    [Native  name.] 
A  resin  obtained  from  Idea  heterophylla,  a  tree 
of  Madagascar.  It  is  thought  to  have  some  me- 
rn^     .  .      „  ,   .       dicinal  properties.    See  acouchi-resin. 

i^t^^t%tZ^^l^  H''f^,^fT%^'IT-f'-nT  "I'^-i  [ME.  aZo«rf, 
a  loude;  <  «3  -f-  ^^MfZ.  Cf.  aloiv^,  ahigk.^  1. 
With  a  loud  voice  or  great  noise ;  loudly. 

Cry  aloud,  spare  not.  Is.  Iviii.  1. 

2.  Audibly;  with  the  natural  tone  of  the  voice 
as  distinguished  from  whispering:  as,  he  has  a 
severe  cold  and  can  hardly  speak  aloud. 


Madeline, 
away  or 


alopecia  (al-o-pe'si-a),  n.   [NL.,  <  F.  alopdcie,  <  a  I'outrance  (a  16-trohs')."  See  d  outrance. 
L.  alopecia,  <  Gr.  aXuneKia,  a  disease  like  the  al9wl  (a-16'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.     [ME.  alow. 


He  to  England  shall  [go]  along  with  you. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  3. 
The  queen  took  her  leave  of  Say's  Court,  having  brought 
confusion  along  with  her,  and  leaving  doubt  and  appre- 
hension behind.  Scott,  Kenilworth,  I.  xv. 
[In  this  sense  it  is  often  used  absolutely  in  common  speech 
in  the  United  States:  as,  I  was  not  along.]  —  AU  along 
See  all. 

along2  (a-16ng'),  prcf). 
longS) ;  <  ME.  along,  Hong'  <  AS.  gelang  (=  OS.  ge- 


mange  of  foxes,  in  which  the  hair  falls  off,  < 
aluTTf/^  {aloiireK-),  a  fox,  possibly  akin  to  L.  vulpes, 
a  fox:  see  FwZpes.]  Baldness ;  loss  of  hair.  Also 
written  alopecy — Alopecia  areata  (NL.  areatus,  hav- 
ing areas  or  spots),  a  disease  of  the  hairy  regions  of  the  skin 
characterized  by  the  appearance  of  one  or  more  bald  spots' 
extending  themselves  with  rounding  outlines,  and  some- 
times by  coalescence  producing  complete  baldness.  Tlie 
bald  spot  has  a  center  which  is  naked  and  smooth,  sur- 
rounded by  a  peripheral  zone,  scaly  and  presenting  nu- 
merous broken  short  hairs.  It  is  by  some  considered  due 
to  a  vegetable  parasite,  and  by  others  to  nervous  disturb 
ance.  Also  called  area  Celsi,  or  simply  area.— Alopecia 
pityrodes  (NL.  pityrodes,  bran-like),  a  disease  of  the  hairy 
parts  of  the  skin, characterized  by  a  progressive  reduction 
in  the  length,  size,  and  number  of  the  hairs,  attended  with 
an  abundant  furfuraceous  accumulation  on  the  surface  of 
the  skin.— Alopecia  unguium  (L.  unguis,  a.na.i\),  falling 
off  of  the  nails. 

[Also  abbrev.  long  (see  alopecian  (al-o-pe'si-an),  n.    A  shark  of  the 
'  '      -  iamily  Alopeciidce.    Sir  J.  Bichardson. 


Zn;((7  =  0HG.(;i/aH(/),  adj.,  belonging,  depending  Alopecias  (al-6-pe'si-as),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  aXu- 

/„;xT   ,  ,    ,^  ,   .,      TTf/cmr,  the  thresher-shark,  <  a;io7n?f,  a  fox,  also  a 

kind  of  shark.]    Same  as  Alopias. 
alopeciid  (al-o-pe'si-id),  n.    A  fox-shark;  a 

shark  of  the  family  Alopeciidw. 
AlopeciidSB  (al-o-pe-si'i-de),  n.pl.    [NL.,  <  Alo- 
pecias +  -idee.']    Same  as  Alopiidw. 
alopecist  (al'o-pe-sist),  n.    [<  alopecia  +  -isW] 


(with  prep,  on,  on,  or  wt,  at),  lit.  in  line  with, 
in  connection  with,  <  ge-,  generalizing  prefix! 
+  lang,  long:  see  ge-,  «-6,  and  long'^.  Cf.  he- 
long.'\  Owing  to;  on  account  of:  -with  of,  for- 
merly with  on. 

I  can  nat  telle  where?!,  it  was  along  [var.  long], 
But  wel  I  wot  greet  stryf  is  vs  among. 

Chaucer,  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  377. 
'Tis  aU  along  of  you  that  I  am  thus  haunted. 

H.  Brooke,  Fool  of  Quality,  II.  88. 
All  aloTig  of  the  accursed  gold.  Scott. 
Lady  Magdalen.  Unhappiest 

Of  Queens  and  wives  and  women. 
Alice.  And  all  along 

0/ Philip.  Tennyson,  Queen  Mary,  v.  2. 

fThis  preposition  is  now  always  followed  by  of,  and  its  use 
IS  mainly  confined  to  colloquial  or  dialectal  speech.) 


alowe,  alough,  alogh,  alog;  <  a^  +  loiv^.   Cf.  be- 
low and  ahigh.'i    In  or  to  a  low  place,  or  a  lower 
part ;  below ;  down :  opposed  to  aloft. 
Sometimes  aloft  he  layd,  sometimes  alow,  .  .  . 
So  doubtfully,  that  liardly  one  could  know 
Whether  more  wary  were  to  give  or  ward  the  blow. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  viii.  13. 
After  doubling  Point  Pinos,  we  bore  up,  set  studding- 
sails  aloiv  and  aloft,  and  were  walking  off  at  the  rate  of 
eight  or  nine  knots. 
,.  ,    ,  B.  fl.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  97. 

IS  disturb-       .         r>/l/^<  r-^o. 

Alopecia  alOW-^  (a-lou  ),  adv.   [<  a3  -f  lowi,  fire :  see  Zow*.] 
Afire;  in  a  flame.    [Scotch.]  _to  gang  alow,  to 

take  fire,  or  be  set  on  fire ;  blaze ;  be  burned. 

That  discreet  man  Cardinal  Beaton  is  e'en  to  gang  alowe 
this  blessed  day  if  we  dinna  stop  it.  Tennant. 

alpl  (alp),  n.  [<  ME.  alpe.  In  Norfolk  (Eng- 
land) the  bullfinch  is  called  Uood-olph,  and  the 
gi-een  gi-osbeak  green-olf,  where  olph,  olf,  may 
be  the  same  as  alp;  cf.  oiiphe  and  the  other 
forms  of  elf,  q.  v.  Possibly  a  humorous  use, 
with  a  similar  allusion  to  that  in  bullfinch,  of 
ME.  cdp,  elp,  <  AS.  elp,  yip,  an  elephant,  <  L. 
elephas :  see  elephant.']  An  old  local  name  for 
the  bullfinch,  Pyrrhula  vulgaris. 

Alpes,  fynclies,  and  wodewales. 

Bom.  of  the  Bose,  1.  658. 


One  who  undertakes  to  cure  or  prevent  bald-  alp2  (alp),  «.    [Sing,  from  pi.  alps,  <  L.  a 


ness.  N.  E.  D. 
alopecoid  (al-o-pe'koid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  *aXcj- 
■KEKOELdijg,  contr.  a.\uT:eKi)6rii,  fox-like,  <  alunr]^, 
fox,  +  elSog,  form.]  I.  a.  Fox-like  ;  vulpine : 
applied  to  a  group  or  series  of  carnivorous  mam- 
nials  of  which  the  common  fox  is  the  tjrpe,  as 
distinguished  from  the  thooid  series,  which  in- 
cludes the  dogs  and  wolves. 


high  mountains,  specifically  those  of  Switzer- 
land ;  said  to  be  of  Celtic  origin :  cf .  Gael,  alp, 
Ir.  ailp,  a  high  mountain ;  so  OHG.  Alpun,  Alpi, 
MHG.  G.  Alpen,  the  Alps,  MHG.  albe,  G.  (Swiss) 
alpe,  a  mountain  pastm-e.]  1.  A  high  moun- 
tain ;  specifically,  any  one  of  the  higher  Swiss 
mountains,  and,  as  a  proper  name  in  the  plural, 
the  great  mountain-ranges  in  Switzerland  and 


alp 

neighboring  countries,  eomprising  the  loftiest 
mountains  in  Europe. 

Xor  breath  of  vernal  air  from  snowy  Alp. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  G-28. 
Hills  peep  o'er  hills,  and  Alps  on  Alps  arise. 

Pope,  Essay  on  CYiticism,  1.  232. 

2.  In  Switzeriand,  a  pasture  on  the  side  of  a 
mountain. 

alpaca  (al-pak'a),  n.  [Fonnerly  also  alpaco,  < 
Sp.  alpaca,  alpaco,  <  Ar.  al,  the  (see  a/-2),  + 
Verax.  paco,  native  name  of  the  animal.]  1. 


Alpaca,  orPaoo  {AuchAtia  pacos). 

Amammal,  the  Auclienia  pacos,  a  native  of  the 
Andes,  especially  of  the  mountains  of  Chili  and 
Peru.  It  is  so  closely  allied  to  the  llama  that  by  some 
it  is  regarded  rather  as  a  smaller  variety  than  as  a  distinct 
species.  It  has  been  domesticated,  and  remains  also  in  a 
^ild  state.  In  form  and  size  it  approaches  the  sheep,  hut 
has  a  longer  neck.  It  is  valued  chiefly  for  its  long,  soft, 
and  sQky  wool,  which  is  straighter  than  that  of  the  sheep, 
and  very  strong.  The  fiber  is  small,  verj-  soft,  pliable, 
and  elastic,  and  is  woven  into  fabrics  of  great  beauty.  The 
animal's  flesh  is  wholesome. 

2.  A  fabric  manufactured  from  the  hair  or  -wool 
of  the  alpaca,  either  wholly  or  in  part,  or  made 
iu  imitation  of  this,  used  for  clothing  in  warm 
climates,  for  coat-linings,  and  very  largely  for 
umbrellas.  The  material  sold  under  the  name  of  alpaca 
for  women's  dresses  and  other  clothing  contains  now  little 
if  any  alpaca-wool ;  it  is  a  fabric  of  cotton  and  wool,  with 
a  hard  and  somewhat  shining  surface,  generally,  though 
not  always,  dyed  black. 

alpent  (al'pen),  a.  [For  alpine,  prob.  after  Gr. 
alpen,  as  below.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Alps ; 
alpiae:  as,  "the  Alpen  snow,"  J.  Fletcher. 

alpenglo'W  (al'pen-glo),  u.  [<  G.  alpen  (gen. 
pi.  of  alpe:  see  alj}-),  of  the  Alps,  +  E.  gloic.'j 
The  glow  upon  the  Alps;  a  peculiar  reflection 
of  sunlight  from  their  snovry  heights,  after  the 
sxm  has  disappeared  to  the  valleys,  or  just  be- 
fore daybreak ;  the  last  or  first  rays  of  the  sun 
among  the  Alps,  casting  a  rich  purple  tint, 
an  effect  sometimes  heightened  by  a  certain 
amotmt  of  humidity  iu  the  atmosphere. 
The  evening  alpen-gloic  was  very  fine. 

Tyndall,  Frag,  of  .Science,  p.  2S2. 

alpenhorn  (al'pen-hom),  n.  [G.,  <  alpen  (see 
alpenglow)  +  Itorn  z=E.  horn.']  A  long,  power- 
ful horn,  curving  up  and  widening  toward  its 
extremity,  formerly  used  on  the  Alps  to  convey 
signals  and  to  sound  the  charge  in  battle,  but 
now  employed  only  by  cowherds.  Also  called 
alp-horn. 

alpenstock  (al'pen-stok),  n.  [G.,  <  alpen  (see 
alpenglow)  +  stock ,  stick,  =E.  stock,  q.  v.]  A 
long,  stout  staff  pointed  with  iron,  originally 
used  by  the  Alpine  mountaineers,  and  now  gen- 
erally adopted  by  mountain-climbers. 

alpestrian  (al-pes'tri-an),  n.  [<  ML.  alpestris, 
<  L.  alpes:  see  a?p2.]    An  alpine  climber. 

It  has  become  a  proverb  with  alpentrians  that  impracti- 
cable means  unattempted.    Maciniilan's  Man.,  ^^II.  393. 

alpestrine  (al-pes'trin),  a.  [<  ML.  alpestris, 
suitable  for  pasturage,  prop,  pertaining  to  aljtes 
or  mountains:  see  alj)^.]  1.  Pertaining  or 
peculiar  to  the  Alps,  or  other  mountainous  re- 
gions: &s,  "alpestrine  diseases,''  Dana.  [Bare.] 
— 2.  In  bot.,  growing  on  mountains  below  the 
alpine  region,  that  is,  below  the  limit  of  tree- 
growth  as  determined  bv  cold. 

alpha  (al'fa),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  a/Aa,  <  the  Phen. 
name  repr.  by  Heb.  'aleph  (=  Ar.  'alif  ).  name 
of  the  first  letter,  meaning  an  ox:  see  a^.]  1. 
The  first  letter  in  the  Greek  alphabet  (A,  a),  an- 
s-vrering  to  A.  Hence — 2.  The  first ;  the  begin- 
ning: as  in  the  phrase  "alpha  and  omega."  the 
beginning  and  the  end,  the  first  and  the  last,  ome- 
ga being  the  last  letter  of  the  Greek  alphabet. 

I  am  Alpha  and  Omega,  the  beginning  and  the  ending, 
saith  the  Lord.  Rev.  i.  8. 

3.  As  a  classifier:  (a)  In  astron.,  the  chief 
star  of  a  constellation,    (b)  In  chem.,  the  first 


157 

of  two  or  more  isomerous  modifications  of  the 
same  organic  eompotmd,  as  alpha-naphtliol,  in 
distinction  from  beta-naphthol.  (c)  In  nat.  hist., 
the  first  subspecies,  etc. 
alphabet  (al'fa-bet),  H.  [First  in  early  mod.  E. 
(earlier  expressed  hy  a-b-c,  q.  v.);  =  D.  alfa- 
bet  =  G.  alphabet  =  Sw.  Dan.  alfabet  =  F.  al- 
phabet  =  Sp.  Pg.  alfabeto,  Pg.  also  alphabeto, 
=  It.  alfabeto  =  Euss.  alfabetu  =  Pol.  alfabet, 
etc.,  <  LL.  alphabctum  (earlier  alpha  et  beta), 
<  Gr.  d/odi^rof,  <  d/.oa  +  Sfjra,  the  names  of  the 
first  two  letters  of  the  Greek  alphabet,  corre- 
sponding to  «  and  b :  see  alpha  and  beta.  Cf. 
a-b-c,  abecedarian,  and  futhorl:]  1.  The  letters 
of  a  language  arranged  in  the  customary  order ; 
the  series  of  letters  or  characters  which  form 
the  elements  of  written  language.  See  the 
articles  on  the  lUfferent  letters,  A,  B,  C,  etc. — 
2.  Any  series  of  characters  intended  to  be  used 
in  writing  instead  of  the  usual  letters,  as  the 
series  of  dashes,  dots,  etc.,  used  in  the  trans- 
mission of  telegraphic  messages. —  3.  First  ele- 
ments; simplest  rudiments:  as,  not  to  know 
the  alphabet  of  a  science. 

In  the  conditions  of  the  Eternal  life,  this  genius  liad 
been  obliged  to  set  itself  to  learning  the  alphabet  of  Spir- 
itual truth.  E.  S.  Phelps,  Beyond  the  Gates. 
Alphabet-blocks,  toy  blocks  of  wood,  having  a  letter 
or  letters  of  the  alphabet  printed  on  each. —  Epistolo- 
gxapliio  alphabet.  See  epistolographic. — Morse  alpha- 
bet (from  its  inven- 
tor. Professor  S.  F.  B. 
Slorse),  in  teleg.,  a  sys- 
tem of  symbols,  con- 
sisting of  dashes  and 
dots,  to  be  used  in 
telegraphic  messages 
where  Morses  self- 
recording  instrument, 
called  the  indicator,  is 
employed.  (See  inrfi- 
cator.)  The  dash  and 
dot  are  com  lined  indif- 
ferent ways  to  indicate 
the  different  letters : 
thus,  one  dot  (.)  means 
E  ;  a  dash  (— ),  T  ;  a  dot 
and  a  dash  (. — ),  A  ;  a 
dash  and  three  dots 
(—...).  B  ;  etc.  'Jhe 
same  system  can  be 
used  with  instruments 
employing  a  msgnetic 
needle  (see  telegraph), 
a  right  hand  deflection 
of  the  needle  corre- 
sponding to  a  dash  and 
a  left-hand  to  a  dot. 
The  Continental  a" pha- 
bet, which  is  used  in 
Europe,  differs  fum 
the  ilorse  in  the  forma- 
tion of  several  letttrs.  Military  signaling  is  often  effected 
on  the  same  principle  by  long  or  short  wavings  of  a  flag, 
or  by  sun-flashes  by  means  of  a  heliostat,  etc.,  the  long 
meaning  a  dash  ami  the  short  a  dot. 

alphabet  (al'fa-bet),  v.  t.  [<  alphabet,  x.]  To 
arrange  in  the  order  of  an  alphabet ;  mark  by 
the  letters  of  the  alphabet. 

alphabetarian  (al  ''fa-be-ta'ri-an),  n.  [<XL. 
alphabetarius  (see  below)  -I-  -an!  Cf.  abeceda- 
rian.']   A  learner  of  the  alphabet ;  a  beginner. 

alphabetaryt  (al'fa-bet-a-ri),  a.  [<  XL.  «/- 
phabetarius,  <  LL.  alphaiietum  :  see  alphabet 
and -a ry.]    Alphabetic;  rudimentary. 

alphabetic  (al-fa-bet'ik).  a.  [<  F.  alphabetique 
=  Sp.  alfabetico  =  Pg.  alfabetico,  alphabetico  = 
It.  alfabetico,  <  XL.  alphabeticiis,  <  LL.  alpha- 
betum  :  see  alphabet.]  Pertaining  to  an  alpha- 
bet; expressed  by  an  alphabet;  in  the  order 
of  the  alphabet,  or  in  the  order  of  the  letters  as 
customarily  arranged. 

Either  of  the  Egyptian  or  of  some  other  analogous  his- 
tory of  alphabetic  development  the  Phenicians  inherited 
the  results,  and  their  alphabet  was  a  simple  scheme  of 
twenty-two  characters,  the  names  of  which  .  .  .  began 
respectively  with  the  sound  which  each  represented. 

Whitney,  Oriental  and  Ling.  Studies,  p.  194. 

alphabetical  (al-fa-bet'i-kal),  a.  Of  the  nature 
of  an  alphabet ;  similar  to  an  alphabet ;  in  the 
order  of  the  alphabet.    See  alphabetic. 

According  to  Grimm,  the  alphabetical  arrangement  not 
only  facilitates  reference,  but  makes  the  author  s  work 
quicker  and  surer.  Encyc.  Brit.,  VII.  ISl. 

alphabetically  (al-fa-bet'i-kal-i),  ad}>.  In  an 
alphabetical  manner  or  order ;  by  the  use  of  an 
alphabet ;  in  the  customary  order  of  the  letters : 
as,  to  arrange  a  catalogue  alphabetically. 

From  the  times  of  the  earliest  known  monuments  the 
hieroglyphic  miters  possessed  a  sufficient  ntmiber  of  true 
letters  to  enable  them  to  write  alphabetically. 

Isaac  Taylor,  The  -Alphabet,  I.  68. 

alphabetics  (al-fa-bet'iks).  n.  [PI.  of  alpha- 
betic: see  -ics.]  The  science  of  the  use  and 
development  of  alphabetic  writing.  Ellis. 

alphabetism  (al'fa-bet-izm),  H.  [(.alphabet + 
-ism.]    The  use  of  an  alphabet  as  a  stage  in 


e 

Q 

F 

R 

J 

L 

X 
Y 

0 

'■  p 

Z 

Letters  in  which  the  Continental  dif. 

fers  from  the  Morse  Alphabet. 

K 

0 

C 

P 

D 

Q 

E 

R 

F 

s 

G 

T 

H 

V 

I 

V 

J 

w 

K 

X 

L 

Y 

31 

Z 

Morse  Alphabet. 


Red  Shrimp  {Alphet*s  rubrr). 


alpigene 

the  development  of  written  language ;  notation 
by  means  of  an  alphabet. 

It  must,  however,  be  acknowledged  that  the  idea  of 
alphabetism  may  not  improbably  have  been  suggested  to 
the  Persians  by  their  acquaintance  with  the  Phuenician 
alphabet,  which,  as  early  as  the  bth  century  B.  c,  was 
used  in  the  valley  of  the  Euphrates  concurrently  with  the 
cuneiform  %vriting.      Isaa/:  Taylor,  The  .Alphabet,  I.  50. 

From  this  [ideography]  men  have  passed  to  phonetic 
writing,  first,  apparently,  in  the  fonn  of  syllabism,  in 
which  each  syllable  of  a  word  is  regarded  as  an  indepen- 
dent whole  and  represented  by  a  single  sign ;  then  from 
this  to  alphabetism,  in  which  the  syllable'is  no  longer  de- 
noted by  an  indivisible  symbol,  but  is  resolved  into  vowel 
and  consonant,  each  with  its  own  accepted  sign. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  I.  C02. 

alphabetize  (al'fa-bet-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

alphabetized,  ppr.  alphabetising.  [<  alphabet  + 
-ize.]    1.  To  aiTange  alphabetically. 

The  volume  is  of  great  value  for  its  carefully  prepared 
alphabetized  list  of  scientific  and  technical  periodicals  of 
all  nations.  Amer.  Jour,  of  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  XXX.  247. 

2.  To  express  by  alphabetic  characters. 

Alpheidae  (al-fe'i-de),  n.pl.  [XL.,  <  Alpheus  + 
-idcE.]  In  sooL,  a  family  of  shrimps,  of  which 
the  genus  Alpheus  is  the  type.  Other  genera  of 
this  family  are  Caridina,  Pontonia.  andAthanas. 

alphenic  (al-fen'ik),  n.    [<F.  alphinic,  alfenic, 

<  Sp.  alfeitique  =  Pg.  alfenim,  <  Ar.  al-fdnid, 

<  al,  the,  +  fanid.  <  Pers.  fdnid,  pdnTd,  sugar, 
sugar-candy,  >  ML.  penidium,  F.  penide,  G. 
penid-zncker,  panis-zucker,  Dan.  pande-sukker 
(as  if  from  pjande,  a  pan).]  In  med.,  white 
barley-sugar.  It  is  used  as  a  remedy  for 
colds. 

Alpheus  (al-fe'us),  n.  [XL..  <  L.  Alpheus,  <  Gr. 

iA/of(do,  the  chief  river  in  the  Peloponnesus, 

now  Rufia.]  In 

sool.,  a  genus  of 

macrurous  deca- 

podous  crusta- 
ceans, the  type 

of  the  famUy  Al- 

pjheidw.  A.  ruber 

(the  red  shrimp) 

and  A.  affinis  are 

examples. 
Alphitobius  (al- 

fi-to'bi-us),  n. 

[XL.,  <  Gr.  a/.oi- 

Tov,  barley-meal,  meal,  +  /J/of,  Ufe.]    A  genus 

of  beetles,  of  the  family  Tenebrionidce. 

The  larvae  of  Tenebrio  and  Alphitobius  haveheen  reared 
in  zoological  gardens  as  food  for  amphibians  and  insectiv- 
orous birds.  Stand.  Sat.  Hist.,  II.  352. 

alphitomancyt  (al'fi-to-man"si),  n.  [<  F.  al- 
phitomantie  (Cotgrave),  <  Gr.  a/oiTOfiavziq,  one 
who  di%-ines  from  barley-meal,  <  a.7.6i7ov,  barley- 
meal  (prob.  related  to  d/odf,  a  dull-white  lep- 
rosy :  see  alphus),  +  fiavTic,  a  diviner,  fjavreia, 
divination :  see  Mantis.]  Divination  'by  means 
of  barley-meal. 

alphitomorphous  (al''fi-t9-m6r'fus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
a/.<pi7ov,  barley-meal,  +  liopgr/,  form.]  Appear- 
ing like  barley-meal:  applied  to  some  micro- 
scopic fimgi  parasitic  on  plants.  Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

alphonsin  (al-fon'sin),  n.  A  surgical  instru- 
ment for  extracting  bullets  from  wounds:  so 
named  in  1552  from  its  inventor,  Alphouso 
Ferri  of  X'aples.  it  consists  of  three  arms,  wliich 
close  when  a  ring  encircling  the  haft  is  pushed  forward. 

Alphonsine  (al-fon'sin),  a.  [<  XL.  Alphonsinus, 
Alfonsinus,  <  ML.  (XL.)  Alpihonsus,  Alfonsus  (= 
Sp.  Alfonso,  formerly  also  Alphonso.  =  Pg.  Af- 
fonso  =  It.  Alfonso  =  F.  Alphonse),  <  G.  Alfons, 
a  common  personal  name.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  any  person  of  the  name  of  Alphonso  Al- 
phonsine tables,  astronomical  tables  compiled  under 
the  patronage  of  .Alfonso  X.,  king  of  Leon  and  Castile, 
completed  in  the  year  of  his  accession,  1252,  and  first 
printed  in  14S3. 

alp-horn  (alp'hom),  «.    Same  as  alpenhorn.  - 

alphost,  n.    Same  as  alphus. 

alphosis  (al-fo'sis),  H.  [<  alphus  +  -osis.] 
In  jJathol..  whiteness,  or  the  process  of  turning 
white,  as  of  the  skin  in  an  albino. 

alph'US  (al'fus),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  a?x>6^,  vitiligo, 
orig.  white,  =  L.  albus,  white  :  see  alb^.]  In 
pathol.,  a  name  formerly  given  to  certain 
forms  of  psoriasis,  leprosy  "(lepra  arabum),  and 
vitiligo. 

alpia  (al'pi-a),  n.    Same  as  alpist. 

alpieut,  n.  "[<  F.  alpiou,  <  It.  al  piil,  for  the 
more,  for  most :  al,  contr.  of  a  il,  to  the  (a,  <  L. 
ad,  to;  il,  <  L.  ille,  that) ;  piit,  <  L.  plus,  more.] 
In  the  game  of  basset,  a  mark  put  on  a  card  to 
indicate  that  the  player  doubles  his  stake  after 
winning.    JV.  E.  J). 

alpigene  (al'pi-jen),  a.  [<  L.  alpes,  alps  (see 
alp'-),  +  MS,  produced:  see  -genous.]  Pro- 
duced or  growing  in  alpine  regions.  [Rare.] 


alpine 

alpine  (al'pin  or  -pill),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  alpin,  < 
L.  alpiniis,  <  alpts :  see  alp^.'\  I.  a.  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or  connected  with  the  Alps  (then 
wi'itten  with  a  capital),  or  any  lofty  mountain; 
very  high ;  elevated.    Speciftfally  appiieil  to  plants 

growing  and  animals  living  on  mountains  aliove  tlie  forest 
limits,  that  is,  above  the  line  where  the  climate  becomes 
too  cold  for  trees  to  grow. 

For  past  the  Alpine  summits  of  great  pain 

Lieth  thine  Italy.  R.  Terry  Cooke,  Beyond. 

II,  «.  A  French  fabric  having  a  silk  warp  and 
merino-wool  filling. 

alpinery  (al'piu-ri),  ti.  [<  alpine  +  -ry:  see 
-cry,  -ry.']  A  place  in  a  garden  or  pleasure- 
ground  specially  adapted  for  the  cultivation  of 
alpine  plants. 

alpinist  (al'pin-ist),  n.  [=  F.  alpiniste ;  <  al- 
pine  -t-  -jst]  An  alpine  climber;  an  alpestrian. 

The  disagreeable  effects  resulting  from  the  rarefaction 
of  the  atmosphere  at  great  heights,  and  which  overtake 
alpinists  in  .Switzerland.  The  American,  VII.  75. 

alpist  (al'pist),  n.  [<  F.  aJpiste,<  Sp.  Pg.  nlpiste, 
Pg.  also  alpista;  supposed  to  be  derived  from 
the  language  of  the  Guanehes,  the  original  in- 
habitants of  the  Canary  islands.]  1.  The  seed 
of  the  canary-gi'ass,  Phahiris  canariensis,  used 
for  feeding  birds,  especially  canaries;  canary- 
seed. —  2.  The  seed  of  various  species  of  Alo- 
pecurus,  or  foxtail-grass,  also  used  for  feeding 
birds. 
Also  called  alpia. 

alquier  (al'ker),  n.  [F.,  <  Pg.  aJqueire,  a  dry 
measure,  <  Ai-.  al,  the,  +  Icayl,  a  measure,  liaydl, 
&  measui-er,  prop,  of  grain.]  A  diy  as  well  as 
liquid  measure  used  in  Portugal,  containing 
from  3  to  4  Winchester  gallons. 

alquifore  (al'ki-for),  n.    Same  as  alquifou. 

alquifou  (al'ki-fo),  n.  [<  Fr.  alquifoux,  arqui- 
foux,  <  Sp.  alquifol,  Cat.  alcofol,  <  Ar.  aJ-l-oWl,  a 
fine  powder:  see  alcohol.']  A  sort  of  lead  ore 
found  in  Cornwall,  England,  used  by  potters  to 
give  a  glazing  to  their  wares,  and  called  poster's 
ore.    Other  forms  are  alquifore,  arquifoux. 

already  (al-red'i),  «.  and of^v.  [<ME.  «)redtf  .•  al, 
adv.,  all,  quite;  redy,  ready:  see  ready.]  l.i  a. 
1.  [Predicate  adj.  in  phr.  all  ready.]  All  pre- 
pared; quite  ready:  regularly  written  rearf^. 
—  2.  Existing  at  the  specified  time;  present. 
[Rare  attributive  use.] 

Lord  Hobart  and  Lord  Fitzwilliam  are  both  to  be  earls 
to-morrow ;  the  former,  of  Buckingham,  the  latter  by  his 
already  title.  Walpole,  Letters  (1746),  I.  150. 

II,  adv.  By  this  (or  that)  time ;  previously 
to  or  at  some  specified  time,  or  the  time  pres- 
ent to  thought ;  thus  early ;  even  then,  or  even 
now :  as,  he  has  done  it  already  ;  the  house  is 
full  already. 

I  have  lost  so  much  time  already. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  140. 

The  English  ministers  could  not  wish  to  see  a  war  with 
Holland  added  to  that  in  which  they  were  already  engaged 
with  France.  Macaulay,  Lord  Clive. 

al-root  (al'rot),  n.  [<  a/i  (<  Hind,  dl,  a  name 
common  to  several  plants,  Morinda  citrifolia 
and  allied  species)  +  roofi.]  The  root  of  Mo- 
rinda citrifolia,  an  East  Indian  plant,  which 
furnishes  a  permanent  red  dye. 

alruna  (al-ro'na),  n. ;  pi.  alrimae  (-ne),  [ML., 
also  alrauna,  <  OHG.  alruna  (MHG.  alrune,  G. 
alraun,  alrun,  mandrake  {alraun-hilder,  man- 
drake images),  =  D,  alruin  =  Sw.  alrun,  alruna 
=  Dan.  alrune),  mandrake;  appar.,  as  inpopu- 
la,r  apprehension,  <  al-  (=  E.  all)  +  runa,  Goth. 
runa,  etc.,  mystery,  the  mandrake  being  an  ob- 
ject of  superstition:  see  rune  and  mandrake.] 
1,  A  prophetess  among  the  ancient  Germans, 
regarded  as  similar  to  the  druidess  among  the 
Gauls. — 2.  A  small  image  carved  from  the  root 
of  a  tree  or  from  mandrakes,  representing  rudely 
the  human  figure,  generally  the  female.  Such 
images  were  venerated  as  household  gods  in  the  ancient 
religions  of  some  northern  peoples,  the  worship  of  them 
forming  a  special  featm'e  of  certain  superstitious  rites. 
They  are  supposed  by  some  to  represent  female  magi- 
cians or  druidesses.  Brande. 

alst,  adv.  and  conj.    An  old  form  of  also  and  as. 
Better  is  then  the  lowly  playne, 
Als  for  thy  flocke  and  thee. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  July. 
Als  longe  as  owre  lyf  laateth  lyue  we  togideres. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  iv.  195. 

Alsace  gum.    Same  as  dextrine. 

Alsatian  (al-sa'shian),  a.  and  n.  [<  ML.  Alsatia 
(>F.  Alsace),  <  OEtiG.  Alisas,  Elisaz  (MHG.  El- 
saz,  Elsas,  G.  Elsass),  aprovince  between  France 
and  Germany,  lit.  foreign  settlement,  <  el-  (= 
AS.  elr-,  eel-,  foreign,  related  to  else,  q.  v. ;  ac- 
cording to  another  view,  <  Ell  (Hel,  Ella,  Elsus, 
Also,  Illus),  now  III,  ^  river  in  Alsace)  -1-  saz, 
a  seat,  place,  settlement  (G.  satz),  <  OHG.  siz- 


158 

zen,  MHG.  G.  sitzcn  =  E.  sit.]  I.  a.  1,  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  province  of  Alsace,  taken  from 
Germany  by  France  in  1648,  in  greater  part 
ceded  to  the  new  German  empire  in  1871,  and 
now  incorporated  in  the  imperial  territory  of 
Elsass-Lothringen. —  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Al- 
satia, formerly  a  cant  name  (from  Alsace  being 
a  debatable  ground  or  scene  of  fi-equent  eon- 
tests)  for  Whitefriars,  a  district  in  London  be- 
tween the  Thames  and  Fleet  street,  and  ad- 
joining the  Temple,  which  possessed  certain 
privileges  of  sanctuary  derived  from  the  con- 
vent of  the  Carmelites,  or  White  Friars,  found- 
ed there  in  1241.  The  locality  became  the  resort  of 
libertines  and  rascals  of  every  description,  whose  abuses 
and  outrages,  and  especially  the  riot  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  II.,  led  in  1697  to  the  abolition  of  the  privilege 
and  the  dispersion  of  the  Alsatians.  The  term  Alsatia  has 
in  recent  times  been  applied  offensively  to  the  English 
Stock  Exchange,  because  of  the  supposed  questionable 
character  of  some  of  its  proceedings. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Alsace 
in  Germany. —  2,  Formerly,  an  inhabitant  of 
Alsatia  or  Whitefriars,  a  part  of  London ;  hence, 
a  Bohemian  (in  the  slang  sense)  or  adventurer. 

He  spiu-r'd  to  London,  and  left  a  thousand  curses  be- 
hind him.  Here  he  struck  up  with  sharpers,  scourers, 
and  Alsatians.  Gentleman  Instructed,  p.  491. 

al  segno  (al  sa'nyo).  [It.,  to  the  sign :  al  for  a  il, 
to  the;  segno,  <  L.  signum,  sign:  see  sign.]  In 
music,  to  the  sign :  a  direction  to  the  performer 
that  he  must  return  to  that  portion  of  the  piece 
marked  with  the  sign  and  conclude  with 
the  first  double  bar  which  follows,  or  go  on  to 
the  word  Fine,  or  the  pause 

alsinaceous  (al-si-na'shius),  a.  [<  Alsine,  the 
name  of  a  caryophyllaceous  genus  that  is  now 
combined  with  Arenaria,  +  -aceous.]  Relating 
to  or  resembling  the  chickweed. 

also  (al'so),  adv.  and  conj.  [<  ME.  also,  al  so, 
al  swo,  alsica,  <  AS.  ealswd,  eal  swd,  just  so,  like- 
wise (=G.  also,  thus) :  eal,  adv.,  all,  just,  quite ; 
swa,  so:  see  all  and  so.    Doublet,  asi,  q.  v.] 

1.  adv.  1.  Wholly  so;  quite  so;  so. 

Also  he  endede  his  lyfe. 

Early  Eng.  Poems  (ed.  Furnivall). 

2.  In  like  manner ;  likewise. 

As  the  blame  of  ill-succeeding  things 
Shall  light  on  you,  so  light  the  harmes  also. 

Old  Play. 

Thus,  also,  do  authors  beget  authors. 

Iroiny,  Sketch-Book,  p.  100. 

3.  In  addition;  too;  further. 

God  do  so  and  more  also:  for  thou  shalt  surely  die. 

1  Sam.  xiv.  44. 

In  fact,  Mr.  Emerson  himself,  besides  being  a  poet  and 
a  philosopher,  was  also  a  plain  Concord  citizen. 

0.  ir.  Holmes,  Emerson,  iv. 

II,  conj.  As  ;  so.    See  as. 

This  ye  knowen  also  wel  as  I. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  730. 
Also  mote  I  thee  [thrive]. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Merchant's  Tale. 
Alsophila  (al-sof 'i-la),  n.  [<  Gr.  alaog,  a  grove, 
-f  (pi'Ao^,  loving;  from  the  habitat  of  the  plant.] 
A  genus  of  tropical  arborescent  ferns,  often 
becoming  magnificent  trees,  distinguished  from 
allied  genera  {Cyathea,  etc.)  by  having  a  single 
naked  sorus  on  each  veinlet.  A.  excelsa  of 
Norfolk  island  rises  to  the  height  of  80  feet. 
Alstonia  bark  (al-sto'ni-a  bark).  [NL.  Al- 
stonia,  named  after  Dr.  Alston  of  Edinburgh.] 
The  bark  of  an  apocynaeeous  tree,  Alstonia 
scholaris,  of  tropical  Asia,  Africa,  and  Aus- 
tralia, a  powerful  bitter,  recommended  as  a 
valuable  antiperiodic  and  tonic.  Also  called 
dita. 

alstonite  (al'ston-it),  n.    Same  as  hromlite. 

alswat,  adv.    A' Middle  English  form  of  also. 

alt  (alt),  a.  [<  It.  alto  (see  alto)  =  Sp.  Pg.  alto 
=  Pr.  alt=  OF.  alt,  halt,  haul,  mod.  F.  haut,  high 
(see  haught,  haughty,  hautboy),  <  L.  altus,  high, 
deep,  lit.  increased,  grown  (pp.  of  alere,  grow), 
prob.  ult.  =  AS.  aid,  eald,  E.  old :  see  old,  and 
cf.  all.  Cf.  haught.]  In  music,  an  abbreviation 
of  alto,  high :  much  used  in  compound  words, 

as  alt-horn,  alt-clarinet  in  alt,  said  of  the  notes 

comprised  in  the  first  octave  above  trie  treble  staff :  as, 
G  in  alt,  A  in  alt.  The  notes  more  than  an  octave  above 
this  start  are  said  to  be  in  altissimo. — To  be  in  alt,  to  be 
haughty,  dignified,  etc. 

"Come,  prithee  be  a  little  less  in  alt,"  cried  Lionel, 
"and  answer  a  man  when  he  speaks  to  you." 

Miss  Burney,  Camilla,  ii.  5. 

alt.  An  abbreviation  of  altitude. 

Altaian  (al-ta'yan),  a.    Same  as  Altaic. 

Altaic  (al-ta'ik),  a.  [<  Altai,  Russ.  Altai,  name 
of  mountains  in  Asia,  perhaps  from  Tatar  altyn, 
gold  (Mahn).  Ci.  altin.]  Pertaining  to  the  Al- 
tai, a  vast  range  of  mountains  extending  in  an 
easterly  direction  through  a  considerable  por- 


altar 

tion  of  Asia,  and  forming  part  of  the  boundary 
between  the  Russian  and  Chinese  dominions. 
—Altaic  famUy  of  languages,  a  family  of  languages 
occupying  portions  of  northern  and  eastern  Europe,  and 
nearly  the  whole  of  northern  and  central  Asia,  together 
with  some  otlier  regions,  and  divided  into  five  branches 
the  Ugrian  or  Finno-Hungarian,  Samoyed,  Turkish,  Mon- 
golian, and  Tunguse.  Also  called  Scythian,  Ural-Altaic, 
Tataric,  and  Turanian. 

altaite  (al-ta'it),  n.  l<  Altai  (see  Altaic)  + 
-itc'^.]  A  mineral  found  originally  in  the  Altai 
mountains,  and  now  also  in  California,  Colo- 
rado, and  Chili ;  a  telluride  of  lead. 

altambour  (al-tam-bor'),  n.  [A  modified  spell- 
ing of  OSp.  atambor,  prob.  for  *al-tainl)or,  <  Ax. 
al,  the,  +  tanibur,  tambour:  see  tambour  and 
tabor.]     A  large  Spanish  or  Moorish  drum. 

altar  (al'tar),  n.  [The  spelling  has  been 
changed  to  bring  it  nearer  the  L. ;  <  ME.  alter, 
more  commonly  auter,  <  OF.  alter,  also  atiter 
(F.  autcl),  <  L.  altare,  an  altar,  lit.  a  high 
place,  <  altus,  high:  see  alt.]  1.  An  elevated 
place  or  structure,  a  block  of  stone,  or  any  ob- 
ject of  appropriate  form,  on  which  saci-ifices 
are  offered  or  incense  is  burned  to  a  deity. 
The  earliest  altars  were  turf  mounds,  large  flat-topped 
stones,  or  other  rude  elevations,  natural  or  artificial ;  but 
when  temples  came  to  be  built  altars  were  generally  made 
of  hewn  stone,  marble,  or  metal,  and  becan>e  more  and 
more  ornate.  Greek  and  Koman  altars  were  round,  trian- 
gular, or  square  in  plan,  often  elaljorately  adorned  with 
sculpture,  and  bearing  inscriptions.  Sometimes,  as  at 
Pergamon,  the  altar  was  a  struc- 
ture of  vast  size  and  complex 
plan,  and  was  in  itself  an  art 
monument  of  the  highest  impor- 
tance. In  the  Jewish  worship 
two  altars  were  used :  vhe  altar 
of  burnt-offering,  which  stood  at 
the  entrance  to  the  tal)ernacle, 
and  afterward  occupied  a  corre- 
sponding position  in  the  temple, 
and  the  altar  of  incense,  which 
stood  in  the  holy  place.  Both 
were  made  of  shittini-wood,  the 
former  being  overlaid  with  brass, 
the  latter  with  gold. 

2.  In  most  Chris- 
tian churches, 
the  communion- 
table.     In  the 
primitive  church  it 
was  of  wood,  sub- 
sequently of  stone,  Creek  Altar, 
marble,  or  bronze                  g^^^,      ^ombs,  Assos.  ex- 
sometimes  with  rich  piored  by  the  Archaeological  Institute  of 
architectural  orna-  America  in  1884. 
ments,  sculptures, 

and  painting.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  the  altar  is 
the  table,  since  the  early  ages  of  the  church  either  of  stone 
or  including  a  block  of  stone  (the  altar-stone),  upon  which 
the  priest  consecrates  the  eucharist.  The  altar-stone  is  con- 


Ancient  High  Altar  of  Notre  Dame,  Paris,  13th  century. 
(ViolTet-Ie-Duc's  "  Diet,  de  1' Architecture.") 

secrated  by  the  bishop  or  a  specially  licensed  abbot,  who 
anoints  it  with  chrism,  and  often  seals  up  certain  relics 
in  a  small  cavity  made  for  the  purpose  ;  the  consecration 
remains  in  virtue  until  either  the  stone  or  the  seal  is  broken. 
3.  The  steps  at  the  sides  of  a  graving-dock. — 
Family  altar,  the  practice  or  the  place  of  family  worship 
or  devotions. — High  altar,  the  chief  or  principal  altar  in 
a  cathedral  or  other  church  having  more  than  one  altar. 
It  stands  beyond  the  choir  at  the  end  of  the  sanctuary  or 
chancel  opposite  the  front  or  tlie  main  entrance,  and  usu- 
ally has  behind  it  a  screen,  reredos,  or  dossel,  so  as  to 
make  it,  even  when  there  is  an  ambulatory  with  chapels 
or  any  other  feature  behind  it,  the  chief  object  on  which 
the  eye  rests  on  entering  the  church.  Lesser  or  st'rfe  altars 
often  stand  in  chapels  or  against  the  pillars  of  the  nave. 
See  cut  under  caWicdraZ.  — Privileged  altar,  in  the  iJojn. 
Cath.  Ch.,  an  altar  to  which  are  attached  certain  indul- 


Altar-bread  Box. 


altar 

gences,  as  the  liberty  of  celebrating  votive  masses  even  on 
feast-days,  the  benefit  of  souls  iu  purgatory,  or  various 
privileges  personal  to  the  individual  visiting  it. 

altarage  (al'tar-aj),  n.  [<  ME.  awterage,  <  OF. 
autcrage:  see  altar  and  -age.']  1.  Offerings 
made  upon  an  altar  or  to  a  churcli. —  2.  The 
honorarium  or  stipend  received  by  a  priest  from 
offerings  and  gifts  on  aeeoimt  of  services  at  the 
altar.  Sometimes  called  small  tithes  and  altar- 
dues. 

All  these  [curates]  lyve  upon  bare  Altarages,  as  they 
tearme  them,  which  God  knoweth  are  very  small,  and  were 
wont  to  lyve  upon  the  gayne  of  Masses,  Dirges,  Shryvings, 
and  soche  lyke  trumperye. 

Sir  H.  Sidney,  State  Papers,  in  O'Curry's  Anc.  Irish,  1. 112. 

3.  In  Scotland,  formerly,  an  endowment  granted 
for  the  saying  of  masses  for  deceased  friends 
at  a  particular  altar. 

altar-board  (al'tar-bord),  n.  In  the  Coptic 
Ch.,  a  movable  wooden  panel,  carved  with  a 
cross  in  the  center  and  with  sacred  letters  and 
devices  around  it.  it  rests  in  a  recess  on  the  top  of 
the  stone  altar,  and  supports  the  chalice  and  paten  during 
the  mass :  a  reversal  of  the  Western  rule,  for  which  see 
altar,  2,  and  altar-slab.  A.  J.  Butler,  Coptic  Churches, 
II.  i.  3-5. 

altar-bread  (al'tar-bred),  n.    Bread  prepared 

for  the  eucharist.  Unleavened  bread  is  required  for 
this  purpose  iu  the  Roman  Catholic 
Chui-ch,  and  is  used  in  many  Anglican 
churches,  in  which  either  leavened  or 
unleavened  bread  is  permitted.  In  both 
the  latter  is  made  into  small  thin  disks 
or  wafers,  called  ses'erally  altar-breads, 
usually  stamped  with  some  emblem,  as 
the  cross  or  crucifix,  or  I.  H.  S.  In  the 
former  chiu-ch,  after  consecration,  the 
altar-bread  is  called  host  (see  host),  and 
the  wafers  are  of  two  sizes,  the  larger  for 
the  priest,  the  smaller  for  the  people. 
The  Greek  Church  uses  leavened  bread 
especially  made  for  the  purpose.  See 
oblate,  n.,  1. 

altar-card  (al'tar-kard),  n.  A  printed  copy  of 
certain  portions  of  the  mass,  which  the  priest 
cannot  conveniently  readf  rom  the  missal.  Altar- 
cards  are  placed  at  the  center  and  at  each  end  of  the  altar. 
They  are  of  modern  introduction,  and  are  not  essential  to 
the  service. 

altar-carpet  (al'tar-kar"pet),w.  1.  The  carpet 
coveruig  the  raised  floor  in  front  of  the  altar, 
and  generally  the  altar-steps  as  well. — 2. 
Earely,  a  covering  for  the  altar. 

altar-cavity  (artar-kav"i-ti),  n.  A  niche  or 
chamber  in  the  body  of  an  altar,  designed  to 
contain  relics.  This  was  called  sepulchrum  in  the  Latin 
Church,  thalassa  or  thalassidion  in  the  Greek  Church,  and 
seems  to  have  existed  universally  as  late  as  the  fifteenth 
centurj-.  The  Coptic  churches  of  Egypt  still  have  altar- 
cavities.  A.  J.  Butler,  Coptic  Churches,  II.  i.  See  con- 
fessionary. 

altar-chime  (al'tar-chim),  n.  A  set  of  three 
small  bells  mounted  ia  a  stand,  and  used  for 
ringing  by  hand  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church 
service. 

altar-cloth  (al'tar-kloth),  n.  [<  ME.  alter-,  aw- 
ter-cloth :  see  altar  and  cloth.']  A  cover  for  an 
altar  in  a  Christian  chm'ch.  it  is  a  general  term, 
and  includes  the  close  case  of  linen  which  was  used  in  the 
middle  ages  and  removed  only  for  washing  the  altar, 
the  later  cerecloth  (which  see),  and  the  temporary  cover- 
ings, whether  of  white  linen,  or  of  rich  stuff,  or  of  em- 
broidery. The  different  coverings  for  the  altar  have  differ- 
ent names.    See  antependium,  frontal,  and  superfrontal. 

altar-cross  (al'tar-kros),  71.  A  fixed  or  mova- 
ble cross,  standing  upon  an  altar. 

altar-curtain  (al'tar-ker"tan),  n.  A  hanging 
suspended  from  rods  at  the  sides  of  ancient 
ciboria,  or  altar-canopies,  or  at  the  back  and 
sides  of  an  altar.    See  cut  under  altar,  2. 

altar-cushion  (al'tar-kush'on),  n.  A  small 
cushion  laid  upon  an  altar  to  support  the  ser- 
vice-book. 

altar-desk  (al'tar-desk),  n,  A  small  desk  used 
hke  an  altar-cushion. 

altar-dues  (al'tar-diiz),  w.  pi.  Same  as  altar- 
age, 2. 

altar-fire  (al'tar-fir),  w.  A  ceremonial  fire  on 
an  altar. 

altar-frontal  (al'tar-fnm"tal),  n.  The  orna- 
mental front,  usually  movable,  of  the  altar  in 

a  Christian  church,  it  is  sometimes  of  wood,  richly 
carved  and  gilded,  or  with  painted  panels,  or  incrusted 
with  enamels  or  glass.  Wlien  it  is  of  stuff  it  is  called 
antependium,  and  its  color  is  usually  changed  to  corre- 
spond with  the  church  festivals  and  seasons. 

altar-herse  (al'tar-hers),  n.  A  term  sometimes 
used  to  describe  the  frame  on  which  a  tem- 
porary canopy  was  erected  over  an  altar  on 
special  solemnities  and  festivals  of  the  highest 
rank.    Lee,  Eccles.  Terms. 

altarist  (al'tar-ist),  n.  [<  altar  -(-  -ist.']  In  old 
law :  (a)  An  appellation  given  to  the  priest  to 
whom  the  altarage  belonged.  (6)  A  chaplain. 
Also  called  altar-thane. 


159 

altar-lantern  (al'tar-lan'tSm),  n.  A  term  oc- 
casionally found  in  old  records  describing  the 
lanterns  which  were  used  in  lieu  of  simple  wax 
tapers  for  an  altar,  when  erected  temporarily 
and  out  of  doors.  On  the  continent  of  Europe  they 
are  found  in  the  sacristies  of  many  churches,  and  are 
frequently  used,  carried  on  either  side  of  the  crucifix,  at 
funerals  and  solenm  processions  of  the  blessed  sacrament, 
in  those  divisions  of  the  church  which  practise  reservation 
of  the  holy  eucharist.    Lee,  Eccles.  Terms. 

altar-ledge  (al'tar-lej),  w.  A  step  or  ledge  be- 
hind the  altar  of"  a  chiu-ch  and  raised  slightly 
above  it,  to  receive  ceremonial  lights,  flowers, 
or  other  ornaments  or  symbols.  Sometimes  there 
are  two  or  more  steps  or  ledges.  In  modern  usage  often 
called  retable,  though  the  retable  is  more  properly  higher, 
and  in  itself  an  important  architectural  or  decorative  fea- 
tui'e.  See  retable.  Also  termed,  but  incorrectly,  super- 
altar. 

altar-light  (al'tar-lit),  «.  A  light  placed  upon 
or  near  an  altar,  and  having  a  symbolical  mean- 
ing. In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  the  lights  are  often 
set  upon  the  altar  itself ;  in  the  Church  of  England  they 
always  stand  on  an  altar-ledge  behind  or  beside  the  altar. 

altarpiece  (al'tar-pes),  h.  A  decorative  screen, 
retable,  or  reredos  placed  behind  an  altar,  con- 
sidered especially  as  a  work  of  art.  in  churches 
of  the  Renaissance  period  it  is  more  usually  a  painting  of 
a  sacred  subject,  but  in  those  of  the  early  middle  ages  it 
is  frequently  of  embossed  silver  or  of  rich  gold  and  en- 
ameled work  set  with  jewels,  as  the  famous  Pala  d'Oro  of 
St.  Mark's  iu  Venice. 

As  the  altar  stood  free  in  the  choir,  and  the  altar-piece 
was  to  be  seen  from  behind  as  well  as  from  before,  both 
sides  were  to  be  covered  with  painting. 

C.  E.  Norton,  Church-building  in  Middle  Ages,  p.  142. 

altar-protector  (artar-pro-tek"tor),  n.  The 
name  given  to  a  covering  of  green  cloth,  baize, 
or  velvet,  which,  exactly  fitting  the  top  of  the 
altar,  is  placed  on  it  at  all  times  when  the  altar 
is  not  being  used,  to  protect  the  sacred  linen 
from  dust  and  defilement.    Lee,  Eccles.  Terms. 

altar-rail  (al'tar-ral),  n.  A  low  rail  or  barrier 
running  transversely  to  the  main  axis  of  the 
church  and  separating  the  sanctuary  from  those 
portions  of  the  church  that  are  in  front  of  it. 
Also  called  communion-rail,  as  communicants  kneel  at 
this  rail  to  receive  the  eucharist. 

altar-screen  (al'tar-skren),  «.  In  arch.:  (a) 
A  partition  of  stone,  wood,  or  metal,  in  early 
medieval  usage  represented  by  curtains,  behind 
and  at  the  sides  of  the  high  altar,  and  separat- 
ing the  choir  from  the  east  end  of  the  build- 
ing.   (&)  A  reredos  or  retable. 

altar-side  (al'tar-sid),  n.  That  part  of  an  altar 
which  faces  the  congregation. 

altar-slab  (al'tar-slab),  n.  The  top,  or  a  por- 
tion of  the  top,' of  a  Christian  altar;  the  altar 
proper,  or  mensa.  it  is  the  consecrated  and  there- 
fore the  essential  part,  and  is  always  in  Western  churches 
a  single  stone.  In  some  Eastern  churches  the  slab  has  a 
drain  for  water ;  a  few  such  instances  are  found  in  west- 
ern Europe,  and  all  are  probably  traditional  of  an  ancient 
custom  of  washing  the  altar  on  set  occasions. 

altar-stairs  (al'tar-starz),  n.  pi.  Steps  or  stairs 
leading  up  to  an  altar. 

The  great  world's  altar-stairs, 
That  slope  thro'  darkness  up  to  God. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  Iv. 

altar-stole  (al'tar-stol),  n.  A  medieval  orna- 
ment shaped  like  the  ends  of  a  stole,  hanging 
down  in  front  of  the  altar-cloth.  Lee,  Eccles. 
Terms. 

altar-stone  (al'tar-ston),  n.  [<  ME.  awterstone  : 
see  altar  and  stone.]  An  altar-slab ;  the  con- 
secrated slab  or  block  of  stone  constituting  an 
altar.    See  altar,  2. 

altar-table  (al'tar-ta'bl),  ?j.  1.  In  a  Christian 
church,  the  top  or  the  consecrated  portion  of 
an  altar;  the  altar  proper,  or  mensa. —  2.  A 
name  for  one  of  the  wooden  tables  which  were 
substituted  for  the  old  altars  in  England  in  the 
seventeenth  century,  and  used  for  the  commu- 
nion where  the  old  altars  had  been  destroyed  by 
the  Roundheads.  At  first  this  table  was  placed  by  the 
reformers  against  the  eastern  wall  in  the  position  of  the 
old  stone  altar.  This  position  gave  umbrage  to  the  Puri- 
tans, who  held  that  it  was  characteristic  of  the  Church  of 
Rome.  Cromwell  therefore  caused  the  altar-table  to  be 
removed  to  the  middle  of  the  chancel,  and  to  be  surrounded 
with  seats  for  the  communicants.  At  the  restoration  it 
was  almost  universally  replaced  in  its  ancient  position. 
When  used  it  is  covered  \vith  a  white  linen  cloth. 

altar-thane  (al'tar-than),  n.    Same  as  altarist. 

altar-'tomb  (al'tar-tom),  n.  A  raised  tomb,  or 
monument  covering  a  tomb,  of  rectangular 
plan  and  covered  by  a  flat  slab  or  table,  and 
presenting  a  general  resemblance  to  an  altar. 

It  may  be  free  and  exposed  on  all  four  sides,  or  applied 
against  or  engaged  in  a  wall ;  in  the  latter  case  there  is 
often  an  architectural  canopy  or  niche  raised  above  it. 
The  top  often  supports  one  or  more  recumbent  figures  in 
sculpture.  See  cut  in  next  column, 
altarwise  (al'tar-wiz),  adv.  [<  altar  +  -wise.] 
In  the  usual  position  of  a  church-altar,  that  is, 


alterage 

with  ends  toward  the  north  and  south  and  front 
toward  the  west. 
Was  our  communion  table  placed  altar-wise! 

Evelyn,  Diary,  March  22,  1678. 

altazimuth  (alt-az'i-muth),  n.    [Contr.  of  aU 

titude-asimtith.]  An  astronomical  instrument 
for  determining  the  altitudes  and  the  azimuths 
of  heavenly  bodies.  The  telescope  of  the  altazimuth 
is  capable  of  being  moved  horizontally  to  any  point  of  the 
compass,  as  well  as  vertically,  and  there  are  horizontal  and 
vertical  circles.    A  theodolite  is  a  portable  altaziumth. 


Altar-tomb  of  Philip  the  Bold,  Duke  of  Burgundy,  Dijon. 

alter  (al'ter),  V.  [<  ML.  alterare,  make  other, 
<  L.  alter,  other,  <  al-  (seen  in  alitis,  other, 
alienus,  of  another,  etc.:  see  alias,  alien,  etc.) 
+  compar.  sufiSx -ter—'E.  -thcr  in  other,  whether, 
etc.,  and  -ter  in  after,  etc.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
make  some  change  in ;  make  different  in  some 
particular ;  cause  to  vary  in  some  degree,  with- 
out an  entire  change. 

Jly  covenant  will  I  not  break,  nor  alter  the  thing  that  is 
gone  out  of  my  lips.  Ps.  bcxxLx.  34. 

These  things  are  to  be  regretted,  but  not  to  be  altered 
until  liberality  of  sentiment  is  more  universal. 

Washington,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  443. 

There  are  speeches,  some  speeches  of  Demosthenes  par- 
ticularly, in  which  it  would  be  impossible  to  alter  a  woril 
without  altering  it  for  the  worse.        Macaulay,  History. 

2.  To  change  entirely  or  materially;  convert 
into  another  form  or  state :  as,  to  alter  a  cloak 
into  a  coat;  to  alter  an  opinion. 

She  promised  that  no  force, 
Persuasion,  no,  nor  death  could  alter  her. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

3.  To  castrate,  emasculate,  or  spay,  as  an  ani- 
mal.   [United  States.] — 4t.  To  exchange. 

She  that  would  alter  services  with  thee. 

Shak.,  T.  ?r.,  ii.  5. 

5t.  To  agitate:  as,  "altered  and  "moved  in- 
wardly," Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  1.  =syn.  1  and 

2.  Alter,  Change,  modify,  transform,  transmute.  In  gen- 
eral oZfec  is  to  change  partially,while  change  is  more  com- 
monly to  substitute  one  thing  for  another,  or  to  make  a 
material  difference  in  a  thing. 

I  woo  thee  not  with  gifts. 
Sequel  of  guerdon  could  not  alter  me 
To  fairer.  Tennyson,  (Enone. 

One  who  brings 
A  mind  not  to  be  changed  by  place  or  time. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  253. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  different  in  some 
respect;  vary;  change. 

The  law  of  the  Medes  and  Persians,  which  altereth  not. 

Dan.  vi.  8. 

Love  alters  not  with  his  [Time's]  brief  hours  and  weeks. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  cxvi. 
To  alter  for  the  better  is  no  shame. 

Drydeji,  Art  of  Poetry,  iv.  915. 
In  a  day's  wandering,  you  would  pass  many  a  hill,  wood, 
and  water-course,  each  perpetually  altering  in  aspect  as 
the  sun  shone  out  or  was  overcast. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxiil. 

alterability  (al^'ter-a-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  alterable ;  -- 
F.  alterabiUte.]  The  quality  of  being  alterable ; 
susceptibility  to  change. 

The  degree  of  alterability  of  the  nutritive  liquid  should 
always  be  taken  into  account  in  experiments. 

Science,  III.  520. 

alterable  (al'ter-a-bl),  a.  [<  alter  -(-  -able ;  =  P. 
alterable.]  Capable  of  being  altered,  varied,  or 
made  different. 

A  diminished  proportion  of  caustic  soda  and  sulphides 
is  found  in  the  liquors,  the  total  caustic  lime  being  alter- 
able at  pleasure.  Ure,  Diet.,  IV.  53. 

alterableness  (al'ter-a-bl-nes), «.  The  quality 
of  being  alterable  or  "of  admitting  alteration ; 
variableness. 

alterably  (al'ter-a-bli).  adv.  In  an  alterable 
manner  ;  so  as  to  be  altered  or  varied. 

alteraget  (al'ter-aj),  n.  [<  L.  altor,  a  foster- 
father  (<  alere,  nourish:  see  aliment,  «.).  -t- 
-age.]  The  nourishing  or  fostering  of  a  child. 
Sir  J.  Bavies.  • 


alterant 

alterant  (al'ter-ant),  (t.  and  w.  1^<  ML.  alter- 
nn{t-)$,  ppr.  of  a'lterare,  alter:  see  altei:']  I.  a. 
Produemg  alteration ;  effecting  change. 

Whether  tlie  body  be  alterant  or  altered. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  Int.  to  ix. 

II.  n.  1.  An  alterative. —  2.  Specifically,  in 
dyeing,  any  substance  employed  to  modify  or 
change  a  color. 

This  last  effect  [of  modification]  may,  however,  be  pro- 
duced by  a  vai-iety  of  matters  besides  those  which  are  of 
the  earthy  or  metallic  kinds,  and  indeed  by  everything 
capable,  not  of  fl.King,  but  of  merely  varying,  the  shades  of 
adjective  colouring  matters.  These,  therefore,  I  think  it 
more  proper  to  designate,  not  as  mordants  or  bases,  but  as 
alterants. 

E.  Bancroft,  Philos.  of  Perm.  Colours  (ed.  1813),  I.  34-1. 

alteratet  (al'ter-at),  v.  t.    [<  ML.  alteratus,  pp. 

otalterare:  see  alter.']    To  alter, 
alteratet  (al'ter-at),  a.    [<  ML.  alteratus:  see 

the  verb.]    Altered ;  changed, 
alteration  (al-te-ra'shou),  n.     [<  ML.  altera- 

tio()i-),  <  alterare,  pp.  alteratus:  see  alter.]  1. 

The  act  of  altering ;  the  making  of  any  change ; 

passage  from  one  form  or  state  to  another. 

Appius  Claudius  admitted  to  the  senate  the  sons  of  those 
who  had  been  slaves ;  by  which,  and  succeeding  alterations, 
that  council  degenerated  into  a  most  corrupt  body.  Sirift. 

2.  A  change  effected ;  a  change  of  form  or  state, 
especially  one  which  does  not  aft'eet  the  identity 
of  the  subject. 

Love  is  not  love 
Which  alters  when  it  alteration  finds. 

Sfiak.,  Sonnets,  cxvi. 

3.  In  mineral.,  the  change  by  which  one  mineral 
substance  is  converted  into  another,  either  (1) 
with  or  (2)  without  change  of  chemical  comijo- 
sition;  as,  for  example,  (1)  the  change  of  the 
oxid  of  copper,  cuprite,  to  the  carbonate,  mala- 
chite ;  or  (2)  of  brookite  to  rutile,  both  being 
forms  of  titanium  dioxid.  See  paramorpliism 
and  pseudomorphism. 

alterative  (al'ter-a-tiv),  a.  and  n.  [<  ML.  al- 
terativus,  <  alteratus,  pp.  of  alterare:  see  alter.] 

1.  a.  Causing  alteration ;  having  the  power  or 
tendency  to  alter;  especially,  in  med.,  having 
the  power  to  restore  the  healthy  functions  of 
the  body. 

II.  n.  One  of  a  group  of  medicines  the  physi- 
ological action  of  which  is  somewhat  obscure, 
but  which  seem  to  modify  the  processes  of 
growth  and  repair  in  the  various  tissues.  The 
most  important  are  the  compounds  of  mercury, 
iodine,  and  arsenic, 
altercate  (al'ter-kat),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  alter- 
cated, ppr.  altercating.  [<  L.  altercatus,  pp.  of 
altercari,  dispute,  <  alter,  another;  from  the 
notion  of  speaking  alternately.]  To  contend 
in  words;  dispute  with  zeal,  heat,  or  anger; 
wrangle. 

altercation  (al-ter-ka'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  alter- 
cation, <  OF.  altercation,  <  L.  altercatio{n-),  a 
dispute,  <  altercari,  pp.  altercatus,  dispute:  see 
altercate.]  1.  The  act  of  altercating;  warm 
contention  in  words ;  dispute  carried  on  with 
heat  or  anger;  controversy;  va-angle. 

The  altercation  was  long,  and  was  not  brought  to  a  con- 
clusion satisfactory  to  either  party. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

This  very  imcertainty,  producing  continual  altercations 
and  wars,  produced  great  statesmen  and  warriors. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  52. 

2.  In  Rom.  law,  the  method  of  proceeding  on 
the  trial  of  a  cause  in  court  by  question  and 
answer.  Colquhoun.  =Syii.  Wrangle,  Brawl,  etc.  See 

quarrel,  n. 

altered  (al'terd), p.  «.  Changed;  different.  Spe- 
cifically—(a)  In  (jeol.,  metamorphosed  :  applied  to  a  rock 
of  which  the  constituent  minerals  have  been  changed  by 
chemical  action  subseciuently  to  its  formation  or  depo- 
sition. Rocks  are  commonly  rendered  harder  and  more 
crystalline  by  such  alteration.  When  softening  of  crystal- 
line rocks  takes  place,  it  is  usually  accompanied  by  hydra- 
tation,  or  the  taking  up  of  water,  (h)  In  mineral.,  applied 
to  a  mineral  whose  substance  has  been  changed  either 
chemically  or  molecularly,  as  a  garnet  altered  to  clilorite 
or  aragonite  altered  to  calcite.    (c)  Castrated. 

alter  ego  (al'ter  e'go).  [L. :  alter,  other,  second; 
ego  — E.I:  see  alter  a,ndego.]  Second  self;  an- 
other self ;  counterpart;  double.  Sometimes  ap- 
plied as  a  title  to  a  person  who  has  full  powers  to  act  for 
another,  as  in  the  case  of  a  Spanish  viceroy  when  exercising 
regal  power. 

alter  idem  (al'ter  i'dem).  [L. :  alter,  other 
(see  alter) ;  idem,  the  same.]  Another  and  the 
same ;  another  precisely  similar. 

alterity  (al-ter'i-ti),  n.  [<  ML.  alterita{t-)s,  < 
L.  alter,  other:  see  alter.]  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  other  or  different.  [Eare.] 

Your  outness  is  but  the  feeling  of  otherness  {alterity) 
rendered  intuitive,  or  altarity  visually  represented. 

Coleridge,  Notes  on  Shakspere,  II.  205. 


160 

altern  (al'tern,  formerly  al-tern'),  a.    [<  L.  al- 
ternus,  alternate,  reciprocal,  <  alter,  other:  see 
alter.]    If.  Acting  by  tui-ns ;  alternate. 
The  greater  [light]  to  have  rule  by  day, 
The  less  by  night,  altern.         Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  348. 

2.  In  crystal.,  exhibiting  on  two  parts,  an  up- 
per and  a  lower,  faces  which  alternate  among 
themselves,  but  which,  when  the  two  parts  are 
compared,  correspond  with  each  other  Altern 

base,  in  trigon.,  a  term  used  in  distinction  from  the  true 
base.  Thus,  in  oblique  triangles,  the  true  base  is  the  sum 
of  the  sides,  in  which  case  the  difference  of  the  sides  is  the 
altern  base ;  or  inversely,  when  the  true  base  is  the  differ- 
ence of  the  sides,  the  sum  of  the  sides  is  the  altern  base. 

alternacy  (al-ter'na-si),  n.  [<  alternate:  see 
-acy.]  The  state  or'  quality  of  being  alternate ; 
oecui-rence  or  performance  by  turns.  [Rare.] 

The  alternacy  of  rhymes  in  a  stanza  gives  a  variety  that 
may  support  the  poet,  without  the  aid  of  music,  to  a 
greater  length.  Mitford. 

Numerous  elisions,  which  prevent  the  softening  alter- 
nacy of  vowels  and  consonants.  Walpole,  Letters,  IV.  549. 

alternalt  (al-ter'nal),  fl.  [<  L.  alternits:  see 
altern.]  Alternate. 

alternallyt  (al-ter'ual-i),  adv.  Alternately. 

Their  men  obeyed 
Alternally  both  generals'  commands. 

May,  tr.  of  Lucan's  Pharsalia,  iv. 

alternant  (al-t^r'nant),  «.  and  n.  [<  L.  alter- 
nan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  aliernare,  alternate:  see  alter- 
nate,v.]  I.  a.  Alternating;  specifically, in (/eoZ., 
composed  of  alternate  layers,  as  some  rocks. 

II.  n.  In  math.,  a  determinant  all  the  ele- 
ments of  each  row  (or  column)  of  which  are 
functions  of  one  variable  different  from  that  of 
any  other  row  (or  column),  while  the  elements 
of  any  one  column  (or  row)  are  like  functions 
of  the  different  variables.  Such,  for  example,  is 
sin  X,  cos  X,  1 
sin  y,  cos  y,  1 
sin  z,  cos  z,  1. 
Double  alternant,  a  determinant  which  is  an  alternant 
with  respect  to  two  sets  of  variables,  both  running  through 
the  rows  or  through  the  columns. 
Alternanthera  (al-ter-nan'the-ra),  M.  [NL.,  < 
L.  altern  us,  alternate  (see  altern),  •+•  NL.  anthera, 
anther.]  A  genus  of  dwarf  tufted  plants,  nat- 
ural order  Amarantacem :  so  called  from  the 
stamens  being  alternately  fertile  and  barren. 
They  have  opposite  leaves  and  small  tribracteate  flowers 
arranged  in  heads.  Several  species  are  grown  in  gardens 
for  the  sake  of  their  richly  colored  foliage. 
alternat(al-ter-na'),  w.  [F.,  <  L.  alternare:  see 
alternate,  v.]  Rotation  ;  specifically,  in  diplo- 
macy, a  practice  in  accordance  with  which 
several  states,  in  order  to  preserve  the  equality 
between  them,  take  each  in  turn  the  first  place, 
as,  for  example,  in  the  signing  of  treaties. 

By  the  alternat  is  intended  the  practice,  sometimes 
adopted  in  signing  conventions,  of  alternating  in  the  order 
of  priority  of  signature,  according  to  some  fixed  rule,  so 
as  to  cut  off  questions  of  rank. 

Woolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  note  to  §  94. 

alternate  (al'ter-nat,  formerly  al-t6r'nat),  v.; 
pret.  and  pp.  alternated,  ppr.  alternating.  [<L. 
alternatus,  pp.  of  alternare,  do  by  turns,  < 
MMs,  alternate,  reciprocal :  see  altern.]   1.  trans. 

1.  To  do  or  perform  by  turns,  or  in  succession. 

Who,  in  their  course. 
Melodious  hymns  about  the  sovran  throne 
Alternate  all  night  long.         Milton,  P.  L  ,  v.  657. 

2.  To  cause  to  succeed  or  follow  one  another 
in  time  or  place  reciprocally ;  interchange  re- 
ciprocally. 

The  most  high  God  .  .  .  alternates  the  disposition  of 
good  and  evil.  0.  Grew,  Sermons. 

Alternating  worry  with  quiet  qualms, 
Bravado  with  submissiveness. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  53. 

II.  intrans.  1 .  To  follow  one  another  in  time 
or  place  reciprocally:  generally  followed  by 
with:  as,  the  fiood  and  ebb  tides  alternate  one 
with  the  other. 
Rage,  shame,  and  grief  alternate  in  his  breast. 

J.  Philips,  Blenheim,  v.  339. 
Pale  Want  alternated 
With  Plenty's  golden  smile. 

Whittier,  The  Exiles. 
2.  To  pass  from  one  state,  action,  or  place  to 
a  second,  back  to  the  first,  and  so  on  indefi- 
nitely :  used  with  between,  and  sometimes  with 
from :  as,  he  alternates  betweenhope  anddespair, 
or  from  one  extreme  to  another;  the  country 
alternates  between  woods  and  open  fields  Alter- 
nating function,  in  math. ,  a  function  of  several  variables 
whicli  on  the  interchange  of  any  two  of  them  changes  its 
sign,  but  not  its  absolute  value.  Thus,  (x  —  y)  is  an  alter- 
nating function. 

alternate  (al-ter'nat),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  alterna- 
tus, pp.  of  alternare:  see  alternate,  v.]  I.  a. 
1.  Being  by  turns;  following  each  the  other, 
recurringly,  in  succession  of  time  or  place ; 
hence,  reciprocal. 


Alternate  Leaves. 


Alternate  Angles. 


alternation 

And  bid  alternate  passions  fall  and  rise. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  37S. 
Billows  of  alternate  hope  and  despair. 

D.  Webster,  Bunker  Hill  Monument,  June  17,  1826. 
Two  detestable  manners,  the  indigenous  and  the  im- 
ported, were  now  in  a  state  of  alternate  conflict  and  amal- 
gamation. Macaulay,  Dryden. 
Specifically,  in  bot. :  (a)  Placed  at  unequal  heights  upon  the 
axis :  as,  alternate  leaves,  which  are 
solitary  at  the  nodes,  in  distinction 
from  oppo.Hte  or  verticillate.    (b)  Op- 
posite to  the  intervals  between  organs: 
as,  petals  which  are  alternate  with 
sepals,  or  stamens  with  petals. 
2.  Belonging  to  a  series  be- 
tween the  two  members  of 
every  pair  in  which  a  member 
of  another  series  intervenes; 
having  one  intervening  be- 
tween the  two  of  each  pair;^ 
every  second :  as,  to  read  only 
the  alternate  lines ;  the  odd 
numbers  form  one  series  of 
alternate  numerals,  the  even  numbers  another. 
— 3.  Consisting  of  alternating  parts  or  mem- 
bers; proceeding  by  alternation:  as,  an  al- 
ternate sevies;  alternate  riming;  «Zter«afe  pro- 
portion— Alligation  alternate.  See  alligation.— KL- 
ternate  angles,  in  geom.,  the  internal  angles  made  by 
two  lines  with  a  third,  on 
opposite  sides  of  it.    If  the  ^ 
two  lines  are  parallel,  the 
alternate  angles  are  ecjual,  xr; 

Thus,  if  the  parallels  AB,  CD  A  \  B 

be  cut  by  the  line  EF,  the 
angles  AGH,  GHD  are  al- 
ternate angles,  as  are  also 
the  angles  BGH  and  GHC. 

—  Alternate  crystalliza- 
tion. See  crystallization. — 
Alternate  generation,  (a) 
In  zodl.,  a  term  first  used  by 
Steenstrup  to  signify  the  pro- 
duction of  animals  which  are  unlike  their  parents,  but  of 
which  certain  later  generations  alternately  recurring  ex- 
hibit a  likeness  to  those  parents  ;  or,  a  mode  of  reproduc- 
tion in  which  more  than  one  generation,  counted  from  a 
given  progenitor,  must  pass  before  the  appearance  of  de- 
scendants resembling  that  progenitor.  It  is  defined  by  Owen 
as  consisting  in  a  series  of  individuals  which  seem  to  repre- 
sent two  species  alternately  reproduced.  Huxley  defines  it 
as  an  alternation  of  asexual  with  sexual  generation,  in  which 
the  products  of  one  process  differ  from  those  of  the  other. 
According  to  Allman,  the  intercalation  of  a  proper  sexual 
reproduction  is  necessary  to  constitute  true  alternate 
generation,  (b)  In  cryptogamic  bot  ,  the  passage  of  a  plant 
through  a  succession  of  unlike  generations  before  the  ini- 
tial form  is  reproduced.  Usually  the  succession  is  one 
in  which  one  sexually  produced  form  alternates  with  an- 
other produced  asexually.  The  alternation  of  those  sex- 
ually produced  may  be  with  those  parthenogenetically 
produced  (heterogenesis  or  heterogamy,  which  see),  or  with 
those  produced  by  budding  (metagenesis). — Alternate 
numbers,  units  such  that  the  prodiictof  any  two  has  its 
sign  changed  by  reversal  of  the  order  of  the  factors :  as, 
m)i= — nin.  The  square  of  any  such  number  vanishes. 
—Alternate  proportion,  the  equal  pi-oportion  that  sub- 
sists between  the  alternate  members  of  the  pairs  of  a 
series  of  proportionals.  Thus,  if  a  :  b::c  -.d,  then  by  alter- 
nate proportion  a  -.c-.-.b  :  (/.—Alternate  quarters,  in 

her. ,  quarters  diagonally  opposite  to  each  other,  as  the  first 
and  fourth  quarters,  and  the  second  and  third.  They  have 
usually  the  same  charges. 

II.  n.  1.  That  which  happens  by  turns  with 
something  else ;  vicissitude.  [Rare.] 

Rais'd  in  pleasure,  or  repos'd  in  ease, 
Grateful  alternates  of  substantial  peace. 

Prior,  Solomon,  i. 

2.  In  political  conventions  and  some  other  rep- 
resentative bodies,  one  authorized  to  take  the 
place  of  another  in  his  absence;  a  substitute. 
[United  States.] 
alternately  (al-ter 'nat-li),  adv.  In  an  alternate 
manner,  (a)  In  reciprocal  succession  ;  by  turns,  so  that 
each  is  succeeded  by  that  which  it  succeeds,  in  the  same 
way  as  night  follows  day  and  day  follows  night,  (b)  With 
the  imiission  or  intervention  of  one  between  each  two:  as, 
read  the  lines  alternately ;  in  French  prosody  male  and  fe- 
male rimes  occur  in  couplets  alternately,  (c)  In  her.,  ac- 
cording to  alternate  quarters  (which  see,  under  alternate). 

—  Alternately  pinnate,  in  bot.,  a  term  applied  to  a  pin- 
nate leaf  wlien  the  leaflets  on  one  side  of  the  petiole  are 
not  opposite  to  those  upon  the  other  side. 

alternateness  (al-ter'nat-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  alternate,  or  of  preceding  and 
folio vpiug  by  turns. 

alternater,  alternator  (al'ter-na-ter),  n.  A 
dynamo-electric  machine  which  produces  an 
alternating  current, 
alternation  (al-ter-na'shon),  n.  [<  L.  alterna- 
tio(n-),  <  alternare,  pp.  alternatus:  see  alternate, 
v.]  1.  The  act  of  alternating,  or  the  state  of 
being  alternate;  the  reciprocal  succession  of 
things  in  time  or  place,  or  of  states  or  actions; 
the  act  of  following  something  and  being  in 
turn  followed  by  it :  as,  the  alternation  of  day 
and  night,  cold  and  heat,  summer  and  winter. 

The  alternation  of  uncultivated  and  cultivated  plains, 
with  scattered  villages.  0' Donovan,  Merv,  xi. 

The  law  of  nature  is  alternation  for  evermore. 

Emerson,  Friendship. 


alternation 


161 


Altrices 


2.  Passage  back  and  forth;  repeated  transition; 
the  action  of  going  fi'om  one  state,  condition, 
orpointto  another,  and backagain, indefinitely: 
as,  alternation  between  states  of  mind  or  be- 
tween places ;  his  alternations  from  one  point 
to  the  other  were  very  frequent. — 3.  In  math. : 
(a)  The  different  changes  or  alterations  of  order 
in  numbers.  More  commonly  called  permuta- 
tion, {b)  Alternate  proportion  (which  see,  un- 
der alternate,  a.). — 4.  In  church  ritual,  the  say- 
ing or  reading  of  parts  of  a  service  by  minister 
and  congregation  alternately — Alternation  of 

generation.  See  alternate  generation,  under  alternate,  a. 

alternative  (al-ter'na-tiv),  a.  and  n.    [=  F. 

alternative,  n.,  alternatif,  -ive,  a.,  <  ML.  alterna- 
tivus,  <  L.  alternare,  pp.  alternatus :  see  alter- 
nate, V.I  I.  a.  1.  Of  two  things,  such  that  only 
one  can  be  selected  or  only  one  is  possible, 
etc. ;  mutually  exclusive. 

To  arrive  at  the  best  compromise  in  any  case  implies 
coiTect  conceptions  of  the  alternative  results  of  this  or 
that  course.  H.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  108. 

The  conscience  of  mankind,  and  the  voice  alike  of  phi- 
losophy and  of  religion,  reject  with  equal  horror  his  [J.  S. 
Mill's]  alternative  solution  of  the  origin  of  evil,  that  the 
Creator  of  the  world  is  either  the  author  of  evil  or  the 
slave  of  it.  Edinburgh  Rev. 

2.  Affording  a  choice  between  two  things,  or 
a  possibility  of  one  thing  out  of  two ;  given  or 
offered  for  selection,  as  against  something  else : 
as,  an  alternative  proposition ;  he  presented  an 
alternative  statement. — 3t.  Alternate;  recipro- 
cal. Holland. — 4.  In  bot.,  having  the  parts  of 
the  inner  whorl  alternate  with  the  outer:  ap- 
plied to  the  estivation  or  arrangement  of  the 
parts  of  the  perianth  in  the  bud — Alternative 

demand,  a  request  for  either,  but  not  both,  of  two  things. 

—Alternative  judgment  or  inference,  in  logic,  a  judg- 
ment or  inference  which  judges  or  infers  that  one  or  the 
other  of  two  facts  is  true.  Same  as  disjunctive  judgment  or 
i7iference. 

II.  «.  1.  A  choice  between  two  things;  a 
possibility  of  one  of  two  things. —  2.  One  of 
two  things  of  which  either  is  possible  or  may 
be  chosen,  in  strictness  the  word  cannot  be  applied 
to  more  than  two  things ;  when  one  thing  only  is  possible, 
there  is  said  to  be  no  alternative. 

Between  these  alternatives  there  is  no  middle  ground. 

Cranch. 

The  stages  of  mental  assent  and  dissent  are  almost  in- 
numerable ;  but  the  alternatives  of  action  proposed  by 
the  Christian  faith  are  two  only. 

Gladstone,  Might  of  Right,  p.  142. 

3.  In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,  an  arrangement  by 
which  the  pope  nominates  to  vacant  benefices 
only  in  alternate  months,  at  other  times  leav- 
ing the  nomination  to  the  bishop  of  the  diocese 
or  to  the  regular  patron.  The  month  counted 
is  that  in  which  the  benefice  becomes  vacant. 

alternatively  (al-ter'na-tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  al- 
ternative manner;  in  a  manner  that  admits  the 
choice  or  possibility  of  one  out  of  two  things. 

alternativeness  (al-ter'na-tiv-nes),  n.  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  alternative. 

alternityt  (al-ter'ni-ti),  n.    [<  ML.  alternitas, 
<  L.  alternus,  alterii:  see  altern.']  Succession 
by  turns ;  alternation. 
The  alternity  and  vicissitude  of  rest. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iii.  1. 

alternize  (al'ter-niz),  v.  t.  [<  altern  +  4ze.'] 
To  cause  to  follow  alternately;  alternate. 
[Rare.] 

A  tete-k-tfite,  alternized  with  a  trio  by  my  son. 

Mine.  D'Arblay,  Diary,  VII.  355. 

Althsea  (al-the'a),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  aWaia,  wild 
mallow,  marsh-mallow ;  perhaps  related  to  al- 
da'ivEiv,  heal,  and  to  Skt.  ^ardh,  thrive.]  1.  A 
genus  of  plants,  of  the  natural  order  Malva- 
cem,  including  the  hollyhock,  A.  rosea,  and  the 
marsh-mallow,  A.  officinalis. — 2,  [Z.c]  A  com- 
mon name  of  the  Hibiscus  Syriacus,  cultivated 
in  gardens.  Also  called  shrubby  althcea  and 
rose  of  Sharon. 

althein  (al-the'in),  n.  [<  Althaia  +  4n^.'\  A 
white  crystallizable  substance,  formula  C4H3 
N2O3,  contained  in  the  root  of  the  marsh-mal- 
low, Althaia  officinalis,  and  of  asparagus :  iden- 
tical with  asparagin  (which  see). 

althert,  a.    Same  as  aiders. 

Althing  (al'ting),  n.  [Icel.,  formerly  althingi, 
the  general  assembly,  <  allr,  all,  +  thing, 
court :  see  all  and  thing.']  The  general  assem- 
bly or  parliament  of  Iceland. 

AltMngman  (al'ting-man),  n. ;  pi.  Althingmen 
(-men).  [<  Althing  -t-  man.']  A  member  of  the 
Althing  or  parliament  of  Iceland. 

alt-horn  (alt'hom),  n.    [<  alt  -t-  horn :  see  alt] 
A  musical  instrument  of  the  sax-horn  class, 
often  used  in  place  of  or  with  the  French  horn 
in  military  bands. 
11 


although  (al-THo'),  conj.  [ME.  al  though,  al 
thah,  etc.;  <  all,  adv.,  in  the  sense  of  'even,' 
-f-  though :  see  all,  adv.,  and  though.  Cf.  albe- 
it.] Admitting  that ;  in  spite  of  the  fact  that ; 
notwithstanding  (that) ;  though.  =syn.  Although, 

Though,  Notwithstanding.  Between  although  and  though 
the  choice  is  often  determined  by  the  rhythm.  Notwith- 
standing lays  more  stress  than  the  others  upon  the  adver- 
sative idea  implied  in  concessive  clauses. 

Although  I  have  cast  them  far  off  among  the  heathen, 
and  although  I  have  scattered  them  among  the  countries, 
yet  will  I  be  to  them  as  a  little  sanctuary  in  the  countries 
where  they  shall  come.  Ezek.  xi.  16. 

A  separable  spite. 
Which  though  it  alter  not  love's  sole  effect. 
Yet  doth  it  steal  sweet  hours  from  love's  delight. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  xxxvi. 
Come,  come.  Sir  Peter,  you  love  her,  notwithstanding 
your  tempers  don't  exactly  agree. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  i.  2. 

(This  use  of  notwithstanding  is  commonly  regarded  as  too 
elliptical ;  it  is,  therefore,  not  so  common  as  formerly. 

See  notwithstanding.] 

Altica  (al'ti-ka),  ■«.    See  Haltica. 

alticomous  (ai-tik'o-mus),  a.  [<  LL.  alticomus, 
having  leaves  high  up,  or  on  the  top,  <  L.  alius, 
high,  -I-  coma,  head  of  hair,  foliage:  seecomal.] 
In  bot.,  having  leaves  on  the  higher  parts  only. 
Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

altify  (al'ti-fi),  v.  t.  [<  L.  alius,  high,  +  -fy.  Cf. 
magnify.]    To  heighten;  raise  aloft.  [Rare.] 

Every  country  is  given  to  magnify — not  to  say  altify  — 
their  own  things  therein.  Fuller,  Worthies,  I.  234. 

altiloquence  (al-til'o-kwens),  n.  [<  altiloquent; 
=  Sp.  altilocuencia  =  Fg.  altiloquencia.]  Lofty 
speech ;  pompous  language. 

altiloctuent  (al-til'o-kwent),  a.  [=  Sp.  altilo- 
cuente  =  Pg.  altiloq'uente,  <  L.  alius,  high,  +  lo- 
quen{t-)s,  speaking,  ppr.  of  loqui,  speak.  Cf. 
LL.  altiloquus,  in  same  sense.]  High-sound- 
ing ;  pompous  in  language. 

altimeter  (al-tim'e-ter),  n.  [=  F.  altimetre,  < 
L.  alius,  high,  +  metrutn,  <  Gr./iirpov,  measure.] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  altitudes,  as  a 
quadrant,  sextant,  or  theodolite. 

altimetry  (al-tim'e-tri),  n.  [<  altimeter;  =F. 
altimetrie.  ]  The  art  of  ascertaining  altitudes  by 
means  of  an  altimeter,  and  by  trigonometrical 
methods. 

altin  (al'tin),  n.  [F.  altine,  <  Russ.  altuinvi,  a 
denomination  of  money.  Cf .  Bulg.  altiin,  Serv. 
aldtim,  Turk,  altin,  gold.]  A  Russian  money  of 
account,  equal  to  three  copecks. 

Altinares  (al-ti-na'rez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  L.  alius, 
high,  deep,  +  nares,  nostrils.]  In  SundevaU's 
system  of  ornithology :  (a)  A  group  of  birds  cor- 
responding to  the  family  Corvidce  of  authors  in 
general,  and  consisting  of  the  crows,  jays,  and 
nut-crackers.  (6)  One  of  the  two  series  into 
which  he  divides  the  cohort  Coccyges,  the  other 
being  Humilinares.    See  Zygodactyli. 

altincar  (al-ting'kar),  n.  [<  Ar.  al-tinMr,  <  al, 
the,  +  tinkdr,  Pers.  Hind,  tinkdr,  Malay  tinghal, 
<  Skt.  tankana:  see  tincal.]  Crude  borax,  em- 
ployed in  refining  metals ;  tincal  (which  see). 

altiscope  (al'ti-skop),  n.  [<  L.  alius,  high,  + 
Gr.  aKOKE'iv,  look  at :  see  scope.]  An  instrument 
consisting  of  an  arrangement  of  lenses  and  mir- 
rors in  a  telescopic  tube,  extensible  vertically, 
by  means  of  which  it  is  possible  to  look  over  ob- 
jects intervening  between  the  observer  and  the 
object  to  be  seen,  when  the  sections  of  the  tube  are 
extended,  the  view  is  received  upon  an  upper  mirror  placed 
at  an  angle  of  45°,  and  reflected  thence  down  the  tube  to 
a  lower  mirror,  where  it  is  seen  by  the  observer. 

altisonant  (al-tis'o-nant),  a.  [<  L.  alius,  high, 
+  sona7i{t-)s,  ppr.  of  sonare,  sound :  see  sound^.] 
High-sounding ;  lofty  or  pompous,  as  language  : 
as,  "  altisonant  phvases,"  Evelyn,  Sylva  (To  the 
Reader). 

altisonous  (al-tis'o-nus),  a.  [<  L.  altisonus, 
high-sounding,  <  aJtus,  high.,  +  sonare,  sound: 
see  sound^.]    Same  as  altisonant. 

altissimo  (al-tis'i-mo),  a.  [It.,  superl.  of  alto, 
high:  see  alt.]  A  musical  term  used  in  the 
phrase  in  altissimo,  literally  in  the  highest,  that 
is,  in  the  second  octave  above  the  treble  staff, 
beginning  with  G.    See  alt. 

altitonant  (al-tit'o-nant),  a.  [<  L.  altitonan(t-)s, 
(.alius,  high,  +  tonan'{t-)s,  ppr.  of  tonare,  thun- 
der. ]  Thundering  from  on  high ;  high-thimder- 
ing.    [Rare  and  poetical.] 

Altitonant, 
Imperial-crowu'd,  and  thunder-armed  Jove. 

Middleton,  World  Tost  at  Tennis. 

altitude  (al'ti-tM),  n.  [<  ME.  altitude,  <  L.  alti- 
tudo,  height,  <  alius,  high:  see  alt.]  1.  Space 
extended  upward;  height;  the  degree  or  amount 
of  elevation  of  an  object  above  its  foundation, 
the  ground,  or  a  given  level;  the  amount  or 


distance  by  which  one  object  is  higher  than  an- 
other :  as,  the  altitude  of  a  mountain  or  a  cloud. 
—  2.  The  elevation  of  a  point,  star,  or  other 
object  above  the  horizon,  measured  by  the 
are  of  a  vertical  intercepted  between  such  point 

and  the  horizon.  Altitude  is  either  apjjarent  or  true. 
Apparent  altitude  is  that  which  appears  by  observations 
made  at  any  place  on  the  surface  of  the  earth  ;  true  alti- 
tude, that  which  results  by  correcting  tlie  ai)parent  for 
refraction,  parallax,  and  dip  of  the  horizon.  (  I'lie  words 
altitude  and  elevation  in  geodesy  are  somewhat  confused, 
but  it  is  preferable  to  use  altitwle  for  angular  lieight,  ele- 
vation for  linear  height.)   Often  abbreviated  to  alt. 

From  hennes-forthward,  I  wol  clepe  the  heyhte  of  any 
thing  that  is  taken  by  thy  rewie  [an  astrolabe],  the  alti- 
tude, with-owte  mo  wordes.  Chaucer,  Astrolabe. 

3.  An  elevation  or  height ;  anything  extending 
far  upward. 

The  altitudes  which  are  siu-mounted  only  for  the  charms 
of  outlook  they  offer.      D.  G.  Mitchell,  Bound  Together. 

4.  Highest  point  or  degree ;  full  elevation. 

He  did  it  to  please  his  mother,  and  to  be  partly  proud ; 
which  he  is,  even  to  the  altitude  of  his  virtue. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  1. 

5.  Elevation  of  spirit;  haughty  air:  in  this 
sense  generally  used  in  the  plural.  [Archaic] 

From  the  nature  of  their  conversation,  there  was  no 
room  for  altitudes.   Richardson,  Clarissa  Harlowe,V.  232. 

If  we  would  see  him  in  his  altitudes,  we  must  go  back 
to  the  House  of  Commons ;  .  .  .  there  he  cuts  and  slashes 
at  another  rate.  Roger  North,  Examen,  p.  258. 

Accessible  altitude,  the  altitude  of  an  object  to  the 
base  of  which  one  can  have  access,  so  as  to  measure  the 
distance  between  it  and  the  station  from  which  the  alti- 
tude is  to  be  measured.— Altitude  and  azimuth  circle. 
See  cu  cfe.— Altitude  or  elevation  of  the  pole,  the  arc 
of  the  meridian  intercepted  between  tlie  pole  and  the 
horizon.    It  is  equal  to  the  latitude  of  the  place. — Circle 

or  parallel  of  altitude.  See  a;»(ucn/i?o/-.— inacces- 
sible altitude,  the  altitude  of  an  oljject  whose  base  can- 
not be  approached.— Meridian  altitude  of  a  star,  an 

arc  of  the  meridian  between  the  horizon  and  a  star  on  the 

meridian. — Parallax  of  altitude.  See  parallax. — Re- 
fraction Of  altitude,  an  arc  of  a  vertical  circle,  by  which 
the  true  altitude  of  a  heavenly  body  is  in  appearance  in- 
creased, on  account  of  refraction. 

altitudinal  (al-ti-tu'di-nal),  a.  [<  L.  altitudo 
(altitudin-)  -f-  -al:  see  altitude.]  Relating  or 
pertaining  to  height ;  in  nat.  hist.,  having  refer- 
ence to  elevation  above  the  sea-level:  as,  an 
altitudinal  zone  of  vegetation.    See  zone. 

Two  ferns,  a  species  of  Gleichenia  and  the  broad-fronded 
Dipteris  horsfieldi — here  at  its  lowest  altitudinal  limit — 
profusely  covered  the  ground. 

//.  0.  Forbes,  Eastern  Archipelago,  p.  78. 

altitudinarian  (al"ti-tii-di-na'ri-an),  a.  and  n. 
[<  L.  altitudo  {altitudin-),  altitude :  see  altitude.] 
I.  a.  Aspiring.    Coleridge.  [Rare.] 

II.  H.  One  who  aspires;  one  given  to  lofti- 
ness in  thought  or  speech. 

altivolant(al-tiv'o-lant),(7.[<L.aZ<iTO?aw(<-)s(er. 
eqmv.altivolus,hig]i-iijmg),(altus,}iigh,+volare, 
ppr.  volan(t-)s,  fly:  see  volant.]  High-flying. 

altoi  (al'to),  a.  and  n.  [It.,  high  :  see  alt.]  I. 
a.  Literally,  high:  an  element  in  terms  relating 
to  music  and  art :  as,  alto-ripieno,  alto-rilievo. 
— Alto  Clef,  alto  fagotto,  alto  viola,  etc.  See  the  nouns. 

II.  n.  [So  called  from  being  higher  than  the 
tenor,  to  which  in  old  music  the  melody  was 
assigned.]  In  music :  (a)  Same  as  contralto, 
(b)  The  instrument  called  in  England  the  tenor 
violin,  and  by  the  Italians  the  viola. 

alto^t,  adv.  phr.    See  all,  adv.,  1. 

altogether  (al-to-geTH'er),  adv.    [<  ME.  alto- 
gedere,  altogidere,  etc.,  <  al,  adv.,  all,  -t-  togedere, 
together:  see  all,  adv.,  and  together.]  AVhoUy; 
entirely;  completely;  quite. 
Every  man  at  his  best  state  is  altogether  vanity. 

Ps.  xxxix.  5. 

He  [Temple]  began  to  make  preparations  for  retiring  al- 
togetlier  from  business.     Macaulay,  Su"  William  Temple. 

alto-relievo  (al"t6-re-le'vo),  n.    An  Anglicized 

form  of  alto-rilievo. 

alto-rilievo  (aP'to-re-lya'vo),  ».  [It.:  alto, 
high  (see  a^O;  riZea'o,  relief :  see  relief .]  High 
relief;  in  sculp.,  a  form  of  relief  in  which  the 
figures  or  other  objects  represented  stand  out 
very  boldly  fi-om  the  background.  More  or  less 

important  portions  of  the  design  may  even  be  carved  en- 
tirely in  the  round.  An  alto-rilievo,  or  a  work  in  alto- 
rilievo,  is  a  relief  sculptured  in  this  form.  See  cut  on  next 
page.    See  bas-relief  and  mezzo-rilievo. 

Altrices  (al-tri'sez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  L.  altrix, 
fem.  of  altor,  a  nourisher,  nurse,  <  alere,  nour- 
ish: see  aliment,  v.]  In  ornith.,  one  of  the  pri- 
mary divisions  of  the  class  Aves,  or  birds,  in 

some  systems,  as  that  of  Bonaparte,  it  includes  those  birds 
which  are  hatched  in  a  weak  and  usually  naked  condition, 
and  require  to  be  fed  for  some  time  in  the  nest  by  the  pa- 
rents :  opposed  to  Prcecoces,  or  those  birds  which  run  about 
as  soon  as  they  are  hatched.  Not  in  use  as  the  name  of  a 
subclass  of  Aves,  but  recognized  as  a  collective  term  for 
birds  having  the  aljove-given  characters,  <as  nearly  all  land- 
birds,  and  some  water-bii'ds,  as  the  Herodiones  and  Stegano- 
podes.  Nearly  equivalent  to  SundevaU's  term  PsilopcBden 
or  Gymnopcedes.    Also  called  Meteropkagi. 


altricial 

altricial  (al-trig'ial),  a.  [<  Altrices.']  Being 
one  of  or  belonging  to  the  Altrices;  having  the 
nature  of  Altrices ;  heterophagoiis. 


Herraes,  Eur>'dice,  and  Orpheus :  in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples. 


altropathy  (al-trop'a-thi),  w.  [<  L.  alter,  an- 
other, +  Gr.  -Ttadia,  <  TraOog,  suffering.]  Feel- 
ing for  others ;  sympathy. 

Better  still  to  convey  the  altruistic  conception,  and  in 
more  natm-al  contrast  with  autopathy,  there  might  in  like 
manner  be  substituted  for  sympathy  the  allied  expression 
altropathy,  which,  to  a  certain  extent,  would  come  to  the 
aid  of  the  stronger  term  philanthropy. 

L.  F.  Ward,  Dynara.  Sociol.,  II.  371. 

altruism  (al'tro-izm),  n.  [<  F.  altrnisme,  <  It. 
altrui,  another,  other  people  (=  Pr.  altrui  = 
OF.  altrui,  F.  autrui),  prop,  the  objective  ease, 
sing,  and  pi.,  of  altro,  other  (=  OF.  altre,  F. 
autre),  <  L.  alter,  other:  see  alter.  In  the  col- 
loquial Latin  of  later  times,  alter,  like  many 
other  pronominal  words,  was  strengthened  by 
the  addition  of  hie,  this ;  hence  dat.  *alteri-}mic, 
contr.  to  *altruic,  altrui,  which  became  the  com- 
mon objective  case.]  A  term  first  employed  by 
the  French  philosopher  Comte  to  denote  the 
benevolent  instincts  and  emotions  in  general, 
or  action  prompted  by  them:  the  opposite  of 
egoism. 

If  we  define  altruism  as  being  all  action  which,  in  the 
normal  course  of  things,  benefits  others  instead  of  bene- 
fiting self,  then,  from  the  dawn  of  life,  altruism  has  been 
no  less  essential  than  egoism. 

H.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  75. 

altruist  (al'tro-ist),  n.  [<  F.  altruiste,  as  altru- 
isvie,  altruism,  +  -iste,  -ist.]  One  who  practises 
altruism ;  a  person  devoted  to  the  welfare  of 
others :  opposed  to  egoist. 

altruistic  (al-tro-is'tlk),  a.  Pertaining  or  re- 
lating to  altruism ;  regardful  of  others ;  having 
regard  to  the  well-being  or  best  interests  of 
others :  opposed  to  egoistic. 

Only  in  the  comparatively  rare  cases  where  the  anony- 
mous benefaction  is  from  one  who  can  ill  afford  the  money 
or  the  labour  required,  does  generosity  rise  to  that  high- 
est form  in  which  altruistic  gratification  out-balances  ego- 
istic gratification.        H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  528. 

altruistically  (al-tro-is'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
altruistic  manner ;  for  the  benefit  of  another ; 
benevolently;  imselfishly.    H.  Spencer. 

alturet  (al'tur),  n.  [<  It.  altura,  height,  <  alto, 
high  :  see  alt.']    Height ;  altitude.    N.  E.  B. 

aluchi,  n.    See  alouchi. 

Alucita  (a-lU'si-ta),  n.  [NL.,  <  LL.  (cited  as 
L.)  alucita,  a  gnat.]  A  genus  of  featherwings 
or  plume-moths,  family  Pterophoridce,  having 
the  wings  divided  into  six  lobes  or  feathers, 
rounded  at  the  apex  and  ciliated  along  the  edge. 
A.  hexadactyla  of  Europe  and  America  expands 
about  half  an  inch. 

Alucitidse  (al-ii-sit'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Alucita 
+  -idee.]  Featherwings  or  plume-moths;  a 
family  of  moths  named  from  the  genus  Alucita, 
having  the  wings  dissected  into  feathery  lobes. 
Also  called  Pterophoridce  (which  see).  See  cut 
vnder  plume-moth. 

aluco  (a-lii'ko),  n.  [NL.,  said  by  Gesner  to 
have  been  Latinized  by  Gaza  (1476)  from  It. 
alocho,  to  translate  Gr.  e?.e6g  (a  kind  of  owl)  in 
Aristotle ;  but  rather  a  variation  (>  Sp.  alucon) 
of  LL.  alucus,  a  diff.  reading  of  ulucus,  said  by 
Servius  to  be  a  popular  name  equiv.  to  vlula,  an 
owl.  Hence  (<  LL.  alucus)  appar.  It.  alocco,  al- 
locco,  dial,  oloch,  an  owl,  a  dunce,  dolt ;  cf .  It. 


Alula  (the  shaded  part  in  the  figure). 


162 

dial,  locco,  loucch,  a  dunce,  Sp.  loco,  a  madman, 
loco,  adj.,  =  Pg.  louco,  Pr.  locou,  mad.]  1,  The 
specific  name  of  a  kind  of  owl,  Strix  or  Syrnium 
aluco,  the  European  tavmy  owl. — 2.  [cap.]  A 
name  of  a  genus  of  owls,  now  usually  applied 
to  the  genus  of  barn-owls  taken  as  typical  of 
the  family  Aluconidce.  The  common  barn-owl  of 
the  old  world  is  Aluco  flammeus  ;  that  of  Amer- 
ica is  A.  pratincola.  See  cut  imder  ham-owl. — 
3.  [cflj).]  A  genus  of  gastropods.  Linh,  1807. 
Aluconidse  (al-u-kon'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Alu- 
co{n-)  +  -idw.]  A  famUy  of  owls,  consisting  of 
those  known  as  barn-owls.  See  harn-owl.  They 
differ  from  all  others  in  having  the  sternum  entire  anil 
siniply  emarglnate  behind,  with  the  furculum  ankylosed 
to  its  keel,  the  middle  claw  somewhat  pectinate,  and  the 
fat  ial  ilisk  complete  and  triangular.  The  family  consists 
(if  tin-  iimt-ra  Aluco  and  Phodilus.    See  Strir/idai. 

Aluconinse  (ar'ii-ko-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Alu- 
co{n-)  4-  -incc]  The  Aluconidce,  as  a  subfamily 
of  Strigidce. 

aludel  (al'u-del),  11. _  [<  OF.  aludeJ,  alutel,  <  Sp. 
aludel,  <  Ai.  al-uthal,  <  al,  the,  +  uthal,  prob. 
for  ithdl,  pi.  of  athla,  utensil,  apparatus.]  In 
chem.,  a  name  given  to  one  of  a  number  of  pear- 
shaped  glasses  or  earthen  pots,  used  in  subli- 
mation, resembling  somewhat  the  ancient  alem- 
bic, and  open  at  both  ends  so  that  they  can  be 
fitted  together  in  a  series.  The  name  has  also  been 
given  to  any  prolonged  chimney  or  tube  of  glass  or  earth- 
enware consisting  of  more  than  one  piece. 

aludel-furnace  (arii-del-fer"nas),  n.  A  fur- 
nace for  the  reduction  of  mercurial  ores,  it  con- 
sists of  a  cylindrical  shaft  divided  by  an  arch  into  two 
chambers,  the  lower  serving  as  a  furnace  and  the  upper 
receiving  the  ore.  The  mercurial  vapors  from  the  latter 
pass  through  rows  of  aludels,  in  which  it  is  condensed  and 
whence  it  is  delivered  into  a  reservoir, 
alula  (al'ii-la),  n.;  pi.  alulcB  (-le).  [NL.,  dim.  of 
ala,  vring:  see  aisle.]  1  In  ornith.,  the  winglet, 
^  bastard  wing, 

or  ala  spuria 
of  a  bird;  the 
packet  of  small 
feathers  which 


grows  upon 
the  so-called 
thumb  of  a 
bird's  wing. 
The  feathers  are  rather  stiff,  resembling  primaries  to  some 
extent,  but  always  smaller,  and  contribute  to  the  smooth- 
ness and  evenness  of  the  border  of  the  wing. 

2.  In  entom. :  (a)  The  small  membranous  ap- 
pendage or  scale  situated  at  the  base  of  each 
wing  of  many  dipterous  insects,  above  the  hal- 
teres  or  poisers.  (&)  A  similar  appendage  be- 
neath each  elytron  of  some  water-beetles.  Also 
called  alulet  and  cueilleron.  ■ 

In  certain  water  beetles  (Dytiscidae)  a  pair  of  alulae,  or 
winglets,  are  developed  at  the  inner  angle  of  the  elytra. 

Encxjc.  Brit.,  VI.  127. 

alular  (al'ii-lar),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  an 
alula. 

alulet  (al'ii-let),  w.  [<  alula  +  -et.]  In  entom., 
same  as  alula,  2. 

alum  (al'um),  n,  [Early  mod.  E.  often  allum, 
alem,  alym,  <  ME.  alum,  alom,  <  OF.  alum,  mod.  P. 
alun  =  MHG.  alun,  G.  alaun  (>  Pol.  alun  (barred 
I),  Sloven,  alun  =  Euss.  galunu  =  Lith.  alunas), 
<  L.  alumen,  alimi;  of  unknown  origin.]  The 
general  name  of  a  class  of  double  sulphates 
formed  by  the  imion  of  aluminium,  iron,  chro- 
mium, or  manganese  sulphate  with  the  sid- 
phate  of  some  other  metal,  commonly  an  alka- 
line metal  or  ammonium.  Common  or  potash  alum 
has  the  formula  Al2(S04):!  +  K0SO4  +  24H2O.  It  is  pro- 
duced by  mixing  concentrated  solutions  of  potassium 
sulphate  and  crude  aluminium  sulphate.  The  double 
salt  at  once  crystallizes  in  octahedi'ons.  Alum  is  soluble 
in  water,  has  a  sweetish-sour  taste,  reddens  litmus,  and 
is  a  powerful  astringent.  In  medicine  it  is  used  inter- 
nally as  an  astringent,  externally  as  a  styptic  applied  to 
severed  blood-vessels.  In  the  arts  it  is  used  as  a  mor- 
dant in  dyeing,  and  extensively  in  other  ways.  When 
mixed  in  small  amount  with  inferior  grades  of  flour,  it  is 
said  to  whiten  them  in  the  process  of  bread-making,  but 
its  effect  on  the  system  is  injurious. — Alum  shale,  an- 
other name  for  alum  slate,  including  especially  its  more 
shaly  varieties. — Alum  slate,  a  variety  of  clay  slate  con- 
taining more  or  less  carbonaceous  material  (remains  of 
seaweeds,  etc.),  with  which  is  associated  an  easily  de- 
composed and  frequently  occurring  compound  of  sulphiu' 
and  iron  (marcasite).  The  decomposition  of  this  sub- 
stance gives  rise  to  an  efflorescence  of  alum,  usually 
potash  alum,  which  is  a  compound  of  potassium  sulphate 
and  aluminium  sulphate. — Burnt  alum,  alum  from  which 
the  water  of  crystallization  has  been  driven  off  by  heat. 
Also  called  dried  alum,  alumen  exsiccatum. — Concen- 
trated alum,  normal  aluminium  sulphate,  A1.2(.S04)3, 
which  is  prepared  on  a  large  scale  by  treating  roasted  clay 
with  oil  of  vitriol,  and  crystallizing  out  the  sulphate  form- 
ed. It  is  largely  used  in  dyeing.  Also  called  patent  alum. 
—  Cubic  alum,  or  basic  alum,  the  mineral  alum-stone. 
—Earth  of  alum.  See  car(/i.— Roman  alum,  a  variety 
of  potash  alum  prepared  from  the  mineral  aliun-stone,  of 
special  value  to  dyers,  since  it  contains  no  soluble  iron 
salts.    Also  called  rock-alum,  and  roche-alum. 


aluminium 

alum  (al'um),  V.  t.  [<  alum,  n.]  To  steep  ia 
or  impregnate  with  a  solution  of  alum. 

For  silk  dyeing  anotta  is  largely  used,  yielding  bright 
lustrous  shades ;  by  aluming  the  silk  is  considered  to  take 
the  dye  better.   O'Neill,  Dyeing  and  Calico  Printing,  p.  67. 

alum-battery  (arum-bat"e-ri),  n.  A  galvanic 
battery  employing  a  solution  of  alum  as  the 
exciting  liquid. 

Alumbrado  (a-lom-bra'do),  «.    [Sp.,  formerly 

alomhrado,  pp.  of  alumhrar,  formerly  alombrar, 
enlighten,  illuminate,  <  ML.  *alluminare:  see 
allumine,  and  cf.  illmninate,  Uluminati.]  One 
of  a  sect  of  Uluminati,  or  Perfectionists,  which 
existed  in  Spain  in  the  sixteenth  century,  but 
was  suppressed  by  the  Inquisition.  Also  spelled 
Alomhrado. 

alum-earth  (arum-erth),  n.   A  massive  variety 

of  alum-stone  (which  see), 
alumin,  alumine  (al'ii-min),  n.    Same  as  alvr- 

mina. 

alumina  (a-lu'mi-na),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  alumen 
{alumi-)i-):  see  alum.]  The  oxid  of  aluminiimi, 
AI2O3,  the  most  abundant  of  the  earths,  it  i» 
witfely  diffused  over  the  globe  in  the  shape  of  clay,  loam, 
and  other  similar  substances ;  corundum,  in  its  varieties 
adamantine  spar,  the  ruby,  and  sapphire,  is  alumina  nearly 
inire  and  crystallized.  In  these  forms  alumina  is,  next  to 
the  diamond,  the  hardest  substance  known.  Its  great  value 
in  the  arts  depends  on  its  affinity  for  vegetable  coloring 
matters  and  animal  fiber.  It  forms  the  base  of  the  lakes 
in  dyeing,  and  acts  also  as  a  mordant.  United  with  silica 
it  is  extensively  used  in  the  manufacture  of  all  kinds  of  pot- 
tery and  porcelain-ware,  crucibles,  mortar,  and  cements. 

aluminate  (a-lii'mi-nat),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
alumiriated,  ppr.  aluminating.  [<  L.  aluniinatus, 
pp.  adj.,  <  alumen  (atioiiin-):  see  alum.]  To 
treat  or  impregnate  with  alum ;  specifically,  in 
printing  engravings,  to  wash  (the  paper)  with 
alum-water  to  prevent  the  running  of  the  lines. 

aluminate  (a-lii'mi-nat),  n.  [<  alumina  +  -afel.] 
A  salt  in  which  alumina  acts  toward  the  stronger 
bases  as  an  acid.  Sodium  aluminate  is  used  as 
a  mordant.  The  mineral  spinel  is  a  magnesium 
aluminate. 

aluminic  (al-u-min'ik),  a.  [<  aluminium  +  -ic] 
Relating  to  or  containing  aluminium. 

aluminiferous  (a-lu-mi-nif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  alu- 
men (alumin-),  alum,  +  /erre  =:E.  iearl.]  Con- 
taining or  yielding  alum,  alumina,  or  alumin- 
iimi. 

aluminiform  (al-u-min'i-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  alu- 
men (alumin-),  alum,  +  -formis,  <  forma,  form.] 
Having  the  form  of  alum,  alimiina,  or  alumin- 
ium. 

aluminite  (a-lu'mi-nit),  n.  [<  alumina  -\-  -ite^.] 
Hydrous  sulphate  of  aluminium,  a  mineral  that 
occui's  in  small  roundish  or  reniform  masses. 
Its  color  is  snow-white  or  yellowish-white. 

aluminium  (al-ii-min'i-um),  n.  [NL.  (>  F.  alu- 
mine, >  E.  alumin),  <  L.  alumen  (-min-),  alum  (see 
alum),  -I-  -ium,  as  in  sodium,  potassium,  etc.;  first 
proposed  by  Davy  in  the  form  alumium  and 
then  aluminum.  It  was  discovered  by  Wohler.] 
Chemical  symbol  Al;  atomic  weight  27.1.  A 
metal  of  silver-white  color  and  brilliant  luster, 
about  as  hard  as  zinc,  very  malleable  and  duc- 
tile, highly  sonorous,  and  a  good  conductor  of 
heat  and  electricity,  its  most  remarkable  character 
is  its  low  specific  gravity  (2.56),  which  is  about  one  third 
that  of  iron  and  less  than  that  of  marble.  It  does  not 
tarnish  in  the  air,  and  even  in  a  molten  state  does  not 
oxidize ;  its  melting-point  is  somewhat  lower  than  that  of 
silver.  Aluminium  in  combination  with  oxygen  (Al203j 
forms  the  common  earth  alumina,  which  exists  in  nature 
as  the  mineral  corundum,  of  which  the  ruby,  sapphire, 
and  emery  are  varieties ;  the  hydrated  sesquioxid  exists  as 
the  minerals  diaspore,  gibbsite,  and  bauxite.  Alumina 
also  enters  into  the  composition  of  a  very  large  number  of 
minerals,  the  most  important  of  which  are  the  feldspars. 
From  the  decomposition  of  these,  clay  (kaolin,  etc.)  is 
produced,  which  is  essentially  a  hydrated  silicate  of  alu- 
minium. Among  other  important  minerals  containing 
aluminium  are  the  silicates  aiidalusite,  eyanite,  fibrolite, 
topaz,  and  all  of  the  zeolites ;  the  fluoride  of  aluminiimi 
and  sodium,  cryolite,  from  which  tlie  metal  is  reduced ; 
the  oxid  of  aluminium  and  magnesium,  spinel;  the  sul- 
phates aluminite,  alum-stone,  the  alums,  etc. ;  the  phos- 
phates turquoise,  lazulite,  etc. ;  the  carbonate  dawsouite, 
and  many  others.  It  is  estimated  that  in  its  various  com- 
pounds aluminium  forms  about  one  twelfth  of  the  crust 
of  the  earth.  In  consequence  of  its  very  low  specific 
gi'avity,  freedom  from  tarnish,  non-poisonous  qualities, 
and  ease  of  working,  aluminium  is  a  valuable  metal.  The 
use  of  aluminium  has  extended  with  the  rapid  decrease, 
through  improved  processes,  in  the  cust  of  separating  it 
from  the  combinations  in  which  it  occurs  in  nature.  It 
is  used  esi)ecially  for  physical  apparatus  and  other  arti- 
cles in  which  lightness  and  great  strength  are  necessary. 
The  cap  of  the  Washington  monument,  which  forms  the 
tip  of  its  lightning-rod,  is  a  pyramidal  mass  of  aluminium 
weighing  100  ounces.  Also  written  aluminum.— AiMVaiO.- 
ium  bronze,  an  alloy  of  9  parts  of  copper  with  1  of 
aluminium.  It  resembles  gold  in  luster  and  color,  and 
is  used  as  a  cheap  imitation  of  that  metal.  Unlike  gold, 
however,  it  gradually  tarnishes  on  exposure  to  the  air. 
It  is  much  used  in  cheap  jewelry  and  ornamental  work, 
and  also  for  a  great  variety  of  industrial  purposes,  espe- 
cially for  bearings  in  machinery.— Aluminium  silver,  a 


aluminium 

compound  formed  by  the  addition  of  a  small  amount  of 
silver  to  aluminium.  It  is  said  that  3  per  cent,  of  silver 
is  sufficient  to  give  to  aluminium  the  color  and  brilliancy 
of  pure  silver,  over  which  it  has  the  great  advantage  of 
not  being  tarnished  by  sulphureted  hydrogen.— Alumin- 
ium solder,  an  alloy  of  gold,  silver,  copper,  and,  for  soft 
solder,  a  little  zinc  :  used  in  soldering  aluminium  bronze, 
aluminose  (a-lu'mi-nos),  a.  Same  as  alumi- 
nous. 

aluminous  (a-lu'mi-nus),  a.    [<L.  aluminosus, 

<  alumen  (-min-),  alum:  see  alum.']  Pertain- 
ing to,  containing,  or  having  the  properties  of 
alum  or  alumina:  as,  aluminous  minerals  or 
waters. 

aluminum  (a-lu'mi-num),  n.  Same  as  alumin- 
ium. 

alumish  (al'um-ish),  a.  [<  alum  +  -Ml.]  Hav- 
ing the  nature  of  alum ;  somewhat  resembling 
alum. 

alumna  (a-lum'na),  w. ;  pi.  alumnce  (-ne).  [L., 
a  foster-daughter,  fem.  of  alumnus:  see  alum- 
nus.'] A  female  pupil  or  graduate  of  any  edu- 
cational institution. 

alumnal  (a-lum'nal),  a.  Belonging  or  pertain- 
ing to  alumni  or  aiumuEe. 

At  the  request  of  the  Alumnal  Association  of  Colleges, 
arrangements  have  been  made  whereby  college  graduates 
can  avail  themselves  of  advanced  courses  of  study. 

Education,  IV.  550. 

alumni,  n.    Plural  of  alumnus. 

alumniate  (a-lum'ni-at),  n.  [Irreg.  <  alumnus 
+  -ate^.]    The  period  of  pupilage.    N.  E.  D. 

alumnus  (a-lum'nus),  n. ;  pi.  alumni  (-ni).  [L. 
alumnus,  fem.  alumna,  a  nursling,  foster-child, 
pupil,  disciple,  orig.  ppr.  pass.  l-umnus  =  <jv. 
-dfievog)  of  alere,  nourish,  nurse,  foster:  see 
aliment.  Cf.  alma  mater.]  A  pupil;  one  edu- 
cated at  a  school,  seminary,  college,  or  univer- 
sity ;  specifically,  a  graduate  of  any  such  insti- 
tution. 

alum-rock  (al'um-rok),  n.  Same  as  alum- 
stone. 

alum-root  (al'um-rot),  n.  A  name  given  to  the 
astringent  root  of  several  plants,  as  Heuchera 
Americana  and  Geranium  maculatum. 

alum-stone  (al'xmi-ston),  n.  The  subsulphate 
of  alumina  and  potash ;  a  mineral  of  a  grayish- 
or  yellowish-white  color,  often  containing  sil- 
ica as  an  impurity,  first  found  at  Tolf a  in  Italy. 
Also  called  alum-rock  and  alunite. 

alunite  (al'u-nit),  n.  [<  F.  alun,  alum,  +  -ite"^.] 
Same  as  alum-stone. 

alunogen  (a-lii'no-jen),  n.  [<  'P.  alun,  alum,  + 
-gen,  producing:  see  -gen.]  Native  aluminium 
sulphate,  occurring  in  fine  capillary  fibers,  and 
consisting  of  36.05  parts  of  sulphuric  acid,  15.40 
of  alumina,  and  48.55  of  water,  it  is  found  in  vol- 
canic solfataras,  in  clays,  in  feldspathic  rocks  containing 
pyrites,  and  as  an  efflorescence  on  the  walls  of  mines  and 
quarries.   Also  called  hair-salt  awA  feather-alum. 

aluref  (al'tir),  n.    [<  ME.  alur'e,  alour,  alur,  aler, 

<  OF.  aleor,  aleoir,  gallery,  passage,  alley  (cf. 
OF.  aleure,  alure,  mod.  F.  allure,  gait,  pace), 

'  <.  aler,  ¥.  alter,  go:  see  alley'^.]  1.  An  alley;  a 
walk. —  2.  A  passage,  gangway,  or  gallery  in  a 
building. 

The  new  alure  between  the  king's  chamber  and  the  said 
chapel.  Brayley,  Houses  of  Pari.,  p.  127. 

3.  A  covered  passage ;  a  cloister. 

The  sides  of  every  street  were  covered  with  fresh  alures 
of  marble,  or  cloisters.    T.  WaHon,  Eng.  Poetry,  II.  xxiii. 

4.  In  medieval  milit.  arch.,  a  footway  on  the 
simimit  of  a  wall  or  rampart,  behind  the  battle- 
ments ;  also,  the  passageway  within  the  hoard- 
ing or  bratticing. 

alusia  (a-lii'si-a),  M.  [NL.,  irreg.  <  Gr.  aXvaig, 
distress,  anguish,  <  akvEiv  or  oXvelv,  be  frantic, 
wander:  see  hallucination.]  Hallucination. 

aluta  (a-lu'ta),  n.  [L.  (sc.  pellis,  skin),  a  kind 
of  soft  leather,  perhaps  prepared  by  means  of 
alum;  cL  alumen,  alum:  see  alum.]  A  species 
of  leather-stone,  soft,  pliable,  and  not  lami- 
nated. 

alutaceous  (al-u-ta'shius),  a.  [<LL.  alutacius, 
<L.  aluta:  see  aluta.]  Having  the  quality  or 
color  of  tawed  leather;  leathery,  as  the  leaves 
of  Primus  laurocerasus. 

alutationt  (al-u-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  aluta,  soft 
leather  (see  aluta),  +  -ation.]  The  tanning  or 
dressing  of  leather. 

alva  marina  (al' va  ma-ri'na).  [An  error  for  L. 
ulva  marina,  sea-sedge:  ulva,  sedge, perhaps  con- 
nected with  ad-ol-escere,  grow  (see  adolescent) ; 
marina,  fem.  of  marinus,  of  or  belonging  to  the 
sea :  see  marine.]  Sea-sedge :  an  article  of  com- 
merce, consisting  of  dried  grass-wi'ack  (Zostera 
marina),  used  for  stuffing  mattresses,  etc. 

alvearium  (al-ve-a'ri-um),  n. ;  pi.  alvearia  (-a). 
[L.]    Same  as  alveary. 


163 

alveary  (al'vf-a-ri),  w. ;  pi.  alvearies  (-riz). 
[<  L.  alvearium,'  a  beehive,  prop,  any  bulging 

vessel,  <  alveus,  a  hollow  vessel,  a  beehive,  etc. : 
see  alveus.]  1.  A  beehive,  or  something  re- 
sembling a  beehive. —  2t.  The  meatus  externus, 
or  external  canal,  of  the  ear.    See  ear. 

alveated  (al' ve-a-ted),  a.  [<  L.  alveatus, 
hollowed  out  Ulie  a  trough  or  tray,  <  alveus,  a 
trough,  tray,  a  beehive:  see  alveus,  and  cf. 
alveary.]    Formed  or  vaulted  like  a  beehive. 

alvei,  n.    Plural  of  alveus. 

alveolar  (al-ve'o-lar  or  al've-o-lar),  a.  [<  L. 
alveolus,  a  small  hollow  or  cavity,  a  tray,  trough, 
basin,  dim.  of  atoews :  see  alveus.]  Containing 
or  pertaining  to  a  socket,  cell,  or  pit.  An  equiv- 
alent form  is  alveolary — Alveolar  arch,  the  arch 

formed  by  the  alveolar  border  of  eitlier  the  upper  or  the 
lower  jaw.— Alveolar  artery,  (a)  Jnfcrior,  the  inferior 
dental,  a  branch  of  the  internal  maxillary  artery  supply- 
ing the  lower  jaw.  (b)  Superior,  a  branch  of  the  internal 
maxillary  artery  supplying  the  teeth  of  the  upper  jaw  and 
adjacent  structures.— Alveolar  border,  the  border  of 
either  jaw  containing  the  tooth-sockets  (alveoli). — Alveo- 
lar cancer,  either  alveolar  carcinoma  or  alveolar  sarcoma. 
— Alveolar  carcinoma,  a  name  sometimes  applied  to 
colloid  carcinoma  (cancer)  in  whicli  the  colloid  infiltration 
has  rendered  the  alveolar  structure  very  evident  to  the 
naked  eye.— Alveolar  ectasia.  See  emiihysema.— Alve- 
olar forceps,  forceps,  of  various  shapes,  for  removing 
parts  of  the  alveolar  process,  or  fragments  of  roots  under 
the  alveolar  ridge.— Alveolar  index.  See  craniometry. 
— Alveolar  membrane,  the  dental  periosteum.— Alve- 
olar nerves,  the  dental  branches  of  the  maxillary  nerves. 
—  Alveolar  passages,  the  passages  into  which  the  respi- 
ratory bronchial  tubes  enlarge.  They  are  thickly  set  with 
air-cells  (alveoli),  and  give  off  and  terminate  in  the  in- 
fundibula  or  air-sacs.— Alveolar  point,  the  point  at  the 
edge  of  the  upper  jaw  between  the  middle  incisors. — Alve- 
olar processes,  the  processes  of  the  maxillary  Viones 
containing  the  sockets  of  the  teeth. — Alveolar  sarcoma, 
a  sarcoma  (cancer)  in  which  the  cells  approach  in  charac- 
ter epithelial  cells,  and  are  gathered  in  groups  separated 
by  connective  tissue.— Alveolar  vein,  a  vein  accompany- 
ing an  alveolar  artery. 

alveolariform  (al-ve-o-lar'i-form),  a.  [<  NL. 
alveolaris  (<  alveolus,  a  cell  ia  a  honeycomb: 
see  alveolus)  +  "L.  forma,  shape.]  Having  the 
form  of  the  cells  of  a  honeycomb.  _  N.  E.  D. 

alveolary  (al-ve'o-la-ri  or  al've-o-la-ri),  a. 
Same  as  alveolar. 

alveolate  (al-ve'o-lat  or  al've-o-lat),  a.  [<  L. 
alveolatus,  hollowed  out  like  a  little  tray,  <  al- 
veolus: see  alveolus.]    Same  as  atoeototerf. 

alveolated  (al-ve'o-la-ted  or  al've-o-la-ted),  a. 
[As  alveolate  4-  -ed^.]  Deeply  pitted  so  as  to 
resemble  a  honeycomb;  having  angular  cavi- 
ties (alveoli)  separated  by  thin  partitions,  as 
the  receptacle  of  some  compound  flowers. 

The  fibrous  stroma  is  not  so  much  alveolated  as  inter- 
spersed with  small  fusiform  cell-nests. 

Ziegler,  Pathol.  Anat.  (trans.),  i.  §  173. 

alveolation  (al-ve-o-la'shon),  n.    The  state  or 
condition  of  having  sockets  or  pits  ;  a  struc- 
ture resembling  that  of  the  honeycomb.  See 
cut  under  ruminant. 
The  alveolation  is  the  same  in  both  cases. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  370. 

alveole  (al've-ol),  w.    Same  as  alveolus. 

alveoli,  n.    Plural  of  alveolus. 

alveoliform  (al-ve'o-li-form  or  al-ve-ol'i-form), 
a.  1<.1j.  alveolus  -(■  forma,  form.]  Having  the 
form  of  an  alveolus,  or  a  small  cell  or  socket. 

Alveolina  (al-ve-o-li'na),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  alveolus 
(see  alveolus)  -f  '-«««.]  The  typical  genus  of 
foraminifers  of  thesubfamily^ifoeoHwiHCE.  B'Or- 
higny,  1826. 

Alveolininse  (al-ve'''o-li-m'ne),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Alveolina  +  -iiia;.]  A  subfamily  of  imperforate 
foraminifers,  family  Miliolidw,  having  the  test 
globular,  elliptical,  or  fusiform,  the  chamber- 
lets  of  which  in  the  recent  species  are  often 
subdivided. 

alveolite  (al-ve'o-lit),  «.  [<  NL.  Alveolites.]  A 
fossil  polyp  of  tfie  genus  Alveolites. 

Alveolites  (al-ve-o-li'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  alveo- 
lus, a  small  cavity,  +  -ites :  see  -ite'^.]  A  genus 
of  fossil  polyps,  from  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary 
strata,  foimded  by  Lamarck  in  1806. 

alveolocondylean  (al-ve"o-16-kon-dil'e-an),  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  alveolus  and  condyle. 

—Alveolocondylean  plane.    See  craniometry. 

alveolodental  (al-ve^o-lo-den'tal),  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  teeth  and  their  sockets — Alveo- 
lodental canal,  tlie  canal  in  the  upper  and  in  the  lower 
jaw,  through  which  pass  the  dental  vessels  and  nerves. 

alveolosubnasal  (al-ve'o-lo-sub-na'zal),  a.  In 
craninm.,  pertaining  to  the  alveolar  and  sub- 
nasal  points  of  the  skull  Alveolosubnasal  prog- 
nathism, the  prognathism  measured  by  the  angle  be- 
tween the  line  joining  the  alveolar  and  subnasal  points 
and  the  alveolocondylean  plane.  See  these  terms  and 
crctnio^netry. 

alveolus  (al-ve'o-lus),  n. ;  pi.  alveoli  (-li).  [NL. 
application  of  L.  alveolus,  a  small  hollow  or 


Alysia 

cavity,  dim.  of  alveus,  a  tray,  trough,  basin :  see 
alveus.]  In  general,  any  little  cell,  pit,  cavity, 
fossa,  or  socket,  as  one  of  the  cells  of  a  honey- 
comb, etc.    Also  called  alveole. 

Although  these  organs  [of  the  torpedo  and  other  electric 
fishes)  dilfer  greatly  from  one  another  in  position,  .  .  . 
they  all  agree  in  lieing  composed  of  alveoli  of  various  forms, 
which  are  l)ourided  by  connective  tissue,  and  filled  with 
a  jelly-like  substance. 

Geijenhaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  500. 
Specifically,  in  zobl.:  (a)  The  socket  of  a  tootli;  the  pit  in 
a  jaw-bone  in  which  a  tooth  is  inserted. 

Each  alveolus  serves  as  the  socket  of  a  long  tooth,  some- 
what like  the  incisor  of  a  rodent. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  492. 
(h)  An  air-cell ;  one  of  the  comijartments,  about  one  hun- 
dredth of  an  inch  in  diameter,  which  line  the  infundibula 
and  alveolar  passages  of  the  lungs,  (c)  One  of  the  pits  or 
compartments  in  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  second 
stomach  of  a  ruminant;  a  cell  of  "honeycomb"  tripe. 
See  cut  under  ruminant,  (d)  A  certain  vacant  space  in 
the  sarcode  of  a  radiolarian,  either  within  or  without  the 
capsule.  Pascoe.  (e)  A  cell  or  pit  in  certain  fossils,  as  in 
an  alveolite.  (f)  One  of  the  ultimate  follicles  of  a  race- 
mose gland.  See  acinus,  2  (</).  (g)  One  of  the  five  hollow 
cuneate  calcareous  dentigerous  pieces  which  enter  into 
the  composition  of  the  complex  dentary  apparatus  or  oral 
skeleton  of  a  sea-urchin.  See  lantern  of  Aristotle  (under 
lantern),an<\  cuts  uiuler  clypcastrid  and  Echinoidea. 

Alveopora  (al-ve-o-p6'ra),  n.  [NL.,<  L.  alveus, 
belly,  +  porus,  a  pore:  see  alveus  and  pore.] 
The  typical  genus  of  Alvcoporince. 

Alveoporinse  (al-ve-6-po-ri'ne),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Alveopora  +  -in(e.]  A  subfamily  of  perforate 
madreporarian  corals,  of  the  family  J'oritidcB, 
typified  by  the  genus  Alveopora.    See  Foritidw. 

alveus  (al've-us),  V. ;  pi.  alvei  (-i).  [L.,  ahollow 
vessel,  basket,  trough,  hold  of  a  vessel,  beehive, 
bath-tub,  channel  of  a  river,  etc.,  <  alvus,  the 
belly,  the  stomach,  bowels,  womb,  etc.]  In 
anat. :  (a)  A  tube  or  canal  through  which  some 
fluid  flows ;  especially,  the  larger  part  of  such 
a  tube,  as  the  duct  conveying  the  chyle  to  the 
subclavian  vein.  Specifically  —  (1)  The  utricle 
of  the  membranous  labyrinth  of  the  ear.  (2) 
The  combined  utricle  and  saccule  of  the  ear  as 
seen  in  birds,  (b)  The  superficial  ventricular 
layer  of  medullary  substance  in  the  brain  cover- 
ing the  hippocampus  major. 

alvine  (al'vin,  -vin),  a.  \_—  F.  alvin,  <  L.  alvus, 
the  belly.]  Belonging  to  the  belly  or  intestines ; 
relating  to  or  consisting  of  intestinal  excre- 
ments Alvine  concretion,  a  calculus  formed  in  the 

stomach  or  intestines. — Alvine  dejections,  alvine  evac- 
uations, discharges  from  tlie  bowels ;  feces.  [The  word 
is  now  scarcely  used,  except  in  these  or  similar  phrases.) 

alway  (al'wa),  adv.  [<  ME.  alway,  alwaye,  alle- 
waye,  al  wey,  alle  wey,  al  wei,  earlier  alne  ivei,  < 
AS.  ealne  iveg,  sometimes  contr.  to  ealneg,  aU 
the  time,  lit.  all  the  way:  ealne,  acc.  of  eal,  call, 
all;  iveg,  ace.  of  weg,  way.  Now  superseded 
by  always,  q.  v.  Cf.  algate,  and  It.  tutta  via  = 
Sp.  todas  vias,  always;  from  L.  tola,  fem.  of 
totus,  all,  and  via,  way.]  Same  as  alicays :  now 
only  used  poetically. 
Mephibosheth  .  .  .  shall  eat  bread  alway  at  my  table. 

2  Sam.  ix.  10. 

Hard  by  a  poplar  shook  alway. 
All  silver-green  with  gnarled  bark. 

Tennyson,  Mariana. 

always  (al'waz),  adv.  [<  ME.  alwayes,  ahcaies, 
alleweyes,  alle  weis,  alles  weis,  an  adverbial  gen., 
appar.  orig.  distrib.,  as  distinguished  from  the 
comprehensive  acc.  form,  but  the  distinction 
was  soon  lost:  see  alway.]  1.  All  the  time; 
throughout  aU  time ;  uninterruptedly ;  continu- 
ally; perpetually;  ever:  as,  God  is  always  the 
same. 

Ev'n  in  heaven  his  [Mammon's]  looks  and  thoughts 
Were  always  downward  bent.       Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  681. 
Once  a  poet,  always  a  poet.  0.  W.  Holmes,  Emerson,  xv. 
2.  Every  time ;  at  all  recurring  times ;  as  often 
as  occasion  arises:  as,  he  always  comes  home 
on  Saturday. 
You  ahvays  end  ere  you  begin.    Shak.,T.  G.  of  V.,  ii.  4. 
Alydinae  (al-i-di'ne),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Alydus  + 
-ince.]    A  subfamily  of  Coreid(r,  typified  by  the 
genus  Alydus,  containing  insects  of  moderately 
narrow  form,  with  a  somewhat  conical  head 
contracted  behind  the  eyes,  the  last  antennal 
joint  enlarged,  and  the  hind  femora  spinous 
and  thickened  toward  the  end.    species  of  such 

genera  as  Alydtis,  Tollius,  and  Meyalotomus  are  numer- 
ous in  most  parts  of  America.  Also  WTitten  Alydina.  See 

Coreidfe. 

Alydus  (al'i-dus),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  het- 
eropterous  insects,  of  the  family  Coreidce,  typi- 
cal of  the  subfamily  Alydinw. 

al3medt,  P-  n.  [ME.  (occurs  once),  <  L.  alUnere, 
adlinere,  besmear,  <  ad,  to,  +  linere,  smear:  see 
liniment.]  Anointed. 

Alysia  (a-lis'i-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a7.vat^,  a  chain, 
prob.  ior*alvati,  <  aAvroq,  continuous,  unbroken. 


Alysia 

<  d-  priv.  +  T^vToc,  verbal  adj.  of  ?iveiv,  loose.] 

1.  A  genus  of  hymenopterous"  insects,  belonging 
to  the  series  Fitpivora  or  S2)iculifera,  and  to  the 
family Braconidw (the  Ichneumoues adsciti).  The 
species,  as  A.  manducator,  are  parasitic  in  the 
larviB  of  other  insects.—  2.  A  genus  of  scopeliue 
fishes.— 3.  A  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects. 

alysm  (al'izm),  n.  [<  Gr.  alva/iog,  anguish, 
disquiet,  esp.  of  sick  persons,  <  alveiv  or  alveiv,- 
wander  in  mind,  be  ill  at  ease,  distraught,  weary, 
=  L.  alu-einari,  wander  in  mind :  see  hallucina- 
tion.'] In  pathoL,  restlessness  or  disquiet  ex- 
hibited by  a  sick  person. 

alysson  (a-lis  on),  «.  [L. :  see  Alysswrn."]  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Alyssum.  Also  spelled  alison, 
alisson. 

Alyssum  (a-lis'um),  n.  [NL.  alyssim,  L.  alys- 
son (Pliny),  <  Gr.  a?^vc!crov,  a  plant  used  to  check 
hiccup ;  referred  to  ?wi;eiv,  to  hiccup,  or  other- 
wise to  neut.  of  aXvcraoc,  curing  (canine)  mad- 
ness, <  a-  priv.  -i-  Ivaaa,  madness.]  1.  A  genus 
of  plants,  natural  order  Cruciferm,  containing 
several  white-  or  yellow-tlowered  species,  much 
employed  for  decorating  rockwork.  a.  man- 
timum,  known  as  sweet  alyssum,  is  much  cultivated  in 
gardens,  having  white  and  fragrant  honey-scented  flowers, 
of  which  bees  are  very  fond.  The  rock-alyssum  or  gold- 
dust,  A.  saxatile,  has  dense  clusters  of  bright-yellow  flow- 
ers, appearing  in  early  spring. 

2.  [I.  c]  A  plant  of  this  genus. 
Alytes  (al'i-tez),  n.    [NL.,  appar.  <  Gr.  alvTTjg, 

a  police  officer  at  the  Olympic  games;  more 
prob.<  Gr.  ciIvtoq,  continuous,  imbroken,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  chain  of  eggs  the  frog  carries  about 


Nurse-fro^  {Atytfs  obstetricans). 


(cf.  akvTiQ,  a  chain):  see  Alysia.]  A  genus  of 
anurous  amphibians,  or  tailless  batrachians, 
of  the  ta,milyDiscoglossidWf  sometimes  made  the 
type  of  a  tamilj  Alytidw.  A.  obstetricans  is  the 
nurse-frog  or  accoucheur-toad  of  Europe. 

In  Alytes  obstetricans,  the  female  lays  a  chain  of  eggs, 
which  the  male  twines  round  his  thighs  until  the  young 
leave  the  eggs.  Pascoe,  Zobl.  Class.,  p.  195. 

alytid  (al'i-tid),  w.    One  of  the  Alytidce. 

Alytidse  (a-lit'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Alytes  + 
-idw.]  An  artificial  family  of  salient  amphi- 
bians, characterized  by  Giinther  as  "Ranina 
with  webbed  toes,  with  the  processes  of  sacral 
vertebrae  dilated,  and  with  parotoids."  it  con- 
tains genera  of  Discoijlossidce  (Alytes),  Pelobatidm  (Scaphi- 
opus),  and  Cystignathidce  (Heleioporus). 

am  (am).    The  first  person  singular,  present 
tense,  indicative  mood  of  the  verb  to  be.   See  be. 
am-.    See  ambi-. 

A.  M.  An  abbreviation  of  several  Latin  phrases 
in  common  use :  (a)  Of  artium  magister,  Master 
of  Arts.  M.  A.,  which  represents  the  English 
rendering,  is  now  more  usual  in  England,  but  in 
a  purely  Latin  idiom  the  form  A.  M.  is  still  pre- 
ferable. (6)  Of  anno  mundi,  in  the  year  of  the 
world:  used  in  some  systems  of  chronology,  (c) 
Of  ante  meridiem,  before  noon :  as,  the  party  will 
start  at  10  A.  M.  (also  written  a.  m.  or  a.  m.). 
Frequently  used  as  synonyinous  with  morning 
or  forenoon :  as,  I  arrived  here  this  A.  M.  (pro- 
nounced a  em),  that  is,  this  morning  or  forenoon. 

ama  (a'ma),  M.  [L.,  more  correctly  hama,  < 
Gr.  aixr/,  a  water-bucket,  a  pail,  >  aam,  q.  v.] 
In  the  early  Cliristian  church,  a  large  vessel  in 
which  wine  for  the  eucharist  was  mixed  before 
consecration,  and  kept  when  consecrated  until 
poured  into  the  smaller  vessels  for  service  at  the 
altar  or  for  removal.  See  ampulla,  2,  and  cruet. 
These  amas  were  of  precious  metal  in  the  wealthier 
churches,  and  of  baser  materi.al  in  others.  No  specimen 
is  known  to  exist.    Also  written  hama. 

amabilityt  (am-a-bil'i-ti),  n.  [=  p.  amabilite 
(OF.  amablete),  <  L.  amabiUta(t-)s,  <  amabilis, 
lovely,  lovable,  <  amare,  love :  see  amor.  A  diff . 
word,  etymologically,  from  amiability,  q.  v.] 
Lovableness ;  amiability. 

No  rules  can  make  amability.  Jer.  Taylor. 


164 

amacratic  (am-a-krat'ik),  a.  [Prop,  hama- 
cratic,  <  Gr.  d/^a,"  together  (akin  to  E.  same),  + 
KparoQ,  power,  akin  to  E.  hard.]  Same  as  ama- 
sthenic.    Sir  J.  Merschel. 

amadavat  (am"a-da-vat'),  n.     [An  E.  Ind. 

name,  appearing'  in  various  other  forms,  ama- 
davad,  amaduvad  (sometimes  Latinized  as  ama- 
davadwa),  avadavat,  and  sometimes  amandabal. 
Orig.  brought  to  Europe  from  Amadabad  in 
Guzerat.  Cf.  Amadina,  amandava.]  A  small 
conirostral  granivorous  finch-like  bird,  of  the 
order  Passeres,  suborder  Oscines,  family  Plocei- 
dw,  subfamily  Spermestinai ;  the  Estrilda  aman- 
dava, a  native  of  India,  and  one  of  the  common- 
est exotic  cage-birds,  it  is  imported  into  Europe  and 
the  United  States  in  large  numbers,  and  is  sometimes  called 
strawberry-finch  by  the  dealers.  It  forms  the  type  of  one 
of  the  numerous  subgenera  or  sections  of  the  large  genus 
Estrilda,  which  contains  species  of  small  size  and  gener- 
iilly  brilliant  or  varied  colors,  belonging  to  the  same  family 
as  the  weavers  and  whidah-birds.  It  is  about  5  inches 
long,  with  a  coral-red  beak,  and  red-and-black  plumage 
spotted  with  pearly  white.  Other  forms  are  avadavat  and 
amaduvade. 

amadelphous  (am-a-del'fus),  a.  [Prop.  *hama- 
delphous,  <  Gr.  afia,  together,  -1-  a6eX<l>6g,  bro- 
ther :  see  -adclphia.]  Living  in  society  or  in 
flocks  ;  gregarious.    Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

Amadina  (am-a-di'na),  n.  [NL.,  <  amad(avat) 
+  -ina.]  A  genus  of  small  conirostral  birds,  of 
the  family  Ploceidw,  subfamily  Spermestince.  it 

includes  many  species  of  Asia,  Africa,  etc.  The  species  are 
mostly  of  Ijright  or  variegated  colors,  having  thick  conical 
bills  adapted  to  their  granivorous  habits.  Some  are  com- 
mon cage-birds  and  fine  songsters. 

amadou  (am'a-do),  «.  [¥.,<.  amadouer,  coax, 
cajole,  a  word  of  disputed  origin ;  perhaps  < 
Dan.  made,  feed  (=  Icel.  and  Sw.  mata,  feed), 
<mad,  food,  =  Sw.  7nat  =  Icel.  matr  =  'E.  meat, 
food.  Cf.  L.  esca,  (1)  food,  (2)  bait,  in  ML.  also 
(3)  tinder,  >  It.  esca,  in  same  senses,  =  Sp.  yesca, 
tinder,  fuel,  incitement,  =  OF.  eche,  esche,  mod. 
F.  hche,  aiche,  bait;  It.  adescarchait,  allure,  en- 
tice, inveigle.  Cf.  also  the  E.  phrase  to  coax  a 
fire  (that  does  not  burn  readily).]  A  soft  spongy 
substance,  consistiag  of  the  more  solid  portion 
of  a  fungus  (Polyporus  fomentariiis  and  other 
species  found  growing  on  forest-trees),  steeped 
in  a  solution  of  saltpeter.  Amadou  has  been  suc- 
cessfully employed  in  surgery  as  a  styptic,  and  in  the  form 
of  punk  it  is  used  as  a  port-fire  (which  see).  Also  called 
black-match,  pyrotechnical sponge,  and  German  tinder. 

amaduvade  (am'-'a-do-vad'),  n.  Same  as  ama- 
davat.   P.  L.  ScUiter. 

amafroset,  n.  [<  OF.  amafrose  (Cotgrave)  for 
amavrose  for  amaurose,  <  NIj.  amaurosis,  q.  v.] 
An  old  form  of  amaurosis.   Sylvester;  Bailey. 

amah  (am 'a),  n.  [Anglo-Ind;,"<  Pg.  ama,  a  nurse. 
In  the  dialects  of  southern  India,  Telugu,  etc., 
amma  means  'mother,'  and  is  affixed  to  the 
names  of  women  in  general,  as  a  respectful 
term  of  address :  seeamma.]  1.  Anurse;  espe- 
cially, a  wet-nurse. — 2.  A  lady's-maid;  a  maid- 
servant. [A  word  in  general  use  among  Euro- 
peans in  India  and  the  East.] 

If  [a  man  setting  up  housekeeping  is]  married,  an  Amah 
or  female  servant  is  required  in  addition  (to  the  servants 
already  enumerated],  while  an  establishment  including  a 
number  of  children  requires  at  least  two  more. 

W.  P.  Mayers,  Treaty  Ports  of  China  and  Japan,  p.  24. 

amaini  (a-man'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  «3  -|- 
main'^,  force :  see  main^.]  With  force,  strength, 
or  violence ;  violently ;  furiously ;  suddenly ;  at 
full  speed ;  hastily. 

[He]  comes  on  amain,  speed  in  his  look. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1304. 
The  soul  strives  amain  to  live  and  work  through  all 
things.  Enncrson,  Compensation. 

Smote  amain  the  hollow  oak-tree. 

Longfellow,  Hiawatha,  xvli. 
To  let  go  or  strike  amain  {.naxa.\  to  let  fall  or  lower 
quickly  or  suddenly ;  but  see  amain'^. 

amain^t  (a-man'),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
amayne,  ameyne,  <  OF.  amener,  mod.  F.  amener, 
bring  to,  conduct,  induce  ;  naut.,  haul:  amener 
les  voiles,  strike  saU,  amener  pavilion,  or  simply 
amener,  strike  flag,  surrender;  <  a-  (<  L.  ad,  to) 
+  mener,  lead,  conduct,  <  LL.  minare,  drive,  L. 
deponent  minari,  threaten,  menace :  see  menace. 
Ci.  amenable.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  lead;  conduct; 
manage. 

That  his  majesty  may  have  the  ameyning  of  the  matters. 
Quoted  in  Strype,  Eccl.  Mem.,  II.  418.    (Jf.  E.  D.) 

2.  To  lower  (a  sail),  especially  the  topsail. 

He  called  to  us  to  amaine  our  sailes,  which  we  could 
not  well  doe.  R.  Hawkins,  Voyage  to  South  Sea. 

When  you  let  anything  downe  into  the  Howie,  lowering 
it  by  degrees,  they  say,  Amaine;  and  being  downe.  Strike. 
.  .  .  When  you  would  lower  a  yard  so  fast  as  you  can, 
they  call  A  maine. 

Smith,  Seaman's  Gram.,  vii.  33,  ix.  40.   (JV.  E.  D.) 


amalgamate 

(In  such  use  the  imperative  of  the  verb  would  easily  be 
confused  with  the  imperative  phrase  or  adverb  amain- 
hence,  to  let  go  or  strike  arnain.   See  omai?ii.] 
3.  To  lower ;  abate. 

II.  intrans.  To  lower  the  topsail  or  one's 
flag,  in  token  of  yielding ;  yield ;  surrender. 

amaist  (a-masf),  adv.  [=  E.  almost,  dial. 
amost.]    Almost.  [Scotch.] 

amaldar  (am'al-dar),  n.  [<  Hind.  Pers.  amal- 
ddr,  a  manager,  agent,  governor  of  a  district, 
collector  of  revenue,  <  Ar.  'amal,  work,  busi- 
ness, affairs,  collection  of  revenue,  etc.,  +  Pers. 
ddr,  (in  comp.)  one  who  holds,  possesses,  man- 
ages, etc.]  In  India,  a  governor  of  a  province 
under  the  Mohammedan  rule.  Also  wiitten 
amildar. 

Tippu  had  been  a  merchant  as  well  as  a  prince;  and 
during  his  reign  he  filled  his  warehouses  with  a  vast  va- 
riety of  goods,  which  the  Amildars,  or  governors  of  prov- 
inces, were  expected  to  sell  to  the  richer  inhabitants  at 
prices  far  in  excess  of  their  real  value. 

J.  T.  Wheeler,  Short  Hist.  India,  p.  413. 

Amalfitan  (a-mal'fi-tan),  a.  [<  ML.  Amalfita- 
nus,  <  Amalfi,  in  Italy.]  Pertaining  to  Amalfi, 
a  seaport  town  of  Italy.   Also  spelled  Amalphi- 

tan — Amalfitan  code  (ML.  tabula  Amalfitana),  the 
oldest  existing  code  of  maritime  law,  compiled  about  the 
time  of  the  first  crusade  by  the  authorities  of  Amalfi,  which 
city  then  possessed  considerable  commerce  and  maritime 
])ower, 

amalgam  (a-mal'gam),  n.  [<  ME.  amalgame, 
malgam  (also  as  ML'.),  <  OF.  amalgame,  mod.  P. 
amalgame  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  amalgama  =  ML.  amal- 
gama,  sometimes  algamala,  supposed  to  be  a 
perversion  (perhaps  through  Ar.,  with  Ar.  art. 
al)  of  L.  malagma,  <Gr.  /xdXayfia,  an  emollient, 
poultice,  any  soft  mass,  <  fialdcneiv,  soften,  < 
ftaXaKog,  soft,  akin  to  L.  mollis,  soft :  see  moll, 
mollify,  emollient,  etc.]  1.  A  compound -of 
mercury  or  quicksilver  with  another  metal; 
any  metallic  alloy  of  which  mercury  forms  an 
essential  constituent  part.  Amalgams  are  used  for 
a  great  variety  of  purposes,  as  for  cold-tinning,  water- 
gilding,  and  water-silvering,  for  coating  the  zinc  plates  of 
a  battery,  and  for  the  protection  of  metals  from  oxidation. 
A  native  amalgam  of  mercury  and  silver  is  found  in  iso- 
metric crystals  in  tlie  mines  of  Obermoschel  in  Bavaria,  and 
in  Hungary,  Norway,  Sweden,  Chili,  etc. 

2.  Figuratively,  a  mixture  or  compound  of  dif- 
ferent things.-Amalgam  gilding,  a  method  of  gild- 
ing in  which  the  metal  to  be  coated  is  first  cleaned,  then 
rubbed  with  a  solution  of  nitrate  of  mercury,  and  covered 
with  a  film  of  an  amalgam  of  1  part  of  gold  with  8  parts 
of  mercury.  Heat  volatilizes  the  mercury  and  leaves  the 
gold  adhering  to  the  surface.— Amalgam  retort,  an  iron 
retort  having  a  convex  lid,  luted  at  the  edges,  and  held 
by  a  key  or  wedge  pressed  between  its  crown  and  the 
bail.— Amalgam  silvering,  a  process  similar  to  that  of 
amalgam  gilding  (which  see),  in  which  is  used  an  amal- 
gam of  1  part  of  silver  with  8  parts  of  mercm-y.— Amal- 
gam varnish,  an  amalgam  consisting  of  1  part  of  mer- 
cury, 1  of  bismuth,  and  4  of  tin,  mixed  with  white  of  eggs 
or  with  varnish. 

amalgamt  (a-mal'gam),  V.  [<ME.  amalgamen; 
from  the  noun.]  1]  trans.  To  mix,  as  metals, 
by  amalgamation ;  amalgamate. 

Some  three  ounces  .  .  .  of  Gold,  t' amoZfl'a?n€  with  some 
six  of  Mercm-y.  B.  Jonson,  Alchemist  (1640),  ii.  3. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  amalgamated. 
Quicksilver  easily  amalgams  with  metals. 

Boyle,  Works,  I.  638. 

amalgama  (a-mal'ga-ma),  n.  [ML. :  see  amal- 
gam, n.]    Same  as  amalgam. 

They  have  divided  this  their  amalgama  into  a  number 
of  .  .  .  republics.  Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

amalgamable  (a-mal'ga-ma-bl),  a.  [<  amal- 
gam -\-  -able.]  Capable  of  amalgamating  or 
of  being  amalgamated. 

Silver  modified  by  distilled  water  is  brought  back  again 
to  the  amalgamable  state  by  contact  for  a  short  time  with 
rain  or  spring  water.  Ure,  Diet.,  IV.  802. 

amalgamate  (a-mal'ga-mat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
amalgamated,  ppr.  amalgamating.  [<  ML. 
amalgamatus,  pp.  of  amalgamare,  <  amalgama, 
amalgam:  see  amalgam,  n.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
mix  or  alloy  (a  metal)  with  quicksilver.  See 
amalgamation.  The  zinc  plates  used  in  the  voltaic 
battery  are  always  amalgamated  by  immersing  them  in 
mercury,  for  by  this  means  a  surface  of  pure  zinc  is  in 
effect  obtained,  and,  when  the  circuit  is  open,  the  waste 
caused  Ijy  the  local  currents  or  local  action  (due  to  im- 
purities in  the  zinc)  is  prevented. 

2.  In  general,  to  mix  so  as  to  make  a  com- 
pound; blend;  unite;  combine. 

Ingratitude  is  indeed  their  four  cardinal  virtues  com- 
pacted and  amalgamated  into  one.    Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

What  would  be  the  effect  on  the  intellectual  state  of 
Europe,  at  the  present  day,  were  all  nations  and  tribes 
amalgamated  into  one  vast  empire,  spe.aking  the  same 
tongue?  Everett,  Orations,  p.  33. 

Amalgamated  societies  or  companies,  two  or  more 
societies  or  joint-stock  companies  united  for  the  promo- 
tion of  their  common  interests  under  one  general  manage- 
ment. 

II.  intrans.  1 .  To  form  an  amalgam ;  blend 
with  another  metal,  as  quicksilver.    Hence — 


amalgamate 

2.  To  combine,  unite,  or  coalesce,  generally: 
as,  two  organs  or  parts  amalgamate  as  the  re- 
sult of  growth. 

amalgamate  (a-mal'ga-mat),  a.  [<  ML.  amal- 
gamatus,  pp. :  see  the  Verb.]  United  or  amal- 
gamated. 

amalgamation  (a-mal-ga-ma'shon),  n.  [<  amal- 
gamate, t'.]  1.  The  act  or  operation  of  com- 
poimding  mercuiy  with  another  metal.  Specifl- 
oally,  a  process  by  which  the  precious  metals  are  sepa- 
rated from  the  rocls  through  which  they  are  distributed 
in  fine  particles,  by  talcing  advantage  of  their  affinity  for 
quicksilver.  This  is  done  by  pulverizing  the  rock  and 
bringing  it  in  contact  with  that  metal,  by  the  aid  of  suit- 
able machinery.  The  amalgam  thus  produced  is  after- 
ward retorted,  the  quicksilver  being  distilled  off  and  the 
precious  metal  left  behind. 

2.  The  mixing  or  blending  of  different  things, 
especially  of  races ;  the  result  of  such  mixing  or 
blending;  interfusion,  as  of  diverse  elements. 

Early  in  the  fourteenth  century  the  amalgamation  of 
the  races  was  all  but  complete,   ilacaulay.  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

3.  Consolidation ;  specifically,  the  union  of  two 
or  more  incorporated  societies  or  joint-stock 
companies  into  one  concern  or  under  one  gen- 
eral direction. 

amalgamative  (a-mal'ga-ma-tiv),  a.  [<  amal- 
gamate + -ive.~}  Tending  to  amalgamate ;  char- 
acterized by  a  tendency  to  amalgamate. 

amalgamatizef  (a-mal'ga-ma-tiz),  V.  t.  [<  ML. 
amalgama{t-)     -ise.']   To  amalgamate.  Bacon. 

amalgamator  (a-mal'ga-ma-tor),  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  amalgamates ;  one  who  performs 
or  promotes  any  process  of  amalgamation.  Spe- 
cificaUy — (a)  One  who  is  in  favor  of  or  takes  part  in  amal- 
gamating or  combining  two  or  more  business  concerns. 
(b)  In  amalgamating  operations,  a  machine  used  to  bring 
the  powdered  ore  into  close  contact  with  the  mercury. 

amalgamef,  n.  and  v.  A  former  spelling  of 
amalgam. 

amalgamist  (a-mal'ga-mist),  n.  [<  amalgam  + 
-ist.']  One  sliilled  in  amalgamating  ores;  an 
amalgamator. 

A  most  famous  mining  expert,  chemist,  anAamalgamist. 
J.  A.  Robinson,  in  Hamilton's  Mex.  Handbook,  p.  65. 

amalgamizef  (a-mal'ga-miz),  V.  t.   [<  amalgam 

+  -ize.'\    To  amalgamate. 
Amalphitan,  a.    See  Amalfitan. 
amaltas  (a-mal'tas),  ?«.  [E.  Ind.]  The  common 

name  in  India  of  the  tree  Cassia  Fistula,  which 

is  in  general  cultivation  there  for  ornament  and 

shade.    See  cut  under  Cassia. 
Amaltheidae  (am-al-the  'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 

Amalthexis  -I-  -idee.']    A  family  of  tetrabranchi- 

ate  cephalopods,  typified  by  the  genus  Amal- 

theus.    The  species  are  extinct,  and  flourished 

during  the  Secondary  epoch. 
Amaltheus  (a-mal'thf-us),  n.   [NL.]  A  genus 

of  cephalopods,  typical  of  the  family  Amalthe- 

idce. 

aman  (am'an),  n.  [Name  in  Aleppo.]  A  blue 
cotton  cloth  imported  from  the  Levant,  made 
chiefly  at  Aleppo,  Asiatic  Turkey. 

amantt^t  (a-mand'),  V.  t.  [<  L.  amandare,  send 
forth  or  away,  remove,  <  d  for  ab,  off,  +  mandare, 
order:  see  mandate.']    To  send  off;  dismiss. 

A  court  of  equity  which  would  rather  amand  the  plain- 
tiff to  his  remedy  at  common  law. 

Wythe,  Decisions,  p.  86.   (iV.  E.  D.) 

amand^  (a-mand'),  n.  [Sc.,  <  F.  amende,  a 
fine:  see  amende.']  In  Scots  law,  a  fine  or  pen- 
alty; formerly  also  a  sum  required  from  the  de- 
fender in  a  suit  as  a  security  against  delay  or 
evasion. 

amandava  (a-man'da-va),  n.  [NL.,  <  amadavat, 
q.  v.]  In  ornith.,  the  specific  name  of  the 
amadavat,  Fringilla  amandava  (Linnseus),  now 
Estrilda  amandava,  used  by  Bonaparte  in  1850 
as  a  generic  name  of  that  section  of  the  genus 
of  which  the  amadavat  is  the  type. 

amandin  (am'an-din),  n.  [<  P.  amande,  al- 
mond (see  almond),  +  -i«2.]  \ .  An  albuminous 
substance  contained  in  sweet  almonds. —  2.  A 
kind  of  paste  or  cold  cream  for  chapped  hands, 
prepared  from  almonds.  In  this  sense  also 
speUed  amandine. 

amang  (a-mang'),  j^rep.  Among.  [Scotch  and 
north.  Eng.  dial.] 

amanitin  (a  -man'i-tin),  n,  [<  Gr.  hfiavlrai,  pi., 
a  sort  of  fungi,  -1-  -ufi.]  An  organic  base  or 
alkaloid,  one  of  the  poisonous  principles  of 
certain  mushrooms,  as  Agaricus  muscarius  and 
A.  bulbosus. 

amanuensis  (a-man-u-en'sis),  n. ;  pi.  amanuen- 
ses (-sez).  [L.  amanuensis  (<  a  manu  +  -ensis : 
see  -ese),  taking  the  place  of  a  manu  servus,  a 
secretary :  a  for  ab,  from,  of;  often  used,  as  here, 
in  designations  of  office ;  manu,  abl.  of  manus, 
hand  (see  manual);  servus,  servant  (see  serf, 


165 

servant).]  A  person  whose  employment  is  to 
write  what  another  dictates,  or  to  copy  what 
has  been  written  by  another. 

I  had  not  that  happy  leisure ;  no  amanuensis,  no  assist- 
ants. Ihirtun,  Anat.  of  Mel.  (To  the  Reader). 

Amara  (am'a-ra),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  (cf.  Amarus, 
m.,  a  genus  of  hemipterous  insects),  said  to  be  < 
Gr.  d-  priv.  +  ■\/  *^ap,  redupl.  iiapfiaipeiv,  shine.] 


Ground-beetle  {Amara  ohesa). 
a,  larva  :  d,  under  side  of  one  of  the  middle  joints ;     the  head  be- 
neath ;  /,  leg  ;  g,  anal  cerci  and  proleg  from  side  ;  b,  pupa  ;  c.  beetle ; 
h,  h,  natural  sizes. 

A  genus  of  Carabidce,  or  ground-beetles,  of  the 
subfamily  Harpalimc,  more  readily  distin- 
guished by  their  general  appearance  than  by 
conspicuous  struettu-al  characters.  A  vast  num- 
ber of  species,  mairtly  of  the  arctic  and  temperate  Eones, 
constitute  this  genus.  They  are  all  of  medium  size,  more 
or  less  oblong-oval  in  form,  and  mostly  bronze-colored, 
rarely  brown  or  black  with  a  greenish  tinge.  They  are  to 
be  found  under  moss,  stones,  clods,  etc.  In  the  imago 
state  they  are  partly  herbivorous,  while  their  larvae  are 
strictly  carnivorous,  those  of  A.  obesa  feeding  on  locusts' 
eggs. 

amaracus  (a-mar'a-kus),  n.    [L.,  also  amara- 
cum  (>ME.  amarac),  <  Gr.  afidpaKog,  also  ajiapa- 
Kov,  a  certain  plant.  The  Greek  species  was  prob. 
a  bulbous  plant ;  the  foreign,  called  Persian  or 
Egyptian,  answers  to  marjoram.]  Marjoram. 
And  at  their  feet  the  crocus  brake  like  fire, 
Violet,  amaracus,  and  asphodel. 
Lotos  and  lilies.  Tennyson,  (Enone. 

amarant  (am'a-rant),  n.    See  amaranth. 
Amarantaceae  (am"a-ran-ta'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
fem.  pi.  of  amarantaceus :  see  amarantaceous.] 
A  natural  order  of  apetalous  herbaceous  weedy 
plants,  with  inconspicuous,  mostly  scarious- 

bracted,  flowers.  They  are  of  little  or  no  value,  though 
some  species  are  cultivated  on  account  of  the  bright-col- 
ored bracts  of  the  densely  clustered  blooms,  chiefly  of  the 
genera  Amarantus,  Gomphrena,  Iresine,  and  Alternan- 
thera.    Also  wTitten  Amaranthacem. 

amarantaceous  (am"a-ran-ta'shius),  a.  [<  NL. 
amarantaceus,  <  L.  amarantus :  see  amaranth 
and  -aceous.]  In  bot.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Amarantacece.    Also  written  amaranthaceous. 

In  1856  Dunker  described  .  .  .  four  species  from  Blank- 
enburg  .  .  .  which  he  believed  to  belong  to  .  .  .  the 
PolygonaceiB.  Zenker  had  divined  that  they  might  be 
anuirantaccous. 

L.  F.  Ward,  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  XX'STil.  294. 

amaranth  (am'a-ranth),  «.  [More  correctly 
amarant,  <ME.  amaraunt,  <  L.  amarantus  {oitesi 
written  amaranthus,  simulating  Gr.  avdo^,  a 
flower),  <  Gr.  a/xdpavTo^,  amarant,  prop,  an 
adj.,  unfadiug,  <  a-  priv.  -f-  /japaivetv,  wither, 
fade,  akin  to  L.  mori,  Skt.  mar,  die:  see  mor- 
tal. Ct.  ambrosia  and  amrita.  The  flower  is  so 
caUed because  when  picked  it  does  not  wither.] 

1 .  An  imaginary  flower  supposed  never  to  fade : 
used  chiefly  in  poetry. 

Immortal  amarant,  a  flower  which  once 
In  Paradise  fast  by  the  tree  of  life 
Began  to  bloom ;  but  soon,  for  man's  offence, 
To  heaven  removed,  where  first  it  grew. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  353. 

2.  (a)  A  plant  of  the  genus  Amarantus  (which 
see).  (6)  The  globe-amaranth,  Gomphrena  glo- 
bosa,  of  the  same  natural  order. — 3.  A  name 
given  to  mixtures  of  coloring  matters  of  which 
the  chief  constituent  is  magenta  (which  see). 

Amaranthaceae  (am'''a-ran-tha's9-e),  n.  pi. 
Same  as  Amarantacea" 


Amaryllis 

amaranthaceous  (am'^a-ran-tha'sMus),  o. 

Same  as  amarantaceous. " 
amaranth-feathers  (am'a-ranth-feTH'erz),  «. 
A  name  given  to  Humea  elegans,  an  Australian 
composite  plant,  with  drooping  panicles  of 
small  reddish  flowers.  It  is  sometimes  culti- 
vated. 

amaranthine  (am-a-ran'thin),  a.  [More  cor- 
rectly awar«w<j«e,  s  Gr.  a/iapavTivor,  (,  d/idpavTo^, 
amaranth:  see  amaranth.]  1.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  amaranth ;  consisting  of,  containing,  or 
resembling  amaranth. 

Those  happy  souls  who  dwell 
In  yellow  meads  of  Asphodel, 
Or  Amaranthine  bow'rs. 

Pope,  St.  Cecilia's  Day,  1.  76. 

2.  Never-fading,  like  the  amaranth  of  the  poets ; 
imperishable. 

The  only  amaranthine  flow'r  on  earth 
Is  virtue  ;  th'  only  lasting  treasure,  truth. 

Cmeper,  Task,  iii. 

3.  Of  a  purplish  color. 
Also  written  amarantine. 

amaranthoid  (am-a-ran'thoid),  a.  [<  amaranth 
+  -Old.]   Resembling  or  allied  to  the  amaranth. 

Amaranthus  (am-a-ran'thus),  n.  See  A)na- 
ranius. 

amarantine  (am-a-ran'tin),  a.  See  amaranthine. 

Amarantus  (am-a-ran'tus),  n.  [L. :  see  ama- 
ra7ith.]  A  genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Ama- 
rantacece,  including  several  long-cultivated  gar- 
den-plants, as  the  cockscomb  {A.  cristatus), 
prinee's-feather  (A.  hyjjochondriacus),  love-lies- 
bleeding  {A.  caudatus),  etc.  Several  dwarf 
forms  of  A.  melancholicus,  with  variegated  or 
distinctly  colored  leaves,  are  favorite  bedding- 
plants.    Also  written  Amaranthus. 

amargOSO-bark  (a-mar-g6's6-bark),  n.  [<  Sp. 
amargoso,  bitter  (<  amargo,  bitter,  <  L.  amarus, 
bitter),  4-  bark"^.]  The  bark  of  the  goatbush, 
Castela  erecta,  a  simarubaeeous  shrub  of  the 
lower  Eio  Grande  valley  in  Texas  and  of  north- 
em  Mexico.  It  is  intensely  bitter,  and  is  used  by  the 
Mexicans  as  an  astringent,  a  tonic,  and  a  febrifuge.  The 
plant  is  stiff  and  thorny,  and  is  an  excellent  hedge-plant. 

amarin  (am'a-rin),  n.  [<  L.  amarus,  bitter,  + 
-»(2.]  An  organic  base,  C2iHigN2,  isomeric 
with  hydrobenzamide,  from  which  it  is  pre- 
pared. It  exerts  a  poisonous  effect  on  animals, 
and  forms  salts  with  acids. 

amaritudet  (a-mar'i-tud),  n.  [<  L.  amaritudo, 
bitterness,  <  amarus,  bitter.]  Bitterness. 

What  amaritude  or  acrimony  is  deprehended  in  choler, 
it  acquires  from  a  conunlxture  of  melancholy,  or  external 
malign  bodies.  Harvey,  Consumption. 

amaryllid  (am-a-ril'id),  n.    In  bot.,  one  of  the 

AmaryUidace(c. 

Amaryllidaceae  (am-a-ril-i-da'se-e),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Amaryllis  (-id-)  +  -acew.]  '  A  natural 
order  of  monocotyledonous  plants,  resembling 
the  Liliacece,  but  having  an  inferior  ovary,  it 
includes  many  well-known  ornamental  plants,  the  amaryl- 
lis,  narcissus  (with  the  daffodil  and  jonquil),  snowdrop 
{Galanthus),  pancratium,  agave,  etc.  The  bulbs  of  some 
are  poisonous,  especially  those  of  Ilemanthux  toxicarius 
and  some  allied  species,  in  the  juice  of  w  hich  the  Hotten- 
tots are  said  to  dip  their  arrow-heads.  The  bulbs  of  Xar- 
cissus  poeticiis  and  some  other  species  are  emetic.  Species 
of  agave  are  valuable  as  fiber-plants. 

amaryllidaceous  (am-a-ril-i-da'shius),  a.  [< 
Amaryllis  (-id-)  +  -aceous.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Amaryllidacece. 

amaryllideous  (am-a-iil'i-df-us),  a.  [<  amaryl- 
lid +  -eous,  <  L.  -eus.]  Relating  to  or  having 
the  natm-e  of  an  amaryllid,  or  a  i^lant  of  the  or- 
der Amaryllidacew ;  amaryllidaceous. 
Amaryllis  (am-a-ril'is),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  Amaryl- 
lis, name  of  a  shepherdess  in  Virgil,  <  Gr. 

'A/Liapv?.?iig,  the  same 
in  Theocritus,  prob. 
(withfem.  dim.  term.) 
<  afiapvcaeiv,  sparkle, 
twinkle,  glance,  as 
the  eye,  >  d/japvjr/,  a 
sparkling,  twinHing, 
glancing.]  1.  A  ge- 
nus of  bulbous  plants, 
natural  order  Ama- 
ryllidacecp,  with  large, 
bright-colored,  lily- 
shaped  flowers  upon 
a  stout  scape.  Tlie 
belladonna  lily,  A.  Bella- 
donna, from  southern  Af- 
rica, now  regarded  as  the 
only  species,  is  well  known 
and  has  long  been  in  cultivation.  Many  species  once 
placed  in  this  genus  are  now  referred  to  other  genera,  those 
of  the  old  world  to  Crinum,  Lycoris,  Brumvigia,  Serine, 
etc.,  the  American  to  Zephyranthes  and  Sprekelia. 

2.  II.  c]  A  plant  of  this  genus. —  3.  In  sodl., 
a  genus  of  crustaceans. 


Belladonna  Lily 
t^Amaryltis  Eetladonna). 


amass 

amass  (a-mfts'),  v.  t.  [<  F,  amasser,  <  ML. 
amassar'e,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  massa,  mass,  heap,  >  F. 
masse,  >  E.  mass'^,  q.  v.]  To  collect  into  a  mass 
or  heap ;  bring  together  a  great  amount,  quan- 
tity, or  number  of:  as,  to  amass  a  fortune. 

In  his  youth  Comte  was  an  insatiable  reader,  and  be- 
fore he  began  the  work  of  constructing  the  Positive  Phi- 
losophy he  had  amassed  vast  stores  of  learning  in  almost 
every  department  of  knowledge. 

J.  Fiske,  Cos.  Phil.,  I.  136. 

amasst  (a-mas'),  n.  [<  OF.  amasse,  F.  amas ; 
from  the  verb.]  An  assemblage,  a  heap,  or 
an  accumulation. 

This  pillar  is  nothingin  effect  but  a  medley  or  an  ainaxse 
of  all  the  precedent  ornaments.     Wotton,  Eeliquiie,  p.  'Zb. 

amassable  (a-mas'a-bl),  a.  [<  amass  +  -ahJe.'] 
Capable  of  being  amassed. 

amasser  ( a-mas 'er),  «.  One  who  amasses  or 
accumulates. 

amassette  (am-a-sef),  n.  [F.  (dim.  form),  < 
a«a*"se)',  amass,  collect :  see  amass,  v.']  An  in- 
strument, usually  of  horn,  like  a  palette-knife 
or  spatula,  with  which  in  the  preparation  of 
pigments  the  colors  used  in  painting  are  col- 
lected and  scraped  together  on  the  stone  during 
the  process  of  gTinding  them  with  the  muller. 
Also  wi'itten  amazette. 

amassment  (a-mas'ment),  11.  The  act  of  amass- 
ing ;  a  heap  collected ;  a  great  quantity  or  num- 
ber brought  together;  an  accumulation. 

.  An  amassment  of  imaginai'y  conceptions. 

Glanville,  Seep.  Sci.,  xiii. 
Amasta  (a-mas'ta),  M.  pi.    [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
amastus,  <  6r.  afiaaro^,  without  breasts,  <  a- 
priv.  +  fiaarog,  breast.]    Nippleless  mammals: 
a  term  applied  to  the  monotremes  or  cloacal 
oviparous  mammals,  which,  though  provided 
with  mammary  glands,  have  no  nipples, 
amasthenic  (am-as-then'ili),  a.    [Prop.  *hama- 
sthenic,  <  Gr.  a/ia,  together,  +  adtvog,  strength.] 
Uniting  the  chemical  rays  of  light  in  a  focus : 
said  of  a  lens.    Also  amacratic. 
amate^t  (a-maf),  v.  t.     [<  a-  (expletive)  + 
mate^,  «.]   To  accompany;  entertain  as  a  com- 
panion ;  be  a  fellow  or  mate  to. 

A  lovely  bevy  of  faire  Ladies  sate, 

Com'ted  of  many  a  jolly  Paramoiu'e, 

The  which  them  did  in  modest  wise  amate, 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  II.  ix.  34. 

amate^t  (a-maf),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  amaten,  <  OF. 
amatir,  daunt,  subdue,  enfeeble,  etc.  (=  It.  am- 
mattire),  <  a-  (L.  ad,  to)  +  matir,  mater  (in  same 
senses  as  amatir),  >  E.  mate,  enfeeble:  see 
^»a^e2.]  To  terrify;  perplex;  daunt;  subdue. 
Upon  the  wall  the  Pagans  old  and  young 
Stood  hush'd  and  still,  amated  and  amaz'd. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  xi.  12. 
My  lord,  hath  love  amated  him  whose  thoughts 
Have  ever  been  heroical  and  brave? 

Greene,  Orlando  Fiu'ioso. 

amaterialistic  (a-ma-te'ri-a-lis'tik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
a-  priv.  (a-18)  -I-  materialistic.'^  Opposed  to 
materialism,  or  to  materialistic  philosophy. 

It  is  intensely  amaterialistic  for  us  to  speak  of  the  ta- 
ble (that  is,  of  any  table)  as  if  it  had  some  objective  exist- 
ence, independent  of  a  cognizing  mind. 

J.  Fiske,  in  N.  A.  Itev.,  CXXVI.  33. 

amateur  (am'a-tiir  or  am-a-tiir',  often  as  F., 
the  word  being  of  recent  introduction — about 
1784  —  am-a-t6r'),  n.  and  a.  [F.,  =Pr.  amatour 
=  Sp.  Pg.  amador  =  It.  amatore,  a  lover,  an 
amateur,  <  L.  amatorem,  acc.  of  amator,  lover, 
<  amare,  pp.  amatus,  love :  see  amor.']    I.  n. 

1.  One  who  admires;  an  admirer;  a  lover. 

She  remained  an  impassioned  amateur  of  musical  ge- 
nius in  others.  Howells,  A  Modern  Instance. 

2.  One  who  has  an  especial  love  for  any  art, 
study,  or  pursuit,  but  does  not  practise  it. —  3. 
Most  commonly,  one  who  cultivates  any  study 
or  art  from  taste  or  attachment,  without  pur- 
suing it  professionally  or  with  a  view  to  gain : 
often  used  of  one  who  pursues  a  study  or  an  art 
in  a  desultory,  unskilful,  or  non-professional 
way. — 4.  Specifically,  in  sporting  and  athletics, 
an  athlete  who  has  never  competed  in  a  match 
open  to  all  comers,  or  for  a  stake,  or  for  public 
money,  or  for  gate-money,  or  under  a  false 
name,  or  with  a  professional  for  a  prize,  and 
has  never  taught  or  piu'sued  athletic  exercises 
as  a  means  of  support. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  character 
of  an  amateur:  as,  am.ateur  work;  an  amateur 
pianist. 

amateurish  (am-a-tur'ish  or  am-a-ter'ish),  a. 
[<  amateur  +  -ish^.']  Pertaining  to  or  charac- 
teristic of  an  amateur;  having  the  faults  or 
deficiencies  of  an  amateur  or  a  non-profes- 
sional. 

A  condescending,  amateurish  way. 

Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend. 


166 

They  said  it  [a  book]  was  amateurish,  that  it  wiis  in  a 
falsetto  key.  The  Century,  XXVI.  285. 

amateurishness  (am-a-tiii-'-  or  am-a-ter'ish- 
nes),  )i.    The  quality  of  being  amateurish. 

amateurism  (am'a-tiii'-izm  or  am-a-ter'izm), 
M.  [<  amateur  +  -ism.']  The  practice  of  any 
art,  occupation,  game,  etc.,  as  a  pastime  or  an 
accomplishment,  and  not  as  a  profession ;  the 
quality  of  being  an  amateur. 

amateurship  (am'a-tilr-  or  am-a-ter'ship),  n. 
[<  amateur  +  -ship.']  The  character  or  position 
of  an  amateur. 

Wearied  with  the  frigid  pleasures  (so  he  called  them)  of 
mere  aiiuiteurship.      he  Quince;/,  Murder  as  a  Fine  Art. 

amatito  (am-a-te'to),  w.  [Prop.  *amatita,  <  It. 
amutita,  lead  or  chalk  for  pencils,  prop,  hema- 
tite, <  L.  hcematitcs,  hematite :  see  hematite.] 
A  pigment  of  a  deep-red  color  prepared  from 
hematite,  and  formerly  much  used  in  fresco- 
painting.  Aiidsley. 

amative  (am'a-tiv),  a.  [=  It.  amativo,  <  L.  as 
if  *amatirus,  <[  amare,  pp.  amatus,  love :  see 
amor.]  Full  of  love;  amorous;  amatory;  dis- 
posed or  disposing  to  love. 

amativeness  (am'a-tiv-nes),  n.  The  propen- 
sity to  love,  or  to  the  gratification  of  the  sex- 
ual passions.  The  term  is  used  by  plu-enologists  to 
designate  the  supposed  localization  of  this  propensity  in 
tlie  liiiul  p.irt  of  the  brain.    See  cut  under  phreiiolugy. 

amatorial  (am-a-to'ri-al),  a.  [<  L.  amaiorius 
(see  amatory)  +  -«?.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  love 
or  lovers ;  amatory :  as,  amatorial  verses. 

Tales  of  love  and  chivalry,  amatorial  sonnets. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry. 
A  small  quantity  of  passion,  dexterously  meted  out, 
may  be  ample  to  inspii'e  an  anuitorial  poet. 

/.  D' Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  I.  356. 
Amatorial  muscles,  the  oblique  muscles  of  the  eye  :  so 
called  from  their  fancied  importance  in  ogling, 
amatorially  (am-a-to'ri-al-i),  adv.  In  an  ama- 
torial manner ;  by  way  of  love, 
amatorian  (am-a-to'ri-an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
love;  amatorial.  [Rare.] 

Horace's  lusory  or  amatorian  odes. 

Johnson,  Lives  of  Poets  (Edmund  Smith). 

amatorio  (a-ma-to'ri-6),  n. ;  pi.  amatorii  (-e). 
[It.,  <  L.  amatorius:  see  amatory.]  A  deco- 
rated vase,  dish,  bowl,  or  plate,  intended  or 
suitable  for  a  love-gift ;  specifically,  a  piece  of 
majolica  painted  with  the  portrait  of  a  lady 
and  bearing  a  complimentary  inscription. 

amatorioust  (am-a-to'ri-us),  a.  [<  L.  amato- 
rius :  see  amatory.]    Pertaining  to  love. 

The  vain,  amatorious  poem  of  Sir  Pliilip  Sidney's  "Ar- 
cadia." Milton,  Eikonoklastes. 

amatory  (am'a-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  amatorius,  per- 
taining to  love  or  a  lover,  <  amator,  a  lover:  see 
amateur.  Cf.  amorous.]  Pertaining  to,  pro- 
ducing, or  supposed  to  produce  love;  expres- 
sive of  love;  amatorial:  as,  awatory  poems. 

She  could  repay  each  amatory  look  you  lent 
With  interest.  Byron,  Don  Juan,  ix.  62. 

=  Syil.  See  amorous. 
amaurosis  (am-a-ro'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/iav- 
puaig,<.anavp6^,  dim,  dark,  <  a- intensive  +  fxavpdg, 
dark.]  A  partial  or  total  loss  of  sight  inde- 
pendent of  any  discoverable  lesion  in  the  eye 
itself:  formerly  and  still  sometimes  called  gut- 
ta  Serena;  by  Milton  "a  drop  serene,"  P.  L., 
iii.  25. 

amaurotic  (am-a-rot'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
affected  with  amaurosis. 

amausite  (a-ma'sit),  71.    Same  as  petrosilex. 

amayt  (a-ma'),  v.  t.  and  i.  [<  ME.  amayen,  < 
OF.  amaier,  amaer,  forms  parallel  to  the  usual 
OY.esmaier,  esmaer  =  PT.  esmaiar =lt.  smagare, 
<  L.  ex,  out  (here  privative),  +  ML.  *magare,  < 
OHG.  magan,  have  power,  =  E.  may,  v.  Cf. 
dismay.]   To  dismay;  confound;  be  dismayed. 

Whereof  he  dradde  and  was  amayed. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amaut. 
Counsayllen  the  of  that  thou  art  amayed. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  648. 

amaze  (a-maz'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  amazed,  ppr. 
amazing.  [<  ME.  amasen,  found  only  in  pp. 
amased;  also  himased,  in  same  sense;  <  «-,  E. 
«-l  (or  bi-,  E.  &e-l),  -1-  masen,  confuse,  perplex, 
yE.  maze,  q.  v.]  I,  trans.  1.  To  confound  with 
fear,  sudden  surprise,  or  wonder ;  confuse ; 
perplex. 

Tliey  shall  be  afraid ;  .  .  .  they  shall  be  amazed  one  at 
anotlier.  Isa.  xiii.  8. 

Let  thy  blows,  doubly  redoubled, 
Fall  like  amazing  thunder  on  the  casque 
Of  thy  adverse  pernicious  enemy. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  i.  3. 
Till  the  great  plover's  human  whistle  amazed 
Her  heart,  and  glancing  round  the  waste  she  fear'd 
In  every  wavering  brake  an  ambuscade. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 


Amazon 

2.  To  strike  with  astonishment,  surprise,  op 
wonder;  astonish;  surprise:  as,  you  amaze tuq; 
I  was  amazed  to  find  him  there. 

The  beauty  and  magniflcence  of  the  buildings  erected 
by  the  sovereigns  of  Hindostan  amazed  even  travellers 
who  had  seen  St.  Peter  s.  Macaulay,  Lord  Clive. 

Then  down  into  the  vale  he  gazed, 
And  held  his  breath,  as  if  amazed 
By  all  its  wondrous  loveliness. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  104. 

=Syn.  Surprise,  Astonish,  etc.  (see  stcrpi-ij<e) ;  to  confound, 
stagger,  stupefy,  dumfound. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  wonder;  be  amazed. 

Madam,  amaze  not;  see  his  majesty 
Retm-n'd  with  glory  from  the  Holy  Land. 

Peele,  Edward  I.,  i.  1. 
Amaze  not,  man  of  God,  if  in  the  spirit 
Thou'rt  brought  from  Jewry  unto  Nineveh. 
Greene  and  Lodge,  Look.  Glass  for  L.  and  E.,  p.  119. 

amaze  (a-maz'),  n.  amaze,  v.]  Astonish- 
ment; confusion;  perplexity  arising  from  fear, 
surprise,  or  wonder;  amazement:  used  chiefly 
in  poetry. 

Now  of  my  own  accord  such  otlier  trial 
I  mean  to  show  you  of  my  strength,  yet  greater. 
As  with  amaze  shall  strike  all  wlio  behold. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  I.  1645, 
It  fills  me  with  amaze 
To  see  thee,  Porphyro  1        Keats,  Eve  of  St,  Agnes. 

amazedly  (a-ma'zed-li),  adv.  "With  amaze- 
ment ;  in  a  manner  that  indicates  astonishment 
or  bewilderment. 

I  speak  amazedly ;  and  it  becomes 
My  marvel,  and  my  message.    Shah.,  W.  T.,  v,  1. 

amazedness  (a-ma'zed-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  amazed  or  confounded  with  fear,  sur- 
prise, or  wonder ;  astonishment ;  great  won- 
der. 

After  a  little  amazedness,  we  were  all  commanded  out 
of  the  chamber.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  v.  2. 

amazefult  (a-maz'fiil),  ft.  Full  of  amazement; 
calculated  to  produce  amazement. 

Thy  just  armes 
Shine  with  amaze/ull  terror. 

Marston,  Sophonisba,  i.  1. 

amazement  (a-maz'ment),  n.  1.  The  state  of 
being  amazed;  astonishment;  confusion  or  per 
plexity  from  a  sudden  impression  of  surprise, 
or  surprise  mingled  with  alarm. 

They  were  filled  with  wonder  and  amazement  at  that 
which  had  happened  unto  him.  Acts  iii.  10. 

His  words  impression  left 
Of  much  amazerrMnt  to  the  infernal  crew. 

Milton,  P.  R.,  i.  107. 

2t.  Infatuation;  madness.  Webster. 
amazette  (am-a-zef),  n.  Same  as  amassette. 
Amazilia  (am-a-zil'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  amazili, 
applied  by  the  I'rencli  ornithologist  Lesson  in 
1826  to  a  species  of  humming-bird,  and  in  1832, 
in  pi.,  to  a  group  of  humming-birds.  Other 
NL.  forms  are  amazilius,  amazilicus,  amasillis, 
amazillia,  amizilis  (a  mere  misprint),  dim.  ama- 
zicula,  amaziliculus :  all  being  names  of  hum- 
ming-birds. The  name  amazili  is  prob.  of  S. 
Amer.  origin,  perhaps  connected  with  the  name 
of  the  Amazon  river;  cf.  amazon'^,  2.]  A  genus 
of  humming-birds,  of  the  family  Trochilidce,  em- 
bracing about  24  species,  of  large  size,  found 
from  the  Mexican  border  of  the  United  States 
to  Peru,  and  mostly  of  green  and  chestnut 

coloration.  The  bill  is  about 
as  long  as  the  head,  nearly 
straight,  and  broad,  with  lancet- 
shaped  tip ;  the  nostrils  are  ex- 
posed and  scaled ;  the  wings 
are  long  and  pointed ;  the  tail  is 
even  or  slightly  forked ;  and  the 
tarsi  are  feathered.  The  two 
species  found  in  the  United 
States  are  A.  fuscocaudata  ami 
A.  cerviniventris.  See  cut  under 
humming-bird. 
amazingly  (a-ma'zing-li), 
adv.  In  an  amazing  man- 
ner or  degree ;  in  a  man- 
ner to  excite  astonish- 
ment, or  to  perplex,  con- 
found, or  terrify ;  wonder- 
fully; exceedingly. 

If  we  arise  to  the  world  of 
spirits,  our  knowledge  of  them 
must  be  amazingly  imperfect. 

Watts,  Logic. 

Amazon^  (am'a-zon),  ». 
[ME.  Amazones,  Amyso- 
nes,  pi. ;  <  L.  Amazon,  < 
Gr.  'Aftat^^v,  a  foreign  name 
of  unknown  meaning;  ac- 
cording to  Greek  writers, 
<  a-  priv.,  without,  +  /(afcSf,  a  breast;  a  popu- 
lar etymology,  accompanied  by,  and  doubtless 


statue  in  the  Vatican,  per- 
liaps  a  copy  of  the  type  of 
Phidias. 


Amazon 


167 


amber 


originating,  the  statement  that  the  right  breast 
■was  removed  in  order  that  it  might  not  interfere 
-with  the  use  of  the  bow  and  javelin.]  1.  In 
Gr.  legend,  one  of  a  race  of  women  who  dwelt 
on  the  coast  of  the  Black  Sea  and  in  the  Cau- 
casus mountains.  They  formed  a  state  from  which 
men  were  excluded,  devoted  themselves  to  war  and  hunt- 
ing, and  were  often  in  conflict  with  the  Greeks  in  the 
heroic  age.  The  Amazons  and  their  contests  were  a  fa- 
vorite theme  in  Grecian  art  and  story. 

2.  [cap.  or  L  c]  A  warlike  or  masetiline  wo- 
man ;  hence,  a  quarrelsome  woman ;  a  virago. 

Him  [Abb^  LeffevreJ,  for  want  of  a  better,  they  suspend 
there:  in  the  pale  morning  light:  over  the  top  of  all 
Paris,  which  swims  in  one's  failing  eyes  :  —  a  horrible  end  ! 
Nay,  the  rope  broke,  as  French  ropes  often  did ;  or  else 
an  amazon  cut  it.  Caiiyle,  French  Rev.,  I.  vii.  5. 

amazon^  (am'a-zon),  n.  [<  NL.  Amazona,  a 
genus  of  birds :  so  called  from  the  great  river 
Amazon,  Pg.  Eio  das  Amazonas,  Sp.  Bio  de  las 
Amazonas,  F.  le  fleuve  des  Amazones,  G.  der 
Amazonenfluss,  etc.,  lit.  the  river  of  the  Ama- 
zons, in  allusion  to  the  supposed  female  war- 
riors said  to  have  been  seeu  on  its  banks  by  the 
Spaniards.]  1.  A  general  book-name  of  any 
South  American  parrot  of  the  genus  Chrysoiis, 
of  which  there  are  numerous  species.  P.  L. 
Sclater. —  2.  A  name  of  sundry  humming-birds : 
as,  the  royal  amazon,  Bellatrix  regina. 

Amazon-ant  (am'a-zon-ant),  n.  The  Formica 
rufescens,  a  species  of  ant  which  robs  the  nests 
of  other  species,  carrying  off  the  neuters  when 
in  the  larva  or  pupa  stage  to  its  own  nests, 
where  they  are  brought  up  along  with  its  own 
larv£e  by  neuters  stolen  before. 

Amazonian^  (am-a-zo'ni-an),  a.  [<  L.  Amazo- 
tiius,  <  Gr.  'Afia^6v£iog,  'Afia^Sviog,  <  'A/ia^&v,  Ama- 
zon.] 1.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  an  Ama- 
zon: in  the  following  extract,  beardless. 

Our  then  dictator'. 
Whom  with  all  praise  I  point  at,  saw  him  fight, 
When  with  his  Amazonian  chin  he  drove 
The  bristled  lips  before  him.  Shak.,  Cor.,  it  2. 

2.  Bold;  of  masculine  manners;  warlike;  quar- 
relsome :  applied  to  women. 

How  Ul  beseeming  is  it  in  thy  sex 
To  triumph,  like  an  Amazonian  trull. 
Upon  their  woes  whom  fortune  captivates ! 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  i. 

Amazonian^  (am-a-z6'ni-an),  a.  [=  Pg.  Sp. 
Amazoniano  or  Amazonio  ;  <.  Amazon,  the  river ; 
in  form  like  Amazonian^.^  Belonging  to  the 
river  Amazon,  in  South  America,  or  to  the 
coimtry  lying  on  that  river — Amazonian  stone, 
or  Amazon  stone,  a  beautiful  green  feldspar  found  in 
rolled  masses  near  the  Amazon  river;  also  found  in  .Si- 
beria and  Colorado.  It  belongs  to  the  species  microclin 
(which  see). 

amb-.   See  ambi-. 

ambage  (am'baj),  w. ;  pi.  ambages  (am'ba-jez, 
or,  as  Latin,  am-ba'jez).  [<  ME.  ambages,  <  OF. 
ambages,  ambagis,  <  L.  ambages  (usually  plur.), 
a  going  around,  circumlocution,  ambiguity,  < 
ambi-,  around  (see  ambi-),  +  agere,  drive,  move : 
see  agent.  Cf.  ambiguous.  In  mod.  use  the 
pi.  is  often  treated  as  mere  L.]  A  winding  or 
roundabout  way ;  hence  —  (a)  Circimilocution ; 
equivocation ;  obscurity  or  ambiguity  of  speech. 

With  ambages, 
That  is  to  seyn,  with  dowble  wordes  slye. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  v.  896. 
They  gave  those  complex  ideas  names,  that  they  might 
the  more  easily  record  and  discourse  of  things  they  were 
■daily  conversant  in,  without  long  ambages  and  circumlo- 
cution. Locke. 
Layby  these  ambages;  what  seeks  the  Moor? 

Lust's  Dominion,  iii.  4. 

(6)  Circuitous  or  devious  ways ;  secret  acts. 

The  other  cost  me  so  many  strains,  and  traps,  and  am- 
bages to  introduce.  Sivift,  Tale  of  a  Tub. 

ambaginous  (am-baj'i-nus),  a.  [<  L.  ambago 
{-agin-),  with  same  sense  and  origin  as  ambages  : 
see  ambage.']    Same  as  ambagious. 

ambagious  (am-ba'jus),  a.  [<  L.  ambagiosus,  < 
ambages :  see  ambage  and -0US.1  1.  Circumlocu- 
tory; tedious. — 2.  Winding;  devious.  [Bare.] 

ambagitory  (am-baj'i-to-ri),  a.    [Irreg.  < 
bage  +  -it-ory.'\    Circtimloeutory ;  roundabout; 
ambagious.  [Rare.] 

Partaking  of  what  scholars  call  the  periphrastic  and  a  m- 
bagitory. Scott,  Waverley,  xxiv. 

amban  (am'ban),  M.  [Manchu;  lit.,  governor.] 
The  title  of  the  representatives  of  China  in  Mon- 
golia and  Turkistan. 

In  the  time  of  the  Chinese,  before  Yakub  Beg's  sway, 
Yangi  Shahr  held  a  garrison  of  six  thousand  men,  and  was 
the  residence  of  the  amban  or  governor. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  8. 

ambaree,  «.   See  ambari. 

ambari  (am'ba-ri),  n.    [Also  wi-itten  ambarie, 

ambaree,  repr.  Hind,  ambari,  also  amdri  =  Pers. 

amari,  <  Ar.  'amdri;  cf.  'amdra,  an  edifice,  < 


'amara,  build,  cultivate.]    In  India,  a  covered 
howdah.    Yule  and  Burnell. 
ambarvalia  (am-bar-va'li-a),  n.  pi.    [L.,  neut. 

pi.  of  ambarvalis,  that  goes  around  the  fields, 

<  ambi-,  around,  +  arvum,  a  cultivated  field.] 
In  Rom.  antiq.,  a  festival  of  which  the  object 
was  to  invoke  the  favor  of  the  gods  toward  the 
fertility  of  the  fields,  it  was  celebrated  in  May  by 
the  farmers  individually,  and  consisted  in  the  sacrifice  of 
a  pig,  a  sheep,  and  a  bull,  which  were  first  led  around  the 
growing  crops,  and  in  ceremonial  dancing  and  singing.  It 
was  distinct  from  the  rites  solemnized  at  the  same  time 
by  the  priests  called  the  Arval  Brothers. 

ambary  (am'ba-ri),  n.  [Prob.  a  native  name.] 
An  East  Indian  plant,  Hibiscus  cannabinus. 
See  Hibiscus. 

ambash  (am'bash),  n.  [Appar.  native  name.] 
The  pith-tree  of  the  Nile,  Herminiera  Elaphro- 
xylon,  a  leguminous  tree  with  very  light  wood. 

ambassadet  (am-ba-sad'),  n.    [Also  cmbassade ; 

<  F.  ambassade :  see  ambassador  and  embassy.^ 
An  embassy. 

Wlien  you  disgrac'd  me  in  my  ambassade. 
Then  I  degraded  you  from  being  king. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  3. 

ambassador,  embassador  (am-,  em-bas'a-dor), 
n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ambassadour,  embassa- 
dour,  etc.,  <  ME.  ambassadour,  ambassatour, 
ambassator,  ambaxadour,  etc.,  embassadour, 
etc.,  the  forms  being  very  numerous,  varying 
initially  am-,  em-,  im-,  en-,  in-,  and  finally  -ador, 
-adour,  -ator,  -atour,  -Hour,  -etore,  etc. ;  <  OF. 
ambassadeur,  also  ambaxadeur,  and  embassadeur 
(mod.  F.  ambassadeur),  <  OSp.  ambaxador,  mod. 
Sp.  em&a/ador  =  Pg.  embaixador  =li.  ambascia- 
tore,  -dore  =  Pr.  ambassador  =  OF.  ambasseur, 
ambaseor,  ambaxeur,  <  ML.  '^ambactiator,  am- 
baxiator,  ambasciator,  ambassiator,  ambasiator, 
ambaciator,  ambassator,  ambasator,  ambasitor, 
eta.,  an  ambassador,  <  *ambactiare,  ambasciare, 
etc.,  go  on  a  mission:  see  further  under  em- 
bassy.^ 1.  A  diplomatic  agent  of  the  highest 
rank,  employed  to  represent  officially  one  prince 
or  state  at  the  court  or  to  the  government  of 
another.  Diplomatic  agents  are  divided  into  three  gen- 
eral classes :  (1)  ambassadors,  legates,  and  nuncios ;  (2)  en- 
voys and  ministers  plenipotentiary  (including  ministers 
resident);  (3)  charges  d'affaires.  Ambassadors  represent 
the  person  of  their  sovereigns,  as  well  as  the  state  from 
which  they  come,  and  are  entitled  to  ask  an  audience  at 
any  time  with  the  chief  of  the  state  to  which  they  are  ac- 
credited ;  to  rank  next  to  the  blood  royal ;  to  exemption 
from  local  jurisdiction  for  themselves  and  their  house- 
holds ;  to  exemption  from  imposts  and  duties,  immunity 
of  person,  free  exercise  of  religious  worship,  etc.  The 
United  States  sent  and  received  no  ambassadors  till 
1893,  but  only  ministers  of  the  second  rank,  who  were 
often  popularly  called  ambassadors.  The  nuncios  of 
the  pope  who  are  not  cardinals,  and  the  legati  a  latere 
and  de  latere,  cardinals  in  rank,  represent  the  papal  see 
in  its  ecclesiastical  capacity  mainly,  and  bear  the  rank  of 
ambassadors.  Envoys,  ministers,  and  ministers  plenipo- 
tentiary are  held  to  represent,  not  the  person  of  the  sov- 
ereign, but  the  state  from  which  they  are  sent,  and  they 
are  accredited  to  the  sovereign  of  the  state  to  which  they 
are  sent.  This  is  the  ordinary  class  of  diplomatic  repre- 
sentatives between  less  important  states,  or  between 
greater  and  smaller  states.  Ministers  resident  accredited 
to  the  sovereign  enjoy  a  rank  similar  to  that  of  envoys. 
Charges  d'affaires  are  resident  agents  of  their  govern- 
ments, and  are  provided  with  credentials  to  the  minister 
of  foreign  affairs,  with  which  officer  at  the  present  day, 
however,  both  ambassadors  and  ministers  have  to  deal  al- 
most exclusively  in  their  official  relations.   .See  minister. 

Hence — 2.  In  general,  any  diplomatic  agent 
of  high  rank;  an  agent  or  a  representative  of 
another  on  any  mission. —  3.  A  thing  sent  as 
expressive  of  the  sentiments  of  the  sender. 

We  have  receiv'd  your  letters,  full  of  love ; 

Your  favours,  the  embassadors  of  love. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 
[The  spelling  embassador  is  less  common,  though  embassy, 
and  notambassy,  is  now  always  written.] — Ambassador's' 
Act,  an  English  statute  of  1708  (7  Anne,  c.  12,  ss.  3-0),  sug- 
gested by  an  attempted  arrest  of  the  Russian  ambassador. 
It  declares  that  any  process  against  foreign  ambassadors 
or  ministers,  or  their  goods  and  chattels,  shall  be  alto- 
gether void.  The  act  is,  however,  only  declaratory  of  a 
principle  that  has  always  existed  in  international  law. 
ambassadorial  (am-bas-a-do'ri-al),  a.  [^(.am- 
bassador; =  P.  ambassadorial.']  Of  or  belong- 
ing to  an  ambassador.  Also  written  embassa- 
dorial. 

The  foreign  affairs  were  conducted  by  a  separate  de- 
partment, called  the  ambassadorial  office.  Brougham. 

ambassadorship  (am-bas'a-dor-ship),  n.  [< 
ambassador  +  -ship.']  The  office  of  ambassador. 

His  occupation  of  the  ambassadorship  has  widened  and 
deepened  and  heightened  its  meaning. 

Boston  Daily  Advertiser,  April  9,  1885. 

ambassadress  (am-bas'a-dres),  n.  [<  ambassa- 
dor +  -ess  ;  with  obsolete  parallel  forms  ambas- 
sadrice,  ambassatricc,  after  F.  ambassadrice,  and 
ambassadrix,  ambassatrix,  after  ML.  ambassia- 
trix,  NL.  ambassatrix,  fern,  of  ambassiator.]  1. 
The  wife  of  an  ambassador. —  2.  A  female  am- 
bassador. 


Well,  my  ambassadress,  what  must  we  treat  of? 
Come  you  to  menace  War,  and  proud  Defiance? 

Howe,  Fair  Penitent,  L 

Also  vmtten  embassadress, 
ambassadryt,  n.    [Also  embassadry,  ME.  am- 
bassadrie,  etc. :  see  ambassador  and  -ry.]  Same 

as  embassy. 

ambassaget  (am'ba-saj),  n.  [Also  embassage ; 
a  modification  of  dnibassade,  embassadc,  with 
suffix  -age  for  -ade.]    Same  as  embassy. 

ambassiatet,  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  and  ME.  also 
ambassate,  ambasset,  embasset,  etc.,  <  ML.  am- 
bassiata,  ambasiata,  ambasciata,  ambassata,  etc., 
whence  the  doublet  ambassade,  q.  v.]  1.  The 
business  of  an  ambassador. — 2.  An  embassy. 
— 3.  An  ambassador.    N.  E.  D. 

Ambassidse  (am-bas'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  .4m- 
bassis  +  -ida.]  A  family  of  percoid  fishes :  sy- 
nonymous with  Bogodidw. 

Ambassis  (am-bas'is),  n.  [NL.,  erroneously 
for  Ambasis,  <  Gr.  apfiaaic,  poet,  contr.  form  of 
avdpaai,^,  ascent:  see  anabasis.]  A  genus  of 
percoid  fishes,  giving  name  to  the  family  Am- 
bassidw. 

ambassyt,  n.    An  old  form  of  embassy. 

ambe  (am'be),  n.  [< Ionic  Gr.  a/i[3r/z=Gr.  apjiuv, 
ridge,  a  slight  elevation,  akin  to  b/KpaMg,  navel, 
boss:  see  omphalic]  1.  In  anat.,  a  superficial 
eminence  on  a  bone. —  2.  Insurg.,  an  old  and 
now  obsolete  mechanical  contrivance  for  re- 
ducing dislocations  of  the  shoulder,  said  to  have 
been  invented  by  Hippocrates; 
Also  written  ambi. 

amber^t  (am'ber),  n.  [Not  used  in  ME.  except 
in  ML.  form  ambra;  <  AS.  amber,  ambwr,  ambur, 
ombar,  ombor,  orig.  with  a  long  vowel,  amber, 
(1)  a  vessel  (with  one  handle  ?),  a  paU,  bucket, 
pitcher,  urn;  (2)  a  liquid  measure;  (3)  a  dry 
measure  of  four  bushels  (=  OS.  embar,  ember, 
emmar  =01).  eemer,  D.  emmer  =  OHG.  einbar, 
einpar,  eimbar,  cimpar,  MHG.  einber,  eimber,  G. 
eimer,  a  pail,  a  bucket  —  orig.  a  vessel  with  one 
handle  ?) ;  as  if  <  a?i  (=  OS.  en  =  D.  een  =  G.  ein, 
<  OHG.  ein),  one,  +  -ber,  <  beran,  E.  fteari ;  cf . 
OHG.  zwibar,  zubar,  MHG.  ztiber,  zober,  G.  zu- 
ber,  a  tub  (with  two  handles),  <  OHG.  zwi-  (= AS. 
twi-),  two,  +  -bar  =  AS.  -ber.  But  as  the  AS. 
and  other  forms  are  glossed  by  the  various  Latin 
names  amphora,  lagena,  urceus,  cadus,  batus, 
situla,  hydria,  etc.,  the  sense  'one-handled' does 
not  seem  to  be  original,  and  the  spelling  may 
have  been  corrupted  to  suit  the  popular  etymol- 
ogy, the  real  source  being  then  L.  amphora,  a 
too-handled  vessel:  see  amphora.  The  OHG. 
ein-bar,  so  developed  as  'one-handled,'  would 
naturally  be  followed  by  zwi-bar,  'two-han- 
dled.'] 1.  A  vessel  with  one  handle ;  a  pail;  a 
bucket ;  a  pitcher. —  2.  An  old  English  measure 
of  4  bushels. 

amber^  (am'ber),  w.  and  a.  [<  ME.  amber,  aum- 
ber,  anibyr,  aumbyr,  awmijr,  ambre,  aunibre,  < 
OF.  ambre,  F.  ambre  =  Pr.  ambra  =  Sp.  Pg. 
ambar,  Pg.  also  ambre,  =  It.  ambra  =  D.  amber 
=  Sw.  Dan.  ambra  =  G.  amber,  ambra  =  Russ. 
ambra  =  ML.  ambra,  also  ambre,  ambrum,  am- 
ber, ambar,  <  Ar.  'anbar,  ambergris — the  orig. 
sense,  the  name  being  extended  in  Europe  to 
the  partly  similar  resin  amber,  2.]  I.  n.  If. 
Ambergris  (which  see). 

You  that  smell  of  amber  at  my  charge.     Beau,  and  PI. 

2.  A  mineralized  pale-yellow,  sometimes  red- 
dish or  brovmish,  resin  of  extinct  pine-trees, 
occurring  in  beds  of  lignite  and  in  alluvial  soils, 
but  foimd  in  greatest  abundance  on  the  shores 
of  the  Baltic,  between  Konigsberg  and  Memel, 
where  it  is  thrown  up  by  the  sea.  it  is  a  hard, 
translucent,  brittle  substance,  having  a  specific  gi-avity  of 
1.07.  It  is  without  taste  or  smell,  except  when  heated;  it 
then  emits  a  fragrant  odor.  Its  most  remarkable  quality 
is  its  capability  of  becoming  negatively  electric  by  fric- 
tion ;  indeed,  the  word  electricity  is  derived  from  tlie 
Greek  for  amber,  riKeKTpov.  It  sometimes  contains  remains 
of  extinct  species  of  insects.  It  yields  by  distillation  an 
empyi-euniatic  oil  consisting  of  a  mixture  of  Iiytlrucarboiis 
and  succinic  acid.  It  is  now  used  chiefly  for  the  mouth- 
pieces of  pipes  and  for  beads,  and  in  the  arts  for  amber 
varnish.  In  mineralogy  if;  is  called  succinite.  Artificial 
amber  is  for  the  most  part  colophony. 

3.  In  the  English  versions  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment (Ezek.  i.  4,  27  ;  viii.  2)  used  to  translate 
the  Hebrew  word  chashmal,  a  shining  metal, 
rendered  in  the  Septuagint  elclctrou,  and  in  the 
Vulgate  electrum.    See  clectrum. —  4.  Liquid- 

ambar  Acid  of  amber,   .same  as  succinic  acid.— 

Black  amber,  jet  — Fat  amber,  a  valuable  opaque  am- 
ber, in  color  resembling  a  lemon.— Oil  of  amber,  a  vola- 
tile oil  distilled  from  amber.  Wlien  pure  it  is  a  colorless 
limpid  liquid  having  a  strong  acid  odor  and  burning 
taste.  It  is  somewhat  used  in  medicine  as  a  stimulant 
and  antispasmodic.— Sweet  amber,  a  popular  name  of  a 
Eiu-opean  species  of  St.  John's  wort,  Hypericum  AndroscB- 
mum.— White  amber,  spermaceti. 


amber 


168 


ambilevous 


H.  a.  1.  Consisting  of  or  resembling  amber; 
of  the  color  of  amber. 

What  time  the  amber  iiioni 
Forth  gushes  from  beneatli  a  low-hung  cloud. 

Tennyson,  Ode  to  Memory. 
2t.  Having  the  odor  of  ambergris. 

An  amber  scent  of  odorous  perfume 
Her  harbinger.  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  720. 

Amber  bronze,  a  decorative  finish  for  iron  surfaces.— 
Amber  cement.  See  cement. — Amber  varnish,  amber 
heated  with  linseed-  or  nut-oil,  and  thinned,  when  cool, 
with  turpentine.  It  is  very  insoluble,  hard,  tough,  and  of 
a  permanent  color,  which  is  generally  too  yellow  for  work 
in  delicate  tints.  It  dries  very  slowly,  and  forms  an  ex- 
cellent addition  to  copal  varnishes,  making  them  much 
harder  and  more  durable, 
amber'^  (am'ber),  v.  t.  ■  If.  To  scent  or  flavor 
with  amber  or  ambergris. 

Be  sure 

The  wines  be  lusty,  high,  aud  full  of  spu-it, 
And  amber' d  all. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Custom  of  Country,  iii.  2. 

2.  To  make  amber-colored.    X.  E.  D. —  3.  To 
inclose  in  amber.    N.  E.  D. 
amber-fish  (am'ber-fish),«.    [<a»i&er2  +  fish."] 
A  fish  of  the  family  Carangidce  and  genus  Seri- 

ola.  There  are  several  species.  They  have  a  fusiform 
contour,  but  with  the  snout  more  or  less  decurved.  The 


Amber-fibh  [Serwia  dorsalis). 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Coramission,  18S4.) 


color  is  generally  blackish,  with  dark  or  blackish  bands 
encroaching  upon  the  dorsal  and  anal  fins.  The  spinous 
dorsal  fin  is  well  developed.  Some  of  the  species  are  es- 
teemed as  food.  They  vary  from  about  a  foot  to  4  or  5 
feet  in  length.  Species  are  found  in  almost  all  tropical 
and  warm  waters,  and  at  least  si.\  occur  along  the  coasts 
of  the  I'nited  States. 

ambergris  (am'ber-gres),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
amher-greece,  -griesc,  -grise,  -grease,  etc.,  and 
transposed  grisamher,  q.  v. ;  late  ME.  imbcr- 
gres;  <  F.  ambre  gris,  that  is,  gray  amber  {am- 
ber^, 1),  thus  distinguished  from  ambre  jaune, 
yellow  amber  (antber^,  2) :  ambre,  like  E.  amber'^, 
orig.  used  with  the  sense  of  'ambergris';  gris, 
gray,  <  OHG.  gris,  G.  greis,  gray.]  A  morbid 
secretion  of  the  Uver  or  intestines  of  the  sper- 
maceti whale,  the  Catodon  (Fhysetcr)  macrocejyh- 
alus ;  a  solid,  opaque,  ash-colored,  inflammable 
substance,  lighter  than  water,  of  a  consistence 
like  that  of  wax,  and  having  when  heated  a 
fragrant  odor,  it  softens  in  the  heat  of  the  hand,  melts 
below  212'  F.  into  a  kind  of  yellow  resin,  and  is  highly  solu- 
ble in  alcohol.  It  is  usually  found  floating  on  the  surface 
of  the  ocean,  or  cast  upon  the  shore  in  regions  frequented 
by  whales,  as  on  the  coasts  of  the  Bahama  islands,  some- 
times in  masses  of  from  60  to  225  pounds  in  weight.  In 
this  substance  are  found  the  beaks  of  the  cuttlefish,  on 
which  the  whale  is  known  to  feed.  It  is  highly  valued  as 
a  material  for  perfumery,  and  was  formerly  used  in  medi- 
cine as  au  aphrodisiac  and  for  spicing  wines.  Sometimes 
written  ambergrise  or  ambergreane. 

Of  ornaments  .  .  .  they  [the  women  of  El-Medinah] 
have  a  vast  variety,  .  .  .  and  they  delight  in  strong  per- 
fumes,—  musk,  civet,  ambergris,  attar  of  rose,  oil  of  jas- 
mine, aloe-wood,  and  extract  of  cinnamon. 

R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  282. 

Ambergris  is  a  sort  of  bezoar,  found  in  the  alimentary 
canal  of  the  cachalot,  and  seemingly  derived  from  the  fatty 
matter  contained  iu  the  Cephalopoda  upon  which  the  Ce- 
tacean feeds.  Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  341. 

amber-seed  (am'ber-sed),  n.  The  seed  of  Hi- 
biscus Abelmoschus,  a  plant  cultivated  in  most 
warm  countries.  These  seeds  have  a  musky  odor,  and 
are  often  used  to  perfume  pomatum.  The  Arabs  mix  them 
with  their  coffee.    Also  called  inmk-seed  and  amhrette, 

amber-tree  (am'ber-tre),  n.  The  English  name 
for  Anthospermum,  a  genus  of  African  shrubs 
with  evergreen  leaves,  which  when  bruised 
emit  a  fragrant  odor. 

ambes-acet,  ambs-acef  (amz'as),  n.  [<  ME. 
ambesas,  arnbczas,  <  OF.  ambesas,  ambesas  (F. 
ambesas),  <  ambes  (<  L.  ambo,  both)  +  as,  ace: 
see  ambi-  and  «ce.]  The  double  ace,  the  lowest 
cast  at  dice ;  hence,  ill  luck,  misfortune.  Also 
spelled  ames-ace. 

Your  bagges  ben  not  filled  with  ambes-as. 

Chaucer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  26. 
I  had  rather  be  in  this  choice  than  throw  ames-ace  for 
my  life.  Shak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  3. 

^schylus,  it  seems  to  me,  is  willing,  just  as  Shakspere  is, 
to  risk  the  prosperity  of  a  verse  upon  a  lucky  throw  of 
words,  which  may  come  up  the  sices  of  hardy  metaphor  or 
the  ambsace  of  conceit. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  192. 

ambi  (am'bi),  n.    Same  as  ambe. 
ambi-.    [<  L.  ambi-,  appearing  also  as  ambe-, 
amb-,  am.-,  an-,  in  OL.  also  as  a  prep.,  am,  an, 


aroimd,  =  Gr.  aft<l>i  (see  amplii-)  =  Skt.  abhi 
(for  *ambhi),  in  comp.  abhitas,  on  both  sides,  = 
AS.  ymbe,  ymb,  embe,  emb,  ME.  iimbe,  inn-.  Sc. 
um-,  =  Oii.umbi  =  OFries.  umbe=OD.  D.  om  = 
OHG.  nmpi,  umbi,  MHG.  umbe,  G.  um  =  Icel. 
nmb,  um,  around,  on  both  sides  (see  um-);  akin 
to  L.  amho  =  Gr.  ajupu,  both.]  A  prefix  of 
Latin  origin,  meaning  around,  round  about, 
on  both  sides :  equivalent  to  amphi-,  of  Greek 
origin. 

ambidentate  (am-bi-den'tat),  a.  [<  LL.  ambi- 
(Icns  (-de lit-),  having  (as  noun,  a  sheep  having) 
teeth  in  both  jaws  (<  L.  ambi-,  on  both  sides, 
+  dens  (dent-)  =  E.  tooth:  see  dental),  +  -ate.'] 
Having  teeth  in  both  jaws:  applied  by  Dow- 
hm'st  to  certain  Cetacea,  as  porpoises  and  dol- 
phins. [Rare.] 

ambidexter  (am-bi-deks't§r),  a.  and  n.  [ML., 
<  L.  ambi-,  around,  on  both  sides,  +  dexter,  the 
right  hand :  see  dexter.  Cf .  equiv.  Gr.  a/Kpidi^io^, 
of  the  same  ultimate  origin.]  I.  a.  1.  Able 
to  use  both  hands  with  equal  ease ;  ambidex- 
trous.—  2.  Double-dealing;  deceitful;  tricky. 

=  Syn.  1.  Ambidexter,  Amphichiral.    See  amphichiral. 

II.  w.  1.  A  person  who  uses  both  hands  with 
equal  facility.  Sir  T.  Browne. — 2.  A  double- 
dealer  ;  one  equally  ready  to  act  on  either  side 
in  a  dispute.  Burton. — 3.  In  law,  a  juror  who 
takes  money  from  both  parties  for  giving  his 
verdict. 

ambidexterity  (am'"bi-deks-ter'i-ti),  n.  [<  am- 
bidexter +  -ity,  after  dexterity.]  1.  The  faculty 
of  using  both  hands  with  equal  facility. 

Ignorant  I  was  of  the  human  frame,  and  of  its  latent 
powers,  as  regarded  speed,  force,  and  ambidexterity. 

De  Quincey. 

2.  Double-dealing;  duplicity. 

That  intricate  net  of  general  misery,  spun  out  of  his 
own  crafty  ambidexterity. 

I.  D'Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  I.  412. 

3.  In  Jaw,  the  taking  of  money  by  a  juror  from 
both  parties  for  a  verdict. 

ambidextral  (am-bi-deks'tral),  a.  [<  ambidex- 
ter +  -«/.]  Placed  on  either  side  of  a  given 
thing  indifferently :  as,  "  the  ambidextral  a,djee- 
tive,"  Earlc.  [Rare.] 

ambidextrous  (am-bi-deks'trus),  a.  [<  ambi- 
dexter -ous,  sltev  dexterous.]  1.  Having  the 
faculty  of  using  both  hands  with  equal  ease 
and  dexterity ;  hence,  skilful ;  facile. 

Nature  is  prolific  and  ambidextrous. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  420. 

2.  Practising  or  siding  with  both  parties ; 
double-dealing ;  deceitful. 

Shuffling  and  ambidextrous  dealingsi 

Sir  It.  L' Estrange. 

Edward  Gosynhyll  .  .  .  mending  his  ambidextrous  pen 
for  "The  I'raise  of  all  Women." 

/.  D'Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  I.  30.5. 

ambidextrously  (am-bi-deks'trus-li),  adv.  1. 
With  both  hands ;  with  the  dexterity  of  one 
who  can  use  both  hands  equally  well. —  2.  In 
a  double-dealing  way ;  cunningly. 

ambidextrousness  (am-bi-deks'trus-nes),  n. 
Same  as  ambidexterity,  1,  2. 

ambiens  (am'bi-enz),  a.  used  as  «. ;  pi.  ambi- 
entes  (am-bi-en'tez).  [L.,  ppr.  of  ambire :  see 
ambient]  In  ornith.,  'a  muscle  of  the  leg  of  cer- 
tain birds :  so  called  from  the  way  in  which  it 
winds  about  the  limb  in  passing  from  the  hip 
to  the  foot.  It  is  the  muscle  formerly  known  as  the 
gracilis  muscle  of  birds  ;  but  its  identity  with  the  mam- 
malian gracilis  is  iiuestionable.  Most  birds,  as  the  entire 
order  Passeres,  have  no  ambiens.  The  presence  or  ab- 
sence of  the  muscle  has  lately  been  made  a  basis  of  the 
division  of  birds  into  two  primary  series  in  Garrod's  clas- 
sification, birds  having  it  being  termed  Homalogonatce, 
those  lacking  it  Anomalogonatce.    See  these  words. 

The  ambiens  arises  from  the  pelvis  about  the  acetabu- 
lum, and  passes  along  the  inner  side  of  the  thigh ;  its  ten- 
don runs  over  the  convexity  of  the  knee  to  the  outer  side, 
and  ends  by  connecting  with  the  flexor  digitorum  perfora- 
tus.  .  .  .  When  this  arrangement  obtains,  the  result  is  that 
when  a  bird  goes  to  roost,  and  squats  on  its  perch,  the 
toes  automatically  clasp  the  perch  by  the  strain  upon  the 
ambiens  that  ensues  as  soon  as  the  leg  is  bent  upon  the 
thigh,  and  the  tarsus  upon  the  leg,  the  weight  of  the  bird 
thus  holding  it  fast  upon  its  perch. 

Coues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  193. 

ambient  (am'bi-ent),  a.  and«.  [<  L.  ambien{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  ambire,  go  around,  <  amb-,  aroimd  (see 
ambi-),  -f-  ire,  go,  =  Gr.  livai,  go,  =  Skt.  and 
Zend  go:  see  go.]  I.  a.  1.  Surrounding; 
encompassing  on  all  sides ;  investing :  applied 
to  aeriform  fluids  or  diffusible  substances. 
Whose  perfumes  through  the  ambient  air  difl'use 
Such  native  aromatics.  Carew,  To  G.  N. 

That  candles  and  lights  burn  dim  and  blue  at  the  appa- 
rition of  spirits  may  be  true,  if  the  ambient  air  be  full  of 
sulphurous  spirits.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

2.  Moving  round ;  circling  about.    N.  E.  D, 


II.  n,  1 .  That  which  encompasses  on  all  sides, 
as  a  sphere  or  the  atmosphere.  [Rare.] 
Air  being  a  perpetual  ambient. 

Wotton,  Elem.  Archit.,  p.  7. 

2t.  A  canvasser,  a  suitor,  or  an  aspirant.  N. 
E.  D. 

ambientes,  «.  Plural  of  ambiens. 
ambifarious  (am-bi-fa'ri-us),  a.    [<  LL.  ambi- 

furius,  having  two  sides  or  meanings,  <  L. 

ambi-,  on  both  sides,  +  -fa-rius,  <  fari,  speak. 

Cf.  bifarious,  multifarious.]    Double,  or  that 

may  be  taken  both  ways.    Blount.  [Rare.] 
ambigen,  ambigene  (am'bi-jen,  -jen),  a.  [< 

NL.  ambigemis,  of  two  kinds,  <  L.  ambi-,  both, 

+  -genus,  -born :  see  -gen,  -genous.]    Same  as 

anibige7ial. 

ambigenal  (am-bij'e-nal),  a.  [As  ambigen  + 
-al.]  Of  two  kinds :  used  only  in  the  Newtonian 
phrase  ambigenal  hyperbola,  a  hyperbola  of  the 
third  order,  having  one  of  its  ^ 
infinite  legs  falling  within  a 
an  angle  formed  by  the 
asymptotes,  and  the  other 
without.  // 

ambigenous  (am-bij'e-nus),  // 
a.    [<  NL.  ambigenus:  see    \(  / 
ambigen  and  -ous.]    Of  two 
kinds:  in  bot.,  applied  to  a  ^  >. 
calyx  with  several  series  of  \^ 
sepals,  of  which  the  inner  \\ 
are  more  or  less  petaloid. 

ambigut  (am'bi-gu), «.   [F.,  n\ 

<  ambigu,  ambiguous,  <  L. 

ambigUUS:    see   ambiguous.]      Ambigenal  Hyperbola. 
An  entertainment  or  feast   n,  «,  hyperbola ;  b,  b, 
consisting,  not  of  regular  asymptotes, 
courses,  but  of  a  medley  of  dishes  set  on  the 
table  together. 

ambiguity  (am-bi-gu'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  ambiguities 
(-tiz).  [<  ME.  ambiguitc  (rare),  <  L.  ambigui- 
ta{t-)s,  <  ambiguus:  see  ambiguous.]  1.  The 
state  of  being  ambiguous ;  doubtfulness  or  un- 
certainty, particularly  of  signification. 
The  words  are  of  single  meaning  without  any  ambiguity. 

South. 

If  we  would  keep  our  conclusions  free  from  ambiguity, 
we  must  reserve  the  term  we  employ  to  signify  absolute 
rectitude  solely  for  this  purpose. 

IJ.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  510. 

2.  An  equivocal  or  ambiguous  expression. 

Let  our  author,  therefore,  come  out  of  his  mists  and 
ambiguities,  or  give  us  some  better  authority  for  his  un- 
reasonable doubts.  Dryden,  To  Duchess  of  'York. 

ambiguous  (am-big'u-us),  a.  [<  L.  ambiguus, 
going  about,  changeable,  doubtful,  uncertain, 

<  ambigcre,  go  about,  wander,  doubt,  <  ambi-, 
around,  +  agere,  drive,  move:  see  agent.]  1. 
Of  doubtful  or  imcertain  nature ;  wanting  clear- 
ness or  definiteness ;  difficult  to  comprehend  or 
distinguish;  indistinct;  obscure. 

Even  the  most  dextrous  distances  of  the  old  masters 
.  .  .  are  ambiguous.         Buskin,  Mod.  Painters,  I.  ii.  2. 
Stratified  rocks  of  ambiguous  character. 

Murchison,  Silur.  Syst.,  p.  418.    (iV.  E.  X».) 

2.  Of  doubtful  purport ;  open  to  various  inter- 
pretations ;  having  a  double  meaning ;  equivo- 
cal. 

What  have  been  thy  answers,  what  but  dark, 
Ambiguous,  and  with  double  sense  deluding'? 

Milton,  P.  E.,  i.  435. 
He  was  recalled  by  the  Duchess,  whose  letters  had 
been  uniformly  so  ambiguous  that  he  confessed  he  waa 
quite  unable  to  divine  their  meaning. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  23. 

3.  Wavering;  imdecided;  hesitating:  as,  '^am- 
biguous in  all  their  doings,"  Milton,  Eikono- 
klastes  (1649),  p.  239.    [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

Th'  ambiguous  god,  who  ruled  her  lab'ring  breast. 
In  these  mysterious  words  his  mind  exjjrest.  Dryden, 

4.  Usriig  obscure  or  equivocal  language. 

Wliat  mutterest  thou  with  thine  ambiguous  mouth? 

Swinburne,  Atalanta,  1.  150O. 

=  Syn.  2.  Equivocal,  etc.  (see  obscure),  indeterminate,  in- 
definite, indistinct,  not  clear,  not  plain,  amphibolous,  du- 
bious, vague,  enigmatical,  dark,  blind. 

ambiguously  (am-big'ii-us-li),  adv.  In  an  am- 
biguous manner ;  ■with  doubtful  meaning. 

Why  play  .  .  .  into  the  devil's  hands 
By  dealing  so  ambiguously  ? 

Browning,  -Ring  and  Book,  I.  321. 
ambigUOUSnesS  (am-big'u-us-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  ambiguous ;  ambiguity;  obscurity. 
ambile'VOUSt  (am-bi-le'vus),  a.  [<  L.  ambi-,  on 
both  sides,  +  la^us  (=  Gr.  ?m6c,  for  *?.aiF6g), 
left.  Cf.  ambidexter.]  Unable  to  use  either 
hand  with  facility :  the  opposite  of  ambidextrous. 
[Rare.] 

Some  are  as  Galen  hath  expressed;  that  is,  ambilevous,  or 
left-handed  on  both  sides ;  such  as  with  agility  and  vigour 
have  not  the  use  of  either. 

Sir  T.  Broume,  Vulg.  Err.,  p.  189t 


ambilogy 

ambilogyf  (am-bil'o-ji),  n.  [<  L.  amU-,  on 
both  sides,  +  Gr.  -loyia,  <  Myeiv,  speak:  see 
-ologtj.  More  correctly  ampliilogij.']  Words  or 
speech  of  doubtful  meaning. 

ambiloquoust  (am-bil'o-kwus),  a.  [<  ML.  am- 
hiloquus,  <  L.  ambi-,  around,  on  both  sides,  + 
loqui,  speak.]    Using  ambiguous  expressions. 

ambiloqiuyt  (am-bil'o-kwi),  n.  [<  ML.  ambilo- 
quus :  see  above.  Cf.  soliloquy,  colloquy,  eic,.~\ 
Ambiguous  or  doubtful  language. 

ambiparous  (am-bip'a-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  ambi- 
parus,  <  L.  ambi-,  on  both  sides,  +  parere,  pro- 
duce.] In  hot,  producing  two  kinds,  as  when 
a  bud  contains  the  rudiments  of  both  flowers 
and  leaves. 

ambit  (am'bit),  n.  [<  L.  ambitus,  circuit,  <  am- 
lire,  pp.  ambitus,  go  about:  see  ambient.']  1. 
Compass  or  circuit ;  circumference ;  boundary : 
as,  the  ambit  of  a  fortification  or  of  a  country. 

Prodigious  Hailstones  whose  ambit  reaches  five,  six, 
seven  Inches.  Goad,  Celestial  Bodies,  i.  3. 

Within  the  ambit  of  the  ancient  kingdom  of  Burgundy. 

Sir  F.  Palgrave,  Norm,  and  Eng.,  I.  240. 

2.  Extent;  sphere;  scope. 
The  ambit  of  words  which  a  language  possesses. 

Saturday  Rev.,  Nov.  19,  1859. 

[In  all  senses  technical,  rare,  or  obsolete.] 
ambition  (am-bish'on),  M.  [<  ME.  ambicion, 
-cioun,  <  OF.  (and  P.)  ambition  =  Sp.  ambicion 
=  Pg.  ambiqdo  =  It.  ambizione,  <  L.  ambitio{n-), 
ambition,  a  striving  for  favor,  lit.  a  going 
about,  as  of  a  candidate  soliciting  votes,  <  am- 
bire,  pp.  ambitus,  go  about,  solicit  votes:  see 
ambient.]  If.  The  act  of  going  about  to  soli- 
cit or  obtain  an  office  or  other  object  of  desire ; 
a  canvassing.  ^     ,,     .,      . , 

°  I  on  the  other  side 

Used  no  ambition  to  commend  mv  deeds. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  247. 

2.  An  eager  or  inordinate  desire  for  some  ob- 
ject that  confers  distinction,  as  preferment, 
political  power,  or  literary  fame ;  desire  to  dis- 
tinguish one's  self  from  other  men :  often  used 
in  a  good  sense :  as,  ambition  to  be  good. 

Cromwell,  I  charge  thee,  fling  away  ambition; 

By  that  sin  fell  the  angels.    Shale,  Hen.  VIII.,  iii.  2. 

This  their  inhuman  act  having  successful  and  unsus- 
pected passage,  it  emboldeneth  Sejanus  to  further  and 
more  insolent  projects,  even  the  ambition  of  the  empire. 

B.  Jonson,  Sejanus,  Arg. 
I  hope  America  will  come  to  have  its  pride  in  being  a 
nation  of  servants,  and  not  of  the  served.    How  can  men 
have  any  other  ambition  where  the  reason  has  not  suffered 
a  disastrous  eclipse  ?  Emerson,  Misc. ,  p.  422. 

Hence — 3.  The  object  of  ambitious  desire, 
ambition  (am-bish'on),  V.  t.    [From  the  noun.] 
To  seek  after  ambitiously  or  eagerly;  aspire  to ; 
be  ambitious  of.    [Rare  or  colloq.] 

Every  noble  youth  who  siglied  for  distinction,  amM- 
tioned  the  notice  of  tlie  Lady  Ai'abella. 

/.  D' Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  III.  274. 
This  nobleman  [Lord  Chesterfield],  however,  failed  to 
attain  that  place  among  the  most  eminent  statesmen  of 
his  country,  which  he  ambitioned. 

Wingrove  Cooke,  Hist,  of  Party,  II.  160. 
ambitionist  (am-bish'on-ist),  n.    [/  ambition  + 
-ist.]    An  ambitious  person;  one  devoted  to 
self-aggrandizement.  [Rare.] 

Napoleon  .  .  .  became  a  selfish  ambitionist  and  quacli. 

Carlyle,  Misc.,  IV.  146. 

ambitionless  (am-bish'on-les),  a.    [<  ambition 

+  -less.]  Devoid  of  ambition, 
ambitious  (am-bish'us),  a.  [<  ME.  ambitious, 
-cious,  <  OF.  *ambitios,  later  ambitieux  =  Sp. 
Pg.  ambicioso  =  It.  ambizioso,  <  L.  ambitiosus,  < 
ambitio{n-) :  see  ambition  and  -ous.]  1.  Charac- 
terized by  or  possessing  ambition ;  eagerly  or 
inordinately  desirous  of  obtaining  power,  su- 
periority, or  distinction. 

No  toil,  no  hardship  can  restrain 
Ambitious  man,  inur'd  to  pain. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Horace,  i.  35. 

2.  Strongly  desirous ;  eager :  with  of  (formerly 
for)  or  an  infinitive. 

Trajan,  a  prince  ambitious  o/ glory. 

Arbuthnot,  Anc.  Coins. 
I  am  ambitious  for  a  motley  coat. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7. 
Ambitious  to  win 
From  me  some  plume.     Milton,  P.  L.,  vl.  160. 

3.  Springing  from  or  indicating  ambition. 
Should  a  President  consent  to  be  a  candidate  for  a  third 

election,  I  trust  he  would  be  rejected,  on  this  demonstra- 
'tion  of  ambitious  views.  Jefferson,  Autobiog.,  p.  65. 

Hence — 4.  Showy;  pretentious:  as,  an  amii- 
fe'otts style;  ambitious  ornament. 

Hood  an  ass  with  reverend  purple. 
So  you  can  hide  his  two  ambitious  ears. 
And  he  shall  pass  for  a  cathedral  doctor. 

B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  i.  1. 
ambitiously  (am-bish'us-U),  adv.    In  an  am- 
bitious manner. 


169 

ambitiousness  (am-bish'us-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  ambitious ;  ambition. 

ambitudet  (am'bi-tiid),  n.  [<  L.  ambitudo,  < 
ambitus,  a  going  rotmd :  see  ambit.]  Circuity; 
compass;  circumference.  [Rare.] 

ambitus  (am'bi-tus),  n. ;  pi.  ambitus.  [L. :  see 
ambit.]  1.  A  going  round;  a  circuit;  the  cir- 
cumference, periphery,  edge,  or  border  of  a 
thing,  as  of  a  leaf  or  the  valve  of  a  shell. — 2t. 
In  arch.,  an  open  space  surrounding  a  building 
or  a  monument. — 3.  In  antiq.,  an  open  space 
about  a  house  separating  it  from  adjoining 
dwellings,  and  representing  the  ancient  sacred 
precinct  around  a  family  hearth.  In  Rome  the 
width  of  the  ambitus  was  fixed  by  law  at  2^  feet. 
—  4.  In  ancient  Rome,  the  act  of  canvassing 
for  public  ofi&ce  or  honors.  See  ambition,  1. — 
5.  In  logic,  the  extension  of  a  term. 

amble  (am'bl),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ambled,  ppr. 
ambling.  [<  ME.  amblen,  <  OF.  ambler,  go  at  an 
easy  pace,  <  L.  ambulare,  walk:  see  ambulate.] 

1.  To  move  with  the  peculiar  pace  of  a  horse 
when  it  first  lifts  the  two  legs  on  one  side,  and 
then  the  two  on  the  other;  hence,  to  move 
easily  and  gently,  without  hard  shocks. 

Your  wit  ambles  well ;  it  goes  easily. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  1. 
An  abbot  on  an  ambling  pad. 

Tennyson,  Lady  of  Shalott,  ii. 

2.  To  ride  an  ambling  horse ;  ride  at  an  easy 
pace.  N.  E.  D. —  3.  Figuratively,  to  move  af- 
fectedly. 

Frequent  in  park,  with  lady  at  his  side. 
Ambling  and  prattling  scandal  as  he  goes. 

Cowper,  Task,  ii. 

amble  (am'bl),  n.  [<  ME.  amble,  <  OF.  amble; 
from  the  verb.]  A  peculiar  gait  of  a  horse  or 
like  animal,  in  which  both  legs  on  one  side  are 
moved  at  the  same  time ;  hence,  easy  motion ; 
gentle  pace.    Also  called  pace  (which  see). 

A  mule  well  broken  to  a  pleasant  and  accommodating 
amble.  Scott. 

ambler  (am'bler),  n.  One  who  ambles;  espe- 
cially, a  horse  which  ambles ;  a  pacer. 

Amblicephalus,  n.   See  AmblycepJialus,  1. 

ambligon,  «.    See  amblygon. 

amblingly  (am'bling-li),  adv.  With  an  ambling 
gait. 

Ambloctonidse  (am-blok-ton'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Ambloctonus  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  fossil  car- 
nivorous mammals,  of  the  Eocene  age,  belonging 
to  the  suborder  Creodonta,  typified  by  the  genus 
Ambloctonus,  having  the  last  upper  molar  longi- 
tudinal, the  lower  molars  with  little-developed 
inner  tubercle,  and  the  last  of  these  carnassial. 

Ambloctonus  (am-blok'to-nus),  n.  [NL.^  ii-- 
reg.  <  Gr.  a/j.(iXvg,  blimt  (toothed),  +  KTetveiv, 
kill,  slay.]  The  typical  genus  of  Ambloctoni- 
dw,  established  by  Cope  in  1875  upon  remains 
from  the  New  Mexican  Eocene  ( Wahsatch  beds ) . 
A.  sinosus  was  a  large  stout  carnivore,  of  about 
the  size  of  a  jaguar. 

Amblodon  (am'blo-don),  n.  [NL.  (Eafinesque, 
1820),  <  Gr.  dfj.J3Xvg,  blunt,  +  6<5oi.f  =  E.  tooth.] 
A  genus  of  scieenoid  fishes :  synonymous  with. 
Haplodinotus  (which  see). 

Amblonyx  (am-blon'iks),  ».  [NL. ;  more  cor- 
rectly *amblyonyx ;  <  Gr.  blunt,  +  bvv^, 
a  nail:  see  obj/z.]  A  genus  of  gigantic  ani- 
mals, named  by  Hitchcock  in  1858,  formerly 
supposed  to  be  birds,  now  believed  to  be  dino- 
saurian  reptiles,  known  by  their  footprints  in 
the  Triassic  formation  of  the  Connecticut  val- 
ley. 

Ambloplites  (am-blop-U'tez),  n.  [NL.  (Rafi- 
nesque,  1820),  <  Gr.  anjilvQ,  dull,  blunt,  +  onXtTfj^, 
heavy-armed:  see  hoplite.]  A  genus  of  fishes, 
of  the  family  Centrarchidce,  having  villiform 
pterygoid  teeth  and  numerous  anal  spines.  A. 
rupestris  is  a  species  called  rock-bass,  resembling  the 
black-bass,  but  having  the  dorsal  and  anal  fins  more  de- 
veloped and  the  body  shorter  and  deeper.  Also  written 
Amblyoplites.    See  cut  under  rock-bass. 

amblosis  (am-bl6'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a^pTMciq, 
abortion,  <  afijiXdsLv  {in  comp.),  afxjSliaiceiv,  cause 
abortion,  <  a/xpXvg,  dull,  blunt,  weak.]  Miscar- 
riage; abortion. 

amblotic  (am-blot'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<Gr.  afiftXu- 
riKog,  fit  to  produce  abortion,  <  afijSTiMaic,  abor- 
tion: see  amblosis.]  I.  a.  Having  the  power 
to  cause  abortion. 

II.  n.  In  med.,  anything  causing  or  designed 
to  cause  abortion ;  an  abortifacient. 

amblyaphia  (am-bli-a'fi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/x- 
(3avc,  dull,  +  d0^,  touching,  touch,  <  aizTEtv, 
fasten,  mid.  aTrrEodai,  touch.]  In  pathol.,  dull- 
ness of  the  sense  of  touch ;  insensibility  of  the 
skin ;  physical  apathy. 


Tiger-beetle  {Amblychila  cytindri- 
/ormis),  slightly  magnified. 


Amblyopsidae 

Amblycephalus  (am-bli-sef'a-lus),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  anliXvc,  blunt,  +  Ki:(pa'A//,  head.  ]  1 .  In  herpet., 
the  bluntheads,  a  genus  of  colubriform  serpents 
f  oimded  by  Kuhl  in 
1827,  considered  by 
some  an  aberrant 
form  of  Dipsadi- 

dw.  A.  boa  inhabits 
Java,  Borneo,  and 
neigliboring  islands. 
Also  written  Amblice- 
2>halus. 

2.  In  entom.,  a  ge- 
nus of  homopter- 
ous  hemipterous 
insects,  family  Cer- 
copidw :  a  name 
preoccupied  in  her- 
petology.  A.  inter- 
ruptus,  a  kind  of 
hop-frog  or  froth- 
fly,  injures  hops. 
Amblychila  (am- 
bU-ki'la),M.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  afijilv^,  blunt, 
obtuse,  +  ;tfiAof, 
lip.]  A  genus  of 
Cicindelidce,  or  ti- 
ger-beetles, peculiar  to  North  America,  its  dis- 
tinguisliing  cliaracters  are  its  small  eyes,  separate  posterior 
cox!e,  and  the  widely  inflexed  margin  of  tlie  wing-covers. 
A  single  species  represents  this  genus,  A.  cylindriformis 
(Say),  which,  from  its  large  size,  nearly  cylindrical  form, 
and  somber  dark-brown  color,  is  the  most  striking  mem- 
ber of  its  family.  It  occurs  in  Kansas,  Colorado,  New 
Mexico,  and  Arizona.  It  is  nocturnal,  hiding  during  the 
day  in  deep  holes,  generally  on  sloping  ground,  and  is 
known  to  feed  on  locusts.  Also  spelled  Amblycheila. 
Say,  1834. 

Amblycorypha  (am-bli-kor'i-fa),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  a/zfi'Avg,  blunt,  +  Kopvcpf/,  head,  top :  see 
corypheus.]  A  genus  of  katydids,  of  the  family 
Locustidce,  having  oblong  elytra  and  a  curved 
ovipositor.  There  are  several  United  States 
species,  as  A.  rotundifoUa,  A.  oblongifolia,  A. 
caudata,  etc. 

amblygon  (am'bh-gon),  a.  and?i.  [<  Gr.  a/i(32v- 
yuvwc,  obtuse-angled,  <  ififilvg,  dull,  obtuse,  + 
yuvia,  angle.]  I.  a.  Obtuse-angled;  amblyg- 
onal.    -Also  spelled  ambligon. 

The  Buildings  Ambligon 
May  more  receive  than  Mansions  O.xygon,  ' 
(Because  th'  acute  and  the  rect-Angles  too 
Stride  not  so  wide  as  obtuse  Angles  doe). 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas  (1621),  p.  290. 

II.  n.  In  r/eom.,  an  obtuse-angled  triangle ;  a 
triangle  having  one  angle  greater  than  ninety 
degrees. 

amblygonal  (am-blig'o-nal),  a.  [<  amblygon  + 
-al.]  Obtuse-angled;  having  the  form  of  an 
amblygon. 

amblygonite  (am-blig'o-nit),  n.  [<  Gr.  a/LipXv- 
y^vioc,  obtuse-angled(see amblygon),  +  -ite^.]  A 
mineral,  generally  massive,  rarely  in  trielinic 
crystals,  it  is  a  phosphate  of  aliuninium  and  lithium 
containing  fluorin,  and  in  color  is  greenish-white,  yellow- 
ish-white, or  of  other  light  shade.  It  is  found  in  Europe 
at  Chursdorf,  near  Penig,  Saxony,  in  the  United  States  at 
Hebron,  Maine,  and  elsewhere. 

amblyocarpous  (am"bli-6-kar'pus),  a.  [<  NL. 
amblyocarjius,  <  Gr.  afi(ilvc,  blunt,  dulled,  faint, 
weak,  +  KapTT^f,  fruit :  B&e  carpel.]  In  6ot,  hav- 
ing the  seeds  entirely  or  mostly  abortive :  ap- 
plied to  fruit. 

amblyopia  (am-bli-6'pi-a),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  a/ifilv- 
uTTta,  dim-sightedness,  <  afi(3Avu-6g,  dim-sighted, 

<  a//f}'Avc,  dull,  dim,  +  o>^  ("t-),  eye,  sight.  Cf. 
Amblyopsis.]  In  pathol.,  dullness  or  obscurity 
of  vision,  without  any  apparent  defect  of  the 
organs  of  sight :  the  first  stage  of  amaurosis. 
Also  amblyopy — Amblyopia  ex  anopsia,  amblyopia 

arising  from  not  using  the  eyes. 

amblyopic  (am-bU-op'ik),  a.  [<  amblyopia  + 
-ic]  Relating  or  pertaining  to  amblyopia ;  af- 
flicted vrith  amblyopia. 

Amblyopidae  (am-bli-op'i-de), n.pl.  [NL.,irreg. 

<  Amblyopsis  +  -idm.]    Same  as  Amblyopsidw. 
Amblyopina  (am'''bli-6-pi'na),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Amblyopus  +  -ina.]  The  second  group  of  Gobi- 
idw  in  Giinther's  system  of  classification :  equiv- 
alent to  the  subfamily  Amblyopina;. 
Amblyopinse  (am"bli-o-pi'ne),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amblyopus  +  -inw.]  A  subfamily  of  fishes, 
typified  by  the  genus  Amblyopus.  They  have  the 
two  dorsal  fins  united  in  one,  and  11  abdominal  and  17 
caudal  vertebra;. 

Amblyoplites  (am-bli-op-li'tez),  n.    The  more 

correct  form  of  Ambloplites  (which  see), 
amblyopsid  (am-bU-op'sid),  «.    A  fish  of  the 

family  Amblyopsidw. 

Amblyopsidae  (am-bli-op'si-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amblyopsis  +  -idee.]    A  faanily  of  haplomous 


Amblyopsidse 

fishes  in  which  the  margin  of  the  upper  jaw  is 
entirely  formed  by  the  premaxillaries,  which 
are  scarcely  protractile,  and  in  which  the  anus 
is  jugular.  Five  species  are  known,  generally  arranged 
in  three  genera,  from  the  fresh  waters  of  the  United  States, 
the  largest  and  best-known  being  the  blind-fish  of  the 
Mammoth  and  other  caves.  See  Amblyopsii:  Also  called 
Ambb/opidce. 

Amblyopsis  (am-M-op'sis),  n.     [NL.  (J.  E. 

De  Kay,  1842),  <  Gr.  a/jpUg,  duU,  faint,  dim,  + 
oi/''f,  countenance,  sight,  related  to  wi/',  eye :  see 
optic.  Ct.  amblyopia.']  1.  A  genus  of  fishes  repre- 


170 

amblystomid  (am-blis'to-mid),  n.  An  amphi- 
bian of  the  family  Ambll/stomidw. 

Amblystomidse  (am-blis-tom'i-de),  n.  ptl. 
[NL.,  <  Amblystoma  +  -idm.l  A  family  of  am- 
phibians of  which  Ai)iblystoma  is  the  tj^pical 
genus.  They  are  salamanders  with  the  palatines  not 
prolonged  overthe  parasphenoid  and  bearing  teeth  behind, 
parasphenoid  toothless,  vertebrae  opisthocoelian,  and  a  pe- 
culiar arrangement  of  the  hyoid  apparatus.  Most  of  the 
species  are  North  American. 

ambo  (am'bo),  n. ;  pi.  umbos  or  ambones  (am'- 
boz,  am-bo'nez).  [<  ML.  ambo,  <  Gr.  afi(iuv, 
any  slight  elevation,  a  boss,  stage,  pulpit:  see 
ambe.l  1.  In  early  Christian  churches  and 
basilicas,  a  raised  desk  or  pulpit  from  which  cer- 
tain parts  of  the  service  were  read  or  chanted 


Blind-tish  {Ambiyofsis  s/<;^aiisi. 

sented  by  the  blind-flsh  (A.spelaus)  of  the  Mam- 
moth Cave  of  Kentucky,  and  typical  of  the  fam- 
ily Amblyopsidw. —  2.  A  genus  of  crustaceans. 

amblyopsoid  (am-bli-op'soid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Am- 
blyopsis +  -old.']    I.  a.  Having  the  characters 
of  the  Amblyopsidce. 
II.  n.  An  amblyopsid. 

Amblyopus  (am-isLi-o'pus),  n.  [NL.  (Valen- 
ciennes, 1837),  <  Gr.  a/iif}Avu7r6c,  dim-sighted: 
see  amblyopia.']  1.  A  genus  of  fishes,  of  the 
family  Gobiidm,  typical  of  the  svibia,m\\j  Ambly- 
opinw. — 2.  A  genus  of  orthopterous  insects. 
Saussure,  1878. 

amblyopy  (am'bli-o-pi),  w.  Same  as  amblyopia. 

Amblypoda  (am-blip'o-da),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a/iiiU'Aiig,  blunt,  dull,  +  iroif  (ttoJ-)  =E.  foot.]  A 
suborder  of  Eocene  mammals  belonging  to  the 
Subungidata,  or  many-toed  hoofed  quadrupeds, 
of  elephantine  proportions  and  structure  of  the 
limbs.  The  fore  feet  were  5-toed  and  the  hind  feet  4- 
toed.  The  skull  had  a  remarkably  small  brain-case,  enor- 
mous flaring  processes  in  three  pairs,  no  upper  incisors, 
three  pairs  of  lower  incisors,  and  a  pair  of  huge  upper 
canines,  projecting  alongside  a  flange-like  plate  of  the 
lower  jaw.  The  molars  were  6  in  number  on  each  side, 
above  and  below.  The  genera  composing  this  group  are 
Uintatherium,  Sinnceras,  Tinoceras,  Loxolophodon,  etc. 
Tlie  term  Diiiocerata  is  nearly  synonymous.  These  huge 
mammals  were  extinct  before  the  Miocene  era,  and  their 
fossil  remains  have  been  found  mostly  in  the  Eocene  beds 
of  North  America. 

Amblypodia  (am-bli-po'di-a),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

afip'kv^,  blunt,  dull,  +  ■Kovg  "{iTod-)  =  'E.foot,  + 
-ia.]  A  genus  of  lycsnid  butterflies. 
Amblypterus  (am-blip'te-rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
afi(i'Avg,  dull,  blunt,  +  Trrepdv,  wing  (>  irrepv^, 
wmg,  &a),  =  'E.  feather.]  1.  A  genus  of  ganoid 
fishes  with  heterocercal  tail.  The  species  are 
found  only  in  a  fossil  state,  and  are  character- 
istic of  the  coal  formation.  Agassiz^  1833. — 2. 
A  genus  of  birds,  founded  by  Gould  in  1837,  but 
preoccupied  in  ichthyology  by  the  preceding 
genus,  and  therefore  not  in  use.    it  was  based 

upon  a  remarkable  South  American  goatsucker,  of  the  fam- 
ily Capriiiiulijida;,  now  known  as  Bleothreptus  anomalus. 
Amblyrhynchus  (am-bli-ring'kus),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  ifipAvg,  blunt,  +  pvyxoc,  snout.]  1.  A  genus 
of  iguanid  lizards  characteristic  of  the  Galapa- 
gos islands :  so  called  from  the  very  blunt  snout. 
There  are  two  remarkable  species,  a  marine  one,  A.  cris- 
tatus,  with  compressed  tail  and  partially  webbed  toes,  and 
A.  demarli,  a  land-lizard,  with  cylindric  tail  and  unwebbed 
toes. 

2.  In  ornith. :  (a)  A  genus  of  South  American 
Icteridm,  or  blackbirds.  [Not  in  use.]  (b)  A 
genus  of  phalaropes.  nomas  Nuttall,  1834. 
[Not  in  use.] 

Amblysomus  (am-bli-s6'mus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
appXv^,  blunt,  dull,  dim,  +  oijfia,  body.]  A 
genus  of  gold-moles  or  Cape  moles  of  southern 
Africa,  of  the  family  Chrysochlorididw,  distin- 
guished from  Chrysochloris  by  having  only  2 
molars  in  each  jaw  instead  of  3.  CJialcochloris 
of  Mivart  is  a  synonym  more  frequently  used. 

Amblystoma  (am-blis'to-ma),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a/j(iXbg,  blunt,  dull,  +  aro/ia,  mouth.]  An  ex- 
tensive genus  of  urodele  or  tailed  batrachians, 
notable  for  the  transformations  which  they  un- 
dergo; the  type  of  the  family  Amblystomidw. 

In  their  undeveloped  state  they  represent  the  f(jrmerly 
recognized  genus  Siredon,  and  some  sjiecies  are  known  as 
axolotls.  They  belong  to  the  salamandrine  series  of  the 
Urodela,  and  are  related  to  the  newts,  efts,  salamanders, 
etc.  Very  often  written,  by  mistake,  Ambystuma.  See  cut 
under  axolotl. 

Tlie  axolotl  is  the  larval  state  of  Amblystoma ;  but  it 
sometimes  remains  in  that  state  throughout  life,  and  is 
at  the  same  time  most  prolific,  while  those  which  must  be 
supposed  to  have  attained  a  higher  form  are  utterly  ster- 
ile, the  sexual  organs  becoming  apparently  atrophied. 

Pascoe,  Zool.  Class.,  p.  193. 

amblystome  (am'bli-stom),  n.  Same  as  am- 
blystomid. 


Anibo. 

Northern  Tribune  of  the  Church  of  S.  Maria  in  Ara  Coeli,  Rome. 

and  sermons  were  preached,  it  was  often  an  ob- 
long inclosui-e  with  steps  at  both  ends,  and  was  generally 
richly  decorated.  It  was  very  common  to  place  two  ambos 
in  a  church,  from  one  of  which  was  read  the  gospel,  and 
from  the  other  the  epistle.  A  tall  ornamented  pillar  for 
holding  the  paschal  candle  is  sometimes  associated  with 
the  ambo. 

From  these  walls  projected  ambones,  or  pulpits  with 
desks,  also  of  marble,  ascended  by  steps. 

Encyc.  Brit,  III.  415. 

2.  In  anat.,  a  circumferential  fibrocartilage ; 
a  fibrocartilaginous  ring  surrounding  an  articu- 
lar cavity,  as  the  glenoid  fossa  of  the  scapula 
and  the  cotyloid  fossa  of  the  innominate  bone. 
Also  written  ambon. 

ambodeztert  (am-bo-deks'ter),  a.  and  n.  Same 
as  ambidexter. 

ambolic  (am-bol'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  *a/tpo?uK6^,  contr. 
from  ava[ioliK6q,  taken  in  lit.  sense  <  ava^oki] 
(poet,  appolrj),  that  which  is  thrown  up  or 
around:  see  anabole.]  Having  the  power  of 
producing  abortion ;  abortif acient. 

ambon  (am'bon),  n.    See  ambo. 

ambosezous  (am-bo-sek'sus),  a.  [<  L.  ambo, 
both,  +  sexus,  sex.]  Having  both  sexes;  bi- 
sexual; hermaphrodite.    [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

Amb03nia  wood.    See  Eiabooca-wood. 

Amboynese  (am-boi-nes'  or  -nez'),  n.  sing,  and 
1)1.  [<  Amboyna  +  -ese.]  A  native  or  the  na- 
tives of  Amboyna,  the  most  important  of  the 
Moluccas  or  Spice  Islands. 

ambreada  (am-bre-a'da),  n.  [=  P.  ambreade, 
<  Pg.  ambreada,  fictitious  amber,  prop.  fem. 
pp.  of  ambrear,  perfume  with  amber,  <  ambre, 
usually  ambar,  amber:  see  amber"^.]  A  kind 
of  artificial  amber  manufactured  for  the  trade 
with  Africa. 

ambreic  (am-bre'ik),  a.  [<  ambrein  +  -ic.]  In 
chcm.,  formed  by  digesting  ambrein  in  nitric 
aeid;  as,  ambreic  acid. 

ambrein (am'bre-in),  n.  [<  F.  ambreine,<.  ambre, 
amber:  see  amb'er^  and  -in^.]  A  peculiar  fatty 
substance  obtained  from  ambergiis  by  digesting 
it  in  hot  alcohol.  It  is  crystalline,  is  of  a  bril- 
liant white  color,  and  has  an  agreeable  odor. 

ambrette  (am-bref),  n.  [P.,  dim.  of  ambre, 
amber.]  1.  iiee  amber-seed. — 2.  A  kind  of  pear 
"vvith  an  odor  of  ambergris  or  musk.    JV.  E.  D. 

ambrite  (am'brit),  n.  [=  G.  amhrit;  <  NL.  am- 
bra,  E.  amber^,  +  -ite^.]  A  fossil  resin  occur- 
ring in  large  masses  in  Auckland,  New  Zealand, 
and  identical  with  the  resin  of  the  Dammara 
australis,  a  pine  now  growing  abundantly  there. 

ambrology  (am-brol'o-ji),  n.  [<  NL.  ambra, 
amber,  +  Gr.  -Tioyia,  <  Xeyeiv,  speak :  see  -ology.] 
The  natural  history  of  amber.    Syd.  Sac.  Lex. 


ambrotype 

ambroset  (am'broz),  «.  [<  ME.  ambrose,  in  def. 
2  (OP.  ambroise,  P.  ambroisie,  sometimes  am- 
brosie),  <  L.  ambrosia,  ambrosia,  also  the  name 
of  several  plants :  see  ambrosia.]  1.  Ambrosia. 
[Rare.] 

At  first,  ambrose  itseU  was  not  sweeter. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  iii.  2. 

2.  An  early  English  name  of  the  Jerusalem  oak, 
Chenopodium  Botrys,  and  also  of  the  wood-sage, 
Teucrium  Scorodonia. 
ambrosia  (am-bro'zia),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  a/zfipoala, 
the  food  of  the  gods,  conferring  immortality, 
fem.  of  adj.  a/iPpdatog,  a  lengthened  form  of 
afijipoTo^,  also  afiporoc,  immortal,  <  d-  priv.  + 
*fipoT6g,  Ppot6c,  older  form  poprdg,  mortal,  akin 
to  L.  mor{t-)s,  death  (L.  im-mort-aUis  =  Gr. 
a-ujipoT-og),  and  mori,  die :  see  mortal.  Cf .  Skt. 
amrita,  immortal,  also  the  drink  of  the  gods 
(see  amrita,),  =  Gr.  d/^/Jporof.]  1.  In  Gr.  legend, 
a  celestial  substance,  capable  of  imparting  im- 
mortality, commonly  represented  as  the  food 
of  the  gods,  but  sometimes  as  their  drink,  and 
also  as  a  richly  perfumed  unguent ;  hence,  in 
literature,  anything  comparable  in  character 
to  either  of  these  conceptions. 

His  dewy  locks  distill'd  ambrosia.  Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  57. 
2.  [cap.]  A  genus  of  widely  distributed  coarse 
annual  weeds,  of  the  natural  order  Composites, 
chiefly  American,  and  generally  known  as  rag- 
iveed.  A.  artemisiafolia  is  also  called  Roman 
u^ormwood  or  hogweed. 
ambrosiac  (am-bro'zi-ak),  a.  [<  L.  ambrosia- 
cus,  <  ambrosia :  see  ambrosia.]  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  having  the  qualities  of  ambrosia;  per- 
fumed; sweet-smelling:  as,  "awferosiac  odours," 
B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  iv.  3  (song). 

Shrill  strain'd  arts-men,  whose  ambrosiac  quills, 
Whiles  they  desert's  encomions  sweet  rehearse, 
The  world  with  wonder  and  amazement  fills. 

Ford,  Fame's  MemoriaL 
ambrosiaceous  (am-bro-zf-a'shius),  a.    [<  Am- 
brosia +  -aceous.]   In  bot.,  allied  to  the  genua 
Ambrosia. 

ambrosial  (am-bro'zial),  a.  [<  ambrosia  +  -al.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  ambrosia;  partaking  of  the 
nature  or  qualities  of  ambrosia:  anointed  or 
fragrant  with  ambrosia ;  hence,  delighting  the 
taste  or  smell;  delicious;  fragrant;  sweet- 
smelling  :  as,  ambrosial  dews. 

As  the  sunset 

Threw  the  long  shadows  of  trees  o'er  the  broad  ambrosial 
meadows.  Lonyfellow,  Evangeline,  i.  4. 

Sweet  after  showers,  ambrosial  air. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  Ixxxvi. 
Thou  too  .  .  .  mayest  become  a  Political  Power:  and 
with  the  shakings  of  thy  horse-hair  wig,  shake  principal- 
ities and  dynasties,  like  a  very  Jove  with  his  ambrosial 
curls.  Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  I.  iii.  1. 

ambrosially  (am-bro'zial-i),  adv.  In  an  am- 
brosial manner;  with  an  ambrosial  odor. 

A  fruit  of  pure  Hesperian  gold, 

That  smelt  ambrosially.       Tennyson,  (Enone. 

ambrosian^t  (am-bro'zian),  a.  [<  ambrosia  + 
-an.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  ambrosia ;  fragrant; 
ambrosial.    B.  Jonson. 

Most  amftrosiara-lipped  creature. 

Middleton,  Bluit,  Master-Constable,  iv.  2. 

Ambrosian^  (am-bro'zian),  a.  [<LL.  Ambro- 
sianus,  <  Ambrosius,  A"mbrose,  <  Gr.  a/z(3p6awc, 
immortal,  divine:  see  ambrosia.]  Of,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  instituted  by  St.  Ambrose,  bishop  of 
Milan  in  the  fourth  century — Ambroslan  chant, 
a  mode  of  smging  or  chanting  introduced  by  St.  Ambrose 
in  the  cathedral  church  at  Milan  about  384.  Little  is 
certainly  known  of  its  nature. — Ambrosian  Library, 
a  famous  library  and  collection  of  antiquities  at  Milan, 
founded  by  Cardinal  Borromeo  in  1609.— Ambrosian 
office  or  ritual,  a  foi-mula  of  worship  named  from  St.  Am- 
brose, and  long  used  in  the  church  of  Milan  In  place  of 
the  Roman  mass. 

ambrosino  (am-bro-ze'no),  n.  [It.,  from  the  fig- 
ure of  St.  Ambrose  on  the  coin :  see  above.]  A 


Obverse.  Reverse. 
Silver  Ambrosino  of  Milan,  British  Museum.    ( Size  of  the  original.) 

silver  coin,  weighing  about  45  grains,  issued  by 
the  republic  of  Milan  A.  d.  1250-1310,  and  bear- 
ing the  effigy  of  Ambrose,  the  patron  saint  of 
the  city.  The  name  was  also  applied  to  a  rare 
Milanese  gold  coin  of  the  same  period, 
ambrotype  (am'bro-tip),  n.  [<  Gr.  afi/iporo^  (see 
ambrosia),  immortal,  +  tutto^,  impression :  see 
type.]    la  photog.y  a  picture  made  by  applying 


ambrotype 

a  dark  backing  to  the  face  of  a  thin  negative 
on  glass.  The  negative,  as  seen  from  behind,  thus  ap- 
pears as  a  positive  against  the  backing,  the  lights  being 
formed  by  the  opaque  portions,  and  the  sliadows  by  the 
backing  seen  through  the  more  or  less  transparent  por- 
tions. 

ambry  (am'bri),  «. ;  pi.  ambries  (-briz).  [In 
actual  modern  speech  only  in  north.  E.  dial. 
aumry,  otherwise  only  a  historical  word,  spelled 
prop,  ambri/,  butarchaisticaUyin  various  forms 
of  the  earlier  ambery,  as  ambrey,  aumbry,  aum- 
brie  (with  excrescent  b  as  in  number,  slumber), 
earlier  amrie,  aumrye,  aumrie,  aumery,  aiumery, 
aimer y,  almary,  almarie,  alsoarmorie,  <ME.^we- 
rie,  almarie,  also  armarie,  <  OF.  almarie,  arma- 
rie,  later  almaire,  aumaire,  aumoire,  armaire, 
armoire  =  Pr.  armari  =  Sp.  armaria  =  Pg.  al- 
mario  (>  BDind.  almdri,  >  Anglo-Ind.  almirah,  q. 
v. )  =  It.  armaria,  armadio  =  G.  aimer  z=  Bohem. 
armara,  almara  =  Pol.  almaryja,  olmaryja  = 
Serv.  ormar,  orman  =  Sloven,  almara,  ormar, 
omara,  <  L.  armarium  (ML.  also  corruptly  al- 
marium),  a  closet,  chest,  or  safe  for  food,  cloth- 
ing, money,  implements,  tools,  etc.,  <  arma, 
implements,  tools,  anns:  see  am^,  arins,  and 
cf.  armory'^.  Through  the  form  almery  the  word 
was  confused  with  almonry,  a  i)laee  for  distrib- 
uting alms,  and  is  sometimes  found  in  that 
sense.]  1 .  A  place  for  keeping  things ;  a  store- 
house, storeroom,  closet,  pantry,  cupboard, 
press,  safe,  locker,  chest.  Specifically  —  (a)  A 
place  for  keeping  victuals ;  a  pantry,  cupboard, 
or  meat-safe. 

Hir.  Will  not  any  fool  take  me  for  a  wise  man  now,  seeing 
me  draw  out  of  the  pit  of  my  treasury  this  little  god  with 
his  belly  full  of  gold? 

Spun.  And  this,  full  of  the  same  meat,  out  of  my  am- 
hry!  Massinger,  Virgin-Martyr,  ii.  3. 

(b)  In  ancient  churches,  a  niche  or  recess, 
fitted  with  a  door,  in  the  wall  near  the  altar,  in 

which  the  sacred  utensils 
were  deposited,  in  the 
larger  churches  and  cathedrals 
ambries  were  very  numerous, 
were  used  for  various  pur- 
poses, and  were  sometimes 
large  enough  to  be  what  we 
should  now  call  closets,  the 
doors  and  other  parts  that 
were  seen  being  usually  richly 
carved.  Ambries  are  still  used 
in  Roman  Catholic  churches 
as  depositories  for  the  conse- 
crated oils.  They  are  some- 
times made  portable,  in  the 
form  of  a  chest  or  cupboard, 
which  is  hung  near  the  altar. 

(c)  A  place  for  keeping  books;  a  library. —  2. 
Same  as  almanry.    [Erroneous  use :  see  etym.] 

ambs-acet,  n.    See  ambes-ace. 

ambulacra,  n.    Plural  of  ambulacrum. 

ambulacra!  (am-bu-la'kral),  a.  [<  ambulacrum 
+  -al.~\  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  ambulacrum,  or 
to  the  ambulacra,  of  an  echinoderm  Ambula- 
cra! face,  ambulacra!  aspect,  that  surface  of  an 
echinoderm  which  bears  the  ambulacra ;  corresponding  in 
a  starfish  to  the  oral  aspect,  that  upon  which  the  creature 
creeps.— Ambulacra!  groove,  a  furrow  which  marks  the 
course  of  an  ambulacrum. 

[In  a  starfish]  a  deep  furrow,  the  ambulacral  groove, 
occupies  the  middle  of  the  oral  surface  of  each  ray,  and  is 
nearly  filled  by  contractile  sucker-like  pedicels,  .  .  .  ap- 
parently arranged  in  four  longitudinal  series. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  476. 

Ambulacra!  metameres,  the  divisions  of  the  body  of 
an  echinoderm  as  marked  or  determined  by  the  ambula- 
cral system,  as  the  five  fingers  or  rays  of  a  starfish.  See 
extract  under  ambulacral  vessels  and  cut  under  .^.'(rop/ii/- 
ton.— Ambulacra!  nerve,  a  nerve  which  is  in  relation 
with  the  ambulacra. 

When  the  suckers  of  an  ambulacrum  [of  a  starfish]  are 
.  .  .  cut  away,  a  longitudinal  ridge  is  seen  to  lie  at  the 
tottom  of  the  groove  between  their  bases.  This  ridge  is 
the  ambulacral  nerm.  Followed  to  the  apex  of  the  ray,  it 
ends  upon  the  eye  and  its  tentacle ;  in  the  opposite  direc- 
tion, it  reaches  the  oral  disk. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  478. 
Ambulacra!  neural  canal,  a  tube  of  which  the  ambu- 
lacral nerve  forms  the  outer  wall. — Ambulacral  ossicle, 
one  of  a  double  row  of  small  hard  pieces  which  come  to- 
gether in  the  ambulacral  groove,  extending  from  its  sides 
to  its  middle  line.  Also  called  vertebral  ossicle.  See  cut 
under  Asteriidce. — Ambulacral  plate,  one  of  those  coro- 
nal plates  of  a  sea-urchin  which  are  perforated  to  form 
part  of  an  ambulacrum.    Seecut  under  ambulacrum. 

In  the  ordinary  Echinus  or  sea-urchin  ...  of  these 
plates  there  are  twenty  principal  longitudinal  series,  con- 
stituting the  great  mass  of  the  corona ;  and  ten  single 
plates,  which  form  a  ring  around  its  aboral  or  apical  mar- 
gin. The  twenty  series  of  longitudinal  plates  are  disposed 
■  in  ten  double  series — five  ambulacral  and  five  interambu- 
lacral.  .  .  .  Each  ambulacral  plate  is  subdivided  by  a 
greater  or  less  number  of  sutures  .  .  .  into  a  correspond- 
ing number  of  minor  plates,  .  .  .  called  pore  plates. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  486. 
Ambulacral  sac,  in  echinoderms,  that  portion  of  the  va- 
soperitoneal  sac  of  the  embryo  which  lays  the  foundation 
for  the  whole  system  of  the  ambulacral  vessels.  See  vaso- 
peritoneal  and  Holothuroidea. — Ambulacra!  system, 
the  water-vascular  system  (which  see,  under  water-vascu- 


Ambry.  Romsey  Church, 
Hampshire,  En^laDd. 


171 

lar)  of  echinoderms.— Ambulacra!  vesicle,  a  sac  situ- 
ated upon  the  aboral  face  of  an  ambulacral  ossicle. — Am- 
bulacra! vessels,  the  water-vascular  channels  of  the  am- 
bulacra.   See  cut  aniinT  Echinoidca. 

Another  marked  peculiarity  of  the  Echinoderm  type  is 
the  general,  if  not  universal,  presence  of  a  system  of  am- 
bulacral vessels,  consisting  of  a  circular  canal  around  the 
mouth,  whence  canals  usually  arise  and  follow  the  middle 
line  of  each  of  the  ambulacral  metameres. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  54. 
Circumora!  ambulacral  vessel,  that  into  whidi  a  ra- 
dial canal  of  tlie  ambulacral  system  of  vessels  opens  at 
its  oral  end.— Radial  ambulacra!  vessels,  those  which 
radiate  from  the  central  or  circular  vessel  which  surrounds 
the  gullet. 

Ambulacraria  (am"bu-lak-ra'ri-a),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  ambulacrum  +  -aria.']  1.  A  branch  or 
subkingdom  of  animals,  constituted  by  the  Echi- 
nadermata  and  Enteropneusta,  and  divided  into 
Radiata  and  Bilatcralia,  the  latter  represented 
by  the  genus  Balanaglassus  alone.  Metschnilcoff. 
— 2t.  [^.  c]  The  coronal  ambulacra  of  sea-ur- 
chins. 

Ambulacrata  (am"bu-lak-ra'ta),  ».  pZ.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  ambulacratus,  <  ambulacrum.']  A 
term  applied  by  E.  R.  Lankester  to  a  branch  of 
echinoderms  consisting  of  the  Halathuroidea, 
Echinoidca,  and  Asteroidea,  or  sea-cucumbers, 
sea-urchins,  and  starfishes,  as  collectively  dis- 
tinguished from  the  crinoids  or  Tentaculata 
(which  see). 

ambulacriform  (am-bu-lak'ri-form),  a.  [<  L. 
ambulacrum  +  forma,  jform.]  Possessing  the 
form  or  appearance  of  an  ambulacrum. 

ambulacrum  (am-bu-la'krum),  n. ;  pi.  ambula- 
cra (-kra).    [NL.  use  of  L.  ambulacrum,  a  walk. 


A,  three  ambulacral  plates  of  Echinus  sphara.  showing  sutures 
of  the  pore-plates  of  which  each  ambulacral  plate  is  composed.  B,  a 
portion  of  the  extent  of  the  petaloid  ambulacrum  of  a  clypeastroid. 

aljey,  <  ambulare:  see  ambulate.]  In  zodl.,  a 
row,  series,  or  other  set  of  perforations  in  the 
shell  of  an  echinoderm,  as  a  sea-urchin  or  star- 
fish, through  which  are  protruded  and  with- 
drawn the  tube-feet  or  pedicels.  Each  such  row 
or  set  of  holes  usually  forms  a  narrow  grooved  line  from 
base  to  apex  of  a  sea-urchin,  and  from  the  center  to  the 
end  of  each  ray  of  a  starfish,  along  the  oral  aspect  of  the 
body.  Each  set  or  radiating  series  of  perforations  is  an 
ambulacrum,  the  several  rows  together  being  the  ambula- 
cra. The  usual  definition  of  ambulacra  as  the  perforated 
spaces  through  which  the  tube-feet  are  protruded  leaves 
a  doubt  whether  an  ambulacrum  is  not  one  such  perforated 
space.  Ambulacra  is  sometimes  used  for  the  tube-feet 
themselves,  collectively ;  in  which  case  it  properly  signifies 
several  sets  or  series  of  tube-feet,  not  several  tube-feet  of 
any  single  row  or  series. 

The  ambulacra  present  important  variations  in  the  three 
divisions  of  the  Echinidea.    Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  489. 

ambulance  (am'bu-lans),  n.  [<  F.  ambulance 
(formerly  liSpital  anibulant,  walking  hospital), 
(.ambulant,  walking,  shifting:  see  ambulant.] 
1 .  A  hospital  establishment  which  accompanies 
an  army  in  its  movements  in  the  field  for  the 
purpose  of  providing  speedy  assistance  to  sol- 
diers wounded  in  battle. —  2.  A  two-  or  four- 


United  States  Army  Ambulance. 

wheeled  wagon  constructed  for  conveying  sick 
or  wounded  persons.  Ambulance-wagons  are  con- 
structed to  run  very  easily,  and  are  designed  to  carry  one 
or  two  tiers  of  stretchers.  Some  forms  are  fitted  with 
water-tank,  medicine-chest,  operating-table,  and  other 
conveniences.  City  hospital  ambulances  are  light  four- 
wheeled  wagons,  furnished  with  one  or  two  beds,  surgical 
appliances,  restoratives,  etc. — Ambulance-COt,  a  folding 
cot  designed  to  be  carried  in  an  ambulance  and  to  be 
used  as  a  bed  in  a  hospital.— Ambulance-stretcher,  a 
stretcher  provided  with  casters  and  made  to  fit  into  an 
ambulance. 


amburblal 

ambulant  (am'bu-lant),  a.    [=  F.  ambulant,  < 
L.  ambulan(t-}s,  ppr.  of  ambulare,  walk,  go 
about:  see  ambulate.]     1.  "Walking;  moving 
from  place  to  place ;  shifting. 
Sold  it  for  400  francs  to  an  ambulant  picture  dealer. 

The  American,  VI.  250. 
Ambulant  tobacconists  crying  their  goods. 

li.  F.  burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  259. 

2.  In  'her.,  walking:  said  of  a  beast  used  as  a 
bearing. —  3.  In  pathal.,  shifting  about  from 
place  to  place;  ambulatory:  &s,  ambulant  edema.. 
ambulate  (am'bu-lat),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  am- 
bulated, ppr.  ambulating.  [<  L.  ambulatus,  pp. 
of  ambulare,  walk,  go  about,  perhaps  for  *am- 
bibulare,  <  *ambibulus,  <  ambi-,  about  (see  ambi-), 
+  *-bulus,  perhaps  connected  with  bitere,  betere, 
go:  see  arbiter.  The  older  E.  form  is  amble, 
q.  v.]  To  walk  or  move  about,  or  from  place 
to  place. 

Now  Morpheus  .  .  . 

Amused  with  dreams  man's  ambulatiru/  soul. 

I)r.  Wulcot  (Peter  Pindar). 

ambulation  (am-bu-la'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ambula- 
tio(n-),  <.  ambulai'e,  walk:  see  ambulate.]  The 
act  of  ambulating  or  walking  about. 

ambulative  (am'bii-la-tiv),  a.  [<  ambulate  + 
-ivc.]  Having  a  tendency  to  walk  or  advance; 
walking.  [Rare.] 

ambulator  (am'bii-la-tor),  n.    [L.,  a  walker, 

lounger,  peddler,  <  ambulare,  walk:  see  ambu- 
late.] 1.  One  who  walks  about. —  2.  An  odom- 
eter (which  see). —  3.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  original  form  of  the  velocipede.  See 

velocipede. 

Ambulatores  (am"bii-la-t6'rez),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
pi.  of  L.  ambulator:  see  ambulator.]  1.  In 
Sundevall's  classification  of  birds,  a  group  of 
corvine  birds.  Also  called  Carviformes  and  Coli- 
omarphm. —  2t.  Illiger's  name  (1811)  of  a  group 
of  birds  inexactly  equivalent  to  Insessores,  or 
to  the  Linnean  Passeres. 

ambulatorial  (am^bu-la-tc'ri-al),  a.    [<  L.  am- 
bulatorius  +  -al.]  Ambulatory, 
ambulatory  (am'bii-la-to-ri),  a.  and  n.    [<  L. 

ambulatorius,  <  ambulator :  see  ambulator.]  I. 
a.  1.  Having  the  power  or  faculty  of  walking ; 
formed  or  adapted  for  walking:  as,  an  ambula- 
tory &m.m&\.  Specifically— (a)  In  omith.,  gressorial: 
opposed  to  saltatory,  saltatorial,  or  leaping,  and  applied 
to  the  feet  or  gait  of  certain  birds  or  to  the  birds  them- 
selves ;  most  frequently  to  the  mode  of  progression  by 
moving  the  feet  one  after  the  other,  instead  of  both  to- 
gether. As  applied  to  the  structure  of  the  feet,  amlnda- 
tory  is  sometimes  opposed  to  scansorial,  that  is,  to  the 
zygodactyl  modification  of  the  feet.  (6)  In  crustaceans, 
insects,  etc.,  performing  the  office  of  locomotion  :  applied 
to  those  legs  or  feet  of  an  animal  by  means  of  which  it 
walks,  as  distinguished  from  those  limbs  which  are  mod- 
ified, as  swimmerets,  chelipeds,  or  maxiUipeds.  See  cut 
under  endopodite. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  walk;  happening  or  ob- 
tained during  a  walk.  [Rare.] 

The  princes  of  whom  his  majesty  had  an  ambulatory 
view  in  his  travels.  Wotton. 

3.  Accustomed  to  move  from  place  to  place ; 
not  stationary :  as,  an  ambulatory  court. 

The  priesthood  .  .  .  before  was  very  ambulatory,  and 
dispersed  into  all  families.  Jer.  Taylor. 

He  had  been,  I  imagine,  an  ambulatory  quack  doctor, 
for  there  was  no  town  in  England,  nor  any  country  in 
Europe,  of  which  he  could  not  give  a  very  particular  ac- 
count. Franklin,  Autobiog.,  p.  37. 

4.  In  law,  not  fixed;  capable  of  being  al- 
tered :  as,  a  will  is  ambulatory  imtil  the  death 
of  the  testator ;  the  return  of  a  sheriff  is  am- 
bulatory until  it  is  Gled. —  5.  In  wed. :  (a)  Shift- 
ing ;  ambulant :  applied  to  certain  morbid  af- 
fections when  they  skip  or  shift  from  one  place 
to  another.  (&)  Permitting  the  patient  to  be 
about :  applied  to  typhoid  fever  when  it  does 
not  compel  the  patient  to  take  to  his  bed. 

II.  n. ;  pi.  ambulatories  (-riz).  Any  part  of  a 
building  intended  for  walldng,  as  the  aisles  of 
a  church,  particularly  those  surroimding  the 
choir  and  apse,  or  the  cloisters  of  a  monastery ; 
any  portico  or  corridor. 

The  inscription  upon  Wilson's  gravestone  in  the  eastern 
ambulatory  of  the  little  cloisters  of  Westminster  Abbey  is 
now  very  much  effaced.  N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  X.  455. 

A  broad  ambulatory  extends  round  the  south  and  east 
ends  of  the  church.   J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  230. 

ambulet  (am'biil),  v.  i.  [<  L.  ambulare:  see 
amble  and  ambulate.]  To  move  fi-om  place  to 
place. 

ambulomancy  (am'bi"i-lo-man"si),  n.  [<  L. 
ambulare,  walk  (see  ambulate),  +  Gr.  /lavreia, 
divination.]    Divination  by  walking.  [Rare.] 

amburbial  (am-ber'bi-al),  a.  [<  L.  amburbialis, 
only  in  amburbiales  hostiw,  the  \'ictuns  for  cer- 
tain sacrifices,  which  were  led  aroimd  the  city 
of  Rome,  <  a/mb-  for  ambi-,  around  (see  ambi-), 


amburbial 

+  urbs,  city:  see  urbaii.1  Encompassing  or 
surrounding  a  city.  [Bare.] 

ambury  (am'be-ri),  n.    Same  as  anbury. 

ambuscade  (am-bus-kad'),  n.  [Formerly  also 
imbuscade  (and,  after  Sp.  or  It.,  ambuscado, 
emboscata,  imboscata),  <  F.  embuscade,  <  It.  im- 
boscata=:Sp.  Pg.  cmboscada  =  OF.  embuchcc,  < 
ML.  *imboscata,  an  ambush,  prop.  pp.  fern,  of 
imboscare,  set  in  ambush:  see  ambush,  v.']  1.  A 
lying  in  wait  and  concealment  for  the  purpose 
of  attacking  by  surprise ;  an  ambush. 


To  draw  you  into  the  palpable  ambuscade  of  his  ready- 
made  joke. 

Sheridan,  quot.  by  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  II.  317. 
Till  the  great  plover's  human  whistle  amazed 
Her  heart,  and  glancing  round  the  waste  she  fear'd 
In  every  wavering  brake  an  ambttscade. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

2.  A  secret  station  in  which  troops  lie  con- 
cealed with  a  \iew  to  attacking  suddenly  and 
by  surprise;  an  ambush.— 3.  A  body  of  troops 
lying  in  ambush. 

ambuscade  (am-bus-kad'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

ambuscaded,  ppr.  ambuscading.  [<  ambuscade, 
«.]  I.  trans.  To  attack  from  a  concealed  posi- 
tion. 

II.  intrans.  To  lie  in  ambush:  as,  "ambus- 
cading ways,"  Carlyle,  Sart.  Eesart.,  ii.  4. 
ambuscado  (am-bus-ka'do),  n.  [See  ambuscade, 
Ji.]    An  ambuscade. 

They  were  adroit  in  executing  a  thousand  stratagems, 
ambuscadoes,  and  evolutions.       Irving,  Granada,  p.  440. 

ambuscadot  (am-bus-ka'do),  V.  t.  [<  ambusca- 
do, n.~\  To  post  in  ambush.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 
ambush  (am'bush),  V.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
embush,  <  ME.  embusslien,  enbusshen,  enbuschen, 
enbussen  (also  abuschen,  abussen,  and  by  apher- 
esis  busse,  early  mod.  E.  bush),  <  OF.  enbmcher, 
embuscher,  embuissier,  later  cmbuchcr  (mod.  F. 
embusquer,  after  Sp.  or  It.)  =  Sp.  Pg.  emboscar 
=  It.  imboscare,  <  ML.  emboscare,  prop,  imbos- 
care, set  in  ambush,  <  L.  in,  in,  +  ML.  boscus, 
■wood,  bush:  see  bush'^,  and  cf.  ambuscade.']  I. 
trans.  1.  To  post  or  place  in  concealment  for 
the  pui-pose  of  attaekiug  by  sm-prise. 

The  subtil  Tui'k,  having  ambushed  a  thousand  horse 
.  .  .  charged  the  Persians.    Sir  T.  Herbert,  I'rav.,  p.  281.' 

It  seemed  as  if  his  placid  old  face  were  only  a  mask  be- 
hind which  a  merry  Cupid  had  ambushed  himself,  peepinc 
out  all  the  while.  Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  8;° 

2.  To  ambuscade ;  waylay ;  attack  unexpected- 
ly and  from  a  hidden  position. 

The  Tekk6  warriors  outside,  however,  got  notice  of  the 
intended  visit,  and  ambushed  their  Kuchan  invaders  so 
successfully  that  not  a  man  escaped,  sixty  being  killed 
aud  forty  made  prisoners.  O'Donovan,  Merv,  xiv. 

II,  intrans.  To  lie  in  wait  for  the  purpose  of 
attacking  by  surprise.  [Rare.] 

The  .  .  .  snake  tliat  ambush'd  for  his  prey. 

John  Trumbull,  tr.  of  Georgics,  iv. 

ambush  (am'bush),  n.  [<  late  ME.  ambushe, 
enbusshe,  <  OF.  embusche,  cmbosche,  F.  embuche; 
from  the  verb.]  1.  The  act  or  state  of  lying 
concealed  for  the  purpose  of  attacking  by  sur- 
prise ;  a  lying  in  wait ;  the  act  of  attacking  im- 
expeetedly  from  a  concealed  position. 

Heaven,  whose  high  walls  fear  no  assault,  or  siege, 
Or  ambush  from  the  deep.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  344. 

An  ambush  is  neither  an  "  attack  "  nor  a  "surprise,"  in 
military  language ;  it  is  something  more  sudden  and  un- 
expected than  either.  Farrow,  Mil.  Encyc,  p.  42. 

2.  A  secret  or  concealed  station  where  troops 
lie  in  wait  to  attack  unawares. 

The  enemy,  intending  to  draw  the  English  further  into 
their  ambush,  tm-ned  away  at  an  easy  pace. 

Sir  J,  Hayward. 

3.  The  troops  posted  in  a  concealed  place  for 
attacking  by  surprise.  [Rare.] 

And  the  ambush  arose  quickly  out  of  their  place. 

Josh.  viii.  19. 

ambushment  (am'bush-ment),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also '  embushment  and"  imbushment,  <  ME. 
cmbusshement,  enbussement,  <  OF.  embuschement 
(F.  embuchement),  <  ML.  imboscamentum,  <  im- 
boscare, >  OF.  embuscher,  set  in  ambush:  see 
ambush  and  -ment.]  An  ambush,  in  any  of  its 
senses ;  the  act  or  method  of  forming  an  am- 
bush. 

But  Jeroboam  caused  an  ambushment  to  come  about  be- 
hind them.  2  Chron.  xiii.  13. 

For  his  opponents  then  to  skulk,  to  lay  aynbushments, 
to  keep  a  narrow  bridge  of  licencing  where  the  challenger 
should  passe,  though  it  be  valour  anough  in  souldiership, 
is  but  weaknes  and  cowardise  in  the  wars  of  Truth. 

Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  62. 
In  ambushment  lie 
Until  I  come  or  send  for  you  myself. 

Greene,  Alphonsus,  ii. 


172 

A  wolf  is  a  beast  that  is  apt  to  hover  about  in  Indian 
ambushment,  craving  the  offals  of  the  deer  the  savages 
l^'"-  Cooper,  Last  of  the  Mohicans,  v. 

ambustiont  (am-bus'tion),  n.  [<  L.  ambus- 
iio{n-),  a  burn,  <  ambtircre,  pp.  ambustus,  burn, 
consume,  lit.  burn  around,  scorch,  <  amb-,  am- 
bi-,  aroimd  (see  ambi-),  +  urere,  bui-n :  see  adnre. 
Cf.  combustion.']  A  burn  or  scald.  Cockeram. 
ameba,  amebean,  etc.  See  amwba,  etc. 
ameer,  amir  (a-mer'),  n.  [Also  written,  as  a 
historical  Saracen  title,  emir,  q.  v. ;  Pers.  Hind. 
amir,  <  Ax.  amir,  a  commander,  ruler,  chief,  no- 
bleman, prince,  <  amara  =  Chal.  a>w«r  =  Heb. 
amar,  tell,  order,  command.  The  same  word 
occurs  in  amiral,  now  admiral,  q.  v.]  A  prince, 
lord,  or  nobleman;  a  chief,  governor,  or  one 
having  command ;  specifically,  the  title  of  the 
domiaant  ruler  of  Afghanistan, 
ameership,  amirship  (a-mer'ship), «.  [<  ameer 
+  -ship.]    The  office  or  dignity  of  ameer. 

Tlie  faithful  ally  of  England,  owing  his  amirship  to  her 
armies.  The  American,  IV.  277. 

Ameiva  (a-mi'va),  w.  [NL.,  from  a  native 
name.]  A  genus  of  small,  inoffensive  lizards, 
the  type  of  the  family  Am^ivida,  order  Lacerti- 
lia.  They  are  rather  pretty  animals,  witli  a  long  whip-like 
tail,  and  peculiarly  elongated  toes  on  the  hind  feet.  The 
tail  is  covered  with  a  series  of  scales  arranged  in  rings, 
the  ventral  shields  are  broad  and  smooth,  the  teeth  are 
trilobate  and  compressed,  and  tlie  feet  are'5-toed.  The 
general  color  is  dark  olive  speckled  with  black  on  the 
nape  of  the  neck;  on  the  sides  are  rows  or  bands  of 
wlute  spots  edged  with  black.  There  are  many  species, 
occurring  from  Patagonia  to  California  and  Pennsylvania. 
Tlie  abundant  A.  dorsalis  of  Jamaica  is  a  characteristic 
example. 

Ameividae  (a-mi'vi-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ameiva 
+  -ida'.]  A  family  of  lizards,  of  the  division 
Fissilinguia  of  the  order  Lacertilia,  named  from 
the  genus  Ameiva,  peculiar  to  America.   The  old 

name  Teidw,  or  Tciida',  is  an  inexact  synonym.  The  prin- 
cipal genera  are  Teius,  Ameim,  and  Crocodilurus.  Tlie 
teguexiii  monitor,  Teius  teguexin,  is  a  characteristic  and 
well-known  species, 
amelt  (am'el),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ammel, 
ammell  (rwelj  esmaijlc,  after  MF.),  <  ME.  amell, 
amelle,amaU,amnayl,<AF.  *amal,  *amail,  OF. 
esmal,  esmail,  later  email,  mod.  F.  mnail  =  Pr. 
csmaut,  esmalt  =  Sp.  Pg.  esmalte  =  It.  smalto,  < 
ML.  smaltum,  enamel,  prob.  <  Teut.  *smalt,  any- 
thing melted,  OHG.  MHG.  smat,  G.  schmalz 
=  OD.  smalt,  melted  grease  or  butter,  <  Teut. 
*smeltan,  OHG.  smelsan,  MHG.  smelsen,  G. 
schmelsen  =  AS.  *smeltan  =  Sw.  smdlta  =  Dan. 
smelte,  melt,  dissolve :  see  smelt^.  In  mod.  use 
only  in  comp.  enamel,  q.  v.]  Enamel  (which 
see). 

Heav'ns  richest  diamonds,  set  on  ariimel  white. 

P.  Fletcher,  Purple  Island,  x. 
Gardens  of  delight 
Whose  ammell  beds  perfume  the  skie. 

W.  Lisle,  tr.  of  Bu  Bartas,  i.  34.    (N.  E.  D.) 

amelt  (am'el),  V.  t.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  am- 
ende, ammell,  <  ME.  amelen,  amilen;  from  the 
noun.]    To  enamel. 
I  ammell  as  a  goldesmythe  dothe  his  worke. 

Palsgrave,  p.  425.    (N.  E.  D.) 

amel-corn  (am'el-kom),  n.  [Formerly  also 
amell-com,  amil-corn;  <  G.  amclJcorn  (or  D.  amel- 
Jcoren),  <  MHG.  amel,  amer,  OHG.  amar,  amel- 
eom  (later  associated,  as  in  G.  amelmehl,  D. 
ameldonk,  starch,  with  L.  amylum,  starch:  see 
amyn),  +  Jcorn  =  D.  koren  =  E.  conii.]  The 
seeds  of  a  grass,  Triticum  dicoccum,  resembling 
spelt,  but  bearing  only  two  grains  in  the  head, 
cultivated  in  Switzerland  for  the  manufacture 
of  starch. 

ameledt  (am'eld),  p.  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
ammeled,  ammelled,  <  ME.  ameled,  amiled :  pp. 
of  amel,  v.]  Enameled. 

Achilles'  arms,  enlightened  all  with  stars. 
And  richly  amell'd.  Chapman,  Iliad,  xvi.  123. 

ameletf,  n.    [<  OF.  amelette,  mod.  omelette :  see 
omelet.]    A  fonner  spelling  of  omelet. 
ameli,  n.    Plural  of  amelus. 
amelia  (a-mel'i-a),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
idloQ,  a  limb.]   "In  teratol.,  absence  of  limbs. 
See  amelus. 

ameliorable  (a-me'lyo-ra-bl),  a.    [<  ML.  as  if 

*amcliorabilis,  <  ameUor'dre :  see  ameliorate.] 
Capable  of  being  ameliorated, 
ameliorate  (a  -me'lyo-rat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
ameliorated,  ppr.  ameliorating.  [<  ML.  amelio- 
ratus,  pp.  of  ameliorare  (>  OF.  ameillorer,  F. 
ameliorer  =  Pr.  amilorar  =  It.  ammigliorare), 
become  better,  improve,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  LL.  me- 
liorare,  make  better,  meliorate:  see  meliorate.] 
I.  trans.  To  make  better,  or  more  tolerable, 
satisfactory,  prosperous,  etc. ;  improve;  melio- 
rate. 


amen 

In  every  human  being  there  is  a  wish  to  ameliorate  his 
own  condition.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

Let  it  be  sufficient  that  you  have  in  some  slight  degree 
ameliorated  mankind,  and  do  not  think  that  amelioration 
a  matter  of  small  importance. 

Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  266. 
=  Syil.  Amend,  Improve,  Better,  etc.    See  ameml. 
II.  intrans.  To  grow  better ;  meliorate. 
[Man]  may  have  been  temporarily  driven  out  of  the 
country  (southern  England]  by  the  returning  cold  periods 
but  would  find  his  way  back  as  the  climate  ameliorated.  ' 

Geikie,  Geol.  Sketches,  p.  45. 

amelioration  (a-me-lyo-ra'shon),  «.  [=F. 
amelioration;  from  the  verb.]  "l.  The  act  of 
ameliorating,  or  the  state  of  being  ameliorated ; 
a  making  or  becoming  better;  improvement; 
melioration. 

Remark  the  unceasing  effort  throughout  nature  at 
somewhat  better  than  the  actual  creatures :  amelioration 
111  nature,  which  alone  permits  and  authorizes  ameliora- 
tion in  mankirrd.  Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  298. 

The  October  politician  is  so  full  of  charity  and  good- 
nature, that  he  supposes  that  these  very  robbers  and  mur- 
derers themselves  are  in  coui-se  of  amelioration. 

Burke,  A  Regicide  Peace. 
2.  A  thing  wherein  improvement  is  realized ; 
an  improvement,    N.  E.  D. 

The  buildings,  drains,  enclosures,  and  other  ameliora- 
tions wliicli  they  may  either  make  or  maintain. 

Adam  Smith,  Wealth  of  Nations  (ed.  1869),  p.  248. 

ameliorative  (a-me'lyo-ra-tiv),  a.  [<  amelio- 
rate +  -ive.]  Producing,  or  having  a  tendency 
to  produce,  amelioration  or  amendment:  as, 
ameliorative  medicines, 
ameliorator  (a-me'lyo-ra-tor),  n.  [<  amelio- 
rate +  -or.]  One  who  or  that  which  amelio- 
rates. 

Our  indefatigable  naturalist  [Darwin]  says  that  this  de- 
spised eai-th-worm  is  nothing  less  than  an  ameliorator  on 
the  surface  of  the  globe.  Pop.  Sei.  Mo.,  XX.  399. 

amelus  (am'e-lus),  n. ;  pi.  ameli  (-li).  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  a-  priv.  +  /^tAog,  a  limb.  Cf.  amelia.]  In 
teratol.,  a  monster  in  which  the  limbs  are  en- 
tirely wanting,  or  are  replaced  by  wart-like 
stumps. 

amen  (a'men',  in  ritual  speech  often  and  in 
singing  always  ii'men'),  adv.  or  interj.  and  n. 
[<  ME.  amen,  AS.  amen  =  D.  G.  Sw.  Dan.  amen 
=  F.  Sp.  Pg.  amen  =  It.  amen,  animenne,  <  LL. 
amen,  Gr.  ajiTjv,  <  Heb.  amen,  firm,  true,  faithful; 
as  a  notm,  certainty,  truth;  as  an  adv.,  cer- 
tainly, verily,  surely,  in  affirmation  or  approval 
of  what  has  been  said  by  another;  <  aman, 
strengthen,  support,  confirm;  cf.  Ar.  dmin, 
trusted,  confided  in.]  I.  adv.  or  interj.  1. 
Verily;  truly:  retained  in  the  Bible  from  the 
original. 

All  the  promises  of  God  in  him  [Christ]  are  yea,  and  in 
him  Amen.  2  Cor.  i.  20. 

The  reader  may  see  great  reason  why  we  also  say  Amen, 
Amen,  and  durst  not  translate  it. 

Rheims  N.  T.,  John  viii.  34,  note. 

Amen,  Amen,  I  say  to  thee.  Except  a  man  be  born  again, 
he  cannot  see  the  kingdom  of  God. 

Rheims  N.  T.,  John  iii.  2. 

2.  It  is  so ;  after  a  prayer  or  wish,  be  it  so :  a 
concluding  formula  used  as  a  solemn  expres- 
sion of  concurrence  in  a  formal  statement  or 
confession  of  faith,  or  in  a  prayer  or  wish. 

I  believe  in  the  Holy  Ghost ;  the  holy  Catholic  Church ; 
the  communion  of  saints  ;  tlie  forgiveness  of  sins ;  the  res- 
urrection of  the  body ;  and  the  life  everlasting.  Amen. 

Apostles'  Creed. 

One  cried  "God  bless  us!  "and 'Mmen,"  the  other.  .  .  . 
But  wherefore  could  not  I  pronounce  amen? 
I  had  most  need  of  blessing,  and  arnen 
Stuck  in  my  throat.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  2. 

3.  A  mere  concluding  formula. 

And  were  continually  in  the  temple,  praising  and  bless- 
ing God.    Amen.  Luke  xxiv.  53  (end  of  the  book). 

II.  n.  1.  He  who  is  true  and  faithful:  re- 
tained in  the  Bible  from  the  original,  as  a  title 
of  Christ. 

These  things  saith  the  Amen,  the  faithful  and  true  wit- 
ness. Rev.  iii.  14. 

2.  -An  expression  of  concurrence  or  assent ;  an 
assertion  of  belief. 

False  doctrine  strangled  by  its  own  amen. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Casa  Guidi  Windows,  1.  119. 


3.  The  concluding  word  or  act;  end;  conclu- 
sion. 

That  such  an  act  as  this  should  be  the  amen  of  my  life. 

Bp.  Hall,  Contemplations,  II.  95. 
amen  (a'men'),  i:  t.    [<  amen,  adv.]    1.  To 
ratify  solemnly;  say  amen  to;  approve. 

Is  there  a  bishop  on  the  bench  that  has  not  amend  the 
humbug  in  his  lawn  sleeves,  and  called  a  blessing  over  the 
kneeling  pair  of  perjurers?     Thackeray,  Newcomes,  ML 


amen 

2.  To  say  the  last  word  to  ;  end ;  finish. 
This  very  evening  have  I  amen'd  the  volume. 

Southey,  Letters  (1812),  II.  281. 

[Bare  in  both  uses.] 
amenability  (a-me-na-bil'i-ti),  n.    [<  amena- 
Me:  see -bilitij.']  Amenabieness. 

There  was  about  him  a  high  spirit  and  amenability  to 
the  point  of  lionor  which  years  of  a  dog's  life  had  not 
broken.  B.  II.  Daiia,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  237. 

amenable  (a-me'na-bl),  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  ameanable,  amainable,  and  corruptly  ames- 
nable,  <  F.  as  if  *amenable,  <  amener,  bring  or 
lead,  fetch  in  or  to:  see  amairfi  and  -able.']  1. 
Liable  to  make  answer  or  defense ;  answerable ; 
accountable ;  responsible :  said  of  persons. 

The  sovereign  of  this  country  is  not  rt?7(eria6Je  to  any  form 
of  trial  known  to  the  laws.         Junius,  Pref.  to  Letters. 

We  must  hold  a  man  amenable  to  reason  for  the  choice 
of  his  daily  craft  or  profession.   Emerson,  Spiritual  Laws. 

2,  Under  subjection  or  subordination;  liable 
or  exposed,  as  to  authority,  control,  claim,  or 
application:  said  of  persons  or  things :  as,  per- 
sons or  offenses  amenable  to  the  law;  amenable 
to  criticism. 

The  same  witness  ...  is  amenable  to  the  same  imputa- 
tion of  uncandid  .  .  .  quotation. 

E.  Mellor,  Priesthood,  p.  312.  (iV.  E.  D.) 

3.  Disposed  or  ready  to  answer,  yield,  or  sub- 
mit, as  to  influence  or  advice ;  submissive. 

sterling  .  .  .  always  was  amenable  enough  to  counsel. 

Carlyle. 

amenabieness  (a-me'na-bl-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  amenable ;  liability  to  answer ;  dispo- 
sition to  respond  to ;  traetableness. 

amenably  (a-me'na-bli),  adv.  In  an  amenable 
manner. 

amenaget,  v.  t.  [<  OF.  amenager,  earlier  ames- 
nagier,  govern,  rule,  order,  <  a  (L.  ad,  to)  + 
menage,  mesnage,  F.  menage,  household:  see 
manage.']  To  bring  into  a  state  of  subordina- 
tion; manage. 

With  her,  whoso  will  raging  Furor  tame. 
Must  first  begin,  and  well  her  amenage. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iv.  11. 

amenancet,  n.  [<  OF.  amenance,  conducting,  < 
amener,  bring  or  lead  to,  conduct :  see  amenable 
and  amain^.]  Mien  or  carriage ;  conduct;  be- 
havior. 

With  grave  speech  and  comely  amenance. 

P.  Fletcher,  Pui'ple  Island,  xi.  9. 

amend  (a-mend'),  V.  [<  ME.  amenden,  <  OF. 
amender,  correct,  amend,  better,  recompense, 
make  amends  for,  mod.  F.  amender  =  Pr.  eme)i- 
dar  =  It.  ammendare,  <  L.  emenddre,  free  from 
fault,  eoiTeet,  <  e  for  ex,  out  of,  +  menda  or  men- 
dum,  a  fault,  defect,  blemish  (in  the  body),  a 
fault,  mistake,  error  (in  writing,  etc.),  =  Skt. 
mindd,  a  personal  defect,  prob.  connected  with 
L.  minor,  less:  see  minor,  minish,  etc.  Abbr. 
mend;  doublet,  emend,  directly  from  the  L. :  see 
mend,  emend.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  free  from  faults ; 
make  better,  or  more  correct  or  proper ;  change 
for  the  better ;  correct ;  improve ;  reform. 

AmcTid  your  ways  and  your  doings,  and  I  will  cause  you 
to  dwell  in  this  place.  Jer.  vii.  3. 

Thou  hearest  thy  faults  told  thee,  amend  them,  amend 
them.  Latimer,  Sermon  of  the  Plough. 

It  does  not  require  much  prescience  to  see  that,  whether 
■England  does  so  or  not,  the  Americans  will  ere  long  adopt 
an  amended  speDing. 

J.  A.  H.  Murray,  9th  Ann.  Addr.  to  PhUoL  Soc. 

2.  To  make  a  change  or  changes  in  the  form 
of,  as  a  bill  or  motion,  or  a  constitution ; 
properly,  to  improve  in  expression  or  detail, 
laut  by  usage  to  alter  either  in  construction, 
purport,  or  principle. — 3.  To  repair;  mend. 
[Now  rare.]  — 4t.  To  heal  or  recover  (the  sick) ; 
cure  (a  disease).  =  syn.  Amend,  Impi  ■ove.  Better, 
Emend,  Mend,  Correct,  Rectify,  Reform,  Ameliorate. 
Amend  is  generally  to  bring  into  a  more  perfect  state  by 
the  removal  of  defects:  as,  to  amend  a  record  or  one's 
manner  of  life.  Improve  and  better  are  the  only  words 
in  the  list  that  do  not  necessarily  imply  something  previ- 
ously -vvrong;  they  may  mean  the  heightening  of  excel- 
lence :  as,  to  improve  land  or  one's  penmanship.  Better 
is  also  used  in  the  sense  of  surpass.  Correct  and  rectify 
are,  by  derivation,  to  make  right;  they  are  the  most  abso- 
lute, as  denoting  the  bringing  of  a  thing  from  an  imper- 
fect state  into  conformity  with  some  standard  or  rule : 
as,  to  correct  proof;  to  rectify  an  error  in  accounts.  To 
meiid  is  to  repair  or  restore  that  which  has  become  im- 
paired :  as,  to  mend  a  shoe,  a  bridge,  etc.  Applied  to  things 
other  than  physical,  it  mav  be  equivalent  to  ameml:  as, 
to  mend  one's  manners.  Emend  has  especially  the  lim- 
ited meaning  of  restoring  or  attempting  to  restore  the 
text  of  books.  Reform  is  to  form  over  again  for  the  bet- 
ter, either  by  returning  the  thing  to  its  previous  state  or 
by  bringing  it  up  to  a  new  one ;  or  it  may  be  to  remove 
by  reform :  as,  to  reform  the  laws ;  to  reform  abuses. 
Aineliorate  is  not  commonly  applied  to  persons  and  things, 
out  to  condition  and  kindred  abstractions;  it  expresses 
pamstaking  effort  followed  by  some  measure  of  success: 
as,  to  ameliorate  the  condition  of  the  poor. 


173 

She  begged  him  forthwith  to  amend  his  ways,  for  the 
sake  of  his  name  and  fame. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  III.  386. 
The  weeds  of  a  field,  which  if  destroyed  and  consumed 
upon  the  place  wliere  they  grow,  enrich  and  improve  it 
more  than  if  none  had  ever  sprung  there.  Swift. 
Striving  to  better,  oft  we  mar  what's  well. 

Shale.,  Lear,  4. 

The  villainy  you  teach  me  I  will  execute,  and  it  shall  go 
hard  but  I  will  better  the  instructions. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  1. 
The  text  should  be  emended  so  as  to  read  "tetragonus 
sine  vituperio,"  a  square  without  a  fault,  which  I  have  no 
doubt  may  be  found  in  some  Latin  Aristotle. 

N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  I.  65. 
He  that  lacks  time  to  mourn  lacks  time  to  mend; 
Eternity  mourns  that. 

Sir  H.  Taylor,  Pliilip  Van  Artevelde,  I.,  i.  4. 
There  are  certain  defects  of  taste  which  correct  them- 


ament 

terms  of  a  motion  under  discussion.  Any  such  al- 
teration is  termed  an  amendment,  even  when  its  effect  is 
entirely  to  reverse  the  sense  of  the  original  bill  or  mo- 
tion. 

4.  An  alteration  of  a  legislative  or  deliberative 
act  or  in  a  constitution;  a  change  made  in  a 
law,  either  by  way  of  correction  or  addition. 

Amendments  to  tlie  (,'oiistitution  of  the  United  States  may 
be  proposed  by  a  majority  of  two  thirds  of  botli  houses  of 
Congress,  or  by  a  convention  summoned  by  Congress  on 
the  application  of  the  legislatures  of  two  thirds  of  the 
States,  and  enacted  by  tlieir  ratification  by  the  legisla- 
tures of  three  fourths  of  tlie  States,  or  by  conventions  in 
three  fourths  of  them,  as  Congiess  may  determine. 

5.  In  law,  the  correction  of  an  error  in  a  writ, 
record,  or  other  judicial  document. — 6t.  Com- 
pensation; reparation.  C/iawccr,  Reeve's  Tale. 
=  Syn.  1.  Emendation,  betterment. — 2.  Reform,  etc.  See 
reformation. 


selves  by  theU-  own  g,^,^  amendment-monger  (a-mend'ment  -mung"- 

ger),  n.  One  who  makes  a  busmess  of  suggest- 
ing and  urging  constitutional  amendments:  a 
term  especially  applied  in  United  States  history 
to  the  Anti-Federalists. 

amends  (a-mendz'),  n.  pi.     [<  ME.  amendes, 
amendis,  always  in  plural,  <  OF.  amendes,  pi.  or 


Reform'd  my  will,  and  rectify'd  my  thought. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Introd.  to  Immortal,  of  Soul. 
Some  men,  from  a  false  persuasion  that  they  cannot  re- 
form, their  lives  and  root  out  their  old  vicious  habits, 
never  so  much  as  attempt,  endeavour,  or  go  about  it. 

South. 

It  is  a  cheering  thought  throughout  life,  that  something 
can  he  done  to  ameliorate  the  condition  of  those  who  have 
been  subject  to  the  hard  usages  of  the  world. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  470. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  grow  or  become  better  by 
reformation,  or  by  rectifying  something  vreong 
in  manners  or  morals. 

Anything  that's  mended  is  but  patched:  virtue  that 
transgresses  is  but  patched  with  sin ;  and  sin  that  amends 
is  but  patched  with  virtue.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  5. 

2.  To  become  better  (in  health) ;  recover  from 
illness. 


amende,  a  penalty,  a  fine,  mulct,  mod.  F.  amende 
(ML.  amenda),  <  amender:  see  amend,  v.]  1. 
Compensation  for  a  loss  or  injury ;  recompense ; 
satisfaction ;  equivalent. 

Yet  thus  far  fortune  maketh  us  amends. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  7. 
Finding  amends  for  want  and  obscurity  in  hooks  and 
thoughts.  Emerson,  Burns. 

2t.  Eecovery  of  health ;  amendment. 

Now,  Lord  be  thanked  for  my  good  amends  ! 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,2. 


Then  enquired  he  of  them  the  hour  when  he  began  to  j  ^  i,  ,  j  ^^.-ix        r/  j    i       ?  -i 

mend.    And  they  said  unto  him,  Yesterday  at  the  sev-  amendSIUlt  (a-mendz  ful),  a.    [<  amends  +  -ful.] 
  Tvr_i__  n      giving  satisfaction.  Cliap- 


Making  amends ; 
man. 

amene  (a-men'),  a.  [<  ME.  amene,  <  OF.  *amene 
(in  adv.  amenement),  <  L.  amcenus,  pleasant, 
connected  with  amare,  love:  see  amiable,  amor, 
amour.]    Pleasant ;  agreeable.  [Rare.] 

The  amene  delta  of  the  lovely  Kiger. 

R.  F.  Burton,  Abbeokuta,  I.  i. 

amenity  (a-men'i-ti),  n.;  pi.  amenities  (-tiz). 
[<  F.  amenite,<.  'L."amoenita{t-)s,<.  amcenus,  pleas- 
ant: see  amene.]  1.  The  quality  of  being 
pleasant  or  agreeable  in  situation,  prospect, 
climate,  temper,  disposition,  manners,  etc. ; 
pleasantness;  pleasingness ;  an  affable  manner. 

After  .  .  .  discovering  places  which  were  so  full  of 
amenity  that  melancholy  itself  could  not  but  change  its 
humor  as  it  gazed,  the  followers  of  Calvin  planted  them- 
selves on  the  banks  of  the  river  May. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  XJ.  S.,  I.  55. 
Roman  childishness  seems  to  me  so  intuitively  connected 
with  Roman  amenity,  urbanity,  and  general  gracefulness, 
that,  for  myself,  I  should  be  sorry  to  lay  a  tax  on  it,  lest 
these  other  commodities  should  also  cease  to  come  to 
market.  H.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  115. 

2.  That  which  is  agreeable  or  pleasing. 

The  suburbs  are  large,  the  prospects  sweete,  ^vith  other 
amenities,  not  omitting  the  flower  gardens. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  17,  1671. 
Amenity  damages,  in  Great  Britain,  damages  given  for 
the  defacement  of  grounds,  especially  around  dwelling- 
houses,  or  for  annoyance  or  loss  of  amenity,  caused  by  the 
building  of  a  railway,  construction  of  public  works,  etc. 


euth  hour  the  fever  left  him.  "  John  iv.  52. 

amend  (a-mend'),  n.  [Sing,  of  amends,  q.  v.] 
Compensation:  generally  used  in  the  plural. 
See  amends. 

And  so  to  Finland's  sorrow 
The  sweet  amend  is  made. 

Whittier,  Conquest  of  Finland, 
amendable  (a-men'da-bl),  a.  [<  ME.  amend- 
able, <  OF.  amendable',  <  L.  emenddbilis,  <  emen- 
dare,  correct:  see  amend,  v.,  and  cf.  emendable.] 
Capable  of  being  amended  or  corrected:  as,  an 
amendable  writ  or  error, 
amendatory  (a-men'da-to-ri),  a.  [<.  amend  + 
-at-ortj,  like  einendatori/,  <  LL.  emendatorius, 
corrective.]  Supplying  or  containing  amend- 
ment; corrective. 

I  presume  this  is  an  omission  by  mere  oversight,  and  I 
recommend  that  it  he  supplied  by  an  amendatory  or  sup- 
plemental act.  Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  184. 

amende  (a-mend';  F.  pron.  a-moiid'),  n.  [F., 
a  fine,  a  penalty,  amends:  see  amends.]  1.  A 
pecuniary  punishment  or  fine. — 2.  A  recanta- 
tion or  reparation — Amende  honorable,  in  anc. 
French  law,  a  public  confession  and  apology  made,  under 
certain  humiliating  conditions,  by  persons  convicted  of 
offenses  against  law,  morality,  or  religion.  It  is  thus  de- 
fined by  Cotgrave  :  "A  most  ignominious  punishment  in- 
fiicted  upon  an  extream  offender,  who  must  go  tlu'ough 
the  streets  barefoot  and  bareheaded  (with  a  biirning  link 
in  his  hand)  unto  the  seat  of  justice,  or  some  such  publick 
place,  and  there  confess  his  offence,  and  ask  forgiveness  of 
the  party  he  hath  \vronged."  It  was  abolished  in  1791,  re- 
introduced in  cases  of  sacrilege  in  1826,  and  finally  abro-    -  •-  ,  '         .  -_7.'.,-' 

gated  in  1830.  The  phrase  now  signifies  any  open  apology  amenorrnca,  amenorrncea  (a-men-9-re  a),  n. 
and  reparation  to  an  injured  person  for  improper  language  [NL.  amenorrhoea,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  fifyp,  month 
or  treatment.  (pi.  ^^Ef,  menses),  +  poia,  a  flow,  <  pelv,  flow.] 

She  was  condemned  to  make  the  amende  honorable,  that    A  suppression  of  menses,  especially  from  Other 
IS,  to  confess  her  delmquency,  at  the  end  of  a  public  re-    panoiT than  ao-e  cv  -nT-PcmanPv 
ligious  procession,  with  a  lighted  taper  in  her  hand,  and    causes  tnan  age  or  pregnancy, 
to  be  imprisoned  diiring  the  pleasure  of  the^Kingof  France,  amenorrneal,  amenorrnOeal  (a-men-o-re'al). 


Miss  Strickland,  Queens  of  Eng.,  Henrietta  Maria. 

amender  (a-men'der),  n.    One  who  amends. 
We^  find  this  digester  of  codes,  amender  of  laws,  .  .  . 
permitting  .  .  .  one  of  the  most  atrocious  acts  of  oppres- 
sion. Brougham. 
amendfulf  (a-mend'ful),  a.    [<  amend  +  -ful.] 
Full  of  amendment  or  improvement. 

Your  most  amendful  and  unmatched  fortunes. 

Fletcher  {and  others),  Bloody  Brother,  iii.  1. 

amendment  (a-mend'ment),  n.  [<  ME.  amende- 
mcnt,<.OF.  amendcmentjiamender:  seeamend,v., 
and  -ment.]  1.  The  act  of  fi-eeing  from  faults; 
the  act  of  making  better,  or  of  changing  for  the 
better ;  correction ;  improvement ;  reformation : 
as,  "amendment  oi  life,"  Hool-er. 

Her  works  are  so  perfect  that  there  is  no  place  for 
amendments. 


a.  Pertaining  to  or  produced  by  amenorrhea : 
as,  amenorrheal  insanity, 
amenorrheic,  amenorrhoeic  (a-men-o-re'ik), 
a.  [<  amenorrhea.]  Same  as  amenorrheal. 
a  mensa  et  thoro  (a  men'sa  et  tho'ro).  [L. :  d 
for«6,from;  mewsa, abl. of  wiCHsn, table ;  ef,and; 
thoro.  abl.  of  thorns  (prop. 
torus),  bed:  see  torus.] 
From  board  and  bed:  in 
laic,  a  phrase  descriptive  of 
a  kind  of  divorce  in  which 
the  husband  continues  to 
maintain  the  wife,  and  the 
marriage-bond  is  not  dis- 
solved: now  superseded 
by  a  decree  of  judicial 
separation. 


Ray,  Creation 

2.  The  act  of  becoming  better,  or  the  state  of  ament  (am'ent),  n.  [<  L. 
having  become  better;  specifically,  recovery  «'«en<j<m,  a  strap  or  thong, 
of  health. 

Your  honour's  players,  hearing  your  amendment. 
Are  come  to  play  a  pleasant  comedy. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.  2. 

3.  In  deliberative  assemblies,  an  alteration  pro- 
posed to  be  made  in  the  draft  of  a  biU,  or  in  the 


Aments. 


Willon 


esp.  on  missile  weapons; 
also,  rarely,  a  shoe-string; 
<  OL.  apere,  bind,  fasten, 
>  L.  aptus,  apt:  see  apt.] 

In  bot.,  a  kind  of  inflorescence  consisting  of 
unisexual  apetalous  flowers  gro'wiDg  in  the 


tth  separate  flowers,  male 
(upper  ti^re)  and  female 
( lower  fi^re). 


ament 

axils  of  scales  or  bracts  ranged  along  a  stalk 
or  axis ;  a  catkin.  The  true  ament  or  catkin  is  artic- 
ulated with  the  branch  and  is  deciduous ;  it  is  well  seen 
in  the  inflorescence  of  the  bu-ch,  willow,  and  poplar,  and 
in  the  staminate  inflorescence  of  the  oak,  walnut,  and 
hazel.    Also 'ivritten  a»ieH(«m. 

amenta,  n.    Plural  of  amentum. 
Amentaceas  (am-en-ta'sf-e),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  L. 

amentum:  see  ament  and  -acea?.]  A  general 
term  for  plants  whose  flowers  are  arranged  in 
an  ament  or  catkin,  formerly  considered,  under 
various  limitations,  as  forming  a  natural  gi'oup, 
but  separated  by  later  botanists  into  several  dif- 
ferent orders,  as  Cupuli/erce,  SaUcacece,  Plata- 
nacece,  Myricacece,  etc. 

amentaceous  (am-en-ta'shius),  a.  [<  NL.  amen- 
taceus :  see  ament  and  -aceous.']  In  bot.:  (a) 
Consisting  of  or  resembling  an  ament :  as,  an 
awewtaceoi^s  inflorescence.  (&)  Bearing aments : 
as,  amentaceous  plants. 

amental  (a-men'tal),  a.  [<  ament  +  -al."]  Per- 
taining to  or  having  aments  or  catkins. 

amentia  (a-men'shia),  n.    [L..  want  of  reason, 

<  amen{t-)s,  out  of  one's  mind,  <  d  for  ab,  from,  -t- 
men(t-)s,  mind:  see  mental.  Ci.  dementia.']  Im- 
becility of  mind;  idiocy  or  dotage.  Formerly 
sometimes  called  amenty. 

amentiferous  (am-en-tif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  amen- 
tum (see  ament)  +  ferre  =  E.  fcearl.]  Bearing 
catkins.    N.  E.  D. 

amentiform  (a-men'ti-form),  a.  [<  L.  amen- 
tum (see  ament)  +  forma,  form.]  In  the  form 
of  an  ament  or  catkin. 

amentum  (a-men'tum),  n.'j  pi.  amenta  (-ta). 
[L. :  see  ament.']  1.  Same  as  ament. — 2.  An- 
ciently, a  strap  secured  to  the  shaft  of  a  javeUn, 
to  aid  the  thrower  in  giving  it  force  and  aim. 

amentyt  (a-men'ti),  n.    See  amentia. 

amenuset,  v.    The  earlier  form  of  aminish. 

amerce  (a-mers'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  amerced, 
ppr.  amercing.  [<  ME.  amercen,  amercien,  <  AP. 
amercier,  fine,  midct,  first  as  pp.  in  the  phrase 
estre  amercie,  which  is  due  to  the  earlier  phrase 
estre  a  merci,  be  at  the  mercy  of,  i.  e.,  as  to 
the  amount  of  the  fine:  see  mercy.]  1.  To 
punish  by  an  arbitrary  or  discretionary  fine  : 
as,  the  court  amerced  the  defendant  in  the  sixm 
of  $100. 

But  I'll  amerce  you  with  so  strong  a  fine, 
That  you  shall  all  repent  the  loss  of  mine. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  1. 

2.  To  pirnish  by  inflicting  a  penalty  of  any 
kind,  as  by  depriving  of  some  right  or  privilege, 
or  entailing  some  loss  upon. 

Millions  of  spirits  for  his  fault  amerced 

Of  heaven.  Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  609. 

Shall  be  by  him  amearst  with  penance  dew. 

Spenser,  Sonnets,  Ixx. 

amerceable  (a-mer'sa-bl),  a.  [<  amerce  +  -able.] 
Liable  to  amercement.  Also  written  amercia- 
Ue. 

amercement  (a-mers'ment),  n,  [<  ME.  amerce- 
ment, amersement,  amerciment,  <  AP.  amerci- 
ment,  amerchiement  (>  ML.  amerciamentum,  >E. 
amerciament),  <  amercier,  amerce  :  see  amerce.] 
1.  The  act  of  amercing,  or  the  state  of  being 
amerced. — 2.  In  law,  a  pecuniary  penalty  in- 
flicted on  an  offender  at  the  discretion  of  the 
court.  It  differs  from  a.  fine,  in  that  the  latter  is,  or  was 
originally,  a  fixed  and  certain  sum  prescrilied  by  statute 
for  an  offense,  while  an  amercement  is  arbitrary.  The 
fixing  or  assessment  of  the  amount  of  an  amercement 
is  called  affeennent. 

They  likewise  laid  amercements  of  seventy,  fifty,  or 
thirty  pounds  of  tobacco,  as  the  cause  was,  on  every  law 
case  ttooughout  the  country.    Beverley,  Virginia,  i.  K  93. 
[He]  mute  in  misery,  eyed  my  masters  here 
Motionless  till  the  authoritative  word 
Pronounced  amercement. 

Browning,  King  and  Book,  I.  235. 

Also  written  amerciament. 
Amercement  royal,  in  Great  Britain,  a  penalty  imposed 
on  an  otficer  for  a  misdemeanor  in  his  ofiice. 

amercer  (a-mer'ser),  n.    One  who  amerces. 

amerciable  (a-mer'si-a-bl),  a.  Same  as  amerce- 
able. 

amerciament  (a-mer'si-a-ment),  n.  Same  as 
amercement. 

American  (a-mer 'i-kan),  a,  and  w.    [=  P. 

Americain^Sp.  Pg.  It.  Americano  ■='D.  Ameri- 
Icaan,  n.,  Amerikaansch,  a.,  =  G.  Amerikaner,  n., 
Amerikanisch,  a.,  =Dan.  Amerikaner,  n.,  Ameri- 
Jcansk,  a.,  =  Sw.  Amerikan,  n.,  Amerikansk,  a., 

<  NL.  Americanus,  <  America,  so  named  from 
^mcricMS  Vesputius,  Latinized  form  of  Amerigo 
Vespucci.]  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the  western 
hemisphere;  belonging  to  or  situated  in  either 
North  or  South  America:  as,  the  Amazon  and 
other  American  rivers. — 2.  In  a  more  restricted 
sense,  pertaining  to  the  United  States :  as,  an 


174 

American  citizen — American  alcomoque,  leather, 

organ, etc.  Seethenouns.— American  aloe,  ^ee  Agave. 

— American  bowls.  Same  as  ninepins. — Americaii  In- 
dians. See  /jidMH.— American  party,  iji  U.  S.  hist.,  a 
political  party  which  came  into  prominence  in  1S53.  Its 
fundamental  principle  was  that  the  government  of  the 
country  should  be  in  the  hands  of  native  citizens.  At  first 
it  was  organized  as  a  secret,  oath-bound  fraternity ;  and 
from  their  professions  of  ignorance  in  regard  to  it,  its 
members  received  the  name  of  Know-nothings.  Ignor- 
ing the  slavery  question,  it  gained  control  of  the  govern- 
ments of  several  Northern  and  Southern  States  in  1854  and 
1855,  and  nominated  a  presidential  ticket  in  1856 ;  but  it 
disappeared  about  1859,  its  Northern  adherents  becoming 
Republicans,  while  most  of  its  Southern  members  joined 
the  short-lived  Constitutional  Union  party.  An  antima- 
sonic  party  of  the  same  name  appeared  in  1875,  but  gained 
very  few  votes.    See  Native  American  party,  below. 

It  appeared  in  this,  as  in  most  other  Free  States,  that 
the  decline  or  dissolution  of  the  Aynericaii,  or  Fillmore, 
party  inured  mainly  to  the  benefit  of  the  triumphant 
Democracy.  H.  Greeley,  Amer.  Conflict,  I.  300. 

American  plan,  the  method  of  hotel  management  com- 
mon in  the  United  States,  which  is  based  upon  the  pay- 
ment by  guests  of  a  fixed  sum  per  diem  covering  all  ordi- 
nary chaiges  for  room,  food,  and  attendance.  See  Euro- 
pean plan,  uniier  i'» rupea n.  — American  system,  a  name 
originally  used  for  the  principle  of  protection  by  means 
of  high  tariff  duties  in  the  United  States,  as  intended  to 
countervail  the  xmfavorable  commercial  regulations  of 
European  countries,  or  to  promote  American  as  against 
European  interests.— Native  American  party,  in  ti.  s. 
hist.,  an  organization  based  on  hostility  to  tlie  participa- 
tion of  foreign  immigrants  in  American  politics,  and  to 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  formed  about  1842.  In  1844 
it  carried  the  city  elections  of  New  York  and  Philadel- 
phia, and  elected  a  number  of  Congressmen.  It  gained 
no  further  successes,  and  disappeared  within  a  few  years, 
after  occasioning  destructive  riots  against  Roman  Cath- 
olics in  Philadelphia  and  other  places. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  the  western 
hemisphere,  or,  specifically,  of  North  America: 
originally  applied  to  the  aboriginal  races  dis- 
covered by  the  Europeans,  but  now  to  the  de- 
scendants of  Eui-opeans  born  in  America,  and, 
in  the  most  restricted  or  popular  sense,  to  the 
citizens  of  the  United  States. 
Americanism  (a-mer'i-kan-izm),  n.  [<  Ameri- 
can +  -ism.]  1.  Devotion  to  or  preference  for 
the  United  States  and  their  institutions ;  prefer- 
ence for  whatever  is  American  in  this  sense ; 
the  exhibition  of  such  preference. — 2.  The  con- 
dition of  being  a  citizen  of  the  United  States. 

Great-grandfathers  of  those  living  Americans,  whose 
Americanism  did  not  begin  within  the  last  half  century. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  678. 

3.  A  custom,  trait,  or  thing  peculiar  to  Amer- 
ica or  Americans;  in  general,  any  distinctive 
characteristic  of  American  life,  thought,  litera- 
ture, etc. 

I  hate  this  shallow  Americanism  which  hopes  to  get 
rich  by  credit,  to  get  knowledge  by  raps  on  midnight 
tables,  to  learn  the  economy  of  the  mind  by  phrenology, 
or  skill  without  study.  Emerson,  Succes.s. 

4.  A  word,  a  phrase,  or  an  idiom  of  the  Eng- 
lish language  which  is  now  peculiar  to  or  has 
originated  in  the  United  Sta,tes. 

Many  so-called  Americanisms  are  good  old  English. 

Davies,  Sup.  Eng.  Gloss. 

Americanist  (a-mer'i-kan-ist),  n.  [<  American 
+  -ist;  =  P.  Americaniste  =  Sp.  Pg.  America- 
nista.]  One  devoted  to  the  study  of  subjects 
specially  relating  to  America. 

As  distinguished  from  an  American,  an  Americanist  is 
a  person  of  any  nation  who  prominently  interests  himself 
in  the  study  of  subjects  relating  to  America. 

The  American,  VII.  6. 

Americanization (a-mer'i-kan-i-za'shon),  n. 
[<  Americanize  +  -ation.]  The  act  or  process 
of  Americanizing,  or  of  being  Americanized. 

It  has  come  to  be  the  custom  to  characterize  as  an 
Americanization  the  dreaded  overgrowth  and  permeation 
by  realism  of  European  civilization,  and  the  rapidly  grow- 
ing preponderance  of  manufacturing  industry. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIII.  395. 

Americanize  (a-mer'i-kan-Tz),  V.  t.;  pret.  and 

pp.  Americani::ed,  ppr.  Americanising.  [<  Ameri- 
can +  -ize.]  1 .  To  render  American  in  char- 
acter; assimilate  to  the  customs  and  institu- 
tions of  the  United  States. 

It  is  notorious  that,  in  the  United  States,  the  descen- 
dants of  the  immigrant  Irish  lose  their  Celtic  aspect,  and 
become  Americanized.       H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  82. 

The  line  of  argument  has  been  adopted  by  the  right 
honourable  gentleman  opposite  with  regard  to  what  he 
terms  americanizing  the  institutions  of  the  country. 

Gladstone. 

2.  To  naturalize  in  the  United  States.  [Rare.] 
Americomania  (a-mer*i-k6-ma'ni-a),  n.  [< 

America  +  mania.]  A  craze  for  whatever  is 
American.  [Rare.] 

Their  Americomania  he  seems  to  consider  a  criminal 
heresy.  Monthly  Rev.,  XXVII.  527.    (jV.  E.  D.) 

ameristic  (am-e-ris'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 
fjepiardc,  divided,  divisible,  verbal  adj.  of  /nEpt- 
^eiv,  divide,  <  fitpor,  a  part.]    In  sool.,  not  di- 


ametrometer 

vided  into  parts ;  tmsegmented :  distinguished 
'both  from.  eu7neristic  B,nd  dysmeristic:  as,  '^am- 
eristic fltikes,"  jB.  H.  Lankester,  Eneyc.  Brit., 
Xn.  555. 

amest,  n.   Same  as  amice. 

ames-acet,  «•    See  ambes-ace. 

amessf,  n.    Same  as  amice. 

Ametabola  (am-e-tab'6-la),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ajui^Tapo'Aoc,  unchangeable :"  see  ametabolous.]  In. 
zodl.,  insects  which  do  not  imdergo  metamor- 
phosis. In  Macleay's  system  of  classification,  a  term 
borrowed  from  W.  E.  Leach  to  designate  a  subclass  of  In- 
secta  by  which  the  myriapodous,  thysanurous,  and  anoplu- 
rous  "insects"  should  be  collectively  contrasted  with  the 
true  insects,  which  undergo  metamorphosis.  Myriapods. 
being  excluded  from  the  class  Insecta,  and  lice  being  lo- 
cated with  insects  that  are  not  thoroughly  ametabolous, 
Ametabola  is  by  some  authors  restricted  to  the  collem- 
bolous  and  thysanurous  insects.  The  term  is  correlated 
with  Hemimetabola  and  with  Metabola. 

M'Leay  has  formed  them  [Myriapoda]  into  two  orders, 
Cliilopoda  iii)d  Chilognatha,  raising  them,  together  with 
the  two  other  orders,  Thysanura  and  Anoplura  (or  Para- 
sita,  Latr.),  and  certain  annulated  vermes,  into  a  distinct 
class,  to  which  he  applied  the  name  of  Ametabola,  which 
Leach  had  proposed  only  for  the  spring-tailed  insects  and 
lice.     J.  O.  Westwood,  in  Cuvier's  Rfegne  Animal  (trans.), 

(1849,  p.  483. 

ametabolian  (a-met-a-bo'li-an),  a.  and  n.  I. 
a.  In  zooL,  relating  or  pertaining  to  the  Ame- 
tabola. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Ametabola. 

ametabolic  (a-met-a-bol'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  ajierd- 
jh?iOc,  unchangeable  (see  ametabolous) ;  or  <  a-is 
-H  metabolic.]  Not  subject  to  metamorphosis. 
Applied  to  those  insects,  such  as  lice,  which  do  not  pos- 
sess wings  when  perfect,  and  which  do  not,  therefore,  pass 
through  any  well-marked  metamorphosis. 

ametabolous  (am-e-tab'o-lus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a/ae- 
rd/3oAof,  unchangeable,  <  d-  priv.  +  fierapdXoCf 
changeable:  see  Metabola.]  Ametabolic;  not 
subject  to  metamorphosis. 

In  the  series  of  ametabolous  insects  there  are  some  with 
masticatory,  others  with  suctorial,  mouths. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  365. 

ametallous  (a-met'al-us),  a.    [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 

likraXkov,  mine  (taken  as  'metal':  see  metal), 
+  -ous.]    Non-metallic.    N.  E.  D.  [Rare.] 

amethodical  (am-e-thod'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  d- 
priv.  (a-18)  +  methodical,  q.  v.  Of.  Gr.  afit- 
fctyof,  without  method.]  Unmethodical;  irreg- 
ular; without  order.    Bailey.  [Rare.] 

amethodistt  (a-meth'o-dist),  n.  [<Gr.  d-priv. 
(a-18)  -t-  methodist,  q.  v. ;  or  directly  <  Gr.  aue- 
0o6og,  without  method  (<  d-  priv.  +  fxtdoOoq, 
method),  -f-  -ist.]  One,  especially  a  physician, 
who  follows  no  regular  method ;  a  quack :  as, 
"empiricall  amethodists,"  TVliitlock,  Manners  of 
English,  p.  89. 

amethyst  (am'f-thist),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  ame- 
thist,  amitist,  amatist  (also  amates,  amatites),  < 
ME.  amatist,  ametist,  -isle,  <  OP.  amatiste,  amc- 
tiste,  mod.  P.  amethyste  =  Pr.  amethysta  =  Sp. 
amatista,  ametista,  -to  =  Pg.  amethysta,  ame- 
tista,  -to  =  It.  amatista  =  D.  ametist,  -thist,  -tliyst 
=  G.  amethyst  =  Sw.  ametist  =  Dan.  ametyst,  < 
L.  amethystus,  <  Gr.  afiidvarog,  the  precious- 
stone  amethyst,  also  the  name  of  a  plant,  both 
so  called  because  supposed  to  be  remedial 
against  drimkenness,  <  aiikdvarog,  adj.^  not  drunk- 
en, <  d-priv.  +  *uedvc7T6c,  verbal  adj.  of  fiedveiv, 
be  drimken,  <  fitdv,  strong  di-ink,  =  E.  mead^,  q. 
v.]  1 .  A  violet-blue  or  purple  variety  of  quartz, 
the  color  being  perhaps  due  to  the  presence  of 
peroxid  of  iron,  it  generally  occurs  crystallized  in 
six-sided  prisms  or  pyi-amids;  also  in  rolled  fragments, 
composed  of  imperfect  prismatic  crystals.  Its  fractm'e  is 
conchoidalor  splintery.  It  is  wrought  into  various  articles 
of  jewelry.  The  finest  amethysts  come  from  India,  Ceylon, 
and  Brazil. 

2.  In  her.,  the  color  purple  when  described  in 
blazoning  a  nobleman's  escutcheon.  See  tinc- 
ture.—  3.  The  name  of  a  humming-bird,  Calli- 
phlox  amethystina — Oriental  amethyst,  a  rare  vio- 
let-colored gem,  a  variety  of  alumina  or  corundum,  of  ex- 
traordinary brilliancy  and  beauty ;  amethystine  sapphire, 
amethystine  (am-f-this'tin),  a.  [<  L.  ame- 
thystinus,  <  Gr.  a/isdvanvoc,  <  a/itdvarog,  ame- 
thyst: see  amethyst.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling amethyst;  of  the  color  of  amethyst; 
purple ;  violet.  Anciently  .applied  to  a  garment  of  the 
color  of  amethyst,  as  distinguished  from  the  Tyrian  and 
hyacinthine  purple. 

Trembling  water-drops. 
That  glimmer  with  an  amethystine  light. 

Bryant,  Winter  Piece. 

2.  Composed  of  amethyst:  as,  an  amethystine 
cup. 

ametrometer  (am-e-trom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr. 
afisTpoc,  irregular  (< d-priv.  +  fiirpov,  measure), 
+  /ihpov,  measure.]  An  instrument  used  in 
the  diagnosis  of  ametropia,  consisting  of  two 
lamps  arranged  upon  a  bar,  and  capable  of 


ametrometer 


175 


They  [the  parables]  are  amiably  perspicuous,  vigorous, 
and  bright.  Blackmail,  Sacred  Classics,  I.  380. 


adjustment  to  test  the  degree  of  refraction,  in 
the  patient's  sight. 

ametropia  (am-e-tro'pi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d^c-  Amiadae  (a-mi'a-de),  n.  pi.  Same  as  Amiidee. 
Tpoc,  irregular,  +  wi//  (utt-),  eye.]  A  condition  amiant,  amianth  (am'i-ant,  -anth),  n.  [Prop 
of  the  eye  which  is  abnormal  with  respect  to    amiant,  <  ME.  amyaunt,  <  OF.  *amiante,  mod. 


refraction :  the  opposite  of  emmetropia.  It  com 
prises  myopia,  hypermetropia,  presbyopia,  and 
astigmatism.    See  these  words, 
ametropic  (am-e-trop'ik),  a.    Pertaining  to  or 
produced  by  ametropia. 

ametrous  (a-me'tms),  a.    [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 

HrjTpa,  uterus :  see  matrix.']    In  teratol.,  without 
a  uterus.    Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 
amevet,  v.    Same  as  amoved. 


F.  amiante,  <  L.  amiantus,  <  Gr.  afiiavroq:  see 
amiantus.']  Same  as  amiantus. 
amiantiform,  amianthiform  (am-i-an'ti-,  -thi- 
form),  a.  [<  NL.  amiantus,  -thus,  +  L.  forma, 
form.]  Having  the  form  or  likeness  of  ami- 
antus. 

amiantine,  amianthine  (am-i-an'tin,  -thin),  a. 
[<  amiant,  -anth,  +  -iwel.]  Relating  to  or  of 
the  nature  of  amiantus 


amgarn  (am  gam),  n.  [W.  amgarn,  a  ferrule.]  amiantoid,  amianthoid  (am-i-an'toid,  -thoid), 
In  archa-ol.,  a  kind  of  celt  supposed  to  have  a.  [<  amiant,  -anth,  +  -oid.]  Resembling  ami- 
served  as  the  f en-ule  of  a  spear-shaft,  such  celts    antus  in  form. 

commonly  have  a  loop  on  one  side,  and  in  some  instances  amiantniflnl    nmiaTitTinijIal  ra-m'^  an  fr^'' 

a  ring  has  been  found  passing  through  the  loop.  amiantoiaai,  amiantnoiaai  (am  1  -  an  -  toi  -, 

-    -  f      B       ^  y  .(.j^Q^  ^jj^j^^  amiantoid  +  -al.]    Same  as 

amiantoid. 


Amharic  (am-har'ik),  n.  [<  Amhara,  the  cen- 
tral division  of  Abyssinia.]  The  modem  cidti- 
vated  language  of  Abyssinia. 

Amharic  .  :  .  has  been  since  A.  D.  1300  the  language 
of  the  Court  and  Nobles  [of  Abyssinia]. 

R.  N.  Oust,  Mod.  Langs,  of  Africa,  p.  88. 

Amherstia  (am-hers'ti-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  in 
honor  of  Countess  Amherst,  a  zealous  promoter 
of  botany.]  A  leguminous  arboreous  genus  of 
Burmese  plants,  of  a  single  species,  A.  nohilis, 
with  very  large  flowers,  t)right  vermiUon  spot- 
ted with  yellow,  in  long  pendulous  racemes. 
The  flowers  are  considered  sacred,  and  are  laid  as  an 
offering  before  the  shrines  of  Buddha. 

Amia  (am'i-a),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aiiia,  a  kind  of 
tunny  (see  def.);  applied  by  Linnaeus  to  an 
American  genus.]  1 .  A  genus  of  ganoid  fishes, 
typical  of  the  family  Amiidee,  Amia  calva  being 
the  only  extant  species,  it  inhabits  the  fresh  waters 
of  North  America,  and  is  known  as  the  bowfln,  dogfish, 
mudfish,  la^vyer,  brindle,  grindle,  and  John  A.  Grindle. 
The  fish  known  as  amia  to  the  ancients  was  a  very  diff'er- 
ent  one.    Also  called  Amiatus.    See  cut  under  Amiidee. 

2.  A  genus  of  acanthopterygian  fishes :  synony- 
mous with  Apogon.  Gronovius. 
amiability  (a-'mi-a-biri-ti),  n.  [<  amiable:  see 
-bility.  Cf.  OF.  dmiabiete.i  1.  The  quality  of 
being  amiable ;  excellence  of  disposition ;  amia- 
bleness 


amiantus,  amianthus  (am-i-an'tus,  -thus),  n. 
[The  form  amianthus  is  recent  and  erroneous, 
simulating  Gr.  avdog,  a  flower  (cf.  amaranth) ; 
li.  amiantus,  <Gr.  afiiavTo^,  undefiled,  unsoiled; 
6  a^'iavTog  Xidog,  a  greenish  stone  like  asbestos 
(Dioscorides) ;  <  a-  priv.  +  /iiavrog,  stained,  de- 
filed, verbal  adj.  of  fiiaiveiv,  stain,  defile:  see 
miasm.']  1.  Flexible  asbestos,  earth-flax,  or 
mountain-flax;  a  mineral  somewhat  resem- 
bling flax,  and  usually  grayish-  or  greenish- 
white  in  color,  it  is  composed  of  delicate  filaments, 
very  flexible  and  somewhat  elastic,  often  long  and  resem- 
Uing  threads  of  silk.  It  is  incombustible,  and  has  been 
wought  into  cloth  and  paper  with  the  aid  of  flax,  which  is 
afterward  removed  by  a  red  heat.  It  is  also  employed  for 
lamp-wicks  and  for  filling  gas-grates,  the  fibers  remain- 
ing red-hot  without  being  consumed.  It  is  a  finer  form 
of  the  variety  of  hornblende  called  asbestos  (which  see). 
The  name  is  also  sometimes  extended  to  include  the  soft, 
silky,  and  inelastic  form  of  serpentine  called  chrysotile. 

Much  amber  full  of  insects,  and  divers  things  of  woven 
amianthus.  Evelyn,  Diary,  March  23,  1646. 

Serpentine  .  .  .  also  delicately  fibrous,  and  then  called 
amianthus  or  chrysotile. 

Dana,  Manual  of  Geol.  (ed.  1862),  p.  61. 
Hence — 2.  Thread  or  fabrics  made  from  the 
mineral  amiantus. 
Also  sometimes  called  amiant,  amianth 


.  Amice  around  the  neck. 
,  Amice  worn  as  a  hood. 


Suetonius  mentions,  as  an  instance  of  the  amiability  of  AmiatUS  (am-i-a'tus),  W.     Same  as  Amia,  1. 

Titus,  that  he^was  accustomed  to  jest  with  the  people  amicability  (am^i-ka-bil'l-ti),  n.  [<  amicable  : 
^  see -bility,  and  cL  amiabiiity.]    The  quality  of 

being  amicable;  amicableness. 
amicable  (am'i-ka-bl),  a.    [<  L.  amicabilis, 
friendly ;  whence  also  OF.  aimiable,  >  E.  ami- 


during  the  combats  of  the  gladiators. 

Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  304. 

2.  Lovableness;  amability.    N.  E.  D. 
amiable  (a'mi-a-bl),  a.  [<  ME.  amiable,  amyable, 
aimiable,  <  OF.  aimiable,  amiable,  amiaule,  ami- 
able, lovely,  friendly,  <  LL.  amicabilis  (>  E. 
amicable),  friendly,  <  L.  amicare,  make  ft-iendly, 

<  amicus,  a  friend,  prop,  an  adj.,  friendly,  loving, 

<  amare,  love :  see  amor,  amour,  etc.  The  sense 
'lovable,  lovely'  is  due  to  a  confusion  with  F. 
aimable,  OF.  amable,  <  L.  amabilis,  lovable,  love- 
ly, <  amare,  as  above.]  1.  Friendly;  kindly; 
amicable. 

Lay  an  amiable  siege  to  the  honesty  of  this  Ford's  wife. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  ii.  2. 
That  foreign  eccentricity  to  which  their  nation  Is  so 
amiable.  Howells,  A  Foregone  Conclusion,  p.  72. 

2.  Exciting  or  tending  to  excite  love  or  deHght ; 
lovable;  lovely;  beautiful;  delightful;  pleas- 
ing. 

How  amiable  are  thy  tabernacles,  O  Lord.  Ps.  Ixxxiv.  1. 

No  company  can  be  more  amiable  than  that  of  men  of 
sense  who  are  soldiers.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  152. 

I  found  my  wife  and  daughter  weD,  the  latter  grown 
quite  a  woman,  with  many  amiable  accomplishments  ac- 
quired in  my  absence.  Franklin,  Autobiog.,  p.  314. 

3.  Specifically,  possessing  or  exhibiting  agree- 
able moral  qualities,  as  sweetness  of  temper, 
kind-heartediess,  and  the  like;  having  an  ex- 
cellent disposition :  as,  an  a»«ia6te  girl;  an  ami- 
able disposition. 

This  [word]  and  "lovely "have been  sofardiff^erentiated 
that  amiable  never  expresses  now  any  other  than  moral 
loveliness;  which  in  "lovely"  is  seldom  or  never  implied. 

Abp.  Trench. 

He  is  so  amiable  that  you  will  love  him,  if  ever  you  be- 
come acquainted  with  him. 

Jefferson,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  II.  353. 
His  [Fox's]  private  friends  .  .  .  maintained  that  ...  if 


able,  q.  v.]  Characterized  by  or  exhibiting 
friendliness,  peaeeableness,  or  harmony ;  friend- 
ly ;  peaceable ;  harmonious  in  social  or  other 
relations. 

Plato  and  TuUy,  it  should  seem,  thought  truth  could 
never  be  examined  with  more  advantage  than  amidst  the 
amicable  opposition  of  well-regulated  converse. 

Sir  T.  Fitz-Osborne,  Letters. 

By  amicable  collisions  they  have  worn  down  their  as- 
perities and  sharp  angles. 

Sterne,  Sentimental  Journey,  p.  54. 

Amicable  action,  in  law,  an  action  commenced  and 
prosecuted  according  to  a  mutual  understanding,  for  the 
purpose  of  obtaining  a  decision  of  the  courts  on  some 
matter  of  law.— Amicable  compounder.  See  com- 
pounder.—Amiciible  numbers,  in  arith.,  any  pair  of 
numbers  each  of  which  is  eyual  to  the  sum  of  the  ali- 
quot parts  of  the  other,  that  is,  is  equal  to  the  sum  of  all 
the  mmibers  which  will  divide  the  other  without  remain- 
der :  as,  284  (H-  2  -f  4  -I-  5  -f  10  -t-11  +  20  -f  22 -f-  44  -f  55  -t- 110 
[the  aliquot  parts  of  220)  =  284)  and  220  (1  +  2-1-4-1-71-1-142 
[the  aliquot  parts  of  284]=  220).  The  next  higher  pair  of 
amicable  numbers  is  17,296  and  18,416.  =  Syn.  Amicable, 
Friendly,  kind,  neighborly,  cordial.  Amicable  is  often  so 
weak  as  to  be  almost  negative ;  friendly  is  positive.  Ami- 
cable simply  notes  freedom  from  hard  feeling,  disagree- 
ment, or  quarrel;  hence  we  speak  of  an  amicable  action 


amid 

I  could  wish  to  see  the  disturbances  of  Europe  once 
more  amicably  adjusted. 

Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  Ixxxv. 

amicalt  (am'i-kal),  a.  [=F.  amical,<  L.  amicalis 
(post-classical),  friendly,  <  amicus,  friend:  see 
amiable.]    Friendly;  amicable. 
An  amical  call  to  repentance. 

W.  Watson,  in  Athen.  Oxon.,  iii. 
amicel  (am'is),  w.  [Early  mod.  E.  amice,  amyce, 
amis,  ames,  amisse,  amys,  amysse,  amesse,  <  ME. 
amyse,  an  altered  form  (perhaps  by  confusion 
with  amisse,  E.  amice'^)  of  earlier  amyt,  E. 
amit'^,  <  OF.  amit,  mod.  F.  «m(cf=  Sp.  amiUj  = 
Pg.  amicto  =  It.  amitto,  ammitto,  amice,  <  L. 
amictus,  a  mantle,  cloak,  ML.  an  amice,  lit.  that 
which  is  thrown  or  wi'apped  around  one,  <  nmi- 
cire,  pp.  amictus,  throw  around,  wrap  around, 
<am-,  ambi-,  around,  +jacere,  throw:  seejet^.] 
If.  A  loose  wrap  or  cloak. 

A  palmer's  amice  wrapped  him  round, 
With  a  wrought  Spanish  baldrick  bound. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.  M.,  ii.  19. 

2.  In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.  and  in  many  Angli- 
can churches,  an  oblong  piece  of  linen,  large 
enough  to  cover  the  shoulders,  worn  with  the 
upper  edge  fastened  round  the  neck,  under  the 
alb,  whenever  the 
latter  vestment  is 
used.  Formerly  it 
was  drawn  over  the 
head  until  the  more 
solemn  parts  of  the 
mass  were  reached, 
when  it  was  turned 
down ;  this  custom  is 
still  partially  observed 
by  friars  not  wearing 
the  clerical  cap  or  bi- 
,     .,     J  retta.     It  is  usually 

embroidered  with  a  large  cross,  and  formerly  had  an  ap- 
parel of  orphrey- work,  which  on  being  turned  down  served 
as  an  ornamental  collar.  It  symbolizes  the  helmet  of  sal- 
vation.   See  amictus. 

Also  written  amict. 
amice^  (am'is),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  amice,  amise, 
amis,  amess,  ames,  amys,  amos,  ammes,  ammas, 
etc.,  and  (after  ML.,  Sp.,  etc.)  almuce,  <  MF.. 
amisse,  <  OF.  aumusse,  mod.  F. 
aumuce,  aumusse  =  'Pv.  almussa 
=  Sp.  almucio  =  'Pg.  mu7-sa  =  lt. 
(obs.)  mozza,  in  ML.  almussa, 
almussia,  almucia,  almicia,  al- 
mussum,  almutia,  almutium,  ar- 
mutia,  a  cape,  hood,  amice;  cf. 
dim.  Pr.  almucela  =  OPg.  al- 
mucella,  almocella  =  Sp.  almo- 
cela,  OSp.  almucella,  almo^ala, 
with  diff.  term.  OF.  aumucette 
=  Sp.  muceta  =  It.  mozzetta; 
also  (<  ML.  almutia,  armutia) 
m  Teut. :  OHG.  almuz,  armuz, 
MHG.  mutze,  miitze,  G.  miitze, 
OD.  almutse,  amutse,  mutse,  D. 
muts,  Sc.  mutch,  a  cap,  hood: 
see  mutch.  The  ult.  origin  is 
doubtful ;  al-  maybe  the  Ar.  ar- 
ticle. For  the  different  senses, 
cf.  cap'^,  cape^,  cope^,  ult.  of  the 
same  origin.]  A  furred  hood 
having  long  ends  hanging  down 
the  front  of  the  dress,  something  like  the  stole, 
worn  by  the  clergy  from  the  thirteenth  to  the 
fifteenth  centtu-y  for  warmth  when  ofiiciating 
in  the  chui-ch  during  inclement  weather,  it  is 
still  carried,  thrown  over  the  left  arm,  as  a  part  of  the 
ceremonial  costume  by  the  canons  of  certain  cathedral 
churches  in  the  north  of  France.  The  hood  has  become  a 
pocket  for  the  breviary.    Also  iviitten  almuce,  aumuce. 

amict  (am'ikt),  n.    Same  as  amice^. 


Priest  wearing  the 
Amice.  ( From  a  se- 
pulchral brass. } 


Enter  each  mild,  each  amicable  guest. 

Pope,  Eloisa  to  Abelard,  1.  301. 

It  is  in  the  time  of  trouble  .  .  .  that  the  warmth  of  the 
friendly  heart  and  the  support  of  the  friendly  hand  ac- 
quire increased  value  and  demand  additional  gratitude. 
  -  .  .    „   Bp.  Mant. 

™l¥v^^^^=  ."'^1'=?  .by  "-miabie  feelings,  by  a  amicableness__(am'i-ka-bl-nes),  n.    [<  amicable 


desire  to  serve  his  friends  and  by  anxious  tenderness  fur 
his  children.  Macaulay,  Lord  Holland. 

=  Syn.  Engaging,  benignant,  sweet-tempered,  kind-heart- 
ed, lovely  in  character. 

amiableness  (a'mi-a-bl-nes),  n.    The  quaUty 
of  being  amiable ;  loveliness ;  amiability, 
amiably  (a'mi-a-bli),  adv.    1.  In  an  amiable 
manner;  in  a  manner  to  excite  or  attract  love. 
—  2t.  Pleasingly;  delightfully.  [Rare.] 
The  palaces  rise  so  amiably. 

Sir  T.  Herbert,  Travels,  p.  129. 


at  law,  amicable  relations  between  families  and  between  amictUS  (a-mik'tus),  n. ;  pi.  amictus.  [L  •  see 
states,  i^nend??/ implies  a  degree  of  active  interest.  All  amice^  1  InRom  nntin  anvnr)npr0-a-pmoT,+ 
nations  should  be  on  omicaMe  terms;  feware  enough  alike  '""h\i  ^  t^J^ttlZ'T^ll''  ^^^^  ^PP^^fprment, 
to  be  really  friendly.    Amicable  also  implies  close  relation  a  mantle  or  cloak :  a  general  term,  m- 

or  contact ;  friendly  feelings-  may  exist  toward  those  of  eluomg  the  toga  and  all  garments  other  than 
whom  we  have  only  heard.  those  worn  next  to  the  body. —  2.  Eccles.,  the 

name  given  on  the  continent  of  Europe 'and 
sometimes  in  England  to  the  amice.  See  am- 
ice'^, 2.-3.  [cap.]  In  zool.,  a  genus  of  dipter- 
ous insects. 

amicus  curiae  (a-mi'kus  ku'ri-e).  [L.,  a  friend 
of  the  court:  amicus,  a  friend;  curia;,  gen.  of 
curia,  court:  see  amy  and  curia.]  In  laic,  a 
friend  of  the  court ;  a  person  in  court  who,  as 
a  friend  and  not  in  -virtue  of  any  interest  or 
employment  in  the  cause,  informs  the  judge 
of  an  error  he  has  noticed,  or  makes  a  sugges- 
tion in  aid  of  the  duty  of  the  court, 
amid  (a-mid'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  and  prep.  [< 
ME.  amidde,  amydde,  amidden,  earVier  on  midde, 
on  midden.  <  AS.  on-middan,  on  middan:  on,  E. 
fl3,  in;  middan,  dat.  (indef.  inflection)  of  midde, 
adj.,  mid,  middle:  see  mid,  adj.;  mid,  prep.,  is 


+  -ness.]  The  quality  of  being  amicable, 
peaceable,  fi-iendly,  or  disposed  to  peace ;  a 
disposition  to  preserve  peace  and  friendship ; 
friendliness. 

Give  not  over  your  amicableness  for  that;  their  policie 
is  no  warrant  against  your  dutie. 

J.  Saltmarsh,  Smoke  in  the  Temple  (1646),  p.  54. 

amicably  (am'i-ka-bli),  adv.  In  an  amicable 
or  friendly  manner ;  with  harmony ;  without 
controversy. 


amid 

a  clipped  form  of  amid.^  I.f  adv.  In  the  middle ; 
in  the  midst. 

Amid  betweene  the  violent  Robber  .  .  .  and  the  mich- 
ing  theefe  .  .  .  standeth  the  crafty  eutpurse. 

Lambarde,  Eirenarcha,  ii.  274.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

II.  prep.  In  the  midst  or  middle  of;  sur- 
rounded or  encompassed  by;  mingled  with; 
among.    See  amidst. 

Then  answering  from  the  sandy  shore, 
Half-drowned  amid  the  brealvers'  roar, 
According  chorus  rose.    Scott,  Manuion,  ii.  11. 
=  SjTl.  Amid,  Among,  etc.    See  amonrj. 
amid-,  amido-.    Combiaiag  forms  of  amide 
(which  see). 

Amids  (am'i-de),  n.  pi.  Same  as  AmiidcB.  C. 
L.  Bonaparte. 

amidan  (am'i-dan),  n.  [<  Amidce  (for  Amiidw) 
+  -an.']  A  fish  of  the  tamHy  Amiida; ;  an  amiid. 
iSir  J.  Richardson. 

amidated  (am'i-da-ted),  a.  Containingan  amide 
group  or  radical:  as,  amidated  fatty  acids. 

a.mide  (am'id  or  -id),  «.  [<  am{monia)  +  -irfel.] 
A  chemical  compound  produced  by  the  substi- 
tution for  one  or  more  of  the  hydrogen  atoms  of 
ammonia  of  an  acid  radical:  as,  acetamide,  CH3 
CO.NH2,  in  which  one  hydrogen  atom  of  am- 
monia, NH3,  has  been  replaced  by  the  acetic 
acid  radical  CH3CO.  Amides  are  prunary,  secondary, 
or  tertiary,  according  as  one,  two,  or  three  hydrogen  atoms 
have  been  so  replaced.  They  are  white  crystalline  solids, 
often  capable  of  combining  with  both  acids  and  bases.  See 

amidic  (a-mid'ik),  a.  [<  amide  +  -ic]  In  chem., 
relating  to  or  derived  from  an  amide  or  amides : 
as,  amidic  acid. 

amidiu,  amidine  (am'i-din),  n.  [<  amide  + 
The  general  name  of  a  class  of  organic 
bodies  containing  the  group  C.NH.NHg.  The 
amidins  are  mono-acid  bases  which  are  quite 
unstable  in  the  free  state. 

amido-.    See  amid^. 

amido-acid  (am"i-d6-as'id),  n.  An  acid  con- 
taining the  amido-group  NH2,  as  amido-oxalic 
or  oxamic  acid,  NH2C2O2OH. 

amidogen  (a-mid'o-jen),  n.  [<  amide  +  -gen, 
producing:  see -gen, -genous.']  A  hypothetical 
radical  composed  of  two  equivalents  of  hydro- 
gen and  one  of  nitrogen,  NH2.  it  has  not  been  iso- 
lated, but  may  be  traced  in  the  compounds  called  amides 
and  amines.  Thus,  acetamide  is  a  compound  of  the  radi- 
cal acetyl  and  amidogen,  and  potassamine  of  potassium 
and  amidogen. 

amidships  (a-mid'ships),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [< 
amid  +  ship,  with  adv.  gen.  sufEix  -s.]  1.  In  or 
toward  the  middle  of  a  ship,  or  that  part  which 
is  midway  between  the  stem  and  the  stem. 

In  the  whaler,  the  boat-steerers  .  .  .  keep  by  themselves 
in  the  waist,  sleep  amidships,  and  eat  by  themselves. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  37. 

2.  In  the  middle  line  of  a  ship;  over  and  in 
line  with  the  keel :  as,  to  put  the  helm  amid- 
ships. 

amidst  {a,-midst'),  prep.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
amid'st,  amidest,  amiddest,  an  extended  form 
(with  excrescent  -t  as  in  amongst,  against,  etc.) 
of  ME.  amiddes,  amyddes,  amids  (also  imyddes, 
emiddes,  i  myddes,  in  myddes),  <  amidde,  E.  amid, 
+  adv.  gen.  sufl&x  -es,  -s:  see  amid.'}  In  the 
midst  or  center  of ;  among;  surrounded  by;  in 
the  course  or  progress  of.    See  amid. 

Thou  shalt  flourish  in  immortal  youth. 
Unhurt  amidst  the  wars  of  elements.    Addison,  Cato. 

How  oft  amidst 
Thick  clouds  and  dark  doth  heaven's  all-ruling  Sire 
Choose  to  reside.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  263. 

Had  James  been  brought  up  amidst  the  adulation  and 
gayety  of  a  court,  we  should  never,  in  all  probability, 
have  had  such  a  poem  as  the  Quair. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  109. 
amidulin  (a-mid'u-lin),  n.  [<  F.  amidon, 
starch,  +  dim.  -ule  -t-  -in^.}  Starch  rendered 
soluble  by  boiling, 
amidwardt  (a-mid'ward),  adv.  and  prep.  [< 
amid  +  -warri.]  Toward  the  center  or  middle 
line  of,  as  of  a  ship. 

amiid  (am'i-id),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family  Ami- 
idw ;  an  amidan. 

Amiidse  (a-mi'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  Amia  +  -idee.] 
A  family  of  cyeloganoid  fishes,  typified  by  the 


Bowfin,  or  Mudfish  {Atnia  calva). 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  X884.) 


genus  Amia.  The  technical  characters  are  an  oblong 
body,  short  rounded  snout,  numerous  (10  to  12)  branchi- 


176 

ostegal  rays,  the  development  of  a  sublingual  bone  be- 
tween the  rami  of  the  lower  jaw,  the  possession  of  cycloid 
scales,  a  long  soft  dorsal  fin,  the  subequal  extent  of  the 
abdominal  and  caudal  parts  of  the  vertebral  column,  and 
the  absence  of  pseudobranchife.  It  is  an  archaic  type  rep- 
resented now  by  a  single  living  species,  Amia  calva,  the 
bowfin  or  mudtlsh,  inhabiting  the  fresh  waters  of  North 
America.    Also  written  Amiadce,  Amidce,  Amioidce. 

amil-cornt,  n.    See  amel-corn. 

amildar  (am'il-dar),  n.    See  amaldar. 

amimia  (a-mim'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
/////Of,  a  mimic:  see  mime,  mimic]  Loss  of  the 
power  of  pantomimic  expression,  due  to  a  cere- 
bral lesion. 

amine  (am'in),  n.  [<  am{monia)  +  -ine^.]  A 
chemical  compound  produced  by  the  substitu- 
tion of  a  basic  atom  or  radical  for  one  or  more 
of  the  hydrogen  atoms  of  ammonia,  as  potas- 
samine (NH2K),  ethylamine  (C2H5NH2).  The 
amines  are  all  strongly  basic  in  their  character. 
See  amide. 

aminisht,  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  amynysshe,  <  ME. 
amynusshen,  amcnyshe,  earlier  amenusen,  ame- 
Huysen,  <  AT.  amenvser,  OF.  amenuisier,  amc- 
nuiscr,  lessen,  <  a-  (<  L.  ad,  to)  +  menuisier, 
lessen:  see  minish,  diminish.]  I.  trans.  To 
make  less ;  lessen. 

II.  intrans.  To  grow  less;  decrease. 

amioid  (am'i-oid),  a.  and  n.    [<  Amia  +  -oid.] 
I.  a.  Having  the  characters  of  the  Amiidw. 
II.  n.  An  amiid. 

Amioidse  (am-i-oi'de),  ».  pi.    Same  as  Amiidw. 

amir,  n.    See  ameer. 

amiralt  (am'i-ral),  «.  An  old  spelling  of  ad- 
miral. 

amirship,  n.    See  ameership. 

amist,       A  former  spelling  of  amice. 

amiss  (a-mis'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  and  a.  [< 

ME.  amisse,  amysse,  a  mysse,  a  mys,  o  mys,  also 
on  mys,  of  mys,  earliest  form  a  mis  {—  Icel.  d 
mis,  a,  miss) :  a,  0,  on,  E.  «3 ;  mis,  E.  miss'^, 
fault;  cf.  ME.  mis,  adv.,  amiss.  See  miss^  and 
»ijs-i.]  I.  adv.  Away  from  the  mark;  out  of 
the  way;  out  of  the  proper  course  or  order;  in 
a  faulty  manner ;  wrongly;  in  a  manner  con- 
trary to  propriety,  truth,  law,  or  morality. 
Ye  ask,  and  receive  not,  because  ye  ask  amiss.  Jas.  iv.  3. 

We  read  amiss,  if  we  imagine  that  the  fiery  persecution 
which  raged  against  Clirist  had  burned  itself  out  in  the 
act  of  the  crucifixion.  De  Quincey,  Essenes,  i. 

II.  a.  Improper;  wrong;  faulty:  used  only 
in  the  predicate :  as,  it  may  not  be  amiss  to  ask 
advice. 

There's  somewhat  in  this  world  amiss 
Shall  be  unriddled  by  and  by. 

Tennyson,  Miller's  Daughter. 
Much  I  find  amiss. 
Blameworthy,  punishable  in  this  freak 
Of  thine.        Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  202. 
There  is  something  amiss  in  one  who  has  to  grope  for 
his  theme  and  cannot  adjust  himself  to  his  period. 

Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  301. 
Not  amiss,  passable  or  suitable;  fair;  not  so  bad  after 
all :  a  phrase  used  to  express  approval,  but  not  in  a  very 
emphatic  way.  [Colloq.] 
She's  a  miss,  she  is ;  and  yet  she  an't  amiss — eh? 

Dickens. 

To  come  amiss,  to  be  unwelcome ;  be  not  wanted ;  be 
out  of  the  proper  place  or  time. 

Neyther  Religion  cummeth  amisse. 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster. 
To  take  amiss,  to  be  offended  at. 

My  brother  was  passionate,  and  had  often  beaten  nie, 
which  I  took  extremely  amiss. 

Franklin,  Autobiog.,  p.  30. 

amissf  (a-mis'),  «•  [<  late  ME.  amisse,  <  miss'^, 
n.,  q.  v.,  by  confusion  with  amiss,  adv.]  Fault ; 
wrong:  as,  "some  great  amiss,"  Shak.,  Hamlet, 
iv.  5. 

A  woman  laden  with  afflictions, 
Big  with  true  sorrow,  and  religious  penitence 
For  her  amiss.    Chapman,  Revenge  for  Honour,  v.  2. 

amissibility  (a-mis-i-bil'i-ti),  w.  [<  amissible : 
see  -hility.]  The  capability  or  possibility  of 
being  lost.  [Bare.] 

Notions  of  popular  rights,  and  the  amissibility  of  sov- 
ereign power  for  misconduct,  were  broached. 

Hallayn,  Hist.  Lit.  (4th  ed.),  II.  520. 

amissible  (a-mis'i-bl),  a.  [<  LL.  amissibilis,  < 
amissus,  pp.  of  amittere,  lose:  see  amit^.]  Ca- 
pable of  being,  or  liable  to  be,  lost.  [Bare.] 

amissiug  (a-mis'ing),  a.  [Prop,  a  phr.,  a  miss- 
ing (a3  and  missing,  verbal  n.  of  miss^)  ;  as  if  a 
Ypv.ot* amiss,  v.]    Missing;  wanting. 

amissiont  (a-mish'on),  n.  \_\  L.  amissio(n-),  < 
amissus,'pT^!ot  amittere,  lose:  seeamit^.]  Loss. 

Amission  of  their  church  membership. 

Dr.  II.  More,  Seven  Churches,  iii. 

amit^t,  M-    An  old  form  of  amice^. 
amit^t  (a-mif),  v.  t.  or  i.    [<  L.  amittere,  lose, 
let  go,  send  away,  <  a  for  ab,  from  (see  ab-),  + 


Ammobium 

mittere,  send.  Cf.  admit,  commit,  permit,  remit, 
etc.]    To  lose :  rarely  with  of. 

We  desire  no  records  of  such  enormities ;  sins  should  be 
accounted  new,  that  so  they  may  be  esteemed  monstrous. 
They  ainit  of  monstrosity,  as  they  fall  from  their  rarity. 

Sir  T.  Browne. 

amity  (am'i-ti),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  amitie,  < 
OF.  amitie,  'amistie,  amisted,  amistet=  Sp.  amis- 
tad  =Pg.  amisade  T=li.  amistd,,  (.'ML.  *amici- 
ta{t-)s,  friendship,  <  L.  amicus,  friendly,  a  friend: 
see  amiable.]  Friendship,  in  a  general  sense; 
harmony;  good  understanding,  especially  be- 
tween nations ;  political  friendship :  as,  a  treaty 
of  amity  and  commerce. 

Great  Britain  was  in  league  and  amity  with  all  the 
world.  Sir  J.  Davies,  Ireland. 

These  appearances  and  sounds  which  imply  amity  or 
enmity  in  those  around,  become  symbolic  of  happiness  and 
misery.  H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  620. 

I  much  prefer  the  company  of  ploughboys  and  tin-ped- 
dlers to  the  silken  and  perfumed  amity  which  celebrates 
its  days  of  encounter  by  a  frivolous  display. 

Emerson,  Friendship. 

=  S5T1.  Friendliness,  kindness,  good  will,  affection,  har- 
mony. 

Amiur'US  (am-i-u'rus),  TO.  [NL.,  not  curtailed, 
i.  e.,  with  the  tail  not  notched,  having  the  tail 
even  or  square ;  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  neiovpog,  cur- 
tailed, curtal,  <  fieiuv,  less  (compar.  of  fiinpSg, 
little),  +  ovpd,  taU.]  A  large  genus  of  Siluridw, 
containing  many  of  the  commonest  American 
species  of  catfishes,  horned  pouts  or  bullheads, 
such  as  A.  nebulosus.  There  are  some  15  species, 
among  them  A.  nigricans,  the  great-lake  cat,  and  A.  pon- 
derosus,  the  Mississippi  cat,  sometimes  weighing  upward 
of  100  pounds.  Also  written  Ameiurus,  as  originally  by 
Rafinesque,  1820.    See  cut  under  catfish.  • 

Amizilis  (am-i-zil'is),  n.  An  erroneous  form 
of  Amasilia.  B.  P.  Lesson. 

amlett,  n.    An  old  form  of  omelet. 

ammal  (am'a),  n.  [ML.,  a  spiritual  mother, 
abbess,  <  Gr.  a////o,  also  (ififidg,  a  mother,  esp.  in 
a  convent,  prob.  <  Syriac  ama,  a  mother;  in  the 
general  sense  of  'mother'  or  'nurse'  are  foimd 
ML.  amma,  Sp.  Pg.  ama  (>  Anglo-Ind.  amah, 
q.  v.),  OHG.  amma,  ama,  MHG.  G.  anmie,  Dan. 
amme,  Sw.  amma,  nurse,  Icel.  amma,  grand- 
mother ;  supposed  to  be  of  infantile  origin,  like 
mamma,  q.  v.]  In  the  Gr.  and  Syriac  cliurches, 
an  abbess  or  spiritual  mother. 

amma^  (am'ii),  n.  [NL.,  prop.  *hamma,  <  Gr. 
a,u/ja,  a  tie,  knot,  <  ayrreiv,  tie,  fasten,  bind.] 
A  girdle  or  truss  used  in  ruptures. 

amman  (am'an),  n.  [<  G.  ammann,  amtmann, 
<  MHG.  amman,  ambtman,  ambetman,  <  OHG. 
ambahtman  (=  OS.  ambahtman  =  AS.  ambiht- 
man,  ONorth.  embiht-,  embeht-man,  -mon),  <  am- 
bahti,  ambaht,  MHG.  ambet,  ammet,  G.  amt 
=z  Goth,  andbahti,  service,  office  (see  embassy, 
ambassador,  and  amt),  +  OHG.  MHG.  man,  G. 
mann  =  E.  man.]  In  several  of  the  German 
cantons  of  Switzerland,  an  executive  and  judi- 
cial officer.  This  title  is  given  to  the  chief  official  of 
a  district  or  of  a  commune,  but  is  being  replaced  by 
president.    Also  written  ammant. 

Ammanite  (am'an-it),  n.  [<  Amman,  a  proper 
name  (see  amman),  +  -ite"^.]  A  member  of  one 
of  the  two  parties  into  which  the  Swiss  Men- 
nonites  separated  in  the  seventeenth  century. 
They  were  also  called  Upland  Mennonites.  See 
Mennonite. 

ammeter  (am'e-ter),  n.  [Contr.  of  amperome- 
ter,  <  ampere  +  Gr.  fiirpov,  a  measure.]  .An  in- 
strument for  measuring  or  estimating  in  am- 
peres the  strength  of  electric  currents;  an  am- 
pere-meter.   See  cut  under  ampere-meter. 

Practically  it  is  generally  preferred  to  use  galvanome- 
ters specially  constructed  for  this  purpose,  and  graduated 
beforehand  in  ampferesby  the  maker;  such  galvanometers 
are  called  amperemeters  or  annnetcrs. 

Quoted  in  G.  B.  Preseott's  Dynam.  Elect.,  p.  785. 

Ammi  (am'i),  n.  [L.,  also  ammium,  <  Gr. 
a/i/ii,  an  African  plant,  Carum  Copticum  (Dios- 
corides);  the  name  is  prob.  of  Egypt,  origin.] 
A  genus  of  umbelliferous  plants,  natives  of 
the  Mediterranean  region,  and  having  the  habit 
of  the  carrot,  but  with  the  outer  petals  of  the 
umbel  very  large.  It  is  sometimes  called 
bishop' s-iveed. 

ammiralf,  n.   An  old  spelling  of  admiral. 

ammite  (am'it),  n.  [<Gr.  a/i/xirj/c  or  ap/iiuc, 
sandstone,  <  ajujuog,  also  a/ifioc,  sand,  related  to 
a/uadog,  sand,  and  both  prob.  to  tlidft/nog  and 
ipd/xadog,  sand.  ]  An  old  mineralogical  name  for 
roestone  or  oolite,  and  for  all  those  sandstones 
which,  like  oolite,  are  composed  of  rounded  and 
loosely  compacted  grains.  See  oolite.  Also 
written  hammite. 

Ammobium  (a-mo'bi-um),  w.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/ifiog, 
sand,  +  (3ioc,  life.]    A  small  genus  of  composite 


Ammobinm 

plants  from  Australia,  frequently  cultivated 
for  the  showy-colored  scarious  bracts  that  sur- 
round the  liower-head,  which  become  dry  and 
persistent. 

anunocete,  n.    See  ammocoete. 

aminochryse  (am'o-kris),  n.  [<  L.  ammoclmj- 
sus,  <  Gr.  a/i/i6xpvao(,  a  precious  stone  resem- 
bUiig  sand  veined  with  gold,  <  afi/io^,  sand  (see 
ammite),  +  xP'^'^og,  gold :  see  chrysolite,  etc.]  A 
soft  yellow  stone,  found  in  Germany,  consisting 

of  glossy  yellow  particles.  yVhen  rubbed  or  ground 
it  has  been  used  to  strew  over  fresh  writing  to  prevent 
blotting. 

ammocoete,  ammocete  (am'o-set),  n.  A  fish 

of  the  genus  Ammocwtes. 
Ammoccetes  (am-o-se'tez),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

a/ifiog,  sand  (see  ammite),  +  ko'ittj,  a  bed,  <  Kti- 
cOai,  lie.]  A  generic  name  of  a  myzont  or  lam- 
prey-like fish,  (a)  The  young  or  larval  stage  of  the 
petromyzontids,  or  lampreys,  characterized  by  the  want  of 
«yes  and  by  a  semicircular  mouth.  During  the  period  of 
this  stage  the  animal  lives  in  the  sand  of  river-beds. 

This  simple  lamprey  larva  .  .  .  was  generally  described 
as  a  peculiar  form  of  fish  under  the  name  of  Ammoccetes. 
By  a  further  metamorphosis  this  blind  and  toothless  Am- 
moccetes is  transformed  into  the  lamprey  with  eyes  and 
teeth.  Haeckel,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  II.  104. 

(6)  A  genus  of  which  the  Ammoccetes  branchialis  is  the 
young,  which  is  distinguished  from  Petromyzon  by  the 
differentiation  of  the  discal  and  peripheral  teeth  and  the 
crescentiform  dentated  lingual  teeth  of  the  adult. 

ammocoetid  (am-o-se'tid),  n.  One  of  the  Am- 
moccetidce  ;  an  ammocoete. 

Ammocoetidse  (am-o-se'ti-de),  w.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Ammoccetes  +  -idm.~\  The  family  name  applied 
to  the  yoimg  of  the  Petromyzontidce  before  it 
was  ascertained  that  they  represented  only  a 
larval  stage  in  the  growth  of  those  fishes.  See 
Ammoccetes. 

ammocoetiform  (am-o-se'ti-form),  a.  [<  NL. 
Ammoccetes  +  L.  forma,  form.]  Haviug  the 
form  of  an  ammoccete ;  ha^dng  the  character 
of  a  larval  lamprey^ 

ammocoetoid  (am-o-se'toid),  a.  and  n.    I.  a. 
Having  the  character  of  the  Ammoccetes,  or  lar- 
vae of  the  lamprey ;  ammocoetiform. 
II,  11.  An  ammocoetid. 

Ammocrypta  (am-o-krip'ta),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/z- 
//of,  sand,  +  Kpv-rog,  hidden,  verbal  adj.  of  apv- 
■KTELv,  hide.]  A  genus  of  percoid  fishes  known 
as  sand-divers,  of  the  subfamily  Etheostomi- 
iflCB,  or  darters.  These  fishes  have  a  long  subcylin- 
dric  pellucid  body,  naked  with  the  exception  of  the  caudal 
peduncle  and  the  lateral  line,  which  latter  is  complete;  tlie 
mouth  large,  with  vomerine  teeth ;  head  scaleless ;  anal 
spine  single,  and  high  dorsal  fins  equal  to  the  anal.  A, 
beani  inhabits  the  lower  Mississippi.    See  sand-diver, 

Ammodramus  (a-mod'ra-mus),  n.  Same  as 
Ammodromus.    Swainsoi,  1827. 

Ammodromus  (a-mod'ro-mus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aufio^,  sand  (see  ammite),  +  -Spofiog,  running 
(cf.  a/i/xodpofioc,  a  sandy  place  for  racing,  <  afi/io^ 
+  6p6fiog,  a  race),  <  Spafielv,  run.]  1.  Agenus  of 
birds,  of  the  family  Fringillidm,  suborder  Osci- 
ties,  order  Passeres,  embracing  such  species  as 
A.  caudacutm,  the  sharp-tailed  finch,  and  A.  ma- 
ritimus,  the  seaside  finch.  They  are  small  spotted 
and  streaked  sparrows,  with  rather  slender  bill,  chiefly 
inhabiting  the  marshes  of  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United 
States.  Also  frequently  written  Ammodramus,  as  origi- 
nally by  Swainson,  1827. 

2.  A  genus  of  hymenopterous  insects.  Cruerin, 
1838. 

ammodjrfce  (am'o-dit),  n.  [<  Ammodytes.']  1. 
One  of  the  Ammodytidw. — 2.  A  name  used  in 
books  for  the  sand-natter,  a  serpent  of  southern 
Europe. 

Ammods^tes  (am-o-di'tez),  h.  [L.,  <  Gr.  a/n/io- 
6vT7jg,  a  sand-burrower,  a  kind  of  serpent,  < 
afiuoc,  sand  (see  ammite),  +  6vT7ig,  a  diver,  < 
dveiv,  dive,  sink  into,  enter.]  1.  A  genus  of 
fishes,  of  the  tamily  Ammodytidw ;  the  sand-eel 
or  sand-lance  (which  see). —  2.  In  herpet.,  sand- 
natters,  a  genus  of  eolubrif  orm  serpents,  usually 
called  Eryx  (which  see).    Bonaparte,  1831. 

ammodytid  (am-o-di'tid),  n.  One  of  the  Am- 
modytidcF. 

Ammodytidse  (am-o-dit'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Ammodytes  +  -idee.']  A  family  of  anacanthine 
teleocephalous  fishes,  with  an  elongated  body 


( From  a  late  bronze  in  the 
British  Museum. ) 


shaped  like  a  parallelogram,  its  technical  charac- 
ters are  a  dorsolateral  line,  conical  head  with  terminal 
mouth  and  protractile  jaws,  postmedian  anus,  narrow 
suborbitals,  enlarged  suboperculum,  mdely  cleft  branchial 
apertures,  lamelliforra  pseudobranchiae,  a  long  dorsal  fin, 
a  long  sub-postmedian  anal  fin  with  articulated  rays,  and 
the  absence  of  ventral  fins.  The  species  are  of  small  size, 
12 


177 

generally  about  6  inches  long ;  they  associate  in  large 
schools,  chiefly  in  the  northern  seas,  and  are  important 
as  bait  for  other  fishes.  They  are  known  chiefly  as  sand- 
lances,  or  lances,  from  their  habit  of  "  diving"  into  and  liv- 
ing in  sandy  beaches  and  ocean-bottoms.    See  sand-lance. 

Ammodytina  (am"o-di-ti'na),  n.  pi.   [NL.,  < 

Ammodytes,  1,  +  -ina.']  In  (jiinther's  system  of 
classification,  the  sand-lances,  or  Ammodytidce, 
as  the  fourth  subfamily  of  Opkidiidce.  Also 
written  Ammodytince. 

Ammodytini  (am"9-di-ti'ni),  m.  Same  as 
Ammodytina.    Bonaparte,  1837. 

ammodytoid  (am-o-di'toid),  a.  and  n.    I.  a. 
Having  the  character  of  the  Ammodytidce. 
II.  n.  An  ammodytid. 

Ammodytoidea  (arn'o-di-toi'de-a),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Ammodytes,  1,  +  -oidea.']  The  ammodytids, 
rated  as  a  superfamily  of  fishes. 

Ammon  (am'on),  n.  [L.,  also  Hammon,  <  Gr. 
"A/xfiuv  =  Heb.  Amon,  <  Egypt.  Amun,  Amen, 
he  who  is  hidden  or  concealed.]  The  Greek 
and  Roman  conception  of  the  Egyptian  deity 
Amen  (literally,  'hidden'),  called  Amen-Ea, 
the  sun-god,  chief  of 
the  Theban  divine  triad. 

Amen  was  always  represented 
in  human  form,  and  was  of  a 
much  higher  order  than  the 
ram-headed  divinity,  the  god 
of  life,  worshiped  especially  at 
the  famous  oracular  sanctuary 
of  the  Libyan  oasis  of  Ammon 
(now  Siwah).  The  latter  type 
was  confused  by  the  Greeks  and 
Romans  with  that  of  Amen-Ra, 
and  was  adopted  by  them  as 
Zeus-Ammon  or  Jupiter-Am- 
mon,  but  in  art  was  generally 
idealized  so  thatonly  the  horns, 
sometimes  with  the  ears,  of  the 
ram  were  retained,  springing 
from  a  human  head. 

Ammonacea  (am-o-na'- 
se-a),  n.  pil.  [NL.,  as 
Ammonea  +  -acea.]  De 
Blainville's  name  (1825) 
of  ammonites  as  the 
fourth  family  of  Polythalamacea.  it  included  most 
of  the  tetrabranchiate  cephalopods,  and  is  synonymous 
with  Ammonea  of  Lamarck. 

Ammonea  (am-o-ne'a),  n. pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 

ammoneus,  <  L.  Ammon,  with.  ref.  to  Ammonites, 
q.  v.]  1.  In  Lamarck's  classification  (1812), 
the  seventh  family  of  polythalamous  testaceous 
cephalopods,  including  most  of  the  Tetrahran- 
cliiata,  having  an  involute  shell  with  sinuous 
partitions  between  the  chambers.  The  group 
has  been  adopted  with  various  modifications  and  ratings 
in  the  scale  of  classification  under  the  names  Amnwna- 
cea,  Ammonitce,  Ammonitea,  Ammonitece,  Ammonitidce, 
A mmonitoidea,  A tn monoidea. 

2.  Now,  an  extinct  order  of  the  class  Cephalo- 
poda, including  cephalopods  intermediate  be- 
tween Bibranchiata  and  Tetrahranchiata.  The 
animal  was  inclosed  in  the  last  chamber  of  a  multilocular 
shell  protected  by  one  or  two  operculiform  pieces  forming 
an  aptychus  ;  the  shell  had  a  smooth  ovoid  chamber  with- 
out an  external  scar  and  containing  a  siphonal  caecum 
which  did  not  touch  the  internal  wall;  the  sutural  or 
peripheral  contour  of  the  partitions  between  the  cham- 
bers of  the  old  shell  were  more  or  less  sinuous.  The  form 
varied  from  a  straight  cone  to  almost  every  kind  of  con- 
volution. The  species  abounded  in  past  geological  ages, 
but  became  extinct  at  the  end  of  the  Cretaceous  epoch  or 
beginning  of  the  Tertiary  period, 
ammonia  (a-mo'ni-a),  n.  [NL.  (Bergmann, 
1782),  <  L.  {sal)  ammoniacum:  see  ammoniac.^ 

1 .  The  modern  name  of  the  volatile  alkali,  NH3, 
formerly  so  called  to  distinguish  it  from  the 
more  fixed  alkalis,  it  is  a  colorless  gas,  very  sol- 
uble in  water,  having  a  pungent  and  suffocating  smell, 
and  a  transient  alkaline  effect  on  vegetable  colors.  It  can 
be  liquefied  by  pressure  and  frozen  by  a  niixtirre  of  solid 
carbonic  acid  and  ether  in  a  vacuum.  Its  density  is  only 
about  half  that  of  atmospheric  air.  It  is  a  strong  base, 
and  forms  a  great  number  of  salts  which  are  isomorphous 
with  those  of  potassium  and  exhibit  a  close  analogy  to 
them.  It  is  found  in  minute  quantity  in  air,  and  is  a 
natural  product  of  the  decay  of  animal  substances.  It  is 
procured  artificially  by  the  destructive  distillation  of  ni- 
trogenous organic  matters,  such  as  bones,  hair,  horns,  and 
hoofs,  and  is  largely  obtained  as  a  by-product  in  the  manu- 
facture of  illuminating  gas  from  coal.  Ammonia  is  used 
very  largely  in  medicine  and  the  arts,  chiefly  in  solution 
in  water  under  the  name  of  liquid  ammonia,  aqueous 
ammonia,  or  spirits  of  hartsliorn.  (See  aqua  ammo}iice, 
under  aqua.)  Among  the  more  important  salts  of  am- 
monia is  ammonium  chlorid,  or  sal  ammoniac,  NH4CI, 
which  formerly  was  the  source  from  which  all  ammonium 
salts  were  prepared.  It  is  largely  used  in  dyeing,  and  in 
soldering  and  tinning.  At  present  ammonium  sulphate, 
(NH4)2S04,  is  the  starting-point  for  the  manufacture  of 
ammonium  salts,  being  made  in  large  quantity  from  gas- 
liquor.  It  is  also  used  as  a  fertilizer.  There  are  several 
ammonium  carbonates.  The  commercial  article,  called 
sal  volatile,  is  a  mixture  of  hydrogen-ammonium  carbonate 
and  ammonium  carbamate.    See  ammoniutn. 

2.  [cop.]  In  zodl.:  (a)  An  old  quasi-generic 
name  of  Spirula.  Breyn,  1732.  (6)  A  genus  of 
arachnidans.  Koch,  1835 — Ammonia  ore  process, 

a  process,  partly  chemical  and  partly  electrical,  for  sepa- 


ammoniflcatlon 

rating  copper  and  silver  from  their  ores  with  the  aid  of 
ammoniacal  salts, 
ammoniac  (a-mo'ni-ak),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  ammoniack,  also  armoniack,  <  ME.  amoniak, 
ammonyak,  also,  and  earlier,  armoniak,  armo- 
nyak,  armonyac,  adj.,  in  sal  or  salt  armoniak,  sal 
ammoniac ;  as  a  noun,  gum  ammoniac ;  <  OF. 
ammoniac,  armoniac,  <  L.  ammoniacus  or  ham- 
moniacus,  <  Gr.  *Vi/i/iuviaK6r,  belonging  to  Am- 
mon (Libyan,  Afiican),  L.  sal  Ammoniacum  or 
Hammoniacum,  Gr.  neut.  'Afi/iuvtaKov,  salt  of  Am- 
mon, so  called,  it  is  supposed,  because  origi- 
nally prepared  from  the  dung  of  camels  near 
the  temple  of  Ammon;  L.  ammoniacum  or  ham- 
moniacum, Gr.  a/ifiuvtaKdv,  gum  ammoniac,  the 
juice  of  a  plant  of  northern  Africa,  tradition- 
ally located  near  the  temple  of  Ammon;  <  Am- 
mon, Gr.  "A/i/iuv,  Ammon:  see  Amvion.  The 
ME.  form  armoniak,  OF.  armoniac,  ML.  ar- 
moniacum,  indicates  confusion  with  Gr.  dp- 
jiovia,  a  fastening  or  joining,  from  the  use  of 
gum  ammoniac  as  a  cement,  or  of  sal  ammo- 
niac in  the  joining  of  metals.]  I.  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  Ammon,  or  to  his  shrine  in  Libya : 
only  in  the  phrases,  or  quasi-compounds,  gum 
ammoniac  and  sal  ammoniac.  See  etymology, 
and  definitions  below. — 2.  Of,  pertaining  to,  o^ 
having  the  properties  of  ammonia ;  ammoniacal. 
—  Gum  ammoniac,  or  ammoniac  gum,  a  gum-resin 

composed  of  tears,  internally  white  and  exttrnally  yellow, 
brought  in  large  masses  from  Persia  and  western  India; 
an  exudation  from  an  umbelliferous  plant,  the  Dorema 
Ammoniacum,  when  punctured  artificially  or  by  insects. 
It  has  a  fetid  smell,  and  a  nauseous  sweet  taste,  followed  by 
a  bitter  one.  It  is  inflammable,  and  soluble  in  water  and 
spirit  of  wine ;  and  it  is  used  as  an  expectorant,  and  as  a 
stimulant  in  certain  plasters.  The  so-called  gum  ammoniac 
from  Morocco  (which  is  with  little  doubt  the  ammoniacum 
of  the  ancients)  is  of  uncertain  origin,  but  is  probably  ob- 
tained from  some  species  of  El(xoselinum.  Also  called 
ammoniac  and  ammoniacum. —  Sal  ammoniac,  ammo- 
nium chlorid,  also  called  muriate  0/  ammonia,  a  salt  of  a 
sharp,  acrid  taste,  much  used  in  the  arts  and  in  pharmacy. 
See  ammonia,  1. 

II.  n.  Same  as  gum  ammoniac.  See  above, 
ammoniacal  (am-o-ni'a-kal),  a.  [<  ammoniac 
+  -aL]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  using  ammonia; 
ammoniac — Ammoniacal  cochineal.  See  cochineal. 
— Ammoniacal  engine,  an  engine  in  which  the  motive 
power  is  vapor  of  ammonia, expanded  by  heat. — Ammonia- 
cal gas,  ammonia  in  its  purest  form,  that  is,  in  the  form 
of  vapor.— Ammoniacal  liquor,  or  gas-liquor,  a  pro- 
duct of  the  distillation  of  coal  in  gas-works.  It  contains 
ammonia,  and  is  used  for  the  manufacture  of  ammonia- 
cal salts  and  as  a  fertilizer.— AmmoniacaJ  salt,  a  salt 
formed  by  the  union  of  ammonia  with  an  acid,  without 
the  elimination  of  hydrogen ;  differing  in  this  from  metal- 
lic salts,  which  are  formed  by  the  substitution  of  the  metal 
for  the  hydrogen  of  the  acid. 

ammoniaco-.    Combining  form  of  ammoniac  or 

ammoniacal. 

ammoniacum  (am-o-ni'a-lmm),  n.  Same  as 
gum  ammoniac  (which  see,  imder  ammoniac,  a.). 

ammonialum  (a-mo-ni-al'um),  n.  [<  ammonia 
+  alumiinium).']  Ammonia  alum;  a  hydrosul- 
phate  of  aluminium  and  ammonia,  found  in  thin 
fibrous  layers  in  brown-coal  at  Tschermig  in 
Bohemia.  In  France  this  salt  is  manufactured  and  used 
in  place  of  potash  alum.   Also  called  tschennigite. 

ammonia-meter  (a-m6'ni-a-me"ter),  n.  An  ap- 
paratus invented  by  Grifiiii  for  ascertaining  the 
percentage  of  ammonia  in  solutions. 

Ammonian  (a-mo'ni-an),  a.  [<  L.  *Ammonia- 
nus,  <.  Ammonius,  apropername,  <  ^)«)«ow;  see 
Ammon.']  1.  Pertaining  to  Ammon,  or  to  his 
temple  in  the  oasis  of  Siwah  in  Libya. — 2. 
Eelating  to  Ammonius,  surnamed  Saccas,  of 
Alexandria,  who  lived  early  in  the  third  century, 
and  is  often  called  the  founder  of  the  Neo- 
platonic  school  of  philosophy,  his  most  distin- 
guished pupil  being  Plotinus. 

ammoniate  (a-mo'ni-at),  n.  [<  ammonia  + 
-afei.]  1 .  Ammonia  combined  with  a  metaUic 
oxid. —  2.  A  trade-name  for  any  organic  nitro- 
genous material  which  may  be  used  as  a  source 
of  ammonia,  particularly  in  fertilizers,  as  dried 
blood,  fish-scrap,  etc. 

ammoniated  (a-mo'ni-a-ted),  a.  {(.ammo- 
niate.']   Combined  with  ammonia. 

ammonic  (a-mon'ik),  a.  [<  ammonia  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  ammonia  :  as, 
ammonic  chlorid. 

ammoniemia,  ammonisemia  (a-mo-ni-e'mi-a), 

n.  [NL.,  <  ammonium  +  Gr.  ai^ia,  blood.]  A 
morbid  condition  characterized  bj'  the  presence 
of  ammonium  carbonate  in  the  blood, 
ammonification  (a-mon'i-fi-ka'shon),  ?i.  [< 
ammonia  +  -tication.]  The  act  of" impregnat- 
ing with  ammonia,  as  for  fertilization,  or  the 
state  of  being  so  impregnated. 

Ammonijication  [of  the  soil  of  Japan]  can  be  performed 
only  to  a  depth  of  60  centimeters. 

Sei.  Amer.  Sup.,  XXII.  8789. 


ammonio- 

ammonio-.  Combining  form  of  ammonium. 
ammonite  (am'qn-it),  n.  [<  NL.  Ammonites, 
with  ref.  to  the  L.  name  coniu  Ammonis,  horn  of 
Ammon :  so  called 
from  their  resem- 
blance to  a  ram's 
horn:  see  Ammon 
and  -(ff'2.]  One  of 
the  fossil  shells  of 
an  extensive  genus 
{Ammonites)  of  ex- 


belonging  to  the 
family  Uphegidcv.  A. 
pictipennis  (Walsh) 
is  an  example.  Set' 

tmct  cophalopodous  ammophilous  (a- 

moUusks       (cuttle-    mofi-his), «.  [<NL, 


178 

from  inroads  of  the  sea,  as  it  serves  to  bind  down  the  sand 
by  its  long  matted  rhizomes.  It  is  also  manufactui-ed  into 
door-mats  and  floor-brushes,  and  in  the  Hebrides  into  ropes 
mats,  bags,  and  hats. 

2.  In  entom.,  a  genus  of  long-bodied  fossorial 
aculeate  hymenopterous  insects,  commonly 
called  sand-wasps 


fishes),  of  the  family 
Ammonitiike,  eoQed 
in  a  plane  spiral,  and 
chambered  within 
like  the  shell  of  the 
existing  nautilus,  to 
which  the  ammon- 


amniopliilus,  <  Gr.  a/i- 
^loc,  sand  (see  am- 
mite),  +  (j)i'Ao^,  lov- 
ing.] Sand-loving: 
applied  in  zool.  to 
members  of  the  ge- 
nus Ammophila,  2. 


Ammonites  sp. 


These  shells  have  a  nacre^ 
ous  lining  and  a  porcelan- 
ous  layer  e.xternally,  and 
are  smooth  or  rugose,  the 
ridges  straight,  crooked, 
orundulated,  and  in  some 
cases  armed  with  project- 
ing spines  or  tubercles. 
The  species  already  described  number  about  500,  and  range 
from  the  Lias  to  the  Chalk  formations,  inclusive.  They 
vary  in  size  from  mere  specks  to  3  or  4  feet  in  diameter. 
Also  written  hainmonite.  Sometimes  called  snakestone, 
axiiitim-stone,  and  formerly  cornu  Ammonis  (Amnion's 
horn). 

Ammonites  (am-o-nl'tez),  n.  [NL. :  see  am- 
monite.'] The  leading  genus  of  ammonites, 
named  in  this  form  by  Breyn  in  1732,  better  es- 
tablished by  Bruguiere  in  1789,  giving  name  to 
the  family  Ammonitidce.  The  name  has  been  used 
with  great  latitude  of  definition,  but  is  now  much  re- 
stricted. Some  40  or  more  generic  names  have  been  given 
to  the-cephalopods  which  were  formerly  referred  to  Am- 
monites.   Also  written  Hammonites.    See  ammonite. 

ammonitid  (a  -mon'i-tid),  n.    An  ammonite;  a 

eephalopod  of  the  family  Ammonitida'. 
Ammonitidae  (am-o-nit'i-de),  «.  pi.    [NL.,  < 


ites    were     aUied.  Ammotrypane  (am-6-trip'a-ne), « 


Painted-wing  Digger-  or  Sand-wasp 
{Ammophila  pictipennis'),  natural 
size. 


......  [NL.,<Gr. 

afifioi;,  sand  (see  ummUe),+  Tpviravov,  borer:  see 
tnpan.]  A  genus  of  chsetopodous  annelids,  of 
the  family  OpheUidoi.  EathJce. 
ammunition  (am-iVnish'on),  n.  [<  p.  amuni- 
tion,  umonition  (ICth  century),  a  corruption  of 
munition,  the  prelix  a-  perhaps  arising  out  of  la 
w»n!7(o»  understood  as  Vamunition :  see  muni- 
tion.] Military  stores  or  provisions  for  attack 
or  defense ;  in  modern  usage,  only  the  materials 
which  are  used  iu  the  discharge  of  fii-earms  and 
ortbiance  of  all  kinds,  as  powder,  balls,  bombs, 
various  kinds  of  shot,  etc.— Ammunition-bread 
-shoes,  -stOCldngS,  etc. ,  such  as  are  contracted  for  by  the 
government,  and  distributed  to  soldiers.— Fixed  ammu- 
nition, amnnuiition  the  materials  of  which  are  combined 
in  cartridges  or  otherwise  to  facilitate  the  loading  of  lire- 
arms  or  ordnance.  See  cor()-irf(/('.— Metallic  ammuni- 
tion, fixed  annnunition  for  small  arms,  and  for  machine- 
guns  and  raijid-firing  guns  of  small  caliber,  inclosed  in 
brassorcopper  cartridge-cases.— Stand  Of  ammunition, 
a  single  charge  or  load  of  fixed  ammunition  for  a  smooth- 
bore field-piece  or  other  cannon. 

ammunition  (am-u-nish'on),  V.  t.    [<  ammuni- 
.         .,      ,     • ,    n      A       -  fion,v.]    To  supply  with"ammimition. 

Ammonites  +  -tdce.]  A  numerous  family  of  ammunition-chest  (am-ii-uish'on-chest),  n.  A 
extinct  tetrabranehiate  cephalopods  (cuttle-  chest  or  box  in  which  the  fixed  ammunition  for 
fishes),  of  which  the  well-kno^vn  ammonite  is  field-cannon  is  packed.  Oneammunition-chest  iscar- 
tne  type,  very  different  limits  have  been  assigned  to  ried  on  the  limber  of  the  gun-carriage,and  three  are  carried 
the  family.    It  includes  the  genera  Goniatites,  Ceratites,    on  the  caisson,  one  on  tlie  limber  and  two  on  the  body. 

Wo/Hrtes,  and  others.  They  are  the  ammunition-hoist     (am-ii-nish'on-hoist),  n. 

In  a  man-of-war,  the  apparatus  by  which  the 
ammunition  is  hoisted  from  the  magazines  to 


Ammonites,  Scaphite. 

most  characteristic  mollusks  of  ' the  Secondary  rocks.  See 

ammontfe. 

ammonitiferous  (am'-'o-ni-tife-rus),  a.  [<  am- 
monite +  L.  ferre  =  E.  bear^.~\  Bearing  am- 
monites; containing  the  remains  of  ammon- 
ites :  as,  ammonitiferous  rocks. 

Ammonitoidea  (a-mou-i-toi'df-a),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Ammonites  +  -oidea.]  A  superfamily  of  tetra- 
branehiate cephalopods,  including  those  which 
have  an  external  shell  of  two  principal  layers, 
with  an  initial  smooth  chamber  and  the  siphonal 
cavity  extending  forward.  It  includes  most  of 
the  order  Ammonea. 

ammonium  (a-mo'ni-um), «.  [NL.  (Berzelius, 
1808),  <  ammonia  +  -um.]  A  name  given  to 
the  hypothetical  base  (NH4)  of  ammonia,  anal- 
ogous to  a  metal,  as  potassium,  it  has  not  been 
isolated.  If  mercury  at  the  negative  pole  of  a  galvanic 
battery  is  placed  in  contact  with  a  solution  of  ammonia 
or  ammonium  eWorld,  and  the  circuit  is  completed,  the 
mass  swells  to  many  times  its  former  volume,  and  an 
amalgam  is  formed  which,  at  the  temperatui-e  of  70°  or 
80°  F.,  is  of  the  consistence  of  butter,  but  at  the  freezing- 


the  turret,  or  other  place,  where  it  is  required 
for  use  in  the  guns. 

amnemonic  (am-nf-mon'ik),  a.    [<Gr.  a-priv. 

+  livi]fiovLK6^,  mnemonic  ;  cf.  aimjfiuv,  forgetful.] 
Not  mnemonic ;  characterized  by  loss  of  mem- 
ory. 

amnesia  (am-ne'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aiivnma,  < 
a-priy.  -V  iivrjai-,  only  in  comp.,  remembering, 
<  lUfivijoKuv,  remind,  in  mid.  and  pass,  remem- 
ber, fivaadat,  remember,  =  L.  mcminisse,  remem- 
ber: see  mnemonic,  memory,  remember,  etc.  Cf. 
amnesty.]  1.  In  ^«<7ioZ.,  loss  of  memory ;  spe- 
cifically, amorbidcondition  in  which  the  patient 
is  unable  to  recall  a  word  that  is  wanted,  or, 
perhaps, understand  it  when  spoken:  a  common 
formof  aphasia(whichsee).— 2.  \_cap.]  Inaool., 
a  genus  of  coleopterous  insects.  G.  H.  Horn, 
1876 — Amnesia  acustica  (see  acoustic),  loss  of  mem- 
ory for  .spoken  words ;  word-deafness. 


point  is  a  firm  and  crystallized  mass.    This  amalgam  is  amnesiC  (am-ne'sik),  ffi.    [<  amnesia  + -ic  1  Per- 
supposed  to  be  formed  by  the  metallic  base  ammonium,    taining  to  or  characterized  by  amnesia  or  loss 
and  IS  the  nearest  approach  to  its  isolation.    On  the  cessa-    ofmemorv  as  0^)10=40 
tion  of  the  current  the  amalgam  decomposes  into  mercm-y,  +•    ^      '  aphasia.  _ 

ammonia,  and  hydrogen,  the  two  latter  escaping  as  gas  in  amnestlC  (am-nes  tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a/ivT/ana,  for- 
the  proportions  expressed  by  their  atomic  weights,  namely,  getfulness :  See  amnesty  and  amnesia.]  Causinff 
H  and  NH3.— Ammonium  bases,  compounds  repre-    amnesia  or  loss  of  memorv 

senting  one  or  more  molecules  of  ammonium  hydrate,  in  amnoatTr  fa^'.,^^  .1  ..■      ^  j.-  ^ 

which  monatomic  or  polyatomic  radicals  replace  the  whole  amnesty  (am  nes-tl),  «. ;  pi.  amnesties  (-tiz). 
or  part  of  the  hydrogen,  as  seen  in  tetrethyl-ammonium  •  atnnestw,  <  L.  amnestia,  <  Gr.  hfivT/cTia,  for- 

iodide,  N(C2H5)4l.  _  getfulness,  esp.  of  wrong,  <  afivr/aroc,  forgotten 

ammoniuret  (am-o-m  u-ret),  n.  [<  ammonia  +  forgetful,  <  d-priv.  +  fii/ivr/aneiv,  iivaaOai,  remem- 
-uret.]  In  cliem.,  one  of  certain  supposed  com-  ber:  see  amnesia.]  A  forgetting  or  overlook- 
pounds  of  ammonia  and  a  pure  metal,  or  an   ing;  an  act  of  oblivion;  specifically,  a  general 

oxid  of  a  metal.  _  pardon  or  conditional  offer  of  pardon  of  offenses 

ammoniureted,  ammonmretted  (am-o-ni'u-  or  of  a  class  of  offenses  against  a  government 

ret-ed),  a.  i<.  ammoniuret.]  Combined  with  or  the  proclamation  of  such  pardon.  ' 
ammonia  or  ammonium.  All  peace  implies  amm'sti/,  or  oblivion  of'  past  subjects 

ammonoid  (am'6-noid),  n.  One  of  the  Ammo-  ?l  '''spute,  whether  the  saine  is  expressly  mentioned  in 
lioidca  '  terms  of  the  treaty,  or  not. 

Ammonoidea  (am-o-noi'df-a),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <    =  syn.  Absolution,  eTc."'le'e™« '  '''' 

Ammonea  +  -oidea.]     An  ordinal  name  ap-  amnesty  (am'nes-ti),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  am- 

plied  by  some  authors  to  the  Ammonea.  nestied,  ppr.  amnestyintj.    [<  amnesty  n  1  To 

Ammophila  (a-mof'i-la),  w.    [NL.,  fem.  of  aw-   "  .    .      ■  , 


mophilus:  see  ammophilous.]  1.  A  small  genus 
of  grasses  growing  on  the  sandy  shores  of  Eu- 
rope and  North  America ;  the  sea-reed.  A.  arun- 

dinacea  (common  marum,  sea-reed,  matweed,  or  sea- 
bent)  grows  on  sandy  sea-shores,  and  is  extensively  em- 
ployed in  Europe  and  America  for  preserving  the  shores 


grant  an  amnesty  to ;  pardon. 

f"rance  has,  luckily,  little  to  trouble  her  beyond  the 
question  of  amnestying  the  Communists. 

The  Nation,  XXII.  329. 
The  fugitive  manslayer  is  amnestied,  not  on  the  death 
of  the  king,  but  on  the  death  of  the  high  priest. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  510. 


amnion 

amnia,  n.    Plural  of  amnion. 

amnicH  (am'nik),  a.  [<  L.  amnicus,  <  amnis,  a 
river,  akin  to  Skt.  ap,  water.]  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  a  river;  fluvial;  fluviatile. 

amnic^  (am'nik),  a.  [<  amnion  +  -ic.]  Same 
as  amniotic. 

Amnicola  (am-nik'o-la),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  amni- 
cola,  that  gi-ows  in  or  by  a  river,  <  amnis,  a 
river,  +  -cola,  <  colere,  dwell.]  A  genus  of 
fresh-water  taenioglossate  mollusks,  of  the 
family  Rissoidce,  or  made  the  type  of  Amnico- 
lidw.  There  are  several  species,  of  small  size,  generally 
distributed  throughout  the  United  States. 

amnicolid  (am-nik'o-lid),  n.  A  gastropod  of 
the  family  Amnicoli'dce. 

Amnicolidse  (am-ni-kol'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amnicola  +  -ida;.]  A  family  of  tsenioglossate 
gastropods,  typified  by  the  genus  Amnicola. 

The  distinction  from  Rissoidoi  is  not  well  marked,  but 
numerous  small  species  inhabiting  fresh  and  brackish 
water  have  been  referred  to  this  family. 
Amnicolinse  (am-nik-6-li'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amnicola  +  -ina.]  A  subfamily  of  Eissoidw,  or 
of  Amnicolidm,  typified  by  Amnicola.  The  animal 
has  a  flat  foot  without  lateral  sinuses ;  the  rachidian  teeth 
have  basal  denticles  on  the  anterior  surface  behind  the 
lateral  margins ;  the  shell  varies  from  a  turreted  to  a 
globular  form ;  and  the  operculum  is  subspiral.  The  sub- 
family includes  many  small  fresh-water  species,  of  which 
a  large  number  inhabit  the  streams  and  pools  of  the  United 
States. 

amnicoline  (am-nik'o-lin),  a.  and  w.  [<  NL. 
amnicolinus,  (.Amnicola,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  Inhabit- 
ing rivers,  as  an  amnicolid ;  of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Amnicolinw ;  amnicoloid. 

II.  M.  A  gastropod  of  the  subfamily  Amnico- 
linw ;  an  amnicolid. 

amnicolistt  (am-nik'o-list),  n.  [<  L.  amnicola, 
one  who  dwells  by  a  river  (see  Amnicola),  + 
-ist.]  One  who  dweUs  by  a  river  or  upon  its 
banks.  Bailey. 

amnicoloid  (am-nik'o-loid),  a.  [<  Amnicola  + 
-oid.]  Like  an  amnicolid;  pertaining  or  re- 
lated to  the  Amnicolidce. 

amnigenousf  (am-nij'e-nus),  a.  [<  L.  amni- 
gena,  born  in  a  river  (as  fish)  or  of  a  river-god, 

<  amnis,  a  river,  +  -genus,  -born,  <  ■/  *gen,  bear.] 
River-born ;  born  on  or  near  a  river.  Bailey. 

amnion  (am' ni-on),  w. ;  pi.  «»?»n'a  (-a).  [NL.,< 
Gr.  afivlov,  the  membrane  around  the  fetus  (also 
called  afiVEioc  x^^irv),  also  the  bowl  in  which  the 
blood  of  victims  was  caught  at  the  sacrifices ; 

<  afiv6g,  a  lamb:  see  agnus.]  1.  In  anat.  and 
vertebrate  sodl.,  one  of  the  fetal  appendages; 
the  innermost  one  of  the  membranes  which 
envelop  the  embryo  of  the  higher  vertebrates, 
as  mammals,  birds,  and  reptiles;  the  lining 
membrane  of  a  shut  sac,  familiarly  called  the 
' '  bag  of  waters,"  in  which  the  fetus  is  contained. 

An  anmion  is  developed  in  those  vertebrates  only  which 
have  a  fully  formed  allantois ;  hence  it  is  absent  in  the 
Ichthyopsida,  or  fishes  and  amphibians,  but  present  in  all 
Sauropsida,  or  reptiles  and  birds,  and  in  Mammalia. 
The  anniion  is  formed,  at  a  very  early  period  in  the  life 
of  the  embryo,  by  a  duplication  of  the  epiblast,  or  external 
blastodermic  membrane,  which,  carrying  with  it  a  layer 
of  mesoblastfrom  the  somatopleural  division  of  the  latter, 
rises  on  all  sides  about  the  embryo,  the  folded  edges  com- 
ing together  over  the  back  of  the  embryo,  and  there  coa- 
lescing to  form  a  shut  sac  in  which  the  embryo  is  inclosed. 
From  this  mode  of  growth,  it  is  obvious  that  what  was  the 
outer  side  of  the  anmiotic  folds  becomes  the  inner  side  of 
the  sac  when  it  has  shut,  so  that  the  epiblastic  layer  is  in- 
ternal, the  mesoblastic  external ;  the  process  of  inversion 
being  comparable  to  that  by  which,  in  the  case  of  the 
primitive  trace  of  the  embryo,  a  layer  of  epiblast  is  con- 
verted into  the  lining  of  the  spinal  canal.  Only  that  fold 
of  membrane  which  is  next  the  body  of  the  embryo  com- 
poses the  amnion  prop- 
3  er,  the  other  or  outer 

fold  in  contact  with  the 
enveloijing  primitive 
chorion  (vitelline  mem- 
bi'ane  or  yolk-sac)  either 
disappearing  or  taking 
part  in  the  formation  of 
the  permanent  chorion. 
As  long  as  this  outer 
fold  is  recognizable  as 
a  memlirane,  it  beai's 
the  name  of  false  am- 
nion. The  shut  sac  of 
the  amnion  contains  the 
liquor  amnii,  a  bland, 
albuminous,  serous  fluid 
in  which  the  fetus  is  im- 
mersed. In  parturition, 
rupture  of  the  sac  is  fol- 
lowed by  the  "biusting 
of  the  waters."  Some- 
times a  portion  of  the 
sac  adheres  to  the  head 
of  the  child,  fitting  like 
a  skull-cap ;  such  an  in- 
fant is  said,  in  the  lan- 
guage of  midwives,  who 
commonly  regard  the 
circumstance  as  a  good 
omen,  to  be  "born  with 
a  caul."   Those  verte- 


Vertebrate  Embryo  (chick,  sth  day  of 
incubation ),  showing  Am,  the  inclosing 
amnion :  rt,  o,  rudiments  of  anterior 
and  posterior  limbs,  or  limb-buds;  i, 
2,  3,  first,  second,  and  third  cerebral 
vesicles :  i«,  vesicle  of  the  third  ven- 
tricle :  h,  eye  ;  k,  visceral  arches  and 
clefts:  All,  allantois,  hanging  by  its 
pedicle :  Um,  portion  of  umbilical 
vesicle. 


amnion 

brates  which  possess  an  amnion  are  termed  Amnionata; 
those  which  do  not,  Anamnioiiata :  terras  coincident  re- 
spectively with  AUantoidea  and  Anallantoidea. 

2.  In  entom.,  a  membrane  which  surrounds  the 
larva  of  many  insects,  as  the  millepeds  (lulidce), 
for  some  time  after  they  are  hatched  from  the 
egg.  It  is  regarded  by  some  as  the  analogue 
of  the  amnion  of  a  vertebrate. 

In  many  insects  and  in  the  higher  vertebrates,  the  em- 
bryo acquires  a  special  protective  envelope,  the  amnion, 
which  is  thi-own  off  at  birth.    Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  C7. 

3.  A  reflected  portion  of  a  membrane,  in  ascid- 
ians,  which  lines  the  inner  wall  of  the  ovisac, 
and  forms  a  kind  of  amniotic  investment  of  the 
embryo. 

It  is  the  cavity  left  between  this  amnion  and  the  inner 
hemisphere  of  the  blastoderm  which  becomes  the  parental 
blood-sinus.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  533. 

4.  Inbot.,  a  name  formerly  given  to  the  fluid 
contents  of  the  embryo  sac. 

Sometimes  erroneously  written  amnios. 
False  amnion,  tlie  part  of  the  original  amnionic  mem- 
brane left  lining  the  chorion  after  the  amnionic  sac  proper 
is  formed  by  a  duplication  and  inversion  of  a  part  of  the 
original  membrane.  It  disappears  either  by  absorption 
or  by  taking  part  in  the  development  of  the  chorion. 
Also  called  vesicula  serosa. 

Amnionata  (arn'm-o-na'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL. ; 
prop.  *Amniata  or  Amniota  ;  i  amnion  +  -ata.^ 
A  name  given  by  Haeckel  to  those  vertebrates 
which  have  an  amnion,  it  corresponds  to  AUa7i- 
toidea,  and  is  coe.xtensive  with  Mammalia  and  Saurop- 
sida  of  Huxley,  or  mammals,  birds,  and  reptiles,  the  am- 
phibians and  fishes  being  teTmeiAnamnionata  (which  see). 
Also  called  Amniota. 

amnionic  (am-ni-on'ik),  a.  [The  proper  form 
would  be  *amniac ;  <  amnion  (amni-on)  +  -ic 
(-ac).]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of 
ananmion;  amniotic. 

In  a  number  of  Insects  belonging  to  different  orders  of 
the  class,  an  amnionic  investment  is  developed  from  the 
extra-neural  part  of  the  blastoderm. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  220. 

amnionless  (am'ni-on-les),  a.  amnion  + 
-less.']    Having  no  amnion  ;  anamniotic. 

amnios  (am'ni-os),  n.  [=  F.  amnios.]  Ajo.  er- 
roneous form  for  amnion. 

Amniota  (am-ni-o'ta),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 

*amniotus,  <  Gr.  as"  if  *a/nvioiT6^,  <  ajiviov,  am- 
nion.] Same  as  Amnionata. 
amniotic  (am-ni-ot'ik),  a.  [As  Amniota  +  -ic  ; 
=  F.amniotique.']  1.  Pertaining  to  the  amnion ; 
contained  in  the  amnion :  as,  the  amniotic  fluid. 
— 2.  Possessing  an  amnion;  belonging  to  the 
Amnionata,  as  a  mammal,  bird,  or  reptile.  See 
Amnionata. 
Also  amnic. 

Amniotic  cavity,  the  hollow  of  the  amnion,  containing 
the  amniotic  liquid  and  the  fetus. — Amniotic  folds. 
See  amnj'oft.— Amniotic  Uquid,  amniotic  fluid,  or 
liquor  amn11,  the  liquid  in  which  the  fetus  is  suspended 
by  the  umbilical  cord.  See  amnion. — Amniotic  sac.  (a) 
The  amnion,  invested  externally  by  the  chorion ;  the  lin- 
ing of  the  "bag  of  waters."  (6)  In  bot.,  the  embryo-sac. 
[No  longer  used.] 

amock,  a.  or  adv.    See  amuck. 

amoeba  (a-me'ba),  w. ;  pi.  amoebas,  amcebce 
(-baz,  -be).    [Nf.,  <  Gr.  a/xoi[if/,  change,  ex- 
change, <  hfidfiEiv,  change,  exchange,  akin  to 
L.  OTOt^ere,  >  E.  move,  q.  v.]    1,  [cap.]  A  ge- 
nus of  mieroseopic  rhizopodous  Protozoa,  of 
which  A.  diffluens,  common  in  all  fresh-water 
ponds  and  ditches,  is  the  type,  it  exists  as  a  mass 
of  protoplasm,  and  moves  about  and  grasps  particles  of 
food,  etc.,  by  means  of  pseudopodia,  or  finger-like  pro- 
cesses, which  it  forms  by  protruding  portions  of  its  body. 
From  thus  continually  altering  its  shape  it  received  its  for- 
mer name  of  proteus  animalcule.    Within  the  body  are 
usually  found  a  nucleus  and  nucleolus,  and  certain  clear 
spaces,  termed  contractile  vesicles,  from  their  exhibiting 
rhythmical  movements  of  contraction  and  dilatation. 
There  is  no  distinct  mouth,  and  food  seized  by  means  of 
the  pseudopodia  is  engulfed  within  the  soft  sarcode-body 
and  by  any  portion  of  its 
surface,   the  apertures 
by  which  the  food  is 
taken  in  closing  up  im- 
mediately after  its  re- 
ception. Reproduction 
takes  place  in  several 
ways,  but  chiefly  by  fis- 
sion, whereby  an  amceba 
simply  divides  into  two 
portions,  each  of  which 
becomes  a  distinct  ani- 
malcule.   Several  other 

species  have  been  described ;  but  there  is  reason  to  think 
that  some  of  these,  at  least,  may  be  early  forms  of  other 
and  more  complex  animals,  or  even  of  plants.  The  term 
appears  to  have  been  first  used  by  Ehrenberg  in  1830,  as 
the  name  of  a  genus  of  his  Polygastrica. 

2.  An  animal  of  the  genus  Amoeba. —  3.  Any 
single  cell  or  corpuscle  of  one  of  the  higher 
animals;  a  cell  regarded  as  itself  an  animal, 
and  an  individual  of  the  morphological  grade 
of  development  of  an  amoeboid  organism. 
[Bare.] 


Amcebse  (much  magnified). 


179 

Amoebae  (a-me'be),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  Amceba.] 
In  sooL,  the  order  to  which  the  genus  Amoeba 
belongs. 

Amoebsea  (am-e-be'a),  «.  j)l.    [NL.,  neut.  pi. 

of  L.  amcebceus,  alternate :  see  amwbean''-.]  The 
name  given  by  Ehrenberg  to  the  amcebiform 
organisms  which  he  placed  in  his  Polygastrica. 
amoebseum  (am-f-be'um),  n.;  pi.  amoebaa  (-a). 
[L.,  neut.  of  amcebceus,  <  Gr.  afiotfialo^,  recipro- 
cal, alternate,  <  afioi^irj,  change,  alternation :  see 
amoeba.]  A  poem  in  which  persons  are  repre- 
sented as  speaking  alternately,  as  in  the  third 
and  seventh  eclogues  of  Virgil, 
amoeba-movement  (a-me'ba-m6v"ment),  n.  A 
movement  of  naked  membraneless  protoplasmic 
bodies,  consisting  of  rapid  changes  in  external 
contour,  extension  and  contraction,  and  a  creep- 
ing about  as  if  flowing.  See  amoeboid  move- 
tnents,  imder  amoeboid,  a. 

amoeban  (a-me'ban),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
amoebas;  amoebous. 
Amoebea  (am-e-be'a),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Amceba, 
q.  v.]    An  order  of  Eliisopoda,  of  which  the 
genus  Amceba  is  the  type.    See  Amceba. 
amoebeani  (am-e-be'an),  a.  [<  L.  amceb(eus,<Gr. 
ajuocpaioc :  see  amoebaum.]  Alternately  answer- 
ing or  responsive;  of  the  nature  of  an  amoe- 
bseum (which  see).    Also  spelled  amebean. 
4»na»6ean.  verses  and  the  custom  of  vying  .  .  .  by  turns. 

J.  Warton. 

Erelong  the  pastoral  and  town  idyls  of  Theocritus,  with 
their  amoebean  dialogue  and  elegant  occasional  songs,  won 
the  ear  of  both  the  fashionable  and  critical  worlds. 

Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  207. 

amoebean^  (am-e-be'an),  a.  [<  Amoebea  +  -an.] 
Of  or  relating  to  the  Amoebea. 
Amoebidae  (a-me'bi-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Amoeba 
+  -idee.]  The  typical  family  of  the  Amoebce, 
Amcebina,  or  Amceboidea,  mainly  represented 
by  the  genus  Amceba,  as  distinguished  from 
such  amceboids  as  are  members  of  Difflngia  and 
Arcella,  or  such  other  rhizopods  as  the  sun-ani- 
malcules, as  Actinophnjs  sol,  etc. 
amoebiform  (a-me'bi-form),  a.  and  n.  [<  amce- 
ba +  -form.]  I,  a.  .Ajnceba-like ;  undergoing 
frequent  changes  of  shape,  like  an  amceba ;  re- 
lated to  the  amoebas. 

The  corpuscle,  in  fact,  has  an  inherent  contractility,  like 
one  of  those  low  organisms,  known  as  an  Amoeba,  whence 
its  motions  are  frequently  called  amoebiform. 

Huxley,  Crayfish,  p.  177. 

II.  n.  An  amceba,  or  an  animal  or  corpuscle 
of  amoeban  character.    See  amceba,  3. 

Other  genera  of  the  amoebiforms. 

Cones,  Key  to  N".  A.  Birds,  p.  192. 

AmCBbina  (am-e-bi'na),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Amceba 

+  -ina.]  See  Amceboidea. 
amoebodont  (a-me'bo-doHt),  a.  [<  Gr.  afioLjiij, 
change,  alternation,  +  bdovi;  (6(5ovr-)  =  E.  tooth.] 
A  term  descriptive  of  a  form  of  lophodont  denti- 
tion in  which  the  crests  or  folds  of  the  crowns 
of  the  molar  teeth  are  alternate:  opposed  to 
antiodont. 

amoeboid  (a-me'boid),  a.  and  n.  [<  amoeba  + 
-oid.]  I.  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling 
an  amoeba :  as,  amoeboid  masses. 

It  is  not  uncommon  for  portions  of  the  protoplasmic 
substance  to  pass  into  an  amoeboid  condition. 

W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  335. 
The  blood-corpuscles  of  Solen  legumen,  .  .  .  besides 
colorless  amoeboid  forms,  comprise  a  vast  number  of  oval 
ones,  deeply  stained  by  hasmoglobin. 
B.  B.  Lankester,  Pref.  toGegenbaur'sComp.  Anat.,  p.  10. 

Amoeboid  cell.  See  ceZi.— Amceboid  movements,  con- 
stant changes  of  shape  of  an  amoeba  or  other  single-celled 
organism,  as  an  ovum,  a  cytode,  or  a  formative  cell  of  any 
of  the  higher  animals ;  especially,  such  movements  as  are 
exhibited,  for  example,  by  the  white  corpuscles  of  the  blood 
of  man,  the  resemblance  of  such  objects  to  an  amoeba  be- 
ing striking,  and  their  morphological  characters  being 
nearly  identical. 

II.  n.  An  amcebiform  organism;  one  of  the 
Amoebidce. 

Amoeboidea  (am-f-boi'de-a),  n.  1)1.  [NL.,  < 
Amoeba  +  -oidea.Ji  An  order  of  amoebiform 
rhizopodous  Protozoa,  of  which  the  genus  Amoe- 
ba, of  the  family  Amoebidce,  is  the  type.  This 
order  is  practically  distinguished  from  Monera  by  the 
presence  of  a  nucleus,  and  from  the  Foraminifera  and 
Badiolaria  by  the  absence  of  a  complete  calcareous  or  si- 
licious  shell.  The  terms  Amceboidea,  Amcebina,  Amoebxa, 
and  Amoebce'(see  Amoebce)  are  more  or  less  nearly  synony- 
mous ;  but  the  definition  of  the  groups  of  amoebiform  ani- 
mals varies  with  almost  every  leading  writer.  See  amceba. 

amoebous  (a-me'bus),  a.  [<  amoeba  +  -oi(s.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  genus  Amoeba;  resem- 
bling an  amoeba  in  structure.  Also  amoeban. 
amoebula  (a-me'bii-la),  n. ;  pi.  amcebulce  (-le). 
[NL.,  dim.  of  amceba.]  A  little  amoeba.  E.  R. 
Lankester,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  840. 
amoenomania  (a-me-no-ma'ni-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  L. 
amceniis,  pleasant  (see  amene),  +  mania,  <  Gr. 


among 

uavia,  mania.]  A  form  of  mania  in  which  the 
hallucinations  are  of  an  agreeable  nature. 

amoindert,  v.  t.  [<  F.  awoindrtr,  lessen,  <  a,  to, 
-f-  moindre,  <  L.  minor,  less.]  To  lessen  or  di- 
minish. Donne. 

amok  (a-mok'),  a.  or  adv.    See  amuck. 

amole  (a-mo'le),  w.  [Mex.]  1.  A  Mexican  name 
for  the  roots  of  various  species  of  plants  which 
have  detergent  properties  and  are  used  as  a 
substitute  for  soap. —  2.  The  name  of  several 
plants  which  furnish  these  roots,  in  N'ew  Mexico 

and  .■>djacent  parts  of  Mexico  the  most  common  species 
is  the  lechuguilla.  Agave  heteracantlui.  In  California  the 
name  is  given  especially  to  Chlororinlum  pomeridianum, 
a  liliaceous  plant  having  large  bulbs  coated  with  coarse 
brown  fillers,  of  which  mattresses  are  made.  .See  soap-plant. 

amolisht,  t.  [<  OF.  amoUss-,  stem  of  certain 
parts  of  amolir,  <  L.  amoliri,  remove  with  an 
effort,  <  a  for  ab,  away,  +  moliri,  exert  one's 
self  upon,  move,  <  moles,  a  hea\'y  mass:  see 
mole^.  CS.  demolish.]  To  remove  forcibly;  put 
away  with  an  effort.  [Rare.] 

amolitionf,  «.  [<  L.  amolitio(n-),  <  amoliri,  pp. 
amolitus,  remove:  see  amolish.]  A  putting 
away;  removal.  [Rare.] 

amollishf,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  amoUsshen,  <  OF.  amo- 
Uss-, stem  of  certain  parts  of  amolir,  F.  amot- 
lir,  soften,  <  a-  (<  L.  ad,  to)  +  molir,  <  L.  mol- 
lire,  soften,  <  mollis,  soft:  see  moll,  mollify.] 
To  soften ;  mollify ;  mitigate. 

amollishmentt  (a-mol'ish-ment),  n.  [Also  writ- 
ten amolishment,  <  F.  amollissement :  see  amol- 
lish  and  -ment.]  Softening;  mitigation.  Donne. 
{N.  E.  D.) 

Amomum  (a-mo'mum),  n.  [L.,  also  amomon,  < 
Gr.  a/i(jfxov,  applied  to  an  Eastern  spice-plant ; 
origin  uncertain.]  A  genus  of  plants,  natural 
order  Scitaminece,  belonging  to  tropical  regions 
of  the  old  world,  and  allied  to  the  ginger-plant. 
They  are  herbaceous,  with  creeping  rootstocks  and  lai-ge 
sheathing  leaves,  and  are  remarkable  for  the  pungency 
and  aiomatic  properties  of  their  seeds.  Several  species 
yield  the  cardamoms  and  grains  of  paradise  of  commerce. 

amonestet,  'V.  t.    An  old  form  of  admonish. 

among  (a-mung'),  jjrep.  and  adv.,  orig.  prep, 
phr.  [Ill  early  mod.  E.  in  two  mixed  forms: 
(1)  among,  <  ME.  among,  amonge,  amang, 
amange,  <  AS.  amang  (rare  and  late),  contr.  of 
usual  onmang,  prep. ;  (2)  emong,  <  ME.  emong, 
emonge,  emang,  imong,  ymong  (enmong,  inmong), 
<  AS  gemang  {=  OFries.  mong),  prep. ;  both  on- 
mang  and  gemang  are  contractions  of  the  full 
form  ongemang,  prep.,  originally  separated,  on 
gemang  (orig.  followed  by  gen.),  lit.  in  (the) 
crowd  or  company  (of):  on,  prep.,  on,  in  (see 
«-3);  gemang,  a,  crowd.,  assembly:  seewewgrand 
mingle.  Cf.  the  extended  form  ainongst.]  I. 
prep.  1.  In  or  into  the  midst  of ;  in  association 
or  connection  with:  as,  he  fell  among  t\neYe&; 
one  among  this  people. 

A  practice  there  is  among  us  to  determine  doubtful 
matters  by  the  opening  of  a  book. 

Sir  T.  Brotifne,  Vulg.  Err. 
I  stood 

Among  them,  but  not  of  them. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iii.  113. 
She  dwelt  among  the  untrodden  ways 
Beside  the  springs  of  Dove.    Wordsicorth,  Lucy. 

2.  In  the  nimiber  of ;  of  or  out  of. 

My  beloved  is  .  .  .  the  chiefest  among  ten  thousand. 

Cant.  V.  10. 

Blessed  art  thou  among  women.  Luke  i.  28. 

The  years  during  which  Bacon  held  the  Great  Seal  were 
among  .  .  .  the  most  shameful  in  English  history.  Every- 
thing at  home  and  abroad  was  mismanaged. 

Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

3.  By  the  Joint  action  or  consent  of;  with  the 
common  aid  or  knowledge  of :  as,  settle  it  among 
yourselves;  the  mischief  was  done  among  you. 

You  have,  among  you,  killed  a  sweet  and  innocent  lady. 

Sltak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  i. 

.  4.  To  each  of ;  by  or  for  distribution  to :  as, 
he  gave  five  doUars  to  be  divided  among  them. 

Wl\3.t  are  they  [five  loaves  and  two  fishes)  among  so 
many  ?  John  vi.  9. 

5t.  In  the  circumstances  of ;  during  the  time 
or  term  of;  in  the  course  of. 

I  never  went  to  anyplace  among  all  my  life  .  .  .  which 
I  had  before  .  .  .  thought  of. 

Baxter,  in  TuUoch  s  Eng.  Puritanism,  p.  306.  (X  E.  D.) 

Il.t  adv.  1.  Together  (with  something). 

Dogttur,  temper  well  tin  tonge, 
&  vse  not  monny  tallis  [many  tales) ; 
For  lessynggis  [leasings]  wyll  lepe  out  amonge, 
That  oftyn  brewis  ballys  [bales,  mischiefs). 
The  Good  Wtffe  wold  a  Pylgremaqe,  1.  85.   (E.  E.  T.  S., 
[extra  ser.  VIII.,  i.  41.) 

2.  At  intervals ;  here  and  there. 

They  [the  fowles)  sate  amonge 
Upon  my  chambre  roofe  withoute, 
Upon  the  tyles  over  al  aboute. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  298. 


among 

3.  Between  whiles;  at  intervals;  from  time  to 
time;  now  and  then. — 4.  During  the  time; 

meanwhile.  =83^1.  Amid,  in  the  mUist  0/,  Amonrj,  Be- 
tween, Betwixt.  The  inklst  is  the  miikile  place;  hence 
amid  or  in  the  inidnt  0/  should  be  used  wliere  a  person  or 
thing  is  in  a  position  which  is,  or  may  be  imagined  to  be, 
central ;  they  are  naturally  the  expressions  between  which 
to  choose  when  the  noun  is  in  the  singular,  or  a  pliu'al  noun 
stands  for  that  which  is  virtually  one:  as,  "Lo,  I  see  foiu- 
men  loose,  walking  in  the  midst  o/the  fu-e"  (Dan.  iii.  2ri); 
amid  the  waves.  By  derivation  amunij  suggests  a  min- 
gling ;  it  may  be  properly  used  with  collective  nouns :  as, 
he  disappeared  among  the  crowd.  Betireen  is  nearly  etpiiv- 
alent  etymologically  to  61/  ticain,  so  applying  only  to  two; 
among  refers  to  more  than  two ;  it  is  therefore  improper 
to  say  either  among  them  both,  or  between  the  tlu'ee.  Be- 
twixt is  the  same  as  between. 

Plac'd  far  amid  the  melancholy  main. 

Thomson,  Castle  of  Indolence,  i.  30. 

Where  two  or  three  are  gathered  together  in  my  name, 
there  am  I  in  the  midst  0/  them.  Mat.  xviii.  20. 

He  passes  to  be  king  among  the  dead. 

Tennyson,  Passing  of  Arthur. 

The  question  hath  bin  all  this  while  between  them  two. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  vi. 

AVhat  is  there  now  that  can  stand  betwixt  me  and  fe- 
licity? Beau,  and  Fl.,  Woman-Hater,  v.  4. 

amongst  (a-mungsf),  prep.  [An  extension 
(with  excrescent  -t  as  in  against,  amidst,  whilst, 
etc.)  of  ME.  amonges,  an  adverbial  gen.  form  of 
among.']    Same  as  among. 

A  son,  who  is  the  theme  of  honour's  tongue ; 
Amongst  a  grove  the  very  straightest  plant. 

Shah.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1. 

amontillado  (a-mon-til-ya'do),  n.  A  name 
given  to  sherry  which  has  little  sweetness,  and 
is  light  in  color  and  body  rather  than  dark  and 
rich.    See  sherry. 

amor  (a'mor),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  amor  (with  ac- 
cent on  first  syllable,  later  accented  and  pron. 
as  F.  amour:  see  amour),  <  ME.  amour,  amur 
(accented  on  first  syllable,  earlier  on  the  sec- 
ond), <  OF.  amor,  amur,  amour,  mod.  F.  amour  = 
Sp.  Pg.  amor  =  It.  amore,  <  L.  amor,  ace.  amo- 
rem,  love;  personified.  Love,  Ciipid,  Eros;  < 
amare,  love,  perhaps  orig.  *camare  (cf.  cdrus, 
orig.  *camrus,  loving,  loved,  dear)  =  Skt. 
love  (cf.  Mma,  n.,  love).  Cf.  amiable,  amity, 
amour,  etc.]  If.  Love;  affection;  friendship; 
especially,  love  toward  one  of  the  opposite  sex: 
now  only  in  the  form  amour  (which  see). —  2. 
\_cap.~\  [L.]  In  Rom.  myth.,  the  god  of  love; 
Cupid. 

amoradot  (am  -o-ra'do),  n.  [(.  Sp.  enamorado 
(with  prefix  en-  ignored  in  the  transfer;  cf. 
equiv.  ML.  amoratus)  (=It.  innamorato,  <  ML. 
inamoratus:  see  inamorato),  pp.  of  enamorar,  < 
ML.  inamorarc,  inspire  love,  <  L.  in,  in,  +  amor, 
love:  see  nmor.]    A  lover. 

Mark  Antony  was  both  a  courageous  soldier  and  a  pas- 
sionate amorado. 

Christ.  Relig.'s  Appeal  to  Bar  of  Reason,  p.  55. 

amorcet  (a-mors'),  w.  [<  F.  amorce,  bait,  prim- 
ing, <  OF.  amors,  pp.  of  amordre,  <  L.  admor- 
dere,  bite,  gnaw  at,  <  ad,  to,  +  mordere,  bite : 
see  mordant,  morse,  morsel.  Cf.  E.  bait  as  re- 
lated to  bite.']  Priming;  the  name  commonly 
given  to  the  finer-grained  powder  used  for 
priming  the  musket  or  harquebuse,  and  which 
was  carried  in  a  separate  horn  (see  morsing- 
horn) ;  also,  the  priming  of  a  single  charge. 

amorean  (am-o-re'an),  n.  [<  Heb.  'amoraim, 
teachers,  expounders.]  One  of  the  later  Tal- 
mudic  doctors  ;  one  of  those  compilers  of  the 
Gemara  who  lived  subsequent  to  the  close  of 
the  Mishna. 

amorett,  amorettet  (am'o-ret,  am-o-ret'),  n.  [< 
ME.  amorette,  <  OF.  ainorete,  amourete,  -ette 
(mod.  F.  amourette  (>  E.  amourette),  amour, 
=  It.  amoretto,  a  little  love  or  cupid),  dim.  of 
amor,  F.  amour  =  It.  amore,  love:  see  amor 
and  amour.]  1 .  A  sweetheart ;  an  amorous  girl ; 
a  paramour. 

When  amorets  no  more  can  shine. 
And  Stella  owns  she's  not  divine. 

T.  Warton,  Sappho's  Advice. 

2.  A  love-knot. 

Nought  clad  in  silk  was  he, 
But  alle  in  Houres  &  in  flourettes, 
Painted  alle  with  amorettes. 

Bom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  892. 

3.  A  love-sonnet  or  love-song. 

His  aynorets  and  his  canzonets,  his  pastorals  and  his 
madrigals  to  his  Phyllis  and  his  Amaryllis.  Heywood. 

4.  A  trifling  love-affair;  a  slight  amour. —  5. 
pi.  Looks  that  inspire  love ;  love-glances. 

Should  .  .  .  Phoebus  'scape  those  piercing  amorets. 
That  Daphne  glanced  at  his  deity? 

Greene,  Friar  Bacon  and  Friar  Bungay. 

6.  A  cupid;  a  little  love.    See  amoretto. 
Also  written  am,ourette. 


180 

amoretto  (am-o-ret'to),  «. ;  pi.  amoretti  (-ti). 
[It.:  see  amor'et.]  l".  A  person  enamored;  a 
lover. 

The  amoretto  was  wont  to  take  his  stand  at  one  place 
where  sat  his  mistress. 

Gayton,  Notes  on  Don  Quixote,  p.  47. 
2.  A  little  love ;  a  cupid. 
A  painting  in  which  amoretti  are  plentiful. 

J.  A.  Symonds,  Greek  Poets,  p.  335.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

amorevoloust  (am  -o-rev'o-lus),  a.  [^  It.  amo~ 
revole,  loving,  <  amore,  love:  see  amor.]  Lov- 
ing; kind;  charitable.  [Eare.] 

He  would  leave  it  to  the  Princesse  to  show  her  cordial 
and  amorevolous  atfection. 

Bp.  Haeket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  p.  161. 

amorino  (am-o-re'no),  n.;  pi.  amorini  (-ni). 
[It.,  dim.  ot  amore,  love,  cupid:  see  amor.]  A 
little  love ;  a  cupid.  Applied  to  figures  common  in 
Koman  decorative  art,  and  in  Renaissance  and  modern 
styles  which  are  imitative  of  Roman  art ;  also  to  merely 
decorative  representations  of  children  in  works  of  art. 
amorist  (am'o-rist),  n.  [<  owor -t-  -ist.]  A 
lover;  a  gallant;  an  inamorato.  Also  written 
amourist. 

Justle  that  skipping  feeble  amorist 
Out  of  your  loves  seat. 

Marston,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  I.,  ii.  1. 

Our  gay  amourists  then  could  not  always  compose  if 
they  could  write  their  billets-doux. 

/.  D'Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  168. 

a-morningst  (a-m6r'ningz),  jyrep.  phr.  as  adv. 
[<  a3  +  mornings,  adverbial  gen.  of  morning. 
Cf.  adays.]    In  the  morning;  every  morning. 

Such  pleasant  walks  into  the  woods 
A-mornings. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Noble  Gentleman,  ii.  1. 

amorosa  (am-o-ro'sa),  n.  [It.,  fem.  of  amoroso: 
see  amoroso.]    An  amorous  or  wanton  woman. 

I  took  them  for  amorosas,  and  violators  of  the  bounds 
of  modesty.  Sir  T.  Herbert,  Travels,  p.  191. 

amoroso  (am-o-ro'so),  a.  and  w.    [It.,  <  ML. 

amorosus:  see  amorous.]  I.  a.  In  wws/c,  amo- 
rous ;  tender :  descriptive  of  passages  to  be  ren- 
dered in  a  manner  expressive  of  love. 

II.  n.;  pi.  amorosi  (-si).  A  man  enamored; 
a  lover;  a  gallant. 

It  is  a  gibe  which  an  heathen  puts  upon  an  amoroso, 
that  wastes  his  whole  time  in  dalliance  upon  his  mistress, 
viz.,  that  love  is  an  idle  man's  business. 

Bp.  Haeket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  p.  125. 

amorous  (am'or-us),  a.  [<  ME.  amorous,  amorus, 
amerous,  amerus,  <  OF.  amorous,  amoros,  F. 
amoureux  —  Pr.  amoros  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  amoroso, 
<  ML.  amorosus,  full  of  love,  <  L.  amor,  love: 
see  amor  and  amiable.]  1.' Inclined  to  love; 
having  a  propensity  to  love ;  sexually  attracted ; 
loving;  fond:  as,  an,a»!oro«(s  disposition. 

Our  fine  musician  groweth  amorous. 

Shale,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  1. 
A  prince  I  was,  blue-eyed,  and  fair  in  face, 
Of  temper  amorous  as  the  first  of  May. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  i. 

2.  In  love;  enamored:  usually  with  of,  for- 
merly sometimes  with  on. 

In  a  gondola  were  seen  together 
Lorenzo  and  his  amorous  Jessica. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  ii.  8. 
Sure,  my  brother  is  amorous  on  Hero. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  1. 
So  amorous  is  Nature  0/ whatever  she  produces. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Dufresnoy. 

3.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  love ;  produced  by 
or  indicating  love ;  conveying  or  breathing  love. 

The  spirit  of  love  and  amorous  delight. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  477. 
With  tender  billet-doux  he  lights  the  pyre. 
And  breathes  three  amorous  sighs  to  raise  the  fire. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  ii.  42. 
=  8301.  Loving,  tender,  passionate,  ardent,  amatory, 
amorously  (am'or-us-li),  adv.    In  an  amorous 
manner;  fondly;  lo'sdngly. 

With  twisted  metal  amorously  impleach'd. 

Shak.,  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  205. 

amorousness  (am'or-us-nes),  11.  The  quality 
of  being  amorous,  or  inclined  to  love  or  to  sex- 
ual pleasure ;  fondness ;  lovingness. 
Amorpha  (a-mor'fa),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  of  amor- 
phus,  irregular  :  see  amorphous.]  A  genus  of 
leguminous  plants  of  the  United  States,  some- 
times known  as  false  indigo  or  lead-plant.  The 

species  are  shrubs  of  moderate  size,  having  pinnate  leaves 
and  long,  dense  clusters  of  blue-violet  flowers,  which  are 
abnormal  from  having  only  the  standard  or  vexilhim,  the 
other  four  petals  being  wholly  absent  (whence  the  name). 
The  false  indigo,  A.  fruticosa,  is  occasionally  cultivated 
for  ornament.  A  coarse  sort  of  indigo  is  said  to  have  been 
made  from  it  in  Carolina  in  early  times ;  hence  its  com- 
mon name.    Also  called  bastard  or  wild  indigo. 

amorphic  (a-mor'fik),  a.    Same  as  an^orphous. 


amortization 

More  seldom  they  [inorganic  elements]  appear  as  crys- 
tals  or  crystalline  forms,  or  also  as  amorphic  masses  in 
the  cell  membrane  or  cell  contents. 

Behrens,  Micros,  in  Botany  (trans.),  v. 
amorphism  (a-mor'fizm),  n.  l<  amorphous  + 
-ism.]  1.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  amor- 
phous or  without  shape;  specifically,  absence 
of  crystallization;  want  of  crystalline  stnie- 
ture,  even  in  the  minutest  particles,  as  in  glass, 
opal,  etc. —  2.  The  anai-chic,  communistic  sys- 
tem proposed  by  the  Russian  Bakunin;  univer- 
sal and  absolute  anarchy;  nihilism;  extreme 
commimism. 

When  we  penetrate  to  the  lowest  stratum  of  revolu- 
tionary Socialism,  we  meet  Bakunin.  It  is  impossible  to 
go  further,  for  he  is  the  apostle  of  universal  destruction, 
of  absolute  Anarchism ;  or,  as  he  himself  terms  his  doc- 
trine, of  Amorphism. 

Orpen,  tr.  of  Laveleye's  Socialism,  p.  192. 
amorphotSe  (am-6r-f6'te),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
afi6p(puToc,  not  formed,  <  d-  priv.  +  *fiop(puT6g  (of. 
liopipuTiKOQ),  verbal  adj.  of  /iop<j>6civ,  form,  <  /^op<j4, 
form.]  In  astron.,  stars  not  formed  into  any 
constellation,  and  therefore  not  constituting  a 
portion  of  any  symmetrical  figure, 
amorphous  (a-mor'fus),  a.  [<  NL.  amorphus,  < 
Gr.  a/iop(poc,  without  form,  shapeless,  misshapen, 
<  d- priv.  + /iop^^,  shape,  form.]  1.  Having  no 
determinate  form ;  of  irregular  shape. 

He  was  supremely  happy,  perched  like  an  amorphous 
bundle  on  the  high  stool. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  ii.  4. 

2.  Having  no  regular  structure;  specifically, 
not  crystallized,  even  in  the  minutest  particles: 
as,  glass  and  opal  are  amorphous. — 3.  Of  no 
particular  kind  or  character ;  formless;  charac- 
terless; heterogeneous;  unorganized. 

Scientific  treatises  .  .  .  are  not  seldom  rude  and  ajnor- 
phous  in  style.  Hare. 

An  existing  stupendous  political  order  of  things  ...  by 
no  means  to  be  exchanged  for  any  quantity  of  amorphous 
matter  in  the  form  of  universal  law. 

R.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  301. 
4.  Characterized  by  amorphism;  founded  on 
the  principles  of  amorphism ;  nihilistic ;  anar- 
chic. 
Also  amorphic. 
amorphously  (a-m6r'fus-li),  adv.  In  an  amor- 
phous manner." 

amorphousness  (a-m6r'fus-nes),  n.   The  state 
of  being  amorphous ;  shapelessness. 
Amorphozoa  (a-mor-fo-zo'ii),  n.  pi.   [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aftop<poc,  without  form  (see  amorphous-),  +  f^ov, 
animal.]    De  Blainville's  name  of  the  sponges 
and  their  allies:  so  called  from  the  absence  of 
regular  organic  structure  in  their  parts.  Now 
only  an  inexact  synonym  of  Protozoa. 
amorphozoic  (a-m6r-fo-z6'ik),  a.    [<  Amorpho- 
zoa.]   Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Amorphozoa. 
amorphozodus  (a-m6r-fo-z6'us),  a.    Same  as 
amorphozoic. 
amorphy  (a-m6r'fi),  n.  [<  Gr.  a/uopfta,  shapeless- 
ness, <  a/iop^of,  shapeless :  see  amorphous.]  Ir- 
regularity of  form ;  shapelessness ;  want  of  defi- 
niteness.  [Rare.] 

His  epidemical  diseases  being  fastidiosity,  amorphy,!mi 
oscitation.  Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub. 

amorro'Wt  (a-mor'6),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  ME. 
amorowe,  amorewe,  a-morwe,  earlier  on  mortven, 
on  morgen,  <  AS.  on  morgen,  on  morgenne :  on, 
prep.,E.  flSj  mor^rew,  morrow.  Cf.  a-mornings.] 
On  the  morrow ;  to-morrow. 

A-morwe,  whan  the  day  bigan  to  spryiige, 
Upros  our  hoste. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  823. 

amort  (a-m6rt')j  «•  [A  term  due  to  the  phrase 
all  amort  (as  if  from  all,  adv.,  and  amort),  a  cor- 
ruption of  alamort,  <F.  a,  la  mort:  see  alamort.] 
Lifeless;  spiritless;  depressed:  usually  in  the 
phrase  all  amort. 
How  fares  my  Kate?  What,  sweeting,  all  amort? 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Iv.  3. 
I  am  all  amort,  as  if  I  had  lain 
Three  days  in  my  grave  already. 

Massinger,  Parliament  of  Love,  iv.  5. 
She  danced  along  with  vague,  regardless  eyes, 
.  .  .  all  aiiwrt. 
Keats,  Eve  of  St.  Agnes,  st.  8. 
His  sensitiveness  idled,  now  amort, 
Alive  now.  Browning,  Sordello,  vi. 

amortisation,  amortise.  See  amortization, 
amortize. 

amortization,  amortisation  (a-m6r-ti-za'- 

shon),  n.  [<  ML.  amortisatio(n-),  admortiza- 
tio{n-),  <.amortisare,  admortizare :  see  amortize.] 
1.  The  act  of  alienating  lands  or  tenements  to 
a  corporation  in  mortmain,  in  old  French  law,  let- 
ters of  amortization  could  be  granted  only  by  the  king, 
and  supposed  an  indemnity  or  a  tax  to  be  paid  by  the  cor- 
poration holding  in  mortmain.  The  term  was  often  used 
for  the  tax  alone. 


amortization 

2.  Extinction,  as  of  debt,  especially  by  a  sink- 
ing-fund ;  a  payment  toward  such  extinction. 
Also  admortization,  amortizement. 
amortize,  amortise  (a-mor'tiz),  ?). ;  pret.  and 
pp.  amortized,  -sed,  ppr.  amortizing,  -sing.  [< 
ME.  aniortisen,  -eisen,  -esen,  <  AT.  amortizer, 
-eyser  {=  Sp.  amortizar  =  ML.  amortisare,  ad- 
mortizare),  <  amortiz-,  OF.  amortiss-,  stem  of 
certain  parts  of  amortir,  deaden,  quench,  abol- 
ish, extinguish,  redeem,  or  buy  out,  as  a  rent- 
charge,  alienate  in  mortmain ;  F.  amortir,  dead- 
en, slacken,  reduce,  redeem,  liquidate,  =  Pr. 
amortir  =  OCat.  amortir  —  It.  ammortire,  <  L.  as 
if  *admortire,  <  ad,  to,  +  mor{t-)s,  death:  see 
mortal.  Cf.  mortmain.]^  J.,  trans.  If.  To  make 
dead;  deaden;  destroy. 

The  gode  werkes  that  men  don  whil  thei  ben  in  gode 
lyfe  ben  al  anioftised  by  sinfolowing. 

Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 

2.  In  laic,  to  alienate  in  mortmain,  that  is,  to 
convey  to  a  corporation,  sole  or  aggregate,  ec- 
clesiastical or  temporal,  and  their  successors. 
See  mortmain. —  3.  To  extinguish,  as  a  debt,  by 
means  of  a  sinking-fimd. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  di'oop;  hang  as  dead. 

With  this  rayne  went  the  sayle  amortyssynge  and  hang- 
ing hevy.         Caa:Jo?i,  Ovid's  Metam.,  xi.  19.   (N.  E.  D.) 

amortizement,   amortisement  (a-mor'tiz- 

ment),  n.  [<  F.  amortissement,  a  subduing, 
bringing  to  an  end,  in  arch,  a  finishing  (ML. 
amortisamentum,  admortizamentum),  <  amortir 


Amortizement  of  Buttress  (13th  century),  Apsidal  Chapel. 
Cathedral  of  Amiens. 

{-iss-):  see  amortize  Suud. -ment.l  1.  The  crown- 
ing member  of  an  edifice;  the  architectural 
ornament  or  feature  that  terminates  a  facade, 
a  ridged  or  pointed  roof,  a  gable,  a  buttress, 
etc.  Viollet-le-Duc. — 2.  Same  as  amortization. 
a-morwet,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  A  Middle  English 
form  of  amorroiv. 

amotion  (a-mo'shon),  n.  [<  L.  amotio{n-),  < 
amovere,  pp.  amotus,  remove:  see  amove^.'i  1. 
Removal;  ejection;  ejectment  from  possession 
or  of&ce,  as  of  an  officer  of  a  corporation. 

The  cause  of  his  amotion  is  twice  mentioned  by  the  Ox- 
ford antiquary.       T.  Warton,  Life  of  Sir  T.  Pope,  p.  251. 

2.  Motion  away  from;  a  moving  away;  re- 
moval. [Rare  in  both  uses.] 
amount  (a-mounf),  V.  [<  ME.  amounten, 
amunten,  mount  up  to,  come  up  to,  signify,  < 
OF.  amounter,  amunter,  amonter,  amount  to,  < 
amunt,  amont,  adv.,  uphill,  upward,  prop.  prep, 
phr.  a  mont,  toward  or  to  a  mountain  or  heap 
(cf.  E.  adown),  <  L.  ad  montem :  ad,  to;  montem, 
acc.  of  mon{t-)s,  mountain :  see  mount,  moun- 
tain. Cf.  avale.']-  I.  intrans.  If.  To  go  up; 
rise ;  ascend ;  mount. 
When  the  larlte  doth  fyrst  amounte  on  high. 

Peacham,  Garden  of  Eloquence,  p.  106. 
So  up  he  rose,  and  thence  amounted  streight. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q. ,  I.  ix.  54. 

2.  To  reach  or  be  equal  (to)  in  number,  quan- 
tity, or  value ;  come  (to)  as  a  whole. 

Thy  substance,  valued  at  the  highest  rate, 
Cannot  amount  unto  a  hundred  marlis. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  i.  1. 

3.  To  rise,  reach,  or  extend,  in  effect,  sub- 
stance, influence,  etc. ;  be  equivalent  or  tanta- 
mount in  force  or  significance :  as,  his  answer 
amounted  almost  to  a  threat. 

The  errors  of  young  men  are  the  ruin  of  business ;  but 
ttie  errors  of  aged  men  amount  but  to  this,  that  more  might 
have  been  done  or  sooner.  Bacon. 

His  love  of  mischief  and  of  dark  and  crooked  ways 
amounted  almost  to  madness.    Macaulay,  Histu  Eng.,  vi. 


181 

Il.f  trans.  1.  To  ascend;  climb;  mount. — 

2.  To  rise  in  number,  quantity,  or  value,  so  as 
to  reach  or  be  equal  to ;  come  to. 

The  som  amounted  v  thousand  pounde. 

Caxton,  Cliron.  of  Eng.,  ccv.  18G.     (TV.  E.  D.) 

3.  To  be  equivalent  to ;  mean ;  signify. 
Tell  me,  mayde  chaste, 

What  amountelh  this? 

Lybeaus  Disc,  1471.   (N.  E.  D.) 

4.  To  cause  to  rise ;  raise  or  elevate. 

Here  no  Papists  were  arraigned  to  amount  it  to  a  Popish 
miracle.  Fuller,  Ch.  Hist.,  ix.  110.    (JV.  E.  D.) 

amount  (a-mounf),  ?!.  [Modem;  (.amount,  v.'] 
1.  The  sum  total  of  two  or  more  sums  or  quan- 
tities; the  aggregate:  as,  the  amount  of  7  and  9 
is  16;  the  amount  of  the  day's  sales. — 2.  A 
quantity  or  sum  viewed  as  a  whole. 

It  is  not  often  that  a  single  fault  can  produce  any  vast 
amount  of  evil.  De  Quincey,  Style,  i. 

3.  The  full  effect,  value,  or  import ;  the  sum  or 
total :  as,  the  evidence,  in  amount,  comes  to 
this. 

Often  contracted  to  amt. 
amour  (a-mor'),  n.    [<  mod.  F.  amour  (with  F. 
pi'on.  and  accent),  taking  the  place  of  earlier 
E.  amour,  amor  (vrith  accent  on  first  syllable), 

<  ME.  amour,  amur,  <  OF.  amur,  amour,  love : 
see  amor,  and  cf.  paramour. '\  If.  Love ;  affec- 
tion; friendship. — 2t.  Love  toward  one  of  the 
opposite  sex. —  3.  A  love-affair;  love-making; 
especially,  an  illicit  love-affau- ;  an  intrigue. — 

Amour  propre  (a-mOr  propr),  self-esteem ;  self-respect : 
sometimes  used  in  an  unfavorable  sense,  meaning  self-love, 
pride,  conceit,  vanity,  egotism :  a  French  phrase  now  in 
common  use. 

Doubtless  in  nearly  every  field  of  inquiry  emotion  is  a 
pertui-bing  intruder  :  mostly  there  is  some  preconception, 
and  some  amour  propre  that  resists  disproof  of  it. 

H.  Spencer,  Study  of  Sociol.,  p.  74. 
These  words  were  uttered  with  so  much  coldness,  that 
Mr.  EfBngham's  amour  propre  was  deeply  wounded. 

J.  E.  Cooke,  Virginia  Comedians,  I.  xii. 
amourettet,  n.    See  amoret. 
amourist,  n.    See  amorist. 
amovability  (a-mo-va-bil  'i-ti),  n.    [<  amovable  : 
see  -hility.']    Capability  of  being  removed,  as 
from  an  office.  [Rare.] 

Let  us  retain  amovability  on  the  conctirrence  of  the 
executive  and  legislative  branches. 

Jefferson,  Works,  IV.  288. 

amovable  (a-mo'va-bl),  a.  [<  amoved  +  -able; 
also  amovible,  after  F.  amovible.']  Removable. 
[Rare.] 

amovalt  (a-mo'val),  n.    [<  amoved  +  -al.  Cf. 
removal,  <  remove.^    Total  removal. 
Amoval  of  .  .  .  insufferable  nuisances. 

Evelyn,  Sylva,  p.  342. 
amovelf  (a-mov'),  v.  t.    [Early  mod.  E.  amoove, 

<  ME.  amoeven,  ameven,  <  OF.  amover,  amouvoir, 

<  L.  admovere,  move  to,  bring  to,  apply,  incite, 

<  ad,  to,  -f-  movere,  move:  see  a-H  and  move.~\ 
To  move;  stir;  excite;  affect. 

And  when  she  say  thise  poetical  Muses  aprochen  aboute 
my  bed  and  enditynge  wordes  to  my  wepynges,  she  was  a 
lytel  amoved  and  glowede  with  cruwel  eyen. 

Chaucer,  Boethius,  i.  prose  1. 
She  nought  ameved 
Neither  in  word,  or  chere,  or  countenance. 

Chaucer,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  442. 
At  aU  these  cries  my  heart  was  sore  amoved. 

Greene,  Poems,  p.  136.   (N.  E.  D.) 

amove^t  (a-mov'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  amoved, 
ppr.  amoving.  [<  late  ME.  amoven,  <  AF. 
amoever,  <  L.  amovere,  remove,  <  a  for  ab,  from, 
+  movere,  move:  see  a-i3  and  move.}  To  re- 
move, especially  from  a  post  or  station. 
She  well  pleased  was  thence  to  amove  him  farre. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vi.  37. 
Coroners  .  .  .  may  be  ajrwuec?  for  reasonable  cause. 

Sir  M.  Hale,  Hist.  Plac.  Cor.,  ii.  3. 

amo'vible  (a-mo'vi-bl),  a.  [F. :  see  amovable.'] 
Same  as  amovable.  [Rare.] 

ampac  (am'pak),  n.  An  East  Indian  tree,  a 
species  of  Xanthoxi/lum,  producing  a  highly 
odoriferous  resin.  Its  leaves  are  used  to  medi- 
cate baths. 

amparo  (am-pa'ro),  n.  [Sp.  and  Pg.,  defense, 
protection,  <  Sp.  Pg.  amparar,  defend,  =  Pr. 
amparar  =  F.  emparer,  refl.  seize  upon,  secm-e, 
=  It.  imparare,  learn,  acquire,  <  ML.  as  if  *im- 
parare,  <  L.  in,  into,  toward,  +  parare,  furnish.] 
A  document  protecting  a  claimant  of  land  till 
properly  authorized  papers  canbeissued.  Texas 
Law  Report. 

ampassy  (am'pa-si),  n.  [A  eoiTuption  of  and 
perse:  see  ampersand.']  A  form  stiU  used  for 
ampersand  in  parts  of  England. 

Ampelidse  (am-pel'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Ampelis 
+  -ida:.]  In  ornith.,  a  family  name  variously 
used,    (a)  A  family  founded  by  Swainson  in  1831,  ha\Tng 


ampere 

no  characters  by  wliich  it  can  be  defined,  but  containinp;  a 
miscellaneous  group  of  dentirostral  insessorial  liirds  from 
various  parts  of  the  world,  and  divided  into  the  sulifanii- 
lies  Leiotrichance,  J'iprina;,  Ampelince,  Pachycephalhue, 
etc.  (Jj)  A  family  of  dentirostral  Inrnxsorex,  suppo.sed  to 
be  related  to  tlie  sln  ikcs  and  flycatchers,  and  incliidinz 
the  subfamilies  I)icrurinii;,Ca)iipi'i,hniiin<K,(JymnotlerituB,. 
Ampelince,  Pipriiue,  and  PacliycrpliKlhiiK.  (r)  A  family 
of  l>irds  restricted  to  the  Ampeliiid-  \,rn\K-r  witli  the  /'<£- 
logonydince,  and  placed  between  Tyiannidae  and  Cotin- 
yidce.    See  waxminy,  Bomhycillidm. 

Ampelideae  (am-pe-lid'e-e),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  fem. 

pl.oiampelideus:  see  ampclidcotis.]  The  name 
given  by  Kunth  and  others  to  the  natm-al  order 
of  plants  called  Fitacem  (which  see), 
ampelideous  (am-pe-lid'e-us),  a.  [<  NL.  am- 
pclidcus,  <  Gr.  (ijiTTEXtq  (-«5-),  a  vine,  dim.  of  o/ztte- 
loq,  a  vine:  see  Ampelis.]  In  bot.,  relating  or 
belonging  to  the  Ampelidece,  or -vine  family;  re- 
sembling the  vine. 
Ampelinae  (am-pe-H'ne),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Ampelis 
+  -incc]    A  subfamily  of  bii-ds,  of  the  family 

Ampelida:,  or  chatterers.  It  is  sometimes  taken  as 
equivalent  to  Ampelidce  (c)  (which  see),  and  sometimes  re- 
stricted to  the  single  genus  Ainjieliji. 
Ampelio  (am-pe'li-o),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/nreliuv, 
a  kind  of  singing  bird,  also  called  d/zTre/./f :  see 
Ampelis.]  A  genus  of  eotingine  birds  of  South 
America,  established  by  Cabanis  in  1845,  made 
by  Sundevall  the  type  of  his  family  Ampelio- 
ninw.  A.  mclanocephala  is  an  example.  Also 
written  Antpelion. 

Ampelioninae  (am-pel'''i-o-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL., 

<  Ampelio{n-)  +  -ime.]  In  Sundevall's  classifi- 
cation of  birds,  the  second  family  of  his  fourth 
cohort  {Pycnaspidece)  of  scutelliplantar  oscine 

passeres.  it  contains  such  genera  as  AmiJelio,  Phiba- 
lura,  Cotinga,  Pliytotoma,  Cephalopterus,  etc.,  and  inexact- 
ly corresponds  to  a  subfamily  Cvtinyince  of  some  authors. 

Ampelis  (am'pe-lis),  n.  [NLi,  <  Gr.  a/xm'Alc,  a 
kind  of  singing  bird,  also  called  a/iTreTiluv,  prob. 
from  its  haunting  vines,  <  a/i-c/.o^,  a  vine.]  A 
genus  of  oscine  passerine  birds,  type  of  a  sup- 
posed subfamily  Ampelince,  or  of  an  alleged 
family  Ampelidw.  it  contains  three  species,  the  Caro- 
lina waxwing  (A.  cedrorunt),  tlie  P.oliemian  waxwing(yl. 
garrulu.?),  and  the  Japanese  via\v/u\)x,(A.  plioenicojAeruJ); 
the  birds  are  also  called  chatterei-s.  A  synonym  of  Am- 
pelis is  Bombycilla.  The  name  was  formerly  applied,  with 
great  latitude,  to  many  birds  properly  belonging  to  vari- 
ous other  families ;  but  it  is  now  restricted  to  the  three  here 
named.    See  leaxwiny. 

ampelite  (am'pe-lit),  n.  [<  L.  ampelitis,  <  Gr. 
aiiTTt'/drig  (sc.  y?/),  a  kind  of  bituminous  earth  used 
to_  sprinkle  vines  in  order  to  keep  off  insects, 

<  aixTve'Xog,  a  vine.]  A  species  of  black  earth 
abounding  in  pyrites :  so  named  from  ha-ving 
been  used  to  kill  insects  on  -vines.  The  name 
is  also  applied  to  eannel-coal  and  to  some  kinds 
of  schist. 

ampelitic  (am-pe-lit'ik),  a.  [<  ampelite  +  -ic.] 
In  mineral.,  pertaining  to  or  resembling  ampe- 
lite. 

Ampeloglypter  (am'^pe-lo-glip'ter),  n.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  a/j.~e'/xig,  a  grape-vine,  +  y?.viTT//p,  a  chisel, 

r<  y'/.v(pEiv,  carve,  cut.]    A  genus 
of  beetles,  of  the  family  Curcu- 
lionidce,  established  by  Le  Conte 
for  three  North  American  spe- 
cies formerly  included  in  the 
genus  Boris.     They  live,  in  the  lar- 
val state,  in  the  young  canes  of  cul- 
tivated or  wild  grape-vines  and  the 
Virginia   creeper,   causing  swellings 
Grape-vine  Gall-  in  the  shape  of  elongate  knobs.  Tlie 
beetle     (Ampelo-  most  abundant  species,  A.  sesostris 
vertical  linrshows  ^^"^  Co'lte),  tlie  grape-vine  gall-beetle,  is 
natural  size.  a  small,  highly  polished,  elongate  in- 

sect of  uniform  light  yellowish-brown 
color.  The  elytra  are  gently  undulated  by  broad  trans- 
verse impressions. 

ampelography  (am-pe-log'ra-fl),  n.   [<  Gr. 

afiTve'/M^,  vine,  -t-  -ypa(p!a,  <  ypa(fiiv,  write.]  The 
scientific  description  gf  the  vine.  Syd.  Soc. 
Lex. 

Ampelopsis  (am -pe -lop 'sis),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

afiTTEloc,  vine,  +  ofig,  appearance :  see  optic]  A 
genus  of  plants,  natural  order  'Fitacece,  scarcely 
distinguishable  from  Vifis  (and  imited  -with  it 
by  Bentham  and  Hooker),  except  in  having  no 
conspicuous  disk  at  the  base  of  the  ovary,  a. 

quinquefolia  is  the  well-known  ^'irginia  creeper,  sometimes 
called  American  ivy,  and  erroneously  woodbine.  It  has 
digitate  leaves,  climbs  by  clinging  tendrils,  and  is  fre- 
(inently  cultivated  for  covering  walls  and  arbors.  The 
Japanese  A.  tricu.<ipidata,  with  simple  leaves,  is  used  for 
the  same  purpose. 

amper  (am'per),  n.   [E.  dial.,  also  written  am- 
por,  <  ME.  *ampre  (not  found),  <  AS.  ampre, 
ompre,  earliest   spelling   amprw,   omprw,  a 
tumor  or  swelling.]    A  tumor;  also,  a  defect, 
amperage  (am-par'aj),  n.    The  strength  of  an 

electrical  eun-ent  measured  in  amperes, 
ampere  (am-par'),  n.    [A  designation  adopted 
by  the  Electric  Congress  at  Paris  in  1881 ;  F.  a/«- 


ampere 

pere,  <  Ampbre,  name  of  a  French  electrician 
(Andr6  Marie  Ampere,  died  1836).  Cf.  ohm  and 
volt.']  The  unit  employed  Id  measuring  the 
strength  of  an  electrical  current,  it  is  the  cur- 
rent wliicli  flows  throuf;h  a  conductor  whose  resistance  is 
one  olim,  and  between  the  two  ends  of  whicli  tlie  unit  dif- 
ference of  potentials,  one  volt,  is  maintained.  As  defined 
by  the  International  Electrical  Congress  of  1893,  and  by  a 
United  States  statute  of  1894,  It  is  one  tenth  of  the  unit  of 
current  of  the  centiiueter-grani-second  system  of  electro- 
magnetic units  and  is  represented  in  practice  by  the  un- 
varying current  which,  when  passed  through  a  standard 
solution  of  nitrate  of  silver  in  water,  deposits  silver  at  the 
rate  of  0.001118  of  a  gram  per  second. 

ampere-hour  (am-par'our),  /(.  In  elect.,  a  unit 
of  quantity,  the  electricity  transferred  by  a 
current  of  one  ampere  in  one  hour.  It  is  equal 
to  3,600  coulombs. 

ampere-meter  (am-par'me"ter),  n.  In  elect., 
an  instrument  for  measuring  the  strength  of 
an  electric  current  in  am- 
peres. Several  forms  have  been 
devised,  some  of  wliicli  are  essen- 
tially galvanometers  specially 
constructed  for  this  purpose. 
Another  form  (see  the  cut)  con- 
sists of  a  hollow  coil  of  wire  tra- 
versed by  the  current  to  be  mea- 
sured, which  according  to  its 
strength  draws  within  itself  a 
core  supported  by  a  spring  and 
having  an  index  attached  to  it ; 
the  scale  is  so  graduated  that  the 
strength  of  the  current  is  given 
directly  in  amperes.  Also  called 
ammeter,  aniperometer. 

Ampere's  theory.  See 

thcori/. 

ampere-turns  (am-par'- 

t^mz"),  n.pl.    A  measure 

of  the  magnetizing  power, 

or  magnetomotive  force,  of 

a  current  of  electricity  in 

a  conducting-coil,  equal  to 

the  product  of  a  number 

of  turns  in  the  coil  by  the 

current  (in  amperes)  pass- 
ing through  it. 
Amperian  (am-pe'ri-an),  a. 

Relating  to  Audr6  Marie 

Ampere,  or  to  his  theories. 

—  Amperian  currents,  in  elect, 
•  the  hypothetical  electrical  cur- 
rents ijy  which  Ampere  exi)lained 
the  properties  of  a  magnet.    See  Ampire'a  theury,  imder 
theory. 

amperometer  (am-pe-rom'e-ter),  n.  [(.ampere 
-f-  -0-meter.']    Same  as  ampere-mctcr. 

ampersand  (am'per-sand),  n.  [Also  amperzand, 
ampus-and,  amperse-and,  ampassyand,  ampussy- 
and,  appersi-and,  amperzed,  etc.,  also  simply 
ampassy,  etc.,  various  corruptions  of  and  jjer  se 

—  and  (that  is,  '&  by  itself — and').]  A  name 
formerly  in  use  for  the  character  or  &  (also 
called  short  and),  which  is  formed  by  combin- 
ing the  letters  of  the  Latin  et,  and,  and  which 
is  commonly  placed  at  the  end  of  the  alphabet 
in  primers. 

ampery  (am'per-i),  a.    [<  ampcr  +  -yi.]  1. 

Covered  with  pimples. — 2.  Weak;  unhealthy; 

beginning  to  decay.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
amphacanthid  (am-fa-kan'thid),  n.    A  fish  of 

the  family  Amphacanihidai. 
Amphacanthidse  (am-fa-kan'thi-de),  n.  pi. 

[NL.,  <  AmphacantJiiis  +  -idee]     In  ichth.,  a 

family  name  synonymous  with  Siganidw  (which 

see). 

Amphacanthus  (am-fa-kan'thus),  n.  [NL., 
prop.  * amphiacanthus,  (.  Gr.  afujii,  on  both  sides 
(see  awyj/;i-),-l- a/caffla,  spine.]  A  generic  name 
of  fishes  remarkable  for  the  development  of  a 
spine  along  the  inner  as  well  as  the  outer  mar- 
gin of  the  ventral  fins :  identical  with  Siganus 
(which  see). 

amphanthium  (am-fan'thi-um),  n. ;  pi.  amphan- 
ihia  (-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aiupi,  about  (see  uinphi-), 
+  avdo(;,  flower.]  In  hot.,  a  term  proposed  for 
a  dilated  receptacle  of  inflorescence. 

amphi-.  [E.,  NL.,  etc.,  <  Gr.  aji^L-,  prefix,  ajujii, 
prep.,  =  L.  ambi-,  etc.:  see  ambi-.]  A  prefix 
of  Greek  origin,  meaning  on  both  sides,  on  all 
sides,  aroimd,  round  about:  cognate  with  and 
equivalent  to  ambi-  of  Latin  origin. 

Amphiarctos  (am-fi-ark'tos),  M.  [NL.]  Same 
as  Hywnarctos. 

ampliiarthrodial  (am"fi-ar-thro'di-al),  a.  [< 
Gr.  +  ap0p(li6//g,  jointed  (<  apOpov,  a  joint, 
-f-  fMof,  form),  +  -ial,  with  ref.  to  amphiur- 
tlirosis.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  amphiarthrosis,  or 
to  a  joint  exliibiting  that  kind  of  articulation. 

amphiarthrosis  (am'fi-ar-thro'sis),  11.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  hjitjii,  on  both  sides,  +  apOpoiatg,  articula- 
tion :  see  arthrosis.]    In  anat.,  a  kind  of  artieu- 


Ampere-meter. 


182 

lation,  intermediate  between  synarthrosis  and 
diarthrosis,  permitting  slight  motion  by  inter- 
vention of  fibrocartilage,  as  between  the  bodies 
of  vertebrte  or  in  the  pubic  andsacro-iliac  artic- 
ulations. 

Amphiaster  (am'fi-as-ter),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d/^ip'i, 
around,  -1-  aari/p,  a  star.]  1.  A  genus  of  star- 
fishes, of  the  family  Goniasteridse.  a.  insignis  is 
a  beautiful  Californian  species  ^^ith  short  flat  arms,  flat 
disk,  and  regularly  arranged  spines  and  tessellated  plates. 
2.  [I.  c.]  In  embryoL,  a  formation  in  a  matur- 
ing ovum  of  a  fusiform  figure  radiated  at  either 
eud,  thus  resembling  two  stars  joined  together, 
whence  the  name. 

amphibala,  n.    Plural  of  amphihalum. 

amphibali,  «.    Plaral  of  amjihibalus. 

amphibalum  (am-fib'a-lum),  n. ;  pi.  amphibalQ 
(-la).    Same  as  amphibalus. 

amphibalus  (am-fib'a-lus),  n. ;  pi.  amphibali 
(-li).  [ML.,  <  Gr.  afi(j>ifio'Aog,  adj.,  put  around 
(cf.  a/i<fitj3'Ar/fia,  a  cloak),  <  ('fJ-'pi,  aroimd,  +  fSd'A-. 
?.eiv,  throw.]  An  ecclesiastical  vestment,  not 
imlike  the  easula  or  chasuble,  peculiar  to  the 
Galilean  church  of  the  eighth  and  ninth  cen- 
turies. 

Amphibamus  (am-fib'a-mus), )(.  [NL.,  irreg.  < 
Gr.  ufi(l>t,  around,  +  [iaivccv,  go ;  cf .  deriv.  fitj/^a. 
Dot.  jidfia,  a  step.]  A  genus  of  stegocephalous 
ampliibians,  of  stout,  lizard-like  form,  from  the 
Carboniferous  formations  of  Illinois.  -B.  D. 
Cope,  18G5. 

amphibia  (am-fib'i-a),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  pi.  of  am- 

phihinm,  q.  v.  (also  of  amph  'ibion),  neut.  of  am- 
pliihius,  <  Gr.  dfiijilfiioi;,  living  a  double  life: 
fiee  amphibious.]  1.  In  popular  language,  ani- 
mals li\-iugboth  on  laud  and  in  the  water;  those 
which  voluntarily  and  habitually  enter  that  ele- 
ment, though  not  able  to  breatlie  under  water, 
such  as  frogs,  turtles,  crocodiles,  seals,  wal- 
ruses, otters,  beavers,  hippopotami,  etc. —  2. 
[_cap.]  In  .rot»7.,  a  name  variously  used.  (fOInthe 
Linnean  system  (17(iO),  the  third  class  of  A  iii malia,  includ- 
ing a.l\  Ileptilia,  Batritcliia,  and  various  fishes  and  fish-like 
vertebrates.  It  w  as  divided  into  three  orders  :  (1)  reptiles 
furnished  with  feet  and  breathing  by  the  mouth  (Tes^udo, 
Draco,  Lacertn,  liana);  (2)  footless  serpents,  also  breathing 
by  the  mouth  (Crotalun,  lloa.  Coluber,  Anguis,  Aniphis- 
bcviia,  Ccecilia);  (3)  finned  swimmers  (Nantes  pinnati), 
breatliing  by  latei'al  branchi;e  or  gills,  comprising  14  genera 
of  fishes  and  fish-like  vertebrates,  as  the  Marsipobranchia 
andSijuali.  (b)  In  Cnvier's  system  (1817),  a  tribe  of  carniv- 
orous ujanimals,  intervening  between  CartiariaandMarm- 
containing  the  seals  and  walruses,  or  pinniped  Car- 
nieora  ;  tlius  exactly  equivalent  to  the  I'innipcdia  of  mod- 
ern naturalists.  Cuvierhad  earlier(about  1799)placed  the 
Amphibia  next  to  the  Cctacea,  both  comprising  mannnals 
with  feet  adapted  for  svvinnning,  as  distinguished  from 
those  with  claws  or  with  hoofs,  (c)  Aclass  of  ichthyopsidan 
vertebrates,  corresponding  to  the  order  Datrachia  of  Bron- 
gniart  and  Cuvier,  containing  animals  that  breathe  both  in 
the  water  and  in  the  air  at  the  same  or  at  different  periods 
of  their  lives,  and  have  either  permanent  gills  or  gills  later 
superseded  by  lungs,  or  gills  and  lungs  simultaneously. 
The  gills  are  usually  external.  Respiration  is  also  usually 
effected  to  some  extent  by  the  skin.  Limbs  are  either  pres- 
ent orabsent,  and  there  are  no  fins  in  the  adult.  The  Am- 
phibia undergo  metamorphosis,  the  larval  forms  being 
more  or  less  fish-like,  the  adult  developing  limbs.  They 
are  anamniotic  and  anallantoic,  oviparous,  and  cold- 
blooded. The  heart  has  two  auricles  and  one  ventricle. 
The  skull  is  dicondylian,  with  an  unossifled  basi-occipital 
and  a  parasphenoid.  Thu  Amphibia  have  been  very  gener- 
ally called  Batrachia,  after  Cuvier ;  but  the  latter  term  is 
now  usually  restricted  to  an  order  Batrachia  of  the  class 
Amphibia.  T\\e  Ampliibia  include  all  the  animals  com- 
monly called  frogs,  toads,  newts,  efts,  tritons,  salamanders, 
sirens,  axolotls,  etc.  By  some  they  are  divided  into  Anura 
and  Urodela,  tlie  tailless  and  tailed  Amphibia.  A  more 
elaborate  division  is  into  four  orders  :  (1)  Ophiomorpha  or 
Gymrwphiona,  including  only  the  family  CceciUidce;  (2) 
if  rod  el  a  :  (3)  Batrachia  ;  (4)  the  fossil  Labyrintliodontia. 

amphibia!  (am-fib'i-al),  a.  [As  amphibious  + 
-al.]    Same  as  amphibian. 

amphibian  (am-fib'i-an),  a.  and  n.    [As  «?«- 
phibious  +  -an.]    I,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  am- 
phibia in  any  sense  ;  specifically,  pertaining  to 
the  class  Ampliibia.    See  amphibious,  2. 
II.  «.  An  animal  of  the  class  Amphibia. 

Amphibichthyidse  (am"fl-bik-thi'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  AmphibichtJiys  +  -ida;.]  A  family  of  dip- 
nous  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Amphibich- 
thys :  synonymous  v/ith  Lcpidosirenida;.  Hogg. 

Amphibichthys  (am-fl-bik'this),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  d/jcpijiioc,  amphibious,  +  IxOiiC,  fish.]  The 
typical  genus  of  Amphibich  th y  'ulce :  synonymous 
with  Lcpidosiren.  Hogg. 

amphibiolite  (am-fib'i-o-lit),  n.  [<  Gr.  n/i^t- 
flior,  amphibious,  +  MOoc,  a  stone.]  The  fossil 
remains  of  an  amphibian.    Craig,  1847. 

amphibiolith  (am-fib'i-o-lith),  n.  Same  as  am- 
2>liil>iolitc. 

amphibiological  (am-fib"i-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  [< 
anipliibiology  +  -ical.]  Pertaining  to  amphibi- 
ology. 

amphibiology  (am-fib-i-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  a/-i- 
^ijiioc,  amphibious,  4-  -Aoyia,  <  Xiyeiv,  speak :  see 


amphibolid 

-ology.]  A  discourse  or  treatise  on  amphibious 

animals;  the  department  of  natural  history 

which  treats  of  the  Amphibia. 
amphibion  (am-fib'i-on),  «. ;  pi.  amphibia  (-a). 

[NL.,  =  an)j)hibiiim,  q.  v.]  Same  as  ampMbium . 
Amphibiotica  (am"fi-bi-ot'i-ka),  H.  pi.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  a/x<pilitog,  amphibious,  -I-  term.  -or-«-(5f.] 
In  sc)67.,inGegenbaur's  system  of  classification, 
one  of  two  subdivisions  (the  other  being  Cor- 
rodentia)  of  the  Fscudoncuroptera.  The  Amphi- 
biotica are  composed  of  the  May-Hies,  dragon-flies,  and  re- 
lated forms.  This  suborder  is,  therefore,  approximately 
eciuivalent  to  the  Plecoptera  (Perlidw),  Agnatlii  (Epiieme- 
ridce),  and  Odonata  (Agrionidce,  ./Eschnidoe,  Libellxdidm) 
of  other  autliors,  generally  considered  as  suborders  of  a 
conventional  order  Ncuroptera. 

amphibious  (am-fib'i-us),  a.  [<  NL.  amphihius, 

<  Gr.  d/Li<j>ij3iog,  living  a  double  life,  <  a/Kjii,  on 
both  sides,  + /3/of,  life.  Ci.  amphibia .]  1.  Liv- 
ing both  on  land  and  in  water;  habitually  al- 
ternating between  land  and  water. 

2.  Of  OTpevtamrngtothe Amphibia ;  amphibian. 
The  most  coinpletely  a)nphibioit!<  animals  are  those  which 
do  not  undergo  complete  metamorphosis,  or  which  possess 
lungs  and  gills  sinudtaneously,  being  thus  capable  of  both 
aerial  and  aquatic  respiration.  Amphibious  is,  however, 
rare  in  this  sense,  amphibian  being  the  usual  technical 
term  in  zoology. 

3.  Of  a  mixed  nature;  partaking  of  two  na- 
tures :  as,  an  amphibious  breed. 

A  floating  island,  an  amphibious  spot 
Unsound,  of  spongy  texture. 

Wordsworth,  Prelude,  iii. 
Not  in  free  and  common  socage,  but  in  this  amphibious 
subordinate  class  of  villein  socage. 

Blackstone,  Com.,  II.  vi. 

amphibiously  (am-fib'i-us-li),  adv.  In  an  am- 
phibious manner. 

amphibiousness  (am-fib'i-us-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  amphibious ;  ability  to  live  in 
two  elements ;  participation  in  two  natures. 

amphibium  (am-fib'i-um),  n. ;  pi.  amphibia  (-ii). 
[NL.  (also  written  amphibion,  <  Gr.  dfi<pi(iiov), 
sing,  of  amphibia,  q.  v.]  An  amphibious  ani- 
mal; one  of  the  Amphibia.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Eeligio 
Medici,  i.  34. 

amphiblastic  (am-fi-blas'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  d//^/, 
on  botli  sides,  +  jiAaoTog,  a  germ.]  In  embryoL, 
a  term  applied  to  those  holoblastic  eggs  which, 
by  unequal  segmentation  of  the  vitellus  (yolk), 
produce  an  amphigastrula  (which  see)  in  ger- 
minating. Haeclcel. 

amphiblastula  (am-fi-blas'tu-la),  n. ;  pi.  am- 
phibJastidw  (-le).  [NL.,  <  amph'i{cytula)  +  blas- 
tula.]  In  embryoL,  the  vesicular  morula  or 
midberry-like  mass  which  is  formed  from  that 
stage  in  the  development  of  a  holoblastic  egg 
of  unequal  segmentation  known  as  an  amphi- 
cytula,  following  upon  the  stage  called  an  am- 
phimorula.  The  human  egg  is  an  example. 
See  gastrulation.  Haeckel. 

Amphibola  (am-fib'o-la),  M.    [NL.,  fern,  of  LL. 

amphibolus :  see  amphibole.]    A  genus  of  pul- 

monate  gastropods  with  an 

opercidum  and  without  ten- 
tacles, constituting  the  fami- 
ly Ampliilto/ida' :  synonymous 

with  Ainpiillaeera. 
Amphibolse  (am-fib'o-le),  n. 

pi.    [NL.,  fem.  pi.  of  LL.  am- 

phibolus  :  see  amphibole.]  In 

Nitzsch's  classification  (1829), 

a  group  of  birds  represented 

by  the  family  MusophagidcB, 

the  plantain-eaters  or  turacous.  [Not  in  use.J 
amphibole  (am'fi-bol),  n.    [<  LL.  amphibolus, 

ambiguous,  <  Gr.  aiMj>ipoko^,  doubtful,  equivocal, 

<  ajjLijiilidXAEiv,  doubt,  bermcertain,  throw  aroimd, 

<  afKpi,  aroimd,  on  both  sides,  +  (idAAeLv,  throw.] 
A  name  given  by  Hauy  to  hornblende,  from  its 
resemblance  to  augite,  for  which  it  may  readily 
be  mistaken:  now  used  as  a  general  teim  to 
include  all  the  varieties  of  which  common 
hornblende  is  one.  See  hornblende  Amphi- 
bole granite,  same  as  hornblende  granite  (which  see, 
under  granite). 

amphiboli  (am-fib'o-li),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  LL. 

amphiholns  :  see  amphibole.]  A  general  name 
for  birds  of  zygodactyl  form  with  the  toes  di- 
rected forward  and  backward  in  pairs,  that  is, 
two  forward  and  two  backward.  By  Illiger  (1811) 
considered  as  a  family,  but  now  abandoned  as  an  artificial 
group. 

amphibolic!  (am-fi-bol'ik),  a.  [<  amphiboly  + 
-ic.]  Of  the  nature  of  amphiboly;  amphib- 
olous. 

amphibolic^  (am-fi-bol'ik),  a.  [<  amphibole  + 
-ic]  In  mineral.,  pertaining  to,  resembling,  or 
containing  amphibole. 

amphibolid  (am-fib'o-lid),  n.  A  gastropod  of 
the  i&mi\y  Amphibolida;. 


Amphibolidse 

Amphibolidse  (am-fi-bori-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Amphibola  +  -idce.~]  A  family  of  basomma- 
topiiorous  pulmonate  gastropods.  The  teclmicai 

characters  aie  a  short,  thick  spiral  shell  closed  hy  an 
operculum,  the  whorls  shouldered,  and  gills  present, 
though  rudimentary.  The  species  live  in  marshes  where 
the  water  is  brackish,  and  have  but  partially  aerial  respi- 
ration ;  they  are  confined  to  New  Zealand.  Also  called 
Ampullaceridm. 

amphiboliferous  (am^fi-bo-lif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  am- 
2)hihole  +  -i-ferous.^  Bearing  or  containing 
amphibole. 

Amphiboliferous  andesite  and  dolerite. 

JBncyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  749. 

amphiboline  (am-flb'o-lin),  a.  [<  amphihole  + 
-j/iei.]    In  mineral.,  resembling  ampliibole. 

amphibolite  (am-fib'o-lit),  «.  [<  Gr.  a/j.(j>ijh?iog, 
doubtful  (see  amphibole),  +  -ite'^.']  A  rock  be- 
longing to  the  class  of  the  crystalline  schists, 
and  consisting  largely  of  green  hornblende, 
together  with  quartz  or  feldspar,  or  both.  It 
is  always  more  or  less  distinctly  in  beds  Hke 
gneiss. 

amphibological  (am"fi-bo-loj'i-kal),  a.  \_<am- 
phihologij.~\  Of  or  pertaining  to  amphibology; 
of  doubtful  meaning ;  ambiguous. 

A  fourth  insinuates  with  a  pleasing  compliment,  a  sweet 
smile,  ingratiates  himself  witlr  an  amphibological  speech. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  574. 

amphibologically  (am"fi-bo-loj'i-kal-i),  adv. 
With  a  doubtful  meaning. 

amphibologisiU  (am-fi-bol'o-jizm),  w.  [<  am- 
phiholofjy  +  -isw.]  An  amphibolous  construc- 
tion or  phrase.    N.  E.  D. 

amphibology  (am-fl-bol'o-ji),  w. ;  pi.  ampM- 
hologies  (-jiz).  [<  LL.  amphihologia,  <  LGr. 
*ajx(j>i(ioXoyia,  <  Gr.  afi<pi[iolog,  doubtful,  ambig- 
uous (see  ampliibole),  +  -?^oyia,  <  ?Jyetp,  speak: 
set) -ologij.']  1.  The  use  of  ambiguous  phrases 
or  statements. —  2.  In  logic,  a  sentence  which 
is  ambiguous  from  uncertainty  with  regard  to 
its  construction,  but  not  from  uncertainty  with 
regard  to  the  meaning  of  the  words  forming  it. 

A  good  example  of  anipliibology  is  the  answer  of  the  oracle 
to  Pyrrhus:  "Aio  te  Romanos  vincere  posse."  Hei'e  te 
and  Romanos  may  either  of  them  be  the  subject  or  object 
of  vincere  posse,  and  the  sense  may  be  either,  you  can  con- 
quer the  Bomans,  or,  the  Romaiis  can  conquer  you.  The 
English  lai>guage  seldom  admits  of  amphibology.  For  an 
Englisli  example,  see  second  extract  under  amphibolous. — 

Fallacy  of  amphibology.  See  fallacy. 
amphiboloid  (am-flb'o-loid),  a.    [<  amphibole 
+  -oicZ.]    In  mineral.,  having  the  appearance 
of  amphibole. 

amphibolostylous  (am-fib'-'o-lo-sti'lus),  a.  [< 
NL.  amphibolostylus,  <  Gr.  afi^ijioAog,  doubtful, 
-I-  arvlog,  colimin  (style).]  In  hot.,  having  the 
style  not  apparent.    Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

amphibolous  (am-fib'o-lus),  a.  [<  LL.  amphi- 
bolus,  <  Gr.  a/j.(pt/3o'Aog,  ambiguous:  see  amphi- 
bole.'] Ambiguous;  equivocal :  now  used  only 
in  logic  as  applied  to  a  sentence  susceptible  of 
two  meanings.  [Bare.] 

Never  [was]  there  such  an  amphibolous  quarrel — both 
parties  declaring  themselves  for  the  king. 

Howell  (?),  England's  Tears. 
An  amphibolous  sentence  is  one  that  is  capable  of  two 
meanings,  not  from  the  double  sense  of  any  of  the  words, 
but  from  its  admitting  a  double  construction ;  as,  .  .  . 
"The  duke  yet  lives  that  Henry  shall  depose." 

Whately,  Logic,  iii.  1[  10. 

Amphibolura  (am"fi-bo-lii'ra),  n.  [NL.  (Ca- 
banis,  1847),  <  Gr.  ati^i'^oTMg,  doubtftil,  ambig- 
uous (see  amphibole),  +  ovpa,  tail.]  In  ornith., 
the  corrected  orthognaphy  of  FMbalura  (which 
see).    [Not  in  use.] 

amphiboly  (am-fib'o-li),  n. ;  pi.  amphibolies 
(-liz).  [<  L.  amphibolia,  <  Gr.  a/x(j)il3o?iia,  am- 
biguity, <  afitpLjSo'Aoc,  ambiguous:  see  amphibole.'] 
1.  The  use  of  ambiguities;  quibbling. — 2.  In 
logic,  ambiguity  in  the  meaning  of  a  proposi- 
tion, arising  either  from  an  uncertain  syntax  or 
from  a  figure  of  speech — Transcendental  amphi- 
boly, in  the  Kantian  philosophy,  the  confusing  of  concep- 
tions which  exist  in  the  understanding  a  priori  (categories) 
with  tliose  which  are  derived  from  experience. 

amphibrach  (am'fi-brak), «.  [< "L. amphibrachys, 
sometimes  amphibrachus,  <  Gr.  a/i^i(3paxvc,  short 
on  both  sides,  <  aiKpi,  on  both  sides,  +  (ipaxH, 
short.]  In  pros.,  a  foot  of  three  syllables,  the 
midcUe  one  long,  the  first  and  last  short:  as, 
habere,  in  Latin:  the  opposite  of  amphimacer. 

amphibrachys  (am-fib'ra-kis),  n.  [L.:  see 
above.]    Same  as  awp7ii&?-ac7i. 

Amphibrya  (am-fib'ri-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
otamphibrijiis  :  see  amphibryous.]  In  6o<.,  the 
endogens :  a  term  used  by  Endlieher. 

amphibryous  (am-fib'ri-us),  a.  [<  NL.  amphi- 
iryns,  <  Gt.  a/i(j)l,  around,  -I-  (ipvetv,  swell,  grow.] 
In  bot.,  gi-owing  by  additions  to  aU  parts  of  the 
periphery.    A.  Ch-ay. 


183 

amphicarpic  (am-fi-kar'pik),  a.    Same  as  am- 

phicurpous. 

amphicarpous  (am-fi-kar'pus),  a.  [<  NL.  am- 
phicarpus,  with  fruit  of  two  kinds  (cf .  Gr.  d/i^/- 
KapTTog,  with  fruit  all  round),  <  Gr.  afiipi,  on  both 
sides,  around,  -f-  Kapizog,  fruit.]  In  bot.,  pro- 
ducing two  classes  of  fruit,  differing  either  in 
form  or  in  time  of  ripening. 

amphicentric  (am-fi-sen'trik),  a.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a^tpi,  on  both  sides,  +  Ktvrpov,  point,  center.]  In 
anat.,  coming  together,  as  into  a  center,  on  both 
sides :  applied  to  a  bipolar  rete  mirabile,  that 
is,  one  which  is  gathered  again  into  and  gives 
off  a  vessel  similar  to  that  one  which  breaks  up 
to  form  the  rete :  opposed  to  monocentric. 

Amphicentrum  (am-fi-sen'trum),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  o//0(',  on  both  sides,  +  Kevrpov,  spine:  see 
center.]  A  genus  of  fossil  ganoid  fishes  of  the 
Carboniferous  strata,  without  abdominal  fins. 

amphichiral  (am-fi-ki'ral),  a.  [<  Gr.  an<pi, 
around,  on  both  sides,  +  x^i^Pi  hand.]  Undis- 
tinguishable  as  to  right  and  left;  transform- 
able into  its  own  perversion.    Also  spelled  am- 

phicheiral.  =  Ssti.  Ambidexter,  Amphichiral.  Ambidex- 
ter refers  to  equal  facility  in  using  the  two  hands ;  amphi- 
chiral refers  to  the  geometrical  similarity  of  the  two  sides. 
To  be  amphichiral  does  not  imply  being  synmietrical,  how- 
ever, but  only  the  possibility  of  being  brought  into  two 
forms,  one  of  which  is  the  perversion  or  looking-glass  im- 
age of  the  other. 

amphichroic  (am-fi-kro'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  autpl,  on 
both  sides,  +  xp^f^j  complexion,  color.]  Having 
a  double  action  upon  colors  used  as  tests  in 
chemistry.  Erroneously  written  amphicroitic. 
N.  E.  D. 

amphichromatic  (am^fi-kro-mafik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
d//^(,  on  both  sides,  +  XP"A'°'(~-),  color:  see  chro- 
matic] Reacting  both  as  an  acid  and  as  an 
alkali  upon  colors  used  as  chemical  tests. 

Amphicoelia  (am-fi-se'li-ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
afj.<j)iKOLlog,  hollow  all  round:  see  amphiccelous.] 
1.  In  Owen's  classification  of  reptiles,  a  sub- 
order of  Crocodilia,  including  the  extinct  croco- 
diles which  have  amphiccelous  vertebrae,  as 
members  of  the  genus  Teleosatirus. —  2.  [Used 
as  a  singular.]  A  genus  of  bivalve  mollusks. 
James  Mall,  1867. 

amphicoelian  (am-fl-se'li-an),  a.  Amphicce- 
lous ;  having  amphiccelous  vertebr® ;  pertain- 
ing to  the  Amphicoelia. 

Amphiccelias  (am-fi-se'U-as),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

afi<piKoi?.oc,  hollow  all  round :  see  amphiccelous.] 
A  genus  of  fossil  dinosaurian  reptiles  with  am- 
phicoelian vertebrae.  A.  altus  was  a  huge  species  sup- 
posed to  have  been  able  to  browse  on  tree-tops  30  feet  high. 
A.  fragillimus,  another  species,  is  supposed  to  have  ex- 
ceeded A.  altus  in  length.    E.  D.  Cojje,  1877. 

amphiccelous  (am-fi-se'lus),  a.  [<  NL.  amphi- 
ccelus,  <  Gr.  a/i(j)iKoi?u)c,  hollow  all  round,  hollow  at 
both  ends,  <  afx<pi,  at  both  ends,  +  KoiAog,  hollow : 
see  coeliac]  In  anat.  and  zool.,  hollowed  at  both 
ends :  said  of  vertebrae  the  centra  or  bodies  of 
which  are  biconcave.  This  is  the  usual  character  of 
the  vertebrae  of  fishes,  and  also  of  the  extinct  crocodiles 
(Teleosauridce,  Belodontidce),  and  of  some  birds  of  the  Creta- 
ceous period,  as  of  the  genus  Ichthyornis  (Odontotormae). 

Amphicoma  (am-fik'o-ma),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ifi- 
(pMOfiog,  with  hair  all  round,  <  hfiijii,  around,  -(- 
K<5/ij?,  hair.]  A  genus  of  lameUicom  beetles,  of 
the  family  Scarabceidw.  The  mandibles  in  this  genus 
are  without  teeth  on  the  inner  edge,  the  claveola  of  the 
antennae  are  globular,  and  the  legs  are  ordinary. 

Amphicondyla  (am-fi-kon'di-la),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  a/jfi,  on  both  sides,  +  KdvSvAog,  a  knuckle, 
mod.  condyle.]  A  name  given  to  the  Mamma- 
lia, vrith  reference  to  the  pair  of  occipital  con- 
dyles which  vertebrates  of  this  class  possess 
in  connection  with  an  ossified  basioecipital : 
opposed  to  Monocondyla  (which  see). 

Amphictene  (am-fik'te-ne),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
afi^L,  around,  +  /cre/f  {ktcv-),  a  comb.]  A  genus 
of  tubicolous  worms,  order  Cephalobranchia, 
class  Annelida,  type  of  the  family  Amphicteni- 
dce:  equivalent  to  Peciwicrriffl. 

Amphictenidae  (am-fik-ten'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  < 
Amphictene  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  polychffitous 
cephalobranchiate  annelids,  represented  by  the 
genus  Amphictene  or  Pectinaria. 

amphictyon  (am-fik'ti-on),  n.  [<  L.  amphic- 
tyones,  <  Gr.  aficpinTvuv  (Demosthenes),  common- 
ly in  pi.  afKpLKTvoveg,  more  correctly  a/i(peKTioveg, 
lit.  dwellers  around,  neighbors,  <  afi<j>i,  aroTind, 
-I-  *KTioveg  (only  in  this  word  and  TreptKuoveg,  of 
same  sense),  pi.  of  *ktiuv,  ppr.,  <  dwell 
(  >  KTt^etv,  people,  establish,  found),  =  Skt.  \f 
kshi,  dwell,  inhabit.]  In  Gr.  hist.,  a  deputy  to 
an  amphictyonlc  council,  especially  the  Del- 
phic :  most  commonly  used  in  the  plural  for  the 
council  itself,  or  the  body  of  deputies  (often 
with  a  capital). 


amphidromical 

amphictyonic  (am-fik-ti-on 'ik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
afi<piKTvoviK6g,  pertaining  to  the  amphictyons.] 
Pertaining  to  an  amphictyony,  particularly  to 
that  of  Delphi. 

amphictyony  (am-fik'ti-on-i),  n, ;  pi.  amphicty- 
onies  (-iz).  [<  Gr.  afupiKTvovia  (or  -vda),  <  a/i- 
<l>cKTvovcg,  amphictyons.]  In  Gr.  hist.,  a  league 
of  peoples  inhabiting  neighboring  territories  or 
drawn  together  by  community  of  origin  or  in- 
terests, for  mutual  protection  and  the  guardian- 
ship in  common  of  a  central  sanctuary  and  its 

rites.  There  were  several  such  confederations,  but  the 
name  is  specially  appropriated  to  the  most  famous  of  them, 
that  of  Delphi.  This  was  composed  of  twelve  trilies,  and  its 
deputies  met  twice  eacli  year,  alternately  at  Delplii  and 
at  Thermopylae.  Its  origin  dates  back  to  the  beginnings 
of  Grecian  history,  and  it  survived  the  independence  of 
Greece.  It  exercised  paramount  authority  over  tlie  famous 
oracular  sanctuary  of  the  Pythian  Apollo  and  over  the  sur- 
rounding region,  and  conducted  the  Pythian  games ;  and  it 
constituted,  though  in  an  imperfect  way,  a  national  con- 
gress of  the  many  comparatively  small  and  often  opposed 
states  into  whicli  Greece  was  divided. 

amphicurtous  (am-fi-ker'tus),  a.    See  amphi- 

cyrtous. 

amphicyon  (am-fis'i-on),  «.  [NL.,<  Gr.  a/npi,  on 
both  sides,  +  kvuv,  dbg,  =  E.  hound,  q.  v.]  A 
large  fossil  carnivorous  quadruped,  whose  teeth 
combine  the  characters  of  those  of  the  dogs 
(Canidce)  and  of  the  bears  ( Vrsida).  It  occurs 
principally  in  the  Miocene  Tertiary  formation. 

amphicyrtous  (am-fi-ser'tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  ofKpi- 
Kvprog,  curved  on  each  side  like  the  moon  in  its 
3d  quarter,  gibbous,  <  a//^i/',  on  both  sides,  +  Kvp- 
rdf,  curved:  see  curve.]  Curved  on  both  sides; 
gibbous.   Also  written  amphicurtous.  X.  E.  D. 

amphicytula  (am-fi-sit'u-la),  n. ;  pi.  amphicy- 
tulm  (-le).  [NL.,<a»ip/ri--t-  cytula,'N'L.  dim.  of 
Gr.  KvTog,  a  hollow.]  In  embryol.,  the  parent- 
cell  (cytula)  which  results  from  that  stage  in 
the  development  of  a  holoblastie  egg  known  as 
an  amphimonerula,  by  the  re-formation  of  a  nu- 
cleus, and  which  passes  by  total  but  unequal 
segmentation  of  the  vitellus  (yolk)  to  the  succes- 
sive stages  Imown  as  amphimorula,  amphiblas- 
tula,  and  amphigastrula.  See  these  words.  The 
human  egg  is  an  example.  This  is  the  usual  form  of  egg 
In  mammals  and  sundry  other  animals.    See  gastrulatioa. 

amphidf,  amphidet  (am'fid,  -fid),  a.  [< Gr.  d/i<j>'i, 
both,  +  -id".]  A  term  applied  by  Berzelius  to 
the  salts  of  those  acids  which  contain  oxygen, 
to  distinguish  them  from  the  haloid  salts.  The 
amphid  salts  were  regarded  as  compounds  of  two  oxids, 
one  electro-positive,  the  other  electro-negative. 

Amphidesma  (am-fi-des'ma),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

a/j.(pi,  on  both  sides,  +  6ca/i6g,  a  band,  <  deiv, 
bind.]  A  genus  of  lamellibranchiates,  con- 
taining bivalve  mollusks  of  rounded  form  with 
large  siphons,  a  long  tongue-shaped  foot,  and 
a  double  ligament,  one  internal  and  one  exter- 
nal :  a  synonym  of  Semele.    Lamarck,  1818. 

amphidesmid  (am-fl-des'mid),  n.  A  bivalve 
mollusk  of  the  family  Amphidesmidce. 

AmphidesmidsB  (am-fi-des'mi-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Amphidesma  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  bivalve 
mollusks,  of  which  the  genus  Amphidesma  is 
the  type :  a  synonym  of  Semelidw. 

amphidiarthrodial  (am"fi-di-ar-thr6'di-al),  a. 
[<  NL.  amphidiarthrosis,  after  arthrodiaL]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  amphidiarthrosis. 

amphidiarthrosis  (am"fl-di-ar-thr6'sis),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  ajj<j>i,  on  both  sides,  +  6tapf}puoi<;, 
articulation,  diarthrosis.]  In  anat.,  a  mode  of 
articulation  which  partakes  of  the  nature  of 
both  diarthrosis  and  amphiarthrosis,  admitting 
of  free  movement  in  several  directions,  a  fa- 
miliar example  is  the  articulation  of  the  lower  jaw  witli 
the  rest  of  the  human  skull,  which  permits  an  up-and-down 
motion,  as  in  opening  and  shutting  the  mouth,  and  also  a 
rotatory  motion  from  side  to  side  and  forward  and  back- 
ward.   Also  called  double  arthrodia. 

amphidisk,  amphidisc  (am'fi-disk),  n.  [<  NL. 
amphidiscus,  <  Gr.  apttp't,  at  both  ends,  +  dicKog, 
a  round  plate:  see  disk.]  In  zodl.,  one  of  the 
spicules,  resembling  two  toothed  wheels  united 
by  an  axle,  which  surround  the  reproductive 
gemmules  of  Spongilla.  Also  written  amphi- 
discus. 

amphidromia  (am-fi-dro'mi-a),  n.  j)l.  [<  Gr.  afi- 
(pidpofiia,  pi.  (see  def.),  <  au^iSpo/Jog,  running 
around,  <  aix^i,  around,  +  -6po/jog,  running,  < 
Spajielv,  run:  see  Dramas,  dromedary,  etc.]  In 
ancient  Athens,  a  family  festival  in  honor  of 
the  birth  of  a  child,  it  was  held  in  the  evening,  when 
the  child  was  about  a  week  old.  The  guests  brought  small 
presents  and  were  entertained  at  a  repast.  The  cliild  was 
presented  to  the  company  and  caiTied  about  the  family 
hearth  by  two  women,  and  at  this  time  received  its  name, 
to  which  the  guests  were  witnesses.  The  door  of  the 
house  was  decorated  witli  olive-branches  for  a  boy,  and 
with  tufts  of  wool  for  a  girl. 

amphidromical  (am-fi-drom'i-kal),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  amphidromia. 


Lower  side  of  branch, 
showing  Amphigastria, 
or  accessory  leaves. 


amphidromical 

At  the  amphidromicnl  feasts,  on  the  fifth  day  after  the 
cliild  was  born,  presents  were  sent  from  friends,  of  poly- 
puses and  ciittlettshes.     Sir  T.  Browne,  Garden  of  Cyrus. 

amphidura  (am-fi-du'ra),  n.  A  corruption  of 
amphithijra. 

Amphigaea  (am-fi-je'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  au0/, 
implyiug  doubt,  +  )  ala,  yij,  the  earth,  a  land  or 
country.]    In  zodgeog.,  the  Amphigean  realm. 

amphigam  (am'fi-gam),  n.  [=  F.  amphigame, 
(.NLi.  ainpliiganius :  see  ampliiganwus.']  In  De 
Candolle's  classification  of  plants,  one  of  tlie 
group  of  cryptogams,  including  the  lichens, 
fungi,  and  algse,  in  which  sexual  organs  were 
unknown. 

amphigamous  (am-fig'a-mus),  a.  [<  NL.  am- 
phigam us,  <  Gr.  afKpi,  implying  doubt,  +  yafiog, 
marriage.]  In  hot.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  am- 
phigams;  thallogenous. 

ampMgastria  (am-fi-gas'tri-a),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Gr.  hfii^i,  around,  +  yaari/p,  stomach:  see  gas- 
tric.'\    The  peculiar  stipule- 
like  accessory  leaves  on  the 
lower  side  of  the  stem  of  some 
scale-mosses  and  other  Mepa- 

tiCCB. 

amphigastrula  (am  -  fi  -  gas  '- 

tro-lii),  pi.  (unpMgastndw 
(-le).  [NL.,  <  amphi-  +  gas- 
trula.']  In  emhryol.,  that  form 
of  metagastrula  (which  see) 
which  results  from  unequal 
cleavage  or  segmentation  of 
the  xitellus  (yolk), 
amphigean  (am -fl-je' an),  a. 
[<  Gr.  OyU^/,  around,  +  yij, 
the  earth :  see  geography, 
etc.]  1.  Extending  aroimd  the  earth :  inhot., 
applied  to  genera  or  species  that  are  foimd 
around  the  globe  in  approximately  the  same  lati- 
tude.—  2.  [cap.']  l^Nh.  Anqjhigwa  + -an.]  In 
soogeog.,  a  term  applied  to  the  temperate  South 
American  realm  as  one  of  the  prime  zoologi- 
cal divisions  of  the  earth's  land-surface,  with 
reference  to  its  equivocal  or  ambiguous  zoologi- 
cal character.  Together  with  the  Dendrogean  or  tropi- 
cal American  realm,  it  composes  the  Neotropical  region 
of  Sclater. 

amphigen  (am'fi-jen),  n.  [<  Gr.  afi<pi,  around,  + 
-ysv//g,  <  ■\/*}ei',  produce:  see  -gen.  Cf.  amphi- 
gene.]  1.  In  hot.,  a  thallogen :  a  name  applied 
by  Brongniart  to  those  cryptogams  (the  algte, 
fungi,  and  lichens)  which  increase  by  develop- 
ment of  cellular  tissue  in  all  directions,  and  not 
at  the  summit  of  a  distinct  axis. —  2t.  In  chcm., 
an  element,  like  oxygen,  capable  of  forming 
with  other  elements  acid  and  basic  compounds. 

amphigene  (am'ii-jen),  n.  [<  Gr.  afifiyevr/c,  of 
both  kinds,  of  doubtful  kind,  <  a//^/,  both,  -t- 
yevog,  kind  (see  genus) :  named  with  allusion  to 
its  supposed  cleavage  in  two  directions.]  Same 
as  leucite. 

ampMgenous  (am-fij  'e-nus),  a.  [As  amphigen  -t- 
-ous.]  1.  In  6of.,  growing  all  around  an  object: 
applied  to  fungi  which  are  not  restricted  to  any 
particular  part  of  the  surface  of  the  host. — 2t. 
In  chem.,  of  the  nature  of  amphigen. 

Also  wi'itten  amphogenous. 
AmpMgenous  reaction,  in  chem.,  a  reaction  which  ex- 
hibits botli  acid  and  alkaline  characters. 

Amphignathodon  (am-flg-nath'o-don),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  a/j.(j>l,  on  both  sides,  +  yvddog,  jaw, 
bdovc  {060VT-)  =  E.  tooth.]  A  peculiar  genus 
of  arciferous  anurous  batraehians,  having  teeth 
in  both  jaws,  dilated  processes  of  the  sacrum, 
a  brood-pouch,  and  the  general  aspect  of  the 
tree-frogs  ;  the  type  of  a  family  Amphignatho- 
dontidce  (which  see).  A.  guentheri  is  an  arbo- 
real species  of  the  tropical  Andean  region. 

amphignathodontid  (am-fig-nath-o-don'tid), ». 
One  of  the  Amphignathodontidm. 

Amphignathodontidae  (am-fig-nath-o-don ' ti- 
de), n.  pi.  [NL.,<  Aniphignathodon{t-)+  -idw.] 
A  family  of  anurous  batraehians,  typified  by  the 
only  certainly  known  genus,  Amphignathodon 
(which  see). 

amphigonic  (am-fi-gon'ik),  a.  Same  as  amphig- 
onoHS. 

amphigonous  (am-fig'o-nus),  a.    [<  Gr.  as  if 

*aiJ.(j)iyovoQ,  <  aa<pi,  on  both  sides,  -I-  -yovoQ  (adj. 
yoviKdg),  <  y/  *yev,  produce.  Cf.  Gr.  afi<piyovo<;, 
n.,  a  stepchild,  <  aiLiil>i  -f-  y6vog,  offspring.]  Trans- 
mitting to  offspring  the  characters  of  both  pa- 
rents ;  pertaining  to  amphigony. 
amphigony  (am-fig'o-ni),  «.  [As  amphigonous 
-I-  -?/.]  Sexual  reproduction ;  gamogenesis:  the 
opposite  of  monogony.  The  word  is  chiefly  used  with 
reference  to  those  lower  animals  which  may  conjugate  or 
blend  their  substance ;  not  ordinarily  used  of  reproduction 
in  higher  animals. 


184 

amphigoric  (am-fi-gor'ik),  a.  [<  F.  ampMgou- 
rique,  <  amphigouri :  see  amphigory.]  Of,  re- 
lating to,  or  consisting  of  amphigory;  absiu-d; 
nonsensical. 

amphigory  (am'fi-go-ri),  pi.  amphigorics 
(-riz).  [Modified  from  F.  amphigouri,  of  im- 
certain  origin ;  appar.  a  factitious  word,  based 
on  Gr.  (i//^/,  on  both  sides.]  A  meaningless 
rigmarole,  as  of  nonsense-verses  or  the  like ;  a 
nonsensical  parody. 

Amphileptus(am-fl-lep'tus),M.  [NL.,<Gr. hfKpi, 
on  both  sides,  -f-  le-nrog,  small,  fine,  delicate.]  A 
genus  of  ciliate  infusorians,  of  the  family  Tra- 
chelocercidw,  having  numerous  contractile  vac- 
uoles in  two  longitudinal  series,  a.  gigas,  one  of 
the  largest  known  infusorians,  has  a  lengthened  com- 
pressed form  witli  a  long  neck,  and  the  mouth  near  the 
base  of  the  proboscis. 

amphilogism  (am-fil'o-jizm),  «.  [<  amphilogy 
-I-  -ism.]    A  circumlocution.    N.  E.  D. 

amphilogy  (am-fil'o-ji),  «.;  pi.  amphilogies 
(-jiz).  [<  Gr.  aficpiloyia,  doubt,  debate,  <  afi(pi- 
Aoyog,  uncertain,  <  a/i^/,  on  both  sides,  4-  Ikyuv, 
speak:  see  -ology.]   .Ambiguity;  amphibology. 

amphimacer  (am-flm'a-ser),  11.  [<  L.  amphi- 
macrus,  <  Gr.  atupi^uKpog,  long  on  both  sides,  < 
a//0(',  on  both  sides,  -f-  juaKpdc,  long:  see  macron. 
Cf.  amphibrach.]  In  pros.,  a  foot  of  three  syl- 
lables, the  middle  one  short  and  the  others 
long,  as  in  Latin  cdstUds:  the  opposite  of  am- 
phibrach. 

Amphimonadidae  (am*fi-mo-nad'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Amphimonas  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  na- 
ked, free-svrimming  or  sedentary,  biflagellate 
infusorians,  typified  by  the  genus  Amphimonas. 
When  sedentary  they  are  attached  by  a  prolongation  of 
tlie  posterior  extremity  or  by  a  caudal  filament.  The 
two  Hagella  are  terminal  and  of  equal  size ;  there  is  no 
distinct  oral  aperture,  food  being  taken  in  at  any  point  of 
the  periphery  of  the  body. 

Amphimonas  (am-fi-mon'as),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

ajiipi,  on  both  sides,  +  fiova^  (fiovaS-),  one,  a 
imit:  see  tnonad.]  The  typical  genus  of  Am- 
phimonadida. 

amphimonerula  (am'fi-mo-ner'o-la), pi.  am- 
phimonenda  (-le).  [NL.,  i.  amphi-  -i-  monenda.] 
In  emhryol.,  the  monerula-stage  of  a  holoblastie 
egg  which  imdergoes  unequal  segmentation  or 
cleavage  of  the  vitellus  (yolk),  and  becomes 
successively  an  amphicytula,  amphimorula, 
amphiblastula,  and  ami)higastrula  (see  these 
words).  It  is  a  cytode  which  includes  formative  yolk 
at  one  pole  and  nutritive  yolk  at  the  other ;  the  two  being, 
however,  indistinguishable,  and  both  undergoing  total 
though  unequal  segmentation.    See  gastrulatiun. 

amphimorph  (am'fl-morf),  n.  A  flamingo,  as 
a  member  of  the  Ampliimorpha. 

Amphimorphae  (am-fi-mor'fe),  n.pl.  [NL.,<  Gr. 
afi(pi,  on  both  sides,  +  /^opf//,  form.]  In  Huxley's 
system  of  classification,  a  superfamily  of  des- 
mognathous  carinate  birds :  so  called  because 
intermediate  between  the  anserine  birds  and  the 

storks.  It  contains  only  the  flamingos,  Phaenicopteridai 
(which  see).  See  cut  under  rfami/i'/o.  The  term  is  zoologi- 
cally equivalent  to  Odontoglossce  of  Nitzsch,  of  prior  date. 

amphimorphic  (am-fl-mor'flk),  a.  [As  Amphi- 
mvrphw  -H  -ic]  Having  the  character  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Amphimorpha;. 

amphimorula  (am-fi-mor'6-la),  «. ;  pi.  amphi- 
moruke  (-le).  [NL.,  <  amphi-  +  morula.]  In 
emhryol.,  the  morxila,  or  mulberry-like  mass, 
which  results  from  the  total  but  unequal  seg- 
mentation of  the  vitellus  (yolk)  in  that  stage  in 
the  development  of  a  holoblastie  egg  known  as 
an  amphicytula ;  a  solid  and  generally  globular 
mass  of  cleavage-cells  which  are  not  all  alike. 
Further  stages  of  development  are  the  amphiblastula  and 
the  amphigastrula.  The  human  egg  is  an  example. 

Amphineura  (am-fi-nu'ra),  n.  pil.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ajKpi,  around,  +  vevpov,  sinew,  nerve.]  A  class 
or  phylum  of  Vermes  constituted  by  the  genera 
Neomenia  and  Chcetoderma,  together  with  the 
Chitonidce,  the  latter  being  removed  from  the 
Mollusca  and  associated  with  the  genera  named 
on  account  of  the  similarity  in  the  nervous 
system.    H.  von  Ihering,  1878. 

Amphinome  (am-fin'o-me),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ajKp'i, 
around,  vojirj,  a  feeding,  <  vtfteadai,  feed,  pas- 
tm'e,  act.]  A  genus  of  chffitopodous  worms, 
giving  name  to  the  family  Amphinomidai.  Also 
written  Amphinoma. 

Amphinomeae  (am-fi-no'me-e),  w.  j)l.  [NL.] 
Same  as  Amphinomidce. 

Delicate  branchiie  which  are  .  .  .  arborescent  ...  in 
the  Amp/lino  inea:  Gegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  135. 

Amphinomidae  (am-fi-nom'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Amphinome  -\-  -ida?.]  A  family  of  marine 
loeomotory  polychsetous  annelids,  of  the  order 
Chcetopoda,  having  several  postoral  segments 
included  in  the  head. 


amphipodous 

amphioxid  (am-fi-ok'sid),  11.  An  animal  of 
the  family  Amphioxidw  ;  a  branchiostomid. 

Amphioxidae (am-fi-ok'si-de), n.2>l.  [NL.,  < Am- 
phioxus  +  -ida'.]  The  only  known  family  of  lep- 
tocardians  or  acranial  vertebrates,  taking  name 
from  the  genus  Amphioxus:  a  synonym  of 
Branchiostumidm  (which  see). 

Amphioxini  (am"fi-ok-si'ni),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amphioxus  -i-  -ini.]    Same  as  Amphioxidw. 

Amphioxus  (am-fi-ok'sus),  11.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d//0(, 
at  both  ends,  -f  ofi'c,  sharp:  see  oxygen.]  The 
lancelets,  the  typical  genus  of  the  family  Am- 
phioxidw, whose  body  is  compressed  and  tapers 
to  a  point  at  each  end:  a  synonym  of  Branchi- 
ostoma  (which  see).  See  also  cut  under  lance- 
let. 

amphipneust  (am'fip-nust),  n.  l<  Amphi- 
pneusta.]    One  of  the  Amphipneusta. 

Amphipneusta  (am-fip-nus'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  a/;(j4/,  in  both  ways,  -I-  '^wvevtJTd^,  verbal  adj. 
of  nvdv,  breathe:  see  pneutnatic]  A  former 
name  of  a  suborder  of  tailed  Amphihia,  which  re- 
tain their  gills  through  life.  As  constituted  by  Mer- 
rem,  the  group  included,  however,  the  larval  forms  of  some 
amphibians  which  undergo  metamorphosis.    See  Urudela. 

Amphipneustea  (am-flp-niis'te-a),  n.pjl.  [NL. : 
see  Auiphipticnsta.]  A  name  usedby  Wiegmann 
for  the  Onchidiidw  (which  see). 

amphipnoid  (am-fip'noid),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
family  AmpMpnoidw. 

Amphipnoidae  (am-fip-noi'de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amphipnous  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  symbran- 
chiate  fishes.  The  technical  characters  are  a  cranium 
abbreviated  behind,  branchial  apparatus  partly  behind 
the  cranium,  a  scapular  aich  not  directly  connected  with 
the  skull,  and  a  double  vascular  lung-like  sac  connnuni- 
cating  with  the  branchial  cavity.  Only  one  species  is 
known,  the  cuchia  or  Ainphipnotus  cuclda.  It  is  a  com- 
mon East  Indian  fish,  of  a  sluggish  nature,  and  amphibious 
in  its  mode  of  life.  It  has  a  very  long  eel-like  form. 
Amphipnoina  (am-flp-no-i'n'a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amphipnous  +  -ina.]  The  Amphipnoidw,  as  a 
subfamily  of  Symbranchiidw,  having  the  vent 
in  the  posterior  half  of  the  skull,  and  the  scap- 
ular arch  not  attached  to  the  skull.  Guntlwr. 
Also  written  Amphipnoinw. 
Amphipnous  (am-fip'no-us),  n.  [NL.,< Gr.  d/i(^i, 
on  both  sides,  -I-  -trvdog,  breathing,  <  Trvelv, 
breathe.]  A  genus  of  eel-like  fishes  distin- 
guished by  a  lung-like  respiratory  apparatus 
which  enables  the  fish  to  breathe  air  directly 
as  well  as  through  the  medium  of  water.  It  is 
the  type  of  the  family  Amphipnoidw. 
amphipod  (am'fi-pod),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  am- 
phipus  (-pod-),  having  feet  in  both  directions, 
<  Gr.  ajx^i,  on  both  sides,  +  ttov^  {tto6-)  =  E. 
foot,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  Same  as  amphijwdous. 
II.  11 .  An  amphipodan ;  one  oi  the  Amphipoda. 
Amphipoda  (am-fip'o-da),  11.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  amphipus  {-pod-),  having  feet  in  both  di- 
rections :  see  amphipod.]  In 
zool.,  an  order  of  sessile-eyed 
(edriophthalmous)  crustacean 
arthropods:  sometimes,  as  by 
Dana,  united  with  Isopoda  in  an 
order  Choristopioda.  The  order  is 
distinguished  from  other  Edriophthal- 
mia  by  having  the  abdominal  region 
well  developed,  and  by  effecting  res- 
piration by  means  of  membranous  vesi- 
cles attached  to  the  bases  of  the  tho- 
racic limbs.  The  bodies  of  the  animals 
are  compressed  laterally  and  curved 
longitudinally;  some  of  the  legs  are 
directed  forward,  the  rest  backward 
(whence  the  name).  The  thorax  has  6 
or  7  segments,  the  abdomen  7.  The 
one  of  tail  is  natatory  or  saltatorial.  The  4 
anterior  locomotive  limbs  (namely, 
from  the  second  to  the  fifth  thoracic 
limb  inclusive)  are  directed  forward, 
the  3  posterior  backward.  The  latter 
are  called  pereiopuds,  and  are  the  3 
ambulatory  limbs;  behind  them,  and 
strongly  contrasted  with  them,  are  3 
pairs  of  fringed  appendages,  called  pleopods,  which  are  the 
true  swimming-organs.  The  body  ends  behind  in  a  vari- 
ously shaped  telson.  The  eyes  are  sessile,  and  sometimes 
rudimentary.  From  2  to  about  9  families  of  the  order,  the 
most  extensive  of  which  is  the  Gammaridce,  are  recognized 
by  different  authors.  The  little  animals  known  as  sand- 
hoppers,  sand-fleas,  and  shore-jumpers  are  members  of 
this  order,  tlie  various  forms  of  which  inliahit  both  fresh 
and  salt  water. 

amphipodal  (am-fip'o-dal),  a.  [<  amphipod  -I- 
-al.]    Same  as  amphipodous. 

amphipodan  (am-fip'o-dan),  a.  and  n.    [<  am- 
phipod  +  -an.]    I.  a.  Same  as  amphipodous. 
II.  n.  An  amphipod;  one  of  the  Amphipioda. 

amphipodiform  (am-fi-pod'i-fdrm),  a.  [<  am- 
phipod +  -i-form.]  Resembling  a  sand-hopper 
in  form ;  formed  like  an  amphipod.  Kirhy  and 
Spence,  1828. 

amphipodous  (am-fip'o-dus),  a.  [<  amphipod 
+ -ous.]    Having  feet  in  both  directions ;  spe- 


Amphitkol, 

the  Amfihifoda. 

r,  rostrum  ;  t,  tel- 
son :  lb,  labrum  ;  br, 
branchiie;  os,  o5ste- 
gites;  K///'2,  Xiy^, 
8th  and  14th  seg- 
ments. 


amphipodous 

cifieally,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Ampliipoda. 
Eqiiivalent  forms  are  amphipod,  amphipodal, 
ampMpodan. 
Amphiporidae  (am-fi-por'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amphiporus  +  -idee.']  Inzool.,  a f amily  of  rhyn- 
chocoelous  turbellarians  or  nemerteans  having 
the  proboscis  armed  with  stylets,  which  are 
wanting  in  the  other  Bhynchoccela.  Also  called 
Enopla. 

Amphiporus  (am-fip'o-rus),  w.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  afi<pi, 
on  both  sides,  +  iropog,  passage,  pore.]  A  genus 
of  nemerteans,  typical  of  the  family  Amplii- 
poridce  (which  see),  a.  lacHflorus  is  a  European 
species,  3  or  4  inclies  long,  found  under  stones  from  the 
North  Sea  to  the  Mediterranean.^ 

amphiprostylar  (am"fi-pro-sti'lar),  a.  Same 
as  ampkiprostyle. 

amphiprostyle  (am-fl-pro'stil),  a.   [<  L.  am- 

phijyrostylos,  <  Gr.  a/KpiTrpoarvlo^,  having  a  pro- 
style at  both  ends,  <  afj.fi,  on  both  sides,  +  rrpd- 
cTTDAof,  prostyle :  see  prostyle.']  Literally,  having 
columns  both  in  front  and  behind.   lu  are/i.,ap- 


Plan  of  Amphiprostyle  Temple. 

plied  to  a  structure  having  the  plan  of  an  ancient  Greek 
or  Roman  rectangular  temple  with  a  portico  at  each  end  or 
in  both  front  and  rear,  but  no  columns  on  the  sides  or  flanks. 

Amphipylese  (am-fi-pil'e-e),  n.  jjL   [NL.,  <  Gr. 

afifinv'Aoc,  with  two  entrances,  <  a/Kpi,  on  both 
sides,  +  Trv?i7!,  a  gate,  entrance.]  A  division  oi 
Phceodaria  (which  see),  containing  those  phseo- 
darians  which  have  pseudopodal  openings  at 
the  opposite  poles  of  the  central  capsule :  dis- 
tinguished from  Monopylew.  Haeckel. 

amphipylean  (am"fl-pi-le'an),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  AmpMpylece. 

Amphirhina  (am-fi-ri'na),  n.pl.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
ot  amphirhinus :  see  amphirhine.]  A  prime  di- 
vision of  the  skulled  vertebrates,  or  Craniota, 
including  all  except  the  Monorliina  (which  see) ; 
the  double-breathers,  it  is  a  term  expressive  rather 
of  an  evolutionary  series  of  animals  than  of  a  definite  zoo- 
logical division. 

amphirhine  (am'fi-rin),  a.  [<  NL.  amphirhi- 
nus, <  Gr.  aix<l>i,  on  both  sides,  +  p/?,  piv,  nose.] 
Double-nostriled :  specifically  said  of  the  Am- 
phirhina. 

Should  jaws  be  absent,  the  Cephalaspidaj  would  approach 
the  Marsipobranchii  more  nearly  than  any  of  the  other 
amphirhine  fishes  do.  Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  129. 

amphisarca  (am-fi-sar'ka),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d//^/, 
on  both  sides,  +  aap^  (aapK-),  flesh.]  Any  hard- 
rinded  fruit  having  a  succulent  interior  and  a 
crustaeeous  or  woody  exterior,  as  the  gourd. 
[Bare.] 

amphisaurid  (am-fi-sa'rid),  n.    A  dinosaurian 
reptile  of  the  family  Amphisauridw. 
Amphisauridse  (am-fi-sa'ri-de),  «.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Amphisaurus  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  dinosau- 
rian reptiles :  now  superseded  by  Anchisauridw. 

Amphisaurus  ( am-fi-sa ' rus ) ,  m.  [NL. ,  <  Gr .  d/(^i»', 
on  both  sides,  +  aavpog,  lizard.  ]  A  genus  of  dino- 
samian  reptiles  with  amphicoelous  vertebrae. 
The  name  is  now  superseded  by  Anchisaurus, 
and  is  a  synonym  of  Megadeictylus  of  Hitchcock. 

amphisbsena  (am-fis-be'na),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
amphibene,  ME.  corruptly  «/;?/(i6e«a,  =  OF.  avi- 
phisbeine,  mod.  F.  amphisbene  —  Sj).  anfisbena, 
anfisibena  =  Pg.  eimphisbena  =  It.  anfisbena,  an- 
fesibena,  <  L.  amplmhcena,  <  Gr.  aij.<j>iaPaiva,  a 
kind  of  serpent  believed  to  move  with  either 
end  foremost,  <  afjfig,  at  both  ends,  a  form 
of  hiicjii  (see  amphi-),  +  paivttv,  go,  =  L.  venire, 
come,  =  E.  come.]  1.  A  fabulous  venomous 
serpent  supposed  to  have  a  head  at  each  end 
and  to  be  able  to  move  in  either  direction. 

Complicated  monsters  head  and  tail, 
Scorpion,  and  asp,  and  aiiiphisbcena  dire, 
Cerastes  horn'd,  hydrus,  and  elops  drear. 
And  dipsas.  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  524. 

Two  vipers  of  one  breed  —  an  amphisbcena. 
Each  end  a  sting.      Tennyson,  Queen  Mary,  iii.  4. 

[cap.]    [NL.]    A  genus  of  lizards  distin- 


186 

sluggish  and  mostly  nocttirnal,  of  snake-like  aspect  from 
the  alisence  of  liml)S,  and  able  to  move  either  backward  or 
forward. 

Amphisbsenia  (am-fis-be'ni-ii),  «.  pi.  [NL., 

<  Amphisbcena.]  A  superf amily  group  of  laeer- 
tilians :  a  synonym  of  Amphisbwnoida. 

amphisbaenian  (am-tis-be'ni-an),  a.  and  n.  [< 
ampihisbivnn  +  -tan.]    I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  amphisbasna,  or  to  the  Amphisbeenoida. 
II.  II.  Same  as  amphisbwna,  1. 

amphisbsenic  (am-fis-be'nik),  a.  [<  amphis- 
bcena +  -ic]  Like  the  amphisbsena;  moving 
backward  or  forward  with  equal  ease.  An 
equivalent  form  is  amphisbccnous. 

Yoked  to  it  by  an  amphisbmnic  snake. 

Shelley,  Prom.  Unbound,  iii.  4. 

amphisbsenid  (am-fis-be'nid),  n.    A  lizard  of 

the  family  Amphisbccnidcc. 
Amphisbsenidae  (am-fis-be'ni-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 

<  Amphisbcena  +  -idee.]  The  typical  family  of 
the  group  Amphisbeenoida.  it  embraces  sluggish 
and  mostly  nocturnal  snake-like  lizards,  such  as  those  of 
the  genus  A  mphisbcena,  which  are  limbless,  and  are  thus 
distinguished  from  the  Chirotidce  (which  see). 

Amphisbaenoida  (am'^fis-be-noi'da),  w.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Amphisbcena  +  -oida.]  One  of  the  major 
divisions  of  existing  Lacertilia  (lizards),  differ- 
ing from  all  others  except  the  Chamceleonida  in 
the  absence  of  a  columella  and  of  an  interor- 

bital  septum  of  the  skull.  The  position  of  the  quad- 
rate bone  is  peculiar;  the  skull  in  general  resembles  that 
of  an  ophidian ;  the  vertebrae  are  procoelous,  and  have 
neither  zygantrum  nor  zygosphene ;  there  is  no  sacrum ; 
and  all  but  one  or  two  of  the  precaudal  vertebrae  bear 
ribs.  The  bodies  of  these  lizards  are  completely  snake- 
like. All  the  representatives  of  the  group  are  limbless, 
excepting  members  of  the  genus  Chirotes,  which  have  a 
pair  of  small  pectoral  limbs.  The  tail  is  extremely  short, 
so  that  the  vent  is  near  the  end  of  the  body.  The  integu- 
ment is  not  scaly. 

Amphisbsenoidaea  (am'tis-be-noi'df-a),  «.  pi. 

Same  as  Amphisbeenoida. 
amphisbaenous  (am-fis-be'nus),  a.    Same  as 
amphisbcenie. 

amphiscian  (am-fish'i-an),  n.  One  of  the  am- 
phiscii. 

amphiscii  (am-flsh'i-i),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d/z- 
(piaKiog,  pi.  a.p(p'iaiaoi,  throwing  a  shadow  both 
ways,  <  aixfl,  on  both  sides,  +  ckm,  shadow. 
Cf.  antiscii.]  In  geog.,  the  inhabitants  of  the 
intertropical  regions,  whose  shadows  at  noon 
are  cast  in  one  part  of  the  year  to  the  north  and 
in  the  other  part  to  the  south,  according  as  the 
sun  is  in  the  southern  or  the  northern  signs. 

amphisient,  «•  [For  amphiscien  =  E.  amphis- 
cian, as  adj.]  In  her.,  double ;  having  two 
heads. 

Amphisile  (am-fis'i-le),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/i^i  or 
ificpi^,  around ;  it  is  uncertain  what  the  last  two 
syllables  were  intended  to  represent.]  A  genus 
of  fishes,  typical  of  the  family  Amphisilidce, 
formerly  referred  to  the  sea-snipes,  Fistulariidce 
or  Aulostomidee,  and  by  Giinther  to  the  Centris- 
cidce. 

amphisilid  (am-fis'i-lid),  n.  A  fish  of  the  fam- 
ily Amphisilidce. 

Ainphisilidae  (am-fi-sil'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Amphisile  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  hemibranchi- 
ate  fishes.  The  body  is  much  compressed,  and  is  armed 
Avith  bony  plates  connate  with  the  vertebr;e  and  spinous 
processes ;  the  tail  is  deflected  downward  by  the  extension 
of  the  armature  behind.  Fishes  of  this  family  have  an 
elongated  tubiform  snout,  abdominal  ventrals  with  a  spine 


amphitheatrical 

worms,  of  which  the  genus  Amphistomum  is  the 
type.  Other  genera  are  JJiploslomum  and  Gas- 
trodiscus. 

amphistomoid  (am-fis'to-moid),  a.  [<  Amphi- 
stomum +  -oid.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  family 
A mphisiomidce  ;  amphistomous. 

amphistomous  (am-fis'to-mus),  «.  [<NL.  «?«- 
phistomus,  <  Gr.  a/t<ploTu/wc,  with  double  mouth, 
<  (ificjil,  on  both  sides,  +  crijun,  mouth :  see  stoma.] 
Having  a  mouth-like  orifice  at  either  end  of  the 
body,  by  which  to  adhere  to  the  intestines  of 
animals,  as  some  trematode  parasitic  worms; 
amphistomoid. 

Amphistomum  (am-fis'to-mum),  n.  [NL., neut. 
of  ainphistom us,  with  doulale  mouth :  see  amphis- 
tomous.] A  genus  of  trematode  parasitic  worms, 
typical  of  the  family  Avixjhistomida:. 

amphistylic  (am-fi-sti'lik),  «.  [<  Gr.  cifKlii,  on 
both  sides,  +  oTvlog,  a  pillar:  see  stylc"^.]  Hav- 
ing pillar.s  on  both  sides :  applied  in  zodl.  to  the 
skuUs  of  sharks,  which  have  supports  for  both 
the  upper  and  lower  mandibular  arches.  Huxley. 

amphitheater,  amphitheatre  (am-fi-the'a- 

ter),  n.  [The  latter  spelling  is  now  usual  in 
England,  after  the  F.,  though  formerly  atnphi- 
theater;  cf.  F.  amphithedtre  =  Pg.  amphitheatro 
=  Sp.  It.  anfiteatro  =  D.  G.  ampjhitheater  =  Dan. 
amfiteater,  <  L.  amphitheatrum,  <  Gr.  aiu<pi6ca- 
Tpov,  prop.  neut.  of  afupidmrpo^,  having  a  theater 


Remains  of  Amphitheater  of  Aries.  France. 

(semicircular  structure)  on  both  sides,  <  cificpi, 
around,  -f  dtarpov,  a  place  for  seeing  shows, 
a  theater:  see  anqjhi-  and  theater.]  1.  In  anc. 
Horn,  arch.,  an  edifice  devoted  to  the  exhibition 
of  gladiatorial  contests  and  the  combats  of  wild 
beasts.  Such  edifices  were  elliptical  in  form,  and  con- 
sisted of  a  central  area  or  arena,  surrounded  l)y  a  wall, 
from  which,  sloping  upward  and  outward,  were  rows  of 
seats  for  the  spectators.   The  earliest  amphitheaters  were 


guished  by  the 
obtuseness  of 
the  head  and 
tail,  typical  of 
the  family  Am- 
phisbcenidce.  The 
species,  inhabiting 
tropical  South 
America  and  the 
West  Indies,  are 


iphisbana  ftttiginosa. 


Amphisile  scatata. 

and  several  rays,  and  a  dorsal  flu  crowded  out  of  place  by 
the  extension  of  the  dermal  armature.  It  is  a  most  re- 
markable type,  and  exceptional  among  fishes  on  account 
of  the  peculiar  development  of  the  skeleton  as  a  sort  of 
shell  around  the  body.  The  body  is  almost  transparent, 
and  the  organs,  especially  the  air-bladder,  can  be  dis- 
tinctly seen  through  it.  The  habits  of  the  family  are  un- 
known.   Several  species  inhabit  the  high  seas. 

amphismela  (am-fis-me'la),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  afi- 
cjilg,  on  both  sides,  -f-  /ir/?^v,  a  surgical  instrument, 
a  probe.]    A  double-edged  surgical  knife. 

amphispermium  (am-fi-sper'mi-um),  11.;  pi.  am- 
phispermia  (-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apcpi,  on  both  sides, 
-f-  atispjia,  seed.]  In  bot.,  a  term  proposed  for  an 
indehiseent one-seeded  pericarp;  an  achenium. 

amphistome  (am'fi-stom),  n.  [<  NL.  Amphi- 
stomum.] An  animal  of  the  gernxs  Amphisto- 
mum. or  family  Amphistomidee. 

amphistomid  (am-fis'to-mid),  n.  One  of  the 
A  mphisiomidce. 

Amphistomidae  (am-fi-stom'i-de),  n.jyl.  [NL.,< 
Amphistomum  +  -ides.]   A  family  of  trematode 


Remains  of  Amphitheater  of  Nfmes.  France. 


made  ot  wood ;  the  first  built  of  stone  date  from  the  time 
of  Augustus.  The  Colosseum  or  Flavian  amphitheater  at 
Rome  was  the  largest  of  all  the  ancient  ainphitheatei's, 
being  capable  of  containing  from  80,000  to  90,000  persons. 
Those  at  Nimes  and  Verona  are  among  the  best  examples 
remaining.  The  dimensions  of  the  latter  are  605J  by  403 
feet,  with  a  height  of  100  feet. 

2.  Anything  resembling  an  ampliitheater  in 
form,  as  an  oval  or  circular  building  with  seats 
rising  behind  and  above  each  other  around  a 
central  open  space,  or  a  natm-al  area  sur- 
rounded by  rising  ground;  in  hort.,  a  sloping 
arrangement  of  shrubs  and  trees. 

He  surveys  all  the  Wonders  in  this  immense  Amphi- 
theatre that  lie  between  both  the  Poles  of  Heaven. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  315. 

3.  The  uppermost  gallery  of  a  modern  theater, 
amphitheatral  (am-fi-the'a-tral),  a.    [<  L.  am- 

phitlieatrcdis,  <  amphitheairum,  amphitheater: 
see  ampliitheater.]    Same  as  amphitheatrical. 

amphitheatre,  «.   See  amphitheater. 

amphitheatric  (am"fi-the-at'rik),  a.  Same  as 
amphitheatrical. 

amphitheatrical  (am*fi-the-at'ri-kal),  a.  [<  L. 

amphitheatricus,  <  amphith'catrum :  see  amphi- 
theater.] 1.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling 
an  amphitheater. 

The  first  impression  on  seeing  the  .  .  .  great  amphi- 
theatrical depressions  is,  that  they  have  been  hollowed 
out,  like  other  valleys,  by  the  action  of  water. 

Darwin,  Voyage  of  Beagle,  II.  225. 

2.  Taking  place  or  exhibited  in  an  amphithe- 
ater: as,  amphitheatrical  Qont&aXB. 


amphitheatrically 

amphitheatrically  (am"fi-the-at'ri-kal-i),  adv. 
In  an  amphitheatrical  manner  or  form. 

amphithect  (am'fi-thekt),  a.  [<  Gr.  cifupidriKTog, 
sharpened  on  both  sides,  two-edged,  <  aii^i,  on 
both  sides,  +  er/KTog,  verbal  adj.  of  dliyeiv, 
sharpen.]  In  morphol.,  having  the  fundamen- 
tal form  of  an  irregular  pyramid ;  having  a  fig- 
ure whose  base  is  a  polygon  of  unequal  sides. 
Haeckel. 

In  the  highest  and  most  complicated  group,  the  Hete- 
rostaiu-a,  the  basal  polygon  is  no  longer  regular  but  am- 
phithect. .  .  .  Ctenophores  furnish  examples  of  eight- 
sided  amphithect  pyramids.  Enciic  Brit.,  XVI.  844. 


186 

amphitropous  (am-fit'ro-pus),  a.    [<  NL.  am- 
phitropus,  <  Gr.  a/ifi,  aroimd,  +  -rpo;rof ,  <  rpeneiv, 
turn.]     In  hot: 
■Nil         («)    Having  the 
\m.  -      idlum  lateral  and 
intermediate  be- 
tween the  chalaza 
and  mieropyle; 
half-anatropous; 
heterotropous: 
applied    to  an 
ovule  or  seed,  {b) 
Having  the  embryo  curved  or  coiled,  as  in  all 
campylotropous  seeds :  so  used  by  Richard, 
ampnitryon  (am-fit'ri-ou),  n.  [<  P.  ampMtryon, 
a  host,  entertainer,  in  ref.  to  Amphitryon  in 
Molie^e's  comedy  of  that  name,  who  gives  a 
great  dinner;  <  L.  Amphitnjon,  <  Gr.  'Afi<pi- 
rpiuv,  in  myth,  the  husband  of  Alemena  and 
foster-father  of  Hercules.]    1.  A  host;  an  en- 
tertainer. 


Amphitropous  Seeds. 
1,  base  of  plantain-seed  ;  2.  section  of 
same,  showing  a  straight  embryo,  its  radi- 
cle next  the  mieropyle  :  3,  an  ovule  ;  a, 
hilum ;  b,  mieropyle. 


My  noble  amphitnjon  made  me  sit  down. 
Lady  Herbert,  tr.  of  Hiibner's  Eound  the  World,  II.  521. 


amphithere  (am'fi-ther),  n.  A  fossil  animal  of 

the  genus  Amphitlierium. 
Amphitheria  (am-fi-the'ri-a),  w.        [NL.,  pi. 
of  Amphitlierium.']    A  gi'oup  of  mammals,  rep- 
resented by  the  genus  AmpMtherium. 
amphitheriid  (am-fi-the'ri-id),  n.  A  fossil  ani- 
mal of  the  family  Amphitlieriidw. 
Amphitheriidae  (am"fi-the-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Amphitherium  +  -idce.i   A  family  of  fossil 
mammals,  containing  the  genus  AmpJdtherium, 
refen-ed  by  Owen  to  the  Insectivora. 
Amphitherium  (am-fi-the'ri-iim),  n.  [NL. 
(De  Blainville),  <  Gr.  a.n<pi,  on  both  sides  (here  amnhTtvnP  CflTn'fi  tTn>  « 
implying  doubt),  +  e,ipiov,  a  wild  beast,  <        ^mphitype  (am  fi-tip),  n 
a  wild  beast,  =  E.  deer,  q.  v.]    A  genus  of  small 
insectivorous  mammals  from  the  Lower  Oolite, 
with  polyprotodont  dentition,  but  of  uncertain 
affinities.    Xlie  genus  is  known  only  by  several  man- 
dibular rami,  about  an  inch  long,  containing  16  teeth. 
Amphithoe  (am-fith'6-e),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  ap.(j>i,  on 
botl  sides,  +  doog  (fem.  doii),  active,  quick,  < 
disLv,   run.]  A 
genus  of  amphi- 
podous  edrioph- 
thalmous  crus- 
taceans, of  the 
family  Corophi- 
idm.    The  body  is 
compressed  and 
curved,  and  is  com- 
posed of  15  distinct 
segments    or  so- 
mites,   the  head, 
formed  of  7  anterior 
coalesced  segments, 
counting    as  one. 
There  are  7  free  tho- 
racic segments,  each  with  a  pair  of  appendages,  6  abdomi- 
nal segments,  and  a  small  telsoii.   The  appendages  of  the 
first  3  abdominal  segments  are  many-jointed  bristly  fila- 
ments, while  the  3  posterior  are  styliform  and  serve  as 

props  when  the  animal  leaps.    The  name  is  sometimes   A,„„-|,j„_„  «  ,-,>wa\  », 

wntten,mcorrectly,^mpi7Aoeor^mi)A;<oe.  Seecutunder  -"-mpiliura  (,am-n-U  ra;,  W. 

Aiiiphipoda.  v,„-n,„,j._    1  j  n 

amphithura  (am-fi-thii'ra),  n.  Same  as  amphi- 
thyra. 

amphithyra  (am-fith'i-ra),  n.  [ML.,  <  LGr.  afi- 
<pit)vpa,  pi.,  afi^idvpov,  siig.,  neut.  of  Gr.  afi(j>i- 
6vpog,  with  a  door  on  both  sides,  in  LGr.  being 
on  both  sides  of  the  door,  <  a/i^i,  on  both  sides, 
+  6hpa  =  E.  door.]  In  the  Gr.  Ch.,  a  veil  or 
curtain  within  the  ieonostasis.  when  drawn  across 

it  closes  the  opening  left  by  tlie  dwarf  folding  doors  of 
the  ieonostasis,  and  entirely  hides  the  altar  and  the  cele- 
brant from  the  view  of  any  one  not  in  the  sanctuary.  Sev- 
eral times  during  the  service  the  curtain  is  drawn  back  to 
allow  the  priest  to  come  forward  and  read  certain  por- 
tions of  the  service  wliile  standing  in  front  of  the  folding 
doors.  As  the  ieonostasis  was  for  many  centuries  much 
more  open  in  construction  tlian  at  present,  the  amphi- 
thyi-a  m  early  times  formed  almost  as  important  a  part  of 
the  barrier  between  the  sanctuary  and  the  rest  of  the 
church  as  the  Ieonostasis  itself.  ~ 


II'-XIV,  the  appendage  of  the  second- 
fourteenth  somite;  r,  rostrum;  /,  telson ; 
OS.  oostegite. 


c.     ■  Erroneously  written  a)». 

phidura.    See  ieonostasis.  ampxllZOlCl  (am  li-ZOld),  n. 


amphitoky  (am-fit'o-ki),  n.  [<  Gr.  *afi(piroK'ia, 
<  afi(j)i,  on  both  sides,  -t-  -t6ko(;,  producing,  < 
TiKTctv,  TCKEiv,  produce,  bring  forth.]  The  pro- 
duction in  parthenogenesis  of  both  male  and 
female  foi-ms.    Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

Amphitrite  (am-fi-tri'te),  «.  [L.,  <  Gr.  'Aii<pi- 
TpiTTi,  in  myth,  the  name  of  a  sea-nymph,  a  Ne- 
reid or  Oeeanid,  who  was  the  wife  of  Poseidon 
<Neptime);  <  aii<p't  (see  amphi-)  +  Tp'mj,  fem.  of 
Tpi'rof  =  E.  third;  of  obscure  application.  Cf. 
Skt.  Trita,  name  of  a  Vedie  deity,  and  see  Tri- 
ton.] 1.  A  genus  of  marine  polycheetous  tu- 
bicolous  worms,  of  the  family  Terebellidw  and 

order  Cephalobranchia.  They  are  easily  recognized  by 
their  golden-colored  setae,  disposed  in  the  form  of  a  crown. 
They  construct  and  carry  about  with  them  slight,  regu- 
larly conical  tubes  of  sand,  glued  together  by  mucus  ex- 
uded from  the  skin. 

2.  A  genus  of  crustaceans.    De  Haan,  1835. 

amphitrocha  (am-flt'ro-ka),  n.jA.  [NL.,neut. 
pi.  of  amphitrochus,<  Gr.  a/i^i,  on  both  sides,  + 
rpoxog,  a  wheel,  ring.]  Those  larvae  of  poly- 
chfetous  annelids  which  have  both  dorsal  and 
ventral  rings  of  cilia. 

amphitropal  (am-fit'ro-pal),  a.  Same  as  am- 
phitropous. 


2.  [cap.]  [NL.]  In  zodl.,  a  genus  of  crusta- 
ceans 

_ .  ...        [<  Gr.  a/i^l,  in  both 

ways,  -I-  rvirog,  impression,  type.]  A  photo- 
graphic process,  described  by  Sir  John  Her- 
schel,  by  which  were  produced  pictures  that 
were  simultaneously  positive  and  negative. 
Amphiuma  (am-fi-u'ma),  n.  [NL.,  a  perver- 
sion of  *amphipneuma,  <  Gr.  afKpt,  on  both  sides, 
+  TTVEVfia,  breath.]  A  genus  of  tailed  amphib- 
ians with  both  gills  and  luugs,  and  therefore 
capable  of  breathing  in  both  air  and  water, 
typical  of  the  family  Amphiumida^.  Tlie  genus  is 
sometimes  placed  in  the  family  Cryptobranchiidce,  with 
Jleiwpoma  and  Sieboldia.  Species  occur  in  North  Amer- 
ica, as  tlie  Amphiuma  means,  which  sometimes  attains  a 
length  of  3  feet,  and  is  called  Coni/o  snake. 

amphiumid  (am-fi-ti'mid),  11.    One  of  the  Am- 

phiumida'. 

Amphiumidae  (am-fi-u'mi-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amphiuma  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  gradient  or 
tailed  Amphibia,  typified  by  the  genus  Amphi- 
uma, connecting  the  salamanders  with  the  cse- 
cilians.  They  have  no  eyelids  ;  teeth  on  the  outer  an- 
terior margin  of  tlie  palatines  ;  no  dentigerous  plates  on 
the  parasplienoid  ;  a  sphenoid  bone ;  consolidated  pre- 
niaxillaries;  the  vestibular  wall  ossified  internally;  and 
amphiccelian  vertebra>.  It  is  a  small  family  of  large  sala- 
mander-like ampliibians,  the  type  of  wliich  is  common  in 
American  waters. 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  d//0/,  on 
both  sides,  +  ohpa,  tail.]  A  genus  of  sand-stars, 
typical  of  the  family  Amphiurida;.  A.  squamata, 
also  named  Ophiocoma  neglecta,  is  a  common 
British  species, 
amphiurid  (am-fi-ii'rid),  n.  One  of  the  Amphi- 
urida. 

Amphiuridse  (am-fi-u'ri-de),  n.pl.    [NL.,<  Am- 

phiura  +  -idw.]    A  family  of  sand-stars  with 

simple  arms,  it  belongs  to  the  order  Ophiuridea  and 
class  Stellerida,  and  contains,  besides  Amphiura,  such  gen- 
era as  Ophiopholis,  Ophiactix,  and  HemiphoUs. 

amphiyorous  (am-fiv'o-rus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a/Kpi,  on 
both  sides,  -I-  L.  vorare,  devour.]  Eating  both 
animal  and  vegetable  food. 
Amphizoa  (am-fi-zo'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a^fi, 
on  both  sides,  +  Cuoi^j  an  animal.]  A  genus  of 
adephagous  Coleoptera,  or  beetles,  typical  of 
the  family  Amphizoidw.    Le  Conte,  1853. 

One  of  the  Amphi- 

zoidw. 

Amphizoidse  (am-fi-zoi'de),  n.  pi.   [NL.,  <  Am- 


amphoterlc 

=  It.  anfora,  <  L.  ampihora:  see  amphora.]  1. 
A  two-handled  vessel :  same  as  amphora,  1. 
Tliis  is  an  am/er,  or  a  vessel  that  sum  men  clepen  a  tan- 
Wycli/,  Zach.  v.  6  (Oxf.). 


kard. 


2.  A  liquid  measure :  same  as  amphora,  2. 
amphora  (am'fo-ra),  ?». ;  pi.  amphora  (-re) 
[L.,  <  Gr.  hfiipopng,  a  short  form  of  earlier  afujn 


Amphorae. 

a,  Thasian  type  ;  4,  Cnidian  type  ;  r,  Rhodian  type  ;  d,  a  Roman 
form. 

(jiopevc,  a  jar  -with  two  handles,  <  a,/i<pi,  on  both 
sides,  +  (popehg,  a  bearer,  <  (pepeiv,  bear,  carry 
(cf .  (j>opsvuv,  (j>opdv,  bear),  =  E.  6eari.  See  am- 
phor,  and  cf.  aw&eri.]  1.  Among  the  Greeks 
and  Romans,  a  vessel,  usually  tall  and  slender, 
having  two  handles  or  ears,  a  narrow  neck,  and 
generally  a  sharp-pointed  base  for  insertion  into 
a  stand  or  into  the  ground :  used  for  holding  wine, 
oil,  honey,  grain,  etc.  Amphora;  were  commonly 
made  of  liard-liaked  clay,  uiiglazed  ;  but  Homer  mentions 
aniphor*  of  gold ;  the  Egyptians  had  them  of  bronze ;  and 
vessels  of  this  form  have  been  found  in  marble,  alabaster, 
glass,  and  silver.  The  stopper  of  a  wine-flUed  amphora  was 


Decoraterl  A 


Italy. 


covered  with  pitch  or  gypsum,  and  among  the  Romans 
the  title  of  the  wine  was  marked  on  the  outside,  the  date 
of  the  vintage  being  indicated  by  the  names  of  the  consuls 
then  in  office.  Amphorae  with  painted  decoration,  having 
lids,  and  provided  witli  liases  enabling  them  to  stand  in- 
dependently, served  commonly  as  ornaments  among  the 
Greeks,  and  were  given  as  prizes  at  some  public  games, 
much  as  cups  are  now  given  as  prizes  in  racing  and  athletic 
sports.  Tlie  Paiiatlienaic  amphoi  ae  were  large  vases  of  this 
class,  bearing  designs  relating  to  the  worship  of  Athena, 
and,  filled  with  oil  from  the  sacred  olives,  were  given  at 
Athens  as  prizes  to  the  victors  in  the  Paiiathenaic  games. 

2.  A  liquid  measure  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans. 

Tlie  Greek  aiiipliora  was  probably  equal  to  24J  liters,  and 
the  Koniaii  amphora  to  25i  liters  in  earlier  and  to  26  liters 
in  later  times. 

3.  In  bot,  the  permanent  basal  portion  of  a 
pyxidium.— 4.  [cap.]  [NL.]  In  zodl. :  (a)  A 
genus  of  Polygastrica.  Ehrenberg.  (b)  A  genus 
of  coleopterous  insects.     Wollaston  Bacchic 

amphora.    See  Bacchic. 


phizoa  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  adephagous  CoZeop-  amphora!  (am'fo-ral),  a.  [<  L.  amphoralis,  < 
tera,  or  beetles,  of  aquatic  habits.  The  metaster-  amphora.]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling  an 
num  has  a  very  short  antecoxal  piece ;  the  suture  is  indis-    aTn^T,™  -<        '  8     >  B  <^ 

tinct,  and  is  not  prolonged  beyond  the  coxaj.  dmpuuiti. 

amphodarch  (am'fo-dark),  «.    [<Gv.  h,i.po6ap.  l^^Zt' ,  , 
;rw(notinLiddellandScott),<5/.0o<Jor,  a  road  amphoric  (am-for  ik)  a.    [<  a,vpliora  +  -ic] 
"  ■.  .      .  -f^T^--   t.'^.^""*^    Resembling  the  sound  made  by  blowing  across 

the  mouth  of  a  flask:  applied  to  certain  sounds 
obtained  in  auscultation  and  percussion  of  the 
chest :  as,  amphoric  respiration ;  amphoric  reso- 
nance ;  an  amphoric  voice,  whisper,  or  cough. 
All  tlie  sounds  called  amphoric  have  a  more  or  less  musi- 
cal (juality,  and  usually  indicate  a  cavity  filled  with  air. 

amphoricity  (am-fo-ris'i-ti),  n.  [<  amphoric  + 
-ity.]  The  quality  or  condition  of  being  am- 
phoric. 

amphorophony  (am-fo-rof 'o-ni),  n.    [<  L. 

ampjhora,  Gr.  cifilpopevg,  a  jar,  +  <puv^,  voice, 
sound.]  Amphoric  vocal  resonance ;  an  abnor- 
mal sound  of  the  voice,  noticed  in  auscidtation 
of  the  chest,  marked  by  a  musical  quality,  and 
found  in  connection  with  cavities  in  the  lungs 
or  with  pneumothorax.    See  amphoric. 


that  leads  around  a  place  or  block  of  buildings, 
hence  a  block  of  buildings,  a  quarter  of  a  town 
(<  afjif)!,  around,  +  666g,  way),  +  -apxm,  ruler,  < 
apxELv,  rule.]  A  ruler  over  a  quarter  of  a  town. 
N.  E.  D. 

amphogenous  (am-foj'e-nus),  a.  Same  as  am- 
■phigenoHS. 

Amphomoea  (am-fo-me'a),  7t.pl.    [NL.,  <Gr. 

(i/zi/i/,  on  both  sides,  +  b/joiog,  old  Attic  6//o(of ,  like, 
alike :  see  homeo-,  homoeo-.]  A  term  applied  by 
E.  R.  Lankester  to  the  chitons,  considered  as  a 
"separate  archaic  gi-ade"  of  gastropodous  mol- 
lusks,  and  as  such  distinguished  from  Cochlides, 
which  are  the  remaining  (unsymmetrical)  Gas- 
tropoda. 

amphort,  amphoret  (am'for,  -for),  n.    [<  ME 


amphore,  amfore,  amfer  (also  as  L.  amphora),  <  amphoteric  (am-fo-ter'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  afi(p6Tcpog. 
OP.  amphore,  *amfore,  amfoure  =  Pg.  amphora    usually  iu  pi.,  aji^ortpoi,  both  of  two  (L.  uter- 


amphoteric 

que),  a  eompar.  form  of  df/cpu  =  L.  umbo,  both : 
see  ambi-.^  Partly  the  one  and  partly  the  other; 
neutral.  Smart  (]849) — Amphoteric  reaction,  in 

chem.,  a  reaction  appearing  both  acid  an  J  alkaline  in  its 
effect  on  colors  used  as  tests. 

amphotis  (am-fo'tis),  n. ;  pi.  amphotides  (am- 
fot'i-dez).  [<  Gr._  afifuric  or  afi(j>uTi(,  <  a/jft,  on 
both  sides,  +  ovg  (wr-)  =  E.  earl.]  i_  f,^. 
tiq.,  a  covering  of  leather  or  woolen  stuff  worn 
over  the  ears  by  boxers. — 2.  [c«/;.]  [NL.]  In 
sooL,  a  genus  of  coleopterous  insects. 

Ampithoe  (am-pith'o-e),  w.    See  AmpMthoe. 

ample  (am'pl),  «.  [<  late  ME.  ample,  <  F.  ample, 
<  L.  ampliis,  prob.  <  am-  for  ambi-,  around  (see 
ambir-),  +  -plus  for  "-jmlus,  full,  =  E.  full  i :  cf . 
L.  plenus,  full,  and  see  full^  and  plenty.}  1. 
Large  in  dimensions ;  of  great  size,  extent,  ca- 
pacity, or  bulk;  wide;  spacious;  extended. 

All  the  people  in  that  ample  hous 

Did  to  that  image  bowe  theii-  humble  knee. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  xi.  49. 
Of  deeper  too  and  ampler  floods, 
Which,  as  iu  mirrors,  shew'd  the  woods. 

Dryden,  To  Mrs.  Anne  Killigrew,  1.  112. 
Her  waist  is  ampler  than  her  life, 
For  life  is  but  a  span. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  My  Aunt. 
2.  Large  in  kind  or  degree ;  having  full  scope 
or  extent ;  copious ;  unrestricted ;  unrestrained : 
as,  an  ample  narrative;  to  give  ample  praise, 
or  do  ample  justice. 

Were  I  alone  to  pass  the  difficulties, 
And  had  as  ample  power  as  I  have  will. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  2. 
The  noble  and  rich  may  diffuse  their  ample  charities. 

Steele,  Guardian,  No.  174. 
To  him  we  grant  our  amplest  powers  to  sit 
Judge  of  all  present,  past,  and  future  wit. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  ii.  375. 

S.  Fully  sufiicient  for  any  purpose,  or  for  the 
purpose  specified;  abundant;  liberal;  plenti- 
ful :  as,  ample  provision  for  the  table. 

An  ample  number  of  horses  had  been  purchased  in  Eng- 
land with  the  public  money.      Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xiv. 

Give  ample  room  and  verge  enough 

The  characters  of  Hell  to  trace. 

Gray,  The  Bard,  ii.  1. 
=SyH.  Ample,  Copious,  Plenteous,  spacious,  roomy,  ex- 
tensive, extended,  wide,  capacious,  abundant,  sufficient, 
full,  enough,  unrestricted,  plenary,  unstinted.  (See  lists 
imder  abundant  and  large.)  Ample,  in  its  more  conmion 
uses,  has  reference  to  the  sufficiency  of  the  supply  for 
every  need ;  copious  carries  with  it  the  idea  of  the  unfail- 
ingnesa  of  the  soiu-ce ;  while  plenteous  usually  indicates 
largeness  of  quantity  in  actual  possession:  as,  amjile 
stores  or  resources;  a  copious  supply  of  materials;  &  plen- 
teous harvest. 

By  their  [the  philosophers']  long  career  of  heroic  defeat, 
they  have  furnished  us  with  a  concrete  demonstration, 
almost  superfluously  ample,  of  the  relativity  of  human 
knowledge.  J.  Fiske,  Cosmic  Philos.,  I.  26. 

It  [the  Union]  has  been  to  us  all  a  copious  fountain  of 
national,  social,  and  personal  happiness.        D.  Webster. 
Like  over-ripen'd  corn, 
Hanging  the  head  at  Ceres'  plenteous  load. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  i.  2. 

•amplectt  (am-plekf),  V.  i.  [<  L.  amplecti,  em- 
brace, wind  around,  <  am-  for  ambi-,  around 
(see  ambi-),  +  plectere,  weave,  plait,  fold,  akin 
to  plicare,  fold,  =  Gr.  nXeKuv,  weave :  see  plait 
and  To  embrace  ;  clasp. 

amplectant  (am-plek'tant),  a.  [More  correctly 
*amplectent,  <  L.  amplecien(t-)s, -pTpr.  of  amplecti, 
embrace,  clasp,  wind  around :  see  amplect.  The 
term,  -ant  instead  of  -ent  is  prob.  due  to  the  L. 
freq.  form  amplexari,  ppr.  amplexan{t-)s :  see 
amplex.'}  Embracing;  clasping;  specifically,  in 
bot.,  twining  about  stems  or  clasping  leaf- 
stalks: as,  amplectant -p^ticAQs,  or  tendrils. 

ampleness  (am'pl-nes),  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  ample;  largeness;  sufficiency;  abun- 
dance. 

amplext  (am-pleks'),  v.  t.    [<  L.  amplexus,  pp. 

(or  amplexari,  freq.)  of  amplecti,  embrace  :  see 

amplect.']    To  embrace  ;  clasp, 
amplexationt  (am-plek-sa'shon),  n.    [<  L.  as 

if  *amplexatio{n-),  <  amplexari,  pp.  amplexatus: 

see  amplex.']    An  embrace. 
An  humble  amplexation  of  those  sacred  feet. 

Bp.  Hall,  The  Resm-rection. 
amplexicaudate  (am-plek-si-ka'dat),  a.  [< 

NL.amplexicaudatus,  <     amplexus,  embracing, 

+  Cauda,  ta,i\:  see  amplex  &nd caudate.']  Having 

the  tail  entirely  enveloped  in 

the  interfemoral  membrane: 

saidof  certain  bats, 
■amplexicaul  (am-plek'si-kal), 

«.    [<  NL.  amplexicauUs,  <  L. 

amplexus,  embracing,  +  caulis, 

a  stem:  see  amplex  and  caulis.] 

In  bot.,  nearly  smTounding  or 

embracing  the  stem,  as  the 

 of  snmp  lon-coc  Amplexicaul  Leaves 

Ol  some  leaves.  Unula  Hetmmm). 


187 

amplexifoliate  (am-plek-si-fo'li-at),  a.  [<  NL. 
amplexifoliatus,  <  L.  amplexus,  embracing,  -I- 
fulium,  leaf:  see  amplex  s\.n6.  fol'tate.]  In  bot., 
having  leaves  which  clasp  the  stem.    N.  E.  I). 

ampliatet  (am'pli-at),  v.  t.  [<  L.  amj)liatus, 
pp.  of  ampliare,  enlarge,  <  amplus,  ample :  see 
ample.]  To  make  greater  or  more  ample;  en- 
large; extend. 

To  maintain  and  ampliate  the  external  possessions  of 
your  empire.  Udall,  Pref.  to  the  Kynges  Maiestee. 

ampliate  (am'pli-at),  a.  [<  L.  ampliatus,  pp. : 
see  the  verb.]  Enlarged;  dilated;  in  logic, 
enlarged  in  scope  by  a  modifying  term.  See 
ampliation,  ampliative. 

ampliation  (am-pli-a'shon),  n.  [<  L.  amplia- 
tio(n-),  <  ampliare:  see  ampliate,  v.]  1.  En- 
largement; amplification.  [Kara.] 

Odious  matters  admit  not  of  an  ampliation,  hut  ought  to 
be  restrained  and  interpreted  in  the  mildest  sense. 

Ayliffe,  I'arergon,  p.  157. 

2.  In  Eom.  law,  a  delaying  to  pass  sentence; 
a  postponement  of  a  decision  in  order  to  obtain 
further  evidence. — 3.  In  lorjic,  such  a  modifica- 
tion of  the  verb  of  a  proposition  as  makes  the 
subject  denote  objects  which  without  such  modi- 
fication it  would  not  denote,  especially  things 
existing  in  the  past  and  future.  Thus,  in  the  prop- 
osition, ".Some  man  may  Ijc  Antichrist,  '  the  iiKxlal  auxil- 
iary enlarges  the  breadth  of  man,  and  makes  it  apply 
to  future  men  as  well  as  to  those  who  now  exist. 

ampliative  (am'pli-a-tiv),  a.  [<  ampliate  + 
-ive.]  Enlarging;  increasing;  synthetic.  Ap- 
plied—(a)  In  logic,  to  a  modal  expression  causing  an  am- 
pliation (see  ampliation,  a);  thus,  the  word  inaym  "Some 
man  may  be  Antichrist"  is  an  a  m jjliative  texm.  (b)  In  the' 
Kantian  philosophy ,  to  a  judgment  whose  predicate  is  not 
contained  in  the  definition  of  the  subject :  more  commonly 
termed  by  Kant  a  s?/nfAc(ic  judgment.  ["Ampliative  judg- 
ment "  in  this  sense  is  Archbishop  Thomson's  translation  of 
Kant's  word  Erweiterungsurtheil,  translated  by  Prof.  Max 
Miiller  "expanding  judgment."] 

No  subject,  perhaps,  in  modern  speculation  has  excited 
an  intenser  interest  or  more  vehement  controversy  than 
Kant's  famous  distinction  of  analytic  and  synthetic  judg- 
ments, or,  as  I  think  they  might  with  far  less  of  ambiguity 
be  denominated,  explicative  and  ampliatioe  judgments. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

amplificatet  (am'pli-fl-kat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  ampli- 
ficatus,  pp.  of  amplificare,  amplify:  see  am- 
plify.]   To  enlarge  or  extend;  amplify. 

amplification  (am''''pli-fi-ka'shon),«.  [<  'L.ampU- 
ficatio{n-),  <  amplificare,  pp.  amplificatus,  am- 
plify: see  amplify.]  1.  The  act  of  amplifying 
or  enlarging  in  dimensions;  enlargement;  ex- 
tension. 

Amplification  of  the  visible  figure  of  a  known  object. 

Reid,  Inq.  into  the  Human  Mind. 

Specifically — 2.  In  rhet.,  expansion  for  rhetori- 
cal purposes  of  a  narrative,  description,  argu- 
ment, or  other  discourse ;  a  discoiu-se  or  passage 
so  expanded;  an  addition  made  in  expanding. 

The  first  expression  in  which  he  [Dante]  clothes  his 
thoughts  is  always  so  energetic  and  comprehensive  that 
amplification  would  only  injure  the  effect. 

Macaulay,  Dante. 

3.  In  logic,  an  increase  in  the  logical  depth 
(comprehension)  of  a  term  without  any  corre- 
sponding decrease  of  breadth  (extension),  as 
the  expansion  of  " plane  triangle "  into  "plane 
triangle  having  the  sum  of  its  angles  equal  to 
two  right  angles,"  which  is  equivalent  to  it  with 
respect  to  extension. — 4.  In  micros.,  increase 
of  the  visual  area,  as  distinguished  from  magni- 
fication (which  see). 

amplificative  (am'pli-fi-ka-tiv),  a.  [<  ampUfi- 
cate  +  -ive.]  Serving  or  tending  to  amplify; 
amplifleatory ;  ampliative. 

amplificator  (am'pli-fi-ka-tor),  n.  [L.,  <  am- 
plificare, pp.  amplificatus,  amplify:  see  am- 
plify.] An  amplifier;  one  who  or  that  which 
enlarges  or  makes  more  ample. 

It  [the  microphone]  is  really  an  a  iiipUficatur  of  mechani- 
cal vibrations  of  weak  intensity  whicli  it  cluuiues  into  un- 
dulatory  currents.         Greer,  Diet,  of  Electricity,  p.  107. 

amplifleatory  (am'pli-fik-a-to-ri),  «.  [<  ampli- 
ficate  +  -ory.]  Serving  to  amplify  or  enlarge; 
amplificative. 

amplifier  (am'pli-fi-er),  H.  1.  One  who  amplifies 
or  enlarges. 

That  great  citie  Rome,  whereof  they  [Romulus  and  Re- 
mus] were  the  first  amplifiers. 

Bp.  Bale,  English  Votaries,  ii.  3. 

There  are  amplifiers  who  can  extend  half  a  dozen  thin 
thoughts  over  a  whole  folio. 

Art  of  Sinking  in  Poetry,  p.  89. 

2.  A  lens  placed  in  the  tube  of  a  microscope 
between  the  object-glass  and  the  eyepiece. 
See  microscope. 

The  A  mplifier  is  an  achromatic  concavo-convex  lens  of 
small  diameter.  If.  B.  Carpenter,  ilicros.,  §  S2. 


amplitude 

amplify  (am'pli-fi),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  amplifmd, 
ppr.  amplifying.    [<  ME.  anqilifyen,  amplificn, 

<  OF.  (and  F.)  amplifier  =  Vv.  Sp.  Pg.  umplificar 
=  It.  amplificare,  <  L.  amplificare,  enlarge  (cf. 
amplificus,  splendid),  <  amplm,  large,  +facerc, 
make:  see  amjile  and  -fy.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
make  large  or  larger  in  volume,  extent,  capa- 
city, amount,  importance,  etc. ;  enlarge  or  make 
more  ample. 

All  concaves  ...  do  amplify  the  sound  at  the  coining 
out.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  140. 

"Troilus  and  Cressida"  was  written  by  a  Lombard  au- 
thor, but  much  amplified  by  our  English  translator. 

Dryden,  Pref.  to  Fables. 

2.  To  expand  in  stating  or  describing;  treat 
copiously,  so  as  to  present  in  every  point  of 
view  and  in  the  strongest  lights. 

I  would  not  willingly  seem  to  Hatter  the  present  [age] 
by  amplifying  the  diligence  and  true  judgment  of  those 
servitours  who  have  laboured  in  the  vineyard. 

Sir  J.  Dairies. 
=  Syn.  To  expand,  develop,  extend,  dilate,  magnify. 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  grow  or  become  ample  or 
more  ample. 

Strait  was  the  way  at  first,  withouten  light. 
But  further  in  did  further  amplify. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  x.  186. 

2.  To  discourse  more  at  length ;  speak  largely 
or  copiously  ;  be  diffuse  in  argument  or  descrijj- 
tion  ;  expatiate  ;  dilate  :  commonly  with  on  or 
■upon  before  an  object:  as,  to  amplify  on  the 
several  topics  of  discoiu-se. 

You  will  find  him 
A  sharp  and  subtle  knave ;  give  him  but  hints, 
And  he  wiU  amplify. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  iv.  2. 
When  you  aflfect  to  amplify  on  the  former  branches  of 
a  discourse,  you  will  often  lay  a  necessity  on  yourself  of 
contracting  the  latter.  Watts,  Logic. 

Ampligulares  (am'pli-gu-la'rez),  n.  pi.  [NL., 

<  L.  amplus,  large,  +  gula,  throat:  see  ample 
and  gula,  gular.]  In  Sundevall's  classification 
of  birds,  a  cohort  of  Anisodactyli,  of  an  order 
Folucres,  composed  of  the  families  Trogonidw  or 
trogons,  Caprimulgidce  or  goatsuckers,  and  Cyp- 
selidce  or  swifts  :  synonymous  with  Hiantes,  2. 

Amplipalates  (am'-'pli-pa-la'tez),  n.  pi.  [NL., 

<  L.  amplus,  large,  +  jjalatum,  -palate:  see  am- 
ple and  palate.]  In  Sundevall's  classification 
of  birds,  a  group  of  fringilline  oseine  Passeres, 
consisting  of  the  grosbeaks  and  typical  finches. 

amplitude  (am'pli-tM),  n.  [<  L.  amplitudo,  < 
amplus,  large:  see  ample  a,nd -tude.]  1.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  ample  in  size ;  ex- 
tension in  space,  especially  breadth  or  width; 
largeness ;  extent. 

It  is  in  the  power  of  princes  and  estates  to  add  ampli- 
tude and  greatness  to  their  kingdoms. 

Bacon,  Essays,  xxxix. 
The  cathedral  of  Lincoln  ...  is  a  magnificent  struc- 
ture, proportionable  to  the  amplitude  of  the  diocese. 

Fuller,  Worthies,  Lincolnshire. 

2.  The  state  of  being  ample  in  amoimt ;  breadth 
in  a  figurative  sense ;  fullness ;  abundance ; 
copiousness. 

It  is  in  those  things  .  .  .  that  the  amplitude  of  the  Di- 
vine benignity  is  perceived. 

Paley,  Nat.  Theol.  (ed.  1879),  p.  412.    (X.  E.  D.) 

3.  Largeness  of  mind ;  extent  of  mental  ca- 
pacity or  of  intellectual  power;  breadth  of 
thought. 

If  our  times  are  sterile  in  genius,  we  must  cheer  us  with 
books  of  rich  and  believing  men  who  had  atmosphere  and 
amjjlitude  about  them.  Emerson,  Books. 

4.  In  math. :  (a)  In  algebra,  a  positive  real 
number  multiplied  by  a  root  of  unity.  The 
positive  real  number  is  said  to  be  the  ampli- 
tude of  the  product.  (6)  In  elliptic  integrals, 
the  limit  of  integration  when  the  integral  is 
expressed  in  the  usual  trigonometric  form. —  5. 
In  astron.,  the  arc  of  the  horizon  intercepted 
between  the  east  or  west  point  and  the  center 
of  the  sun  or  of  a  star  at  its  rising  or  setting. 
At  the  rising  of  a  star  its  amplitmie  is  eiistern  or  ortivc  ; 
at  the  setting  it  is  western,  occiduous  or  occasive.  It  is 
also  northern  or  suutliern  when  north  or  soutli  of  the 
equator.  The  amplitude  of  a  fixed  star  renuiins  neaiiy 
the  same  all  the  year  round.  The  sun  at  the  solstices  is 
at  its  maximum  amplitude,  and  at  the  equinoxes  it  Inis 
no  amplitude.— Amplitude  compass,  an  azimuth  com- 
pass whose  zeros  of  graduatii'ii  are  at  the  east  and  west 
points,  to  facilitate  the  rt■adi^^'  of  the  amplitudes  of  ce- 
lestial bodies.— Amplitude  of  a  simple  cscillation  or 
■vibration,  properly,  the  distance  from  the  middle  to 
the  extremity  of  an  oscillation  ;  but  the  term  is  umi:i11\ 
applied  to  the  distance  from  one  extremity  of  the  swini; 

to  the  other.— Amplitude  of  the  range  of  a  projec- 
tile, the  horizontal  lint-  subtending  tlie  path  of  a  b<Mly 
thrown,  or  the  line  wliiili  measures  the  distance  it  has 
moved;  the  range.— Hyperbolic  or  Gudennamilan 
amplitude  of  any  quantity  »,  the  angle  wlmso  tan- 
gent is  the  hy])eriii)iic  sine  of  ».— Magnetical  ampli- 
tude, the  arc  of  the  horizon  between  the  sun  or  a  star  at  » 
rising  or  setting  and  the  east  or  west  point  of  the  horizon, 


amplitude 

as  determined  by  tlie  compass.  The  difference  between 
tliis  and  tlie  true  amplitude  is  the  declination  of  the  com- 
pass. 

amply  (am'pli),  adv.  In  an  ample  manner; 
largely;  liberally;  fully;  sufficiently;  copi- 
ously ;  abundantly. 

The  details  of  the  rapid  propagation  of  Western  mon- 
achisni  liave  been  amply  treated  liy  many  historians,  and 
the  causes  of  its  success  are  suttioiently  manifest. 

Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  194. 

ampollosity,  v.    See  ampuUosity. 

ampongue  (am-pong'),  «.  [F.  spelling  of  na- 
tive uame.j  A  native  name  of  the  avahi  or 
woolly  lemur  of  Madagascar. 

ampult  (am'pul),  11.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  am- 
pidle,  ampoide, 


188 

on  each  side.  [Little  used  in  this  sense.]  {d) 
In  hydroid  polyps,  the  cavity  of  a  vesicular 
marginal  body  connected  by  a  canal  with  the 
gastrovascular  system,  {e)  In  eehdnoderms, 
one  of  the  diverticula  of  the  branched  ambula- 
cral  canals ;  a  sort  of  Polian  vesicle  of  the  am- 
bulaeral  suckers.-Ampulla  of  Vater,  in  anat.,  the 

sac-like  space  in  the  wall  of  the  duodenum,  into  which 
open  the  conunon  bile-duct  and  the  pancreatic  duct, 
ampullaceous  (am-pu-la'shius),  a.  [<  L.  am- 
pidlaceus,  <  ampulla  :  see  ampulla.']  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or  like  an  ampulla;  bottle-shaped; 
inflated — Ampullaceous  sac,  one  of  the  hollow  cili- 
ated or  monad-lined  chambers  of  many  sponges.  See  cuts 
under  ciliate  and  Porifera. 


amuck 

of  amputare,  cut  off  aroimd,  lop  off,  esp.  plants, 
prune,  <  am-  for  ambi-,  around,  +  putarc,  lop, 
prune,  cleanse,  <  putus,  pure,  clean,  akin  to 
purus,  pure :  seejjwieand  pure.']  If.  To  prune, 
as  branches  or  twigs  of  trees  or  vines. —  2.  To 
out  off,  as  a  limb  or  other  part  of  an  animal 
body  ;  cut  away  the  whole  or  a  part  of  (more 
commonly  the  latter):  as,  to  amputate  the  leg 
below  the  knee, 
amputation  (am-pii-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ampu- 
tatio{n-),  <  amputare,  amputate:  see  amputate.] 
The  act  of  amputating ;  especially,  the  opera- 
tion of  cutting  off  a  limb  or  other  part  of  the 
body,  or  a  portion  of  it. 


iZnn\fJ''r,'Z'l  S^ll-  ""'-P""^'       Thus  is  formed  one'of  the  characteristic  ampullaceous  amputatiOUal  (am-pu-ta'shon-al),  a.  Pertain- 

ampoide,  ampoUe,  ampole,  partly  <  Afe.  ampulla,    sac,.  w.  £.  Carpenter,  Mici-os.,  §  509.    ing  to  or  caused  by  amputation. 

ampoUa,  ampella,  a  bottle,  llask,  vial  (=  OHG.  Ampullacera  (am-pu-las'e-ra),  w.    [NL.,  <  L.  amputator  (am'pu-ta-tor),  «.    [<  L.  as  if  *am- 


ampulla,  MHGr.  ampuUe,  ampeJ,  G.  ampcl,  a  lamp,    ampulla  (see  ampulla)  +  G'l:  Ktpaa  horn.]  Same 
=  Icel.  amjHt,  hompull,  a  jug,  =  Dan.  ampiel,  a    as  Amphibola.    Quay  and  Gaimard,  1832. 
hanging  flower-pot),  and  partly  <  OF.  ampole,  Ampullaceridse  (am-pul-a-ser 'i-de),  n.  pi. 
ampoule,  F.  ampoule  =  Sp.  ampolla,  a  bottle,    [NL.,  <  Ampullacera  +  -idee.]    Same  as  AmJii- 
bubble,  blister,  =  Pg.  ampulla,  ampulla,  am-    holidw.    Troschel,  1845. 
polla, *ampolha,  !i  bubble,  bUster,  =  It.  ampolla,  ampullae,  n.    Plural  of  ampidla. 
<  U  ampulla,  a  bottle,  flask,  etc. :  see  ampulla,  ampullar  (am-pul'iir),  a.    Same  as  ampidlarii. 
which  has  superseded  the  older  form.]    Same  Ampullaria  (am-pu-la'ri-a),  n.     [NL.,  <  am- 
as  ampulla,  2  (6)_.  pullarius,  fem.  of  L.  adj.:" see  ampullaru.]  A 

Ampules  (am  pu-leks),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  am-  for  genus  of  shell-bearing  gastropods,  typical  of 
ambi-  {'!)  +  pulex,  a  flea.]  A  genus  of  digger-  the  family  Ampidlariidw.  Lamarck,  1801. 
wasps,  oi  ihe  i&imljSphegidee,  giving  name  to  Ampullariacea  (am-pu-la-ri-a'se-a),  n.  pi. 
the  Ampuhcida;.  A.  sibirica  is  an  example.  [NL.,  <  Ampullaria  +  -acea.]  A  family  of  gas- 
AmpullCldffi  (am-pu-hs'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  tropods :  svnonvmous  with  Jjwptt^terarfa'. 
Amputex  (-(C-)  +  -Ida:]  A  family  of  fossorial  ampullariid  (am-pu-lar'i-id),  n.  A  gastropod 
liymenopterous  insects,  named  from  the  genus    of  the  family  Ampullariidw 


2>utator,  <  amputare:  see  anqmtate.]  One  who 
amputates. 

ampyx  (am'piks), «. ;  pi.  ampyxes,  ampyccs  (-ez, 
-pi-sez).  [<  Gr.  afi-KV^  (a/nrvK-),  prob.  connected 
with  avaTTrvKToc,  avaKTvxog,  that  may  be  open- 
ed (folded  back),  <  avanrvaaeLv,  fold  back,  un- 
fold, open,  <  ava,  up,  back,  +  nrvaaeiv  (■/  *itvk. 
or  *'Krvx,  found  in  ■KVKo.C.eiv,  wrap  up,  cover, 
-iTTvxv,  a  fold),  fold,  wrap;  the  same  element 
occurs  in  diptych  and j)oMci/2.]  1.  In  &r.  antiq.: 
(a)  A  general  term  for  a  band  or  fillet  or  other 
female  head-dress  worn  encircling  the  head, 
particularly  when  made  of  metal,  or  bearing  in 


Amjjulex. 

ampulla  (am-pul'a),  «. ;  pi.  ampullae  (-e).  [L., 
a  swelling  vessel  'with  two  handles,  prob.  an 
accom.  form  of  *ampliolla,  dim.  of  amphora :  see 
amphora.]  1.  In  Rom.  antiq.,  a  bottle  vrith  a 
narrow  neck  and  a  body  more  or  less  nearly 
globular  in  shape,  usually  made  of  glass  or 
earthenware,  rarely  of  more  valuable  mate- 
rials, and  used,  like  the  Greek  aryballos,  bom- 
bylios,  etc.,  for  carrying  oil  for  anointing  the 
body  and  for  many  other  purposes. —  2.  Eccles. : 
(a)  In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  cruet,  regularly 
made  of  transparent  glass,  for  holding  the  wine 
and  water  used  at  the  altar.  See  ama.  Also 
written  amula.  (b)  A  vessel  for  holding  the 
consecrated  oil  or  chrism  used  in  various  church 
rites  and  at  the  coronation  of  kings.  The  ampulla 
used  at  coronations  in  England  is  in  the  form  of  an  eagle, 
of  pure  gold,  richly  chased.  The  famous  ampulla  for- 
merly used  in  France,  kept  at  Rheims,  and  reputed  to  have 

been  brought  from  heaven  by  a  dove  for  the  baptism  of   »         n     ••  1  . 

Clovis  I.,  was  broken  at  the  Revolution ;  but  a  portion  of  AmpUllariinSB  (am-pu-la-ri-i  ne),  n.  pi.  [NL 


Ampullariidse  (am-pul-a-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Ampullaria  +  -ida'.]    A  family  of  tsenioglos- 

sate  gastropods 
having  a  lung- 
like  sac  in  addi- 
tion to  the  gills, 
the  muzzle  pro- 
duced into  two 
long  attenuate 
or  tentacle-like 
processes,  the 
true  tentacles 
elongated,  and 
the  eyes  pedun- 
culated.   The  shells  are  subglobular,  conic,  or  discoidal 
in  form,  and  have  entire  apertures  which  are  closed  by  con- 
centric opercula.  The  species  are  numerous,  and  are  chiefly 
found  in  the  fresh  waters  of  tropical  and  subtropical  coun- 
tries, many  of  them  being  known  as  apple-shells  and  idol- 
shells.    Also  Ampullariadm,  AmjmUariacea,  and  Ampul- 
lar ida: 


Apple-  or  Idol-shell  [Atnpullaria  cana- 
liculata).  South  America. 
o,  operculum  ;  s.  siphon. 


its  oil  is  said  to  have  been  presei-ved  and  to  have  been 
used  at  the  coronation  of  Charles  X.    Formerly  ampul. 

3.  In  the  middle  ages,  a  small  bottle-shaped 


<  Ampullaria  +  -ina;.]    The  Ampullariida; ra.ted  amsel'  n'.    See  amsel 

QCJ      Q       C.1»Vvf  O  TV^i  1  Alert  „H-i-  ^ —  i  11    -      *        '  _  . 


Examples  of  Greek  Head-dresses  (Ampyxes). 

front  an  ornament  of  metal,  (b)  A  head-band 
for  horses ;  also,  an  ornamental  plate  of  metal 
covering  the  front  of  a  horse's  head. —  2.  [NL.] 
A  species  of  trilobite  or  fossil  crustacean,  found 
chiefly  in  Lower  Silurian  strata, 
amrita  (am-rit'a),  n.  [Also  Anglicized  am- 
reeta;  Skt.  amrita  (vowel  ri)  (=  Gr.  a/nfiporoc 
=  L.  immort-alis  :  see  ambrosia  and  immortal), 
<  a-  priv.  +  mrita,  dead,  <  V  "'«'')  die.]  In 
Hindu  myth.,  tlie  ambrosia  of  the  gods ;  the 
beverage  of  immortality,  that  resulted  from  the 
churning  of  the  ocean  by  the  gods  and  demons, 
amryt,  ».    A  variant  of  ambry. 


amshaspand  (am-shas'pand),  n.  [Pers.,  im- 
mortal holy  one.]  In  Zoroastrianism,  one  of 
six  exalted  angelic  beings  forming  the  train 
of  Ahura-mazda,  or  Ormuzd,  the  good  divinity 
of  the  Persians.  Against  them  stand  arrayed 
in  deadly  strife  six  devs  or  malignant  spirits, 
followers  of  Ahriman,  the  spirit  of  evil. 

It  wag  easy  to  foresee  that  the  amshaspands  of  the 
Persian  system  would  be  quoted  as  the  nearest  parallel  to 
the  archangels  of  the  Holy  Scriptures. 

Ilardwiek,  Christ  and  Other  Masters,  p.  562. 

See  porcelain, 


Leaden  Ampulla  in  the  Museum  at  York,  England. 
(From  the  "Journal  of  the  British  Archa;ological  Association.") 

flask,  often  of  glass,  sometimes  of  lead,  used  by 
travelers,  and  especially  by  pilgrims.    Some-    sacrament  oi 
times  these  were  used  as  pilgrims'  signs  (which 
see,  under  pilgrim).— A.  In  anat.:  (a)  The  di-  ampuiimuia 
latedpartofthemem-  C"!®)- 
branous  semicircular 
canals  in  the  ear.  (&) 
The  enlargement  of  a 
galaetophorous  duct 
beneath  the  areola  in 
the  human  mammary 
gland.     Also  called 
sinus. —  5.  In  bot.,  a 
small  bladder  or  flask- 
shaped     organ  at- 
tached to  the  roots 
or  immersed  leaves 

of  some  aquatic  plants,  as  in  Utricularia  (which 
see). — 6.  In  zooL:  (a)  In  Vermes,  a  terminal 
dilatation  of  the  efferent  semiual  ducts.  (6) 
In  Brachiopoda,  one  of  the  coutractile  mam- 
millary  processes  of  the  sinuses  of  the  pallial 
lobes,  as  in  Lingula.  (c)  In  certain  ducks,  one 
of  the  chambers  or  dilatations  of  the  tracheal 


as  a  subfamily.    Also  written  Ampullarinw. 
Sivainson,  1840. 

ampullary  (am'pul-a-ri),  a.  [<  L.  ampullarius, 
n.,  a  flask-maker,  prop,  adj.,  <  ampulla,  a  flask: 
see  ampidla.]  Resembling  an  ampulla ;  globu- 
lar.   Also  ampullar. 

ampullate  (am-pul'at),  a.  [<  ML.  ampullatus, 
<  L.  ampulla:  see  ampulla.]  1.  Having  the 
character  of  an  ampulla;  ampullary. —  2.  Fur- 
nished with  an  ampulla. 

ampulliform  (am-pul'i-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  amimlla 
+  -i-form.]    Shaped  like  an  ampulla;  flask-  Amstel  porcelain,  pottery, 

shaped;  bulging;  dilated.  potter-y. 
ampulling-cloth  (am-pul'ing-kl6th),  j*.    [So  amt(amt),  «.    [Dan.  Norw.         an  administra- 
called  because  in  England  the  oil  was  anciently    five  district,  <  G.  amt,  a  district,  county,  juris- 
kept  in  an  ampulla ;  i  ampul  + -ing'^  +  cloth.] 
In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  cloth  with  which  to 
vripe  away  the  oil  used  in  administering  the 
sacrament  of  extreme  unction. 

(am-pu-lin'ii-la'),  n.;  pi.  ampullin- 
[NL.,  <  L.  ampulla  +  -in-a  4-  dim. 
-ula.]  A  stage  in  the  evolution  of  the  Carneo- 
spongiw  when  the  lateral  ampullae  are  first 
formed. 

This  stage  .  .  .  we  propose  to  call  the  vl»ip?(Hi««;a,  be- 
cause the  name  protospongiae,  as  defined  by  Haeckel,  .  .  . 
is  not  applicable  to  such  an  advanced  form  as  this. 

Hyatt,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  XXIII.  88. 

ampullosity  (am-pu-los'i-ti),  n.    [<  It.  ampol- 


Ends  of  two  semicircular  Canals, 
with  their  respective  Ampulla;. 


tympanum  or  labyrinth,  ^ee,  tympanum.  There  amputate  (am'pu-tat),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  am- 
may  be  but  one  ampulla,  or  there  may  be  one    putatcd,  ppr.  amputating.    [<  L.  amjmtatus,  pp. 


diction,  special  senses  derived  from  the  orig. 
one  of '  service,  office,'  =  Dan.  embede,  Sw.  embete 
=  Norw.  dial,  emba'tte  =  Icel.  cmba'tti,  service, 
office,  =  Goth,  andbahti  —  AS.  ambiht,  anibeht, 
service :  see  ambassade,  etc.,  and  embassy.]  The 
largest  territorial  administrative  division  of 
Denmark  and  Norway :  as,  the  am  t  of  Akershus. 
Each  of  these  two  countries  is  divided  into  18 
amts. 

amt.    A  contraction  of  amount. 
amtman  (amt'man),  n. ;  pi.  amtmen  (-men). 
[<  Dan.  Norw.  anitmand,  <  amt  (see  above)  + 
mand  =  Sw.  man  =  E.  man.]    The  chief  execu- 
7  -v-      HIT    «     -  7,    ."..s    ,  five  officer  of  an  amt. 

losita,<.  ML.  ampullosita{t-)s,  turgidity,  bom-  amuck  (a-muk'),  a.  or  adv.  [First  used  In  Pg. 
bast,  <  ampuUosus :  see  ampullous.]    Inflated   form,  «/«mco,  as  a  noun,  a  frenzied  Ma- 

language;    bombast;    tui-gidity.     Sometimes    lay;  afterward  «»i«cA;,  a;«ocfc,  fl/«oA-,  almost  ex- 

clusivelyinthephraserM»a)HMc/i;;  <  Malay a?«0(7, 
adj.,  "engaging  furiously  in  battle,  attacking 
with  desperate  resolution,  rushing  in  a  state  of 
frenzy  to  the  commission  of  indiscriminate 
murder:  applied  to  any  animal  in  a  state  of 
■sicioiis  rage"  (Marsden,  Malay  Diet.).]  Liter- 
ally, in  a  state  of  murderous  frenzy;  indiscrim- 
inately slaughtering  or  killing :  a  term  used  in 

the  Eastern  Archipelago,  in  English  formerly  as  a 
noun,  but  now  only  as  an  adjective  or  quasi-adverb  in  tlie 
phrase  to  run  amuck.  Also  written  amock,  amok. — To  run 


bombast;    tui'gidity.  Sometimes 
written  ampollosity. 

Didst  ever  touch  such  ampollosity 

As  the  man's  own  bubble  [his  speech],  let  alone  its  spite? 

Browning,  King  and  Book,  II.  326. 

ampulloust  (am-pul'us),  a.  [=  It.  ampolloso, 
<  ML.  ampullosus,  turgid,  inflated,  <  L.  am- 
pulla, a  flask,  fig.  swelling  words,  bombast.] 
Boastful ;  vainglorious ;  inflated  or  turgid  in 
language.    N.  E.  D. 


amuck 

amuck,  (a)  To  rush  about  frantically,  attacking  all  who 
come  in  the  way.    See  extract. 

In  Malabar  the  persons  of  Rajas  were  sacred.  ...  To 
shed  the  blood  of  a  Raja  was  regarded  as  a  heinous  sin, 
and  would  be  followed  l)y  a  terrible  revenge.  ...  If  the 
Zamorin  (emperor  of  Calicut)  was  killed,  his  subjects 
devoted  three  days  to  revenge  ;  they  ran  amok,  as  it  was 
called,  killing  all  they  met  until  they  were  killed  them- 
selves. If  the  Raja  of  Cochin  were  killed,  his  subjects  ran 
amok  for  the  rest  of  their  lives. 

J.  T.  Wheeler,  Short  Hist.  India,  p.  120. 
Hence  — (6)  To  proceed  in  a  blind,  headstrong  manner, 
careless  of  consequences,  which  are  most  likely  to  be  dis- 
astrous. 

Satire's  my  weapon,  but  I'm  too  discreet 
To  run  a-muck,  and  tilt  at  all  I  meet. 

Pope,  Im.  of  Horace,  Sat.  i.  69. 
{Sometimes  written  in  two  words,  and  treated  as  a  noun 
with  the  indefinite  article. 

And  runs  an  Indian  m  uck  at  all  he  meets. 

Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  iii.  1188.] 

amula  (am'u-lii),  n. ;  pi.  amuJas,  amulce  (-laz, 
-le).  [ML.,  dim.  of  L.  ama:  see  ama.}  Same 
as  'ampulla,  2  (a). 

The  archdeacon  who  follows  taking  their  amulas  of 
wine  and  pouring  them  into  a  larger  vessel. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  X'VI.  509. 

amule  (am'ul),  n.  Same  as  amyV^. 
amulet  (am'u-let),  n.  [Formerly  also  amulette, 
late  ME.  amalette,  amlette,  <  F.  amulette  =  Sp. 
Pg.  It.  amuleto  =  D.  Gr.  Dan.  Sw. 
amulet  =Huss.  amuletu,  ete.,<L. 
amuletum  (in  Pliny),  a  word  of  un- 
known origin.]  Some  object  su- 
perstitiously  worn  as  a  remedy 
for  or  preservative  against  dis- 
ease, bad  luck,  accidents,  witch- 
craft, etc.  Amulets  have  been  used 
from  ancient  times,  and  are  still  worn 
in  many  parts  of  the  world.  They  con- 
sist of  certain  stones,  or  plants,  or  of 
bits  of  metal,  parchment,  or  paper,  with 
or  without  mystic  characters  or  words. 
The  gospels  and  saints'  relics  have  been 
used  in  this  way.  The  Mohammedans 
use  diminutive  copies  of  the  Koran  hung 
around  the  neck.  From  the  heathen 
and  the  Jews  the  custom  passed  into 
the  primitive  Christian  church,  where  it 
was  long  maintained  in  spite  of  the  de- 
crees of  ecclesiastical  councils  and  the 
protests  of  the  more  intelligent  clergy 


189  amygdaloid 

amyctic  (a-mik'tik).  a.    [<  Gr.  a/.w«rff,  lacer- 


laws  which  bad  critics  have  framed  for  the  government 
of  poets.  Macaulay,  Moore's  Byron. 

While  the  nation  groaned  under  oppression  .  .  .  [Tem- 
ple) amused  himself  by  writing  memoirs  and  tying  up 
apricots.  Macaulay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

=  Syn.  3.  Amuse,  Divert,  Entertain,  Beguile,  occupy, 
please,  enliven.  Amuse  may  imply  uierely  the  prevention 
of  the  tedium  of  idleness  or  emptiness  of  mind :  as,  I  can 
(I )m«<!  myself  by  looking  out  at  the  window;  or  it  may 
suggest  a  stronger  interest :  as,  I  was  greatly  amused  by 
their  tricks.  Divert  is  to  turn  the  attention  aside,  and  (in 
the  use  considered  here)  to  something  light  or  mirthful. 
Entertain  is  to  engage  and  sustain  the  attention  by  some- 
thing of  a  pleasing  and  perhaps  instructive  character,  as 


ating,  <  a/xhaaeiv,  lacerate,  scratch,  tear.]  Ex- 
coriating; irritating.  ]V.  E.  D. 
amyelencephalic  (a-mi"e-len-se-farik  or  -sef '- 
a-lik),  u.  Same  as  amyelcncephalous. 
ainyelencephalous  (a-nu'e-len-sefa-lus),  a. 
[<  NL.  amyclcnccphalus,  without  spinal  cord 
and  brain,  <  Gr.  a/ive/.or,  without  marrow,  + 
iyKecpaXog,  brain:  see  a-l8  and  myelencephalon.'] 
In  tera tot.,  ha-ving  neither  brain  nor  spinal  cord ; 
wanting  the  myelencephalon. 
amyeli,  n.    Plural  of  amyelus. 


conversation;  hence  the  general  name  <!7!«er(ainmcn( 'for  amyelia  (am-i-eriii),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  hfive^jo^: 

Congenital  absence  of  the  spi- 


lectures,  exhibitions,  etc.,  designed  to  interest  in  this  way. 
"Whatever  amuses  serves  to  kill  time,  to  lull  the  faculties 
and  banish  reflection ;  it  may  be  solitary,  sedentary,  and 
lifeless:  whatever  diverts  causes  mirth  and  provokes 
laughter;  it  will  be  active,  lively,  and  tumultuous:  what- 
ever entertains  acts  on  the  senses  and  awakens  the  under- 
standing ;  it  must  be  rational  and  is  mostly  social."  Crabb. 
Beguile  is,  figuratively,  to  cheat  one  out  of  weariness,  of 
dull  time,  etc.  The  word  is  as  often  thus  applied  to  the 
thing  as  to  the  person :  as,  to  beguile  a  weary  hour ;  to  be- 
guile one  of  his  cares. 

I  am  careful  ...  to  amuse  you  by  the  account  of  all  I  

see.  Lady  Montagu,  Letters,  I.  110.   (N.  E.  D.)  amyefuS  (a-roi'e-lus),  « 


see  amyelous.'] 
nal  cord. 

amyelotrophy  (a-mi-e-lot'ro-fi),  n.    [<  Gr. 

a/iveloc^,  mari'owless  (see  amyelom),  +  -Tpo<pia, 
<  Tpc<j>£iv,  nourish.]  Atrophy  of  the  spinal  cord, 
amyelous  (a-mi'e-lus),  «.  NL.  amyelus,  < 
Gr.  a/iv£?.oc,  marrowless,  <  a-  piiv.  +  /ivcaoc, 
man-ow:  see  myelon.']  Without  spinal  mar- 
row: in  teratoL,  applied  to  a  fetus  which  lacks 
the  spinal  cord. 

pi.  amyeli  (-li).  [NL. : 


The  stage  its  ancient  fm-y  thus  let  fall,  see  amyelous.-]    In  ieratol.,  a  monster' charac- 

And  comedy  diwrfprf  without  gall.  j.    ■     i  v    ^i,      -i  ,  ^-iiQicv, 

Dryden,  Art  of  Poetry  iii  777    terized  by  the  absence  of  the  spmal  cord. 
There  is  so  much  virtue  in  eight  volumes  of  Spectators  amyencephalOUS  (a-mi-en-sef 'a-lus),  a.  A  COn- 
.  .  .  that  they  are  not  improper  to  lie  in  parlours  or  sum-    traction  ot  amijelenceplialous. 

mer-houses,  to  entertain  our  thoughts  in  any  moments  of  amygdalt  (a-mig'dal),  n.      [<  ME.  amygdel,  AS. 

Watts,    amygdal,  aii  almond,  <  L.  amygdala  :  see  amyg- 
dala.']   1.  An  almond. — 2.  A  tonsU. 
amygdala  (a-mig'da-la),  n. ;  pi.  amygdala;  {-\e). 
[L.,  an  almond  ;  ML.  and  NL.,  a  tonsil :  see  al 


Watts. 

The  reason  of  idleness  and  of  crime  is  the  deferring  of 
our  hopes.  Whilst  we  are  waiting,  we  beguile  the  time 
with  jokes,  with  sleep,  with  eating,  and  with  crimes. 

Emerson,  Nominalist  and  Realist. 


Amulets :  i,  from 
Vatican ;  2, 
from  a  private  col- 
lection. 


the 


„  -    — Amulets  of  va- 
rious forms  have  been  found  in  the  catacombs,  many  of 
them  inscribed  with  the  word  ichthys,  fish,  because  this 
represented  the  initials  of  the  Greek  words  for  Jesus 
Christ,  Son  of  God,  Saviour.    (See  ichthys.)  They  were  sus- 
pended from  the  neck  or  affixed  to  some  part  of  the  body. 
See  phylactery,  3.=Syn.  Amulet,  Talisnum.    An  amidct 
I  is  supposed  to  exert  a  constant  protecting  power,  ward- 
ing off  evil ;  a  talisman,  to  produce  under  special  condi- 
tions desired  results  for  the  owner, 
amuletict  (am-ii-let'ik),  a.    [<  amulet  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  or  possessing  the  -virtues  of  an 
amulet:  as,  amiJe^jc  medicines, 
amun  (am'un),  H.    [Hind,  and  Beng.  dmaii, 
dmun,  winter  rice,  sown  in  July  and  August, 
and  reaped  in  December.]    Same  as  aghanee. 
amurcosityt  (am-er-kos'i-ti),  n.    [<  amurcous  : 
see-osity.]  The  quality  of  being  amurcous.  Ash. 
amurcoust(a-mer'kus),a.  [<  L.  a»m»-ca,  another  amusettp  (am  u  zet'^  r, 
form  of  amurga,<  Gr.  afidpyrj,  usually  d^dpj7?f,  amusette (am-u-zet  ),n 
the  watery  part  that  runs  out  when  olives  are 
pressed,  <  a^epyeiv,  press,  squeeze,  prob.  akin  to 
afiiXyeiv,  mUk,  =  E.  milk,  q.  v.]    Full  of  dregs 
or  lees ;  foul.  Ash. 
amusable  (a-mii'za-bl),  a.    [<  F.  amusaUe :  see 
amuse  and  -able.]    Capable  of  being  amused. 
Trying  to  amuse  a  man  who  was  not  amusable. 

Mrs.  Gaskell,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  v. 
He  was  otherwise  not  a  very  amusable  person,  and  off 
his  own  ground  he  was  not  conversable. 

Hoicells,  A  Modern  Instance,  xxii. 
amuse  (a-muz'),  ». ;  pret.  and  pp.  amused,  ppr. 
amusing.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  amiize,  ammuse, 
ammuze;  <  F.  amuser,  <  a-  (L.  ad,  to)  +  OF. 
miser,  stare,  gaze  fixedly,  >  E.  muse'^,  q.  v.] 

1.  trans.  If.  To  cause  to  muse ;  absorb  or  en- 
gage in  meditation ;  occupy  or  engage  wholly ; 
bewilder;  puzzle. 

People  stood  amused  between  these  two  forms  of  ser- 
vice. Fuller. 
Amuse  not  thyself  about  the  riddles  of  future  things. 

Sir  T.  Broivne,  Christ.  Mor.,  iii.  13. 

2.  To  keep  in  expectation,  as  by  flattery,  plau- 


Il.t  intrans.  To  muse;  meditate. 

Or  in  some  pathless  wilderness  amusing. 
Plucking  the  mossy  bark  of  some  old  tree. 

Lee,  Lucius  Junius  Brutus. 

amusee  (a-mii-ze'),  ?i.    \_<  amuse  + -ee^.]  The 
person  amused.    Carlyle.  [Eare.] 
amusement  (a-miiz'ment),  71.    [<  F.  amusement : 
see  amuse  and -ment.]  "  If.  Absorbing  thought ; 
meditation;  musing;  reverie. 

Here  I  .  .  .  fell  into  a  strong  and  deep  amusement,  re- 
volving in  my  mind,  with  great  perplexity,  the  amazing 
change  of  our  affairs.  Bp.  Fleet  wood,  Pref .  to  Lay  Baptism. 

2.  The  state  of  being  amused;  mental  enjoy- 
ment or  diversion;  moderate  mirth  or  merri- 
ment due  to  an  external  cause. 

Among  the  means  towards  a  higher  civilization,  I  un- 
hesitatingly assert  that  the  deliberate  cultivation  of  pub- 
lic amusement  is  a  principal  one. 

Jevons,  Social  Reform,  p.  7. 

3.  That  which  amuses,  detains,  or  engages  the 
mind ;  pastime ;  entertainment :  as,  to  provide 
children  with  amusements. 

During  his  confinement,  his  amusement  was  to  give  poi- 
son to  cats  and  dogs,  and  see  them  expire  by  slower  or 
quicker  torments.  Pope. 

=  Sjm.  3.  Entertainment,  Diversion,  etc.  (see  pastime), 
sport. 

amuser  (a-mii'zer),  n.  One  who  amuses;  one 
who  provides  diversion. 

[P.  (dim.  of  *aTOt<se),  a 
light  gun,  a  toy,  amusement,  <  amuser,  amuse.] 
A  light  field-cannon,  invented  by  Marshal  Saxe, 
designed  for  outpost  service.  Larousse. 
amusingly  (a-mii'ziiig-li),  adv.  In  an  amusing 
manner. 

amusi-ve  (a-mii'ziv),  rt.   [(.amuse  + -ive.]  Hav- 
ing power  to  amuse  or  entertain  the  mind ;  af- 
fording amusement  or  entertainment.  [Eare.] 
A  grave  proficient  in  amusive  feats 
Of  puppetry.  Wordsworth,  Excursion,  v. 

amusi-vely  (a-mu'ziv-li),  adt 
manner. 

amusi-yeness  (a-mu.'ziv-nes) 


mond.]  1.  An  almond. —  2.  A  tonsil. —  3.  A 
small  rouxided  lobule  of  the  cerebellum  on  its 
under  side. — 4.  A  small  mass  of  gray  matter  in 
front  of  the  end  of  the  descending  eomu  of  the 
lateral  ventricle  of  the  brain.  Also  called  the 
amygdaloid  nucleus. —  5.  \_cap.]  In  zodl.:  (n) 
A  genus  of  echinoderms.  (6)  A  genus  of  mol- 
lusks. 

amygdalaceous  (a-mig-da-la'shius),  a.  [<  L. 
amygdalaceus,  siinilar  to'  the  almond-tree,  < 
amygdala,  almond:  see  almond.]  Akin  to  the 
almond  :  as,  amygdalaceous  plants, 
amygdalae,  n.  Plural  of  amygdala. 
amygdalate  (a-mig'da-lat),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
amygdala,  almond,  +  -afel.]  I.  a.  Pertaining 
to,  resembling,  or  made  of  almonds. 

II,  11.  1.  An  emulsion  made  of  almonds; 
milk  of  almonds. —  2.  A  salt  of  amygdalie  acid, 
amygdalic  (am-ig-dal'ik),  a.  [<  L.  amygdala, 
almond,  + -ic]  Derived  from  almonds  Amyg- 
dalic acid,  an  acid  (C20H26O12)  obtained  from  bitter  al- 
monds. 

amygdaliferous  (a-mig-da-lif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L. 
amygdala,  almond,  +  ferre  =  !E.  bear'^.]  Pro- 
ducing almonds ;  ahnond-bearing:  sometimes 
used  as  nearly  synonymous  with  amygdaloidal, 
that  is,  of  a  rock  containing  amygdules. 
amygdalin  (a-mig'da-lin),  n.  [<  L.  amygdala, 
almond,  4-  -in^.]  A  crystalline  principle  (C20 
H27NO1X  +  3H2O)  existing  in  bitter  almonds, 
and  in  the  leaves,  etc.,  of  species  of  the  genus 
Prunus  and  of  some  of  its  near  allies,  it  was  the 
eai-Iiest  known  of  the  numerous  glucoside  bodies  existing 
in  plants.  Its  aqueous  solution,  mixed  with  emulsin,  is  de- 
composed, yielding  hydrocyanic  acid  and  bitter-almond  oil. 
amygdaline  (a-mig'da-Un),  a.  [<  L.  amygda- 
linus,  <  Gr.  aij.v^6a/.ivog,  <  ajivydalrj,  almond:  see 
almond.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the 
almond. — 2.  Pertaining  to  the  amygdala  of  the 
brain. 

In  an  amusive  amygdalitis  (a-mig-da-li'tis),  11.     [NL.,  <  ML. 

amygdala,  tonsil  (see  amygdala,  2),  +  -itis.]  In- 
11.    The  quality    flammation  of  the  tonsils. 


amusement 

amyt,  «.  [<  ME.  amy,  ami,  <  OF.  (and  mod.  F.) 
ami,  m.,  amie,  f.,  <  L.  amicus,  m.,  arnica,  f.,  a 
friend:  see  amiable,  amor.  So  the  fem.  per- 
sonal name  A?ny,  which  is,  however,  partly 
<  F.  Aimee,  <  L.  amata,  fem.  of  amatus,  beloved, 
pp.  of  amare,  love.]    A  friend. 

"Thou  bel  amy,  thou  pardoner,"  he  seyde. 

^.v,,„  ^    ,       T.', —       — jf   C/io !«;<;?•,  Prol.  to  Pardoner's  Tale,  L  32. 

sible  pretenses,  and  the  like;  delude;  keep  in  Amyclffian (am-i-kle'an}, a.  l<y.Amycl<eus,Gv. 

He  amused  his  followers  with  idle  promises. 


of  being  amusive,  or  of  being  fitted  to  afford  amygdaloid  (a-mig'da-loid),  a.  and  n.    [<  Gr. 


aiivy6a7.rj,  almond  (see  almond),  +  d6oc,  form.] 

I.    a.  '  1.  Al- 


Johnson. 

Bishop  Henry  .  .  .  amused  her  with  dubious  answers, 
and  kept  her  in  suspense  for  some  days. 

Sunft,  King  Stephen. 
To  fix  the  attention  of  agreeably;  engage 
the  fancy  of;  cause  to  feel  cheerful  or  merry; 
entertain;  divert:  as,  to  amuse  an  audience 
■with  anecdotes  or  tricks,  or  children  -with  toys. 

A  group  of  mountaineer  children  amusing  themselves 
with  pushing  stones  from  the  top. 

W.  Gilpin,  Tour  of  the  Lakes. 


'AuvKlaioc,  <  L.  Amycla;,  Gr.  'AfivKAac]  '  Of  or  per- 
taining to  Amyclse,  an  ancient  town  of  Laconia, 
Greece,  or  to  a  town  of  the  same  name  in  La- 
tium,  or  to  the  inhabitants  of  either.  According 

to  one  tradition  the  inhabitants  of  the  former  city,  or  ac- 
cording  to  another  those  of  the  latter,  were  so  frequently 
alarmed  by  false  rumors  of  invasion  that  a  law  was  made 
prohibiting  all  mention  of  the  subject.  The  result  was 
that  when  the  invasion  came  no  alarm  was  given,  and  the 
city  was  taken;  hence  the  phrase  Amycloean  silence.— 
Amyclsean  brothers.  Castor  and  Pollux,  twin  sons  of 
Zeus  and  Leda.  born,  according  to  one  form  of  the  legend 
at  Amyclse  in  Laconia.  ' 


mond-shaped. 
— 2.  Pertaining 
to  or  resem- 
bling amvgda- 
loid.— 3.  '  Per- 
taining to  the 
amygdala;  ton- 

silar. -Amygda- 
loid nucleus. 

.■^ee  amygdala,  4. — 

Amygdaloid  tu- 
bercle, a  promi- 
nence in  the  roof 
of  tlie  terminal  por- 
tion of  the  descending  cornu  of  the  lateral  ventricle  of  the 
brain,  formed  liy  the  amygdaloid  nucleus. 

II.  n.  The  name  given  by  geologists  to  igne- 
ous rocks  or  lavas  of  various  composition,  of 
which  the  most  obvious  external  feature  is 
that  they  have  an  amygdaloidal  stnieture.  (See 
amygdaloidal.)    The  basalte  are  the  rocks  which  are 


An  Amygdaloid  (Diabase)  with  calcite 
nodules  or  amygdules. 


amygdaloid 

most  liable  to  be  found  possessing  an  amygdaloidal  struc- 
ture, and  especially  those  older  basalts  frequently  called 
melaphyr.    Also  called  inandlestune. 

amygdaloidal  (a-mig-da-loi'dal),  a.  Same  as 
amygdaloid;  sp'ecificaliy,  in  "geol.,  having  a 
cellular  or  vesicular  structure:  said  of  lava, 
whether  of  modem  or  ancient  origin,  iu  which 
spherical  or  almond-shaped  (whence  the  name) 
cavities  were  formed  by  the  expansion  of  steam 
contained  in  the  rocks  at  the  time  of  its  con- 
solidation, and  which  have  later  become  filled 
with  various  minerals,  especially  quartz,  cal- 
cite,  or  the  zeolites.  The  rock  having  this  character  is 
called  an  aimjpdaloid,  and  the  cavities  themselves,  as  thus 
filled  by  the  percolation  of  lieated  water  through  the 
body  of  the  rock,  are  called  amygdules. 

amygdalotomy  (a-mig-da-lot'o-mi),  n.  [<  Gr. 
afivydaAti,  an  almond  (tonsil),  -f  rofiij,  a  ciitting, 
<.  TifivEiv,  Tafielv,  cut.]  The  cutting  of  the  ton- 
sils; excision  of  a  portion  of  a  tonsil. 

Amygdalus  (a-mig'da-lus),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  amyg- 
dalus,  <  Gr.  daAof,  an  almond-tree :  see 
amygdala.']  A  genus  of  plants,  the  almonds, 
properly  included  in  the  genus  Primus  (which 
see). 

amygdule  (a-mig'dul),  n.  [<  amygd(ala)  + 
-ule.]  One  of  the  crystalline  nodules  foimd  in 
amygdaloid  (which  see). 

amylif  (am'il),  «.  [<  L.  amylum,  starch,  <  Gr. 
a/iv'Aov  (sc.  a'Aevpov,  meal:  see  Aleurites),  fine 
meal,  a  cake  of  such  meal,  starch,  prop.  neut. 
of  afivXog,  not  ground  at  the  mill,  <  d-  priv.  + 
fiv?.r/,  mill,  =  L.  mola,  mill :  see  mill'i-  and  meal^.] 
Starch ;  fine  flom-. 

Of  wheat  is  made  anvjl. 

B.  Guoge,  tr.  of  Heresbach's  Husb.,  p.  27  b.    {N.  E.  Z>.) 

amyP  (am'il),  n.  [Formerly  amyle,  <  L.  am{y- 
lum),  Gr.  afi{v7iov),  starch,  -I-  -yl,  <  Gr.  vAr/, 
matter.]  A  hypothetical  radical  (CsH^x)  be- 
lieved to  exist  in  many  compounds,  as  amylie 
alcohol,  etc.  it  cannot  exist  in  the  free  state,  two 
molecules  at  the  moment  of  its  liberation  combining  to 
io^m  tlie  substance  decane,  CipH22,  a  double  amyl  mole- 
cule. Amyl  compounds  enter  into'the  constitution  of  ar- 
tificial essences  of  fruits.  They  were  first  obtained  from 
spirit  distilled  after  the  fermentation  of  starchy  materials. 
Also  written  a muZe.  — Hydrate  Of  amyl,  same  as  amylic 
alcohol  (which  see,  under  oko/ioO-  — Nitrite  Of  amyl, 
CqHuNOo,  an  amber-colored  fluid  with  an  ethereal  fruity 
odor  and  aromatic  taste.  Its  principal  physiological  effect 
in  moderate  doses  is  the  paralysis  of  the  vasomotor  nerves 
throughout  the  body,  with  consequent  relaxation  of  the 
arterioles  and  lowering  of  the  pressure  of  the  blood.  Thera- 
peutically it  is  used  when  this  effect  seems  desirable,  as  in 
angina  pectoris,  in  the  onset  of  epileptic  attacks,  ischemic 
megrims,  etc.  It  is  generally  inhaled  through  the  nostrils, 
5  to  10  drops  being  applied  to  them  on  a  cloth. 

amylaceous  (am-i-la'shius),  a.  [<  L.  amylum, 
starch,  +  -aceous.']  Composed  of  or  resembling 
starch;  starchy. 

amylamine  (am-il-am'in),  «.  [<  amyl^  +  am- 
ine.] An  organic  base  produced  by  treating 
amyl  cyanate  with  caustic  potash.  There  are 
three  amylamiues  known,  which  ai-e  regarded  as  ammo- 
nias in  which  1,  2,  and  3  atoms  of  hydrogen  are  respec- 
tively replaced  by  1,  2,  and  3  molecules  of  the  radical  amyl. 
The  formulas  of  these  bodies,  therefore,  are  NHo(Cr;Hn), 
NH(C5Hn)2,  andN(C5Hii)3. 

amylate  (am'i-lat),  w.  [<  amyl^  +  -afel.]  ,  A 
compound  of  starch  with  a  base. 

amyl-corn  (am'il-kom),  «.  An  eiToneous  spell- 
ing of  amel-corn. 

amylet,  n.    Former  spelling  of  amyl^. 

amylene  (am'i-len),  n.  [i  aynyl^  +  -ene.]  A 
hydrocarbon  {C^Kiq)  obtained  by  the  dehydra- 
tion of  amylic  alcohol  by  means  of  zinc  chlorid, 
etc.  Amylene  is  a  light,  limpid,  colorless  liquid  having 
a  faint  odor.  At  ordinary  temperatures  it  speedily  evap- 
orates. It  possesses  anesthetic  properties,  and  has  been 
tried  as  a  substitute  for  chloroform,  but  unsuccessfully, 
as  it  has  proved  to  be  extremely  dangerous. 

amylic  (a-mil'ik),  a.  [<  amyl"^  +  -ic]  Pertain- 
ing to  amyl ;  derived  from  the  radical  amyl :  as, 
amylic  ether — Amylic  alcohol.  See  alcohol.— Amylic 
fermentation,  a  process  of  fermentation  in  starch  or 
sugar  by  which  amylic  alcohol  is  produced. 

amyliferous  (am-i-lif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  amylum, 
starch,  +  ferre  =  E.  6'earl.]  Starch-bearing; 
producing  starch.    N.  E.  D. 

amylin,  amyline  (am'i-lin),  n.  [<  amyl^  -t-  -in^, 
-jne2.]  The  insoluble  portion  of  starch  which 
constitutes  the  outer  covering  of  the  starch- 
grains;  starch-cellulose. 

amylo-.  Combining  form  of  amyU,  Latin  a^ny- 
lum,  starch,  or  of  amyl^. 

amylodextrin  (am"i-i6-deks'trin),  n.  [<  L.  amy- 
lum, starch,  -I-  dexfriti.]  An  intermediate  pro- 
duct obtained  in  the  conversion  of  starch  into 
sugar.  It  is  soluble  in  water  and  colored  yellow  by 
iodine.  Its  chemical  nature  and  relations  to  other  de- 
compositive  products  of  starch  are  not  yet  understood. 

amylogen  (a-mil'o-jen),  n.  [<  Gr.  afivlov  (L. 
amylum),  starch,  +  -yev^g :  see  -gen,]  .  That  part 


190 

of  granulosa  which  is  soluble  in  water;  soluble 
starch. 

amylogenic  (a-mil-o-jen'ik),  a.   Pertaining  to 

or  composed  of  amylogen:  as,  an  amylogenic 
body.  See  amyloplast. 
amyloid  (am'i-loid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  afivAov 
(L.  amylum),  starch,  -h  dSog,  form.]  I.  a.  Re- 
sembling amylum,  or  starch.— Amyloid  corpus- 
cles, corjiora  amylncea  (whicli  see,  under  coi-;;!!*).— Amy- 
loid degeneration  or  infiltration,  in  patiioi., hiniaceous 

disease  (whiih  see,  umler  tnidiucuus).  —  Amyloid.  Sub- 
Stance,  lardocein  (which  see). 

II,  n.  In  bot.,  a  semi-gelatinous  substance, 
analogous  to  starch,  met  with  in  some  seeds, 
and  becoming  yellow  in  water  after  having  been 
colored  blue  by  iodine  (Lindley) ;  a  member  of 
the  cellulose  group  of  vegetable  organic  com- 
pounds, comprising  cellulose,  starch,  gum,  the 
sugars,  etc. 

amyloidal  (am-i-loi'dal),  a.  Having  the  con- 
stitution of  or  resembling  an  amyloid. 

Wlienever  proteid  substances  or  fats,  or  amyloidal  mat- 
ters, are  being  converteii  into  the  more  highly  oxidated 
waste  products — urea,  carbonic  acid,  .and  water — heat  is 
necessarily  evolved. 

Huxley  and  Youmans,  Physiol.,  §  157. 

amylolysis  (am-i-lol'i-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/uv- 
y.ov,  starch,  +  Ivai^,  solution,  <  %veiv,  dissolve.] 
The  digestion  of  starch,  or  its  conversion  into 
sugar. 

amylolytic  (am'^i-lo-lifik),  a.  [<  amylolysis, 
after  Gr.  adj.  Ivtlkoq,  <  Tiveiv,  dissolve.]  Per- 
taining to  amylolysis  ;  dissolving  starch  :  as, 
the  amylolytic  ferment  of  the  pancreas. 

It  has  been  knomi  for  the  last  five  years  that  the  main 
product  of  the  amylolytic  actioij  of  saliva  is  maltose. 

Science,  V.  139. 

amylometer  (am-i-lom'e-ter),  «.  [<  Gr.  afiv- 
'Aoi>,  starch,  -I-  ^hpov,  a  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment for  testing  the  amotmt  of  starch  in  any 
substance. 

amyloplast  (am'i-lo-plast),  n.  [<  Gr.  afivlov, 
starch,  +  irlaoTdg,  verbal  adj.  of  irXacceiv,  form.] 
A  starch-forming  corpuscle  or  gi-anule,  found 
within  the  protoplasm  of  vegetable-cells.  These 

granules  are  colorless  or  but  faintly  tinged  with  yellow, 
and  are  tlie  points  around  wliich  starch  accumulates.  Tliey 
are  also  called  leucoplastids  or  amylor/enic  bodies, 
amylopsin  (am-i-lop'sin),  w.  i<  Gr.  apivXov,  fine 
meal,  starch,  +  6i/«f,  appearance,  +  -i»2.]  a 
name  which  has  been  given  to  the  amylolytic 
ferment  of  the  pancreas.    See  amylolysis. 
amylose  (am'i-los),  n.    [<  amyJi  +  -osc]  One 
of  the  three  groups  into  which  the  carbohy- 
drates are  divided,  the  others  being  glucose 
and  saccharose.  The  principal  members  of  this  group 
are  starch,  dextrin,  cellulose,  and  natural  gum.  They 
liave  the  formula  CgHjoOs,  or  some  multiple  of  it. 
amylum  (am'i-lum),  n.    [L.,  <  Gr.  a/xv2.ov:  see 

amyll.]  Starch, 
amyosthenia  (a-mi-o-sthe'ni-a),  M.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
d-  jjriv.  -+-  //{if  (fivo-),  muscle,  +  adtvoq,  strength.] 
In  patJiol.,  a  want  of  muscular  strength,  orade- 
ficiency  of  the  power  of  muscular  contraction, 
amyosthenic  (a-mi-o-sthen'ik),  n.  [<  amyosthe- 
nia +  -ic.]  In  med.,  a  drug  that  lessens  muscu- 
lar action. 

amyotrophic  (a-mi-o-trof'ik),  a.  [<  amyotro- 
phy.] Connected  with  or  pertaining  to  muscu- 
lar atrophy — Amyotrophic  lateral  sclerosis,  scle- 
rosis of  the  lateral  cohinnis  of  the  spinal  cord,  in  which  the 
degenerative  chan;;es  extend  to  the  cells  of  the  anterior 
cornua,  involving  degeneration  of  the  motor  nerves  and 
atrophy  of  the  nniscles. 

amyotrophy  (am-i-ot'ro-fi),  n.  [<  NL.  *amyo- 
trophia,  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  +  fivi;  {fivo-),  muscle,  + 
-Tpo(j)!a,<.  T/jtipetv,  nourish.]  Inpathol.,  atrophy 
of  the  muscles, 
amyous  (am'i-us),  a.  [<  Gr,  a/ivoc,  wanting 
muscle,  <  a-  priv.  +  /ivc  (f^vo-),  muscle.]  Want- 
ing in  muscle.    N.  E.  D. 

Amyraldism  (am  -i-ral '  dizm),  n.  [<  Amyral- 
dus,  a  Latinized  form  of  F.  Amyrault,  Amyraut 
(Moise  Amyraut).]  The  doctrine  of  universal 
grace,  as  explained  by  the  French  Protestant 
theologian  Amyraldus  or  Amyraut  (1596-1664). 
He  taught  that  God  desires  tlie  happiness  of  all  men,  and 
that  none  are  excluded  by  a  divine  decree,  but  that  none 
can  obtain  salvation  without  faith  in  Christ ;  that  God  re- 
fuses to  none  the  power  of  believing,  though  he  does  not 
grant  to  all  his  assistance  to  improve  this  power. 
Amyraldist  (am-i-ral'dist),  11.  One  who  be- 
lieves in  Amyraldism,  or  the  doctrine  of  uni- 
versal grace. 

amyrill  (am'i-rin),  w.  [<  NL.  Amyris,  a  genus 
of  tropical  trees  and  shrubs,  yielding  resinous 
products.]  A  crystalline  resin,  C40H66O,  ob- 
tained from  the  gum  elemi  of  Mexico, 
amy-root  (a'mi-rot),  n.  [<  amy,  native  name  (?), 
root^.]  The  root  of  the  Indian  hemp,  Apo- 
cynum  cannabiniim. 


an- 

amyztli  (a-mist'li),  w.  [Native  name.]  A  name 
of  one  of  the  large  otaries  or  eared  seals  of  the 
Pacific  coast  of  North  America,  probably  Eu- 

metopias  stelleri  or  Zalophus  gillespiei. 
amzel  (am'zel),  n.  [<  OD.  amscl  or  G.  amsel  = 
E.  ouzel,  q.  v.]  1.  A  name  of  the  ouzel  or 
blackbird  of  Europe,  Turdus  merula  or  Merula 
vulgaris.  Montagu. — 2.  A  name  of  the  ring- 
ouzel  of  Europe,  Turdus  torquatus  or  Merula 
torquata.  May, 
Also  spelled  amsel. 
ani,  a  (an,  a,  or  an,  a).  r<  ME.  ati,  before  a  vowel, 
oecasionaiiy  before  a  consonant ;  a,  before  a  con- 
sonant (see  rt2) ;  <  AS.  an,  an,  with  the  reg.  adj. 
declension  in  sing,  and  pi.  (pi.  dne,  some,  cer- 
tain), and  the  same  word  as  an,  one,  its  use  as 
an  indef.  art.  being  comparatively  rare.  When 
so  used,  it  was  without  emphasis,  and  became  in 
ME.  short  in  quantity  (hence  E.  short  an,  a), 
while  the  nimaeral  an,  retaining  its  emphasis 
and  quantity,  developed  reg.  into  E.  one,  pro- 
nounced on  (as  in  07ily,  al-one,  at-one),  in  mod. 
times  corrupted  to  won  and  finally  to  wun :  see 
one.]  The  indefinite  article.  As  between  the  two 
forms  of  tliis  word,  the  general  rule  is  that  an  be  used 
before  an  initial  vowel-sound  of  the  following  word,  and  a 
before  an  initial  consonant-sound  :  thus,  an  eagle,  an  an- 
swer, also  an  hour  (the  h  being  sileut) ;  and  a  bird,  a  youth, 
a  wonder,  also  a  use,  a  eulogy,  a  one  (these  three  words 
being  pronounced  as  if  tliey  began  with  y  or  w).  But  an 
is  still  sometimes  used  before  a  consonant-sound,  espe- 
cially before  tlie  weak  consonant  h ;  and  in  written  style, 
and  in  more  formal  spoken  style,  an  is  by  many  (especially 
in  England)  required  before  the  initial  h  of  a  wliolly  un- 
accented syllable,  as  if  such  an  h  were  altogether  silent: 
thus,  an  hotel,  but  a  hostess ;  anhistorian,  but  a  history; 
an  liypothesis,  but  a  hypothetical.  In  colloqnial  speech, 
and  increasingly  in  writing,  a  is  used  in. all  these  cases 
alike.  As  by  its  derivation,  so  also  in  meaning,  an  or  a 
is  a  weaker  or  less  distinct  one.  (1)  In  certain  phrases, 
and  witli  certain  nouns,  it  still  has  nearly  the  value  of 
oji«;  thus,  two  of  a  trade;  they  weie  both  of  a  size;  a 
Imndred,  a  thousand,  a  million.  (2)  Usually,  as  the  indefi- 
nite article  proper,  it  points  out,  in  a  loose  way,  an  indi- 
vidual as  one  of  a  class  containing  more  of  the  same  kind: 
tluis,  give  me  a  pint  of  milk ;  he  ate  an  apple ;  tliey  built 
a  house  ;  we  see  a  man ;  the  earth  has  a  moon  ;  our  sun  is  a 
fixed  star.  (3)  Hence,  before  a  proper  noun,  it  implies  ex- 
tension of  the  name  or  character  of  the  individual  to  a 
class  :  thus,  lie  is  a  Cicero  in  eloquence ;  they  built  up  a 
new  England  in  America— that  is,  a  person  like  Cicero,  a 
country  like  England.  (4)  A  is  used,  apparently,  before 
a  plural  noun,  if  few  or  inany  (now  only  great  many,  or 
good  many)  stands  between:  thus,  a  few  apples,  a  great 
many  soldiers ;  but  the  plural  noun  is  liere  historically  a 
genitive  partitive  dependent  on  /ew,  many.  (5)  It  is  used 
distributively,  or  with  the  meaning  of  each  or  every,  in 
sucli  phrases  as  two  dollars  a  piece,  three  times  a  day, 
five  cents  an  ounce;  but  a  or  an  is  here  historically  a 
preposition.  See  An  or  a  always  precedes  the  noun 
to  which  it  belongs,  and  in  general  also  any  other  adjective 
word  qualifying  the  same  noun;  but  what  and  such  come 
before  it:  thus,  ic/iat  a  shame !  suc/i  a  beauty ;  and  so  also 
any  adjective  preceded  hy  how,  or  so,  or  as,  or  too:  thus, 
how  great  a  calamity,  so  rare  a  case,  as  good  a  man,  too 
early  a  death.  Many  a  is  a  phrase  of  peculiar  meaning. 
See  many. 

an^  (an,  ^n),  conj.  [A  reduced  form  of  and, 
existing  from  the  earliest  ME.  period,  and  often 
then  so  written^  but  in  mod.  literature  ati  for 
and  copulative  is  admitted  only  in  representa- 
tions of  dialectal  or  'vulgar'  speech,  and  is  then 
usually  printed  an'.  In  conversation,  however, 
though  not  in  formal  speech,  the  d  is  generally 
dropped,  especially  before  a  word  beginning 
with  a  consonant,  and  the  vowel  may  be  weak- 
ened to  the  point  of  vanishing.  Aii'  for  and,  if, 
is  archaic  in  literature,  and  is  generally  printed 
an,  in  distinction  from  and  copulative.]  I.  Co- 
ordinate use :  And ;  same  as  and,  A. 

Good  is,  quath  Joseph,  to  dreme  of  win  [wine] ; 
Heilnesse  an  blisse  is  therin. 

Genesis  and  Exodus,  1.  2067. 

An'  makes  him  quite  forget  his  labor  an'  his  toil. 

Burns,  Cotter's  Saturday  Night. 

II.  Conditional  use :  If ;  same  as  and,  B. 
And  my3te  kysse  the  kyng  for  cosyn,  an  she  wolde. 

Pie7-s  Plowman  (B),  ii.  132. 

An  thou  wert  my  father,  as  thou  art  but  my  brother. 

Beau,  and  PL,  Custom  of  the  Country,  i.  1. 

An  I  may  hide  my  face,  let  me  play  Thisby  too. 

Sliak.,  M.  N.  D.,  i.  2. 

Why,  an'  you  were  to  go  now  to  Clod-Hall,  I  am  certain 
the  old  lady  wouldn't  know  you. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  4. 

an^t,  prep.  [ME.  an,  <  AS.  a»,  the  orig.  form  of 
the  usual  AS.,  ME.,  and  mod.  E.  on;  as  a  prefix 
an-,  usually  on-;  in  reduced  form,  a,  prefix  «-: 
see  on,  an-^,  aS,  a-2.]  An  earlier  form  of  on,  re- 
tained until  the  last  century  in  certain  phrases, 
as  an  edge,  an  end,  now  only  on  edge,  on  end;  in 
present  use  only  as  an  unfelt  prefix  an-  or  re- 
duced a-.  See  an-i,  a-2, 
an-i.  [<  ME.  an-,  <  AS.  an-,  orig.  fonn  of  on-: 
in  mod.  E.  reg.  ow-,  or  reduced  a- :  see  on-i  and 
a-2,  and  ef .  an-^.]  A  prefix  of  Anglo-Saxon  ori 


an- 

gin,  the  same  as  on-l  and  a-2,  occurring  un- 
felt  in  anent,  anon,  anan,  an{n)eal^,  an{n.)eal^, 
etc.,  and  with  accent  in  ativil  (but  in  this  and 
some  other  words  perhaps  originally  and-:  see 

an-2.  [<  ME.  an-,  and-,  <  AS.  and-:  see  and-  and 
a-5,  and  cf.  a«-i.]  A  prefix  of  Anglo-Saxon 
origin,  a  reduced  form  of  and-  (which  see),  oc- 
curring unf  elt  in  answer. 
an-3.  [<  ME.  and  OF.  a-,  later  restored  to  an-, 
<  L.  an-,  assimilated  form  of  ad-  before  n  ;  but  in 
classical  L.  this  assimilation  was  not  prevalent. 
In  ME.  and  AP.  a«-  often  represents  other  L. 
prefixes,  in-,  ex-,  ob-,  etc.,  also  ad-  xmassimi- 
lated:  see  anoint,  annoy,  ancheson  =  encheason, 
etc.]  A  prefix;  of  Latin  origin,  usually  an  as- 
similation of  ad-  before  «-,  as  in  annex,  an- 
nul, announce,  etc.,  but  sometimes  represent- 
ing Latin  in-,  as  in  anoint,  annoy. 
an-*.  [<  L.  a?i-,  orig.  am6«-:  see  amftj-.]  A  prefix 
of  Latin  origin,  a  reduced  form  of  ambi-,  oc- 
curring (unfelt  in  English)  in  ancile,  ancipital, 
anfractuous,  etc. 
an-^.  [<  Gr.  av-,  the  fuUer  form  of  a-  priv.,  pre- 
served before  a  vowel :  see  a-i8.  The  nasal  is 
also  lost  in  the  cognate  Icel.  u-  for  un-:  see 
«»-!.]  A  prefix  of  Greek  origin,  the  fuller 
form  of  a-  privative  (a-i8)  preserved  before  a 
vowel,  as  in  anarchy,  anarthrous,  anecdote, 
anomaly,  etc. 

an-6.  [<  Gr.  av-,  elided  form  of  ava-  before  a 
vowel:  see  awa-.]  A  prefix  of  Greek  origin, 
the  form  of  ana-  before  a  vowel,  as  in  anode. 
-an,  [<  MB.  -an,  reg.  -ain,  -ein,  -en,  <  OF.  -ain, 
-ein,  or  before  i,  -en,  mod.  F.  -ain,  -en,  fem.  -aine, 
-enne,  =  Sp.  It.  Fg.  -ano,  fem.  -ana,  <  L.  -anus, 
fem.  -ana,  neut.  -anum,,  parallel  to  -enus,  -inus, 
■4nus,  -onus,  -unus,  being  -nu-s  (=  Gr.  -vo-g) 
preceded  by  various  vowels;  =  AS.  -en,  E.  -en, 
sufiix  of  adjectives  and  pp.  suffix :  see  -enl  and 
-e»2,  and  cf.  -ine^.    With  an  additional 

vowel,  the  suffix  appears  in  L.  as  -dneus,  in  E. 
aecom.  as  -aneous,  q.  v.,  or  disguised  in  foreign, 
q.  V.  The  reg.  ME.  form  of  tMs  suffix  remains 
in  dozen,  citizen,  etc.,  captain,  chieftain,  chap- 
lain, villain,  etc.,  disguised  in  sovereign  (prop. 
soveren);  but  in  mod.  E.,  in  many  words,  -an 
has  taken  the  place  of  the  older  -ain,  -en,  as  in 
human,  and  is  the  reg.  f  oim  in  words  of  recent 
introduction,  varying  with  -ane  in  some  words, 
chiefly  dissyllables,  as  in  mundane,  usually  dif- 
ferentiated from  forms  in  -an,  as  in  humane, 
urbane,  etc.,  beside  human,  urban,  etc.]  A  suf- 
fix of  Latin  origin,  forming  adjectives  which 
are  or  may  be  also  used  as  nouns,  it  expresses 
various  adjective  relations,  being  used  especially  with 
proper  names  to  form  local  or  patrial  adjectives  or  nouns, 
as  Roman,  Italian,  Grecian,  A-nierican,  Fijian,  etc.;  terms 
indicating  party,  sect,  or  system,  as  Arian,  Lutheran, 
Weskyan,  Mohammedan,  Copernican,  Linnean,  etc.,  so  in 
Episcopalian,  Presbyterian,  Unitarian,  etc.;  and  in  zool- 
ogy, to  form  adjectives  and  nouns  from  names  of  classes  or 
orders,  as  -mammalian,  reptilian,  etc.  As  an  English  for- 
mative it  is  confined  chiefly  to  words  which  may  be  made 
to  assume  a  Latin  type,  having  here  also  the  euphonic 
variant  -ian,  especially  in  proper  adjectives,  as  in  Dar- 
winian, Johnsonian,  etc. 
anal  (an'a  or  a'na),  n.  jjI.  [<  -ana,  q.  v.]  A 
general  term  for  books  recording  miscellane- 
ous sayings,  anecdotes,  and  gossip  about  a  par- 
ticular person  or  subject ;  the  sayings  and  anec- 
dotes themselves.    See  -ana. 

But,  all  his  vast  heart  sherris-warm'd, 

He  flash'd  his  random  speeches ; 
Ere  days,  that  deal  in  ana,  swarm'd 

His  literary  leeches. 

Tennyson,  Will  Waterproof. 

ana2.  [<  Gr.  avd,  prep.,  at  (so  much  each) :  see 
ana-.']  A  word  used  in  medical  prescriptions 
in  a  distributive  sense,  as  in  Greek,  to  indi- 
cate an  equal  quantity  of  each :  often  written 
dd,  earlier  and  more  correctly  da,  where  the 
mark  above  the  first  a,  according  to  general 
medieval  practice,  represented  the  omission 
of  n.    See  tilde. 

ana^,  n.    See  anna'^. 

ana-.  [<  L.  ana-,  <  Gr.  ava-,  prefix,  ava,  prep.,  up, 
upon,  hence  along,  throughout ;  distributively, 
at  (so much  each)  (see  ana^) ;  in  comp.,  up,  up- 
ward, throughout,  back,  again,  =  Goth,  ana  = 
AS.  an,  on,  E.  on:  see  an^,  an^\  on.]  A  pre- 
fix of  Greek  origin,  meaning  up,  upon,  along, 
throughout,  back,  again,  etc.,  as  in  anabasis. 

-ana.  [L.  -ana,  neut.  pi.  of  -anus,  a  common 
adj.  suffix,  used,  for  example,  to  form  adjec- 
tives from  proper  names,  as  Ciceronianus,  Cice- 
ronian, from  Cicero(n-),  Cicero:  see  -an.]  A 
suffix  of  Latin  origin,  in  modem  use  with  a  eu- 
phonic variant,  -i-ana,  to  form  collective  plu- 
rals, as  Scaligerana,  Johnsoniana,  etc.,  applied 


191 

to  a  eoUeetion  of  sayings  of  Scaliger,  of  John- 
son, etc.,  or  of  anecdotes  or  gossip  concerning 
them;  also  sometimes  appended  to  common 
nouns,  as  boxiana  (annals  of  pugilism);  more 
recently  extended  to  all  the  literature  of  a  sub- 
ject, as  Americana,  Shaksperiana,  etc.  Hence 
sometimes  used  as  an  independent  word,  ana. 
See  awai. 

anabamous  (an-ab'a-mus),  a.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  ava, 
upward,  +  [iahuv,  go:  see  Anabas,  anabasis.] 
In  ichth.,  a  term  applied  to  certain  fishes  which 
are  said  to  be  able  to  climb  trees  for  a  short 
distance.  See  Anabas. 
anabantid  (an-a-ban'tid),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
family  Anahantidm. 

Anabantidse  (an-a-ban'ti-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  < 

Anabas  {-bant-)  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  acanthop- 
terygian  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Anabas, 
to  which  various  limits  have  been  assigned. 
(a)  After  the  Cuvierian  system  of  classification,  a  family 
characterized  by  the  division  of  the  superior  pharyngeals 
into  small  irregular  lamellae,  more  or  less  numerous,  and 
intercepting  cells  containing  water,  which  thusllows  upon 
and  moistens  the  gills  while  the  fish  is  out  of  water.  It 
includes  the  ophiocephalids  as  well  as  the  anabantids 
proper,  the  osphromenids,  and  the  Iielostomids.  (b) 
Among  later  authors,  a  family  cliaracterized  l)y  a  com- 
pressed oblong  body,  moderate  ctenoid  scales,  and  a  su- 
perbranchial  organ  in  a  cavity  accessory  to  the  gill-cham- 
ber. It  includes  the  osphromenids  and  the  helostomids 
as  well  as  the  typical  anabantids.  (c)  By  Cope  the  fam- 
ily was  limited  to  Labyrinthici  with  the  second  epipha- 
ryngeals  suppressed,  the  first  superior  branchihyals  with 
three  laminae,  and  the  second  and  third  developed.  Also 
witten  Anabatidce,  and  sometimes  Anabasidce.  See  cut 
under  Anabas. 

anabantoid  (an-a-ban'toid),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Anabas  {-bant-)  ^-oid.]  I.  a.  Having  the  char- 
acters of  the  Anabantidce,  or  fishes  with  laby- 
rinthiform  pharyngeals. 

II.  n.  An  anabantid. 
anabaptism  (an-a-bap'tizm),  n.  [<  LL.  anabap- 
tismus  (Augustine),  <  LGr.  *avapaTmajx6g,  ava- 
^aiTTLafia,  rebaptism,  <  Gr.  ava/SaTTTi^ecv,  dip  re- 
peatedly, LGr.  baptize  again :  see  anabaptize.] 

1.  A  second  baptism ;  rebaptism.    N.  E.  D. — 

2.  [cap.]  The  doctrine  or  practices  of  the  Ana- 
baptists. 

Anabaptist  (an-a-bap'tist),  n.  [<  NL.  anabap- 
tista,^  <  Gr.  as  if  *ava(iaiTTtaTi]^,  <  avapairTiC,eiv,  re- 
baptize:  see  anabaptism.]  One  who  believes 
in  rebaptism;  specifically,  one  of  a  class  of 
Christians  who  hold  baptism  in  infancy  to  be 
invalid,  and  require  adults  who  have  received 
it  to  be  baptized  on  joining  their  communion. 
The  name  is  best  known  historically  as  applied  to  the  fol- 
lowers of  Thomas  Munzer,  a  leader  of  the  peasants' war  in 
Germany,  who  was  killed  in  battle  in  1525,  and  to  those  of 
John  Matthias  and  John  Bockold,  or  John  of  Leyden,  who 
committed  great  excesses  while  attempting  to  establish  a 
socialistic  kingdom  of  New  Zion  or  Mount  Zion  at  Miinster 
in  Westphalia,  and  were  defeated  in  1535,  their  leaders 
being  killed  and  hung  up  in  iron  cages,  which  are  still 
preserved  in  that  city.  The  name  has  also  been  .applied  to 
bodies  of  very  different  character  in  other  respects,  prob- 
ably always  in  .m  opprobrious  sense,  since  believers  in  the 
sole  validity  of  adult  baptism  refuse  to  regard  it  as  re- 
baptism in  the  case  of  persons  who  had  received  the  rite  in 
infancy.  It  is  now  most  frequently  used  of  the  Mennon- 
ites.   See  Memmnite. 

Over  his  bow'd  shoulder 
Scowl'd  that  world-hated  and  world-hating  beast, 
A  haggard  Anabaptist.     Tennyson,  Queen  Mary,  ii.  2. 

anabaptistic  (an'-'a-bap-tis'tik),  a.  {(.Anabap- 
tist -t-  -ic]  Of  or  "relating  to  the  Anabaptists 
or  to  their  doctrines. 

anabaptistical  (an'a-bap-tis'ti-kal),  a.  Same 

as  anabaptistic. 

anabaptistically  (an-'a-bap-tis'ti-kal-i),  adv. 
In  conformity  with  anabaptistic  doctrine  or 
practice. 

anabaptistryt  (an-a-bap'tis-tri),  n.  [<  Anabap- 
tist +  -ry  for  -ery.]'  Same  as  anabaptism. 

Anabaptistry  was  suppressed  in  Miinster. 

£.  Pagit,  Heresiography,  p.  9. 

anabaptize  (an'-'a-bap-tiz'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
anabaptized,  t^^t" anabaptizing.  [<  NL.  anabap- 
tizare,  <  Gr.  avapaTrriCeiv,  dip  repeatedly,  LGr. 
baptize  again,  <  avd,  again,  -t-  pa-rrTl^Etv,  dip, 
baptize:  see  baptize.]  To  rebaptize;  baptize 
again;  rechristen;  rename. 

Some  called  their  profound  ignorances  new  lights ;  they 
were  better  anabaptized  into  the  appellation  of  extin- 
guishers. Whitlock,  Manners  of  Eng.,  p.  160. 

Anabas  (an'a-bas),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  avapdg  {ava- 
PavT-),  second  aorist  part,  of  avafiaivecv,  go  up, 
mount,  climb,  <  avd,  up,  4-  [iaivetv,  go,=L.  venire, 
come,  =  E.  come,  q. 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  see).  Anabas  scandens 
Chmhing-fish  {^itadas  sca>tiiens).     is  the  celebrated  climb- 


anabollc 

ing-flsh  of  India,  about  6  inches  long,  which  is  enabled  by 
the  peculiar  modification  of  the  branchial  apparatus  to 
live  a  long  time  out  of  water,  to  proceed  some  distance  on 
dry  land,  and  to  climb  trees  for  a  distance  of  about  0  or  7 
feet.    See  climbin;i-fish. 

Anabasidse  (an-a-bas'i-de),  n.pl.    [NL.,  irreg. 

<  Anabas  +  -idw'.]  Same  as  Anabantidw. 
anabasis  (a-nab'a-sis),  ». ;  pi.  anabases  (-sez). 
[L.,  <  Gr.  avdjiaryic,  a  going  up,  an  ascent,  <  dva- 
paivEiv,  go  up:  see  Anabas.  Ct.  basis.]  1.  A 
going  up,  especially  a  military  advance:  op- 
posed to  catabasis.  .Specifically,  the  title  of  a  work 
in  which  Xenophon  narrates  the  exijeriences  of  the  Greek 
mercenaries  of  Cyrus  the  Younger  in  his  attempt  in  401 
B.C.  to  dethrone  his  brother,  Artaxerxes  II.,  king  of  Persia. 

Hence — 2.  Any  military  expedition :  as,  "the 
anabasis  of  Napoleon,"  Be  Quinccy ;  "General 
Sherman's  great  anabasis,"  Spectator,  Dec.  31, 
1864. —  3t.  The  course  of  a  disease  from  the 
commencement  to  the  climax.  J.  Tliomas. 
anabasse  (an-a-bas'),  n.  [F.]  A  coarse  kind 
of  blanketing  made  in  France  and  the  Nether- 
lands for  the  African  market, 
anabata  (an-ab'a-ta),  w.  fML.;  in  form  like  Gr. 
dvajSardc,  verbal" adj.  of  avajiaivetv,  go  up  (see 
Anabas) ;  in  sense  like  ML.  *anabola  (coiTupt- 
ly  analabus),  anaboladium,  anabolarium,  a  cope 
(see  abolla).]  Eccles.,  a  hooded  cope,  usually 
worn  in  outdoor  processions,  frequently  larger 
and  longer  than  the  closed  cope.  Lee,  Eeelcs. 
Terms. 

Anabates  (an-ab'a-tez^,  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dvajid- 
TT]g,  one  who  mounts,  <  avapa'iveiv,  mount,  go  up : 
see  Anabas,  and  cf.  andabata.]  A  genus  of  birds 
established  by  Temminck  in  1820  upon  A.  rufi- 
caudus,  a  synaUaxine  bird  of  South  America. 

The  name  was  subsequently  applied  by  authors  to  various 
birds  of  the  same  group.  Nearly  synonymous  with  Synal- 
laxis  (which  see). 

Anabatidaei (an-a-bat'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL., (Ana- 
bates  +  -idee.]  'in  ornith.,  a  family  of  birds 
named  by  Bonaparte,  1849.  The  name  was  adoptea 

by  Gray  for  the  South  American  creepere  commonly  called 
Dendrocolaptidce,  including  such  leading  genera  as  Fur- 
narius,  Sclerurus,  Oxyrhamjihtis,  Dendrocvlaptes,  etc.;  by 
Gray  made  to  cover  also  the  nuthatches.  The  group  so 
composed  is  incapable  of  definition,  and  the  term  is  little 
used. 

Anabatidae^ (an-a-bat'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL., irreg. < 
Anabas  -t-  -idw.]  "In  ichth.,  same  as  Anabantidce. 
Anabatinse  (an"a-ba-ti'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ana- 
bates  +  -inw.]  A  subfamily  of  birds  named  by 
Swainson  in  1837 :  a  synonym  of  Synallaxinw 
(which  see), 
anabiosis  (an"a-bi-6'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dva- 
[iioEtv,  come  to  life  again:  see  anabiotic]  Re- 
animation;  resuscitation;  recovery  after  sus- 
pended animation.  [Rare.] 
anabiotic  (an'^a-bi-ofik),  a,  [<  Gr.  dva(3wetv, 
come  to  life'again^  <  dvd,  again,  +  [ideiv,  live  (> 
Pmtik6(;,  adj.),  <  piOQ,  life.]  In  med.,  reviving; 
acting  as  a  stimulant. 
Anablepina  (an'''a-ble-pi'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Anableps  +  -ina.]  In  Giin'ther's  classification 
of  fishes,  a  division  of  carnivorous  cyjirino- 
donts  having  aU  the  teeth  pointed  and  the 
sexes  differentiated,  the  anal  fin  of  the  male 
being  modified  into  an  intromittent  organ. 
The  group  includes  the  genus  Anableps  and 
several  other  genera. 
Anableps  (an'a-bleps),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ava- 
PMneiv,  look  up,  >  dm,  up,  +  jJAtTreiv,  look.] 
A  genus  of  cyprinodont  fishes  unique  among 
vertebrates  on  account  of  the  division  of  the 
cornea  into  upper  and  lower  halves  by  a  dark 


Four-eyes  I^Anabtrps  tetraophthalmus). 

horizontal  stripe  of  the  conjunctiva,  and  the 
development  of  two  pupils  to  each  orbit,  so 
that  the  fish  appears  to  have  foui-  eyes,  one 
pair  looking  upward  and  the  other  pair  side- 
wise.  There  are  several  species  of  the  genus,  the  prin- 
cipal one  being  A.  tetraophthnlmns,  known  as  the  four- 
eyes,  inhabiting  the  sandy  shores  of  tropical  .\nierican  seas, 
anabole  (an-ab'9-le),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avafioli), 
what  is  thrown  up,  <  dvafidAleiv,  throw  up,  < 
dvd,  up,  +  pdXletv,  throw.]  A  throwing  up; 
specifically,  in  med.,  an  evacuation  upward; 
an  act  by  which  certain  matters  are  ejected 
by  the  mouth,  including  spitting,  expectora- 
tion, regurgitation,  and  vomiting, 
anabolic  (an-a-bol'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  ava^okij,  a 
throwing  up,  rising  up,  -f  -ic]  Characterized 
by  or  exhibiting  anabolism ;  pertaining  to  an- 
abolism  in  general ;  assimilative;  constructive- 
ly metabolic. 


anabolic 

This  aspect  of  protoplasm  is  ot  constantly  increasing 
importance,  since  for  the  diemist  all  functions  alike  can 
only  be  viewed  in  terms  of  those  specific  anabolic  or  kata- 
bolic  changes  which  to  the  physiologist,  on  the  other 
hand,  seem  mere  accompaniments  of  them. 

Encrjc.  Brit.,  XIX.  829. 

anabolism  (an-ab'o-lizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  ava^oTii/, 
a  thi-owing  up,  rising  up,  +  -ism.']  Assimila- 
tion; antegrade  metamorphosis;  constructive 
metabolism,  or  ascending  metabolic  processes 
by  which  a  substance  is  transformed  into  an- 
other which  is  more  complex  or  more  highly 
organized  and  more  energetic,  it  is  one  kind  of 
metabolism,  of  which  catabolisni  is  the  other.  The  pro- 
cess is  attended  with  the  absorption  and  storing  up  of  en- 
ergy, which  is  set  free  or  manifested  in  retrograde  meta- 
morphosis. The  conversion  of  the  nutritive  elements  of 
the  food  into  the  tissues  of  a  living  organism  is  a  familiar 
example. 

Anabrus  (an-ab'rus),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  av-  priv. 

+  dJpdf,  graceful,  pretty,  delicate.]  A  genus 
of  wingless  orthopterous  insects,  of  the  family 
Locusticlw.  It  contains  several  North  American  species 
known  as  western  crickets  or  stone-crickets,  such  as  A. 
simplex,  a  large,  dark-colored,  nomadic  species,  sometimes 
appearing  in  vast  numbers  on  the  plains  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

anacahuite-WOOd  (an'-'a-ka-hwe'te-wud),  n. 
[<  anacahiiite,  Mes.  name,  +  woodX.]  The 
wood  of  a  boraginaceous  shrub,  Cordia  Bois- 
sieri,  obtained  from  Tampico,  Mexico.  It  is 
reputed  to  be  a  remedy  for  consumption. 

anacalypsis  (an"a-ka-lip'sis),  11. ;  pi.  anacahjp- 
ses  (-sez).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avamXvipi^,  an  uncover- 
ing, <  avaKali'TTTeiv,  uncover,  unveil,  <  avd,  back, 
-I-  KaAvTTetv,  cover.  Cf.  apocalypse.']  An  un- 
veiling; a  revealing;  revelation.  [Rare.] 

anacamptic  (an-a-kamp'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avaKaji- 
TTTetv,  bend  back,  <  avd,  back,  +  Kd/iTr£tv,  bend,  > 
Ka/iiKTiKoc,  liable  to  bend.]  Reflecting  or  re- 
flected.— Anacamptic  sounds,  sounds  produced  by  re- 
flection, as  echoes. 

anacamptically  (an-a-kamp'ti-kal-i),  adv.  By 
reflection:  as,  echoes  are  sounds  aHaca»(p;jca/?(/ 
returned.  [Rare.] 

anacampticst  (an-a-kamp'tiks),  n.  [PI.  of 
anacamptic:  see -ics.]  1.  That  part  of  optics 
which  treats  of  reflection:  now  called  catoptrics 
(which  see). —  2.  The  theory  of  reflected  sound. 

anacanth  (an'a-kanth),  n.  [<  Gr.  dvaKavdog, 
without  a  spine,  <  dv-  priv.  +  aKavda,  spine, 
thorn:  see  acantlia.]  A  fish  of  the  order  or 
suborder  Anacanthini. 

Anacanthi  (an-a-kan'thi),  n.  pi.  Same  as  Ana- 
can  tliini. 

anacanthine  (an-a-kan'thin),  a.  [<  NL.  awa- 
canthinus :  see  below.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Anacanthini;  anacanthous. 

Anacanthini  (an"a-kan-thi'ni),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
pi.  of  anacanthinus :  see  anacanth  and  -ini.] 
A  group  of  teleostean  fishes  to  which  various 
limits  have  been  assigned  by  ichthyologists. 

It  is  now  usually  rated  as  an  order  or  a  suborder,  char- 
acterized by  the  spineless  vertical  and  ventral  fins,  the 
latter  jugular  or  thoracic  when  present,  and  the  air-blad- 
der, if  developed,  with  no  pneumatic  duct.  The  group 
contains  many  edible  fishes  of  the  greatest  economic  im- 
portance, as  the  cod,  hake,  haddock,  whiting,  cusk,  bur- 
bot, etc.,  among  the  gadoids,  and  the  halibut,  turbot,  sole, 
plaice,  flounder,  etc.,  among  the  pleuronectids.  It  is  di- 
vided by  Giinther  into  A.  pleuronectoidei,  characterized 
by  having  the  two  sides  of  the  head  imsymmetrical,  and 
comprising  the  flatfishes  of  the  family  Ple.uronectidce, 
and  A.  qadoidei,  having  the  head  symmetrical.  By  later 
writers  it  has  been  restricted  to  the  forms  manifesting  bi- 
lateral symmetry.  By  Cope  and  Gill  it  has  been  further 
limited  to  those  types  which  have  the  hypercoracoid  im- 
perforate and  the  foramen  between  the  hypercoracoid  and 
the  hypocoracoid.  It  thus  includes  the  families  Gadidon 
and  Macraridcu.    Also  Anacanthi. 

anacanthous  (an-a-kan'thus),  a.  [<  Gr.  dvd- 
Kavdog,  spineless:  see  anacanth.]  1.  Spineless. 
—  2.  Specifically,  in  ichth.,  having  the  charac- 
teristics of  the  anacanths;  pertaining  to  the 
order  or  suborder  Anacanthini. 

anacard  (an'a-kard),  n.  [=F.  anacarde,  <  NL. 
anacardium :  see  Anacardiuni.]  The  cashew- 
nut;  the  fruit  of  the  Anacardium  occidentale. 
See  Anacardiian.    N.  E.  D. 

Anacardiaceae  (an-a-kar-di-a'se-e),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Anacardium  -t-  -acece.]  A  natural  order  of 
polypetalous  diseifloral  plants,  with  alternate 
leaves,  small  flowers  in  panicles,  and  the  fruit 
a  one-seeded,  one-celled  drupe.  They  are  trees  or 
shrubs  abounding  in  an  acrid,  resinous,  milky  juice,  na- 
tives chiefly  of  tropical  and  warm  I'egions  of  the  globe. 
To  this  order  belong  the  sumac  (Rhus),  some  of  the  spe- 
cies of  which  are  poisonous  to  those  handling  them,  the 
pistachio,  the  mango  (Mangi/em  Indica),  the  cashew 
(Anacardium  occidentale),  the  marking-nut  (Semecarpun 
\inacardium),  the  varnish-tree  of  Martaban  (Melanor- 
rhdf'O'  usitata),  and  the  Japan  lacquer  {Rhus  eernici/era). 

anacardiaceous  (an-a-kar-di-a'shius),  a.  [<  NL. 
anacuTdiacens :  see  Anacardiacece.]  In  bot,  re- 
lating OT  belonging  to  the  Anacardiacece. 


Fruit  of  Anacardi- 
um occidentale,  cut 
vertically. 


192 

anacardic  (an-a-kar'dik),  a.  [<  anacard  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  tlie  shell  of  the  cashew-nut  Ana- 
cardic acid,  C.j4H(5407,  an  acid  of  an  aromatic  and  burn- 
ing flavor,  derived  from  the  pericarps  of  the  cashew-nut. 
It  is  white  and  crystalline. 

Anacardium  (an-a-kar'di-um),  m.  [NL.,<Gr. 

dvd,  according  to,  "hence  resembling,  +  napSia, 
heart:  see  cardiac]  A  genus 
of  shrubs  and  trees,  natural 
order  Anacardiacew,  natives  of 
tropical  America.  They  bear  a 
kidney-shaped  drupe  at  the  summit  of 
a  fleshy  receptacle,  the  thickened  disk 
and  peduncle  of  the  flower.  In  the 
cashew-tree,  A.  occidentale,  the  prin- 
cipal species,  this  receptacle  resem- 
bles a  pear  in  shape  and  size,  and  is 
edible,  having  an  agreeable  acid 
though  somewhat  astringent  flavor. 
The  drupes  are  roasted,  and  the  ker- 
nels, having  their  intense  acridity 
thus  destroyed,  become  the  pleasant 
and  wholesome  cashew-nuts.  The  tree 
yields  a  gum  having  qualities  like 
those  of  gum  ai'abic,  imported  from 
South  America  under  the  name  of 
acajou. 

anacatharsis  (an-'a-ka-thar '- 
sis),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dvaKdOapaiq,  a  clearing 
away,  <  dvanaOaipeiv,  clear  away,  <  dvd,  up,  away, 
-f-  Kadaipuv,  cleanse:  see  catharsis,  cathartic] 
In  med. :  (a)  Purgation  upward.  (&)  Cough 
attended  by  expectoration. 

anacathartic  (an'^a-ka-thar'tik),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Gr.  dvoKadaprtKog,  promoting  vomiting,  <  avana- 
Oaipeiv,  clear  away,  cleanse :  see  anacatharsis.] 
I.  a.  la  7ncd.,  throwing  upward;  cleansing  by 
exciting  discharges  from  the  mouth  or  nose,  as 
vomiting,  expectoration,  etc. 

II.  n.  One  of  a  class  of  medicines  which  ex- 
cite discharges  by  the  mouth  or  nose,  as  expec- 
torants, emetics,  sternutatories,  and  mastica- 
tories. 

anacephalaeosis  (an-a-sef"a-le-6'sis),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  avaK£(l>a?iai(jac^,  ^  dvaKe^aXaideiv,  sum  up,  as 
an  argument,  <  dvd,  up,  +  Ke(l>aXaideiv,  sum  up, 
bring  under  heads,  <  K£(j>dXaiov,  one  of  the  heads 
of  a  discourse,  prop.  neut.  of  latpaXaioc,  pertain- 
ing to  the  head,  <  t<£<paX//,  the  head :  see  cephalic] 
In  rhet.,  a  summing  up;  recapitulation  of  the 
principal  heads  of  a  discourse ;  recapitulation 
in  general. 

anachorett  (an-ak'o-ret),  n.  The  tmeontracted 
form  of  anchoret. 

An  Englishman,  so  madly  devout,  that  he  had  wilfully 
mured  up  himself  as  an  anachoret,  the  worst  of  all  pris- 
oners. Bp.  Hall,  Epistles,  i.  5. 

anachoreticalf  (an-ak-o-ret'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr. 
dvax(jpv™6(,  disposed  to  retire,  LGr.  pertaining 
to  an  anchoret :  see  anchoret.]  Relating  to  or 
resembling  an  anachoret  or  anchoret. 

anachorism  (a-nak'o-rizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  dvd,  back, 
-t-  x<^po-j  or  X"Po?t  country,  +  -ism ;  formed  in 
imitation  of  anachronism.]  Something  incon- 
sistent with  or  not  suited  to  the  character  of 
the  country  to  which  it  is  referred.  [Rare.] 

There  is  a  sort  of  opinions,  anachronisms  at  once  and 
anachorisms,  foreign  both  to  the  age  and  the  country, 
that  maintain  a  feeble  and  buzzing  existence,  scarce  to  be 
called  life.  Lowell,  Biglow  Papers,  2d  ser.,  p.  79. 

anachoritef  (an-ak'o-rit),  n.  An  old  form  of 
anchoret. 

anachronic,  anachronical  ( an  -  a  -  kron '  ik, 
-i-kal),  a.  [As  anachronism  +  -ic.  &.  chronic] 
Sanie  as  anachronous. 

In  our  last  General  Convention  ...  it  happened  once 
that  a  member,  anachronic,  moved  a  resolution  having  the 
old  firebrand  smell  about  it,  the  old  clatter  of  the  rack 
and  chains.      Morgan  Dix,  Am.  Church  Rev.,  XLII.  521. 

anachronically  (an-a-kron'i-kal-i),  adv.  By 
anachronism;  wrongly  with  respect  to  date. 

anachronism  (an-ak'ron-izm),  n.  [=  F.  ana- 
chronisme,  <  Gr.  dvaxpovia/xdq,  <  dvaxpovi^eiv,  re- 
fer to  a  wrong  time,  only  in  pass,  dvaxpovi^eadai, 
be  an  anachronism,  <  dvd,  back,  against,  + 
xpovoc,  time :  see  chronic]  An  error  in  respect 
to  dates ;  any  error  which  implies  the  mispla- 
cing of  persons  or  events  in  time ;  hence,  any- 
thing foreign  to  or  out  of  keeping  with  a  speci- 
fied time.  Thus,  Shakspere  makes  Hector  quote  Aris- 
totle, who  lived  many  centuries  after  the  assumed  date  of 
Hector.  Anachronisms  may  be  made  in  regard  to  mode 
of  thought,  style  of  writing,  and  the  like,  as  well  as  in 
regard  to  events. 

The  famous  anachronism  [of  Virgil]  in  making  ^neas 
and  Dido  contemporaries.  Dryden,  Epic  Poetry. 

Thus  far  we  abjure,  as  monstrous  moral  anachronisms, 
the  parodies  and  lampoons  attributed  to  Homer. 

De  Quincey,  Homer,  iii. 
But  of  what  use  is  it  to  avoid  a  single  anachronism, 
when  the  whole  play  is  one  anachronism,  the  sentiments 
and  phrases  of  Versailles  in  the  camp  of  Aulis? 

Macaulay,  Moore's  Byron. 


anaconda 

anachronist  (an-ak'ron-ist),  n.  [As  anachron- 
ism +  -ist.]  One  who  commits  an  anachron- 
ism.   Dc  Quincey. 

anachronistic,  anachronistical  (an-ak-ro-nis'- 

tik, -ti-kal),  a.  [i  anachronist.]  Same  as  awa- 
chronons. 

anachronize  (an-ak'ron-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

anachron  'iscd,  ppr.  anachronizing.  [<  Gr.  ava- 
Xpovi^eiv,  refer  to  a  wrong  time :  see  anachron- 
ism.] To  refer  to  an  erroneous  date  or  period ; 
misplace  chronologically. 

anachronous  (an-ak'ron-us),  a.  [As  anachron- 
ism. +  -ous,  as  if  directly  <  Gr.  dvd,  back,  + 
Xpdvog,  time  :  see  anachronism.]  Erroneous  in 
date ;  containing  an  anachronism ;  out  of  date. 
Equivalent  forms  are  anachronic,  anachronical, 
anachronistic,  and  anachronistical. 

anachronously  (an-ak'ron-us-li),  adv.  In  an 
anachronous  manner;  without  regard  to  cor- 
rect chronology. 

anaclasis  (an-ak'la-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dvdK?.a- 
aig,  a  bending  back,  recurvatm'e,  refieetion  of 
light  or  of  sound,  <  dvaK?Ldv,  bend  back,  break 
off,  <  dvd,  back,  +  (cAdv,  break  off,  deflect.]  In 
pros.,  the  substittition  of  a  ditrochee  for  an 
Ionic  a  majori,  so  that  the  second  and  third  of 
the  four  syllables  interchange  lengths,  wiule 
the  constituent  parts  are  otherwise  unaltered,  the  rhyth- 
mic movement  is  by  this  irregularity  partially  deranged 
or  broken  up. 

anaclastic  (an-a-klas'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  dvdKkaarog, 
reflected,  verbal  adj.  of  dvaiikdv,  see  anaclasis.'\ 
1 .  Pertaining  to  or  produced  by  the  refraction 
of  light. —  2.  Bending  back;  refracted. — 3.  In 
pros.,  modified  or  characterized  by  anaclasis. — 

Anaclastic  curves,  the  apparent  curves  at  the  bottom  of 
a  vessel  of  water,  caused  by  the  refraction  of  light.— Ana- 
Clastic  glass  or  vial,  a  glass  with  a  narrow  mouth  and 
a  wide  convex  bottom  of  such  thinness  that  when  a  little 
ail-  is  sucked  out  it  springs  inward  with  a  smart  crackling 
sound,  and  when  air  is  blown  in  it  springs  outward  into  its 
former  sliape  with  a  like  noise. 

anaclastics  (an-a-klas'tiks),  n.  [PI.  of  ana- 
clastic: Bee -ics.]    Same  as  dioptrics. 

anaclisis  (an-ak'li-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dvaKAtatc, 
a  reclining,  <  dvaiMveiv,  lean  one  thing  against 
another,  in  pass.  dvaKXiveadai,  recline,  <  dvd,  back, 
+  kXiveiv,  lean:  see  clinic  and  leanX.]  In  med., 
the  particular  attitude  taken  by  a  sick  person 
in  bed,  which  affords  important  indications  in 
some  cases ;  decubitus. 

anacoenosis  (an'^a-se-no'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dvanoivuaig,  communication,  <  dvuKoivovv,  com- 
municate, make  common,  <  dvd,  throughout, 
+  notvovv,  make  common,  <  kolvo^,  common :  see 
cenobite.]  In  rhet,  a  figure  consisting  in  ap- 
pealing to  one's  opponent  for  his  opinion  on 
the  point  in  debate. 

anacolutha,  «.    Plural  of  anacoluthon. 
anacoluthia  (an^a-ko-lii'thi-a),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

dvuKo'kovdia,  inconsequence,  <  dvaaoXovdog,  incon- 
sequent: see  anacoluthon.]  Want  of  grammat- 
ical sequence  or  coherence ;  the  passing  from 
one  construction  to  another  in  the  same  sen- 
tence. For  examples,  see  anacoluthon.  Also 
spelled  anakoluthia  and  anakolouthia. 

Anakolulhia  requires  length  or  strength,  length  of  sen- 
tence or  strength  of  passion.      Jour,  of  PhUol.,  VII.  175. 

anacoluthic  (an'''a-k9-lii'thik),  a.  [<  anacolu- 
thon +  -ic]  In  gram,  and  rhet.,  wanting  se- 
quence; containing  an  anacoluthon:  as,  an 
anacoluthic  clause  or  sentence.  Also  spelled 
anakoluthic  and  anakolouthic. 

anacoluthically  (an'^a  -  ko  -  lii '  tlii  -  kal  -  i),  adv. 
[<  anacoluthic  +  -al  +  -ly^.]  In  an  anacoluthic 
manner.  .A^.  E.  D.  Also  spelled  anakoluthically 
and  anakolouthically. 

anacoluthon  (an^a-ko-lii'thon),  n. ;  pi.  anaco- 
lutha (-tha).  [NL.j'C  Gr.  dvaKdlovOov,  neut.  of  dva- 
k6?mv6oc,  inconsequent  (the  Gr.  noun  is  dvamTiOv- 
6ia:  see  anacoluthia),  <  dv-  priv.  +  aKoAovdoc,  fol- 
lowing, >  E.  acolyte,  q.  v.]  In  gram,  and  rhet, 
an  instance  of  anacoluthia ;  a  construction  char- 
acterized by  a  want  of  grammatical  sequence. 

For  example :  "And  he  charged  him  to  tell  no  man  :  but 
go  and  shew  thyself  to  the  priest."  Luke  v.  14.  "  He  that 
curseth  father  or  mother,  let  him  die  the  death."  Mat. 
XV.  4.  As  a  figure  of  speech  it  has  propriety  and  force 
only  so  far  as  it  suggests  that  the  emotion  of  the  speaker 
is  so  great  as  to  make  him  forget  how  he  began  his  sen- 
tence, as  in  the  following  examples  : 

"  If  thou  beest  he  —  But,  0,  how  f all'n !  how  changed ! " 

Milton,  P.  L.,  j.  84. 

"But  — ah  !  — Him  !  the  first  great  Martyr  in  this  great 
cause  !  .  .  .  how  shall  I  struggle  with  the  emotions  that 
stifle  the  utterance  of  thy  name  ! "  D.  Webster,  Speech  at 
Bunker  Hill. 

Also  spelled  anakoluthon  and  anakolouthon. 
anaconda  (an-a-kon'da),  n.    [In  the  18th  cen- 
tury also  spelled  andcondo,  anocondo;  men- 


anaconda 

tioned  by  Eay  (1G93)  in  the  form  anacandaia, 
as  if  the  native  name  in  Ceylon ;  but  the  word 
has  not  been  traced  iu  Singhalese  or  elsewhere.] 
1.  A  very  large  serpent  of  Ceylou,  a  kind  of 
P3rthon,  variously  identified  as  Fython  rcticu- 
latus,  or  P.  molurus,  or  P.  tigris ;  hence,  some  In- 
dian species  of  that  genus.  Also  calledj)j/«6eya 
and  rock-snake. — 2.  Used  mistakenly  by  Dau- 
dia  as  the  specific  name  of  a  large  serpent 
of  South  America,  Boa  murina  (LinniBus),  B. 
anaconda  (Daudin),  now  generally  known  as 
Eunectes  murinus ;  hence,  some  large  South 
American  boa,  python,  or  rock-snake.  In 
zodl.  the  name  is  becoming  limited  to  the  Eu- 
nectes murinus. — 3.  In  popular  language,  any 
enormous  serpent  which  is  not  venomous,  but 
which  envelops  and  crushes  its  prey  in  its 
folds ;  any  of  the  numerous  species  of  the  i&m- 
Hies  Boidw  and  Pythonidw ;  any  boa  constrictor. 
Anacondas  are  found  in  the  tropical  countries  of  boHi 
hemisplieres,  and  are  generally  blotched  with  black, 
brown,  and  yellow.  Some  are  said  to  attain  a  length  of 
upward  of  30  feet,  but  they  are  usually  found  of  a  length 
between  12  and  20  feet.  XheyareUotvenomous,  but  possess 
great  constricting  powers,  the  larger  specimens  being  able 
to  crush  and  swallow  such  quadrupeds  as  the  tiger  and 
jaguar.  One  of  the  species  found  in  Brazil  is  there  called 
sucuriu  or  sueariuba.  The  name  has  been  popularly  ap- 
plied to  all  the  larger  and  more  powerful  snakes.  The 
orthography  of  the  word  has  settled  into  anaconda. 

anacosta  (an-a-kos'ta),  «.  [Sp.]  A  woolen  fab- 
ric made  in  Holland  and  exported  to  Spain. 

Anacreontic  (an-ak-re-on'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
Anacreonticus,  <  Ana'creon,  <  Gr.  'AvaKpluv,  a 
Greek  poet.]  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  after 
the  manner  of  Anacreon,  a  Greek  poet  of  the 
sixth  centm-y  b.  c,  whose  odes  and  epigrams 
were  celebrated  for  their  ease  and  grace.  They 
were  devoted  to  the  praise  of  love  and  wine. 
Hence — 2.  Pertaining  to  the  praise  of  love 
and  wine ;  convivial ;  amatory. 

Constantinople  had  given  him  a  taste  for  Anacreontic 
singing  and  female  society  of  the  questionable  kind. 

H.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  88. 

II. «.  c]  [=Y' .  anacreontique.']  Apoemby 
Anacreon,  or  composed  in  the  manner  of  Ana- 
creon ;  a  little  poem  in  praise  of  love  and  wine. 
Formerly  sometimes  written  anacreontique. 

To  the  miscellanies  [of  Cowley]  succeed  the  anacreon- 
tiques.  Johnson,  Cowley. 

anacrotic  (an-a-krot'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avd,  up,  -f- 
KpoTo^,  striking,  clapping :  ef .  avaKpordv,  lift  up 
and  clap  (the  hands).]  Displaying  or  relating 
to  anaerotism. 

anacrotism  (a-nak'ro-tizm),  n.  l<.  anacrotic  + 
-ism.']  The  secondaiy  oscillation  occurring  in 
the  ascending  portion  of  a  sphygmographic  or 
pulse-recording  tracing.    See  sphygmograph. 

anacrusis  (an-a-kro'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avaKpov- 
aig,  <  avMpovetv,  strike  back,  push  back,  check 
(in  music,  strike  up,  begin),  <  ava  -f  Kpohetv, 
strike.]  In  pros.,  an  upward  beat  at  the  begin- 
ning of  a  verse,  consisting  of  either  one  or  two 
unaccented  syllables,  regarded  as  separate  from 
and  introductory  to  the  remainder  of  the  verse. 

anacrustic  (an-a-krus'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avoKpov- 
cTiKog  (fitted  for  "checking),  with  ref .  to  anacrit- 
sis.]    Characterized  by  anacrusis. 

anapusis  (an-a-kii'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av-  priv. 
+  aKovaig,  hearing,  <  anovetv,  hear:  see  acoustic.'] 
Deafness  from  nervous  lesion. 

anadem  (an'a-dem),  n.  [<  L.  anadema,  <  Gr.  ava- 
irjfia,  a  head-band  or  fillet,  <  avaSdv,  bind  up, 
wreathe,  crown,  <  ava,  up,  +  6dv,  bind.  Cf.  dia- 
dem.'] A  band,  fillet,  garland,  or  wreath  worn 
on  the  head:  as,  "wreaths  and  flHaf7ems,"  Tenny- 
son, Palace  of  Art.  Also  soelled  anademe:  as, 
"garlands,  anademes,  and  wi-eaths,"  Drayton, 
Muses'  Elysium,  v.  [Rare.] 

anadiplosis  (an'-'a-di-plo'sis),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  ava- 
tSfVAuOTf,  repetition,  <  avaSLnXovv,  make  double 
(used  only  in  pass.),  <  ava,  again,  -f-  AttAow, 
make  double,  <  Sin'Aoog,  double :  see  diploe  and 
diploma.]  A  figure  in  rhetoric  and  poetry,  con- 
sisting in  the  repetition  at  the  beginning  of  a 
line  or  clause  of  the  last  word  or  words  preced- 
ing, as  in  the  following  examples : 

"For  the  Lord  thy  God  bringeth  thee  into  a  good  land, 
a  land  of  brooks  of  water."   Dent.  viii.  7. 

' '  The  Spirit  itself  beareth  witness  with  our  spirit,  that  we 
are  the  children  of  God  :  Audit  children,  then  heirs;  heirs 
of  God,  and  joint-heirs  with  Clu-ist."   Rom.  viii.  16,  17. 

anadrom  (an'a-drom),  n.  [<  Gr.  avaSpofiog,  run- 
ning up,  applied  to  fish  ascending  rivers,  <  ava- 
upafieiv,  run  up,  <  avd,  up,  +  Spa/xeiv,  run :  see 
dromedary.]  An  anadromous  fish ;  one  which 
ascends  rivers  from  the  sea  to  spawn. 

anadromous  (a-nad'ro-mus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avaSpojxoQ : 
see  anadrow.]  Ascending.  Applied— (a)  In  zooi., 
to  fishes  which  pass  from  the  sea  to  fresh  water  to  spawn. 
13 


193 

The  movements  of  anadromous  fishes  in  our  Atlantic 
rivers.  Science,  VI.  420. 

(I>)  In  hot.,  to  ferns  whose  lowest  secondary  branches  ori- 
ginate on  the  anterior  side  of  the  pinuic. 

Anaemaria,  ansematosis,  anaemia,  etc.  See 

Ancmuria,  etc. 
Anaeretes  (a-uor'e-tez),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  avaiphrjc^, 
a  destroyer,  murderer,  <  avaiptlv,  take  away,  iXq- 
stroy,  <  awi,  up,  4- a4/3"^'>take.   Gt.anareta.]  A 
genus  of  South  American  tyrant  flycatchers, 
of  the  family  Tyrannidm.  One  of  the  species  is  yl . 
hocristatns,  a  small  bird  striped  with  black  and  white,  and 
having  a  plumicorn  over  each  eye.   Also  less  correctly 
written  Anairctes. 
anaeretic  (an-e-ret'ik),  n.  [<  Gr.  avatperiKoc,  tak- 
ing away,  destructive,  <  avaiptTT/g,  a  destroyer : 
see  Amcretes.]    In  med.,  anything  tending  to 

destroy  tissue.— Animal  anseretics,  the  gast  ric  juice 
and  vaccine  lymph.    Si/d.  Soc.  Lex. 

anaerobe  (au-a'e-rob),  n.  One  of  the  anaerobia. 
anaerobia  (an-a-e-ro'bi-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  anaerobius:  see  aiiaerohious.  First  used 
by  Pasteur,  in  F.  pi.,  anaerobies.]  A  name 
given  to  bacteria  which  live  without  free  oxy- 
gen, in  distinction  from  aerohia  (which  see), 
anaerobian  (an-a-e-ro'bi-an),  a.    Relating  to 

or  characteristic  of' anaerobia;  anaerobious. 
anaerobic  (an-a-e-rob'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  characters  of  anaerobia. 
anaerobiosis  (an-a'-'e-ro-bi-o'sis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  av-  priv.  +  aTjp  (aep-),  air,  +  (iiuoig,  way  of 
life,  <  jiLOELv,  live,  <  /?/of,  life.  Cf.  aerobiosis.] 
Life  in  an  atmosphere  which  does  not  contain 
oxygen. 

anaerobiotic  (an  -a''''e-ro-bi-ot'ik),  a.  Same  as 
anaerobious. 

It  is  just  the  anaHrobiotic  plants  which  are  most  highly 
endowed  with  the  property  of  exciting  fermentation. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  51. 

anaerobious  (an-a-e-ro'bi-us),  a.  [<  NL.  ayiae- 
robius,  <  Gr.  av-  priv.  +  a^p  (aep-),  air,  +  fSiog, 
life.]  Capable  of  living  in  an  atmosphere 
without  oxygen. 

anaerophyte  (an  -a'e-ro-fit),  M.  [^  Gr.  ai'- priv. 
+  dr/p  (dep-),  air,  +' cpiiTov,  a  plant.  Cf.  aero- 
phyte.]  In  bot.,  a  plant  which  does  not  need 
a  direct  supply  of  air.  N.  E.  D. 
anaesthesia  (au-es-the'si-a),  n.  [<  Gr.  dvaiafhjcia, 
inseiisibility,  stupor,  <  dvaiadr/rog,  insensible, 
not  feeling:  see  anesthetic]  Loss  of  the  sense 
of  touch,  as  from  paralysis  or  extreme  cold; 
diminution  or  loss  of  the  physical  sense  of 
feeling;  specifically,  a  state  of  insensibility, 
especially  to  pain,  produced  by  inhaling  an  an- 
esthetic, as  chloroform  or  ether,  or  by  the  ap- 
plication of  other  anesthetic  agents.  Also  an- 
esthesia, anwsthesis,  anesthesis  Anaesthesia  do- 
lorosa, a  condition  in  which,  though  the  sense  of  touch 
is  lust,  ^r^■at  pain  is  still  felt  in  the  affected  part. 

anaesthesis  (an-es-the'sis),  n.    [<Gr.  dv- priv. 

+  aladr/ffic,  feeling.   Cf,  ancesthesia  ]    Same  as 
ana;sthesia. 
anaesthetic,  etc.    See  anesthetic,  etc. 
anaetiological  (an - e  " ti- o  -loj '  i - kal),  a.  [<  Gr. 
dr-priv.  (rt-18)  +  atiolog'ical,  q.  v.]     Not  eetio- 
logical ;  having  no  known  natm'al  cause  or  rea- 
son for  being;  dysteleological. 
anagennesis  (an-a-je-ne'sis),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dvayhv/iaig,  regeneration,  <  dvayevvHv,  regener- 
ate, <  avd,  again,  -t-  yevvdv,  generate.]  Repara- 
tion or  reproduction  of  tissue ;  regeneration  of 
structure. 

ana^l^ph  (an'a-glif),  n.  [<  L.  anaglyphum,  < 
Gr.  dvdy'Xvipov,  embossed  work,  neut.  of  dvdyXv^oq 
(sometimes  dvd7;ii;7rrof,  yL.  anaglyptus — Pliny), 
embossed  in  low  relief,  <  avd,  up,  -f-  yl'vipeiv,  cut 
out,  hollow  out,  engi'ave:  see  glyph.]  Any 
carving  or  art-work  in  relief,  as  distinguished 
from  engraved  incised  work,  or  intaglio.  The 
term  is  most  generally  applied  to  works  in  precious  metal 
or  to  gems,  but  it  is  also  applied  to  ordinary  reliefs  in 
stone,  etc.    Also  called  anaglypton. 

anaglyphic  (an-a-glif 'ik),  a.  [<  anaglyph  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  anaglyphs  or  to  the  art  of  decora- 
tion in  relief:  opposed  to  diaglyphic.  Also  ana- 
glyptic. 

anaglyphical  (an-a-gUf 'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  ana- 
glyphic. Also  anaglyptical.' 
anaglyphies  (an-a-glif 'iks),  n.  The  art  of  dec- 
orating in  relief.  Also  anaglyptics. 
anaglyphy  (an-ag'li-fi),  w.  [<  anaglyph -i--y.]  1. 
The  art  of  sculpturing  in  relief,  or  of  carving 
or  embossing  ornaments  in  relief. —  2.  Work 
thus  executed. 

anaglyptic  (an-a-glip'tik),  a.  [<  LL.  anaglyp- 
ticus,  <  Gr.  ^avay/ivTrTiKog,  <  dvdy/^vnTog,  wrought 
in  low  relief:  see  anaglyph.]  Same  as  ana- 
glyphic. 

anaglyptical  (an-a-glip'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as 
anaglyphical. 


anagram 

anaglyptics  (an-a-glip'tiks),  n.    Same  as  anor 

glyphics. 

anaglyptograph  (an-a-glip'to-graf ),  n.    [<  Gr. 

avdy'AvTtToc,  anaglyptic  (see  anaglyph),  +  ypd<j)i:iv, 
write,  engi-ave.]  An  instrument  for  making  a 
medalliou-engiaving  of  an  object  iu  relief,  as  a 
medal  or  a  cauieo.  E.  H.  Knight. 
anaglyptographic  (an-a,-glip-t()-gi-af'ik),  a.  [< 
anaglyptograph  +  -ic]  Of  or  pertaining  to  ana- 
glyptogi-aphy — Anaglyptographic  engraving,  a 

process  of  engraving  on  an  ctcliing-grouiid  which  gives  to  a 
subject  the  .^ppea^ance  of  being  raised  from  the  surface  of 
the  print,  as  if  embossed.  It  is  frequently  employed  in  the 
representation  of  coins,  medals,  bas-reliefs,  etc. 

anaglyptography  (an"a-glip-tog'ra-fi),  n.  [< 
anaglyptograph.]  The  art  of  copying  works  in 
relief ;  anagly]itographic  engraving, 
anaglypton  (an-a-glip'ton),  n.  [<  L.  anaglyp- 
tuni,  in  pi.  anaglypta,  <  Gr.  dvdy/v-rov,  neut.  of 
avdyAvKTog  (Pliny):  see  anaglyph.]  Same  as 
anaglyph. 

anagnorisis  (an-ag-nor'i-sis),  n.  [NL.,<Gr. 

dvayviipiair,  recognition,  in  tragedy  recognition 
as  leading  to  the  denouement,  <  dvayvupil^eiv, 
recognize,  esp.  in  tragedy,  <  dvd,  again,  + 
yvupi^eiv,  make  known,  gain  knowledge  of,  < 
*yvupog  (not  used,  =  L.  *gndrus,  iu  eomp.  igno- 
rare,  know  not,  ignore;  cf.  gnarus,  knowing),  < 
yiyvuGKEiv  =  'E.  Inow,  q.  v.]  1.  Recognition. — 
2.  The  unraveling  of  a  plot  in  dramatic  action; 
denouement ;  clearing  up. 
anagnost  (an'ag-nost),  m.  l<  'L.  anagnostes,  < 
Gr.  dvayvuoTT/g,  a  reader,  K  dvayiyv^aKeiv,  read, 
recognize,  know  again,  <  djjd,  again,  +  }  ty  vC'cmeiv 
=  E.  knoio,  q.  v.]  A  reader;  a  prelector;  one 
employed  to  read  aloud  ;  the  reader  of  the  les- 
sons in  church.    N.  E.  I>. 

anagnostiant  (an-ag-nos'tian),  n.  Same  as 
anagnost. 

anagoge  (au-a-go'je),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dvayuyij, 
in  senses  defined  below,  lit.  a  bringing  up,  < 
dvdyetv,  bring  up,  lead  up,  <  avd,  up,  +  dyttv, 
lead,  drive:  see  agent,  act,  etc.]  1.  In  med., 
an  upward  rejection,  as  the  rejection  of  blood 
front  the  lungs  by  the  mouth;  anabole. —  2t. 
Spiritual  enlightenment;  elevation  to  spirit- 
ual insight.  Phillips.— 3.  The  spiritual  meaning 
or  application  of  words;  especially,  the  appli- 
cation of  the  types  and  allegories  of  the  Old 
to  subjects  of  the  New  Testament.  Also  ana- 
{jogy. 

anagogetical  (an'-'a-go-jet'i-kal),  a.  [<  ana- 
goge +  -et-ical.]  Pertaining  to  anagoge  or  spir- 
itual elevation ;  mysterious;  anagogieal. 
anagogic  (an-a-goj'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<Gr.  avayij- 
yiKdq,  mystical,  <  dwj'wj?/:  see  anagoge.]  J.  a. 
Same  as  anagogieal. 

II,  n.  A  mystical  or  spiritual  interpretation, 
especially  of  Scripture. 

The  notes  upon  that  constitution  say,  that  the  Misna 
Torah  was  composed  out  of  the  eabalistics  and  anagogics 
of  the  Jews,  or  some  allegorical  interpretations  pretended 
to  be  derived  from  Moses. 

L.  Addison,  State  of  the  Jews,  p.  248. 

anagogieal  (an-a-goj'i-kal),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  anagoge;  mysterious;  elevated;  spiritual. 

In  tlie  older  writers  on  Biblical  interpretation,  applied  to 
one  of  the  four  senses  of  Scripture,  the  others  being  the 
literal,  the  allegorical,  and  the  tropical.  The  anagogieal 
sense  is  a  spiritual  sense  relating  to  the  eternal  glory  of 
the  believer,  up  to  which  its  teachings  are  supposed  to 
lead :  thus,  the  rest  of  the  Sabbath,  in  an  anagogieal  sense, 
signifies  the  repose  of  the  saints  in  heaven. 

We  cannot  apply  them  [prophecies]  to  him,  but  by  a 
mystical,  anagogieal  explication. 

South,  Sermons,  VIII.  161. 
The  work  [the  Divina  Coramedia]  is  to  be  interpreted  in 
a  literal,  allegorical,  moral,  and  anagogieal  sense,  a  mode 
then  commonly  employed  with  the  Scriptures. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  34. 

anagogically  (an-a-goj'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  ana- 
gogieal or  mystical  sense ;  "with  religious  eleva- 
tion. 

anagogy  (an'a-go-ji),  n.  [As  anagoge,  with 
sulfix  assimilated  to  the  more  common  stiflSx 
-y.]  Same  as  anagoge. 
anagram  (an'a-gram),  M.  [<  F.  anagramme,  < 
NL.  anagramma,  used,  in  imitation  of  program- 
ma,  E.  program,  etc.,  tovanagrammatismiis,  <  Gr. 
dvaypa/jfiaTiapog,  an  anagram,  <  dvaypafifiari^etv, 
transpose  the  letters  of  a  word  so  as  to  form 
another,  <  dpd,  here  used  in  a  distributive  sense, 
+  ypdppa{r-),  a  letter:  see  gram^,  grammar.] 

1.  A  transposition  of  the  letters  of  a  word  or 
sentence,  to  form  a  new  word  or  sentence :  thus, 
Galenus  is  an  anagram  of  angclus.   Dr.  Bumeys 

anagram  of  Horatio  Selsnn  is  one  of  the  happiest.  Honor 
est  a  Nilo  (Honor  is  from  the  Nile). 

2.  A  word  formed  by  reading  the  letters  of  one 
or  more  words  backward;  a  palindrome:  thus, 
evil  is  an  anagram  of  live. 


anagram 

anagram  (an'a-gi-am),  f.  ^.  l<  (tnaf/ra))i,v.]  To 
form  into  an  auagi'am. 

anagrammatic  (au  a-gi-a-mat'ik),  a.  [<  NL. 
anagram nui(t-)  +  -ic.']  Pertaining  to  or  form- 
ing an  anagram.-Anagrammatic  miUtipUcation, 

in  alir.,  tliat  form  of  luultiplicatioii  in  which  the  order 
of  the  letters  is  indifferent. 

anagrammatical  (an'/a-gra-mafi-kal),  a. 
Same  as  anagrammatic.  " 

We  cannot  leave  the  author's  name  in  that  obscurity 
which  the  anagrammatical  title  seems  intended  to  throw 
over  it.  .  .  .  Slerlin  is  only  the  representative  of  Dr.  Mil- 
ner.       Sou<Aci/,  Quarterly  Kev.,  XXXIII.  5.    (X.  K.  D.) 

anagrammatically  (an"a-gra-mat'i-kal-i),  adv. 
In  the  manner  of  an  anagram. 

anagrammatise,  v.   See  anagrammatize. 

anagrammatism  (an-a-gram'a-tizm),  M.  [<  F. 
anagrammatisme,  <  NL.  anagrammatismus,  <,  Gr. 
ava}pafifiaTiafi6(,  transposition  of  letters:  see 
anagram.']  The  act  or  practice  of  making  ana- 
grams. 

anagrammatist  (an-a-gram'a-tist),  n.  [<  NL. 
anugramnia{t-)  •\- -isi.']    A  maker  of  anagrams. 

anagrammatize  (an-a-gram'a-tiz),  v.;  pret. 
and  pp.  anagrammatized,  ppr.  anagrammatizing. 
[=  Fo  anagrammatiser,  <  Gr.  avaypafifiariCciv:  see 
anagram.']  I.  trans.  To  transpose,  as  the  let- 
ters of  a  word,  so  as  to  form  an  anagram. 

Within  this  circle  is  Jehovah's  name, 
Forward,  and  backward,  anagramatis'd. 

Marlowe,  Faustus,  i.  4. 
Others  anagrammatize  It  from  Eva  (Eve)  into  Ttc,  be- 
cause they  say  she  was  the  cause  of  our  woe. 

W.  Austin,  Hsec  Homo,  p.  182. 

II.  intrans.  To  make  anagrams. 
Also  spelled  anagrammatise. 

anagrapnt  (an'a-gi-af),  n.  [<  Gr.  avaypaxjir/,  a 
writing  out,  register,  <  avaypa(j>eiv,  write  out, 
register,  engrave,  inscribe,  <  ava,  up,  -I-  ypa^^tv, 
engrave,  write.]  1.  An  inventory.  Blount. — 
2.  A  prescription  or  recipe.    Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

anagua  (an-a'gwa),  n.  [Mex.  Sp.]  A  name 
given  in  Texas  to  a  low  boraginaceous  tree, 
Ehretia  elliptica  ;  the  knoekaway.  Also  spelled 
anaqua. 

anakan  (an'a-kan),  n.  The  native  name  of  a 
small  Brazilian  macaw,  Ara  severa,  about  18 
inches  long,  mostly  of  greenish  coloration,  with 
black  bill  and  feet. 

anak-el-ard  (an"ak-el-ard'),  n.  [Ar.  'andq  al- 
ardh  (arz),  the  badger,  lit.  kid  of  the  earth: 
'andq,  kid;  al,  the;  ardh  (arz),  Pers.  arz,  eartli, 
land.]    Same  as  caracal. 

anakolouthia,  anakoluthia,  etc.  [In  closer 
imitation  of  the  Greek.]    See  anacoluthia,  etc. 

anal  (a'nal),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  analis,  <  L.  anus : 
see  anus.']  1.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  anus. 
—  2.  Situated  at  or  near  the  anus;  aboral:  the 
opposite  of  oral. — 3.  Ventral  and  median,  as 
the  fin  of  a  fish,  without  reference  to  its  posi- 
tion with  respect  to  the  anus :  the  opposite  of 
dorsal. 

In  zoology  its  abbreviation  is  a. 
Anal  armature,  an  appendage  in  injects,  the  modified 
and  appendaged  terminal  abdominal  segments,  such  as 
the  sting,  the  ovipositor,  etc. — Anal  dilator,  in  surrj., 
an  instrument  for  distending  the  sphincter  of  the  anus 
to  permit  an  examination  of  the  rectum. — Anal  fin,  in 
fishes,  the  median  ventral  unpaired  fin  :  the  opposite  of 
dorsal  Jin.  See  cut  under  ^n.— Anal  forceps,  in  insects, 
a  pincer-like  anal  armature. — Anal  gland,  (a)  In  birds, 
the  uropygial  oil-gland  or  elseodochun.  (iegenhaur.  [Rare.] 
(6)  In  mammals,  any  glandular  organ  situated  near  or  con- 
nected with  the  anus,  such  as  those  e.\isting  in  the  Mus- 
telidce.  They  reach  their  greatest  development  in  the 
skunks,  and  their  secretion  is  the  cause  of  the  fetid  odor 
of  these  animals. —  Anal  legs,  in  entom.,  legs  on  the 
posterior  segments  of  certain  insect  larvae,  as  in  many 
caterpillars.— Anal  orifice,  the  anus. — Anal  plate,  or 
anal  scute,  in  he.rpetol.,  the  last  ventral  plate  or  scute, 
which  is  situated  immediately  in  front  of  tlie  anus. — Anal 
pouch,  an  induplication  or  cul-de-sac  above  the  anus  of 
the  badgers,  distinct  from  the  anal  glands.— Anal  re- 
gion, any  part  of  the  body  which  gives  exit  to  the  refuse 
of  digestion,  as  in  protozoans. — Anal  spurs,  in  serpents, 
the  condensed  epidermis  of  rudimentary  hind  limbs. — 
Anal  stylet  or  feeler,  one  of  the  two  small  pointed  or- 
gans found  on  the  posterior  extremity  of  certain  arthro- 
pod or  articulate  animals. — Anal  supporter,  a  pad,  re- 
sembling a  truss,  for  supporting  the  anus  in  cases  of  pro- 
lapsus ani. 
II.  n.  In  icfith.,  an  anal  fin. 

analasset,  «•    Same  as  anlace. 

anala'V  (an'a-lav),  n.  [<  Russ.  aMaZavM,  a  breast- 
plate, pectoral  cross.]  A  kerchief  having  on  it 
a  representation  of  the  cross,  the  instruments 
of  the  passion,  or  the  like,  worn  by  nuns  in 
Russia. 

analcim,  analcime  (a-nal'sim),  n.   Same  as 

analcite. 

Analcipus  (a-nal'si-pus),  n.  [NL. ;  less  cor- 
rectly Analciopus ;  (.  Gr.  ava'AKT/^  or  ava'/M^  (-ki6-), 
without  strength,  <  av-  priv.  +  aXKTj,  strength, 
+  TTovf  (wod-)  =  E./ooi.]  A  genus  of  swallow- 


194 

shrikes,  of  the  family  Artamidcc,  established  by 
Swainson  in  1831.  A.  sanguinolcntiis,  of  Java, 
Sumatra,  and  Borneo,  is  the  leading  species. 

analcite  (a-nal'sit),  «.  [<  Gr.  dva'Aii//<;,  ava^Kt^, 
without  strength,  feeble  (see  Analcipus),  + 
-(fc2.]  A  zeolitic  mineral,  a  hydrous  silicate  of 
aluminium  and  sodium,  generally  found  crys- 
tallized in  trapezohedi-al  crystals,  but  also  mas- 
sive. It  is  of  frequent  occurrence  in  trap-rocks,  espe- 
cially in  the  cavities  of  amygdaloids.  It  melts  under  the 
blowpipe  into  a  semi-transparent  gliiss.  The  name  has  ref- 
ei'ence  to  its  weak  electric  power  when  heated  or  rubbed. 
Also  called  analcim,  analcime. 

analect  (an'a-lekt),  n.  [<  NL.  analectus,  <  Gr. 
avd'ASKTog,  select,  verbal  adj.  of  avak^yeiv,  gather 
up,  <  ava,  up,  ■¥  leyuv,  pick  up,  =  L.  legere, 
gather,  read:  see  legend,  lection.]  A  small 
piece  selected  from  a  literary  work ;  an  extract ; 
a  literary  fragment :  usually  in  plm-al,  analects 
or  analecta  (which  see) — Analects  of  Confucius, 

a  name  given  to  a  collection  of  such  sayings  of  the  Chinese 
sage  Confucius  as  his  disciples,  long  after  his  death,  could 
recall. 

analecta  (an-a-lek'ta),  w.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
analectus :  see  analect.]  Selected  passages  from 
the  writings  of  an  author  or  of  different  authors ; 
a  title  for  a  collection  of  choice  extracts.  See 
analect. 

analectic  (an-a-lek'tik),  a.  [<  analect  +  -ic] 
Relating  to  analects,  collections,  or  selections ; 
made  up  of  selections :  as,  an  analectic  maga- 
zine. 

analemmat  (an-a-lem'a),  n.  [<  L.  analenima, 
a  sun-dial  which  showed  the  latitude  and  meri- 
dian of  a  place,  <  Gr.  avaXTj^ifia,  a  sun-dial,  a  sling 
for  a  wounded  arm,  a  wall  for  underpropping, 
any  support,  <  dva'Aafi(^dvetv,  take  up,  <  ava,  up, 
+  'Aa/jjSavetv,  Aajieiv,  take.  Cf.  lemma,  dilemma.] 
1.  A  form  of  sim-dial,  now  disused. — 2.  In 
geom.,  an  orthographic  projection  of  the  sphere 
on  the  plane  of  the  meridian,  the  eye  being 
supposed  to  be  at  an  infinite  distance,  and  in 
the  east  or  west  point  of  the  horizon.  Hence 
— 3.  An  instrument  of  wood  or  brass  on  which  a 
projection  of  this  nature  is  drawn,  formerly  used 
in  solving  astronomical  problems. — 4.  A  tabu- 
lated scale,  usually  drawn  in  the  form  of  the 
figure  8,  depicted  across  the  torrid  zone  on  a 
terrestrial  globe,  to  show  the  sun's  declination 
and  the  equation  of  time  on  any  day  of  the  year. 

analepsia  (au-a-lep'si-ii),  n.  [NL.]  Same  as 
analejisis  and  dnalepsy. 

analepsis  (an-a-lep'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dvd- 
'Avi'ic,  a  taking  up,  recovery,  <  ava'Aa/ufidveiv,  take 
up,  get  back,  recover  one's  breath:  see  ana- 
lemma.]  In  med.:  (a)  Recovery  of  strength  after 
disease,  (b)  A  kind  of  sympathetic  epilepsy 
from  gastric  disttirbance.  .Also  called  analejjsia 
and  analcpsy. 

analepsy  (an'a-lep-si),  n.  [<  NL.  analepsia, 
equiv.  to  analepsis,  q.  v.]  1.  Same  as  analep- 
sis.—  2.  Reparation  or  amendment. 

The  African,  from  the  absence  of  books  and  teaching, 
had  no  principle  of  analepsy  in  Iiis  intellectual  furnishing 
by  which  a  word,  once  become  obscure  from  a  real  or  sup- 
posed loss  of  parts  or  meaning,  can  be  repaired,  amended, 
or  restored  to  its  original  form. 

Tram.  Amer.  Philul.  Ass.,  XVI.,  App.,  p.  xxxii. 

analeptic  (an-a-lep'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  dvaTji-KTiKdq, 
restorative,  <  dvd'M/i]>i(,  restitution,  recovery : 
see  analep>sis,]  Restoring ;  invigorating ;  giv- 
ing strength  after  disease :  as,  an  analeptic 
medicine. 

Analges  (a-nal'jez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dvaXyfj^, 
not  feeling  pain,  insensible,  <  dv-  priv.  +  d'Xyog, 
pain.]  A  genus  of  mites  foimded  by  Nitzsch, 
type  of  the  family  Analgidce. 

analgesia  (an-al-je'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dva?.- 
yrjdia,  painlessness,  <  avd'KyriToq,  painless  (cf. 
dvaAyfjg,  painless),  <  dv-  priv.  +  dXyelv,  feel  pain, 
<  aXyoc,  pain.]  In  pathol.,  the  incapacity  of 
feeling  pain  in  a  part,  although  the  tactile  sense 
may  be  more  or  less  preserved.  Also  called 
analgia. 

analgesic  (an-al-jes'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  analgesia 
+  -ic;  according  to  Gr.  analogies,  the  form 
should  be  analgetic,  q.  v.]    Same  as  analgetic. 

analgetic  (an-al-jet'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<Gr.  dvdX- 
yVTog,  painless  (see  analgesia),  +  -ic.  Cf.  an- 
algesic] I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  characterized 
by  analgesia;  insensible. 

The  skin  [of  a  hypnotized  patient]  is  somewhat  anal- 
getic, with  more  or  less  anaesthesia. 

G.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  141. 

II.  n.  In  med.,  anything  which  removes  pain, 
analgia  (a-nal'ji-a),  M.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  dvaAyr/c, 

painless:  see  analgesia.]    ►Same  as  analgesia. 
analgid  (a-nal'jid),  n,    A  mite  of  the  family 

Analgidce. 


i 

i 

Anallagmatic  Checkers. 


analogium 

Analgidse  (a-nal'ji-de),  /(.  2^1.  [NL.,  <  Analges 
+  -ida:]  A  family  of  parasitic  atracheate  aca- 
riues,  typified  by  the  genus  Analges.  The  skeleton 
is  composed  of  scleritus  in  the  soft  skin  ;  the  mandibles 
are  chelate  ;  tlie  legs  are  8,  each  5-jointed,  the  first  pair 
being  borne  on  the  anterior  margin  of  the  body.  The 
species  live  on  the  hairs  of  mammals  and  the  feathers  of 
birds. 

anallagmatic  (an"al-ag-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  dv- 
priv.  +  d'AXayfia{T-),  that  which  is  given  or  taken 
in  exchange,  <  dAAdaoetv,  exchange,  <  dXAof, 
other.]  Having  the  property  of  not  being 
'  changed  in  form  by  inversion :  applied  to  curves 
and  to  the  surfaces  of  solids,  such  as  the  sphere, 
which  have  the  property  of  being  their  own  in- 
verse. Anallagmatic  curves  and  surfaces  are  quartic 
curves  and  surfaces  which  liave 
nodes  on  the  absolute.  See  bicir- 

cular  quartic. —  Anallagmatic 

checker,  a  square  composed  of 
equal  squares  in  two  colors,  so 
disposed  that  any  pair  of  colunms 
have  like-colored  squ.ires  in  as 
many  rows  as  any  other  pair  of 
columns  have,  and  any  pair  of  rows  have  the  same  num- 
ber of  like  squares  in  a  single  column. 

anallantoic  (an-al-an-to'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  av-priv. 

(rt-18)  allantoic]  Having  no  allantois. 
Anallantoidea  (^an-al-an-toi'de-a),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<Gr.  aiJ-priv.  +  aAAavroetfir/q:  see  allantois,  allan- 
toid.]  Those  vertebrates  which  have  no  allan- 
tois; the  IcMhi/opsida,  or  amphibians  and 
fishes :  synonymous  with  Anamnionata,  and  op- 
posed to  Allantoidea. 

anallantoidean  (an-al-an-toi'de-an),  a.  and  n. 
l<.  Anallantoidea  +  -an.]    I.  a.  llavingno  allan- 
tois:  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Anallantoidea. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Anallantoidea. 

analoga,  n.    Plural  of  analogon. 

analogalt  (an-al'o-gal),  a.  [<  L.  analogus  (see 
analogous)  +  -al.]    Analogous.    Sir  M.  Hale. 

analogia,  n.   Plural  of  analogium,  analogion. 

analogic  (an-a-loj'ik),  a.    Same  as  analogical. 

analogical  (an-a-loj'i-kal),  a.    [<L.  analogicm, 

<  Gr.  dvaAoyuidq,  proportionate,  analogous,  < 
dvaAoyoq:  see  analogous.]  1.  Founded  on  or 
involving  analogy :  as,  an  analogical  argument. 

We  have  words  whicli  are  proper  and  not  analogical. 

Ileid,  Inq.  into  Human  Mind,  vii. 

2.  Having  analogy,  resemblance,  or  relation; 
analogous. 

There  is  placed  the  minerals  between  the  inanimate  and 
vegetable  provinces,  participating  something  anato(/icaUo 
either.  Sir  M.  Hale,  Orig.  of  Mankind. 

3.  In  biol.,  of  or  pertaining  to  physiological, 
functional,  or  adaptative  analogy ;  having  phys- 
iological without  morphological  likeness :  dis- 
tinguished from  homological. 

analogically  (an-a-loj 'i-kal-i),  adv.  1.  By 
analogy ;  from  a  similarity  of  relations. 

A  prince  is  analogically  styled  a  pilot,  being  to  the  state 
as  a  pilot  is  to  the  vessel. 

Bp.  Berkeley,  Minute  Philosopher,  iv.  §  21. 

We  argue  analogically  from  what  is  within  us  to  what 
is  external  to  us.    J.  H.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  63. 

2.  In  biol.,  functionally  as  distinguished  from 
structurally ;  in  a  physiological  as  distinguished 
from  an  anatomical  way  or  manner :  contrasted 
with  homologically. 

Birds  .  .  .  are  analogically  related  only  according  to 
the  sum  of  unlike  characters  employed  for  similar  pur- 
poses. Cvues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  68. 

analogicalness (an-a-loj'i-kal-nes), n.  Thequal- 

ity  of  being  analogical ;  fitness  to  be  used  by 

way  of  analogy, 
analogion  (an-a-16'ji-on),  n. ;  pi.  analogia  (-a). 

Same  as  analogium. 
analogise,  v.    See  analogize. 
analogismf  (a-nal'-'i-jizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  dvaTioytaiidg, 

a  course  of  reasoning,  proportional  calculation, 

<  dvaAoyi^eadat,  calculate,  consider  ;  influenced 
by  dvdloyog  (see  analogous),  but  rather  directly 

<  dvd,  through,  +  TioylC.eadai,  count,  reckon,  con- 
sider, <  Myog,  count,  reckoning,  ratio,  etc. :  see 
logos,  logic,  etc.]  1.  In  logic,  an  argument 
from  the  cause  to  the  effect;  an  a  priori  argu- 
ment.—  2.  Investigation  oi  things  by  their 
analogies;  reasoning  from  analogy. — 3.  In 
med.,  diagnosis  by  analogy. 

analogist  (a-nal'o-jist),  n.  [<  analogy  +  -ist.] 
One  who  employs  or  argues  from  analogy. 

M.an  is  an  analogist,  and  studies  relations  in  all  objects. 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  30. 

analogistic  (a-nal-o-jis'tik),  a.    Relating  to  or 

consisting  in  analogy, 
analogium  (an-a-16'ji-um),  n. ;  pi.  analogia  (-a). 

[ML.,  <  MGr.  dvaXdyiov,  a  pulpit,  reading-desk, 

<  Gr.  dva7ityeadai,  read  through,  mid.  of  dvaAe- 
yeiv:  see  analect,  and  cf.  lectern.]  1.  Eccles.,  a 
reading-desk,  especially  a  movable  one :  some- 


analogitun 

times  applied  to  an  ambo  or  a  pulpit. —  2.  The 
inclosm-e  of  the  tomb  of  a  saiut.    Dn  Cangc. 
Also  written  analogioii. 

analogize  (a-nal'o-jiz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  anal- 
ogized, ppr.  analogi;:ing.  [<  analogy  +  -izc. 
The  Gr.  avaTMyH^eatiai  agrees  in  form,  but  not  in 
sense:  see  analogism.']  I.  trans.  To  explain  by 
analogy;  exhibit  resemblance  between. 

11.  inirans.  To  make  use  of  analogy;  be 
analogous. 
Also  spelled  analogise. 

analogon  (a-nal'o-gon),  «.;  pi.  analoga  (-ga). 
[<  Gr.  avd'Aoyov,  adj.,  neut.  of  avaXoyot;,  analo- 
gous :  see  analogous.']  An  analogue ;  something 
analogous.  Coleridge. 

Even  the  other  element  of  the  Jewish  system,  tlie  ele- 
ment of  prophecy,  is  not  without  its  analoqon  among  the 
heathen,  G.  P.  Fisher,  Begin,  of  Cliristiaiiity,  i. 

analogous  (a-nal'o-gus),  a.  [<  L.  analogus,  < 
Gr.  ava'Aoyog,  according  to  a  due  /Idjof  or  ratio, 
proportionate,  conformable,  analogous,  <  ava, 
throughout,  according  to  (see  ana-),  +  Myog, 
ratio,  proportion:  see  logos  and  logic.']  1.  In 
general,  having  analogy;  corresponding  (to 
something  else)  in  some  particular  or  partic- 
ulars, while  differing  in  others ;  bearing  some 
resemblance  or  proportion  :  sometimes  loosely 
used  for  similar.  Thus,  there  is  something  in  the  ex- 
ercise of  the  mind  analogous  to  that  of  the  body ;  animal 
organs,  as  the  wing  of  a  bird  and  that  of  a  bat,  which  per- 
form the  same  function,  though  different  in  structure,  are 
analogous.    See  4,  below. 

The  effect  of  historical  reading  is  analogous,  in  many 
respects,  to  that  produced  by  foreign  travel. 

Macaulay,  On  History. 
Specifically— 2.  In  c7iew.,  closely  alike,  but  dif- 
fering in  some  degree  as  to  each  of  the  more 
prominent  characters. — 3.  In  hot.,  resembling 
in  form  but  not  in  plan  of  structure.  Thus,  the 

spur  of  a  larkspur  is  analogoun  to  one  of  the  five  spurs  of 
a  columbine,  but  they  are  not  homologous,  for  the  one  is 
a  sepal  and  the  other  a  petal.    A.  Gray. 

4.  In  hiol.,  similar  physiologically  but  not  an- 
atomically; Uke  in  fimction  but  not  in  struc- 
ture :  the  opposite  of  homologous.  See  analogy, 

5.  -5.  In  logic,  from  Albertus  Magnus  down  to 
modern  writers,  applied  to  terms  which  are  ho- 
monymous or  equivocal  in  a  special  way,  name- 
ly, those  in  which  the  identity  of  soimd  is  not 
accidental,  but  is  based  upon  a  trope  or  upon 
some  other  reason. 

A  term  is  analogous  whose  single  signification  applies 
with  equal  propriety  to  more  than  one  object :  as,  the 
leg  of  the  table,  the  leg  of  the  animal.  Whately. 

In  all  senses  used  with  to,  sometimes  with. 

=  Syn.  Correspondent,  similar,  like.  ' 

analogously  (a-nal'o-gus-li),  adv.  In  an  anal- 
ogous manner. 

analogue  (an'a-log),  «.  [<  F.  analogue,  adj.  and 
n.,  <  L.  analogus,  adj.,  analogous:  see  analo- 
gous.'] 1.  In  general,  something  having  anal- 
ogy to  something  else ;  an  object  having  some 
agreement  or  correspondence  in  relations,  func- 
tions, or  structure  with  another  object. 

The  mechanical  law,  that  action  and  reaction  are  equal 
has  its  moral  analogue.  H.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  263! 

It  [cynicism]  is  the  intellectual  analogue  of  the  truffle; 
and  though  it  may  be  very  well  in  giving  a  relish  to  thought 
for  certam  palates,  it  cannot  supply  the  substance  of  it. 

Lowell,  .Study  Windows,  p.  137. 

Specifically— 2.  Inpliilol.,  a  word  correspond- 
ing with  another ;  an  analogous  term. —  3.  In 
zodl.  and  hot. ,  an  animal  or  a  plant  corresponding 
ia  some  special  and  essential  attributes  or  rela- 
tions to  a  member  of  another  group  or  region, 
so  that  it  is  a  representative  or  counterpart. — 
4.  In  hiol.,  an  organ  in  one  species  or  group 
haviug  the  same  function  as  an  organ  of  differ- 
ent structure  and  origin  in  another  species  or 
group.  The  difference  between  homologue  and  analogue 
may  be  illustrated  by  the  relation  between  the  wing  of  a 
bird  and  that  of  a  butterfly :  as  the  two  differ  totally  in 
anatomical  structure,  they  cannot  be  said  to  be  liomo- 
logues,  but  they  are  analogues,  since  both  serve  for  flight 
See  analogy,  5. 

analogy  (a-nal'o-ji),  n. ;  pi.  analogies  (-jiz).  [< 
F.  analogic,  <  L.  analogia,  <  Gr.  avaloyta,  equal- 
ity of  ratios,  proportion,  analogy,  <  avdXoyog, 
analogous:  see  analogous.]  1.  In  math.,  an 
equation  between  ratios.  This  use  is  obsolete  ex- 
cept in  a  few  phrases,  as  Napier's  analogies,  which  are  four 
important  formulas  of  spherical  trigonometry. 
a.  An  agreement,  likeness,  or  proportion  be 
tween  the  relations  of  things  to  one  another; 
nence,  often,  agreement  or  likeness  of  things 

■  strictly  denotes  only  a  partial 

nr».\i    ^^  special  circumstances  or  effects 

Hoi?  f-«  things  in  other  respects  essen- 

ciaiiy  different :  thus,  when  we  say  that  learning  enlightens 
li,,ht™»i  '  7 recognize  an  analogy  between  learning  and 
■ifent,  the  former  being  to  the  mind  what  the  latter  is  to 
me  eye,  enabling  it  to  discover  things  before  hidden.  [We 


195 


say  that  there  is  an  analogy  betioecn  things,  and  that  one 
tiling  has  analogy  to  or  with  another.] 

Intuitive  perceptions  in  spiritual  beings  may,  perhaps, 
hold  some  analogy  unto  vision. 

air  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  iii.  15. 
That  there  is  a  real  analogy  between  an  individual  or- 
ganism and  a  social  organism,  becomes  undeniable  when 
certain  necessities  determining  structure  are  seen  to  gov- 
ern them  in  common.  H.  Spencer,  Study  of  Sociol.,  p.  3:jO. 

In  philosophy,  analogy  does  not  consist  in  the  equality 
of  two  quantities,  but  of  two  (lualitative  relations. 

Kant,  Critique  of  Pure  Keasoii  (tr.  by  Jla.K  Miiller). 

Specifically — 3.  In  logic,  a  form  of  reasoning 
in  which,  from  the  similarity  of  two  or  more 
things  in  certain  particulars,  their  similarity  in 
other  particulars  is  inferred.    Thus,  the  earth  and 

Mars  are  both  planets,  nearly  equidistant  from  the  sun, 
not  differing  greatly  in  density,  having  similar  distribu- 
tions of  seas  and  continents,  alike  in  conditions  of  hu- 
midity, temperature,  seasons,  day  and  night,  etc. ;  but  the 
earth  also  supports  organic  life ;  hence  Mars  (probably) 
supports  organic  life  — is  3.n  argument  from  analogy.  See 
iiuluction. 

4.  In  gram.,  conformity  to  the  spirit,  structure, 
or  general  rules  of  a  language ;  similarity  as 
respects  any  of  the  characteristics  of  a  lan- 
guage, as  derivation,  inflection,  spelling,  pro- 
nunciation, etc. — 5.  In  biol.,  resemblance  with- 
out affinity  ;  physiological  or  adaptive  lilseness 
between  things  morphologically  or  structurally 
unlike  :  the  opposite  of  homology.  Thus,  there  is 

an  analogy  between  the  wing  of  a  bird  and  that  of  a  butter- 
fly, both  being  adapted  to  the  same  physiological  purpose 
of  flight,  but  there  is  no  morphological  relation  between 
them.  Analogy  rests  upon  mere  functional  (that  is, 
physiological)  modifications ;  homology  is  grounded  upon 
structural  (that  is,  morphological)  identity  or  unity.  Anal- 
ogy is  the  correlative  of  physiology,  homology  of  morphol- 
ogy; but  the  two  may  be  coincident,  as  when  structures 
identical  in  morphology  are  used  for  the  same  purposes 
and  are  therefore  physiologically  identical.— Analogy  Of 
faith,  in  theol.,  the  correspondence  of  the  several  parts  of 
revelation  witli  one  another. 

analphabet,  analphabete  (an-al'fa-bet,  -bet), 
a.  and  n.  [<  ML.  analphabetus,  <  Gr.'avaA^dfSr/Toc, 
not  knowing  one's  A  B  C,  <  av-  priv.  +  a/jpdfiT]Tog, 
the  ABC,  alphabet:  see  alphabet.]  I.  a.  Not 
knowing  the  alphabet ;  illiterate. 

II,  n.  One  who  does  not  know  the  alphabet ; 
one  who  cannot  read. 

As  late  as  the  census  of  1861  it  was  found  that  [in  Italy] 
in  a  population  of  21,777,331  there  were  no  less  than  16,- 
999,701  analphabetes,  or  persons  absolutely  destitute  of  in- 
struction, absolutely  unable  to  read. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  460. 

analphabetic  (an-al-fa-bet'ik),  a.    Not  know- 
ing the  alphabet^  illiterate ;  unable  to  read, 
analysable,  analyse,  etc.   See  analyzalle,  etc. 
analyse!,  «.    [Also  written  analise,  <  F.  ana- 
lyse, <  ML.  analysis:    see  analy.sis,  analyze.] 
Analysis. 

The  analyse  of  it  [a  tractate]  may  be  spared,  since  it  is 
in  many  hands.    Bp.  Uacket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  ii.  104. 

analysis  (a-nal'i-sis),  n.  [Formerly  analyse,  < 
F.  analyse=z'Pg.  analyse  or  analysis  =;'Sp.  andlisis 
-  It.  analisi,  <  ML.  analysis,  <  Gv.  dvd'lvaig,  a  dis- 
solving, resolution  of  a  whole  into  its  parts,  so- 
lution of  a  problem,  analysis,  lit.  a  loosing,  < 
ava?i.veiv,  resolve  into  its  elements,  analyze,  lit. 
loosen,  imdo,  <  dvd,  back,  -h  Iveiv,  loosen :  see 
loosen.]  1.  The  resolution  or  separation  of 
anything  which  is  compoimd,  as  a  conception, 
a  sentence,  a  material  substance,  or  an  event, 
into  its  constituent  elements  or  into  its  causes ; 
decomposition. 

In  the  deductive  syllogism  we  proceed  by  analysis  — 
that  is,  by  decomposing  a  whole  into  its  parts. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

In  the  associationalist  psychology,  the  aiuilysis  of  an 
idea  is  the  discovery  of  the  different  kinds  of  elementary 
sensations  which  are  associated  together  to  produce  the 
iJea. 

Analysis  is  real,  as  when  a  chemist  separates  two  sub- 
stances. Logical,  as  when  we  consider  the  properties  of 
the  sides  and  angles  of  a  triangle  separately,  though  we 
cannot  tliink  of  a  triangle  without  sides  and  angles. 

Fleming,  Vocab.  of  Phil. 
The  analysis  of  a  material  object  consists  in  breaking  it 
up  into  those  other  material  objects  which  are  its  elements, 
and  it  is  only  when  we  know  something  of  the  properties  of 
these  elements  as  they  exist  separately  that  we  regard  an 
analysis  of  the  whole  as  satisfactory.  Mind,  IX.  80. 

2.  The  regi-essive  scientific  method  of  discov- 
ery; research  into  causes;  induction. —  3.  In 
math. :  (a)  Originally,  and  still  fi-equently,  a 
regressive  method,  said  to  have  been  invented 
by  Plato,  which  first  assumes  the  conclusion 
and  gradually  leads  back  to  the  premises.  Tlie 

thirteenth  book  of  Euclid's  Elements  has  the  following 
definition,  which  is  not  supposed  to  be  by  Euclid,  but 
Which  is  ancient,  and  perhaps  by  Eudoxus :  Analysis  is  the 
proceeding  from  the  thing  sought,  as  conceded,  by  conse- 
quences to  some  conceded  truth ;  synthe.ns  is  the  pro- 
ceeding from  the  conceded  by  conseq'uences  to  the  truth 
sought.  According  to  Pappus,  analysis  is  of  two  kinds: 
theoretical,  so  called  because  used  in  research  into  truth, 
and  problematic,  so  called  because  used  in  the  solution  of 
problems.  In  the  former,  the  proposition  to  be  proved  is 


analytic 

assumed  as  true,  and  cunse(|iiences  are  drawn  from  it  until 
something  conceded  is  reached,  which  if  it  is  true  involves 
the  truth  of  tlie  thing  .sought,  the  demonstration  corre- 
sponding to  the  analysis ;  in  the  latter,  the  construction 
sought  is  assumed  as  already  known,  and  conse(|iicm'es 
are  deduced  from  it  until  something  given  is  reached. 
(h)  Algebraical  reasoning,  in  whicli  unknown 
quantities  are  operated  upon  in  order  to  find 
their  values.  I'icia.  (c)  The  treatment  of 
problems  by  a  consideration  of  infinitesimals, 
or  something  equivalent,  especially  by  the  dif- 
ferential calculus  (including  the  integral  cal- 
culus, the  calculus  of  variations,  etc.):  often 
called  infinitesimal  analysis.  Tliis  is  the  com- 
mon meaning  of  the  word  in  modern  times. 
Hence  —  (d)  The  discussion  of  a  problem  by 
means  of  algebra  (in  the  sense  of  a  system  of 
symbols  with  rules  of  transformation),  in  oppo- 
sition to  a  geometrical  discussion  of  it,  that  is, 
a  discussion  resting  directly  upon  the  imagina- 
tion of  space:  thus,  analytical  geometry  is  tlic 
treatment  of  geometrical  problems  by  analy- 
sis.—  4.  A  syllabus  or  synopsis  of  the  contents 
of  a  book  or  discourse,  or  of  the  principles 
of  a  science — Analysis  of  a  plant,  an  examina- 
tion of  its  structure  and  chaiactcis  as  a  jireliuuiiary  to 
its  determination.— Chemical  analysis,  Diophantine 
analysis,  etc  .Sce  the  ailjcctives.— Fluxional  analy- 
sis.   See  mi-thod  of  Jluxioiix,  uiiiicr  /?".r/(»/,— Gasomet- 

ric  analysis,  harmonic  analysis,  etc.  See  the  adjec- 
tives,—Qualitative  analysis,  in  chetn.,  the  detection 
of  tlie  constituents  of  a  coiniiouiiil  body,  in  distiiii  tion 
from  quantitative  analysis,  or  the  dcti-i  iuiiiatioo  of  the 

amounts  and  proportions  of  tlic  constituents,— Spectrum 
analysis.  See  spectrum.  =  Syjl.  A.isay,  Analysis.  Seeas- 
say. 

analyst  (an'a-list),  n.  [=  F.  analyste  =  Pg. 
analysta  =  Sp.  It.  analista ;  formed  from  the 
verb  analyze,  as  if  from  a  verb  in  -ize :  see  -ist, 
-ize.]  One  who  analyzes  or  who  is  versed  in 
analysis,  in  any  application  of  that  word. 

The  analyst  has  not  very  many  resources  at  his  disposal 
for  separating  an  intimate  mixture  of  several  bodies. 

I'oj,.  Sr!.  Mu.,  XXV.  203. 

analytic,  analytical  (an-a-lit'ik,  -i-kal),  a.  and 
(in  the  fii'st  form)  n.  [<  ML.  anulyticiis,  <  Gr. 
avalvTiKog,  analytic,  <  dvaAvror,  dissoluble,  verbal 
adj.  of  avaXvEiv,  dissolve,  resolve,  analvze:  sto 
analysis.]  I,  a.  1.  Relating  to,  of  the  nature 
of,  or  operating  by  analysis:  opposed  to  syn- 
thetic, synthetical:  as,  an  analytic  mode  of 
thought. 

His  [Webster's]  mind  was  analytical  rather  than  con- 
structive, and  his  restlessness  of  life  was  indicative  of  a 
certain  instability  of  temper. 

//.  E.  Scudder,  Noah  Webster,  Iv. 

2.  In  the  jra«</«  H  ?o(7ec,  explicatory ;  involving 
a  mere  analysis  or  explication  of  knowledge, 
and  not  any  material  addition  to  it. 

In  all  judgineiits  in  wliicli  there  is  a  relation  between 
subject  and  luedicatc  (I  speak  of  atHimative  judgments 
only,  the  application  to  negative  ones  being  easy),  that  re- 
lation can  be  of  two  kinds.  Either  the  predicate  B  be- 
longs to  the  subject  A  as  something  contained  (though 
covertly)  m  the  concept  A ;  or  B  lies  outside  of  the  sphere 
of  the  concept  A,  tliou;;li  somehow  connected  with  it.  In  the 
former  case  I  call  flu-  judgment  anubiticnl ;  in  tlie  latter, 
synthetical,  .l"f//'/(/cn;  judgments  (affirmative) are  there- 
fore those  in  wliich  the  connection  of  the  predicate  with 
the  subject  is  conceived  through  identity,  wljile  otlicrs  in 
which  that  connection  is  conceived  without  iilentity  may 
be  called  synthetical, 

Kant,  Critique  of  Pure  Reason  (tr.  by  Max  Miiller). 

3.  In  philol.,  deficient  in  inflections,  and  em- 
ploying instead  particles  and  auxiliary  words  to 
express  modifications  of  meaning  and  to  show 
the  relations  of  words  in  a  sentence :  as,  an 
analytic  language.— Analytical  chemistry,  a  meth- 
od of  physical  research  in  which  compound  substances  are 
resolved  into  tlieir  elements.— Analytical  definition 
bee  f/ey(ni<io«.— Analytical  geometry,  geometry  treated 
hy  means  of  ordinary  algebra,  with  a  reference,  direct  or 
indirect,  to  a  system  of  coordinates.  See  coordinate.  In 
ordinary  rectangular  coordinates,  for  example,  there  is 
just  one  point  of  space  for  every  set  of  values  of  the  three 
variables,  x,  y,  z.  If,  now,  an  equation  is  assumed  be- 
tween these  variables,  some  of  the  sets  of  otherwise  pos- 
sible values  will  be  excluded,  and  thus  some  of  the  points 
of  space  will  be  debarred  to  us,  and  we  shall  be  resti'icted 
to  a  certain  "locus  "  or  place;  and  since  the  number  of 
independent  variables  is,  in  consequence  of  the  eifuation, 
reduced  liy  one,  the  iiumlier  of  dimensions  of  the  locus 
at  any  one  point  will  be  one  less  tliaii  that  of  space,  so 
that  the  locus  will  be  a  surface.  By  the  use  of  such  equa- 
tions of  loci  every  problem  of  geometry  is  reduced  to  a 
problem  of  algebra,  and  the  whole  doctrine  of  geometry 
is  mathematically  identified  with  the  algebra  of  three 
variables.  Thus,  to  discover  that,  wlien  four  equations 
subsist  between  three  unknown  quantities,  they  can  be 
satisfied  simultaneously,  amounts  to  discovering  that, 
when  a  certain  geometrical  relation  subsists  between  four 
surfaces,  they  meet  in  a  comnnin  point.  The  idea  of  ana- 
lytical geometry  is  excUisi\  ely  due  to  the  genius  of  Des- 
cartes (1596-1650),  who  published  his  Giomitrie,  contain- 
ing illustrations  of  the  new  method,  in  1036,— Analyti- 
cal jurisprudence,  a  theory  and  system  of  jurisprudence 
wrought  out  neither  by  inquiring  for  ethical  principles 
or  the  dictates  of  the  sentiment  of  justice,  nor  for  the 
rules  which  may  be  actually  in  force,  but  by  analyzing, 
classifying,  and  comparing  various  legal  conceptions".  The 
best  known  of  the  analytical  jurists  are  Beiitham  and 


analytic 

Austin.  —  Analytical  key,  in  hot.,  an  arrangement  of  tlie 
prominent  characters  of  a  group  of  orders,  or  of  genera, 
etc.,  in  sucli  a  manner  as  to  facilitate  tlie  determination 
of  plants.  — Analytical  mechanics,  the  science  of  me- 
chanics treated  liy  the  intlnitesinial  calcnlns.  — Analytic 

function.  See /i(«(;?io)i.— Analytic  method,  in  h;ric,  a 

metlioJ  which  proceeds  regressively  or  inductively  from 
known  particulars  to  the  recognition  of  general  principles, 
ill  opposition  to  the  synthetic  method,  which  advances 
from  principles  to  particulars. 

II.  «.  (only  in  the  first  form).  1.  One  of  the 
main  divisions  of  logic,  which  treats  of  the 
criteria  for  distinguishing  good  and  bad  argu- 
ments.— 2.  Analysis  in  the  mathematical  sense. 
[Rare.]  —  The  new  analytic  of  logical  forms,  a  logi- 
cal scheme  of  syllogism  by  Sir  W.  Hamilton,  based  upon 
the  doctrine  of  the  quantification  of  the  predicate.  See 
guantijication. 

analytically  (an-a-lit'i-kal-i),  adv.  1.  In  an 
analytical  manner;  by  an  analytic  method;  by 
means  of  analysis. —  2.  To  or  toward  analytic 
methods:  as,  "persons  anahjticalhj  inclined," 
H.  Spencer. 

analytics  (an-a-lit'iks),  n.  pi.  [The  pi.  form 
with  ref.  to  Aristotle's  treatises  on  logic,  called 
TO  avaTiVTiKa,  neut.  pi.  of  avaTiVTino^,  analytic: 
^BQ  analytic.']  1.  The  name  given  by  Aristotle 
Vo  the  whole  of  his  logical  investigations  viewed 
as  the  analysis  of  thought ;  specifically,  the 
name  of  two  of  his  logical  treatises,  the  Prior 
and  the  Posterior  Analytics,  the  fonner  of  which 
deals  with  the  doctrine  of  the  syllogism,  and 
the  latter  with  proof,  definition,  division,  and 
the  knowledge  of  principles. — 2.  Same  as 
analytic,  2. 

analyzable,  analysable  (an'a-li-za-bl),  a.  [< 
analyze,  analyse,  +  -ahle.']  Capable  of  being 
analyzed. 

analyzableness,  analysableness  (an'a-U-za- 
bl-nes),  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  analyz- 
able. 

analyzation,  analysation  (an-a-li-za'shon),  n. 
[<  analyze,  analyse,  +  -ation.']  The  act  of  ana- 
lyzing. 

analyze,  analyse  (an'a-liz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and 

pp.  analyzed,  analysed,  ppr.  analyzing,  analys- 
ing. [Now  usually  spelled  analyse  in  England, 
but  formerly  there,  as  still  in  the  United  States, 
spelled  regularly  analyze  (as  in  Johnson's  Dic- 
tionary), in  the  17th  century  also  analizc,  <  F. 
analyser  z=  Pr.  Pg.  anahjsar  =  Sp.  analizar  =  It. 
analizsare,  analyze ;  from  the  noun,  F.  analyse, 
E.  obs.  analyse,  analysis,  the  term,  confonn- 
ing  to  -ize,  as  also  in  paralyze,  q.  v. :  see  analy- 
sis and  -ize.']  1.  To  take  to  pieces;  resolve 
into  elements;  separate,  as  a  compound  into  its 
parts;  ascertain  the  constituents  or  causes  of; 
ascertain  the  characters  or  structure  of,  as  a 
plant:  as,  to  analyze  a  mineral,  a  sentence,  or 
an  argument;  to  analyze  light  by  separating  it 
into  its  prismatic  constituents. 

But  do  what  we  will,  there  remains  in  all  deeply  agree- 
able impressions  a  charming  something  we  cannot  analyze. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  244. 

The  analyzing  prism  is  fitted  into  the  body  [of  the  mi- 
croscope] above  the  Wenham  prism,  in  such  a  manner 
that,  when  its  fitting  is  drawn  out,  ...  it  is  completely 
out  of  the  way  of  the  light-rays. 

ir.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  C8. 

Hence  —  2.  To  examine  critically,  so  as  to  bring 
out  the  essential  elements  or  give  the  essence 
of:  as,  to  analyze  a  poem. —  3.  In  math.,  to 
submit  (a  problem)  to  treatment  by  algebra, 
and  especially  by  the  calculus, 
analyzer,  analyser  (an'a-li-zer),  n.  1.  One 
who  or  that  which  analyzes,  or  has  the  power  of 
analyzing. 

Fire  is  the  great  analyzer  in  the  world,  and  the  product 
ashes.  £u.shnell.  Sermons  on  Living  Subjects. 

By  this  title  [man  of  science]  we  do  not  mean  the  mere 
calculator  of  distances,  or  analyzer  of  compounds,  or  label- 
ler  of  species.  H.  Spencer,  Education,  p.  93. 

Specifically — 2.  In  op <ics,  the  part  of  a  polari- 
scope  which  receives  the  light  after  polari- 
zation and  exhibits  its  properties:  usually  a 
section  or  prism  cut  from  a  doubly  refracting 
crystal. 

When  two  instruments,  whether  of  the  same  or  of  dif- 
ferent kinds,  are  used,  they  are  called  respectively  the 
"polariser"  and  the  "analyser" ;  and  the  two  together 
are  included  under  the  general  name  of  "polariscope." 

Spottiswoode,  Polarisation,  p.  2. 

Anamese,  a.  and  n.    See  Annamese. 

anamesite  (a-nam'e-sit),  n.  [<  Gr.  avdfjeaoc, 
intermediate  (<  avd,  upon,  +  fitaov,  middle),  + 
-ite^.]  The  name  given  by  lithologists  to  those 
varieties  of  basalt  which  are  of  so  fine  a  tex- 
ture that  the  separate  crystals  cannot  be  dis- 
tinguished by  the  naked  eye.    See  basalt. 

Anamite  (an'a-mit),  n.    Same  as  Annamese. 

anamnesis  (aii-am-ne'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avd- 
fivijaii,  a  recalling  to  mind,  <  ava/ufiv^cmeiv,  recall 


196 

to  mind,  <  avd,  again,  +  ixtfivrimeiv,  call  to  mind : 
see  mnemonic.  Cf.  amnesia.']  1.  In  psychol., 
the  act  or  process  of  reproduction  in  memory; 
reminiscence. —  2.  In  rhet.,  a  figure  which  con- 
sists in  calling  to  remembrance  something  over- 
looked.— 3.  In  Platonic  philos.,  the  vague  rec- 
ollection of  a  state  of  existence  preceding  the 
presentlife.  Is.  Taylor. — 4.  In  wed.,  the  account 
given  by  a  patient  or  his  friends  of  the  history 
of  his  case  up  to  the  time  when  he  is  placed  un- 
der the  care  of  a  physician. 

anamnestic  (an-am-nes'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr. 
avaftv/iartKoc,  able  t()  recall  to  mind,  <  dvafiVT/ard^, 
that  may  be  recalled,  <  dvafiiiivfjaKeiv:  see  anam- 
nesis.]   I.  a.  Aiding  the  memory. 

II,  n.  The  art  of  recollection  or  reminis- 
cence.   Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

Anamnia  (an-am'ni-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  anamnius,  <  Gr.  dv-  priv.  +  d/iviov,  amnion.] 
In  zodl.,  those  vertebrates,  as  fishes  and  am- 
phibians, which  are  destitute  of  an  amniotic 
sac :  opposed  to  Amnionata  (which  see). 

Anamniata  (an-am-ni-a'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  as 
Anamnia  +  -ata.]  The  more  correct  form  of 
Anamnionata. 

Anamnionata  (an-am"ni-o-ua'tfi),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  (jrr.  dv-  priv.  +  d/^viov,  amnion,  +  -ata;  more 
correctly  Anamniata.]  Vertebrates  which  have 
no  amnion,  as  the  Iclithyopsida :  synonymous 
with  Anallantoidea,  and  opposed  to  Amnionata. 
Also  written  Anamniota. 

anamnionic  (an-am-ni-on'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  dv- 
priv.  +  dfiviov,  amnion,  +  -ic ;  the  more  correct 
form  would  be  *anamniac.]  Same  as  anam- 
niotic. 

Anamniota  (an-am-ni-o'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dv-  priv.  4-  dfiviov,  amnion,  +  -uTug:  see  -otej] 
Same  as  Anamnionata. 

anamniotic  (an-am-ni-ot'ik),  a.  [As  Anamni- 
ota +  -ic]  Without  amnion:  as,  fishes  and 
amphibians  are  anamniotic  vertebrates.  An 
equivalent  form  is  anamnionic. 

anamorphism  (an-a-m6r'fizm),  n.  [<  anamor- 
phosis +  -ism.]  Same  as  anamorphosis,  2  and  3. 

anamorphoscope  (an-a-mor'fo-skop),  «.  [<  Gr. 
dva/j6p(puai^  (see  anamorjihosis)  4-  (jKOTreiv,\iew.] 
-Aji  optical  toy  consisting  of  a  vertical  cylindri- 


anantliouB 


Anamorphoscope. 

cal  mirror  which  gives  a  correct  image  of  a 
distorted  picture  drawn  at  the  base  on  a  plane 
at  right  angles  to  the  axis  of  the  mirror.  See 
anamorphosis. 

anamorphose  (an-a-mor'fos),  v.  t.;  pret.  and 
J)}),  anamorphosed,  ppr.  anamorphosing.  [<  ana- 
morphosis.] To  represent  by  anamorphosis; 
distort  into  a  monstrous  projection.    N.  E.  D. 

anamorphosis  (an-a-mor'fo-sis  or  an'^a-mor- 
fo'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dvaii6p<puaii;,  a  forming 
anew,  <  dva//op(p6siv,  form  anew,  transform,  < 
avd,  again,  +  /lopijideiv,  form,  <  /iop<p?/,  a  form :  see 
tnorphology.]  1.  In  j'erspec,  a  method  of  draw- 
ing which  gives  a  distorted  image  of  the  object 
represented  when  it  is  viewed  directly  or  nearly 
so,  but  a  natural  image  when  it  is  viewed  from  a 
certain  point,  is  reflected  by  a  curved  mirror, 
or  is  seen  through  a  polyhedron. —  2.  In  bot.,  an 
anomalous  or  monstrous  development  of  any 
part  of  a  plant,  owing  to  some  unusual  condition 
affecting  growth,  so  that  it  presents  an  appear- 
ance altogether  unlike  the  typical  form,  as 
when  the  calyx  of  a  rose  asstmies  the  form  of  a 
leaf.  Lichens  are  so  liable  to  this  change  of  form  from 
modifications  of  climate,  soil,  etc.,  that  some  varieties 
have  been  placed  in  three  or  four  different  genera. 
3.  In  co67.  and  6ot.,thegi-adual  change  of  form, 
generally  ascending,  traced  in  a  group  of  ani- 
mals or  plants  the  members  of  which  succeed 

each  other  in  point  of  time.  Thus,  the  earlier  mem- 
bers of  any  group  observed  in  the  lower  geological  forma- 
tions are  by  some  said  to  be  of  a  lower  type  than,  and  in 
point  of  development  inferior  to,  their  analogues  in  more 
recent  strata  or  among  living  forms ;  but  this  has  been 
controverted,  especially  by  opponents  of  Darwinism. 

In  senses  2  and  3  also  called  anamorphism. 


Anamorphosis. 

anamorphosy  (an-a-mor'fo-si),  «.  Same  as 
anamorphosis.    Imp.  Diet. 

anamorphous  (an-a-m6r'fus),  a.  [As  anamor- 
phosis +  -ous,  after  amorphous.]  Distorted; 
out  of  shape.    N.  E.  D. 

anan  (a-nan'),  adv.  and  interj.,  orig.  prep.  phr. 
[<  ME.  anan,  anwn,  originally  with  long  a  (a), 
andn;  also  anon,  anoon,  anone:  see  «?io».]  I.f 
adv.  At  once ;  immediately ;  anon. 

Go  to,  little  blushet,  for  this,  anan, 

You'll  steal  forth  a  laugh  in  the  shade  of  your  fan. 

B.  Jonson,  Entertainments. 

II.  interj.  An  interrogative  particle  signify- 
ing that  one  has  not  heard  or  comprehended 
what  has  been  said.  [Eng.] 

Hast.  Well,  what  say  you  to  a  friend  who  would  take  the 
bitter  bargaui  off  your  band? 
Tony.  Anan !      Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  ii. 

[In  this  sense  formerly,  and  still  dialectally,  much  used  in 
replying  to  questions  or  commands,  to  gain  a  slight  delay, 
though  originally  implying  "I  will  attend  to  you  at  once" ; 
hence,  with  an  interrogative  tone,  it  came  to  imply  that 
the  question  or  command  was  not  understood.  It  is  the 
same  word  as  anon.\ 

ananat  (an-an'a),  n.  [See  ananas.]  A  jiine- 
ajjple. 

ananas  (an-an'as),  n.  [Formerly  also  anana  = 
F.  and  It.  ananas,  <  Sp.  ananas,  also  anana,  Pg. 
ananas,  the  pineapple,  <  Braz.  (Tupi)  ananas, 
anassa,  or  nanas,  first  mentioned  as  Peruv., 
nanas.]  1.  A  native  name  in  tropical  America 
of  the  pineapple,  and  of  other  plants  resem- 
bling it.  The  wild  ananas  of  the  West  Indies  is 
Bromelia  Pinguin. —  2.  leap.]  [NL.]  A  small 
genus  of  tropical  plants,  belonging  to  the  nat- 
ural order  Bromeliacece.  A.  sativa  produces  the 
pineapple.    Also  called  Ananassa. 

Ananchytes  (an-ang-ki'tez),  n.  [NL. ;  forma- 
tion appar.  irreg.  and  not  obvious.]  A  ge- 
nus of  fossil  petalostichous  sea-urchins,  of  the 
family  Spatangi- 

d(c,  found  in  the  ^  - 

Cretaceous  for- 
mation. They  are 
called  in  the  south 
of  England  "shep- 
herds' crowns"  and 
"fairy  loaves,"  and 
are  especially  char- 
acteristic of  the 
Upper  Chalk.  They 
have  araised  helmet- 
like form,  simple  ambulacra,  transversed  mouth,  an  oblong 
outlet. 

Ananchytinae  (an-ang-ki-ti'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Ananchytes  +  -inee.]  A  subfamily  of  sea-urchins, 
of  the  family  Spatangida;,  ty|jified  by  the  genus 
Ananchytes,  containing  many  fossil  and  a  few 
surviving  forms. 

anandrous  (an-an'drus),  a.  [<  NL.  anandnis, 
<  Gr.  dvavdpo<:,  without  a  man,  <  dv-  priv.  +  dv^p 
{dv6p-),  a  man,  a  male,  in  mod.  bot.  a  stamen.] 
In  bot.,  without  stamens:  applied  to  female 
flowers.  Also  formerly  applied  to  crjrptogamic 
plants,  because  they  were  supposed  to  have  no 
male  organs. 

anantherous  (an-an'ther-us),  a.    [<  NL.  anan- 

therus,  <  Gr.  dv-  priv.  +  NL.  anthera,  anther.] 

In  bot.,  destitute  of  anthers, 
ananthous  (an-an'thus),  a.     [<  Gr.  dvavdf/^,  < 

dv-  priv.  +  dvdo(;,  a  flower,  4-  -ous.]  Destitute 

of  flowers. 


Aitancliy  fes. 
A,  (mains,    z,  .4.  tiibcrculaitts. 


anapaest 

anapaest,  anapaestic,  etc.  Same  as  anapest, 
etc.,  with  Latin  a:  retained, 
anapaganize  (an-a-pa'gan-iz),  v.  t.  [<  Gr.  ava, 
again  (see  ana-),  +  paganize,  q.  v.]  To  make 
pagan  again  ;  repaganize.  Southey.  [Rare.] 
anapeiratic  (an^a-pi-rafik),  a.  [Prop.  *ana- 
piratic,  <  Gr.  avaTrsipaadai,  ivy  again,  do  again, 
exercise,  <  avd,  again,  +  rreipav,  attempt,  try: 
see  pirate,  piratic]  Arising  from  too  long  or 
too  frequent  exercise :  applied  to  a  kind  of  pa- 
ralysis produced  by  the  habitual  use  of  certain 
muscles  in  the  same  way  for  a  long  time,  such 
as  writers'  palsy,  telegraphers'  paralysis,  etc. 
anapest,  a.  [In  fustian  an  apes,  an  apes,  and  apes, 
a  napes,  corrupted  fi-om  of  Naples."}  Of  Naples : 
applied  to  fustian  produced  there, 
anapest,  anapaest  (an'a-pest),  n.  [<  L.  ana- 
pcBstus,  <  Gr.  avcLTTaiarog,  prop,  a  verbal  adj., 
struck  back,  rebounding,  because  the  foot  is  the 
reverse  of  a  dactyl  (L.  dactylus  repercussus,  anti- 
daetylus),  <  avaizaiew,  strike  back  or  again,<  ava, 
back,  +  Traieiv,  strike,  =  L.  pavire,  strike :  see 
pave.']  In  pros.,  a  foot  consisting  of  three 
syllables,  the  first  two  short  or  unaccented, 
the  last  long  or  accented:  the  reverse  of  the 
dactyl. 

anapestic,  anapaestic  (an-a-pes'tik),  a.  and  n. 
[<  anapest,  anapcest,  +  -ic]  I,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  anapest;  consisting 
of  anapests. 

II,  «.  The  anapestic  measure ;  an  anapestic 
verse.  The  following  is  an  example  of  anapes- 
tics : 

"And  the  sheen  of  their  spears  was  like  stars  on  the  sea 
Where  the  blue  waves  roU  nightly  o'er  deep  Galilee." 

Byron,  Descent  of  Sennacherib. 

anapestical,  anapsestical  (an-a^pes'ti-kal),  a. 
Same  as  anapestic.  [Rare.] 
anapestically,  anapaestically  (an-a-pes'ti- 

kal-i ),  adv.    In  anapestic  rhythm, 
anaphalantiasis  (an-a-fal-an-ti'a-sis),  n.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  ava^aXavriaai^,  baldness  in  front,  <  ava, 
up,  +  (pdXavdog,  *(paAavToc,  bald  in  front.]  In 
pathol.,  the  falling  out  of  the  eyebrows. 

anaphora  (an-af'o-ra),  n.;  pi.  anaphone  (-re). 
[L.,  <  Gr.  avacjtopd,  a  coming  up,  ascension,  a 
bringing  up,  a  reference,  recourse,  an  offering, 

<  ava<t)ipetp,  bring  up,  bring  back,  refer,  pom- 
forth,  offer,  etc.,  <  avd,  up,  back,  +  (pepetv,  carry, 
bear,  =  E.  bear^.]  1.  In  rhet.,  a  figiu'e  con- 
sisting in  the  repetition  of  the  same  word  or 
words  at  the  beginning  of  two  or  more  succeed- 
ing verses,  clauses,  or  sentences :  as,  "  Where 
is  the  wise  ?  where  is  the  scribe  ?  where  is  the  dis- 
puter  of  this  world?"  ICor.i.  20. —  2.  luastron., 
the  oblique  ascension  of  a  star. —  3.  In  liturgies, 
the  more  solemn  part  of  the  eucharistic  service : 
probably  so  called  from  the  oblation  which  oc- 
curs m  it.  The  anaphora  begins  with  the  Sursum  Corda, 
and  includes  all  that  follows,  that  is,  tlie  preface,  conse- 
cration, great  oblation,  communion,  thanksgiving,  etc.  In 
some  of  the  more  ancient  forms  it  is  preceded  by  a  bene- 
diction. 

anaphrodisia  (an-af-ro-diz'i-a),  n.    [NL.,  < 

Gr.  ava<ppo6ia'La,  <  ava<pp6diToc,  ■without  venereal 
desire,  <  av-  priv.  +  ^^poA'r;?,  Venus.]  The  ab- 
sence of  sexual  power  or  appetite ;  impotence, 
anaphrodisiac  (an-af-ro-diz'i-ak),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Gr.  av-  priv.  +  a<ppo6iai.aK6g,  venereal :  see  aph- 
rodisiac.'] I.  a.  Tending  to  diminish  sexual 
desire ;  pertaining  to  anaphrodisia,  or  to  anaph- 
rodisiacs. 

II.  n.  That  which  dulls  or  diminishes  sexual 
appetite,  as  a  drug,  bathing,  etc.;  an  antaph- 
rodisiac. 

anaphroditic  (an-af-rO-dit'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  dva- 
<j>p6diToi-:  see  anaphrodisia.]  Agamogenetic ; 
asexually  produced. 

anaphroditous  (an-af-ro-di'tus),  a.    [<  Gr. 

avaippoSiToq :  see  anapihrodisia.]  Without  sex- 
ual appetite.    Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

anaplastic  (an-a-plas'tik),  a.  [As  anaplasty  + 
-Jc]  Of,  pertaining  to,  performed  by,  or  used 
in  the  operation  of  anaplasty  :  as,  an  anaplas- 
tic instrument. 

anaplasty  (an'a-plas-ti),  n.  [<  Gr.  avdnlaarog, 
that  may  be  formed  anew,  verbal  adj.  of  ava- 
n'Kdpnuv,  form  anew,  remodel,  <  avd,  again,  + 
;rAd(T(7e(i/,  mold,  form:  plastic]  'Lnsurg.,  the 
repairing  of  superficial  lesions,  or 'solutions  of 
continuity,  by  the  employment  of  adjacent 
healthy  structure,  as  by  transplanting  a  neigh- 
boring portion  of  skin.  Noses,  etc.,  are  thus 
restored. 

anaplerosis  (an"a-ple-r6'sis),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

avan/J/pojaic,  <  dvdkAr]p'ovv,  fill  up,  <  avd,  up,  + 
Trlvpovv,  fill,  <  -h'/p-rj^,  full,  akin  to  L.  jAenus,  full : 
%QQple7ity.]    The  addition  of  what  is  lacking; 


ly? 

specifically,  in  med. ,  the  filling  up  of  a  deficiency 
caused  by  loss  of  substance,  as  in  wounds. 

anaplerotic  (an*a-ple-rot'ik),  a.  and  «.  [<  L, 
anapleroticus,  <  Gr.  *dvan'AripuTLK6g,  fit  for  fiUing 
up,  <  dvairlripovv,  fill  up,  restore:  see  anaple- 
rosis.] I,  a.  In  med.,  filling  up;  promoting 
granulation  of  wounds  or  ulcers. 

II.  n.  A  substance  or  application  which  pro- 
motes the  granulation  of  woimds  or  ulcers. 

Anaplotherium,  n.  Erroneous  form  of  Ano- 
plotlivrium.  Brande. 

anapnograph  (an-ap'no-graf),  n.  [<  Gr.  dva- 
nvor],  respiration  (<  avairvelv,  take  breath,  <  avd, 
again,  +  Trvelv,  breathe),  +  ypdfeiv,  write.]  An 
instrument  for  registering  the  movements  and 
amount  of  expiration  and  inspiration.  N.  E.  D. 

anapnometer  (an-ap-nom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  ava- 
■Kvoi],  respiration  (see  anapnograph),  +  /urpov, 
a  measure.]  An  instrument  for  measimng  the 
force  of  respiration  ;  a  spii'ometer.    N.  E.  D. 

anapodictic  (an-ap-o-dik'tik)^  a.  [<  Gr.  hvairo- 
deiKTog,  not  demonstrable,  <  av-  priv.  +  aTro6ei- 
KTog,  demonstrable :  see  apjodictic]  Incapable 
of  being  demonstrated  by  argument. 

anapophysial  (an-ap-o-fiz'i-al),  a.  [<  anapophy- 
Sis.]  Relating  or  pertaining  to  an  anapophysis. 

anapophysis  (an-a-jyof 'i-sis),  M.;  pi.  anapophyses 
(-sez).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dva,  back,  +  airofvoig,  an  off- 
shoot, process  of  a  bone,  <  diro^vuv,  put  forth, 
in  pass,  grow  as  an  offshoot,  <  and,  from,  off 
(see  apo-),  +  (pheiv,  produce,  in  pass,  grow :  see 
physic]  In  anat.,  a  small  backward  projecting 
process  on  the  neural  arch  of  a  vertebra,  be- 
tween the  prezygapophysis  and  the  diapophy- 
sis.  It  is  developed  especially  in  the  posterior  dorsal  and 
lumbar  regions  of  the  spine.  Also  called  an  accessory 
process.    See  cut  under  lumbar. 

Anaptomorphidae  (an-ap-to-mor'fi-de),  n.  pi. 
['N'L.,<.  Anaptomorphus  + -idee.]  A  family  of 
extinct  Eocene  lemuroid  mammals  of  North 
America,  with  two  premolars  and  a  dental  for- 
mula like  that  of  the  higher  apes. 

The  most  evident  lemuroids  yet  found  in  North  Amer- 
ica belong  to  the  family  of  the  Anaptomorphidce. 

Cope,  Amer.  Naturalist  (1885),  p.  465. 

Anaptomorphus  (an-ap-to-m6r'fus),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  dv-  priv.  +  d-KTeiv,  fasten,  +  iJ-op<pf],  form.] 
The  typical  genus  of  the  family  Anaptomor- 
phidce,  founded  on  the  jaw  of  a  small  species, 
A.  (Emulus.  A.  hoinunculus  is  another  species,  found  in 
the  Wahsatch  beds  of  Wyoming.  The  lacrymal  foramen 
is  external,  and  the  symphysis  of  the  jaw  is  unossified. 

As  far  as  dental  characters  go,  Anaptomorphus  comes 
closer  to  man  than  any  of  the  e.xisting  Primates. 

Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  V.  493. 

anaptotic  (an-ap-tot'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avd,  back, 
again,  +  OTrrwrof,  indeclinable  :  see  aptote.]  In 
philoL,  becoming  again  uninflected :  applied  to 
languages  which  have  a  tendency  to  lose  or  have 
already  lost  the  use  of  inflections. 

anaptychus  (an-aj)'ti-kus),  n.;  pi.  anaptychi 
(-ki).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dvaTTTvxoi;,  var.  of  avdnrvKTog, 
that  may  be  opened,  verbal  adj.  of  dvaTTnaGetv, 
open,  unfold,  <  avd,  back,  +  Trrvaasiv,  fold.]  One 
of  the  heart-shaped  plates  divided  by  a  suture 
found  in  some  fossil  cephalopods,  as  goniatites 
and  ammonites.    See  aptychus. 

anarch  (an'ark),  n.  [Formed  after  the  analogy 
of  monarch;  <  Gr.  dvapxog,  without  a  head  or 
chief:  see  anarchy.]  A  promoter  of  anarchy; 
one  who  excites  revolt  against  all  government 
or  authority;  an  anarchist. 

Him  thus  the  anarch  old, 
With  faltering  speech  and  visage  incomposed, 
Answer'd.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  988. 

"  A  torpedo,"  cried  Zero,  brightening,  "  a  torpedo  in  the 
Thames  I  Superb,  dear  fellow  !  I  recognize  in  you  the 
marks  of  an  accomplished  anarch." 

R.  L.  Stevenson,  The  Dynamiter,  p.  305. 

anarchal,  anarchial  (a-nar'kal,  -ki-al),  a.  [< 
Gr.  avapxog,  without  a  head  or  chief:  see  an- 
archy.] Ungoverned;  lawless;  anarchical. 
[Rare.] 

We  are  in  the  habit  of  calling  those  bodies  of  men  an- 
archal which  are  in  a  state  of  effervescence. 

Landor,  Imaginary  Conversations,  I.  135. 
anarchic  (a-nar'kik),  a.    [^<.  anarchy  + -ic.]  1. 
Of,  pertaining  to,  proceeding  fi-om,  or  dictated 
by  anarchy;  without  rule  or  government;  in 
confusion.    An  equivalent  form  is  anarchical. 

Mr.  Arnold  is  impatient  with  the  unregulated  and,  as 
he  thinks,  anarchic  state  of  our  society  ;  and  everywhere 
displays  a  longing  for  more  administrative  and  control- 
ling agencies.  H.  Spencer,  Study  of  Sociol.,  p.  231. 

2.  Relating  or  pertaining  to  the  theory  of  so- 
ciety called  anarchy ;  founded  on  anarchy  or 
anarchism.    See  anarchy,  2. 

Not  only  is  he  [Bakunin]  the  father  of  Nihilism  in  Rus- 
sia, but  he  has  been  the  apostle  of  International  .^jiarcAic 


Anarhjmchus 

Socialism  throughout  tlie  south  of  Europe,  and  it  is  the 
substance  of  his  doctrines  that  we  meet  in  those  of  the 
Paris  Revolution  of  the  18th  of  March. 

Orpen,  tr.  of  Laveleye's  Socialism,  p.  196. 

•  anarchical  (a-nar'ki-kal),  a.    Same  as  anar- 
chic, 1. 

anarchism  (an'ar-kizm),  «.  [<  anarchy  + 
-ism.]  1.  Confusion;  disorder;  anarchy. —  2. 
The  doctrines  of  the  anarchists ;  the  anarchic 
and  socialistic  scheme  of  society  proposed  by 
Proudhon.  See  anarchy,  2. 
anarcMst  (an'ar-kist),  n.  [<  anarchy  +  -ist ;  = 
F.  anarchiste.]  1.  Properly,  one  who  advocates 
anarchy  or  the  absence  of  government  as  a 
political  ideal ;  a  believer  in  an  anarchic  theory 
of  society;  especially,  an  adherent  of  the  social 
theory  of  Proudhon.  See  anarchy,  2. —  2.  In 
popular  use,  one  who  seeks  to  overturn  by  vio- 
lence all  constituted  forms  and  institutions  of 
society  and  government,  all  law  and  order,  and 
all  rights  of  property,  with  no  pm'pose  of  es- 
tablishing any  other  system  of  order  in  the 
place  of  that  destroyed ;  especially,  such  a  per- 
son when  actuated  by  mere  lust  of  plunder. — 3. 
Any  person  who  promotes  disorder  or  excites 
revolt  against  an  established  rule,  law,  or  cus- 
tom. See  anarch  and  nihilist. 
anarchistic  (an-ar-kis'tik),  a.  [<  anarchist  + 
-ic]  Pertaining  to,  having  the  characteristics 
of,  or  advocating  anarchism. 

Secret  conspirators  and  anarchistic  agitators. 

Appleton's  Ann.  Cyc,  1884,  p.  357. 

anarchize  (an'iir-kiz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  an- 
arcMzed,  ppr.  a'narchizing.  [<  anarchy  +  -ize.] 
To  put  into  a  state  of  anarchy  or  confusion ; 
reduce  to  anarchy  ;  throw  into  confusion, 
anarchy  (an'ar-ki),  w.  [<  F.  anarchic,  <  Gr.  av- 
apx'M,  lack  of  a  ruler  or  of  government^  anarchy, 

<  dvapxo^,  without  a  ruler  or  chief,  <  av-  priv.  + 
dpxog,  a  ruler,  dpx'i,  rule,  government,  <  dpxw, 
ride,  be  first:  see  arch-.  Cf.  monarchy.]  1. 
Absence  or  insufficiency  of  government ;  a  state 
of  society  in  which  there  is  no  capable  supreme 
power,  and  in  which  the  several  functions  of  the 
state  are  performed  badly  or  not  at  aU ;  social 
and  political  confusion. 

It  seemed  but  too  likely  that  England  would  fall  under 
the  most  odious  and  degrading  of  all  kinds  of  government. 
.  .  .  uniting  all  the  evUs  of  despotism  to  all  the  evils  of 
anarchy.  Macaulay. 
Specifically — 2.  A  social  theory  which  regards 
the  union  of  order  with  the  absence  of  all  direct 
government  of  man  by  man  as  the  political 
ideal ;  absolute  individual  liberty.  The  most  noted 
expounder  of  this  theory  was  Pierre  Joseph  Proudhon 
(1809-1865),  whose  views  have  been  adopted,  with  various 
modifications,  by  many  agitators. 

Proudhon  .  .  .  said  that  "  the  true  form  of  the  state  is 
anarchy,"  .  .  .  meaning  by  anarchy,  of  course,  not  positive 
disorder,  but  the  absence  of  any  supreme  ruler,  whether 
king  or  convention.        Rae,  Contemp.  Socialism,  p.  141. 

3.  Confusion  in  general. 

The  late  beauteous  prospect  presents  one  scene  of  an- 
archy and  wild  uproar,  as  though  old  Chaos  had  resumed 
his  reign,  and  was  hurling  back  into  one  vast  turmoil  the 
conflicting  elements  of  nature. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  185. 
=  Syn.  Anarchy,  Chaos.  Anarchy  is  an  absence  of  gov- 
ernment ;  chaos  is  an  absence  of  order. 

anarcotin,  anarcotine  (a-nar'ko-tin),  «.  [< 

Gr.  a- priv.  (a-l8)  +  narcotic  +  -i'n^,  -ine"^.]  A 
name  proposed  for  narcotine,  because  of  its 
apparent  freedom  from  narcotic  properties, 
anareta  (an-ar'e-ta),  n.    [ML.,  prop.  *ancEreia, 

<  Gr.  dvatpETT]^,  (^estroyer,  mm'derer:  see  Anw- 
retes.]  In  astral.,  the  lord  of  the  eighth  house ; 
the  killing  planet. 

The  length  of  time  which  the  apheta  and  anareta,  as 
posited  in  each  respective  figure  of  a  nativity,  will  be  in 
forming  a  conjunction,  or  coming  together  in  the  same 
point  of  the  heavens,  is  the  precise  length  of  the  native  s 
life-  Sibley,  Astrology. 

anaretic  (an-a-ret'ik),  a.  \^m^.*anwretic,  <  Gr. 
dvaipermor,  destructive,  with  ref.  to  anareta,  q. 
v.]  In  astroL,  destructive ;  Mlling:  with  refer- 
ence to  the  anareta. 

The  anaretic  or  killing  places  are  the  places  of  Saturn 
and  Mars,  which  kill  according  to  the  direction  of  the 
hyleg  to  the  succeeding  signs.  Sibley,  Astrology. 

anaretical  (an-a-ret'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  anaretic. 

Sibley. 

Anarhynchus  (an-a-ring'kus),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

avd,  up,  back,  +  pvyxoQ,  snout,  bUl.]  A  remark- 
able genus  of  plovers,  differing  from  aU  other 
birds  in  having  the  end  of  the  bill  bent  sidewise 
and  upward,  but  otherwise  quite  like  ordinary 
plovers.  A.  frontalis,  the  only  species,  is  a  na- 
tive of  New  Zealand.  Also  spelled  Anarrhyn- 
chus.  Quay  and  Gaimard,  1833.  See  cut  under 
plover. 


Anarnacinse 

Anarnacinse  (an-ar-na-si'ne),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Aiiarudciis  +  -ince.}  A  subfamily  of  toothed 
cetaceans,  of  the  family  Ziphiida'.  it  is  distin- 
guished from  Ziphiince  by  tlie  greatly  developed  incurved 
lateral  crests  of  tlie  maxillary  bone.  It  contains  the  spe- 
cies commonly  referred  to  the  genus  JIi/jM-roudon,  which 
is  a  synonym  of  Anarnacui:. 

Anarnacus  (an-ar'na-kus),  )i.  [NL.,  <  anarnal; 
given  as  a  native  name  of  a  kind  of  porpoise.] 
A  genus  of  toothed  cetaceans,  giving  name  to 
the  ^\\hiaxii\\y  Anaynaciniv :  synonjTtnous  with 
Ui/pcrooilon. 

anarrhexis  (au-a-rek'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  avdp- 
P'/j/c,  a  breaking  up,  <  avapprpjvvvai,  break  up, 
break  through,  <  ava,  up,  +  p!/yvvvai,  break, 
akin  to  E.  break,  q.  v.]  In  surg.,  the  rebreak- 
ing of  a  united  fractm'e. 

anarrhichadid  (an-a-rik'a-did),  n.  A  fish  of 
the  family  Aiuirrhiciiadicla: 

Anarrhichadidas  (an  "a-ri-kad'i-de),  «.  jpl. 
[NL.,  <  Atiurrhichas  (-chad-)  +  -idw.^  A  family 
of  blennioid  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Anar- 
rhichas. 

Anarrhichadini  (an-a-rik-a-dl'ni),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Anurrhichag  {-chad-")  +  -/«/.]  A  subfamily  of 
blenuioid  fishes,  same  as  the  family  Anarrliicha- 
didw.  Bonaparte. 

Anarrhichas  (an-ar'i-kas),  ?(.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avap- 
piXaaOai,  clamber  up  with  hands  and  feet,  <  ava, 
up,  +  appixaaOai  (only  in  comp.),  clamber.]  A 
genus  of  blennioid  fishes,  typical  of  the  family 


\\  ulf-llsh  [Anarrhichas  iHplu). 

A>iarrhic]iadid(e,  containing  A.  Jnpiift,  the  com- 
mon wolf-fish  (which  see),  and  several  closely 
related  species.  Also  written  J*/rt)7(/t'/(rts,  Anar- 
rliicas,  Anarliicas. 

Anarrhynchus,  «.    See  Anarhynclnts. 

anarthria  (an-ar'thri-a),  11.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avap- 
Opia,  lit.  absence  of  joints,  used  only  in  fig.  sense, 
want  of  strengt.h,  <  Gr.  avapOpo^,  without  joints, 
not  articulated,  inarticulate:  see  anarthrous.^ 
1.  Absence  of  joints  or  of  jointed  limbs. —  2. 
Inability  to  articulate  distinctly  in  speaking,  de- 
pendent on  a  central  nervous  defect,  but  not  in- 
volving jjaralysis  of  the  muscles  of  articulation. 

anarthric  (an-ar'thrik),  a.  [<.  anarthria  -i-  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  anarthria;  suffering  from  anar- 
thria. 

Anarthropoda  (an-ar-throp'o-da),  [NL., 

<  Gr.  av-  priv.  +  apdpov,  a  joint,  +  Troi'f  (ttoJ-) 
=  'Et.  foot.  See  Arthropoda.']  In  zool.,  in  some 
systems  of  classification,  one  of  two  prime  di- 
visions {Arthropoda  being  the  other)  of  the  Aii- 
mdosa  or  ringed  animals,  namely,  those  which 
have  no  articulated  appendages  or  jointed 
limbs,  such  as  the  Annelida  and  the  Gephyrea. 

It  is  conterminous  with  these  two  classes,  together  with  the 
Chcetorinntlia  (SiKjitta).  The  term  is  not  now  current,  Ar- 
thropoda Ijeing  ranked  as  a  subkingdom,  including  crusta- 
ceans, myriapods,  arachnids,  and  insects,  and  all  anar- 
thropodous  ringed  animals  being  contrasted  with  them 
under  the  name  Vermes. 

anarthropodous  (an-ar-throp'o-dus),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Anarthropoda ;  hence,  with- 
out articidated  limbs. 

anarthrous  (an-ar'thrus),  a.    l<'i^h.  anarthrus, 

<  Gr.  avapdpog,  without  joints,  without  articula- 
tion, without  the  article,  <  av-  priv.  -F  apdpov, 
a  joint,  in  gram,  the  article:  see  arthritis,  etc.] 
1.  In  ^^00?.:  (a)  Without  joints;  not  jointed; 
inartieulated.  (h)  Having  no  articulated  limbs; 
anarthropodous. —  2.  In  .^ra/w.,  without  the  arti- 
cle: applied  especially  to  Greek  nouns  so  used 
exceptionally. 

Anas  (a'nas),  n.  [L.  anas  (anat-)  =  Gr.  v^rra. 
Epic  and  Ionic  vfjcca,  Dor.  vdaaa,  -  Lith.  antis  - 
OHG.  anut,  enit,  MHG.  a?it  (pi.  ente),  ent,  G. 
etite  =  AS.  ened,  ME.  ened,  ende,  a  duck,  ME. 
deriv.  *endrakc,  by  apheresis  drake,  E.  drake : 
see  drakc^.'\  A  genus  of  palmiped  lamelliros- 
tral  swimming  birds,  tj^pical  of  the  family 
tida'.  It  was  nearly  contenninous  with  Anatidce  in  the 
early  systems,  as  tlie  Linnean,  liut  has  been  successively 
restrictedby  different  authors,  till  it  has  come  to  be  applied 
only  to  the  mallard,  vl/ias  hoseas,  and  its  immediate  c(m- 
species,  as  the  dusky  duck,  A.  ohsettra,  of  North  America. 
It  was  for  some  time  coextensive  with  the  subfamily  Ana- 
tUiCB,  including  the  f  resli-water  ducks  as  distinguished  from 
the  Ftiliguliiuv.  With  Linnseus  it  was  synonymous  with 
Anseres,  exclusive  of  Mcrgus,  and  contained  the  swans, 
geese,  etc.,  as  well  as  the  ducks.  A  form  Anasnus  is  also 
foUTid.    See  cut  under  mallard. 

Anasa  (an'a-sa),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  hemip- 
terous  insects,  of  the  group  Coreince,  containing 


198 

such  species  as  the  common  squash-bug,  A. 
tristis. 

anasarca  (an-a-sar'ka),  n.    [ML.  and  NL.,  < 

Gr.  ava,  up,  through  (see  ana-),  +  aapKa,  aec. 
of  (Topf,  flesh.]  1.  In  patliol.,  a  wide-spread 
edema  or  dropsical  affection  of  the  skin  and 
subcutaneous  connective  tissue. — 2.  In  hot., 
the  condition  of  plants  when  the  tissues  be- 
come gorged  with  fluid  in  very  wet  weather, 
anasarcous  (an-a-sar'kus),  a.  [<  anasarca  +. 
-ous.']  Belonging  to  or  affected  by  anasarca  or 
dropsy ;  ih'opsieal. 
anaseismic  (an-a-sis'mik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avdanafia, 
dvaaeiai-ioi;,  a  shaking  up  and  down,  <  dvaaeieiv, 
shake  up  and  down,  <  dvd,  up,  -1-  aeletv,  shake,  > 
oeiopog,  a  shaking :  see  ana-  and  seismic.']  Char- 
acterized by  upward  movement:  applied  to 
earthquakes,  or  to  earthquake-shocks.  Milne, 
Earthquakes,  p.  11. 
Anaspidea  (an-as-pid'f-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dv- 
priy.  -I-  dcTTi^  (octtthS-),  a'shield.]  One  of  three 
divisions  of  the  tectibranehiate  gastropods,  cor- 
related with  C<  phdldspidca  and  Koiaspidea.  It 
includes  the  liimilies  Ajihisiidce  and  Oxynoida:. 
anastaltict  (an-a-stai'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  uraaTaTiTi- 
K6g,  fitted  for  cheeking,  <  oraoTfAAen',  check, 
keep  back,  send  back,  <  dvd,  back,  +  aTe7.7^eiv, 
send.]  In  wee/.,  astringent ;  stj-ptic. 
anastate(an'a-stat),9i.  [<  Gr.  a)'a(Trfirof,madeto 
rise  up,  verbal  adj.  of  dvlaraaOai,  rise  up,  <  dpd, 
up,  -I-  la-aadai,  stand.]  The  material  result  of 
anabolism ;  a  substance  resulting  from  or  char- 
acterized by  anabolic  processes ;  any  substance 
which  is  evolved  from  one  simpler  than  itself, 
with  absorption  of  energy.    See  aiiaholism. 

Tlie  substances  or  niesostates  appearing  in  the  former 
[series  of  anabolic  processes]  we  may  speak  of  as  ana- 
states,  those  of  the  latter  we  may  call  katastates. 

M.  Foxtn;  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  19. 
anastatic  (an-a-stat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avdcraroQ, 
made  to  rise  up,  verbal  adj.  of  dviaraadat,  rise  up 
(see anastatc), -f-  -ic;  at. static.']  Raised;  consist- 
ing of  or  fui-nished  with  raised  characters :  as, 
anasta  tic  plates — Anastatic  printing  or  engraving, 

a  mode  of  obtaining  a  facsimile  of  any  priiiteil  j)age  or  cn- 
gi-aving  by  moistening  the  print  with  dilutu  i>liosplioric 
acid  and  transferring  the  ink  from  the  impres.sion  to  a 
plate  of  zinc.  The  plate  is  then  subjected  to  tlie  action  of 
an  acid,  which  etches  or  eats  away  the  surface  in  all  por- 
tions not  protected  by  the  ink,  so  that  the  portions  thus 
protected  are  left  in  relief  and  prints  can  readily  be  taken 
from  them.    Also  called  zinmiirapliy. 

Anastatica  (au-a-stat'i-kii),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.dvd- 

craToc,  made  to  rise  up ;  cf .  d  i/naraatc,  a  making  to 

rise  up,  resur- 
rection: see  «m- 
asta  tic]  A  ge- 
nus of  plants, 
of  the  natural 
t'    ^^'>-""^\<J^^*5i^^       order  Crucife- 

tina,  the  rose  of 
Jericho,  is  found 
near  the  Dead  Sea 
and  in  the  deserts 
of  Arabia  Pctraja, 
Egypt,  and  south- 
ern Persia.  It  is 
remarkable  for  the 
power  the  dried 
plant  has  of  ab- 
sorbing water  and 
appearing  to  re- 
vive when  placed 
in  it,  whence  the 
common  name  of 
resurrection-plant.  This  name  has  reference  also  to  the 
popular  belief  tliat  the  plant  blooms  at  Christmas  and 
remains  expanded  till  Easter.  The  plants  are  gathered  to 
be  .sent  to  .ferusalem,  where  they  are  sold  to  pilgrims, 
anastigmatic  (an-as-tig-mat'ik),  «.  [<  an-S  -f 
astigmatic.]  Not  astigmatic  :  applied  to  a  lens. 
Anastomatinse (a-nas''''to-ma-ti'ne), n.pl.  [NL., 
i  Anastomus  {-mat-)  +  -inxii.]  A  subfamily  of 
birds,  of  the  family  Ciconiidw,  or  storks,  form- 
ed for  the  reception  of  the  genus  Anastomus. 
Bonaparte,  1850. 

anastome  (an'a-stom),  n.    A  bird  of  the  genus 

^inastomns. 

Anastominse  (a-nas-to-mi'ne),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

AnastoniHs  +  -ince.]  'Same  as  Anastomatinw. 
Biinajiartc,  1849. 

anastomize  (a-nas'to-miz),  v.  L;  pret.  and  pp. 
anastomized,  ppr.  anastomizing .  [As  anastomose 
+  -ize.]    Same  as  anastomose.  [Karo.] 

anastomosant  (a-nas-to-mo'zant),  a.  [F.,  ppr. 
of  ajiastiimoser,  anastomose :  see  below.]  Anas- 
tomosing; anastomotic.  Syd.  Soc.  Lex.,  1879. 
[Rare.] 

anastomose  (a-nas'to-moz),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

anastomosed,  ppr.  anastomosing.  [<  F.  anasto- 
moser,  <  anastomose,  anastomosis :  see  anasto- 
mosis.] I.  intrans.  To  communicate  or  unite 
by  anastomosis ;  intercommunicate,  inosculate, 


Rose  of  Jericho 
i.4tiastattca  Hierochicnftna). 
I.  the  living  plant;  2,  the  plant  withered  ; 
3,  the  same  expanded  by  moisture. 


anathema 

or  run  into  one  another:  said  chiefly  of  vessels 
conveying  fluid,  as  blood  or  lymph,  as  when 
arteries  luiite  with  one  another  or  with  veins. 

The  ribbing  of  the  leaf,  and  the  anastoinoxing  net-work 
of  its  vessels.  y«.  Taylor. 

In  some  species  they  branch  and  anastomose. 

W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  500. 

II.  trans.  To  connect  by  anastomosis.  N. 
E.  D. 

anastomosis  (a-nas-to-mo'sis),  n.    [NL.  (>  P. 

anastomose),  <  Gr.  dvaord/uuaic,  an  opening,  out- 
let, discharge,  sharpening  of  the  appetite,  <  dva- 
GTopoELv,  open,  discharge,  as  one  sea  into  an- 
other, furnish  with  a  mouth,  sharpen  the  appe- 
tite, <  dva,  again,  +  oTopduv,  furnish  with  a 
mouth,  <  (Tr(i/(a,  mouth :  see  stoma.]  1.  In  ^^oo7. 
and  anat.,  the  imion,  intercommunication,  or 
inosculation  of  vessels  of  any  system  with  one 
another,  or  with  vessels  of  another  system,  as 
the  arteries,  veins,  and  lymphatics.  In  sur- 
gery, after  ligation  of  an  artery,  collateral  cir- 
culation is  established  by  arterial  anastomosis. 
Hence — 2.  The  interlacing  or  network  of  any 
branched  system,  as  the  veins  of  leaves  or 
the  nervures  of  insects'  wings.  See  cut  under 
venation. 

anastomotic  (a-nas-to-mot'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL. 

anastomoticus,  <  Gr.  dvarjTofiuTiKdc;,  lit.  pertaining 
to  opening,  fit  for  sharpening,  <  avaan/idnv, 
open:  see  anastomosis.  In  the  first  sense  for- 
merly also  anastomatic,  after  Gr.  aropaTrndg,  per- 
taining to  the  mouth.]  I.  a.  If.  In  ?Hed.,  hav- 
ing the  quality  of  removing  obstructions,  as 
from  the  blood-vessels. —  2.  Pertaining  to  or 
exhibiting  anastomosis. 

In  the  former  [Spatangu-i],  a  distinct  anastomotic  trunk 
ctinnects  the  intestinal  vessels  with  the  circular  ambula- 
cral  vessel.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  495. 

II.  1  n.  One  of  a  class  of  medicines  formerly 
supposed  to  have  the  power  of  opening  the 
mouths  of  blood-vessels  and  promoting  circu- 
lation, such  as  cathartics,  deobstruents,  and  su- 
dorifics. 

Anastomus  (a-nas'to-mus),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  dvd 

oTuiia,  mouth:  see  anastomosis.]  1.  In  or- 
nith.,  a  genus  of  storks,  of  the  family  Ciconiidce 
and  subfamily  Anastomatinev.  The  name  is  derived 
from  the  form  of  the  beak,  the  mandibles  separating  so  as 
to  leave  an  interval  beween  them,  and  coming  together 
again  or  anastomosing  at  the  tip.  There  are  two  very  dis- 
tinct species,  the  East  Indian  A.  osculans  and  the  African 
A.  lainetliijerus.  The  former  is  white  with  black  wings 
and  tail,  thf  latter  black.  Also  called  Apertirostra,  C/ieno- 
rliainplnix,  Uians,  Iliator,  and  Hhynchochasma. 

2.  In  ichth.,  a  genus  ot  SalmonidoB.   G.  Cuvier, 
1817.    [Not  in  xise.] 
anastrophe  (a-nas'tro-fe),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  ava- 

oTpocj)?/,  a  turning  back,  <  dvaaTpl:<puv,  turn  back, 

<  dvd,  back,  -I-  aTpc^eiv,  turn.  Cf.  strophe.]  In 
rhct.  and  gram.,  an  inversion  of  the  usual  or- 
der of  words :  as,  "  echoed  the  hills  "  for  "  the 
hills  echoed." 

anastroUS  (a-nas'trus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avaarpoc, 
without  stars,  <  dv-  priv.  +  aarpov,  star.]  Not 
constituting  a  constellation — Anastrous  sign,  a 
sign  of  the  zodiac,  not  a  constellation  corresponding  to 
such  a  sign. 

anatase  (an'a-tas),  n.  [So  named  from  the 
length  of  its  crystals ;  <  Gr.  dvdraaic.  extension, 

<  dvareiveiv,  extend,  <  dvd,  back,  +  reiveiv,  stretch 
(>  rdaig,  tension):  see  tend,  tension.]  One  of 
the  three  forms  of  native  titanium  dioxid ;  octa- 
hedrite.  in  color  it  is  indigo-blue,  reddish-brown,  and 
yellow ;  it  is  usually  crystallized  in  acute,  elongated,  pyra- 
midal octahedrons. 

anathemf,  n.    Obsolete  form  of  anathema. 

anathema  (a-nath'e-ma),  n.;  pi.  anathemas,  an- 
athemata  (-maz,  an-a-them'a-ta).  [LL.  anathe- 
ma, <  Gr.  dvddefta  (in  the  Septuagint  and  the  New 
Testament  and  hence  ineccles.Gr.  andL.),  any- 
thing devoted  to  evil,  an  accursed  thing,  a  curse ; 
esp.  of  excommunication,  an  accursed  or  excom- 
municated person ;  in  classical  Greek  simply 
'  anything  offered  up  or  dedicated,'  being  an- 
other form  of  the  regular  dvddrjfia,  a  votive  offer- 
ing set  up  in  a  temple,  esp.  as  an  ornament, 
hence  also  an  ornament,  a  delight  (>  LL.  ana- 
thema, an  offering,  a  gift),  lit.  'that  which  is 
set  up' ;  <  dvaridevai,  set  up,  dedicate,  offer,  <  ava, 
up,  -f-  Tidevai,  put,  place,  set :  see  ana-  and  theme. 
The  forms  of  anathema  are  thus  distinguished: 
anathema,  when  the  dedication  is  carried  out 
by  the  preservation  of  the  object  as  a  pious  of- 
fering (Luke  xxi.  5) ;  anathema,  when  it  has  in 
view  the  destruction  of  the  object  as  acciu'sed 
(Josh.  vii.  12).  A  relic  of  the  former  and  origi- 
nal sense  of  the  word  is  found  in  the  anathc- 
mata  of  the  middle  ages,  which  were  gifts  and 
ornaments  bestowed  upon  the  church  and  con- 


anatliema 


199 


anatomize 


secrated  to  the  worship  of  God.  The  principal 
English  uses,  however,  are  derived  from  the 
form  anathema. 'i  1.  A  person  or  thing  held  to 
be  accursed  or  devoted  to  damnation  or  destruc- 
tion. 

The  .lewish  nation  was  an  anathema  destined  to  de- 
struction. St.  Paul  .  .  .  says  he  could  wish  to  save  them 
from  it,  and  to  become  an  anathema,  and  to  be  destroyed 
himself.  Locke,  Paraplirase  of  Rom.  ix.  3. 

It  is  God's  will,  the  Holy  Father's  will, 
And  Philip's  will,  and  mine,  that  he  should  burn. 
He  is  pronounced  anathema. 

Tennyson,  Queen  Mary,  iv.  1. 

2.  A  curse  or  denunciation  pronounced  with 
religious  solemnity  by  ecclesiastical  author- 
ity, involving  excommunication.  Tliis  species  of 
excommunication  was  practised  in  the  ancient  clmrches 
against  Incorrigible  offenders.  Churches  were  warned  not 
to  receive  them,  magistrates  and  private  persons  were  ad- 
monished not  to  harbor  or  maintain  them,  and  priests  were 
enjoined  not  to  converse  with  them  or  attend  their  lu- 
nerals.  Also  called  judiciary  anathema.  The  formula, 
"which  if  anybody  deny  let  him  be  anathema,"  is  com- 
monly added  to  the  decrees  of  ecclesiastical  councils,  and 
especially  to  the  doctrinal  canons  of  ecumenical  councils. 
It  is  denied  by  some  theologians  that  tlie  idea  of  a  curse 
properly  belongs  to  the  anathema  as  used  in  the  Christian 
church.    See  excommunication. 

In  pronouncing  anathema  against  wilful  heretics,  the 
Churcli  does  but  declare  tliat  they  are  excluded  from  her 
communion,  and  that  they  must,  if  they  continue  obsti- 
nate, perish  eternally.  Cath.  Diet. 

Hence — 3.  Any  imprecation  of  divine  punish- 
ment ;  a  curse ;  an  execration. 
She  fled  to  London,  followed  by  the  anathemas  of  both. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair. 
Drawing  his  falchion  and  uttering  a  thousand  anathe- 
mas, he  strode  down  to  the  scene  of  combat. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  382. 

4.  Anything  devoted  to  religious  uses —  Abjura- 
tory  anathema,  the  act  of  a  convert  who  anathematizes 
the  heresy  which  he  abjures. — Anathema  maranatha 

(mar-an-a'thii,  prop.  nia-ran"a-tha').  [LL.  (Vulgate)  ana- 
thema, Maran  atha,  <  Gr.  av6.6eiia,  iiapav  ada,  prop,  sepa- 
rated by  a  period,  being  the  end  of  a  sentence,  Gr.  i?™  ai'a- 
9efxa,  LL.  sit  anathema,  let  him  be  anathema,  followed  by 
anotlier  sentence,  Mapai/  6.96.,  <  Syr.  mdran'  ethd',  lit.  the 
Lord  liath  come,  here  nsed  appar.  as  a  solemn  formula  of 
confirmation,  like  amen,  q.  v.]  A  phrase,  properly  two 
separate  words  (see  etymology),  occurring  in  the  following 
passage,  where  it  is  popularly  regarded  (and  hence  some- 
times elsewhere  used)  as  an  intenser  form  of  anathema. 

If  any  man  love  not  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  let  him  be 
Anathema  Maran-atha.  [Revised  version,  "let  him  be 
anathema.   Maran  atha."]  1  Cor.  xvi.  22. 

=  Syn.  2and3.    Curse,  Execration,  etc.    See  malediction. 

anathematic  (a-nath-e-mat'ik),  a.  [<  ML.  ana- 
thematicus,  <  LL.  anathema,  a  curse ;  the  Gr. 
avade/i/aTiK6c,  better  avadrj/iariiioc;,  means  only 
'  pertaining  to  votive  offerings ' :  see  anathema.'] 
Pertaining  to  or  having  the  nature  of  an  anath- 
ema. 

anathematical  (a-nath-f-mat'i-kal),  a.  Same 

as  anuthcmatic. 

anatheiuatically  (a-nath-f-mat'i-kal-i),  adv. 
In  the  manner  of  an  anathema ;  as  or  by  means 
of  anathemas. 

anathematisation,  anathematise,  etc.  See 

anathematization,  etc. 
,  anathematism  (a-nath'e-ma-tizm),  71.  [<  MGr. 
avadsfiaTta/idg,  <  Gr.  avadsfiaTi^eiv :  see  anathema- 
tize.'] The  act  of  anathematizing ;  an  excom- 
municatory  curse  or  denunciation ;  hence,  a  de- 
cree of  a  council  ending  with  the  words,  "  let 
him  be  anathema."    See  anathema.  [Rare.] 

We  find  a  law  of  Justinian  iorhidding  anathematisms  to 
be  pronounced  against  the  Jewish  Hellenists. 

^Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1839).  XIII.  540. 

anathematization  (a-nath"e-mat-i-za'shon),  n. 
[<  ML.  anatlieniatizatio{n-),  <  LL.  anathemati- 
zare,  -pj). '"anathematizatus,  anathematize:  see 
anathematize.]  The  act  of  anathematizing  or 
denouncing  as  accursed;  excommunication. 
Also  spelled  anathematisation. 

Prohibiting  the  .  .  .  anathematization  of  persons  de- 
ceased in  the  peace  of  the  church. 

Barrow,  The  Pope's  Supremacy. 

anathematize  (a-nath'e-ma-tiz),  v.;  pret.  and 

pp.  anathematized,  ppr.  anathematizing.  [=z 
F.  anathematiser,  <  LL.  anathematizare,  <  Gr. 
avadefiarH^eiv,  devote  to  evil,  excommunicate, 
curse,  <  avadefia:  see  anathema.]  I,  trans.  To 
pronounce  an  anathema  against;  denounce; 
curse. 

The  priests  continued  to  e.xorcise  the  possessed,  to  prose- 
cute witches,  and  to  anathematise  as  infidels  all  who 
questioned  the  crime.  Lecky,  Rationalism,  I.  115. 

At  length  his  words  found  vent,  and  for  three  days  he 
[William  the  Testy]  kept  up  a  constant  discharge,  anath- 
ematizing the  Yankees,  man,  woman,  and  child. 

Irvinij,  Knickerbocker,  p.  222. 

II.  intrans.  To  pronounce  anathemas;  curse. 
Well  may  mankind  shriek,  inarticulately  anathematiz- 
ing as  they  can.  Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  III.  i.  6. 

Also  spelled  anathematise. 


anathematize!  (a-nath'e-ma-ti-zer),  w.  One 
who  anathematizes.  Also  spelled  anathema- 
tiser. 

anatheme  (au'a-them),  n.  [<  OF.  anatheme 
(Cotgrave),  <  LL.  anathema  or  anathema :  see 
anathema.]  Same  as  anathema,  in  any  sense. 
[Eare.  ] 

Your  holy  father  of  Rome  hath  smitten  with  his  tlum- 
derbolt  of  excommmiications  and  anathemes  .  .  .  most 
of  the  orthodox  churches  of  tlie  world. 

Sheldon,  Miracles  (1616),  p.  120. 

Anatidse  (a-nat'i-de),  n.  jjl.  [NL.,  <  Anas 
(Anat-),  a  duck,  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  birds 
corresponding  to  the  Linnean  genera  Anas  and 
Mergus,  and  conterminous  with  the  order  Anse- 
res  or  Lamellirostres,  exclusive  of  the  flamingos ; 
a  family  of  palmiped,  lamellirostral,  natatorial 
birds,  containing  the  ducks,  geese,  swans,  and 
mergansers ;  the  Chcnomorphw  of  Huxley.  They 

are  commonly  divided  into  5  subfamilies :  Cygnincx,  the 
swans ;  Anserince,  the  geese  ;  Anatince,  the  river  or  fresh- 
water ducks  ;  Fuligulinoe,  the  sea-ducks ;  and  Mergitue, 
the  mergansers.  There  are  upwaril  of  175  species,  repre- 
senting about  70  modern  genera  or  subgenera,  of  all  parts 
of  the  world,  and  commonly  called  collectively  wild  fowl 
or  water-fowl.  A  distinctive  cliaracter  is  the  lamellate  or 
toothed  l)ill,  invested  with  a  tough  coriaceous  integument 
hardened  at  the  end  into  a  more  or  less  distinct  nail, 
whence  the  ^Jiad'dce  are  sometimes  called  Unguirostres. 
The  technical  characters  are  :  short  legs,  more  or  less  pos- 
terior, buried  beyond  the  knees  in  the  comn;on  integument, 
and  feathered  nearly  or  quite  to  the  suffrago ;  tarsi  scutel- 
late  or  reticulate,  or  both;  feet  palmate  and  4-toed;  hallux 
free,  simple  or  lobed ;  desmognathous  palate ;  sessile  oval 
basipterygoid  facets;  the  angle  of  the  mandible  produced 
and  recurved ;  oil-gland  present ;  two  carotids ;  the  tongue 
large  and  fleshy,  with  a  greatly  developed  glossohyal  bone 
and  lateral  processes  corresponding  to  the  lamella;  of  the 
bill ;  and  the  trachea  sometimes  folded  in  an  excavation 
of  the  breast-bone. 

Anatifa  (a-nat'i-fa),  n.  [NL.,  contr.  from  ana- 
tifcra,  fern,  of  anatiferiis :  see  anatiferous.]  A 
genus  of  thoracic  or  ordinary  cirripeds,  of  the 
family  Lepadidce,  established  by  Bruguiere ; 
barnacles,  goose-mussels,  or  tree-geese.  The 

name  is  derived  from  some  fancied  resemblance  of  the 
Lepas  anatifera  to  a  bird,  whence  arose  the  vidgar  error 
that  the  barnacle-goose.  Anas  or  Anser  bernicla,  was  pro- 
duced from  this  cirriped,  which  was  supposed  to  turn  into 
the  bird  when  it  dropped  from  the  tree  upon  which  it 
was  faliled  to  grow.  [Disused.]  See  Lepadidce,  Le2)as. 
anatifer  (a-nat'i-fer),  n.  [<  NL.  anatifer,  ana- 
tiferus :  see  anatiferous.]  A  barnacle;  a  goose- 
mussel  or  tree-goose ;  a  member  of  the  genus 
Anatifa. 

anatiferous  (an-a-tif 'e-ms),  a.  [<  NL.  anatifer, 
anatiferiis,  <  L.  aiias  (anat-),  a  duck  (see  Anas), 
+  -fcr,  iferre  —  E.  hear'^.]  Producing  geese; 
that  is,  producing  the  cirripeds  formerly  called 
tree-geese  or  goose-mussels,  which  adhere  to 
submerged  wood  or  stone,  but  were  formerly 
supposed  to  grow  on  trees,  and  then  to  drop  off 
into  the  water  and  turn  into  geese :  an  epithet 
of  the  barnacle,  Lepas  ana  tifera,  and  of  the  trees 
upon  which  it  was  supposed  to  grow.  See  Ana- 
tifa, Lepas. 

Anatiferous  trees,  whose  corruption  breaks  forth  into 
barnacles.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.  (1646),  p.  133. 

Anatina  (an-a-ti'na),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  of  L.  ana- 
tinus,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  duck :  see  anatine.] 
A  genus  of  bivalve  mollusks,  typical  of  the 
family  Anatinidw.  LamarcJc,  1809. 

Anatinsei  (an-a-ti'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anas 
(Anat-)  +  -ince:  see  Anas.]  A  subfamily  of  ana- 
tine  birds,  of  fheiamilj  Anatidce,  including  the 
fresh-water  ducks  or  river-ducks,  typified  by  the 
restricted  genus  Anas.  They  are  separated  from  the 
Fuligulince,  or  sea-ducks,  by  having  the  hallux  simple,  not 
lobed.  The  name  Anatince  has  occasionally  been  used  to 
distinguish  the  "ducks,"  collectively,  from  other  Anatidce, 
as  the  swans,  geese,  and  mergansers ;  in  tliis  use  it  includes 
the  Fuligulince.  The  Anatince  proper  include  the  mal- 
lard (Anas  boschas),  the  wild  original  of  domestic  ducks, 
and  many  other  species,  as  tlie  widgeon,  gadwall,  pintail, 
shoveler,  wood-duck,  and  the  various  kinds  of  teal.  See 
cuts  under  Chaxdelasmus,  mallard,  and  widgeon. 

Anatinae^  (an-a-ti'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  fem.  pi.;  cf. 

Anatina.]  In  conch.,  a  group  of  bivalve  mol- 
lusks related  to  the  clams,  now  restricted  to 
the  tdjuily  Anatinida;  (which  see).  Lamwi-cJc. 

anatine  (au'a-tin),  a.  [<  L.  anatinus,  of  the 
duck,  <  anas  (anat-),  a  duck:  see  Anas.]  Re- 
sembling a  duck ;  duck-like ;  specifically,  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Anatina;  or  to  the  Anatida;. 

anatinid  (a-nat'i-nid),  n.  Abivalve  mollusk  of 
the  family  Anatinida;. 

Anatinidse  (an-a-tin'i-de),  [NL.,  <jHrt- 

tina  4-  -id(e.]  Lantern-shells,  a  family  of  sipho- 
niate  lamellibranch  mollusks,  typified  by  the 
genus  Anatina,  to  which  various  limits  have 
been  assigned.  As  generally  used,  it  embraces  forms 
wliich  have  the  mantle-margins  united,  the  long  siphons 
partly  united,  the  gills  single  on  eacli  side,  and  the  small 
foot  compressed,  i'he  shell  is  somewhat  inequivalve,  thin, 
and  nacreous  inside  ;  there  is  an  external  ligament  anil 
an  internal  cartilage  fitting  into  the  pit  of  the  hinge,  and 


generally  an  ossicle  is  developed  (whence  the  family  i.i 
sometimes  called  OsteodeKmacea).  Species  are  numerous 
in  the  present  seas,  but  were  still  more  so  in  the  ancient, 
especially  during  the  Jurassic  epoch.   See  cut  under  Pho. 

ladomyia. 

anatocism  (a-nat'o-sizm),  n.  [<L. anatocismits, 
<  (ir.  avaTOKtafiOQ,  <  ava,  again,  +  TOKil^etv,  lend 
on  interest,  <  rd/cof,  interest,  produce,  <  tIktciv, 
second  aor.  rcKeiv,  produce,  bear.]  Compound 
interest ;  the  taking  of  compound  interest,  or 
the  contract  by  which  such  interest  is  secured. 
[Rare.] 

Anatoidese  (an-a-toi'df-e),  «.  7;/.  [NL.,  <  Anas 
(Anat-)  +  -oidcw.]  A  superfamily  of  birds, 
the  duck  tribe  in  the  broadest  sense,  corre- 
sponding to  the  Lamellirostres  of  some  writers, 
the  Anscres,  Unguirostres,  or  Dcrmorhynchi  of 
others  ;  the  Chenomorphw  of  Huxley. 

Anatolian  (au-a-to'li-an),  a.  [<  Anatolia,  <  Gr. 
avaTo'ki],  a  rising,  esp.  of  the  sun,  the  east.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  Anatolia,  that  is,  Asia  Minor, 
or  the  greater  part  of  it  on  the  west  and  north- 
west^ 

Bismarck  "  would  not  sacrifice  one  Pomeranian  soldier" 
for  the  sake  of  the  Sultan,  or  the  Sultan  one  Anatolian 
Turk  for  Bismarck.  Contemporary  Rev.,  XLVIII.  587. 
Anatolian  pottery,  pottery  made  in  Anatolia.  The  name 
is  given  by  dealers  and  collectors  to  a  pottery  of  soft  paste 
with  a  white  glaze,  supposed  to  be  from  the  factories  of 
Kutahia  or  Kutayeh,  in  Asia  Minor.  The  pieces  are  gen- 
erally small ;  the  decoration  is  in  bright  colors,  similar  to 
Damascus  or  P>,hodian  ware,  but  coarser,  and  the  glaze  is 
less  adherent  to  the  surface. 
Anatolic  (an-a-tol'ik),  a.  [<  MGr.  'Avaro^.iKdg, 
pertaining  to  ^Avaro'/.ta,  Anatolia  (cf.  Gr.  avaro/i- 
K6g,  eastern),  <  ava-oAr],  the  east:  see  Anatolian.] 
Same  as  Anatolian.  Amer.  Jour,  of  Arch<eol., 
II.  124. 

anatomic  (an-a-tom'ik),  a.  Same  as  anatomi- 
cal. * 

anatomical  (an-a-tom'i-kal),  a.  [<  L.  anatomi- 
cus,  <  Gr.  avaTOjiLKOQ,  <  avarofiij  =  LGr.  avaro/iia, 
anatomy:  see  anatomy.]  1.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  anatomy;  according  to  the  principles  of  anat- 
omy; relating  to  the  parts  of  the  body  when  dis- 
sected or  separated. — 2.  Structural  or  mor- 
phological, as  distinguished  from  functional  or 
physiological:  as,  anatomical  chaTaetevs. 

anatomically  (an-a-tom'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
anatomical  manner;  as  regards  structure;  by 
means  of  anatomy  or  dissection. 

anatomico-physiological  (an-a-tom'i-k6-fiz"i- 
6-loj'i-kal),  a.  Relating  both  to  anatomy  and 
to  physiology. 

anatomiet,       A  former  spelling  of  anatomy. 

anatomiless  (a-nat'o-mi-les),  a.  [ianatomy 
+  -less.]  structureless;  improperly  foi-med; 
amorphous,  as  if  anatomically  unnatural,  or 
constructed  without  regard  to  anatomy. 

Ugly  goblins,  and  formless  monsters,  anatomiless  and 
rigid.    Raskin,  Stones  of  Venice,  II.  vi.  §  14.    (jV*.  E.  D.) 

anatomisation,  anatomise,  etc.  See  anatomi- 
zation, etc. 

anatomism  (a-nat'o-mizm),  w.  [<  F.  anato- 
misme :  see  anatomy  and -i,s)n.]  1.  Anatomical 
analysis;  organization  with  reference  to  ana- 
tomical structure ;  exhibition  of  anatomical  de- 
tails or  features,  as  in  painting  or  statuai-y. — 2. 
Anatomical  structxu'e  regarded  as  a  basis  of  bio- 
logical phenomena ;  anatomy  considered  as  the 
foundation  of  the  phenomena  of  life  exhibited 
by  organized  bodies. —  3.  The  doctrine  that 
anatomical  structure  accoimts  for  all  manifes- 
tations of  vitality ;  anatomical  materialism,  as 
opposed  to  animism. 

anatomist  (a-nat'o-mist),  n.  1<.F.  anatomiste : 
see  anatomy  and  -ist.]  One  who  is  versed  in 
anatomy;  one  skilled  in  the  art  of  dissection. 

anatomization  (a-nat'o-mi-za'shon),  n.  [< 
anatomize  +  -ation.]    1.  Same  as  anatomy,  1. 
—  2.  Figuratively,  analysis;  minute  examina- 
tion.— 3t.  Anatomical  structure. 
Also  spelled  anatomisation. 

anatomize  (a-nat'o-miz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp. 
anatomized,  ppr.  anatomizing.  [< F.  anatomiser: 
see  anatomy  and -ize.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  dissect, 
as  a  plant  or  an  animal,  for  the  purpose  of 
sho'ning  the  position,  structure,  and  relation 
of  the  parts;  display  the  anatomy  of. —  2.  Fig- 
uratively, to  analyze  or  examine  minutely ;  con- 
sider point  by  point. 

My  purpose  and  endeavour  is,  in  the  following  discourse 
to  anatomize  this  humour  of  melancholy,  through  all  its 
parts  and  species. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.  (To  the  Reader),  p.  76. 
In  her  the  painter  had  anatomized 
Time's  ruin.  Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1450. 

3t.  In  chem.,  to  make  an  analysis  of. 

II.  intrans.  To  practise  the  art  of  dissection ; 
pursue  anatomy  as  an  employment,  a  science, 
or  an  art.  [Rare.] 


anatomize 

He  [Keats]  no  doubt  penned  many  a  stanza  when  lie 
should  luive  been  anatomizinii. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  308. 

Also  spelled  anatomise. 
anatomizer  (a-nat'o-mi-zer),  n.  One  who  dis- 
sects or  anatomizes';  adissecter;  an  anatomist; 
an  analyst.  Also  spelled  anatomiser. 
anatomy  (a-nat'o-mi),  n.;  pi.  anatomies  (-miz). 
[Early  mod.  E.  "also  anatomie,  <  F.  anatomie 
=  Sp.  anatomia  =  Pg.  It.  anatomia,  <  LL.  anato- 
mia,  anatomy,  <  LGr.  avaro/iia,  in  classical  Gr. 
avaTouij,  a  cutting  up,  dissection,  <  avarefiveii',  cut 
up,  cut  open,  <  dva,  up,  4-  rt/jveiv,  second  aor.  ra- 
l-ieh>,  cut,  yroftr/,  MGr.  ro/ila,  a  cutting,  rtiwof,  a  cut, 
a  section,  tome :  see  tome.  Hence,  by  misunder- 
standing, a«  rtfow//,  a  skeleton:  see  atoiiii/".}  1. 
Dissection;  the  act  or  art  of  dissecting  organ- 
ized bodies  with  reference  to  their  structure; 
the  practice  of  anatomizing;  anatomization. 
— 2.  That  which  is  learned  fi-om  dissection; 
the  science  of  the  bodily  structm-e  of  animals 
and  plants;  the  doctrines  of  organization  de- 
rived from  structure.  See  histology,  organ- 
ography, organology,  morphology,  Motomy,  phy- 
totoiny,  anthropotomy. — 3.  Aiiatomical  struc- 
ture or  organization;  the  formation  and  disposi- 
tion of  the  parts  of  an  organized  body.  Hence 
—  4.  The  structure  of  any  inanimate  body,  as 
a  macliine ;  the  structure  of  a  thing,  with  ref- 
erence to  its  parts.  [Rare.]  —  5.  A  treatise 
on  anatomical  science  or  art ;  anatomical  de- 
scription or  history ;  a  manual  of  dissection. — 
6.  Figuratively,  any  analysis  or  minute  ex- 
amination of  the  parts  or  properties  of  a  thing, 
material,  critical,  or  moral. —  7t.  That  which  is 
dissected  or  results  from  dissection;  a  dissected 
body,  part,  or  o>gan. —  8.  A  subject  of  or  for 
dissection ;  that  which  is  or  appears  to  be 
ready  or  tit  for  dissecting :  in  various  obsolete, 
colloquial,  or  figm-ative  uses.  Specifically— («)  A 
corpse  procured  or  prepared  for  dissection,  (b)  An  ana- 
tomical model ;  a  model  of  a  dissected  body,  as  in  plaster, 
wax,  or  papier  maclie,  displaying  the  structure  and  posi- 
tion of  parts  or  organs  ;  an  anatomical  cast  or  wa.\work:. 

(c)  The  solid  or  bony  framework  of  a  body  ;  a  skeleton. 
The  anatomy  of  a  little  child  ...  is  accounted  a  greater 

rarity  than  the  skeleton  of  a  man  in  full  stature.  Fuller. 

(d)  A  much  emaciated  person  or  other  living  being;  one 
almost  reduced  to  a  skeleton.    [Now  only  jocose.] 

They  brought  one  Pinch,  a  hungry,  lean-fac'd  villain, 
A  mere  anatomy,  a  mountebank.    Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  v.  1. 
Passion  and  the  vows  I  owe  to  you 
Have  changed  me  to  a  lean  anatomy. 

Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  ii.  1. 

(e)  Of  persons,  the  body  or  any  part  of  it;  the  physique, 
as  if  'a  mere  anatomical  structure.  {/)  A  mummy  ;  a 
corpse,  dried  and  shriveled.  (7)  Figuratively,  the  with- 
ered, lifeless  form  of  anything  material  or  immaterial ; 
meaningless  form;  shadow  without  substance.— Anat- 
omy Act,  an  English  statute  of  1832  (2  and  3  Wm.  IV.,  c.  75) 
regulating  schools  of  anatomy  and  the  practice  of  dissec- 
tion.—Animal  anatomy,  the  anatomy  of  animals  as  dis- 
tinguislied  from  that  of  plants;  zootomy  and  anthropotomy 
as  distinguished  from  phytotomy. —Artificial  anatomy, 
a  term  sometimes  applied  to  the  art  of  making  anatomical 
models. — Avian  anatomy,  the  dissection  of  birds;  orni- 
thotomy.— Clastic  anatomy,  the  art  (invented  by  Au- 
zoux,  1825)  of  making  manikins  or  anatomical  models  in 
papier  mach^  representing  the  natural  appearance  of  all 
the  parts  in  separate  pieces,  which  can  be  joined  as  a  whole 
and  taken  apart.— Comparative  anatomy.  (</)  Tlie  in- 
vestigation or  study  of  the  anatomy  of  animals  in  its  spe- 
cial relation  to  human  structure,  or  as  exliibiting  the  rela- 
tion of  the  human  type  to  the  types  of  lower  orders,  (h)  A 
comprehensive  account  of  the  anatomy  of  living  organ- 
isms lower  than  man,  or  of  any  one  group  alone.  [Obso- 
lescent.] (c)  The  examination  and  comparison  of  tlie 
structure  of  all  animals,  including  man,  witli  reference  to 
morphology,  organology,  and  taxonomy;  anatomy  in  gen- 
eral.-Descriptive  anatomy,  an  account  of  parts  and 
organs  of  the  body  with  special  regard  to  their  structure, 
position,  or  relations,  but  without  regard  to  their  mor- 
phological significance  :  the  opposite  of  comparative  anat- 
omy. It  denotes  specifically  anthropotomy,  in  its  medi- 
cal and  surgical  aspects.  Also  called  sjjecial  anatomy. 
— General  anatomy,  a  branch  of  descriptive  anatomy 
which  treats  especially  of  histology,  or  the  structure  and 
physical  projjerties  of  the  tissues  of  the  body,  without  re- 
gard to  the  dispusiti(jn  of  tlie  parts  and  organs  composed 
of  them.— Gross  anatomy,  the  anatomy  of  parts  and 
organs  discernible  Ijy  tlie  naked  eye,  and  handl'ed  without 
special  appliances ;  organology  as  distinguished  from  his- 
tology :  the  opposite  of  minute  anatomy. —  Minute  anat- 
omy, microscopic  anatomy  ;  the  study  of  parts  or  organs 
requiring  the  aid  of  the  microscope ;  histological  anato- 
my.—Pathological  anatomy,  the  anatomy  of  diseased 
parts,  organs,  or  tissues,  or  of  organic  lesions  or  malfor- 
mations, the  latter  being  more  specifically  called  terato- 

logical  anatomy. —  Qmcii  anatomyt,  live  anatomyt, 

vivisection. —  Special  anatomy,  same  as  descriptive  njtat- 
owi;/.— Surgical  anatomy,  the  anatomy  of  parts  and  or- 
gans witli  reference  to  their  situation  and  relative  posi- 
tion, in  view  of  surgical  operations  which  it  may  be  ne- 
cessary to  perfcirm  uiiuu  them.— Textural  anatomy,  a 
description  of  organs  with  regard  to  their  histological 
structure.— Topographical  anatomy,  tlie  descrijitive 
and  surgical  anatomy  of  any  particular  region  of  the  body, 
as  of  the  axilla,  the  groin,  the  popliteal  space,  or  the  tri- 
angles of  the  neck.— Transcendental  anatomy,  ana- 
tomical inductions,  theories,  and  hypotheses  with  refer- 
ence to  the  type,  model,  or  plan  upon  which  organized 


200 

bodies  are  constructed :  sometimes  used  with  a  shade  of 
criticism,  as  being  "ideal "  rather  than  actual  or  practical 
anatomy. 

anatopism  (a-nat'o-pizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  ava,  back, 
+  TdTTog,  a  place,  +'  -ism.']  Faulty  or  incongru- 
ous arrangement ;  specifically,  in  art,  an  in- 
harmonious grouping  of  objects. 

anatreptic  (au-a-trep'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avarpeiTTi- 
ftTof,  refuting,  overturning,  <  avarpeneiv,  refute, 
overturn,  <  and,  up,  +  Tpinew,  turn.]  Refuting; 
defeating:  applied  to  certain  dialogues  of  Plato. 

anatripsis  (au-a-trip'sis),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dvd- 
Tpiipii;  rubbing,  <  dvaTpijieiv,  rub,  chafe,  <  dva, 
again,  +  rpiikiv,  rub.]  In  mcd.,  friction  em- 
ployed as  a  remedy  for  disease. 

anatripsology  (an"a-trip-sol'o-ji),  ??.  [<  Gr. 
dvdrptfic,  rubbing,  +'  -loyia,  <  ieynv,  speak :  see 
-ology.]  1.  In  med.,  the  science  of  fi'iction  as  a 
remedy. —  2.  A  treatise  on  friction.  Dunglison. 

anatron  (an'a-tron),  n.  [=  F.  anatron,  <  Sp. 
anatron,  <  Ar.  an-natrun,  <  aJ,  the,  +  natrfin,  na- 
tron: see  natron.']  1.  Glass-gall  or  sandiver, 
a  scum  which  rises  upon  melted  glass  in  the 
furnace,  it  consists  of  fused  salts,  chiefly  sulphates  and 
chlorids  of  the  alkalis,  which  have  not  combined  with 
silica  to  form  glass. 

2.  The  salt  which  collects  on  the  walls  of 
vaidts ;  saltpeter. 

anatropal  (a-nat'ro-pal),  a.  Same  as  anatro- 
pous. 

anatropous  (a-nat'ro-pus),  a.  [<  NL.  anatro- 
pus,  <  Gr.  dvd,  up,  +  Tpt  neLv,  turn  :  see  trope.] 
Inverted :  in  hot.,  applied  to  the  reversed  ovule. 


I,  Anatropous  Ovule  of  Magnolia.  Section  of  same.  3,  Section 
of  Seed  of  Magnolia,    a,  raphe  ;  /',  niicropyie  ;  f .  chala^a  ;  d,  hilum  ; 

fleshy  coat  of  seed  inclosing  the  raphe;  /,  bony  testa;  ^,  albu- 
men, inclosing  the  embryo  above.  (Magnified.) 

having  the  hilum  close  -to  the  mieropyle,  and 
the  chalaza  at  the  opposite  end.  An  equiva- 
lent form  is  anatropal. 
anatto  (a-nat'6),  M.  Same  as  arnotto. 
Anaxagorean  (an-aks-ag-o-re'an),  a.  and  n. 
[<  L.  Anaxagoras,  Gr.  'Ava'^aydpa^.]  I.  a.  Re- 
lating or  pertaining  to  the  person  or  the  doc- 
trines of  Anaxagoras,  a  celebrated  Greek  phi- 
losopher, born  at  ClazomeuEe,  near  Smyrna, 
about  500  B.  C.  Anaxagoras  taught  the  eternity  of 
matter,  and  ascribed  the  origin  of  the  world  and  the  order 
of  nature  to  the  operation  of  an  eternal  self-existing  prin- 
ciple, which  he  termed  nous  {yov^),  mind  or  intelligence. 

II,  n.  A  follower  of  Anaxagoras. 
Anaxagorizet  (an-aks-ag'o-riz),  v.  i.    [<  An- 
axagoras +  -ize.]    To  favor  the  principles  of 
Anaxagoras.  Cudworth. 

Anaximandrian  (an-aks-i-man'dri-an),  a.  and 
71.  [<  L.  Anaxiinandcr,  Gr.  'kva^ifiiivSpo^.]  I. 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Greek  philosopher 
Anaximander  of  Miletus  (sixth  century  b.  c), 
or  to  his  doctrines. 

II.  n.  A  follower  of  Anaximander. 
Anaxonia  (an-ak-so'ni-ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dj'-priv.  +  a^uv,  axle,  axis:  see  axle,  axis.]  Or- 
ganic forms,  animal  or  vegetable,  having  no 
axes,  and  consequently  wholly  irregular  in  fig- 
ure: the  ojiposite  of  ^2;o««a  (which  see).  See 
cut  under  amwba. 

Anaxonia  — fonm  destitute  of  axes,  and  consequently 
wholly  irregular  in  form,  e.  g.,  Amoeboe  and  many  Sponges. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  843. 

anazoturia  (an-az-o-tii'ri-a),  w.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dv- 
priv.  +  azote,  q.  v.,  +  Gr.  ovpov,  urine.]  In 
med.,  a  condition  of  the  urine  characterized  by 
marked  diminution  in  its  nitrogenous  constitu- 
ents. 

anbury  (an'ber-i),  n.  [Chiefly  E.  dial. ;  also 
written  anberry,  by  assimilation  ambury,  with 
prosthetic  n,  ?ianberry,  by  apparent  extension 
anlebitry,  angleberry,  in  earliest  recorded  form 
anburie  (Florio) ;  of  uncertain  origin,  but  per- 
haps repr.  *angberry,  <  AS.  ange,  painful  (as  in 
ang-nwgl,  E.  *angnail,  agnail,  q.  v.,  and  angseta, 
a  boil  or  wart),  +  berie,  E.  herry'^,  transferred 
to  pimple  or  tumor.    Hardly  an  extension  of 


ancestrally 

amper,  q.  v.]  1.  A  swelling,  full  of  blood  and 
soft  to  the  touch,  peculiar  to  horses  and  cattle. 
—  2.  Club-root,  a  sort  of  gall  or  excrescence  in 
some  plants  of  the  natural  order  Cruciferw,  and 
chiefly  in  the  turnip,  produced  by  a  puncture 
made  by  the  ovipositor  of  an  insect  for  the  de- 
position of  its  eggs.  [Eng.] 
-ance.  [<  ME.  -ance,  -aunce,  <  OF.  -anec,  repr. 
both  L.  -ant-ia  and  -ent-ia,  forming  nouns  from 
ppr.  adjectives  in  -an{t-)s,  -en{t-)s:  see  -ant^, 
-en  t.  In  later  F.  and  E.  many  nouns  in  -ance,  <  L. 
-entia,  were  changed  to  -ence,  in  nearer  accord 
with  the  L.  Nouns  of  recent  formation  have 
-ance  <  -antia,  and  -ence  <  -entia.  Extended 
-ancy,  q.  v.]  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  forming 
noims  from  adjectives  in  -ant,  or  cErectly  from 
verbs,  as  significance,  defiance,  purveyance,  etc. ; 
also  used  with  native  English  verbs,  as  in  abid- 
ance, forbearance,  furtherance,  hindrance,  rid- 
dance, etc. 

Anceidae  (an-se'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Ancens  + 
-ida:]  A  family  of  isoi^ods,  named  from  the 
genus  Anceus.  See  Gnathiidw  and  Pranisida. 
Ancerata  (an-ser'a-ta),  «.  2>l-  [NL.,  improp. 
for  *acerata,<.  Gr.  dv-  (before  a  consonant  prop. 
<i-)  priv.,  without,  -1-  Kepag,  a  hom:  see  Accra.] 
In  Blyth's  classification  of  mammals,  a  term 
proposed  to  distinguish  the  camels  and  llamas 
from  the  other  ruminant  Artiodactyla.  The  dis- 
tinction is  a  good  one,  and  has  been  recently  insisted  upon, 
as  the  structure  of  these  animals  is  now  better  known.  The 
term  is  precisely  equivalent  to  Tylopoda  or  Phalangigrada 
(which  see),  but  it  is  not  in  use. 

ancestor  (an'ses-tor),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  an- 
cestor, ancestour,  ancester,  auncestor,  etc.,  <  ME. 
uncestrc,  aunsestre,  ancessour,  auncessour,  etc. 
(also,  without  s,  ancetre,  auncetre,  anceter,  an- 
cetor,  aunsetter,  etc.,  >  mod.  dial,  anceter,  anster), 

<  OF.  ancestre,  and  ancesor,  anceisor,  anceisur, 
ancessor,  etc.,  commonly  in  pi.  ancestres  (Cot- 
grave),  mod.  F.  ancetres  =  Pr.  ancessor,  <  L. 
antecessor,  a  foregoer,  in  pi.  an  advance-guard, 
in  LL.  a  predecessor  in  office,  a  teacher  or 
professor  of  law,  eceles.  a  forerunner  (>  E.  ante- 
cessor); <  antecedere,  pp.  antecessus,  go  before, 

<  ante,  before,  +  cedet-c,  go:  see  antecedent.] 
1.  One  from  whom  a  person  is  descended  in 
the  line  of  either  father  or  mother;  a  fore- 
father; a  progenitor. — 2.  In  law,  one,  whether 
a  progenitor  or  a  collateral  relative,  who  has 
preceded  another  in  the  course  of  inheritance; 
one  from  whom  an  inheritance  is  derived :  the 
correlative  of  heir :  sometimes  used  specifically 
of  the  immediate  progenitor. — 3.  In  biol.,  ac- 
cording to  the  theory  of  evolution,  the  hypo- 
thetical form  or  stock,  of  an  earlier  and  pre- 
sumably lower  type,  from  which  any  organized 
being  is  inferred  to  have  been  directly  or  in- 
directly developed. 

Tlie  first  and  simplest  plants  had  no  ancestors;  they 
arose  by  spontaneous  generation  or  special  creation. 

Sachs,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  846. 
Collateral  ancestors.   See  collateral. 

ancestorial  (an-ses-to'ri-al),  a.  [<  ancestor  + 
-ial.]  Ancestral:  as,  "his  ancestorial  seat," 
Grote,  Hist.  Greece,  I.  xiv.  [Rare.] 

ancestorially  (an-ses-to'ri-al-i),  adv.  In  an  an- 
cestorial manner;  with  regard  to  ancestors. 
Sydney  Smith.  [Rare.] 

ancestor -worship  (an'ses-tor-wer'-'ship),  ». 
The  worship  of  ancestors. 

Ancestor-worship,  the  worship  of  father,  grandfather, 
and  great-grandfather,  has  among  the  Hindus  a  most 
elaborate  liturgy  and  ritual,  of  wliich  the  outlines  are 
given  in  the  law-books,  and  with  special  fulness  in  the 
Book  of  Vishnu.       Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  55. 

ancestral  (an-ses'tral),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
ancestrel,  ancestrell,  "auncestrell,  <  OF.  ancestrel, 

<  ancestre,  ancestor:  see  ancestor  and  -al.]  1. 
Pertaining  to  ancestors  or  progenitors ;  descend- 
ing or  claimed  from  ancestors  :  as,  an  ancestral 
estate  ;  ancestral  trees ;  a  king  on  his  ancestral 
throne. 

Tenure  by  homage  ancestral  was  merely  tenancy-in- 
chief  by  immemorial  prescription  in  the  family. 

C.  H.  Pearson,  Early  and  Middle  Ages  of  Eng.,  xxxiv. 

2.  In  biol.,  of  or  pertaining  to  an  ancestor; 
being  an  earlier,  and  presumably  lower  or  more 
generalized,  type  from  which  later  more  spe- 
cialized forms  of  organized  beings  are  asserted 
to  have  been  evolved. 

The  common  descent  of  all  the  Chalk  Sponges  from  a 
single  aiicestral  form,  tlie  Olyntlius,  can  be  proved  with 
cei  iainty.  Ilaeckcl,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  1. 117. 

Homage  ancestral.  See  homage. 
ancestrally  (an-ses'tral-i),  adv.    With  refer- 
ence to  ancestry ;  as  regards  descent. 

Ancestrally,  yellow-rattle  is  a  near  relation  of  the  pret- 
ty little  blue  veronicas. 

G.  Allen,  Colin  Clout's  Calendar,  p.  96. 


ancestrel 


201 


anchor 


ancestrelf,  «.    See  ancestral. 
ancestress  (an'ses-tres),  n.    [<  ancestor  +  -ess.] 
A  female  ancestor.  [Rare.] 

This  ancestress  is  a  lady,  or  rather  the  ghost  of  a  lady. 

Carlyle,  Misc.  Ess.,  II.  274. 

ancestrial  (an-ses'tri-al),  «.  Same  as  ancestral. 
N.  E.  D. 

ancestry  (au'ses-tri),  n.  [<  IIE.  ancestry,  an- 
ccsfric,  auncestrie,  ancistry,  etc.,  also,  without  s, 
ancetry,  aimcetry,  auncetrie,  aunsctre,  <  OF.  an- 
ceserie,  ancesserie,  <  ancessor,  ancestor :  see  an- 
cestor.^ 1.  A  series  or  line  of  ancestors  or 
progenitors ;  lineage,  or  those  who  compose  a 
preceding  line  of  natural  descent. 

Headless  statues  of  his  ancestry. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 
That  senior  posterity  which  was  such  for  Homer,  but 
for  us  has  long  ago  become  a  worshipful  ancestry. 

be  Qnincey,  Homer,  i. 

Hence  —  2.  Descent  from  a  line  of  honorable 
ancestors ;  high  birth. 

Title  and  ancestry  render  a  good  man  more  illustrious, 
but  a  bad  mail  more  conspicuous.  Addison. 

3.  In  biol.,  the  series  of  ancestors  or  ancestral 
types  through  which  an  organized  being  may 
have  come  to  be  what  it  is  in  the  process  of 
evolution. 

ancetryt,  «•  A  Middle  English  form  of  ancestry. 
Chaucer. 

Anceus  (an-se'us),  11.  [NX;.]  A  genus  of  iso- 
pods,  based  hy  Risso  in  1816  upon  the  male 
form  of  an  isopod  the  female  of  which  Leach 
called Prawira  (which  see).  See  Gnathia.  Also 
written  Ancceus. 

anchesont,        An.  earlier  form  of  cncheson. 
Anchilophus  (ang-kil'o-fus),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

ayxh  near,  +  Zo^of,  crest.]  A  genus  of  fossil 
perissodactyl  ungulate  quadrupeds,  of  the  fam- 
ily Lopli  iodontidce,  related  to  the  Tapirklw.  Ger- 
vais,  1852. 

ancnilops  (ang'M-lops),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayxi- 
^6ji/i,  a  sore  at  the  inner  corner  of  the  eye 
(Galenus),  as  if  from  ayxi,  near ;  appar.  a  cor- 
ruption of  alyilu-^i,  SBgilops  :  see  cegilops.']  In 
pathoL,  an  abscess  in  the  inner  angle  of  the 
eye,  superficial  to  the  lacrymal  sac.  When  such 
an  abscess  opens  at  the  inner  angle  it  is  called 
<Egilo2]S. 

anchippodontid  (ang-kip-o-don'tid),  n.  A 

hoofed  mammal  of  the  family  AncMppodontidce. 
AncMppodontidae  (ang-kip-o-don'ti-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Anchippodus  (-odont-)  +  -idce.'\    A  fam- 
ily of  fossil  perissodactyl  luigulate  mammals. 

It  is  related  to  the  older  forms  of  the  Pe.rissodactyla,  but 
differs  from  them  in  having  the  incisor  teeth  in  part 
gliriform,  the  outer  ones  having  persistent  pulps  and 
growing  continuously  in  a  circular  direction,  like  those  of 
rodents. 

AncMppodontoidea  (ang-kip'-'o-don-toi'de-a), 
n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Anchippodus  (-odonf-)  +  -oided.~\ 
A  superf amily  group  of  perissodactyl  quadru- 
peds, by  which  the  family  AncMppodontidce  is 
singularly  contrasted  with  all  other  perissodac- 
tyls  collectively. 

Anchippodus  (ang-kip'o-dus),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Anchippus  +  Gr.  o6ovq  {oS'ovt-)  =  E.  tooth.l  A 
genus  of  fossil  perissodactyls,  the  type  of  the 
family  Anchippodontidce  and  superfamily  An- 
cMppodontoidea :  synonymous  with  Trogosus  of 
Leidy. 

Anchippus  (ang-kip'us),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayxL, 
near,  -I-  'l~-o<:,  horse.]  Agenus  of  fossil  horses, 
of  the  i&rmlj  Anchitheriidce  (which  see). 

anchisaurid  (ang-ki-sa'rid),  n.  A  dinosaur  of 
the  family  AncMsauridce. 

Anchisauridse  (ang-W-sa'ri-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Anchisaurus  +  -(Vte.]  A  family  of  theropod 
dinosaurian  reptiles,  represented  by  the  genus 

AncMsaurilS.  The  family  includes  several  genera  of  the 
Triassic  period,  the  members  of  which  had  amphicoelous 
vertebrie,  slender  pubes,  pentadactyl  fore  feet,  and  tri- 
dactyl  hind  feet.    Formerly  called  Amphisaiiridce. 

Anchisaurus  (ang-ki-sa'rus),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

a.yxi,nea,v,  -I-  cavpoc,  a  lizard.]  The  typical  ge- 
nus of  the  family  AncMsauridce.  Also  called 
AmpMsaurus,  a  name  preoccupied  for  a  differ- 
ent genus. 

anchithere  (ang'ki-ther),  «.  [<  AncMtherium.'] 
An  animal  of  the  genus  AncMtheriuyn. 

The  horse  can  even  boast  a  pedigree  in  this  quarter  of 
the  world,  in  a  right  line,  through  a  slender  three-toed  an- 
cestry, as  far  back  as  the  anchithere  of  the  eocene  period. 

Edinburgh  Rev. 

anchitheriid  (ang-ki-the'ri-id),  n.  A  hoofed 
mammal  of  the  t&milj  Anchitheriidce. 

AnchitheriidaB(ang"ki-the-ri'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  AncMtlierium  -I-  -idee.']  '  A  family  of  fossil 
perissodactyl  ungulate  mammals,  it  shares  the 
ungulate  characters  of  the  Equidce,  or  horses,  but  differs 


from  them  in  having  the  ulna  complete,  moderately  devel- 
oped, ami  more  or  less  distinct  from  the  radius  ;  the  flijula 
complete,  though  ankylosed  with  the  tibia;  the  orbit  of 
the  eye  incomplete  behind  ;  the  upper  molar  teeth  marked 
by  a  deep  anterior  groove  reentering  from  the  middle  of 
the  inner  .side  and  ending  in  lateral  liranches,  and  a  pos- 
terior gi'oove  reentering  from  tlie  posterior  wall;  and  the 
lower  molars  marked  by  a  V-shaped  groove  reentering 
from  the  outer  wall,  and  two  V-shaped  grooves  reentering 
from  the  inner  wall,  the  crowns  thus  having  W- shaped 
ridges.  Besides  the  typical  genus  Anchitherium,  the  fam- 
ily contains  the  Ilypohippus,  Parahipjms,  and  Anchippus 
of  Leidy. 

anchitherioid  (ang-ki-the'ri-oid),  a.  [<  Anchi- 
ilu  rium  +  -aid.']  Relating  or  belonging  to  or 
resembling  the  genus  AncMtherium. 

The  only  genus  of  .animals  of  which  we  possess  a  satis- 
factory .  .  .  ancestral  history  is  the  genus  E(iuus,  the  de- 
velopment of  which  in  the  course  of  the  Tertiary  epoch 
from  an  Anchitherioid  ancestor,  through  the  form  of  Hip- 
parion,  appears  to  admit  of  no  douljt. 

Huxley,  Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  49. 

Anchitherium  (ang-M-the'ri-um),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  ay XI,  near,  4-  dijpiov,  a  wild  beast.]  A 'ge- 
nus of  extinct  perissodactyl  or  odd-toed  hoofed 
mammals,  f  oundin  the  Upper  Eocene  and  Lower 
Miocene  of  Europe  and  the  United  States,  it 

was  a  kind  of  horse  about  the  size  of  a  small  pony,  and  had 
three  functionally  developed  toes.  By  some  naturalists 
it  is  referred  to  the  same  family  as  the  modern  horse, 
Equidoe ;  but  by  others  it  is  placed  with  PalcBotherium  in 
the  family  Palceotheriidce.  It  is  also,  with  greater  exact- 
ness, made  the  type  of  a  distinct  family,  Anchitheriidm 
(which  see).  A  species  is  A.  aiirelianense.  Synonymous 
with  Hippuritherium. 
anchor^  (ang'kor),  n.  [The  spelling  has  been 
changed  to  make  it  look  like  anchora,  a  cor- 
rupt mod.  spelling  of  L.  ancora;  prop,  anker, 
in  early  mod.  E.  reg.  anker,  also  anchor,  ankor, 
ciMcour,  etc.,  <  ME.  reg.  aJifcer  (also  awfcre,  ancre, 
after  OP.  ancre),  <.  AS.  ancor,  ancer,  oncer  =  'D. 
anker  =  OHG.  anchar,  MHG.  G.  anker  (>  Pol. 
(inkier)  =  leel.  akkeri  =  Sw.  ankar  —  Dan.  anker 
z=  OF.  and  F.  ancre  —  Sp.  ancla,  ancora  =  Pg. 
ancora  z=It.  ancora,  <  L.  ancora  (in  mod.  spell- 
ing corruptly  anchora,  >  E.  anchor'^-,  prob.  by 
confusion  with  anker^,  later  aHc7;o;-2,  where  the 
"restored"  spelling  has  an  actual  Gr.  basis)  ~ 
OBulg.  anitkywa,  an&kira  =  'Russ.  yakori=  Lith. 
inkoras  =  Lett.  enkuris=  Alban.  ankure,  <  Gr. 
ayavpa,  an  anchor,  a  hook,  connected  with  aynoc, 
a  bend,  ayKv'/.o^,  crooked,  curved,  L.  angulus,  an 
angle,  a  comer :  see  angled-,  angle^,  ankle,  anky- 
losfi,  etc.]  1.  A  device  for  securing  a  vessel  to 
the  grotmd  under  water  by  means  of  a  cable. 

Anchors  are  generally 
made  of  iron,  and  con- 
sist of  a  strong  shank 
a,  at  one  extremity  of 
which  is  the  crown  c, 
from  which  branch  out 
two  arms  b  b,  curved  in- 
ward, and  each  termi- 
nating in  a  broad  palm 
or  fluke  d  d,  the  sharp 
extremity  of  which  is 
the  peak  or  bill.  At  the 
other  end  of  the  shank 
is  the  stock  e  e,  a  trans- 
verse piece,  beliind  which  is  a  shackle  or  ring,  to  which  a  ca- 
ble niaybeattached.  The  principal  use  of  the  stock,  which 
in  nearly  all  anchors  is  now  made  of  iron  and  is  placed  at 
right  angles  to  the  curved  arras  b  b,  is  to  cause  the  arms  to 
fall  so  that  one  of  the  flukes  shall  enterthe  ground.  Accord- 
ing to  their  various  forms  and  uses,  anchors  are  called  star- 
board-bower, port-bower,  sheet,  spare,  stream,  kedye,  and 
grapnel  or  boat  anchors.  Those  carried  by  men-of-war  are 
the  starboard-  andport- 
bowers,  on  the  starboard 
and  port  bows  respec- 
tively ;  the  sheet,  on 
either  side  of  the  ship 
further  aft ;  and  the 
S2>are  anchor,  which  is 
usually  in  the  hold. 
These  are  all  of  equal 
or  nearly  equal  size  and 
weight.  To  these  are 
added  for  various  pur- 
poses the  stream  and 
hedge  anchors,  which 
are  smaller  and  of  va- 
rious sizes.  Many  im- 
provements and  novelties  in  the  shape  and  construction  of 
anchors  have  been  introduced  in  recent  times.  The  prin- 
cipal names  connected  with  these  alterations  are  those  of 
Lieut.  Rodgers,  who  introduceil  the  hMow-shanked  a  nchur, 
with  the  view  of  increasing  the  strength  without  adding 
to  the  weight :  Mr.  Porter,  who  made  the  arms  and  flukes 
movable  by  pivoting  them  to  the  shank  instead  of  fixing 
them  immovably,  causing  the  anchor  to  take  a  readier  and 

firmer  hold,  and 
avoidingthe  danger 
of  fouling  the  ca- 
ble ;  Mr.  Trotnian, 
who  has  further  im- 
proved Porter's  in- 
vention ;  and  JI. 
Martin,  whose  an- 
chor is  of  very  pecu- 
liar form,  and  is  con- 
structed so  as  to  l)e 
self-canting,  the  arms  revolving  through  an  angle  of  30" 
either  way,  and  the  sharp  points  of  the  flukes  being  always 
ready  to  enter  the  ground.    Of  the  many  other  forms,  all 


Common  Anchor. 


Trotman's  Anchor. 


(except  Tyzack's  anchor,  wlilch  has  only  one  arm,  pivoted 
on  a  bifurcation  of  the  shank  and  arranged  to  swing  l)e- 
tween  the  two  parts)  are  more  or  less  closely  related  to  the 
forms  illustrated.  The  anchor  is  salil  to  be  a-cockbill  when 
it  is  suspended  vertically  from  the  cathead  ready  to  be  let 
go;  apeak  when  the  cable  is  drawn  in  so  tiglit  as  to  bring 
it  directly  under  the  ship  ;  atri/i  or  uwelyh  when  it  is  just 
drawn  out  of  the  ground  in  a  perpendicular  direction  ; 
and  awash  when  the  stock  is  hove  up  to  the  surface  of  the 
water. 

2.  Any  similar  device  for  holding  fast  or  check- 
ing the  motion  of  a  movable  object. 

That  part  of  the  apparatus  |in  the  curricle)  which  fell  to 
the  ground  to  assist  ni  .stopping  the  carriage  was  called 
the  anchor.  This  was  made  of  wood  and  iron,  or  iron 
alone,  fixed  to  the  axle-tree  by  two  couplings  on  each  side. 

E.  M.  Stratton,  World  on  Wheels,  p.  .m. 

.Specifically — («)  The  apparatus  at  the  opposite  end  of  the 
field  from  the  engine  of  a  steam-plow,  t<j  which  pulleys 
are  fixed,  round  wliich  the  endless  band  or  rope  that  moves 
the  plow  passes,  (h)  The  device  by  which  the  extremities 
of  the  chains  or  wire  ropes  of  a  suspension -bridge  are  se- 
cured.   See  anchorage'^. 

3.  Figuratively,  that  which  gives  stability  or 
security ;  that  on  which  dependence  is  placed. 

Which  hope  we  have  as  an  anchor  of  the  soul,  both  sui  e 
and  stedfast.  Heb.  vi.  li). 

4.  In  arch. :  (a)  A  name  for  the  aiTow-head  or 
tongue  ornament  used  especially  in  the  so- 
called  egg-and-dart  molding,  (h)  A  metallic 
clamp,  sometimes  of  fanciful  design,  fastened 


Martin's  Anchor. 


Medieval  Tie-rod  Anchors. 
{From  ViolIet-le-Duc's  "Diet,  de  1' Architecture.") 

on  the  outside  of  a  wall  to  the  end  of  a  tie-rod 
or  strap  connecting  it  with  an  opposite  wall  to 
prevent  bulging. —  5.  In  zodl.:  (a)  Some  ap- 
pendage or  arrangement  of  parts  by  which  a 
parasite  fastens  itself  upon  its  host. 

A  powerful  anchor,  by  which  the  parasite  is  moored  to 
its  hapless  prey.    P.  H.  Gosse,  JIarine  Zool.  (1855),  1. 114. 

{h)  Something  shaped  like  an  anchor;  an 
ancora.  See  ancora^. —  6.  An  iron  plate  placed 
in  the  back  part  of  a  coke-oven  before  it  is 
charged  with  coal.    See  anchor-oven  Anchor 

and  collar,  an  upper  hinge  used  for  heavy  gates.  The 
anchor  is  embedded  in  the  adjacent  masonry,  and  the  col- 
lar is  secured  to  it  by  a  clevis.  Through  the  collar  passes 
the  heel-post  of  the  gate.— Anchor  escapement.  .See 
escapement.—  At  single  anchor,  having  only  one  anchor 
down. — Floating  or  sea  anchor,  an  apparatus  variously 
constructed,  designed  to  be  sinik  below  the  swell  of  the 
sea  where  there  is  no  anchorage,  to  prevent  a  vessel  from 

drifting. —  Foul  anchor.  See  fool,  a. — Mooring  an- 
chor, a  large,  heavy  mass,  usually  of  iron,  placed  at  the 
bottom  of  a  harbor  or  roadstead,  for  the  purpose  ol  fixing 
a  buoy,  or  of  affording  safe  and  convenient  anchorage  to 
vessels.  In  the  lat- 
ter ease  a  floating 
buoy,  to  which  a 
ship  may  be  easily 
and  speedily  at- 
tached by  a  caljle, 
is  fastened  to  it  by 
a  chain.— Mush- 
room anchor,  an 
anchor  with  a  sau- 
cer-shaped head 
on  a  central  shank, 

used  for  mooring.— Nuts  Of  an  anchor,  two  projections 
welded  on  the  shank  to  secure  the  stock  in  place. — To 
back  an  aJlChor  (naut.),  to  lay  down  a  small  anchor 
ahead  of  a  large  one,  the  cable  of  the  small  one  being 
fastened  to  the  crown  of  the  large  one  to  prevent  it  from 
coming  home.— To  cast  anchor,  to  let  run  the  cathead 
stopper,  thus  releasing  the  anchor  from  the  cathead,  and 
permitting  it  to  sink  to  the  bottom. — To  cat  the  anchor, 
to  draw  the  anchor  pei-pendicularly  up  to  the  cathead 
by  a  strong  tackle  called  the  cat. — To  drag  anchor,  to 
draw  or  trail  it  along  the  bottom  when  loosened,  i>r  when 
the  anchor  will  not  hold :  said  of  a  ship. — To  fish  the 
anchor,  to  hoist  the  flukes  of  an  anchor  to  the  top  of  the 
gunwale  by  an  appliance  called  a  ri.ih,  in  order  to  stow  it 

after  it  has  been  catted. — To  lie  at  anchor,  or  ride  at 

anchor,  said  of  a  vessel  when  kept  at  some  particular  spot 
by  her  anchor.  —  To  Shoe  an  anchor,  to  secure  to  the 
flukes  broad,  triangular  pieces  of  plank  to  give  better 

holding  in  soft  bottom. —  To  sweep  for  an  anchor,  to 

drag  the  bottom  with  the  bight  of  a  rope  to  find  a  lost 
anchor. — To  weigh  anchor,  to  heave  or  raise  the  anchor 
or  anchors  from  the  irround  ;  free  a  vessel  from  anchorage 
in  preparation  for  sailing, 
anchor^  (ang'kor),  V.  [Early  mod.  E.  reg.  an- 
ker, <  ME.  ankren,  ancrcn,  <  AS.  *ancrian  =  D. 
ankeren  =  G.  ankern  =  Sw.  ankra  =  Dan.  an- 
kre :  ef.  F.  ancrer  =  Sp.  anclar,  ancorar  =  Pg. 
ancorar  —  It.  ancorare,  <  ML.  ancorure :  from 
the  noun.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  fix  or  secure  in  a 
particular  place  by  means  of  an  anchor;  place 
at  anchor-  as,  to  anchor  a  ship. —  2.  .Figura- 
tively, to  fix  or  fasten ;  aflSx  firmly. 


Mushroom  Anchor. 


anchor 

Let  us  anchor  our  Iiopcs 


.  upon  his  goodness. 
Suiith,  Sermons,  VIII.  141, 
The  water-lily  starts  and  slides 
t  poll  the  level  in  little  puffs  of  wind, 
Tho'  anchor'd  to  the  bottom. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 
II.  intrans.  1.  To  cast  anchor ;  come  to  an- 
chor; lie  or  ride  at  anchor:  as,  the  ship  an- 
chored outside  the  bar. 


202 

anchor-ball  (ang'kor-bal),  n.  A  pyi'oteehnical 
combustible  attached  to  a  grapnel  for  the  pur 

■nose  of  settiTio*  fii'o  f.n  «Viit^c      Sinmih  fi.:, 


anchovy 

The  one  and  only  assurance  and  fast  anchor-hold  of  out 
souls'  health.  Camdeiu 

pose  of  setting  fire  to  ships.* 
Word-book. 

anchor-bolt  (ang'kor-bolt),  n.    A  bolt  having 
the  end  of  its  shaiik  bent  or  splayed,  to  pre- 
vent it  from  being  drawn  out. 
anchor-buoy  (ang'kor-boi),  n.    A  buoy  used  to 
mark  the  position  of  an  anchor  when  on  .the 

fnanTJ^a?''*'^^'*^^®''^^''^'^'''^^^'"'^^^^^'^  anchw-chock  (ang'kor-chok),  n.    1.  A  piece  anchoritess, «.  [.< anchorite  + -css.-\  Seeanchor- 
a  y  nay.  inserted  into  a  wooden  anchor-stock  where  it  ess. 

Gladly  we  would  anchor,  but  tlie  anchorage  is  quick-    has  become  worn  or  defective.— 2.  A  piece  of  anchoritic,  anchoritical.  etc. 
o^L  ow      '1,    ^  Experience,    wood  or  iron  on  which  an  anchor  rests  when  it  ' 

anchor-'t  (ang  kor),  n.    [The  spelling  has  been    is  stowed, 
changed  to  make  it  more  like  anchoret,  and  anchor-drag  (ang'kor-drag),  n.   Same  as  dran- 
orig.  *anchoreta  (cf.  anchor^) ;  prop,  anker,  in  i:]ieet. 

early  mod.  E.  reg.  anker,  <  ME.  reg.  anker,  an-  anchored  (ang'kord),  m.  a.    [Early  mod.  E.  reg. 

ankered,  ankored ;  <  anchor^,  ankcr^,  +  -erf2.] 


Yon'  tall  anchoring  bark. 


Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  6. 


Smyth,  Sailor's  anchor-hoy  (ang'kor-hoi),  ii.  A  small  vessel 
or  lighter  fitted  wi'th  capstans,  etc.,  used  for 
handling  and  transporting  anchors  and  chains 
about  a  harbor.  Also  called  chain-hoat. 
anchor-ice  (ang'kor-is),  n.  Ice  that  is  formed 
on  and  incrusts  the  bottom  of  a  lake  or  river 
in-shore;  ground-ice. 
anchorite,  n.    See  anchoret. 


kre,  ancrc,  an  anchoret  or  anchoress,  monk  or 
nun,  <  AS.  ancra,  also,  rarely,  ancer,  ancor  (in 
comp.  ancer-,  ancor-,  once  anacor-),  m.,  an  an- 
choret, also  perhaps  *ancre,  i.,  an  anchoress,  = 
OS.  enkoro  =  OHG.  einchoro,  anchoret,  spelled 
as  if  from  OS,  en  =  OHG.  ein,  one  (cf.  monk, 
ult.  <  Gr.  fiovoc,  one),  but  all  eoiTuptions  of  ML. 
*anchoreta,  anachorita,  LL.  anachoreta,  whence 
the  later  E.  forms  anchoret  a,nd  anchorite,  q.  v.] 
An  anchoret ;  a  hermit. 

An  anchor's  cheer  in  prison  be  my  scope  1 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 
anchoret,  «.    Erroneous  spelling  of  anker^. 
anchorablet  (ang'kor-a-bl),  a.     [<  anchor^  + 
-able.^    Fit  for  anchorage.  [Rare.] 

The  sea  everywhere  twenty  leagues  from  land  anchor- 
aMe.  Sir  T.  Herbert,  Travels,  p.  40. 

Anchoraceracea  (ang*kor-a-se-ra'se-a),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Anchoracera  (<  Li',  dncora,  improp.  an- 
chora,  anchor  (see  anchor'^,  v.),  +  Gr.  Ktpai;, 
horn)  -I-  -acea.']  In  Milne-Edwards's  system  of 
classification,  a  tribe  of  parasitic  entomostra- 
eous  crustaceans,  which  anchor  or  fasten  them- 


See  anchoretic, 

etc.  '  ' 

anchorless  (ang'kor-les),  a.  [<  anchor'^  +  -less.'] 
Being  without  an  anchor ;  hence,  drifting;  un- 
stable. 

My  homeless,  anchorless,  unsupported  mind. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Villette,  vi 


like  an  anchor ;  fluked  ;  forked. 

Shooting  her  anchored  tongue, 
Threatening  her  venomed  teeth. 
Dr.  II.  More,  Song  of  the  Soul,  II.  ii.  29. 

3.  In  her.,  an  epithet  applied  to  a 
cross  whose  extremities  are  turned 
back  like  the  flukes  of  an  anchor. 
Equivalent  forms  are  ancrce,  ancred,  anchrij. 
Anchorella  (ang-ko-rel'a),  n.  [NL.,  dim.  of  L. 
ancoru,  improp.  fl«c/(orrt',' anchor:  see  anchor'^.'] 
A  genus  of  fish-lice,  small  parasitic  crustaceans, 
of  the  family  Lernwopodidw  and  order  Lermcoi- 
dea :  so  called  from  the  appendages  by  which, 
like  other  lernaeans,  the  animal  fastens  itself  on 
its  host.  There  are  several  species,  parasitic  upon  fishes. 
The  genus  is  sometimes  made  the  type  of  a  family  ,-1(1- 
ehorellida'. 

Anchorellidae  (aug-ko-rel'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Anchorella  -f-  -ida.]  A  family  of  lerufean 
crustaceans,  or  fish-lice,  typified  by  the  genus 
Anchorella.    Also  spelled  Anchorellada\ 


selves  to  their  host  by  means  of  hooked  lateral  anchoress,  anchoritess  (ang'kor-es,  -i-tes) 


appendages  of  the  head.  The  name  is  approx- 
imately equivalent  to  one  of  the  divisions  of 
Lerna'oidea  (which  see), 
anchoragel  (ang'kor-aj),  n.  [<  anchor'^  -\-  -age; 
suggested  by  F.  ft/fcwf/e,  <  awoY.]  1.  Anchor- 
ing-ground;  a  place  where  a  ship  anchors  or 
can  anchor;  a  customary  jilace  for  anchoring. 

The  fleet  returned  to  its  former  anchorage. 

Southey,  Life  of  Nelson,  II.  102. 

Early  in  the  morning  we  weighed  anchor  and  steamed 
up  the  bay  to  the  maii-df-u  ar  a nclmrafie. 

Lady  i'ca.s.sc?/,  \'uyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  iv. 
Hence  —  2.  That  to  which  anything  is  fastened : 
as,  the  anchorage  of  the  cables  of  a  suspension- 
bridge. 


Anchorage  of  a  Cable  of  the  East  River  Bridge,  New  York, 
^.suspension-cable;  B,  anchor-plate. 


3.  The  anchor  and  all  the  necessary  tackle  for 
anchoring.  [Rare.] 

The  Ijark,  that  hath  discharg'd  her  fraught. 
Returns  witli  precious  lading  to  the  bay 
From  whence  at  first  she  weigh'd  her  anchorage. 

Shak.,  Tit.  Anil.,  i.  2. 

If  that  supposal  should  fail  us,  all  our  anchorage  were  anchorctical  (ang-ko-ret'i-kal),  a. 


[Early  mod.  E.  reg.  ankrcss,  "ancress,  <  ME, 
ankrcssc,  ankrissc,  ankrcs :  see  anchor'^,  ankcr^, 
and  -ess.]    A  female  anchoret. 

She  is  no  anchoress,  she  dwells  not  alone. 

Latimer,  4th  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI.  (1549). 
Pega,  his  sister,  an  Anchoritess,  led  a  solitary  life. 

Fuller,  Churcli  Hist.,  ii.  96. 

anchoret,  anchorite  (ang'ko-ret,  -rit),  n.  [Ear- 
ly mod.  E.  ancliorct,  -etc,  -it,  usually  -ite,  also 
anachoret,  etc.,  <  ME.  ancoritc,  <  OF.  anacho- 
rcte,  mod.  F.  anachorctc,  <  LL.  anachoreta, 
ML.  also  anachorita,  <  Gr.  avaxupTjTi'ir,  a  re- 
cluse, lit.  one  retired,  <  anaxupeiv,  retire,  <  iird, 
back,  +  ;t-(jp£ii',  withdi-aw,  make  room,  <  x^poc, 
room,  space.  The  form  anchoret  has  taken  the 
place  of  the  earlier  anchor'^,  anker"^,  q.  v.]  A 
hermit ;  a  recluse ;  one  who  retires  from  society 
into  a  desert  or  solitary  place,  to  avoid  the 
temptations  of  the  world  and  to  devote  himseK 
to  contemplation  and  religious  exercises.  Also 
anachoret. 
Macarius,  the  great  Egyptian  anclwret. 

Alp.  Ussher,  Ans.  to  a  Jesuit. 
To  an  ordinary  layman  the  life  of  the  anchorite  might 
appear  in  the  highest  degree  opposed  to  that  of  the  Teacher 
who  began  His  mission  in  a  marriage  feast. 

Leclnj,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  111. 
=  Syn.  Monk,  Hermit,  Anchoret.  In  the  classification 
of  religious  ascetics,  monks  are  those  who  adopt  a  se- 
cluded habit  of  life,  but  dwell  more  or  less  in  communi- 
ties ;  hermits,  or  eremites,  those  wlio  witlulraw  to  desert 
pliices,  but  do  not  deny  themselves  shelter  or  occupation  ; 
and  anchorets,  tliose  most  excessive  in  tlieir  austerities, 
who  choose  tlie  most  absolute  solitude,  and  subject  them- 
selves to  the  greatest  privations, 
anchoretic  (ang-ko-ret'ik),  a.  [<  anchoret  + 
-ic,  after  anachorctical,  q.  v.]  Pertaining  to  an 
anchoret,  or  to  his  mode  of  life.  Equivalent 
forms  are  anchorctical,  anchoritic,  anchoritical. 

[<  ancho- 


loose,  and  we  should  but  wander  in  a  wild  sea.      Wotton.     retic]     Same  as  anchoretic. 

4.  A  duty  imposed  on  ships  for  anchoring  in  a  anchoretish  (ang'ko-ret-ish),  a 


harbor ;  anchorage-dues 

This  corporation,  otherwise  a  poor  one,  holds  also  the 
anchorage  in  the  liarljour.  B.  Carew,  Survey  of  Cornwall. 

anchorage^  (ang'kor-aj),  «.  [<  anchor'^  +  -age.] 
The  cell  or  retreat  of  an  anchoret. 

Anchorastomacea  (ang'^kor-a-sto-ma'se-a),  n. 
id.  [NL.,  <  L.  ancora,  improp.  ancho'ra,  an- 
chor, +  Gr.  OToua,  mouth,  +  -acea.]    In  Milne 


[<  anchoret  + 


for  lifting  a  pole  or  pile  which  has  been  driven 
into  the  mud  to  serve  as  an  anchor  for  a  dredge- 
boat. 

anchor-lining  (ang'kor-li"ning),  V.  Sheathing 
fastened  to  the  sides  of  a  vessel,  or  to  stan- 
chions under  the  fore-channel,  to  prevent  injury 
to  the  vessel  by  the  bill  of  the  anchor  when  it 
is  fished  or  hauled  up.    See  bill-board. 

anchor-oven  (ang'kor-uv''''n),  V.  A  coke-oven, 
so  named  from  a  wrought-iron  plate  called  an 
anchor  which  is  placed  at  the  rear  of  the  oven 
before  it  is  charged  with  coal.    At  the  end  of  the 

heat  the  anchor  is  embedded  in  coke,  and  when  withdrawn 
liy  means  of  a  winch  takes  all  the  coke  with  it. 

anchor-plate  (ang'kor-plat),  «.  l.  A  heavy 
metal  plate  to  which  "is  secured  the  extremity 
of  a  cable  of  a  suspension-bridge.  See  cut 
under  anchorage.— 2.  In  zooL,  one  of  the  cal- 
careous plates  to  which  the  anchors  or  ancorsB 
are  attached,  as  in  members  of  the  genus  Sy- 
napta.    See  ancora'^. 

anchor-ring  (ang'kor-ring),  n.  1.  The  ring  or 
shackle  of  an  anchor  to  which  the  cable  is  bent. 
—  2.  A  geometrical  surface  generated  by  the 
revolution  of  a  circle  about  an  axis  lying  in  its 
plane,  but  exterior  to  it. 

anchor-rocket  (ang'kor-rok"et),  n.  A  rocket 
fitted  with  an  anchor-li'ead  consisting  of  two  or 
more  flukes,  with  a  line  attached  to  the  rocket-stick 
it  is  used  for  life-saving  purposes,  and  may  be  fired  either 
over  a  stranded  vessel  or  beyond  a  bar  on  which  the  water 
is  breaking.  The  best  rocket  of  this  class  is  the  German 
rocket,  which  has  an  anchor-head  of  four  palmate  flukes 
placed  at  riglit  angles  to  each  other. 

anchor-shackle  (ang 'kor- shak "1),  n.  Naut., 
the  bow  or  clevis,  with  two  eyes  and  a  screw- 
bolt,  or  bolt  and  key, 
which  is  used  for  se- 
curing a  cable  to  the 
ring  of  the  anchor. 
Also  used  for  coupling 
lengths  of  chain-cable. 
E.  H.  Knight. 

anchor-shot  (ang'kor- 
shot),  w.  A  projectile 
made  with  arms  or 
flukes  and  having  a  rope  or  chain  attached,  de- 
signed to  be  fired  from  a  mortar  in  order  to 
establish  communication  between  the  shore 
and  a  vessel  or  wreck,  or  between  vessels.  It 
is  used  principally  in  the  life-saving  service, 
anchor-stock  (ang'kor-stok),  V.  Naut.,  a  beam 
of  wood  or  iron  placed  at  the  upper  end  of  the 
shank  of  an  anchor  transversely  to  the  plane  of 
the  arms.  (See  cuts  under  tijyc/u>f.)  its  use  is  to 
cause  the  anchor  when  let  go  to  lie  on  the  bottom  in  such 
a  position  that  the  peak  or  sliarp  point  of  the  .arm  will 
penetrate  the  ground  and  take  a  firm  hold.— Anchor- 
StOCk  fashion,  a  peculiar  way  of  planking  the  outside  of 
a  ship  with  planks  that  are  widest  in  the  middle  and  taper 
toward  the  ends,  somewhat  like  an  anchor-stock.— An- 
chor-stock planking.  See  planking. 
anchor-tripper  (ang'kor-trip'''^r~),  n. 


Anchor-shackles. 


A  device 

for  tripping  or  casting  loose  a  ship's  anchor. 
_  ^  <iii  itiiumjret,  or  LO  q     '  .  -  - 

his  mode  of  life ;  anchoretic.    Also  anchoritish 
Sixty  years  of  religious  reverie  and  anchoritish  self- 
denial.       De  Quincey,  Autobiographical  Sketches,  I.  134. 

anchoretism  (ang'ko-ret-izm),  n.  [<  anchoret 
+  -ism.]  The  state  of  being  secluded  from  the 
world;  the  condition  of  an  anchoret.  Also 

  written  awc/(orife»i.  '   ..„,„„,  ,  

Edwards's  system  of  classification,  a  tribe  of  anchor-gate  (ang'kor-gat),  ?).  A  kind  of  heavy  anchor-well  (ang'kor-wel),      -ZVawf.,  a  cylindii- 

parasitic  entomostracous  crustaceans,  or  fish-   gate  used  in  the  locks  of  canals,  having  for  its  cal  recess  in  the  forward  end  of  the  overhang- 

Uce,  representing  a  division  of  the  Lernaioidea   upper  bearing  a  collar  anchored  in  the  adja-  ing  deck  of  the  first  monitor-built  vessels,  in 

which  contains  the  Chondracanthidce.  The  species          ^lasonry.  which  the  anchors  were  earned  to  protect  them 

of  this  group,  like  the  other  lernaeans,  fasten  on  their  host  anChOr-hold  (ang'kor-hold),  n.  1.  The  hold  of  and  the  chain  from  the  enemv's  shot  IS  well  a" 
5,'^'.W?tpS^^^^^^^^  fi.^rl  o   -f    an  anchor  upon  the- ground.- 2.  Firm  hold  in    to  cause  the  vessels  to  ride  moi-e  easily  at  anchoiC 

anchorate  (ang  kor-at),  a.    In  ^oo?.,  fixed  as  if    a  figurative  sense;  ground  of  expectation  or  anchovy  (an-eho'vi),  n.;  pi.  anchovies  (-viz). 

ancnored.  trust;  security.  [Formerly  also  anchovie  and  anehova,  earUei 


-IshK]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  anchoret,  or  to  anchor-watch  (ang'kor-woeh),  w.  asub- 
his  mode  of  life :  ^no.hnvM.n     Al««  r,„.i..,.,H.i,     ai^igion  of  the  watch'kept  constantly  on  deck 

during  the  time  a  ship  lies  at  single  anchor,  to 
be  in  readiness  to  hoist  jib-  or  staysails  in  order 
to  keep  the  ship  clear  of  her  anchor,  or  to  veer 
more  cable,  or  to  let  go  a  second  anchor  in  case 
she  should  drive  or  part  from  her  first  one.  Also 
called  harhor-icatch. 


anchovy 

anchoveye,  anchoveyes,  anchovc  =  D.  ansjovis  = 
G.  anschove  =  Sw.  ansjovis  =  Dan.  ansjos  = 
F.  anchois  (>  Russ.  anchousii  =  Pol.  anczos),  < 
It.  dial,  anciova,  andoa,  anciiia,  ancMoa,  It.  ac- 
ciuga,  =  Sp.  anchova,  anchoa  =  Pg.  anchova,  en- 
chova,  anchovy ;  of  uncertain  origin ;  cf .  Basque 
anchova,  anchoa,  anchua,  anchovy,  perhaps  re- 
lated to  Basque  antzua,  dry,  hence  lit.  a  dried 
or  pickled  fish,  anchovy.  Diez  refers  the  Rom. 
forms  ult.  to  Gr.  a<pv7t,  commonly  supposed  to  be 
the  anchovy  or  sardine.]   An  abdominal  mal- 


Anchovy  {StoUphorits  fiicrasicholiis). 


aeopterygioiis  fish,  of  the  genus  Stolephorus  or 
EngrauHs,  family  Stolephorkke.  The  species  are 
all  of  diminutive  size,  and  inhabitants  of  most  tropical 
and  temperate  seas.  Only  one  species,  S.  encrasicholus, 
is  known  upon  the  Eui'opean  coasts,  but  fifteen  approach 
those  of  the  United  States.  The  common  anchovy  of  Eu- 
rope, S.  encrasicholus,  esteemed  for  its  rich  and  peculiar 
flavor,  is  not  much  larger  than  tlie  middle  finger.  It  is 
caught  in  vast  numbers  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  pick- 
led for  exportation.  A  sauce  held  in  much  esteem  is 
made  from  anchovies  by  pounding  them  in  water,  sim- 
mering the  mixtui-e  for  a  short  time,  adding  a  little 
cayenne  pepper,  and  straining  the  whole  through  a  hair 
sieve. — Anchovy  paste,  a  preparation  of  anchovy  and 
various  clupeids  (sprats,  etc.). 

anchovy-pear  (an-cho'vi-par),  The  fruit  of 
Qrias  cauliflora,  a  myrtaceous  tree  growing  in 
Jamaica,  it  is  large,  and  contains  generally  a  single 
seed  protected  by  a  stony  covering.  It  is  pickled  and 
eaten  like  the  mango. 

anchry  (ang'kri),  a.    [Bad  spelling  of  ancry, 

<  F.  ancree,  <  ancrer,  anchor:  see  anciior^,v.  and 
».]    In  her.,  same  as  anchored,  3. 

Anchusa  (ang-kii'sa),  n.  [L.,<  Gr.  ayxovca, 
Attic  eyxovaa,  alkanet.]  A  genus  of  herbaceous 
plants,  chiefly  perennial,  of  the  natural  order 
Boraginacem.  There  are  30  species,  rough,  hairy  herbs, 
natives  of  Europe  and  western  Asia.  The  more  common 
species  of  Europe  is  the  bugloss  or  common  alkanet,  A. 
offlcinalis.  A.  Italica  is  cultivated  for  ornament.  See  al- 
kanet and  Alkanna. 

anchusic  (ang-ku'sik),  a.  [<  anchusin  +  -ic] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  anchusin :  as,  anchusic  acid. 

anchusin  (ang'kii-sin),  n.  [<  Anchusa  +  -i»2,] 
A  red  coloring  matter  obtained  from  Alkanna 
{Anchusa)  tinctoria.  it  is  amorphous,  with  a  resin- 
ous fracture,  and  when  heated  emits  violet  vapors,  which 
are  extremely  suffocating. 

anchyloblepharon,  n.    See  anJcyloUepharon. 
anchylose,  anchylosis,  etc.    See  anhylose,  etc. 
Anchylostoma  (ang-ki-los'to-ma),  n.  [NL., 

^vo^.  Ancylostoma,<G:T.  a>K{)Aof, crooked,  curved, 

+  oToiia,  mouth.]    Same  as  Bochmius,  2. 
anciencyt  (an'shen-si),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also 

aunciencie,  etc.,  for  earlier  ancienty,  q,  v.]  An- 

cientness;  antiquity. 

ancient^  (an'shent),  a.  and  n,  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  antient  (a  spelling  but  recently  obsolete, 
a.ttev patient,  etc.,  or  with  ref.  to  the  orig.  L.), 

<  ME.  auncient,  auncyent,  aunciant,  etc.  (with 
excrescent  -t,  as  in  tyrant,  etc. :  see  -anf^),  ear- 
lier auncien,  auncian,  <  OF.  ancien,  mod.  P.  an- 
cieM=Pr.  ancian  =  Sp.  anciano  =  Pg.  anciao  = 
It.  anziano,  <  ML.  antianus,  ancianus,  former, 
old,  ancient,  prop.  *anteanus,  with  term,  -anus 
(E.  -an,  -en),  <  L.  ante,  before,  whence  also  an- 
ticus,  antiquus,  former,  ancient,  antique:  see 
antic,  antique,  and  ante-.']  1,  a.  1.  Existent 
or  occurring  in  time  long  past,  usually  in  re- 
mote ages ;  belonging  to  or  associated  with  an- 
tiquity ;  old,  as  opposed  to  modern :  as,  ancient 
authors ;  ancient  records.  As  specifically  applied  to 
history,  ancient  usually  refers  to  times  and  events  prior  to 
the  downfall  of  the  Western  Roman  Empire,  A.  D.  476,  and 
is  opposed  to  medieval,  which  is  applied  to  the  period  from 
about  the  fifth  century  to  the  end  of  the  fifteenth,  when 
modern  history  begins,  and  to  modern,  which  is  sometimes 
used  of  the  whole  period  since  the  fifth  century.  In  other 
uses  it  commonly  has  no  exact  reference  to  time. 

We  lost  a  great  number  of  ancient  authors  by  the  con- 
quest of  Egypt  by  the  Saracens,  which  deprived  Europe 
of  the  use  of  the  papyrus. 

I.  D' Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  I.  67. 
The  voice  I  hear  this  passing  night  was  heard 
In  ancient  days  by  emperor  and  clown. 

Keats,  Ode  to  Nightingale. 
His  [Milton's]  language  even  has  caught  the  accent  of 
the  ancient  world.  Lotoell,  New  Princeton  Rev.,  I.  154. 
2.  Having  lasted  from  a  remote  period ;  hav- 
ing been  of  long  duration ;  of  great  age ;  very 
old:  as,  an  ancient  city;  an  ancient  forest:  gen- 
erally, but  not  always,  applied  to  things. 


203 

I  do  love  these  ancient  ruins. 
We  never  tread  upon  them  but  we  set 
Our  foot  upon  some  reverend  history. 

Webster,  Duchess  of  Malfl,  v.  3. 
The  Governor  was  an  ancient  gentleman  of  greate  cour- 
age, of  y  order  of  St.  Jago.    Evelyn,  Diary,  Feb.  10,  le.'j?. 

3.  Specifically,  in  law,  of  more  than  20  or  30 
years'  duration:  said  of  anything  whose  con- 
tinued existence  for  such  a  period  is  taken  into 
consideration  in  aid  of  defective  proof  by  rea- 
son of  lapse  of  memoiy,  or  absence  of  wit- 
nesses, or  loss  of  documentary  evidence:  as, 
an  awciewi boimdary. — 4.  Past;  former. 

If  I  longer  stay, 
We  shall  begin  our  ancient  bickerings. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 
Know'st  thou  Amoret? 
Hath  not  some  newer  love  forc'd  thee  forget 
Thy  ancient  faith  ? 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  iv.  4. 

5.  In  her.,  formerly  worn;  now  out  of  date  or 
obsolete:  thus,  France  ancient  is  azure  sem6e 
with  fleurs-de-lys  or,  while  France  modern  is 
azure,  3  fleurs-de-lys,  or  2  and  1  Ancient  de- 
mesne. See  de/ftesne.  =Syn.  Ancient,  Old,  Antique,  An- 
tiquated, Old-fashioned,  Quaint,  Obsolete,  Obsolescent,  by- 
gone. Ancient  and  old  are  generally  applied  only  to 
things  subject  to  change.  Old  may  apply  to  things  which 
have  long  existed  and  still  exist,  while  ancient  may  apply 
to  things  of  equal  age  which  have  ceased  to  exist :  as,  old 
laws,  ancient  republics.  A7wient  properly  refers  to  a 
higher  degree  of  age  than  old  :  as,  old  times,  ancient  times ; 
old  institutions,  ancient  institutions.  An  oW-looking  man 
is  one  who  seems  advanced  in  years,  while  an  ancient- 
looking  man  is  one  who  seems  to  have  survived  from  a 
past  age.  Antique  is  applied  either  to  a  thing  which  has 
come  down  from  antiquity  or  to  that  which  is  made  in 
imitation  of  ancient  style :  thus,  ancient  binding  is  binding 
done  by  the  ancients,  while  antique  binding  is  an  imita- 
tion of  the  ancient  style.  Antiquated,  like  antique,  may 
apply  to  a  style  or  fashion,  but  it  properly  means  too  old; 
it  is  a  disparaging  word  applied  to  ideas,  laws,  customs, 
dress,  etc.,  which  are  out  of  date  or  outgrown:  as,  anti- 
quated laws  should  be  repealed ;  his  head  was  full  of  an- 
tiquated notions.  Old-fashioned  is  a  milder  word,  noting 
that  which  has  gone  out  of  fashion,  but  may  still  be  thought 
of  as  pleasing.  Quaint  is  old-fashioned  with  a  pleasing 
oddity :  as,  a  quaint  garb,  a  quaint  manner  of  speech,  a 
quaint  face.  Obsolete  is  applied  to  that  which  has  gone 
completely  out  of  use :  as,  an  obsolete  word,  idea,  law.  06- 
solescent  is  applied  to  that  which  is  in  process  of  becoming 
obsolete.  Ancient  and  aiitique  are  opposed  to  modern; 
old  to  nexv,  young,  or  fresh ;  antiquated  to  permanent  or 
established;  old-fashioned  to  7iew-fashioned ;  obsolete  to 
current  or  present.    Aged,  Elderly,  Old,  etc.    See  aged. 

In  these  nooks  the  busy  outsider's  ancient  times  are  only 
old ;  his  old  times  are  still  new. 

T.  Hardy,  Far  from  the  Madding  Crowd. 

His  singular  dress  and  obsolete  language  confounded  the 
baker,  to  whom  he  offered  an  ancient  medal  of  Decius  as 
the  current  coin  of  the  empire. 

/.  D' Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  I.  150. 

He  was  shown  an  old  worm-eaten  coflfer,  which  had 
long  held  papers,  untouched  by  the  incurious  generations, 
of  Montaigne.  /.  D' Israeli,  Cui-ios.  of  Lit.,  I.  73. 

While  Beddoes'  language  seems  to  possess  all  the  ele- 
ments of  the  Shaksperian,  there  is  no  trace  of  the  con- 
sciously antique  in  it.       Amer.  Jour,  of  Philol.,  IV.  450. 

I  was  ushered  into  a  little  misshapen  back-room,  having 
at  least  nine  corners.  It  was  lighted  by  a  skylight,  fur- 
nished with  antiquated  leathern  chairs,  and  ornamented 
with  the  portrait  of  a  fat  pig. 

Irving,  Boar's  Head  Tavern. 
Somewhat  back  from  the  village  street 
Stands  the  old-fashioned  country  seat. 

Longfellow,  Old  Clock  on  the  Stairs. 
We  might  picture  to  ourselves  some  knot  of  speculators, 
debating  with  calculating  brow  over  the  quaint  binding 
and  illuminated  margin  of  an  obsolete  author. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  31. 
Evidence  of  it  [the  disappearance  of  words  from  the  lan- 
guage] is  to  be  seen  in  the  obsolete  and  obsolescent  material 
found  recorded  on  almost  every  page  of  our  dictionaries. 

Whitney,  Lang,  and  Study  of  Lang.,  p.  98. 

II.  n.  1.  One  who  lived  in  former  ages ;  a  per- 
son belonging  to  an  early  period  of  the  world's 
history :  generally  used  in  the  plural. 

We  meet  with  more  raillery  among  the  moderns,  but 
more  good  sense  among  the  ancients. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  249. 

2.  A  very  old  man ;  hence,  an  elder  or  person 
of  influence ;  a  governor  or  ruler,  political  or 
ecclesiastical. 

Long  since  that  white-haired  ancient  slept. 

Bryant,  Old  Man's  Counsel. 

The  Lord  will  enter  into  judgment  with  the  ancients  of 
his  people.  Is.  iii.  14. 

3t.  A  senior. 

In  Ciu-istianity  they  were  his  ancients.  Hooker. 
4.  In  the  Inns  of  Court  a^ud  Chancery  in  Lon- 
don, one  who  has  a  certain  standing  or  senior- 
ity: thus,  in  Gray's  Inn,  the  society  consists  of 
benchers,  ancients,  barristers,  and  students  un- 
der the  bar,  the  ancients  being  the  oldest  bar- 
risters. Wharton. 

When  he  was  Auncient  in  Inne  of  Courte,  certaine  yong 
lentlemen  were  brought  before  him,  to  lie  corrected  for 
certaine  misorders.  Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  62. 
Ancient  of  days,  the  Supreme  Being,  in  reference  to  liis 
existence  from  eternity. 


ancillary 

I  beheld  till  the  thrones  were  cast  down,  and  the  An- 
cient of  days  did  sit,  whose  garment  was  wliite  as  snow. 

Dan,  vii.  9. 

Council  of  Ancients,  in  French  hist.,  the  upper  cham- 
ber of  the  French  legislature  (Corps  Legislatif)  under  the 
constitution  of  1795,  consisting  of  2.50  memliers,  each  at 
least  forty  years  ohl.  See  Corps  Li-gislatif,  under  corpsi. 
ancient^t  (an'shent),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
antient,  ancyent,  auncient,  aimticnt,  and  even 
antesign,  corrupt  forms  of  ensign,  in  simulation 
of  ancient^:  see  ensign.}  1.  A  flag,  banner, 
or  standard ;  an  ensign ;  especially,  the  flag  or 
streamer  of  a  ship. 

Ten  times  more  dishonourable  ragged  than  an  old-faced 
[that  is,  patched]  ancient.  Sliak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  •>. 

I  made  all  the  sail  I  could,  and  in  half  an  hour  she  spied 
me,  then  hung  out  her  ancient,  and  discharged  a  gun. 

Swift,  Gulliver's  Travels,  i.  8. 

2.  The  bearer  of  a  flag;  a  standard-bearer;  an 
ensign. 

A  ncient,  let  your  colours  fly ;  but  have  a  great  care  of 
the  butchers'  hooks  at  Whitechapel ;  they  have  been  the 
death  of  many  a  fair  ancient. 

Beaii.  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  v.  2. 
This  is  Othello's  ancient,  as  I  take  it. 

Shak.,  Othello,  v.  1. 

anciently  (an'shent-li),  adv.  1.  In  ancient 
times;  in  times  long  since  past;  of  yore:  as, 
Persia  was  anciently  a  jjowerful  empire. 

The  colewort  is  not  an  enemy  (though  that  wei'e  an- 
ciently received)  to  the  vine  only ;  but  it  is  an  enemy  to 
any  other  plant.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  480. 

2.  In  or  from  a  relatively  distant  period;  in 
former  times ;  from  of  old ;  formerly ;  remotely : 
as,  to  maintain  rights  anciently  secured  or  en- 
joyed. 

With  what  arms 
We  mean  to  hold  what  anciently  we  claim. 

Milton,  P.  L,,  V.  723. 

ancientness  (an'shent-nes),  n.    The  state  or 
quality  of  being  ancient;  antiquity.    Dry  den. 
High-priest  whose  temple  was  the  woods,  he  felt 
Their  melancholy  grandeur,  and  the  awe 
Their  ancientness  and  solitude  beget. 

R.  H.  Stoddard,  Dead  Master. 

ancientry  (an'shent-ri),  n.  [<  ancient^  +  -ry.} 
1.  Ancientness;  antiquity;  qualities  peculiar 
to  that  which  is  old. —  2t.  Old  people:  as, 
"wronging  the  ancientry,"  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iii.  3. 
— 3t.  Ancient  lineage  ;  dignity  of  birth. 

His  father  being  a  gentleman  of  more  ancientry  than 
estate.  Fxdler,  Worthies,  Durham. 

4.  Something  belonging  or  relating  to  ancient 
times. 

They  [the  last  lines]  contain  not  one  word  of  ancientj-y. 

West,  Letter  to  Gray. 

ancientyt  (an'shen-ti),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  aun- 
cientie,  ancieniie',' <  ME.  anciente,  aunciente,  < 
AF.  anciente,  OF,  anciennete  z=Pv.  ancianetat  = 
Sp.  ancianidad  =  lt.  anzianitd,  anzianitade,  an- 
zianitate,  on  ML.  type  *antianita{t-)s,<,  antianus, 
ancient:  see «ncie)i<l and -?;/.]  Age;  antiquity; 
ancientness ;  seniority. 

Is  not  the  forenamed  council  of  ancienty  above  a  thou- 
sand years  ago?  Dr.  Martin,  Marriage  of  Priests,  sig.  I.  2b. 

ancile  (an-si'le),  «. ;  pi.  anciiia  (an-sil'i-a).  [L., 
an  oval  shield  having  a  semicircular  notch  at 
each  end ;  perhaps  <  an-  for  ambi-,  on  both  sides 
(cf.  anfractuous  and  see  ambi-),  +  -cile,  ult.  < 
\f  *.skal,  *skar,  cut:  see  shear.}  The  sacred 
shield  of  Mars,  said  to  have  fallen  from  heaven 
in  the  reign  of  Numa,  and  declared  by  the 
diviners  to  be  the  palladium  of  Rome  so  long  as 
it  should  be  kept  in  the  city,  with  eleven  other 
anciiia,  made  in  imitation  of  the  original,  it  was  given  into 
the  custody  of  the  Salii,  or  priests  of  Mars,  who  carried  it 
annually  in  solemn  procession  through  Rome  during  the 
festival  of  Mars  in  the  beginning  of  March. 

Anciiia  (an-sil'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  anciiia :  see  an^ 
cille.}    A  genus  of  mollusks.    See  Ancillinm. 

ancillary  (an'si-la-ri),  «.  [<  L.  ancillaris,  <  ««- 
C(7/«,  a  maid-servant :  see  ancille.}  Serving  as 
an  aid,  adjunct,  or  accessory;  subservient; 
auxiliary ;  supplementary. 

The  hero  sees  that  the  event  is  ancillary :  it  must  follow 
him.  Emerson,  Character. 

In  an  ancillary  work,  "  The  Study  of  Sociology,"  I  have 
described  the  various  perversions  produced  in  men's  judg- 
ments by  their  emotions. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  434. 

Ancillary  administration,  in  law,  a  local  and  subordi- 
nate admniistration  of  such  part  of  the  assets  of  a  dece- 
dent as  are  found  witliin  a  state  other  than  that  of  his 
domicile,  and  which  the  law  of  the  state  where  they  are 
found  requires  to  be  collected  under  its  authority  in  order 
that  they  may  be  applied  first  to  satisfy  the  claims  of  its 
own  citizens,  instead  of  re<iuiring  the  latter  to  resort  to 
the  jurisdiction  of  principal  a<lniinistration  to  obtain  pay- 
ment; the  surplus,  after  satisfying  .such  claims,  being  re- 
mitted to  the  place  of  principal  administration. — Ancil- 
lary letters,  letters  testanu'iitary  or  of  administration 
for  the  purposes  of  ancillary  administration,  granted  usu- 
ally to  the  executor  or  administrator  who  has  been  ap- 
pointed in  the  place  of  principal  administration. 


ancille 

ancillet,  n.  [ME.  anciUc,  ancelle,  aneilc,  <  OF. 
ancelle,  ancele,  <  L.  ancilla,  a  maid-servaut,  dim. 
of  ancula,  a  maid-servant,  fern,  of  anculus,  a 
man-servant,  <  OL.  *ancus,  a  servant,  as  in  the 
L.  proper  name  Aiicus  Martins;  cf.  ancus,  ap- 
plied to  one  with  a  stiff,  crooked  arm:  see 
3.]    A  maid-servant.  Chaucer, 

AncillinSB  (an-si-li'ne),  w.  [NL.,  <  Ancilla 
+  -i«<c.]  A  subfamily  of  mollusks,  of  the  fam- 
ily OlividcB,  typified  by  the  genus  Ancilla.  The 

head  is  concealed,  the  eyes  are  absent,  the  tentacles  are 
rudimentary,  and  the  foot  is  much  enlai'ged  ;  the  shell  is 
polished  and  the  sutures  are  mostly  covered  with  a  cal- 
lous deposit.  Between  20  and  30  li\ing  species  are  known, 
and  numerous  fossil  ones.    Also  called  Ancillarincp. 

ancipital  (an-sip'i-tal),  a.  [As  ancipitous  + 
-«/.]  1.  Same  as  ancipitous,  1. —  2.  In  cool. 
and  bot.,  two-edged — Ancipital  stem,  a  compressed 

stem,  with  two  opposite  thin  or  wing-margined  edges,  as 
in  blue-eyed  grass  (Sixiin'iic/tium). 

ancipitate  (an-sip'i-tat),  a.  [As  ancipitous  + 
-ate.']    Same  as  ancipital,  2. 

ancipitous  (an-sip'i-tus),  a.  [<  L.  anceps  (an- 
cipit-),  two-headed,  double,  doubtful  (<  an-  for 
amhi-,  on  both  sides  (seeambi-),  +  caput,  head: 
see  capital),  +  -ous.)  1.  Doubtful  or  double; 
ambiguous;  double-faced  or  double-formed. — 

2.  Same  as  ancipital,  2. 

Ancistrodon  (au-sis'tro-don),  n.  [NL. :  so 
called  from  the  hooked  fangs;  <  Gr.  ayKiarpov,  a 
fish-hook  (<  aymc,  a  hook,  bend:  see  angle^),  + 
bSovg  (ofSovr-)  =E.  tooth .]  A  genus  of  venomous 
serpents,  with  hooked  fangs,  belonging  to  the 
family  Crotalidce  of  the  suborder  Solenoghjpha : 
by  some  authors  placed  imder  Trigonocephalus. 

The  genus  contains  the  well-known  copperhead  of  North 
-America,  Aficistriuhm  contortrix,  and  the  water-moecasin, 
A.  piscii\irii.s:    See  cut  under  copperhead.    Also  \vTitten 
Ankistrodon. 
ancle,  n.    See  ankle. 

ancomet  (an'kum),  71.  [E.  dial.,  also  uncome 
(of.  Sc.  oncome,  an  attack  of  disease,  income, 
any  bodily  infirmity  not  apparently  proceeding 
from  an  external  cause),  <  ME.  onJcome,  a  swell- 
ing, as  on  the  arm,  earlier  ME.  oncome,  oncume, 
an  unexpected  evil,  <  ancomcn,  oncumcn,  <  AS. 
oncumen,  pp.  of  oncuman,  come  upon,  happen, 
<  on,  on,  +  cuman,  come;  see  come,  oncome,  in- 
come.'] A  small  inflammatory  swelling  arising 
suddenly. 

ancon  (ang'kou),  pi.  ancones  (ang-ko'nez). 
[<  L.  ancon, <.Gv.  ayiojv,  the  bend  of  the  arm,  akin 
to  ay'Koc,  a  bend,  ayKvpa,  anchor:  see  anchor^, 
angle^.]  1.  In  anat.,  the  olecranon;  the  upper 
end  of  the  ulna;  the  elbow.  See  cut  under 
forearm. —  2.  In  arch.,  any  projection  designed 
to  support  a  cornice  or  other  structural  feature, 

as  a  console  or  a  corbel.    The  projections  cut  upon 
keystones  of  arches  to  support  busts  or  other  ornaments 
are  sometimes  called  aiiconeg.    See  cuts  under  cantaliver, 
console,  and  curbel.  [Rare,] 
Also  written  ancone. 

3.  The  name  of  a  celebrated  breed  of  sheep, 
originated  in  Massachusetts  in  1791  from  a  ram 
having  a  long  body  and  short,  crooked  legs,  and 
therefore  unable  to  leap  fences.  It  was  also 
known  as  the  otter  breed,  and  is  now  extinct. 

anconad  (ang'ko-nad),  a.  [<  ancon  +  -ad3.] 
Toward  the  ancon  or  elbow. 

anconal  (ang'ko-nal),  a.  [<  ancon  +  -al.]  1. 
Pertaining  to  the  ancon  or  elbow. —  2.  Being 
on  the  same  side  of  the  axis  of  the  fore  limb  as 
the  elbow:  as,  the  anconal  aspect  of  the  hand, 
that  is,  the  back  of  the  hand:  corresponding  to 
rotular  as  applied  to  the  hind  limb. 

Equivalent  forms  are  anconeal  and  ancone- 
oiis. 

ancone  (ang'kon),  w.    Same  as  ancon,  1  and  2. 

anconeal  (ang-ko'ne-al),  a.  Same  as  anconal. 
—  Anconeal  fossa  of  the  humerus,  in  anat.,  the  olecra- 
noid  fossa,  which  receives  the  olecranon  or  head  of  the  ulna. 

The  internal  condyle  is  prominent,  the  anconeal  fosna 
small.  W.  H.  Flower,  Osteology,  xv. 

anconei,  «.    Plural  of  anconeus. 

anconeous  (ang-ko'ne-us),  a.  Same  as  anconal. 

ancones,  n.    Plural  of  ancon. 

anconeus  (ang-ko-ne'us),  n. ;  pi.  anconei  (-i). 
[NL.,  <  L.  ancon:  see  ancon.]  A  name  once 
given  to  any  of  the  muscles  attached  to  the 
ancon  or  olecranon :  now  usually  restricted  to 
a  small  muscle  arising  from  the  back  part  of 
the  external  condyle  of  the  humerus,  and  in- 
serted into  the  side  of  the  olecranon  and  upper 
fourth  of  the  posterior  surface  of  the  ulna. 

anconoeus,  n.    Same  as  anconeus. 

anconoid  (ang'ko-noid),  a.  [<  Gr.  aynuvoeiSrii;, 
curved  (elbow-like),  <  ayKuv,  a  bend,  curve,  the 
elbow  (see  ancon),  +  d6oc,  form.]  Elbow-like: 
applied  to  the  olecranon  of  the  ulna. 

ancorf,  n.    A  former  spelling  of  anchor^. 


204 


ancorai  (ang'ko-ra),  n. ;  pi. 
an  anchor:  see  anchori.]  In 


young  synapta, 
showing  four  ancor^e  or 
"  sin- 


ancorw  (-re).  [L., 
vol.,  one  of 

the  anchor-shaped  calcareous 
spicules  which  are  attached  A 
to  and  protrude  from  the  flat 
perforated  calcareous  plates 
in  the  integimient  of  eclyno- 
derms  of  the  genus  Synapta. 
They  are  used  in  locomotion, 
ancora^t    (ang-ko'rii),  adv. 
[It.,  =F.  encore,  again:  see  en- 
core.]   Again:  formerly  used 
like  encore  (which  see), 
ancorae,  n.   Plm-al  of  ancora. 
ancoral  (ang'ko-ral),  a.  [<  L. 
ancoralis,  <  ancora,  anchor: 
see  anchor^.]     Relating  to 
or  resembling  an  anchor,  in 
shape  or  use :  in  zool.,  specifi- 
cally applied  to  the  anchors 
or  ancorae  of  members  of  the 
genus  Synapta. 
Ancorina  (ang-ko-ri'na),  «. 
[NL.]    A  genus  of  fibrous 
sponges,  typical  of  the  family 
Ancorinida. 
Ancorinidse    (ang-ko  -  rin  '  i  -  anchors 
de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Ancorina  11=™%'^"''' 
+  -idw.]    A  family  of  Fibro- 
spongiw,  typified  by  the  genus  Ancorina. 
ancoristt  (ang'ko-rist),  n.  [An  erroneous  form  of 
anchoret  ov  an clwr ess  if;\th.A<ic.om..  term,  -ist:  see 
anchor"^,  anchoret.]    An  anchoret  or  anchoress. 
A  woman  lately  turned  an  anrorist. 

Fuller,  Worthies,  Yorkshire. 

ancree,  ancred  (ang'kra,  ang'kerd),  a.  [F. 
ancree,  pp.  fern,  of  ancrcr,  anchor:  see  anchor^, 
V.  and  n.]    In  her.,  same  as  anchored,  3. 

-ancy,  A  modern  extension  of  -ance,  in  imita- 
tion of  the  original  Latin  -ant-i-a,  and  perhaps 
also  of  -acy  :  see  -ance  and  -cy,  and  cf.  -ence, 
-cncy._    The  two  forms  seldom  differ  in  force. 

ancylid  (an'si-lid),  n.  A  gastropod  of  the  fam- 
ily Ancylidw. 

Ancylidse  (an-sil'i-de),  «.  jj/.  [NL.,  <  Ancylus 
+  -idw.]  A  family  of  pulmonate  gastropods, 
ty^jifiedby  the  genus  Ancylus,  and  distinguished 
by  their  patelliform  shell.  The  species  are  in- 
habitants of  the  fresh  waters  of  various  coim- 
tries,  and  are  known  as  river-limpets. 

Ancylinse  (an-si-li'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ancylus 
+  -incc]  The  ancylids,  considered  as  a  sub- 
family of  Limnaidm,  and  characterized  by 
the  flattened  and  limpet-like  instead  of  spiral 
shell. 

Ancyloceras  (an-si-los'e-ras),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

a>/<!'Aof,  crooked,  ciu-ve'd,-  +  Kipag  {nepar-),  a 
horn.  ]    A  genus  of  fossil  tetrabranchiate  ceph- 


Ancyloceras  spini^erum. 

alopods,  of  the  family  Ammonitidw,  or  made 
the  type  of  a  special  family  Ancyloceratidce. 
One  of  these  ammonites,  Ancyloceras  callovien- 
sis,  occurs  in  the  Kelloway  rocks,  England. 

ancyloceratid  (an'^si-lo-ser'a-tid),  n.  A  ceph- 
alopod  of  the  family  Ancyloceratidfe. 

Ancyloceratidse  (an"si-16-se-rat'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Ancyloceras  (-rat-)  +  -ida;.]  A  family  of 
fossil  cephalopods,  typified  by  the  genus  Ancy- 
loceras. 

ancylomele  (an"si-lo-me'le),  w.;  pi.  ancylome- 
lw  (-\e).    [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayKvXofj.iiXjj,  a  curved  probe, 

<  ayKvXog,  crooked,  +  p^ln,  a  surgical  probe.] 
A  curved  probe  used  by  surgeons.  Also  spelled 
anhylomcle. 

Ancylostoma  (an-si-los'to-ma),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

aynvh)^,  crooked,  curved,  +  crdixa,  mouth.] 
Same  as  Dochmius.  2. 

ancylotheriid  (an*si-16-the'ri-id),  n.  An  eden- 
tate mammal  of  the  family  Ancylotheriidm. 

Ancylotheriidae  (an"si-16-the-ri'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Ancylothcrium  +  -idw.]  A  family  of 
edentate  mammals,  typified  by  the  genus  Ancy- 
lothcrium.  it  is  known  only  from  fragments  of  a  skele- 
ton found  in  Tertiary  deposits  in  Europe,  and  is  supposed 
to  be  related  to  the  recent  pangolins,  or  Manididce. 

Ancylotherium  (an*si-16-the'ri-um),  n.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  (iy/ci'iAof,  crooked,  curved,  +  6r/piov,  a  wild 
beast.]  A  genus  of  large  extinct  edentate 
mammals,  typical  of  the  family  Ancylotheriidce. 


'  and 

ancylotome,  ancylotomus  (an-sil'o-tom,  an- 

si-lot'o-mus),  n.  Same  as  ankylotom'e. 
Ancylus  (an'si-lus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayKvloQ, 
crooked,  curved:  see  angle^.]  1.  A  genus  of 
pulmonate  gastropods,  typical  of  the  family 
Ancylidw.  The  species  are  fluviatile,  and  are  called 
river-limpets,  from  the  resemblance  of  the  shell  to  a 
patella  or  limpet.  There  are  upward  of  50  living  species. 
They  live  in  ponds  and  brooks,  adhering  to  stones  and 
.acjuatic  plants. 

2.  A  genus  of  hymenopterous  insects. 
Ancyrene  (an'si-ren),  a.  [<  L.  Ancyra,  Gr.  "Xy- 
liVjia,  a  town  in  Galatia,  now  Angora  (see  An- 
gora) ;  cf .  Gr.  ayKvpa,  an  anchor,  a  hook.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  Ancjrra,  a  city  of  ancient  Gala- 
tia, where  a  synod  was  held  about  A.  d.  314,  at 
which  the  Ancyrene  canons,  tvs'enty-flve  in  num- 
ber, were  passed.  Synods  of  Semi-Arians  were 
also  held  there  A.  d.358  and  375.  Also  written 
Ancyran — Ancyrene  Inscription  (commonly  known 

as  the  Monumentum  Aneyranuin),  a  highly  important 
document  for  Roman  history,  consisting  of  an  inscription 
in  both  Greek  and  Latin  upon  a  number  of  marble  slabs 
fixed  to  the  walls  of  the  temple  of  Augustus  and  the  god- 
dess Roma  (Rome  personified)  at  Ancyra.  The  inscription 
is  a  copy  of  the  statement  of  his  acts  and  policy  prepared 
by  the  Emperor  Augustus  himself,  which  statement  is 
often  called  the  political  testament  of  Augustus.  This 
inscription  was  discovered  by  Augier  de  Busbecq  in  1554, 
but  was  first  adequately  copied  by  Georges  Perrot  in  1864. 

ancyroid  (an-si'roid),  a.  [<  Gr.  ayKvpoeidi/Q,  an- 
chor-shaped, <  ayKvpa,  anchor,  4-  elSoQ,  form.] 
Anchor-shaped;  specifically,  in  anat.,  curved 
or  bent  like  the  fluke  of  an  anchor:  applied  (a) 
to  the  coracoid  process  of  the  shoulder-blade 
(see  cut  under  scapula),  and  (b)  to  the  cornua 
of  the  lateral  ventricle  of  the  brain.  Also  writ- 
ten ankyroid. 

and  (and,  unaccented  and:  see  an^),  conj. 
[<.ME.  and,  ant,  an,  sometimes  a,  <  AS.  and, 
ond,  rarely  end  (in  AS.  and  ME.  usually  ex- 
pressed by  the  abbrev.  symbol  or  ligature '3,  later 
6"  (mod.  &),  for  L.  et,  and),  =  OS.  endi,  rarely 
e«,  =OFries.  anda,  ancle,  and,  an,  rarely  o«d, 
also  ende,  enda,  end,  cn,  mod.  Fries,  an,  an,  en, 
in,  enda,  inde  =  OD.  onde,  ende,  D.  eM  =  OHG. 
anti,  enti,  inti,  unta,  unti,  endi,  indi,  undi,  MHG. 
unde,  und,  tint,  G.und,  and,  z=Icel.  enda,(indit,  in 
case  that,  even,  even  if,  and  then,  and  yet,  and 
so  (appar.  the  same  word,  with  conditional  or 
disjunctive  force;  the  Scand.  equiv.  to  'and'  is 
Icel.  auk  =  Sw.  och,  ock  =  Dan.  og  =  AS.  edc,  E. 
eke;  not  found  as  conj.  in  Goth.,  where  the 
ordinary  copula  is ,/«//),  conj.,  orig.  a  prep.,  AS. 
and,  o?)d(rare  in  this  form,  but  extremely  com- 
mon in  the  reduced  form  aw,  on,  being  thus 
merged  with  orig.  an,  on:  see  below),  before, 
besides,  with,  =  OS.  ant,  imto,  until,  =  OFries. 
anda,  ande,  and,  an,  also  enda,  ende,  end,  en,  in, on, 
=  OHG.  ant  =  Goth,  and,  on,  upon,  unto,  along, 
over,  etc. ;  this  prep,  being  also  common  as  a 
prefix,  AS.  and-,  an-,  ond-,  on-  (see  and-),  and  ap- 
pearing also  in  the  reduced  form  an,  on  (merged 
with  orig.  an,  o»  =  Goth.  «}ia  =  Gr.  ava,  etc.: 
see  on),  and  with  a  close  vowel  in  AS.  oth  (for 
*onth)  =  OS.  unt  (also  in  eomp.  tin-,  as  in  unte, 
unto,  untuo  (=  ME.  and  E.  unto),  and  in  untat, 
unthat  for  unt  that)  =  OFries.  und,  ont,  unto, 
=  OHG.  unt  (m.  comp.  *unze,  unz),  unto,  =  leel. 

unnz,  unst,  undz,  until,  =  Goth,  und,  unto, 
until,  as  far  as,  up  to  (also  in  comp.  unte,  un- 
til), most  of  these  forms  being  also  used  con- 
jimetionally.  The  Teut.  prepositions  and  pre- 
fixes containing  a  radical  n  tended  to  melt  into 
one  another  both  as  to  form  and  sense.  There 
appear  to  have  been  orig.  two  forms  of  and, 
namely,  (a)  AS.  and,  ond,  OS.  ant,  Goth,  and, 
anda-,  Teut.  *anda-,  and  (b)  AS.  end,  OS.  endi, 
etc.,  Teut.  *andi-,  the  latter  being  =  L.  ante,  be- 
fore, =Gr.  avTi,  against, =Skt.  anti,  over  against, 
near,  related  with  anta,  end,  =  Goth,  andcis  = 
AS.  ende,  E.  end:  see  eiid,  and  cf.  andiron.  Sec 
and-,  an-^,  on-^,  ante-,  anti-,  prefixes  ult.  iden- 
tical. For  the  transition  from  the  prep,  and, 
before,  besides,  with,  to  the  conj.  and,  cf.  the 
prep,  ivith  in  such  constructions  as  "  The  pas- 
sengers, with  all  but  three  of  the  crew,  were 
saved,"  where  and  may  be  substituted  for  with. 
From  the  earliest  ME.  period  and  has  also  ex- 
isted in  the  reduced  form  an:  see  an^.]  A. 
Coordinate  use.  1 .  Connective  :  A  word  con- 
necting a  word,  phrase,  clause,  or  sentence  with 
that  which  precedes  it :  a  colorless  particle  with- 
out an  exact  synonym  in  English,  but  expressed 
approximately  by  'with,  along  with,  together 
with,  besides,  also,  moreover,'  the  elements 
connected  being  grammatically  coordinate. 

In  our  last  conflict  four  of  his  live  wits  went  halting  off, 
and  now  is  the  whole  man  governed  with  one. 

•  Sftak.,  Much  Ado,  i.  1 


and 

We  have  been  up  and  down  to  seek  liini. 

Shalf.,  M.  of  v.,  iii.  1. 
His  fame  and  fate  shall  be 
An  echo  arid  a  light  uiito  eternity. 

Shelley,  Adonais,  1.  8. 
Along  the  heath  and  near  his  favourite  tree. 

Gray,  Elegy,  1.  110. 

When  many  words,  phrases,  clauses,  or  sentences  are  con- 
nected, tlie  connective  is  now  generally  omitted  before 
all  except  the  last,  unless  retained  for  rhetorical  effect. 
The  connected  elements  are  sometimes  identical,  express- 
ing continuous  repetition,  either  definitely,  as,  to  walk 
two  and  two ;  or  indeflniteiy,  as,  for  ever  aiid  ever,  to  wait 
years  and  years. 

To-morrow,  and  to-morrow,  arid  to-morrow. 
Creeps  in  this  petty  pace  from  day  to  day, 
To  the  last  syllable  of  recorded  time. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  r>. 
The  repetition  often  implies  a  difference  of  quality  under 
the  same  name:  as,  there  are  deacons  and  deacons  (that 
is,  according  to  the  proverb,  "  There's  odds  in  deacons"); 
there  are  novels  and  novels  (that  is,  all  sorts  of  novels). 
To  make  the  connection  distinctly  inclusive,  the  term  both 
precedes  the  first  member:  as,  both  in  England  and  in 
France.  For  this,  by  a  Latinism,  and  .  .  ,  and  has  been 
sometimes  used  in  poetry  (Latin  and  French  et  .  .  .  et). 
Thrones  and  civil  and  divine. 

Syloester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas. 

2.  Introductive :  in  continuation  of  a  previous 
sentence  expressed,  implied,  or  understood. 

And  the  Lord  spake  unto  Moses.  Num.  i.  1. 

And  he  said  unto  Moses.  Ex.  xxiv.  1. 

In  this  use,  especially  in  continuation  of  the  statement 
implied  by  assent  to  a  previous  question.  The  continua- 
tion may  mark  surprise,  incredulity,  indignation,  etc. :  as. 
And  shaU  I  see  him  again?  And  you  dare  thus  address 
me? 

And  do  you  now  put  on  your  best  attire. 
And  do  you  now  cull  out  a  holiday, 
And  do  you  now  strew  flowers  in  his  way. 
That  comes  in  triumph  over  Pompey's  blood  ? 

Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  1. 
Alas!  fuifZ  did  my  Saviour  bleed?  Watts. 

3.  Adverbial:  Also;  even.  [Rare;  in  imita- 
tion of  the  Latin  et  in  like  use.] 

He  that  hatith  me,  hatith  and  [also,  Purv.]  my  fadir. 

Wyclif,  John  .\v.  23  (Oxf.  ed.). 
Not  oonly  he  brak  the  saboth,  but  and  [but,  Purv.]  he 
seide  his  fadir  God.  Wyclif,  John  v.  18. 

Hence,  but  and,  and  also:  common  in  the  old 
ballads. 

And  they  hae  chased  in  gude  green-wood 
The  buck  but  and  the  rae. 

Mose  the  Red,  and  White  Lilly, 

Child's  Ballads,  111.  180. 
She  brought  to  him  her  beauty  and  truth. 
But  and  broad  earldoms  three. 

Lowell,  Singing  Leaves. 

B.  Conditional  use.  [In  this  use  not  found 
in  AS.,  but  very  common  ia  ME. ;  cf.  Icel.  enda 
and  MHG.  wide  in  similar  use :  a  development 
of  the  coordinate  use;  ef.  so,  adv.  conj.,  mark- 
ing continuation,  with  so,  conditional  conJ.,  if. 
This  and,  though  identical  vnth  the  coordi- 
nate, has  been  looked  upon  as  a  different  word, 
and  in.  modern  editions  is  often  artificially 
discriminated  by  being  printed  an:  see  cf«2.] 
If;  supposing  that:  as,  a»d  you  please.  [Com- 
mon in  the  older  literature,  but  in  actual  speech 
now  only  dialectal.] 

For,  and  I  sholde  rekenen  every  vice 
Which  that  she  hath,  ywis  I  were  to  nice. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Squire's  Tale,  1.  15. 
Disadvantage  ys,  that  now  childern  of  gramer-scole  con- 
neth  no  more  Frenschthan  can  here  lift  (their  left]  heele, 
&  that  is  harm  for  ham  [them]  A*  a  [if  they]  scholle  passe 
the  se,  &  trauayle  in  strange  londes. 

Trevisa,  tr.  of  Higden,  Polychron.,  I.  Ixix. 
And  I  suffer  this,  may  1  go  graze. 

Fletcher,  Woman's  Prize,  i.  3. 

Often  with  added  if  (whence  mod.  dial,  an  if, 
nif,  if).    Hence,  hut  and  if,  but  if. 
But  and  if  that  servant  say.  Luke  xii.  45. 

and-.  [<  ME.  and-,  ond-,  an-,  on-,  AS.  and-,  ond-, 
often  reduced  do  an-,  on-  =  OS.  ant-  =OFries. 
and-,  ond-,  an-,  on-  =  D.  ont-  =  OHGr.  MHG.  ant-, 
ent-,  G.  ant-,  ent-  (ew^- before /)  =  Goth,  and-, 
anda-  =  L.  ante-  —  Gr.  avn-,  orig.  meaning  'be- 
fore' or  'against,'  being  the  prep,  and  (AS.  and 
=  Goth.  and,  etc.)  as  prefix:  see  and,  an-^,  ante-, 
anti-.'i  A  prefix  in  Middle  English  and  Anglo- 
Saxon,  represented  in  modern  English  by  an- 
m  answer,  a-  in  alongT-,  and  (mixed  with  original 
on-)  by  on-  in  onset,  etc. 

andabata,  andaba'be  (an-dab'a-ta,  an'da-bat), 
«.;  'pl.  an-dabatw,  andabates  (-te,  -bats).  [L. 
andabata  (see  def.),  appar.  a  corrupt  form  for 
*anabata,  <  Gr.  avaf^d-r/^,  a  rider,  lit.  one  who 
moimts,  <  avafiaLvsiv,  go  up,  mount :  see  Anabas, 
anabasis.']  In  Bom.  antiq.,  a  gladiator  who 
fought  blindfolded  by  wearing  a  helmet  with- 
out openings  for  the  eyes;  hence,  in  modern 
application,  one  who  contends  or  acts  as  if 
blindfolded. 


205 

With  what  eyes  do  these  owl.s  and  blind  andabates  look 
upon  the  Holy  Scriptures.  Becon,  Works,  I.  3.'U. 

andabatismt  (an-dab'a-tizm),  n.  [<  L.  anda- 
bata +  -isni.]  The  practice  of  fighting  blindly 
like  an  andabata;  blind  contention. 

Andalusian  (an-da-lti'zian),  a.  and  n.  [<  An- 
dalusia, Sp.  Andalucia,  <  Sp.  Andalu-,  an  An- 
dalusian, prob.  ult.  <  L.  Fandalii,  the  Vandals: 
see  Vandal.}  I.  a.  Belonging  or  pertaining  to 
Andalusia,  a  large  dixision  of  southern  Spain, 
or  to  its  inhabitants. 

II.  n.  1.  An  inhabitant  of  Andalusia  in 
Spain. —  2.  A  variety  of  fowl  of  the  Spanish 
type,  of  medium  size. 

andalusite  (an-da-lu'sit),  n.  [<  Andalusia  + 
-/fe2.]  A  mineral  of  a  gray,  green,  bluish,  flesh, 
or  rose-red  color,  consisting  of  anhydi'ous  sili- 
cate of  aluminium,  sometimes  found  crystal- 
lized in  four-sided  rhombic  prisms,  its  composi- 
tion is  the  same  as  that  of  cyanite  and  flbrolite.  It  was 
first  discovered  in  Andalusia.  C'hiastolite  (which  see),  or 
made,  is  an  impure  variety,  showing  a  peculiar  tessellated 
appearance  in  the  cross-section. 

Andamanese  (an"da-man-es'  or  -ez'),  a.  and  n. 
[<  Andaman  +  -ese.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Andaman  islands,  or  to  their  inhabitants. 

II.  71.  sing,  or  pl.  A  native  or  the  natives  of 
the  -Ajidaman  islands,  situated  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  bay  of  Bengal.  The  Andamanese  are  ro- 
bust and  vigorous,  resembling  negroes,  but  of  small  stature, 
and  are  still  in  a  state  of  savagery. 

andante  (an-dan'te),  a.  and  n.  [It.,  lit.  walk- 
ing, ppr.  of  andare,  walk,  go:  see  alley'^.']  I.  a 
In  music,  moving  with  a  moderate,  even,  grace- 
ful progression. 

ll,  n.  A  movement  or  piece  composed  in  an- 
dante time :  as,  the  andante  in  Beethoven's  fifth 
symphony. 

andantino  (an-dan-te'no),  a.  and  n.  [It.,  dim. 
of  andante,  q.  v.]  I.  d.  In  music,  somewhat 
slower  than  andante. 

II.  n.  Properly,  a  movement  somewhat  slower 
than  andante,  but  more  frequently  a  movement 
not  quite  so  slow  as  andante. 

andarac  (an'da-rak),  n.    Same  as  sandarac. 

andaze  (an'da-ze),  n.  [Turk,  andaze,  endaze,  < 
At.  liinduze,  an  ell.]  A  Turkish  cloth  mea- 
sure equal  to  27  (or  according  to  Eedhouse  25) 
inches.    Morgan,  U.  S.  Tariff. 

Andean  (an'de-an),  a.  [i  Andes :  said  to  be 
named  from  Peruv.  anti,  copper,  or  metal  in 
general.]  Pertaining  to  the  Andes,  a  great 
system  of  mountains  extending  along  the  Pa- 
cific coast  of  South  America,  and  sometimes  re- 
garded as  including  the  highlands  of  Central 
America  and  Mexico. 

Andersch's  ganglion.   See  ganglion. 

Anderson  battery.   See  battery. 

andesin,  andesine  (an'de-zin),  n.  [<  Andes  + 
-i«2.]  trielinic  feldspar,  intermediate  be- 
tween the  soda  feldspar  albite  and  the  lime 
feldspar  anorthite,  and  consequently  contain- 
ing both  soda  and  lime,  it  was  originally  obtained 
from  the  Andes,  but  has  since  been  found  in  the  Vosges 
and  other  localities.    Se9 feldspar. 

andesite  (an'df-zit),  n.  [<  Andes  +  -ite^.']  A 
volcanic  rock  of  wide-spread  occurrence,  espe- 
cially LQ  the  CordiUeran  region  of  North  Amer- 
ica. It  consists  essentially  of  a  mixture  of  a  trielinic 
feldspar  with  either  hornblende  or  augite.  Those  varieties 
containing  the  former  are  called  hornblende  andesite,  the 
latter  augite  andesite.  There  are  also  varieties  of  andesite 
which  contain  a  considerable  percentage  of  quartz.  The 
line  of  separation  between  the  basalts  and  rocks  called  by 
many  lithologists  andesite  cannot  be  sharply  drawn.  See 
basalt. 

andesitic  (an-df-zit'ik),  a.  [<  andesite  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  or  containing  andesite. 

Andigena  (an-dij'e-na),  w.  [NL.,  <  Andes  + 
L.  -genus,  -born;  see  -gen,  -genous.]  A  genus 
of  toucans,  family  Ehamphastidw,  embracing 
several  Andean  species.    J.  Gould,  1850. 

Andine  (an'din  or  -din),  a.  [<  NL.  Andinus,  < 
Andes.']  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Andes;  Andean. 
Andine  plants  are  especially  those  of  the  high  alpine 
regions  of  the  Andes. 

Andira  (an-di'ra),  n.  [NL.,  from  native  name.] 
A  genus  of  leguminous  trees,  of  about  20  spe- 
cies, natives  of  tropical  America.  They  have  pin- 
nate leaves,  and  bear  a  profusion  of  showy  flowers,  followed 
by  fleshy  one-seeded  pods.  The  timber  is  used  for  build- 
ing. A.  imrmis,  the  angelin-  or  cabbage-tree  of  the  West 
Indies,  furnishes  the  worm-bark,  which  has  strong  nar- 
cotic properties  and  was  formerly  used  in  medicine  as  a 
vermifuge. 

andira-gTiaca  (an-de'ra-gwa'ka),  n.   [S.  Amer.] 

The  native  name  in  South  America  of  the  vam- 
pire-bat, Vampyrus  spectrum.  See  Phyllostomi- 
dw,  Vampyrus.  Also  written  andira-guacu. 
andiron  (and'I-em),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  andi- 
ron, andyron,  aundyron,  aundyern,  andyar  (also 
with  aspirate  handern,   handiron,  liandyron, 


Ancient  Andirons,  from  Cobham,  Kent, 
England. 


Andrea  Ferrara 

mod.  E.  handiron,  simulating  hand;  also  land- 
yron,  after  F.  landier),  <  ME.  andyron,  earlier 
aundircn,  aundyrnc,  aundyrc  (the  termination 
being  popularly  associated  witli  ME.  iron,  iren, 
yrou,  yrcn,  yrr,  E.  iron  ;  cf.  ME.  brandiren,  brond- 
iron,  hrondyrc,  <  AS.  brand-iscn,  andiron,  =  D. 
brandijzer,  an  andiron,  also  a  branding-iron,  lit. 
'brand-iron';  cf.  also  AS.  brand-i'od,  andiron, 
lit.  'brand-rod'),  <  OF.  andicr,  cndicr,  later, 
by  inclusion  of  the  art.  Ic,  V,  landier,  mod. 
F.  landier,  dial,  andicr,  andain,  andi,  in  ML. 
with  fluctuating  term,  undcrius,  anilrria,  an- 
dcra,  andrca,  andeda,  andedus,  andegula,  an- 
gedula,  more  commonly  andcna,  andcnus,  the 
fluctuation  showing  that  the  word  was  of  un- 
known and  hence  prob.  either  of  Celtic  or  Teut. 
origin,  perhaps  <  Teut.  *andja-,  Goth.  andeis  = 
OHG.  enti,  MHG.  G.  e«rfe=AS.  endc,E.  end, 
the  reason  of  the  name  being  reflected  in  the 
mod.  popular  adaptation  end-iron,  q.  v.  End 
is  prob.  connected  in  its  origin  with  the  conj. 
and  and  the  prefix  and-,  which  would  thus  be 
brought  into  remote  relation  with  the  first  syl- 
lable of  andiron :  see  and,  and-,  end.  But  and- 
iron has  nothing  to  do,  etymologically,  with 
hand  or  brand,  or,  except  very  remotely,  if  at 

all,  with  end.] 
One  of  a  pair  of 
metallic  stands 
used  to  support 
wood  bumed 
on  an  open 
hearth,  it  con- 
sists of  a  horizon- 
tal iron  bar  raised 
on  short  legs,  with 
an  upright  stand- 
ard in  front.  Usu- 
ally the  standard  is 
surmounted  by  a 
knob  or  other  de- 
vice, and  itissome- 
times  elaborately 
ornamented  and 
often  sheathed 
with  brass-  or  silver-work.  The  standards,  before  the  gen- 
eral adoption  of  grate-fires,  were  often  made  very  high ; 
those  for  kitchen  use  had  brackets  for  holding  the  roast- 
ing-spit  and  hooks  upon  which  kettles  could  be  hung,  and 
sometimes  flat  or  bracket-shaped  tops  for  holding  dishes ; 
others  were  artistically  forged  in  wrought-iron,  or  had  the 
whole  upright  piece  carved  in  Ijronze  or  some  other  costly 
material.  Seldom  used  in  the  singular.  Also  called  Jire- 
dog. 

Her  andirons 
(I  had  forgot  them)  were  two  winking  Cupids 
Of  silver,  each  on  one  foot  standing,  nicely 
Depending  on  their  brands.     Shak.,  Cymbeline,  li.  4. 
The  brazen  amlirons  well  brightened,  so  that  the  cheer- 
ful fire  may  see  its  face  in  them. 

Hawthorne,  Old  Manse,  I.  165. 

Andorran  (an-dor'ran),  a.  and  n.  [<  Andorra  + 
-an.]   I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Andorra. 

II.  11.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Andorra, 
a  small  republic,  semi-independent  since  Char- 
lemagne, situated  in  the  eastern  P\Tenees,  be- 
tween the  French  department  of  Ariege  and 
the  Spanish  province  of  Lerida.  it  is  under  the 
joint  protection  of  France  and  the  Bishop  of  Urgel,  in  Cata- 
lonia, Spain. 

andr-.    See  andro-. 

andra  (an'di-a),  n.  [Appar.  a  native  name.] 
A  species  of  gazel  found  in  northern  Africa, 
Gazella  ruficollis  (the  Antilopie  ruficollis  of 
Smith),  related  to  the  common  Egyptian  spe- 
cies, a.  dorcas. 

andradite  (an'dra-dit),  «.  [After  the  Portu- 
guese mineralogist  d'Andrada.]  A  variety  of 
common  garnet  containing  calcium  and  iron. 
See  garnet^. 

andr  anatomy  (an-dra-nat'o-mi),  n.  [<Gr. 
ai'T/p  (avdp-),  a  man,  -t-  avarouij,  dissection:  see 
anatomy.]  The  dissection  of 
the  human  body,  particidarly 
that  of  the  male ;  human  anat- 
omy; anthropotomy ;  androt- 
omy.  Hooper,  Med.  Diet., 
1811.  [Rare.] 

Andresea  (an  -  di-e  -  e  '  a),  n  . 
[NL.,  named  after  G.  R.  J«- 
riretc,  a  German  botanist.  An- 
drew was  orig.  gen.  of  LL.  -J/(- 
dreas,  Andrew.  See  Andrew.] 
A  genus  of  mosses  constitut- 
ing the  natural  order  Andrc- 
(caceee,  intermediate  between 
the  Sphagnacew  and  the  Brya- 

Cece,  or  true  mosses,  it  is  distin- 
guished by  the  longitudinal  dehiscence  ^ 
of  the  capsule  into  four  valves ;  other-  g^niral"^ 
wise  it  closely  resembles  the  genus  nique.") 
Grimmia. 

Andrea  Ferrara  (an'drf-a  fe-ra'ra).  n.  A 
sword  or  sword-blade  of  a  kind  greatly  es- 


Andr^aa  aipestris. 
Fructiferous  branch 
and  dehiscent  capsule 
with  its  apophysis  \  a). 
(From  Le  NIaout  and 
Decaisne's  "Traiti 
de  Beta- 


Andrea  Ferrara 

teemed  in  Seotlaud  toward  the  end  of  the  six- 
teenth century  and  later.  Xlie  blades  are  commonly 
marked  AN'DKEA  on  one  side  and  i'ARARA  or  FERARA 
on  the  other,  with  other  devices.  The  swords  known  by 
this  name  among  the  Scotch  Highlanders  were  baskct- 
hilted  broadswords.  See  claii more.  It  is  now  asserted  l)y 
Italian  writers  that  these  were  made  at  Bellnno  in  \  enetia 
by  Cosmo,  Andrea,  and  Uianantonio  Ferara,  and  that  the 
surname  is  not  geographical,  bnt  derived  from  the  occnpa- 
tion.  [Compare  It.  ferrajo,  a  cutler,  an  Ironmonger,  =  E. 
.farrier,  <  L.  ferrarius,  a  blacksmith :  see  farrier.]  Some- 
times called  Andrew. 

Andrena  (an-dre'na),  n.  [NL.:  see  Antlire- 
nus.']  A  genus  of  solitary  bees,  typical  of  the 
family  Atidreiiid(e  (which  see),  it  is  of  large  ex- 
tent, including  nearly  JOG  European  species.  Its  members 
burrow  in  the  groniul  to  tlie  dejith  of  several  inches,  and 
are  among  the  earliest  insects  abroad  in  the  spring.  A. 
ricina  is  a  characteristic  e.\ample.    Melitta  is  a  synonym. 

Andrenetae  (an-dren'e-te),  w.  pi.  [NL.,  as 
Andrena  +  -et-(c.']  In  Latreille's  classification 
of  bees,  the  first  section  of  MeUifera,  or  Antho- 
phila,  corresponding  to  the  modem  family  An- 
drenidw :  opposed  to  Apiarice. 

andrenid  (an'dre-nid),  n.  A  solitary  bee,  of  the 
family  Andreiikhc. 

Andrenidae  (an-dren'i-de),  n.  jjL  [NL.,  <  An- 
drena  +  -ida.']  A  family  of  aculeate  melliferous 
hymenopterous  insects ;  the  solitary  bees.  The 

men  turn  or  chin  is  elongate  and  the  tongue  short,  the  labium 
and  terminal  maxillary  lobes  not  being  lengthened  into  a 
proboscis.  The  labium  is  either  hastate  or  cordate,  on 
which  account  some  authors  divide  the  family  into  two 
groups,  Aciitiliw/ues  and  Obtusilinijues.  These  bees  con- 
sist of  only  nuiles  and  females ;  the  latter  collect  pollen, 
the  trochanters  and  femora  of  the  hind  legs  being  usually 
adapted  for  this  purpose.  All  the  species  are  solitary,  and 
most  of  them  burrow  in  the  ground,  though  some  live  in 
the  interstices  of  walls.  The  cells  are  provisioned  with 
pollen  or  honey,  in  the  midst  of  which  the  female  deposits 
her  eggs.  The  genera  and  species  of  the  family  are  nu- 
merous. 

Andrenoides  (an-dre-noi'dez),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Andrena  +  -oidcs.'\  '  In  Latreille's  system  of 
classification,  a  division  of  Apiarice ;  a  group 
of  solitary  bees,  including  the  carpenter-bees 
of  the  genus  XijJocopa,  and  corresponding  to  a 
portion  of  the  modern  family  Apidce. 

andreolite  (an'dre-o-lit),  n.  [<  Andreas  (=  E. 
Andrew),  a  mining  locality  in  the  Harz  moun- 
tains, +  -lite,  <  Gr.  '/.ido^,  a  stone.]  A  name  of 
the  mineral  commonly  called  harmotome  or 
cross-stone.    See  harmotome. 

Andrew  (an'dro),  n.  [<  Andrew,  a  common 
personal  name,  <  ME.  Andrea  =  Bret.  Andreu, 
Andreo,  <  OF.  Andreu,  mod.  F.  Andrieu,  Andre 
=  Vv.  Andriou,  Andre  =  Sp.  Andres  =  'Pg.  Andre 
=  It.  Andrea  =  D.  G.  Dan.  Andreas  =  Sw.  Dan. 
Anders,  <  LL.  Andreas,  <  Gr.  'AvSptag,  a  personal 
name,  equiv.  to  avdpeioc,  manly,  strong,  cou- 
rageous, <  av)/p  (avSp-),  a  man.  The  name  An- 
drew  is  thus  nearly  equiv.  in  meaning  to 
Charles.']  A  broadsword :  an  English  equiva- 
lent of  Andrea  Ferrara  (which  see).— st.  An- 
drew's cross.  See  cross. — St.  Andrew's  day.  See  day. 

-andria.    See  -androus. 

andro-.  [L.,  etc  .,  andro-,  before  a  vowel  andr-, 

<  Gr.  avdpo-,  avSp-^  combining  form  of  avi/p 
(avep-,  *avp-,  avfip-),  a  man,  L.  vir,  as  opposed 
to  a  woman,  to  a  youth,  or  to  a  god  (sometimes, 
esp.  in  later  usage,  equiv.  to,  but  usually  distin- 
guished from,  avdpuTTog,  L.  homo,  a  man,  a  hu- 
man being,  a  person) ;  specifically,  a  husband, 
sometimes  merely  a  male.]  An  element  in 
many  compoimd  words  of  Greek  origin,  mean- 
ing man,  and  hence  masculine,  male ;  espe- 
cially, in  bat.  (also  terminally,  -androus,  -ander, 
-andria),  with  reference  to  the  male  organs  or 
stamens  of  a  flower.    See  -androus. 

androcephalous  (an-dro-sef'a-lus),  a.    [<  Gr. 
avr/p  (avdp-),  a  man,  +  /cf^a/i//,' head.]  Having 
a  human  head :  said  of  a  monster  such  as  a 
sphinx,  an  Assyrian  bull,  etc. 
Upon  a  Gaulish  coin,  an  androcephalous  horse. 

Jour.  Archaeol.  Ass.,  V.  21. 

androctonid  (an-drok'to-nid),  n.    A  scorpion 

of  the  family  Androctonidce. 
Androctonidae  (an-drok-ton'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 

<  Androctonus  +  -ida;.]  A  family  of  scorpions, 
of  the  order  Scorpioidea,  typified  by  the  genus 
Androctonus,  and  characterized  by  the  triangu- 
lar shape  of  the  sternum. 

A.ndroctonus  (an-drok'to-nus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
(ivSpoKTovog,  man-slaying,  <  avtjp  {avdp-),  man,  -1- 
KTELvetv,  slay.]  A  genus  of  scorpions,  typical  of 
the  family  Androctonidce.  Prionurus  is  synony- 
mous. 

androdioecious  (an'''dr6-di-e'shius),  a.  [<  Gr. 
avr/p  (avdp-),  male,  +  dioecious.']  In  6ot,  having 
hermaphrodite  flowers  only  upon  one  plant  and 
male  only  upon  another  of  the  same  species, 
but  no  con-esponding  form  with  only  female 
flowers.  Darwin. 


206 

androecium  (an-dre'shi-um),  n.  ;  pi.  andrcccia 
(-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avi/p  {iiwSp-),  a  man,  male,  + 
o('KOf,  a  house,  =  L.  ricus,  >  E.  wick,  a  village.] 
In  hot.,  the  male  organs  of  a  flower ;  the  assem- 
blage of  stamens. 

androgynal  (an-droj'i-nal),  a.  Same  as  an- 
drogynous. 

androgsmally  (an-droj'i-nal-i),  adv.  With  the 
sexual  organs  of  both  sexes ;  as  a  hermaphro- 
dite. [Rare.] 

No  reall  or  new  transexion,  but  were  androgynally  borne. 

Sir  T.  Broume,  Vulg.  Err.,  iii.  17. 

androgyne  (an'dro-jiu),?*.  [=  F. androgyne, (.'L. 
androgynus,  masc,  androgyne,  fern.,  <  Gr.  aw^po- 
>  vvog,  a  man-woman,  a  hermaphrodite,  an  ef- 
feminate man:  see  androgynous.']  1.  A  her- 
maphrodite. 

Plato  .  .  .  tells  a  story  how  that  at  first  there  were 
three  kinds  of  men,  that  is,  male,  female,  and  a  third  mixt 
species  of  the  other  two,  called,  for  that  reason,  andro- 
gynes. Chihnead. 

2.  An  effeminate  man.  [Rare.] 

What  shall  I  say  of  these  vile  and  stinking  androgynes, 
that  is  to  say,  these  men-women,  with  their  curled  locks, 
their  crisped  and  frizzled  hair?  Harmar,  tr.  of  Beza,  p.  173. 

3.  An  androgynous  plant. —  4.  A  eunuch. 
[Rare.] 

androgyneity  (au''dro-gi-ne'i.-ti),  n.  [As  andro- 
gynous -\-  -c-ity.]  Androgyny";  bisexuality;  her- 
maphroditism. 

androgsmia  (an-dro-jin'i-a),  n.  [NL. :  see  an- 
drogyny.]   Same  as  androgyny. 

androgynism  (an-droj'i-nizm),  n.  [As  andro- 
gynous +  -ism.]  In  hot.,  a  monoecious  condi- 
tion in  a  plant  normally  dioecious. 

androgynes  (an-droj'i-nos),  «.  [Repr.  Gr.  av- 
(ip6-)vvog:  see  androgyne.]  A  hermaphrodite; 
an  androgyne. 

An  androgi/nos  was  born  at  Antiochia  ad  Mseandrum, 
when  Antipater  was  arclion  at  Athens. 

Amer.  Jour.  PhiloL,  VI.  2. 

androgynous  (an-droj'i-nus),  a.  [<  L.  andro- 
gynus, <  Gr.  avSpoyvvog,  both  male  and  female, 
common  to  man  and  woman,  <  avr/p  (avdp-),  a 
man,  +  yw//,  a  woman,  akin  to  E.  queen,  quean, 
q.  V.  ]  1 .  Having  two  sexes ;  being  both  male 
and  female ;  of  the  nature  of  a  hermaphrodite ; 
hermaphroditieal. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  vase  is  an  androgynous  fig- 
ure. Cat.  of  Vases  in  Brit.  Museum,  II.  148. 

(a)  In  bot. :  (1)  Having  male  and  female  flowers  in  the 
same  inflorescence,  as  in  some  species  of  Carex.  (2)  In 
mosses,  having  antheridia  and  archegonia  in  the  same  in- 
volucre, (b)  In  ^oo^.,  uniting  the  charactersof  both  sexes ; 
having  the  parts  of  both  sexes  ;  being  of  both  sexes  ;  her- 
maphrodite. The  androgynous  condition  is  a  very  com- 
mon one  in  invertebrate  animals.  The  two  sexes  may 
coexist  at  the  same  time  in  one  individual,  which  impreg- 
nates itself,  as  a  snail ;  or  two  such  individuals  may  im- 
pregnate each  other,  as  earthworms;  or  one  individual 
may  be  male  and  female  at  different  times,  developing 
first  the  product  of  the  one  sex  and  then  that  of  the  other. 

2.  Having  or  partaking  of  the  mental  charac- 
teristics of  both  sexes. 

The  truth  is,  a  great  mind  must  be  androgynous. 

Coleridge. 

Also  androgynal. 
androgyny  (an-droj'i-ni),  n.  [Erroneously 
written  androgeny  (Paseoe) ;  <  NL.  androgynia, 
<  L.  androgynus :  see  androgynous.]  The  state 
of  being  androgynous;  union  of  sexes  in  one 
individual;  hermaphroditism. 

Instances  of  androgyny  .  .  .  depend  upon  an  excessive 
development  of  this  structure. 

Todd's  Cyc.  of  Anat.  and  Phys.,  IV.  142.5.    (N.  E.  T).) 

android,  androides  (an'droid,  an-droi'dez),  n. 

[<  Gr.  av()po£ii)//g,  like  a  man,  <  avr/p  (avSp-),  a 
man,  +  dSoc,  foiTa.]  An  automaton  resembling 
a  human  being  in  shape  and  motions. 

If  the  hiunan  figure  and  actions  be  represented,  the  au- 
tomaton has  sometimes  been  called  specially  an  androi- 
des. Ene.yc.  Brit.,  III.  142. 

andromania  (an-dro-ma'ni-ii),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

avdpo/iavla,  <  avr'/p  (avdp-),  man,  +  pavla,  mad- 
ness.]   Nymphomania  (which  see). 

andromed  (an'dro-med),  n.  l<  Andromeda.]  A 
meteor  which  proceeds,  or  a  system  of  meteors 
which  appears  to  radiate,  from  a  point  in  the 
constellation  Andromeda. 

Andromeda  (an-drom'e-da),  w.  [L.,  <  Gr.  'Av- 
6po/d6r/,  in  myth,  daughter  of  Cepheus,  king  of 
Ethiopia,  bound  to  a  rock  in  order  to  be  de- 
stroyed by  a  sea-monster,  but  rescued  by  Per- 
seus ;  after  death  placed  as  a  constellation  in 
the  heavens.]  1.  A  northern  constellation, 
surrounded  by  Pegasus,  Cassiopeia,  Perseus, 
Pisces,  Aries,  etc.,  supposed  to  represent  the 
figure  of  a  woman  chained.  The  constellation 
contains  three  stars  of  the  second  magnitude, 
of  which  the  brightest  is  Alpheratz.—  2.  [NL.] 


Andropogon 

A  genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Ericacece.  The 
species  are  hardy  shrubs,  natives  of  Etu-ope,  Asia,  and 
North  America.    They  are  more  or  less  narcotic,  and  sev- 


The  ConvtL  ILitit  in  Andromeda,  including  its  stars  down  to  sth  magni- 
tude. aL^orUiEiy  to  Heis  ;  ttie  tigure  from  Ptolemy's  description. 

eral  are  known  to  be  poisonous  to  sheep  and  goats,  as  A. 
Mariana  (the  stagger-bush  of  America),  A.  polifolia,  and  A. 
ooalifolia.  A.  Jtoribunda  and  others  are  sometimes  culti- 
vated for  ornament. 

andrpmonoecious  (an"dro-mo-ne'shius),  a.  [< 
Gr.  avr/p  (avSp-),  male,  +  niona'cious,  q.  v.]  In 
hot.,  having  hermaphrodite  and  male  flowers 
upon  the  same  plant,  but  with  no  female  flow- 
ers. Darwin. 

andromorphous  (an-dro-m6r'fus),  a.    [<  Gr. 

avSpdpopipog,  of  man's  i'orm  or  figure,  <  av^/p 
(avdp-),  a  man,  +  /xopfr/,  form.]    Shaped  like  a 
man ;  of  masculine  form  or  aspect :  as,  an  an- 
dromorphous  woman, 
andron  (an'dron),  «.    [L.,  <  Gr.  avdp6}v,  <  avi/p 

{avfip-),  a  man.]    Same  as  andronitis. 
andronitis  (an-dro-ni'tis),  H.    [Gr.  avSpuvlrcg, 
also  avdpuv,  <  avr/p  {avSp-),  man.  Cf.  gynceceum.] 
In  Gr.  antiq.,  the  portion  of  a  house  appropri- 
ated especially  to  males,  including  dining-room, 
library,  sitting-rooms,  etc. 
andropetalous  (an-dro-pet'a-lus),  a.     [<  Gr. 
avr/p  (avdp-),  a  man,  in' mod.'  bot.  a  stamen,  -f 
nha'Aov,  a  leaf,  in  mod.  bot.  a  petal.]    In  hot., 
an  epithet  applied  to  double  flowers  produced 
by  the  conversion  of  stamens  into  petals,  as  in 
the  garden  ranunculus, 
androphagi,  n.    Plural  of  androphagus. 
androphagOUS  (an-drof 'a-gus),  a.     [< Gr.  avSpo- 
<pdyoc,  man-eating,  <  avr/p  (avdp-),  a  man,  +  <pa- 
yeiv,  eat.   Cf.  anthropophagoits.]  Man-eating; 
pertaining  to  or  addicted  to  cannibalism ;  an- 
thropophagous. [Rare.] 
andropnagUS  (an-drof 'a-gus),  n. ;  pi.  andropha- 
gi (-ji).    [NL.,  <  Gr.  avdpo(j)dyog :  see  andropha- 
goiis.]    A  man-eater;  a  cannibal.  [Rare.] 
androphonomania  (an'-'dro-fon-o-ma'ni-a),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.   dvdpo<j)6vo^,   man-slaying  (<  avf/p 
(avdp-),  man,  -I-  *(j>heiv,  kill,  slay),  +  pavia,  mad- 
ness.]  A  mania  for  committing  murder;  homi- 
cidal insanity, 
androphore  (an'dro-for),  n.    [<  Gr.  dvfjp  (avdp-), 
a  man,  a  male,  in  rtiod.  bot.  a  stamen,  +  -(jrdpog, 
<  <j>ipEiv  —  E.  6e«ri.]   1.  In  hot.,  a  stamineal  col- 
umn, usually  formed  by  a  union  of  the  filaments, 

as  in  the  Malva- 
ceae and  in  many 
genera  of  Legu- 
minosce. —  2.  In 
zool.,  the  branch 
of  a  gonoblas- 
tidium  of  a  hy- 
drozoan  which 
bears  male  gono- 
phores ;  a  gen- 
erative bud  or 
medusiform  zo- 
oid  in  which  the 
male  elements 
only  are  developed,  as  distinguished  from  a 
gynophore  or  female  gonophore.  See  gyno- 
phore,  and  cut  under  gonohlastidium. 
androphorOUS  (an-di-of'o-rus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avr/p 
(avdp-),  a  man,  +  -<l>6poc,  <  (l>tpeiv  =  E.  bear'i-.]  In 
Hydi'ozoa,  bearing  male  elements,  as  an  andro- 
phore ;  being  male,  as  a  medusiform  zooid. 
Andropogon  (an-dro-p6'gon),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
avr/p  (avdp-),  a  man,  +  Trciyui',  beard,  the  male 
flowers  often  having  plumose  beards :  see  po- 
gon.]  A  large  genus  of  grasses,  mostly  natives 
of  warm  COtmtries.  Several  species  are  extensively 
cultivated  in  India,  especially  in  Ceylon  and  Singapore, 
for  their  essential  oils,  which  form  the  grass-oils  of  com- 
merce. A.  Nardus  yields  the  citronella-oil ;  the  lemon- 
grass,  A.  citratus,  yields  the  lemon-grass  oil,  also  known 
as  oil  of  verbena  or  Indian  nielissa-oil.   .1  Sclicenanthus  oi 


Tubular  Androptiore  and  section  of 
flower  of  Matva  sylvestris. 


Andropogon 

central  and  nortlierii  India  is  tlie  source  of  what  is  known 
as  riisa-oil,  or  oil  of  ginger-grass  or  of  geranium.  These 
oils  are  much  esteemed  in  India  for  external  application 
in  rheumatism,  but  in  Europe  and  America  they  are  used 
almost  exclusively  by  soap-makers  and  perfumers.  The 
rusa-oil  is  used  in  Turkey  for  tlie  adulteration  of  attar  of 
roses.  The  cuscus  of  India  is  the  long,  fibrous,  fragrant 
root  of  A.  muricatus,  which  is  woven  into  screens,  orna- 
mental baskets,  and  other  articles.  There  are  about  20 
species  in  the  United  States,  commonly  known  as  broom- 
grass  or  broom-sedge,  mostly  tall  perennial  grasses,  with 
tough,  wiry  stems,  of  little  value. 

androsphinx  (an'dro-sfingks),  n.  [<  Gr.  av6p6- 
cipiyi,  a  spMns  with  the  bust  of  a  man,  <  av/'/p 
(av6p-),  a  man,  +  tr^tyf,  a  sphinx.]  In  anv.  Egypt, 
sculp.,  a  man-sphinx ;  a  sphinx  having  the  body 


Androsphinx  of  Thothmes  III.  (isth  century  B.  C), 
Boulak  Museum,  Cairo. 


of  a  lion  with  a  human  head  and  masculine  at- 
tributes, as  distinguished  from  one  with  the 
head  of  a  ram  (criosphmx),  or  of  a  hawk  (hiera- 
cosphinx).  See  sphinx. 
androspore  (an'dro-spor),  n.  [<  NL.  andro- 
sporus,  <  Gr.  av/jp  (av6p-),  a  man,  male,  +  OTrdpnc, 
seed,  <  cnEipuv,  sow:  see  spore  and  sperm.']  In 
lot.,  the  peculiar  migratory  antheridium  occm-- 
ring  in  the  suborder  (Edogoniece  of  Algce,  which 
attaches  itself  near  or  upon  an  oogonium  and 
becomes  a  miniature  plant,  developing  anther- 
ozoids. 

These  antherozoids  are  not  the  immediate  product  of 
the  sperm-cells  of  the  same  or  of  another  filament,  but  are 
developed  within  a  body  termed  an  androspore. 

W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  255. 

androtomous  (an-drot'o-mus),  a.  [<  NL.  an- 
drotomns,  <  Gr.  av^p  (avSp-),  a  man,  in  mod.  bot. 
a  stamen,  +  -ro/nog,  <  rif/vscv,  Ta/ieiv,  cut.  Cf.  an- 
drotomy.']  In  hot.,  characterized  by  having 
the  stamens  divided  into  two  or  more  parts  by 
chorisis.    Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

androtomy  (an-drot'o-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  avrjp 
(avdp-),  a  man,  4-  ro//^,  a  "cutting,  <  rkfiveiv,  rafieiv, 
cut.  Cf.  anatomy.]  Human  anatomy ;  anthro- 
potomy  as  distinguished  from  zootomy ;  the  dis- 
section of  the  himian  body.    [Rare.  ] 

-androus.  [<  NL.  -andms,  <  Gr.  -avSpog,  term, 
of  adjectives  compounded  with  avrjp  (avdp-),  a 
man,  a  male:  see  andro-.]  In  bot.,  a  tei-mina- 
tion  meaning  having  male  organs  or  stamens, 
as  in  monandroiis,  diandrous,  triandrous,  pohj- 
androus,  etc.,  having  one,  two,  three,  or  many 
stamens,  and  gynandrous,  having  stamens  situ- 
ated on  the  pistil.  The  corre^onding  English  noun 
ends  in  -ander,  as  in  monander,  etc.,  and  the  New  Latin 
class  name  in  -andria,  as  in  Monandria,  etc. 

ane  (an),  a.  and  n.  Scotch  and  northern  Eng- 
lish form  of  one. 

-ane.  [<  L.  -anus,  reg.  repr.  by  E.  in  older 
words  by  -ain,  -en:  see  -an.]  1.  A  sufSx  of 
Latin  origin,  the  same  as  -an,  as  in  mundane, 

ultramontane,  etc.  in  some  cases  it  serves,  with  a  dif- 
ference of  accent,  to  differentiate  words  in  -ane,  as  rjer- 
mane,  humane,  urbane,  from  doublets  in  -an,  as  gerrnan, 
human,  urban. 

2.  In  chem.,  a  termination  denoting  that  the 
hydrocarbon  the  name  of  which  ends  with  it 
belongs  to  the  paraffin  series  having  the  general 
formida  CuHgn-f  2=  as,  methane,  CH4;  ethane, 

aneali  (a-nel'),  v.  t.  The  earlier  and  historically 
correct  form  of  anneal'^. 

aneaPt  (a-nel'),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  an- 
neal, aneel,  <  late  ME.  anele,  earlier  anelien,  ene- 
lien,  <  AS.  *anelian  or  *onelian  (the  AS.  *0Jie- 
lan  usually  cited  is  incoiTeet  in  form  and  un- 
authorized), <  an,  on,  on,  +  *elian  (>ME.  elien), 
oil,  <  ele,  oil:  see  oil,  and  cf.  anoil.]  To  anoint ; 
especially,  to  administer  extreme  unction  to. 
Also  spelled  anele. 

He  was  housled  and  aneled,  and  had  all  that  a  Christian 
man  ought  to  have.  Morte  d' Arthur,  iii.  175. 


207 

anear  (a-ner'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  and^rep.  [< 
a*  -I-  near;  of  mod.  formation,  after  afar.]  I. 
adv.  1.  Near  (in  place) :  opposed  to  «/«r. 

Dark-ljrovv'd  sophist,  come  not  anear. 

Tennyson,  Poet's  Mind. 

2.  Nearly ;  almost. 
II.  prep.  Near. 

Much  more  is  needed,  so  that  at  last  the  measure  of 
misery  anear  us  may  be  correctly  taken.         Is.  Taylor. 
Anear  some  river's  bank. 

J.  I).  Long,  Mneiil,  ix.  889.    (N.  E.  D.) 

[Poetic  Ln  all  senses.] 
anear  (a-ner'),  v.  t.  [<  anear,  adv.]  To  come 
near;  approach.  Mrs.  Browning.  [Poetical.] 
aneath  (a-neth'), prep,  and  adv.  [<  a-  +  neath ; 
cf.  beneath,  and  the  analogy  of  afore,  before, 
ahint,  behind.]  Beneath.  [Chiefly  poetical.] 
anecdotage  (an'ek-do-taj),  n.  [<  anecdote  + 
-age.]  1.  Anecdotes  collectively;  matter  of  the 
nature  of  anecdotes.  [Rare.] 

We  infer  the  increasing  barbarism  of  the  Roman  mind 
from  the  quality  of  the  personal  notices  and  portraitures 
exhibited  throughout  these  biographical  records  [History 
of  the  Caesars].  The  whole  may  be  described  by  one 
word  — anecdotage.       De  Quincey,  Philos.  of  Rom.  Hist. 

2.  [Humorously  taken  as  anecdote  +  age,  with 
a  further  allusion  to  dotage.]  Old  age  charac- 
terized by  senile  garrulousness  and  fondness  for 
telling  anecdotes.  [Colloq.] 
anecdotal  (an'ek-do-tal),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
consisting  of  anecdotes. 

Conversation,  argumentative  or  declamatory,  narrative 
or  anecdotal.  Prof.  Wilson. 

anecdotarian  (an''''ek-do-ta'ri-an),  n.     [<  anec- 
dote +  -arian.]    One  who  deals  in  or  retails 
anecdotes;  an  anecdotist.  [Bare.] 
Our  ordinary  anecdotarians  make  use  of  libels. 

Roger  North,  Examen,  p.  644. 

anecdote  (an'ek-dot),  n.  [<  F.  anecdote,  first  in 
pi.  anecdotes,  ML.  anecdota,  <  Gr.  aviKiora,  pi., 
things  impublished,  applied  by  Procopius  to 
his  memoirs  of  Justinian,  which  consisted 
chiefly  of  gossip  about  the  private  life  of  the 
eom-t;  prop.  neut.  pi.  of  avtiiihrog,  impublished, 
not  given  out,  <  Gr.  av-  priv.  -I-  sKdoTog,  given 
out,  verbal  adj.  of  tKdiSomc,  give  out,  publish,  < 
£K,  out  (—  L.  ex:  see  e.x-),  +  6i66vai,  give,  =  L. 
dare,  give:  see  dose  and  date.]  1.  Secret 
history;  facts  relating  to  secret  or  private 
affairs,  as  of  governments  or  of  individuals: 
often  used  (commonly  in  the  form  anecdota) 
as  the  title  of  works  treating  of  such  matters. 
—  2.  A  short  narrative  of  a  particular  or  de- 
tached incident  or  occurrence  of  an  interest- 
ing natiu-e;  a  biographical  incident;  a  sin- 
gle passage  of  private  life.=Syn.  Anecdote,  Story. 
An  anecdote  is  the  relation  of  an  interesting  or  amusing 
incident,  generally  of  a  private  nature,  and  is  always  re- 
ported as  true.  A  story  may  be  true  or  fictitious,  and  gen- 
erally has  reference  to  a  series  of  incidents  so  arranged 
and  related  as  to  lie  entertaining. 

anecdotic,  anecdotical  (an-ek-dot'ik,  -i-kal),  a. 

1 .  Pertaining  to  anecdotes ;  consisting  of  or  of 
the  nature  of  anecdotes;  anecdotal. 

Anecdotical  traditions,  whose  authority  is  unknown. 

Bolingbroke,  Letter  to  Pope. 
He  has  had  rather  an  anecdotic  history,  .  .  .  lazy  as 
he  is.  George  Eliot,  Daniel  Deronda,  xxxv. 

It  is  at  least  no  fallacy  to  say  that  childhood  — or  the 
later  memory  of  childhood — must  borrow  from  such  a 
background  [the  old  world]  a  kind  of  anecdotical  wealth. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  10. 

2.  Given  to  relating  anecdotes. 
He  silenced  him  without  mercy  when  he  attempted  to 

be  anecdotic.  Savage,  R.  Medlicott,  iii.  6. 

anecdotically  (an-ek-dot'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an- 
ecdotes; by  means  of  anecdote. 

anecdotist  (an'ek-do-tist),  w.  [<  anecdote,  + 
-ist.]  One  who  tells  or  is  in  the  habit  of  telling 
anecdotes. 

anechinoplacid  (an-e-H-no-plas'id),  a.  [<  Gr. 
av-  priv.  (a/i-5)  +  echinoplacid,  q.  v.]  Having 
no  circlet  of  spines  on  the  madreporic  plate,  as 
a  starfish :  opposed  to  echinoplacid.  Often  ab- 
breviated to  a. 

anelacet,  anelast,  «■   See  anlace. 
anelet,  v.  t.    See  aneal'^. 

anelectric  (an-e-lek'trik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  av- 
priv.  (an-5)  -f  electric]  I.  a.  Having  no  elec- 
tric properties ;  non-electric. 

II.  n.  1.  A  name  early  given  to  a  substance 
(e.  g.,  a  metal)  which  apparently  does  not  be- 
come electrified  by  friction  when  held  in  the 
hand.  This  was  afterward  proved  to  be  due  to  the  con- 
ductivity of  the  substance,  the  electricity  generated  pass- 
ing off  immediately  to  the  ground. 

Hence  —  2.  A  conductor,  in  distinction  from  a 
non-conductor  or  insulator, 
anelectrode  (an-e-lek'trod),  n.    [<  Gr.  ava,  up 
(a«-6),  -t-  electrode,  q.  v.  Cf.  anode.]  The  posi- 


anemochord 

tivepole,  or  anode,  of  a  galvanic  battery.  See 

electrode. 

anelectrotonic  (an-e-lek-tro-ton'ik),  a.  [<  an- 
clectrotonus  +  -ic]  'Pertaining  to  anelectroto- 
nus. 

anelectrotonus  (an-e-lek-trot'o-nus),  n.  [<  Gr. 
av-  priv.  +  f/MKrpov,  amber  (implying  electric, 
q.  v.),  +  t6voc,  strain :  see  tone.]  The  peculiar 
condition  of  a  nerve  (or  muscle)  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  anode  of  a  constant  electric  cur- 
rent passing  through  a  portion  of  it.  The  irrita- 
bility is  diminished,  the  electrical  potentials  are  increa.sed, 
and  the  conductivity  for  nervous  impulses  is  diminished. 
The  wave  of  lowered  potential  which  attends  a  nervous 
impulse  and  gives  rise  to  currents  of  action  diminishes  in 
going  from  a  region  of  greater  to  one  of  less  anelectroto- 
nus, and  increases  in  going  in  the  opposite  direction.  The 
nervous  impulse  itself  presumably  behaves  in  the  same 
way. 

Aneljrtropidse  (an'^'e-li-trop'i-de),  n.  pi,  [NL., 

<  Anclytrops  {-trop-)  +  -ida'..]   An  African  fam- 
ily of  anelytropoid  eriglossate  laeertilians, 
typified  by  the  genus  Anelytrops,  having  the 
clavicles  undilated  proximally,  the  premaxillary 
single,  no  arches,  and  no  osteodermal  plates, 
anelytropoid  (an-e-Ht'ro-poid),  a.    In  sool., 
having  the  characters  of,  or  pertaining  to,  the 
Anelytropoidea. 
Aneljrtropoidea   (an-e-lit-ro-poi'de-a),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Anely  trops  (-trop-)  +'  -oidea  '.]  "  A  super- 
family  of  eriglossate  laeertilians,  represented 
by  the  family  A)ielytropidai,  having  the  vertebrae 
concavo-convex,  the  clavicles  undilated  proxi- 
mally, and  no  postorbital  or  postfrontal  squamo- 
sal arches.    T.  Gill,  Smithsonian  Rep.,  1885. 
Aneljrtrops  (an-el'i-trops),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  av- 
priv.  +  i'AvTpov,  shard  (see  elytrum),  +  <jip,  dtp, 
face  (appearance).  ]  A  genus  of  lizards,  typical 
of  the  family  Anelytrojjidcc, 
anelytrous  (an-el'i-trus),  a.    [<  Gr.  av£?.vTpoc, 
unsharded  (of  bees,  wasps,  etc.),  <  av-  priv.  + 
llvrpov,  shard:  see  elytrum.]  In  entom.,  having 
no  elytra ;  having  all  the  wings  membranous. 
Anemaria,  Anaemaria  (an-e-ma'ri-a),  n.  pi. 

[NL.  (prop.  Anwmaria),  <  Gr.  dm«/iof,  bloodless 
(see  anemia),  +  -aria.]  In  Haeckel's  vocabu- 
lary of  phylogeny,  an  evolutionary  series  of  me- 
tazoie  animals  which  have  two  primary  germ- 
layers  and  an  intestinal  cavity,  but  which  are 
bloodless  and  devoid  of  a  developed  coeloma,  or 
body-cavity,  it  is  a  series  of  gastra;ads,  of  which  the 
type  is  the  gastraea  or  gastrula-form,  including  the  sponges, 
acoelomatous  worms,  and  zoophytes.  It  stands  inter- 
mediate between  the  Protozoa  and  an  evolutionary  se- 
ries which  begins  with  the  ccelomatous  worms  and  ends 
with  the  vertebrates.  See  Hcemataria,  and  cut  under  gas- 
trula. 

anematosis,  ansematosis  (a-ne-ma-to'sis),  n. 

[NL.  (prop,  anccmatosis),  <  Gr.  avai/l'aroc,  blood- 
less (<  di^-  priv.  +  al/ja,  blood),  -I-  -osis.]  In 
pathol. :  (a)  General  anemia,  or  the  morbid 
processes  which  lead  to  it ;  the  f aihu'e  to  pro- 
duce the  normal  quantity  of  blood,  of  normal 
quality.  (6)  Imperfect  oxidation  of  venous 
into  arterial  blood,  (c)  Idiopathic  anemia, 
anemia,  anaemia  (a-ne'mi-a),  n.   [NL.  (prop. 

anwmia),  <  Gr.  avaiftia,  want  of  blood,  <  avai/iog, 
wanting  blood,  <  av-  priv.  -I-  al/ua,  blood :  see 
words  in  hema-.]  In  pathol.,  a  deficiency  of 
blood  in  a  living  body.— General  anemia,  either  a 

diminished  quantity  of  blood  (as  immediately  after  hemor- 
rhages, when  it  is  called  oligemia  and  is  the  opposite  of 
plethora)  or  a  diminution  in  some  important  constituent 
of  the  blood,  especially  hemoglobin.  It  then  presents 
itself  in  the  forms  of  oligocythemia,  achroiocythemia,  mi- 
crocythemia,  and  hydremia,  simply  or  combined.  See 
these  words.— Idiopathic  anemia,  a  disease  character- 
ized by  anemia  advancing  without  interruption  to  a  fatal 
issue,  without  evident  cause,  and  associated  with  fever 
and  such  symptoms  as  would  result  from  anemia  however 
produced,  as  palpitation,  dyspnoea,  fainting  fits,  dropsy, 
etc.  It  is  more  common  in  women  than  in  men,  and  most 
frequent  between  20  and  40  years  of  age.  Also  called  essen- 
tial malignant  or  febrile  anemia,  progressive  pernicious 
anemia,  and  anematosis.— Loca.1  anemia,  or  ischemia, 
a  diminished  supply  of  blood  in  any  organ.  It  is  con- 
trasted with  hyperemia. 

anemic,  anasmic  (a-nem'ik),  a.  [<  anemia,  ance- 
mia,  +  -ic]    Pertaining  to  or  affected  with  ane- 
mia ;  deficient  in  blood ;  bloodless  :  as,  anemic 
symptoms;  an  f/«e»?('c  patient, 
anemied,  anaemied  (a-ne'mid),  a.   [<  anemia, 
anwmia,  +  -ed^.]   Deprived  of  blood. 
The  structure  itself  is  ancemied.  Copland. 
anemo-.  _  [NL.,  etc.,  <  Gr.  avefto-,  combining 
form  of  avcpog,  wind:  see  anemone.]    An  ele- 
ment in  compound  words  of  Greek  origin,  mean- 
ing wind. 

anemochord  (a-nem'o-k6rd),  n.  [=  F.  an6mo- 
corde,  <  Gr.  avefioc,  wind,  +  x^P^'h  ^  string,  chord, 
cord.  ]  A  species  of  harpsichord  in  which  the 
strings  were  moved  by  the  wind;  an  aeolian 
harp.    N.  E.  D. 


Casella's  Anemometer. 


anemocracy 

anemocracy  (an-e-mok'ra-si),  n.  [<  Gr.  avefto^, 
wind,  +  -Kparia,  goverumeut,  <  KpaTelv,  govern : 
see  -cracy.']  A  government  by  the  wind.  Syd- 
ney Smith.    [Humor  oils.] 

anemogram  (a-nem'o-gram),  n.  [<  Gr.  ave/joc, 
wind,  +  ypd^iua,  a  writing,  <.ypd<j)eiv,  write.]  A 
record  of  the  pressure  or  velocity  of  the  wind, 
automatically  marked  by  an  anemograph. 

anemograph  (a-nem'o-graf),  71.  [=  F.  anemo- 
graphe,  <  Gr.  aveiiog,  wind,  +  ypcKpeiv,  wi'ite.] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  and  recording 
either  the  velocity  or  the  direction  of  the  wind, 
or  both. 

anemographic  (an'o-mo-grafik),  a.  [<  anemo- 
graph +  -ic]  Pertaining  to,  or  obtained  by 
means  of,  an  anemograph. 

anemography  (an-e-mog'ra-fi),  «.  [=  F.  ane- 
iitographie  :  see  ancmograjih.l  1.  A  description 
of  the  winds. —  2.  The  art  of  measuring  and 
recording  the  direction,  velocity,  and  force  of 
the  wind. 

anemological  (an'-'e-mo-loj'i-kal),  «.  [<  ane- 
moJogy.']    Pertaining  to  anemology.    N.  E.  D. 

anemology  (an-e-mol'o-ji),  n.  [=  F.  ancmolo- 
gic,  <  Gr.  aveftoc,  wind,  +  -/loj/a,  <  Myew,  speak: 
see  -ology.  ]  The  literature  aud  science  of  the 
winds. 

anemometer  (an-e-mom'e-ter),  n.  [=  F.  ane- 
moinetre,  <  Gr.  aveuog,  wind,  +  /nirpov,  measure: 
see  meter.^  An  in- 
strument for  indi- 
cating the  velocity 
or  pressui-e  of  the 
wind;  a  wind-gage. 

C((sella's  portable  anc- 
innntftei;  designed  for 
measuring  tlie  velocity 
of  air-currents  in  mines 
and  ventilating  shafts, 
consists  of  a  wind-wlieel 
attached  to  a  counting  ar- 
rangement. Anemome- 
ters lor  indicating  ve- 
locity are  commonly 
formed  of  plane  surfaces 
or  drums  exposed  to  the  wind,  and  so  arranged  as  to  yield  to 
its  pressure  and  indicate  the  amount  by  their  movements. 
Linds's  anemometer  consists  of  a  glass 
tube  bent  into  the  form  of  an  inverted 
siphon,  graduated,  partly  filled  with 
water,  and  mounted  as  aweatliercock. 
To  one  of  its  open  ends  a  metallic  cylinder 
of  the  same  bore  as  the  tube  is  attached  at 
right  angles.  The  pressure  of  the  wind 
blowing  into  tliis  causes  the  water  to  sink 
in  one  arm  of  the  tube  and  to  rise  in  the 
other,  and  the  difference  of  levt  l  uf  the  two 
columns  of  water,  wliicli  is  niea.sured  by 
the  amount  of  fall  plus  tlie  amount  of  rise, 
as  shown  by  the  graduated  scales,  gives  the 
force  or  pressure  of  the  wind.  By  tlie  use 
of  mechanical  or  electrical  appliances  ane- 
mometers may  be  made  to  record  as  well  as 
measure  variations  in  the  velocity  and  pres- 
sure of  tlie  wind.  Wlien  they  record  tlie  ve- 
locity or  direction,  or  both,  they  are  some- 
times called  mumoijraphu ;  when  they  indi- 
cate tlie  direction  only,  they  are  called  an- 
emoscopes; when  they  automati- 
cally record  velocity,  direction, 
and  pressure,  they  are  called  arte- 

moiaetrorjraphs  or   anemometro-      Linds's  Anemometer. 
graphic  registers. 

anemometric  (an^e-mo-mefrik),  a.  [<  anemom- 
ctry  +  -('c]  Pertaining  to  an  anemometer,  or 
to  anemometry. 

anemometrical  (an"e-m6-met'ri-kal),  a.  Same 
as  anemometric. 

anemometrograph  (an'o-mo-mefro-graf),  n. 
[<  Gr.  aveuog,  wind,  +  fiirpov,  measure,'  +  ypa^etv, 
write.]  An  instrument  designed  to  measure 
and  record  the  velocity,  direction,  and  pressm-e 
of  the  wind. 

anemometrographic  (an'-'e-mo-met-ro-graf'ik), 
a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  an  anemometrograph. 

anemometry  (an-e-mom'e-tri),  n.  [=  F.  ane- 
mometrie  ;  as  anemometer  +  -y.']  The  process 
of  determining  the  pressure  or  velocity  of  the 
wind  by  means  of  an  anemometer. 

anemone  (a-nem'o-ne;  as  a  L.  word,  an-e-mo'- 
ne),  n.  [The  E.  pron.is  that  of  thereg.  E.form 
anemony,  pi.  anemonies,  which  is  still  occasion- 
ally used,  but  the  spelling  now  generally  fol- 
lows the  L.;  <  F.  anemone  =  Sp.  anemona  =r 
Pg.  It.  anemone  =  D.  anemoon  =  G.  Dan.  ane- 
mone, <  L.  anemone,  <  Gr.  avefiuvij,  the  wind- 
flower,  <  ave/joc,  the  wind  (=:  L.  anima,  breath, 
spirit;  cf.  animns,  mind:  see  anima  and  ani- 
mus), +  -uvTj,  fem.  patronymic  suifix.]  1.  A 
plant  of  the  gemx^  Anemone.  Also  spelled  anem- 
ony.—  2.  [m;;.]  [NL.]  A  widely  distributed 
genus  of  herbaceous  perennials,  the  wind-flow- 
ers, natural  order  Ranunculacew.  The  flowers  are 
showy,  readily  varying  in  color  and  becoming  double  in 
cultivation.  .Several  species  are  frequent  in  gardens,  as 
the  poppy-anemone  (A.  Coro^iaria),  the  star-anemone  (A. 


Common  Wood-Anemone  {Attfmone 
)■ 


208 

hortensis),  the  pasque-flower  (J.  Pulsatilla),  and  other  still 
more  ornamental  species  from  Japan  and  India.  The 
wood-anemone,  A.  7wmorosa,  is  a  well-known  vernal  flower 
of  the  woods.  There 
are  about  70  species, 
mostly  belonging  to 
the  cool  climates  of 
the   northern  hemi- 
sphere.    Of  the  16 
North  American  spe- 
cies, about  half  a  doz- 
en are  also  found  in 
the  Andes  or  in  the  old 
world. 

3.  In  zooL,  a  sea- 
anemone  (which 
see).  —  Plumose 
anemone,  in  zooi, 

Actinoloba  dianthus. 

—  Snake  -  locked 
anemone,  in  zooi., 

Sagartid  viduata. 

anemonic  (an-e- 
mon'ik),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  ane- 
mones, or  to  the 
genus  Anemone; 
obtained  from 
anemonin  :  as, 
anemonic  acid,  an  acid  obtained  by  the  action 
of  baryta  upon  anemonin. 

anemonin,  anemonine  (a-nem'o-nin),  w.  [< 

anemone  +  -(«2.]  A  crystalline  substance  ex- 
tracted from  some  species  of  the  genus  A^iemonc. 

anemony  (a-uem'o-ni),  n. ;  pi.  aneynonies  (-uiz). 
Same  as  anemone,  1. 

anemophilous  (an-e-mof'i-lus),  a.  [<  Gr.  ave- 
/log,  wind,  +  loving.]   Wind-loving :  said 

of  flowers  which  are  dependent  upon  the  wind 
for  conveying  the  pollen  to  the  stigma  in  fer- 
tilization. Anemophilous  flowers,  as  a  rule,  are  small, 
uncolored,  and  inconspicuous,  and  do  not  secrete  honey, 
but  produce  a  great  abundance  of  pollen.  The  flowers  of 
the  grasses,  sedges,  pine-trees,  etc.,  are  examples. 

The  amount  of  pollen  produced  by  aiiemophilous  plants, 
and  the  distance  to  which  it  is  often  transported  by  the 
wind,  are  both  surprisingly  great. 

Darwin,  Cross  and  Self  Fertilisation,  p.  405. 

anemoscope  (a-nem'o-skop),  n.  [=  F.  anemo- 
scope, <  Gr.  avefio^,  wind,  +  CKOirciv,  view,  ex- 
amine.] Any  device  for  showing  the  direction 
of  the  wind. 

anemosis  (an-e-mo'sis),  «.  [NL.,<  Gr.  avef/oc, 
the  wind,  +  -osis.J  In  hot.,  the  condition  of  be- 
ing wind-shaken  ;  a  condition  of  the  timber  of 
exogenous  trees,  in  which  the  annual  layers 
are  separated  from  one  another  by  the  action, 

it  is  supposed,  of  strong  gales.  Many,  however, 
doubt  that  this  condition  is  due  to  wind,  and  believe  it 
should  be  referred  rather  to  frost  or  lightning. 

anemotrophy,  anaemotrophy  (an-e-mot'ro-fi), 

n.  [<  Gr.  avaifiog,  without  blood  (see  anemia), 
+  rpo<pii,  nourishment,  <  rpeipeiv,  nourish.]  In 
pathot.,  a  deficient  formation  of  blood. 

anencephali,  ».    Plural  of  anencephalus. 

anencephalia  (an-en-se-fa'li-ii),  n.  [NL.,  < 
anencephalus,  without  a  brain:  see  anencepha- 
ZoMS.]  In  teratol.,  absence  of  the  brain  or  en- 
cephalon.    Also  anencephaly. 

Quite  recently  Lebodeff  has  offered  a  new  explanation 
of  Anencephalia  and  Acrania.  He  thinks  tlieae  are  due  to 
the  production  of  an  abnormally  sharp  cranial  flexure  in 
the  embryo.  Ziegler,  Pathol.  Anat.  (trans.),  i.  §  7. 

anencephalic  (an-en-se-fal'ik  or  -sef'a-lik),  a. 
[As  anencephalous  +  -ic]  Same  as  dnenceph- 
alous. 

anencephaloid  (an-en-sef 'a-loid),  a.  [As  ayien- 
cepjhaloiis  +  -o«d.]  Partially  or  somewhat  an- 
encephalous.   Syd.  Soe.  Lex. 

anencephalotrophia  ( an-en-sef"  a-lo-tro'fi-a), 
n.  [NLi.,  <  Gr.  av-  priv.  +  kyKe^aXo^,  the  brain, 
+  Tpo(pij,  nourishment,  <  Tpe^eiv,  nourish.]  At- 
rophy of  the  brain. 

anencephalous  (an-en-sef 'a-lus),  a.  [<  NL. 
anencephalus,  <  Gr.  dveyKtipaAog,  without  brain, 
<  av-  priv.  +  tynt<palo(;,  brain :  see  encephalon.^ 
In  teratol.,  having  no  encephalon;  without  a 
brain.    An  equivalent  form  is  anencejjhalic. 

anencephalus  (an-en-sef'a-lus),  n.;  pi.  anen- 
cephali (-li).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aveyKi(paXo<;,  without 
brain:  see  anencephalous.']  In  teratol.,  a  mon- 
ster which  is  destitute  of  brain. 

anencephaly  (an-en-sef'a-li),  n.  Same  as  an- 
encephalia. 

an-end  (an-end'),  prep.phr.  as  adv.    [<  ME.  an- 
ende,  anende,  at  the  end,  to  the  end:  an,  on,  E.  on; 
etide,  E.  end.]  1 .  On  end ;  in  an  upright  position. 
Make  .  .  .  each  particular  liaire  to  stand  an  end. 

Shale,  Hamlet,  i.  3(1623). 
Specifically — (a)  Naut.,  in  the  position  of  a  mast  when  it 
is  perpendicular  to  the  deck.  The  topmasts  are  said  to 
be  an-end  when  hoisted  up  to  their  usual  stations.  (6)  In 
rnech.,  said  of  anything,  as  a  pile,  that  is  driven  in  the 
direction  of  its  length. 


anerythropsia 

2t.  In  the  end;  at  the  last;  lastly. —  Sf.  To 
the  end  ;  straight  on  ;  continuously. 
IHej  would  ride  a  hundred  miles  an  end  to  enjoy  it. 

Richardson,  Clarissa,  VII.  220.  (N.  K.  D.) 
Most  an-endt,  almost  continuously ;  almost  always  ; 
mostly. 

Knew  him  !  I  was  a  great  Companion  of  his,  I  was  with 
him  most  an  end. 

Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress  (1678),  ii.  115.  (N.  E.  D.) 
anent,  anenst  (a-nenf,  a-nenst'),  p7-ep.  and 
adv.,  orig.  prep.  phr.  [<  ME.  anent,  also  anant, 
anont,  onont,  onond;  with  added  adverbial  suf- 
fix -e,  anente;  with  added  adverbial  gen.  suf- 
fix -es,  -is,  anentes,  anentis,  anempMs,  etc.,  contr. 
ancns,anence ;  -with excrescent anenist,  anenst 
(cf.  again,  against,  among,  amongst);  earlier 
ME.  onefent,  onevent  (-svith  excrescent  -t),  <  AS. 
on-efen,  on-efn,  on-emn  {—  OS.  in  ebhan  =  MHG. 
eneien,  neben,  nebent,  G.  7ieben),  prep.,  beside, 
prop.  prep,  phr.,  on  efen,  lit.  '  on  even,'  on  a 
level  (with)  :  on,  E.  on  ;  efen,  E.  even'^,  q.  v.  Cf. 
afornens,  f07-enenst.  Formerly  in  reg.  literary 
use,  but  now  chiefly  dialectal.]  I.  p7-ep.  1. 
In  a  line  with ;  side  by  side  with ;  on  a  level 
•with.  [Prov.  Eng.]— 2t.  In  front  of ;  fronting; 
before  ;  opposite ;  over  against. 

The  king  lay  into  Galstoun, 

That  is  ryclit  ewyn  [even]  anent  Lowdoun. 

Barbour,  Bruce,  vi.  123. 
And  right  anenst  him  a  dog  snarling. 

B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  ii.  1. 

3t.  Against;  toward. 

Wylde  Bestes  .  .  .  that  slen  [slay]  and  devouren  alle 
that  comen  anei/ntes  hem.  Maiuieville,  p.  298.   (JV.  E.  D.) 

4.  In  respect  of  or  regard  to ;  as  to ;  concern- 
ing; about:  sometimes  with  as.    [Still  in  use 
in  Scotch  legal  and  ecclesiastical  phraseology, 
whence  also  in  literary  English.] 
He  [Jesus]  was  an  alien,  as  anentis  his  godhede. 

Wyclif,  Select  Works  (ed.  Arnold),  I.  33. 
I  cannot  but  pass  you  my  judgment  ane7it  those  six 
considerations  wliich  you  offered  to  invalidate  those  au- 
thorities that  I  so  much  reverence. 

King  Charles  I.,  To  A.  Henderson. 
Some  little  compunction  anent  the  Excise. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  279. 

II.  adv.  On  the  other  side ;  in  an  opposite 
place  or  situation.   [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
Anentera  (an-en'te-ra),  n.  pL    [NL.,  neut.  pi. 

of  anenterus :  see  anenterous.]  A  name  applied 
by  Ehrenberg  to  a  class  of  infusorians  having  no 
intestinal  canal,  though  supposed  to  have  sev- 
eral stomachs  (whence  the  alternative  name 
I'ulygustrica). 

anenterous  (an-en'te-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  ane7ite7'us, 
<Gr.  av-  priv.  +  ivrepa,  intestines:  see  e7iteric.'\ 

1.  Having  no  enteron  or  alimentary  canal;  not 
enterate:  as,  awewferoMS  parasites. 

Such  species  have  no  intestines,  no  anus,  and  are  said 
to  be  anenterous.  Owen,  Comp.  Anat.,  p.  24. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Anentera. 
-aneous.    [Aceom.  of  L.  -dn-e-us,  a  compound 

suifix,  <  -aw-  +  -e-us,  as  in  extrdneus,  7niscel- 
ld7ieus,  S7ibte7'rdneus,  etc. :  see  -an  and  -eous. 
This  sufQx  occurs  disguised  in  foreig7i,  <  ML. 
foraneus.']  A  compound  adjective  suffix  of 
Latin  origin,  as  in  co7itemp07-a7ieous,  extraneous, 
miscellaneous,  subteri'aneous,  etc. 
anepigraphous  (an-e-pig'ra-fus),  «.  [<Gr. 
aveniypa(poc,  without  inscription,  <  av-  priv.  + 
k-n:iypa(f>fj,  inscription:  see  epig7-apjh.']  Without 
inscription  or  title. 
The  anepigraphous  coins  of  Haliartus  and  Thebes. 

Numis.  Chron.,  3d  ser.,  I.  235. 

anepiploic  (an-ep-i-pl6'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  av-  priv. 
{an-")  +  epiploon,  q.  v.]  Having  no  epiploon 
or  great  omenttmi.    Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

anepithymia  (an-ep-i-thim'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dv-  priv.  +  eTTidvpia,  desire,  <  emdvpeiv,  set  one's 
heart  upon  a  thing,  desire,  <  cirt,  upon,  +  dvpoc;, 
mind.]  In  pathol.,  loss  of  normal  appetite,  as 
for  food  or  drink. 

Anergates  (an-er-ga'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av- 
priv.  +  epyaTTjc;,  a  worker:  see  e7-gata.']  A  ge- 
nus of  ants,  the  species  of  which  are  represented 
only  by  males  and  females,  there  being  no  neu- 
ters or  workers,  whence  the  name. 

aneroid  (an'e-roid),  a.  and  n.    [<  F.  a7iero'ide, 

<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  vrjpog,  wet,  liquid  (in  class.  Gr. 
vap6g,<.  vaeiv,  flow),+  fWof, form:  see  -oid.]  I.  a. 
Dispensing  with  fluid ;  of  a  barometer,  dispens- 
ing with  a  fluid,  as  quicksilver,  which  is  em- 
ployed in  an  ordinary  barometer  Aneroid  ba- 
rometer.  See  barometer. 

II.  11 .  An  aneroid  barometer, 
anerythropsia  (an-er-i-throp'si-a),  n.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  av-  priv.  +  cpvdpog,  red,  +  o-tpig,  a  -vdew.] 
Inability  to  distinguish  the  color  red :  a  form 
of  color-blindness. 


anes 

anes  (anz),  adv.  [< ME.  anes:  see  owce.]  Once. 
[North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

anes-errand  (auz'er*and),  adv.  [Also,  cor- 
ruptly, eiul's-errand,  in  simulation  of  end,  pur- 
pose; <  anes,  here  iu  the  sense  of  'only,  sole' 
(see  once  and  only),  +  errand,  q.  v.]  Of  set  piu'- 
pose ;  entirely  on  pm-pose ;  expressly.  [Scotch.] 

anesis  (an'e-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aveoig,  remis- 
sion, <  avdvaL,  remit,  send  back,  <  avd,  back,  + 
iivai,  send.]  1.  InpaWfo?.,  remission  or  abate- 
ment of  the  symptoms  of  a  disease.  DtirigUson. 
— 2.  In  music:  (a)  The  progression  from  a 
high  sound  to  one  lower  in  pitch.  (6)  The  tun- 
ing of  strings  to  a  lower  pitch:  opposed  to 
epitasis.    Stainer  and  Barrett. 

anesthesia,  n.    See  ancestkesia. 

anesthesiant,  ansesthesiant  (an-es-the 'si- 
ant),  a.  and  n.    [<  anasthesia  +  -arit^.']   I.  a. 
Producing  anaesthesia. 
II.  n.  An  anesthetic. 

anesthesis  (an-es-the '  sis),  n.  Same  as  an(Bs- 
thesia. 

anesthetic,  anaesthetic  (an-es-thet'ik),  a.  and 
n.  [<  Gr.  avaicOTjTog,  insensible,  not  feeling,  < 
av-  priv.  +  a'la&rjTog,  sensible,  perceptible;  cf. 
aladrjTiKog,  sensitive,  perceptive :  see  an-°  and  es- 
thetic.'] I.  a.  1 .  Producing  temporary  loss  or 
impairment  of  feeling  or  sensation ;  jsroducing 
ansesthesia. —  2.  Of  or  belonging  to  autesthesia; 
characterized  by  anassthesia,  or  physical  insen- 
sibility: as,  anesthetic  effects  Anesthetic  re- 

ftigerator,  an  apparatus  lEor  producing  local  anaesthesia 
by  the  application  of  a  narcotic  spray. 

II.  11.  A  substance  capable  of  producing  an- 
aesthesia. The  anesthetics  almost  exclusively  used  for 
the  production  of  general  ansesthesia  are  ether,  chloro- 
form, and  nitrous  oxid  (laughing-gas).  Local  ansesthesia 
is  often  produced  by  freezing  the  part  with  ether  spray, 
or,  in  raucous  membrane,  by  the  application  of  cocaine. 

anesthetically,  anaesthetically  (an-es-thet'i- 
kal-i),  adv.  In  an  anesthetic  manner;  by  means 
of  anesthetics. 

anesthetisation,  anesthetise.  See  anestheti- 
zation, anesthetize. 

anesthetist,  anaesthetist  (an-es'thf-tist),  n. 

[<  anesthetic  +  -is*.]  One  who  administers  an- 
esthetics. 

The  ancesthetist  .  .  .  ought  always  to  be  provided  with 
a  pair  of  tongue  forceps.        Therapeutic  Gazette,  IX.  58. 

anesthetization,  anaesthetization  (an-es- 
thet-i-za 'shon),  n.  [<  anesthetize  +  -ation.J 
The  process  of  rendering  insensible,  especially 
to  pain,  by  means  of  anesthetics;  the  act  or 
operation  of  applying  anesthetics.  Also  spelled 
anesthetization,  anwsthetisation. 

All  physiologists,  whenever  it  is  possible,  try  to  anaes- 
thetize their  victim.  .  .  .  When  the  ancesthetization  is 
completed,  the  animal  does  not  suffer,  and  all  the  ex- 
periments afterward  made  upon  it  are  without  cruelty. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXV.  766. 

anesthetize,  anaesthetize  (an-es'the-tiz),  v.  t. ; 
pret.  and  pp.  anesthetized,  anaesthetized,  ppr. 
anesthetiziwj,  ancesthetizing.  [<  anesthetic  + 
-ize.']  To  bring  under  the  influence  of  an  anes- 
thetic agent,  as  chloroform,  a  freezing-mixture, 
etc.;  render  insensible,  especially  to  pain. 
Also  spelled  anesthetise  and  ancesthetise. 

anett  (an'et),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  annet,  en- 
net,  <  ME.  anete,  <  OF.  awef,  .also  aneth,  <  L. 
anethum,  <  Gr.  avydov,  later  Attic  aviaov,  anise, 
diU:  see  anise.]  The  common  dill,  Carum  (or 
Anethum)  graveolens. 

anethene  (an'e-then),  n.  [<  L.  anethum,  anise 
(see  anet),  +  -ene.]  The  most  volatile  part 
(CioHng)  of  the  essence  of  oil  of  dill. 

anethol  (an'e-thol),  n.  [<  L.  anethum,  anise  (see 
anet),  +  -ol.]  The  chief  constituent  (CioHigO) 
of  the  essential  oils  of  anise  and  fennel,  it  exists 
in  two  forms,  one  a  solid  at  ordinary  temperature  (anise- 
camphor  or  solid  anethol),  the  other  a  liquid  (liquid  ane- 

anetic  (a-net'ik),  a.  [<  L.  aneticiis,  <  Gr.  aven- 
Kog,  fitted  to  relax,  <  avero^,  relaxed,  verbal  adj. 
of  aviivat,^  relax,  remit,  send 
back,  <  avd,  back,  +  ievai,  send.] 
In  med.,  relieving  or  assuaging 
para;  anodyne. 

aneuch  (a-niich'),  «.,  adv.,  or  n. 

{Alsoeneuch,  eneugh  =E.  enough, 

q.  v.]    Enough.  [Scotch.] 
aneurism  (an'u-rizm),  m.  [The 

term.,  prop.  -7jsm,  conforms  to 

the  common  -ism;  <  NL.  an- 

eurisma  (for  *aneurtjsma),  <  Gr. 

avehpvdfia,  an  aneurism,  <  avevpv-  _ 

VjlV,^  widen,  dilate,  <  ava,  up.  Aneurism  of  the 
+  eVpvVEtV  widen,  <  evpvc,  wide,  Carohd  Artery-,  a. 
  oi-i.  1       '  .  T  seat  of  the  aneurism. 

=  bist.  uru,  large,  wide :  see 

eury-.]    lapathol.,  a  localized  dilatation  of  an 

■artery,  due  to  the  pressure  of  the  blood  acting 


209 

on  a  part  weakened  by  accident  or  disease. — ■ 
Arteriovenous  aneurism,  an  aneurism  which  opens 
into  a  vein.— Dissecting  aneurism,  an  aneurism  which 
forces  its  way  lietwcen  tlie  middle  and  external  coats  of 
an  artery,  sejjarating  one  from  the  other. 

aneurismal  (an-ii-riz'mal),  a.  [<  aneurism  + 
-«/.]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  an- 
eurism ;  affected  with  auexu'isui :  as,  an  aneuris- 
mal tumor — Aneurismal  varix,  the  condition  pro- 
duced Ijy  the  formation  of  an  opening  between  an  artery 
and  a  vein,  so  that  the  arterial  blood  passes  into  the  vein, 
and  the  latter  is  dilated  into  a  sac. 

aneurismally  (an-u-riz'mal-i),  adv.  In  the 
manner  of  an  aneurism;  like  an  aneurism:  as, 
ancurismalh/  dilated. 

aneurismatic  (an*ii-riz-mat'ik),  a.  [<  NL. 
aneuyisma{t-),  aneurism,  +  -ic]  Characterized 
or  affected  by  aneiu'ism.    N.  E.  D. 

anew  (a-nu'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  late  ME. 
anewe,  earlier  07iew,  of  new,  of  newe :  of,  E.  a*, 
of;  newe,  new;  ef.  of  old.  Cf.  L.  de  novo, 
contr.  denuo,  anew:  de,  of,  from;  novo,  abl. 
neut.  of  novus  =  E.  new.  So  afresh.]  As  a  new 
or  a  repeated  act;  by  way  of  renewal;  in  a 
new  form  or  manner ;  over  again ;  once  more ; 
afresh :  always  implying  some  prior  act  of  the 
same  kind :  as,  to  arm  anew ;  to  build  a  iiouse 
anew  from  the  foundation. 

Each  day  the  world  is  born  anew 
For  him  who  takes  it  rightly. 

Lowell,  Gold  Egg. 

As  our  case  is  new,  so  we  must  think  aneio,  and  act 
anew.  Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  327. 

anfractt,  n.  [<  L.  anfractus,  a  bending,  turn- 
ing, <  anfractus,  bending,  winding,  crooked,  pp. 
of  an  otherwise  \mused  verb  *anfringere,  bend 
around,  <  an-  for  ambi-,  around  (see  ambi-  and 
a»-4),  +  frangere,  break:  see  fracture  and  fra- 
gile. Cf .  infringe.]  A  winding  or  turning ;  sinu- 
osity. 

anfractuose  (an-frak'tii-os),  a.  [<  L.  anfractu- 
osus :  see  anfractuous.]  In  bot.,  twisted  or  sinu- 
ous, as  the  anther  of  a  cucumber. 

anfractuosity  (an-frak-tu-os'i-ti),  «.;  pi.  an- 
fractuosities  (-tiz).  [=;  F.  dnfractuosite :  see 
anfractuous  and  -ity.]  1.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  anfractuous,  or  full  of  vrindings  and 
turnings. 

The  anfraetuosities  of  his  intellect  and  temper. 

Macaulay,  Samuel  Johnson. 

2.  In  anat.,  specifleaUy,  one  of  the  sulci  or  fis- 
sm-es  of  the  brain,  separating  the  gyri  or  con- 
volutions.   See  cut  under  cerebral. 

The  principal  anfraetuosities  sink  .  .  .  into  the  sub- 
stance of  the  hemisphere. 

Todd's  Cyc.  Anat.  and  Phys.,  III.  383.    (if.  E.  X>.) 

anfractuous  (an-fi-ak'til-us),  a.  [<  F.  anfractvr- 
eux,  <  L.  anfractuosus,  round  about,  winding,  < 
anfractus,  a  bending,  a  winding :  see  anfract.] 
Winding ;  fuU  of  windings  and  turnings  ;  sinu- 
ous. 

The  anfractuous  passages  of  the  brain. 

Dr.  John  Smith,  Portrait  of  Old  Age,  p.  217. 

anfractuousness  (an-frak'tu-ns-nes),  w.  The 
state  of  being  anfractuous. 

anfracturet  (an-frak'tur),  n.  [<  L.  anfractus 
(see  anfract)  +  -ure,  after  fracture,  q.  v.]  A 
mazy  vsinding.  Bailey. 

angariatet  (,ang-ga'ri-at),  v.  t.  [<  LL.  angari- 
atus,  pp.  of  angariare,  demand  something  as 
angaria,  exact  villeinage,  compel,  constrain, 
ML.  also  give  transportation,  <  angaria,  post- 
service,  transportation-service,  any  service  to 
a  lord,  villeinage,  ML.  fig.  trouble,  <  Gr.  ay-ya- 
peta,  post-service,  <  ayjapoc,  a  mounted  coiuier, 
such  as  were  kept  at  regular  stations  through- 
out Persia  for  carrying  the  royal  despatches; 
an  OPers.  word:  see  angel.]  To  exact  forced 
service  from  ;  impress  to  labor  or  service. 

angariationt  (ang-ga-ri-a'shpn),  n.  [<  ML. 
angariatio(n-),  business,  difficulty,  <  LL.  an- 
gariare :  see  angariate.]  1.  Labor;  effort;  toil. 

The  earth  yields  us  fruit,  .  .  .  not  without  much  cost 
and  anganation,  requiring  both  our  labour  and  patience. 

Bp.  Hall,  Remains,  p.  43. 

2.  The  exaction  of  forced  service  ;  impress- 
ment to  labor  or  ser-vice.   Farrow,  Mil.  Eneyc. 
angeio-.    See  angio-. 

angekok  (an'ge-kok),  n.  [Eskimo.]  A  diviner 
or  sorcerer  among  the  Greenlanders. 

A  fact  of  psychological  interest,  as  it  shows  that  civil- 
ized or  savage  wonder-workers  form  a  single  family,  is  that 
the  angekoks  believe  firmly  in  their  own  powers. 

Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  II.  126. 

angel  (an'jel),  11.  [<  ME.  (a)  angel,  angele,  aun- 
gel,  aungele,  -elle,  with  soft  or  assibilated  g  (< 
OF.  angele,  angle,  aingle,  later  abbrev.  ange, 
mod.  P.  ange  =  Pr,  Sp.  angel  =  Pg.  anjo  =  It.  an- 


angel-bed 

gelo),  mixed  with  (b)  angel,  angle,  engel,  engle, 
tengel,  angle,  with  hard  g,  <  AS.  cngel,p\.  englas, 
=  OS.  engil  =  OFries.  angel,  engel  =  D.  LG.  oi- 
gel  =  OHG.  angil,  engil,  MHG.  G.  engel  =z  Icel. 
engill  =  Sw.  dngcl,  engel  =  Dan.  engel  =  W.  an- 
gel =  Gael.  Ir.  aingcal;  <  LL.  ang'elus  =  Goth. 
aggilus  =  OBulg.  unugelil,  angclii  =  Bohem.  an- 
del  -  Pol.  angiol,  aniol  (barred  /)  =  Russ.  angclii, 
angel,  <  Gr.  ayye'/Mc,  in  the  Septuagint,  New 
Testament,  and  eccles.  writers  an  angel,  in  the 
Septuagint  translating  Heb.  waVdk,  messenger, 
in  full  mal'dk  Yehdwdli,  messenger  of  Jehovah  ; 
in  class.  Gr.  a  messenger,  one  who  tells  or 
announces,  connected  with  ayyt'/.'/.etv,  bear  a 
message,  bring  news,  announce,  report^  whence 
comp.  evdyyeXo(,  bringing  good  news,  evayye/uov, 
a  reward  for  good  news,  good  news,  eccles.  the 
gospel,  evangel:  see  evangel.  Cf.  OPers.  (in 
Gr.)d>'yapo?,  a  post-courier  (seeangariate);  Skt. 
angiras,  name  of  a  legendary  superhuman  race.] 

1.  In  theol.,  one  of  an  order  of  spiritual  beings, 
attendants  and  messengers  of  God,  usually  spo- 
ken of  as  employed  by  him  in  ordering  the 
affairs  of  the  universe,  and  particularly  of  man- 
kind. They  are  commonly  regarded  as  bodiless  intelli- 
gences, but  in  the  Bible  are  frequently  represented  as 
appearing  to  sight  in  human  form,  and  speaking  and  act- 
ing as  men. 

Angels  are  bright  still,  though  the  Ijriglitest  fell. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 
O  you  that  speak  the  language  of  angels,  and  should  in- 
deed be  angels  amongst  us. 

Dekker,  Seven  Deadly  Sins,  p.  33. 
Hence — (a)  In  a  sense  restricted  by  the  context,  one  of 
the  fallen  or  rebellious  spirits,  the  devil  or  one  of  his  at- 
tendants, said  to  have  been  originally  among  the  angels  o£ 
God. 

They  had  a  king  over  them,  which  is  the  angel  of  the 
bottomless  pit.  Rev.  ix.  11. 

(6)  An  attendant  or  guardian  spirit;  a  genius,  (c)  A  per- 
son, especially  a  woman,  having  qualities  such  as  are 
ascribed  to  angels,  as  beauty,  brightness,  iimocence,  and 
unusual  graciousness  of  manner  or  kindliness  of  heart. 

Sir,  as  I  have  a  soul  she  is  an  angel. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iv.  1. 
For  beauty  of  body  a  very  angel;  for  endo^vment  of 
mind  of  incredible  and  rare  hopes. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Jan.  27,  1658. 

2.  A  human  being  regarded  as  a  messenger 
of  God ;  one  having  a  divine  commission ;  hence, 
in  the  early  Christian  church,  the  pastor  or 
bishop  of  the  chui'ch  in  a  particular  city; 
among  the  Irvingites,  a  bishop. 

Unto  the  angel  of  the  church  in  Smyrna  write.  Rev.  iL  8. 

3.  A  messenger.  [Poetical.] 

The  dear  good  angel  of  the  Spring, 
The  nightingale.   B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  ii.  2. 

The  God  who  knew  my  wrongs,  and  made 
Our  speedy  act  the  angel  of  his  wrath, 
Seems,  and  but  seems,  to  have  abandoned  us. 

Shelley,  The  Cenci,  v.  3. 

4.  A  conventional  figure  accepted  as  a  repre- 
sentation of  the  spiritual  beings  called  angels, 

having  a  human  f  onn 
endowed  with  the 
highest  attributes  of 
beauty,  clothed  in 
long  flowing  robes, 
and  furnished  with 
wings  attached  be- 
hind the  shoulders. 
—  5.  [Orig.  angel-no- 
ble, being  a  new  issue 
of  the  noble,  bear- 
ing a  figure  of  the 
archangel  Michael 
defeating  the  di'a- 
gon.  Cf.  angelet, 
angelot.]  An  Eng- 
lish gold  coin,  origi- 
nally of  the  value  of 
6s.  8<?.  sterling,  after- 
ward of  8s.  and  10s., 
fii'st  struck  by  Ed- 
ward IV.  in  1465,  last 
by  Charles  I.  in  1634. 
How  do  you,  sir?  Can  you 
lend  a  man  an  angel  / 
I  hear  you  let  out  money. 
Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject, 
[iii.  2. 

There's  half  an  angel  \vrong'd  in  your  account; 
Methinks  I  am  alf  angel,  that  I  bear  it 
Without  more  ruffling.    Tennyson,  Queen  Mary,  v.  3. 

Destroying  angels,  the  name  given  in  tlie  early  history 
of  tlie  MiirniDii  Cliurch  to  persons  believed  to  have  been 
employeil  by  the  ilormons  to  assassinate  obnoxious  per- 
sons. See  banite. 
angel-bedt  (an'Jel-bed),  n.  [<  angel  (of  indefi- 
nite application)  +  bed.]  An  open  bed  with- 
out bed-posts.    Phillips,  Diet.  (1706). 


Angel  of  Edward  IV.,  British  Mu- 
seum.   ( Size  of  the  original.) 


angeleen 

angeleen,  «•    See  angelin. 

angelet  (an'jel-et),  n.  [Late  ME.  angelett,  < 
OF.  angelet,  dim.  of  angele,  <  LL.  angelua,  angel. 
Cf.  (ingelot.'\  If.  An  English  gold  eoin,  first 
issued  by  Edward  IV.,  of  the  value  of  half  an 


Angel-fish 
[Sgitatitia  angelns). 


Obverse.  Reverse. 
Angelet  of  Henry  British  Museum.    ( Size  of  the  original. ) 

angel.  See  angel,  5,  and  angelot. —  2.  A  little 
angel  or  child  angel.  [Eare.] 

The  angelet  sprang  forth,  fluttermg  Its  rudiments  of 
pinions.  Lamb,  The  Child  Angel. 

angel-fish  (an'jel-fish),  »i.  [<  angel  +  fish; 
with  allusion  in  sense  1  to  its  wing-like  pec- 
toral fins,  and  in  the  other  senses  to  their 
beauty.]  1.  A  plagiostomous  fish,  Squatina 
angehis,  of  the  family  Squati- 
nidcB.  It  is  from  6  to  8  feet  long, 
has  a  flat,  roundish  head,  terminal 
mouth,  and  teeth  broad  at  the  base, 
hut  slender  and  sharp  above.  Thi' 
pectoral  fins  are  very  large,  extendint; 
horizontally  forward  from  the  base. 
It  is  found  on  the  southern  coasts 
of  Britain,  and  on  the  coasts  of  tlie 
United  States  from  Cape  Cod  to 
Florida.  Also  called  monk-fish  and 
fiddle-finh.  See  cut  under  Squatina. 

2.  A  cheetodontoid  fish,  Po- 
macanthiis  ciliaris,  having  a 
strong  spine  at  the  angle 
of  the  preoperculum,  14  dor- 
sal spines,  and  a  brownish 
color  with  erescentiform 
lighter  markings  on  each 
scale,  the  chin,  borders,  and 
spines  of  the  operculum  and 
preoperculum  bright  blue,  and  the  fins  blue 
and  yellow,  it  is  a  beautiful  fish,  common  in  the  West 
Indies,  and  appearing  rarely  along  the  southern  coast  of 
the  United  States.    Its  flesh  is  very  savory. 

3.  An  ephippioid  fish,  Chcetodipterus  faber,  of 
a  greenish  color  with  blackish  vertical  bands, 
and  with  the  third  spine  elongated,  it  is  com- 
mon along  the  southern  coast  of  the  United  States,  where 
it  is  regarded  as  an  excellent  food-fish,  and  is  known 
as  the  porgy,  the  northern  name  of  a  different  fish.  See 
also  cut  under  Chcetodipterus. 

4.  A  general  name  for  any  species  of  fish  of 
the  families  Chwtodontidw  and  Ephippiidce. 

angel-goldt  (an' jel-gold),  n.  [<  angel,  5,  -I- 
gold.']  The  name  of  gold  pieces  presented  by 
English  sovereigns  to  those  whom  they  touched 
for  the  cure  of  king's  evil.  At  first,  the  coin  called 
angel  was  presented  ;  at  a  later  period,  a  gold  medalet  or 
touchpiece.    See  angel,  5,  and  touchpiece. 

The  other  chaplaine  kneeling,  and  having  atigel  gold 
strung  on  white  ribbon  on  his  arme,  delivers  them  one  by 
one  to  his  Majestic,  who  puts  them  about  the  necks  of 
the  touched  as  they  passe.      Evelyn,  Diary,  July  6,  1660. 

angelhood  (an'jel-hiid),  w.  [<  angel  +  -hood.'] 
The  state  or  condition  of  an  angel ;  the  an- 
gelic nature  or  character.    Mrs.  Brownhtg. 

angelic!  (an-jel'ik),  a.  [<  ME.  angelyJc,  aun- 
gelyke,  <  OF.  angelique,  F.  angelique,  <  LL.  an- 
gelicus,  <  Gr.  arp/ekmbq,  <  oyye/loc,  messenger,  an- 
gel :  see  angel.]  Of,  belonging  to,  or  like  an  an- 
gel ;  suitable  to  the  nature  or  office  of  an  angel. 
Here,  happy  creature,  fair  angelic  Eve. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  V.  74. 
Angelic  hymn,  the  hymn  sung  by  the  angels  after  the 
announcement  of  the  birth  of  Christ  (Luke  ii.  14),  used  in 
several  Oriental  liturgies  in  the  earlier  part  of  the  service, 
and  in  the  West  in  the  enlarged  form  known  as  the  Gloria 
in  Excelsis  (except  in  Advent  and  Lent)  after  the  introit 
and  kyrie,  and  before  the  collect,  epistle,  and  gospel.  It 
retained  this  position  in  the  first  prayer-book  of  Edward 
VI.,  but  it  was  afterward  transferred  to  the  closing  part 
of  the  office  as  a  song  of  thanksgiving  after  communion ; 
the  American  Prayer-Book,  however,  allows  the  substitu- 
tion of  a  hymn  proper  to  the  season.  It  is  also  used  in 
the  Greek  Church  at  lauds  and  compline. — Angelic  salu- 
tation.  See  ave. 

angelic^  (an-jel'ik),  a.  [<  angelica.']  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or  derived  from  the  plant  angelica. 
— Angelic  acid,  a  crystalline  monobasic  acid,  CsHgOo, 
having  a  peculiar  smell  and  taste,  which  is  found  in  an- 
gelica-root (Archangeiica  officinalis),  oil  of  camomile,  and 
other  vegetable  oils. 

angelica  (an-jel'i-ka),  n.  [ML.,  sc.  herba,  fern, 
of  LL.  angelicus,  angelic  (see  angelic^) :  with  al- 
lusion to  the  supposed  magical  virtues  possess- 
ed by  some  of  the  species.]  1.  leap.]  [NL.]  A 
genus  of  tall  umbelliferous  plants  found  in  the 
northern  temperate  regions  and  in  New  Zea- 
land.—  2.  The  popular  name  of  the  more  com- 
mon species  belonging  to  the  closely  allied  gen- 


210 

era  Angelica  and  Archangeiica.  The  wild  angelica  of 

England  is  Angelica  ki/lvestris.  The  garden  angelica  of 
Europe  is  Archangeiica  officinalis,  a  native  of  the  banks 
of  rivers  and  wet  ditches  in  the  northern  parts  of  Europe, 
where  it  is  also  cultivated  for  its  strong  and  agreeable 
aromatic  odor.  The  tender  stalks  when  candied  form  an 
excellent  sweetmeat.  The  great  angelica  of  the  United 
States  is  Archangeiica  atrujmrpitrea. 

3.  leap.]  The  name  of  a  kind  of  sweet  white 
wine  made  in  California. 

angelical  (an-jel'i-kal),  a.  [=  Sp.  angelical,  < 
NL.  an-gelicalis :  see  angelic^  and  -al.]  Same 
as  angelic^. 

Others  more  mild, 
Retreated  in  a  silent  valley,  sing 
With  notes  angelical  to  many  a  harp. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  548. 

angelically  (an-jel'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  angelic 
maimer;  like  an  angel. 

angelicalness  (an-jel'i-kal-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  angelic ;  the  nature  or  character  of 
an  angel ;  excellence  more  than  human. 

Angelicals  (an-jel'i-kalz),  n.  pi.  [<  NL.  angeli- 
cales,  pl.,<  Lih.  angelicus,  tern,  angelica:  see  an- 
gelic^, angelical.]  The  name  adopted  by  an 
order  of  nuns  following  the  rule  of  St.  Augus- 
tine, founded  at  Milan  about  1530  by  Luigia  di 
Torelli,  Countess  of  Guastalla.  Each  nun  prefixes 
to  her  family  name  that  of  a  patron  saint,  and  to  that  the 
word  Ainirliva,  which  when  uttered  reminds  her  of  the 
IHiiity  of  the  iingels. 

Angelican  (an-jel'i-kan),  a.  and  n.    [Ult.  <  LL. 

(I lujelicus  (see  angelic^)  + -an.]  I.  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  the  works  of  the  monk  Fra 
Angelieo  (Giovanni  da  Fiesole),  a  celebrated 
religious  painter,  who  was  born  in  Tuscany  in 
1387,  and  died  at  Rome  in  1455. 

If  you  want  to  paint  ...  in  the  Greek  school,  .  .  .  you 
cannot  design  coloured  windows,  nor  Angelican  paradises. 

Buskin,  Lectures  on  Art,  p.  197. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Angelici. 
angelicate  (an-jeri-kat),w.  l<  angelic"^  +  -ate^. ] 
A  salt  of  angelic  acid. 

angelica-tree  (an-jel'i-ka-tre),  n.  [<  angelica 
(with  allusion  to  its  medical  uses)  -I-  tree.  ]  1 . 
The  American  name  of  Aralia  spinosa,  natural 
order  Araliacea:.  it  is  a  prickly,  small,  sunple-stemmed 
tree,  from  8  to  12  feet  high.  An  infusion  of  its  berries  in 
wine  or  spirits  is  used  for  relieving  rheumatic  pains  and 
violent  colic.  It  is  common  in  cultivation.  Also  called 
Hercules' -club. 

2.  An.  allied  araliaceous  shrub,  Sciadophyllum 
Brownei,  of  Jamaica. 

Angelici  (an-jel'i-si),  w.  pi.  [LL.,  pi,  of  angeli- 
cus:  see  angelic^.]  A  sect  of  the  third  cen- 
tuiy,  said  to  have  worshiped  angels. 

angeiicize  (an-jel'i-siz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  an- 
gelicized,  ppr.  angelicizing.  [<  angelic^  +  -ize.] 
To  make  angelic  or  like  an  angel.  [Rare.] 

angelieo  (an-jel'i-ko),  n.  [Cf.  It.  angelica,  angel- 
ic, Sp.  angelica,  a  little  angel :  see  angelica.  ]  An 
umbelliferous  plant  of  North  America,  Ligusti- 
cum  actwifolium,  resembling  the  lovage.  Also 
called  notido. 

angelifyt  (an-jel'i-fi),  v.  t.    [<  LL.  angelificare, 
<  angelus,  angel,  +  L.  -ficare,  <  facere,  make.] 
To  make  like  an  angel. 
The  soul  .  .  .  refined  and  angelified. 

Farindon,  Sermons  (1647),  p.  55. 

angelin  (an'je-lin),  n.  [Also  written  angeleen, 
and,  as  Pg..  angelim,  <  NL.  Angelina  (a  genus 
of  plants),  i  *angelinus,  <  LL.  angelus :  see  an- 
gel.] The  common  name  of  several  timber- 
trees  of  tropical  America  belonging  to  the  ge- 
nus Andira  (which  see).  The  angelin-tree  of 
Jamaica,  furnishing  worm-bark,  is  A.  inermis. 

angelique  (an-je-lek'),  w.  \_<F.  angelique:  see 
angelica.]  1.  The  wood  of  a  leguminous  tree, 
Dicorynea  Paraensis,  exported  from  French 
Guiana.  It  is  hard  and  durable,  and  valuable 
for  ship-timber. —  2t.  A  kind  of  guitar.  Pepys, 
Diary,  June  23,  1660. 

angelistt  (an'jel-ist),  n.  [<  angel  +  -ist.]  One 
who  held  heretical  or  peculiar  opinions  con- 
cerning angels.    N.  E.  D. 

angelize  (an'jel-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  angel- 
ized,  ppr.  angelizing.  [<  angel  +  -ise.]  To  make 
an  angel  of;  raise  to  the  state  of  an  angel. 

Bavid  alone,  whom  with  heav'n's  love  surpriz'd. 
To  praise  thee  there  thou  now  hast  angeliz'd. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas. 

angel-light  (an'jel-Ht),  n.  An  outer  upper 
light  in  a  perpendicular  window,  next  to  the 
springing  of  the  arch  :  probably  a  corruption  of 
angle-light,  as  these  lights  are  triangular  in 
shape,  and  are,  moreover,  in  one  sense,  at  the 
angles  of  the  window.  Encyc.  Brit.  See  cut 
under  batement-light. 

angelolatry  (an-jel-ol'a-tri),  w.  [<  Gr.  ayyeXoc 
+  ?MTpeia,  service,  worship,  <  Tiarpeveiv,  serve, 
worship.]    The  worship  of  angels. 


anger 

angelology  (an-jel-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  ayyeln^, 
angel,  -I-  -Aoyia,  <  'Aiyetv,  speak :  see  -ology.] 
The  doctrine  of  angels ;  that  portion  of  theology 
which  treats  of  angelic  beings ;  a  discourse  on 
angels. 

The  magic  of  the  Moslem  world  is  in  part  adopted  from 
Jewish  angelology  and  demonology. 

E.  B.  Tylor,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XV.  203. 
The  same  vast  mythology  commanded  the  general  con- 
sent ;  the  same  angelology,  demonology. 

Milman,  Latin  Christianity,  xiv. 
There  was  an  angelology,  and  a  worship  of  angels,  on 
which  the  Apostle  animadverts  with  severity. 

G.  P.  Fisher,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  xi. 

angelophany  (an-jel-of 'a-ni),  n.;  pi.  angelophOf 
nics  (-uiz).  [<  Gr.  ayye/.og,  angel,  -t-  -cpavia,  < 
(jiaiveiv,  show,  (paiveadat,  appear.  Cf.  theojyhany, 
epiphany.]  The  visible  manifestation  of  an 
angel  or  angels  to  man. 

If  God  seeks  to  commune  more  fully  with  a  man,  his 
me.ssenger  appears  and  speaks  to  him.  The  narratives  of 
such  angeluphanies  vary  in  detail.       Prof.  W.  B.  Smith. 

angelophone  (an'jel-o-fon),  n.  [<  Gr.  ayye'ko^, 
angel,  -I-  voice.]  The  harmonium  or  par- 
lor-organ.   [Eng.;  rare.] 

angelot  (an'je-lot;  F.  pron.  anzh'16),  n.  [< 
OF.  angelot,  a  young  or  little  angel  (—  Sp.  ange- 
lote),  dim.  of  angele,  <  LL.  angelus,  angel.  Cf. 
angelet,  with  diff.  dim.  sulfix,  and  see  angel,  5.] 

1.  The  name  of  a  French  gold  coin,  weighing 
from  97.22  to  87.96  grains,  first  issued  in  1340 
by  Philip  VI.  On  its  obverse  is  an  angel  (whence  the 
name  of  the  coin)  holding  a  cross  and  shield ;  on  its  re- 
verse a  cross,  ornamented. 

2.  The  name  of  a  gold  coin,  weighing  about  35 
grains,  struck  in  France  by  Henry  VI.  of  Eng- 


Obvcrse.  Reverse. 
Angelot  of  Henry  VI.,  British  Museum.    (Size  of  the  original.) 

land  for  use  in  his  French  dominions.  On  its  ob- 
verse is  an  angel  holding  the  escutcheons  of  England  and 
France. 

3f.  A  small  rich  sort  of  cheese  made  in  Nor- 
mandy, said  to  have  been  stamped  with  a  figure 
of  the  coin. —  4.  An  instrument  of  music  some- 
what resembling  a  lute. 

angel' S-eyes  (an'jelz-iz),  n.  A  name  given  to 
the  speedwell  of  Europe,  'Veronica  Chamcedrys. 

angel-shot  (an'jel-shot),  n.  [Cf.  F.  ange,  "an 
angel,  also  an  angel-shot;  in  allusion  to  the 
"wings"  or  segments  as  they  appear  during  the 
flight  of  the  projectile.]  A  kind  of  chain-sholj 
formed  of  the  two  halves  or  four  quarters  of 
hollow  ball,  which  are  attached  by  chains  to  \ 
central  disk  inside  the  ball,  and,  when  firedJ 
spread  apart.    See  chain-shot. 

angel's-trumpets  (an'jelz-tnim"pets),  n.  pl\ 
The  large  trumpet-shaped  flowers  of  the  Datura 
suaveolcns,  a  shrubby  solanaceous  plant  fronl 
South  America. 

angelus  (an'je-lus),  n.  [NL.,  from  the  opening 
words,  Angelus  Domini  nuntiavit  Mariae";") 
LL.  angelus,  angel:  see  angel.]  In  the  Rom. 
Cath.  Ch. :  (a)  A  devotion  in  memory  of  the  an-^ 
nunciation  to  the  Virgin  Mary,  by  the  angej 
Gabriel,  of  the  incarnation  of  the  Son  of  Godj 
It  consists  of  three  scriptural  texts  describing  the  mysi 
tery,  recited  alternately  with  the  angelic  salutation,  "  Hail 
Mary ! "  (Ave  Maria),  and  followed  by  a  versicle  and  re- 
sponse with  prayer,  (b)  The  bell  tolled  in  the  morn- 
ing, at  noon,  and  in  the  evening,  to  indicate  to 
the  faithful  the  time  when  the  angelus  is  to  be 
recited. 

Anon  from  the  belfry 
Softly  the  Angelus  sounded. 

Longfellow,  Evangeline,  i. 

angel-watert  (an'jel-wa"ter),  n.  l<  angel  (for 
angelica,  q.  v.)  +  water.]  A  mixture  originally 
containing  angelica  as  its  principal  ingredient, 
afterward  made  of  rose-water,  orange-flower 
water,  myrtle-water,  musk,  ambergris,  and  va- 
rious spices,  used  as  a  perfume  and  cosmetic  in 
the  seventeenth  century. 

I  met  the  prettiest  creature  in  New  Spring  Garden !  .  .  . 
angel-water  was  the  worst  scent  about  her. 

Sedley,  Bellamira,  i.  1. 

angely-wood,  n.    See  angili-wood. 

anger^  (ang'ger),  n.  [<  ME.  anger,  grief,  pain, 
trouble,  affiiction,  vexation,  sorrow,  also  wrath, 
<  Icel.  angr,  masc,  now  neut.  (cf.  ongur,  fern, 
pi.),  grief,  sorrow,  straits,  anxiety,  =  Sw.  dn- 


anger 

ger  =  Dan.  anger,  compunction,  penitence,  re- 
gret; cf.  OFries.  angst,  ongost  =  OHG.  an- 
gust,  MHG.  angest,  G.  angst,  anxiety,  anguish, 
fear,  used  adjectively,  anxious,  afraid  (>Dan. 
angst,  u.,  fear;  adj.,  anxious,  afraid;  tlie  leel. 
angist,  anguisli,  occurring  esp.  in  theological 
writers,  and  resting  on  the  ult.  related  L.  an- 
gustia,  >  E.  anguish,  q.  v.),  with  different  for- 
mative from  the  same  root  which  appears  in 
Icel.  ongr,  naiTow,  strait,  =  AS.  ange,  onqe, 
reg.  with  umlaut  a;nge,  enge,  narrow,  strait, 
also  anxious,  troubled  (cf.  in  comp.  angsim, 
narrow,  strait,  anxious,  angsumnes,  and  angnes, 
anxiety;  and  cf.  angnwgl,  E.  agnail,  q.  v.),  = 
OS.  engi  =  OHG.  angi,  engi,  MHG.  enge,  G.  cng 
=  Goth.  aggwus,  narrow,  strait,  =Gr.  fj- >■!■?,  also 
ayxi,  adv.,  near,  close,  =  Skt.  an-hu,  narrow, 
strait,     a»7«,  be  narrow  or  distressing,  the  root 
appearing  also  in  Gr.  ayxi:iv  =  L.  angere,  com- 
press, strangle,  choke  (>  L.  angina,  compres- 
sion, anxiety,  angor,  anguish,  anxiety,  angustus, 
narrow,  strait,  anxius,  anxious,  etc. :  see  angor 
=anger^,  angust,  anguish,  anxious,  etc.),  and  be- 
ing widely  extended  in  Slavic :  OBuIg.  anzHM, 
narrow,  Russ.  usi,  narrow,  usina,  a  strait,  defile, 
etc.,  OBulg.  ven^ati  =  Bohem.  vasati  =  Russ. 
vyasatl,  etc.,  bind,  tie.]     If.  Grief;  trouble; 
distress;  anguish 


211 


For  the  deth  of  whiche  childe  the  anger  and  sorow  was 
muche  the  more.  Caxton,  Jason,  76b.    (jV.  B.  D.) 

2.  A  revengeful  passion  or  emotion  directed 
against  one  who  inflicts  a  real  or  supposed 
wrong;  "imeasiness  or  discomposure  of  mind 
upon  the  receipt  of  any  injuiy,  with  a  present 
pm-pose  of  revenge,"  iocA:e;  wrath;  ire. 

While  therefore  the  true  end  of  sudden  aimer  is  self- 
defence,  the  true  end  of  resentment  is  the  execution  of 
justice  against  offenders. 

H.  If.  Oxenham,  Short  Studies,  p.  40. 
The  war-storm  shakes  the  solid  Iiills 
Beneath  its  tread  of  anger.     Whittier,  Our  River. 

3.  An  individual  fit  of  anger;  an  expression  of 
anger,  as  a  threat :  in  this  sense  it  may  be  used 
in  the  plural. 

Thro'  light  and  shadow  thou  dost  range, 
Sudden  glances,  sweet  and  strange, 
Delicious  spites  and  darling  angers, 
And  airy  forms  of  flitting  change. 

Tennyson,  Madeline. 

4.  Pain  or  smart,  as  of  a  sore  or  swelling.  This 
sense  is  stUl  retained  by  the  adjective.  See  anarv  8 
lObsolete  or  dialectal.]  ^  ' 

I  made  the  experiment,  setting  the  moxa  where  the 
Brst  violence  of  my  pain  began,  and  where  the  greatest 
anger  and  soreness  still  continued.  Sir  W.  Temple. 

7  ^"f'^'"'  Vexation,  Indignation,  Resentment,  Wrath 
Ire  Choler,  Rage,  Fung,  passion,  displeasure,  dudgeon' 
imtation,  gall,  bUe,  spleen.  Vexation  is  the  least  forcible 
of  these  words,  expressing  the  annoyance  and  impatient 
chafing  of  one  whose  mood  has  been  crossed,  whose  expec- 
tations have  not  been  realized,  etc.  Indignation  may  be 
the  most  high-minded  and  unselfish ;  it  is  intense  f eelin" 
in  view  of  grossly  unworthy  conduct,  whether  toward 
one  s  self  or  toward  others.  The  otlier  words  denote  al- 
most exclusively  feeUng  excited  by  the  sense  of  personal 
injury.  Anger  is  a  sudden  violent  feeling  of  displeasure 
over  injury,  disobedience,  etc.,  accompanied  by  a  retalia- 
tory impulse ;  it  easily  becomes  excessive,  and  its  manifes- 
tation is  generally  accompanied  by  a  loss  of  self-control 
Jiesentmmt  is  the  broadest  in  its  meaning,  denoting  the  in- 
stinctive and  proper  recoil  of  feeling  when  one  is  injured 
and  often  a  deep  and  bitter  brooding  over  past  wrongs  witli 
a  consequent  hatred  and  settled  desire  for  vengeance-  it 
IS,  in  the  latter  sense,  the  coolest  and  most  permanent'  of 
these  feelings,  ^ratk  and  ire  express  sudden  feeliuc'  of 
great  power,  and  are  often  associated  with  the  notion  of 
the  superiority  of  the  person:  as,  the  wrath  of  Jove  the 
w-e  of  Achilles.  They  are  often  the  result  of  wounded 
pride.  Ire  is  poetic.  Wrath  has  also  an  exalted  sense, 
^pressive  of  a  lofty  indignation  visiting  justice  upon 
wrong-doing.  Rage  is  an  outburst  of  anger,  with  little 
rt.in^^'^i  ""Oi'e  violent  than  rage, 

nsmg  almost  to  madness.  The  chief  characteristic  of 
in°  f^f'^  quickness  to  rise;  it  is  irascibility,  easily  break- 
ing into  a  high  degree  of  resentful  feeling. 

White  was  her  cheek;  sharp  breaths  of  anger  puffd 
Her  fairy  nostril  out.       Tennyson,  Jlerlin  and  Vivien. 

r:^^f;n^''}'t^^  ^""P'«  mechanical  action  feels 

Bcxa  ton  at  his  own  inability- a  vexaHon  arising  quite 
apai  t  from  any  importance  of  the  end  missed. 

B.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  517. 
snSf  Tu**^  "^<^iffnation,  and  rendered  sullen  by  de- 
an imnit'i^^?^^  refused  to  ask  their  lives  at  the  hands  of 
an  insultmg  foe,  and  preferred  death  to  submission. 

Irving,  Indian  Character. 
Hm^ZJ'I'Z}"t'Z .'■'=sented  was  a  personal  one,  he 
hound^  nf  "  "       transgressed  the 

nan  with  ''}dignation ;  but,  when  he  was  indig- 

another  ^  o""  <^«wardly  wrong  done  to 

cether  witVl  \T'^H  '"^  '1?  '^'^  ^^^"'^  ^^^<'  knit  itself  to- 
geuiei  with  ivrath.     S.  A.  Brooke,  F.  W.  Robertson,  II.  ii 

and^^'e  childish;  to  rage 

^ra(Als  .k  n?Jh  ^'"^  t°  maintain  perpetual 

prevent  anH  «n„*''  P''''?'-"^*'  ^""^  '^-^P^"^  devils ;  but  to 
oS^  is  man  v  .,P?''f''  rese7itment  is  wise  and  glori- 

uus,  IS  manly  and  divine.  Watts 

Mad  ire,  and  wrathful  fury,  makes  me  weep. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  3. 


He's  rash,  and  very  sudden  in  choler,  and  haply  may 
strike  at  you.  shak.,  Othello,  ii.  l 

For  blind  with  rage  she  miss'd  the  plank,  and  roU'd 
In  the  river.  Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

Beware  the  fury  of  a  patient  man. 

Dryden,  Abs.  and  Achit.,  i.  1005. 
angerl  (ang'ger),  V.  [<  ME.  angren,  angercn, 
pam,  trouble,  vex,  <  Icel.  aiigra  =  Sw.  dnf/ra  = 
Dan.  angre,  in  similar  sense;  from  the  noun.] 
I.  trans.  If.  To  grieve ;  trouble ;  distress;  afflict. 
—  2t.  To  make  painful;  cause  to  smart;  in- 
flame ;  irritate :  as,  to  anger  an  ulcer.  Bacon. 
— 3.  To  excite  to  anger  or  wrath ;  rouse  resent- 
ment in. 

"There  were  some  late  taxes  and  impositions  introduced 
which  rather  angered  than  grieved  the  people. 

Clarendon. 

The  lips  of  young  orangs  and  chimpanzees  are  protrud- 
ed, sometimes  to  a  wonderful  degree.  .  .  .  They  act  thus 
not  only  when  slightly  angered,  sulky,  or  disappointed' 
but  when  alarmed  at  anything. 

Darwin,  Express,  of  Emotions,  p.  140. 
=Syil.  To  irritate,  chafe,  provoke,  vex,  enrage,  exasperate 
infuriate.  ' 
II.  intrans.  To  become  angry.  [Rare.] 
When  neebors  anger  at  a  plea. 
And  just  as  wud  as  wud  can  be, 
How  easy  can  the  barley  bree 
Cement  the  quarrel ! 

Bums,  Scotch  Drink. 
anger2t,  n.    An  occasional  spelling  of  angor. 
angerly  (ang'ger-li),  a.    [<  angerl  +  -lyl;  = 
icel.  angrligr,  sad.    The  adv.  is  much  older- 
see  angerly,  adv.']    Inclined  to  anger.  Byron. 
[Now  poetic] 
angerly  (ang'ger-li),  adv.     [<  ME.  angerliche, 
angerly,  angrely,  <  anger  +  -liche,  -ly2.    Cf.  an- 
grily.']    In  an  angry  manner ;  angrily.  [Now 
poetic] 

Nay,  do  not  look  angerly. 

B.  J onson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  i.  1. 
If  my  lips  should  dare  to  kiss 
Thy  taper  fingers  amorously, 
Again  thou  blushest  angerly. 

Tennyson,  Madeline, 
angernesst  (ang'ger-nes),  n.    [ME. ;  cf.  angri- 
ness.']    The  state  of  being  angry. 

Hail,  innocent  of  angerness. 
MS.  cited  by  T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry. 

Angevin,  Angevine  (an'je-vin,  -vin),  «.  [F 
(cf.  ML.  Andecavensis),  <  Anjou,  <  L.  Andecavi,  a 
Gallic  tribe,  also  called  Andes.]  Pertaining  to 
Anjou,  a  former  western  province  of  France  • 
specifically  appUed  (a)  to  the  royal  family  of 
England  reigning  from  1154  to  1485,  the  Plan- 
tagenets,  descendants  of  Geoffrey  V.,  Count  of 
Anjou,  and  Matilda,  daughter  of  Henry  I  of 
England;  (b)  to  the  period  of  English  history 
from  1154  to  the  death  of  Richard  II.  in  1399,  or 
according  to  others,  to  the  loss  of  Normandy' 
Anjou,  Maine,  etc.,  in  1204.  The  contending 
houses  of  York  and  Lancaster  were  both  of  the 
Angevin  race.- Angevin  architecture,  the  architec- 
ture of  Anjou  ;  speciflcally,  the  school  of  medieval  archi- 
tecture developed  in  the  province  of  Anjou.  It  is  charac- 
terized especially  by  the  system  of  vaulting  in  which  the 
vault  over  each  bay  is  so  much  raised  in  the  middle  as 
practically  to  constitute  a  low  dome. 
angica-WOOd  (an-je'ka-wud),  n.  Same  as  can- 
jica-wood. 

angiectasia  (an"ji-ek-ta'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr 
ayi  eiov,  a  vessel,  -I-  tKTaacg,  extension,  <  eKreiveiv 
=  h.  exten-d-ere,  extend:  see  extend.]  Enlarge- 
ment of  the  capillaries  and  other  small  blood- 
vessels of  some  portions  of  the  body, 
angiectasis  (an-ji-ek'ta-sis),  n.  Same  as  an- 
giectasia. 

angienchyma  (an-ji-eng'ki-ma),  n.   [NL.,  <  Gr. 

ayjeiov,  vessel,  +  iyxv/^a,  infusion:  see  2)aren'- 
chyma.]  In  bot.,  vascular  tissue  in  general 
angiitis  (an-ji-i'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayyeiov,  a 
vessel,  +  -itis.  ]  Inflammation  of  a  blood-vessel, 
angili-wood  (an'ji-li-wud),  n.  [<  Tamil  angil'i 
+  E.  ivood^.]  The  timber  of  a  large  evergreen 
tree  of  southern  India,  Ariocarjms  hirsuta,  which 
IS  considered  nearly  equal  to  teak  in  ship-build- 
mg  and  for  other  purposes.  Also  spelled  an- 
gely-ivood.  See  Artocarpus. 
angina  (an-ji'na,  or,  more  correctly,  an'ji-na),  n. 
[NL.,  <  L.  angina,  quinsy,  lit.  strangling,  chok- 
ing (cf.  Gr.  ayxovT],  strangling),  <  angere  (=  Gr. 
ayxeiv),  strangle,  choke:  see  anger'i-  and  anqor.] 
1.  Inpathol.,  any  inflammatory  affection  of  the 
throat  or  fauces,  as  quinsy,  severe  sore  throat 
croup,  mumps,  etc— 2.  Angina  pectoris  (which 
see,  below). --Angina  Ludovici,  acute  suppurative  in- 
nammation  of  the  connective  tissue  about  the  submaxil- 

I'^lriwfwr        r'^'')'"*-  ^''T  I  physician  named 

Ludwig  (Latin  Ludovicus),  who  tirst  fully  described  it  — 
iUlgina  maligna  (malignant  angina),  primary  gauffrene 
of  the  pharyngeal  mucous  membrane,  originating  inde- 
pendently of  any  other  disease,  such  as  diphtheria  fr  scar- 
let fever.   Also  called  angma  gangrenosa,  cynanche  ma- 


angioscope 


nf'Mt^.hl?     f-*""^'  'Aroat.- Angina  pectoris  (spasm 

of  the  chest),  a  disease  characterized  by  pai  o.^ysms  of  ex- 
tremely acute  constricting  pain,  felt  generally  in  the  lower 
part  of  the  sternum  and  extending  over  the  chest  and 
down  the  arm.  The  pathology  is  obscure,  but  in  a  large 
iiumber  of  cases  there  seems  to  be  some  form  of  weakness 
of  the  heart,  combined  with  a  liability  to  attacks  of  gen- 
eral arterial  spasm.  ^ 

anginal  (an'ji-nal),  a.  Pertaining  to  angina 
anginoid  (an'ji-noid),  a.  [<  angina  +  -oid^ 
Kesembling  angina, 
anginose  (an'ji-nos),  a.  [<  angina  -4-  -ose  ] 
Pertaining  to  angina,  or  to  angina  pectoris  — 
Anginose  scarlatina,  scarlatina  in  which  the  inflanjina- 
tion^uf  the  throat  is  severe. 

anginous  (an'ji-nus),  a.    Same  as  anginose. 

t.^L-  amo-,  <  Gr.  ay)eio-,  combining 
torm  of  ayyeiov,  a  case,  a  capsule,  a  vessel  of 
the  body,  a  vessel  of  any  kind,  <  dyyoi;,  a  vessel.] 
An  element  of  many  scientific  compound  words 
signifying  vessel,  usually  with  reference  to  the 
vessels  of  the  body.    Less  properly  angeio-. 
angiocarpian  (an"ji-9-kar'pi-an),  n.  [As  angio- 
carpous  +  -ian.]    An  angioea'rpous  plant, 
angiocarpous  (an'ji-o-kar'pus),  a.    [<NL.  an- 
giocarpus,  <  Gr.  ayyeiov,  a  capsule,  a  case,  a 
vessel  of  the  body,  a  vessel  of  any  kind  (<  ayyog 
a-vessel  of  any  kind),  -I-  rapTrdf,  fruit.]   In  bot. : 
(a)  Having  a  fruit  inclosed  within  a  distinct 
covering,  as  the  filbert  within  its  husk.  (6) 
Having  the  receptacle  closed,  as  in  gastromy- 
cetous  fungi,  or  opening  only  by  a  pore,  as  in 
pyrenomycetous  fungi  and  some  lichens 
angiocholitis  (an'-'ji-o-ko-li'tis),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr 
a>'}'£(oi;,  a  vessel,  +  xoAy,  gall,  -I-  -itis.]  Inflam- 
mation  of  the  gall-duets, 
angiograph  (an'ji-o-graf),  n.    [<  Gr.  ayyeiov,  a 
vessel,  +  -ypd(j>o^,  <  jpaipeiv,  write.]    A  form  of 
sphygmograph  devised  by  Landois. 
angiography  (an-ji-og'ra-fi),  n.    [<  Gr.  ayyeiov, 
a  vessel,  +  -ypa<p!a,  <  ypdipeiv,  -write,  describe.] 
1.  In  anat.,  a  description  of  the  blood-vessels 
and  lymphatics.— 2.  A  description  of  the  im- 
plements, vessels,  weights,  measures,  etc,  in 
use  m  any  country.  [Rare.] 
angioleucitis  (an"ji-6-lu-si'tis),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr 
(ryye'iov,  a  vessel,  -f-  AevKdg,  white,  +  -itis.]  In- 
flammation of  the  lymphatic  vessels, 
angiology  (an-ji-ol'o-ji),  n.    [<  Gr.  dyyelov,  a 
^ssel,  +  .7.x>y'M,  i  leyeiv,  speak:   see  -ology.] 
ihat  portion   of   anatomy  and  physiology 
which  deals  with  the  blood-vessels  and  lym- 
phatics. 

angioma (an-ji-6'ma),  w. ;  pl.angiomata  (-ma-ta). 
[iNL.,  <  Gr.  ayyeiov,  a  vessel,  +  -oma.]  A  tuiti'or 
produced  by  the  enlargement  or  new  formation 
of  blood-vessels, 
angiomatous (an-ji-om'a-tus),  a.  [< angioma(t-) 
+  -ons.  ]  Characterized  by  or  pertaining  to  an- 
gioma. 

angiomonospermous  (an ji  -  o  -  mon  -  6  -  sper  '- 
mus),  a.    [<  NL.  angiomonospermus,  <  Gr.  ay- 
yeiov, a  vessel,  +  /lovoc,  alone  (see  mono-),  + 
oKeppa,  seed:  see  sjjerm.]    In  hot.,  producing 
one  seed  only  in  a  pod.    X.  E.  D. 
angioneurosis  (an"ji-6-nii-r6'sis),  n.    [NL  < 
Gr.  ayyeiov,  a  vessel,  -{^vevpov,  a  nerve,  +  -osis.] 
In  pathol.,  morbid  vaso-motor  action,  brought 
on  independently  of  any  perceptible  lesion, 
whether  this  involves  an  abnoi-mal  temporary 
or  lasting  contraction  of  the  vessels  of  the  part 
(angiospasm)  or  a  relaxation  (augioparesis) 
The  term  is  not  always  restricted  to  functional  affections 
but  IS  also  sometimes  applied  to  cases  in  which  there  is  a 
gross  or  evident  lesion  of  the  nerves,  spinal  cord,  or  brain 
which  produces  these  vaso-motor  disturbances 
angioneurotic  (an'ji-o-nu-rot'ik),  a.    [See  an- 
gioneurosis.]   Dependent  on  or  pertaining  to 
the  mnei-vation  of  the  blood-vessels, 
angioparalysis  (an"ji-6-pa-ral'i-sis),  n.  [NL., 
<.(^v.  ayyeiov,  a  vessel,  -1-  Trapa/.vmc,  paralysis.] 
Paralysis  of  the  muscular  eoat  of  the  blood- 
vessels. 

angioparesis  (an'ji-o-par'e-sis).  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr 
ayyeiov^  vessel,  4-  TrapeoiQ,  paralysis:  see  pare- 
sis.] Partial  paralysis  of  the  muscular  layer 
of  the  walls  of  blood-vessels, 
angiosarcoma  (an'ji-o-sar-ko'ma),  n.;  pi.  an- 
giosarcomata  (-ma-tii) .  [NL.,  <  Gf.  ayyeiov,  a  ves- 
sel, +  aapKuiia,  sarcoma.]  A  sarcoma,  or  tumor, 
in  which  the  blood-vessels  assume  importance 
from  their  number,  size,  and  relation  to  the 
structure  of  the  tumor. -Angiosarcoma  myxoma- 

tOdes,  a  sarcoma,  or  tumor,  in  which  tlu-  walls  ui  the 
vessels  and  the  tissue  immediatelv  surrounding  them  un- 
dergo mucous  degeneration.  To  this  form  the  name  ajlin- 
druma  is  often  applied, 
angioscope  (an'ji-o-skop),  n.  [<  Gr.  ay;dov,  a. 
vessel,  -I-  cKo-eh;^  ^^ew,  examine.]  An  instru- 
ment for  examining  the  capillary  vessels  of  ani- 
.  mals  and  plants. 


angiosis 

angiosis  (an-ji-6'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayyelov,  a 
vessel,  +  -osis.']   Aiiy  disease  of  a  blood-vessel. 

angiospasm  (an'ji-o-spazm),  71.  [<  Gr.  ayyaov, 
a  vessel,  +  aTrdaua,  aKaofiog,  spasm.]  Spasm  of 
the  muscidarwall  of  a  blood-vessel. 

angiosperm  (au'ji-o-sperm),  n.  [<  NL.  anglo- 
spcrmus,  <  Gr.  ay-jtiov,  a  vessel,  +  cnep/ia,  seed. 
Cf.  Gr.  evayyetooTTEpfiog,  also  ivayystoairepuaToc, 
angiospermous  (i  'tv,  in,  etc.).]  A  plant  whose 
seeds  are  contained  in  a  protecting  seed-vessel. 

The  term  amjiosiienns  is  .applied  to  the  laVLier  of  the  two 
divisions  of  exogeiis,  in  distinction  fri'iii  tlie  ivimnosperms 
(Coni/erix,  Ci/cadacece,  etc.),  the  smaller  di\  ision,.in  which 
the  ovules  and  seeds  are  naked. 

angiospermal  (an"ji-9-sper'mal),  a.    Same  as 

aiigiosperi)ioi(S. 

angiospermatous  (au'-'ji-o-sper 'ma-tus),  a. 

Same  as  an(iiosper»ious. 
Angiospermia  (an"ji-o-sper'mi-a),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<.aiigwgpcrinus :  see  angiosperm.']    In  6of.,  the 
second  order  of  the  Linnean  class  Didynamia, 
having  numerous  seeds  inclosed  in  an  obvious 

seed-vessel,  as  in  Digitalis.  The  corresponding  G)/m- 
nospermia  of  the  same  class  included  genera  with  ache- 
nium-like  divisions  of  the  pericarp,  as  in  the  Labiatce, 
which  were  mistaken  for  naked  seeds. 

angiospermous  (an"ji-6-sper'mus),  a.  [<  NL. 
angiospennus :  see  angiosjterm.']  Having  seeds 
inclosed  in  a  seed-vessel,  as  the  poppy,  the  rose, 
and  most  flowering  plants:  opposed  to  gymno- 
spermoiis,  or  naked-seeded.  Equivalent  forms 
are  angiospermal  and  angiospermatous. 

angiosporous  (an"ji-os'po-rus),fl.  [<  NL.  angio- 
sporus,  <  Gr.  ayyelov,  a  vessel,  +  arrdpo^,  a  seed : 
see  spore.]  In  bot.,  having  the  spores  inclosed 
in  a  hollow  receptacle :  applied  to  such  fungi 
as  Lycoperdon. 

Angiostomata  (an'ji-o-sto'ma-ta),  n.pl.  [NL., 
neiit.  pi.  of  ungiostomatus :  see  angiostomatous.'] 
1.  A  suborder  of  ophidians,  comprising  serpents 
in  which  the  mouth  is  not  dilatable,  and  which 
are  provided  ynth.  anal  spurs.  There  are  two 
families,  Cylindrophida;  and  Vropeltidce. —  2.  In 
conch.,  an  artificial  group  of  univalve  gastro- 
pods whose  shell  has  a  narrow  or  contracted 
aperture,  as  eassidids,  strombids,  conids,  oli- 
vids,  cyprasids,  and  others.  Also  written,  cor- 
ruptly," Angystomata,  and  originally  Angyosto- 
viata  by  De  Blainville,  1818. 

angiostomatous  (an"ji-o-st6'ma-tus),  a.  [<  NL. 
angiostomatits,  <  Gr.  ayyciov,  a  vessel,  jar  (but 
L.  angere,  compress,  is  appar.  intended),  + 
cToiia^T-),  mouth.]  1.  Having  a  narrow,  that 
is,  not  dilatable,  mouth:  said  specifically  of 
serpents  of  the  suborder  ^«(7jostoJ«ato. —  2.  In 
conch.,  having  a  narrow  mouth  or  opening,  as 
the  shell  in  Oliva  and  Conns. 

angiostomous  (an"ji-os'to-mus),  a.  [<  NL.  an- 
giostomus,  equiv.  to  angiostomatus :  see  angio- 
stomatous.']   Same  as  angiostomatous.  _ 

angiotomy  (an-ji-ot'o-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  ayyelov,  a 
vessel,  +  TOfir],  a  cutting,  <  rtfiveiv,  ra/ielv,  cut.  Cf. 
anatomy.]  In  anat.,  dissection  of  the  lym- 
phatics and  blood-vessels. 

anglel  (ang'gl),  ti.  [<  ME.  angle,  angel,  angil,  < 
AH.  angel,  angul,  ongul,  a  hook,  fish-hook OS. 
angul  =  OD.  angel,  anghel,  a  hook,  fish-hook, 
sting,  awn,  beard  (of  grain),  D.  angel  =  LG. 
angel,  a  hook,  =  OHG.  angul,  MHG.  G.  angel,  a 
hook,  fish-hook,  sting,  point,  hinge  (cf .  OD.  han- 
gel,  hanghel,  hengel,  a  hook,  a  hinge,  D.  hengel, 
an  angUng-rod,  G.  dial,  hdngel,  a  hook,  ear, 
joint,  these  forms  and  senses  being  in  part  those 
of  a  different  word,  cognate  with  E.  hinge:  see 
hinge,  hang),  =  leel.  dngull,  a  hook,  =Dan.  Sw. 
angel,  a  hook),  with  formative  -el,  -ul,  <  anga, 
onga  (rare,  and  only  in  glosses),  a  sting,  —  OHG. 
ango,  a  sting,  hinge,  MHG.  ange,  a  fish-hook, 
hinge,  =  Icel.  angi,  a  sting,  spine,  prickle,  = 
Norw.  ange,  angje,  a  prong,  jag,  tooth.  The  ear- 
liest notion  seems  to  have  been  'pointed,'  but 
the  word  also  involved  the  notion  of  '  bent,'  per- 
haps from  a  different  source;  cf.  Gr.  dy/cuAof, 
bent,  crooked,  curved,  ='L.angidustor*anculns, 
a  corner,  angle;  Gr.  o^/cof,  a  hook,  barb,  angle, 
=  L.  uncus,  a  hook;  bent,  curved:  see  Angle'^, 
angle^,  ankylosis,  uncous.]  1.  A  fishing-hook: 
often  in  later  use  extended  to  include  the  line 
or  tackle,  and  even  the  rod.    [Now  rare.] 

Give  me  mine  angle, —  we'll  to  the  river. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  5. 

2t.  One  who  or  that  which  catches  by  strata- 
gem or  deceit. 

A  woman  is  bytterer  than  death,  ...  for  she  is  a  very 
angle,  hir  hert  is  a  nett.     Coverdale,  tr.  of  Eccles.  vn.  26. 

3t.  [From  the  verb.]    The  act  of  angling, 
anglel  (ang'gl),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  angled,  ppr. 
angling.  [<  late  ME.  angle,  OD.  angelen,  D.  hen- 


212 

qelen  =  G.  angeln  =  Dan.  angle  ;  from  the  noun.] 

1.  intrans.  1.  To  fish  with  an  angle,  or  with 
hook  and  line. 

Wlien  the  weather 
Serves  to  angle  in  the  brook, 
I  will  bring  a  silver  hook. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  iv.  2. 
The  lawyer  in  the  pauses  of  the  storm 
Went  angling  down  the  Saco. 

Whittier,  Bridal  of  Pennacook. 

2.  To  try  by  artful  means  to  catch  or  win  over 
a  person  or  thing,  or  to  elicit  an  opinion :  com- 
monly with  for. 

By  this  face, 
This  seeming  brow  of  justice,  did  he  win 
The  hearts  of  all  that  he  did  angle  for. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  3. 

11.  trans.  1.  To  fish  (a  stream).— 2t.  To  fish 
for  or  try  to  catch,  as  with  an  angle  or  hook. 

He  angled  the  people's  hearts.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

3t.  To  Itu-e  or  entice,  as  with  bait. 

You  have  angled  me  on  with  much  pleasure  to  the 
thatch'd  house.  /.  Walton,  Complete  Angler,  i. 

Angle^  (ang'gl),  n.  [In  mod.  use  only  as  a  his- 
torical term;  <  'L.Anglus,  usually  in  pi.  Angli 
(first  in  Tacitus),  repr.  the  OTeut.  form  found 
in  AS.  Angle,  Ongle,  JEngle,  reg.  Engle,  pi.  (in 
eomp.  Angel-,  Ongel-),  the  people  of  Angel,  An- 
gol,  Angul,  Ongul\=leel.  dngull),  a  district  of 
what  is  now  Sehleswig-Holstein,  said  to  be  so 
named  from  angel,  angul,  ongul,  a  hook,  in  ref. 
to  its  shape:  see  anglc'^.  Hence  Anglo-,  Anglo- 
Saxon,  English,  q.  v.]  One  of  a  Teutonic  tribe 
which  in  the  earliest  period  of  its  recorded  his- 
tory dwelt  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  district 
now  called  Angeln,  in  Sehleswig-Holstein,  and 
which  in  the  fifth  century  and  later,  accom- 
panied by  kindred  tribes,  the  Saxons,  Jutes, 
and  Frisians,  crossed  over  to  Britain  and  colo- 
nized the  greater  part  of  it.  The  Angles  were  the 
most  numerous  of  these  settlers,  and  founded  the  three 
kingdoms  of  East  Anglia,  Mercia,  and  Northumbria.  From 
them  the  entire  country  derived  its  name  England,  the 
"land  of  the  Angles."  See  Anglian,  Anglo-Saxon,  and 
Englinh. 

angle^  (ang'gl),  n.  [<  ME.  angle,  aungel,  some- 
times angule,  <  OF.  angle  =  Pr.  angle  =  Sp.  Pg. 
angulo.  It.  angolo,  <  L.  angulus,  a  corner,  an 
angle,  prob.  orig.  *ancuhts  (ef.  anciis,  bent, 
crooked)  =  Gr.  ayKvlo^,  bent,  crooked,  em-ved, 
connected  with  ayKuv,  the  bend  of  the  arm, 
the  elbow  (see  ancon),  aynoc,  a  glen,  dell  (prop, 
a  bend,  hollow),  ojA-of,  a  hook,  barb,  angle,  = 
L.  uncus,  bent,  cm-ved,  a  hook  (see  uncous); 
all  appar.  <  *ank,  bend  (appearing  also  in 
Gr.  a}Kvpa,  >  L.  ancora,  >  E.  anker'^,  anchor^), 
Skt.  ■v/«"c/i,  bend,  and  prob.  connected  with  the 
Teut.  group  represented  by  angle'^ :  see  angle'^.] 
1.  The  difference  in  direction  of  two  intersect- 
ing lines ;  the  space  included  between  two  in- 
tersecting lines ;  the  figure  or  projection  formed 
by  the  meeting  of  two  lines;  a  corner,  in  geom., 
a  plane  angle  is  one  formed  Ijy  two  lines,  straight  or  curved, 
which  meet  in  a  plane ;  a  rectilinear  angle,  one  formed  by 
two  straight  lines.  The  point  where  the  lines  meet  is 
called  the  vertex  of  the  angle,  or  the  angular  point,  and 
the  lines  which  contain  the  angle  are  called  its  sides  or 
legs.  The  magnitude  of  the  angle  does  not  depend  upon 
the  length  of  the  lines  which  form  it,  but  merely  on  their 
relative  positions.  It  is  measured  by  the  length  of  a  circu- 
lar arc  of  unit  radius  having  for  its  center  the  vertex  of 


Fig.  I. 

the  angle,  or  point  of  intersection  of  the  sides.  Thus,  the 
angle  FEA,  fig.  1,  is  measui'ed  by  32  degrees  of  the  cir- 
cumference, or  the  arc  AF.  Angular  magnitudes  are  also 
expressed  in  quadrants  of  four  to  the  circumference,  in 
hours  of  six  to  the  (luadrant,  in  sexagesimal  degrees  of  90 
to  the  (luadrant,  (rarely)  in  centesimal  degrees  of  100  to  the 
quadrant,  etc.  The  arc  whose  length  is  equal  to  the  ra- 
dius subtends  an  angle  of  .W°  17'  44". 8  nearly.  Theoreti- 
cally, the  measure  of  an  angle  is  the  losjarithm  of  the  anhar- 
monic  ratio  made  by  the  two  sides  with  the  two  tangents 
to  the  absolute  intersecting  at  the  vertex.  Angles  receive 
different  names,  according  to  their  magnitude,  their  con- 
struction, their  position,  etc.    When  one  straight  line  in- 


Fig.  2. 


Two  Angles  saltire- 
wise  interlaced,  at 
each  end  an  annulet. 
I  From  Berry's  "  Diet, 
of  Heraldry.") 


A,  C,  B,  Angle  of 
Crushing. 


angle 

tersects  another  so  as  to  make  the  four  angles  so  formed 
equal,  these  angles  are  called  right  angles,  and  each  is 
measured  by  an  arc  equal  to  one  fourth  of  a  circumfer- 
ence, or  90  degrees,    'rims,  ACD,  fig.  2,  is  a  rigid  angle. 

An  angle  which  is  less  than  a  right 
angle  is  acute,  as  ACE.  An  ob- 
tuse angle  is  one  which  is  greater 
than  a  right  angle,  as  ECB.  Acute 
and  obtuse  angles  are  both  called 
oblique,  in  opposition  to  right  an- 
gles. A  curvilinear  angle  is  formed 
by  the  meeting  of  the  tangents  to 
two  curved  lines  at  their  point  of 
intersection.  Adjacent  or  contigu- 
ous angles  are  such  as  have  one  leg 
common  to  both  angles,  both  to- 
gether being  equal  to  two  right  angles.  Thus,  in  fig.  2, 
ACE  and  ECB  are  adjacent  angles.  Conjugate  angles  are 
two  angles  having  a  common  vertex  and  common  legs, 
one  being  concave,  the  other  convex.  A  straiglit  angle  is 
an  angle  of  180°.  A  reflex  angle  is  the  same  as  a  convex 
angle.  {See  conjugate  angles,  above.)  Exterior,  external,  oi 
outward  angles  are  the  angles  of  any  rectilinear  figure  with- 
out it,  made  by  producing  one  of  the  sides  at  each  vertex, 
the  angles  formed  within  the  figure  being  called  interior 
angles.  When  one  line  intersects  a  pair  of  lines  in  a  plane, 
of  the  eight  angles  so  formed,  those  which  are  between 
the  pair  are  called  interior,  those  without  exterior.  Of 
the  interior  angles,  a  pair  for  different  sides  of  the  inter- 
secting line,  and  at  dilferent  intersected  lines,  are  called 
alternate  (which  see).  See  radian. 
Hence  —  2.  An  angular  projection;  a  project- 
ing corner :  as,  the  angles  of  a  building. —  3.  In 
astrol.,  the  1st,  4th,  7th,  or 
10th  house. —  4.  In  anat.,  same 
asangitlus. —  5.  In /«er.,  a  charge 
representing  a  narrow  band 
or  ribbon  bent  in  an  angle. 

[Eare.]— Angle  of  action,  in  gear- 
ing, the  angle  of  revolution  during 
which  a  tooth  remains  in  contact. — 
Angle  of  commutation.  See  com- 
mutation. — Angle  Of 
contact.  See  con- 
tact.—Angie  of  the 
condyles.  See  crani- 
07/ie<n/.  — Angle  of 
crushing,  in  physics, 
the  angle  which  the  fractured  surface  of 
a  crushed  pillar  makes  with  the  axis  of 
the  pillar.  It  is  constant  for  any  given 
material.— Angle  of  curvature,  the 
angle  which  measures  the  rate  of  diver- 
gence of  a  curve  from  a  tangent  to  it  at 
a  given  point.  It  is  the  angle  included 
between  the  tangent  and  an  infinitesimal  portion  of  the 
curve.— Angle  Of  defense,  in  fort.,  the  angle  formed  by 
the  meeting  of  the  line  of  defense  with  the  line  of  the  flank; 
the  angle  formed  by  producing  the  faces  of  the  bastion. — 
Angle  of  departure,  in  ordnance,  the  angle  which  a  line 
passing  through  the  sights  of  a  gun  and  the  target  makes 
with  the  tangent  to  the  trajectory  of  the  projectile  as  it 
leaves  the  gun.  This  angle  differs  from  the  angle  of  eleva- 
tion in  consequence  of  the  muzzle  being  thrown  up  when 
the  gun  is  discharged,  and,  when  there  is  windage,  because 
of  the  rebound  of  the  shot  from  the  sides  of  the  bore  near 
the  muzzle.— Angle  Of  depression.  See  depression.— 
Angle  of  descent,  in  ordnance,  the  angle  which  a  tangent 
to  the  trajectory  of  the  projectile  makes  with  the  horizontal 
plane  passing  through  the  point  of  first  graze  or  the  point 
of  impact.— Angle  Of  direction,  in  7iiech.,  an  angle  con- 
tained by  the  lines  of  direction  of  two  conspiring  forces.— 
Angle  of  divergence,  in  bot.,  the  angle  between  two 
successive  leaves  on  the  same  stem.  It  is  expressed  as  a 
fraction  of  the  circumference  of  the  stem,  which  is  sup- 
posed to  be  a  circle.— Angle  Of  draft,  for  vehicles  or 
heavy  bodies,  the  angle  which  the  line  of  direction  of  the 
pulling  force  makes  with  the  plane  over  which  the  body  is 

drawn.— Angle  Of  elevation,  incidence.  Inclination, 
polarization,  position,  reflection,  and  refraction. 

See  elevation,  etc.— Angle  of  repOse,  the  greatest  angle 
of  obliquity  of  pressure  between  two  planes  which  is  con- 
sistent with  stability,  as  of  a  weight  upon  an  inclined 
plane:  its  tangent  is  the  coefficient  of  friction.  Some- 
times called  the  a7igle  of  friction.  Specifically,  in  arch., 
the  angle  at  which  the  voussoirs  of  an  arch  cease  to  liave 
any  tendency  to  slip,  or  to  exert  any  thrust  on  the  abut- 
ment. Rondelet's  experiments  with  well-wrought  sur- 
faces give  angles  ranging  from  28°  to  36°.— Angles  Of 
Segond.  See  cranioinetry.—  Angle  Of  Sight,  in  ord- 
nance, the  angle  between  a  line  drawn  through  the  axis  of 
the  bore  and  a  line  drawn  from  the  rear  of  the  base-ring 
to  the  swell  of  the  muzzle  or  to  the  top  of  the  sight.— 
Angle  of  the  jaw,  in  anat.,  the  point  at  which  the  verti- 
cal hinder  edge  of  the  ramus  meets  the  horizontal  inferior 
border.— Angle  of  weather,  the  angle  at  which  the  sail 
of  a  windmill  is  set.— Basilar  angle.  See  craniometry.— 

Carpal  angle.  See  ca/pai.— Characteristic  angle  of 
a  curve.  See  characteristic—  Chord  of  an  angle.  See 
cAord.— Clearance  angle,  in  ordnance,  the  angle  which  a 
straightline,  passing  through  the  topsof  the  tangent-scale, 
dispart-sight,  and  muzzle-notch,  makes  with  a  line  paral- 
lel to  the  axis  of  the  piece.  It  vai'ies  with  the  position  of 
the  dispart-sight  and  the  taper  of  thegun.— Coracoscap- 
ular  angle.  See  coraco.scapMZa)-.—  Coronofacial  angle 
of  Gratiolet.  See  craniometry.— Cranial  angle.  See 
craniometry.— CrltiCSH  angle,  in  optics,  the  limiting 
angle  of  incidence  which  separates  the  totally  reflected 
rays  from  those  which  (at  least  partially)  escape  into  air. 
Tait.  Light,  §  117.— Dead  angle,  the  space  between  a 
fortification  and  the  nearest  point  which  can  be  reached 
by  the  fire  of  its  defenders.  Within  this  space  an  assail- 
ant is  safe,  as  the  missiles  from  the  fortification  pass  over 
his  head.  Also  called  dead  space.  —  Dihedral  angle. 
See  dihedral— EccentTlC  angle.  See  eccentric— Taclal 
angle,  frontal  angle.  See  craniometry.— Genal  angle. 
See  genal.—  Hour  angle,  in  astron.,t\\e  angle  iietween  the 
meridian  of  a  star  and  the  meridian  of  the  zenith,  mea- 
sured from  the  latter  toward  the  west,  and  usually  express- 
ed in  hours  and  fractions  of  an  hour.—  Metafacial  angle, 

nasobasal  angle,  occipital  angle,  parietal  angle.  See 


spherical  Angle. 


angle 

craniometry.— OllSiCtory  angle.  See  olfactory.— Ovtic 
angle.  See  o^j^ic— Position  angle,  in  astro'n.,  the  in- 
clination of  any  sliort  line,  as  the  line  between  the  two 
components  of  a  double  star  to  the  meridian.— Reenter- 
ing or  reentrant  angle,  an  angle  of  which  the  apex  re- 
cedes with  reference  to  tlie  point  of  view  from  which  it  is 
considered ;  in  a  polygon,  an  angle  tlie  sides  of  which,  if 
produced,  would  cut  the  polygon.— Solid  angle,an  angle 
which  is  made  by  more  than  two  plane  angles  meeting 
in  one  point,  and  not  lying  in  the  same  plane,  as  the  an- 
gle of  a  cube.  A  solid  angle  of  a  cone  is  measured  by  the 
area  of  the  segment  cut  off  by  the  cone  on  the  surface 
of  the  sphere  of  unit  radius,  having 
its  center  at  tlie  vertex  of  the  cone. 
—  Sphenoidal  angle.  See  craniome- 
try.—Stthericsd  angle,  an  angle  on 
the  surface  of  a  sphere  contained  be- 
tween the  arcs  of  two  great  circles. 
Thus,  if  AE  and  CE  be  arcs  of  great 
cii'cles  intersecting  each  other  at  the 
point  E,  the  angle  AEC  is  the  spherical 
angle  which  they  make  one  with  the 
other,  and  it  is  equal  to  the  angle  of 
inclination  formed  by  the  planes  of  the  gieat  circles  AB 
and  CD.  The  angle  is  measured  by  the  angle  formed 'by 
the  tangents  of  the  two  arcs  at  their  point  of  intersection. 

— Trisection  of  the  angle.  See  (riseciion.— Vertical 

angle.    See  vertical. 

angle-bar  (ang'gl-bar),  n.  1.  In  carp.,  a  verti- 
cal bar  placed  at  the  angles  or  lines  of  intersec- 
tion of  the  faces  of  a  polygonal  window  or  bay- 
window. — 2.  Same  as  angle-iron. 

angle-bead  (ang'gl-bed),  ».  A  round  angle- 
staff;  a  plaster-bead  or  staff-bead. 

angle-beam  (ang'gl-bem),  «.  A  beam,  usually 
of  iron,  of  which  a  portion  or  flange  is  set  at  an 
angle  with  the  main  portion. 

angle-bevel  (ang'gl-bev"el),  «.  Same  as  level- 
square. 

angle-block  (ang'gl-blok),  n.  1.  In  bridge-  and 
roof-building,  a  block,  generally  of  metal,  placed 
at  the  jimction  of  a  brace  or  strut  with  a  chord 
or  beam,  when  the  two  are  inclined  to  each 

other.     It  forms  an  abutment  for  the  end  of  the  brace 
or  strut,  and  the  tension-rods  usually  pass  through  it. 
2.  A  swivel  dock-block,  used  to  change  the  di- 
rection of  a  rope  when  hoisting,  etc. 
angle-brace  (ang'gl-bras),  n.    In  carp. :  (a)  A 
piece  of  timber  having  its  two  ends  fixed  to 
the  two  pieces  forming  adja- 
cent members  in  a  system  of 
framing,  and  subtending  the 
angle  formed  by  their  junction. 
When  it  is  fixed  between  the  opposite 
angles  of  a  quadrangular  frame,  it  is 
called  a  diagonal  brace  or  diagonal 
tie,  and  when  placed  near  a  corner 
(a),  an  angle-tie.  (J)  An  instru- 
ment consisting  of  a  rectangu- 
lar crank-frame,  Like  the  car- 
penter's brace  (see  ftracei),  but  usually  much 
stronger,  carrying  a  parallel  tool-spindle  which 
ends  in  a  pad  (a)  or  bit-socket  of  the  ordinary 
form,  and  carries  a  small  bevel-wheel  gearing 
into  a  second  wheel  on  the  axis  of  a  wineh- 


Pian  of  an  Angle-Capital. 


t>,  Diagonal  brace. 


213 

of  a  portico,  having  volutes  on  both  front  and 
flank,  with  the  volutes  which  would  come  to- 
gether at  the  angle  of  the  entablature  combined 
and  turned  outward  on 
the  line  of  the  diagonal 
between  the  planes  of 
the  frieze  on  front  and 
flank. —  2.  Iniiow««and 
modern  Ionic  arch.,  the 
capital  of  a  similarly  sit- 
uated   column,  having 
four  volutes,  of  which 
each  is  on  a  diagonal  of 
the  abacus  of  the  capital, 
angle-chuck     ( ang  'gl- 
chuk),  n.  An  L-shaped  easting,  or  a  short  length 
of  angle-iron,  having  its  outer  face  planed,  and 
both  sides  provided  with  slots  for  bolts.  One  V- 

face  IS  bolted  to  the  face-plate  of  a  lathe  or  to  the  table 
of  a  drilling-  or  planing-machine,  and  to  the  other  is  fas- 
tened the  piece  of  work  which  is  to  be  drilled  or  shaped. 
See  chuck*. 

angled  (ang'gld),  a.  [<  angles  -f-  -ed^.-]  Hav- 
ing angles.  Specifically,  in  her.,  broken  in  an  angular 
direction  :  said  of  the  boundary  of  an  ordinary  or  of  any 
other  line  usually  straight.    See  beveled. 

angle-float  (ang'gl-flot),  «.  A  float  or  plaster- 
er's trowel  made  to  fit  any  internal  angle  in 
the  walls  of  a  room. 
angle-Iron  (ang'gl-i"em),  n.  A  rolled  or  wrought 
bar  of  iron  in  the  form  of  an  angle,  used  in  iron 
constructions.  Angle-irons  are  made  with  sections  in 
the  form  of  right  angles,  with  equal  or  unequal  sides ;  in 
the  shape  of  double  angles,  when  they  are  called  channel- 
iron^  ;  and  in  the  form  of  the  letters  T,  I,  and  Z,  from 
which  they  take  the  names  of  T-,  I-,  and  Z-irons.  They 
are  used  for  joining  piece  to  piece  in  every  kind  of  iron- 
work, as  well  as  for  forming  component  parts  and  principal 
members  (as  the  ribs  of  ships,  the  V-girders  of  bridges  and 
floors)  in  all  iron  structures.    Also  called  angle-bar. 

angle-meter  (ang'gl-me'ter),  n.  [<  angled  -i- 
meter^,  q.  v.  See  angulometer.']  Any  instru- 
ment used  for  measuring  angles ;  particularly, 
an  instrument  employed  by  geologists  formea- 
sm-ing  the  dip  of  strata ;  a  cUnometer. 
angle-modillion  (ang'gl-m6-dil"yon),  n.  [< 
angled  -I-  modillion.']  A  modillion'  or  carved 
bracket  placed  beneath  an  angle  of  a  cornice  in 
the  direction  of  its  diagonal,  or  of  the  line  of 
its  mitering. 

angle-plane  (ang'gl-plan),  n.  In  carp.,  a  plane 
whose  bit  reaches  into  a  reentering  angle, 
angle-pod  (ang'gl-pod),  n.  The  name  of  an 
asclepiadaceous  vine,  Gonolobus  Icevis,  of  the 
southern  United  States, 
angler  (ang'gler),  n.  [=  OD.  angheler  (D.  Iienge- 
laar)  =  Gt.  angler  =  'D'An.  angler;  <  angle^,  v.,  -f 
-eri.]    1.  One  who  angles;  a  fisher  with  rod 


Anglicize 

angle-staff  (ang'gl-staf ),  n.  In  building,  a  ver- 
tical wooden  strip  placed  at  a  projecting  or 
salient  angle  in  an  interior,  to  preserve  the 
corner,  and  to  serve  as  a  guide  by  which  to  float 
the  plaster  when  flush  with  it.  when  prominent 
It  18  generally  made  ornamental,  and  when  rounded  it 
is  called  an  angle-bead  or  ulaff-bead. 

angletf,  n.    EiToneous  form  of  ar;lct. 

angle-tie  (ang'gl-ti),  n.  See  angle-brace  (a). 

angletwitch  (ang'gl-twich),  n.  [E.  diaL,  also 
corruptly  angletouch,  <  ME.  angletwitche,  ungle- 
twaelic,  <  AS.  angcltuicca,  -twccca,  -twwcca, 
-twiccc,  <  angel,  a  hook,  angle,  +  "ttcicca,  <  twic- 
cian,  twitch,  tweak :  see  angle^  and  twitch, 
tweak.  Cf.  E.  dial,  twacliel,  a  dew-worm ;  an- 
gledog,  a  large  earthworm.]  An  angleworm; 
an  earthworm.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

anglewise  (ang'gl-wiz),  adv.  [<  anglc3  +  wise^.] 
Alter  the  manner  of  an  angle ;  angularly. 

angleworm  (ang'gl-wei-m),  «.  [<  anr/lc'i-  + 
tcorm.']  A  worm  used  for  bait  in  angling;  an 
earthworm. 

Anglian  (ang'gli-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  LL.  Anglia, 
the  region  inhabited  by  the  Angles,  in  a  wider 
sense  England  (<  L.  Angli,  Angles:  see  Angle^), 
+  -an.']  I,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Angles, 
or  to  East  Anglia. 
II.  n.  A  member  of  the  tribe  of  the  Angles. 

Anglic (ang'glik),  a.  [< ML.  Anglicus,<h.  Angli, 
the  Angles:  see  Angle^.]  Same  as  Anglian. 
[Rare.] 

Anglican  (ang'gli-kan),  a.  and  n.    [<  ML.  An- 

glicanus,  <  Anglicus,  pertaining  to  the  Angles 
or  to  England:  see  Anglic]  I.  «.  English. 
Specifically— (a)  Of  or  pertaining  to  England 
ecclesiastically;  pertaining  to  or  connected 
with  the  Church  of  England. 

Many  members  of  the  Papal  communion  have  main- 
tained the  validity  of  Anglican  orders. 

Gladstone,  Church  Principles,  p.  228.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

(6)  High-church;  pertaining  to  or  characteris- 
tic of  the  high-church  party  of  the  Chui-ch  of 
England — AngUcan  Church,  (a)  The  Church  of  Eng- 
land, especially  as  maintaining  a  Catholic  character  in  in- 
dependence of  the  pope  :  usually  applied,  therefore,  to  the 
Church  of  England  since  the  Reformation.  This  designa- 
tion occurs,  however,  in  a  provision  of  Jfagna  Cliarta, 
"  that  the  Anglican  Church  be  free  "(owod  Anglicana  eccle- 
sia  libera  sit). 

The  sober  Principles  and  old  establishment  of  the  ^ji- 
glicane  Church. 

Fell,  Hammond's  Life,  in  his  Works,  I.  12.    (^V.  E.  D.) 


Boring  Angle-brace, 

lw,ndle,  by  which  motion  is  communicated  to 
the  drill.  This  tool  is  chiefly  used  for  boring  holes  in 
positions,  as  corners,  where  the  ordinary  brace  cannot  be 
conveniently  applied.  For  heavy  work  it  is  usuaUy  mount- 
ed m  an  ordinary  drill-frame.    Also  called  corner-drill 

angle-bracket  (ang'gl-brak'et),  n.  A  bracket 
placed  at  the  vertex  of  an  interior  or  exterior 
angle,  and  not  at  right  angles  to  the  sides. 

angle-brick  (ang'gl-brik),  «.  A  brick  molded 
to  fit  any  angle  other  than  a  right  angle,  or  used 
to  ornament  a  quoin. 

angle-capital  (ang'gl-kap"i-tal),  «.  l.  in  Gre- 
cian  Ionic  arch.,  a  capital  on  tte  comer  column 


Angle-Capital,  north  porch  of  the  Erechtheum.  Athens. 
I,  internal  angle  ;  2,  external  angle. 


Angler  {Lophius piscatoriiis'). 


and  line.— 2.  The  flsh  Lophiiis  piiscatorius,  the 
typical  representative  of  the  family  Lophiidce 

(which  see).  The  name  was  introduced  by  Pennant  in 
place  of  the  earlier  names  fishing-fruq  and  frogjish  in  allu- 
sion to  Its  attracting  small  flsh,  which  are  its'prey  by  the 
movement  of  certain  fllainents  attached  to  the  head  and 
mouth.    It  IS  found  on  the  coasts  of  Europe  and  America 

angle-rafter  (ang'gl-raf  "ter), » .  A  rafter  placed 
at  the  junction  of  the  inclined  planes  forming 
a  hipped  roof.  Also  called  hip-rafter,  and  some- 
times ^i"e»(f7-ra/te)-.    See  hijA  4. 

angler-fish  (ang'gler-fish),  n.  A  fish  with  ce- 
phalic spines  modified  for  attracting  other 
fishes,  or  resembling  a  fishing-pole  and  line  with 
bait ;  any  fish  of  the  order  Pediculati. 

Angles,  ».  pi.   See  Angle'^. 

angle-shades  (ang'gl-shadz),  n.  A  British 
moth,  the  Plilogophora  meticulosa. 

anglesite  (ang'gle-sit),  n.  [_<Anglesea,  Anglesey, 
<  AS.  Anglcseg  (=  Icel.  Ongulsey),  lit.  Angle's 
island,  so  called  after  it  was  conquered  by  the 
Angles;  formerly  called  Mona;  <  Angles,  gen. 
of  Angel  (see  Angle^),  +  eg,  ig,  island:  see  ait, 
ei/2,  and  island.]  A  sulphate  of  lead  occurring 
in  prismatic  crystals,  commonly  transparent 
and  colorless,  with  brilliant  adamantine  luster 
and  light  shades  of  yellow,  gi-een,  blue,  and 

gray,  it  occurs  also  ill  massive  forms  with  granular 
structure.  The  crystals  aie  often  found  in  cavities  of  the 
lead  sulphid  galena,  fi-oni  the  decomposition  of  which  they 
have  been  formed, 
angle-splice  (ang'gl-spUs),  n.  a  splice  in  the 
angle  of  a  rail-head  or  -foot. 


(6)  In  a  more  comprehensive  sense,  the  Church  of  England 
and  the  churches  in  other  countries  in  full  accord  with  it 
as  to  doctrine  and  church  organization  ;  that  is,  the  Church 
of  Ireland  (disestablished  1869),  the  Episcopal  Church  in 
Scotland,  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the  United 
States,  and  the  churches  founded  Ijy  the  Church  of  England 
in  the  British  colonies  or  elsewhere.  See  episcopal. 

II.  «.  1.  A  member  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land, or  of  a  church  in  full  agreement  with  it. 
—  2.  One  who  upholds  the  system  or  teachings 
of  the  Church  of  England ;  especially,  one  who 
emphasizes  the  authority  of  that  church;  a 
high-chm-ehman. 

Anglicanism  (ang'gU-kan-izm),  n.  [<  Angli- 
can +  -ism.]  The  principles  of  the  Anglican 
Church  or  of  Anglicans. 

Anglic^  (ang'gli-se),  adv.  [ML.,  adv.,  <  Angli- 
cus, English  :  see  Anglic]  In  English ;  in  the 
English  language. 

Anglicifyt  ( ang-glis'i-fi),  v.  t.  [<  ML.  Anglicus 
(see  Anglic)  +  -/(/,  <  L.  -Jicare,  <  facerc,  make.] 
To  make  English  ;  Anglicize.  [Rare.] 

Anglicisation,  Anglicise.  See  Anglicization, 
Anglicise. 

Anglicism  (ang'gli-sizm),  n.  [<  ML.  Anglicus 
(see  Anglic)  +  -ism.]  1.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  English  ;  that  which  is  peculiar  to 
England  in  speech,  manner,  or  principle. 

If  Addison's  language  had  been  less  idiomatical  it 
would  have  lost  sometliing  of  its  genuine  Anglicism. 

Johnson,  Addison. 

She  [England]  has  a  conviction  that  whatever  good  there 
is  in  us  is  wholly  English,  when  the  truth  is  that  we  are 
worth  nothing  except  so  far  as  we  have  disinfected  our- 
selves of  Anglicism.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  SO. 

2.  An  idiom  of  the  English  language. — 3.  A 
word  or  an  expression  used  particidarly  in  Eng- 
land, and  not  in  use,  or  in  good  use,  in  the 
United  States. 

Anglicization  (ang'-'gli-si-za'shon),  n.  [<  An- 
glicise +  -ation.]  The  act  or  process  of  making 
English  in  form  or  character,  or  of  becoming 
Anglicized.    Also  spelled  Anglicisation. 

Anglicize  (ang'gli-siz),  r.  t. ;  prct.  and  pp. 
Anglicized,  ppr.  Anglicizing.  [<  ML.  Anglicus 
(see  Anglic)  +  -izc]  To  make  English;  render 
conformable  to  English  modes  or  usages.  Also 
spelled  Anglicise.    [Often  without  a  capital.] 


Anglicize 


214 


Anglo-Saxon 


The  last  persons  who  bear  any  likeness  to  the  lasa- 
gnone  are  the  Germans,  with  their  honest,  heavy  faces 
comically  anrilidzed  by  leg-of-mutton  whiskers. 

Ilowells,  Venetian  Life,  xx. 

Anglification  (aug-'gli-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [<  Aii- 
glify:  see  -Jicatio>i.']  The  act  of  making  Eng- 
lish, or  of  bringing  into  conformity  with  English 
modes  and  ideas. 

Angliform  (ang'gli-form),  a.  [<  L.  Angli, 
Angles,  English  (see  Aiigle^),  +  forma,  form.] 
Resembling  English  in  form:  as,  ''the  Angli- 
form  dialects  of  the  Continent,"  J.  A.  H.  Mur- 
'my,  Eneyc.  Brit.,  VIII.  391. 

Anglify  (aug'gli-fi),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Angli- 
ficd,  ppr.  AiHjUfijing.  [<  L.  Anglus,  sing,  of 
Angli  (see  Aiigtc^),  +  -fy,  <  L.  -ficarc,  <faccrc, 
make.]  To  make  English  ;  Anglicize  ;  espe- 
cially, to  adopt  into  the  English  language  and 
make  a  part  of  it:  as,  to  AngHfn  French  words, 
that  is,  to  give  them  an  English  form  in  orthog- 
raphy, inflection,  or  pronunciation.  [Rare.] 

The  shops  (in  Mauritius]  were  all  French ;  indeed,  I 
should  think  that  Calais  or  Boulogne  was  much  more 
Anglified.  Darwin,  Voyage  of  Beagle,  II.  28-2. 

angling  (ang'gling),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  angJA,  c] 
The  act  or  art  of  fishing  with  a  rod  and  line ; 
rod-fishing. 

We  may  say  of  angling  as  Dr.  Boteler  said  of  strawber- 
ries :  "  Doubtless  God  could  have  made  a  better  berry,  but 
doubtless  God  never  did;"  and  so,  if  I  might  be  judge, 
God  never  did  make  a  more  calm,  quiet,  innocent  recrea- 
tion than  angling.  I.  Walton,  Complete  Angler,  i.  5. 

Anglish  (ang'glish),  a.  and  n.  [<  AngJe"^  + 
-ish'^.  The  AS.  Englisc,  orig.  *Anglisc,  having 
become  E.  Englishwith  much  altered  meaning, 
the  term  Anglish  has  been  occasionally  used  by 
recent  writers  in  the  original  sense  of  'English'": 
see  English.^  I.  a.  Anglian;  Anglo-Saxon; 
English. 

11.  n.  The  Anglo-Saxon  or  earliest  English 
language.  Haldtman. 

Anglo-.  [First  in  ML.  AngJo-Saxones  (see  Anglo- 
Saxon);  the  combining  form  of  L.  Anglus,  pi. 
Angli,  the  Angles,  the  'English,'  extended  to 
include  the  modern  English:  ^ee  Angle'^.']  An 
element  in  many  compoimd  words,  meaning 
Angles  or  English,  connected  with  England: 
as,  ^«fif?o- American  ;  ^wflr/o-Indian. 

Anglo-American  (ang'glo-a-mer'i-kan),  a.  and 
/(.  I,  a.  1.  Belonging  or  relating  to,  or  connect- 
ed with,  England  and  America  or  the  United 
States,  or  with  the  people  of  both:  as,  Anglo- 
American  commerce ;  Anglo-American  relations. 
— 2.  Pertaining  to  the  English  who  have  settled 
in  America,  especially  in  the  United  States,  or 
have  become  American  citizens:  as,  the  Anglo- 
American  population  of  New  York. 

II,  n.  A  native  or  descendant  of  a  native  of 
England  who  has  settled  in  America  or  has  be- 
come an  American  (United  States)  citizen. 

Anglo-Catholic  (ang-gl6-kath'o-lik),  a.  and  n. 

1.  a.  1.  Catholic  according  to  the  teachings  of 
the  Chiu-eh  of  England.  The  Church  of  England 
maintains  that  it  is  Catholic  iu  the  same  sense  aud  on  the 
same  grounds  as  those  on  which  the  Greek  Church  claims 
to  l)e  Catholic,  namely :  (1)  as  having  retained  its  organ- 
ization in  continuous  succession  from  the  earliest  Christian 
centuries  in  accordance  with  primitive  canons;  (2)  as  re- 
ceiving the  doctrinal  decisions  of  the  councils  acknow- 
ledged as  ecumenical  by  both  the  Greek  and  the  Latin 
Church;  and  (3)  as  having  canonical  jurisdiction  in  the 
countries  in  which  it  exists. 

2.  Laying  especial  stress  on  the  Catholic  char- 
acter of  the  Church  of  England ;  high-church. 
Applied  to  that  party  in  the  Anglican  Church  which  in 
doctrine  and  ceremonies  most  closely  approximates  to  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  sometimes  called  the  ritualistic, 
high,  or  Pusei/ite  section 'of  the  church. 

II,  n.  A  member  of  the  Church  of  England, 
or  of  any  Anglican  church ;  especially,  one  who 
maintains  the  Catholic  character  of  the  Angli- 
can Chm'ch.  Hence  the  term  has  been  applied  espe- 
cially to  the  high-churchmen  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
such  as  Laud,  .\ndrews,  Cosin,  and  Jeremy  Taylor,  and  iu 
tlie  present  century  to  the  adherents  of  the  Oxford  move- 
ment, such  as  Eose,  William  Palmer,  J.  H.  Newman,  Ke- 
ble,  and  Pusey,  and  later  to  the  revivers  of  ancient  ritual, 
known  as  ritualists. 

Anglo-Catholicism  (ang"gl6-ka-thori-sizm),  n. 
The  principles  of  the  Anglican  Church  regarded 
as  catholic ;  the  principles  of  Anglo-Catholics. 

Anglo-Danish  (ang-gl6-da'nish),  u.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  English  Danes,  or  the  Danes  who 
settled  in  England. 

Anglo-French  (ang-glo-freneh'),  a.  and  n.  I. 
a.  English  and  French;  pertaining  to  the  lan- 
guage so  called. 

II,  n.  That  form  of  Old  French  brought  into 
England  by  the  Normans  and  later  comers  from 
France,  and  there  separately  developed ;  Anglo- 
Norman. 


Anglogsea  (ang-glo-je'ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Anglo-  + 
Gr.  lain,  earth,  eoxmtry.]  In  ::oogcog.,  the  An- 
giogseau  realm;  Nearetic  America  or  Arcta- 
merica.  Gill. 

Anglogsean  (ang-gl6-je'an),  a.  In  zodgcog.,  a 
term  applied  by  Gill  to  one  of  the  nine  realms  or 
prime  divisions  of  the  earth's  laud-sm-face,  in- 
cluding North  America  as  far  southward  as 
about  to  the  present  Mexican  boimdary  in  the 
lowlands,  and  to  the  isthmus  of  Tehuantepee  in 
the  highlands :  synonymous  with  Arctamerican 
or  Nearetic. 

Anglo-Indian  (ang-gl6-in'di-an),  a.  and  w.  I. 
a.  1 .  Connected  with  both  England  and  India ; 
combining  English  and  Indian  characteristics : 
as,  Anglo-Indian  tvdde;  Anglo-Indian  words. — 
2.  Relating  to  or  connected  with  those  parts 
of  India  which  belong  to  Great  Britain  or  are 
imder  British  protection:  as,  the  Anglo-Indian 
empire. — 3.  Relating  or  pertaining  to  the  An- 
glo-Indians: as,  Anglo-Indian  housekeeping. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  English  race  born  or  resi- 
dent in  the  East  Indies. 

Anglo-Irish  (ang-gl6-i'rish),  a.  and  «.  I,  a.  1. 
Connected  with  both  England  and  Ireland  ;  re- 
lating to  both  these  coimtries  or  to  then-  in- 
habitants.— 2.  Pertaining  to  the  English  who 
have  settled  in  Ireland,  or  to  their  descendants. 
—  3.  Of  English  parentage  on  one  side  and  of 
Irish  on  the  other. 

II,  n.  pi.  1.  English  people  born  or  resident 
in  Ireland. —  2.  Descendants  of  parents  Eng- 
lish on  one  side  and  Irish  on  the  other. 

Anglomant  (ang'glo-man),  n. ;  pi.  Anglomen 
(-men).  [<  F.  anglomane,  <  anglomanic,  Anglo- 
mania; in  Jefferson's  use  (def.  2)  as  if  <  Anglo- 
+  man.'}  1.  An  Anglomaniac. —  2.  A  partizan 
of  English  interests  in  America. 

It  will  be  of  great  consequence  to  France  and  England 
to  have  America  governed  by  a  Galloman  or  an  Anqloman. 

Jefferson,  Works  (1859),  II.  317.    (N.  E.  D.) 

Anglomania  (ang-gl6-ma'ni-a),  «.  [—  F.  an- 
glomanie;  <  Anglo-  +  Gr.  fiavia,  madness:  see 
mania.']  An  excessive  or  undue  attachment 
to,  respect  for,  or  imitation  of  that  which  is 
English  or  peculiar  to  England,  as  English  in- 
stitutions, manners,  and  customs. 

Anglomaniac  (ang-gl6-ma'ni-ak),  n.  [<Anglo- 
+  maniac,  after  Anglomania.']  One  who  is  pos- 
sessed by  a  mania  for  all  that  is  English. 

Anglo-Norman  (ang-gl6-ji6r'man),  a.  and  n. 

1.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  both  England  and  Nor- 
mandy, or  to  their  inhabitants. — 2.  Pertaining 
to  the  Normans  who  settled  in  England  after 
the  conquest  in  1066. — 3.  Of  both  English  and 
Norman  descent. 

II,  1.  One  of  the  Noi'mans  who  settled  in 
England  after  its  conquest  by  William  of  Nor- 
mandy in  1066,  or  one  of  the  descendants  of 

such  a  settler.  The  term  is  seldom  applied  to  any 
descendants  of  the  Normans  of  a  time  later  tlian  the 
twelfth  century ;  after  tliat  time  they  are  called  English. 

2,  The  Norman  dialect  of  Old  French  as  spo- 
ken and  separately  developed  in  England. 

Anglophobe  (ang'glo-fob),  n.  [<  F.  anglo- 
phobe,  <  Anglo-,  English,  +  Gr.  (jioftelv,  fear.] 
One  who  hates  or  fears  England  or  the  English. 
Also  called  Anglopholiist. 

Anglophobia  (ang-glo-fo'bi-ii),  n.  [<  Anglo-  + 
Gr.  -(po'iiia,  fear:  see  Pho'bos.]  An  intense 
hatred  or  fear  of  England,  or  of  whatever  is 
English. 

Anglophobic  (ang-glo-fo'bik),  a.  [<  Anglo- 
phohia  +  -ic]  Pertaining  to  or  characterized 
by  Anglophobia. 

Anglophobist  (ang'glo-fo-bist),  n.  [<  Anglo- 
phobe +  -ist.]  Same  as  Anglophobe  :  as,  "a 
bitter  Anglophobist,"  H.  Cabot  Lodge,  Webster, 
p.  267. 

Anglo-Saxon  (ang-gl6-sak'son),  n.  and  a.  [< 
ML.  Anglo-Saxones,  more  correctly  written  J «- 
glo.saxones,  pi.,  also  Angli  Saxones  or  Angli  et 
Saxones,  rarely  Saxones  Angli.  The  term  fre- 
quently occurs  in  the  charters  of  Alfred  and 
his  successors  (chiefly  in  the  gen.  pi.  with  rex) 
as  the  general  name  of  their  people,  all  the 
Teutonic  tribes  in  England ;  but  it  is  sometimes 
confined  to  the  people  south  of  the  Humber. 
The  same  term  is  used  by  foreign  chroniclers 
and  wiiters  in  Latin  from  the  8th  to  the  12th 
century,  in  the  same  meaning  as  by  Alfred.  In 
the  Latin  charters  the  gen.  pi.  varies  from  An- 
glosaxoniim  (besides  Anglorum  Saxonum  and 
Anglorum  et  Saxonum)  through  the  half  AS. 
Angulsaxonum  to  the  wholly  AS.  Angulsaxna, 
the  AS.  forms  (in  the  Anglo-Saxon  charters) 
'being  Angulsaxna,  -saxona,  -seaxna,  -saxna,  -sex- 
na,  and  Ongulsaxna,  gen.  pi.  of  *Angulseaxan 


(corresponding  to  TVest-seaxan,  Edst-scaxan, 
Shth-seaxan,  -scaxe,  Middel-scaxc,  Eald-seu.ran, 
West-,  East-,  South-,  Middle-,  Old-Saxons), 
<  Angul,  Ongol,  orig.  the  name  of  the  district 
from  which  the  Angles  came,  in  comp.  the  com- 
bining form  of  Angle,  Engle,  pL,  the  Angles  (so 
also  ill  Angel-,  Ungel-,  Ongol-cynn,  also  Angel- 
theod,  Angel-folc,  the  Angle  (Anglo-Saxon)  peo- 
ple, Angel-cyning,  their  king,  Angcl-cyrice,  the 
Angle  (Anglo-Saxon)  church,  Angel-theow,  a 
man's  name,  lit.  Angle-servant),  4-  Sea.ran,  Sax- 
ons :  see  Angle^  and  Saxon.  In  the  Latin  charters 
the  country  is  sometimes  called  Anglosaxonia  or 
Angulsaxonia,  as  well  as  Saxonia.  The  ML.  An- 
glosaxones  is  a  true  compound,  following  such 
i?orms  as  L.  Syrophcenix,  <  Gr.  Zvpo<poivi^,  a  Syro- 
phenician,  i.  e.,  a  Syrian  Phenician;  L.  Indo- 
scythits,  <  Gr.  'IvSoaKvdo^,  an  Indian  Scythian ;  L. 
Indoscythia,  <  Gr.  'IvSoaKvOia,  Indoscythia;  L. 
Gallogrwci,  the  Gallic  or  Galatian  Greeks,  Gal- 
lohispani,  the  Gallic  Hispanians,  the  Gatils  of 
Spain,  etc.,  the  form  in  -o-  being  the  crude  form 
or  stem  of  the  first  element,  which  stands  in  a 
quasi-adjective  relation  to  the  second :  see  -o-. 
Cf.  D.  Angelsakser,  n.,  -saksisch,  a.,  Sw.Angel- 
sachsare,  n.,  Angelsachsisk,  a.,  Dan.  Angelsach- 
ser,  n.,  Angelsachsisk,  a.,  based  on  the  G.  Angel- 
sachse,  pi.  -en,  n.,  Angclsdchsisch,  a.;  all  mod.] 
I.  n.  1.  (a)  Literally,  one  of  the  Angle  or  '  Eng- 
lish' Saxons;  sometimes  restricted  to  the  Sax- 
ons who  dwelt  chiefly  in  the  southern  districts 
(Wessex,  Essex,  Sussex,  Middlesex — names 
which  contain  a  form  of  Saxon — and  Kent)  of 
the  country  which  came  to  be  known,  from  a 
kindred  tribe,  as  the  land  of  the  Angles,  Engla 
land,  now  England,  but  usually  extended  to  the 
whole  people  or  nation  formed  by  the  aggre- 
gation of  the  Angles,  Saxons,  and  other  early 
Teutonic  settlers  in  Britain,  or  the  whole  people 
of  England  before  the  conquest.  (6)  pi.  The 
English  race ;  all  persons  in  Great  iJritain  and 
Ireland,  in  the  United  States,  and  in  their  de- 
pendencies, who  belong,  actually  or  nominally, 
nearly  or  remotely,  to  the  Teutonic  stock  of 
England ;  in  the  widest  use,  all  English-speak- 
ing or  English-appearing  people, —  2.  [The  adj. 
used  absolutely.]  The  language  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxons  ;  Saxon ;  the  earliest  form  of  the  Eng- 
lish language,  constituting,  with  Old  Saxon, 
Old  Friesic,  and  other  dialects,  the  Old  Low 
German  group,  belonging  to  the  so-called  West 
Germanic  division  of  the  Teutonic  speech.  The 
first  Anglo-Saxon  dialect  to  receive  literary  cultivation 
was  that  of  the  Angles  (Anglo-Saxon  ^Engle,  Engle) :  hence 
the  name  ^Englisc,  Englisc,  that  is,  Anglish,  was  after- 
ward applied  to  all  the  dialects,  and  particularly  to  the 
prevailing  one.  West  Saxon  ;  it  is  the  origin  of  the  name 
English  as  applied  to  the  modern  mixed  language.  (See 
Anglish  and  English.)  A  Middle  Latin  name  for  the  lan- 
guage was  lingua  Saxonica,  or  lingua  Saxonum  or  Anglo- 
saxonum.  The  Anglo-Saxon  language,  in  the  widest  use  of 
the  name,  consisted  of  several  dialects :  the  Northern  or 
Anglian  group,  including  the  Old  Northumbrian  and  the 
Midland  or  Jlcrcian  dialects,  and  the  Southern  or  Saxon, 
group,  including  tlie  West  Saxon  and  the  Kentish.  The 
Kentish  remains  are  scanty,  the  Mercian  scantier  still  and 
doubtful,  while  the  Old  Northumbrian  remains  are  con- 
siderable. The  gi-eat  bulk  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  literature 
is  West  Saxon,  the  two  terms  being  practically  synony- 
mous except  when  expressly  distinguished  as  generic  and 
specific.  In  the  Old  or  Middle  English  period  the  Mid- 
land dialect  became  conspicuous,  and  it  is  to  it  that  the 
form  of  modern  English  is  chiefly  due.  In  this  dictionary 
Anglo-Saxon  (abbreviated  AS.)  includes  the  whole  lan- 
guage (but  chiefly  West  Saxon,  the  Old  Northumbrian  and 
Kentish  being  discriminated  when  necessary)  from  the 
middle  of  the  fifth  century,  or  rather  from  the  seventh  cen- 
tury, when  the  first  contemporary  records  begin,  to  the 
middle  or  end  of  the  twelfth  century  ;  the  language  from 
the  conciuest  (1066)  to  the  end  of  this  period  being  'late 
Anglo-Saxon.'    See  English. 

Several  of  the  English  scholars  who  are  most  active  in 
the  study  of  early  English  wage  war  on  Anglo-Saxon. 
They  attack  the  word.  .  .  .  They  are  still  more  hostile  to 
the  suggestion  which  goes  with  the  word,  that  the  speech 
called  Anglo-Saxon  is  difterent  from  modern  English,  so  as 
to  deserve  a  separate  name.  They  say  there  has  been  but 
one  speech  spoken  in  England  ))y  the  Teutonic  tribes  and 
their  descendants  from  Ca;dmon  to  Tennyson.  .  .  .  This 
classic  Anglo-Saxon  differs  from  our  English  in  phonology, 
...  in  vocabulary,  .  .  .  [in]  inflections,  ...  in  the  deri- 
vation of  words,  .  .  .  [in]  syntax,  .  .  .  [in]  versification  [see 
alliteration],  .  .  .  [and  in]  the  modes  of  thought.  .  .  .  The 
former  is  a  synthetic  German  speech,  with  its  own  periods 
of  early  irregular  idiom,  classic  eultivation,  decline  and  fall 
into  dialects  ;  the  latter  an  analytic  mixed  speech  of  Ro- 
manic cultivation,  with  other  periods  of  growth,  and  classic 
regularity  and  progress.  And  a  cliaos  separates  the  two 
languages.  It  is  only  when  attention  is  directed  to  the 
history  of  etymological  forms  that  unity  can  be  plausibly 
claimed  for  them.  .  .  .  But  while  the  importance  of  these 
forms  in  tracing  the  descent  of  languages  is  pi  obably  not 
overrated,  their  weight  in  establishing  identity  or  siini- 
larity  may  easily  be.  .  .  .  The  proposed  use  of  OW&i.'/^is'i 
[in  place  of  Anglo-Saxon]  does  not  distinguish,  but  con- 
founds all  the  periods  of  Anglo-Saxon  and  the  two  early 
periods  of  English.  .  .  .  Tlie  reasons  urged  for  this  no- 
menclature are  in  great  part  sentimental.  It  is  tliought 
to  magnify  the  English  language  and  race  to  represent 


Anglo-Saxon 

them  as  Low  German,  having  an  unbroken  liistory  parallel 
with  that  of  the  High  German,  and  reaching  through  a 
more  famous  career  to  a  more  venerable  antiquity.  But 
Americans  are  taught  to  believe  iu  mixed  races,  and  it 
magnifies  the  English  most  in  our  eyes  to  represent  it  in 
the  old  fashion,  as  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  great 
languages,  the  bearers  of  the  best  cultivation  of  the  Teu- 
tonic and  Romanic  races. 

F.  A.  March,  in  Trans.  Amer.  Philol.  Ass.,  IV.  97-105. 

II.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Anglo-Sax- 
ons: a,B,t\iQ  Anglo-Saxon'khigs;  the  Anglo-Saxon 
language. —  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  language 
of  the  Anglo-Saxons;  belonging  to,  derived 
from,  or  having  the  form  or  spirit  of  that  lan- 
guage: as,  the  Anglo-Saxon  elements  of  mod- 
ern English;  the  proportion  of  Anglo-Saxon 
words  in  the  Bible  or  Shakspere;  an  Anglo- 
Saxon  style,  as  contrasted  with  a  Latin  style. — 
3.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  characteristic  of  Anglo- 
Saxons,  or  the  English-speaking  race :  as,  An- 
glo-Saxon enterprise;  the  political  genius  of 
the  Anglo-Saxon  race. 

Anglo-Saxondom  (ang-gl6-sak'son-dum),  n. 
[<  Anglo-Saxon  -f-  -dom.^  The  Anglo-Saxon 
domain;  the  whole  body  of  Anglo-Saxons,  in 
sense  1  (b). 

Anglo-Sazonic  (ang'-'glo-sak-son'ik),  a.  [< 
ML.  Anglosaxonicus,  <  Anglosaxones :  see  Anglo- 
Saxon.^  Of  Anglo-Saxon  character  or  quality ; 
Anglo-Saxon  in  origin  or  seeming. 

Anglo-Saxonism  (ang-gl6-sak'son-izm),  n. 
[<  Anglo-Saxon  +  -ism.}  1.  A  characteristic  or 
peculiarity  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race. —  2.  A 
word,  phrase,  idiom,  or  pecidiarity  of  speech 
belonging  to  Anglo-Saxon,  or  of  Anglo-Saxon 
origiu  or  type. — 3.  The  state  of  being  Anglo- 
Saxon  in  the  widest  sense  ;  that  which  consti- 
tutes the  Anglo-Saxon  or  English  character  in 
the  aggregate  ;  the  feeling  of  pride  in  being 
Anglo-Saxon. 

angnailt,  ».    The  more  correct  form  of  agnail. 

See  agnail  and  hangnail. 
angola  (ang-go'la),  n.    A  common  but  corrupt 

form  of  angora. 

Angola  cat,  pea,  seed,  weed.  See  the  nouns. 

angon  (ang'gon),  n.  [ML.  ango,  <  MGr.  ayyuv.'] 
The  heavy  barbed  javelin  of  the  Franks,  it  is 
described  as  being  not  very  long,  but  heavy,  and  used  as 
much  to  drag  down  the  enemy's  shield,  when  fixed  in  it 
by  its  barbs,  as  to  inflict  wounds ;  in  this  respect  resem- 
bling the  pilum  (which  see).  It  was  also  used  as  a  pike 
or  lance  in  close  combat. 

angor  (ang'gor),  «,  [Early  mod.  E.  also  an- 
gour  and  (by  confusion  with  anger''-)  anger, 

<  late  ME.  angure,  <  OF.  angor,  angour,  <  L. 
angor,  ace.  angorem,  anguish,  trouble,  Ht.  a 
strangling,  <  angere  (=  Gr.  ayxeiv),  compress, 
throttle,  strangle,  stifle,  distress,  torment, 
trouble:  see  anguish,  angust,  and  anger'^.  In 
the  medical  sense  angor  is  nearly  synonymous 
with  the  kindred  a«(7ifta.]  If.  Anguish  pntense 
bodily  or  mental  pain. 

For  man  is  laden  with  ten  thousand  languors ; 
All  other  creatures  onely  feele  the  angors 
Of  few  diseases. 
Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas  (ed.  Grosart),  The  Fui-ies,  1.  607. 

Whose  voices,  angers,  and  terrors,  and  sometimes  howl- 
ings,  he  said  he  often  heard. 

Abp.  Ussher,  Ans.  to  a  Jesuit,  p.  175. 

2.  lamed.,  extreme  anxiety,  accompanied  with 
painful  constriction  at  the  epigastrium,  and 
often  with  palpitation  and  oppression.  Dungli- 
son. 

angora  (ang-go'ra),  n.  [<  Angora  (Turk.  An- 
gliHr),  mod.  form  of  Gr.  ^'AyKvpa,  L.  Ancijra,  a  town 
in  Asia  Minor,  giving  name  to  the  cat  and  the 
goat  so  called:  see  also  Ancyrene.  The  name 
coincides  with  Gr.  ayKvpa,  L.  ancora,  a  hook,  an 
anchor:  see  anchor^.'}  A  light  cloth  made  of 
-Angora  wool,  and  used  for  coats  and  cloaks. 

The  angora  of  commerce  does  not  now  contain  Angora 
wool,  but  is  made  of  mohair  and  silk.  Erroneously  but 
commonly  written  angola. 

Angora  cat,  goat,  wool.    See  the  nouns. 

Angostura  bark.  [<  Angostura,  a  town  in  Ven- 
ezuela, on  the  Orinoco;  lit.  a  narrow  pass;  < 
Sp.  angostura  (=  Pg.  angustura),  narrowness,  a 
narrow  pass,  <  angosto  (=Pg.  angusto),  narrow, 

<  L.  angustus,  narrow:  see  angust  and  anguish.'] 
See  hark^. 

angrily  (ang'gri-U),  adv.  [ME.  angrily,  angryly, 
-hche;  <  angry  -1-  -ly2,  Cf.  angerly,  adv.]  In  an 
angry  manner;  with  indications  of  resentment. 

Rashly  and  angrily  I  promised  ;  but  cunningly  and  pa- 
tiently will  I  perform.  C.  Kingsley,  The  Heroes. 

angriness  (ang'gri-nes),  «.   1.  The  state  of 
being  angry. 

Such  an  angriness  of  humour  that  we  take  fire  at  every- 
thing. Br.  B.  More,  Whole  Duty  of  Man,  §  22. 

2.  Inflammation  and  pain  of  a  sore  or  swell- 
ing. [Obsolescent.] 


215 

angry  (ang'gri),  a.  [ME.  angry,  earlier  an- 
ger ich ;  <  anger''  +  If.  Causing  grief  or 
trouble;  troublesome;  vexatious;  trying. 

God  had  provided  a  severe  and  aiiyry  education  to 
chasten  the  frowardness  of  a  young  spirit. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Sermons,  III.  107. 

2t.  Feeling  grief  or  trouble ;  grieved ;  troubled ; 
vexed. — 3.  Peeling  or  showing  anger  or  re- 
sentment {with  or  at  a  person,  at  or  about  a 
thing) :  said  of  persons. 
God  is  angry  with  the  wicked  every  day.  Ps.  vii.  11. 
Rather  be  glad  to  amend  your  ill  living  than  to  be  angry 
when  you  are  warned  or  told  of  your  fault. 

Latimer,  Sermon  of  the  Plough. 
How  he  fell 

From  heaven  they  fabled,  thrown  by  angry  Jove 
Sheer  o'er  the  crystal  battlements. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  741. 

4.  Characterized  by  or  manifesting  anger ; 
wrathful:  as,  an  angry  look  or  mood;  angry 
words  ;  an  angry  reply. 

Often  a  man's  own  angry  pride 
Is  cap  and  bells  for  a  fool. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  vi. 

5.  Bearing  the  marks  of  anger;  ha-ving  the  ap- 
pearance of  being  in  anger;  frowning;  fierce: 
as,  an  angry  countenance  ;  angry  billows. 

And  with  my  knife  scratch  out  the  angry  eyes 
Of  all  the  Greeks  that  are  thine  enemies. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1469. 
From  the  far  corner  of  the  building,  near  the  ground, 
angry  puffs  of  steam  shone  snow-white  in  the  moon  and 
vanished.  R.  L.  Stevenson,  The  Dynamiter,  p.  54. 

6.  Ha-ving  the  color  of  the  face  of  one  who  is 
in  anger;  red.  [Bare.] 

Sweet  rose,  whose  hue  angry  and  brave. 

Herbert,  Virtue. 

7.  Shai-p;  keen;  vigorous.  [Eare.] 

I  never  ate  with  angrier  appetite. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

8.  In  med.,  inflamed,  as  a  sore;  exldbiting  in- 
flammation. 

This  serum,  being  accompanied  by  the  thinner  parts  of 
the  blood,  grows  red  and  angry.  Wiseman,  Surgery. 

=  Syn.  3,  4,  5.  Indignant,  incensed,  passionate,  resent- 
ful, irritated,  wrathful,  irate,  hot,  raging,  furious,  stormy, 
choleric,  inflamed,  tumultuous, 
anguiculae  (ang-gwik'u-le),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  fem. 
pi. ;  cf.  L.  anguiculns,  in.,  a  small  sei-pent,  dim. 
of  unguis,  a  serpent :  see  Anguis.]  An  old  name 
of  the  small  nematoid  worms,  as  those  of  the 
family  Anguillulidee,  found  iu  sour  paste,  vine- 
gar, etc.,  and  commonly  called  -vinegar-eels.  It 
was  not  used  as  a  zoological  name, 
anguicular  (ang-gwik'u-lar),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  anguieulse. 

anguid  (ang'gwid),  n.    A  lizard  of  the  family 
Anguidce. 

Anguidse  (ang'gwi-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anguis  + 
-idee.]  A  family  of  lacertilians,  typified  by  the 
genus  Anguis.  it  is  closely  related  to  the  Scincidce, 
and  contains  a  number  of  feeble,  fragile,  and  harmless  apo- 
dal and  snake-like  lizards,  living  in  holes  or  under  stones, 
and  feeding  on  insects  or  worms.  The  technical  charac- 
ters are  :  an  esquamate  tongue  whose  anterior  portion  is 
retractile,  clavicles  undilated  proximally,  postorbital  and 
postfrontal  arches  present,  and  temporal  fossse  roofed  over, 
and  the  body  furnished  with  osteodermal  plates  having 
irregularly  branching  or  radiating  channels. 
Anguifer  (ang'gvsd-fer),  n.  [L.,  serpent-bear- 
ing, <  anguis,  a  serpent  (see  Anguis),  +  ferre  = 
E.  6eari.]  In  astron.,  a  northern  constellation 
pictured  by  a  man  holding  a  serpent ;  Serpen- 
tarius,  or  Ophiuehus.  See  cut  under  Ophiuchus. 
anguiform  (ang'gwi-foi-m),  a.  [<  NL.  angui- 
form'is,  <  L.  anguis,  a  snake  (see  Anguis),  +  for- 
ma, iorm.]  Snaky;  serpentine;  like  a  snake: 
said  both  of  shape  and  of  movement:  as,  an 
anguiform  motion;  an  anguiform  myriapod; 
"the  anguiform  Chilognathans,"  Kirby,  Habits 
of  Animals  (1835),  p.  68. 
Anguiformes  (ang-gwi-for'mez),  n.pl.  [NL., 
pi.  of  anguiformis:  see  anguiform.]  In  La- 
treille's  system  of  classification,  a  group  of 
chilognath  myriapods,  corresponding  to  the 
family  luUdw  of  Westwood. 
AngUilla  (ang-gwil'a),  n.  [L.,  an  eel  (cf.  Gr. 
syx^^'i^C,  an  eel),  dim.  of  anguis,  a  serpent:  see 


Common  Eel  {Ang^itla  -vittgaris). 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  1S84.) 


Anguis.]  A  genus  of  fishes,  typical  of  the  fam- 
ily Anguillida; :  a  name  sometimes  given  com- 
prehensively to  the  apodal  fishes  with  pectoral 


anguish 

fins,  but  by  recent  authors  restricted  to  the 
common  eel,  A.  vulgaris,  and  elo.sely  related 

species.  Its  species  are  very  diversely  estimated,  some 
authors  recognizing  about  M),  others  only  4,  the  Aretoga;an 
A.  vulgaris,  the  Indian  A.  niarmorata  and  A.  viona,  and 
the  Oceanic  A.  megaUiKlmna. 

anguillid  (ang-gwil'id),  n.    A  fish  of  the  family 

Anguillida',  as  an  eel. 
Anguillidse  (ang-gwil'i-do),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  An- 

guilla  +  -id(B.]  A  family  of  apodal  fishes,  exem- 
plified by  the  genus  Anguilla;  the  tyjjical  eels. 
Various  limits  have  been  a.ssigne(l  to  it  by  iclithyologists. 
As  now  restricted,  the  Anguillidw  are  characteii/ed  liy 
the  presence  of  pectoral  tins,  remoteness  of  the  dorsal  fin 
from  the  head,  confluence  of  the  dorsal  and  anal  fins  with 
the  caudal,  presence  of  small  elliptical  obliquely  set  scales, 
discrete  lateral  nostrils,  tongue  free  in  front,  slender  re- 
duced pterygoid  bones,  elongated  jaws,  and  moderately 
broad  ethmovomerine  region.  In  this  sense  the  family 
contains  only  the  genus  Anguilla. 

ang:uilliform  (ang-gwil'i-form),  a.  [<  NL.  an- 
guilliformis,  <  L.  anguilla,  an  eel,  -I-  forma, 
form.]  1.  Ha-ving  the  form  of  an  eel  or  of  a 
serpent ;  resembling  an  eel  or  a  serpent.  Spe- 
cifically—  2.  In  ichth.,  having  the  zoological 
character  of  an  eel ;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  An- 
guilliformcs. 

Anguilliformes  (aug-gwil-i-for'mez),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  pi.  of  anguillformis :  see  anguilliform.] 
In  Cuvier's  classification  of  fishes,  the  only 
recognized  family  of  Malacopterygii  apodes,  in- 
cluding fishes  -svith  an  elongated  foi-m,  a  thick 
and  soft  skin,  few  bones,  no  easca,  and  in  most 
cases  a  swim-bladder  which  is  often  of  singu- 
lar shape.  It  has  been  disintegrated  into  many 
families,  and  even  different  orders. 
Anguillina  (ang-gwi-H'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Anguilla  +  -ina.]  In  Giinther's  classification 
of  fishes,  a  group  of  Murwnidw platychistce,  -with 
the  gill-openings  separated  by  an  interspace, 
pectoral  fins  present,  nostrils  superior  or  lat- 
eral, tongue  free,  and  the  end  of  the  tail  sur- 
rounded by  the  fin. 

anguillous  (ang-gwil'us),  a.  [<  L.  anguilla,  an 
eel,+-ous.]  Like  aneel;  anguiUiform.  [Rare.] 
Anguillula  (ang-gwil'u-la),  ».  [NL.,  dim.  of 
L.  anguilla,  an  eel.]  "  A  genus  of  nematoid 
worms  or  nemathelminths,  typical  of  the  family 
Anguillulidm  (which  see).  The  common  vinegar-eel 
is  A.  aeeti;  that  of  sour  paste,  A.  qlvtinosa ;  that  of 
blighted  wheat,  A.  tritici.  _  See  cut  under  Xeynatoidea 
anguillule  (ang-gwil'ul),  n.  [<  Anguillula,  q.  v.] 
One  of  the  anguiculge  or  Anguillulidce ;  any  simi- 
lar eel-like  creature  of  small  size. 
Anguillulidse  (ang-gwi-lu'li-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  < 
Anguillula  +  -idee]  Afamilyof  free,  that  is,  not 
parasitic,  nematoid  worms,  including  the  minute 
creatures  known  as  vinegar-eels .  The  family  is  re- 
lated to  the  Gordiidce,  or  horsehair  worms,  and  contains 
many  genera,  of  which  the  best  known  is  Anguillula. 

Anguinse  (ang-gwi'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anguis 
+  -ince.]  The  slow-worms,  or  Anguielw,  rated  as 
a  subfamily  of  Scincidai. 
anguine  (ang'gwin),  a.  [<  L.  anguineus,  <  an- 
guis, a  snake:  see  Anguis.]  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  a  snake;  snake-like:  as,  "the  an- 
guine  or  snake-like  reptiles,"  Owen,  Comp.  Anat. 
—Anguine  lizard,  a  snake-lizaid  of  South  Africa,  Cha- 
moesaura  anguina.    See  Chamcesaura. 

anguineal  (ang-gwin'e-al),  a.  [<  L.  anguineus 
(see  angiiine)  +  -al.]  Resembling  or  pertaining 
to  a  snake  or  snakes.— Anguineal  hyperbola,  a 

term  applied  by  Newton  to  a  hyperbolic  curve  of  the  third 
order  having  one  asymptote  and  three  inflections. 

anguineous  (ang-gwin'e-us),  a.  [<  L.  angui- 
neus: see  anguine.]  Same  as  a^iguineal. 
Anguinidae  (ang-gwin'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Anguis  +  -in-  +  -idw.]  Same  as  Anguidw. 
anguiped,  anguipede  (ang'gwi-ped,  -ped),  a. 
and  n.  [<  L.  anguipes,  <  anguis  (see  Anguis),  a 
serpent,  -1-  pes  (ped-)  =  E.  foot.]  I,  a.  Hav- 
ing feet  or  legs  in  the  form  of  serpents:  ap- 
plied to  such  conceptions  as  the  serpent-footed 
giants  of  Greek  mythology. 

A  winged  anguipede  giant. 

A.  S.  Murray,  Greek  Sculpture,  II.  305,  note. 

II.  n.  An  indi-vidual  fabled  to  have  serpents' 
bodies  and  heads  in  the  place  of  legs. 
Anguis  (ang'gwis),  n.  [L.,  a  serpent,  a  snake, 
Ut.  a  throttler,  a  constrictor  (see  constrictor).  < 
angere,  throttle,  choke:  see  angerl-  and  angor.] 
A  genus  of  scincoid  lizards,  typical  of  the  family 
^?((7i«'cf a?,  representedby  the  slow-worm  or  blind- 
worm  of  Europe,  Anguis  fragilis,  as  the  best- 
known  species.  These  lizards  are  perfectly  harmless, 
though  jiopularly  thought  to  be  dangerous.  They  have 
been  supposed  to  be  blind,  from  the  smallness  of  the  eyes. 
The  body  is  very  brittle,  and  the  tail  readily  breaks  oil. 
There  are  apparently  no  limbs,  so  that  the  animal  resem- 
bles a  small  snake  or  worm. 

anguish  (ang'gwish),  n.  [<  ME.  anguish,  an- 
guyslie,  angwishe,  angwische,  etc.,  earlier  an- 


anguish 

guise,  anguis,  anguissc,  angoisc,  angus,  etc.,  < 
OF.  anguissc,  angoisse,  mod.  P.  angoisse  =  Pr. 
angoissa  =  OSp.  aitgoxa  (Sp.  Pg.  angustia)  = 
It.  angoscia,  anguish,  <  L.  angustia,  straitness, 
naiTowness,  in  class.  L.  usually  in  pi.  angus- 
tice,  a  defile,  strait,  fig.  straits,  distress,  diffi- 
culty, scarcity,  want,  poverty,  <  aiigitstits,  strait, 
narrow,  difficult  (cf.  Goth,  uggwu's  =  AS.  angc, 
ciige,  etc.,  strait,  narrow),  <  aiigcre  =  Gv.  ayx^iv, 
choke,  strangle,  stiiie:  see  aiiijiist,  atigor,  and 
aiiger^.']  1.  Excruciating  or  agonizing  pain  of 
either  body  or  mind ;  acute  suffering  or  distress. 

But  tliey  hearkened  not  unto  Moses  for  anguisli  of  spirit, 
and  for  cruel  bondage.  ■  Ex.  vi.  9. 

^^^^en  pain  and  anguish  ^vring  the  brow, 
A  ministering  angel  thou.    Soolt,  Marralon,  vi.  30. 

In  the  sternest  of  his  [Achilles's]  acts,  we  read  only  the 
anguish  of  his  grief.  Be  Quiitceti,  Homer,  iii. 

2.  An  overwhelming  emotion.  [Rare.] 

He  cried  in  an  anguish  of  delight  and  gratitude. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair. 


216 


anhidrosis 


angustatet  (ang-gus'tat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

aiigiistatvd,  ppr.  angustating.  [<  L.  angustatus, 
pp.  of  angustare,  straiten,  narrow,  <  angustus, 
narrow  :  see  august.  ]  To  make  narrow :  strait- 
en ;  contract. 


=Syn.^./on;,,.4n(,«isA  Panp,  etc  See  ni7o«i/ and  <7W(./.  angulamess  (apg'gu-lar-nes),  n 
anguish  (ang  gwish),  V.  t.    [<  ME.  angmjschen,    of  being  angular. 


in  the  representation,  the  horizontal  lines  of  both  con- 
verge to  vanishing-points.  Also  called  oblique  perspectim. 
—Angular  processes,  in  anat.,  the  orbital  processes  of 
the  frontal  bone  neiu-  the  angles  of  the  eye.  The  external 
angular  process  is  sometimes  called  the  jiiifal  process.  See 
cut  under  .sA,»H.— Angular  sections,  that  part  of  mathe- 
matics whicli  treats  of  the  division  of  angles  into  ecrual  ^,  -r 

parts.— Angular  vein,  in  anat.,  the  part  of  the  facial  augUSTiate  (ang-gus  tat),  «.    [<  L.  angustatus, 

vein  whicli  accompanies  the  angular  artery.— Ajigular  '   ->    -^t  ,      .     .  ,• 

velocity,  in  ))u>i7,.,  the  angle  which  a  line  perpemlicular 
to  the  axis  of  rotation  sweeps  through  in  a  given  unit  of 
time ;  the  speed  or  rate  of  revolution  of  a  revolving  Viody: 
usually  expressed  in  circular  measure  (which  see,  under 
measure). 

angularity  (ang-gu-lar'i-ti),  «.;  pi.  angularities 
(-tiz).  [<angular  +  -ity.']  The  quality  of  being 
angular  in  any  sense;  an  angular  detail  or 
characteristic. 

No  doubt  there  are  a  few  men  who  can  look  beyond  the 
husk  or  shell  of  a  fellow-being— his  angularities,  awk- 
wardness, or  eccentricity  —  to  the  hidden  qualities  within. 

II'.  Matthews,  Getting  on  in  the  World,  p.  142. 

angularly  (ang'gu-lar-li),  adv.  In  an  angular 
manner;  with  angles  or  corners, 


angwislien,  earUer  anguisen,  anguissen-<.OF.  angulate  (ang'gfi-lat),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  an 

angoisser,anguissef  —  ^v.angoissar^^-r,  Vcr  nn.    ..,7;„^„j         5,,5.-.7-.,:.;'_     --'-'^        -  - 


pp.:  see  the  verb.]  Narrowed;  straitened. 
angUStation  (ang-gus-ta'shon),  n.  [<  angus- 
tatc]  Theactof  making angustate or  narrow; 
a  straitening  or  narrowing  dovra. 
angUSticlave  (ang-gus'ti-klav),  V.  [<  L.  flH- 
gusticlavius,  adj.,  wearing  a  narrow  purple 
stripe,  <  angustus,  narrow,  -I-  clavus,  a  nail,  a 
knob,  a  purple  stripe  on  the  tunic :  see  clavus.^ 
A  narrow  purple  stripe  or  band  reaching  from 
the  shoulder  to  the  bottom  of  the  ttmic  on  each 
side,  worn  regularly  by  members  of  the  Roman 
equestrian  order,  and  sometimes  by  those  of  in- 
ferior rank  who  had  the  means  to  provide  it. 
It  was  woven  in  the  fabric,  and  is  rarely  indi- 
cated in  sculpture. 
The  quality  angustifoliate  (ang-gus-ti-fo'li-at),  a.    [<  NL. 

angustifoliatus,  <  L.  angustus,  narrow,  +foliatus, 


-Sn  Vo-  />«   — o~  -•-.-/,     y,  " —  ft^-         leaved,  < /oZmwi,  leaf:  see  folio.']    In  hot.,  nar- 

Ti  -  ■        ^  -     ^,     -  *sp- -tig- gutated,-p-pT.angulating.    Hh.  angulatus,  made  row-leaved. 

anp,lar(cf.LL^«.,«/^.e,'make  angular)',  angUStirostrate(ang-gus.ti-ros'trat),  «.  [<NL. 

aistress  witu  exciuciatmg  pam  or  giiet.  gtdus  angle:  see  angle^.-]   To  make  angular  or    angustirostraius,  <  L.  angustus,  narrow,  +  ros- 

I  wish  tliou  hadst  not  alighted  so  hastily  and  roughly;    angulate.  tratus  hea^ad  <  rnifriitn  hpah  1   1-,,  -nnl  W 

It  hath  shaken  down  a  sheaf  of  thy  hair;  take  heed  thou  anfflllntp  (ar,<r'cri\  Isn  n  nr,nulni„.  .  Deauea,  ^  JOStrum,  beak.  J   In  sooL,  hav- 

sit  not  upon  it,  lest  it  a/i.-7»iV/!  thee.  anguiate  (ang  gu-iat),  a.    l<:,  L,.  angulatus :  SQQ    mg  a  narrow,  slender,  or  (especially)  com- 

ia;u?o/-,  Leofric  and  Godiva,  p.  61.    ttie  verb.J      ormed  With  angles  or  corners ;  of    pressed  beak:  opposed  to  to<i»-osirflie. 
anguished  (ang'gwisht), a.    [Early  mod.  E.        angular  form;  angled;  cornered:  as,  angu-  Angustura  bark.    See  Angostura  harh,  under 


also  anguisht,  <  ME.  angwislied.'] 


Affected  by         stems,  leaves,  petioles,  etc. 
anguish;  expressing  or  caused  by  anguish.       angulated  (ang'gu-la-ted),  p.  a.  Same 


On  thy  cold  forehead  starts  the  anguished  dew. 

Coleridge,  Death  of  Cliatterton, 
angiushoust,  «.   [Early  mod.  E.,  and  mod.  dial 


gulate,  a.:  as,  "angulated  fore-wings,"  H.  0. 
Forbes,  Eastern  Archipelago,  p.  274. 
angulately  (ang'gu-lat-li),  adv.  In  an  angulate 

<  ME.  anguishou^,  angwisshous,' earlier  anguys-  J^'^^T^lZ't^^t-t''^^^^^^^^  u 
sous,  ang.isous,  angLuse,  angussus,  <  Of'  ei-  ^f^J^l^^^.^^f ^f^ilfs ;1^^^  SS^l^^- 

gulated. 

),a.  [< 


guissus,  angussus,  later  angoisseux  (Cotgrave)  = 

and-o«s.]   Fullof  anguish;  attended  with  an-        ""'Oulatus,  angulate,  +  LL.  ^/jft&o. 
guish.  Chaucer. 
angular  (ang'gu-lar),  a.    [<  L.  angularis,  <  an- 
gulits,  an  angle:  see  angle^.]     1.  Having  an 
angle  or  angles ;  having  corners ;  pointed :  as, 
an  angular  figure;  an  angular  piece  of  rock; 

an  angle;  foi-ming  an  angle:  as,  .n  angllar  ^^^'^tlSJ;7'f!n:^t^^fdrf.]  ^L'^oSt 
point.- 3.  Measured  by  an  angle;  subt^endmg  ^a^dng  the  last  whorl  angulated.  Grain,  1847. 
an  angle;  having  a  divergence  expressed  m  de-  anffulinerved  ("an^'eTi-li-Wvdr  o     K  t/ 

gutus,  an  angle,  +  nervum,  nerve,  +  -erf2.]  In 


bous.]  Gibbous  with  an  angulate  tendency. 
N.  E.  D. 

angulato-sinuous  (ang-gu-la-to-sin'u-us),  a. 
[<L.  angukitus,  angulate,  -i-  sinuosus,  sinuous.] 
Sinuous  or  winding  with  the  curves  anarled. 
N.  E.  D  ^ 


hark'^. 

angwantibo  (ang-gwan-te'bo),  n.  [Native 
name.]  The  slow  lemur  of  Old  Calabar,  Arc- 
tocebus  calabarensis,  of  the  subfamily  Nyctice- 
bina,  related  to  the  potto,  and  by  some  referred 
to  the  genus  Perodicticus.  The  tail  is  rudimentary ; 
the  inner  digits  of  botli  feet  are  opposable  as  tluimbs,  the 
index  digit  is  rudimentary,  and  the  second  digit  of  the 
hind  foot  terminates  in  a  claw,  the  rest  of  the  digits  hav- 
ing flat  nails.  The  pelage  is  thick  and  woolly,  of  a  brown- 
ish color,  paler  or  whitish  below. 
'osus,  gib-  anhangt  (an-hang'),  v.  t.    [<  ME.  anhangen,. 


grees,  minutes,  and  seconds:  as,  angular  dis- 
tance; angular  velocity. — 4.  Of  persons:  (a) 
Having  or  exhibiting  protuberances  of  joint  or 
limb ;  acting  or  moving  awkwardly  or  as  if  in 
angles. 

He  is  angular  in  his  movements,  and  rather  tall. 

F.  M.  Crawford,  Paul  Patoff,  viii. 

(6)  Stiff  in  manner;  cranky;  crotchety;  un- 
bending— Angular  advance  of  an  eccentric,  the 

angle  which  measures  the  arc  described  by  tlie  center  of 
the  eccentric  in  moving  from  its  position  at  a  half  stroke 
to  tliat  which  it  occupies  at  the  commencement  of  the 

stroke  of  the  piston,— Angular  aperture  of  lenses. 

See  a/«r<Mre.— Angular  artery,  in  anat.,  the  facial  ar- 
tery which  passes  near  the  angle  of  the  jaw,  and  finally 
near  the  inner  angle  of  the  eye ;  especially,  this  latter  por- 
tion of  its  course.— Angular  belting,  belting  having  a 
trapezoidal  section  and  used  with  a  grooved  pulley.  It  is 
employed,  because  of  its  great  adhesion,  where  a  narrow 
belt  or  considerable  traction  is  desired.  The  heavier  belts 
of  this  cla,ss  are  made  by  fastening  blocks  of  leatlier  or 
other  suitable  material,  shaped  like  truncated  pyramids, 


hot.,  having  nerves  which  diverge  at  an  angle 
from  the  rnidnerve,  often  branching  repeatedly 
by  subdivision,  as  in  most  exogenous  plants; 
feather-veined:  applied  to  leaves. 
Angulirostres  (ang*gu-li-ros'trez),   n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  L.  angulus,  an  angle,  -t-  rostrum,  beak.] 
In  Blyth's  classification  of  birds  (1849),  a 
superfamily  group  of  his  Halcyoides,  including 
the  todies  and  jaeamars,  or  the  two  families 
Todidce  and  Galbulidee. 
angulo-dentate  (ang"gu-16-den'tat),  a.    [<  L. 
angulus,  angle,  -I-  dcntatus,  toothed:  see  den- 
tate.]   Angularly  toothed, 
angulometer  (ang-gu-lom'e-ter),  n.    [<  L.  an- 
gulus, angle,  +  Gr.  fihpov,  measure.]    An  in- 
strument for  measuring  external  angles ;  a 
goniometer.    It  has  various  forms 
under  goniometer. 


to  the  innerface  of  a  strong  carrier-belt.- Angular  bone,  auffulose  (anff'eii-los')  a  r<  L  anrnjlo^yi  < 
a  bone  situated  at  or  near  tlie  angle  of  the  mandible  of  ^'^"8  S'^  '^"^h  a.  -Li-  anguiOSUS,  \ 

lower  vertebrates.- Angular  capital,  an  incorrect  term  f'fi"""*)  an  angle.]  lull  of  angles;  angu- 
for  angle-capital.— Angu.la.r  chain-belt,  a  chain  fitted  to  lous. 

run  over  a  V-shaped  pulley.     In^some  forms  flat  jinks  aUgUlOSitV  (ang-gii-los'i-ti),  11.  ;  pi.  angulosities 
'  (-tiz).    {<.  angulose  +  4'ty.]   The  state  or  qual- 


are  covered  witli  leather,  which  Ijears  against  the  sides  of 
the  groove ;  in  others  there  are  long  links  with  wooden 
blocks  wedged  into  thera,  whose  ends  form  the  bearing 
surfaces ;  these  links  al- 
ternate with  shorter  ones 
which   serve  merely  as 
connections.  —  Angular 
distance.    See  distance. 

—Angular  gearing,  in 

mach.,  toothed  wheels  of 
irregular  outline,  used  in 
transmitting  varialjle  mo- 
tion. — Angular  gyrus. 
See  ,f/!/r«s.— Angular  in- 
tervals, in  astron.,  those  arcs  of  the  equator 


anhangen,  no  pret.,  pp.  unhanged,  a  weak  verb; 
mixed  with  anhon,  pret.  anheng,  anhong,  an- 
hunge,  pp.  anhimgen,  anhonge,  a  strong  verb  ;  < 
AS.  *anh6n,  *onh6n  (Bosworth),  perhaps  for  d- 
hon,  a  strong  verb,  hang,  <  an,  on,  on  (or  «-),  -I- 
7(0«,  hang:  see  hang.]    To  hang. 

He  bad  to  take  him,  and  anhang  him  fast. 

Chaucer,  Doctor's  Tale,  1.  259. 
anharmonic  (an-har-mon'ik),  rt.  [=F.  anhar- 
monique;  <  Gr.  dv-priv.  (aw-B)  -I-  harmonic,  q.v.] 
Not  harmonic ;  in  geom.,  a  term  applied  by 
Chasles  to  an  important  kind  of  ratio  introduced 
into  geometry  by  Mobius.  lia,x,ij,b  are  four  values 
of  a  unidimensional  variable  (for  instance,  the  positions, 
of  four  points  on  a  line),  then  [  (x—a):  (x—b)  ]  x  [(v— 6): 
(?/—«)]  is  called  the  anharmonic  ratio  of  the  four  values. 
The  intersections  of  a  plane  pencil  of  four  lines  with  a  trans- 
versal have  the  same  anharmonic  ratio,  however  the  trans- 
versal may  be  situated  ;  and  this  ratio  is  called  the  anhar- 
monic ratio  of  the  pencil.  Anharmonic  ratios  are  always 
preserved  in  orthographic  projections.  By  means  of  these 
ratios,  metrical  properties  are  defined  as  projective  prop- 
erties of  the  absolute,  or  conic  at  infinity,  dee  absolute,  n.,  2. 
If  from  the  intersection  of  two  lines  tangents  are  drawn  to 
the  absolute,  the  logarithm  of  the  anharmonic  ratio  of  the 
pencil  so  formed  multiplied  by  i\/—2  is  the  angle  of  the 
first  two  lines.  So,  the  logarithm  of  the  anharmonic  ratio 
of  two  points,  together  with  the  intersections  of  their  con- 
necting line  with  the  absolute,  when  multiplied  by  a  con- 
stant, gives  the  distance  of  these  points.— Anharmonic 
property,  in  geom.,  a  property  that  is  connected  with  an 
anharmonic  ratio. 
See  cut  anhelation  (an-he-la'shon),  n.  [=  P.  anhela- 
tion,  <  L.  anhelatioXn-),  a  difficulty  of  breathing, 
panting,  asthma,  <  anhelare,  pp.  anhelatus :  se© 
anJiele.]  1.  Shortness  of  breath;  a  panting; 
difficult  respiration ;  asthma. —  2.  Eager  desire 
or  aspiration.    [Rare  in  both  senses.] 

These  .  .  .  anhelations  of  divine  souls  after  the  adora- 
ble object  of  their  love.  Glanville,  Sermons,  p.  313. 


ity  of  bein^  angulous  or  angular ;  angularity.    „    

anguloso-glbbous  (ang -gu- 16 -so -gib 'us),  a.  anhelet,  * .  i    [Early  mod.  E.  'anhealelYwE. 


Anijular  Gearii 


Same  as  angulato-gibhous. 
angulous  (ang'gu-lus),  a.    [=F.  anguleux,  for- 
merly angleux,  =  It.  angoloso,  <  L.  angulosus, 
fullof  angles:  see  angulose.]    Angular;  hav- 
ing comers ;  hooked ;  forming  an  angle. 

Held  together  by  hooks  and  angulous  involutions. 

Glanville,  Seep.  Sci.,  vii.  37. 


-  .   which 

are  intercepted  between  circles  of  declination  passing 
through  the  objects  observed.  They  ai'e  measured  by 
means  of  the  transit  instrument  and  clock.  —  Angular 
motion,  in  physics,  the  motion  of  any  body  which  moves 
about  a  fixed  or  relatively  fixed  point :  as,  the  angular 
motion  of  a  pendulum  or  a  planet :  so  called  because  such 
motion  is  measured  by  the  angle  contained  between  lines  moUusks. 

drawn  from  the  fixed  point  to  the  successive  positions  of  aUffUStt  fane-cust'l  a    r<  P  anavifp  (C,nf<r^^n^7a'\ 

"^m^^JS^T^        ^nf  2f    f  i  ?4t.-rSak  naE^^^ 

perspective  in  which  neither  of  the  sides  of  the  principal    ^  angere,  compress,  strangle :  see  anguish,  angor, 

object  is  parallel  to  the  plane  of  the  picture,  and  therefore,    and  aw^erl.]    Narrow ;  strait.  Burton, 


anhelen,  anelen,  <  OF.  aneler,  anheler,  =  Pr. 
anelar  =  Sp.  Pg.  anhelar  =  It.  anelare,  <  L.  an- 
helare, breathe  with  difficulty,  pant,  fig.  pant 
for,  pursue  eagerly;  <  an-  for  umbi-,  around, 
on  both  sides,  +  -helare,  in  comp.,  for  halare, 
breathe.  Cf .  exhale  and  inhale.  ]  To  pant,  espe- 
cially with  eager  desire  and  anxiety, 
angulus  (ang'gu-lus),  «.;  pi.  anguK  (-li).     [L.  :       With  mostfervent  desire  they  «n/ica;e  .  .  .  for  the  fruit 
see  angles.]     1.  In  anat.,  an  angle:  used  in    of  our  convocation.       iaiimo-,  2d  Sermon  before  Conv. 
phrases  like  angulus  oris,  the  corner  of  the  anheloset  (an-he'16s),  a.  [As  anhelous  + -ose.] 
mouth;  angulus  mandibular,  the  angle  of  the    ^&me  &s  anhelous. 

mandible  or  lower  jaw-bone;  angulus  costal,  the  anheloust  (an-he'lus).  a.  [<  L.  anhelus,  pant- 
angle  of  a  nb.— 2.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of   ing,  out  of  breath,  <  anhelare,  pant :  see  an- 


hele.]  Out  of  breath;  panting;  breathing  with 
difficulty. 

anhidrosis  (an-hi-dro'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avi- 
6puc,  without  perspiration  (<  av-  priv.  +  Idpuc, 
sweat,  akin  to  E.  sweat),  +  -osis.]  Deficiency  or 


anhidrosis 


217 


anima 


absence  of  perspiration.  Also  written  ani- 
drosis. 

anhidrotic  (an-hi-drot'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  anhi- 
drosis: see -oi!4c.]  I.  a.  Tending  or  fitted  to 
check  perspiration. 

II,  n.  Any  medicinal  agent  which  cheeks 
perspiration. 

anhima  (an'hi-ma),  n.  [Braz. ;  Sp.  anliina.  Cf. 
aniuma.']  1,  A  Brazilian  name  of  the  kamiehi 
or  horned  screamer,  Palamedea  coriiuta.  See 
Palamedca. — 2.  [cap.]  [NL.]  The  typical  ge- 
nus of  the  family  Anhimidw.    Brissoii,  1760. 

Anhimidse  (an-him'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  An- 
hima +  -idee.']  A  family  of  birds,  the  horned 
screamers :  synonymous  with  Palamedeidm. 

Anhimoidese  (an-hi-moi'de-e),  n.  jjI.  [NL.,  < 
Anhima  +  -oidew.']  A  gi-oup  of  birds,  refen'ed 
by  some  as  a  superfamily  to  the  order  Cheno- 
morphw,  by  others  considered  as  fonning  an 
order  by  itself.  It  is  conterminous  with  the 
family  Anhimidw.    See  Palamedeidm. 

anhinga  (an-hing'ga),  n.  [S.  Amer.  name.] 
1.  The  Ainerican  snake-bird,  darter,  or  water- 
turkey,  Plotus  anhinga;  a  totipalmate  natato- 


American  Snake-bird  [Plotus  anhinga). 


rial  bird,  of  the  family  Plotidce  and  order  Ste- 
ganopodes.  it  is  related  to  the  cormorants,  and  inhabits 
swamps  of  the  warmer  parts  of  America,  from  the  South 
Atlantic  and  Gulf  coast  of  the  United  States.  See  darter, 
Plotus. 

2.  [cap.']  [NL.]  A  genus  of  birds :  a  synonym 
of  Plotus.  Brisson,  1760. 
anhistous  (an-his'tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  av-  priv.  + 
tcrrdf,  a  web,  mod.  tissue.]  In  anat.,  having 
no  recognizable  structure;  plasmie  or  sareo- 
dous,  as  the  sarcode  of  a  cell  or  the  plasma  of 
the  blood. 

anhungered!  (an-hnng'gerd),  a.  Same  as  ahun- 
gered. 

anhydrate  (an-hi'drat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  an- 
hydrated,  ppr.  anhydrating.  [<  anhydrous  + 
-a^e2.]  To  remove  water  from,  especially  from 
a  substance  naturally  containing  it ;  dehydrate. 

It  [glycerin]  is  used  like  alcohol  as  an  anhydrating  me- 
dium in  the  study  of  protoplasm. 

Paulsen,  Bot.  Micro-chem.  (trans.),  p.  27. 

anhydration  (an-hi-di'a'shon),  n.  [<  ayihy- 
drate.']  Eemoval  of  water  from  anything; 
dehydration. 

anhydremia,  anhydrsemia  (an-hi-di-e'mi-a),  n. 

[NL.,  prop,  anhydroemia,  <  Gr.  avvSpo^,  without 
water  (<  dv-  priv.  -I-  v6up  (vSp-),  water),  +  alua, 
blood.]  A  concentrated  state  of  the  blood,  due 
to  loss  of  water. 

anhydrid,  anhydride  (an-hi'drid,  -drid  or 

-drid),  n.  [<  Gr.  avvSpo^,  without  water,  +  -id, 
-ide.'i  One  of  a  class  of  chemical  compounds 
which  may  be  regarded  as  made  up  of  one  or 
more  molecules  of  water  in  which  the  whole  of 
the  hydi'ogen  is  replaced  by  negative  or  acid 
radicals  (which  may  themselves  contain  hydro- 
gen). The  corresponding  acids  represent  one  or  more 
molecules  of  water  in  which  the  same  radicals  replace  one 
half  of  the  hydrogen.  Thus,  water  being  HoO,  sulpluiric  an- 
hydrid is  SO3  (or  SO.^O),  representing  U-^O  in  which  Ho  is 
replaced  by  the  bivalent  radical  SO9  ;  while  sulphuric  acid 
IS  H2SO4  (or  H2SO0O2),  representing  2H2O  in  which  two 
hydrogen  atoms  are  replaced  by  SO2  and  two  remain, 
fhey  are  more  precisely  called  acid  anht/drids.  Tlie  ba- 
sic anhydnds,  in  which  the  hydrogen  is  replaced  by  posi- 
tive or  basic  radicals,  are  commonly  called  metallic  oxidx. 
anhydrite  (an-hi'drit),  w.  [<  NL.  anhydrites,  < 
Gr.  avvdpoq,  without  water  (see  anhydrous),  + 
-ites:  see  -«e2.]  Anhydrous  sulphate  of  cal- 
cium. It  is  found  in  the  salt-mines  of  Austria-Hungary, 
and  in  the  Harz  mountains,  also  in  geodes  in  limestone  at 
Lockport,  N.  Y.,  and  in  extensive  beds  in  Nova  Scotia.  It  is 
usually  granular  in  structure,  sometimes  crystalline  wiVn. 
cleavage  in  three  rectangular  directions.  Its  color  is  white 
or  grayish-white,  sometimes  with  a  tinge  of  blue;  also  red. 
Ihe  vulpinite  of  Italy  is  the  only  variety  used  in  the  arts. 


anhydro-.  In  chem.,  the  combining  form  of  an- 
hydroHS. 

anhydrous  (an-hi'drus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avv6poc,  with- 
out water,  <  av-  priv.  +  h^up  (W/j-),  water.] 
Destitute  of  water;  specifically,  in  client.,  des- 
titute of  the  water  of  crystallization  (which 
see,  under  water):  as,  anhydrous  salts. 

ani  (a'ne),  ?!.  [Braz.  name:  Brasilieu- 
sium,"  Marcgrave,  Johnston,  Willughby  and 
Ray.]    A  bird  of  the  genus  Crotophaga,  sub- 


Groove-billed  Ani  {Crotophaga  sulcirostris). 


family  Crotopliagince,  and  family  Cuculidce,  in- 
habiting the  warmer  parts  of  America.  There 
are  several  species,  two  of  them  inhabiting  the  United 
States.  The  black  ani,  Crotophaga  ani,  is  about  a  foot 
long,  entirely  black,  with  violet,  steel-blue,  and  bronze  re- 
flections ;  the  iris  is  brown ;  the  feathers  of  tlie  head  and 
neck  are  lanceolate  ;  the  crest  of  the  bill  is  smooth  or  with 
few  wi-inkles ;  and  the  culraen  is  regularly  curved.  It  ffe 
called  in  the  West  Indies  the  black  witch  and  savanna 
blackbird,  and  is  known  to  the  French  of  Cayenne  as  bout- 
de-setun.  It  occurs  from  Florida  southward.  Anotlier 
species,  C.  sulcirostris,  the  groove-billed  ani,  is  found  in 
tropical  America  and  northward  to  Texas.  Its  bill  has 
three  distinct  grooves,  parallel  with  the  curved  culmen. 
All  are  gregarious  in  habit,  and  nest  in  bushes,  several 
individuals  sometimes  using  one  large  nest  in  common ; 
they  lay  plain  greenish  eggs,  covered  with  a  white  chalky 
substance.    See  Crotojyhaga. 

anient,  n.    See  annicut. 

anidiomatic,  anidiomatical  (an-id"i-6-mat'ik, 

-i-kal),  a.     [<Gr.  av-  priv.  (aw-S)  +  i'diomatic, 
-a?.]    Contrary  to  the  idiom  or  analogies  of  a 
language;  not  idiomatic.  [Rare.] 
You  would  not  say  "  two  times  "  ;  it  is  anidiomatical. 

Landor,  Imaginary  Conversations,  II.  278. 

anidrosis  (an-i-dro'sis),  n.    Same  as  anhidrosis. 
Amelia  (an-i-el'a),  n.    [NL.  (J.  E.  Gray).]  A 
genus  of  lizards,typieal  of  the  t&milj  Aniellidw. 

Its  distinguishing  features  are  a  body  without  limbs,  and  a 
nasal  shield  entering  into  the  labial  margin.  A.  pulchra 
is  an  elegant  Californian  species. 

aniellid  (an-i-el'id),  n.  A  lizard  of  the  family 
Aniellidm. 

Aniellidse  (an-i-el'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aniella 
+  -id(c.'\  A  family  of  eriglossate  lizards,  typi- 
fied by  the  genus  Aniella. 

anielloid  (an-i-el'oid),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  the  Anielloidea. 

Anielloidea  (an"i-e-loi'de-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Aniella  +  -oidea.']  A  superfamily  of  eriglos- 
sate lacertilians  (lizards),  represented  by  the 
single  familj  Aniellidw,  having  concavo-convex 
vertebrae,  clavicles  not  dilated  posteriorly,  no 
postorbital  or  postfrontal  squamosal  arches,  no 
interorbital  septum,  and  no  cranial  columella. 

anientf,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  anienten  (more  commonly 
anientishen,eta.:  see  anientish),  <  OF.  anienter, 
anaienter,  anientir,  aneanter  (F.  aneantir  =  'Pv. 
anieiitar  =  It.  annientare),  destroy,  reduce  to 
nothing,  <  a  (L.  ad,  to)  -I-  nienf,  ncant,  F.  neant 
=  Vv.  neien,  nien  =  lt.  neente,  niente,  nothing,  < 
ML.  *neen{t-)s  or  *necen{t-)s,  lit.  not  being,  < 
ne,  not,  or  nec,  not,  nor,  -f  en{t-)s,  being:  see 
ens,  entity.']  1.  To  reduce  to  nothing  or  no- 
thingness; bring  to  naught;  fmstrate.  Piers 
Plowman. —  2.  In  law,  to  abrogate;  make  null. 
Boui'ier. 

anientisht,  "v- 1.  [<  ME.  anientishen,  anentischen, 
annentischen,  etc.,  e&vliev  anientisen,  anyentisen, 

<  OF.  anientiss-,  stem  of  certain  parts  of  anientir, 
anienter:  see  anient  and  -M2.]  To  reduce  to 
nothing;  annihilate. 

Ire,  coveitise,  and  hastifness,  .  .  .  which  tliree  things 
ye  han  nat  anientissed  [var.  anentysched]  or  destroyed. 

Chaucer,  Tale  of  Melibeus. 
anigh  (a-ni'),  prep.phr.  as  adv.  andprep.  [Mod., 

<  r/--!  +  nigh,  after  anear,  afar,  etc.]  I.  adv. 
Nigh;  near;  close  by. 

II.  prep.  Nigh;  near, 
anightt  (a-nif),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.    [<  ME. 
anyght,  a  nyght,  <  AS.  on  niht:  see  a3  and  night.] 
At  night ;  in  the  night-time  ;  by  night. 

I  broke  my  sword  upon  a  stone,  and  bid  him  take  that, 
for  coming  anight- to  Jane  Smile. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  4. 


anightst  (a-nits'),  adv.  [Equiv.  to  anight,  but 
with  adv.  gen.  suffix  as  in  AS.  nihtes,  E.  nights, 
adv. :  see  nights.  Similarly,  o'  nights,  of  nights, 
where  in  popular  apprehension  nights  is  plural.] 
By  night ;  nightly :  used  of  repeated  or  habitual 
acts. 

Tlio  turnkey  now  his  flock  returninj?  sees. 
Duly  let  out  anights  to  steal  for  fees. 

Swift,  Morning. 

anil  (an'il),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  anile,  anill,  anele, 
<  F.  unil,<.  Pg.  a«i/  =  Sp.  afiil  (formerly  also 
anir),  <  Ar.  an-nil,  <  at,  the,  4-  nil,  Pers.  Hind. 
nil,  <  Skt.  nili,  indigo,  indigo-plant,  <  nila,  dark 
blue.  iM.  lilac.]  1.  A  somewhat  woody  legu- 
minous plant,  Indigofera  Anil,  from  whose 
leaves  and  stalks  the  West  Indian  indigo  la 

made,  it  is  a  common  species  in  Mexico  and  tropical 
America,  and  is  a  larger  plant  than  the  Asiatic  /.  tinctoria, 
which  is  the  species  ordinarily  cultivated  for  the  produc- 
tion of  indigo. 

2._  Indigo.    [In  this  sense  nearly  obsolete.] 
anile  (an'il  or  -il),  a.    [<  L.  anilis,  <  anus,  an  old 
woman.]  Old-womanish ;  imbecile :  as,  "puerile 
or  aiiile  ideas,"  Walpole,  Catalogue  of  Engrav- 
ers. 

A  general  revolt  against  authority,  even  in  matters  of 
opinion,  is  a  childish  or  anile  superstition,  not  to  be  ex- 
cused by  the  pretext  that  it  is  only  due  to  the  love  of  free- 
dom cherished  in  excess. 

Gladstone,  Might  of  Right,  p.  198. 

anilia  (a-nil'i-a),  M.    [(.anil  +  -da.]   Same  as 

aniline. 

anilic  (a-nil'ik),  a.  [<  anil  +  -ic]  Pertaining 
to  or  derived  from  anil :  as,  anilic  acid. 

anilide  (an'i-lid  or  -lid),  n.  [<  anil(ine)  -i-  -dde.] 
Same  as  phenylamide. 

aniline  (an'i-Un),  n.  and  a.  [<  anil  (with  refer- 
ence to  the  brilliant  violet  and  indigo  dyes 
which,  with  others,  are  prepared  from  aniline) 
+  -ine^.]  I.  n.  Amidobenzol,  C6H5NH2,  a 
substance  which  furnishes  a  number  of  bril- 
liant dyes.  It  was  discovered  in  1826  by  Unverdorben, 
as  a  product  of  the  distillation  of  indigo,  and  called  by 
liim  crystallin.  It  did  not  acquire  commercial  importance 
until  1856,  when  the  pm'ple  dye  mauve  was  prepared  from 
it  by  Perkin.  It  is  found  in  small  ciuantities  in  coal-tar, 
but  the  aniline  of  commerce  is  obtained  from  benzol, 
another  product  of  coal-tar,  consisting  of  hydrogen  and 
carbon,  CfiHg.  Benzol  when  acted  on  liy  nitric  acid 
produces  nitrobenzol  ;  and  this  latter  substance  when 
treated  with  nascent  hydrogen,  usually  generated  by  the 
action  of  acetic  acid  upon  iron  filings  or  scraps,  produces 
aniline,  which  is  an  oily  liquid,  colorless  when  pure,  some- 
what heavier  than  water,  having  a  peculiar  vinous  smell 
and  a  burning  taste.  It  is  a  strong  base,  and  yields  well- 
characterized  salts.  When  acted  on  by  arsenic  acia, 
potassium  bichromate,  starmlc  chlorid,  etc.,  aniline  pro- 
duces a  great  variety  of  compounds  of  very  beautiful  col- 
ors, known  by  the  names  of  aniline  purple,  aniline  green, 
violet,  magenta,  etc.    Also  called  anilia. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  aniUne : 
as,  aniline  colors — Aniline  oil,  a  by  product  of  the 

manufacture  of  aniline,  containing  aniline,  toluidine,  and 
a  number  of  other  organic  b.iSes  of  the  aromatic  series.  It 
is  used  as  a  solvent  for  rubber,  copal,  etc.— Aniline  pen- 
cil, a  mixture  of  aniline,  graphite,  and  kaolin,  used  for 
copying,  marking  in  permanent  color,  and  transferring- 
writing  or  designs. 

anility  (a-nil'i-ti),  n.  [<L.  anilita{t-)s,  <  anilis : 
see  anile.]  'The  state  of  being  anile ;  the  old 
age  of  a  woman ;  womanish  dotage  :  as,  "marks 
of  anility,"  Sterne,  Sermons,  xxi. 

anilia  (a-nil'a),  n.  [<  anil,  q.  y.]  A  com- 
mercial term  for  West  Indian  indigo,  derived 
from  the  name  of  the  plant  from  which  it  is 
prepared.    See  anil. 

anima  (an'i-ma),  n.;  pi.  aninue  (-me).  [L..  a 
cuiTent  of  air,  wind,  air,  breath,  the  vital  prin- 
ciple, life,  soul:  sometimes  equiv.  to  animus, 
mind  (see  animus,  and  cf.  Gr.  ave/iog,  wind)  ; 
both  from  root  seen  in  Skt.  breathe,  repr. 

in  Teut.  by  Goth,  vsanan,  breathe  out,  expii-e ; 
cf.  Icel.  anda  =  Sw.  andas  =  Dan.  aande, 
breathe,  Icel.  ond,  breath,  life,  soul,  =  Sw.  anda, 
ande  =  Dan.  aande,  breath  (>  Sc.  aund,  aind, 
aynd,  breath,  breathe) ;  also  Icel.  andi,  breath, 
spirit,  a  spirit,  =  Dan.  aand,  spirit,  soul,  a  spirit, 
ghost,  =  OHG.  anto  =  OS.  ando  —  AS.  anda,  zeal, 
indignation,  anger,  envy:  for  the  change  of 
sense,  cf.  animus  and  animosity.]  Soul;  vital 
principle ;  the  intelligent  principle  supposed  to 
preside  over  vital  actions :  anciently  aj^plied 
to  the  active  principle  of  a  dmg,  as  if  this  were 

its  soul — Anima  bruta,  the  soul  of  brutes;  tlie  soul 
of  animals  other  than  man  ;  the  principle  of  brute  in- 
telligence and  vit.ality. —  Anima  humana,  the  human 
soul  ;  the  principle  of  liumuii  iiiti  lliL;L-m'e  and  vitiility. — 
Anima  mundi,  the  soul  of  tlie  world  ;  an  ethereal  essence 
or  spirit  supposed  to  be  diffused  through  tlic  universe,  or- 
ganizing and  acting  throughout  the  whole  and  in  all  its 
different  parts. 

The  doctrine  of  the  anima  mvndi,  as  held  by  the  Stoics 
and  Stratonicians,  is  closely  allied  to  pantheism  ;  wliile 
according  to  others  this  soul  of  the  universe  is  altogether 
intermediate  between  tlie  Creator  and  liis  works. 

Fleming, 


Ik 


animability 


218 


Animalia 


animability  (an^i-ma-biri-ti),  n.  l<.  animable  : 
see  -biliti/.']  Capacity  of  animation ;  capability 
of  being  animated. 

An  animahUity  of  body  is  acquired  (if  we  may  coin  a 
word).    W.  Taylor,  Monthly  Kev.,  LXXIV.  393.  (X.  E.  I>.) 

animablet  (an'i-ma-bl),  «.  [<  L.  animabilis  (a 
doubtful  reading),  (.animarc,  animate:  see«H(- 
viate,  r.]    Susceptible  of  animation. 

animadversalt  (an"i-mad-ver'sal),  n.  [<  L. 
animadversKS  (pp.  of  aninuidrertere :  see  animad- 
vert) +  -fl?.]  That  which  has  the  power  of  per- 
ceiving ;  a  percipient.  [Rare.] 

That  lively  inward  ani  inadversa! :  it  is  the  soul  itself: 
for  I  cannot  conceive  the  body  dotli  animadvert. 

Dr.  II.  Mon;  Song  of  the  Soul,  p.  422,  note. 

ailiniadversion,.(an'''i-mad-ver'shon),  n.    [<  L. 

aiiimadrersio(n-),  the  perception  of  an  object, 
consideration,  attention,  reproach, punishment, 
(.animadvertere,  pp.  animadversus :  see  animad- 
vert.'] It.  The  act  or  faculty  of  observing  or 
noticing;  observation;  perception. 

The  soul  is  the  sole  percipient  which  hath  animadver- 
sion and  sense.  Glanville,  Seep.  Sci. 

2.  The  act  of  criticizing;  criticism;  censure; 
reproof. 

He  dismissed  their  commissioners  with  severe  and  sharp 
animadversions.  Clarendon. 

We  must  answer  it,  .  .  .  with  such  animadversion  on 
its  doctrines  as  they  deserve. 

Z>.  Webster,  Speech,  Senate,  May  7,  1834. 

=Syil.  2.  Remark,  comment,  reprobation,  reprehension. 

animadversive  (an"i-mad-ver'siv),  a.  and  «. 
[<  L.  animadversus,  pp.  of  animadvertere:  see 
animadvert.']  I.  a.  Having  the  power  of  per- 
ceiving; percipient:  as,  "the  animadversive 
faculty,"  Coleridge. 
II.      A  percipient  agent.    N.  E.  D. 

animadversiveness  (an"i-mad-ver'siv-nes),  n. 
The  power  of  animadverting.  Bailey. 

animadvert  (an"i-mad-vert'),  v.  i.  [<  L. 
madvcrtere,  regard,  ol)serve,  notice,  apprehend, 
censure,  punish ;  bycrasis  for  advertere, 
in  same  senses,  lit.  turn  the  mind  to :  animum, 
acc.  of  animus,  the  mind  (see  anim  us) ;  advertere, 
tui-nto:  see  advert.]  If.  To  take  cognizance 
or  notice. —  2.  To  comment  critically;  make 
remarks  by  way  of  criticism  or  censure ;  pass 
strictures  or  criticisms. 

A  man  of  a  most  animadvertin;]  humour ; 
Who,  to  endear  himself  unto  his  lord, 
Will  tell  him,  you  and  I,  or  any  of  us, 
That  here  are  met,  are  all  pernicious  spirits. 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  ii.  1. 

I  wish,  sir,  you  would  do  us  the  favour  to  animadvert 
frequently  upon  the  false  taste  the  town  Is  In.  Steele. 

The  gentleman  from  Lowell  animadverted  somewhat, 
last  evening,  on  the  delays  attending  tlie  publication  of 
the  reports  of  decisions.       R.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  374. 

=  Syn.  2.  Of  animadvert  upon:  To  comment  upon,  criti- 
cize, disapprove,  reprehend,  blame,  censure, 
animadverter  (an"i-mad-ver'ter),  n.   One  who 
animadverts  or  makes  remarks  by  way  of  cen- 
sure. 

animae,  w.    Plural  of  anima. 

animal  (an'i-mal),  a.  and  «.  [First  in  16th  cen- 
tury; («)  animal  {anymal,  auimall)  =  F.  Sp. 
Pg.  animal  =  It.  animale,  adj.,  <  L.  animalis, 
animate,  living  (also  aerial,  consisting  of  air), 
<  anima,  a  current  of  air,  wind,  air,  breath,  the 
vital  principle,  life,  soul:  see  anima;  (b)  ani- 
mal, n.,  =  P.  animal  =  Sp.  Pg.  animal  =  It. 
animale,  <  L.  animal,  rarely  animale,  a  living 
being,  an  animal  in  the  widest  sense,  but  some- 
times restricted  to  a  brute  or  beast;  hence,  in 
contempt,  a  human  being;  orig.  neut.  of  ani- 
malis, adj.,  as  above.  In  mod.  use  animal,  a., 
'  living,  animate,'  is  inseparably  mixed  with  ani- 
mal,  n.,  used  attributively  in  the  sense  of  'per- 
taining to  animals.']  I.  a.  If.  Pertaining  to 
sensation.  See  animal  spirits,  below. — 2t.  Hav- 
ing life;  living;  animate. —  3.  Pertaining  to  the 
merely  sentient  part  of  a  living  being,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  intellectual,  rational,  or 
spiritual  part ;  of  man,  pertaining  to  those  parts 
of  his  nature  which  he  shares  with  inferior  ani- 
mals. 

Good  humour,  frankness,  generosity,  active  courage, 
sanguine  energy,  buoyancy  of  temper,  are  tlie  usual  and 
appropriate  accompaniments  of  a  vigorous  animal  tem- 
perament. Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  132. 

Faith  in  God  is  the  source  of  all  power.  Before  a  soul 
inspired  by  this  faith,  the  animal  strength  of  a  Napoleon 
or  a  Jackson  is  only  weakness. 

J.  P.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  p.  377. 

4.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  derived  from  animals. 

It  may  be  reasonably  doubted  whether  any  form  of  ani- 
mal life  remains  to  be  discovered  which  will  not  be  found 
to  accord  with  one  or  other  of  tlie  common  plans  now 
known.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  50. 


Animal  anseretlcs.  See  oiwrc/ic— Animal  charcoal. 

Same  as  fcortc-Wnci.  — Animal  economy,  tlie  |>liysiol(H4irul 
course  of  events  in  the  life  of  an  aniniiil ;  the  sfqiu  nri'  of 
cause  and  effect  observed  in  tlie  vital  activities  nf  animals ; 
the  order  of  animated  nature. — Animal  electricity,  elec- 
tricity generated  in  animal  bodies,  as,  in  large iiuant it  les,  in 
the  electric  eel,  the  torpedo,  and  Mnlapteruriis,  or,  in  small 
quantities,  in  nervous,  muscular,  and  other  tissues. — Ani- 
mal food,  Hesh  or  any  other  part  of  an  animal"  which  is 
eaten.— Animal  force.  See  /o fee— Animal  function, 
any  vital  activity  or  physiological  process  performed  in  ani- 
mal economy ;  any  organic  property  or  character  of  animals. 
Such  functions  may  be  grouped  in  a  few  broad  classes :  (1) 
Mentality,  including  all  activities  of  the  mind  as  distin- 
guished from  those  of  the  boily,  such  as  instinct,  reason, 
intellection,  ideation,  etc.  (2)  Sensibility,  or  feeling;  the 
capability  of  responding  automatically  to  external  stimuli ; 
irritability ;  innervation :  common  to  all  animals  in  a  high 
degree  as  compared  with  plants.  (3)  Locomotion,  usual  in 
animals,  but  unusual  in  plants.  (4)  Nutrition,  involving  in- 
terstitial growth  and  waste  and  repair  :  common  to  plants 
and  animals,  but  usually  differently  effected  in  the  two, 
and  with  different  material.  (5)  Keproduction,  or  genera- 
tion, a  process  whereby  growth  is  devoted  to  the  forma- 
tion of  separate  individuals.  Functions  shared  by  all  or- 
ganized beings  are  called  organic  or  vegetatire  functions; 
no  functions  are  peculiar  to  animals  except  those  of  men- 
tality. Other  lesser  categories  of  functions  are  sometimes 
named:  as,  the  digestive  function;  the  sexual  function; 
the  function  of  circulation,  of  respiration;  the  function 
of  the  liver,  or  of  any  part  or  organ,  that  is,  the  special  part 
which  it  takes  in  the  animal  economy. — Animal  heat,  the 
temperature  maintained  during  life  in  an  animal  body,  and 
requisite  for  its  physiological  functions.  It  varies  from 
a  degree  not  appreciably  different  from  that  of  the  ele- 
ment in  which  the  animal  lives  to  one  much  higher,  the 
latter  being  the  case  with  the  higher  animals.  Difference 
in  degree  of  animal  heat  is  the  ground  of  a  division  of  the 
higher  animals  into  warm-blooded  and  cold-blooded,  or 
Hcematotherma  and  Hcematocnja.  In  the  former  a  very 
sensibly  elevated  temperature  is  maintained.  It  is  highest 
in  birds,  mounting  sometimes  to  112°  F.  In  mammals  a 
usual  range  is  from  96°  to  104°  F.  In  man  the  mean 
normal  temperature  is  about  99°,  any  considerable  devia- 
tion from  which  is  inconsistent  with  health.  Animal 
heat  is  simply  a  case  of  chemical  combustion ;  an  analo- 
gous process  goes  on  in  plants.  It  is  an  index  of  the 
molecular  motion  of  the  body,  and  a  measure  of  the  work 
done  by  an  animal  in  its  vital  activities. —  Animal  king- 
dom, all  animals  collectively ;  Animalia ;  one  of  the  three 
grand  divisions  of  the  realm  of  nature  (imperiu  m  naturce), 
the  other  two  comprising  plants  and  minerals  respectively. 
For  scientific  purposes  it  has  been  divided  into  classes,  or- 
ders, families,  genera,  species,  and  groups  (with  interme- 
diate divisions  often  formed  by  prefixing  sub-  or  super-  to 
these  words),  whereby  the  classification  and  registration  of 
animals  are  facilitated.  Examples  of  the  primary  divisions 
are  the  following :  (1)  The  Linnean  system  (1766)  divided 
animals  into  6  classes;  I.  Mammalia ;  II.  Aves ;  III.  Am- 
phibia; IV.  Pisces;  V.  Insecta;  VI.  Vermes.  (2)  The  sys- 
tem of  Cuvier  (1817)proposed  4  sub'.angdoms  and  20  classes : 

I.  Vertebrata  (Mammalia,  Aves,  Reptilia,  Pisces);!!.  Mol- 
lusca  (Cephalopoda,  Pteropodn,  Gasteropoda,  Acephala, 
Brackiopoda,  Cirrhopoda);  III.  Articulata  (Annelides, 
Crustacea,  Trilobita,  Arachnida,  Insecta);  IV.  Radiata 
(Echinodermata,  Entozoa,  Acalepha,  Polypi,  Infusoria). 
(3)  The  system  of  Owen  (1860)  separated  the  Protozoa  from 
Animalia  proper  as  a  separate  kingdom,  the  latter  being 
then  divided  into  subkingdom  I.,  Invcrtebrata,  with  3 
provinces,  Radiata,  Articulata,  Mollusca ;  and  subkingdom 

II.  ,  Vertebrata.  (4)  In  1869  Huxley  arranged  the  animal 
kingdom  in  the  8  primary  gi-oups  Vertebrata,  Mollusca, 
Molluscoida,  Coelenterata,  Annulosa,  Annuloida,  Infu- 
soria, Protozoa.  No  two  authorities  agree  upon  the  lead- 
ing divisions  of  the  animal  kingdom,  but  a  system  like 
the  following  is  now  quite  generally  accepted :  Subking- 
dom A  (with  one  phylum).  Protozoa:  class  I.,  Rhizopoda; 
class  II.,  Oregarinida;  class  III.,  Infusoria.  Subking- 
dom B,  Metazoa.  Phylum  1,  Coelenterata:  class  IV., 
Spongiozoa;  class  V.,  Hydrozoa ;  class  VI.,  Actinozoa ; 
class  VII.,  Ctenozoa.  Phylum  2,  Echinodermata:  class 
VIII.,  Crinoidea;  class  IX.,  Asteroidea ;  class  X.,  Echinoi- 
dea  ;  class  XI.,  Holothuroidea.  Phylum  3,  Vermes:  class 
XII.,  Plathelminthes ;  class  XIII.,  Nemathelminthes ; 
class  XIV.,  Gephyrea;  class  XV.,  Annelida;  class  XVI., 
Rotifera.  VhyXmai,  Arthropoda:  class XVII., Crustacea; 
class  XVIII.,  Arachnida ;  class  XIX.,  Myriapoda ;  class 
XX.,  Insecta.  Phylum  5,  Molluscoidea:  class  XXI.,  Poly- 
zoa;  class  XXII.,  Brachiopoda.  Phylum  6,  Mollusca: 
class  XXIII.,  Acephala;  class  XXIV.,  Pteropoda;  class 
XXV.,  Gasteropoda ;  class  XXVI.,  Cephalopoda.  Phylum 
7,  Vertebrata:  class  XXVII.,  Tunicata;  class  XXVIII., 
Leptocardia  ;  class  XXIX. ,  Marsipobranchii ;  class  XXX. , 
Elasmobranchii ;  class  XXXI.,  Pisces;  class  XXXII., 
Amphibia;  class XXXIII. , -ReptiKa ;  class XXXIV., ^oejs; 
class  XXXV.,  Mammalia.  Three  remarkable  genera,  Di- 
cyema,  Sagitta,  and  Balanoglossus,  are  severally  regarded 
.by  many  authors  as  types  oif  classes. —  Animal  magnet- 
ism, mechanics,  etc.  See  the  nouns.— Animal  power, 

the  unit  of  power  in  men  and  animals,  as  man-power, 
horse-power,  etc.  XJsually  expressed  in  foot-pounds.  See 
horse-power.— ksLVcaaX  spirits,  (a)  According  to  the  doc- 
trine of  Galen,  modified  by  Descartes,  subtile  and  almost 
incorporeal  parts  of  the  living  body,  which  penetrate  the 
pores  of  the  nerves  and  pass  between  the  brain  and  the 
periphery,  acting  as  the  agents  of  volition  and  sensation. 
Also  in  the  singular,  animal  spirit,  equivalent  to  nervous 
force  or  action.  (6)  In  modern  use,  exuberance  of  health 
and  life;  natural  buoyancy;  cheerfulness,  animation,  gai- 
ety, and  good  humor. 

Animal  spirits  constitute  the  power  of  the  present,  and 
their  feats  are  like  the  structure  of  a  pyramid. 

Emerson,  Society  and  Solitude. 

II,  w.  1.  A  sentient  living  being;  an  individu- 
al, organized,  animated,  and  sentient  portion  of 
matter;  in  zodl.,  one  of  the  Animalia  ;  a  mem- 
ber of  the  animal  kingdom,  as  distinguished 
from  a  vegetable  or  a  mineral.  The  distinction 
from  the  latter  is  sufficient,  consisting  in  organization, 
interstitial  nutrition,  vitality,  and  animation ;  but  it  is  im- 
possible to  di'aw  any  line  between  aU  vegetables  and  all 


animals.  Any  criteria  which  may  be  diagnostic  in  moat 
instances  fail  of  applicability  to  the  lowest  forms  of  ani- 
mal and  vegetable  life  ;  and  no  definition  which  has  been 
attempted  has  been  entirely  successful.  Most  animals  are 
lijc  omotory  as  well  as  motile  ;  most  plants  are  fixed.  Most 
animals  exhibit  distinct  active  and  apparently  conscious 
or  voluntary  movements  in  response  to  irritation,  me- 
chanical or  other;  most  plants  do  not.  Most  animals 
feed  upon  other  animals  or  upon  plants,  that  is  to  say, 
upon  organic  matter ;  most  plants,  upon  inorganic  sub- 
stances. Most  animals  have  no  cellulose  in  their  compo- 
sition, nitrogenous  compounds  prevailing ;  while  cellulose 
is  highly  characteristic  of  plants.  Most  animals  inhale 
oxygen  and  exhale  carbon  dioxid,  the  reverse  of  the 
usual  process  in  plants ;  and  few  animals  have  chlorophyl, 
which  is  so  generally  present  in  plants.  Animals  have  usu- 
ally a  digestive  cavity  and  a  nervous  system,  and  are  capa- 
ble of  certain  manifestations  of  consciousness,  sentiency, 
and  volition,  which  can  be  attributed  to  plants  only  by 
great  latitude  in  the  use  of  the  terms.   See  also  extract. 

Ordinary  animals  .  .  .  not  only  possess  conspicuous  lo- 
comotive activity,  but  their  parts  readily  alter  their  form 
or  position  when  irritated.  Their  nuti  iiiient,  consisting 
of  other  animals  and  of  plants,  is  taken  in  the  solid  form 
into  a  digestive  cavity.  .  .  .  Traced  down  to  their  lowest 
terms,  the  series  of  plant  forms  gradually  lose  more  and 
more  of  their  distinctive  vegetable  features,  wliile  the 
series  of  animal  forms  part  with  more  and  more  of  their 
distinctive  animal  characters,  and  the  two  series  converge 
to  a  common  term.  .  .  .  The  most  characteristic  morpho- 
logical peculiarity  of  the  animal  is  the  absence  of  any 
such  cellulose  investment  [of  the  cells  as  plants  possess]. 
The  most  characteristic  physiological  peculiarity  of  the 
animal  is  its  want  of  power  to  manufacture  protein  out  of 
simpler  compounds.       Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  pp.  43-47. 

2.  An  inferior  or  irrational  sentient  being,  in 
contradistinction  to  man ;  a  brute ;  a  beast :  as, 
menand  animals. — 3.  A  contemptuous  term  for 
a  human  being  in  whom  the  animal  natm-e  has 

the  ascendancy  Aggregate  animals.   See  aggre- 

,7af<;.— Animals'  Protection  Acts,  English  statutes  of 
1849  (12  and  13  Vict.,  c.  92),  1854  (17  and  18  Vict.,  c.  60), 
and  1861  (24  and  25  Vict.,  c.  97,  sections  40,  41),  for  pre- 
venting cruelty  to  animals.—  Compound  animals.  See 

coiitpoinid'^. 

animal-clutch  (an'i-mal-klueh),  n.  A  device 
for  gripping  animals  by  the  leg  while  slaugh- 
tering them. 

animalcula  (an-i-mal'kii-la),  n.  pi.  [NL. :  see 
animalcuhim.]  1.  Phu-al  of  animalcidum. —  2. 
leap.]  A  loose  synonym  of  Infusoria. 

animalculse  (an-i-mal'kii-le),  «.  pi.  An  incor- 
rect form  of  animalcula,  of  which  it  is  assumed 
to  bo  the  plural.  See  animalculum  and  ani- 
malcule. 

animalcular  (an-i-mal'ku-lar),  a.     [<  animal- 
cide  +  -ar.]    1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  animal- 
cules.—  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  physiologi- 
cal doctrine  of  animalculism. 
An  equivalent  form  is  animalculine. 

animalcule  (an-i-mal'kul),  n.  [=P.  animalcide, 
<  NL.  animalculum,  q.  v.]  If.  Any  little  animal, 
as  a  mouse,  insect,  etc. — 2.  A  minute  or  micro- 
scopic animal,  nearly  or  quite  invisible  to  the 
naked  eye,  as  an  infusorian  or  rotifer;  an  ani- 
malculum :  as,  the  'bell-animalcule,  a  ciliate  in- 
fusorian of  the  family  Vorticellidw ;  wheel-awi- 
malcule,  a  rotifer;  he&r-animalcule,  a  minute 
arachnidan  of  the  order  Arctisca.  See  cuts  un- 
der Arctisca,  Rotifera,  and  Vorticella — Proteus 
animalcule,  a  former  name  of  amoeba. —  Seminal  ani- 
malcule, a  spermatozoon  (which  see). 

animalculine  (an-i-mal'ku-lin),  a.  Same  as 
a)rimalcular. 

animalculism  (an-i-mal'ku-lizm),  w.  [<  ani- 
malcule -(-  -ism.]  1.  The  theory  that  animal- 
cules cause  disease. —  2.  The  doctrine  or  theory 
of  incasement  in  the  male;  spermism;  sper- 
matism.  See  incasemen  t. 
Also  called  animalism. 

animalculist  (an-i-markii-list),  n.  [<  animal- 
cule +  -ist.]  1.  A  special  student  of  animal- 
cules ;  one  versed  in  the  study  of  animalcules. 
—  2.  An  adherent  of  animalculism  or  the  physi- 
ological theory  of  incasement  in  the  male;  a 
spermist.    See  incasement. 

animalculum  (au-i-mal'ku-lum),  «.;  pi.  animal- 
cula (-la).  [NL.,  a  little  animal,  dim.  of  L.  ani- 
mal, an  animal:  see  animal.]    An  animalcule. 

animal-flower  (au'I-mal-flou'er),  n.  A  zoo- 
phyte or  phytozoon ;  a  radiated  animal  resem- 
bling or  likened  to  a  flower,  as  many  of  the 
Actinozoa:  a  term  especially  applied  to  sea- 
anemones,  but  also  extended  to  various  other 
zoophytes  which  at  one  end  are  fixed  as  if 
rooted,  and  at  the  other  are  expanded  like  a 
flower. 

animalhood  (an'i-mal-hiid),  n.  [<  animal  + 
-hood.]  The  state  or  condition  of  any  animal 
other  than  man;  auimality  as  distinguished 
from  humanity.  [Rare.] 

A  creature  almost  lapsed  from  humanity  into  animal- 
hood. Reader,  Nov.,  1863,  p.  537.    (N.  E.  D.) 

Animalia  (an-i-ma'li-a),  n.pl.  [L.,  pi.  of  «"«'- 
mal:  see  animal.]  Animals  as  a  gi'and  division 


Animalia 

of  nature ;  the  animal  kingdom  (which  see, 
under  animal). 

animalic  (an-i-mal'ik),  a.  [<  animal  +  -ic] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  animals.  [Rare.] 

animaliculture  (an-i-mal-i-kul'tmO,  «.  [<  L. 
animal,  animal,  +  cultura,  culture.]  The  rais- 
ing and  care  of  animals  as  a  branch  of  indus- 
try ;  stock-raising.  [Rare.] 

animalisation,  animalise.  See  animalization, 
animalize. 

animalishf  (an'i-mal-ish),  a.  [<  animal  +  -isftl.] 
Of,  pertaining  to,  or  like  an  animal,  especially 
an  irrational  animal;  brutish.  [Rare.] 

The  world  hath  no  blood  nor  brains,  nor  any  animalish 
or  humane  form.  Cudworth,  Intellectual  System. 

animalism  (an'i-mal-izm),  n.  [<  animal  + 
-ism.']  1.  The  state  of  a  mere  animal;  the 
state  of  being  actuated  by  sensual  appetites 
only,  and  not  by  intellectual  or  moral  forces ; 
sensuality. —  2.  The  exercise  of  animal  facul- 
ties; animal  activity. — 3.  A  mere  animal;  spe- 
cifically, a.  human  being  dominated  by  animal 
qualities  and  passions.  [Rare.] 

Girls,  Hetairai,  curious  in  their  art, 
Hired  auimalisms,  vile  as  those  that  made 
The  mulberry -faced  Dictator's  orgies  worse 
Than  aught  they  fable  of  the  quiet  Gods. 

Tennyson,  Lucretius. 

4.  In  physiol.,  same  as  animalculism. 
animalist  (an'i-mal-ist),  n.    [<  animal  +  -ist.'] 


219 

5.  Population  by  animals;  the  number  and 
kiad  of  animals  in  a  given  place  or  region. 

What  the  French  call  the  animalization  of  the  depart- 
ments. Joiir.  Hoy.  Agric.  Soc,  I.  414.    (_N.  Ji.  D.) 

Also  spelled  animalisation. 
animalize  (an'i-mal-iz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ani- 
malized,  ppr.  anilnalizing.  [=  F.  animaliser ; 
<  animal  +  -ise.l  1.  To  make  into  an  animal ; 
endow  with  the  attributes  of  an  animal ;  repre- 
sent in  animal  form:  as,  the  Egjqjtiaus  ani- 
malised  their  deities. —  2.  To  give  an  animal 
character  or  appearance  to ;  especially,  to  ren- 
der animal  in  nature  or  habits ;  brutalize  ;  sen- 
sualize ;  excite  the  animal  passions  of. 

If  a  man  lives  for  the  table,  .  .  .  the  eye  grows  dull, 
the  gait  heavy,  the  voice  takes  a  coarse  animalized  sound. 

Bushnell,  Sermons  for  New  Life,  p.  176. 

3.  To  convert  into  animal  matter  by  the  pro- 
cess of  assimilation ;  assimilate,  as  food. 

Something  secreted  in  the  coats  of  the  stomach,  which 
.  .  .  animalizes  the  food,  or  assimilates  it. 

J.  Hunter,  in  Philos,  Trans.,  LXII.  454.    {N.  E.  D.) 

4.  To  give,  as  to  vegetable  fiber,  some  of  the 
characteristics  of  animal  fiber,  as  when  cot- 
ton is  so  treated  with  albumin  or  casein,  or  a 
strong  solution  of  caustic  soda,  that  the  fiber 
shrinks,  becomes  stronger,  and  is  made  capa- 
ble of  absorbing  aniline  dyes. 

Also  spelled  animalise 


animation 

No  animate  creature  is  so  far  down  in  the  scale  that  it 
does  not  illustrate  some  pha.se  of  mind  which  has  a  l)ear- 
ing  upon  the  problem  of  higher  heings. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXV.  2G7. 
His  eye,  voice,  gesture,  and  whole  frame  animate  with 
the  living  vigor  of  lieart-felt  religion. 

liancro/t.  Hist.  II.  .S.,  I.  290. 

2.  Having  the  appearance  of  life ;  resembling 
that  which  is  alive ;  lively. 

After  marching  for  aljout  two  miles  at  a  very  slow  rate, 
the  enemy's  flags,  which  had  been  visible  since  leaving  the 
zeriba,  suddenly  Ijecame  animate,  and  a  large  force  of 
Arabs,  distant  some  5(10  to  700  yards,  sprang  up,  and  ad- 
vanced as  if  to  attack  the  left  leading  corner  of  the  square. 

Nineteenth  Century,  XIX.  155. 

3.  Pertaining  to  li-ving  things:  as,  animate 
diseases,"  Eirbyand  Spence,  Entomol.  [Rare.] 

animated  (an'i-ma-ted),  75.  a.  1.  Endowed  with 
animal  life :  as,  the  various  classes  of  animated 


1.  A  sensualist.- 2.  In  physiol,  an  animal-  a.nimally  (an  i-mal-i),  adv.     If.  Psychically; 


in  the  manner  of  the  anima ;  with  respect  to  the 
anima  bruta,  or  to  animal  spirits.  Cudworth. — 
2.  Physically,  corporeally,  bodily,  as  opposed 
to  mentally  or  intellectually. 
animalness  (an'i-mal-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  an  animal ;  aiiimality. 
animantf  (an'i-mant),  a.  [<  L.  animan{ t-)s,  ppr. 
of  antma>-e,  animate :  see  animate,  v.]  Possess- 
ing or  conferring  the  properties  of  life  and  soul ; 
quickening.    Cudworth.  [Rare.] 

Of  or  pertaining  to 


culist. —  3.  In  art,  an  artist  who  devotes  hi; 
chief  energies  to  the  representation  of  animals, 
as  distinguished  from  one  who  represents  the 
human  figure,  landscapes,  etc. ;  an  animal- 
painter  or  animal-sculptor. 

Fifty  years  ago  he  [Barye]  brought  envy  and  malice  on 
his  head  through  the  erection  in  the  Avenue  des  Feuil- 
lants  in  the  Tuilleries  gardens  of  his  colossal  bronze  lion 
and  serpent.    It  was  then  the  sneer  of  animalist  began. 

The  Century,  XXXI.  484. 

animalistic  (an"i-ma-lis'tik),  a.    [<  animalist  animaryf  (an'i-ma-rij,  a 
+  -ic]    Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  ani-    the  soul ;  psychical, 
malism;  sensual. 

animality  (an-i-mal'i-ti),  n.  {=  F.  animalite; 
<  animal  +  -ity.]  1.  "The  state  of  being  an  ani- 
mal; animal  existence  or  nature  in  man;  the 
animal  as  opposed  to  the  spiritual  side  of  hu- 
man nature. 

Another  condition  which  tends  to  produce  social  pro- 
gress is  the  perpetual  struggle  between  the  essential  at- 
tributes of  humanity  and  those  of  mere  animality. 

L.  F.  Ward,  Dynam.  Sociol.,  I.  132. 

2.  In  physiol.,  the  aggregate  of  those  vital  phe- 
nomena which  characterize  animals.  See  vege- 
tality. 

We  find  it  convenient  to  treat  of  the  laws  of  ^mi7ft(i?i(!/  ammasticalt  fan-i-mas'ti-knn  n 
in  the  abstract,  expecting  to  find  these  ideals  realized  '^^^^'^^^}^'^^^  1  J^as  U-Kai;,  a. 

(within  due  limits)  in  every  particular  organism. 

G.  H.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  II.  iv 


§  42. 

Animalivora  (an"i-ma-liv'9-ra),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  animalivorus :  see  animalivorous.'] 
In  zooL,  a  name  given  to  the  carnivorous  and 
insectivorous  bats,  as  distinguished  from  the 
frugivorous  species.  The  term,  in  its  application  to 
bats,  or  Chiroptera,  is  an  alternative  synonym  of  Insecti- 
vora,  which  is  preoccupied  in,  and  oftener  employed  for, 
another  group  of  mammals, 

animalivorous  (an'''i-ma-liv'o-rus),  a.  [<  NL. 
animalivonis,  <  L.  animal,  animal,  +  vorare, 
devour.]  Animal-eating;  carnivorous;  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Animalivora. 

animalization  (an-i-mal-i-za'shon),  n.  [<  ani- 
malize _+  -ation.]  1.  The  act  of  making  into 
an  animal,  or  of  endowing  with  animal  attri- 
butes ;  the  act  of  representing  (a  higher  being) 
under  the  form  of  an  animal,  as  bearing  its 
characteristic  part,  or  as  having  its  lower  in- 
stincts and  tastes. 

In  the  theology  of  both  the  Babylonians  and  Egyptians 
there  is  abundant  evidence  .  .  .  of  .  .  .  the  deification  of 
animals,  and  the  converse  animalisation  of  Gods. 

Huxley,  Nineteenth  Century,  XIX.  493. 

2.  The  process  of  rendering  or  of  becoming  ani- 
mal or  degraded  in  life  or  habits  ;  the  state  of 
being  under  the  influence  of  animal  instincts 
and  passions ;  brutalization ;  sensualization. 

The  illusion  of  the  greatest-happiness  principle  would 
eventually  lead  the  world  back  to  animalization. 

G.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  182. 

3.  Conversion  into  animal  matter  by  the  pro- 
cess of  assimilation. 

The  alimentary  canal,  in  which  the  conversion  and  ani- 
malization of  the  food  takes  place.      Oipen,  Comp.  Anat. 

4.  The  process  of  giving  to  vegetable  fiber  the 
appearance  and  quality  of  animal  fiber.  See 
animalize. 

■m'"  t  present  view  of  animalization  is,  that  it  is  not  pos- 
sible to  animalize  a  fabric  in  any  other  way  than  by  actu- 
ally depositing  upon  it  the  animal  matter  in  question. 

O'Neill,  Dyeing  and  Calico  Printing,  p.  66. 


'Tis  brought  to  a  right  animary  temper  and  harmony. 

Bp.  Parlcer,  Platonick  Philos.,  p.  44. 

animastic  (an-i-mas'tik),  n.  and  a.  [<  ML. 
animasticus,  <  L.  anima,  soul,  breath,  life :  see 
anima.']  I.f  n.  The  doctrine  of  the  soul;  psy- 
chology. 

The  other  schoolmen  .  .  .  carefully  explained  that  these 
operations  were  not  in  their  own  nature  proposed  to  the 
logician ;  for,  as  such,  they  belonged  to  Animastic,  as  they 
called  it,  or  Psychology. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Lectures  on  Logic,  I.  ii. 
II.  a.  Psychic;  spiritual;  relating  to  soul: 
the  opposite  of  material  or  materialistic. 

Same 

animastic. 

animate  (an'i-mat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  animated, 
ppr.  animating.  [<  L.  animatus,  pp.  of  animare, 
fill  with  breath,  quicken,  encourage,  animate, 
<  «>iM«a,  breath :  see  anima.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
give  natural  Life  to ;  quicken ;  make  alive :  as, 
the  sold  animates  the  body. 

Communicating  male  and  female  light ; 
Which  two  great  sexes  civii'ma^e  the  world. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  151. 
But  it  was  as  impossible  to  put  life  into  the  old  institu- 
tions as  to  animate  the  skeletons  which  are  imbedded  in 
the  depths  of  primeval  strata. 

Macaulay,  Sir  James  Mackintosh. 

2.  To  affect  with  an  appearance  of  life;  in- 
spire or  actuate  as  if  with  life ;  bring  into  ac- 
tion or  movement. 

But  none,  ah,  none  can  animate  the  lyre, 
And  the  mute  strings  with  vocal  souls  inspire. 

Dryden. 

3.  To  move  or  actuate  the  mind  of;  incite  to 
mental  action ;  prompt. 

This  view  .  .  .  animates  me  to  create  my  own  world 
through  the  purification  of  my  soul.      Emerson,  Nature. 

4.  To  give  spirit  or  vigor  to ;  infuse  courage, 
joy,  or  other  enlivening  passion  into ;  stimulate : 
as,  to  animate  dispirited  troops. 

The  perfectibility  of  the  human  mind,  the  animating 
theory  of  the  eloquent  De  Stael,  consists  in  the  mass  of 
our  ideas.    /.  D' Israeli,  Lit.  Char.  Men  of  Genius,  p.  315. 

Animated  by  this  unlooked-for  victory,  our  valiant  he- 
roes sprang  ashore  in  triumph,  [and]  took  possession  of 
the  soil  as  conquerors.  Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  97. 
=Syn.  1.  To  vivify.— 3.  To  revive,  invigorate.— 4.  To  en- 
liven, stimulate,  inspirit,  exhilarate,  cheer,  gladden,  im- 
pel, urge  on,  prompt,  incite. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  enlivened  or  exhila- 
rated;  rouse  one's  self.  [Rare.] 

Mr.  Arnott,  animating  at  this  speech,  glided  behind  her 
'^'i^'ir.  Miss  Burney,  Cecilia,  i.  6. 

animate  (an'i-mat),  a.  [<  L.  awimaiiw,  pp.:  see 
the  verb.]  1.  Alive;  possessing  animal  life: 
as,  "creatures  animate,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  112. 


"Infancy,"  said  Coleridge,  "presents  body  and  spirit  in 
unity  :  the  body  is  all  animated."  Ernerson,  Domestic  Life. 

2.  Lively;  vigorous;  full  of  life,  action,  spirit; 
indicating  or  representing  animation:  as,  an 
animated  discourse;  an  animated  picture. 
On  the  report  there  was  an  animated  debate. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxiv. 
Can  storied  urn  or  animated  bust 
Back  to  its  mansion  call  the  fleeting  breath? 

Gray,  Elegy. 

animatedly  (an'  i-ma-ted-li),  adv.    In  an  ani- 
mated way;  with  animation, 
animateness  (au'i-mat-nes),  ».    The  state  of 
being  animate  or  animated, 
animator  (an'i-ma-ter),  w.    One  who  animates 
or  gives  Life, 
animatingly  (an'i-ma-ting-li),  adv.    So  as  to 
animate  or  excite  feeling, 
animation (an-i-ma'shon),  n.  [<  L.  animatio(n-), 
a  quickening,  animating,  <  a«ma>-e ;  see  ani- 
mate,  v.]    The  act  of  animating  or  the  state  of 
being  animated,    (a)  The  act  of  infusing  animal  Ufe, 
or  the  state  of  being  animated  or  having  life. 

Wlierein,  although  they  attaine  not  the  indubitable 
requisites  of  Animation,  yet  they  have  neere  affinity. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  ii.  1. 
Scarce  has  the  gray  dawn  streaked  the  sky,  and  the 
earliest  cock  crowed  from  the  cottages  of  the  hillside, 
when  the  subui-bs  give  signs  of  reviving  animation. 

Irving,  Alhambra,  p.  137. 
(6)  Liveliness;  briskness;  the  state  of  being  full  of  spirit 
and  vigor  :  as,  he  recited  the  story  with  great  animation. 

Fox  in  conversation  never  flagged ;  his  animation  ami 
variety  were  inexhaustible.  A.  W.  Chambers. 

The  veteran  warrior,  with  nearly  a  century  of  years 
upon  his  head,  had  all  the  fire  and  animation  of  youth  at 
the  prospects  of  a  foray.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  108. 

(c)  The  appearance  of  activity  or  life :  as,  the  animation 
of  a  picture  or  statue,   (d)  Attribution  of  life  to. 

Any  general  theory  of  life  must,  if  logically  pursued, 
lead  to  the  animation  of  all  forms  of  matter. 

L.  F.  ^Yard,  Dynam.  Sociol.,  I.  351. 
Suspended  animation,  a  temporary  cessation  of  ani- 
mation ;  especially,  asphyxia.  =Syn.  (a)  Life,  existence,  vi- 
tality, (b)  Animation,  Life,  Liveliness,  Vivacity,  Spirit, 
Spnghthness,  Gaiety,  buoyancy,  cheerfulness,  energy 
ardor.  The  first  four  words  indicate,  by  derivation  a 
full  possession  of  the  faculties  of  life  ;  therefore  they  are 
the  opposite  of  deadness  or  of  any  semblance  of  lifeless- 
ness.  The  same  idea  appears  in  the  next  two  under  the 
notion  of  the  possession  of  the  breath  of  life.  Animation 
applies  broadly  to  manner,  looks,  and  language :  as,  ani- 
mation of  countenance  ;  he  spoke  with  animation;  it  im- 
plies, perliaps,  more  warmth  of  feeling  than  the  others 
Li,fe  is  not  expressive  of  feeling,  but  of  full  vital  force  and 
any  form  of  its  manifestation  :  as,  his  words  were  instinct 
with  life ;  his  delivery  lacked  life.  Liveliness  is  primarily 
suggestive  of  the  energetic  exercise  of  the  powers  of  life  in 
alertness  of  mind,  freshness  of  interest,  etc.  Vivacitii  ap- 
plies especially  to  conversation,  but  is  used  also  of  manner 
and  looks  ;  it  belongs  mostly  to  externals.  Spirit  is  vari- 
ously compounded  of  courage,  vigor,  firmness,  enthusiasm 
and  zeal,  according  to  the  connection ;  it  implies  the  best 
qualities  of  the  manly  man  in  action.  Spriqhtliness  is 
vivacity  with  mirth  or  gaiety ;  it  is  lighter  than  spirit. 
Gaiety  is  the  overflow  of  animal  spirits  in  talk  and  laugh- 
ter promoted  by  social  intercourse,  festivity,  dancing,  etc. 
See  mirth,  hilarity,  gladness,  happiness. 

At  the  very  mention  of  such  a  study,  the  eyes  of  the 
prince  sparkled  with  animation. 

Irving,  Alhambra,  p.  239. 
The  king's  a  bawcock,  and  a  heart  of  gold, 
A  lad  of  life,  an  imp  of  fame.  Shale.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  1. 
His  [Steele's]  personages  are  drawn  with  dramatic  spirit, 
and  with  a  liveliness  and  airy  facility  that  blind  the  reader 
to  his  defects  of  style.    Chambers's  Cyc.  Eng.  Lit.,  I.  621. 

The  delight  of  opening  a  new  pursuit,  or  a  new  course 
of  reading,  imparts  the  vivacity  and  novelty  of  youth  even 
to  old  age.     /.  D' Israeli,  Lit.  Char.  Men  of  Genius,  p.  316. 

I  will  attend  her  here, 
And  woo  her  with  some  spirit  when  she  comes. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 
Perhaps  no  kind  of  superiority  is  more  flattering  or  al- 
luring than  that  which  is  conferred  hy  the  powers  of  con- 
versation, by  extemporaneous  spriglt'tliness  of  fancy,  co- 
piousness of  language,  and  fertility  of  sentiment. 

John.ton.  Rambler,  No.  101. 
Like  our  Touchstone,  but  infinitely  richer,  this  new 
ideal  pei-souage  [Mascarille]  still  delights  by  the  fertility 
of  his  expedients  and  his  perpetual  and  vigorous  gaiety. 

I.  D' Israeli,  Lit.  Char.  Men  of  Genius,  p.  410. 


aidmative 


220 


Anisobranchia 


animative  (an'i-ma-tiv),  rt.  [<  animate  +  -ive.'] 
Having  the  power  of  giving  life  or  spirit. 

animator  (an'i-ma-tor),  n.  [L.,  <  animarc  :  see 
animate,  r.]  One  wiio  or  that  which  animates 
or  gives  life ;  oue  who  enlivens  or  inspires.  iSir 
T.  Broicne,  Vulg.  Err. 

anime  (an'i-me),  n.  [Sometimes  accented  like 
equiv.  F.  anime,  on  the  fancy  that  it  is  so  called 
because  often  anime"  (<  L.  animatus:  see  ani- 
mate, a.)  or  "alive"  with  insects;  but  E.  prop. 
anime  =  F.  anime  (Cotgrave),  now  anime,  Sp. 
Pg.  anime  (NL.  anime,  animi,  also  anijmum),  ap- 
plied in  the  middle  of  the  16th  century,  and 
prob.  earlier,  to  a  gum  brought  from  the  East 
by  the  Portuguese;  afterward  applied  to  a 
similar  product  from  the  West  IntUes.  The 
word,  which  has  not  been  found  native  in  the 
East  or  elsewhere,  is  said  by  Ray  and  others 
to  be  a  Portuguese  corruption  of  aminwa,  Gr. 
afiiva'ia  (Dioscorides),  a  resinous  gum,  this  name 
being  appar.  an  adj.  (sc.  a/ivpva,  myrrh),  re- 
ferring to  a  people  of  Arabia  bordering  on  the 
Eed  Sea,  from  whom  the  gum  was  obtained. 
Eleyni  is  a  different  word.]  1.  The  name  of 
various  resins,  also  known  in  pharmacy  as  elemi 
(which  see). —  2.  A  kind  of  copal,  the  produce 
principally  of  a  leguminous  tree,  Traeliylobium 
Hornemannianum,  of  Zanzibar.  The  best  is  that 
dug  from  the  ground  at  the  base  of  the  trees,  or  that 
found  in  a  semi-fossil  state  in  localities  where  the  tree  is 
now  extinct. 

3.  The  produce  of  a  very  nearly  allied  tree  of 
tropical  America,  Hymencea  Courbaril,  known 
in  the  West  Indies  as  the  locust-tree,  it  makes 
a  fine  varnish,  and,  as  it  burns  with  a  very  fragrant  smell, 
is  used  in  scenting  pastilles. 

4.  Indian  copal,  produced  by  Vateria  Indica. 
See  Vateria. 

Sometimes  called  giim  anime. 
animin,  animine  (an'i-min),  «.   [<  anim{al)  + 
-iH2.]  In  chem.,  an  organic  base  obtained  fi'om 
•  bone-oil.  Watts. 

animism  (an'i-mizm),  «.  [=F.  animisme;  <  L. 
anima,  soul  (see  anima),  +  -ism.']  1.  The  hy- 
pothesis, original  vnlh.  Pythagoras  and  Plato, 
of  a  force  {anima  mundi,  or  soul  of  the  world) 
immaterial  but  inseparable  from  matter,  and 
giving  to  matter  its  form  and  movements. — 2. 
The  theory  of  vital  action  and  of  disease  pro- 
poimded  by  the  Geiman  chemist  G.  E.  Stahl 
(1660-1734);  the  theory  that  the  soul  (anima) 
is  the  vital  principle,  the  source  of, both  the 
normal  and  the  abnormal  phenomena  of  Ufe. 

In  Stahl's  theory  the  soul  is  regarded  as  the  principle  of 
life,  and,  in  its  normal  action,  of  liealth ;  the  liody  being 
supposed  to  he  incapable  of  self-movement,  and  not  only 
originally  formed  by  tlie  soul,  but  also  set  in  :notion  and 
governed  by  it.  Hence  it  was  inferred  that  the  source  of 
disease  is  in  some  hindrance  to  the  full  and  free  activity 
of  tlie  soul,  and  that  medical  treatment  should  be  confined 
to  an  attempt  to  remove  sucli  hindrances  from  it. 

3.  The  general  conception  of  or  the  belief  in 
souls  and  other  spiritual  beings;  the  explana- 
tion of  all  the  phenomena  in  natiu'e  not  due  to 
obvious  material  causes  by  attributing  them  to 
spiritual  agency.  Among  the  beliefs  most  characteris- 
tic of  animism  is  tliat  of  a  human  apparitioiial  soul,  that 
is,  of  a  vital  and  animating  principle  residing  in  the  body, 
but  distinct  from  it,  bearing  its  form  and  appearance,  but 
■wanting  its  material  and  solid  substance.  At  an  early  stage 
in  the  development  of  philosophy  and  religion  events  are 
frequently  ascribed  to  agencies  analogous  to  human  souls, 
or  to  the  spirits  of  the  deceased. 

Spiritual  philosophy  has  influenced  every  province  of 
human  thought ;  and  the  history  of  animism,  once  clearly 
traced,  would  record  the  development,  not  of  religion 
only,  but  of  philosophy,  science,  and  literature. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  57. 

The  theory  of  Animism  divides  into  two  great  dogmas, 
forming  parts  of  one  consistent  doctrine ;  first,  concern- 
ing souls  of  individual  creatures,  capalile  of  continued  ex- 
istence after  the  death  or  destruction  of  the  l)ody;  second, 
concerning  other  spirits,  upward  to  the  ranli  of  powerful 
deities.  E.  B.  Tylor,  Prim.  Culture,  I.  385. 

animist  (an'i-mist),  n.  [<  L.  anima,  soul  (see 
anima),  +  -isf]  One  who  maintains  animism 
in  any  of  its  senses. 

animistic  (an-i-mis'tik),  a.  Of,  pertaining  to, 
embracing,  or  founded  on  animism  in  any  sense. 

animodart,  «•  [Origin  obscure ;  perhaps  repr. 
Ar.  al-moddr,  <  al,  the,  +  vioddr,  pivot,  tropic, 
the  axis  of  the  fundament ;  cf.  modawwar,  mu- 
daiowar,  round,  dawwir,  turn  round :  see  mudir.'] 
In  astral.,  a  method  of  correcting  the  supposed 
nativity  or  time  of  birth  of  a  person.  Also 
written  animoder,  amniniodar. 

animose(an'i-ra6s),  a.  [=F.awiweMX  (Cotgrave) 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  animoso,  <  L.  ajiimosus,  full  of  cour- 
age, bold,  spirited,  proud,  <  animus,  courage, 
spirit,  mind:  see  animus.]  Full  of  spirit ;  hot; 
vehement.  Bailey. 

animosity  (an-i-mos'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  animosities 
(-tiz),    [<  ME.  animosite,  <  OF,  animosite,  F. 


animosite,  animosity,  =  Pr.  animositat  =  Sp.  ani- 
mosidad,  valor,  =  Pg.  animosidade  =  It.  ani- 
mositd,  animositade,  animositate,  courage,  ani- 
mosity, <  L.  animosita{t-)s,  courage,  spirit,  ve- 
hemence, in  eccles.  L.  also  wrath,  enmity,  <  ani- 
mosus:  see  animose.]  If.  Animation;  courage; 
spiritedness. 

Cato,  before  he  durst  give  the  fatal  stroke,  spent  part 
of  the  night  in  reading  the  Immortality  of  Fhito,  tliereliy 
contirmiug  liis  wavering  liand  unto  tl>e  aniiiuKitij  of  tliat 
attempt.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Urn-Burial,  iv. 

2.  Active  enmity ;  hatred  or  ill-will  which  man- 
ifests itself  in  active  opposition. 

No  sooner  did  tlie  duke  receive  this  appeal  from  the 
wife  of  his  enemy,  than  he  generously  forgot  all  feeling 
of  animosity,  and  determined  to  go  in  person  to  his  suc- 
cor. Irviny,  Granada,  p.  48. 

Supposing  no  animosity  is  felt,  the  hurting  another  by 
accident  arouses  a  genuine  feeling  of  regret  in  all  adults 
save  the  very  brutal.  H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  529. 
=  Syn.  2.  Animosity,  Ill-will,  Enmity,  Malice,  Hostility, 
Hatred,  Hate,  Maleoolence,  Malignity,  Rancor,  Grudfje, 
Spite.  These  words  differ  from  those  described  under 
acrimony,  anger,  and  antipathy  (which  see)  in  tliat  they 
represent  deeper  feelings  or  more  permanent  passions. 
Ill-will  may  represent  the  minimum  of  feeling,  being  a 
willing  or  wishing  of  ill  to  another,  generally  without 
disposition  to  be  active  in  bringing  the  evil  about.  En- 
mity is  a  somewhat  stronger  feeling,  and  it  often  gratifies 
itself  in  trifling  and  cowardly  ways.  Animosity  is  more 
intense  than  enmity ;  it  is  avowed  and  active,  and  what 
it  does  is  more  serious  than  the  covert  attacks  of  enmity 
or  the  hasty  attacks  of  spite.  Malice  is  pure  badness  of 
heart,  delighting  in  harm  to  others  for  its  own  sake.  Hos- 
tility is  less  passionate  than  an! musity,  but  not  less  avowed 
or  active,  being  a  state  of  mind  inclining  one  to  aggressive 
warfare.  Hatred  and  hate  are  the  general  words  to  cover 
all  these  feelings ;  they  may  also  be  ultimate,  expressing 
the  concentration  of  the  whole  nature  in  an  intense  ill- 
will.  Malevoleme  is  more  casual  and  temporary  than  mal- 
ice, arising  upon  occasion  furnislied,  and  characterized 
by  a  wish  that  evil  may  befall  another  rather  than  by  an 
intention  to  injure.  Malignity  is  malice  intensified ;  it  is 
hatred  in  its  aspect  of  destructiveness  or  desire  to  strike 
at  tlie  most  vital  interests  of  another.  Rancor  is  hatred 
or  malice  turned  sour  or  liitter;  it  is  implacable  in  its 
vindictiveness.  A  grudge  is  a  feeling  of  sullen  ill-will  or 
enmity,  caused  liy  a  trifling  wrong,  and  likely  to  be  ap- 
peased when  it  has  spent  itself  in  a  similar  return  against 
the  ofi'ender.  Spite  is  sudden,  resentful,  and  generally 
quite  as  well  pleased  to  mortify  as  to  damage  another;  it 
may  be  as  strong  as  malice  or  as  weak  as  picjue. 

The  personal  animosity  of  a  most  ingenious  man  was 
the  real  cause  of  tlie  utter  destruction  of  Warburton's 
critical  reputation.  /.  D'Israeli,  Lit.  Quar.,  p.  397. 

That  thereby  he  may  gather 
The  ground  of  your  ill-will,  and  so  remove  it. 

Shale,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 

No  place  is  so  propitious  'to  the  formation  either  of 
close  friendships  or  of  deadly  enmities  as  an  Indiaman. 

Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 
And  malice  in  all  critics  reigns  so  high. 
That  for  small  errors  they  whole  plays  decry. 

Dryden,  Prol.  to  Tyrannic  Love,  1.  3. 

As  long  as  truth  in  the  statement  of  fact,  and  logic  in 
the  inference  from  observed  fact,  are  respected,  there  need 
be  no  hostility  between  evolutionist  and  theologian. 

E.  R.  Lankester,  Degeneration,  p.  69. 

Tempt  not  too  much  the  hatred  of  my  spirit, 
For  I  am  sick  wlien  I  do  look  on  thee. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  2. 
For  thou  art  so  possess'd  with  murderous  hate. 
That  'gainst  thyself  thou  stick'st  not  to  conspire. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  x. 

The  deadly  energy  [of  magic  verses]  existing  solely  in 
the  words  of  the  imprecation  and  the  malevolence  of  the 
reciter,  which  was  supposed  to  render  them  effectual  at 
any  distance. 

T.  F.  Thiselton  Dyer,  Folk-lore  of  Shak.,  p.  508. 
The  political  reigns  of  terror  have  been  reigns  of  mad- 
ness and  malignity, — a  total  perversion  of  opinion;  soci- 
ety is  upside  down,  and  its  best  men  are  thought  too  bad 
to  live.  Emerson,  Courage. 

He  who  has  sunk  deepest  in  treason  is  generally  pos- 
sessed by  a  double  measure  of  rancor  against  the  loyal  and 
the  faithful.  De  Quincey,  Essenes,  ii. 

I  will  feed  fat  the  ancient  grudge  I  bear  him. 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  i.  3. 
Below  me,  there,  is  the  village,  and  looks  how  quiet  and 
small ! 

And  yet  bubbles  o'er  like  a  city,  with  gossip,  scandal,  and 
spite.  Tennyson,  Maud,  iv.  2. 

animus  (an'i-mus),  n.  [L.,  the  mind,  in  a  great 
variety  of  meanings:  the  rational  soul  in  man, 
intellect,  consciousness,  will,  intention,  cour- 
age, spirit,  sensibility,  feeling,  passion,  pride, 
vehemence,  wrath,  etc.,  the  breath,  life,  soul 
(cf.  Gr.  avsfiog,  wind:  see  anemone),  closely  re- 
lated to  anima,  which  is  a  fern,  form :  see  ani- 
ma.'] Intention;  purpose ;  spirit ;  temper;  es- 
pecially, hostile  spirit  or  angry  temper ;  ani- 
mosity: as,  the  animus  with  which  a  book  is 
written. 

With  the  animus  and  no  doubt  with  the  fiendish  looks 
of  a  murderer.  De  Quincey,  Murder  as  a  Fine  Art. 

That  article,  as  was  to  be  expected,  is  severely  hostile  to 
the  new  version  ;  but  its  peculiar  animus  is  such  as  goes 
far  to  deprive  it  of  value  as  a  critical  judgment. 

Nineteenth  Century,  XX.  91. 

anion  (an'i-on),  n.  [<  Gr.  avtov,  neut.  of  aviiiv, 
going  up,  ppr.  of  avitvai,  go  up,  <  dm,  up  (see 


ana-),  +  'thai,  go,  =  L.  ire  =  Skt.  i,  go:  see 
iterate  and  go.]  In  elect.,  a  term  applied  by 
Faraday  to  that  element  of  an  electrolyte  which 
in  electrochemical  decompositions  appears  at 
the  positive  pole,  or  anode,  as  oxygen  or  chlo- 
rine. It  is  usually  termed  tlie  electronegative  ingredient 
of  a  compound.    See  anode,  cation. 

aniridia  (an-i-rid'i-a),  ji.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av-  priv. 
-I-  Ipic  QpiS-),  iris.]  In  pathol.,  absence  of  the 
iris  of  the  eye,  or  an  imperfection  of  the  iris 
amounting  to  a  loss  of  fimetion. 

anisandrous  (an-i-sau'drus),  «.  [<  Gr.  avicoi, 
imequal  (see  aniso-),  +  avrjp  (avSp-),  male:  see 
-androvs.]    Same  as  anisostemonous. 

anisanthous  (an-i-san'thus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avico^y 
unequal  (see  aniso-),  +  avOog,  flower.]  In  hot., 
having  perianths  of  different  forms.  Syd.  Soc. 
Lex. 

anisate  (an'i-sat),  a.  [<  anise  +  -ate^.]  Re- 
sembling anise. 

anise  (an'is),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  anis,  an- 
nis,  <  ME.  anys,  aneys,  annes,  <  OF.  (and  mod. 
F.)  anis  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  anis  =  D.  anijs  —  Dan.  Sw. 
anis  =  MHG.  anis,  enis,  G.  anis  (>  Serv.  anisli, 
anezh.  Sloven,  janesh),  <  L.  anisitm,  also  spelled 
anesum  and  anetlmm  (>  F.  aneth,  >  E.  anet,  q. 
v.),  =  Russ.  atiisil  =  Bulg.  Serv.  anason  =  Ar. 
Turk,  anisun,  anise,  <  Gr.  avijdov  or  avvTjdov,  Ion. 
avTjoov  or  avvrjaov,  later  Attic  aviaov  or  avviaov, 
anise,  dill.]  An  annual  umbelliferous  plant, 
PimpineUa  Anisum.  it  is  indigenous  in  Egypt,  and  is 
cultivated  in  Spain  and  Malta,  whence  the  seed  is  exported. 


Anise  [Pimpinetta  Anisum). 
a,  base,  and  b,  top  of  plant:  c,  fruit;  d,  section  of  a  carpel. 

Anise-seeds  have  an  aromatic  smell  and  a  pleasant  warm 
taste  ;  they  are  largely  employed  in  the  manufacture  of 
cordials.  When  distilled  with  water  they  yield  a  volatile, 
fragrant,  syrupy  oil,  wliicli  separates  when  cooled  into  two 
portions,  a  light  oil  and  a  solid  camphor. —  Star-anise,  or 
Chinese  anise,  Illidum,  anisatiim. — Wild  anise-tree 

of  Florida,  IHicium  Floridanum.    See  lUicium. 

anise-camphor  (au'ls-kam'^for),  n.  A  liquid  or 
crystalline  substance,  CX0H12O,  found  in  the 
oils  of  anise,  fennel,  star-anise,  and  tarragon. 
Also  called  anethol. 

aniseed,  anise-seed  (an'i-sed,  an'is-sed),  n. 
[The  first  form  contr.  from  the  second.]  1.  The 
seed  of  the  anise.    See  anise. —  2.  See  anisette. 

anise-tree  (an'is-tre),  n.  See  anise  and  Illicium. 

anisette  (an-i-sef),  n.  [F.,  <  anis,  anise,  +  dim. 
-ette.]  A  cordial  or  liqueur  prepared  from  the 
seed  of  the  anise.    Sometimes  called  aniseed. 

It  often  happens  tliat  a  glass  of  water,  flavored  with  a 
little  anisette,  is  the  order  over  which  he  [the  lasagnone) 
sits  a  whole  evening.  Hoioells,  Venetian  Life,  xx. 

anisic  (a-nis'ik),  a.  [<  L.  anisum,  anise,  +  -ic.] 
Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  anise.  An  equiv- 
alent form  is  anisoic  Anisic  acid,  CsHgOg,  an 

acid  oijtained  from  aniseed  by  the  action  of  oxidizing  sub- 
stances. It  is  crystallizable  and  volatile,  and  forms  salts 
wliich  crystallize  readily. 

aniso-.  [The  combining  form  of  Gr.  aviooc,  un- 
equal, <  av-  priv.  +  Icoq,  equal.]  An  element 
in  compound  words  of  Greek  origia,  signifying 
unequal. 

Anisobranchia  (a-ni-s6-bran^'M-a),  n.  jd- 
[NL..<  Gr.  iivtaog,  imequal,  +  jipayxia,  gills.]  In 
Gegenbaur's  system  of  classification,  a  super- 
family  of  gastropods,  of  the  series  Chiastoncura, 
including  a  number  of  forme  collectively  dis- 
tinguished from  the  Zeugohranchia  (which  see). 

Leading  genera  of  the  A  nisohranch  ia  are  Patella,  Trnchus, 
Littorina,  Cyclostoma,  Missoa,  Paludina,  and  Turritella. 

In  the  Anisobranchia  the  left  gill  is  smaller,  and  the 
right  one  more  largely  developed. 

Oegenbaur,  Conip.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  337. 


Anisobranchiata 

AsiSObranchiata  (a-ni"s6-brang-ki-a'ta),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  atiisobranchiatus :  see  aniso- 
hrauchiatc.']    Same  as  Anisohninchia. 

anisobranchiate  (a-ni-so-braug'ki-at),  a.  [< 
NL.  uHisobraucliiatus,  as  Anisohninchia  +  -atm.^ 


221 


ankle 


eye.]  Inequality  of  the  eyes  with  respect  to  re-  anisostemonous  (a  -  ni  -  so  -  stem'6  -  nus),  a.  [< 


fractive  power, 
anisometropic  fa-ni''''so-me-trop'ik),  a.    [<  ani- 
sometropia +  -jf.]    Unequally  refractive;  af- 
fected with  anisometropia. 


Having  unequal  gills ;  speeilically,  of  or  pertain-  Anisonema  (a-ni-so-ne'mii),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr, 


ing  to  the  Anisohranchia. 
anisobryous  (an-i-sob'ri-us),  a.     [<  Gr.  aviaoq, 
Tinequal,  +  jSpvov,  lit.  a  growth,  <  Ppvuv,  swell, 
grow.]    Same  as  anisoclynamous. 
anisocercal  (a  -ni-so-ser'kal),  a.       Gr.  hvicog., 
imequal,  +  atpKoq,  tail:  see  a«-5  and  isocercal.1 
Not  isocereal. 
anisodactyl,  anisodactyle  (a-ui-so-dak'til),  a. 
and  n.  [<  NL.  atiisodactylus,  unequal-toed,  <  Gr. 
avtaoQ,  unequal,  +  datcTvXoq,  a  finger  or  toe :  see 
aniso-  and  dactyl.']  I.  «.  Same  as  anisodactylous. 
II.  n.    1.  One  of  an  order  of  birds  in  the 


awCTof,  unequal,  +  vfj/ia,  a  thread,  <  vktv,  spin.] 

A  genus  of  thecamonadiue  infusorians,  typical  anisosthenic  (a-ni-s6-sthen'ik),  a. 
oi  tha  ffivaWy  AmsoHcniida:.  aoGOi:v>iq,<.  avtcog,  unequal,  +  cOivor 

Anisonemidae  (a-ui-s6-nem'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,    Of  unequal  strength.    N.  E.  D. 
<  Anisonema  +  ■idw.']    A  family  of  ovate  or  Anisota  (an-i-s6'ta),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  aviaor 


Gr.  avLaoi;,  unecjual,  +  arljfiuv,  a  thread  (uttj/mi, 
a  stamen:  see  stamen).']  In  hot.,  having  the 
stamens  fewer  in  number  than  the  petals  or 
lobes  of  the  corolla :  applied  to  flowers,  as  in 
the  order  LaUatcc.  An  equivalent  word  is  ani- 
sandrous. 

[<  Gr.  avi- 
strength.] 


elongate  infusorians  inhabiting  salt  and  fresh 
water.  Tliey  are  free-swinimiiig  or  temporarily  adher- 
ent animalcules  with  two  llagella,  the  anterior  one  of 
which  is  locomotory  or  vibratileand  called  the  tractelluin, 
the  posterior  one,  called  the  ijubernatulum,  being  trailed 
inactively  or  used  for  steering.  The  oral  aperture  is  dis- 
tinct, in  most  cases  associated  with  a  tubular  pharynx. 
The  endoplasm  is  transparent  and  granular.  Saville  Kent. 


classification  of  Temminck,  including  those  anisopetalous  (a-ni-s6-pet'a-lus),  a.     [<  Gr. 


insessorial  species  the  toes  of  which  are  of 
imequal  length,  as  the  nuthatch. — 2.  One  of 
the  Anisodactyla. 
Anisodactyla  (a-ni-s6-dak'ti-la),  n.  1)1.  [NL., 
AQut.  ^l.  oi  anisodactylus :  see  ' anisodactyl.]  In 
the  zoological  system  of  Cuvier,  one  of  four 
divisions  of  pachydermatous  quadi-upeds,  in- 
cluding those  which  have  several  unsymmetri- 

cal  hoofs.  The  term  is  loosely  synonymous  with  Pe- 
rissodai-ti/la,  but  as  originally  intended  it  e.xcluded  the 
solidungulate  perissodactyls,  as  the  horse,  and  included 
some  Artiodactyla,  as  the  hippopotamus,  as  well  as  all  the 
Proboscidea,  or  elephants,  mastodons,  and  mammoths. 
It  is  an  artificial  group,  not  now  in  use. 

anisodactyle,  «.  and  n.    See  anisodactyl. 

Anisodactyli  (a-ni-so-dak'ti-li),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
■pi.  ot  anisodactylus :  see  anisodactyl.]  In  Sun- 
devall's  classification  of  birds,  the  second  series 
of  an  order  Volucres,  consisting  of  the  five  co- 
horts Cmnomorphw,  Ampligidares,  Longilingues, 
ov Mellisugce,  Syndactylce,  3.nd Peristeroidece.  See 

these  words.  By  Sclater,  in  1880,  the  term  is  used  as  a 
suborder  of  Picarice,  including  twelve  families,  the  Colii- 
dcB,  Alcediiiidce,  Bucerotidce,  (Ipupidce,  Irrimridce,  Meropi- 
dce,  Mumotidce,  Tudidce,  Coraciidce,  Leptosomidas,  Podar- 
gidte,  and  Steatornitfiidce. 

anisodactyllc  (a-ni  'so-dak-tirik),  a.    [<  aniso- 
dactyl +  -ic]    Same  as  anisodactylous. 
anisodactylous  (a-nl-s6-dak'ti-lus),  a.    [<  NL. 
anisodactyl  us :  see  anisodactyl.]  Unequal-toed; 


avtaog,  unequal,  +  ■Khakov, 
In  hot.,  having  unequal  petals, 
anisopnyllous  (a-ni-s6-fil'us),  a.  [<  NL.  aniso- 
phyllus,  <  Gr.  aviaoq,  unequal,  +  <jiv?Mv  =  L. 
folium,  leaf:  see  folio.]  In  hot.,  having  the 
leaves  of  a  pair  unequal. 
Anisopleura  (a-ni-s6-pl6'ra),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  avujoc,  unequal,  +  nksvpa.,  the  side.]  A 
prime  division  of  gastropods,  containing  those 
which  are  not  bilaterally  symmetrical,  as  are 
all  Gastropoda  excepting  the  chitons,  etc. :  con- 
trasted with  Isop)leura. 


equal,  +  out;  (oir-)^E.  ear^.']  A  genus  of  moths, 
family  Bornhycidce,  established  by  Hiibner  in 

1816.  The  larvse  feed  commonly  upon  the  oak,  but  A. 
ruhicunda  (Fabricius)  is  often  injurious  to  the  soft  maple. 
They  undergo  transformation  below  the  surface  of  the 
ground  to  naked  pupa;.    See  cut  in  preceding  column. 

anisotropal  (an-i-sot'ro-pal),  a.    Same  as  ani- 
soiropic. 

leaf, "mod.  pet^.']  anisotrope  (a-ni '  so-trop),  a.  [<  Gr.  avtaoc, 
jg  r       J    unequal,  +  rporroc,  a  turnmg,  <  Tpeireiv,  turn.] 

Same  as  anisotropic. 
anisotropic  (a-ni-s6-trop'ik),  a.  ^As  anisotrope 
+  -ic.]  1.  Not  having  the  same  properties  in 
all  directions;  not  isotropic;  seolotropic.  All 
crystals  except  those  of  the  isometric  system 
are  anisotropic  with  respect  to  light. 


Starch  grains  behave  like  double  refracting  crystals,  and 
we  assume,  therefore,  that  they  consist  of  .  .  .  anUolrojnc 
substances.      Behrens,  Micros,  in  Botany  (trans.),  p.  360- 


The  twisted  or  straight  character  of  the  visceral  nervous 
loop  gives  a  foundation  for  a  division  of  the  Animpleura 
into  two  groups,  to  which  the  names  Streptoneura  and 
Euthyneura  have  been  applied.  To  the  former  belong  the 
great  majority  of  the  aquatic  and  some  of  the  teiTestrial  ^iZnty-nnnna 
species,  while  the  latter  contains  only  the  opisthobranchs  "-"iowwopouo 
and  pulraonifers.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.  294.    anisotropic. - 

T         ,  ,  under  striated. 

amsopleural  (a-m-so-plo  ral),  a.  [As  Aniso-  anisotropy  (an-i-sot'ro-pi),  n.  UGv.  avtaoa  un- 
pleura  +  -al.]  Unequal-sided;  having  bilateral   equal,  +  -TpoTzia,  <  Tpeneiv,  turn.]    The  quklity 


2.  In  hot.,  a  term  applied  by  Sachs  to  organs 
which  respond  differently  or  unequally  to  ex- 
ternal influences. 

Equivalent  fonns  are  anisotropal,  anisotrope, 
and  anisotropous. 

(an-i-sot'ro-pus),  a.     Same  as 
-Anisotropous  disk.  See  striated  muscle, 


asymmetry ;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Anisopleura. 

anisopleurous  (a-ni-s6-pl6'rus),  a.  [As  Aniso- 
pleura +  -ous.]    Same  as  anisopleural. 

Euthyneurous  anisopleurous  Gastropoda,  probably  de- 
rived from  ancestral  forms  similar  to  the  palliate  Opistho- 
branchia  by  adaptation  to  a  terrestrial  life. 


of  being  anisotropic, 
anitrogenous  (an-i-troj'e-nus),  a.     [<  Gr.  d- 
priv.  (a-18)  +  nitrogenous,  q.  v.]  Not  containing 
or  supplying  nitrogen  ;  not  nitrogenous. 
aniuma(an-i-ii'ma),  Ji.    \)ieeanliima.]  Aname 
of  the  "horned  screamer,  Palamedea  cornuta. 
anjeela  (an-je'la),  n.    [A  native  name  in  Cey- 
lon.]   A  sort  of  floating  house,  supported  upon 
two  large  canoes,  connected  by  planks,  it  is 

used  by  the  Sin.yhalese  both  as  a  dwelling  and  as  a  means 
of  transportation. 


 ^  £.  iJ.  Z,a?jte^er,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  660. 

having  the  toes  ualike.    (a)  in  mammals,  of  or  per-  anisopogonous  (a-ni-s6-pog'6-nus),  a.    r<  Gr. 

tammgtothe^ymociarfyte;  penssodactyl;  pachyderma-    ivimc   unenual   -i-  miyiw   bpnrH  1     Tr,  nrnith 
tous.  See  cnt  under  perissodactyl.  (6)  InorartA.,  of  orper-    "^'-^Ofi  "jUiequajl,  "t-  TTuyuv,  Deaid.J     in  omitll., 

taining  to  the  anisodactyls,  or  ^>i».sodartyh'.    Equivalent    Unequally  webbed:  Said  01  feathers  one  web 

forms  are  anisodactyl,  anisodactyle,  and  anisodactylic.        Or  vane  of  which  is  markedly  different  from  Anjou  (on-zho'),  n.    [F.,  <  Anjou,  a  province  of 
anisodont  (a-ni'so-dont),  a.    [<  Gr.  dwcrof,  un-    the  other  in  size  or  shape,  or  both :  opposed  to    France:  see  Angevin.]    A  slightly  sparkling 
equal,  +  6(5ot)f  (odoi'--)  =E.  tooWt.]   Inherpetol.,    isopogonous.  wine  of  western  France,  manufactured  in  a 

having  teeth  of  imequal  size:  applied  to  the  Anisops  (a-ni'sops),  w.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aviaoq,  im-  region  of  which  Chalonnes-sur-Loire,  near  An- 
dentition  of  those  serpents  in  which  the  teeth    equal,  +  dtp,  inp,  face  (appearance).]    A  genus   gers,  is  the  center. 

of  aquatic  heteropterous  insects,  of  the  family  ankerif,  n.    A  former  spelling  of  anchor^. 
Notonectidce,  or  back-swimmers,  having  a  sleu-  anker^f,  n.    A  former  spelling  of  anchor^. 
der  form  and  the  fourth  joint  of  the  antennse  anker^  (ang'ker),  n.    [=  F.  ancre  =  Russ.  a»- 
longer  than  the  third.   A.  platycnemis  is  a  com-   kcru,  ankerok,  <  D.  G.  Dan.  anJcer  =  Sw.  ankare, 
mon  North  American  species.  ~    — i-    -  ■ 


are  unequal  in  length  and  irregular  in  set,  with 
wide  interspaces,  especially  in  the  lower  jaw. 
anisodynamous  (a-m-so-di'na-mus),  «.    [<  Gr. 
dwCTOf,  unequal,  -f-  dbvauic,  power:  see  dynamic] 
In  hot.,  a  term  suggested  by  Cassini  as  a  sub- 


stitute for  monocotyledonous,  on  the  supposition  anisopterous  (an-i-sop'te-ms),  a.  [<  Gr.  aviooc, 
that  the  single  cotyledon  results  from  unequal    unequal,  +  Trrepov,  a  wing.]     With  unequal 
development  on  the  two  sides  of  the  axis  of  the    wings :  applied  to  flowers,  fruits,  etc. 
-embryo.  An  equivalent  form  suggested  by  him  Anisopteryx  (an-i-sop'te-riks),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 
was  anisohryous,  but  neither  term  was  ever    avinog,  unequal,  +  Trrepvi',  wing.]    A  genus  of 


geometrid  moths,  the  larvse  of  which  are  known 

as  canker-worms.    Two  well-known  species  are  A. 


adopted. 

■anisognathous  (an-i-sog'na-thus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
awaof,  unequal,  -I-  yvddoq,  jaw.]  In  zool.,  hav- 
ing the  molar  teeth  unlike  in  the  two  jaws  :  op- 
posed to  isognatlious. 
anisogynous  (an-i-soj'i-nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  aviaoc, 
unequal,  +  yvvr/,  a  female.]  In  hot.,  having  the  Anisorhamphus  (a-ni-s6-ram'fus) 


a  liquid  measui-e,  prob.  orig.  a  vat  or  keg ;  cf  ^ 
ML.  anceria,  ancheria,  a  small  vat  or  keg; 
origin  obscure.]  A  Kquid  measui-e  formerly 
used  in  England,  and  still  common  throughout 
Germany,  Russia,  and  Denmark,  having  a  ca- 
pacity varying  in  different  places  from  9  to  10^ 
gallons.  In  Scotland  it  was  equal  to  20  Scotch 
pints.    Also  spelled  anchor. 


carpels  not  equal  in  number  to  the  sepals. 
-ZV.  E.D. 

anisoic  (an-i-so'lk),  a.  [Irreg.  equiv.  of  anisic] 

Same  as  anisic. 
anisomeric  (a-ui-s6-mer'ik),  a.     [As  anisome- 

rous  +  -ic]     In  chem.,  not  composed  of  the 

same  proportions  of  the  same  elements, 
anisomerous  (an-i-som'e-rus),  a.     [<  NL.  ani- 

somerus,  <  Gr.  avimi;,  unequal,  +  fiipoq,  part.] 

1.  In  hot.,  unsymmetrical :  applied  to  flowei  s 
which  have  not  the  same  number  of  parts  in 
each  circle. 

[When]  the  niunber  of  parts  in  each  whorl  is  ...  un- 
equal, as  In  Rue,  .  .  .  the  flower  is  anisomerous. 

R.  Bentley,  Botany,  p.  343. 

2.  In  odontog.,  having  the  transverse  ridges  of 
successive  molar  teeth  increasing  in  number  by 
more  than  one,  as  in  the  mastodons. 

anisometric  (a-ni-s6-met'rik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avtaog, 
unequal,  +  fikrpov,  measure.]  Of  unequal  mea- 
surement: a  term  applied  to  crystals  whi'^h 
are  developed  dissimilarly  in  the  three  axial 
directions. 

),  n.  [NL. 
measure,  +  uip. 


fall  canker-worm,  both  of  which  occur  in  greater  or  less 
abundance  from  Maine  to  Texas ;  they  feed  upon  the  leaves 
of  the  apple,  pear,  plum,  cherry,  elm,  linden,  and  many 
other  trees.    See  cut  under  canlcer-worm. 

_    .  -  [NL.,< 

Gr.  aviaog,  unequal,  +  paft(poq,  beak,  bill.]  Same 
as  Rhynchops. 


anisometropia  (a-ni''''s6-me-tr6'pi-a 
<  Gr.  aviaog,  unequal,  +  fierpov,  me'a 


vemata  the  spring  canker-worm,  and  A.  pometaria,  the  ankerite  (aug'ker-lt),  n.    [After  Prof.  Anker,  of 

Gratz,  +-(te2.]  A  erystalhzed  vanety  of  dolo- 
mite containing  much  ii-on.  it  consists  of  carbon- 
ates of  calcium,  iron,  magnesium,  and  manganese,  and  is 
much  prized  as  an  ore  of  iron  for  smelting  and  as  a  flux. 
It  occurs  with  carbonate  of  iron  at  the  Styrian  mines  and 
elsewhere. 

ankh  (ank),  n.  [Egypt.,  life  or  soul.]  In  Egyp- 
tian art,  the  emblem  of  endui-ing  life,  or  sjTn- 
bol  of  generation,  generally  represented  as  held 
in  the  hand  of  a  deity,  and  often 
conferred  upon  royal  favorites.  It 
is  the  crux  ansata  (which  see,  under 
crux). 

ankle  (ang'kl),  n.  [(a)  Also  writ- 
ten ancle,  <  ME.  ankle,  ancle,  ankel, 
ankil,  ankyl  (a  corresponding  AS. 
form  not  recorded)  =  OFries.  an- 
kel='D.enkel:^ORG.  a n ch al,en ch il, 
m.,  ancliala,  enchila,  f.,  MHG.  G. 
enkel  —  lcel.  okkla,  oA7(z=:Sw.  Dan. 
ankel;  (b)  also  with  added  term.  E. 
dial,  anclef,  ancliff,  ancley,  <  ME.  a7i- 
clce,  anclowe,  <  AS.  ancleow,  oncleow, 
ancleo  =  OFries.  onklcf=  OD.  acnklauwe,  D.  an- 
klaauw,  cnklaaiiw  =  OHG.  anchlao  (rare)  (the 
term,  being  due,  perhaps,  to  a  simulation  of  AS. 
cleo,  usually  clawu  —  OFvies.  klere  =iD.  klaauw, 
a  claw) ;  with  fonnativo  -/,  -cl,  from  a  simple 
base  presei-ved' in  OHG.  encha,  einka,leg,  ankle, 
MHG.  anke,  ajikle  (>  F.  hanche,  E.  haunch,  q. 


Ankh.  carried 
by  Egyptian 
gods.  I  From  a 
bas-relief. ) 


Green-stiiped  Maple-worm  [Anisota  rubicunda). 
.  larra;  *,  pupa;  c,  female  moth.   (All  natural  size.) 


ankle 

v.);  prob.  related  to  L.  angulus,  an  angle,  and 
Gr.  ayKvAo^,  bent:  see  angled,  anglc^,  and  aii- 
kylose.']  1.  The  joint  which  connects  the  foot 
with  the  leg. —  2.  By  extension,  the  sleudei- part 
of  the  leg  between  the  calf  and  the  ankle-joint. 
Also  spelled  ancle. 

ankle-bone  (ang'kl-bon),  n.  The  bone  of  the 
ankle ;  the  astragalus  or  huckle-bone. 

ankle-boot  (aug'kl-bot),  «.  1.  A  covering  for 
the  ankle  of  a  horse,  designed  to  prevent  inter- 
fering. See  interfere. — 2.  A  boot  reaching  a 
little  above  a  person's  ankle. 

ankle-clonus  (ang'kl-kl6"nus),  H.  The  clonic 
spasm  of  the  ealf-muscles  evoked  in  certain 
cases  by  a  sudden  bending  of  the  foot  upwai'd 
toward  the  ankle,  to  such  an  extent  as  to  render 
the  tendon  of  Achilles  very  tense. 

ankled  (ang'kld),  rt.  l<  anile  + -ed^.J  Having 
ankles:  used  in  composition:  as,  Y^ell-anklcd. 

ankle-deep  (ang'kl-dep),  a.  1.  Sunk  in  water, 
mud,  or  the  like,  up  to  the  ankles. —  2.  Of  a 
depth  sufficient  to  reach  or  come  up  to  the  top 
of  the  ankle. 

ankle-jack  (ang'kl-jak),  n.  A  kind  of  boot 
reaching  above  the  ankle. 

He  [Captain  Cuttle]  put  on  an  unparalleled  pair  of  an- 
kle-jacks. Dickens,  Dorabey  and  Son,  xv. 

ankle-jerk  (ang'kl-jerk),  «.  The  contraction  of 
the  muscles  of  the  calf  caused  by  striking  the 
tendon  of  Achilles  just  above  the  heel  or  sud- 
denly stretching  it.    Also  called  ankle-reflex. 

ankle-joint  (ang'kl-jorut),  n.  1.  In  ordinary 
language,  same  as  ankle,  1. — 2.  In  sodl.  and 
anat.,  the  tarsal  joint,  (a)  In  mammals,  the 
tibiotarsal  articulation.  (6)  In  other  verte- 
brates, the  mediotarsal  articulation.  See  tar- 
sal, tarsus. 

ankle-reflex  (ang'kl-re"fleks),  n.  Same  as  an- 
kle-jerk. 

anklet  (ang'klet),  «.  l<.  ankle  +  dim. -et.'i  1.  A 
little  ankle. —  2.  An  ornament  for  the  ankle, 
corresponding  to  the  bracelet  for  the  wrist  or 
forearm. — 3.  A  support  or  brace  for  the  leg,  in- 
tended to  stiffen  the  ankle-joint  and  prevent  the 
ankle  from  turning  to  one  side. — 4.  An  exten- 
sion of  the  top  of  a  boot  or  shoe,  designed  some- 
times for  protection  to  a  weak  ankle,  some- 
times merely  for  ornament. —  5.  A  fetter  or 
shackle  for  the  ankles. 

To  every  bench,  as  a  fixture,  there  was  a  chain  with 
heavy  anklets.  L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  152. 

ankle-tie  (ang'kl-ti),  n.  A  kind  of  slipper  vrith 
straps  buttoning  around  the  ankle. 

ankus,  ankush  (ang'kus,  -kush),  «.  [Hind. 
ankus,  Pers.  anguzh,  <  Skt.  ankuga.']  In  India, 
an  elephant-goad  combining  a  sharp  hook  and 
a  straight  point  or  spike.  Sucli  goads  are  often 
elaborately  ornamented;  they  are  a  favorite  subject  for  the 
rich  enamel  of  Jeypore,  and  aresoraetimesset  with  precious 
stones.  "It  forms  part  of  the  Ichillat  or  'dress  of  honor' 
given  by  the  Maharaja  of  Jeypore."  Jacobs  and  Hendley, 
Jeypore  Enamels. 

ankyloblepharon  (ang"ki-lo-blef 'a-ron),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  ayKvAoc,  crooked  (see  ankylosis),  + 
pM<papov,  eyelid.]  In  pathoL,  union,  more  or 
less  extensive,  of  the  edges  of  the  eyelids.  Im- 
properly spelled  anchylohlepharon. 

ankylose  (ang'ki-16s),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  anky- 
losed,  ppr.  ankylosing.  [<  ankylosis,  q.  v.]  I. 
trans.  To  fix  immovably,  as  a  joint ;  stiffen. 

II.  intrans.  In  osteo/.,  to  become  consolidated, 
as  one  bone  with  another  or  a  tooth  with  a  jaw ; 
become  firmly  united  bone  to  bone ;  grow  to- 
gether, as  two  or  more  bones;  effect  bony  union 
or  ankylosis. 

In  the  Sirenia  the  pelvis  is  extremely  rudimentary,  be- 
ing composed,  in  the  Dugong,  of  two  slender,  elongated 
bones  on  each  side, 
placed  end  to  end,  and 
commonly  ankylosing  to- 
gether. 

W.  H.  Flower,  Osteology, 
[p.  291. 
The  lower  incisors  of 
some  species  of  shrews 
.  .  .  become  ankylosed 
to  the  jaw. 

IT.  H.  Flower,  Encyc. 
Brit.,  XV.  349,  foot-note. 

Improperly  spell- 
ed anchylose. 
ankylosis  (ang- ki- 
lo '  sis),  n.  [Im- 
properly anchylosis, 
strictly  *ancylosis,  <      Extensive  Ankylosis  of  cervical 

(iv   nvici)7itr:ir   a  vtiff.  vertebra:  of  Greenland  right  whale, 

(jr.  ayKV/UJOlC,  a  Stm-  f,^,^,,^   mysticetus.     1-7,  the  first 

ening  of  the  joints,  seven  vertebra:  united  in  one  mass; 

/      » /  a,  articular  surface  of  atlas  for  occipi- 

<     ayKvMen),     crook,  tal  condyle;  t.  epiphysis  on  body 

bend,       <        hyKvKoC,  of  seventh  cervical;  j-n,  foramen  in 

,      ,       L     /  V  arch  of  atlas  for  passage  of  front 

crooked,    bent    (Cf.  spinal  nerve. 


222 

a}'KO?,  a  bend),  =  L.  angulus,  angle  (cf.  ancus, 
bent) ;  closely  related  to  E.  angle'^ :  see  angled 
and  ankle.']  1.  In  anat.  and  ^■oo/.,  the  consoli- 
dation or  fusion  of  two  or  more  bones  in  one, 
or  the  imion  of  the  different  parts  of  a  bone ; 
bony  union ;  synosteosis :  as,  the  ankylosis  of 
the  cranial  bones  one  with  another;  the  anky- 
losis of  the  different  elements  of  the  temporal 
bone;  the  ankylosis  of  an  epiphysis  with  the 
shaft  of  a  bone. —  2.  In  pathol.,  stiffness  and 
immovability  of  a  joint;  morbid  adhesion  of 
the  articular  ends  of  contiguous  bones. 

He  moves  along  stiffly  ...  as  the  man  who,  as  we  are 
told  iu  the  Philosophical  Transactions,  was  aflSicted  witli 
an  universal  anchylosis.  Goldsmith,  Criticisms. 

Improperly  spelled  anchylosis. 
ankylotic  (ang-ki-lot'ik),  a.    [<  ankylosis  :  see 
-of/c]    Pertaining  to  ankylosis.  Improperly 
spelled  anchylotic. 

ankylotome  (ang-kU'o-tom),  n.  [<  NL.  anky- 
lotoinus,  <  Gr.  ayKvloc;,  crooked  (see  ankylosis), 
+  TO//?/,  a  cutting,  <  Te/j.vetv,Tafieiv,  cut:  seetowe.] 
1.  A  surgical  instrimienfi  for  oper- 
ating on  adhesions  or  contractions, 
especially  of  the  tongue. —  2.  A 
curved  knife  or  bistoury. 

Equivalent  forms  are  ancylotome, 
ankylotoimts,  ancylotomus. 

ankylotomus  (ang-ki-lot'o-mus), 
H. ;  pi.  ankylotomi  (-mi).  [NL.] 
Same  as  ankylotome.  Also  written 
ancylotomns. 

ankyroid  (an-ki'roid),  a.    Same  as 
ancyroid. 

anlacet,  anelacet  (an'las,  -e-las),  n. 
[<  ME.  anlas,  analasse,  anlace,  ane- 
lace,  in  Latinized  form  anelacius, 
anelatins,  OW.  anglas;  of  uncer- 
tain origin.]  A  dagger  or  short 
sword,  very  broad  and  thin  at  the 
hilt  and  tapering  to  a  point,  used 
from  the  tweKth  to  the  fifteenth 
century.    Also  spelled  anelas. 


Anlace. 


An  anlas  and  a  gipser  al  of  silk 
Heng  at  his  girdel. 
Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  357. 


(From  Viollet- 
le-Duc*s  "  Diet, 
du  Mobilier 
frantjais."  1 


His  harp  in  sill<en  scarf  was  slung, 
And  by  his  side  an  anlace  hung. 

Scott,  Rokeby,  v.  15. 

anlaut  (an'lout),  «.  [G.,  <  an,  on  (=  E.  on, 
q.  v.),  marking  the  beginning,  4-  laut,  a  sound, 

<  laut,  adj.,  loud,  —  E.  loud,  q.  v.  Cf.  auslaut, 
inlaut,  aad  umlaut.]  In  philol.,  the  initial 
sotmd  of  a  word. 

anlet  (an'let),  n.    [<  OF.  anelet,  dim.  of  anel,  a 

ring:  see  annulet.]    In  her.,  same  as  annulet. 

Also  VTi'itten  ayullet,  aunlet. 
annt,  n.    [For  annat,  annet,  appar.  with  direct 

ref.  to  L.  annus,  a  year:  see  annat,  annate.] 

Same  as  annat. 
anna^  (an'a),  «.   [Anglo-Ind.,  also  spelled  ana, 

<  Hind,  and.]  In  India,  the  sixteenth  part  of  a 
rupee,  or  about  3  cents.  Under  Queen  Victoria, 
coins  of  the  value  of  2  annas  (silver),  worth  2Jd.,  half  an 
anna  (copper),  etc.,  have  been  issued. 

anna^  (an'a),  «.  [S.  Amer.]  The  Indian  name 
of  a  South  American  skunk.    Be  la  Vega. 

annabergite  (an'a-berg-it),  n.  [<  Annaherg, 
a  town  in  Saxony,  -f-  -ite'^.]  A  hydrous  ar- 
seniate  of  nickel,  a  massive  or  earthy  mineral 
of  an  apple-green  color,  often  resulting  from 
the  alteration  of  arsenides  of  nickel. 

annal  (an'al),  «.  [In  sense  1,  a  sing,  made 
from  pi.  annals,  q.  v.  In  sense  2,  <  ML.  anna- 
lis  (sc.  missa),  also  neut.  annate,  a  mass,  <  L. 
annalis,je&vly.  Ct.  annual.]  1.  A  register  or 
record  of  the  events  of  a  year:  chiefly  used  in 
the  plural.  See  annals. 
A  last  year's  annal. 

Warburton,  Causes  of  Prodigies,  p.  59. 

2.  Same  as  annual,  «.,  1. 
annalist  (an'al-ist),  n.  [<  annal  +  -ist;  =F,  an- 
naliste.]    A  writer  of  annals. 

The  monks  .  .  .  were  the  only  annalists  during  those 
ages.  Hume,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

Gregory  of  Tours  was  succeeded  as  an  annalist  by  the 
still  feebler  Fredegarius.      Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  24. 

annalistic  (an-a-lis'tik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
characteristic  of  an  annalist. 

Written  in  a  stiff  annalistic  method. 
Sir  G.  C.  Lewis,  Credibility  of  Early  Horn.  Hist.,  I.  .50. 

annalizet  (an'al-iz),  v.  t.    [<  annal  +  -ise.]  To 
record  in  annals,  or  as  in  annals.  [Rare.] 
The  miracle,  deserving  a  Baronius  to  annalize  it. 

Sheldon,  Miracles,  p.  332. 

annals  (an'alz),  n.  pi.  [Formerly  annales,  <  F. 
annales,  pl.j  <  L.  annales  (sc.  libri,  books),  a 
yearly  record,  pi.  of  annalis,  yearly  (in  LL.  also 


annealing 

annualis,  >  E.  animal,  q.  v.),  <  annus,  a  circuit, 
periodical  retirrn,  hence  a  year,  prob.  orig. 
*acnus  (cf.  Umbrian  perekncm  =  L.  perennem: 
see  perennial),  and  identical  with  anus  (orig. 
*acnus),  a  ring  {>  dnulus,  also  written  annidus, 
a  ring:  see  unmdus),  perhaps  <  *ac,  bend, 
nasalized  *anc  in  angulus  (for  *anctdus),  angle, 
etc. :  see  angle^.]  1.  A  history  or  relation  of 
events  recorded  year  by  year,  or  connected  by 
the  order  of  their  occurrence.  Hence  —  2.  Any 
formal  account  of  events,  discoveries,  transac- 
tions of  learned  societies,  etc. —  3.  Historical 
records  generally. 

The  Tour  de  Constance  [at  Algues-Mortesl  .  .  .  served 
for  years  as  a  prison,  .  .  .  and  the  annals  of  these  dread- 
ful chambers  during  the  first  half  of  tlie  last  century  were 
written  in  tears  of  blood. 

H.  James,  Jr. ,  Little  Tour,  p.  177. 

=  Syn.  History,  Chronicle,  etc.  See  histoi-y,  also  list  un- 
der chronicle. 

Annamese  (an-a-mes'  or  -mez'),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Annam  (said  to  be  <  Chinese  an,  peace,  peace- 
ful, -t-  nam,  south)  -f-  -ese.]  I.  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  Annam,  its  people,  or  its  language. 

II.  w.  1.  sing,  ov  pi.  A  native  or  the  natives 
of  Annam ;  an  inhabitant  or  the  inhabitants  of 
Annam,  a  feudatory  dependency  of  China  till 
1883,  when  France  established  a  protectorate 

over  it.  Annam  occupies  the  eastern  portion  of  tlie 
Indo-Chinese  peninsula,  having  China  proper  on  the  north 
and  Siam  on  the  west. 

2.  The  language  spoken  iu  Annam.  it  is  mono- 
syllabic, and  allied  to  the  Chinese.  Annamese  literature 
is  written  in  Chinese  characters,  used  phonetically. 
Also  spelled  Anamese. 
Annamite  (an'a-mit),  a.  and  n.  [<  Annam  ■¥ 
-ite"^.]  Same  as  Annamese.  Also  spelled  Ana- 
mite. 

annat,  annate  (an'at,  an'at),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  annat,  annet,  usually  in  pi.,  <  F.  annate,  < 
ML.  annata,  neut.  pi.  of  annatus,  a  year  old,  < 
L.  a«WMS,  a  year:  see  annals.]  1.  j)l.  The  first 
fruits,  consisting  of  a  year's  revenue,  or  a 
specified  portion  of  a  year's  revenue,  paid  to 
the  pope  by  a  bishop,  an  abbot,  or  other  ec- 
clesiastic, on  his  appointment  to  a  new  see  or 
benefice.  The  place  of  annats  is  now  supplied,  in  the 
main,  by  "Peter's  pence."  In  England,  in  1534,  they 
were  vested  in  the  king,  and  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne 
they  were  restored  to  the  church,  and  appropriated  to  the 
augmentation  of  poor  livings  of  the  Cliurch  of  England, 
forming  what  is  known  as  "  Queen  Anne's  bounty." 

Next  year  the  annates  or  first-fruits  of  benefices,  a  con- 
stant source  of  discord  between  the  nations  of  Europe  and 
their  spiritual  chief,  were  taken  away  by  act  of  Parlia- 
ment. Hallam. 

2.  In  Scots  law,  the  portion  of  stipend  payable 
for  the  half  year  after  the  death  of  a  clergy- 
man- of  the  Chui'ch  of  Scotland,  to  which  his 
family  or  nearest  of  kin  have  right. 

The  annat  due  to  the  executors  of  deceased  ministers  is 
declared  to  be  lialf  a  year's  rent  over  what  is  due  to  the 
defunct  for  his  incumbency,  to  wit :  if  he  survive  Whit- 
sunday, the  half  of  tliat  year  is  due  for  his  incumbency,  and 
the  other  half  for  the  annat ;  and  if  he  survive  Michael- 
mas, the  whole  year  is  due  for  his  incumbency,  and  the 
half  of  tlie  next  year  for  the  annat,  and  the  executors  need 
not  to  confirm  it.        Pari.,  2d  Sess.,  iii.,  13th  an.  Car.  II. 

annatto  (a-nat'6),  n.    Same  as  arnotto. 

anneal^  (a-nel'),  v.  t.  [Now  spelled  in  imita- 
tion of  L.  words  in  ann-;  prop.,  as  in  early  mod. 
E.,  aneal,  <  ME.  anelen,  onelen,  inflame,  heat, 
melt,  bui-n,  <  AS.  ancelan,  oncelan,  burn,  <  an, 
on,  on,  -I-  wlan,  birrn,  set  on  fire,  <  dl,  also  eel, 
fire,  a  burning  (a  rare  word ;  ct.alfet);  et.  ailed, 
fire,  —  OS.  eld  =  Icel.  eldr  =  Sw.  eld  —  Dan.  ild, 
fire  (the  vowel  short,  though  orig.  long).  The 
particular  sense  'enamel' may  have  been  de- 
rived in  part  from  OF.  neeler,  nieler,  later  nel- 
ler,  varnish,  enamel,  orig.  paint  in  black  upon 
gold  or  silver,  <  ML.  nigellare,  blacken,  enamel 
in  black,  <  nigellum,  a  black  enamel  (>E.  niello, 
q.  v.),  <  LL.  nigellus,  blackish,  dim.  of  L.  niger, 
black:  see  negro.]  If.  Originally,  to  set  on 
fire;  kindle. —  2t.  To  heat,  fire,  bake,  or  fuse, 
as  glass,  earthenware,  ores,  etc. —  3.  To  heat, 
as  glass,  earthenware,  or  metals,  in  order  to  fix 
colors ;  enamel. — 4.  To  treat,  as  glass,  earthen- 
ware, or  metals,  by  heating  and  gradually  cool- 
ing, so  as  to  toughen  them  and  remove  their 
brittleness. 

anneal^t,  v.  t.    Same  as  aneal^. 
annealer  (a-ne'ler),  n.    One  who  or  that  whicli 
anneals. 

annealing  (a-ne'ling),  w.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
anealing;  verbal  n.  of  anneal'^.]  1.  The  pro- 
cess or  art  of  treating  substances  by  means  of 
heat,  so  as  to  remove  their  brittleness  and  at 
the  same  time  render  them  tough  and  more  or 
less  elastic,  in  general,  these  results  are  obtained  by 
heating  to  a  high  temperature  and  then  cooling  very  gradu- 


annealing 

ally.  All  glassware,  china,  etc.,  which  is  to  be  subjected 
to  fcTeat  changes  of  temperature  should  be  thus  treated 
The  working  of  iron  and  steel  by  lianmiering,  bending, 
rolling,  drawing,  etc.,  tends  to  liardeu  them  and  make 
them  brittle,  and  the  original  properties  are  restored  by 
annealing.  Steel  plates  and  dies  for  bank-note  printing 
and  the  like  are  annealed  in  a  close  box  with  iron  filings  or 
tui'nings,  lime,  or  other  substances,  and  are  thus  freed 
fi-om  carbon  and  reduced  to  pure  soft  iron,  in  which  state 
they  will  readily  take,  under  pressure,  the  finest  engrav- 
ing from  a  hardened  plate  or  die.  They  are  then  liardened 
again  to  the  degree  necessary  for  tlieir  use  in  printing. 
Steel  for  engraving  dies  is  commoidy  annealed  by  heatin" 
it  to  a  bright  cherry-red  color,  and  cooling  it  gradually  in 
a  bed  of  charcoal. 

2.  Same  as  tempering.— 3.  A  founders' term  for 
the  slow  treatment  of  the  elay  or  loam  cores  for 
castings,  which,  after  having  been  dried,  are 
burned  or  baked,  and  then  are  slowly  cooled, 
annealing-arch  (a-ne'ling-arch),  n.  The  oven 
in  which  glassware  is  annealed :  called  in  some 
cases  a  leer,  in  plate-glass  manufacture,  tlie  anneal- 
ing-arch is  called  a  carquaise;  the  front  door,  tlie  throat  ■ 
the  back  door,  the  gueulette  (little  throat);  the  heatin" '- 
furnace,  a  tisar. 

A  box  in 


223 


annealing-box  (a-ne'ling-boks),  n.  ^ 
which  articles  are  placed  in  order  to  be  sub- 
jected to  the  action  of  the  annealing-oven  or 
-furnace. 

annealing-color  (a-ne'ling-kul''''or),  n.  The 
color  acquired  by  steel  in  the  process  of  tem- 
pering or  exposure  to  progressive  heat. 

annealing-furnace  (a-ne'ling-fer"nas),  n.  A 
furnace  in  which  articles  to  be  annealed  are 
heated. 

annealing-oven  (a-ne'ling-uv^n),  n.  An  an- 
nealing-arch. 

annealing-pot  (a-ne'ling-pot),  n.  A  closed  pot 
in  which  are  placed  articles  to  be  annealed  or 
subjected  to  the  heat  of  a  furnace.  They  are 
thus  inclosed  to  prevent  the  formation  of  an 
oxid  upon  their  surfaces. 

annectt  (a-nekt'),  V.  t.  [<  L.  annectere,  adnec- 
tere,  tie  or  bend  to  :  see  annex,  v."]  To  connect 
or  join.    Sir  T.  Elyot. 

It  is  united  to  it  by  golden  rings  at  every  corner  the 
hke  rings  being  annected  to  the  ephod. 

Whiston,  tr.  of  Josephus,  III.  7. 

annectent  (a-nek'tent),  a.  [<  L.  annecten{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  annectere :  see  annex,  v.']  Annexing ; 
connecting  or  joining  one  thiag  with  another.' 
Chiefly  a  zoological  tem,  applied  to  those  animals  or 
groups  of  animals  which  link  two  or  more  varieties,  fami- 
lies, classes,  etc.,  together. 

It  appears  probable  that  they  [Gasterotricha]  form  an 
annecfent  group  between  the  Rotifera  and  the  Turbellaria. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  171. 
Annectent  gjrus.  See  gyrus. 

Annelata  (an-e-la'ta),  n.  pi.  Same  as  Annel- 
lata. 

annelid,  annelide  (an'e-lid),  n.  and  a.  •  I.  w.  One 

of  the  Annelida  or  Annelides.   Also  anneloid. 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertainrug  to  the  Annelida  or 
Annelides. 

Also  annelidan,  annelidian. 
Annelida  (a-nel'i-da),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (with  single 
?  after  F.  anneles,  pp.  pi.,  ringed),  prop.  Annel- 
lida,  <  L.  annellus,  more  correctly  dnellus,  dim. 
of  dnidus,  a  ring  (see  annulus),  +  -ida.'\  1.  The 
annelids  or  Annelides,  a  class  of  invertebrate 
animals,  of  the  phylum  Femes,  sometimes  called 
the  class  of  red-blooded  worms.  The  body  is  com- 
posed of  numerous  (up  to  some  400)  segments,  somites 
or  metameres,  and  limbs  are  wanting,  or,  if  present  are 
rudimentary  and  consist  of  the  ciUa  or  seta;  known  as  para- 
podia.  A  vascular  system  with  red  blood  is  usually  pres- 
ent ;  the  integument  is  soft,  and  composed  of  many  layers 
the  surface  bemg  mostly  ciliate  or  setose ;  the  head  is 
wanting  or  rudimentary,  and  in  the  latter  case  consists 
of  a  prostomium  which  may  be  cirriferous  or  tenta- 
''"Ul^rous.  The  Annelida  are  the  "worms,"  properly  so 
called,  of  which  the  common  earthworm,  lobwoi-m,  and 
leech  are  characteristic  examples.  Most  of  the  species 
are  aquatic  and  marine.  The  class  is  differently  limited 
by  different  authors,  the  principal  variation  among  later 
writers,  however,  being  in  e.'ccluding  or  including  the  Ge- 
^"eluding  these,  as  is  done  by  the  above  defini- 
twn  the  Annebda  have  been  divided  into  four  orders  • 
Ki-)tlintdinea,  Discophora,  or  Suctoria,  the  leeches  -  C) 
^l^goohceta^  Abramhia,  Terricolce,  etc.,  the  earthworms 
^^i,^-'''  '"™ediate  allies  ;  (3)  Chcetopoda,  Polychceta, 
&ran«ia,  etc.,  the  free  sea- worms ;  and  (4)  Cephalo- 
^an^Ata  TuUcohe  etc.,  the  tubicolous  sea- worms  An- 
l^M^i^T^  ^"'^''^  ^'"ieZirfa  into  four  subclasses:  (1) 
albPW9?^l  ^I^P^^'^d  of  the  genus  Polynordim  and  its 
?n<^sched,nP  '"^■l"ding{2),  (3),  and  (4)of  the  forego- 

.  '■^)  ^"■"<l'»«*or  Discophora ;  and  (4)  Entero- 
KnritiP=  f S*^""^  Balamglossus,  which  some 
authorities  class  with  the  ascidians  or  Chordata. 

^.  in  Huxley's  system  (1877),  a  superordinal 
division  including  the  Polyclueta,  Oligochwta,  Hi- 
Z  'H^f^^^^  Gei?%rea,  with  the  Myzostomata 
doubtfully  added  thereto:  a  group  the  mem- 
pers  ot  which  resemble  one  another  generally 
m  the  segmentation  of  the  body  indicated  at 
least  by  the  serially  multigangUonate  nervous 
centers  (wanting  in  most  Gephyrea).  in  the 


presence  of  cilia  and  segmental  organs,  and  in 
the  natiu'o  of  the  larvse,  which  are  set  free  when 
the  embryos  hatch. 

annelidan  (a-nel'i-dan),  n.  and  a.    [<  Annelida 

+  -an.}  Same  as  annelid. 
annelide,  n.  and  a.  See  annelid. 
Annelides  (a-nel'i-dez),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (F.  pi.): 
see  Annelida.']  1.  Red-blooded  woi-ms.  La- 
marcJc. — 2.  Invertebrate  animals  that  have  red 
blood;  the  first  class  of  articulated  animals, 
divided  into  Tubicolm,  Borsibranchiata,  and 
AbrancMa.  Cuvier,  1817.— 3.  In  Milne-Ed- 
wards's  classification,  a  similar  gi-oup  of  worms, 
divided  into  Suctoria,  Terricolw,  Tubicolw,  and 
Errantes. — 4.  In  Gegenbaur's  system,  a  prime 
division  of  Annulata  (itself  a  class  of  Vermes), 
composed  of  two  groups,  Oligochwta  and  Chceto- 
poda. —  5.  A  synonym,  more  or  less  exact,  of 
Annelida  (which  see), 
annelidian  (an-e-lid'i-an),  w.  and  a.  Same  as 
annelid. 

annelidous  (a-nel'i-dus),  a.  [<  Annelida  + 
-OMS.]  Relating  to  or  resembling  an  annelid. 
Also  anneloid. 

The  mud  in  many  places  was  thrown  up  by  numbers  of 
some  kind  of  worm,  or  annelidous  animal. 

Darwin,  Voyage  of  Beagle,  I.  84. 

annelism  (an'e-lizm),  n.  [As  annel(id)  +  -ism.] 
In  zooL,  annelidan  or  ringed  structure  or  con- 
dition. 

The  gi-eat  band-worm  is  ...  of  this  low  type  of  annel- 
">'"'•  Hartvng,  The  Sea,  xii. 

Annellata  (an-e-la'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  annellatus,  <  L.  annellus,  anellus,  dim.  of  an- 
nus, anus,  a  ring :  see  annulus.]  A  synonym  of 
the  Annelides  of  Cuvier  (see  Annelides,  2).  Owen, 
1843.   Also  written  Annelata. 

anneloid  (an'e-loid),  a.  and  n.    [As  annel(id) 
+  -oid.]    I.  a.  Same  as  annelidous. 
II.  n.  Same  as  annelid. 

anneti  (an'et),  71.  [E.  dial.,  also  written  an- 
nett;  origin  uncertain.]  The  Mttiwake  gull, 
Larus  tridactylus  or  Rissa  tridactyla.  See  kitti- 
wake.    [Local  British.] 

annet^t,  «.    Same  as  annat. 

annex  (a-neks'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  annexed 
(also  annext),  ppr.  annexing.  [<  ME.  annexen, 
anexen,  <  F.  annexer,  <  ML.  annexare,  freq.  form 
of  L.  annectere,  adnectere,  pp.  annexus,  adnexus, 
tie  or  bind  to,  join,  <  ad,  to,  -I-  nectere,  bind,  akin 
to  Skt.  "v/ wa;*,  bind.  Ct.connect.}  1.  To  attach 
at  the  end;  subjoin;  affix:  as,  to  awnex  a  codicil 
to  a  will.  In  law,  it  implies  physical  connection,  which 
however,  is  often  dispensed  with  when  not  reasonablv 
practicable. 

2.  To  unite,  as  a  smaller  thing  to  a  greater; 
join ;  make  an  integral  part  of :  as,  to  annex  a 
conquered  province  to  a  kingdom. 

It  is  an  invariable  maxim,  that  every  acquisition  of  for- 
eign territory  is  at  the  absolute  disposal  of  the  king  •  and 
unless  he  annex  it  to  the  realm,  it  is  no  part  of  it. 

A.  Hamilton,  Works,  II.  65. 
For  next  to  Death  is  Sleepe  to  be  compared  ; 
Therefore  his  house  is  unto  his  annext. 

Speyuer,  F.  Q.,  II.  vii.  25. 

3.  To  attach,  especially  as  an  attribute,  a  con- 
dition, or  a  consequence :  as,  to  annex  a  penalty 
to  a  prohibition. 

Next  to  sorrow  still  I  may  annex  such  accidents  as  pro- 
cure fear.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  221 


anniMlationism 

annex,  v.]  1.  The  act  of  annexing  or  uniting 
at  the  end ;  the  act  of  adding,  as  a  smaller  thing 
to  a  greater;  the  act  of  connecting;  conjunc- 
tion ;  addition :  as,  the  annexation  of  Texas  to 
the  United  States.— 2.  That  which  is  annexed 
or  added. 

Pre-eminent  among  them  [Roman  conquests] stand  the 
annexations  of  I'ompeius  in  Syria,  of  the  elder  Ciesar  in 
Haul,  of  the  younger  C'scsar  in  Egyi)t. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Anicr.  Lccts.,  p.  329. 
3.  In  law :  (a)  The  attachment  of  chattels  to  a 
freehold,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  give  them  the 
character  of  flxtui-es.  (b)  In  Scots  law,  the  ap- 
propriating of  church  lands  to  the  crown,  or 
the  union  of  lands  lying  at  a  distance  from  tlio 
kirk  to  which  they  belong  to  the  kirk  which  is 
nearest  to  them, 
annexational  (an-eks-a'shon-al),  a.  [<  annex- 
ation -at.]  Relating  to  annexation ;  in  favor 
of  annexation. 

The  strong  annexatioTial  fever  which  now  rages. 

Tlie  Nation,  April  8,  1869,  p.  207. 

annexationist  (an-eks-a'shon-ist),  n.  [<  an- 
nexation +  -ist.]  One  who  is  in  favor  of  or  ad- 
vocates annexation,  especially  of  temtory ;  one 
who  aids  the  policy  of  annexing,  or  of  being 
annexed. 

now  urged  im- 


Industry  hath  annexed  thereto  the  fairest  fruits  and  the 
richest  rewards.  Barrow,  Sermons,  III.  xviii. 


I  desire  no  stronger  proof  that  an  opinion  must  be  false 
than  to  find  very  great  absurdities  annexed  to  it. 

Swift,  Sent,  of  Ch.  of  Eng.  Man,  ii. 
Annexed,  a  book  containing  the  alterations 
ot  the  Ameruan  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  proposed  bv  a 
committee  of  the  General  Convention  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Churcli  appointed  in  1880  and  reporting  in  1883 
ihis  book  was  described  as  the  "book  which  is  annexed 
as  a  schedule  '  to  the  report.  Some  of  the  changes  pro- 
posed became  part  of  the  Prayer-Book  in  1886 ;  others  re- 
mained for  further  consideration  or  ratification.  =Syn. 
Add,  Affix,  Attach.  See  add  and  list  under  affix. 
annex  (a-neks'  or  an'eks),  n.  [<  P.  annexe, 
something  added,  esp.  a  subsidiary  build- 
ing, particularly  to  a  church,  <  ML.  annexa  (sc. 
ecclesia),  fem.  of  L.  annexus:  see  annex,  v.] 
Something  annexed;  speeifleally,  a  subsidiary 
buildmg  connected  with  an  industrial  exhibi- 
tion; hence,  any  similar  arrangement  for  the 
purpose  of  providing  additional  accommoda- 
tion, or  for  caiTying  out  some  object  subordi- 
nate to  the  maiu  and  original  object.  Also 
spelled  annexe. 

To  which  I  add  these  two  annexes. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Sermons, 
annexaryt  (an'eks-a-ri),  «.    [<  annex  +  -ary.] 
An  addition;  a  supernumerary.  Sir E.  Sandys. 
annexation  (an-eks-a'shon),  «.    [<  ML.  annex- 
utioin-).  <  annexare,  pp,  annexatus,  annex:  see 


The  unconditional  annexationists  . 
mediate  appeal  to  the  people. 

Westminster  Rev.,  XIX.  346. 

annexe,  n.   See  annex. 

annexion  (a-nek'shon),  n.  [Formerly  also 
annection,  ddnexion  ;  =  F.  annexion,  <  L.  annex- 
io(n-),  adnexio{n-),  a  binding  to,  <  annectere, 
adnectere,  bind  to:  see  annex,  v.]  The  act  of 
annexing,  or  the  thing  annexed;  annexation; 
addition.  [Rare.] 

The  Kentish  kingdome  became  a  prey  to  many  usurpers 
and  gave  occasion  to  Ceadwalla,  the  West  Saxon,  to  seeke 
the  annexion  thereof  to  his  own  kingdome. 

Speed,  Hist.  Great  Brit.,  VII.  216. 
annexionist  (a-nek'shon-ist),  n.    [<  annexion 
+  -ist.]    An  annexationist.    Sumner.  [Rare.] 
annexment  (a-neks'ment),  n.    The  act  of  an- 
nexing, or  that  which" is  annexed:  as,  "each 
small  annexment,"  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  3.  [Rare.] 
annicut  (an'i-kut),  «.    [Anglo-Ind.,  repr.  Ca- 
narese  anekattu,  Tamil  anaikattu  (cerebral  t), 
dam-building,  <  Canarese  ane,  Tamil  anai,  a 
dam,  dike,  +  kattu  (cerebral  <),  a  binding,  bond, 
etc.:  see  catamaran.]    In  the  Madras  Presi- 
dency, a  dam.    Also  spelled  anient. 
annihilable  (a-ni'hi-la-bl),  a.  [=  F.  annihilable, 
<  LL.  as  if  *anniMldbHis,  <  annihilare,  annihi- 
late: see  annihilate.]    Capable  of  being  anni- 
hilated. 

Matter  annihilable  by  the  power  of  God. 

Clarke,  Nat.  and  Rev.  Religion,  Pref. 

annihilate  (a-ni'hi-lat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  an- 
nihilated, ppr.  annihilating.  [<  LL.  annihilatus, 
pp.  of  annihilare,  adnihilare,  bring  to  nothing 
(a  word  first  used  by  Jerome),  <  L.  ad,  to,  + 
nihil,  nothing:  see  nihil.]  1.  To  reduce  to 
nothing;  deprive  of  existence;  cause  to  cease 
to  be. 

It  is  impossible  for  any  body  to  be  utterly  annihilated. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  100. 
•  In  every  moment  of  joy,  pain  is  annihilated. 

Mar;,.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  185. 

2.  To  destroy  the  form  or  peculiar  distinctive 
properties  of,  so  that  the  specific  thing  no 
longer  exists:  as,  to  annihilate  a  forest  by  cut- 
ting and  caiTying  away  the  trees;  to  annihilate 
an  ai-my;  to  annihilate  a  house  by  demolishing 
the  structure ;  also,  to  destrov  or  eradicate,  as  a 
property  or  an  attribute  of  a  thing.  =  Syn  Aiinul 

Nullify,  etc.    See  neutralize. 

annihilate  (a-ni'hi-lat),  a.    [<  LL.  annihilatus, 
pp. :  see  the  verb.]    Annihilated.  [Rare.] 
Can  these  also  be  wholly  annihilate.^ 

Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  Ded. 
annihilation  (a-ni-hi-la'shon),  n.    [=  F.  anni- 
hilation; fi-om  the  verb.]  "l.  The  act  of  anni- 
hilating or  of  reducing  to  nothing  or  non-e.xist- 
ence,  or  the  state  of  being  reduced  to  nothing. 

He  tells  us  tliat  our  souls  are  naturally  mortal.  Anni- 
hilation is  the  fate  of  the  gi-eater  part  of  mankind. 

Macavlay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xiv. 
I  cannot  imagine  my  own  annihilation,  but  I  can  con- 
ceive it,  and  many  persons  in  England  now  aflirm  their 
belief  in  their  own  future  unnihilation. 

Mil-art,  Nature  and  Thought,  p.  48. 

2.  The  act  of  destroying  the  fonn  of  a  thing  or 
the  cormbrnation  of  parts  whicli  constitute  it,  or 
the  state  of  being  so  destroj'ed :  as,  the  annihi- 
lation of  a  coi-poration. 

annihilationism  (a-ni-hi-la'shon-izm),  n.  [< 
annihilation  +  -isni'.]  1.  The  denial  of  exist- 
ence after  death;  the  denial  of  immortality. — 


annlhilationism 


224 


annoy 


2.  In  theol.,  the  doctriue  that  for  the  incor- 
rigibly wicked  future  punisliment  will  end  in 
auuihilation.  See  aniiiltilatioHist. 
iinnihilationist  (a-ni-M-la'shon-ist),  «.  [<  an- 
nihilatiOH  +  -w?.]  1.  One  who  denies  the  ex- 
istence of  the  soul  after  death ;  one  who  denies 
immortality.  Specifically — 2.  In  thcoL,  one 
who  believes  that  annihilation  is  the  fiual  doom 
of  the  incorrigibly  wicked.  Annihilationists  are  of 
two  classes:  those  who  believe  that  amiibilatimi  will  be 
intlicted  by  God  as  a  peculiar  doom  upon  the  wicked,  and 
those  who  believe  that  immortality  is  not  a  natiu-al  attri- 
bute of  man,  but  is  conferred  by  God  on  those  who  through 
faith  become  partakers  of  the  divine  natiu'e. 

annihilative  (a-ni'hi-la-tiv),  a.     [<  annihilate 

+ -ire.l    Tending  to  annihilate ;  destructive, 
annihilator  (a-ni'hi-la-tor),  «.    [i  annihilate,  t'.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  annihilates. —  2. 
In  7Hath.,  an  operator  which  reduces  a  given 
kind  of  expression  to  zero.— Fire-anniMlator,  a 
fire-extinfiuisher. 

ainnihilatory  (a-ni'hi-la-to-ri),  a.  Annihilat- 
ing ;  tending  to  annihilate  or  destroy. 

annite  (an'it),  n.  [<  Cape  Ann  +  -j7e2.]  A  va- 
riety of  the  iron  mica  lepidomelane,  occurring 
in  the  granite  of  Cape  Ann,  Massachusetts. 

anniversarily  (an-i-ver'sa-ri-li),  adv.  In  an 
anniversary  manner ;  at  recun-ing  annual  peri- 
ods. [Bare.] 

anniversary  (an-i-ver'sa-ri),  a.  and  ».  [<  L.  an- 
niversarius,  returning  yearly,  <  annus,  a  year 
(see  annals),  +  vertere,  turn:  see  verse.']  I.  a. 
Returning  with  the  revolution  of  the  year;  an- 
nual ;  yearly :  as,  an  anniversary  feast. 

The  heaven  whirled  about  with  admirable  celerity,  most 
constantly  tiuishinj^  its  anniversary  vicissitudes.  Ray. 
Anniversary  day.  (a)  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  day  on 
which  an  otlice  is  yearly  performed  for  the  soul  of  a  de- 
ceased person,  or  on  which  the  martyrdom  of  a  saint  is 
yearly  celebrated,  (6)  In  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
commemoration-day,  an  occasion  upon  which  degrees  are 
conferred  since  the  disuse  of  the  acts.    See  act,  n.,  5. 

II.  «• ;  pi-  anniversaries  {-viz).  [<  ME.  a«Mi- 
versarie,  <  ML.  annivcrsarium,  neut.  n.,  also  an- 
iiiversaria,  fern,  n.,  prop.  adj.,<  L.  anniversarius : 
see  the  adj.]  1.  The  annually  recurring  date 
of  some  past  event ;  more  generally,  a  day  set 
apart  in  each  year  for  some  commemorative  ob- 
servance ;  a  day  for  the  annual  celebration  of 
some  notable  event,  public  or  private. 

The  primitive  Christians  met  at  the  place  of  their  [the 
early  martyrs']  martyrdom,  ...  to  observe  the  anniver- 
sary of  their  sufferings.  Stillingjleet. 

2.  In  the  Eom.  Cath.  Ch.,  the  yearly  commem- 
oration of  the  day  of  a  person's  death,  by  a 
mass  offered  for  his  sotil,  or  such  commemo- 
ration of  his  death  daily  for  a  year. 

Anniversary  is  an  ottice  in  the  Romish  Church,  cele- 
brated not  only  once  a  year,  but  which  ought  to  be  said 
<laily  through  the  year  for  the  soul  of  tlie  deceased. 

Ayliffe,  Parergon. 

3.  The  act  of  celebrating  a  day  on  its  annual  re- 
currence ;  a  yearly  commemoration,  or  (rarely) 
something  done  or  prepared  for  such  commem- 
oration. 

Donne  had  never  seen  Mrs.  Drury,  whom  he  has  made 
immortal  in  his  admirable  anniversaries.  Dryden. 

anniverse  (an'i-vers),  n.  [^hoviioT anniversary, 
as  if  <  L.  anni  versus,  the  turning  of  the  year; 
but  this  phrase  does  not  occur  in  use,  and  ver- 
sus is  not  used  in  the  lit.  sense  'a  turning.'] 
Same  as  anniversary. 

And  on  their  [the  Trinity's]  sacred  anniverse  decreed 
To  stamp  their  image  on  the  promis'd  seed. 

Dryden,  Britannia  Rediviva,  1.  29. 

annodated  (an'o-da-ted),  a.  [<  ML.  annodatus, 
pp.  of  annodare,  form  into  a  knot,  <  L.  ad,  to,  -1- 
nodus  =  E.  knot:  see  node.}  In 
her.,  curved  in  the  form  of  an  S,  or 
twisted  or  wrapped  around  any-  ss^S 
thing,  as  a  serpent  aroimd  a  staff.  ^^TT 
Generally  used  as  synonymous  ^Jg) 
with  bowed-embowed,  inwrapped,  ffl^ 
and  nowed. 

anno  Domini  (an '6  dom'i-ni).  a  serpent  an- 
[ML.:  L.  anno,  abl.  of  annus,  year  coiumn''ww?h' is 
(see  annals);  LL.  Domini,  gen.  of  surmounted  by  a 

V,       •  A       1        T      T        7       ■  coronet   of  Ra- 

Vominus,  the  Lord,  L.  aoinmus,  gusa. 
master:   see  dominant,  dominie.^ 
In  the  year  of  the  Lord;  in  the  year  of  the 
Christian  era.    Commonly  abbreviated  A.  D. : 
as,  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill  was  fought  A.  D. 
(or  A.  D.)  1775. 

anno  hejirse  (an'o  hej'i-re).  [ML.]  In  the 
year  of  the  hejira,  or  flight  of  Mohammed  from 
Mecca  (A.  d.  622),  from  which  the  Mohamme- 
dans reckon  their  time.  Commonly  abbreviated 
A.  E.    See  hejira. 

annoisancet  (a-noi'sans),  n.  [A  mod.  spelling 
of  older  anoisance,  dnoisaunce,  <  ME.  noisance, 


nuisance;  prob.  confused  with  ME.  anoien,  an- 
noy: see  nuisance.}  In  law,  a  nuisance;  any 
injury  done  to  a  place  by  encroachment,  or  by 
putting  anything  thereon  that  may  breed  in- 
fection. 

annominate  (a-nom'i-nat),  v.  t.  [Another  form 
of  agnominate,  q.  v.]  To  name;  especially, 
give  a  punning  or  alliterative  name  to.    [Rare.  ] 

How  then  shall  these  chapters  be  annominated? 

Southey,  Doctor,  viii.  §  1. 

annomination  (a-nom-i-na'shon),  n.  [<  L.  an- 
nominatio{n-),  adnominatio{n-),  for  *adgnomi- 
natio{n-),  iisu-ally  affnominatio(n-) :  see  agnomi- 
nation.} 1.  The  use  in  juxtaposition  of  words 
nearly  alike  in  sound,  but  of  different  mean- 
ings; a  paronomasia. —  2.  Alliteration,  or  the 
use  of  two  or  more  words  in  succession  begin- 
ning with  the  same  letter  or  sound.  See  agnom- 
ination. 

Geraldus  Cambrensis  speaks  of  annomination,  which  he 
describes  to  be  what  we  call  alliteration,  as  the  favourite 
rhetorical  flgui-e  both  of  the  Welsh  and  English  in  his 
time.  Tyrwhitt,  Chaucer,  iii.  §  1,  note. 

Annomination  plays  an  important  r61e  in  their  sen- 
tence-relation [parasynthetic  compounds],  especially  in  the 
first  stage  of  transfer  to  a  simple  active  signification. 

Amer.  Jour,  of  Philol.,  II.  198. 

anno  mundi  (an'6  mun'di).  [L. :  anno,  abl. 
of  annus,  year  (see  annals) ;  mundi,  gen.  of  mun- 
(?«s,  world:  see  mundane.}    In  the  year  of  the 

'  world :  used  in  dating  events  when  reckoned 
from  the  estimated  era  of  the  creation,  as  nar- 
rated in  Genesis  i.  Usually  abbreviated  A.  M. : 
as,  the  Noachian  deluge  is  said  to  have  oc- 
curred A.  M.  (or  A.  M.)  1656  (.Archbishop  Usher's 
chronology). 

annotate  (an'o-tat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  anno- 
tated, ppr.  annotating.  [<  L.  annotatus,  pp.  of 
annotare,  adnotare,  put  a  note  to,  write  down, 

<  ad,  to,  +  notare,  note,  mark,  <  nota,  a  note : 
see  note,  v.}  I.  trans.  To  comment  upon ;  re- 
mark upon  in  notes:  as,  to  annotate  the  works 
of  Bacon. 

II.  in  trans.  To  act  as  an  annotator ;  make 
annotations  or  notes. 

Give  me  leave  to  annotate  on  the  words  thus. 

J.  Hive,  Orations,  p.  26. 

annotation  (an-o-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  annota- 
tio{n-),  adnotatio'{n-),  <  annotare,  adnotare:  see 
annotate.}  1.  The  act  of  annotating  or  of  mak- 
ing notes. —  2.  A  remark,  note,  or  comment 
on  some  passage  of  a  book  or  other  wi-iting : 
as,  annotations  on  the  Scriptures. —  3t.  The  first 
symptoms  of  the  approach  of  a  febrile  paroxysm 
in  intermittent  fever.  =  syn.  Comment,  etc.  See  re- 

mark,  n. 

annotationistt  (an-o-ta'shon-ist),  n.  [<  anno- 
tation +  -ist.}    An  annotator. 

annotator  (an'o-ta-tor),  n.  [<  L.  annotator, 
adnotator,  <  annotai'e,  adnotare  :  see  annotate.} 
A  writer  of  annotations  or  notes ;  a  commen- 
tator ;  a  scholiast. 

The  observation  of  faults  and  beauties  is  one  of  the  du- 
ties of  an  annotator,  which  some  of  Shakspere's  editors 
have  attempted.    Johnson,  Prop,  for  Printing  .Shakspere. 

annotatory  (a-no'ta-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *an- 
notatorius,  <  annotator :  see  annotator.}  Relat- 
ing to  or  containing  annotations. 

annotine  (an'o-tin),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  annotinus : 
see  annotinous.}    I.  a.  In  ornith.,  one  year  old. 

II,  n.  A  bird  which  is  one  year  old,  or  which 
has  molted  once. 

annotinous  (a-not'i-nus),  a.  [<  L.  annotinus, 
of  last  year,  <  annus,  a  year :  see  annals.}  In 
bot.,  one  year  old,  as  branches  of  the  last  year. 

annotto  (a-not'6),  n.    Same  as  arnotto. 

announce  (a-nouns'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  an- 
?iounced,  ppr.  announcing.    [<  late  ME.  anounce, 

<  OF.  anoncer,  anoncier,  anuncier,  mod.  F.  an- 
noncer  =  Pr.  Pg.  annunciar  =  Sp.  anunciar  = 
It.  annunziare,  <  L.  annunciare,  prop,  annun- 
tiare,  adnuntiare,  make  known,  proclaim,  an- 
nounce, <  ad,  to,  +  nunciare,  prop,  nuntiare, 
report,  give  a  message,  <  nuntiiis,  a  messenger: 
see  nuncio.  Cf.  denounce,  enounce,  pronounce, 
renounce.}  1.  To  make  known  formally ;  pro- 
claim or  make  public;  publish;  give  notice  of: 
as,  the  birth  of  Christ  was  announced  by  an  an- 
gel.—  2.  To  state  or  intimate  the  approach,  ar- 
rival, or  presence  of. 

I  beg  your  pardon,  sir,  hut  I  thought  you  would  not 
choose  Sir  Peter  to  come  up  without  announcing  him. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  3. 
Announced  by  all  the  trumpets  of  the  sky. 
Arrives  the  snow.  Emerson,  Snow-storm. 

3.  To  make  known,  indicate,  or  make  manifest 
to  the  mind  or  senses. — 4.  To  pronounce  ;  de- 
clare by  judicial  sentence. 


Who  model  nations,  publish  laws,  announce 
Or  life  or  death.  Prior,  Hymn  of  Callimachua. 
=  Syn.  1.  Declare,  Announce,  Proclaim,  Publish,  Promul- 
gate;  to  make  known,  communicate,  advertise,  report. 
To  declare  is  to  make  clear,  so  that  there  will  be  no  mis- 
take, to  many  or  to  few :  as,  to  declare  war.  To  annmmci 
is  to  make  known,  in  a  formal  or  official  way,  to  many  or 
to  few  ;  it  is  the  oidy  one  of  these  words  that  sometimes 
lias  the  meaning  of  making  known  the  approach  or  future 
appearance  of :  as,  to  announce  a  new  book.  To  proclaim 
is  to  announce  to  all,  with  an  endeavor  to  force  it  upon 
general  knowledge :  when  war  has  been  declared,  it  is  of- 
ten yroclaimed ;  so,  also,  it  is  usual  to  proclaim  a  block- 
ade. To  publish  is  to  make  public  :  as,  to  publish  the  bans. 
It  may  be  orally  or  in  print,  or  it  may  be  to  satisfy  a  legal 
requirement:  as,  to  publish  a  law.  To  promulgate  is  to 
publish  what  is  of  concern  to  many,  but  hitherto  has  been 
known  to  few  :  as,  to  promulgate  an  opinion,  to  promul- 
gate the  gospel,  or  officially  to  promulgate  a  law  or  edict. 

This,  then,  is  the  message  which  we  have  heard  of  him, 
and  declare  unto  you.  1  John  i.  5. 

A  heated  pulpiteer. 
Not  preaching  simple  Christ  to  simple  men. 
Announced  the  coming  doom.   Tennyson,  Sea  Dreams. 

The  heralds  blew 
Proclaiming  liis  the  prize,  who  wore  the  sleeve 
Of  scarlet.  Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

Tell  it  not  in  Gath,  publish  it  not  in  the  streets  of  Aske- 
lon.  2  Sam.  i.  20. 

A  formula  for  instituting  a  combined  government  oi 
these  States  had  been  promulgated. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  139. 

announcement  (a-noims'ment),  n.  [<  announce 
-\-  -mcnt,  after  P.  annoncement.}  The  act  of 
announcing  or  giving  notice ;  that  which  is  an- 
nounced or  made  Imown ;  proclamation ;  pub- 
lication; notification. 

announcer  (a-noun'ser),  n.  One  who  announces 
or  gives  notice ;  a  proclaimer. 

anno  urbis  conditse  (an'o  er'bis  kon'di-te). 
[L. ;  lit.,  in  the  year  of  the  city  founded:  anno, 
abl.  of  annus,  a  year  (see  annals);  urbis,  gen. 
of  urbs,  a  city  (see  urban) ;  conditw,  gen.  of  con- 
dita,  fem.  of  conditus,  pp.  of  condere,  set  up, 
establish,  found.]  In  the  year  from  the  found- 
ing of  the  city,  that  is,  of  Rome,  in  753  B.  C. 
according  to  the  usually  adopted  chronology: 
used  with  some  ordinal  number  to  indicate  a 
Latin  date.    Abbreviated  A.  U.  C. 

annoy  (a-noi'),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  anoy,  anoye, 
also  cnnoy  and  abbr.  noy,  <  ME.  anoye,  anuy, 
anuye,  anni,  discomfort,  vexation,  weariness, 
ennui,  <  OP.  anoi,  anni,  enoi,  enui,  later  cnnuy, 
annoy,  vexation,  grief,  tediousness,  mod.  P. 
ennui  (>  E.  ennui,  q.  v.)  -  -  Pr.  enoi,  enuoi  =  Sp. 
enojo  -  Pg.  anqjo,  nojo  =  It.  annoja,  noja  =  Olt, 
nojo,  orig.  (Milanese  dial. )  inodio,  <  L.  in  odio, 
lit.  in  hatred,  a  phrase  used  in  certain  common 
idiomatic  expressions,  as  in  odio  esse,  be  hate- 
ful {est  mihi  in  odio,  it  is  offensive  to  me),  in  odio 
venire,  become  hateful:  in  =  E.  odio,  abl.  of 
odium,  hatred:  see  in  and  odium.}  1.  A  dis- 
tm'bed  state  of  feeling  arising  from  displeasing 
acts  or  unpleasant  circumstances;  discomfort; 
vexation;  trouble;  annoyance. 

Worse  than  Tantalus'  is  lier  annoy. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  599. 
As  thou  wert  constant  in  our  ills,  be  joyous  in  our  joy ; 
For  cold,  and  stiff,  and  still  are  they,  who  wrought  thy 
walls  annoy.  Macaulay,  Ivry. 

2.  A  thing  or  circumstance  that  causes  dis- 
comfort; an  annoyance. 

Good  angels  guard  thee  from  the  boar's  annoy. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  v.  3. 
[Now  chiefly  poetic ;  the  common  word  in  prose  is  annoy- 
ance. ] 

annoy  (a-noi'),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  anoy, 
anoye,  anoie,  <  ME.  anoyen,  anoien,  anuyen, 
anuien,  anyen,  anuen,  <  OF.  anoier,  enoier,  anu- 
ier,  enuier,  later  ennuyer,  annoy,  vex,  weary, 
irk,  mod.  F.  ennuyer  (see  enmiye)  -  -  Pr.  enoiar, 
enuiar  =  Sp.  Pg.  enojar,  Pg.  also  anojar  =  It. 
nojare,  annojare,  Olt.  inodiare;  from  the  noun.] 
I.t  intrans.  1.  To  be  hateful  or  troublesome: 
followed  by  to. —  2.  [By  omission  of  reflexive 
pronoun.]   To  be  troubled,  disquieted,  vexed. 

If  that  thou  ayioie  nat  or  forthenke  nat  of  al  thi  fortune. 

Chaucer,  Boethius,  ii.  prose  4. 

II,  trans.  To  be  hateful,  troublesome,  or 
vexatious  to;  trouble,  disquiet,  disturb,  vex, 
molest,  harass,  plague ;  irk,  weary,  bore,  espe- 
cially by  repeated  acts:  as,  to  annoy  a  person 
by  perpetual  questioning;  to  annoy  the  enemy 
by  raids :  in  the  passive,  followed  by  or  about, 
formerly  by  of.  . 
It  bigan  to  anoye  the  puple  of  the  weie  and  trauel. 

Wyclif,  Num.  xxi.  4  (Purv.). 
Against  the  Capitol  I  met  a  lion. 
Who  glar'd  upon  me,  and  went  surly  by 
Without  annoying  me.  Shak.,  J.  C. ,  i.  3. 

He  determined  not  yet  to  dismiss  them,  but  merely  to 
humble  and  annoy  them.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iv. 

=  Syn.  Molest,  Plague,  etc.  (see  tease),  trouble,  disturb, 
disquiet,  vex,  irritate,  fret,  embarrass,  perplex. 


annoyance 
annoyance  (a-noi'ans),  «.   [<  ME. 


 „  —  _ — „  11.    [<.  ME.  anoyance 

(rare),<  OF.  aiioiance,  anuiance,<anoier,anuier, 
annoy:  see  annoy,  v.,  and  -ance.']    1.  The  act 
of  annoying;  vexation;  molestation. 
Formidable  means  of  annoyavice. 

Macaulay,  Hallam's  Const.  Hist. 

2.  The  state  of  being  annoyed;  a  feeling  of 
trouble,  vexation,  or  anger,  occasioned  by  un- 
welcome or  injurious  acts  or  events. 

A  careless  step  leading  to  accident,  or  some  bunglin" 
manipulation,  causes  self-condemnation  with  its  accom° 
panying  feeling  of  annoyance  though  no  one  is  by. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  517. 

3.  That  which  annoys,  troubles,  or  molests. 

A  grain,  a  dust,  a  gnat,  a  wandering  hair, 
Any  annoyance  in  that  precious  sense  ! 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  1. 
The  .  .  .  e.xercise  of  industry  .  .  .  tempereth  all  annoy- 
Ci"^-  Barrow,  Sermons,  III.  xix. 

Jury  of  annoyance,  a  jury  appointed  to  report  upon 
public  nuisances  N.E.D.  [Eng.]  =Syn.  1.  Molestation, 
vexation.  — 2.  Discomfort,  plague. 

annoyancer  (a-noi'an-ser),  n.    An  annoyer. 

lamb.  [Eare.] 
annoyer  (a-noi'er),  n.    One  who  annoys, 
annosrfult  (a-noi'fvd),  a.    [<  ME.  anoyful,  < 
anoye:  see  annoy,  n.']    Giving  trouble ;  incom- 
moding; molesting, 
annoyingly  (a-noi'ing-li),  adv.    In  an  annoy- 
ing manner. 
The  Times  and  other  papers  commented  annoyingly  on 

'Dog  Tear  'em,"  as  Mr.  has  been  long  nicknamed 

from  his  satirical  temper  and  speech. 

R.  J.  Hinton,  Eng.  Radical  Leaders,  p.  133. 

annoyingness  (a-noi'ing-nes),  n.  [<  annoying 
+  -ness.  ]  The  quality  of  being  annoying ;  vexa- 
tiousness. 

annoyment  (a-noi'ment),  n.  [<  ME.  annoy- 
ment,  <  OF.  alioiemeni :  see  annoy  and -mew t] 
Annoyance. 

annoyoust  (a-nol'us),  a.  [<  ME.  anoyous,  anoi- 
ous,  annoyus,  anniiyous,  etc.,  <  OF.  anoious, 
anoios,  anuieus,  enuius,  mod.  F.  ennuyeux  =  Pr. 
enoios—  Sp.  Pg.  enojoso  =  lt.  annojoso :  see  an- 
noy,     and  -ous.']    Troublesome;  annoying. 

annoyouslyt  (a-noi'us-li),  adv.  [ME.  anoyously; 
<  annoyous  +  -ly^.']  Annoyingly;  vexatiously. 
Chaucer,  Boethius. 

annuaire  (an-u-ar'),  n.  [F.  ]  Same  as  annuary,  1. 

annual  (an'u-al),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  annual,  usu- 
ally a«?(«e?,  <  OF.  anuel,  annuel,  P.  annuel  =  Pr. 
Pg.  annual  =  S-p.  anualz=lt.  annuale,<ML.  annu- 
alis,  yearly,  LL.  a  year  old,  the  regular  L.  adj. 
bemg  annalis,  <  L.  amius,  a  year:  see  annals.] 

1.  a.  1.  Of,  for,  or  pertaining  to  a  year;  year- 
ly: as,  the  annual  growth  of  a  tree;  annual 
profits;  the  annual  motion  of  the  earth. 

A  thousand  pound  a  year,  annual  support. 
Out  of  his  grace  he  adds.    Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  ii.  3. 

2.  Eelating  to  a  year,  or  to  the  events  or  trans- 
actions of  a  year:  as,  an  annual  report.— 3. 
Lasting  or  continuing  only  one  year,  or  one 
season  of  the  year ;  coming  to  an  end  individu- 
ally within  the  year:  as,  annual  plants  or  in- 
sects. 

An  annual  herb  flowers  in  the  first  year,  and  dies,  root 
and  all,  after  ripening  its  seed. 

A.  Gray,  Botany  (ed.  1870),  p.  21. 

4.  Occurring  or  returning  once  a  year;  hap- 
penmg  or  coming  at  yearly  intervals:  as,  an 
annual  feast  or  celebration. 

Whose  annual  wound  in  Lebanon  allured 
The  Syrian  damsels  to  lament  his  fate. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  1.  447 

Annual  assay,  conference,  epact,  etc.  See  the  nouns 
—Annual  income,  the  sum  of  annual  receipts.— Annual 
rent,  m  Scots  law,  a  yearly  profit  due  to  a  creditor  by  way 
ot  interest  for  a  given  sum  of  money ;  interest  r  so  called  be- 
cause when,  before  the  Reformation,  it  was  illegal  to  lend 
money  at  interest,  the  illegality  was  evaded  by  a  stipula- 
tion on  the  part  of  the  lender  for  a  certain  rent  yearly  from 
iaiid.- Annual  value  of  a  piece  of  property,  that  which 
u  IS  worth  for  a  years  use.  It  includes  what  ought  to 
be  received  whether  it  is  actually  received  or  not,  and 
peiis es  '^'^"'^^^  thereof  above  deducted  costs  or  ex- 

II.  M.  1.  [<  ME.  annuel,  n.,<  OF.  annuel,  <  ML. 
ar.nuale,  prop.  neut.  of  annualis,  a. :  see  above, 
and  cf.  annueler.']  A  mass  said  for  a  deceased 
person,  either  daily  during  a  year  from  the  day 
ot  ms  death,  or  on  the  reeun-ence  of  the  day  for 
a  number  of  years;  an  anniversary  mass;  also 
the  fee  paid  for  it.  Also  called  annal.—2  A 
yearly  payment  or  allowance;  specifically,  in 
bcotland,  quit-rent;  groimd-rent.  Also  called 
ground-annual.— A  plant  or  an  animal  whose 
natural  term  of  life  is  one  year  or  one  season; 
especiaUy,  any  plant  which  grows  from  seed, 
Olooms,  perfects  its  fruit,  and  dies  in  the  com-se 

over  twnlT®  however,  may  be  carried 

as  kfrlnnLTi"'!  years  by  preventing  them  from  fruiting, 
that  Jl!?"''""^  '  .'"'h  the  mignonette.  Many  specils 
that  are  perennials  in  warm  climates  are  only  annuals 


225 

where  the  winters  are  severe.  Winter  annuals,  frequent 
111  warm  regions  with  dry  summers,  germinate  from  the 
seed  under  the  rains  of  autumn,  grow  through  the  winter 
and  die  after  perfecting  seed  in  the  spring.  ' 
4.  A  literary  production  published  annually ; 
especially,  an  illustrated  work  issued  near 
Christmas  of  each  year.  The  name  is  more  espe- 
cially applied  to  certain  publications  handsomely  bound. 
Illustrated  with  plates,  and  containing  prose  tales,  poems, 
etc.,  which  were  formerly  very  popular,  but  are  jiow  no 
longer  issued.  The  first  one  published  in  London  appeared 
m  1822,  and  the  last  in  1856. 

annualist  (an'u-al-ist),M.  [<  annual,  n.,-\-  -ist.'] 
An  editor  of,  or  a  writer  for,  an  annual,  or  a 
publication  issued  annually.  Lamb. 
annually  (an'u-al-i),  adv.  Yearly;  each  year; 
returning  every  year;  year  by  year.  ' 
annuary  (an'u-a-ri),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  annuaire, 
<  ML.  *annuarius  (neut.  annuarium,  an  anni- 
versary), <  L.  aw  ws,  a  year.  &ee  annual]  I.f 
a.  Annual. 

Supply  anew 
"  ith  annuary  cloaks  the  wandering  Jew. 

Joh7i  Hall,  Poems,  I.  10. 

II.  w. ;  pi.  annuaries  (-riz).  1.  An  annual 
publication. 

That  standard  [of  the  French  meter]  is  declared  in  the 
Annuary  of  the  Bureau  des  Longitudes,  to  be  equal  to 
39.37079  British  imperial  standard  inches. 

Sir  J.  Herschel,  Pop.  Lects.,  p.  440. 

2t.  A  priest  who  says  annual  masses ;  an  an- 
nueler. 

annuelert,  n.    [ME.  annueler,  <  ML.  annuala-" 
riub;<  annuale,  an  anniversary  mass:  see  an- 
nual, «.]    A  priest  employed  in  saying  annuals 
for  the  dead.  Chaucer. 
annuent  (an'u-ent),  «.    [<  L.  annuen{t-)s,  ppr. 
of  annuere,  adnuere,  nod  to,  <  ad,  to,  -f-  nuere 
(only  in  comp.),  nod,  =  Gr.  vevuv,  nod.]  1. 
Nodding,  as  if  with  the  purpose  of  signifying 
assent  or  consent.  Smart  {IMQ).    [Eare.]  — 2. 
Serving  to  bend  the  head  forward:  specifically- 
applied  to  the  muscles  used  in  nodding, 
annuitant  (a-nu'i-tant),  n.    [<  annuity  +  -ant.] 
One  who  receives,  or  is  entitled  to  receive,  an 
annuity. 

annuity  (a-nu'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  annuities  (-tiz).  [< 
ME.  annuitee,  annuyte,  <  OF.  annuite,  mod.  F. 
annuite,  <  ML.  annuita(t-)s,  an  annuity  (cf.  L. 
annua,  an  annuity,  neut.  pi. ),  <  L.  a««  uus,  yearly, 
<  annus,  a  year.  See  annual]  A  periodical  pay- 
ment of  money,  amounting  to  a  fixed  sum  in  each 
year,  the  moneys  paid  being  either  a  gift  or  in 
consideration  of  a  gross  sum  received,  when  the 
payment  is  continued  for  a  certain  period,  as  10,  20  or  100 
years,  it  is  called  a  certain  annuity;  when  it  continues 
for  an  uncertain  period,  a.  contingent  annuity ;  when  the 
period  IS  determined  by  the  duration  of  one  or  more  lives 
a  life  annuity.    A  deferred  or  reversionary  annuity  is  one 
that  does  not  begin  till  after  a  certain  period  or  number  of 
years,  or  till  the  decease  of  a  person,  or  some  other  future 
event.    An  annuity  in  possesb-ion  is  one  which  has  already 
begun.    Governments  often  raise  money  upon  annuities  • 
that  IS,  for  a  certain  sum  advanced,  the  government  con- 
tracts to  pay  a  specific  sum  for  life,  or  for  a  term  of  years 
— Annmty  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1813  (53  Geo  III 
c.  141)  which  required  the  registration  of  all  instruments 
granting  annuities,  and  regulated  such  grants.— To  grant 
an  annuity,  to  make  a  formal  contract  or  testamentary 
provision  to  pay  an  annuity, 
annul  (a-nul'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  annulled, 
ppr.  annulling.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  admd,  < 
ME.  annullen,  anullen,  adnullen,  <  OF.  anuller, 
adnuller,  mod.  F.  annuler  =  Pr.  Pg,  annullar 
=  Sp.  anular  =  It.  anmdlare,  <  L.  annullare, 
adnullare,  bring  to  nothing,  <  ad,  to,  -t-  nullus, 
none,  nullum,  nothing:  see  null]    1.  To  re- 
duce to  nothing  ;  annihilate  ;  obliterate. 
Liglit,  the  prime  work  of  God,  to  me  is  extinct 
.\nd  all  her  various  objects  of  delight 
AnnulVd.  Milton,  S.  A.  1 


annulation 


Annular  Gear- 
wheel. 


2.  To  make  void  or  null ;  nullify ;  abrogate  ; 
abolish;  do  away  with:  usedespecially  of  laws, 
decrees,  edicts,  decisions  of  coui-ts,  or  other 
established  rules,  usages,  and  the  like. 

Do  they  mean  to  invalidate,  annul,  or  call  into  ques- 
tion .  .  .  that  great  body  of  our  statute  law  ?  ...  to  an- 
nul laws  of  inestimable  value  to  our  liberties? 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 


;  burgesses  now  annulled  the  former  election  of  ^ov- 
and  council.  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  172. 


The 
ernor  and 

=  Syn.  2.  Abolish,  Repeal,  etc.  (see  aboluh);  Nullift/ 
Annihilate,  etc.  (see  neutralize);  retract,  declare  null  arid 
void,  supersede, 
annular  (an'u-lar),  a.  [=F.  annulaire  =  Pg. 
annullar  =  Sp.  dnnlar  =  It.  anulare,  <  L.  annu- 
laris, prop,  dnularis,  relating  to  a  ring,  <  an- 
mdits,  prop,  anulus,  a  ring:  see  annulus.]  1. 
Having  the  form  of  a  ring;  pertaining  to  a 
ring.— 2.  In  zodl.  and  anal,  of  or  pertainin" 
to  ringed  or  ring-like  struetui-e  or  form;  anuii- 
late;  annuloid ;  annulose.- Annular  auger  an 
auger  used  for  cutting  an  annular  cliaiinel.  The  simplest 
form  IS  a  tube  with  a  serrated  edge,  which  is  kept  centered 
by  a  point  projecting  from  a  movable  plug  within,  and  o£ 


the  size  of,  the  bore  of  the  tube.  —  Annular  bit,  a  boring- 
bit  which  cuts  an  annular  channel  without  removing  the 
untouched  center.  It  is  used  in  cutting  large  holes  and 
in  the  formation  of  circular  blanks,  as  for  wads,  buttons 
etc.  — Annular  borer,  a  tube  which  serves  as  a  rock-  or 
earth-lioring  tool,  making  an  annular  cutting,  and  leaving 
a  column  of  rock  or  eartli  in  tlie  middle.  It  is  usually 
armed  at  the  boring  extremity  with  diamonds    See  dia- 

mand  dnii,  under  (/WH.— Annular  duct,  or  annular 
vessel,  in  hot.,  a  cylindrical  tube  of  delicate  vascular 
tissue,  strengthened  at  intervals  on  the  inner  side  by  a 
deposit  of  material  in  the  form  of  rings,  called  annular 
7nartmgs.—Ajmvaa.T  ecUpse,  in  aslron.,  an  eclipse  of  the 
sun  in  which  a  pcji  tion  of  its  surface  is  visible  in  the  form 
of  a  ring  surrounding  tlie  dark  body  of  the  moon  This 
occurs  when  the  moon  is  too  remote  from  the  earth  to 
cover  the  sua  completely,  and  at  the  moment  when  the 
centers  of  both  sun  and  moon  are  nearly  in  a  line  with  the 
point  on  tlie  earth's  surface  where  the  ob.servtr  stands  — 
Annular  engine,  or  annular-cylinder  engine,  a  direct- 
action  marine  engine,  having  two  concentric  cylinders ;  the 
annular  space  between  them  is  fitted  witli  a  piston,  which 
IS  attached  to  a  T-shaped  cross-head  by  two  piston-rods 
The  cross-head  is  formed  by  two  plates,  with  a  space  be- 
tween them  in  which  the  connecting-rod  vibrates  and  its 
lower  end  slides  witliin  the  inner  cylinder  and  is  con- 
nected with  the  crank.— Annular  finger,  the  ring-finger. 
Then  calling  for  a  Bason  and  a  Pin 
He  pricks  his  annular  finger,  and  lets  fall 
Three  drops  of  blood.   J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  v.  50. 
Aimular  gear-wheel,  a  gear-wheel  in  which  the  teeth 
are  on  the  inside  of  an  annulus  or  ring,  while  its  pinion 
works  within  its  pitch-circle,  turning  in 
the  same  direction.— Annular  liga- 
ment, in  anat.  :   (a)  The  general  liga- 
mentous envelop  which  surrounds  the 
wrist  or  ankle,  and  is  perforated  for  the 
passage  of  tendons,  vessels,  and  nerves, 
(ft)  The  orbicular  ligament  which  holds 
the  upper  end  of  the  radius  in  the  sig- 
moid  cavity  of  the   ulna.— Annular 
markings.    See  annular  duct,  aljove. — 
Annular  micrometer,  a  circular  mi- 
crometer, or  nng-niicrometer.    See  -(/(JCTOjjic^er. —Annu- 
lar pan,  the  horizontal  ring-shaped  pan  of  certain  forms 
of  amalgamators  and  ore-crushers.— Annular  process  or 

protuberance  of  the  brain,  an  old  name  of  the  pons 

Varolii :  still  in  use  in  the  form  tuberannulare.—Aimvila.T 
saw,  a  cutting-tool  formed  of  a  tube  with  a  serrated  end 
It  IS  used  for  cutting  button-blanks.— Annular  vault  in 
arch.,  a.  barrel  vault  covering  a  space  of  which  the  plan  is 
formed  by  two  concentric  circles,  or  any  portion  of  such 
a  space.— Annular  vesseL    See  annular  duct,  above 

annularity  (an-u-lar'i-ti),  n.  [<  annular  +  -ity.] 
The  quality  or  condition  of  being  annular,  or 
ring-shaped, 
annular ly  (an'u-lar-li),  adv.    In  the  manner  or 
form  of  a  ring. 

annulary  (an'u-la-ri),  «.  and  n.  [<  L.  annula- 
rius,  more  coiTectly  anularius,  pertaining  to  a 
ring,  <  anulus,  a  ring:  see  annulus.]  I.  a.  1. 
Having  the  form  of  a  ring. 

Because  continual  respiration  is  necessary,  the  wind- 
pipe is  made  with  annulary  cartilages,  that  the  sides  of  it 
may  not  flag  and  fall  together. 

Ray,  Qn  the  Creation,  p.  270. 

2.  Bearing  a  ring:  specifically  said  of  the  ring- 
finger. 

II.  n. ;  pi.  annularies  (-riz).  The  fourth  fin- 
ger, or  ring-finger. 

The  thumb  and  annulary  crossed. 
Labarte,  Arts  of  Mid.  Ages  (trans.),  p.  144.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

Annulata  (an-u-la'ta),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
o£  h.  annulatus :  see'annulate.]    1.  A  synonym 
of  Annelides,  Annelida,  Annellata,  Annulosa,  and 
AmpMsba;noida.—  2.  In  Gegenbaur's  system  of 
classification,  a  prime  division  of  Vermes,  di- 
vided into  two  main  gi-oups,  Hirudinea  (leeches) 
and  Annelides,  the  latter  comprising  the  two 
groups  of  the  Oligochaita  and  the  Chatopoda. 
annulate  (an'u-lat),  a.    [<  L.  annulaius,  prop. 
dnulatus,  ringed,  <  anulus,  a  ring:  see  annulus.] 
1.  Furnished  with  rings,  or  circles  like  rings; 
having  belts.  Specifically  — 2.  In  6o/.,  provided 
with  an  annulus  or  with  anuuli :  applied  to  a 
capsule,  stem,  or  root  encircled  by  elevated 
rings  or  bands.    See  cut  under  annulus.— 3.  In 
her.,  appUed  to  any  bearing,  such  as  a  cross, 
whose  extremities  end  in  annulets  or  rings,  or 
which  is  fretted  or  interlaced  with  an  annulet. 
See  cut  under  angle,  5.    Equivalent  forms  are 
annulette'e,  anmdetty.—4:.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Annulata  in  either  sense  of  that  word.— 5. 
In  entom.,  having  rings  or  encircling  bauds  of 
color,  or  having  raised  rings, 
annulated  (an'u-la-ted),  a.    1.  Furnished  with 
rings ;  annulate.  Specifically— 2.  In  ^ooV., hav- 
ing or  consisting  of  a  ring  or  rings ;  composed 
of  a  series  of  ringed  segments,  as  a  woi-m ;  an- 
nelid; annuloid.— 3.  In  arch.,  fiu-nished  with 
a  projecting  annular  band  or  bands  Annu- 
lated columns,  columns  standing  free  or  giouped  in 
clusters  and  surrounded  in  one  or  more  places  with  pro- 
jecting lings  or  bands :  a  form  usual  in  some  styles  of 
Pointed  architecture. 

annulation  (an-i>la'shon),  «.  [<  annulate  + 
-ion.]  1.  A  circular  or' ring-like  formation. — 
2.  The  act  of  forming  rings  J  the  act  of  becom- 
ing a  ring. 


annulation 

A  sketch  of  the  life  of  a  nebula  not  thus  broken  up,  of 
its  rotation,  annulation,  and  final  spheration  into  a  nebu- 
lous orb.  The  American,  VII.  152. 

3.  The  state  of  Toeing  anniilate  or  annulated. 
annulet  (an'u-let),  v.  [Formerly  also  aiuiu- 
lette,  an  ulet  {and  anlet,<OF.  aunekt,  anelet,  dim. 
of  anel,  <  L.  aneUtts,  dim.),  <  L.  annulus,  prop. 
dnulus,  a  ring  (see  annulus),  +  -ctJ]  A  little 
ring. 

Pluck'd  the  grass 
There  growing  longest  by  the  meadow's  edge, 
And  into  man,v  a  listless  annulet, 
Now  over,  now  beneatli  her  marriage  ring, 
Wove  and  unwove  it.  Tennyson,  Geraint. 

Specifically — (a)  In  arch.,  a  small  projecting  member, 
circular  in  plan  and  usually  square  or  angular  in  section ; 


226 

annulose  (an'u-los),  a.  [<  NL.  annulosus,  <  L. 
annulus,  dnulus,  a  ring:  see  annulus.']  Fm-- 
nished  with  rings ;  composed  of  rings  :  as,  an- 
nulose animals. 

annulus  (an'u-lus),  m.  ;  pi.  annuJt  {-W).  [L., 
prop,  dnulus,  a  ring,  esp.  a  finger-ring,  a  signet- 
ring,  in  form  dim.  of  the  rare  anus,  a  ring,  prob. 
orig.  *acnus  and  identical  with  annus,  a  circuit, 
periodical  return,  a  year:  see  annals.]  1.  A 
ring-like  space  or  area  contained  between  the 
circumferences  of  two  concentric  circles. —  2. 
In  anat.,  a  ring-like  part,  opening,  etc.:  ixsed 
in  Latin  phrases.  (See  below.)  —  3.  lixhot.:  {a) 
The  elastic  ring  which  sm-rounds  the  spore- 
case  of  most  fems.  (6)  In  mosses,  an  elastic 
ring  of  cells  l.\iug  between  the  lid  and  the 
base  of  the  peristome  or  orifice  of  the  capsule. 


Heraldic  Annulet. 
(From  Berry's  "  Diet, 
of  Heraldry.") 


Annulets  of  the  Doric  Capital. 
A,  A,  annulets,  shown  enlarged  in  lower  figure. 

especially,  one  of  the  fillets  or  bands  which  encircle 
the  lower  part  of  the  Doric  capital  above  the  necking: 
but  annulet  is  often  indiscriminately  used  as  synonymous 
withiist,  listel,  cincture ,  fillet ,  tenia,  etc.  (6)  In  /ip<-.,  aring 
borne  as  a  charge.  It  is  also  the  mark  of  cadency  which 
the  fifth  brother  of  a  family  ought  to  bear  on  his  coat  of 
arms.  Also  called  anlet.  See  cadency. 
(c)  In  decorative  art,  a  name  given  to 
a  band  encircling  a  vase  or  a  similar 
object,  whether  solidly  painted,  or  in 
engobe,  or  composed  of  simple  figures 
placed  close  to  each  other.  Compare 
frieze'^. 

annulettee,  annuletty  (an"Ti- 
let-a',  an'u-let-i),  a.  [<  F. 
*annulctte,  <  *annulette :  see  an- 
nulet.] In  her.,  same  as  annu- 
late, 3. 

annuli,  «.    Plural  of  annulus. 

annulism  (an'u-lizm),  n.  [<  L. 
annulus,  a  ring  (see  annulus),  +  -ism.]  The 
quality  of  beiug  annulated,  annulose,  or  anneli- 
dan ;  ringed  structure :  specifically  said  in  zodl. 
of  an  annelid,  annulate,  or  annulose  animal. 

Here  [among  Sipunculidce]  radiism  sets  and  annulism 
appears.        E.  Forbes,  Hist.  Brit.  Starfish  (1841),  p.  243. 

annullable  (a-nura-bl),  a.  [<  annul  +  -able.] 
C'apable  of  being  annulled.  Coleridge.  [Rare.] 

annulment  (a-nul'ment),  n.  [<  late  ME. 
anullemcnt,  <  OF.  *anullement :  see  annul  and 
-mcnt.]  The  act  of  annulling;  specifically,  the 
act  of  making  void  retrospectively  as  well  as 
prospectively :  as,  the  annulment  of  a  marriage 
( as  distinguished  from  the  granting  of  a  divorce) . 

annuloid  (an'u-loid),  «.  and  n.  [<  L.  annulus, 
a  ring  (see  annulus),  +  -old.]  I,  a.  1.  Ring- 
like.—  2.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling  the 

Annuloida.  —  AmivdOiji.  series,  a  term  applied  by  Hux- 
ley to  a  gi'adation  of  animal  forms  presented  by  the  Tri- 
choscolices  and  Annelida  as  these  are  defined  by  the  same 
author. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Annuloida. 

Annuloida  (an-u-loi'da),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  L.  an- 
nulus, more  correctly  dnulus,  a  ring  (see  annu- 
lus), +  -oida.]  A  name  applied  by  Hnxley 
(1869)  to  a  subMngdom  of  animals,  consisting 
of  the  Scolecida  and  Ecliinodermata,  an  associa- 
tion subsequently  modified  by  the  same  author. 
Also  called  Echinozoa.  [Disused.] 

Annulosa  (an-ii-lo'sa),  «.  j]l.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  annulosus :  see  annulose.]  1.  In  some  sys- 
tems of  zoological  classification,  a  term  applied 
to  invertebrate  animals  which  exhibit  annel- 
ism  or  annulism:  approximately  S3Tionymous 
with  the  Cuvierian  Articulata,  or  the  modem 
Vermes  together  with  Arthropoda,  but  used 
with  great  and  varying  latitude  of  significa- 
tion.—  2.  A  name  given  by  Huxley  (1869)  to 
a  subkingdom  of  animals  consisting  of  the 
Crustacea,  Arachnida,  Myriapoda,  Insecta,  Chm- 
togtiatha,  and  Annelida,  or  crustaceans,  spiders, 
centipeds,  true  insects,  true  worms,  and  some 

other  Vermes,    Excepting  the  vermiform  members  of 
this  group,  it  is  conterminous  with  Arthropoda  (which 
see),  and  is  no  longer  Used, 
annulosan  (an-u-16'san),  n.    [<  Annulosa  + 
-an.]    One  of  the  Annulosa, 


a.  sporangia  of  a  fern,  showing  the  annulus  closed  and  open  ;  i, 
detached  annulus  of  a  moss  {Brytem  caspttitium ) ;  c.  a  fungus  (,  Aga- 
rtctts)  with  annulus,  a',   {a  and  b  greatly  magnified.) 

(c)  In  fungi,  the  slender  membrane  suiroimd- 
ing  the  stem  in  some  agarics  after  the  cap  has 
expanded. — 4.  In  zodl.:  (a)  A  thin  ehitinous 
ring  which  encircles  the  mantle  in  the  Tetra- 
6)'rtnc/(««f«,  connecting  ehitinous  patches  of  the 
mantle  into  which  the  shell-muscles  are  in- 
serted, {b)  In  entom.,  a  narrow  encircling  band, 
generally  of  color ;  sometimes  a  raised  ring. 
—  5.  In  astron.,  the  ring  of  light  seen  about 
the  edge  of  the  moon  in  an  annular  eclipse  of 
the  sun.    See  annular  eclipse,  xmder  annular. 

The  sun  [at  the  time  of  an  annular  eclipse]  will  present 
the  appearance  of  an  annulus  or  ring  of  light  .around  the 
moon.  A'cu'cuinh  and  Uulden,  Astron.,  p.  173. 

Annulus  abdominalis  or  ingulnaUs,  in  anat.,  the  ab- 
dominal ring.  Hee  abdominal. — Annulus  et  baculum, 
the  ring  and  pastoral  staff,  emblems  of  episciiiJiil  authority, 
the  delivery  of  vvhicli  by  a  prince  or  liy  the  pope  was  the 
ancient  mode  of  investiture  with  bishoprics. — AnnulUS 

clliarls,  the  ciliary  muscle.— Annulus  cruralis  inter- 

nus  (internal  crural  ring),  in  anat.,  the  weak  spot  below 
Poupart's  ligament,  between  the  femoral  vessels  and  Gim- 
bernat's  ligament,  through  which  a  femoral  hernia  forces 
its  way. — Alinulus  duplex,  in  Horn,  antiq.,  a  double  ring 
given  to  a  soldier  for  bravery.  Double  gold  rings  of  the 
Roman  epoch  exist  in  collections,  some  of  them  engraved 
with  tokens  of  victory. — Annulus  ovalis,  in  human 
anat,,  the  raised  rim  or  margin  of  the  fossa  ovalis  of  tlie 
heart. — Annulus  piscatorls,  ('ccZt'.?.,  same  as  fisherman's 
ring  (whicli  see,  under  fixlierniaii).  —  AnnulUS  tendlno- 
SUS,  in  anat.,  the  fibrous  ring  around  the  edge  of  the  tym- 
panum.— Annulus  tympaniCUS,  in  anat.,  the  ring-like 
ossification  from  which  is  formed  tlie  tympanic  portion 
of  the  temporal  bone. 

annumeratet  (a-nu'me-rat),  v.  t,  [<  L.  annunie- 
ratus,  pp.  of  annumerare,  adnumcrare,  count  to, 
add  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  numcrare,  count,  number : 
see  numerate  and  number,  v.]  To  add,  as  to  a 
number  previously  given;  unite,  as  to  some- 
thing before  mentioned.  [Rare.] 

There  are  omissions  of  other  kinds  which  will  deserve  to 
be  annumerated  to  these.     WoUaston,  Relig.  of  Nat.,  §  i. 

annumerationt  (a-nu-me-ra'shon),  n.    [<  L.  an- 

numc'ruti(i(n-),  admimeratio(n-),  <  annumerare: 
see  annumerate.]  The  act  of  annumerating ; 
addition.  [Rare.] 

Annunciadet(a-nun'si-ad),  n.  [^AXso Anundada, 
Annuntiade,  Amionciade  (after  F.  Annonciade, 
formerly  Anonciade,  Sp.  Anunciada),  also  An- 
nunciata  (prop.  E.  form  *  Annunciate),  <  It.  an- 
nunziata,  formerly  annuntiata  (<  ML.  annun- 
ciata),  the  annunciation  to  the  Virgin  Mary, 
and  hence  a  name  of  the  Virgin  herself ;  prop, 
fem.  pp.  of  annunziare,  <  L.  annuntiare,  an- 
nounce: see  announce.]  Literally,  the  Annun- 
ciate, that  is,  the  Virgin  Mary  as  receiver  of 
the  annunciation;  also,  the  annunciation  to 
the  Virgin:  used  as  a  designation  of  various 
orders.    See  annunciation. 

annunciate  (a-nun'si-at),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
annunciated,  -p^^r.  annunciating.  [<ME.  awwMW- 
ciat,  anunciat,  pp.,  <  L.  annunciatus,  prop,  an- 
nuntiatus,  pp.  of  annuntiare:  see  announce,] 
To  bring  tidings  of;  announce.  [Rare.] 

Let  my  death  be  thus  annunciated. 

Bp.  Bull,  Corruptions  of  Ch.  of  Rome. 

They  do  not  so  properly  affirm,  as  annunciate  it. 

Lamb,  Imperfect  Sympathies. 

annunciatef  (a-nun'si-at),  pp.  or  a.  [See  the 
verb.]    Announced;  declared  (beforehand). 


anocathartic 

annunciation  (a-nun-si-a'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  an- 
nunciacion,  -cioun,  annoncyacyon,  <  OF.  annon- 
ciation,  <  L.  annunciatio(n-),  prop,  annuntia- 
tio{n-),  adnuntialioiii-),  <  ammntiure,  announce: 
see  annunciate,  announce.]  1.  The  act  of  an- 
nouncing ;  proclamation ;  promulgation :  as, 
the  annunciation  of  a  peace  ;  "the  annunciation 
of  the  gospel,"  Hammond,  Sermons,  p.  573. 

With  the  complete  establishment  of  the  new  religion 
[Christianity]  and  the  annunciation  of  her  circle  of  dog- 
mas arises  an  activity,  great  and  intense,  within  the  strict 
limits  she  has  set.  Jour.  Spec.  J'hitos.,  XIX.  49. 

Specifically — 2.  The  announcement  to  Mary, 
by  the  angel  Gabriel,  of  the  incarnation  of 
Christ. — 3.  [,cap.]  Eccles.,  the  festival  insti- 
tuted by  the  church  in  memory  of  the  annoxmce- 
ment  to  Mary  that  she  should  bring  forth  a  son 
who  should  be  the  Messiah.  It  is  solemnized. 
on  the  25th  of  March.  — Order  of  the  Annuncia- 
tion, (a)  Tlie  liigliest  order  of  knighthood  (Ordine  supremo- 
deli  Annunziata :  see  Annunciade)  of  the  ducal  house  of 
Savoy,  now  the  royal  liouse  of  Italy,  dating  under  its  pres- 
ent name  from  1518,  wlien  it  superseded  the  Order  of  the 
Collar,  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Count  Amadeus  VI. 
of  Savoy  in  1332,  but  probably  older.  The  medal  of  the 
order  bears  a  representation  of  the  annunciation ;  its  col- 
lar is  decorated  with  alternate  golden  knots  and  enameled 
roses,  the  latter  bearing  the  letters  F.  E.  R.  T.,  making 
tlie  Latin  word  fert  (lie  bears),  an  ancient  motto  of  the 
house  of  Savoy,  but  variously  otherwise  interpreted.  The- 
king  is  the  grand  master  of  the  order.  See  knot  o.f  Savoy, 
under  knot,  (b)  An  order  of  nuns  founded  about  1500  at 
Bourges,  i'rance,  by  Queen  .Jeanne  of  Valois,  after  her  di- 
vorce from  Louis  XII.  (c)  An  order  of  nuns  founded  about 
1604  at  Genoa,  Italy,  l)y  Maria  Vittoria  Fornari. 

annunciati'Ve  (a-mm'gi-a-tiv),  a.  annunciate 
+  -ivc.]  Having  the  character  of  an  annuncia- 
tion; making  an  announcement. 

An  annunciative  but  an  exhortatory  style. 

Gentleman's  Calling,  v.  §  13. 

annunciator  (a-nun'gi-a-tor),  «.    [L.,prop.  an- 

nnntiator,  adnuntiatorA.  annuntiare :  see  annun- 
ciate, v.,  announce.]  One  who  or  that  which  an- 
nounces;  an  announcer.  Specifically  — (a)  An  offi- 
cer of  tlie  Greek  Church  whose  duty  it  was  to  inform  the 
people  of  the  festivals  which  were  to  be  celebrated,  (b)  A 
mechanical,  hydraulic,  pneumatic,  or  electrical  signaling 
apparatus ;  an  indicator ;  a  call.  In  the  mechanical  an- 
nunciators the  pulling  of  a  wire  causes  a  Ijell  to  ring  and 
a  word  or  number  to  be  displayed  which  indicates  whence 
tlie  signal  comes.  In  the  hydraulic  systems  a  column  of 
water'is  used  to  convey  an  impulse  which  gives  the  signal. 
In  pneumatic  annunciators  pressure  on  a  bulb  or  button 
sends  through  a  pipe  a  puff  of  air  liy  which  a  bell  is  rung 
and  a  number  displayed.  In  the  electrical  systems  the 
signals  are  given  liy  closing  an  electrical  circuit  by  some 
suitable  means.  See  cut  under  indicator,  (c)  The  dial  or 
board  on  wliich  the  signals  are  displayed. 

annunciatory  (a-nun'gi-a-to-ri),  a.  Making 
known;  giving  public  notice. 

annus  d,eliberandi  (an'us  de-lib-e-ran'di).  [L., 
year  of  deliberating:  annus,  year  (see  annals); 
deliberandi,  gen.  gerund  of  deliberare :  see  delib- 
erate.] In  Scots  law,  a  year  allowed  for  the  heir 
to  deliberate  as  to  entering  upon  the  estate. 

annus  mirabilis  (an'us  mi-rab'i-lis).  [L. :  an- 
nus, year  (see  annals) ;  mirabilis,  wonderful:  see 
marvel,  mirabilis.]  A  wonderful  year.  Specifi- 
cally applied  in  English  history,  as  in  Dryden's  poem  of 
this  title,  to  the  year  1606,  which  is  memoral)le  for  the 
great  fire  of  London,  for  a  victory  of  the  British  arms  over 
the  Dutch,  etc. 

ano-.  [<  Or.  av(j,  upward,  <  ava,  up,  etc. :  see 
ana-.]  A  prefix  of  Greek  origin,  signifying  up- 
ward. 

Anoa  (an'o-a),  n,  [Native  name.]  1.  [NL.] 
A  genus  of  laovine  ruminant  quadrupeds  of 
Celebes,  originally  taken  for  antelopes  (see 
anoine),  represented  by  the  sapi-outan  or  "  cow 
of  the  woods,"  Anoa  depressicornis,  which  is  a 
kind  of  small  wild  buffalo,  having  straight  low 
horns,  thick  at  the  base  and  set  in  line  with  the 
forehead.  Ham.  Smith.— 2.  [?.  c]  The  Eng- 
lish name  of  the  same  animal.    P.  L.  Sclater, 

Anobiidse  (an-o-bi'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Anobium 
+  -idw.]  A  family  of  beetles,  named  from  the 
genus  Anobium.    See  Ptinidw. 

Anobium  (a-no'bi-um),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  avu,-o.-^- 
ward  (but  here  with  the  sense  of  its  original,  ava, 
up,  in  comp.  back,  again :  see  ana-),  +  /3/of,  life : 
see  biology.]  A  genus  of  pentamerous  coleop- 
terous insects,  of  the  family  Ptinidw,  having  an 
elongate  subcylindric  form,  11-jointed  antenna? 
inserted  just  before  the  eyes,  and  deeply  exca- 
vated metasternum.  Tlie  genus  contains  the  small 
dark-colored  beetles,  about  a  fourth  of  an  inch  long,  which 
are  known  by  the  name  of  "death-watch"  from  the  tick- 
ing noise  tlley  make.    See  death-watch. 

anocarpous  (an-o-kar'pus),  a.  [<  NL.  anocar- 
pus,  <  Gr.  apoi,  upward,  +  mpiro^,  finiit.]  In  hot., 
fructifying  on  the  upper  siu'face  of  the  frond; 
said  of  ferns. 

anocathartic  (an'o-ka-thar'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  ayu, 
upward,  +  KadapriKoc,  purging :  see  cathartic] 
Emetic.    N.  E.  D. 


anococcygeal 

anococcygeal  (a'''ii6-kok-sij'e-al),  a.  [<  L.  anus 
+  ]<!h.cocc!/x  (coccyg-)+ -e-al. yPertamingtothe 
anus  and  to  the  coccyx:  in  anat.,  specifically 
applied  to  a  ligament  connecting  tbe  tip  of  the 
coccyx  with  the  external  sphincter  of  the  anus, 
anodal  (an'o-dal),  rt.    [<  anode  +  -«/.]    Of  or 
pertaining  to  tlie  anode  or  positive  pole  of  a 
'  voltaic  current. 

Instead  of  cathodal  opening  contractions  being  the  last 
of  all  to  appear,  they  may  precede  the  anodal  opening 
contractions.  Fagge,  Medicine,  I.  335. 

anode  (an'od),  n.  [<  Gr.  dwdof,  a  way  up,  <  avd, 
up,  +  odoc,  way.  Cf.  cathode.)  The  positive 
pole  of  a  voltaic  cm-rent;  that  pole  at  which 
the  current  enters  an  electrolytic  cell :  opposed 
to  cathode,  the  point  at  which  it  departs.  Fara- 
day,lSi2. 

anodic^  (a-nod'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avo6oc,  a  wayup  (see 
anode),  +-ic.'\  1 .  Pi  oceeding  upward;  ascending. 

An  anodic  course  of  nervous  influence.     Dr.  M,  Hall. 
2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  anode, 
anodic^  (a-nod'ik),  a.    [<  Gr.  avodoc,  having  no 
way,  impassable  (<  ai^-priv.  +  otSof,  way),  +  -/c] 
Styptic ;  anastaltic :  applied  to  medicines. 

Anodon  (an'o-don),  71.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  as  if  *av66uv, 
for  the  usual  avoSovrog  or  avodovc  (gen.  avddovTog) 
without  teeth,  <  av-  priv..  +  oJotf  (bdovr-)  =  e! 
tooth,  q.Y.^  1.  Same  as  Anodonta.  Olen,  181o'. 
—  2.  In  herpet.,  a  genus  of  African  serpents,  of 
the  tamily  Dasypeltidteov Bhachiodon  tidce,  which 
have  no  grooved  maxillary  teeth.  Sir  Andrew 
Smith,  1829.  Also  called  Biodon,  Rhachiodon, 
andDas!/2)cltis.—3.  In  entom.,  a  genus  of  coleop- 
terous insects.— 4.  U.c]  [ianodont.']  Afresh- 
water  mussel  of  the  genus  Anodonta  (which 
see).— 5.  [I.  c]  A  snake  of  the  genus  Dasypel- 
tis:  as,  the  rough  anodon,  DasypeJtis  scahra. 

anodont  (an'o-dont),  n.   [<  Anodonta.']  A  mus- 
sel of  the  genus  Anodonta ;  an  anodon. 

Anodonta  (an-o-don'ta),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avoSov- 
rog,  without  teeth:  see  Anodon.]  A  genus  of 
asiphonate  lamellibranehiate  mollusks,  or  bi- 


227 


River-mussel  (Anodonta  fragilis).  North  Carolina. 


valves,  of  the  family  Unionida;,  in  which  the 
hinge-teeth  are  rudimentary  or  null.  The  species 
are  very  numerous,  and  are  among  those  called  fresh- water 
mussels  or  river-mussels.  ilany  species  are  found  in  the 
I  nited  .States  ;  A.  cygnea,  the  swan-mussel,  is  a  common 
bntxsh  species.    Also  called  Anodon  and  Anodontes. 

Anodontidae  (an-o-don'ti-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Anodon,  2,  -f-  -ida;.']  A  family  of  serpents,  named 
by  Sir  Andrew  Smith  from  the  genus  Anodon,  2 
bee  Basypeltidce. 
anodyne  (an'o-dln),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  anodin,  anodine,  <  F.  anodin,  anodyn  r=  Pg. 
anodyno=  Sp.  It.  anodino,  <  L.  anodynus,  ano- 
dynos,  a.,  anodynon,  n.,^  <  Gr.  avuSwog,  freeing 
from  pain  {(papfiuKov  av66vvov,  L.  medicamentum 
anodynum,  a  drug  to  relieve  pain),  <  di^-  priv.  + 
odvvij,  dial,  kivvri,  pain.]  I.  a.  Having  power  to 
relieve  pain ;  hence,  soothing  to  the  feelings. 

!Itl  is,  of  any  outward  application  I  would  venture  to 
recommend,  the  most  anodyne  and  safe. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iv.  28. 
The  anodyne  draught  of  oblivion.  Bxtrke. 
II.  n.  A  medicine  or  drug  which  relieves  pain, 
as  an  opiate  or  a  narcotic  ;  hence,  figui-atively, 
anything  that  allays  mental  pain  or  distress. 
Mirth  and  opium,  ratafia  and  tears, 
ihe  daily  anodyne,  and  nightly  draught, 
10  kill  those  foes  to  fair  ones,  time  and  thought. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  ii.  111. 
His  quiet  animal  nature  acted  as  a  pleasing  anodi/ne  to 
my  .  .  .  anxiety.     0.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  43. 

anodynous  (a-nod'i-nus),  a.  [<  -L.anodi/nus: 
see  anodyne  and  -ous.]  Having  the  qualities  of 
an  anodyne. 

^Oeae  (a-no'e-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anoiis  +  -err.] 
A  term  used  by  Coues  (1862)  to  distinguish  the 
noadies  as  a  group  of  terns,  typified  by  the  genus 
Anous,  iTom  the  other  terns,  or  St^rnew  See 
cut  under  Anoiis. 

anoema  (an-o-e'ma),  n.   [NL.,  >  F.  anoeme ;  ef. 

avoTjuuv^  without  understanding,  <  d-priv.  -t- 
vor/ua,  perception,  understanding,  <  voeiv,  per- 
ceive, think,  <  vooc,  perception,  mind :  see  nous.] 


A  name  of  the  Cobaia  aperea,  the  guinea-pig  or 
domestic  ca\'y:  originally,  with  F.  Cuvier,  a 
generic  name  of  the  eavies,  and  a  synonym  of 
Vavia. 

anoetic  (an-o-et'ik),  a.    [<  Gr.  avdrrroc,  incon- 
ceivable (<  d-priv.  +  w^/rdf,  perceptible ),+  -<c; 
see  «-i8  and  noetic]    Unthinkable ;  inconceiv- 
able: opposed  to  woeV/e  (which  see).  Ferricr. 
anogenic  (an-o-jen'ik),  a.    [<  Gr.  avu,  upward, 
+  ->fpvf,  produced  (see  -gen),  +  -ic]    In  hot., 
growing  upward  or  inward, 
anoiet,  anoifult,  anoioust.   Fonner  spellings 
of  annoy,  etc. 
anoilt  (a-noil'),  V.  t.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  annoil, 
anoyle,  enoil,  <  ME.  anoylen  (with  an-  for  en-  as 
in  the  notionally  associated  anoint,  perhaps 
influenced  by  the  native  verb  anele,  aneaV^,  q. 
v.),  enoylen,  <  OF.  enuiler,  later  enhuiler,  to  oil, 
<  ML.  inoJeare,  anoint  with  oil,  <  L.  in,  on,  -I- 
oleum,  oil:  see  oil,  and  cf.  aneal^.]    To  anoint 
with  oil;  specifically,  to  administer  extreme 
unction  to. 

Children  were  also  christened  and  men  houseled  and 
annoiled.  Holimked,  Chron.,  II.  302.   (A^.  £.  D.) 

Pope  Innocentius  I.,  in  his  Epistle  i.,  ch.  8,  saith  that 
not  only  priests,  but  laymen  in  cases  of  their  own  and 
others'  necessities,  may  anoile.    Bp.  Hall,  Works,  IX.  89. 

anoine  (an'o-in),  a.  and  n.    [<  Anoa  +  -?»ei.] 

1.  a.  In  zool.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  genus 
A)wa,  formerly  regarded  as  a  division  of  the 
genus  Antilope,  and  called  the  anoine  group. 

II,  n.  pi.  The  name  given  by  Hamilton  Smith 
to  a  group  of  so-called  antelopes,  typified  by  the 
genus  Anoa  (which  see). 

anoint  (a-noinf),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  an- 
noint,  anoynte,enoynt,  alsoabbrev.  (andin 
simple  form  oint,  q.  v.),  <  ME.  anoynten,  enoyn- 
ten  (present  forms  due  to  the  pp.  and  pret. 
anoynt,  enoynt,  from  the  OF.  pp.),  present  also 
enoyne,  <  OP.  enoindre,  enuingdre,  pp.  enoint,  <  L. 
vmngere, -prop,  inungitere,  pp.  inunctus,  anoint,  < 
in,  on,  +  unguere,  ungere,  smear:  see  unguent, 
unction,  oint,  and  ointment.]  1.  To  pour  oil 
upon ;  smear  or  rub  over  with  oil  or  any  unctu- 
ous substance ;  hence,  to  smear  with  any  liquid. 
My  head  with  oil  thou  didst  not  anoint.  Luke  Wi.  46. 
The  bees  do  anoint  their  hives  vnth  the  juice  of  the  bit- 
terest weeds,  against  the  greediness  of  other  l>easts. 

Ford,  Line  of  Life. 

2,  To  consecrate,  especially  a  king,  priest,  or 
prophet,  by  unction,  or  the  use  of  oil. 

Thou  Shalt  anoint  it  [the  altar]  to  sanctify  it. 

Ex.  x.xix.  36. 
I  would  not  see  .  .  .  thy  fierce  sister 
In  his  anointed  flesh  stick  bearish  fangs. 

Shah.,  Lear,  iii.  7. 

3t.  To  serve  as  an  ointment  for ;  lubricate. 

And  fi-agrant  oils  the  stitfened  limbs  anoint. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil. 

anointt.    Obsolete  past  participle  of  anoint. 
Chaucer. 

anointed  (a-uoin'ted),  n.  A  consecrated  one.— 
The  Lord's  anointed,  specifically,  the  Messiah  •  bv  ex- 
tension, a  king,  or  one  ruling  by  divine  right.  '  " 
anointer  (a-noin'ter),  n.  One  who  anoints, 
anointment  (a-noint'ment),  w.  [<  anoint  -f 
-inent.]  The  act  of  anointing,  or  the  state  of 
being  anointed ;  consecration. 

That  sovran  lord,  who,  in  the  discharge  of  his  holv 
anointment  from  God  the  Father,  which  'made  him  su- 
preme bishop  of  our  souls,  was  so  humble  as  to  say  Who 
made  me  a  judge  or  a  divider  over  you  V 

Milton,  On  Def.  of  Humble  Remonst. 
anole  (an'61),  n.    Same  as  anoli. 
anoli  (an'o-b),  H.    A  lizard  of  the  genus  Anoiis 

(which  see), 
anolian  (a-no'li-an),  a.  and  n.    [See  Anoiis.] 
I.  a.  Belonging  to  the  gi-oup  of  lizards  typified 
by  the  genus  Anoiis. 
II.  n.  A  lizard  of  the  genus  Anoiis. 
Anoliidae  (an-o-l!'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Anoiis, 
Anohus,  +  -idw.]    A  family  of  lizards,  named 
fi-om  the  genus  Anoiis  or  Anolius. 
Anoiis  (an'o-lis),  n.   [Formerly  also  annolis ;  as 
an  individual  name,  now  usually  anoli;  NL. 
Anoiis,  also  Anolius  (Cuvier),  after  F.  anoiis, 
<  anoli,  anoalli,  native  name  in  the  Antilles.] 

1.  A  genus  of  pleurodont  lacertilians,  usuallv 
referred  to  the  family  Iguanida-,  consisting  of 
small  American  lizards  which  have  palatal  as 
well  as  maxillaiy  teeth,  toes  somewhat  like 
those  of  the  gecko,  an  inflatable  throat,  and 
colors  changeable  as  in  the  chameleon,  which 
m  some  respects  they  represent  in  America 

The  green  anoli,  Anoli.s  phncipali.':,  inhabits  the  southern 
L  nited  states,  and  others  are  found  in  the  warmer  carts 
of  America.  ^ 

2.  [I.e.]  Alizardof  the  genus  an  anoli 
Anolius  (a-no'li-us),  n.    [NL.]    Same  as  Ano- 
iis, 1.    Cuvier,  1817. 


Anomalops 

anomal  (a-no'mal),  w.  [<  OF.  anomal  (Cot- 
grave),  <  LL.  anomalus:  see  anomalous.]  In 
gram.,  an  anomalous  verb  or  w^ord.  [Rare.] 
Anomala  (a-nom'a-la),  n.  [NL.,  (1,  2)  fern, 
sing.,  (a)  neut.  pi.  of  LL.  anomalus:  see  anom- 
alous.] 1.  A  genus  of  lamellicorn  beetles,  of 
the  family  Scaralxeidw,  having  9-jointed  anten- 
nas and  margined  elytra.  There  are  several  species, 
such  !is  the  European  A.  vitis  and  the  American  A.  liici- 
eoln,  injurious  to  the  grape. 

2.  A  genus  of  bivalve  mollusks,  of  the  family 
Corbiculidw :    synonymous    with    Eqeta. — 3. 
[Used  as  a  plural.]  '  A  group  of  decapod  crus- 
taceans, including  the  Hippid(t  and  Faguridw: 
an  inexact  synonym  of  Anontura. 
Anomalse  (a-nom'a-le),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  fern.  pi. 
of  LL.  anomalus:  see  anomalous.]    In  ornitli., 
inGlogei-'s  arrangement  of  birds  (1834),  a  .sub- 
order of  passerine  birds,  embracing  those  which 
are  devoid  of  an  apparatus  for  song.    It  in- 
cluded what  later  writers  have  called  Picariw. 
anomali,  n.    Plural  of  anomalus. 
Anomalidae  (an-o-mal'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ano- 
mala, 1,  +  -id(c.]    A  family  of  coleopterous  in- 
sects, named  from  the  genus  Anomala. 
anomaliflorOUS  (a-nom'  a-li-flo'rus),  rt.    [<  NL. 
anomaliflorus,  <  L'L.  anomalus,  irregular,  +  L. 
flos  (flor-),  flower.]     In  hot.,  having  irregular 
flowers. 

anomaliped  (a-nom'a-li-ped),  a.  and  «.    [<  LL. 

anomalus  (see  anomalous)  +  Ij.  pes  {ped-)='E. 
foot.]  In  ornith.:  I.  a.  Syndaetylous ;  ha\-ing 
the  middle  toe  united  to  the 
exterior  by  three  phalanges, 
and  to  the  interior  by  one  only. 
The  kingfisher  is  an  example. 

11,  n.  A  sj-ndactylous  bird  ; 
a  bird  whose  middle  toe  is 
united  to  the  exterior  by  three 
phalanges,  and  to  the  interior 
by  one  only, 
anomalipod  (a-nom'a-li-pod), 
a.  and        [<  LL.  anomalus  +  Gr.  ttovc  (~od-) 


Anomaliped  Foot 
of  Kingfisher. 


=  E.  foot.  Cf.  anomaliped^]  Same  SLS  anoma 
liped. 

anomalism  (a-nom'a-Uzm),  n.  [<  anomalous  -I- 
-mn.]  An  anomaly;  a  dev-iation  from  rule; 
an  in-egularity,  or  instance  of  departure  from 
usual  and  con-ect  order.  [Rare.] 

The  anomalisms  in  words  have  been  so  many  that  some 
have  gone  so  far  as  to  allow  no  analogj-  either  in  the 
Greek  or  Latin  tongue.         Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  p.  30. 

anomalist  ( a-nom 'a-list),  n.  [<  anomalous  + 
-ist.]  In  Gr.  philoL,  one  who  believes  in  the 
conventional  or  arbitrary  origin  of  language: 
opposed  to  analogist,  or  one  who  argues  for  its 
natural  origin.  Farrar. 

anomalistic  (a-nom-a-lis'tik),  rt.  [<  anomalist 
+  -ic.]  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  anomalv.  or 
to  the  anomaUsts.— 2.  In  rt.s?/w(.,  pertaining  to 
the  anomaly  or  angular  distance  of  a  planet  from 
its  perihelion. -AnomaUstic  month.  Heemonth.— 

Anomalistic  revolution,  the  period  in  which  a  planet 
or  satellite  goes  through  the  complete  cycles  of  its  changes 
of  anomaly,  or  from  any  point  in  its  elliptic  orbit  to  the 
same  again.— AnomaUsUc  year,  the  time  (365  days,  6 
hours,  13  minutes,  and  48  seconds)  in  which  the  earth 
passes  thi-ough  her  orbit,  which,  on  account  of  the  preces- 
sion of  the  equinoxes,  is  25  minutes  and  2.3 seconds  longer 
tlian  the  troiiical  year. 

anomalistical  (a-nom-a-lis'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as 
anomalistic. 

anomalistically  (a-nom-a-lis'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  anomalistic  manner. 

anomalocephalus  (a-nom"a-16-sef'a-lus),  n. ; 
pl.  anomaloccphali  (-li).  [NL.,  <  Gr.'  avuualoc, 
irregular  (see  anomalous),  -\-  Keipa/.Tj,  head.]'  One 
whose  head  is  deformed. 
Anomalogonatffi  (a-nom"a-16-gon'a-te),  n.  pl. 
[NL.,  fern.  pl.  of  anomalogonatus :  see  anomalo- 
gonatous.]  In  GaiTod's  system  of  classification, 
a  piimary  division  of  birds  containing  those 
which  have  no  ambiens.  See  Homalogonata: 
anomalogonatous  (a-nom"a-lo-gon'a-tus),  a. 
[<  NL.  anomalogonatus,  <  Gr.  ai'(j//a/.oc,"iiTegular 
(see  anomalous),  +  yovv  =  E.  Jcnee.]  Abnor- 
mally kneed ;  having  no  ambiens  muscle  ;  spe- 
cifically, pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  Ano- 
malogonata'.  Garrod. 
anomialopid  (a-nom-a-lop'id),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
family  A nomalopidw'.' 

Anomalopidse  (a-nom-a-lop'i-de),  «.  j?/.  [NL., 

<  Anomalops  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  aeanthopte- 
rygian  fishes,  typified  by  the  t:emis  Anomalops. 
Only  one  species,  represented"  on  the  next  pjige,  is  known; 
it  inlialiits  rather  deep  water  in  the  Pacific  oce.in. 

Anomalops  (  a-nom'a-lops),  w.  [NL.,  ^  Gr.  avoj- 
fja'/oc^  irregiilar  (.see  anomalous),  +  Ciib  (wt-), 
eye.]  A  geniLS  of  fishes,  typical  of  the  family 
Anonialopidce :  so  called  from  the  remarkable 


Anomalops 

structui'e  manifested  by  a  glandular  phospho- 
rescent organ  below  the  eye.    Ktier,  1868. 


Anomalops  palpebratits. 

anomalous  (a-nom'a-lus),  a.  [<  LL.  anomnlus, 
anomalos,  <  Gr.  av6/m'Aog,  irregular,  uneven,  < 
av-  priv.  +  oftaAog,  even,  <  6,uo?,  same,  common, 
=  E.  same:  see  homo-  and  same.']  Deviating 
from  a  general  rule,  method,  or  analogy ;  in-eg- 
ular;  abnormal:  as,  an  anomalous  character; 
an  anomalous  pronunciation. 

Though  in  Sparta  kingship  had  survived  under  an  anoma- 
lous form,  yet  the  joint  representatives  of  tlie  primitive 
king  .  .  .  had  become  little  more  than  members  of  the 
governing  oligarchy.     H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  485. 

The  Quran  attaches  much  importance  to  prayer,  a  fact 
which  is  soniewliat  anomalous  in  a  system  of  religion  so 
essentially  fatalistic.  Faiths  of  the  World,  p.  324. 

Anomalous  chords,  in  music,  chords  which  contain  ex- 
treme sharp  or  extreme  Hat  intervals.  =  Syn.  Unusual, 
singular,  peculiar,  odd,  exceptional,  unaccountable.  See 
irregular. 

anomalously  (a-nom'a-lus-li),  adv.  In  an 
anomalous  manner;  irregularly;  in  a  manner 
different  from  the  common  rule,  method,  or 
analogy. 

Yet,  somewhat  anomalously,  as  it  seems,  habitual  ve- 
racity generally  goes  with  inclination  to  doubt  evidence. 

H.  Spencer,  Study  of  Sociol.,  p.  117. 

anomalousness(a-nom'a-lus-nes),  n.  [^(.anoma- 
lous +  -HCAS.]  The  quality  or  condition  of  being 
anomalous. 

One  special  sympathy  worth  noting  because  of  its  anom- 
alousness,  is  sympathy  in  yawning. 

H.  Spencer,  Prm.  of  Psychol.,  §  511. 

anomalure  (a-nom'a-lih-),  n.  [<  Ano7nahirns.'] 
An  animal  of  the  genus  Anomalurus. 

anomalurid  (a-nom-a-lu'rid),  n.  A  rodent 
mammal  of  the  family  Anomaluridce, 

Anomaluridae  (a-nom-a-lu'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Anomalurus  + -idee.]  A  remarkable  family 
of  flying  rodents  of  Africa;  the  scale-tailed 
squil'rels.  They  have  a  parachute  like  that  of  the  true 
flying  s(iuirrels,  but  less  extensive,  and  the  under  side 
of  the  tail  is  provided  with  a  series  of  Imbricated  scales. 
They  have  no  postorbital  processes,  a  large  airteorbital 


Scale-tailed  Squirrel  {Anomalurus fulgetis). 

foramen,  the  molars  and  premolars  together  4  on  each  side 
of  each  jaw,  and  16  ribs,  that  is,  3  or  4  more  than  are  found 
in  SciuridoR.  The  animals  bear  some  resemblance  to  mem- 
bers of  the  genus  Galeopithecus,  but  have  a  long  hairy  tail 
free  from  the  interfemoral  memljrane.  Several  species  are 
described,  as  A.  fraseri  from  Fernando  Po,  and  A.  fulgens 
from  the  Gaboon ;  the  latter  is  about  14  inches  in  length, 
with  the  tail  about  half  as  much  more,  and  of  a  bright- 
reddish  color. 

The  curious  creatures  known  as  Scale-tailed  Squirrels, 
which  form  the  family  Anomaluridae,  may  be  described 
as  flying-squirrels  with  climbing-irons  ;  —  the  under  side 
of  the  tail  being  furnished  .  .  .  with  a  series  of  large 
horny  scales,  whicli,  when  pressed  against  the  trunk  of  a 
tree,  may  subserve  the  same  purpose  as  those  instruments 
with  which  a  man  climbs  up  a  telegi-aph  pole. 

Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  V.  131. 

Anomalurus  (a-nom-a-lii'ms),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

avujia'AoQ,  irregular  (see  anomalous),  +  ovpa, 
tail.]  The  typical  and  only  genus  of  the  fam- 
ily Anomaluridce.    Waterliouse,  1842. 

anomalus  (a-nom'a-lus),  n. ;  pi.  anomali  (-li). 
[NL.,  <  LL.  anomalus:  see  anomalous.]  In 
anat.,  a  muscular  slip,  an  inch  in  length,  fre- 
quently found  lying  beneath  the  muscle  that 
lifts  the  upper  "lip  and  the  wing  of  the  nose 
(levator  labii  superioris  alaeque  nasi). 

anomaly  (a-nom'a-li)j  n.;  j)l.  anomalies  (-liz). 
[<  L.  anonialia,  <  Gr.  avufiaXla,  irregularity,  un- 
evenness,  <  avuiiakor,  imeven:  see  anomalous.] 
1 .  Deviation  from  the  common  i-ule  or  analogy ; 
something  abnormal  or  irregular. 


228 

There  are  in  human  nature,  and  more  especially  in  the 
exercise  of  the  benevolent  affections,  inequalities,  incon- 
sistencies, and  aiwmalies,  of  which  theorists  do  not  always 
take  account.  Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  1.  305. 

2.  In  astron.,  an  angular  quantity  defining  the 
position  of  a  point  in  a  planetary  orbit,  taken  to 
increase  in  the  direction  of  planetary  motion. 
In  ancient  astronomy  it  was  reckoned  from  apogee;  in  early 
modern  astronomy,  from  aphelion,  except  in  coraetaiy  or- 
bits ;  but  since  Gauss,  from  perihelion.. 

3.  In  music,  a  small  deviation  from  a  perfect 
interval  in  tuning  instruments  with  fixed  notes ; 
a  temperament — Eccentric  anomaily  (.anomalia  ec- 
centri,  Kepler),  the  arc  between  the  major  axis  and  the 
perpendicular  to  it  through  the  planet  on  the  circle  cir- 
cumscribing the  orbit ;  now  usually  defined  by  the  equa- 
tion w  =  u  —  e  sin  u,  where  w  is  the  mean,  «  the  eccen- 
tric anomaly,  and  e  the  eccentricity. — Mean  anomaly, 
the  angular  quantity  whose  ratio  to  300°  is  as  the  time 
since  the  planet  left  perihelion  to  the  period  of  revo- 
lution.—Optical  anomaly,  in  crystal.,  a  term  applied 
to  those  optical  phenomena,  obsei  ved  in  many  crystals, 
which  are  at  viuiance  with  what  would  be  expected 
from  the  geometrical  form  of  the  crystiils:  for  exam- 
ple, the  double  refraction  occasionally  observed  in  the 
diamond,  which,  like  all  isometric  crystals,  should  be 
isotropic. — Thermic  anomaly,  a  name  given  by  Dove  to 
the  dilf  erence  between  the  mean  temperature  of  a  place 
on  the  earth's  surface  and  the  normal  temperature  of  its 
parallel. —  True  anomaly,  (a)  In  anc.  astron.,  the  arc 
of  the  zodiac  between  the  apparent  place  of  the  center  of 
the  epicycle  and  that  of  apogee,  (b)  In  mod.  astron.,  the 
angle  at  the  sun  between  perihelion  and  the  place  of  a 
planet. 

Anomean,  Anomeanism.  See  Anomoean,  Ano- 

maunism. 

anomeomery  (an-6-me-om'e-ri),  n.    [<  Gr.  as 

if  *avofioLOjj.tpEia,  (avofioiofiepi/g,  consisting  of  un- 
like parts,  not  homogeneous,  <  av-  priv.  +  Sfiot- 
o/jepT/c,  consisting  of  like  parts:  see  an-^  and 
homeomery.]  In  the  hist,  of  2'hil.,  the  Italic 
form  of  the  doctrine  of  atoms,  which  rejected 
the  Anaximandrian  principle  of  homeomery 
(which  see). 
Anomia  (a-no'mi-a),  n.  [NL.,  iiTCg.  <  Gr. 
avo/ioioc,  unlike,  dissimilar,  <  av-  priv.  +  hfioiog, 
similar:  see /(o»(tf'o-,7io»ieo-.]  If.  Same  as  Tcre- 
hratula. —  2.  A  genus  of  bivalve  moUusks,  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Anomiidai,  foimd  attached  to 
oysters  and  other  shells.  Tiie  shape  of  its  species 
depends  more  or  less  upon  the  surface  to  which  they  are 
affixed.  Tlie  saddle-shell,  Anomia  ephippium,  is  well 
known.  Tliere  are  numerous  species,  both  fossil  and  re- 
cent, the  former  going  back  to  tlie  Oolite,  the  latter  found 
in  every  sea. 

anomiid  (an-o-mi'id),  n.  A  bivalve  mollusk  of 
the  family  Anomiida'. 

Anomiidse  (an-o-mi'i-de),  w.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anomia 
+  -idw.]  A  family  of  asiphonate  lamellibran- 
chiate  mollusks,  typified 
by  the  genus  Anomia.  The 
typical  species  have  tliin,  un- 
equal, irregular  valves,  the  flat- 
test of  which  is  deeply  notched 
for  the  passage  of  a  muscle  to  a 
calcareous  or  chitinous  plate  by 
which  the  shell  adheres  to  other 
shells. 

anomite  (an'o-mit),  n.  [< 
Gr.  avo/iog,  without  law 
(see  anomo-),  +  -ite^.]  1. 

A  subspecies  of   the  mica  '  a /.™us<:u'-'>"' impressions. 

called  hiotite  (which  see), 
distinguished  by  certain  optical  properties. — 
2.  A  fossil  of  the  genus  Anomites ;  an  extinct 
species  of  the  Anomiidce  or  some  similar  shell. 

anomo-.  [Combining  form  of  Greek  avop.og,  < 
a- ])riv.  +  vdjuog,  law.  see  nome.]  An  element 
in  compound  words  of  Greek  origin,  meaning 
irregular,  unusual. 

AJlomobranchiata  (an'^o-mo-brang-ki-a'ta),  n. 
pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  anomobranchiatus :  see 
anomobrancMate.]  A  group  of  crustaceans: 
synonymous  with  Stomatopoda  (which  see). 

It  includes  Mysidai,  SquiUidce,  the  opossum-slirimps, 
mantis-shrimps,  etc.   See  cut  under  SijuiUidce. 

anomobranchiate  (an'o-mo-brang'ki-at),  a. 
[<  NL.  anomobranchiatus,  <  Gr.  avo/j.oc,  in-egular, 
+  Ppdyxta,  gills.]  Having  the  branchiae  anom- 
alous or  irregular ;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Anomobranchiata. 

anomocarpous  (an"o-m9-kar'pus),  a.  [<  NL. 
anomocarpus,  <  Gr.  avo/iog,  irregular,  +  Kapirog, 
fruit.]    In  bot. ,  bearing  imusual  fruit.  N.  E.  D. 

anomodont  (an'o-mo-dont),  a.  and  n.    [<  Ano- 
modontia.]    I,  d.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  the  Anomodontia. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Anomodontia. 

Anomodontia  (an'o-mo-don'shi-a),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  avopog, irregular,  +  bSoiic (odovr-)  —  E.  tooth.] 
1.  In  Owen's  system  of  classification  (1866),  an 

Ol'der  of  fossil  reptiles.  Its  technical  characters  are 
biconcave  verteljra;,  bifurcate  anterior  trunk-ribs,  continu- 
ous iscliiopubic  symphysis,  Hxed  tympanic  pedicle,  a  fora- 
men parietale,  and  the  teeth  eitlier  wanting  or  limited  to 
a  pair  of  great  tusks.  Tlie  order  includes  the  two  groups 
Dicynodontia  and  Cryptodontia,  the  former  containing  the 


Anomia  ackatis. 


anon 

genus  Dicynodon,  and  the  latter  the  genera  Rhynchosaurut 

and  Oudenndon. 

2.  In  Cope's  system,  a  division  of  theromorphous 
reptiles  (see  Tlieromorpiha),  containing  those 
which  have  several  sacral  vertebraB,  and  the 
vertebra?  not  uotochordal :  contrasted  with 
I'clijcosauria  (which  see). 
Anomoean,  Ajiomean  (an-o-me'an),  n.   [<  Gr.  • 

avo/ioioc:,  unlike,  <  av-  priv.  +  bpoiog,  like :  see 
homoeo-,  homeo-.]  One  of  an  extreme  sect  of 
Arians  in  the  fourth  century,  who  held  that 
the  Son  is  of  an  essence  not  even  similar  to  that 
of  the  Father  (whence  their  name),  while  the 
more  moderate  Arians  held  that  the  essence  of 
the  Son  is  similar  to  that  of  the  Father,  though 
not  identical  with  it.  Also  called  Aetian,  Eu- 
doxian,  and  Eitnomian. 

Anomoeanism,  Anomeanism  (an-o-me'an- 
izm),  M.  [<  Anomwan  +  -ism.]  The  doctrines 
of  the  Anomceans. 

Denying  alike  the  homoousian  and  the  homoiousian 
theory,  he  [Eunomius]  was  dialectically  probably  the 
ablest  and  most  consistent  defender  of  Anomceanism,  or 
the  doctrine  according  to  which  the  Son  is  essentially  or 
substantially  different  from  the  Father. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  VIII.  667. 

anomorhomboid  (an"9-mo-rom'boid),  n.  [<  Gr. 
avo/iog,  irregular,  4-  rhomboid,  q.  v.]  An  irregu- 
lar rhomboidal  mass,  as  some  crystals, 
anomorhomboidal  (an'o-mo-rom-boi'dal),  a. 
[<  anomorhomboid  +  -al.]  Eesembling  ah  ano- 
morhomboid; consisting  of  irregular  rhom- 
boids. 

Anomoura,  anomoural,  etc.  See  Anomura,  etc. 
anomphalous  (a-nom'fa-lus),  a.     [<  Gr.  av- 
priv.  +  6p<paM(,  navel.]     Having  no  navel; 
without  an  umbilicus. 

Anomura  (an-o-mii'ra),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  anomurus  :  see  anomurous.]  A  suborder  of 
podophthalmous  decapodous  crustaceans,  inter- 
mediate between  the  maerurous  and  the  bra- 
chyurous  groups,  and  embracing  forms,  such 
as  the  hermit-crabs,  which  have  the  tail  soft 
and  imfitted  for  swimming  or  otherwise  anom- 
alous. The  section  is  purely  artificial,  and  authors  are 
not  agreed  upon  its  limitation.  Families  usually  ranged 
under  it  are  such  as  Paguridce,  Hippida;,  Raninidce,  Do- 
rippidce,  etc. ;  the  first  of  these  includes  the  well-known 
hermit-crabs.    Also  spelled  Anomoura. 

anomural  (an-o-mU'ral),  a.  [As  anomurous  -I- 
-al.]  Irregular  in  the  character  of  the  tail  or 
abdomen;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Anomura: 
as,  anomural  crustaceans.  Equivalent  forms 
are  anomoural,  anomuran,  anomouran,  anomu- 
rous, anomourous. 

anomuran  (an-o-mu'ran),  a.  and  n.  [As  ano- 
murous  +  -an.]  '  I,  a.  Same  as  anomural. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Anomura;  an  anomurous 
crab,  as  a  hermit-crab. 

Also  spelled  anomouran. 
anomurous  (an-o-mii'rus),  a.    [<  NL.  anomu- 
rus, <  Gr.  avofio^.  irregular,  +  ovpa,  tail.]  Same 
as  anomural.    Also  spelled  anomourous. 

On  the  same  island  is  found  another  most  remarkable 
and  very  large  terrestrial  Anomourous  Crustacean. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  VI.  642. 

anomyt  (an'o-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  avo/iia,  lawlessness, 
iavofiog,  lawless:  see  anomo-.]  A  violation  of 
law,  especially  of  divine  law;  lawlessness. 

The  delights  of  the  body  betray  us,  through  our  over- 
indulgence to  them,  and  lead  us  captive  to  anomy  and  dis- 
oljedience.  GlanoiUe. 

anon  (a-non'),  adv.  and  interj.,  orig.  prep.  phr. 
[<  ME.  anon,  anoon,  onon,  onoon,  also  anan,  onan, 
and  with  dat.  term,  anone,  onane,  etc.  (ef.  equiv. 
ME.  in  oon,  in  an  =  OHG.  MHG.  in  ein),  <  AS. 
on  an  (ace.),  on  ane  (dat.),  in  one,  together, 
straightway:  on,  E.  on;  an,  E.  one.  Cf.  anan, 
a  mod.  dial,  form  of  anon.]  If.  In  one  and  the 
same  direction;  straight  on. —  2.  Straightway; 
forthwith  ;  on  the  instant ;  immediately. 

The  same  is  he  that  heareth  the  word,  and  arwn  with 
joy  receiveth  it.  Mat.  xiii.  20. 

Hence,  like  other  words  of  the  same  literal 
meaning,  passing  into — 3.  Quickly;  soon;  in 
a  short  time ;  by  and  by. 
Such  good  men  as  he  which  is  anon  to  be  interred. 

G.  Mather,  Mag.  Cliris.,  iv.  7. 

4.  At  another  time  ;  again  ;  now  again. 

Sometimes  he  trots,  .  .  .  anon  he  rears  upright. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  279. 

The  varying  lights  and  shadows  of  her  temper,  now  so 
mirthful,  and  anon  so  sad  with  mysterious  gloom. 

Haiothome,  Marble  Faun,  ix. 

5.  As  a  response,  same  as  anan — Ever  and  anon, 

from  time  to  time  ;  now  and  then ;  time  after  time. 
A  pouncet-box,  which  ever  and  anon 
He  gave  his  nose,  and  took't  away  again. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  L  3. 


anon. 

anon.   An  abbreviation  of  anonymous. 
Anona  (a-no'na),  n.    [NL.,  said  to  be  from 
menona,  the  Malay  name.]    A  genus  of  trees  or 
shrubs,  type  of  the 


229 


anormal 


That  araoni/TOott«  person  who  is  always  saying  the  wisest  anoplotheriid  (an-op-16-the'ri-id),  n 
nd  most  delightful  tilings  just  as  you  are  on  the _point  of    -,„,-f.,  „,„,nTna,l  of  thf^  f».r»\W  A,,nr,lni 


saying  them  yourself.     Aldrich,  Ponkapog  to  Pesth,  p.  2C3. 
Often  abbreviated  to  anon. 
natural  order  J MO«a-  anonymously  (a-non'i-mus-li),  adv. 
cea>,  of  about  50  spe-    anonymous  manner ;  without  a  name, 
cies,  which  are,  with  anonymousness  (a-non'i-mus-nes),  n. 
two  or  three  excep-    *^tate  or  quality  of  being  anonymous. 


In  an 
The 


anonymuncule  (a-non-i-mun'kul),  w.    [<  NL. 
(tnonymus  +  dim.  -uii-cidus :  see  anonym  and 
-unclc.'\    A  petty  anonymous  writer. 
Anonyx(an'9-niks),«.  [NL.,<Gr.  ov-priv.+6wf, 
nail:  se&onyx.']  1.  lnmammal.,s?ivaQa,s  Aonyx. 

^   — 2.  A  genus  of  crustaceans.    Kriiycr,  1838. 

(sour-sopHs  cultivated^in  Anopholes  (a-nof'e-lez),  n.     [NL.  (Meigen, 
the  West  and  East  Indies;    1818),  <  Gr.  avoxpeh'/i;  useless.]    A  genus  of  true 
mosquitos  (dipterous  family  Culicid(c),  distin- 
guished from  the  typical  genus  rMZca;by  the  long 
_     .  .    .      palpi  of  the  female.    The  mosquitos  of  this  genus  are 

The  genus  produces  other  "the  true  secondary  hosts  of  the  eansntive  organisms  of 
edible  fruits,  as  the  com-     malaria,  which  undergo  their  sexual  development  only  in 
the  stomach  of  an  anoplieles.    From  tliis  fact  it  results 
that  these  mosquitos  convey  tlie  disease  from  malarial 
patients  to  healthy  individuals, 
anophthalmi,  n.    Plural  of  anophthalmns,  1. 

anophthalmia  (an-of-thal'mi-a),  «.   [NL.:  see   <        ■       ,  .        -  v^tt 

anophthahniis.]  In  tcratoL,  congenital  absence  Anoplotherium  (an-op-lo-the  ri-um)  )j.  [NL., 
of  the  eyeball  '  <.  ijv.  avoizAog,  unarmed,  +  dripiov,  wild  beast.] 

allied  to  the  magnolias,  and  sometimes  abound-  anophth'almus  (an-of-thal'mus),  n. ;  pi.  anoph-  typical  genus  of  the  family  Anoplotheriida;, 
ing  in  a  powerful  aromatic  secretion.   The  Ethi-    thalmi  (_-mi).    [NL.,  <  Gr.  avocpda^fioc,  without 

eyes,  <  ai'-  priv.,  without,  +  b(pdaX/i6g,  eye 


tions,  natives  of  tropi- 
cal Ajnerica.  a.  squa- 
mosa (sweet-sop)  grows  in 
the  West  Indian  islands, 
and  yields  an  edible  fruit 
having  a  thick,  sweet,  lus- 
cious pulp.    A.  inuricata 


it  produces  a  large  pear- 
shaped  fruit,  of  a  greenish 
color,  containing  an  agree- 
able slightly  acid  pulp. 


The  Sour-sop  ( ^ 


tricata).    mon  custard-apple  or  bul- 
lock's-heart,  from  A.  reti- 
culata, and  the  cherirnoyer  of  Peru,  from  A.  CheriinoHa. 

Anonacese  (an-o-na'sf-e),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Anona 
+  -acece.^  A  natural  order  of  tropical  or  sub- 
tropical trees  and  bushes,  with  trimerous  flow- 
ers, indefinite  stamens,  and  numerous  carpels. 


A  rumi- 
nant mammal  of  the  family  Anoplotlieriidce. 
Anoplotheriidae  (an-op"l9-the-ri'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Anoplotherium  +  -irfa-.]'  A  family  of  fos- 
sil ruminant  quadrupeds,  of  the  ov&ev  Artiodao- 
tyla,  formed  for  the  reception  of  the  genus 
Anoplotherium,  to  which  Eurytherium  has  been 
added  by  Gervais.  E.\cluding  Dichobune  as  the  type 
of  a  different  family,  the  Anoplol he riidai  are  characterized 
by  the  comparative  uniformity  of  the  teeth  and  the  propor- 
tionate lengths  of  the  fore  and  hind  limbs,  the  latter  being 
like  tliose  of  ^rdinary  walking  quadrupeds. 

anoplotherioid  (an-op-lo-the 'ri-oid),  «.  and  n. 
[i  Anojylothcrium  + -oid.''\  I.  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  AnoplotheriidcB ;  resembling  the  an- 
oplothere. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Anoplotheriidte,  or  an  ani- 
mal resembling  the  anoplothere. 
Anoplotherioidea  (an-op'-'lo-the-ri-oi'de-a),  «. 
pi.  INh.ji  Anojjlotherium  + -oid-ea.']  A  super- 
family  group  of  fossil  ruminants,  by  which  the 
Anoplotheriida;  and  JJichobunidw  are  together 
contrasted  with  the  Oreodontidw,  being  distin- 
guished by  having  the  teeth  of  both  jaws  near- 
ly or  qiute  continuous  and  uniform  in  size.  Gill. 


opian  pepper,  sour-sop,  sweet-sop,  and  custard-apple  are 
yielded  by  tliese  trees.  The  wood  in  some  genera  is  ex- 
tremely elastic  and  occasionally  intensely  bitter.  Asimina 
is  almost  the  only  genus  representing  the  order  in  the 
United  States. 

anonaceous  (an-o-na'shius),  a.  [<  NL.  anona- 
ceus :  see  Anona  and  -aceous.']  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Anonacece. 

anonad  (an'o-nad),  n.  A  plant  of  the  natural 
order  Anonacece.  Lindley. 

anon-rightt,  adv.  [ME.  anon  right,  etc.,  also 
right  anon :  see  anon  and  right,  acto.]  Imme- 
diately; at  once.  Chaucer. 

anonychia  (an-o-nik'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av- 
priv.  +  ovv^  (bvvx-),  nail:  see  onyx.']  In  tera- 
tol.,  absence  of  the  nails. 

anonym  (an'o-nim),  n.  [<  F.  anonyme,  <  NL. 
anonymus  (L.  anonymos,  as  designation  of  a 
certain  plant),  <  Gr.  aviivvfiog,  nameless,  anony- 
mous :  see  anonymous,  and  cf .  omjm,  pseudonym, 
synonym.]  1 .  An  anonymous  book  or  pamphlet. 
— 2.  An  anonymous  person. 

The  Origin  of  Species  .  .  .  makes  an  epoch,  as  the  ex- 
pression of  his  [Darwin's)  thorough  adhesion  ...  to  the 
doctrine  of  Development  —  and  not  the  adhesion  of  an 
anonym  like  the  author  of  the  "Vestiges." 

George  Eliot,  in  Cross's  Life,  II.  ix. 


see 

ophthalmia.]  1.  A  person  exhibiting  anophthal- 
mia on  one  or  both  sides. —  2.  [cap.]  A  genus 
of  adephagous  beetles,  of  the  family  Carabida, 
so  named  from  being  eyeless,  it  contains  about 
60  species  of  blind  cave-beetles,  mostly  European,  though 
several  are  found  in  the  caves  of  the  Ohio  valley,  such  as 
A.  tellkampfi  of  the  Mammoth  Cave  in  Kentucky. 

Anophsrta  (an-o-fi'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avu, 
upward  (<  avd^  up),  +  ^vrov,  a  plant,  <  <j>vEiv,  pro- 
duce, pass.  <j>vet7dai,  grow.]  In  Endlicher's  sys- 
tem of  classification,  a  section  of  crj^Dtogamic 
plants,  comprising  the  Sepaticce  (liverworts) 
and  Musci  (mosses). 

anophyte  (an'o-flt),  n.  A  member  of  the  Ano- 
phyta. 

anopia  (an-6'pi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av-  priv.  -f- 
(Inp  {ioTT-),  eye.]  In  teratol.,  absence  or  a  rudi- 
mentary condition  of  the  eyes,  attendant  on 
arrested  development  of  the  craniofacial  axis. 

Anopla  (an-op'la),  »i.  j^l.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avoirXo^, 
unarmed,  <  av-  priv.  -I-  oit'mv,  a  shield,  pi.  birla, 


containing  the  anoplothere,  A.  commune,  dis- 
covered in  the  Middle  Eocene  formation  of  the 

Paris  basin.  The  animal  was  about  4J  feet  long,  with 
a  tail  of  al)out  the  same  length.  It  lias  also  been  found 
in  the  corresponding  Eocene  strata  of  Great  Britain.  It 
was  named  by  Cuvier  from  the  fact  that  its  liorns  never 
sprouted.  Erroneously  written  Anajjlotherium. 
Anoplura  (an-o-pl6'ra),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avo- 
ttTioq,  unarmed,  +  ohpd,  tail.]  An  aberrant  or- 
der of  degraded  parasitic  hemipterous  insects, 
or  lice :  synonymous  with  Mallophaga  and  Pedi- 
culina  in  some  uses  of  these  terms.  They  are  ap- 
terous and  ametabolous,  with  a  mandibulate  or  haustellate 
mouth.  As  a  major  group,  Anoplura  is  divisiblt  into  two 
suborders :  (1)  the  Haustellata,  which  have  the  mouth  pro- 
duced into  a  fleshy  sucking  proboscis  armed  with  hooks, 
within  which  are  two  sharp  stylets  inclosed  in  a  chitinous 
sheath;  and  (2)  Mandibulata,  in  which  the  mouth  is  pro- 
vided with  mandibles.  The  former  includes  the  lice 
proper,  as  those  which  are  parasitic  on  man,  Pediculus 
capitis,  P.  vestimenti,  and  Phthirius  pubis ;  the  latter  are 
chiefly  bird-lice,  living  among  feathers.  See  louse,  Pedi- 
culiua,  and  Mallophaga. 

anopluriform  (an-o-plo'ri-form),  a.  [<  Anoplu- 
ra +  -form.]  Like'  or  related  to  the  Anoplura ; 


3.  In  ^o67.,  a  mere  name;  a  name  resting  upon  Anoplognathidse  (an-op-log-nath'i-de),  n.  pi 


no  diagnosis  or  other  recognized  basis.  Coues, 
The  Auk,  I.  321.  [Rare.] 

Also  spelled  anonyme. 
anonyma  (a-non'i-ma),  n.    [NL.,  fem.  of  anony- 
mun :  see  anonymous.]  In  anat.,  the  innominate 
artery. 


louse-like. 

arms.]  A  division  of  nemertean  worms  having  anopsy^t  (an'op-si),  «.  [<  NL.  anopsia,  <  Gr.  av- 
the  proboscis  unarmed,  whence  the  name:  eon-  priv.  -I-  6fi^,  sight:  see  optic]  Want  of  sight, 
trasted  with  Enopla  (which  see).    The  Anopla  in-       Aristotle,  who  computeth  the  time  of  their  anopsy  or 

invasion  by  that  of  their  gestation. 

Sir  T.  Broume,  Vulg.  Err.,  p.  174. 


elude  most  of  the  larger  and  better-known  nemerteans. 


[NL.,  <  Anoplognathus  +  -idee.]    In  Macleay's  anopsy^  (an'op-si),  n. 
system  of  classification,  a  family  of  scarabseoid    oi/^^f,  sight:  see  optic] 
lamellicorn  beetles,  forming  together  with  Me-   "  ' 
lolonthidw  the  Latreillean  group  Phyllophaga. 
The  clypeus  is  thickened  in  front,  and  constitutes,  either 
alone  or  with  the  labrum,  a  vertical  triangular  surface, 
the  point  of  which  is  applied  to  the  mentum. 


[As  anorchous  ■¥ 


The  arteries  arise  from  the  arch  of  the  aorta,  as  in  man,  AnOplOgnathUS  (an-op-log'nii-thus),  W.  [NL., 
by  an  anonyma,  a  left  carotid,__and  left  subclavian.  <  (j,..  &,onM,  unarmed, -H  yvaOo^,  Jaw!]  A  genus 


Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  380. 

anonymal  (a-non'i-mal),   a.  Anonymous. 

[Rare.] 
anonyme,  «.    See  anonym. 
anonymi'ty  (an-o-nim'i-ti),  n.    [As  anonym  + 

-ity.]    The  state  or  quality  of  being  anonymous 


of  lamellicorn  beetles,  of  the  fanuly  Scarabw- 
idee,  sometimes  giving  name  to  a  family  Ano- 
plognathidw.  It  comprises  large  bronzed  bee- 
tles of  Australia. 

anoplonemertean  (an-op"lo-ne-mer'te-an),  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  Anoplonemertini. 


"""^  '^^^^^^S  one's  Anoplonemertini (an-op"16-nem-er-ti'ni),  n.pl. 
p    annrnrmnnanooo  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dvoTrAof,  Unarmed, -l- NL.  A'cweriinj, 

q.  v.]  A  division  otNemertea,  containing  those 
nemertean  worms  which  have  the  proboscis 
unarmed  and  the  mouth  behind  the  ganglia: 


name;  anonymousness 

A  doughty  antagonist  in  a  work  of  anonymity,  who 
proved  to  be  Alexander  Hamilton. 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXIX.  474. 

If  anonymity  adds  to  the  importance  of  journalism, 
secrecy  does  so  still  more,  for  it  is  more  impressive  to  the 
imagination.  £ae.  Contemporary  Socialism,  p.  268. 

anonymosity  (a-non-i-mos'i-ti),  n.  [Improp. 
<  anonymous:  see  -osity.]    The  state  of  being  Anoplopoma  (an-op-lo-p6'ma),  n 


distinguished  from  JopZowmerfewj.    The  group  anorganic  (an- or- gan '  ik),  a.  [< 
is  divided  into  Schizonemertini  and  Palwonemer-  ^^Ull^.^l^?^"^-)  .        organic;  i 
tini. 


anonymous.  [Rare.] 
anonymous  (a-non'i-mus),  a.  [<  NL.  anony- 
mus, <  Gr.  avuvvfio^,  nameless,  <  av-  priv.  + 
ovofia,  j3i!olie  ovvfia,  name :  see  onym.]  1.  Want- 
ing a  name ;  not  named  and  determined,  as  an 
animal  not  assigned  to  any  species.  [Rare  or 
technical.] 

These  animalcules  serve  also  for  food  to  another  anony- 
mous insect  of  the  waters.  Bay. 

2.  Without  any  name  acknowledged,  as  that 
of  author,  contributor,  or  the  like :  as,  an  anony- 
mous pamphlet ;  an  anonymous  subscription. 

Among  the  manuscripts  of  the  English  State  Paper  Of- 
fice are  three  anonymous  tracts  relating  to  the  same  pe- 
nod  as  that  covered  by  the  American  writings  of  Captain 
John  Smith  and  of  George  Percy. 

M.  C.  Tyler,  Hist.  Amer.  Lit.,  I.  41. 

8.  Of  unknown  name ;  whose  name  is  withheld : 
as,  an  anonymous  author. 


[NL.,  <  Gr. 

Aof,  unarmed,  -f-  Trufia,  a  lid,  operculum.]  A 
genus  of  fishes,  representing  the  family  Anoplo- 
pomidce,  differing  from  most  of  its  relatives  in 


[<  Gr.  ava,  upward,  -I- 
In ^a</iC>Z.,  upward  stra- 
bismus. 

anorchism  (an-6r'kizm),  n. 
-ism.]    Absence  of  testes, 
anorchous  (an-6r'kus),  a.    [<  Gr.  av-  priv.  -I- 
opx'f)  testis.]    Having  no  testes, 
anorectous  (an-o-rek'tus),  a.    [<  Gr.  avopenToc;, 
without  appetite,  <  av-  priv.  -I-  bpcKTUQ,  verbal 
adj.  of  bpsyeiv,  long  for,  desire:  see  orexis.] 
Without  appetite, 
anorexia  (an-o-rek'si-a),  n.   [NL.,<  Gr.  avope^ia, 
want  of  appetite,  <  avipeKTo^,  without  appetite : 
see  anorectous.]    Want  of  appetite, 
anorexy  (an'o-rek-si),  n.    Same  as  anorexia. 
anorgana  (an-6r'ga-na),  n.pl.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  avop- 
yavoQ,  without  instruments,  <  av-  priv.  -I-  opj  a- 
vov,  instrument,  organ.]    Inorganic  objects  or 
bodies. 

Gr.  av-  priv. 
inOTganic. 

anorganism  (an-6r'ga-nizm),  n.  [< Gr.  fir- priv. 
(a/i-5)  -I-  organism.]  An  inorganic  or  inani- 
mate body. 

The  characteristic  phenomena  observed  in  organisms 
are  not  observed  in  anorganisms.  G.  H.  Leu  es. 


the  absence,  of  opercular  spines,  whence  the  anorganognosy  (an-6r-ga-nog'no-si),  n.  [< 


name.  It  contains  the  species  known  as  the 
candle-fish  or  beshow.  See  candle-fish,  2. 
anoplopomid  (an-op-lo-pom'id),  n.  A  fish  of 
the  family  Anoplopomidce. 
Anoplopomidse  (an-op-lo-pom'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  short  for  * Anoplopomatidce,  <  Anoplopo- 
ma(t-)  +  -idm.]  A  family  of  acanthopterygian 
fishes,  containing  only  the  genus  Anoplopoma, 


NL.  anorgana^  q.  v.,  -1-  Gr.  jvijctc,  knowledge.] 
Scientific  knowledge  or  study  of  anorganisms 
or  inorganic  objects, 
anorganography  (an-6r-ga-nog'ra-fi),  ».  [< 
NL.  anorgana,  q.  v.,  -I-  Gr.  -}pa(pla,  <  yid(peiv, 
write.]  A  description  of  anorganisms  or  in- 
organic bodies ;  a  treatise  on  any  phenomena 
of  inorganic  nature. 


and  related  to  the  Chiridai.    The  only  known  anorganology  (an-or-ga-nol'o-ji),  «.    [<  NL. 

species  is  the  Anoplopoma  gimbria,  of  the  west  anorgana,  q.  v.,  +  Gr.  -?.o> ia,  <  Pi} av,  speak :  see 

coast  of  North  America.  -ology.]    The  science  of  inorganic  bodies,  Ln- 

anoplothere  (an-op'lo-ther),  ».    An  animal  of  clucling  geology,  mineralogy,  meteorology,  etc. 

the  genus  Anoplotherium  or  family  Anoplotheri-  anormal  (a-nor'mal),  a.  [=  F.  Pr.  Sp.  Pg."  anor- 

idce — Cervine  anoplothere,  the  Dichobune  cervinum.  <  ML.  anorm'alus,  also  anormalis,  a  perver- 

See  Dichobune.                                              .  sion  (taken  as  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  +  L.  norma,  rule  ; 


anormal 

ef.  abnormal)  of  LL.  anomalus,  <  Gr.  hvufia'Aoc, 
irregular:  see  anomalous.']  Not  according  to 
nile ;  abnormal ;  aberrant ;  anomalous ;  mon- 
strous. 

anorthic  (an-6r'thik),  a.  [<  Gr.  av-  priv.  + 
o/j^df,  straight,  right  (see  ortho-),  +  -ic]  1. 
Without  right  angles. —  2.  In  mineral.,  having 
imequal  oblique  axes ;  trielinic :  as,  anorthic 
feldspar. 

anortnite  (an-6r'thit),  n.    [<  Gr.  av-  priv.  + 

bpdog,  straight  (see  ortho-),  +  -ite'^.]  A  tricUnic 
Ume  feldspar,  found  in  small  transparent  crys- 
tals on  Mount  Vesuvius,  and  existing  also  as  a 
constituent  of  some  rocks.    See  feldspar. 

anorthitic  (au-6r-thit'ik),  a.  ["<  anorthite  + 
-ic]  Pertaining  to  or  containing  anorthite : 
as,  anorthitic  lavas. 

anorthopia  (an-6r-th6'pi-a),  w.  [NL.,  <  Qr.  av- 
priv.  +  opdog,  straight  (see  ortho-),  +  iiip  (wtt-), 
eye,  face.]  In  pathol.,  obliquity  of  vision; 
squinting.    N.  E.  D. 

anorthoscope  (an-6r'tho-sk6p),  n.  [<  Gr.  av- 
priv.  +  bpOug,  straight  (see  ortho-),  +  ckotteIv, 
view.]  An  instrument  for  producing  a  peculiar 
kind  of  optical  illusion  by  means  of  two  disks 
rotating  rapidly  one  behind  the  other.  The  pos- 
terior disk  is  transparent,  and  has  certain  distorted  figures 
painted  upon  it ;  the  anterior  is  opaque,  but  pierced  with 
a  number  of  narrow  slits,  through  which  the  figures  on 
the  posterior  disk  are  viewed.  The  effect  depends  on 
the  persistence  of  impressions  on  the  retina,  the  instru- 
ment being  in  principle  the  same  as  the  zoetrope. 

Anorthura  (an-6r-thu'ra),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  avopBoc, 
erect  (<.apd,  up,  +  bp66c,  right),  +  ovpd,  tail.]  A 
genus  of  very  short-tailed  wrens,  of  the  family 
Troglodyiidw :  a  name  proposed  as  a  substitute 
for  Troglodytes  (which  see). 

anosmia  (an-os'mi-a),  w.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avoofioc, 
also  avodfiog,  without  smell,  <  qv-  priv.  -f-  bcjfiij, 
older  form  bSfiij,  smell,  <  bl^etv,  to  smell,  akin  to 
L.  odor,  smell:  see  odor.]  In  pathol.,  a  loss  of 
the  sense  of  smell. 

anosphresy  (an-os'fre-si),  n.  [<  Gr.  av-  priv.  + 
ba<pprfaig,  smell,  <  bafpaiveaOai,  to  smell,  catch 
scent  of.]    Same  as  anosmia. 

Anostoma  (an-os'to-ma),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  dvu,  up, 
+  crdfta,  mouth.]  A  genus  of  pulmonate  gas- 
tropods, of  the  family  Helicida;,  having  the  last 
whorl  of  the  shell  turned  up  toward  the  spire. 
The  type  is  A.  ringens  (Linnaus).   Fischer,  1807. 

Anostomatinse  (an-os"t6-ma-ti'ne),  «.  pi. 
[NL  .,  irreg.  <C  Anostomus  {-mat-)  (the  typical 
genus)  +  -/««.]  A  subfamily  of  fishes,  of  the 
family  Characinidce.  Tlie  technical  chai  ■acters  are  an 
adipose  fin,  teeth  in  both  jaws  well  developed,  dorsal  fin 
short,  gill-openings  rather  narrow  (the  gill-membranes 
being  attached  to  the  isthmus),  and  nasal  openings  re- 
mote from  each  other.  They  are  mostly  small  species 
from  Brazil  and  Guiana.    Also  written  Anostoinince. 

another  (a-nuTH'er),  a.  and  iwon.  [<  ME. 
another,  usually  written  an  other;  orig.  and 
still  prop,  two  words,  an  other,  not  differing 
in  grammatical  status  from  the  definite  cor- 
relative the  other;  in  AS.  simply  other:  see 
«»i  and  other'^.  The  uses  are  simply  those  of 
other  with  an  preceding.  The  pronominal  uses 
are  not  divided  from  the  adjective  uses.]  1. 
A  second,  a  further,  an  additional;  one  more, 
one  further:  with  a  noun  expressed  or  under- 
stood.   («)  Of  the  same  series. 

Another  yet?— A  seventh?  — I'll  see  no  more. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  1. 
['■The  vulgar  tii  quuque,  'you're  another,' vfhich  is  part 
of  the  slang  of  the  streets,  is,  as  might  be  expected,  not 
modern."  Daoies,  Sup.  Eng.  Gloss. 
Roister.  If  it  were  an  other  but  thou,  it  were  a  knaue. 
M.  Mery.  Ye  are  an  other  your  selfe,  sir,  the  loi'de  us 
both  saue.  Udall,  Roister  Bolster,  iii.  5. 

"You  mistake  me,  friend,"  cries  Partridge:  "I  did  not 
me.an  to  abuse  the  cloth  ;  I  only  said  your  conclusion  was 
a  non  sequitur.  " 

"  You  are  another"  cries  the  sergeant,  "an'  you  come  to 
that ;  no  more  a  sequitur  than  yourself. " 

Field inff,  Tom  Jones,  ix.  6.] 

(b)  Of  the  same  kind,  nature,  or  character, 
though  different  in  substance :  used  by  way  of 
comparison. 

And  like  another  Helen,  fir'd  another  Troy. 

Dryden,  Alexander's  Feast,  1.  125. 

2.  A  different,  distinct  (with  a  noun  expressed  or 
understood) ;  especially,  of  persons,  a  different 
person,  some  one  else,  any  one  else,  (a)  Dis- 
tinct in  place,  time,  or  personality,  or  non- 
identical  individually. 

He  winks  and  turns  his  lips  another  way. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  90. 

The  hero  could  not  have  done  the  feat  at  another  hour 
in  a  lower  mood.  Emerson,  Courage. 

My  glory  will  I  not  give  to  another.  Isa.  xlii.  8. 

(6)  Of  a  different  kind,  nature,  or  character, 
though  the  same  in  substance :  used  by  way  of 
contrast :  as,  he  has  become  another  man. 


230 

[Another  always  implies  a  series  of  two  or  more,  starting 
with  one,  which  is  often  necessarily  expressed :  as,  he  tried 
one,  and  then  another;  he  went  one  way,  and  I  went  an- 
other; they  went  out  one  after  another. 

'Tis  one  thing  for  a  soldier  to  gather  laurels,— and  'tis 
a  not  her  to  scatter  cypress.  Sterile,  Tristram  Sliandy,  vi.  32. 

The  public  mind  was  then  reposing  from  one  great  effort 
and  collecting  strength  for  another. 

Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon.] 
One  another,  originally  a  mere  collocation  of  one  (as 
subject)  with  another  (as  object),  now  regarded  as  a  com- 
pomid  pronoun. 

The  bishop  and  the  Duke  of  Gloster's  men  .  .  . 

Do  pelt  so  fiist  at  one  another's  pate 

That  many  have  theii-  giddy  brains  knocked  out. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1. 
This  is  my  commandment,  that  ye  love  one  another. 

John  XV.  12. 

Bear  ye  one  another's  burdens.  Gal.  vi.  2. 

That  is :  Bear  ye  (each  one  of  you)  another's  burdens.  So 
each  other  (which  see,  under  each). 

another-gainest,  a.  Same  as  anothcr-gates. 
iSir  F.  Sidney. 

another-gatest(a-nuTH'6r-gats),  a.  [Orig.  gen., 
'  of  another  gate,'  of  another  way  or  fashion : 
see  another  and  gate^,  and  gait.  The  last  sylla- 
ble came  to  be  shortened,  another-gets,  whence 
by  eiToneous  understanding  a?jo(/(er-(7m,  -ghess, 
-guess,  and  by  erroneous  "correction"  (see  ex- 
tract from  Lander)  another-guise.  The  isolated 
torvaanother-gaines,  if  not  a  misprint  for  awotte;'- 
gaites,  shows  confusion  with  another-kins,  q.  v.] 
Of  another  kind;  of  a  different  sort:  as, 
other-gates  adventure,"  S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  I. 
iii.  428. 

another-guesst  (a-nuTH'6r-ges),  a.  [A  corrup- 
tion of  another-gates,  q.  v.]  Same  as  another- 
gates. 

The  truth  on't  is,  she's  anotherghess  Morsel  than  old 
Bromia.  Dryden,  Amphitryon,  iii. 

No,  no,  another-guess  lover  than  I :  there  he  stands. 

Goldsmith,  Good-Natured  Man,  ii. 

Burke  uses  the  word  another-guess,  in  which  expression 
are  both  vulgarity  and  ignorance.  The  real  term  is  another- 
guise  ;  there  is  nothing  of  guessing.  Landor. 

[See  etymology,  above.] 
another-guiset(a-nuTH'er-giz),  a.  [An  errone- 
ous ''correction"  of  another-guess,  assumed  to 
be  for  another  +  guise,  but  really  a  corruption  of 
another-gates,  q.  v.]    Same  as  anothcr-gates. 
another-kins,  a.  [Orig.  gen., '  of  another  kind ' : 
see  another  and  kind,  and  of.  another-gates.]  Of 
another  kind ;  of  a  different  sort.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
anotta,  anotto  (a-not'a,  -6),  n.  Same  asarnotto. 
Anoura,  anouran,  etc'.'    See  Anura,  etc. 
Anoiis  (au'o-us),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  avoo^,  contr. 
avovg,  silly,  without  understanding,  <  d-  priv.  + 
v6o(,  contr.  vov^,  mind,  understanding :  seewoMS.] 
A  genus  of  longipennine 
natatorial  birds,  the  nod- 
dy terns  or  noddies,  of  the 
subfamily  Stcrnime  and 


family  Laridce:  synonymous  with 

Gavia.     it  is  the  type  of  a  group  Anoeoe, 
distinguished  from  other  terns  in  having  the 
tail  graduated  instead  of  forked,  by  the  pal- 
.  mation  of  the  toes  being  very  ample,  and  by 

(Anoii^ sul?-  other  characters.  There  are  several  species, 
dits).  found  upon  all  warm  and  tropical  seas.  They 

are  of  a  sooty-brown  or  blackish  coloV,  with 
white  on  the  top  of  the  head.  The  best-known  species  is 
A.  stolidus.   See  noddi/. 

anoxemia,  anoxaemia  (an-ok-se'mi-a),  n.  [NL. , 

strictly  anoxwmia,  <  Gr.  dx'- priv.  +'ox{ygen)  + 
Gr.  aljia,  blood.]  Deficiency  of  oxygen  in  the 
blood.    Also  anoxyhemia,  anoxylucmia. 

anoxyhemia,  anoxyhaemia  (an-ok-si-he'mi-a), 
n.    Same  as  anoxemia. 

ans.    An  abbreviation  of  answer,  n. 

ansa  (an'sa),  «.;  pi.  ans(e  (-se).  [L.]  1.  Li 
archOiOh,  a'handle,  as  of  a  vase.  Bronze  and  terra- 
cotta vase-handles  are  often  found  curiously  ornamented, 
or  bearing  inscriptions  or 
stamps,  while  theol)jects 
to  which  they  liehjnged, 
being  of  thinner  or  less 
durable  substance,  have 
perished. 

2.  pil.  In  astron.,  the 
parts  of  Saturn's  ring 
which  are  to  be  seen 
on  each  side  of  the 
planet  when  viewed 
through  a  telescope : 
so  called  because 
they  appear  like  han- 
dles to  the  body  of 
the  planet. —  3.  In 
anat.,  a  looped  nerve 
or  loop-like  nerv- 
ous structure  Anss3 

■Vieussensi,  in  anat., 

several  small  strands  of  Bronze  Ansa,  or  Handle  of  a  Vase— 
the  cervical  sympathetic     Graeco-Roman  work  from  Pompeii. 


ans'wer 

cord  which  sometimes  pass  in  front  of  and  form  loops 
around  the  subclavian  artery.— Ansa  hsrpoglOSSl,  in 
anat.,  a  loop  formed  from  the  descendens  liypuglossi  and 
a  communicans  nerve  derived  from  the  second  and  third 
cervical  nerves.— Ansa  lenticularis,  in  anat.,  a  fascicu- 
lus of  white  nerve-tissue  whirli  jiasses  from  the  median 
part  of  the  crusta  of  tlie  brain  under  the  thalamus  to  reacli 
the  lenticular  luieleus. 

ansar,  ansarian  (an'sar,  an-sa'ri-an),  n.  [< 
Ar.  an-ndgir,  <  al,  the,  +  ndgir,  aux'iliary.]  A 
helper ;  an  auxiliary ;  specifically,  one  of  those 
inhabitants  of  Medina  who  befriended  Moham- 
med when  he  fled  thither  from  Mecca,  a.  d. 
622. 

As  for  those  who  led  the  way,  the  first  of  the  Mohadjers 
and  the  Ansars,  .  ,  .  God  is  well  pleased  with  them ;  .  .  . 
He  hath  made  ready  for  them  gardens  ...  to  abide  in 
for  aye.      liodwell,  tr.  of  the  Koran,  sura  ix.,  verse  101. 

ansate,  ansated  (an'sat,  -sa-ted),  a.  [<  L.  an- 
satus,  furnished  vpith  a  handle  (<  ansa,  a  handle), 
+  -ed^.]  Ha'ving  a  handle  or  handles,  or  some- 
thing in  the  form  of  a  handle, 
ansation  (an-sa'shon),  n.  [<  ansate  +  -ion.] 
The  art  of  making  handles,  or  of  fitting  them 
to  utensils.  Jour.  Brit,  Archceol.  Ass.,  XV.  69. 
anse  (ans),  n.  [=  P.  anse,  <  L.  ansa.]  An  ansa 
(which  see) ;  specifically,  in  old  ordnance,  one 
of  the  curved  handles  of  a  cannon. 
Anser  (an'ser),  n.  [L.,  a  goose,  orig.  *hanser, 
=  G.  gans  =  AS.  gos,  E.  goose,  q.  v.]  1.  A  genus 
of  lamellirostral  palmiped  birds  ;  the  geese. 
The  name  is  used  with  varying  latitude,  sometimes  as 
conterminous  with  the  modern  subfamily  Anserince,  but 
oftener  of  late  restricted  to  the  typical  species  resembling 
the  domestic  goose,  such  as  the  Anser  cinereus  or  Anser 
albifrotm  of  Europe.    See  goose. 

2.  In  astron.,  a  small  star  in  the  Milky  "Way, 
between  the  Swan  and  the  Eagle. 

Anseranas  (an-ser-a'nas),  n.  [NL.  (Lesson, 
1828),  <  L.  anser,  goose,  4-  anas,  duck :  see  An- 
ser and  Anas.]  A  genus  of  geese,  ha'ving  the 
feet  semipahnate.  There  is  but  one  species, 
the  Australian  swan-goose,  Anseranas  melano- 
leuca. 

anserated  (an'se-ra-ted),  a.  In  her.,  having 
the  extremities  divided  and  finished  with  the 
heads  of  lions,  eagles,  serpents,  etc. : 
applied  to  crosses.  Also  gringole. 
Anseres  (an'se-rez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi. 
of  L.  anser:  see  ^wscr.]  1.  In  the 
Linnean  system  (1766),  the  thii-d  or- 
der of  birds,  including  all  "  water- 
birds,"  or  palmipeds,  and  equivalent 
to  the  series  Natatores  of  modern  naturalists. 
— 2.  An  order  or  suborder  of  birds  correspond- 
ing to  the  Lamellirostres  of  Cuvier,  or  to  the 
ChenomorphcB  of  Huxley :  in  this  sense  of  nearly 
the  same  extent  as  the  family  Anatidw,  or  lamel- 
lirostral birds  exclusive  of  the  flamingos. 
Anseridae  (an-ser'i-de),  w.  pi.  [NL.,  <  A7iser 
+  -ida'.]  The  geese ;  the  subfamily  Anserime 
raised  to  the  rank  of  a  family. 
Anseriformes  (an"se-ri-f6r'mez),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  L.  anser,  goose,  forma,  shape.]  In  Garrod's 
classification,  a  series  of  birds  approximately 
equivalent  to  the  Linnean  Anseres.  See  An- 
seres, 1. 

Anserinse  (an-se-ri'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anser  + 
-ina'.]  1.  A  group  of  lamellii'ostral  palmiped 
birds,  more  or  less  exactly  equivalent  to  An- 
seres, 2. — 2.  A  subfamily  of  the  tamily  Anati- 
dce,  including  the  geese  as  distinguished  from 
ducks,  swans,  or  mergansers. 

anserine  (an'se-ria),  a.  [<  L.  anserinus,  <  anser, 
a  goose:  see  Anser.]  1.  Relating  to  or  resem- 
bling a  goose,  or  the  skin  of  a  goose :  sometimes 
applied  to  the  skin  when  roughened  by  cold 
or  disease  (goose-flesh). 

No  anserine  skin  would  rise  thereat. 
It's  the  cold  that  makes  him  shiver. 

Hood,  The  Forge. 

Hence  —  2.  Stupid  as  a  goose;  foolish;  silly. — 

3.  Specifically,  in  ornith.,  resembling  a  goose 
or  duck  so  closely  as  to  be  included  in  the  fam- 
ily Anatidw;  being  one  of  the  Anatidce.  The 
anserine  birds,  technically,  are  not  only  geese  and  goose- 
like species,  but  swans,  ducks,  mergansers,  etc. 

anserous  (an'se-rus),  a.  [<  L.  anser,  a  goose, 
+  -ous.]  Same  as  anserine,  1  and  2.  Sydney 
Smith. 

anslaightt  (an'slat),  n.  An  incoiTect  form  (per- 
haps a  misprint)  of  onslaught.  It  occurs  only 
in  the  passage  quoted. 

I  do  remember  yet  that  anslaight;  thou  wast  beaten 
And  fled'st  before  the  butler. 

Fletcher,  Monsieur  Thomas,  ii.  2. 

anS'wer  (an'ser),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  an- 
sweare,  <  ME.  answer,  answar,  answere,  ansicare, 
andswere,  andsware,  etc.,  ^  AS.  andstoaru,  ond- 
sxvaru,  f.  (=  OS.  antswor,  m.,=OFries.  ondser, 


answer 


231 


ant 


f.,  answer,  =Icel.  andsvar,  annsvar,  neut.,  an- 
swer, response,  decision,  =  Sw.  Dan.  ansvar, 
responsibility,  formerly  answer),  <  and-,  against, 
in  reply,  +  *swaru,  f.  (=  Icel.  svar,  usually 
in  pi.  svor,  neut.,  answer,  =  Sw.  Dan.  svar, 
answer),  <  *swaran  (only  in  weak  present  swe- 
riau),  pret.  sicor,  swear,  =  Icel.  svara,  answer, 
respond,  =  Sw.  svara  =  Dan.  svare,  answer,  re- 
spond, =  Goth,  swaran,  swear,  prob.  orig.  'af- 
lirin,  assert,'  with,  the  subsequent  implication, 
lost  in  the  verb  except  in  Scand.,  of  'assert  in 
reply':  see  and-,  an-^,  and  swear.  Hence  ansiver, 
f.]  1 .  A  reply,  response,  or  rejoinder,  spoken  or 
written,  to  a  question  (expressed  or  implied), 
j-equest,  appeal,  prayer,  call,  petition,  demand, 
challenge,  objection,  argument,  address,  letter, 
•or  to  anything  said  or  written. 

A  soft  answer  turnetli  away  Avrath.  Prov.  xv.  1. 

I  called  him,  but  lie  gave  me  no  answer.       Cant.  v.  6. 

Bacon  returned  a  shuffling  answer  to  the  Earl's  question. 

Macaulay,  Lord  Bacou. 
In  particular — (a)  A  reply  to  a  charge  or  an  accusation  ; 
a  statement  made  in  defense  or  justification  of  one's  self, 
with  regard  to  a  charge  or  an  accusation ;  a  defense ;  spe- 
cifically, in  law,  a  pleading  on  the  part  of  the  defendant, 
responding  to  the  plaintiff's  claim  on  questions  of  fact: 
correlative  to  demurrer,  which  raises  only  questions  of  law. 
The  word  as  used  in  equity  nearly,  and  as  used  in  recent 
•codes  of  procedure  closely,  corresponds  to  the  common- 
law  plea,  (b)  The  solution  of  a  problem  ;  the  result  of  a 
mathematical  operation ;  a  statement  made  in  response  to 
a  question  set  for  examination :  implying  correctness,  un- 
less qualified. 

2.  A  reply  or  response  in  act ;  an  act  or  motion 
in  return  or  in  consequence,  either  as  a  mere 
result  due  to  obedience,  consent,  or  sympathy, 
■or  as  a  hostile  procedure  in  retaliation  or  re- 
prisal. 

If  your  father's  highness 

Do  not  

Sweeten  the  bitter  mock  you  sent  his  majesty, 
He'll  call  you  to  so  hot  an  ansu'er  of  it. 
That  caves  and  womby  vaultages  of  France 
Shall  chide  your  trespass,  and  return  your  mock 
In  second  accent  of  his  ordnance. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  4. 
And  so  extort  from  us  that 
Which  we  have  done,  whose  answer  would  be  death 
Drawn  on  with  torture.  Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iv.  4. 

■Specifically — (a)  In /ending,  the  return  hit. 

I  had  a  pass  with  him,  rapier,  scabbard,  and  all,  .  .  . 
and  on  the  answer,  he  pays  you  as  surely  as  your  feet  hit 
the  ground.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  4. 

(ft)  In  fugice  music,  the  enunciation  of  the  subject  or  theme 
by  the  second  voice. 

Often  abbreviated  to  ans.  and  a. 
=Syn.  Reply,  rejoinder,  replication,  response,  retort,  de- 
fense. 

answer  (an'ser),v.  [Earlymod.  E.  also  answeare, 
atmswer,  <  ME.  answeren,  answaren,  andsweren, 
andswaren,  onsweren,  onswaren,  ondsweren,  ond- 
swaren,  <  AS.  andswarian,  andswerian,  ondswa- 
rian,  ondswerian  (pret.  andswarode)  =  OFries. 
ondswera,  onswera,  onsera  =  Ice\.  andsvara,  ann- 
svara,  mod.  ansa  =  Sw.  ansvara  =  Dan.  ansrare, 
answer,  account  for;  fromthenoun.]  I.intrans^ 

1 .  To  make  answer ;  speak  or  write  in  reply  to  a 
question  (expressed  or  implied),  request,  ap- 
peal, petition,  prayer,  call,  demand,  challenge, 
address,  argument,  letter,  or  anything  said  or 
witten;  reply;  respond:  used  with  to,  or  ab- 
solutely. 

Is  thy  news  good,  or  bad  ?  Ansiver  to  that. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  5. 
Lives  he  ? 
Wilt  thou  not  answer,  man  ? 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  4. 
In  particular  — (a)  To  reply  to  a  charge  or  an  accusa- 
tion ;  make  a  statement  in  defense  or  justification  of  one's 
self,  with  regard  to  a  charge  or  an  accusation  ;  specifically, 
in  la>o,  to  interpose  a  pleading  responsive  to  plaintiff's 
allegations  of  fact:  sometimes  used  to  include  also  the 
interposing  of  a  demurrer :  formerly  sometimes  with  with. 
Well  hast  thou  answered  with  him,  Eadogan. 

Greene. 

■(b)  To  give  a  solution  of  a  problem ;  find  the  result ;  give 
an  answer,  as  to  a  question  set  for  examination:  as,  he 
^inswered  correctly  in  most  instances. 

2.  To  reply  or  respond  in  act ;  act  or  move  in 
response ;  do  something  in  return  for  or  in  con- 
sequence Of  some  speech,  act,  or  movement 
irom  another  source. 

Now  play  him  me,  Patroclus, 
Arming  to  answer  in  a  night  alarm. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  3. 
Oct.  Mark  Antony,  shall  we  give  sign  of  battle? 
Ant.  No,  Caesar,  we  will  answer  on  their  charge. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  V.  1. 

Those  who  till  a  spot  of  earth  scarcely  longer  than  is 
■wanted  for  a  grave,  have  deserved  that  the  sun  should 
■shine  upon  its  sod  till  violets  answer. 

Marg.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  17. 

Do  the  strings  answer  to  thy  noble  hand?  Dryden. 
■3.  To  speak  in  behalf  of  another ;  declare  one's 
self  responsible  or  accountable,  or  give  assur- 
.ance  or  guaranty,  for  another ;  be  responsible  or 


accountable :  used  with  for,  rarely  absolutely : 
as,  I  \vill  answer  for  his  safety ;  I  am  satisfied, 
but  I  cannot  answer  for  my  partner. 

Go  with  my  friend  Moses,  and  represent  Premium,  and 
then,  I'll  answer  for  it,  you'll  see  your  nephew  in  all  his 
glory.  Sheridan,  Scliool  for  Scandal,  iii.  1. 

4.  To  act  or  suffer  in  consequence  of  responsi- 
bility ;  meet  the  consequences :  with  for,  rarely 
absolutely. 

Let  his  neck  answer  for  it,  if  there  is  any  martial  law. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  8. 

Every  faculty  which  is  a  receiver  of  pleasure  has  an 
equal  penalty  put  on  its  abuse.  It  is  to  answer  for  its 
moderation  with  its  life.  Emerson,  Compensation. 

5.  To  meet,  satisfy,  or  fulfil  one's  wishes,  ex- 
pectations, or  requirements;  be  of  service: 
with /or;  absolutely,  to  serve  the  pm'pose; 
attain  the  end ;  suit ;  serve  or  do  (well  or  ill, 
etc.). 

Long  metre  answers  for  a  common  song. 
But  common  metre  does  not  answer  long. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  A  Modest  Request. 

6.  To  conform,  correspond;  be  similar, equiva- 
lent, proportionate,  or  correlative  in  character, 
quality,  or  condition :  with  to. 

As  in  water  face  answereth  to  face,  so  the  heart  of  man 
to  man.  Prov.  xxvii.  19. 

Sizar,  a  word  still  used  in  Cambridge,  answers  to  a  servi- 
tor in  Oxford.  Swift. 
In  thoughts  which  answer  to  my  own.  Whittier,  FoUen. 
II.  trans.  1.  To  make  answer  to;  speaker 
write  in  reply  to ;  reply  or  respond  to. 

So  spake  the  apostate  angel,  though  in  pain ;  .  .  . 
And  him  thus  answer'd  soon  his  bold  compeer. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  125. 
In  particular — (a)  To  reply  to  a  charge  or  an  accusation 
by;  make  a  statement  to,  or  in  reply  to,  in  defense  or 
justification  of  one's  self  with  regard  to  a  charge  or  an  ac- 
cusation. 

I  will  .  .  . 

Send  him  to  answer  thee,  or  any  man. 
For  anything  he  shall  be  charg'd  withal. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 
(ft)  To  solve;  find  the  result  of;  give  an  answer  to,  as  to 
a  question  set  for  examination :  as,  he  answered  every 
question. 

2.  To  say  or  offer  in  reply,  or  in  reply  to ;  ut- 
ter, or  enunciate  to,  by  way  of  response. 

I  will  .  .  .  watch  to  see  what  he  will  say  unto  me,  and 
what  I  shall  answer  when  I  am  reproved.         Hab.  ii.  1. 

That  ye  may  have  somewhat  to  answer  them  which 
gloi-y  in  appearance.  2  Cor.  v.  12. 

3.  To  reply  or  respond  to  in  act;  act  or  move 
in  response  to  or  in  consequence  of:  either  as  a 
mere  result,  in  obedience  to  or  sympathy  with, 
or  as  a  hostile  act  in  retaliation  or  reprisal 
against:  as,  to  awsit'er  prayer ;  to  answer  a  sum- 
mons ;  to  answer  a  signal,  as  a  ring  at  the  door : 
hence,  to  answer  the  bell,  or  the  door ;  to  ansiver 
the  helm  (said  of  a  ship  when  she  obeys  her 
rudder). 

Blood  hath  bought  blood,  and  blows  have  answer'd 
blows.  Shak.,  K.  Jolin,  ii.  2. 

The  woman  had  left  us  to  answer  the  bell. 

W.  Collins,  Armadale,  III.  205. 

4t.  To  be  responsible  for;  be  accountable  for. 

Answer  my  life  my  judgment, 
Thy  youngest  daughter  does  not  love  thee  least. 

Shak.,  Lear,  i.  1. 

5.  To  act  or  suffer  in  consequence  of  respon- 
sibility for;  meet  the  consequences  of ;  atone 
for;  make  amends  for;  make  satisfaction  for. 

And  do  him  right,  that,  answering  one  foul  wrong, 
Lives  not  to  act  another.  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  ii.  2. 

If  it  were  so,  it  was  a  grievous  fault, 

And  grievously  hath  Caesar  answer'd  it  [orig.  answered  for 
it].  Shak.,  J.  C,  iii".  2. 

6.  To  meet,  satisfy,  or  fulfil  one's  -wishes,  ex- 
pectations, or  requirements  with  regard  to; 
satisfy  (a  claim);  repay  (an  expense);  serve 
(the  purpose);  accomplish  (the  end);  serve; 
suit. 

This  proud  king ;  who  studies,  day  and  night. 
To  answer  all  the  debt  he  owes  unto  you. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  3. 
My  returns  will  be  sufficient  to  answer  my  expense  and 
hazard.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  174. 

But,  come,  get  to  your  pulpit,  Mr.  Auctioneer;  here's 
an  old  gouty  chair  of  my  father's  will  answer  the  purpose. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  1. 

7.  To  conform  to;  correspond  to;  be  similar, 
equivalent,  proportionate,  or  correlative  to  in 
quality,  attributes,  position,  etc. 

Your  mind's  pureness  answers 
Your  outward  beauties. 

Massinger,  The  Renegade,  iv.  3. 
The  windows  ansrcering  each  other,  we  could  just  dis- 
cern the  glowing  horizon  through  them. 

ir.  Gilpin,  Tour  to  Lakes. 

8.  To  meet  or  confront.  [Rare.] 

Thou  wert  better  in  a  grave,  than  to  answer  with  thy 
uncovered  body  this  extremity  of  the  skies. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  4. 


answerable  (an'ser-a-bl),  «.  [<  answer  +  -able.] 

1 .  Capable  of  being  answered ;  admitting  of  a 
satisfactory  reply. 

Unanswerable  is  a  boastful  word.  His  best  reasons  are 
answerable ;  his  worst  are  not  worthy  of  being  answered. 

Jeremy  Collier,  Moral  Subjects. 

2.  Liable  to  give  an  account  or  to  be  called  to 
account ;  responsible ;  amenable :  as,  an  agent 
is  answerable  to  his  priacipal. 

Will  any  man  argue  that  ...  he  cannot  be  justly  pun- 
ished, but  is  answerable  only  to  God?  Swift. 
She's  to  be  answerable  for  its  forthcoming. 

Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  iv. 

3.  Correspondent;  similar;  agreeing;  in  con- 
formity; suitable;  proportionate;  correlative; 
equal.  [Obsolescent.] 

It  was  but  such  a  likeness  as  an  imperfect  glass  doth 
give  —  answerable  enough  in  some  features,  but  eri'ing  in 
others.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

A  faire  dining-roome,  and  the  rest  of  y  lodgings  answer- 
able, with  a  pretty  chappell.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Aug.  31, 1654. 

This  revelation  .  .  .  was  answerable  to  that  of  the 
apostle  to  the  Thessalonians.  Hilton. 

His  Sentiments  are  every  way  answerable  to  his  Charac- 
ter. Addison,  Spectator,  No.  303. 

answerableness  (an'ser-a-bl-nes),  «.  1.  Capa- 
bility of  being  answered. —  2.  The  quality  of 
being  answerable  or  responsible;  liability  to 
be  called  to  account;  responsibility. — 3.  The 
quality  of  being  answerable  or  conformable; 
adaptability;  agreement. 

The  correspondency  and  answerableness  which  is  be- 
tween this  bridegroom  and  his  spouse. 

Ilarmar,  tr.  of  Beza,  p.  196. 

ans^werably  (an'ser-a-bli),  adv.   In  due  pro- 
portion, correspondence,  or  conformity;  pro- 
portionately ;  suitably. 
Continents  have  rivers  answerably  larger  than  islands. 

Brerewood. 

answerer  (an'ser-er),  n.  One  who  answers; 
in  school  disputations,  the  respondent,  that  is, 
one  who  takes  the  initiative  by  propounding 
a  thesis  which  he  undertakes  to  maintain  and 
defend  against  the  objections  of  the  opponents. 
See  respondent. 

The  Answerer  is  of  opinion,  there  is  nothing  to  be  done, 
no  satisfaction  to  be  had  in  matters  of  religion,  without 
dispute ;  that  is  his  only  receipt,  his  nostrum  for  attain- 
ing a  true  belief.  Dryden,  Def.  of  Duchess  of  York's  Paper. 

answeringly  (an'ser-iug-li),  adv.  So  as  to  an- 
swer ;  correspondingly. 

answer-jobbert  (an'ser-job'-'er),  n.  One  who 
makes  a  business  of  writing  answers.  [Rare.] 
What  disgusts  me  from  having  anything  to  do  with  this 
race  of  ansiver- jobbers,  is,  that  they  have  no  sort  of  con- 
science in  their  dealing.  Swift,  Barrier  Treaty. 

answerless  (an'ser-les),  a.  [<  answer  +  -less.l 
1.  Without  an  answer;  having  no  answer  to 
give. — 2.  Unanswered:  as,  answerless  'pra.jevs. 
— 3.  Containing  no  sufiieient  or  satisfactory 
answer;  offering  no  substantial  reply,  while 
professing  to  do  so. 

Here  is  an  answerless  answer,  without  confessing  or  d© 
nying  either  proposition.  Abp.  Bramhall,  II.  627 

4.  Incapable  of  being  answered;  unanswep 
able:  as,  an  answerless  question,  argument,  etc. 

answerlessly  (an'ser-les-ii),  adv.     In  an  an- 
swerless manner;  ■with  an  insufficient  answer. 
Answered  indeed ;  but,  as  he  said,  .  .  .  answerlessly. 

Bp.  Hall,  Married  Clergy. 

ant^  (ant),  71.  [Early  mod.  E.  ante,  ampte,  <  ME. 
amtc,  amete,  <  AS.  mmete,  wmette  (also  *emete,  > 
ME.  emete,  emette,  emet,  E.  emmet,  q.  v.)  =  OHG. 
ameka,  MHG.  ameize,  G.  ameise  (MHG.  also 
emeze,  G.  emse),  ant.  Of  uncertain  origin;  per- 
haps <  AS.  a-,  E.  a-i  (also  found  accented  in 
AS.  a-cumba,  E.  oakum),  +  *m(xtan  (in  deriv. 
mettan,  (cut,  engrave,  hence)  paint,  depict;  ef. 
Wiciere,  a  stone-cutter,  and  G.s<ei«-?Hete,  a  stone- 
cutter) =  OHG.  meizan,  MHG.  meizen,  =  Icel. 
meita,  cut.  The  lit.  sense  would  then  be  'the 
cutter  or  biter  off';  miless  the  term  be  taken 
passively,  in  a  sense  like  that  of  Gr.  ev-o/iuv  or 
li.  insectum,  insect,  lit.  'cut  in.'  The  G.  form 
is  commonly  referred  (through  MHG.  emeze,  G. 
emse)  to  G.  emsig,  MHG.  emzic,  OHG.  emizzig, 
emazzig,  industrious,  assiduous,  which  agrees 
formally,  but  not  in  sense,  with  AS.  wmetig, 
emtig,  E.  empty,  q.  v.  See  mire^  and  pismire.'] 
An  emmet ;  a  hjTnenopterous  insect  of  the  fam- 
ily Formicidw  and  the  Liiinean  genus  Formica, 
now  divided  into  several  genera.  Ants  live  in 
communities,  and  the  internal  economy  of  their  nest  or 
hillock  presents  an  extraordinary  example  of  the  results 
of  combined  industry.  Each  comniuiiity  comprises  males 
witli  four  wings,  females  much  larger  than  the  males 
and  possessing  ^vings  during  the  pairing  season  only,  and 
barren  females,  called  neuters,  workei-s,  or  nurses,  desti- 
tute of  wings.  The  females  lay  their  eggs  in  parcels  of 
six  or  more.  The  males  and  females  desert  the  nest  and 
copulate  soon  after  becoming  perfect ;  but  the  latter  are 


ant 

brought  back  by  the  workers,  or  else  found  new  colonies, 
with  or  without  help.  The  male,  like  the  drone-bee,  be- 
comes useless  after  impregnating  the  female.  The  grubs 
spin  a  cocoon,  and  become  pupae,  whicli  resemble  barley- 
corns, ami  are  popularly  taken  for  eggs.  Under  the  names 
of  ants'  bruud,  ants'  eijgs,  they  are  an  article  of  import  in 
some  nortliern  countries  for  making  formic  acid;  a  solu- 
tion of  them  in  water  is  used  for  vinegar  in  Norway.  The 
young  grubs  are  fed  by  tlie  females  and  by  the  nurses,  who 
also  construct  tlie  streets  and  galleries  of  the  colony, 
and  in  general  perform  all  the  work  of  the  community. 
There  are  many  kinds  of  ants,  called  from  tlie  operations 
they  perforin  niining-ants,  carpenters,  masons,  etc.  Tlie 
favorite  tootl  of  ants  is  honey,  particularly  the  honey-dew 
excreted  by  apliiJs ;  but  they  also  live  on  fruits,  insects 
and  their  larvoe,  and  dead  birds  and  mammals.  They  are 
torpid  in  winter.  Tiiose  of  the  same  or  different  species 
engage  in  pitclied  battles,  and  capture  slaves  or  take  larva; 
from  other  nests.  Some  species  have  stings,  others  squirt 
out  an  irritant  fluid  (formic  acid).  See  cut  under  Atta. 
The  name  ant,  or  white  ant,  is  also  given  to  insects  of  the 
neuropterous  genus  Ternies.    See  termite. 

ant^t,  conj.    An  old  form  of  and. 

ant^t,  n.    A  former  spelling  of  aioit. 

an'ti  (ant  or  ant).  A  colloquial  contraction  of 
are  7i't,  are  not,  and  of  am  not,  and  with  gi'eater 
license  also  of  is  not.  In  the  second  pronun- 
ciation also  wi'itten  ain't  or  aint. 

an't^  (ant).  A  dialectal  reduction  of  lia'n't,  a 
contraction  of  have  not  and  has  not.  Also  writ- 
ten ain't,  aint,  like  hain't,  liaint. 

an't^t  (ant).  A  colloquial  contraction  of  an  it, 
if  it.    See  an"^,  and. 

ant-.  Tlie  form  of  anti-  before  vowels  in 
words  taken  from  or  formed  according  to  the 
Greek,  as  in  antagonist.  In  words  formed  in 
English,  anti-  usually  remains  unchanged  be- 
fore a  vowel,  as  in  anti-episcojial,  etc. 

-anti.  [<  ME.  -ant,  -aunt,  <  OF.  -ant,  repr.  both 
L.  -an(t-)s  and  -cn(t-)s,  ace.  -ant-em,  -ent-em, 
suffix  of  ppr.  (=  AS.  -ende,  ME.  -end,  -and,  -ant, 
later  and  mod.  E.  -ing^,  by  confusion  with  -ing'^-, 
suffix  of  verbal  nouns),  as  in  E.  affiant,  <  ME. 
afia{u)nt,  <  OF.  afiant,  <  ML.  affidan{t-)s,  ppr. 
of  affiddre;  E.  tenant,  <  ME.  tena(u)nt,  <  OF. 
tenant,  <  L.  tenen{t-)s,  ppr.  of  tenere.  In  later 
F.  and  E.  many  words  in  -ant,  <  L.  -en{t-)s, 
were  changed  to  -ent,  to  accord  with  the  L., 
,  as  in  apparant,  now  apparent,  after  L.  appa- 
ren(t-)s ;  some  waver  between  the  -ant  and  -ent, 
as  dependant,  dependent,  q.  v.  Words  of  re- 
cent introduction  have  -ant,  <  L.  -an{t-)s,  and 
-ent,  <  L.  -en{t-)s.  With  adjectives  in  -ant,  -ent, 
go  nouns  in  -ance,  -ence,  q.  v.]  A  suffix  of  ad- 
jectives, and  of  nouns  originally  adjectives, 
primarily  (in  the  original  Latin)  a  present  par- 
ticiple suffix,  cognate  with  the  original  form 
(AS.  -ende)  of  English  -ing^,  as  in  dominant, 
ruling,  regnant,  reigning,  radiant,  beaming,  etc. 
See  -ent. 

-ant^.  \_-an  +  excrescent -t,  the  arising  from 
-nd,  a  dissimilated  gemination  of  m.]  A  cor- 
ruption of  -an,  of  various  origin,  as  in  pageant, 
peasant,  pheasant,  truant,  tyrant.  See  these 
words. 

anta^  (an'ta),  n.;  pi.  anta;  (-te).  [L.,  a  termi- 
nal pilaster,  <  ante,  before :  see  ante-.'\  In  arch., 
a  pilaster,  es- 
pecially a  pi- 
laster ia  cer- 
tain positions, 
as  one  of  a  pair 
on  either  side 
of  a  doorway, 
or  one  standing 
opposite  a  pil- 
lar; specifical- 
ly, the  pilaster 
used  in  Greek 
and  Roman  ar-f 
chitecture  to 
terminate  one 
of  the  side 
walls  of  a 
building  when 
these  are  pro- 
longed beyond 
the  face  of  the 
end  wall,  a  por- 
tico in  antis  (tliat 
is,  between  antse)  is 
formed  when  the 
side  walls  are  thus 
prolonged  and  col- 
umns stand  be- 
tween the  antse. 

anta^  (an'ta),  n.  [Sp.  Pg.  anta,  <  Braz.  anta."] 
The  native  Brazilian  name  of  the  common  or 
American  tapir,  Tapirus  americanus. 

antacid  (ant-as'id),  n.  and  a.  [<  Gr.  avr-  for 
avri,  against  (see  anti-),  +  acid.']  I.  n.  In 
therap.,  an  alkali  used  as  a  remedy  for  acidity 
in  the  stomach. 


A  A 
Anta. 

Elevation  and  Plan  of  Portico  in  Antis, 
Temple  of  Themis,  Rhamnus.  A,  A,  antae  ; 
a,  a,  antae  opposite  pillars;  B,  pronaos;  C, 
crepidonia. 


232 

II.  a.  Counteracting  acidity. 
Also  written  anti-acid. 

antacrid  (ant-ak'rid),  a.  [<  Gr.  avr-  for  avri, 
against  (see  anti-),  +  acrid.]  Having  power  to 
correct  an  acrid  condition  of  the  secretions. 

antadiform  (ant-ad'i-form),  rt.  [<  Gr.  avr-  for 
avri,  opposite  (see  anti-),  4-  L.  ad,  toward,  -I- 
forma,  form.]  In  ichth.,  having  an  inversely 
similar  contour  of  the  dorsal  and  inferior  out- 
lines, so  that  if  the  body,  exclusive  of  the  head, 
could  be  simply  folded  lengthwise,  the  two  mar- 
gins woidd  be  found  to  be  nearly  coincident : 
exemplified  in  the  black-bass,  wrasses,  and 
many  other  species.  Gill. 

antse,  «.    Plural  of  anta'^. 

antagoget  (ant-a-go'je),  n.  A  short  form  of  an- 
tanagoge. 

antagonisation,  antagonise.  See  antagoniza- 
tion,  antagonize. 

antagonism  (an-tag'o-nizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  di^raytj- 
vuT/ua,  <  avrayuviCecOat,  antagonize  :  see  antago- 
nize.] 1.  The  state  of  being  mutually  op- 
posed ;  mutual  resistance  or  opposition  of  two 
forces  in  action ;  contrariety  of  things  or  prin- 
ciples. 

Among  inferior  types  of  creatures  antagonism  habitu- 
ally implies  combat,  with  all  its  struggles  and  pains. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  498. 

2.  The  act  of  antagonizing ;  opposition. 

And,  toppling  over  all  antagonism. 

So  wax'd  in  pride,  that  I  believed  myself 

Unconquerable.  Tennyson,  Geraint. 

antagonist  (an-tag'o-nist),  n.  and  a.    [<  LL. 

antagonista,  <  Gr.  avTayuvicTr/g,  an  opponent, 
competitor,  <  avTayuviC,eadai,  struggle  against, 
antagonize:  see  antagonize.]  I.  n.  1.  One  who 
contends  with  another  in  combat  or  in  argu- 
ment ;  an  opponent ;  a  competitor  ;  an  adver- 
sary. 

Antagonist  of  heaven's  Almighty  King. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  X.  387. 
Where  you  find  your  antagonist  beginning  to  grow  warm, 
put  an  end  to  the  dispute  by  some  genteel  badinage. 

Chesterfield,  Letters. 
Trade,  as  all  men  know,  is  the  antagonist  of  war. 

Emerson,  War. 

2.  In  anat.,  a  muscle  which  acts  in  opposition 
to  another  :  as,  a  flexor,  which  bends  a  part,  is 
the  antagonist  of  an  extensor,  which  extends  it. 

=  Syn.  1.  Adversary,  Antagonist,  Opponent,  etc.  (see  ad- 
versary), opposer,  rival,  assailant. 

II.  a.  Counteracting;  opposing;  combating: 
as,  antagonist  forces;  an  antagonist  muscle. 

The  flexors  and  extensors  of  a  limb,  as  also  the  abductors 
and  adductors,  have  to  each  other  the  relation  of  antago- 
nist muscles. 

We  find  a  decisive  struggle  beginning  between  the  an- 
tagonist  tendencies  wliicli  had  grown  up  in  the  midst  of 
this  [Aryan]  civilization.  J.  Finke,  Amer.  Polit.  Ideas,  p.  126. 

antagonistic  (an-tag-o-nis'tik),  a.  and  w.  [<  an- 
tagonist + -ic]   I.  a.  Contending  against ;  act- 
ing in  opposition ;  mutually  opposing ;  opposite. 
Their  valours  are  not  yet  so  combatant. 
Or  truly  antagonistic,  as  to  fight. 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  iii.  4. 
Those  who  exercise  power  and  those  subject  to  its  exer- 
cise,—the  rulers  and  the  ruled,— stand  in  antagonistic  re- 
lations to  each  other.  Calhoun,  Works,  1. 12. 

II.  n.  Something  that  acts  in  an  antagonis- 
tic manner;  specifically,  a  muscle  whose  ac- 
tion counteracts  that  of  another. 

In  anatomy  those  muscles  are  termed  antagonistUsvi'hich 
are  opposed  to  others  in  their  action,  as  the  extensors  to 
the  fiexors,  etc.  Brande  and  Cox. 

antagonistical  (an-tag-o-nis'ti-kal),  a.  Same 
as  antagonistic. 

antagonistically  (an-tag-o-nis'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  antagonistic  manner;  as  an  antagonist, 
antagonization  (an-tag'^o-ni-za'shon),  n.  [<  an- 
tagonize +  -ation.  ]  Antagonism.   Also  spelled 
antagonisation. 

This  question  of  antagonization  could  be  settled  in  a 
manner  absolutely  final. 

Howells,  Undiscovered  Country,  p.  280. 

antagonize  (an-tag 'o-niz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp. 

antagonized,  ppr.  antagonizing.  [<  Gr.  avrayu- 
vi^Eadai,  struggle  against,  <  avri,  against,  +  ayu- 
vi^ecdac,  struggle  :  see  agonize.]  I.  trans.  To 
act  in  opposition  to ;  oppose ;  counteract ;  hin- 
der. 

Concave  and  convex  lenses  antagonize,  and,  if  of  equal 
refractive  power,  neutralize  each  other. 

Le  Conte,  Sight,  p.  33. 
In  the  rabbit  a  fatal  dose  of  strychnia  might  be  so  an- 
tagonized by  a  dose  of  chloral  as  to  save  life. 

Quain,  Med.  Diet.,  p.  56. 

II.  intrans.  To  act  antagonistically  or  in  op- 
position. [Rare.] 

Also  spelled  antagonise. 
antagonyt  (an-tag'o-ni),  n.    [<  Gr.  avrayuvia, 
adversity,  opposition,  <  avri,  against,  -I-  ayuvia. 


Antarctallan 

a  struggle :  see  agony.]  Antagonism  ;  oppo- 
sition. 

The  incommunicable  antagony  that  is  between  Christ 
and  Belial.  Milton,  Divorce,  i.  8. 

antal  (an'tal),  n.  [=  F.  G.  antal,  <  Russ.  a?i- 
talii.  Little  Russ.  and  Pol.  antal,  Pol.  also 
antalek  (barred  I),  <  Himg.  antalag.]  A  wine- 
measure  used  in  the  Tokay  district  of  Hungary, 
equal  to  14.3  gallons. 

antalgic  (an-tal'jik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  avr-  for 
avTi,  against  (see  anti-),  +  alyo^,  pain.]  I.  a. 
Alleviating  pain ;  anodyne.  [Rare.] 

II.  /(.  A  medicine  or  an  application  fitted  or 
tending  to  alleviate  pain;  an  anodyne. 

antalkali  (ant-al'ka-li  or  -li),  «. ;  pi.  antalkalis 
or  antalkalies  (-liz  or  -liz).  [<  Gr.  avr-  for  avrit, 
against  (see  anti-),  -I-  alkali,  q.  v.]  A  sub- 
stance which  neutralizes  an  alkali,  and  is  used 
medicinally  to  counteract  an  alkaline  tendency 
in  the  system. 

antalkaline  (ant-al'ka-lin  or  -lin),  a.  and  n.  [< 
antalkali  +  -ine^.]    I.  a.  Having  the  property 
of  neutralizing  alkalis. 
II.  71.  Same  as  antalkali. 

antambulacral  (ant-am-bu-la'kral),  a.  [<  Gr. 
avT-  for  avTi,  against  (see  anti-),  +  anibulacral, 
q.  v.]  In  echinoderms,  situated  opposite  the 
ambulacral  surface,  or  away  from  the  ambu- 
lacra: opposed  to  ambulacral:  as,  an  antam- 
bulacral row  of  spines.  See  cut  under  Asteri- 
idce. 

antanaclasis  (ant-an-ak'la-sis),  n.    [NL.,<  Gr. 

avTavcLKAaoic,  reflection  of  light  or  sound,  use 
of  a  word  in  an  altered  sense,  lit.  a  bending 
back  against,  <  avravaKTiav,  bend  back  against, 
reflect,  <  avTl,  against,  +  avuKAav,  bend  back: 
see  anaclasis.]  1.  In  rhet.,  a  figiu-e  which  con- 
sists ia  repeating  the  same  word  in  a  different 
sense:  as,  while  we  live,  let  us  live;  learn  some 
craft  when  young,  that  when  old  you  may  live 
without  craft. — 2.  In  gram.,  a  repetition,  after 
a  long  parenthesis,  of  a  word  or  words  preced- 
ing it:  as,  shall  that  heart  (which  has  been 
thought  to  be  the  seat  of  emotion,  and  which  is 
the  center  of  the  body's  life),  shall  that  heart, 
etc. 

antanagqget  (ant"an-a-go'je),  n.   [NL.,  <  Gr. 

avT-  for  avTi,  against,  +  avayuyfi,  a  taking  up : 
see  anagoge.]  In  rhet.,  a  figure  which  consists 
in  replying  to  an  adversary  by  recrimination,  as 
when,  the  accusation  made  by  one  party  being 
unanswerable,  the  accused  person  charges  hi& 
accuser  with  the  same  or  some  other  crime. 
Sometimes  shortened  to  antagoge. 

antaphrodisiac  ^ant"af-ro-diz'i-ak),  a.  and  n. 
[<  Gr.  avT-  for  avTL,  against,  +  a(j>po6iaLaK6^,  vene- 
vesl:  see  aphrodisiac]  I,  a.  Having  the  prop- 
erty of  extinguishing  or  lessening  the  sexual 
appetite;  anaphrodisiac ;  antivenereal. 

II.  M.  A  medicine  or  an  application  that  ex- 
tinguishes or  lessens  the  sexual  appetite;  an 
anaphrodisiac. 
Also  written  anti-aphrodisiac. 

antaphroditic  (ant"af-ro-dit'ik),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Gr.  avT-  for  avrii,  against,  +  'AfpoSin/,  Venus : 
see  Aphrodite.]  I.  a.  1.  Having  power  to  miti- 
gate or  cure  venereal  disease,  as  a  drug. — 2. 
Same  as  antaphrodisiac. 

II.  w.  1.  A  drug  which  mitigates  or  cures- 
venereal  disease. —  2.  Same  as  antaphrodisiac. 

antapoplectic  (anf'ap-o-plek'tik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
avT-  for  avTL,  against,  +  anoTrT^T/KTindc,  apoplec- 
tic :  see  apoplectic]  Efficacious  against  apo- 
plexy. 

antarchism  (ant'ar-kizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  avr-  for 
avTi,  against,  +  apxv,  government,  +  -ism.  Cf. 
anarchism.]  Opposition  to  all  government  or 
restraint  of  individuals  by  law.  [Rare.] 

antarchist  (ant'ar-kist),  «.  [<  antarchism  + 
-ist.]  One  who  opposes  all  social  government 
or  control  of  individuals  by  law.  [Rare.] 

antarchistic  (ant-ar-kis'tik),  a.  [<  antarchism.] 
Opposed  to  all  government.  [Rare.] 

antarchistical  (ant-ar-kis'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as 
antarchistic. 

Antarctalia  (ant-ark-ta'li-a),  n.    [NL.,  <  LL. 

antarctiCMs,  antarctic,  +  dfr.  alia,  an  assem- 
blage (with  an  intended  allusion  to  alg,  sea). 
Cf.  Arctalia.]  In  zodgeog.,  the  antarctic  marine- 
realm  ;  that  zoological  division  of  the  southern 
waters  of  the  globe  which  corresponds  to  the 
northern  division  called  Arctalia,  and  covers 
the  antipodal  ocean  up  to  the  isocryme  of  44°. 
Gill. 

Antarctalian  (ant-ark-ta'li-an),  a.  [<  Antarc- 
talia +  -an.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  Antarctalia: 
as,  the  Antarctalian  fauna.  Gill. 


antarctic 


233 


antarctic  (ant-ark'tik),  a.  [Earlj'  mod.  E. 
antartic,  <  ME.  antartik,  <  OF.  antartique  =  It. 
antartico,  <  LL.  antarcticiis,  southern,  <  Gr.  av- 
TapKTiKog,  southern,  <  avr-  for  avri,  against,  oppo- 
site to,  +  aimriKoc,  northern,  arctic:  see  arctic.} 


sitional  force,  before,  governing  the  noun  expressed  or 
understood,  as  in  antemundane,  antediluvian,  antemeri- 
dian, etc.    Such  compounds,  whether  having  an  adjective 
termination,  as  in  tlie  examples  just  cited,  or  laclsing  it, 
as  in  ante-war,  are  in  fact  prepositional  phrases  like  the 
Latin  ante  bellurn,  ante  mortem  (which  are  also  used  as 
Opposite  to  the  north  or  arctic  pole  ;  relating    English  adjectives).   Compare  ant ' 
to  the  south  pole  or  to  the  region  near  it :  as,  S'^te-act  (an  te-akt),  n. 
the  antarctic  pole,  cm-rent,  or  ocean  Antarc-    Pi'^^^m^S  ^ct.  Bailetj. 

■■    ■   -    J  distant  anteal  (an  te-al),  a.     [<  L.  ante,  before:  see 

ante-.']    Being  before  or  in  front.  [Kare.] 
ant-eater   (ant'e"ter),   n.     An  animal  that 
feeds  upon  ants:  a  name  applied  to  several 


[<  ante-  +  act]  A 


tic  circle,  a  circle  parallel  to  the  equator  an 
from  the  south  pole  23°  28',  which  is  the  amount  of  the 
oblitiuity  of  the  ecliptic.  This  circle  separates  the  south 
temperate  from  the  south  frigid  or  antarctic  zone,  and 
forms  the  soutliern  boundary  of  the  region  within  which 
the  sun  is  always  above  the  horizon  at  noon  and  below 
it  at  midnight,  or  would  be  so  were  it  not  for  refraction, 
parallax,  and  tlie  apparent  magnitude  of  the  s\in's  disk. 

Antares  (an-ta'rez),  M.  [<  Gr.  'Avrapy^  (Ptolemy), 
<  avTL,  against,  corresponding  to,  similar,  + 
"Apm,  Ares,  Mars:  so  called  because  this  star 
resembles  in  color  the  planet  Mars.  See  Ares.'] 
A  red  star  of  the  first  magnitude,  the  middle 
one  of  three  in  the  body  of  the  Scorpion ;  a  Scor- 
pii.    See  cut  under  Scorpio. 

antarthritic  <ant-ar-thrit'ik),  a.  and  n.    [<  Gr. 
avr-  for  civri,  against,  +  apdpiriK6g,  gouty:  see 
arthritic]    I.  a.  Curing  or  alleviating  gout. 
II.  n.  A  remedy  for  the  gout. 
Also  written  anti-arthritic. 

antasthmatic  (ant-ast-mat'ik),  a.  and  n.   [<  Gr. 
ivT-  for  avri,  against,  +  aad/iaTiKog,  asthmatic  : 
see  asthmatic]    I,  a.  Having  the  property  of 
relieving  asthma,  as  a  medicine. 
II.  J!.  A  remedy  for  asthma. 
Also  written  anti-asthmatic 

antatrophic  (ant-a-trof 'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  avr- 
for  avTi,  against,  +  aTpo(j>ia,  atrophy:  see  atrophy.] 
I.  a.  EfScacious  against  atrophy  or  wasting. 

II.  n.  A  medicine  used  for  the  cure  of  atro- 
phy or  wasting. 

ant-bear  (ant'bar),  n.    1.  The  great  or  maned 


mammals  and  birds.  .Specifically —  (a)  In  Mam  malia : 
(1)  2jI.  The  South  American  edentate  quadrupeds  of  tire 
suborder  Vermilinguia  and  family  Myrmeoophaijidai,  of 
which  there  are  three  genera  and  several  species,  having 
a  slender  elongated  head,  perfectly  tootliless  jaws,  and  a 
very  long  extensile  tongue,  which  is  covered  witli  viscid 
saliva,  by  means  of  which  the  insects  are  cauglit.  The 
principal  species  are  the  ant-bear  or  tamanoir,  or  tlie  great 
or  maned  ant-eater,  Myrmecoiiliaga  jtibata;  the  collared 
ant-eater  or  tamandu,  Myrmecophaga  tamandua  or  Ta- 
mandua  bivittata  or  tetradactyla;  and  the  little  or  two-toed 
ant-eater,  Cyclothurus  didactylus,  an  arboreal  species  with 
a  prehensile  tail.  (2)  The  African  aardvark,  ground-pig, 
or  ant-bear,  Orycteropus  capensis,  with  probably  another 
species,  0.  tsthiopicus,  of  the  family  Orycterojmdidce  and 
suborder  Fodientia.  Both  are  also  known  as  Cape  ant- 
eaters.  See  cut  under  aardvark.  (3)  pi.  The  pangolins 
or  scaly  ant-eaters,  of  the  f.amily  ilanidce  and  suborder 
Squamata,  including  some  six  or  eight  species  of  Asia  and 
Africa,  of  the  genera  Manis,  Pholidotuf:,  and  Smvtsia.  See 
cut  under  panyolin.  (4)  pi.  The  Australian  marsupials 
of  the  genus  Myrrnecobius,  as  M.fasciatus.  (5)  The  mono- 
treiiiatous  mammal  Eehidna  hyutrix,  known  as  the  acu- 
leated  or  porcupine  ant-eater,  and  other  species  of  the 
genus  Echidna.  See  cut  under  Echidnidce.  (h)  In  ornith., 
an  ant-birii,  ant-catrln-r,  or  ant-thrush.  See  ant-thrush.— 
King  Of  the  ant-eaters,  a  South  American  bird  of  the 
family  Fonidrariiila'  ami  genus  Grallaria;  the  Grallaria 
rex  or  G.  varia,  formerly  Turdus  rex. 

ante  bellum  (an'te  bel'um).  [L. :  ante,  before  ; 
belhim,  ace.  of  bellum,  war:  see  ante-  and  bel- 


licose.] Before  the  war:  often  used  (joined  by 
ant-eater  of  ,out^  Ameri..,  Myrmecophaga  ait'^aSlir^'^S^ 

antebrachial  (an-te-bra'ki-al),  a.  [iantebrachi- 
um  +  -al.]  1.  In  anat.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
forearm. —  2.  In  Chiroptera,  situated  in  front 
of  the  axis  of  the  fore  limb:  applied  to  the 
volar  membrane  which  extends  from  the  head 
to  the  wrist  and  forms  a  small  part  of  the 
general  expansion  of  the  wing.    W.  H.  Floioer. 

Usually,  but  less  correctly,  written  antibra- 
chiaJ. 

antebrachium  (an-te-bra'M-um),  w. ;  pi.  ante- 
brachia  (-a).  [NL.,  (  L.  ante,  before  (see  ante-), 
+  brachium,  the  ann:  see  brachial.]  The  fore- 
arm, from  the  elbow  to  the  WTist.  Less  cor- 
rectly written  antibrachium. 
antecedaneous  (an'te-se-da-'ne-us),  a.  [<ante- 
cede  4-  -ancous,  after  succedaneous,  q.  v.]  An- 
tecedent; having  priority  in  time.  [Rare.] 

Capable  of  antecedaiieous  proof. 

BaiToiv,  Sermons,  II.  xxix. 

antecede  (an-te-sed'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ante- 
ceded,  ppr.  anteceding.  [<  L.  antecedere,  go  be- 
fore, precede,  in  space  or  time,  <  ante,  before 
(see  ante-),  +  cedere,  go:  see  cede.]  To  go  be- 
fore in  time,  and  sometimes  in  place,  rank,  or 
logical  order ;  precede. 

It  seems  consonant  to  reason  that  the  fabric  of  the 
world  did  not  long  antecede  its  motion. 

Sir  M.  Hale,  Orig.  of  Mankind,  i.  82. 
Primarily  certain  individual  claims,  and  secondarily  the 
social  welfare  furthered  by  enforcing  such  claims,  furnish 
a  warrant  for  law,  anteceding  political  authority  and  its 
r,  -        -  -J.   enactments.  H.  S^ie;iC(;)-,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  534. 

*cardrrilso^ret?iS^/r^..'!L^^^         antecedence  (an-te-se'dens)  «.    [=  r.  «„tec.-- 

dence,<.  antecedent:  see  antecedent.]  1.  The  act 
of  going  before,  or  state  of  being  before,  in 
time,  place,  rank,  or  logical  order;  precedence. 

Meanwhile,  if  we  are  really  to  think  of  freedom  as  abso- 
lute and  perfect  in  man  —  a  perfect  freedom  from  the  neces- 
sity of  any  antecedence  — we  ought  logically  to  think  of  it 
as  free  from  all  influence  of  God  or  Devil,  as  Will,  that  is, 
in  which  the  Omnipresent  is  not  present  and  the  Omnipo- 
tent has  no  power.  Maudsley,  Body  and  W'iU,  p.  7. 

2.  In  astron.,  an  apparent  motion  of  a  planet 
from  east  to  west,  or  contrary  to  the  order  of 
the  signs  of  the  zodiac.  =  Syn.  1.  Precedence,  etc. 
See  priority. 

antecedency  (an-tf-se'den-si),  n.  The  quality 
or  condition  of  being  antecedent. 

Unity  is  before  any  multiplied  number.  Which  antece- 
dency of  unity  ...  he  [Dionysius]  applieth  unto  the  Deity. 

Fotherby,  Atheoniastix,  p.  308. 
There  is  always  and  everywhere  an  antecedency  of  the 
conception  to  the  expression. 

Whitney,  Life  and  Growth  of  Lang.,  p.  137. 

and  n.    [=  F. 


PLnX.-h&a.z  {Myrmecophaffa  Jubata). 

jubata;  the  tamanoir.  —  2.  The  aardvark, 
ground-pig,  or  Cape  ant-eater  of  Africa,  Oryc- 
teropus capensis.  See  ant-eater,  (a)  (2). 
ant-bird  (ant'berd),  M.  1.  An  ant-thrush  (which 
see) or  ant-eater;  an  ant-catcher. —  2.  pL  Spe- 
cifically, the  American  ant-thrushes,  of  the  fam- 
ily Formicariidce. 

ant-catcher  (anffcach^'er),  n.  A  name  of  the 
ant-bird  or  ant-thrush  of  both  hemispheres ;  any 
ant-bird.  See  ant-thrush,  Pittidce,  Formicariidce. 

ant-cow  (ant'kou),  n.  An  aphid,  plant-louse, 
or  some  similar  insect,  kept  and  tended  by  ants 
for  the  sake  of  the  sweet  fluid  which  is  secreted 
in  its  body  and  used  as  food  by  the  ants. 

antei  (an'te),  n.  [Appar.  <  L.  ante,  before,  the 
ante  being  put  before  the  players.]  In  the 
game  of  poker,  the  stake  or  bet  deposited  in 


cards ;  also^  the  receptacle  for  the  stakes, 
antel  (an'te),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  anteed,  ppr. 
anteing.  [See  a»^el,  n.]  In  the  game  of  poker, 
to  deposit  stakes  in  the  pool  or  common  recep- 
tacle for  them :  commonly  used  to.  the  phrase 
to  ante  up. 

ante2  (an'te),  a.  [<  F.  ente,  pp.  of  enter,  in- 
graft, <  ML.  impotare,  ingraft,  imp.]    In  her., 

ingrafted:  said  of  one  color  or  metal  broken 

into  another  by  means  of  dovetailed,  nebule, 

embattled,  or  ragule  edges.    Also  ente. 
ante-.  [<  L.  ante-,  OL.  antid-,  prefix,  L.  ante,  OL. 

anti,  prep,  and  adv.,  before,  in  place  or  time, 

=  Gr.  oDTi-,  avr!,  against,  opposite  to,  etc.,  r= 

Skt.  anti,  over  against,  =  Goth.  OS.  AS.,  etc., 

and--:  see  and,  and-,  and  anti-.]    A  prefix  of 

Latin  origin,  originally  only  in  compounds  or 

derivatives  taken  from  the  Latin  or  formed 

from  Latin  elements,  as  in  a^itecessor,  antepenid- 

Umate,  antemeridian,  etc.,  but  now  a  familiar 

EngUsh  formative,  meaning  before,  either  in  antecedent  (an-te-se'dent),  a 

«ie  accpn/nn  antecedent,  <  L.  a7iteceden(t-)s,  ppr.  oiantecedere, 

ine  accent  on  the  prefix,  m  which  a?i(c- has  the  attributive    o-n  Kofnro  •  ao^.  «.i//./.^/7^  1     T  n^i  

force  of  fore,  anterior,  as  in  an<ccAa7«66r,  an<«™om,  an^e-  go^petoie.  see  antecede.]^    I.  a.  Being  before 

date,  etc. ;  (6)  compound  adjectives,  with  the  accent  onthe  time,  place,  rank,  or  logical  order ;  prior ;  an- 

radical  element,  in  which  ante-  retains  its  original  prepo-  terior :  as,  an  event  antecedent  to  the  deluge. 


antecessor 

There  is  a  sense  otriglit  and  wrong  in  our  nature,  ante- 
cedent to  and  independent  of  experiences  of  utility. 

A.  R.  Wallace,  Nat.  Selcc,  p.  ;i54. 
Antecedent  signs,  in  palliol.,  the  luecuisoiy  .symptomsi 
of  adisease.—  Antecedent  cause,  in  palhol.,  tlie  txcitiuB 
cau.sc  of  a  disease-  Antecedent  probability,  tlic  proba- 
bility of  a  supposition  or  hyputlie.sis  drawn  li  om  reason- 
ing or  analogy,  previous  to  any  oljservation  or  evidence 
which  is  con.sidered  as  giving  it  a  posteriori  proljability. 
See  antecedently,  2.— Antecedent  Will,  in  metaph.,  the 
will  to  do  .something  on  condition  tliat  sometliing  else  i» 
done.  =  Syn.  See  j/revimH. 

II.  M.  1.  One  who  or  that  whieh  goes  before 

in  time  or  place. 

He's  everything  indeed,  .  .  . 

My  antecedent  or  my  gentleman-usher. 

Manninger,  City  Madam,  ii.  2. 
Variations  in  the  functional  conditions  of  the  parents 
are  the  antecedents  of  those  greater  unlikenesses  which 
their  brothers  and  sisters  exhibit. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  86. 

2.  In  gram. :  (a)  The  noun  to  which  a  relative 
pronoun  refers:  as,  Solomon  was  the  j)rinccwh» 
built  the  temjile,  where  the  word  prince  is  the 
antecedent  of  who.  (b)  Formerly,  the  noun  to 
which  a  following  pronoun  refers,  and  whose 
repetition  is  avoided  by  tlie  use  of  the  pronoun. 
—  3.  In  logic:  (a)  That  member  of  a  conditional 
proposition  of  the  form,  "If  A  is,  then  B  is," 
which  states,  as  a  hypothesis,  the  condition  of 
the  truth  of  what  is  expressed  in  the  other  mem- 
ber, termed  the  consequent :  in  the  proposition 
given  the  antecedent  is  "if  A  is."  Tlie  whole 
proposition  .amounts  to  the  statement  that  all  possible 
cases  of  the  truth  of  the  antecedent  are  included  among 
the  possilile  cases  of  the  truth  of  the  consequent,  (ft) 

The  premise  of  a  consequence,  or  syllogism 
in  the  first  figui-e  with  the  major  premise  sup- 
pressed. Thus,  the  argument,  "A  syllogism  has  never 
existed  in  sensu,  therefore  it  does  not  exist  in  inteltectu," 
is  a  consequence,  its  premise  is  the  antecedent,  and  its  con- 
clusion the  consequent,  (c)  An  event  Upon  which 
another  event  follows.  So  used  particularly  by 
nominalists.  An  invariable  antecedent,  with  J.  S.  Mill,  is- 
an  event  upon  which  another  follows  according  to  an  in- 
viiriable  rule  or  uniformity  of  nature.  It  does  not,  there- 
fore, mean  (as  might  be  supposed)  an  event  of  a  kind 
which  antecedes  every  occurrence  of  another  kind  of 
event.  Thus,  lightning  is  not  an  invariable  antecedent  of 
thunder,  for  thunder  does  not  always  follow  it;  and  this 
although  lightning  antecedes  thunder  whenever  thunder 
is  heard. 

4.  In  math.,  the  first  of  two  terms  of  a  ratio,  or 
that  which  is  compared  with  the  other.  Thus, 
if  the  ratio  is  that  of  2  to  3,  or  of  a  to  b,  2  or  a 
is  the  antecedent. —  5.  In  music,  a  passage  pro- 
posed to  be  answered  as  the  subject  of  a  fugue. 
— 6.  2)1.  The  earlier  events  or  circumstances 
of  one's  life ;  one's  origin,  previous  course,  asso- 
ciations, conduct,  or  avowed  principles. 

We  have  learned  lately  to  speak  of  men's  antecedents  .- 
the  phrase  is  newly  come  up  ;  and  it  is  common  to  say,  "if 
we  would  know  what  a  man  really  now  is,  we  must  know 
his  antecedents,"  that  is,  what  he  has  been  in  past  time. 

Abjj.  Trench. 

antecedental  (an''''te-se-den'tal),  a.  Eelating  to- 
what  is  antecedent  "or  goes  before  Anteceden- 
tal method,  a  branch  of  general  geometrical  proportion, 
or  universal  comparison  of  ratios. 

antecedently  (an-tf-se'dent-li),  adv.  1.  Pre- 
viously ;  at  a  time  preceding. 

We  consider  him  antecedently  to  his  creation,  while  he 
yet  lay  in  the  barren  womb  of  nothing,  and  only  in  the 
number  of  possibilities.  South. 

2.  In  advance  of  any  observation  of  the  effects- 
of  a  given  hypothesis ;  on  a  priori  gi-ounds. 

We  are  clearly  proceeding  on  the  assumption  that  there 
is  some  fixed  relation  of  cause  and  effect,  in  virtue  of  wliich 
the  means  we  adopt  may  be  antecedently  expected  to  bring 
about  the  end  we  are  in  pursuit  of. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  81. 

The  known  facts  as  to  the  periodicity  of  sun-spots,  and 
the  sympathy  between  them  and  the  prominences,  make 
it  antecedently  probable  that  a  corresponding  variation 
will  be  found  in  tlie  corona.   C.  A.  Young,  The  Sun,  p.  230. 

antecessi've  (an-te-ses'iv),  a.  [<L.  as  if  *ante- 
ce.ssivu.s,<  anteces.sus,  pp.  of  antecedere:  see  a>K 
tecede.]    Antecedent.  [Rare.] 

antecessor  (an - te  - ses '  or),  n .  [<  ME.  anteces- 
sour,  <  L.  antecessor,  for'egoer,  teacher  or  pro- 
fessor of  law,  predecessor  in  office  (the  original 
of  ancestor,  q.  v.),  <  antecedere,  go  before,  pp. 
antecessus:  see  antecede]  1.  One  who  goes 
before;  a  predecessor.  [Now  rare.] 
A  venerable  regard  not  inferior  to  any  of  his  antecessors. 

Wood,  Athen.  Oxon. 
Much  higher  than  any  of  its  antecessors.  Carlyle. 
2.  A  title  given  among  the  Romans  —  (a)  to 
the  soldiers  who  preceded  an  army  and  made 
all  necessary  arrangements  as  to  camping,  sup- 
plies, the  scouting  service,  etc. :  (b)  imder  the 
later  empire,  to  professors  of  civil  law  in  the 
public  schools. —  3t.  In  lau-,  an  ancestor;  a 
predecessor;  one  who  possessed  certain  land 
before  the  present  possessor  or  holder. 


antecessor 

The  antfcessor  was  most  coiuiuonly  lie  that  possessed  the 
lands  iu  King  Edward  s  time  before  the  Conquest. 

Brady,  Glossary. 

The  King's  most  noble  progenitors,  and  the  antecessors 
of  the  nobles  of  this  realm. 

M.  )r.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  iii.,  note. 

The  places  (in  Domes<iay]  which  speak  of  the  antecessor 
and  of  tlie  rights  derived  from  him  to  the  present  owner 
are  endless.       E.  A.  Freeman,  Norman  Conquest,  V.  11. 

antechamber  (aii'te-cham"ber),  [<  ante-  + 
chambi  r.2  A  chamber  or  au  apartment  through 
which  access  is  had  to  a  principal  apartment, 
and  in  which  persons  wait  for  audience.  For- 
merly also  spelled  antichamher. 

They  both  were  cast  into  the  dungeon's  gloom, 
That  dismal  antechamber  of  the  tomb. 

Lonrifellow,  Torquemada. 

antechapel  (an'te-chap"el),  n.  [iante-  +  chap- 
el.'] An  apartment,  vestibule,  porch,  or  the  like, 
before  the  entrance  to  a  chapel ;  the  narthex  of 
a  chapel. 

Antechinomys  (an-te-ki'no-mis),  n.  [NL. 
(Kj-etft),  <  ant-  for  anti-  +  Eciiinoimjs,  q.  v.]  A 
genus  of  very  small  insectivorous  marsupials, 

of  the  family  Dasyuridoe.  a.  lanigera,  inhabiting 
central  portions  of  Australia,  is  about  3  inches  long  and  of 
a  mouse-gray  color  above  and  white  below.  Its  tail  is 
about  5  inches  long,  and  tufted  at  the  tip.  A  naked  space 
surrounds  the  teats,  but  there  is  no  distinct  pouch. 

antechoir  (an'tf-kwir),  w.  [<  ante-  +  choir. 1 
In  arch.,  a  space,  more  or  less  inclosed,  in  front 
of  the  choir  of  a  church ;  a  portion  of  the  nave 
adjoining  the  choir-screen  and  separated  from 
the  rest  of  the  nave  by  a  railing.  Also  called 
fore-choir.  Aiidsley. 

antechurch  (an'te-cherch),  n.  [<  ante-  + 
chiuch.~\    Same  as  narthex. 

antecians,  antoecians  (an-te'shianz),  n.  pi.  [< 
NL.  antwci,  pi.  of  antcecus,  <  Gr.  avroino^,  living 
on  the  corresponding  parallel  of  latitude  in  the 
opposite  hemisphere,  <  av-i,  opposite,  +  okof,  a 
dwelling.]  In  geog.,  persons  or  communities 
living  on  corresponding  parallels  of  latitude,  on 
opposite  sides  of  the  equator,  and  on  the  same 
meridian.  Rarely  used  in  the  singular.  Also 
called  antceci. 

antecommunion  (an'''te-ko-miin'yon),  a.  and  n. 

1.  a.  Before  commimion;  as,  the  antecommu- 
nion service. 

II.  n.  That  part  of  the  commimion  office  in 
the  Book  of  Common  Prayer  which  precedes 
the  communion  service  proper,  and  is  said  on 
Sundays  and  other  holy  days  though  there  be  no 

communion.  According  to  the  English  rubric,  it  ex- 
tends to  the  end  of  the  prayer  for  Christ's  church  militant ; 
according  to  the  American,  to  the  end  of  the  gospel ;  the 
service  concluding  in  either  case  with  the  blessing. 

antecoxal  (an-te-kok'sal),  a.  [<  L.  ante,  before, 
+  NL.  coxa,  q.  v.]  In  entom.,  situated  in  front 
of  a  coxa :  applied  to  a  piece  of  the  metaster- 
num.    See  Cicindelidw. 

antecursor  (an-tf-ker'sor),  n.  [L.,  a  forerun- 
ner, <  antecurrcrc,  run  before,  (.ante,  before,  + 
currere,  pp.  cursus,  run:  see  current  and  course. 
Cf.  precursor.']  One  who  runs  before ;  a  fore- 
runner; aharbinger.  Blount;  Bailey;  Johnson. 

antecurvature  (an-te-ker'va-tur),  «.  [<  ante- 
+  curvature.]  A  bending  forward ;  specifically, 
in  pathol.,  a  slight  anteflection  of  the  uterus. 

antedate  (an'te-dat),  ?J.  [iante-  + date^,n.']  1. 
A  prior  date ;  a  date  antecedent  to  another,  or  to 
the  true  or  actual  date  of  a  docimient  or  event. 
—  2t.  Anticipation. 

Why  hath  not  my  soul  these  apprehensions,  these  pre- 
sages, these  changes,  those  antedates,  those  jealousies, 
those  suspicions  of  a  sin,  as  well  as  my  body  of  a  sickness? 

Donne,  Devotion,  x. 

antedate  (an'te-dat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ante- 
dated, ppr.  antedating.  [<  ante-  +  date^,  v.]  1. 
To  date  before  the  true  time ;  give  an  earlier 
date  to  than  the  real  one:  thus,  to  antedate  a 
-deed  or  bond  is  to  give  to  it  a  date  anterior  to 
the  true  time  of  its  execution. 

[The  Tweed  Ring]  had  .  .  .  caused  .  .  .  warrants  to  be  ara- 
tedated,  in  order  that  interest  might  be  charged  from  such 
date  to  the  time  of  payment.       N.  A.  Reo.,  CXXIII.  iiSl. 

2.  To  be  of  older  date  than  ;  precede  in  time. 

With  the  exception  of  one  or  two  of  the  later  prophets, 
the  Old  Testament  antedated  all  written  history  known  at 
the  beginning  of  the  present  century. 

The  Indejjendent  (New  York),  Nov.  15,  1883. 

3.  To  anticipate ;  realize  or  give  effect  to  (some- 
thing) in  advance  of  its  actual  or  proper  time. 

No  man  can  antedate  his  experience,  or  guess  what  fac- 
ility or  feeling  a  new  object  shall  unlock,  any  more  than 
he  can  draw  to-day  the  face  of  a  person  whom  he  shall  see 
to-morrow  for  the  first  time.  Emerson,  History. 

antedilu'V'ial  (an^te-di-lu'vi-al),  a.    Same  as 

antedilurinn. 
antedilu'vian  (an"te-di-lTi'vi-an),  a.  and  n.  [< 

L.  atite,  before,  +  diluvium,  deluge:  see  dilu- 


234 

vium  anddeluge.]  I.  a.  1.  Existing  before  the 
tlood  (the  Noachian  deluge)  recorded  in  Gene- 
sis ^  relating  to  the  times  or  events  before  the 
Noachian  deluge  :  as,  the  antediluvian  patri- 
archs :  by  extension,  applied  to  the  time  pre- 
ceding any  great  Hood  or  inundation,  as  that 
which  is  said  to  have  occiu'red  in  China  in  the 
time  of  Yao,  2298  B.  c. — 2.  Belonging  to  very 
ancient  times  ;  antiquated ;  primitive ;  rude ; 
simple:  as,  antediluvian  idea,s. 

The  whole  system  of  travelling  accommodations  was  bar- 
barous and  antediluvian.        De  Quincei/,  Works,  II.  1U3. 

II.  n.  1.  One  who  lived  before  the  deluge. 

The  longevity  of  the  antediluvians.  Bentley. 

Hence,  humorously — 2.  One  who  is  very  old 
or  very  antiquated  in  manners  or  notions ;  an 
old  fogy. 

antedorsal  (an-te-d6r'sal),  a.  [<  ante-  +  dor- 
sal.] In  ichth.,  situated  iu  front  of  the  dorsal 
tin:  as,  &n  antedorsal -pldite. 

antefactf  (an'te-fakt),  n.  [<  L.  ante,  before,  -I- 
f actum,  a  thing'  done:  see  fact.]  An  act,  espe- 
cially a  rite  or  ceremony,  which  precedes  or 
prefigures  an  event :  opposed  to  postfact. 

There  is  a  proper  sacrifice  in  the  Lord's  supper,  to  ex- 
hibit Christ's  death  in  the  post-fact,  as  there  was  a  sacri- 
fice to  prefigure,  in  the  old  law,  the  ante-fact. 

Cupie  of  the  Proceedings  of  some  Diiines  (1641),  p.  2. 

antefix  (an'tf-fiks),  n. ;  pi.  antefixes,  L.  antefixa 
(-tik-sez,  an-te-fik'sii).  [<  L.  antefxum,  in  pi. 
antefixa,  ueut.  of  antefixus,  fastened  before,  < 


Antefixes. 

Upper  figure,  from  the  Parthenon,  partly  restored;  ^,  antefix ;  B, 
false  antefix  ;  C.  acroteriiim  pedestal ;  D,  imbrices  protecting  the 
joints.    Lower  figure  ;  E,  antefix  in  terra  cotta,  Berlin  Museum. 


ante,  before,  +  fixus,  pp.  of  figere,  fasten:  see 
fix.]  In  class,  arch.,  an  upright  ornament, 
generally  of  marble  or  teiTa  cotta,  placed  at 
the  eaves  of  a  tiled  roof,  at  the  end  of  the  last 
imbrex  or  tile  of  each  ridge  of  tiling,  to  conceal 
the  joining  of  the  tiles.  Antefixea  were  also  often 
placed  at  the  junction  of  the  imbrices  along  the  ridge  of  a 
roof,  forming  a  cresting.  In  some  Roman  examples  the 
antefixes  were  so  disposed  and  combined  with  water-chan- 
nels as  to  serve  as  gargoyles. 

anteflected  (an-tf-flek'ted),  a.  [<  L.  ante,  be- 
fore, +  flectere,  bend,  +  -ed^.]  Same  as  ante- 
flexed. 

anteflection  (an-te-flek'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ante, 
before,  +  fiexio(n-),  bending,  flection:  see^ec- 
tioii.]  A  bending  forward,  as  of  any  organ  of 
the  body.  The  term  is  specially  used  in  relation  to  the 
uterus,  when  this  organ  is  bent  forward  at  the  line  of 
junction  of  its  body  and  cervix.    Quain,  Med.  Diet. 

anteflexed  (an'te-flekst),  a.  [<  L.  ante,  before, 
+  flexus,  bent,  +  -ed^.]  Bent  foward ;  exhibit- 
ing anteflection :  said  of  the  uterus.  An  equiva- 
lent form  is  anteflected. 

antefurca  (an-te-fer'ka),  n.;  Y)l.antefurca;(-se'). 
[NL.,  <  L.  ante,  before,  +  furca,  >  AS.  /ore,  E. 
fork,  q.  v.]  In  entom.,  the  anterior  forked  or 
double  apodema  which  projects  from  the  ster- 
nal wall  into  the  cavity  of  a  thoracic  somite  of 
an  insect. 

ant-egg  (ant'eg),  w.    1.  The  egg  of  an  ant. —  2. 

In  popular  language,  the  larva  or  pupa  of  an 
ant;  one  of  the  elongated  whitish  bodies  which 
ants  when  disturbed  may  be  seen  carrying 
about.  Such  larviB  or  ant-eggs  are  a  favorite  food  of 
many  wild  birds,  and  are  extensively  used  in  Europe  for 
feeding  young  poultry  and  game-birds,  and  also  for  mak- 
ing formic  acid.  Also  called  ant-worm,  ant-wart,  and 
anVs  hrood, 

antegrade  (an'te-grad),  a.  [<  L.  ante,  before, 
+  gradus,  step ;  cf .  an  tegredi,  go  before,  pre- 
cede.]   Progressive:  OTpTposed  to  retrograde. 

antejuramentum  (an*te-jo-ra-men'tum),  n. ; 
pi.  antejuramenta  (-ta).  [ML.,  <  L.  ante,  before, 
+  juramentum,  an  oath,  <.  jur are,  swear:  see 
.jury.]  In  law,  an  oath  taken  in  ancient  times 
by  both  the  accuser  and  the  accused  before  any 
trial  or  purgation.    The  accuser  swore  that  he  would 


ante  mortem 

prosecute,  and  the  accused  had  to  swear  on  the  day  of 
ordeal  that  lie  was  innocent.  Wharton. 

antelocation  (an'te-lo-ka'shon),  n.  In  pathol., 
a  displacement  forward:  applied  to  displace- 
ments of  the  uterus  when  the  whole  organ  is 
can-ied  forward,  as  by  distention  of  the  rectum 
or  a  post-uterine  hematocele. 

antelope  (au'te-16p),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
antilopc,  antal'ope,  anteloppc,  <  ME.  antelope, 
antyllopc,  antlop,  <  OF.  antelop,  also  antelu, 
mod.  P.  antilope  =  Sp.  antilope  =  Pg.  antitope 
---  D.  antilope  --  Dan.  antilope  —  G.  antilope  (NL. 
antilope,  Pallas,  c.  1775),  an  antelope,  <  ML.  an- 
talopiis,  anthalopus  (also  talopus,  calopus,  and 
tatula),  <  LGr.  avOoXotj)  (-on--),  a  word  of  Gr.  ap- 
pearance but  prob.  of  foreign  origin,  applied 
to  a  half-mythical  animal  located,  in  the  early 
accounts,  on  the  banks  of  the  Euphrates,  and 
described  as  very  savage  and  fleet,  and  having 
long  saw-like  horns  with  which  it  could  cut 
down  trees.  This  is  the  animal  that  figures  in 
the  peculiar  fauna  of  heraldry;  the  present 
zoological  application  is  recent.  See  gaeel.] 
1.  An  animal  of  the  genus  Antilope  or  sub- 
family Antilopinw;  especially,  the  sasin  or 
common  Indian  antelope,  Antilope  cervicapra. 
See  Antilope,  Antilopincc,  and  cut  under  sasin. 
—  2.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  saiga,  and 
to  the  cabrit  or  pronghoi-n.  See  these  woi-ds; 
also  A ntilocapr'a  and  Antilocapridw. —  3.  [cap.] 
(Pron.  an-tel  o-pe.)  Sometimes  incorrectly 
used  for  Antilope — Blue  antelope.  SameasWaMto- 

bok.—  Goitered  antelope.    Same  as  dzeren. 

antelopian  (an-te-16'pi-an),  a.  Same  as  ante- 
lopine. 

Antelopidse  (an-tf-lop'i-de),  n.  pi.     Same  as 

Antilopida;. 

Antelopinse,  n.  pi.    Same  as  Antilopinw. 

antelopine  (an'te-16-pin),  a.  [<.  antelope  + 
-ine^.]  Pertaining  to  the  antelope.  An  equiv- 
alent form  is  antelopian. 

antelucan  (an-te-lii'kan),  a.  [<  L.  antelucanus, 
<  ante,  before,  +  lux  {Iwc-),  light:  see  lucid.] 
Occurring  before  daylight ;  preceding  the  dawn. 
Specifically  applied  to  assemblies  of  Christians  held  in  an- 
cient times  before  daylight,  at  first  to  escape  persecution, 
and  afterward  from  motives  of  devotion  or  convenience. 

This  practice  of  .  .  .  antelucan  worship,  possibly  hav- 
ing reference  to  the  ineffable  mystery  of  the  resurrection. 

De  Quincey,  Essenes,  i. 

ante  lucem  (an'te  lu'sem).  [L. :  ante,  before; 
lucem,  acc.  of  lux,  light :  see  ante-  and  lucid.] 
Before  the  light,  that  is,  before  daybreak. 

antemeridian  (an'''te-me-rid'i-an),  a.  [<  L.  an- 
temeridianvs,  before  midday,  ^  ante,  before,  + 
meridies,  midday :  see  ante-  and  meridian.]  Pre- 
ceding noon ;  pertaining  to  the  forenoon. 

ante  meridiem  (an'te  me-rid'i-em).  [L. :  see 
antemeridian.]  Before  midday :  applied  to  the 
time  between  midnight  and  the  following  noon. 
Regularly  abbreviated  to  A.  M. 

antemetic  (ant-e-met'ik),  a.  and  n.   [<  Gr.  avri, 
against,  +  £fi£TiK6g,  emetic:  see  emetic]    I,  a. 
Restraining  or  allaying  vomiting. 
II.  «.  A  medicine  which  checks  vomiting. 
Also  written  anti-emetic. 

ante  mortem  (an'te  mor'tem).  [L. :  ante,  be- 
fore; worfew,  acc.  of  wors,  death:  seeawte-and 
mortal.  Ct.  post  mortem.]  Before  death :  often 
used  attributively  (with  a  hyphen)  in  the  sense  of 
existing  or  occurring  before  or  just  before  death : 
as,  an  ante-mortem  statement  or  confession. 


Antemural,  Coucy-Ie-Chateau,  Aisne,  France.  (From  Viollet-le-Duc's 

"  Diet,  de  I'Architecture.'*) 
A,  outer  court,  or  esplanade  :  B,  castle  :  C,  town  ;  D,  castle-moat  ; 
£,  antemural. 


antemundane 

antemundane  (an-te-mun'dan),  a.  [<  L.  ante, 
before,  +  miDtdus,  the  woi-ld:  see  ante-  and 
mundane.']  Existing  or  occurring  before  the 
creation  of  the  world. 

The  supreme,  gieat,  antemundane  Father ! 

Young,  >Mght  Thoughts,  v.  93. 

antemural  (an-tf-mii'ral),  n.  [<  L.  antemurale, 
an  outwork,  <  ante,  Ijefore,  +  murus,  a  wall: 
see  ante-  and  mural.']  In  medieval  fort.,  an  ad- 
vanced work  defending  the  approach  to  a  for- 
tified place ;  a  barbacan  (which  see).  The  teiTQ 
is  sometimes  applied  to  an  exterior  wall  of  a 
castle  or  fortress.    See  cut  on  preceding  page. 

antenarial  (an-te-na'ri-al),  a.  [<  L.  ante,  be- 
fore, +  nares,  nostiils.]"  Situated  in  front  of 
the  nostrils.    W.  JS.  Flower. 

antenatal  (an-tf-na'tal),  a.  [<  L.  ante,  before, 
+  natalis,  pertaining  to  birth :  see  ante-  and  na- 
tal.'] Happening  or  being  before  birth;  per- 
taining or  relating  to  times,  occurrences,  or 
conditions  previous  to  birth. 

And  many  an  antenatal  tomb 
Where  butterflies  dream  of  the  life  to  come. 

Shelley,  Sensitive  Plant,  ii. 
Some  said  that  he  was  mad ;  others  believed 
That  memories  of  an  antenatal  life 
Made  this  where  now  he  dwelt  a  penal  hell. 

Shelley,  Prince  Athanase. 
There  has  been  plenty  of  theorising  as  to  the  nature  of 
■the  life  to  come,  but  the  possibility  of  an  antenatal  exist- 
ence gets  far  less  attention  and  far  less  credit. 

Nineteenth  Century,  XX.  340. 

antenatedf  (an'tf-na-ted),  a.  [<  L.  ante  natus 
(see  ante-nati)  +  -ef?2.]  Bom  or  in  existence 
before  the  time  spoken  of. 

Something  of  the  Evangelical  relish  was  in  them,  ante- 
noted,  and  in  being,  before  the  Gospels  were  written. 

Bp.  Hacket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  ii.  48.    (X  JS.  D.) 

ante-nati  (an-te-na'ti),  n.  j)l.  [jNIL. ,  ia  L.  prop, 
written  apart,  'ante  nati:  ante,  before;  nati,  pi. 
of  natus,  born,  pp.  of  nasci,  be  bom:  see  ante-, 
natal,  and  nascent.]  Those  born  before  a  cer- 
tain time:  specifically,  vnEng.  law,  applied  to 
Scotsmen  born  before  the  accession  of  James 
I.  to  the  English  throne  (1603),  who  on  this  ac- 
count were  considered  aliens.  The  post-nati,  or 
those  bom  after  the  accession,  claimed  the  rights  of  na- 
tives of  England.  In  the  United  States  the  term  is  ap- 
plied to  those  born  in  the  colonies  prior  to  the  Declaration 
of  Independence. 

antenave  (an'tf-nav),  n.   [<  ante-  +  nave.]  In 

arch.,  same  as  narthex. 
ante-Nicene  (an-tf-ni'sen),  a.  [<  L.  ante,  be- 
fore, +  Xiccenus.  Nicene,  <  Xicwa,  <  Gr.  Nmam, 
Nice,  a  city  of  Bithynia  in  Asia  Minor.]  An- 
terior to  the  fii'st  general  council  held  at  Nice 
(Nicffia),  in  the  year  325:  as,  ante-Nicene  faith. 
See  jN"ice«e — Ante-Nicene  fathers.  See  father. 
antenna  (an-ten'a),  n. ;  pi.  antennce  (-e).  [NL. 
application  of  L.  antenna,  also  antemna,  a  sail- 
yard;  possibly  a  con-uption,  through  nautical 
use,  of  a  form  (cf .  the  perf .  part.  pass.  avaTera/ji- 
vog,  spread  out)  of  Gr.  avarEiveiv,  poet,  avreivsiv, 
stretch  out,  spread  out,  <  avd,  back,  -f-  reiveiv, 
stretch.]  1.  One  of  the  lateral  articulated  ap- 
pendages occurring  ia  pairs  on  that  segment  of 
the  head  of  an  arthropod  animal,  as  an  insect, 
which  immediately  precedes  the  mouth  or  man- 
dibular segment ;  a  feeler  or  '  hom.'  They  vary 
greatly  in  size,  shape,  and  function.  The  appendages  of 
the  head,  proceeding  forward  from  the  mouth-parts,  are : 
(1)  antennae,  (2)  antennula;,  (3)  ophthalmites  or  eye-stalks. 
<a)  pi.  In  Crmtaeea :  (1)  Properly,  the  posterior  one  of  the 
two  pairs  of  feelers  or  horns  borne  upon  the  head  of  most 
crustaceans,  as  crabs  and  lobsters,  as  distinguished  from  the 
anterior  pair,  or  antennula;.  From  their  relative  size  they 
are  known  as  the  long  feelers,  in  distinction  from  the  an- 
tennulae,  or  short  feelers.  MTien  fully  developed,  the  an- 
tennae consist  of  a  number  of  parts,  which,  beginning  with 
the  base,  are  named  the  baflcerite,  the  scaphocerite,  the 
ischiocerite,  the  merocerite,  the  carpocerite,  and  the  (ter- 
minal) procerite.  The  last  may  consist  of  a  long  filament 
with  many  articu- 


235 


antependium 


Uke  appendages  knmvn  as  pedipalps.   They  are  adapted  antennate  (an-ten'at),  a. 

for  seiznig  and  tearing,  and  sometimes  convey  a  poison-     •  -  — 


[<  NL.  antennatus, 

duct.    They  are  homologous  with  the  feelers"  of  crusta-     ^  «"  I' »>'<>,  q.  v.]     Having  antennSB. 
ceans  and  insects,  and  are  supposed,  in  some  cases  at  antenniferOUS  (an-te-nif'e-rus),  a.     [<  NL.  an- 
least,  to  represent  antennula;  as  well  as  antennae  proper,     tenna     L./(  ;ve  =  E.  bcar^.]    Bearing  anteniiiD  • 
See  cuts  under  cAeiice/a  and  scorpion,   (e)  In  J luecta  and     antenn.'irv        a  <;pcrmK7it  r>f  tlio  '  ' 

Myriapoda,  a  horn  or  feeler;  one  of  the  pair  of  jointed  /     ^^^^Tf?  TAtV 

aexihle  sensitive  appendages  of  the  head,  mornholoeicallv  antenniiorm  (an-teu  i-toi-m),  a.  [<  ^L.  antenna 
situated  between  the  mouth-parts 

generally  appearing  in  the  adult  between  or' before  the 


eyes.  These  chai-acteiistic  organs  are  usually  filamentous 
with  many  articulations,  and  are  very  diverse  in  form ; 
some  of  the  terms  used  in  describing  their  shapes  are  flli- 
foiTO,  denticulate,  bipinnate,  clavate,  geniculate.  In  Co- 
leoptera,  divisions  have  been  founded  upon  the  shapes' 
of  the  antennae,  as  lamelliconi,  clavicorn,  longicorn,  etc. 
These  organs  are  almost  universally  present  in  some  form 
or  other,  though  occasionally  rudimentary  and  inconspicu- 
ous, in  which  cases  the  insects  are  termed  acerous,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  dicerous.  The  parts  of  a  well-formed 
antenna  usually  recognized  are  the  pedicel,  scape,  and 
flagellum  or  claveola,  the  last  usually  composing  most  of 
the  length  of  the  organ.    See  llymenoptera,  Insecta. 

2.  An  analogous  organ  on  the  heads  of  other 
animals,  as  a  feeler  or  tentacle,  like  the  eye- 
stalk  of  a  snail. — 3.  pi.  Projecting  horns  of  iron 


hla'd,*^m'OTpho*logica\T  antenniform  (an-teu'i-foi-m),  a.  [<  NL.  an 
and  the  eyes,  though    +  L.  Jorma,  form.]    Shaped  like  an  ante 
resembUng  an  antenna  iu  any  way 


antenna ; 


The  cement  ducts  can  be  traced  to  the  disks  of  the  an- 
tenniform organs.  Huxley.  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  259. 

antennula  (an-ten'u-la), »?.;  pi.  antennulw  (^-\e). 
[NL.,  dim.  of  antenna,  q.  v.]  1.  A  little  an- 
tenna.—  2.  A  filiform  appendage  of  an  anten- 
na, asin  some  crustaceans. — 3.  Theappendage 
of  the  segment  or  somite  of  the  head  of  an  ar- 
thropod in  advance  of  that  bearing  the  anten- 
nae proper;  one  of  the  anterior  of  the  two  pairs 
of  feelers  of  the  head  of  a  crustacean.  Com- 
monly eaUed  the  short  feeler.  See  cuts  under 
Copepoda,  Cyclops,  and  Cythereida:. 
Also  antennule. 


or  bronze  found  on  some  ancient  helmets,  per-  antennulary  (an-ten'ii-la-ri),  «.   Of  or  pertain- 

haps  serving  only  as  ornaments,  or  as  badges,  or  ing  to  an  antennula ;  bearing  antennulae :  as,  the 

in  some  cases  to  stop  a  blow  from  glancing  down-  antenmdary  somite  of  the  head  of  a  cmstacean. 

ward  and  striking  the  shoulder — Decussate,  de-  antennule  (an-ten'ul),  n.    [<  antennula,  q.  v.] 

flexed,  deformed,  etc.,  antennas.  See  the  adjectives.  Same  as  «H?e«WM?a. 

antennal  (an-ten'al),  a.   [<  antenna  +  -al.]  Of  antentunber  (an'te-num-ber),  w.  l<ante-+ num- 

or  pertaining  to  antennae;  bearing  antennae;  ber.]    A  number  one  less  than  a  given  number: 


antennary, 
antennariid  (an-te-na'ri-id),  n 
family  Antennariidce. 


A  fish  of  the 


used,  in  the  case  of  objects  aiTanged  in  periods 
(as,  for  example,  days  are  in  weeks),  to  express 
the  fact  that  the  number  of  objects  in  a  period 
is  one  less  than  the  number  which,  in  counting 
the  objects,  falls  upon  an  object  corresponding 
to  the  first :  thus,  7  is  the  antenumber  of  the  oc- 
tave. [Rare.] 

It  is  to  be  considered,  that  whatsoever  virtue  is  in  num. 
bers  for  conducing  to  consent  of  notes,  is  rather  to  be  as- 
cribed to  the  ante-number  than  to  the  entire  number;  as 
namely,  that  the  sound  returneth  after  si.\  or  after  twelve 
[i.  e.,  tones  or  semitones] ;  so  that  the  seventh  or  the  thir- 
teenth is  not  the  matter,  but  the  sixth  or  the  twelfth ;  and 
the  seventh  and  thirteenth  are  but  the  limits  and  boun- 
daries of  the  retm-n.  Bacon,  Sylva  Sylvanum,  §  106. 

antenuptial (an-te-nup'shal), a.  [<LL. antenup- 
tialis,  <  L.  ante,  before,  +  riuptialis,  nuptial :  see 
a«fe-and  nuptial.]   Occurring,  existing,  or  done 
before  marriage ;  coming  before  marriage ;  pre- 
.    .  ..,  ceding  man"iage :  as,  an  anie?(M»<iaZagreement; 

Antennarudse  (an-ten-a-ii'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NTj.,    antenvptial  children. 
<Antennarius  +  -idee.]    A  family  of  pediculate  anteocular  (an-te-ok'u-lar),  a.    In  entom.,  in 
fishes  with  elongate  geniculate  false  arms  or   front  of  the  eyes.' 

pseudobrachia,  provided  with  thi-ee  distinct  anteoperculum  (an"te-6-per'ku-lum),  w.  [NL., 

bones  (actmosts),  typified  by  the  genus  Anten-    <  L.  ante,  before,  +  operculum :  see  operculum.] 

nanus.   They  have  a  compressed  but  tumid  body;  the    In  ichth.,  same  &s  preo})erculum.    [Eare  ] 

mouth  opens  upward ;  the  branchial  apertures  open  in  the  antPOrbitn  1  CaTi-tp-nr'hi  tn^  n  rc  1  nnf^ 
lower  axils  of  the  pectoral  tins;  there  are  no  pseudo-  ^nteorDltai  (.an  te-or  Dl-tal),  a.     [<  h.  ante, 

branchiae ;  and  the  dorsal  fhis  are  represented  by  (1)  at 


tennarius  pictus. 


lations.  sometimes 
exceeding  the 
whole  length  of 
the  animal's  body. 
See  cuts  under 
Cypris,  Cy  there  idee, 
and  Limnetis.  (2) 
Loosely,  either  one 
of  the  two  pairs  of 
horns  or  feelers, 
that  is,  either  the 
antennfe  proper  or 
the  antennulae.  (6) 
In  Arachnida,  or 
spiders,  scorpions, 
«tc.,  a  chelicere; 
one  of  the  pair  of 
chelate  or  subche- 
late  appendages  of 
the  head,  situated 
between  and  mor- 
phologically in 
front  of  the  large 
booked  or  pincer- 


Antennae. 

I,  I,  filiform  antennas  of  cucujo  firefly  of 
Brazil  {Pyrophorus  lti7ninosus)  \  2,  den- 
ticulate antenna;  3,  bipinnate;  4,  lamelli- 
com  :  5, clavate;  6,  geniculate;  7,  antenna 
and  antennula  of  a  crtistacean. 


least  one  frontal  or  superior  rostral  spine  or  filament,  and 
(2)  an  oblong  soft  dorsal.  The  pectoral  members  are  dis- 
tinctly geniculated  or  proWded  with  an  elbow-like  joint. 
They  are  chiefly  inhabitants  of  tropical  seas,  and  the  typi- 
cal species  are  often  called  froq-  or  toad-fishes. 

Antennariinse  (an-ten"a-ri-i'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Antennarius  +  -ince.]  A  subfamily  of  pedicu- 
late fishes,  of  the  ia.miij  Antennarii'dcE,  with  the 
head  compressed,  a  rostral  spine  or  tentacle  as 
well  as  two  other  robust  spines,  and  a  well- 
developed  soft  dorsal  fin.  Four  genera  are  k-nown, 
the  cliief  of  which  is  Antennarius.  The  typical  species 
are  mostly  found  in  coral-groves,  where  they  "lurk  partially 
concealed,  but  one  of  the  best  known,  Pterophryne  histrio, 
inhabits  the  sargassum-weed  of  the  open  seas,  and  makes 
in  it  a  nest  for  its  young. 

antennariine  (an-te-na'ri-in),  a.  and  n.   I.  a. 

Of  or  belonging  to  the  Antennariince. 
II.  )(.  A  fish  of  the  Bubi&TinlY  Antennariince, 
antennarioid  (an-te-na'ri-oid),  n.  and  a.  [< 
Antennarius  +  -oid.]  I.  n.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Antennariidce ;  an  antennariid. 

II,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters 
of  the  Antennariidce. 
Antennarius  (an-te-na'ri-us),  n.  [NL.,  <  anten- 
na, q.  v.,  in  allusion  to  the  antemia-like foremost 
dorsal  spine.]  Agenus  of  pedicidate  fishes,  typi- 
cal of  the  family  JIh  tennariid{e,used  with  various 
limits,  but  primarily  embracing  numerous  trop- 
ical species. 

antennary  (an-ten'a-ri  or  an'te-na-ri),  a.  [< 
NL.  antennarius,  <  antenna,  q.v.]  1.  Of,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  of  the  natiu-e  of  an  antenna :  as,  an 
tennaryneT\e.  Specifically— 2.  In  ej( torn.,  bear- 
ing antennte :  applied  to  that  segment  of  the 

head  of  insects  which  bears  the  antennae.-An-  antenectii<?  fan-tp-nek'tnsl  » 
tennary  somite,  the  segment  of  the  head  of  an  arthropod  ^^^^PeCTOS  (an-te-pei£  tUS),  _H. 
which  bears  the  antenn.-c.— Antennary  Stemum,  the 
median  inferior  piece  of  the  antennary  somite.  — Anten- 
nary sternite,  in  cnistaceans,  the  epistoma  («  hich  see). 
See  cuts  under  Brachyura  and  Cyclops. 

Antennata  (an-te-na'ta),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  neut. 

pi.  of  antennatus :  see  antennate.]  A  group  of 
annelids,  approximately  corresponding  to  the 
order  Chcetopoda  (which  see). 


before,  4-  orbit,  q.  v.]  Situated  in  front  of  the 
eyes.    Also  antorbital.-Anteoihital  foramen,  in 

mammalian  anat.,  an  orifice  in  the  cheek-bone,  in  front 
of  the  orbit,  transmitting  the  superior  maxillary  division 
of  the  trifacial  nerve,  and  in  some  cases,  as  among  ro- 
dents, the  masseter  muscle.  It  coiTesponds  to  the  suborbi- 
tal foramen  of  human  anatomy.  It  is  frequently  a  forma- 
tion so  large  and  variable  as  to  afford  zoological  characters, 
as  is  the  case  in  the  iJoJend'a.— Anteorhital  process,  in 
mammalian  anat.,  a  spur  of  the  frontal  bone  on  the  an- 
terior and  upper  portioii  of  the  margin  of  the  orbit, 
antepagment  (an-te-pag'ment),  n.  [<  L.  ante- 
pagmentum,  also  antipagmentum,  anything  ap- 
plied for  ornament,  <  a?ite  (a/iii),  before,  +  pag- 
mentum,  anj'thing  joined  or  fastened,  <pangere, 
older  form  pagere,  fasten :  see  pact.]  A  term 
usedby  Vitruvius  to  designate  decorative  mold- 
ings enriching  the  jambs  and  head  of  a  doorway 
or  -window.  To  such  a  feature  the  term  archi- 
trave is  now  commonly  applied, 
antepagmentum  (an"te-pag-men'tum),  n.;  pi. 
antepagmenta  {-%&)._  Same  as  antepagment. 
antepaschal  (an-te-pas'kal),  a.  [<  ante-  +  pas- 
chcd.]  Pertaining'  to  the "  time  preceding  the 
Jemsh  Passover,  or  preceding  Easter. 

The  dispute  was  very  early  in  the  church  concerning 
the  observation  of  Easter ;  one  point  whereof  was,  con- 
cerning the  ending  of  the  antejiaschal  fast. 

R.  Nelson,  Festivals  and  Fasts,  p.  44.1. 
antepastt  (an'tf-past),  «.  [< L.  ante,  before,  -t- 
pastus,  food,  <  pascere,  f  eed :  see  an  te-  and  pastel, 
pastor,  pasture.]  A  foretaste;  something  taken 
before  a  meal  to  stimulate  the  appetite.  [Eare.] 
Were  we  to  expect  our  bliss  only  in  the  satiating  our 
appetites,  it  might  be  reasonable,  by  frequent  antepasts, 
to  excite  our  gust  for  that  profuse  perpetual  meal. 

Decay  of  Christ.  Piety. 


[NL.,  <L.  flHte, 

before,  -f-  pectus,  breast.]  In  entom.,  the  fore- 
breast  ;  the  under  side  of  the  prothorax. 
antependium  (an-te-pen'di-um),  )).;  pi.  ante- 
j)endia  (-a).  [ML.,'  <  L.  ante,  before,  +  j'en- 
rfere,  hang:  see  ante- and  pendant.]  The  hang- 
ing by  which  the  front  of  an  altar  is  covered; 
one  of  the  kinds  of  frontal,  it  is  frequently  made 
of  silk  or  velvet,  and  ornamented  with  embroidery. 


antependium 

I  saw  the  antependium  oi  the  altar  designed  for  the 
fatuous  chapel  of  St.  Lorenzo.     Smollett,  Travels,  xxviii. 

A  young  woman  who  would  get  up  at  five  o'clock  In  the 
morning  to  embroider  an  antependium,  and  neglect  the 
housekeeping.  Miss  Braddon,  Hostages  to  Fortune,  p.  3. 

antepenult  (an"te-pe-nult'),  n.  A  shortened 
and  very  common  form  of  antepenultima. 

antepenultima  (an'te-pe-nul'ti-ma),  n.  [L., 
also  spelled  antepocnuliima  (sc..  syllaha,  syllable), 
the  syllable  before  the  penult,  <  ante,  before,  + 
pcenuUima,  ^emAt:  see  ante- und penult.']  The 
last  syllable  but  two  of  a  word,  as  syl  in  mono- 
syllahle. 

antepenultimate  (an"te-pe-nul'ti-mat),  a.  and 
n.  [i  antepenultima -\- -atc'^.  Ct.  ultimate.]  I. 
a.  1.  Immediately  preceding  that  one  of  a  se- 
ries which  is  next  to  the  last  one ;  being  the 
third  from  the  last  of  a  series:  as,  the  ante- 
penultimate joint  of  a  limb. —  2.  Pertaining  to 
the  last  syllable  but  two. 
II.  n.  The  antepenultima. 

antephialtic  (ant-ef-i-al'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr. 
avTi,  against,  +  ((pidXTr/c,  nightmare:  see  anti- 
and  cphialtes.]  I.  a.  Tending  to  prevent 
nightmare. 

II.  n.  That  which  prevents  or  is  a  remedy 
for  nightmare. 

AJso  wi'itten  anti-ephialtic. 
antepileptic  (ant-ep-i-lep'tik),  a.  and  n.   [<  Gr. 
avri,  against,  +  eTriXTj^rrcKdi;  epileptic  :  see  a7iti- 
and  epileptic.]    I.  a.    Alleviating  or  cuxing 
epilepsy. 

II.  n.  A  remedy  for  epilepsy. 

Also  written  anti-epileptic. 
antepileptical  (ant-ep-i-lep'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as 
antepileptic. 

anteponet  (an-te-p6n'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  anteponere, 
set  before,  <  ante,  before,  +  ponere,  set,  place: 
see  ante- position.]  To  set  before.  Bailey. 

anteport  (an'te-port),  n.    [<  L.  ante,  before,  + 
porta,  agate.]  1.  An  outer  gate  or  door. —  2.  A 
hanging  before  a  door. 
Also  written  antiport. 

anteportico  (an'te-p6r*ti-k6),  n.  [<  a«?e- + 
portico,  q.  v.]  An  outer  porch  or  portico. 
[Rare.] 

anteposition  (an"tf-po-zish'on),  n.  [<  ante-  + 
jjosition.  a.  antepone.]  1.  In  _(7rff?«.,  the  pla- 
cing of  a  word  before  another  word  which,  by  or- 
dinary rules,  it  ought  to  follow. —  2.  In  hot.,  the 
non-alternation  of  the  members  of  contiguous 
circles  in  a  flower,  the  corresponding  parts  be- 
ing opposite  to  each  other:  otherwise  called 
superposition. 

anteprandial  (an-te-pran'di-al),  a.  [<  L.  ante, 
before,  +  prandium,  a  late  breakfast,  a  meal 
taken  early  in  the  day :  see  ante-  and  prandial.] 
Relating  to  the  time  before  dinner;  occurring 
before  dinner. 

antepredicament  (an"te-pre-dik'a-ment),  n.  [< 
ML.  anteprwdicamenttah,  <  L.  aiite,  before,  + 
LL.  prcedicamentum,  category.]  In  logic,  a  doc- 
trine subservient  to  knowledge  of  the  predica- 
ments. Tlie  Antepredicainents  is  a  title  given  by  Al- 
bertus  Magnus  and  all  later  logicians  to  the  doctrine  of 
the  first  part  of  Aristotle's  book  on  the  Categories.  These 
antepredicaments  are  seven,  viz.,  three  definitions,  two 
divisions,  and  two  rules.  The  definitions  are  of  equivo- 
cals,  univocals,  and  denominatives.  The  divisions  are  of 
things  said  into  terms  and  propositions  and  the  eight 
modes  of  inherence.  The  rules  are  the  dictum  de  ornni 
et  nulla  (see  dictum),  and  that  which  affirms  that  the  dif- 
ferences of  different  genera  are  different.  The  word  had 
been  previously  applied,  in  the  plural,  as  a  name  for  Por- 
phyry's Introduction  to  Aristotle's  Categories  and  the 
doctrine  of  the  predicables  therein  contained. 

antepretonic  (an"te-pre-ton'ik),  a.  [<  ante-  + 
pretonic]  Pertaining  to  or  contained  in  the 
syllable  before  the  pretonic  syllable. 

The  antepretonic  open  syllable  may  have  either  a  heavy 
or  a  light  vowel.  Amer.  Jour.  Pliilol.,  V.  499. 

anteprostate  (an-te-pros'tat),  a.  [<  ante-  -\- 
prostate.]   Lying  iri  front  of  the  prostate  gland. 

anteprostatic  (an-te-pros-tat'ik),  a.  Same  as 
anteprostate. 

anterior  (an-te'ri-or),  a.  [L.,  eompar.  adj.,  as  if 
from  *anterus,  <  ante,  before.  Ct.  jwsterior,  ex- 
terior, interior,  superior,  inferior.]  1.  Of  place  : 
fore ;  situated  more  to  the  front :  the  opposite 
ot  posterior. —  2.  Of  time:  going  before;  pre- 
ceding ;  antecedent ;  prior ;  earlier. 

Intellect  is  the  simple  power  anterior  to  all  action  or 
construction.  Einerson,  Essays,  1st  ser. ,  p.  295. 

3.  In  zodl.  and  zodt.,  nearer  the  head,  as  op- 
posed to  posterior ;  cephalal,  as  opposed  to  cau- 
dal ;  oral,  as  opposed  to  aboral :  thus,  the  head 
is  anterior  to  the  neck,  which  is  itself  anterior 
to  the  trunk  and  tail. —  4.  In  humananat.,  situ- 
ated in  front,  with  respect  to  that  side  of  the 
body  on  which  is  the  face ;  ventral,  as  opposed 


236 

to  dorsal ;  hemal,  as  opposed  to  neural :  as,  the 
anterior  pillars  of  the  pharynx;  the  anterior 
walls  of  the  belly;  the  anterior  pillars  of  the 
spinal  cord. 

The  two  parts  into  which  the  iris  divides  the  eye  are 
called  the  anterior  and  posterior  chambers. 

Brewster,  Optics,  p.  288.  (N.  E.  D.) 

5.  In  hot.,  in  axillary  inflorescence,  noting  the 
side  most  tUstant  from  the  axis  and  nearest 
the  subtending  leaf  or  bract:  as,  the  anterior 
side  of  a  flower:  otherwise  called  inferior  or 
lower.  [In  all  its  senses  usually  followed  by  to 
before  an  object.]  =Syii.  2.  See  previous. 
anteriority  (an-te-ri-or'i-ti),  n.  [<  ML.  anteri- 
orita{t-)s,  <  L.  anterior:  see  anterior.]  The 
state  of  being  anterior,  in  advance,  or  in  front ; 
the  state  of  being  before  in  time  or  situation ; 
priority. 

Our  poet  could  not  have  seen  tlie  prophecy  of  Isaiah, 
liecause  he  livetl  100  or  150  years  before  that  propliet ;  and 
tliis  anteriority  of  time  makes  tliis  passage  the  more  ob- 
servable. Pope,  Iliad,  xi.x.  93,  note. 

anteriorly  (an-te'ri-or-li),  adv.  In  an  anterior 
manner;  before,  in  time  or  place;  previously, 
in  time ;  in  front,  in  place.    See  anterior. 

The  hemisplieres  [of  the  brain-cavity  of  a  species  of  Co- 
ryphodon]  contract  anteriorly  into  the  very  stout  pedun- 
cles of  the  olfactory  lobes.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XII.  124. 

anterolateral  (an'te-ro-lat'e-ral),  a.  [<  L. 
*anterus  {see  anterior)  +  luter'alin'j  \a,teral:  see 
lateral.]  Situated  or  directed  anteriorly  and 
to  the  side.    Huxley — Anterolateral  groove,  a 

name  sometimes  applied  to  the  line  along  tlie  spinal  coril 
wliere  the  anterior  routs  of  the  spinal  nerves  emerge, 
anteroom  (an'te-rom),  w.  l<  ante- +  room.]  A 
smaller  room  before  a  chief  apartment,  to  which 
access  is  had  through  it ;  especially,  a  waiting- 
room  used  for  the  temporary  reception  of  visi- 
tors, etc. ;  an  antechamber. 
His  ante-rooms  were  thronged  with  clients  of  all  sorts. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (1876),  VI.  239. 

anteroparietal  (an"te-r6-pa-ri'e-tal),  a.  [<  L. 
*anterus  (see  anterior)  +  LL.  pafietalis,  parie- 
tal: see  parietal.]  Anterior  parietal:  applied 
to  one  of  the  gyri  of  the  brain.  See  gyrus. 
anteroposterior  (an"te-r6-pos-te'ri-or),  a.  [< 
L.  *antcrus  (see  anterior)  +  posterior,  behind: 
see  posterior.]  Relating  to  the  direction  from 
front  to  back  or  from  head  to  tail ;  eephalocau- 
dal — Anteroposterior  symmetry,  in  zodl.,  the  view 

that  the  anterior  anil  posterior  limbs  of  vertebrates  are 
reversed  or  synunetrical  repetitions  of  eacli  other,  lil<e 
riglit  and  left  limbs,  and  tlierefore  not  serially  homolo- 
gous, or  parts  of  a  series  facing  all  in  one  direction, 
but  antitypical  homologues  or  antitypes;  antitropy  as  op- 
posed to  syntropy,  in  viewing  interraerabral  homologies. 
See  intermembral. 

antesolarium  (an'He-so-la'ri-um),  ».;  pi.  ante- 
solaria  (-a).  [ML.,  '<  Ij.  ante,  before,  +  solari- 
um: see  solarium.]  A  portico,  veranda,  or 
other  projecting  structm-e  in  front  of  the  solars 
or  apartments  of  a  medieval  dwelling-house. 
Audsley. 

antestaturet  (an'tf-stat-ur),  n.  [<  F.  antesta- 
ture  —  Sp.  antestatura,  <  ti.  ante,  before,  +  sta- 
tura,  a  standing:  see  staticre.]  In  fort.,  a  small 
intrenchment  or  work  formed  hastily  of  pali- 
sades or  sacks  of  earth,  for  the  defense  of  a  post, 
or  of  works  part  of  which  have  been  captured, 
antesternum  (an'te-ster-num),  n.;  -pi.  ante- 
sterna  (-na).  [NL.,'<  L.  ante,  before,  +  NL. 
sternum:  see  stet-num.]  In  entom.,  the  center 
of  the  antepectus ;  the  fore  part  of  the  middle 
of  the  breastplate  of  insects, 
antestomach  (an'te-stum-ak),  n.  [<  ante-  + 
stomach.]  In  birds,  some  distensible  portion 
of  the  gullet  (not  a  proper  crop)  in  which  food 
is  first  lodged. 

In  birds  there  is  no  mastication  or  comminution  of  the 
meat  in  the  mouth,  but  it  is  immediately  swallowed  into 
a  kind  of  antestomach,  which  I  have  observed  in  piscivorous 
birds.  Ray. 

ante-suppert  (an'tf-sup-er),  n.  [<  ante-  sup- 
per.] A  course  displayed  but  not  partaken  of, 
in  anticipation  of  supper.  N.  E.  I). 
antetemple  (an'te-tem-pl),  n.  [<  ante-  +  tem- 
ple.] The  porch  or  vestibule  before  the  temple 
at  Jerusalem.  The  term  has  been  used  to  designate 
the  narthex  or  vestibule  of  early  Christian  churclies,  and 
it  has  been  applied  to  the  nave  of  a  church  regarded  as 
placed  before  the  chancel  or  sanctuary  and  outsiiie  of  its 
pale.  Its  use  as  designating  the  pronaos  of  a  classical  tem- 
ple is  not  to  be  commended. 

antetype  (an'tf-tip),  n.  [As  if  ante-  +  type;  but 
prop,  antitype,  q.  v.]  A  prototype ;  a  primitive 
or  early  type  whence  some  later  form  has  been 
derived.  See  antitype. 

The  antetypes  in  carboniferous  times  of  the  modem  king- 
crab.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  II.  87. 

ante'venient  (an-te-ve'nient),  a.  [<  L.  ante- 
venien(t-)s,  ppr.  of  antevenire,  come  before,  < 


anthemion 

ante,  before,  +  venire  =  Gr.  (iaivuv  =  E.  come.] 
Preceding ;  coming  before.  Lamb. 
anteversion  (an-te-ver'shon),  n.  [<  L.  antever- 
sio{n-),  a  putting  before,  <"antevertere,  pp.  atite- 
vcrsus:  see  anteve7-t.]  A  turning  forward;  spe- 
cifically, inpathol.,  a  displacement  of  the  uterus 
in  which  the  fundus,  or  broad  upper  portion,  is 
turned  toward  the  pubes,  while  the  cervix  or 
neck  is  tilted  up  toward  the  sacrum :  opposed 
to  retroversion. 

antevert  (an-te-verf),  v.  t.  [<  L.  antevertere, 
precede,  anticipate,  place  before,  <  ante,  before, 
+  vertere,  turn:  see  verse.]  If.  To  prevent; 
avert. 

To  antevert  some  great  danger  to  the  public,  ...  we 
may  and  must  disclose  our  knowledge  of  a  close  wicked- 
ness. Bp.  Hall,  Cases  ot  Conscience  (1054),  p.  421. 

2.  To  tip  or  turn  forward;  displace  in  a  forward 
direction,  as  the  uterus, 
anteverted  (an-te-ver'ted),  p.  a.    Tipped  for- 
ward;   exhibiting  anteversion:   said  of  the 
uterus. 

anth-,  [<  Gr.  avd-,  assimilated  form  of  avr-  for 
ai'Ti-  before  the  aspirate.]  The  form  of  the 
prefix  ant-  before  the  aspirate  /(  in  words  taken 
from  or  formed  according  to  the  Greek.  In 
words  formed  in  English  anti-  usually  remains 
unchanged  before  the  aspirate,  as  in  antihyp- 
notic,  antihystcric,  etc. 

anthela  (an-the'la),  H. ;  pi.  antlielw  {-\e),  [NL., 
<  Gr.  avdifATj,  the  downy  plume  of  the  reed  (L. 
panicula),  <  apOeiv,  bloom:  see  anther.]  In  hot., 
a  form  of  eymose  inflorescence,  either  unilateral 
and  sickle-shaped  or  bilateral  and  fan-shaped, 
the  lateral  axes  overtopping  the  central,  as  in 
J  uncus  tenuis. 

anthelia,  «.    Plural  of  anthelion. 

anthelices,  n.    Plural  of  anthelix. 

anthelicine  (ant-hel'-  or  an-thel'i-sin),  a.  [< 
anthelix  {-ic-)  +  -tnel.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
antihelix  of  the  ear:  as,  the  anthelicine  tossa, 

anthelion  (ant-he'-  or  an-the'li-on),  n. ;  pi.  ant- 
helia (-a).  ^  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av6r/?iiov," neut.  of  av6?/- 
^tog  (with  avT-  changed  to  avd-  before  the  rough 
breathing),  later  form  of  avn/Tiiog,  opposite  to 
the  sun,  <  avr-  for  avri,  opposite  to,  -f-  ijhog, 
the  sun :  see  helio-.  Cf .  aphelion  and  perihe- 
lion.] A  solar  phenomenon  consisting  of  one 
or  more  faint  luminous  rings  around  the  shadow 
of  the  head  of  an  observer  when  projected  at 
no  great  distance  by  the  sun  when  it  is  near 
the  horizon  on  a  cloud,  fog-bank,  grass  covered 
with  dew,  or  other  moist  surface.  It  is  some- 
times observed  in  alpine  and  polar  regions,  and 
is  due  to  diffraction  of  light. 

anthelix  (ant'he-  or  an'the-liks),  «.;  pi.  anthel- 
ices (ant-hel'-  or  an-thel'i-sez).  [<  Gr.  avdklL^, 
the  inner  curvature  of  the  ear,  <  avd-,  avr-  for 
avri,  opposite  to,  +  'iXt^,  helix:  see  helix.]  Same 
as  antihelix. 

anthelminthic  (an-thel-min'thik),  a.  and  n. 

Same  as  anthelmintic. 
anthelmintic  (an-thel-min'tik),  a.  and  n.  [C 
NL.  anthelminticum,  <  Gr.  avd-,  avr-  for  avri, 
against,  +  eXfitvg  {ilfuvd-),  a  worm,  esp.  a  tape- 
worm, a  maw-worm;  of  uncertain  origin.]  I, 
a.  In  med.,  destroying  or  expelling  intestinal 
worms. 

II.  n.  A  vermifuge ;  a  drug  used  for  destroy- 
ing and  expelling  intestinal  worms, 
anthem  (an'them),  11.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  an- 
thym;  occasionally  spelled  anthymne  (simulat- 
ing hymn),  also  antheme,  antemne;  <  ME.  an- 
tem,  antim,  antym,  anteme,  antempne,  antephne, 
antefne,  <  AS.  antefen,  <  ML.  antifona,  anti- 
phona,  an  anthem,  an  antiphon :  see  anti- 
phon.]  Originally,  a  hymn  sung  in  alternate 
parts ;  in  modern  usage,  a  piece  of  sacred  music 
set  to  words  usually  taken  from  the  Psalms  or 
other  parts  of  the  Scriptures ;  a  developed  mo- 
tet. There  are  four  kinds :  (a)  anthems  for  a  double  choir, 
in  which  the  choirs  sing  antiphonally ;  (b)  full  anthems, 
which  consist  of  a  chorus  only,  or  of  a  chorus  and  verses, 
in  whicli  the  chorus  occupies  the  principal  place,  and  the 
verses  (usually  set  to  music  in  four  parts  and  sung  by  a 
part  of  the  clioii')  are  subordinate ;  (c)  verse  anthems,  in 
which  solos,  duets,  and  trios  are  the  prominent  features, 
the  chorus  being  subordinate ;  and  (rf)  solo  anthems,  in 
which  a  single  voice  is  the  prominent  feature.  The  an- 
them may  or  may  not  have  an  accompaniment  for  the  or- 
gan, or  for  any  number  of  instruments.  It  has  reached  its 
highest  development  in  England. 

anthem  (an'them), «).  i.  [<.  anthem,  n.]  To  cele- 
brate or  salute  with  an  anthem  or  song.  [Used 
only  in  poetry.] 

Sweet  birds  antheming  the  morn. 

Keats,  Fancy. 

anthemion  (an-the'mi-on),  n. ;  pi.  anthemia  (-a). 
[<  Gr.  avdefiiov,  a  flower,  a  flower  ornament,  < 
avdoQ,  flower:  see  anther.]  In  art  and  archceoL: 


anthemion 

(a)  A  characteristic  palmette  or  honeysuckle  or- 
nament, varying  in  detail,  but  constant  in  type, 
of  very  frequent  occurrence  both  in  single  ex- 
amples and  in  series,  in  vase-painting,  in  archi- 
tectural sculpture,  in  jewehy  and  dress-fabrics, 
and  in  all  other  decorative  work  of  Greek  origin 
from  very  early  times,  and  later  in  ornament  de- 
rived from  the  Greek.  This  ornament  in  its  original 
shape  was  borrowed  by  Greek  artists  from  the  Orient,  and 
was  probably  first  adopted  by  the  lonians.  It  was  much 
used  upon  antefixes,  both  sculptui'ed  and  in  terra-cotta,  and 
in  tlie  composition  of  acroteria,  particularly  those  of  the 
tall  and  slender  Greek  funeral  slabs,  (ft)  Any  con- 
ventionalized flower  or  foliage  ornament,  as 
those  common  in  Oriental  embroidery  or  Per- 
sian porcelain. 


Anthemia. 

C,  from  a  Greek  vase ;  b,  from  the  acroterium  of  an  Attic  stele. 

antheinion-frieze(an-the'mi-on-frez),  n.  Same 
as  anthemion-niolding. 

anthemion-molding  (an-the'mi-on-m61''''ding), 
n.  In  Gr.  art,  a  molding  or  frieze  ornamented 
with  a  series  of  anthemia,  usually  in  graceful 


Antheridia. 
(7,  branch  of  Fuais,  with  antheridia, 
one  separated  and  antherozoids  escap- 
ing;  b,  antheridia  of  a  moss  surrounded 
by  paraphyses.  (Both  highly  magni- 
fied.) 


Anthemion-molding. — Frieze  of  the  Erechtheum. 

alternation  of  two  forms.  Sometimes  the  effect  is 
diversified  by  the  introduction  of  flowei's  or  tendrils  more 
literally  e-xpressed,  and  occasionally  birds  are  represented 
perching  on  the  tendrils,  as  in  examples  at  Athens  and  Ar- 
gos.  The  most  elegant  examples  of  anthemion-molding  are 
those  beneath  tlie  capitals  of  the  north  porch  columns,  and 
forming  one  of  the  friezes,  of  the  Erechtheum  at  Athens. 
Anthemis  (an'the-mis),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  avde/^lg,  a 
flower,  also  an  herb  like  our  camomile  (Dios- 
corides),  <  avdo^,  a  flower:  see  anther.^  A  large 
genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Compositce,  tribe 
Anthemidece.  A.  Cotula  is  the  may^veed  or  stinking 
camomile  ;  A.  nobilis  is  the  common  camomile  of  Europe 
and  of  gardens  elsewhere.  The  flowers  contain  a  bitter 
principle,  wliicli  has  tonic  properties,  and  yield  an  essen- 
tial oil  having  an  aromatic  fragrance.  They  are  conse- 
quently much  used  as  a  light  tonic,  and  also  as  a  fomen- 
tation or  poultice. 

anthemorrhagic  (ant"hem-o-raj'ik),  a.  [<Gr. 
avd-,  avT-  for  avrt,  against,  +  aifjoppayiKdf;,  hemor- 
rhagic: see  hemorrhagic.']  Tending  to  check 
hemorrhage ;  hemastatie.  Also  anthcemorrhagic 
and  antihemorrhagic. 

anthemwise  (an'them-wiz),  adv.  [<  anthem 
+  wise'^.']  In  the  manner  of  an  antiphonal 
anthem ;  alter- 
nately. 

Several  quires, 
placed  one  over 
against  another,  and 
taking  the  voice  by 
catches,  anthem- 
wise, give  great 
pleasure. 

Bacon,  Masques. 

anthemy  (an'- 

the-mi),  n. ;  pi. 
a7ithemies{-miz). 
[<  Gr.  avdefiiov, 
equivalent  to 
avdog,  a  flower: 
see  anther.]  In 
bot.,  a  term  pro- 
posed for  any 
form  of  flower- 
cluster, 
anther 

ther),  n. 


(an'- 
[<NL. 
anthera,  anther. 


Anthers. 

a,  anther  of  Aqitile^ia,  opening:  b, 
same,  expanded  ;  c,  versatile  anther  of 
Liliitm ;  d,  anther  of  Berberis,  opening 
by  valves;  e,  anther  of  .S(7/a?;KW,  opening 
by  terminal  pores ;  f.  sigmoid  anther  of 
Ecbatium,    (All  magnified.) 


237 

<  Gr.  avQ-qpoq,  flowery,  blooming,  <  avdeiv,  bloom, 

<  avdog,  a  blossom,  a  flower,  =  Skt.  andhan, 
herb.]  In  bot.,  the  essential  poUiniferous  part 
of  a  stamen,  generally  raised  upon  the  extremi- 
ty of  a  filament,  it  is  usually  a  double  sac  formed  Ijy 
two  simple  or  bilocellate  cells,  filled  with  pollen,  and  each 
cell  opening  at  niatm-ity  by  a  slit,  pore,  or  valve.  The  an- 
ther is  variously  attached  to  the  summit  of  a  filament,  or 
may  be  sessile.  Theoretically  it  is  homologous  to  tlie 
Ijlade  of  a  leaf,  the  two  halves  of  which  are  represented 
by  the  cells,  the  mid-vein  by  tlie  connective,  and  the  pa- 

renciiyma  by  the  pollen.— Adnate  anther,  cruciate 

anther,  etc.    See  the  adjectives. 

antheral  (an'ther-al),  a.  [<  anther  +  -al.]  Per- 
taining to  an  anther  or  to  anthers. 

anther-dust  (an'ther-dust),  n.  The  dust  or  pol- 
len of  an  anther. 

antherid  (an'ther-id),  n.  Same  as  antheridium. 

antheridia,  n.    Plural  of  antheridium. 

antheridia!  (an-the-rid'i-al),  a.  [<  antheridium 
+  -ai.]  In  hot,  of  or  pertaining  to  an  anthe- 
ridium. 

The  Antheridial  disk  springing  from  the  leaf  form. 

S.  B.  Herriclc,  Plant  Life,  p.  95. 

antheridian  (an-the-rid'i-an),  a.  Same  as  an- 
theridial. 

antheridium  (an-the-rid'i-um),  n. ;  pi.  anthe- 
ridia (-a).  [NL.,  <  anthera,  anther,  +  Gr.  dim. 
-idtov.]  In  bot.,  the 
organ  in  crypto- 
gamieplants  which 
answers  to  the  an- 
ther in  the  phaner- 
ogamic series,  it 
assumes  various  forms 
and  positions  in  the 
different  groups.  Also 
called  antherid. 

antheriferous  (an- 

the-rif 'e-rus),  a.  [< 
NL.  anthera  +  L. 
ferre  =  E.  bear^.] 
In  bot.:  (a)  Pro- 
ducing anthers. 
(b)  Supporting  an- 
thers, as  the  fila- 
ments. 

antheriform  (an'- 
ther-i-form),  a.    [<  NL.  anthera  +  L.  forma, 
form.]    Having  the  form  of  an  anther. 

antherogenous  (an-the-roj'e-nus),  a.  [<  NL. 
antherogenus,  <  anthera  +  L.  -genus,  producing: 
see  -geHous.]  In  bot.,  resulting  from  the  trans- 
formation of  anthers,  as  the  additional  petals  in 
many  double  flowers  :  also  applied  to  a  double 
flower  resulting  from  such  transformation. 

antheroid  (an'ther-oid),  a.  [<  anther  +  -oid.~\ 
Resembling  an  anther. 

antherozoid  (an"ther-9-z6'id),  n.  [<  NL.  an- 
thera, anther,  +  zodides,  zooid:  see  anther  and 
sooid.]  In  bot.,  the  minute  body  produced  in 
the  antheridium  of  cryptogams  by  which  the 
female  organs  are  fertilized.  The  antherozoids 
are  slender  spiral  threads,  with  a  somewhat  thickened 
apex,  which  are  produced  in  the  antheridial  cells ;  when 
mature  they  burst  the  cell  and  move  freely  about.  See 
cut  under  antheridium. 

anthesis  (an-the'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avdr/aig,  the 
full  bloom  of  a  flower,  <  avdeiv,  bloom:  see 
anther.]  The  period  or  act  of  expansion  in 
flowers. 

I  thereupon  carefully  Inspected  both  these  trees  [gink- 
go], and  found  that  anthesis  was  so  nearly  synchronous  in 
the  two  sexes  that  I  was  able  on  the  5th  to  pronounce 
tliem  ready  for  fertilization.  Science,  V.  495. 

Anthesteria  (an-thes-te'ri-a),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  'Avde- 
oTripia,  the  feast  of  flowers,  in  the  month  of  ^Av- 
6eaT?)pt6v:  see  Anthesterion.]  In  Gr.  antiq.,  the 
festival  of  flowers,  the  third  in  order  of  the 
Attic  feasts  in  honor  of  Dionysus.  The  observance 
lasted  for  three  days,  about  the  middle  of  the  month  of 
Anthesterion  (or  toward  the  1st  of  our  March),  and  cele- 
brated the  opening  of  spring  and  the  ripening  of  the  wine 
of  the  previous  season.  The  people  wore  garlands  of  the 
brilliant  anemones  which  deck  the  Attic  plain  at  that  sea- 
son, and  certain  mystic  ceremonies  and  sacrifices  were 
performed  by  priestesses  in  the  guise  of  bacchantes. 

Anthesterion  (an-thes-te'ri-on),  n.  [Gr.  'Av- 
dcarr/piuv,  the  time  of  flowers,  <  avdoc  (stem  av6e-, 
orig.  avdcG-),  a  flower,  +  term,  -rr/pt-ov.]  The 
eighth  month  of  the  ancient  Attic  year,  con- 
taining twenty-nine  days,  and  corresponding 
to  the  last  part  of  February  and  the  beginning 
of  March. 

anthicid  (an'thi-sid),  n,  A  beetle  of  the  family 
Aiithicidce. 

AnthicidsB  (an-this'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anthi- 
cus  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  heteromerpus  beetles, 
coiTesponding  to  the  Anthicides  of  Latreille  or 
the  old  genus  Notoxus.  They  have  the  anterior  coxal 
cavities  open  behind ;  the  head  strongly  constricted  at 
base,  and  suddenly  narrowed  behind ;  no  lateral  suture 


anthoclinium 

of  the  thorax ;  perfect  tarsi,  with  distinct  claws ;  normal 
eyes ;  the  protliorax  at  base  narrower  tlian  the  elytra  ;  and 
the  hind  cox;e  not  prominent.  They  are  beetles  mostly 
of  small  size,  generally  found  on  flowers,  though  some  spe- 
cies inhabit  sandy  places  near  water. 

Anthicus  (an'thi-kus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avdiKoi;, 
like  a  flower,  <  avOoc,  a  flower:  see  anther.]  A 
genus  of  heteromorous  beetles,  typical  of  the 
family  Anthicidw,  having  the  thorax  unarmed. 
It  contains  Anthicus  fuscus  and  many  other  mi- 
nute species. 

Anthidse  (an'thi-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anthus  + 
-idw.]  The  Anthinw  (which  see),  rated  as  a 
family. 

ant-hill  (ant'hil),  n.  [<  ME.  amcte-hull,  <  AS. 
cemet-hyll,  wmett-hyll :  seeant^,  emmet,  amlhill^.] 
A  mound  or  hillock  of  earth,  leaves,  twigs,  and 
other  substances,  formed  by  a  colony  of  ants 
for  or  in  the  process  of  constructing  their  habi- 
tation. The  ant-hills  erected  liy  tlie  termites,  or  white 
ants,  are  among  the  most  extraordinary  examples  of  insect 
arcliitecture.  They  are  in  the  form  of  pyramids  or  cones 
of  earth,  sometimes  10  or  12  feet  higli,  baked  in  the  sun  to 
remarkable  hardness  and  consistency.  See  termite. — Ant- 
hill grass,  a  name  given  to  a  species  of  fescue-grass,  Fes- 
tiica  sijlvatica,  from  its  frequent  occurrence  on  ant-hills. 

ant-hillock  (aufhil^'ok),  n.    Same  as  ant-hill. 

Anthinse  (an-thi'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anthus  + 
-ilia.]  A  subfamily  of  oscine  passerine  birds; 
one  of  two  divisions  of  the  family  MotaciUidte, 
orwagtails:  sometimesmade  a  taxailj Anthidce. 
The  group  consists  of  the  pipits,  or  titlarks,  cliiefly  of  the 
genus  Anthus,  with  which  the  subfamily  is  nearly  con- 
terminous. A7ithince  differ  from  other  Mutacillidai  in  hav- 
ing the  tail  shorter  tlian  the  wing,  with  broader  feathers, 
tlie  tarsi  relatively  sliorter,  the  lateral  toes  longer,  and 
tlie  hind  claw  lengthened  and  straightened.  Four  or  five 
primaries  usually  compose  tlie  point  of  the  wing,  and  the 
coloration  is  streaky.  Tliere  are  about  50  species,  found  in 
most  parts  of  the  world.    See  A  nthus, 

anthine^  (an'thin),  a.  [<  L.  anthinus,  <  Gr.  av- 
divug,  jjertaining  to  a  flower,  <  avOog,  a  flower.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  flower. 

anthine^  (an'thin),  a.  [i  Anthinm.]  Inornith., 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  Anthinw,  or  pipits. 

anthobian  (an-tho'bi-an),  n.  [<  NL.  Anthobii 
+  -an.]  A  beetle  of  tlie  group  Anthobii  (which 
see) :  so  called  from  living  on  flowers  and  leaves. 

Anthobii  (an-tho'bi-i),  n.  j)l.  [NL.,  pi.  of  an- 
thobius,  a.,  <  Gr.  avdog,  a  flower,  +  (iiog,  life.]  In 
some  systems  of  classification  (as  Latreille's),  a 
group  of  scarabseoid  lamellicorn  beetles,  closely 
related  to  the  Hoplides,  but  having  the  two  di- 
visions of  the  labium  produced  beyond  the 
mentum,  the  elytra  with  rounded  tips  divaricat- 
ing from  each  other,  and  the  antennae  9-  or  10- 
jointed,  the  last  3  joints  constituting  the  elave- 
ola.  There  are  several  genera  and  many  species,  chiefly  of 
warm  countries,  living  upon  flowers  and  leaves. 

Anthobranchia  (an-tho-brang'ki-a),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  avdog,  a  flower,  +  (ipdyxta,  gills.]  A 
suborder  of  nudibranchiate  gastropods,  with 
the  branchige  arranged  in  a  rosette  about  the 
anus,  whence  the  name.  It  includes  the  family 
Dorididce  and  related  forms.  -AJso  called  Py- 
gobranchia. 

anthobranchiate  (an-tho-brang'ki-at),  a.  and«. 
[<  Anthobranchia  4-  -afel.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  having  the  characters  of  the  Anthobrandiia. 

II.  n.  A  member  of  the  suborder  Antho- 
branchia. 

anthocarpous  (an-tho-kar'pus),  a.  [<  NL.  an- 
thocarpus,  <  Gr.  avdog,  a  flower,  -I-  Kapirog,  fruit: 
see  carpel.]  In  bot.,  characterized  by  thickened 
floral  envelops:  applied  to  certain  fruits,  in- 
stances of  anthocarpous  fruits  are  the  checkerberry  with 
a  flesliy  calyx,  the  berry  of  the  yew  with  a  cup-like  disk, 
and  the  strawberry  with  fleshy  torus.  The  epitliet  is  also 
applied  to  such  multiple  fruits  as  the  mulberry  and  pine- 
apple, which  are  dense  forms  of  inflorescence  with  the 
flesliy  floral  envelops  matted  together  about  the  ovaries, 
and  to  the  fig,  the  cone  of  the  pine,  etc. 

Anthochaera  (an-tho-ke'ra),  n.    [NL.,  irreg.  < 

Gr.  avdog,  a  flower,  +  x<^'P^"'>  delight.]  A  ge- 
nus of  honey-birds,  of  the  family  Meliphagidw 
and  subfamily  Meliphagince,  based  upon  the 
mottled  honey-eater  or  brush  wattle-bird  of 
Australia  {A.  carunculata  or  A.  mellivora),  de- 
scribed as  specially  fond  of  the  banksias,  iipon 
the  blossomsof  whichitfeeds.  It  has  a  peculiar  cry, 
resembling  the  syl- 
lables fjooffwarrtck, 
its  native  name. 
Virjors  and  Hors- 
/eld, 1S26.  Formerly 
also  called  Creadion. 

anthoclinium 

(an  -  tho  -  klin '  i- 
um),  pi.  an- 
thoclinia  (-a). 
[NL.,<Gr.Qreof, 
a  flower.  +  K/  irr/, 

abed:  see  clinic,        section  of  Head  of  sunflower. 

etc.]     In  bot,  Sti  a,  receptacle,  or  anthoclinium. 


238 

any  circular  muscles,  the  tentacles  being  con-  1 

sequently  non-retractile.   Reproductive  organs  are    pertaining  to  the  Anthophila. 

present  on  all  tlie  numerous  complete  septa;  accessory         ■-      •   - 

tentacles  are  wanting. 
Anthomyia  (an-tho-mi'i-a),  n.  [NL.  (Meigeu, 
182G;  improp.  Antliomya,  Desvoidy,  1830,  earlier 
in  a  perverted  form,  Antliomi/za,  Fallen,  1810), 
<  Gr.  avdog,  a  flower,  4-  /(wa,  a  fly,  akin  to  L.  wiis- 
ca,  a  fly:  see  Musca.']  A  genus  of  dipterous  in- 


Turnip-fly  {Anthomyia  radicun 
,  larva;  b,  pupa,  natural  size:  c. 


).   ( Cross  shows  natural  size. ) 
pupa,  enlarged.    (After  Curtis.) 


anthoclinium 

name  for  a  receptacle  of  inflorescence,  such  as 
that  of  ComposiUK. 
Anthocorinse  (an-thok-o-ri'ne),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Antliocoris  +  -ina:}  A  subfamily  of  bugs,  of 
the  family  Cimicidw,  containing  chiefly  minute, 
narrowly  oval,  and  naiTow-headed  species  of 
a  shining-black  or  dull-brown  color,  marked 
with  white. 

Anthocoris  (an-thok'o-ris),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  av- 

6og,  a  flower,  +  Kdpig,  'a  bug.]  A  genus  of  het- 
eropterous  insects,  of  the  family  Li/gwidw,  or 
giving  name  to  a  subfamily  Aiithocoriiiw  of  the 
family  Cimicidcc,  having  the  antennje  filiform. 
It  contains  small  black  bugs  with  reddish  and 
white  marks.  See  cut  under  flower-bug. 
anthocyan  (an-tho-si'an),  n.  Same  as  antho- 
cyanin.  « 

anthocyanin,  anthocyanine  (an-tho-si'a-nin), 

n.    [<  Gr.  ai'Oog,  a  flower,  -I-  Kvavog,  blue,  4-  -in^. 

Cf.  cyanin.']    The  dissolved  coloring  matter  in 

blue  flowers, 
anthodium  (an-tho'di-imi),  w.  ;  pi.  a«^/«o<?*a  (-a). 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  (ii'^'udz/f :  see  antJioid.']    The  head,  or 

so-called  compoimd  flower,  of  Compost  tw. 
anthogenesis  (an-tho-jen'e-sis),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

avdoi;,  a  flower,  -f-  ycveaiq,  production.]  A  mode 

of  reproduction  occurring  in  some  of  the  plant- 
lice,  or  Phytophthiria,  in  which  there  intervenes 

a  form  furnishing  male  and  female  pupje  from 

which  sexual  individuals  arise.   Pascoe,  Zool. 

Class.,  p.  264. 
anthography  (an-thog'ra-fi),  n.     [<  Gr.  avdoc, 

a  flower,  +  -ypatpia,  <  ypcKpeiv,  write.]  That 

branch  of  botany  which  treats  of  flowers;  a 

description  of  flowers, 
anthoid  (an'thoid),  a.    [<  Gr.  *avdoei6r]q,  contr. 

avd6dri<;,  like  a  flower,  <  avduc;,  a  flower,  +  eldu^, 

form.]    Having  the  form  of  a  flower;  resem- 
bling a  flower. 

antholeucin,  antholeucine  (an-tho-lu'sin),  n. 

[<  Gr.  avdor,  a  flower,  -t-  kevKog,  white,  + 

The  dissolved  coloring  matter  in  white  flowers, 
antholite  (an'tho-lit),  n.    [<  Gr.  avdog,  a  flower, 

4-  ?.Woc:,  a  stone.]    In  geoh,  an  impression  on 

rocks,  as  on  the  shales  of  the  coal-measures, 

resembling,  or  supposed  to  resemble,  a  flower, 
anthologicall  (an-tho-loj'i-kal),  a. 

ff'/i.l    Pertaining  to  an  anthology;  consistLag    ■•^^■•"•'^'":i~;<,-',  •  ■"•"-j  >  .  ,_  . 

of  beautiful  extracts,  especially  fi-om  the  poets.  Anthomyzides  (an-tho-ipi  zi-dez),  n.  pi. 
anthological"!  (au-tho-loj'i-kal),  a.    [<  anthol- 
ogy'^.]   Treating  of  flowers, 
anthologist  (an-thol'o-jist),  n.     [<  anthology'^ 

4-  -ist.']    The  compiler  of  an  anthology, 
anthology!  (an-thol'o-ji),  ?«.  ;  Tpl.  anthologies 

(-jiz).     [<  Gr.  avdo'Koy'ta,  LGr.  also  avdo'Adyiov,  a 


anthotazis 

In  etitom.,  flower-loving,  as  a  bee. —  2.  Of  or 


Anthophora  (an-thof'o-ra),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  sing, 
(in  sense  2  neut.  pi.)  of  dkthophorus :  see  antUo- 


Mason-bee  (Anlhophora  sponsa^,  and  tube  constructed  by  the  bee. 


sects,  typical  of  the  family  Anthomyidw :  less 
commonly  in  the  perverted  form  Anthomi/-a.  it 
includes  numerous  species;  the  larvse  of  some  feed  upon 
garden  vegetables.  A.  brassica  is  the  cabbage-fly  ;  A.  tri- 
maculata  and  A.  radicum  are  turnip-flies;  A.  tuberosa  at- 
tacks potatoes. 

Anthomyidse  (an-tho-mi'i-de),  «.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Anthomyia  +  -ida ;  also  in  the  perverted  form 
Anthomy~ida;  {Anthomyzides,  Latreille).]  In 
some  systems  of  classification,  a  family  of 
dipterous  insects,  corresponding  more  or  less 
exactly  to  the  Anthomyzides  of  Latreille :  some- 
times merged  in  Muscidw. 
Anthomyza  (an  -tho  -  mi '  za),  «.  [NL.,  a  per- 
verted form  for  .4*irtowyi«.]    1.  In  en  tom.:  (a) 

Same  as  Anthomyia.  Fallen,  1810.  (6)  A  genus  anthophorous  (an-thof'o- 
of  lepidopterous  insects.    /S>«(wso»,  1833.— 2.  fl^  [<N1,.  anthopho- 

In  ornith.,  a  genus  of  meliphagine  birds,  whose 
type  is  A,  coeruleocephala  of  New  Zealand, 
named  by  Swainson  in  1837.  The  name,  being 
preoccupied  in  entomology,  was  changed  to  An- 
thornis  by  G.  E.  Gray  in  1840, 


phore.'\  1.  A  genus  of  bees,  of  the  family  JjMd<5; 
one  of  several  genera  which  collect  pollen  by- 
means  of  the  hind  tibiae,  and  which  are  known 
as  mason-bees.  A.  sponsa  is  an  example.  See 
viason-bee.—  2.  [?.  c]  Plm-al  of  anthojihorum. 
anthophore  (an'tho-for),  n.  [<  NL.  anthopho- 
rum,  prop.  neut.  of  anthophorus,  <  Gr.  avdo^opo^, 
bearing  flowers,  <  av6o^,  a  flower,  4-  -(t>6po^,  bear- 
ing, <  (pfpeiv  =  E.  bear'^.]  In  bot,  a  form  of  floral 
stipe,  produced  by  the 
elongation  of  the  inter- 
node  between  the  calyx 
and  the  corolla,  and  bear- 
ing the  corolla,  stamens, 
and  pistil,  as  in  the  catch- 
fly  (Silene).  Also  called 
anthophorum. 


r<  antholo-  -A-nthomyzidse  (an-tho-mi'zi-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
L  "    i  Anthonniza.l,  + -idw..']   Same  sls  A  nthotnyidw. 

'  "    .  '       '".  .       ;,  [NL., 

prop.  P.  pL,  equiv.  to  Anthomyzidw.']  In  La- 
treille's  system  of  classification,  a  subtribe  of 
Muscides,  corresponding  closely  to  Anthomy- 
ida.  It  is  composed  of  species  having  the  appearance 
of  common  flies,  with  4-jointed  abdomen,  non-vibratile 
wings,  and  short  antenna;  ending  in  a  long  or  linear  joint, 
with  the  seta  mostly  plumose. 


flowers  fed  on) ;  cf.  avdovofiEiv,  feed  on  flowers, 
<  avdo(;,  a  flower,  4-  ve/aeiv,  mid.  vefteadai,  feed, 
graze.]  A  genus  of  Curculionido',  or  snout- 
beetles,  comprising  nimaerous  species  of  rather 
small  size,  distributed  over  all  parts  of  the 
globe  except  the  arctic  regions.  A  few  live  in  the 
larval  state  in  the  gaUs  made  by  liomopterous,  dipterous, 


flower-gatheriug,  and  hence  a  collection  of  small  Anthonomus  (an-thon'6-mus),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

'poems,  (.avdoXdyog,  gathering  flowers,  (.avdo^,  a"" 
flower,  -f-  Myeiv  =  L.  legere,  gather,  read :  see 
lection,  legend,  etc.,  and  cf.  anthology'^.']    1.  A 
collection  of  flowers;  a  garland.    [Bare.]  — 

2.  A  collection  of  poems,  epigrams,  and  fugitive 
pieces  by  various  authors.  The  name  was  origi- 
nally given  to  Greek  collections  of  this  nature,  and  is 
hence  applied  to  any  literary  collection  similarly  made. 

3.  In  the  Gr.  Ch.,  a  selection  fi-om  several  of 
the  official  service-books  of  such  parts  of  the 
services  as  are  most  needed  by  the  laity. 

anthology^t  (an-thol'o-ji),  n.    [<  Gr.  avdoc,  a 

flower,  +  -koyia,  <  \tyuv,  speak:  see  -ology.'\  A 

treatise  on  flowers, 
antholysis  (an-thol'i-sis),  w.    [NL.,<Gr.  hvQoq, 

a  flower,  4-  /ltV<f,  a  breaking  up,  a  loosening,  < 

Xbuv,  loosen.]  In  bot.,  a  retrograde  metamor- 
phosis of  the  organs  of  a  flower,  as  of  carpels 

into  stamens,  stamens  into  petals,  etc. 
anthomania  (an-tho-ma'ni-a),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

hvdoq,  a  flower,  4-  (lavia,  mania :  see  mania.'\  An 

extravagant  fondness  for  flowers. 
Anthomedusa  (an"tho-me-du'sa),  n.     [NL.,  < 

Gr.  avUoz,  a  flower,  4-  NL.'  medusa,  q.  v.]  The 

typical  genus  of  the  family  Anthomedusidce. 
anthomedusid  (an-'tho- me-dii'sid),  n.  An 

acaleph  of  the  family  Anthdmedusidai. 
Anthomedusidse  (an"tho-me-dii'si-de),  n.  pi. 

[NL.,  <  Anthomedusa  +  -idcc.'\  In  sodl.,  a  fam- 
ily of  Hydromedusinw  (which  see)  whoso  me- 

dusee  become  free.  They  are  without  otoliths,  with 
ocelli  at  the  base  of  the  tentacles,  gonads  on  the  outer 
wall  of  the  gastral  cavity,  and  mostly  4  radial  canals. 

The  polyp-colonies  on  which  these  medusa;  bud  contain  Anthotlhilfl  ('an-thrvf 'V-lnT  «  n7 
alimentary  zooids  which  are  not  invested  by  chitinous  ■"■n^^opnua  ^an  tnol  1-la.),  n.jH. 
cups.    The  medusae  bud  mostly  on  the  ordinary  alimen- 
tary polyps,  but  exceptionally  directly  from  the  hydro- 
rhiza. 

Anthomorphidse  (an  -  tho  -  m6r '  fl  -  de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  * Anthomorpha  (?)'(<  Gr.  avOo^,  a  flower, 
-f-  fiopcj)ij,  form)  4-  -idic.']    A  family  of  Hexac- 


riis,  <  Gr.  a.vdo(p6po^,  bear- 
ing flowers:  see  antho- 
phore and -o  us.}  Bearing 
flowers. 

anthophorum  (an-thof'o- 

rum),  n. ;  pi.  anthophora 
(-ra).  [NL.]  Same  as  aw- 

thophore. 

anthophyllite  (an-tho- 
fil'it),  n.  [<  NL.  anthb- 
jihyllum,  a,  clove  (with  al- 
lusion to  the  color),  <  Gr. 
avdo^,  a  flower,  4-  (pvTilov,  leaf,  =  L.  folium :  see 
folio.}  A  mineral,  allied  to  amphibole  or  horn- 
blende, occurring  in  radiating  columnar  aggi-e- 
gates.  _  It  is  orthorhombic  in  crystallization 


Anthophore.  f  From  Gray's 
"  Genera  of  Plants  of  the 
United  States.") 

Section  of  the  flower  of 
Si/frm  Peniisyl-vanica,  en- 
lartjed,  showing  the  antho- 

ghore  \a)  within  the  calyx, 
earing  the  petals,  stamens, 
and  ovary. 


f  """^  (found  m  passive  anthophyilitic  (an"th6-fi-lit'ik),  a.     [<  antho- 

sense  avt)ovoi.oz  (proparoxytone),_  having  its    ^.UylUte  X  ic.}   Pertaiiing  to  anthophyllite,  or 


containing  it. 
Anthophysa.  (an-tho-fi'za),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  hv- 
Oo^,  a  ffowei ,  4-  (j)vaa,  a  breath,  bubble.]  A  genus 
of  pantostomatous  infusorians,  of  the  gi'oup  Di- 
■mastiga,  containing  biflagellate  monads  which 
are  united  in  colonies  of  several  zooids. 
Anthoptilidse  (an-thop-til'i-de),  n.  2)1.  [NL., 
i  Anthoptilon  + -id(e.}  A  family  of  spioateous 
pennatuloid  polyps  without  rachial  pinnules, 
with  polyps  sessile  on  both  sides  of  the  raehis 
in  distinct  rows,  and  without  cells. 
Anthoptilon  'an-thop'ti-lon),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
avOog,  flower,  4-  ktiAov,  feather,  wing.]  A  genus 
of  polyps,  representing  the  family  Anthoptilida-. 
anthorism  (an'tho-rizm),  n.  [<  NL.  anthoris- 
mus,  <  Gr.  avdofna/xdc,  counter-definition,  <  avdo- 
piC,eLv,  make  a  counter-definition,  <  dvd-,  avr-  for 
avTt,  against,  counter  to,  4-  dpi^siv,  limit,  bound, 
define :  see  horizon.]  In  rhet.,  a  description  or 
definition  contrary  to  that  which  has  been  given 
by  one's  opponent. 

anthorismus  (an-tho-riz'mus),  n.    Same  as  an- 
thorism. 

anthosiderite  (an-tho-sid'e-rit),  n.  [<  Gr.  avdoc, 
a  flower,  4-  otSijpiTrjQ,  of  iron:  see  siderite.]  A 
native  silicate  of  iron,  of  an  ocherous-yellow 
color,  inclining  to  yellowish-brown,  and  having 
a  fibrous  radiated  structure,  found  in  Brazil, 
culionid  larva;;  they  undergo  transformation  within  the  AnthOSOma  (an-tho-SO  ma),  w.  [NL.,<  Gr.  wyoc. 


Apple-curculio  ( Atithonomus  quadrigibbus'). 
a,  natural  size;  b,  lateral  view;      dorsal  view. 

or  hymenopterous  insects ;  others  live  between  the  un- 
opened leaves  of  various  trees ;  while  the  majority  infest 
the  fruit  or  seed-pods  of  plants.  The  apple-curculio,  A. 
quadrigibbus  (Say),  is  a  familiar  example,  and  is  distin- 
guished by  the  four  somewhat  prominent  tubercles  on  its 
elytra,  and  by  its  bidentate  anterior  femora.  The  larvse  of 
Anthonoimu  sxti  more  arched  dorsallythan  most  other  cur 


a  flower,  4-  cwjxa,  a  body.]  A  genus  of  sipho- 
nostomous  parasitic  crustaceans,  giving  name 
to  a  family  Anthosomidw.  A  species,  A.  smithi, 
is  found  upon  sliarks. 
Anthosomidse  (an-tho-s6'mi-de),  w  pi.  [NL., 
<  Anthosoma  4-  -idw.  ]  A  family  of  siphonosto- 
mous  parasitic  crustaceans,  typified  by  the  ge- 
nus Anthosoma. 

•      .     i-,   ^        ,       f,  ^  '  "•  NL.  ««-  anthotaxis(an-th6-tak"sis),M.  [NL.,<Gr.dv9of, 

and  long,  shghtly  contractile  tentacles  without    thophilus,  <  Gr.  avOo^,  a  flower,  4-  ft/^og,  loving.]    a  flower,  4-  rd^ic,  order,  <  rdcrCTeii', arrange,  order: 


fruit  or  pl_an  t  they  infest ;  and  they  do  not  enter  the  ground 
....  ^  [NL., neut.pl. 
of  an  thophilus :  see  anthophiloiis.']  In  Latreille's 
system  of  classification,  the  melliferous  acu- 
leate hymenopterous  insects ;  the  bees :  a  syn- 
onym of  Mellifera  (which  see).  It  is  commonly 
divided  into  the  two  families  Apidw  and  Andre- 
nid(c. 


tiniw  with  slightly  developed  muscular  system  anthophilous  (an-thof'i-lus),  a 


anthotazis 


239 


antliropogenic 


see  tactic.'\    In  hot.,  the  arrangement  of  flowers 
on  the  axis  of  growth :  same  as  infloresceyicc. 
anthotaxy  (an'tho-tak-si),  w.    Same  as  antho- 
taxis. 

anthoxanthin,  anthoxanthine  (an-tho-zan'- 

thin),  n.  [<  Gr.  avdo<;,  a  flower,  +  favfidf,  yellow 
(see  xaiithin),  +  -irfi.']  The  yellow  or  orange 
coloring  matter  of  yellow  flowers  and  fruit,  a 
modification  of  chlorophyl. 
Anthozoa  (an-tho-z6'a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
avdoc,  a  flower,  +  Cyov,  p'l.  Cya,  an  animal :  see 
zodn.l  The  flower-animals,  or  animal-flowers ; 
a  former  class  or  large  group  of  zoophytes,  in- 
exactly equivalent  to  the  modern  class  Acti- 
nosoa  (which  see).  By  some,  who  liave  included  the 
Polyzoa  under  zoophytes,  Anthozoa  has  been  made  the 
other  and  prime  division  of  zoophytes,  and  has  been  di- 
vided into  Hydroida,  Asteroida,  and  Helianthoida.  The 
Anthozoa  have  also  been  divided  into  Actiniidce,  Zoan- 
thidce,  Xeniidce,  Alcyoniidce,  Pennatulidw,  Tuhiporidce, 
Caryophyllkloe,  and  Gorgoniidce. 

anthozoan  (an-tho-zo'an),  a.  and  n.  [(.Antho- 
zoa +  -an.}    I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  the  Anthozoa;  anthozoic. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Anthozoa;  an  anthozoon. 

anthozoic  (an-tho-z6'ik),  a.  \X  Anthozoa  +  -ic.'\ 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Anthozoa;  zoophytic. 

anthozooid  (an-tho-z6'oid),  n.  [<  Anthozoa  + 
-oid.  Cf.  zodid.']  An  individual  polyp  of  a 
polypidom ;  an  actinozoou  of  the  compound  Ac- 
tinozoa,  formed  by  budding  in  a  zoanthodeme ; 


Anthozooids. 

End  of  a  branch  of  red  coral  of  commerce,  Corallinm  rubrttm, 
with  three  anthozooids,  A.  C,  in  different  degrees  of  expansion : 
k.  raouth  ;  a,  that  part  of  the  ccenosarc  which  rises  into  a  cup  around 
the  base  of  each  anthozooid. 

one  of  the  individual  zooids  borne  upon  the 
ccenosarc  of  the  compound  Zoantharia.  Thus,  in 
a  piece  of  coral  each  of  the  numerous  little  animals  which 
build  up  the  coral  mass  is  an  anthozooid. 

anthozoon  (an-tho-zo'on),  n. ;  pi.  anthozoa  (-a). 
[NL.,  sing,  of  Anthozoa.']  One  of  the  Anthozoa. 

anthracene  (an'thra-sen),  n.  [<  anthrax  (an- 
thrac-),  coal,  +  -ene.^  Ahydrocarbon  (C14H10) 
found  in  coal-tar,  and  extracted  from  the  last 
portion  of  the  distillate  from  this  substance 
by  chilling  and  pressure,  it  is  purified  by  redis- 
tillation, and  forms  white  crystalline  laminae  which  melt 
at  415°  F.  It  is  of  great  commercial  value,  being  the  base 
from  which  artificial  alizarin  is  prepared.  See  alizarin. 
Also  written  anthracin. 

anthraceniferous  (an"thra-se-nif 'e-rus),  a. 
[<  anthracene  +  -i-ferous.]  Containing  or  yield- 
ing anthracene. 

By  whatever  means  the  crude  anthraceniferous  mass 
has  been  obtained,  it  must  be  submitted  to  a  process  of 
purification.  Ure,  Diet.,  IV.  72. 

anthraces,  n.    Plural  of  anthrax. 

anthracic  (an-thras'ik),  a.  [<  anthrax  (anthrac-) 
+  -sc.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  disease  anthrax. 

Anthracidae  (an-thras'i-de),  n.  [NL.,  <  An- 
thrax {Anthrac-)  +  -idw.']  A  family  of  dipterous 
insects,  of  the  old  group  Tanystomata,  contain- 
ing the  genera  Anthrax,  Lomatia,  Bombylius, 
etc. :  now  called  Bombyliidce  (which  see). 

anthraciferous  (an-thra-sif'e-rus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
avdpa^  (civOpaK-)  for  anthracite,  q.  v.,  +  L.  ferre 
=  E.  Jeftri.]  Yielding  anthracite:  applied  to 
geological  strata. 

anthracin  (an'thra-sin),  n.    [<  anthrax  (an- 
thrac-) +  -m2.]   Same  as  anthracene. 
anthracite  (an'thra-sit),  n.  and  a.    [<  Gr.  av- 

BpaKtTijc:,  a  kind  of  precious  stone,  fern.  avOpaKiTic;, 
a  kind  of  coal;  prop,  adj.,  coal-like;  <  avdpa^ 
{avdpan-),  a  (burning)  coal,  charcoal,  stone-coal: 
see  anthrax.]  I.  n.  A  variety  of  mineral  coal 
(see  coal)  containing  but  little  hydrogen,  and 
therefore  burning  almost  without  flame.  It  is 
nearly  pure  carbon,  containing  usually  over  90  and  some- 
times as  much  as  95  per  cent,  of  that  substance.  It  is 
hard  (hence  often  called  hard  coal  in  distinction  from  soft 
or  bituminous  coal),  breaks  with  a  conchoidal  fracture, 
and  has  a  deep-black  color  and  brilliant  luster.  It  occurs 
in  large  quantity  in  eastern  Pennsylvania,  where  it  is  ex- 
tensively mined,  and  is  almost  the  exclusive  fuel  used  in 
the  large  cities  and  manufactories  of  New  York  and  New 
England.  It  also  occurs  in  the  South  Wales  coal-fields 
in  large  quaatities,  and  in  many  other  localities,  but  is 


nowhere  of  so  much  practical  importance  as  in  the  eastern 
United  States. 

II.  a.  Coal-black:  as,  the  anthracite  hawk, 
TJruhitinga  an thracina. 
anthracitic  (an-thra-sit'ik),  a.     [<  anthracite 
+  -ic]    Pertaining  to,  ha\'ing  the  nature  of,  or 
resembling  anthracite. 

In  the  neighborhood  of  these  (igneous)  rocks  the  coal 
has  been  altered  into  an  anthracitij;  material. 

Jluxley,  Physiography,  xiv. 

anthracitous  (an'thra-si-tus),  a.  [<  anthracite 
+  -ous.]  Containing  or  characterized  by  an- 
thracite.   N.  E.  D. 

anthracnose  (an-thrak'nos),  n.    [F.,  prop.  *«w- 

thraconosc,  <  Gr.  avdpa^,  a  carbuncle  (see  an- 
thrax), +  voaoc,  disease.]  A  disease  of  grape- 
vines which  affects  the  leaves,  the  young  stems, 
and  the  green  berries,  and  is  caused  by  a  fun- 
gus, Sphaceloma  ampeliniim. 

anthracoid  (an'thra-koid),  a.  [<  Gr.  avdpa^ 
(avdpaK-)  (see  anthrax)  +  eISoc,  form.]  1.  I?e- 
sembling  or  of  the  nature  of  anthi-ax. — 2.  Re- 
sembling the  precious  stone  carbimcle. 

anthracokali  (an"thra-ko-ka'li),  w.  [NL.,<  Gr. 
avdpa^  (avdpaK-),  coal,  +  NL.  cali,  kali :  see 
kali,  alkali.]  A  pharmaceutical  preparation 
made  by  adding  porphyrized  anthracite  to  a 
boiling  solution  of  caustic  potash.  Sulphur  is 
sometimes  added  with  the  coal.  It  is  used  both  internally 
and  externally  in  cases  of  scrofula,  rheumatism,  and  cer- 
tain herpetic  afltections. 

anthracolite  (an-thrak'o-lit),  n.  [<  Gr.  avdpa^ 
(avdpaK-),  coal,  +  XSoc,  stone.  Cf.  anthracite.] 
Same  as  anthraconite. 

anthracomancy  (an'thra-k5-man''''si),  n.  [<  Gr. 
avdpa^  (avdpaK-),  a  coal,  +  /javreia,  divination.] 
Divination  by  means  of  burning  coals. 

anthracometer  (an-thra-kom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr. 
avdpa^  (avdpaK-),  charcoal  (carbon),  +  fiirpov, 
measure.]  An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the 
quantity  of  carbonic  acid  present  in  any  gaseous 
mixture. 

anthracometric  (an'^thra-ko-mefrik),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  an  anthracometer,  or  to  its  use. 

anthraconite  (au-thrak'o-nit),  n.  [<  Gr.  av- 
dpoKuv,  a  heap  of  charcoal,  hot  embers  (<  avdpa^, 
charcoal),  +  -ite'^.]  The  name  given  to  varie- 
ties of  calcareous  spar  (calcite),  darkly  colored 
by  the  presence  of  carbonaceous  matter. 

Anthracosaurus  (an"thra-ko-sa'rus),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  avdpa^  (avdpaK-),  coal, '+  aaiipog,  a  lizard: 
see  saurian.]  A  genus  of  extinct  amphibians, 
of  the  order  Lahyrinthodonta,  discovered  in  the 
Carboniferous  strata  of  Scotland.  The  head 
measured  18  inches  in  length.    Huxley,  1863. 

anthracosis  (an-thra-ko'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av- 
dpa^  (avdpaK-),  coal,  + -osis.]  A  pulmonary  affec- 
tion produced  by  the  inhalation  of  coal-dust, 

as  by  colliers.  The  particles,  taken  into  the  tissues  of 
the  lungs,  are  apt  to  produce  more  or  less  inflammation 
in  the  form  of  bronchitis  or  difi'use  pneumonitis, 
anthracothere  (an'thra-ko-ther),  n.  An  ani- 
mal of  the  genus  Anthracotherium  and  family 
Anthracotheriidw. 

anthracotheriid  (an'-'thra-ko-the'ri-id),  n.  A 
hoofed  mammal  of  the  tamily  Anthracotheriidw. 

AnthracotheriidSB  (an"thra-ko-the-ri'i-de),  n. 
pi.  [NL.,  <  Anthracotherium  -i-  -ida.]  A  fam- 
ily of  fossil  omnivorous  artiodactyl  mammals, 
related  to  the  existent  pigs  and  peccaries.  It 
contains  two  subfamilies,  Hyopotaminw  and 
Anthracotheriime  (which  see). 

Anthracotheriinae  (an"thra-k5-the-ri-i'ne),  n. 
pi.  [NL.,  <  Anthracotherium  +  -inw.]  The  typi- 
cal subfamily  of  the  A  n thracotheriidce.  It  differs 
from  the  other  subfamily// i/o^oto))iuice  in  having  the  four 
upper  premolars  all  differentiated  from  the  true  molars, 
and  each  with  a  conical  crown  and  a  small  inner  lobe.  It 
contains  the  genera  Anthracotherium  (Cuvier)  and  Elo- 
therium  (Pomel),  and  perhaps  others. 

Anthracotherioidea  (an"thra-ko -the-ri-oi'- 

de-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  Anthracotherium  +  -oidea.] 
A  superfamily  group  foimded  by  Gill,  1872,  for 
the  reception  of  the  family  Anthracotheriidce. 
Anthracotherium  (an"thra-ko-the'ri-imi),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  avdpa^  (avdpaK-),  coal,  +  dr/piov,  a  wild 
beast,  <  drjp,  a  wild  beast.]  The  typical  genus 
of  the  Anthracotheriime  and  Anthracotheriidw 
(which  see) :  so  called  from  having  been  found 
in  the  Miocene  anthracite  or  lignite  of  Tuscany. 

The  extinct  .  .  .  Anthracotherium  .  .  .  had  the  typical 
dental  formula  [of  artiodactyls],  and  this  is  preserved  in 
the  existing  representative  of  the  non-ruminant  artiodac- 
tyles,  the  hog.  Owen,  Comp.  Anat.,  III.  343. 

anthraquinone  (an"thra-kwi-n6n'),  n.  f< 
thra(cene)  +  quinone.]    A  product  (C14H8O2) 
obtained  from  anthracene  by  the  action  of  oxi- 
dizing agents.  From  it  alizarin  is  prepared. 

anthrax  (an'thraks),  M. ;  pi.  awttraces  (an'thra- 
sez).    [<  L.  anthrax,  a  virulent  ulcer,  carbun- 


cle, also  cinnabar,  <  Gr.  avOpa^,  a  (burning)  coal, 
a  precious  stone,  a  virulent  ulcer;  origin  uncer- 
tain.] 1.  In  pathol.,  a  carbuncle  of  any  sort. 
See  phrases  below. —  2.  {_ca}).]  [NL.]  A  genus 
of  dipterous  insects,  giving  name  to  a  family 
Anthracidw  (which  see) :  now  placed  in  liomby- 
liidw. —  3.  Lithanthrax,  or  pit- or  stone-coal. — 

Malignant  anthrax,  a  destructive  infectious  disease  of 
brutes,  and  sometimes  of  man,  which  is  associated  with  and 
seems  to  depend  upon  the  jiresence  in  the  blood  and  tissues 
of  a  minute  organism,  Ilacillnnanthrarin,  Also  called  »•/</«- 
nic  fever,  carbuncular fever,  cartxincle,  malif/nnnt  piisttile, 
wool-sorters' diseaxe,  charbon,  inilzlirand. — Symptomatic 
anthrax,  an  infectious  and  usually  fatal  disease,  nut  un- 
common in  cattle.  It  is  characterized  by  hemon  hage  into 
the  subcutaneous  and  intermuscular  areolar  tissues  of  the 
limljs,  and  exhibits  a 
^  bacillus  distinct  from 

^^""S^  jif''^^  jiWi         ihe  Bacillus  anthracin. 

|k  J^3k.      Also    called  quarter- 

r — "^^^    \  3_ evil,  quarter-iU,  black- 

A  ,  ^j-—^;     leff,  black  quarter,  black 

I  ^fe^^^sE     spaul,  bloody  murrain, 

il  L  raitsehbrand. 

i             n     ^^^^  Anthrenus  (an- 

Jk    .        yj        i^^^^^  thre'nus),ri.  [NL., 

'^m^  <  Gr.  avdpT/v?!,  a 

,   ,  hornet,  wasp;  cf. 

Beetle  and  pupa,  magnified.  avdpn6c>V,  a  hornet, 

-Evtipy/VT],  rei'dprjnuv, 
a  hornet,  orig.  any  buzzing  insect ;  cf.  drone. 
See  Andrenidw.]  A  notable  genus  of  beetles, 
of  the  family  Dermesiidw,  certain  species  of 
which  are  well  known  as  museum  pests.  Such 

are  A.  varius  (Fabricius)  and  A.  inusceorum ,  small  gray 
species  spotted  with  brown,  which  do  great  injury  to  col- 
lections of  natural  history.  A.  scrophularice,  a  larger  spe- 
cies, black,  red,  and  white,  is  known  as  the  carpet-beetle 
and  buffalo-bug,  and  is  very  destructive  to  carpets  and 
other  woolen  fabrics.    See  cut  under  carpet-heetle. 

anthribid  (an'thri-bid),  n.    A  beetle  of  the 

family  Anthrihidw. 

Anthribidse  (an-thrib'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Av^ 
thrihxts  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  rhynchophorous 
Coleoptera,  typified  by  the  genus  Anthrihus. 
These  snout-beetles  have  a  strong  fold  on  the  inner  face 
of  each  elytron,  the  pygidium  in  Ijoth  sexes  undii  ided  and 
normal,  the  last  spiracle  uncovered,  the  tibia;  not  serrate, 
and  the  straight  antenna;  with  10  or  11  joints. 

Anthribus  (an'thri-bus),  n.  [NL.  (Geoffrey, 
1764),  also  AnthribidusaTidAnthotribidus,  appar. 
<  Gr.  avdoc,  a  flower;  the  second  element  is  not 
clear.]  A  genus  of  rhynchophorous  beetles, 
giving  name  to  the  family  Anthrihidw. 

anthropic  (an-throp'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avdpuTTtKog, 
of  man,  human,  <  avdpuTTog,  a  man,  a  human  be- 
ing; perhaps  for  *av6pwTroc;,  lit.  having  a  human 
face  or  appearance,  <  av)/p  (avdp-),  a  man,  -f-  ijTp 
(loir-),  face,  countenance,  eye :  see  andro-  and 
optic]  Belonging  to  man;  manlike;  spnmg 
from  man ;  hiunan. 

If  we  leave  the  region  of  formulas  and  go  back  to  the 
practical  effect  of  religion  on  human  conduct,  we  must 
be  driven  to  the  conclusion  that  the  future  of  religion  is 
to  be.  Hot  only  what  every  real  religion  has  ever  been, 
anthropomorphic,  but  frankly  anthropic. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXV.  451. 

anthropical  (an-throp'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  an- 
thropic. 

Anthropida(an-throp'i-da),  n.j>Z.  [NL.]  Same 

as  Anthrojwidea. 
Anthropidae  (an-throp'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 

avdpuTTog,  a  man,  a  human  behig,  -t-  -idw.]  The 
human  race,  zoologically  rated  as  a  family  of 
the  superfamily  Anthropoidea ;  the  Eominidw 
(which  see).  The  family  contains  the  single 
genus  and  species  man  (Homo  sapiens). 

anthropo-.  [<  Gr.  avdpuTrog,  a  man,  a  human  be- 
ing: see  anthropic]  The  first  element  of  many 
compound  words  of  Greek  origin,  meaning  man. 

anthropobiology  (an'thro-po-bi-oro-ji),  n. 
[<  Gr.  avdpu~og,  man,  +  biology.]  Anthropol- 
ogy; the  biology  of  man;  the  life-history  of 
man,  in  a  broad  sense. 

To  this  extensive  study,  the  old  anthropology,  .  .  .  we 
may  apply  the  tenn  Anthropo-biolorry ,  or  the  biology  of 
man.  Smith.'sonian  Pep.,  1881,  p.  499. 

anthropocentric  (an^thro-po-sen'trOs),  a.  [< 
Gr.  avdpu-oc,  man,  +  Ktvrpov,  center,  H-  -ic] 
Regarding  man  as  the  central  fact  of  creation ; 
assuming  man  to  be  the  final  aim  and  end  of 
creation. 

anthropogenesis  (an^ttrc-po-jeu'e-sis),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  avdpu~og,  man,  +  ■jtvsatg,  genera- 
tion.] The  genesis,  origination,  or  evolution  of 
man:  appUed  both  to  the  development  of  the 
indi%'idual  (ontogenesis)  and  the  development 
of  the  race  (phylogenesis).  Also  called  anthro- 
poqony,  a  u  th  ropof/eny. 

anthropogenetic  (aii  thro-po-je-net'ik),  a.  [< 
anthropogenesis.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  anthro- 
pogenesis. 

anthropogenic  (an'''thro-po-jen'ik).  a.  [<  an- 
thropogeny.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  anthropogeny. 


anthropogenist 

anthropogenist  (an-thro-poj'e-nist),  n.  [<  an- 
thropo(jeiuj  +  -ist.']  An  adherent  of  modern 
biological  doctrines  raspeeting  anthropogeny. 

anthropogeny  (an-thro-poj  '  e-ni),  n.    [As  if 

<  Gr.  *art)p(j7vo-i  t  veia,  <  avdpuTvo-)  evrj<;,  born  of  man, 

<  avdpu-og,  man,  +  >(i'of,  birth.]  1.  Same  as 
aitthropogeuesis. —  2.  The  sum  of  human  know- 
ledge concerning  the  development  of  man. 
Also  called  anthropogoiuj. 

In  this  mighty  "war  of  culture,"  affecting  as  it  does 
tlie  wliole  history  of  the  World,  and  in  which  we  may  well 
deem  it  an  honour  to  take  part,  no  better  ally  than  Anthru- 
pogeny  can,  it  seems  to  me,  be  brought  to  the  assistance  of 
struggling  truth. 

Hacckel,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  Pref.,  p.  x.\iii. 

anthropoglot  (an'thro-po-glot),  n.  [<  Gr. 
avtipuTToy'AuTTO^,  avdpuTro-j'Auaaog,  having  man's 
tongue, <  avdpuTToc,  man,  +  ylCiaaa z=  Attic  ylurra, 
the  tongue :  see  gloss,  glottis.']  An  animal  which 
has  a  tongue  resembling  that  of  man,  as  the 
parrot. 

anthropogony  (an-thro-pog'o-ni),  n.  [<  Gr. 
avdpuTTo^orta,  the  begetting  of  inen,  the  origin  of 
men,  <  avdpuTrog,  man,  +  -yovog,  <  -j/  *y£v,  produce. 
Cf.  theogony.']    1.  Same  as  anthropogenesis. 

The  word  anthropogontj,  used  first  by  Josephus,  means 
.  .  .  only  "the  generation  of  man." 

Haeckel,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  II.  459. 
2.  Same  as  anthropogeny,  2. 

anthropography  (an-thro-pog'ra-fi),  n.  [=  F. 
anthropographie,  <  Gr.  avtipu-o^  +  -ypaipia,  <  ypd- 
(jiEiv,  write,  describe.  Cf.  Gr.  avdpuToypdfog,  a 
painter  of  men,  a  portrait-painter.]  A  descrip- 
tion of  man  or  of  the  human  race;  more  par- 
ticularly, that  branch  of  anthropology  which 
treats  of  the  actual  distribution  of  the  varieties 
of  the  human  race,  as  distinguished  by  physical 
character,  institutions,  and  customs,  including 
language.    See  ethnography. 

anthropoid  (an'thi-o-poid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr. 
avdpuTroecdijc,  like  a  man,  in  human  shape,  < 
avdpuTroc,  a  man,  +  ftrSof,  form,  shape.]  I.  a.  1. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  superfamily  Anthro- 
poidea;  man-like;  human  or  simian  in  a  zoo- 
logical sense :  applied  to  all  monkeys  as  well  as 
to  man,  as  distinguished  from  the  lemuroid  or 
■pmsiToi&u  Primates. —  2.  More  specifically,  re- 
sembling man,  or  man-like,  as  one  of  the  higher 
monkeys  or  apes,  as  distinguished  from  lower 
monkeys:  applied  to  the  apes  of  the  family 
Simiidw,  as  restricted  to  include  only  the  go- 

Tilla,  chimpanzee,  orang,  and  gibbon,  these  be- 
ing commonly  known  as  the  anthropoid  apes. 

The  gorilla  is  now  generally  regarded  as  the  most  human 
of  the  anthropoid  apes.  H.  A.  NichoUon. 

II,  n.  An  anthropoid  animal;  one  of  the 
higher  monkeys;  an  ape. 

Chronologically  this  [called  by  French  archieologists  the 
Epoch  of  Rolienhausen]  is  regarded  as  the  first  epoch  of 
the  appearance  of  man  on  the  globe,  the  previous  imple- 
ment-using animals  being  probably  anthropoids. 

Science,  IV.  438. 

anthropoidal  (an-thro-poi'dal),  a.  Of  anthi-o- 
poid  natirre  or  structure.    N.  E.  D. 

.Anthropoidea  (an-thro-poi'de-a),  n.  pi.  [NL. : 
see  anthropoid.]  In  zodl.,  one  of  two  sub- 
orders, the  other  being  Lemuroidea,  into  which 
the  order  Primates  has  been  divided.  The  group 
contains  man  and  monkeys,  as  distinguished  from  the 
lemurs.  Their  zoological  characters  are  :  a  cerebrum  with 
its  posterior  lobe  much  developed  and  wholly  or  mostly 
covering  the  cerebellum ;  a  lacrymal  foramen  within  the 
orbit ;  an  orbit  completed  by  suture  of  the  malar  and  ali- 
sphenoid  bones;  ears  rounded,  with  a  distinct  lobule;  and, 
in  the  female,  strictly  pectoral  teats,  undivided  uterus, 
and  an  imperforate  clitoris.    Also  written  Anthropida. 

-Anthropoides  (an-thro-poi'dez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
avdpu7Toei6r/g,  like  a  man:  see  anthropoid.']  1. 
In  ornith.,  a  genus  of  cranes,  of  the  family 
Gruidw,  based  by  VieUlot  in  1816  upon  the  Nii- 
inidian  crane  or  demoiselle,  A.  virgo.  it  is  some- 
times restricted  to  this  species;  somethnes  extended  to 
the  Stanley  crane,  A.  (Tetraptenjj:)  paradiseu.t  or  stanley- 
anus;  and  sometimes  made  to  cover  the  crown-cranes  of 
the  genus  Balearica  (which  see).  The  synonyms  of  An- 
thropoides  proper  are  :  Otus  (Barrfere,  174.5),  Scops  (Moeh- 
ring,  1752),  Bihia  (Leach,  about  1818),  and  Philorchemon 
(Gloger,  1842). 

2.  [Used  as  a  plural.]  In  0od7.,  a  name  given  by 
Haeckel  to  the  anthropoid  apes:  synonymous 
with  Anthropoidea. 

anthropolatry  (an-thro-pora-tri),  n.  [=  F. 
anthropoldtrie,  <  Gr.  uvdpuiro'AaTpeia,  man-wor- 
ship, <  avdpuirog,  man,  +  'Aaxpda,  worship,  ser- 
vice: see  to  <nrt.  a.  idolatry.]  The  worship  of 
man ;  the  paying  of  divine  honors  to  a  human 
being,  it  was  charged  by  the  early  C'liristians  upon  the 
pagans,  and  by  them,  in  return,  charged  upon  the  Chris- 
tians, because  of  their  worship  of  Christ.  Tlie  word,  how- 
ever, is  better  known  from  its  employment  by  the  Apolli- 
narians  against  the  orthodox  Christians  of  the  fourtli  and 
fifth  centuries,  who  held  the  doctrine  of  the  perfect  hu- 
man nature  of  Clrrist. 


240 

anthropolite  (an-throp'o-lit),  «.  [=  F.  anthro- 
polithe,  <  Gr.  avdpuiTo^,  man,  +  a  stone.] 

A  petrifaction  of  the  human  body  or  skeleton, 
or  of  parts  of  the  body,  produced  by  the  in- 
crusting  action  of  calcareous  waters,  and  there- 
fore not  a  true  fossil, 
anthropolithic  (an"thro-p6-lith'ik),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  anthropolites ;  characterized  by 
the  preseaice  of  petrified  human  remains. 

This  much,  however,  is  certain,  that  the  true  develop- 
ment of  human  culture  dates  only  from  the  Anthropo- 
lithic Epocli.  Haeckel,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  II.  10. 

anthropologic  (an"thr6-p6-loj  'ik),  a.  [<  an- 
thropology +  -ic;  =¥.  anth'ropologique.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  anthropology;  of  the  nature  of 
anthropology. 

Such  subtle  anthropologic  wisdom  as  the  Ode  on  the  In- 
timations of  Immortality.  Kingsley,  Misc.,  I.  219. 

anthropological  (an"thro-po-lo,i'i-kal),  a.  Per- 
taining or  relating  to  anthropology;'  or  the  nat- 
ural history  of  man:  as,  anthropological  f&ats; 
the  Anthropological  Society, 
anthropologist  (an-thro-pol'o-jist),  n.  [<  an- 
thropology +  -ist.]  One  who  studies  or  is  versed 
in  anthropology, 
anthropology  (an-thro-pol'o-ji),  n.  [=F.  an- 
thropologic, <  Gr.  as  if  *avdpuno'^oyia,  a  speaking 
of  man,  <  avOpuTvoMyog,  speaking  of  man,  <  avdpu- 
TTOf,  man,  +  Aeyecv,  speak:  see  -ology.]  1.  The 
science  of  man  or  of  mankind,  it  includes  the 

study  of  man's  agreement  vvitli  and  divergence  from  other 
animals ;  of  his  physical  structure  and  intellectual  nature ; 
of  the  various  tribes  of  men  with  reference  to  their  origin,' 
customs,  etc. ;  and  of  the  general  physical  and  mentai 
development  of  the  human  race.  Anthropology  thus  in- 
cludes physiology,  psychology,  sociology,  ethnology,  etc., 
putting  under  contribution  all  sciences  which  have  man 
for  their  object.  By  some  it  has  been  divided  into  — (a) 
zoological  anthropology,  which  investigates  man's  relations 
to  the  brute  creation  ;  (li)  descriptive  a nthropologi/,  or  ethnol- 
ogy, which  describes  the  divisions  and  groups  of  mankind ; 
(c)  general  anthropolvgg,  or,  as  M,  Broca  calls  it,  "the  biol- 
ogy of  the  human  race."  As  a  department  of  systematic 
theology,  antlirnpology  deals  with  questions  relating  to 
the  origin,  nature,  original  condition,  and  fall  of  man,  and 
especially  to  the  doctrines  of  sin  and  free  agency. 
2.  A  treatise  on  the  science  of  man. — Sf.  An- 
thropomorphism (which  see), 
anthropomancy  (an'thro-po-man'-'si),  n.  [=  F. 
anthropomancie,  <  Gr.  avdpunog,  man,  +  pavreia, 
divination.  Cf.  necromancy.]  Divination  by 
inspecting  the  entrails  of  a  human  being, 
antnropometer  (an-thro-pom'e-ter),  w.  [<  an- 
thropometry. Ct.  geometer.]  One  who  studies 
or  practises  anthropometry. 

As  he  stands  before  us  now,  man  is  an  animal  ...  ex- 
hibiting in  his  adult  form  those  characteristics  which  en- 
gage the  attention  of  the  anatomist,  tlie  pliysiologist,  and 
the  anthropometer.  Smithsonian  Rep.,  1881,  p.  499. 

anthropometric  (an  "  thro  -  po  -  met '  rik),  a.  [< 
anthropometry  +  -ic]  Pertaining  or  relating 
to  the  proportions  of  the  human  body ;  relating 
to  anthropometry. 

Over  a  hundred  anthropometric  observations  were  taken 
on  indivi<luals  of  all  ages  and  both  sexes.   Science,  III.  ICS. 

anthropometrical  (an'thro-po-mefri-kal),  a. 
[<  aniliropometric  +  -al.]  'Sarne  as  anthropo- 
metric. 

anthropometrically  (an"thro-po-met'ri-kal-i), 
ado.  In  an  anthropometric  nianiier;  by  means 
of  anthropometry, 
anthropometry  (an-thro-pom'e-tri),  n.  [=  F. 
anthropometric,  <  Gr.  avdpunog,  man,  +  -perpia,  < 
ptTpov,  measure.]  The  measurement  of  the 
human  body ;  the  department  of  the  science  of 
anthropology  which  relates  to  the  proportions 
of  the  human  body,  either  in  indi-vdduals  or  in 
tribes  and  races. 
Anthropomorpha  (an'''thr9-p9-m6r'fa,),  ti.  pi. 
[NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  anthropomorphtis :  see  anthro- 
pomorpjhous.]  A  group  of  anthropoid  apes,  the 
simians,  equivalent  to  the  family  Simiidce.  See 
ape,  3. 

anthropomorphic  (an'thro-po-mor'fik),  a.  [As 
anthropomorjjhoiis  +  -ic]  1.  Relating  to  or 
characterized  by  anthropomorphism:  as,  «»- 
thropomorphic  conceptions  of  Deity. 

We  everywhere  see  fading  away  the  anthropomorphic 
conception  of  the  Unknown  Cause. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  111. 
The  curiously  anthropomorphic  idea  of  stones  being  hus- 
bands and  wives,  and  even  having  chikiien,  is  familiar  to 
the  Fijians  as  it  is  to  the  Peruvians  and  tlie  Lapps. 

E.  B.  Tylor,  Prim.  Culture,  II.  149. 
2.  Resembling  man ;  approaching  man  in  type ; 
anthropoid:  as,  anthropomorphic  2k^e.s. 
anthropomorphical  (an"thro-p9-m6r'fi-kal), 
a.  Of  anthropomorphic  character  or  tendency. 
[Rare.] 

anthropomorphically    (an "  thro  -po  -  mor '  fi  - 

kal-i),  adv.    In  an  anthropomorphic  manner ; 
in  or  as  of  the  human  form. 


anthropomorphous 

The  treatment  he  has  received  — either  from  his  fellow- 
beings  or  from  a  power  which  he  is  prone  to  think  of  an- 
thropomorphically.     H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  518. 

anthropomorphism  (an"thro-po-m6r'fizm),  n. 
[As  an  thropomorjjhoiis  +  -isin.]  '  1.  The  ascrip- 
tion of  human  attributes  to  supernatui-al  or 
divine  beings;  in  thcol.,  the  conception  or  rep- 
resentation of  God  with  human  qualities  and 
affections,  or  in  a  human  shape.  Anthropomor- 

pliism  is  founded  in  man's  inability  to  conceive  beings 
above  himself  otherwise  than  in  his  own  likeness.  It  de- 
termines the  growth  and  form  of  all  human  religions,  from 
the  lowest  up  to  the  highest :  as  where  the  Scriptures  speak 
of  the  eye,  the  ear,  and  the  hand  of  God,  of  his  seeing  and 
hearing,  of  his  remembering  and  forgetting,  of  his  making 
man  in  his  own  image,  etc. 

Although  Milton  was  undoubtedly  a  high  Arian  in  his 
mature  life,  he  does,  in  the  necessity  of  poetry,  give  a 
greater  objectivity  to  the  Father  and  the  Son  than  he 
would  have  justified  in  argument.  He  was  wise  in  adopt- 
ing the  strong  anthropomorphism  of  the  Hebrew  Scrip- 
tures at  once.  Coleridge,  Table-Talk,  p.  293. 

2.  The  conception  of  animals,  plants,  or  nature 
in  general,  by  analogy  with  man:  commonly 
implying  an  imscientilic  use  of  such  analogy. 

Descartes  .  .  .  deserted  the  old  moderate  view  which 
affirmed  that  between  the  highest  psychical  powers  of  man 
and  brutes  there  is  a  certain  natural  likeness  and  analogy, 
and  gave  rise  to  the  notion  that  animals  are  nothing  but 
wonderfully  complex  machines  — an  error  naturally  re- 
sulting in  the  opposite  one  now  so  prevalent  — the  error, 
namely,  that  there  is  a  substantial  identity  between  the 
brute  soul  and  the  soul  of  man  —  biological  anthropomor- 
phism. Mivart. 

anthropomorphist  (an'thro-po -mor 'fist),  n. 
[As  anthrop>omorphous  +  -ist.]  One  who  attrib- 
utes human  foi-m  or  qualities  to  beings  other 
than  man;  especially,  one  who  in  thought  or 
speech  invests  the  Deity  with  human  form  and 
attributes;  an  anthropomorphite. 

What  anthropomorphists  we  are  in  this,  that  we  cannot 
let  moral  distinctions  be,  but  must  mould  theminto  human 
shape!  Emerson,  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVI.  414. 

anthropomorphite  (an'thro-po-mor'fit),  n.  and 
a.  [<  LL.  anthropomorphitce,  pi.,  <  Gr.  *a.vdpuito- 
popfirai,  pi.,  heretics  who  believed  in  a  God 
of  human  form,  <  av6puTT6pop<po<;,  anthropomor- 
phous: see  antliropomorphous.]  I.  n.  One  who 
believes  that  the  Supreme  Being  exists  in  hu- 
man form,  with  human  attributes  and  passions ; 
an  anthropomorphist;  specifically,  one  of  an 
ancient  religious  sect  who  held  such  views.  See 
Audian. 

Though  few  profess  themselves  anthropomorphites,  yet 
we  may  find  many  amongst  the  ignorant  of  that  opinion. 

Locke. 

=  SjTl.  Anthropomorphite,  Anthropomorphist.    The  for- 
mer is  properly  one  who  attributes  a  human  body  to  God, 
the  latter  one  who  attributes  to  him  human  passions. 
II,  a,  Anthropomorphitic. 

anthropomorphitic,  anthropomorphitical 

(an"thro-po-m6r-fit'ik,  -i-kal),  a.  [<  LL.  anthro- 
pomorp'hiticus,  <  anthropomorphitce,  anthropo- 
morphites: see  anthropomorphite.]  Pertaining 
to  or  characterized  by  anthropomoi-phism, 
anthropomor  phitism  (an "  thro  -  po  -  mor '  fi  - 
tizm),  n.  [<  anthropomorphite  +  -is7n.]  The 
doctrines  of  anthropomorphites ;  anthropomor- 
phism. 

anthropomorphize  (an''''thro-po-m6r'fiz),  v.  t. ; 
pret.  and  pp.  anthropomorphized,  ppr.  anthropo- 
morphizing. [As  an  thropomorphous  +  -ize.]  To 
invest  with  human  qualities. 

The  Pelasgian  Zeus  became  the  head  of  the  new  Olym- 
pus, and  a  completely  anthropomorphized  god. 

The  Nation,  Sept.  23,  1869,  p.  255. 

Even  with  Homer  the  age  of  Creation  has  ceased,  the 
age  of  criticism  and  scepticism  has  begun.  At  any  rate, 
the  gods  have  strayed  far  away  from  the  region  to  which 
by  nature  they  belong.  They  have  become  anthropomor- 
phized. Keary,  Prim.  Belief,  p.  155. 

anthropomorphology  (an  thro  -  po  -mor-fol  '- 
o-ji),  n.  [<  (Jr.  dvdpuTr6fiop<po(;,  of  liuman  form 
(see  anthropomorphous),  +  -loyia,  <  Myav, 
speak:  see  -ology.]  The  use  of  anthropomor- 
phic language.  N.  E.  D. 
anthropomorphosis  (an'''thro-p9-m6r-f6'sis  or 
-mor'fo-sis),  n. ;  pi.  ahthropomorphoses  (-sez). 
[<  Gr.  as  if  '"'uydpuiropop^uaic:,  <  avOpoinopopipdeLV, 
clothe  inhuman  iorm,  <  avdpuTT6pop<po(;,  in  human 
form:  see  anthropomorphous.]  Transformation 
into  human  shape.  Baring-Gould. 
anthropomorphotheist  (an'thro  -  po  -  mor  -  f  6- 
the'ist),  n.  [<  Gr.  dvdpowopopipoc,  of  human 
form,  +  deog,  God,  +  -ist:  see  antltropomorphous 
and  theist.]  One  who  conceives  God  as  having 
human  attributes.  Coues,  Buddhist  Catechism, 
p.  .56. 

anthropomorphous   (an'thro-po-mor'fus),  a. 

[<  NL.  anthropomorpihus,  <  Gr.  av6puTr6pop(f)oc,  of 
human  form,  <  avdpunog,  man,  +  iJ-op<j)ri,  form.] 


anthropomorphous 

Anthropomorphic  ;  anthropoid  in  form :  as,  an 

anthropomorphous  ape.  Huxley. 
anthroponomical  (an  "  thro  -  po  -  nom '  i  -  kal),  a. 

[<  anthroponomy  +  -ical.']  'Concerned  with  the 

laws  which  regulate  human  action.    N.  E.  I). 
anthroponomy  (an-thro-pon'o-mi),  n.    \_z=  P. 

anthrojjonoinie,  <  Gr.  avdpunoc,  man,  +  vofio^,  law : 

see  nome'^.']   The  science  of  the  laws  which  gov- 
ern himian  action. 

anthropopathic  (an^thro-po-path'ik),  a.    [<  anthropophuism 


241 

Thfi  extent  to  which  anthropophagy  has  been  carried 
among  some  nations  is,  no  doubt,  mainly  due  to  the  in- 
dulgence of  the  appetite  once  aroused. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  IV.  808. 

anthropophobia  (an'thro-po-f 6'bi-a),  n.  [<  Gr. 
avdpoTTog,  man,  +  -(pofiia,  <  0o/3«(jj,  fear.]  Aver- 
sion to  man ;  dread  of  meeting  persons. 

He  has  anthropophobia,  being  afraid  to  meet  any  one 
about  the  house.  Alien,  and  Neurol.,  VI.  144. 


antiadltis 

There  are  numerous  species,  much  resembling  one  an- 
other, all  being  small,  brown,  spotted  and  atreaiced  birds 
with  slender  bill  and  lengthened  hind  claw,  and  the  point 
of  the  wmg  formed,  in  the  typical  species,  by  tlie  first  four 
primaries.  Tliey  are  of  terrestrial  habits,  in  this  and  some 
other  respects  resembling  larks.  The  best-known  Euro- 
pean species  are  A.  pratenns,  the  meadow-pipit;  A.  or- 


anthropopathy  +  -ic]  Pertaining  to  anthro- 
popathy ;  possessing  or  subject  to  human  pas- 
sions. 

anthropopathical  (an'-'thro-po-path'i-kal),  a. 

Same  as  antliroponathic. 
anthropopathically  (an'thro-po-path'i-kal-i), 
adv.  In  an  anthropopathic  manner;  as  pos- 
sessing human  passions, 
anthropopathism  (an-thro-pop'a-thizm),  n.  [< 
anthropopathy  +  -ism.']  i.  The  ascription  of 
human  passions  to  supernatural  beings,  espe- 
cially to  the  Supreme  Being.  Also  called  an- 
thropopathy.—2.  An  expression  containing  or 
implying  such  ascription. 

Like  the  Chaldee  paraphrasts,  he  [Abu  Said]  resolves  an- 
thropopathisms,  employs  euphemisms,  and  makes  several 
minor  alterations. 
T.  U.  Home,  Introd.  to  Study  of  Holy  Scriptures,  II.  79 


(an-thro-pof 'u-izm),  n. 


[Prop.  *anthroj)ophyism,  <  6r.  avdpuno<pvii^,  of 
man's  nature  (<  avdpunog,  man,  4-  ^vij,  nature,  < 
^WLV,  produce,  in  pass,  grow),  -I-  -ism.]  That 
conception  of  the  gods  which  attributes  to  them 
the  possession  of  functions  and  desires  similar 
to  those  of  human  beings. 

The  J upiter  of  Homer  is  to  be  regarded  ...  as  the  re- 
ceptacle and  butt  of  the  principal  parts  of  such  earthly, 
sensual,  and  appetitive  elements  as,  at  the  time  of  Homer, 
anthropophuism  had  obtruded  into  tlie  sphere  of  deity. 

Gladntom,  Studies  in  Homer,  II.  174. 


anthropophuistic  (an-thro-pof-u-is'tik),  a. 
[As  anthropophuism  +  -ist-'ic]  Eelating  to  or 
characterized  by  anthropophuism. 

That  introduction  of  the  female  principle  into  the 
sphere  of  deity,  which  the  Greeks  seem  to  have  adopted, 
after  their  anthropophuistic  manner,  with  a  view  to  the 
family  order  among  the  Immortals, 
anthropopathite  (an-thro-pop'a-thit),  n.  '[<  an-  ^  Gladstone,  studies  in  Homer,  II.  51. 

thropopathy  +  -ite'^.]  A  beUever  in  anthropop-  antnropophysite  (an-thro-pof 'i-sit),  n.  [<  Gr. 
athism;  one  who  ascribes  human  passions  to  °'fP"'^of!  man,  -I-  (j>v(SL<;,  nature,  +  -ife2.]  One 
the  Deity.  '^^'^  ascribes  a  human  nature  to  the  gods. 

Man  so  habitually  ascribes  to  his  deities  human  shape,   a^j.vI.™!^''-'*!.  /     //^.i.  -    -    •  -„ 

human  passions,  human  nature,  that  we  may  declare  him  AnT'^ropopitneCUS  (an"tiu'0-po-pi-the'kus),  n. 
A.,n,        — ^„,j,„„  .^u.:.  —       [NL.,  <  Gr.  avdpuTToc,  man,  +  niOrjKog,  ape:  see 


111  •'2V'''' 

Pipit,  or  Titlark  [Anthus  ludtrvtcianus). 


an  Anthropomorphite,  an  Anthropopathite,  and  (to  com 
plete  the  series)  an  Authropophysite. 

E.  B.  Tylor,  Prim.  Culture,  II.  224. 

anthropopathy  (an-thro-pop'a-thi),  n.  [=  F. 
anthropopathie,  <  Gr.  av'dpuTTonddua,  humanity, 

<  avdpuTTOTrad^g,  with  human  feelings,  <  avOpcjiro^, 
man,  +  Trddoc,  feeling,  affection,  suffering:  see 
pathos.]    Same  as  anthropopathism,  1. 

In  its  recoil  from  the  gross  anthropopathy  of  the  vulgar 
notions,  it  falls  into  the  vacuum  of  absolute  apathy.  Hare. 

anthropophagi,  n.    Plural  of  anthropophagus. 
anthropophagic  (an"thro-p9-faj'ik),  a.    [<  Gr. 
*avdpuno(payiK.6g  (implied  in  adv.  avdpu7ro<pa}'iKu^), 

<  avdpuKO(j>a-yog:  See  anthropophagus.]  Eelating 
to  or  practising  cannibalism. 

anthropophagical  (an*thro-po-faj'i-kal),  «. 
Same  as  anthropophagic. 
anthropophaginian  (an-thro-pof-a-jin'i-an),  n. 
[<  antliropopjhagus,  q.  v.,  +'  -in-idn.]    A"  man- 
eater;  a  cannibal.  [Humorous.] 
He'll  speak  like  an  Anthropophaginian  unto  thee. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  \V.,  iv.  5. 

anthropophagism  (an-thro-pof 'a- jizm),  w.  [As 
anthropophagous  +  -ism^]  The  practice  or 
custom  of  eating  human  flesh;  cannibalism. 
N.  E.  D.  [Rare.] 

anthropophagist  (an-thro-pof'a-jist),  n.  [As 
anthropophagous  +  -ist.]  One  who  eats  human 
flesh;  a  cannibal.    N.  E.  B.  [Rare.] 

anthropophagistic  (an-thro-pof-a-jis'tik),  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  the  anthro- 
pophagi; cannibalistic.  Southey. 

Evidences  of  [the  prehistoric  cave-men's]  occasional  lit- 
tle anthropophagistic  failings,  in  the  shape  of  scraped  and 
chipped  human  bones,  ...  are  not  infrequent. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVI.  205. 

f^^:       -  Pof '  a  -  jit),  n.    [As  anthropnrgic  (an-thi-o-per 'jik),  a 


a  can- 


Fithecus.]  A  genus  of  anthropoid  apes,  of  the 
family  Simiidw  and  subfamily  Simiince,  con- 
taining only  the  chimpanzee :  proposed  by  De 
Blainville  as  a  substitute  for  Troglodytes  (Geof- 
fi'oy),  preoccupied  in  ornithology.  Both  these 
names  are  antedated  by  Mimetes  (Leach,  1819). 
anthroposcopy  (an-thro-pos'ko-pi),  n.  [<  Gr. 
avdpuTTog,  man,  +  -cKoiria,  <  ckotteIv,  view.]  The 
art  of  discovering  or  judging  of  character,  pas- 
sions, and  inclinations  from  the  lineaments  of 
the  body.  Craig. 

anthroposophist  (an'^thro-pos'o-fist),  «.  [< 
anthroposophy  +  -ist.]  One  fm-nished  with  the 
wisdom  of  men.  Kingsley.  (N.  E.  D.) 
anthroposophy  (an  -  thro  -  pos '  o  -fi),  n.  [<  Gr. 
avdpunog,  man,  +  aofia,  'wisdom,  <  ao(t>6g,  wise. 
Cf.  theosophy.]  Knowledge  of  the  nature  of 
man;  acquaintance  with  man's  structure  and 
functions,  comprehending  anatomy  and  physi- 
ology. 

anthropotomical  (an'''thi-6-p6-tom'i-kal),  a. 
[As  anthropotomy  +  -jc-'aZ.]'  Pertaining  to 
anthropotomy,  or  the  dissection  of  the  numan 
body. 

anthropotomist  (an-thro-pot'o-mist),  n.  [As 
anthropjotomy  +  -ist.]  'An  anatomist  of  the 
human  body.  Otven. 
anthropotomy  (an-thro-pot'o-mi),  n.  [<  Gr. 
avdpcjTToc,  a  man,  +  ro/ir/,  a  cutting,  <  rifiveiv, 
rafielv,  cut.  Cf.  anatomy.]  The  anatomy  or 
dissection  of  the  human  body ;  human  anatomy. 

The  OS  innominatum  is  represented  throughout  life  in 
most  reptiles  by  three  distinct  bones,  answering  to  the 
iliac,  ischial,  and  pubic  portions  in  anthropotomy. 

Owen,  Comp.  Anat. 

[<  Gr.  dvdpa- 


TTovpyoc,  making  men,'  <  avdpuKog,  man,  +  Ipyov 
=  E.  ivork,  n.]  Pei'taining  to  or  influenced  by 
the  exercise  of  human  power;  operated  on  by 

man:  opposed  to  physiurgic  (wmch  see)  An- 

thropurgic  somatology,  "the  science  of  bodies,  so  far 
as  man  ...  is  able  to  operate  upon  them."  Quoted  in 
Bentham's  Works,  Int.,  p.  16, 


anthropophagous  +  -tfe2.]  'A  man-eater 
nibal. 

I  should  naturally  have  killed  niy  lion,  tempted  the  ap- 
petite of  the  anthropophagite,  and  brought  home  a  little 
negro  boy.        T.  B.  Aldrich,  Ponkapog  to  Pesth,  p.  178. 

anthropophagizet  (an-thro-pof 'a-jiz),  v.  i.  [As 

anthropophagous  +  -ize.]    To  feed  on  human  J^enwam  s  woriis,  int.,  p.  le. 

flesh ;  practise  cannibalism.  Cockeram ;  Blount.  Anthura  (an-thu'ra),  w.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  avdog,  a 

[Rare.]  flower,  +  ovpd,  tail.]  A  genus  of  isopods,  typi- 

anthropophagous  (an  -  thro  -  pof '  a  -  gus),  a.   [<  cal  of  the  family  An  thuridce.    Leach,  1813. 

L.  anthropophagus,  <  Gr.  avOpunoipdyoi;,  man-eat-  AnthuridaB  (an-thu'ri-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  An- 

mg:  see  anthropophagus.]   Man-eating;  homi-  ^hiira  + -idee.]   A  family  of  isopods,  typified  by 

nivorous;  feeding  on  human  flesh.  the  genus  Anthura,  in  which  the  body  is  slen- 

anthropophagUS  (an-thro-pof 'a-gus),  11. ;  pi.  an-  .''■^^  vermifoi-m,  the  antenna;  are  short  and 

thropophagi  (-ji).    [L.,  < 'Gr.  avdpuTro^dyog,  man-  4-jointed,  and  the  plates  of  the  swimmeret  form 

eating,  <  dpepwTTOf,  man,  -1-  <payelv,  eat.]    A  man-  ^  ^J^^  9^  capsule.  _ 

eater;  a  cannibal;  a  person  who  eats  human  Anthurium  (an-thu'ri-um),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  dp- 

flesh.    Commonly  in  the  plural.  ^  flower,  -I-  ovpd,  a  tail.]    A  large  genus  of 

The  Cannibals  that  each  other  eat  tropical  American  plants,  natural  order  Ara- 

The  Anthropophagi.              shak.,  Othello,  i.  3.  '^^^f  growmg  epiphytically  on  forest-trees.  The 

anthrOBOnhaev  Can  -  thro  -  nof '  a  -  ii  'l  «     r—V  ""^^^J's      arranged  on  a  flesliy  spike,  rising  out  of  a  green 

anthrnnnnhnnW  /          •  V)  ^    a  "             .         ^  '  of'^n  richly  colored  spathe.   Its  species  are  extensively 

anmropopliagie,  <  Gr.  avOpu-rroipayia,  <  andpuiTo-  cultivated  as  ornamental  plants  in  greenhouses 

WOf,  man-eating:  see  anthropophagus.]   The  Anthus  (an'thus),  n.   [L.,  <  Gr.  dvOoi;,  masc,  a 

eating  of  men;  the  act  or  practice  of  eating  small  bird,  prob.  the  yellow  wagtail  (tr.  ^on<s  by 

numanflesh;  cannibalism.  Gaza),  appar.<dj;&of,neut.,  a  flower.]  Agenuso'f 

The  anthropophagy  of  Diomedes  his  horses.  oscine  passerine  birds,  of  the  family  MotacilUdai 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.  and  subfamily  Anthinai;  the  pipits  or  titlarks. 


boreus,  the  tree-pipit ;  A.  aguaticus,  the  rock-pipit ;  and  A. 
richardi.  The  most  abundant  North  American  pipit  is 
A.  ludovicumus,  very  generally  distributed  throughout  the 
eastern  portions  of  the  continent.  The  Missouri  pipit,  also 
called  skylark,  is  A.  sjjraguei,  common  on  the  western 
prairies,  especially  in  Dakota,  and  belongs  to  a  subgenus 
Neoeorys.  There  are  several  South  American  species  of 
the  subgenera  Notiocorys  and  Pediocorys. 

anthypnotic  (ant-hip-  or  an-thip-not'ik),  a. 
[<  Gr.  as  if  ^dvdvnvurtKdg.  See  antihypnotic.'] 
Same  as  antihypnotic. 
anthypochondriac  (anfhip-  or  an-thip-6-kon'- 
chi-ak),  a.  [<  Gr.  as  if  *dvdv7Toxov6piaK6}.  See 
antihypochondriac]  Same  as  antihypochon- 
driac. 

anthypophora  (ant-hi-  or  an-thi-pof'o-ra),  n. 
[L._,  <  Gr.  dvdvTznipopd,  <  dvd-,  dn-- for  aj^W, 'against, 
+  vTTofopd,  a  putting  forward  by  way  of  excuse, 
an  objection,  <  vno<l>£peiv,  hold  out,  bring  under, 
<  vTTo,  under,  +  (jiepeiv,  bear,  ean-y,  =  E.  6e«ri.] 
In  rhet.,  a  figure  which  consists  in  anticipating 
and  refuting  objections  which  might  be  ad- 
vanced by  an  opponent.  Also  written  antihy- 
p>o])hora. 

anthysteric  (ant-his-  or  an-this-ter'ik),  a.  and 
n.  [<  Gr.  as  if  *dv6vc:TepiK6g.  See  antihysteric.] 
Same  as  antihysteric. 
anti-.  [<  L.,  etc.,  anti-,  <  Gr.  dun-,  prefix,  avrt, 
prep.,  over  against,  opposite  to,  against,  op- 
posed to,  answering  to,  counter,  equal  to,  = 
Skt.  anti,  over  against,  =L.  ante,  in  comp.  ante-, 
rarely  anti-,  before,  =  Goth.  OS.  AS.,  etc.,  and-: 
see  further  under  «Mfe- and  awd-.  In  a  few  words 
anti-  represents  L.  ante,  anti-,  as  in  anticivate, 
antihrachial.]  A  prefix  of  Greek  origin:  origi- 
nally only  in  compounds  or  derivatives  taken 
from  the  Greek  or  formed  of  Greek  elements, 
as  in  antipathy,  antinomy,  etc.  (the  earliest  ex- 
ample in  English  being  antichrist,  which  see), 
but  now  a  familiar  English  formative,  meaning 
primarily  against,  opposed  to.  it  forms  -  (i)  Com- 
pound nouns  (with  the  accent  on  the  prefix),  in  which  anti- 
has  the  attributive  force  of  opposed  to,  opponent,  oppo- 
site, counter,  as  In  antichrist,  antipope,  antichorus,  an- 
ticyclone, antipole,  etc.  (2)  Compound  adjectives  (with 
the  accent  on  the  radical  element),  in  which  anti-  retains 
its  original  prepositional  force,  against,  opposed  to 
governing  the  noun  expressed  or  implied,  as  in  anti- 
christian,  antipapal,  anticlerical,  etc.  Such  compound 
adjectives  adopt  an  adjective  tei-mination,  as  in  the  ex- 
amples just  cited,  or  omit  it,  as  in  antichurch,  antisla- 
very,  antiprohibition,  antirent,  when  it  does  not  exist  or  is 
not  readily  formed.  This  mixture  of  adjective  and  sub- 
stantive f(jrms  makes  easy  the  development,  from  the 
compound  adjectives,  of  abstract  nouns  like  aniislarery, 
antiprohibition,  etc.  In  form  these  compound  adjectives! 
like  antichristian,  anticlerical,  anti-Socinian,  are  thus' 
strictly,  made  up  of  anti-  with  a  noun  and  an  adjective 
termination,  as  anti-  -f  ChriM  +  -ian,  anti-  +  cleric  -f  -al, 
anti-  -\-  Socin(-us)  +  -ian,  etc. ;  but  in  effect  they  are  often 
equivalent  to,  and  for  brevity  they  may  be  marked  as, 
anti-  -)-  Christian,  anti-  +  clerical,  etc.  These  compounds 
are  especially  applied  to  persons  or  parties  opposed  in 
opinion  or  practice  to  other  persons  or  parties,  or  to 
things ;  in  medicine,  to  remedies  producing  or  intended  to 
produce  an  effect  or  condition  opposite  to  or  in  correction 
or  prevention  of  that  implied  in  the  simple  word,  as  atiti- 
corrosive,  antipyretic,  anti/at,  etc.  In  the  etymologies 
following,  anti-  is  treated  as  a  mere  English  formative, 
and  is  not  referred  to  the  Greek,  except  when  obviously 
taken,  in  connection  with  the  radical  element,  directly 
from  the  Greek. 

anti-acid  (an-ti-as'id),  n.  and  a.    Same  as  ant- 
acid. 

antiadest  (an-ti'a-dez),  n.  pi.  [<  Gr.  avriadeg,  pi. 
of  dv-idi;,  a  tonsil,  esp.  when  swelled,  <  dvriog, 
opposite,  <  dvri,  against:  see  anti-.]  The  ton- 
sils. 

antiaditist  (an-ti-a-di'tis),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  av- 

Tiddeg,  tonsils  (see  above),  -f  -itis.]  Inflamma- 
tion of  the  tonsils;  tonsilitis. 


Antis.    c,  cull 


antise 

antise  (an'ti-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  LL.  anticB,  the 
hair  growing  on  the  forehead,  forelock,  <  L.  aw  te, 
before:  see  a/ife-.] 
In  ornith.,  exten- 
sions of  the  feathers 
on  the  upper  mandi- 
ble on  either  side  of 
the  base  of  the  eiil- 
men.  Also  called 
frontal  points. 

anti-albumose  (an"- 
ti-al-bu'mos),  ?i.  [< 
anti-  +  albicni{en)  +  -ose.]  A  product  of  the 
digestive  action  of  trypsin  on  an  albuminoid. 
Further  digestion  converts  it  into  antipeptone. 

anti-anarchic  (an"ti-a-nar'kik),  a.  [<  anti-  + 
anarchic.^  Opposed  to  anarchy  or  confusion: 
as,  "your  antianarcliic  Girondins,"  Carlijle, 
French  Eev.,  III.  iv.  2.  [Rare.] 

anti-aphrodisiac  (an'ti-af-ro-diz'l-ak),  a.  and 
n.    Same  as  antaphrodisiac. 

antiar,  antjar  (an'ti-ar),  ?!.  [Javanese.]  l.The 
upas-tree  of  Java. — 2.  One  of  the  arrow-poi- 
sons of  Java  and  the  adjacent  islands,    it  is 

called  in  full  upas-antiar,  and  the  active  ingredient  seems 
to  be  a  gum  resin  exuding  from  incisions  made  in  the  Ant i- 
am  toxicaria.  Introduced  tlirough  the  stomacli  or  througli 
a  wound,  it  is  a  violent  poison,  producing  great  prostration, 
convulsive  movements,  cardiac  paralysis,  and  death. 

antiarin,  antiarine  (an'ti-a-rin),  n.  [<  antiar 
+  -j)t2.]  The  active  principle  (C14H20O5+ 
2H2O)  of  antiar,  the  upas-poison.  Also  writ- 
ten anthiarine. 

Antiaris  (an-ti-a'ris),  «.  [NL.,  <  antiar,  q.  v.] 
An  arboreous  genus  of  plants,  natural  order 


Flowering  branch  of  the  Upas-tree  {Atttiarts  toxicaria), 

TJrticacece,  suborder  Artocarpece,  of  the  East  In- 
dies and  Malayan  archipelago,   it  includes  the 

famous  upas-tree,  A.  toxicaria,  one  of  the  largest  trees  in 
the  forests  of  Java,  the  poisonous  qualities  of  which  have 
been  greatly  exaggerated.  It  is  harndess  except  when  it 
has  been  recently  felled  or  when  the  bark  has  been  ex- 
tensively wounded,  in  which  eases  the  efHuvium  causes  a 
severe  cutaneous  eruption.  Sacks  are  made  of  the  bark  of 
A.  innoxia  by  soaking  and  beating  the  trunk  till  the  bark 
is  loosened  and  can  be  removed  whole. 

anti-arthritic  (an'ti-ar-thrit'ik),  a.  and  n. 
Same  as  antarthritic. 

anti-asthmatic  (an"ti-ast-mat'ik),  a.  and  n. 
Same  as  antasthmatic. 

anti-attrition  (an"ti-a-trish'on),  a.  Same  as 
antifriction. 

antibabylonianism  (an'ti-bab-i-lo'ni-an-izm), 
n.  [<  anti-  +  Babylonian  +  •ism.']  Denuncia- 
tion of  the  Church  of  Eome  as  being  the  Babylon 
of  the  Apocalypse  (Rev.  xvii.).  [Rare.] 

Our  Boanerges  with  his  threats  of  doom, 
And  loud-lung'd  antibabylonianisms. 

Tennyson,  Sea  Dreams. 

antibacchic  (an-ti-bak'ik),  a.  [<  antibaccMixs 
+  -ic]  Consisting  of  or  of  the  nature  of  an 
antibacchius.    N.  E.  D. 

antibacchius  (an''''ti-ba-ki'us),  n. ;  pi.  antibacchii 
(-1).  [L.,<  Gr.  *avri(iaKxeio^,  <  avri,  against,  op- 
posed to,  +  (iaKxelog,  a  bacchius :  see  bacchius.'] 
In  pros.,  a  foot  of  three  syllables,  the  first  two 

long  and  the  last  one  short.  The  metrical  ictus  is 
on  the  first  long  syllable,  as  in  dmbiri  in  Latin,  or  grand- 
father in  Englisli.  Opposed  to  the  bacchius,  in  which  the 
first  syllable  is  short  and  the  last  two  .are  long,  but  also 
sometimes  interclianging  meanings  witli  it. 

antibacterial  (an*ti-bak-te'ri-al),  a.  [<  anti-  + 
bacteria  +  -«?.]  Opposed  to  the  theory  that 
certain  diseases  are  caused  by  the  presence  of 
bacteria. 

antibasilican  (an^ti-ba-zil'l-kan),  a.  [<  Gr. 
avTL,  against,  +  ftaatludg,  royal,  <  (SaaiXevg,  a 


242 

king:  see  basilica.']  Opposed  to  royal  state  and 
power. 

antibilious  (an-ti-bil'yus),  a.  [<  anti-  +  bil- 
ious.] Counteractive  of  bilious  complaints :  as, 
antibilious  pills. 

antibiotic  (an"ti-bi-ot'ik),  rt.  [<  Gr.  avri,  against, 
-1-  l:SiuTCK6g,  of  or  pertaining  to  life,  <  [iiovv,  live, 
<  /3('of,  life.]  Opposed  to  a  belief  in  the  pres- 
ence or  possibility  of  life.    N.  E.  D. 

antibrachial,  antibrachium.  See  antebrachial, 
an  icbrachium. 

Antiburgher  (an'ti-ber-ger),  n.  [<  anti-  + 
Burgher,  q.  v.,  in  the  special  sense  of  a  seceder 
who  approved  of  the  bui'gess  oath.]  A  mem- 
ber of  one  of  the  two  sections  into  which 
the  Scotch  Secession  Church  was  split  in  1747, 
by  a  controver.sy  on  the  lawfulness  of  accept- 
ing a  clause  in  the  oath  required  to  be  taken 
by  burgesses  declaratory  of  "their  profession 
and  allowance  of  the  true  religion  jirofessed 
within  the  realm  and  authorized  by  the  laws 
thereof."  The  Antilnirghers  denied  that  this  oath  could 
be  taken  consistently  witli  the  principles  of  the  churcli, 
while  the  Bm-ghers  affirmed  its  compatibility.  The  result 
was  that  the  church  was  rent  in  two,  each  section  estab- 
lishing a  communion  of  its  own,  known  respectively  as  the 
General  Associate  Synod,  or  Antiburghers,  and  the  Asso- 
ciate Synod,  or  Burghers.  They  were  reunited  in  1820, 
after  seventy-three  years  of  separation,  thus  constituting 
the  United  Secession  Church. 

antic  (an'tik),  a.  and  n.  [Introduced  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  spelled  antick,  an  ticke,  an- 
tike,  antijke,  and  later  antique  (with  accent  on 
the  fii-st  syllable),  <  F.  antique,  smaieni,  stale, 
=  Pr.  antic  =  Sp.  antiguo  =  Pg.  antitjo  =  It. 
antico,  ancient,  old,  <  L.  antiquus,  former,  ear- 
lier, ancient,  old,  <  ante,  before:  see  ante-,  and 
cf.  ancient^.  In  the  17th  century  the  spell- 
ing antique,  which  then  first  became  common, 
was  gradually  restricted  to  the  literal  sense, 
with  the  accent  and  pronunciation  changed  in 
immediate  dependence  on  the  F.,  while  antick, 
antic  was  retained  in  the  deflected  sense:  see 
antique.]  I.  a.  If.  Belonging  to  former  times ; 
ancient;  antique. 

Tlie  famous  warriors  of  the  anticke  world 
Us'd  trophees  to  erect  in  stately  wize. 

Spenser,  Sonnets,  Ixix. 
2t.  Having  existed  for  a  long  time ;  old ;  aged. 
—  3t.  Proper  to  former  times;  antiquated;  old- 
fashioned. 
Vertue  is  thought  an  antick  piece  of  formality. 

Bp.  Burnet,  Rochester,  p.  170.   (N.  E.  D.) 

4.  Fantastic,  grotesque,  odd,  strange,  or  ludi- 
crous, in  form,  dress,  gesture,  or  posture. 

Grottesca,  a  kind  of  rugged  unpolished  painters  worke, 
anticke  worke.  Florio. 
How  strange  or  odd  soe'er  I  bear  myself, 
As  I,  perchance,  hereafter  shall  think  meet 
To  put  an  antic  disposition  on.    Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  5. 
The  antic  postures  of  a  merry-andrew.  Addison. 
A  fourth  [Indian]  would  fondly  kiss  and  paw  his  com- 
panions, and  snear  in  their  faces,  with  a  countenance 
more  antic  than  any  in  a  Dutch  doll. 

Beverley,  Virginia,  ii.  If  18. 
The  antic  and  spiry  pinnacles  that  closed  the  strait  were 
all  of  white  marble.  Blackwood's  Mag.,  XXXII.  983. 

II.  n.  If.  Aman  of  ancient  times;  ananeient; 
in  plural,  the  ancients. 

The  soles  were  tied  to  the  upper  parte  with  latchets,  as 
is  painted  of  the  Antikes. 

T.  N.,  tr.  of  Conquest  W.  India,  p.  170.    (N.  E.  D.) 

Shall  there  be  gallows  standing  in  England  when  thou 
art  king,  and  resolution  thus  fobbed,  as  it  is,  with  the  rusty 
curb  of  old  Father  Antick  the  law?  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  2. 

2.  In  arf,  antic  work;  a  composition  consisting 
of  fantastic  figures  of 

men,  animals,  foliage, 
and  flowers"  incongi'u- 
ously  combined  or  run 
together;  a  fantastic, 
grotesque,  or  fanciful 
figure.  The  term  is  applied 
to  certain  ancient  sculptures, 
etc.,  and  to  such  figures  as  Ra- 
pliael's  arabesques ;  and  in 
architecture  to  figures  of  grif- 
fins, sphinxes,  centaurs,  etc., 
introduced  as  ornaments. 
A  worke  of  rich  entayle  and 

curious  mould. 
Woven  with  antickes  and  wyld 

ymagery. 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vii.  4. 

3.  A  grotesque,  fantas- 
tic, odd,  strange,  or  lu- 
dicrous gesture  or  pos- 
ture; a  fantastic  trick; 
a  piece  of  buffoonery; 
a  caper. 

Two  sets  of  manners  could  the  Youth  put  on ; 
And  fraught  with  atitics  as  tlie  Indian  bird 
That  writhes  and  chatters  in  her  wiry  cage. 

Wordsworth,  Excursion,  vi. 


Antic,  Amiens  Cathedral.  13th 
century.  ( From  Viollet-le-Duc's 
"  Diet,  de  1' Architecture.") 


antichrist 

4.  A  grotesque  pageant ;  a  piece  of  mummery ; 
a  ridiculous  interlude ;  a  mask. 

Not  long  since 
I  saw  in  Brussels,  at  my  being  there, 
The  Duke  of  Brabant  welcome  the  Archbishop 
Of  Mentz  with  rare  conceit,  even  on  a  sudden, 
Perform'd  by  knights  and  ladies  of  his  court, 
In  natm'e  of  an  antic.     Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  iii.  2. 

We  cannot  feast  your  eyes  with  masks  and  revels 
Or  courtly  aMics.  Beau,  and  Fl. ,  Laws  of  Candy,  iii.  \ . 

5.  A  buffoon;  a  clown;  a  merry-andrew. 

And  point  like  antics  at  his  triple  crown. 

Marlowe,  Faustus,  iii.  1. 
Fear  not,  my  lord  ;  we  can  contain  ourselves, 
Were  he  the  veriest  antic  in  tlie  world. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  i. 

antict  (an'tik),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  anticked,  ppr. 
anticking.  l<.  antic,  a.]  1,  trans.  To  make  an- 
tic or  grotesque. 

The  wild  disguise  hath  almost 
Antick'd  us  all.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  7. 

II.  intrans.  To  perform  antics;  play  tricks; 
cut  capers. 

antica,  n.    Plural  of  anticum. 

anticachectic  (an"ti-ka-kek'tik),  a.  and  n.  [< 
anti-  +  cachectic]     I.  a.  Efficacious  against 
cachexia,  or  a  disordered  bodily  condition. 
II.  M.  In  mcd.,  a  remedy  for  cachexia. 

antical  (an-ti'kal),  a.    Same  as  anticous. 

anticardiac  (an-ti-kar'di-ak),  a.  [<  anticardi- 
um.  Cf.  cardiac]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
anticardium. 

anticardium  (an-ti-kar'di-um),  n. ;  pi.  aniicar- 
dia  (-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avrtKapowv,  <  avri,  over 
against,  +  KapSia,  heart :  see  cardiac]  The  hol- 
low at  the  bottom  of  the  sternum ;  the  epigas- 
trium: also  called  scrohiculm  cordis,  or,  more 
commonly,  the  pit  of  the  stomach. 

anticarnivorous  (an'-'ti-kar-niv'o-rus),  a.  [< 
anti-  +  carnivorous.]  Opposed  to  feeding  on 
flesh;  vegetarian. 

anticatarrhal  (an^ti-ka-tar'al),  a.  [<  anti-  + 
catarrhal.]    Efficacious  against  catarrh. 

anticausodic  (an"ti-ka-sod'ik),  a.  Same  as 
aniicausotic. 

anticausotic  (an''''ti-kS,-sot'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avri, 
against,  +  *Kav(7uTiK6g,  <  Kavadeadai,  be  in  a  burn- 
ing fever  (E.  also  anticausodic,  <  Gr.  avri,  against, 
+  KavaMrjQ,  feverish,  <  Kavaog  +  elSog,  form),  < 
Kamoc,  a  (burning)  bilious  fever,  <  naietv,  bum: 
see  caustic]  Efficacious  against  an  inflamma- 
tory fever. 

anticaustic  (an-ti-kas'tik),  n.  [<  anti-  +  caus- 
tic] A  caustic  curve  produced  by  refraction; 
a  diacaustic. 

antichambert,  n.    An  old  form  of  antechamber. 

anticheir  (an'ti-kir),  n.  [Prop.  *antichir,  <  Gr. 
avrixeip  (sc.  SaKTvkoQ,  finger),  the  thumb,  <  avri, 
over  against,  +  x^'i-P,  the  hand.]  The  thumb, 
as  opposed  to  the  rest  of  the  hand.  [Rare.] 

antichlor  (an'ti-klor),  n.  [<  anti-  +  chlor{ine), 
q.  v.]  In  bleaching,  any  substance  or  means 
employed  to  remove  or  neutralize  the  injurious 
effects  of  the  free  chlorine  left  in  cotton,  Unen, 
or  paper  which  has  been  bleached  by  means  of 
alkaline  hypochlorites,  as  chlorid  of  lime,  etc. 
The  neutral  and  acid  sodium  sulphites  were  first  used,  but 
they  are  now  superseded  by  sodium  hyposulphite  or  thio- 
sulpliite,  wliich  is  both  cheaper  and  more  efficacious.  This 
antichlor  forms,  with  the  chlorine  in  the  cloth,  etc.,  sodi- 
um sulphate  and  chlorate,  which  are  easily  removed  by 
washing. 

antichloristic  (an'ti-klo-ris'tik),  a.    [<  antir 
chlor.]    Of  or  pertaining  to  an  antichlor. 
antichresis  (an-ti-kre'sis),  M.    [ML.,  <  MGr. 

avTLxpTiut^,  reciprocal  usage,  <  avri,  against,  in 
return,  +  XPV'^'-^,  usage,  <  xPV<^^o-h  use.]  In  civil 
lam,  an  agreement  by  which  the  debtor  gives 
his  creditor  the  use  of  land  or  (formerly)  slaves, 
in  order  thereby  to  pay  the  interest  and  princi- 
pal of  his  debt. 

antichrist  (an'ti-knst),  n.  [The  spelling  has 
been  altered  to  bring  it  nearer  the  Latin  form ; 
<  ME.  anticrist,  antecrist,  sometimes  contr.  an- 
crist,  <  AS.  antecrist,  <  LL.  antiehristus,  <  Gr. 
avrixpfyToc,  antichrist,  <  avri,  against,  +  Xpzcrrdf, 
Christ:  see  anti-  and  Christ.]  An  opponent  of 
Christ ;  a  person  or  power  antagonistic  to  Christ. 
[Most  commonly  with  a  capital.] 

As  ye  have  heard  that  antichrist  shall  come,  even  now 
are  there  many  antichrists.  ...  He  is  antichrist,  that  de- 
nieth  the  Father  and  the  Son.  1  John  ii.  18,  22. 

The  word  occurs  in  the  Scriptures  only  in  the  Epistles  of 
John ;  but  the  same  person  or  power  is  elsewhere  referred 
to  (2  Thes.  ii.  1-12 ;  1  Tim.  iv.  1-3  ;  2  Pet.  ii.  1).  Inter- 
preters of  Scripture  differ  in  their  understanding  of  tliese 
references.  Some  suppose  tliem  to  relate  to  a  lawless  liut 
impersonal  power,  a  spirit  opposed  to  Christianity ;  some 
to  a  historic  personage  or  potentate,  as  Caligula,  Titus,  the 
pope,  or  Luther ;  some  to  a  great  power  for  evil  yet  to  be 


antichrist 

manifested  and  gathered  about  a  central  personal  agency. 
Roman  Catholic  writers  commonly  interpret  the  word  ge- 
nerically  of  any  adversary  of  Christ  and  of  the  authority 
of  the  church,  but  specifically  as  the  last  and  greatest  per- 
secutor of  the  Christian  church  at  the  end  of  the  world. 
The  name  has  also  been  applied  to  the  pretenders  to  the 
messiahship,  or  false  Clirists  (Mat.  x.\iv.  24),  who  have 
arisen  at  various  periods,  as  being  antagonistic  to  the 
true  Christ.  Of  these  as  many  as  si.\ty-four  have  been 
reckoned,  including  some  of  little  importance,  and  also 
some,  as  Mohammed,  who  cannot  properly  be  classed 
among  them. 

antichristian  (an-ti-kris'tian),  a.  and  n.  [<  ML. 

antichristiunus,  <  LGr.  avrtxpcanavd^,  <  avTtxpia- 
rof:  see  antichrist.  Gt.  Christian.']  I.  a.  1.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  Antichrist. 

They  are  equally  mad  who  say  Bishops  are  so  Jure  Divino 
that  they  must  be  continued,  and  they  who  say  they  are  so 
Antichi-istian  that  they  must  be  put  away. 

Seidell,  Table-Talk,  p.  28. 

2.  Antagonistic  to  or  opposing  the  Christian 
religion. 

Babel  and  Babylon  its  successor  remain  in  the  subse- 
quent Biblical  literatui-e  as  types  of  the  God-defying  and 
antichristian  systems  that  have  succeeded  each  other  from 
the  time  of  Nimrod  to  this  day. 

Dawson,  Origin  of  World,  p.  266. 

11.  11.  One  opposed  to  the  Christian  religion.        .  .  .  . 

antichristianism  (an-ti-ki-is'tian-izm),  n.  [<  anticipatedlyt,  anticipatelyt  (an-tis'i-pa-ted 
antichristian  + -ism.~]    Opposition  to  Christian-    li;  -P|t-li))  ('dv-    By  anticipation. 


243  anticonvulsive 

3.  To  take,  do,  use,  etc. ,  before  the  proper  time 

precipitate,  as  an  action  or  event :  as,  the  ad 

vocate  has  anticipated  that  part  of  his  argu-  anticlastic  (an-ti-klas'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  as  if  *av- 
ment.  riKManiidg,  <  avriKlav,  bend  back,  <  avri,  back,  + 


Woe  to  him  who  is  guilty  of  plotting,  of  antidvitm, 
royahsm,  etc.  Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  II.  iii.  2. 


The  revenues  of  the  next  year  had  been  anticipated. 

Macaulay,  Nugeut's  Hampden. 

4.  To  realize  beforehand ;  foretaste  or  foresee ; 
have  a  view  or  impression  of  beforehand ;  look 
forward  to;  expect:  as,  I  never  anticipated  such 
a  disaster;  to  anticipate  the  pleasures  of  an 
entertainment. 

I  would  not  anticipate  the  relish  of  any  happiness,  nor 
feel  the  weight  of  any  misery,  before  it  actually  arrives. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  7. 
A  reign  of  terror  began,  of  terror  heightened  by  mys- 
tery ;  for  even  that  which  was  endured  was  less  horrible 
than  that  which  was  anticipated. 

Macanlay,  Warren  Hastings. 

5t.  To  occupy  the  attention  of  before  the 
proper  time. 

I  shall  not  anticipate  the  reader  with  farther  descrip- 
tions of  this  kind.  Swift. 
=Syn.  2.  To  get  the  start  of,  forestall.— 4.  To  'orecast, 
count  upon,  prepare  one's  self  for,  calculate  upon. 

II,  intrans.  To  treat  of  something,  as  in  a 
naiTative,  before  the  proper  time 


ity;  conduct  or  belief  opposed  to  Christianity. 

Have  we  not  seen  many  whose  opinions  have  fastened 
upon  one  another  the  brand  of  antichristianism  ? 

Decay  of  Christ.  Piety. 

antichristianitytCan'ti-kris-ti-an'i-ti),  n.  Same 
as  antichristianism. 

antichristianize  (an-ti-kris'tian-iz),  v.  i.  [< 
antichristian  +  -ise.]  To  antagonize  Christian- 
ity. [Bare.] 

antichronical  (an-ti-kron'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  avri, 
against,  instead  of,  +  xpo'^oc,  time  (see  chronic), 
+  -al.  Cf.  Gr.  avTLxpovia,  the  use  of  one  tense 
for  another:  see  antichronism.]  Deviating  from 
the  proper  order  of  time;  erroneously  dated. 
[Rare.] 

antichronically  (an-ti-kron'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
antichronical  manner.  [Bare.] 

antichronism  (an-tik'ro-nizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  avrt- 
Xpovta/zog,  the  use  of  one  tense  for  another,  < 
avTt,  against,  instead  of,  +  xp^^oc,  time,  tense : 
see  chronic.']  Deviation  from  the  true  order 
of  time;  anachronism.  [Rare.] 

Our  chronologies  are,  by  transcribing,  interpolation,  mis- 
printing, and  creeping  in  of  antichronisms,  now  and  then 
strangely  disordered.      Selden,  Drayton's  Polyolbion,  iv. 

antichthon  (an-tik'thon),  n.;  pi.  antichthones 
(-tho-nez).  [<  L.  antichthones,  pi.,  <  Gr.  av- 
Ttxdoveg,  pl.^  the  people  of  an  opposite  hemi- 
sphere, <  avHxduv,  sing.,  an  opposite  hemi- 
sphere J  in  the  Pythagorean  system  of  the  imi- 
verse,  avrjxduv  (sc.  y?/),  an  opposite  or  eotmter 
earth ;  <  avri,  against,  opposite  to,  +  x^^^,  the 
ground,  the  earth :  see  chthonic.  Cf .  autoch  thon.] 
1;  In  Pythagorean  astronomy,  an  imaginary  in- 
visible planet  continually  opposing  the  earth 
and  eclipsing  the  central  fire,  round  which  it 
was  supposed  to  revolve,  in  common  vnth  the 
earth,  moon,  sun,  certain  planets,  and  the  fixed 
stars. 

Of  the  sacred  fire,  the  hearth  of  the  universe,  with  suns 
and  planets  and  the  earth's  double  antichthon  revolving 
round  it,  the  whole  enclosed  in  a  crystal  globe  with  no- 
thmg  outside,  ...  we  hnd  no  mention  in  these  verses  [of 
Hierocles].  W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  II.  268. 

2.  pi.  The  inhabitants  of  an  opposite  hemi- 
sphere. 

anticipant  (an-tis'i-pant),  a.  [<  L.  antid- 
pan{t-)$,  ppr.  of  anticipare,  anticipate :  see  an- 
ticipate.] Anticipating;  anticipative :  in  pa- 
tkol.,  applied  to  periodic  diseases  whose  at- 
tacks occur  at  decreasing  intervals. 

The  first  pangs 
Of  wakening  guilt,  anticipant  of  hell. 

Southey,  The  Rose. 

anticipate  (an-tis'i-pat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  an 


It  may  well  be  deemed  a  singular  mark  of  favor  that  our 
Lord  did  intend  to  bestow  upon  all  pastors,  that  he  did 
anticipately  promise  to  Peter. 

Barroiv,  The  Pope's  Supremacy, 
anticipation  (an-tis-i-pa'shon),  «.  [<  L.  antici- 
patio{n-),  a  preconception,  anticipation,<a«ft'ci- 
^are,  anticipate :  see  anticipate.]  1.  The  act  of 
being  before  another  in  doing  something;  the 
act  of  taking  up,  placing,  or  considering  some- 
thing beforehand,  before  the  proper  time,  or 
out  of  the  natiu'al  order;  prior  action. —  2. 
Foretaste;  realization  in  advance;  previous 
•view  or  impression  of  what  is  to  happen  after- 
ward; expectation;  hope:  as,  the  anticipation 
of  the  joys  of  heaven. 

The  remembrance  of  past,  or  the  anticipation  of  future 
good  or  evil,  could  give  me  neither  pleasure  nor  pain. 

Beattie,  Truth,  I.  ii.  §  3. 

3.  Previous  notion ;  preconceived  opinion,  pro- 
duced in  the  mind  before  the  truth  is  known ; 
slight  previous  impression ;  forecast. 

What  nation  is  there,  that  without  any  teaching,  have 
not  a  kind  of  anticipation,  or  preconceived  notion  of  a 
Deity  ?  Derham. 

Many  men  give  themselves  up  to  the  first  anticipations 
of  their  minds.      Locke,  Conduct  of  Understanding,  §  25. 

4.  In  logic,  the  term  used  since  Cicero  (Latin  an- 
ticipatio)  to  translate  the  "prolepsis"  {npoXTiipi^) 
of  the  Epicureans  and  Stoics,  it  denotes  any  general 
notion  considered  as  resulting  from  the  action  of  memory 
upon  experiences  more  or  less  similar.  Such  a  notion  is 
called  an  anticipation  because,  once  possessed,  it  is  called 
up  in  its  entirety  by  a  mere  suggestion.  It  thus  acquaints 
us  with  what  has  not  yet  been  perceived,  by  a  reference 
to  past  perceptions,  "  '  "  " 
wor ' 


kMv,  break  (verbal  adj.  k'/m(jt6(:).]  An  epithet 
descriptive  of  the  curvature  of  a  surface,  such 
as  that  of  a  saddle  or  the  inner  surface  of  an 
anchor-ring,  which  intersects  its  tangent-plane 
at  the  point  of  contact,  and  bends  away  from 
it,  partly  on  one  side  of  it  and  partly  on  the 
other,  and  has  thus  in  some  of  its  normal  sec- 
tions curvatures  oppositely  directed  to  those  in 

others.  Opposed  to synclastic  surfaces,  which  are  illus- 
trated by  the  surface  of  a  sphere  or  of  the  outer  portion 
of  the  anchor-ring. 

An  interesting  case  of  equilibrium  is  suggested 'by  what 
are  called  rocking  stones,  where  .  .  .  the  lower  surface  of 
a  loose  mass  of  rock  is  worn  into  a  convex  or  concave,  or 
antidantic  form,  while  the  bed  of  rock  on  which  it  rests  in 
equilibrium  may  be  convex  or  concave,  or  of  an  anticlastic 
form.  Thomson  and  Tait,  Nat.  Phil.,  I.  §  566. 

Anticlastic  stress,  two  simple  bending  stresses  of  equal 
amounts  in  opposite  directions  round  two  sets  of  parallel 
straight  lines  perpendicular  to  one  another  in  the  plane  of 
the  plate ;  its  effect  would  be  uniform  anticlastic  curvature. 
Thomson  and  Tait,  Nat.  Phil.,  I.  §  038. 

anticlimax  (an'ti-kli-maks),  n.  [<  Gr.  avri,  op- 
posite to,  +  K?i/ja^,  a  climax :  see  climax.]  A 
figiu-e  or  fault  of  style,  consisting  in  an  abrupt 
descent  from  stronger  to  weaker  e-vpressions,  or 
from  the  mention  of  more  important  to  that  of 
less  important  things :  opposed  to  climax. 

anticlinal  (an-ti-kli'nal),  a.  and  n.  [As  anticline 
+  -al.]  I.  a.  Inclining  in  opposite  directions 
from  a  central  axis :  applied  to  stratified  rocks 
when  they  incline  or  dip  from  a  central  un- 
stratified  mass,  or  when  in  consequence  of 


Section  of  Anticlinal  Fold. 

crust-movements  they  have  been  folded  or 
pressed  together  so  that  they  dip  each  way  from 
a  central  plane,  which  indicates  the  line  parallel 
to  which  the  folding  has  taken  place :  opposed  to 
synclinal.  Occasionally  anticlinic  and  anticlin- 
ical — Anticlinal  line,  or  anticlinal  axis,  in  geol.,  the 
ridge  of  a  wave-like  curve  from  which  the  strata  dip  on 
either  side,  as  from  the  ridge  of  a  house. 

II.  71.  In  geol,  an  anticlinal  line  or  axis,  or 
an  anticlinal  fold;  an  anticlinal  aiTangement 
of  strata:  opposed  to  s)/wc/ma?. 

Among  the  old  rocks  of  Wales  and  other  parts  of  west- 
ern Britain,  it  is  not  uncommon  to  find  the  beds  thrown 
into  a  succession  of  sharp  anticlinals  and  synclinals. 

Huxley,  Physiog., 


last  perceptions.    Hence,  with  later  philosophers,  the  nnt.iVliTio  (-an'H  VHnA        r/ I'  ■'" 
d  denotes  knowledge  dra^vn  from  the  mind,  indepen-  antlCUne  (an  tl-klin)  w.    [<  Gr.  avTi,  opposite,  + 


deiitly  of  experience ;  the  knowledge  of  axioms  or  first 
principles.    With  Bacon  an  anticipation  of  nature  is 


kXlveiv,  incline.  Cf.'Gr.  avrmMveiv,  bend  again.] 
Same  as  anticlinal.  [Bare.] 


hasty  generalization  or  hypothesis":  opposed  to  an  inter-  anticlinic  anticlinical  ('an-ti-klin'ik  i  ^ka^^  n 
pretation  of  nature.   In  Kant's  philosophy,  anticipation  "t^  !  .^"^^^^  ^>  -l-^^^^' « 


Same  as  anticlinal.  [Bare.] 
anticly  (an'tik-li),  adv.    In  an  antic  manner; 
with  odd  postures  and  gesticulations;  gi-o- 
tesquely.  [Bare.] 

Scambling,  out-facing,  fashion-monging 


That  lie,  and  cog,  and'flout,  deprave  and^slander, 
Go  anticly,  and  show  outward  hideousness. 


is  the  a  priori  knowledge  that  every  sensation  must  have 
degrees  of  intensive  quantity. 

5.  In  med.,  the  occurrence  in  the  human  body 
of  any  phenomenon,  morbid  or  natural,  before 
the  usual  time. — 6.  In  music,  the  introduction 
into  a  chord  of  one  or  more  of  the  component 

notes  of  the  chord  which  follows,  producing  a  ,        ,  . . 

passing  discord.-?.  In  r;»€«.,  prolepsis.  =  syn.  ^.-^    •^^  M"<^'' A^o,  v.  i 

2.  Antepast,  preconception,  expectation,  prevision,  fore-  anXlC-maSK  ( an  tlK-mask),  w.  A  mask  of  antics ; 
sight,  presentiment.  an  antimask  (which  see), 

anticipative  (an-tis'i-pa-tiv),  a.     [<  L.  as  if       Our  request  is,  we  may  be  admitted,  if  not  for  a  mask 
antlClpatlVUS :  see  anticipate  and  -ive.]    Antici-    ^oi"      antic-mask.  B.  Jonson,  Slasque  of  Augurs! 

pating  or  tending  to  anticipate ;  containing  an-  anticnemion  (an-tik-ne'mi-on),  n.;  pi.  antic- 

nemia  (-&).    [<  Gr.  avTiKvfifiiov,  the  shin,' <  avri, 


tieipation 

anticipatively  (an-tis'i-pa-tiv-li),  adv.  By  an- 
ticipation. 

The  name  of  his  Majesty  defamed,  the  honour  of  Parlia- 
ment depraved,  the  wiitings  of  both  depravedly,  antici- 
patively, counterfeitly  imprinted. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  Pref. 


ticipated,  ppr.  anticipating.    [<  L.  anticipatus,  anticipator  (an-tis 'i-pa-tor),  n.    [<  L.  as  if 


pp.  of  anticipare,  take  in  advance  or  before  the 
time,  anticipate,  <  anti,  an  old  form  of  ante, 
before  (see  ante-),  +  -cipare,  <  cajyere,  take ;  cf. 
antecapere,  take  before,  anticipate,  <  ante  + 
capere.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  seize  or  take  before- 
hand.—  2.  To  be  before  in  doing  something; 
take  action  in  advance  of;  precede,  prevent, 
or  preclude  by  prior  action. 

Here  art  thou  in  appointment  fresh  and  fair. 
Anticipating  time.  Shak. ,  T.  and  C. ,  iv.  5. 

Time,  thou  arUicipafst  my  di-ead  exploits. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  1. 
I  was  determined  ...  to  anticipate  then-  fury,  by  first 
lamngmto  a  passion  myself.  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  xiv. 


anticipator:  see  anticipate  and  -or.]  One  who 
anticipates. 

anticipatory  (an-tis'i-pa-to-ri),  a.    [<  antici- 
pate +  -ory.]    Pertaining  to,  manifesting,  or 
expressing  anticipation;  anticipative. 
Prophecy  being  an  anticipatory  history. 

Dr.  U.  More,  Seven  Churches,  Pref. 
It  is  very  true  that  the  anticipatory  conditional  has  to 
do  with  practical  matters  chiefly. 

Amei:  Jour.  Philol.,  IV.  427,  foot-note. 

antici'Tism  (an-ti-siv'izm),  n.  [<  P.  anticivisme  : 
see  anti-  and  civism.]    Opposition  or  hostility 

to  the  state  or  coridition  of  citizenship,  or  to  anticonvulsive  (an' ti-kon-vul'siv),  a.  [<  anti- 
republicanism;  bad  citizenship.    [Bare,]  +  convulsive.]   Efficacious  against  convtilsions. 


opposite  to,  +  Kvr/pn,  the  part  of  the  leg  between 
the  knee  and  the  ankle,  by  medical  writers  con- 
fined to  the  tibia.]  The  anterior  edge  of  the 
tibia  ;  the  shin.  [Rare.] 

anticness  (an'tik-nes),  n.    l<  antic  + -ness.] 
The  quality  or  condition  of  being  antic ;  gro- 
tesqueness ;  oddness,  as  of  appearance. 
A  port  of  humorous  anticness  in  carnage. 

Ford,  Fancies,  iv.  2. 

anticonstitutional  (an"ti-kon-sti-tii'shon-al). 
a.  [<  anti-  +  constitution  +  -al.]  Opposed' to 
or  conflicting  with  the  constitution,  as  of  a 
state;  unconstitutional.  [Rare.] 

Anticonstitutional  dependency  of  the  two  houses  of  par- 
liament on  the  eroHii.  Bolingbroke,  On  Parties,  xix. 

anticontagious  (an-'ti-kon-ta'jus),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  contagious.]  Counteracting  or  destroying 
contagion. 


Anticous  Anthers. 
Flower  of  the  g^rape-vine  : 
a,  a,  anthers,  turned  to- 
ward the  pistil,  b. 


anticorrosive 

anticorrosive  (an"ti-ko-r6'siv),  n.  [<  anti-  + 
corrosive. '\  Something  used  to  prevent  or  rem- 
edy eoiTosion. 

Zinc  has  been  sho\vn  ...  to  be  an  excellent  anti-cor- 
rosioe  .  .  .  where  decomposed  grease,  or  fatty  acid,  is  the 
destroying  agent.  Workshop  Receipts,  2d  ser.,  p.  44. 

anticosmetic  (an"ti-koz-met'ik),  a.  [<  anfi-  + 
cosmetic]  Acting  against  or  counteracting  the 
effects  of  cosmetics. 

I  would  have  him  apply  his  anticosmetic  wash  to  the 
painted  face  of  female  beantv. 

Lord  Lyttelton,  Misc.  Works,  II.  123. 

anticourt  (an'ti-kort),  a.  anti- +  court.']  Op- 
posed to  the  court:  as,  "the  anticourt  party," 
Sir  J.  Eeresby,  Memoii-s,  p.  153.  [Rare.] 

anticoUrtier  (an'ti-kor-tier),  n.  [<  anti-  +  cour- 
tier.] One  who  opposes  the  court,  or  the  acts  of 
a  monarch.  [Rare.] 

anticous  (an-ti'kus),  a.  [<  L.  anticus,  that  is  in 
front,  <  ante,  before:  see  ante-,  and  cf.  antic,  an- 
tique.] In  bot.:  (a)  Facing 
anteriorly,  away  from  the 
axis  of  the  plant,  (b)  Turn- 
ed inward  and  facing  the 
axis  of  the  flower:  applied 
to  anthers,  and  equivalent 
to  introrse.  Alsoantical. 

anticreator  (an '  ti  -kre  -a"- 
tor),  n.  [<  anti-  +  creator.] 
A  creator  of  something  of 
no  value.  [Rare.] 

Let  him  ask  the  author  of  those  toothless  satires  who 
was  the  maker,  or  rather  the  anticreator,  of  that  universal 
foolery.  Milton,  Apol.  for  Smectymnuus. 

anticum  (an-ti'kum),  M. ;  pi.  antica  (-ka).  [L., 
neut.  of  anticus,  that  is  in  front:  see  anticous.] 
In  arch.,  an  unnecessary  name  for  the  front  of 
a  building,  as  distinguished  trom  2josticum,  the 

rear  of  a  building,  etc.  The  name  has  been  pro- 
posed, but  without  justification,  for  the  pronaos  or  for  a 
front  porch.    [Rare.  J 

anticyclone  (au'ti-si-klon),  n.  [<  anti-  +  cy- 
clone.] A  meteorological  phenomenon  present- 
ing some  features  which  are  the  opposites  of 
those  of  a  cyclone,  it  consists  of  a  high  barometric 
pressure  over  a  limited  region,  tlie  pressure  being  highest 
in  the  center,  with  light  winds  flowing  outward  from  tlie 
center,  and  not  inward  as  in  the  cyclone,  accompanied 
with  great  cold  in  winter  and  with  great  heat  in  summer. 
See  cyclone. 

Anticyclones  .  .  .  are  now  known,  by  numerous  statisti- 
cal averages,  to  be  characterized  by  clear  weather,  cold  in 
winter,  warm  in  summer,  with  weak  outflowing  right- 
handed  spiral  winds  at  the  surface. 

Amer.  Meteor.  Jour.,  III.  117. 

The  cyclone  and  the  anticyclone  are  properly  to  be  re- 
garded as  counterparts,  belonging  to  one  and  the  same 
gi"eat  atmospheric  disturbance.         Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  34. 

anticyclonic  (an'''ti-si-klon'ik),  a.  [<  anticy- 
clone +  -ic]  In  meteorol.,  of,  pertaining  to,  or  of 
the  nature  of  an  anticyclone ;  characterized  by 
high  barometric  pressure  and  an  outward  flow 
of  light  winds  from  a  center. 

Any  region  of  relatively  low  pressure  is  called  cyclonic, 
and  any  region  of  relatively  high  pressure,  anticyclonic. 

lire,  Diet.,  IV.  946. 

anticyclonically  (an'ti-si-klon'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  anticyclonic  manner;  as  an  anticyclone. 

To  circulate  anticyclonically  around  the  axis  of  maxi- 
mum pressure.  Nature,  XXX.  46. 

antidactyl  (an'ti-dak-til),  n.  [<  L.  antidacty- 
lus,  <  Gr.  avTiduKTvAog,  <  avri,  opposite  to,  +  rfa/c- 
TvAog,  dactyl:  see  dactyl.]  A  dactyl  reversed; 
an  anapest;  a  metrical  foot  consisting  of  two 
short  syllables  followed  by  a  long  one,  as  the 
Latin  ocHlos.    See  anapest. 

antidemocratic  (an"ti-dem-o-krat'ik),  a.  [< 
anti-  +  democratic]  1.  Opposing  democracy 
or  popular  government.  — 2.  In  the  United 
States,  opposed  or  contrary  to  the  principles  of 
the  Democratic  party. 

antidemocratical  (an"ti-dem-o-krat'i-kal),  a. 

Same  as  antidemocratic. 

Antidicomarianite  (an"ti-dik  -6-ma'ri-an-it),  n. 
[<  LL.  Antidicomarianitw,  <  Gr.  avridiKog,  oppo- 
nent (<  avTi,  against,  +  SIk?],  suit  or  action, 
right),  +  Mapidfi,  Mapia,  L.  Maria,  Mary.]  One 
of  a  Christian  sect  which  originated  in  Arabia 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  fourth  century,  who  de- 
nied the  perpetual  virginity  of  Mary,  holding 
that  she  was  the  real  wife  of  Joseph,  and  had 
children  by  him  after  the  birth  of  Jesus.  -Also 
called  Antimarian. 

Antidorcas  (an-ti-d6r'kas),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av-l, 
corresponding  to,  like  (see  anti-),  +  dopKag,  a 
gazel.]  A  generic  term  applied  by  Sundevall 
to  the  springbok,  a  kind  of  gazel  of  .Africa,  Ga- 
zella  (or  Antidorcas)  eucJiore. 

antidoron  (an-ti-do'ron),  n.  [MGr.  avriSupov,  < 
Gr.  avTc,  against,  +  dupov,  a  gift.]  In  the  Gr,  Ch., 


244 

bread  forming  part  of  the  holy  loaf,  blessed  in 
the  prothesis,  but  not  sacramentally  consecrat- 
ed, and  distributed  at  the  close  of  the  service 
to  those  who  have  not  communicated,  a  similar 
practice  has  prevailed  at  times  in  the  Western  Churdi,  tlie 
bread  bearing  the  name  of  blessed  bread.   .See  eiUoyia. 

antidotal  (an'ti-do-tal),  a.  [<  antidote  +  -al.] 
Pertaining  to  antidotes ;  having  the  quality  of 
an  antidote  ;  proof  against  poison  or  anything 
hurtful. 

Animals  that  can  innoxiously  digest  these  poisons  be- 
come antidotal  to  the  poison  digested. 

Sir  T.  Broume,  Vulg.  Err. 
Snake  poison  and  antidotal  remedies. 

The  American,  VI.  205. 

antidotally  (an'ti-do-tal-i),  adv.  In  the  man- 
ner of  an  antidote ;  by  way  of  antidote. 

antidotarium  (an"ti-do-ta'ri-um),  «. ;  pi.  anti- 
dotaria  (-a).  [ML.,  neut.  (also  masc.  antidota- 
rius  (sc.  liber,  book),  a  treatise  on  antidotes) 
of  antidotarius,  <.  \j.  antidotum :  see  antidote.] 

1.  A  treatise  on  antidotes ;  a  pharmacopoeia. — 

2.  A  place  where  medicines  are  prepared ;  a  dis- 
pensatory. Also  called  antidotary. 

antidotary  (an-ti-do'ta-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  ML. 
antidotarius :  see  antidotarium.]  I.f  a.  Same 
as  antidotal. 

II,  n. ;  pi.  antidotaries  (-riz).  Same  as  anti- 
dotarium, 2. 

antidote  (an'ti-dot),  n.  [<  F.  antidote,  <  L.  anti- 
dotum, also  antidotus,  <  Gr.  avrtdorov  (sc.  (jiapfia- 
Kov,  di'ug),  neut.,  also  airWoro?  (sc.  66ai^,  dose), 
fem.,  an  antidote,  prop,  an  adj.,  <  avri,  against, 
+  (Sorof,  given,  verbal  adj.  of  dt66vai,  give,  =  L. 
fZare,  give:  sqb  date.]  1.  A  medicine  adapted 
to  counteract  the  effects  of  poison  or  an  at- 
tack of  disease. 

Trust  not  the  physician ; 
His  antidotes  are  poison.         Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  3. 

2.  Whatever  prevents  or  tends  to  prevent  or 
counteract  injurious  influences  or  effects, 
whether  physical  or  mental;  a  counteracting 
power  or  influence  of  any  kind. 

My  death  and  life, 
My  bane  and  antidote,  are  both  before  me : 
This  in  a  moment  brings  me  to  an  end ; 
But  this  informs  me  I  shall  never  die. 

Addison,  Cato,  v.  1. 
One  passionate  belief  is  an  antidote  to  another. 

Froude,  Sketches,  p.  86. 
=  Syn.  Remedy,  cure,  counteractive,  corrective, 
antidote  (an'ti-dot),  v.  t.  [<  antidote,  n.]  To 
furnish  with  preservatives;  preserve  by  anti- 
dotes ;  serve  as  an  antidote  to ;  counteract. 
[Rare.] 

Fill  us  with  great  ideas,  full  of  heaven. 
And  antidote  the  pestilential  earth. 

Young,  Night  Thoughts,  ix. 

antidotical  (an-ti-dot'i-kal),  a.  [<  antidote.] 
Serving  as  an  antidote ;  antidotal.  [Rare.] 

antidotically  (an-ti-dot'i-kal-i),  adv.  By  way 
of  antidote;  antidotally.  [liare.] 

antidotism  (an'ti-do-tizm),  n.  [<  antidote  + 
-ism.]    The  giving  of  antidotes. 

antidromal  (an-tid'ro-mal),  a.  In  bot.,  charac- 
terized by  antidromy. 

antidromous  (an-tid'ro-mus),  a.  [<  NL.  anti- 
dromm,  <  Gr.  as  if  * avridponog  (cf.  avriSpofielv, 
run  in  a  contrary  direction),  <  avri,  against,  + 
6pa^clv,  run.]    Same  as  antidromal. 

antidromy  (an-tid'ro-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  as  if  *av- 
Ttdpofita,  <  *avTiSpofiOi :  see  antidromous.]  In  bot., 
a  change  in  the  direction  of  the  spiral  in  the 
arrangement  of  the  leaves  upon  the  branches 
of  a  stem,  or  on  the  successive  axes  of  a  sym- 
podial  stem.    Also  called  lieterodromy. 

antidysenteric  (an'-'ti-dis-en-ter'ik),  a.  and  n. 
[<  anti-     dysenteric]     I.  a.  Of  use  against 
dysentery. 
II.  n.  A  remedy  for  dysentery. 

antidysuric  (an"ti-di-sii'rik),  a.  [<  anti-  + 
dysuric]  Useful  in  relieving  or  counteracting 
dysury. 

anti-emetic  (an'ti-f-mefik),  a.  and  n.  Same 
as  antcmetic. 

antientt,  antientryt,  etc.  Former  spellings  of 

ancient,  ancientry,  etc. 

anti-enthusiastic  (an'ti-en-thu-zi-as'tik),  a. 
[<  anti-  -f-  enthusiastic]  Opposed  to  enthusi- 
asm: as,  "the  antienthusiastic  poet's  method," 
Shaftesbury. 

anti-ephialtic  (an'ti-ef-i-al'tik),  a.  and  n. 

Same  as  antephialtic. 
anti-epileptic  (an'ti-ep-i-lep'tik),  a.  and  w. 

Same  as  antepileptic. 
anti-episcopal  (an'''ti-e-pis'ko-pal),  a.    [<  anti- 

+  episcopal.]    Opposed  to  episcopacy. 

Had  I  gratified  their  antiepiscopal  faction  at  first,  .  .  . 
I  believe  they  would  then  have  found  no  colourable  ne- 
cessity of  raising  an  army.  Eikon  Banlike,  ix. 


Antigaster 

anti-evangelical  (an*ti-e-van-jeri-kal),  a.  [< 
anti-  +  evangelical.]  Opposed  to  evangelical 
principles. 

antiface  (an'ti-fas),  n.  [<  Gr.  avTi,  opposite,  + 
face]  An  opposite  face;  a  face  of  a  totally 
different  kind.    B.  Jonson. 

antifat  (an'ti-fat),  a.  and  n.  [<  anti-  +fat.] 
I.  a.  Useful  in  preventing  or  counteracting  the 
formation  of  fat,  or  in  lessening  the  amount  of  it. 

II.  n.  Any  substance  which  prevents  or  re- 
duces fatness. 

antifebrile  (an-ti-feb'ril  or  -fe'bril),  a.  and  n. 
[<.  anti- +  febrile.]  I.  a.  Having  the  property 
of  abating  fever;  opposing  or  tending  to  cure 
fever;  antipyretic. 

II.  w.  An  antipyretic  (which  see). 

antifebrine  (an-ti-feb'rin), «.  Acetanilide :  em- 
ployed in  medicine  as  an  antipyretic. 

antifederal,  Anti-Federal  (an-ti-fed'e-rai),  a. 
[ianti-  +  federal.]  Opposed  to  federalism,  or 
to  a  federal  constitution  or  party  Anti-Federal 

party,  in  U.  S.  hist.,  the  party  which  opposed  the  adop- 
tion and  ratification  of  the  Constitution  of  the  linited  States, 
and  wliicli,  failing  in  this,  strongly  favored  the  strict  con- 
struction of  tlie  Constitution.  Its  fundamental  principle 
was  opposition  to  the  strengthening  of  the  national  gov- 
ernment at  the  expense  of  the  States.  After  the  close  of 
Washington's  first  administration  (1793)  tlie  name  Anti- 
Federal  soon  went  out  of  use,  Republican,  and  afterward 
Democratic  Republican  (now  usually  Democratic  alone), 
taking  its  place.    Also  called  Anti-Federalist  party. 

antifederalism,  Anti-Federalism  (an-ti-fed'- 
e-ral-izm),  n.  [<  anti-  +  federal  +  -ism.]  Op- 
position to  federalism;  specifically,  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  Anti-Federal  party. 

antifederalist,  Anti-Federalist  (an-ti-fed'e- 
ral-ist),  n.  [<  anti-  +  federal  +  -ist.]  One  op- 
posed to  federalism;  a  member  of  the  Anti- 
Federal  party.    See  antifederal. 

In  the  course  of  this  discussion  the  Anti-Federalists 
urged  the  following  as  their  chief  objections  to  adopting 
the  new  Constitution :  States  would  be  consolidated,  and 
tlieir  sovereignty  crushed  ;  personal  liberty  would  be  en- 
dangered, since  no  security  was  furnislied  for  freedom  of 
speech  and  the  liberty  of  the  press,  nor  assurance  adequate 
against  arbitrary  arrest  or  forcible  seizure  and  the  denial 
of  jury  trials  in  civil  cases;  standing  armies,  too,  were 
placed  under  too  little  restraint.  Making  the  President 
re-eligible  indefinitely  was  too  much  like  giving  a  life  ten- 
ure to  the  executive  oftice.  Schouler,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  55. 
Anti-Federalist  party.  Same  as  Anti-Federal  party 
(whicli  see,  under  antifederal). 

antiferment  (an-ti-fer'ment),  n.  [<  anti-  + 
ferment.]  A  substance  or  agent  having  the 
jsroperty  of  preventing  or  cotmteracting  fer- 
mentation. 

antifermentative  (an"ti-fer-men'ta-tiv),  a.  and 
n.   [<.  anti- +  fermentative.]  I.  a.  Preventing 
or  fitted  to  prevent  fermentation. 
II.  n.  Same  as  antiferment. 

antifouling  (an-ti-foul'ing),  a.  [<  anti-  +  foul- 
ing. ]  Adapted  to  prevent  or  counteract  fouling. 
Applied  to  any  preparation  or  contrivance  intended  to  pre- 
vent the  formation  or  accumulation  of  extraneous  matter, 
as  barnacles,  seaweed,  etc.,  on  the  immersed  portion  of 
ships,  or  fitted  for  removing  such  formations,  or  the  scales 
from  the  interior  of  steam-boilers,  powder  from  the  bores 
of  guns,  etc. 

antifriction  (an-ti-frik'shon),  a.  and  n.  [<  anti- 
+  friction.]  I.  a.  Preventing  friction;  spe- 
cifically, in  mech.,  overcoming  or  reducing  that 
resistance  to  motion  which  arises  from  fiiction. 
—Antifriction  bearing,  a  bearing  in  which  rolling  fric- 
tion is  substituted  for  that  of  sliding  contact ;  any  form  of 
bearing  specially  designed  to  reduce  friction. — AntiftlC- 
tlon  block,  a  pulley-block  with  antifriction  wheels  or 
roller  bearings.— Antifriction  box,  the  box  which  con- 
tains the  rollers  or  balls  of  an  antifriction  bearing. — Anti- 
friction compositions,  lubricating  compounds  of  oils, 
fats,  or  greases,  usually  combined,  where  the  pressure  is 
great,  with  certain  metallic  or  mineral  substances,  as 
plumbago,  sulphur,  talc,  steatite,  etc. — Antifriction 
metals,  alloys  which  offer  little  frictional  resistance  to 
bodies  sliding  over  them,  and  which  are  used  in  machinery 
for  bearings.  They  are  principally  compounds  of  copper, 
antimony,  and  tin ;  zinc  or  lead,  or  both,  are  sometimes 
added,  and  less  frequently,  or  in  smaller  quantities,  vari- 
ous other  substances. 

II.  n.  Anything  that  prevents  friction;  a 
lubricant. 

antigalactic  (an-ti-ga-lak'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr. 

avTL,  against,  +  yaka  {yaTMKT-),  milk:  see  galac- 
tic] I.  a.  In  med.,  opposed  to  the  secretion  of 
milk,  or  to  diseases  caused  by  the  milk.  Dun- 

glison. 

II.  n.  Anything  tending  to  diminish  the  se- 
cretion of  milk. 

anti-Gallican  (an-ti-gal'i-kan),  a.  and  n.  [< 
anti-+  Gallican,  French:  see  Gallican.]  I.  a. 
Hostile  to  France  or  the  French,  or  to  anything 
French ;  specifically,  opposed  to  the  Gallican 
church.    See  Gallican. 

II,  M.  One  who  is  hostile  to  the  French,  or  to 
the  Gallican  church. 

Antigaster  (an'ti-gas-ter),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avri, 
against,  +  yaarr/p,  stomach.]    A  generic  name 


Antigaster 

-  proposed  by  Walsh  for  certain  parasitic  Hy- 
menoptera,  of  the  family  Clialciclidce,  which  bend 
the  abdomen  back  over  the  thorax,  a.  mirabiUs 
(Walsh)  is  parasitic  iii  the  eggs  of  one  of  the  katydids,  Mi- 
crocentrumretinervig.  Synonymous  with  Bupelmus  (wliich 
see). 

antigeny  (an- 
tij'e-ni),  n.  [< 
Gr.  air/,  against, 
opposite,  +  yi- 
voc,  race,  stock, 
sex.]  Sexual  di- 
morphism. Fas- 
coe. 

Antignana  (au- 

te-nya'na),  n. 
A  white  and  a 
red  wine,  made 
in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Tri- 
este. 

antigorite  (an- 
tig'o-rit),  n. .  [< 
Antigorio  (see 
def.)  +  -ite2] 
A  variety  of  ser- 
pentine, of  a 
green  color  and 
a  thia  lamellar 
structure,  found 
in  the  Antigorio 
valley  in  Pied- 
mont. 

antigraph  (an'- 
ti-graf),  n.  [< 
ML.  anti^ra- 
phum,<.  Gt.  avTL- 

ypafov,  a  transcript,  _  copy,  counterpart,  neut. 


245 

anti-induction  (an  "  ti  -  in  -  duk '  shon),  a.  Pre- 
venting or  counteracting  electrical  induction : 
as,  anti-induction  devices  in  telephony, 
anti- Jacobin,  Anti- Jacobin  (au-ti-jak'o-bin), 
a.  and  n.    Opposed  to,  or  oue  who  is  opposed  to, 
the  Jacobins.    See  Jacobin. 
anti-Jacobinism  (an-ti-jak'o-bin-izm),  n.  The 
principles  and  practices  of  the  anti-Jacobins. 
anti-Lecompton  (an*ti-le-komp'ton),  a.  In  U.S. 
hist.,  opposed  to  the  admission  of  kansas  under 
the  proslavery  constitution  framed  by  the  terri- 
torial convention  held  at  Lecompton  in  1857: 
applied  to  a  minority  of  the  Democratic  party, 
antilegomena  (an"ti-le-gom'e-n;i),  n.pl.  [<  Gr. 
avTiAcyofiEva,  things  spoken  against,  neut.  pi 


Antilopina 

the  temporal  bone  in  a  sheath  formed  by  an  extension  of 
the  external  auditory  meatus. 

antiloeniic(an-ti-le'mik),w.  [<Gr.  avTi,  against, 
+  Aoi/MK6g,  pestilential,  <  '/Mi/i6g,  pestilence, 
plague.]  A  remedy  used  in  the  prevention  and 
cure  of  the  plague.  Sometimes  written  anti- 
loimic. 

antilogarithm  (an-ti-log'a-rithm),  n.  [<  anti- 
+  logarithm. In  math.:  "{a)  The  complement 
of  the  logarithm  of  any  sine,  tangent,  or  secant 
up  to  that  of  90  degrees.  [Rare.]  (6)  As  com- 
monly used,  the  number  corresponding  to  any 
logarithm.  Thus,  according  to  the  common  system, 
100  is  the  antilogarithm  of  2,  because  2  is  the  logarithm  of 
100 ;  it  is  denoted  thus :  log.  -'2,  log.  -'a,  which  may  he  read  : 
"The  number  to  the  log.  2,"  "the  number  to  the  log.  a." 


[<  Gr.  avriTMyog, 
contradictory:  B&e  antitogy.']  In  elect.,  an  epi- 
thet applied  to  that  pole  of  a  crystal  which  is 
negative  while  being  electrified  by  heat,  and 
afterward,  while  cooling,  is  positive.  See  pyro- 
electricity. 


+  Ubrn  tion,  q.  v.]  The  act  of  counterbalancing, 
or  the  state  of  being  counterbalanced,  as  two 
members  of  a  sentence ;  equipoise. 

Having  enjoyed  his  artful  antithesis  and  solenm  antili- 
bration  of  cadences.  Be  Quincey,  Whiggism. 

antilithic  (an-ti-lith'ik),  a.  and  «.    [<  Gr.  avri, 
against,  -t-  'hdiKog,  of  stone,  <  I'So^,  stone.]  I. 
a.  In  med.,  tending  to  prevent  the  formation 
of  urinary  calculus,  or  stone  in  the  bladder. 
II.  11.  A  medicine  that  tends  to  prevent  the 
.  ^     ,         .    formation  of  urinary  calculi, 

of  avTlypa(l>oc,  copied  in  duplicate,  <  avri,  corre-  Antillean  (an-ti-le'an),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
•  spending  to,  counter,  +  ypa<peiv,  write.]  A  copy    the  Antilles,  a  nam(         -     ■  ... 


Katydid-egg  Parasite  {Anligaster 
mirabilis). 
',  male ;  B,  female.    (Vertical  line  and 
cross  show  natural  sizes.) 


  ^  copy 

or  counterpart  of  a  writing,  as  of  a  deed, 
antigraphy  (an-tig'ra-fi),  n.    [For  *antigraphe, 

<  Gr.  avTiypa<pri,  a  defendant's  answer;  also 
equiv.  to  avriypafov,  a  copy:  see  antigraph.] 
The  making  of  antigraphs ;  copying. 

antigropelos  (an-ti-grop'e-los,  -loz),  n.  sing,  or 
pi.  [Orig.  a  proprietary  name,  formed,  it  is  said, 

<  Gr.  avTc,  against,  +  vypog,  moist  (see  liygro-),  + 
5r!?A<5f,  clay,  mud ;  cf .  L.^ja^Ms,  a  marsh :  see,  palu- 
dal.'] Spatterdashes;  long  riding- or  walking- 
boots  for  wet  weather. 

Her  brother  had  on  his  antigropelos,  the  utmost  ap- 
proach he  possessed  to  a  hunting  equipment. 

George  Eliot,  Daniel  Deronda,  I.  vii. 

antiguggler  (an-ti-gug'ler),  n.  [<  anti-  +  gug- 
gle."] A  small  tube  inserted  into  the  mouth  of 
a  bottle  or  carboy  to  admit  air  while  the  liquid 
is  running  out,  and  thereby  prevent  guggling 
or  splashing  of  corrosive  liquid.    E.  H.  Knight. 

antihelix (an'ti-he-liks),  n.;  pi.  antihelices (an-ti- 
hel'i-sez).  [<  anti-  +  helix.  See  anthelix,  which 
is  the  same  word  compounded  in  Greek  fashion.  ] 
The  inner  curved  ridge  of  the  pinna  of  the  ear. 
Also  anthelix.    See  cut  under  ear. 

antiheniorrhagic(an''''ti-hem-9-raj'ik),  a.  Same 
as  anthemorrhagic. 

antihyloist  (an-ti-hi'lo-ist),  n.  [<  anti-  +  hylo- 
ist.]  One  opposed  to  the  doctrines  of  the  hylo- 
ists.    See  hyloist. 

antihypnotic  (an ti  -hip  -  not '  ik),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  hypnotic.  See  anthypnotic,  which  is  the  same 
word  compounded  in  Greek  fashion.  ]  Counter- 
acting sleep ;  tending  to  prevent  sleep  or  leth- 
argy.  Also  anthypnotic. 

antinypochondriac  (an^ti-hip-o-kou'dri-ak),  a. 
[<  a.nti-+  hypochondriac.  See  ahthypochondriac, 
which  is  the  same  word  compounded  in  Greek 
fashion.]  Counteracting  or  tending  to  cure 
hypochondriac  affections  and  depression  of 
spirits.  Also  anthypochondriac. 

antihypophora  (an"ti-hi-pof'6-ra),  n.  [<  anti- 
+  L.  hypophora,  <  Gr.  vnoipopa^'axL  objection. 
See  ayithypophora,  which  is  the  same  word 
compounded  in  Greek  fashion.]  In  rhet.,  same 
as  anthypophora. 

antihysteric  (an"ti-his-ter'ik),  a.  and  n.  [< 


lame  usually  given  to  all  the 
islands  of  the  West  Indies, "  the  Bahamas  ex- 
cepted. 

antilobium  (an-ti-16'bi-um),  n. ;  pi.  antilohia 
(-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avTtM(iiov,  <  avri,  opposite  to, 
+  Ao/3df,  the  lobe  of  the  ear:  see  lohe.]  In 
anat.,  the  tragus,  or  that  part  of  the  external  ear 
which  is  opposite  the  lobe.    See  cut  under  ear. 

Antilocapra  (an"ti-lo-ka'pra),  n.  [NL.,  contr. 
for  *antilopocapra,  <  antilope,  antelope,  +  L.  ca- 
pra,  a  goat.]  A  genus  of  ruminants  peculiar 
to  North  America,  constituting  the  family  An- 
tilocapridw,  and  containing  only  the  cabrit, 
pronghorn,  or  so-called  American  antelope, 
Antilocapra  americana.  See  Antilocapridw.  The 
members  of  this  genus  have  no  larmiers,  or  metatarsal 
glands,  as  in  Ceroidce,  but  have  a  system  of  eleven  odor- 


anti-+  hysteric.    See  anthysteric,  yvhich.  is  the  Antilocapridse(an"ti-16-kap'ri-de),«.  w?.  [NL 


same  word  compounded  in  Greek  fashion.] 
I.  a.  Preventing  or  curing  hysteria. 
II.  n.  A  remedy  for  hysteria. 
Also  anthysteric. 

anti-icteric  (an*ti-ik-ter'Lk),  n.  [<  Gr.  avri, 
against,  +  iKrepiKog,  <  iKtepog,  the  jaundice.]  In 
med.,  a  remedy  for  jaundice.  DungKson. 

antl-incrustator  (an-ti-in'krus-ta-tor),  n.  A 
mechanical,  chemical,  or  electrical"  appliance 
for  preventing  the  formation  of  scales  in  steam- 
Doilers. 


of  am/le7(5//£i;oc,  ppr.  pass,  of  airAf'jra,  speak  antilogarithmic  (an-ti-log-a-rith'mik),  a. 
agamst,  dispute:  see «»<*%?/.]  Literally,  things    Pertaining  to  antilogarithms.-AntUogarlthmlc 

spoken  against ;  specifically,  those  books  of  the  table,  one  in  which,  the  logarithm  of  a  number  being 
New  Testament  whose  inspiration  was  not  uni-  '^"'■ered  a.s  an  argument,  the  number  itself  is  found  in  the 
versally  acknowledged  by  the  eariy  church,  al-  a^it/i  ri '  -  ^ 

though  they  were  ultimately  admitted  into  the  antilogous  (an-til  o-gus),  a 
canon.  These  are  the  Epistle  to  the  Hebrews,  the  Epis- 
tles of  James  and  Jude,  the  Second  Epistle  of  Peter  the 
Second  and  Tliird  Epistles  of  John,  and  tlie  Revelation. 
They  are  classed  by  Roman  Catholic  theologians  as  deu- 
terncannitii'nl  (wliich  see). 

(an'ti-n-bra'shon),  n.  [<  anti-  antiipgsrYan-til'o-ji),  w. ;  pi.  antilogies  (-jiz).  [< 
aneing,  Gr.  avrtloyia,  contradiction,  <  avriloyo^,  contra- 
dictory, <  avTikiytiv,  contradict,  speak  against, 
<  avri,  against,  +  MyELv,  speak,  say.]  Self- 
contradiction;  contradiction  or  inconsistency 
between  different  statements  by  the  same  per- 
son or  different  parts  of  the  same  thing. 

Philosophy  was  thus  again  reconciled  with  nature ;  con- 
sciousness was  not  a  bundle  of  antilogies;  certainty  and 
linowledge  were  not  evicted  from  man.  Sir  W.  llaniilton. 

In  these  antilogies  and  apologies,  however,  a  difference 
might  be  perceived :  and  some  of  tlie  advocates  of  Henry 
appeared  less  anxious  to  attack  Rome  than  to  defend 
theii-  prince.         It.  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  vi. 

Antilope  (an-til'o-pe),  «.  [NL.:  Beeantclopje.'] 
1.  Agenus  of  Antilopinw  (whiehsee).  The  term 
has  been  used  with  such  latitude  in  its  application  to  the 
whole  of  the  group  Antilopinoe,  and,  when  restricted,  has 
been  employed  in  so  many  ditf  erent  senses,  that  it  lias  lost 
whatever  exact  meaning  it  may  liave  possessed  originally, 
and  has  become  a  loose,  fluctuating  .synonym  of  the  sub- 
family name  Antilopince.  Even  in  early  usage  it  appears 
to  liave  been  applied  to  several  different  small  gazel-like 
antelopes.  It  is  now  commonly  restricted  to  the  sasin  or 
Indian  antelope,  A  ntilope  cervij;apra.  See  cut  under  sasin 

2t  (an'ti-lop).  [/.  c]  Obsolete  (English)  spell- 
ing of  antelope. 
Antilopidse  (an-ti-lop'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  An- 
tilope  +  -idw.]    A  family  of  ruminants;  the 
antelopes:  sometimes  used  as  a  synonym  of 
Antilopinw.    Also  written  Antelopida;. 
Antilopinae  (an*ti-lo-pi'ne),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  An- 
tilope +  -ince.]    A  subfamily  of  old-world  and 
chiefly  African  ruminants,  the  antelopes,  a 
group  belonging  to  the  family  Bovidce.  Tliey  dif- 
fer from  cattle  in  tYieir  smaller  size,  more  lithe  and  grace- 
ful form,  slenderer  legs,  whicli  are  comparatively  longer 
in  the  shank,  and  longer  neck,  witli  slenderer  vertebrse 
uplifting  the  head.    The  Antilopince  shade  directly  into 
the  sheep  and  goats  (Ovince  and  Caprince),  being  separable 
from  them  by  no  technical  character ;  but  the  liorns  usu- 
ally differ  from  the  forms  presented  by  goats  and  sheep 
though  they  are  so  diverse  as  to  be  definable  by  no  com- 
mon cliaracter.    Antilopince  are  specially  numerous  in 
species  and  individuals  in  Africa,  of  which  continent  they 
are  tlie  most  characteristic  animals.    Upward  of  50  Afri- 
can species  have  been  described ;  there  are  many  others 
in  Asia,  and  a  few  in  Europe.    Some  75  species  are  recog- 
nized by  naturalists,  but  probably  the  number  of  genuine 
species  is  less  than  this.  Several  hundred  different  names 
generic,  specific,  and  vernacular,  have  been  applied  to 
these  animals;  and  no  authors  except  mere  compilers  are 
agi-eed  upon  the  division  of  the  group.    The  antelopes 
present  the  utmost  diversity  of  stature,  form,  and  general 
appearance,  ranging  from  tlie  smallest  and  most  delicate 
gazels,  steinboks,  and  springboks  to  the  bulky  eland,  nyl- 
ghau, or  hartbeest,  as  large  as  a  cow,  horse,  or  stag,  and 
include  the  singularly  misshapen  gnu  (Connochcetes  gnu) 
The  Rocky  Mountain  goat,  Uaplocerus  montanus,  related 
to  the  Alpine  chamois,  Rupicapra  tragvs,  and  the  goral  A^e- 
morhedus  goral,  anotlier  goat-like  antelope,  are  also  placed 
in  this  subfamily.    The  buljaline  or  bovine  antelopes  in- 
clude the  hartbeest  (Alcelaphus  caama),  blesbok  (A.  albi- 
frons),  and  bontebok  {A.  pygargus).    Four-horned  ante- 
lopes belong  to  the  genus  Tetraceros.    The  philantomba 
and  coquetoon  antelopes,  the  blauwbok,  duyker,  etc.,  are 
placed  in  the  genus  Cephalophus.    The  steinboks  are  spe- 
cies of  Neotragus;  the  singsing,  kobus,  Icche,  bohor,  etc., 
are  of  the  genera  Ceroicajn-a,  Kobus,  and  their  immediate 
allies.   The  gazels  are  a  large  group,  constituting  the  genus 
Gazella  (or  Dorcas)  and  others ;  tliey  include  tlie  springbok 
(Antidorcaseuchore),  and  are  Indian,  Araljian,  and  Syrian, 
as  well  as  African.  The  sal  rle  or  eciuiiie  antelopes  constitute 
the  genus  Hippiotragus.    Tlie  addax  is  Addax  nasmnacula- 
tus.  There  are  several  species  of  Oryx,  as  0.  leucoryx.  The 
nylghau  is  Boselaphys  traimcnmelus.    The  haniessed  ante- 
lopes(so  called  from  the  stripes  on  the  sides),  or  the  bosch- 
boks,  are  species  of  Train  hiphu-s,  as  T.  scriptus,  T.  aylvati- 
cus.    The  koodoo  is  a  iar^e  antelope  with  twisted'homs 
(Strepsiceros  kudu).    Tlie  eland  is  Oreas  canna.    The  so- 
called  saiga  antelope  is  the  type  of  a  different  family, 
Saigidce  (which  see);  the  -American  antelope  also  belongs 
to,  a  different  family,  Antilocapridce  (wliich  see).   See  cuts 
under  addax,  eland,  yazel,  ffiiu,  aud  Maplocerua.  Also 
written  Antelopince. 


Pronghorn  [AntUocafr, 


americana). 


iferous  sebaceous  cutaneous  glands.  They  have  small 
hoofs,  no  false  hoofs,  slender  limbs,  a  comparatively  short 
and  stout  neck,  erect,  pointed  ears,  large  liiiuid  eyes  sit- 
uated directly  beneath  the  base  of  the  horns,  extremely 
short  tail,  and  a  harsh,  stiff,  brittle  pelage  devoid  of  felting 
quality.    See  pronghorn. 

antilocaprid  (an*ti-lo-kap'rid),  n.  An  antelope 

of  the  tdonilj  Antilocapridce. 


<  Antilocapra  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  ruminant 
quadrupeds  framed  for  the  reception  of  the 
genus  Antilocapra,  containing  the  so-called 

American  antelope,  it  is  characterized  by  forked 
hollow  horns  supported  upon  a  long  bony  core  or  osseous 
process  of  tlie  frontal  bone,  as  in  the  cattle  or  true  hollow- 
horned  ruminants,  yet  deciduous,  being  periodically  shed 
and  renewed  like  the  antlers  of  deer.  These  singular 
horns  are  composed  of  agglutinated  hairs  hardening  into 
solid  corneous  tissue,  and  wlien  sprouting  resemble  tlie 
skin-covered  knobs  upon  the  head  of  the  giraffe.  There 
are  several  remarkable  osteological  peculiarities  of  the 
skull,  among  them  the  inclosure  of  the  styloid  process  of 


antilopine 

antilopine  (an  -  til' o- pin),  a.  [<  NL.  antilo- 
pinus:  see  Antilopince.}  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  genus  Antilope,  or  to  the  gi-oup  Antilopince ; 
pertaining  or  related  to  an  antelope.  Specifically 
applied  by  some  writers  to  a  particular  group  of  antelopes 
represented  by  the  sasin  (Antilope  cervicapm),  as  distin- 
guished from  other  divisions  of  Antilopince  (which  see). 

antiloQluistt  (an-til'o-kwist),  «.  [<  antiloquy^ 
+  -ist.']    A  contradictor. 

antiloquyit  (an-til'6-kwi),  «. ;  pi.  antiloqiiies 
(-kwiz).  [<  LL.  antiloquium,  contradiction,  <  Gr. 
dvTL,  against,  +  L.  loqui,  speak.  Cf.  antiloquy^.'] 
Contrailiction. 

antiloQLUy-t  (an-til'o-kwi),  w. ;  pi.  antiloqiiies 
(-kwiz).  [<  LL.  antiloquium,  L.  anteloquium,  the 
right  of  speaking  before  another,  also  a  proem, 
preface,  <  ante,  before,  +  loqui,  speak.]  1.  A 
preface;  a  proem.  Boucher. —  2.  A  stage-play- 
er's cue.    Cocker  am. 

antiluetic  (an*ti-lu-et'ik),  a.  [<  anti-  +  lues, 
q.  v.,  +  -et-ic.']    Same  as  antisyphilitic. 

antilyssic  (an-ti-lis'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avri,  against, 
+  Ti'vana,  rabies,  +  -ic]  Tending  to  prevent, 
alleviate,  or  cure  rabies. 

antilytic  (an-ti-lit'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avri,  against, 
+  AvTiKoi;,  <  AvTOQ,  verbal  adj.  of  Tiheiv,  loose. 
Qt.  paralytic.']    Same  as  antiparalytic,  (b). 

antimacassar  (an'ti-ma-kas'ar),  n.  [<  anii- 
+  macassar,  for  Macassar  oil.  See  oil.]  An 
ornamental  covering  for  the  backs  and  arms 
of  chairs,  sofas,  couches,  etc.,  to  keep  them 
from  being  soiled  by  oil  from  the  hair ;  a  tidy. 

anti-machine  (an"ti-ma-shen'),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  machine.]  In  U.  S.  politics,  opposed  to  the 
exclusive  management  of  party  polities  by  an 
organized  body  of  irresponsible  politicians ;  in- 
dependent.   See  machine. 

antimagistraticalt  (an"ti-maj-is-trat'i-kal),  a. 
Same  as  antimagistrical. 

antimagistricait  (an'ti-ma-jis'tri-kal),  a.  [< 
anti-  +  L.  magister,  a  ruler:  see  magistrate.] 
Opposed  to  the  office  of  magistrate.  iSouth. 

antimaniacal  (an"ti-ma-ni'a-kal),  a.  [<  antir 
+  maniacal.]    Effective  against  mania. 

With  respect  to  vomits,  it  may  seem  almost  heretical  to 
impeach  their  antimaniacal  virtues.         Battie,  Madness. 

Antimarian  (an-ti-ma'ri-an),  n.    Same  as  An- 

tidicomarianite. 
antimask  (an'ti-mask),  n.  [<  anti-  +  mash.] 
A  secondary  or  lesser  mask,  of  a  ludicrous  char- 
acter, introduced  between  the  acts  of  a  serious 
mask  by  way  of  lightening  it ;  a  ludicrous  in- 
terlude.   Also  antic-mask  and  antimasque. 

Let  antiinasks  not  be  long;  they  have  been  commonly 
of  fools,  satyrs,  baboons,  wild  men,  antiques,  beasts,  spir- 
its, witches,  Ethiops,  pigmies,  turquets,  nymphs,  rustics, 
cupids,  statues  moving,  and  the  like.  As  for  angels,  it 
is  not  comical  enough  to  put  them  in  antiinasks. 

Bacon,  Masques  and  Triumphs. 
On  the  Scene  he  thrusts  out  first  an  Antimasque  of  two 
bugbears.  Novelty  and  Perturbation. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xx. 

Antimason  (an-ti-ma'sn),  n.  [<  anti-  +  mason, 
for  freemason,  q.  v.]  One  hostile  to  masonry 
or  freemasonry ;  specifically,  a  member  of  the 
Antimasonic  party. 

Antimasonic  (an"ti-ma-son'ik),  a.  [<  Antima- 
son+-ic.]  Opposed  to  freemasonry  Antima- 
sonic party,  in  if.  S.  hist.,  a  political  party  which  origi- 
nated in  New  York  State  about  1827,  in  the  excitement 
caused  by  the  supposed  murder  of  William  Morgan,  of 
Batavia,  New  York,  in  1826,  by  freemasons,  to  prevent  a 
threatened  public  disclosure  of  the  secrets  of  their  order. 
The  movement  spread  to  some  other  States,  and  a  national 
party  was  organized,  but  within  about  ten  years  it  disap- 
peared, most  of  the  Antimasons  becoming  Whigs.  Its 
characteristic  tenet  was  that  freemasons  ought  to  be  ex- 
cluded from  public  office,  because  they  woidd  necessarily 
regard  their  obligations  to  the  society  more  than  their  obli- 
gations to  the  state.  Its  principles  were  revived  in  a  so- 
called  "American  party"  organized  in  1875. 

antimasonry  (an-ti-ma'sn-ri),  n.  [<  anti-  + 
masonry,  fov  freemasonry,  q.  v.]  Opposition  to 
freemasonry ;  in  particular,  the  principles  and 
policy  of  the  Antimasonic  party.  See  Antima- 
sonic. 

antimasque,  n.    See  antimask. 

antimensium  (an-ti-men'si-um),  n. ;  pi.  anti- 
mensia  (-a).  [ML.  (MGr.  avrt/x'ivaiov),  <  Gr.  avri, 
in  place  of  (see  anti-),  +  L.  mensa,  table,  in  the 
special  ML.  sense  of  'communion-table.']  In 
the  Gr.  Ch.,  a  consecrated  cloth  on  which  the 
eucharist  is  consecrated  in  places  where  there  is 
no  consecrated  altar,  it  takes  the  place  of  the  port- 
able altar  of  the  Latin  Church.  The  term  is  sometimes  ex- 
tended in  the  Syrian  churches  to  a  thin  slab  of  wood  con- 
secrated for  a  like  purpose.     Also  written  antiminsiun. 

antimere  (an'ti-mer),  n.  [<  Gr.  iivri,  against, 
+  fiepo^,  a  part.]  In  biol.,  a  segment  or  division 
of  the  body  in  the  direction  of  one  of  the  secon- 
dary or  transverse  axes,  all  of  which  are  at  right 
angles  to  the  primary  or  longitudinal  axis. 


246 

When  these  axes  are  not  differentiated  in  any  way,  all 
antimeres  are  alike,  and  are  parts  arranged  around  the 
long  prime  axis  like  the  spokes  and  fellies  of  a  wheel 
around  the  axis  of  the  hub  :  a  disposition  preserved  with 
much  accuracy  in  many  of  the  Radiata,  among  which,  for 
example,  the  arms  of  a  starfish,  the  tentacles  of  a  sea- 
anemone  or  coral-animalcule,  or  the  rows  of  ambulacra  of 
a  sea-urchin  are  antimeres.  Oftener,  however,  the  trans- 
verse axes  are  dirt'erentiated,  some  being  shorter,  others 
longer,  giving  rise  to  sides,  as  right  and  left,  in  the  di- 
rection of  the  longer  transverse  axes,  in  which  case  right 
and  left  parts  are  antimeres.  This  constitutes  bilateral 
symmetry.  Parts  which  may  be  perceived  to  correspond 
at  opposite  poles  of  the  other  (shorter)  transverse  axes, 
constituting  dorsabdominal  synnnetry,  are  also  antimeres ; 
but  this  condition  is  obscure.  Likewise,  again,  parts  along 
the  primary  longitudinal  axis,  or  at  its  poles,  which  may 
be  observed  or  be  conceived  to  constitute  anteroposterior 
symmetry,  are  essentially  antimeric ;  but  this  condition, 
like  dorsabdominal  symmetry,  is  obscure,  while  the  serial 
succession  of  like  parts  along  the  prime  axis,  as  the  rings 
of  a  worm,  crastacean,  or  insect,  and  the  double  rings  of 
a  vertebrate,  is  so  marked  that  antimeres  of  this  kind  are 
not  called  antimeres,  but  metameres ;  such  are  the  ordi- 
nary segments,  somites,  arthromeres,  or  diarthromeres  of 
any  articulate  or  vertebrate  animal.  Antimere  is  there- 
fore practically  restricted  to  such  radiating  and  bilateral 
parts  as  are  more  or  less  symmetrical  with  one  another. 
See  eudipleural. 

antimeria  (an-ti-me'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avri, 
against,  opposite,  +  iiepo^,  a  part.]  In  gram., 
a  form  of  enallage  in  which  one  part  of  speech 
is  substituted  for  another.    F.  A.  March. 

antimeric  (an-ti-mer'ik),  a.  [<  antimere  +  -ic] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  an  antimere  or  to  antimer- 
ism  ;  situated  in  any  transverse  axis  of  a  body 
and  symmetrical  with  something  else  in  the 
other  half  of  the  same  axis.    See  antimere. 

antimerism  (an-tim'e-rizm),  n.  [<  antimere  + 
-ism.]  The  antimeric  condition ;  the  state  of 
an  antimere ;  the  quality  of  being  antimeric. 
See  antimere. 

antimesmerist  (an-ti-mez'me-rist),  n.  [<  anti- 
+  mesmerism  +  -ist.]  One  who  is  opposed  to 
or  does  not  believe  in  mesmerism.  Proc.  Soc. 
Psy.  Res. 

antimetabole  (an"ti-me-tab'o-le),  n.  .[L.,  <  Gr. 

avTipi£Taliolr],  <  avri,  against,  counter,  +  /j.erajio'kii, 
mutation:  see  metabola.]  In  rhet.,  a  figure  in 
which  the  same  words  or  ideas  are  repeated  in 
inverse  order.  The  following  are  examples:  "A wit 
with  dunces,  and  a  dunce  with  wits,"  Pope;  "Be  wisely 
worldly,  but  not  worldly  wise,"  Quarles. 

antimetathesis  (an*ti-me-tath'e-sis),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  avTifierddeaig,  counter-transposition,  <  avri, 
against,  counter,  +  [isradeai^,  transposition: 
see  metathesis.]  A  rhetorical  figure  resulting 
from  a  reverted  arrangement  in  the  last  clause 
of  a  sentence  of  the  two  principal  words  of  the 
clause  preceding;  inversion  of  the  members  of 
an  antithesis:  as,  "A  poem  is  a  speaking  pic- 
ture ;  a  picture  a  mute  poem,"  Crabbe. 

antimeter  (an-tim'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  avri,  against, 
+  (ihpov,  a  measure.]  An  optical  instrument 
for  measuring  small  angles.    [Not  now  used.] 

antiminsion  (an-ti-min'si-on),  n. ;  pi.  antimin- 
sia{-&).  [iMGv.  avTiii'ivaiov.  sgq  antimensium.] 
Same  as  antimensium. 

antimnemonic  (an"ti-ne-mon'ik),  a.  and  n.  [< 
anii-  +  mnemonic]  I.  a.  Injurious  to  the  mem- 
ory;  tending  to  impair  memory. 

II,  n.  Whatever  is  hurtful  to  or  weakens  the 
memory.  Coleridge. 

antimonarchic  (an"ti-m9-nar'kik),  a.    [<  anti- 

+  monarchic ;  =F.  antimonarchique.]    Same  as 

antimonarchical.    Bp.  Benson. 
antimonarchical  (an'ti-mo-nar'ki-kal),  a.  [< 

anti-  +  monarchical.]    Opposed  to  monarchy  or 

kingly  government. 

antimonarchist  (an-ti-mon'ar-kist),  n.  [<  an- 
ti- +  monarchist.]    An  opponent  of  monarchy. 

Monday,  a  terrible  raging  wind  happened,  which  did 
much  hurt.  Dennis  Bond,  a  great  Oliverian  and  antimon- 
archist, died  on  that  day ;  and  then  the  devil  took  bond 
for  Oliver's  appearance.        Life  of  A.  Wood  (1848),  p.  82. 

antimonate  (an'ti-mo-nat),  n.  [<  antimony  + 
-ate^.]    Same  as  antimoniate. 

antimonial  (an-ti-mo'ni-al),  a.  and  n.  [<  anti- 
mony +  -al.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  antimony,  or 
partaking  of  its  qualities;  composed  of  anti- 
mony, or  containing  antimony  as  a  principal 
ingredient — Antimonial  silver.  See  s!7bc?-.— Anti- 
monial wine,  in  med.,  a  solution  of  tartar  emetic  in 
sherry  wine. 

II,  n.  A  preparation  of  antimony;  a  medi- 
cine in  which  antimony  is  a  principal  ingredient, 
antimoniate  (an-ti-mo'ni-at),  n.   [(.antimony  + 
-ate^.]  A  salt  of  antimonic  acid.  Also  written 
antimonate. 

antimoniated  (an-ti-mo'ni-a-ted),  a.  Combined 
or  impregnated  with  antimony;  mixed  or  pre- 
pared with  antimony:  as,  antimoniated  tartar. 

antimonic  (an-ti-mon'ik),  a.  [<  antimony  + 
-ic]    Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  antimony. 


antimony 

—Antimonic  acid,  HSbOs  +  2H2O,  a  white  powder  for. 
merly  used  in  medicine. 

antimonide  (an'ti-mo-nid  or  -nid),  n.  [<  anti- 
mony +  -ide.]  A  compound  of  antimony  and 
a  more  positive  element  or  metal.  Also  called 
antimonitiret. 

antimoniferous  (an'ti-mo-nif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  an- 
timony +  L.  ferre  =  E.  fteari.]'  Containing  or 
supplying  antimony :  as,  antimoniferous  ores. 

antimonious  (an-ti-mo'ni-us),  a.  [<  antimony 
+  -ous.]  Pertaining  to,  consisting  of,  or  con- 
taining antimony.  Antimonous  is  a  variant. 
—  Antimonious  acid,  2HSb02 -l- 3H2O,  a  weak  acid,  of 
w  hich  only  the  soda  salt  has  been  obtained  in  a  crystalline 
condition. 

antimonite  (an'ti-mo-nit),  n.  [<  antimony  + 
-«fc2.]   A  native  sulphid  of  antimony;  stibnite. 

antimoniuret  (an-ti-mo-ni'u-ret),  n.  [<  anti- 
moni(mn)  +  -uret.]    Same  as  antimonide. 

antimoniureted,  antimoniuretted  (an-ti-mo- 
ni'u-ret-ed),  a.  [<.  antimoniuret  + -ed^.]  Gom- 
bined with  antimony :  as,  antitnoniuretedhjdro- 
gen. 

antimonopolist  (an'ti-mo-nop'p-list),  w.  [< 
anti-  +  monopoly  +  -ist.]  One  who  is  opposed 
to  monopolies;  one  who  desires  to  restrict  the 
power  and  influence  of  great  corporations,  as 
tending  to  monopoly. 

antimonopoly  (an"ti-mo-nop'o-li),  a.  and  n. 
Opposed  to  monopolies ;  the  principle  of  op- 
position to  monopoly. 

The  main  purpose  of  the  anti-monopoly  movement  is  to 
resist  public  corruption  and  corporate  aggression. 

N.  A.  Rev.,  CXLIII.  87. 

antimonous  (an'ti-mo-nus),  a.  [<  antimony  + 
-ous.]    Same  as  antimonious. 

antimony  (an'ti-mo-ni),  n.  [<  late  ME.  anti- 
mony =  OF.  antimonic,  mod.  F.  antimoine  =  Sp. 
Pg.  It.  antimonio  =  Sw.  Dan.  G.  antimonium  = 
Euss.  antimoniya  =  Pol.  antymonium,  etc.,  < 
ML.  antimonium,  antimony,  a  word  of  tmknown 
origin,  simulating  a  Gr.  appearance,  perhaps  a 
perversion,  through  such  simulation  {antimo- 
nium, <  *atimonium,  <  *atimodium,  <  *athimo- 
dium  ?),  of  the  Ar.  name  (with  art.  al-  ?)  ethmad, 
othmod,  uthmud,  earlier  ithmid,  antimony,  which 
is  in  turn  perhaps  an  accommodation  (through 
*isthimmid%)  of  Gr.  cTtfifiLS-,  one  of  the  stems  of 
cTi^fu  {aTtjxfj.1-,  art/if^e-,  oTififud-),  also  aTifii  and 
c!Tif]t  (^GTipi^),  >  L.  stimmi,  stibi,  and  stibium, 
antimony,  the  Gr.  name  itself  being  appar.  of 
foreign  or  Eastern  origin :  see  stibium.  False 
etymologies  formerly  current  are :  (1)  <  F.  anti- 
moine, <  Gr.  avTi,  against,  +  moine,  a  monk, 
as  if  'monk's  bane';  (2)  <  Gr.  avri,  against,  + 
fidvog,  alone,  as  if  never  found  alone ;  (3)  <  Gr. 
avTt,  instead  of,  +  L.  minium,  red  lead,  "be- 
cause women  used  it  instead  of  red  lead "  as 
an  eye-paint.]  Chemical  symbol,  Sb  (Latin 
stibium) ;  atomic  weight,  120.  A  metal  of  a 
white  color  and  bright  luster  which  does  not 
readily  tarnish,  having  a  specific  gravity  of  6.7, 
crystallizing  in  the  rhombohedral  system,  and 
in  the  mass  ordinarily  showing  a  crystalline 
structure  and  highly  perfect  cleavage,  it  con- 
ducts both  heat  and  electricity  with  some  readiness,  but 
less  perfectly  than  the  true  metals,  and  differs  from  them 
also  in  being  brittle  like  arsenic.  It  melts  at  430°  C.  (806° 
F.),  and  volatilizes  slowly  at  a  red  heat ;  when  melted  in 
the  air  it  oxidizes  readily,  forming  antimony  trioxid,Sb203. 
Antimony  occurs  uncombined  in  nature  to  a  limited  ex- 
tent, usually  in  granular  or  foliated  masses,  often  with  a 
botryoidal  or  reniform  surface.  Many  compounds  of  anti- 
mony are  found  in  nature,  the  most  important  of  them 
being  the  sulphid,  Sb2S3,  called  gray  antimony,  antimony- 
glance,  or  stibnite.  Dyscrasite  is  a  compound  of  antimony 
and  silver.  There  are  also  a  number  of  minerals  contain- 
ing antimony,  sulphur,  and  lead  (like  jamesonite),  or  anti- 
mony, sulphur,  and  silver  (like  pyrargyrite  or  ruby  silver), 
or  antimony,  sulphur,  and  copper  (like  tetrahedrite).  The 
oxisulphid  kermesite  or  red  antimony  and  the  oxids  cer- 
vantite  and  stibiconite  (antimony  ocher)  are  also  impor- 
tant minerals.  Antimony  has  few  uses  in  the  arts;  it 
enters,  however,  into  a  number  of  very  valuable  alloys,  as 
type-metal,  pewter,  Britannia  metal,  and  Babbitt  metal, 
and  is  used  in  medicine.  Tartar  emetic  is  the  tartrate  of 
antimony  and  potassium.  James's  powder  is  a  mixture 
of  oxid  of  antimony  and  phosphate  of  lime. — Antimony 
vermilion,  a  sulphid  of  antimony  suggested  but  never 

used  as  a  pigment.  —  Argentine  flowers  of  antimony, 
the  tetroxid  of  antimony. —Arsenical  antimony.  See 
aHc/HO)ifife.— Black  antimony,  antimonious  sulphid.— 

Butter  of  antimony.  See  iitf/ej  i.— Ceruse  of  anti- 
mony. See  ceruse.- Diaphoretic  antimony,  a  prepa- 
ration chiefly  consisting  of  potassium  antimoniate,  made 
by  exposing  the  neutral  antimoniate  to  the  action  of  car- 
bonic-acid gas,  or  by  deflagrating  piu'e  antimony  with 
potassium  nitrate.  It  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
enamels,  and  was  formerly  administered  as  a  medicine. — 

Glass  of  antimony.  See  glass.— 'R^i  antimony  ore, 

an  oxisulphid  of  antimony.  Same  as  Icermesite.—Vniite 
antimony,  or  antimony  white,  native  antimony  trioxid, 
Sb203.— Yellow  antimony,  or  antimony  yellow,  a 
preparation  of  the  oxids  of  lead  and  antimony,  of  a  deep- 
yellow  color,  used  in  enamel-  and  porcelain-painting.  It 
is  of  various  tints,  and  the  brilliancy  of  the  brighter  hues 
is  not  affected  by  foul  air. 


antimony-blende 

antimony-blende  (an'ti-mo-ni-blend''''),  n. 

Same  as  kermesite. 
antimony-bloom  (an'tl-mo-ni-blom''''),  n.  Same 

as  valentinite. 

antimony-glance  (an'ti-mo-ni-glans'O,  n.  Same 
as  stibnite. 

antimoralist  (an-ti-mor'al-ist),  «.  [<  anti-  + 
moralist.}  An  enemy  to  or  opponent  of  moral- 
ity.   Bp.  Warburton. 

antimycotic  (an-ti-ml-kot'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avri, 
against,  +  fivK7/c,  a  fungus,  +  -ot-ic.~\  Destruc- 
tive to  microscopic  vegetable  organisms,  or  pre- 
venting their  development,  as  carbolic  acid. 

antinatural  (an-ti-nat'ur-al),  a.     [<  anti-  + 
natural.']    Opposed  to  nature  or  to  common 
sense;  non-natural. 
This  happy  and  antinatural  way  of  thinking. 

Martinus  Scriblerus,  v. 

anti-Nebraska  (an'ti-ne-bras'lia),  a.  In  U.  S. 
hist.,  opposed  to  the  act  of  1854  for  the  or- 
ganization of  Kansas  and  Nebraska  as  terri- 
toi-ies,  because  of  its  abrogation  of  the  law 
of  1820  (the  Missouri  compromise)  prohibiting 
slavery  in  new  territories  formed  in  that  re- 
gion— Anti-Nebraska  men,  the  members  of  the  coali- 
tion of  Whigs,  Democrats,  and  Freesoilers  opposed  to  the 
above-mentioned  bill :  afterward  merged  in  the  Repub- 
lican party. 

antinephritic  (an'ti-nef-rifik),  a.  [<  anti-  + 
nephritic.'}  In  med.,  counteracting  inflamma- 
tion of  the  kidneys. 

antinial  (an-tin'i-al),  a.  [<  Gr.  avri,  against, 
+  iviov,  the  nape  of  the  neck :  see  inion.}  In 
anat,  opposite  the  occiput:  applied  to  the 
space  between  the  eyebrows. 

antinode  (an'ti-nod),  n.  [<  anti-  +  node.}  A 
point  of  a  vibrating  stiing  where  the  amplitude 
of  vibration  is  greatest,  it  is  at  the  middle  of  a 
loop  or  ventral  segment,  and  half-way  between  two  adja- 
cent nodes.    See  node. 

antinomian  (an-ti-no'mi-an),  a.  andw.    [<  ML. 

antiyiomi,  antinomians,  <  Gr.  as  if  *a.vTivofios, 
against  the  law:  see  aw<mom2/.]  I.  a.  1.  Deny- 
ing the  obligatoriness  of  the  moral  law,  as  if 
emancipated  from  it  by  the  gospel. — 2.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  antinomians. 

II.  n.  In  theol.,  one  who  maintains  that  Chris- 
tians are  freed  from  the  moral  law  as  set 
forth  in  the  Old  Testament  by  the  new  dispen- 
sation of  grace  as  set  forth  in  the  gospel;  an 
opponent  of  legalism  in  morals.  Antinomianism 
has  e.visted  in  three  forms :  in  the  early  church,  as  a  species 
of  Gnosticism,  in  the  doctrine  that  sin  is  an  incident  of  the 
body,  and  that  a  regenerate  soul  cannot  sin  ;  later,  in  the 
Beformation,  as  a  reaction  against  the  doctrine  of  good 
works  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  in  the  antagonistic 
doctrine  that  man  is  saved  by  faith  alone,  regardless  of  his 
obedience  to  or  disobedience  of  the  moral  law  as  a  rule  of 
life ;  finally,  as  a  phase  of  extreme  Calvinism,  in  English 
Puritan  theology,  in  the  doctrine  that  the  sins  of  the  elect 
are  so  transferred  to  Christ  that  they  become  his  trans- 
gressions and  cease  to  be  the  transgressions  of  the  actual 
smner.  The  chief  exponent  of  the  second  form  of  anti- 
nomianism was  John  Agricola  (Germany,  1492-1566);  the 
chief  exponent  of  the  third,  Tobias  Crisp,  D.  C.  (England, 
1600-1642X    [Often  with  a  capital.] 

antinomianism  (an-ti-no'mi-an-izm),  n.  [<  071- 
tinomian  +  -dsm.}  The  tenets  of  the  antino- 
mians.   See  antinomian,  n. 

antinomic  (an-ti-nom'ik),  a.  If.  Antinomian. 
—2.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of  an- 
tinomy; containing  antinomies;  involving  a 
conflict  of  laws. 

antinomical  (an-ti-nom'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  an- 
tinomic. 

Kant  holds  that  reason  is  in  itself  antinomical. 

Caird,  Philos.  Kant,  p.  590. 
antinomist  (an-tin'o-mist),  n.    [<  antinomy  + 
-ist.}   An  antinomian. 

Great  offenders  this  way  are  the  libertines  and  antino- 
mists,  who  quite  cancel  the  whole  law  of  God  under  the 
pretence  of  Cliristian  liberty. 

Bp.  Sanderson,  Sermons  ad  Pop.  (1674),  p.  298. 
antinomy  (an-tin'o-mi),M.;  pi.  antinomies (-miz). 
[<  L.  antinomia,  a  contradiction  between  laws, 
<  Gr.  avTivofita,  an  ambiguity  in  the  law,  <  *dfrt- 
vofioc,  against  the  law  (cf .  ML.  antinomi :  see 
anti)iomian),  <  avri,  against,  +  vdfioc,  law:  see 
nome.}  1.  The  opposition  of  one  law,  rule,  or 
principle  to  another. 

It  should  be  noticed  that  the  Westminster  Confession 
expressly  teaches  the  freedom  of  wiU  as  well  as  f  oreordina- 
tioii,  and  leaves  the  solution  of  the  apparent  antinomti  to 
scientific  theology.  Schaff,  Christ  and  Christianity,  p.  162. 


antipathy 

Turn  now  to  the  reverse  of  tlie  medal,  and  there  we  shall 
find  the  antipart  of  this  divine  truth. 

Bp.  Warburton,  Sermons,  ii. 
Antipasch  (an'ti-pask),  n.    [<  anti-  +  pasch.} 
Low  Sunday;  the  Sunday  after  Easter  day. 


247 

3.  In  metaph.,  according  to  Kant,  an  unavoid- 
able contradiction  into  which  reason  falls  when 
it  applies  to  the  transcendent  and  absolute  the 
a  priori  conceptions  of  the  understanding  (cat- 
egories: see  category,  1),  which  are  valid  only  Sunday;  the  Sunday  after  Easter  day. 
within  the  limits  of  possible  experience.  There  Antipathacea  (an"ti-pa-tha'se-a),  n.  jil.  [NL., 

are  four  antinomies  of  the  pure  reason,  according  to  Kant,     ^  <"♦-"'■"■"" -l       —  t    a   1  . 

relating  (1)  to  the  limits  of  the  universe  in  .space  and  time, 
(2)  to  the  existence  of  atoms  or  the  infinite  divisibility  of 
matter,  (.3)  to  freedom,  and  (4)  to  the  cosinological  argu- 
ment for  a  God. 
Antiochian  (an-ti-6'ki-an),  a.  [<  L.  AntiocMus, 
also  Antiocheus,  <  Gr.  'Avrioxeio^,  pertaining  to 


<  Antipatkes  +  -acea.}  A  suborder  of  Actiniaria, 
composed  of  the  families  Antipathidce  and  Ge- 
rardiidm,  having  the  polyps  connected  by  a 
ccenenchyma  secreting  a  solid  sclerobase  or 
horny  skeletal  axis,  and  their  tentacles  simple, 
also  Antioclieus,  <  Gr.  'Avtiox^lo^,  pertaining  to  eonjeal,  and  6  to  24  in  number. 
'AvTwxoc,  L.  Antiochus,  the  name  of  a  philoso-  Antipatharia  (an'ti-pa-tha'ri-a),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
pher  andof  several  Syrian  kings,  or  to  'Avnoxeta,  ^  Antipathes  +  -aria.}  A  synonjon  of  Sclcroha- 
L.  AntiocMa,  also  Atitiochea,  the  name  of  sev-  sfca,  as  an  order  of  sclerobasic  corals  having  the 
eral  cities,  particularly  Antioch  in  Syria  (now  corallum  external  and  not  calcareous, 
called  Antakia),  founded  by  Seleucus  Nicator,  antipatharian  (an"ti-pa-tha'ri-an),  a.  Pertain- 
301  B.  c,  and  named  after  his  father  Antiochus.  i^g  to  or  having  the  characters"  of  the  Antipa- 
The  name  Avrioxog  means  'resistant,  holding  tharia. 
out  against,'  <  avrexetv,  resist,  hold  out  against,  <  Antipathes  (an-tip'a-thez) 
ovr/,  against, -f  £;t:ew,  hold,  >  o;i:of,  holding.]    1.  "Tir^ncifo  f„„i;„„^ 

Pertaining  to  Antiochus  of  Ascalon  (died  about 

CQ  „  ^  N        f  J  a  X        ,    ..     ,.     t„^i^„  ^„*,-»,..*7„,7^ /„i,:„i-  'The  species 


A.  columnaris  is  an 


 ,       ^  ,.  n.   [NL.,  <  Gr.  avri^ 

nadr/g,  of  opposite  feelings  or  properties:  see 
jtrercaming  10  Anuocnus  or  Ascalon  (died  about    antipathy.}    A  genus  of  corals,  typical  of  the 
68  B.  c),  the  foimder  of  a  sect  of  eclectic  phi-   family  Antipathidce  (which  see). 
losophers  who  sought  to  unite  the  philosophy  of   ^^^e  knowr  n «  spn-mhina     a  ^^i 
Plato  with  many  of  the  doctrines  of  Aristotle  example, 
and  the  Stoics. — 2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  city  antipathetic  (an"ti-pa-thet'ik),  a.    [<  antipa- 
of  Antioch.— Antiochian  epoch,  the  name  given  to    *''y>  o^  ^TP^  of  pathetic,  q.  v.]    Having  a  nat- 
two  chronological  eras  employed  in  Syria :  (a)  The  Ca!sa-    ural  antipathy,  contrariety,  or  constitutional 
rean  era  of  Antioch,  commemorating  the  victory  of  Phar-    aversion  •  with  to 
saha,  fixed  by  the  Greeks  in  the  autumn  of  49  b.  c,  and       „       t  i,  •  , 

by  the  Syrians  in  the  autumn  of  48  B.  c.   (i)  The  mundane       ^lence  I  think  its  [Greek  speculation  s]  influence  on  the 
eraof  Antioch,  September,5493 B.C., employed bytheSyrian     ^""^'^  ^''as  dogmatic,  and  antipathetic  to  Skepticism. 
Christians  as  the  date  of  the  creation  of  the  world.  Owe)i,  Evenings  with  Skeptics,  I.  282. 

[<  An-  antipathetical  (an"ti-pa-thet'i-kal),  a.  Op- 
„„i — 1    posed  in  nature  or  disposition:  with  to. 


The  soil  is 
tures. 


antipathetical  to  all  venomous  crea- 
Hoxoell,  Vocal  Forest. 


Antiochianism  (an-ti-6'ki-an-izm),  n.  ^,„.. 
tiochian  +  -ism.'}  The  nanie  given  to  a  school 
of  theology  which  existed  in  the  fourth  and 

fifth  centuries:  so  called  because  propagated    >'"'^''.  aoiveu,  v ocai  j; oresi;. 

chiefly  by  the  church  at  Antioch,  and  also  to  antipathic  (an-ti-path'ik),  a.  [<  KL.  antipathi- 
distmguishitfrom  Alexandrianism.  It  aimed  at  cus :  see  antijuifhy  and -ic.}  1.  Relating  to  an- 
fegorlcl!  ^eSaS  of  the 'S^'r'cf  ''^^'^l'  opposite ;  unlike ;  adverse.-2.  Exeit- 

antiodont  (an'ti-6-dont),  «.    [<  Gr.  avr/,  oppo-         ^^tipatby.  [Rare.] 
site  to,  -I-  bdoiic:  (bdovr-)  =  E.  tooth.l    Kavms        ^^^^  "'^^         *°  animal 
a  kind  of  lophodont  dentition  in  which  the  foldl  &r.Hr..ty.t^^  r     y  ^'f^' P- 

or  ridges  of  the  molar  crowns  are  opposite:  op-  AjltiPathldae  (an-ti-path  i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  < 
l>osed  to  amcebodont.  ^    Antipathes  +  -ul(e.}    A  family  of  selerobasie 

antiopelmous  (anni-o-pel'musi,  a.  [<  Gr.  ''^J*^^'  ^}.^'^^,  ^^''^l^'  corresponding  to  the 
avriog,  set  against,  -t- Va»a,  the  sole.]  In  old  genus  J«foija^/«es.  They  have  a  branched  fibrous 
nrnifll     h^,^n^o■  nr,  Q,T.Q,,r,rrvio^f  If  fl^  „      axis  and  a  soft  friable  ccenenchyma,  which  peels  off  after 

ormm.,  Having  an  aiTangement  of  the  flexor    death,  leaving  the  axial  coenosarc  looking  like  a  dry  stick, 
tendons  of  the  toes  by  which  the  flexor  per-  antipathise,  v.    See  antipathize. 
torans  supplies  the  third  toe  only,  while  the  antipathist  (an-tip'a-thist),  n.    [<  antipathy  + 
irf    ^1  „        ^P.  _^  ^I^^^  tendons,  pass-   -ist.}   A  person  or  thing  having  an  antipathy 


ing  to  the  first,  second,  and  fourth  toes, 

The  synpelmous,  the  heteropelmous.  and  the  antiopel- 
mous arrangements  are  entirely  peculiar  to  the  present 
order  [Picari(e].  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  IV.  369. 

anti-orgastic  (an'ti-or-gas'tik),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  orgastic.}  Tending  to  allay  excitement  or 
venereal  desire. 

antipapal  (an-ti-pa'pal),  a.  [<  anti-  +  papal.} 
Opposed  to  the  pope  or  to  popery. 

He  charges  strictly  his  son  after  him  to  persevere  in  that 
antipapal  schism.  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxvii. 

antipapistical  (an'^ti-pa-pis'ti-kal),  a.  [<  anti- 

+  papistical.}    Antipapal.  Joriin. 
antiparabema  (an-ti-par-a-be'ma),  n.;  pi.  anti- 
parabemata  (-ma-ta).  [MGr.  *avTtiTapa.priiia:  see 
anti-  and  parabenui.}  One  of  two  chapels  at  the 


angles  of  the  west  front  of  some  Byzantine  «„ttn.''tC!i""f^''''''ilf-  ^ 
churches,  found  esneciallv  in  Armenian  ex-  antipathoust  (an-t  p  a-thus),  a.    [<  Gr 


churches,  found  especially  in  Armenian  ex- 
amples, and  corresponding  to  the  parabemata 
of  the  apsidal  end.  J.  M.  Neale. 
antiparallel  (an-ti-par'a-lel),  a.  and  n.  [< 
anti-  +  parallel.}  I,  a.  Running  parallel  but 
in  a  contrary  direction.  Hammond. 

II,  n.  In  geom.,  one  of  two  or  lu^ic  ....r..- 
which  make  equal  angles  with  two  other  lines, 
A.  but  in  contrary  order. 

Thus,  supposing  AB  and 
AC  any  two  lines,  and  EC 
and  EE  two  other  lines 
cutting  the  first  so  as  to 
make  the  angle  ABC  equal 
to  the  angle  AEF,  and  the 


to  another,  or  being  the  direct  opposite  of  an- 
other. [Rare.] 

Sole  positive  of  night ! 
Antipathist  of  light. 

Coleridge,  SibylUne  Leaves,  II.  281. 

antipathize  (an-tip'a-thiz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp. 
antipathized,  ppr.  aiitipathizing.  [<  antipathy 
+  -ize.}  I.  intrans.  To  feel  antipathy  or  aver- 
sion ;  entertain  or  show  a  feeling,  disposition, 
or  opinion  characterized  by  opposition  or  con- 
trariety: the  opposite  of  sympathize.  [Rare.] 

I  must  say  I  sympathise  with  Milverton  and  antipa- 
thise .  .  .  with  Lord  Lytton. 

A.  Helps,  Casimir  Maremma,  p.  39. 
II.  trans.  To  affect  with  antipathy  or  hostil- 
ity of  feeling;  render  antipathetic.  [Rare.] 
Also  spelled  antipathise. 


^  ,   „.  avrma- 

H>IU  of  opposite  feeling  (see  antipathy),  -t-  -ous.} 
Having  a  natural  contrariety ;  antipathetic. 

Still  she  extends  her  hand, 
As  if  she  saw  something  antipathous 
Unto  her  virtuous  life. 
Fletcher  (ami  another).  Queen  of  Corinth,  iii.  2. 


mikeruiVaTxfw^trtw""  Xr^s^,t^       (--«p.'^:t^i); .pi- 


oihtv^^  18'%  rule,  or  principle  opposed  to  an- 

If  God  once  willed  adultery  should  be  sinful,  aU  his 
omnipotence  will  not  allow  him  to  will  the  allowance  that 
nis  holiest  people  might,  by  his  own  antinomy  or  counter- 
statute,  live  unreproved.  Milton,  Divorce,  ii.  3. 

Humility,  poverty,  meanness,  and  wretchedness  are  di- 
rect antiTwmies  to  the  lusts  of  the  flesh. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Great  Exemplar,  i.  §  4. 


angle  ACB  equal  to  the  angle  ADE ;  then  EC  and  EE  are 
antiparallels  with  respect  to  AB  and  AC ;  also  these  latter 
are  antiparallels  with  respect  to  the  two  former. 

antiparalytic  (an"ti-par-a-Ut'ik),  a.  and  n.  [< 
anti-  +  paralytic.}   I.  a.  In  )ned. :  (a)  Effective 
against  paralysis.     [Rare.]    (6)  An  epithet 
applied  to  the  secretion  of  the  submaxillary 
gland  on  one  side  when  the  chorda  tympani  on 
the  other  side  has  been  cut  so  as  to  "produce  a 
paralytic  secretion  on  that  side.    In  this  sense 
also  called  antilytic. 
II,  n.  In  med. ,  a  remedy  for  paralysis.  [Rare.] 
antiparalytical  (an'ti-par-a-lit'i-kal),  a.  Same 
as  antiparalytic. 
antipart  (an'ti-part),  n.    [<  anti-  +  part.}  The 
counterpart.  [Rare.] 


^ — .  V  -  -  — /,  ,  i-..  antipathies 
(-thiz).  [=  F.  antij)athic,  <  Gr.  avrc-ddaa,  <  av- 
TLTTadijq,  of  opposite  feeling,  <  av-i,  against,  + 
naQoz,  feeling,  <  ixaQew,  suffer,  feel.]  1.  Natu- 
ral aversion;  instinctive  contrariety  or  oppo- 
sition in  feeling;  an  aversion  felt  at  the  pres- 
ence or  thought  of  a  particular  object;  distaste', 
disgust;  repugnance. 

No  contraries  hold  more  antipathy 
Than  I  and  such  a  knave.         Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  2. 
Their  natural  antipathy  of  temperament  made  resent- 
ment an  easy  passage  to  hatred. 

Georye  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  ii.  4. 
A  rival  is  the  bitterest  enemy,  as  antipathy  is  rather  be- 
tween likes  than  unlikes. 

J.  R.  Seeley,  Nat.  Religion,  p.  122. 
2f .  A  contrariety  in  the  properties  or  affections 
of  matter,  as  of  oil  and  water.  Bacon. —  3,  An 
object  of  natural  aversion  or  settled  dislike. 

Let  him  be  to  thee  an  antipathy, 

A  thing  thy  nature  sweats  at  and  turns  Viackward. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Thierry  and  Tlieodoret,  i.  1. 
=  Syn.  Hatred,  Dislike,  Antipathy,  Disgust,  Aversion,  Re- 
luctance, Repugnance.    Hatred  is  the  deepest  and  most 


antipathy 

permanent  of  these  feelings ;  it  is  rarely  used  except  of  per- 
sons. IHdike  Is  the  most  general  word,  and  depends  upon 
the  connection  for  its  strength ;  it  is  opposed  to  likimj  or 
fondness.  Antipathy  expresses  most  of  constitutional 
feeling  and  least  of  volition  :  the  turkey-cock  has  an  antip- 
athy to  the  color  red  ;  manypeople  have  an  intensen;if/;>a- 
thy  to  snakes,  rats,  toads.  In  figurative  u&e.antipatliy  is  a 
dislike  that  seems  constitutional  toward  persons,  things, 
conduct,  etc. ;  hence  it  involves  a  dislike  for  which  some- 
times no  good  reason  can  be  given.  Antipathyis  opposed 
primarily  to  sympathy,  but  often  to  mere  liking.  Disgust 
is  the  loathing,  first  of  physical  taste,  then  of  esthetic 
taste,  then  of  spiritual  taste  or  moral  feeling.  Aversion  is 
a  fixed  disposition  to  avoid  something  which  displeases, 
disturbs,  or  annoys:  as,  (luiet  people  have  an  arersion  to 
noise.  It  is  a  dislike,  settled  and  generally  strong.  Re- 
luctance and  repugnance  by  derivation  imply  a  natural 
struggle,  as  of  hesitation  or  recoil;  with  reluctance  it  is 
simply  the  will  holding  back  in  dislike  of  some  proposed 
act,  while  with  repugnance  it  is  a  greater  resistance  or 
one  accompanied  with  greater  feeling,  and  generally  in 
regard  to  an  act,  course,  idea,  etc.,  rarely  to  persons  or 
things.    See  animosity. 

While  with  perfidious  hatred  they  pursued 

The  sojourners  of  Goshen.        Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  308. 

Tlie  hint  malevolent,  the  look  oblique, 
The  obvious  satire,  or  implied  dislike. 

Hannah  More,  Sensibility. 

Sir  Lancelot  leant,  in  half  disgust 
At  love,  life,  all  things,  on  tlie  window  ledge. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

Cowper  speaks  of  some  one  having  "much  the  same 
aversion  to  a  Papist  that  some  people  have  to  a  cat, — 
rather  an  antipathy  than  a  reasonable  dislike." 

F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  99. 

Reluctance  against  God  and  his  just  yoke. 

Laid  on  our  necks.  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  1045. 

It  is  no  argument  against  death  that  life  in  full  energy 
has  a  repugnance  to  it.    Maud.'iley,  Body  and  Will,  p.  323. 

antipatriarch  (an-ti-pa'tri-ark),  71.  [<  (inti-  + 
jiatriarch.^  Ecclcs.,  one  who  claims  the  office 
and  exercises  the  functions  of  patriarch  in  op- 
position to  the  canonical  occupant  of  the  see. 

The  Patriarch  resides  at  Damascus,  the  Latin  Antipatri- 
arch at  Aleppo.  J.  M.  Xcale,  Eastern  C'hurcli,  i.  12r). 

antipatriotic  Can'-'ti-pa-tri-  or  -pat-ri-ot'ik),  a. 
{_<,  anti- +  patriotic.'i  Antagonistic  to  patriots 
or  patriotism,  or  to  one's  coimtry. 

These  antipatriotic  prejudices  are  the  abortions  of  folly 
impregnated  by  faction. 

Johnson,  Taxation  no  Tyranny,  p.  157. 

antipeduncular  (an"ti-pe-dung'kfi-lar),  a.  [< 
anii-  +  peduncular.']    In  hot.,  opposite  to  or 
away  from  a  peduncle. 
The  antipeduncular  pole  of  the  ovary.  T.  Gill. 

antipeptone  (an-ti-pep'ton),  n.  [<  anti-  +  pep- 
tone.'] One  of  the  products  of  the  digestion  of 
proteids  by  the  pancreatic  fluid;  one  of  the 
peptones  into  which  an  albuminoid  body  is  re- 
solved by  the  action  of  pepsin  or  tripsin. 

antiperiodic  (an"ti-pe-ri-od'ik),  a.  and  n.  [< 
anti-  +  periodic.]  1.  a.  In  mcd.,  curative  of 
diseases  exhibiting  periodicity,  especially  of 
intermittent  fever. 

II.  n.  In  med.,  a  remedy  for  periodic  diseases, 
especially  for  intermittent  fever. 

antiperistalsis  (an'ti-per-i-stal'sis),  w.  [NL., 

<  anti-  +  peristalsis.]  Inverted  peristaltic  ac- 
tion of  the  intestines  by  which  their  contents 
are  carried  upward. 

antiperistaltic  (an'ti-per-i-stal'tik),  a.  [<  an- 
ti- +  peristaltic]  In  7Hed. :  (a)  Opposed  to  or 
checking  peristaltic  motion,  (b)  Pertainingto 
or  exhibiting  antiperistalsis. 

antiperistasis  (an"ti-pe-ris'ta-sis),  n.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  avTCTvepiaTaaig,  a  surrounding  so  as  to  com- 
press, a  reciprocal  replacement,  <  avTmepiiara- 
aOai,  surround,  compass,  <  avri,  against,  +  nepd- 
araadai,  irepiari/vat,  stand  around  (>  nepiaraaig,  a 
standing  around), <  Trepi,  around,-!-  'iaraadai,  arf/- 
vai,  stand.]  1 .  Antagonism  of  natural  qualities, 
as  of  light  and  darkness,  heat  and  cold ;  specifi- 
cally, opposition  of  contrary  qualities  by  which 
one  or  both  are  intensified,  or  the  intensifica- 
tion so  produced.  XIius,  sensible  heat  is  excited  in 
quicklime  by  immersing  it  in  cold  water,  and  cold  applied 
to  the  Imman  body  may,  by  reaction,  increase  its  heat. 

All  that  I  fear  is  Cynthia's  presence,  which,  with  the 
cold  of  her  chastity,  casteth  such  an  untiperistasis  about 
the  place,  that  no  heat  of  thine  will  tarry  with  the  patient. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Bevels,  v.  3. 

2.  In  rhet.,  a  figure  consisting  in  granting  what 
an  opponent  states  as  fact,  but  denying  his  in- 
ference therefrom. 

antiperistatic  (an'ti-per-i-stafik),  a.  [<  anti- 
pcristasis ;  formed  after  Gr.  ■KEpiaTarmd^,  peri- 
statie.]    Pertaining  to  antiperistasis. 

antipestilential  (an'-'ti-pes-ti-len'shal),  a. 
[<  anti-  4-  pestilential.]  Efficacious  against  the 
plague  or  other  epidemic,  or  against  infection. 

Antipestilential  unguents  to  anoint  the  nostrils  with. 

Harvey,  The  Plague. 


antipetalous  (an-ti-pet'a-lus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avri, 
against,  -I-  Trhakov,  leaf,  mod.  petal.]  In  hot., 
a  term  descriptive  of  stamens 
which  stand  opposite  to  petals. 

antiphlogistian  (an'ti-flo-jis'- 
tiau),  n.  [<  anti-  +  phlogis- 
tian.]  An  opponent  of  the  old 
chemical  theory  as  to  the  ex- 
istence of  a  substance  called 
phlogiston. 

antiphlogistic  (an "  ti  -flo  -  jis  '- 

tik),  rt.  and  «.      [<.  anti- phlo-  alous"F'towir"of'''the 

gistic]  I.  fl.  1.  In  chem.,  op-  ftamens  *!'^■pe"'• 
posed  to  the  theory  of  phlogis-  fl^-  '"S">«i  "po"  'he 

i        /•    1  •  1.  s     •'       jS        ^  ..     throat  of  the  calyx. 

ton  (which  see):  as,  the  anti- 
phlogistic system. — 2.  In  med.,  counteracting 
inflammation  or  a  feverish  state  of  the  system : 
as,  antiphlogistic  remedies  or  treatment  Anti- 
phlogistic theory,  a  theory  of  combustion  first  ad- 
vanced Ijy  Lavoisier,  who  held  that  in  combustion,  in- 
stead of  phlogiston  escaping,  according  to  the  theory  of 
Stahl,  there  was  a  combination  with  oxygen.  The  anti- 
phlogistic theory  of  combustion,  modified  and  enlarged,  is 
the  one  now  universally  accepted. 

II.  n.  Any  medicine  or  application  which 
tends  to  check  or  allay  inflammation. 

antiphon,  antiphone  (an'ti-fon  or  -fon),  «. 

[The  earlier  E.  forms  produced  mod.  anthem, 
q.  V. ;  <  ML.  antiphona  (fem.  sing.),  <  Gr.  avTi- 
(puva  (neut.  pi.),  usually  avTi<puvov  (sing.),  an- 
them, prop.  neut.  of  avTl<p(jvoc,  sounding  in  an- 
swer, <  avTt,  in  return,  -I-  (puv//,  voice :  see  2'l>o- 
netic,  and  ef.  anthem.']  1.  A  psalm,  hymn,  or 
prayer  sung  responsively  or  by  alternation  of 
two  choirs,  as  in  the  English  cathedral  service. 
—  2.  In  the  liturgy  or  mass  of  both  the  East- 
ern and  Western  churches,  as  well  as  in  the 
day-hours  and  other  offices,  a  series  of  verses 
from  the  Psalms  or  otlier  parts  of  Scripture, 
either  in  their  original  sequence  or  combined 
from  various  passages,  sung  as  a  prelude  or 
conclusion  to  some  part  of  the  service,  it  is 
sometimes  especially  limited  to  the  verse  sung  before  or 
after  tlie  psalms  of  the  oftice,  the  tones  of  which  are  deter- 
mined by  the  nnisical  mode,  according  to  the  (iregorian 
chant,  of  their  respective  antiphons.  (See  chant  and  mode.) 
Liturgiologists  retain  a  moi-e  extended  use  of  the  word, 
making  it  include  various  brief  responsories  as  well  as 
longer  chants. 

3.  A  scriptural  passage  or  original  composition 
sung  as  an  independent  part  of  the  service,  and 
set  to  more  elaborate  music  ;  an  anthem. — 4. 
An  echo  or  a  response.  [Rare.] 

The  great  synod  .  .  .  that  is  to  meet  at  Hamborough 
to  me  sounds  like  an  aiitiphone  to  the  other  malign  con- 
jimction  at  Colen.  Sir  H.  Wotton,  Keliciuia;,  p.  376. 

To  double  an  antiphon.  See  double. 

antiphona,  n.    Plural  of  antiphonon . 

antiphona!  (an-ti£'o-nal),  a.  and  n.  [<  anti- 
phon +  -«/.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  marked  by 
antiphony  or  responsive  singing;  antiphonary. 

He  [Calvin)  thought .  .  .  that  the  practice  of  antiphonal 
chanting  was  superstitious. 

T.  M'arton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  III.  164. 

II.  n.  A  book  of  antiphons  or  anthems ;  an 
antiphonary. 

antiphonally  (an-tif'o-nal-i),  adv.  In  an  an- 
tiphonal manner;  responsively. 

antiphonar  (an-tif 'o-nar),  n.  Same  as  antipho- 
nary. 

antiphonary  (an-tif 'o-na-ri),  w.  and  a.  [< 
ML.  antiphonarium,  <  antij)hona :  see  antiphon.] 
I.  n. ;  pi.  antiphonaries  (-riz).  A  book  of  an- 
tiphons. As  originally  compiled  by  Pope  Gregory  the 
Great,  it  contained  whatever  was  sung  antiphonally  in  the 
mass  and  ofiices  of  the  Latin  Church.  The  liturgical  an- 
tiphons, however,  that  is,  those  proper  to  the  mass,  have 
long  been  published  in  a  separate  book  called  the  gradual. 
The  responsories  of  the  oftice  were  also  anciently  pulilished 
by  themselves  in  the  responsorial,  but  now,  along  witli  the 
antiphons  proper,  that  is,  those  associated  with  the  psalms 
of  the  office,  make  up  the  present  antiphonary. 
II.  a.  Antiphonal. 

Great  attention  seems  to  have  been  paid  to  the  antijiho- 
vary  songs.  A.  W.  Ward,  Eng.  Dram.  Lit.,  I.  21. 

antiphone,  n.   See  antijyhon. 
antiphonert  (an-tif 'o-ner),M.  [<ME.  antiphonere 
(also  anfenare,  amfenare),  <  ML.  antiphonarium  : 
see  antiphonar ij.]    A  book  of  anthems  or  anti- 
phons ;  an  antiphonary. 

He  Alma  Redemptoris  herde  synge. 
As  children  lerned  her  antiphonere. 

Chaucer,  Prioress's  Tale,  1.  67. 

antiphonetic  (an-'ti-fo-nefik),  a.    [<  Gr.  as  if 

*ai'Tixl>(jvr/TiK6g,  <  avTKpoiveiv,  correspond  in  sound, 
<  ai'r/(^(jr'of,corresponding  or  answering  in  sound: 
see  antiphon,  anti-,  and  phonetic]  CoiTespond- 
ing  in  sound;  homophonous:  applied  to  words 
which  rime. 

Moore  and  Tom  Campljell  themselves  admit  "  spinach" 
Is  perfectly  antiphonetic  to  "Greenwich." 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  111. 


antipode 

antiphonic  (an-ti-fon'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  *avTiifxjviK6c 
(found  only  in  adv.  avri^uviKug),  <  avriijiuvoc.  see 
antiphon.]  Pertaining  to  or  marked  by  an- 
tiphony. 

antiphonical  (an-ti-fon'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  an- 
tiphonic. 

antiphonon  (an-tif'o-non),  n. ;  pi.  antiphona 
(-nil).    IGr.:  see  antijihon.]    Same  &s  anti2>hon. 

In  the  Basilian  and  Chrysostomic  Liturgies,  the  Introit 
is  divided  into  three  antiphona. 

J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  364. 

antiphony  (an-tif 'o-ni),  pi.  antiphonies  {-niz). 
[An  extended  form  of  antiphon,  <  Gr.  as  if  *dvTi- 
^tovia.  Ct.  si/mphony.]  1 .  Alternate  or  respon- 
sive singing,  in  which  a  choir  is  divided  into 
two,  each  part  singing  alternate  verses  of  the 
psalm  or  anthem:  opposed  to  homophony,  2. 
In  responsorial  singing,  on  the  contrary,  one  singer  alter- 
nates with  the  whole  choir,  as  in  the  chanting  of  respon- 
sories.   See  responsary. 

2.  A  psalm  or  an  anthem  so  chanted. 

These  are  the  pretty  responsories,  these  are  the  dear  an- 
tiphonies that  so  bewitched  of  late  our  prelates  and  tlieir 
chaplains  with  the  goodly  echo  they  made. 

M iltun,  Areopagitica. 

3.  A  composition  of  several  verses  taken  from 
different  psalms  and  set  to  music. 

antiphotogenic  (an'ti-fo-to-jen'ik),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  photogenic]  Preventing  the  chemical  action 
of  light,  as  in  photography;  rendering  light 
non-actinic  by  excluding  the  chemical  rays. 

I  do  not  fix  the  telescope  to  the  objective,  but  merely 
unite  the  two  by  means  of  an  antiphotogenic  tube  of  red 
cloth.  Set.  Amer.  Su'pp.,  XXIII.  9159. 

antiphrasis  (an-tif 'ra-sis),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  avutjipa- 
ciQ,  <  avTi(ppa.(^Etv,  express  by  antithesis  or  nega- 
tion, <  avTi,  against,  -t-  (ppdi^eiv,  speak,  >  4>pa.aic, 
way  of  speaking,  >  E.  phrase.]  In  rhet.,  the 
use  of  a  word  in  a  sense  opposite  to  its  proper 
meaning,  or  when  its  opposite  should  have 
been  used;  irony,  used  either  in  sarcasm  or  in 
humor. 

You  now  find  no  cause  to  repent  that  you  never  dipt 
your  hands  in  the  bloody  high  courts  of  justice,  so  called 
only  by  antiphrasis.  South. 
antiphrastic  (an-ti-fras'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  *dvTi- 
(ppacTiKot:  (in  adv.  avrifparmKug),  <  avTi<ppdi^eiv,  ex- 
press by  antithesis:  see  antiphrasis.]  Of  or. 
pertaining  to  antiphrasis. 

antiphrastical  (an-ti-fras'ti-kal),  a.    Same  as 

antiplirastic 
antiphrastically  (an-ti-ft-as'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In 

tlie  manner  of  antiphrasis;  by  antiphrasis. 
antiphthisic  (an-ti-tiz'ik),  a.  and  n.     [<  anti- 

+  phthisic]    I.  a.  Tending  to  check  phthisis- 

or  consumption. 
II.  n.  A  medicine  intended  to  check  phthisis. 

N.  E.  D. 

antiphysici,  antiphysicali  (an-ti-fiz'ik,  -i-kal), 
a.  [<  Gr.  avTi,  against,  -f  ^'vaig,  nature  (adj. 
tpvawdi;).]    Contrary  to  nature ;  unnatural. 

antiphysic^,  antiphysicaP  (an-ti-fiz'ik,  -i-kal), 
a.  [<  Gr.  dvTi,  against,  -f-  ^vaa,  breath,  wind  in 
the  stomach.]  In  me<7.,  relie'ving  flatulence; 
carminative. 

antiplastic  (an-ti-plas'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avri, 
against,  +  Tr'AaariKdg,  <  Tr/Uzorof,  verbal  adj.  of 
ir'Adaaeiv,  mold,  form.]  1.  Diminishing  plasti- 
city.—  2.  In  med.,  unfavorable  to  healing ;  pre- 
venting or  cheeking  the  process  of  granulation. 
—  3.  Impoverishing  the  blood. 

antipodt,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  antipode. 

antipodal  (an-tip'o-dal),  a.   l<  antipode  +  -ah] 
1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  antipodes; 
situated  on  or  belonging  to  opjiosite  sides  of 
the  globe. 
The  mingling  of  antipodal  races. 

6.  P.  Lathrop,  Spanish  Vistas,  p.  104. 

Hence — 2.  At  the  opposite  end  or  extreme; 
diametrically  opposite. 

A  place  so  anti]jodal  to  New  England  ways  and  ideas  as 
was  Vicksburg  in  that  day.        The  Century,  XXIII.  163. 

A  horseman  clatters  over  the  loose  planks  of  the  bridge, 
while  his  antipodal  shadow  glides  silently  over  the  mir- 
rored bridge  below.  Loicell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  19. 

Also  antipodic,  antipodical. 
Antipodal  cells,  in  bot.,  the  two  cells  which  are  formed 
by  the  nuclei  at  the  base  of  the  emlu'yonal  sac  and  op- 
posite to  the  nuclei  which,  after  fertilization,  become  the 
oospore.— Antipodal  heresy,  the  heresy  of  the  antipo- 
dists.    See  antipodist. 

The  positive  assertion,  with  indignant  comment,  that 
Virgil  [Bishop  of  Salzburg]  was  deposed  for  antipodal 
heresy.       Prof.  De  Morgan,  N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  XII.  53. 

antipode  (an'ti-p6d),  n.;  pi.  antipodes  (-podz), 
usually  as  Latin  antipodes  (an-tip'o-dez).  [For- 
merly also  aw^ywcZ,  rarely  antipos ;  <  L.  antipodes, 
pi.:  see  antipodes.]  1.  One  of  the  antipodes, 
or  those  who  dwell  on  opposite  sides  of  the 
globe. — 2.  One  who  or  that  which  is  in  opposi- 
tion to  or  over  against  another.  • 


antipode 


249 


toyo^M^.^'''^'°'"'^"°"'^Ta;Tl5^^^^^^^  antiptosis,  (an-tip.-to'sis),  n.     [L.  <  Gr.  M- 

T^„...,„  ^        'rra;.<T<f,  <  ai.r<,_  against,  +  TT^o-^f,  falbng,  ease, 


In  gram.,  the  use  of  one  case 


Balance-loving  Nature  ■     f  i ,  -i 

Made  aU  things  in  pairs,  )  TTiKTeiv  taU. J 

To  every  foot  its  a»i(!>ode.  loranotlier, 

Btnerson,  Merlin,  ii.  antiputrefactive  (an^ti-pu-tre-fak'tiv),  «.  [< 
antipodean  (an-tip-6-de'an),  a.    Pertaining  to  putrefactive.']    Counteracting  or  pre- 

the  antipodes ;  antipodal!  venting  putrefaction ;  antiseptic, 

antipodes  (an-tip'o-dez),  n.  pi.   [L.  (in  ME.  as  antiputrescent  (an"ti-pu-tres'ent),  a.   [<  anti- 
L.),  <  Gr.  avriVodefj  pi.  of  avriirov^,  with  feet  op-        putrescent.']    Same  as  antiputrefactive. 
posite,  <  avTL,  opposite,  +  Trovg,  pi.  Trotkg,  -  E.  antipyic  (an-ti-pi'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  avri,  against, 
foot.]    1.  Persons  living  at  diametrically  op-    + '^t'ov,  pus,  + -ic]    Preventing  or  restraining 
posite  points  of  the  globe,  so  that  their  feet  are  suppm-ation. 

directed  toward  each  other ;  persons  who  live  antipyretic  (an"ti-pi-ret'ik),  a.  and  n.     [<  Gr. 


on  the  side  of  the  globe  opposite  to  others. 

Your  Antipodis  are  a  good  rascally  sort  of  topsie  turvy 
Fellows  —  If  I  had  a  Bumper  I'd  stand  upon  my  Head  and 
drink  a  Health  to  'em.  Congreve,  Way  of  the  World,  iv.  10. 

2.  Two  places  on  the  surface  of  the  globe  dia- 
metrically opposite  to  each  other;  the  country 
or  region  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  globe. — 

3.  Figuratively,  things  opposed  to  each  other : 
as  a  singular,  anything  diametrically  adverse 
or  opposed  to  another  thing  belonging  to  the 
same  general  order;  a  contrary.  In  the  latter 
sense  sometimes  used  in  the  singular  form  an- 
tipode  (which  see). 

Can  there  be  a  greater  contrariety  unto  Christ's  judg- 
ment, a  more  perfect  antipodes  to  all  that  hath  hitherto 
been  gospel?  Hammond,  Sermons. 

Minds,  the  antipodes  of  each  other  in  temper  and  endow- 
ment, alike  feel  the  force  of  his  [Dante's]  attraction. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  39. 

antipodic  (an-ti-pod'ik),  a.  Same  as  antipodal. 
Ruskin. 

antipodical  (an-ti-pod'i-kal),  a.  [<  antipode  + 
-ic-al.]    Same  as  antipodal. 

Nor  are  the  inhabitants  of  the  Antipodical  Paradise 
less  worthy  of  our  admiration. 

Blackwood's  Mag.,  XXII.  602. 

antipodism  (an-tip'o-dizm),  n.  [<  antipode  + 
-ism.]    The  state  of  being  antipodal. 

antipodist  (an-tip'o-dist),  n.  [<  antipode  + 
-ist.]  A  believer  iii  the  antipodes,  at  the  time 
when  such  beUef  was  heresy,  on  account  of  the 
orthodox  supposition  that  the  whole  surface  of 
the  earth  was  a  flat  expanse. 

Some  have  maintained  that  the  antipodist  [Virgil,  bishop 
of  Salzburg]  was  a  different  person  from  the  canonized 
bishop.  Prof.  De Morgan,  N.  and  Q.,  6th ser., XII.  53. 

antipoint  (an'ti-point),  n.  [<  anti-  +  point.] 
One  of  a  pair  of  foci,  real  or  imaginary,  to  a 
plane  curve,  so  related  to  another  pair  that  if 


avTi,  against,  +  ttvpetoc,  fever :  see  pyretic]  I, 
a.  In  med.,  serving  as  a  preventive  of  or  rem- 
edy for  pyi-exia  or  fever ;  depressing  an  abnor- 
mally high  temperature:  as,  the  new  antipy- 
retic alkaloid. 
11,  «.  A  remedy  for  fever;  an  antifebrile, 
antipyrin,  antipjrrine  (an-ti-pi'rin),  w.  [As 
antipyr{etic)  +  -in^,  -ine"^.]  The  commercial 
name  of  dimethyloxy-quinizin,  C11H12N2O,  a 
complex  body  belonging  to  the  aromatic  series. 
It  crystallizes  in  brilliant  scales,  which  dissolve  readily  in 
water.  It  is  a  valuable  antip.vTetic. 
antiquaria,  n.  Plural  of  antiquarium. 
antiquarian  (an-ti-kwa'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
antiquarius  (see  antiquary')  +  -an.]  I.  a.  1. 
Pertaining  to  antiquaries  or  to  antiquarianism ; 
connected  with  the  study  of  antiquities,  particu- 
larly of  such  as  are  comparatively  modem,  and 
of  such  as  have  interest  rather  as  curiosities 
than  for  their  inherent  or  archeeological  impor- 
tance: as,  &VL  antiquarian  mMBQum. 

The  question  whether  Greece  did  or  did  not  borrow  from 
this  or  that  barbarian  people  some  rude  germs  of  art  whicli 
in  Greece  alone  were  taught  to  grow  into  flowers  and  fruit 
has  little  more  than  an  antiquarian  interest. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  259. 

2.  An  epithet  applied  to  a  size  of  drawing- 
paper,  53  X  31  or  52  X  29  inches. 
II.  n.  Same  as  antiquary,  1  and  2. 
antiquarianism  (an-ti-kwa'ri-an-izm),  w.  [< 
antiquarian  +  -ism.]     1.   The  character  or 
tastes  of  an  antiquary. 
I  have  the  seeds  of  antiquarianism  in  me. 

Bp.  Hard,  Letter  to  Warburton. 
2.  Antiquarian  research,  it  includes  the  study  of 
the  past  through  relics  of  all  kinds,  but  denotes  especially 
the  study  of  times  which  are  neither  very  ancient  nor  of 
great  general  interest,  and  the  collection  of  bric-k-brac 
and  mere  curiosities.  It  implies  taste  for  old  things 
merely  because  they  are  old,  independently  of  any  artis- 
tic or  historic  value  that  they  may  possess.  =  Syn.  Archae- 
ology, Antiquarianism.    See  archceology. 


J  -1  i      1  1.    J  1      •  —  X     .  ■^;    oiogy,  Antiquarianism.    See  archceolony. 

a  quadrilateral  be  drawn  having  the  two  foci  of  antiquarium  (an-ti-kwa'ri-uin),  n.;  pi.  anti- 


each  pair  at  opposite  angles,  the  opposite  sides 
will  meet  at  the  circular  points  at  infinity,  and 
consequently  be  tangent  to  the  curve, 
antipoison  (an'ti-poi-zn),  n.  [<  anti-  +  poison.] 
An  antidote  for  a  poison;  a  counter-poison: 
as,  "poisons  afford  antipoisons," Sir  T.  Browne, 
Christ.  Moi'.,  xxviii.  1. 

antipole  (an'ti-pol),  n.  [<  anti-  +  jmle^.]  The 
opposite  pole ;  anything  diametrically  opposed 
to  another. 

That  antipole  of  all  enthusiasm,  called  "  a  man  of  the 
"ivorld."  George  Eliot,  Daniel  Deronda,  xl. 

antipope  (an'ti-pop),  w.  {<  anti- -'t- pope.]  One 
who  usurps  or  is  elected  to  the  papal  offlee  in 
opposition  to  a  pope  held  to  be  canonically 
chosen.  There  have  been  about  thirty  antipopes  the 
last  of  whom  was  Felix  V.  (Duke  Amadeus  VIII.  of  Savoy), 
elected  by  the  Council  of  Basle  in  1439. 

antiport,  n.    See  anteport. 

antiprimer  (an-ti-pri'mer),  n.  [<  anti-  +  pri- 
mer^.] An  apparatus  designed  to  prevent  the 
priming  or  foaming  of  steam  in  a  boiler,  that  is, 
the  escape  of  spray  or  water  with  the  steam. 

antiprism  (an'ti-prizm),  n.  [<  anti-  +  prism.] 
An  auxiliary  prism;  part  of  a  compound  prism 


quaria  (-a).  [NL.,  neut.  of  L.  antiquarius :  see 
antiquary.  Ci.  aquarium.]  A  repository  of  an- 
tiquities.   X.  E.  JD. 

antiquary  (an'ti-kwa-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  anti- 
quarius, pertaining  to  antiquity,  an  antiquary, 
SiL.  also  a  copier  of  old  books,  <  antiquus, 
antique,  ancient:  see  antique  and  -ary.]  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  antiquity ;  ancient ;  antiquarian. 
Instructed  by  the  antiquary  times, 
He  must,  he  is,  he  cannot  but  be  ^vise. 

Shalt.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  3. 
II.  w. ;  pi.  antiquaries  (-riz).    1.  One  versed 
in  the  knowledge  of  ancient  things  ;  a  student 
or  collector  of  antiquities:  sometimes  used  in 
the  sense  of  archceologist.    See  antiquarianism. 
With  sharpen'd  sight  pale  antiquaries  pore, 
Th'  inscription  value,  but  the  rust  adore. 

Pope,  Ep.  to  Addison,  1.  35. 
The  simple  antiquary  is  not  a  historian,  but  it  is  always 
a  gain  when  the  historian  is  an  antiquary. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  208. 

2.  A  dealer  in  old  books,  coins,  objects  of  art, 
and  similar  articles.  In  this  and  the  preceding 
sense  &lso  antiquarian. —  3t.  An  official  custo- 
dian of  antiquities.  This  title  was  bestowed  by  Henry 
VIII.  upon  Leland,  his  chaplain  and  librarian,  1533 


Tilaoofl -nrifl,  ifo                            •                   J   >J^ii- upon  i.eiauu,  nis  cnapiam  and  librarian,  1533. 

placed  With  Its  refractive  edge  ma  reversed  po-  antiquate  (an'ti-kwat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  an 

siuon.    A  prism  of  carbon  disulphid  is  sometimes  used   ^  '  ■■   

in  spectrum  analysis,  consisting  of  a  glass  core  with  sides 


made  of  two  autiprisms, 
antiprostate  (an -ti- pros 'tat),  n.  [<  anti- + 
prostate,  n.]  One  of  the  two  smaU  glands 
(Cowper's  glands)  situated  before  the  prostate 
gland  in  man  and  many  other  mammals.  See 
prostate. 

antiprostatic  (an*ti-pros-tat'ik),  a.  [<  anti- 
prostate  +  -ic]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  anti- 
prostates. 

antipruritic  (an"ti-pr6-rit'ik),  a.     [<  anti-  + 
pruritic]    Tending  to  relieve  itching, 
antipsoric  (an-tip-sor'ik),  a.  and  n.     [<  Gr 


antiquity 

2.  Advanced  in  years ;  rendered  incapable  hj 
age;  superannuated. 

Old  Janet,  for  so  he  understood  his  antiquated  atten- 
dant was  denominated.  Scott,  Waverley,  II.  1. 
=  S}T1.  Ancient,  Old,  Antique,  etc.    .See  ancient^. 
antiquatedness  (an'ti-kwa-ted-nes),  n.    [<  an- 
tiquated +  -ness.]    The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing antiquated,  obsolete,  or  old-fashioned, 
antiquatenesst  (an'ti-kwat-nes),  n.     [<  anti- 
quate +  -ness.]    The  state  or  quality  of  being 
antiquated  or  obsolete, 
antiquation  (an-ti-kwa'shon),  n.  [<  L.  antiqua- 
tio{7i-),  <  antiquare :  see  antiquate,  v.]    1.  The 
act  of  antiquating,  or  the  state  of  being  anti- 
quated. 

Which  must  no  change  nor  antiquation  know. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  xv.  164. 

2.  In  Roman  law,  repeal,  as  of  a  law ;  abroga- 
tion. 

antique  (an-tek'),  a.  and  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  an- 

tike,  antyke,  anticke,  antick,  later  antique,  with 
accent  on  the  first  syllable  ;  in  the  17th  century 
the  forms  were  gradually  discriminated,  antick, 
antic 'being  restricted  to  the  sense  of  'fantas- 
tic,' etc.  (see  antic),  while  antique,  with  accent 
shifted  in  immediate  dependence  on  the  F.,  was 
restricted  to  the  lit.  sense ;  <  F.  antique,  ancient, 
old,  <  L.  antiquus,  anticus,  former,  earlier,  an- 
cient, old,  <  ante,  before:  see  ante-  and  antic] 

1,  a.  1.  Having  existed  in  ancient  times ;  be- 
longing to  or  having  come  down  from  antiquity ; 
ancient :  often  specifically  referring  to  Greece 
and  Rome :  as,  an  antique  statue. 

The  seals  .  .  .  which  we  know  to  be  antique.  Dryden. 
My  copper-lamps,  at  any  rate, 
For  being  true  antique,  I  bought. 

Prior,  Alma,  iii. 

2.  Belonging  to  former  times,  as  contrasted 
with  modem ;  having  the  form  and  character- 
istics of  an  earlier  day  ;  of  old  fashion :  as,  an 
antique  robe. 

O  good  old  man  ;  how  well  in  thee  appears 
The  constant  service  of  the  antique  world. 
When  service  sweat  for  duty,  not  for  meed  1 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  3. 
AU  the  antique  fashions  of  the  street  were  dear  to  him  ; 
even  such  as.  were  characterized  by  a  rudeness  that  would 
naturally  have  annoyed  his  fastidious  senses. 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  xi. 
3t.  Fantastic;  fanciful ;  odd;  wild;  antic.  See 
antic,  4. 

What  fashion'd  hats,  or  niffs,  or  suits  next  year 
Our  giddy-headed  antique  youth  will  wear.  Donne. 
4.  In  bookbinding,  embossed  without  gold. — 
Antique  crown,  in  Ae/-.,  a  bearing  representing  a  simple 
crown  composed  of  a  circular  band  witli  rays  simply 
pointed  and  of  indefinite  number.  It 
is  always  or,  that  is,  of  gold.  Also 
called    Eastern    crown.—  Antique 
type.  See  II.,  3.  =Syn.  Ancient,  Old, 
Antique,  etc.    See  ancient. 

ir.  n.  1.  The  style  or  man- 
ner of  ancient  times,  specifi- 
cally of  Greek  and  Roman  an- 
tiquity: used  especially  of  art. 

In  this  sense  used  only  in  the  singular,  and  preceded  by 
the  definite  article  :  as,  fond  of  the  antique;  copied  from 
the  antique. 

2.  Any  relic  of  antiquity ;  specifically,  an  ex- 
ample of  Greek  or  Roman  art,  especially  in 
sculpture. 

To  collect  books  and  antiques,  to  found  professorships, 
to  patronize  men  of  learning,  became  almost  universal 
fashions  among  the  great.  Macaulay,  MachiaveUi. 

3.  The  name  given  by  American  type-f  oimders 
to  a  style  of  type  of  thick  and  bold  face,  of  the 
regular  Roman  model,  in  which  all  lines  are  of 
equal  or  nearly  equal  thickness :  called  Egyp- 
tian by  British  type-founders.  Tlie  type  used  for 
title-words  in  this  dictionary  is  condensed  antique. 

antiqued  (an-tekf),  a.   In  bookbinding,  finished 
in  antique  style. 

antiquely  (an-tek'U),  adv.  In  an  antique  man- 
ner. 

antiqueness  (an-tek'nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  antique,  or  of  appearing  to  be  of  ancient 


Antique  Crown. 
(From  Berry's  "Diet, 
of  Heraldry." ) 


tiquated,  ppr.  antiquating.  [<  L.  antiquatus,  pp. 
of  antiquare,  restore  to  its  ancient  condition,  in 

LL.  make  old,  <  antiquus,  ancient :  see  antique.]  „_  j  workmnTKjfim 

To  make  old  or  obsolete ;  make  old  and  usiless  itt  r«Ttl^^?         'H  w^cf  ^ 

bv  substitiitincr  snmptlnino.  tipw«-p  or^ri  T..tfo^      autiquist  (an-te  kist  or  an  ti-kwist),  n.    [<  an- 


by  substituting  something  newer  and  better. 

The  growth  of  Christianity  .  .  .  might  reasonably  in- 
troduce new  laws  and  antiquate  or  abrogate  some  old 
ones.  Sir  M.  Hale,  Hist.  Common  Law  of  Eng. 

Huge  charts  which  subsequent  discoveries  have  anti- 
quated. Lamb,  Elia,  p.  9. 

antiquate  (an'ti-kwat),  a.  Same  as  antiquated, 
p.  a. 

antiquated  (an'ti-kwa-ted),  p.  a.  1.  Grown 
old;  obsolete  or  obsolescent;  ill  adapted  to 


nC^'Sf  ittht'^'r^^v'^,"^?^  P^^^^^t  use;  old-fashioned:  said  of  things •  as, 

the  itch                 I.  a.  Efficacious  m  curing  an  antiquated  la,vf.  ^ 

II.  n.  A  remedv  for  th«  itoT,  .u^!"  P9ss>ble  that  the  present  age  can  be  pleased  with 

ix.      .a.  remeay  lor  ine  iten.  that  antiquated  dialect?             Goldsmith,  Vicar,  xviii. 


tique  (or  L.  antiquus)  +  -ist.]  1.  An  anti- 
quary: as,  "theoretic  antiquists,"  Pinkerton. 
[Rare.l  —  2.  A  collector  of  antiques, 
antiquitarian  (an-tik-wi-ta'i-i-an).  n.  [<  an- 
tiquity  +  -arian.]  An  admirer  of  antiquity; 
an  antiquary.  [Rare.] 

I  shall  distinguish  such  as  I  esteem  to  be  the  hinderers 
of  reformation  into  three  sorts:  —  1,  Antiquitarians  (for 
so  I  had  rather  call  them  than  antiquaries,  whose  labours 
are  useful  and  laudable) ;  2,  Libertines  :  3,  Politicians. 

Milton,  Reformation,  i. 

antiquity  (an-tik'wi-ti),  n.;  pi.  antiquities  (-tiz). 
[<  ME.  antiquytee,  dntiquite,  <  OF.  antiquitc,  an- 
tiquiteit,  mod.  F.  antiquite  =  Pr.  antiquitat  = 


antiquity 

Sp.  antiguedad=z  Pg.  antiguidade  =  It.  anticMtd, 
<  li.  antiqnita(t-)s,<  antiquus :  see  antique.]  1. 
The  quality  of  being  ancient;  aneientness; 
great  age :  as,  a  family  of  great  antiquity. 

This  ring  is  valuable  for  its  antiquity.  Johnson. 

Is  not  your  voice  broken?  your  wind  short?  .  .  .  and 
every  part  about  you  blasted  with  antiquitii  > 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  2. 

2.  Ancient  times;  former  ages;  times  long 
since  past:  as,  Demosthenes  was  the  most  elo- 
quent orator  of  antiquity. 

Nor  even  so  remotely  among  the  mossy  centuries  did  it 
pause,  but  strayed  onward  into  that  gray  antiquity  of 
which  there  is  no  token  left  save  its  cavernous  tombs,  etc. 

Hawthorne,  Marble  Faun. 

3.  The  ancients  collectively ;  the  people  of  an- 
cient times. 

He  lives  with  antiquity  and  posterity ;  with  antiquity. 
In  the  sweet  communion  of  studious  retirement ;  and  with 
posterity,  in  the  generous  aspirings  after  future  renown. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  29. 

That  such  pillars  were  raised  by  Seth  all  antiquity  has 
avowed.  Sir  fV.  Raleigh. 

4.  An  old  person.  [Humorous.] 

You  are  a  slirewd  antiquity,  neighboui-  Clench. 

B.  Jonson. 

6.  That  which  is  ancient,  or  belongs  to  old  or 
ancient  times ;  something  left  by  or  peculiar 
to  the  ancients :  generally  in  the  plui-al :  as, 
Greek  or  Egyptian  antiquities. 

The  lectures  will  have  for  a  common  object  the  history 
and  antiquities  of  the  country.    Everett,  Orations,  II.  ill. 

antirabic  (an-ti-rab'ik),  a.  [<  anti-  +  rabies.] 
Pertaining  to  the  prevention  of  rabies  or  hy- 
drophobia. 

The  Russian  anttraWc  inoculation  institution  [in  Odessa]. 

Science,  IX.  186. 

antiracer  (an-ti-ra'ser),  n.  [<  anti-  +  race'^  + 
-eri.]  A  device  for  preventing  the  racing  of 
the  screw  of  a  marine  propeller  when  the  vessel 
pitches  so  as  to  throw  it  out  of  the  water. 

antirachitic  (an'^ti-ra-kifik),  a.     [<  anti- 
rachitic]    Tending  to  cure  rachitis  or  rickets. 

antiremonstrant  (an"ti-re-mon'strant),  n.  [< 
anti-  -t-  remonstrant.]  One  opposed  to  remon- 
strance or  to  those  who  remonstrate.  Specifi- 
cally (with  a  capital),  one  of  that  party  in  the  Dutch  Cal- 
vinistic  Church  which  opposed  the  Remonstrants  or  Ar- 
minians.  They  are  also  called  Counter-remonstrants.  See 
remonstrant. 

antirent  (an-ti-renf),  a.  [<  anti-  +  rent.]  Op- 
posed to  the  payment  of  rent;  opposed,  on 
theoretical  grounds,  to  the  exaction  of  rent 
for  land,  etc. :  as,  antirent  doctrines  Antirent 

party,  a  social  and  political  organization  which  resisted 
(1839  to  about  1849)  the  collection  of  rent  on  certain  great 
manorial  estates  in  the  State  of  New  York. 

antirenter  (an-ti-ren'ter),  n.  [<  antirent  +  -erl.] 
A  person  opposed  to  the  payment  of  rent ;  spe- 
cifically, a  member  of  the  Antirent  party. 

Antirrhinum  (an-ti-ri'num),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
avTi,  corresponding  to,  like,  +  pic,  piv,  nose.] 
A  genus  of  herbs,  natural  order  Scrophulariacccs, 
natives  of  the  warmer  parts  of  the  old  world  and 

North  America.  The  flowers  of  most  of  the  species 
bear  a  resemblance  to  an  animal's  snout ;  hence  the  name. 
The  snapdragon,  A.  majus,  is  a  familiar  garden-plant, 
with  showy  flowers,  from  the  Mediterranean.  The  Mexi- 
can .4.  niauramlioides  is  also  frequently  cultivated. 

antisabbatarian  (an"ti-sab-a-ta'ri-an),  n.  [< 
anti-  +  Sabbatarian.]  One  who  denies  the  per- 
petual obligation  of  the  sabbath  law,  maintain- 
ing that  it  was  part  of  the  ceremonial,  not  of  the 
moral  law,  and  was  abolished  by  Christ ;  hence, 
one  who  opposes  strictness  in  the  observance 
of  the  sabbath:  the  opposite  of  Sabbatarian. 
See  Sabbatarian,  sabbath. 

antiscian  (an-tish'ian),  n.  [<  L.  antiscii,  <  Gr. 
avTiGKioi,  pi.  of  avTloKioc,  with  opposite  shadows, 
<  avri,  opposite,  -1-  CKid,  shadow.  Cf.  ampMs- 
cian.]  A  person  whose  shadow  at  noon  is  cast 
in  a  direction  contrary  to  that  of  an  inhabitant 
of  the  other  side  of  the  equator  living  upon  the 
same  meridian.    See  antecians. 

antiscii  (an-tish'i-i),  n.  pi.  [L. :  see  antiscian.] 
Antiscians. 

antiscolic  (an-ti-skol'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avri,  against, 

-t- (7/c<j/l^^,  a  worm :  see  Scolex.]  Anthelmintic. 

Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 
antiscorbutic  (an'ti-skor-bii'tik),  a.  and  n.  [< 

anti-  -f-  scorbutic]  I.  a.  In  med.,  coimteracting 

scurvy. 

II,  n.  A  remedy  for  scurvy,  as  lemon-juice, 
ripe  fruits,  etc. 

antiscorbutical  (an^'ti-skor-bii'ti-kal),  a.  Same 

as  antiscorbutic. 
antiscriptural  (an-ti-skrip'tur-al),  a.    [<  anti- 
+  scripiture  +  -al.]     Antagonistic  to  the  prin- 
ciples or  doctrines  of  Scripture,  or  to  the  ac- 
ceptance of  the  Scriptures  as  inspired. 


250 

antiscripturism  (an-ti-skrip'tur-izm),  M.  f< 
anti-  +  scripture  -f-  -ism.]  Opposition  to  the 
Scriptures.  [Rare.] 

antiscripturist  (au-ti-skrip'tur-ist),  n.  [<  anti- 
+  scripture  +  -ist.]  One  who  denies  the  truth 
of  Scripture ;  one  who  does  not  accept  revela- 
tion: as,  "atheists  and  antiscripturists,"  Boyle, 
Style  of  Holy  Scriptures,  p.  4.  [Rare.] 

Anti-Semite  (an"ti-sem'it),  n.  One  who  seeks 
by  political  or  other  means  to  lessen  the  com- 
mercial, political,  or  social  influenceof  the  Jews. 
The  name  is  given  especially  to  those  who  have  partici- 
pated in  the  agitation  against  the  Jews  in  Germany,  Rus- 
sia, and  Austria  which  began  about  1878. 

Anti-Semitic  (an"ti-se-mit'ik),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Anti-Semites. 

Anti-Semitism  (an"ti-sem'it-izm),  n.  The  agi- 
tation conducted  by  the  Anti-Semites  or  its 
motives;  antagonism  to  the  Jews. 

antisepalous  (an-ti-sep'a-lus),  a.    [<  anti-  + 


AntisepalOUS  Flower  of  AUhtmilla  vulgaris, 
a,  stamens,  alternating  with  the  petals  (*)  and  opposite 
to  the  sepals  \  c). 


sepal  +  -ous.]  In  bat.,  standing  opposite  to 
sepals :  applied  to  stamens, 
antisepsis  (an-ti-sep'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avri, 
against,  -1-  arjxl}tc,  putrefaction:  see  septic]  The 
more  or  less  complete  exclusion  of  living  micro- 
organisms from  those  bodies  or  substances  in 
which  they  produce  disease,  putrefaction,  or 
fermentation.  Such  organisms  may  be  destroyed,  as 
by  heat  or  germicides,  or  excluded,  as  by  coverings  or  clean- 
liness.or  their  activity  and  multiplication  may  be  restricted, 
as  by  the  application  of  antiseptic  substances  or  of  cold, 
antiseptic  (an-ti-sep'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  avri, 
against,  +  cr/nTCKoc,  septic:  see  sej)iic.]  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  antisepsis ;  inimical  to  the  growth 
and  activity  of  the  micro-organisms  of  disease, 
putrefaction,  or  fermentation  Antiseptic  var- 
nish, in  painting,  a  glazing  used  to  protect  such  vegetable 
or  animal  colors  as  are  likely  to  fade  by  exposure  to  the  air. 

II,  n.  Anything  which  destroys  the  micro- 
organisms of  disease,  putrefaction,  or  fermen- 
tation, or  which  restricts  their  growth  and  mul- 
tiplication. Substances  used  for  this  purpose  are  cor- 
rosive sublimate,  chlorinated  lime,  carbolic  acid,  sulphur- 
ous acid,  etc.    See  disinfectant  and  germicide. 

antiseptically  (au-ti-sep'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
antiseptic  manner ;  by  the  application  of  anti- 
septics. 

Lister  has  operated  antiseptically. 

T.  Bryant,  Surgery,  p.  757. 

antisepticise,  v.  t.    See  antisepticize. 
antisepticist  (an-ti-sep'ti-sist),  n.  [<  antiseptic 

+  -ist.]    A  believer  in  antiseptic  treatment, 
antisepticize  (an-ti-sep'ti-siz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and 
pp.  antisepticized,  ppr.  antisepticizing.  [^(.anti- 
septic +  -ize.]    To  treat  with  antiseptic  agents ; 
ap;ply  antiseptics  to.    Also  spelled  antisepticise. 
antiseption  (an-ti-sep'shon),  n.    [Irreg.  <  anti- 
septic +  -ion.]  Antisepsis, 
antislavery  (an-ti-sla've-ri),  a.  and  n.   [<  anti- 
4-  slavery.]    I,  a.  Opposed  to  slavery:  as,  an 
antislavery  man;  the  antislavery  agitation. 
II.  n.  Opposition  to  slavery, 
antislaveryism  (an-ti-sla've-ri-izm),  n,    [<  an- 
tislavery +  -ism.]    Opposition  to  slavery;  the 
doctrines  of  the  antislavery  party.  [Rare.] 
antisocial  (an-ti-s6'shal),  a.    [<  anti-  +  social.] 
1.  Averse  or  antagonistic  to  sociality  or  social 
intercourse. —  2.  Opposed  to  social  order,  or 
the  principles  on  which  society  is  constituted, 
antisocialist  (an-ti-so'shal-ist),  a.     [<  anti-  + 
socialist.]   Opposed  to  the  doctrines  and  prac- 
tices of  socialism.  J.  S.  Mill. 
antispadix  (an-ti-spa'diks),  n.    [<  anti-  -I-  spa- 
dix.]    A  specialized  group  of  four  tentacles  on 
the  right  side  of  some  male  cephalopods,  as  the 
nautilus,  three  of  them  having  their  sheaths 
united  and  the  fourth  standing  alone.  The 
structure  is  opposite  to  the  spadix;  hence  the 
name. 

These  four  tentacles  may  be  called  the  anti-spadix. 

E.  R.  Lankester,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  674. 
antispasis  (an-tis'pa-sis),  n.  [<  Gr.  avrianaai^, 
<  avTianHv,  draw  in  the  contrary  direction,  (.avri, 
contrary,  -t-  (tttoi',  draw.]  In  pathoL,  a  revul- 
sion of  fluids  from  one  part  of  the  body  to  an- 
other. [Rare.] 
antispasmodic  (an"ti-spaz-mod'ik),  a.  and  n. 
[<  anti-  -t-  spasmodic]  I,  a.  In  med.,  curative 
of  spasm;  checking  or  curing  convulsions. 


antithelst 

II.  n.  In  med.,  a  remedy  for  spasm  or  convul- 
sions, as  ether,  chloroform,  the  bromides,  etc. 

antispast  (an'ti-spast),  n.  [<  L.  antispastus,  < 
Gr.  avTianaoTo^,  verbal  adj.  of  avrianav,  draw  in 
the  contrary  direction :  see  antispasis.]  In  a«c. 
pros.,  a  tetrasyllable  foot,  in  which  the  first  and 
last  syllables  are  short  and  the  middle  syllables 
long,  as  Clytemnestra.  It  is  a  combination  of 
an  iambus  and  a  trochee. 

antispastic  (an-ti-spas'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr. 
avrioTvaaTiKdc,  able  to  draw  back,  <  avriaTraaroc : 
see  antispast.]  I,  a.  1.  lamed.:  (af)  Causing  a 
revulsion  of  fluids  or  humors,  (b)  Counteract- 
ing spasm;  antispasmodic. —  2.  Containing  or 
consisting  of  antispasts:  as,  Sbaantispasticverse. 

II.  n.  In  tned. :  (a\)  A  medicine  supposed  to 
act  by  causing  a  revulsion  of  the  humors.  (6) 
A  remedy  that  counteracts  spasm ;  an  antispas- 
modic. 

antispastust  (an-ti-spas'tus),  «.  [L.]  Same 
as  antispast.  [Rare.] 

antisplenetic  (an'ti-sple-net'ik),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  .splenetic]  Acting  as  a  remedy  in  diseases 
of  the  spleen. 

antistasis  (an-tis'ta-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avri- 
araoig,  a  counter-plea,  set-off,  opposition,  <  av6i- 
cTaadat,  avTtarrjvai,  withstand,  ^  avri,  against,  + 
iaraodai,  oTf/vat,  stand.]  In  rhet.,  the  justifica- 
tion of  an  action  by  the  argument  that  if  it 
had  been  omitted  something  worse  would  have 
happened. 

antistes  (an-tis'tez),  n. ;  pi.  antistites  (-ti-tez). 
[L.,  an  overseer,  a  high  priest ;  prop,  adj.,  stand- 
ing before ;  <  antistare,  also  antestare,  stand  be- 
fore, <  ante,  before  (see  ante-),  -I-  stare,  stand.] 
A  chief  priest  or  prelate.  [Rare.] 

Unless  they  had  as  many  antistites  as  presbyters. 

Milton,  Prelatical  Episcopacy. 

antistrophal  (an-tis'tro-fal),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  antistrophe. 

antistrophe  (an-tis'tro-fe),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  avri- 
aTpo^i],  lit.  a  turning  about,  <  avrwrpeipecv,  turn 
about,  <  avri,  against,  -I-  a-pi<puv,  turn.  Cf. 
strophe]  1.  A  part  of  an  ancient  Greek  choral 
ode  corresponding  to  the  strophe,  which  im- 
mediately precedes  it,  and  identical  with  it  in 
meter,  it  was  sung  by  the  chorus  when  returning  from 
left  to  I'ight,  they  having  previously  sung  the  strophe 
when  moving  from  right  to  left.  The  strophe,  antistrophe, 
and  epode  (the  last  sung  by  the  chorus  standing  still),  in 
this  sequence,  were  the  three  divisions  of  a  larger  choral 
passage,  which  in  its  turn  was  treated  as  a  unit  and  might 
be  used  once  or  repeated  a  number  of  times.  This  struc- 
ture was  occasionally  imitated  in  Latin,  and  has  sometimes 
been  used  in  modern  poetry. 

2.  In  rhet. :  (a)  The  reciprocal  conversion  of  the 
same  words  in  consecutive  clauses  or  sentences : 
as,  the  master  of  the  servant,  the  servant  of 
the  master.  (&)  The  turning  of  an  adversary's 
plea  against  him:  as,  had  I  killed  him  as  you 
report,  I  had  not  stayed  to  bury  him. 
antistrophic  (an-ti-strof 'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avrt- 
cTpo(f)iK.d^,<.  avTic!Tpo<j>fj:  see  antistrophe.]  Relat- 
ing to  antistrophe. 

antistrophically  (an-ti-strof'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
inverse  order ;  by  antistrophe. 

antistrophon  (an-tis'tro-fon),  n.  [<  Gr.  avri- 
arpoipoc  (neut.  -ov),  turned  opposite  ways,  < 
avTU7Tpe(petv:  see  antistrophe.]  In  r7(et,  the  turn- 
ing of  an  argument  against  the  one  who  ad- 
vanced it. 

antistrumatic  (an'^'ti-stro-mat'lk),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  strumatic]    Same  as  antistrumous. 

antistrumous  (an-ti-stro'mus),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  strumous.]  In  wed.,  useful  as  a  remedy  for 
scrofulous  disorders. 

antisyphilitic  (an'^ti-sif-i-lifik),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  syphilitic]  In  med.,  efficacious  against  syphi- 
lis, or  venereal  poison.    Also  called  antiluetic 

Antitactes  (an-ti-tak'tez), «.;  jA.Antitacta:{-te). 
[Gr.  avTiT&KTTjg,  a  heretic  (see  def.),  <  avrtraaaeiv, 
oppose,  resist,  <  avri,  against,  -f-  raaaeiv,  set  in 
order,  range,  arrange :  see  anti-  and  tactic] 
One  of  those  Gnostics  who  professed  to  oppose 
the  wiU  and  commands  of  the  Creator,  Demi- 
urge, or  second  Maker  (the  evil  one),  and, 
assuming  that  it  was  the  latter  who  gave  the 
decalogue,  held  that  the  moral  law  was  not  obli- 
gatory, and  showed  their  contempt  for  it  by 
purposely  transgressing  its  commandments :  a 
name  given  by  Clement  of  Alexandria. 

antithalian  (an  -  ti  -  tha '  li  -  an),  a.  [<  anti-  + 
Thalia,  the  muse  of  comedy :  see  Thalia.]  Op- 
posed to  fun  or  festivity.  N.  E.  D.  [Rare.] 

antitheism  (an'ti-the-izm),  n.  [<  anti-  +  the- 
ism.]   Opposition  to  theism.  [Rare.] 

antitheist  (an'ti-the-ist),  71.  [<  anti-  +  theist."] 
An  opponent  of  theism ;  one  who  denies  the  ex- 
istence of  a  personal  God.  [Rare,] 


antitheist 

The  verdict  of  the  atheist  on  the  doctrine  of  a  God  is 
only  that  it  is  not  proven.  It  is  not  that  it  is  disproven 
He  is  but  an  atheist.  He  is  not  an  antitheist. 

Chalmers,  Nat.  Theol.,  I.  58. 


antitheistic  (an'ti-thf-is'tik),  a.    [<  antitheist 
+  -ic]    Antagonistic  to  theism.  [Rare.] 
That  strange  burst  of  antitheistic  frenzy. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XX.  756. 

antitheistical  (an'-'ti-the-is'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as 
antitheistic.  [Rare.] 

antitheistically  (an"ti-the-is'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  antitheistic  manner.    [Rare.]  ' 

antithenar  (an-tith'e-nar),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avTi, 
opposite  to,  +  divap,  the  part  of  the  hand  be-   -t  '  .  -■ 
tween  the  thumband  forefinger.]  In  a?!a<.:  (a)  3!^*itrope  (an'ti-trop),  w.    [=  F.  antitrope,  < 
A  muscle  which  extends  the  thumb,  or  opposes  antitropus,  <  Gr.  avr!,  against,  +  -rponog,  < 

ittothehand.    (6)  The  adductor  muscle  of  the  ^      ^    a       ^  ,       ,  , 

great  toe. 

antithesis  (an-tith 'e-sis),  w. ;  pi.  antitheses 
(-sez).  [L.,  <  Gr.  avTieenc?,  opposition  (cf.  avr!.- 
6eTo^,  opposedj  antithetic),  <  dvrmdevai,  oppose, 
set  against,  <  avri,  against,  +  ndivai,  place,  set, 
ydecig:  see  aiiti- and  thesis.']  1.  Opposition; 
contrast. 


251 

antitrinitarianism  (an'''ti-trin-i-ta'ri-an-izm), 

n.    [<  antitriiiitnrlan  +  -ism.']    Denial"  of  the 
doctrine  of  the  Trinity.   Also  written  Antitrini- 
tarianism, A  n  ti-Trini  tarian  ism. 
antitrochanter  (an'ti-tro-kan'ter),  n.   [<  anti- 
+  trochanter.]    In  anat.',  an  articular  facet  on 
the  Uium  against  which  the  trochanter  major 
9f  the  femm-  abuts,  and  with  which  it  forms  a 
joint,  as  in  birds.    See  cut  under  sacrarium. 
antitrochanteric  (an'''ti-tr6-kan-ter'ik),  a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  antitrochanter. 
antitropal  (an-tit'ro-pal),  a.    Same  as  antitro- 
jmus 


The  opposition  of  ideas  and  sensations  is  exhibited  to 
us  in  the  antithesis  of  theory  and  fact. 

Whewell,  Hist.  Scientific  Ideas,  I.  4. 

2.  That  which  is  opposed  or  contrasted,  as  one 
of  two  opposite  judgments  or  propositions :  in 
this  sense  opposed  to  thesis  (which  see).  Spe- 
cifically—  3.  In  rhet.,  a  figure  consisting  in 
bringing  contrary  ideas  or  terms  into  close  op- 
position ;  a  contrast  or  an  opposition  of  words 
or  sentiments :  as,  "  When  our  vices  leave  us,  we 
flatter  ourselves  we  leave  them  "  The  prodigal 
rols  his  heir,  the  miser  robs  himself ;  ^'Excess 
of  ceremony  shows  want  of  breeding." 
antithet  (an'ti-thet),  n.  [<  Gr.  avridcrov,  an  an- 
tithesis, neut.  of  avTiBsTog,  opposed,  antithetic : 
see  antithesis.]  An  antithetical  statement  or 
expression ;  an  instance  of  antithesis.  [Rare.] 
It  is  sometimes  true  .  .  .  that  sunshine  comes  after 
storm,  .  .  .  but  not  always ;  not  even  often.  Equallv 
true  IS  the  popular  antithet,  that  misfortunes  never  come 
single.  Kingsley,  Two  Years  Ago,  xxvi. 

antithetic  (an-ti-thet'ik),  a.  and  n.    [=  F.  an- 

tithetiqiiej  <  Gr.  avTideTiKoc,  contrasting,  anti- 
thetic, <  avridsTog,  opposed,  <  avTiTtBhat:  see  an- 
tithesis. ]    I.  a.  Same  as  antithetical. 

II.  M.  1.  A  direct  opposite.— 2.  pi.  The 
doctrine  of  contrasts.  N.  E.  B. 
antithetical  (an-ti-thet'i-kal),  a.  [As  antithetic 
+  -al.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of 
antithesis;  directly  opposed  or  contrasted:  as, 
these  conceptions  are  antithetical. 

The  two  great  and  antithetical  intellects  which  New 
England  produced  in  the  eighteenth  century  were  Jona- 
than Edwards  and  Benjamin  Franklin. 
n   r<        ■  G.  S.  Merriam,  S.  Bowles^  I.  6. 

2.  Containing  or  abounding  in  antithesis;  char- 
acterized by  or  making  use  of  antithesis. 

His  [Macaulay's]  works  overflow  with  antithetical  forms 
of  expression.  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Key.,  I.  29. 

antithetically  (an-ti-thet'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
antithetical  manner;  by  means  of  antithesis. 

antitoxin  (an*ti-toks'in),  n.  [<  anti-  +  toxin.] 
A  substance  which  neutralizes  the  action  of 
a  toxin  or  poisonous  ptomaine ;  specifically,  a 
•  substance  developed  in  the  body  of  an  animal 
by  inoculation  with  the  germs  of  diphtheria, 
which  enables  it  to  tolerate  this  poison. 

anti-trade  (an'ti-trad),  n.  [<  anti-  +  trade 
(wind).]  A  name  given  to  any  of  the  upper 
tropical  winds  which  move  northward  or  south- 
ward in  the  same  manner  as  the  trade-winds, 
but  above  them  and  in  the  opposite  direction. 
Ihese  great  aerial  currents  descend  to  the  surface,  after 
they  have  passed  the  limits  of  the  trade-winds,  and  form 
tne  southwest  or  west-southwest  winds  of  the  north  tem- 
perate, and  the  northwest  or  west-northwest  winds  of  the 
south  temperate  zone. 

antitragi,  «.   Plural  of  antitragus. 

antltragic  (an-ti-traj'ik),  a.  [<  NL.  antitragi- 
cus,q.  v.]    Pertaining  to  the  antitragus. 

antltragicus  (an-ti-traj'i-kus),  «.;  pi.  antitra- 
gici  (-S1).  [NL.,  <  antitragus,  q.  v.]  In  anat., 
a  muscle  of  the  pinna  of  the  ear,  situated  upon 
the  antitragus. 

antitragus  (an-tit'ra-gus),  w. ;  pi.  antitragi  (-ji). 
LiNL.,  <  Gr.  av-irpayoc,  <  avri,  opposite  to,  + 
1-payof  tragus:  see  tragus.]  In  anat.,  the  pro- 
cess of  the  external  ear,  opposite  to  the  tragus, 
and  behind  the  ear-passage.  See  cut  under  ear. 

antitrinitarian  (an'ti-tria-i-ta'ri-an),  a.  and  n. 
l\  anti-  +  trinitarian.]  I.  a.  Opposing  the  doc- 
trme  of  the  Trinity. 

II.  n.  One  who  denies  the  doctrine  of  the 
innity,  or  the  existence  of  three  persons  in 
the  Godhead. 
Also  written  Antitrinitarian,  Anti-Trinitarian. 


rpaneiv,  turn.]  A  part  or  an  organ  of  the  body 
set  over  against  another,  as  one  of  a  pair;  a 
symmetrical  antimere :  thus,  the  right  and  left 
hands  are  antitropes  to  each  other.  Also  called 
antitype. 

antitropic  (an-ti-trop'ik),  a.    [As  antitrope  + 
-ic]   Of  or  pertaining  to  an  antitrope,  or  to 
antitropy;  symmetrically  related  in  position; 
reversely  repeated,  so  as  to  form  a  pair, 
antitropous  (an-tit'ro-pus),  a.   [<  NL.  antitro- 
pus :  see  antitrope.]  In  bot.,  having  the  radicle 
pointing  directly  away  from  the  hilum  of  the 
seed,  as  in  all  orthotropous  seeds:  applied  to 
embryos.    An  equivalent  form  is  antitropal. 
antitropy  (an-tit'ro-pi),  n.   [<  antitrope  4-  -?/3.] 
The  character  of  an  antitrope ;  the  state,  qual- 
ity, or  condition  of  being  antitropic;  reversed 
repetition  of  a  part  or  an  organ, 
antitypal  (an'ti-ti-pal),  a.    [<  antitype  +  -al.] 
Relating  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  antitype. 

How  am  I  to  extricate  my  antitypal  characters,  when 
their  living  types  have  not  yet  extricated  themselves? 

Kingsley,  Yeast,  Epil. 
We  still  see  remaining  an  antitypal  sketch  of  a  wing 
adapted  for  flight  in  the  scaly  flapper  of  the  pengum. 

A.  H.  Wallace,  Nat.  Selec,  p.  24. 

antitype  (an'ti-tip),  n.  [<  Gr.  avTLTVTTov,  neut. 
of  av-irvnog,  corresponding,  as  the  stamp  to  the 
die,  <  avTL,  against,  coi-responcUug  to,  +  Tv-rrog,  a 
model,  type:  see  tyi^e.]  1.  That  which  is  pre- 
figui-ed  or  represented  by  a  type,  and  there- 
fore is  correlative  with  it ;  particularly,  in  theol., 
that  which  in  the  gospel  is  foreshadowed  by  and 
answers  to  some  person,  character,  action,  in- 
stitution, or  event  in  the  Old  Testament. 

It  is  this  previous  design,  and  this  preordained  connec- 
tion (together,  of  course,  with  the  resemblance),  which  con- 
stitute the  relation  of  type  and  antitype. 

Fairbairn,  Typology,  I.  46. 
He  [Melchizedek]  brought  forth  bread  and  wine 
imitating  the  antitype,  or  the  substance,  Christ  himself. 
r>    T    J,  •  7  .  Taylor. 

4,.  In  biol.,  same  as  antitrope. 
antitypic  (an-ti-tip'ik),  a.   Same  as  antitypical. 

A  series  of  antitypic  groups.  Cope. 
antitypical  (an-ti-tip'i-kal),  a.    [<  antitype  + 
-ical.   Cf.  typical.]    Pertaining  to  or  of  the  na- 
ture of  an  antitype. 

The  writer  (of  the  Epistle  to  the  Hebrews]  recognizes  the 
typical,  or  rather  antitypical,  character  of  the  Tabernacle 
and  Its  services,  as  reflecting  the  archetype  seen  by  Moses 
in  the  Mount.  Schaff,  Hist.  Christ.  Church,  I.  §  lOO. 

antitypically  (an-ti-tip'i-kal-i),  adv.    By  way 

of  antitype ;  as  an  antitype.' 
antitypoust  (an-tit'i-pus),  a.    [<  Gr. 
resisting :  see  antitypy.  ]    Characterized  by  an- 
titypy;  resisting  force ;  solid, 
antitypy  (an-tit'i-pi),  n.    [<-Gr.  hvTiTmia,  the 
resistance  of  a  hard  body,  <  avrirvTroc,  resisting 
<  ivTt,  against,  +  -mvoc,  <  Tvirreiv,  strike.  Cf! 
antitype.]    In  metaph.,  the  absolute  impenetra- 
bility of  matter, 
antivaccinationist  (an'ti-vak-si-na'shon-ist), 
n.    One  who  is  opposed  to  the  practice  of  vac- 
cination; specifically,  a  member  or  an  adher- 
ent of  the  Anti-Vaccination  Society  of  Great 
Britain. 

antivaccinist  (an-ti-vak'sin-ist),  n.     [<  anti- 
+  vaccinist.]    One  who  is  opposed  to  vaccina- 
tion.   Imp.  Diet. 
antivariolous  (an'ti-va-ri'o-lus),  a.    [<  anti- 
+  variolous.]     Preventing'  the  contagion  of 
smallpox, 
antivela,  «.    Plural  of  antivelum. 
anti  velar  (an-ti-ve'lar),  a.   [<  antivelum  +  -ar.] 
Pertaining  to  the  antivelum. 
antivelum  (an-ti-ve'lum),  n.  ■  pi.  antivela  (-la) 
[NL.,  <  anti-  +  velum.]    The  pedal  velum  "of 
cephalopods.    See  extract. 

Since,  then,  in  the  gastropods  the  intestine  turns  to  the 
cerebral  side,  we  have  tlie  velum  formed  on  that  side  • 
whereas,  m  the  cephalopods,  the  flexure  being  on  the  op- 
posite side,  we  have  what  we  may  call  the  antivelum  on 
the  pedal  side. 

J.  F.  Blake,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  5th  ser.,  IV. 


antler-moth 

antivenereal  (an*ti-ve-ne're-al),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  venereal.]  Counteracting  venereal  poison; 
useful  as  a  remedy  in  venereal  disease. 

antizymic  (an-ti-zim'ik),  a.  [<  anti-  +  zymic.'y 
Tending  to  prevent  fermentation  or  putrefac- 
tion; antizymotic;  antiseptic. 

antizymotic  (an"ti-zi-mot'ik),  a.  and  n.  [< 
anti-  +  zymotic.]  I,  a.  Preventing  or  check- 
ing fermentation  or  zymosis ;  antizymic. 

II.  n.  That  which  prevents  fermentation,  as 
in  brewing ;  a  preventive  of  or  remedy  for  zy- 
motic disease. 

antjar,  n.    See  antiar. 

ant-king  (ant'king),  n.  A  name  of  the  South 
American  ant-thrushes  of  the  genus  Gral- 

laria. 

antler  (ant'ler),  n.  [Formerly  auntler,  antlier, 
corruptly  ankler  (Cotgi-ave),  <  ME.  nuntclere, 
hauntelere,  <  OF.  antoillier,  later  andoiller  (and 
andouiller,  endouiller),  prob.  <  ML.  *antocula- 
ris  (sc.  ramus),  the  branch  or  tine  of  a  stag's 
horn  before  the  eye,  <  L.  ante,  before,  -I-  oculus, 
eye :  see  ante-  and  ocidar,  and  cf.  antocular.]  1. 
Originally,  the  first  tine  or  branch  of  the  horns 
of  a  deer.— 2.  Any  of  the  principal  tines  or 
branches  of  a  deer's  homs :  with  a  descriptive 
prefix  or  epithet.  (See  below.)— 3.  Now,  when 
used  absolutely,  one  of  the  solid  deciduous 
horns  of  the  Cervidcc,  or  deer  family,  which 
are  periodically  shed  and  renewed,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  permanent  hollow  homs 
of  other  ruminants.  Antlers  are  of  all  shapes  and 
sizes,  from  the  short  simple  spikes  of  some  species  to  the 
enormous  branched  or  palmate  antlers  of  the  stag,  elk, 
or  moose.  They  are  secondary  sexual  organs,  developed 
in  connection  with  the  rut,  and  generally  only  in  the 
male  sex;  in  some  Cerviclce,  as  reindeer,  in  both  sexes 
They  consist  of  a  modification  of  true  bone,  and  are  there- 
fore radically  different  from  the  cuticular  or  epidermal 
structures  (horns)of  other  ruminants.  During  growth  they 
are  covered  with  a  modified  periosteal  and  epidermal  tis- 
sue, abounding  in  blood-vessels,  and  furry  outside ;  this  ia 


stag's  Antler  in  successive  years. 
a,  brow-antler  ;  *,  bez-antler  ;  r,  antler  royal ;  rf.  sur-royal.  or  crown- 
antler. 

the  velvet,  affording  a  copious  supply  of  blood  to  the  rapidly 
enlarging  osseous  tissue.  Wlien  the  antlers  are  full-grown 
the  vascular  activity  of  the  velvet  ceases,  a  result  mechan- 
ically facilitated  by  the  development  of  the  boss  or  bur  at 
the  root  of  the  beam,  which  to  some  extent  strangulates 
the  blood-vessels.  The  velvet  then  withers  and  shrivels 
and  peels  off  in  shreds,  or  is  rubbed  off  by  the  animal' 
Ihe  horns  of  the  American  prongbuck  are  antlers  inas- 
much as  they  are  deciduous  and  grow  in  the  manner  just 
described ;  but  they  are  cuticular  structures,  and  otherwise 
like  t he  horns  of  cattle.  In  forestry,  the  tines  of  much- 
branched  antlers,  as  those  of  the  stag,  have  special  names 
In  the  first  year  the  stag  has  only  frontal  protuberances 
called  bassets;  in  the  second,  a  simple  stem  or  snaij  called 
spike  in  the  case  of  American  deer ;  in  the  third  a  longer 
stem  with  one  branch,  the  b^mc-antler ;  in  tlie  fourth 
the  bez;  bes-,  or  bay -antler ;  in  the  fifth,  the  antler  royal 
IS  acquired;  after  which  the  ends  of  the  stag's  horns 
become  more  or  less  palmate,  developing  the  crovm  or 
sur-royal,  whence  more  or  fewer  points  diverge  in  sub- 
sequent years.  The  total  number  of  'points,'  counting  all 
the  tines,  may  be  ten.  The  main  stem  of  a  branched  ant- 
ler is  the  beam;  the  branches,  exclusive  of  the  mere  points 
ot  the  palmated  part,  are  the  tines.  The  order  of  branch- 
ing is  tUfferent  in  different  species;  in  some  the  division 
IS  dichotomous  throughout,  as  in  the  mule-deer  of  Amer- 
ica. In  general,  the  tines  are  ofl'sets  of  a  main  beam.  The 
reindeer  is  remarkable  for  the  great  size  of  the  brow- 
antler,  which  is  also  usually  much  larger  on  one  side  than 
on  the  other.  The  most  palmate  antlers  are  those  of  the 
European  elk  and  of  the  American  moose. 

4.  Same  as  antler-moth. 

antlered  (ant'lerd),  a.  1.  Having  antlers; 
solid-horned:  as,  the  antlered  iniminants,  dis- 
tinguished fi'om  the  horned  ruminants. —  2. 
Decorated  with  antlers. 

Once  more  the  merry  voices  sound 
Within  the  antlered  hall. 

0.  W.  Holme.<,  Island  Hunting-Song. 

antler-moth  (ant'ler-moth),  n.  A  European 
species  of  noctuid  moth,  Charwas  (or  Cerapte- 
ryx)  graminis.  The  lar^-.-e  are  very  destructive,  some- 
times destroying  the  herbage  of  whole  meadows.  Also 
called  antler. 


antlia 

antlia  (ant'li-a),  n. ;  pi.  antlia;  (-e).  [L.,  a  ma- 
chiue  to  draw  up  water,  a  pump,  <  Gr.  avrXia,  the 
hold  of  a  ship,  bilge-water,  <  avrXog,  the  hold  of  a 
ship,  bilge-water,  a  bucket,  <  df  d,  up,  +  *r\auv, 
hold,  lift,  =L.*i/a-inpp.  tlatiis,  latus,  associated 
with /erre,  bear:  see  ablative.']  The  spiral  tongue 
or  proboscis  of  lepidopterous  insects,  by  which 
they  pump  iip  the  juices  of  plants,  it  consists  of 
the  greatly  elongated  maxillie,  which  form  a  long  bipar- 
tite suctorial  tube,  "ttlien  coiled  up  it  forms  a  flat  spiral, 
like  the  spring  of  a  watch.  See  cut  under  hausteUum. — 
Antlia  Pneumatica,  in  astron.,  the  Air-pump,  a  con- 
stellation in  the  southern  hemisphere,  situated  between 
Hydra  and  Argo  Navis. 

Antliata  (ant-li-a'ta),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 

antliatus:  see  antliaie.']  A  synonym  of  Uiptera: 
a  name  given  by  Fabricius  to  the  dipterous  in- 
sects, from  their  feeding,  Like  the  common  fly, 
by  means  of  a  sucker  or  antlia.  The  name  is  no 

longer  in  use,  the  term  antlia  being  now  applied  exclusively 
to  the  spiral  haustellate  proboscis  of  lepidopterous  insects. 

antliate  (ant'U-at),  a.  [<  NL.  antliatus,  <  L. 
antlia.}    Furnished  with  an  antlia. 

ant-lion  (ant'li'on),  n.  A  neuropterous  insect 
of  the  section  Flanipennia,  family  Mijrmeleon- 
tidce,  and  genus  Myrmeleon,  as,  for  example, 
M.  formicarillS.  The  name  is  specifically  given  to  the 
larva,  which  has  attracted  more  notice  than  the  perfect 
insect,  on  accoimt  of  the  ingenuity  displayed  by  it  in 


252 

antral  (an'tral),  a.  [<  antrum  +  -aL]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  an  antrum  or  sinus;  cavernous, 
as  a  bone. 

antret  (an'ter),  n.  [Prop,  anter  forig.  printed 
antar  in  first  extract),  <  F.  autre,  <  L.  antrum,  < 
Gr.  avrpov,  a  cave.  Cf .  antrum.]  A  cavern ;  a 
cave. 

Anti-es  vast,  and  deserts  idle.  Shak.,  Othello,  i.  3. 

A  vein  of  gold,  .  .  . 
With  all  its  lines  abrupt  and  angular. 
Out-shooting  sometimes,  like  a  meteor-star, 
Through  a  vast  antre.  Keats,  Endymion,  ii. 

antritis  (an-tri'tis),  «.  [NL.,  <  antrum  (see 
def.)  -f-  -itis.]  Inpathol.,  inflammation  of  the  an- 
trum of  the  upper  maxillary  bone.   See  antrum. 

antrorse  (an-trors'),  a.  [<  NL.  antrorsus,  <  L. 
*ant€ro-  (appar.  base  of  anterior,  <  ante,  be- 
fore) +  versus,  turned,  <  vertere,  turn.  Cf.  in- 
trorse,  retrorse,  etc.]  In  bot.  and  zodl.,  bent 
or  directed  forward  or  upward :  especially,  in 
ornith.,  applied  to  the  bristly  feathers  which  fill 
the  nasal  fosste  of  such  birds  as  crows  and  jays. 

antrorsely  (an-trors'li),  adv.  Forward;  in  a 
forward  direction;  anteriorly. 

antrorsiform  (an-tr6r'si-f6rm),  a.  [<  NL.  an- 
trorsus, forward,  +  Ij.  forma,  form.]  In  ichth., 
having  that  form  which  resiilts  from  a  regular 
increase  in  the  height  of  the  body  forward  to 
the  head,  as  in  the  gurnard,  toad-fish,  etc.  T. 
Gill,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  (1884),  p.  357.  See 
cut  under  toad-fish. 

Antrostomus  (an-tros'to-mus),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  avrpov,  a  cavern,  +  crdfia,  mouth.]  A  genus 
of  fissirostral  and  setirostral  non-passerine  in- 
sessorial  birds,  of  the  family  Caprimidgidce, 


Ant-lion  (^AfyrmeUon  formic 


Perfect  insect  and  larva. 


preparing  a  kind  of  pitfall  for  the  destruction  of  insects 
(chiefly  ants).  It  digs  a  funnel-shaped  hole  in  the  driest 
and  finest  sand  it  can  find,  working  inside  the  hole  and 
throwing  up  the  particles  of  sand  with  its  head.  When 
the  pit  is  deep  enough,  and  the  sides  are  quite  smooth  and 
sloping,  the  ant-lion  buries  itself  at  the  bottom  with 
only  its  formidable  mandibles  projecting,  and  waits  for 
its  prey.  The  moment  a  victim  falls  in,  the  larva  seizes 
it  with  its  m.andibles  and  sucks  its  juices. 

antocular  (ant-ok'u-lar),  a.  [<  L.  ante,  before, 
-I-  oculus,  eye.  Cf.  antler.]  Situated  in  front 
of  the  eye ;  anteocular. 

antceci  (an-te'si),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avroimi, 
pi.  of  avTOiKog:  see  antecians.]  Same  as  ante- 
cians. 

antoecians,  n.  pi.    See  antecians. 

antonomasia  (an-ton-o-ma'zia),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr. 
avTovofiaaia,  <  avrovofid^eiv,  call  by  another  name, 
<  avTt,  instead  of,  +  hvofxal^uv,  name,  <  bvo/ia, 
name,  =  L.  nomen  =  E.  name.]  In  rhet.,  the 
substitution  of  an  epithet,  or  of  the  appellative 
of  some  office,  dignity,  profession,  science,  or 
trade,  for  the  true  name  of  a  person,  as  when 
his  majesty  is  used  for  a  king,  his  lordship  for  a 
nobleman,  or  the  philosopher  for  Aristotle ;  con- 
versely, the  use  of  a  proper  noun  in  the  place  of 
a  common  noim:  as,  a  Cato  for  a  man  of  severe 
gravity,  or  a  Solomon  for  a  wise  man. 

antonomastic  (an-ton-o-mas'tik),  a.  [<  an- 
tonomasia, after  Gr.  ovofiaaTtnog.]  Of,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  marked  by  antonomasia. 

antonomastical  (an-ton-o-mas'ti-kal),  a.  Same 
as  antonomastic. 

antonomastically  (an-ton-o-mas'ti-kal-i),  adv. 
By  means  or  in  the  manner  of  the  figure  an- 
tonomasia. 

antonym  (an'to-nim),  n.  [<  Gr.  *avT&vviiog  (cf. 
avTuwuia,  a  pronoun),  <  avri,  against,  +  6vo/j.a, 
dial.  6vv/ia  =  E.  name:  see  onym.]  A  counter- 
term  ;  an  opposite;  an  antithetical  word:  the 
opposite  of  synonym :  as,  life  is  the  antonym  of 
death. 

antorbital  (ant-6r'bi-tal),  a.  [<  L.  ante,  before, 
-1-  orbita,  orbit.]    Sanie  as  ante-orbital. 

The  antorbital,  or  lateral  ethmoidal,  processes  of  the 
primordial  cranium.  Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  133. 

Antosiandrian  (an-to-si-an'dri-an),  n.  [<  ant- 
for  anti-  +  Osiandrian.]  A  name  applied  to  the 
orthodox  Lutherans  who  opposed  the  doctrines 
of  Osiander.    See  Osiandrian. 

antozone  (an-to'zon),  n.  [<  ant-  for  anti-  -I- 
ozonc.]  A  substance,  formerly  believed  to  be 
a  modification  of  oxygen,  whose  chief  peeiiliar- 
ity  is  that  it  combines  with  ozone  and  reduces 
it  to  ordinary  oxygen.  It  has  been  proved  to 
be  hydrogen  dioxid,  H2O2. 

antozonite (an-to'zo-nit), n.  [iantozone  +  -zfe2.] 
A  variety  of  fluorite  or  fluor-spar,  found  at 
Wolsendorf ,  Bavaria,  it  emits  a  strong  odor,  at  one 
time  supposed  to  be  due  to  antozone,  but  since  shown  to 
be  caused  by  free  fluorin. 

antra,  ».   Plural  of  antrum. 


Chuck-will's-widow  [Antrostomits  caroltnensis'). 

named  from  the  cavernous  mouth,  garnished 
with  long  rictal  vibrissas.  The  nostrils  are  oval  with 
a  raised  rim,  but  not  tubular ;  the  wings  are  short  and 
rounded ;  the  tail  is  long  and  rounded ;  the  tarsus  is  short 
and  feathered,  the  middle  claw  pectinate  ;  the  plumage  is 
very  lax  and  mottled ;  and  the  eggs  are  usually  marbled. 
The  type  of  the  genus  is  the  Carolinian  chuck-will's-widow 
{A.  carolinennis),  and  the  genus  is  usually  made  to  include 
all  the  true  night-jars  or  goatsuckers  of  America,  such  as 
the  whippoorwill  (A.  vociferus),  the  poor-will  (A.  nut- 
tallC),  and  others  of  the  warmer  parts  of  America  related 
to  and  resembling  the  old-world  species  of  Caprimulgus 
proper.    Juhn  Gould,  1838. 

Antrozous  (an-tro-z6'us),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av- 
rpov, a  cave,  cavern,  +  ^uov,  animal:  see  soon.] 
A  remarkable  genus  of  bats,  of  the  family  Ves- 
pertilionidm  and  subfamily  Plecotinm.   They  have 

separate  ears,  a  rudimentaiy  nose-leaf,  and  the  incisors 
and  premolars  both  only  one  on  each  side  above  and  two 
on  each  side  below.  A.  pallidus,  the  only  species,  is  a  com- 
mon bat  of  California  and  Arizona.   Ilarrinon  Allen,  1862. 

antrum  (an'trum),  n. ;  pi.  antra  (-tra).  [NL., 
<  L.  antrum,  <  Gi.  avrpov,  a  cave.]  A  name  of 
various  cavities  in  the  body,  but  when  used 
alone  signifying  the  antrum  Highmorianum 
(cavity  of  Highmore,  also  called  sinus  maxil- 
laris),  a  cavity  in  the  superior  maxillary  bone, 
lined  with  mucous  membrane  and  communi- 
cating with  the  middle  meatus  of  the  nose. — 
Antrum  bUCCinosum,  the  cochlea  of  the  ear :  so  called 
from  its  resemblance  to  a  whelk,  a  shell  of  the  genus 
JBuccinum. — Antrum  pylori,  a  small  dilatation  of  the 
stomach  at  its  pyloric  end.    Also  called  lesser  cul-de-sac. 

antrustion  (an-trus'ti-on),  n.  [F.,  <  ML.  an- 
trustio(n-),  prob.  <  OHG.  an,  on,  in,  +  trost, 
protection,  help,  also  a  protector,  =  E.  trust, 
q.  v.]  One  of  certain  vassals  who,  early  in  the 
seventh  century,  enjoyed  the  protection  of  the 
Frankish  kings  and  became  their  companions 

in  the  palace  and  in  the  field.  The  antmstions  cor- 
responded to  the  Anglo-Saxon  royal  thanes,  and  formed 
one  of  the  earliest  classes  of  French  nobility. 

The  military  service  of  the  [Frankish]  chiefs  was  paid 
for  by  them  [the  kings)  in  grants  of  land.  .  .  .  These 
grantees  (usually  the  companions  of  the  king,  under  the 
name  of  Antmstions)  .  .  .  became  possessed  of  vast  do- 
mains and  corresponding  power. 

StilU,  Stud.  Med.  Hist.,  iii. 
antrustionship   (an-trus'ti-on-ship).   n.  The 
office  or  state  of  an  antrustion :  as,  ''the Frank 
antrustionship,"  Encyc.  Brit.,  IX.  121. 


anuria 

ant-shrike  (ant'shrik),  «.  A  passerine  bird  of 
the  iamily  Formicariida;  (which  see)  and  sub- 
family Thamnophiliuw  ;  a  South  Ameiicau  bush- 
shrike. 

ant's-WOOd  (antz'wud),  n.  A  West  Indian  name 
of  a  sapotaceous  shrub,  Bumelia  cuneata. 

ant-thrush  (ant'thrush),  n.  1.  A  South  Ameri- 
can passerine  bird,  or  ant-bird,  of  the  family 
Formicariida:,  or,  in  a  more  restricted  sense,  of 
the  subfamUy  Formicariince  (which  see). — 2. 
A  breve;  an  East  Indian  bird  of  the  family 
Pittidw,  having  little  relation  with  the  fore- 
going ;  in  the  plm-al,  the  breves  or  pittas.  See 
Pittidw. — 3.  (Originally,  as  used  by  the  transla- 
tors of  Cuvier,  a  species  of  either  of  the  fore- 
going families,  and  also  of  others ;  any  bird  of 
the  indeterminate  genus  Myotliera  of  Illiger. 
Hence  the  name  has  usually  had  no  more  exact  significa- 
tion than  ant-bird,  or  ant-catcher,  or  ant-eater,  as  applied 
to  ii  bird. 

ant-tree  (ant'tre),  «.  A  name  given  to  species 
of  Triplaris,  a  polygonaceous  genus  of  trees 
of  tropical  America,  the  fistidous  branches  of 
which  serve  for  the  habitation  of  ants. 

ant-wart  (ant'wart),  n.    Same  as  ant-egg,  2. 

ant-WOrm  (ant'werm),  n.    Same  as  ant-egg,  2. 

ant-wren  (ant'ren),  n.  A  South  American  pas- 
serine bird,  of  the  family  Formicariidce  (which 
see)  and  sxibt&mily  Formicivorince.  See  cut  un- 
der Formicivora. 

Anubis  (a-nu'bis),  w.  [L.,  <  Gr.  "AvovPtc,  <. 
Egypt.  Anepu  or  Anup,  Coptic  Anob  or  Atioub.] 

1.  An  Egyptian  deity,  represented  with  the 
head  of  a  dog  or  jackal,  and  identified  by  the 
later  Greeks  and  Romans  with  their  Hermes  or 
Mercury. —  2.  In  zodl. :  (o)  A  generic  name  of 
the  f  ennee  of  Bruce,  Anubis  serda,  a  kind  of  fox, 
the  Canis  zerda  of  Gmelin,  the  Fennecus  zoaren- 
sis  of  some  authors,  supposed  to  be  the  animal 
taken  for  a  jackal  in  certain  Egyptian  hiero- 
glyphs. (&)  [Z.  c]  The  specific  name  of  a  very 
large  kind  of  baboon,  the  Cynocephalus  anubis 
of  western  Africa. 

Anurai  (a-nii'ra),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  sing,  of  anu- 
ri(s,  tailless :  see  anurous.]  1 .  A  genus  of  very 
short-tailed  wren-like  birds  of  India,  generally 
referred  to  the  genus  Tesia.    Hodgson,  1841. — 

2.  A  genus  of  leaf-nosed  bats,  of  the  family 
Phyllostomatidce. 

Also  written  Anoura. 
Anura^  (a-nu'ra),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
anurus,  tailless:  see  anurous.]  An  order  of 
Amphibia,  the  Ba- 
trachia  salientia,  or 
batrachians  prop- 
er, as  frogs  and 
toads ;  saUent  ovip- 
arous amphibi- 
ans, tailless  when 
adult,  provided 
with  well-devel- 
oped legs,  breath- 
ing air  by  lungs, 
and  undergoing 
complete  metamor- 
phosis from  the 
tadpole  state,  in 
which  they  are 
tailed  and  limbless, 
and  breathe  water 
by  gills.  Called  ^nwra 
in  distinction  from  Uro- 
dela,  and  Theriomorpha 
in  contrast  to  Ichthyo- 
morpha.  The  vertebrae 
are  diversiform  and 
from  7  to  10  in  number. 
The  ^jittrahave  a  well- 
formed  sternum,  and  a 
pectoral  and  a  pelvic 
arch.  The  skin  is  naked, 
and  serves  to  some  ex- 
tent as  an  organ  of  res- 
piration ;  it  is  shed  as 
in  serpents.  Small  vari- 
ously disposed  teeth  are 
xisually  present ;  the 
tongue  is  present  (in 
Phaneroglossa),  or  apparently  absent  (in  Aglossa).  There 
are  upward  of  500  species  of  this  very  homogeneous  group, 
for  which  some  130  genera  and  from  5  to  25  families  are 
adopted  by  different  authors.  The  typical  frogs  are  of  the 
family  Ranidce ;  the  tree-frogs  are  Hylidce ;  the  toads, 
Bufonidce;  and  the  aglossal  Surinam  toad  is  the  type  of  a 
family  Pipidce.  Also  written  Anoura.  See  cuts  under 
omostemum,  Rana,  and  temporoirMstoid. 

anuran  (a-nu'ran),  n.  [<  Anura^  +  -an.]  One 
of  the  Anura.  "Also  written  anouran. 

anuresis(an-u-re'sis),9i.  [NL.]  SameasawMna. 

anuria  (a-nii'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av-  priv.  + 
ovpov,  urine.]  Absence  of  micturition,  whether 
from  suppression  or  from  retention  of  urine. 
Also  called  anuresis,  anury. 


vm 


Skull  of  Frog  {Rana  escnUnta'). 
A,  from  above  ;  B,  from  below  ;  x,  the 
parasphenoid  ;  y,  the  girdle-bone  oros- 
en-ceinture  ;  Z.  the  temporomastoid  ; 
/,  y,  ylll,  exits  of  olfactory,  trigemi- 
nal, and  vagus  nerves ;  EO,  exoccipital ; 
Fr,  Pa,  frontal  and  parietal ;  Na,  na- 
sal:  Afjr,  maxilla ;  PI,  palatal;  Pmx, 
premaxilla;  Pt,  pterygoid;  Pro,  pro- 
otic  :  QJ,  quadratojugal ;  Vo.  one  of 
the  vomers. 


Anurida  , 

Anurida  (a-nu'ri-da),  n.  [NL.,  appar.  <  Gr.  av- 
priv.  +  ovpa,  tail,  -ida.']  A  genus  of  Collem- 
bola,  typical  of  the  family  Anurididce.  A,  mari- 
tima  is  a  species  found  under  stones  on  the  sea- 
coast. 

Anurididae  (an-u-rid'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Anu- 


253 


Armor,  anvilVd  in  the  shop 
Of  passive  fortitude. 

Fletcher  (and  M assinger  t).  Lover's  Progress,  iv. 

anvil-block  (an'vil-blok),  n.  [=  D.  annheelds- 
blok  =  Flem.  aemheeldUok.']  The  metal  block 
_u<c  vaii-u-x-iii  i-fjM),  n.  pi.  ii'^Li.,  K  Mill-  or  anvil  upon  which  a  steam-hammer  falls, 
rirfa  + -»/«.'.]  A  family  of  apterous  ametabo-  anvil-CUpper  (an'vil-kup"er),  ??.  A  machine  for 
lous  coUembolous  insects,  typitied  by  the  genus  making  the  inner  cup  or  case  of  a  cartridge, 
Anurida,  related  to  Poduridw  and  often  merged  which  contains  the  fulminate, 
in  that  family.  _  anvil-dross  (an'vil-dros),  n.    Protoxid  of  iron. 

Anurosorex  (an'u-ro-so'reks),  M.  [NL,.,  <  anu-  anvil-vise  (an  '  vil-vis),  ?i.  A  compound  tool 
rus,  tailless,  +  L.  sorex,  shrew:  see  anurous  and  consisting  of  a  vise  of  which  one  jaw  forms  an 
Sorex.'i    A  genus  of  teri'estrial  shrews,  of  the  anvil. 

family  Soricidw,  with  26  white  teeth,  very  small  anxietude  (ang-zi'e-tiid),  n.  [<  LL.  anxietudo, 
ears,  and  rudimentary  tail.   It  contains  a  mole-    equiv.  to  the  usual  anxietas :  see  anxiety.']  Anx- 

iety.  [Eare.] 

anxiety  (ang-zi'e-ti),  n. ;  pi.  anxieties  (-tiz).  [< 
F.  anxiete  (Cotgi-ave),  <  L.  anxieta{t-)s,  <  anxius, 
anxious:  see  anxious.']  1.  The  apprehension 
caused  by  danger,  misfortune,  or  error ;  concern 
or  solicitude  respecting  some  event,  future  or 
imeertain ;  disturbance,  imeasiness  of  mind,  or 
care,  occasioned  by  trouble. 

To  be  happy  is  not  only  to  be  freed  from  the  pains  and 
diseases  of  the  body,  but  from  anxiety  and  vexation  of 
spirit.  Tillotson. 
2.  In  pathol.,  a  state  of  restlessness  and  agita- 
tion, with  general  indisposition,  and  a  distress- 
ing sense  of  oppression  at  the  epigastrium.  =syii. 

1.  Care,  Concern,  Solicitude,  etc.  (see  care),  foreboding! 
uneasiness,  disquiet,  inquietude,  restlessness,  apprehen- 
sion, fear,  misjriving,  worry. 

anxious  (angk'shus),  a.  [<  L.  anxius,  anxious, 
solicitous,  distressed,  troubled,  <  angere,  dis- 
tress, trouble,  choke :  see  anguish,  angor,  and  an- 
flreri.]  1.  Full  of  anxiety  or  solicitude ;  greatly 
troubled  or  solicitous,  especially  about  some- 
thing future  or  tmknown ;  being  in  painful  sus- 
pense :  applied  to  persons. 

Eternal  troubles  haunt  thy  anxious  mind. 
Whose  cause  and  cure  thou  never  hop'st  to  find. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Lucian,  iii.  268. 
Anxious  and  trembling  for  the  birth  of  Fate. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  u.  142. 

2.  Attended  with,  proceeding  from,  or  mani- 
festing solicitude  or  tmeasiness:  applied  to 
things:  as,  ana;  joi(S  forebodings;  anxious  labor . 

His  pensive  cheek  upon  his  hand  reclin'd, 
And  anxious  thoughts  revolving  in  his  mind. 

Dryden. 

A  small,  neat  volume  of  only  eighty-seven  pages,  .  . 
with  a  modest  and  somewhat  anxious  dedication. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  III.  35. 

3.  Earnestly  desirous  or  solicitous :  as,  anxious 
to  please:  awa;ioM5  to  do  right,  ^n^io^ts  is  followed 

by  for  or  about  before  the  object  of  solicitude.  The  for- 
mer is  generally  used  when  the  thing  is  something  desired 
to  happen  or  be  done ;  the  latter  of  a  person,  creature,  or 
situation:  as,  anxious  for  his  release;  anxious  about  his 
health  or  aboiit  him.  =  Syn.  1.  Careful,  uneasy,  unquiet 
restless,  troubled,  disturbed,  apprehensive 


like  species  from  Tibet,  A.  squamipes. 
anurous  (a-nu'rus),  a.    [<  NL.  anurus,  tailless, 
<  Gr.  av-  priv.  -I-  ovpd,  a  tail.]    Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  characters  of  the  Anura.  Also  writ- 
ten anourous. 
anury  (an'u-ri),  n.    Same  as  anuria. 
anus  (a'nus),  H.    [L.,  prob.  orig.  the  same  as 
anus,  annus,  a  ring :  see  annulus.]  The  termina- 
tion of  the  digestive  tube  or  alimentary  canal ; 
the  end  of  the  enteron  of  any  animal ;  the  ori- 
fice through  which  the  refuse  of  digestion  is 
voided.    The  anus  is  usually  on  a  part  of  the  body  away 
from  the  mouth,  but  it  is  sometimes  coincident  with  the 
latter.   It  is  usually  a  circular  orifice,  provided  with  a 
sphincterial  arrangement  by  which  it  may  be  shut ;  but  it 
is  sometimes  a  cleft  or  chinlt,  tlie  direction  of  the  axis  of 
which  distinguishes  zoological  groups :  thus,  it  is  longi- 
tudinal in  turtles,  and  transverse  in  lizards  and  snakes. 
In  many  vertebrates  and  other  animals  the  anus  serves 
for  the  discharge  of  the  excretion  of  the  kidneys  and  of 
the  products  of  the  generative  organs,  as  well  as  of  the 
refuse  of  digestion.  See  anal. 
-anus.    [L.,  a  common  adj.  suffix,  whence  E. 
-an :  see  -an.]  A  suffix  of  Latin  adjectives  and 
nouns  thence  derived :  common  in  New  Latin 
names,  especially  specific  names, 
anvil  (an'vil),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  anvil,  anvill, 
anvile,  anvild,  andvile,  anvelde,  anfeeld,  andfelde, 
etc.,  <  ME.  andvell,  anvylde,  anveld,  anvylt,  an- 
velt,  anfeld,  anfelt,  anefeld,  anefelt,  etc.,  <  AS. 
anfilt,  anfilte,  onfdte,  earliest  form  onjilti,  =  OD. 
(dial.)  aenvilte  =  OHG.  anafalz,  these,  the  ap- 
par. orig.  forms,  appearing  with  variations  in 
OD.  aenhilt,  ambUt  (OFlem.  also  aenUlckt),  aen- 
belt,  aenheld,  aenbceld,  aemheld,  mod.  D.  aan- 
leeld,  aambeld  =  Flem.  aenbceld,  aembeeld  (ap- 
par. simulating  D.  Flem.  beelden,  form)  =  LG. 
anebelte,  anebolte,  ambult,  ambolt  (>  Dan.  am- 
iolt)  =  OHG.  anabolz  (appar.  simulating  the 
synonymous  OHG.  anaboz,  MHG.  aneboz,  G.  am- 
boss,  an  anvil,  a  different  word,  <  OHG.  ana-, 
G.  an-  (=  AS.  an-,  on-,  E.  on),  -I-  bozan  =  AS. 
bedtan,  E.  beat),  an  anvil;  perhaps  <  AS.  an-, 
on-,  E.  on,  -t-  -filt,  -filte,  -filti,  reduced  from  an 
orig.  type  *-faldithi,  with  formative  *-t]n,  -th,  < 

*faldan,  fealdan,  =  Goth,  falthan  =  OHG.  fal-    restless,  troubled,  disturbed,  apprehensive. 
dan,faltan,  MHG.  G.falten,  fold  (with  a  secon-  anxiously  (angk'shus-li),  adv.    In  an  anxious 
dary  form  in  OHG.  falzen,  MHG.  G.  falzen,  fold,    manner ;  solicitously;  with  painful  uncertainty; 
groove,  join;  ef.  G.  falz-amboss,  a  copper-    carefully;  with  solicitude, 
smith's  anvil) ;  being  thus  lit.  that  on  which  anxiousness  (angk'shus-nes),  n.    [<  anxious  + 
metals  are  'folded,'  bent,  or  welded  under  the    -ness.]    The  state  or  quality  of  being  anxious; 
hammer :  see  ««-!,  ore-i,  and  fold^.    A  similar   great  solicitude ;  anxiety, 
reduction  of  form  occurs  in  AS.  fylt,  <  feal-      She  returns  [to  her  cards]  with  no  little  anxiousness. 
aeth,  foldeth,  hylt.  Melt,  hilt,  <  healdeth,  holdeth,  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  79. 

tm  fA°=  \f^^t^^  and  AS  hilt,  E.  any  (en'i),  a.  and  pron.  [The  pron.  is  that  of  the 

as  IS  supposed,  they  are  derived  respec-  early  mod.  E.  eny ;  <  ME.  any,  anie,  ani,  eny, 
lively  Toom.  jcaiaan,  tola,  ana  iiealdan,  hold;  so 
AS.  gesynto,  <  * gasunditha,  health,  inwit  =  Goth.. 
inwinditha,  wickedness.]  1.  An  iron  block 
with  a  smooth  face,  usually  of  steel,  on  which 
metals  are  hammered  and  shaped.  The  black- 
smith's anvil  commonly  has  a  conical  or  pointed  horizontal 

projection  called  a  beak  or  horn,  for  working  curved  or     ,     ■'  tt.  '•"i" ^'  '  — v!  "•'-^/j  ^ 

annular  pieces,  and  holes  for  the  insertion  of  different  'V^  '•  see  One  and  -yl.    Any  is  thus  an 

sizes  and  shapes  of  cutters,  swages,  etc.  The  gold-beater's  "    '       "  "         "  '  "  " 

anvil  is  for  the  first  hammering  a  simple  block  of  steel,  and 
for  the  second  a  block  of  marble.  Anvils  for  steam-ham- 
mers are  called  anvil-blocks,  and  are  of  iron  faced  with 
steel,  and  supported  on  wooden  piling. 

2.  Figuratively,  anything  on  which  blows  are 
struck. 

The  anvil  of  my  sword.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  5. 

3.  In  anat.,  one  of  the  small  bones  of  the  ear, 
the  incus  (which  see).  See  cuts  under  ea?-i  and 
tympanic. — 4.  In  firearms,  the  resisting  cone, 
plate,  or  bar  against  which  the  fulminate  in  a 
metallic  cartridge  is  exploded.  Wilhelm,  Mil. 
Diet. —  5.  Milit.,  a  small  pennon  on  the  end  of  a 
lance.  FarrOio,  Mil.  Encyc.-To  be  on  the  anvil, 

to  be  in  a  state  of  discussion,  formation,  or  preparation 
as  when  a  scheme  or  measure  is  forming,  but  not  matured. 

Several  members,  .  .  .  knomng  what  was  on  the  anvil, 
went  to  the  clergy  and  desired  their  judgment.  Swift. 

^^^\  (*'^''^1)>  )  Pret.  and  pp.  anviled  or  an- 
w(«d,  ppr.  anviling  or  anvilling.  [<  anvil,  n.] 
i  o  form  or  shape  on  an  an-yil.  [Eare.] 


y^ittf,    \  u^iitf,  f/./ttc,  u«f,  eny, 

enie,  eni  (also  contr.  ei,  eie,  cei,  ceie),  <  AS.  cenuj, 
modified  form  of  *dnig  (which  reappears  in 
ME.  ony,  E.  dial,  and  Sc.  ony,  =  OS.  enig, 
enag  =  OFries.  enig,  enich,  ienig,  eng,  ang,  any, 
=  D.  eenig,  any,  only,  sole,  =  OHG.  einag,  MHG. 
einec,  eineg,  G.  einig,  one,  only,  sole),  <  an,  one, 
+  -ig,  E.  -yi :  see  one  and  -yi.  Any  is  thus  an 
adj.  deriv.  of  one,  or  rather  of  its  weakened 
form  an,  a,  in  an  indeterminate  unitary  or, 
in  plural,  partitive  use.  The  emphatic  sense 
'only'  coexists  in  D.  with  the  indeterminate, 
and  is  the  only  sense  in  G.]  I.  a.  In  the  sin- 
gular, one,  a  or  an,  some ;  in  the  plural,  some : 
indeterminately  distributed,  implying  unlim- 
ited choice  as  to  the  particular  unit,  number, 
or  quantity,  and  hence  subordinately  as  to  qual- 
ity, whichever,  of  whatever  quantity  or  kind; 
an  indeterminate  unit  or  number  of  units  out 
of  many  or  all.  The  indeterminate  sense  grows  out  of 
its  use  in  interrogative  and  conditional  sentences  :  as,  has 
he  any  friend  to  speak  for  him?  is  there  any  proof  of 
that?  if  you  have  any  witnesses,  produce  them. 
Who  will  shew  us  any  good  ?  Ps.  iv.  6. 

If  there  be  any  in  this  assembly,  any  dear  friend  of 
Ciesar's,  to  him  I  say,  that  Brutus'  love  to  Casar  was  no 
less  than  his.  Shak.,  J.  C,  iii.  2. 

[In  affirmative  sentences,  any,  being  indeterminate  in  ap- 
plication, in  effect  has  reference  to  everv  unit  of  the  sort 
mentioned,  and  thus  may  be  nearly  equivalent  to  every: 


anything 

as,  any  schoolboy  would  know  that ;  any  attempt  to  evade 
the  law  will  be  resisted  :  so  in  anybody,  anyone,  anj/thing 
etc. 

It  suffices  me  to  say,  in  general,  .  .  .  that  men  here,  as 
elsewhere,  are  indisposed  to  iimovation,  and  prefer  any 
antiquity,  any  usage,  any  livery  productive  of  case  or 
profit,  to  the  unproductive  service  of  thought. 

Emerson,  Literary  Ethics. 
When  any  is  preceded  by  a  negative,  expressed  or  implied, 
the  two  are  together  equivalent  to  an  emphatic  negative, 
'none  at  all,'  'not  even  one':  as,  there  has  never  been  any 
doubt  about  that. 

Neither  knoweth  any  man  the  Father,  save  the  Son. 

Mat.  xi.  27. 

It  cannot  in  any  sense  be  called  a  form  of  solar  energy. 

Dawson,  Nat.  and  the  Bible,  p.  130.] 

II,  proM.  [By  omission  of  the  noun,  which  is 
usually  expressed  in  an  adjacent  clause,  or  is 
implied  in  the  context.]  In  the  singular,  one, 
some;  in  the  plural,  some:  indeterminately 
distributed  in  the  same  uses  as  the  adjective, 
and  used  absolutely  or  followed  by  of  in  parti- 
tive construction:  with  reference  to  persons, 
any  one,  anybody;  in  the  plural,  any  per- 
sons. 

Who  is  here  so  rude,  that  would  not  be  a  Roman?  If 
any,  speak  ;  for  him  have  I  ofl'ended.    Shak.,  J.  C,  iii.  2. 
I  have  not  seen  you  lately  at  any  of  the  places  I  visit. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  348. 
[In  this  sense  it  might  formerly  have  a  possessive. 
Yet  the  brave  Courtier  .  .  . 
Doth  loath  such  base  condition,  to  backbite 
Anies  good  name  for  envie  or  despite. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale.] 
any  (en'i),  adv.  [<  ME.  any,  eny,  ony;  prop,  the 
instr.  ease  of  the  adj.]  In  any  degree;  to  any 
extent ;  at  aU :  especially  used  with  compara- 
tives, as  any  better,  any  worse,  any  more,  any 
less,  any  sooner,  any  later,  any  longer,  etc. 

A  patrician  could  not  be  tribune  at  Rome,  any  more 
than  a  peer  can  be  chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  in  England. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  301. 
Also,  in  negative  and  inteiTogative  sentences,  used  abso- 
lutely:  as,  it  didn't  rain  any  here;  did  it  hurt  him  any' 
[CoUoq.] 

anybody  (en'i-bod*i),  pron.  [<  any  +  body, 
person.  ]  1 .  Any  person ;  any  one :  as,  has  any- 
body been  here?  I  have  not  seen  anybody;  any- 
body can  do  that. —  2.  Any  one  in  general;  a 
person  of  any  sort;  an  ordinary  person,  as 
opposed  in  slight  contempt  to  &  soynebody :  in 
this  use  with  a  plural:  as,  two  or  three  any- 
bodies.—  3.  Any  one  in  particular;  a  person  of 
some  consequence  or  importance,  as  opposed 
to  a  nobody:  in  direct  or  indirect  interroga- 
tions: as,  is  he  anybody?  everybody  who  is 
anybody  was  present. 
anyho'W'  (en'i-hou),  adv.  [<  any,  adv.,  -t-  how,  in 
indef.  sense.  Cf.  somehow,  nohow.]  1.  In  any 
way  or  manner  whatever;  howsoever. 

They  form  an  endless  throng  of  laws,  connecting  every 
one  substance  in  creation  with  every  other,  and  different 
from  each  pair  anyhow  taken.  Whewell. 

2.  [Continuatively,  as  a  conj.]  Tn  any  ease ;  at 
any  rate ;  at  all  events ;  however  that  may  be ; 
however:  as,  anyhow,  he  failed  to  appear;  amj- 
how,  I  don't  believe  it  can  be  done, 
anything  (en'i-thing),  pron.  [<  ME.  anything, 
enything,  anything,  usujilly  written  apart,  any 
thing,  eny  thing,  <  AS.  (enig  thing:  see  any  and 
thing.  In  mod.  use  still  written  apart  when  the 
stress  is  on  thing.]  A  thing,  indefinitely ;  some- 
thing or  other,  no  matter  what:  opposed  to 
nothing:  as,  have  you  anything  to  eat?  I  do  not 
see  anything;  give  me  anything. 

It  is  the  proper  thing  to  say  any  thing,  when  men  have  all 
things  in  their  power.  Dryden,  Ded.  of  the  Medal. 

[From  its  indeterminate  signification,  anything  is  often 
used  colloquially  in  comparisons,  as  emphatically  com- 
prehensive of  whatever  simile  may  suggest  itself  or  be 
appropriate,  especially  in  the  comparative  phrases  as 
as  anything,  like  anything,  equivalent  to  'exceedingly' 
'greatly." 

0  my  dear  father  and  mother,  I  fear  your  girl  will  grow 
as  proud  a.5  anything.  Bichardson,  Pamela,  II.  57. 

His  bosom  throbb'd  with  agony,  he  cried  like  anything. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  135.] 

anything  (en'i-thing),  adv.  [<  ME.  anything, 
enything,  onythuig,  onythynge,  <  AS.  wnige  thinga, 
earliest  form  rnngi  thinga,  lit.  by  any  of  things: 
anige,  instr.  of  wnig,  any;  thinga,  gen.  pi.  of 
thing',  thing,  the  noun  being  taken  later  as  instr. 
or  ace.,  with  agreeing  adj.]  Any  whit;  in  any 
degree;  to  any  extent;  at  all. 

Will  the  ladies  be  anything  familiar  with  me,  think  you' 
B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  iv.  1 
If  anything,  if  in  any  degree ;  if  at  all ;  if  there  is  any 
difference  :  as,  if  anything,  he  is  a  little  better  to-day. 

//  anything,  we  were  comparatively  deficient  in  these 
respects.  H.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  429. 


anythingarian 

anTtllingarian  (en"i-tMng-a'ri-an),  n.  [<  any- 
thing +  -arian,  q.  v.  Cf.  nothirigarian.l  One 
who  is  'anything'  in  belief  j  one  who  professes 
no  particiilar  creed;  an  mdifferentist,  espe- 
cially in  religious  doctrine. 

anytningarianisni  (en"i-thing-a'ri-an-izm),  n. 
[i  atiythingarian  +  -ism.']  The  holding  and  ad- 
vocacy of  no  particular  creed ;  indifferentism. 

anyway  (en'i-wa),  adw.  [i  any  +  way.']  1.  In 
any  way  or  manner;  anyhow. 

These  foure  are  all  that  any  way  deale  in  that  consider- 
ation of  mens  manners.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Apol.  for  Poetrie. 
How  should  I  soothe  you  anyway, 
Who  miss  the  brother  of  your  youth? 

Tennyson,  To  J.  S. 

2.  [Continuatively,  as  a  conj.']  In  any  case; 
at  any  rate ;  at  all  events ;  anyhow. 

I  think  she  was  a  little  frightened  at  first ;  but  anyway, 
I  got  to  know  wlio  she  is.    It'.  Blade,  White  Heather,  xiv. 

anyways  (en'i-waz),  adv.  [<  any  +  ways,  adv. 
gen.  of  way,  as  in  alicays,  but  prob.  suggested 
hy  anywise.  Ct  noicays  and  nowise.']  1.  In  any 
way  or  manner ;  anyhow. —  2.  [Continuatively, 
as  a  conJ.]  In  any  case;  at  any  rate;  at  all 
events;  anyhow.    [CoUoq.  in  both  senses.] 

anjTWhatt,  pron.  [<  any  +  what,  indef.  Cf. 
somewhat.]  Anything. 

anywhen  (en'i-hwen),  adv.    [<  any  +  when. 
Cf.  anywhere,  anyhow.]    At  any  time;  ever: 
as,  "anywhere  or  anywhen,"  Be  Quincey.  [Dia- 
lectal or  rare.] 
There  if  anywhere,  and  now  if  anywhen. 

if.  Bosworth  Smith,  Carthage,  p.  333. 

anywhere  (en'i-hwar),  adv.    [<  any  +  tvhere. 

Cf .  somewhere,  nowhere.]  In,  at,  or  to  any  place : 

as,  to  be  or  to  go  anywhere. 
anSTWhither  (en'i-hwiTH"er),  adv.    [<  any  + 

whither.    Ct.  anywhere.]    In  any  direction ;  to 

any  place. 

Inveigle  .  .  .  men  anywhithet:  Barrow,  Works,  I. 
anywise  (en'i-wiz),  adv.  [<  ME.  anywise,  anige 
wise,  in  full  form  in  or  on  any  wise,  <  AS.  on 
wnige  wisan,  in  any  manner:  see  on,  any,  and 
wise^,  and  cf.  otherwise,  nowise.]  In  any  way 
or  manner;  to  any  degree. 

Neither  can  a  man  be  a  true  friend,  or  a  good  neighbor, 
or  anywise  a  good  relative,  without  industry. 

Barrow,  Sermons,  III.  xlx. 

Aonian  (a-6'ni-an),  a.  [<  L.  Aonius,  <  Aonia,  < 
Gr.  'Aovia,  a  name  lor  Boeotia  in  Greece.]  Per- 
taining to  Aonia,  an  ancient  mythological  and 
poetical  name  of  Boeotia,  or  to  the  Muses,  who 
were  supposed  to  dwell  there ;  hence,  pertain- 
ing to  the  Muses;  poetical — Aonian  fount,  the 

fountain  Aganippe,  on  a  slope  of  Mount  Helicon,  the 
"Aonian  mount,"  sacred  to  the  Muses,  hence  called  the 
"Aonian  maids." 
Aonyx  (a-on'iks),  n.  [NL.  (Lesson,  1827),  prop. 
Anonyx,  <  Gr.  av-  priv.  +  bw^,  nail,  claw.]  A 
genus  of  otters,  including  species  with  the  claws 
rudimentary  or  obsolete,  and  the  digits  much 
webbed,  a.  lalandi  is  an  African  species ;  A,  leptonyx 
(sometimes  made  type  of  a  genus  Leptonyx)  inhabits  Java, 
Borneo,  and  Sumatra ;  A.  indigitata  is  found  in  India. 
Also  written  Anonyx. 

aor.    An  abbreviation  of  aorist. 

aorist  (a'o-rist),  n.  and  a.  [<  Gr.  adpiaroc  (sc. 
Xp6vo^,  time,  tense),  the  aorist  tense,  <  aopiarog, 
indefinite,  unbounded,  <  d-  priv.  +  opwrdg,  de- 
finable, verbal  adj.  of  opi^civ,  bound,  define :  see 
horizon.]  I.  n.  In  gram.,  a  tense  of  the  Greek 
verb  expressing  action  (in  the  indicative,  past 
action)  without  further  limitation  or  implica- 
tion ;  hence,  also,  a  tense  of  like  form  or  like 
signification  in  other  languages,  as  the  Sanskrit. 
There  are  in  Greek  two  aorists,  usually  called  the  first  and 
second ;  they  differ  in  form,  but  not  in  meaning. 

II.  a.  1.  Indefinite  with  respect  to  time. —  2. 
Pertaining  or  similar  to  the  aorist. 

The  English  active  present,  or  rather  aorist,  participle 
in  -ing  is  not  an  Anglo-Saxon,  but  a  modern  form. 

G.  P.  Marsh,  Lectures  on  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  649. 

aoristic  (a-o-ris'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aoptariKog,  < 
aopiarog:  see  aorist.]  Pertaining  to  an  aorist 
or  indefinite  tense ;  indeterminate  as  to  time. 

aoristlcalt  (a-o-ris'ti-kal),  a.    Same  as  aoristic. 

aoristically  (S.-o-ris'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  the  man- 
ner of  an  aorist. 

In  most  languages,  verbs  have  forms  which  exclude  the 
notion  of  time,  .  .  .  and  even  the  forms  grammatically 
expressive  of  time  are,  in  general  propositions,  employed 
aoristically,  or  without  any  reference  to  time. 

G.  P.  Marsh,  Lectures  on  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  300. 

aorta  (a-6r'ta),  n.;  pi.  aortw  (-te).    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

aoprr/,  aorta,  <  ae'ipetv,  raise,  lift,  pass,  aeipeadai, 
rise.  Cf.  artery.']  In  anat.,  the  main  trunk  of 
the  arterial  system,  issuing  from  the  left  ven- 
tricle of  the  heai't,  conveying  arterialized  blood 
to  all  parts  of  the  body  except  the  lungs,  and 


2B4 

giving  rise,  directly  or  indirectly,  to  all  the  ar- 
teries of  the  body  except  the  pulmonary.  The 
name  is  chiefly  given  to  such  an  artery  in  those  higher  ver- 
tebrates which  have  a  completely  four-chambered  heart. 
The  aorta  commonly  gives  off  inmiediately  the  great  vessels 
of  the  head,  neck,  and  anterior  limbs,  and  ends  by  forking 
to  supply  the  posterior  limbs.  In  the  embryo  it  communi- 
cates with  the  pulmonary  artery  by  a  duct  (ductus  arte- 
riosus), wliich  is  normally  closed  at  birth.  In  man  the 
aorta  IS  divided  into  ascending,  transverse,  and  descending 
portions.  The  ascending  aorta,  rises  and  then  curves  over 
to  the  left,  forming  the  transverse  portion  or  arch  of  the 
aorta,  whence  spring  the  innominate  and  left  carotid  and 
left  subclavian  arteries ;  it  then  descends  upon  and  a  little 
to  the  left  of  tlie  bodies  of  the  vertebr8e,forming  the  descend- 
ing aorta,  divided  into  the  tlioracic  aorta  above  the  dia- 
phragm and  the  abdominal  aorta  below  it ;  it  ends  usually 
opposite  the  fourth  lumbar  vertebra  by  bif  lu^cating  into  the 
right  and  left  common  iliac  arteries.  The  thoracic  branches 
are  numerous,  but  small  and  cliiefly  intercostal ;  tlie  abdom- 
inal branches  are  the  coeliac,  superior  and  inferior  mesen- 
teric, renal,  suprarenal,  spermatic,  and  othere.  The  aorta 
is  provided  at  its  beginning  with  three  semilunar  valves, 
which  prevent  regurgitation  of  blood  into  the  heart.  See 
aortic,  and  cuts  under  circulation,  embryo,  heart,  thorax. 

—  Cardiac  aorta.  See  extract  below.— Definitive  aor- 
ta, the  aorta  as  defined  above. — Primitive  aortaB,  the 
fii-st  and  paired  main  arteries  of  the  embryo,  connected 
with  the  omphalomesenteric  vessels.    See  extract. 

The  heart  of  the  vertebrate  embryo  is  at  first  a  simple 
tube,  the  anterior  end  of  which  passes  into  a  cardiac  aor- 
tic trunk,  while  the  posterior  end  is  continuous  with  the 
great  veins  which  bring  back  blood  from  the  umbilical 
vesicle.  The  cardiac  aorta  immediately  divides  into  two 
branches,  each  of  which  ascends,  in  the  first  visceral  arch, 
in  the  form  of  a  forwardly  convex  aortic  arch,  to  the  under 
side  of  the  rudimentary  spinal  column,  and  then  runs 
parallel  with  its  fellow  to  the  hinder  part  of  the  body  as 
a  pi-imitive  subvertebral  aorta.  The  two  primitive  aortce 
soon  coalesce,  in  the  greater  part  of  their  length,  into  one 
trunk,  the  definitive  subvertebral  aorta,  but  the  aortic 
arches,  separated  by  the  alimentary  tract,  remain  distinct. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  90. 

aortal  (a-6r'tal),  a.  [<  aorta  +  -al.]  Same  as 
aortic.  [Rare.] 

aortic  (a-6r'tik),  a.  [<  aorta  +  -ic]  Belong- 
ing or  pertaining  to  the  aorta — Aortic  arch,  (a) 

Tlie  permanent  arch  of  the  aorta.    See  aorta,    (b)  One  of 
the  five  or  more  pairs  of  arterial  arclies  of  the  embryo  of 
a  vertebrate,  formed  by  forkings  of  the  primitive  cardiac 
aorta,  and  reuniting  to  form  the  primitive  and  finally  the 
definitive  subvertebral  aorta,  or  aorta  proper.   There  is  a 
pair  of  such  aortic  arches  to  each  pair  of  visceral  arches  of 
the  neck.    In  the  liigher  vertebrates  the  two  anterior  pairs 
disappear;  the  third  pair  is  modified  into  the  carotid  ar- 
teries supplying  the  head ;  the  fourth  pair  becomes  the 
arteries  supplying  the  anterior  limbs  and  the  permanent 
arch  of  the  aorta  — in  man,  tlie  innominate  and  riglit  sub- 
clavian on  the  right  side,  and  the  left  subclavian  and 
arch  of  the  aorta  on  the  left ;  in  the  fifth  pair  in  man 
the  right  side  is  obliterated,  and  the  left  forms  the  per- 
manent pulmonary  artery,  the  descending  aorta,  and  the 
ductus  arteriosus,  which  is  the 
communication  between  the  fifth 
and  the  fourth  arches.  In  branchi- 
ate   vertebrates  most  of  these 
arches  are  permanent,  becoming 
the  blood-vessels  of  the  gills. — 
Aortic  bulb,  the  enlargement  at 
the  beginning  of  the  cardiac  aorta. 

—  Aortic  compressor,  in  surg., 
an  instrument,  used  in  cases  of 
amputation  at  the  hip-joint,  for 
compressing  the  aorta,  in  order  to 
limit  the  flow  of  blood  from  it  to 
the  divided  femoral  artery. — Aor- 
tic orifice,  aortic  aperture,  of 
the  diapliragm,  the  hole  of  the 
diaphragm,  between  its  right  and 
left  pillars,  through  which  the  aor- 
ta passes  from  the  thorax  into  the 
abdomen ;  it  also  gives  transit  to 
the  thoracic  duct,  and  usually  to  an 
azygous  vein. —Aortic  valves,  the 
three  semilunar  valves  at  the  ori- 
gin of  the  aorta  from  the  left  ven- 
tricle of  the  heart,  guarding  the 
orifice  and  preventing  regurgita- 
tion into  the  ventricle. —  AortiC 

vestibule,  the  part  cf  the  left  ventricle  adjoining  the 
root  of  the  aorta. 

aortitis  (a-6r-ti'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  aorta  +  -itis.] 
In  med. ,  inflammation  of  the  aorta. 

aoildad  (a'6-dad),  n.  [Also  audad  (the  spelling 
aoudad  being  F.),  repr.  the  Moorish  name  au- 
dad,]   The  wild  sheep  of  Barbary;  a  ruminant 


Diagram  of  primitive 
Aortic  Arches  m  mam- 
mals, birds,  and  reptiles. 

a.  common  trunk  of 
primitive  aorta,  dividing^ 
mto  two  branches,  d,  o, 
which  give  off*  the  arches 
1-5  on  each  side,  ending 
in  c,  c,  two  vessels  uniting 
to  form  d,  the  descending 
or  dorsal  aorta. 


Aoudad  {Ammotyagus  tragelaphus). 


Apanteles 

of  the  subfamily  Ovinw  and  family  Bovidce,  in- 
habiting northern  Africa,  it  is  of  a  light-brownish 
color,  with  very  large  horns  curving  outward  and  back- 
ward, and  a  profusion  of  long  hair  hanging  from  the  tliroat 
and  breast  and  almost  reaching  the  ground  between  the 
fore  legs.  A  full-grown  individual  stands  about  3  feet 
high  at  the  withers,  and  its  horns  sometimes  attain  a 
length  of  2  feet.  Tlie  animal  is  common,  is  often  kept  in 
confinement,  and  readily  breeds  in  that  state.  The  aou- 
dad is  also  known  as  the  bearded  argali  and  ruffed  inou- 
Jlon;  it  isihekebsh  of  the  Arabs,  the  mouflvnA  manchetteg 
of  the  French,  and  the  Ovis  tragelaphus  (Desniarest)  or 
Ammotragus  tragelaphus  of  natm-alists. 

aoul  (a'61),  n.  [Russ.  aidii,  a  village  (of  the 
Caucasians).]  Among  the  people  of  the  Cau- 
casus, a  village  or  a  village  community;  hence, 
a  Tatar  camp  or  encampment. 

The  aoifZ  consisted  of  about  twenty  tents,  all  constructed 
on  the  same  model,  and  scattered  about  in  sporadic  fash- 
ion without  the  least  regard  to  symmetry. 

D.  M.  Wallace,  Russia,  p.  330. 

a  outrance  (a  6-trons').  [F. :  see  outrage.] 
To  excess  or  to  the  utmost ;  Math  extreme  ve- 
hemence; without  limitation  or  reserve:  as, 
to  fight  ct  outrance.  Often,  incorrectly,  a  Vou- 
trance. 

ap  (ap),  n.  [W.  «j),<  OW.  map,  mod.  W.  ma'b,  son, 
orig.  *maqui  =:lr.  viae,  sou:  see  mac]  Son:  a 
word  occun'iug  iu  Welsh  pedigi-ees  and  as  a  pre- 
fix in  surnames,  equivalent  to  and  cognate  with 
1/ac (which  see),  asiii'Welsh  Gi-uffuddajy  Owain, 
Griffith,  son  of  Owen,  Aprhys,  Apthomas,  etc. : 
in  the  Anglicized  forms  of  Welsh  names  often 
reduced  to  P-  or  B-,  as  in  Preece,  Price  (Ap- 
Rhys,  Ap-Rice),  Powell  (Ap-Howell),  Sevan 
(Ap-Evan),  Bowen  (Ap-Owen),  etc. 

ap-I.  Assimilated  form,  in  Latin,  etc.,  of  ad- 
before  p,  as  in  approbation,  appellate,  etc. ;  in 
older  English  words  a  "restored"  form  of  Mid- 
dle English  and  Old  French  a-,  the  regular  re- 
duced form  of  Latin  ap-,  as  in  appeal,  appear, 
approve,  etc. 

ap-2.  The  form  of  apo-  before  a  vowel,  as  in  ap- 
agoge,  apanthropy,  etc. 

apace  (a-pas')j  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [ME.  apace, 
apaas,  apas,  a  pas,  lit.  at  pace;  in  pregnant 
sense,  at  a  good  pace,  with  a  quick  pace ;  <  a* 
+  pace.]    If.  At  a  footpace;  leisurely. 

Vp  ryseth  fresshe  Canacee  hirselue. 

As  rody  and  bryght  as  doth  the  yonge  sonne.  .  .  . 

And  forth  she  walketh  esily  a  pas. 

Arrayed  after  the  lusty  seson  sote  [sweet] 

Lyghtly,  for  to  pleye  and  walke  on  fote. 

Chaucer,  Squire's  Tale,  1.  388. 

2.  At  a  quick  pace;  with  speed;  quickly; 
swiftly;  speedily;  fast. 
He  Cometh  to  hym  apaas.       Chaucer,  Troilus,  iv.  465. 
Great  weeds  do  grow  apace.        Shale,  Rich.  III.,  ii.  4. 
Within  the  twilight  chamber  spreads  apcuie 
The  shadow  of  white  Death.     Shelley,  Adonais,  viii. 

Apache-plume  (a-pach'e-pl6m"),  n.  A  name 
given  in  New  Mexico  to  the  Fallucia  paradoxa, 
a  low  rosaceous  shrub  with  long  plumose  car- 
pels. 

a  paesi  (a  pa-a'ze).  [It. :  a,  to,  with,  <  L.  ad, 
to;  paesi,  pi.  otpaese,  country,  land:  see  pais, 
peasant.]  With  landscapes:  applied  to  tapes- 
tries, especially  of  Italian  make,  majolica,  and 
other  objects  decorated  with  landscapes. 

apagOge  (ap-a-go'je),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  anaytoyr/, 
a  leading  away,  <  anayeiv,  lead  away,  <  aTt6, 
away,  +  ayeiv,  drive,  lead:  see  act,  n.]  1.  In 
logic:  {a\)  Abduction  (which  see).  (6)  The 
demonstration  of  a  proposition  by  the  refutation 
of  its  opposite  (from  Ajistotle's  j?  Ac;  to  aShvarov 
anayuyfl,  reduction  to  the  impossible) :  com- 
monly called  indirect  proof. — 2.  In  math.,  a 
progress  or  passage  from  one  proposition  to 
another,  when  the  first,  having  been  demon- 
strated, is  employed  in  proving  the  next. 

apagOgic  (ap-a-goj'ik),  a.  [<  apagoge  +  -ic] 
Of  the  nature  of  or  pertaining  to  apagoge.  (a) 
Proving  indirectly,  by  showing  the  absurdity 
or  impossibility  of  the  contrary:  as,  an  apa- 
gogic  demonstration.  (6)  Using  mathematical 
apagoge. 

The  apagogic  geometry  of  the  Greeks. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XV.  629. 

apagogical  (ap-a-goj'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  apa- 
gogic. 

apagynous  (a-paj'i-nus),  a.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  oTraf, 
once,  +  yvvr/,  woman.]  In  hot.,  same  as  mono- 
carpous.    [Not  used.] 

Apalachian,  o.    ^ee_  Appalachian. 

Apaloderma  (ap-'a-lo-der'ma),  n.  Seo  Napalo- 
derma. 

apanage,  «.    See  appanage. 

Apanteles  (a-pan'te-lez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  h-  priv. 

-I-  ■Kavrtki}^,  all  complete,  perfect,  <  jrdf,  trav,  all. 


Apanteles 

+  rf^f,  end,  completion,  <  TeTielv,  complete :  see 
teleology.']  A  genus  of  parasitic  Hymenoptera, 
family  Braconidce,  separated  by  Forster  from 


255 

The  determination  of  social  morality  is  apart  from  the 

assignment  of  motives  for  individual  morality,  and  leaves 
untouched  the  cultivation  of  individual  perfection. 

F.  Pollock,  Introd.  to  W.  K.  CliHord's  Lectures. 


Apanttles  aletia,  much  enlarged, 
a,  male  fly ;  b,  head  of  larva  ;      jaw  of  larva  ;  d,  cocoon  ;  e,  section 
of  antenna. 

Microgaster  (Latreille).  its  species  infest  various 
lepidopterous  larvse,  and  form  egg-lilse  cocoons,  either 
smgly  or  m  masses,  attached  to  the  bodies  of  their  vic- 
tims.   A.  atetue  (Riley)  preys_on  the  cotton-worm. 

apanthropy  (a-pan'tlu-o-pi),  n.  [<  Gr.  a^rar- 
Opunia,  <  diravdouTToc,  unsocial,  <  cnrd,  from,  + 
avepuTTor^  man:  see  anthrojnc]  An  aversion  to 
the  company  of  men;  a  love  of  solitude;  in 
morbid  psycliol,  a  species  of  melancholy  mark- 
ed by  a  dislike  of  society. 

apar,apara(ap'ar,  ap'a-ra),  ji.  [S.Amer.]  The 
mataeo ;  the  tolypeutine  or  three-banded  anna- 


.    Apar,  or  three-banded  Armadillo  (  Tolypeutes  tricinctus). 

dillo  of  South  America  (Basypus  or  Tolypeutes 
tncinctvs),  a  small  species  capable  of  rolling  it- 
self up  into  a  complete  ball,  it  is  also  notable  for 
walkmg  on  the  tips  of  the  fore  claws,  the  two  outer  toes 
being  much  reduced,  while  the  third  is  greatly  developed 
There  are  other  species  of  Tolypeutes  (which  see) 

aparejo  (a-pa-ra'ho),  n.  [Sp.,  a  pack-saddle ;  a 
particular  use  of  aparejo,  preparation,  harness, 
gear,  tackle,  pi.  aparejos,  apparatus:  see  ap- 
parel] A  kind  of  Mexican  saddle  formed  of 
leather  cushions  stuffed  with  hay,  used  in  the 
western  United  States. 

aparithmesis  (ap-ar-ith-me'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
OTT-apldfiTiaig,  <  anapid/ueiv,  count  off,  eoimt  over, 
<  (277(5,  off,  +  apidfielv,  count,  <  apid//6c,  number : 
see  arithmetic.']  1.  In  rhet.,  enumeration  of 
parts  or  particulars.— 2.  In  logic,  division  bv 
parts. 

apartl  (a-parf),  adv.  or  a.  [<  ME.  apart,  <  OF. 
a  part,  mod.  F.  d  part  =  'Pv.  a  part  =  Sp.  Pg 
aparte=lt.  a  parte,  <  L.  ad  partem :  ad,  to,  at ; 
partem,  acc.  of  par{t-)s,  part,  side.  Apart  is 
thus  orig.  a  prep.  phr.  like  E.  aside,  ahead,  etc., 
and  may  like  these  have  a  quasi-adj.  construc- 
tion. Cf.  aparf^.]  1.  To  or  at  one  side ;  aside ; 
separately;  by  itself;  in  distinction  (from) ;  in- 
dependently (of);  adjeetively,  separate.  («)  In 
place,  motion,  or  position. 

Lay  thy  bow  of  pearl  apart. 
And  thy  crystal  shining  quiver. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 
Artabasus  .  .  .  went  amongst  the  Persians  in  their 
lod^ngs,  admonishing  and  exhorting  them,  sometime 
aparts,  and  otherwhile  altogethers. 

J.  Brende,  tr.  of  Quintus  Curtius,  v. 
Death  walks  apart  from  Fear  to-day  ! 

Whittier,  Summer  by  the  Lakeside. 

.       ^  Thou  livest  still, 

Apart  from  every  earthly  fear  and  ill. 

William  Morns,  Earthly  Paraclise,  I.  408. 

(h)  In  purpose,  use,  character,  etc. :  as,  to  set 
apart,  or  lay  apart,  for  a  special  purpose. 
The  Lord  hath  set  apart  him  that  is  godly  for  himself. 

Ps.  iv.  3. 

(c)  In  thought ;  in  mental  analysis :  as,  to  con- 
sider one  statement  apart  from  others ;  apart 
trom  a  slight  error,  the  answer  is  right. 


(d)  Absolutely :  as,  jesting  apart,  what  do  you 
think  of  it?  —  2.  In  pieces,  or  to  pieces;  asun- 
der: as,  to  take  a  watch  ap)art. 

As  if  a  strong  hand  rent  apart 
The  veils  of  sense  from  soul  and  heart. 

Whittier,  The  Preacher, 
apartlf  (a-part'),  v.  t.  [<  apart^,  adv.]   1.  To 
put  apart;  set  aside.— 2.  To  depart  from; 
quit. 

apartlf  (a-parf),  prep.  jjhr.  as  adv.  [Early 
mod.  E.  a  i>arte,  ME.  in  fuller  form  aparty, 
apartie ;  <  a3  -f  part  or  party.  Cf.  aparfi-.] 
In  part ;  partly. 

That  causeth  me  a  parte  to  be  hevy  in  my  herte. 

Caxto/i,  Reynard  (Aj-ber),  p.  25.    (y.  E.  D.) 

a  parte  ante  (a  par'te  an'te).    [ML. :  L.  a  for 

ah,  fi-om;  parte,  abl.  of  par{t-)s,  part;  ante, 
before:  see  awte-.]  Literally,  from  the  part 
before :  used  with  reference  to  that  part  of  (all) 
time  which,  at  a  given  instant,  has  elapsed, 
a  parte  post  (a  piir'te  post).  [ML. :  L.  a  for 
ab,  from;  parte,  abl.  of  par(t-)s,  part;  post,  af- 
ter :  see  jjost-.]  Literally,  from  the  part  after: 
used  with  reference  to  that  part  of  (all)  time 
which  follows  a  given  instant, 
aparthrodial  (ap-iir-thro'di-al),  a.  [<  apar- 
throsis.  Cf.  arthrodial.]  Of  'or  pertaining  to 
aparthrosis. 

aparthrosis  (ap-ar-thro'sis),  71.;  pi.  aparthroses 
(;sez).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-6,  from,  +  apdpuGic,  ar- 
ticulation, <  apdpov,  a  joint.]  1.  In  sitrg.,  dis- 
articulation.—2.  Inanat.,  diarthrosis. 
apartment  (a-part'ment),  n.  [<  F.  apparte- 
ment,  <  It.  appartarn'ento,  a  room,  an  apart- 
ment, <  appartare,  also  spelled  apartare,  sepa- 
rate, withdraw,  <  a  parte,  apart:  see  apart.]  1. 
A  room  in  a  biuldiag ;  a  division  in  a  house 
separated  from  others  by  partitions.— 2.  pi.  A 
suite  or  set  of  rooms;  speeiacally,  a  suite  of 
rooms  assigned  to  the  use  of  a  particular  per- 
son, party,  or  family.— 3.  A  flat  (which  see). 
— 4t.  A  compartment. 

apartmental  (a-part-men'tal),  a.    Of  or  per- 
taining to  an  apartment  or  to  apartments, 
apartment-house  (a-piirt'ment-hous),  «.  a 
budding  divided  into  separate' suites  of  rooms, 
intended  for  residence,  but  commonly  without 
facilities  for  cooking,  and  in  this  respect  dif- 
ferent from  a  flat,  though  the  two  words  are 
often  used  interchangeably  (see  flaf^):  also 
distinguished  from  tenement-house  (which  see), 
apartness  (a-part'nes),  n.    The  state  of  being 
apart;  aloofness, 
apartyt  (a-par'ti),  prep.  j}hr.  as  adv.    Same  as 
ajiart^. 

apasst,  «.  i.  [ME.  apassen,  <  OF.  apasser,  <  a- 
(<  L.  ad,  to)  +  passer,  pass.]  To  pass  on;  pass 
by ;  pass  away.  Chaucer. 

apastron  (ap-as'tron),  w. ;  pi.  apastra  (-trii). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  ano,  from,  +  aarpov,  star:  see  as- 
ferl.]  In  astron.,  that  part  in  the  orbit  of  a 
double  star  where  it  is  furthest  from  its  pri- 
mary. 

Apatela  (ap-a-te'la),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aTTaTrfkoQ, 
guileful,_wily,  <  OTrtzr^,  guile,  deceit.]  A  genus 
of  noetuid  moths,  containing  such  species  as  the 
North  American  A.  oblinita.  This  moth  expands 
about  1|  mches,  and  has  gray  fore  wings  dotted  with 
blackish,  and  white  hind  wings  with  small  dark  spots 
The  caterpillar  is  about  1}  inches  long,  black,  marked 
with  red  and  yellow ;  it  feeds  on  the  leaves  of  the  apple 
peach,  raspberry,  strawberry,  grape,  willow,  and  other 
vegetation. 

Apatelae  (ap-a-te'le),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  pL  of  Apa- 
tela.]   A  group  of  moths,  named  from  the  ge- 
nus Apatela. 
apatellte  (a-pat'e-lit),  n.     [<  Gr.  airaTnlSc,  il- 
lusive, deceitful  (see  Apatela),  +  -ite^.]  A 
hydrous  sulphate  of  ii-on,  found  in  clay,  in 
small  friable  yellow  nodules,  at  Auteuil,  Paris, 
apathetic  (ap-a-thet'ik),  a.    [<  apathy,  after 
pathetic]    Characterized  by  apathy;  having 
or  exhibiting  little  or  no  emotion;  devoid  of 
strong  feeling  or  passion ;  insensible. 
Better  the  narrow  brain,  the  stony  heart, 
The  staring  eye  glazed  o'er  with  sapless  days,  " 
The  long  mechanic  pacings  to  and  fro. 
The  set  gray  life,  and  apathetic  end. 

Tennyson,  Love  and  Duty. 
=Syil.  Passionless,  unmoved,  unfeeling,  indifferent, 
apathetical  (ap-a-thet'i-kal),  a.    Same  as  apa- 
thetic. -  " 
apathetically  (ap-a-thet'i-kal-i),  adv.    In  an 
apathetic  manner, 
apathist  (ap'a-thist),  n.  [<  apathi/  -i-  -ist.]  One 
affected  with  apathy;  one  who  is  destitute  of 


Apatomis 

or  does  not  exhibit  feeling;  specifically,  an  ad- 
herent of  the  moral  philosophy  of  the  Stoics. 
See  stoicism.  [Kare.] 

.Metliinks  it  becomes  not  a  dull  Apathist  to  object  that 
we  should  lie  distiuieted  witli  perpetual  feares  if  any  i)ar- 
cel  of  our  happiness  should  not  be  locl<'d  up  within  om- 
own  Breasts.  Bp.  Parker,  Platonick  Philos.,  p.  l.i. 

apathistical  (ap-a-this'ti-kal),  a.  [<  apathist  + 
-ic-al.]    Like  an  apathist ;  apathetic.  [Rare.] 

Fontenelle  was  of  a  good-humored  and  apathistical  dis- 
position, w.  Seward,  Anecdotes,  V.  252. 

apathy  (ap'a-thi),  n.  [<  L.  apathia,  <  Gr.  cnrd- 
Oeia,  insensibility,  <  iTraOi/r,  insensible,  impas- 
sive, <  a-  priv.  +  Trddo^,  suffering,  sensation,  < 
nadeiv,  suffer,  feel.]  Want  of  feeling;  absence 
or  suppression  of  passion,  emotion,  or  excite- 
ment; insensibility;  indifference. 

As  the  passions  are  the  springs  of  most  of  our  actions, 
a  state  of  apathy  has  come  to  signify  a  sort  of  moral  iner- 
tia—the absence  of  all  activity  or  energy.  Fleniiny. 

Blessed,  thrice  and  nine  times  blessed  be  the  good  St 
Nicholas,  if  I  have  indeed  escaped  that  apathy  whicli 
chills  the  sympathies  of  age  and  paralyzes  every  glow  of 
enthusiasm.  Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  294. 

=  Syn.  Indifference,  Insensibility,  Impassibility,  Apathy 
Moicism,  U nconcern,  Phlegm,  Calmness,  torpor,  coldness 
co(jhiess,  unfeelingness,  letliargy,  immobility.  (See  list 
under  irulijerence.)  Indifference  denotes  alisence  of  feel- 
ing, passion,  or  desire  toward  a  particular  object :  as  in- 
dijjerence  to  pam  or  ridicule.  Apathi/  commonly  imijlies 
ageneral  want  of  feeling,  a  complete  indifference  in  rcard 
to  anything,  due  to  want  of  interest  or  attention  as  in  the 
case  of  a  repressed  or  sluggish  intellect,  or  of  extreme  ill- 
ness or  affliction.  Insensibility  and  impassibility  suggest 
the  lack  of  capacity  for  feeling,  or  an  absence  of  suscepti- 
bility, being  qualities  rather  than  states  of  mind.  Indif. 
/crejice  arising  from  impassibility  relates  more  particu- 
larly to  internal,  tliat  arising  fiom  insensibility  to  external 
impressions;  the  former  is,  moreover,  more  profound  an(i 
radical  than  the  latter.  Indifference  may  lie  an  entirely 
proper  state  under  the  circumstances ;  insensibility  and 
impassibility  are  always  at  least  to  be  pitied  ;  unconcern 
is  always  and  indifference  sometimes  blameworthy,  as  cold 
and  selfish.  Stoicism  is  a  studied  suppression  of  feeling 
or  the  concealment  especially  of  painful  feeling  by  forc(3 
of  will-  Unconcern  is  absence  of  solicitude.  (See  care  ) 
Phlegm  is  most  suggestive  of  physical  temperament ;  it  is 
a  constitutional  dullness  or  sluggishness,  an  incapability 
of  being  aroused  by  anything.  Calmness  is  a  tranquillity 
resulting  from  the  mastery  of  the  will  over  passions  and 
feelmgs  that  perhaps  are  strong  and  keen,  and  hence  is 
always  commendable. 

With  the  instinct  of  long  habit  he  turned  and  faced  the 
battery  of  eyes  with  tlie  same  cold  indifference  with  wliicli 
he  had  for  yeai-s  encountered  the  half-hidden  sneers  ui 
Bret  Barte,  Argonauts,  p.  12(i. 
Unbelief  might  result  from  the  insensibility  engendered 
by  a  profligate  life. 

G.  P.  Fisher,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.  139. 
I  tlirew  myself  on  my  bed,  .  .  .  resisting  no  longer  but 
awaitmg  my  fate  with  the  apathy  of  despair. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  146. 
The  victors  set  fire  to  the  wig>vams  and  the  fort 
This  last  outrage  overcame  even  the  stoicism  of  the  sav- 
Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  370. 
Still  less  respectable  appears  this  extreme  concern  for 
those  of  oiu-  own  blood  which  goes  along  with  the  uncon- 
cern for  those  of  other  blood,  when  we  observe  its  meth- 
H.  Spencer,  Sins  of  Legislators,  ii. 
One  likes  in  a  companion  a  phlegm  which  it  is  a  triumph 
to  disturb.  Emerson,  Clubs. 

^         ,  Sir,  'tis  fit 

you  make  strong  party,  or  defend  yourself 
By  calmness,  or  by  absence  ;  all's  in  anger. 

Shak.,  Cor.,iii.  2. 

apatite  (ap'a^tit),  w.    [<  Gr.  a-arn,  iUusion, 
deceit,  +  -ite^,  apatite  having  been  often  mis- 
taken for  other  minerals.]     Native  calei 
phosphate  ■mth  calcium  fluorid  or  chlorid,  gen- 
erally crystallized  in  hexagonal  prisms,  which, 
are  sometimes  low  or  even  tabular,  some- 
times elongated,  and  occasionallv  of  great  size 
It  vanes  in  color  from  white  to  green  or  blue  rarely  to  yel- 
low or  reddish.  Apatite  occurs  in  metalliferous  veins  and 
in  metanioi-phic  and  granitic  rocks.    In  (_'anada  and  in 
JNorway  extensive  deposits  of  it  are  mined  for  the  sake  of 
Its  phosphates,  which  are  useful  as  fertilizers. 
Apatornis_(ap-a-t6r'nis),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 
deceit,  +  opwf,  bird.]    A  genus  of  extinct  Cre- 
taceous birds  found  in  western  Kansas,  as  de 

scribed  by  Marsh  (1873),  they  are  related  to  Ichthyornis  to 
which  they  were  first  refened.  A.  celer,  the  typical  spe- 
cies, was  of  about  the  size  of  a  pigeon. 


Eyed  Eiiii.eror  re/us,  i;oli,luvJl^. 

larva,  dorsal  view;  c,  pupa,  doisal  view;  e.  male  butterfly,  with 
partial  outline  of  female.   (.Natural  size. )   [See  page  256.] 


Apatura 

Apatura  (ap-a-tu'ra),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ^KnaToyptj 
(also  'AiraTovp  'og,  -Tovpia),  an  epithet  of  Aphrodite, 
as  presiding  at  the  festival  called  Apaturia.] 
A  genus  of  diurnal  lepidopterous  insects,  be- 
longing to  the  family  Nijmphal'ulw,  containing 
many  beautiful  butterflies,  remarkable  for  their 

iridescent  colors.  The  purple  emperor,  A.  iris,  is  a 
gorgeous  British  species,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  the 
tribe,  with  dark  wings  glancing  in  certain  lights  into  rich 
pmplish-blue.  It  is  also  called  the  purple  high  flier  from 
its  habit  of  mounting  to  gi-eat  elevations,    [See  cut,  p.  255,  ] 

Apaturia  (ap-a-tii'ri-a),  n.  pl.  [LL.,  <  Gr.  ^Aira- 
rocpta  (see  def .) ;  the  origin  was  unknown  to  an- 
cient writers,  the  word  being  crudely  explained 
from  (iTrdrr/,  deceit,  with  a  story  to  suit ;  prob. 
<  a-  copulative  (rt-l9)  +  (pparpia  {see  pltratria) 
in  some  form  assimilated  to  naTf/p—'E.  father, 
or  perhaps  +  Tvarr/p  (in  comp.  -ttAtup)  itself.] 
In  Gr.  hist.,  an  annual  festival  held  in  states 
of  Ionian  origin.  At  Athens  it  was  celebrated  in  the 
month  of  Pyanepsion  (November-December),  and  was  a 
reunion  of  the  pliratrise  or  clans,  or  of  all  of  the  same  kin, 
in  whicli  matters  of  common  interest  were  settled,  and 
children  born  within  the  year  were  formally  received  and 
registered.  The  festival  lasted  three  days,  and  was  ob- 
served by  feasting,  sacrifices,  and  other  formalities. 

apaumee,  «.    See  appaumee. 

apayt,  appayt  (a-pa'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  opayen, 
apuien,  etc.,  <  OF.  apaier,  apayer,  apaer  =  Pr. 
apagar,  apaiar,  appease,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  pacare, 
pacify,  <  pax  (pac-),  peace :  see  a-H  and  pay, 
and  cf.  appease.']    1.  To  pay;  satisfy;  content. 

Sin  ne'er  gives  a  fee  ; 
He  gratis  comes,  and  thou  art  v/ell-appai/'d, 
As  well  to  hear  as  grant  what  he  hath  said. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  914. 

2.  To  requite ;  repay. 

Appay  his  wi-ong  with  timely  vengeance.  Quarles. 
ape  (ap),  n.  [<  ME.  ape,  <  AS.  apa  =  Fries,  apa 
=D.  aap  (pi.  apen)  =LG.  aj)e— ORG.  affo,  MHG. 
affe,  G.  affe  =  Icel.  apt  —  Sw.  apa  —  Dan.  abc,  ape ; 
not  a  native  Teut.  word,  but  prob.  (like  Ir.  Gael. 
ap,  apa,  W.  ab,  epa,  OBohem.  op,  mod.  Bohem. 
opice.  Sloven,  opica,  Upper  Sorbian  vopica, 
ORuss.  opica,  Russ.  o6cs«ya«rt) borrowed  in  very 
early  times  (appar.  with  loss  of  orig.  initial  h) 
from  the  East;  cf.  Gr.  Ki'/Kog,  also  K'//3of,  Ke'nrog 
(see  Cebiis),  Skt.  Jcapi,  ape.  The  Skt.  name  is 
usually  referred  to  Skt.  i/  *kap,  lamp,  tremble.] 
1.  A  monkey;  a  quadrumauous  animal;  some 
animal  of  the  old  order  Quadrumana  ;  a  member 
of  one  of  the  modem  families  Simiidm,  Cynopi- 
thecidw,  and  Cebid(e,  especially  one  which  at- 
tracts attention  by  mimicking  man. —  2.  More 
specifically,  a  tailless  monkey;  a  monkey  with 
a  very  short  tail;  amagot,  macaque, orpig-tailed 
baboon:  as,  the  Barbary  ape  {Innus  ecaudatus) ; 
the  Celebes  black  ape  {Cynopithecus  nigcr). — 

3.  Technically,  a  man-like  monkey ;  a  simian 
proper,  or  a  member  of  the  modern  family 
Simiidce,  forming  a  kind  of  connecting  link  be- 
tween man  and  the  lower  animals,  and  hence 
termed  anthropoid  (which  see).  These  apes  are 
cataiThine  simians  without  cheek-pouches  or  developed 
tail,  and  having  a  dental  formula  identical  with  that  of 
man.  The  species  are  few,  being  only  the  gorilla,  chim- 
panzee, orangs,  and  gibbons, 

4.  An  imitator;  a  mimic. 

0  sleep,  thou  ape  of  death.       Shak.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  2. 
If  he  be  glad,  she  triumphs  ;  if  he  stir. 
She  moves  his  way,  in  all  things  his  sweet  ape;  .  .  . 
Himself  divinely  varied  without  change. 

Chapman,  Gentleman  Usher,  iv.  1. 

5.  A  mischievous  or  silly  mimic ;  hence,  a  fool ; 
a  dupe. 

Thus  she  raaketh  Absolon  hir  ape. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  203. 
Boys,  apes,  braggarts,  Jacks,  milksops  ! 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  1. 
Barbaxy  ape,  the  tailless  ape  ormagotof  Barbary,  Maca- 
cos inuiis,  now  Inuus  ecaudatus,  a  member  of  the  family 
Cynopithecidce  and  subfamily  Cynopithecinoe.  Though  be- 
.longing  to  the  same  division  of  the  catarrhine  monkeys 


Barbary  Ape  {Ifijius  fcaudatus). 


as  the  baboons,  this  ape  is  notable  for  its  intelligence 
and  docility,  and  has  been  the  "showman's  ape  "from  time 
immemorial.  From  the  circumstance  that  it  inhabits  the 
Rock  of  Gibraltar  it  acquires  additional  interest  as  the  only 


256 

living  representative  of  its  tribe  within  European  limits. 
— To  lead  apes  In  hell,  the  employment  jocularly  as- 
signed to  old  maids  in  the  next  world. 

I  must  dance  barefoot  on  her  wedding-day, 
And,  for  your  love  to  her,  lead  apes  in  hell. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 
To  put  an  ape  in  one's  hoodt,  to  play  a  trick  upon 

one  ;  dupe  one.   Chaucer.— lo  say  an  ape's  patemOS- 
tert,  to  chatter  with  cold, 
ape  (ap),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aped,  ppr.  aping. 
[<  ape,  M.]    To  imitate  servilely;  mimic,  as  an 
ape  imitates  himian  actions. 

Curse  on  the  stripling !   How  he  apes  his  sire ! 
Ambitiously  sententious.  Addison,  Cato,  i.  2. 

I  regret 

That  I  should  ape  the  ways  of  pride. 

Bryant,  The  Yellow  Violet. 
=  S3m.  Mimic,  etc.  See  imitate. 
apeak  (a-pek'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [For- 
merly also  ape-el; ;  <  fl3  +  peak,  a  point;  after  F. 
«  pic,  vertically.]  Naut.,  in  a  nearly  vertical 
position  or  relation ;  pointing  upwarti,  or  in  an 
up-and-down  direction.  An  anchor  is  said  to  be 
apeak,  and  a  ship  to  be  hove  apeak,  when  the  cable  and 
ship  are  brought,  by  the  tightening  of  the  former,  as  nearly 
into  a  perpendicular  line  with  the  anchor  as  may  be  with- 
out breaking  it  from  the  ground.  A  yard  or  galf  is  apeak 
when  it  hangs  obliquely  to  the  mast.  Oars  are  apeak  when 
their  blades  are  held  obliquely  upward,  as  in  a  boat  with 
an  awning,  while  the  crew  are  awaiting  the  order  to 
"give  way." 

ape-baboon  (ilp'ba-bon"),  n.     A  macaque 

(which  see).    W.  Swainson. 
ape-bearer  (ap'bar"er),  «.    A  strolling  buffoon 
with  an  ape.  [Bare.] 
I  know  this  man  well :  he  hath  been  since  an  ape-bearer. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  2. 

Apedicellata  (a-ped"i-se-la'ta),  w.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  a-  priv.  +  NL.  pedicellus,  pedicel,  +  -ato.] 
An  order  of  echinoderms  in  Cuvier's  system  of 
classification.    See  Gephyrea. 

apedom  (ap'dum),  «.  [<  ape  +  -dom.]  The 
state  of  being  an  ape,  or  of  being  apish. 

This  early  condition  of  apedom. 

De  Quinccy,  Works,  XIV.  85. 

apehood  (ap'hud),  n.  [<  ajjc  +  -hood.]  Same 
as  apedom. 

There's  a  dog-faced  dwarf 
That  gets  to  godship  somehow,  yet  retains 
His  apehood.  Browning. 

apeiret,  v.  A  Middle  English  spelling  of  appair. 

apelet  (ap'let),  n.  [<  ape  +  -let.]  A  young  or 
little  ape:  as,  "her  apelet  playing  about  her," 
Spectator.  [Rare.] 

apellous  (a-pel'us),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  L. 
pcllis,  a  skin.]    Destitute  of  skin. 

ape-man  (ap'man),  m.  A  name  given  to  a  hy- 
pothetical ape-like  man,  or  speechless  primi- 
tive man,  intermediate  in  character  between 
the  highest  anthropoid  apes  and  human  beings, 
and  conjectured  by  Haeckel  to  have  been  the 
progenitor  of  the  human  race.    See  Alalus. 

Apennine  (ap'e-nin),  a.  [<  L.  Apenninus,  also 
Appenninus,  Apeninus  (sc.  mons,  mountain),  an 
adj.  formed,  perhaps,  from  a  Celtic  word  seen 
in  Bret.  penn  =  'W.  pen  =  Ir.  i!)eMrt  =  Gael.  beinn, 
a  head,  height,  mountain :  see  6ew3.]  Appella- 
tive of  or  pertaining  to  a  chain  of  mountains 
which  extends  throughout  Italy  from  the  Mari- 
time Alps  to  the  southern  extremity  of  the  pe- 
ninsula. 

apepsia  (a-pep'sia),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ajreipia,  < 
ct-jETTTo^,  undigested,  <  a-  priv.  +  rnKTog,  digested, 
cooked,  <  niTTTsiv,  digest,  cook:  see  jjeptic.] 
Defective  digestion;  indigestion;  dyspepsia. 

apepsy  (a-pep'si),  n.    Same  as  apepsia. 

aper  (a'per),  n.    One  who  apes. 

apergu  (a-per-su'),  «•  [F.,  glance,  sketch,  out- 
line, <  aper^u,  pp.  of  apercevoir,  perceive,  de- 
scry, discover :  see  apperceive.]  1 .  A  first  view ; 
a  hasty  glance;  a  rapid  survey. —  2.  A  sum- 
mary exposition ;  a  brief  outline ;  a  sketch. 

Twenty  pages  suffice  to  impart  the  elements  of  Chinese 
writing ;  and  a  short  apergu  of  the  literary  history  of  the 
country  is  added  to  the  volume.  Science,  III.  760. 

3.  A  detached  view ;  an  isolated  perception  of 
or  insight  into  a  subject,  as  into  a  system  of 
philosophy. 

At  best  Hegelism  can  be  apprehended  only  by  aper<;us, 
and  tliose  who  try  to  explain  its  bottom  secrets  have  not 
got  it.  G.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  157. 

aperea  (ap-e-re'a),  n.  [NL.]  A  name  of  the 
restless  cavy,  Cavia  aperea. 
aperient  (a-pe'ri-ent),  a.  and  w.  [<  L.  aperi- 
en{t-)s,  ppf.  of  aperire,  open,  uncover  (opposed 
to  operire,  close,  cover,  in  comp.  co-operire, 
cover,  >  ult.  E.  cover,  q.  v.),  <  a  for  ab,  off, 
away  (operire,  <  o-  for  ob,  to),  +  -perire,  prob. 
identical  vsdth  -jierire  in  comperire,  ascertain,  re- 
perire,  find,  being  the  form  in  comp.  of  parere, 
parire,  get,  produce,  bring  forth :  see  parent. 


aperture 

Cf.  apert]  I.  a.  In  med.,  gently  purgative; 
having  the  quality  of  opening  the  bowels ;  lax- 
ative; deobstruent. 

II.  n.  A  medicine  which  gently  opens  the 
bowels ;  a  laxative. 

Also  aperitive. 
aperiodic  (a-pe-ri-od'ik),  a.   [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  (a-i8) 
+  periodic.']    Without  periodicity. 

An  intermediate  stage  called  the  aperiodic  state  is  pass- 
ed through.  Encyc.  Brit.,  X.  50. 
Aperiodic  galvanometer.   See  galvanometer. 
aperispermic  (a-per-i-sper'mik),  a.     [<  Gr.  d- 
priv.  (fl-18)  4-  pcrisperm  +  -ic]   In  bot.,  a  term 
descriptive  of  a  seed  that  contains  no  albtimen 
(perisperm) ;  exalbuminous. 
aperispermous  (a-per-i-sper'mus),  a.   [<  Gr.  d- 
priv.  (a-18)  -f  perisperm  +  -ous.]  In  bot.,  same 
as  aperispermic. 
aperiti've  (a-per'i-tiv),  a.  andn.  [Formerly  also 
upper itive,  "aperative,  after  F. aperitif  =It.  aperi- 
tivo,  <  ML.  *aperitivus;  fuller  form  of  apertive, 
q.  v.]    Same  as  aperient. 
A  per  set.    [L. ;  cf .     per  se :  see  ampersand.] 

1.  ^  by  itself;  «  as  a  letter  or  word. —  2.  A 
person  or  thing  of  preeminent  excellence ;  Al. 
Chaucer. 

Behold  me,  Baldwin,  A  per  se  of  my  age, 
Lord  Richard  Nevill,  earle.by  marriage 
Of  Warwick.  Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  371. 

apertt  (a-pert'),  a.    [<  ME.  apert,  aperte,  <  OF. 
apert,  <  L.  apertus,  pp.  of  aperire,  open:  see 
aperient.]    Open;  evident;  undisguised:  as, 
apert  confessions,"  Fotherby,  Atheomastix,  p. 
358. 

The  proceedings  may  be  apert,  and  ingenuous,  and  can- 
did, and  avowable.  Donne,  Devotions. 

apertt  (a-perf),  adv.  [<  ME.  aperte,  apert;  from 
the  adj.]  Openly.  Chaucer. 
apertiont  (a-per'shon),  w.  [<  'L.  apertio{n-),<. 
aperire,  pp.  apertus,  open:  see  aperient.]  1. 
The  act  of  opening ;  the  state  of  being  opened. 
[Rare.] 

Either  by  ruption  or  apertion.         Wiseman,  Surgery. 

2.  An  opening ;  a  gap ;  an  aperture ;  a  pas- 
sage. 

Apertions,  imder  which  term  I  do  comprehend  doors, 
windows,  staircases  —  in  short,  all  inlets  or  outlets. 

Sir  H.  Wotton,  Remains,  p.  33. 

Apertirostra  (a-per-ti-ros'tra),  n.  [NL.,  <  L. 
apertus,  open  (see  apert),  4-  rostrum,  beak.] 
Same  as  Anastomus,  1.  Vand  de  Patte. 
apertivet  (a-per'tiv),  a.  [<  F.  apertif,  <  ML. 
'"apertivus,  <  L.  apertus,  pp.  of  aperire :  see  apert 
and -(«e.]  1.  Open;  manifest. —  2.  Aperient, 
apertlyt  (a-pert'li),  adv.  Openly. 

In  all  their  discourses  of  him  (Richard  III.]  they  never 
directly  nor  indirectly,  covertly  or  apertly,  insinuate  this 
deformity.  Sir  G.  Buck,  Hist.  Rich.  III.,  p.  79. 

apertnesst  (a-pert'nes),  n.  Openness;  frank- 
ness. 

apertometer  (ap-er-tom'e-ter),  n.   [Irreg.  <  ap- 

ert{ure)  +  Gr.  ptrpov,  a  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment used  to  measure  the  angular  aperture  of 
the  object-glass  of  a  microscope. 

Prof.  Abbe  has  also  made  an  important  contribution  to 
the  practical  part  of  this  inquiry  by  the  invention  of  an 
apertometer.      W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros. ,  Appendix,  p.  850. 

apertort  (a-per'tor),  n.  [L.,  an  opener,  a  be- 
ginner, <  ajjerire,'  pp.  apertus,  open :  see  aperi- 
ent.] In  anat.,  that  which  opens;  specifically, 
a  muscle  that  raises  the  upper  eyelid, 
apertural  (ap'er-tur-al),  a.  [<  aperture  +  -al.] 
Of,  pertaining  to,  or  containing  apertures. 
[Rare.] 
The  inferior  or  apertural  side. 

E.  R.  Lankester,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  847. 

aperture  (ap'er-tilr),  M.  [<  L.  apertura,  an  open- 
ing, <  apertus,  pp.  of  aperire,  open:  see  apert 
and  aperient.]  If.  The  act  of  opening  out  or 
unfolding. 

Made  .  .  .  difficult  by  the  aperture  and  dissolution  of 
distinctions.  .     ,  ,  , 

Jer.  Taylor,  Worthy  Communicant,  Int.,  p.  8. 

2.  An  opening;  a  hole,  orifice,  gap,  cleft,  or 

chasm;  a  passage  or  perforation;  any  direct 

way  for  ingress  or  egress. 

An  aperture  between  the  mountains. 

W.  Gilpin,  Tour  to  Lakes. 

3,  In  geom.,  the  space  between  two  intersect- 
ing right  lines. — 4.  In  optics,  the  diameter  of 
the  exposed  part  of  the  object-glass  in  a  tele- 
scope or  other  optical  instrument.  The  aper- 
ture of  a  microscope  is  often  expressed  in  degrees  ;  and  in 
this  case  it  is  called  the  angular  aperture,  that  is,  the 
angular  breadth  of  the  pencil  of  light  which  the  instru- 
ment transmits  from  the  object  or  point  viewed :  as,  a 
microscope  of  100°  apsrhtre.— Abdominal  apertures. 
See  abdomen,  1.— Aperture-slght  (as  of  a  rifle),  another 
name  for  the  open  ftead-siicAJ.— Branchial  aperture. 
See  branchial. 


apertured 

apertured  (ap'6r-turd),  a.    [<  aperture  +  -ef^2.] 
Provided  with  an  aperture;  perforated.  [Bare.] 
Each  Iialf  of  tlie  coupling  is  apertured  near  its  free  end 
Sei.  Airur.,  N.  S.,  XLVIII.  18. 

apery  (a'pe-ri),  m.  ;  pi.  ajjeries  (-riz).  [<  ape  + 
-erij.']  1.  A  collection  of  apes;  a  place  where 
apes  are  kept.— 2.  The  qualities  or  tricks  of 
apes  ;  the  practice  of  aping ;  imitation. 

I  saw  there  many  women,  ilressecl  witliout  regard  to  the 
season  or  the  demands  of  the  place,  in  apery,  or  as  it 
looked,  in  mockery,  of  European  fashions. 

Marg.  Fuller,  Woman  in  10th  Cent.,  p.  145. 

apes-on-horseback  (aps'on-hors'bak),  n.  The 
name  of  a  variety  of  the  common  European 
daisy,  Bellis perennis. 
Apetalse  (a-pet'a-le),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (sc.  plantce), 
fern.  pi.  of  apetalus,  without  petals:  see  apeta- 
lous.]  Plants  destitute  of  petals ;  in  the  natu- 
ral system  of  botany,  a  division  of  dicotyledo- 
nous plants  in  which  the  corolla,  and  often 
the  calyx  as  well  is  absent.  They  are  also  called 
Irieompletat,  and  are  divided  into  the  Monochlamydem  in 

«ie  elm,  nettle,  etc 
and  the  AcklamydecB,  in  which  the  caly.x  and  the  corolla 
are  both  absent,  as  in  the  willow,  oak  etc 
apetalous  (a-pet'a-lus),  a.  [<  NL.  apetalus, 
without  petals,  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  -f-  neTalov,  a  leaf 
in  mod.  bot.  a  petal:  see  petal.}  In  hot,  hav- 
ing no  petals  or  corolla;  pertaining  to  the 
ApetalcB. 

apetalousness  (a-pet'a-lus-nes),  n.  [<  apeta- 
lous +  -ness.']  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
apetalous. 

■apex  (a'peks),  n. ;  pi.  apices  (ap'i-sez)  or  apexes 
(a  pek-sez).  [<  L.  apex  (ajnc-),  point,  tip,  sum- 
mit, perhaps  <  ai^ere,  fit  to,  fasten  to  :  see  apt.! 
1.  The  tip,  point,  or  summit  of  anything,  caiin 
bot. :  (1)  The  end  furthest  from  the  point  of  attachment  or 
base  of  an  organ.  (2)  An  early  name  for  an  anther.  (6) 
llie  nucleus,  or  first  whorl,  of  a  univalve  shell  (c)  In 
geom  the  angular  point  of  a  cone  or  conic  section :  the 
angular  point  of  a  triangle  opposite  the  base. 
The  stars  are  the  apexes  of  what  wonderful  triangles ! 

Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  13. 
{d)  In  geol.,  the  top  of  an  anticlinal  fold  of  strata.  fPenn- 
sylvania  coal-rames.]  [This  term  as  used  in  the  U  S  Re- 
vised Statutes  has  been  the  occasion  of  much  litigation 
It  IS  supposed  to  mean  something  nearly  equivafent  to 
on  crop  (which  see) ;  but  preciselyin  what  it  differs  lom 
o««o™p  has  not  been,  neither  does  it  seem  capable  of  hl 
mg,  distinctly  made  out.]  {e)  In  mining,  the  landin-- 
ponit  at  the  top  of  a  slope.  [Pennsylvania  coal-mines,]  ° 
tc   a       '  a  symbolic  ornament  which 

the  llamens  and  some  other  priests  were  re- 

Toh!^  ^  ^''f "  consisted  of  a  small  cone 

of  ohve-wood  surrounded  with  a  lock  of  wool,  and  was  se- 
cured on  the  head  by  fillets  or  adjusted  to  a  cap.- Apex 
Of  the  heart,  the  lower  pointed  portion  of  the  heart 

apex-beat  (a'peks-bet),  n.  The  pulsation  of 
the  chest-walls  over  the  apex  of  the  heart. 

^W''  S'^^'  assimilation  of  a-K-  for  otto-  be- 
fore the  aspirate.]  Assimilation  of  ap-  for  apo- 
etc  aspirate,  as  in  .aplieresis,  aphelion, 

aphacia  (a-fa'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv  + 
^a/cof,  lentil,  taken  for 'lens':  see  Zens.]  In  tera- 
tol.,  absence  of  the  crystalline  lens  from  the 
eye.    Also  written  apJiaJcia. 

aphacic  (a-fas'ik),  a.  [<  aphacia  +  -ic]  Per- 
taimng  to  aphacia ;  lacking  the  crystalline  lens. 
Also  written  aphakic. 

aphacous  (a-fa'kus),  a.  [<  aphacia  +  -ous.-] 
bame  as  aphacic.  Also  written  aphalcous. 
apbaeresis,  aphaeretic,  etc.  See  apheresis,  etc 
aphaereton  (a-fer'e-ton),  n.  [<  Gr.  ai>MneT6i>, 
neut.  of  afatpero^,  taken  away,  verbal  adj.  of 
afaipetv,  take  away :  see  apheresis.;]  A  part  of 
a  matrix  or  square  array  of  symbols,  compris- 
ing the  whole  of  certain  rows  and  certain  col- 
umns and  omitting  the  rest.    See  matrix. 


257 


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aphagia  (a-fa'ji-a),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  -f- 

aphakia,  aphakic,  etc.   See  aphacia,  etc. 

Aphalara  (a-fal'a-ra),  n.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  6a. 
ZT'i  P""'"'  °*  ^  telmet.]  The  typical  genus  of 
Aphalarmce.   Forster,  1848.  g    ub  oi 

iL,  1^"°?^  (a-fal-a-ri'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
fP^lara  +  -inm.-]  A  subfamily  of  phytoph- 
thinan  insects  of  the  family  Fsi/llidw,  typified 
"J'  i-ue^genus  Aphalara.    The  petiolus  cubiti  is  as 


lonp  as  or  longer  than  the  discoidal  part  of  the  subcosta 
ana  the  frontal  lobes  are  absent  or  are  not  separated  from 
the  verte.x. 

Aphanapteryx  (af-a-nap'te-riks),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  a<l>avf/g,  unseen,  obscure  (see  aphanite),  + 
nrtpv^,  a  wing.]  A  genus  of  recently  extinct 
birds  which  formerly  inhabited  Mauritius.  Thev 
wereof  rallme  affinities,  long-billed,  incapable  of  fli^rht 
and  otherwise  abnormal.  The  tibia  was  about  5  inches 
long  the  bill  nearly  as  long,  and  the  tarsus  3  inches  A 
painting  of  the  living  liird  exists,  and  many  of  the  bones 
have  b'-n_(liscovere(l  and  described. 

aphanasia  (af-a-na'si-il),  n.    [NL.,  irreg.  <  Gr 

a(l>avK,  unseen,"obseure  (see  aphanite),  +' -asia' 
as  m  apha.sia,  etc.]  Obscurement,  as  of  know- 
ledge ;  a  state  of  obscuration.  [Rare.] 

Apollonius  of  Ty.ana  foresaw  even  the  great  apha7iasi(( 
the  fifteen  hundred  years'  eclipse  of  common  sense  an.i 
-Pop.  Sei.  Mo.,  XXII.  758. 

Aphaneri  (a-fan'e-ri),  n. pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d-  priv 
+  ^6awpof,  manifest:  see  Pha7ieri.']  A  tei-m  ap- 
plied by  Maggi  to  some  exceedingly  minute  or- 
ganisms found  in  water,  and  made  \'isible  under 
the  microscope  only  by  the  use  of  various  hard- 
ening and  coloring  reagents :  contrasted  with 
Fhaneri,  such  as  bacteria. 

The  Aphaneri  are  thought  to  be  harmless. 

Smithsonian- Rep.,  1881,  p.  418. 
aphanesite  (a-fan'e-sit),  n.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  i<pav^g, 
unseen,  obscui'e,  +  -ite^.  Cf .  aphanite.]  A  min- 
eral, an  arseniate  of  copper,  so  named  from 
the  diflSculty  of  recognizing  it  by  its  crystals : 
same  as  clinoclase. 

Aphaniptera  (af-a-nip'te-ra),  n.  pi.  [INTL., 
neut.  pi.  of  aphantxHerus':  see  aphanipterous'.] 
An  aberrant  order  of  dipterous  insects,  the 
fleas  and  chigoes,  degraded  by  parasitism.  The 
abdomen  is  not  distinct  from  the  thorax  (which  is  pro- 
vided with  abortive  wings  in  the  form  of  a  pair  of  mi- 
nute scales) ;  the  mouth  is  haustellate,  consistmg  of  two 
long  mandibles,  a  slender  labrum,  sheathing  labial  palps 
and  two  long  maxillary  palps ;  the  antennaj  are  small :  the 
hinder  legs  are  saltatorial ;  the  larvae  are  worm-like  •  and 
the  piipas  are  inactive.  The  order  is  coextensive  with  the 
single  family  Puhcidce,  or  fleas  and  chigoes.  See  Pulieidce 
and  cut  under  chigoe.  Also  called  Aphanoptera,  Suctoria 
and  Siphonaptcra.  ' 

aphanipterous  (af-a-nip'te-rus),  a.    [<  NL. 
aphayiipterus,  <  Gr.  a(j,av7j^,  indistinct,  obscure 
(see  aphanite),  +  Trrepdv,  a  wing,  =  E.  feather 
q.  v.]    Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Aphaniptera'; 
characterized  by  indistinct  or  abortive  wings 
aphanistic  (af-a-nis'tii),  a.     [<  Gr.  acpavyjQ  m- 
distinct  (see  aphanite),  +  -ist-ic]    In  mineral., 
indistinct :  as,  aphanistic  crystallization, 
aphanite  (af 'a-nit),  ■«.    [<  Gr.  i,j>avfjg,  indistinct, 
unseen,  obscure  (<  a-  priv.  -I-  <pav6^,  apparent, 
conspicuous,  <  (jiaiveiv,  show,  <(>aivEcdai,  appear  • 
see  :tancy),  +  -ite^.    See  aphanesite.]    A  very 
hne-gramed  variety  of  diorite  (which  see),  or 
one  in  which  the  component  minerals,  chiefly 
triclinic_  feldspar  and  hornblende,  cannot  be 
distinguished  with  the  naked  eye. 
aphanitic(af-a-nit'ik),a.  [<  ar^hanite  + -ic.]  Of 
the  nature  of  aphanite. 
aphanitism  (a-fan'i-tizm),  n.    [<  aphanite  + 
-^sm.]    The  condition  of  being  aphanitic ;  eryp- 
tocry.stalhzation. 
Aphanoptera  (af-a-nop'te-ra),  n.  pi.    Same  as 
Aplianiptera. 
aphanozygOUS  (af-a-noz'i-gus),  a.    [<  Gr.  a<pa. 
vTj^,  indistinct  (see  aphanite^,  -f-  l^vydv  (='L.jugnm 
=  E.  yoke)  for  Cvyupa.  cheek-bone.]  Having  the 
cheek-bones  invisible  when  the  skull  is  viewed 
from  above.    N.  E.  D. 
Apharyngea  (af-a-rin'jf-a),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Gr 
a-  priv.  +  <pdpvy^,  tlu'oat  (pharynx).]    A  divi- 
sion of  planariaus  or  rhabdoccelous  turbella- 
rians,  containing  such  as  have  no  pharynx  and 
are  thus  distinguished  from  the  Pharijngea 
apharyngeal  (af-a-rin' je-al),  a.    Having  no 
pharynx:  specifically  said  of  the  Apharyngea 
aphasia  (a-fa'zia),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  CKpaaia,  speech- 
lessness, <  d0arof,  not  uttered,  <  d-  priv  + 
^ardg,  uttered,  spoken,  verbal  adj.  of  <pdvat  = 
L/«n,  speak,  say:  see  fable,  fate,  eup>hemism, 
etc.]    In  pathol.,  the  impairment  or  abolition 
of  the  faculty  of  using  and  understanding  writ- 
ten and  spoken  language,  independently  of  auv 
failure  of  the  intellectual  processes  or  any  dis- 
ease or  paralysis  of  the  vocal  organs.  Ataxic 
aphasia,  when  uncomplicated,  is  inability  to  express 
one  s  Ideas  in  spoken  words,  while  the  patient  understands 
perfectly  what  is  said  to  him,  and  reads  and  writes  i'he 
name  amnesic  aphakia  has  been  applied  to  cases  where 
the  patien   is  unalile  to  recall  the  vvord  which  he  wants 
though  able  to  speak  it  when  found.    Sensory  aphaTa  U 
wmX'.*  >  P'"'"'  ^•■^"^  to  comprehend  spoken  o?wrUte 
words;  It  comprises  word-deafness  and  word-blindness 
Aphasia,  especially  ataxic  aphasia,  seems  to  depend  fn 
most  cases  on  a  lesion  of  the  inferior  frontal  convolut  o  i 
a  most  always  on  the  left  side  of  the  brain.    See  agraphia 
alalia,  alexia,  anarthria,  and  aphonia.  jrapnia. 


apheretic 

aphasiac  (a-fa'zi-ak),  n.   [<  aphasia  +  -ac.l  A 
person  affected  with  aphasia;  an  aphasic. 
aphasic  (a-fa'zik),  a.  and  w.    [<  apha.iia  +  -ic.] 
1.  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling  aphasia: 
suffeiing  from  aphasia. 
II.  «.  A  person  affected  with  aphasia. 
He  [the  lecturer]  spoke  next  of  the  frequent  retention  of 
some  recurring  utterance  by  aphasic^,  such  aa  "Come  un- 
Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXV.  170. 

aphelexia  (af-e-lek'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  adx/J^c; 
even,  smooth,  plain  (see  Aphelinus),+  i^ir,  con- 
dition, habit:  see  hectic]  Absence  of  mind: 
reverie. 

aphelia,  «.    Plural  of  aphelion. 

aphelian  (a-fe'li-an),  a.    [<  aphcli(on)  +  -an.] 

Pertaining  to  the  aphelion;  furthest  from  the 

sun. 

Aphelinus  (af-e-li'nus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a<pe?i^c, 
smooth,  simple,  plain,  also  lit.  not  stony,  <  d- 


Apktlinus  mytilaspidis.    ( Cross  shows  natural  size. ) 


priv.  +  (^eXksvQ,  stony  ground.]  A  genus  of 
minute  parasitic  hymenopterous  insects,  of  the 
famly  C/wteVZifte.  Its  species  infest  either  plant- 
lice  01  bark-hce,  particularly  the  scale-bearing  species 
mnnT"'^^  -1.  »W«»/a67«rf.s  (Le  Baron)  infests  the  com- 
mon mussel-shell  bark-louse  of  the  apple-tree 
aphelion  (a-fe'li-on),  n. ;  pi.  aphelia  (-a).  [For- 
merly also  aphelium,  <  NL.  aphelion,  earlier 
and  more  prop,  aphelium,  formed  by  Kepler 
?p^* '^P^OtBum,  apogeum  (see  ajwgee),  <  Gr.  as 
It  afTfMov,  <  an-o,  from,  +  i/hoc,  the  sun.]  Tliat 
point  of  a  planet's  or  of  a  comet's  orbit  which 
IS  most  distant  from  the  sun:  opposed  to  veri- 
helion. 

apheliotropic  (a-fe"li-o-trop'ik),  «.  [<  Gr.  d^- 
foroTT- for  QTTo,  from, +  sun  (see  aphelion), 

+  -rpoTvmd^,  <  rpeTreiv,  turn.]  In  bot.,  turning 
away  from  the  light :  applied  to  shoots  or  other 
parts  of  plants:  opposed  to  keliotropic. 

Apheliotropic  movements  are  comparatively  rare  in  a 
well-marked  degree,  excepting  the  sub-aerial  roots. 

Darwin,  Movement  in  Plants,  p.  5C4. 

apheliotropically  (a-fe'-'li-o-trop'i-kal-i),  adv. 
in  a  direction  away  fi-om  the  sim. 


apheliotropism  (a-fe-li-ot'ro-pizm),  ».  [<  aphe- 
liotropic +  -ism.]  In  bot.,  a  tendency  to  turn 
away  from  the  sun  or  the  liglit :  opposed  to 
heliotropism  (which  see).  Darwin. 
Apheliscus  (af-e-lis'kus),  n.  [NL.,  appar.  < 
Gr.  a0e/?/f,  even,  smooth,  simple  (see  Apheli- 
nus), +  dim.  -iscus.]  A  genus  of  extinct  lemu- 
roid  or  insectivorous  mammals,  having  quadri- 
tuberculate  lower  molars,  the  fourth  lower 
molar  without  internal  cusp,  and  the  cusps 
opposite.  J.  insidiosus,  the  type-species,  is 
from  the  Wahsatch  beds  of  New  IVIexico.  Cojje, 

aphemia  (a-fe'mi-a),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  d-  priv  + 
ipr//i^,  a  voice,  speech,  fame  (=  L.  fama  >'  E 
Jamc  q.  v.),  <  ^dvai,  speak.  Cf.  aphasia!] 
pathol.,  aphasia,  in  its  general  sense ;  specifi- 
cally—(a)  ataxic  aphasia ;  (&)  anarthria.  See 
aphasia  and  anarthria,  2. 
aphemic  (a-fem'ik),  rt.  [_<  aphemia  + -ic]  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  aphemia  :  character- 
ized by  or  suffering  from  aphemia. 
aphengescope  (a-fen'jes-kop),  «.  [<  Gr.  i<i,e)'^rjr 
without  h^ht,  obscm-e  (<  d-  jiriv.  +  ^q;  of,  light 
akin  to  0aof,         light),  +  gkotveIv,  \'iew.]  A 
modification  of  the  magic  lantern  for  exhibiting 
opaque  objects.  ° 
apheresis,  aphseresis  (a-fer'e-sis),  n.   [<  L. 
aph(vresis,  <  Gr.  a,paipEmg,  a  taldng  away,  <  d6ai. 
peiv,  take  away,  <  dTrd,  away,  +  aipeip,  take.]  1 
In  gram.,  the  omission  of  a  letter  or  an  unael 
cented  syllable  from  the  beginning  of  a  word. 
Examples  in  English  are  round,  adv.,  for  around,  vantage 
lor  advantage,  squire  for  cvjuire,  'niid  for  amid,  pon  for 
upon  etc.    The  most  common  form  of  apheresis  is  that 
called  aphesis  (which  see). 

2t.  In  med. :  (a)  The  removal  of  anything  nox- 
ious, (h)  Large  and  injurious  extraction  of 
blood. —  3t.  Insiirr/.,  amputation, 
apheretic,  aphseretic  (af-e-ret'ik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
a(pacperiK6g,  <  cKpaiperd^,  verbal  adj.  of  a^aipeip; 
see  apheresis.]  In  gram.,  characterized  by  • 
apheresis;  shortened  by  the  omission  of  the 
first  syllable:  thus,  vantage  is  the  apheretic 
form  of  advantage. 


apheretically 

apheretically  (af-e-ret'i-kal-i),  adr.  After  the 
mauuer  of  au  apheresis ;  by  omitting  the  first 
syllable.    Also  spelled  apharcticuUtj. 

aphesis  (af'e-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a<peaig,  a  let- 
ting go,  let  go,  let  loose,  <  CKpiivai,  let  go,  send 
otr,  <  (irro,  off,  +  Uvai,  send.]  The  gi'adual  and 
unintentional  removal  of  a. short  imaeeented 
vowel  at  the  beginning  of  a  word;  a  special 
form  of  aphei'esis,  as  in  squire  for  esquire,  doicn 
for  adowH,  etc.    J.  A.  H.  Murrai/.    (jV.  £.  D.) 

apheta  (af 'e-ta),  «.  [ML.,  <  Gr.  (i<p(T//g,  one  who 
lets  go,  hence  one  who  lets  go  a  military  engine, 
and,  according  to  Du  Cange,  one  who  starts 
the  chariots  in  a  race  (cf.  aft-r/iHa,  the  starting- 
place,  MGr.  (KpsToOvpavoiKTr/c:,  one  who  opened 
the  barriers  to  start  the  racing-chariots),  hence 
in  astrology  the  planet  which  starts  a  human 
being  in  his  career,  <  a^f-of,  let  off,  let  loose, 
verbal  adj.  of  d(j)iemi,  let  oft':  see  apliesis.'\  In 
astroL,  the  planet  dominating  the  life  of  the 
native;  the  planet  which  is  lord  of  the  house 
that  rules  the  matter  inquired  after ;  the  proro- 
gator,  signifieator,  or  hyleg. 

The  aplietic  place  is  the  situation  of  the  Apheta,  Hyleg, 
prorogator,  signifieator,  or  giver  of  life,  for  they  all  have 
the  same  meaning.  Sible;/,  Astrology,  p.  433. 

apheter  (af 'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  ivfterrjp,  equiv.  to 
a<pirr/^,  one  who  lets  off  a  military  engine:  see 
apheta.l  That  which  loosens  or  sets  free. 
[Rare.] 

Tills  katastate  is,  as  it  were,  tlie  fuse  or  trigger  whose 
action  fires  the  massive  charge  of  the  muscular  gun,  and 
might  receive  the  name  of  apheter. 

M.  Foster.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  20. 

aphetic'^  (a-fet'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  (Kperiko^,  <  a<peroc, 
let  loose,  set  free:  see  aphesis  and  apheta.'] 
Produced  by  or  resulting  from  aphesis. 

aphetic'^  (a-fet'ik),  a.  [<  apheta  +  -ic]  Same 
as  upheticaJ. 

aphetical  (a-fet'i-kal),  a.  [<  aphetic^  +  -al.'] 
In  astro}.,  pertaining  to  the  apheta,  or  planet 
significative  of  life. -Aphetical  places  (translation 

of  Greek  tojtoi  d(<>eTiKoc),  the  places  in  which  the  apheta 
may  be  found.  The  rules  given  in  Ptolemy's  "  Tetrabiblos  " 
(iii.  10)  are  intricate  and  vague. 

aphetically^^  (a-fet'i-kal-i),  adv.  .  lu  an  aphetic 
manner. 

aphetically^  (a-fet'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  the  manner 

or  position  of  the  aplieta. 
aphetism  (af'e-tizm),  n.    [<  aphetic'^  +  -isin.l 

An  aphetized  form  of  a  word ;  a  form  resulting 

from  the  loss  of  a  weak  initial  vowel,  as  down 

for  (tdown. 

aphetize  (af'e-tiz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aphetized, 
ppr.  aphetiziiiy.  [<  aphetic^  +  -ise.J  To  render 
aphetic ;  shorten  by  aphesis. 

aphid  (af'id),  71.  [<  ajihis  (aphid-).]  An  aphid- 
ian;  a  plant-louse;  a  member  of  the  genus 
Aphis  or  family  Aphididcc  (which  see).  In  the 
plin-al,  the  plant-lice :  a  general  or  indetermi- 
nate term  for  the  members  (a)  of  the  genus 
Aphis,  (b)  of  the  family  Aphididw,  or  (c)  of  the 
suborder  Phytoph  th  iria. 

Aphides  (af'i-dez),  »i.  p/.  [NL.,  pi.  of  Aphis, 
q.  v.]    Same  as  Aphididw. 

aphidiail(a-fid'i-an),  n.  anda.  {<.  Aphis  (Aphid-) 
+  -ian.~]  I.  M.  Ail  insect  of  the  family  Aphidi- 
dw:  an  aphid;  a  plant-louse. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  genus  Aphis  or  to 
the  family  Aphididcc. 

aphidid  (af'i-did),  n.  One  of  the  Aphididw;  an 
aphis. 

The  Fenesica  larva  actually  feeds  upon  the  aphidids. 

Science,  VII.  394. 

Aphididse  (a-fid'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aphis 
(Aphid-)  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  hemipterous  in- 
sects, of  the  snhorder  Phytophthiria ;  the  true 
plant-lice,  as  typified  by  the  genus  Aphis, and  as 
distinguished  from  the  false  plant-Uce,  or  Psyl- 
lidw,  and  other  phytophthirian  insects.  They 
are  all  injurious  to  vegetation,  living  on  the  juices  of 
plants,  which  they  suck,  and  also  producing  a  great  va- 
riety of  galls.  Almost  every  plant  has  lice  peculiar  to 
it,  immense  numbers  of  which  live  upon  it.  The  genera 
are  very  numerous.  See  cuts  under  Aphis.  Also  called 
A  ph  idea. 

Aphidii  (a-fid'i-i),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  apMdius 
(also  used  to  designate  a  genus  of  hymenopter- 
ous  insects),  <  Aphis  (Aphid-),  q.  v.]  In  La- 
treille's  system  of  classification,  the  second 
family  of  homopterous  hemipterous  insects, 
commonly  called  plant-lice,  inexactly  equiva- 
lent to  the  modern  family  Aphididw,  including 
the  thysanurous  genus  Thrips,  etc.,  as  well  as 
the  Psyllidm  or  false  plant-lice,  and  excluding 
the  Coccidm  or  scale-insects.    [Not  in  use.] 

aphidious  (a-fid'i-us),  «.  [<  aphid  +  -ious.] 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  aphids. 

Aphidiphaga  (af-i-dif'a-ga),  n.pl.  [NL.,  neut. 
ol.  of  apkidiphagus :  see  aphidiphagous.]  A 


258 

group  of  insects  more  or  less  exactly  corre- 
sponding to  Latreille's  Aphidiphagi  (which  see). 
They  are  small  beetles  with  rounded  bodies,  strong  wings, 
hard  elytra,  securiform  maxillary  palps,  and  clavate  an- 
temia\    See  Citceiaellkia'. 

Aphidiphagi  (af-i-dif 'a-ji),  n.pl.  [NL.,  pi. 
oi  apkidiphagus :  see  ajdiidijdiagous.']  In  La- 
treille's system  of  classification,  the  second 
family  of  trimerous  Coleoptcra,  consisting  of  the 
old  genus  CoccineUa,  and  corresponding  to  the 
modern  family  Coccinellidm ;  the  lady-birds ; 
small  beetles  which  habitually  feed  upon  aphids. 
[Not  in  use.] 

aphidiphagOUS  (af-i-dif 'a-gus),  a.  [<  NL.  aphi- 
diphagns,  i  Aphis  (Aphid-)  +  Gr.  -ipayor,  <  (fa^eir. 
cat.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Aphidiphaga ; 
hence,  preying  upon  or  devouring  aphids. 

aphidivorous  (af-i-div'6-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  Aphis 
(Aphid-)  +  L.  vorare,  devour.]  Same  as  aphi- 
diphagous. 

apnilanthropy  (af-i-lan' thro-pi),  n.    [<  Gr. 

a(piAdvdpu7Tci<;,  not  loving  man,  <  a-  priv.  +  (puni'- 
OpuTToc;',  loving  man:  see  philanthropy.']  l.Want 
of  philanthropy ;  lack  of  benevolence.  [Rare.] 
—  2.  Inpathol.,  preference  of  solitude  to  soci- 
ety, the  first  stage  of  melancholia. 
Aphis  (a'fis),  n.  [NL.  (Linnajus),  the  sing,  per- 
haps from  the  pi.  ajjhides  (see  -id-),  which  may 
have  been  taken  (if  so,  prop,  aphides,  but  now 
treated  as  aphides)  from  Gr.  d^ei(kir,  pi.  of 


Geranium  Plant-louse  {Aphis  pelargonii\:  the  apterous  .-igamoge- 
netic  fonn,  magnified ;  appendages  of  only  one  side  shown. 

a<^u6iK,  unsparing,  lavish  (as  if  in  allusion  to 
their  extreme  prolificness  or  voracity),  <  a-  priv. 
-f  (j)n6eaOai,  spare.]  1.  A  genus  of  small  plant- 
sucking  insects,  of  the  family  J/)/((f/ida;  and  or- 
der Homoptera.  They  multiply  by  parthenogenesis  and 
very  rapidly.  From  a  pair  of  honey-tubes,  near  the  end  of 
the  abdomen,  they  emit  a  saccharine  fluid,  known  as  honey- 


Apple-tree  Plant-louse  {.Aphis  mali).    (Cross  and  small  figure  show 
natural  sizes. } 

dew  and  aphis-sugar,  which  is  gi'cedily  devoured  by  ants. 
They  are  very  destructive  to  tender  plants,  upon  which 
they  congregate  in  enormous  numbers. 
2.  \l.  c]    A  plant-louse.    [In  this  sense  the 
plural  aphides  (af'i-dez)  is  used.]  —Woolly  aphis. 

See  ErioxDiiia. 

aphis-lion  (a'fis-li*pn),  n.  A  name  for  the  larva 

of  a  lace-winged  fly  of  the  family  Uemerohiidw. 
aphis-sugar  (a'fis-shug'''ar),  n.    Honey-dew,  a 

secretion  peculiar  to  insects  of  the  genus  Aphis, 

voided  from  their  anal  siphnncles. 
aphlaston  (a-tias'ton),  «.  [Gr.  aifkaarov.]  Same 

as  aplustre. 

aphlogistic  (af-lo-jis'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  ^(pldyiaToc^, 
not  inflammable,  <  a-  priv.  +  ^Aoyitrrdf,  inflam- 
mable: see 2>hlogist'oH.]  Flameless.— Aphlogistic 

lamp,  a  lamp  in  which  a  coil  of  platinum  wire  extending 
above  the  wick  is  kept  constantly  red-hot  by  the  slow  com- 
bustion of  alcohol-vapor,  heated  first  by  the  flame  of  the 
wick,  but  after  this  is  extinguished  by  the  incandescent 
wire. 

aphnology  (af-nol'o-ji),  «.  [<  Gr.  a<pvoc,  usu- 
ally cKpevoc,  revenue,  riches,  wealth,  abundance 
(cf.  Skt.  apnas,  income,  property;  akin  to  L. 
opes,  wealth,  copia,  plenty,  etc.),  +  -Xoyia,  < 
'/l-jciv,  speak:  see  -ology.]  The  science  of 
wealth;  a  treatise  on  the  science  of  wealth; 
pliitology.  [Rare.] 

The  title  ought  to  have  been  Aphruilogy.  Aphnos,  or 
aphenos,  expresses  wealth  in  the  largest  sense  of  general 
abmidance  and  well-being.  Sir  J.  Herschel. 

Aphodiidse  (af-o-di'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Apho- 
dius  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  beetles,  named  by 
Macleay  in  1819  from  the  genus  Aphodius. 


aphorism 

Aphodius  (a-fo'di-us),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a<po6o^, 
excrement,  evacuation,  and  lit.  departure,  < 
and,  from,  away,  +  drfdf,  way.]  A  genus  of 
scarabfBoid  lamellicorn  beetles,  related  to  the 
dung-beetles  of  the  genus  Gcotrupes,  sometimes 
giving  name  to  a  family  Aphodiidw.  its  species 
arc  mostly  small,  having  striate  elytra,  concealed  meta- 
thoracic  epimera,  toothed  front  tiliiic  and  spurred  hind 
tibiie,  and  9-jointed  antenuic.  Over  50  North  American 
species  are  described,  including  several  introduced  from 
Europe,  such  as  the  comparatively  large  black  A./ossur. 

Aphododeridse  (af'o-do-der'i-de),  n.  pi.  See 

Aphredodcrida'. 

Aphododerus  (af-o-dod'e-rus),  u.  See  Aphre- 
doderus. 

aphonia  (a-fo'ni-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a<puvia, 
speechlessness,  <  a^uvoc,  speechless,  voiceless : 
see  aphonous.]  In  pathoL,  loss  of  voice  through 
a  morbid  condition  of  the  laryn.x  or  its  immedi- 
ate innervation;  dumbness;  speechlessness. 
It  is  a  condition  in  which  one  wants  to  speak  and  knows 
how  to  do  so,  but  cainiot  produce  a  ^■ocal  sound,  though 
he  may  whisper.    Also  aphuiiii. 

aphonic  (a-fon'ik),  a.  and  n.    [<  aphonia  +  -ic.3 

1.  rt.  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  apho- 
nia; speechless;  dumb. 

II.  n.  A  person  affected  with  aphonia. 

aphonous  (af'o-nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  ivjiuvoc,  voice- 
less, <  a- priv.  +  (puvij,  voice:  see  phonie.]  Des- 
titute of  voice ;  voiceless. 

aphony  (af'o-ni),  «.    Same  as  aphonia. 

aphoria  (a-fo'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  afopia,  ste- 
rility, dearth,  <  a^opoc;,  not  bearing,  <  a-  priv.  + 
(popug,  bearing,  <  (pkpeiv  =  E.  hear'^.]  Sterility; 
unfruitfulness. 

aphorism  (af'o-rizm),  n.  [=  F.  aphorismc,  < 
Gr.  d(j>opi(j/i6(;^  a  definition,  a  short  pithy  sen- 
tence, <  d<popiC,eiv,  define,  mark  off',  <  d-6,  off,  + 
opU^ELv,  divide,  bound,  <  hpoc,  a  boundary:  see 
horizon.]  1.  A  definition  or  concise  statement 
of  a  principle. 

The  nphorixiit  .  .  .  formulated  by  Linnaeus  in  regard 
to  plants.         Quatrefages,  Human  Species  (trans.),  p.  50. 

2.  A  precept  or  rule  expressed  in  few  words;  a 
detached  sentence  containing  some  important 
truth :  as,  the  aphorisms  of  Hippocrates,  or  of 
the  civil  law. 

The  three  ancient  connnentators  on  Hippocrates  .  .  . 
have  given  the  same  definition  of  an  aphorism,  i.  e.,  "a 
succinct  saying,  comprehending  a  complete  statement," 
or  a  saying  poor  in  expression,  but  rich  in  sentiment. 

Fleming. 

=  Syn.  Aphorism,  Axiom,  Maxim,  I'rrrcpt,  Dictum,  Ajm- 
thegiii.  Saying,  Adage,  Proverb,  Truism,  JSgicord,  Saw,  all 
concur  in  expressing  a  pithy  general  jiroposition,  usually  in 
one  short  sentence ;  but  the  longer  the  form  the  less  ap- 
plicable do  these  names  become.  An  aphorism,  is  a  truth, 
pointeiily  set  forth,  relating  rather  to  specul.ative  princi- 
ples, ethics,  or  science  than  to  practical  matters,  and  form- 
ing a  brief  and  excellent  statement  of  a  doctrine:  thus, 
"Moderation  is  the  silken  string  running  thl■c^ugh 'the 
pearl-chain  of  all  virtues,"  and  "Maladies  arc  ciireil  by 
nature,  not  by  remedies,"  are  aphorisms.  "  I.ifi'  is  short, 
and  art  is  long,"  is  from  the  first  aphorism  of  Hippi>crate.s. 
An  axiom  is  a  self-evident  truth,  and  is  therefore  used  as  a 
basis  for  reasoning.  "A  straight  line  is  the  shortest  dis- 
tance between  two  points  "  is  one  of  the  axioms  of  mathe- 
matics ;  "  The  greater  good  is  to  be  chosen  before  the  less  " 
is  an  axiom  of  morals.  The  number  of  axioms  is  neces- 
sarily limited ;  of  aphorisms,  maxims,  etc.,  unlimited.  A 
maxim  is  a  truth  which,  while  not  so  ilttinite  and  neces- 
sarily true  as  an  axiom,  yet  e(|Uiilly  Mccejitablc  to  the 
mind,  refers  rather  to  practical  than  to  aljstract  truth, 
stating  one  of  the  fundamental  rules  of  conduct,  civil 
government,  business  policy,  and  the  like :  as,  it  is  a  sounil 
maxim  that  one  should  risk  in  specidation  no  more  than 
he  can  afi'ord  to  lose.  It  suggests  a  lesson  more  pointedly 
and  directly  than  aphorisin,  and  differs  from  precept  in 
that  a  precept  is  a  direct  injunction,  whereas  a  ma. rim  is 
a  mere  statement  of  a  truth  from  which  a  precept  may  be 
deduced.  It  would  be  a  precept  to  say,  "In  speculation 
risk  no  more  than  you  can  afford  to  lose."  A  dictum  is 
not  a  precept,  but  an  opinion  given  with  authority,  as 
from  superior  knowledge  :  as,  a  dict  um  of  the  critics ;  a  dic- 
tum'of  Carlyle's.  An  apothegm,  in  connnon  matters  what 
an  aphorism  is  in  higher,  is  essentially  a  terse  proposition 
that  makes  a  vivid  impression  on  the  mind:  thus,  "  In  the 
adversity  of  our  best  friends  we  always  find  something 
that  doth  not  displease  us  "  ;  this  is  called  by  Dean  Swift 
a  maxim,,  but  is  more  properly  an  apothegm.  "Heaven 
helps  those  that  help  themselves,"  and 

"  He  who  fights  and  runs  away 

May  live  to  fight  another  day  " 

(Goldsmith,  Art  of  Poetry), 

are  apothegms.  A  saying  is  a  lower  grade  of  apothegm;  each 
is  likely  to  be  found  associated  with  the  name  of  the  atithor : 
as,  the  apothegms  of  Socrates  ;  a  saying  of  Poor  Richard. 
Each  is  a  felicitous  expression  current  for  its  own  sake, 
but  deriving  additional  popularity  from  the  celebrity  of 
its  author.  "  Herein  is  that  saying  true,  One  soweth,  ami 
another  reapeth,"  John  iv.  37;  "The  little  and  short  s«i/- 
ings  of  wise  and  excellent  men  are  of  great  value,  like  the 
dust  of  gold  or  the  least  sparks  of  the  diamond,"  Tillotson. 
Adage  and  proverb  are  habitual  sayings,  generally  of  long 
standing,  embodying  the  connnon  sense  of  mankind  on 
ordinary  subjects.  The  adage  is  often  the  more  vener- 
able by  age  and  the  more  dignified  in  its  character:  as. 
"  Necessity  knows  no  law."  A  saying  may  easily  becorar 
an  adage.  Proverb  as  used  in  the  Bible  is  often  a  saying: 
as,  "Physician,  heal  thyself,"  Luke  iv.  23 ;  but  in  the  mod- 


I 


aphorism 


259 


em  sense  proverb  often  appears  in  some  coiipi-pfp  fto-i.r-,    a    v  •       /       .  > 

-      "I'""  mal^y  ooXl^o'lf      Aphriza  (af'ri-zii),  v.    [NL.  (Audubon,  1839), 
bioth  ,    Every  tub  must  stami  „n  Its  ni„„  i„.f.;..„      .    a  talse  formation,  <  Gr.  n0/3Of,  foam,  4-  Caetv,  i^f/J 

live.]    A  genus  of  plover-like  birds',  of  the  \&m'- 
ily  Aplimidw,  related  to  the  oyster-catchers  and 
turnstones,  having  feet  with  four-  toes  like  tlie 
latter,  and  the  general  appearance  and  changes 
of  plumage  of  the  sandpipers.     It  contains 
only  the  siu'f-bird,  A.  vinjata.    See  mrf-hird. 
AphriZldae  (af-riz'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Ap/irtn 
-^-^fta^J    A  family  of  birds,  intermediate  be- 
tween Chantdriiclw  and  UcBmntopodidw.  The 
typical  genus  is  Aphrisa.    Coues,  1884. 
Aphnzinse  (af-ri-zi'ne),  j(.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Anhrta 
+  -i»a'.]    A  subfamily  of  birds,  containing  the 
[<anho-    genus  J^j/u  L-'rt;  the  sui'f -birds. 

aphriZlte  (af'ri-zit),  n.  [<  Gr.  ai,piCew,  foam, 
be  loamy  «  a^po^-,  foam),  +  -ite2.]  a  variety 
of  black  tourmalin.  ^ 
Aphrodisia  (af-ro-diz'i-a),  H.  pi.  [L  <  Gr 
Mpo6,ma  neut.  pi.  of  'A^]>o6io,oc,  pertaining  to 
Aphrodite,  <  :^,/,poJ;r//:  see  ApIn■odiic.^  A  festi- 
val in  honor  of  Aphrodite  or  Veims  periodical- 
ly celebrated  in  various  localities  of  ancient 
Greece.    Those  of  Paphos  in  Cyprus,  of  Cyth- 


bioth  ,  Every  tub  must  stand  on  its  own  bottom  "  A 
fr«ismisa  truth  tooolivious  to  need  explanation  or  proof  ■ 
It  IS  a  word  of  relative  application  ;  what  would  be  a  U-a- 
,sm  to  one  might  be  an  axhm  or  an  aphorhni  to  another 
A  byword  is  a  cant  term  or  phrase,  in  every  ones  moutii 
like  a  proverb,  but  applied  in  dispkrageine^it,  Saw  i^l 
contemptuous  term  tor  an  expression  that  is  more  com - 
ni!;SoSe^:'  -^"'^ 'iterated 

aphorismt  (af'o-rizm),  v.  i.     [<  aphorism,  n  1 
bame  as  aphorize.  [Bare.] 

There  is  no  art  that  hath  been  more  cankereil  in  her 
principles  more  soiled  and  slubliered  with  aphorismiu  , 
pedantry,  than  the  art  of  policy.  '"".nj 
Milton,  Kef.  in  England,  p.  33. 
aphorismatic  (af 'o-riz-mat'ik),  a. 
ns)a  +  -atic.^    Sanie  as  aphorismic. 
aphorismer  (af 'o-riz-mer),  )(.    One  who  ex- 
presses himself  in  ai^horisms.  [Rare.] 
The  tribe  of  aphorismers  and  politicasters. 

Milton,  Eef.  in  Eiigland,  p.  50. 
aphorismic  (af-o-riz'mik),  «.     [<  aphorism  + 
-ic.]    Kelatmg  to  aphorisms;  having  the  form 
ot  an  aphorism;  containing  aphorisms.  An 
eqmvalent  form  is  aphorismatic 


The  style  of  Junius  is  Z  sort  of  metre,  the  law  of  which  °*  Corinth  were  the  most  famous, 

asort  of  balance  of  thesis  and  antithesis.    When  he  gets  ^-PhrodlSiaC  (af-ro-diz'i-ak),  a.  and  n.     [<  Gr 


out  of  this  aphorismic  metre  into  a  sentence  of  five  or  six 
ines  long,  nothing  can  exceed  the  slovenliness  of  the  En-- 
Coleridge,  Table-Talk,  p.  264. 

aphorist  (af'o-rist),  n.  [<  aphor-ism  +  -ist  1  A 
writer  of  aphorisms. 

He  took  this  occasion  of  farther  clearing  and  justifying' 
what  lie  had  written  against  the  aphoriatZ  ' 


a^po6cGiaKoc,jevLeresA,  <  '\<l,poSi<j,oc.  pertaining  to 
Aphrodite,  <A<fpo6iTr],  Venus:  see  AphrodUv.-] 
I.  ff.  Lxeitmg  venereal  desire ;  increasing  the 
appetite  for  sexual  pleasures:  hence,  erotic- 
sensual.  '  ' 

II.  n.  Any  drug  or  preparation  which  ex- 
,„.„^„  r""  i«.  cites  se.xual  desire. 

V    .        ,  ,     .  ^'"^    ""P-        P-       aphrodisiacalt  (af'ro-di-zi'a-kal)  a     Same  as 

aphOTlstlC  (af-9-ris'tik),  «.     [<  Gi%  a^op^a™^^^^    "pi'rodisiac  '  *  f'ame  as 


lit  tor  defamug,  sententious,  <  a,popii;Eiv:  seeapho 
mw]  Having  the  character  of  aphorisms;  re- 
sembling aphorisms;  in  the  form  of  an  apho- 
rism; stated  in  short,  unconnected  sentences- 

abounding  in  aphorisms.  An  aphrjristic  st.jle  is  one 
hi  itf  reasSg'      '^"^      ^"'''"'■'^  '^"^  methodical 

The  method  of  the  book  is  aphoristic.         De  Quince;/. 

The  Sanscrit  law-books  aresometimes  in  aphoristic  prose 
sometimes  in  verse,  sometimes  in  a  mixture  of  both. 

Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  10. 

aphoristical  (af-o-ris'ti-kal),  a.   Same  as  apho- 
ristic. ^ 

aphoristically  (af-o-ris'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  or  bv 
aphori.sms ;  briefly  and  pithily. 

„ Jvff^-  'iufii.  seldom  miss  a  cure,  as  Hip- 

pociates  doth  likewise  aphoristically  tell  ns.  Uarwy. 

aphorize  (af'o-riz),  v.  i.-  pret.  and  pp.  anlw- 
wed,  ppr.  apliorizing.  [<  Gr.  h^opKew :  see 
aphorism.^  To  utter  aphorisms ;  write  or  speak 
m  aphorisms;  especially,  make  an  excessive 
use  of  aphorisms.  Coleridge. 
aphract  (af'rakt),  a.  [<  Gr.  a<^pa«ro£-,  old  Attic 
<i0op«ror  imfenced,  unfortified,  <  a-priv.  4-  i,paK- 
rof,  verbal  adj.  of  ippauoeiv,  fence  in,  fortify.] 
Open;  undefended  or  unguarded.  [Bare.] 

We  find  the  war  galley  of  the  Phcenicians  represented 
01  the  walls  of  the  palaces  unearthed  by  Laya?d  and  Ids 
followers  in  Assyrian  discovery.  .  .  .  The  vessel  renre 

o'^.^iew         PP'^'"  ''"'"""'^  unprotected  aAd  exposed 

J^^'ioyc.  Brit.,  XXI.  805. 

aphredoderid  (af-re-dod'e-rid),  «.  a  fish  of  the 
tamily  A ph  redodcridce. 

Aphredoderidae  (af 're-do-der'i-de),  n.  pi.  PNL 
<  Aphredoderus  +  -idw.-]  A  family  of  teleocephl 
alous  fishes  having  the  vent  in  the  neck  or    nf,v„^  • 
breast,  the  ventraffins  post-thoracic  and  with  AnhS-T"^;  . 
about  7  rays,  but  without  spines,  and  a  sCrt    i^^'^S'^^^*^*^*,  • 
dorsal  fin  of  3  or  4  spines  in  front     t  r  ■  ;7        ^lit'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 
system  Of  classification'^irfLi'i^'i;  repfe'sen  s"  ^"^^    <  Aphrodite,  2  («),  +' 
group  of  ^ca«<Ao^>«ery^u,  characterizeH^^^^ 
dorsal  and  anal  fins  and  the  position  of  the  vent  hf  front 
0  the  ventrals.   Two  species,  called  pirate  ov ph  ate-perdi 

Aphredoderus  (af-re-dod'e-rus),  n.  [NL  CLe 
suem-,  m  Cuvier  and  ValencieAnes,  1833  ;  a 
corrupt  form,  aftei-ward  given  as  Aphrodederus 
(Agassiz)  as  if  <  Gr.  h.ppu6r,g,  foamy  «  i,pp6r 
is^;7>  /'f throat,  later 

position  of  the  vent,  <  aipoihg,  departure,  evacu-  Aphrophora  (af-rof'6-ra),  n 
ation,  excrement  (<  aTro,  off,  +         way)  4-    "    ' 

nis  Aphredoderidw.    Also  Aphodode- 

^i^^'^"?)'  foam,  froth,  + 

ealciti  t  '^,^7^ety  of  calcium  carbonate  or 

teXr  ^  '"^  '"'^^l  masses,  soUd,  or  -^ipiiropnoriaa  (af-ro-for'i-da),  n.  pi.    [NL  < 

e^es'of  a  pearfffull',:  ^'^''^^'^^^  A'"'''''i'"'«-  +  ^^me  'is  A^h ropho?^l'J 

insensiWyln'to  IrLnto'e'  '""""'^  ^'^'^"'^  Aphrophorinae  (af'ro-fo-ri'ne),  >,.pl.     [NL  < 

Aphrophora  +  -inw.2     In  entom.,  the  froth- 


aphrodisian  (af-ro-diz'i-an),  «.  [<  Gr.  MpoSt- 
otog:  see  aphrodisiac.-]  "Given  up  to  sexual 
pleasui-es;  devoted  to  sensual  love. 

tho!!fL'],'°'!i'^''  nursery  for  the  children  of 

those  aphrodisian  dames,  their  favourites. 

C.  lieade.  Cloister  and  Heiirtli  Ivi 
Aphrodite  (af-ro-di'te),  n.  [<Gr.  ^^pod/r//,  the 
goddess  of  love,  Venus;  traditionally  said  to 
mean  '  foam-born,'  <  hij,p6g,  foam,  the  second  ele- 
ment -di-rj  being  unexplained.]  1.  The  Greek 
goddess  of  love  and  beauty,  identified  by  the 
Bomans  with  theii-  Venus,  who  was  originally 
a  deity  of  much  less  importance.   Bv  one  legend 

fmm "t^'f"'  (.^^^Phrodite  Anadyomene)  to  have  spru"': 
fi  om  the  foam  of  the  sea.  She  was  the  personiHcatit,ii  "  f 
^^^S^i^^J'''  ^'-^  Phenician-:^^ 

productive  and  germinal 
powers  of  nature. 

2.  [NL.]  In^odl:  (a) 
A  genus  of  chajtopo- 
dous  annelids,  tyfji- 
cal  of  the  family  Aj/h- 
roditidw {whieh  see). 
The  species  are  known  as 
sea-mice;  the  common 
sea-mouse  is  A.  aculeata 
Also  written  Aphrodita. 
See  sea-mouse. 

genus  of  lepidopter- 
ous  insects.  Hiibner, 
1816.  (c)  A  genus 
of  bivalve  mollusks. 
Also  vrritten  Aphro- 
dita. Isaac  Lea. — 
3.  [l.  c]  A  variety 
of  meerschaum.  It 
is  a  hydi-ous  silicate 
of  magnesium. 


Aphrodite. 
Copy  of  the  Cnidian  Statue  by 
Praxiteles,  Vatican  Museum. 


ida:.']    A  family  of 
free  marine  chaetop- 

odous  annelids,  of  which  the  genus  ^^^'"•^'^ife  i« 
the  type.  There  are  numerous  other  genera. 
Also  Aphroditacea,  Ajihrodita:. 

annelids,  Aphroditidie ;  the  upper  parapodia  or  false  feVt 
carry  large  scales,  which  lie  over  the  hLk  ^the  an  mal 
and  form  an  imbricated  covering,  serving  the  double  pu? 
pose  of  protection  and  respiration.  "ouoie  pur 

Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.  230. 
,  T,^     .--r  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dppo- 

.  H,  foam-bearing,  <  aif,pdi:,  foam,  -f  -w,^poo  < 

iZT  H""'  ^  S^^"^  of  homoptei  ous  in- 
sects, of  the  family  Cercopidw :  so  called  because 
the  larva  is  enveloped  in  the  frothy  or  foamy 
substance  known  as  cuckoo-spit.  The  genus  is 
closely  related  to  Ptijelus,  and  species  were  for- 
merly placed  m  Ptiielus  or  Tettigonia. 
Aphrophorida  (af-ro-for'i-da),  n.  pi 


apiary 

bearing  hoppers;  a  subfamily  or  other  division 
ot  tlie  gi-eat  family  Ccrcopida;  represented  by 
the  genera  Aphropliora,  Lepyronia,  I'ti/ctiis,  and 
many  others,  and  containing  a  gi-eat  many  spe- 
cies of  medium  or  small  size,  very  generally 
dis  ributed  over  the  world,  and  especially  af- 
fecting pines  and  willows, 
aphrosiderite  (af-ro-sid'e-nt),  n.  [<  Gr.  /i,pp6c, 
loam  +  ai6,/por,  iron,  +  -,7^2.]  a  ferruginous 
chloritic  mineral  oeeun-ing  in  soft  dark-CT'een 
scales.  ^ 

aphtha  (af'tha),«.:  pi.  «;;/i7/(«>(-the).  [NL  <L 
aphtlui',  pi.  <  Gr.  a<l,dai,  pi.  of  a^da,  an  eruption* 
ulceration,  <  a-n-Tew,  set  on  fire,  inflame  ]  In 
7;«W/o/.,  an  eruption;  an  ulceration :  used  espe- 
cially 111  the  plural  to  denote  small  round  ulcers 
sometimes  becomingconfluent,  and  said  in  some 
cases  to  be  preceded  by  vesicles  which  break 

wl""",V  "f  t'i*=  lips,  and 

palate,  \yhe.i  Mymdrrmo  rlni  (Onlium  albicans)  is  loiin, 
m  these  ulcers,  the  disease  i..  called //„  »xA  ,„■  nnllc  lhn"  , 

epizobticse,  foot-and-mout),  dis^ 
ease  (which  see,  under  foot). 

aphthalose  (af 'tha-16s),  n.    [As  aphth(it)al(ilc) 

+  -o,sr.]  Same  as  aj^hthitalite. 
Aphthartodocetse  (af-thiirn6-d6-.s6'te),  w.  nl. 
L<  LGr.  "AiplkipToihKi/Tat,  <  Gr.  (iipOaproc,  uneor- 
ruptcd,  incorruptible  (<a-  priy.  +  ,f,eap-6r,  verbal 
ft  ^'?  f'JP^'"'  destroy,  ruin,  eoriupt),  +  doKiv, 
think.  Cf.  Doccta:]  A  Monopliysite  sk-t  which 
existed  from  the  sixth  to  the  ninth  centuiy  or 
evefhPfT,re^'.f'''  ">^'ttheb„dyofChristwas incorruptible 
onlv  in  a  nhint.  suffered  death 

only  m  a  phantasmal  appearance.    From  this  they  are 

iZi  ™fo  thi'r;'  ^'  ""f  r"r-'.  ^  »^>»«  '"">•«  propedy  te' 

Aphthart9docetism  (af-thar"t6-d6-se'tizm),  u. 
Ihe  doctrines  of  the  Aphthartodocetaj. 

Justinian  himself  lajjsed  into  heresy  by  acceptin-  thp 

itSbli'io'H^  fnco?;'' pTib 

1  ad  Wn  weaknesses  of  the  liesli,  a  doctrine  which 

had  been  advanced  by  .Julian,  bishop  of  Halicarnassus 
antl  went  by  the  name  of  Aphthartodocetism. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  796. 
aphthitalite  (af-thit'a-Ut),  n.    [<  Gr.  aMiTor 
unchanging,  unchangeable  «  h-  priv.  4-  k-or 
verbal  adj.  of  <j>6i„r,  commonly  ^kvEiv,  destroy 
change)  +  a7.c,  salt,  +  liOog,  a  stone.]    A  nil 
tive  potassimn  sulphate  found  on  Moimt  Ve- 
suvius m  delicate  crystallizations.    Also  called 
ajMhalose  and  Vesurius-salt. 
aphthoid  (af'thoid),  a.    [<  aphtha  +  -oid.l  Ee- 
sembhng  an  aphtha  or  aphthte. 
aphthong  (af 'thong),  „.    [<  Gr.  aipdoyyo,;,  voice- 
less, <  a-  priv.  +  <pe6-)-jog,  voice,  sound,  <  (t,ei:yye- 
fai,  sound.]    A  letter  or  combination  of  let- 
ters wliich  m  the  customary  pronunciation  of  a 
word  has  no  soimd.    [Bare  ] 
aphthous  (af'thus),  a.    [=  F.  aphthcur,  <  NL 
aphthosus  <  aphtha,  q.  v.]   1.  In puthoL,  of  the 
natui-e  of  or  characterized  by  aphthaj.— 2  In 
bot  appearing  as  if  covered  ^ith  aphthse 
Aphylls  (a-fil'e),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  fem.  pi  rse 
plantw)  of  aphyllus,  leafless :  see  uphyllom.]  A 
section  of  cryptogamic  plants  without  leaves 
eomprismg  lichens,  fungi,  and  algae.    Same  as 
thallogens.    [Not  used.] 
aphyllose  (a-fil'6s),  a.    Same  as  aphyllous. 
aphyllous  (a-fil'us),  a.    [<  NL.  aphyllm,  <  Gr 
afv/Aoi;,  leafless,  <  d-  priy.  4-  fvllov  Jlj  folium 
a  leaf.]    In  bot.,  destitute  of  leaves:  applied 
to  flowering  plants  that  are  natm-ally  leafless 
as  most  Cactaccw,  and  to  thallogenous  crynto- 
gams.  Jr"" 

aphylly  (a-fil'i),  ».  [<  nl.  *aphyllia,  <  Gr.  as  if 
a^vAAia,  <  aij,vAloc,  leafless:  see  a/fhyllous.l  In 
bot.,  the  state  of  being  aphyllous;  an  entire 
suppression  of  leaves,  as  ordinarily  occurs  in 
most  Cactacew,  etc. 

apian  (a'pi-an),  a.     [<  L.  apianus,  of  bees  < 
apis^  a  bee:  see  ApisK]    Of  or  pertaining  to 

Apiariae  (a-pi-a'ri-e),  ».  pi.  [nl.,  fem.  pL  of 
L.  apiarius.-  see  apiarian.]  In  Latreille's- sys- 
tem of  classification,  a  division  of  melliferous 
aculeate  hymenopterous  insects:  opposed  to 
Andrenet(e,  and  corresponding  to  the  modem 
family  Apidw  (which  see), 
apiarian  (a-pi-a'ri-an),  a.  and  ii.  [<  L.  apia- 
nus, relating  to  bees,  a  bee-keeper,  <  apis,  a  bee : 
see  Apis^.]  I.  a.  Belating  to  bees,  or  to  bee- 
keeping. 

II.  II.  A  bee-keeper;  an  apiarist, 
apiarist  (a'pi-a-rist),  u.  [<  apian/  +  -ist.]  One 
who  keeps  an  apiary;  one  who  keeps  bees,  or 
studies  the  nature  of  bees ;  a  bee-keeper  or  bee- 
master. 

apiary  (a'pi-a-ri),  u.  ■  pi.  apiaries  (-riz).  [<  L 
apianum,  a  bee-house,  beehive,  neut.  of  apia- 


apiary 

riiis,  relating  to  bees :  see  apiarian.'i  A  place 
where  bees  are  kept ;  a  stand  or  slied  for  bees ; 
a  bee-house  eoutaiuing  a  number  of  beehives. 

apiaster  (a'pi-as-ter),  n.  [NL.,  <  LL.  apiastra, 
the  bee-eater,  a  bird  commonly  called  merops; 
<  apis,  a  bee,  +  -aster.'\  In  oniitli.,  an  old  name 
of  the  bee-eater;  in  1760  made  by  Brisson  a 
generic  name  for  the  beo-eaters ;  now  the  spe- 
cific name  of  the  European  bee-eater,  Mcrops 
apiaster.    See  cut  under  bee-catcr. 

apical  (ap'i-kal),  a.  [<  L.  apex  (apic-),  apex,  + 
-a?.]  Relating  to  the  apex  or  top ;  belonging 
to  the  pointed  end  of  a  cone-shaped  body. — 

Apical  cell.  (<()  in  bot.,  the  siiii^lo  cell  wliioh  in  most 
of  the  liigher  cryptogams  constitutes  tlie  growing-point 
(piuictiiiii  rerii'tntionis).  (b)  In  zooL,  a  cell  at  the  apex  of 
the  segmented  ovnm  of  some  embryos,  as  sponges :  the 
opposite  of  basal  cell. 

apically  (ap'i-kal-i),  adv.   At  the  apex  or  tip. 

apicated  (ap'i-kS-ted),  a.  [<  NL.  ajncatus  (cf. 
L.  ajiicatus,  adorned  with  an  apex  or  priest's 
csip),<  apex  (ajnc-):  see  flpexand-oiel.]  Hav- 
ing a  conspicuous  apex. 

apices,  «.    Plm-al  of  ajiex. 

Apician  (a-pis'ian),  a.  [<  L.  Apiciamis,  <  Api- 
cim.']  Referring  to  or  resembUng  Apicius,  a 
celebrated  Roman  epicm-e  in  the  time  of  Tibe- 
rius ;  hence,  relating  to  the  skilful  preparation 
of  delicate  viands;  dainty  In  regard  to  food. 

apicifixed  (ap'i-si-fikst),  «.  [<  L.  apex  {apic-), 
apex,  -I-  fixus,  fixed,  +  lu  hot.,  attached 

by  the  apex,  as  an  anther  (in  some  eases)  to  the 
filament. 

apicillary  (ap-i-sil'a-ri),  «.  [<  NL.  as  if  *api- 
cillus,  dim.  of  L.  apex  {apic-),  apex,  +  -ary.l 
Situated  at  or  near  the  apex. 

apickabackf,  apickbackt,  adv.  Same  as  pick- 
aback. 

apiculate  (a-pik'u-lat),  a.  [<  NL.  apicidatus, 
s  apiculus,  q.  v.]  In  hot.,  tipped  with  a  short 
and  abrupt  point:  applied  to  a  leaf  or  any 
other  part  which  is  suddenly  terminated  by  a 
distinct  point  or  apiculus. 

apiculated  (a-pik'u-la-ted),  a.  Same  as  apicu- 
late. 

apiculi,  «.    Plural  of  apiculus. 

apiculture  (a'pi-kul-tur),  n.  [<  L.  apis,  a  bee, 
+  cultura,  culture.  Cf.  agriculture.']  The  rear- 
ing of  bees. 

apiculturist  (a'pi-kul-tur-ist),  n.  [<  apiculture 
+  -ist.']  One  who  engages  in  apiculture,  or  the 
breeding,  care,  and  improvement  of  bees. 

apiculus  (a-pik'u-lus),  v.;  pi.  apicuU  (-li).  [NL., 
dim.  of  L.  apex  (apic-),  a  point :  see  apex.^  In 
hot.,  a  small  point  formed  by  the  projection  of 
the  midrib  beyond  its  leaf. 

Apidffii  (ap'i-de),  «.  jjL  [NL.,<  Apis'^  +-idw.'\ 
A  family  of  melliferous  or  anthophilous  acu- 
leate hymenopterous  insects;  the  typical  bees. 


Honey-Bee  {Apis  mttlifica^.  typical  oi Apida. 
I,  queen  :  2,  neuter  worker;  3,  drone.    (Slightly  reduced.) 

with  the  mouth-parts  short  and  stout,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  other  bees,  or  Andrenida:, 
which  have  a  long  trunk.  The  family  contains  Apis 
(the  hive-bees),  Botnbus  (the  bumblebees),  and  many  other 
genera  of  social  bees,  besides  a  number  of  solitary  ones,  as 
Xylocopa  (the  carpenter-bees),  etc.  See  bee,  Apis^,  and 
cuts  under  Anthophora  and  carpenter-bee. 

Apidse^  (ap'i-de),  n.  j)l.    [NL.,  <  Ajms  +  -idee.'] 

Same  as  Apodidw. 
apiece  (a-pes'),  iirep.  plir.  as  adv.    [Early  mod. 

E.  also  apeece,  apecc,  a  piece,  a  peece,  a  jfcce, 
<  ME.  a  pece :  a,  E.  ifi ;  pece,  piece ;  the  prep.  («3) 
being  merged  in  popular  apprehension  with  the 
article  (a^)  and  the  noun  extended  in  meaning: 
see  a3,  a^,  and  piece.]  For  each  piece,  article, 
thing,  or  person ;  for  each;  to  each;  each:  as, 
they  cost  a  dollar  apiece;  there  is  an  orange 
apiece. 

Neither  have  two  coats  apiece.  Luke  ix.  3. 

In  earnest,  pray,  how  many  men  apiece 
Have  you  two  been  the  death  of? 

Ford,  Broken  Heart,  i.  2. 

apiscest  (a-pe'sez),  «fto.  [i  a^  +  ineces.]  In  or 
to  pieces. 

Yield  up  my  sword?  That's  Hebrew  ; 
I'll  first  be  cut  apieces. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Little  French  Lawyer,  ii.  1. 

apiin  (a'pi-in),  71.  [<  L.  apium,  parsley,  +  -m^.] 
A  gelatinous  substance  obtained  from  common 


260 

parsley  by  boiling  it  in  water.    The  filtered 

solution,  on  cooling,  deposits  apiin. 
apikedt,  «■    [ME.,  <a-+  piked,  pyked,  trimmed, 
lit.  picked:  see  rt-i  and  pike,  pick.]  Trimmed; 
cleaned  from  dirt. 

Fill  fressh  and  newe  here  gere  apiked  was. 

Chaucer,  Ge'i.  I'rol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  3(5.'), 

apilary  (a-pil'a-ri),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  iriloi;, 
a  cap,  +  -ari/.]  Characterized  by  abnormal 
STippression  of  the  galea  or  iipper  lip:  applied 
by  Morren  to  the  flowers  of  certain  bilabiate 
plants,  as  Calceolaria. 

apinoid  (ap'i-noid),  a.  [<  Gr.  airivt/^,  without 
dirt  (<«-  priv.  +  ttivoc,  dirt),  +  fMof,  form:  see 
-aid.]  Free  from  dirt:  sometimes  applied  to 
scirrhous  cancer,  from  the  cleanliness  of  the 
surface  of  a  section. 

Apiocrinidse  (ap'i-o-ki-in'i-de),  n.  j)7.  [NL.,  < 
Apiocriiiiis  +  -ida'.]  The  pear-encrinites,  con- 
sidered as  a  family  of  crinoids,  typified  by  the 
genus  Apiocriiius.  The  same  or  a  similar  group 
is  variously  called  Apiocrinidea,  Apiocrinitidca, 
and  Apiocrinoidea. 

apiocrinite  (ap-i-ok'ri-nit),  n.  [<  Apiocrinus 
+  A  pear-encrinite ;  a  member  of  the 

genus  Apiocrinus. 

Apiocrinus  (ap-i-ok'ri-mis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  drr/- 
ov,  a  pear,  +  Kplvov,  a  lily:  see  criuoid.]  A 
genus  of  braehiate  fossil  crinoids,  or  encri- 
nites;  the  pear-encrinites,  or  pyriform  stone- 
lilies,  of  the  family  EticriimUe  and  order  Cri- 
noidea.  Oneof  the  species  is  J.  ?'o/i/)if7Ms.  They 
occui'  in  the  Cretaceous  and  Oolite  formations. 
Originally  written  Apiocrinitcs. 

apioid  (ap'i-oid),  V.  [<  Gr.  a-toeid)]^,  pear- 
shaped,  <  aniov,  a  pear,  +  f«Sof,  form.]  A  plane 
curve  so  drawn  that  the  distauce  of  any  point 
in  it  from  a  given  fixed  point,  increased  by  a 
constant,  positive,  and  proper  fraction  of  its 
distance  from  another  given  fixed  point,  gives 
a  positive  constant.  It  is  that  one  of  a  pair 
of  Cartesian  ovals  which  is  within  the  other. 
See  Cartesian. 

apiol  (ap'i-ol),  n.  [<  L.  apium,  parsley,  +  -ol.] 
An  organic  substance,  forming  long,  white, 
brittle,  needle-like  crystals,  extracted  by  distill- 
ing parsley-seeds  with  water.  It  melts  at  86° 
F.,  and  boils  at  about  572°  F.  It  is  used  as  an 
emmenagogue.    Also  (tdlleA. parsley-camphor . 

apiologist  (a-pi-ol'o-jist),  w.  One  versed  in 
apiology. 

apiology  (a-pi-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  L.  apis,  a  bee  (see 
Apis^),  +  Gr.  -/lo7('a,<  T^eyuv,  speak  :  see  -ology.] 
A  systematic  or  scientific  study  of  bees. 

Apiomerinae  (ap"i-o-me-ri'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Apiomcrus  +  -inee.]  A  subfamily  of  heterop- 
terous  insects,  of  the  family  Bednriida;  tyijitied 
by  the  genus  Apiomerus.  It  is  a  large  group  in 
America,  with  several  species  peculiar  to  the 
United  States. 

Apiomerus  (aj^^i-o-me'rus),  v.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

amov,  a  pear,  +  p'/pdg,  thigh.]  A  genus  of 
heteropterous  insects,  of  the  family  Heduviidce, 
typical  of  a  subfamily  Apiome- 
riucB.  A.  crassipes  (Uhler)  is 
a  species  widely  distributed 
in  the  United  States. 

Apion  (ap'i-on),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  aniov,  a  pear.]  A  genus  of 
weevils,  of  the  family  Curcu- 
lioiidw,  the  larvaj  of  which  are 
specially  injurious  to  clover. 

Apioninse  (ap"i-o-iii'ne),  n.jyl. 
INh.,  <.  Apion  + -iiui'.]  Inen- 
tom.,  a  subfamily  of  rhynchophorous  beetles,  of 
the  family  Curculionidw  or  weevils,  typified  by 
the  genus  Apion,  and  characterized  by  straight 
antennse,  a  lateral  fold  on  the  inner  surface  of 
the  elytra,  a  horizontal  pygidium,  and  an  abdo- 
men alike  in  both  sexes.  The  species  are  most- 
ly very  small. 

Apios  (ap'i-os),  71.  [NL.,  so  called  from  the 
shape  of  the  tubers ;  <  Gr.  a-moc,  a  pear,  also  a 
pear-tree ;  cf .  aTriov,  a  pear,  dTr^of,  a  kind  of 
euphorbia,  perhaps  the  sun-spurge.]  A  North 
American  genus  of  leguminous  climbing  plants, 
producing  edible  tubers  on  underground  shoots. 

The  only  species,  A.  tuberosa,  is  a  native  of  the  Atlantic 
States,  and  is  called  ground-nut  or  wild  bean;  its  tubers, 
though  numerous,  are  small. 

Apis^  (a'pis),  n.  [L.,  a  bee ;  perhaps  =:  Gr. 
i/^TTtf,  a  gnat ;  cf.  OHG.  imhi,  impi,  a  swarm  of 
bees,  MHG.  imh,  imme,  G.  imme,  a  bee.]  A 
genus  of  melliferous  or  anthophilous  aculeate 
hymenopterous  insects,  the  ty]ie  of  the  family 
Apid<e  and  of  the  suborder  Mellifcra  or  A71- 
thophila ;  the  hive-bees.  The  genus  was  formerly 
coextensive  with  these  groups,  but  is  now  by  successive 


Apis. 

Mummy  in  the  collection  of  the  New 
York  Historical  Society. 


Apwmrrus  crassipes. 


aplanogamete 

detachments  of  other  genera  limited  to  the  hive-bee  {Ajm 
melUfica')  and  its  immediate  relatives.  See  bee,  and  cut 
under  Ap'sdoe'^. 
Apis^  (a'pis),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  'A;r(f,  <  Egypt.  Uapi, 
lit.  'hidden.']  The  sacred  bull  of  the  ancient 
Egyptians,  to  which 
divine  honors  were 

paid.  The  bull  sought 
(Jilt  by  the  priests  for  this 
purpiise  was  required  to 
be  l)!ack  with  a  triangular 
white  spot  on  the  fore- 
head, and  with  numerous 
otlicr  marks  vhich  de- 
notoil  the  true  Apis. 

apish  (a'pish),  a.  [< 
ape  ■\- -is)\^ .]  Having 
the  qualities  of  an 
ape  ;  inclined  to  im- 
itate in  a  servile  manner;  hence,  foolishly  fop- 
pish, affected,  or  trifling  :  as,  apisli  manners. 

A  kinde  of  birds  as  it  were  of  an  apish  kinde,  ready  to 
imitate  what  they  see  done. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Camden's  Britannia  (1G37),  p.  543. 

apishamore  (a-pish'a-mor),  n.  [Origin  not  as- 
certained.] In  the  western  United  States,  a  sad- 
dle-blanket made  of  the  skin  of  a  buffalo-calf. 

apishly  (a'pish-li),  adv.  In  an  apish  manner ; 
with  silly  imitation ;  foppishly. 

Sin  is  so  apishhj  crafty,  as  to  hide  itself  under  the  col- 
ours and  masks  of  goodness  and  honesty. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  15. 

apishness  (a'pish-nes),  «.  [<  apish  +  -ness.] 
The  quality  of  being  apish ;  mimicry ;  foppery : 
as,  "the  apish7icss  of  foreign  manners,"  War- 
hurton,  Sermons. 

We  were  not  born  to  revel  in  the  ajHshness  of  ridiculous 
expense  of  time.  Ford,  Line  of  Life. 

Apistes  (a-pis'tez),  71.  [NL.,  also  Apisius,  < 
Gr.  aniaroq,  not  to  be  trusted,  incredible,  <  d- 
priv.  +  ■Kiardg,  to  be  trusted,  verbal  adj.  of 
TTsideiv,  prevail  upon,  in  pass.  Treideadat,  believe.] 
A  genus  of  fishes,  typical  of  the  subfamily  Apis- 
tinw. 

Apistinse  (ap-is-ti'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Apistes 
+  -ina:]  A  subfamily  of  fishes,  of  the  family 
Scorpcenidai,  exemplified  by  the  genus  Apistes, 
having  the  vertebrBe  typical  in  number  (10  ab- 
dominal and  14  caudal),  and  the  dorsal  fin  com- 
mencing on  the  nape  or  head.  They  are  char- 
acteristic of  the  Indo-Pacific  region. 

apitpatf  (a-pit'pat),  pi-ep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  a3 
+  2yitpat.  Ct.  2>it-a-pat.]  With  quick  beating 
or  palpitation ;  pit-a-pat. 

Welcome,  my  bully,  my  buck ;  agad,  my  heart  is  gone 
apitpat  for  you.  Congrere,  Old  Batchelor,  li.  2. 

api'VOrous  (a-piv'o-rus),  a.  [<  L.  apis,  a  bee,  + 
corwce,  devour.]   Bee-eating;  feeding  on  bees. 

aplacental  (ap-la-sen'tal),  a.  [<  NL.  aplacen- 
talis,  <  Gr.  a-  jjriv!  (rt-18)  -i-  placenta,  q.  v.]  Hav- 
ing no  placenta ;  implacental:  applied  to  those 
mammals  in  which  no  placenta  is  developed  dur- 
ing gestation.  The  aplacental  mammals  comprise  the 
Mvnotremata  and  Marsupialia,  the  two  lowest  orders  of 
mammals,  including  the  duck-mole,  porcupine  ant-eater, 
kangaroo,  etc.  The  young  ai  e  born  at  a  much  more  imma- 
ture stage  of  fetal  development  than  in  the  placental  mam- 
mals, and  are  so  helpless  that  they  are  unable  even  to  suck, 
and  in  most  cases  have  to  be  fixed  by  the  mother  herself 
upon  the  teats,  while  the  milk  is  forced  into  their  mouths 
by  a  muscle  which  is  spread  over  the  mammary  gland. 

Aplacentalia  (ap"la-sen-ta'li-a),  w.  j>7.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  aplacentalis :  see  ajAacental.]  Same 
as  Implaccntalia. 

Aplacentaria  (ap"la-sen-ta'ri-a),  «.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  aplaceniarins,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  (rt-l8) 
-F  j)Zacc«ta,  q.  V.  Qt.  aplacental.]  Same  as /»«- 
place7i,talia. 

aplanatic  (ap-la-nat'ik),  a.  [Prop,  aplanetic, 
<  Gr.  airlavT/To^','  not  wandering,  <  d-  priv.  + 
7r?i.av7jT6^,  wan(iering:  see  pkmct.]  Without 
aberration:  in  optics,  applied  to  a  lens  or  com- 
bination of  lenses,  as  in  a  telescope,  which 
brings  parallel  rays  to  a  focus  without  spherical 
or  chromatic  aberration — Aplanatic  line,  a  Car- 
tesian oval :  so  called  because  it  is  the  section  of  a  sur- 
face refracting  light  from  one  focus  to  another  without 
aberration. 

aplanatically  (ap-la-nat'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
aplanatic  manner;  as  regards  aplanatism,  or 
the  absence  of  spherical  aberration. 

aplanatism  (a-plan'a-tizm),  11.  [<  aplanat-ic  + 
-ism.]  In  optics,  the  condition  of  being  free 
from  spherical  aberration. 

aplanetic  (ap-la-net'ik),  a.    Same  as  aplanatic. 

aplanogamete '( ap'''la-no-gam'e-te),  n.  [<  Gr.  a- 
priv.  +  n'Advog,  wandering,  roaming,  +  ya/jerri, 
a  wife:  see  a-'^^  and  j)hiiiof/ainrte.]  In  hot.,  a, 
conjugating  cell  of  the  Coiijugata;  in  distinction 
from  the  platwgamete  (the  ciliated  and  mobile 
zoospore)  of  the  Zodsporece.    See  gamete. 


aplasia 

aplasia  (a-pla'si-a).  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 

-Aaaic,  formation,  <7r?ido(jecv.  form,  mold.]  De- 
fective or  arrested  develoisment  in  a  tissue  or 
an  organ. 

aplastic  (a-plas'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  airAaaToc,  not 
capable  of  being  molded  (<  a-  priv.  +  ;r/.a<rro'f 
molded),  +  -ic:  see  a-i8  and  lilastic.^  Not 
plastic ;  not  easily  molded. 

aplatisseur  (a-pla-te-ser'),  v.  [F.,  <  aplaUr 
(aplattss-),  crash,  flatten,  <  a  (L.  ad)  +  plat, 
flat.]  A  mill  for  crushing  grain  to  be  used  as 
food  tor  cattle. 

Apleuri  (a-plo'ri),  n.  pi  [NL.,  pi.  of  apleurus. 
<  Gi\  a-  priv.  +  TTlevpd,  rib.]  A  name  proposed 
by  Owen  for  a  suborder  of  ribless  plectogna- 
thous  fishes,  consisting  of  the  famiHes  Ostra- 
cioHtidw  and  Gijmnodo)itklce. 

aplite,  n.    See  hapUte. 

aplo-.  Improper  form  of  hapJo-,  adopted  in  some 
zoological  and  botanical  names.    See  liaplo-. 

Aplodes,  n.    See  Haplodes. 

aplomb  (a-plou'),  n.  [F.,  self-possession,  assur- 
ance, ht.  perpendicularity,  <  a  plomh,  perpen- 
dicular, plumb:  a  (<  L.  ad),  to;  jjlomh,  plumb, 
plummet :  see  plumh.']  Self-possession  spring- 
ing from  perfect  confidence  in  one's  self :  as- 
surance. 

The  staple  figure  in  novels  is  the  man  of  aplomb  who 
Bits  among  the  young  aspirants  and  descerates  unite 
sure  and  compact,  and,  never  sharing  their  affections  or 
debilities,  hurls  his  word  like  a  bullet  when  occasion  re- 
quires, knows  his  way,  and  carries  his  points. 

Emerson,  Letters  and  Social  Aims,  p.  72. 

aplome,  n.  See  haplome. 
Aplopappus,  M.  See  Haplopappus. 
aplostemonous,  a.  See  haplostemonous. 
aplotomy,  n.  See  haplotomy. 
aplustre  (ap-lus'tre),  n.  [L.,  also  aplustrum, 
chiefly  in  pi.  aplus- 
triaov  aplustra;  LL. 
also  amplustre;  <  Gr. 
aiplaarov,  the  charac- 
teristic ornaments  of 
the  stern  of  a  ship. 
Cf.  acrostolium.'] 
The  ornament  rising 
above  the  stern  of 
ancient  ships.  Though 
varying  much  in  desigii, 
these  ornaments  were 
often  very  graceful,  par- 
ticularly in  Greek  ex- 
amples. A  usual  form 
was  a  sheaf  or  plume  of 
volutes,  variously  com- 
bined. The  aplustre  rose 
.  J  .     ,  immediately  behind  the 

steersman,  and  is  often  represented  as  supporting  a  flao- 
As  a  conspicuous  part  of  the  ship,  it  was  often  removed  as 
a  trophy  by  captors.   Also  called  aphlaston. 

About  two  hours  later  Arrius  stood  under  the  aplustre 
of  the  galley.  l.  Wallace,  Beii-Hur,p.  141. 

Aplysia  (ap-Us'i-a),  n.  [NL.;  ef.  L.  aplysice, 
pl.,<  ijir.  anlvaiai,  pi.,  prop.  gen.  sing.,  airlv- 
ciag  OTtdyyog, 
a  sponge,  so 
named  from 
its  dirty-gray 
color,  <  Gr. 
airXvaia,  filthi- 
ness,  <  a-jT/iv- 
roc,  Tin  wash- 
ed, <d- priv.  -f- 
ttXvtoc,  verbal 


261 

portions  of  the  lungs,  especially  that  condition 
of  lobular  distribution  which  results  from  bron- 
chitis. It  is  chiefly  confined  to  infancy  and  early 
childhood. 

Apneumona  (ap-nii'mo-na),  H.  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  upneumon :  see  ajmeimoiious.']  An 
order  of  holothui'iaiis ;  one  of  two  orders  into 
which  the  class  Rolothuroidea  is  divisible  (the 
other  being  Dipneumona  or  Fneumonophora). 

ive  no  organs  of  respiration,  nor  Cuvierian  organs. 


They  have  no  organs  of  respii  „ui  v,uvjei  ian  organs, 

ihe  order  contains  those  holothurians  which  are  hermaph- 
rodite, as  Stmapta.  It  is  divisible  into  two  families  Sy- 
naptidai  and  Oncinolabklce.    .See  cut  under  Syimpta. 

Apneumones  (ap-nu'mo-nez),  v.  pi.    Same  as 
ApHcumoitu. 

apneumonous  (ap-nti'mo-nus),  a.  [<  NL.  ap- 
neumoii,<  Gr.  a-vevfiuv,  without  lungs  (breath), 
<  a-  priv.  +  irvei/juv,  lung  (Truebfia,  breath).] 
Having  no  respu'atory  organs;  specifically, 
pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  Apneumona. 
Apneusta  (ap-nus'ta),  n.pl.  [NL.,  neut.  pi  of 
apneustns,  <  Gr.  a-veva-og,  without  breath,  <  d- 
priv.  -t-  *7rvevcT6g,  verbal  adj.  of  Trveiu,  breathe.] 
A  suborder  of  opisthobranchiate  gastropods: 
a  synonym  of  Ahranchia  or  Dermatopnoa  (which 
see).  See  also  Sacoglossa. 
apnoea  (ap-ne'a),  V.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aTzvoia,  want 
of  wind,  <  anvooc,  without  wind,  breathless,  <  d- 
priv.  -f-  Kvuv,  blow,  breathe.]  In  pathol.,  par- 
tial privation  or  suspension  of  respiration ;  want 
of  breath.  Specifically,  it  denotes  the  inhibition  of  res- 
piration by  the  presence  of  an  abnormally  great  quantity 
01  oxygen  m  the  blood.  It  is  also  improperly  used  by  some 
to  denote  the  opposite  condition,  that  of  asphyxia 

apnceal  (ap-ne'al),  a.  Characterized  by  apnoea. 
apnoeic  (ap-ne'ik),  a.  Same  as  apnceal. 
apo-.  [L.,  etc.,  apo-,  <  Gr.  ano-,  prefix,  dird,  prep. 
=  L.  ab  =  Skt.  apa  =  AS.  of,  E.  of,  off,  etc. :  see 
ah-  and  of,  off.  Before  a  vowel  the  prefix  be- 
comes a^;-,  Gr.  drr-;  before  the  rough  breathing, 
aph-,  Gr.  a0-.]  A  prefix  of  Greek  origin,  meaS- 
mg  off,  from,  away  from  (in  respect  to  place, 
time,  or  origin), 
apobates  (a-pob'a-tez),  n. ;  pi.  aiwbaUe  (-te). 
[Gr.  aTroiSaryg,  lit.  one  who  dismounts,  <  airo- 
tiaivew,  step  off  from,  dismount,  <  aird,  off,  + 
fiaiveiv,  verbal  adj.  /^ardf,  step,  go.]  In  Gr. 
antiq.,  a  warrior  who  rode  into  action  on  a 
chariot,  standing  beside  the  charioteer,  and 
leaped  off  and  on,  according  to  the  exigencies 
ot  the  fight,  while  the  chariot  was  in  motion 

This  method  of  fight- 


apocar- 
In  hot.. 


Apocarpous  Fruit 
(achenia)  of  Thatic- 
trtttn  ammonoides 
(rue-anemone). 

(Cray's  "  Genera  of 
Plants  of  U.  S.") 


Aplustre  of  an  ancient  Greek  Ship. 


Depilatory  Sea-hare  [Aflysia  (kpilans). 


Apobates.— Frieze  of  the  Parthenon 
British  Museum- 


adj  of  x;iw£w,  wash.]  A  genus  of  gastropodous 
moUusks,  the  sea-hares,  having  an  oval  oblong 
form  with  four  tentacles,  and  somewhat  resem- 

thTj,?,>!^^®%  ■''^  numerous  species  are  remarkable  for 
the  function  of  secreting  a  fluid  of  violet  color  (due  to  the 
One  nf'f„°V'"!'r^'  '^'"'^'^  they  discharge  wheil  molested 
h»rp  L  t.'^i?'''.','™"'''"  '^mlans,  the  depilatory  sea- 
nare  so  called  because  it  was  supposed  that  the  fluid  it 
^charged  was  capable  of  removing  hair  or  preventing  its 
fLiWn,  ^7«7w"n Laplysia,  by  an  original  mistake 
(Linuffius,  1767),  followed  by  many  writers 

aplysiid  (ap-Us'i-id),  n.  A  gastropod  of  the 
family  Aplysiidm. 

Aplysiidse  (ap-li-si'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aphi- 
sia  +  -Ida;.)  A  family  of  tectibranchiate  gas- 
tropods, of  which  the  genus  Aplysia  is  the  type, 
having  the  sheU  rudimentary  or  wanting.  Be- 
Tnd  Vi^^SSfo"'*"!?*?'' ^"^''y''^  ^"i''''  S^^era,  as  Dolahella 
rectlv  vtritt^n  the  species  are  numerous.  Also  incor- 
[s  also  n-iiAn  iP]y'^.''<l<«  and  Aplysidce.    The  same  group 

a  f  ?  ^Xv^acm,  Aplysiana,  and  Aplyinank 

apneumatic  (ap-nu-mat'ik),  a.    [<  Gr.  diTvev- 
H^"^  through  (<  a-  priv.  Tvvev. 
mr-),  breath,  blowing),  +  -ic :  see  a-i8  and 

CZZi  ^°^^P^*^'i=  ^PPli^d 

apneumatosis  (ap-nii-ma-to'sis),  n.  [NL  < 
moN.rT''^"^'  J^ot  ^lo^  through  (see  apneu- 
mattc),  +  ^s»s.]    An  unioflated  condition  of 


„  was  a  tradition  in 
Greece  from  the  heroic 
age,  but  in  historic 
times  the  practice  was 
preserved  only  in  Boeo- 
tia  and  in  Athens,  par- 
ticularly as  a  feature  of 
the  Panatheiiaic  pro- 
cession in  the  latter 
state. 

In  the  Theseion 
[frieze]  .  .  .  there  are 
figures  to  be  found  re- 
sembling in  form,  atti- 
tude, armour,  and  dress 
the  apobatce,  who  leaii 
on  to  their  chariots  in 
the  Parthenon  frieze. 
A.  S.  Murray,  Greek 
[Sculpture,  I.  2i4. 

apoblast  (ap'6- 
blast),  n.  [<  Gr. 
and,  off,  -1-  pXauTog, 

germ.]  In  biol.,  a  so-called  directive  corpuscle : 
a  small  temporary  body  formed  in  an  unim- 
pregnated  ovum  as  a  result  of  cell-division 
See  extract. 

.h?,!fV"ri°"  dividing  upper  sphere  are  the  eight- 
shaped  directive  corpuscles, "  better  called  "  praisemTnal 
outcast  cells  or  apoblasts,"  since  they  are  the  result  of  a 
cell-divisiou  which  affects  the  egg-cell  before  it  is  impre-- 
nated,  and  are  mere  refuse  destined  to  disappear.  ° 
B.  R.  Lankeater,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  637. 

apocalypse  (a-pok'a-lips),  w.  [<  IIE.  apocalinse, 
-lyps,  etc.,  abbr.  pocalyps,  <  L.  apocalypsis, 
,  oTTomAvfic,  an  uncovering,  revelation  < 
aTTOKaXvTTTeiv,  uncover,  reveal,  <  dTrd,  from,  -f- 
KaXvTTTetv,  cover.]  Revelation ;  discovery ;  dis- 
closure; specifically  (with  a  capital  letter),  a 
title  of  the  last  book  of  the  New  Testament, 
usually  called  the  book  of  Revelation,  and  in 
the  English  version  the  Revelation  of  St.  John 
the  Dmne. 

apocalypt  (a-pok'a-lipt),  n.  [<  Gr.  as  if  *d7ro/ca- 
AvTTTT/c,  a  revealer,  <  a-oKa'AvTrreiv,  reveal  •  see 
apocalypse,  and  cf.  apocahjptist.']  The  author 
of  the  Apocalypse.  Coleridge.  [Rare.] 
apocalyptic  (a-pok-a-lip'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr. 
a^onaAvTrriKOQ,  <  h-oKalv-^ruv :  see  apocalypse  j 
1.  a.  1.  Containing  or  pertainiug  to  an  apoca- 
lypse or  revelation;  specificaUy,  relating  to  or 


apocopate 

simulating  the  book  of  Revelation  in  the  New 
lestament.— 2.  Given  to  the  explanation  or 
application  of  prophecy. 

As  if  (foi-sootli)  tlicre  could  not  be  so  much  as  a  few 
houses  fired,  .  .  .  hnt  that  mme  apocalyptic  ignoramm  or 
other  must  presently  find,  and  pick  it  out  of  some  alZt-d 
martyred  prophecy  of  Ezekiel.  Daniel,  or  the  RevelS  ' 
Houth,  .Sermons,  V.  57. 
Apocalyptic  number,  the  number  666,  spokeu  of  in  Rev. 

II.  «.  Same  as  apocahjptist. 

The  divine  apocalyptic.  Liyhlfoot,  Misc.,  p.  107 

apocalyptical  (a-pok-a-lip'ti-kal),  a.    Same  as 

apocalyptic. 

apocalyptically  (a-pok-a-lip'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  apocalyptic  manner;  in,  or  iii  relation  to 
the  Apocalypse;  by  revelation, 
apocalypticism  (a -pok -a- lip 'ti-sizm),  n.  [< 
apocalyptic  +  -;«/«.]  1.  In  theoL,  the  doctrine  of 
the  second  coming  and  personal  reign  of  Christ 
upon  the  earth:  so  called  from  its  supposed 
justification  in  the  Apocalypse  or  Revelation 
of  St.  John.    See  millcnarianism. 

The  old  Christian  eschatology  is  set  aside;  no  one  has 
dealt  such  deadly  blows  to  Chiliasm  and  Christian  apoca- 
lypticism as  Origen.  Eneyc.  Brit.,  XVIi;  842. 

2.   Excessive  fondness  for  interpreting  the 
prophecies  of  the  Apocalypse;  tendency  to 
theorize  over-confidently  as  to  the  events  of  the 
last  days,  on  the  ground  of  a  favorite  individual 
or  polemical  explanation  of  the  Apocalypse, 
apocalyptist  (a-pok-a-lip'tist),  n.    [As  apoca- 
lypt +  .tst.^    1.  The  writer  of  the  Apocalypse. 
—  2.  An  interpreter  of  the  Apocalypse. 
Also  apocalyptic. 
apocarpous  (ap-o-kar'pus),  a.    [<  NL. 
pus,  <  Gr.  d7r<5,  from,  +  KapTTuq,  fmit.] 
having  the  eai-pels  of  the  gy- 
noecium  separate.  Applied  to  an 

ovary  or  a  fruit  composed  of  one  or 
more  simple  and  distinct  pistils,  as 
m  the  RanunculacecB  and  many  Ro- 
sacene. 

apocatastasis  (ai)"9-ka-tas'ta- 

sis),  n.  [<  Gr.  aTroKaraGTamg, 
the  period  of  a  star,  return, 
restoration,  <  aKOKaJdiaravai,  re- 
store, return,  reestablish,  < 
aird,  from,  +  Kadcardvat,  estab- 
lish, <  /card,  down,  +  IdTdvai,  set, 
cause  to  stand,  =  L.  stare,  stand.]  Reestablish- 
ment;  full  restoration;  final  restitution,  used 

Htki'if  of"j^  '■"r^'T^^^*)-^"  t'^*^  periodic  cSu 

Idtio  1  of  a  planet,  as  bringing  it  back  to  the  point  from 
which  It  had  set  out.  (b)  In  med.,  the  restoration  whTch 
IS  indicated  by  the  cessation  or  subsiding  of  an  abscess  or  a 
tumor.   (c)In  theol.,  the  finalrestitution  of  all  things  in 

Ivo^of  God  '"'^fff'  '''V""  restored 'to  tie 
lavorofGod.  The  doctrine  of  such  a  restitution  founded 
hi'  the'f 'r''"'^  S"*^'^^  P'*^^-''"^^  Scripture,  has  appeared 
pe^|'c^Z?ll^tid\^^^^^^^^ 

apocatharsis  (ap"6-ka-thar'sis),  n.  [NL  < 
Gr  aTTOKadapaig,  that  which  is  cleared  off,  <  d^o- 
KoBaipziv,  clear  off,  cleanse,  <  d-d,  off,  4-  KaOai- 
petv  cleanse:  see  cathartic.-]  In  med.,  same  as 
catharsis.  Dunglison. 
apocathartic  (ap'o-ka-thar'tik),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Gr.  a-omtiaprtKog,  clearing  off,  cleansing,  <  cnfo- 
KaOaipuv,  clear  off:  see  apocatharsis. T  I  a 
Same  as  cathartic,  1.  j  • 

II.  n.  A  cathartic, 
apochromatic  (ap"6-kr6-mat'ik)  a  [<  Gr 
arro  from,  +xpo^f,a(r.),  color,  +  -ic]  An  epi- 
thet descriptive  of  an  improved  form  of  lens 
devised  by  Professor  Abbe  of  Jena,  constructed 
of  new  kmds  of  glass  which  aUow  of  a  more 
perfect  correction  of  chromatic  and  spherical 
aberration  than  has  hitherto  been  possible.  The 
thPiV^f/r.^  ^™Pj?ye<l  are  chiefly  remarkable  in  that 
their  dispersion  for  different  parts  of  the  spectrum  is  near- 
LTeTto' ?h"."  ••  ''•^T  ^  constructed^f  them  is  not 
hpin^  i;^  H  limitation  of  an  ordinary  achromatic  lens  of 
being  strictly  achromatic  for  two  colors  only.  Another  de- 
nnf  *"!f  7  ^^""^         spherical  aberration  is 

not  corrected  for  all  rays,  is  also  largely  overcome. 

of  Wh^i^'^ 'h""??  these  errors  realizes  an  achromatism 
of  higher  order  than  has  hitherto  been  attained.  The  ob- 
inhlJ."^    ^'^  therefore  distinguished  from 

achromatic  lenses  in  the  old  sense  of  the  word  by  the  term 
apochromatism,  and  maybe  called  apocAro/na^ic objectives 
Jour.  Roy.  Micros.  Soc,  Feb.,  liS",  p.  23. 

apochromatism  (ap-o-kro'ma-tizm),  n.  r<  apo- 
chromat-ic  +  -ism.y  The  condition  of  beme 
apochromatic.    See  above. 

apocopate  (a-pok'o-pat),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
apocopated,  ppr.  apocopating.  [<  apocope  + 
-«fe^.]  In  gram.,  to  cut  off  or  drop  the  last 
letter  or  syllable  of  (a  word). 

apocopate,  apocopated  (a-pok'6-pat,  -pa-ted), 
p.  a.  Cut  off:  applied—  (a)  in  gram.,  to  a  word 
from  which  the  last  letter  or  syllable  has  been 


apocopate 

cut  off,  or  to  the  part  thus  removed ;  (6)  in 
math.,  to  a  series  of  quotients  coustituting  a 
coutiuuaut,  wheu  the  first  or  last  member  of  the 
series  is  eut  off. 

apocope  (a-pok'o-pe),  «.  [L.,  <  Gr.  a-oKonii,  a 
cutting  off,  <  a-OKOTZT£iv,  cut  oft",  <  <irro,  off',  + 
KdizTSw,  cut.]  1.  In  gram.,  the  cutting  off"  or 
omission  of  the  last  letter  or  syllable  of  a  word, 
as  in  th'  for  the,  ('  for  in. — 2.  In  t<i(rg.,  a  wound 
with  loss  of  substance ;  ablation ;  amputation. 
—  3.  leap.']  [NL.]  In  cooV.,  a  genus  of  plec- 
tospondylous  fishes,  of  the  family  Ci/prinichv. 
It  contains  several  species  of  western  North 
America,  such  as  J.  couesi.    E.  D.  Cope,  1871. 

aiPOCrenic  (ap-o-kren'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-6,  from, 
+  Kpi/i'//,  a  spring,  +  -/c]  Obtained  from 
springs:  used  only  in  the  following  phrase. 
— Apocrenic  acid,  iui  uucrystallizable  bioHU  guiuniy 
acid,  soluble  in  water,  existing  in  certain  mineral  si)rinys, 
and  in  the  vegetable  mold  of  soil  together  with  creuic 
acid,  from  which  it  is  formed  by  oxidation. 

Apocreos  (a-pok're-os),  «.  [LGr.  a-oKpeug,  a 
season  of  fasting;  ef.  an-onpeovv,  abstain  from 
flesh,  <  Gr.  a~6,  from,+  xpea^,  flesh.]  In  the  Gr. 
Ch.:  («)  Sexagesima  Simday:  so  called  be- 
cause abstinence  fi'om  flesh  begins  from  that 
day.  (6)  The  week  preceding  Se.xagesima,  in 
some  respects  analogous  to  the  carnival  of 
western  Em-ope. 

apocrisary  (a-pok'ri-sa-ri),  n.;  pi.  apocrisaries 
(-riz).    Same  as  apocrisiary. 

apocrisiary  (ap-o-kris'i-a-ri),  n.;  pi.  apocrisia- 
ries  (-riz).  [<  LL.  upocriskirius,  also  apocrisa- 
rius,  <  Gr.  a-oKpiaig,  an  answer,  <  a-oKpiveadai, 
answer,  mid.  of  a-oKplveiv,  separate,  distin- 
guish, <  a~6,  from,  +  Kpiveiv,  separate,  dis- 
tinguish, =  L.  cernere,  separate,  distinguish : 
see  critic  and  crisis.']  Formerly,  the  title  of  va- 
rious diplomatic  or  ministerial  officers ;  espe- 
cially—  («)  of  the  representatives  of  the  see  of 
Eome  and  other  chief  sees  at  Constantinople ; 
(b)  of  the  papal  representatives  at  the  com't  of 
Charlemagne  and  his  successors,  until  the  title 
was  given  to  an  imperial  officer,  after  which 
the  former  were  called  legates  or  nuncios. 

apocrustict  (ap-o-kms'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr. 
a-oKpovcTiKoc,  able  to  drive  off,  repellent,  <  otto- 
KpovoTog,  driven  off,  verbal  adj.  of  a~0Kpovecv, 
beat  off,  drive  off,  <  a-6,  oft',  -I-  Kpoveiv,  beat, 
strike.]  I.  a.  In  wet?.,  repelling;  astringent. 
II.  )(.  An  astringent  and  repellent  metUeine. 

apocrypha  (a-pok'ri-fa),  n.jd.,  also  used  as  «(/((/. 
[In  ME.  as  a  quasi-adj.,  in  lit.  sense ;  <  LL.  apo- 
cri/jjha,ne\it.  pi.  (sc.  scripta)  of  apocriiphus,<.  Gr. 
cnroKpvdo^  (neut.  pi.  aTiuKpv^a,  sc.  ypafj/iara  or 
(iiji/.ia),  hidden,  concealed,  obscure,  recondite, 
hard  to  understand;  in  eccles.  use,  of  writ- 
ings, anonymous,  of  unknown  or  undetermined 
authorship  or  authority,  unrecognized,  unca- 
nonieal,  spurious,  pseudo-;  <  aTvoKpl'Trretv,  hide 
away,  conceal,  obscure,  <  arvo,  away,  +  upvivTen; 
hide,  conceal:  see  «/)o- and  cr^/;)?.]  1.  A  writ- 
ing or  statement  of  doubtful  authorship  or  au- 
thenticity :  formerly  used,  in  the  jjredicate,  as  a 
quasi-adjective. 

The  writynge  is  .4j:)ocn/y/ia  whanne  the  auctor  therof  is 
uuknowe. 

Trevisa,  tr.  of  Higden's  Polychron.,  V.  105.    (N.  E.  D.) 

That  .  .  .  Kings  enjoy'd  their  Crowns  by  Right  descend- 
ing to  them  from  Adam,  that  we  think  not  only  Apocrypha, 
■but  also  utterly  impossible. 

Locke,  Government,  II.  i.  11.   (N.  E.  D.) 

Specifieally — 2.  Eccles.:  (a)  A  name  given  in 
the  early  church  to  various  writings  of  imcer- 
tain  origin  and  authority,  regarded  by  some 
as  inspired,  but  rejected  by  most  authorities  or 

believers.  Such  books  were  either  works  acknowledged 
to  be  useful  and  edifying,  but  not  establislied  as  canonical, 
or  else  heretical  writings  absolutely  rejected  by  the  church. 

(h)  [cap.]  A  collection  of  fourteen  books  sub- 
joined to  the  canonical  books  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment in  the  authorized  version  of  the  Bible,  as 
originally  issued,  but  now  generally  omitted. 
They  do  not  exist  in  tlie  Hebrew  Bible,  but  are  found  with 
others  of  the  same  character  scattered  through  the  Sep- 
tuagint  and  Vulgate  versions  of  the  Old  Testament.  They 
are  :  First  and  Second  Esdras  (otherwise  Third  and  Fourth 
Esdras  or  Ezra,  reckoning  Nehemiah  as  Second  Ezra  or 
Esdras),  Tobit  or  Tobias,  Judith,  the  Rest  of  Esther,  Wisdom 
of  Solomon,  Ecclesiasticus,  Baruch  (as  joined  to  Jeremiah), 
parts  of  Daniel  (namely.  Song  of  tlie  Three  <'liildren,  the 
History  of  Susanna,  the  Destruction  of  Bel  and  the  Dragon), 
the  Prayer  of  Manasses,  and  B'irst  and  Second  Maccabees. 
Most  of  these  are  recognized  by  the  Roman  ( 'atholif  ( 'luirch 
as  fully  canonical,  though  theologians  of  that  church  often 
distinguish  them  as  deuterocanonical,  on  the  ground  that 
their  place  in  the  canon  was  decided  later  than  that  of  the 
other  books,  limiting  the  name  Apocrypha  to  the  two 
<last)  books  of  Esdras  and  the  Prayer  of  Manasses,  and 
other  books  not  in  the  above  collection,  namely,  Third 
and  Fourth  Maccabees,  a  book  of  Enoch,  an  additional  or 
lh\st  Psalm  of  David,  and  eighteen  Psalms  of  Solomon. 
With  these  sometimes  are  included  certain  pseudepi- 


262 

graphic  books,  such  as  the  Apocalypse  of  Baruch  and  the 
Assumption  of  Moses.  The  name  Apiu  ryiilia  is  also  occa- 
sionally made  to  embrace  the  AntilcuiPUKiui  of  the  New 
Testament.  The  Greek  Clnn'ch  makes  no  distinction  among 
the  books  contained  in  the  Septuagint.  Di  the  Anglican 
and  Lutlieran  churches,  the  Apocryjjha  are  read  for  ex- 
ample of  life  and  instruction  of  manners,  but  not  for  the 
estal)lishing  of  any  doctrine.  See  antilegomena  and  deu- 
tentcanoiiical. 

apocryphal  (a-pok'ri-fal),  a.  and  n.     [<  NL. 

(ipocnjphaiis,  i  LL.  apocrypha  :  see  apocrypha.] 
I.  a.  1.  Of  doubtful  authorship,  authenticity, 
or  inspiration;  spimous;  fictitious;  false. 

The  apocryphal  relics  of  saints  and  apostles  which  then 
burdened  the  shrines  of  Greek  churches. 

Tichior,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  185. 

Specifically — 2.  Eccles.:  (o)  Of  doubtful  sanc- 
tion; imcanonieal;  having  no  ecclesiastical 
authority. 

Jerome  .  .  .  saith  that  all  writings  not  canonical  are 
apocryphal.  Hooker. 

(6)  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Apocrypha:  as,  "the 
Apocryphal  writers,"  Addinon. 

II.  )i.  A  writing  not  canonical;  a  book  or 
passage  of  uncertain  source,  authority,  or 
credit.  [Kare.] 

Nicephorus  and  Anastasius,  .  .  .  because  they  were 
interpolated  and  corrupted,  did  rank  these  epistles  in  the 
number  of  apocryphals.    llanmer,  Eccles.  Antii].,  p.  419. 

apocryphalist  (a-pok'ri-fal-ist),  n.  [<  apocry- 
phal +  -ist.]  An  advocate  of  the  canouicity  of 
the  Apocrypha. 

apocryphally  (a-pok'ri-fal-i),  ndv.  In  an  apoc- 
ryphal manner  ;  uncertainly ;  equivocally  ; 
doubtfully. 

apocryphalness  (a-pok'ri-fal-nes),  w.  [<  apoc- 
ryphal -f-  -ncss.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
apocryphal  or  of  uncertain  authenticity. 

apocryphicalt  (ap-o-krif'i-kal),  a.  [<  apocry- 
pha +  -ic-al.]  Apocryphal.  Bp.  Bull,  Cor.  of 
Ch.  of  Rome. 

Apocynaceae  (a-pos-i-na'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Apocyiium  +  -acem.]  A  natural  order  of  dicoty- 
ledonous plants,  having  for  its  type  the  genus 
Apocynum,  or  dogbane,  it  is  very  nearly  allied  to 
the  order  Asclepiadaceie,  from  which,  however,  it  is  distin- 
guished by  the  fact  that  its  stamens  are  free  from  the 
style  and  stigma,  and  its  anthers  contain  granular  pollen. 
Tlie  species  are  largely  tropical,  and  have  a  milky  juice 
that  is  often  acrid  and  sometimes  very  poisonous.  In- 
dia-rubber is  obtained  from  several  species  in  Africa,  India, 
and  South  America.  The  order  furnishes  woods  that  are 
used  for  carving  and  furniture,  several  fiber-plants,  barks 
valuable  in  medicine,  and  some  edible  fruits.  It  includes 
the  ordeal-tree  of  Madagascar  (Cerbera  Tanghin),  tlie 
milk-tree  of  Demerara,  the  cream-fruit  of  Sierra  Leone, 
and  the  periwinkle  ( Vinca),  oleander  (Nerium  Oleander), 
Cape  jasmine  (Rhynchonpermuin),  and  plants  of  the  ge- 
nus Allamanda  which  are  cultivated  in  gardens  and  green- 
houses. 

apocynaceous  (a-pos-i-na' shins),  n.  [<  NL. 
apocynaceus:  see  Apocyuacew.]  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Apocynacew. 

apocyneous  (ap-o-sin'e-us),  a.  [<  NL.  apocy- 
ueus,  <  Apocynum,  q.  v.]  Same  as  apocynaceous. 
Hoolcr. 

apocynin  (a-pos'i-nin),  11.  [<  Apocynum  -t-  -in^.] 
A  bitter  principle  derived  from  dogbane,  Apocy- 
num cannahinum. 

Apocynum  (a-pos'i-num),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  apocy- 
non,  dogbane  (Aconitum  lycoctonum,  Linnceus), 
<  Gr.  a-n-oKvvov,  a  plant,  Cynanchus  crectiis,  <  otto, 
from,  away,  -I-  kvuv  (kw-),  a  dog,  =  E.  hound.] 
Dogbane,  a  genus  of  perennial  herbs,  type 
of  the  natural  order  Apocynacccc  (which  see), 
and  including  three  species,  of  which  two,  A. 
undroswmifolium  and^.  cannahinum,  are  North 
American.  The  common  name  of  the  latter  is  Indian 
hemp,  from  the  use  of  its  fibrous  and  extremely  tough  bark 
by  the  American  Indians  for  milking  nets,  etc. 

apod,  apode  (ap'od,  -6d),  a.  and  n.     [<  NL. 

apus  (ajiod-),  <  Gr.  uttovc  (oTrofS-),  footless,  <  a- 
priv.  -f  TToi'f  (770(5-)  =  E.  foot.]  I.  a.  Footless; 
apodal. 

II.  n.  An  apodal  or  apodous  animal ;  an  ani- 
mal without  feet,  or  supposed  to  have  none ;  a 
member  of  one  of  the  several  groups  called 
Apoda  or  Apodes. 
Apoda  (ap'o-da),  n.  j)l.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  apus 
{apod-),<.  Gr.  anov^  {anod-),  footless:  see  apod.] 
In  zoiil.,  a  name  given  to  various  groups  of  ani- 
mals, (a)  As  used  by  Aristotle,  the  third  division  of 
Zootoka,  or  air-breathing  animals  which  bring  forth  their 
young  alive.  It  included  the  whales.  This  probably  origi- 
nal use  of  the  word  still  lingers  In  some  systems.  See  (b). 
(h)  Those  placental  mammals  which  have  no  feet,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  Pedota  (which  see),  (c)  In  iciith., 
same  as  Apodea.  (d)  In  Cuvier's  system  of  classification, 
the  second  order  of  ecliinoderms,  contrasted  with  Pedi- 
cellata.  It  is  a  heterogeneous  gi'oup,  consisting  of  the 
followinggenera :  Molpadia,  Minyas,  Priapulus,  LiXhoder- 
inia,  Siphuncidus,  Bonellia,  Thalanaema ;  the  first  a  holo- 
thurian,  the  second  a  cuelenterate,  the  rest  gephyreans. 
((')  With  Van  der  Hoeven,  an  order  of  echinoderms.  See 
Gephyrea.   (/)  In  Claus's  arrangement,  an  order  of  holo- 


apodictic 

thurians,  containing  the  families  Synaptidce  and  Mol- 
padiidai,  the  last  of  which  constitutes  his  suborder  Pneii- 
nioHophora.  (;/)  In  Macleay's  system  of  classification,  a 
division  of  Annelida,  including  those  which  have  no  feet 
or  distinct  head  :  opposed  to  Pubipoda.  It  is  divided  into 
three  groups,  the  Lunibrit-i mt,  >ieniertina,&m\  llirudinea, 
or  tlie  earthworms,  nemerteaiis,  uiul  leeches.  (Ii)  An  order 
of  A  niphibia,  same  as  (iiininophiona  or  Ophiomorpha,  con- 
stituted by  the  family  ('«r//(/i/rt'  alone.  (0  A  group  of 
degraded  parasitic  cirrii)eds,  having  a  vermiform  body 
a  suctorial  mouth,  no  thoracic  or  abdominal  limbs  (and 
conseiiuently  no  cirri),  and  a  rudimentary  peduncle  repre- 
sented by  two  separate  threads  bearing  the  characteristic 
anteiiniform  organs.  There  is  but  one  genus,  Proteole- 
■pas  (wliich  see). 

apodal  (ap'o-dal),  a.  [<  apod  or  Ajmla  +  -al.] 
Having  no  feet,  or  supposed  to  have  none  ;  foot- 
less: applied  specifically  in  soiil.  to  members 
of  the  several  groups  called  Apoda  or  Apodes, 
especially  to  the  fishes  so  called. 

apodan  (ap'o-dan),  }(.  [<  Apoda.]  One  of  the 
Apoda  or  Apodes. 

apodeictic,  etc.    See  apodictic,  etc. 

apodeipnon  (ap-6-dip'non),  n.  [<  Gr.  an66ei- 
TTvov,  the  after-supper  service,  <  and,  off,  -1-  Sei- 
nvov,  the  evening  meal.]    See  complin. 

apodema  (a-pod  e-ma),  n. ;  pi.  apodemata  (ap- 
o-dem'a-tii).  [NL.,  <^Gr.  ano,  from,  off,  -1-  lUpa^, 
body,  frame.]  A  name  given  to  the  plates  of 
ehitin  which  pass  inward  from  the  integuments 
of  crustaceans,  and  divide  as  well  as  support 
their  internal  organs.    Also  apodeme. 

apodemal  (a-pod'e-mal),  a.  Having  the  char- 
acter of  an  apodema :  as,  an  apodemal  parti- 
tion ;  an  apodemal  chamber.  Also  ajyodema- 
tous. 

apodemata,  n.    Plural  of  apodema. 
apodematous  (ap  -  6  -  dem '  a  -  tus),  a.    Same  as 
upodinial. 

apodeme  (ap'o-dem),  n.    Same  as  apodema. 

apoderm  (ap'o-derm),  n.  [<  NL.  apoderma,  < 
Gr.  an66eppa,  a  hide  stripped  off,  <  anotUpeiv, 
skin,  flay,  <  a-nrd,  =  E.  off,  -(-  <Upciv,  skin,  flay,  = 
E.  teari.  Ci.derm.]  One  of  the  egg-membranes 
of  the  mites  called  trombidiids,  developed  only 
under  special  conditions. 

apoderma  (ap-o-der'mii),  11.  ;  pi.  apodermata 
(-ma-tii).    [NL.]    Same  as  apoderm. 

Apodes  (ap'o-dez),  n.  2>l.  [NL.,  masc.  pi.  of 
a2)us  {apod-) :  see  apod.]  1.  An  order  of  fishes 
to  which  very  different  limits  have  been  as- 
signed, (o)  In  the  classification  of  Linnaeus  (1758),  a 
group  of  osseous  fishes  without  ventral  fins  and  com- 
prising a  heterogeneous  assemblage  of  representatives  of 
various  modern  orders,  (b)  In  Bloch  and  Schneider's  sys- 
tem (1801),  some  one  of  several  orders  of  fishes,  the  name 
being  repeated  under  several  so-called  classes  which  were 
distinguished  by  the  number  of  fins.  As  thus  used,  the 
word  was  a  descriptive  lather  than  a  distinctive  term. 
((■)  In  Cuvier's  system,  a  section  of  the  malacopterygians, 
the  name  being  applied  adjectively  to  such  forms  as  are 
destitute  of  ventral  fins.  The  true  eels,  symbranchiate 
eels,  Gymnonoti,  typical  Ojdiidioidea,  and  Ammodytoidea 
were  referred  to  this  group,  (d)  By  various  later  writers 
the  name  was  used  as  a  distinctive  ordinal  name.  By  T. 
Miiller  the  Ophidioidea  and  Ammodytoidea  were  elimi- 
nated. By  Gill,  in  1861,  the  order  was  restricted  to  the 
typical  and  symbranchiate  eels,  and  later  (1884)  to  the 
true  eels,  or  teleost  fishes  with  the  intermaxilliiries  atro- 
lihied  or  lost,  the  supermaxillaries  lateral,  and  the  body 
anguilliform  ami  destitute  of  ventral  fins.  These  char- 
acters are  correlated  with  various  others  which  justify 
the  isolation.  The  principal  families  are  the  Anyuillidoe, 
Oplrielahyidcp.,  and  Niircvnida^. 

2.  In  De  Blainville's  system  of  classification, 
a  division  of  his  Eniomosoaria ;  the  apodal,  as 
distinguished  from  the  ehsetopod,  entomozoans. 

It  includes  the  leeches,  and  is  approximately  equivalent 
to  the  llirudinea  of  modern  naturalists,  but  contains  many 
intestinal  worms. 

Apodia  (a-pod'i-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  anovc 
(arrofS-),  without  feet:  see  apod.]  In  Gegen- 
baur's  system  of  classification,  one  of  two 
divisions  of  Holothuroida  (the  other  being  £«- 
2)odia),  established  for  the  reception  of  the 
genus  Synapta  and  allied  forms. 

apodictic,  apodeictic  (ap-o-dik'tik,  -dik'tik),a. 
and  n.  [<  L.  apodiciicus,  <  Gr.  d7ro(5e«r</((5f,  de- 
monstrative, demonstrating,  <  airoduKTog,  demon- 
strated, verbal  adj.  of  cnro^eiKvi  vat,  demonstrate, 
point  out,  show,  <  cnrd,  from,  -(-  6eiKvvvai,  point 
out,  show,  =  L.  diccrc,  say:  see  diction.]    I.  a. 

1.  Demonstrative;  incontestable  because  de- 
monstrated or  demonstrable;  of  the  nature  of 
necessary  proof. 

The  argumentation  is  from  a  similitude,  therefore  not 
apodictick,  or  of  evident  demonstration. 

Dr.  J.  Robinmn,  Eudoxa  (1058),  p.  23. 

There  is  one  character  which  will  be  considered  deci- 
sive, and  that  is  the  apodictic  certainty  belonging  to 
matliematical  conclusions. 

G.  II.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  §  202. 

2.  In  logic,  a  term  descriptive  of  a  form  of 
judgment  in  which  the  connection  of  subject 
and  predicate  is  asserted  to  be  necessary ;  as- 
serting its  own  necessity.    Thus,  "Two  spheres 


apodictic 

whose  centers  are  distant  from  each  other  by  less  than  the 
sum  of  their  radii  must  intersect  "  would  be  an  apodictic 
judgment.  Such  judgments  may  be  false.  This  use  of  the 
word  appears  to  have  oriyinated  with  Kant. 

II.  n.  The  logical  doctrine  of  demonstration 
and  of  science. 

Apodictic,  we  may  assume,  is  in  like  manner  the  formal 
study  of  what  constitutes  knowledge  strictly  so  called 
the  nature  of  the  principles  on  which  knowledge  rests' 
the  special  marks  distinguishing  it,  and  the  method  by 
which  knowledge  is  framed. 

Jl.  Adamson,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  785. 

apodictical,  apodeictical  (ap-o-dik'ti-kal, 

-dik'ti-kal),  «.    Same  as  apodictic,  apodeictic. 
apodictically,  apodeictically  (ap-6-dik'ti- 
kal-i,  -dik'ti-kal-i),  adv.    1.  Demonstratively; 
so  as  to  be  evident  beyond  contradiction. 

Kant's  marvellous  acuteness  did  not  prevent  his  tran- 
scendental from  being  apodeictically  Tes,o\vfiA  into  absolute 
Idealism.  sir  W.  Hamilton. 

Apodictically,  we  should  say,  if  a  is  the  cause  of  /3,  then 
all  A  whicli  possesses  a  possesses  /3  ;  thus  reasoning  from 
cause  to  causatum.   R.  Adamson,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  789. 

2.  By,  or  in  the  manner  of,  an  apodictic  judg- 
ment.   See  apodictic,  2. 

apodid  (a-pod'id),  n.  A  member  of  the  family 
Apodidce. 

Apodidae  (a-pod'i-de),  w.  jj?.  [NL.,  <  ^j>ms 
(Apod-)  +  -idw.']  A  family  of  phyllopod  crusta- 
ceans, constituted  by  the  genera  Ajms,  Lepidw- 
rus,  etc.  Sometimes  called  Apidce,  Apusidce. 
See  cut  under  Apus. 

apodioxist  (ap'^o-di-ok'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  LGr. 
<i7ro(5i'(jf(f,  expulsion,  <  anodiiiKELv,  chase  away,  < 
and,  away,  +  Slukelv,  chase,  pursue.]  In  rhet., 
rejection  of  an  argument,  with  professed  scorn 
or  impatience,  as  iiTelevant. 

apodixis,  apodeixis  (ap-o-dik'sis,  -dik'sis),  n. 
[<  L.  apodixis,  <  Gr.  airddei^ig,  demonstration, 
proof,  <  aTTodeiKvvvai,  demonstrate:  see  apodic- 
tic.']   Full  demonstration ;  absolute  proof. 

This  might  taste  of  a  desperate  will,  if  he  had  not  after- 
wards given  an  apodixis,  in  the  battle,  upon  what  platform 
he  had  projected  and  raised  that  hope. 

Sir  G.  Buck,  Hist.  Rich.  III.,  p.  60. 

apodon  (ap'o-don),  n.  An  improper  form  of 
apodan. 

apodosis  (a-pod'o-sis),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  cnrddomc,  a 
giving  back,  return,  answering  clause,  <  inrodi- 
Mvai,  give  back,  <  i-rrd,  from,  away,  +  dcdovai, 
give,  =L.  rfa?-^,  give.  Ct  dose.]  1.  In  gram., 
the  concluding  part  of  a  conditional  sentence ; 
the  consequent  which  results  from  or  is  depen- 
dent on  the  protasis,  or  condition ;  the  conclu- 
sion. Thus,  in  the  sentence,  If  it  rains,  I  shall  not  go,  the 
fu-st  clause  is  the  protasis,  the  second  the  apodosis.  When 
the  protasis  is  introduced  by  such  conditional  conjunctions 
as  notwithstatiding,  though,  although,  the  apodosis  predi- 
cates something  opposite  to  what  might  have  been  looked 
lor :  as.  Although  we  were  few  in  numbers  (protasis),  we 
overthrew  the  enemy  (apodosis).  By  some  grammarians 
the  term  is  not  restricted  to  conditional  sentences,  but  is 
extended  to  others  similarly  constructed :  thus,  in  a  simile 
the  apodosis  is  the  application  or  latter  part 
2.  In  the  &>:  Ch.,  the  last  day  of  a  church  festi- 
val when  prolonged  throughout  several  days. 
It  IS  sometimes  coincident  with  or  later  than  the  octave 
but  generally  earlier. 

apodous  (ap'o-dus),  a.  [<  apod  +  -ous.]  Foot- 
less; apodal. 

apodyterium  (ap'o-di-te'ri-um),  n.:  pi.  apody- 
teria  (-a).  [L.,  <  Gr.  awodvTijpiov,  {  aTroSveadac, 
undress  one's  self,  mid.  of  (nrodvetv,  strip,  un- 
dress, <  cTrd  -I-  Svetv,  get  into,  put  on.]  An 
apartment  in  Greek  and  Roman  baths,  or  in 
■the  palaestra,  etc.,  where  the  bathers  or  those 
taking  part  in  gymnastic  exercises  undressed 
and  dressed. 

apogaeuint,  apogeumt,  apogaeont,  apogeont 

(ap-9-je  um,  -on),  n.     [ML.,  NL. :  see  apogee.] 
Original  forms  of  apogee. 

Thy  sun  in  his  apogceon  placed. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  ii.  67. 
It  is  not  yet  agreed  in  what  time,  precisely,  the  apoqeum 
absolveth  one  degree.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

apogamic  (ap-o-gam'ik),  a.    Same  as  apoqa- 
vious. 


263 

which  may  be  considered  ...  to  be  homologous  with 
those  which  are  actually  sexually  produced. 

Jincyc.  Brit.,  XX.  431 


Apollo 


apogamy  (a-pog'a-mi),  n.  [<  NL.  apogamia,  < 
apogamus :  see  apogamous.]  In  bot. :  («)  Gener- 
ally, the  absence  of  sexual  reproductive  power, 
the  plant  perpetuating  itself  only  by  vegetative 
means,  as  buds,  bulbs,  etc.  {b)  In  the  higher 
cryptogams,  the  immediate  development  of  the 
perfect  plant  from  the  prothallus  without  the 
usual  intervention  of  sexual  organs, 
apogeal  (ap-o-je'al),  a.  [As  apogee  +  -al.]  Re- 
lating or  pertaining  to  apogee ;  in  apogee ;  be- 
ing furthest  from  the  earth. 

Simultaneously  tlie  apogeal  side  [of  the  moon]  was  turn- 
ed from  the  influence  of  both  bodies  [earth  and  sun]. 

Wincliell,  World-Life,  p.  381. 

apogean  (ap-o-je'an),  a.  [As  apogee  +  -an.] 
Pertaining  to  or  connected  with  the  apogee : 
as,  apogean  (neap)  tides,  which  occur  when  the 
moon  has  passed  her  apogee.  Also  apogeic. 
apogee  (ap'o-je),  n.  [<  ML.  NL.  apogteum,  apo- 
geum,  apogceon,  apogeon,  <  Gr.  anoyatov,  andyciov 
(sc.  iMoTTifia,  distance),  a  planet's  greatest  dis- 
tance from  the  earth,  neut.  of  aK6yato^,  aKoyeios, 
from  the  land,  from  the  earth  ( >  L.  apogeus,  from 
the  land),  <  arrd,  from,  +  y?/,  poet,  yala,  earth, 
land:  see  geography,  etc.]  1.  That  point  in  the 
orbit  of  a  planet  or  other  heavenly  body  which 
is  at  the  greatest  distance  from  the  earth ;  espe- 
cially, that  particular  point  of  the  moon's  orbit. 
The  ancients  regarded  the  earth  as  fixed  in  the  center  of 
the  universe,  and  accordingly  assigned  to  the  sun,  with  the 
planets,  an  apogee ;  but  now  that  the  sun  is  recognized  as 
the  center  of  our  system,  the  term?,  perihelion  and  aphelion 
are  employed  to  denote  the  least  and  greatest  distance  of 
the  planets  from  that  orb.  Strictly,  therefore,  the  sun  is 
m  its  apogee  when  the  earth  is  in  its  aphelion.  In  the 
Ptolemaic  astronomy,  the  mean  apogee  of  the  epicycle  is 
the  point  of  the  epicycle  furthest  from  the  center  of  the 
equant;  the  true  apogee  of  the  epicycle  is  that  point  of  it 
furthest  from  the  earth ;  and  the  fixed  apogee  of  the  epi- 
cycle 13  that  point  of  it  furthest  from  the  center  of  the 
eccentric. 

2.  Figuratively,  the  highest  or  most  distant 
point ;  climax ;  culmination. 

It  [Bruges]  had  by  no  means  reached  its  apogee,  but  was 
to  culminate  with  Venice.   Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  37, 


The  author  could  not  detect  any  act  of  impregnation  [in 
a  parasite  on  the  olive),  and  believes  that  reproduction  is 
apogamic.  Jour.  Roy.  Micros.  Soc,  2d  ser.,  VI.  298. 

apogamous  (a^pog'a-mus),  a.  [<  NL.  apoga- 
mus, <  Gr.  aTTo,  away  from,  +  ya^of,  marriage.] 
-La  Dot.,  of  the  nature  of  or  characterized  bv 
apogamy. 

De  Bary  thinks  that  in  forms  where  obgonia  are  found 
wiMout  male  poUinodla  they  must  be  considered  as  repre- 
senting a  distinct  apogamous  species. 

Smithsonian  Rep.,  1881,  p.  403. 

apogamously  (a  -  pog '  a  -  mus  -  li),  adv.  In  an 
apogamous  manner ;  by  apogamy. 

Those  [spores]  which  axe  formed  probably  or  actually 
'wnaout  a  sexual  process— in  a  word,  apogamously —  XtxO, 


apogeic  (ap-9-je'ik),  a.  [As  apogee  +  -ic] 
Same  as  apogean. 
apogeotropic  (ap"o-je-9-trop'ik),  a.  [<  NL. 
apogceotropicus,  <  Gr.  airo'yaioc,  aTrdysio^,  from  the 
earth,  +  -rpo-n-rndg,  turning:  see  apogee  and 
tropic]  In  bot.,  characterized  by  apogeotro- 
pism;  shooting  upward;  inclined  to  turn  awav 
from  the  groimd. 

The  sheath-like  cotyledons,  whilst  young,  are  strongly 
apogeotropic.  Darwin,  Movement  in  Plants,  p.  499. 

apogeotropism  (ap"o-je-ot'r6-pizm),  n.  [As 
apogeotropic  +  -ism.]  '  A  tendency  to  turn  or 
bend  in  opposition  to  gravity,  or  upward  and 
away  from  the  earth,  as  opposed  to  geotropism 
(which  see):  said  of  stems  or  other  parts  of 
plants.  Darwin. 

apogiatura  (a-poj-a-to'ra),w.  See appoggiatura. 
Apogon  (a-p6'gon),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 
beardless,  <  d-priv.  +  TToywi',  beard.]    1.  A  ge- 
nus of  acanthopterygian  fishes,  typical  of  the 
Apogonina.  Lacepede,  1802.   Also  called  Amia. 
—  2.  A  genus  of  dipterous  insects.  Haliday. 
apogonid  (ap-9-gon'id),  n.     A  fish  of  the  fam- 
ily ApogonidcB ;  a  chilodipterid. 
Apogonidse  (ap-o-gon'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Apo- 
gon 4-  4dai.]    A  family  of  acanthopterygian 
fishes :  same  as  Chilodipteridm  and  Apogonina. 
Apogonina  (ap'^'o-go-ni'na),  n.pl.   [NL.,  <  Apo- 
gon +  -ina.]    In  Giintlier's  classification  of 
fishes,  the  fifth  group  of  Percidce,  having  the 
cleft  of  the  mouth  oblique  or  approaching  the 
vertical  line,  and  two  dorsal  fins,  it  contains  fishes 
which  inhabit  the  sea  or  fresh  watere  and  possess  decidu- 
ous scales  which  are  generally  of  large  size, 
apograph  (ap'o-graf),  n.    [<  Gr.  air6ypa<poq,  also 
neut.  an6ypa(j)ov,  a  copy,  <  cnzdypafoc,  copied,  < 
i-n-oypa<peiv,  copy,  transcribe,  write  off,  <  aird,  off, 
+  ypdfeiv,  write.]    A  copy  or  transcript. 

These  [Hebrew  manuscripts)  have  been  divided  into  two 
classes,  autographs  and  apographs.  The  former,  written 
by  the  original  authors  themselves,  have  long  ago  perished. 
The  latter,  taken  from  the  autographs  and  multiplied  by 
repeated  transcription,  exist  in  considerable  numbers 
T.  H.  Home,  Introd.  to  Study  of  Holy  Scriptures,  II.  88. 

apohyal  (ap-o-hi'al),  n.  [<  Gr.  and,  from,  +  luj- 
(oid)  +  -al]  In  ornith.,  an  element  of  the 
hyoidean  arch,  borne  upon  the  basihyal  and 
bearing  the  ceratohyal :  now  usually  called  the 
ceratobranchial. 

apoious  (a-poi'us),  a.  [<  Gr.  dTrowc,  without 
quality  or  attribute,  <  a-  priv.  +  noiog,  of  what 
nature  or  sort.]  Having  no  active  qualities ; 
neutral,  as  water  or  starch. 


apojove  (ap'9-j6v),  n.  [=  F.  apojove,  <  NL. 
apojovium,  <  Gr.  and,  from,  +  L.  Jov-,  Jovis 
Jove,  Jupiter:  see  Jove.]  That  point  in  the 
orbit  of  a  satellite  of  Jupiter  which  is  furthest 
from  the  planet.  Airy. 
apokatastasis,  n.  See  apocatastasis. 
apolar  (a-p6'lar),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  (a-l8)  -f  po- 
lur.]  Having  no  pole :  in  anat.,  applied  to  those 
nerve-cells  which  are  not  known  to  have,  or  are 
supposed  not  to  have,  any  radiating  process. 

Results  of  observation  positively  prove  the  existence  of 
two  fibres  in  the  case  of  cells  which  had  previously  been 
regarded  as  unipolar  and  apolar.     Beale,  Bioplasm,  §  243. 

apolaustic  (ap-o-las'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  (nzo- 
AavoTLKog,  agreeable,  <  anolavardg,  enjoyable,  < 
anolavELv,  enjoy,  appar.  <  a-rrd,  ofiF,  +  *'Mil£iv,  a 
verb  not  used.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  taste  or 
enjoyment;  agreeable. 

Perhaps  for  brevity  and  distinctness'  sake  we  may  call 
the  first  its  apolaustic  and  the  second  its  dynamic  cliar- 
f'Cter.  Mind,  XII.  03. 

II.  n.  The  philosophy  of  taste.  Sir  W.  Ham- 
ilton. 

Apolemia  (ap-o-le'mi-a),  w.  [NL. ;  formation 
uncertain.]  A  genus  of  physophorous  Sipho- 
nophora,  or  oceanic  hydroids,  founded  by  Esch- 
SCholtz  in  1829.  it  is  sometimes  referred  to  the  family 
Agalmidce,  sometimes  made  type  of  a  family  Apolemiidoe. 
A.  uvaria  is  a  dioecious  species  inhabiting  the  Mediter- 
ranean. 

Apolemiadse  (ap"9-le-mi'a-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.] 

Same  as  Apolemiidce.' 

Apolemiidae  (ap"o-le-mi'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Apolemia  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  physophorous 
siphonophores,  typified  by  the  genus  Apolemia. 
Apolites  (ap-o-li'tez),  n.  [NL.,  appar.  <  Gr. 
aTToXirrig,  a  non-citizen,  exile,  <  a-  priv.  + 
TToXiTTic,  a  citizen:  see  politic]  1.  Same  as 
Pitangus.  Sundevall,  1830.— 2.  A  genus  of 
Coleoptera.  Laporte. 
ApoUinarian  (a-pol-i-na'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
Apollinaris,  <  Apollo,  q.  v.]  "  I.  a.  Appellative 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  votive  games  instituted 
at  Rome  in  honor  of  Apollo,  212  b.  c,  in  order 
to  conciliate  his  favor  in  the  war  against  the 
Carthaginians,  and  to  obtain  from  him  protec- 
tion for  the  republic. 

II.  n.  One  of  a  religious  sect  deriving  their 
name  from  Apollinaris  the  Younger,  bishop  of 
Laodicea,  in  the  fourth  century.  Apollinaris  de- 
nied the  proper  humanity  of  Christ,  attributing  to  him  a 
human  body  and  a  human  soul,  or  vital  principle,  but 
teaching  that  the  Divine  Reason,  or  Logos,  took  in  him  the 
place  which  in  man  is  occupied  by  the  rational  principle. 
Later  the  sect  maintained  tliat  even  the  body  of  Christ 
was  of  one  substance  with  his  divinity,  that  he  was  in- 
carnate from  eternity,  and  that  his  divinity  suffered  on 
the  cross.  After  breaking  up  into  different  sects,  the 
Apolhnarians  were  finally  merged  in  the  Monopliysites. 
Also  called  Apollinarist. 

Apollinarianism  (a-pol-i-na'ri-an-izm),  n.  [< 
ApoUinarian  +  -ism.]  The  doctrines  of  the 
ApolUnarians. 

Hefele  himself  ...  is  compelled  to  admit  that  Xesto- 
rius  accurately  held  the  duality  of  the  two  natures  and  the 
integrity  of  each,  [and]  was  equally  explicitly  opposed  to 
Arianism  and  Apollinarianism.    Encyc.  Brit.,  XVII.  356. 

Apollinarist  (a-pol-i-na'rist),  n.  [<  ML.  Apol- 
linarista,<ApoUinaris :  see  ApoUinarian.]  Same 
as  ApoUinarian. 
Apolline(a-pol'in),  a.  [<  L.  Apollineus,  <  Apol- 
lo (Apollin-) :  see  Apollo.]  Related  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  myths  or  cultus  of  Apollo. 

Even  in  Apolline  oracles,  such  as  the  Delphic,  the  artifi- 
cial method  was  employed  along  with  that  by  inspiration. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XVII.  808. 

Apollinic  (ap-o-lin'ik),  a.  Same  as  Apolline  : 
as,  "Apollinic  (Delphic)  religion,"  ^HCj^.  Brit., 
XX.  360. 

Apollino  (a-pol-le'no),  n.  [It.]  A  statue  of 
Apollo  in  the  Tribuna  at  Florence,  in  which  the 
god  is  represented  as  a  youth  at  rest  in  an  easy 
and  graceful  leaning  attitude,  with  the  right  arm 
thrown  over  the  head,  it  is  a  copy  of  an  original  of 
the  fourth  century  B.  c,  and  is  the  type  of  a  series  of  such 
representations. 

Apollo  (a-pol'o),  n.  [L.,<  Gr.  'AttoVmv,  Apollo ; 
a  name  derived  by  the  Greeks  from  cnroXM'vat, 
destroy  (see  Apollyon) ;  but  the  origin  is  uncer- 
tain.] 1.  In  Gr.  and  later  in  Bom.  myth.,  one 
of  the  great  Olympian  gods,  the  son  of  Zeus 
(Jupiter)  and  Leto  (Latona),  representing  the 
light-  and  Ufe-giving  influence,  as  well  as  the 
deadly  power,  of  the  sun,  and  often  identified 
with  the  sun-god,  Helios.  He  was  the  leader  of  the 
Muses,  god  of  music,  poetry,  and  healing,  and  patron  of 
these  arts ;  a  mighty  protector  from  evil,  all-seeing,  and 
hence  the  master  of  prophecy  ;  also  the  destroyer  of  the 
unjust  and  insolent,  and  ruler  of  pestilence.  In  art  he 
was  represented  in  the  full  majesty  of  youtliful  manhood, 
in  most  of  his  attributions  unclothed  or  but  lightly  draped, 
and  usually  characterized  by  the  bow  and  arrows,  the  lau- 
rel, the  lyre,  the  oracular  tripod,  the  serpent,  or  the  del- 


Apollo 

phin.  He  was  the  father  of  .*:sculapius,  to  whom  he 
granted  his  art  of  lieaUiiy.  Apollo  was  honored,  both 
locally  and  generally,  under  many  special  titles,  of  which 
each  had  its  particular  type  in  art  aud  literature :  as, 


264  apopnyge 

apologiste  ;  <  apomecometer  (ap'o-me-kom'e-tSr),  w.    [<  Gr. 
writes  in  de-    iitto,  from,  away,  +  /"}/vof,  length,  a  long  dis- 
tance, +  |U£Tpo^',  measure.]   An  instrument  used 
in  measuring  heights,  constructed  on  the  same 
jirinciple  as  the  sextant. 

apomecometry  (ap"o-me-kom'e-ti'i),n.  [As 
apomecomctcr  +  -?/.]  The  art  of  measuring  ele- 
vations and  distances. 

apomorphine  (ap-o-mor'fin),  «.  [<  Gr.  a-n-S, 
from,  -f  morphia  +  -im^.']  An  artificial  alka- 
loid, Ci7Hi7NOg,  prepared  from  morphine. 
The  hydrochlorate  is  used  in  medicine  as  a  powerful 
emetic.  It  is  usually  administered  hypodermically.  Also 
(as  New  Latin)  apomorphina,  apoinorphia,  emetomorphia. 

aponeurography  (ap"9-nu-rog'ra-fi),  n.  [<  Gr. 
aTTove'vpucrig,  aponeurosis,  +  -ypa<j>ia,  <  ypd<puv, 
write,  describe.]    A  description  of  aponeu- 


apologist  (a-pol'o-jist),  M.    [=  r. 
apolu(jy.'\    1.  One  who  speaks  or 
fense  of  anything ;  one  who  champions  a  per 
son  or  a  cause,  whether  in  public  adih-ess  or  by 
literary  means ;  one  who  makes  an  apology  or 
defense. 

There  is  one  difficult  duty  of  an  historian,  which  is  too 
often  passed  over  by  the  party-writer ;  it  is  to  pause  when- 
ever he  feels  himself  warming  with  the  passions  of  the 
multitude,  or  becoming  the  blind  apologist  of  arbitrary 
power.  1.  D' Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  IV.  390. 

Specifically — 2.  Eccles.,  a  defender  of  Chris- 
tianity ;  in  particular,  one  of  the  authors  of  the 
early  Christian  apologies, 
apologize  (a-pol'o-jiz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  apolo- 
gized,  ppr.  "apoJogicing.  [<  apology  +  -ize/\  I. 
intmns.  1.  To  make  an  apology  or  defense; 
speak  or  write  in  favor  of  some  person  or 


roses. 

To  make  aponeurology  (ap'o-nu-rol'o-ji),  jj.    [<  Gr.  otto- 

an  apology  or  excuse;  acknowledge  or  express  vevpuaic,  aponeurosis,  +  -loy'ta,  <  Myeiv,  speak: 
regret  for  a  fault :  followed  by /or ;  as,  he  fljwZo-  see  -ology.']  1.  The  anatomy  of  aponeuroses, 
ij'i'cert /or  his  delay  in  replying.  —2.  A  treatise  on  aponeuroses. 

Il.t  trans.  To  make  or  write  an  apology  for ;  aponeurosis  (ap'^o-nu-ro'sis),      ;  pi. 
defend.  '   "  "  '  ^ 


.  .  were  apolo- 
Dr.  G.  Benson. 


Therefore  the  Christians,  in  his  time 
gized  by  Plinie  the  second. 

Also  spelled  apologise. 
apologizer  (a-pol'o-ji-zer),  n.    One  who  apolo- 
gizes; one  who  makes  apologies  or  excuses. 
Also  spelled  apologiscr. 

ment  of  the  Ivre),  equivalent  to  Apollo  Musagete..  'the  apolOgUB  (ap'o-log),  «•     [<  F-  «Jf  ^ff  V^' 

'      —  ~       ■       -•■    Lizard-  <  Gr.  a7r($Ao>'of,  a  story,  tale,  table,  < 


Apollo. 

Central  figure  of  the  western  pediment  of  the  Temple  of  Zeus 
at  Olympia :  5th  century  B.  c. 

Apollo  Citharoedus  (Apollo  who  sings  to  the  accompani- 


conductorof  the  Muses;  Apollo  Saurodoiws  (th 
killer),  etc.— Apollo  Belvedere,  a  celebrated  antique 
statue  of  Apollo  now  preserved  in  the  Belvedere  gallery  of 
the  Vatican  palace  at  Rome,  and  esteemed  one  of  the 
noblest  artistic  representations  of  the  human  form.  It 
was  discovered  at  Porto  d'Anzio,  Italy,  among  the  ruins 
of  ancient  Antium,  near  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century. 
— Belian  Apollo,  the  Apollo  of  the  central  Hellenic 
sanctuary  of  Delos.  The  statue  held  a  bow  in  one  hand, 
and  figures  of  the  three  Graces  in  the  other.— Delphinian 
Apollo,  Apollo  of  the  dolphin  ;  Apollo  as  the  protector  of 
sailors,  navigation,  and  the  marine :  identified  with  the 
Delphian  Apollo,  or  Apollo  of  Delphi  (Pythian  Apollo).— 
Phoebus  Apollo,  Apollo  as  the  god  of  radiant  light.— 
Pjrthlan  Apollo,  the  Apollo  of  Delphi,  or  the  Pythian 
sanctuary  ;  Apollo  as  the  slayer  of  the  monster  Python, 
whom  he  supplanted  on  Parnassus. 

2.  [/.  c]  In  entom..  a  butterfly,  PapUio  apollo. 
Apollonian  (ap-o-16'ni-an),  a.  [<  Gr.  ^ttoAXu- 
wof ,  adj.,  also  proper  name,  <  'Xtt6'a7iuv,  Apollo.] 
1.  Possessing  the  traits  or  attributes  of  Apollo. 
—  2.  Devised  by  or  named  after  Apollonius  of 
Perga,  an  ancient  Greek  geometer,  celebrated 
for  his  original  investigations  in  conic  sections. 
He  flourished  under  Ptolemy  Philopator,  222- 
205  B.  c — Apollonian  parabola,  hyperbola,  ellipse, 
the  ordinary  conic  sections,  whose  tlrree  names  are  due  to 
Apollonius. 

Apollonic  (ap-o-lon'ik),  a.  Same  as  Apollo- 
nian, 1. 

Apollonius's  problem,   ^ee  problem. 

Apollyon  (a-pol'ion),  n.  [LL.,<  Gr.  ^noXkiicyv, 
prop.  adj.  "anoXkhuv,  destroying,  ppr.  of  anol- 
'Aheiv,  usually  airoXkhvaL,  destroy  utterly,  <  and, 
from,  +  oA'Avvai.  destroy.]  The  destroyer:  a 
name  given  (only  in  Rev.  ix.  11)  to  the  angel  of 
the  bottomless  pit,  answering  to  the  Hebrew 
Abaddon. 

apologetic  (a-pol-o-jet'ik),  a.  and  n.    [<  LL. 

apologeticus  ',  '<  Gr.  a-o^xtyririKog,  fit  for  a  defense, 
<  anoAoyeladai,  speak  in  defense,  <  ano,  from, 
away,  +  *Aoyeiahai,  speak,  <  Adj-of,  speech,  < 
leyuv,  speak:  see  apology."]  I.  a.  1.  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or  containing  a  defense;  defend- 
ing by  words  or  arguments ;  said  or  written  in 
defense:  as,  an  apologetic  essay. —  2.  Making 
apology  or  excuse;  manifesting  regret  for  or 
excusing  some  fault,  failure,  deficiency,  imper- 
fection, etc.,  in  one's  own  conduct  or  that  of 
another:  as,  an  apologetic  reply;  an  apologetic 
manner — Apologetic  fathers.  &ee  father. 
II.  n.  An  apology ;  a  defense.  [Rare.] 

It  looks  as  if  he  wrote  an  apologetic  to  the  mob  on  be- 
half of  the  prisoner.  Boger  North,  Examen,  p.  305. 

apologetical  (a-pol-o-jet'i-kal),  a.  Same  as 
apologetic. 

apologetically  (a-pol-o-jet'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
apologetic  manner ;  by  way  of  defense  or  ex- 
cuse. 

apologetics  (a-pol-o-jet'iks),  n.  [PI.  otapologet- 
ic,  after  IAj!'  apologetica,  neut.  pl.  of  apologe- 
ticus :  see  apologetic.']  That  branch  of  demon- 
strative or  argumentative  theology  which  is 


apologus,  .  _ 

d-d,  from,  +  Myuv,  speak,  Myog,  speech.]  A 
story  or  relation  of  fictitious  events  intended 
to  convey  useful  truths ;  a  moral  fable  ;  an  alle- 
gory. An  apologue  differs  from  a  parable  in  that  the 
latter  is  drawn  from  events  which  occur  among  man- 
kind, and  is  therefore  supported  by  probability,  while  the 


roses  (sez).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  anovetjpcxjig  {Gsklen), 
the  end  of  a  muscle  where  it  beconaes  tendon,  < 
aKovevpovadat,  become  a  tendon,  <  cnrd,  from,  + 
VEvpov  =  'L.  nervus,  sinew,  tendon,  nerve:  see 
nerve  and  neuralgia.]  In  anat.,  any  fascia  or  fas- 
cial structm-e ;  especially,  the  tendon  of  a  mus- 
cle when  broad,  thin,  flat,  and  of  a  glistening 
whitish  color,  or  the  expansion  of  a  tendon  cov- 
ering more  or  less  of  the  muscle,  or  a  broad,  thin, 
whitish  ligament.  The  name  was  given  to  these  struc- 
tures when  they  were  supposed  to  be  e.vpansions  of  nerves, 
any  hard  whitish  tissue  being  then  considered  nervous. 
In  present  usage  apomurosis  is  nearly  synonymous  with 
fascia,  but  is  oftener  applied  to  the  fascia-like  tendons  of 
muscles :  as,  the  aponeurosis  of  the  oblique  muscle  of  the 
abdomen. 


former  may  be  founded  on  supposed  actions  of  brutes  or  aponeUTOSy  (ap-O-nu'ro-si),  M. ;  pl.  aponeurosies 


inanimate  things,  and  therefore  does  not  require  to 
supported  by  probability,    ^sop's  fables  are  good  exam 
pies  of  apologues, 
apologuert  (ap'p-log-fer),  w.  [<  apologue  +  -erK] 
One  who  writes  apologues ;  a  fabler.  Burton,. 
apology  (a-pol'o-ji),  n. ;  pl.  apologies  (-jiz).  [ 
F.  apolofjie,  <  LL.  apologia,  <  Gr  ' 
speech  in  defense,  <  a-KoXoyeiadai.  ^ 
fense:  see  apologetic,  and  ef.  apologue.]  1. 
Something  said  or  written  in  defense,  vindica- 
tion, or  excuse ;  specifically,  a  defense  or  justi- 
fication of  a  doctrine,  system,  course  of  con- 
duct, etc.,  against  objections  or  criticisms. 

I  shall  neither  trouble  the  reader  nor  myself  with  any 
apology  for  publishing  these  sermons.  Tillotson. 

Bishop  Watson's  '  'Apology  for  the  Bible  "  is  a  good  book 
with  a  bad  title.  R-  Hall- 

2.  An  excuse,  usually  accompanied  by  an  ex- 
pression of  regret,  for  some  fault. 

Apologies  only  account  for  what  they  do  not  alter. 

I.  D' Israeli. 


3.  That  which  imperfectly  serves  a  given  pur- 
pose ;  a  temporary  substitute ;  a  makeshift. 

He  wears  a  wisp  of  black  silk  round  his  neck,  without 
any  stiffener,  as  an  ajmlogy  for  a  neckercliief.  Dickens. 
4t.  An  apologue. 

A  pretty  apology  of  a  league  that  was  made  betwixt  the 
wolves  and  the  sheep. 

Topsell,  Four-Footed  Beasts,  p.  578.   (N.  E.  D.) 

^Syn.  2.  Apology,  Excuse,  Plea. 
sense  the  force  of  an  admission  that  one 


(-siz).    Same  as  aponeurosis. 
aponeurotic  (ap'o-nH-rofik),  a.    [<  aponeuro- 
sis: see  -otic]    Having  the  nature  of  an  apo- 
neurosis; relating  to  the  thin  and  expansive 
sheath  of  a  muscle  ;  fascial ;  tendinous, 
r.  airoloyia,  a  aponeurotomy  (ap"9-nu-rot'9-mi),  n.    [<  Gr. 
,  speak  in  de-    a-jrovevpojaig,  aponeurosis,  +  TOfif/,  a  cutting,  < 
Te/iv£iv,Ta/mv,  cut.    Ct.  anatomy.]  l.lnanat.y 
dissection  of  the  aponeuroses. —  2.  In  surg., 
section  of  aponeuroses. 

apoop  (a-pop'),  l>rep.  plir.  as  adv.  or  a.    [<  a3  -I- 
poop.]   On  the  poop;  astern. 

She  .  .  .  could  get  along  very  nearly  as  fast  with  th» 
wind  ahead,  as  when  it  was  a-poop. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  96. 

apopemptic  (ap-o-pemp'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  anoneji- 
■ktik6(;,  valedictory,  <  anoTrifzireiv,  send  off,  dis- 
miss, <  and,  oS,  +  ne/xnetv,  send.]  Valedictory. 
apopetaloUS  (^ap-o-pet'a-lus),  a.  [<  NL.  apo- 
petalus,  <  Gr.  ano,  from,  +  nhaAov,  leaf,  in  mod. 
bot.  petal.]  In  hot.,  having  the  corolla  com- 
posed of  several  distinct  petals  :  equivalent  to 
the  more  common  term  polypetalous. 
apophantic  (ap-o-fan'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  anofavri- 
K6g,  declaratory,  '<  anocjiaiveiv,  declare.  Cf .  apo- 
p)hasis.]   Containing  or  consisting  of  a  declara- 

^          ,  ,    tion,  statement,  or  proposition ;  declaratory. 

Apology  ha^s.  in  this  apophasis  (a-pof 'a-sis),  [LL.,  <  Gr.  dTrd^auif, 
)ne  has  been,  at  least    a  negation,  denial,  <  anofdvai,  deny,  <  ano,  from. 


seemingly,  in  the  wrong;  it  therefore  pleads  any  extenu-  ^  0^^^^  _  l_  ' fari,  say.]     In  rhct.,  denial 

Stntr^b^esr-trt'laf '^rdrto^^r'^^  of  an  intention  *«.  «P-k  of  somethir^^^^^^^ 

matters  right.    £a;cttse  may  mean  a  defense,  or  an  expla-  IS  at  the  same    time  hmted  or  insmuatea, 

nation  simply :  as,  his  excuse  was  quite  sutficient ;  or  it  may  paralipsis  (which  see). 

be  a  mere  attempt  at  justification :  as,  it  was  only  an  ex-  aDODhleematiCt  (ap*6-fleg-mat'ik),  a.  and  W. 

cuse;  or  it  may  be  a  begging  to  be  released  from  a  claim:  anoMeYUaUKOcidalen)  ;  cf.  anofAeyuanCav, 

as,  "they  all  with  one  consent  began  to  make  excuse,  "r.  aTroip At x/f «™o<,  (.vjciicu; ,        „,.L,/„,,o.  =Pft 

Luke  xiv  18.   A  plea  consists,  according  to  the  occasion,  promote  the  discharge  of  phlegm  or  mucus .  see 


of  an  appeal  for  leniency,  or  of  justificatory  or  exculpatory 
argument  or  persuasion. 

Our  English  Martyrologer  counted  it  a  sufficient  apology 
for  what  meanness  might  be  found  in  the  first  edition  of 
his  "Acts  and  Monuments,"  that  it  was  "hastily  rashed 
up  in  about  fourteen  months." 

C.  Mather,  Introd.  to  Mag.  Chris. 
Weakness  is  thy  excuse. 
And  I  believe  it.  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  829. 

Hellenic  art  and  philosophy  were  and  remain  an  uncon- 
scious plea  for  humanity  in  its  own  right. 

Faiths  of  the  World,  p.  301. 

apolytikion  (ap'o-li-tik'i-on),  w.j  -pl.  apolytiJcia 
{-'A).     [MGr.  anoTivTlKLov,  <  Gr.  ano7ivTiK6c,  dis- 


apophlegmatism.]  1.  a.  In  med.,  having  the 
quality  of  exciting  discharges  of  phlegm  or  mu- 
cus from  the  mouth  or  nostrils. 

II.  n.  Anything  which  promotes  the  dis- 
charge of  phlegm  or  mucus ;  an  expectorant, 
apophlegmatismt  (ap-o-fleg'ma-tizm),  n.  [< 
LL.  apopUegmatismos,  <  Gr.  anofAey/^auafidg,  <. 
6,no(j)X£y/jaTi(Eiv,  promote  the  discharge  of  phlegm 
or  mucus,  <  oTrd,  from,  -1-  <pMyfia,  phlegm,  mu- 
cus.] 1.  Something  which  excites  discharges 
of  phlegm.— 2.  The  action  of  apophlegmatie 
medicines. 

See  apo- 


posed  to  acquit,  <  andXvTog,  loosed,  free,  verbal  apophthegm,  apophthegmatic,  etc 
adj.  of  anoXveiv,  loose  from,  let  go,  dismiss,  <    thegin,  etc. 
dTrd,  from,  +  lijeiv,  loose.]    In  the  Gr.  Ch.,  a  apophyge  (a-pof  i-je), 
dismissal  hymn 


concerned  with  the  grounds  and  defense  of  Apqmatostoma  (a-p6-ma-tos't6-ma),_  n.  pl 
Christian  belief  and  hope. 

Apologetics  defends  and  vindicates  Christianity,  as  the 
perfect  religion  of  God  for  all  mankind,  against  the  at- 
tacks of  infidelity.     Schaff,  Christ  and  Christianity,  p.  4. 

apologise,  apologiser.    See  o^pologise,  apolo- 
gizer. 


[NL.,  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  +  nufia^T-),  a  lid,  +  oTdfia, 
mouth.]  A  suborder  of  pectinibranehiate  or 
ctenobranehiate  mollusks,  composed  of  the 
families  Involuta,  Volutacea,  and  Coronata. 
Menke,  1830.  Also  written  Apomastoma.  F6- 
russac,  1819. 


n.  [NL.  (cf.  F.  apo- 
pJtyge,  <  L.  apopliygis),  <  Gr.  anoipvy^,  lit.  an  es- 
cape, <  anofehyeiv,  flee  away,  escape,  <  and,  tiom, 
away,  +  (ptvyeiv,  flee.]  In  arch. :  («)  That  part 
of  a  column  of  one  of  the  more  ornate  orders 
which  is  molded  into  a  concave  sweep  where 
the  shaft  springs  from  the  base  or  terminates 
in  the  capital.  Sometimes  called  the  scape  or 
spring  of  the  column.   See  order,   (b)  The  hoi- 


apophyge 

low  or  seotia  beneath  the  echinus  of  the  Doric 
capital,  oocurring  in  some  archaic  examples, 
and  relinquished  as  the  style  advanced.  Also 
called  apophysis  and  conge. 
apophyllite  (a-pof'i-lit  or  ap-6-fil'it),  n.  [So 
named  because  of  its  teudeuey'to  exfoliate  (cf. 
Gr.  dTo^i-iAAifcw,  strip  of  its  leaves),  <  Gr.  and, 
off,  from,  +  (p'vlXov  {=:li.  folium,  a  leaf)  +  -ite^.'] 
A  raineral  aUied  to  the  zeolites,  occurring  in 
laminated  masses  or  in  tetragonal  crystals,  and 
having  a  strong  pearly  luster  on  the  surface  of 
perfect  cleavage,  parallel  to  which  it  separates 
readily  into  thin  laminae,  it  exfoliates  also  under 
the  blowpipe.  From  its  peculiar  luster  it  is  sometimes 
called  xchthyophthalinite,  that  is,  flsh-eye  stone.  It  is  a 
hydrated  silicate  of  calcium  and  potassium,  containin<'  also 
some  fluorin. 

apophyllous  (ap-o-fil'us),  a.  [<  Gr.  aw6,  off, 
from,  +  (^'uX/.ov  =  Ij.  folium,  a  leaf.]  In  hot.,  hav- 
ing distinct  leaves ;  eleutherophyllous :  applied 
to  a  perianth  with  distinct  sepals  and  petals : 
opposed  to  gamophyllous. 

apophysary  (a-pof 'i-sa-ri),  a.  [<  apophysis  + 
-ary.  ]  Having  the  character  of  an  apophysis 
or  outgrowth ;  apophysial. 


265 


In  Magas  the  apophysary  system  is  composed  of  an 
elevated  longitudinal  septum  reaching  from  one  valve  to 
the  other.  Encyc.  Brit,  IV.  190. 

apophysate  (a-pof'i-sat),  a.    [<  apophysis  + 
-afci.]    In  hot.,  having  an  apophysis, 
apophyses,  n.    Plural  of  ajwphysis. 
apophysial  (ap-o-fiz'i-al),  a.    [<  apophysis  + 
-«;.]    Pertaining  to  or  of  the  natui-e  of  an  apo- 
physis ;  growing  out  from,  as  an  apophysis, 
apo^hjrsis  (a-pof'i-sis),  n. ;  pi.  apojihyscs  (-sez). 
[<  Gr.  a'K6<pvoic,  an  offshoot,  tho  process  of  a  bone, 
<  aKO(j>vEadai,  grow  as  an  offshoot,  <  airo,  off,  from, 
+  ftieadai,  grow,  >  (puai^,  gi-ovrth:  see  physic] 
1.  In  anat.:  (a)  Any  process  of  bone;  an  out- 
growth of  bone ;  a  mere  projection  or  protuber- 
ance,_  which  has  no  independent  ossific  center, 
and_  is  thus  distinguished  from  an  epiphysis 
(which  see);  specifically,  any  process  of  a  ver- 
tebra, whether  it  has  such  a  center,  and  thus  is 
epiphysial  in  natui-e,  or  not :  in  the  former  ease, 
a  vertebral  apophysis  is  called  autogenous  or 
endogenous;  in  the  latter,  exogenous.  The  princi- 
pal vertebral  apophyses  are  distinguished  as  aimpophysis 
aiapo])hysis,  epapuphysis,  hemapophysis,  hypapophysis 
metapophysM,  neurapophysis,  parapophysis,  pleuraponhii- 
su,  and  zygapophysis.   See  these  words.   (&)  A  process 
or  outgrowth  of  some  organ  of  the  body,  as  the 
brain:  as,  apophysis  cerebri,  the  pituitary  body. 
See  cut  under  hrain.    (c)  In  chitons,  a  process 
of  one  of  the  plates,  inserted  into  the  mantle. 
*  IT^'  ^        ^  swelling  uuder  the  base  of  the 
theca  or  spore-case  of  some  mosses,  as  in  species 
oi  Splachiium.    See  cut  mider  Andrecea.— 3.  In 
geol,  a  term  applied  to  the  arms  which  often 
extend  outward  in  a  horizontal  direction  from 
the  mata  mass  or  dike  of  an  intrusive  igneous 
rock.— 4.  In  arch.,  same  as  apojihyqe.—Arthro- 
dial  apophysis.    See  arthrodial.  ^ ''^  Aitiiro 

apoplectic  (ap-o-plek'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  apo- 
plecticHs,  <  Gr.  aK07r?.7}KTiK6g,  apoplectic,  <  a~6- 
nA^KToe,  disabled  by  a  stroke:  see  apoplexy.^ 
I.  a.  1.  Of  the  nature  of  or  pertaining  to  apo- 
plexy; affected  with  apoplexy:  as,  an  ajjo- 
plectic  fit;  an  apoplectic  patient.— -2.  Predis- 
posed or  tending  to  apoplexy :  as,  an  apoplectic 
person;  an  apop?ec<«c  habit  of  body.— Sf.  Serv- 
ing to  cure  apoplexy:  as,  "ajioplectic  balsam," 
Addison,  Travels,  Italy. 

II.  M.  A  person  affected  with  or  predisposed 
to  apoplexy. 

apoplectical  (ap-o-plek'ti-kal),  a.    Same  as 
apoplectic. 

apoplectiform  (ap-o-plek'ti-form),  a.  [<  L.  apo- 
plectus,  apoplecticus  (see  apoplectic),  +  forma, 
form.]  Resembling  apoplexy;  of  the  natui-e  of 
apoplexy. 

In  the  gravest  forms  of  specific  cerebral  disease,  an  avo- 
.  plectiform  seizure  followed  by  fatal  coma  may  usher  in 
me  attack  with  no  premonitory  symptoms. 

E.  C.  Mann,  Psychol.  Med.,  p.  63. 

apoplexf  (ap'o-pleks),  n.  [<  L.  apoplexis,  <  Gr. 
aTTOTT/T/^t^^  var.  of  d7ro7rA;?f /a :  see  apoplexy.'] 
Apoplexy.  ^ 

Repletions,  apoplex,  intestate  death. 

Dryden,  Juvenal,  Sat.  i. 

How  does  his  apoplex  ? 
Is  that  strong  on  him  still  ? 

B.  Jonson,  The  Fox,  i.  1. 

apdplexedt  (ap'o-plekst),  a.  [<  apoplex  +  -ed2.] 
Altected  with  apoplexy  or  paralysis. 

u,„„  Sense,  sure,  you  have, 

Else  could  you  not  have  motion  ;  but,  sure,  that  sense 
Is  apoplex'd.  shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 


apoplezioust  (ap-o-plek'shus),  a.    [<  apoplexy 
+  -ous.]   Consisting  in  or  having  tho  cliaracter 
of  apoplexy:  as,  "  apoplexious  and  other  con- 
generous diseases,"  Arbuthnot. 
apoplexy  (ap'o-plek-si),  n.    [<  ME.  apoplcxic 
(and  abbrev.  poplexie),  <  F.  apoplexie^  <  L.  apo- 
plexia,  <  Gr.  anoTxlr/fta,  apoplexy,  <  anoTrlrjuTn^, 
disabled  by  a  stroke,  stricken  with  apoplexy, 
verbal  adj.  of  anonlijaauv,  disable  by  a  stroke, 
<  aird,  off,  from,  -I-  ir'kijmuv,  strike.]  In  pathol., 
a  sudden  loss  or  impairment  of  consciousness 
and  voluntary  motion,  caused  by  the  rupture 
of  a  blood-vessel  in  the  brain,  an  embolism, 
or  other  cerebral  shock.    [Sometimes  incor- 
rectly used  to  denote  hemorrhage  into  the  tis- 
sues of  any  organ.] 
apora,  n.    Pliiral  of  aporon. 
aporeme  (ap'o-rem),  «.    [<  Gr.  ai^dpriiia,  a  mat- 
ter of  doubt  (also  with  Aristotle  a  dialectical 
syllogism  of  contradiction),  <  anope'iv,  be  in 
doubt:  see  aporetic.j   An  argument  to  show 
that  a  question  presents  a  doubt  or  difficulty, 
aporetic  (ap-o-ret'ik),  a.  and  n.  [Formerly 
aporetique,  <  P.  aporetique  (Cotgi'ave),  <  Gr. 
anopi^TiKoi;,  inclined  to  doubt,  <  airopeiv,  be  in 
doubt,  <  anopog,  in  doubt,  at  a  loss:  see  aporia.] 

I.  t  «.  Inclined  to  doubt  or  to  raise  objections. 
II.  n.  A  skeptic ;  one  who  believes  that  per- 
fect certainty  is  unattainable,  and  finds  in 
every  object  of  thought  insoluble  difficulties. 

aporetical  (ap-o-ret'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  aporetic. 
aporia  (a-p6'ri-a),  n. ;  pi.  aporim  (-e).  [LL.,  < 
Gr.  awopia,  difficulty,  doubt,  puzzle,  <  OTropof,  in 
doubt,  doubtful,  at  a  loss,  lit.  impassable,  with- 
out passage,  <  a-  priv.  -f  xopof ,  way,  passage : 
see  7Jo/-e2.]  i .  rhet.,  a  professed  doubt  where 
to  begin  or  what  to  say  on  account  of  the  va- 
riety of  matter.— 2.  An  equality  of  reasons 
for  and  against  a  given  proposition. — 3.  In 
pathol.,  febrile  anxiety  ;  uneasiness. 
Also  apory. 

aporimet,  aporimt  (ap'o-rim),  n.    [<  Gr.  d-  priv. 

+  -Koptfio^,  finding  a  way,  able  to  provide,  < 
■nopo^,  way,  passage :  see  pore'^,  and  cf.  aporia.] 
bame  as  aporon. 
Aporobranchia  (ap'-'o-ro-brang'ki-a),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  aKopog,  without  passage  (see  apo- 
ria), +  ppdyxia,  gills.]  1.  In  Latreille's  system 
of  classification,  an  order  of  Arachnida  having 
no  apparent  respiratory  apparatus,  by  which 
the  Pycnogotiidw  alone  were  distinguished  from 
other  arachnidans :  synonymous  with  Podoso- 
mata  of  Leach's  system.— 2.  In  De  Blainville's 
system  of  classification,  an  order  of  his  Para- 
cephalophora,  containing  the  pteropods,  which 
are  divided  into  the  Thecosomata  and  Gymnd- 
somata.  Also  Aporohranchiata. 
aporobranchian  (ap'o-ro-brang'ki-an),  «.  and 
11.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  'eharacters 
of  the  Aporohranchia. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Aporohranchia. 
Aporohranchiata  (ap'^o-ro-brang-ki-a'ta),  n.pl. 

[NL.,  as  Apo7-ohranchia  -f  -ata.]  Same"as^»o- 
robranchia,  2. 

aporobranchiate  (ap  "  o  -  ro  -  brang '  ki  -  at),  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Apwrohranchiata. 

aporonf  (ap'o-ron),  n. ;  pi.  apora  (-ra).  [NL., 
<  Gr.  a-rropov,  neut.  of  aTTopog,  doubtful,  difficult: 
see  aporia.]  A  very  difficult  or  insoluble 
problem.  Also  called  aporime. 
Aporopoda  (ap-o-rop'o-da),  «.  p)l.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aTTopog,  without  passage  "(see  aporia),  -\-  Trovg 
(ttoJ-)  =  E.foot.]  In  Latreille's  system  of  clas- 
sification, a  prime  division  of  his  Condylopa,  by 
which  the  crustaceans,  arachnidans,  and  myria- 
pods  are  collectively  contrasted  with  Hexapoda, 
or  insects  proper,  it  was  defined  as  "insects"  with 
more  than  six  feet  and  destitute  of  wings.  Savigny  also 
uses  the  name.  It  is  synonymous  with  the  Hyperhexapoda 
of  Westwood. 

Aporosa  (ap-o-ro'sa),  n.  j)l.  [NL.,  pi.  of  apo- 
rosus,  not  porous  (see  aporose);  cf.  Gr.  anopoc 
without  passage :  see  aporia.]  A  group  of  corals 
of  the  sclerodermic  section,  having  the  coral- 
lum  or  calcareous  cup  solid,  and  not  perforated 
vnth  minute  apertures.  Edwards  and  Haime, 
1850, 

aporose  (ap'o-ros),  a.  [<  NL.  aporosus,  <  Gr.  d- 
priv.  +  NL.  piorosus,  porous,  <  L.  porus,  pore : 
see  pore"^.]  1.  Not  porous.— 2.  Belonging  to 
the  group  of  corals  aaWedi  Aporosa ;  eporose. 

In  the  simple  aiwrose  corals  the  calcification  of  the  base 
and  side  walls  of  the  body  gives  rise  to  the  cup,  or  theca. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  146. 

aporrhaid  (ap-o-ra'id),  n.  A  gastropod  of  the 
family  Aporrhaidce. 


Spout-shell  {Afor- 
rhais  fes-pelicani). 


apostasy 

Aporrhaidae  (ap-6-ra'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ap- 
orrhais  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  entobranchiate 
taanioglossate  gastropods,  of 
which  there  are  few  living  spe- 
cies. Its  members  are  characterized 
by  a  flat  foot,  a  broad  muzzle,  elongate 
tentacles,  eyes  on  the  outer  sides  of  the 
tentacles,  teeth  in  seven  longitudinal 
rows,  a  turreted  shell  with  the  aper- 
ture more  or  less  produced  in  front, 
and  an  alate  outer  lip.  • 

Aporrhais (ap-o-ra'is),  M.  [NL., 
in  form  <  Gr.  uTroppaig,  a  vari- 
ous reading  for  alpoppoi^,  a  kind 
of  shell-fish:  see  hemorrhoid.] 
A  genus  of  gastropods  with 
effuse  channel-like  lip-spines, 
represented  by  the  pelican's- 
foot  or  spout-shell  (which  see) 
of  northern  Europe,  and  typ- 
ical of  the  family  Aporrhaidw. 
a,V0lt(ii--[>6rt'),  prep.2>hr.{isadv.  l<  a3  +  port^^.] 
Naut.,  to  or  on  the  port  side  of  a  ship,  as  in  the 

phrase  hard  apart.  JJard  apart ;  as  a  command,  in- 
structs the  helmsman  to  turn  the  tiller  to  the  left  or  port 
side  of  the  ship,  thus  causing  the  ship  to  swerve  to  the 
right  or  starboard. 

apory  (ap'o-ri),  n.  [<  LL.  aporia :  see  aporia.] 
bame  as  aporia. 
aposaturn  (ap'o-sat-em),  n.  [Also,  as  NL., 
aposaturnium,  <  Gr.  dTrd,  from,  -f-  L.  Saturnus 
Saturn.  Cf.  apojove.]  The  point  in  the  orbit 
of  any  one  of  the  satellites  of  Saturn  most  re- 
mote from  the  planet.  Airy. 
aposepalous  (ap-o-sep'a-lus),  a.  [<  NL.  ajjo- 
s_epalus,  <  Gr.  arrd,  from,  '+  NL.  sepalum,  sepal.] 
In  hot.,  having  a  calyx  composed  of  distinct 
sepals  ;  polysepalous. 
aposepidin  (ap-o-sep'i-din),  n.  [<  Gr.  dTTo,  awav. 
+  Gyrreiv,  make  rotten  (see  seprtc),  -id  +  -in^.l 
Same  as  Icucin. 
aposiopesis  (ap"o-si-o-pe'sis),  n.  [L.,<  Gr. 
anoGtuTttjoic,  <  airoaiorrrav,  become  silent,  <  drro, 
off,  from,  -t-  muTTav,  be  silent.]  In  rhet.,  sud- 
den reticence ;  the  suppression  by  a  speaker  or 
writer  of  something  which  he  seemed  to  be 
about  to  say;  the  sudden  termination  of  a  dis- 
course before  it  is  really  finished.  The  word  is 
also  applied  to  the  act  of  speaking  of  a  thing  while  pre- 
tending to  say  nothing  about  it,  or  of  aggravating  what 
one  pretends  to  conceal  by  uttering  a  part  and  leaving  the 
remainder  to  be  understood:  as,  his  character  is  such -but 
It  IS  better  I  should  not  speak  of  that.  , 

aposiopestic  (ap'o-si-o-pes'tik),  a.  [For  apo- 
siojjetic,  in  irreg.  imitation  of  aposiopesis.] 
bame  as  aposiopetic.  [Bare.] 

That  interjection  of  surprise  .  .  .  with  the  aposiopestic 

break  after  it,  marked  thus,  Z  ds. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iv.  27. 
aposiopetic  (ap'/o-si-o-pet'ik),  a.    [<  aposiope- 
sis {-pet-)  +  -ic,  after  LGr.  ciuirriTLKoq,  taciturn  ] 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  natm-e  of  aposiopesis. 
ap9Sltia  (ap-o-sit'i-a),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  ii-oairia, 

<  aTTOffi-of,  abstaining  from  food,  <  hiro,  away, 
fi-om,  -f-  (7(rof,  food.]  A  loathing  of  food.  Bun- 
glison. 

aposporous  (a-pos'po-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  aposporus, 

<  Gr.  aTTo,  from,  away,  -t-  aTropoc,  seed:  see  spore.] 
Of,  pertaining  to,  or  characterized  by  apospory. 

In  the  apos^orozjs  Ferns  and  Mosses  and  in  the  Chara- 
cea;  the  oophore  is  developed  as  a  bud  from  the  sporo- 
P""""^-  Encye.  Brit.,  XX.  431. 

apospory  (a-pos'po-ri),  n.  [<  NL.  *ai)osporia,  < 
aposporus:  see  aposporous.]  In  the  higher 
cryptogams,  the  production  of  the  prothallus 
immediately  from  the  sporangium  without  the 
ordinary  intervention  of  spores,  or  from  the  ' 
leaf  itself,  without  either  sporangium  or  spore 
apostacy,       Bee  apostasy. 

apOStasis  (a-pos'ta-sis),  n.    [<  Gr.  airdaTaaiQ, 
m  med.  a  suppm-ative  inflammation,  a  transi- 
tion from  one  disease  to  another,  lit.  a  stand- 
ing away  from:  see  apostasy.]    1.  Inoldmed.: 
(a)  The  termination  or  crisis  of  a  disease  by 
some  secretion  or  critical  discharge,  in  opposi- 
tion to  metastasis,  or  the  termination  by  trans- 
fer to  some  other  part,    {h)  An  apostem  or 
abscess,    (c)  The  throwing  off  or  separation  of 
exfoliated  or  fractured  bones.— 2.  In  hot.,  a 
term  proposed  by  Engelmann  for  the  separa- 
tion of  flora]  whorls  or  of  parts  from  each  other 
by  the  unusual  elongation  of  the  internodes. 
apostasy  (a-pos'ta-si),  n. ;  pi.  apostasies  (-siz). 
[<  ME.  apostasic,  <i  F.  apostasie,  <  LL.  aposlasia, 
<  Gr.  aTToaraaia,  late  form  for  a-uaraaiq,  a  stand- 
ing away  from,  a  defection,  revolt,  departure, 
distance,  etc.,  in  med.  a  suppurative  inflam- 
mation (see  apostasis),  <  a^ia-aadai,  cnzocriivai, 
stand  away  from,  <  arco,  away,  off,  +  'iGraadai, 
ar^ai,  stand:  see  stasis.]  1.  An  abandonment 


apostasy  266 

of  what  one  has  professed;  a  total  desertion  a  posteriori  (a  pos-te-ri-6'ri). 


of,  or  departure  from,  one's  faith,  principles, 
or  party. — 2.  In  tlicoL,  a  total  abandonment  of 
the  Christian  faith. 

Tt  is  a  mistake  ...  to  brand  as  apostacy  any  kind  of 
heresy  or  scliism,  however  criminal  or  absurd,  whicli  still 
assumes  to  itself  the  Christian  name.  Cath.  Diet. 

3.  In  Eom.  Cath.  cedes,  law:  (a)  A  persistent 
rejection  of  ecclesiastical  authority  by  a  mem- 
ber of  the  ehiu'ch.  (b)  An  abandonment  with- 
oiit  permission  of  the  religious  order  of  which 
one  is  a  member,  (c)  A  renunciation  of  the 
clerical  profession  by  one  who  has  received 
major  orders. — 4.  In  med.,  same  as  apostasis. 
Also  spelled  apostacy. 
apostate  (a-pos'tat),  «.and  a.    [<  ME.  apostate 


[ML. :  L.  a  for 

al),  from ;  posteriori,  abl.  of  posterior,  neut.  pos- 
terins,  compar.  of  posterns,  after,  subsequent: 
see  })osterior.']  Literally,  from  the  latter  or 
subsequent;  hence,  in  logic,  from  a  conse- 


apoBtolic 

dients  (resins,  gums,  wax,  oil,  vinegar,  verdigris,  etc.),  cor- 
ifspDiidiiig  ill  nmuber  to  the  .apostles, 
apostle-mug  (a-pos'l-mug),  n.  A  mug  deco- 
rated with  figures  of  the  twelve  apostles,  usu- 
ally in  relief,  sometimes  in  high  relief,  each 
figure  occupying  a  niche  or  compartment. 


queut  to  its  antecedent,  or  from  an  effect  to  its  apostleship  (a-pos'l-ship),  [<  apostle  + 
cause:  used  of  reasomng  which  follows  this    .^/j^^i  1 


order,  formerly  called  demonstratio  quia,  or  im- 
perfect  demonstration.  The  phrase  is  also  used  ad- 
jeetively :  as,  a  posteriori  reasoning.  As  applied  by  Kant 
and  all  modern  writers  to  knowledge,  it  is  equivalent  to 
from  experience,  or  empirical ;  and  it  is  opposed  by  him 
to  a  priori,  that  is,  from  the  intellect  independently  of  all 
experience.    See  a  priori. 

Inversely,  the  elaborate  Homeric  use  of  Cretan  tradi- 
tional fables  furnishes  an  a  posteriori  argument  that  Ho- 
mer did  seek  this  island.  De  Quincey,  Homer,  i. 


(also,  asm  AS.,  apostata,  <1Aj.),<.  OF. apostate,  aposterioristic  (a-pos-te'ri-o-ris'tik),  a.  [<  a 
F.  apostat,  (.JAj.  apostata,  <.  Gv.  a-ocTciT^^,  a  de-  2>osteriori  + -ist-ic]  1.  Empirical;  inductive, 
sorter,  rebel,  apostate,  <  (KpioTaadaL,  cnroaTjjvai,  — 2.  Having  a  somewhat  empirical  or  indue- 
stand  otf,  desert :  see  apostasy.']  I.  n.  1.  One  tive  character.  [Eare.] 
who  is  guilty  of  apostasy;  one  who  has  forsaken  aposthumet,  A  corrupt  form  of  apostem. 
the  church,'  sect,  party,  profession,  or  opinion  apostil,  apostille  (a-pos'til),  m.  [<  F.  aposfe'i^e.- 
to  which  he  before  adhered  (used  in  reproach) ;    see  postil.]    A  marginal  note  or  annotation; 


a  renegade ;  a  pervert. 

He  [the  Earl  of  Strafford]  .  .  .  felt  towards  those  whom 
he  had  deserted  that  peculiar  malignity  which  has,  in  all 
ages,  been  characteristic  of  apostates. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

2.  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  one  who,  without 
obtaining  a  formal  dispensation,  forsakes  a 
religious  order  of  which  he  has  made  profession. 

=  Syn.  Neophyte,  Convert,  Proselyte,  etc.  See  convert,  and 
list  under  reneyade. 

II,  «.  Unfaithful  to  religious  creed,  or  to 
moral  or  political  principle;  traitorous  to  alle- 
giance; false;  renegade:  as,  "the  apostate 
lords,"  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 
apostatet  (a-pos'tat),  V.  i.  [<  apostate,  «.]  To 
apostatize. 

Had  Peter  been  truly  inspired  by  God,  ...  he  would 
not  have  apostated  from  his  purpose.  Fuller. 
apostatical  (ap-os-tat'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  aTToaran- 
KOf,  rebellious,  <  airooraT/K':  see  apostate.']  Apos- 
tate ;  guilty  of  or  characterized  by  apostasy. 

An  heretical!  and  apostaticall  chui'ch.  Bp.  Hall. 

An  assembly  of  prelates,  convened  by  Archbishop  Usher 
in  1626,  declared  that  the  religion  of  Papists  is  supersti- 
tious and  idolatrous;  their  faith  and  doctrines  erroneous 
and  heretical;  their  Church,  in  respect  to  both,  apostati- 
cal. Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  vi. 

apostatize  (a-pos'ta-tiz),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
apostatized,  ppr.  apostatizing.  [<  ML.  aposta- 
tizare,<.  LL.  apostata,  apostate:  see  apostate 
and  -ize.]  To  abandon  one's  profession  or 
ehiu'ch;  forsake  one's  principles;  retrograde 
from  one's  faith;  withii-aw  from  one's  party. 
Also  spelled  apostatise. 

He  apostatized  from  his  old  faith  in  facts,  took  to  belie v- 
dng  in  semblances.  Carlyle. 

The  English  certainly  were  not  converted  to  Cliristian- 
ity :  did  the  Britons  apostatize  to  heathendom  ? 

£.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  131. 

apostazis  (ap-os-tak'sis),  n.  [<  Gr.  aKoara^iz, 
<  d/TOCTrdCeii',  drip,  distil,  <  drrd,  away,  from,  + 
drdCEw,  drip.]  1.  In  wed.,  the  defluxion  of  any 
fluid,  as  of  blood  from  the  nose. — 2.  In  bot.,  an 
abnormal  discharge  of  the  juices  of  plants,  as 
the  gumming  of  the  plum. 

apostemt,  apostemet  (ap'os-tem,  -tern),  n. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  apostom  and  apostume 
i(whence  by  further  corruption  impostume,  im- 
posthume,  after  OF.  empostumc),<.'iAF.  aposteme, 
Mpostym,  <  OP.  aposteme  and  apostume,  <  L.  apo- 
£tema,  <  Gr.  a-ixoaT-qfia,  distance,  interval,  an  ab- 
.seess,  <  a(j>taTaa6ai,  a-KoaTfjvaL,  stand  off,  <  otto,  off, 
+  'ioTaadai,  cTTjvai,  stand :  see  stasis.]  An  ab- 
scess ;  a  swelling  filled  with  purulent  matter. 
Also  apostemate,  and,  corruptly,  apostume,  apos- 
thume,  impostume,  imposthum,e. 

apostematet  (a-pos'te-mat),  V.  i.  [<  ML.  *apo- 
stematus,  pp.  of  * aposiemari,  <  L.  apostema  :  see 
apostem.]  To  form  into  an  abscess;  swell  and 
flu  with  pus. 

apostematet  (a-pos'te-mat),  a.  and  n.    [<  ML. 
*apostematus,  pp.:  see  the  verb.]    I.  a.  Formed 
into  an  apostem;  festering. 
II.  n.  Same  as  apostem. 

Have  you  no  convulsions,  pricking  aches,  sir. 
Ruptures,  or  apostenmtes? 

Middleton  (and  others).  The  Widow,  iv.  2. 

apostemationt  (a-pos-te-ma'shon),  n.  [<  OF. 
apostemation,  <  ML.  apostematio{n-),  <  *aposte- 
mari,  pp.  ^apostematus :  see  apostemate,  v.]  The 
formation  of  an  apostem ;  the  process  of  gather- 
ing into  an  abscess.  Also,  corruptly,  imposthu- 
mation. 

apostematoust  (ap-6-stem'a-tus),  a.  [<  L.  apo- 
stema(t-),  apostem,  +  -ous.]  Pertaiuing  to  an 
abscess ;  having  the  nature  of  an  apostem. 

apostemet,  «•   See  apostem. 


a  comment. 

He  scrawled  apostilles  on  the  margins  to  prove  that  he 
had  read  with  attention.    Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  249. 

apostil  (a-pos'til),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  apostiled, 
apostilled,  ppr.  ajjostiling,  apostilling.    [<  F. 
apostiller;  from  the  noim.]    To  annotate  by 
marginal  observations  or  comments, 
apostille,  n.    See  apostil. 

apostle  (a-pos'l),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  by 
&^\iemsis  postle,  <  ME.  apostle,  apostel,  apostell, 
apostill,  etc.,  and  by  apheresis  postle,  postel,  < 
AS.  apostoJ  =  OFries.  apostol,  apostel  =  D.  G. 
Sw.  Dan.  apostel,  the  ME.  form  being  mixed 
with  OF.  apostle,  later  apostre,  mod.  F.  apdtre, 
—  Pr.  apotro  —  Sp.  apostol  —  Pg.  It.  apostolo,  < 
LL.  apostolus,  an  apostle,  also  a  notice  sent  to 
a  higher  tribunal  or  judge  (def.  4),  =  Goth. 
apaitstauhts,  ajjaustulus —  B,uss.  apostoWi  =  'Po\. 
apostol  (barred  I),  etc.,  an  apostle,  <  Gr.  dird- 
oTo'/io^,  a  messenger,  ambassador,  envoy,  eccles. 
an  apostle,  a  book  of  lessons  from  the  apostolic 
epistles  (def.  3),  lit.  one  who  is  sent  away,  < 
a.TxodTek'Kuv,  send  away,  send  off,  esp.  on  a  mis- 
sion, <  drrd,  off,  away,  +  oteXXuv,  send.]  1.  A 
person  sent  to  execute  some  important  business : 
among  the  Jews  of  the  Christian  epoch,  a  title 
borne  by  persons  sent  on  foreign  missions,  espe- 
cially by  those  commissioned  to  collect  the 
temple  tribute ;  speciflcally  adopted  by  Christ 
as  the  official  title  of  twelve  of  his  disciples 
chosen  and  sent  forth  to  preach  the  gospel  to 
the  world  (Luke  vi.  13) ;  afterward  applied  in 
the  New  Testament  to  others  who  performed 


liip.]    1.  The  office  or  dignity  of  an  apostle. 

—  2.  The  exercise  of  the  functions  of  an  apostle. 

—  Apostleship  of  prayer,  in  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  de- 
vout union  for  the  promotion  of  piety  and  good  works 
among  the  faithful,  and  the  furtherance  of  the  general  in- 
terests of  the  church,  by  means  of  prayer,  especially  by  de- 
votion to  the  Heart  of  Jesus.  It  was  founded  in  the  Jesuit 
house  of  studies  at  Valo,  diocese  of  Le  Puy,  in  France,  in 
1844,  and  was  approved  by  Pope  Pius  IX.  in  1866,  and  again 
finally  by  Leo  XIII.  in  1879.  It  numbers  many  millions 
of  associates  of  every  condition  of  life  throughout  the 
world. 

apostle-spoon  (a-pos'l-spon),  n.  A  spoon  hav- 
ing on  its  handle,  usually  at  the  end,  the  figure 
of  one  of  the  apostles. 
A  set  of  twelve  of  these 
spoons,  or  sometimes  a  small- 
er number,  often  formed  a 
christening  gift  in  the  six- 
teenth and  seventeenth  cen- 
turies. The  old  apostle- 
spoons  which  still  exist  are 
generally  of  silver  gilt. 
Now,  by  my  faith,  a  fair  high 

standing-cup 
And  two  great  'postle-spoons, 

one  of  them  gilt. 
Middleton,  Chaste  Maid,  iii.  2. 

apostolate  ( a  -  pos '  to  - 
lat),  M.  [<  LiL.  aposto- 
latus,  ofa.ce  of  an  apos- 
tle, <  opostotes,  apostle.] 
1 .  The  dignity  or  office 
of  an  apostle. 

That  the  apostolate  might 
be  successive  and  perpetual, 
Christ  gave  them  [the  apos- 
tles] a  power  of  ordination. 
Jer.  Taylor,  Episcopacy 
[Asserted,  §  3. 
The  ministry  originally  co- 
incided with  the  apostolate. 
Schaff,  Hist.  Christ.  Church, 
[I.  60. 

Specifically — 2.  The  dignity  or  office  of  the 
pope ;  the  holder  of  the  apostolic  see :  used  as  a 
title  in  the  early  middle  ages,  as  the  title  Holi- 
ness is  employed  at  the  present  time — Catholic 
Apostolate,  a  name  .adopted  by  an  ecclesiastical  congre- 
gation and  certain  pious  societies  founded  by  Vincent 
Pallotti,  a  Roman  priest,  in  1835.  Such  societies  com- 
prise communities  of  secular  priests,  with  lay  brothers 
attached,  devoted  to  the  work  of  missions;  communities 
of  religious  women,  occupied  with  the  instruction  and 
care  of  poor  girls ;  and  associations  of  devoted  lay  men 
or  women  of  any  condition,  who  by  their  alms  and  prayers 
share  in  the  above-mentioned  and  other  good  works. 


Apostle-Spoons. 


apostolic  functions,  as  Paul  and  Barnabas,  and  apostolesst.  n    [<  ME.  <f''lif''PZ''^^'^^^^^ 
once  to  Christ  himself  (Heb.  iii.  1).  In  the  Greek   ter  OF.  ^apostlesse,  ^P(>i*^f'''\^f^^^^^^ 
Church  this  title  is  given  "not  only  to  the  Twelve,  but  to    fem. :  see  apostle  and  -ess.]    A  female  apostle, 

the  Seventy  Disciples,  and  to  other  Apostolic  men  who  ApOStolian  (ap-OS-to'li-an),  n.  One  of  a  sect 
were  the  companions  of  the  Apostles  properly  so  called."  Mennonites  in  the  Netherlands,  founded  in 
(J.  M.  Neale.)  In  later  usage  the  title  has  been  given  to  , ,  envpntpfinth  centurv  bv  Samuel  Anostool, 
the  first  Christian  missionaries  in  any  part  of  the  world,  seventeentn  century  Dy  oamuei  Aposio^ 

and  to  the  pioneers  of  any  great  moral  reform:  as,  St.    a  minister  of  Amsterdam.    Also  ApoStOOltan. 

Augustine,  the  apostle  of  the  English ;  St.  Boniface,  the  apOStoliC  (ap-OS-tol'ik),  a.  and  M.  [=  r  .  aposto- 
aposHe  of  Gernmny  ;  St.  Francis  Xayier,  the  apostle  of  the     Hq^e^  <  LL.  apoStoliCUS  (ML.  also  apOStoUcalis), 


Indies ;  John  Eliot,  the  apostle  to  the  Indians ;  Theobald 
Mathew,  the  apostle  of  temperance. 

2.  In  the  Mormon  Ch.,  the  title  of  an  official 
whose  duty  it  is  to  be  a  special  witness  of  the 
name  of  Chiist,  to  buildup  and  preside  over  the 
church,  and  to  administer  in  all  its  ordinances. 

There  are  twelve  of  these  officials,  who  rank  next  after  the 
president  and  his  two  assistants,  and  constitute  a  Presid- 
ing High  Council  charged  with  the  penal  regulation  of  the 
affairs  of  the  church  and  the  settlement  of  important 
matters. 

3.  In  the  liturgy  of  the  early  church,  and  in 
the  modem  Greek  Church,  the  lesson  from  the 
epistles,  usually  taken  from  the  writings  of 
St.  Paul ;  also,  a  book  containing  these  lessons, 
printed  in  the  order  in  which  they  are  to  be 
read. — 4.  In  law,  a  brief  statement  of  a  case 
sent  by  a  court  whence  an  appeal  has  been 
taken  to  a  superior  court.  This  sense  belonged  to 
the  Latin  apostolus  among  the  Roman  jurists,  and  was 
commonly  used  until  a  late  date  in  the  tribunals  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church. 

5.  Naut.,  a  knighthead  or  bollard-timber  where 
hawsers  and  heavy  ropes  are  belayed — Acts  of 

the  Apostles.  See  act.—  Apostles'  Creed,  an  early  con- 
fession of  faith,  of  universal  acceptance  in  the  Christian 
church,  preserved  in  substantially  its  present  form  from 
the  close  of  the  fourth  century,  but  in  its  precise  wording 
from  about  A.  D.  500.— Apostles' gems,  in  Christian  sym- 
bolism, various  gems  assigned  to  the  twelve  apostles  ac- 
cording to  the  twelve  foundations  of  the  New  Jerusalem 
(Rev.  xxi.  14, 19,  20).  Thus,  to  St.  Peter  was  assigned  jas- 
per; to  St.  Andrew,  sapphire  ;  and  so  on  according  to  the 
order  of  their  calling  (Mat.  x.  2,  3,  4),  except  that  St. 
Thomas  and  St.  Matthew  interchange,  and  Matthias  takes 
the  place  of  Judas.— Apostles'  ointment,  an  ointment 
formerly  used  which  was  supposed  to  derive  its  virtues 
chiefly  from  the  fact  that  it  was  composed  of  twelve  ingre- 


<LGr.  d7roc7roA«df,<  Gr.  dTrdirroAof :  see  apostle.] 
I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  or  character- 
istic of  an  apostle,  or  more  especially  of  the 
twelve  apostles ;  of  the  apostles  or  an  apostle : 
as,  the  apostolic  age. —  2.  According  to  the  doc- 
trines of  the  apostles  ;  delivered  or  taught  by 
the  apostles :  as,  apostolic  faith  or  practice. 
—3.  An  epithet  of  the  Christian  church,  sig- 
nifying her  identity  with  the  primitive  church 
of  the  apostles.  See  apostolicity.—4:.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  conferred  by  the  pope :  as,  apostolic 
privileges  ;  apostolic  benediction.  _  Apostolic 
benediction.  See  benediction. —  Apostollc  Brethren. 
See  II. ,  1  (c),  and  Apostoline.—  ApostoUc  canons,  certain 
ordinances  and  regulations  belonging  to  the  first  cen- 
turies of  the  Christian  church,  and  incorrectly  ascribed 
to  the  apostles.  A  collection  of  them,  containing  fifty 
canons,  translated  from  the  Greek  by  Dionysius  Exiguus, 
appeared  in  Latin  about  the  year  500,  and  about  fifty 
years  later  the  Greek  text,  with  thirty-five  additional 
canons,  making  the  whole  number  eighty-five,  was  pub- 
lished by  John  of  Antioch ;  they  are  all  commonly  printed 
at  the  end  of  the  Apostolic  Constitutions.— ApostoUo 
church.  See  apostolic  see.—  ApostoUc  Constitutions, 
a  collection  of  diflfuse  instructions,  relating  to  the  duties 
of  clergy  and  laity,  to  ecclesiastical  discipline,  and  to  cere- 
monies, divided  into  eight  books.  Unlike  the  apostolic 
canons,  they  seem  to  have  been  practically  unknown  in 
the  West  until  their  publication  in  the  sixteenth  century, 
though  existing  in  ancient  MSS.  in  some  libraries ;  like 
the  canons,  they  profess  to  be  the  words  of  the  apostles, 
written  down  by  Clement  of  Rome.  Controversy  has  ex- 
isted with  regard  to  their  precise  age,  composition,  and 
authoritative  character.  They  are  now  generally  sup- 
posed to  be  considerably  later  than  the  time  of  the  apos- 
tles, but  to  have  been  in  existence,  in  the  main,  by  the 
end  of  the  third  and  the  beginning  of  the  fourth  cen- 
tury.—ApOStOlic  council.  See  council. —  ApoBtollc  fa- 


apostolic 

thers.  See  /a(Aer.— Apostolic  king,  a  title  granted  by 
the  pope  to  the  kings  of  Hungary,  first  conferred  on  St. 
Stephen  (A.  D.  1000),  the  founder  of  the  royal  line  of  Hun- 
gary, for  what  he  accomplished  iu  the  spreading  of  Clnis- 
tianity.  The  title  was  renewed  by  Clement  XIII.  in  1758 
in  favor  of  the  Austro-Hungarian  royal  house,  and  was 
abolished  in  1848,  but  was  reassumed  as  apostolic  majesty 
in  1851,  and  restricted  to  the  emperor  in  his  character  of 
king  of  Hungary  iu  1868.  —  ApostoUc  see,  a  name  origi- 
nally applied  to  certain  churches,  particularly  to  those  at 
Antioch,  Rome,  and  Ephesus,  because  founded  by  apos- 
tles ;  now,  however,  specially  appropriated  by  the  Church 
of  Rome,  on  the  ground  that  it  was  founded  by  St.  Peter 
and  that  its  popes  are  his  successors.  — Apostolic  suc- 
cession, an  uninterrupted  succession  of  bishops,  and 
through  them  of  priests  and  deacons  (these  three  orders  of 
ministers  being  called  the  apostolic  orders),  in  the  church 
by  regular  ordination  from  the  first  apostles  down  to  the 
present  day,  maintained  by  the  Roman  Catholic,  Greek, 
Oriental,  and  Anglican  churches  to  be  historical  and  to 
be  essential  to  the  transmission  of  valid  orders.— Catho- 
lic Apostolic  Church,  a  name  adopted  by  the  sect  popu- 
larly known  as  Irvingites.    See  Irvingite. 

II.  n.  [cap.]  1.  A  member  of  one  of  various 
sects  (also  called  Apostolicals  or  Apostolici) 
■which  professed  to  revive  the  doctrine  and 
practice  of  the  apostles,  (a)  One  of  a  sect  which  in 
the  third  and  fourth  centuries  condemned  marriage  and 
individual  ownership  of  property.  (6)  A  member  of  an 
anti-sacerdotal  sect  of  the  twelfth  century,  in  Germany 
and  France,  which  denounced  the  corruption  of  the  papal 
hierarchy,  and  rejected  many  of  the  doctrines  of  the  Ro- 
man Church,  (c)  One  of  the  Apostolic  Brethren  of  north- 
ern Italy,  in  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries,  who 
assumed  a  vow  of  poverty,  denounced  the  papacy,  and 
foretold  its  destruction  and  the  inauguration  of  a  new  age 
under  the  dispensation  of  the  Holy  Ghost.  Their  first 
leader,  Sagarelli,  was  put  to  death  in  1300  ;  their  second 
Dolcino,  who  made  war  against  the  papacy,  in  1307. 
2.  A  title  of  bishops  in  early  times,  afterward 
limited  to  primates,  and  finally  to  the  pope, 
apostolical  (ap-os-tol'i-kal),  a.  and  n.  Same 

as  apostolic — Apostolical  notary.  See  notary. 
apostolically  ( ap  -  os  -  tor  i  -  kal  - 1),  ac^y .    In  an 
apostolic  manner, 
apostolicalness  (ap-os-tol'i-kal-nes),  «.  The 
quality  of  being  apostolic,  or  of  being  in  accor- 
dance with  the  doctrines  of  the  apostles, 
apostolicism  (ap-os-tol'i-sizm), »(.    [<  apostolic 
+  -ism.  ]    The  quality  of  being  apostolic  ;  pro- 
fession  of  apostolic  principles  or  practices 


267 

ter  or  letters  regtUarly  sounded  and  written,  and  omitted 
only  in  poetical  or  colloquial  speech,  as  in  o'er  for  over 
don't  for  do  not,  etc. ;  or  (c)  of  a  letter  regularly  sounded 
but  not  written,  as  in  the  possessives  church's,  fox's,  Jones's, 
etc.,  and  so  formerly  often  in  similar  plurals  now  written 
in  full,  as  churches,  foxes,  Joneses.  The  apostrophe  is  now 
extended  to  all  possessives  (except  of  pronouns)  as  a  mere 
sign  of  the  case,  as  l)oy's,  lion's,  etc.,  also  when  the  suffix 
is  omitted,  as  in  conscience'  sake,  and  in  plural  possessives, 
as  boys',  lions' ;  and  it  is  still  used  in  some  unusual  or  pe- 
culiar plurals,  as  many  D.D.'s  and  LL.D.'s,  a  succession 
of  as,  four  9's,  etc. 

3.  The  sign  (')  used  for  other  purposes,  espe- 


cially,  single  or  double,  as  a  concluding  mark 
of  quotation,  as  in  "  '  Well  done.'  snirl  lio  "  .^aa 
quotation-marlc. 


apostolicity  (a-pos-to-lis'i-ti),  71.  [<  apostolic 
+  -ity;  formed  like  publicity,  catJioliciti/,  etc.] 
The  quality  of  being  apostolic;  one  of  the  four 
qualities  of  the  true  church  as  given  in  the 
Constantinopolitan  Creed,  a.  d.  381,  namely, 
unity,  sanctity,  catholicity,  apostolicity. 

-Apostoline  (a-pos'to-lin),  n.  [<  ML.  Aposto- 
liiius,  <  LL.  apostolus,  apostle.]  A  member  of 
a  religious  congregation  of  men  established 
in  Milan  in  the  fifteenth  centm-y,  and  follow- 
ing the  rule  of  the  Hermits  of  St.  Augustine. 
They  were  also  called  Ambrosians,  from  the  church  of 
St.  Ambrose  at  their  mother  house,  and  Apostolic  Breth- 
ren of  the  Poor  Life,  whence  they  have  l)een  sometimes 
confounded  with  the  Apostolics.  (See  Apostolic,  n.  1  (c) ) 
They  were  for  a  time  merged  with  the  order  of  Barnabites 
and  were  finally  suppressed  in  the  seventeenth  century.  ' 

.Apostoolian  (ap-os-to'_li-an),  n.  See  Apostolian. 

apostrophe^  (a-pos'tro-fe),  n.  [Formerly  also 
apostrophy  =  G.  apostrophe  =  F.  apostrophe  = 
Sp.  apostrofe  =  Pg.  apostrophe  =  It.  apostrofe, 
apostrofa,  <  L.  apostrophe,<Gv.  a-oGTpo(p>),  a  turn- 
ing away,  <  anoaTp£<j)Etv,  turn  away,  <  and,  away, 
+  arpeipeiv,  turn.  Cf.  strophe.']  1.  In  rhet.,  a  di- 
gressive address ;  the  interruption  of  the  cotu-se 
of  a  speech  or  writing,  in  order  to  address  brief- 
ly a  person  or  persons  (present  or  absent,  real 
or  imaginary)  individually  or  separately ;  hence, 
any  abrupt  interjectional  speech.  Originally 
the  term  was  applied  only  to  such  an  address 
made  to  one  present. 

At  the  close  of  his  argument,  he  turned  to  his  client  in 
an  affecting  apostrophe.  Everett,  Orations,  I.  277. 

2.  In  hot.,  the  arrangement  of  chlorophyl-gran- 
ules  under  the  action  of  direct  sunlight  {light- 
apostrophe),  and  in  darkness  {dai-Jc-aj)ostrophe) : 
in  the  first  case  upon  the  lateral  walls  of  the 
cells,  so  that  their  edges  are  presented  to  the 
ught ;  in  the  latter,  upon  the  lateral  and  basal 
cell-walls :  used  in  distinction  from  epistrophe 
(which  see). 

apostrophe^  (a-pos'tro-fe),  n.  [In  form  and 
pron.  confused  with  apostrophe^;  prop.  *apo- 
stroph  =  G.  apostroph  =  Sw.  Dan.  apostrof=  F. 
apostrophe  -  Sp.  apostrofo  -  Pg.  apostropho  = 
It.  apostrofo,  in  E.  fii-st  in  LL.  form  apostrophits, 
<  LL.  apostroph  us,  apostrophos,  <  Gr.  airoaTpoipog, 
the  apostrophe,  prop.  adj.  (sc.  irpoavSia,  accent), 
of  turning  away  (elision),  <  aTToaTp£<peiv,  tui-n 
away:  see  apostrophel.']  1.  In  gram.,  the  omis- 
sion of  one  or  more  letters  in  a  word.— 2  In 
writing  and  printing,  the  sign  (')  used  to  indicate 
such  omission.  The  omission  may  be  (a)  of  a  letter  or 
letters  regularly  written  but  not  sounded,  as  in  tho'  for 
tnouj/i,  ill)  d  for  lived,  aim'd  for  aimed,  etc. ;  (6)  of  a  let- 


apostrophici  (ap-6-strof 'ik),  a.  [<  apostrophe'^ 
+  -ic]  In  rhet.,  pertaining  to,  resembling,  or 
of  the  nature  of  an  apostrophe. 
apostrophic2  (ap-o-strof 'ik),  a.  [<  apostrophe^ 
+  -ic.~\  In  gram.,  pertaining  to  the  apostrophe, 
apostrophize^  (a-pos'tro-fiz),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
apostrophized,  ppr.  apos'trojyhising.  [<  apostro- 
2)he^  +  -ise.  Cf.  ML.  apostrophare,  >  F.  apos- 
tropher.']  I.  trans.  In  rhet.,  to  address  by  apos- 
trophe. 

There  is  a  peculiarity  in  Homer's  manner  of  apostro- 
phizing Eumajus,  and  speaking  of  him  in  the  second  per- 
Pope,  Odyssey,  xiv.  41,  note. 
II,  intrans.  To  make  an  apostrophe  or  short 
digressive  address  in  speaking;  speak  in  the 
manner  of  an  apostrophe. 
Also  spelled  apostrophise. 
apostrophize^  (a-pos'tro-fiz),  v.  i.    [<  apostro- 
phe'^ +  -ize.']    In  gram'.:  (a)  To  omit  a  letter 
or  letters.   (&)  To  mark  such  omission  with 
the  sign  ('). 

apostrophyt,  n.    See  apostrophe^. 
apostumet,  n.    A  corrupt  form  of  apostem. 
Apotactic  (ap-o-tak'tik),  n.  Same  as  Apotactite. 
Apotactite  (ap-o-tak'tit),  n.  [<  ML.  Apotactitce, 
pi.,  <  LGr.  'ATTOTaKTirai,  pi.,  <  Gr.  dTruraKTO^,  set 
apart  for  a  sjjecial  use,  specially  appointed, 
verbal  adj.  of  aTrordaaetv,  set  apart,  assign  spe- 
cially, <  d^d,  from,  -f  Taaaeiv,  arrange,  ordain :  see 
tactic]    One  of  a  community  of  ancient  Chris- 
tians who,  in  imitation  of  the  recorded  acts  of 
certain  of  the  first  followers  of  Christ,  added  to 
the  ascetic  vows  of  the  Encratites,  of  whom  they 
were  a  branch,  a  renunciation  of  all  personal 
property:  probably  the  same  as  the  early  Apos- 
tolics.   See  Apostolic,  n.,  1  (a). 
apotelesmt  (a-pot'e-lezm),  n.  [<  Gr.  airoTelEafia, 
result,  effect,  event,  the  result  of  certain  posi- 
tions of  the  stars  on  human  destiny,  <  an-oreMv, 
complete,  accomplish,  <  aird,  from,  +  reMv, 
<  Te'Aog,  end.]    1.  The  result;  the  sum  and 
substance.  N.  E.  D.—2.  In  med.,  the  result  or 
termination  of  a  disease.— 3.  In  astrol.,  the 
calculation  of  a  nativity.  Bailey. 
apotelesmatict  (ap"o-tel-ez-mat'ik),  a.    [<  Gr. 
a-rroTe'keofiaTLK.oi;,  <  aTToreXsGfca :   see  apotelesm.] 
Relating  to  astrology;  pertaining  to  the  casting 
of  horoscopes, 
apothect  (ap'o-thek),  «.    [Early  mod.  E.  also 
apothecke,  and  coiTuptly  apothect,  oppathelce, 
etc.,  <  OF.  apotheque,  apoteque,  displaced  in 
later  F.  by  the  borrowed  boutique,  a  shop,  <  Pr. 
botica,  later  boutiga,  a  shop,  =  Sp.  Pg.  botica, 
apothecary's  shop,  Sp.  also  bodega,  a  wine-cel- 
lar, shop,  gi-ocery,  Pg.  bodega,  a  public  house, 
eatmg-house,  =It.  bottega,  dial,  piotega,  putiqa, 
a  shop,  =  D.  apotheeJc  =  G.  apotheke  =  Dan.  Sw. 
apothek,  an  apothecary's  shop,  <  L.  apotheca,  a 
repository,  storehouse,  warehouse,  ML.  a  shop, 
store,  <  Gr.  anodiiKTi,  a  repository,  storehouse,  < 
arroTcdivat,  put  away,  <  aird,  away,  +  ridsvai,  put, 
>  dwr/,  a  case,  box,  chest :  see  apo-  and  theca.] 
A  shop ;  especially,  a  drug-shop, 
apothecary  (a-poth'e-ka-ri),  «. ;  pi.  apotheca- 
ries (-riz).    [Early  mod.  E.  also  by  apheresis 
pothecary,  poticary,  etc.,  <  ME.  apothecarie, 
apothicarie,  etc.,  by  apheresis  potecarie,  poti- 
carie,  etc.,  <  OF.  apotecaire,  apoticaire,  mod.  F. 
apothicaire,  =  Sp.  Pg.  boticario,  apothecary,  = 
It.  bottegajo,  a  shopkeeper,  =  D.  G.  Dan.  apo- 
theker  =  Sw.  apothelcare,  <  LL.  apothecarius,  a 
warehouseman,  ML.  a  shopkeeper,  apothecary, 
<  L.  apotheca :  see  apothec.']    One  who  prac- 
tises pharmacy;  a  skilled  person  who  prepares 
drugs  for  medicinal  uses  and  keeps  them  for 
sale  ;   a  pharmacist,    in  England  and  Ireland  the 
term  is  now  specifically  applied  to  a  member  of  an  inferior 
branch  of  the  medical  profession,  licensed,  after  examina- 
tion by  the  Apothecaries'  Company,  to  practise  medicine 
as  well  as  to  sell  and  dispense  drugs.    In  Scotland  how- 
ever, as  m  the  United  States,  an  apothecary  is  simply  a 
pharmacist  qualified  by  examination  and  license  to  com- 
pound, sell,  and  dispense  medicines.     See  druqqist — 
Apothecaries'  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1815  (55  Geo 
III.,  c.  194)  regulating  the  business  of  apothecaries  the 
examination  of  drugs,  etc.- Apothecaries'  Company, 


apothem 

one  of  the  worshipful  c(jmpanies  of  London,  incorporated 
by  royal  charter  in  1«17.  It  is  empowered  to  giant  a  li. 
cense  to  practise  medicine.- Apothecaries'  HaU.  the 
hall  of  the  corporation  of  apothecaries  of  London  where 
medicines  are  prepared  and  sold  under  their  direction  — 
Apothecaries'  weight,  the  system  of  weights  fonnerly 
in  Great  Britain,  and  still  in  the  United  .States,  employed 
in  dispensing  drugs,  differing  only  in  its  subdivisions  fron 
troy  weight.    The  table  is  as  follows  : 

OuncFR.      Dram*.      Scruplei.  Onloi. 

1  pound  (tb)  =  12  =    96    =  288  =  5760 

1  ounce  (3)  =     8    =  24  =  480 

1  dram  (3)  =  3  =  60 

1  scruple  ('d)  =  20 

apothecia,  n.    Plm-al  of  apothedum. 
apothecial  (ap-o-the'gial),  a.    [<  apothedum  + 
-al.']   Pertaining  or  relating  to  an  apothecium. 

Apothecial  reactions  for  the  most  part  take  place  either 
externally  on  the  epithecium  or  internally  on  the  hyme- 
iiial  gelatin.  Eticyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  559. 

apo'thecium  (ap-o-the'gium),  w. ;  pi.  apothecia 
(-sia).  [NL.,<  Gr.  cnrodijuTi,  a  storehouse:  see 
apothec]  In  bot.,  the  fruit  of  lichens,  usually 
an  open,  rounded,  shield-  or  dish-shaped  body 
attached  to  the  sui-face,  as  in  gymnoearpoua 
lichens,  or  globular  and  immersed  in  the  sub- 
stance of  the  thallus,  as  in  the  angiocarpous 
series  of  genera.  An  apothecium  consists  of  an  ex- 
ciple  and  the  included  liymeniuni.  The  exciple  is  com- 
posed of  a  layer  of  cells  (hypothecium)  with  or  without  an 


Apothecia.   (From  Sachs's  "Lehrbuch  der  Botanik.") 
vertical  section  of  apothecium  of  ^«a/>/>r;!iVr  citinris  (much  en- 
larged) :  r,  cortex  :  ff.  gonidia  ;  m,  medullary  layer  ;  It.  hymenium  :  j 
subhymenial  layer  and  exciple.    B,  Usnta  barbala,  and  C.  Sticla 
pulmonacea,  with  apothecia.  a. 

additional  subhymenial  layer.  The  hymenium  consists 
of  asci  (otherwise  theca;  or  thekes),  which  are  the  sporc- 
beariiig  organs,  usually  intermingled  with  slender  erect 
filaments  (paraphyses). 

apothegm  (ap'o-them),  n.  [First  in  E.  as  apo- 
thegm, but  later  also  written  apophthegm,  =  F. 
apophthegme=  Sp.  apotegma  =  Pg.  apophtegma, 
apotegma  =  lt.  apotegma,  apoftegma,  <  ML.  *<7/)o- 
thegma,  *apophthegma,  <  Gr.  a7r6(pde}'/ua,  a  terse, 
pointed  saying,  <  aTro(pdiyyeaeac,  speak  out  plain- 
ly, <  a7r6,  from,  +  (pdeyy^adai,  cry  out,  utter.]  A 
short,  pithy,  instructive  saying;  a  terse  remark, 
conveying  some  important  truth ;  a  sententious 
precept  or  maxim.    Also  spelled  apophthegm. 

Of  [Sir  Richard]  Blackmore's  attainments  in  the  ancient 
tongues  It  may  be  sufficient  to  say  that  in  his  prose  he 
has  confounded  an  aphorism  with  an  apophthegm. 

Macaulay,  Addison. 
=SyB.  Aphorism,  Axiom,  Maxim,  etc.    See  aphorism 

apothegmatic  (ap"o-theg-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
aivoipeeyfiaTiKog,  sententious,  <  inrdipdeyfia,  apo- 
thegm.] 1.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  char- 
acter of  an  apothegm ;  containing  an  apothegm 
or  apothegms;  sententious.— 2.  Given  to  the 
use  of  apothegms. 

Also  spelled  apophthegmatic 
apothegmatical  (ap"o-theg-mat'i-kal),  a.  Same 
as  apothegmatic.  Also  spelled  apophihegmatical. 
apothegmatist  (ap-o-theg'ma-tist),  «.  [<  Gr, 
aTT6(j>deyiia{T-),  apothegm,  -I-  -ist.]  A  coUeetor 
or  maker  of  apothegms.  Also  spelled  apoph- 
thegniatist. 

apothegmatize  (ap-o-theg'ma-tiz),  v.  i. ;  pret 
and  pp.  apothegmati'zed.  ppr."  ajiothegmatizing 
[<  Gr.  a~6(pdeyfia{--),  apothegm,  -t-  -to-.]  To  utter 
apothegms.     Also  spelled  apoplithcgmatize. 

apothem,  apotheme  (ap'o-them,  -them), «.  [= 
F.  apotheme,  <  NL.  apoth'ema,  <  Gr.  as  if  *a7ro- 
6e/ia,  <  arroTidcvai,  set  off,  put  aside,  deposit:  see 
apothesis.']  1.  In  geom.,  a  perpendicular  let 
fall  from  the  center  of  a  regular  polygon  upon 
one  of  its  sides. — 2.  In  pharmaceutics,  the  more 
or  less  completely  insoluble  brownish  substance 


apothem 

deposited  when  vegetable  infusions,  decoctions, 
tinctures,  etc.,  are  subjected  to  prolonged  evap- 
oration by  heat  with  access  of  air.  The  sub- 
stance or  substances  out  of  which  it  is  in  this 
way  formed  constitute  the  so-called  extractive. 

apothema  (a-poth'e-ma),  n.  [NL. :  see  aj>o- 
tli(  )}i.~\    Same  as  apothcw. 

apotheme,  «.    See  apothcm. 

apotheosis  (ap-6-the'6-sis  or  ap"6-the-o'sis),  .1    .  ,  -  ,     ,  .     •  , 

H  •  T>1  ni,nfhfn<!fii  (-'iez)  TLL  <  Gv.  a-otituair,  painted  vases,  was  otten  introdiicea  m  this  character;  luul 
n.  ,  pi.  apotneObCi,  \  sez;.    ,L^^-'.^    {         /  tisurines  of  comic,  iiuiecent,  or  terrifyiiis  subjects  and  can- 

a  deiheation,  <  a-of/fOf(i',  airotlsovi;  aeity,  <,  airu,  .,„y  y^jj^.,.  nature  also  did  duty  as  apotropaia. 

from,  +  (?fof,  a  god.]     1.  Deiheation;  conse-  apotropous(a-pot'ro-pus),  a.  apotroims 


268 

apotropaion  (ap"o-tro-pa'yon;,  «. ;  pi.  apotro- 
paia (-ya).  [NL".  pi-op.  "apotrojHviim,  -won, 
repr.  Gri'anoTponmov,  neut.  of  anoTpdnaio^,  avert- 
ing evil,  <  anoTf)07T?/,  a  turning  away,  averting, 
<  li-KorptKeiv,  turn  away,  avert:  see  apotropous.] 
In  Gr.  antiq.,  any  sign,  sjTnbol,  or  amulet  re- 
puted to  have  the  power  of  averting  the  evil 


apparatus 

Wine  of  its  own  nature  will  not  congeal  and  freeze;, 
only  it  will  lose  the  strength  and  become  appaiUd  in  ex- 
tremity of  cold.  Holland,  tr.  of  I'liny. 

appal,  appall  (a-pal'),  «•  [<  appal,  appall,  r.] 
A  state  of  terror ;  affright ;  dismay ;  consterna- 
tion. [Kare.] 

Him  [Ajax)  viewed  the  Greeks  exulting,  with  appal 
The  Trojans.  Cowper,  Iliad, 


eration;  specitieally,  under  the  Roman  empire, 
the  formal  attribution  of  divine  honors  to  a  de- 
ceased emperor  or  other  member  of  the  imperial 
family. 

A  regular  custom  was  introduced,  that  on  the  decease 
of  every  emperor  who  had  neither  lived  nor  died  like  a  ty- 
rant, the  senate,  by  a  solemn  decree,  should  phu  e  liim  in 
the  number  of  the  gods;  and  the  cercinouies  ot  his  iiyn- 
thcosis  were  blended  with  those  of  his  funeral.  Gibhun. 

In  order  to  invest  themselves  with  a  sacred  character, 
the  emperors  adopted  the  religious  device  of  an  apothevsis. 

Leckij,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  272. 

2.  Figuratively,  excessive  honor  paid  to  any 
great  or  distinguished  person;  the  ascription 
of  extraordiuaiy  virtues  or  superhuman  quali- 
ties to  a  human  being. 

Exerting  himself  in  laudation,  almost  in  apotheosis,  of 
the  republican  heroes  and  martyrs. 

Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  399. 

3.  The  personification  and  undue  exaltation  of 
a  virtue,  a  sentiment,  or  an  idea. 

The  apotheosis  of  chivalry,  in  the  person  of  their  apos- 
tle and  patron,  St.  James.     Prescott,  Eerd.  and  Isa.,  Int. 

apotheosize  (ap-o-the'o-siz  or  ap"o-the-6'siz), 
V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  apotheosized,  ppr.  apotlieosiz- 
inq.  [<  apotlieosis  + -i::e.']  1.  To  consecrate 
or  exalt  to  the  dignity  of  a  deity;  deify. —  2. 
To  pay  excessive  honor  or  ascribe  superhuman 
qualities  to ;  glorify ;  exalt. 

apothesis  (a-poth'e-sis),  n.  [NL.  (L.,  in  arch., 
the  same  as  apophy(je),i  Gr.  airodeat^,  a  laying 
up,  a  putting  back  or  away,  a  storing  up,  a  set- 
ting or  disposition  of  a  dislocated  or  fractm-ed 
limb,  also  the  same  as  apodyterium,  q.  v.,  < 
aTToTidevm,  put  back  or  away,  <  0.1:6,  away,  -f 
ridtvai,  put,  set,  place:  see  apo-  and  tlicsis.} 
In  surg.:  (a)  The  reduction  of  a  dislocation  or 
fracture.  Hooper,  (h)  The  disposition  proper 
to  be  given  to  a  fractured  limb  after  reduction. 
lJunglison. 

apotome  (a-pot'o-me),  «.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  anoTOfii], 


eye  or  of  seizing  in  any  way  as  a  charm  against  ^  i^^.i,ian  (ap-a-lach'i-an  or  -la'chi-an),'  a. 
bad  luck.    In  art,  the  representation  of  an  eye,  as  on  -^^^^^^^^^.^^  j^,^,^        Appalaclies,  an  Indian  tribe.] 

Appellative  of  or  pertaining  to  a  system  of 
mountains  in  eastern  North  America,  extending 
from  Cape  Gasp6,  in  the  province  of  Quebec, 
to  northern  Alabama,  and  divided  into  many 
ranges  bearing  separate  names.  The  whole  system 

has  also  been  called  the  Alleghaiiies,  after  its  most  exten- 
sive division.  The  name  Appalacliian  was  first  applied  by 
the  Spaniards  to  the  extreme  soutlii  ru  part  of  the  system. 
Also  sometimes  spelled  Apiihifliimi,  after  the  Spanish 
orthography.— Appalachian  tea,  the  Anu  riL-au  name  for 
the  leaves  of  two  iilaiits,  Vibiinniin  nmsi itnides  Ilex 
Cassine,  sonietinu  s  used  as  a  suljstilute  fcjr  Chinese  tea. 


<  Gr.  dnSTpono^,  tiu'ned  away,  <  dTroTpt-eiv,  turn 
away,  <  and,  away,  -f  -pi-eiv,  turn.]  In  hot., 
turned  away :  applied  by  Agardh  to  an  anat- 
ropous  ovule  which  when  erect  or  ascending 
has  its  raphe  toward  the  placenta,  or  averse 
from  it  when  pendulous:  opposed  to  epitropous 
(which  see). 

Apoust,       See  Apus.  ,    ,  ^t-,   ,        1  t-.    1  7 

apoxyomenos(a-pok-si-om'e-nos),  ».;  vl-npoxy-  appalet  (a-pal  ),  v  [Early  mod.  E.  also  apale 
omenoi  (-noi).  [Gr.  iTroSvo/uevo^,  ppr.  mid.  of  <  OF.  a2)paln\  apahr ;  hemg  the  s&me  as  appall, 
arroik-'i'.  scrape  off,  <  hn6,  off,  +  ?vm',  scrape.]  <  OF.  apallir,  appalUr,  in  closei-  association 
In  Gr.  antiq.,  one  using  the  strigil;  one  scrap-  with  pale:  see  appal,  pale^,  >'.,  andimll^.^  An 
ing  dust  and  perspiration  from  his  body,  as  a    old  spelling  of  apjMl. 

bather  or  an  athlete.  Famous  representations  appalementt,  [<  apjyale  +  -went.^  An  old 
in  art  are  a  statue  by  Polycletus  and  one  by    forin  of  appalmcnt. 


Lysippus. 

My  own  impression  of  the  relief  [at  Athens]  of  Apoxy- 
omenoi  is  that  the  style  had  been  inttueiiced  by  Praxiteles. 

A.  S.  Murrny,  Greek  Sculpture,  II.  334,  note. 

apozem  (ap'o-zem),  n.  [<  L.  apozema,  <  Gr.  airo- 
Ct  ua,  a  decoction,  <  aTTo^eiv,  boil  till  the  scum  is 
thrown  off,  <  a-6,  from,  -I-  Zeiv,  boil.]   In  vied., 


appall,  V.  and  n.    See  appal. 
appalling  (a-pa'ling),  p.  a.    Causing  or  fitted 
to  cause  dismay  or  horror:  as,  an  appalling 
accident;  an  appalling  sight. 

All  the  avenues  of  enquiry  were  painted  with  images  of 
appalliivj  suffering,  and  of  malicious  diemons. 

Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  243. 

manner  to 


a  decoction  or  acpieous  infusion  of  one  or  more  appallingly  (a-pa'ling-li),  cidv.  In  a  mam 
medicinal  substances  to  which  other  mediea-  appal  or  transfix  with  fright ;  shockingly 
 „_„  ..AA^A    o„^i,  „o  ooUo  r^-n  cvr>,.^«  auDalment  (a-pal  meut),  «.   \<.apval-r -1 


acutting  off,  a  piece,  the  larger  segment  of  a  o„nn11  r-i 

ton^  <  ?-^/-^'^eut  off,  <  a^,  off, api^  appall  (,^al. 


ments  are  added,  such  as  salts  or  syrups. 
[Rare.] 

apozemical  (ap-6-zem'i-kal),  a.  [<  apozem  -I- 
-?'(Y//.]  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  nature  of 
an  apozem.  ■  [Rare.] 

appairt  (a-par'),  i'.    [<ME.  apairen,  apayren, 
apeiren,  aj>ei/ren,  andby  apheresisj.i«jre«,  peiren, 
reduced  from  ainpairen,  anpairen,  more  cor- 
rectly empeiren,  whence  later  empair,  mod. 
jjair,  q.v.]  I.  trans.  To  deface;  damage;  make 
worse ;  impair ;  bring  into  discredit ;  ruin. 
It  is  a  synne  and  eek  a  gret  folye 
To  apeyren  any  man  or  hym  defame. 
«  Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Miller's  Tale,  1.  39. 

II.  intrans.  To  degenerate ;  become  weaker; 
gi-ow  worse ;  deteriorate ;  go  to  ruin. 

It  shulde  not  apaire.     Chaucer,  House  of  Kame,  1.  756. 


(!. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ap- 

ra^eiv,  cut.  ]  1 .  In  math.,  a  term  used  by  Euclid  PP^'-  ".Pl^^Ming.    [Early  mod.  E.  a\soap- 


to  denote  a  straight  line  which  is  the  difference 
between  two  straight  lines  that  are  rational  (in 
Euclid's  sense,  that  is,  are  either  commensur- 
able with  the  unit  line,  or  have  their  squares 
commensurable  with  the  square  on  the  unit 
line)  and  that  are  commensurable  in  power 
only  (that  is,  have  their '  squares  commensur- 
able, but  are  themselves  incommensurable). 
Apotomes  are  of  six  incommensurable  classes.  To  define 
these,  let  o  denote  the  length  of  the  minuend  line,  called 
by  Euclid  the  whole,  and  let  n  denote  the  length  of  the 
subtrahend  line,  called  by  Euclid  the  adapted  line  (n-pocr- 
apixo^ovaa).  The  apotome  is  o— ?r.  Itia  A  first  aputoine  \t 
oand  ^o2— ttS  are  commensurable  with  the  unit  line.  It 
is  a  second  apotome  if  >/o'.i— tt^  is  commensurable  with  o 
and  TT  is  commensurable  with  the  unit  line.  It  is  a  third 
apotome  if  \/o'i—v'i  is  commensurable  with  o,  but  neither 
o  nor  IT  is  commensurable  with  the  uuitline.  It  is  a /ourtA 
apotome  if  o  is  incommensurable  with  Y o'^—tt'^,  but  is  com- 
mensurable with  the  unit  line.    It  is  a  fifth  apotome  if 


is  incommensurable  but  tt  commensurable  with 


the  unit  line.  It  is  a  sixth  apotome  if  neither  -(/oS— iri, 
o,  nor  TT  is  commensurable  with  unity.  The  first  apotome; 
of  a  medial  line  is  the  difference  of  two  medial  lines,  com- 
mensurable in  power  only,  whose  rectangle  is  a  rational 
area.  The  second  apotome  of  a  medial  line  is  the  difference 
of  two  medial  lines,  commensurable  in  power  only,  whose 
rectangle  is  a  medial  area. 

2.  In  the  Pythagorean  musical  system,  the 
greater  of  the  two  half  steps  or  semitones  into 
which  the  whole  step  or  whole  tone  is  divided. 
Its  vibration-ratio  is  I  'tI »• 

apotomy  (a-pot'o-mi),  n.    Same  as  ajiotome. 

apotrepsis  (ap-o'-trep'sis),  )(.  [NL.,<  Gr.  aird- 
Tpetpic,  aversion,  a  turning  away,  <  aTroTpeweiv, 
turn  away :  see  apotropous.']  In  med.,  the  reso- 
lution of  an  inflammatory  tumor.  [Rare.] 

apotropaia,  n.    Plural  of  apotropaion. 

apotropaic  (ap"6-tr6-pa'ik),  a.  [<  apotropaion 
-\-  -ic]  Possessing  the  property  of  an  apotro- 
paion; having  the  reputed  power  of  averting 
evil  influences. 

The  sacrifice  [to  Mars]  of  the  "October  horse,"  in  the 
Campus  Martius,  .  .  .  had  also  a  naturalistic  and  apotro- 
paic character.  £ncyc.  Brit.,  XV.  570. 


appalment  (a-pal'ment),  n.  [<  appal  -(-  -ment.} 
The  state  of  'being  appalled ;  depression  occa- 
sioned by  fear;  discouragement  thi'ough  fear. 
Also  spelled  appallment,  and  formerly  appale- 
vient.  [Rare.] 

The  furious  slaughter  of  them  was  a  great  discourage- 
ment and  appalement  to  the  rest.    Bacon,  Hen.  VII.,  p.  35. 

appanage  (ap'a-naj),  «.  [<  F.  appanage,  appe- 
nage  (Cotgrave),  apanage,  now  only  apanage  (> 
E.  also  apanage),  <  OF.  apaner  —  Pr.  apanar,  < 
ML.  *appanare,  apanare,  furnish  with  bread,  < 
L.  ad,  to,  +  pants  (>  F.  pain),  bread.]  1.  Origi- 
nally, in  the  feudal  law  of  France,  that  which 
was  granted  to  the  sons  of  the  sovereign  for  their 
support,  as  lands  and  privileges,  and  which  re- 
verted to  the  crown  on  the  failm-e  of  male  heirs. 
In  Scotland,  at  a  later  date,  appanage  was  the  patrimony 
of  the  king's  eldest  son,  upon  whose  death  or  succession 
to  the  throne  it  reverted  to  the  crown.  In  England,  tlie 
duchy  of  Cornwall  is  sometimes  regarded  as  an  appanage  of 
the  Prince  of  Wales ;  in  addition,  he  and  other  members 
of  the  royal  family  receive  from  Parliament  allowances 
amounting  to  £156,000  out  of  the  annual  income  derived 
from  the  hereditary  crown  lands  surrendered  to  Parliament 
in  the  time  of  William  IV. 

France  could  little  afford  to  see  Normandy  separated 
from  its  body,  even  though  it  was  to  form  an  apanage  of 
one  of  its  own  princes. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Norm.  Conq.,  III.  78. 

2.  Whatever  belongs  or  falls  to  one  from  one's 
rank  or  station  in  life. 

"I  prefer  respect  to  admiration,"  said  Flora ;  "  but  I  fear 
that  respect  is  not  the  appanage  of  such  as  I  am." 

Disraeli,  Coningsby,  iv.  8. 

3.  A  natural  or  necessary  accompaniment;  an 
endowment  or  attribute. 

Where,  save  the  rugged  road,  we  find 
No  appanage  of  human  kind. 

Wordsworth,  Pass  of  Kirkstone. 

4.  A  dependent  territory ;  a  detached  part  of 
the  dominions  of  a  crown  or  government  :  as, 
India  is  now  only  an  appanage  of  Great  Britain. 

Also  written  apanage,  and  sometimes  appe- 
nagc. 


paide,  apawl,  <  ME.  appallen,  apallen,  <  OF 
apallir,  appallir,  to  gi-ow  pale,  also  apalir,  ap- 
palir  (whence,  or  according  to  which,  the  later- 
appearing  E.  appale,  q.  v.),  =  It.  appallidire, 
gi-ow  pale,  <  L.  ad  (>  It.  a,  F.  a),  to,  -I-  pallidiis, 
>  It.  pallido,  OF.  jwle,  pallc,  mod.  F.  pdlc,  pale : 
see  pam  a.nd  pal f.']  I.i  intrans.  1.  To  grow 
pale  or  become  dim. 

Hir  liste  iiat  appalled  for  to  be. 

Chaucer,  Squire's  Tale,  1.  357. 

2.  To  become  weak  in  quality,  or  faint  in 
strength;  fade;  fail;  decay. 

Therewith  her  wrathful  courage  gaii  appall. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  vi.  26. 
Like  the  Fire,  whose  heat  doth  soon  appale. 

Tofte,  Alba,  ii.,  Pref.    (N.  E.  D.) 

3.  To  become  faint-hearted;  lose  courage  or 
resolution;  become  dismayed.— 4.  To  become 
weak,  flat,  stale,  and  insipid;  lose  flavor  or  taste, 
as  fermented  liquor. 

I  appalle,  as  drinke  dothe  or  wyne,  when  it  lesith  his 
colour,  or  ale  whan  it  hath  stande  longe.  Palsgrave. 
II.  trans.  If.  To  make  pale;  cause  to  grow  app'anagistt  (ap'a-na-jist),  m.  apanagiste: 


see  ap2"anage  and  -ist'.]  A  prince  to  whom  an 
appanage  was  gi'anted.  Penny  Cyc,  II.  144. 
apparaget,  «■  [<  OF.  aparage,  <  aparer,  <  a,  to, 
+  par,  equal.  Cf .  mod.  F.  parage,  rank,  and  K 
peeraqe.^  Noble  extraction;  nobility;  rank; 
quality.    N.  E.  D.  „    ,.  ,  . 

apparailet,  n.  and  v.  A  Middle  English  form 
of  apparel. 

■    '  ^3,me  as  apparatus. 

Such  apparate  and  order  for  public  sacrifices. 

Sheldon,  Miracles,  p.  2/1. 


preparation,  equipment,  gear,  <  apparatus,  pp. 
otapparare,  adparare,  prepare,  <  ad,  to,  +  para- 
re,  make  ready,  prepare :  see  pare  and  prepare,  i 
An  equipment  of  things  provided  and  adapted 
as  means  to  some  end;  especially,  a  collection, 
combination,  or  set  of  machinery,  tools,  instru- 


pale;  blanch. 

The  answer  that  ye  made  to  me,  my  dear,  .  .  . 
Hath  so  appalled  my  countenance. 

Wyatt,  To  his  Love. 

2t.  To  cause  to  become  weak  or  to  fail;  weaken; 
reduce. 

But  it  were  for  an  olde  appalled  [var.  galled]  wight. 

Chaucer,  Shipman  s  Tale,  1.  102. 
All  other  thirst  appaZrrf.  2'Ao?rtson,  Seasons.  ^ 

.Severus,  being  apjialled  with  age,  ...  was  constrained  apparatCt  (ap  a-rat),  M. 
to  keep  his  chamber.  Stow,  Chron.,  The  Romaynes. 

3.  To  deprive  of  courage  or  strength  through  ,       .        a    7 .  v^l  „1ca 

fear;  cause  to  shrink  with  fear;  confound  with  apparatus  (ap-a-ra  tus),w.  sing,  ana  pi.,  pi.aiso 
fear;  dismay;  terrify:  as,  the  sight  appalled   rarely  apparatuses  (-ez).    [L.,  pi.  appaiatut,. 
the  stoutest  heart. 
Every  noise  appals  me.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  2. 

Does  neither  rage  inflame  nor  fear  appal? 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Hor.,  II.  ii.  308. 

4t.  To  cause  to  become  weak,  flat,  or  stale,  or 
to  lose  flavor  or  taste,  as  fermented  liquor. 


apparatus 

ments,  utensils,  appliances,  or  materials  in- 
tended, adapted,  and  necessary  for  the  aceom- 
pliskment  of  some  purpose,  such  as  mechani- 
cal work,  experimenting,  etc. :  as,  chemical, 
philosophical,  or  surgical  apparatus. 

The  whole  military  apparatus  of  the  archduke  was  put 
in  motion.  Prescott,  Fenl.  and  Isa.,  ii.  17. 

.Specifically— (a)  In  iJhijsiol.,  a  collection  of  organs  whicli 
thougli  dirt'ering  in  structure,  all  minister  to  the  same  func- 
tion: as,  tlie  respiratory  o;;para^i(s;  the  digestive  appa- 
ratus. (6)  A  collection  of  materials  for  any  literary  worlv  ■ 
as,  critical  apparatus  for  the  study  of  the  Greek  text  of  the 
ISew  lestament.— Apparatus  belli  (Latin),  materials  of 
war;  ammunition;  military  stores.— Apparatus  SculD- 
tons  (iNew  Latin),  the  .Sculptor's  Workshop,  a  constella- 
tion situated  m  that  region  of  tlie  heavens  wliich  lies  ini- 
meUiately  to  the  east  of  the  large  star  Fomalhaut,  or  a 
i^cis  Austrahs.    It  barely  rises  above  the  horizon  in  the 
northern  hemisphere, 
apparel  (a-par'el),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  appareled 
or  apparelled,  ppr.  appareling  or  apparelling. 
[-Laiiy  mod.  E.  also  aparel,  aparrell,  etc.,  <  ME. 
aparailen,  apparuilen,  -aylen,  -eilen,  -eylen,  etc., 
and  by  apheresis  parailen,  <  OF.  aparailler, 
apareiller,  F.  appareiller,  dress,  prepare,  =  Pr. 
aparelhar  =  Sp.  aparejar  =  Pg.  apparelhar  =lt. 
apparecchiare,  <  L.  as  if  *adpariculare,  make 
equal  or  fit,  <  ar?,  to,  +  *pariculits  ( >  It.  parecchio 
=  Pg.  jyarelho  =  Sp.  parejo  =  Pr.  parelh  =  F. 
pared,  equal,  like),  dim.  otpar,  equal:  see  par.'] 
It.  To  make  ready;  prepare;  fit  out;  put  in 
proper  order. 

F or  ther  he  wolde  hire  weddyiug  apparaile. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  2473. 

2.  To  dress  or  clothe;  adorn  or  set  off;  deck 
with  ornaments. 

Behold,  they  which  are  gorgeously  apparelled,  and  live 
delicately,  are  in  kings'  courts.  Luke  vii.  25. 

It  is  no  greater  charity  to  clothe  his  body,  than  amarel 
the  nakedness  of  his  soul. 

Sir  T.  Broivne,  Religio  Medici,  ii.  3. 

She  did  apparel  her  apparel,  and  with  the  preciousness 
of  her  body  made  it  most  sumptuous.         Sir  P.  Sidney. 

You  may  have  trees  apparelled  with  flowers  by  borin^^ 
holes  in  them,  putting  into  them  earth,  and  setting  seeds 
°*  violets.  £acon,  Nat.  Hist.?  §  504. 

3.  To  furnish  with  external  apparatus ;  equip : 
as,  ships  appareled  for  sea. 

apparel  (a-par'el),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
aparel,  aparrel,  etc.,  and  parel,  parrell,  etc.,  < 
ME.  aparel,  apjmrail,  apareil,  and  by  apheresis 
parel,  <  OF.  aparail,  apareil,  aparel,  preparation, 
eqmpment,  F.  appareil,  preparation,  provision, 
=  Pr.  aparelh  =  Sp.  aparejo  =  Pg.  apparelho 
=  It.  rtp7x«-ecc7iw  ;  from  the  verb.]  If.  Prepa- 
ration; the  work  of  preparing  or  providing.  

2.  Things  prepared  or  provided ;  articles  or 
materials  to  be  used  for  a  given  purpose ;  ap- 
paratus; equipment.  Specifically- (at)  The  furni- 
ture  appendages,  or  attachments  of  a  house,  (b)  Naut 
the  furnishings  or  equipment  of  a  ship,  as  saUs,  ringing' 
anchors,  guns,  etc.  oh^s, 

The  carpenters  were  building  their  magazmes  of  oares 
masts,  d'c,  for  an  hundred  gallys  and  ships,  which  have  all 
their  apareil  and  furniture  neere  them. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  June,  1645. 

3.  A  person's  outer  clothing  or  vesture ;  rai- 
ment;  e-xternal  array;  hence,  figuratively,  as- 
pect; guise. 

Costly  thy  habit  as  thy  purse  can  buy, 
But  not  e.xpress'd  in  fancy ;  rich,  not  gaudy  • 
1  or  the  apparel  oft  proclaims  the  man. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 
At  publick  devotion  his  resigned  carriage  made  religion 
appear  in  the  natural  apparel     simplicity.  TMler. 

4.  Eccles.,  an  ornament  of  the  alb  and  amice 
lound  as  a  simple  fringe  or  colored  stripe  earlier 
than  the  tenth  century, 
most    extensively  em- 
ployed and  elaborate  in 
workmanship  during  the 
thirteenth  and  fourteenth 
centuries,  and  still  used' 
in  the  form  of  pieces  of 
lace  sewed  upon  silk.  The 
apparels  of  the  alb  are  either 
oblong  quadrangular  patches 
on  the  wrists  and  on  the  skirt 
before  and  behind,  or  bands 
completely  encircling  the  skirt 
and  wrists.  The  apparel  of  the 
amice  is  on  the  outside  part 
which  is  turned  down  like  a 
collar.  It  was  often  inorphrev- 
work  adorned  vnth  precious 
stones  so  disposed  as  to  form 
sacred  emblems.  =Syil.  3.  Rai- 
ment, costume,  attire,  clothes 
garb,  habiliments. 

^■PPt^^^^ientt,  n.  [<  ME.  apparaillement,  apa- 
nnnJ'T'  ^  ^Pareillement=PT.  aparelkamen, 
apmellamen  =  OSp.  aparejamiento  =  Pg.  appa- 
reZ^a«e«to  =  It.  apparecchiamento  :  see  apparel 
and-we«f  ]  Equipment;  clothing;  adornment. 
Chaucer,  Boethius. 


269 

apparencet,  apparencyt  (a-par'ens,  -en-si),  n. 

LME.  apparencc,  apparens,  aparencej'  -aunce, 
also  apparencic,  <  OF.  ajxirencc,  aparancc,  F. 
apparence  =  Pr.  ajyparencia,  aparensa  =  Sp. 
apariencia  =  Pg.  ap2>arencia  =  It.  apparenza,  < 
L.  apparentia,  appearance,  in  ML.  also  simula- 
tion, <  apparen(t-)s,  apparent :  see  apparent.  Ct 
appearance.]  1.  Preparation;  making  ready. 
—  2.  Superficial  seeming  ;  external  semblance; 
appearance:  as,  "  vain  and  gaudy  «»»a?-e)i«cs," 
Bp.  Wren.  ' 

Outward  apparance  is  no  authentic  instance  of  the  in- 
ward desires.  Middletun,  Family  of  Love,  i.  2. 

3.  The  quality  of  being  apparent  to  the  senses 
or  to  the  mmd ;  apparentness.— 4.  The  posi- 
tion of  being  an  heir  apparent.  N.  K  D. 
apparent  (a-par'ent),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  appa- 
r ant  -aunt,  aparant,  also  by  apheresis  parent, 
<  OF.  aparant,  -ent,  F.  apparent  =  Pr.  appa- 
rent  =  Sp.  aparente  =  Pg.  It.  aj)parente,  <  L. 
apparen{t-)s,  ppr.  oiapparere,  adparere,  come  in 
sight,  appear:  see  appear  and  -«»<!.]  I,  a.  1. 
Exposed  to  the  sense  of  sight;  open  to' view' 
capable  of  being  seen,  or  easily  seen;  visible  to 
the  eye ;  within  the  range  of  vision. 

By  some  apparent  sign 
Let  us  have  knowledge  at  the  court  of  guard. 

Shak.,\M.ftu.  VI.,  ii.  1. 
As  we  rapidly  approached  the  land  the  beauty  of  the 
scenery  became  more  fully  apparent. 

Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  ii, 

2.  Capable  of  being  clearly  perceived  or  un- 
derstood; obvious;  plain  or  clear;  evident:  as, 
the  wisdom  of  the  Creator  is  apparent  in  his 
works. 

At  that  time  Cicero  had  vehement  suspicions  of  Ca;sar 
but  no  apparent  proof  to  convince  him.  North. 

3.  Having  the  character  of  a  mere  seeming  or 
appearance,  in  distinction  from  what  is  true  or 
real :  as,  the  apparen  t  motion  of  the  sun ;  his 
anger  was  only  apparent. 

For  the  powers  of  nature,  notwithstanding  their  anva- 
rent  magnitude,  are  limited  and  stationary. 

Buckle,  Civilization,  I.  46. 
Culture  inverts  the  vulgar  view  of  nature,  and  brings  the 
mind  to  call  that  apparent  which  it  uses  to  call  real  and 
that  real  which  it  uses  to  caU  visionary.  Emerson,  Nature 


Part  of  the  Apparel  of  the 
Alb  of  Becket.  in  the  cathe- 
dral of  Sens,  France.  (From 
Viollet-Ie-Duc's  "Diet,  du  Mo- 
bilier  frant^ais." ) 


4t.  Probable;  Ukely:  as,  " the  three  «»»arcw« 

Iv'^ru^f?^".  Apparent day.fhe real 

or  true  solar  day,  as  distinguished  from  the  mean  day 
bee  rfaj/.— Apparent  declination,  the  declination  of  tlie 
S^^tJ'fS^  ^K^^i?  star. -Apparent  diameter  of  a 
heavenly  body,  the  angle  which  its  diameter  subtendl 
at  the  eye,  that  is,  the  angle  made  by  lines  drawn  from 
the  e.xtremities  of  its  diameter  to  the  eye.— Apparent 
double  pomt,  in  math.,  a  point  on  a  curve  in  snace 
which  appears  to  be  double  to  an  eye  placed  at  a  given 
point.— Apparent  easement.  See  easement.— Anna.- 
rent  or  mtentional  ens.  See  cns.-Apparent  fiCTire 

the  fagure  or  shape  under  which  an  object  appears  when 
seen  at  a  distance.- Apparent  horizon.  Same  as  visible 
/lomon  (which  see,  under  Aonzo«)— Apparent  magni- 

l^f,^;  tf f  '""//'"f'/'f-- Apparent  noon,  the  instant  at 
which  the  center  of  the  sun  crosses  the  meridian —Au- 
parent  place  of  a  star,  etc.,  the  place  on  the  celestial 
sphere  where  it  would  appear  but  for  refraction ;  some' 
t  mes  the  p  ace  where  it  does  appear.- Apparent  posi- 
tion, m  optics  the  position  in  which  an  object  appears  to 
be  when  seen  through  glass,  water,  or  any  other  diffract 
ing  medium-,  as  distinguished  from  its  true  position.  See 
re{'Snn"/^"^'^PP^^1*  r^Sht  ascension,  the  right  as- 
cension of  the  apparent  place  of  a  star.  -  Apparent  time 
-I,™  sin.- Heir  apparent.  See  ™>: 

tlk^e.Ls^ofteniiWe.  P"'*^"'' 

Il.t  n.  An  heir  apparent. 

K.  Hen.  Draw  thy  sword  in  right.  .  .  . 

Prince.   I II  draw  it  as  apparent  to  the  crown 
And  in  that  quarrel  use  it  to  the  death. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  2. 

apparently  (a-par'ent-li),  adv.    1.  Openly: 
evidently  to  the  senses  or  the  intellect. 

I  would  not  spare  my  brother  in  this  case, 

II  he  should  scorn  me  so  apparently. 
Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iv.  1. 

2.  Seemingly;  in  appearance,  whether  in  real- 
ity or  not ;  as  far  as  one  can  judge :  as,  he  is 
apparently  well ;  only  apparently  friendly. 

The  motions  of  a  watch,  apjiarently  uncaused  bv  anv- 
thing  external,  seem  spontaneous. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  65. 

apparentness  (a-par'ent-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  apparent;  plainness  to  the 
eye  or  to  the  mind;  visibleness;  obviousness 
apparisht  (a-par'ish),  v.  t.  [Late  ME.  apiya- 
rysshe,  <  OF.  apariss-,  stem  of  certain  parts  of 
aparir,  aparer,  <  L.  apparere,  appear:  see  ap- 
pear^ To  appear.  Caxton,  Golden  Legend. 
(N.  E.  D.) 

apparition  (ap-a-rish'on),  n.  [<  F.  apparition, 
<  ML.  apparitio(n-),  an  appearance,  epiphany 
also  attendants,  L.  only  in  sense  of  attendance' 
attendants,  <  apparere,  adparere,  pp.  apparitus. 


appeachment 

adparitus,  appear,  attend,  wait  upon,  serve:  see 
ap2>car,  apparent,  and  apparitor.]  1.  The  act 
of  appearing  or  coming  into  sight ;  appearance : 
the  state  of  being  visible  ;  visibility. 

When  the  holy  churchman  join'd  our  hands 
Our  vows  were  real  then  ;  the  cureiiioiiy 
Was  not  in  apparition,  but  in  .'ct. 

Ford,  I'erkin  Warbeck,  v.  3. 
The  sudden  apparition  of  the  Sijanianl.s.  Prescott. 
Louis  Xiy.  appeared  fat  ChambordJ  011  several  occa- 
sions, and  the  ajijjarition  was  characteristically  brilliant 
//.  James,  Jr.,  Little  Tour,  p.  39! 

2.  That  which  appears  or  becomes  visible ;  an 
appearance,  especially  of  a  remarkable  or  phe- 
nomenal kind. 

Let  U.S  interrogate  the  gi'eat  apparition  that  shines'so 
peacefully  around  us.  Emerson,  Nature. 

Miss  Edgeworth  taught  a  contempt  of  falsehood,  no 
less  m  Its  most  graceful  than  in  its  meanest  apparitions 
Mary.  Fuller,  Woman  in  Itltli  Cent.,  p.  131. 

Specifically— 3.  A  ghostly  appearance ;  a  spec- 
ter or  phantom  :  now  the  usual  sense  of  the  word. 

Tender  minds  should  not  receive  early  impreissions  of 
goblins,  spectres,  apparitions,  wherewith  maids  fri<'ht 
them  into  compliance.  Locke 

4.  In  astron.,  the  first  appearance  of  a  star  or 
other  luminary  after  having  been  obscured- 
.  °PP°!?^i  to,«ccMZteiw«.-circle  of  apparition,  or 

of  perpetual  apparition,  the  bounding  circle  of  that 
part  of  the  heavens  which  is  always  vLsible;  that  circle 
ot  declin,ation  which  is  tangent  to  the  horizon.  =Syn.  3 

Specter,  Phantom,  etc.    See  ghost. 

apparitional  (ap-a-rish'on-al),  a.  [<  appari- 
tion +  -al.]  1 .  Eesembliiig  an  apparition ;  hav- 
ing the  nature  of  a  phantom;  spectral.— 2. 
Capable  of  appearing;  endowed  with  material- 
qjialities.-Apparitional  soul,  a  thin,  unsub- 
stantial human  image  conceived,  in  certain  phases  of 
primitive  thought  as  the  cause  of  life  and  mind,  capable 
ot  quitting  the  body  for  a  time  or  altogether,  and  so  leav- 
mg  It  insensible  or  dead,  and  when  thus  absent  from  it 
appearing  to  other  individuals  asleep  or  awake. 

Closely  allied  .     .  to  the  primitive  notion  of  the  appa- 
ntional  soul,  is  the  belief  in  the  souls  existence  after 

Encyc.  Brit,  II.  55. 
it  '^l^W^t  "PPf^r^tional  human  .mil  bears  the  likeness  of 
1'^     i^'  principle  implicitly  accepted  by  all 

who  beheve  it  really  and  objectively  present  in  dream  or 
B.  Tylor,  Prim.  Culture,  I.  406. 

apparitor  (a-par'i-tor),  n.  [L.,  a  servant,  esp. 
a  public  servant  (lictor,  scribe,  military  aide 
priest,  ete.),<.app}arere, adparere,  attend,  serve: 
see  apparition.]  1.  In  Rom.  antiq.,  any  officer 
who  attended  magistrates  and  judges  to  execute 
their  orders.— 2.  Any  officer  of  a  civil  court, 
or  his  servant  or  attendant.— 3.  Any  one  who 
puts  in  an  appearance ;  an  appearer.  [Rare.] 
The  Higher  Court  ...  in  whicli  .  .  .  every  Human 
Soul  IS  an  apparitor.      Carlyle,  Past  and  Present,  p.  211. 

4,  Eccles.,  a  messenger  or  an  officer  who  seiwes 
t^  process  of  a  spiritual  court;  the  lowest 
officer  of  an  ecclesiastical  tribunal. 

He  swallovyed  all  the  Roman  hierarchy,  from  the  pope 
to  the  apparitor.  j^yujf  ^^  Parergon.  . 

When  my  great-grandfather  wished  to  read  the  Bible  to 
his  family,  .  .  .  one  of  the  children  stood  at  the  door  to  give 
notice  If  he  saw  the  appantor  coming,  who  was  an  ofHcer 
of  the  spmtual  court.  Franklin,  Autobiog.,  pp.  8,  9. 

5.  The  beadle  in  a  university,  who  carries  the 
mace. 

appaumee  (a-po-ma'),  a.    [F.,  <  « (<  l.  ad,  to) 

+  paume,  the  palm  of  the  hand :  see  palm.]  In 
her.,  open  and  extended  so  as  to  show 
the  palm  with  thumb  and  fingers  at 
full  length :  said  of  the  human  hand. 
Also  spelled  apaumee. 
appayf,  v.  t.    See  apay.  VY 
appeacht  (a-peeh'),?'.  t   [Early  mod. 
E  also  apeach,<im.  appechen,  ape-  ^^l^^^t^^ 
Chen  (and  by  apheresis  pechen,^ mod. 
E.  peach'^,  q.v.),  reduced  from  eavUer  empechen, 
whence  the  usual  mod.  form  impeach,  q.  v.  Cf 
appair,  impair.]    1.  To  impeach. 

amongst  many  others,  appeach  Sir  William  Stan- 
ley, the  lord  chamberlain.  Bacon,  Hen.  VII. 
Nor  canst,  nor  dar'st  thou,  traitor,  on  the  plain 
Appeach  my  honour,  or  thine  own  maintain. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  300. 

2.  To  censure;  reproach;  accuse;  give  accu- 
satory e\idence. 

And  oft  of  error  did  himselfe  appeach. 

Spe7iser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xi.  40. 

appeachert  (a-pe'eher),  n.  [<  ME.  apechowre 
(Prompt.  Parv.),  <  AF.  cnpechom;  OF.  empe- 
cheor:  see  appeach  and  -er.]  An  accuser, 
appeachmentt  (a-pech'ment),  n.  [<  appeach 
+ -menf.  Ct  impeachment.]  Accusation;  im- 
peachment; charge. 

The  duke's  answers  to  his  appeachments,  in  number  thir- 
teen, I  find  very  diligently  and  civilly  couched. 

Sir  H.  Wotton. 


appeal 

appeal  (a-pel' ),  '■•  [Early  mod.  E.  also  apeal,  and 
appcll,  (i'pcll,  <  ME.  appelcn,  apcleii,  <  OF.  apeler, 
F.  appclcr  =  Pr.  appelar  =  Sp.  apclar  =  Pg.  ap- 
pellar  =  It.  apjjellare,  <  L.  appellure,  adpeUdrc, 
address,  appeal  to,  summon,  accuse,  accost  by 
name,  a  secondary  form  of  (ippeUeir,  adpellvre, 
bring  to,  drive  to,  bring  to  land,  <  ad,  to,  +  pel- 
lere,  diive.  Cf.  expel,  impel,  propel,  repel,  and 
see  repeal.']  I.  trans.  1.  To  call;  summon; 
challenge.  [Rare.] 

Man  to  man  will  I  appeal  the  Norman  to  tlie  lists. 

Scutt. 

2.  In  law:  (a)  To  remove,  as  a  cause,  from  a 
lower  to  a  higher  judge  or  com-t.  See  appeal, 
n.,  2  (&). 

Causes  of  any  importance  were  appealed  from  the  Scul- 
dasco  to  the  Gastaldo.  Brougham. 

(b)  Formerly,  to  charge  with  a  crime  before  a 
tribunal;  accuse 5  institute  a  criminal  prosecu- 
tion against  for  some  heinous  offense :  with  of 
before  the  offense  charged :  as,  to  appeal  a  per- 
son of  felony. 

I  appeal  you  0/ murder.  B.  Jonson. 

In  November,  1817,  William  Ashford  appealed  Al)raham 
Thornton,  to  answer  for  the  alleged  murder  of  appellant's 
sister.  ^V.  and  Q.,  Gt\i  ser.,  XI.  252. 

If  a  Frenchman  appealed  an  Englishman,  the  English- 
man had  the  choice  of  either  mode  of  trial. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Norm.  Conq.,  IV.  423. 

3t.  To  address ;  offer  up,  as  an  appeal. 
They  both  uprose  and  tooke  their  ready  way 
Unto  the  church,  their  praiers  to  appele. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  III.  ii.  48. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  call  for  aid,  mercy,  sym- 
pathy, or  the  like ;  make  an  earnest  entreaty, 
or  have  the  effect  of  an  entreaty. 

Against  their  merit  if  this  age  rebel, 
To  future  times  for  justice  they  appeal. 

,  Art  of  Poetry,  iii.  755. 

The  deepening  expression  of  pain  on  Philip's  face  .  .  . 
made  the  deformity  appeal  more  strongly  to  her  pity. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  v.  1. 

2.  In  law,  to  refer  to  a  superior  judge  or  court 
for  the  decision  of  a  cause  depending  ;  specifi- 
cally, to  refer  a  decision  of  a  lower  court  or 
judge  to  a  higher  one,  for  reexamination  and 
revisal. 

I  appeal  imto  Csesar.  Acts  xxv.  11. 

3.  To  refer  to  another  person  or  authority  for 
the  decision  of  a  question  conti-overted,  or  for 
the  con-oboration  of  testimony  or  facts ;  in  gen- 
eral, to  refer  to  some  tribunal  explicitly  men- 
tioned or  implied. 

I  appeal  to  the  Scriptures  in  the  original. 

Horsley,  Sermons,  I.  i. 
I  appeal  from  your  customs.    I  must  be  myself. 

Emerson,  Self-Reliance. 

4.  To  have  recourse ;  resort  for  proof,  decision, 
or  settlement :  as,  to  appeal  to  force. 

Not  prevailing  by  dispute,  he  appeals  to  a  miracle,  re- 
storing to  sight  a  blind  man  whom  the  Britons  could  not 
cure.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  iv. 

[In  all  senses,  with  to  or  unto  before  the  tribunal  whose 
judgment  is  asked,  and /ror«  before  that  whose  decision  is 
rejected.] 

appeal  (a-pel'),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  appel, 
appiell,  apell;  <  ME.  apeel,  apel,  apele  (and  by 
apheresispe/e,  >  mod.  E.  peal,  q.  v.),  <  OF.  apel, 
F.  appel,  appeal ;  from  the  verb.]  1.  An  address 
or  invocation;  a  call  for  sympathy,  mercy, 
aid,  or  the  like ;  a  supplication ;  an  entreaty : 
as,  an  appeal  for  help ;  an  appeal  for  mercy. 
Whenever  yet  was  your  appeal  denied  ? 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  1. 

2.  A  proceeding  taken  to  reverse  a  decision 
by  submitting  it  to  the  review  of  a  higher  au- 
thority :  as,  an  appeal  to  the  house  from  a  de- 
cision of  the  chair.  In  law :  (a)  Sometimes 
used  in  the  above  general  meaning,  so  as  to 
include  writs  of  error,  certiorari,  etc.  (b) 
Strictly,  the  removal  of  a  cause  or  suit  from  a 
lower  to  a  higher  tribunal,  in  order  that  the  lat- 
ter may  revise,  and,  if  it  seems  needful,  reverse 
or  amend,  the  decision  of  the  former,  in  modem 
usage  an  appeal  implies  not  merely  a  preliminary  objec- 
tion, but  a  proceeding  for  review  after  a  decision  has  been 
rendered.  As  now  used,  it  is  a  proceeding  derived  from 
the  coiu-ts  of  equity.  The  mode  of  review  at  common  law 
was  formerly  not  to  remove  the  cause,  but  only  to  bring 
up  specific  points  or  questions  by  writs  of  error.  This  was 
changed  in  England  by  the  judicature  acts  of  1873-5,  and 
there  is  now  one  Court  of  Appeal  for  all  cases.  In  Scotland 
the  highest  appellate  court  is  the  Court  of  Session.  The 
judgments  of  both  these  courts  may  be  appealed  to  the 
House  of  Lords.  In  the  United  States  the  appeal  has  been 
to  a  great  extent  substituted  for  the  writ  of  error.  The 
hiphest  appellate  courts  are,  for  federal  questions  arising 
in.  either  federal  or  State  courts,  the  United  States  Su- 
prt  ;me  Court  ;  for  other  questions,  the  supreme  courts, 
courts  of  appeal,  or  courts  of  error  of  the  various  States, 
the  vraetice  being  wholly  regulated  by  statutes,  (c)  The 


270 

mode  of  procedure  by  which  such  removal  is 
effected,  (d)  The  right  of  removal  to  a  higher 
court,  (e)  Formerly,  a  vindictive  action  at  the 
suit  of  a  party  injured  when  the  supposed  crimi- 
nal had  been  previously  acquitted  on  an  indict- 
ment or  pardoned.  The  appellant  raised  an  action 
(which  had  to  be  brought  within  a  year)  and  deniandecl 
the  punishment  of  the  accused,  who  had  to  submit  to  a 
fresh  trial  by  jury,  or  demand  a  trial  by  wager  of  battle. 

He  was  threatened  with  an  appeal  of  murder  by  the 
widow  of  a  Protestant  clergyman. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxix. 

3.  A  summons  to  answer  to  a  charge ;  a  chal- 
lenge. 

Nor  shall  the  sacred  character  of  king 

Be  urged  to  shield  me  from  thy  bold  appeal, 

Dryden. 

4.  A  call  to  another  to  sanction  or  witness ;  a 
reference  to  another  for  proof  or  decision :  as, 
in  an  oath  a  person  makes  an  appeal  to  the 
Deity  for  the  truth  of  his  declaration. —  5.  Re- 
sort or  recourse  for  decision. 

Every  milder  method  is  to  be  tried  before  a  nation  makes 
an  appeal  to  arms.  Kent. 

In  the  community  of  nations,  the  first  appeal  is  to  physi- 
cal force.  Macaulay,  Utilitarian  Theory  of  Government. 
Commission  of  Appeals.  See  commission'^.  =  %yn.  1, 
Petition,  Suit,  etc,  (see  prayer),  solicitation,  application. 

appealable  (a-pe'la-bl),  a.    [<  appeal  +  -able.'] 

1.  Capable  of  being  appealed;  admitting  of 
appeal ;  removable  to  a  higher  tribunal  for  de- 
cision. 

Pressure  on  the  bench  to  make  as  many  decisions  as 
possible  in  a  given  time  tends  ...  to  engender  appealable 
decisions  and  prolong  litigation.    The  Century,  XXX.  330. 

2.  Liable  to  be  accused  or  called  to  answer 
by  appeal :  applied  to  persons :  as,  appealable 
for  manslaughter. — 3.  That  may  be  appealed 
(to).    N.  E.  D. 

appealantt  (a-pe'lant),  n,  [<  appeal  +  -ant^. 
Cf.  appellant.]  One  who  appeals;  an  appel- 
lant. 

appealer  (a-pe'ler),  n.    {(.appeal  +-erl.  Cf. 
appellor.]    1.  One  who  appeals,  or  carries  his 
cause  to  a  higher  court. —  2.  An  appellor;  an 
accuser  or  informer. 
I  should  become  an  appealer,  or  every  bishop's  espie. 

Foxe,  Book  of  Martyrs  (Thorpe). 

appealingly  (a-pe'ling-li),  adv.    In  an  appeal- 
ing or  entreating  manner ;  beseechingly, 
appealingness  (a-pe'ling-nes),  n.    The  quality 
of  being  appealing,  oi-  of  awakening  sympathy, 
pity,  or  the  like. 

Ready  sympathy  .  .  .  made  him  alive  to  a  certain  ap- 
pealingness in  her  behaviour  towards  him. 

George  Eliot,  Daniel  Deronda,  xxxv. 

appear  (a-per'),  v.  i.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  apear, 
ajy;eer (and by apheresisjsear,  >mod.  dial. pear), 
<  ME.  apceren,  aperen,  appieren,  <  OF.  aperer, 
apperer  (Roquefort),  aparir,  reg.  inf.  aparcir, 
aparoir  =  Pr.  aparcr  =  It.  apparire,  apparere,  < 
L.  apparere,  adparere,  appear,  <  ad,  to,  +  jm- 
rere,  appear,  come  in  sight  (a  secondary  form 
of  parere,  produce) :  see  apparent  and  parent.] 

1.  To  come  or  be  in  sight;  become  visible  by 
approach  or  by  emerging  from  concealment ;  be 
exposed  to  view. 

And  God  said,  .  .  .  Let  the  dry  land  appear.    Gen.  i.  9. 
The  angel  of  the  Lord  appeared  unto  him  in  a  flame  of 
Are  out  of  the  midst  of  a  bush.  Ex.  iii.  2. 

In  each  cheek  appears  a  pretty  dimple. 

Shale,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  242. 

2.  To  stand  in  presence,  as  parties  or  advocates 
before  a  court;  make  appearance. 

We  must  all  appear  before  the  judgment  seat  of  Christ. 

2  Cor.  V,  10. 

3.  To  come  or  be  placed  before  the  public; 
come  to  the  notice  of  the  public :  as,  the  actor 
appeared  only  once  a  week ;  his  history  appeared 
in  1880. — 4.  To  be  obvious;  be  known,  as  a 
subject  of  obsei-vation  or  comprehension;  be 
clear  or  made  clear  by  e'videnee. 

It  doth  not  yet  appear  what  we  shall  be.    1  John  iii.  2. 

5.  To  seem;  have  a  certain  somblance  or  ap- 
pearance; look:  as,  he  appeared  to  be  wise;  it 
appears  to  me  that  this  is  unsafe ;  he  appears 
very  old. 

They  disfigure  their  faces,  that  they  may  appear  unto 
men  to  fast.  ■  Mat.  vi.  16. 

Months  to  the  old  man  appear  no  longer  than  weeks  to 
the  young  man.  H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  91. 

6t.  To  be  understood;  be  intelligible:  as,  "Do 
I  now  appear?"  Cotgrave — Appearing  gratis,  in 

chatieery  practice,  the  act  of  a  defendant  in  causing  his  ap- 
pearance to  be  entered  to  defend  a  suit  without  waiting 
to  be  served  with  a  process.  =Syn.  6.  ioo^r,  etc.   See  seem. 

appeart  (a-per'),  w.   l<.  appear,  v.]  Appearance. 
Here  will  I  wash  it  in  the  morning's  dew, 
Which  she  on  every  little  grass  doth  strew 
In  silver  drops  against  the  sun's  appear. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  v.  4. 


appease 

appearance  (a-per'ans),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
appcerance,  <  ME.  apperaunce,  -ens;  the  same 
as  apparencc  (q.  v.),  conformed  to  appear.]  1. 
The  act  of  coming  into  sight;  the  act  of  becom- 
ing visible  to  the  eye :  as,  the  appearance  of  the 
sun  above  the  horizon. —  2t.  The  state  of  be- 
ing in  sight;  visibility.  [Rare.] 

He's  built  a  bower,  made  it  secure, 

Wi'  carbuncle  and  stane  ; 
Tho'  travellers  were  never  sae  nigh, 

Appearance  it  had  nane. 

Young  Akin,  in  Child's  Ballads,  1. 180. 

3.  A  coming  into  presence;  the  act  of  present- 
ing one's  self:  as,  his  sudden  appearance  sur- 
prised me. 

The  duke  does  greet  you,  general ; 
And  he  requires  your  haste-post-haste  appearance. 
Even  on  the  instant.  Shak.,  Othello,  i.  2. 

4.  An  object  as  seen  or  perceived ;  a  phenom- 
enon ;  the  immediate  object  of  experience. 

The  terra  appearance  Is  used  to  denote  not  only  that 
which  reveals  itself  to  our  observation  as  existent,  but 
also  to  signify  that  which  only  seems  to  be,  in  contrast  to 
that  which  truly  is.  Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Metaph.,  ix. 

Surely,  it  must  be  a  miraculously  active  principle  that 
can  snatch  up  from  transitoriness  and  oblivion  the  varie- 
gated play  of  fleeting  and  fading  appearances,  and  con- 
struct therefrom  the  world  of  steady  experience  of  which 
we  have  knowledge.  Mind,  IX.  360. 

5.  Something  believed  to  have  a  supernatural 
character;  an  ajiparition :  as,  sji  appearance  va. 
the  sky. — 6.  That  which  appears  or  is  obvious ; 
outward  show  or  seeming;  semblance  as  apart 
from  reality  or  substance:  as,  there  is  an  ap- 
pearance of  trouble  yonder;  appearances  are 
against  him. 

Judge  not  according  to  the  appearance.      John  vii.  24. 
Men  are  governed  by  opinion :  this  opinion  is  as  much 
influenced  by  appearances  as  by  realities. 

A.  Hamilton,  Works,  I.  168. 

7.  Outward  look  or  aspect ;  mien ;  build  and 
carriage;  figm-e:  as,  a  man  of  noble  appear- 
ance. 

Much  have  I  heard,  .  .  . 
And  now  am  come  to  see  of  whom  such  noise 
Hath  walk'd  about,  and  each  limb  to  survey. 
If  thy  appearance  answer  loud  report. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1090. 

8.  pi.  Indications;  look. 

My  master  heard  me  with  great  appearances  of  tmeasi- 
ness  in  his  countenance.     SwiJ't,  Gulliver's  Travels,  iv.  3. 

9.  Tho  act  of  coming  before  the  public ;  the 
act  of  coming  into  public  notice  :  as,  he  made 
his  appearance  as  a  historian ;  the  appearance 
of  a  book. —  lOf.  Seeming;  probability;  likeli- 
hood. 

There  is  that  which  hath  no  appearance.  Bacon. 

11.  In  law :  ((/)  The  coming  into  court  of  either 
of  the  parties  to  a  suit ;  the  being  present  in 
court  as  a  party  to  a  pending  proceeding ;  the 
coming  into  court  of  a  party  summoned  in  a 
process,  either  in  person  or  by  his  attorney, 
usually  expressed  by  a  formal  entry  by  the 
proper  officer  to  that  effect ;  the  act  or  proceed- 
ing by  which  a  party  proceeded  against  places 
himself  before  the  court  and  submits  to  its  juris- 
diction. (&)  In  Scots  laiv,  the  stating  of  a  de- 
fense in  a  cause.  Where  a  defender  in  writing,  or  by 
counsel  at  the  bar,  states  a  defense,  he  is  said  to  have  ap- 
peared.—To  put  In  an  appearance,  to  appear  in  per- 
son. =Syn.  3.  Arrival,  presence.  — 6.  Guise,  show,  pre- 
tense, pretext,  color.— 7.  Air,  look,  manner,  demeanor. 

appearer  (a-per'er),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  appears,  in  any  sense  of  that  word. 
[Rare.] 

Owls  and  ravens  are  ominous  appearers,  and  presignify 
unlucky  events.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  v.  21. 

Specifically — 2.  In  law,  one  who  formally  ap- 
pears (in  court,  etc.). 

appearingly  (a-per'ing-li),  adv.  Apparently; 
seemingly;  according  to  all  outward  signs. 
[Rare.] 

A  flourishing  branch  shall  grow  out  of  his  appearingly 
sere  and  sapless  root.  Bp.  Hall,  Paraph,  of  Isaiah. 

appeasable  (a-pe'za-bl),  a.  [<  app)ease  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  appeased,  quieted,  calmed,  or 
pacified;  placable. 
The  tumult  of  a  mob,  oppeasa6fe  only  by  .  .  .  bloodshed. 

G.  P.  Lathrop,  Spanish  Vistas,  p.  30. 

appeasableness  (a-pe'za-bl-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  appeasable. 

appease  (a-pez'),  t.  \  pret.  and  pp.  appeased, 
ppr.  appeasing.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  apease, 
apcace  (conformed  to  peace),  apaise  (and  by 
apheresis  pease),<  ME.  apesen,  apeisen,  apaisen, 
<  OF.  apeser,  apeisier,  apaisier  (F.  apaiser  =  Pr. 
apaziar),  pacify,  bring  to  peace,  <  a,  to,  +  pais, 
pels, pes,  mod.  F.paix,  peace:  see^^eace,  andcf. 
apay,  appay,  of  which  appease  is  thus  a  doublet.] 


appease 

1.  To  bring  to  a  state  of  peace;  pacify;  quiet 
by  aUaj-mg  anger,  indignation,  sti-ife,  etc. 

O  God :  if  my  deep  prayers  cannot  appease  thee, 
But  thou  wilt  be  aveng  d  on  my  misdeeds, 
Yet  execute  thy  \Trath  ou  me  alone. 

Shak.,  Kich.  III.,  i.  4. 

2.  To  allay;  calm,  as  an  excited  state  of  feel- 
ing; remove,  as  a  passion  or  \'iolent  emotion. 

The  signori  .  .  .  earnestly  exhorted  the  principal  citi- 
zens to  use  their  good  offices  to  soothe  tlie  people  and  ap- 
pease the  general  indignation.    J.  Adauis,  Works,  V.  70. 

The  function  of  official  priests  was  to  appease  the  wrath 
of  God  or  purchase  his  favor. 

Theodore  Parker,  Sermons,  Int. 

3.  To  assuage  or  soothe,  as  boclilv  pain;  satisfy, 
as  an  appetite  or  desire:  as,  to  ap2)ease  the 
smart  of  a  wound,  or  one's  hunger.  =syn.  To  sat- 
isfy, hush,  quell  (see  list  under  «H«i/l);  propitiate,  concil- 
iate. 

appeasement  (a-pez'ment),  n.  [<  appease  + 
-inent.  Cf.  OF.  (and  F.)  apaisement,  >  ML.  ap- 
peisamentum.']  The  act  of  appeasing,  or  the 
state  of  being  appeased,  or  in  peace ;  Opacifica- 
tion. [Bare.] 

For  its  appeasement  and  mitigation. 

Cudicorth,  Intellectual  System,  p.  223. 

Being  neither  in  nimibernor  in  courage  great  partly  by 
authority,  partly  by  entreaty,  they  were  reduced  to  some 
good  appeasement.        Sir  J.  Hayuard,  Edw.  VI.,  p.  54. 

appeaser  (a-pe'zer),  «.    One  who  or  that  which 

appeases  or  pacifies, 
a^peasive  (a-pe'ziv),  a.    [<  appease  +  -ive.'] 

ber\ing  or  tending  to  appease  ;  mitigating ; 

quieting. 

appel  (a-pel'),  n.  [F. :  see  appeal,  ».]  In  fen- 
cing, a  smart  stroke  with  the  blade  on  the  sword 
of  an  antagonist  on  the  opposite  side  to  that 
which  he  engaged,  generally  accompanied  with 
a  stamp  of  the  foot,  used  for  the  pm-pose  of 
procuring  an  opening.  Jri77(e?;/i,  Slil.  Diet.  See 
feint. 

appellability  (a-pel-a-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  appella- 
ble:  see  -biUty.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
appealable. 

appellable  (a-pel'a-bl),  «.  [<  L.  as  if  *appella- 
bilis,  <  appellare,  appeal :  see  appeal.  Cf .  appenl- 
alle.^  Capable  of  being  appealed  ;  appealable. 

appellancy  (a-pel'an-si),  n.    [<  appellant:  see 
-cil-\  Appeal ;  capability  of  appeal.  Todd. 

appellant  (a-pel'ant),  a.  and  n.    [<  F.  appelant, 
<  L.  appellan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  appellare,  appeal:  see 
ap2md,  and  cf.  appealant.']    I.  a.  Appealino-; 
relating  to  appeals ;  appellate. 
The  fli-st  having  an  appeZ/ani  jurisdiction  over  the  sec- 

Hallam. 

n.  n.  1.  In  law :  (a)  One  who  appeals  or  re- 
moves a  cause  from  a  lower  to  a  higher  tribu- 
nal. (&t)  One  who  prosecutes  another  for  a 
crime,  such  as  felony  or  treason.— 2.  One  who 
looks  to  any  tribunal  for  corroboration  or  vin- 
dication.—3t.  One  who  challenges  or  summons 
another  to  single  combat. 


271 

a  naming,  <  appellare,  accost,  appeal  to,  name : 
see  appellate,  v.,  and  appeal.']  If.  The  act  of 
appeahng  from  a  lower  to  a  higher  court  or 
authority;  appeal. 

There  is  such  a  noise  i'  the  court  .  .  .  with  their  several 
voices  of  citations,  appellations,  allegations,  certificates, 

B.  Jonson,  Epica-ne! 

2t.  The  act  of  appeaUng  for  aid,  sympathy,  etc.; 
entreaty.— 3.  The  act  of  naming;  nomencla- 
ture.— 4.  The  word  by  which  a  person  or  thing 
is  called  and  knovm ;  name;  title.— 5.  In  loqic, 
the  acceptation  of  a  term  to  denote  an  existing 
thing — Formal  appellation.   .See  funnni.^Sya  4. 

Vexif/uation.  etc.  (see  i,ami\  „.),  cognomen,  epithet. 

appellative  (a-pel'a-tiv),  a.  and  «.    [=F.  ap- 

pellatif,  <  L.  appcllativus,  <  appellare,  name, 
call:  see  appeal  and  appellation.]  I.  a.  1. 
Having  the  character  of  an  appellation;  serving 
to  name  or  mark  out ;  serv-ing  as  a  distinctive 
denomination ;  denominative :  as,  hydrochloric 
is  a  term  appellative  of  a  certain  acid. — 2.  In 
gram.,  common,  as  applied  to  a  noun ;  general ; 
denominative  of  a  class :  opposed  to  proper. 

Xor  is  it  likely  he  [St.  Paul)  would  give  the  common  nn- 
pellatn-e  name  of  "Books"  to  the  divinely  inspired  writ- 
mgs,  mthout  any  other  note  of  distinction. 

Bp.  Bull,  Works,  II.  401. 

II.  n.  1.  In  gram.,  a  common  name  in  dis- 
tinction fi-om  a  proper  name ;  a  name  standing 
for  a  whole  class :  thus,  the  word  man  is  the 
appellative  of  the  whole  human  race,  fold  of  all 
wmged  animals,  tree  of  all  plants  of  a  partieu 
lar  class,  etc.— 2.  Title;  appellation;  nick 
name. 


Appendicularia 


Appendages. 
-,  anther  of  Inula  ;  2.  flower 
of  j»rage;  3.  stamen  of  ^/ys- 
^,  a,  a,  appendages. 


There  [m  the  rosary)  also  the  blessed  Virgin  Mary  after 
many  glonous  appellatives,  is  prayed  to  in  these  words. 

Jer.  Taiilor,  Diss,  from  Popery,  p.  218. 


Tliis  is  the  day  appointed  for  the  combat ; 
And  ready  are  the  appellant  and  defendant. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  3. 
Answer  thy  appellant,  .  .  . 
Who  now  defies  thee  thrice  to  single  fight. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1220. 

4.  Secies.,  one  of  the  French  clergy  who,  in 
the  Jansenist  controversy,  rejected  the  bull 
Umgenitus,  issued  in  1713  by  Pope  Clement 
Al.  against  Quesnel's  "  Reflexions  morales  sur 
le  ^souveau  Testament,"  and  appealed  to  the 
pope  "better  informed,"  or  to  a  general  coun- 
cil.—5.  One  who  appeals  or  presents  a  request. 

Each  of  them  is  now  a  humble  and  earnest  appellant 
for  the  laurel.  Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  Epist.  Ded. 

appellate  (ap'e-lat),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  appel- 
lated,  ppr.  appellating.     [<  L.  appellatus,  pp. 
ot  appellare,  address,  appeal  to.  sue,  accuse 
accost,  name :  see  appeal.]   To  eaU  by  a  name : 
call;  name;  entitle.  [Rare.] 

^5'^'^'^  commonly  .  .  .  appellatedtasihe 

sajnng  is)  and  annominated  the  South-sea. 

A.  Tucker,  Light  of  Nature  (1765),  I.  465.    {N.  E.  D.) 

appellate  (a-pel'at).  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  appellatus, 
pp.:  see  the  verb.]  I,  «.  Pertaining  to  appeals; 
naming  cognizance  of  appeals :  as,  an  appellate 
court. 

dip1^^'?„'1^'''?K^'1f°°'™<''^*i'^'=tion  to  original  juris- 
menPP  'n^h  ^1  ^''"^'^  ^P^^*^^  ^hat  the  ease  must  com- 
thp  n,.  the  Supreme  Court,  so  the  former  implies  that 
final  tntiT^!:™"^''"'-''  inferior  court,  not  having 

to  a  1,^  ^""l'  therefore,  liable  to  be  carried  up 

to  a  higher,  for  final  decision.      Calhoun,  Works,  I.  321 

n.t  n.  A  person  appealed  or  prosecuted  for 
a  crime;  an  appellee, 
appellation  (ap-e-la'shon),  n.    [=  F.  appelhu- 
fo«,<L.  aiJiJe«a«io(«-),  an  accosting,  an  appeal, 


appellatively  (a-pel'a-tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  ap- 
pellative manner;  in  gram.,  according  to  the 
manner  of  appellative  nouns ;  in  a  manner  to 
express  whole  classes  or  species :  as,  the  name 
Hercules  is  sometimes  used  appellativehj,  that 
IS,  as  a  common  name  to  signify  a  strong  man. 
appellativeness  (a-pel'a-tiv-nes),  «.  The 

quality  of  being  appellative.  Fuller. 
appellatory  (a-pel'a-to-ri),  a.    [<  L.  appellato- 
nus,  <  appjellator,  an  appellant,  <  appellare,  pp. 
appellatus,  sqq  appeal.]   Containing  an 

appeal. 

An  appellator!/  libel  ought  to  contain  the  name  of  the 
party  appellant.  Aylife,  Parergon. 

appellee  (ap-e-le'),  n.    [<  F.  aj;;>e/e'  (<  L.  appel- 
latus). pp.  otappeler:  see  appeal  s.nd  appellate.] 
In  law,  the  person  against  whom  an  appeal  is 
brought ;  the  respondent  in  an  appeal, 
appellor  (a-pel'or),  «.    [ME.  apeloiir.  and  by 
apheresis  pelour,  <  OF.  apelour,  apj)eloiir,  ape- 
leur,  earlier  apeleor,  apelor,  <  L.  appellator,  ace. 
appellatoretn,  appellant,  <  ajipellare,  pp.  appel- 
latus, appeal:  see  ajjpeal.]    In  law:  («)  The 
person  who  institutes  an  appeal,  or  prosecutes 
another  for  crime.    [This  term  is  not  now  ap- 
plied to  the  plaintiflf  in  appeal  from  a  lower 
court,  he  being  called  the  appellant.]    (&)  One 
who  confesses  a  felony,  and  tui-ns  king's  or 
state's  evidence  against  his  associates.  Whar- 
ton, (c)  One  who  challenges  a  juiy.  Wharton. 
appenage,  n.    See  appanage. 
append  (a-pend'),  v.    [The  intrans.  use  is  the 
earber,<  'ME.appenden,  apenden,  appenten,  apen- 
ten,  and  by  apheresis penden,p€nten,<  OF.  apen- 
dre,  appendre,  hangup,  hang  by,  depend  on,  ap- 
pertain or  belong  to;  in  trans,  use  mod.,<  F. 
appendre,  <  ML.  appendere,  intrans.,  LL.  trans., 
hang,  L.  appendere,  adpendere,appendere,-v^e\gh, 
consider,  <  ad,  to,  +  pendere,  intrans.,  hang, 
2)endere,  trans.,  hang,  weigh:  see  pendant,  poise. 
and  cf.  depend,  dispjend,  expend,  spend,  perpend 
suspend.]    I.f  intrans.  To  belong;  pertain. 
Holy  orisoun  .  .  .  appendith  specially  to  penitence. 

Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale, 
n.  trans.  1.  To  hang  or  attach  as  a  proper 
part,  possession,  or  accompaniment,  as  a  pen- 
dant; suspend:  as,  a  seal  ff/jpewrferf  to  a  record. 

If  amulets  do  work  .  .  .  upon  those  parts  whereunto 
they  are  appended.  ,        Sir  T.  Brozcne,  Vulg.  Em,  ii.  5. 

Conceive  .  .  .  a  pig's  tail  .  .  .  appended  to  the  back  of 
the  head.  (ivldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  Worid,  iii. 

2.  To  add,  as  an  accessoi-v  to  the  principal 
thing;  subjoin;  annex. 

One  hundred  passages  from  the  fathers  appended  in  the 
notes.  J.  a.  yewman,  Development  of  Christ.  Doct. ,  p.  22. 

To  hunt  out  mediocrity  and  feebleness,  and  append  cor- 
rect  dates  to  their  forgotten  effusions,  is  an  evercise  of 
philanthropy  which  is  likely  to  be  little  appreciated. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  33. 


=  Syn.  To  join,  superadd,  aflS.x. 


appendage  (a-pen'daj),  «.    [<  append  +  -age.} 

I.  that  which  is  appended  to  something  as  a 
proper  part  of  it ;  a  sub- 
ordinate attached  part  of 
anything.  .specifically  - 
(n)  In  auat.  and  zool.,  any 
limb,  member,  or  peripheral 
part  of  the  body  diverging 
from  the  a.xial  trunk  ;  an  ap- 
pended or  appendicular  part. 
See  cut  under  Appendicu- 
laria. (b)  In  hot.,  any  suli- 
sidiary  part  superadded  to 
another  part,  as  hairs  and 
glands  to  a  stein  or  leaf,  or 
nectaries  and  corona  to  the 
corolla  :  applied  especially  to 
processes  of  any  kind,  (c) 
Xaut.,  a  small  portion  of  a 
vessel  extending  beyond  the 
general  form,  as  shown  by 
the  cross-sections  and  the 
water-sections. 
2.  Something  added  to 
a  principal  or  greater 
thing,  though  not  neces- 
sary to  it,  as  a  portico 
to  a  house. 

Modesty  is  the  appendar/e 
of  sobriety  and  is  to  chastity,  to  temperance,  and  to  hu- 
mility, as  the  fnnges  are  to  a  garment. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Living. 
In  case  of  a  union,  the  smaller  kingdom  would  be  con- 
sidered only  as  an  appendage,  and  sacrificed  to  the  in- 
terests ot  the  larger.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  3. 
=  SJ^  Adjunct,  attachment,  appurtenance,  addition,'con- 

appendance,  appendence  (a-pen'dans,  -dens), 
n.    [<  F.  appendance,  <  ajipendre :  see  append 
appendant,  and  -ance.]     1.  The  condition  of 
being  appendant.  [Rare.]- 2t.  Something  an- 
nexed; an  appendage. 

High  titles,  rich  coats,  long  pedigrees,  large  revenues, 
.  .  .  tne  just  .  .  .  appendunces  of  civil  gi-eatness. 

Bp.  Hall,  Eemains,  p.  29. 

appendancyt,  appendencyt  (a -pen 'dan -si, 
-den-si),  n.  [<  appendant,  -cut:  see -cm.]"  The 
condition  of  being  appendant. 

Abraham  bought  the  whole  field,  and  by  right  of  appen- 
dency  had  the  cave  with  it.  Spelman,  De  Sepultura,  p.  176. 

appendant,  appendent  (a-pen'dant,  -dent),  a. 

and  n.  [<  F.  appendant,  ppr.  of  (ippendr-j :  see 
a2)2)end.]  I,  a.  1.  Hanging  to;  annexed;  at- 
tached; concomitant:  as,  a  seal  apipjendant  to 
a  paper.— 2.  In  law,  appended  to  something  by 
prescription:  appUed  to  a  right  or  privilege 
attached  to  a  principal  inheritance :  thus,  m 
l^ngland,  an  advowson,  that  is,  tiie  right  of  pa- 
tronage or  presentation,  is  said  to  be  appen- 
dant or  annexed  to  the  possession  of  a  manor. 
—Appendant  advowson.  See  admu-sun.  2. — Common 

appendant.    See  common.  1,.,  4.  v/oiiimou 

II.  n.  That  which  belongs  to  another  thino- 
as  incidental  or  subortlinate  to  it ;  an  adiunet  • 
a  dependency. 

appendical(a-pen'tU-kal).  a.  [<  appendix  (-die-) 
+  -a!.]    Of  the  nature  of  an  appendix.  X  E.  D. 
appendicatet  (a-pen'di-kat),  V.  t.    [<  appendix 
{.(he-)  + -ate'^.]  To  append;  add  to:  as, -'divers 
things  appjendicated,"  Sir  M.  Hale. 
appendicationt  (a-pen-cU-ka'shon),  n.     r<  ap. 
pendicate  +  -ion.]    An  appendage  or  adTunct. 
Sir  M.  Hale. 
appendicatory  (a-pen'di-ka-to-ri),  a.     [<  ap- 
pendicate  +  -ory.]    Pertaining  to  or  of  the  na- 
ture of  an  appendix.    W.  Taylor. 
appendices,  ».    Plural  of  appendix. 
appendicitis  (a-pen"di-si'tis),  H.     [<  L.  ap. 
pendix  (-die-)  +  -itis.]    In  pathol..  inflamma- 
tionof  the  vermiform  appendix  (which  see,  under 
appendix). 

appendicle  (a-pen'di-kl),  11.  [<  L.  appendicida, 
dim.  of  appendix:  see  appendix.]  A  small  ap- 
pendage. 

appendicular  (ap-en-dik'u-lar),  a.  [<  XL.  ap- 
pendicularius,  <  L.  appendicul'a  :  see  appendicle.] 
Having  the  character  of  an  appendicle :  appeu- 
dieulate :  specifically,  in  anat. ,  opposed  to  axial : 
thus,  the  whole  skeleton  of  a  vertebrate  is  di- 
vided into  the  axial  and  the  appendicular  skele- 
tons, the  latter  being  that  of  the  limbs  or  appen- 
dages. 

Appendicularia (ap-en -dik-u-la'ri-a),  n.  [XL., 
fern,  of  appendiculariu.-< :  see  appendicular.]  1. 
Thetv-piealgemis  of  the  family  Jyiy/e)/f//V«/rt>-w/rt-. 
A.  flabellum  is  about  one  fifth  of  an  inch  long,  exclusive 
of  the  tail,  with  an  oval  or  flask-shaped  bodv,  and  has  the 
power  ot  rapidly  secreting  a  mucilaginous  cuticular  in- 
vestment in  which  it  becomes  incased. 
2.  [/.  c. ;  pi.  appendicularia  (-e).]  A  member 
of  the  above  genus. 

The  simplest  niembers  of  the  fascidian)  ennip,  and  those 
the  structure  of  which  is  most  readilv  conipi  eliensible 
are  the  AppendicularioB  ;  minute  pelagic  organisms,  which 


Appendicularia 

are  found  in  all  latitudes,  aiul  are  propelled,  like  tadpoles, 
by  the  flapping  of  a  long  caudal  appendage. 

Uuxlfy,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  510. 


Appendicularia Jfabellum,  ma^ified. 
I,  the  entire  animal,  with  the  caudal  appendage  fonvard  in  its 
natural  position  :  II,  side  view  of  body,  the  appendage  forcibly  bent 
backward:  A,  body;  5,  appendage;  a,  mouth;  b,  pharynx;  c,  an 
.atrial  opening;  d,  the  corresponding  stigma  with  its  cilia;  e,  anus; 
y,  rectum:  ^.  esoph.igus ;  h,  r",  stomach  ;  -t,  testis;  /,  urochord  ;  tn, 
cellular  patch  at  side  of  oral  end  of  body  ;  n,  eiidostyle ;  p,  ganglion ; 
^,  ciliated  sac  ;  r,  otocyst ;  posterior  nerve,  with  /,  its  ganglia  ;  en, 
endoderm ;  ec,  ectoderm. 

Appendicularise  (ap-en-dik-u-la'ri-e),  n.  pi. 

Same  as  Appendiciilariidce. 
appendicularian  (ap-en-dik-ii-la'ri-an),  w.  [< 

Appendicularia  +  -an.']   An  animal  of  the  genus 

Appendicularia :  one  of  the  Appcndiculariidce. 
appendiculariid  (ap-en-dik-u-la'ri-id),   71.  A 

timieate,  or  aseidjan,  of  the  family  Appendicu- 

lartidce. 

Appendiculariidae  (ap-en-dlk'u-la-ri'i-de),  n. 
pi.  [NL.,  <  Appendicularia  +  -idw.]  Afamily of 
tunicates,  or  ascidians,  of  a  low  grade  of  organi- 
zation, permanently  retaining  a  form  and  struc- 
ture ■which  characterize  only  the  embryonic  or 
larval  stage  of  other  ascidians.  They  are  named 

from  their  tadpole-like  shape  and  long  tail  or  appendage, 
by  the  vibration  of  which  they  move  about.  The  family 
corresponds  to  a  suborder  Copelata  of  some  naturalists,  as 
distinguished  from  Acopa. 

Appendiculata  (ap-en-dik-u-la'ta),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  appendiculatus :  see  appendic- 
tdate.~\  A  name  given  by  E.  R.  Lankester  to 
a  phylum  or  prime  group  of  the  animal  king- 
dom, including  those  forms  vrhich  have  lateral 
locomotive  appendages  and  usually  a  segment- 
ed body.  It  IS  a  loose  and  inexact  synonym  of 
Arthropoda,  together  with  liotifera  and  Chceto- 
poda.    See  Arthropoda. 

appendiculate  (ap-en-dik'u-lat),  a.  [<  NL.  ap- 
pendiculatus, <  L.  appendicula  :  see  appendicle.~\ 

1.  Provided  with  appendages;  having  the 
character  of  an  appendage  or  appendages ;  form- 
ing an  appendicle.  Used  especially  in  botany,  being 
applied,  for  instance,  to  leaves,  or  to  organs  appended 
to  leaves,  leaf-stalks,  etc. :  thus,  the  pitcher-like  appen- 
dage of  tlie  leaf  of  the  Nepenthes  distillatoria,  or  pitcher- 
plant,  is  said  to  be  appendiculate.  See  cuts  under  ap- 
pendage and  ascidium. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of 

the  Appendiculata. 

Appendirostres  (a-pen-di-ros'trez),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  contr. for  *appendicirostres,<.  L.  appendix, 
appendix,  +  rostrum,  a  beak.]  In  Blyth's  sys- 
tem of  classification  (1849),  a  group  of  birds, 
the  hornbills,  Bucerotidce,  as  distinguished  from 
the  Arculirostrcs,  the  hoopoes  or  Upupidce. 

appendix  (a-pen'diks),  n.;  pi.  appendixes  or 
appendices  (-dik-ses  or  -di-sez).  [<  L.  ap- 
pendix, rarely  ampendix,  an  appendage,  appen- 
dix, addition,  <  appendere,  hang:  see  append.'] 
1.  Something  appended  or  added;  an  adjunct, 
concomitant,  appendage,  or  accessory. 

Normandy  became  an  appendix  to  England. 

Sir  M.  Hale,  Hist.  Common  Law  of  Eng. 

Specifically — 2.  An  addition  appended  to  a 
document  or  book  relating  to  the  main  work, 
usually  consisting  of  explanatory  or  statistical 
matter  adding  to  its  value,  but  not  essential  to 
its  completeness,  and  thus  differing  from  a 
supplement,  which  properly  is  intended  to  sup- 
ply deficiencies  and  correct  inaccuracies. — 3. 
[As  a  Latin  word;  pi.  appendices.]  In  anat., 
a  process,  prolongation,  or  projection.  See  the 
phrases  following — Appendices  epiploicee  (appen- 
dages of  the  epiploon),  small  folds  of  peritoneum  cov- 
ering the  large  intestine  and  containing  fat.— Appendix 
auriculae,  the  appendage  of  the  auricle  of  the  heart,  an 
ear-like  projection,  from  which,  in  human  an;itoiiiy,  the 
auricle  itself  derives  its  name.— Appendix  cseci,  in  <in((l., 
the  vermiform  appendix.— Appendix  ensiformis,  tlic 
ensiform  appendage  of  the  breast-bone ;  the  xiphoid  i:ar- 
tilage  or  appendix.  See  cut  under  s/feiefon  — Appen- 
dix vermlformis,  or  vermiform  appendix,  a  blind 


272 

process  given  off  from  the  coecum,  varying  in  man  from 
3  to  6  inches  in  length.  See  cut  under  in(esfi/ii.— Ap- 
pendix vesicae  (appendage  of  the  bladder),  a  hernia  of 
the  mucous  membrane  of  the  bladder  through  the  muscu- 
lar coat,  =SJT1.  2.  Appendix,  Supplement.  See  supplement. 

appendixious  (ap-en-dik'shus),  a.  [<  appendix 
+  -i-ous.  Cf .  ML.  appendicius,  supplementary.] 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  appendix; 
appendieatory.    Bcntham.  [Rare.] 

appense  (a-pens'),  «•  [^  L-  appensus,  pp.  of 
appendere :  see  append.]  Hanging  from  above ; 
specifically,  in  hot.,  pendulous  :  applied  to 
ovules  attached  to  the  sides  or  angles  of  the 
ovary,  and  drooping.  [Rare.] 

appenset  (a-pens'),  v.  t.  [<  OF.  appenscr,  ap- 
pend (a  seal),  <  L.  as  if  *appensarc,  freq.  of 
appendere,  pp.  appensus,  append:  see  append.] 
To  append  (a  seal). 

We  haue  caused  .  .  .  our  seale  thereunto  to  be  ap- 
pensed.  Hakluyts  Voyages,  II.  15S.  {N.  E.  D.) 

appentt,  v.  i.    An  old  form  of  append. 

appentice  (a-pen'tis),  n.  [<  ME.  *apentice  (by 
apheresisjJCMfw,  pen  tice,  whence,  by  corruption, 
penthouse,  q.  v.),  <  OF.  apentis,  F.  «pj;e«Ws,<  ML. 
appendicium,  appenditium,  appentice,  <  LL.  ap- 
pendiciuni,  an  appendage,  <  appendere,  append: 
see  append,  appendix.]    In  arch.,  any  lean-to 


Chapter-house  of  the  Cathedral  of  Meaux,  France. 

roof ;  especially,  a  kind  of  open  shed  of  a  sin- 
gle slope  supported  on  posts  or  columns,  or  on 
brackets  let  into  a  wall,  or  otherwise,  to  afford 
protection  from  the  weather  to  a  door,  window, 
flight  of  steps,  etc.,  over  which  it  projects  or 
forms  a  hood.  . 

apperceive  (ap-er-sev'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
apperceivcd,  ppr.  apperceivincj.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  apperceave,  apparceive,  <  ME.  apercei- 
ven,  aparceiven,  aparceven,  <  OF.  aperceveir, 
apercevoir,  aparcevoir,  F.  apercevoir  =:Sy>.  apcr- 
cihir  z='Pg.  apcrceher,<.  LL.  *appercipere,  <  L.  ad, 
to,  +  perceive:       perccire.']    To  bo 

conscious  of  perceiving;  comprehend  (what  is 
perceived) ;  loosely,  to  perceive ;  notice :  used 
specifically  of  internal  perception  or  self-con- 
sciousness.   See  apperception. 

apperceivingt  (ap-6r-se'ving),  w.  [ME.  apcr- 
ceyvynge;  verbal  n.  of  apperceive.]  Percep- 
tion. Chaucer. 

apperception  (ap-er-sep'shon),  n.  [<  NL. 
apperceptio{n-)  (Leibnitz),  <  LL.  *appercipere, 
-pp.*apperceptus :  see  apperceive  a.nA perception.'] 
1.  That  act  of  the  mind  by  which  it  becomes 
conscious  of  its  ideas  as  its  own;  perception 
(which  see)  with  the  added  consciousness  that 
it  is  "  I "  who  perceive. 

It  is  well  to  make  a  distinction  between  perception, 
which  is  the  inner  state  of  the  monad,  representing  exter- 
nal things,  and  apperception,  which  is  consciousness,  or 
the  reflexive  knowledge  of  this  interior  state,  which  is  not 
given  to  all  souls,  nor  always  to  the  same  soiU. 

Leibnitz,  Nature  and  Grace,  tr.  by  N.  Porter,  §  4. 

The  Leibnitzo-Wolffians  distinguished  three  acts  in  the 
process  of  representative  cognition  :  (1)  Tlie  act  of  repre- 
senting a  (mediate)  object  to  the  mind  ;  (2)  the  representa- 
tion, or,  to  speak  more  properly,  representamen,  itself  as 
an  (immediate  or  vicarious)  object  exhibited  to  the  mind; 
(3)  the  act  by  which  the  mind  is  conscious  immediately  of 
the  representative  object,  and  through  it  mediately  of 
the  remote  object  represented.  They  called  the  first  per- 
ception; the  last,  apperception;  the  second,  idea. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Reid,  p.  877,  note. 

Hence,  by  a  slight  modification — 2.  With  Kant 
and  most  English  writers,  an  act  of  voluntary 
consciousness,  accompanied  with  self-con- 
sciousness: especially  in  the  phrase  pure  ap- 
perception. 

My  theory,  like  Kant's,  lays  apperception,  anglice  re- 
flection, at  the  basis  of  philosophy. 

Hodgson,  Phil,  of  Reflection,  I.  224. 

3.  In  the  psychology  of  Herbart  (1776-1841), 
the  coalescence  of  the  remainder  of  a  new 
isolated  idea  with  an  older  one,  by  a  modifica- 
tion of  one  or  the  other. — 4.  Apprehension; 
recognition. 


appetence 

The  recognition  or  apperception  of  these  truths  by  men. 

Maurice.  (iV.  J5.  D.) 
Active  apperception.  See  acfiwe.— Pure  appercep- 
tion, in  the  Kantian  philos.,  the  bare  consciousness  of 
self,  the  mere  "I"  or  "I  think."  See  self-consciousness. 
—  Unity  of  apperception,  that  vmity  of  consciousness 
by  virtue  of  which  its  contents  (perceptions,  thoughts, 
etc.)  coexist  for  it;  the  pure  self  or  "1"  to  which  the 
contents  of  one  and  the  same  mind  must  be  referred, 
apperceptive  (ap-er-sep'tiv),  «.  [<  appercep- 
tion, after  pcrccplivc.]  Pertaining  or  relating 
to,  or  of  the  nature  of,  apperception. 

It  is  after  all  nothing  but  our  apperceptive  facidties, 
potentially  idealized,  tliat  are  made  to  serve  for  the  con- 
sciousness of  a  universal  subject.  Mind,  IX.  381. 
Apperceptive  union,  the  uniting  of  one  idea  with  an- 
other by  a  voluntary  act  of  consciousness. 

apperilt  (a-per'il),  M.  ap-^  +  peril.]  Peril; 
danger;  risk. 

Let  me  stay  at  thine  apperil.  Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  i.  2. 

Is  there  no  law  for  a  woman  that  will  run  upon  a  man 
at  her  own  apperil  ?      Middleton,  Michaelmas  Term,  i.  1. 

appersi-andt  (ap'er-si-and'),  n.  Same  as  am- 
persand. 

A  shrivelled  cadaverous  piece  of  deformity  in  the  shape 
of  an  izzard  or  an  appersiand. 

Macklin,  Man  of  the  World,  iii.  1. 

appertain  (ap-er-tan'),  V.  i.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  appertane,  apertain,  <  ME.  ajtperteinen, 
aperteinen,  apertencn,  <  OP.  apartenir,  F.  ajjpar- 
tenir,  <  LL.  appcrlinere,  belong  to,  <  L.  ad,  to, 
+  ^er^iwere,  belong,  pertain :  seej)er<am.]  To 
belong  or  pertain,  as  a  part  (to  the  whole),  a 
member  (to  a  class),  a  possession,  or  an  attri- 
bute ;  belong  by  association  or  normal  relation. 
Hang  mournful  epitaphs,  and  do  all  rites 
That  appertain  unto  a  burial. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  iv.  1. 
The  Father,  to  whom  in  heaven  supreme 
Kingdom,  and  power,  and  glory  appertains. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  815. 
In  giving  him  to  another,  it  [love)  still  more  gives  him 
to  himself.  .  .  .  He  does  not  longer  appertain  to  his  fam- 
ily and  society ;  he  is  somewhat ;  he  is  a  person. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  161. 
I  am  much  inclined  to  suspect  that  the  fossil  upon  which 
the  genus  Ornithopterus  has  been  foundeci  appertains  to 
a  true  Bird.  Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  232. 

=  Syn.  See  lyerlain. 

appertainance  (ap-er-ta'nans),  n.  [<  appertain 
+ -ance.  CLappcrtenancoandappurtenance.]  1. 
The  quality  or  state  of  appertaining.  [Rare.] 
The  noblest  elevations  of  the  human  mi:id  have  in  ap- 
pertainance their  sands  and  swamps. 

Landor,  Imaginary  Conversations.   {N.  E.  D.) 

2.  A  thing  which  appertains ;  an  appurtenance, 
appertainment  (ap-er-tiin'ment),  n.    [<  apjier- 

iain  +  -mcnt.]  That  which  appertains  or  be- 
longs; an  appurtenance ;  an  external  or  adven- 
titious attribute.  [Rare.] 

We  lay  by 

Our  appcrtainments.       Shak.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  3. 

appertenancet,     appertenencet,  apperti- 

nencet,  ".    Old  forms  of  appurtenance. 
appertinentt  (a-per'ti-nent),  a.  and  n.  [Same 
appurtenan  t,  after  the  L.  appcrtinen{t-)s :  see 
'appurtenant.]    I.  a.  Belonging;  properly  relat- 
ing; appurtenant. 

All  the  other  gifts  appertinent  to  man. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  2. 

II.  n.  That  which  appropriately  belongs  to 
something  else ;  an  appurtenance. 

You  know  how  apt  our  love  was,  to  accord 

To  furnish  him  with  all  appertinents 

Belonging  to  his  honour.        Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  2. 

appetet,  v.  t.  [ME.  appetcn,  <  OF.  appeter,  < 
L.  appetere,  adpetere,  strive  after,  try  to  get,  < 
ad,  to,  +  petere,  seek,  aim  at:  see  petition.'] 
To  crave  or  long  for ;  covet ;  desire.  Chaucer. 

appetence,  appetency  (ap'e-tens,  -ten-si),  «. 
[=  F.  appetence,  <  L.  appetentia,  <  appeten{t-)s, 
udpeten{t-)s :  see  appetod.]  1.  The  act  of  seek- 
ing or  craving  after  that  which  satisfies  the 
affections,  passions,  or  tastes ;  desire ;  inclina- 
tion; propensity. 

I  know  not  to  what  else  we  can  better  liken  the  strong 
appetence  of  the  mind  for  improvement,  than  to  a  hunger 
and  thirst  after  knowledge  and  truth. 

Everett,  Orations,  II.  277. 
They  had  a  strong  appetency  for  reading.  Merivale. 
Specifically — 2.  Strong  natural  craving  for 
that  which  gratifies  the  senses ;  appetite ;  ani- 
mal desire:  as,  "lustful  appetence,"  Milton,  "P. 
L.,  xi.  619. 

The  innate  aversion  to  any  poison  known  to  modern 
chemistry  can,  by  persistent  disregard,  be  turned  into  a 
morbid  appetency,  vehement  and  persistent  in  proportion 
to  the  virulence  of  the  poison. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVIII.  518. 

3.  A  mental  tendency  toward  an  end;  a  voli' 
tion  or  desire. 

I  shall  occasionally  employ  the  term  appetency  in  the 
rigorous  signification,  as  a  genus  comprehending  under  it 
both  desires  and  volitions.  Sir  W.  Hamilton, 


appetence 

4.  Instinctive  inclination  or  natural  tendency. 
These  lacteals  have  mouths,  and  by  animal  selection  or 

appetencij  they  absorb  such  part  of  the  fluid  as  is  agreeable 
to  their  palate.  ^  Jj^rwrn. 

The  present  example  .  .  .  precisely  contradicts .  the 
opmion  that  the  parts  of  animals  may  have  been  all  formed 
by  what  is  called  appetency,  i.  e.,  endeavour  perpetuated 
and  imperceptibly  worlving  its  ettect  through  an  incal- 
culable series  ot  generations.         J'aley,  Nat.  Theol.,  i.x. 

5.  In  inanimate  things,  material  or  chemical 
attraction  or  affinity.  =syn.  See  appetite. 

appetent  (ap'e-tent),  a.  [<  L.  appeten(t-)s,  ppr. 
ot  appetere,  adpctere,  strive  after,  try  to  get :  see 
aj>pete;  cf.  appetite.^  1.  Desiring  :  very  desii-- 
ous ;  eagerly  longing. 

Thirsty  and  appetent  after  glory. 

Sir  G.  Buck,  Hist.  Rich.  III.,  p.  60. 

2.  Pertaining  to  desire  or  volition.  Sir  W 
Hamilton. 

appetibility  (ap'f-ti-bil'i-ti),  n.  [=zF.  appefi- 
bilite,  <  appetible :  .see  appetihle  and  -UUty.^  The 
quality  of  exciting  appetite  or  desire ;  attrac- 
tiveness. [Bare.] 

The  appetibility  of  the  object.  Bramhall. 

appetible  (ap'e-ti-bl),  a.  [=P,  appetihle,  <  L. 
appetibihs,  desirable,  <  rt^^^etere;  see  apipcte  a.n& 
-tble.]  Exciting  the  appetite ;  worthy  of  being 
sought  for;  desirable.  [Eare.] 

Power  both  to  slight  the  most  appetible  objects,  and  to 
controul  the  most  unruly  passions. 

Bramhall,  Against  Hobbes. 
appetite  (ap'e-tit),  n.  [<  ME.  appetit,  apetite, 
<  OF  appetit  (F.  appetit),  <  L.  appetitus,  desire 
tor,  <  appetere,  adpetere,  pp.  appetitus,  long  for 
desu-e:  see  appete,  appetent.-]  1.  An  innate  or 
acquired  demand  or  propensity  to  satisfy  a 
want;  desire,  especially  strong  desire ;  inclina- 
tion ;  wish  to  attain  some  object  or  purpose  • 
with /or  (formerly  with  of,  to,  or  an  infinitive) 
or  absolutely. 

She  dyd  it  not  for  appetite  of  vengeaunce. 

Latimer,  Sermon  before  Edward  VI. 

If  God  had  given  to  eagles  an  appetite  to  swim. 

Jer.  Taylor. 

As  It  IS  best  to  preserve  our  natural  appetites  in  that 
tone  and  degree  of  strength  which  nature  gives  them  so 
we  ought  to  beware  of  acquiring  appetites  which  nature 
never  gave.  Reid,  Active  Powers,  p  128 

f'°''^  °l  to  conceal  a  thing,  but 

ft  iwT- n""^'  "l  °f  concealment.    He 'does 

It  only  till  a  mmd  and  appetUe  for  the  truth  is  prepared 
Busknell,  Sermons  for  New  Life,  p.  158 

Specifically— 2.  A  desire  to  supply  a  bodily 
want  or  craving ;  a  desire  for  food  or  drink. 

Fairest  fruit,  that  hung  to  the  eye 
Tempting,  stirr'd  in  me  sudden  appetite 
To  pluck  and  eat.  Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  308. 

Instinct  enables  a  spider  to  entrap  his  prey,  while  ajwe- 
tite  only  leads  him  to  devour  it  when  in  his  possession 
o  -D  1-  1-  J!  Bowen. 

c5.  Kehsh  for  food;  the  capacity  of  taking  food 
with  pleasure. 

With  hounds  and  horns  go  hunt  an  appetite. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  I.  vi.  114. 
4.  Preference;  taste;  liking:  as,  to  or  accord- 
ing to  one's  appetite,  that  is,  as  one  pleases. 
LKare.]  — 5.  A  thing  desired.  [Archaic] 
Power  being  the  natural  appetite  of  princes.  Swift 
The  mountains,  and  the  deep  and  gloomy  wood 
Their  colours  and  their  forms, 
Were  then  to  me  an  appetite.  Wordsworth. 
6.  A  tendency  of  an  inanimate  thing  analogous 
to  a  desire.  ^ 
The  air  of  itself  hath  little  or  no  appettte  of  ascending. 

Bacon,  Sylva  Sylvarum. 


273 

appetite  and  -ivc.']  1.  Characterized  by  or  of 
the  natui-e  of  appetite. 

ooJilfoi^"'"  '^^-i'"'  '^"'^  appetitive  power  as  that  of  the 
sensual  appetite.  Sir  M.  Hale,  Orig.  of  Mankind. 

Pure  spontaneity  has  no  alternatives  of  imperative  and 
appetit, oe.  uickok.  Science  of  Mind,  p.  27b 

ffaif^!?pf  !f!"^—'F^^  appetitive  faculty,  the  sum 

ot  all  our  tendencies  toward  ends 

appetize  (ap'e-tiz),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  appe- 
tizca,  ppr.  appetizing.  [<  appet{ite)  +  -i-e  ;  sug- 
gested by  F.  apj)cti.i-sant,  appetizing.]  To  give 
an  appetite  to;  awaken  a  craving  in  ;  increase 
or  whet  the  appetite  of:  as,  to  appetize  one  for 
his  food.  [Rare.] 
appetizer  (ap'e-ti-zer),  w.  That  which  excites 
or  wliets  the  appetite,  as  a  walk ;  anything  that 
gives  a  reli-sh  for  food. 

A  glass  of  vodka,  together  with  caviar,  raw  salt  herring 
pickled  mushrooms,  or  some  such  viand  as  an  appetizer 
before  dinner.  J),  m.  Wallace,  Russia  p.  l.TO. 

appetizing  (ap'e-ti-zing),  rt.  l.  Exciting  an 
appetite;  giving  a  relish  for  food :  as,  "it  could 
not  be  YQvj appetizing,"  Mr.s.  Gaskell.  Hence  — 
^.  btimulating  or  awakening  any  desire ;  ex- 
citing interest  or  curiosity. 

Men  forget  that  he,  too  [Tennyson],  was  once  new,  un- 
hackneyed, appetizing.         Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  155. 

Appian  (ap'i-an),  a.  [<  L.  Appianus,  <  Appius, 
a  proper  name.]  Pertaining  to  the  Appii,  an 
ancient  Roman  gens,  or  to  one  of  its  members 
(Appius).-Appian  Way  (Latin  Via  Appia),  a  cele- 
Rvn-fi  ^"'"'^  through  Capua  to 

Bi  undusium  (Brindisi),  begun  by  the  censor  Appius  Clau- 
dius C^cus  312  b.  c  It  was  about  350  miles  in  length,  from 
a    }   -fuV"  aii'l,  like  other  Roman  roads,  was 

paved  with  hard  stone  m  irregular  blocks,  closely  fitted  to- 
gether and  resting  on  a  firm  substructure.  It  was  made 
with  great  care,  and  exists  in  part  at  the  present  time 
applanate  (ap'la-nat),  a.  [<  NL.  applanaius, 
<  h.  act,  to,  -I-  planus,  flat,  JAj.  planare,  flatten.] 
in  liot.,  flattened  out  or  horizontally  expanded 


apple 

And  with  a  general  voice  apjdaxised  his  death 
As  tor  a  special  good  to  Christendom. 

Chapman,  Alphonsus,  ii.  2. 
applausefult  (a-plaz'fiil),  a.    [<  applause  + 
-Jul.]  Abounding  in  plaudits;  laudatory;  man- 
ilesting  applause.  [Rare.] 

All  France  and  Britain  ring  with  acclamation 
And  with  applauseful  thanks  they  do  rejoice.' 

John  Taylor. 
applausiont  (a-pla'zhon),  n.  Applause, 
applausive  (a-pla'si v),  a.  [<  ML.  applausivus, 
propitious,  favorable,  <  L.  applaudcre :  see  op- 
inavd,  and  at.  applause  find  plansirc.]  1  Ap- 
plauding; containing  applause;  of  the  nature 
ot  applause. 

n;,i  fill  fi,     •     .Tjie  soldiers,  as  you  heard,  my  lord, 
Did  f^U  the  air  with  their  applausive  sliouts 
Dekkerand  Webster  (!),  Weakest  Goetli  to  the  Wall,  v.  1. 
Greet  her  with  applausive  breath. 

Tennyson,  Vision  of  Sin. 


Applanate  thallus  of  Mctrchantia  polymorfhit 


ten^!^^.®,.»*v?iP®^"®--  camn<;.=  Syn.  Appetence,  appe- 
tency, ciavmg,  longing,  relish,  zest,  passion,  hunger,  thii  st, 

appetitet  (ap'e-tit),  v.  t.    [<  appetite,  «.]  1. 
io  desire ;  long  for;  deeply  want. 

k'*"  ™      "itural  perfection  is  fierce,  .  .  .  avvetit- 
tng  by  generation  to  bring  forth  his  semblable.  ^ 

Sir  T.  Elyot,  The  Governour,  p.  70. 

2.  To  satisfy  the  appetite  or  desire  of. 
appetltiont  (ap-e-tish'on),  n.    [=  F.  appetition, 
\      ^PP/Mio{n-),  <  appetere :  see  appetite.] 
An  act  of  appetite ;  desire  ;  eraviug. 

and''an'^e;^tfvi^'' ''"'P'®  substance  e.xercising  perceptive 
Th^'^,P'n^' ^n.'^r''''''..*  conscious  and  active'^  existent, 
iue  simple  substance  represents  the  obiective  asnect 
momXul  ^""d'tion'of  the  perceptions  Ind  S 
lUiom  which  represent  the  subjective  aspect. 

Hodgson,  Phil,  of  Reflection,  ii.  27. 

^nW^?'^?^  (ap-e-tish'us),  a.     [<  appetition  + 
-o«6.j  Jr'ertainmg  or  agTeeable  to  appetite ;  ap- 
peimve;  appetizing:  as,  app)etitions  \i]sing. 
Appetitious,  passable,  and  toothsome. 

.  Brief  Descr.  of  Fanaticks,  p.  17. 

appetitive  (a-pet'i-tiv  or  ap'e-ti-tiv)  a  f— P 
mpetit^;  <  L.  as  if  *appetitivus,  <  appetere:  see 


applaud  (a-plad'),  V.  1=  F.  applaudir,  OF. 
aplaudtr  =  Sp.  aplaudir  =  Pg.  applaudir  =  It. 
applaudtre,  applaudere,  <  L.  applaudere,  LL 
a  so  applodere,  clap  the  hands  together,  ap- 
plaud, <  ad,  to,  +  plaudere,  strike,  clap  Cf 
explode.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  praise  or  show  ap- 
proval of  by  clapping  the  hands,  acclamation,  or 
other  significant  sigu.— 2.  To  praise  in  any  way, 
as  by  words  or  actions  ;  commend ;  approve. 
By  the  gods,  I  do  applaud  his  courage. 
„     T  ,  ,  •  Shak.,  Pericles,  ii.  5. 

«Sv  I 'f'i™allthe  mischief  imaginable,  and  that  easily, 
safely,  and  successfully,  and  so  apjjlaud  myself  in  iiiv 
power,  my  wit,  and  my  subtle  contrivances  ? 

South,  Sermons,  III.  113. 
'^PP^'^'C^  a  sensitive  honesty  which  shudders  at  any- 
tlung  underhand  or  dishonourable. 

W'-  K-  Clifford,  Lectures,  II.  129 
-S:m.  Extol,  etc.  (see  i^raise,  v.),  cheer,  cry  up,  ma<Tiifv 

U.  intrans.  1.  To  express  approval  by  clap- 
ping the  hands  or  by  other  similar  means.— 2 
io  give  .praise  ;  express  approval. 

And  there  he  kept  the  justice  of  the  Kino- 
So  vigorously,  yet  mildly,  that  all  hearts" 
Applarided.  Tennyson,  GeTSLint 

applauder  (a-pla'der),  m.    One  who  applauds 
praises,  or  commends. 
Two  hundred  and  eighty  applaudere  at  three  shillino-s  a 
'^L  Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  II  v 

applause  (a-plaz'),  n.  [=  Sp.  aplauso^-po-  u 
applaiiso,  <  L.  as  if  *applausus,  n.,  <  applalsus, 
pp.  of  applaudere,  applaud ;  cf.  plausus,  api 
plause,  <  plaudere,  applaud.]  1 .  A  manifesta- 
tion ot  approval  by  sound ;  enthusiastic  appro- 
bation expressed  by  clapping  the  hands,  ac- 
clamation, huzzas,  or  other  means  of  demon- 
stration; popular  laudation.— 2.  Any  expres- 
sion of  approbation,  appreciation,  or  delight  • 
commendation;  encouragement;  approval?  ' 
I  humbly  am  content  with  human  praise  • 
A  goddess  s  applause  would  envy  raise.  ' 

Drydcn,  Helen  to  Paris,  1.  126. 
bhall  he  for  whose  applause  I  strove  — 
I  had  such  reverence  for  his  blame  — 
See  with  clear  eye  some  hidden  shame 
And  I  be  lessen'd  in  his  love  ? 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  li 
cJt.  An  object  of  approval.    B.  Jonson 
applauset  (a-plaz'),  r.  t.    [<  applause,  n.]  To 
applaud;  approve.  »    j  " 


2t.  Worthy  of  applause.  Chapman. 
apple  (ap'l),  n.  [<  ME.  apple,  aplc,  epplc,  a/>- 
pel,  eppel,  appil,  -ul,  -i/l,  <  AS.  <rppel,  in  comp 
a;2)2)el-,  cepel-,  appel-,  in  inflection  appl-,  a-pl- 
appl-,apl-,  once  eay>;-,= OFries.  appel  (in  comp. ) 
NFries.  ff/>/e,  aeplc,  north.  Fries,  apel,  =  D.  „p. 
i;e;  =  OHG.  aphal,  aphol,  aphul,  affal.  aifol,  affuL 
ap/u  ,  pi.  epfili,  MUG.  upfcl,  pLcpfel,oj^:f  G. 
apfel  pi.  apfcl,  =  leel.  epli  =  xNorw.  diil.  'eple 
=  Obw.  wpl,  Sw.  dple,  apple  (in  comp.  appel-) 
=  Dan.  wble  (Goth,  not  recorded),  apple  ;  used 
also  m  connection  with  eye  (in  G.  also  abso- 
lutely) for  the  pupil  of  the  eye;  in  AS.  also 
poet,  tor  ball  (irenum  aphim,  with  iron  balls)- 
m  southern  Norway  also  absolutely  for  Jordeijle 
=  earth-apple,  potato :  a  common  Teut.  word 
foimd  also  in  Celtic  (Ir.  abhal,  nhhal  =  Gael' 
nbhall  =  W.  afal,  OW.  abal  =  Corn.  Bret,  aval 
=  Manx  ooyl)  and  in  Slavic  (OBulg.  ablUko, 
ijabluko,  Bulg.  aUiilca,  yabluka  =  Sloven,  yabel- 
ko  yabolka  =  Serv.  yabiika  =  Bohom.  jablo, 
i'f^  T  (barred  0  =  Russ.  yabloko 

=  VVhite  Russ.  yabko),  and  fiuther  in  (DPniss 
^,fJJ:  =  '^^i^-  obulas  =  Lett,  abols,  apple;  but  in 
all  these  languages  regarded  as  of  fore  ign  origin 
ihe  common  source  of  all  the  forms  has  been 
sought  in  L.  Abella  (It.  Avella),  a  town  in  Cam- 
pania aboujiding  in  fruit-trees  and  nuts  (and 
hence  called  OTfl-Zi/erw,  apple-bearing,  by  Virgil) 
whence  nuxAbellana,  a  filbert  or  hazel-nut  (see 
avellane),  and,  it  is  supposed,  "malum  Abelhanm, 
tfie  apple  m  particular;  cf.  L.  malum  Persicim 
the  Persian  apple,  the  peach  (whence  E.  peach^  - 
q.  v.).  In  this  view  ap}ple,  like  pear,  peach, 
plum,  quince,  ajmcot,  cherry,  is  of  L.  (all  but 
apple  and  pear  being  ult.  of  Gr.)  origin.]  1 
ihe  iruit  of  a  rosaceous  tree,  I'yriis  Mains,  a 
na,tive  probably  of  central  Asia.  The  tree  is  now 

cul  ivated  in  nearly  all  temperate  regions,  L  numeioul 
vane  les  and  its  fruit  is  in  universal  use.  '  It  was  i,  tro 
diiced  into  America  from  England  in  lP2n,  by  the  oove rnor 

stafp  b!,f ''^''■'^'y  its  "ilJ 

state  but  as  an  escape  from  cultivation  its  fruit  becomes 
man,  acid,  and  harsh,  and  is  known  as  the  crab.    The  cul 
Seelmsr  ''^  ""^'"'^  Pyrus. 

2.  The  tree  itself,  Pyrns  Mains.— 3.  A  name 
popularly  given  to  various  fruits  or  trees  hav- 
ing little  or  nothing  in  common  with  the  ap- 

^  s^rc :  Adam's  apple  (tlie  lime  a  va- 

riety of  Ctrus  medica,  and  the  phintain,\l/„,v  ,XrfJi 
aca):  the  alligator-apple,  Auona  palmtris  ■  the  lialsam- 
apple,  Moynordica  Balsamina;  the  wild  hlk^m  lw\l 
hchmoeystislobata;  the  beef-  or  bull-apple,  SiSroxvlmi. 
™;X.™'f,^'  bitter  apple  or  colocynth,  c/^r^C  Co"o 
Ti     '  "^"^  ''PP''*  °f         -^'butus  Unedo;  the  cedar- 
apple,  an  excrescence  upon  the  juniper  caused  by  a  f  uimis 
(.Gymnosporangmni  macropus)  ■  tlie  custard-aiiple  species 
of  .4 nona,  especially,  in  the  West  Indies,  A.  r,v  c»/nfTand 
fj^^  East  Indies,  A.  squamosa  ;  the  devils  „r  ma,  ,l?rke 
apple,  Mandragora  officinalis;  the  eeg.ai.i.lr  or  j'w's  or 
."ifr! /Pii'""^?'"",""!.  «»'^«'™'«'«;  threleplu;nt-  or  w.tod- 
F  'jf"™","*  '=ln>hantum;  the  golden  apple  of  IV  ,,4 
ifi'  Ke^^ann  r-ii'"  kangaroo-apple, Solan\L  laciniat^; 
the  Kei  apple,  Abena  Caffra  ;  the  love-apple  or  tc-niato 
Lycopers-icum  esculentum  ;  the  manniiet  -ailple  .V,y„,,„m 
Americana:  the  Mayor  Indian  apple,  Podlj/ndl,,,,,  pet 
to^HTO;  the  monkey-apple,   Clusia  jkn-a;  tlie  (Italieite 
^pple.  Spondias  dulcis ;  the   apple  of  Peru,  SicaSa 
l^t'fll'"i?'         ^''P'^"  ^PP'*^  (•■'"  early  name  for  the 
peach),  the  pineapple.  Ananas  sativa ;  the  pond-apple 
Anonalaurifohn  ;  the  prairie-apple,  the  root  of  Pso'alei 
esculenta ;  the  rose-apple,  species  of  Eugeiiia,  especially 
-fc.  ^a»i,(,os ;  the  seven-year   apple,  Genipa  clusicefolia: 
tlie  star-apple  Chrysophyllum  Cainiio;  the  sugar-apple 
Anona  reticulata;  the  thorn-apple,  Datura  Stramonium 
and  other  species.    The  wild  apples  of  Queensland  are 
the  drupaceous  fruit  of  a  species  of  0?/rH)ff.- Adam's 
apple,  bee  above,  and  .4daw. -Apple  Of  discord,  a  cause 
01  envy  and  contention  :  in  alUisiuu  to  the  story  in  Greek 
mythology  of  a  golden  apple  thromi  into  an  assembly  of 
the  gods  by  the  goddess  of  discord  (Eris),  bearing  the  in- 
scription, ''For  the  fairest."   Aphrodite  0>nus),  Hera 
(Juno),  and  Pallas  (Minerva)  became  competitors  for  it 
and  Its  adjudication  to  the  first  by  Paris  of  Troy  selected 
by  Zeus  as  umpire,  so  inflam.-d  the  jealousy  of  Hera 
and  her  hatred  towiud  all  the  Trojan  race  that  she  did  not 


apple 

cease  her  machinations  till  Troy  was  destroyed. — Apple 
Of  Sodom,  or  Dead  Sea  apple.  («)  A  fruit  said  to  grow 

on  or  near  the  site  of  the  Biblical  Sodom,  described  by 
Josephus  and  other  old  writers  as  externally  of  fair  ap- 
pearance, but  turning  to  smoke  and  ashes  when  plucked. 
Slaiiy  unsatisfactory  attempts  have  been  made  to  account 
for  the  tradition,  (ft)  Figuratively,  some  fruitless  thing; 
something  which  disappoints  ones  hopes  or  frustrates 
one's  desires.— Apple  Of  the  eye.   («)  The  pupil. 

Dull  people  turn  up  the  palms  of  their  hands  and  the 
apples  0/  their  eyes,  on  beholding  prose  by  a  poet. 

Blackwood's  Mag.,  XXII.  374. 
Hence— (!))  Something  very  important,  precious,  or  dear. 

He  kept  him  as  the  apple  of  his  eye.       Deut.  xxxii.  10. 

Poor  Richard  was  to  me  as  an  eldest  son,  the  apple  of 
my  eye.  Svott,  Old  Mortality,  xx. 

Winter  apple,  an  apple  that  keeps  well  in  winter,  or  does 
not  ripen  till  winter, 
apple  (ap'l),  V.    [<  AS.  *(eppUan,  used  only  in 
pp.  (vppled,  appled,  formed  like  an  apple;  < 
ceppel,  an  apple :  see  the  noun.]    I.  trans.  To 


274 

MHG.  apfalter,  apfolter,  affalter  =  Icel.  apaldr 
=  Norw.  dial,  apald,  apall,  apal,  aple=Sw.  apel 
—  Dan.  abild,  an  apple-tree  ;  a  word  still  exist- 
ing in  the  E.  place-name  Applcdore  (<  AS. 
Apulder,  Apoldcr).  The  same  termination  oc- 
curs in  AS.  mapiddcr,  mapiddor,  niapiddtir, 
mapiddcrn,  a  maple-tree:  see  maple-tree. 1  A 
tree  (Fyrus  Malus)  bearing  apples,  its  wood  is 
hard,  durable,  and  fine-grained,  and  nmch  used  in  turnery. 
Apple-trees  are  propagated  by  seeds,  layers,  grafting,  and 
budding. 

appliablet  (a-pli'a-bl),  a.  [<  apply  +  -able.  Cf. 
applicable.']  1.  Capableof  being  applied;  appli- 
cable; pertinent;  suitable. 

All  that  I  have  said  of  .  .  .  heathen  idolatry  is  applia- 
lie  to  .  .  .  idolatry  of  another  sort.  South. 
2.  Willing  to  apply  one's  seK;  compliant;  dis- 
posed to  listen. 

Apte  by  goodnes  of  witte,  and  appliable  by  readines  of 
will,  to  learning.  Ascham,  The  Scholeraaster,  p.  38. 


give  the  form  of  an  apple  to.  ,  ,      s  r/       ?    _l  n 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  grow  into  the  form  of  an  apphance  (a-pli  ans),  n.     [.<  appltj  +  -ancc.] 

apple 


The  cabbage  turnip  is  of  two  kinds ;  one  apples  above 
ground,  the  other  in  it.  C.  Marshall,  Gardening. 

2.  To  gather  apples.    [Rare  in  all  uses.] 
apple-berry  (ap'l-ber  i),  ».   A  name  given  in 
Australia  to  the  pleasant  subacid  fruit  of  a 
twining  shrub,  Billardiera  scandens,  of  the  natu- 
ral order  I'ittosporew. 

apple-butter  (ap'^bufer),  n.   A  sauce  made 

of  apples  stewed  in  cider, 
apple-corer  (ap'l-kor  er),  n.    Any  device  for 

removing  the  cores  from  apples. 
apple-CUrculio  (ap'l-ker-ku  li-o),  11.    A  kind  of 

weevil  which  infests  the  apple.    See  cut  under 

Anthonomus. 

apple-green  (ap'l-gren),  n.     The  light-green 

color  of  certain  apples,  as  the  greening, 
apple-headed  (ap'l-hed"ed),  a.    Having  a  head 

that  is  round  on  top,  between  the  ears,  instead 

of  flat:  said  of  dogs, 
apple-jack  (ap'l-jak),  w.    [<  apple  +  JacA-,  used 

vaguely:  seeJaeA-2,  andcf.  a^j^te-joAfi.]  A  liquor 

distilled  from  cider, 
apple-john  (ap'l-jon),  n.    [<  apple  +  John,  so 

called,  it  is  said,  because  it  is  ripe  about  St. 

John's  day.    Cf.  jenneting.']    A  kind  of  apple, 

considered  to  be  in  perfection  when  shriveled 

and  withered. 


1.  The  act  "of  applying,  putting  to  use,  or  car- 
rying into  practice. 

The  attention  to  fashion,  the  tasteful  appHance  of  orna- 
ment in  each  portion  of  her  dress,  were  quite  in  place  with 
her.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xvi. 

2.  Something  applied  as  a  means  to  an  end, 
either  independently  or  subordinately ;  that 
which  is  adapted  to  the  accomplishment  of  a 
purpose ;  an  instrumental  means,  aid,  or  ap- 
pm-tenance :  as,  the  appliances  of  civilization, 
or  of  a  trade ;  mechanical,  chemical,  or  medi- 
cal appliances  (tools,  machinery,  apparatus, 
remedies,  etc. ) ;  an  engine  with  its  appliances. 

Diseases,  desperate  grown, 
By  desperate  appliance  are  reliev'd. 

S/iafc.,  Hamlet,  Iv.  3. 

Material  appliances  have  been  lavishly  used ;  arts,  in- 
ventions, and  machines  introduced  from  abroad,  manu- 
factures set  up,  communications  opened,  roads  made, 
canals  dug,  mines  worked,  harbours  formed. 

Buckle,  Civilization,  1. 1. 

appliantt(  a-pli' ant),  rt.  1.  Favorably  inclined; 
docile;  ijliant.— 2.  Applicable:  with  to. 

applicability  (ap"li-ka-bil'i-ti))  «•  applica- 
ble: see  -bility.]  The  quality  of  being  appli- 
cable, or  fit  to  be  applied ;  capability  of  being 
applied  or  used ;  pertinence 


appliqu6 

The  rest  [physicians]  have  worn  me  out 
With  several  applications.       Shak.,  All's  Well,  i.  2. 

3.  The  act  of  making  request  or  of  soliciting; 
the  request  so  made :  as,  he  made  application 
to  the  Court  of  Chancery. 

One  Sidney  gave  his  patronage  to  the  applications  of  a 
poet;  the  other  ottered  it  unasked. 

Dryden,  Ded.  of  Don  Sebastian. 

4.  The  act  of  putting  to  a  special  use  or  pur- 
pose ;  adaptation  to  a  specific  end. 

What  we  buy  in  a  broom,  a  mat,  a  wagon,  a  knife,  is 
some  application  of  good  sense  to  a  common  want. 

Emerson,  Compensation. 

5.  The  act  of  fixing  the  mind  on  something; 
close  attention ;  devotion,  as  to  a  pursuit;  as- 
siduous effort. 

The  curate,  surprised  to  find  such  instances  of  industry 
and  application  iu  a  young  man  who  had  never  met  with 
the  least  encouragement,  asked  him  if  he  did  not  extremely 
regret  the  want  of  a  liberal  education. 

Fielding,  Joseph  Andrews. 

6.  The  act  of  applying  a  general  principle, 
law,  or  theory  to  a  particular  case ;  the  demon- 
stration of  the  relation  of  a  general  principle 
to  an  actual  state  of  things ;  the  testing  of  some- 
thing theoretical  by  applying  it  in  practice. 

He  laid  down  with  clearness  and  acciu-acy  the  principles 
by  which  the  question  is  to  be  decided,  but  he  did  not  pur- 
sue them  into  their  detailed  application. 

Sir  G.  C.  Leicis,  Cred.  of  Eariy  Roman  Hist.,  I.  5. 

7.  In  law,  appropriation;  the  act  of  allotting 
among  several  debts  a  payment  inadequate  to 
satisfy  all.  See  appropriation,  4  (b). — 8.  Inas- 
troL,  the  approach  of  a  planet  to  any  aspect. 

=  Syn.  3.  Request,  solicitation,  appeal,  petition.— 5.  In- 
dxtslni,  Assidiiitti,  Application,  etc.    See  assiduity. 

applicationer't  (ap-li-ka'shon-er),  n.  [<  appli- 
cation +  -cel.]  One  who  makes  an  application 
or  appeal.    jS''.  E.  D. 

applicative  (ap'li-ka-tiv),  a.  [=  P.  applicatif, 
<  L.  applicare:  see  apjjhj,  applicate,  and  -ive.] 
Applying;  applicatory;  practical.  Bramhall. 
applicator  (ap'li-ka-tor),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  appli- 
care, pp.  applicatus :  see  apply.]  If.  One  who 
applies. —  2.  A  surgical  instrument  for  apply- 
ing anything,  as  caustic  or  a  tent,  to  a  deep- 
seated  part.   E.  H.  Knight. 


He  who  has  read  his  Aristotle  wi 


observation  has  on  most  points  of  general  applicability 
said  its  last  word.  Lowell,  Democracy. 

Why  need  I  speak  of  steam,  the  enemy  of  space  and 
time,  with  its  enormous  strength  and  delicate  applica- 
Jiility  ?  ii'Hiersore, Works  and  Days. 

applicable  (ap'li-ka-bl),  a.  i—  F.  applicable  = 
It.  applicabilc,  <  'L.'apiMcare :  see  apply,  and  cf. 
appliable.]  Capable  of  being  applied ;  fit  to  be 
applied ;  having  relevance  ;  suitable ;  appro- 
priate ;  pertinent :  as,  this  observation  is  appli- 
cable to  the  case  under  consideration. 

The  use  of  logic,  although  potentially  nwricn  We  to  every 
matter,  is  always  actually  manifested  by  special  reference 
to  some  one.  Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Logic,  iii. 


II  be  apt  to  think  that  applicatory  (ap'li-ka-to-ri),  a.  and  M.   [<  appU- 


I  am  withered  like  an  old  apple-John. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  3. 

apple-mint  (ap'l-mint),  n.    A  European  plant, 

a  species  of  Mentha,  M.  rotundifolia. 
apple-mose  (ap'l-mos),       A  dish  made  with 

the  pulp  of  stewed  apples  and  other  ingi-edients. 

N.  E.  B.  [Rare.] 

apple-moth  (ap'l-moth),  n.  The  Tortrix porno- 
nana,  a  lepidopterous  insect,  the  larvse  of  which 
live  in  apples. 

apple-parer  (ap'l-par"er),  n.   A  machine  for 

apple-lieTap'i-pi' ),  «•  1  •  A  pie  made  of  apples  applicableness  (ap'li-ka-bl-nes),  n  The  qual- 
vSusly  prepared  inclosed  in  or  covered^^ith  ity  of  being  applicable  ;  fi  ness  ^  apphed^ 
paste,  and  baked.- 2.  An  English  name  for  applicably  (ap'  i-ka-bli),  adv.  In  an  applica- 
a  species  of  willow-herb,  Epilobium  hirsutim.  ble  manner  ;  fittingly.  „„„7,>„„/ 
-Apple-pie  bed,  a  bed  made  up,  as  a  practical  joke,  applicancyt  (ap'll-kan-Sl),  n.  [<  ttJJlHlcant,  m 
with  one  of  the  sheets  doubled  upward  in  the  middle,  so   orig.  sense  '  applying' :  see  apply  and  -ancy.] 

that,  while  the  bed  appears  as  usual  from  the  outsule,  it    rpj^g  state  of  being  applicable.     Is.  Taylor. 
prevents  one  from  getting  his  legs  down :  so  called  from  -^^lig-j,*  fan'li-kant),  n.      [<  L.  applican(t-).S. 
the  apple-turnover,  a  kind  of  pie  in  which  the  crust  is  appilOdUt  V^p  n  Kdiiu;,  •_  JJ^  „     v   y  , 

turned  or  folded  over  so  as  to  inclose  the  apples.-Ap-  ..v>„7./.^..»  oT.T^l■^■ 

pie-pie  order,  an  expression  used  iu  familiar  conversa- 
tion, denoting  perfect  order:  as,  everything  in  the  house 
was  in  apple-pie  order. 

I  am  just  in  the  order  which  some  folks — though  why 

I  am  sure  I  can't  tell  you — would  call  apple-pie. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  III.  65. 

apple-scoop  (ap'l-skop),  n.  A  scoop-shaped 
instrument  formerly  used  instead  of  a  knife  in 

apple-lhefl  "(ap'l-shel),  n.    A  snail-shell  of  the  applicate  (ap'li-kat),  a.^and  w.   [<  1..  applicatus, 

genus  Ampiillaria.   Also  called  idol-shell.   See  PP 

cut  under  Ampullariidse. 
apple-slump  (ap'l-slump),  w.   Hot  apple-sauce 

covered  with  a  rich  dough  and  cooked.  [U.  S.] 
apple-snail  (ap'l-snal),  n.  The  snail  which  has 

an  apple-shell;  one  of  the  Ampullariidse. 
apple-SCluiret   (ap'l-sl<wir),    n.      [Cf.  apron- 

sqaire.]    1.  A  pimp;  a  kept  gallant;  a  page 

who  waited  on  loose  women.    Marston,  What 

You  Will,  iii.  1.— 2.  A  wittol. 
apple-tree  (ap'l-tre),  n.  [<  ME.  appeltre,  appil- 

tre,  appultre,  <  AS.  eepeltredw,  later  contr.  rnple- 

tre  {*wppeltre6w,*appeltre6w  not  authenticated) 

=  Norw.  dial,  epletre  =  Dan.  (cbletrw ;  not,  as 

usually  regarded,  a  "  corruption"  of  AS.  apul- 
der, apuldor,  apuldre  (the  alleged  *(cppelder, 

*appeldor,  *apelder,  etc.,  not  authenticated) 

=  OHG.  aphaltra,  apholtra,  ajfoltra,  affultra, 


ppr.  of  applicare,  apply :  see  apply.]  One  who 
applies ;  one  who  makes  request ;  a  petitioner ; 
a  candidate. 

The  applicant  for  a  cup  of  water  declares  himself  to  be 
the  Messias.  Plumtree. 

applicatet  (ap'li-kat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  applicatus,  pp. 
of  ai>i)'icare,  apply:  see  apply.]    To  apply. 

The  act  of  faith  is  applicated  to  the  object. 

Bp.  Pearson,  Expos,  of  Creed,  ix. 


see  the  verb.]  I,  a.  Applied  or  put  to 
some  use;  practical;  concrete.  [Rare.] 

Those  applicate  sciences  which  extend  the  power  of  man 
over  the  elements.  ^'>'-  Taylor. 

Applicate  number,  a  number  applied  in  a  cone 
case.   Hutton.   [Rare.] —Applicate  ordinate,  in  ma«A., 
a  straight  line  applied  at  right  angles  to  tlie  axis  of  any 
conic  section,  and  bounded  by  the  curve.  [Rare.] 

II.  n.  [<  L.  applicata  (sc.  linea,  line),  fem. 
of  applicatus :  see  above.]  An  ordinate  to  a 
conic  section.  [Rare.] 

application  (ap-li-ka'shon),  n.  [=  F.  applica- 
tion, <  L.  applicatio{n-),  a  joining  or  attaching 
one's  self  to,  <  applicare,  pp.  applicatus:  see 
apjily.]  1.  The  act  of  applying  or  putting  to; 
the  act  of  laying  on:  as,  the  applicaiion  of 
emollients  to  a  diseased  limb.— 2.  The  thing 
or  remedy  applied :  as,  the  pain  was  abated  by 
the  application. 


cafe,  V. :  see  -ofy.]  1.  a.  1.  Consisting  in  or  fit- 
ted for  application ;  serving  for  application ; 
practical:  as,  "applicatory  information,"  Bp. 
Wilkins,  Ecclesiastes.  [Rare.] 

He  therein  [the  Bible]  morning  and  evening  read  a 
chapter,  with  a  little  applicatory  exposition,  before  and 

after  which  he  made  a  prayer.   

C.  Mather,  Mag.  Chris.,  in.  1. 

This  applicatory  portion  of  a  sermon,  wherever  it  oc- 
ciu^s,  is  strikingly  indicative  of  the  intensity  of  preaching. 

A.  Phelps,  Theory  of  Preaching,  xxxii. 

2t.  Making  application,  appeal,  or  request. 
N.  E.D.  ^  ^ 

Il.t  n.  That  which  applies ;  a  means  of  put- 
ting to  use. 

Faith  is  the  inward  applicatory  [of  Christ's  death],  and 
if  there  be  any  outward,  it  must  be  the  sacraments. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Worthy  Communicant,  i.  §  4. 

applied  (a-pM'),  p.  a.  [<  apply  +  -ed^.]  Put 
on  ;  put  to ;  directed  ;  employed  :  said  specifi- 
cally of  a  science  when  its  laws  are  employed 
and  exemplified  in  dealing  with  concrete  phe- 
nomena, and  in  this  use  distinguished  from 
abstract  or  theoretical — Applied  chemistry,  logic, 
mathematics,  etc.  See  the  nouns.— Applied  work. 

See  applifiui. 

appliedly  (a-pli'ed-li),  adv.  By  or  m  apphea- 
tion.  [Rare.] 

All  superstition  whatsoever  reflecteth  upon  religion.  It 
is  not  but  in  such  acts  as  be  of  themselves,  or  appliedly, 
acts  of  religion  and  piety.  ,  .  „ 

Bp.  Mountagu,  Appeal  to  Cssar,  p.  267. 

applier  (a-pli'er),  n.    1.  One  who  applies.— 2. 
A  dental  instrument  for  placing  a  piece  of  floss- 
silk  between  teeth, 
applimentt,  n.    Same  as  applyment. 
rete  appliqu^  (ap-li-ka'),  a.    [<  F.  applique,  pp.  of 
apiMquer,  put  on,  <  L.  applicare  :  see  apply.] 

1.  In  modern  dress  and  upholstery,  applied  or 
sewed  on,  or  produced  in  this  way.  Thus,  the 
gimp  or  pattern  of  soiled  or  injured  lace  may  be  sewed 
upon  a  new  ground,  or  embroidered  fiowers  may  be  secured 
to  new  silk  ;  in  such  a  case  the  pattern  or  ornament  is 
said  to  he  appliqui,  and  the  whole  is  apphqve  work. 

2.  More  generally,  said  of  one  material,  as  met- 
al, fixed  upon  another,  in  ornamental  work:  as, 
an  enameled  disk  appUqne  upon  a  surface  ot  fah- 


gree,  an  ivory  figure  applique  upon  a  Japanese 
lacquer,  and  the  like.  [In  both  senses  also  used 

as  a  noun.]  -Point  appliqu^,  point-lace  in  which  the 
dHsi'»n  after  having  been  separately  made,  has  been  ap- 
plied to  the  net  which  forms  the  foundation. 


applot 

applott  (a-plof),  V.  t.    [<  pioti^ 
aUot.'\     1.  Literally,  to  divide  into  plots  or 
plats;  plot  out.— 2.  To  allot  or  apportion, 
applotmentt  (a-plot'ment),  n.     [<  appM  + 
-meiit.    QL  allotment.']    A  division  into  plots • 
apportionment.  ' 
applumbaturet  (a-plum'ba-tiLr),  n.    [<  ML  ap- 
2Humbaturu  <  L.  applumbat'us,  pp.  of  applumhare, 
solder  with  lead,  <  ad,  to,  +  plumbare  (pp.  plum- 
batus,  >  idumbatura,  a  soldering),  <  plumbum 
lead :  see  plumb.']    A  joining  or  soldering  with 
lead.  Blount. 
apply  (a-pli'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  applied,  ppv 
applymff.         ME.   applj/e7i,  appUen,  apljen, 
aphen,  <  OF.  apher,  mod.  F.  appliquer  =  Fr  Sp 
aphcar  =  Pg.  applicar  =  It.  applicarc,  <  L.  ao- 
jjfocare,  attach  to,  apply,  <  ad,  to,  +  plicare,  fold 
or  lay  together:  see  ply,  plicate.]    I.  irans.  1. 
1 0  lay  on ;  bring  into  physical  proximity  or  con- 
tact: as,  to  apply  the  hand  to  the  breast;  to 
apply  medicaments  to  a  diseased  part  of  the 
body;  to  apply  a  match  to  powder. 

'Beseecli  you,  tenderly  apply  to  her 
Some  remedies  for  life.         Shak.,  W.  T.,  ill.  2 
In  the  gardens  of  the  old  Marques  Spinola  I  saw  huge 

fhPwni^""'"^  °"  "^'^  ''fP^y''^        o"--  apricots  to 

me  wans.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  17,  1644. 

2.  To  bring  into  contact  with  particulars  or 
with  a  particular  ease,  as  a  principle,  law,  or 
rule;  bring  to  bear  upon;  put  into  practical 
operation. 

Quiiitilian  applied  to  general  literature  the  same  prin- 
ciples by  which  he  had  been  accustomed  to  judge  of  the 
declamations  of  his  pupils.  Macaulay,  Athenian  Orators. 

3.  To  use  or  employ  for  a  particular  case,  or 
devote  to  a  particular  pm-pose :  as,  to  apply  a 
sum  of  money  to  the  payment  of  a  debt. 

Craft  against  vice  I  must  api^ly. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  2. 

4.  To  connect  or  associate  with,  or  refer  to 
some  person  or  thing  as  applicable  or  perti- 
nent ;  use  as  suitable  or  relative  to  some  per- 
son or  thing:  as,  to  apply  the  testimony  to  the 
ease. 

Great  Agamemnon,  Nestor  shall  ajiiily 
Ihy  latest  words.  Shak.,  T.  and  C   i  3 

I  repeated  the  verses  which  I  formerly  applied  to  him. 
m  ■■,  Dryden,  Fables. 

5t.  lo  attribute;  refer;  ascribe.— 6.  To  give 
with  earnestness  or  assiduity;  employ  with 
attention;  devote:  as,  " apjo?y  thine  heart  unto 
instruction,"  Prov.  xxiii.  12. 


275 

applymentt  (a-pli'ment), w.    [<  apply  +  -mcnt.] 
Application.    Also  uppliment. 

Yet  there  are  a  sort  of  discontented  creatures  that  bear 
a  stingless  envy  to  great  ones,  and  these  will  wrest  the  do- 
ings of  any  man  to  tlieir  base,  malicious  appUment. 

Webster,  Ind.  to  Alalcontent. 
appoggiato  (ap-po-ja'to), «.  [it.,  supported,  pp. 
ot  appo(j(iiare  (=  F.  appuycr),  <  ML.  appodiare, 
support,  prop,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  podium,  a  balcony 
(  >  It.  poggw  =  ¥.  put,  puy) :  see  appui,  podium.  ] 
In  music,  literally,  supported:  marking  notes 
which  are  to  be  performed  so  that  they  shall 
insensibly  glide  and  melt  into  one  another 
without  any  perceptible  break, 
appoggiatura  (ap-poj-a-ts'ra),  w.  [It.,  <  appog- 
giarc,  prop,  lean:  see  appoqqiato.]  In  music, 
a  small  additional  note  of  embellishment,  pre- 
ceding the  note  with  which  it  is  connected,  and 
taking  away  from  that  note  a  portion  of  its 
time.  It  is  of  two  kinds :  (a)  short,  which  is  played  as 


(a)  Written 


Played. 


Like  Isaac,  with  a  mind  applied 
To  serious  thought  at  ev'ningtide. 

Cowper,  The  Moralizer  Corrected. 
fh^^rih-T?     '^""^i^ious  to  himself  that  he  thinks,  and 
.1,  V'  "  ''PP^'"''  '^'^out'  whilst  thinking,  is 

the  ideas  that  are  there.  Locke 

7t.  To  address  or  direct. 

Sacred  vows  and  mystic  song  applied 
lo  grisly  Pluto  and  his  gloomy  bride.  Pope. 
8t.  To  be  busy  about;  devote  one's  self  with  dili- 
gent vigor  to ;  ply  (which  see). 
He  is  ever  applying  his  business. 

Latimer,  Sermon  of  the  Plough. 
Whose  flying  feet  so  fast  their  way  applyde 
lhat  round  about  a  cloud  of  dust  did  fly.  ' 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iv.  37. 

9t.  To  bend  (the  mind);  reflexively,  to  com- 
ply; conform;  be  subservient  to. 

„  ^  Apply 

i;ourself  to  me  and  the  consul,  and  be  wise. 

in,    m      •  .,  -B- -Poison,  Catiline,  iii.  2. 

lOf.  To  visit. 

He  applied  each  place  so  fast. 

Chapman,  Iliad,  .\i.  61. 
ymPi^^T  °»  tl^e  <^liief  part  of  one's 

h?nlv  f"^"*T'  '^'r''"^ft«  devote  one's  self  (to  a 
IVi  m»kp  o     "^1':^  '°  *e  study  of  botany.  (b\) 

Que,    .rtH"./PP'''^?'''°lV°''='P         '^'^^e  recourse  by 
quest ,  address  one  s  self  (to  a  person). 

^  I  applied  myself  to  him  for  help.  Johnson. 

tTi?J°i;»n.i^°,-P'^?^  (on).-3.  To  appropriate  (to).-4  To 
turn,  bend,  direct.- 6.  Addict,  Demte,  Apply.    See  ad- 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  be  in  close  contiguity.— 
*!.  io  have  application;  be  applicable;  have 
some  connection,  agreement,  analogy,  or  refer- 
ence :  as,  this  argument  applies  well  to  the  ease ; 
tne  remarks  were  not  meant  to  apply  to  you. 
doef  not  'l"^'}'''  °*  Academy,  there  is  not  one  which 
anTto"ten(a1toX"l!j;.'°  Christianity, 
Macaulay,  Sadler's  Ref.  Refuted. 
,Bn,3''^™*^?.T.*PP^^°^*i°^  or  request;  ask;  have 
leeourse  with  a  view  to  gain  something:  as,  to 
m^ly  for  an  office,  information,  etc.-4  To 
give  attention ;  turn  the  mind. 

thin^T,.  'I'  """^       dispirited  to  apply  to  any- 

tmng  for  some  weeks  past.     Miss  Carter,  Letters,  IL  60. 


[In  all  senses  used  with  to.] 


quickly  as  possible,  and  (6)  long,  which  is  given  its  proper 
fength,  the  principal  note  being  shortened  accordingly 
Ihe  long  appoggiatiu-a  was  especially  used  by  earlier 
pianoforte  composers  to  avoid  the  display  of  passing  notes 
and  suspensions.  See  acciaccatura.  Sometimes  spelled 
apogiatura. 

appoint  (a-poinf),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  by 
apheresis  j)oint ;  <  ME.  appointen,  apointen,< 
Oh.  apomter,  prepare,  settle,  fix,  P.  appointer, 
refer  a  cause,  put  on  a  salary  (cf.  OF.  a  point, 
to  the  point),  =  Pr.  apointar,  apontar  =  Sp 
apuntar  =  It.  appuntare,  <  ML.  appunctare,  re- 
pair, appoint,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  ML.  punctare,  mark 
by  a  point,  <  L.  puncta,  usually  punctum,  a 
point:  seep>oint.'\  I.  trans.  If.  To  make  fast 
or  firm;  found;  establish;  secure. 

When  he  appointed  the  foundations  of  the  earth. 
_  Prov.  viii.  29. 

2.  To  constitute,  ordain,  or  fix  by  decree,  or- 
der, or  decision ;  decree  ;  command ;  prescribe. 

Thy  servants  are  ready  to  do  whatsoever  my  lord  the 
king  shall  appoint.  2  Sam.  xv.  15! 

Unto  him  thou  gavest  commandment  to  love  thy  way 
Jil'f'r  •  ^^'^  immediately  thou  appointedst 

death  in  him  and  m  his  generations.  2  Esd.  iii.  7. 

There  be  six  wayes  aijpointed  by  the  best  learned  men  for 
the  learning  of  tonges.  Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  92. 

3.  To  allot,  set  apart,  or  designate ;  nominate 
or  authoritatively  assign,  as  for  a  use,  or  to  a 
post  or  office. 

These  were  the  cities  appointed  for  all  the  children  of 

Josh.  XX.  9. 

A  ship  was  appointed  them,  which  ship  they  began  im- 
mediately to  fit  up,  and  supply  plentifully  with  all  man- 
ner of  stores  for  a  long  stay.       Beverley,  Virginia,  i.  If  6. 

The  ancient  [Hindu]  law  allowed  the  father  who  had  no 
prospect  of  liaving  legitimate  sons  to  appoint  or  nominate 
a  daughter  who  should  bear  a  son  to  himself  and  not  to 
her  own  husband.    Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  91. 

4.  To  settle ;  fix,  name,  or  determine  by  au- 
thority or  upon  agreement:  as,  they  appointed 
a  time  and  place  for  the  meeting.— 5   In  law 
to  fix  the  destination  of  (property)  by  desig- 
nating a  person  or  persons  to  take  the  use  of 
an  estate  created  by  a  preceding  deed  or  wUl 
confeiTing  on  the  appointor  the  power  so  to  do! 
Ihus,  a  testator  may  give  a  fund  to  a  child  for  life  with 
power  to  appoint  the  fund  to  one  or  more  grandchi  dren 
n  fed^bv  h'''  appointor,  and  those  desigl 
appointees                  ^  '^"^''^  the  fund  are  termed  the 
6t.  To  point  at  by  way  of  6ensure;  arraign: 
as,    a/jpojwi  not  heavenly  disposition,"  Milton, 
b.  A.,  1.  373.-7.  To  provide  with  what  is  re- 
quisite; equip. 

You  may  be  armed  and  appointed  weU. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  2. 

aifif^rf  ""f?'"'^'^  cavalry,  and  three  thousand  musketeers, 
all  perfectly  appointed,  entered  Antwerp  at  once. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  III.  566. 

I^^^^o^agree  upon;  decide  upon  or  settle 

nn,  ,  allone  and  gan  to  caste 

Whereon  she  wolde  apoynt  hire  at  the  laste. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  691. 
fSsTl.  2.  To  prescribe,  establish,  direct.- 3.  To  assign' 
destine,  constitute,  create. -7.  To  furnish,  supply  ^  ' 
II.  mtrans.  1.  To  ordain ;  resolve ;  determine. 
AMhL!;!??  ^^""^  appointed  to  defeat  the  good  counsel  of 
Ahithophel.  2  Sam.  xvii.  14. 

2.  In  law,  to  exercise  a  power  of  appointment. 


apportion 

appointable  (fi-poin'ta-bl),  a.  [<  appoint  + 
-«Wf  J  Capable  of  being  appointed  or  consti- 
tuted ;  subject  to  appointment  or  decision. 

That  external  ceremonies  were  but  exercises  of  religion 
aH^omteWc  by  superior  powers.  "l. 1^1011, 

li.  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  xvi. 
appoints  (a-poin-ta'),  a.    [As  if  F.,  in  lit 
sense  pointed':  see  apiwwJee.]  InAer.,8ame 
as  aiguise. 

appointee  (a-poin-te'),  n.  [<  appoint  +  -cci 
after  F .  appointc,  pp.  of  appointer :  see  appoint.] 
1.  A  person  appointed.- 2.  In  law,  the  person 
who  benefits  by  the  execution  of  a  power  of  ap- 
pointment. See  apjwint,  5. 
appointor  (a-poin'ter),  n.  One  who  nominates 
appoints,  ordains,  or  settles.  See  appointor.  ' 
appointive  (a-poin'tiv),  a.  [<  appoint  +  -ire.] 
1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  appointment;  appoint- 
ing: as,  the  appointive  power  of  the  President. 
—  2.  Dependent  upon  the  exercise  of  the 
power  or  right  to  appoint;  filled  by  appoint- 
ment :  opposed  to  elective :  as,  appointive  offices. 

In  1873,  the  question  whether  the  entire  judiciary  should 
be  appointive  or  elective  was  again  submitted  t(j  popular 
^"'e.^  N.  A.  liev.,  VXLin.  203. 

appointment  (a-point'ment),  n.  [<  ME.  apoynt- 
ment,  and  by  apheresis /wi/wimeH!;,  <  OF.  apointe- 
ment,  F.  appointement,  decree,  order,  in  pi 
salary,  <  «/i^OM(fer;  see  appoint.]  1.  The  act 
of  appointing,  designating,  or  placing  in  office: 
as,  he  erred  by  the  appointment  of  unsuitable 
men.— 2  An  office  held  by  a  person  appointed: 
as,  a  high  appointment  in  the  civil  service.  

3.  Stipulation;  engagement;  assignation:  the 
act  ot  faxing  by  mutual  agreement:  as,  an  an- 
pomtment  to  meet  at  six  o'clock. 

I  shall  be  with  her  ...  by  her  own  appointment. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  \V.,  ii.  2. 

4.  Anything  fixed  or  established ;  established 
order  or  constitution;  decree;  ordinance;  di- 
rection; order;  command:  as,  it  is  our  duty  to 
submit  to  the  divine  appointments. 

Wheat,  salt,  wine,  and  oil,  according  to  ihe  appointment 
of  tlie  priests.  Ezra  vi.  9. 

Do  you  not  think  it  was  a  merciful  appoiyitment  that 
our  fathers  did  not  come  to  the  possession  of  independence 
...  as  to  a  great  prize  drawn  in  a  lottery?  ' 

R.  Choate,  Addre'se^.  p.  67 

5.  Equipment,  furniture,  outfit,  as  for  a  ship 
an  army,  a  soldier,  etc. ;  whatever  is  appointed 
tor  use  and  management;  accoutrements:  in 
this  sense  generally  used  in  the  plural. 

We'll  set  forth 
In  best  appointment,  all  our  regiments. 

Shnk.,  K.  John,  il.  1. 
The  cavaliers  emulated  their  chief  in  the  richness  of 
their  appointments.  Prescott. 

6.  The  act  of  preparing;  preparation.  [Rare.] 

Youi-  best  appointment  make  with  speed  • 
To-morrow  you  set  on.  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 

7t.  An  allowance  to  a  person ;  a  salary  or  pen- 
sion, as  of  a  public  officer:  properly  used  onlv 
m  the  plural.  ^ 

An  expense  proportioned  to  his  appointments  and  for- 
tune  IS  necessary.  Chesterfield,  Maxims. 

8  In  law,  the  act  of  appointing  or  designating 
the  beneficiary  who  is  to  take  the  use  of  an 
estate  created  under  a  preceding  deed  or  will 
See  appoint,  5._councU  of  Appointment  in  the 

government  of  the  State  of  New  York,  from  1777  to  1821 
a  council,  consisting  of  tlie  governor  and  four  senators 
chosen  by  the  Assembly,  in  whom  was  vested  tlie  right  of 
appointment  to  State  offices  and  of  removal  from  them  - 
Mldmght  appointments,  in  U.  S.  politico,  appoint- 
ments made  during  the  last  hours  of  an  administration; 
specifically,  those  so  made  by  President  John  Adams 
appointor  (a-poin'tor),  n.  [<  appoint  +  -or.] 
In  law,  one  who  has  official  or  legal  power  of 
appointment.  See  aj}point,  5. 
apportt  (a-porf),  v.  t.  [<  F.  apportcr,  <  L.  ap- 
porta re,  hring  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  portare,  ean4-: 
see;wr/3.]  To  bring ;  carry ;  produce, 
apportert  (a-p6r'ter),  n.  A  bringer  in  ;  one  who 
imports  anything  into  a  country;  an  introducer 
or  procurer. 

This  makes  only  the  apporters  themselves,  their  aiders 
abettors,  and  assistants,  traitors. 

Sir  M.  Hale,  Hist.  Plac.  Cor.,  xx. 

apportion  (a-p6r'shon),  V.  t.  [<  F.  apporUon- 
wer  (Cotgrave),  <  ML',  apportionare,  <  L.  ad,  to, 
+  portio{n-),  portion,  part:  see  portion.]  To 
divide  and  assign  in  .just  proportion  or  accord- 
ing to  some  rule  ;  distribute  proportionally ; 
allot:  as,  to  apportion  undivided  rights;  to  ap- 
iwrtion  time  among  various  emploj-ments. 

Money  was  raised  by  a  forced  loan,  which  was  appor- 
tioned  among  the  people  according  to  the  rate  at  which 
they  had  been  respectively  assessed  to  tlie  last  subsidy. 

Macaulay,  Jsugent's  Hampden. 
=Syn.  Dispense,  Distribute,  etc.    See  dispense. 


apportionate 

apportionatet  (;i-p*5r'shou-at),  r.  t.  [<  ML. 
ajiportioiiatKS,  pp.  ot  apportionare :  see  appor- 
tion.^   To  apportion. 

apportionatenesst  (a-p6r'slion-at-nes),  «.  [< 
apportioiuitc,  a..  +  -((cs*'.]  Tl'ie  state  or  quality 
of  being  adapted;  just  proportiou. 

The  apportionateness  of  it  to  the  end  for  which  it  was 
designed.       Hammond,  i'ref.  to  View  of  New  Directory. 

apportioner  (a-por'shon-er),  n.  One  who  ap- 
portions. 

apportionment  (a-por'shon-ment),  M.  [<  (ip- 
jiortioii  + -incut ;  after  ¥.  (ijiportionnement,  ML. 
apportioiiainoitum.]  1.  The  act  of  apportion- 
ing; a  divddiug  into  jiortions  or  shares;  a  di- 
viding and  assigning  of  a  just  and  equitable 
portion  to  each  person  interested  or  entitled  to 
participate  in  any  claim,  right,  property,  or 
charge. —  2.  In  the  United  States  :  (a)  The  dis- 
tribution of  repi-esentation  in  the  federal  House 
of  Representatives,  and  in  the  houses  of  the  dif- 
ferent State  legislatlU'es.  in  the  former  case  a  fresh 
apportionment  is  made  by  Congress  every  ten  years,  sliort- 
ly  alter th.'  eijmpletion  of  tlie  decennial  censns returns,  and 
in  the  latter  generally  after  stated  enumerations  made  at 
dilf  ereiit  d.ites  in  ditferent  .States,  or  after  the  federal  cen- 
sus. In  the  federal  apportioiiment.  Congress  determines 
the  proportion  of  representatives  to  population  (one  to 
173,1W1  of  the  total  population  of  the  Tnited  States  under 
the  censns  of  IS  tO,  or  357  in  all),  and  the  State  legi-latures 
fix  the  boundaries  of  the  elective  districts  accordingly. 
(The  principle  of  legislative  apportionment  according  to 
population  has  been  more  recently  adopted  in  the  other 
American  and  most  European  states,  though  in  some  it  is 
not  yet  very  .strictly  applied.)  (ft)  The  allotment  of 
direct  taxes  on  the  basis  of  poptilation:  a  Con- 
gressional power  rarely  exercised. 

apposable  la-po'za-bl),  a.  [<  nppo.te'i  +  -ahle.'i 
Capable  of  being  apposed  or  brought  together. 

appose^  (a-p6z'),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  apposed, 
ppr.  apposing.  [<  F.  apposcr,  to  lay,  put,  or  add 
to,  destinate,  appoint,  repr.  L.  apponere,  ad- 
poncre,  pp.  uppositus,  adpositus  (cf.  apposite), 
put  or  lay  at,  near,  or  l)y,  apply  to,  add,  <  ad, 
to,  +  poncrc,  pp.  pusitus,  put,  place,  confused 
in  ML.  and  Rom.  with  pausare,  F.  poser,  etc.: 
see  posc"^,  and  cf.  compose,  depose,  expose,  im- 
pose, propose,  rcpose.'\  1.  To  put  or  apply 
(one  thing)  to  or  near  to  (another). 

Atrides  .  .  .  food  sufficient 
Appos'd  before  them,  and  tlie  peers  appos'd  their  hands 
to  it.  Chapman,  Iliad,  ix.  45. 

His  power  having  wrought 
The  king  already  to  appose  his  hand. 
Chapman  and  Shideij,  Chabot,  Admiral  of  France,  i. 

2.  To  bring  near  or  next,  as  one  thing  to  an- 
other ;  put  side  by  side ;  arrange  in  juxtaposi- 
tion. 

See  you  how  the  people  stand  in  heaps, 
Each  man  sad  looicing  on  his  appos'd  object? 

Dekker  and  Webster  (?),  Sir  Thomas  Wyat,  p.  37. 

appose^t  (a-p6z'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  aji/wsen,  aposen, 
OF.  aposcr,  apposer,  with  unaccented  prefix  o- 
for  0-,  j)rop.  ME.  oposen,  opposen,  <  OF.  opposer  ; 
ME.  also  by  apheresis 7;osc/(,  mod.  E.  ])osc-^:  see 
oppose  and  pose^,  which  are  now  discriminated. 
Appose^,  though  orig.  a  mere  variation  of  oppose, 
seems  to  have  been  regarded  as  depending  on 
L.  apponere,  E.  appose'^,  in  ref.  to  'putting' 
questions 'to' one :  see  ap/wsel.]  1.  To  oppose 
in  discussion ;  bring  objections  or  difficulties 
before  one  to  be  answered;  examine;  c^ues- 
tion;  pose;  puzzle. 

The  prest  and  Perkyn  apposed  eyther  other, 

And  I  thorw  here  wordes  awoke,  and  waited  aboute. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  vii.  138. 

The  the  people hym  apposed  with  a  peny  in  the  temple, 
Whether  thei  shulde  therwith  worschip  the  kyng  Sesar. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  i.  47. 

Christ  was  found  sitting  in  the  temple,  not  to  gaze  on 
the  outward  glory  of  the  house,  .  .  .  but  to  hear  and  ap- 
pose the  doctors.  Bp.  flail,  Contemplations. 

Specifieally — 2.  To  examine  (a  sheriff)  with 
reference  to  (his)  accounts.    See  apposer. 

apposert  (a-p6'zer),  n.  [<  apposed  -l--e>-l.]  An 
examiner;  one  whose  duty  it  is  to  put  ques- 

'  tions  ;  specifically,  in  England,  a  former  officer 
of  the  Court  of  Exchequer  who  examined  the 
sheriff's  accounts.  The  office  was  abolished  in 
1833. 

apposite  (ap'o-zit),  a.  [<  L.  appositus,  adpo- 
situs, placed  near  to,  fit,  suitable,  pp.  of  appo- 
nere, adponere,  put  or  lay  at,  near,  or  by, 
put  to,  annex,  add,  <  ad,  to,  +  ponere,  place  : 
see  appose'^  and  position.]  1.  Placed  near  to ; 
specifically,  in  hot.,  lying  side  by  side,  in  con- 
tact, or  partly  united.  Hence  —  2.  Suitable; 
fit ;  appropriate ;  applicable ;  well  adapted : 
followed  by  to :  as,  this  argument  is  very  ap2^o- 
sitc  to  the  case;  "ready  and  apposite  auswevs," 
Bacon,  Hen.  VIL,  p.  120. 


276 

The  conauon  church  ofhce  was  us'd  for  the  King  without 
naming  the  person,  with  some  other,  apposite  to  the  neces- 
sity and  circumstances  of  tlie  time. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  June,  Whitsunday,  1693. 

What  influence,  I  say,  would  these  prayers  have,  were 
they  delivered  with  a  due  emphasis,  and  apposite  rising 
and  variation  of  voice  7  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  147. 

3t.  Apt;  ready  in  speech  or  answer:  said  of 
persons. 

appositely  (ap'o-zit-li),  adv.  In  an  apposite 
manner ;  suitably ;  fitly  ;  appropriately ;  perti- 
nently. 

appositeness  (ap'o-zit-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  apposite;  fitness;  propriety; 
suitableness. 

appositioni(ap-6-zish'on),  n.  l=F .  apposition = 
Pr.  appozicio  =  Sp.  aposicion  =  Pg.  apposi(;do  = 
It.  apposizionc,<.  LL.  appositio{n-),  adp<>sitio{n-), 
aplaeingby  or  near,  setting  before,  application, 

<  L.  apponere,  pp.  appositus:  soe  appose'^,  ap- 
jiositcl  1.  The  act  of  adding  to  or  together; 
a  setting  to;  application;  a  placing  together; 
juxtaposition. 

The  apposition  of  new  matter. 

Arbuthnot,  Choice  of  Aliments. 
Placing  in  apposition  the  two  ends  of  a  divided  nerve 
does  not  re-establish  nervous  communication. 

II.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  25. 

2.  In  gram. :  (a)  The  relation  to  a  notm  (or 
pronoun)  of  another  noun,  or  in  some  cases 
of  an  adjective  or  a  clause,  that  is  added  to  it 
by  way  of  explanation  or  characterization. 

Thus,  "  Cicero,  the  famous  orator,  lived  in  the  first  century 
before  Christ";  "On  him,  their  second  Providence,  they 
hung."  In  languages  that  distinguish  cases,  the  noun  in 
apposition  is  in  the  same  case  as  the  word  to  which  it  is 
apposed.  The  same  term  is  also  used  of  an  adjecti\  e  tliat 
stands  to  the  noun  (or  pronoun)  to  which  it  refers  in  a 
less  close  relation  than  the  proper  attributive,  being 
added  ratlier  parenthetically,  or  by  way  of  substitute  for 
a  tiualifying  clause.  Thus,  "They  sang  Darius,  (7?-(;a(  and 
ffood  ";  "Truth,  crushed  to  earth,  shall  rise  again."  Rare- 
ly, it  is  applied  to  a  clause,  whether  substantive  or  adjec- 
tive, that  qualifies  a  noun  (or  pronoun)  in  an  equivalent 
manner.    Compsire  attributive  and  predieatirc.    (^)  The 

relation  of  two  or  more  nouns  (or  a  noun  and 
pronoun)  in  the  same  construction,  under  the 

above  conditions.  Knir/hts  Templars,  lords  justices, 
Paul  the  apostle,  my  son  Jofin's  liook  (where  son  is  also 
possessive,  the  sign  of  the  possessive  case  being  required 
only  with  the  final  term),  are  examples  of  nouns  in  appo- 
sition ;  "  /  Jesus  have  sent  mine  angel"  (Kev,  .\xii.  10)  is 
an  example  of  a  pronoun  and  noun  in  apposition. 
3t.  In  rhet.,  the  addition  of  a  parallel  word  or 
phrase  by  way  of  explanation  or  illustration  of 
another.  jV.  E.  Z).— Growth  by  apposition,  in  bat., 
growtli  in  thickness  by  tlie  repeated  formation  of  lamina;, 
as  of  cellulose  in  the  thickening  of  cell-walls  and  of  starch 
in  the  increase  of  starch-granules. 

apposition2(ap-o-zish'on),  n.  [(.OF. apposition, 
Yiir.ot  (ip2)osition.  See  appose'^. '\  A  public  dispu- 
tation or  examination:  nowusedonlyas  a  name 
of  Speech  Day  in  St.  Paul's  School,  London. 

appositional  (ap-o-zish'on-al),  a.  [<  apposition 
-t- -rt/.]  I.  Pertaining  to  apposition,  especially 
grammatical  apposition. —  2.  In  hot.,  lying  to- 
gether and  partly  uniting  so  as  to  appear  like 
a  compound  branch :  applied  to  the  branches 
of  algoe. 

appositionally  (ap-o-zish'on-al-i),  adv.   In  ap- 
position ;  in  an  appositional  way. 
appositive  (a-poz'i-tiv),  a.  and  n.    [=  F.  ap- 

positif,  <  L.  as  if  *appositirus,  <  appositus :  see 
apposite.']  I.  a.  1.  Apposite;  applicable. —  2. 
Ingram.,  placed  in  apposition;  standing  over 
against  its  subject  in  the  construction  of  the 
sentence. 

Appositive  to  the  words  going  immediately  before. 

Knatclibull,  Animad.  in  Libros  Novi  Test.,  p.  42. 
II.  11.  In  a  word  in.  apposition, 

appositoriuin  (a-poz-i-to'ri-um),  n.;  pi.  appo- 
sitoria  (-ji).  [NL.,  <  L.  appositus,  pp.  of  appo- 
nere, adponere,  put  near  or  by :  see  apposite.']  A 
conical  vessel  of  glass  or  earthenware,  the  nar- 
row end  of  which  is  placed  in  a  receiver  while 
the  larger  end  receives  the  neck  of  a  retort: 
used  as  a  precaution  against  the  breakage  of 
the  receiver  by  contact  with  the  hot  neck  of  a 
retort  during  distillation. 

appostt,  t.  [<  F.  apposter  (Cotgrave),  <  It. 
appostare,  <  LL.  *appositare,  <  L.  appositus :  see 
apposite.]  To  place  or  arrange  with  a  purpose. 
N.  E.  D. 

appraisal  (a-pra'zal),  n.  [<  appraise  +  -al.'] 
The  act  of  appraising ;  valuation ;  appraise- 
ment or  estimation  of  value  or  worth. 

appraise  (a-praz'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  appraised, 
ppr.  appraising.  [<  ME.  apraysen,  *apreisen, 
also  aprisen  (>mod.  apprise'^,  apprize"^,  q.  v.), 
and  also  simply j)raist'W,preise«, praise, appraise, 

<  OF.  *apreiser.  apretier,  aprisier,  apriser,  price, 
value,  praise,  <  LL.  appretiare,  value,  estimate, 
appraise,  purchase,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  pretium  (> 


appreciate 

OF.  preis,  pris),  price :  see  price  and  praise,  and 
cf.  apprize^  and  appreciate,]  If.  To  value; 
prize. 

Hur  enparel  was  apraysut  with  prynces  of  myjte. 

Anturs  of  Artli.,  st.  29. 

2.  To  value  in  cuiTent  money;  officially  set  a 
price  upon ;  estimate  the  value  of :  used  espe- 
cially of  the  action  of  a  person  or  persons  ap- 
pointed for  the  purpose,  under  direction  of  law 
or  by  agreement  of  persons  interested :  as,  to 
appraise  the  goods  and  estate  of  a  deceased  per- 
son, or  goods  taken  under  a  distress  for  rent. 
[See  note  rmder  appraiser.] — 3.  To  estimate 
generally,  in  regard  to  quality,  service,  size, 
weight,  etc. 

Greek  and  Latin  literature  we  shall  examine  only  for  the 
sake  of  appraising  or  deducing  the  sort  of  ideas  whicli 
they  had  upon  the  subject  of  style.    De  Quincey,  Style,  iii. 

To  get  at  the  full  worth  of  Emerson,  ...  we  must  ap- 
praise him  for  his  new  and  fundamental  quality  of  genius, 
not  for  his  mere  literary  accomplishments,  great  as  these 
were.  Tlie  Century,  XXVII.  927. 

The  sickly  babe,  .  .  . 
Whom  Enoch  took,  and  handled  all  his  limbs. 
Appraised  his  weiglit,  and  fondled  father-like. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

appraisement  (a-praz'ment),  «.  [<  appraise  -f- 
-mcnt.]  1.  The  act  of  setting  a  value  upon,  un- 
der some  authority  or  appointment;  appraisal. 
It  generally  implies  resort  to  the  judgment  of  a 
disinterested  person. —  2.  The  rate  at  which  a 
thing  is  valued ;  the  value  fixed,  or  valuation ; 
estimation  generally. 

appraiser  (a-pra'zer),  M.  One  who  appraises, 
or  estimates  worth  of  any  kind,  intellectual, 
moral,  or  material ;  specifically,  a  person  li- 
censed and  sworn  to  estimate  and  fix  the  value 

of  goods  or  estate.  [Appraise,  appraiser,  appraise- 
ment, are  now  generally  used,  instead  oiapprize,  apprizer, 
apprizeinoit,  although  the  latter  were  formerly  used  by 
good  English  authors,  as  Bacon  and  Bishop  Uall,  and  are 
still  frequently  used  in  the  (Iniled  States.] 
apprecationt  (ap-re-ka'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if 
*apprecat'io{n-),  <  ajiprccari,  adprec.ari,  pp.  ap- 
precatus,  pray  to,  adore,  <  ad,  to,  +  precari, 
pray:  see  praii.]  Invocation  of  blessing; 
prayer:  as,  "fervent  appreeations,"  Bp.  Mall, 
Remains,  p.  404. 

apprecatoryt  (ap're-ka-to-ri),  a.    [<  L.  as  if 
*apprecatorius,  <  apprecari:  see  apprecation.] 
Of  the  natm"o  of  or  containing  a  prayer. 
Not  so  much  apprecatory  as  declaratory. 

Bp.  Hall,  Cases  of  Conscience,  iii.  9. 

appreciable  (a-pre'shi-a-bl),  a.  [=  F.  apprecia- 
ble, <  L.  as  if'  *appretiabilis,  <  appretiare:  see 
appreciate.  ]  Capable  of  being  appreciated,  esti- 
mated, or  perceived ;  neither  too  small  nor  too 
great  to  bo  capable  of  estimation  or  recogni- 
tion; perceptible. 

A  twelfth  part  of  the  labour  of  making  a  plough  is  an 
appreciable  quantity.  J.  S.  Mill. 

An  odour  which  has  no  appreciable  effect  on  the  con- 
sciousness of  a  man  has  a  very  marked  effect  on  the  con- 
sciousness of  a  dog.     //.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  79. 

appreciably  (a-pre'shi-a-bli),  adv.  To  a  degree 
that  may  be  appreciated  or  estimated ;  percep- 
tibly; by  a  difference  that  maybe  remarked; 
noticeably:  as,  he  is  appreciahhj'beiiev. 

The  puffs  of  an  approaching  goods-engine  seem  appre- 
ciably more  numerous  to  the  ear  than  those  of  a  receding 
one. "  A.  lianiell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  418. 

appreciant  (a-pre'shi-ant),  «.  [<  L.  appre- 
tian(t-)s,  ppr"  of  appretiare:  see  appreciate.] 
Appreciative.    [Rare  ] 

Such  was  the  mati  whom  Henry,  of  desert 
Appreciant  alway,  chose  for  highest  trust. 

Soutliey,  Ded.  of  Colloquies. 

appreciate  (a-pre'shi-at),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ap- 
preciated, ppv.  appreciating.  [i'L.  aj)preiiatus, 
pp.  of  appretiare,  value  or  estituate  at  a  price 
(>  It.  appregiare,  upprezzarc  =  'Pg.  apre<^ar ^Sp. 
Pr.  apreciur  —  V .  apprecicr),  <  ad,  to,+  pretium, 
price:  see  price,  and  cl.  aji]jrai.'<c,  apjirizc^.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  value;  set  a  price  or  value  on; 
estimate  the  commercial  worth  of. —  2.  To  es- 
teem duly;  place  a  sufficiently  high  estimate 
on ;  recognize  the  quality  or  worth  of :  as,  his 
great  ability  was  not  appreciated. 

The  sectaries  a  persecuted  religion  are  seldom  in  a 
proper  temper  of  mind  calmly  to  investigate  or  candidly 
to  appreciate  the  motives  of  their  enemies.  Gibbon, 

I  pronounce  that  young  man  happy  who  is  content  with 
having  acquired  tlie  skill  which  he  had  aimed  at,  and 
waits  willingly  when  the  occasion  of  making  it  apjtreciated 
shall  arrive,  knowing  well  that  it  will  not  loiter. 

p:nicrson,  Success. 

3.  To  be  fully  conscious  of;  be  aware  of;  de- 
tect ;  i^erceive  the  nature  or  effect  of. 

The  eye  appreciates  finer  differences  than  art  can  expose. 

Emerson,  Works  and  Days. 
There  is  reason  to  believe  that  insects  niqireciate  sounds 
of  extreme  delicacy.       A.  R.  Wallace,  Nat.  Selec,  p.  202. 


appreciate 

Without  study  of  liis  forms  of  metre  or  his  scheme  of 
coloui-s  we  shall  certainly  fail  to  appreciate  or  even  to  an- 
preheud  the  gist  or  the  worth  of  a  painter's  or  a  poet's 
"^^■Sn.  Swinburne,  Shalvespeare,  p.  8. 

4.  To  raise  in  value;  advance  the  exchange 
quotation,  or  price  of:  opposed  to  depreciate.  ' 
Lest  a  sudden  peace  should  appreciate  the  money. 

G.  Ramsay. 

=  Syn.   Valw;,   PHze,    Esteem,   Estimate,  Appreciate 
Value  and  estimate  commonly  imply  a  comparison  with  a 
standard  of  commercial  worth :  as,  to  value  a  picture  at 
so  much ;  to  estimate  its  value  at  so  much.    To  prize  is  to 
value  highly,  generally  for  other  tliaii  pecuniary  reasons 
and  suggesting  tlie  notion  of  reluctance  to  lose  Thus 
yve  prize  a  bouk  for  its  contents  or  associations-  we 
prize  a  friend  for  lus  affection  for  us.    To  esteem  is  sonie 
times  .simp  y  to  think:  as,  I  esteem  him  a  scounSrd- 
sometimes  to  value:  as,  I  esteem  it  lightly;  sometimes 
to  liave  a  high  opinion  of  or  set  a  liigl,  ^alue  on  Ts 
I  esteem  him  tor  iiis  own  salve  ;  in  its  highest  sense  it  im 
plies  moral  approbation.    Estimatinr,  is  an  act  of  comnn 
tafou  or  judgment,  an  I  wholly  without  feelhig  or  moml 
approbation  :  as,     estimate  the  size  of  a  room,  the  weigli 
of  a  stone,  the  literary  e.-ccellence  of  a  book,  tl  e  cliaracter 
of  a  person.    (See  esteem,  n.,  for  comparison  of  corre- 
sponding nouns.)   Appreciate  is  to  set  k  just  value  on  • 
It  implies  the  use  of  wise  judgment  or  delicate  percep- 
tion: as,  he  appreciated  the  quality  of  the  work  With 
this  perception  naturally  goes  a  corresponding  intellectual 
valua  1011  and  nural  esteem:  as,  they  knew  how  to  appre. 
ciate  his  worth.    Appreciate  often  implies  also  that  the 
th  iig  appreciated  is  likely  to  be  overlooked  or  underest^ 
mate..    It  is  commonly  used  of  good  things:  as,  I  under- 
stood ins  wickedness ;  I  re  dized  or  recoqnized  his  foil v  I 
appreciated  liis  virtue  or  ^^■isdom.    Compare  sucli  phrk^es 
?rS«r:Tmerit!"'"'"''  "  -"^^s,  ap- 

"Jul  "f"""?^  '•emoval  from  the  dead  oysters  are 

c  assed  by  passing  through  a  number  of  small  brass 
cul  enders  .  .  Having  been  sized  in  this  way,  they  are 
sorted  as  to  coloui-,  weighed,  and  valued. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  447. 
.    ,   .      ,  For  so  it  falls  out, 

lhat  what  we  have  we  prize  not  to  the  worth. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  iv.  1. 


277 

apprehend  (ap-re-hend' ),  v.  [<  OF.  apprehendre, 
mod  .  appreliender,  apprehend,  =  Pr.  apprc- 
hendar  =  tip.  aprehender  =  Pg.  appreliender, 
the  older  Rom.  forms  being  contracted,  OF 
aprendre,  apprendre,  mod.  F.  apprendrc,  learn, 
eon  (>  E.  apprend,  obs.),  =  Pr.  aprendre  =  Sp. 
aprender  =  Pg.  aprendcr  =  It.  apprendere,  <  L. 
apprehendere,  adprehendere,  pp.  apprehensus, 
ailpreliensus,  contr.  apprendere,  adprendere,  pp 
apprensus,  adprcnsus,  lay  hold  upon,  seize  xm- 
derstand,  comprehend,  <  ad,  to,  +  prehendere, 
contr.  prendere,  seize :  see  prehend,  price''-,  ap- 
prentice, and  apprise'',  and  cf.  comprehend,  ren- 
rehend.-]  I.  trans.  If.  To  lay  hold  of:  seize 
upon;  take  possession  of. 

7  '^'J'^',  ^,^]^^  apprehend  that  for  which  also  I  am  avvre- 
headed  of  Christ  Jesus.  ^m.  iti^l. 

all  points.  B.  Jonxon,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  2. 

There  is  nothing  but  hath  a  double  handle,  or,  at  least 
we  have  two  hands  to  apprehend  it.  ' 

Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Living,  ii.  §  6. 

2.  To  take  into  custody;  make  prisoner;  arrest 
by  legal  warrant  or  authority. 

The  robber  ...  was  apprehended  selling  his  plunder. 

Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  1. 

Hancock  and  Adams,  though  removed  by  their  friends 
from  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  force  sent  to  apprehend 
was  bV^n'  ''''P"'"^'  ""^  faithfully,  that  the  work^^Jf  death 
was  begun.  Everett,  Orations,  p.  88. 

3   To  take  into  the  mind :  seize  or  grasp  men- 
tally; take  cognizance  of.    (a)  To  perceive-  learn 
by  the  senses.    (6)  To  learn  the  cUac?eror  quality  of 
become  acquainted  or  familiar  with.  q^.tu^y  oi , 


Though  men  esteem  thee  low  of  parentage. 

Milton,  P.  k.,  i.  235. 
The  truth  is,  we  think  lightly  of  Nature's  penny  shows 
and  estimate  what  we  see  by  the  cost  of  the  ticket. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  90. 
It  will  be  soon  enough  to  forget  them  [the  ancients! 
when  we  have  the  learning  and  the  genius  which  will  en 
able  us  to  attend  to  and  appreciate  them. 

Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  113. 

II.  intrans.  To  rise  in  value ;  become  of  more 
value:  as,  public  securities  appreciated  when 
the  debt  was  fimded. 

appreciation  (a-pre-shi-a'shon),  w.  [=F  apnre 
ctation;  from  the  verb:  see  appreciate.f  1 
I  he  act  of  setting  a  price  or  money  value  on 
real,  personal,  or  mercantile  effects.— 2  The 
act  of  estimating  the  qualities  of  things  and 
givmgthem  their  due  value;  clear  perception 
or  recognition  of  the  quality  or  worth  of  anv- 
thmg;  sympathetic  understanding. 

r.^f       °^  "        '^'"ch  is  not  based  upon  a 

So  f,"  "Pi^'''"'""'  °;  well-observed  facts  and^thei? 
relations?  Maudsley,  Body  and  Will,  p.  205. 

Those  who  aim  to  be  Christian  teachers  should  be  fullv 

and  t  pIh":;'';"'^  ^r.A  should  have  a  clear 

and  intelligent  appreciation  of  the  weapons  and  tactics 
which  may  be  employed  against  it. 

Dawson,  Nat.  and  the  Bible,  p.  15. 

3.  A  rising  in  value ;  increase  of  value. 

Ttieappreciation  of  the  metal  which  is  our  single  stand- 

caieTof  uir'^'^^r"'  Prit^es,  is  one  of  the 

causes  ot  [the]  .  .  .  depression  of  trade. 

P<"'tniahtly  Rev.,XL.  iSl. 

4.  In  Scots  laio,  the  appraisement  or  valuing  of 
poinded  or  distrained  goods 

appreciative  (a-pre'shi-a-tiv),  «.  [<  appreciate 
X  ti  ^1  •  ^'PP'-eciatif,  relating  to  valuation.! 
(-.apable  of  appreciating;  manifesting  due  ap- 
preciation: as,  an  appreciative  audience. 

enfnvfi?ii".*'"^  Southern  summer  moonlight  being  an  ever- 
enjoyable  romance  to  an  apjyreeiative  nature. 

A.  W.  Touryee,  Fool's  Errand,  p.  132. 

appreciator  (a-pre'shi-a-tor),  n.  [<  appreciate 
dates'  ^     ^PPreciateur.-]    1 .  One  who  appre- 

^A^ discovery  for  which  there  was  no  permanent  appreci- 
■O"  Quincey,  Herodotus, 
of  Xf^PP''''''*^?^-       determining  the  amount 
flouf         contained  in  a  given  quantity  of 


He  seems  to  hear  a  Heavenly  Friend 
And  thro'  thick  veils  to  apprehend  ' 
A  labour  working  to  an  end. 

Tennyson,  Two  "S^oices. 
^^^Sine  especially  an  object  of  desire  or  dread- 
form  a  concrete  conception  of:  frequently  opposed  to 
comprehend  ov  attend.  "  "fP^^^^ 

He  apprehends  a  world  of  figures  here 
But  not  the  form  of  what  he  should  attend. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  iV.,  i.  3. 
(d)  To  understand ;  take  an  intelligent  view  of. 
pis  yet  I  apprehend  not ;  why  to  those 
Among  whom  God  will  deign  to  dwell  on  earth 
ho  many  and  so  various  laws  are  given. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  280. 

4.  To  anticipate ;  expect;  especiaUy,  to  enter- 
tam  suspicion  or  fear  of. 

All  things  apprehending,  nothing  understanding. 

B.  Jonaon,  Cynthia's  Eeveis,  v.  2. 
0,  let  my  lady  apprehend  no  fear. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iii.  2. 
A  man  that  apprehends  death  no  more  dreadfully  but 
as  a  drunken  sleep.  shak.,  M.  for  Sl'.^'v  2. 

5.  To  hold  in  opinion;  be  of  opinion  concern- 
ing.   See  extract. 

ofTi'vin7'''Th!l'^-"P''''''?"!'''P'"'°"  modestly,  instead 
°' Ihis  is  my  opinion,"  or  "This  is  my  judg- 
ment, which  has  the  air  of  dogmaticalness,  we  say  °?I 
conceive  it  to  be  thus- 1  imagine  or  apirrehend  it  to  be 
Reid,  Intellectual  Powers,  p.  19. 

^T^-^^-  7°  ':^^<^^,  arrest,  capture.— 3.  Apprehend  Com 
preliend;  to  conceive,  perceive,  see,  Imow^  We  a^re 
hend  many  truths  which  we  do  not  comprehend  The  OTpat 
mystery  for  instance,  of  the  Holy  Trinity-we  lav  hold 
upon  It  {ad  prehendo),  we  hang  upon  it,  our  souls  ifve  by 
It ;  but  we  do  not  take  it  all  in,  we  do  not  coviprehenl  t 
It  belongs  to  the  idea  of  God  that  he  may  be  amrehended 
though  not  comprehended  by  his  reasonable  crfftm^es  he 
has  made  them  to  know  him,  though  not  to  know  h^fm'all 
to  apprehend  though  not  to  comprehend  him."  TreZh  - 
4.  lo  fear,  dread,  anticipate  (with  fear) 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  imagine;  form  a  concrete 
conception  of  anything ;  have  intellectual  per- 
ception ;  catch  the  idea  or  meaning. 
You  apprehend  passing  shrewdly. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  1. 
Put  it  into  his  hand  ;  'tis  only  there 
He  apprehends:  he  has  his  feeling  left. 

B.  Jonson,  The  Fox,  i.  1. 
r.  *^a*  are  in  fault 

Lan  subtly  apprehend  when  others  aim 
At  what  they  do  amiss. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iv.  2. 
tnh»^h?n  '°  I'ave  breadth  of  mind  but 

narrow-minded.    J.  H.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  32. 


Si-s™.."' ap.  %t^!^'s~i^^,'^Z*^'- 

This,  we  apprehend,  is  a  mistake. 

Goldsmith,  'Versification. 
There  are  sentiments  on  some  subjects  which  I  avvre 
hend  might  be  displeasing  to  the  country 

Jefferson,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  437 
f-dl^"     apprehensive ;  be  in  fear  of  a  future 
It  is  worse  to  apprehend  than  to  suffer,  Rowe. 


preciative:  as,  appreciatory  -wovds 
*S?rt?n f  f,^-P^^<i'i-tat),  n.   [<  NL.  apprcedi. 
catim  (tr.  of  Gr.  ^poaKarTr/opovfievov),  <  llad,  to, 

jBrnnnf  o"*'  predicate.]  The  copula  iii 
a  proposition.    See  copida. 

from  a  W  bv^h'im  '"'^l"'^^^  the  copula;  and. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Logic,  I.  228. 


apprehensive 
apprehender  (ap-re-hen'dSr),  «.    l.  One  who 
seizes  or  arrests.- 2.  One  who  discerns  or  rec- 
ognizes mentally. 

apprehensibility  (ap-re-hen-si-bil'i-ti),  n  r< 

<WprehcH.sibic :  see  -bility.']    The  capability  of 

pre"! nSr''°''      ''''  ^"^^^^ 

apprehensible  (ap-re-hen'si-bl),  «.  [<  ll'  an- 
prchcHsibUi.,,  <  L.  apprehensus,  pp.  of  apprehen- 
dere, apprehend:  see  apprehend.-]  Capable  of 
being  apprehended  or  understood ;  possible  to 
be  conceived  by  the  human  intellect. 

It  (Greek  pliilosophy )  so  educated  the  intellect  and  con- 
science as  to  render  the  Gospel  apyrehensitjie  ^.ni  in 
many  cases,  congenial  to  the  mind.  ' 

G.  P.  Fisher,  Begin,  of  Cliristianity,  p.  140 

apprehension  (ap-re-hen'shon),  M.  [=F  appre- 
hension, <  L.  apprehcnsio(n-)',  <  apprehendere! -pv 
apprehensKs :  see  apprehend.]  1  The  act  of 
seizing  or  taking  hold  of;  prehension:  as,  the 
flana  IS  the  organ  of  apprehension.  [Kare.l  —2 
Ihe  act  of  arresting  or  seizing  by  legal  process; 
arrest;  seizure:  as,  the  thief,  after  his  appre- 
hension,  escaped. 

enn^,'""^''"' number  of  apprehensions  for  drunk- 
^     f',     .  -"a*.  Cont.  Socialism,  p.  345. 

3  A  laying  hold  by  the  mind;  mental  grasp; 
the  act  or  faculty  (a)  of  perceiving  anything  bv 
the  senses ;  {b)  of  learning  or  becoming  familiar 
with  anything;  (c)  of  fonning  an  image  in  the 
imagination  (the  common  meaning  in  EngUsh 
tor  three  centuries,  and  the  technical  meaning 
in  the  Kantian  theory  of  cognition);  (rf)  of 
catching  the  meaning  of  anything  said  or  Y^•rit- 
teu;  (f)  of  simple  apprehension  (which  see, 
Deiow) ;  {J )  of  attention  to  something  present 
to  the  imagination. 

In  apprehension,  how  like  a  god  !     Shak.,  Hamlet  ii  2. 
They  have  happy  wits  and  excellent  apprehension's. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p  233 
To  be  false,  and  to  be  thought  false,  is  all  one  in  resneet 
of  men  who  act,  not  according  to  truth,  but  apprehen^on. 

Apprehension  then  is  simply  an  understanding  of  "the 
idea  or  fact  which  a  proposition  enunciates. 

J.  11.  Xewinan,  Gram,  of  Assent  p  18 

r  Jf''lP''°P^^  outward  things  will  always 

rest  on  a  just  apprehension  of  their  cause  and  origin 

,  Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  215. 

nthl  ♦f^''®'"  ^^^^^  ^^"S^  impression  upon  the  senses  is 
other  things  being  equal,  easy  of  apprehension,  ev'en  when 
not  of  comprehension.  Pop.  Sei.  Mo.,  XXVIII  352 

4.  Anticipation  of  adversity ;  dread  or  fear  of 
conung  evil;  distrust  of  the  future. 
The  sense  of  death  is  most  in  apprehension. 
,  ,  Shak.,  M.  forM.,  iu.  1. 

As  he  was  possessed  of  integrity  and  honour  I  was  under 

pj;i&or;s^.----«-'^ji^-i'tou^ 

anni^s?^S?nS^^?^^?,-!l^^-^ 
_.      ,  Bmerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p  215 

Simple  apprehension  (ML.,  simplex  apm-ehensio  first 
used  by  Jean  Buridan,  in  the  fourteenth  ceXi^)  n "'lom' 
nalistic  lorpc,  conception  without  judgment'  the  thinking 

sition:  called  .sim^ie  because  a  term  is  simple  confoared 
with  a  proposition  -  Synthesis  of  apprehension  h,  [he 
Kantian  philosophy,  that  operation  of  the  mhid  by  which 

^?1s  pX:?''^  °^  ^""^^'"i        definite  images 

It  IS  called  pure  when  the  manifold  operated  upon  is^at 

l^nfn  '^-T  ti'"e.  =  Syn.  3.  Comprehension  under 
standing,  dea  notion.-4.  Alarm,  Apprehension  Frinht 
etc.  (see  alarm),  disquiet,  dread,  anxiety,  misgiving  soUci 
tude,  nervousness,  fearfulness  »S'>iug,  souci- 

apprehensive  (ap-re-hen'siv),  a.  [=r  apore- 
hensif,  anxious,  <  L.  apprehensus,  pp.  of  appre- 
hendere.■  see  apprehend.]  If.  In  the  habit  of 
seizing ;  ready  to  catch  or  seize ;  desirous  to  lay 
hold  of:  used  literally  and  figuratively. 

I  shall  be  very  apprehensive  of  any  occasions  wherein  T 
may  do  any  kmd  ofiices.      Lord  Strafford,  Letters  II.  390 

2.  Quick  to  learn  or  understand;  quick  of  ao- 
prehension.  ^ 

n,^i,l° °it  sherris-sack  .  .  .  ascends  me  into  the  brain  ■ 
makes  it  apprehensive,  quick,  forgetive,  full  of  nimble' 
fiery,  and  delectable  shapes.  Shak. ,'  2  Hen  I  v!jv  3.' 

An  understanding  dull'd  by  th'  infelicity 
or  constant  sorrow  is  not  apprehensive 
In  pregnant  novelty.        Ford,  Lady's  Trial,  iv.  1. 

^^^^^  ^^^'^^  '"'^y  °^  achieving  the  boast  of  Tliemisto- 
cies,  that  he  knew  how  to  make  a  small  State  a  great  one 
nntni  "^."".ng  it  wise,  bright,  knowing,  apprelie,u<ive\ 
qmck-witted,  mgenious,  thoughtful? 

R.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  iiL 

3.  Realizing;  conscious;  cognizant.  [Rare.] 
A  man  that  h3s  spent  his  younger  years  in  vanity  and 

folly,  and  is,  by  the  grace  of  God,  apprehensive  of  it. 

Jer.  Tai/lor. 

4.  In  a  state  of  apprehension  or  fear :  feeMne 
alarm;  fearful. 

leading  refoimers  .  .  .  began  to  be  a»preA« jwi»e for 
their  hves.  Gladstone.  Church  and  State,  vit 


apprehensive 

5.  Inclined  to  believe  or  suspect ;  suspicions : 
as,  I  am  apprehensive  that  lie  does  not  under- 
stand me. 

He  [the  king]  became  apprekemive  that  his  motives  were 
misconstiueii,  even  by  his  friends.  Hallam. 

6.  Perceptive  ;  feeling ;  sensitive. 
Thoughts,  my  tormentors,  arni'd  with  deadly  stings, 
Mangle  my  apprehensive  tenderest  parts. 

Milton,  S.A.,\.e2i. 

7.  In  metaph.,  relating  to  simple  apprehension. 

It  yields  as  a  corollary  that  judgment,  that  comparison, 
that  the  cognition  of  relativity  is  implied  in  every  appre- 
hensive act.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 
Apprehensive  concept,  a  concept  without  judgment.— 
Apprehensive  knowledge,  the  mere  understandmg  of  a 
proposition  without  assent  or  dissent :  opposed  to  adhesive 
knowlediie. 

apprehensively  (ap-re-hen'siv-li),  fldi'.  In  an 
apprehensive  manner;  with  apprehension. 


278 


approbation 


Learning;  in- 


infort..  works  carried  on  l)y  tlu'  besieged  against  those  of 
the  besiegers.  —  Curve  Of  equal  approach,  in  math.,  a 
curve  alongwluch  abody  descending  i.y  the  forceof  gravity 
makes  equal  appiuaclies  to  tlie  horizon  in  c(iual  portions 
of  time.— Method  of  approaches,  in  algebra,  a  mellmd 
of  resolvin.n  cei  Uiin  problems  liy  assigning  limits  and  mak- 
ing gradual  appro.\iniation.s  to  the  ciirrect  answer.— To 

-.  ,     -V  m     •    -    i..         X  ^        -i.    graft  by  approach,  in  Ao/(.,  to  inarch.  =  Syn.  1.  Ap- 

see  apprise^,  n.\    To  give  notice,  verbal  or  writ-    p,o.ximation,  advent.— 2.  Admittance. 

;  advise:  followed  by  0/ before  g^^jj^^ljilj^y  ^j^.p^^^^  (■<  a^. 

lOtice  IS  given :  as,  we  will  rtj;-  p,.„adiablc  :  see  -biUty.']   "Approaehableness ; 
prise  the  general  oj  an  intended  attack;  he   affability.  Ruskin. 

■  approachable  (a-pro'cba-bl),  a.   [<approach  + 

able.}  Capable  of  being  approached;  accessible 


apprehendere :  see  apprehend.} 
strnction  ;  information ;  lore, 
apprise!,  apprize^  (a-priz'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and 

pp.  apprised,  apprized,  ppr.  apprising,  appri::ing. 
[<  F.  appris,  apprise  (<  L.  apprensus),  pp.  of  ap- 
prendre  (<  L.  appreiidere),  teach,  inform,  learn- 
see  apprise'^, 
ten,  to;  inform; 
that  of  which  notice 


apprised  his  father  o/what  he  had  done 

He  had  been  repeatedly  apprised  that  some  of  his 
friends  in  England  meditated  a  deed  of  blood. 

Maeaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,xxi. 
We  now  and  then  detect  in  nature  slight  dislocations, 
which  apprize  us  that  this  surface  on  whicli  we  now  stand 
is  not  fi.\ed,  but  sliding.   Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  285. 
=  SjTl.  Notify,  acquaint,  warn,  tell,  mention  to. 
apprise-,  v.  t.    See  apprize^ 


Readiness  to  understand,    (b)  Fearfulnes 
apprendt,  v- 1.  [<  F.  apprendre,  <  L.  apprendere, 
lay  hold  of:  see  apprehend.}    To  lay  hold  of; 
apprehend. 

apprentice  (a-pren'tis),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
apprentise,  C  UE.  apprentice,  aprentis  (and  by 
apheresis  often  shortened  to  prentice,  prentis, 
mod.  E.jirentice,  q.  v.),<  OF.  apprentis,  aprentis, 
aprentice  (Rouehi  dial,  apprentiche  =  Pr.  aj)- 
prenti3=Sp.  Pg.  aprendiz,  ML.  apprenticius ; 

mod.  F.  apprcnti,  as  if  sing,  of  apprentis  as  apprizer  (a-pri'zer),  n. 
pi.),  orig.  nom.  of  aprentif,  apprentif,  a  learner    ^ame  as  appraiser. 
of  a  trade,  <  apprendre,  aprendre,  learn,  <  L.  approach  (a-proeh'),  v. 


approaehableness  (a-pro'cha-bl-nes),  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  approachable  ;  affa- 
bility; friendliuoss. 

approacher  (a-pro'cher),  11.  One  who  ap- 
proaches or  draws  near. 

approaching  (a-pro'chiug),  n.  Iu/(f)r^,the  act  of 
ingrafting  a  sprig  or  shoot  of  one  tree  into  ano- 
ther without  cutting  it  from  the  parent  stock. 
Also  called  inarching  and  grafting  by  approach. 


[<  ME.  ajirisen,  <  OF.  apriso^ajmsicr  {ME.  also  approachless  (a-proch'les),  a.    [<  approach 


apraysen,  *apreisen,  mod.  E.  appraise. 
*apreiser,  aprctier),  <  LL.  appretiare,  value,  es- 
timate: see  appreciate,  apj^raise,  and  ct.  jrrize^, 
price,  jrraise.}  Same  as  appraise — To  apprize  a 
heritage,  in  Scots  law,  to  invest  a  creditor  with  the  herit- 
able estate  of  liis  debtor. 

apprizement  (a-priz'ment),  n.  [<  apprize^  + 
-ment.  Cf.  appraisemeiit,}  Same  as  appraise- 
ment. 

[<  apprize"^  + 


apprendere,  contr.  from  apprehendere,  lay  hold 
of ,  imderstand,  in  ML.  and  Rom.  also  learn:  see 
apprehend.}  1.  One  who  is  bound  by  indentm-e 
to  serve  some  particular  individual  or  company 
for  a  specified  time,  in  order  to  learn  some  art, 
trade,  profession,  manufacture,  etc.,  in  which 
his  master  or  masters  become  bound  to  instruct 
him.  Hence  —  2.  A  learner  in  any  depart- 
ment; one  only  slightly  versed  in  a  subject; 
a  novice. —  3.  In  old  English  law,  a  barrister  of 
less  than  si.xteen  years'  standing.  After  this 
period  he  might  be  called  to  the  rank  of  Ser- 
jeant Parish,  town,  etc.,  apprentice,  a  person  bound 

out  by  the  proper  autliorities  (if  a  parish,  town,  etc.,  to 
prevent  his  becoming  a  public  charge. 

apprentice  (a-pren'tis),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  ap- 
prenticed, ppr.  apprenticing.  [<  apprentice,  n.} 
To  bind  to  or  put  under  the  care  of  a  master, 
for  the  purpose  of  instruction  in  some  art, 
trade,  or  profession;  indenture. 

apprenticeaget  (a-pren'tis-aj),  n.  [Also  spelled 
apprentis{s)age,  <  F.  apprentisage,  now  appren- 
tissage,  <  OF.  apprentis:  see  apprentice,  n.,  and 
-age.}    Same  as  apprenticeship. 

apprentice-box  (a-pren'tis-boks),  n.  Same  as 
thrift-box. 

apprenticehoodt  ( a-pren '  ti  s-hud) ,  n .  [<  appren^ 
tice  -I-  -hood.}  Apprenticeship. 

Must  I  not  serve  a  long  apprentiechood 
To  foreign  passages  ?  Shah.,  Rich.  II.,  i.  3. 

apprenticeship  (a-pren'tis-ship),  w.  [<  appren- 
tice +  -ship.}  1.  The  service  or  legal  condi- 
tion of  an  apprentice  ;  the  method  or  process 
of  gaining  knowledge  of  some  trade,  art,  or  pro- 
fession from  the  instruction  of  a  master. —  2. 
The  term  during  which  one  is  an  apprentice. 

appressed  (a-presf).  «•  [<  L-  appressus,  adpres- 
sus  (pp.  of  apprimcre,  press  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  pre- 
mere,  press)  +  -ed'^.}    Pressed  closely  against ; 

fitting  closely  to ;  apposed.  A  term  used  in  botany 
and  zoology,  and  to  a  limited  extent  in  geology :  as,  the 
spikelets  of  a  grass  may  be  closely  appressed  to  the  rachis. 
So  also  hairs  or  feathers  when  closely  apposed  are  said  to 
be  appressed.  Flexures  of  strata  are  said  to  be  appressed 
when  the  anticlinals  or  synclinals  are  closely  folded  to- 
gether, so  that  the  opposite  corresponding  portions  are 
brouglit  in  contact  with  each  other.  In  botany,  also  writ- 
ten adprcssed  (which  see). 

apprestt  (a-presf),  n.  [<  OF.  apreste,  apprest, 
mod.  appret,  preparation,  <  aprester,  apprester 
(mod.  appreier),  make  ready,  <  L.  ad,  to,  + 
prcestare,  make  ready :  see  prest^,  and  cf .  incss"^, 
impress'^.}  Preparation  or  provision,  especially 


[<  ME.  aprochen,  ap- 


f  or  war,  by  enlisting  soldiers. 

Vespasian  laie  at  Yorke  making  his  apprests  ...  to  go 
against  the  Scots  and  Picts. 

Holhished,  Chron.,  Scotland  (1586),  p.  48. 

appreteur  (a-pra-ter'),  n.  [F.,  lit.  a  preparer, 
<  appreier,  prepare:  see  apprest.}  A  rubber 
used  in  giving  a  gloss  to  skins. 

apprisal  (a-pri'zal),  n.    Same  as  appraisal. 

appriseif,  apprize^t  (a-priz'),  »*•  [<  ME.  ap- 
prise, aprise,  <  OF.  ajmse,  apprise,  instruction, 
prop.  fem.  of  apris,  appris,  pp.  of  aprendre,  F. 
apprendre,  teach,  learn,  inform,  <  L.  apprendere, 


prochcn,  <  OF.  aprochier,  F.  approchcr  =  Pr. 
apropchar  —  It.  approcciare,  <  ML.  appropiare, 
come  near  to,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  propius  (>  Pr.  j)ro- 
pi  =  Y .  i)roche :  see  prochain),  nearer,  compar. 
otjirope,  near.    Cf.  approximate.}    I.  intrans. 

1.  To  come  or  go  near  in  place  or  time;  draw 
near ;  advance  nearer ;  come  into  presence. 

He  was  expected  then, 
But  not  approach  d.         Shak.,  C'ymbeline,  ii.  4. 
He  .  .  .  made  signs  for  Rip  to  approach  and  assist  him 
with  the  load.  Irvinj,  Sketch-Book,  p.  53. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  draw  near ;  approximate ; 
come  near  in  degree :  with  to :  as,  he  approaches 
to  the  character  of  an  able  statesman. 

II.  trans.  1 .  To  bring  near ;  advance :  as,  he 

approached  his  hand  to  the  cup. 

I  .  .  .  approached  my  chair  by  sly  degrees  to  the  fire. 

Goldsmith,  Vicar,  vi. 

Even  as  a  resolved  general  approaches  his  camp  ...  as 
nearly  as  he  can  to  tlie  besieged  city.  Scott. 
2.  To  come  or  draw  near  to :  as,  to  approach 
the  gate.— 3.  Figuratively,  to  come  near  to  in 
quality,  character,  or  condition ;  nearly  equal : 
as,  modern  sculpture  does  not  ajjproach  that  of 
the  Greeks. 

Such  and  so  extraordinary  was  the  embrodery,  that  I 
never  saw  anything  approaching  it. 

Kvelijn,  Diary,  Nov.  17,  1684. 

He  was  an  admirable  poet,  and  thought  even  to  have 
approached  Homer.  -Sir  If.  Temple. 

In  proportion  as  mankind  approach  complete  adjust- 
ment of  their  natures  to  social  needs,  tliere  nmst  be  fewer 
and  smaller  opportunities  for  giving  aid. 

H.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  96. 

approach  (a-proch'),  n.  [<  ME.  approchc—Y. 
upproche;  from  the  verb.]  1.  The  act  of 
dravring  near ;  a  coming  or  advancing  near. 

Does  my  approach  displease  his  grace?  are  my  eyes 
So  hateful  to  him?      Fletcher,  Wife  for  a  Month,  i.  1. 

2.  Access ;  opportunity  or  liberty  of  drawing 
near;  nearness:  as,  "the  apjn-oach  to  kings," 
Bacon. —  3.  Nearness  or  close  approximation 
in  quality,  likeness,  or  character. 

Absolute  purity  of  blood,  I  repeat,  will  be  found  no- 
where ;  but  the  nearest  approaches  to  it  must  be  looked 
for  among  those  nations  which  have  played  the  least  tigure 
in  history.  E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  88. 

We  can  none  the  less  restore  or  reconstruct  individual 
Old  Aryan  words  with  a  fair  approach  to  accuracy. 

J.  Fiske,  Evolutionist,  p.  126. 

4.  A  passage  or  avenue  by  which  anything  is 
approached ;  any  means  of  access  or  approxi- 
mation. 

The  approaches  to  the  city  of  New  Orleans,  from  the 
eastern  quarter  also,  will  require  to  be  examined,  and 
more  effectually  guarded.       Jefferson,  Works,  VIII.  64. 

The  approach  by  rail  is  through  the  marshes  and  lagoons 
which  lie  on  eitlier  side  of  the  Rhone. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  46. 

5.  pi.  In/ort,  the  works  thrown  up  by  besiegers 
to  protect  themselves  in  their  advances  toward 
a  fortress.  Compare  boyan. —  6.  In  golf,  the 
play  by  which  a  player  endeavors  to  get  his  ball 
on  to  the  putting-green —  Counter  approaches, 


'less.}  Without  approach;  unable  to  be  ap- 
proached; inaccessible;  forbidding. 
approachment(a-pr6ch'ment),  M.  [<  approach 
+  -men  t.}  The  act  of  approaching ;  approach ; 
affinity;  resemblance  in  trait  or  character. 
[Rare.] 

Ice  will  not  concrete,  but  in  the  approachment  of  the 
air.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

erl  1  approbate  (ap'ro-bat),  a.  [<  L.  approbatus,  pp. : 
see  the  verb.]  If.  Approved.  Sir  T.  Elyot.—2. 

In  Scots  law,  accepted.  See  the  verb, 
approbate  (ap'ro-bat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ap- 
probated, ppr.  approbating.  [<  L.  approbatvs, 
pp.  of  approbare,  assent  to  as  good,  favor,  ap- 
prove: see  approvc'i^.}  i.  To  express  approba- 
tion of ;  manifest  a  liking  for  or  degi-ee  of  satis- 
faction in;  express  approbation  of  officially,  as 
of  a  person's  fitness  for  a  public  oflfloe  or  em- 
ployment ;  approve ;  pass. 

The  cause  of  this  battle  every  man  did  allow  and  appro- 
late.  Hall,  Hen.  VII.,  an.  5. 

Mr.  Hutchinson  approbated  the  choice.  J.  Eliot. 

2.  To  license:  as,  to  approbate  a  person  to 
preach;  to  approbate  a  man  to  keep  a  hotel 
or  other  public  house.     [United  States.]  — 

3.  In  Scots  law,  to  approve  or  assent  to  as 
valid :  chiefly  in  the  following  phrase — Appro- 
bate and  reprobate,  in  Scots  law,  to  attempt  to  take  ad- 
vantage of  one  part  of  a  deed  while  rejecting  the  rest :  as, 
for  example,  where  a  disposition  on  a  death-bed  revokes  a 
previous  liege-poustie  conveyance  to  the  prejudice  of  the 
heir  at  law,  but  still  gives  the  estate  past  the  heir.  The 
heir  who  aliides  by  the  deed  in  so  far  as  it  revokes  the 
liege-poustie  deed  to  his  prejudice,  while  he  challenges  it 
on  the  head  of  death-bed,  in  so  far  as  it  defeats  his  interest 
in  the  estate,  is  said  to  approbate  and  reprobate  the  deed. 
This,  however,  is  contrary  to  law,  and  cannot  be  done;  he 
nmst  elect  between  the  two  alternatives :  hence  in  English 
law  the  act  is  called  election. 

This  is  not  an  ordinary  case  of  election,  but  I  consider 
that  it  is  not  open  to  her  both  to  approbate  and  reprobate 
—  to  take  benelits  under  the  settlement,  and  by  her  wdl 
to  dispose  of  property  which  is  comprised  therein  in  a 
manner  not  in  accordance  with  its  provisions. 

Weekly  Reporter,  XXXII.  581. 

approbation  (ap-ro-ba'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  appro- 
bation, proof,  <  L.  approbatio(n-),  <  approbare, 
T^T^.  approbatus :  see  approve^.}  1.  The  act  of 
approving  or  commending ;  the  giving  of  assent 
to  something  as  proper  or  praiseworthy;  sanc- 
tion ;  approval ;  commendation. 
The  silent  approbation  of  one's  own  breast. 

Melmoth,  tr.  of  Pliny's  Letters,  i.  8. 
Both  managers  and  authors  of  the  least  merit  laugh  at 
your  pretensions.   The  public  is  their  critic— without 
whose  fair  approbation  they  know  no  play  can  rest  on  the 
stage.  Sheridan,  The  Critic,  i.  1. 

If  the  approbation  of  good  men  be  an  object  fit  to  be 
pursued,  it  is  fit  to  be  enjoyed. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Senate,  May  27,  1834. 

2.  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  the  ofScial  judg- 
ment of  a  bishop  or  his  representative  approv- 
ing the  fitness  of  a  priest  for  hearing  confes- 
sion. It  is  distinct  from  the  conferring  of  jurisdiction 
or  power  of  absolving,  though,  except  in  case  of  danger 
of  death,  necessary  to  the  valid  exercise  of  the  latter. 
See  jurisdiction. 

3.  An  official  sanction  or  license  formerly  re- 
quired in  England,  France,  etc.,  for  the  publi- 
cation of  a  book  or  other  writing.— 4t.  Con- 
clusive evidence;  proof.  Shak.—  5i.  Proba- 
tion; trial;  novitiate. 

This  day  my  sister  should  the  cloister  enter, 
And  there  receive  her  ap;»-o6atton.  .  „ 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  i.  3. 


=  Syn  1  Approbation,  Approval,  Uking,  commendation; 
sanction,  consent,  concurrence.  Approbation  and  approval 
are  becoming  separated  in  meaning,  approbation  Deing 
used  more  for  the  Inward  feeling,  and  approval  more  tor 
the  formal  act. 


approbative 
apprpbative  (ap '  ro  -  ba  -  tiv),  a.  [=  F.  appro- 
batif,  <  L.  as  if  "approbativus :  see  approbate 
and-tye.]  Approving;  expressing,  implying,  or 
of  the  nature  of  approbation, 
approbativeness  (ap'ro-ba-tiv-nes),  n.  In 
jphren.,  ambition;  love  of  praise  or  desire  for 
fame;  pride  of  character;  sensitiveness  to  the 
opinions  of  others.    Fowler  and  Wells 


279 


approbator  (ap'ro-ba-tor),  n.    [L. ,  an  approver, 
(.approbarc,  pp.  approbatus,  approve:  see  «»- 
proved. ^    One  who  approves  formally:  as, 
judges  and  appr abators, "  Evelyn,  Letter  ( 1669 ). 
[Rare.] 

approbatory  (ap'ro-ba-to-ri),  a.    [<  ML.  appro- 
batorius,ilj.  approbator :  %qq approbator.^  Hav- 
ing the  nature  of  sanction ;  containing  or  ex- 
pressing approbation. 
Letters  .  .  .  conflrniatory  and  approbatory. 

Uakluyfs  Voyages,  I.  457. 

approclivityt  (ap-ro-kliv'i-ti),  n.   [<       -f  pro- 
clivity.~\    ProcUvity;  inclination;  tendency, 
appromptit  (a-prompf),  v.  t.   [<  L.  ad,  to,  + 

promptiis,  prompt :  see  prompt.']    To  prompt ; 
stimulate;  encourage:  as,  "to aiJi;j)-om^;^ our  in- 
vention," Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  ii 
approinpt2t,  v.  t.    [<  AF.  aprompter,  apromter, 
OJ? .  enpromter,  F.  emprunter  =  Walloon  epron- 
ter  =  It.  improntare,  borrow,  =  Wallach.  inpru- 
muia,  give  or  take  in  pledge,  <  LL.  Hnpromu- 
tuare,  <  in promutuum,  in  advance  (>  Wallach 
mprumut,  a  pledge):  L.  in,  in,  iov;  promutmm, 
an  advance,  neut.  of  j)ronmtims,  paid  before- 
hand, advanced,  <  pro,  beforehand,  +  mutuus, 
lent:  see  mutual. 2    To  borrow, 
approoft  (a-prof),  n.    [The  mod.  form  is  re- 
lated to  approve  as  j^roof  to  prove;  ME.  ap- 
preffe,  apref,  <  OF.  ajjrove,  apreuve,  proof,  trial, 
aprover,  prove:  see  approve^,  and  cf.  jaroo/.] 
1.  Ihe  act  of  proving;  trial;  test.— 2.  Ap- 
proval or  approbation. 

He  was  pleased  a  marriage  feast  to  crown  ' 
V>  itli  lus  great  presence,  and  approof  of  it. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  x.  23. 

approperatet  (a-prop'e-rat),  v.  t.    [<  L.  ap- 

properatus,  pp.  of  appfoperare,  adproperare,  < 
ad,  to,  +  properare,  hasten,  <  properns,  quick, 
speedy,  <  pro,  forward,  +  *-parus,  <  parare, 
make,  prepare :  see  pare,  prepare.]  To  hasten. 
Cocker  am;  Johnson. 
appropinquatet  (ap-ro-ping'kwat),  v.  [<  L 
appropinquatus,  pp.  of  appropinquare,  adpro- 
pmquare,  <  ad,  to,  +  propinquare,  bring  near,  < 
propinquus,  near :  see  projnnquitij.]  I.  intrans. 
To  draw  near ;  approach. 

II.  trans.  To  bring  near, 
appropinquationt  (ap*ro-ping-kwa'shon),  n. 
L<;L.  appropnnquatioln-),  <  appropinquare:  see 
appropinqiiate.]     1.  The  act  of  coming  into 
near  relation  or  proximity ;  a  drawing  nigh. 

There  are  many  ways  of  our  ajipropinquation  to  God. 

•fi/'-  Hall,  Remains,  p.  90. 

2.  The  act  of  bi-inging  remote  things  near 
appropinquet  (ap-ro-pingk'),  v.  t.    [<  L.  appro- 
pinquare: see  appropinquate.]    To  approach: 
getnearferto.    [Rare.]  ' 

The  clotted  blood  within  my  hose  .  .  . 
"With  mortal  crisis  dotli  portend 
My  days  to  appropinque  an  end.  ' 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  I.  iii.  590. 

appropinquity  (ap-ro-ping'kwi-ti),  n.  [<  «n-i 
+  propinquiii/,  q.  v.  Ct  appropinquate.]  The 
state  of  being  near;  propinquity.  [Rare.] 

appropret,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  apropren,  appropren,  < 
Ui; .  aprofrier,  F.  approprier  =  Pr.  apropriar  = 
h^.  apropiar='Pg.  apropriar =lt.  appropriare, 
<.LU.a2)pro2)riare,  appropriate:  see  appropriate, 
f.J  1.  lo  appropriate;  set  apart  for  a  special 
purpose ;  assign ;  take  possession  of.  Specifi- 
cally—2.  Eccles.,  to  annex  to  a  religious  cor- 
poration. 

appropriable  (a-pro'pri-a-bl),  a.    [<  LL.  as  if 

appropnabilis,  <  appropriare :  see  appropriate.] 
i^apable  ot  being  appropriated,  set  apart,  se- 
questered, or  assigned  exclusively  to  a  par- 
ticular use. 

appropriamentt  (a-pro'pri-a-ment),  n.  [<  LL. 
appropriare:  see  appropriate  and -ment.]  Any- 
thing properly  or  peculiarly  one's  own;  a  char- 
acteristic. 

If  you  can  neglect 
Your  own  appropriaments,  but  praising  that 
In  others  wherein  you  excel  yourself 
You  shall  be  much  beloved  here. 

Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  i.  1. 
appropriate  (a-pro'pri-at),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
appropriated,  ppr.  appropriating.  [<  LL.  appro- 
prtatus,  pp  of  appropriare,  adpropriare,  make 
ones  own,<  L  ad,  to,  +  proprius,  one's  own: 
see  proper.]    1 .  To  take  to  one's  self  in  exclu- 


.?ion  of  others ;  claim  or  use  as  by  an  exclusive 
right :  as,  let  no  man  appropriate  the  use  of  a 
common  benefit. 

To  themselves  appropriating 
The  Spirit  of  God.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  518. 

A  man  is  a  knave  who  falsely,  but  in  the  panic  of  turn- 
ing all  suspicion  from  himself,  charges  you  or  me  with 
having  appropriated  another  man's  jewel. 

De  Quincey,  Secret  Societies,  ii. 
The  estate  I  so  admired  and  envied  is  my  own    It  is 
the  nature  of  the  soul  to  appropriate  all  things. 

Emerson,  Compensation. 

2.  In  general,  to  take  for  any  use ;  put  to  use. 
In  solar  light  the  leaves  of  plants  decompose  both  car- 
bonic anhydride  and  water,  appropriating  tiie  carbon  and 
the  hydrogen  of  each  for  their  own  growth  and  nutrition. 

W.  A.  Miller,  Elem.  of  Chem.,  §  351. 

3.  To  set  apart  for  or  assign  to  a  particular 
purpose  or  use,  in  exclusion  of  all  other  pur- 
poses or  uses:  as,  Congress  ap^^rojm'ated  more 
nioney  than  was  needed;  to  appropriate  a  spot 
of  ground  for  a  garden. 

The  profits  of  that  establishment  [the  Post-officel  had 
been  appropriated  by  Parliament  to  the  Duke  of  York. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

4.  In  eccles.  law,  to  annex,  as  a  benefice,  to  an 
ecclesiastical  corporation,  for  its  perpetual  use. 

appropriate  (a-pro'pri-at),  a.  and  n.  [<  LL.  ap- 
propriatus,  pp. :  see  the  verb.]  I.  a.  Set  apart 
for  a  particular  use  or  person  ;  hence,  belonging 
peculiarly;  suitable;  fit;  befitting;  proper. 

It  might  be  thought  to  be  rather  a  matter  of  dignity 
than  any  matter  of  diffidence  appropriate  to  his  own  case. 

, ,  .  Bacon. 

More  appropriate  instances  abound. 

Brow/ling,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  124. 
A  warlike,  a  refined,  an  industrial  society,  each  evokes 
and  requires  its  specific  qualities  and  produces  its  appro- 
priate type.  Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  if  165. 
=Syn.  Apt,  becoming,  in  keeping,  felicitous. 

Il.t  «.  Peculiar  characteristic;  attribute;" 
proper  f  one tion;  property. 

The  Biljle's  appropriate  being  ...  to  enlighten  the 
eyes  and  make  wise  the  simple. 

Boyle,  Style  of  Holy  Scripture,  p.  44. 
appropriately  (a-pro'pri-at-li),  adv.    In  an  ap- 
propriate or  proper  manner;  fittingly;  suitably, 
appropriateness  (a-pro'pri-at-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  appropriate  or  suitable;  ap- 
plicability. 

A  hunting-box,  a  park-lodge,  may  have  a  forest  grace 
and  the  beauty  of  appropriateness.    De  Quincey,  Style,  i. 

appropriation  (a-pro-pri-a'shon),  n.  [=  F.  ap- 
propriation,  <  LL.  appropriaiio{n-),  <  appropri- 
are :  see  appropriate.]  1 .  The  act  of  appropri- 
ating, setting  apart,  or  assigning  to  a  particu- 
lar use  or  person  in  exclusion  of  all  others ;  ap- 
plication to  a  special  use  or  purpose ;  specifical- 
ly, an  act  of  a  legislature  authorizing  money  to 
be  paid  from  the  treasury  for  a  special  use. — 
2.  Anything  appropriated  or  set  apart  for  a 
special  purpose,  as  money. 

The  specific  appropriations  made  by  Congress  for  the 
mints  and  assay  offices  of  the  Ignited  States  during  the 
fiscal  year  ended  .lune  30,  188e,  amounted  to  §1,169,350. 

Report  of  Sec.  of  the  Treasury,  1886,  'l.  157. 

3t.  Acquisition;  addition. 

He  doth  nothing  but  talk  of  his  horse ;  and  he  makes  it 
a  great  appropriation  to  his  own  good  parts  that  he  can 
shoe  him  himself.  shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  2. 

4.  In  laiv:  (a)  The  annexing  or  setting  apart 
of  a  benefice  to  the  perpetual  use  of  a  spiritual 
corporation,  (b)  The  determining  to  which  of 
several  debts  a  sum  of  money  paid  shall  be  ap- 

S!.lffi;  ^  ^J^f  debtor  does  not  designate  the  appropria. 
tion,  the  creditor  may;  if  neither  has  done  so,  and  liti"-ation 
arises,  the  court  may  do  it.- Appropriation  bill,  a  legis- 
lative bill  proposing  appropriations  of  money  for  some  par- 
ticular purpose,  as  for  carrying  on  some  department  of  kov- 
ernment.  ° 

appropriative  (a-pro'pri-a-tiv),  a.  [<  appro- 
jjriate  + -ivc.]  Appropriating;  making  appro- 
priation; having  the  power,  tendency,  or  capa- 
bility of  appropriating, 
appropriator  (a-pro'pri-a-tor),  n.  [<  LL.  as  if 
"Uippropriator,  <  appropriare,  appropriate.]  1. 
One  who  appropriates  or  takes  to  his  own  use! 

He  knew  very  weU  that  he  was  the  .  .  .  appropriator  of 
the  money  which  .  .  .  ought  to  have  fallen  to  his  younger 
oi'other.  Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xliv. 

2.  In  eccles.  law,  one  who  is  possessed  of  an 
appropriated  benefice.  See  aj^projyriate,  v.,  4 
approprietaryt  (ap-ro-pn'e-ta-ri),  n.  [Irreg  < 
appropriate,  after  proprietary.]  Same  as  an- 
propriator,  2. 

approyable  (a-pro'va-bl),  a.  [<  approve^  + 
-able.]  Capable  of  being  approved;  meritine 
approbation.  ^ 
approvableness  (a-pro'va-bl-nes),  n.  [<  ap- 
provable  +  -ness.]  The  quality  of  being  an- 
provable.  ^  ^ 


approve 

approval  (a-pro'val),  w.  [<  approve^  +  ^J,] 
The  act  of  appro \ang;  approbation;  commen- 
dation; sanction;  ratification. 

A  censor  .  .  without  whose  approval  no  capital  sen 
tences  are  to  be  executed.  Sir  If.  Temide,  Heroic  Virtues. 

He  was  tender,  insinuating,  anxious  for  her  apvroval 
eager  to  unfold  himself  to  her.  ' 

Mrs.  Olij)hant,  Hester,  xxii 
=  Syn.  Ap2?robalion,  Appjroval  (see  approbation),  acceDt- 
ance,  consent,  authorization. 

approvance  (a-pro  Vans),  n.  [<  OF.  aprovance,  < 
"ajjrover:  see  approve^  and  -ancc.]   The  act  of 
approving;  approbation.  [Archaic] 
The  people  standing  all  about. 
As  in  approvance,  doe  thereto  applaud. 

Speiiaer,  Epithalaniion. 

approve!  (a-prov'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  approved 
(rarely  pp.  apjn-oven,  after  jtrovcn), -p-pr.  appro'o- 
ing.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  approove,  <  ME.  apro- 
ven,  appreoven,  aprevcn,  appreven,  <  OF.  aprover, 
approver,  apjrrouvir,  appreuver,  approber,  etc., 
F.  approuver='Pv.  Sp.  aprobar=Pg.  approvar  = 
It.  approvare,  <  L.  approbare,  adprobare,  assent 
to  as  good,  approve,  also  show  to  be  good,  con- 
firm, <  ad,  to,  +  probarc,  <  probus,  good :  see 
prove.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make  good;  show  to 
be  real  or  true;  prove;  confirm;  attest;  cor- 
roborate. 

What  damned  error  but  some  sober  brow 
Will  bless  it,  and  approve  it  with  a  text? 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  iii.  % 
Wouldst  thou  approve  thy  constancy?  Approve 
First  thy  obedience.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  367. 

The  Guardian  Angels  of  Paradise  are  described  as  re- 
turning to  Heaven  upon  the  Fall  of  Man,  in  order  to  ap- 
prove their  Vigilance.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  357. 
2.  To  show;  prove  to  be;  demonstrate. 

In  all  things  ye  have  approved  yourselves  to  be  clear  in 
this  matter.  g  Cor.  vii.  11. 

'Tis  an  old  lesson;  Time  approves  it  true. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  ii.  35. 


3.  To  sanction  officially;  ratify  authoritatively: 
as,  the  decision  of  the  court  martial  was  ap- 
proved. ^ 

And  by  thy  coming  certainly  approve 
The  pledge  of  peace.  Ford,  Honour  Triumphant. 

4.  To  pronounce  good;  think  or  judge  well  of  • 
adtnit  the  propriety  or  excellence  of ;  be  pleased 
■with;  commend:  as,  on  trial  the  goods  were 
approved;  to  approve  the  policy  of  the  admin- 
istration. 

Yet  their  posterity  approve  their  sayings.     Ps.  xlix.  13. 
The  deed  which  closed  the  mortal  course  of  these  sove- 
reigns, I  shall  neither  approve  nor  condemn. 

Jefferson,  Autobiog.,  p.  82. 
She  wore  the  colours  I  approved. 

Tennyson,  The  Letters. 

5.  To  manifest  as  worthy  of  approval;  com- 
mend :  used  reflexively. 

The  miracles  of  Christianity,  so  far  from  shocking  me 
approve  themselves  at  once  to  my  intellect  and  my  heart' 
Channing,  Perfect  Life,  p.  248! 

6.  To  put  to  the  test;  prove  by  trial;  try. 
Nay,  task  me  to  my  word;  approve  me,  lord 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  L 
A  hundred  knights  with  Palamon  there  came 
Approv'd  in  fight,  and  men  of  mighty  name.  ' 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  1299. 

Hence- 7t.  To  convict  upon  trial  or  by  proof. 
He  that  is  appn-ov'd  in  this  offence. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  3. 
Approved  biU  or  note,  in  com.,  a  bill  or  note  drawn  bv  a 
solvent,  trustworthy  party,  and  to  which  therefore  no  rea- 
sonal.le  objection  can  be  made. 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  show  itself  to  be ;  prove  or 
turn  out.— 2.  To  think  or  judge  well  or  favor- 
ably; be  pleased:  usually  with  of. 

I  showed  you  a  piece  of  black  and  white  stuff,  just  sent 
from  the  dyer;  which  you  were  pleased  to  approve  o/and 
be  my  customer  for.  Sieijt 
approve2  (a-prov'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  ap- 
proved, ppr.  approving.     [The  form  approve 
(JNL.  approbare,  approvare),  confused  with  ap- 
in-ovei,  IS  a  mod.  error,  due  to  a  misunder- 
standing of  the  earlier  f oi-ms ;  prop,  apijrow  < 
late  ME.  approwe,  aprowe,  aproue,  <  OF.  aproer 
approer,  approiier,  apprower  (>  ML.  approare, 
appruare,  and  later  apprnvare,  approvare,  as 
above),  profit,  benefit,  improve,  <  a  (L.  ad),  to, 
+  pro,  pru,  prou,  preu,  earliest  form  ;j?-od(>  ME. 
l)row),  benefit,  advantage,  profit :  seejn-owl  and 
prowess.    By  a  change  of  prefix,  approve^  has 
become  improve,  q.  v.    Cf.  ajypair,  impair.]  In 
law,  to  turn  to  one's  own  profit;  augment  the 
value  or  profits  of,  as  of  waste  land,  by  inclos- 
ing and  cultivating;  improve. 

As  long  ago  as  the  thirteenth  century  the  statute  of 
Merton  had  authorized  the  lords  of  manors  to  approve 
that  IS,  inclose  for  their  own  profit,  as  much  of  the  waste 
land  as  would  leave  enough  uninclosed  for  the  use  ol  the 
commoners.  F.  PoUock,  Land  Laws,  p.  178. 


approvedly 

approvedly  (a-pro'vcd-li),  adr.  In  a  manner 
to  gain  ajiproval ;  to  an  approved  degree. 

approvement^  (a-prov'ment),  ».    [<  approve'^ 
+ -ment.']   If.  The  act  of  approving ;  approba- 
tion ;  an  expression  of  assent  or  preference. 
I  did  nothing  ■without  your  approvement.  Ilayward. 

I  am  not  bound 
To  fancy  your  approvements,  but  my  own. 

Ford,  Lover's  Melancholy,  i.  3. 

2.  In  law,  the  act  of  becoming  an  approver  or 
informer;  the  act  of  a  prisoner  who  confesses, 
and  acciises  his  accomplices;  the  act  of  turn- 
ing king's  or  state's  evidence. 

approvement-  (a-prov'ment),  n.  [Prop,  ap- 
prowmcnt  (see  approve'^),  '<  late  ME.  ajiprowe- 
ment,  approment,  aprowement,  aproumcnt,  <  OF. 
aproement,  aprouemcnt,  aprowement  {Wh.  appro- 
vamenta,  appriiviamenta,  approfiamenta,  pi.),  < 
aproer,  etc.,  profit,  benefit,  improve:  see  flj>- 
prore'^  Sind-meiit.  Now  improremcnt,  q.x.'\  In 
old  English  law:  (a)  The  improvement  by  the 
lord  of  a  manor  of  common  or  waste  lands  by 
inclosing  and  converting  them  to  his  own  use. 
(b)  The  profits  of  such  lands. 

approver^  (a-pro'ver),  n.  [ME.  *approvoi(r,  usu- 
ally provour,  only  in  def.  1;  <  approve^  + 

1.  One  who  approves  or  commends.  —  2.  One 
who  proves  or  offers  to  prove ;  specifically,  in 
law,  one  who  confesses  a  felony,  and  gives  evi- 
dence against  his  accomplice  or  accomplices; 
an  informer  and  accuser;  one  who  turns  king's 
or  state's  evidence. 

In  the  22  Edw.  III.  a  commission  was  issued  to  inquire 
into  the  practice  of  torturing  men  by  gaolers  to  compel 
them  to  become  approvers. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  III.  288,  note. 

approver^!  (a-pro'ver),  n.  [Prop,  apprower 
(see  approve'^),  <  ME.  apprower,  approwour,  ap- 
proiiour,  <  AF.  aprouour,  OF.*aproeor  (ML.  ap- 
prouator,  appruator,  NL.  approbator),  <  aproer, 
etc., profit,  benefit:  see  a pjirove^  and -er.']  One 
who  manages  a  landed  estate  for  the  owner; 
a  bailiff  or  steward  of  a  manor ;  an  agent. 

approvingly  (a-pro'ving-li),  adv.  In.  a  com- 
mendatory manner ;  in  such  a  way  as  to  imply 
approval. 

approximal  (a-prok'si-mal),  a.'   [<  L.  ad,  to,  + 

proxiiinis,  iiext,+ -al.  Ct.  approximate.']  Close- 
ly joined:  in  anat.,  used  with  reference  to  the 
contiguous  surfaces  of  adjoining  teeth, 
approximant  (a-prok'si-mant),  a.  [<  LL.  ap- 
proxinianlt-)s,'ppv.  of  approximare :  seeappi'oxi- 
mate.]  Approaching  in  character ;  approximat- 
ing. [Rare.] 

Approximant  and  conformant  to  the  apostolical  and 
pure  primitive  church.       Sir  JS.  Bering,  Speeches,  p.  74. 

approximate  (a-prok'si-mat),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
approximated,  ppr.  approximating.  [<  LL.  ap- 
proximatits,  pp.  of  approximare,  <  L.  ad,  to,  + 
proximarc,  come  near,  <  proximus  {iov*propsi-' 
mus),  superl.  of  prope,  near:  see  proximate,  and 
ct.  approach.']  I.  trans.  To  carry  or  bring  near ; 
advance  closely  upon;  cause  to  approach  in 
position,  quality,  character,  condition,  etc. 

To  approximate  the  inequality  of  riches  to  the  level  of 
nature.  Burke. 

II.  intrans.  To  come  near;  approach  closely ; 
figuratively,  to  stand  in  intimate  relation;  be 
remarkably  similar. 

It  is  the  tendency  of  every  dominant  system  .  .  .  to  force 
its  opponents  into  the  most  hostile  and  jealous  attitude, 
from  the  apprehension  which  they  naturally  feel,  lest,  in 
those  points  in  which  they  approximate  towards  it,  they 
should  be  misinterpreted  and  overborne  by  its  authority. 
J.  H.  Newman,  Development  of  Christ.  Doctrine,  Int. 

approximate  (a-prok'si-mat),  a.  [<  LL.  approxi- 
«i«i((s,pp.:  seetheverb.]  '  1.  Near  in  position ; 
near  to;  close  together.  Specifically— (a)  Inana!., 

applied  to  teeth  so  arranged  in  the  jaw  that  there  is  no 
vacancy  between  them,  as  the  teeth  of  man.  (0)  In  bot., 
said  of  leaves  or  other  organs  that  stand  near  together. 

2.  Near  in  character;  very  similar:  as,  a  state- 
ment closely  approxim,ate  to  a  falsehood. — 3. 
Nearly  approaching  accuracy  or  correctness; 
nearly  precise,  perfect,  or  complete:  as,  an  ap- 
proximate result;  approximate  values. 

The  English  must  certainly  rank  among  the  more  mixed 
nations ;  we  cannot  claim  the  approximate  purity  of 
Basques  and  Albanians.  E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  88. 

Approximate  value  or  formula,  in  math.,  one  which 
is  very  nearly,  but  not  exactly,  true, 
approximately  (a-prok'si-mat-li),  adv.    In  an 
approximate  manner;  by  approximation ;  near- 
ly; closely. 

approximation  (a-prok-si-ma'shon),  n.  [=F. 
approximation,  <  tL.  approximare:  see  approxi- 
mate, v.]  1.  The  act  of  approximating;  a  draw- 
ing, moving,  or  advancing  near  in  space,  posi- 
tion, degree,  or  relation;  approach;  proximity. 


280 


apricot 


The  largest  capacity  and  the  most  noble  dispositions  are  appurtenant  (a-per'te-nant),  «.  and  n.  [Also 


but  an  approximation  to  the  proper  standard  and  true 
symmetry  of  lumuui  nature.  is.  Taylor. 

Not  directly,  but  by  successive  approximations,  do  man- 
kind reach  correct  conclusions. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  147. 

2.  In  math,  dnd jyhijs. :  («)  A  continual  approach 
to  a  true  result ;  the  process  by  which  the  value 
of  a  quantity  is  calculated  with  continually  in- 
creasing exactness  without  ever  being  actually 
ascertained.  (6)  A  result  so  obtained;  a  result 
which  is  not  rigorously  exact,  but  is  so  near  the 
truth  as  to  be  suttieient  for  a  given  purpose. — 
Homer's  method  of  approximation  (named  for  its 

inventor,  W.  G.  Horner,  died  1837),  a  melliod  of  solving  nu- 
merical equations,  the  most  salient  features  of  which  are 
that  each  approximate  value  is  obtained  from  the  last  by 
Taylor's  theorem,  and  that  tlie  coefticients  of  the  devel- 
opment are  calculated  by  a  certain  systematic  procedure, 
approximative  (a-prok' si-ma-tiv),  a.  [=F. 


written,  less  commonly,  appertinent;  <  ME. 
appertenant,  apcrtinent,  appurtenaunt,  apurte- 
nant,  etc.,  <  OF.  apertcnant,  njiartcnant,  <.  LL. 
ap}Krtinen(t-)s,  ppr.  of  uppcrtinerc,  belong  to, 
appertain:  see  appertain  and-(n//i,  and  cf .  ap- 
pnirtenance.]  I,  a.  Appertaining  or  belonging ; 
pertaining ;  incident  or  relating  to,  as  a  legal 
right,  interest,  or  property  subsidiary  to  one 
more  valuable  or  important. 
Bight  of  way  .  .  .  appiirtenant  to  land. 

Blackstone,  Commentaries,  ii.  3. 
A  part  [of  land  common  to  a  tribej  is  allotted  in  a  spe- 
cial way  to  the  cliief,  as  appurtenant  to  his  office,  and 
descends  from  chief  to  chief  according  to  a  special  rule  of 
succession.  Edinburgh  Rev. 

Common  appurtenant.  See  common,  n. 

II.  )i.  A  thing  appertaining  to  another  more 
important  thing ;  an  appurtenance ;  a  belonging. 

V.  '  " 


approximatif,  <  LL.  as  if  *approximativus,  <  ap-  app'uy,  v.  t.    See  app'id. 

proximare:  see  approximate]    Approaching;  aprankt  (a-prank'),  jjre;?.  ;>7(r.  as  rt<Zy.  or  a.  [< 


In 


coming  near,  as  to  some  state  or  result, 
approximatively  (a-prok'si-ma-tiv-li),  adv. 
an  approximative  manner ;  approximately, 
appui,  appuy  (ap-we'),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  ap- 
puicd,  appuijcd,  ppr.  appuy'iiig.    [<  F.  appuyer, 
OF.  apuijcr,  apouier,  apoier,  =  It.  appoggiarc 
(see  appoggiato),  <  ML.  appodiarc,  support, 
prop,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  podium,  a  support,  a  bal- 
cony, etc.,  >  F,  ind,  pity,  a  hill  {appwje,  a  bal- 


^3  -I-  praiik.]    In  ostentatious  or  impertinent 
fashion. 
To  set  the  arms  a-gambo  and  a-prank. 

J.  Bulwer,  Chironomia  (1644),  p.  104. 
apraxia  (a-prak'si-a),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-Kpa^ia, 
not  doing,  non-action,  <  anpaKTog,  not  doing, 
not  to  be  done,  <  a-  priv.  +  TvpaKro^,  verbal  adj. 
ot  TTpaGoeiv,  do:  see  practice,  praxis.]  la  pathol,, 
loss  of  the  knowledge  of  the  uses  of  things, 
cony),  =  It.  poggio,  a  hill,  bluif,  formerly  also  a  apresst,  v.  t.   An  old  form  of  oppress.  Chaucer. 
horse-block,  etc.:  see  podium.]    To  support;  apricate  (ap'ri-kat),  v.    [<  L.  apricatus,  pp.  of 


niilit.,  to  post,  as  troops,  at  a  point  of  support, 
appui  (ap-we'),  M.    [F.,  a  support,  prop,  <  rtj)- 
j)i((/c)',  support:  see  appui,  v.]    If.  A  support, 
stay,  or  prop. 

If  a  vine  be  to  climb  trees  that  are  of  any  great  height, 
there  would  be  stays  and  appuies  set  to  it. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  I.  638, 

2.  In  the  mandge,  a  reciprocal  action 
the  mouth  of  the  horse  and  the  liand  of  the 
rider,  the  bit  and  rein  forming  the  line  of  com- 
munication: thus,  a  horse  with  a  sensitive 
mouth  may  be  said  to  have  a  good  appui,  and 


apricari,  bask  in  the  sun,  <  apricus,  open  to  the 
sun,  sunny,  prob.  <  *apericus,  <  aperire,  open: 
see  aperient,  and  ef.  April.]  I.  intrans.  To 
bask  in  the  sun.    Boyle.  [Rare.] 

W.  trans.  To  expose  to  sunlight.  DeQuincey. 
[Rare.] 

my  1.  oja.  apricatiou  (ap-ri-ka'shon),  n.    [<  'L.  aprica- 
between    tio(n-),  <  apricari:  see  ajmcate.]    The  act  of 
basking  in  the  sun;  exposure  to  sunlight. 
Cockeram.  [Rare.] 

The  luxury  and  benefit  of  aprication,  or  immersion  in 
the  sunshine  bath.  0.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  209. 


the  same  may  be  said  of  the  rider  if  his  hand  apricityt  (a-pris'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  apricitas,  <  apri- 
is  good — Point  d'appui  (pwaii  dap-we  ),  point  of  sup-    qus,  suuny:  see  "apricate.]    The  warmness  of 

port ;  basis ;  wilit.,  a  fixe.l  point  at  which  troops  form,  and  -jointer.  Cockeram. 
on  which  operations  are  l)ased.  •       i  ,  a     „ij  «  „iij  

appulse  (ap'uls  or  a-puls'),  «.    [<  L.  amulsus,  apricockt,  n.    An  old  spelling  of  apncot. 
adj, 
p 

drive 
cf, 


[Early  mod. 
abricote,  abri- 
abricot,  also,  and 
earlier,  apricock,  aprccock,  apricok,  abrecoclc, 
abrccok,  etc.  (cf.  D.  abrikoos,  Dan.  abrikos,  Sw. 
aprikos,  G.  aprikose),  <  Pg.  albricoque  =  Sp.  ah 
baricoquc,  OSp.  albarcoque,  albercoque,  etc.,  = 
It.  albercocca,  albicocca  (the  forms  in  ajir-,  as 
in  E.,  G.,  etc.,  being  due  perhaps  to  a  fancied 
connection  with  L.  apricus,  sunny  (so  ex- 
plained by  Minsheu:  "  q[uasi]  in  aprieo  cac- 
tus," ripened  in  a  sunny  place) :  see  apricate),  (. 
Ar.  al-birquq,  al-burqUq,  apricot,  <  al,  the,  and 
burqiiq,  <  Gr.  ■KpauioKiov,  pi.  irparndKia  (Dioscori- 
des),  later  TrpeKdmia,  [iepiKOKKia  (whence  formerly 
in  It.  berricocche,  pi. — Minsheu),  <  'L.  pracoqua, 
apricots,  neut.  pi.  of  prwcoquus,  a  form  of  prm- 
cox,  early  ripe,  precocious,  <  jmr,  beforehand, 
+  coquere,  cook :  see  precocious  and  coofcl.  The 
vernacular  Ar.  name  is  mishmish,  mushmush,  > 
Pers.  mishmish;  Hind,  klmbdni.]    A  roundish, 


impulse,  repulsed]    1.  The  act  of  striking 
against  or  driving  upon  something;  active  or 
energetic  approach.  [Rare.] 
In  all  consonants  there  is  an  appulse  of  the  organs. 

Holder. 

2.  In  astron.,  the  approach  of  any  planet  to  a 
conjunction  with  the  sun  or  a  star. —  Sf.  A 
coming  to  land,  as  of  a  vessel :  as,  "the  appulse 
of  the  ark,"  J.  Bryant,  Mythol.,  II.  412. 

appulsion  (a-pul'shon),  n.    [<  L.  as  if  *appul- 

sio[n-),<.  appulsus:  see  appulse.]    The  act  of 

striking  against ;  collision ;  concussion ;  shock, 
appulsive  (a-pul'siv),  a.    [<  L.  appulsus:  see 

appulse  and'  -ivc.]     Striking  against;  impin- 
ging: as,  the  appulsive  ivAuence  of  the  planets, 
appulsively  (a-pul'siv-li),  adv.    By  appulsion. 
appurtenance  (a-per'te-nans),  n.    [Also,  less 

commonly,   appertenancc,    appcrtinence,  and, 

with  immediate  dependence  on  the  verb,  «j> 

pertainance,  q.  v. ;  <  ME.  appertenaunce,  ap- 

partenaunce,  but  earlier  and  usually  appur- 

tenaunce,  apportenauncc,   apurtcnaunce,  apor- 

tenaunce,  <  AF.  apurtenance,  OF.  apertenance, 

apartenance  =  Pr.  apartenensa  =  It.  apparte- 

nenza,  <  ML.  appertenentia,  <  LL.  appertinere, 

belong  to,  appertain:  see  appertain,  appurte- 
nant, and  -ancc.]    1.  The  act,  state,  or  fact  of 

appertaining. —  2.  That  which  appertains  or  be- 
longs to  something  else;  something  belonging 

to  another  thing  as  principal ;  an  adjunct ;  an 

appendage;  an  accessory:  as,  "appurtenances 

of  majesty,"  Barrow,  Sermons,  III.  xiv. 
The  Pope  with  his  appertinences  the  Prelates. 

Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  42. 

Revolutions  upon  revolutions,  each  attended  by  its  ap- 
purtenance of  proscriptions,  and  persecutions,  and  tests. 

Macaulay,  Hallam's  Const.  Hist. 

3.  Specifically,  in  laiv,  a  right,  privilege,  or  im- 
provement belonging  to  a  principal  property, 
as  a  right  of  pasture  in  a  common  attached 
to  an  estate,  outhouses,  gardens,  etc.,  attached 
to  a  mansion,  and  the  like. 

appurtenancet  (a-per'te-nans),  V.  t.  [<  appur- 
tenance, 71.]  'To  furnish  with  by  way  of  appur- 
tenance ;  supply  or  equip.    ,       ^  i    j  r> 

The  buildings  are  antient,  large,  strong,  and  fair,  and  kind,  Prunus  Armeniaca,  natural  order  MosaceW. 

appertenanced  with  the  necessaries  of  wood,  water,  fish-  Its  specific  name  is  due  to  the  belief  that  it  is  a  native  oi 

ing,  parks,  and  mills.        M.  Carew,  Survey  of  ComwalL  Armenia,  but  it  ifl  now  supposed  to  be  of  Chinese  origin. 


Apricot  [Prunus  Armeniaca). 


pubescent,  orange-colored  fruit,  of  a  rich  aro- 
matic flavor,  the  produce  of  a  tree  of  the  plum 


apricot 

It  grows  wild  in  the  Himalayas  ami  Northwestern  Prov- 
nces  of  India,  where  its  fruit  is  gatliered  in  great  quanti- 
ties Itwas  >ntroduced  into  England  in  1524,  by  the  garden- 
er of  Henry  VIII  The  tree  rises  to  the  height  of  from  15 
to  20  and  even  30  feet,  and  its  Howers  appear  before  its 
leaves  In  cultivation  it  is  often  propagated  by  budding 
upon  plum-stocks.  There  is  a  considerable  iiuinber  of  va 
rieties  some  of  them  with  sweet  keruels  which  may  be 
eaten  like  almonds.  The  wild  apricot  of  the  West  Indies 
IS  the  jM a minea  Americana;  that  of  Guiana,  the  Courou- 
ptta  GiuaiieiuiK.    Formerly  also  spelled  apricock 

April  (a  pril),  n.    [<  ME.  Aprile,  Aprille,  etc. 
(Ab.  rarely  AprcUs),  also  and  earlier  AveriL 
Averel,  Aceryllc,  <  OF.  Avrill,  F.  Avril  =  Pr.  Sp 
Pg.  Abril  z=  It.  Aprile  =  D.  Aiml  =  MHG 
Aprtlle,  Ahrille,  Abrelle,  Aprill,  G.  April  =  Dan.' 
bw.  A2)nl,  <  L.  Aprilis  (sc.  mcusis,  month), 
April;  usually,  but  fancifully,  regarded  as  if 
<  aperihs,  <  apenrc,  open,  as  the  month  when 
the  earth  'opens'  to  produce  new  fruits:  see 
apertent.'\    The  fourth  month  of  the  year  con- 
taining thirty  days,    with  poets,  April  is  the  type  of 
inconstancy,  from  the  changeableness  of  its  weather  _ 
April  fool.  See/ooZl. 
a  priori  (a  pri-6'ii).    [L.,  from  something  prior 
or  going  before:  d  for  ab,  from;  iwiori,  abl  of 
prior,  neut.  prius,  preceding:  see  iirior,  a^ 
hvora  the  former;  from  that  which  precedes- 
hence,  from  antecedent  to  consequent,  from  con- 
dition to  conditioned,  or  from  cause  to  effect 

tw^?.-^fi  fourteenth  century,  the  phrase  demomtratio  a 
jmon  (first  found  in  Albert  of  Saxony,  died  lauo)  has 
been  commonly  employed,  instead  of  the  earlier  expres- 
sion demoHstratio  propter  quid,  to  mean  proof  proceedine 
from  causes  or  first  principles:  opposed  to  rf<;)«(,nrf™(iS 
a  posteriori,  or  demomtratio  quia,  which  proceeds  from  ef- 
fect to  cause,  and  simply  proves  the  fact  without  show- 
ing why  It  must  be  as  it  is.  In  the  eighteenth  century  de- 
monstratio  a  priori  was  applied  to  reasoning  from  a  given 
notion  to  the  conditions  which  such  notion  involves  But 
since  Kant,  a  prion,  used  as  an  adjective  and  freouentlv 
ImcU  H^nnM  l^'^en 'applied  to  cog'iiitlo.i^ 

Jhii^  .'  ?''.°"Sh  they  may  come  to  us  in  experience,  have 
their  origin  m  the  nature  of  the  mind,  and  are  independent 
01  experience. 

Demonstration  is  perfect,  when  it  proceedeth  from  the 
proper  cause  to  the  effect,  called  of  the  scliolemen  ,! 
pi-wre.  Blundemllc,  Arte  of  Logicke  (1599),  vi.  19. 

Thus  when  we  argue  from  the  ideas  we  liave  of  immen- 
sity eternity,  necessary  existence,  and  the  like,  that  such 

?h  riP^n^if "  '  V"'.  "'"^  ^'^'"8.  ^>"1  thence  con? 
elude  that  there  can  be  but  one  supreme  God  this  is 
an  argument  a  priori.  '  '  •  '(fiark  f 

'"''^''^^  ^*  *he  same  time  bear  the  charac- 
ter of  an  inward  necessity,  must  be  independent  of  experi- 
ence-clear and  certain  by  themselves  They  are  there- 
fore called  a  a  while  that  which  is  simply  taken  from 
experience  is  said  to  be,  in  ordinary  parlance  known  a 
posteriori  or  empirically  only.  ' 

Kant,  Critique  of  Pure  Reason,  tr.  by  Max  MuUer. 
.  As  used  in  a  psychological  sense,  knowledge  a  posteriori 
IS  a  synonym  for  knowledge  empirical,  or  from  experience 
and  conse<,uently,  is  adventitious  to  the  mind,  as  subse- 
quent to,  and  m  consequence  of,  the  exercise  of  its  facul- 
caTled  likewr,'e  ^""^^l^dge  a  priori,  on  the  contrary, 
called  hkewisenat  ve,  pure,  or  transcendental  knowledge 
embraces  those  principles  which,  as  the  condition  of  the 
exercise  of  its  faculties  of  observation. and  tWlit  are 
consequently,  not  the  result  of  that  exercise  Tn  e  it  is 
that,  chronologically  considered,  onv  a  priori  is  not  ante 
cedent  to  our  a  posteriori  knowledge ;  fo^  thrintemal  con-" 
ditions  of  experience  can  only  operate  when  an  object  of 
experience  has  been  presented'  s"Hammon. 
^xi^SnS  of^nrt??^®""'  ^P'^'^sopl^er  who  believes  in  the 
teim  '  an  apAoS  ''''  ">e 

apriorism  (a-pri-o'rizm),  «.  [<  «  priori,  as  adi., 
-ism.\    1.  A  principle  assumed  as  if  known 
a  prion:  used  m  a  depreciatory  sense. 

sumotiour*^"'  «-pnom»t^,  .  pure  unproved  as- 
sumptions. American,  106. 

?v,„^  ^i'lT^  reasoning,  as  characteristic  of  a 
phase  of  thought  or  of  a  thinker. 

(a-pri-o'rist),  n.  [<  a  priori,  as  adj., 
+  -ist.-]  One  who  believes  in  the  existence  of 
a  prion  cognition  in  the  Kantian  sense  of  the 
.-erm.    bee  a  priori. 

This  will  be  disputed  by  the  apriorists. 

(t.  H.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  §  182 

aprioristic  (a-pri-o-ris'tik),  a.  l.  a  priori.— 
^.  Having  something  of  an  a  priori  character- 
&s  apnoristic  reasoning  or  tendencies.  [Eare.l 

apriority  (a-pri-or'i-ti),  n.  [<  a  priori  +  -ity.] 
■In  philos. ,  the  character  of  being  underived  fi-ora 
expenence,  or  of  being  a  priori. 

^  ^'^■P^'^^'ta).  «-  Pf-  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
Tthl  ^,  7®?f  "Proctous.  ]  One  of  two  divisions 
onue  Turbellana,  m  which  the  digestive  cavity 
IS  c^cal, having  no  anal  aperture:  contrasted 

Jfith  Froctucha.    See  cut  under  Dendrocoela. 
K     ■  (^Prok'tus),  a.     [<  NL.  aproctus,  < 
firfLt/'ir-  anus.]  Having  no  anus; 

spee^cally,  pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of 
one  Aprocta. 

Pla?vheto7n1hptT'^'"°°,\T'''''^  P^""^'^'^  ^  ^°stot  the 
e^^''s^et'deVrpS.'''°"°"'      ''''''  - 
Gegenbaur,  Comp.  Aaat.  (trans.),  p.  162, 


281 

apron  (a'prun  or  a'pcrn),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
aperii,  ajmrn,  earlier  napron,  whence,  by  misdi- 
viding  a  napron  as  an  apron,  the  loss  of  initial 
/'  ^fir."  auger,  orange,  ouch,  umpire,  etc., 

<  ME.  napron,  naprun,  napronne,  naperonn,  < 
.  nap>eron  (F.  napperon),  <  nape,  nappe  (F. 
nappe,  a  cloth,  table-cloth),  <  L.  mappa,  a 
cloth:  see  napery,  napkin,  and  map,']  1.  A 
piece  of  apparel  made  in  various  ways  for  cov- 
ering the  front  of  the  person  more  or  less  com- 
pletely. It  is  ordinarily  used  while  at  work  to  keep  the 
clothes  clean  or  protect  them  from  injury,  for  which  pur- 
pose It  is  made  of  cotton  or  linen,  or  for  blacksmiths 
shoemakers,  etc.,  of  leather.  Aprons  of  silk  or  other  flue 
material  are  sometimes  worn  by  ladies  as  an  article  of  dress 
or  lor  ornament.  An  apron  is  also  part  of  certain  official 
costumes,  as  that  of  an  English  bishop,  and  that  of  free- 
masons and  of  members  of  other  secret  or  friendly  societies 

^.  Anything  resembling  an  apron  in  shape  or 

"^'"^  leather  covering  used  to  protect  the  lower 
pai  t  of  the  person  while  riding  in  an  open  carriage,  (b)  A 

,nri^?^!H'"'  ^'''^f  ^  ^•<""<^='l  projection  on  thi 

under  side  used  to  cover  the  vent  in  heaty  guns  and  fleld- 

i^Hnk'nt^  '°  A  platform  or  flooring  of 

plank  at  the  entrance  of  a  dock;  the  sill,   (d)  In  cwrp 
the  sill  or  lower  part  of  a  window,   (e)  A  strip  of  lead 
which  directs  the  drip  of  a  wall  into  a  gutter.    ))  A  piece 
ri.  "n.lV"'  "'""^  *°  conduct  loose  moving  mate- 

na  past  an  opening,  as  grain  in  a  separator.   (7)  «heets 

tir  ecHnn'n^f        P'?'^!''  ^''y''S'>t^  and  at  the  in 

leisettion  of  dormer  windows  with  the  roof.    (A)  The  fat 

'?hr"r,"'''  °f  ^  Soose.    (Provincial^   (0  1,, 

dec^'noH^?,'''  °*  "^'^  brachyurous  or  short-tailed 

fnlrw,  so  <==i"ed  because  it  is 

nn  ?  Ji  ""^'r^"<l  f^Iosely  applied  to  the  thorax.  Its  width 
and  general  shape  often  distinguish  the  sexes. 
cS  In  ship-carp.,  a  piece  of  curved  timber 
placed  m  a  ship  just  above  the  foremost  end 
ot  the  keel,  to  join  together  the  several  pieces 
of  the  stem.  Also  called  stomach-piece.  See 
cut  under  stem.— 4..  In  7nech.,  the  piece  that 
holds  the  cutting-tool  of  a  plane.— 5.  Any 
device  for  protecting  a  surface  of  earth  from 
tlie  action  of  moving  water.  Examples  of  such  ■ 
devices  are  :  (a)  a  mattress  of  brushwood  and  lo-s  an 

of  Uie  cur'  e,,f  °';m  Vl"  "^'l^-'  "^^r-banks  from  {he  Sctfon 
of  the  curre I  t ;  (b)  the  planking  or  logs  placed  at  the  base 

M  ?hP  n,^?/''  P,;-'".f scour  of  the  waves  ; 
(c)  the  platform  which  receives  the  water  that  falls  over 
a  dam  or  through  a  sluice. 

^^"^./'^'P^^      a'pern),  v._  t.    [<  apron,  ».] 

tn 


apse-chapel 

II.  a.  Opportune;  seasonable;  to  the  pur- 
posej  pertinent;  happy:  as, an aprowos remark. 
n.  Pertinency.  [Rare.] 


Ill 


Aprosmictus  (ap-ros-mik'tus),  n.  [NL  <  Gr 
aniMjaiin<T„c,  not  associating,  isolated,  <  d-'priv' 
+  7rp(iff;i«(rof,  verbal  adj.  of  Trpnainyvivai,  mingle 
with,  associate,  <  izi>6(:,  by,  with,  +  iir/uwac 
mingle,  mix:  see  mix.]    A  genus  of  parra- 

v-?v/f  f  a'  "jel'.'.'les  ^-  erylhropleruH,  the  red-winged  par- 
akeet of  Australia,  and  A.  scapulatus,  the  king  parrakeet 
i-y  .some  the  nan,e  ,s  given  to  a  subgenus  of  Platiice^Z 
aprosopia  (ap-rp-so'pi-ii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  anp6- 
au-Koc,  without  a  face,  <  d-  priv.  H-  Trp/muTrov 
tace.]  In  tcratol.,  absence  of  the  greater  part 
of  the  face,  due  to  arrested  development  of  the 
mandibular  arch. 

aproterodont  (ap-ro-ter'6-dont),  a.    [<  Gr.  d- 
pnv.  +  Trpurepoc,  in  front',  +  bchlr  (ixhw-)  ="e 
toot//.]    In  hcrpet.,  having  no  front  teeth:  ap- 
plied to  the  dentition  of  serpents  whose  inter- 
maxillaries  are  toothless. 

aps  (aps),  n.  [A  dial,  form  of  aspi,  q.  v  ]  A 
common  name  for  white-poplar  wood,  used  for 
toys,  etc.  [Eng.] 
apse  (aps),  M.  [<  L.  aims,  in  the  architectural 
sense,  as  in  definition:  see  apsis.]  1.  In  arch  ■ 
(a)  Stnetly,  any  recess,  or  the  termination 
ot  a  building,  of  semicircular  plan,  covered 
by  a  semicircular  vault  or  semi-dome;  hence 
a  similar  feature  of  polygonal  plan,  (b)  jA 
ordinary  use,  the  termination  of  the  choir  or 


io  put  an  apron  on;  furnish  with  an  apron: 
cover  as  with  an  apron. 

The  cobbler  aproned  and  the  parson  gowned. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iv.  197. 
aproneert  (a-prun-er'),  n.    [<  apron  +  -eer.] 
Une  who  wears  an  apron ;  a  tradesman  or  shop- 
man; a  mechanic:  as,  "some  surly  aproneer," 
Bp.  Gauden,  Tears  of  the  Church,  p.  238 
apronylining  (a'prun-li"ning),  n.    In  joinery, 
the  piece  of  boarding  which  covers  the  roueh 
apron-pieee  of  a  staircase, 
apron-man  (a'prun-man),  n.  A  man  who  wears 
an  apron;  a  laboring  man  or  workman:  a 
waiter  or  bar-tender. 

You  have  made  good  work, 
You,  and  your  apron-men.  Skak.,  Cor.,  iv.  6. 

apron-piece  (a'prun-pes),  n.  In  joinery,  a  piece 
ot  timber  hxed  into  a  wall  and  projecting  hori- 
zontally, to  support  the  carriage-pieces  and 
joistmgs  in  the  half-spaces  or  landing-places 
ot  a  staircase.  Also  called  pitching-piece 
apron-roll  (a'prun-rol),  n.  In  mach.,  a  roll 
which  gives  motion  to  or  which  supports  a 
traveling  apron. 

The  upward  movement  of  the  drum  prevents  the  skin 
from  being  carried  around  the  inner  apron-roll 

C.  T.  Davis,  Leather,  p.  315. 
^P^^on-squiret,  n.  Same  as  apple-squire.  Nashe. 

aprpn-string  (a'prun-string),  n.  A  string  bv 
which  an  apron  is  attached  to  the  person 
Apron-string  hold,  in  law,  a  tenure  of  propefty  throuo^h 
one  s  wife,  or  during  her  lifetime  alone.-To  be  tied  to  a 
woman's  apron-strings,  to  be  bound  to  her  as  a  cWid 
IS  bound  to  its  mother ;  be  unable  to  break  away  from  er 
control  or  influence;  be  kept  subservient  to  her  caprice 
apropos  (ap-ro-p6' ),  ad«. ,  a. ,  and  M.  [<  P.  ^  pro- 
pos,  to  the  purpose:  d,  to,  with  reference  to, 
<.  U  ad,  to;  jyropos,  purpose,  <  L.  propositum, 
a  thing  proposed :  see  purpose  and  propose.] 
1.  To  the  pui-pose;  opportunely;  sea- 
sonably.—2.  With  reference  or  regard;  in  re- 
spect:  followed  by  o/. 

Suddenly,  and  A  propos  of  nothing,  asking  him  how  it 
was  possible  for  a  man  to  have  three  godmothere 

W.  Black,  Shandon  Bells,  xxxili 
3.  With  reference  to  that  (a  thing  just  men- 
tioned) ;  by  the  way:  used  absolutely,  to  intro- 
duce an  meidental  observation. 

Mr  Brown  is  now  busy  upon  his  work.  Apropos  I 
heard  very  lately  that  my  friend  was  the  author  of  that 
fine  little  pamphlet  that  has  so  irretrievably  spoilil  the 
ciedit  and  sale  of  that  vain  simple  book  of  Weston'r 

Warburton,  To  Hurd,  Letter  xvii. 


Apse.— Duomo  of  Pisa.  Italy. 

sanctuary  of  any  church,  particulariy  if  it  pre- 
sents a  superficial  resemblance  to  an  apse  in 
the  stricter  sense,  in  that  it  is  at  least  approxi- 
mately semicircular  in  plan,  and  vaulted  :  com- 
monly equivalent  to  chevet,  and  applied  to  the 
altar  extremity  of  a  chui-ch,  even  if  of  rectan- 
gular plan  and  not  vaulted,  and  including  the 
apse-aisles,  chapels,  and  any  other  adjunct  to 
the  ritual  east  end  of  a  church.  The  anse  in  it... 
origin  was  a  characteristic  feature  of  the  ancient  Roniin 
basilica,  in  which  it  formed  the  raised  tribu.S  the  cXt 
magistrates.  The  throne  of  the  quaestor  or  presi  li  ,<.  lud^e 

Wie  ,  fL".'"  -f  "^'^  "  '"•e  of  the  apse! 

When  the  basilicas  became  Christian  chu,-ches  the  throne 

Do'StlolJ'tn'?      "If  '"f"  stni  occ,?pie  this 

position  in  Latin  churches  of  the  strict  basilica  tvoe  and 

^hf,^.'r'^"^  ''IPV"  churches    .Some  types  of 

th^t  [egilar  y  have  secondary  apses  in  other  positions 
than  at  the  eastern  end,  as  at  the  western  end  at  the  ex- 
tremities  of  the  transepts  or  of  aisles,  etc.  See  cuts  under 
basthca  and  bema.  Also  apsis. 
2.  In  astron.,  same  as  apsis.  , 
apse-aisle  (aps'il),  n.  An  aisle  which  extends 
around  an  apse,  continuing  the  lateral  aisles 
or  the  choir,  or  choir-aisles. 


Apse-aisle.— Original  plan  of  Notre  Dame  Cathedral,  Paris. 


apse-chapel  (apE'chap'-'el),  n.  A  chapel  open- 
ing upon  an  apse  or  apse-aisle. 


apselaphesis 

apselaphesis  (ap-sel-a-fe'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a-  priv.  4-  il'r]%aipriaiQ,  feeling,  <  ■fr/Aaipav,  feel, 
grope,  touch,  connected  with  ^jrr/v,  touch,  rub.] 
In  pathoL,  diminution  or  loss  of  tactile  sensi- 
bility. 

apsidal  (ap'si-dal),  a.  [<  apsis  (ajisid-)  +  -al.'] 
1.  In  astroii.,  pertaining  to  the  apsides.  See 
ajtsis. —  2.  In  arch.,  of  or  relating  to  an  apse; 
of  the  nature  or  form  of  an  apse  ;  terminating 
in  an  apse. 

The  prothesis  and  diaconicon  [in  Armenian  cliurdiesl  are 
never  apsidal  on  the  ontside,  and  seldom  so  on  the  inside. 

J.  M.  Neate,  Eastern  Clinrch,  i.  174. 

Apsidal  chapel.  («)  A  i-hapel  terminating  in  an  apse. 
b)  An  apse-ehapel.  — Apsidal  surface,  in  )iinth..  a  sur- 
aee  related  to  any  other  surface  and  to  any  point  as  p'res- 
nel's  wave-surface  is  related  to  the  quadiic  Mufato  and 
to  its  center;  that  is  to  say,  on  each  iihine  section  of  an 
original  surface  through  a  certain  fixed  point  the  radii 
from  that  point  which  cut  the  section  orthogonally  are 
taken,  and  distances  equal  to  these  radii  are  measured  oft 
fiom  the  fixed  point  on  the  perpendicular  to  the  section  ; 
then  the  locus  of  the  extrenuties  of  these  lines  so  mea- 
sured is  the  apsidal  surface, 
apsidally  (ap'si-dal-i),  adv.  In  the  form  or 
manner  of  an  apse  ;  "with  an  apse. 

In  this  difficulty  the  architect  hit  upon  the  happy  ex- 
pedient of  finishing  the  roof  westwards  ajisiilall/i. 

Dean  Hvirson^  Handbook  of  Chester  Cathedral,  p.  40. 

apsides,  >t.    Plural  of  a2>sis. 

apsidiole  (ap-sid'i-61),  n.  [F.,  commonly  ahsi- 
diole,  <  NL.  *apsidiolu,  dim.  of  L.  apsis  (apsid-), 
apse.]  A  small  apse  ;  a  secondary  apse,  as  one 
of  the  apses  on  either  side  of  the  central  or 


Apsidioles.—  St.  Sernin,  Toulouse,  12th  century. 

main  apse  in  a  church  of  triapsidal  plan,  or  one 
of  the  apse-chapels  when  these  project  on  the 
exterior  of  the  church,  particularly  if  the  pro- 
jection resembles  an  apse  in  shape.  Also  writ- 
ten ahsidiole. 

apsis  (ap'sis),  pi.  apsides  (ap'si-dez).  [L. 
(pi.  apsides),  also  absis  (pi.  ahsides)  and  ahsida 
(pi.  ahsidm),  a  round  arch  or  vault,  the  circle 
which  a  star  describes  m  its  orbit,  a  bowl,  <  Gr. 
di/)if  (pi.  di/jiJEf),  a  loop,  wheel,  orbit,  etc.,  <  a~- 
reiv,  fasten,  bind:  see  apt.']  1.  In  astron.,  a 
point  in  the  eccentric  orbit  of  a  planet  in  which 
it  is  either  furthest  from  or  nearest  to  the  body 

about  which  it  revolves.  The  higher  apsis  is  the 
point  furthest  from,  and  the  lower  apsis  the  point  nearest 
to,  the  central  body.  The  line  of  apsidi'S  is  the  line  join- 
ing the  apsides.  These  terms  were  originally  applied  to 
circular  orbits,  but  are  now  extended  to  ellipses.  Also 
apse. 

2.  In  arch.,  same  as  apse. —  3.  A  reliquary  or 
case  in  which  the  relics  of  saints  are  kept, 
especially  one  of  a  form  imitating  the  curves 
of  a  dome  or  vault. 

Sometimes  written  aisis. 

apsychical  (ap-si'ki-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 
ilivxiKoc,  of  the  mind  or  soul :  see  a-l8  and  psychi- 
cal.'] 1.  Not  psychical ;  not  mental  or  spirit- 
ual.— 2.  Not  involving  conscious  mental  ac- 
tion ;  not  controlled  by  the  mind. 

apt  (apt),  a.  [<  F.  apte  =  Pr.  aiAe  =  Sp.  Pg. 
apto  =  It.  atto,  <  L.  ajittis,  fit,  fitted,  prop.  pp. 
of  obs.  apere,  fasten,  join  (whence  the  incep- 
tive apisci,  pp.  ajjtus,  reach  after,  try  to  seize), 
=  Gr.  dTTTOv,  fasten,  bind.]  1.  Possessing  the 
qualities  necessary  or  proper  for  a  certain  pur- 
pose or  end;  fit;  suited;  adapted;  suitable. 

AU  the  men  of  might,  .  .  .  strong  and  apt  for  war. 

2  Ki.  xxiv.  16. 

In  woode  and  stone,  not  the  softest,  but  hardest,  be  al- 
waies  aptest.  Ascham,  The  Seholemaster,  p.  35. 

No  man  that  putteth  his  hand  to  the  plough,  and  looketh 
back,  Is  apt  for  the  kingdom  of  God. 

Latimer,  Sermon  of  the  Plough. 


282 

The  hands  that  have  grasped  dominion  and  held  it  have 
been  large  and  hard ;  those  from  which  it  has  slipped, 
delicate,  and  apt  for  the  lyre  and  the  pencil. 

Loii'cll,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  251. 

2.  Suited  to  its  purpose ;  apposite  ;  pertinent ; 
appropriate;  becoming:  as,  an  ajji  metaphor. 

Such  apt  and  gracious  words, 
That  aged  ears  play  truant  at  his  tales. 
And  younger  hearings  are  quite  ravished. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  ii.  1. 
Expert 

In  fitting  aptest  words  to  things. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriani,  Ixxv. 
Ludicrous  yet  aj't  citations 
Of  barbarous  law  Latin. 

Wliittier,  Bridal  of  Pennacook. 

3.  Having  a  tendency ;  naturally  susceptible ; 
liable ;  likely  :  as,  wheat  on  moist  land  is  aj^t 
to  blast  or  be  winter-killed. 

It  [the  harbor)  is  gay  with  hundreds  of  small  boats,  .  .  . 
apt  to  be  painted  green  and  adoi-ncd  with  pictures. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  135. 

4.  Inclined ;  predisposed ;  disposed  customa- 
rily;  prone;  ready :  as,  one  who  is  too  apt  to 
slander  others. 

Tis  time  my  hard-mouth'd  coursers  to  control, 
Apt  to  run  riot,  and  transgress  the  goal. 

Dry  den,  Pythag.  Philos.,  1.  669. 
AVliat  makes  you  thoughtless  in  your  conduct,  and  apt  to 
run  into  a  thousand  little  imprudencesV 

Sheridan,  .School  for  Scandal,  iv.  3. 

5.  Ready;  prompt;  quick;  unusually  intelli- 
gent; expert;  facile;  as,  a  pupil  apt  to  learn; 
an  apt  wit. 

Strong,  supple,  sinew-corded,  apt  at  arms. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  v. 
An  apt  taster  knows  which  wine  has  the  novel  flavor. 

Stedman,  Poets  of  America,  p.  289. 

6.  Prepared;  ready;  willing. 

Live  a  thousand  years, 
I  shall  not  find  myself  so  apt  to  die. 

Shah.,  J.  C,  iii.  1. 

The  paymaster  and  the  attorney  stood  at  hand  apt  with 
suggestions.  C.  J.  Bellamy,  The  Breton  Mills,  xiv. 

7t.  Capable  of  easy  explanation;  natural; 
credible. 

That  Cassio  loves  her,  I  do  well  believe  it ; 

That  she  loves  him,  'tis  apt,  and  of  great  credit. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  1. 
=  Syn.  1.  Apt,  Fit.  "The  words  apt  and  fit  might  be 
thought  to  differ  only  in  this,  that  the  former  is  of  Latin 
derivation ;  but  apt  has  an  active  sense,  and. /if  a  passive 
sense,— a  distinction  clearly  shown  by  Shakspere,  when 
the  poisoner  in  the  play  in  Hamlet  says, '  hands  ajJt,  drugs 
fit,'  and  by  Wordswortli :  '  Our  hearts  more  apt  to  sympa- 
thize with'heaven,  our  souls  niore./i?  for  future  glory.'"  //. 
Reed,  Eng.  Lit.,  p.  106.— 2.  Meet,  fitting,  germane,  appro- 
priate.—3  and  4.  Apt,  Likely,  Li, tide,  Stiliject,  prone. 
Apt,  when  used  in  this  sense  of  persons,  indicates  physical 
tendency  or  inward  inclination  :  as,  apt  to  catch  cold  ;  apt 
to  neglect  work ;  when  used  of  things,  it  similarly  indi- 
cates "natural  tendency :  as,  apt  to  mold.  Likchi  may  sug- 
gest the  same  idea:  as,  he  is  likely  to  do  it;  it  is  Uh'ty  to 
rust ;  or  it  may  express  mere  external  probability  or 
chance  :  as,  he  is  likely  to  come  at  any  moment.  Liable 
in  this  connection  is  properly  used  only  of  exposure  to 
evil,  being  practically  ecpuvalcnt  to  exposed,  or  exposed 
to  the  danger  of:  as,  liable  to  accident;  liable  to  be  hurt, 
that  is,  exposed  to  the  danger  of  being  luirt ;  liable  to 
censure:  in  such  use  it  does  not  express  probability  or 
tendency,  but  merely  the  possibility  of  exposure  or  risk. 
Subject  expresses  what  is  likely  to  happen  to  a  person  or 
thing,  and  occasionally  does  happen.  Liable  to  disease 
and  subject  to  disease  thus  convey  different  ideas.  Tlie 
things  to  which  we  are  liable  are  determined  more  by 
accident  or  circumstance  ;  the  things  to  which  we  are 
subject  are  determined  by  nature  and  constitution.  Apt 
to  be  suddenly  ill;  liable,  but  not  likely,  to  die  before  the 
physician  arrives  ;  subject  to  attacks  of  epilepsy. 
How  apt  the  poor  are  to  be  proud  ! 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  1. 

It  is  the  duty  of  practical  good  sense  to  bear  in  mind 
that  a  certain  result,  though  not  certain  to  happen,  is 
likely  to  happen,  and  that  no  wise  man  will  put  that  likeli- 
hood out  of  sight,     i'.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  212. 

Till  that  hour 
Not  liable  to  fear,  or  flight,  or  pain. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  397. 
All  human  things  are  subject  to  decay, 
And  when  fate  summons,  monarchs  must  obey. 

Dryden,  Mac  Flecknoe,  1.  1. 

5.  Clever,  bright,  dexterous, 
aptt  (apt),  V.  t.    [<  L.  aptare,  fit,  adapt,  accom- 
modate, adjust,  <  aptus,  fit,  etc. :  see  apt,  a.]  To 
prepare  for  a  definite  service;  fit;  suit  for  an- 
ticipated circumstances ;  adapt. 

If  he  be  mine,  he  shall  follow  and  observe  what  I  will 
apt  him  to.  B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  i.  1. 

That  our  speech  be  apted  to  necessary  edification. 

Jer.  Taylor. 

He  takes  his  top-sail  down  in  such  rough  storms, 
And  apts  his  sails  to  airs  more  temperate. 
Chapman  and  Shirley,  Chabot,  Admiral  of  France,  i. 

aptablet  (ap'ta-bl),  a.  [<  LL.  aptaUUs,  <  L. 
aptare,  adapt  :"see  apt,  v.,  and  -able.]  Capable 
of  being  fitted  or  adapted.  Sherwood. 

aptatet  (ap'tat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  aptatus,  pp.  of  ap- 
tare, adapt:  see  apt,  v.]    To  make  fit. 

Aptenodytes  (ap'^te-no-di'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ciTTT^,  wingless  (<  d-  priv.  +  KTip^dg,  winged,  < 


Apteryx 

mreadai,  Trrfjvai,  fly),  +  '^i^rr/g,  diver,  <  (ii'^etv, 
dive,  sink.]  A  genus  of  penguins,  formerly  co- 
extensive with  the  family  Sphcniscidw,  and  giv- 
ing name  to  a  family  Aptcnodytidw,  but  now 
usually  restricted  to  two  large  species,  the  em- 
peror and  king  penguins,  A.  impcrator  and  A. 
rex,  or  A.  forsteri  and  A.  pennanti,  distinguished 
from  all  others  by  their  great  size  and  long, 
slender,  somewhat  curved  bill.  Both  were  for- 
merly called  the  great  or  Patagonia  penguin, 
A.  patachonica.  Also  Apteiiodyta  and  Aptero- 
dyta. 

Aptenodytidae  (ap'te-no-dit'i-de),  w.jjL  [NL., 

<  Aptcnodytcs  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  birds,  the 
penguins,  named  from  the  genus  Aptciiodytes : 
sjmonymous  with  Spheniscida:  (which  see). 

Aptera  (ap'te-ra),  w.  pi.  [NL.  (<  Gr.  a-n-repa, 
animals  without  wings,  airTepov,  the  class  of 
such  animals — Aristotle),  neut.  pi.  of  aptcrus, 

<  Gr.  d/TTcpof,  wingless :  see  apterous.]  'hizool., 
a  group  to  which  various  limits  have  been  as- 
signed, (a)  In  the  Linnean  system  of  classification,  the 
seventh  and  last  order  of  Inseeta,  including  "  insects"  with- 
out wings,  that  is,  crustaceans,  arachnidans,  myriapods, 
etc.  In  1795  it  was  divided  by  Latreille  into  seven  or- 
ders: Sttctoria,  Thysanura,  Parasita,  Acephala,  Entomos- 
traca,  Crtistacea,  and  Myriapoda.  (b)  In  Latreille's system 
of  classification  (1817),  the  fourth  of  nine  orders  of  Inseeta, 
including  "  wingless  forms  without  gnathites,"  and  con- 
taining only  the  fieas ;  the  Suctoria  of  De  Geer,  the  Sipho- 
naptera  of  Latreille,  the  Aphaniptera  of  Kirby  and  modern 
writers.  Used  in  this  sense  also  by  Macleay  and  others, 
(c)  Loosely  applied  to  sundry  groups  of  wingless  insects 
besides  fleas,  as  to  the  haustellate  and  mandibulate  lice, 
the  thysanurous  insects,  etc.  (rf)  In  Gegenbaur's  system  of 
classification,  one  of  the  two  prime  divisions  of  Hcxapoda 
or  Inseeta  (the  other  being  Pterygota),  consisting  of  the 
two  orders  C()He?n6o/a  and  Thysanura,  containing  all  ap- 
terous ametabolons  insects  of  such  forms  as  Podura  and 
Lipura,  Campodea  and  Lepisma,  etc.  The  name  is  practi- 
cally synonymous  with  Ametabola  (which  see). 

apteral  (ap'te-ral),  a.  [As  apterous  +  -al.]  1. 
Destitute  of  wings. —  2.  Inarch.,  applied  to  a 
temple  or  other  building  which  has  no  columns 
on  the  flanks,  but  may  have  a  portico  at  one  or 
at  each  end :  opposed  to  pci-ipteral,  surrounded 
by  columns.    See  prostyle  and  ampliixirostyle. 

apteran  (ap'te-ran),  w.  [As  apterous  +  -an.] 
A  wingless  insect;  one  of  ih.e  Aptera. 

apteria,  n.    Plural  of  apterium. 

apterial  (ap-te'ri-al),  a.  [<  apterium  +  -al.] 
In  ornith.,  pertaining  to  an  apterium,  or  to  ap- 
teria. 

apterium  (ap-te'ri-um),  M. ;  pi.  apteria  (-a). 
LNL.,<Gr.  anTepoc,  without  feathers:  see  ap- 
terous.] In  orniih.,  a  tract  or  space  on  the 
skin  of  a  bird  where  no  feathers  grow ;  an  un- 
feathered  tract,  in  distinction  from  a  feather- 
tract  or  pteryla  (which  see).  Nitssch;  Sunde- 
vall. 

apterous  (ap'te-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  apterus,  <  Gr. 
aTTTcpog,  wingless,  without  feathers,  <  d-  priv. 
+  TTTepov,  a  wing,  feather,  =  E.  feather.]  1.  In 
sodl.:  («)  Wingless;  having  no  wings:  applied 
both  to  wingless  insects  belonging  to  winged 
groups,  and  to  the  wingless  stage  of  winged 
insects.  (&)  Specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Aptera. —  2.  In  bat.,  destitute  of  membra- 
nous expansions,  as  a  stem  or  petiole :  opposed 
to  alate. 

Apteryges  (ap-ter'i-jez),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  pi.  of 

Apteryx.]  A  superfamily  group,  made  by  New- 
ton an  order,  of  ratite  birds,  based  upon  and  in- 
cluding only  the  family  Apterygidce  (which  see). 

Apterygia  (ap-te-rij'i-a),  w.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
d-  priv.  +  TTTEphyiov,  a  wing,  fin:  see  Pterygia.] 
A  group  of  mollusks,  containing  all  gastropods 
with  an  intromittent  male  organ,  and  contrast- 
ing with  the  Pterygia,  composed  of  the  cephalo- 
pods  and  pteropods.    Latreille,  1825. 

apterygian  (ap-te-rij'i-an),  a.  [<  Gr.  cnrTepvyog, 
wingless  (see  Apteryx),  +  -ian.]  1.  "Wingless; 
apterous. —  2.  Pertaining  to  the  genus  Apteryx, 
or  to  the  family  Apterygidce. 

Apterygidae  (ap-te-rij'i-de),  w.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ap- 
teryx  {Aptcryg-)  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  ratite  or 
struthious  birds,  of  the  subclass  Batitce  and 
suborder  or  superfamily  Apteryges,  constituted 
by  the  single  genus  Apteryx.  it  is  characterized  by 
the  rudimentary  condition  of  the  wings  and  tail,  4-toed 
feet,  very  long  slender  hill  with  terminal  nostrils,  and  many 
anatomical  peculiarities,  among  them  a  better  develop- 
ment of  the  diaphragm  than  in  any  other  bird. 

Apteryginae  (ap"te-ri-ji'ne),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ap- 
teryx {Apteryg-)  +  -inw.]  The  only  subfamily 
of  the  family  A2)terygidce.    G.  B.  Gray,  1840. 

Apteryx  (ap'te-riks),  n.  [NL.  (cf.  Gr.  oTrre- 
pvjog,  wingless),  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  +  Trrepv^ (wrepvy-), 
a  wing,  <  ■KTep6v,  a  wing,  =  'E.  feather.]  1.  A 
genus  of  ratite  birds,  constituting  the  family 
Apterygidce.  There  are  several  species  or  varieties,  all 
inhabiting  New  Zealand,  of  which  A.  australis  has  been 


Apteryx 


longest  and  best  known  ;  A.  mantelli  inhabits  Stewart 
Island,  and  A.  oiceiii  the  South  Islaiul.  All  are  known  as 
kiwis,  kiwi-kiwis, 


283 


or  kivi-kivis,  from 
their  cry.  Also,  im- 
properly, Apternyx 
and  Apternix. 

2.  [l.c.l  A  bird 
of  this  genus ; 
a  kiwi  (whicli 
see), 
aptha  (ap'tha), 
ti.    See  aphtha. 

aptitude  (ap'ti- 
tud),  n.  [=F. 
aptitude,  <  ML. 
aptitudo,  <  L. 
aptus,  apt,  fit: 
see  apt,  a.  Cf. 
attitude,  whieli 
is  a  doublet  of 
aptitude.']  1. 
The  state  or 
quality  of  being 

apt  or  fit  for  or  suited  to  a  purpose,  place,  or 
situation;  fitness;  suitableness. 
Aptitude  .  .  .  for  the  end  to  which  it  was  aimed. 

Decai/  of  ChrUt.  Piety. 

2.  A  natural  tendency  or  acquired  inclination ; 

both  capacity  and  propensity  for  a  certain 

course:  as,  oil  has  an  aptitude  to  burn;  men 

acqiure  an  aptitude  to  particular  vices. 

He  that  is  about  children  should  learn  their  nature  and 
aptitudes.  -  j,^^;^^^ 

The  Americans  have  at  all  times  sho\vn  a  remarkable 
aptitude  for  the  sea-faring  life,  and  they  did  not  wait  for 
the  Declaration  of  Independence  to  take  measm'es  for  the 
construction  of  an  independent  navy. 

Lechj,  Eng.  in  ISth  Cent.,  xiv. 

3.  _  Eeadiness  in  learning;  teachableness; 
quickness  to  understand  and  acquire;  intelli- 
gence; talent. 

He  was  a  boy  of  remarkable  ajMtude.  Macautaij. 
=  SyTl.  Faculty,  Capaeiti/.  etc.  See  ijenius. 
aptitudinal  (ap-ti-tu'di-nal),  a.  [<  ML.  apti- 
tudo  (aptitudiu-)  +  -al:  see  aptitude.]  1.  Re- 
lating to  an  aptitude  or  aptitudes.—  2.  Existino- 
in  possibility  or  capacity  merely.  [Rare.]  — 
Aptitudinal  relation,  a  relation  which  does  not  riMiuire 
the  correlate  to  exist  actually,  but  only  potentially ;  as  for 
example,  the  relation  of  a  desire  to  its  object. 

aptitudinally  (ap-ti-tu'di-nal-i),  adv.  In  an 
aptitudinal  manner;  in  a  way  which  reveals 
aptitude. 

aptly  (apt'li),  adv.    In  an  apt  or  suitable  man- 
ner, (a)  With  exact  correspondence ;  with  fitness ;  justly. 
I  have  forgot  your  name  ;  but.  sure,  that  part 
Was  aptly  fitted,  and  naturally  perforin  d. 

Sliak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  i. 

(b)  Suitably;  appropriately:  of  language,  pertinently  an- 
positely,  or  significantly.  ^ 

Irenteus  very  aptly  remarks.  Addison. 
Words  aptly  cull'd  and  meanings  well  express'd 
Can  calm  the  sorrows  of  a  wounded  breast. 

Crab/jt;  The  Village. 

(c)  Keadily ;  quickly ;  cleverly :  as,  to  learn  ajjtlH 
aptness  (apt'nes),  )(.    The  state  or  quality  of 

bemg  apt,  in  any  sense  of  that  word. 

The  aptness  of  things  to  their  end.  Hooker. 
What  should  be  the  aptness  of  birds,  in  comparison  of 
beasts,  to  imitate  speech  may  be  inquired.  Bacon. 
At  his  first  aptiiess,  the  maternal  love 
Those  rudiments  of  reason  did  improve. 

Dryden,  Eleonora,  1.  218. 

AptorniS  (ap-tor'nis),  n.  [NL.,  short  for  *ap- 
terornis,  <  Gr.  a-Tepog,  wingless  (see  apterous), 
+  opvL^,  a  bii-d:  see  ornithology.']  A  genus  of 
recently  extinct  ralliform  birds,  probably  of 
the  family  Rallidce,  related  to  the  extant  genus 

Oci/dromus.  its  remains  are  found  in  New  Zealand  with 
those  of  the  moa.  A.  defossoi-  and  A.  otidi/onnis  are  two 
species  descriljed  by  Owen  in  1871. 

a'PtoSOChromatism  (ap-t6"s6-kr6'ma-tizm),  n. 
[<  Gr  a--wf  (a-TuT-),  not  falling  off  (ef.  d-rcjaia, 
stabihty,  firmness :  see  aptote),  +  chroniatisni.] 
in  ornith.,  change  of  color  of  the  plumage  with- 
out loss  or  gain  of  any  feathers.  Coues. 

aptote  (ap'tot),  n.  [<  LL.  aptotum,  only  in  pi. 
aptota,  <  Gr.  a-mrov,  neut.  of  a-Turog,  without 
ease,  undeclined,  also  as  i-rug  (i-rur-),  not  fall- 
ing, <  a-  pnv.  +  TTTUToc,  verbal  adj.  of  ttittteiv, 
tall,  whence  also  -rCiGig,  case,  inflection.]  In 
gram,  a  noun  which  has  no  distinction  of  cases : 
an  indeclinable  noun. 

aptotic  (ap-tot'ik),  «.  [<  ajytote  +  4c.]  1.  Of 
or  pertammg  to  an  aptote ;  having  no  deelen- 
•  Uninfleeted:  having  no  grammatical 
Hmections:  said  of  certain  languages. 

^jPjychus  (ap'ti-kus),  n.;  pi.  aptychi  (-M). 
LJNL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  -f-  Trrvxr/,  a  fold,  <  Trnansiv, 
loid  J  In  Cephalopoda,  a  plate  formed  of  a 
saeuy  substance,  found  in  the  terminal  cham- 


.^f's  glacialis.—A,  lateral  view, 
the  right  half  of  the  carapace-  cut 
away;  ^.dorsal  view;  jr.  shcll-jland  ; 
y,  caudal  filaments;  lb.  labrum  ;  cs 
cephalostegite,  separated  at  si  (roiii 
the  rest  of  the  carapace,  or  omoste- 
gite  ;  21  to  26,  the  six  simple  somites 
preceded  by  twenty  pedijjerous  so- 
mites bearin?  the  foliaceous  swiiii- 
ming-feet ;  A  eye  ;  //,  antennule  ; 
//^(or  lb),  labrum. 


ber  of  certain  fossil  mollusks,  as  ammonites, 
and  regarded  by  some  as  an  operculum,   it  was 

formerly  considered  to  be  one  of  tlie  parts  of  dilfereiit 
animals  called  trigonellites,  lepadites,  etc. 

The  Aptychi  .  .  .  occupy  the  middle  of  the  posterior 
wall  of  the  terminal  cliamljer  of  the  Ammonite,  and  have 
their  bases  towards  its  mouth.  Nothing  is  certainly 
known  as  to  the  iiatm-e  of  the  Aptychi  or  Anaptyclii. 

Huxley,  Aiiat.  Invert.,  p.  45Q. 

Apulian  (a-pii'li-an),  a.  [<  L.  Apulia,  Appulia, 
+  -«'/.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  region  called- 
Apulia,  in  southern  Italy,  or  to  its  inhabitants. 

In  Koman  tunes  Apulia  included  tlie  region  between  the 
Apennines  and  the  Adriatic,  south  of  the  Frentani  and 
east  of  Samimim,  and  later  also  the  Messapian  peninsula 
Modern  Apulia  comprises  the  provinces  Foggia,  Bari  ami 
Lecce. 

A  hill  in  the  midst  of  the  Aimlian  plain. 

Encye.  Brit.,  XV.  39. 
Apulian  pottery,  a  name  given  to  the  Italo-Greek  pot- 
tery fuinul  in  Apulia  and  southeastern  Italy  generally 
especially  to  the  vases  with  red  figures  on  a  lustrous  black 
ground,  someof  the  most  important  examples  of  which  are 
from  this  region. 
Apus  (a'pus),  n.  [NL. ,  <  Gr.  arror?,  without  feet : 
see  apod,  Apoda,  etc.]    1.  One  of  the  southern 
constellations  form- 
ed in  the  sixteenth 
century,  probably 
by  Petrus  Tlieoilori*; 
the  Bird  of  Paradise. 
It  is  situated  sontli  of  tlie 
Triangulum  Australe, 
and  its  brightest  star  is 
of  the  fourth  magnitude. 
2.  A  genus  of  brap- 
ehiopodous  or  phyl- 
lopodous  entomos- 
tracous  crustace- 
ans, tyiiieal  of  the 
family  Apwdidce  or 
Apusidw:  named  (in 
the  form  Apous)  by 
Frisch  in  1732.  Like 
nearly  all  aninuils  which 
have  been  miscalled  Apo- 
da  or  Apodes  (footless), 
tliey    have    feet,  these 
organs    in   the  phyllo- 
pods  ranging  from  11  to 
60  pairs.    The  genus  is 
characterized  by  a  large 
shield-like  carapace,  or 
ceplialothorax    in  one 
piece,  covering  most  of 

the  animal.     .1.  cancriformis,  called  the  crab-shelled 
shrimp,  IS  2  or  :i  inches  long,  and  is  noted  for  its  repeated 
molts  (It  sheds  its  skin  twenty  times  in  two  or  three 
months),  and  for  the  vast  numerical  preponderance  of  the 
females,  the  males  having  been  only  recently  discovered 
3.  In  ornith.:  («)  A  genus  of  birds,  of  the  fam- 
ily Cypselidcc,  established  by  Scopoli  in  1777- 
equivalent  to  Cypseh(»oi  Illiger,  1811.  (b)  [/.  c.j 
The  specific  name  of  the  common  swift  of  Eu- 
rope, Cypselus  apus.— 4:.  [I.  c. ;  pi.  api  (a'pi).] 
In  teratol.,  a  monster  destitute  of  posterior 
limbs,  while  the  anterior  are  well  formed. 
Apusidae  (a-pii'si-de),  u.pl.  [NL.,  irreg.  i  Apus 
+  -idee:  so  foi-med  to  make  literal  distinction 
from  Apodidw.]    Same  as  Apodidw. 
Apygia  (a-pij'i-a),  «.  2>l.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  6-  priv 
+  TTvyr/,  buttock.]    An  order  of  Bracltiopoda : 
a  S3Tionym  of  Arthropomata  (which  see). 
Apjnrensemata  (a-pi-re-ne'ma-ta),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  apyrememutus :  see  apyrenematous.] 
A  division  of  animals  including  those  in  which 
the  blood-corpuscles  are  not  nucleated;  those 
animals  which  have  blood-disks  as  distinguished 
from  nucleated  cells  of  the  blood.  The  term  is 

practically  the  same  in  application  as  Mammalia  though 
nuclei  have  been  discovered  in  the  form-elements  of  the 
biDOd  of  a  few  mammals. 

apyrenematous  (a-pi-re-nem'a-tus),  a.  [<  NL. 
ajnjrciuvniatus,  <  Gr.  i-  priv."+  pyrenamatus : 
see  rt-18  and  pyrenematous.]  Not  pyrenema- 
tous;  having  blood  which  contains 'disks,  or 
non-nucleated  corpuscles,  as  a  mammal. 
ap3rretic  (ap-i-ret'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-vpeTog,  with- 
out fever,  <  n-  priv.  +  ^vperor,  fever.  Cf.  a/»/- 
rexia.]  Without  pyrexia  or  fever:  specifically, 
m  pathoL,  applied  to  those  days  in  which  tlie 
intermission  of  fever  occurs  in  agues,  and  also 
to  local  affections  which  are  not  accompanied 
with  fever. 

apyrexia  (ap-i-rek'si-a),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  a-vpe^ia, 
absence  of  fever,  <  a-vpi^KTOQ,  without  fever,  <  a- 
priv.  +  *-i'pE/crdf,  verbal  adj.  of  -vpeaaeiv,  be  in 
a  fever,  <  -vperdc,  fever:  see  pyretic,  and  cf. 
apyretic]  The  absence  or  intermission  of  py- 
rexia or  fever;  the  interval  between  the  parox- 
ysms in  intermittent  fevers.  Also  apyrexy. 
apyrexial(ap-i-rek'si-al),fi!.  [<  apyrexia  + -al] 
Relating  to  or  characterized  bv  apyrexia ;  aBV- 
retie.  -  j 

apyrexy  (ap'i-rek-si),  n.   Same  as  apyrexia. 


aquage 

ap3n:otype  (a-pl'ro-tip),  «.  [<  Gr.  arrvpoc,  with- 
out fire  (see  apyrous),  +  type,  q.  v.]  Printing- 
type  produced  without  heat,  as  by  means  of  dies 
and  pressure,  instead  of  by  casting  in  mold.'--, 
apyrous  (a-pi'rus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-vpoc,  without 
fire,  <  u.  pnv.  +  Trip,  fire,  =  E.  ftre:  see  fire  and 
pyre.]  Incombustible,  or  capable  of  sustain- 
ing a  strong  heat  without  alteration  of  foi-m  or 
properties,  as  a.sbestos,  mica,  and  talc.  Apyrous 

bodies  dirter  from  refractory  ones  in  remaining  unchanged 
even  under  extreme  heat,  while  the  latter  may  be  altered 
even  though  not  fiLsed  by  fire. 

aq.  In  phar.,  an  abbreviation  of  aqua. 
aqua  (a'kwji),  n.  [L.  (>  It.  acqua  =  Sp.  Pg 
agua  =  F.  eau),  =  Goth,  ahwa,  river,  =  OHG. 
aha,  MHG.  ahe  (G.  Aa,  the  name  of  several 
rivers;  =  OS.  aha  =  AS.  cd  (for  *eah :  see  ci/, 
island),  water,  river,  =  OFries.  d,  c  =  leel.  d 
water,  liver,  =  Sw.  «  =  Dan.  aa,  a  brook.]  1.' 
Water:  a  word  much  used  in  medical  pre- 
scnptious  written  in  Latin,  and  in  phamiacy 
generally,  also  in  old  chemistrj-,  to  denote  a 
solution,  or  menstruum  of  water.— 2  In  anat 
some  watery  fluid  or  humor.- Aqua  ammcniae  a 

solution  of  ammonia  gas  in  water,  having  the  du  niical 
properties  <,f  an  alkali  hydrate.-  Aquse  ductus  et  aquae 
naustUS  (conducting  of  water  and  drawing  of  water)  in 
Jicols  law,  two  servitudes,  the  former  consisting  in  a  ri'dit 
of  carrying  a  watercourse  through  the  grounds  of  another 
and  the  latter  of  watering  cattle  at  a  river,  well  or  n,md 
in  the  gTound  of  another.  — Aqua  fortis  (strong  water)  a 
name  given  to  weak  and  impure  nitric  acid.  Double  a,  ua 
:  Joi-tis  contains  twice  as  much  acid  as  single  atiua  fortis 
—  Aqua  labyrinthi,  the  fluid  of  the  labyrinth  of  tlie 
ear;  the  perilymph,  aquula  acustica,  or  lifjuor  Cotunnii  — 

Aqua  manna.    .See  a >piamarijie.— Aqua,  mirabiiis 

(wonderful  water),  (a)  A  preparation  of  tdi.ves,  galangSs 
cubebs  mace  cardamoms,  nutmegs,  ginger,  and  spirit  of 
wine,  digested  twenty-four  hours,  then  distilled.  Johnson 
(6  A  carminative  cordial  jiiepared  from  oil  of  pimento 
(allspice):  also  called  spiritus  pivientce.  DuiiqtUon.— 
Aqua  Worgagni.  Same  as  liquor  Morganui  (wjiicli  see 
under  -Aqua  regia  or  aqua  regaUs  (royal  wa- 

l-,^'hV.'''''r  inixtiire  of  one  part  of  nitric  acid 

and  thiee  to  four  parts  of  bydr.jchloricacid,  from  its  power 
^l,n,',f  ?  7'"'  Aqua  Tofana.  a  poisonous  fluid  made 

about  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century  by  a  woman  of 
Palermo  named  Tofana  or  Tortana,  «ho  confessed  that  no 
fewer  than  bOO  persons  had  been  killed  with  it.  It  con- 
sisted chiefly.  It  is  supposed,  of  a  strong  solution  of  arsenic 
obtained  by  a  long  boiling  of  itsoxid.  Also  called  aquetta 
-Aqua  Vltae  (water  of  life),  an  old  name  for  alcohol' 
now  familiarly  applied  to  native  distilled  spirits 

aquaeductus  (a-kwe-duk'tus),  11.  [L. :  see  aque- 
duct.] In  anat.,  a  canal  or  channel  conveying 
a  fluid,  or  supposed  to  do  so.  Also  aqueductus. 
—  AquaductUS  cochleae,  the  aipieduct  of  the  cechlea 
a  minute  venous  channel  in  the  temporal  bone,  running 
f  om  the  scala  tympam  of  the  cochlea  to  a  point  jiist  below 
the  internal  auditory  meatus.  -  Aquaeductus  FaUopii 
theaqueduct  of  Fallnpius,  a  channel  thrnugl,  the  tfmporai 
n  ^";V  H ""5  ,*"ternal  auditory  meatus  and  end- 
ing at  the  stylomastoid  tcramen,  transmitting  the  facial 
nerve.-AqusedUCtUsSylvli,the  a<nieductof  Sylvius  the 
channel  of  comniunication  between  the  third  and  fourth 
ventricles  of  the  brain.    Also  called  iter  a  tertio  ad  nuar- 

Z'!!,^^!'JV  .T'~^^^^^^^^^^  vestlbuli,  a  small  canal 
running  from  the  vestilnile  ,.t  the  ear  to  the  posterior  sur- 
tace  o  the  petrous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone.  It  trans- 
mits the  ductus  endulymphaticns. 

aquaemanale  (a  kwe-ma-na'le),        pi.  aquce- 
manalia  (-li-a).   [ML.,  also  aquimanile,  aqifimi- 
nale,  aquiminile,  LL.  aquiminale,  L.  aquwma- 
nalis,  LL.  also  aquiminarium,  <  L.  aqua,  water 
+  manale,  a  ewer,  neut.  of  manalis,  flowing,' 

<  maiiare,  flow, 


trickle,  drip.]  1. 
In  Rom.  autiq.,  a 
pitcher  or  vessel 
for  pouring  out 
water,  used  espe- 
cially for  pour- 
ing water  over 
the  hands  into  a 
basin  during  and 
after  meals. — 2. 
The  basin  in 
which,  accord- 
ing to  an  an- 
cient church  eer- 
■<'i;?i"j"!*"''''°'^™pp"' ""'"■T-  It  emonv  therii-ipst 

.s  filled  by  an  opening  at  the  top  of  the  „  ,"•'5  ^^^^^  P^eSt- 
head  ;  the  tail  forms  a  handle.    ■  WashedhlS  hauds 

before  celebrat- 
ing mass.— 3.  A  kind  of  water-ewer  formerly 
used  in  private  houses,  and  frequently  made  in 
grotesque  forms.  The  term  is  now  used  spe- 
cifically in  this  sense, 
aquafortis  (a-kwa-for'tis),  n.  See  aqua  fortis, 
under  aqua. 

aquafortist  (a-kwa-for'tist),  n.  [<  aqua  fortis 
+  -ist.]  One  who  etches  by  means  of  aqua 
fortis.    X  E.  D. 

aquage  (a'kwaj),  n.  [<  LL.  aquagium,  aque- 
duct, <  L.  a22<a,  water,  +  rtc/ere,  lead :  see  agent.] 
In  leveling :  (a)  The  course  of  a  mill-stream  be- 
fore it  reaches  the  pond  formed  by  a  dam.  (6) 
Any  watercourse. 


Aquapuit. 


aquamarine 

aquamarine  (a'kwa-ma-ren'),  )i.  [<  L.  aqua 
mariiKi,  sea- water:  see  aqua,  marine,  aud  aigue- 
marine.'\  1.  A  trausparent  va- 
riety of  hery]  of  a  bluish  or  sea- 
green  tint,  iised  as  a  gem.  Hence 
—  2.  A  bluish-green  color  resem- 
bling that  of  the  finest  beryl. 

aqua-meter  (a'kwa-me  ter),  >i.  [< 
L.  aqua,  water,  +  meter.^  Same 
as  pulsomcter. 

aquapult  (a'kwa-pult),  n.  [<  L. 
aqua,  water,  +  -pult,  as  m  caiu- 
pidt.'\  A  small  portable  force- 
pump. 

aquapuncture  (a  -  kwa  -  pungk  '- 
tm"),  n.    [<  L.  aqua,  water,  -I-  LL. 
'punctura,  punctiu'e.]    A  form  of 
counter-irritation  consisting  in  the  forcible  pro- 
jection of  a  very  fine  stream  of  water  against 

the  skin.  The  stream,  whicli  comes  from  a  powerful 
force-pmnp,  reddens  ami  blisters  the  part  to  which  it  is 
applied.  It  is  used  especiallj'  in  neuralffia  and  art'ections 
of  the  spinal  cord.  Also  called  douche  filiforme. 
aquarelle  (ak-wa-rel'),  n.  [F.,  <  It.  acquerclla, 
water-color,  light  rain,  acquereUo,  water-color, 
thin  wine,  dim.  of  acqua  (=  F.  cau),  <  L.  aqua, 
water:  see  aqua.~\  Water-color  painting,  or  a 
painting  in  water-colors. 

They  [Frenchmen]  despised  it  [water-color]  when  it  was 
called  aquarelle ;  they  bowed  down  to  it  when  it  was  called 
peinturcd  la  fresque.       //a /liertoH,  Graphic  Arts,  p.  340. 

aquarellist  (ak-wa-rel'ist),  n.     [<  aquarelle  + 

-ist.']     An  artist  who  works  in  water-colors ;  a 

water-color  painter, 
aquaria,  n.    Plural  of  aquarium. 
aquarian  (a-kwa'ri-an),  a.  aud  n.  [<  h.aquarius, 

pertaining  to  water  (see  Aquarius),  +  -««.]  I. 

a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  aquarium.  [Rare.] 

N.  E.  D. 

II.  [cap.']  [<  ML.  Aquarii,  pi.,  the  Aqiia- 
rians,  <  L.  uquarius  :  see  Aquarius.]  One  who 
used  water  instead  of  wine  in  the  eucharist :  a 
term  applied  to  certain  Christians  in  Africa 
about  the  middle  of  the  third  centmy,  who,  while 
it  was  still  customary  to  celebrate  the  Lord's 
supper  twice  a  day,  though  employing  wine  at 
the  evening  eucharist,  substituted  water  for  it 
in  the  morning  in  order  that  the  odor  of  wine 
might  not  betray  them  during  the  day.  They  are 

often  confounded  with  earlier  followers  of  the  ascetic 
Tatian  in  Syria,  called  llydnipar;istatre,  or  Water-drink- 
ers, and  reckoned  amony;  the  Eiicratites,  who  used  water  in 
place  of  wine  at  the  eucharist,  because  they  held  the  latter 
to  be  sinful,  regarding  it  as  the  evil  principle  or  blood  of 
the  devil. 

aquariculture  (a"kwa-ri-kurtur),  n.  [<  L. 
aquarium  +  cultura,  culture.]  The  culture  of 
aquatic  plants  in  aquariums ;  the  management 
of  an  aquarium. 

aquarium  (a-kwa'ri-um),  w. ;  pi.  aquariums, 
aquaria  (-umz,  -a).  [L.,  a  watering-place  for 
cattle,  neut.  of  aquarius:  see  Aquarius.}  1. 
An  artificial  pond,  cistern,  or  place  in  a  garden 
or  elsewhere  for  cultivating  aquatic  plants. — 
2.  A  vessel  or  series  of  vessels,  constructed 
chiefly  of  glass,  filled  with  either  fresh  or  salt 
water,  and  supplied  with  plants,  rocks,  etc., 
in  which  living  aquatic  animals  are  kept.  Many 
aquariums  on  a  large  scale  are  maintained  in  connection 
with  public  parks  or  gardens,  or  as  distinct  institutions. 
Also  called  aquavivarium. 


Aquarius. 


Aquarius  (a-kwa'ri-us),  n.  [L.,  a  water-bearer, 
one  of  the  signs  of  the  zodiac  (Gr.  iSpoxSog,  i.  e., 


284 

water-pourer) ;  prop,  adj.,  pertaining  to  water, 

<  aqua,  water:  see  aqua.]  1.  A  zodiacal  con- 
stellation, supposed  to  represent  a  man  stand- 
ing with  his  left  hand  extended  upward,  aud 
with  his  right  pouring  out  of  a  vase  a  stream 
of  water  which  flows  into  the  mouth  of  the 
Southern  Fish.  It  contains  no  star  brighter 
than  the  third  magnitude. —  2.  The  Water- 
bearer;  the  eleventh  sign  (marked  of  the 
zodiac,  which  the  sun  enters  about  the  21st  of 
January:  so  called  from  the  constellation. 

aquarter  (a-kw6r'ter),  prcp.phr.  as  adv.  [< 
+  quarter.']    Xaut.,  on  the  quarter;  45°  abaft 
the  beam. 

a  quartieri  (a  kwar-te-a'ri).  [It. :  a  (<  L.  ad), 
to,  with;  quartieri,  pi.  of  quarticrc,  a  quarter, 
compartment:  see  quarter.]  In  ce;a/H.,  (deco- 
rated) in  compartments:  said  especially  of  auy- 
thing  circular,  such  as  a  shield,  the  rim  of  a 
round  dish,  or  the  like,  which  is  di\ided  into 
panels  or  compartments  by  radiating  lines. 

aquatic  (a-kwat'ik),  a.  and  n.    [<  L.  aquaticus, 

<  aqua,  water:  see  aqua.]  I.  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  water;  watery. — 2.  Living  in  or  fre- 
quenting water:  as,  aquatic  animals;  aquatic 
plants. —  3.  Practised  on  or  in  water:  as, aquatic 

sports.— Aquatic  birds,  in  omitli.,  specifically,  Aves 
aqualiccc,  the  members  of  the  old  orders  Gi  allntorcs  and 
Natatiin's ;  the  wading  and  swimming  birds,  taken  to- 
getliei-.— Aquatic  box,  an  accessory  to  the  microscope, 
generally  in  the  form  of  a  glass  cell,  in  which  alga;  or  ani- 
malcules are  placed  for  observation. 

II,  n.  1.  A  plant  which  grows  in  water. — 2. 
pil.  Sports  or  exercises  practised  on  or  in  water, 
as  rowing  or  swimming. 

aquatical  (a-kwat'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  aquatic. 
[Rare.]  " 

aquatilet  (ak'wa-til),  a.  and  n.    [=F.  aquatile, 

<  L.  aquatiUs,  living  or  growing  in  or  near  wa- 
ter, <  0(/»a,  water :  sQeaqua.]  I.  «.  Inhabiting 
water. 

The  aquatile  or  water  frog.     Sir  T.  Broume,  Vulg.  Err. 

II.  n.  An  aquatic  animal  or  plant. 
Aquatilia  (ak-wa-tiri-ii),  n.pl.   [NL.,  neut.  pi. 

of  L.  aquatilis,  living  in  the  water:  see  aquatile.] 
In  Fieber's  system  of  classification,  a  subsec- 
tion of  heteropterous  insects,  including  genuine 
aquatic  species  vpith  concealed  autennse,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  those  of  the  section  Litoralia. 
aquatint  (a'kwa-tint),  and  a.  aqua- 
tintc,  aqua-tinta,  <  It.  acqua  tinta,  lit.  dyed  wa- 
ter: acqua,  water  (see  aqua) ;  tiuta,  fem.  of  tin  to 
(<  L.  tinctus),  pp.  of  tingere,  tignerc,  <  L.  tingcrc, 
tint,  tinge:  see  tint,  tinge.]  I.  )(.  1.  An  etch- 
ing process  by  which  prints  imitating  the  broad 
flat  tints  of  India  ink,  bister,  or  sepia  drawings 
are  produced,  it  was  practised  by  the  Abbe  St.  Non 
in  the  eighteenth  century,  and  was  perfected  by  Jean  Ilap- 
tiste  Le  Prince  (1733-1781).  In  the  a(|uatint  process  spaces 
are  bitten,  instead  of  lines  as  in  etching  (which  see). 

2.  An  engraving  executed  by  the  aquatint  pro- 
cess. 
Also  aejuatinta. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  this  method  of  etching. 

aquatint  (a'kwa-tint),  t'.  t  [<.  aquatint,  n.]  To 
etch  in  aquatint. 

aquatinta  (a"kwa-tin'ta),  n.   Same  &s  aquatint. 

aquatinter  (a'kwa-tin"ter),  n.  One  who  prac- 
tises the  art  of  aquatinting. 

aquatinting  (a'kwa-tin"ting),  n.  [Verbal  n. 
of  aquatint.]  The  art  or  process  of  etching 
in  the  aquatint  method.    See  aquatint. 

aquavivarium  (a^kwa-vi-va'd-um),  n.;  pi. 
aquavivaria  (-a).  [<  L.  aqua,  water,  -1-  viva- 
rium, q.  v.]    S'ame  as  aquarium,  2. 

aqueduct  (ak'we-dukt),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
aquccduct;  =  F.  ' aqueduc,  OF.  aqueduct,  <  L. 
aqua;ductus,  prop,  separated,  aquce  ductus,  a 
conveyance  of  water:  aqucc,  gen.  of  aqua,  wa- 
ter ;  ductus,  conveyance,  pipe,  canal,  <  ducere, 
lead,  convey:  see  aqua  and  duct.]  1.  A  con- 
duit or  channel  for  conducting  water  from  one 
place  to  another.  More  particularly  applied  to  struc- 
tures of  masonry  and  tunneling  for  the  conducting  of 
water  from  distant  sources  to  large  cities  through  tubular 
conduits.  Aqueducts  were  extensively  used  in  the  Roman 
empire,  and  many  of  these  ancient  structures  still  remain. 
They  were  constructed  of  stone  or  wood,  sometimes  tun- 
neled through  hills  and  carried  over  valleys  and  rivers  on 
arches,  much  of  the  labor  upon  them  being  uselessly  ex- 
j)ended,  from  a  mistaken  idea  of  the  necessity  of  a  per- 
fectly level  course.  The  aqueduct  of  Segovia,  originally 
built  by  the  Romans,  has  159  arches,  is  in  some  parts  built 
in  two  tiers  100  feet  or  more  in  height,  and  is  an  admirable 
monument  of  ancient  engineering.  One  of  the  most  re- 
markable aqueducts  of  modern  times  is  that  of  Marseilles, 
to  which  city  it  conveys  the  waters  of  the  river  Durance 
from  a  distance  of  about  58  miles,  of  which  10  miles  con- 
sists of  tunnels,  and  a  considerable  portion  is  traversed  by 
means  of  viaducts  of  great  height  and  length.  This  aque- 
duct was  built  between  1839  and  1847,  and  supplies  water 
in  such  abundance  that  the  envircms  of  Marseilles,  formerly 


Aquila 


Aqueduct  of  Segov 


,  Spain. 


extremely  arid,  have  become  a  garden  from  the  plentiful 
irrigation  which  is  now  possible. 
2.  In  anat.,  same  as  aquwductus. 
aqueductus  (ak-we-duk'tus),  n.  [NL.]  In  anat, 

same  as  aquwductus. 

aqueityt(a-kwe'i-ti),  n.  [iaque-ous-^ -itij.]  The 
essential  principle  or  quality  of  water ;  wateri- 
ness;  aqueousness. 

The  aqueity, 
Terreity,  and  sulphureity 
Shall  run  together  again,  and  all  be  annulled. 

B.  Junson,  Alchemist,  ii.  1. 

aqueous  (a'kwe-us),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *aqueus,  < 
aqua,  water:  see  aqua.]  Of  the  nature  of  wa- 
ter; abounding  with  water;  formed  by  water; 

watery:  as,  an  aqueous  solution  Aqueous  or 

watery  fusion.  See  f  usion.— ^  Aqueous  humor  (of  the 
eye),  the  limpid  watery  fluid  which  fills  the  space  be- 
tween the  cornea  and  the  crystiilline  lens  in  the  eye. 
See  ci/e.— Aqueous  rocks,  in  geol.,  mechanically  formed 
rocks,  composed  of  matter  deposited  by  water.  Also 
called  sediineiitai-ii  or  xtratified  rocks. —  AqueouS  tint, 
in  painting,  a  nearly  colorless  tint.  —  AqueOUS  tissue, 
in  bot.,  epidermal  or  subepidermal  layers  of  cells  filled 
with  clear  sap,  as  in  most  succulent  plants.— AqueoUB 
vapor,  the  invisible  vapor  wliich,  taken  from  the  surface 
of  water  by  evaporation  and  rising  into  the  atmosphere, 
returns  to  the  earth  in  the  form  of  rain,  dew,  and  snow. 

aqueousness  (ii'kwe-us-nes),  n.  [<  aqueous  + 
-ncss.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  aqueous 
or  watery ;  wateriness. 

aquetta  (a-kwet'tii),  n.  [It.,  prop,  acquetta, 
dim.  of  acqua,  water :  see  aqua.]  A  celebrated 
Italian  poison,  more  commonly  called  aqua  To- 
fana  (which  see,  under  aqua). 

aquicultural  (a-kwe-kul'tur-al),  a.  [<  aquicul- 
ture  +  -al.]    Pertaining  to  aquiculture. 

By  the  republication  of  these  foreign  papers  the  [Fish 
Commission]  Bulletin  becomes  a  guide  to  the  knowledge 
of  what  is  being  done  in  aquicidtural  enterprise  in  all 
parts  of  the  world.  Nature,  XXXIII.  38. 

aquiculture  (a'kwe-kul-tur),  n.  \=  F.  aquicul- 
ture, <  L.  aqua,  water,  -I-  cultura,  culture.] 
Culture  of  the  natural  inhabitants  of  water; 
fish-breeding ;  pisciculture. 

aquiferous  (a-kwif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  aqua,  water, 
+  ferre  —  E.  hear'^.]  Conveying  water  Aquife- 
rous canals,  the  channels  which  travcise  the  foot  or 
other  part  of  many  moUusks,  as  lamellibranchs  and  odon- 
tophores,  opening  upon  the  surface  by  one  end,  and  at  the 
other  end,  in  some  cases,  emptying  into  blood-sinuses,  thus 
establishing  communication  between  the  blood  and  the 
surrounding  water. 

These  aquiferous  canals,  as  they  have  been  termed,  ap- 
pear, in  many  cases,  to  open  by  their  inner  ends  into  the 
blood  sinuses.  Iluxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  491. 

aquiform  (a'kwi-form),  a.  [<  L.  aqua,  water, 
+  forma,  form.]    In  the  form  of  water  ;  liquid. 

Aquila  (ak'wi-la),  n.  [L.,  an  eagle,  hence  the 
legionary  standard ;  prob.  fem.  of  the  rare  adj. 


The  Constellation  Aquila. 


aquilus,  dark-colored,  dun,  swarthy;  cf.  Gr. 
a;j;?.{)f,  a  mist,  darkness.]    1.  In  orwti/i.,  a  genus 


Aquila 

of  birds  established  by  Brisson  in  1760,  but  hav- 
ing no  characters  by  which  it  can  be  exactly 

dehned.    The  name  has  been  loosely  applied  to  ea-les 

onh".  "■'"'■1'  '"ive  no  tooth 

of  t he  beak.  It  is  now  restricted  and  somewhat  definitely 
applied  to  eagles  having  booted  tarsi,  that  is,  havin"  tl  e 
shank  more  or  less  completely  feathered.    Such  are  t lie 

fhMn  ff '  ^"''"P*^  "i"''  North  America 

the  spotted  eagle  A.  nwHa,  of  Asia  and  Europe-  the  im 
penal  eagle,  A  hdiaca,  of  the  same  region ;  the  Russi™i 
eagle  A.  mo,pln,k,  etc.    See  cut  under  m„le  ^""^""i 

S^rthem  constellation  situated  in  the 
Milky  Way,  nearly  south  of  Lyra,  and  contain- 
ing the  bright  star  Altair.   it  has  for  its  outline  the 

figure  of  a  flying  eagle  carrying  in  its  talons  the  boy  A,,! 
tjnous,  the  page  of  the  emperor  Hadrian.   See  cut  p  2S4 

3  [l.  c. ;  pi.  aquilcc  (-le).]  A  reading-desk  in 
the  form  of  an  eagle. 

aquilatedt  (ak'wi-la-ted),  a.  [<  ML.  aqiiilatus, 
adorned  with  eagles'  heads,  <  L.  aquila,  an 
eagle :  see  Aquila.^l  In  her.,  adorned  with  the 
Heads  ot  eagles:  as,  a  cross  aquUatecl. 

Aquilegia  (ak-wi-le'ji-a),  «.  [NL.  (ML.  aquile- 
gia,  aqiu  eia),  said  to  be  <  L.  aquila,  an  eagle 
whose  claws  the  spurs  of  the  petals  are  sup- 
posed to  resemble.  Cf.  L.  Aquileia,  Gr.  ^Akv- 
Aqmleia,  a  town  of  Austria  near  the  Adri- 
atic]   A  genus  of  acrid  plants,  natural  or- 


285 


nnrti,  v5  U  ^"^"stus  c.vtei.ded  it  as  a  Roman  province 
n  1  tlmard  to  the  Loire  It  afterward  became  the  Frankisli 
and  iiench  duchy  (and  for  some  time  kingdom)  of  Anui- 
tame  (held  as  an  appanage  of  the  English  crown  thioiigli 
intermarriage  for  about  :j()0  years  before  14.M),  and  linally 
greatly  reiluced,  the  French  province  of  Guieiine  (a  medie- 
val corruption  of  Aquituine). 

aquitet,  v.  t.  An  old  form  of  acquit.  Chaucer. 
Aquitelae  (ak-wi-te'le),  u.  pi.  [NL.,  <  L.  aqua, 
water,  +  teta,web.]  A  subdivision  of  spiders,  of 
the  t&mi\j  Araneida,  corresponding  to  the  old 
genus  Argyroneta  and  to  the  Nayades  of  Waleke- 
naer  or  the  aquatic  TuUtelm  of  Latreille.   it  con- 

a.rularn    T".'?i  '"^■'"f  ^^"ter-spider,  Argyroneta 

u'{  P,     i  ^Pi"  theU-  webs  iu  the 

watei.    .See  cut  under  Argtiroiieta. 

aquocapsulitis  (a"kw5-eap-su-li'tis),  n.  [NL 
<  L.  aqua,  water,  fluid,  +  capsula,  box,  +  -itis  '■ 
see  aqiia  and  capsule.-]  Inflammation  of  the  linl 
ings  of  the  anterior  and  posterior  chambers  of 
the  eye. 

aqupmeter  (a-kwom'e-ter),  n.  [The  analogical 
h.  torm  woiUd  be  *aquimeter,  <  aqua,  water,  + 
metrum,  measui-o.  Cf.  aquamcter.-]  A  steanf- 
pump  which  acts  both  by  direct  steam-pressure 

and  by  vacuum,  it  has  two  working  chambers  into 
wliich  steam  is  alternately  admitted.  By  The  coSa  on 
rLhes  in     U-r:"?  f"™ed,  to  fill  which  water 

rushes  m  When  the  chamber  s  full  of  water  a  valve 
opens,  and  steam  enters  and  forces  the  water  out  into  a 
pressure-  or  delivery-chaniber.  The  steam  condenses  as 
before  causing  the  inflow  of  a  further  supply  of  water 
One  chamber  is  filling  while  its  companion  is  dischar^ng 
an"/™?S^.j:;^,;.  '^"""""""^  ^ee  pulJJtfr 

aquose  (a'kwos),  a.  [=  F.  aqueux  =  Pg.  aquoso, 
<  L.  aquo.'sus,  <  aqua,  water:  see  a^«a.]  Wa- 
tery;  abounding  in  water.  [Rare] 
aquosity  (a-kwos'i-ti),  n.  [=  F.  aquosite  =  Pg 
aquosidade,  <  LL.  aquositas,  moistness,  <  L 
aquosus:  see  aquose.-]  1.  The  abstract  essenl 
tial  qualities  of  water;  wateriness  as  a  quaHty 


arabesque 

Aral  (a'ra),  n.    [L.,  an  altar.]    One  of  the  15 

ancient  .southern  consteUations;  the  Altar  it 
IS  situated  south  of  the  -("uii.  it 


The  Constellation  Ara. 


Inflorescence  of  AqiiiUgia  vulg-aris  (garden  columbine). 
a.  flower;  i,  same,  cut  vertically  ;  c,  pistils. 

der  Rammculacem,  widely  distributed  over  the 
temperate  parts  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

Jatin  'wfth  "^'^  ^'"P"^'^'.  colored  sepall^  alter- 

five  ff.lH  ^  V>f"^  'P"™''  P"'^'=*:  "^'^  fruit  consists  of 
five  follicles  with  numerous  seeds.  The  spurred  netals 
with  incurved  heads  have  been  compared  to'^ftve  piSs 
the  sepa  s  representing  the  wings,  and  to  this  the  I3n™  sh 
name  colu.abuie  refers  (from  Latin  colan.Oa  I  ^lleou) 
Severa  species  are  common  in  cultivation,  and  as  hlv  a  re 
prone  to  sport  and  hybridize,  the  varieties  of  forn7 and 
color  are  numerous.  Tliere  are  10  North  American  sne 
aes,  ,n  some  of  which,  from  the  Rocky  MoSh  s  and 
Mexico,  the  sp.irs  are  several  inches  in  length 

Aquihnffi  (ak-wi-U'ne),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Aquila  + 
,  A  conventional  subfamily 

of  Faxonidw  containing  eagles.  It  has  no  as- 
signable technical  characters.    See  Aquila,  1. 

aquiline  (ak'wi-lin  or  -lin),  a.  [=  F.  aquilin  < 
L  aqudmus,  pertaining  to  an  eagle,  <  aquila, 
the  efgle'       ^2'«'a.]    1.  Of  or  pertaining  to 

When  mortals  lived 
Of  stronger  wing,  of  aquiline  ascent, 
o  i'o«'J.'7,  Night  Thoughts,  ix.  967. 

|i.  Kesemblmgan  eagle;  having  the  character- 
istics ot  an  eagle ;  especially,  resembling  an 
eagles  beak;  curving;  hooked;  prominent. 
Terribly  arched  and  aquiline  his  nose. 
•£.„„  v  .       t .  Cowper,  Task,  iii. 

Even  before  objection  was  made  to  his  presence  in  the 
Boaid  .  .  the  aquihne  suggestions  of  Mr  Oakhursfs 
S^eons"  bi'lt  absobft'if  "'"^  P-n.aturely'fluttered  thi 
thfflTh  hawk''  occasioned  much  uneasiness  among 

ine  n,n-hawks.  Bi-et  Harte,  Argonauts,  p.  130 

T"'^  ^""^^  Boreas;  prob.  <  aquilus, 
allusion  to  the  dark,  stormy  weather  aeeom- 
[Rare'y        ^        ^'^'^'^    '^^^  '^^'^^  ' 

Blow,  villain,  till  thy  sphered  bias  cheek 
Out-swell  the  colic  of  puff  d  Aquilon. 
.    .     ,  Sha/c,  T.  and  C,  iv.  5. 

aquinunale,  aquimanile  (a  kwi-mi-na'le,  -ma- 

nile),       See  aguwmanale. 

aquiminarium  (a  "kwl-mi-na'ri-um),  k.;  vl 
aqmmmria  (-a).    Same  as  aqucemauale.  ' 

.aid  to  be  <  Celtic  Aqui,  name  of  a  people, 
of  thP  ^^""""ll-^-  .Pertaining  to  Aquitaida,  one 
^""^^  divisions  of  ancient  Gaul.  Accord 
mg  to  C^sar,  It  was  bounded  by  the  Garonne,  the  Pyrenees 


entered  b,??nnH'."°'f  ^°mething  called  aqua,ity 

entered  into  and  took  possession  of  the  oxide  of  hvdroeen 
as  soon  as  it  was  formed,  and  then  guided  the  aaueous 
particles  to  their  places  in  the  facet!  of  the  crvstol  o? 
among  the  leaflets  of  the  hoar-frost.  crystal,  or 

Huxley,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  136. 

liv^'n^  j?  P^^y  an  abstraction  from  the  properties  of 
living  things,  just  as  aquosity  would  be  an  abstraction 
from  the  properties  of  w'ater.    Neiv  PriZefJnHev!,n^n. 

ure'^^^^*^^*^°^^^"^^^*^^°^®  or  watery;  moist- 

a  little  water,  a  little  stream,  dim.  of  aaua 
water:  see  aqua.]    In  anat,  a  small  collection 

«i^ndol'I.nh''^-~^?^'^^^a°US«ca,  the  auditoryfluid 
the  endolymph  or  perilymph  of  the  labyrinth  of  the  ear 

ari  (ar),  v.  [<  ME.  ar,  pi.  arres,  <  AS.  er  <  L 
Z'Jh  ^'^°^^o^the  letter  <  e,  the  usual  as! 
sistant  vowel,  +  see  r.]  The  name  of  the 
letter  L.    Also  fonnerly  spelled  arre. 

Winf X-  and  thre  arres  togydre  in  a  sute 
M  ith  etters  other,  of  whiche  I  shal  reherse 

Pol.  Poem  in  Archceologia,  XXIX.  31.  (Halliwell.) 

ar2,  71.    See  arrl. 

arSf,  ar^t,  etc.    Obsolete  forms  of  are\  ere  or 
ore,  etc.  '     '  ' 

ar-  The  assimilated  form,  in  Latin,  etc.,  of  ad- 
before  »v  in  older  English  words  a  restored 
form  of  Middle  EngHsh  and  Old  French  «-,  the 
regular  reduced  form  of  Latin  ar-,  as  in  array 
arrange,  etc.  •" 
-ari.  [ME  -ar,  occasional  spelHng  of  -ej-l,  -ere  1 
A  suffix  of  nouns  denoting  an  agent;  a  variant 
hegger,  etT  ^"""^^'^y  P^operiy 

-ar'2.    [ME.  reg.  -er,  <  OF.  -er,  4er,  -air,  mod.  F. 
-ler,  -aire  =  Sp.  Pg.  -ario  =  It.  -ario,  -ajo,  <  L.  -dr- 
■lu-s  fem.  -ar-da,  neut.  -ar-iu-m,  a  common  adi 
and  noun  suffix,  =  Goth,  -ar-ei-s  =  OHG  -dri 
MHG.  -cere  -er,  G.  -er  =  AS.  -ere,k  -e,-,' 
,    suffixof  nouns  of  agent:  see-eri.  The  reg  OP 
form  was  -er,  -ier,>  ME.  -er,  now  restored  to  -ar. 
ihe  usual  mod.  P.  form  is  -aire.   In  E  -ar^  as 
an  adj.  sufiix  appears  as  -aryl,  q.  v.]    A  suflix 
ot  l^atm  ongm,  occurring  in  some  nouns,  as  in 
bursar,  medlar,  mortar,  vicar,  etc. 
-ar3.    [ME.  reg.  -er,  <  OF.  -er,  -ier,  mod.  F.  -ier, 
-aire  =  Sp.  Pg.  -ar  =  It.  -are,  <  L.  -avis,  neut 
-are,  eqmv.  to  -ulis  (E.  -al),  for  which  it  is  used 
when  I  precedes:  see  -al.    In  E.  -o,-3  also  ap- 
pears as  -«;7/2,  q.  v.]    A  suffix,  of  Latin  origin, 
(1)  of  adjectives  (and  of  nouns  thence  deriv?d^ 
being  equivalent  to -«?,  for  which  it  is  used 
^i^'^f ^^aUr,  polar,  regular,  sin- 
giila),  etc.  (see  -al,  and  compare  -ar'-i)-  of 
nouns,  as  in  altar,  collar,  pillar,  scholar,  etc 
In  these  nouns  and  other  old  w  ords is  aniteration 
(to  suit  the  Latin)  of  the  Middle  English  7r  from  Old 
French,  or  (as  in  seholar)  from  Anglo-Saxon 

ar.    In  her.,  a  common  abbreviation  of  argent. 


Scorpion.  Its  two  bright- 
est stars  are  of  the  third 
magnitude. 

Ara2  (a'ra),  n.  [NL. 
(Brisson)";  appar.  a 
native  Braz.  name ; 
sec  def.,  at  end.]  A 
genus  of  American 
birds,  of  the  family 
Psittacid(e,  the  ma- 
caws, of  large  size  and 
gorgeous  coloration, 
with  very  long  euue- 
ate  tail  and  more  or 
less  naked  face;  some- 
times made  the  type 
of  a  subfamily  Arince, 
containing  the  wedge- 
tailed  American  par- 

nfnc^o'w.^?'''"^  SP'="*-'S  are  ^.  macao,  the  red  and  blue 
macaw^.  ara™,„,a,  the  blue  and  yellow  macaw;  and  A 
Ityaeuithum,  the  liyacintliine  macaw.    It  is  a  syn  mym  of 

The  related  forms,  arra,  anas,  aracanr/a,  aiaracama 
ararauna  and  arara,  are  severally  used  for  species  o^ 
sections  of  the  genus  ylra.  i'<:>-ic3  ui 

Arab  (ar'ab),  n.  and  a.  [<  L.  Arabs,  pi.  Arabes 
(also  Arabus,  pi  Arabi),  <  Gr.  "Apai,,  pi.  ^'Apaiiec, 
=  Tm-k.  Arab,  <  Ai-.  Arab.]  I.  n.  1.  A  native 
ot  Arabia,  or  a  member  of  the  Arabic  race  (now 
widely  spread  in  Asia  and  Africa,  and  formeriv 
in  southern  Europe);  an  Arabian,  whether  a 
civilized  inhabitant  of  a  city  or  a  dweller  in 
the  desert,  commonly  known  as  a  Bedawi  (see 
Bedouin)  or  nomadic  Ishmaelite.— 2  A  nes- 
lected  outcast  of  the  streets,  particidariy  an 
outcast  boy  or  giri,  often  styled  a  street  Arab, 
m  allusion  to  the  wandering  Ai-abs. 

When  he  read  about  the  street  Arabs,  and  of  the  doings 
si  •.^"Tf/''^  of, t"«ves,  he  .  .  .  «iped  his  eyes,  and 
said     God  bless  me!"  Mrs.Riddell. 

11.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Arabs  or  to 
Arabia;  Arabic;  Arabian:  as,  an  ^?-a6  steed. 
The  delicate  Arab  arch  of  her  feet. 
,    .  Tennyson,  JIand,  x\i.  1. 

arabai  arba  (a-ra'ba,  ar'ba),  n.  [Also  aroba, 
=  Bulg.  araba,  Russ.  arba,  <  Hind.  Pers.  ardba, 


Araba. 

(From  Lewis's  ■•  Constantinople."  j 

Turk.  At.  'arabah,  a  cart,  wheeled  vehicle,!  A 
hea^T,  spnngless  wagon,  usually  covered  with  a 
screen  as  shelter  from  the  rays  of  the  sun,  drawn 
by  oxen  or  cows,  and  used  throughout  north- 
western arid  central  Asia,  India,  Turkey,  and 
Russia,  wherever  Tatars  have  settled. 

Not  a  single  waggon  is  to  be  foimd  in  the  district  and 
the  wooden  arba  is  not  even  known  there  ^°<* 

,  f  [S.  Amer. ;  cf.  guariba, 

guaieba,  and  araguato,  names  applied  to  a  difl 
terent  species  of  the  same  genus.]  A  howling 
monkey  of  the  South  American  genus  Mycetes, 
M.  strarnmeus.  See  howler  ' 
^^'•-?^-^esk'),  a.  and  ».  [Also arabesk, 
<  a .  arabesque,  <  It.  arabesco  {=  Sp  Pg.  ara^ 


Moorish  Arabesque  -  Hall  of  Crowns,  .\lh3mbra.  Spain, 


besco),  <Arabo,  Arab  (see  Arab),  +  -esco :  see 
-esque.  The  arabesque  style  is  so  eaUcd  because 


arabesciue  286 

Arabian  artists  brought  it  to  high  perfection, 
anil  were  at  cue  time  siipposed  to  be  its  origi- 
nators.] I.  a.  Arabian  or  resembling  the  Ai-a- 
bian  in  style;  specifically,  in  art,  relating  to  or 
exhibiting  the  variety  of  ornament  known  as 
arabesque.    See  II. 

Some  cushions  disposed  in  tlie  Moorish  fashion,  and  or- 
namented with  arabesque  needle-worlc,  supplied  tlie  place 
of  chairs  in  this  apartment.         ScutI,  Kenihvorth,  I.  vi. 

II.  n.  1.  A  kind  of  ornament  of  a  capricious 
and  fanciful  character,  consisting  of  lines, 
geometrical  figures,  fruits,  flowers,  foliage, 
etc.,  variously  combined  and 
grouped,  and  jiainted,  inlaid, 
orwi'ought  in  low  relief:  used 
especially  for  the  decoration 
of  walls  "and  ceilings,  but  also 
for  the  decoration  of  objects 

of  any  nature,  in  the  arabesciues 
of  the  Mohannnedans  animal  forms 
were  rigidly  excluded,  in  acmrdance 
with  the  requirement^  of  their  re- 
ligious law;  but  the  Creeks  and  Ro- 
mans, .md  the  Renaissance  artists, 
ainonp,  them  Raphael  and  his  scholars, 
to  whom  are  due  the  rich  arabesque 
decorations  of  the  lopgie  of  the  \'ati- 
can,  laid  all  the  kingdoms  of  nature 
under  contribution.  ,  The  Greeks  un- 
doubtedly derived  tlie  idea  of  pictorial 
or  plastic  ornament  of  this  kind  from 
the  Oriental  stiirts,  painted,  woven,  or 
embroidered  with  natural  or  fal)ulous 
forms  of  plants  and  animals,  which 
were  brought  to  them  by  Pheniciau 
traders  from  a  very  early  period. 

2.  In  hooJdnnduKi,  a  term  used 
in  England  for  impressed  or- 
namental work  on  the  side  of  the  binding,  pro- 
duced by  the  pressure  of  hot  plates  or  rollers 
upon  which  the  pattern  is  engraved. 
Also  spelled  arahcsk. 

arabesque  (ar-a-besk').  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  am-    _   ^    ^  ^ 

hesqued,  ppr.  aralwsquing.  [<  arabesque,  ?;.]  Arabicallyt  (a-rab'i-kal-i),  adv.  According  to 
To  enrich  with  ornament  in  arabesque.  Arabic  usage;  in  Arabic.    N.  E.  D. 

With  its  vermilioned  initial  letters,  so  prettily  ara-  Arablci  (a-rab'i-si),  n.  pi.  See  Arabian,  n., -2. 
besqiied.  Eclectic  Rev.  Arabiclze  (a-rab'i-siz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  J rabi- 
Arabian  (a-ra'bi-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Arabius,  cized,  ppr.  Arabiciziug.  [<  Arabic  +  -ize.']  To 
<  Gr.  'Xpaliio^,  <  'iipai/;:  see  Arab.]  I.  a.  Per-  render  conformable  to  Arabic  usage, 
taining  to  Arabia,  or  to  the  Arabs:  as,  Arabian  arability  (ar-a-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  arable:  see 
science  or  philosophy.— Arabianblrd,  the  phenix  -hiUty.']  Capability  of  being  cultivated ;  fitness 
 '          ' for  cultivation. 


Aracese 

stylesof  architecture,  but  applied^  especially  to  Egyptian  aracanga  (ar-a-kang'gii),  )l.    [Braz.:  see^m^.] 

'  A  kind  of  macaw,  I'aiilacus  wacao  (Linnrous), 

P.  aracanga  (Gmolin),  now  Ara  macao;  the  red 
and  blue  macaw.    Also  araraeanga. 
aracari  (ar-a-kii'ri),  )(.     [—  Pg.  aracari  (NL. 
Aracarius),  from  a  native  name.  ]    1.  A  toucan 
of  the  genus  I'teroglossus,  differing  from  the 


Cinque-cento  Ara- 
besque, from  tomb  in 
Church  of  S.  Pietro- 
in-VincuIo,  Rome. 


aiid  Oriental  examples.  This  architecture  shows  in  its 
systems  of  construction  and  ornament  the  profound  in- 
tluence  of  I'ersian  and  liyzantine  models,  thotigh,  as  a 
riUe,  in  architectural  science  it  falls  far  bchiiul  the  work 
of  the  Byzantine  nuister*.  The  ovoidoeonieal  dome  sup- 
ported on  peiulentives  is  a  char.acteri.stic  feature ;.. the 
biuldings  are  usually  square  or  polygoiuil  in  plan,  seldom 
circular ;  the  roofs  are  ip  general  Hat,  and  supported  by 
arches  resting  on  columns  forming  long  parallel  aisles, 
aiul  often  surrcinnding  a  central  court.  The  arches  are 
very  commonly  of  the  horseshoe  shape  developed  in 
Persia,  and  from  the  beginning  show  the  pointed  form, 
thouuli  it  is  clear  that  neither  form  was  adopted  for  con- 
structive reasons,  and  that  neither  inthiciieed  the  meth- 
ods of  building,  nnich  less  revolutiotuzed  the  entire  art  of 
architecture,  as  did  the  adoption  of  the  jwinted  arch  in 
western  Europe.  Walls,  partictUarly  interior  walls,  ceil- 
ings, domes,  spandrels,  etc.,  are  connnoidy  covered  with 
an  intricate  lacework  of  arabesques,  usually  executed  in 
relief  on  stucco,  and  often  colored  \\ith  at  once  great 
brilliancy  and  great  delicacy.  The  most  noteworthy  ex- 
amples of  the  style  exist  in  Cairo.  — Arabic  figures  yr 
characters,  the  numeral  characters  1,  2,  o,  i,  .'i,  0,  7,  8,  i), 
0,  so  called  as  having  been  introduced  into  European  from 
Arab  use.  They  wei  e  so  introduced  in  the  twelfth  century, 
and  the  work  of  Leonardo  of  Pisa,  published  in  1202,  con- 
tributed much  to  their  dissemination.  They  were  taken 
from  the  Arabic  work  of  Al-Khowarazmi  (see  o((7o)-(f;/«), 
who  obtained  them  in  India  or  Afghanistan.  The  system 
in  its  complete  form  (with  the  cipher)  certainly  originated 
in  India;  but  what  the  ultinuite  origin  of  the  characters 
was,  w  hctlier  they  had  been  previously  known  in  Europe 
w^ithont  the  cipher,  and  their  history  among  the  Arabians, 
are  matters  still  in  dispute. 

II.  n.  The  language  of  the  Arabians ;  a  Semitic 
dialect,  belonging  (along  with  the  Himyaritie 
and  Abyssinian  languages)  to  the  southern 
branch  of  the  Semitic  family,  and  generally  re- 
garded as  exhibiting  more  ancient  features  than 
any  other  Semitic  tongue,  it  is  the  langiuigeof  the 

Koran,  the  sacred  language  of  Islam,  and  possesses  an  im- 
mense literature,  almost  wholly  Jloslem  and  later  than  the 
time  of  Mohammed.  Many  otlier  languagi's  liave  borrowed 
largely  of  its  material,  from  the  Persian,  Turkish,  Hindu- 
stani,'and  Jlalay  on  the  east  to  the  Spanish  on  the  west. 

Arabicalt  (a-rab'i-kal),  a.  [<  Arabic  +  -al.} 
Arabian;  Arabic.  [Rare.] 


A  Domesday  hide,  which  one  of  our  latest  archaiologists 
with  good  reason  maintains  is  variable  according  to  the 
arabilitu  or  p.asturability  of  the  land. 

The  Nation,  Aug.  7, 1879,  p.  96. 


PteroztosSMS  ara  car 


true  toucan  in  being  smaller  in  size,  with  a  less 
developed  beak,  and  in  having  more  brilliant 
and  variegated  plumage.    See  Pteroglossvs  and 

llhampkastos.  The  aracaris  breed  in  the  hollows  of 
decayed  trees,  which  they  enlarge  by  means  of  their  beak. 
The  prevailing  color  of  their  plumage  is  green,  often  varied 
with  spaces  or  bands  of  black,  or  of  brilli.ant  red  and  yel- 
low.  They  are  natives  of  the  warm  parts  of  .South  America. 

2.  In  ornith.,  the  specific  name  of  one  of  the 
aracaris,  Ftcroglnssns  aracari.  It  was  made  a 
generic  name  by  Lesson  in  1828,  and  was  Latin- 
ized as  Aracarius  by  Rafinesque  in  1815. 

Also  spelled  aricari. 
araceH,  v-  i-  [<  ME.  aracen,  arasen,  also  ara- 
clicn,  <  AF.  araccr,  OF.  aracier,  aracMer  (as  if  < 
L.  *abradicare),  mixed  with  erachicr,  esracMer 
(mod.  F.  arrachcr)  =  Pr.  araizar,  <  L.  exradi- 
care,  eradicare,  uproot,  eradicate :  see  eradi-, 
c«te.]  To  pull  up  by  the  roots ;  pull  away  by 
force ;  tear  violently  away. 

The  children  from  her  arm  they  gonne  arace. 

Chaucer,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  1047. 


(which  see) ;  hence  used,  like  that,  for  any  unique  or  singu- 
lai'ly  excellent  person. 

She  [Imogen]  is  alone  the  Arabian  bird;  and  I 
Have  lost  the  wager.  Shak.,  Cymbeline,  i.  7. 

II.  «.  1.  A  native  of  Arabia;  an  Arab. — 
2.  One  of  a  Christian  sect  of  the  third  eentm-y  arabin,  arabine  (ar'a-bin),  h.   [<  arab-ic  (gum) 
(commonly  called  Arabici)  which  sprang  up  in    +  .,„2.]   A  variety  of  gum,  (C6Hio05)2+H20, 
Perea,  beyond  the  Jordan,  a  region  often  in-    soluble  in  cold  water ;  arabic  acid,   it  is  the  prin- 
cluded  in'Arabia.    According  to  Eusebius,  its  mem-    cipal  constituent  of  gum  arabic,  which  consists  of  salts  of 

bers  "  asserted  that  the  Imman  soul,  as  long  as  the  present    arabin,  and  is  also  contained  in  other  smular  sidistances  ^  a 

state  of  the  world  existed,  perished  with  the  body,  but  that  arabinose  (ar'a-bi-nos),  v.      [<  aralnn  +  -ose.\  arace^t,  V-t.  _  bame  as  ajasc- 

it  would  be  raised  again  with  the  body  at  the  time  of  the  „  -^^    ^  _   _  i  i  _   a  . —  /„  „„  „^ 

resurrection."  The  point  was  discussed  with  them  by 
Origen,  at  a  council,'with  so  much  force  that  they  were  led 
to  change  their  opinions. 

Arabic  (ar'a-bik),  a.  and  n.  [ME.  Arabil;  n. ;  < 
OF.  Arabic,''!.  L.  Arabicus,  <  Gr.  ^ApafiiKog,  <  "Apa^', 
Arab:  see^rff&.]  I.  a.  1.  Belonging  to  Ai-abia, 
or  to  the  Arabian  race  or  language.— 2.  [/.  c] 
Derived  from  certain  species  of  acacia  growing 


cryTtanizabf^^  by  Aracese  (a-ra'se-e),  «.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Arum  + 

5  action  of  sulphuric  acid  on  arabin.  -accw.']    A  natural  order  of  monocotyledonous 


Arabic  Architecture 


in  Arabia  and  other  eastern  countries :  as,  gum 
arabic  (which  see,  under  gunfi);  arabic  acid. 

See  arabin  Arabic  architecture,  a  general  term  for 

the  Mohammedan  or  Mussulman,  Moorish,  or  Saracea 


A 

the  action  of  sulph 

arabinosic  (ar"a-bi-n6'sik),  a.  [<  arabinose  + 
-(>.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  arabinose. 
Arabis  (ar'a-bis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  'Apapig,  Ara- 
bian, <  'Apajiia,  Arabia,  of  whicli  the  more  im- 
portant species  are  natives.]  A  large  genus  of 
plants,  of  the  order  Crucifcrw;  wall-  or  rock- 
cress.  The  species  are  mostly  of  little  interest  or  im- 
portance ;  a  few  are  cultivated  for  ornament  in  rockwork 
and  flower-borders. 

Arabism  (ar'a-bizm),  n.  [=  F.  arabisme ;  < 
Arab  +  -ism /'at  Gr.  'ApajSiZstv,  take  part  with 
the  Arabs.]  An  idiom  or  a  peculiarity  of  the 
Arabic  language. 

Arabist  (ar'a-bist),  11.  [=  P.  arabiste;  <  Arab 
+ -irjt.  Cf.  Arabism.']  One  versed  in  the  Arabic 
language,  or  in  Arabian  literature  or  science. 

Arabize  (ar'a-biz),  V.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  Arabized, 
ppr.  Arabizing.  [<  Arab  +  -izc.  Cf.  Gr.  'Apa/3t- 
tuv,  take  part  with  the  Arabs,  <  'Apa/iff ,  Arabs : 
see  Arab.]  To  render  Arabic  in  character; 
especially,  to  tinge  with  Arabisms. 

These  Arabs  of  the  Sudan  are  not  true  Arabs,  but  to  a 
great  extent  merely  Arabized  negroes.     Science,  IV.  531. 

arable  (ar'a-bl),  a.  [<  F.  arable,  <  L.  arabilis, 
that  can  be  plowed,  <  arnre,  plow,  =  Gr.  apovv 
=  Goth,  arjan  —  Icel.  e^-ja  =  AS.  crian,  >  E.  ear, 
plow:  see  car^.]    Fit  for  plowing  or  tillage. 

—Arable  land,  land  which  is  cultivable  by  means  of  the 
plow,  as  distinguished  from  grass-land,  wood-land,  com- 
mon pastm'e,  and  waste.  ' 

Aracanese  (ar-a-ka-nes'  or  -nez'),  «■  and  n.  [< 
Aracan  +  -ese!\  I.  a.  Relating  or  pertaining 
to  Aracan  or  to  its  inhabitants. 

II.  n.  1.  sing,  ov  pi.  A  native  or  the  natives 
of  Aracan,  a  division  of  Burma. —  2.  The  lan- 
guage spoken  by  the  inhabitants  of  Aracan,  a 
dialect  of  Burmese. 
Also  spelled  Arakanese. 


)-pint.  or  Wake-robin 
f//t  }naciclatitm). 


plants,  of  which  the  genus  Arum  is  the  type. 
The  species  are  her- 
baceous perennials, 
mostly  acaulescent 
from  tuberous  or 
creeping  roots,  but 
in  the  tropics  often 
tall  rooting  climb- 
ers. The  inconspic- 
imus  flowers,  usual- 
ly monoecious  or  di- 
oecious, are  crowd- 
ed upon  a  spadix 
surrounded  by  a 
spathe,  with  which 
it  is  sometimes  con- 
fluent. The  order 
includes  98  genera 
and  about  1,000 
species,  abundant 
within  the  tropics, 
but  comparatively 
rare  in  temperate 
regions.  The  larger 
genera  are  Anthu- 
rium,  Pliiloden- 

dron,  Arisceina,  and  Pathos.  In  temperate  North  Amer- 
ica there  are  10  species,  belonging  to  8  genera,  of  which 
the  most  common  is  the  Jack-in-the-pulpit,  or  Indian  tiir- 
nip  Arixcuina  triphvUum.  The  skunk-cabbage,  Symplo- 
carpusfoetidu.1,  and  the  sweet-flag,  Acorux  calamus,  are  also 
well-known  representatives  of  the  drder.  The  tuberous 
roots  of  many  species  abound  in  starch,  and  furnish  a 
wholesome  food  when  cooked,  or  after  the  acridity  has 
been  removed  by  washing,  as  in  the  taro,  Colocasia  anti- 
quorum,  which  is  extensively  cultivated  in  tropical  coun- 
tries. British  or  Portland  ari-owroot  is  manufactured 
from  the  roots  of  Arnm  maculatum  (the  wake-robin  or 
cuckoo-pint),  the  species  of  which  are  natives  chiefly  ol 
tropical  countries.  A  principle  of  acridity  generally  per- 
vades the  Aracece,  existing  in  so  strong  a  degree  m  some 
as  to  render  them  dangerous  poisons,  as  Dieffenbachia 
seguina  of  the  West  Indies  and  South  America,  whicn 
receives  its  popular  name  dumb-cane  from  the  fact  that 
when  it  is  chewed  the  tongue  becomes  swelled  by  the  acrid 
juice,  and  the  power  of  speech  is  destroyed.  Many  species 
are  cultivated  in  greenhouses,  chiefly  as  foliage-plants,  and 


Cuclco 
(Ar 

a,  spadix  ;  if,  b,  stamens,  or  male  flowers; 
•,  c,  ovaries,  or  female  flowers;  d,  spathe; 
■,  corm. 


Aracese 

n^.fnf  "^^f ''■''"■■''l''/®-^'''^'™'  "  ^■'^■■J'  common  house- 
plant.    Also  called  Aruidem. 

araceous  (a-ra'shius),  a.  [<  NL.  araceus:  see 
Aracew.}  Pertaining  to  the  natural  order  of 
plants  Aracece. 

arachidic  (ar-a-kid'ik),  a.  [<  Arachis (Arachid-) 
+  -ic.  J  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  the  earth- 
nut,  Arachis  hypogwa :  as,  arachidic  acid 
Arachis (ar'a-kis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apayog,  apam 
apoKtg,  some  leguminous  plant.]  A  small  genus 
ot  leguminous  plants,  natives  of  Brazil  The 
genus  IS  remarkable  iu  the  order  for  its  elongated  pedi^ 
cel-hke  calyx-tube,  and  for  the  manner  in  which  the 
growing  stipe  of  the  ovary  bends  downward  a.id  attain 
mg  a  leng  I,  of  2  or  3  inches,  puslies  the  ova™  into  ti  e 
pound,  where  it  begi.is  to  enlarge  and  ripen  The  best^ 
known  species  is  A.  hupog^ea,  tlie  common  peanut  or 
groundnu  ,  which  is  now  cultivated  in  most  war  ch- 
niates,  and  is  esteemed  a  valnalile  article  of  food  Its  po  1 
when  mature  is  oblong,  often  contracted  in  the  m  ddle 

the  size  of  a  hazel-nut,  sweet  in  flavor,  especially  when 


287 

npni'l'''  'H'^  ''"'^ts  Ultimately  enter  the  six  promi 

nent  arachnidial  mammillce.  i""iui 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  329 

Arachnidial  papilla,  a  minute  ori- 

hce  through  which  the  secretion  of 

an  arachnidium  is  poured  out. 

arachnidium   ( ar  -  ak  -  nid '  i  - 

um),  w. ;  pi.  ^  arachnidia  (-a). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  apaxv'ifiiov,  a  cob- 
web, <  apaxvTj,  a  spider,  -1-  dim. 
-idiov.']  The  characteristic  or- 
gan of  the  Arancida,  or  true 
spiders;  the  glandular  ap- 
paratus by  which  the  silky 
threads  forming  cobweb  are 
secreted  and  spun  out.  Num- 
berless minute  glands,  provided  with 
separate  ducts,  secrete  the  viscid  material  which  hardens 

d  vide  nn/o'L'''f  "'f '  ^^^"-r-  Tl"^  «'^'«'«  haie  been 
f,  h,  1^?        five  kinds:  aciniform,  ampullate,  aggregate 

tuhuhform,  and  tuberous.    Their  ducts  enter  the  araoli   »-   

"thnidHTpiJ  m^c''"'' orifices  fn  the  arffiostyle,  a.   See  arcostyle. 

"^IS^a^"^'-    A^^ortenedform  ^MS^  r^'^i^^St' 
oiania,noidiUs.  Aragonese  (ar"a-go-nes'  or  -nez'),  «•  and  « 


Two  Arachnidial 
MammillE,  or  Spinner- 
ets I  i>  i,  j>»  2)  of  a  Spi- 
der (Mygale  camcn- 
tarta). 


Araliacese 

iieteropteia  in  existence.         Staml.  Nat.  Hist  H283 

-irm.^  A  subfamily  of  Aradidw,  having  a  com- 
paratively long  rostrum,  the  sternum  grooved, 
the  end  of  the  abdomen  with  a  thin  cleft  and 
lobate  margin,  and  the  head  with  an  angular 
process  exterior  to  the  antenme.  it  is  a  iar<re 
^^^^^"^^  t^^a^c 
Aradus  (ar'a-dus),  n  [NL.,  appar.  <  Gr.  apaSoc, 
a  rumbling  (rattling),  var.  of  Lpaftog,  a  giiash^ 
ing,  chattering  (rattling);  ef.  hpadllv,  rattle 
ring,  as  armor:  in  allusion  to  the  loose-armored 
appearance  of  the  insects  of  this  genus.]  A 
li^teropterous  insects,  typical  of  the 
subfamily  Aradince.  A.  crenatus  is  a  large  spe- 
cies of  the  United  States,  half  an  inch  long, 
araeometer,  etc.    See  areometer,  etc. 


arachnoid  (a-rak'noid),  «.  and  M.  [<  Gr.  apar- 
vou6^g  like  a  cobweb,  <  ip&xvv,  a  spider's  web, 
tT^Z'x^  form.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Arachnida;  arachnidan.— 2  Like 
or  likened  to  a  cobweb:  applied,  in  ana't.—  (a) 
to  the  arachnoid  of  the  brain  (see  II.);  (6^  to 
the  hyaloid  membrane  or  arachnoid  of  the  eve 

(SPA  TT  ^       A  1  ,  . 


[<.  H^.  Aragoncs;<  Aragon.-]  I.  appertaining 
to  Aragon  or  to  its  inhabitants. 

II  n  sing  or  pi.   An  inhabitant  or  the  in- 
habitants of  Aragon,  one  of  the  great  divisions 
(formerly  a  kingdom)  of  Spain,  in  the  north- 
eastern part. 
Sometimes  spelled  Jrraoowese. 


*vi,?„!°^„.iJ'„,^!','r.  ortliorhombic  system,  u  is  iden- 


Arachnoid  tunic.  '  Sanie  arfi.,  3. 

11.  «.  1,  A  kind  of  fossil  madrepore.— 2  In 
anat.,  the  serous  membrane  enveloping 'the 
bram  and  spinal  cord;  the  middle  one  of  the 
three  cerebrospinal  meninges,  between  the 
dm-a  mater  and  the  pia  mater,  it  was  formerlv  le 

garded  as  consisting  of  two  layers,  a  visceral  lave  invest- 
dr';nKr,^i:^fi^!S^P-<;tanaye,^^;i;;n^ 


.ca  with  calcite  in  chemical  conipositf,;  ,  ImVditTers  f^om 
It  in  crystalline  form  and  in  some  of  its  physical  prone? 

ca?c  te°is  IT'"?  'J'f  ^P^^'fi^e'T"^  ^^9,  whUerafof 
tals      Lil;  ""f"     t'-a'isparentacicular crys- 

tals and  also  as  a  deposit  from  waters  carrying  lime  A 

f  "''•'/fl'^'  ^'"'"l'"'^  ^  "'^"'^''te  coralloid  fori,!,  is  called 

wm;1;;;,^orer''  °'  ^^^^  occumnce 


dura  m?tpV  Thp  tw-T    ""A.  f-  i"^'^'^^^^  'ayer  lining  tlie    with  iron  ores.   "  <="co 

cavity,  containing  a  serous  fluid,  the  arachnohj  fluid    bit  <         '"'-'"^        .  ^-  ^ 

i^'^^Tr,  "^^^fr' tie  aiachnom  niembrane 


arakku,  ult.  <  Skt.  lahsha,  lac:  see  lac^.^ 
sticklac.    See  sticMac. 


Crude 


Common  Peanut  {Arachis  liyfogaa^. 
a.  a,  flowers;  b  b  ovaries  on  lencrthened  stipes  ;  c.  c.  forminB  fruit  ■ 
d,  npe  pod  ;  e,  pod  opened,  showing  seeds.  ' 

roasted,  and  yielding  when  pressed  an  oil  not  inferior  to 
that  of  olives  The  plant  grows  to  the  height  of  1  or  2  feet 
-Arachls-oU  the  oil  expressed  from  the  seeds  of  ^raS 
.  \ym^a  the  fine  limpid  nut-oil  of  commerce,  usid  as  a 
substitute  for  olive-oil,  and  largely  in  soap-makinr  ^ 
arachnactis  (ar-ak-nak'tis),  n.     [NL  °<  Gr 


'  "■  ■  1^  , — .    ,    '"■°>i  "■     L^^J-iv  ^  u-r.    orrneword:  arachnnifl  — •'  — 

wardsia  fv^rhinh        ^  J.    "8      tne  genus  j.rt-    -aez_),  «.   [NL.]    Same  as  awc/ino/rf,      2  '  " 


as  a  sinole  qhPPt  Pv^Vfr        ■    a'achnoid  membrane  ''"^'^lac.    aee  sticklac. 

irbrdrf'oiilvtrrtlnrthe^sX^^^^^  (ar-a-gwrto),  n.  [S.Amer.;  cf .  «ra- 

sions  of  the  brain.    What  was  former  y  "ailed  l  e  ea^^^^^^  6a2.]    A  kind  of  howling  monkey  of  South 

a  a"  moid'is"bv  someTe^^??^'^'^  sub'dural  spail'^Th^  f^^"^^?^       tJ^f  genus  Mycetes,  m! ursinus,ov 

lave  of  the  J^^^  fho  i,™,..-.        .    .  _ 

«racA,^o/j^r/'!^Lw     w  ^'^"/alled  arachnoid  membrane, 
aracnnoidea,  a, achnmdes,  and  araneous  membrane. 

^;oi  ^"^^  disused  name  of  the  hyaline  or 
hyaloid  membrane  within  the  eyeball,  especially 
of  that  portion  of  it  which  contributes  to  fon^ 
the  capsule  of  the  crystalline  lens. 

^?o??l?i**H  ^^^-^}-^^^'<^?^),  «•  Pertaining  to 
or  of  the  nature  of  the  arachnoid,  in  any  sense 
of  the  word;  arachnoid.  c^u.y  sense 


the  ursine  howler,  it  is  the  largest  of  the  new  world 
monkeys  hitherto  noticed,  its  length  being  nearly  3  leet 
w  nle  the  tail  reaches  to  even  a  gieater  length  iTke 
all  other  members  of  the  family,  it  is  character  zed  hv 
Its  discordant  and  dismal  yells,  Jhich  can  be  heard  at  the 
'l^a,  %^rZ^-  clll^d^ 

araignee  (a-ra-nya'),  n.  [P.  araign^e,  a  spider, 
formerly  also  a  spider's  web,  <  LL.  *araneata 
a  .spider's  web  <  L.  aranea,  spider:  see  Aranea  j 
Lnjort.,  a  kind  of  underground  work  consisting 

01  several  brnnohoo        ^„n„„;  „  » 


One  of  the  Arachnida; 


1  —  j-iic  leiiii  was  usea  as  a  aenus 

name^  before  the  nature  of  these  organisms  was  deTer- 

arachnid  (a-rak'nid),  n 
an  arachnidan. 
Arachnida  (a-rak'ni-da),  w.  pi.     [NL    <  Gr 

apaxvr/,  a  spider  (see  Aranea),  +  -«V?a.]  In  eodl  ' 
a  class  name  used  with  varying  signification 
Ine'of "iCTH^it  Y"-fK'  f^^"^'"^  «f  tlassiflca  ?Jn; 
dhfided  thP  n  hp'1  ^''""^j?  ^"'"^'i"  were 
Qivided  the  other  two  being  Crustacea  and  Jnsecta  ■  mi 


S'l^SZ:^''-^  Inflammationofthe^arach^- 

^no^^u+''^^\  (ar-ak-nol'o-jist),  n.    [<  arach- 
J^ology  +  -ist.2    One  versed  in  arachnology. 
arachnology  (ar-ak-nol'6-ji),  n.   [<  Gr.  apLm 
a  spider  +  -jloy/a,  <  Ai^ei.  speak:  see  -S']' 
marily  divided^T,t;p„r;o;S.r4"r^^^^^^^  Ij'I^'"^^  ^mc/<«i^ffl.'^ 

^Scnlft"';'!'  ^'^^^  °f  artlculaCd  aiS  ,au  -^-F^chnopoda  (ar-ak-nop'o-da),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

with  articulated  legs,  apterous  and  i,mptni,^i^„„       ..  „    ^i- «/"i;ri'7,  a  spider, -(- 7roi.f  (Trod-)  =  E  foot  1  In 

Dana's  system  of  classification,  a  division  of  his 
suborder  Cormosto7nata  of  i:nto7nostraca.  The 
term  corresponds  with  Araneiformia  or  Pycno- 
gonida  (whieh  seo).  j<^nu 

Arachnothera(a-rak-n6-the'ra),«.  [NL  <Gr 

apaxv,p  a  spider,  +  dvpiv,  hunt.]'  The  typical  gel 

rrplp^,":<^Ll„*^'i^„-^f^^ 


™i.u  i-  ■'/■''■^'"i  occu.iu  Class  or  articulated 
with  articulated  legs,  apterous  and  ametabolous  It  was 
divided  into  two  orders,  Puhmnaria  and  Trachearia  Ihl 
former  containing  the  spiders  and  scorpions,  the  la  ter  e 
false  scorpions,  harvestnien,  and  mites.  (0)  A  class  of  t I  p 
phylum  Arthropoda,  including  the  spiders  scorprons  fal  e 
scorpions,  harvestmen,  and  mites,'  with  01  without  «  e 
fey  aranterou,'"„1  T^^^'''^''^''^^  and  PenUstolltl 
articuliLT  p^^  ■tT"^''''"'':'""'  articulate  animals,  with 
^  he  head  wftb  ihi'ff  '•<='^'^P'>alized  by  the  blending 
bearini  8  Ipl.  , n'i"'  ^  cephalotliorax,  normally 

&i  tlrsL^ti;^;;-rS;  -^Xz^^,  r^ior^-^^^r^ 

distinct       - ^^nenw.  or  if  se^  Ara^hnotherin: 


^  nrv  '      .  t^^o^i:  oiily  (iial.,  also  arran,  arrand, 

Jn>  n^"'' 
etc.  <  OF.  araigne,  aragne,  iraigne,  iragne  = 
Pr.  aranha,  eranha^H^.araM  =vi  aranha- 
It.  aragna,  a  spider,  <  L.  arajiea,  a  spider  a 
spider's  web:  see ^r««ea.]  A  spider 
Aramae  (ar-a-i'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ara^  +  -in«  1 
Same  as  Arinw.  ■' 
araiset  (a-raz'),  v.  t.    [<  ME.  araisen,  areisen 
raise  up,  <  a-  «  AS.  «-)  +  raisen,  reise»,  vAZ'. 
see  a-i  and  r«;se.]    Same  as  ?-a4. 

[A  medicine]  whose  simple  touch 
Is  powerful  to  araw  King  Pepin 

^  "SAafr.,  All's  Well  ii  1 

arak,  «.    See  arrack-.  '  ^• 

Arakanese,  a.  and  «.  See  Aracanese 

arake  (a-rak'),i^?-e/j.  p7ir.  as  adv.  or  a.    [<  a3  -f- 

ripendfcSr" 


"J,1'^^'f,,:!"i'rf",^.^^''^^<^'''=?.l'^^^^^^^  araki  (ar'a-ki),' H.    [Cf.  see  arraelc.!  An 

ie;-ei,-.         Egyptian  intoxicating     '  '  _     j  ^ 


m  he  SUui-ian  and  Carboniferous  "^^h^;  ar^n^w  diVWed  ^'"^i'^''^"*'  Cinnyris,  et 
Ta  lZ^etn^T'''''^''';  Huxley  makes  sTx-lv^l  o^t    arack,  «.    See  an'acifc, 


region,  such  as  A.  longlrostris.    Also  Arachnothe. 

PMT   (a-rak"n9-the-ri'ne),  n.  pi. 

\r  ^  4';«c/'"o +  .Hue.-]  A  subfamily  of 
iVectan.mr?fe,  containing  numerous  species, 
chiefly  East  Indian  and  Oceanic,  sometimes 
called  spider-catchers,  having  long  slender 
curved  beaks  like  the  sun-birds  of  the  genera 
Brepams,  Cinnyris,  etc.  ^ 


aracouchini-resin  (ar"a-k6-she'ni-rez''in)  n 
feame  as  acouchi-resin.  " 
aracuan  (ar-a-kwan'),  n.   [Of  S.  Amer.  origin  ] 

II  n'"c>L  I- «•  Pertaining  to  the  Arachnida.  arad  (ar'ad),  n.    [<  Arum  +  -arfi.]    a  plant  of 


".j.O"*^  °''  tfa*"  -Arachnida. 
arachnidiai  (ar-ak-nid'i-al),  a.    [<  «,-«c/»«irt»«« 
-Arachnirtiai"^?,^'^^,','''''^  *°  ^"  arachnidium. 

whkluK,^L??J??'^^*'-H'''=  P^'-^sses  into 

tne  ducts  of  the  arachnidium  enter;  a  spinneret. 


the  natural  order  Aracece.  Lindleii. 

'^^S*!  P^-    tNL.,  <  Aradus 

+  ]  A  family  of  heteropterous  insects, 
eharactenzed  by  their  extremely  depressed 
form  and  brown  or  fuscous  coloration,  and  di- 
vided into  Aradiiiw  and  Brachiirhynchince 


riiTiV^r.  I,  V":™^  '^'^^'^  prepared  fi-om  the 

dibs  or  honey  of  dates;  a  kind  of  arrack. 

My  guardians  and  attendants  .  .  .  used  to  fetch  nrnlri 
m  a  clear  glass  bottle,  without  even  the  decency  of  a  cloth^ 

cuieaiy  aiunk.  J{.  F.  Burton,  El-JIedinali,  p.  487. 

Araha  (a-ra'li-a),  n.  [NL.;  origin  unknown.] 
A  genus  of  plants  with  small  flowers  arranged 
m  umbels,  and  succulent  hemes,  the  type  of  the 
natural  order  Araliacew. 

Araliaceae  (a-ra-li-a'sf-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ara- 
IM  +  -acew.}  A  natural  order  of  plants  nearly 
related  to  the  Umbcllifera;,  from  which  they  are 
distinguished  chiefly  by  their  three-  or  more 
ceiled  fruit,  simple  epigynous  disk,  usually 
valvate  corolla,  and  more  shrubby  habit.  The 

'/"'^'"^'J  represented  in  warm  and  tropical 
countries  and  to  it  belongs  the  ivy,  Hedera  Helix.  fiinT 

fmT'/^  \"  'f',''-^'  ^^t'^«=m''d  the  Chinese  as  a  stimu- 
lant is  produced  by  Panax  Sckimenq,  a  plant  found  in 
r»'^y  r'"^- ,  '^^^  ,^"f  "8  °f  -'^orth  America^rai  a 
qunmefoba,  is  less  va  ued.  A  species  of  Aralia,  A.  nudt 
caul,,.  IS  used  in  North  .America  as  a  substitute  for  sarsa- 


Axaliacese 

parilla.  The  true  rice-paper  of  the  Chinese,  obtained  only 
from  the  island  of  Formosa,  is  made  from  the  pith  of 
another  araliaceous  plant,  Fatsia  papyrifera.  The  order  is 
represented  in  temperate  North  America  only  by  the  genns 
Aralla,  of  which  there  are  eight  species,  and  by  a  single 
species  of  Fatsia  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

araliaceous  (a-ra-li-a'shius),  a.  [<  NL.  ara- 
liaceus.']  Belouging  to  or  resembling  the  Ar<i- 
Uaccce. 

Aramsean,  ».    See  Aramean. 

Aramaic  (ar-a-ma'ik),  a.  and  n.    [<  LL.  as  if 

*Aramaicus,  <"Gr.  'Apa/uaia,  LL.  Aramwa,  prop- 
erly fern,  of  'Apafiaiog,  L.  Aramwus,  adj.,  formed 
on  Heb.  Aram,  the  name  given  to  the  districts 
comprehended  in  Mesopotamia,  northern  Syria, 
the  region  of  Damascus,  and  eastern  Palestine 
southward  to  Arabia  Petrsea.]  Same  as  Ara- 
mean. 

The  Aramaic  speech  began  to  extend  itself  beyond  its 
original  limits.  Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  L  283. 

Aramean,  Aramsean  (ar-a-me'r.n),  a.  and  «. 

[<  LL.  Jrama'iis,  <  Gr.  'Apamiog:  see  Aramaic.'] 
I,  a.  Belonging  or  relating  to  the  northern 
division  of  the  Semitic  family  of  languages  and 
peoples,  containing  the  Mesopotamian,  the 
SjTian  (extending  over  Palestine  prior  to  the 
Christian  era),  and  the  Nabatean;  Chaldean; 
Chaldaic ;  Sj-rian :  in  distinction  from  the  west- 
ern or  middle  Semitic  (Phenician  and  Hebrew) 
and  the  south  Semitic  (Arabic  and  Ethiopie). 

The  Aramean  alphabet  attained  an  even  wider  exten- 
sion than  the  Aramaic  speech,  and  at  length  extirpated 
all  the  independent  IMorth  Semitic  scripts. 

Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  I.  283. 


288 

practically  synonymous  and  conterminous  with 
Dimerosomata  or  Fidmotrachearia.  The  spiders 
breatlie  by  two  or  more  pulmonary  sacs,  combined  or  not 
with  tracheae.  The  abdomen  is  not  segmented,  and  is  dis- 
tinctly separated  from  tlie  cephalothorax ;  they  have  no 
antenna),  as  such,  but  a  pair  of  palps ;  they  have  from  2  to 


each.  The  abdomi- 
nal appendages  are 
modified  into  an 
arachnidium  or 
spinneret,  the  ap- 
paratus by  which 
cobweb,  gossamer, 
and  other  kinds 
of  spider-silk  are 
spun  from  a  se- 
cretion of  glandu- 
lar organs.  There 
are  also  always 
poison-glands  con- 
nected with  the 
mouth-parts.  The 
division  of  the 
group  varies  with 
every  leading  wri- 
ter as  to  number 
of  suborders  or 
families  and  their 
arrangement,  some 
admitting  but  two 
or  three  families,  others  several  suborders  and  upward  of 
twenty  families,  while  the  diversities  of  detail  are  endless. 
A  prime  division  is  into  Dipiwumones,  those  having  two 
pulmonary  sacs  (the  great  bulk  of  the  order),  and  Tetra- 
pneumones,  with  four ;  or  according  to  the  number  of  stig- 
mata, those  having  two  pairs  (yc/ra.s-fi'rfn)  or  only  one  pair 
(TrisHcta):  or  according  to  the  number  of  eyes,  whether 
2,  4,  6,  or  8 ;  or,  finally,  according  to  the  way  in  which  they 
move  about  and  spin  their  webs.  Some  authors  adopt 
three  families :  A  ratmdce,  Lycosida;,  and  Mygalidai.  Also 
Araneidea,  Aran 


Araucaria 

nomieal  importance  as  a  food-fish. —  2,  [cap.] 
[NL.]  A  genus  of  malaoopterygian  abdominal 
fishes,  of  the  family  Ostcoglossidw,  remarkable 
for  their  size  and  the  mosaic  work  of  tbeir  hard 

  bony  compoimd  scales.  ^.  (/('(/as  is  an  example. 

sYimpie  eyesi  and  araphorostic,  araphostic,  a.  See  arrhaphostic. 
8  legs  of  7  joints  arapunga  (ar-a-puug'ga),  M.  [S.  Amer.  native 
name.]  A  South  American  oscine  passerine 
bird  of  the  family  Cotingidai  and  subfamily 
Gi/mnoderiiiw ;  the  bell-bird,  campanero,  or 
averano,  Chasmorhtjnclms  virciis ;  one  of  the 
fruit-crows,  with  a  long  erectile  tubular  process 
on  the  heatl,  rising  sometimes  to  the  height  of 
several  inches,  it  is  remarkable  for  its  clear,  far- 
sounding  notesof  apeculiarly  resonant  or  bell-like  <iuality, 
continued  through  the  heat  of  the  day,  when  most  birds 
are  silent,  and  therefore  readily  heard  at  a  great  distance. 


My^aU  ccetnentaria,  typical  of  Araneida. 
A,  female,  natural  size:  At,  cheliceras; 
,  pedipalpi;  V  ,  VI  ,  maxillary  feet; 
;'//  ,  Vlll  ,  thoracic  feet  ;  Cth,  cephalotho- 
rax. B,  last  joint  of  pedipalpus  of  male, 
much  magnified.   See  cut  under  cfteticera. 


II.  11.  1 .  The  language  of  the  northwestern 
Semites,  preserved  in  the  Biblical  books  of  ,  ,    p-ntt    /  a 

Ezra  and  Daniel,  in  the  Targums,  and  in  the  Araneidse  (ar-a-ne_i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <.Aranea 
Peshito  version  of  the  Scriptures,  together 
with  the  Christian  Syriac  literature. —  2.  An 
inhabitant  or  a  native  of  Aramsea  or  Sjrria. 

The  Aramieans  also  .  .  .  have  the  form  "mata." 

N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVII.  523. 


Arapunga,  or  Campanero  [^Chasniorhynchtts  nzveus). 


The  bird  is  of  abotit  the  size  of  a  pigeon,  and  the  plumage 
of  the  adult  is  pure  white.  The  native  name  was  made  a 
generic  term  by  Lesson  in  1831.  The  bird  is  nearly  related 
to  the  umbrella-birds,  Cfphalopternx. 

Cf.  Jj-a2.]    A  kind 


Arameanism  (ar-a-me'an-izm),  n. 
+  -!s»(.]    Same  as  Aramism. 

Aramidae  (a-ram'i-de),  w.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aramus 
+  -idw.]  A  family  of  grallatorial  birds,  eon- 
fined  to  the  warmer  parts  of  America,  and  form- 


-I-  -idw.']  The  spiders,  considered  as  a  family; 
the  spinning  spiders.   The  group  approaches  more  or 

less  nearly  in  extent  the  order  vlrajieiVict.    In  some  systems  arara  (a-ra'rii),  «.  [Braz. 
the  term  disappears,  being  conterminous  with  the  order,         rn„p„„    J^n  mnrnrfnin 
which  then  is  divided  into  numerous  families  of  other    Ot  macaw,  Ara  maracana. 
names.  araracanga  (a-ra-ra-kang'ga),   ».    Same  as 

[<^rawjea>i.  araneidan  (ar-a-ne'i-dan),  «.    [i  Araneida  +    aracanr/a.  rr.      ■^  * 

-an.']  One  of  the  Araneida  ;  any  spider.  Also  araramboya  (ar"a-ram-bo  ya),  n.  [Braz.]  A 
araneid.  name  of  the  bojobi  or  dog-headed  boa  of  Brazil, 

Araneidea  (ar-a-ne-i-de'a),  n.  pi.  [NL.]  Same    Xiphosoma  caniinim. 
as  Araneida.    '  "  ararauna  (ar-a-ra'nii),  n.    [Braz.]    The  blue 


ine  a  connecting  Hnk  between  the  cranes  and  araneiform  (a-ra'ne-i-form),  a.    [<  NL.  aranei-    and  yellow  macaw,"  Ps»*i!acMS  ararauna  (Lin- 


the  rails,  or  the  gruiform  and  ralliform  birds 
The  principal  osteological  and  pterylographic  characters 
are  those  of  the  cranes,  while  the  digestive  system  and 
the  general  habits  and  appearance  are  those  of  the  rails. 
There  are  a  pair  of  caeca,  a  pair  of  carotid  arteries,  and  a 
pair  of  syringeal  muscles.  The  family  consists  of  the  single 
genus  Araiims  (which  see). 

Aramides  (a-ram'i-dez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Aramus  + 
-ides.']    A  genus  of  American  ralliform  birds,  of 


formis,  <  L.  araned,  a  spider,  -i-  forma,  form.]    nseus),  now  Ara  ararauna 
1.  Spider-like  in  form;  resembling  a  spider;  araroba  (ar-a-ro'ba),  n.    S&me  as  chrysaroUn. 
belonging  to  the  Araneida,  as  distinguished  arar-tree  (ar'ar-tre),  n.    The  sandarac-tree  of 


from  other  arachnidans. —  2,  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Araneiformia. 

Araneiformes  (a-ra'''ne-i-f6r'mez), «.  pi.  [NL., 
pi.  of  araneiformis :  see  araneiform.]  Same  as 
Araneiformia. 


the  family  Rallidce  and  subfamily  llallime;  the  Araneiformia  (a-ra"ne-i-f6r'mi-a),  «.  pi.  [NL., 
"  — -i  ,  i^Q\xi. -pi.  ot  araneiformis :  see  araneiform.]  A 
group  of  spider-like  marine  animals:  synony- 
mous with  Pijcnogonida  (which  see).  They  aie 
sometimes  placed  with  the  Crustacea  in  an  order  or  a  sub- 
class called  Podusoiiiata,  sometimes  in  Arachnida,  some- 
times combined  with  the  Arctisca  in  a  subclass  Pseuda- 
rachna,  and  sometimes  otherwise  disposed  of.  They  have 
a  rudimentary  unsegmented  abdomen,  a  suctorial  mouth, 
and  4  pairs  of  long,  jointed  legs,  but  are  destitute  of  re- 
spiratory organs.  Some  are  parasitic. 
Araneina  (a-ra-ne-i'na),  n.  pi. 

+  -ina.]    Same  as  Araneida. 
araneologist  (a-ra-ne-ol'o-jist),  n.     [<  arane- 
ologi/  -t-  -isf.]    One  skilled  in  araneology. 

"    '   "'"  [iJj.  aranea. 

That  department  of  entomology  which  relates 
to  spiders. 

The  facts  .  .  .  were  new  to  the  field  of  American  ara- 
neology. Science,  IV.  24. 


American  crakes,  or  small  rails  with  short  bills 

The  genus  contains  about  20  species,  chiefiy  of  Central  and 
South  America  ;  it  is  sometimes  restricted  to  one  group  of 
these,  other  names,  as  Porzana,  Cotumicops,  and  Creciscus, 
being  used  for  the  rest. 
Aramism  (ar'a-mizm),  ??.  [<  Aram-  (in  Ara- 
maic, etc.)  +  -ism.]  An  idiom  of  the  Aramean 
or  Chaldee  language ;  a  Chaldaism.  Also  Ara- 
meanism. 

Aramus  (ar'a-mus),  H.  [NL.;  etym. unknown.] 
The  typical  and  only  genus  of  the  family  Ara- 
midcB,  containing  t  he  courlans,  caraus,  or  crying- 
birds.    They  are  about  2  feet  long,  of  chocolate-br(jwn 

color  streaked  with  white,  with  short  and  rounded  wings,         „.,  -      .     .  -r 

a  falcate  first  primary,  a  short  tail  of  12  feathers,  and  cleft  araneology  (a-ra-ne-ol  o-Ji),  11.  [<  L.  aranea 
toes.  The  hinder  toe  is  elevated,  and  the  tarsus  is  scntel-  a  spider,  -f  Gr.  -7Myia,<.  leyetv,  speak:  see-ology. 
late  anteriorly,  and  as  long  as  the  bill.    The  bill  is  twice    --•       -  .    „      .  ...^.J.- 

as  long  as  the  head,  slender  but  strong,  compressed,  con- 
tracted opposite  the  linear  nostrils,  grooved  about  half  its 
length,  and  enlarged  and  decurved  in  the  terminal  portion. 
A.  pic(Ms(Coues)  inhabits  Florida,  where  it  is  known  as  the 

limpkin ;  another  species,  ^.  scotopaceus,  the  scolopaceous  ,  rx -i  a  ^^ 

courlan,  is  found  in  the  warmer  parts  of  America.  See  araneOSe  (a-ra  ne-os),  a.  K  L.  araneosus,  lun 
courlan.  _  ...     of  or  like  spiders'  webs,  C 

Aranea  (a-ra'ne-ii),  n.  [L.,  a  spider,  a  spidei-'s    ^^y,  ' 
web(>E.araj«,q.v.);  alsortra??eMS,m.,aspider;  j^^^j^g 
cf.  Gr.  apaxvTK,  Attic  hpaxvt],  poet,  apaxvog  a    spider's  web;  arachnoid, 
spider,  perhaps  connected  with  apKvg,  a  net.]  araneous  (a-ra'ne-us),  a.  [As  araweose,  or  after 

1,  An  old  genus  of  spiders,  more  or  less  exactly  araneus,  pertaining  to  a  spider  or  to  a  spi- 
equivalent  to  the  modern  superfamily^ra;/eida.    -    -      -    -   ■,. . 

By  various  restrictions  it  has  been  reduced  to  the  value  of 
one  of  the  modern  families  or  genera  of  spiders,  and  has 
been  eliminated  entirely  from  some  systems.  Aranea 
domestica,  the  common  house-spider,  is  now  Tegenaria  do- 
mestica.    Also  Araneus. 

2.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.]  A  former  group  of  spiders, 


Morocco,  Callitris  quadrivalvis.  See  sandarac- 
tree. 

arase^t  (a-ras' ),  v.  t.    [Also  written  arace,  <  OF. 
araser,  raze,  demolish,  <  a,  to,  +  ras,  level: 
see  a-ll  and  rase,  raze,  and  cf.  erase.]    1.  To 
raze;  level  with  the  ground. —  2.  To  erase, 
arase-t,  v.  t.    Same  as  arace^. 
arasene,  ».    Same  as  arrasene. 
arastra  (a-ras'tra),  «.    Same  as  arrastre. 
aration  (a-ra'shon),  71.    [<  L.  aratio(n-),  <  arare, 
pp.  araiiis,  plow:  see  arable.]    Plowing;  til- 
lage. [Eare.] 

It  would  suffice  to  teach  these  four  parts  of  agriculture ; 
first  aration,  and  all  things  belonging  to  it. 

Cowley,  Works  (ed.  1710),  II.  710. 

[NL.,  <^ra«ea  aratory  (ar'a-to-ri),  a.    [<  ML.  aratorius,  <  L. 

arator,  plower,'<  arare,  pp.  aratus,  plow:  see 
arable.]  Relating  or  contributing  to  tillage, 
aratrum  terrse  (a-ra'trum  ter'e).  [ML.,  a 
plowgate  of  land :  aratrum,  a  portion  of  land 
as  much  as  could  be  plowed  with  one  plow  (a 
special  use  of  L.  aratrum,  plow,  <  arare,  plow: 
see  arable);  terrce,  gen.  of  L.  terra,  land.]  In 
Scots  law,  a  plowgate  of  land,  consisting  of 
eight  oxgates,  because  anciently  the  plow  was 
drawn  by  eight  oxen. 
Araucan  (a-ra'kan),  n.    Same  as  Araucanian. 


ral^aSr-'  sTeX.r]'''cover?dtTth  ArauaaHian (ar-S-ki'ni-an), a.  and  n.  i<Arau. 
;b,  also  a  spiaer.  see^rawea.j   i^overeawim  ^  Arancanos,  the  Araucanians,  a  tribe  of 

irs  crossing  one  another,  like  the  rays  m  a    j^^^'^^  inhabiting  the  southern  parts  of  Chili.] 


der's  web,  <  aranea,  a  spider,  spider's  web :  see 
araneose.]  If.  Pull  of  cobwebs. —  2.  Resem- 
bling a  cobweb;  extremely  thin  and  delicate, 
like  spider's  silk  or  gossamer;  covered  with 
delicate  tangled  hairs  like  cobweb ;  arachnoid. 
-Araneous  membrane.  Same  as  aracAnoid,  m.,  2. 


intermediate  between  a  modern  order  and  a  arango  (a-rang'go),  n.  [A  native  name.]  A 
modem  genus.  kind  of  bead  made  of  rough  carnelian,  generally 

araneal  (a-ra'ne-al),  a.  [<  L.  aranea,  a  spider,  ^  cylindrical  shape.  Such  beads,  imported  from 
-I-  -al.]  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  spider.  Bombay,  constituted  an  article  of  traffic  with  Africa  pre- 
araneid  (a-ra'ne-id),  n.  Same  as  araneidan.  vious  to  the  abolition  of  the  slave-trade. 
Araneida  (ar-a-ne'i-da),  n.  pi.  [l^Jj.,  <  Aranea  arapaima  (ar-a-pi'ma),  n.  [S.  Amer.  native 
+  -dda  ]  A  siiperfamily  and  subgroup  of  the  name.]  1.  The  name  of  the  largest  knovm 
class  Arachnida,  now  usually  called  an  order,  fresh-water  fish,  Arapaima  gigas,  an  inhabitant 
containing  the  spiders  as  distinguished  from  of  Brazil  and  Guiana,  said  to  attain  a  length  ot 
the  mites,  scorpions,  and  other  arachnidans:    15  feet  and  a  weight  of  400  pounds 


It  is  of  eco- 


I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Araucania,  a  territory 
in  the  southern  part  of  Chili,  mainly  comprised 
in  the  modern  provinces  of  Ai-auco  and  Valdivia. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Arau- 
cania. The  aboriginal  Araucanians  are  a  partially  civil- 
ized race  who  have  never  been  conriuered  by  Europeans; 
but  in  1883  the  portion  of  them  living  on  the  mainland 
voluntarily  submitted  to  the  Chilian  government. 

Araucaria (ar-a-ka'ri-a),  n.  l'N'L.,<  Arauc(ania) 
+  -aria.]  A  genus  of  Conifcra;  the  representa- 
tive of  the  pine  in  the  southern  hemisphere, 
found  in  South  America,  Australia,  and  some  of 
the  islands  of  the  Pacific.  Tlie  species  are  large  ever- 
green trees  with  verticillate  spreading  branches  covered 
with  stiff,  narrow,  pointed  leaves,  and  bearing  large  cones, 
each  scale  having  a  single  large  seed.  The  species  best 
known  in  cultivation  is  A.  imbricata  (the  Chili  pme  or 
monkey-puzzle),  which  Is  quite  hardy.  It  is  a  native  o£ 
the  mountains  of  southern  Chili,  where  it  forms  vast  for- 
ests, and  yields  a  hard,  durable  wood.    Its  seeds  are  eaten 


Araucaria 


■when  roasted.  Tlie  Moretoii  Bay  pine  of  Australia  A 
^  unninghamu,  supplies  a  valual)le  timber  used  in  makin" 
furniture,  in  house-  and  boat-building,  and  in  other  cai°- 
pcntfr-work.  A  species,  A.  excHm,  abounds  on  Norfolk 
Island,  attaining  a  height  of  200  feet.  See  Norfolk  Island 
pine,  under  y^(/(t'. 


289 


Arbalister. 
f  From  Viollet-le-Duc's 
"Diet,  du  Mobilier  fran- 


I.  Norfolk  Island  Pine  (Araiicnria  excelsa).   2,  Cone  of 
Araucaria  Cookii. 


araucariain  (ar-a-ka'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Arau- 
caria  +  -an.)  I.  a.  Related  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  the  genus  Araucaria. 
II.  n.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Araucaria. 
The  plants  of  which  our  coal-seams  are  composed  speak 
to  us  of  lands  covered  with  luxuriant  growths  of  tree-ferns 
and  araucanans.  Geikie,  Ice  Age,  p.  94. 

araucarite  (a-ra'ka-rit),  «.  [<  Araucaria  + 
-^^e•^.J  The  name  given  to  fragments  of  plants 
found  fossilized  in  strata  of  different  ages  and 
beHeved  to  be  related  to  plants  of  the  living 
genus  Armtcaria  Tninks  occur  in  the  coal-measures 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Edinburgh  which  have  belonged 
to  immense  coniferous  trees,  referred,  though  with  some 
doubt  to  this  genus.  The  fruits  and  foliage  found  in  the 
Secondary  rocks  are  certainly  closely  related  to  the  Aus- 
tralian araucanans. 

araughtt.    Preterit  of  areadi. 

araufia  (a-ra'o-a),  «.  The  native  name  of  a 
gigantic  spider  of  the  genus  Mycjale,  found  on 
the  Abrolhos  islands,  Brazil,  it  preys  on  lizards 

and  even  on  young  chickens.  It  is  probably  the  bird- 
des  (Avicularia)  avicularia,  or  a  related  spe- 

arba,  n.    See  arahaX. 

arbaccio  (ar-baeh'io),  71.  [It.  dial.]  A  coarse 
cloth  made  m  Sardinia  from  the  wool  of  an 
inferior  breed  of  sheep  called  the  Nuoro.  E  R 
Knight. 

Arbacia  (ar-ba'si-a),  n.  [NL.]  The  typical 
genus  of  sea-urchins  of  the  family  Arbdciidce 

A.  punctulata  and  A.  nigra  are  two  species,  occurrin<^ 
Am^rica^    °"       «astern  and  western  coasts  of  North 

arbaciid  (ar-bas'i-id),  n.    A  sea-urchin  of  the 
family  Arbaciidce. 
Arbaciidae  (ar-ba-si'i-de),  7i.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Arba- 
cia +  -ida;.}     A  family  of  desmostie'hous  or 
endoeyehcal  echinoids,  or  regular  sea-urchins 
intermediate  in  its  general  characters  between 
tidandm  and  Echinida:,  and  having  median 
ambulacral  spaces  appearing  as  bare  bands. 
1  he  family  is  typified  by  the  genus  Arbacia; 
another  genus  is  Ccelopleurus. 
arbalest,  arbalester.  See  arbalist,  arbalister. 
a,rbal6te  (ar-ba-laf),  n.   [F.,  <  OF.  arbaleste: 

see  arbalist.']  Same  as  arbalist,  2. 
arbalist,  arbalest  (ar'ba-list,  -lest),  n.  [<  ME 
arbelaste,  arblast,  arblest,  etc.  (also  arweblast, 
arowblaste,  as  if  connected  with  arow,  arrow)  < 
Oh  .  arbaleste,  arbeleste,  arbalestre,  F.  arbalete  = 
ev.  arbalesta,  albalesta,  <  LL.  arcubalista,  arcu- 
bciUista:  see  arcuhalist.']  1.  A  crossbow  used  in 
-t^urope  m  the  chase  and  in  war  throughout  the 
middle  ages.  The  bow  was  made  of  steel,  horn,  or  other 
ion  e  nfpJh^f ''T  °^  ^'''"^"Sth  and  stiffness  thai 

|oine  niecliamcal  appliance  was  used  to  bend  it  and  adjust 
the  string  to  the  notch.  The  lighter  arbalists,  used  in  the 
fvSnT^  '^^  lio'-^f  men,  required  a  double  hoot 
wmch  the  arbalister  carried  at  his  g  rdle.    Heavier  ones 

luh  a  ml  ''^IT''  rr""^^'^'  °^  >-evolvTng  wh  el 
with  a  latchet  and  long  handle,  to  draw  them  ■  these  an- 

tZ'tlTl  ^-^Pf '^tf arbalist,  and  w^re  carrf^d 
smug  from  the  shoulder  or  at  the  belt.    The  short  and 

^OuaTeTar'*'"^  called  a5uarref,Tom  it 

f?om  n,P  commonly  a  bolt,  as  distinguished 

stones  ,PP  ,  {f  ''■^charged  by  the  lon.gbow.  Sometimes 
sile  of  thP  ITJT^  and  leaden  balls  were  used.  The  mis- 
DpnpH..,tp  ^'"^  discharged  with  such  force  as  to 

so  dead  V  f'JIY^  armor  and  the  weapon  was  considered 
Ixcent  n  wo  ?  '"^  P^'^bited  by  a  council  of  the  church 
dSrlpH  f  -S"""''  .mfidels.  It  could,  however,  lie 
t^P  »?f f  V   "'J'  ^Tf""    minute.   It  was  used  especially  in 

weapon,  ^fn?h  •'"'"•'^      ^'''^'^^'^  F"'-  similar 

weapons  of  other  periods  than  the  European  middle  ao-es 
see  crossbow.    Also  arcuhalist,  and  formerly  arhlali    °  ' 

«5.  in^Aer.,  a  crossbow  used  as  a  bearing. 


arbalister,  arbalester  (iir'ba-lis-ter,  -les-ter), 
'/'r.^^^  arbalas'icr,  nrblastcr,  etc., 

<  OJ^ .  urbalcstier,  <  ML.  arcnlmlistarius :  see  ar- 
cubahstcr.']  One  armed  with 
the  arbalist ;  a  crossbowman ; 
especially,  a  soldier  carrying 
the  arbalist  of  war.  Also 
arcnbalister. 

arbiter  (iir'bi-ter),  n.  [=  F. 
arbitre,  <  L.  arbiter,  a  witness, 
judge,  lit.  one  who  goes  to 
see,  <  ar-  for  ad,  to,  +  betcrc, 
bitere,  come.]  1.  A  person 
chosen  by  the  parties  in  a  con- 
troversy to  decide  their  differ- 
ences ;  one  who  decides  points 
at  issue ;  an  arbitrator ;  a  ref- 
eree ;  an  umpire. 

The  civilians  make  a  difference  be- 
tween arbiter  and  arbitrator,  the 
former  being  obliged  to  judge  ac- 
cording to  the  customs  of  the  law  • 
whereas  the  latter  is  at  liberty  to  use 
his  own  discretion,  and  accommo-  ■ 

aifd'eomtabr""'' "'""^  ''PP'^'"-^  '""^t  f"** 

'     ■  Wharton. 

d.  in  a  general  sense,  a  person  who  has  the 
power  of  judging  and  determining  absolutely  ac- 
cording to  his  own  pleasure;  one  whose  power 
of  deciding  and  governing  is  not  limited :  one 
who  has  a  matter  under  his  sole  authority  for 
adjudication.  ^ 

f ^  Relieve,  combines  wisdom  and  practica- 
bility, by  providing  a  plurality  of  Counsellors,  but  a  shigle 
aiMertov  ultimate  decision.    Jefferson,  Autobiog  ,  p 

...      ,  Contemporary  Socialism,  p.  179 

Arbiterelegantiarum(el-e-gan-shi-a'rum).  [L.i  Ajudge 

of  the  elegancies ;  an  authority  in  matters  of  taste  =Svn 
itr  governor!"''''''''  '''^"■''''  absolute  ruler,  control! 

arb'itert  (ar'bi-terl,  t.  [<  arbiter,  «.]  To  act 
as  arbiter  between ;  judge.  Hall. 
arbitrablet  (ar'bi-tra-bl),  a.  [<  Sp.  arbitrable 
=  Pg.  arbi  travel,  <  L.  as  if  *arbitrabilis,  <  arbi- 
^ran,  arbitrate:  see  arbitrate.]  1.  Arbitrary 
depending  on  the  will.  Spelman.—  2  Subiect 
to  arbitration ;  subject  to  the  decision  of  an 
arbiter,  court,  judge,  or  other  appointed  author- 
ity; discretionary. 

The  value  of  moneys  is  arbitrable  according  to  the  use 
of  several  kingdoms.  Bp.  Hall,  Cases  of  Conlcience,  i  l! 
arbitrage  (ar'bi-traj),  n.  [<  F.  arbitrage,  <  ar- 
bttrer,  arbitrate:  see  arbitrate.]  1.  Arbitra- 
tion R.  Cobden.  [Rare.] -2.  The  calculation 
ot  the  relative  value  at  the  same  time,  at  two  or 
more  places,  of  stocks,  bonds,  or  funds  of  any 
sort,  including  exchange,  with  a  view  to  taking 
advantage  of  favorable  circumstances  or  differ- 
ences m  payments  or  other  transactions ;  arbi- 
tration of  exchange. 

Arbitrage  proper  is  a  separate,  distinct,  and  well-defined 
business,  with  three  main  branches.    Two  of  these  viz 
arbitrage  ov  arbitration  in  bullion  and  coins,  and  arbitra- 
tion m  bills,  also  called  the  arbitration  of  exchanges,  fatl 
H  p  I  o/.bullion  dealing  and  bankingrespec- 

tively.  Ihe  third,  arbitrage  in  stocks  and  sharesfis  arbi- 
tiage  properly  so  called,  and  so  understood,  whenever  the 
word  IS  mentioned  without  qualification  aiiong  business 
men,  and  it  is  strictly  a  Stock  Exchange  business. 

£ncyc.  Brit.,  II.  311. 

3.  The  business  of  bankers  which  is  founded 
on  calculations  of  the  temporary  differences  in 
tne  price  of  secm-ities,  and  is  carried  on  through 
a  simultaneous  purchase  in  the  cheaper  and 
sale  m  the  dearer  market, 
arbitrager  (ar'bi-tra-jer),  n.    A  banker  or  a 

broker  who  engages  in  arbitrage  operations, 
arbitrageur  (ar-bi-tra-zher'),  «.  [F.]  Same  as 
arbitrager. 

b„tf>,P.«"/?',"'''  arbitrage  properly  known  as  such  is  the 
Pr  nf  'L'-'>\trageur,  who  is  almost  always  a  mem- 

wm, f  ^  Exchange  or  "Bourse,"  and  his  arbitrations 
with  very  few  exceptions  are  neither  in  bullion  nor  in  bills 
out  in  (government  and  other  stocks  and  shares.  ' 
,  ..      ,  Bncyc.  Brit.,  II.  311. 

arbitral  (ar'bi-tral),  a.  [<  LL.  arbitralis,  <  L 
arbiter,  arbiter.]  Relating  to  arbitration ;  sub- 
ject to  review  and  adjudication—Decree  arbi 

tral.    See  decree.  x'eoree  aroi- 

arbitrament  (ar-bit'ra-ment),  n.  [<  ME  arbi- 
trement,  arbitriment,  <  OF."arbitrcment=  Pr  ar- 
Mramen  =  Sp.  arbitramiento  =  Pg.  arbitramcnto, 
<  ML.  arbitramentiim,  <  L.  arbitrari,  arbitrate- 
see  arbitrate.]  1.  The  power  or  right  to  decide 
lor  one  s  self  or  for  others;  the  power  of  abso- 
lute and  final  decision. 


Liberty,  and  Life,  and  Death  would  soon 
Lie  m  the  arbitremeut  of  those  who  ruled 
The  capital  City.  Word-rnvrtl,  Prelude  \ 


2.  The  act  of  deciding  a  dispute  as  an  arbiter 
or  arbitrator;  the  act  of  settling  a  claim  or  dis- 


arbitrate 

pute  which  has  been  referred  to  arbitration; 
tlie  absolute  and  authoritative  settlement  of 
any  matter. 
Want  will  force  him  to  put  it  to  arbitrement. 

Masmnger,  New  Way  to  I'ay  Old  Debts  ii  1 

noT'l'p'f/tnth'''  '7 ?;"'ated  by  a  law  ma,le  on  purpose,  an-l 
not  left  to  the  arbitrament  of  partial  or  intereste.l  peiions 
J-  '1''""'^  Works,  V.  7.-;. 
oJ.  the  decision  or  sentence  pronounced  by  an 
arbiter.  [In  this  sense  aicard  is  now  more 
common  in  legal  use.] 

To  discover  tlie  grounds  on  which  .  .  .  usage  bases  its 
arbdra,,,e„ts,  baflles,  not  seldom,  our  utmost  ingemifty  of 
.speculation.  ii^j  Eng.,  p  31 

Sometimes  spoiled  arbitrement. 
arbitrarily  (iir'bi-tra-ri-li),  adv.    In  an  arbi- 
trary manner;  at  will;  capriciously;  without 
sufficient  reason;  in  an  iri'esponsible  or  des- 
potic way. 

The  Bishop  of  Dunkeld,  who  .  .  .  had  opposed  the  gov- 
eminent,  was  arbitrarily  ejected  from  his  see,  and  a  suc- 
cessor was  appointed.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 
arbitrariness  (ar'bi-tra-ri-nes),  w.   The  quality 
ot  being  arbitraiy.  ' 

Consciousness  is  an  entangled  plexus  which  cannot  be 
cut  into  parts  without  more  or  less  arbitrariness. 

II.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  480. 

arbitrariousf  (ar-bi-tra'ri-us),  a.   [<  L.  arbitra- 
rins:  see  arbitrari/.]    Arbitrary.  Aorm- 
arbitrariouslyt  (iir-bi-tra'ri-us-li),  adv.  Arbi- 
trarily. Barrow. 

arbitrary  (iir'bi-tra-ri),  a.  [=  F.  arbitraire  = 
Pr.  arbitrari  =  Sp.  Pg.  It. arbitrario,<L,.  arbitra- 
nus,  ot  arbitration,  hence  uncertain,  depending 
on  the  will,  <  arbiter,  arbiter,  umpire :  see  arbt 
ter.]  1.  Not  regulated  by  fixed  rule  or  law; 
determinable  as  occasion  arises;  subject  to  in- 
dividual will  or  judgment;  discretionary. 

Indifferent  things  are  left  arbitrary  to  us. 

Bp.  Hall,  Keniains,  p.  277. 

2.  In  law,  properly  determinable  by  the  choice 
or  pleasure  of  a  tribunal,  as  distinguished  from 
that  which  should  be  determined  according  to 
settled  rules  or  the  relative  rights  or  equities 

of  the  parties.  Thus,  whether  the  judge  will  take  and 
state  an  account  himself,  or  refer  it  to  an  auditor  is  a 
question  resting  in  his  arbitrary  discretion  ;  whether  'also 
a  particu  ar  person  is  (lualified  to  act  as  auditor  is  a  quegl 
tion  involving  judicial  or  legal  discretion 

3.  Uncontrolled  by  law;  using  or  abusing  un- 
limited power;  despotic;  tyi-annieal. 

For  sure,  if  Dulness  sees  a  grateful  day, 
lis  in  the  shade  of  arbitrary  sway. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  iv.  182. 
Could  I  prevail  upon  my  little  tyrant  hereto  be  less  ar- 
bitrary,  I  should  be  the  happiest  man  alive. 

Goldsmitft,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  v. 
Arbitrary  power  is  most  easily  established  on  the  ruins 
of  liberty  abused  to  licentiousness.  Washington. 

4.  Not  characterized  by  or  manifesting  any 
overruling  principle;  fixed,  determined,  or  per- 
formed at  will;  independent  of  rule  or  control. 

A  great  number  of  arbitrary  signs,  various  and  opposite 
do  constitute  a  language.  If  such  arbitrary  connection  be 
instituted  by  men,  it  is  an  artificial  language;  if  by  the 
Author  of  ^ ature,  it  is  a  natural  language.  Berkeley. 

They  perpetually  sacrifice  nature  and  reason  to  arbi. 
trary  canons  qf  taste.  Macaulay,  Dryden. 

By  an  arbitrary  proceeding,  I  mean  one  conducted  by 
to  rJ^^'ilate  °P'"'°"*     ^^^^"^SS  of  the  man  who  attempts 

5.  Ungoverned  by  reason;  hence,  capricious; 
uncertain;  unreasonable;  varying;  changeful- 
as,  an  arbitrary  character. 

My  disappointments,  as  a  general  thing,  .  .  .  Iiad  too 
oiten  been  the  consequence  of  arbitran/  preconceptions 
//.  James,  Jr.,  Little  Tour,  p.  2,i3 
Arbitrary  constant,  in  math.,  a<iuantity  which  by  a  dif. 
lerential  equation  is  reciuired  to  have  the  same  va'lue  for 
all  values  of  the  variable,  wliile  this  cnstant  value  re- 
mains indeterminate.— Arbitrary  discretion  Ste 
cre?io;L-Arbltrary  function,  in  a  quantity  which 

IS  required  by  a  partial  dirtereiitial  equation  to  reniain  un- 
changed as  long  as  certain  variables  remain  uiKhaii"fd 
mit  ivliicli  may  vary  in  any  manner  with  these  viriablfs' 
suliject  only  to  the  condition  of  having  diffeivntial  cupffll 
cients  with  respect  to  tliem.-Arbltrary  homonyms 
See  hamoii;im.  =  Syn.  Capricious,  unlimited,  irresponsible 
umuntiiilled,  tyrannical,  domineering,  imperious 
arbitrate  (ar'bi-tiat),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  arbi- 
trated, ppr.  arbitratiiiq.  [<  L.  arbitratus,  pp.  ot 
arbdrm-i  (>  It.  arbitrare  =  Pg.  Sp.  Pr.  arbitrar 
=  F.  arbitrer),  be  a  witness,  act  as  umpire.  < 
arbiter,  maTpive:  see  arbiter.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To 
act  as  an  arbitrator,  or  formal  umpii'e  between 
contestants ;  mediate. 

In  the  disputes  of  kings,  the  weaker  party  often  appealed 
to  the  Pope,  and  thus  gave  liim  an  opportunity  to  arbitrate 
or  comman.l.  Wnoheg,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  8. 

2.  To  decide;  detei-mine;  settle  a  question  or 
rule  otherwse  indeterminate. 

Some  Iwords]  become  equivocal  by  changing  their  sig- 
nification, and  some  fall  obsolete,  one  cannot  tell  why 
for  custom  or  caprice  arbifratc{s],  guided  by  no  law.  ' 

/.  D' Israeli,  Asieii.  of  Lit.,  1.  172. 


arbitrate 

n.  trans.  1.  To  give  ini  authoritative  deoi- 


290 


eion  in  regard  to  as  arbitrator ;  decide  or  deter- 
mine. 

Thoughts  speculative  their  unsure  liopes  relate  ; 
But  certaiu  issue  strokes  must  (irbilrate. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  4. 

Things  must  be  compared  to  and  arbitrated  by  her  [wis- 
dom's] standard,  or  else  they  will  contain  soinethmg  of 
monstrous  enormity.  Jiarrow,  Works,  I.  vi. 

But  thou,  Sir  Lancelot,  sitting  in  my  place 
Enchair'd  to-morrow,  arbitrate  the  fleld. 

Tennijson,  The  Last  Tournament. 

2.  To  submit  to  arbitration ;  settle  by  arbitra- 
tion :  as,  to  arbitrate  a  dispute  regarding  wages, 
arbitrated  (ar'bi-tra-ted),i>.  «.  Ascertained  or 
determined  by  arbitrage:  as,  arbitrated  rates; 
arbitrated  par  of  exchange. 

Business  men  .  .  .  were  .  .  .  enabled  to  utilize  all  the 
advantages  of  cross  and  arbitrated  e.\changes. 

Balch,  Mines  of  V.  S.,  p.  444. 

arbitration  (ar-bi-tra'shon),  w.  [<  ME.  arbitra- 
cioH,  <  OF.  arbitration  -  Pr.  arbitracio,  <  L. 
arbitratio{)i-),  <  arbitrari,  arbitrate,  judge:  see 
arbitrate.~i  The  hearing  and  determinmg  of  a 
cause  between  parties  in  controversy  by  a  per- 
son or  persons  chosen  or  agreed  to  by  the  par- 
ties. This  may  be  done  by  one  person,  but  it  is  usual  to 
choose  more  than  one.  Frequently  two  are  nominated, 
one  by  each  party,  the  two  being  authorized  in  turn  to 
agree  upon  a  third,  who  is  called  the  umpire  (or,  in  Scot- 
land sometimes  the  orersman),  and  who  either  acts  with 
them  or  is  called  on  to  decide  in  case  the  primary  arbitra- 
tors differ.  The  determination  of  arbitrators  or  umpires 
is  called  an  award.  By  the  common  law  an  award  prop- 
erly made  is  binding ;  but  the  arbitrators'  authority  may 
be  revoked  before  award  at  the  will  of  either  party.  Per- 
manent boards  of  arbitration  are  sometimes  constituted 
by  legisLitive  or  corporate  authority,  but  the  submission  of 
cases  to  their  decision  is  always  voluntary. 

It  is  not  too  much  to  hope  that  arbitration  and  concilia- 
tion will  lie  the  means  adopted  alike  by  nations  and  by 
individuals,  to  adjust  all  ditlerences. 

N.  A.  Rev.,  CXLII.  613. 

Arbitration,  in  International  Law,  is  one  of  the  recog- 
nized modes  of  terminating  disputes  between  indepen- 
dent nations.  Encyc.  Bnt.,  II.  313. 
Arbitration  bond,  a  bond  by  which  a  party  to  a  dispute 
engages  to  abide  by  the  award  of  arbitrators.— Arbitra- 
tion Of  exchange.  See  arbitrage,  2.— Geneva  axbitra- 

tlon  the  settlement  by  arbitration  of  the  dispute  between 
the  governments  of  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain 
concerning  the  Alabama  claims :  so  called  because  the 
board  of  arbitrators  held  their  sessions  at  Geneva  in 
Switzerland.    See  Alabama  claims,  under  claim. 

arbitrational  (ar-bi-tra'shon-al),  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to,  of  the  nature  of,  or  involving  arbi- 
tration :  as,  arbitrational  methods  of  settling 
disputes. —  2.  Resulting  from  arbitration  or  a 
reference  to  arbitrators. 

Arbitrational  settlement  of  the  Alabama  claims. 

A.  Ilaijward,  Ethics  of  Peace. 

arbitrative  (ar'bi-tra-tiv),  a.  [<  arbitrate  + 
-iue.]  Of  the  nature  of  arbitration ;  relating  to 
arbitration ;  having  power  to  arbitrate :  as, "  he 
urged  arbitrative  tribunals,"  -B.  J.  Hinton,  Eng. 
Radical  Leaders,  p.  117. 

arbitrator  (ar'bi-tra-tor),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  arbitratour,  <  ME.  arbitrator,  <  OF.  arbi- 
tratour,  -eur  (earlier  arUtrour,  arbitreor:  see 
arbitrer),  <  LL.  arbitrator,  <  arbitrari,  pp.  arbi- 
tratus,  arbitrate:  see  arbitrate.']  1.  A  person 
wlio  decides  some  point  at  issue  between  others ; 
one  who  formally  hears  and  decides  a  disputed 
cause  submitted  by  common  consent  of  the  par- 
ties to  arbitration.— 2.  One  who  has  the  power 
of  deciding  or  prescribing  according  to  his  own 
absolute  pleasure ;  an  absolute  governor,  presi- 
dent, autocrat,  or  arbiter.    See  arbiter. 

Though  heaven  be  shut. 
And  heaven's  high  Arbitrator  sit  secure. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  359. 
The  end  crowBS  all ; 
And  that  old  common  arbitrator,  Time, 
Will  one  day  end  it.  Sfiak.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  5. 

=  Syn  1.  Umpire,  Referee,  etc.    See  judr/e,  n. 

arbltratorship  (ar'bi-tra-tor-ship),  n.  The 
office  or  function  of  an  arbitrator. 

arbitratrix  (ar'bi-tra-triks),  n. ;  pi.  arbitratrices 
(ar  'bi-tra-tri'sez).  I'LL.,  tern,  of  arbitrator :  see 
arbitrator.]    A  female  arbitrator. 

arbitret,  n.   See  arbitry. 

arbitret,  v.  t.    See  arbiter. 

arbitrament,  «.    See  arbitrament. 

arbitrert  (ar'bi-trer),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
arbitror,  arbitrour,  <  ME.  arbitrour,  <  OF.  arbi- 
trour,  arbitreour,  arbitreor,  <  LL.  arbitrator: 
see  arbitrator.]    An  arbiter  or  arbitrator. 

The  arbitrer  of  her  own  destiny.  Southey. 

arbitress  (iir'bi-tres),  n.  [ME.  arUtres;  <  arbi- 
ter +  -e.ss.]  A  female  arbiter:  as,  an  arbitress 
of  fashion. 

He  aspired  to  see 
His  native  Pisa  queen  and  arbitress 
Of  cities.  Bryant,  Knight's  Epitaph. 


arbitrort,  See  arbitrer. 
arbitryt,  «.  [ME.  arbitrie  (earlier  arUtre,< 
OF.  arbitre),  <  L.  arbitrium,  will,  judgment,  < 
arbiter,  arbiter:  see  arbiter.]  1.  Free  will; 
discretion.— 2.  Arbitration.— 3.  Judgment; 
award. 

arblastt,  «•  Same  as  arbalist. 
arblastert,  «.  Same  as  arbalister. 
Arbogast's  method.  See  method. 
arbori  (iir'bor),  «.  [In  the  derived  sense  for- 
merly arber,"arbre,  <  F.  arbre,  OF.  arbre,  aubre 
z=Ft.  aubre  =  Sp.  arbol  —  Pg.  urvore,  formerly 
arbor  =  It.  aUwre,  albero,  arbero,  poet,  arborc, 
a  tree,  beam,  mast,  etc.,  <  L.  arbor  (acc.  ar- 
borem  ),  earlier  arbos,  a  tree,  and  hence  also  a 
beam,  bar,  mast,  shaft,  oar,  etc.  Cf.  the  simi- 
lar development  of  beam  and  tree.]  1.  Liter- 
ally, a  tree :  used  in  this  sense  chiefly  in  botan- 
ical names. —  2.  In  mech. :  («)  The  main  support 
or  beam  of  a  machine,  (ft)  The  principal  spin- 
dle or  axis  of  a  wheel  or  pinion  communicating 
motion  to  the  other  moving  parts — Arbor  Dianse 

(tree  of  Diana,  that  is,  of  silver:  see  Diana),m  ehem.,a 
beautiful  arborescent  precipitate  produced  by  silver  in 
mercury.— Arbor  Judse,  in  bot.,  the  Judas-tree  (which 
see).— Arbor  Satiumi  (tree  of  Saturn,  that  is,  of  lead: 
see  Saturn),  in  chem.,  an  arborescent  precipitate  formed 
when  a  piece  of  zinc  is  put  into  a  solution  of  acetate  of 

lead.— Arbor -vitse.  See  olioc-i'lto.— Expanding  ar- 
bor, in  mech.,  a  mandrel  in  a  lathe  providi-d  with  taper 
keys  or  other  devices  for  securing  a  firm  hoUl,  by  varying 
the  diameter  of  the  parts  or  surfaces  of  the  nuindrel  whicli 
bear  against  the  sides  of  the  hollow  or  the  central  hole  of 
tlie  object  which  is  to  be  operated  upon. 
arbor2,  arbour  (ar'bor),  n.  [In  England  the 
second  form  is  usual.  Early  mod.  E.  arbor,  ar- 
bour, arher,  harbor,  harbour,  harber,  herber, 
herbor,  etc.,  <  ME.  erher,  erbcre,  herher,  herbere, 
<  AF.  erber,  herber,  OF.  erbier,  herbier,  a  place 
covered  with  grass  or  herbage,  a  garden  of 
herbs,  <  ML.  herbarium  in  same  sense,  earlier, 
in  LL.,  a  collection  of  dried  herbs  :  see  herba- 
rium, of  which  arbor"^  is  thus  a  doublet;  and 
cf.  arb,  yarb,  dial,  forms  of  herb.  The  sense  of 
'orchard,'  and  hence  '  a  bower  of  trees,' though 
naturally  developed  from  that  of  'a  gi-ass-plot' 
(so  orchard  itself,  AS.  wyrt-geard,  i.  e.,  wort- 
or  herb-yard ;  cf .  F.  verger,  an  orchard,  .<  L. 
viridarium,  a  garden,  lit.  a  'greenery'),  led  to 
an  association  of  the  word  on  the  one  hand 
with  harbor,  ME.  herbere,  herberwe,  etc.,  a  shel- 
ter, and  on  the  other  with  L.  arbor,  a  tree. 
Cf.  arboret'^  and  It.  arboraia,  an  arbor  (Florio).] 
It.  A  grass-plot ;  a  lawn ;  a  green.  [Only  m 
Middle  English.] —2t.  A  garden  of  herbs  or  of 
flowering  plants ;  a  flower-bed  or  flower-garden. 
—  3t.  A  collection  of  fruit-trees  ;  an  orchard. 
In  the  garden,  as  I  wene. 
Was  an  arber  fayre  and  grene, 
And  in  the  arber.  was  a  tre. 

Squire  of  Lowe  Degre,  1.  28. 

4.  A  bower  formed  by  trees,  shrubs,  or  vines 
intertwined,  or  trained  over  a  latticework,  so 
as  to  make  a  leafy  roof,  and  usually  provided 
with  seats ;  formerly,  any  shaded  walk. 

Those  hollies  of  themselves  a  shape 
As  of  an  arbour  took. 

Coleridge,  Three  Graves,  iv.  24. 

arboraceous  (iir-bo-ra'shius),  a.  [<  NL.  arbo- 
raceus,  <  L.  arbor,  a  tree.]  1.  Pertaining  to 
or  of  the  nature  of  a  tree  or  trees.— 2.  Living 
on  or  among  trees ;  living  in  the  forests ;  per- 
taining to  such  a  life. 

Not  like  Papuas  or  Bushmen,  with  arboraceous  habits 
and  half-animal  clicks.      Max  MUUer,  India,  etc.,  p.  133. 

arboral  (ar'bo-ral),  a.    [<  arbor'^  +  -al.]  Relat- 
ing to  trees ;  "arboreal.  [Rare.] 
arboraryt  (iir'bo-ra-ri),  a.    [<  L.  arborarius,  < 

arbor,  a  tree.]    Belonging  to  trees.  Bailey. 
arboratort  (iir'bo-ra-tor),  n.    [L.,  a  pruner  of 
trees,  <  *arborare,  pp.  *arboratus,  <  arbor,  a 
tree.  ]    One  who  plants  or  prunes  trees, 
arbor-chuck  (ar'bor-chuk),  n.    See  chucJc*. 
arbor-day  (ar'bor-da),  n.    [<  arbor'i-  -|-  dayl.] 
In  some  of  the  "United  States,  a  day  of  each 
year  set  apart  by  law  for  the  general  planting 
of  trees  wherever  they  are  needed. 

The  Arbor-day  idea  .  .  .  has  been  formally  adopted 
already  by  seventeen  of  our  States.  yyvttt  «qi 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVIII.  691. 

arboreal  (ar-bo're-al),  a.    [<  L.  arboreus  (see 
arboreous)  +  -al.]    1.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the 
nature  of  trees.—  2.  Living  on  or  among  trees ; 
inhabiting  or  frequenting  forests, 
arboredi  (ar'bord),  a.    [<  arbor^  +  -ed2.]  Fur- 
nished with  aii  arbor  or  axis, 
arbored^  (ar'bord),  a.    [<arbor'^  +  -ed^.]  Fur- 
nished with  aii  arbor  or  bower, 
arboreous  (ar-bo're-us),  a.    [<  L.  arboreus,  per- 
taining to  trees,  <  arbor,  a  tree.]   1 .  Pertaining 


arborize 

or  belonging  to  trees ;  living  on  or  among  trees  j 
frequenting  forests ;  arboraceous. — 2.  Having 
the  form,  constitution,  and  habits  of  a  tree; 
having  more  or  less  the  character  of  a  tree ;  ar- 
borescent.— 3.  Abounding  in  trees ;  wooded, 
arboresce  (ar-bo-res'),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  ar- 


Arborescent  Structure  i 
native  copper. 


boresced,  ppr.  (irborescing.  [<  L.  arborescere^ 
become  a  tree,  <  arbor,  a  tree : 
see  arbor'^  and  -esce.]  To 
become  a  tree  or  like  a  tree ; 
put  forth  branches, 
arborescence  (ar-bo-res'ens), 
M.  [<  arborescent:  see -ence.] 
1.  The  state  of  being  arbor- 
escent.—  2.  Something,  as  a 
mineral  or  a  group  of  crystals, 
having  the  figure  of  a  tree, 
arborescent  (ar-bo-res'ent), 
a.  [<  L.  arborescen{t-)s,  ppr. 
oiarborcscere:  see  arboresce.] 
Resembling  a  tree ;  tree-like 
in  gi'owth,  size,  or  appearance ;  having  the  na- 
ture and  habits  of  a  tree ;  branching  like  a  tree ; 
dendritic. 

A  vegetation  of  simple  structure,  if  arborescent  in  its- 
habit,  might  be  held  sutficlently  to  correspond  with  the 
statement  as  to  the  pLints  of  the  third  day. 

Dawson,  Nature  and  the  Bible,  p.  107. 
By  the  extension  of  the  division  down  the  pedicels- 
themselves,  composite  arborescent  fabrics,  like  those  of 
Zoophytes,  are  produced.    W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  424. 

arboreti  (ar'bo-ret),  n.  [<  L.  arbor,  a  tree  (se& 
arbor^),  +  -et."  Cf.  P.  arbret  =  It.  albcretto,  iov- 
merlj  alboretto,  a  dwarf  tree.]  A  little  tree ;  a, 
shrub. 

No  arborett  with  painted  blossomes  drest 
And  smelling  sweete,  but  there  it  might  be  fo^vnd 
To  bud  out  faire,  and  throwe  her  sweete  smels  al  arownd. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vi.  12. 

arboret^t  (ar'bo-ret),  n.  [=  It.  arboreto,  aU- 
bereto,  formerly" aZfioreto,  <  L.  arboretntn  (see 
arboretum) ;  or  perhaps  regarded  as  a  dim.  of 
arbor^,  a  bower.]  A  place  planted  with  trees 
or  shrubs ;  a  small  grove ;  an  arbor. 

Among  thick-woven  arborets  and  flowers. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  437. 

arboretum  (iir-bo-re'tum),  n.;  pi.  arboretums, 
arboreta  (-tumz,  -ta).  [L.,  a  plantation  of  trees, 
<  arbor,  a  tree,  ■>r'-etwn,  denoting  place.]  A 
place  in  which  trees  and  shrubs,  especially  rare 
ones,  are  cultivated  for  scientific  or  other  pur- 
poses ;  a  botanical  tree-garden, 
arboricalt  (iir-bor'i-kal),  a.    [<  L.  arbor,  a  tree, 

-\- -ic-al.]    Relating  to  trees.  Smart. 
arboricole  (iir-bor'i-kol),  a.    [=  F.  arboricole,  < 
NL.  arboricola,  <  L.  arbor,  a  tree,  +  colere,  in- 
habit, dwell.]    In  soiil.,  living  in  trees;  of  ar- 
boreal habits. 

arboricoline  (iir-bo-rik'o-lin),  a.  In  bot.,  grow- 
ing upon  trees :  applied  to  lichens,  etc. 
arboricolous  (iir-bo-rik'o-lus),  a.    Same  as  ar- 
boricole. 

arboricultural  (ar^bo-ri-kul'tur-al),  a.  [<  ar- 
boricHltnre  +  -al.]  Relating  to  arboriculture, 
arboriculture  (ar'bq-ri-kul"tui-),  11.  [=  F.  arbo- 
ricidture,  <  L.  arbor,  a  tree,  +  cidtura,  cultiva- 
tion: see  cidture.]  The  cultivation  of  trees; 
the  art  of  planting,  training,  pruning,  and  cul- 
tivating trees  and  shrubs. 

arboriculturist  (ar"bo-ri-kul'tur-ist),  n.  [<  ar- 
boriculture +  -ist]  One  who  practises  arbori- 
culture. 

arboriform  (iir'bo-ri-form),  a.  \_-  P.  arbori- 
forme,  <  L.  arbor,  a  tree,  +  jforma,  form.]  Hav- 
ing the  form  of  a  tree. 

arboris6  (ar-bor-e-za' ),  «•  [F. ,  pp.  of  arboriser  : 
see  arborize.]  Marked  with  ramifying  lines, 
veins,  or  cloudings,  like  the  branching  of  trees : 
said  of  agates  and  other  semi-precious  stones, 
and  of  certain  porcelains,  lacquers,  enamels,  etc. 
arboristt  (iir'bo-rist),  «.  [<  L.  arbor,  a  tree,  + 
-ist;  =  F.  arboriste.  Cf.  arborise.  In  earher 
use  associated  with  arbor^,  herber,  a  garden  of 
herbs ;  cf .  herborist.]  A  cultivator  of  trees ;  one 
engaged  in  the  culture  of  trees :  as.  "  our  cun- 
ning arborists,"  Evelyn,  Sylva,  xxviii. 
arborization  (ar"bo-ri-za'shqn),  n.  [=  F.  ar- 
borisation; <  arborise  +  -ation.]  1.  A  growtH 
or  an  appearance  resembling  the  figure  of  a, 
tree  or  plant,  as  in  certain  minerals  or  fossils. 
—  2.  In  pathol,  the  ramification  of  capillary 
vessels  or  veinlets  rendered  conspicuous  by 
distention  and  injection. 

arborize  (ar'bo-riz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  arbor- 
ised, ppr.  arborising.  [<  L.  arbor,  a  tree,  + 
-ise;  -  F.  arboriser,  only  in  pp.;  formerly, 
"to  study  the  nature,  to  observe  the  properties 
of  trees"  (Cotgrave).  Cf.  herborise,  botanize.] 
To  give  a  tree-like  appearance  to:  as,  "an  ar- 


arborize 

iTborfse^""  moss-agate,"  TTright    Also  spelled 

arborolatry_(ar-bo-rol'a-tri),  «.    [<  l.  arbor,  a 
tree,  +  &r.  /.arpeca,  worship.]  Tree-worship. 

■  ^-  ijasteni  Jlunachism,  p  '>ig 

arborous  (ar'bo-rus),  a.  [<  arbori  +  -ous^  Con- 
sisting of  or  pertaining  to  trees. 

From  under  shady  arborous  roof. 
,         .  -'V'Vfoii,  p.  L.,  V.  137 

arbor-vine  (ar'bor-Tin),  n.  [<  arbo>-i  +  vine  i 
A  species  of  bmdweed.  The  Spanish  arbor- 
une  of  Jamaica  is  an  ornamental  species  of 
Ipomaa,  I.  tuberosa.  ^ 
arbor-vitae  (ar"bor-vi'te),  n.  [L.,  tree  of  life- 
see  arbori  and  vital:]  I  In  io/.,  a  common 
name  of  certain  species  of  T/nga,  a  geCs  be^ 
longing  to  the  natural  order  Coni/erwT  Thuiaoc 

culentahs  is  tlie  American  or  common  arbor  vi4  p{fpn 
sively  planted  for  ornament  and  for  hed^^es  ' 
^  m  unat  the  arborescent  or  foliaceous  ap- 
pearance of  a  section  of  the  cerebellum  of  the 
higher  vertebrates,  due  to  the  arrangement  of 
the  white  and  gray  nerve-tissue  and  their  con: 
trast  in  color.    See  cut  under  corpus.- ArhZ 

^brIt'Z}!;^ffY'^'i}'  .  fOF.,  also  arbreau,  ar- 
teft.ff  n  '  Vf'^^u*^^®'  ^^"^i^:  see  arbori.] 
ihe  straff  or  stock  of  the  crossbow 

tree,  dun.  of  arbor,  a  tree.]    A  dwarf  tree,  in 
size  between  a  shi-ub  and  a  tree.  Bradlel 
arbuscular  (ar-bus'kii-lar),  a.  [<  L.  arbulcula  ■ 
see^^«,-ft«.oufe.]    Eeseinl^iing  ^an  aScSei 

little  tree :  see  arbi(scle.l  In  sodi  a  tuft  nf 
something  like  an  arbuscL,  as  th:  tikUfran- 
chia9  of  an  annebd;  a  tuft  of  ciHa. 

arbusta,  «.    Plural  of  arbustnm. 

arbustivet  (ar-bus'tiv),  «.  r<  l.  arbustivu^  < 
Man,  a  plantation  ^.f  trees:  see  aXiS.] 
Containing  copses  of  trees  or  shrubs:  covered 
with  shrubs ;  shrubby  ^,  <-uveieu 

busta  (-tumz,  -ta).    [L.,  <  arbos,  arbor,  a  tree- 
see  a^bori.2    A  copse  of  shrubs  or  trees-  an 
orchard  or  arboretum.  ' 
arbute  (ar'biit),  n.    [Formerly  also  arbut  <  L 
S?er.;;.r3«'-^^'-^  "strawbei^It^e^: 

aSSr&JV^-^  ^"^^^^  strawben^-t^r-^ 
tin),  ».  [<  «rSM- 
-f-  -j«2.]  ^ 
glucoside  (Coj. 
H32O14  +  H2O) 
obtained  from 
the  bearbeiTy 
(ArctostajjJiylos 
Uva-ursi)  and 
other  plants  of 
the  heath  fami- 
ly- It  forms  tufts 
of  colorless  acicular 
crystals  soluble  in 
water  and  having  a 
bitter  taste, 
arbutus  (com- 
monly ar-bu'tus; 

as  a  Latin  word,  ar'bu-tus),  n.    [Formerly  also 

tus,  the  wild  strawberry-tree;  prob.  akin  to  ar- 

A  plant  of  the  genus 
butus.-2.  The  trailing  arbutus  (see  below).— 

•  tr'ppf  nf  =  f,^''''^  °J  evergreen  shrubs  or  small 
trees  of  southern  Europe  and  western  North 
America,  natural  order  Ericacece,  eharaeter- 
izea  by  a  fi-ee  calyx  and  a  many-seeded  berrv 

hri!;?;?^'''"//^"^''''     ^■^"'^'i  the  strawberry  tree  t?om 
A  Mlf!^f:'-^%\  cultivated  for  ornament 

^f0^egoTand^*LHfST''''•^       striking  madStree 

n^e  snr  n^'^rrt^nf'nlP"'''^  "^"^  "^''"'"^  ■'^t^t^^.  Woom  ng 
arcl  fa?k    »  ("'Wch  see).' 

nri-  W'Ji  K  a^  ^^^"^^y  also  a»-i-;  <  AIE. 

«rMr^-e  <  OF.  (andF.)  «,-c  =  Pr.  arc  =  Sp.pt 

alon  to  AS.  earh  >  E.  arroio,  q.  v.  Doublet. 
^  a;c/(i.]    1.  In  geom.,  anv  part  of 

Arc         a  curved  line,  as  of  a  circle  espe- 
a  Doint  nf  n-„fl  ""^^^^       ^^""^  ^""^^  include 

of  ?  c?rcle  th^t  nif  ''^'P-    "         "X'--'"^  of  arcs 

scrfbed  frnm  '^"'^  measured,  the  arc  bein^'  de- 

scribed  from  the  angular  point  as  a  center.    In  the  higher 


291 

m.a.'.'tir'iv'  '''^^'»■<^      is  used  to  denote  any  angular 

2.  In  astron.,  a  part  of  a  circle  traversed  by 
the  sun  or  other  heavenly  body  ;  especially,  the 
part  passed  over  by  a  star  between  its  rising 
and  setting.  ° 

-p,       ,    ...  ITie  brighte  Sonne 

Ihe  ark  of  his  artificial  day  hath  ronne 
The  fuurthe  part. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  >Ian  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  2 

3.  In  arch.,  an  arch.  [Eare.] 

Turn  arcs  of  triumph  to  a  garden-gate. 

^"pe.  Moral  Essays,  iv.  30 

at  the  side  of  a 
vaulted  bay.— Arc 
Ogive  (F.),  one  of 
the  transverse  or 
diagonal  ribs  of 
a  vaulted  bay.— 
Complement  of 

an  arc.  .See  com- 
piement.  —  Con- 
centric arcs,  arcs 
"hich  belong  to 
circles  having  the 
same  center.— Di- 
urnal arc,  the 
apparent  arc  de- 
scribed by  the  sun 
from  its  rising  to 
its  setting :  some- 
times used  of  stars. 
—Elevating  arc, 

in  gun.,  a  brass 
scale  divided  into 
degrees  and  frac- 
tions of  a  degree, 
and  fastened  to  the 
breech  of  a  heavy 
gun  for  the  pur- 
pose of  regulating 
the  elevation  of  the 
piece  ;  or  it  is 
sometimes  fl.xed 
to  the  carriage  un- 
der the  trumiions. 
When  secured  to 
the  gun  itself,  a 
pointer  is  attached 
toai-atchet-post  in 
the  rear  of  the 
piece,    and  indi 


arc-cosecant 

Arcadian  (ar-ka'di-an), and  n.    [<  L  Jrca- 

cadia,  a  moun- 
tainous district 
of    Greece  in 
the    heart  of 
the  Peloponne- 
sus, or  to  its  in- 
habitants, who 
were  a  simple 
pastoral  peo- 
ple, fond  of  mu- 
sic and  danc- 
ing.   Hence  — 
2.     Pastoral  ; 
rustic;  simple; 
innocent. —  3. 
Pertaining  to 
or  characteris- 
tic of  the  Acad- 
emy of  the  Ar- 
cailians,  an 
Italian  ])oetical 
(now  also  sci- 
entific) society 
foimded  at 
Rome  in  1690, 


Arcade. 

Court  of  Lions,  Alhambra,  Spain. 


rtvo™  ir  T?';'f'"fr  perspective  and  plan. 
tecCe.'^,  =  '■Archi- 

^  B,  C  D,  arcs  doubleaux;  A  D  C  B 
arcs  ogives ;  -4  C,  .S  A  arcs  formereK. 


Strawberry-tree  (^Arbutus  Vncdo). 


cates'zero  when  the  gun  is  horizontal. -Nocturnal  arc 

the  ni' ht '"ti'r^^'jr'''  heavenly  b^.durfng 

tne  night  —  Similar  arcs,  of  unequal  cu-cles  arcs  u  h  Vh 
contain  the  same  number  of  degrees,  or?-?e  he  ifke  ^art 
or  parts  of  their  respective  circlei.-SuppleinentaJ  arrf 
^supple,nej,tal.~Y0V^  arc,  in™,  I  Sant  b^nd 
of  hght,  having  the  shape  of  an  are,  formed  by  the  pLsa^e 
of  a  powerful  electrical  cun-ent  between  two  carbon!^ohfe 
Its  length  vanes  from  a  fraction  of  an  inch  to  two  inches' 
or  even  more,  according  to  the  strength  of  thl  ci^ren?' 
i/.v  ?.»f  "  V''^"'*''.  account  it  is  used  forTusTnc^ 

very  refractory  substances.  It  is  also  used  for  illunUnat' 
ing  purposes^   See  electric  lir,ht,  under  electric. 

arc-t,  n.  Obsolete  form  of 
area  (ar'ka),  «.  [L.,  a  chest,  box,  safe;  in 
eecles.  writers,  the  ark:  see  arlc^.-]  1  In  the 
early  chui-eh:  (a)  A  chest  for  receiving  offer- 
ings of  money.  (&)  A  box  or  casket  in  which  the 
eueharist  was  carried,  (c)  A  name  given  bv  St 
Gregory  of  Tours  to  an  altar  composed  of  three 
marble  tablets,  one  resting  horizontallv  on  the 
other    two,     which  .    "  lub 

stand  upright  on  the 
floor.  TTalcott,  Sacred 
Ai-eha}ol.— 2.  \_cap.-\ 
[NL.]  A  genus  of 
asiphonate  lamelli- 
branch  mollusks,  typ- 
ical of  the  family  Ar 


z  ftoce),  right,  valve. 


.Ztu^^^'^'^f^''^'       ark-shells  proper, 
arcabucero  (Sp.  pron.  ar"ka-b6-tha 'ro),  n. 
^^^ieT.  A  musketeer;  a  har4ue- 

Here  in  front  you  can  see  the  very  dint  of  the  bullet 
In-ed  pomt-blank  at  my  heart  by  a  Sp^Tsh  a'™  ™ 
Longfellou-,  ililes  Standish,  i. 

Arcadae  (ar'ka-de),  «.  pZ.    See  Arcidw. 

^I'^^fVf f<  arcade,  <  It.  areata 
-  bp.  Pg.  arcada,  <  ML.  areata,  an  arcade,  <  L 
arcus,  arc,  bow:  see  arc^,  arehl  n.l  1  Pro-n' 
er ly,  a  series  of  arches  supported  on  piers  or 
piiiais.  The  arcade  is  used  especiallv  as  a  screen  and 
thX^nlt^'''"^!"'         •^'!'  arcLtecture  since' 

drLinTto  ,  wall  T,w!:-"'?"'y  ^i^'''^  ''^  ornamental 
uiessing  to  a  wall.  In  this  form  it  is  known  as  a  ljl!„,i 
arcade  or  an  „,-c«f»,-..  and  is  also  called  ».a7Z",™,f.  ''""^ 
^.  A  Simple  arched  opening  in  a  wall.  [Rare  1 
^f""^*  '''^'^^^(^  place.  [Rare.] -4 
bpecifieally,  m  some  cities,  a  long  arched  nasi 

fs^S^^i^h^roS' ^^^^^^^"^  °- '^^^ 
^cade^^  (ar-ka'ded),  a.    Fui-nished  with  an  ar- 


the  aim  of  the  members  of  which  was  oriH. 
nally  to  imitate  classic  simplicity  ^ 

^ometimes  written  Arcadie. 
a\l     o  \  ^  ''l^'''*'  T      inhabitant  of  Area- 
cadi7nf :  '"^^  ^'^^'-^y  «f  the  Ar- 

Arcadianism(ar-ka'di-an-izm),«.   [<  Arcadian 
■  ;  or  pastoral  simplicitv  esne- 

eia  lya,s  affected  in  literature;  specSlv^hi 
Italian  literature  about  the  end  of  the  seve^ 
te^nth  century,  the  affectation  of  classic  Ifm- 

^n.^ni}'''      -ka'dik),  a.    [<  L.  Areadicns,  <  Gr. 
Xll  Str;^"°^^     ^'■cadian.-^j^^Oic  poetry! 
arcana,  >i.    Plural  of  arcanum. 
^IrrJt^  (ar-kar'),  a.    [<  L.  arcanns,  hidden  < 
mdTe'nfs^eV^e?:  ""(ik.l  f''^^'- 

jaiibu,.  -O/i-rae/i,  Amen,  of  Lit    11  -^94 

lee\u<^l-A  TT"'  secret: 
see  «/eff/  e.]  1a  secret;  a  mvsterv:- gener- 
ally used  m  the  plural :  as,  the  arcana  6f  nitoe. 

Inquiries  into  the  arcana  of  the  Godhead.  Warburton. 

"l''.''V,"'J'  a  supposed  gi-eat  secret  of'na- 
S  'n^J^,^  ^.T  '°  discovered  by  alcheS^- 
HencT^'/^''  'f'^*  ^"^tue  ofanvthing. 
i^nee-Q.  A  secret  remedy  reputed  to  be  very 
eliieaeious;  a  marvelous  elixir  on,  J^'J' 
canum.  the  Supposed  ai'Ttransnmti'ii^^.laf 

He  told  us  stories  of  a  Genoese  jeweller  who  fh. 
frXtiS""'"'        ""'^  -de  proAc.|^;;eJ:^:  llfn^slt! 
.  ±.rel>jn,  Djary,  Jan.  "  165-' 

arcature  (ar'ka-tur),  p<  ml.  *areatnra  < 
areata  .-  see  arcade.]  In  arch. :  (a)  An  arcade 
of  small  dimensions,  such  as  a  balustrade 
formed  by  a  series  of  little  archer;  '^^"''I'aue, 

but  to  admit  lifhraCetli^^l'l^lJ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 


Arcature. -Cathedral  of  Peterborough,  England. 

(6)  A  blind  arcade,  used  rather  to  decorate  a 
wall-space,  as  beneath  a  rowof  windows  ora  cor- 
"  necessity  of  construction, 

arc-cosecant  (ark-ko-se'kant),  «.  in  math.,  an 
angle  regarded  as  a  function  of  its  cosecant 


arc-cosine 

arc-cosine  (ark-ko'sin),  n.  In  math.,  an  angle 
regaidiHl  as  a  fuuetiou  of  its  cosino. 

arc-cotangent  (iirk-ko-tan'jent),  w.  In  math., 
uu  augle  regarded  as  a  function  of  its  cotangent. 

Arcella  (ilr-sei'ii),  n.  [NL.,  dim.  of  L.  area,  a 
box :  see  area,  ark'^.'\  A  genus  of  ama>boid  pro- 
tozoan organisms  ha\'iug  a  kind  of  carapace  or 
shell,  tlie  tj'pe  of  a  t-Ava.i\y  ArccUidw. 

Arcellidaa  (.ar-sel'i-de),  ».  pJ.  [NL.,  <  Arcella  + 
-i(/(r.]  A  family  of  Protozoa,  of  the  order  Amw- 
boidea,  containing  the  genera  Arcella,  Difilugia, 
etc.,  the  members  of  which  are  inclosed  in  a 
kind  of  test. 

archi  (.iirch),  H.  [<  ME.  arch,  archc,  <  OF.  arche 
(>  ML.  arehia),  mod.  F.  archc,  an  arch,  fem. 
form  (prob.  by  confusion  with  OF.  and  F. 
arche,  ark,  <  L.  area :  see  arch-)  of  OF.  and 
F.  arc,<.  L.  arcus:  see  arc^."]  If.  In  gcom., 
any  part  of  the  circumference  of  a  circle  or 
other  em-ve;  an  arc.  See  rt/ri,  1. — 2.  Inarch., 
a  structure  biult  of  separate  and  inelastic 
blocks,  assembled  on  a  curved  line  in  such  a 
way  as  to  retain  their  position  when  the  stme- 
ture  is  supported  extraneously  only  at  its  two 
extremities.  The  separate  blocks  whicli  compose  the 
arch  are  called  voussoirs  or  arch-stones.  The  extreme  or 
lowest  voussoire  are  termed  sprintfers,  and  the  uppermost 
or  central  one,  wlien  a  single  stone  occupies  this  position, 
is  called  the  keijstune.    The  under  or  concave  face  of  the 


T 


1  Q 

jo-  If  j 

.  Spian   

1^ 

Extradosed  Arch. 
a.  abutments:  f,  voussoirs:  s,  springers:  i,  imposts:  In,  intrados; 
p.  piefb;  ^,  keystone;  Ex.  extrados. 

assembled  voussoirs  is  called  the  intrados,  and  the  upper 
or  convex  face  ihe  extrados,  of  the  arch.  When  the  curves 
of  the  intrados  and  extrados  are  concentric  or  parallel, 
the  arch  is  said  to  be  extradosed.  The  supports  whicli 
afford  resting  and  resisting  points  to  the  arch  are  jriers  or 
pillars,  wliich  receive  the  vertical  pressure  of  the  arch, 
and  abutments,  wliich  resist  its  lateral  thrust,  and  which 
are  properly  portions  of  the  wall  or  other  structure  above 
the  springing  and  abreast  of  the  shoulder  of  the  arch. 
The  upper  part  of  the  pier  upon  which  the  arch  rests 
(technically,  the  point  from  which  it  springs)  is  the  i)ii- 
posl.  The  si/an  of  an  arch  is  the  distance  between  its 
opposite  imposts.  Tlie  rise  of  an  arch  is  the  height  of 
the  highest  point  of  its  intrados  above  the  line  of  the 
imposts ;  this  point  is  sometimes  called  the  under  side  of 
the  crown,  the  higliest  point  of  the  extrados  being  the 
crown.  The  thrust  of  an  arch  is  the  pressure  wliich  it 
exerts  outward.  Tliis  pressure  is  practically  collected,  so 
far  as  it  is  manifested  as  an  active  force,  at  a  point  which 
cannot  be  exatttly  determined 
theoretically,  but  is  at  about 
one  third  of  the  height  of  the 
rise  of  the  arch.  The  thrust 
must  be  counteracted  by  alnit- 
ments  or  buttresses.  Arches 
are  designated  in  two  ways: 
First,  in  a  general  manner, 
according  to  their  properties, 
their  uses,  their  position  in  a  building,  or  their  exclusive 
employment  in  a  particular  style  of  architecture.  Thus, 


Skew  Arch. 


Segmental  Arch. 


Semicircular  Arch. 


there  are  arches  of  equilibration,  equipollent  arches,  arches 
of  diseharcje,  skeiv  and  reversed  arches,  Roman,  Pointed, 
and  Saracenic  arches.  Second,  they  are  named  specifically, 
according  to  the  curve  the  intrados  assumes,  wlien  tliat 
curve  is  the  section  of  any  of  the  geometrical  solids,  as 
segmental,  semicircular,  cycloidal,  elliptical,  parabolical. 


Cycloidal  Arch. 


Elliptical  Arch. 


hyperbolical,  or  catenarian  arches;  or  from  the  resem- 
blance of  the  whole  contour  of  the  curve  to  some  familiar 
object,  as  lancet  arch  and  horseshoe  arch;  or  from  the 


Lancet  Arch. 


Horseshoe  Arch. 


292 

pant.  Foil  arches  arc  arches  whose  intrados  outlines  form 
a  series  of  subordinate  ai  cs  called /oi7s,  tlie  points  of  which 


Ogee  Arch. 


Equilateral  Arch. 


Arch  of  Discharge. 
(From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "Diet, 
de  1"  Architecture.") 


are  termed  cusps.  A  numeral  is  usually  employed  to  desig- 
nate the  number  of  foils,  as  a  trefoil  arch,  a  cifiquefoil 
arch,  etc. 

3.  Any  place  covered  with  an  arch  or  a  vault 
like  an  arch:  as,  to  pass  through  the  arch  of  a 
bridge. — 4.  Any  curvature  in  the  form  of  an 
arch:  as,  the  arch  of  the  aorta;  the  arch  of  an 
eyebrow,  of  the  foot,  of  the  heavens,  etc. 
Whereon  a  sapphire  throne,  inlaid  with  pure 
Amber,  and  colours  of  the  showery  arch. 

Milton,  l\  L.,  vi.  759. 

5.  In  mining,  a  portion  of  a  lode  left  standing, 
either  as  being  too  poor  for  profitable  working 
or  because  it  is  needed  to  support  the  adjacent 
rock. — 6.  The  roofing  of  the  fire-chamljer  of 
a  furnace,  as  a  reverberatory  or  a  glass-fur- 
nace ;  hence,  sometimes,  the  fire-chamber  itself. 
—Alveolar  arch,  aortic  arch.  See  the  adjectives.— 
Arch  of  discharge,  an  extradosed  arch  built  in  the  ma- 
sonry of  a  wall,  over  a  doorway  or  any  other  open  or  weak 
place,  to  transfer  pressure  from 
above  to  points  of  assured  sta-  '  .  '  .  '  .  . 

bility  on  either  side.  An  arch 
of  discharge  is  generally  distin- 
guishable to  the  eye  from  the 
wall  in  which  it  is  built  mere- 
ly by  the  position  of  its  stones, 
or  at  most  by  a  slight  projec- 
tion beyond  the  wall-surface. — 
Arch  of  the  fauces.  See 
fauces.—  Axillary  arches. 
See  «xiWa  )•;/.— Back  of  anarch.  See  hai'i-i.— Backing 
of  an  arch.  See  iooAi/t;/.— Basket-handle  arch,  an  el- 
liptical arch ,  or  a  three-centered  low-crow  ned  arch. — Blind 
arch,  an  arch  of  which  the  opening  is  walled  up,  often  used 
as  an  arch  of  discharge.  See  cut  under  arcature. —  Bran- 
chial arch.  See  ftranc/na/.— Clustered  arch,  a  nmnlier 
of  arched  ribs  springing  from  one  impost,  a  form  usual  in 
medieval  pointed  vaulting.  See  cut  uuder  (cliisti-red)  col- 
umn.—Court  of  Arches.  See  CO  i(rt.— Crural  or  in- 
guinal arch.  See  crural. — Flat  arch,  an  arch  of  which 
the  intrados  is  straiglit,  the  voussoirs  being 
wedge-shaped  and  assembled  in  a  horizon- 
tal line:  used  especially  in  brickwork, 
where  the  charge  to  supi)ort  is  not  great. — 

Hemal  arch,  hydrostatic  arch.  Seethe 

adjectives.— Laminated  arch,  a  beam  in 
Flat  Arch.  the  form  of  an  arch,  constructed  of  several 
thicknesses  of  planking  bent  to  shape  and 
bolted  together  :  a  form  of  arched  beam.  —  Mandibular 
arch,  mural  arch,  neural  arch,  etc.  See  the  adjec- 
tives.—  Oblique  arch.  Same  as  skew  arch  (which  see, 
below). — Pectoral  arch.  Same  as  pectoral  girdle  (which 
see,  \mder  girdle). —  Pelvic  arch.    Same  as  pelvic  giruie 

(which  see,  under  '/iVJ^e).— Preoral  axches,  postoral 
arches.  See  the  adjectives. — Recessed  arch,  one  arch 
within  another.  Such  arches  are  sometimes  called  double, 
triple,  etc.,  arches,  and  sometimes  compound  arches. — Re- 
versed arch,  an  inverted  arch.— Ribbed  arch,  an  arch 
composed  of  parallel  ribs  springing  from  piers  or  imposts. 
—  Rough  arch,  an  arch  formed  of  bricks  or  stones  roughly 
dressed  tiitlie  wedge  form. — Round  arch,  a  semicircular 
arch. — Skeletal  arches.  See  visceral  arches,  inider  ki's- 
ceral. — Skew  arch,  an  arch  of  which  the  axis  is  not  per- 
pendicular to  its  alintments. —  Stilted  arch,  an  arch  of 
which  the  true  impost  is  higher  than  the  apparent  im- 


Stilted  Arches.— Modem  Romanesque. 


post,  or  of  which  the  piers  are  in  fact  continued  above 
the  apparent  impost,  so  that  a  portion  of  the  intrados  on 
either  side  is  vertical.— Surmounted  arch,  a  stilted 
semicircular  arch  ;  a  semicircular  urcli  of  wliich  the  rise 
is  greater  than  the  radius.— Triumphal  arch,  a  monu- 
mental arch  in  honor  of  an  individual,  or  in  commemo- 
ration of  an  event.    Such  arches  were  first  erected  under 


method  used  in  describing  the  curve,  as  equilateral,  three- 
centered,  four-centered,  ogee,  etc.  When  an  arch  lias  one 
of  its  imposts  higher  than  the  other,  it  is  said  to  be  ram- 


Triumphal  Arch.— Arch  of  Constantino,  Rome. 


archaean 

the  Roman  emperors,  and  were  originally  temporary 
structures,  festooned  and  otherwise  decorated,  standing 
at  the  entrance  of  a  city,  or  in  a  street,  that  a  victorious 
general  and  his  army  might  pass  under  them  in  triumph. 
At  a  later  period  the  triumphal  arch  became  a  richly 
sculi)tured,  massive,  and  permanent  structure,  having  an 
archway  passing  through  it,  and  often  a  smaller  arch  on 
either  side.  The  name  is  at  the  present  day  often  given 
to  an  arch,  generally  of  wood  decorated  with  flowers, 
evergreens,  banners,  etc.,  erected  on  the  occiision  of  some 
public  celebration  or  rejoicing.  The  great  arcli  in  a  church 
which  gives  access  to  the  choir  — the  chancel  arch  — is 
sometimes  so  called.  In  early  Christian  churches,  a  rep- 
resentation of  the  Glory  or  Triumph  of  Christ  sometimes 
occupied  a  wall-space  above  this  arch. 

Statues,  and  trophies,  and  triumphal  arcs. 
Gardens,  and  groves,  presented  to  his  eyes. 

Milton,  1*.  R.,  iv.  37. 
Twyer  arch,  an  arched  opening  in  a  snielting-fuinace  to 
admit  the  blast-pipes. — Tymp  arch,  the  arch  aliove  the 
tymp  in  a  blast-furnace.  See  ^jo/ij:*.  — Vascular  arches. 
See  visceral  arches,  under  visceral. — Visceral  arches. 
See  visceral. 

arch^  (arch),  [<«rc7«l,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
cover  with  a  vault,  or  span  with  an  arch. 

The  proud  river  .  .  .  is  arc/jcti  over  with  .  .  .  a  curious 
pile  of  stones.  Howell. 
No  bridge  arched  thy  waters  save  that  where  the  trees 
Stretched  their  long  arms  above  thee  and  kissed  in  the 
breeze.  Whittier,  Bridal  of  Pennacook. 

2.  To  throw  into  the  shape  of  an  arch  or  vault; 
curve :  as,  the  horse  arches  his  neck. 
Fine  devices  of  arching  water  without  spilling. 

Bacon,  Gardens. 
Beneath  our  keel  the  great  sky  arched 
Its  liquid  light  and  azure. 

//.  /■".  Spofford,  Poems,  p.  11. 

II.  intrans.  To  form  an  arch  or  arches :  as, 
the  sky  arches  overhead. 

The  nations  of  the  field  and  wood  .  .  . 
Build  on  the  wave,  or  arch  beneath  the  sand. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iii.  102. 
arcll^t  (iirch),  ??.  [<  ME.  arche,  in  Scriptural 
senses,  assibilated  form  of  arc,  ark,  <  AS.  arc, 
earc,  ere  (see  ark^),  merged  with  the  identical 
OF.  arche,  airche,  <  L.  area,  a  box,  chest :  see  arc2, 
o>7i2.]    1,  A  box  or  chest;  in  plural,  archives. 

The  civile  law  .  .  .  was  laid  up  in  their  arches. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Livy,  IX.  xlvi.  349.    (N.  E.  D.) 

2.  The  ark  of  Noah.  [The  common  form  in 
Middle  English.]  — 3.  The  ark  of  tlie  covenant, 
arch^  (iirch),  a.  and  ii.  [A  separate  use  of  the 
prefix  arch-,  chief,  which  in  many  compounds 
has  acquired,  from  the  second  member  of  the 
compound,  or  from  the  intention  of  the  user, 
a  more  or  less  derogatory  implication.]    I.  a. 

1.  Chief;  principal;  preeminent.    See  arch-. 

The  tyrannous  and  bloody  act  is  done ; 
The  most  arch  deed  of  i)iteous  massacre 
That  ever  yet  this  land  was  guilty  of. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  3. 
Died  that  arch  rebell  Oliver  Cromwell,  call'd  Protector. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Sept.  3,  1658. 

2.  Cunning;  sly;  shrewd;  waggish;  mischiev- 
ous for  sport;  roguish:  now  commonly  used  of 
facial  expression:  as,  "so  arch  a  leer,"  Tatler, 
No.  193. 

Ue  had  the  reputation  of  an  arch  lad  at  school.  Swift. 
So  innocent-arc/i,  so  cunning-simple 
From  beneath  her  gather'd  wimple 
Glancing  with  black-beaded  eyes. 

Tennyson,  Lilian. 
The  archest  chin 
Mockery  ever  ambush'd  in  ! 

M.  Arnold,  Switzerland. 

Il.t  n.  A  chief;  a  leader.  [Rare.] 

The  noble  duke  my  master. 
My  worthy  arch  and  patron,  comes  to-night. 

Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  1. 

arch-.  [<  ME.  arch-,  arche-,  etc.,  <  AS.  arce-, 
also  ercc-  and  a'rce-,  =  D.  aaris-  =  OHG.  erzi-, 
MHG.  G.  erz-  =  Sw.  ctrke-,  crkc-  =  Dan.  wrke-, 
erke-  =  Bohem.  arci-,  archi-  =  Pol.  arc>i-,  archi- 
=  Russ.  arkhi-  (ME,  arche-  also  partly  <  OF. 
arce-,  arche-,  mod.  F.  arch-,  archi-  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
arce-  (Sp.  sometimes  arzo-)  =  It.  arce-,  arei-),  < 
L.  archi-  (=  Goth,  ark-in  arkaggiliis,  archangel), 

<  Gr.  apx'-,  apx;  combining  form  of  apxdi,  chief, 

<  apxetv,  be  first,  begin,  lead,  rule,  =  Skt.  \/  arh, 
be  worthy.]  Chief;  princijial:  a  prefix  much 
used  in  composition  with  words  both  of  native 
and  of  foreign  origin.    See  arclfi. 

archabbot  (arch  "ab'ot),  n.  [<  arcli-  +  abbot.'] 
A  chief  abbot :  applied  as  a  specific  title  to  the 
head  of  certain  monasteries. 

archsealf  (iir-ke'al),  a.  \_<  archwus  + -al.']  1. 
Pertaining  to  the  archteus,  or  supposed  internal 
cause  of  all  vital  phenomena. —  2.  Caused  by 
the  archseus:  as,  arc/ift'aZ  diseases.  Seearchwus. 

archsean  (ar-ke'an),  a.  [<  Gr.  apxaioc,  ancient: 
see  archmo-.']  Of  or  relating  to  the  oldest 
period  of  geological  time :  a  name  proposed 
by  J.  D.  Dana,  and  now  generally  adopted,  for 
a  series  of  crystalline  schists  and  massive 
rocks  lying  underneath  the  most  ancient  fos- 


archsean 

siliferous  stratified  formations.  This  series  is  still 

called  by  some  writers  azoic,  because  thus  far  it  lias  not 
been  found  to  contain  any  traces  of  life.  It  also  includes 
an  undcterniined  portion  of  tlie  rocks  formerly  designated 
as  priniitiiv,  and  by  some  writers  is  va^iely  used  to  indi- 
cate crystalline  rocks  of  uncertain  and  often  nuite  recent 
age.    See  azote  ami  pritnitirc. 

archsei,  ».    Plural  of  ardiceus. 

Archaelurus  (ar-kf-lii'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apx-, 
primitive,  +  aD.ovpoc,  a  eat.]  A  genus  of  fossil 
cats  from  the  Miocene  of  North  America,  hav- 
ing 4  upper  premolars,  3  lower  premolars,  and 
2  lower  molars.  A.  dehilis  was  about  as  large 
as  the  puma.    E.  D.  Cope,  1879. 

archsBO-.  [<  NL.  archcco-,  <  Gr.  apxaio-,  stem  of 
apxaiog,  ancient,  primeval,  <  apx^,  beginning,  < 
apxciv,  be  first,  begin,  lead,  rule.  Cf.  arch-.~} 
Ancient ;  primeval :  the  first  part  of  a  number 
of  compound  scientific  words.  Also  written 
archeo-,  and,  rarely,  arcliaio-. 

Archseoceti  (ar"ke-o-se'ti),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
apxaiog,  ancient,  +  K?]Tog,  whale.]  A  suborder 
of  cetaceans,  framed  to  include  all  the  fossil 
forms  usually  referred  to  the  genus  Zeuglodon 
(or  Basilosaurus) :  equivalent  to  Zeiiglodontia 

of  some  naturalists.  The  dentition  is,  3  incisors,  1 
canine,  and  5  grinders  on  each  side  of  each  jaw,  =  36,  like 
that  of  some  seals.  The  skull  is  elongated  and  depressed, 
and  the  cervical  vertebra;  are  free. 

Archseocidaris  (ar"ke-o-sid'a-ris),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  apxa'io^,  ancient,  4-  NL.  Cidaris,  a  genus  of 
sea-uxchins:  see  Cidaris.']  A  genus  of  fossil 
sea-urchins  or  cidarids,  from  Carboniferous  and 
Permian  strata,  having  small  hexagonal  plates 
and  long  spines,  either  smooth  or  notched  and 
denticulated. 

archseographical  (ar'-'ke-o-grafi-kal),  a.  Ec- 
lating or  pertaining  to  archsBOgraphy. 

archaeography  (ar-ke-og'ra-fi),  n.  [<  Gr.  ap- 
Xatoypdcpoc,  writing  of  antiquity,  <  apxaiog,  an- 
cient, 4-  ypd^etv,  write,  describe.]  A  treatise 
on  antiqiuty;  a  description  of  antiquities  in 
general,  or  of  any  particular  branch  or  series. 

archaeologian,  arcneologian  (ar  "ke-6-16'ji-an), 
n.    [<  arclid'ologji  +  -a)i.~\    An  arcliseologist. 

archseologic,  archeologic  (ar"ke-9-loj'ik),  a. 
Same  as  archwological. 

archaeological,  archeological  (ar"ke-o-loj'i- 

kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  apxato'AoyiKUi;  <  apxaioXoyia,  archaa- 
ology.]  Pertaining  to  archaeology:  as,  arcJuc- 
ological  researches — Archaeological  ages  or  pe- 
riods.  See  arie. 

archsSblogically,  archeologically  (ar'-'ko-o- 

loj'i-kal-i),  adc.    In  an  archteological  way;  in 

accordance  with  archseology. 
archaeologist,  archeologist  (ar-kf-ol'o-jist),  n. 

A  student  of  ancient  monuments;  one  skilled 

in  archaeology. 

archaeologue,  archeologue  (ar'kf-o-log),  n. 

[=F.  archeologue,  <  Gr.  apxawldyo^:  see  archwol- 
ogij.']  An  archaeologist.  TheNation,T>e(i.7,lSlG. 
archaeology,  archeology  (ar-ke-ol'o-ji),  n.  [< 

Gr.  apxaio'Aoyia,  antiquarian  lore,  ancient  le- 
gends or  history,  <  apxaio'Aoyo^,  antiquarian,  lit. 
speaking  of  ancient  things,  <  apxaiog,  ancient, 
+  Ityuv,  speak:  see  -ology.]  The  science  of  an- 
tiquities ;  that  branch  of  knowledge  which  takes 
cognizance  of  past  civilizations,  and  investi- 
gates their  history  in  all  fields,  by  means  of  the 
remains  of  art,  architecture,  monuments,  in- 
scriptions, literature,  language,  implements, 
customs,  and  all  other  examples  which  have  sur- 
vived. ArchfEology  is  sometimes  taken  specifically  in  the 
restricted  sense  of  the  science  of  ancient  art,  including 
architecture,  sculpture,  painting,  ceramics,  and  decora- 
tion, together  with  whatever  records  may  accompany  and 
serve  to  identify  them. — Classical  archseology,  the 
archseology  of  ancient  Greece  and  Kfnnc,  —  Medieval  ar- 
chseology, the  archaeology  of  tlie  njiddle  ages.  =  SjTl.  Ar- 
chceology,  Antiquarianism.  Antiijuan'aiiism  deals  with 
relics  of  the  past  rather  as  objects  of  mere  curiosity  or  as 
interesting  merely  on  account  of  their  antiquity;  archoe- 
oloff'j  studies  thera  as  means  to  a  scientific  knowledge  of 
tile  past.    .See  paleunloloijy. 

archaeonomous  (iir-ke-on'o-mus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
apxaiovofioc,  old-fashioned,  <  apxawg,  ancient, 
old,  +  vduof,  law,  custom.]  Retaining,  or  de- 
viating little  from,  a  primitive  condition ;  old- 
fashioned:  especially  applied  by  S.  Loven  to 
echinoids  of  the  family  Chjpeastrido'.  [Rare.] 

Archaeopterygidae  (ar-ke-op-te-rij'i-de),  w. 
pl.  {NIj.,  <.  Archwoptcryx  (-pteryg-)  + -idee.]  A 
family  of  fossil  birds,  containing  the  genus 
Archceopteryx,  the  only  known  representative 
of  the  subclass  Saurime  (which  see). 

Archaeopteryx  (ar-kf-op'te-riks),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  apxalog,  ancient,  -I-  Trrtpif,  a  wing,  a  bird, 
<  TTTepSv,  a  wing,  =  E.  feather.l  A  genus  of 
fossil  reptilian  Mesozoic  birds  discovered  by 
Andreas  Wagner,  in  1861,  in  the  lithographic 
slates  of  Solenhofen  in  Bavaria,  it  is  of  Jurassic 
(ige,  and  is  notable  as  the  oldest  known  avian  type,  and 


293 

as  combining  some  characters  of  a  lizard  with  those  of  a 
bird.  The  original  fossil  consisted  only  of  the  impression 
of  a  single  feather,  upon  wliich  the  name  Archoeopteryx 


archaist 

Horse's  Soul  that  is  dead,  but  scleral  distinct  Archei  that 
do  as  naturally  joyn  with  tlie  .Matter  of  his  body,  so  putri- 
tled  and  prepareil,  as  tlie  Crowes  come  to  eat  his  Hcsh. 

J)r.  II.  More,  Antidote  against  Atheism,  app.  xi. 

archaic  (iir-ka'ik),  a.  [=  F.  urcha'iquc,  <  Gr. 
apxaiKO^,  antique,  primitive,  <  dpxaior,  old,  an- 


Archaopteryx.    ( From  slab  in  British  Museuii 


lithojraphica  was  imposed  by  Von  Meyer.  A  second  speci- 
men from  the  same  formation  and  locality  was  named 
A.  macrura  by  Owen.  Tlie  specific  identity  of  the  two  can 
be  neither  affirmed  nor  denied,  and  their  generic  identity 
is  only  presumptive.  A  third  and  still  more  characteristic 
specimen  is  identical  with  the  second,  and  has  furnished 
many  additional  characters.  Members  of  this  genus  had 
teeth,  a  long,  lizard-like  tail  formed  of  many  vertebrae,  and 
separate  metacarpal  bones,  in  combination  with  a  cari- 
nate  sternum  and  other  features  of  modern  birds.  It  is 
thus  a  unique  type  of  ornithic  structure,  and  represents 
a  distinct  subclass  of  Ares.    See  Saururce. 

archaeostoma  (ar-ke-os'to-ma),  «. ;  pl.  archceo- 
stomata  (ar"ke-o-st6'ma-ta).  iNL.,<  Gr.  apxaloc, 
ancient,  +  arofia,  mouth.]  In  hiol.,  a  primitive 
blastopore ;  a  primitive  immoilified  enteric  ori- 
fice, both  oral  and  anal :  opposed  to  deuteros- 
toma.    Also  written  arcJio'ostome. 

Archaeostomata  (ar'ke-o-sto 'ma-ta),  n.  pl. 
[NL.,  2)1.  of  arclucostomatus :  see  arcliccostoma- 
tous."\  A  group  of  animals  retaining  or  sup- 
posed to  retain  an  unaltered  oral  orifice  or 
archaeostoma  throughout  life;  in  some  sys- 
tems, a  prime  division  of  the  great  phylum 
Vermes,  including  the  Rotifera,  Gephyrea,  Xc- 
mathelminthes,  and  Platyhehnintlies  excepting 
Cestoidea :  distinguished  from  Deuterostomata. 

archaeostomatous  (ar"ke-o-st6'ma-tus),  a.  [< 
NL.  archaostomatus,  <  Gr.  apxa7og,  ancient,  -1- 
aTofiaij-),  mouth.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  the  Archwostomata. — 2. 
In  hioL,  having  a  primitive  blastopore  or 
original  orifice  of  invagination  of  a  blasto- 
sphere  which  has  xmdergone  gastrulation ;  re- 
taining an  archenteric  aperture,  as  distin- 
guished from  any  other  which  maybe  acquired 
by  a  deuterostomatous  gastnila :  it  is  the  usual 
state  of  those  gastrulae  which  are  formed  by 
emboly. 

In  the  former  [process  of  gastrulation  by  emboly]  the 
blastopore  would  be  left  as  the  aperture  of  communica- 
tion of  the  endoderm  with  the  exterior ;  and  the  result 
would  be  the  formation  of  an  archceoxtmnatous  gastrula. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  585. 

archaeostome  (ar'ke-o-stom),  w.  Same  as  ar- 
chceostoma. 

archaesthetic,  archaesthetism,  etc.  See  arch- 
esthetic,  etc. 

archaeus  (ar-ke'us),  n. ;  pl.  archcei  (-i).    [NL.,  < 

Gr.  apxaiog,  ancient,  primitive,  <  dpxf/,  begin- 
ning, <  apx^iv,  be  first :  see  archa^o-.']  In  the 
philosophy  of  Paracelsus  and  other  spagjTics, 
mystics,  and  theosophists,  a  spirit,  or  invisible 
man  or  animal  of  ethereal  substance,  the  coun- 
terpart of  the  visible  body,  vrithin  which  it  re- 
sides and  to  which  it  imparts  life,  strength,  and 
the  power  of  assimilating  food.  The  word  is  said 

to  have  been  used  by  Basil  Valentine,  a  German  chemist 
of  the  fifteenth  century,  to  denote  the  solar  heat  as  the 
source  of  the  life  of  plants.  Paracelsus  uses  it  with  the 
above  meaning.  It  is  frequent  in  the  ivTitings  of  Van  Hel- 
mont,  who  explains  it  as  a  material  preexistence  of  the 
human  or  animal  form  in  posse.  He  regards  the  archaeus 
as  a  fluid,  that  is,  as  a  semi-material  substance,  like  air, 
and  seems  to  consider  it  a  chemical  constituent  of  the 
blood.  Paracelsus  had  particularly  made  use  of  the  hy- 
pothesis of  the  archaeus  to  explain  the  assimilation  of 
food.  This  function  of  the  archaeus  became  prominent  in 
medicine.  Van  Helniont  calls  it  the  door-keeper  of  the 
stomach  (janitor  stomaclii).  There  are  further  divarica- 
tions of  meaning.    Also  spelled  archetis. 

As  for  the  many  pretended  intricacies  in  the  instance  of 
the  efformation  of  Wasps  out  of  the  Carcase  of  a  Horse,  I 
say,  the  Archei  that  formed  them  are  no  parts  of  the 


Greek  Archaic  Sculpture. 

Funeral  Relief,  illustrating 
the  careful  but  angular  ana 
"  fluted  ■*  treatment  of  drapery. 


Greek  Archaic  Sculpture. 
Discobolus,  Athens,  illustratine  the  archaic  smile  and  the 
incorrect  placing  of  the  eye  in  profile. 

tique:  see  archwo-.]  Marked  by  the  character- 
istics of  an  earlier  period ;  characterized  by  ar- 
chaism; primitive;  old- 
fashioned  ;  antiquated : 
as,  an  archaic  word  or 
phrase. 

A  person  familiar  with  the 
dialect  of  certain  portions  of 
Massachusetts  will  not  fail 
to  recognize,  in  ordinary  dis- 
course, many  words  now 
noted  in  English  vocabularies 
as  arehaic,  the  greater  part  of 
wliich  were  in  common  use 
about  the  time  of  the  King 
J ames  translation  of  the  Bible. 
Shakspere  stands  less  in  need 
of  a  glossary  to  most  Xew 
Englanders  than  to  many  a 
native  of  the  Old  Country. 

Lowell,  Biglow  Papers,  Int. 

There  is  in  the  best  archaic 
coin  work  (of  the  Greeks]  .  .  . 
a  strength  and  a  delicacy 
which  are  often  wanting  in 
the  fully  developed  art  of  a 
later  age. 

Head,  Historia  Numorum, 
[Int.,  Ix. 

The  archaic,  in  art,  not  sim- 
ply the  (luality  of  rudeness  or 
of  being  primitive,  but  a  rude- 
ness and  imperfection  imply- 
ing tlie  promise  of  future  ad- 
vance. Work  that  is  merely 
barbarous  is  not  properly  ar- 
chaic. The  archaic  style,  in  an  art  of  sufficient  force  to 
have  any  development,  succeeds  the  first  rude  attempts  of 
a  people  to  arrive  at  gi'aphic  representation,  and  exhibits 
a  manifest  sincerity  and  striving  to  attain  truth,  until 
finally  the  arehaic  ([Uality  disappears  little  by  little  as 
truth  is  reached  in  the  gi'eat  art-schools,  such  as  those  of 
Greece  and  of  the  Renaissance  painters,  or  as  art  sinks  into 
lifeless  conventionalism  before  reaching  truth,  as  in  the 
sculpture  of  Egypt  and  Mesopotamia. 

archaical  (ar-ka'i-kal),  a.  [<  archaic  +  -al.'i 
Relative  to  an  early  period  or  to  a  fashion  long 
out  of  date;  primitive;  antiquated;  archaic. 

archaically  (ar-ka'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  archaic 
manner. 

archaicism  (ar-ka'i-sizm),  v.  [<  archaic  +  -ism.'] 
Ancient  style  or  quality ;  archaism.    X.  E.  D. 

archaio-.    Same  as  archwo-. 

archaism  (ar'ka-izm),  n.  [=  F.  archaisme,  < 
Gr.  apxaiafio^,  an  antiquated  phrase  or  style, 
<  apxai^eiv,  copy  the  ancients,  <  cipxaioc;,  old,  an- 
cient: see  arch(eo-.']  1.  The  adoption  or  imi- 
tation of  that  which  is  antiquated  or  out  of  use ; 
especially,  the  use  of  arehaic  words  or  forms 
of  speech. —  2.  The  quality  of  being  archaic; 
antiquity  of  style,  manner,  or  use,  as  in  art  or 
literature ;  especially,  in  art,  the  appearance  of 
traces  of  the  imperfect  conception  or  unskilful 
handling  of  tools  and  material  belonging  to  an 
art  before  the  time  of  its  highest  development. 
See  the  archaic,  under  archaic. 

A  select  vocabulary  corresponding  (in  point  of  archaism 
and  remoteness  from  ordinary  use)  to  our  Scriptural  vo- 
cabulary. De  Quincey. 

3.  That  which  is  arehaic;  especially,  an  anti- 
quated or  obsolete  word,  expression,  pronunci- 
ation, or  idiom. 

A  permissible  archaism  is  a  word  or  phrase  that  has 
been  supplanted  by  something  less  apt,  but  has  not  become 
unintelligible.     Lowell,  Among  iny  Books,  "id  ser.,  p.  195. 

Doubtless  the  too  free  use  of  archaisms  is  an  abuse. 

G.  P.  Marsh,  Lectures  on  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  176. 

archaist  (ar'ka-ist),  n.  [As  archa-ism  +  -ist.'] 
1.  An  antiquary;  an  arehieologist.  [Rare.] 
—  2.  One  who  makes  use  of  archaisms  in  art 
or  in  literary  expression.    Mrs.  Browning. 


archaistic 

archaistic  (iir-ka-is'tik),  a.  [<  archaist  +  -ic] 
Imitating  that  which  is  archaic ;  exhibiting  the 
attempt  to  reproduce  the 
characteristics  of  the  archa- 
ic; affecting  archaism. 

In  spite  of  the  archaistic  ett'cirts 
of  many  writers,  both  in  fmins  and 
in  vocatnilary,  the  hmgiiaije  [Swoil- 
ish]  nevertlieless  nndeiwent  rapid 
changes  during  the  16th  and  17th 
centuries.    Encyc.  Brit.,  XXI.  372. 

archaize  (ar'ka-iz),  v.  i.;  pret. 
and  pp.  archaized,  ppr.  ar- 
chaising. [<  Gr.  apxaii^etv :  see 
archaism.^  To  use  or  imitate 
what  is  archaic ;  imitate  an 
olden  style;  especially,  to 
make  use  of  archaisms  in 
speech. 

archaizer  (ar'ka-i-zer),  ii. 
One  who  archaizes ;  one  who 
aUeets  an  archaic  style. 

But  it  may  be  remembered  tliat 
Varro  was  liimself  sometliing  of  an 
archaizer.     Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  332. 

archallt,  »•   An  old  form  of 

archil. 

archamoeba    (ar-ka-me'bii),     Archaistic  Bronze 

Ji.      r<    Gr.    apX-,   aprt-,   first,    statuette  from  Verona, 
•     'i'         1   T.TT  I     T     A     ">  the  British  Museum, 

primitive,  +  JNIj.  amWOa.]     A    in  imitation  of  Greek 

hypothetical  primitive  sim-  ;;°^''b?c."'^ 

pie    amceba    supposed  by 

Haeckel  to  have  made  its  appearance  in  the 

earliest  geologic  period,  and  to  have  been  the 

progenitor  of  all  other  amoebae  and  also  of  all 

higher  forms  of  life. 

archamplliaster  (ar-kam-fi-as'ter)^  «.  [Also 
archiamphiaster,<.  Gr.  apxi-,  first,  +  a//0/,  arouna, 
+  aarijp,  star.  See  amphiaster.']  In  cmbrijol., 
one  of  the  nuclear  cleavage  figures  developed 
from  the  germinative  vesicle  or  primordial  nu- 
cleus at  the  time  the  polar  cells  or  globules  are 
expelled  from  an  ovum,  at  or  before  the  begin- 
ning of  development. 

The  history  of  tlie  early  stages  of  the  spindle  and  the 
archamphiasters  shows  their  agamic  origin. 

Hyatt,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Uist.  (1884),  p.  55. 

archangel  (ark'an'jel),  n.  [<  ME.  archangel, 
archaungel,  etc.  (in  AS.  hedh-angel,  lit.  high  an- 
gel), <  OF.  archangel,  archangele,  mod.  F.arch- 
ange  =  'Pv.  archangi  =  iip.  arcdngel  =  Vg.  arcanjo, 
archanjo  =  It.  arcangelo  =  D.  aartscngel  =  G.  erz- 
engel  =  Sw.  erkedngel  =  Dan.  erkeengel ;  <  LL. 
archangelus  (=  Russ.  arkhangehi  =  Goth,  arlmg- 
gilus),  <  Gr.  apxayye7.o^,  archangel,  chief  angel, 
<  apx-,  apx'-,  chief,  +  dyyeAof,  angel:  see  arch- 
and  angel.^  1.  An  angel  of  the  highest  order; 
a  chief  angel.  The  word  occurs  in  two  passages  of  the 
Bible,  1  Thes.  iv.  16,  and  Jude  9.  Michael,  mentioned  in 
the  latter  as  an  arcliangel,  also  in  Daniel  as  tlie  spiritual 
prince  of  the  Jews,  and  in  Rev.  xii.  7  as  the  leader  of  tlie 
heavenly  hosts  against  the  dragon  and  liis  angels,  is  the 
St.  Michael  of  the  cliurch  calendar.  Coming  after  him  in 
dignity,  three  others  are  especially  known  by  name  as  arcli- 
angels :  Gabriel,  tlie  heavenly  interpreter  and  annunciator 
or  herald  (Dan.  viii.  16,  ix.  21;  Luke  i.  19);  Raphael,  the 
guardian  angel  commemorated  in  the  book  of  Tobit;  and 
Uriel  (2  Esd.  iv.  1),  the  fire  or  light  of  God,  often  men- 
tioned, like  the  others,  in  Milton's  "  Paradise  Lost."  Three 
other  names  are  added  by  tradition  to  make  the  number 
seven  (Tobit  xii.  15,  Rev.  viii.  2,  where  the  angels  men- 
tioned are  taken  as  archangels),  C'hamuel,  Jopliiel  or  Zo- 
phiel,  and  Zadkiel ;  and  still  others  are  spoken  of. 

For  archangels  were  the  first  and  most  glorious  of  the 
whole  creation :  they  were  the  morning  work  of  God,  and 
had  the  first  impressions  of  his  image. 

Dryden,  Ded.  of  Plutarch's  Lives. 

2.  A  member  of  the  lowest  but  one  of  the  nine 
orders  of  angels  composing  the  "  celestial 
hierarchy"  of  Dionysius  the  pseudo-Areopa- 
gite,  whose  classification  was  adopted  by  Pope 
Gregory  the  Great,  and  is  generally  accepted 
by  the  theologians  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church.  The  nine  orders  are  :  serapliim,  cherubim, 
thrones,  dominations,  virtues,  powers,  principalities, 
archangels,  angels. 

3.  [ML.  archangelus,  archangelica.']  In  hot. : 
(a)  The  name  of  several  labiate  plants,  as 
Stachys  sylvatica  and  species  of  Lamiiun.  (b) 
An  umbelliferous  plant,  Archangelica  officinalis. 
See  angelica. — 4.  A  slim-bodied,  thin-faced  va- 
riety of  domestic  pigeon,  of  rather  small  size, 
with  long  head  and  beak,  a  peaked  crest,  and 
rich  metallic  lustrous  plumage,  black  on  the 
shoulders  and  tail,  but  coppery  elsewhere.  The 
origin  of  the  breed  is  unknown :  it  was  introduced  into 
England  from  Ghent.  The  name  is  supposed  to  allude  to 
the  brilliancy  of  the  plumage.  The  bird  breeds  very  true, 
the  chief  points  being  the  peaked  crest  and  the  luster. 

archangelic  (ark-an-jel'ik),  a.  [<  ML.  archan- 
gelicus,  <  LGr.  apxayyc^mi^,  <  Gr.  apxayyeAo^, 
archangel.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  archangels: 
as,  "  archatigelic  pom-ps,"  Mrs.  Browning. 


294 

arch-apostate  (arch'a-pos'tat),  n.  [<  arch-  + 
apostate.']    A  chief  apostate. 

arch-apostle  (iirch'a-pos'l),  ».  [<  arch-  +  apos- 
tle.   Ci.  ML.  arcltiapostolus.]    A  chief  apostle. 

Archarchitect  (ai'ch'ar'ki-tekt),w.  [<  arch-  + 
architect.]  The  supreme  Architect;  the  Creator. 

I'll  ne'er  believe  that  the  Archarchitect 

A\'itli  all  these  fires  the  heavenly  arches  decked 

Only  for  show.  Sylvester,  ti:  of  Du  Bartas. 

arch-band  (arch'band),  w.  A  name  given  by 
artisans  to  that  portion  of  an  arch  or  rib  which 
is  seen  below  the  general  surface  of  vaulting. 

arch-bar  (arch'bar),  n.  1.  Any  metallic  bar  of 
arched  shape,  as  the  iron  bar  taking  the  place 
of  a  brick  arch  over  the  ash-pit  door  of  some 
furnaces. — 2.  The  upper  member  of  a  curved 
truss. —  3.  A  ■wrought-iron  bar  extending  from 
the  bolster  of  a  car-truck  each  way  to  the  top  of 
the  journal-boxes,  it  forms  the  compression-member 
of  the  trusswork  which  transmits  the  weight  of  the  body 
of  the  car  from  the  truck-bolster  to  the  car-axles. 

archbishop  (arch'bish'up),  n.  [<  ME.  archbis- 
shop,  aixhebiscoj^,  etc.,<  AS.  arcc-,  arcc-,  crcebis- 
cop  (also  hedh-biscop,  lit.  high  bishop)  =OFries. 
arcebiskop  =  D.  aartshlsschop  =  OHG.  erzibiscof, 
G.  erzbischof  =l<ie\.  erkibiskup  =  Dan.  Sw.  erke- 
biskop  =  F.  archeveque  =  Sp.  arzobispo  =  Pg. 
arcebispo  =  It.  arcivcscovo,  <  LL.  archiepiscopus, 

<  LGr.  apxieKianono^,  chief  bishop,  <  Gr.  apxi-, 
chief,  -I- f7r/(jK07roc,  bishop :  see  arch- saxAbishop.'] 
A  title  used  in  the  Christian  church  as  early  as 
the  foiu'th  ceutui-y,  and  regularly  given  in  that 
and  the  next  four  centuries  to  the  bishops  of  the 
highest  rank,  afterward  known  as  patriarchs. 

It  was  also  occasionally  applied  in  the  East  to  exarchs  and 
metropolitans  of  sees  of  exceptional  antiquity  or  dignity, 
and  was  sometimes  extended  in  later  tinu  s  to  others 
of  the  same  rank  as  a  special  distinction.  In  the  West, 
from  the  eighth  or  ninth  century,  the  title  was  given  to 
metropolitans  of  every  class,  and  this  is  still  the  use  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church.  Archbishops  have  certain  rights 
of  honor  and  jurisdiction  over  their  sutfragaii  bishops 
(that  is,  the  bishops  of  the  dioceses  making  up  their  eccle- 
siastical province),  such  as  those  of  calling  and  presiding 
over  provincial  councils,  receiving  appeals  in  certain  cases, 
etc.;  but  these  rights,  formerly  very  considerable,  are  now 
comparatively  limited.  At  present  the  archbishop  is  not 
always  a  metropolitan,  since  there  have  long  been  a  few 
archbishoprics  without  suffragans,  and  oftener  still  the 
title  is  purely  honorary.  See  priinate.  The  insignia  of  an 
archbishop  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  are  the  woolen 
pallium,  before  receiving  which  from  the  pope  he  cannot 
exercise  the  functions  of  his  office,  and  the  ilmilile  cross 
borne  processionally  before  him.  In  the  Cliurch 
there  are  four  archbishops,  two  in  the  Chui  cli  of  England 
(those  of  Canterbury  and  York,  the  former  of  whom  is 
metropolitan  of  all  England),  and  two  in  the  Church  of 
Ireland  (those  of  Armagh  and  Dublin,  the  former  of  whom 
is  primate).  The  Church  of  Sweden  has  one  archbishop, 
whose  see  is  at  Upsala.    Ablireviated  to  ahj>. 

archbishopess  (arch'bish'up-es),  «.  [<  arch- 
bishop  +  -ess.]  The  wife  of  an  English  arch- 
bishop.   Miss  Buntcy.  [Rare.] 

archbishopric  (arch'bish'up-rik),  n.  [<  ME. 
archehischopriche,  -ryk,  etc.,  <  AS.  arccbiscoprice, 

<  arcebiscop,  archbishop,  +  ric.r,  jurisdiction. 
Cf.  bishopric]  The  titular  see  or  diocese  of 
an  archbishop ;  the  province  over  which  an 
archbishop  exercises  authority. 

arch-boara  (arch'bord),  w.  In  ship-building,  a 
plank  placed  across  a  ship's  stern,  immediately 
under  the  knuckles  of  the  stem-timbers.  On 
this  board  the  ship's  name  is  sometimes 
painted. 

arch-brick  (arch'brik),  «.  1.  A  wedge-shaped 
brick  used  in  arched  work.  See  compass-brick. 
—  2,  A  hard  and  partly  ■vitrified  brick,  taken 
from  one  of  the  arches  of  a  brick-kiln  in  which 
the  fire  is  made. 

archbutler  (arch'but'ler),  n.  [<  arch-  +  butler. 
The  G.  equiv.  is  erzschenke,  '  arch-skinker.'] 
A  chief  butler.  Formerly  it  was  the  title  of  an  official 
rank  in  tlie  Roman-German  empire,  one  of  the  imperial 
court-offices  connected  with  the  electoral  dignity,  and  held 
by  the  King  or  Elector  of  Bohemia. 

arch-buttress  (arch'buf'res),  n.  Same  &s flying 
buttress  (which  see,  under  buttress). 

archchamberlain  (arch'cham'ber-lan), «.  [< 
arch-  +  chamberlain.  Cf.  ML.  archihamerarius, 
y  G.  erzkdmmerer,  '  arch-chamberer ' :  see  cham- 
berer.]  A  chief  chamberlain,  it  was  formerly  the 
title  of  an  official  rank  in  the  Roman-German  empire, 
held  by  the  Elector  of  Brandenburg. 

archchancellor  (arch'chan'sel-or),  n.  [<  arch- 
+  chancellor,  after  F.  archichancelier  =  G.  erz- 
kanzler,  <  ML.  arcMcancellarius,  archchancellor.] 
A  chief  chancellor;  formerly — (a)  The  title 
of  an  office  in  the  Roman-German  empire,  held 
by  the  electoral  archbishop  of  Mainz,  who  was 
actual  chancellor  of  the  empire,  (b)  An  hon- 
orary official  rank  held  by  the  electoral  arch- 
bishops of  Cologne  and  Treves,  the  former 
nominally  for  Italy  and  the  latter  for  Burgundy 
(Gaul  and  the  kingdom  of  Aries). 


archduchess 

archchanterf  (areh'ehan'ter),  n.  [<  arch-  + 
chanter.  Cf.  ML.  archicantor,  chief  singer.] 
The  chief  chanter  or  president  of  the  chanters 
of  a  chiu'ch ;  a  choir-leader  or  precentor. 

archchaplain  (areh'chap'lan),  n.  [<  arch-  + 
chaplain,  after  ML.  arcfiicapellanus.]  In  the 
early  French  monarchy,  the  court  chaplain, 
often  the  same  as  the  papal,  or  later  the  im- 
perial, apocrisiary,  and  identical  with  the  gi-aud 
almoner  and  archchancellor.  The  title  became  ex- 
tinct with  the  Carolingian,  or  second  race  of  kings,  before 
A.  1).  1000. 

archchemic  (arch '  kem '  ik),  a.  [<  arch-  + 
chemic]  Of  supreme  chemical  powers:  as, 
"the  arch-chemic  sun,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  609. 
[Rare.] 

arch-confraternity  (arch'kou"fra-ter'ni-ti),  n. 
In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  chief  confraternity 
having  affiliated  societies  and  endowed  with 
special  privileges :  rarely  called  arcli-sodality. 
See  confraternity. 

archcount  (arch'kounf),  n.  [<  arch-  +  count^, 
after  ML.  arcliiconies,  archcount.]  A  chief 
count:  a  title  formerly  given  to  the  Count  of 
Flanders  in  consequence  of  his  great  riches  and 
power. 

archdapifer  (arch' dap 'i-f6r),  71.  [Modified 
(with  E.  arc7i-for  L.  archi-)  from  ML.  archidapi  - 
fer,  <  L.  archi-  +  dapifer,  a  food-bearer,  <  drtjjs, 
food,  feast,  +  ferrc  =  E.  bear^.]  The  title  of 
an  official  rank  in  the  Roman-German  empire, 
hold  by  the  Elector  of  the  Palatinate;  the 
seneschal. 

archdeacon  (arch'de'kn),  n.  [<  ME.  archede- 
ken,  etc.,  <  AS.  arcediacon,  ercediacon  =  D. 
aartsdeken  =  Icel.  erkidjdkn  =  Dan.  erkedegn  = 
F.  archidiacre  =  Sp.  urcediuno  =  Pg.  arcediago 
=  It.  archidiacono,  <  LL.  archidiaconus,  <  LGr. 
apXtSMKovoq,  <  Gr.  apxi-,  chief,  +  dtciKovo^,  dea- 
con.] A  chief  deacon;  strictly,  an  ecclesiastic 
who  has  charge  of  the  temporal  and  external 
administration  of  a  diocese,  with  jurisdiction 
delegated  from  the  bishop.  The  woid  is  found  as 
the  title  of  an  ecclesiastical  dignitary  from  the  fourth  cen- 
tury. In  the  East  it  is  last  found  as  applied  to  an  eccle- 
siastical officer  of  the  court  of  Constantinople  under  the 
late  Byzantine  empire.  In  the  West,  from  the  eighth 
century,  dioceses  began  to  be  divided  into  separate  terri- 
tories, over  which  rural  archdeacons  were  placed,  having 
under  them  deans  or  rural  archpriests,  charged  with  the 
supervision  of  the  parish  priests  of  their  respective  dis- 
tricts ;  over  these  was  the  general  or  grand  archdeacon  of 
the  whole  diocese,  who  took  precedence  of  the  anchpriest 
(which  see),  and  held  his  own  court  with  its  officials,  dis- 
tinct from  that  of  the  bishop,  so  that  appeals  were  taken 
from  the  former  to  tlie  latter.  The  rural  archdeacons 
were  often  priests,  having  a  cure  of  souls,  as  was  also  the 
grand  archdeacon  from  the  twelfth  century.  The  powers 
and  privileges  of  this  office  were  gradually  restricted,  and 
in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  since  tlie  Council  of  Trent, 
its  place  is  for  the  most  part  supplied  by  the  bishop's  vicar- 
general,  between  whom  and  the  parish  priests  are  some- 
times found  the  vicars  forane,  or  present  rural  deans; 
while  vhe  archdeacon  of  the  present  day,  where  the  office 
survives,  holds  a  dignity  of  honor.  In  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land each  bishop  has  the  assistance  of  two  or  more  arch- 
deacons, who  as  his  deputies  inspect  and  manage  the  affairs 
of  the  diocese,  and  perform  a  variety  of  duties  partly  secu- 
lar and  partly  ecclesiastical.  In  two  dioceses  of  the  Prot- 
estant Episcopal  Church  of  America  the  title  archdeacon 
has  been  introduced.— Archdeacon's  court.   See  court. 

archdeaconate  (arch'de'kn-at),  n.  [<  arch- 
deacon -t-  -ate^,  after  ML.  arcliidiaconatus,  arch- 
deacon's office.]  The  district  over  which  an 
archdeacon  has  jurisdiction ;  an  archdeaconry. 

archdeaconry  (arch'de'kn-ri),  n. ;  pi.  archdea- 
conries (-riz).  [<  archdeacon  +  -ry.]  The  of- 
fice, rank,  jurisdiction,  or  residence  of  an  arch- 
deacon. In  the  Church  of  England  every  diocese  has 
one  or  more  archdeaconries;  every  archdeaconry  is  di- 
vided into  rural  deaneries,  and  every  rural  deanery  into 
parishes. 

archdeaconship  (iirch'de'kn-ship),  n.  [<  arch- 
deacon +  -shij).]    The  office  of  an  archdeacon. 

archdean  (arch'den'),«.  l<  arch- +  dean.  Cf. 
D.  aartsdiaken,  archdean.]  A  chief  dean ;  a  su- 
perior over  other  deans.  [Sometimes  used  by 
Scottish  writers  for  archdeacon.] 

archdeanery  (arch'de'ne-ri),  n. ;  pi.  archdeane- 
ries  (-riz).  [<  archdean  +  -ery.]  The  office  or 
jirrisdiction  of  an  archdean. 

archdiocese  (arch'di'o-ses),  n.  [<  arch-  +  dio- 
cese, after  ML.  archidioecesis.]  The  see  or  dio- 
cese of  an  archbishop. 

archdruid  (arch'dro'id),  n.  [<  arcli-  +  druid.] 
A  chief  druid. 

archducal  (arch'du'kal),  a.  [<  archduke;  = 
F.  archiducal:  see  ducal.]  Pertaining  to  an 
archduke  or  an  archduchy. 

In  the  Austrian  assembly  of  states  Vienna  has  as  many 
votes  as  all  the  other  archducal  towns  together. 

Brougham. 

archduchess  (arch'duch'es),  n.  [<  arch-  + 
duchess,  after  F.  archiduchesse.   The  G.  word  is 


archduchess 

erslierzogin.']  The  wife  of  an  archduke ;  a  prin- 
cess of  the  reigning  family  of  Austria. 

archduchy  (arch'duch'i),  archduchies 
(-iz).  [Formerly  also  archdutchij,  <  OF.  arch- 
duche,  mod.  F.  urchiduchc,  <  ML.  *archiducatus : 
see  arch-  and  duchij.']  The  territory  or  rank 
of  an  archduke  or  archduchess. 

archduke  (arch'duk'),  n.  [<  arch-  +  duke;  = 
OF.  archtjduc,  mod.  F.  archidiic,  <  ML.  archidux 
{-due-),  <  L.  archi-,  chief,  +  dux  (due-),  duke: 
see  arch-  and  duke.  The  G.  word  is  erz]icrzog.'\ 
A  title  formerly  borne  by  some  of  the  sovereign 
princes  of  Austrasia,  Lorraine,  and  Brabant, 
but  for  several  centuries  held  exclusively  by  the 
ruler  of  the  archduchy  of  Austria  (afterward 
emperor  of  Austria,  and  now  of  Austria-Hun- 
gary) ;  now  only  a  titular  dignity  of  the  princes 
of  the  house  of  Austria,  as  archduchess  is  of  the 
princesses — Archduke's  crown.  See  croum. 

archdukedom  (areh'diik'dum),  w.  [<  archduke 
+  -doin.']  The  territory  or  dignity  of  an  arch- 
duke or  archduchess ;  an  archduchy. 

archest,       Obsolete  form  of  arch^. 

arched,       See  arch^. 

arche  (ar-sha'),  a.  [Heraldic  F.,  pp.  of  *archer  : 
see  arch'^,  i'.]    Same  as  arched,  2. 

archebiosis  (ar'ke-bi-o'sis),  11.  [<  Gr.  apxv, 
beginning  (see  arch-),  +  liiutjig,  way  of  life,  < 
(itoiw,  pass  one's  life,  <  [iiog,  life.]  The  origina- 
tion of  li^^Jag  from  non-living  matter;  abio- 
genesis  (which  see). 

However  the  question  may  eventually  be  decided  as  to 
the  possibility  of  archebiosis  occurring  at  tlie  present  day 
amid  the  artificial  circumstances  of  the  laboratory,  it  can- 
not be  denied  that  archebiosis,  or  the  origination  of  living 
matter  in  accordance  with  natural  laws,  must  have  oc- 
curred at  some  epoch  of  the  past. 

J.  Fiske,  Cosmic  Philos.,  I.  430. 

arched  (archt),  ^.  a.  [<  «rc7ji  + -cr?.]  l.Made 
with  an  arch  or  curve ;  covered  or  spanned  with 
an  arch ;  having  the  form  of  an  arch ;  composed 
of  an  arch  or  arches. 

Twas  pretty,  though  a  plague, 
To  see  him  every  hour ;  to  sit  and  draw 
His  arched  brows,  his  hawking  eye,  his  curls. 
In  our  heart's  table.  Shak.,  All's  Well,  i.  1. 

All  born  of  our  house  have  that  arched  instep  under 
which  water  can  flow.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  ix. 

Specifically — 2.  In  her.,  applied  to  an  ordinary 
both  sides  of  which  are  bowed  alike  in  the  form 
of  an  arch.  Also  archij,  nrehe,  archy-flecied,  and 
concaved.  —  Arched  beam,  a  beam  cut,  lient,  or  built  in 


Ar_:;  :  L  ijij^iiis. —  Grand  Central  station,  New  "Vork. 

the  form  of  an  arch,  usually  to  secure  gi-eater  resistance 
or  provide  for  a  longer  span  than  a  straight  beam  would 
afford.  The  most  important  type  of  arched  beam  is  that 
which  is  built  up,  often  called  a  compound  arched  beam. 
Such  beams  are  made  in  many  forms,  especially  in  those 
of  several  thicknesses  of  timber  or  planks  laid  upon  or 
alongside  of  one  another  and  bolted  together,  and  of  a 
truss  construction  in  iron.  The  arched-beam  roof  of  the 
St.  Pancras  railway-station,  London,  has  a  span,  in  tlie 
clear,  of  240  feet ,  that  of  the  Grand  Central  station.  New 
York,  has  a  span  of  199  feet  2  inches. — Arched-beam 
bridge,  etc.,  a  liridge,  etc.,  in  which  one  or  more  of  the 
principal  members  is  a  compound  arched  beam.  See 
6cii/(7c.  —  Arched  double,  having  two  arches  or  bends. 

archediacret,  l^lE.,  <  OF.  arcediacre,  ai-che- 
dittcre,  mod.  F.  archidiacre,  <  L.  archidiaconus, 
archdeacon:  see  archdeacon.'i  An  archdeacon. 
Chaucer's  Dream. 

archegayt,  »•    See  assagai. 

archegone  (ar'ke-gon),  n.  English  form  of 
archegonium. 

archegonia,  n.    Plural  of  archegonium. 

archegonial  (ar-ke-go'ni-al),  a.  [<  archegonium 
+  -a/.]  Eelating  or  pertaining  to  an  archego- 
nium. 

The  flattened  fronds  .  .  .  bearing  upon  tiny  stalks  which 
rose  from  the  middle  vein  of  the  leaf,  the  female  portion 
of  the  plant  —  the  archegonial  disks. 

S.  B.  Merrick,  Plant  Life,  p.  89. 


295 

archegoniate  (ar-ke-go'ni-at),  a.    [<  archego- 
nium +  -«/('!.]    Having  archegonia. 
A  female  {(irclie(/oniate)  prothallinm. 

Jincyc.  Brit.,  XX.  429. 

archegonium  (iir-ke-go'ni-um),  n. ;  pi.  arche- 
gonia (-ii).  [NL.,  <.  Gr.  apxiyovo^,  first  of  a 
race,  original,  <  apx^-,  <if>xi-,  first  (see  archi-),  + 
yuvoc,  race:  see  -goiii/.l  The  pistillidium  or  fe- 
male organ  of  the  higher  cryjitogams,  having 
the  same  function  as  the  pistil  in  flowering 
plants.  It  is  a  cellular  sac,  containing  at  the  liottoin  a 
cell,  analogous  to  tlie  embryo-sac  of  phienogamous  [ilunts, 
which  is  impregnated  by  sperniatozooids  from  the  male 
organ  (antheridium).  h'rom  this,  after  fertilization,  the 
new  plant  is  produced  directly,  .as  in  the  ferns  and  their 
allies,  or  a  spore-case  is  developed,  as  in  the  mosses,  wlien 
new  plants  follow  upon  the  germination  of  the  spores. 

archegony  v^ir-keg'o-ni),  «.  [<  Gr.  as  if  "apx^- 
yovia,  <  apxsyovoc,  first  of  a  race  :  see  archegoni- 
um.'] The  doctrine  of  the  origin  of  life  ;  spe- 
cifically, the  doctrine  of  spontaneous  genera- 
tion ;  archebiosis ;  abiogenesis. 

He  [Haeckel]  considers  that,  though  the  doctrine  of 
spontaneous  generation  (or  arcliegonij)  has  not  been 
proved,  it  is  (luite  possible,  and  even  probable,  the  argu- 
ments against  it  resting  on  merely  negative  results. 

The  Scotsman  (newspaper). 

Archegosauria  (ar"ke-go-sa'ri-a),  n.  pl.  [NL. : 
see  Archegosaurus.']  A  suborder  or  other  group 
of  extinct  labyrinthodont  amphibians,  typified 
by  the  genus  Archegosaurus.  The  name  is  a 
loose  synonym  of  Labyrinthodontia. 

Archegosaurus  (ar'^ke-go-sa'rus),  w.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  (ipxT/Sc,  beginning,  originating  (<  apx'/,  the 
beginning,  +  I'lyeiadai,  lead),  +  aavpo^,  lizard: 
see  saurian."]  A  genus  of  extinct  reptiles  re- 
lated to  Labyrinthodon  (which  see),  supposed 
by  some  to  be  a  larval  form  of  another  animal. 

Archelminthes  (ar-kel-min '  thez),  n.  2>l-  [< 
Gr.  (ipx-,  apxi-,  first,  +  e/^fiiv6ix,  pi.  of  e/fiiv^, 
worm.]  A  hypothetical  group  of  primitive 
worms,  the  supposed  progenitors  of  the  Acce- 
lomi;  primitive  accelomatous  worms,  of  which 
a  prothelmis  is  the  conjectured  parent  form. 
They  are  supposed  by  Ifaeckel  to  have  been  evolved  in 
the  primordial  geologic  epoch  in  the  direct  line  of  descent 
of  the  ancestors  of  the  human  race.  Their  nearest  living 
relatives  are  considered  by  him  to  be  the  Turbellaria. 

archelogy  (ar-kel'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  apxri,  begin- 
ning, first  principle,  +  -'koyia,  <  /Jyeiv,  speak : 
see  -ology.]  The  science  of,  or  a  treatise  on, 
first  principles. 

Archelogy  treats  of  principles,  and  should  not  be  con- 
founded with  archaeology,  which  treats  of  antiquities. 

Fleming. 

archemastryt,  n.      [Early  mod.  E.  and  ME., 

also  archimastry ;  <  arc/i(- +  w«.ster///  perhaps 
confused  with  alchemistry.]  Supreme  skill; 
mastery  of  applied  science  or  applied  mathe- 
matics.   N.  E.  D. 

archemyt  (ar'ke-mi),  n.    A  variant  of  alchemy, 

Archencephala  (iir-ken-sef'a-la),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  apx-,  first,  +  eyKt<paAog,  brain:  see  enceph- 
alon.]  A  name  proposed  by  Owen,  in  1857,  for 
the  highest  one  of  four  subclasses  into  which 
he  di-vided  the  class  Mammalia  according  to 
the  character  of  the  brain,  in  this  subclass  the 
brain  attains  its  maximum  development  in  complexity, 
and  especially  in  the  relative  size  of  the  cerebrum,  which 
is  deeply  convoluted,  largely  overlaps  both  the  olfactory 
lobes  and  the  cerebellum,  and  has  a  well-marked  hippo- 
campus minor.  It  includes  man  alone,  and  is  conterminous 
with  the  order  Bimana  of  some,  or  the  family  Hominidce 
or  Anthropidce  of  others.  All  the  cerebral  characters  ad- 
duced are  shared  by  the  anthropoid  apes,  and  the  term  is 
not  in  use,  except  as  a  synonym  of  a  group  of  the  zoologi- 
cal value  of  a  modern  family. 

archencephalic  (ar^ken-se-faFik  or  -sef'a-lik), 
a.  [<  Archencephala  +  -ic]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Archencephala ;  hence,  characteristic  of 
the  human  brain  alone. 

arch-enemy  (arch'en'e-mi),  n.  [<  arcli-  +  en- 
emy.] A  chief  enemy;  specifically,  Satan,  the 
devil. 

archenteric  (ar-ken-ter'ik),  a.  [<  archenteron 
+  -ic]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an 
archenteron;  ha'ving  a  primitive  unmodified 
enteron. 

The  periaxial  portion  of  the  archenteric  space. 

B.  R.  Lankester,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  548. 

archenteron  (ar-ken'te-ron),  w.  [<  Gr.  apx-, 
first,  primitive,  +  evrepov,  intestine:  see  ente- 
ron.] The  enteron  (which  see)  in  its  original 
or  primitive  undifferentiated  state :  opposed  to 
metenteron. 

The  hollow,  which  we  have  mentioned  above  as  form- 
ing primarily  the  digestive  cavity,  is  known  as  the  archen- 
teron or  primitive  stomach. 

Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.,  Int.,  p.  xi. 

archeo-.    See  archao-. 

archer  (ar'cher),  n.  [<  ME.  archer,  archere, 
archier,  <  OF.  archer,  archier,  F.  archer  —  Ft.  ar- 
quier,  archier  =  Sp.  arquero  =  Pg.  arqueiro  =  It. 


archesthetism 

arciere,  <  ML.  arcarius,  also  arcuarius,  a  bow- 
man, <  L.  arcus,  a  bow :  see  rtrc/fl  and  arc^.]  1. 
One  who  uses  a  bow ;  a  bowman ;  specifically,  in 
medieval  Europe,  one  who  shot  with  ^he  long- 
bow (which  see)  aiul  shaft,  as  distinguished 
from  an  arbalister  or  crossbowmau.  In  Greek  art 
the  archer  is  generally  represented  in  Oriental  dress  and 
armor,  and  the  use  of  the  Ijow  liy  a  native  Greek  in  war  is 
rarely  mentioned ;  but  one  of  the  two  liowmen  of  the  .l-^gina 
temple  is  dressed  and  armed  as  a  Greek,  and  on  a  Ha-sili- 
catan  vase  at  Naples  (Ileydeniaim,  No.  U22),  of  good  (Jreek 
work,  a  jiainting  represents  three  youths,  evidently  (ireeks, 
shooting  with  bows  and  arrows  at  a  cock  on  a  column. 
Among  the  Romans  archers  are  rarely  mentioned. 
Throughout  the  middle  ages  the  archers  formed  an  impor- 
tant part  of  the  armies  of  Europe;  hut,  .is  they  were 
drawn  wholly  from  the  peasants  and  townspeople,  the 
nobility  and  their  retainers  were  often  suspicious  of  them, 
and  the  free  use  of  the  bow  among  the  common  people 
was  often  discouraged.  In  some  covnitries,  too,  the  arba- 
list  was  so  nuich  preferred  that  the  longbow  came  little 
into  use.  In  England  large  liodies  of  archers  were  fur- 
nished by  towns  and  counties  to  the  royal  annics,  and 
were  armed  with  some  degree  of  uniformity  with  the  steel 
cap,  the  gambeson  or  hauberk,  and  a  short  double-edged 
sword,  besides  bow  and  quiver.  There  is  no  record  of 
mounted  archers  in  the  English  armies,  but  they  were 
common  on  the  continent ;  the  dukes  of  IJurgundy  main- 
tained large  bodies  of  them,  ami  King  Charles  V  II.  at 
France  had  a  body-guard  of  mounted  men  armed  with 
brigantine  or  ganilieson,  and  carrying  a  longbow.  Erom 
this  last  organization  the  name  nrrhers  came  to  be  applied 
to  the  body-ginird  of  one  of  the  later  kings  of  France,  whose 
weapon  w;us  the  harquebuse,  which  replaced  the  bow  and 
shafts,  and  (until  the  Revolution)  to  the  watchmen  or 
guards  of  the  French  cities. 

2.  Same  as  archer-fish. —  3.  [cap.]  The  con- 
stellation Sagittarius. 

archeress  (ar'cher-es),  «.  [i  archer  •¥ -ess.]  A 
female  archer.  [Rare.] 

She,  therefore,  glorious  archeress  of  heaven. 

Cou'jier,  Iliad,  ix. 

archer-fish  (ar'cher-fish),  n.  A  name  given  to 
three  species  of  the  genus  Toxotes  and  family 
Toxotid(c  (which  see),  occurring  in  the  East  In- 
dian and  Polynesian  seas.    To  this  fish  has  been 


Archer-fish  ( Toxotes  chatareus). 


ascribed  the  power  of  shooting  drops  of  water  to  the  dis- 
tance of  3  or  4  feet,  with  sure  aim,  at  insects,  causing  them 
to  fall  into  the  water,  when  it  seizes  and  devours  them. 
This  power  has  been  doubted  or  denied  by  several  ichthy- 
ologists.   Also  called  archer  and  darter-fish. 

archeriat  (ar-ke'ri-a),  n.  [ML.,  <  OF.  archierc, 
<  archier,  an  archer.  Cf.  archery.]  In  medieval 
fort.,  an  aperture  through  which  archers  or 
longbowmen  might  discharge  their  arrows. 
See  loophole,  and  compare  balistraria. 

archership  (iir'eher-ship),  n.  Skill  as  an  archer. 

archery  (iir'cher-i),  n.  [<  ME.  archerie,  <  OF. 
archerie,  <  archer,  archier,  bowman.]  1.  The 
use  of  the  bow  and  aiTOW ;  the  practice,  art,  or 
skill  of  archers ;  the  art  of  shooting  with  a  bow 
and  arrow. — 2.  Ai-ehers  collectively. 

That  venison  free,  and  Bordeaux  wine. 
Might  serve  the  archery  to  dine. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  v.  25. 

3.  In  old  law,  a  ser'vice  of  keeping  a  bow  for 
the  lord's  defense. 

archespore  (ar'kf-spor),  n.  [<  NL.  archespo- 
rium,  <  Gr.  dpxe-,  first,  +  cnopoc,  a  seed.]  In 
bot.,  a  layer  of  small  cells  within  the  anther, 
gi-ving  rise  to  the  mothei'-cells  of  the  pollen  and 
Do  the  very  delicate  lining  of  the  anther-cell. 
The  name  is  also  given  to  a  similar  structure  in  some  of 
the  vascular  cryptogams.    Also  called  archesporiuin. 

archesthetic  (ar-kes-thet'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  apx-, 
apxi-,  first,  -I-  a'ladjjToc:,  verbal  adj.  of  a'laddv^aOai, 
perceive:  see  esthetic.]  Pertaining  to  or  char- 
acteristic of  archesthetism.  Also  spelled  arch- 

a'sthetic. 

archestheticism  (ar-kes-thet'i-sizm),  n.  [< 

archesthetic  -I-  -ism.]    Same  as  archesthetism. 

The  hypothesis  of  archieslheticis)n,  then,  maintains  that 
consciousness  as  well  as  life  preceded  organism,  and  has 
been  the  primum  mobile  in  the  creation  of  organic  struc- 
ture. Science,  IV.  241. 

archesthetism  (ar-kes'the-tizm),  ti.  [<  arch- 
esthetic +  -ism.]  The  hj^jothesis  of  the  primi- 
tive creative  function  of  consciousness;  the  hy- 
pothesis that  consciousness,  considered  as  an 
attribute  of  matter,  is  primitive  and  a  cause  of 


archesthetism 

evolution:  opposed  to  mctcsthetism  (wMch  see). 
Also  arch(esthetism,  archesthctieism,  arcliastheti- 
cism. 

The  place  of  the  doctrine  ot  archwsthetixm,  as  distin- 
puished  from  the  opposing  view  of  mctcesthetism,  which  is 
held  by  inuny  iiioidsts. 

E.  X>.  Cope,  Amer.  Naturalist,  XVI.  p.  409. 

archetto  (iir-ket'o),  n.  [It.,  a  small  arch,  an 
arched  stick,  Mtllestick.  <  arco,  au  arch,  bow: 
see  arch^.']  An  implement,  consisting  of  a  wire 
stretched  across  a  forked  or  bent  stick,  used  for 
cutting  away  clay  from  a  molded  piece  of  pot- 
tery. 

archetypal  (iir'ke-ti-pal),  a.  [<  archetype  + 
-«/.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  archetj'pe;  con- 
stituting a  model  or  pattern;  original:  as,  "one 
archeti/pal  mind,"  Cudworth,  Also  archetyjnc, 
archetypical. 

Glorified  eyes  must  see  by  the  archetypal  Sun,  or  the 
light  of  God.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  iii.  15. 

Archetypal  idea,  a  Platonic  idea.— Archetypal  world, 

ail  imnuxti'ri;U  world  supposed  by  some  I'latoiiists  to  have 
been  first  created  as  a  pattern,  according  to  wliicli  the 
sensible  world  was  constructed :  opposed  to  ect'jpal  world, 

archetype  (iir'ke-tip),  n.  [Formerly  also  arcki- 
type ;  =  F.  archetype,<,  L.  archetypum,<.  Gr.  apxi- 
TVTTOi;  a  pattern,  model,  neut.  of  afjxe~i'~oc, 
first-molded,  as  an  exemplar  or  model,  <  apx^-, 
apxt-,  tu'st,  +  TvTtreiv  (y'  *rv-),  beat,  stamp,  > 
rvTzoc,  stamp,  mold,  pattern,  type :  see  tyjie.'] 

1.  A  model  or  fii-st  form ;  the  original  pattern 
or  model  after  which  a  thing  is  made ;  espe- 
cially, a  Platonic  idea,  or  immaterial  preexist- 
ing exemplar  of  a  natural  form. 

Among  tlie  ancients,  the  co-existence  ot  the  Epicurean 
and  Stoical  schools,  which  offered  to  the  world  two  en- 
tirely different  archetypes  of  \'irtue,  secured  in  a  very  re- 
markable manner  the  recognition  of  different  kinds  of 
excellence.  Leckii,  Europ.  Jlorals,  I.  166. 

Man  is  the  archetype  of  the  animal  creation,  the  highest 
manifestation  of  life.    Daivson,  Nat.  and  the  Bible,  p.  39. 

2.  In  coining,  the  standard  weight  by  which 
others  are  adjusted  :  now  called  the  i^ototype. 
— 3.  In  compar.  anat.,  a  primitive  generalized 
plan  of  structm-e  assumed  to  have  been  subse- 
quently modified  or  lost  by  differentiation  and 
specialization:  as,  the  vertebrate  archetype. — 
4.  The  original  form  frotn  which  a  class  of  re- 
lated forms  in  plants  or  animals  may  be  sup- 
posed to  have  descended.  Darwin. 

archetypic  (iir-kf-tip'ik),  a.  [<  archetype  +  -ic] 

Same  as  iirrhetypal. 
archetypical  (iir-ke-tip'i-kal),  a.    [<  archetype. 

Cf .  (jrr.  a/)  xerv-iKCjg,  adv.]  Same  as  archetypal. 
archetypically  (ar-ke-tip'i-kal-i),  adv.    In  an 

archetypal  manner ;  after  the  mode  or  plan  of 

an  archetype, 
archetypist  (ar'ke-ti-pist),  n.    [<  archetype  + 

-ist.']    One  who  studies  early  t\T)Ography.  N. 

E.  D. 

archeus,  «.    See  archmis. 

arch-fiend  (iireh'fend'),  n.   [<  arch-  +  fiend;  = 

G.  erzfeind.'}     A  chief  fiend;  specifically,  the 

devil. 

archi-.  [L.,  etc.,  <  Gr.  apx'-,  "PX'^-,  first,  chief: 
see  arch-,  the  naturalized  E.  form  of  the  same 
prefix.]  A  prefix  of  Greek  origin,  the  original 
form  of  arch-,  first,  chief.    See  arch-. 

archiamphiaster  (ar"ki-am-fi-as'ter),  n.  Same 
as  archainphiaster. 

archiannelid  (ar-ki-an'e-lid),  a.  and  n.  I.  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Archiannclida. 

II,  n.  One  ot  the  Archiannclida,  as  &n  annelid 
of  the  genus  Polygordius.   Also  archiannelidan. 

Archiannelida  (ar'-'ki-a-neri-da),  n.2>l.  [NL.,< 
Gr.  apxi-,  first,  +  NL.  Annelida.']  A  subclass 
or  other  leading  division  of  annelids,  supposed 
to  be  the  nearest  living  representatives  of  the 
archetypal  segmented  worms.  The  best-known 
genus  is  I'oli/f/ordius  (which  see). 

archiannelidan  (ar"ki-a-nel'i-dan),  a.  and  w. 
I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Archiannelida. 
II,  II.  Same  as  archiannelid. 

archiater  (ar-ki-a'ter),  n.  [=  Russ.  arTchiya- 
terii  -  OHG.  arzdt,  MHG.  arzet,  G.  arzt  =  D. 
arts,  etc.,  a  physician,  <  ML.  archiater,  <  L. 
archiatrus,  <  Gr.  apxtarpoQ,  <  apx'-,  chief,  + 
iaTpdg,  physician.]  A  chief  physician:  a  title 
first  given  by  the  Roman  emperors  to  their 
chief  physicians,  and  now  applied  on  the  conti- 
nent of  Europe  to  the  first  or  body  physician  of 
a  prince,  and  to  the  first  physician  of  some 
cities ;  specifically,  in  Russia,  the  first  imperial 
physician. 

archiblast  (ar'ki-blast),  n.  [<  Gr.  apxi-,  first, 
primitive,  +  iV/aaro^,  germ.]  In  embryol. :  (a) 
The  formative  yolk  of  an  egg  ;  that  which  com- 
poses the  germ,  and  in  germination  becomes  the 
embryo,  as  distinguished  from  the  food-yolk  or 


parablast.  Wilhelm  Mi.s.  {b)  A  name  given 
by  His  to  the  epiblast. 

archiblastic  (iir-ki-blas'tik),  a.  Of,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  derived  from  the  archiblast:  applied 
to  those  holoblastic  eggs  which,  by  equal  or 
palingenetic  as  well  as  total  segmentation  of 
the  yolk  (vitellus),  produce  an  archigastrida  in 
germinating. 

archiblastula  (iir-ki-blas'tu-la),  n.;  pi.  arc/w- 
blastuUc  (-le).  [NL.,  <  Gr"  apxi-,  chief, '+  NL. 
blustnla.']  In  cmbryuL,  a  hollow  and  usually 
globular  vesicle,  the  walls  of  which  consist  of  a 
single  layer  of  similar  cells,  and  which  by  in- 
vagination develops  an  archigastrula. 

Yelk-division  is  complete  and  regular,  and  gives  rise  to 
a  vesicular  morula  {archiblastula  of  Haeckel),  each  cell  of 
which  is  provided  with  a  flagellate  cilium. 

lluxlcy,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  553. 

Archibuteo  (ar-ki-bii'te-6),  n.  [NL.,<  L.  archi-, 
first,  +  ft i/teo,  buzzard.]  A  genus  of  buzzards, 
of  the  family  Falconidw,  having  booted  tarsi. 


Rough-legged  Buzzard  [Archibitt^o  tagopus). 

A.  lagopus,  the  rough-legged  buzzard  of  Europe  and 
America,  is  the  liest-known  species.  A.  sancti-johannis  is 
the  black  buzzard  of  America,  and  A.J'erruriineusi\\e  west- 
ern rough-leg  or  Californian  sq\iirrel-hawk. 

archicalt  (iir'ki-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  apxtudc,  pertain- 
ing to  rule,  <  apx'i,  rule,  first  place,  beginning, 

<  apxetf,  rule,  be  first:  see  arch-.]  1.  Of  the 
natm-e  of  government ;  ruling. —  2,  Chief;  pri- 
mary ;  primordial. 

archicarp  (iir'ki-karp),  11.  [<  Gr.  apxi-,  first,  -I- 
napTuc,  fruit.]    In  bot.,  same  as  ascogonium. 

archicercal  (iir-ki-ser'kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  apxt-, 
chief,  +  KtpKog,  tail,  4-  -at.]  Having  a  worm- 
like  tail  without  fin-folds,  as  a  fish ;  exhibiting 
archicerey,  as  a  fish's  tail. 

archicercy  (iir'ki-sei"-si),  n.  [See  archicercal.] 
The  state  of  being  archicercal;  the  primitive 
condition  of  a  fish's  tail  when  it  is  archicercal. 
J.  A.  Ryder. 

archicytula  (iir-ki-sit'u-la),  «.;  pi.  archicytidm 
(-le).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apx'i-,  chief,  NL.  cytula.] 
In  embryol.,  the  parent  cell  or  cytula  which  re- 
sults from  an  archimonerula  by  the  re-forma- 
tion of  a  nucleus,  and  which  proceeds,  by  total 
and  equal  or  palingenetic  segmentation,  to  de- 
velof>  in  succession  an  archimorula,  archiblas- 
tula, and  archigastrula. 

Archidesmidss  (iir-ki-des'mi-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 

<  Archidcsma  (<  Gr.  apxt-,  chief,  +  diapa,  band), 
the  typical  genns,  +  -idee]  A  family  of  palsBO- 
zoic  fossil  myriapods  of  the  arehipolypodous 
type. 

archidiaconal  (ar"ki-di-ak'on-al),  a.  [<  L. 
archidiaconus,  archdeacon:  see  archdeacon.] 
Pertaining  to  an  archdeacon  or  to  his  office: 
as,  an  arcliidiaconal  visitation. 

This  Prelate  calls  himself  Exarch,  and  claims  Archi- 
diaconal rights  in  the  whole  Dicecese. 

J.  M.  Nealc,  Eastern  Church,  i.  93. 

archidiaconate  (ar'ki-di-ak'on-at),  n.  [<ML. 
archidiaconattis,  <.  L.  archidiaconus:  see  arch- 
deacon and  -atc^.]  The  office  or  order  of  arch- 
deacons. 

archiepiscopacy  (ar'ki-e-pis'ko-pa-si), «.  [As 
archicpisc(yp-ate  +  -acy.'  Cf.  episcopacy.]  The 
state  or  dignity  of  an  archbishop. 

archiepiscopal  (iir"ki-e-pis'k9-pal),  a.  [<  L. 
archiepiscopus,  archbishop:  see  archbishop.] 
Pertaining  to  an  archbishop  or  to  his  office:  as, 
Canterbury  is  an  archiepiscopal  see. 

A  Franciscan  friar  rode  before  him,  bearing  aloft  the 
massive  silver  cross,  the  archiepiscopal  standard  of  Toledo. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  21. 

archiepiscopality  (ar'^ki-e-pis-ko-pari-ti),  n. 
[(.archiepiscopal -\-  -ity.]  The  dignity  or  state 
of  an  archbishop ;  archiepiscopacy,  Fuller, 


AicKiHRocceHa  liiittoria).- 


archimandrltate 

archiepiscopate  (ar*ki-e-pis'ko-pat),  n.  [<  MLv 
*archicpiscopatiis,  <  archi-  +  cpiscopatus :  see 
archi-  and  episcopate.]  The  office  or  jurisdiction 
of  an  archbishop ;  an  archbishopric. 

archierey  (iir-ld'e-ri),  n.    [<  Russ.  arhhierit, 

<  Gr.  apxtepevc,  a  high  priest,  <  apx-,  apxt-, 
chief,  first,  +  kpevq  (>  Russ.  ierei),  a  priest,  < 
/'fyjor,  holy,  sacred.]  The  prelacy :  a  collective 
term  for  the  higher  orders  of  ecclesiastics  in, 
the  Russian  Church,  including  metropolitans,, 
archbishops,  and  bishops.  Pinkerton. 

archigastrula  (iir-ki-gas'tro-lii),  n. ;  pi.  archi- 
gastrula- (-le).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apxt-,  chief,  -f-  NL. 
gastrula.]  In  embryol.,  a  bell-gastrula ;  a  gas- 
trula  which  is  bell-shaped  or  has  the  form  of  a, 
deep  cup,  resulting  from  that  method  of  egg- 
cleavage  and  gastrulation  supposed  to  be  prim- 
itive or  paliugenetic.  It  occurs  in  various  animals, 
from  sponges  up  to  the  lowest  vertebrates.  See  nutagas- 
trula,  and  cut  under  ijastrulation. 

archigraphert  (iir-kig'ra-fer),  n.    [<  LL.  archi- 

graphus,  <  Gr.  apxt-,  chief,  +  ypdipetv,  write.  Cf. 

Gr.  apxiypappaTEvg,  of  same  sense  and  same  xdti- 

mate  origin.]    A  chief  secretary.  Blount. 
archil  (iir'kil),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  archall, 

archel,  etc.,  corrupt  forms  of  orchil  (q.  v.),  < 

ME.  orchell,  <  OP.  orchel,  orcheil,  orseil,  mod. 

F.  orseille,  <  It.  orcella,  oricello  =  OSp.  orchillo, 

mod.  orchilla  =  Pg.  orzella;  origin  imdeter- 

mined.]   1.  A  rich  violet, 

mauve,  or  purple  coloring 

matter  obtained  from  cer- 
tain   lichens,  especially 

the  lioccella  tinctoria  and 

B.   fuciformis. —  2.  The 

lichen  from  which  the  dye 

is  obtained.  See  Eoccella. 

It  is  bruised  between  stones, 

moistened  with  putrid  urine, 

and  mixed  with  quicklime  or 

other  alkaline  liquor.    It  first 

becomes  purplish-red  in  color, 

and  then  turns  to  violet.  In 

the  first  state  it  is  called  archil, 

and  in  the  second  litmus.  Dyers 

rarely  use  archil  by  itself,  on 

account  of  its  dearness  and  the 

perishableness  of  its  beauty. 

They  employ  it  to  give  a  bloom 

to  other  colors,  as  i)inks,  blues, 

and  blacks;  but  this  bloom  soon  decays.    Archil  is  use* 

for  tinting  the  fluid  employed  in  spirit-thermometers, 

while  litmus  is  employed  by  chemists  as  a  test  for  acidity 

or  alkalinity. 

Also  written  orchil,  and  formerly  archall,  or- 
chal,  orchel,  orchella. 

Archilochian  (iir-ki-lo'ki-an),  a.  [<  L.  Archi- 
lochius,  <  Gr.  ^Apxt'^^x^i-oi,  pertaining  to  %pxt^^o~ 
Xoi;,  L.  Archilochus,  a  poet  and  satirist  of  Pares,, 
who  lived  about  700  B.  c]  1.  Pertaining  tO' 
Archilochus,  a  Greek  poet  of  Pares,  noted  for 
the  bitterness  and  severity  of  his  satire. 
Hence — 2.  Severe;  ill-natured:  as,  Archilo- 
chian bitterness. —  3.  In  anc.  pros.,  noting  four 
stanzas  —  (1)  A  dactylic  hexameter  alternating 
with  a  pentheraim  (called  a  lesser  Archilochian) 
or  (2)  with  an  iambelegus.  (3)  An  iambic 
trimeter  alternating  with  an  elegiambus.  (4) 
A  verse  consisting  of  four  dactyls  and  threO' 
trochees  (called  a  grea  ter  Archilochian)  alternat- 
ing with  an  iambic  trimeter  cataleetie. 

archilowe  (Ur'chi-lou),  n.  [Sc.,  also  archilogh 
and  archilagli,  a  corrupt  word;  according  totha 
Imp.  Diet.,  <  D.  her-,  again,  +  gelag  (OD.  ghe- 
lacgh),  share  of  expense  at  an  inn,  =  Sc.  laugh, 
lauch,  also  lawin,  having,  tavern-shot,  reckon- 
ing: see  lawing  and  law'^.]  The  return  which 
one  who  has  been  treated  in  an  inn  or  tavern 
sometimes  reckons  himself  bound  in  honor  to 
make  to  the  company:  when  he  calls  for  his. 
bottle  he  is  said  to  give  his  archilowe.  [Scotch.] 

I  propose  that  this  good  little  gentleman  that  seems, 
san-  forfoughten,  as  I  may  say,  in  this  tuilyie,  sliall  send 
for  a  tass  of  brandy,  and  I'll  pay  for  another  by  way  of 
archilowe.  Scott,  Rob  Roy,  xxviii. 

archilute  (ar'ki-liit),  n.    [<  archi-  +  lute^.  SeS' 

archlute.]    Same  as  archlutc. 
archimage  (ar'ki-maj),  «.    [Formerly  also,  as. 

if  It.,  archimago,  and  as  NL.  archima'gus,  q.  v.] 

A  chief  magician  or  enchanter;  a  wizard. 
The  character  of  sage  and  archimage  had  fully  imprinted- 

itself  on  his  countenance.  Jincyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  462. 

archimagUS  (ar-ki-ma'gus),  «. ;  pi.  archimagi 
(-ji).    [NL.,  <  Gr.  apxlpayoc,  chief  of  the  magi, 

<  apxt-,  chief,  +  payog,  one  of  the  magi :  see- 
magi.]  1.  The  high  priest  of  the  Persian  magi, 
or  worshipers  of  fire. — 2.  A  chief  magician  j 
an  archimage. 

archimandritate  (ar-ki-man'dri-tat),  n,  [<  ar- 
chimandrite +  -ate'i,]  The  dignity,  office,  or 
province  of  an  archimandrite. 


archimandrite 


297 


architecture 


Greek  Archimandrite. 


archimandrite  (ar-ki-man'drit),  w.  [<  ML.  ar- 
chimandrita,  <  LGr.  apx^l^avSpirT)^  (Epiphanius), 
chief  of  a  monastery,  <  Gr. 
apxi--,  chief,  +  iiavSpa,  a 
fold,  inclosure,  eccles.  a 
monastery.]  Inthe  East- 
ern Church,  an  abbot-gen- 
eral, having  other  abbots 
(hegoumowi)  with  their 
monasteries  under  his  su- 
perintendence; also  some- 
times, especially  among 
the  Greeks,  the  abbot  of 
a  single  large  monastery. 
In  Russia  the  bishops  are  se- 
lected from  among  tlie  archi- 
mandrites. The  title  has  been 
retained  among  those  who  sep- 
arated from  the  Eastern  Church 
and  submitted  to  the  pope 
while  still  observing  tlie  Greelv 
rite  (the  so-called  United 
Greeks),  and  their  monasteries 
are  now  subject  to  one  proto- 
arcliimandrite.  A  congregation 
of  Basilian  monks  existing  in  Sicily  before  the  eleventh 
century  has  been  under  the  care  of  an  archimandrite  ap- 
parently from  that  time.  Its  head  abbey  is  that  of  San 
Salvatore  in  Messina,  and  it  forms  an  exempt  archiman- 
dritate  immediately  dependent  on  the  pope.  In  the  early 
church,  and  sometimes  during  tlie  middle  ages  in  the 
Western  Church,  tlie  word  was  used  vaguely  as  equivalent 
to  prelate. 

Archimedean  (ar'-'ki-me'de-an  or  -me-de'an), 
a.  [<  L.  Archimedeiis,  <  Gr.  'Apxi/J-V^ciog,  <  'Apx^- 
prjStig,  L.  Archimedes.']  Pertaining  to  Archi- 
medes, a  celebrated  mathematician,  born  at 
Syracuse  in  the  third  century  b.  c,  or  to  his 
mechanical  inventions — Archimedean  drill.  See 
Archimedean  priaciple,  or  principle  of  Ar- 
chimedes, (a)  The  principle  of  the  equilibrium  of  the 
lever ;  namely,  that  a  lever  loaded  with  two  weights,  on 
opposite  sides  of  the  fulcrum,  is  in  equilibrium  when  the 
weights  are  inversely  proportional  to  the  length  of  the 
arms  at  whose  ends  they  hang,  and  that  the  pressure  on 
the  fulcrum  of  the  lever  is  then  exactly  equal  to  the  sum 
of  the  two  weights.  (6)  The  hydrostatical  principle,  also 
discovered  by  Archimedes,  that  a  body  immersed  in  a  Huid 
loses  an  amount  of  weight  equal  to  that  of  the  fluid  it  dis- 
places.—Archimedean  propeller,  a  propeller  consisting 
of  a  continuous  spiral  vane  on  a  hollow  core  running 
lengthwise  of  the  vessel.  It  is  an  amplification  and  ex- 
tension of  the  screw.— Archimedean  railway,  a  form  of 
railway  in  which  a  continuous  shaft  rotates  on  pillars  be- 
tween the  lines  of  rails,  and  propels  the  car  by  means  of  a 
screw  which  engages  in  a  pedestal  attached  to  the  car. — 
Archimedean  screw,  a  device  for  raising  water,  said  to 


Archimedean  Si 


have  been  invented  by  Archimedes.  It  is  made  by  forming 
a  spiral  tube  within,  or  by  winding  a  flexible  tube  spirally 
about,  a  cylinder.  When  the  cylinder  is  placed  in  an  in- 
clined position,  and  the  lower  end  is  iiiiniersed  in  water, 
its  revolution  will  cause  the  water  to  move  upward  through 
the  spiral  chambers.  Whatever  quantity  of  water  first  en- 
ters the  screw  immediately  descends  by  its  own  weight  to 
the  lowest  point  of  the  spiral ;  but  tliis  point  being  always 
shifted  liigher  up  by  the  revolution  of  the  screw,  the  water 
may  thus  be  raised  to  a  considerable  height.  Also  called 
water-screw  and  spiral  pump. — Archimedean  solid,  one 
of  the  thirteen  solids  described  by  Archimedes,  which, 
without  being  regular,  have  all  their  solid  angles  alike,  all 
their  faces  regular,  and  not  less  tlian  four  faces  of  any  one 
kind :  sometimes  incorrectly  called  semi-repular  solids. 
They  are  the  truncated  tetrahedron,  the  cubociahedron,  tlie 
truncated  octahedron,  the  truncated  cube,  the  rhombicuboc- 
tahedron,  the  truncated  cuboctahedron,  the  icosidodeca- 
hedron,  the  truncated  icosahedron,  the  truncated  dodeca- 
hedron, the  snub-cube,  the  rhombicosidodecahedron,  the 
truncated  icosidodecahedron,  and  the  snub-dodecahedron. 
See  these  terms. 

archimonerula_  (ar^ki-mo-ner'S-la),  n. ;  pi.  ar- 
chimoneruUe  (-le).  [NL., <[  Gr.  apxi-,  first,  +  NL. 
monerida.']  In  emhryol.,  a  term  invented  by 
Ilaeekel  and  defined  by  him  as  a  cytod  in  which 
the  formative  and  the  nutritive  yolk  are  not  dis- 
tinct. It  is  a  special  name  for  the  monerula  stage  of  a 
holoblastic  egg  which  undergoes  palingenetic  or  primitive 
as  well  as  total  cleavage,  and  the  several  succeeding  stages 
of  which  are  an  archicytula,  arcliimorula,  archiblastula, 
and  archigastrula. 

archimorula  (ar-ki-mor'ij-la),  n. ;  pi.  archimoru- 
Im  (-le).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apxi-,  first,  +  NL.  morula.'] 
In  emhryol.,  the  morula  or  mulberry-mass  which 
results  from  the  total  and  equal  segmentation 
of  the  vitellus  or  yolk  of  an  archicytula ;  a  sol- 
id, generally  globular,  mass  of  cleavage-cells 
which  proceed  to  develop  an  archiblastula  and 
archigastrula. 

archinephra,  n.   Plural  of  arcMnephron. 


archinephric  (ar-ki-nef'rik),  a.  [<  archineph- 
ron  + -ic]  Pertaining  to  an  archinephron  or 
primitive  kidney:  as,  the  archinephric  duct. 

archinephron  (ar-ki-nef 'ron),  n.;  pi.  archi- 
nephra (-ra).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apxt-,  fli'St,  +  ve<pp6^, 
kidney.]  In  emhryol.,  the  primitive  or  rudi- 
mentary, as  distinguished  from  the  final  defin- 
itive, renal  excretory  organ  of  an  animal ;  the 
primitive  Iddney. 

arching  (ar'ching),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  areh^.] 
Arched  work  or  formation ;  the  arched  portion 
of  a  structure. 

archipelagian  (ar'-'ki-pe-la'ji-an),  a.  Same  as 
arcliipehujic. 

archipelagic  (ar'''ki-pe-laj'ik),  a.  [<  archipel- 
ago +  -ic.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  archipelago. 

The  archipelagic  fringe  of  coast  line. 

FortniglMy  Rev.,  XXXIX.  57. 

archipelago  (ar-ki-pel'a-go),  ».  [Early  mod. 
E.  archpelago,  also  archipelage  a,nd  archipelagus 
(and  abbr.  archipel  =  D.  G.  archipel,  <  F.  archipel 
=  Pr.  archipel;  cf.  early  mod.  P.  archipelague) 
=  OSp.  arcipielago,  Sp.  archipielago  =  OPg.  ar- 
cepelago,  Pg.  archipelago  (cf.  Dan.  arkipelag, 
arldpelagus,  Russ.  arkhipelagH,  NGr.  apxn^i'^a- 
yoc,  ML.  archipelagus),  <  It.  arcipelago,  orig.  the 
-Silgean  sea,  lit.  the  chief  gulf  or  sea  (in  dis- 
tinction from  minor  bodies  of  water  to  which 
the  term  pielago,  ML.  pelagus,  was  applied), < 
arci-  (L.,  etc.,  archi-),  chief,  principal,  +  pelago 
(=  Sp.  pielago  =  Pg.  pelago,  pego  =  Pr.  peleg), 
gulf,  abyss,  pool,  sea,  <  ML.  L.  pelagus,  <  Gr. 
TTtXayog,se?i:  see  pelagic]  1,  [ca/j.]  Originally 
and  specifically,  the  sea  which  separates  Greece 
from  Asia  Minor,  otherwise  called  the  JEgeaji. 
sea,  studded  with  a  number  of  small  islands. 
Hence,  generally — 2.  Any  body  of  water 
abounding  with  islands,  or  the  islands  them- 
selves collectively. 

Archipolypoda  (ar"ki-po-lip'o-da),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  apxi-,  first,  +  Polypoda,  pi.  of  Polypus, 
q.  v.]  A  group  of  fossil  myriapods  from  the 
Carboniferous  formation  of  Illinois  and  Great 
Britain,  related  to  the  Chilognatha,  but  having 
the  tergites  small  and  armed  with  large  spines, 
the  sternites  proportionally  large  and  bearing 
craterLform  cups,  supposed  to  be  possibly  gill- 
supports.  The  Archipolypoda  had  two  legs  to  each  seg- 
ment, as  in  the  extant  Diplopoda,  and  appear  to  have  be- 
come extinct  in  the  Paleozoic  epoch.  Three  families  have 
been  recognized,  Archidesmidce,  Euphorberiidce,  and  Ar- 
chiulidcu. 

Mr.  Scudder  has  proposed  the  name  Archipolypoda  for 
a  group  of  fossil  myriapods  which,  while  closely  related  to 
the  Chilognatha,  show  several  important  points  of  differ- 
ence. Stand.  Nat.  Hist,  II.  128. 

archipolypodan  (ar"ki-po-lip'o-dan),  n.  One 
of  the  Archipolypoda. 

archipolypodous  (ar-'ki-po-lip'o-dus),  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Archi- 
polypoda. 

archippus  (ar-kip'us),  n.  [NL.,  In  form  as  Gr. 
'"Apx'-'^T^og,  a  proper  name.]  A  buttertiy,  Da- 
naus  archippus:  the  technical  specific  name 
used  as  an  English  word. 

Archiptera  (ar-kip'te-ra),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
apxL-,  first,  +  TTTepov,  wing.]  In  Haeckel's  sys- 
tem of  classification,  an  order  of  haxapodous 
metabolous  winged  insects,  equivalent  to  the 
Pseudoneuroptera  of  other  authors. 

archipterygium  (ar'-'kip-te-rij'i-rmi),  ». ;  pi. 
archipterygia  (-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apxi.-,  first,  chief, 
+  TTTepvyiov,  dim.  of  nripv^,  a 
wing,  <  Trre p6v,  a  wing,  =  E. 
feather.]  The  archetypal  form 
or  primitive  type  of  the  skele- 
ton of  the  limbs  of  vertebrates. 
It  was  supposed  by  Gegenbaur  to  be 
most  nearly  approximated  in  nature 
by  the  pectoral  member  or  fin  of  the 
ceratodontids,  but  this  view  has  not 
been  generally  accepted ;  by  others 
the  pectoral  member  of  a  primitive 
selachian  is  believed  to  approximate- 
ly realize  the  idea. 

I  have  given  the  name  of  Archipte- 
rygium to  the  ground-form  of  the  skel- 
eton, which  extends  from  the  limb- 
bearing  girdle  into  the  free  appendage. 
Gegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (tr.),  p.  473. 

archistome  (ar'ki-stom),  n.  [< 
Gr.  apxi-,  first,  +  crofia,  mouth.] 
In  zodl.,  the  primitive  elongat- 
ed blastopore  of  Bilateralia. 

The  primitively  elongated  mouth  of 
the  larvfe  of  Bilateralia,  with  an  ex- 
tended body-axis,  or  any  derived  form 
of  the  latter,  or  wherever  there  is  formed  a  well-defined, 
unpaired  median  neural  plate,  or  where  a  pair  of  parallel 
neural  plates  or  cords  are  developed,  I  would  call  the  whole 
area  thus  embraced  an  archistome. 

J.  A.  Ryder,  Amer.  Naturalist,  1885,  p.  1117. 


Carttla^nous  skel- 
eton of  a  hmb  ( archip- 
terygium )  of  CerLt- 
todifs  forsteri,  the 
large  upper  piece  ar- 
ticulating with  the 
limb-root. 


architect  (ar'ki-tekt),  n.  architecte  =  lt, 

architetto,  <  L.  architectus,  sAso  architccton ,  <  Gr. 
apxtTtKTuv,  chief  builder,  chief  artificer,  <  apx'-, 
chief,  +  TtKTuv,  a  worker,  esp.  in  wood,  a  car- 
penter, joiner,  builder:  see  tectonic]  1.  A 
person  skilled  in  the  art  of  building;  one  who 
understands  architecture,  or  whoso  profession 
it  is  to  form  plans  and  designs  of  buildings  and 
superintend  the  execution  of  them.  Hence  — 
2.  One  who  plans,  designs,  or  consummates  any 
complex  thing:  as,  the  supreme  Architect  of 
the  universe  ;  he  is  the  architect  of  his  own  for- 
tunes.— 3.  One  who  contrives,  devises,  or  plots. 
Chief  architect  and  plotter  of  these  woes. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  v.  .3. 

architective  (ar'ki-tek-tiv),  a.  l<  architect  + 
-ive.]    Used  in  building;  proper  for  building. 

architectonic  (ar"ki-tek-ton'ik),  a.  and  u.  [= 
P.  architcctonique,  <  L.  architcctonicus,  <  Gr. 
apxtrenTovcKoc,  pertaining  to  architecture,  fem. 
apxiTCKToviK?/,  n.,  architecture,  <  apxircKrtjv,  chief 
workman:  see  architect.]  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining- 
to  architecture;  hence,  pertaining  or  relating- 
to  construction  or  design  of  any  kind. 

The  Archa;oIogist  cannot  fail  to  remark  how  severe,  in 
a  true  age  of  art,  is  the  observance  of  this  great  Architec- 
tonic law — how  its  influence  pervades  all  design  — how  tlie- 
pictures  on  Greek  vases,  or  the  richly  embossed  and  chased 
work  of  the  niedia;val  goldsmiths,  are  all  adjusted  to  the 
form  and  surface  allotted  to  them  by  an  external  necessity. 

C.  T.  Newton,  Art  and  Archaiol.,  p.  34. 

2.  Skilled  in  architecture ;  expert  in  designing- 
or  constructing. — 3.  Relating  to  the  construc- 
tion of  a  complete  and  scientifically  arranged 
theory  or  system  of  doctrine. — 4.  Having  the- 
same  relation  to  something  as  that  of  an  archi- 
tect to  his  work ;  designing;  controlling;  gov- 
erning; directive. 

In  the  language  of  Aristotle,  which  of  these  two  [Culture 
and  Religion)  is  the  architectonic  or  master-art  which  pre- 
scribes to  all  the  other  arts  and  occupations  of  life  their 
functions,  as  tlie  master-builder  prescribes  their  duties  to- 
his  workmen?   J.  C.  Shairp,  Culture  and  Religion,  p.  28. 

Architectonic  idea.  See  idea. — Architectonic  unity, 

the  unity  or  union  of  the  parts  of  a  theory  or  sj'stem  which 
springs  from  the  principles  upon  which  the  theory  or  sys- 
tem depends. 

II.  n.  1.  The  science  of  architecture.  Also 
architectonics. —  2.  In  logic,  the  art  of  construct- 
ing systems. 

By  architectonic  I  understand  the  art  of  constructing  sys- 
tems. Kant,  Critique  of  Pure  Reason  (tr.  by  Max  Miiller). 

Of  these  two  sciences,  .  .  .  that  whicli  treats  of  those 
conditions  of  knowledge  which  lie  in  the  nature,  not  of 
thought  itself,  but  of  that  which  we  think  about,  .  .  .  ha& 
been  called  .  .  -.  architectonic,  in  so  far  as  it  treats  of  the 
method  of  building  up  our  observations  into  system. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Logic,  App.  Xo.  I.  (1866),  II.  230. 

architectonical  (ar"ki-tek-ton'i-kal),  a.  Sam& 

as  architectonic. 
Geometrical  and  architectonical  artists. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Misc.  Tracts,  p.  6. 

architectonically  (ar"ki-tek-ton'i-kal-i),  adv. 

In  an  architectonic  manner;  according  to  true 

structural  principles  or  fitness, 
architectonics  (ar  'ki-tek-ton'Lks),  n.pl.  Same 

as  architectonic,  v.,  1. 
architectorf  (ar'ki-tek-tor),  n.    [ML.,  for  L. 

architectus,  architecton :  see  architect.]    1.  An. 

architect. — 2.  A  superintendent, 
architectress  (ar'ki-tek-tres),  «.    [<  architector 

+  -ess.]    A  female  architect.    Sir  M.  Wotton, 

Reliquise.  [Rare.] 

architectural  (ar-ki-tek'tur-al),  a.  [=  F.  ar- 
chitectural; <  architecture  +  -al.]  Pertaining  or 
relating  to  architecture  or  the  art  of  building; 
according  to  the  principles  of  architeetm-e. — 
Architectural  notation.  See  notation. 

architecturalist  (ar-ki-tek'tui--al-ist),  11.  [C 
architectural  +  -ist.]  A  professed  student  of^ 
or  connoisseur  in,  architecture.    JN'.  E.  B. 

architecturally  (ar-ki-tek'tui--al-i),  adr.  In  an 
architectural  manner ;  witli  regard  to  architec- 
tural principles;  from  an  architectural  point 
of  view. 

architecture  (ar'ld-tek-tur),  n.  [=  F.  archi- 
tecture =  It.  architettura,  <  L.  architectura,  <  ar- 
chitectus, architect :  see'architect.  The  Gr.  word 
is  apxiTEKTOvia,  <  apxiTcinTtJv;  also  dpxiTCKTOviK!/: 
see  architectonic]  1.  The  art  of  building,  spe- 
cifically of  fine  or  beautiful  building.  Architec- 
ture includes,  in  the  widest  sense,  (1)  the  principles  of 
design  and  of  ornament  as  applied  to  building;  (2)  the 
science  of  construction,  including  the  properties  of  ma- 
terials and  the  methods  of  combining  them;  and  (3)  the 
practice  of  construction,  including  estimates  of  cost  and 
the  directing  of  Imilders  and  workmen.  The  practice  of 
this  art  requires  skill  in  design,  which  is  the  special  prov- 
ince of  tlie  architect,  and  skill  in  execution,  which  is  the 
special  province  of  the  workmen  whom  the  architect 
employs  and  directs.  It  is  tlie  function  of  skill  in  archi- 
tectural design  to  combine  in  a  harmonious  scheme  the 
independent  and  often  hostile  requirements  (1)  of  use 


architecture 

and  convenience  asdktatfd  by  tlie  comlitions  of  the  prob- 
lem in  hand;  (2)  of  coiistnictive  necessity  and  titness  as 
determined  eitlier  l)y  practical  experience  or  liy  scientiHc 
theory;  and  (3)  of  artistic  excellence  liutli  in  tlie  jiropur- 
tions  of  tlie  parts  and  in  the  decorative  treatment  of  de- 
tails, in  accordance  with  eitlier  the  sjeiieral  principles  and 
■canons  of  good  taste  or  the  prescriptions  of  custom  or 
tradition.  It  is  the  function  of  skill  in  execution  practi- 
cally to  carry  out  the  scheme  so  desij;ned  ;  and  this  skill 
is  exercised  liy  draftsmen,  surveyors,  mechanics,  arti- 
sans, and  artists,  each  in  his  place.  Architeetnre  is  prop- 
erly distini;uished  from  mere  building  by  the  presence  of 
the  decorative  or  artistic  element.  The  most  important 
styles  in  the  history  of  architecture  are  the  Egyptian,  As- 
syrian, Hellenic,  Roman,  Byzantine,  Medieval  (including 
Kouianesque  and  Pointed),  Renaissance,  and  Araljic.  (See 
these  and  other  adjectives  characterizing  architectural 
styles.)  Tlie  varitms  later  medieval  styles  are  commonly 
incUuled  under  the  vague  and  misleading  term  Gothic 
<which  see). 

Airliitecturc,  the  ai't  of  building,  includes  two  elements, 
theory  and  practice.  The  former  comprehends  the  flue- 
art  side  proper,  the  boily  of  general  rules  inspired  by 
taste  and  based  on  tradition,  and  the  science,  which  ad- 
mits of  demonstiatiun  by  means  of  invariable  and  abso- 
lute formulas.  Practice  is  the  application  of  theory  to 
particular  needs;  it  is  practice  which  causes  the  art  and 
the  science  to  conform  to  the  nature  of  materials,  to 
■climate,  to  the  customs  of  a  period,  or  to  the  necessities 
of  the  occasion. 

Viollet-le-Duc,  Diet,  de  TArchitecture  (trans.),  I.  116. 

We  must  consider  Architecture  as  the  great  law  which 
lias  in  all  time  regulated  the  growth  and  affected  the 
form  of  painting  and  sculpture,  till  they  attain  to  a  certain 
period  in  their  development,  and  free  themselves  from  its 
influence.  C.  T.  Xeivton,  Art  and  Archieol.,  p.  29. 

Architecture  and  eloquence  are  mixed  arts,  whose  end 
is  sometimes  beauty  and  sometimes  use.  Emerson. 

2.  The  buildings  or  other  objects  produced  by 
.architecture  as  defined  above. —  3.  The  ehar- 
a,cter  or  stj-le  of  building:  as,  the  architecture 
of  Paris. —  4.  Construction  and  formative  de- 
sign of  any  kind. 

The  formation  of  the  first  earth  being  a  piece  of  divine 
architecture,  ascribed  to  a  particular  providence. 

T.  Burnet,  Theory  of  the  Earth. 
Civil  architecture,  the  branch  of  architecture  Iia\  ing 
to  do  with  buildings  for  the  purposes  of  civil  life. — Mili- 
tary architecture,  the  branch  of  architecture  which  has 
to  do  with  bnildings  for  niilitiU-y  purposes :  to  some  extent 
coextensive  with  military  engineering.— Naval  axchi- 
tecture,  the  science  and  practice  of  the  designing  and  con- 
struction of  ships  and  of  their  engines  and  appurtenances. 

architecture  (ar'ki-tek-tur),  V.  t.    [<  architec- 
ture, /(.]    To  construct;  build.  [Rare.] 

This  was  architectur'd  thus 

By  the  great  Oceaiius.       Keats,  Fingal's  Cave. 

Architeuthis  (ar-ki-tu'this),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
apxi-,  first,  chief,  -f-  revdig,  squid.]  A  genus  of 
monster  eephalopods,  or  giant 
squids,  of  the  family  Omma- 
strephidie,  and  related  to  Om- 
viastreplies  except  in  size. 
•Several  species  are  described,  as  A. 
princeps,  A.  harveyi,  anil  A.  meyap- 
tera.  Some  specimens  are  said  to 
attain  a  total  length  of  upward  of  50 
feet.  These  animals  furnish  the 
basis  of  fact  for  the  fabulous  mon- 
sters known  as  devil-fishes. 

One  of  the  giant  squids,  belonging, 
doubtless,  to  the  genus  Architeu- 
this. The  whalers  have  long  had  ac- 
counts of  the  sperm  whale  eating 
giant  squid,  portions  of  the  arms 
being  vomited  by  these  animals  in 
their  death  Hurry,  but  science  has 
recognized  the  existence  of  tliesehuge 
monsters  for  only  a  few  years. 

Stand,  yat.  Hist,  I.  377. 


Giant  Squid  [Arcki- 
tenthis  dux).  (From 


architonnerre  (ar-shi-to 

ner'),  n.  [F.,<Gr.  apri-,  chief,   ?=p°"  °^  "-J-  ^''■'^ 

,    T-,^       *-  1         1  '     Coniniission,  1884.) 

+  l! .  tonnerre,  thunder,  thun- 
derbolt, chamber  (of  a  gun,  etc.),  <  L.  tonitrus, 
thunder.]  A  form  of  steam-gun  described  by 
Leonardo  da  Vinci,  and  supposed  to  have  been 
devised  by  Archimedes,  which  discharged  iron 
balls  with  great  noise. 

architrave  (ar'ki-trav),  n.  [=F.  arcMtrave,  < 
It.  arcMtrave,  <  L.  archi-  (see  arclii-),  chief,  -f- 
It.  trave,  <  L.  trabem,  acc.  of  trahs,  a  beam.] 
1.  In  arcli. :  (a)  The  lower  division  of  an  entab- 
lature ;  that  member  which  rests  immediately 
on  the  column  and  supports  those  portions  of 
the  struettire  which  are  above  it.  See  cut 
Tinder  entablature,  (b)  The  ornamental  mold- 
ing running  round  thb  extrados  of  an  arch. 
JlIso  called  archivolt.  (c)  Sometimes,  less  prop- 
erly, the  molded  enrichments  on  the  faces  of 
the  jambs  and  lintel  of  a  door,  window,  or  other 
opening.  Also  called  antepagment. —  2.  In 
fort.,  the  master-beam,  or  chief  supporter,  in 
any  part  of  a  subterranean  fortification  Archi- 
trave cornice,  an  entablature  in  wliich  the  cornice  rests 
directly  on  the  architrave,  the  frieze  being  omitted. 

architroch  (ar'ki-trok),  n.  [<Gr.  apxt-,  first, 
+  Tpox6g,  a  disk,  wheel,  hoop:  see  troche.~\ 
In  zodl.,  the  specialized  ciliated  girdle  or  band 
surrounding  the  mouth  of  the  planula  in  many 
invertebrate  embryos.    E.  R.  Lankester. 


298 

It  [the  oral  ciliated  band]  was  probably  primitively  a 
mouth-organ  of  the  ancestral  gastrulated  architroch,  simi- 
lar to  the  circlet  of  cilia  in  tlie  Protozoa  ciliata. 

Hyatt,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  N.  H.,  1SS4,  p.  87. 

architypographer  (iir"ki-ti-pog'ra-fer),  n. 
[<  archi-  +  tiipotjrapher.']  The  chief  university 
printer  at  O.xford,  an  office  established  in  1636. 

He  is  the  director  of  the  Oxford  press.  By  Laud's  statutes, 
"He  is  to  be  a  person  well  instructed  in  Greek  and  Latin 
literature,  and  of  great  experience  in  philological  pur- 
suits ;  and  it  will  be  his  duty  to  preside  over  the  opera- 
tions of  printing  in  the  university  printing  office,  and  to 
take  care  that  the  jjiinting  materials  and  furniture  are  all 
of  the  choicest  in  their  several  kinds.  In  works  issuing 
from  the  public  press  of  the  university,  be  is  to  prescribe 
the  scale  of  the  types,  the  quality  of  the  p.^per,  and  the 
size  of  the  margins,  and  to  set  right  the  errata  of  the 
correctors,  and  to  take  diligent  care  in  all  other  particu- 
lars which  concern  the  ornament  and  perfection  of  the 
work."    He  is  also  e.x  officio  upper  bedel  in  civil  law. 

Archiulidse  (ar-ki-u'li-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ar- 
chiulus  +  -idee.']  A  family  of  fossil  archi- 
polj'podous  myriapods.    Scudder,  1868. 

Archiulus  (iir-ki-u'lus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apxi-, 
fii'st,  -f-  NL.  lulus,  q.  v.]  The  typical  genus 
of  the  family  Archiulidm. 

archivat  (ar-ki'va),  n.  pi.  [L.,  pi.  ot  arckivum : 
see  archive.']  Archives. 

The  Christians  were  able  to  make  good  what  they  as- 
serted by  appealing  to  those  records  kept  in  the  Roman 
archi ca.  I)r.  H.  More,  Godliness. 

archival  (iir-M'val  or  ar'ki-val),  a.  [<  archive.'] 
Pertaining  to  archives  or  records;  contained 
in  records. 

archive  (ar'kiv  or  -kiv),  «.    [<  F.  archives,  pi., 

<  L.  archivum,  also  archium  (pi.  archiva),  a 
place  where  records  are  kept,  the  records  them- 
selves, <  Gr.  apxeiov,  a  public  building,  hence  pi. 
ra  apxela,  the  public  records  there  kept,  prop, 
neuter  of  ^apxelog,  adj.,  pertaining  to  office,  < 
apxv,  office,  government,  rule,  <  apx^iv,  rule,  be 
fiji'st:  see  ore//-.]  1.  A  place  where  public  records 
or  other  historical  documents  are  kept :  now  only 
in  the  plural. — 2.  A  record  or  document  pre- 
served in  evidence  of  something ;  in  the  plural, 
documents  or  records  relating  to  the  rights, 
pri\'ileges,  claims,  treaties,  constitutions,  etc., 
of  a  family,  corporation,  community,  or  nation. 

A  most  unpleasant  archive  or  register. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  116. 
God  hath  now 
Sponged  and  made  blank  of  crimeful  record  all 
My  mortal  archives.      Tennyson,  St.  Simeon  Stylites. 
The  social  conditions  represented  in  the  Homeric  poems 
cannot  be  mere  figments.   By  the  Greeks  they  were  always 
regarded  as  perfectly  real,  as  archives,  so  to  speak,  from 
which  very  definite  claims  and  prerogatives  were  derived. 

Von  Ranke,  Univ.  Hist,  (trans.),  p.  121. 
=  Syn.  1.  Record-office,  registry. —  2.  Registers,  chroni- 
cles, annals,  muniments, 
archivist  (ar'ki-  or  ar'ki-vist),  w.  [=F.  arcM- 
viste  -  &p.  It.  archivista,  <  ML.  archivista :  see 
archive  and  -ist.]  A  keeper  of  archives  or  rec- 
ords. 

The  learned  archivist  of  the  Vatican,  whose  researches 
have  led  to  striking  results  in  reference  to  the  foundation 
of  the  University  of  Paris.     Amer.  Jour.  Philol.,  VI.  490. 

archivolt  (ar'ki-volt  or -volt),  n.  [=:F.  archi- 
rolte,  <  It.  archivolto  (cf .  ML.  archivoltum),  appar. 

<  archi-,  chief,  +  volto,  volta,  vault,  arch:  see 
archi-  and  vault,  and  cf.  architrave ;  but  It.  arco- 
volto  is  based  on  arco,  arch,  +  volto,  volta,  vault, 
arch.  ]  An  ornamental  molding  or  band  of  mold- 
ings on  the  face  of  an  arch  following  the  contour 
of  the  extrados ;  an  arch-molding.   Also  called 

architrave.  Archivolt  is  sometimes  incorrectly  used  for 
soffit.  The  term  is  applied  specifically  to  the  arches  of 
any  arched  construction,  upon  which,  as  upon  the  archi- 
trave in  columnar  construction,  rests  the  weight  of  the 
superimposed  portion  of  the  edifice.  Viollet-le-Duc. — 
Archivolt  of  a  bridge,  the  curved  line  formed  by  the 
exterior  upper  edges  of  the  arch-stones  in  the  face  of  the 
work. 

archlute  (arch'lut),  n.  [<  arch-  +  lute'^.]  A 
large  bass  lute,  double-necked  like  the  theorbo 
and  chitarrone,  and  differing  from  them  in  the 
arrangement  of  the  longer  strings.  Also  writ- 
ten archilute. 

archly  (arch'U),  adv.  In  an  arch  manner; 
coyly. 

He  bow'd,  and  archly  smiled  at  what  he  said. 
Civil  but  sly.  Crabbe,  Parish  Register. 

And  the  glances  of  the  Creole 
Were  still  as  archly  deep. 

Whittier,  The  Slave  Ships. 

archmagician  (arch-ma-jish'an),  n.  [<  arcli- 
+  magician.  Cf.  archimdge.]  A  chief  magician; 
a  great  wizard. 

archmarshal  (arch-mar 'shal),  M.  [<  arch-  + 
marshal;  =  G.  erzmarschalt.]  The  grand  mar- 
shal of  the  old  German  empire,  a  dignity  which 
belonged  to  the  Elector  of  Saxony. 

arch-mockf  (arch-mok'),  M.  [<  arch-  +  mock.] 
Extreme  mockery  or  bitterest  jest;  deepest 


Archoplites 

0,  'tis  the  spite  of  hell,  the  fiend's  arch-mock! 

Shak.,  Othello,  iv.  1. 

arch-molding  (arch'm61'''ding),  M.  [<  arch^  + 
motditig.]  Same  as  archivolt:  used  especially 
of  medieval  architectiu'e. 

archness  (iirch'nes),  n.  [<  arch^  +  -ncss.]  The 
quality  of  being  arch;  slyness  without  malice; 
cunning;  waggishness ;  roguishness;  pleasing 
coyness :  as, "  diyness  and  archness  of  humour," 
J.  Warton,  Pope,  p.  68. 

There  was  a  mixture  of  sweetness  and  archness  in  her 
manner  wliicli  made  it  difficult  for  her  to  afi'ront  anybody. 

Jane  Austen,  Pride  and  Prejudice,  p.  44. 

archology  (ar-kol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  apxv,  begin- 
ning, origin,  rule,  government  (see  arch-),  + 
-loyta,  <  Aiyeiv,  speak:  see  -ohigy.]  1.  The  doc- 
trine of  the  origin  of  things.  N.E.D.  —  2.  The 
science  of  government.  N.  E.  D. — 3.  The  the- 
ory of  first  principles  of  knowledge. 

archon  (ar'kon),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  apx(^v,  a  ruler, 
orig.  ppr.  of  apx£ti>,  rule,  be  first:  see  arch-.] 

1.  A  chief  magistrate  of  some  states  in  ancient 
Greece,  and  particularly  Athens.  After  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  title  of  king  in  Attica  there  was  chosen  a  single 
archon,  who  exercised  for  life  essentially  royal  preroga- 
tives. The  term  of  office  was  afterward  reduced  to  ten 
years,  and  in  683  B.  0.  it  was  made  annual,  and  the  duties 
of  the  archonship  were  distributed  among  nine  persons. 
The  first  was  tlie  archon  eponynios  (name-giving  archon), 
whose  functions  were  executive  and  judicial,  and  whose 
name  was  given  in  official  acts,  etc.,  to  the  year  of  his  ser- 
vice ;  the  second  was  the  archon  basileus  (archon  king), 
whose  duties  were  chiefiy  religious  and  ceremonial ;  the 
third  was  the  archon  polemarchos  (archon  generalissimo), 
who  was,  first  in  fact  and  then  nominally,  commander  of 
the  military  power ;  and  the  remaining  six  were  the  thes- 
mothetce,  or  administrators  of  justice,  whose  most  impor- 
tant duty  it  was  to  pass  carefully  in  review,  each  year,  the 
whole  body  of  laws  of  the  state,  in  order  to  make  sure  that 
no  errors  or  contradictions  had  crept  in,  that  repealed  laws 
had  been  duly  canceled,  and  that  repetition  was  avoided. 
It  rested  with  the  tliesmotlieta;,  also,  to  see  that  all  the 
laws  of  the  republic  that  were  in  vigor  were  strictly  en- 
forced, and  to  bring  to  trial  any  public  official  who  had 
failed  in  his  trust.  At  the  end  of  their  year  of  office,  all  the 
arclions,  unless  they  were  found  guilty  of  malfeasance,  by 
virtue  of  their  office  entered  the  council  of  the  Areopagus. 

2.  In  the  Byzantme  empire :  (a)  One  of  a 
number  of  great  court  officers.  (6)  A  title  as- 
sumed by  the  Prankish  barons  who  established 
themselves  in  Greece  after  the  fourth  crusade, 
in  the  thirteenth  century. — 3.  In  modem 
Greece,  a  person  in  authority,  as  a  magistrate, 
a  presiding  officer  of  some  societies,  etc. — 4. 
Any  ruler  or  governor. —  5.  In  various  Gnostic 
systems,  one  of  several  spiritual  powers  su- 
perior to  angels,  believed  to  be  the  rulers  of 

the  several  heavens.  According  to  Basilides,  the 
great  archon  is  tlie  highest  cosmical  power  and  the  creator 
of  the  ogdoad  or  ethereal  world,  having  below  him  the 
archon  who  created  and  rules  the  hebdomad  or  lower 
planetary  heaven.    See  archuntic,  hebdomad,  and  ogdoad. 

6.  [NL.]  In  .2067.,  the  human  animal;  man,  as 
a  member  of  the  group  Archontia. —  7.  [cap.] 
[NL.]  Inentom.:  («)  A  genus  of  lepidopterous 
insects.  Hiibner,  1822.  (b)  A  genus  of  coleop- 
terous insects.  Kirhy,  1826. 
archonship  (ar'kon-ship),  «.  [<  archon  4-  -ship.] 
The  office  or  the  term  of  office  of  an  archon. 

On  the  expiration  of  the  archonship  of  Eryxias,  it  was 
resolved  that  the  office  should  be  annual,  and  that  there 
should  be  nine  persons  to  execute  it. 

J.  Adams,  M'orks,  IV.  475. 

archont  (ar'kont),  n.  [<  NL.  archon(t-),  sing. 
ot  Archontia,  q.  v.]  A  member  of  the  zoologi- 
cal group  Archontia ;  a  man. 

archontate  (ar'kon-tat),  n.  [<  archon(t-)  + 
-atc^.]  The  office  of  an  archon,  or  the  term  for 
which  an  archon  was  elected.    N.  E.  B. 

Archontia  (ar-kon'ti-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  archon,  <  Gr.  apx^^v,  ruling:  see  archon.]  In 
some  zoological  systems,  a  prime  division  of 
mammals,  represented  by  man  alone,  it  is  con- 
terminous with  the  orders  Archencephala  of  Owen,  Bi- 
mana  of  Blumenbacli  and  Cuvier,  and  Dipoda  of  others, 
and  with  the  family  Hominidce  and  genus  Homo. 

Archontic  (ar-kon'tik),  n.  [<  LL.  archonticus, 
<  Gr.  apxovTiKdg,  pertaining  to  archons  (>  LGr. 
oi  'ApxovTiKoi,  Archontics),  <  apxuv,  ruler:  see 
archon.]  One  of  a  sect  of  the  fourth  century, 
originating  in  Palestine,  apparently  an  offshoot 
of  the  Ophites:  so  called  from  their  belief,  in 
common  with  other  Gnostic  sects,  in  archons  or 
rulers  of  the  several  heavens.  They  rejected  bap- 
tism and  the  eucharist,  identified  the  God  of  the  Jews  with 
the  devil,  and  used  to  sprinkle  their  dead  with  water  and 
oil  to  make  them  invisible  and  put  them  beyond  tlie  reach 
of  the  heavenly  powers. 

Archoplites  (ar-kop-li'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ap- 
xoc,  a  leader,  -H  oTT'AiTTjg,  heavy-armed :  see  hop- 
lite.]  A  genus  of  percoid  fishes.  A  single  species, 
A.  ititerruptus,  occurs  on  the  Pacific  slope  of  North 
America.  It  resembles  the  rock-bass,  has  7  branchioste- 
gal  rays,  and  attains  a  length  of  a  foot  or  more.  Gill, 
1861. 


archpillar 

archpillar  (arch'pil'ar),  «.    [<  arch-  +  jnllar.'] 
A  main  or  principal  pillar ;  a  chief  support. 
Archpillar  and  fouiulatioii  of  human  society. 

Harmar,  tr.  of  Beza's  Sermons,  p.  294. 

archpoet  (areh'po'et),  w.    [<.  arch- +  2}oet ;  tr. 
ofi^h.  archipoeta.~\    1.  A  chief  or  preeminent 
poet. —  2t.  A  poet  laureate ;  an  official  poet. 
The  title  of  archipoeta  or  arch-poet. 

Pope,  The  Poet  Laureate. 

archpolitician  (arch'pol-i-tish'an),  n.  [<  arch- 
+  politician.']  A  chief  or  leading  politician; 
a  great  political  leader.  Bacon. 

archprelate  (arch'prel'at),  w.  [^i  arch- prel- 
ate.']   A  chief  prelate.  Hooker. 

archpresbjrter  (areh'pres'bi-ter),  n.  [<  arch- 
+  presbyter.  Cf.  archpriest  and  LL.  archiprcs- 
bi/ter.]    A  chief  presbyter.    Aylijfe,  Parergon. 

archpresbytery  (arch'pres'bi-te-ri),  n.  [<  arch- 
+ presbytery.]  The  absolute  dominion  of  pres- 
bytery; presbytery  as  exercising  supreme  or 
sovereign  authority.  [Bare.] 

Arch-presbytenj  .  .  .  claiming  to  itself  a  lordly  power 
and  superintendency,  both  over  flocks  and  pastors,  over 
persons  and  congregations  no  way  tlieir  own. 

Milton,  Eikonolilastes,  §  13. 

archpriest  (arch'presf),  n.  [<  late  ME.  arche- 
prest,  <  OF.  archeprestre,  mod.  F.  archipretre 
(cf.  Gr.  erzpriester),  <  LL.  archipresbyter  (Je- 
rome), <  LGr.  apxiTTpeafiuTepoc  (Sozomen) :  see 
archi-  and  presbyter.  Cf.  Gr.  apxtepnc,  arch- 
priest, chief  priest,  in  N.  T.  high  priest:  see 
archierey.]  JEccles.,  the  chief  among  the  priests, 
called  by  the  Greeks  protopresbyter,  and  later 
protopope.  As  a  title  it  dates  from  the  fourth  cen- 
tury, and  was  originally  given  to  the  senior  by  ordina- 
tion in  a  diocese,  a  rule  long  strictly  observed  in  the 
West.  The  archpriest  or  dean  of  the  cathedral  assisted 
the  bishop  in  solemn  functions  and  in  his  spiritual  ad- 
ministration, though  without  ordinary  jurisdiction;  the 
rural  archpriest  or  dean  had  a  limited  superintendence 
over  the  parish  priests  of  his  deanery  or  district  of  the  dio- 
cese, and  formed  with  them  the  rural  chapter,  as  the  bishop 
with  his  canons  formed  the  cathedral  chapter,  for  rela- 
tions with  other  officials,  see  archdeacon.  At  present,  in 
the  Koman  Catholic  Church,  archpriest  is,  for  the  most 
part,  a  title  of  honor  only,  the  former  duties  of  the  office 
being  performed  by  the  auxiliary  bishop  or  the  dean  of 
the  cathedral  chapter.  The  duties  of  the  rural  archpriests, 
since  the  Council  of  Trent,  have  commonly  devolved  on 
the  vicars  forane,  still  sometimes  called  rural  deans,  or 
directly  on  the  bishop's  vicar-general.  In  the  rare  case 
when  rural  archpriests  and  vicars  forane  are  found  in  the 
same  diocese,  the  latter  have  the  precedence. 

archprimate  (arch'pri'mat),  n.  [<  arch-  +  pri- 
mate.]   A  chief  primate. 
One  arch-primate  or  Protestant  pope. 

Milton,  Church  Gov.,  i.  6. 

archprophet  (arch '  prof 'et),  n.  [<  arch-  + 
prophet.  Cf.  Gr.  apxnrpo(j>r/T?ig,  chief  prophet.] 
A  chief  prophet ;  a  great  prophet.    T.  Warton. 

archprotestant  (areh'prot'es-tant),  n.  [<  arch- 
+  Protestant.]  A  leading  or  eminent  Protes- 
tant. 

These  archprotestants  and  master  ministers  of  Germany. 

Stapleton,  Fortress  of  Faith,  p.  9. 

archprotopope  (arch'pro'to-pop),  «.    [<  arch- 
+  protopoiw.]    The  chief  of  the  archpriests  or 
protopopes. 
The  archprotopope  of  Susa,  where  the  royal  residence  was. 

E7icyo.  Brit.,  XIX.  715. 

arch-see  (arch'se'),  n.  [<  arch-  +  see'^.]  The 
see  of  an  archbishop.  Drayton. 

arch-sodality  (areh'so-dal'i-ti),  n.  [<  arch-  -I- 
sodality.]    An  arch-confraternity  (which  see). 

arch-stone  (arch'ston),  n.  [<  arcli^  +  stone.] 
1.  A  wedge-shaped  stone  used  in  the  construc- 
tion of  an  arch;  a  voussoir.  See  cut  undsf 
arch.— 2.  A  flat  stone  by  which  the  opening 
into  the  chamber  of  some  furnaces  is  covered. 

archtraitor  (arch'tra'tor),  n.  [<  arch-  +  trai- 
tor.] A  chief  traitor:  sometimes  applied  spe- 
cifically to  the  devil.  Hakewill. 

archtreasurer  (arch'trez'ur-er),  n.  [<  arch-  + 
treasurer.  The  G.  word  is  erzschatzmeister.] 
The  great  treasurer  of  the  German  empire,  a 
dignity  held  by  the  restored  electorate  of  the 
Ehine  Palatinate  from  1648  to  1777,  and  later 
by  the  Elector  of  Hanover. 

archtype  (areh'tip),  n.  [<  arch-  +  type;  sug- 
gested by  archetype,  q.  v.]  An  archetype. 
Cartwrigh  t. 

archvillain  (arch'vil'an),  n.  [<  arch-  +  villain.] 
A  desperate,  confirmed  villain. 

An  arch-villain  keeps  him  company. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  v.  i. 

archvillainy  (arch'vil'a-ni),  n.  [<  arch-  +  vil- 
lainy.]   Atrocious  villainy.    Beau,  and  Fl. 

archway  (arch'wa),  n.  [<  arch^  +  way.]  An 
entrance  or  a  passage  under  an  arch  or  vault ; 
an  opening  that  is  closed  in  or  covered  by  an 
arch. 


299 

Through  the  piers  ran  archways  in  both  directions,  so 
as  to  open  a  narrow  aisle  on  each  side  of  the  nave  and 
transept. 

C.  E.  Norton,  Church-building  in  Middle  Ages,  p.  53. 
Compound  archway.  See  compound'^. 
archwifet  (iirch'wif),  n.    [<  arch-  +  wife.]  A 
woman  of  strong,  masculine  physique ;  a  hardy, 
masculine  woman  disposed  to  rule  her  husband. 

Ye  archewyves,  stondeth  at  defence, 

•Sin  ye  be  strong  as  is  a  greet  camaille  [camel] ; 

Ne  sulfereth  nat  that  men  yow  don  offence. 

Chaucer,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  1129. 

arch'wise  (arch'wiz),  adv.  [<  arch^  +  wise^.] 
In  the  form  or  manner  of  an  arch. 

In  the  fashion  of  a  bow  bent  archwise. 

Ayliffe,  Parergon. 

archyl  (ar'chi),  a.  [<  «rc/tl  4-  -yl.]  Resembling 
anarch;  ha'ving  arches ;  arching.  [Rare.] 

Beneath  the  black  and  archij  brows  shined  forth  the 
bright  lamps  of  her  eyes.     Partheneia  Sacra  (1633),  Pref. 

archy^  (ar'chi),  a.  [<  F.  as  if  *arche,  arched, 
pp.  of  *archer,  v. :  see  arch^,  v.]  In  her.,  same 
as  arched,  2. 

archy-flected  (ar'ehi-flek-ted),  a.  In  her.,  same 
as  arched,  2. 

arcid  (ar'sid),  n.  A  bivalve  mollusk  of  the  fam- 
ily Arcidce. 

Arcidse  (ar'si-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Area  +  -idw.] 
A  family  of  asiphonate  acephalous  bivalves, 
or  lamellibranch  moUusks,  having  equivalve 
shells  with  a  long  row  of  transverse  teeth.  Tlie 
family  is  a  lai'ge  one  of  world-wide  distribution  at  the 
present  day,  and  dates  back  in  geologic  time  to  the  Lower 
Silurian.  Its  leading  genera  are  Area,  Axituea  (or  Pectnn- 
culus),  Anomalocardia,  Cuculleea,  etc. ;  but  the  limits  of 
the  family  vary.  The  species  are  very  numerous.  See  cut 
under  Area.    Sometimes  wrongly  spelled  Arcadce. 

arcifer  (ar'si-fer),  11.  [<  NL.  arcifer :  see  Ar- 
cifera.]    An  amphibian  of  the  group  Arcifera. 

Arcifera  (ar-sif'e-ra),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
arcifer  (ef.  ML.  arcifer,  an  archer),  <  L.  aretes, 
a  bow  (see  arc^),  +  ferre  =  E.  feeari.]  A  sec- 
tion of  phaneroglossate  salient  amphibians, 
with  coracoids  and  precoracoids  connected  by 
an  arched  cartilage  (the  epicoraeoid),  that  of 
the  one  side  overlapping  that  of  the  other.  It 
includes  the  true  toads  {Bufonidw),  the  tree- 
toads  (Rylidce),  and  others. 

arciferous  (ar-sr£'e-rus),  a.  [As  Arcifera  + 
-ous.]  hizodl.,  pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature 
of  the  Arcifera.    Also  arcigerous. 

arcifinio'US  (ar-si-fin'i-us),  a.  [<  LL.  arcifinius 
(also  arcifinalis),  <  L.  arx  (arci-),  a  citadel,  de- 
fense, +  finis,  -pi.  fines,  boundary.]  1.  Serving 
both  as  a  boundary  and  a  defense :  applied  to 
rivers,  mountains,  the  sea,  etc.  Wor.  Diet. — 
2.  Ha-ving  a  frontier  which  forms  a  natural 
defense:  as,  "arcifinious  states,"  Tiviss,  Law  of 
Nations,  II.  215.    N.  E.  D. 

arciform  (ar'si-form),  a.  [<  L.  arcus,  a  bow, 
+  forma,  form.]  Bow-shaped;  curved;  arched. 
— Arciform  fibers,  in  anat.,  the  arcuate  nerve-fibers, 
especially  the  superficial  ones,  seen  on  the  siirface  of  the 
upper  part  of  the  medulla  oblongata. 

arcigerous  (ar-sij'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  arcus,  a  bow, 
-I-  gerere,  carry.]    Same  as  arciferous. 

arcitenentt  (ar-sit'e-nent),  a.  [<  L.  arcite- 
nen{t-)s,  holding  a  bow,  <  arcus,  a  bow,  + 
tenen{t-)s,  ppr.  of  tenere,  hold:  see  arc  and  ten- 
ant.]   Holding  or  carrying  a  bow.  Blount. 

arc-light  (ark'lit),  n.  An  electric  light  pro- 
duced by  the  voltaic  arc ;  the  electric  current 
passing  between  a  pair  of  carbon-points  slight- 
ly separated.    See  electric  and  voltaic  arc. 

afcograph  (ar'ko-graf),  n.  /  [<  L.  arcus,  arc, 
+  Gr.  ypdipeiv,  describe.]  An  instrument  for 
drawing  an  arc  without  the  use  of  a  central 
point.  It  consists  of  a  thin  and  pliable  strip  of  wood  or 
metal,  the  ends  of  which  are  attached  to  a  straight  bar, 
which  can  be  shortened  or  lengthened  to  form  a  chord  of 
the  required  arc.    It  is  used  as  a  templet. 

arcosolium  (ar-ko-s6'li-um),  n.;  pi.  arcosolia 
(-a).  [ML.,  <  L.  arcus,  an  arch,  +  solium,  a  seat, 
throne.]  A  name  given  to  certain  recesses  for 
dead  bodies  in  the  Roman  catacombs,  consisting 
of  a  deep  niche  cut  in  the  rocky  wall  and  arched 
above,  a  sarcophagus  being  hewn  from  the  rock 
xmder  the  arch.  The  flat  cover  of  the  sarcophagus  may 
sometimes  have  been  used  as  an  altar.  Such  tombs  were 
often  richly  ornamented. 

arc-piece  (ark'pes),  n.  Jnmech.,  apiece  ser-ving 
to  adjust  the  angle  of  elevation  of  a  cutting-tool. 

arc-secant  (ark'se'kant),  n.  In  math.,  an  angle 
regarded  as  a  function  of  its  secant. 

arc-sine  (ark'sin),  n.  In  math.,  an  angle  re- 
garded as  a  function  of  its  sine. 

arctt  (arkt),  V.  t.    See  art^. 

Arctalia  (ark-ta'li-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  arctic  +  Gr. 
aAia,  assemblage  ('with  an  intended  allusion  to 
aAf ,  sea).]  In  zodgeog. ,  a  primary  marine  realm 
or  zoological  division  of  the  waters  of  the  globe. 


Arctiidse 

embracing  tTie  seas  of  the  northern  hemisphere 
as  far  to  the  south  as  floating  ice  descends. 
Gill. 

Arctalian  (ark-ta'li-an),  a.    [<  Arctalia.]  Of 

or  pertaiiiijig  to  Arctalia. 

Arctamerican  (iirk-ta-mer'i-kan),  a.  [<  Arctic 
-^-  American.]  In  zoogeog.,  same  as  Anglogwan : 
as,  "AngIoga3an  or  Arctamerican  realm,"  Gill, 

arc-tangent  (ark'tan"jent),  n.  In  math.,  an 
angle  regarded  as  a  function  of  its  tangent. 

arctation  (iirk-ta'shon),  n.  [<  F.  arctation,  < 
L.  as  if  *arctatio(n-),  <  arctare,  prop,  arture,  pp. 
arctutus,  artatus,  draw  close,  tighten,  <  arctus, 
prop,  artus,  close,  tight:  see  art-^,  article,  arnO, 
etc.]  Narrowness  or  constriction  in  any  sense ; 
inpathoL,  unnatural  contraction  of  any  natural 
opening,  as  of  the  anus;  eonstii>ation  from  in- 
flammation.   Also  called  arctitude. 

Arctia  (ark'ti-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apuror,  a  bear 
(in  ref.  to  the  furriness  of  the  caterpillars:  see 
Arctiida;).]  A  genus  of  moths,  typical  of  the 
family  Arefiida'.  A.  (or  Evprcpia)  caja  is  the 
common  tiger-moth.    See  cut  under  Euprepia. 

arctian  (ark'ti-an),  n.  [<  Arctia  +  -an.]  A  moth 
of  tlie  family  Arctiidm. 

arctic  (ark'tik),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  artic, 
article,  etc.,  <  ME.  artik,  <  OF.  artique,  mod.  F. 
arctique  —  Ft.  artic  =  Sp.  Pg.  arctico  =  It. 
artico,  <  LL.  arcticus,  northern,  <  Gr.  apKTiKdc, 
northern,  lit.  pertaining  to  the  Bear,  <  apKToc,  a 
bear,  specifically  the  constellation  Ursa  Major; 
sometimes  spelled  dp/iof,  =  Skt.  rikshas  (for  *ark- 
shas)  =  L.  ursus  (for  *urcsiis)  =  Ir.  art,  a  bear: 
see  ursus.]  1.  Pertaining  or  related  to  the 
northern  constellations  called  the  Great  and 
Little  Bears;  hence,  pertaining  or  relating  to 
the  north  pole  or  the  northern  polar  regions; 
northern:  as,  the  arctic  circle,  region,  or  sea. 
Hence  — 2.  Cold;  frigid. 

I  warn  the  traveller  who  goes  to  see  the  lovely  Sladon- 
nas  of  Bellini  to  beware  how  he  trusts  himself  in  winter 
to  the  gusty,  arctic  magnificence  of  the  Church  of  the 
Redentore.  Howells,  Venetian  Life,  iii. 

Arctic  circle,  a  small  circle,  parallel  to  the  eciuator,  dis- 
tant from  the  north  pole  by  an  angular  quantity  e(iual  to 
the  obliquity  of  the  eidiptic,  or  23°  28'i.  This  and  the  ant- 
arctic circle  are  called  the  polar  circles,  and  witliin  these 
lie  the  frigid  zones,  at  every  point  within  which  the 
sun,  theoretically,  on  at  least  one  day  in  summer,  passes 
through  the  north  point  without  setting,  and  on  at  least 
one  day  in  winter  does  not  rise ;  practically,  allowance 
must  be  made  for  the  semidiameter  and  horizontal  re- 
fraction of  the  sun.— Arctic  fOX,  a  small  species  of  fox, 
Vulpes  lagopus,  of  the  family  Canidce,  celebrated  for  the 


Arctic  Fox  (  ^  «//t'j  lagopus). 


beauty  and  fineness  of  its  fur,  which  is  a  valuable  article 
of  commerce.  It  is  2  feet  in  length,  and  its  tail  is  1  foot 
long.  It  is  bluish-  or  brownish-gray  in  summer  and  white 
in  winter.  =  Syn.  See  poter. 

arctic-bird  (ark'tik-berd),  n.  A  name  origi- 
nally given  by  Edwards  to  a  species  of  jaeger 
figured  and  described  by  him.  it  has  been  applied 

to  two  species  of  Lestris  or  Stercorarius,  but  is  identified 
as  the  long-tailed  jaeger  or  Buflfon's  skua,  L.  or  S.  loitgi- 
Cauda  of  some,  S.  buffoni  or  S.  parasiticus  of  others, 
arctician  (ark-tish'an),  n.     [<  arctic  +  -ian.] 
One  who  has  investigated  matters  relating  to 
the  arctic  regions;  an  arctic  explorer.  N.  E.  D. 
Arctictidinse  (ark-tik-ti-di'ne),  n.  ^d.    [NL.,  < 
Arcticti{d-)s  +  -inw.]    A  subfamily  of  carnivo- 
rous quadrupeds,  of  the  family  Viverridce,  con- 
taining the  bintui'ongs,  characterized  by  the 
prehensile  tail. 
Arctictis  (ark-tik'tis),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  apKToc,  a 
bear,  +  Iktic,  the  yellow-breasted  marten.]  The 
typical  and  only  genus  of  the  subfamily  Arcticti- 
dince:  synonymous  with /cftt7es.  Seebinturong. 
arctiid  (ark'ti-id),  a.  and  n.   I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  Arctiidce :  as,  an  arctiid  moth. 

II.  «.  One  of  the  Arctiida';  an  arctian. 
Arctiidae  (ark-tl'i-de),  M.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Arctia  + 
-idee.]  A  family  of  lepidopterous  insects,  be- 
longing to  the  section  Beterocera ;  the  tiger- 
moths.  The  types  of  the  family  are  distinguislied  by 
the  fact  that  their  larva;  are  very  thickly  clothed  with  long 
hairs,  whence  tliey  have  obtained  the  name  of  woolly  hears. 
They  feed  upon  the  external  parts  of  plants,  and  inclose 
themselves  in  cocoons  when  about  to  undergo  their  trans- 
formations.   See  cut  under  Euprepia. 


A  Water-bear,  or  Bear-animalcule 
{Macrobiotus  schuUzci],   one  of 
Arcftsca  or  Tardigrada^  much 


Arctipalatales 

Arctipalatales  (ark'''ti-pal-a-ta'le2),  n.  T^l. 

[NL.]    Same  as -J)  ei(/)a?((?e's.  " 
Arctipalates  (ark"ti-pa-la'tez),  n.  pi.  [NL., 

<  L.  arctus,  prop,  artus,  compressed  (see  art^),  + 
palatum,  palate.]  lu  8uiulevall's  system  of 
classification,  a  group  of  friugiiliiie  and  tana- 
grine  oscine  passerine  birds,  embracing  six 
families  of  buntings, 
crossbills,  rice-birds, 
and  various  otlier  co- 
nirostral  I'asscrcs. 

Arctisca  (ark-tis'ka), 
n.  pi.  [NL.,  dim.  of 
Gr.  apuToc,  a  bear.] 
The  water-bears, 
or  bear-animalcules, 
otherwise  known  as 
the  Tardigrada,  Ma- 
crohiotida,  or  Colpo- 
da,  a  group  of  uncer- 
tain value  and  posi- 
tion, formerly  associ- 
ated witli  the  rotifers, 
but  now  usually  con- 
sidered an  order  of 
Arachnida,  and  lo- 
cated in  the  vicinity 
of  the  Acarida.  They 
are  microscopic  aquatic 
creatures,  living  in  luoss 
and  wet  sanil,  often  in 
company   with  rotifers. 

They  have  a  vermiform   

body,  with  four  pail's  of  magnified.' 
very  sliort  feet  terminat-     i.  =.  3.  -i.  the  linihs ;  a,  mouth  with 
ed  by  hooked  cUiws,  no  dis-  six  oral  papiiia; ;  *.  fruiiet,  calcified 

tinrtion  nf  rpnh.tlntliov.TX-    ^T^'s  ;  c,  salivary  glands ;  d,  mus- 
linciion  01  cepnaioinoi  a\  ^^i^,.  pharynx  :  e,  ovary :  /,  vesicula 
and  abdomen,  and  a  sue-  seminalis ;  f,  testis, 
torial  mouth  witli  two 

stylets,  resembling  that  of  a  tick  or  luite.  Tlie  young  usu- 
ally have  the  same  number  of  less  as  the  adult.  The 
Arctisca  are  mostly  hermaphrodite,  and  are  oviparous. 
They  are  represented  by  a  single  family,  Macrohiotidce,  of 
which  Macrobiotiis  is  the  leading  genus. 

Arctiscon  (iirk-tis'kon),  n.  [NL. :  see  Arctisca.'] 
The  typical  genus  of  Arcfiscoiiidw. 

arctisconid  (ark-tis-kon'id),  n.  Aa  aearid  of 
the  family  Arctisconidw. 

Arctiscoriidse  (ark-tis-kon'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Arctiscon  +  -ida\'i  Afamilyof  atracheateaca- 
rids  with  all  8  legs  developed,  legs  of  3  joints, 
and  without  caudal  prolongations. 

arctitude  (ark'ti-tiid),  n.  [<  P.  arctitudc,  equiv. 
to  arctation,  q.  v.]    Same  as  arctation. 

Arctocebus  (ark-to-se'bus),  v.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
apiiToc,  a  bear,  +  k>/,3oc,  an  ape:  see  ape  and  Ce- 
biis.']  A  remarkable  genus  of  lemurs,  having  a 
very  short  tail,  small  fore  and  hind  feet,  the 
digits  partly  webbed,  and  the  index  finger  rudi- 
mentary. A.  calabarensis,  the  typical  species, 
inhabits  Old  Calabar  in  Africa. 

Arctocephalus  (ark-to-sef'si-lus),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  apuTog,  a  bear,  +  Ke<j>a/i7'/,  head.]  A  genus 
of  eared  seals,  of  the  family  Otariidw,  suborder 
Piiinipedia.  The  name  is  used  in  v.irious  senses  by  dif- 
ferent authors;  it  formerly  included  the  northern  as  well 
as  the  southern  fur-seals,  but  is  now  properly  restricted 
to  the  latter.  The  species  are  commonly  known  as  sea- 
hears. 

Arctocyon  (ark-tos'i-on),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apKvog, 
a  bear,  +  nbuv,  a  dog,  =  E.  hound.]  The  typical 
genus  of  the  family  Arctoci/onidcc  of  Ceuozoic 
time,  having  all  the  molars  tuberculate.  A.  )>ri- 
mwvus,  fi'om  the  Eocene  of  France,  is  the  oldest 
known  Tertiary  mammal. 

arctocyonid  (ark-to-si'o-nid),  n.  A  carnivo- 
rous mammal  of  the  family  Arctocyonidw. 

Arctocyonidae  (ark"'to-si-on'i-de),  [NL., 

<  Arctocijon  +  -ida'.]  A  family  of  fossil  carniv- 
orous quadrupeds,  having  44  teeth,  the  last  up- 
per premolar  trituberculate,  and  all  the  molars 
tuberculate,  containing  the  genus  Arctocijon 
and  its  allies,  placed  by  Cope  in  a  suborder  Cre- 
adon ta  (which  see). 

ArctOgsea  (ark-to-je'a),  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apicTog, 
the  north  (see  arctic),  +  yata,  land.]  In  soogeog., 
a  great  zoological  division  of  the  earth's  land 
surface,  comprising  the  Eurasian,  Indian,  and 
Ethiopian  regions :  opposed  to  Notogcca. 

Arctogaeal  (ark-to-je'al),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  zoogeographicai  area  known  as  Arctogaia. 

In  Europe,  North  America,  and  Asia,  the  Arctngoeal 
province  was  as  distinctly  characterized  in  the  Miocene, 
and  probably  in  the  Eocene  epoch,  as  it  is  at  present. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert,.,  p.  70. 

Arctogaean  (ark-to-je'an),  a.  Same  as  Arcto- 
gwal. 

arctoid  (ark'toid),  a.  [<  Gr.  apurosKW/c,  bear- 
like, <  apuToc;,  a  bear,  +  elSoc,  form.]  Bear-like; 
ursine;  specifically,  pertaining  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  the  Arctoidea. 


300 

Arctoidea  (iirk-toi'de-a),  n.  pi.  [NL. :  see  arc- 
toid.] One  of  three  sujierf  amilies  of  the  tissiped 
or  terrestrial  carnivorous  mammals  (tlie  others 
being  JSluroidca  and  Cijuoidca),  including  the 
bears  and  their  relatives,  as  distinguished  from 
the  feline  and  canine  members  of  the  Fcrce  Jis- 
sipedia.  They  ha\e  tlie  following  characters  in  com- 
mon, as  contrasted  with  .i'.luruidca :  a  skull  with  the  par- 
occipital  process  not  closely  applied  to  the  atulitory  bulla  ; 
the  mastoid  process  prominent,  projecting  behind  the  ex- 
ternal auditory  meatus  ;  tlie  carotid  canal  distinct  and  in 
advance  of  the  foramen  lacerum  posterius,  which  is  distinct 
from  the  conilylciid  foramen;  tlie  gleutiid  foramen  gen- 
erally well  defined  ;  a  huge  os  penis;  Cowper's  glands  not 
developed  ;  prostate  gland  not  salient;  and  no  intestinal 
c.Tcum.— Arctoidea  musteliformia,  the  family  Mas. 
tcUlia'  alone.  — Arctoidea  typica,  the  family  Ursiihv 
alone,— Arctoidea  procyoniformia,  the  racoon-like  se- 
ries, including  tlie  families  AUurithv,  Cercoleptidm,  Pro- 
ci/diiiilie,  and  Baxsan'diihv.    See  these  names. 

Arctomyinae  (iirk  'to-mi-i'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Arctomijs  +  -inw.]  0)ne  of  two  subfamilies  into 
which  the  squirrel  family,  Sciuridw,  is  di\isi- 
ble,  containing  the  terrestrial  as  distinguished 
from  the  arboreal  members  of  the  family,  as  the 
marmots  or  woodchucks,  the  prairie-dogs,  the 
susliks,  the  ground-squirrels  or  sjiennophiles, 
etc.  They  are  generally  distinguished  by  larger  size, 
stouter  form,  shorter  and  less  bushy  tail,  and  terrestrial 
anil  fossorial  habits,  but  offer  a  very  easy  transition 
through  some  forms  into  the  true  squirrels.  The  prin- 
cipal genera  are  Arctoiinis,  Spcnnopliilus,  and  Tamias  ; 
their  species  are  numerous,  and  are  very  generally  dis- 
tributeil  over  the  northern  hemisphere.  Also  called  .4rc(o- 
iniita,  Arcl'inuhJi iia.  imd  A  rctomijina. 

Arctomys  (ark'to-mis),  V.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apKroc, 
a  bear,  +  /^iq  =  L.  mus  =  E.  mouse,  q.  v.]  The 


Woodchuck  {Arctomys  ?no»ax). 

typical  genus  of  the  subfamily  Arctomi/inw,  con- 
taining the  marmots  ])roper  or  woodelmeks. 
They  have  the  largest  size,  stoutest  fonn,  shortest  tail,  and 
most  completely  terrestrial  and  fossnrial  h;ibits  of  any  of 
the  members  of  the  subfamily.  The  leading  old-world 
species  are  J.  mannotta,  the  marmot  of  I'.urnpc  and  Asia, 
and  A.  bobac,  of  Russia.  The  American  forms  are  known 
as  woodchucks,  and  arc  A.  iiiuiiaz,  of  the  Eastern  States, 
and  A.  ilaviri'iitris  and  A.  prahmsus,  of  the  Western  and 
Nurthern  States. 

Arctopithecini  (ark"to-pith-o-si'ni),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Arctopitlwcus  +  -ini.]  A  synonym  of 
Midida',  used  by  some  as  a  family  name  of  the 
marmosets  of  South  America. 

The  Arrtii/iitliecin!  .  .  .  .are  small,  thickly  furred,  long- 
tailed,  lialiitually  (|uadrupedal,  Squirrel-like  animals, 
which  are  f<juiul  only  in  South  America. 

Iluxlcy,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  392. 

Arctopithecus  (ark"to-pi-the'kus),  «.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  Apsroc,  a  bear,  +  rridijKo^,  an  ape.]  A 
genus  of  marmosets,  giving  name  to  the  Arcto- 
pithecini. 

Arctostaphylos  (ark-to-staf'i-los),  71.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  apuTog,  a  bear,  +  aTacjyvly,  a  bunch  of 
grapes.]  A  genus  of  evergreen  ericaceous 
shrubs,  nearly  related  to  Arbutus,  and  mostly 
natives  of  California  and  Mexico,  where  the 
larger  species  are  known  as  manzanita,  and 
are  sometimes  from  10  to  20  feet  high.  The  bear- 
berry,  A.  (Iixi-ursi,  is  a  trailing  plant,  found  in  the  arctic 
and  mountainous  regions  of  the  old  and  new  worlds,  and 
valuiible  as  furnishing  an  astringent  tunic,  used  chiefly  in 
affections  of  the  bladder.  It  is  the  kiniiikinic  of  the  In- 
dians of  western  America. 

Arctotherium  (ark-to-the'ri-um),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  apKTot;,  a  bear,  +  dz/plov,  a  wild  beast.]  A 
genus  of  fossil  bear-like  quadrupeds  from  the 
bone-eaves  of  South  America,  representing  a 
generalized  ursine  type. 

arcturid  (ark-tu'rid),  11.  An  isopod  of  the  fam- 
ily Arcturida'. 

Arcturidae  (ark-tu'ri-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Arctu- 

riis  +  -idee]  A  family  of  isopod  crustaceans, 
represented  by  the  genera  Arcturus,  Jdotea,  and 
others:  synonymous  with  Idoteidw  (which  see). 

In  Arcturidce  they  [the  young]  are  carried  for  some  time 
clinging  on  to  the  antenna;  of  the  mother. 

Pascoe,  Zobl.  Class.,  p.  84. 

Arcturus  (ark-tH'ms),  ».  [L.  (>  ME.  Ardour, 
Arture,  Arthurns),  <  Gr.  'ApKroJipoi;,  Arcturus,  lit. 
bear-ward,  <  apu-oc,  a  bear,  the  Great  Bear,  -t- 
ovpo^,  ward,  guard,  keeper,  akin  to  E.  warc^, 
ward,  guard,  etc.]    1.  A  yellow  star  in  the 


arcus 

northern  hemisphere,  the  fourth  in  order  of 
brightness  in  the  entire  heavens.  It  is  situated 
between  the  thighs  of  Bootes,  behind  the  Great  Bear,  ami 
is  easily  found  by  following  out  the  cun'e  of  the  bear's 
tail.  In  the  southern  hemisphere  it  may  bo  recognized 
by  its  forming  a  nearly  eciuilateral  triangle  with  Spica 
and  Uenebola.  It  is  called  by  astronomers  a  (alpha)  Buutiv. 
See  cut  under  Bootes. 

2.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  isopod  crustaceans,  of  the 
family  Idoteidw  or  Arcturida'.    Latrcille,  1829. 

arcual  (ar'ku-al),  «.  [<  L.  arcus  (see  arc^)  + 
-(//.]    Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  arc. 

Arcuata  (ar-ku-a'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
L.  arcuatus :  see  drcuutv.]  A  group  of  crabs, 
including  those  of  the  tyjjical  genus  Cancer. 

arcuate  (ilr'ku-at),  a.  [<  L.  arcuatus,  pp.  of 
arcuare,  bend  like  a  bow,  <  arcits,  bow:  see 
arc^,  arc//i.]  Bent  or  curved  in  the  form  of  a 
bow;  arched:  as,  "oblique  and  «rcaaic  lines," 
Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  224.- Arcuate  fasciculus,  in 

anat. :  {a)  The  longitudinal  Hbers  of  the  gyrus  fornicatus, 
connecting  the  frontal  and  temporosphenoidal  convolu- 
tions of  the  brain  as  well  as  intermediate  points.  Meynert. 
(b)  The  uncinate  fasciculus  of  Meynert,  passing  across  tlie 
bottom  of  the  Sylvian  fissure  to  connect  the  frontal  ami 
teniporosplu  iKiidal  convolutions  of  the  brain.  Quain.— 
Arcuate  fibers,  in  mint.,  the  horizontal  arching  fibers  of 
the  medulla  oblongata,  pons  Varolii,  and  tegmentum,  espe- 
cially those  seeming  to  originate  in  the  raphe. —  Arcu- 
ate ligament,  in  anat.,  the  tendinous  arch  which  passes 
on  either  side  of  the  back-bone  over  the  psoas  magnus  anti 
(luadratus  lumborum  muscles,  and  to  whiclithe  diaphragm 
is  attached. 

arcuated  (ar'ku-a-ted),  a.    Same  as  arcuate. 
The  inferior  edges  of  the  mesenteries  are  free,  and  arcu- 
ated in  such  a  manner  as  to  leave  a  central  common  cham- 
ber. Huxley,  Encyc.  Brit.,  I.  129. 

arcuately  (ar'ku-at-li),  adv.  In  an  arcuate 
manner. 

arcuatilet  (ilr'kil-a-til),  a.  [<  LL.  arcuatilis, 
bow-shaped,  <  arcuare,  bend  like  a  bow :  see 
arcuate]    Bent  or  curved. 

arcuation  (iir-ku-a'shon),  n.  [<  LL.  arcua- 
tio{n-),  an  arch,  lit.  act  of  bending  like  a  bow,  < 
arcuare:  see  arcuate.]  1.  The  act  of  bending 
incurvation  ;  the  state  of  being  bent ;  curved- 
ness;  crookedness. — 2.  A  method  of  propagat- 
ing plants  by  bending  branches  to  the  groiuid 
and  covering  portions  of  them  with  earth  ;  lay- 
ering (wliicli  see). — 3.  The  employment  of 
arches  in  architectural  work ;  arched  work. — 
Epistylar  arcuation.  See  epistylar. 

arcuaturet  (ar'ku-a-tur),  11.  [<  L.  as  if  *arcu- 
atura,  <.  arcuare :  see  arcuate.]  The  curvature 
of  an  arch.  Bailey. 

arcubalist  (iir'ku-ba-list),  11.  [<  LL.  arcnbalisfa, 
more  correctly  arcuhallista,  a  ballista  furnished! 
with  a  bow,<  L.  arcus,  bow,  +  ballista,  a  military 
engine  for  hurling  projectiles :  see  ballista. 
Contr.  "forms  are  arbatist,  arblast,  etc. :  see  ar- 
balist.]    Same  as  arbalist. 

Richard  was  killed  by  the  French  from  the  shot  of  an 
arcubalist.  T.  Wartoit,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  I.  l.'is. 

arcubalister  (ar"kii-ba-Hs'ter),  n.  [<  arcubalist 
+  -crl;  suggested  by  LL.  arcuballistarius,  ono 
who  used  an  arcubalist,  <  arcuballista  :  see  ar- 
cubalist, and  cf.  arbalist,  arblaster.]  Same  as 
arbalisicr. 

King  John  was  espied  by  a  very  good  arcubalister,  who 
said  that  he  would  soon  despatch  the  cruel  tyrant. 

Camden,  Remains,  p.  202. 

arcubust,  w.  One  of  the  numerous  variants 
(simulating  I^atin  arcus,  a  bow)  of  harquebuse. 

arcula,  n.    Plural  of  arculuin. 

Arculirostres  (ar"kii-li-ros'trez),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  L.  *urculus,  dim.  of  arcus,  a  bow  (cf.  arculuin),. 
+  rostrum,  a  beak.]  In  Blyth's  system  of  classi- 
fication (1849),  a  group  of  birds,  the  hoopoes, 
Upupida',  as  distinguished  from  the  Appendi- 
ro.stres  or  Bucerotida',  the  hornbills. 

arculum  (iir'ku-lum),  1).;  pi.  arcH/a  (-la).  [L., 
neut.  dim.  of  arcus,  a  bow.]  A  small  circular- 
cushion  vised  in  antiquity  by  persons  bearing 
weights  on  their  heads,  to  interpose  between 
the  head  and  the  burden.    Similar  cushions  are 

.still  in  use. 

arcus  (ar'kus),  n. ;  pi.  arcits.  [L.,  a  bow,  an 
arch,  >  E.  arc''-,  ark^,  arch^,  q.  v.]  In  anat.,  an 
arch,  bow,  or  ring — Arcus  adiposus,  the  arcus 
senilis.— Arcus  bicipitalls,  the  bicipital  arch;  the  ten- 
dinous arch  through  which  the  Iniig  licad  of  the  biceps 
muscle  passes.— Arcus  neuralis,  the  neural  arch.  See 
nc'itrai.— Arcus  occipitalis,  a  cerebral  gyrus  bounded 
above  by  the  occipital  portion  of  the  intrapai  ietal  fissure, 
and  embracing  what  may  be  regarded  as  the  upper  end 
of  the  second  temporal  fissure. — Arcus  palatoglossus, 
the  anterior  pillar  of  the  fauces,  in  front  of  the  tonsil, 
formed  by  the  palatoglossus  muscle  and  the  mucou* 
membrane  covering  it.  Also  called  arcus  palaliiius  an,- 
fenor.  — Arcus  palatopharyngeus,  the  posterior  pil- 
lar of  the  fauces,  behind  the  tonsil,  formed  by  the  p<ala- 
topharyngeus  muscle  and  the  mucous  membrane  covering 
it.  Also  called  arcus  palatimiK  posterior. — Arcus  senilis, 
the  bow  of  old  age;  an  opacity  occurring  in  advanced  .age 
around  the  margin  of  the  cornea. —  Arcus  superciliaiis. 


arcus 

a  horizontal  ridge  on  tlie  frontal  hone,  on  either  side,  just 
above  tile  orbit.— Arcus  volaris,  the  superlicial  palmar 
arch. 

'  Arcyidas  (ar-si'i-de),  n.  2>l-  [NX,.,  <  Arcijs  + 
-id(e.2    A  family  of  orbitelarian  spiders. 

Arcys  (ar'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apKvc,  a  net,  a 
hunter's  net,  a  hair-net:  see  (train,  Aranea.'] 
The  typical  genus  of  spiders  of  the  family  Ar- 
ri/idce-    Also  spelled  Arki/s. 

-ard.  [<P.  -anl,  <  OHG  (MHG.  G.)  -hart  (fre- 
quently as  a  suffix  in  proper  names  (later  also 
iu  common  nouns),  as  in  Regitthart,  >  OF.  re- 
ffiiard,  F.  reiiard,  >  E.  reijitard,  q.  v.),  <  hart  —  'E. 
hard.']  A  suffix  in  nouns  of  French  origin  or 
of  a  French  type,  in  personal  nouns  it  usually  has  a 
sinister  implication,  as  in  bastard,  coward,  dotard,  dullard, 
drunkard,  wizard,  etc.  In  other  nouns  its  force,  origi- 
nally intensive,  is  now  scarcely  felt,  as  in  billiard,  bombard, 
placard,  standard,  tankard,  etc.  In  brarir/ard  (also  brag- 
yart)  and  standard  (tree)  it  has  taken  the  place  of  -ari  = 
•eel;  in  cockade,  originally  cockard,  and  iii  custard,  custard, 
originally  as  if  costate,  crustate,  the  suffixes  -ard  and  -atei 
(■ai/el)  have  changed  places. 

ardash  (ar'dash),  n.  [Formerly  also  ardan,  ar- 
dass,  <  F.  ardasse  =  Sp.  arddsas,  arddses,  <  Pers. 
ardan,  raw  silk.]  The  European  or  Levantine 
name  for  Persian  raw  silk  of  inferior  quality. 
It  is  called  shirwan  in  Persia.  Benjamin,  Persia 
and  the  Persians. 

ardassine  (ar-da-sen'),  n.  [F.,  pi.  ardassines 
(—  Sp.  ardasinas,  ardazinas,  pi.),  the  finer  sort  of 
Persian  silk,  prop,  adj.,  <  ardasse:  see  ardash.] 
The  name  under  -which  the  finest  Persian  silk 
for  weaving  is  imported  into  France.  It  is 
popularly  called  ahlaque.  Larousse. 

Ardea  (ar'de-a),  n.  [L.,  a  heron;  cf.  Gr.  epu- 
6i6g,  a  heron!]"  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 


Great  Blue  Heron  [Ardea  herodias). 

Ardeid(B,  and  formerly  coextensive  with  it.  it 
is  variously  restricted  to  exclude  the  bitterns  (Botaunis) 
and  night-herons  (Nyctiardea),  or  to  include  only  the  large 
species  intimately  related  to  the  common  heron  of  Europe, 
A.  cinerea,  such  as  A.  goliath  of  Africa;  A.  herodias,  the 
great  blue  heron  of  North  America;  A.  occidentalis,  the 
great  white  heron  of  Florida ;  A.  cocoi,  the  large  blue  heron 
of  South  America,  etc.  The  egrets  are  sometimes  referred 
to  this  genus,  and  sometimes  made  types  of  several  others, 
ardeb  (ar'deb),  n.  [Ax.  irdab,  urdah  (Mahn).] 
The  principal  Egyptian  measure  of  capacity 
(not  used  for  liquids),  legally  containing  40J 
imperial  gallons,  or  5.2  United  States  (Win- 
chester) bushels,  or  183.2  liters.  But  other  ardebs 
are  in  use,  ranging  from  little  more  than  half  the  above 
up  to  284  liters ;  this,  the  ardeb  of  Rosetta,  was  at  one 
time  the  commonest.    See  artaba. 

Ardeidae  (iir-de'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ardea  + 
-idee.]  A  family  of  grallatorial  altrieial  birds,  of 
the  order  Rerodiones  and  suborder  Herodii;  the 
herons.  They  have  a  comparatively  small  thin  body, 
very  long  legs  and  neck,  long  straight  acute  bill,  ample 
wings,  short  broad  tail,  naked  lores,  pectinate  middle 
claws,  the  hind  toe  not  elevated,  linear  pervious  nostrils, 
and  2,  3,  or  4  pairs  of  powder-down  tracts  or  pulvipluraes. 
The  family  includes  several  genera  and  about  75  species,  of 
most  parts  of  the  world,  inhabiting  seas,  lakes,  marshes, 
and  rivers,  nesting  usually  in  communities  in  trees  and 
bushes,  where  they  perch  with  ease  by  means  of  their  in- 
sessorial  feet,  laying  gi-eenish  whole-colored  eggs,  and 
rearing  their  young  in  the  nest.  The  species  present  a 
wide  range  of  difference  in  stature  and  coloration,  but 
comparatively  little  in  form  or  structure,  the  family  being 
a  homogeneous  one.  They  are  most  nearly  related  to  the 
storks,  ibises,  and  other  altrieial  grallatores,  but  only  dis- 
tantly to  the  cranes.  They  are  divisible  into  three  sub- 
families: Ardeinm,  the  true  herons;  Butnurince,  the  bit- 
terns; and  Cancromince,  the  boatbills.  The  last-named, 
however,  is  often  considered  a  family  apart.  See  cuts  un- 
der Ardea,  bittern,  and  boatbill. 

Ardeinae  (ar-de-i'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ardea  + 
-iaw.]  The  typical  subfamily  of  Ardcidce,  con- 
taining the  herons  proper,  egrets,  etc.,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  bitterns  and  boatbills. 

They  have  12  tail-feathers,  3  pairs  of  powder-down  feathers 
or  pulviplumes,  the  tibia;  not  feathered  to  the  suffrage,  the 
outertoe  not  shorter  than  the  inner,  and  moderately  curved 
claws.  The  species  are  numerous,  inhabiting  nearly  all 
Tarts  of  the  world,  but  especially  warm  countries.  Lead- 


301 

ing  genera,  besides  Ardea,  are  Herodias,  Garzetta,  Demi- 

egretta,  Ardcola,  Butoridrs,  and  Nyctiardea. 

ardeine  (ar'de-in),  a.  [<  NL.  nrdei:ius,<  Ardea, 
q.  V.  ]    Heron-like ;  having  the  characters  of 

the  Ardcidic,  or  herons. 

ardeliot,  ardeliont,  n.  [<  L.  ardelio,  a  busy- 
body, meddler,  <  urdere,  bo  on  fire,  burn,  be 
eager.    Cf.  ardent.]    A  busybody;  a  meddler. 

striving  to  get  that  which  we  had  better  be  without,  or- 
delios,  busybodies  as  we  are. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  i.  2.  {N.  E.  D.) 
ardency  (ar 'den-si ),  «.  [(,  ardent:  see -cy.]  1. 
Intense  heat:  as,  "the  ardency  of  the  sun,"  Sir 
T.  Herbert,  Travels,  p.  27.  Hence — 2.  Warmth 
of  passion  or  feeling ;  ardor ;  eagerness :  as,  the 
ardency  of  love  or  zeal. — 3.  Naut.,  a  tendency  of 
some  ships  to  come  quickly  to  the  wind.  [Rare.] 
ardennite  (iir-den'it),  n.  [<  Ardennes,  a  high 
wooded  region  of  France  and  Belgium,  +  -ite^.] 
A  silicate  of  manganese  and  aluminium  with  9 
per  cent,  of  vanadium  pentoxid,  found  in  or- 
thorhombic  crystals  of  a  yellow-brown  color 
near  Ottrez,  in  the  Ardennes, 
ardent  (ar'dent),  a.  [<  ME.  ardent,  ardant, 
ardaunt,  <  OTi'.  ardant,  burning  (ppr.  of  arder, 
ardoir,  ardre,  burn),  <  L.  arden(t-)s,  ppr.  of  ar- 
dere,  burn,  be  eager.]  1.  Hot;  biu'ning  ;  red- 
hot;  hence,  figuratively,  causing  a  sensation 
of  burning:  as,  an  ardent  iever. — 2.  Inflam- 
mable; combustible:  only  in  the  phrase  a?-de?ji 
spirits  (which  see,  below). —  3.  Having  the  ap- 
pearance or  quality  of  fire ;  flashing;  fierce. 
With  flashing  flames  his  ardent  eyes  were  filled. 

Dryden,  Theodore  and  Honoria. 
4.  Having  glowing  or  fiery  passions  or  affec- 
tions :  as  applied  to  the  emotions  themselves, 
showing  vehemence  ;  passionate ;  affectionate ; 
zealous  :  as,  ardent  love  or  vows  ;  ardent  zeal. 
Not  ardent  lovers  robb'd  of  all  their  bliss, 
Not  ancient  ladies  when  refused  a  kiss,  .  .  . 
E'er  felt  such  rage,  resentment,  and  despair 
As  thou,  sad  virgin !  for  thy  ravish'd  hair. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  iv.  5. 
His  form  accorded  with  a  mind 
Lively  and  ardent,  frank  and  kind. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  ii.  25. 

5t.  Naut.,  having  a  tendency  to  gripe  or  come 
quickly  to  the  wind:  said  of  certain  ships. — 
Ardent  spirits,  distilled  alcoholic  liquors,  as  brandy, 
whisky,  gin,  rum,  etc.  They  are  all  produced  by  the  dis- 
tillation of  fermented  vegetable  juices  containing  sugar. 
=  SjTl.  3  and  4.  Fiery,  intense,  eager,  keen,  fervid,  fervent, 
impassioned,  glowing. 

ardently  (ar'dent-li),  adv.  [ME.  ardontliche  ; 
<  ardent  +  -ly^.]  In  an  ardent  manner;  with 
warmth ;  afileetionately  ;  passionately. 

ardentness  (ar'dent-nes),  n.  [<  ME.  ardent- 
nesse.]  The  state' or  quality  of  being  ardent; 
ardency. 

Ardeoidese  (ar-de-oi'de-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ar- 
dea +  -oidece.]  A  superfamily  group  of  hero- 
dionine  birds. 

Ardeola  (ar-de'o-la),  w.  [L.,  a  little  heron,  dim. 
of  ardea,^  a  heron.]  A  genus  of  small  and  some- 
what rail-like  herons,  the  squaceo  herons,  of 
the  subfamily  Ardeinw.  The  type  is  A.  comata  or 
A.  ralloides,  of  Europe;  but  there  are  several  other  spe- 
cies.   J.  F.  Boie,  1822. 

ardert  (ar'der),  n.  [E.  dial,  (foi-merly  also  writ- 
ten ardor,  ardour,  ardure,  as  if  of  Latin  origin), 
prob.  <  Icel.  ardhr,  a  plow.  Cf.  L.  aratrum,  a 
plow  (see  aratrum  terrcc);  Corn,  (dial.)  ardar, 
a  plow,  ardur,  a  plowman,  W.  arad,  a  plow, 
Gael.  Ir.  arach,  a  plowshare;  all  ult.  from  the 
same  root.  See  arable  and  car3.]  1 .  The  plow- 
ing or  fallowing  of  ground. 

Arders;  fallowings  or  plowings  of  ground.    This  is  the 
explanation  in  the  Diet.  Rust.,  1726,  in  v. 

Halliivell,  Prov.  Diet. 

2.  The  state  of  being  plowed. — 3.  Land  plowed 
and  left  fallow. 
Ardetta  (ar-det'a),  w.    [NL.,  dim.  of  Ardea, 
q.  v.]    A  genus  'of  diminutive  herons,  of  the 
family  Ardeidce  and  subfamily  Botaurinw;  the 

dwarf  bitterns.  They  are  scarcely  a  foot  long,  have 
variegated  plumage  dissimilar  in  the  two  sexes,  inhabit 
reedy  swamps  and  marshes,  and  somewhat  resemble  rails 
in  appearance  and  mode  of  life.  There  are  several  species, 
as  the  dwarf  bittern  of  Europe,  A.  ininuta,  and  the  least 
bittern  of  America,  A.  exilis.    G.  H.  Gray,  1842. 

ardish  (ar'dish),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  style  of  East 
Indian  decoration  for  interior  walls  and  ceilings. 
It  is  made  at  Jeypore,  British  India,  and  elsewhere,  by 
embedding  pieces  of  glass  in  plaster,  and  cutting  away  the 
plaster  over  the  glass  in  ornamental  patterns.  The  effect 
resembles  a  blending  of  white  marble  and  polished  silver. 
Arnold. 

ardluke  (ard'liik),  n.  [Said  to  be  Eskimo.]  A 
name  of  the  grampus,  Orca  gladiator. 

ardmaer  (ard-mer'),  n.  [Gael,  and  Ir.  ardinhaor, 
a  chief  magistrate,  <  Gael,  and  Ir.  ard,  high,  + 
maor,  a  bailiff,  steward,  officer.]    The  high 


area 

bailiff  or  steward  under  the  ardrigh  or  chief 
king  of  ancient  Scotland. 

ardor,  ardour  (ilr'dor),  n.  [Second  form  preva- 
lent in  England ;  early  mod.  E.  ardor,  ardour,  < 
MH.  ardure,  ardeur,  <  OF.  ardour,  ardor,  ardur, 
mod.  F.  ardeur  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  ardor  =  It.  ardore, 
<  L.  ardor,  a  burning,  fire,  heat,  eagerness,  < 
ardcre,  be  on  fire,  burn,  be  eager.    Cf.  ardent.] 

1.  Intense  heat:  as,  the  ardor  of  the  .sun's  rays. 
—  2.  In  pathoL,  a  feeling  of  heat  or  burning. — 
Sf.  A  bright  or  effulgent  sijirit.  [Poetical.] 

The  winged  saint  .  .  .  from  among 
Thousand  celestial  ardours,  where  he  stood 
Veil'd  with  his  gorgeous  wings,  up  springing  light. 
Flew  through  the  midst  of  heaven.  Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  249. 

4.  Warmth  or  heat,  as  of  the  passions  and  af- 
fections; eagerness;  intensity. 
The  wicked  encliaufing  or  ardure  of  this  sinne. 

Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 
In  the  heart's  attachment  a  woman  never  likes  a  man 
with  ardour  till  she  has  suffered  for  his  sake. 

Sheridan,  The  Duenna,  i.  3. 
The  ardour  of  Dunstan's  temper  was  seen  in  the  eager- 
ness with  which  he  plunged  into  the  study  of  letters. 

J.  R.  Green,  Con(i.  of  Eng.,  p.  271. 

=  Syn.  4.  Fervor,  fervency,  vehemence,  intensity,  impetu- 
osity. 

ardrigh  (ar-dre'),  n.  [Gael,  and  L\  ardrigh,  < 
ard,  nigh,  +  righ,  a  king,  =  L.  rex  ireg-),  a  king: 
see  rex.]  In  the  early  history  of  Ireland  and 
Scotland,  a  chief  monarch  or  king, 
arduityt  (ar-du'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  arduitas,  steep- 
ness,<  arduus,  steep:  see  arduous.]  Steepness; 
difficulty;  arduousness.  Cockeram. 
arduous  (ar'du-us),  a.  [<  L.  arduus,  lofty, 
high,  steep,  hard  to  reach,  difficult,  laborious, 
=  Gael.  Ir.  Com.  Manx  ard,  high.]  1.  Steep, 
and  therefore  difficult  of  ascent ;  hard  to 
climb. 

High  on  Parnassus'  top  her  sons  she  show'd. 
And  poiuiedout  those  arduous  paths  they  trod. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  95. 

2.  Attended  with  great  labor,  like  the  ascent 
of  acclivities ;  difficult. 

In  every  arduous  enterprise  we  consider  what  we  are 
to  lose,  as  well  as  what  we  are  to  gain. 

Burke,  Conciliation  with  America. 

Hence — 3.  Energetic;  laborious:  said  of  per- 
sons or  actions:  as,  an  arduous  student;  ardu- 
ous struggles.  =  Syn.  2.  Difficult,  Hard,  Arduous,  la- 
borious, toilsome,  herculean,  severe.  Difficult  means  not 
easy,  attended  with  obstacles,  requiring  work,  but  possible 
by  faithful  effort  and  perseverance :  as,  a  difficult  problem, 
question,  task,  or  case  in  surgery.  Hard  suggests  work, 
like  that  of  digging  up  hard  ground,  or  breaking  through  . 
liard  rock ;  it  is  stronger  than  difficult.  It  may  also  apply 
to  passive  suffering:  as,  a  hard  fate.  What  is  arduous 
requires  more  energy  and  endurance,  and  is  less  within 
the  reach  of  connnon  powers,  than  whatisAoi  rf.  Its  primi- 
tive meaning  of  steep  climbing  is  still  felt  in  it,  and  makes 
it  suggestive  of  severe  and  protracted  effort. 

To  explore  the  history  of  any  language  is  a  task  pecu- 
liarly difficult  at  this  period  of  the  world,  in  which  we  are 
so  remote  from  the  era  of  its  construction. 

S.  Turner,  Hist.  Anglo-Saxons. 
The  hard  causes  they  brought  unto  Moses,  but  every 
small  matter  they  judged  themselves.  Ex.  xviii.  2fci. 

Faithful  friends  are  hard  to  find. 

Shak.,  Pass.  Pilgrim,  1.  403. 
Such  an  enterprise  would  be  in  the  highest  degree  ar- 
duous and  hazardous.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

It  is  often  difficult  to  control  our  feelings  ;  it  is  still 
harder  to  subdue  our  will ;  but  it  is  an  arduous  undertak- 
ing to  control  the  contending  will  of  others. 

Crabb,  English  Synonymes,  p.  498.  I 

arduously  (ar'du-us-li),  adv.    In  an  arduous  j 
manner ;  with  laboriousness. 
arduousness  (ar'du-us-nes),  n.    The  state  or 
quality  of  being  arduous ;  difficulty  of  execu- 
tion or  performance, 
arduret,  n.    An  old  form  of  ardor. 
ardurous  (iir'du-rus),  a.    [<  ardure  for  ardor 
+ -ous.]    Burning;  ardent.  [Rare.] 

Lo !  further  on. 
Where  flames  tli'  ardurous  spirit  of  Isidore. 

Cary,  tr.  of  Dante's  Paradise,  x.  248. 

are!  (ar).  The  present  indicative  plural  of  the 
substantive  verb  to  be.  See  be. 
are^  (ar  or  ar),  n.  [F.,  <  L.  area,  a  piece  of 
level  ground :  see  area.]  In  the  metric  system,  a 
unit  of  superficial  or  square  measure,  contain- 
ing 100  square  meters,  or  119.6  square  yards. 
Its  abbreviation  is  a. 
a-re  (a'ra').  [It.:  see  gamut.]  The  note  im- 
mediately above  the  tonic,  vt,  in  the  gi'ave 
hexaehord  of  Guido  d'Arezzo's  musical  scale, 
area  (ii're-a),  v. ;  pi.  areas,  area;  (-az,  -e).  [L., 
a  piece  of  level  ground,  a  vacant  space,  a  court, 
yard,  field,  threshing-floor;  perhaps  allied  to 
arere,  be  dry ;  cf.  arid.  In  dial,  and  %ailgar 
pron.  a'ri :  see  airi/3^  and  cf .  =  aery^.]  1 . 
Any  plane  surface  within  boundaries ;  the  super- 


area 


302 


Arenicoli 


ficies  of  an  inclosed  or  defined  snrface-spaee; 
the  superlicial  contents  of  any  figure  or  surface ; 
superficial  extent.  Hence  —  2.  Any  particular 
extent  of  surface;  region;  tract:  as,  the  set- 
tled area  of  the  United  States. — 3.  The  space 
or  site  on  which  a  building  stands ;  the  yard  at- 
tached to  or  suiTounding  a  house ;  specifical- 
ly', a  sunken  space  or  inelosure  before  win- 
dows or  a  door  of  a  basement  story. — 4.  A 
bald  place  on  the  head ;  a  disease  of  the  hair 
which  causesitto  fall  off  andleave  bald  patches. 
N.  E.  D. — Area  Celsi,  alopecia  areata  (.which  see,  umler 
alopecia).— AXBa,  CrurailiS,  ill  a/iat.,  the  crural  area:  a 
term  applied  to  that  part  of  the  surface  of  the  base  of  the 
brain  which  is  bounded  by  lines  projected  laterally  from 
the  pons  Varolii  and  optic  chiasm.  It  may  be  recognized 
for  convenience,  but  lias  no  anatomical  signiticance. — 
Area  elllptica,  in  annt.,  the  elliptical  area;  the  surface 
of  the  olivary  body  of  the  medulla  oblongata. — Area  em- 
bryonalis,  in  enibnnd..  tlie  embryonic  area;  the  central 
thickened  portion  of  that  part  of  the  blastodermic  vesicle 
of  mammalian  emijryos  whicli  is  lined  with  hypoblast. 
From  tills  the  main  body  of  the  animal  is  developed,  while 
the  rest  of  the  blastodermic  vesicle  goes  to  ftirm  the  um- 
bilical vesicle. — Area  germinativa,  in  cmbriiul..  the  ger- 
minal area;  the  spot  where  the  first  rudiments  of  an  em- 
bryo appear  as  a  little  heap  of  blastosplieres ;  the  germinal 
disk.—  Area intercruralis,  in  uHnf.,  the intercmral iirea ; 
the  space  between  the  cruraorpedunclesof  thebrain.  Also 
called  the  area  interpeditni-ulari!<.  —  Area  Of  a  Contour, 
the  area  of  its  maximum  orthogon.al  projection  on  a  plane. 
— Area  OValiS,  in  anat.,  the  oval  area ;  an  elevated  space 
on  the  inferolateral  surface  of  the  cerebellum,  on  the  outer 
side  of  the  area  elllptica. —  Area  pellucida,  in  emhriiol., 
the  clear  space  ;  the  fluid  interior  of  a  blastula ;  a  kind  of 
blastocoele. — Area  postpontills.  in  anat.,  the  area  of  the 
ventral  aspect  of  the  brain  beliiml  the  pons  Varolii,  being 
the  ventral  aspect  of  the  metenceplialon,  including  the 
area  elllptica  and  area  ovalis. — Area  prsechiasmatica, 
in  anat.,  the  surface  of  the  base  of  the  br.iin  in  front  of 
the  optic  chiasm. — Area  septalis,  in  anat.,  the  septal 
area ;  the  mesal  surface  of  each  half  of  the  septum  lucidum. 
— Areas  of  Cohnlieilll,  in  <()m<.,  the  polygonal  areas  into 
which  the  cross-section  of  a  muscle-flber  is  seen  to  be  di- 
vided. Also  called  fields  of  Cohnheim. — Area  vasculosa, 
In  einbryol.,  the  vascular  area  about  the  clear  space,  when 
blood-vessels  are  developed  in  the  mi^oblast. — Area 
Vltellina,  in  embryol.,  the  yolk-area  beyond  the  vascular 

area  in  meroblastic  eggs. — Blind  area,  faunal  area, 

etc.    See  the  adjectives. 

areacht,  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  areche,  ar- 
reach,  aretch  (pret.  araught,  arraiight),  Sc. 
areik,  etc.,  <  ME.  arechen,  <  AS.  Circecan  {= 
OHG.  arreichon,  MHG.  G.  crreiclwn),  reach, 
reach  to,  get  at,  <  a-  4-  rcecan,  reach;  see  «-i 
and  reach.']  I.  trans.  1.  To  reach;  get  at; 
get;  obtain. —  2.  To  reach,  hand,  or  deliver  (a 
thing  to  a  person). 

To  whom  Y  schal  areche  a  sop  of  breed. 

Wyclif,  John  xiii.  26. 

II,  intrans.  To  reach;  stretch;  extend, 
areadt,  aredet  (a-red'),  r.  t.  [In  mod.  use  ar- 
chaic, and  of  unsettled  orthography;  also  writ- 
ten areed,  arreed;  <  ME.  areden,  <  AS.  drcedan, 
dredan  (weak  verb,  pret.  drcedde,  pp.  drwded, 
dried,  but  orig.  strong),  determine,  decree,  ex- 
plain, interpret,  read  (=  OHG.  arrdtan,  MHG. 
erraten,  G.  errathen,  guess,  conjecture),  <  «- 
■¥  rcBdan,  determine,  counsel,  read:  see  a-l 
and  re«rZ,  rede.]  1.  To  declare;  tell;  interpret; 
explain. 

Arede  my  dremes.      Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  289. 

Arede,  good  gentle  swaine, 

If  in  the  dale  below,  or  on  yon  plaine, 

Or  is  the  village  situate  in  a  grove. 

W.  Browne,  Britannia's  Pastorals,  i.  3. 

Areed  my  counsel  aright,  and  I  will  warrant  thee  for 
the  nonce.  Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  130. 

2.  To  counsel;  advise;  direct;  teach. 

But  mark  what  I  arreed  thee  now ;  Avaunt. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  962. 

3.  To  guess ;  conjecture. 

So  hard  this  Idole  was  to  be  ared, 

That  Florimell  herselfe  in  all  mens  vew 

She  seem'd  to  passe.      Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  v.  15. 

4.  To  read. 

Her  hardly  open'd  book,  which  to  aread  is  easie. 

John  Hall,  Poems,  p.  01. 

areadt,  aredet,  «•  [<  aread,  v."]  Advice ;  dis- 
course; narration. 

Fayre  nreedes 
Of  tydinges  straunge.   Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  ix.  28. 

arese,  n.   Plural  of  area  in  its  anatomical  senses. 

areal  (a're-al),  a.  [<  L.  arealis,  of  a  threshing- 
floor  (cf.  Jill,  arealis,  areale,  n.,  an  area),  <  area, 
an  open  space,  threshing-floor,  etc. :  see  area.'] 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  area:  as, 
areal  interstices. 

The  rapid  study  of  the  areal  geology  of  the  country,  in- 
cluding the  outlines  of  its  commercial  problems. 

Science,  IV.  362. 

Areal  coordinates.    See  coordinate. 

areality  (a-re-al'i-ti), »!.  areal  ■\- -ity.]  The 
condition  or  relation  of  anything  in  respect  to 
area.    N.  E.  D.  [Rare.] 


arear^t  (a-rer'),  r.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  nrcare, 
and  erroneously  arrear,  <  ME.  arereu,  <  AS. 
drdnan,  <  «-  +  ricraii,  raise,  rear:  see  rt-i  and 
nn»'l.]  1.  To  raise;  erect;  build;  rear. — 2. 
To  lift  up;  exalt. —  3.  To  arouse;  start;  ex- 
cite ;  stir  up. 

arear-  (a-rer' ),  jn-ep.  phr.  as  adr.  [ <  ^3  -|-  rcar"^  • 
jiractically  equiv.  to  arrear^,  adv.']  I]\  the 
rear;  to  the  rear.  [Rare.] 

arear^t,  adv.  and  ».    See  arrear"^. 

area-sneak  (a're-a-suek),  n.  A  person  who  lurks 
about  the  areas  of  dwelling-houses  for  the  pur- 
pose of  stealing;  a  sneak-thief. 

areasont,      t.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  arraison, 

<  ME.  araisoncn,  aresoncn,  aresuiieii,  <  OF.  are- 
suner,  arcsoncr,  araisoiicr  (mod.  F.  arraisonner 
=  Pr.  arrazonar  =  "9^.  arrazoar),<.  ML.  arra- 
tionare,  reason  with,  call  to  accoimt,  arraign, 

<  L.  ad,  to,  -I-  ML.  rationarc,  discourse,  reason: 
see  reason,  and  cf.  arraign'^,  a  doublet  of  area- 
son.]    To  question;  call  to  account;  arraign. 

Love  hym  aresvneth.  lloni.  of  the  Itose,  1.  C22i. 

areca  (ar'e-kii),  n.  [Formerly  also  arela,  areekc, 
arreqna,  crecca,  also  arke,  oral;  areel-,  arequc, 

<  Pg.  Sp.  areca,  <  Malayalam  ddckl  a,  Canarese 
ddikc,  ddiki,  Tamil  ddailcdij,  <  adai,  denoting 
close  arrangement  of  the  cluster,  -1-  kdii,  nut, 
fruit  (Bishop  Caldwell,  in  N.  E.  1).).  The  first 
consonant  is  cerebral  d,  variable  to  r.]  1.  A 
tree  of  the  genus  Areca  and  its  fruit  (betel-nut). 
See  next  definition,  and  areca-niit. —  2.  [^cap.] 
[NL.]  A  genus  of  palms,  natives  of  tropical 
Asia  and  the  Malay  archipelago,  with  pinnate 
leaves  and  solid,  fibrous-coated  nuts.  There  are 
about  20  species,  the  most  important  of  which  is  the  pinang 
or  betel-palm,  A.  Catech  u,  which  furnishes  the  well-known 
betel-nut.  It  is  one  of  the  noblest  palms  of  India,  its 
slender  trunk  rising  to  a  height  of  80  feet. 

areca-nut  (ar'e-ka-nut),  «.  The  betel-ntit ;  the 
fruit  of  an  East  Indian  palm,  Areca  Catechu. 
The  nut  has  long  been  used  by  the  Asiatics  as  a  mastica- 
tory, and  is  largely  cultivated  for  this  purpose,  the  exports 
from  Ceylon  to  India  alone  amounting  to  nearly  4,000  tons 
annually.  The  fruit  of  the  palm  is  of  the  shape  and  size 
of  a  hen's  egg,  consisting  of  a  thick  fibrous  rind  inclosing 
a  nut  like  a  nutmeg,  with  hard  white  albumen.  This  is 
used  either  when  young  and  tender  or  after  boiling  in 
water,  and  is  chewed  with  a  little  lime  in  a  leaf  of  the 
betel-pepper,  Chavica  Betle.  It  is  supposed  to  sweeten 
the  breath,  strengthen  the  gums,  and  promote  digestion. 
The  powder  of  the  nut  is  used  in  pharmacy  as  a  vermifuge. 

aredet,  areedt,  v.  and  n.   See  aread. 
areek  (a-rek'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.    [<  a^  + 
recA;!.]   In  a  reeking  condition. 

A  messenger  comes  all  areek.  Swift,  To  Peterborough, 
arefactiont  (ar-e-fak'shpn),  n.  [=  F.  arc/action, 

<  L.  as  if  *arefacti.o(n-),  <  arcfaccre,  pp.  arcfac- 
tiis,  make  dry,  <  arcre,  be  dry,  +  facerc,  make.] 
The  act  of  drying ;  the  state  of  being  dry. 

arefyt  (ar'e-fi),  v.  t.  or  i.     [<  L.  arcfaccre,  but 
with  second  element  modified:  see  arcf action 
and  -fi/.]    To  make  or  become  dry. 
So  doth  time  or  age  arefy.        Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  294. 

areiset,  v.  t.    [See  araise.]    Same  as  raise. 

arenal  (a-re'na),  n.  [L.,  sand,  a  sandy  place, 
beach,  arena;  more  correctly  liarena,  OL.  ha- 
sena,  ascna  =  Sabine  fascna,  sand ;  not  related 
to  arere,  be  dry.]  1.  The  inclosed  space  in 
the  central  part  of  the  Roman  amphitheaters, 
in  which  the  combats  of  gladiators  or  wild 
beasts  took  place,  it  was  usually  covered  with  sand 
or  sawdust,  to  prevent  the  gladiators  from  slipping  and 
to  absorb  the  blood,  and,  for  the  protection  of  the  siiecta- 
tors  from  the  beasts,  was  surrounded  by  a  high  wall, 
wliich  was  often  surmounted  liy  a  strong  grating. 

2.  Figuratively,  the  scene  or  thieater  of  exer- 
tion or  contest  of  any  kind:  as,  the  arena  of 
war  or  of  debate. 

Rival  politicians  contending  in  the  open  arena  of  pub- 
lic life. 

Sir  G.  C.  Lewis,  Authority  in  Matters  of  Opinion,  ix. 

3.  In  patliol.,  sand  or  gravel  in  the  kidneys. — 4. 
In  arch.,  the  main  area  of  a  temple,  church,  or 
other  building.    [Rare  and  incorrect.] 

arena^  (ar'na).  [=  E.  are  no,  i.  e.,  are  not; 
na  —  E.  «oi,  q.  v.]    Are  not.  [Scotch.] 

Things  .  .  .  arena  keepit  in  mind  ...  as  they  used 
to  be.  Scott,  Antiquary,  xxiv. 

arenaceocalcareous  (ar  -  e  -  na'shio  -  kal  -  ka're- 
us),  a.  [<  arenaceous  +  calcareous.]  Of  the  na- 
ture of,  or  consisting  of,  a  mixture  of  sand  and 
carbonate  of  lime. 

Near  Nice,  in  places  where  the  great  cylindrical  east- 
ings .  .  .  abound,  the  soil  consists  of  very  fine  arenaceo- 
calcareous Vyaxn.  Darwin,  Veg.  Mould,  p.  275. 

arenaceous  (ar-e-na'shius),  a.  [<  L.  arenaceus, 
liarenaceus,  sandy,  <  arena,  harena,  sand :  see 
arena'^.]  1.  Sandy;  abounding  in  sand;  having 
the  properties  of  sand. —  2.  Figuratively,  dry; 
arid. 


An  arenaceous  quality  in  the  style,  which  makes  progress 
wearisome.         Lowell,  .'Vmong  my  Hooks,  2d  ser.,  p.  239. 

3.  Composed  largely  of  sand  or  sandy  par- 
ticles, (a)  In  yeoL,  aiiplied  to  rocks:  as,  arenaceous 
limestone.  A  rock  is  said  to  be  arenaceous  when  it  con- 
tains a  considerable  amount  of  (luartz-sand,  or  is  largely 
made  up  of  sandy  particles. 
A  reddish,  sottish,  somewhat  arenaceous  marly  rock. 

Darwin,  Geol.  Observations,  ii.  316. 
(b)  In  zool.,  specifically  applied  to  those  P'ornminifera. 
wliose  membranous  case  becomes  hardened  l)y  the  attach- 
ment of  foreign  substances,  as  particles  of  sand  or  shelly 
matters. 

Arenaria  (ar-f-na'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  sing,  of 
1j.  areiiarius,  harcnarius :  seearcuarions.]  1.  In 
oruith.:  («)  [/.  c]  A  disused  specific  name  of 
several  shore-birds  or  liraicoline  species  of 
Scolopacida',  as  the  redshank,  Totanus  calidris. 
(h)  A  generic  name  of  the  turnstone,  Strcjmlas 
interprcs.  Brisson,  1760.  (c)  A  generic  name  of 
the  sanderling,  Calidris  arenaria.  Mcijer,  1810. 
{d)  [I.e.]  The  specific  name  of  the  same.  Lin- 
nccus,  1758,  and  most  modern  writers. — 2.  A 
genus  of  bivalve  mollusks,  of  the  family  Tel- 
linida:  sywonjmous.  with  ScrohicuJaria.  Miihl- 
fcld,  1811. — 3.  In  hot.,  an  unimportant  genus 
of  low  herbs,  of  the  natural  order  Carijophyl- 
lacea;  allied  to  the  chiekweeds;  the  sandworts. 

Arenariinse  (ar-e-na-ri-i'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Arenaria,  1  (&),  -t-  -ina:]  The  tiu-nstones,  as  a 
subfamily  of  Charadriidw,  taking  name  from 
the  genus  Arenaria.  See  Arenaria,  1  (6),  and 
Strepsilas. 

arenarious  (ar-e-na'ri-us),  a.  [<  L.  arenarius,t 
harcnarius,  sandy,  <  arena,  harena,  sand:  see' 
arena'^.]  Sandy;  composed  wholly  or  in  part  of 
sand  :  as,  arenarious  soil. 

arenated  (ar'e-na-ted),  a.  [<  L.  arenatus,  prop. 
harcnatus,  <  arena,  harena,  sand:  see  arena^.] 
Reduced  or  groimd  into  sand;  mixed  with  sand. 

arenation  (ar-e-na'shgn),  n.  [<  L.  arenatio{H-), 
harcnatio(n-),  a  plastering  with  sand,  <  arena- 
tus, harcnatus,  sanded,  mixed  with  sand,  C 
arena,  harena,  sand:  see  arena'i-.]  In  med.,  a 
sand-l3ath ;  the  application  of  hot  sand  to  the 
body  of  a  diseased  person  as  a  remedy. 

The  practice  of  are^iation  or  of  burying  the  body  in  the 
sand  of  the  sea-shore  ...  is  very  ancient,  as  also  that  of 
applying  heated  sand  to  various  parts  of  the  body. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  439. 

arendalite  (a-ren'da-lit),  M.  ■[<  Arendal  +  -ite^.J 
A  lime  and  iron  epidote  from  Arendal  in  Nor- 
way, consisting  of  silica,  alumina,  iron  peroxid, 
and  lime.  Also  called  acanticone.   See  epidote. 

arendator,  n.    See  arrendator. 

areng,  arenga  (a-reng',  -ga),  n.  [E.  lud.]  A 
valuable  sago-palm  of  the  Indian  archipelago, 
Arenga  saccharifcra.  it  yields  a  black  bristly  fiber 
resembling  horsehair,  which  makes  excellent  cordage,  and 


Areitga  saccnari/era,  wich  fruit  entire  ai:d  in  section. 


is  known  as  yomuto  or  yomuti  fiber.  The  trunk  affords  a 
considerable  amount  of  sago  of  gooii  iiuality,  and  the 
abundant  saccharine  juice  from  the  tlower-sheaths  is  col- 
lected for  the  sake  of  its  sugar  and  for  fermentation. 
Arenicola  (ar-e-nik'o-la),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  arena, 
harena,  sand,  '+  colcre,  inhabit,  dwell.]  The 
typical  and  principal  genus  of  the  family  Areni- 
colicke  (which  see) ;  the  lobworms  or  lugworms, 
which  live  in  the  sand  of  sea-coasts.  A.  pisca- 

torum,  a  common  European  species,  much  used  by  fish- 
ermen for  bait,  burrows  a  foot  or  two  deep  in  the  sand,  is 
8  or  10  inches  long,  with  an  eyeless  head,  and  arbuscular 
gills  upon  the  segments  of  the  middle  part  of  the  body. 

Arenicoli  (ar-e-nik'o-li),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of 
*arenicolns,  as  Arenicola,  q.  v.]  A  group  of 
searabfEoid  beetles,  corresponding  to  the  fami- 
lies Geotrypidw  and  Trogidw  of  Macleay. 


arenicolid 
arenicolid  (ar-f-nik'o-iid),  «. 

family'  ArenicoKdw. 

Arenicolida  (ar'e-m-kol'i-da),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Arcnicola  +  -ida,  q.  v.]    Same  as  ArenicoUdce. 

Arenicolidae  (ar'f-ni-kori-de),  11.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Arenicola  +  -idee.']  A  family  of  free  marine 
polyehsetous  or  chsetopodous  and  notobrancM- 
ate  annelids,  of  which  the  genus  Arenicola  is 
the  type.    Also  Arenicolida,  Arenocolidcc. 

arenicolite  (ar-e-nik'o-lit),  n.    [<  Arcnicola  + 


303 


A  worm  of  the  areolation  (ar'^f-o-la'shon),  n.  [<  areolate  + 
-ion.']  1.  The  state  of  being  areolate  in  charac- 
ter, or  of  having  an  areola,  or  of  division  into 
areolae ;  the  arrangement  and  f onn  of  areolae, 
as  in  the  leaves  of  mosses. — 2.  A  set  of  areolae 
taken  together  as  making  something  areolate. 
areole  (ar'e-ol),  n.    [=  F.  areolc,  <  L.  areola.] 

Same  as  areola. 
areolet  (ar'e-o-let),  M.    l<  areole -^- -ct]    1.  A 
small  areola. — 2.  Same  as  areola,  1. 


a  reticelli 

areosystyle,  araeosystyle  (a-ro-o-sis'til),  a. 

[<  Gr.  apaiog,  thin,  not  dense,  +  avuTv/oc,  with 
columns  standing  together,  <  aiv,  together,  + 
oTv'/Mc,  column:  see  stijle^.]  In  arch.,  having 
columns  coupled  or  placed  in  pairs,  with  an  in- 
terval generally  of  one  diameter  and  a  half  be- 
tween the  centers  of  the  coupled  columns,  and 
of  more  than  three  diameters  between  the  ex- 
ternal columns  of  the  pairs,  measured  from 
center  to  center.    See  cut  under  sij.sUjle. 


-i7e2.]   The  uarae  given  by  some  paleoutologists  areology  (a-re-ol'6-ji),  n.    [<  'Vw,  Mars  (the  areotict,  arffiotict  (ar-e-ot'ik),  r/.  and  ».  '  r<  Gr. 

apaiuTiKur,  of  or  for  rarcfjang,  <  apaiovv,  rarefy, 
<  apaior,  rare,  thin,  not  dense.]  I.  a.  In  med., 
attenuating  the  humors ;  efficacious  in  opening 
the  pores. 

II.  n.  A  medicine  supposed  to  attenuate  the 
fluids  of  the  body,  open  the  pores,  and  increase 
perspiration ;  an  attenuant. 
areret,  v.  t.    See  areari. 
areometric  (ar"e-o-met'rik),  a.    [As  areometer  Ares  (a'rez),  n.    [L.,  <  Gr.  "Xpvr,  the  god  of 


to  peculiar  markings  observed  on  various  rocks  planet ); -I- -Aoj-m,  <  '/lyuv,  speak  :  see  -ology.] 
in  Wales  and  Newfoundland,  and  Supposed  to  The  scientific  investigation  of  the  substance  of 
be  burrows  of  annelids,  or  something  similar.  Mars. 

They  have  recently  been  carefully  examined  by  various  areometer  Car-e-om'e-terl  9?     T—V  nrenmpfrp 
geologists  and  paleontologists,  and  are  considered  by     /  r,    ,;„„L^  t  J  °  „„f  1^^^        I- ^  .  areometre, 
■  -      ■        =     '         ...       ..J^  (jr.  apaiog,  thm,  not  dense,  +  iitrpov,  a  mea- 

sm-e.]  An  instrument  for  measuring  the  spe- 
cific gravity  of  liquids;  a  hydrometer.  Also 
spelled  arceometer. 


them  as  not  being  of  organic  origin,  but  simply  markings 
made  by  the  spray  or  by  water  in  some  other  form. 

arenicolous  (ar-e-nik'o-lus),  a.    [<  NL.  *arcni- 
colus :  see  Arenicola  and  -ous.]    In  sodl.,  inhab- 
iting sand,  as  certain  worms.    See  Arenicola. 
arenilitict  (a-ren-i-lit'ik),  a.    [<  *arenilite,  <  L. 
arena,  harena,  sand  (see  arena'^),  -t-  Gr.  lido<;,  a 


+  -ic]  Pertaining  to  the  areometer,  or  to  are 
ometry.    Also  spelled  arasometric. 


stone.]  Pertaining  to  sandstone  ;  consisting  aieometrical  (ar'^e-o-mefri-kal),  a.  Same  as 
of  sandstone  :  as,  arenilitic  mountains.  areometric.    Also  spelled  areeoinetrical. 

arenose  (ar'f-nos),  a.  [<  Li.  arenosus,  hareno-  areometry  (ar-e-om'e-tri),  ?i.  [As  areometer -h 
sus,  full  of  sand,  <  arena,  harena,  sand 


war ;  perhaps  allied  to  ept^,  strife,  quarrel,  dis- 
cord, personified  'Epi^,  L.  Eris,  a  goddess  who 
excites  to  war,  sister  and  companion  of  Ares.J 


see 

arena^.]    Full  of  sand ;  sandy 
arenous  (ar'e-nus),  a.     [As  arenose.]    Sandy  ; 
sand-like. 

arenuloust  (a-ren'ti-lus),  a.  [<  L.  arenula,  ha- 
renula,  fine  sand,  dim.  of  areata,  harena,  sand : 
see  arena^.]    Like  or  full  of  fine  sand. 

areocentric  (a"re-o-sen'trik),  a.  [<  Gr.  'Vw, 
Mars  (the  planet),  +  Kivrpov,  center,  -I-  -ic] 
Having  Mars  as  a  center:  as,  areocentric  longi- 
tude. 

areographic  (a-re-o-graf'ik),  a.  [<  areography 
+  -ic]    Of  or  pertaining  to  areography. 

The  areographic  longitude  of  the  center  of  the  Oculus. 

Nature,  XXXIII.  42. 

areography  (a-re-og'ra-fi),  n. ;  pi.  areographies 
f-flz).  [<  Gr.  ^'A.pr]^,  Mars  (the  planet),  -f-  -■ypa(i>ia, 
<  ypd<pEiv,  write.]  A  treatise  on  or  description 
of  the  planet  Mars. 

The  areoffraphies  agree  very  well  -with  each  other  in  re- 
spect to  the  planet's  [ Jlars's]  most  important  features 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo. .  XXVI.  55. 

areola  (a-re'o-la),  w.  ;  .pl.  areolce  (-le).  [L.,  a 
small  open  place,  dim.  of  area:  see  area.]  1. 
In  entom.,  a  small,  generally  angular,  inclosed 
space  on  a  surface,  as  the  spaces  between  the 
veinlets  in  the  wing  of  a  dragon-fly,  or  pale 
spaces  between  dark  lines  which  form  a  net- 
work. Also  areolet. —  2.  In  hot.,  a  term  some- 
times used  to  designate  the  meshes  of  cellular 
tissue  or  little  distinct  angular  spaces  on  a  sur- 
face.—3.  In  anat. :  (a)  Any  little  cell,  area,  or 
space ;  especially,  one  of  the  small  interstices 
in  the  meshes  of  areolar  tissue  and  the  like,  or 
among  minute  interlacing  vessels,  as  capillaries. 
{h)  The  colored  circle  or  halo  about  the  nipple 
of  the  human  mammary  gland,  pink  in  virgins, 
and  brovm  of  various  shades  in  women  who 
have  borne  children,  (c)  The  red  ring  of  in- 
flamed tissue  surrounding  a  pustule.  Hence, 
figuratively — 4.  An  aureole. 

In  some  legends  of  saints  we  find  that  they  were  born 
with  a  lambent  circle  or  golden  areola  about  their  heads. 

De  Quincey,  ^yorl«s,  XV.  39. 

5.  In  decorative  art  and  manufacture,  any 
plate,  tile,  or  flat  panel.  („)  a  tile  of  earthenware, 
or  a  plate  of  marble  or  stone  forming  part  of  a  pavement 
(b)  One  of  the  eight  plates,  rectangular,  with  arched  tops 
.and  richly  jeweled  and  enameled,  which  make  up  the  cir- 
cuit of  the  imperial  crown  of  the  Byzantine  empire  and 
that  of  Charlemagne.  See  crown. 
Also  areole. 

areolar  (a-re'o-lar),  a.  [<  areola  +  -ar.]  Per- 
taining to  an  areola  or  to  areola ;  resembling 
an  areola ;  consisting  of  or  containing  areolse ; 
full  of  interstices.-Areolar  tissue,  in  anat.,  the 
light  fleecy  or  flocculeiit  kind  of  ordinary  connective  tis- 
sue, such  as  that  usually  found  beneath  the  skin,  consist- 
ing of  a  fine  network  of  white  or  yellow  fibrous  tissue  so 
interlaced  as  to  include  numberless  areola  in  its  meshes. 
Also  called  cellular  tissue. 

The  cellular  or  areolar  tissue  is  so  called  because  its 
meshes  are  easily  distended  and  thus  separated  into  ceUs 
or  spaces  which  ai;  open  freely  into  one  another,  and  are 
consequently  easily  blown  up  with  air,  or  permeated  by 

c™diti^^S:Sy;^mt«^;l^.;j:U^Si^^!S^eS  areopagyt(ar-e-op'a-gi),«.  l<Areopag^^.]  An 
one  unbroken  membrane  composed  of  interlacing  fibres.      Ai-eopagus  or  tribunal. 

H.  Graij,  Anat.       The  .  .  .  Areopanij  of  hell.     Sir  T.  Broivne,  Vulg.  Err 

^rhoio  f  C'^-^'o-lat),  a.  [<  areola  + -ate^.]  areostyle,  araeostyle  (a-re'6-stil),  a.  [<  L. 
^naraeterized  by  areolas ;  exhibiting  areolae,  as  arwostylos,  <  Gr.  hpaioorv/.oQ,  With  columns  far 
tne  reticulated  leaves  of  plants  or  the  wings  of  .  .  - 


y.]  The  measurement  of  the  specific  gravity 
of  fluids  by  means  of  an  areometer.  Also 
spelled  arrcojnetry. 
Areopagist  (ar-e-op'a-gist),  n.  [As  Areopa- 
gite  +  -ist.]  Same  as  Areopagite. 
Areopagite  (ar-e-op'a-git),  11.  [<  L.  Areopa- 
gites,  <  Gr.  'Apeo-ayirr/g,  later  'Apetonayirrig,  < 
Apeto-ayoc^:  see  Areopagus.]  A  member  of  the 
council  of  the  Areopagus.  Acts  xvii.  34. 
areopagitic  (ar-e-op-a-git'ik),  a.  [<  L.  Areo- 
jiagiticus,  <  Gr.  'ApeoHaymnoQ:  see  Areopagus.] 
Pertaining  to  the  Areopagus. 
Areopagus  (ar-e-op'a-gus),  11.  [L.,  <  Gr.  Apew- 
Trayoc,  not  in  good  use  (but  cf.  ApeoTrayinjg,  Are- 
opagite), a  contr.  of  'Apaoc  rrayog,  Mars's  Hill: 
"Apeiog,  belonging  to  "ApVQ,  Mars  (cf .  Arian^,  and 
see  Ares);  ndyoc,  a  hill.]  1.  A  rocky  hill  in 
Athens,  situated  immediately  to  the  west  of 
the  Acropolis ;  hence,  the  sovereign  tribxmal  or 
council  of  elders  which  held  its  sittings  on  this 
hill  from  unrecorded  antiquity.  Though  modified 
several  times  in  its  constitution,  notably  by  Solon  and 
Ephialtes,  the  Areopagus  always  retained  the  highest 
reputation  for  dignity,  justice,  and  wisdom.  Its  functions 
were  at  once  religious,  political,  and  judicial ;  the  scope  of 
its  action  was  thus  much  wider  than  that  of  a  supreme 
court  of  the  present  day,  extending  not  only  to  jurisdiction 
in  cases  of  homicide  and  some  others  in  which  religion 

was  concerned,  and  to  a  general  censorship  of  all  affairs  of  aresont,  V-  t.    See  areason. 
state,  but  even  to  the  supervision  of  education,  and  to  cer-  arestt,  V.  and  )(.    An  old  form  of  arrest^. 

^       _  arett,  arettet,  v.  t.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  arret, 

'   _  arrette,  arreet,  <  ME.  aretten.  <  OF.  arcter,  areU 

ter,  <  a  (<  L.  ad),  to,  +  reter,  <  L.  reputare,  count : 
see  repute.]  1.  To  reckon;  assign;  ascribe; 
with  to. 


Ares.—  Statue  in  the  Villa  Ludovisi,  Rome. 

In  &r.  myth.,  the  god  of  war,  typical  particu- 
larly of  the  violence,  brutality,  "confusion,  and 
destruction  it  calls  forth.  The  corresponding 
Roman  deity  was  Mars. 


The  Areopagus  at  Athens,  as  seen  from  the  Hill  of  the  Nymphs;  the 
Acropolis  in  the  background. 

tain  police  and  sumptuary  regulations.  In  historic  times 
the  Areopagus  was  constituted  of  all  archons,  after  their 
year  of  office,  who  had  successfully  proved  themselves 
guiltless  of  malfeasance,  in  accordance  with  the  provisions 
of  law. 

The  Areopagus,  a  primeval  tribunal,  hallowed  by  mythic 
associations,  where  trials  were  held  under  primitive  forms 
secured  to  them  [the  great  families]  a  privileged  authority 
under  the  sanction  of  religion. 

Von  Ranke,  Univ.  Hist,  (trans.)  p.  138. 
Hence  —  2.  Any  body,  company,  or  tribunal  of 
which  the  decisions,  opinions,  or  criticisms  are 
final  or  carry  gi-eat  weight:  as,  the  Areopagus 
of  public  opinion. 

The  Emperor,  instead  of  drawing  the  sword  for  Luxem- 
burg, submitted  his  ease  to  the  Areopagus  of  Europe. 

Lou'e,  Bismarck,  I.  436. 


a  dragon-fly. 
^■reolated  (a-re'6-la-ted),  a.   [<  areolate  +  -ef?2.] 
Marked  by  or  consisting  of  areola; ;  divided 
into  small  spaces  by  intersecting  lines. 


apart,  <  apaioc,  thin,  not  dense,  +  uTi'?.og.  a 
column,  pillar:  see  style-.]  In  «rc7(.,  having 
columns  placed  four  diameters,  or  more  than 
three  diameters,  apart,  from  center  to  center 
of  the  columns. 


The  charge  which  God  doth  unto  me  arrett. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  ^-iii.  8. 

2.  To  charge  ;  impute:  with  to  or  ujwn. 

He  that  aretteth  upon  God,  or  blameth  God  of  thyn"  of 
which  he  is  hj-m  self  gilty.  Chaucer,  Parson  s  Tale. 

aretaics  (ar-e-ta'iks),  n.    [<  Gr.  as  if  "aperaiKd^, 

<  aperrj,  virtue.]  In  ethics,  same  as  aretology. 
Grote. 

arete  (a-raf),  n.  [F.,  a  ridge,  sharp  edge,  <  OF. 
areste,<  L.  arista,  ear  of  com,  spine :  see  arrest^ 
and  arista.]  A  sharp  ridge  or  rocky  spur  of  a 
mountain. 

Arethusa  (ar-f-thti'sa),  «.  [L.,  <  Gr.  Apedovaa, 
the  name  of  several  fountains,  the  most  famous 
being  that  in  the  island  of  Ortygia  at  S%-raeuse ; 
fabled  to  have  been  a  nymph  of  Arcadia,  who, 
being  pursued  by  the  river-god  Alpheus,  and 
changed  into  a  stream  by  Artemis,  disappeared 
under  ground,  passed  beneath  the  Ionian  sea, 
and  reappeared  in  Ortygia;  lit.,  the  Waterer; 
fern.  ppr.  of  *ape6eiv  for  apSetv,  to  water.]  1.  In 
hot.,  a  genus  of  orchids,  consisting  of  a  single 
species,  A.  hnlbosa,  a  small  swamp-plant  of 
North  America,  with  a  handsome  rosv-purple 
sweet-scented  flower  terminating  a  sheathed 
scape.— 2.  In  ~odl.:  (a)  A  genus  of  aealephs. 
(b)  A  genus  of  mollusks.  Montfort,  1808.  (e> 
A  genus  of  reptiles.  Dumeril  and  Bihron,  1840. 
{d)  A  genus  of  crustaceans, 
a  reticelli  (a  ra-te-ehel'le).  [It.:  a  (<  L.  ad),  to, 
with;  reticelli,  pi.  of  reticello,  masc,  more  com- 
monly reticella,  fem.,  a  small  net.  dim.  of  rete, 

<  li.  rete,  net:  see  rete.]  With  reticulations: 
applied  to  glassware  decorated  with  fLue  lines  of 
opaque  white  buried  in  the  transparent  paste 
and  forming  net-like  designs.  The  decoration  is 
obtained  liy  making  the  body  uf  the  object  of  two  thick- 
nesses of  glass  in  such  a  manner  that  the  spiral  lines  in 
one  form  an  angle  with  those  in  the  otlier. 


Aretine 

Aretine  (ar'e-tin),  a.  [<  L.  Arctiuns,  <  Aretinm, 
the  aucieiit  name  of  Arezzo  in  Tuscany.]  1. 
Of  or  relating  to  the  town  of  Ai'ezzo  in  Tuscany, 
or  to  its  inhabitants. —  2.  Sa,me  as  Arctinian. — 
Aretine  ware,  a  kind  of  ware  of  which  the  paste  is  of 
a  red  coralline  color,  pale  when  broken,  ami  does  not  be- 
come redder  when  snbject  to  a  red  heat,  bnt  falls,  when 
f;roiiiKl,  into  an  orans^e-red  calx.  Vases  in  this  ware  are 
coateil  with  a  very  slight  ijlaze,  which  is  levigated  and  is 
usually  of  a  red-coral  color ;  occasionally  it  is  black,  vary- 
ing towaril  azure,  and  sometimes  iron-gray,  or  with  a 
bright  metallic  luster,    liircli,  Ancient  Pottery. 

Aretinian  (ar-e-tin'i-an),  a.  [See  Aretine.'] 
Pertaining  to  or  originated  by  Guido  Aretino 
(Guido  d'Arezzo),  a  noted  Italian  musician  of 
the  eleventh  century.— Aretinian  syllables,  the 

syllables  ut,  re,  mi,  J'a,  s'll,  la  (the  initial  syllables  of  the 
lines  of  a  Latin  hymn  to  St.  John  the  Baptist  which  begins 
"  Ut  queant  laxis  "),  chosen  by  Guido  d'Arezzo  to  name  the 
notes  of  the  hexachord,  C,  D,  E,  F,  G,  A,  because  in  the 
Gregorian  melody  for  the  hymn  they  fall  upon  these  notes 
respectively.  Tiiey  are  stiil  used,  especially  in  France,  as 
the  common  names  of  these  six  notes.  Since  the  intervals 
between  these  notes  are  the  same  as  those  between  the  first 
six  tones  of  the  modern  major  scale,  the  syllables  have 
also  been  used  extensively  as  names  for  those  tones  and 
as  guides  in  studying  their  relations.  This  application 
is  called  svlmizntiuit.  When  thus  used,  ut  is  generally 
changed  to  do,  and  the  syllable  si  (tonic  sol-fa,  te)  is  added 
for  the  seventh  tone. 

Aretinist  (ar'e-tin-ist),  n.  [<  Aretino  +  -ist.'] 
A  profligate  of  the  stamp  of  Pietro  Aretino,  an 
Italian  poet  (1492-1557),  noted  for  his  impu- 
dence and  profligacy,  and  for  the  viridence  of 
his  satire. 

aretology  (ar-e-tol'o-ji),  71.  [<  Gr.  as  if  *ape- 
To'Aoyia  (ef.  apeTa?Myia,  discussion  or  praise  of 
virtue,  otherwise  jesting,  <  n/jera^d^of,  a  jester, 
lit.  one  who  talks  about  virtue),  <  apery,  virtue, 
+ -/lo)  ('a,  speak:  see -ology.']   That  part 

of  moral  philosophy  which  treats  of  virtue,  its 
nature,  and  the  means  of  attaining  it.  Also 
called  aretaics.  [Rare.] 

arettet,  ''•  f-    See  aret. 

arewt,  i"'?/'- 1)^>>'.  as  adv.    An  old  form  of  arow. 

arfvedsoriite  (ar'ved-sgn-it),  n.  [Named  from 
J.  E.  Arfredson,  a  Swedish  chemist.]  A  min- 
eral related  to  hornblende,  composed  of  silicates 
of  iron  and  soda  with  a  little  alumina  and  lime. 

arg.    In  her.,  an  abbreviation  of  argent, 

argal^  (iir'gal),  w.    See  argol^. 

argal-t  (iir'gal),  adv.  A  ludicrous  corruption  of 
Latin  ergo,  therefore. 

He  drowns  not  himself :  argal,  he  .  .  .  shortens  not 
his  own  life.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  1. 

argala  (ar'ga-la),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  also  argce- 
lah,  formerly  also  argali,  argill,  hargill,  repr. 
Hind,  hargihl.}  In  oriiith.:  («)  The  adjutant- 
bird,  Ardca  argala  (Latham),  now  Leptoptilus 
argala,  of  India,  (b)  A  similar  bird  of  Africa, 
Leptoptilus  cruminiferus.  Temmincl:  Properly 
called  marabou,  (c)  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  generic 
name  of  both  these  birds.  Hodgson,  1838.  See 
adjutant-bird,  marabou. 

argali  (ar'ga-li),  n.  [F.,  Russ.,  NL.,  etc.,  after 
the  Mongolian  and  Tungusian  name.]  1.  The 
large  wild  sheep  of  Asia,  Oris  ammon  (Linnaeus), 
now  Caprovis  argali,  supposed  to  be  the  origi- 
nal stock  of  the  domestic  sheep,  it  stands  about 

4  feet  high  at  the  withers,  and  is  of  a  very  stout  build,  with 
enormously  thick 
and  long  spiral- 
ly curved  horns, 
■which  are  about 
18  inches  in  cir- 
cumference at  the 
base,  and  are  some- 
times upward  of 
3  feet  in  length 
measured  along 
the  convexity  of 
the  curve.  The 
horns  rise  boldly 
from  the  forehead, 
and  curve  back- 
ward and  outward, 
then  downward, 
outward,  and  for- 
ward, coming  to  a 
recurved  point; 
and  they  taper 
gently  from  base 
to  tip.  The  animal  is  gregarious,  living  in  small  flocks, 
chietly  in  mountainous  or  northerly  regions  and  on  higli 
platenns. 

Hence  —  2.  Some  other  similar  wild  sheep,  as 
the  following — American  argali,  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain slieep  or  iiighorii,  (Iris  imintatia.  See  hii/fiuni. — 
Bearded  argali,  the  Barbary  wild  sheep  or  aoudad,  Am- 
inotraffiis  tr'((f('Ut/ihiif<.    See  ntunlad. 

Argaud  gas-burner,  lamp.  See  gas-burner, 
lamp. 

Argantidae  (ar-gan'ti-de),  n.  pi.  Same  as  Ar- 
gasidm. 

argan-tree  (ar'gan-tre),  n.  [Ar.  (Morocco)  or- 
gan, prop,  arjdn.']  A  sapotaceous  tree  of  Mo- 
rocco, Argania  Sideroxylon,  the  only  species 
of  the  genus  Argania.    The  nuts  furnish  an  oil,  sirai- 


Argali  {Caprovis  nr^^a/i). 


304 

lar  to  olive-oil,  which  is  an  important  article  of  food  for 
the  inhabitants.  Its  wood  is  renuu'kable  for  hardness  and 
durability. 

Argas  (iir'gas),  n.  [NL.,  prob.  <  Gr.  a/iydc,  contr. 
of  aep-}ug,  not  working,  idle;  cf.  apyz/eic,  Doric 
(ipy(i?,  bright,  shining.]  A  genus  of  mites,  of 
the  family  Ixodidw,  having  no  eyes.  The  best- 
known  species  is  A.  rejlexus,  a  parasite  of  birds,  especially 
doves,  and  known  as  the  ducc-tick.  Other  species  are  A. 
pcrsii'iis  and  .4.  nitfra. 

Argasidse  (iir-gas'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Argas  + 
-;■(/(('.]  A  family  of  ticks,  named  from  the  ge- 
nus Argas.    Also  Argantida. 

Argean  (iir-je'an),  a.  [<  L.  Argeus,  pertaining 
totheAi'go:  see  Argo.]  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
ship  Argo,  or  to  the  constellation  of  that  name. 
— 2.  Pertaining  to  Argeia  (Argolis  or  the  dis- 
trict of  Ai'gos)  in  Greece,  or  to  the  Argives,  the 
ancient  inhabitants  of  Ai-gos. 

argel,  arghel  (ar'gel), «.  [Syrian.]  The  leaves 
of  the  aselepiadaceous  plant  Solenostcmnia  Ar- 
gel, used  in  Egypt  for  the  adidteration  of  senna. 
Also  wi'itten  arguel. 

argema  (iir'je-ma),  M. ;  pi.  argcmata  (ar-jem'a- 
ta).  [NL.,<  Gr.  apye/ia,  apyefiov,  a  small  white 
speck  or  idcer,  <  apyog,  white.  Cf .  agrimony.]  1 . 
A  small  white  ulcer  on  the  cornea. — 2.  [cap.] 
In  zool.,  a  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects. 

Argemone  (iir-je-mo'ne),  w.  [L.,  <  Gr.  apyefiuvrj, 
a  kind  of  poppy,  named  from  its  supposed 
medicinal  qualities ;  <  apy^iiov  or  apyefia,  a  small 
white  speck  in  the  eye:  see  argema.]  A  small 
genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Papaveracew. 
The  species  are  all  ornamental,  and  natives  of  America, 
but  are  widely  naturalized.  From  the  seeds  of  A.  Mexi- 
cana  the  Mexicans  obtain  an  oil  very  useful  to  painters. 
Both  yellow  and  white  varieties  of  this  species  are  often 
cultivated  under  the  name  of  the  horned  or  prickly 
poppy. 

argent  (iir'jent),  n.  and  a.  [<  F.  argent,  <  L.  ar- 
gentum,  silver,  money,  =  Oscan aragetom  =  Skt. 
rajata,  white,  silver;  cf.  Ir.  Gael,  airgiod,  sil- 
ver, money,  connected  with  Ir.  Gael,  arg,  white, 
Gr.  ap)  Of,  white,  bright,  shining ;  ef .  Gr.  apyvpog, 
silver  (with  different  suffix) ;  Skt.  arjuna,  sil- 
ver-white, <  -v/  rij,  shine,  ranj,  color,  be  red.]  I. 
n.  1.  Silver,  or  something  resembling  it;  for- 
merly, in  a  more  general  sense,  money. 

She  shall  haue  the  first  day  a  whole  pecke  of  argent. 

Udall,  Roister  Bolster,  1.  4. 
With  that  she  tore  her  robe  apart,  and  half 
The  polish'd  anjeiit  of  her  breast  to  sight 
Laid  bare.  Tennyson,  Fair  Women. 

2.  In  Iwr.,  the  metal  silver:  represented  con- 
ventionally in  imcolored  drawing  or  engraving 
by  a  plain  white  sm*face. 

Often  abbreviated  to  a.,  ar.,  or  arg. 
Argent  comptantt,  ready  money. 

II.  n.  Made  of  silver;  resembling  silver; 
bright  like  silver;  silvery-white. 

Pardon  me,  airy  planet,  that  I  prize 

One  thought  beyond  thine  argent  luxuries ! 

Keats,  Endymion,  iii. 

argental  (ar-jen'tal),  a.  [=F.  argental,  <  li. 
argentum, silver.]  "Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resem- 
bling silver.— Argental  mercury,  a  native.amaigam  of 

silver. 

argentan  (ar'jen-tan),  n.  [<  L.  argentum,  sil- 
ver, +  -an.]  1."  An  alloy  of  varying  proportions 
of  nickel,  copper,  and  zinc ;  one  of  the  names 
given  as  a  trade-mark  to  German  silver  (which 
see,  under  silver). — 2.  A  species  of  French 
point-lace. 

argentate  (ar'jen-tat),  a.  and  n.     [<  L.  argen- 
tutus,  silvered,  >(  «>Y/e«<Mm,  silver.]    I.  a.  Sil- 
very, or  of  a  shining  white  color  with  a  tinge  of 
gray.  A.  Gray. 
II.  n.  In  cltem.,  a  salt  of  argentic  acid. 

argentation  (ar-jen-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  argen- 
iatus,  overlaiti with  silver:'  see  argentate,]  An 
overlaying  with  silver. 

argentea  (ar-jen'te-a),  n.;  pi.  argenteai  (-e). 
[NL.,  fem.  of  L.  ar'genteus,  silvery:  see  ar- 
genteous.]  A  membrane  which  enters  into  the 
formation  of  the  eyeball  of  some  animals,  as 
Cephalopoda :  so  called  from  its  silvery  color. 

There  m.ay  be  two  such  membranes,  in  which  case  they 
are  known  as  the  argentea  externa  and  argentea  interna. 

argentei,  w.    Plural  of  argenteus. 

argenteous  (ar-jen'te-us),  a.  [<  L.  argenteus, 
silvery,  <  argentum,  silver.]    Silvery.  [Rare.] 

argentert,  «•  [Also  written  ar  gen  tier,  <  OF.  ar- 
gcnticr,<.  L.  argentarius,  a  money-changer,  bank- 
er, LL.  a  silversmith,  prop,  adj.,  <  argentum,  sil- 
ver, money.]  1.  Amoney-changer;  a  banker. — 
2.  A  silversmith.    A.  Wilson,  Hist.  James  I. 

argenteus  (ar-jen'te-us),  H.;  pi.  argentei  (-i). 
[L.  (sc.  nummus),  of  silver:  see  argenteous.]  A 
Roman  silver  coin,  weighing  about  80  grains, 
introduced  by  the  emperor  Caraealla,  and  worth 
a  denarius  and  a  haK.   it  gradually  supplanted  the 


argentometer 

denarius,  from  which  it  may  be  distinguished  by  having 
the  head  of  the  cmjieror  radiate.  After  a  short  linu'  it 
became  only  a  copper  coin  washed  with  silver. 


obverse.  Reverse. 
Argenteus  of  Caracall.i,  British  Museum.     (Size  of  the  original.) 

argentic  (iir-jen'tik),  a.  [<  NL.  argenticus,  < 
L.  argentum,  silver.]  Containing  silver  in 
chemical  combination.    See  argentous, 

argentiert,  n.    Same  as  argentcr, 

argentiferous  (iir-jen-tif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  ar- 
gentum, silver,  +  J'crre  =  'E,  bear^,]  Producing 
or  containing  silver:  as,  argentiferous  ore, 
veins,  etc. 

argentifict  (ar-jen-tif'ik),  a.  [<  L.  argentum, 
silver,  +  -ficus,  <.  facere,  make :  see  -^c]  Pro- 
ducing silver.  [Rare.] 

argentifyt  (ar-jen'ti-fi),  V.  t.  [<  L.  argentum,  sil- 
ver,-f -//crtce,  make :  see-fy.]  To  tm-n  into  silver. 

argentilla  (ar-jen-til'a),  n.  [It.,  formed  as  a 
dim.  of  argento,  <  L.  argentum,  silver.]  A 
Genoese  lace,  much  like  point  d'Alen<;on. 

Argentina  (ar-jen-ti'na),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  of  L. 
*argentinus,  pertaining  to  silver:  see  argen- 
tine.] 1.  A  genus  of  malacopterygian  fishes, 
giving  name  to  the  family  Argentinidm :  so 
called  from  their  silvery  scales.  A.  sjihyrcena, 
of  European  waters,  is  the  type.--- 2.  [/.  c]  A 
name  given  to  unglazed  porcelain,  coated  with 
gold,  silver,  or  copper  by  a  process  similar  to 
that  of  electroplating. 

argentine  (ar'jen-tin),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  argert- 
tin,  <  L.  *uyijcntiiius,  pertaining  to  silver  (as 
noim,  LL.  Argcntinus,  the  god  of  silver  money), 
i  argentum,  s\\vev.]  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  silver ;  silvery ;  argent. 

Celestial  Bian,  goddess  argentine. 

Sliak.,  Pericles,  v.  2. 

2.  [cap.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Rio  de  la 
Plata  (Sp.  plata,  silver),  the  estuary  of  the 
rivers  Parani  and  Uruguay  in  South  America, 
or  the  country  called  from  it  the  Argentine 
Republic  or  Confederation,  or  Argentina. — 
Argentine  flowers  of  antimony.  See  antimony.— 
Argentine  glass,  an  ornameatal  gl.assware  having  the 
sheen  of  silver.  It  is  generally  formed  by  inclosing  deli- 
cate white  silvery  incrustations  of  dry  porcelain  clay  in 
solid  and  transparent  glass. 

II.  n.  1.  A  silvery-white  slaty  variety  of 
calcite,  containing  a  little  silica  with  laminae 
usually  undulated,  found  in  primitive  rocks  and 
frequently  in  metallic  veins. — 2.  The  tetroxid 
or  antimoniate  of  antimony. — 3.  The  silvery 
coloring  matter  of  the  scales  of  fishes. —  4.  A 
fish  of  the  family  Scopelidce  or  Maurolicidce. — 
5.  White  metal  coated  with  silver. — 6.  [cap.] 
A  citizen  or  an  inhabitant  of  the  Argentine  Re- 
public Sheppey  argentine,  Seopelus  pennanti,  a  fish 

of  the  family  Scopelidce,  commonly  called  the  pearl-side. 

argentinid  (ar-jen'ti-nid),  n,  A  fish  of  the 
family  Argentinidce,  as  a  caplin  or  eulachon. 

Argentinidae  (ar-jon-tin'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Argentina  +  -idrc.]  A  family  of  malacoptery- 
gian fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Argentina.  The 
body  is  fusiform,  covered  with  moderate  or  large  scales; 
the  branchiostegal  rays  are  few,  and  pyloric  cscca  are  few 
or  wanting.  The  species  were  universally  referred  to  the 
family  Salmonidce  by  the  older  authors,  and  are  still  re- 
tained in  it  by  many,  but  they  differ  in  the  characters 
specified  and  other  anatomical  peculiarities.  The  chief 
representatives  are  the  genera  Argentina,  Osmerus  (in- 
cluding the  smelts),  Mallotus  (caplin),  and  Hypomesus. 
They  .are  chiefly  inhaliitants  of  cold  or  temperate' seas,  but 
some,  as  the  smelts,  enter  an<l  live  in  fresh  water. 

Argentininae  (ar-jen-ti-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Argentina  +  -incc.]  A  subfamily  of  fishes,  typi- 
fied by  the  genus  Argen  tina,  referred  to  the  fam- 
ily Salmonidw :  same  as  Argentinidce. 

argentinoid  (ar-jen'ti-noid),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  having  the  characters  of  the  Argentinidce. 

argentite  (ar'jen-tit),  v.  [<  L.  argentum,  sil- 
ver, +  -ite2.]  Silver  sulphid,  a  blackish  lead- 
gray  mineral,  occurring  in  crystals,  in  crusts, 
and  massive.  It  is  a  valuable  ore  of  silver,  foimd  in 
the  crystalline  rocks  of  many  countries.  Also  called  ar- 
qtirile,  arqurose. 

argentobismutite  (iir-jen-to-biz'mu-tit),  w, 
[<  argentum  +  bismut{h)  +  -ite.]  A  native  sul- 
phid of  bismuth  and  silver.  Sometimes  called 
bismuth  silver. 

argentometer  (ar-jen-tom'e-ter),  w.  [<  L.  ar- 
gentum, silver,  +  Gr.  fierpov,  a  measure.]  A 
graduated  glass  tube  used  in  ascertaining  the 


argentometer 

quantity  of  silver  in  a  solution  by  the  admission 
of  chlorid  of  sodium. 

By  means  of  an  argentometer  the  strength  of  the  bath 
can  easily  be  maintained  at  a  given  point. 

Silver  Sunbeam,  p.  196. 
argentous  (ar-jen'tus),  a.    [<  L.  argentosus,  < 
argentum,  silver.]    Pertaining  to  or  containing 
silver:  applied  to  a  compound  which  contains 
a  larger  proportion  of  silver  than  the  con-e- 
spondiug  argentic  compound:  as,  argentous 
oxid,  Ag40;  argentic  oxid,  Ag^O. 
argentry  (ar'jen-tri),  «.    [<  p.  argenterie,  plate, 
silver  plate,  <  argent,  silver:  see  argent.']  If. 
Articles  formed  of  silver ;  silver  plate. 
Pawning  liis  .  .  .  argentry  and  jewels. 

Howell,  Letters,  i.  2. 
2.  Silvery  appearance.  [Eare.] 

And  there  the  glittering  argentry 
Ripples  and  glances  on  the  confluent  streams. 

Southey, 

argentum  (ar-jen'tum),  n.  [L. :  see  argent.'] 
Silver.  In  chem.,  abbreviated  Jg-.-Argentum 
mosaicum,  an  amalgam  of  tin,  bismuth,  and  mercury 
used  for  coloring  images  of  plaster  of  Paris.  E  H  Knight 

Arges  (ar'jez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apyiig,  bright,' 
glanemg,  apyo^,  bright,  white.]  1.  A  genus 
of  South  American  fishes,  typical  of  the  fam- 
ily Argidce.—2.  A  genus  of  trilobites. 

arghel,  «.    See  argel. 

arghool  (ar-gol'),  n.  An  Egyptian  musical  in- 
strument, consisting  of  two  tubes,  with  a  mouth- 
piece furnished  with  reeds.  Sometimes  both  tubes 
are  pierced  with  holes,  sometimes  only  one,  the  other  be- 
ing used  as  a  drone. 

argid  (ar'jid),  n.    A  fish  of  the  family  Argidce. 

AjgldaB  (ar'ji-de),  n.pl.    [NL.,  <  Jr(/es  +  -idee.] 
A  family  of  nematognathous  fishes,  typified  by 
the  genus  Arges,  related  to  the  Loricariidce,  but 
having  a  naked  body  and  only  ma.xillary  bar- 
'"■'^  ^°  known  species,  of  small  size 

inhabiting  the  upper  Andean  streams  and  derivatives 
therefrom. 

argil  (ar'jil),  n.  [<  P.  argUe,  <  L,  argilla,  white 
clay,  <  Gr.  apyMa  or  apyda,  usually  apyMog  or 
apycAoc,  white  clay,  <  apydc,  white:  see  argent.] 
I'otters  clay.  This  word  has  been  used  in  different 
senses,  and  vras  proposed  as  a  name  for  alumina  when  its 
nature  was  first  discovered.  It  is  now  used  by  technical 
writers  as  a  distmctive  term  for  clay  which  is  fit  for  pot- 
iGrs  use 

argillaceous  (ar-ji-la'shius),  a.  [<  L.  argilla- 
ceus,  <  argilla,  white  clay:  see  argil]  1.  Of 
the  nature  of  or  resembling  clay. —  2.  Contain- 
mg  a  considerable  amount  of  clayey  matter :  as 
argillaceous  .  earth. -ArgiUaceous  rocks,  rocks  of 
sedimentary  origm,  soft  in  texture,  deposited  for  the  most 
part  in  thm  layers.  Clay  forms  the  basis,  but  with  it  other 
substances  may  be  associated,  as  vegetable  matter  (car- 
bonaceous shale),  iron  (clayband  ironstone),  lime  (marl), 
,  J  K  "^^^  shale  is  tolerably  pure  it  is  readily  distin- 
gmshed  by  the  peculiar  odor,  termed  argillaceous  which 

liv^Tt   i"'^'^,".'^''''^"^'^'^  on.-ArgUlaceous  slate  or 
scmst,  clay  slate,  a  metamorphic  rock  which  in  Scotland 
IS  characteristic  of  the  Silurian  formation 
argilliferous  (ar-ji-lif'e-rus),  a.    [<  L.  argilla, 
white  clay  (see  argil),  -t-  ferre  =  E.  bearl.] 
Producmg  or  eontainrng  clay  or  argil 
argillite  (ar'ji-Ht),  «.    [<  L.  argilla,  white  clay 
(see  argil),  + -ite^.]  Argillaceous  schist  or  slate  ; 
clay  slate  (which  see,  under  clay). 
argillitic  (ar-ji-lit'ik),  a.     [<  argillite  +  -icl 
Pertaining  to  argillite. 
argillo  (ar-jU'6),  n.    [<  L.  argilla,  <  Gr.  apyiTilog, 
white  clay:  see  argil.]    A  name  given  to  a 
vitreous  compound  of  which  tiles,  table-tops, 
door-knobs,  etc.,  are  made, 
argilloarenaceous  (ar-jil"6-ar-e-na'shius),  a. 
L<  argiUous  +  arenaceous.]    Consisting  of  clav 
and  sand. 


305 

argint,  arginet,  w-  [<  It.  argine,  perhaps  <  L. 
aggerem,  aec.  of  agger,  a  mound:  see  agger.] 
An  embankment  or  rampart  in  front  of  a 
fort. 

Arglve  (ar'giv),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Argivus,  <  Gr. 
Vyf'oc,  pertaining  to 'ApyofjArgos.]  I.  a.  Ee- 
lating  to  Ai-gos,  the  historic  capital  of  Argo- 
hs  or  Argeia  in  Greece,  or  to  its  inhabitants,  or 
to  ArgoHs,  the  tenitory  of  Argos.  The  Argive 
race  is  represented  in  Homer  as  the  most  powerful  in 
Greece,  and  hence  Argive  is  often  used  as  equivalent  to 
hrrecian  or  Greek. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Argos 
or  of  Ai-goUs ;  a  Greek. 

argle-bargle  (ar'gl-bar'gl),  v.  i.  [Also  argie- 
bargie,  argle-hargin,  etc. ;  a  varied  reduplica- 
tion of  argue.]  To  argue  obstinately;  bandy 
words;  haggle.  [Scotch.] 

Argp  (ar'go),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  'Apyi),  name  of  Ja- 
son s  ship,  lit.  the  swift ;  also  a  constellation 
named  after  this  ship ;  <  apydf,  swift,  glancing, 
bright,  white:  see  argent.]  1.  In  G-r.myth., 
the  name  of  the  ship  in  which  Jason  and  his 
fifty-four  companions  sailed  to  Colchis  in  quest 
of  the  golden  fleece.— 2.  An  ancient  southern 
constellation,  the  largest  in  the  heavens,  it 


argosy 

on  the  Euxine  sea  in  quest  of  the  golden  fleece. 

This  they  secured,  and  Jason  also  bore  back  w  ith  him  and 
his  comrades  to  lolcus,  amid  wonderful  adventures  the 
Colchian  king's  daughter  Jledea,  the  enchantress. 
Hence  — 2.  pi.  Those  who  emigrated  to  Cali- 
fornia about  the  time  of  the  discovery  of  gold 
there  :  as,  the  Argonauts  of  '49. 


Algonaut  {Arg, 


The  Constellation  Argo. 


3.  [I.e.]  A  cephalopod  mollusk,  known  also 
as  the  paper-nautilus  and  paper-sailor.  The  com- 

mon  Mediteri'aneau  species,  An/imauta  artfo,  was  fabled 
to  carry  its  velamentous  arms  erect  as  sails,  and  thereby 
to  be  wafted  by  the  winds.    The  arms  are  in  fact  com- 
monly carried  appressed  to  the  shell,  and  progression  is 
effected  chiefly  backward,  as  with  other  cuttlefishes  by 
the  ejection  of  water  through  the  siphon. 
Argonauta  (iir-go-na'ta), )(.   [L.,  an  Argonaut: 
see  Argonaut.]    A  genus  of  cephalopods,  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Argonautida:. 
Argonautic  (ar-go-na'tik),  a.    [<  L.  Argonnu- 
ticus,  <  Argonauta,  Argonaut.]    Of  or  pertaia- 
ing  to  the  Argonauts,  or  relating  to  their  voy- 
age to  Colchis:  as,  the  Argonautic  story.  See 
Argonaut,  1. 
argonautid  (ar-go-na'tid),  n.  A  cephalopod  of 
the  family  Argonautidce. 
Argonautidse  (ar-go-ua'ti-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.  < 
Argonauta  +  -ida;.]  A  family  of  octopod  cepha- 


argillocalcareous  (ar-jU"6-kal-ka're-us),  a. 
L<  argillous  +  calcareous.]  Consisting  of  clav 
and  calcareous  earth. 

argillocalcite  (iir-jil-o-kal'sit),  «.  [<  argillous 
+  calcite.]  A  species  of  calcareous  earth  with 
a  large  proportion  of  clay;  marl. 

argilloferruginous  (ar-jil"o-fe-ro'ji-nus),  a. 
L<  argillous  +  ferruginous.]  '  Containing  clay 
and  iron,  as  a  mineral. 

argilloid  (ar-jil'oid),  a.  [<  L.  argilla  (see  argil) 
t-  -Old.]  Having  an  argillaceous  or  clayey  an- 
pearance ;  like  argil  or  clay.  ^ 

Argillornis  (ar-ji-16r'nis),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  ar- 
gilla, white  clay  (see  argil),  4-  Gr.  hpviq,  bird.] 
A  genus  of  fossil  birds  from  the  London  clay  of 
k  thFt^S^"  ,  ^°WP<^nnvi  (Owen),  of  uncertain  affinities, 
winded  WvH  1  'P^'^'lt    '^^'^  remains  indicate  a  longl 

winged  bird  larger  than  an  albatross.    R.  Owen,  1878. 

argillous  (ar-jil'us),  a.    [<  ME.  argillous,  <  OF. 
argillos  argillus,  mod.  F.  argileux,  <  L.  arnil- 
losus,  abounding  in  clay,  <  argilla,  white  clay: 
llljlj        Consisting  of  or  belonging  to  clay ; 
20 


contains  Canopus,  after  Sirius  the  brightest  of  the  fixed 
stars.  By  modern  astronomers  it  is  commonly  divided 
mto  four  parts  by  adding  the  distinctive  words  navie 
carina,  puppis,  and  velum,  or  hull,  keel,  stem,  and  sail 
3.  [I.  c]  In  sool,  the  technical  specific  name 
of  the  paper-nautilus,  Argonauta  argo. —  4.  In 
conch.,  a  genus  of  nudibranchiate  gastropods: 
synonymous  with  Boris.  Bohadsch. 
argoll  (ar'gol),  n.  [<  ME.  argoil,  argoyle,  AP. 
argoil;  origin  unknown;  appar.  ult.  <  Gr.  apydg, 
white.]  Unrefined  or  crude  tartar;  a  hard 
crust,  consisting  of  potassium  bitartrate,  formed 
on  the  sides  of  vessels  in  which  wine  has  been 
fermented,  it  is  purple  or  white  according  to  the  color 
of  the  wine.  Argol  is  used  by  dyers  to  dispose  the  stuffs 
to  take  their  colors ;  and  the  purified  bitartrate,  called 
cream  of  tartar,  is  used  in  medicine,  cooking,  and  the 
processes  of  tinning  and  silvering.  It  is  also  a  constitu- 
ent of  most  baking-powders.  Also  written  argal,  arqoU. 
argall,  orgal.  f   >    a  > 

argol2  (ar'gol),  w.    [Mongol.]    A  cake  of  dried 
camel's  dung,  used  by  the  Mongols  as  fuel, 
argolett,  argoulett,  «.    [OP.  argoulet;  origin 
obscure.]  A  member  of  a  French  corps  of  light 
cavalry  instituted  by  Louis  XH.,  similar  to  the 
estradiots,  and  probably  armed  and  drilled  in 
partial  imitation  of  that  corps, 
argoletiert,  «.    [OP.]    Same  as  argolet. 
Argolic  (ar-gol'ik),  a.    [<  L.  Argolicus,  <  Gr. 
'ApyoAiKoq,  pertaining  to  ApyoXig,  Argolis.  See 
Argive.]    Belonging  to  Argolis,  the  territory 
of  Argos,  a  district  of  Greece,  in  Peloponnesus, 
between  Arcadia  and  the  ^gean  sea:  as,  the 
Argolic  Gulf, 
argon  (ar'gon),  n.    [<  Gr.  apyog,  lazy,  inert.]  A 
gaseous  element  having  a  density  of  nearly  20 
and  an  atomic  weight  of  about  40.  it  forms  nearly 
one  per  cent,  of  the  atmosphere,  and  is  also  obtained  from 
the  gases  yielded  by  the  water  of  some  springs,  and,  with 
helium  (which  see),  from  certain  minerals  and  from  mete- 
oric iron.  It  was  first  recognized  in  1895  by  lord  Eayleigh 
and  Professor  W.  Ramsay,  who  separated  it  from  the  nitro- 
gen with  which  it  had  till  then  been  confounded  largely 
because  of  its  chemical  inertness,  it  being  more  indifferent 
to  reagents  than  even  that  element.  It  has  a  boiling-point 
of  —  187°C.,  and  has  been  solidified  at  a  temperature  of 
—190°  C.  It  yields  two  characteristic  spectra,  marked  re- 
spectively by  certain  prominent  red  and  blue  lines.  Recent 
experiments  indicate  that  it  is  not  a  simple  substance. 
Argonaut  (ar'go-nat),  n.  [<  L.  Argonauta,  <  Gr. 
'ApyovavTrji;,  one  who  sailed  in  the  Argo,  <  'Apyu, 
Argo,  +  vavrriQ  (=  L.  nauta),  a  sailor,  <  vava  a 
ship:  see  nave^,  nautical.]  1.  One  of  the  heroes 
who,  according  to  the  ancient  Hellenic  myth, 
sailed  with  Jason  in  the  ship  Argo  to  Colchis 


Argonauta  argo  (male),  M-ith  hectocotylized  arm  attached.  (Sev- 
eral times  smaller  than  the  female,  though  shown  larger.) 

lopods,  represented  by  the  genus  Argonauta. 
with  an  ovoid  finless  body  and  the  two  upper- 
most arms  (in  the  female)  expanded  terminally 


Argonauta  argo  (femalel,  sirtmming  in  the  direction  of  the  large 
arrow  —  the  smaller  showing  the  current  from  the  siphon. 

into  broad  flatfish  velamenta,  which  secrete  a 
papery,  spiral,  single-chambered,  involute  shell. 
The  family  is  peculiar  in  the  development  of  the  shell. 
The  only  known  genus  is  ^)-<;o;i«!;frt.  The  shells,  popularly 
kno^vn  as  the  argonaut,  paper-nautilus,  and  paper-sailor, 
and  common  as  curiosities,  are  peculiar  to  the  female,  are 
secreted  by  the  velamentous  arms,  and  are  charged  with 
the  eggs  in  the  breeding  season. 

argosy  (ar'go-si),  n. ;  pi.  argosies  (-siz).  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  argosie,  argosey,  argozee,  argosea, 
also  argose,  arguze,  and  ragosie,  rhaguse,  and 
first  in  the  form  ragust/e  (see  first  quot.),  <  It. 
Bagusea,  pi.  Ragusee,  lit.  a  vessel  of  Eagitsa  (in 
early  mod.  E.  also  Aragouse,  Arragosa),  a  port 
in  Dalmatia  on  the  east  coast  of  the  Adriatic 
sea,  noted  for  its  commerce.]  A  large  merchant 
vessel,  especially  one  carrying  a  rich  freight. 

Furthermore,  how  acceptable  a  thing  this  may  be  to 
the  Ragusyes,  Hulks,  Caravels,  and  other  foreign  rich 


argosy 


306 


argumentable 


laden  sliips  passing  witliin  or  by  aiiy  of  the  sea-limits  of 
Her  Jl.'s  royalty. 

Dr.  John  Dee,  Petty  Navy  Royal,  in  Arber's  English 
[Garner,  II.  07. 
Tliere,  where  your  argosies  with  portly  sail, 
Like  signiors  and  ricli  burghers  on  tlie  Hood,  .  .  . 
Do  overpeer  the  petty  trallickers.  S/iak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  1. 
By  the  Venetian  law,  no  slave  might  enter  a  Venetian 
ship,  and  to  tread  the  deck  of  an  anjosy  of  Venice  became 
the  privilege  and  the  evidence  of  freedom. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  129. 

argot  (ar'go  or  ar'got),  *(.  [F.;  origin  obscure.] 
The  conventional  slang  of  a  class,  originally 
that  of  thieves  and  vagabonds,  devised  for 
purposes  of  disguise  and  concealment;  cant; 
slang. 

Argot  is  formed  .  .  .  by  the  adoption  of  foreign  words, 
by  the  absolute  suppression  of  grammar,  by  grotesque 
tropes,  wild  catachresis,  and  allegorical  metonymy. 

Farrar. 

Words  or  expressions  in  an  ancient  language,  if  they 
happen  to  coincide  with  some  modern  argot  or  vulgarism, 
take  on  a  grotesque  association  which  is  not  due  at  all  to 
the  phrase  itself,  but  wluch  makes  the  phrase  seem  much 
bolder  tliau  it  really  is.  Quarti-rlg  Hev.,  CLXII.  177. 

argoulett,  »■    See  argolct. 

Argozoum  (iir-go-zo'iun),  n.    [NL.,  appar.  <  Gr. 

apyjc,  Doric  iipyac,  a  kind  of  serpent  (cf.  apyr/^, 
bright,  etc.,  <  apyd^,  white),  +  fuoi',  animal.]  A 
genus  of  gigantic  animals,  formerly  supposed 
to  be  birds,  now  believed  to  be  dinosaurian  rep- 
tiles, known  by  their  footprints  in  the  Triassic 
formation  of  the  Connecticut  valley.  Hitchcoch, 
1848. 

arguable  (iir'gu-a-bl),  a.  [<  argue  +  -able.'] 
Capable  of  being  argued;  admitting  argument. 

"When  men  say  ' '  mere  philosophy, "  they  mean  something 
argvMble,  sometliing  deniable. 

J.  R.  Seeley,  Natural  Keligion,  p.  184. 

argue  (ar'gu),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  argued,  ppr. 
arguing.  [<  ME.  argucn,  arguwcn,  <  OF.  (and 
mod.  F.)  arguer,  <  L.  arguere,  declare,  show, 
prove,  make  clear,  reprove,  accuse ;  prob.  con- 
nected with  Gr.  iipyog,  white,  bright,  etc. :  see 
argent,  and  ef.  declare,  lit.  make  clear.]  I.  in- 
trans.  1.  To  bring  forward  reasons  to  support 
or  to  overthrow  a  proposition,  an  opinion,  or  a 
measure ;  use  arguments ;  reason :  as,  A  argues 
in  favor  of  a  measure,  B  argues  against  it. 

With  wliat  cunning 
Tliis  woman  argues  for  licr  own  damnation  ! 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Jlalta,  iii.  3. 
Yet  I  argue  not 
Against  Heaven's  hand  or  will,  nor  bate  a  jot 
Of  heart  or  hope.  Milton,  Sonnets,  .wii. 

Paul  argues  that  human  reason  so  seeking  for  God  can 
discover  liis  power  and  his  divinity,  and  holds  that  the 
true  God  is  not  far  from  every  one  of  us. 

Dawson,  Nature  and  the  Bible,  p.  206. 

2.  To  contend  in  argument;  dispute:  as,  you 
may  argue  with  your  friend  a  week  without 
convincing  him. 

For  e'en  though  vanquished,  he  could  argue  still. 

Goldsmith,  Des.  Vil.,  1.  212. 
How  finely  we  argue  upon  mistaken  facts  ! 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iv.  27. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  debate  or  discuss;  treat  by 
reasoning;  state  the  reasons  for  or  against :  as, 
the  counsel  rtr^/Hed  the  cause  before  the  Supreme 
Court ;  the  cause  was  well  argued. 

I  must  submit 
To  the  divine  decree,  not  argue  it ; 
And  cheerfully  I  welcome  it. 
Fletcher  (and  Massingerl),  Lover's  Progress,  iv.  2. 

2.  To  evince;  render  inferable  or  dedueible ; 
show  ;  imply :  as,  the  order  visible  in  the  uni- 
verse argues  a  divine  cause. 

Not  to  know  me  argues  yourselves  unknown. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  830. 
These  were  words. 
As  meted  by  his  measure  of  himself, 
Arguing  boundless  forbearance. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

3.  To  affect  in  any  way  by  argument ;  induce 
a  change  in  the  mind  of,  or  in  regard  to,  by 
persuasion  or  reasoning:  as,  to  argue  one  out 
of  his  purpose ;  to  argue  away  a  false  impres- 
sion. 

It  is  a  sort  of  poetical  logic  which  I  would  make  use  of 
to  nrgue  you  into  a  protection  of  this  play. 

Congreve,  Ded.  of  Old  Batchelor. 

4t.  To  accuse  or  charge  ;  impeach  or  convict: 
used  with  of. 

He  doth  implore. 
You  would  not  argue  him  of  arrogance. 

B.  Jonson,  Ind.  to  Poetaster. 
I  have  pleaded  guilty  to  all  .  .  .  expressions  of  mine 
which  can  be  ti'uly  argued  of  obscenity,  .  .  .  and  retract 
them.  Dryden,  Pref.  to  Fables. 

=  Syil.  Argue,  Dis2>ute,  Debate,  Discuss,  plead,  expostu- 
late, remonstrate.  To  argue  is  to  defend  one's  opinion,  or 
to  exhibit  reasons  or  proofs  in  favor  of  some  assertion 
or  principle  ;  it  implies  a  process  of  detailed  proof  by  one 
or  more  persons.  To  disjmte  may  be  to  call  In  question 
the  statements  or  arguments  of  an  opposing  party  :  as,  to 


dispute  about  an  award.  It  often  means  the  alternate  giv- 
ing of  reasons,  especially  by  two  persons.  It  is  often  ap- 
plied to  mere  bickering,  and  is  in  general  less  dignified 
tlum  tlie  other  words.  "To  debate  is  to  interchange  arg\i- 
ments  in  a  somew  hat  formal  maimer,  as  in  debating  soci- 
eties and  legislative  bodies.  To  disctcss  is,  by  derivation, 
to  shake  or  knock  a  subject  to  pieces  in  order  to  find  tlie 
truth,  or  the  best  thing  to  be  done.  A  debate,  therefore, 
may  be  viewed  as  a  discussion,  or  a  discussion  as  a  debate. 
Strictly,  a  discussion  is  an  amicable  presentation  of  opin- 
ions, not  limited,  like  tlie  otliers,  to  affirmative  and  nega- 
tive sides  of  a  proposition,  and  with  the  expectation  on  the 
part  of  all  that  the  conclusion  will  be  the  adoption  of  no  one 
person's  opinion  or  plan  unmodified.  To  argue  a  point,  to 
dispute  a  position,  to  dispute  witli  a  neighbor,  to  debate  a 
motion,  to  discuss  a  subject  or  a  plan. 

Stubbornly  he  did  repugn  the  truth 

About  a  certain  question  in  the  law, 

Argu'd  betwixt  the  duke  of  York  and  him. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  1. 

We  might  discuss  tlie  Northern  sin 

Which  made  a  selfish  war  begin  ; 

Dispute  the  claims,  arrange  the  chances ; 

Emperor,  Ottoman,  whicli  shall  win. 

Tennyson,  To  Maurice. 
They  [lawyers]  found  time  to  debate  fully  all  the  points 
of  interest  raised  by  a  case,  whether  the  solution  of  them 
was  necessary  for  the  actual  decision  or  not. 

F.  Pollock,  Land  Laws,  p.  100. 
The  archbishop  was  on  his  way  to  a  synod  wliere  the 
great  question  was  to  be  discussed  whether  gas  miglit  be 
used  at  tlie  altar  instead  of  candles. 

Froude,  Sketches,  p.  43. 

arguel,        Same  as  argel. 

arguer  (;ir'gu-er),  n.    [ME.  arguere;  <  argue  + 

-cri.]    One  who  argues;  a  reasoner;  a  dis- 

puter. 

argufier  (ar'gu-fi-er),  n.  One  who  argues  or 
ai-gufies.  [CoUoq.] 

I  have  noticed  that  your  people  who  are  pretty  well 
agreed  are  always  the  fiercest  argufiers. 

\Y.  C.  Russell,  Sailor's  Sweetheart,  i. 

argufy  (iir'gii-fi),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  argufied, 
ppr.  argufying.  [Improp.  <  argue  +  -fy.']  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  argue,  commonly  iu  a  pertina- 
cious manner,  or  for  the  sake  of  controversy ; 
wrangle. 

It  ain't  no  use  to  argerfy  ner  try  to  cut  up  frisky. 

Lowell,  Biglow  Papers,  2d  ser,,  p.  15. 

2.  To  have  weight  as  an  argument;  import; 
signify. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  contend  about;  worry  with 
argument. —  2.  To  signify;  mean. 

But  what  argufies  all  this  festivity?  'Tis  all  vanity  and 
vexation  of  spirit.  Mine.  D'Arblay,  Diary,  vi.  41. 

[In  all  uses  colloquial  or  dialectal.] 

arguitive  (ar-gii'i-tiv),  a.  [<  L.  *arguitus,  pp. 
of  arguere,  argue  (see  argue),  +  -ivc.}  Having 
the  character  or  form  of  an  argument.  [Rare.] 
— Arguitive  descent.  See  descent,  vs. 

argulid  (ar'gu-lid),  n.  A  fish-louse  of  the  fami- 
ly Argulidw. 

Ajgulldse  (ar-gii'li-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Argulus 
+  -idee.}  A  family  of  siphonostomous  entomos- 
tracan  crustaceans,  typified  by  the  genus  Argu- 
lus. These  fish-lice  have  a  flat  shield-like  body,  the  ce- 
phalothorax  coalesced  with  the  abdomen,  and  the  post- 
abdomen  rudimentary  and  bearing  two  tail-fins.  They  are 
parasitic  on  various  fishes,  especially  fresh-water  species, 
and  sometimes  attack  young  Hslies  in  such  numbers  as  to 
cause  their  death.  The  family  with  some  authors  consti- 
tutes a  suborder  Branchiura. 

Argulina  (ar-gu-li'na),  n.  j;Z.  [NL.,  <  Argulns 
+  -ina.~\    The  Argulidw,  rated  as  a  subfamily. 

arguline  (ar'gu-lin),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Argulina. 

Argulus  (ar'gu-lus),  n.  [NL.,  dim.  of  Gr. 
apyog,  contr.  of  aepydq,  living  without  labor,  < 
a-  priv.  +  ipyov  =  E.  work.'\  A  genus  of  fish- 
lice,  or  epizoie  entomostracans,  the  type  of  the 

family  Argulidw.  it  is  one  of  the  most  singular  modi- 
fications of  these  parasitic  entomostracous  crustaceans, 
and  is  a  common  parasite  upon  tlie  stickleback  and  vari- 
ous other  fishes. 

argument  (ar'gii-ment),  n.  [<  ME.  argument, 
<  OF.  argument  (F.  argument),  <  L.  argumentum, 
proof,  evidence,  token,  subject,  contents,  <  ar- 
guere, prove,  argue:  see  argue.}  1.  A  state- 
ment or  fact  tending  to  produce  belief  con- 
cerning a  matter  in  doubt ;  a  premise  or  prem- 
ises set  forth  in  order  to  prove  an  assumption 
or  conclusion. 

It  is  an  argument  the  times  are  sore, 
When  virtue  cannot  safely  be  advanced. 

B.  Jonson,  Sejanus,  iii.  1. 
Thicker  than  arguments,  temptations  throng. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  ii.  75. 
The  only  argument  available  with  an  east  wind  is  to  put 
on  your  overcoat.  Lowell,  Democracy. 

[This,  the  familiar  meaning  of  the  word,  probably  origi- 
nated in  Roman  law-courts.  The  usual  definition  given  by 
Cicero  and  almost  all  authorities  is  ratio  rei  dubice  faciens 
fidem,  a  reason  causing  belief  of  a  doubtful  matter.  Boe- 
tius  in  one  place  defines  it  as  a  medium  proving  a  con- 
clusion. The  word  medimn  here  means  a  premise,  or 
premises,  according  to  all  the  commentators.  (Petrus 
Ilisp.,  tr.  V.  ad  init.)  But  since  medium  usually  means  the 
middle  term  of  a  syllogism,  some  logicians  have  been  led 
to  give  argument  this  signification.] 


2.  The  middle  term  of  a  syllogism.  [See  pre- 
ceding note.] 

Argument  is  the  bare  proof  or  mean  term  which  is  in- 
vented by  him  tliat  disputeth,  to  prove  the  truth  of  the 
question;  but  argumentation  is  the  wliole  reasoning  itself, 
of  wliat  form  soever  it  be,  comprehending  botli  tlie  ques- 
tion and  also  the  proof  thereof.  Blundeville,  1619. 

Argument  again,  argumentum, — what  is  assumed  in 
order  to  argue  something, —  is  properly  the  middle  notion 
in  a  reasoning  — that  through  which  the  conclusion  is  es- 
tablished. Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

3.  A  reasoning;  the  process  by  which  the  con- 
nection between  that  which  is  or  is  supposed 
to  be  admitted  and  that  which  is  doubted  or 
supposed  to  need  confirmation  is  traced  or 
tested. 

In  matters  of  wrong  argwruints  do  confound  sense,  when 
in  explanation  of  right  they  do  sensibly  approve  it. 

Ford,  Honour  i'riuniphant,  ii. 

The  probability  which  she  easily  perceives  in  things 
thus  in  their  native  state  would  be  quite  lost  if  this  argu- 
ment were  managed  learnedly  and  proposed  in  mood  and 
figure.  Locke. 

We  do  not  know  God  by  argument,  by  reading  books  of 
evidences  or  books  of  theology  :  we  know  him  just  as  we 
know  the  external  world, — by  experience. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  p.  162. 

4.  An  address  or  composition  made  for  the  pur- 
pose of  producing  belief  or  conviction  by  rea- 
soning or  persuasion. — 5.  A  series  of  argumen- 
tations for  and  against  a  proposition ;  a  debate. 
—  6.  The  subject-matter  or  groundwork  of  a 
discourse  or  writing;  specifically,  an  abstract 
or  summary  of  the  chief  points  in  a  book  or 
section  of  a  book:  as,  the  arguments  prefixed 
to  the  several  books  of  "Paradise  Lost"  were 
an  afterthought. 

That  the  whole  argument  fall  within  compass  of  a  day's 
business. 

B.  Jonson,  Ind.  to  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour. 
The  abstract  or  argument  of  the  piece  is  shortly  as  fol- 
lows. Jeffrey. 

7t.  Matter  of  contention,  controversy,  or  con- 
versation. 

And  sheath'd  their  swords  for  lack  of  argument. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  1. 
It  would  be  argument  for  a  week,  laughter  for  a  month, 
and  a  good  jest  forever.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  2. 

The  remembrance  of  this  small  vexation 
Will  be  an  argument  of  mirth  for  ever. 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  iii.  2. 

8.  In  math. :  (a)  Of  an  imaginary  quantity, 
the  coefficient  of  the  imaginary  unit  in  its  log- 
arithm, (b)  The  angle  or  quantity  on  which 
a  series  of  numbers  in  a  numerical  table  de- 
pends and  with  which  the  table  is  entered,  if, 
for  example,  a  table  of  the  sun's  declination  were  formed 
corresponding  to  every  degree,  etc.,  of  longitude,  so  that, 
the  longitude  being  known,  the  declination  might  be  found 
opposite  to  it,  then  the  longitude  would  be  called  the 
argument  of  the  table.  Tables  of  double  entry  have  two 
arguments.  In  the  Ptolemaic  astronomy,  the  argument, 
without  qualification,  is  the  angular  distance  on  the  epi- 
cycle of  a  planet  from  the  true  apogee  of  the  epicycle  ;  and 
the  equation  of  the  argument  is  the  angular  distance,  as 
seen  from  the  earth,  of  a  planet  from  the  center  of  the  epi- 
cycle, the  correction  to  the  second  inequality.  See  coMO- 
«ro (I.— Argument  from  enumeration,  a  rude  kind  of 
induction  in  which  the  inference  is  made  that  something 
is  true  of  a  whole  class,  because  it  is  true  of  certain  mem- 
bers of  that  class. —  Argument  from  example.  See  ea^^ 

ffl(Hp?e.— Argument  from  exclusion,  an  argument  in 
which,  after  showing  that  all  causes  but  one  are  iiisufiB- 
cient  to  account  for  a  phenomenon,  it  is  urged  that  the 
one  remaining  cause  must  be  the  true  one. — Argument 
of  the  latitude,  the  arc  of  the  orbit  reckoned  from  the 

ascending  node.— Artificial  argument,  contentious 
argument,  cumulative  argument.  See  the  adjec- 
tives.—Dilemmatic  argument,  one  which  purports  to 
show  that  a  whole  class  has  a  certain  character  by  dividing 
it  into  parts,  and  showing  that  every  part  has  that  char- 
acter.—Disjunctive  argument,  a  reasoning  of  the  form : 
S  is  either  P  or  Q ;  it  is  not  P ;  lience  it  must  be  Q.— Dissen- 
taneous argument,  extrinsic  argument,  etc.  See 
the  adjectives.—  Hypothetical  argument,  an  argument 
one  of  whose  premises  is  a  hyiiothetical  or  conditional 
proposition.  It  is  not  identical  with  liypothetic  inference. 
See  hypothetic— Inductive  argument,  an  argument 
founded  on  an  induction.— Negative  argument,  an  ar- 
gument which  concludes  the  non-existence  of  a  phenome- 
non from  its  not  liaving  been  observed.  (For  other  phrases, 
see  argumentum,  place,  proof.)  =  Svn.  3.  Plea,  Argument. 
"Plea  should  be  used  of  the  pleadings  or  of  the  arraign- 
ment before  the  trial,  not  of  the  argument  at  the  trial. 
A  plea  is  always  addressed  to  the  court ;  an  argument  may 
be  addressed  either  to  the  court  or  to  the  jury."  A.  S. 
Hill,  Rhetoric,  p.  53. 

argumentt  (ar'gu-ment),  v.  [<  ME.  argumen- 
ten,  <  L.  argumeritari',  adduce  proof,  <  argumen- 
tum :  see  argument,  w.]  I,  intrans.  To  argue ; 
debate ;  bring  forward  reasons.  Chaucer. 

II.  trans.  To  make  the  subject  of  an  argu- 
ment or  debate.    N.  E.  D. 

argumenta,  n.    Plural  of  argumentum. 

argumentablet  (ar-gu-men'ta-bl),  a.  [<  LL. 
argumentabilis,  that  may  be  proved,  <  L.  argu- 
mentari,  adduce  as  proof:  see  argument,  v.,  and 
-able.']  Admitting  of  argument ;  capable  of  be- 
ing argued. 


argumental 

argmnental  (ar-gii-men'tal),  a.  [<  L.  nrgu- 
mentalis,  <  argumentum :  see  argument.'^  Be- 
longing to  or  consisting  in  argument. 

Thus  they  dispute,  guilding  their  tongues'  report 
With  instances  and  argumentall  sawes. 

G.  Markham,  Sir  K.  Grinuile  (Arb.  reprint),  p.  49. 
I  am  at  length  recovered  from  my  argumeiital  delirium. 

Johnson,  Rambler,  No.  95. 

argumentation  (ar"gu-men-ta.'shon),  n.  [= 
F.  argumentation,  <  L.  'argumeiitatid{n-),  <  argii- 
mentari,  pp.  argumentatus,  adduce  as  proof :  see 
argument,  «>.]  1.  Tho  setting  forth  of  reasons 
together  with  the  conclusion  drawn  from  them ; 
also,  the  premises  and  conclusion  so  set  forth. 

Those  scholastic  forms  of  discourse  are  not  less  liable  to 
fallacies  than  the  plainer  ways  of  argumentation.  Locke. 

Argumentation  or  reasoning  is  that  operation  of  the 
mind  whereby  we  infer  one  thing,  that  is,  one  proposition 
from  two  or  more  propositions  premised.  Watts,  Logic,  Int.' 
2.  A  eoui-se  of  reasoning;  discussion;  debate. 

The  relation  of  his  meaning  to  science  is  essential,  but 
in  orderly  argumentation,  subsequent.  ' 

Pop.  Set.  Mo.,  XXVIII.  619. 

=Syil.  See  reasoning. 
argumentative  (ar-gu-men'ta-tiv),  a.  [<  F. 
argumentatif,  <  L.  as  if'  *argiimentativus,  <  argu- 
mentatus: see  argumentation.']  1.  Consisting 
ia  argument;  containing  a  process  of  reason- 
ing; contro.versial :  as,  an  argumentative  dis- 
course. 

We  are  not  to  dwell  upon  the  mental  processes  which 
composed  the  proof,  upon  the  argumentative  part  of  re- 
ligion ;  but  upon  the  things  proved. 

Gladstone,  Might  of  Eight,  p.  237. 


307 

spots.  The  gener.al  plumage  is  brown,  variegated  with 
lighter  and  darker  tracery.    The  female  is  a  plain  bird. 


aria 


I4v 


Argus-pheasant 


2.  Showing  reasons  for.  [Rare.] 

Another  thing  argumentative  of  Providence  is,  etc. 

Ray,  Works  of  Creation. 

3.  Addicted  to  argument;  disputatious:  as,  an 
argumentative  ^vitev;  he  is, -yevj  argumentative. 

argumentatively  (ar-gu-men'ta-tiv-li),  adv.  In 
an  argumentative  manner ;  with  respect  to  rea- 
soning or  arguments. 

Bowles,  in  losing  his  temper,  lost  also  what  little  logic 
he  had,  and  though  in  a  vague  way  ajsthetically  right 
contrived  always  to  be  argumentatively  wrong.  ' 

Loivell,  Study  Windows,  p.  430. 

argumentativeness  (ar-gu-men'ta-tiv-nes),  n. 
The  quality  of  being  argumentative. 

Thus  was  the  young,  vacant  mind  furnished  with  much 
talk  about  Progress  of  the  Species,  Dark  Ages,  Prejudice, 
and  tlie  like,  so  that  all  were  quickly  enough  blown  out 
into  a  state  of  windy  argumentativeness. 

Carlyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  p.  78. 

argumentator  (ar'gu-men-ta"tor),  n.  [LL.,  < 
L.  argumentatus :  see  argumentation.]  One  who 
conducts  an  argument ;  a  reasoner.    N.  E.  D. 

argumentizet  (ar'gu-men-tiz),  V.  i.  [<  argu- 
ment +  -ize.]  To  argue;  debate;  reason: 
as,  "argumentising  philosophy,"  Mannyngham, 
Discourses,  p.  34. 

argumentum  (ar-gu-men'tum),  M. ;  pi.  argu- 
menta  {-{:&).  {h.:  see  argument.]  An  argument. 
—Argumentum  ad  crumenam,  an  argument  appealing 
to  the  purse,  or  to  one's  desire  to  save  money.— Argumen- 
tum ad  hominem.  See  ad  hominem.—Aigwnentvim. 
ad  ignorantlam,  an  argument  based  upon  an  adversary's 
Ignorance  of  tlie  matter  in  dispute.— Argumentum  ad 
invidiam,  an  ar.Lcuinent  appealing  to  ones  hatreds  or 
prejudices.— Argumentum  ad  judicium,  an  argument 
addressed  to  the  judgment;  a  proof  drawn  from  any  of 
the  foundations  of  knowledge  or  probability.— Argumen- 
tiun  ad  verecundiam  (literally,  an  appeal  to  one's  mod- 
esty), an  argument  from  the  opinions  of  men  whose  views 
are  commonly  accepted  as  authoritative.  Also  called  ar- 
gument from  authority.— AisvLmentvLtD.  baculinum,  an 
appeal  to  force  ;  club-  or  lynch-law.— Argumentum  ex 
concesso,  an  argument  based  on  some  previous  admis- 
sion. 

Argus  (iir'gus),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  "Apyoc,  <  apydg, 
bright.]  1.  In  Grecian  legend,  a  giant  of  vast 
strength,  held  in  early  times  to  have  four  eyes, 
and  later  to  have  eyes  without  number.  Hera 
set  him  to  guard  the  heifer  lo,  and  after  he  was 
slam  by  Hermes  transferred  his  eyes  to  the  tail 
of  the  peacock.  Hence  — 2.  Any  observant  or 
sharp-sighted  person:  as,  he  is  a  very  Argus  in 
watchfulness.— 3.  In  ornith. :  (a)  A  genus  of 
gallinaceous  birds,  of  the  order  Gallinw  and 
family  Phasianidw,  characterized  by  the  enor- 
mous development  of  the  secondary  feathers  of 
the  wings  and  middle  feathers  of  the  tail,  the 
former  being  adorned  with  numerous  ocelli,  lik- 
ened to  the  many  eyes  of  Argus.  The  type  is  the 

argus-piieasaiit  (Phasianus  argus,  or  Arqus  qinanteus  or 
pamninus)  of  the  Malay  archipelago.  Other  species  or 
varieties  are  the  Argics  grayi  of  Elliot,  from  Borneo,  the 
Argus  ocellatus  of  Verreaux,  and  the  Argus  Ujmnctatus. 
utner  lorms  of  the  word,  as  a  genus  name,  are  Arijusanus 
and  Argusianus.     (&)        c]  Any  species  of  the 

genus  Argus;  an  argus-pheasant.  The  common 
species  has  a  body  only  about  as  large  as  that  of  a  barn- 
yard hen,  but  sometimes  measures  6  or  6  feet  in  total 
length,  owing  to  the  extraordinary  development  of  the 
tau-feathers.  The  inner  feathers  of  the  wing  are  2  or  3 
leet  long,  and  beautifully  ocellated  with  metallic  iridescent 


lacking  the  extraordinary  de- 
velopment of  the  wing-  and 
tail-feathers. 

4.  A  genus  of  gastro- 
pods.   Bohadsch,  1761. 
—  5.  A  genus  of  lepi- 
dopterous  insects.  Sco- 
jwli,  1777.-6.  A  genus 
of  arachnidans.  Walker, 
1837.-7.  [Lc]  A  name 
of    certain  euryalean 
ophiurians,  or  sand-stars  vrith 
branching  arms.— Shetland  ar- 
gus, the  Astrophyton  (or  Eitryale) 
scutatum,  or  gorgon's-head,  a  kind 
of  basket-fish,  basket-urchin,  or  sea- 
basket,  sometimes  measuring  a  foot 
across.    The  ultimate  ramifications 
of  its  rays  are  estimated  to  be  some 
80,000  in  number.    See  Astrophyton 
and  basket-fish. 

Argus-eyed  (ar'gus-id),  a. 
Vigilant;  watchful;  e.xtreme- 
ly  observant.  See  Argus,  1. 
argus-pheasant  (ar  'gus -f ez  »- 
ant),  n.  See  Argus,  3. 
argUS-shell  (ar'gus-shel),  w.  [< 
argus  (with  allusion  to  the  pea- 
cock's tail)  +  shell.]  A  gastro- 
pod of  the  family  Cyprwidm,  or 
porcelain-shells,  Cyprwa  argus, 
beautifully  variegated  with  ocel- 
lated spots.  It  is  an  inhabitant 
of  the  Pacific  ocean, 
argutationt  (ar-gu-ta'shon),  11.  [<  argute,  q.  v. 
Cf.  L.  argutatio(ti-),  a  creaking,  <  argutari,  pp. 
argutatus,  creak,  make  a  noise,  <  argutus,  clear, 
sharp,  shrill:  see  argute.]  Cavil;  over-refine- 
ment in  arguing  ;  quibble;  subtlety:  as,  "friv- 
olous argutations,"  Bp.  Hall,  Myst.  of  Godli- 
ness, 8. 

argute  (ar-guf),  a.  [  <  L.  argutus,  clear,  bright, 
sharp,  sagacious,  formally  pp.  of  arguere,  make 
clear:  see  argue.]  1.  Sharp,  as  a  taste;  shrill, 
as  a  sound.— 2.  Subtle;  ingenious;  sagacious; 
shrewd;  keen. 

I  will  have  him,  continued  ray  father,  .  .  .  vigilant 
acute,  argute,  inventive.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy.' 

The  active  preacher,  the  restless  missionary,  the  argute 
schoolman.  Milman,  Latin  Christianity,  x. 

argutely  (ar-gut'li),  adv.  1.  Shrilly.— 2.  In  a 
sharp  or  subtle  manner;  sagaciously;  shrewdly. 
Sterne. 

arguteness(ar-gut'nes),  «.  1.  Shrillness.— 2. 
Aeuteness;  wittiness;  sagacity;  shrewdness. 

This  [Seneca]  tickles  you  by  starts  with  his  arguteness, 
that  [Plutarch]  pleases  you  for  continuance  with  his  pro- 
priety. Dryden,  Plutarch,  p.  118. 

Argynnis  (iir-jin'is),  «.    [NL.,  appar.  orig.  a 

misprint  for  *argyrius  or  *argyreus,  <  Gr.  apyv- 
pioQ,  silvery,  <  apyvpoQ,  silver.]  A  genus  of  but- 
terflies, of  the  family  Nymphalido',  commonly 
called  fritillaries,  the  several  species  of  which 
have  the  under  side  of  the  wings  marked  with 
silvery  spots.  A .  cyhele  njiA  A .  wi^/rwa  are  two 
familiar  North  American  species, 
argyranthemous  (ar-ji-ran'the-mus),  a.  [<Gr. 
ap)vpo^,  silver,  -|-  avde/nov,  a  flower.]  In  bot., 
having  silvery-white  flowers.    Craig,  1847. 


argyranthous  (;ir-ji-ran'thus),  «.     [<  Gr.  ap. 
yvpoc,  silver,  -I-  avOoc,  a  flower.]    In  bot.,  same 
as  argyranthemous. 
argyraspid  (iir-ji-ras'pid),  n.    [<  Gr.  apyvpauTTt- 
<Stf,  pi.,  lit.  the  silvor-.shielded,  <  a/jj-Dpof,  silver, 
-I-  a<T7r/f(d(T7r«5-),  a  shield.]  A  soldier  of  a  chosen 
body  in  the  army  of  Alexander  the  Great,  distin- 
guished by  carrying  shields  plated  with  silver, 
as  a  mark  of  honor.    The  name  was  retained  after 
the  time  of  Alexander  for  soldiers  of  similar  chosen  bodies 
in  other  Macedonian  and  Greek  annie.s. 
argyria  (iir-jir'i-ii),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  apyvpoc,  sil- 
ver, +  -ia.]    Same  as  argyrism. 
argyriasis  (ar-ji-ri'a-sis),  n.   [NL.,  <  Gr.  apyvpoc^, 

silver,  -\-  -iasis.]    Same  as  argyrism. 
argyric  (iir-jir'ik),  a.    [<  Gr.  apyi'pm6c,  of  silver, 
<  ap}vpor,  silver,  silver  money;  cf.  L.  equiv.  ar- 
gentum :  see  argent.]    In  chem.,  of  silver:  same 
as  argentic. 

argyrism  (ar'ji-rizm),  n.    [(For  form,  cf.  Gr. 

apyvpiafi6Q,  a  getting  money,  <  apyvpiCeadat,  get 
money)  <  Gr.  apyvpiCeiv,  be  of  a  silver  color,  < 
apyvpn^,  silver,  money.]  A  discoloration  of  tho 
skin  and  other  parts  of  the  body  due  to  the 
medicinal  use  for  a  considerable  time  of  prep-  , 
arations  of  silver,  it  is  caused  by  the  deposition  of 
silver  or  its  compounds  in  a  state  of  minute  subdivision  in 
certain  tissues.    Also  argyria,  argyriasis. 

argyrite  (ar'ji-iit),  n.  [<  Gr.  apyvpiric,  silver 
ore,  fem.  of  apyvpirr/c,  of  silver,  <  apyvpoc,  sil- 
ver.] _  In  mineral.,  same  as  argcntite. 

argyrized  (ar'ji-rizd),  a.  [<  Gr.  apyvpoc,  silver, 
+  -ise  +  -ed"^.]    Exhibiting  argyrism. 

ar^rodite  (ar-jir'o-iUt),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apyv- 
p(Jor/c,  like  silver,  rich  in  silver  (<  apyvpoc,  sil- 
ver, +  eZfJof,  form),  +  -ite'^.]  A  mineral  con- 
taining silver,  sulphur,  and  the  new  element 
germanium.  It  occurs  in  steel-gray  crystalline 
aggregates  at  Freiberg,  Saxony. 

Argyroneta  (ar*ji-ro-ne'ta),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
apyvpoc,  silver,  +  vr/rdc,  verbal  adj.  of  veiv,  spin.] 
A  genus  of  aquatic  spi- 
ders, of  the  family 
Agalenid(e  (or  Araneidce 
in  a  strict  sense).  The 
type  of  the  genus  is  the  well- 
known  water-spider  or  div- 
ing-spider, A.  ayuatica,  of  Eu- 
rope, which  spins  a  tubular 
web  under  water,  like  a  div- 
ing-bell, mouth  downward, 
which  is  then  inflated  with 
air  carried  down  in  I>ubbles 
upon  the  spider's  body  and 
set  free  beneath  the  bell. 

Argjnropelecinse  (ar'ji- 
ro-pel-e-si'ne),  n.  jil. 
[NL.,  <  Argyropelecus  + 
-ince.]  A  subfamily  of 
Sternoptycliidw,  repre- 
sented by  the  genus 
Argyropelecus,  with  the 
abdominal  outline  ab- 
ruptly contracted  in  ad- 
vance of  the  anal  fin, 
several  produced  neural 
spines  constituting  a 
serriform  ridge  in  advance  of  the  dorsal  fin, 
and  about  nine  branchiostegal  rays. 

Argyropelecus  (ar"ji-r6-pel'e-kus),  «.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  apyvpoc,  silver,  -I-  Trf/eKvc,  hatchet.]  The 
typical  genus  of  fishes  of  the  subfamily  Arqy- 
ropelecime :  so  called  fi-om  the  silvery  color  and 
somewhat  hatchet-like  shape. 

argyrose  (iir'ji-ros),  n.  [F.,  <  Gr.  apyvpoc:  see 
argent.]   In  mineral.,  same  as  argentite. 

arh-,  in  words  of  Greek  origin.    See  arrh-. 

Arhan  (ar'han),  n.    Same  as  Arhat. 

arhapedan  (ar-hap'e-dan),  n.  A  Syrian  mea- 
sure of  land,  a  square  of  100  feet  on  the  side. 

Arhat  (ar'hat),  n.  [<  Skt.  arhant,  deser\ing, 
worthy,  fit,  ppr.  oti/  arh,  deserve,  be  worthy.] 
The  highest  rank  of  Buddhist  saintship;  spe- 
cifically, one  of  the  original  five  hundred  disci- 
ples of  Gautama  Buddha.  Also  Arahat,  Bahat, 
and  Arhan,  Rahan. 

arhatship  (ar 'hat-ship),  n.    [<  Arhat  +  -ship.] 
The  state  of  an  Arhat.  Also  arahatship. 

The  central  point  of  primitive  Buddhism  v.as  the  doc- 
trine of  Arahatship,  —  3.  aysttym  i>i  etliical  and  nu  iital  self- 
culture,  in  which  deliverance  was  fouml  from  all  tlio  mys- 
teries and  sorrows  of  life  in  a  change  of  heart  to  be  reached 
here  on  earth.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  226. 

arhizal,  arhizous,  a.  More  common  but  less 
correct  forms  of  arrhi:;al,  arrhizous. 

aria  (a'ri-a  or  a'ri-ii),  n.  [It.,  <  L.  aer,  air:  see 
air^,  also  ffw-l.]  In  music:  (a)  A  rhythmical 
and  metrical  melody  or  time  for  a  single  voice 
(rarely  for  a  monophouous  instrument),  having 
a  vocal  or  instmmental  accompaniment:  dis- 


Water-spider 
^Argyroneta  aqitatica). 


ana 

tinguished  from  a  song  by  being  less  simple 
and  less  purely  lyrical.  The  aria  grande  is  the 
next  most  elaborate  species  of  solo  vocal  music 
to  the  scena  (which  see),  {b)  A  distinct  form 
of  solo  vocal  music,  distinguished  by  a  clear 
di\dsion  into  three  parts,  namely,  a  principal 
section,  a  subordinate  section,  and  a  repeti- 
tion, with  or  without  alterations,  of  the  first 
section  :  otherwise  known  as  the  da  capo  form, 
(c)  A  solo  movement,  whether  in  strict  aria 
form  or  not,  in  an  extended  vocal  work,  like  an 
opera  or  an  oratorio:  as,  the  soprano  aria  "I 
know  that  my  Eedeemer  liveth."  See  air^,  1. 
Arian^  (a'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [Formerly  also  Ar- 
rian  (AS.  Arriaiiisc);  =F.  Arien,  <  LL.  Arianus 
(<  LGr.  kpewi'of),  <  Arius,  Arius  (improp.  Ar- 
riiis),  <  Gr.  ^'Apeiog,  a  man's  name,  prop,  adj., 
martial,  warlike,  of  Ares  or  Mars,  <  'ii-P'/f,  Ai'es, 
Mars:  see  J/r*.]  I.  fl.  1 .  Pertaining  to  or  of 
the  nature  of  the  doctrines  of  Ai'ius.  See  II. 
—  2.  Adhering  to  Arius  or  his  doctrines. 

II.  n.  In  theol.,  one  who  adheres  to  the  doc- 
trines of  Arius  and  his  school.  Arius  was  a  pres- 
byter of  the  church  of  Alexaiulria  in  the  tmirth  century. 
^  He  held  tliat  the  Son  was  bejiotten  of  tlie  Fatlier,  and  there- 
~  fore  not  eoeternal  nor  eonsubstantial  with  the  Father,  but 
created  liy  and  subordinate  to  the  Father,  though  pos- 
sessing a  similar  nature.  The  name  Arian  is  given  in  the- 
ology not  only  to  all  those  who  adopt  this  particular 
view  of  the  nature  of  Christ,  Ijut  also  to  all  those  who, 
holding  to  the  divine  nature  of  Christ,  yet  maintain  his 
dependence  upon  and  subordination  to  the  Father  in  the 
Godhead.  As  a  class  the  Ariaiis  accept  tlie  Scriptures  as 
a  divinely  inspired  and  authoritative  book,  and  declare 
their  doctrines  to  be  sustained  by  its  teachings.  The  doc- 
trine of  Arius  was  authoritatively  condemned  by  the 
Council  of  Nice  A.  li.  ii25,  which  decreed  that  Jesus 
Christ  was  "very  God  of  very  God ;  begotten,  not  made ;  of 
one  substance  with  the  Father." 

Arian^,  a.  and  ti.    See  Aryan. 

-arian.  [<  L.  -dri-us  (E.  -«)•(/!,  -ar^)  +  -dn-us, 
E.  -an.']  A  compound  suffix  of  Latin  origin, 
forming  adjectives,  and  thence  nouns,  from  or 
instead  of  adjectives  or  uotms  in  -ary^.  Words 

so  formed  refer  sometimes  to  things,  as  wjrarian,  but 
chiefly  to  persons,  either  in  regard  to  pursuit  or  occupa- 
tion, as  anii'jiiarian,  or  to  age,  as  nexarjenarian,  octoge- 
narian, centenarian,  etc.,  or  to  religious  or  social  belief 
and  practice,  as  Aquarian,  MiUenarian,  necessarian,  Su- 
pralapsarian.  Unitarian,  humanitarian,  utilitarian,  etc. 
In  the  last  use  the  termination  is  extended  to  words  of 
non-Latin  origin,  as  anythinijarian,  nothingarian. 

Arianism  (a'ri-an-izm),  n.  [=  F.  Arlanisme,  < 
Gr.  'Apuavidfidc,  <  'Apsiavi^eiv,  Ai'ianize.]  The 
doctrines  of  the  Arians.    See  Arian'^-,  n. 

Arianize  (a'ri-an-iz),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Arianized, 
ppr.  Arianizing.  [<  LGr.  ApeiaviQuv,  be  an  Arian, 
XApetavd^,  Axiaji:  Arian^.']  1.  trans.  To  ren- 
der conformable  to  Arianism ;  convert  to  Ari- 
anism. 

II.  intrans.  To  favor  or  admit  the  tenets 
of  the  Arians ;  tend  toward  Arianism :  as,  an 
Arianizing  sect  of  Christians. 

Arianizer  (a'ri-an-i-zer),  n.  One  who  favors, 
tends  toward,  or  converts  others  to  Arianism. 

Arica  bark.    See  hark^. 

aricari  (ar-i-ka'ri),  n.    See  aracari. 

Aricia  (a-rish'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  prob.  <  L.  Aricia, 
a  town  in  Latium,  now  (It.)  La  Riccia.']  The 
typical  genus  of  the  family  Ariciidw. 

Ariciidse  (ar-i-si'i-de),  n.  pi.  [Nli.,  <  Aricia  + 
-id(e.~}  A  family  of  free  marine  annelids,  of  the 
order  Cluetopoda. 

aricin  (ar'i-sin),  H.  [<  Arica,  the  name  of  a  place 
(formerly  in  Peru,  now  in  Chili)  whence  the  bark 
is  exported,  +  -/«2.]  An  alkaloid  found  in  the 
bark  of  some  species  of  Cinchona.    See  hark"^. 

arid  (ar'id),  fl.  [<  L.  aridus,  dry,  <  arere,  be 
dry.]  Dry;  without  moisture;  parched  with 
heat;  hence,  figiu-atively,  iminteresting,  life- 
less, dull,  pithless,  etc. 

The  arid  abstractions  of  the  schoolmen  were  succeeded 
by  the  fanciful  visions  of  the  occult  philosophers. 

I.  D'Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  285. 
As  arid  as  a  tuft  of  moss  (a  thing  whose  life  is  in  the 
shade,  the  rain,  or  the  mountain  dew)  crumbling  in  the 
sunshine,  after  long  expectance  of  a  shower. 

Hawthorne,  Blithedale  Romance,  xi. 
The  capital  defect  of  cold,  arid  natures  is  the  want  of 
animal  spirits.  E)nerson,  Society  and  Solitude. 

aridas  (ar'i-das),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  kind 
of  taffeta,  or  plain  smooth  silk  stuff  without 
pattern,  from  the  East  Indies. 

aridge  (&-Tiy),prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  +  ridge.} 
In  a  ridge ;  in  or  into  a  ridge-Uke  position. 

You're  oUers  quick  to  set  your  back  aridge, 
Though't  suits  a  tom-cat  more'n  a  sober  bridge. 

Lowell,  Monument  to  the  Bridge. 

aridity  (a-rid'i-ti),  11. ;  pi.  aridities  (-tiz).  [=F. 
aridite,  <  L.  ariditas,  dryness,  <  aridus,  dry:  see 
arid.']  1.  The  state  of  being  arid;  dryness; 
want  of  moisture. —  2.  Figuratively,  want  of 
interest;  dryness;  lifelessness. 


308 

The  harsh  ascetic  mode  of  treating  philosophy  by  the 
schoolmen  generated  a  corresponding  bai-renness,  aridity 
and  repulsiveness,  in  the  rigid  forms  of  their  technical 
language.  De  Quincey,  Style,  iv. 

I  have  often  been  reproached  with  the  aridity  of  my 
genius.  Poe,  Tales,  1. 140. 

3.  Dullness  of  mind  or  situation ;  depression ; 
tedium. 

strike  my  soul  with  lively  apprehensions  of  thy  excel- 
lences, to  bear  up  my  spirit  under  the  greatest  aridities 
and  dejections.  Norris. 

aridness  (ar'id-nes),  n.    Same  as  aridity. 

Around  and  between  the  ruined  cities,  and  reaching  far 
and  wide  to  the  north  and  east,  were  blank  aridiiess  and 
desolation.  0' Donovan,  Merv,  xx. 

-arieae.  [NL.,  fem.  pi.  of  -arietis,  <  L.  -dri-us  + 
-c-us:  see  -ary^  and  -eoMS.]  In  hot.,  an  ordinal 
termination,  used  by  some  authors  in  a  very 
few  cases  instead  of  the  more  common  -acea'. 

Ariel!  (a'ri-el),  n.  [In  def.  1,  <  LL.  ariel,  <  Gr. 
dpii/?^,  <  Heb.  ariel,  in  the  passage  cited  of  un- 
certain meaning,  perhaps  'fire-altar  of  God' 
(Gesenius) ;  elsewhere  in  the  Old  Testament  as 
a  man's  name  and  as  an  appellation  of  Jerusa- 
lem, where  it  is  taken  as  '  lion  of  God.*  Hence, 
in  T.  Heywood  and  Milton,  the  name  of  an 
angel,  and  in  Shakspere  of  an  '  airy  spirit ' 
{^f.  E.  D.).  There  is  an  allusion  in  the  poets' 
use  to  aerial,  airy^  ;  hence  the  application  to  a 
heavenly  body  and  to  birds.]  If.  [/.  c]  An 
altar.    See  etymology  and  quotation. 

Forsothe  the  ylk  ariel  or  auter  [thilke  ariel,  that  is  the 
hijere  part  of  the  auter,  Purv.]  of  foure  cubitis,  and  fro 
ariel  (the  auter,  Purv.]  vn  to  above,  foure  corners, 

Wyclif,  Ezek,,  xliii,  15, 16(0xf,  ed,). 

2.  The  innermost  of  the  satellites  of  Uranus, 
discovered  by  Lassell  in  1851.  It  revolves 
about  its  primary  in  2J  days. — 3.  [I.  c]  In 
ornith.,  applied  to  sundry  birds  of  buoyant  airy 
flight:  as,  the  ariel  swallow,  Clielidon  arid;  the 
ariel  petrel,  Procellaria  ariel;  the  ariel  toucan, 
Rhamphastos  ariel. 

arieP  (a'ri-el),  11.  [<  Ar.  aryil,  var.  of  ayyil,  a 
stag,  applied  in  Syria  to  the  gazel  (Dozy) ;  cf. 
Ar.  also  lydl,  a  stag.]  In  zool.,  an  Arabian 
gazel,  Gazella  dama. 

They  are  dainty  little  antelopes,  these  gazelles  and 
ariels  of  the  Soudan.         Contemporary  Rev.,  XLIX.  854. 

arierbant,  «•    See  arriere-ban. 

Aries  (a'ri-ez),  n.  [<  L.  arics  (ariet-),  OL.  ares 
=  It.  and  Gael,  rcith,  a  ram.]  1.  One  of  the 
zodiacal  constellations. — 2.  The  first  sign  of 
the  zodiac  (marked  T),  which  the  sim  enters 


Arimaspian 

She  hastened  to  beseech  their  attention  unto  a  military 
ariette.  Scott. 

aright  (a-rif),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  ME.  aright, 
arigt,  ariht,  etc.,  <  AS.  driht,  earlier  on  riht, 
aright:  on,  E.  a3;  riht,  E.  right:  see  right,  n. 
The  second  sense  is  modern.]  1.  Rightly;  in 
a  right  way  or  form ;  without  error  or  fault. 

Norcan  a  man  of  passions  judge  aright. 
Except  his  mind  be  from  all  passions  free. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  iv. 

These  mingled  seeds  thy  hand  shall  set  aright. 
All  laid  in  heaps,  each  after  its  own  kind. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  264, 

2.  To  or  toward  the  right  hand.  [Rare.] 

The  affrighted  foemen  scatter  from  his  spear,  aright,  aleft, 
Southey,  Joan  of  Arc,  vi,  308. 

Ariina  (ar-i-i'na),  w.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Arius  +  -ina.] 
In  Giinther's  classification  of  fishes,  a  group  of 
Siluridw  proteropterw,  with  the  anterior  and 
posterior  nostrils  close  together  and  without 
nasal  barbels:  synonymous  with  Ariinm. 

Ariinse  (ar-i-i'ne),  it.pl.  [NL.,  <  Arius  +  -mice.] 
In  ichth.,  a  subfamily  of  siluroid  fishes,  typified 
by  the  genus  Arius.  They  have  a  form  resembling 
that  of  the  North  American  catflshes,  but  the  anterior 
nostrils  are  close  to  the  posterior,  and  the  latter  have  no 
barbels.  Most  species  have  a  bony  occipital  shield,  be- 
tween which  and  the  dorsal  fin  is  a  smaller  antedorsal 
shield ;  the  dentition  is  variable,  but  palatine  teeth  are 


The  Constellation  Aries, 

at  the  vernal  equinox,  March  21st,  and  leaves 
April  20th.  Owing  to  the  precession  of  the  equinoxes, 
the  constellation  Aries  has  moved  completely  out  of  the 
sign  of  the  same  name,  which  is  now  occupied  by  the 
constellation  Pisces. 

3.  [NL.]  In  £^o67.,  a  genus  of  mammals.  Storr, 
1870. 

arietatet,  v.  i.  [<  L.  arietatus,  pp.  of  arietare, 
butt,  as  a  ram,  <  aries  (ariet-),  a  ram :  see  Aries.^ 
To  push  or  butt  like  a  ram.  Bailey. 

arietationt  (ar'i-e-ta-shon),  n.  [<  L.  arieta- 
tio(n-),<.  arietare,  butt:  see  arietate.]  1.  The  act 
of  butting  like  a  ram. — 2.  The  act  of  battering 
with  a  battering-ram. 

Ordnance  do  exceed  all  arietations  and  ancient  inven- 
tions. Bacon,  Essays,  No.  58. 

3.  The  act  of  colliding  or  conflicting.  Glanville. 
arietiform  (ar-i-et'i-form),  a.    [<  L.  Aries 

(Ariet-),  a  sign  of  the  zodiac  (see  Aries),  + 

forma,  form.]  Having  the  shape  of  the  symbol 

of  the  zodiacal  sign  Aries  (T). 
arietine  (ar'i-e-tin),  a.     [<  L.  arietinus,  <  aries 

(ariet-),  a  ram :  see  Aries.']  Butting;  pertaining 

to  or  having  the  nature  of  a  ram. 
The  gap  in  the  fence  discovered  by  their  arietine  leader. 

Literary  World,  June,  1871. 
arietta  (a-ri-et'ta),  n.    [It.,  dim.  of  aria,  q.  v.] 

A  short  song ;  aii  air,  or  a  little  air. 
ariette  (a-ri-ef),  w.    [F.,  <  It.  arietta,  q.  v.] 

Same  as  arietta. 


Salt-water  Catfish  [Arius /elis). 
{From  Report  of  U,  S,  Fish  Commission,  1884.) 

usually  present.  About  100  species  are  known,  most  of 
which  are  inhabitants  of  the  tropical  or  warm  seas.  The 
males  of  many  species  carry  the  eggs,  which  are  of  large 
size,  in  their  mouth,  and  there  hatch  them,  A  few  reach 
a  length  of  nearly  5  feet. 

aril  (ar'il).  n.  [=  P.  arille  =  Sp.  arilla  =  Pg. 
It.  arillo,  <  NL.  arillus,  <  ML.  arilli  (pi.),  dried 
grapes,  <  L.  aridus,  dry :  see  arid.]  In  bot.,  a 
term  variously  applied  to  the  accessory  cover- 
ings or  appendages  of  seeds,  it  is  sometimes  used 
in  a  general  sense,  without  regard  to  form  or  place  of  ori- 
gin, and  includes  tlie  strophiole,  caruncle,  and  arillode  (see 
these  words) ;  but  it  is  usually  limited  to  a  more  or  less 
nearly  complete  seed-covering  which  originates  from  the 
funiculus  near  the  hilum,  or  from  the  placenta  when  there 
is  no  funiculus.    Also  arillus. 

ariled  (ar'ild),  a.    Same  as  arillate. 

arillate  (ar'i-lat),  a.    [<  NL.  arillatus,  <  arillus  : 

see  aril.]  Furnished  with  an  aril,  as  the  fruit  of 

the  spindle-tree, 
arillated  (ar'i-la-ted),  a.    Same  as  arillate. 
arilli,  «.    Plural  of  arillus. 
arilliform  (a-ril'i-form),  a.    [<  NL.  arillus,  aril, 

+  L.  forma,  form.]    Having  the  form  of  an  aril, 
arillode  (ar'i-lod),  n.   [<  NL.  *arillodinm,  <  aril- 
lus, aril,  +  Gr.  etdof,  form.]   In  bot.,  a  false  aril: 

sometimes  applied  to 

a  form  of  aril  which 

originates  from  the 

micropyle  or  raphe 

instead  of  at  or  be- 
low the  hilum,  as  in 

the   nutmeg.  Also 

spelled  arilode. 
arillus  (a-ril'us),  n. ; 

pi.  arilli  (-1).  [NL.] 

Same  as  aril. 
Arilus  (ar'i-lus),  n. 

[NL.]  Agenusof  het- 

eropterous  hemip- 

terous  insects,  of  the 

t&mU.yReduviidce,tor- 

merly  including  the 

species  of  Frionidus, 

as  the  wheel-bug. 
Arimasp(ar'i-masp), 

11.    [<  L.  Arimaspi,  < 

Gr.   'AplfiaanOL,  pi.,  a    and c  magnified,)' 

'  Scythian'  word,  said 

to  mean  'one-eyed';  according  to  Herodotus, 
'  Scythian,'  <  apt/ia,  one,  +  airov,  eye ;  according 
to  Eustathius,  <  apt,  one,  +  /uaaTrdg,  eye.]  One 
of  the  Arimaspi,  a  mythical  tribe  of  Scythians, 
believed  in  antiquity  to  have  carried  off  a  hoard 
of  gold  which  was  under  the  guardianship  of 
gnfiEins.  Figures  of  Arimasps  occur  sometimes  in  Greek 
art,  represented  in  Oriental  dress  and  fighting  gi  iffins. 
Arimaspian  (ar-i-mas'pi-an),  11.  Same  as  Ari- 
masp. 


Arillodes. 
a,  t>,  seed  of  Riciftus  communis; 
c,  seed  of  Chelidojtiutft  tjiajus;  d,  e, 
seed  of  Myristica  fra^rans,  nut- 
meg and  mace;  /,  arillode.    (rt,  b. 


Arimaspian 

As  when  a  gryplioii  thrmigh  flie  wilderness  .  .  . 
Pursues  the  Arimaspian,  who  Ijy  stealth 
Had  from  his  wakeful  custody  purloin'd 
The  guarded  gold.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  945. 

Goat  or  griffin,  Christian  or  Cockney,  Miser  or  Arimas- 
P«<"'-  Blackwood's  Mag.,  XXI.  780. 

Arinae  (a-ri'ne),  n.pl.  [<  Ara^  +  -ince.']  A  sub- 
family of  birds,  of  the  family  Psittacidce,  includ- 
ing the  wedge-tailed  macaws  and  parrakeets  of 
America.  See  Ara"^  and  Conuriis.  Also  written 
Arainw. 

ariolation  (ar'-'i-o-la'shon),  w.    See  hariolation. 

Arion  (a-ri'on),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  Avion,  <  Gr.  'ApU 
(jv,  a  celebrated  cithara-player,  said  to  have 
been  rescued  fi-om  drowning  by  a  dolphin.]  A 
genus  of  pulmonate  gastropods,  by  some  refer- 
red to  the  family  Limacidw  and  subfamily  Ario- 
nincc,  but  now  generally  considered  as  the  type 
of  a  family  Arionidce,  including  several  species 
of  slugs,  of  which  A.  ater,  the  black  slug,  is  a 
characteristic  example. 

In  the  principal  genus,  Arion,  there  is  a  triangular  pore 
at  the  upper  posterior  part  of  the  body,  which  readily  sep- 
arates it  from  Limax.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.  319. 

arionid  (a-n'on-id),  n.  A  gastropod  of  the  fam- 
ily Arionidce. 

Arionidae  (ar-i-on'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Arion  + 
-idw.]  A  family  of  geophUous  pulmonate  gas- 
tropods, resembling  the  Limacidw,  and  repre- 
sented by  such  genera  as  Arion  and  Ariolimax. 
Its  technical  characters  are  a  shell  reduced  to  a  small  flat 
plate  or  granules,  a  small  and  shield-like  anterior  mantle, 
the  jaw  entire  and  transversely  ribbed,  and  teeth  of  three 
kinds,  the  laterals  especially  differing  from  those  of  the 
Linmcidce  by  their  low,  wide,  and  quadrate  form.  They 
are  confounded  with  the  limacids  under  the  general  name 
of  slugs. 

Arioninae  (ar'-'i-o-ni'lie),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Arion 
+  -ince.']  The  slugs  of  the  genu?  Arion  and  re- 
lated genera,  such  as  Ariolimax,  regarded  as  a 
subfamily  of  the  Limacidce. 

The  Limacidae  are  divisible  into  three  subfamilies.  In 
the  Arioyiinm  the  shell  may  be  present,  though  concealed 
by  the  mantle,  or  it  may  be  represented  by  a  number  of 
calcareous  grains  scattered  through  the  corresponding 
portion  of  the  mantle.     .         Stand.  Nat.  Hijit.,  I.  318. 

ariose  (ar-i-6s'),  «.  [<  It.  arioso,  q.  v.]  Charac- 
terized by  melody,  as  distinguished  from  har- 
mony. [Rare.] 

Mendelssohn  wants  the  ariose  beauty  of  Handel ;  vocal 
melody  is  not  hisfc^.-te;  theinterest  of  his  airs  is  harmonic. 

Foreign  Quarterly  Rev. 

arioso  (a-re-o'so),  a.  [It.,  <  aria,  air:  see  aria 
and  «i>3.]  In  music,  Uke  an  air,  as  contradis- 
tinguished from  recitative.  The  word  is  used  espe- 
cially with  reference  to  recitative  passages  which  are 
treated  more  in  the  smooth  and  melodious  style  of  airs 
than  in  the  ordinary  style  of  recitatives.  In  instrumental 
music  It  indicates  a  flowing  vocal  style.  Prefixed  to  an 
ail-,  it  denotes  a  sustained  elaborate  style,  appropriate  to 
the  great  airs  of  an  opera. 

-arious.  [Aceom.  of  L.  -arius:  see  -arj/l  and 
-OMS.]  A  sulSx  of  Latia  origin,  another  form 
of  -ary\  but  used  only  in  adjectives,  as  in  ad- 
versarious,  arenarious,  calcarious  (now  eiTone- 
ously  calcareous),  gregarious,  vicarious,  etc. 

arisadt,  arisardt,  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  long 
robe  or  tunic  girded  at  the  waist,  worn  by 
women  in  Scotland  as  late  as  1740.  Planche. 
Also  airisad,  airisard. 

arise  (a-riz'),  v.  i.;  pret.  arose,  pp.  arisen,  ppr. 
arising.  [<  ME.  arisen,  <  AS.  arisan  (=  ONorth. 
arrisa  =  OS.  artsan  =  OHO.  ar-,  ir-,  ur^isan  = 
Goth,  urreisan,  arise),  <a-  +  risan,  rise:  see  a-l 
and  rwel.]  1.  To  get  up  from  sitting,  lying, 
or  kneeling,  or  from  a  posture  or  state  of  re- 
pose, as  from  sleep  or  the  grave :  as,  the  audi- 
ence arose  and  remained  standing. 

I  will  arise,  and  go  to  my  father.  Luke  xv.  18. 

The  king  arose  very  early  in  the  morning.     Dan.  vi.  19. 

Arise  from  the  dead,  and  Christ  shall  give  thee  light. 

Eph.  V.  14. 

Many  bodies  of  the  saints  which  slept  arose. 

Mat.  xxvii.  52. 
Arise,  he  said,  to  conquering  Athens  go. 
There  fate  appoints  an  end  of  all  thy  woe. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  533. 
I  dub  thee  knight. 
Arise,  Sir  Ralph,  De  Wilton's  heir. 

Scott,  Marmion,  vi.  12. 

2.  To  get  up  from  a  sitting  or  session,  as  of  a 
court;  suspend  sittings  for  a  time;  adjourn: 
as,  the  court  arose  at  4  o'clock.  [Ar&haie:  see 
nse.l—Z.  To  spring  up  from,  or  as  from,  the 
ground  ;  ascend ;  mount  or  move  from  a  lower 
to  a  higher  place  :  as,  vapors  arise  from  humid 
groim.d. 

The  forests  were  filled  with  birds  ;  and,  at  the  discharge 
Of  an  arquebuse,  whole  flocks  would  arise. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  76. 
From  right  to  left  about  the  flashing  mass 
Arose  a  spiral  stair,  the  tower  ringing. 

C.  De  Kay,  Vision  of  Nimrod,  v. 


309 


4.  To  come  into  view,  as  from  a  hiding-place  ; 
specifically,  to  appear,  as  the  sun  or  a  star, 
above  the  horizon :  hence,  to  begin,  or  be  ush- 
ered in,  as  the  day. 

Arise,  fair  sun,  and  kill  the  envious  moon. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  2. 
While  day  arises,  that  sweet  hour  of  prime. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  170. 

5.  To  come  into  being  or  action;  come  into 
existence  or  play;  start  into  prominence  or 
activity ;  appear ;  come  upon  the  scene :  as,  a 
false  prophet  has  arisen;  a  great  wind  arose; 
a  cry  arose. 

Now  there  arose  up  a  new  king  over  Egypt,  which  knew 
not  Joseph.  j;^.  i.  g. 

Whence  heavy  persecution  shall  arise 
On  all,  who  in  the  worship  persevere 
Of  spirit  and  truth.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  531. 

For  the  mighty  wind  arises,  roaring  seaward,  and  I  go. 

Tennyson,  Locksley  Hali. 
The  idea  of  a  universal  and  beneficent  Creator  of  the 
universe  does  not  seem  to  arise  in  the  mind  of  man  until 
he  has  been  elevated  by  long-continued  culture. 

Darwin,  Descent  of  Man,  II.  377. 

6.  To  have  a  beginning  or  origin ;  originate. 
(a)  To  have  or  take  its  rise,  as  a  river ;  rise,  as  from  a 
source,  (b)  To  result  or  proceed,  as  from  a  cause  :  as,  most 
of  these  appalUng  accidents  arise  from  carelessness. 

All  the  powers  and  capacities  of  man,  being  the  work  of 
God,  must  have  their  proper  place  in  his  designs  ;  and  the 
evil  m  the  world  arises  not  from  their  use,  but  from  their 
misuse.  Gladstojie,  Might  of  Right,  p.  110. 

7.  To  come  or  spring  up  incidentally,  as  any- 
thing requiring  attention :  as,  other  cases  can 
be  attended  to  as  they  arise. 

Fortunately,  the  contingency  to  which  I  allude  [the  ne- 
cessity of  a  coup  d'f5tat]  never  aro.se. 

E.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  124. 

8.  To  rise  in  hostility;  rebel:  with  against: 
as,  the  men  arose  against  their  ofiScers. 

When  he  arose  against  me,  I  caught  him  by  his  beard. 

1  Sara.  xvii.  35. 

[In  senses  1-4,  6  (a),  and  8,  rise  is  now  more 
common.]  =Syn.  Arise,  Rise.  The  choice  between  these 
words  was  primarily,  and  still  often  is,  a  matter  of  rhythm 
The  literal  meanings,  however,  or  those  which  seem  literal 
have  become  more  associated  with  rise,  and  the  consciously 
figurative  with  arise ;  as,  he  rose  from  his  chair ;  the  sun  rose  ■ 
the  provinces  rose  in  revolt;  trouble  arose;  "Music  arose 
with  Its  voluptuous  svren,"  Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iii.  21. 

ariset  (a-riz'),  n.    [<  arise,  v.  «.]  Eising. 

Upon  the  arise  or  descent  of  the  stars. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. ,  vi.  3. 

arish  (ar'ish),  n.     [Pers.]    A  Persian  linear 
measure,  equal  to  38.364  English  inches, 
aristt,  n.   [ME. ,  <  AS.  wrist,  erist,  erest  (=  Goth. 
urnsts),  arising,  <  arisan,  arise,  +  -t,  a  common 
noun  formative.]    A  rising,  as  from  a  seat,  a 
bed,  or  the  ground,  or  from  below  the  horizon : 
as,  "at  the  sonne  ari.ste,"  Chaucer,  Astrolabe, 
aristt.    A  shortened  form  of  ariseth.  Chaucer. 
arista  (a-ris'ta),  n.;  pi.  aristw  (-te).     [L.,  the 
awn  or  beard  of  grain.    Cf.  arrest'^.']    1.  In 
lot.,  an  awn  (which  see).— 2.  In  zool.,  an  awn 
or  tactile  filament  at  the  end  of  the  antenna  of 
an  insect,  as  in  some  Diptera. 

The  antenna;  .  .  .  may  ...  be  very  short  and  com- 
posed of  three  joints,  frequently  bearing  a  tactile  hair  at 
the  extremity  (arista).  Clam,  Zobl.  (trans.),  I.  573. 

aristarch  (ar'is-tark),  n.  [<  L.  Aristarchus,  < 
Gr.  Ap'iarapxog,  a  critic  of  Alexandria,  noted  for 
his  severity,  especially  in  regard  to  the  Homeric 
poems.]  A  severe  critic:  as,  "the  aristarch 
Johnson  "  Scott,  Abbot,  Int. 
Aristarcnian  (ar-is-tar'ki-an),  a.  [<  Gr.  ^Apt- 
oTcipxeto^,  <  Aphrapxoc;  or  <"Aristarckus  +  -ian.] 
Like  the  ancient  critic  Aristarchus;  severely 
critical. 

aristarchyl  (ar'is-tar-ki),  n.  •  pi.  aristarchies 
(-kiz).  [<  LGr.  apiarapxia,  <  Gr.  apiarapxac,  best- 
ruHng,  <  aptoToc,  best,  +  apxetv,  rule.  Cf.  aris- 
tocracy.'] Government  by  the  best  men ;  a  body 
of  worthy  men  constituting  a  government, 
aristarchy^t  (ar'is-tar-ki),  n.  [<  Aristarchus.] 
Severe  criticism  like  that  of  the  ancient  critic 
Aristarchus.  [Rare.] 

Howbeit,  the  ground  on  which  I  would  build  his  chief 
praise  (to  some  of  the  Aristarchy  and  sour  censures  of 
these  days)  requires,  first,  an  apology. 

Sir  J.  Harington,  Brief  View  of  Ch.  of  Eng.,  p.  153. 

aristate  (a-ris'tat),  a.  [<  LL.  aristatus,  <  L. 
arista,  awn  or  beard  of  grain.]  Awned;  hav- 
ing a  pointed,  beard-like  process,  like  that  of 
barley.  See  cut  under  barley. 
aristocracy  (ar-is-tok'ra-si),  n.;  pi.  aristocra- 
cies (-siz).    [<  OP.  arisiocracie,  P.  aristocratic, 

<  ML.  *aristocratia,  <  Gr.  aptaTOKparia,  the  rule 
of  the  best  (cf.  apwTOKparelcdai,  be  governed  by 
the  best-born),  <  aptaroc,  best,  +  -Kparia,  rule, 

<  Kpareiv,  be  strong,  rvde.]  If.  Government  by 
the  best  men  in  the  state  ;  a  governing  body 
composed  of  the  best  men  in  the  state. 


Aristolochia 


He  [Periander]  reckoned  that  popular  estate  .  .  .  best 
which  came  nearest  unto  an  aristocracy  or  regiment  of 
wise  an{l  noble  senate.      Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  276. 

2.  A  form  of  government  in  which  the  supreme 
power  IS  exercised  Ijy  those  members  of  the 
state  who  are  distinguished  by  their  rank  and 
opulence.  When  the  ruling  power  is  exercised  by  a 
very  few  of  this  class  to  the  exclusion  of  all  others  the 
government  becomes  an  oligarchy. 

The  aristocracy  of  Venice  hath  admitted  so  many  abuses 
.  .  .  that  the  period  of  its  duration  seems  to  ajjproacli. 

Swift. 

Take  away  the  standing  armies,  and  leave  the  nobles  to 
themselves,  and  in  a  few  years  they  would  overturn  every 
monarchy  in  Europe,  and  erect  aristocracies. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  288. 

3.  A  body  of  persons  holding  exceptional  pre- 
scriptive rank  or  privileges;  specifically,  a 
class  of  hereditary  nobility;  the  nobles  of  a 
country  and  those  nearly  related  to  them. 

Between  the  aristocracy  and  the  working  people  had 
sprung  up  a  middle  class,  agricultural  and  commercial. 

Mucaulay. 

4.  Persons  noted  for  superiority  in  any  charac- 
ter or  quality,  taken  collectively:  as,  the  aris- 
tocracy of  wealth  or  of  culture. 

aristocrat  (ar'is-to-krat  or  a-ris'to-krat),  n.  [<  " 
aristocrate,  a  reverse  formation  from  the 
adj.  aristocrutique :  see  aristocratic]  1.  A 
member  of  the  aristocracy  or  men  of  rank  in  a 
community ;  hence,  a  person  having  the  traits 
supposed  to  be  characteristic  of  an  aristocracy: 
as,  "a  born  aristocrat,"  Mrs.  Browning.— 2. 
One  who  favors  an  aristocracy ;  one  who  is  an 
advocate  of  an  aristocratic  form  of  govern- 
ment. 

aristocratic  (ar"is-to-krat'ik),  a.  [<  p.  (tristo- 
cratic/ite,  <  Gr.  apiaroKpariKd^,  pertaining  lo  aris- 
tocracy, <  apioTOKparta:  see  aristocracy.]  1.  Per- 
taining to  aristocracy  or  a  ruling  oligarchy  j 
consisting  in  or  pertaining  to  the  rule  of  a 
privileged  class ;  oligarchic:  as,  sm  aristocratic 
constitution  ;  an  aristocratic  government. 

The  Areopagus  was  a  body  of  aristocratic  tendencies 
consisting  of  those  who  had  served  the  oHice  of  archon; 
its  function  was  to  maintain  the  laws  in  their  integrity. 

Von  Ranke,  Univ.  Hist,  (trans.),  p.  144 

2.  Pertaining  to,  resembling,  or  befitting  the 
nobility  or  men  of  rank;  resembling  in  man- 
ners or  character  the  aristocracy  or  higher 
classes  in  a  community:  as,  aristocratic  pride; 
aristocratic  in  sentiment. — 3.  Belonging  to  an 
aristocracy. 

aristocratical  (ar"is-to-krat'i-kal),  a.   Same  as 

aristocratic. 

aristocratically  (ar"is-to-krat'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  aristocratic  manner, 
aristocraticalness  (ar"is-t6-krat'i-kal-nes),  n. 

The  quality  of  being  aristocratic, 
aristocratism  (ar'is-to-krat-izm  or  ar-is-tok'ra- 
tizm),  n.  \i  aristocrats  -ism.]  Aristocratic  rant, 
privilege,  or  character;  the  state  or  condition 
of  being  aristocratic  in  rank  or  feeling;  mem- 
bership of  or  adlierenee  to  a  pri\aleged  class. 

Aristocratism  rolls  in  its  carriage,  while  patriotism  can- 
not trail  its  cannon.  Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  III.  i.  2. 

aristocratize  (ar-is-tok'ra-tiz),  V. ;  pret.  and 

pp.  aristocraiized,  ppr.  dristocratizing.  [<  F. 
aristocratiser,  <  aristocrate :  see  aristocrav  and 
-ize.]    I.  trans.  To  render  aristocratic. 

II,  intrans.  To  favor  or  support  aristocracv. 
[Rare.] 

aristocratyt  (ar-is-tok'ra-ti),  n.    Same  as  aris- 
tocracy. Burton. 
aristodemocracy  (ar  "is-to-de-mok'ra-si),  n.  [< 
aristo(cracy)  -i-  democracy.]  Government  by  no- 
bles and  the  commonalty;  a  government  com- 
posed of  aristocratic  and  democratic  elements 
combined.    ImjJ.  Diet. 
Aristqlochia  (ar*is-to-16'ki-a),  n.    [L.,  <  Gr. 
apLOTo'/.oxia,  also  apitJTo'/.dxeca,  an  herb  promoting 
child-birth,  <  apiani;,  best, 
+  'Aoxeia,  child-birth :  see 
lochia.]    A  large  genus 
of  apetalous  exogenous 
plants,  the  Xype  and  piin- 
cipal  genus  of  the  natu- 
ral order  Arisfolochiaccce, 
chiefly  woody  climbers, 
and  very  widely  distrib- 
uted.   There  are  about  ISO 
species.  I  if  wliicli  7  are  found 
in  till-  I'niU'd  .-^tutes.  Theyare 
ii'Diarkalilf  fur  their  curious 
Dowers,  which  vary  greatly  in 
form  and  size,  but  are  all  so 
constructed  as  to  imprison  in 
some  way  the  insects  which  visit  them.    The  relative 
position  of  tlie  anthers  and  stigmas  prevents  fertilization 
without  the  agency  of  insects,  and  self-fertilization  even 
by  their  aid  is,  at  least  in  some  cases,  made  impossible  by 
proterogyiiy.    The  flowers  are  usually  of  a  dingy  line. 


Dutchman's- Pipe 
{Aristolochia  Sipho). 


Aristolochia 


310 


ark 


A.  Goldieaiia,  of  ("alabar,  has  the  largest  that  are  yet 
known,  the  Waiie  of  which  is  nearly  2  feet  in  breadth.  In 
A.  Clematitis  insects  bringing  pollen  to  the  early  ma- 
tured stigma  are  imprisoned  by  impeding  hairs  which 
witlier  after  the  fresh  pollen  is  shed.  This  and  some 
other  European  species  had  formerly  a  reputation  as  em- 
meiiagogues  and  as  facilitating  parturition.  Various 
species  have  had  a  popular  reputation  as  remedies  for 
snake-bites,  as  anthelmintics,  etc.,  ami  the  Virginia  snake- 
root,  or  serpentary-root,  A.  Serfwiitaria,  is  employed  as  a 
stimulating  tonic  and  diaphoretic.  The  pipe-vine,  or 
Dutchman's-pipe.  A.  Siplm,  a  native  of  the  Alleghanies, 
with  very  large  cordate  leaves,  is  cultivated  as  an  orna- 
mental climber. 

Aristolochiacese  (ai-'is-tp-lo-ki-a'se-e),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Aristolochia  +  -acea'.l  A  natural  order 
of  apetalous  dieotyledouous  plants,  character- 
ized by  an  inferior  capsiilar  many-seeded  friiit, 
epigynoiis  stamens,  and  a  colored,  usually  irreg- 
tdar,  calyx.  The  principal  genera  are  Aristolochia  and 
Asaruin.  with  about  I'tio  s])fcies,  herbs  or  woody  climbers, 
widely  ilistriliutcil  thnmuli  tem])erate  and  tropical  regions, 
and  posscsfiUL;  bitti  r  and  acrid  properties.  &ee  Aristvlo- 
chia,  and  cut  under  ^Isdrum. 

aristolochiaceous  (ar  'is-to-16-ki-a'shius),  a. 
Belonging  or  pertaining  to  the  Arintolochiacccc. 

aristological  (ar"is-t6-loj'i-kal),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  aristology.    N.  E.  D. 

aristologist  (ar-is-tol'o-jist),  n.  [<  aristology 
+  -ist.'i    One  skilled  in  aristology.    N.  E.  D. 

aristology  (ar-is-tol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  apiarov, 
breakfast,  +  -}.o)ia,  <  leyew,  speak:  see-ology.'i 
The  science  of  dining.    T.  Walker.  [Rare.] 

Aristonetta  (ar"is-to-net'a),  H.  [NL.,<  Gr.  api- 
oToi;,  best,  +  vijrra,  a  duck,  =  L.  ««ns ;  see  Anas.'] 
A  genus  of  sea-ducks,  subfamily  Fulignlina:, 
family  AnatiiUv :  named  from  the  excellence  of 
the  liesh.  The  type  and  only  species  is  the  ean- 
vasback,  A.  valllsueria.  S.  F.  Baird,  1858.  See 
cut  under  canvasback. 

Aristophanic  (ar  'is-to-fan'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
AristojihanicKS,  <  Aristophanes,  <  Gr.  Wpiarofdn/g, 
Aristophanes.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  writ- 
ings or  style  of  Aristophanes,  the  great  comic 
poet  of  Athen.s ;  shrewd ;  witty. 

II.  n.  [I.e.]  Inane,  pros.,  same  &s  first  Phere- 
cratic.    See  Fhcrecratic. 

Aristotelean  (ar-is-tot-e-le'an),  a.  Same  as 
Aristotelian. 

Aristotelian  (ar'^is-to-te'li-an),  a.  and  n.   [<  L. 

Aristotelius,  -leus,  <  Gr.  'ApioTorcXeio^,  pertaining 
to  'ApidTOTt'A?/^,  L.  Aristoteles,  Aristotle.]  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  Aristotle  (born  at  Stagira  in 
Macedonia,  384  B.  c,  died  322  B.  c),  the  father 
of  logic  and  the  most  influential  of  all  philoso- 
phers, or  to  his  works,  school,  or  philosophy. 
See  peripa  tetic  Aristotelian  logic.  («)  The  logic  of 

Aristotle,  especially  in  the  modified  form  taught  in  the 
middle  ages,  (b)  Formal  logic,  based  on  the  four  propo- 
sitional  forms  :  All  .S  is  P  ;  No  S  is  P  ;  Some  S  is  P  ;  Some 
S  is  not  P.  — Aristotelian  sorites,  a  progressive  chain  of 
reasoning  like  the  tollowiug:  He  who  is  prudent  is  temper- 
ate ;  he  who  is  temperate  is  constant ;  he  who  is  constant 
is  unperturbed ;  he  who  is  unperturbed  is  without  sorrow ; 
he  who  is  without  sorrow  is  liappy ;  therefore,  the  prudent 
man  is  happy. 

The  progressive  sorites  has  been  called  the  common  or 
Aristotelian.  This  latter  denomination  is  an  error,  for 
Aristotle,  though  certainly  not  ignorant  of  the  process  of 
reasoning  now  called  sorites,  does  not  enter  upon  its  con- 
sideration. Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

II.  .  A  follower  of  Aristotle.  See  peripatetic. 
Aristotelianism  (ar"is-to-te'li-an-izm),  n.  [< 
Aristotelian  +  -ism.]  The  philosophy  of  Aris- 
totle, or  any  later  modification  of  it.  Aristo- 
telianism is  a  kind  of  metaphysical  evolutionism.  Its 
central  idea  is  the  distinction  of  aet  and  jiower  (actuality 
and  potentiality).  The  nature  of  the  world  as  a  whole,  as 
well  as  every  part  of  it,  may  be  illustrated  by  the  analogy 
of  the  growth  of  a  tree  from  a  seed.  The  tree  has  a  sort 
of  being  in  the  seed  —  a  potential  being:  it  exists  in  it  in 
power  only.  That  which  Is  actualized  in  the  perfected  de- 
velopment from  the  seed  —  the  tree  —  e.\ists  in  act  or  ac- 
tuality. This  perfected  develojjment  —  the  entelechy  — 
is  the  characteristic  nature  of  the  thing  which  places  it  in 
some  natural  species,  and  which  is  its  form,  or  that  ele- 
ment of  tlie  thing  which  makes  it  to  be  the  kind  of  thing 
that  it  is.  The  other  element,  which  merely  makes  the 
thing  to  be,  is  its  matter,  which,  as  unformed,  is  identified 
by  Aristotle  with  the  power  or  potentiality  of  a  germ. 
Every  event  is  an  act  of  development.  Most  events  take 
place  under  tlie  influence  of  an  external  efficient  cause, 
and  their  character  is  determined  l)y  an  end.  Matter, 
form,  efficient  cause,  and  end  are  the  four  Aristotelian 
causes  or  principles.  But  not  all  events  are  brought  about 
by  external  efficient  causes.  Some  happen  by  fortuitous 
spontaneity,  and  are  not  determined  by  any  causes  what- 
ever. Other  events  come  to  pass  naturally,  that  is,  by  a 
self-determined  growth.  Besides  that  which  is  moved  but 
does  not  cause  motion,  and  that  which  is  both  moved  and 
causes  motion,  tliere  must  needs  be  a  tertium  quid,  which 
is  not  moved,  yet  causes  motion  ;  and  this  is  God,  or  jmre 
act  (actuality)  without  undeveloped  potentiality.  The  soul 
is  the  entelechy,  or  perfect  flower,  of  the  body.  It  has 
three  parts,  the  vegetative  (or  merely  vital),  the  sensible, 
and  the  rational.  The  reason  is  not  a  mere  belonging  of 
the  individual ;  it  exists  before  the  body,  and,  as  the  ac- 
tive reason,  is  common  to  all  persons  upon  the  tablets  of 
whose  passive  reason  it  writes  its  dicta.  Space  and  time 
:ire  mere  logical  elements  of  motion.  Aristotle  is  justly 
called  the  father  of  logic,  although  there  were  some  vague 


logical  doctrines  before  him,  and  although  his  system  is 
now  largely  superseded.  He  holds  the  oidy  excellent  rea- 
soning tci  be  syllogism,  and  all  other  kinds  of  reasoning  to 
be  imperfect  approximations  to  syllogism.  Particular 
facts  are  lirst  and  best  known  to  us,  but  general  truths 
are  first  and  best  known  in  themselves.  Science  must  set 
out  with  certain  fixed  first  principles,  which  are  defini- 
tions. Knowledge  is  a  lievelopment  from  impressions  of 
sense,  to  the  formation  of  which  reason  and  experience 
both  contribute.  Things  are  of  ten  classes,  substances, 
relations,  quantities,  iiualities,  etc.  See  cateijory.  Differ- 
ent genera  are  subciivided  upon  ditlerent  principles,  so 
that  there  are  no  cross-divisions  in  tlie  real  classification 
of  natures.  It  is  possible  to  so  collate  passages  from  Aris- 
totle as  to  make  him  appear  as  an  inductive  logician ;  but 
the  whole  cast  of  his  mind  was  such  as  to  lead  him  to 
underrate  the  importance  of  induction.  He  lays  nmch 
stress  on  the  principle  of  excluded  middle,  which  he  treats 
as  a  corollary  of  the  principle  of  contradiction ;  and  he 
has  a  general  leaning  to  hard  and  rather  wooden  distinc- 
tions. The  most  important  of  his  ethical  doctrines  are 
that  happiness  lies  in  the  working  out  of  one's  inward- 
ness, and  that  every  virtue  is  a  golden  mean  between  two 
vices. 

Aristotelic  (ar"is-t9-terik),  a.  [<  LL.  Aristo- 
tclicus,  <  Gr.  'AptaroTeXiKog,  <  'AptoroTtT^r/g,  Aris- 
totle.] Pertaining  to  Aristotle  or  to  his  phi- 
losophy. 

Aristotle's  lantern.   See  lantern. 

aristulate  (a-ris'tu-lat),  a.  [<  NL.  aristulatus, 
<  aristnla,  dim.  of  L.  arista,  awn  or  beard  of 
grain.]  In  bat.,  having  a  short  beard  or  awn. 
A.  Gray. 

arithmancy  (ar'ith-man-si),  M.  I—  Sp.  arit- 
mancia=  Pg.  arithmancia;  contr.  of  arithmo- 
niancy,  q.  v.]    Same  as  arithmomancy. 

arithmantical  (ar-ith-man'ti-kal),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  arithmancy.    N.  E.  D. 

arithmetic  (a-rith'me-tik  ;  as  adjective,  ar-ith- 
met'ik),  n.  and  a.  [The  ME.  forms  are  cor- 
mpt:  arsmetike,  arsmetrik,  ars  metrikc,  etc.,  in 
simulation  of  L.  ars  mctrica,  the  metric  art; 
later  ME.  arismetrik  (early  mod.  E.  arithmc- 
trickc,  arithmetick,  after  mod.  F.  and  L.),  <  OF. 
arismetique,  mod.  P.  arithmetiquc  =  Pr.  aris- 
mctica  =  Sp.  arism6tica,  now  usually  aritmetica 
=  Pg.  arithmetica  =  lt.  aritmetica  =  G.  Sw.  Dan. 
arithmetik,  <  L.  arithmetica,  <  Gr.  apiOfi?/TiKr/  (se. 
-exi^),  the  science  of  reckoning,  fern,  of  apid- 
fjrjTiK6g,  of  or  for  reckoning,  <  apSfitiv,  reckon, 
number,  cormt,  <  apid/iog,  number.]  I.  v.  1. 
The  theory  of  numbers  ;  the  study  of  the  divisi- 
bility of  whole  numbers,  the  remainders  after 
division,  etc.  Also  called  theoretical  or  higher 
arithmetic. — 2.  Theartof  computation:  the  most 
elementary  branch  of  mathematics.  This  use  of 
the  word  ajjpears  early  in  the  sixteenth  century.  The  art 
of  using  Arabic  numerals  was  first  called  in  English  alr/u- 
rism  (which  see)  or  aiqirim,  then  jiraetical  arithmetic, 
lastly  arithmetic  simply,  or  elnnciitarii  aritiimctic.  Ab- 
stract arithmetic  teaches  systems  of  notation  for  numbers, 
the  three  rules  of  direct  computation,  addition,  subtrac- 
tion, and  multiplication,  and  various  rules  of  indirect  com- 
putation, or  computation  by  successive  approximation, 
such  as  division,  extraction  of  the  square  and  cube  roots, 
double  position,  etc.  Practical  arithmetic  teaches  the 
various  kinds  of  computation  employed  in  trade. 
3f  (pron.  ar-ith-met '  ik).  An  arithmetician. 
—Binary  (or  dyadic)  arithmetic,  decimal  arithme- 
tic, duodecimal  arithmetic,  etc.    See  the  adjectives. 

—Literal  or  universal  arithmetic,  algebra.— Mental 

arithmetic,  the  simpler  brandies  of  arithmetic  adapted 
for  mental  training,  through  tlie  performance  of  the  opera- 
tions in  the  mind,  without  writing  the  figures. — Political 
arithmetic,  the  application  of  arithmetic  to  politics ;  sta- 
tistics. 

II.  a.  A  less  common  form  of  arithmetical. 
arithmetical  (ar-ith-met'i-kal),  a.  [—  F.  arith- 
metiquc, <  L.  arithmeticus,  <  Gr.  api6fir]TiK6Q:  see 
arithmetic]  Pertaining  to  arithmetic ;  accord- 
ing to  the  rules  or  methods  of  arithmetic. — 
Arithmetical  complement,  the  sum  which  a  number 

lacks  of  10  or  of  the  next  higher  power  of  10:  3,  for  ex- 
ample, is  the  arithmetical  complement  of  7;  56  of  44. — 

Arithmetical  complement  of  a  logarithm,  the  sum  or 

number  which  a  logarithm  lacks  of  10. —  Arithmetical 

mean.  See  tncaii.— Arithmetical  progression,  a  se- 
ries of  quantities  or  numbers  increasing  or  decreasing  by 
a  common  difference,  as  1,  3,  5,  7,  etc.    See  series. — 

Arithmetical  proportion,  the  equality  of  two  aritli- 

metical  ratios  or  dift'erences,  as  in  the  numbers  12,  9,  6, 
where  12— 9  =  9— 6.— Arithmetical  ratio,  the  differ- 
ence between  any  two  adjacent  terms  in  arithmetical 
progression.— Arithmetical  signs,  the  arbitrary  sym- 
bols used  to  denote  the  operations  performed  on  numbers 
or  the  relations  subsisting  between  them:  as,  +,  — ,  =, 
etc.— Arithmetical  triangle,  the  triangle  formed  by 
the  orderly  aiTangement  of  binomial  coefficients  ;  thus : 

1 

1  1 
12  1 
13      3  1 
1      4      6      4  1 
1       5       10       10       5  1 
1       0       15       20       15       6  1 
1      7      21      35      35      21      7  1 
etc.,  etc. 

arithmetically  (ar-ith-met'i-kal-i),  adv.  Ac- 
cording to  the  rules,  principles,  or  method  of 
arithmetic. 


arithmetician  (a-rith-me-tish'an),  «.  [<  F. 
arithmcticien,  <  L.  arithmeticus :  see  arithmeti- 
cal.]   One  skilled  in  arithmetic. 

arithmetico-geometrical  (ar-ith-met"i-k6-je- 

9-met'ri-kal),  a.  Arithmetical  and  geometri- 
cal :  a  term  descriptive  of  a  kind  of  mean  be- 
tween two  quantities  obtained  by  taking  both 
the  arithmetical  and  the  geometrical  means  of 
the  quantities,  then  the  means  of  these  means, 
and  so  on,  until  the  two  residts  become  iden- 
tical. Thus,  starting  with  2  and  3,  we  obtain  successive- 
ly the  following  pairs  of  means  : 

Arithmetical.  Geometrical. 
First  pair,        2.5  2.449490 
Second  "  2.474745  2.474615 

Third    "  2.474680  2.474680 

The  numbers  of  the  last  pair  being  sensibly  equal,  2.474680 
is  the  arithmetico-geometrical  mean  of  2  and  3.  This  pro- 
cess, invented  by  Gauss,  is  useful  in  calculating  elliptic  in- 
tegrals. 

arithmocracy  (ar  -  ith  -  mok '  ra  -  si),  n.  [<  Gr. 
apidftdg,  number,  +  -Kparla,  rule :  see  -cracy,  and 
cf.  democracy.]  Eule  or  government  by  a  ma- 
jority. [Bare.] 

A  democracy  of  mere  numbers  is  no  democracy,  but  a 
mere  brute  arithmocracy. 

Kingslcy,  Alton  Locke  (ed.  1854),  Pref. 

arithmocratic  (a-rith-mo-krat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
apid/itdg,  number,  -1-  -KpariKOc,  <  Kparoi;,  rule.]  Of, 
pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of  an  arithmoc- 
racy or  ride  of  numbers.  [Rare.] 

American  democracy,  being  merely  arithmocratic,  pro- 
vides no  representation  whatsoever  for  the  more  educated 
and  more  experienced  minority. 

Kinijuley,  Alton  Locke  (ed.  1862),  Pref. 

arithmograph  (a-rith'mo-graf),  «.  [<  Gr.  apid- 
fi6g,  number,  +  ypdfeiv,  write.]  A  kind  of  com- 
puting-machine. 

arithmomancy  (a-rith'mo-man-si),  n.  [Also 
eontr.  arithmancy,  q.  v.,  <  NL.  arithmomantia, 
<  Gr.  apiOfwg,  a  number,  +  /lavreia,  divination.] 
Divination  by  numbers.    Also  arithmancy. 

arithmometer  (ar-ith-mom '  e-ter),  n.  [=  F. 
arithmomctre,  <  Gr.  apid/itdc,  number,  +  fierpov, 
a  measure.]  .Aji  instrument  for  performing 
multiplication  and  division.   The  multiplicand  is 

made  to  appear  in  one  place  by  setting  certain  stops  or 
wheels.  A  handle  is  then  turned,  and  other  motions  are 
made,  so  as  to  cause  the  multiplier  to  appear  in  another 
place.  Then  the  product  will  be  found  in  a  third  place. 
Division  and  subtraction  can  be  performed  in  a  some- 
what similar  way.  The  best-known  of  these  machines  is 
by  Thomas  of  Colmar ;  the  best  is  by  Grant. 

arithmo-planimeter(a-rith"m6-pla-nim'e-ter), 

11.  [<  Gr.  apid/tdg,  number,  +  pla'nimeter.]  A 
form  of  planimeter  invented  by  M.  Lalanne. 

a  ritorte  (ii  re-tor'te).  [It. :  a  (<  L.  ad),  to, 
with;  ritorte,  pi.  of  ritorta,  band,  tie,  sprig; 
cf.  retort.]  With  bands:  said  of  glassware 
decorated  by  means  of  rods  of  white  or  colored 
glass,  generally  spiral,  stmk  in  a  body  of  trans- 
parent glass,  so  as  to  form  one  mass  with  it. 

-arium.  [L.  -drium,  neut.  of  -drius  (see  -ary\ 
-cry),  denoting  a  thing  connected  with,  chiefly 
a  place  for,  something,  as  in  L.  aquarium,  a 
place  for  watering  cattle,  vivarium,  a  place  for 
live  fish,  etc.,  LL.  herbarium,  a  collection  of 
dried  plants,  etc.,  such  words  being  transferred 
to  E.  unchanged,  or  with  adapted  suffix  -ary, 
as  aviary,  estuary,  salary,  etc.]  A  suffix,  the 
original  Latin  neuter  form  of  -ary^,  usually  in 
words  denoting  a  place  set  apart  for  something, 
as  aquarium,  vivarium,  herbarium,  also  (as  Latin 
■words)  frigidariuni,  caldarium ;  but  sometimes 
used  differently,  as  in  honorarium. 

Arius  (a'ri-us),  n.  [NL.,  appar.  <  Gr.  apeiog, 
martial,  waiiike,  <  'Ap?/?,  Mars :  see  Arian^.] 
A  genus  of  marine  catfishes,  giving  name  to 
the  subfamily  Ariinw :  synonymous  with  Gale- 
ichthys  (which  see).    See  cut  imder  Ariince. 

-arius.  [L. :  see  -arium,  -ary^.]  A  Latin  ter- 
mination frequent  in  zoological  and  botanical 
terms :  sometimes  used  unchanged  in  English. 

ark^t,  w-    -Aji  old  spelling  of  arcl,  a  bow,  arch. 

ark^  (ark),  n.  [<  ME.  ark,  arke,  <  AS.  earc,  ere, 
rtrc=ONorth.  arc,  cere  =  OFries.  erke  =  D.  ark  = 
OHG.  arka,  areha,  MHG.  G.  arche  =  Icel.  oi-k  = 
Dan.  Sw.  ark  =  Goth,  arka  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  area  = 
Pr.  archa  —  OF.  arche  (>  ME.  arche:  see  arch^), 
mod.  F.  arche  =  Gael.  Ir.  aire  =  W.  arch;  <  L. 
area,  a  chest,  box,  coffer  (in  Vulgate  of  Noah's 
ark  and  the  ark  of  the  covenant),  <  arcere,  keep, 
=  Gr.  a/jKEw,  keep  off,  suffice.]  1.  A  chest,  box, 
coffer,  or  other  close  receptacle ;  a  bin  or 
hutch :  as,  a  meal-arA;.  [Obsolete,  poetical,  or 
dialectal.] 

Then  first  of  all  forth  came  Sir  Satyrane, 
Bearing  that  precious  relicke  in  an  arke. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  iv.  15. 
Rich  arks  with  priceless  bones  of  martyrdom. 

Tennyson,  Balin  and  Balan 


ark 

2.  In  Scrip.:  (a)  The  repository  of  the  covenant 
or  tables  of  the  law.  The  ark  was  made  of  shittiin- 
wood,  overlaid  witliin  and  without  with  gold.  It  was  about 
3J  feet  long  by  2^  feet  high  and  broad,  and  over  it  were 
placed  the  golden  covering  or  mercy  -seat  and  the  two  cheru- 
bim. The  same  name  is  given  in  modern  Jewish  synagogues 
to  a  repository  for  the  rolls  or  books  used  in  divine  service. 
(6)  The  large  floating  vessel  in  which,  according 
to  the  account  in  the  Old  Testament,  Noah  and 
his  family  were  preserved  diu'ing  the  deluge, 
(c)  The  vessel  of  bulrushes  in  which  the  infant 
Moses  was  laid. —  3.  In  the  Ethiopia  Ch.,  a  sa- 
cred chest,  called  the  tabout,  serving  as  an  altar. 

I  must  here  speak  of  that  extraordinary  appurtenance 
of  the  Ethiopic  Church,  the  tabout,  or  ark.  It  is  the  be- 
lief of  that  Church  that  the  original  ark  is  preserved  in 
the  cathedral  of  Axum,  and,  in  imitation  of  that,  every 
parish  church  is  also  furnished  with  an  ark,  which  is  pre- 
served in  the  sanctuary,  and  forms  the  principal  object  in 
ecclesiastical  processions. 

J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  185. 
4.  A  large  boat  used  on  western  American 
rivers  to  transport  produce  to  market. — 5.  In 
zodl.,  a  name  common  to  the  bivalve  mollusks 
of  the  family  ^rcidcc;  an  ark-shell. —  6.  An  Ara- 
bian measure  of  capacity,  equal  to  the  Spanish 
fanega,  or  58  quarts;  also,  a  measure  of  three 
fourths  of  this  capacity,  or  43  quarts. 

ark^t  ( iirk),  V.  t.  [<  «r/c2,       To  inclose  in  an  ark. 

Arkansas  stone.    See  stone. 

arkansite  (ar'kan-sit  or  ar-kan'sit),  n.  [<  Ar- 
kansas (one  of  the  United  States)  +  -ife2.]  a  va- 
riety of  brookite  fi-om  Magnet  Cove,  Arkansas. 

arki  (ar'ki),  «.  [As. 'arqiy :  see  arrack.2  Same 
as  arrack: 

arkite  (iir'kit),  n.  and  a.  [<  arlc^  +  -ite^.l  I. 
n.  One  of  the  persons  who  were  preserved  in 
Noah's  ark.    J.  Bryant.  [Rare.] 

II,  a.  Belonging  to  Noah's  ark.  J.  Bri/anf. 
[Rare.] 

arkose(ar-kos'), «.  [F.]  Feldspathic  sandstone ; 
a  rock  consisting  essentially  of  more  or  less 
consolidated  quartzose  sand  with  grains  or 
particles  of  orthoclase  disseminated  through  it, 
and  frequently  containing  also  some  mica  and 
kaolin.  The  feldspar  seems,  in  some  cases,  to  have 
been  derived  from  the  disintegration  of  rock  containing 
that  mineral ;  in  others,  to  have  resulted  from  the  meta- 
morphism  of  sandstone  containing  argillaceous  material. 
The  rock  to  which  the  name  arkose  has  been  given  occurs 
chiefly  in  the  Lower  Silurian,  Carboniferous,  and  Triassic 
formations. 

ark-shell  (ark'shel),  n.    [<  arJc^  +  s/ie?Z.]  The 
shell  of  a  mollusk  belonging  to  the  family  Ar- 
cidce  (which  see), 
arksutite  (ark'sii-tit),  n.  [<  ArJcsut  (see  def.)  + 
-ite^.~]    A  fluorid  of  aluminimn,  calcium,  and 
sodium,  occurring  with  cryolite  in  the  Arksut 
fiord,  Greenland. 
Arkys  (ar'kis),  n.    Same  as  Arcys. 
arle-penny,  arles-penny  (arl'-,  arlz'pen"i),  n. 
[<  arle,  arles  +  penny.']    Same  as  arles. 
Here  tak'  this  gowd  and  never  want 
Enough  to  gar  you  drink  and  rant, 
And  this  is  but  an  arle  penny 
To  what  I  afterwards  design  ye.    Allan  Ramsay. 
arles  (arlz),  n.    [North,  and  Sc.,  Sc.  also  arlis, 
erlis,  <  ME.  cries,  appar.  <  OF.  *erle,  *arle, 

<  L.  as  if  *arrlmla,  dim.  (cf.  OF.  erre,  arre,  pi. 
erres,  arres,  mod.  F.  arrhes),  <  L.  arrJia,  arra, 
earnest:  see  a?T/*«.]  1 .  Earnest-money  given 
in  confirmation  of  a  bargain,  contract,  or  agree- 
ment: a  practice  chiefly  connected  with  the 
hiring  of  servants  and  with  sales  of  goods  where 
there  is  no  writing  and  delivery  is  postponed. 
[Scotch  and  north  of  England.] — 2.  An.  ear- 
nest or  foretaste. 

This  ure  lauerd  [Lord]  giueth  ham  [them]  as  on  erles  of 
the  eche  mede  [eternal  reward]  that  schal  cume  thratter. 

Hali  Meideiihed  (ed.  Cockayne),  p.  7. 

arlienanse  (ar'^li-a-nan'sa),  w.   [Sp.]  A  kind  of 

Spanish  linen.    E.  H.  Knight. 
arlingt  (ar'ling),  n.    [E.  dial.  (ME.  not  found), 

<  AS.  (erthling,  irthUng,  corthling,  a  name  for 
this  bird,  lit.  a  *'fieldling,'  'earthling'  (cf. 
clodbird,  fallow-smiter) ;  the  name  also  means 
a  'farmer':  see  earthling.]  A  species  of  bird; 
the  wheatear. 

Arling,  a  bird  that  appeareth  not  in  winter;  a  clot- 
byrde ;  a  smatch.  Baret,  Alvearie.    {N.  E.  D.) 

armi  (arm),  n.  [<  ME.  arm,  <  AS.  earm  =  ONorth. 
arm  =  OS.  arm  =  OFries.  erm,  arm,  Fries,  arm  = 
CD.  aerm,  D.  arm  =  OHG.  aram,  MHG.  G.  arm, 
arm,  =  Icel.  armr  =  Sw.  Dan.  arm  =  Goth,  ams, 
arm,  =  L.  armus,  shoulder  (usually  of  a  brute), 
=  Gr.  dp/idf,  joint,  shoulder,  allied  to  apOpov, 
joint,  L.  artus,  limb,  joint ;  alK  •/  *ar,  fit,  join. 
See  am2,  and  cf.  art'^,  art^,  article,  etc.]  1.  In 
ordinary  language:  (a)  The  upper  limb  of  the 
human  body,  extending  from  the  shoulder  to  the 
hand,  and  including  the  latter.   (&)  The  same, 


311 

exclusive  of  the  hand ;  the  upper  limb  from  the 
shoulder  to  the  vn'ist.  It  is  divided  into  upper 
arm,  or  arm  proper,  from  the  shoulder  to  the  el- 
bow, and  lower  arm,  or  forearm,  from  the  elbow 
to  the  wrist. —  2.  In  human  anat.,  the  anterior 
extremity  from  the  shoulder-joint  to  the  elbow- 
joint,  represented  by  the  extent  of  the  humerus ; 
the  brachium,  as  distinguished  from  the  forearm 
or  antebrachium. — 3.  In  comp.  anat.  and  moI.  : 
(a)  The  fore  limb  of  any  vertebrate,  especially 
when  terminating  in  a  prehensile  extremity 
like  a  hand,  more  or  less  removed  from  the 
office  of  locomotion;  the  pectoral  or  thoracic 
limb ;  the  diverging  appendage  of  the  scapular 
arch  or  shoulder-girdle ;  a  fore  leg,  wing,  pec- 
toral fin,  etc.  (6)  Some  diverging  or  radiating 
part  or  organ  like  or  likened  to  an  arm,  as  the 
arm  of  a  cephalopod,  the  wing  of  a  pteropod, 
the  brachium  of  a  brachiopod,  and  the  ray  of  a 
starfish,  sand-star,  or  crinoid. — 4.  Anything 
formed  on  the  type  of  the  arm,  or  resembling  an 
arm  in  shape,  position,  or  function,  (a)  Any  pro- 
jecting part  from  a  main  body,  trunk,  axis,  etc.:  as,  the 
arm  of  a  lever  or  of  the  yard  of  a  ship ;  an  arm  of  the  sea ; 
the  arm  of  an  anchor.  (6)  A  rail  or  projecting  support  at 
tlie  sides  of  a  chair,  sofa,  etc. 

5.  Figuratively,  power;  might;  strength;  au- 
thority :  as,  the  secular  arm.  [In  this  sense  the 
word  is  often  used  in  the  Scriptures.] 

To  whom  is  the  arm  of  the  Lord  revealed?      Is.  liii.  1. 

Hence — 6.  That  on  which  one  relies  for  support 
or  assistance;  a  pi'op;  a  stay  Arm  in  arm, 

properly  arm-and-arm,  with  arms  interlinked. 

I  saw  my  companions  passing  arm-in-arm  across  the 
end  of  one  of  tlie  long-drawn  vistas. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Pass.  Pilgrim,  p.  140. 

Arm  of  a  force,  arm  of  a  couple,  in  mech.  See  mo- 

vient  of  a  force,  under  moment.— BSlDB  in  arms,  a  child 
so  young  that  it  has  to  be  carried  in  the  arms.— Better 
armt,  the  right  arm.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1050.—  Oral 
arms,  in  acalephs.  See  oral.— To  dagger  or  stab 
armst,  a  practice  once  observed  among  gallants  of  pier- 
cing their  arms  with  daggers  so  as  to  draw  blood,  which 
they  mixed  with  wine  and  drank  to  the  health  of  their 
mistresses.  Nares. 

Have  I  not  .  .  .  stabb'd  arms,  and  done  all  the  offices 
of  protested  gallantry  for  your  sake?  Mansion. 
Trailing  arm,  in  mach.,  an  arra  which  follows  the  piece 
to  which  it  is  attached. 

In  adapting  this  wheel  to  multiplex  telegraphy,  a  trail- 
ing arm  is  attached  to  the  revolving  wheel. 

Jour.  Franklin  Inst.,  CXXI.  313. 
With  open  arms,  cordially ;  with  eager  welcome. 
Even  mitred  Rochester  would  nod  the  head. 
And  St.  John's  self  (great  Dryden's  friends  before) 
With  open  arms  received  one  poet  more. 

Pope,  Prol.  to  Satires,  1.  142. 

arm^t  (ai-m),  v.  t.  [<  arm^,  n.  ]  To  take  by  the 
arm ;  also,  to  seize  or  hold  in  the  arms. 

Arm  your  prize ; 
I  know  you  will  not  lose  her. 
Fletcher  (and  another),  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  v.  3. 
And  make  him  with  our  pikes  and  partisans 
A  grave.  Come,  arm  him.    Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iv.  2. 
arm2  (arm),  n.    [<  pi.  arms,  <  ME.  armes,  <  OF. 
amies,  pi.  (sing,  arme),  =  Pr.  armas  =  Sp.  Pg. 
armas  (sing,  arma)  =  It.  armi  (sing,  arme,  some- 
times arma),  <  L.  arma  (neut.  pi.,  in  ML.  some- 
times used  as  fem.  sing.),  arms,  weapons,  prop, 
fittings,  equipments;  from  same  source  as 
armus,  shoulder,  etc. :  see  arm^.    Hence  alarm, 
q.  v.]    1.  Milit.:  (a)  A  weapon.    In  this  sense 
most  commonly  used  in  the  plural,  and  when  used  in  the 
singular  for  the  most  part  referring  rather  to  a  particular 
kind  of  weapon  than  to  an  individual  piece. 

If  the  citadel  of  poverty  and  ignorance  and  vice  is  to  be 
taken  at  all,  it  must  be  besieged  from  every  point  of  the 
compass,  .  .  .  and  no  kind  of  arm  must  be  neglected 
which  will  tend  to  secure  the  ultimate  victory  of  morality 
and  culture.  Jevons,  Social  Reform,  p.  2. 

(b)  2)1.  Armor;  coverings  for  the  body  intended 
as  defenses  against  weapons  of  war. 

Look,  a  prize ! 
Three  horses  and  three  goodly  suits  of  arms, 
And  all  in  charge  of  whom?  a  girl :  set  on. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

(c)  A  branch  of  the  military  service,  as  cavalry 
or  artillery:  as,  the  enemy  was  strong  in  artil- 
lery, but  we  were  weak  in  that  arm. 

The  inland  Britons  being  accustomed  to  rely  upon  their 
infantry,  and  the  Continental  Gauls  being  fonder  of  (he 
cavalry  arm.  C.  Elton,  Orig.  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  lis. 

Hence  — 2.  ^jZ.  The  use  of  weapons;  military 
occupations ;  war. 

By  sea,  by  land,  thy  matchless  worth  was  known. 
Arms  thy  delight,  and  war  was  all  thy  own. 

Dryden,  Abs.  and  Achit.,  1.  841. 

3.  pi.  Deeds  or  exploits  of  war. 

Arms  and  the  man  I  sing.  Dryden,  ^neid,  i.  1. 

The  women  crowded  to  the  doors  to  gaze  upon  him  as 
he  passed,  so  much  does  prowess  in  arms  delight  the  gen- 
tle sex.  Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  418. 

4.  In  law,  anything  which  a  man  takes  in  his 
hand  in  anger  to  strike  or  assault  another. —  5. 


arm 

pi.  In  hot.,  anything  that  serves  as  a  defense  to 
a  plant,  as  i)rickles,  thorns,  or  spines. —  6.  pi. 
In  falconry,  tlio  legs  of  a  hawk  from  the  thigh  to 
the  foot. —  7.  2>l-  The  heraldic  bearings  of  an  in- 
dividual or  a  commtmity,  consisting  of  some  de- 
vice in  heraldic  tinctures  (see  tincture)  borne  on 
a  shield,  generally  with  the  addition  of  a  crest 
and  sometimes  with  supporters.  A  description  in 
heraldic  terms  of  shield,  crest,  etc.,  is  calUil  tAaz(minff 
(which  see).  The  right  to  bear  the  arms  ot  the  father  is 
inherited  liy  the  sons,  but  in  strictness  each  of  the  younger 
sons  should  add  to  the  paternal  shield  a  label  as  a  mark 
of  cadency;  the  same  right  descends  to  a  daughter  only  if 
she  is  her  father's  heiress.  A  person  inheriting  an  estate 
other  than  the  paternal  one  often  assumes  the  arms  of  the 
former  possessor,  but  should  in  strictness  ajiply  to  the 
proper  authorities.  See  king-at-arms,  herald,  and  heralds' 
college.  Arms  not  paternal  may  be  classed  as  follows:  (a) 
Arms  of  dominion,  or  the  national  arms  borne  by  the 
sovereign,  in  which  generally  the  bearings  inherited  by 
the  prince  as  an  individual  have  come  to  have  a  certain 
national  character,  (h)  Arms  of  community ,  s&  of  a  cor- 
poration, an  ejiiscopal  see,  or  the  like.  Arms  assumed  by  a 
republic,  as  by  the  United  States  or  by  one  of  the  States, 
partake  of  the  nature  of  both  the  preceding,  (c)  Arms  of 
pretension,  as,  specifically,  those  assumed  by  a  sovereign 
in  a.ssertion  of  his  claim  to  a  realm  not  actually  under  his 
authority,  like  the  fleurs-de-lys  of  France,  which  were 
borne  by  English  sovereigns  until  1801.  (d)  Arms  of  suc- 
cession, denoting  inheritance  of  an  estate,  as  mentioned 
above,  (e)  Arin^  of  asstimption,  or  assunqjtioe  arms,  bear- 
ings assumed  or  granted  in  consequence  of  an  exploit,  as 
the  three  feathers  with  the  jnotto  Ich  dien  taken  from  the 
slain  King  John  of  Bohemia  by  Edward  the  Black  Prince 
at  the  battle  of  Cr^cy  (134C),  and  now  borne  by  the 
Prince  of  Wales.  (/)  Arms  of  alliance,  as  where  one 
spouse  impales  the  arms  of  the  other  on  his  or  her  shield. 
(g)  Arms  of  office,  arms  which  are  the  perquisite  or  ap- 
pendage of  some  public  position.  In  all  the  above  cases 
except  (ft)  and  (b),  a  private  individual  having  a  right 
to  such  arms  charges  them  with  the  paternal  arms, 
whether  by  quartering  or  otherwise.  I'or  the  origin  and 
history  of  arms,  see  heraldry.— Aba,te6.  arms.  See  abate. 

—Adoptive  arms.  See  adojitive.— Ailuslve  arms,  in 

her.,  a  bearing  or  bearings  having  inmiediate  reference  to 
the  wearer's  name :  thus,  the  arms  of  a  person  named  Lamb 
or  Herring  would  be  termed  allu.iive,  if  they  included 
as  a  bearing  a  figure  of  the  animal  so  named.  In  this 
way  the  name  De  Loupe  may  have  been  given  to  the  first 
earls  of  Chester  because  of  their  bearing  a  wolf's  head,  er 
the  name  Arundel  may  be  derived  from  swallows  (i'rench 
hirondelles)  borne  on  the  shield.  The  amis  of  Bolton  are  a 
crossbow-bolt  driven  through  a  tun.  Castile  and  Leon  had 
for  their  chief  bearings  a  castle  and  a  lion  respectively. 
There  are  many  such  cases.  Also  called  allusive  heraldry, 
canting  heraldry,  rebus,  and  armes  parlantes. — Arms- 
carrying  Act.  See  Bill  of  Bights,  tmder  bill.— Arms  of 
precision,  ttrearms  rifled,  furnished  with  grailed  sights, 
accurately  prepared  bullets,  and  ajiplianccs  calculated 
to  enable  them  to  act  with  precision  and  rapidity,  and 
at  much  greater  distances  than  ordinary  weapons.  The 
Armstrong  gun  and  the  Springfleld  and  Martini-Henry 
rifles  are  examples.— Assize  Of  arms.  See  assi?e.— As- 
sumptive arms.  See  above,  7  (c),  and  assumittire.-—Coa,t 

Of  arms.  See  coaf.— Places  of  arms,  in  fort.,  parts  of 

the  covered  way  opposite  the  salient  and  reentering  an- 
gles of  the  counterscarp.—  Repeating  arms,  arms  that 
can  be  discharged  a  number  of  times  without  being  re- 
loaded.— Rifled  small  arms,  rifles,  muskets,  carbines, 
pistols,  or  revolvers,  the  bores  of  which  are  cut  with  spi- 
ral grooves  or  "  rifles."— Small  arms,  all  weapons  not 
requiring  carriages,  as  opposed  to  artillery,  and  includ- 
ing rifles,  muskets,  bayonets,  pistols,  revolvers,  sabers,  and 
swords  ;  also,  sporting  weapons.—  Stand  Of  arms,  a  com- 
plete set  of  arms  for  one  soldier,  consisting  of  a  musket, 
bayonet,  cartridge-box,  and  belt,  with  or  without  a  sword. 
—To  arms!  a  warning  equivalent  to  "  arm  !  take  to  your 
arms ;  make  ready  for  battle."  (Compare  alarm.)— To 
bear  arms,  to  do  military  service ;  serve  as  a  soldier. 
You  have  been  a  soldier,  De  Vitry,  and  bortie  arms. 

Beau.  andFl.,  Thierry  and  Theodoret,  iii.  2. 
To  be  in  arms,  to  be  in  a  state  of  hostility,  or  of  readi- 
ness for  war. 

Sir  Edward  Courtenay  and  the  haughty  prelate,  .  .  . 
With  many  more  confederates,  are  in  arms. 

Shak.,  Rich.  IIL,  iv.  4. 
To  be  under  arms,  to  be  armed  and  in  a  state  of  readi- 
ness for  fighting.— To  carry,  order,  present,  etc.,  arms. 
See  the  verbs.— To  take  (or  take  up)  arms,  to  arm  for 
attack  or  defense,  literally  or  figuratively. 

Ye  will  find  it  a  far  easier  field  to  wage  war  against  all 
the  armies  that  ever  were  or  will  be  on  earth,  and  all  the 
angels  of  heaven,  than  to  take  up  arms  against  any  truth 
of  God.  Nathaniel  Ward,  Simple  Cobler. 

=  Syn.  1.  (a)  Arm,  Weapon.  Arm  is  especially  ajiplied  to 
those  thinus  which  are  designed  for  fighting  and  i  eroi^nized 
as  such;  it  includes  means  of  defense  as  well  as  of  olleiise. 
Weapon  applies  to  any  means  of  otteiise  made  for  the  pur- 
pose or  (as  a  scythe,  chisel,  or  hammer)  used  for  the  nonce. 

arni2  (arm  ),  V.  [<  ME.  armen,  <  OF,  armm-  (F. 
armer)  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  armar  =  It.  armare,  <  L. 
urmare,  arm,  furnish  with  weapons,  <  arma, 
arms:  see  arm^,  n.}  I.  trans.  1.  To  furnish 
or  equip  vrith  weapons  for  ofiiense  or  defense : 
as,  to  arm  the  militia. 

On  our  return  to  Souliag  we  met  a  party  of  men  on  foot, 
who  were  armed  witli  spears,  shields,  and  daggers,  and 
one  or  two  with  guns. 

B.  Curzon,  Monast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  119. 

2.  To  cover  or  pro\'ide  ■with  ■whatever  will  add 
strength,  force,  or  security:  as,  to  arm  the  hilt 
of  a  sword;  to  arm  a  man-of-war  ■with  armor- 
plates. —  3.  To  furnish  with  means  of  defense; 
prepare  for  resistance ;  fortify. 
Arm  yourselves  likewise  with  the  same  mind. 

1  Pet.  iv.  L 


arm 

There  Is  no  terror,  Cassias,  in  your  threats ; 
For  I  am  arm'd  so  strong  in  honesty, 
That  they  pass  by  me  as  the  idle  wind. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iv.  3. 

1  am  arming  myself  against  her  favours  with  all  my 
philosophy.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  124. 

4.  To  provide  with  the  requisite  appliances  or 
authority  for  any  work  or  undertaking :  as,  arm- 
ed with  axes  and  alpenstocks,  we  started  out ; 
armed  with  a  warrant. — 5.  To  fit  or  prepare  (a 
thing)  for  any  specific  purpose  or  etf ective  use : 
as,  to  arm  a  hook  in  angling ;  to  arm  a  di'essing 
in  surgery — To  arm  a  lead,  to  apply  soap  or  grease  to 
the  socket  in  the  lower  end  of  a  sounding-lead,  so  that  a 
specimen  of  the  bottom  may  be  brought  up.— To  arm  a 
magnet,  to  fit  it  with  an  armature.  See  armature,  6. — 
To  arm  a  shot,  to  roll  rope-yarns  about  a  cross-bar  shot 
in  order  to  facilitate  ramming  it  home,  and  also  to  pre- 
vent the  ends  from  catching  any  accidental  inequalities 
in  the  bore.  Wilhelm,  Mil.  Diet.  [For  other  phrases,  see 
armed.] 

II.  intrans.  To  provide  one's  self  with  arms, 
weapons,  or  means  of  attack  or  resistance ; 
take  arms  :  as,  the  nations  arm  for  war. 

Now  is  it  time  to  arm.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ill.  7. 

The  Belgic  tribes,  alarmed  at  the  approaching  danger, 
arm  against  the  universal  tyrant. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  11. 

armada  (ar-ma'da),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
erroneously  armado  (also  sometimes  as  It.,  ar- 
mata) ;  <  Sp.  armada  =  Pr.  Pg.  armada  =  It.  ar- 
mata  =  F.  armec  (>  E.  army'^,  q.  v.),  lit.  an 
armed  force,  army,  navy,  <  ML.  armata,  an 
armed  force,  an  army,  prop.  fem.  of  L.  ar- 
matiis,  pp.  of  armure,  arm:  see  arm'^,  v.,  and 
also  army,  which  is  a  doublet.]    1.  A  fleet  of 

war-ships  ;  a  squadron.  The  Spanish  or  invincible 
Armada,  which  consisted  of  130  large  ships,  was  sent  by 
Philip  II.  against  England  in  1588,  during  the  reign  of 
Elizabeth,  but  was  repulsed,  and  afterward  almost  en- 
tirely destroyed  by  storms  off  the  Orkney  islands  and  on 
the  western  coast  of  Ireland. 
A  whole  armado  of  convicted  sail.    Shak. ,  K.  John,  iii.  4. 

2t.  A  single  war-ship. —  3.  Any  armed  force ; 
an  army. 

Nor  was  the  naval  unworthy  of  the  land  armada. 

Bulwer,  Athens,  II.  121.    (N.  E.  D.) 

armadillo  (ar-ma-dil'6),  n.  [Formerly  also  ar- 
madilUo,  armadilio,  armadile ;  <  Sp.  armadillo 
(=  Pg.  arma- 
dillio),  dim.  of 
armado,  arm- 
ed, with  ref- 
erence to  its 
bony  shell. 
Cf.  ML.  arma- 
dillus,  a  kind 
of  sea-fish.] 

1.  An  Ameri- 
can edentate 
quadruped,  of  the  order  Bruta  (or  Edentata)  and 
suborder  Loricata,  and  of  the  extant  families 
Tatusiidw,  Basi/podidw,  and  Chlamydophoridw, 
or  of  the  extinct  family  Glyptodontidm,  having 
a  hard  shell  or  carapace  like  a  coat  of  mail, 
resulting  from  a  peculiar  ossification  of  the 
integument  and  the  confluence  of  niunerous 
small  scutes,  in  the  glyptodons  the  carapace  was  en- 
tire and  fixed,  and  even  in  some  cases  covered  the  belly 
as  well  as  the  back ;  but  in  all  the  living  armadillos  the 
shell  is  divided  into  an  anterior,  a  posterior,  and  an  en- 
tire or  variously  divided  middle  part.  Wlien  the  division 
of  the  middle  part  is  complete,  the  animal  can  roll  itself 
into  a  ball.  The  teeth  are  numerous,  but  vary  in  number 
and  other  cluiracteristics  with  the  several  genera;  in  the 
genus  Prionoiliiiiten  they  are  a  hundred  in  number.  The 
peba  is  an  armadillo  of  the  family  Tatusiidce,  the  Tatusia 
nove.mcincta,  the  only  one  of  the  group  found  as  far  north 
as  the  United  .States.  There  are  other  species.  The  en- 
couberts  are  the  typical  armadillos  of  the  family  Dasypo- 
didce.  The  peludo  is  Daxypus  villosus.  The  kabassous 
constitute  tlie  genus  Xenurus.  The  kabalassou  is  Prio- 
dontes  yigas.  The  apars  are  the  three-banded  armadillos, 
of  the  genus  Tolype.utes.  The  pichiciagos  constitute  the 
family  Chlamydophoridce ;  they  are  the  smallest  and  most 
peculiar  forms,  being  less  than  a  foot  long,  while  the  ka- 
balassou is  three  feet  long  without  the  tail.  All  these 
animals  are  mild,  timid,  and  inoffensive,  subsisting  on 
roots,  leaves,  and  fruits,  sometimes  on  insects  or  flesh. 
They  are  able  to  dig  into  the  ground  with  great  rapidity, 
and  escape  from  their  enemies  in  this  way  as  well  as  by 
rolling  up  in  a  ball.  The  flesh  is  considered  good  for  food. 

2.  In  Crustacea:  (a)  leap.']  A  genus  of  iso- 
pods,  of  the  family  Oniscidce,  including  the  pill- 
bugs,  which  can  roll  themselves  into  a  ball 
like  the  mammals  called  armadillos.  (6)  A 
species  of  this  genus  ;  a  pill-bug  or  sow-bug ;  a 
kind  of  wood-louse. —  3.  A  name  given  to  an 
electric  battery  composed  of  copper  and  zinc 
elements  riveted  together,  and  designed  to  be 
worn  as  a  remedy  in  certain  diseases. 

armadot,  n-    An  erroneous  form  of  armada. 
armament  (iir'ma-ment),  n.  [<  L.  armamentum, 

usually  in  pi.  armamenta,  implements,  esp. 

tackle  of  a  ship,  <  armare,  arm,  equip :  see  arnfi, 


Armadillo,  or  Peludo  {Dasypus  vtllostts). 


312 

v.]  1.  A  body  of  forces  equipped  for  war: 
used  of  a  land  or  naval  force. 
The  whole  united  armament  of  Greece.  Glover. 
It  was  necessary  for  him  .  .  .  to  proceed  with  his  twenty 
men-of-war  to  the  Mediterranean,  while  his  superiors,  with 
the  rest  of  the  armament,  returned  to  the  Channel. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  .\x. 

2.  Munitions  of  war ;  especially,  the  number 
and  weight  of  all  the  guns  which  a  ship  of 
war  carries,  within  a  comparatively  short  period  re- 
markable changes  have  occurred  in  the  size  and  weight  of 
the  armament  of  war-vessels.  In  the  United  States,  be- 
fore the  civil  war,  the  usual  armament  for  both  forts  and 
vessels  consisted  of  32-pounders.  The  war  led  to  the  con- 
struction and  use  of  15-inch  smooth-bore  guns,  weighing 
50, 000 pounds,  and  afterward  of  20-inch  guns,  weighing  100,- 
000  pounds.  Rifling  was  introduced  in  1853,  and  is  now 
universally  employed,  reliance  being  placed  upon  the 
piercing  power  of  elongated  projectiles  moving  at  a  great 
velocity  and  fired  from  rifled  guns.  The  United  States 
battle-ship  "  Kearsarge  "  (1898)  carries  four  13-inch,  four 
8-inch,  fourteen  B-inch,  and  twenty-six  quick-fire  guns. 
In  the  British  navy,  the  "  Warrior,"  in  1861,  was  provided 
with  43-ton  guns;  but  the  weight  of  metal  was  succes- 
sively increased  up  to  the  80-ton  guns  of  the  "  Inflexible" 
(1876)  and  the  Ill-ton  guns  of  the  "Sans  Pareil"  (1887). 
The  "Magnificent "  (1894),  the  latest  type,  is  armed  with 
four  12-inch  guns,  twelve  6-inch  guns,  and  twenty-eight 
smaller  quick-flre  guns.  The  more  recent  ships  of  other 
nations  nave  similar  armaments, 
armamentarium  (ar"ma -men-ta'ri-nm), 
armamentaria  {-2k).  [L.]  An  armamentary. 
The  physiological  investigation  of  new  remedies  for  the 
purpose  of  enriching  the  nrmamentarimn  of  the  physician. 

Therapeutic  Gazette,  IX.  24. 

armamentary  (ar-ma-men'ta-ri),  «.;  pi.  arma- 
mentaries  (-riz).  [<  L.  armamentarium,  an  ar- 
senal, armorj%  <  armamenta,  equipments:  see 
armament.']  An  armory ;  a  magazine  or  an  ar- 
senal. Bailey. 

armarian  (ar-ma'ri-an),  n.  [<  ML.  armarius,  < 
armarium,  a  bookcase,  library:  see  armary.]  A 
Librarian.    See  extract.  [Rare.] 

Armarian,  an  officer  in  the  monastic  libraries  who  had 
charge  of  the  books  to  prevent  them  from  being  injured  hy 
insects,  and  especially  to  look  after  bindings.  He  had  also 
to  keep  a  correct  catalogue. 

Chambers's  Journal,  No.  276,  p.  239.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

armaryt,  «.  [<  ME.  armarie  (Wyclif),  <  L.  ar- 
marium, a  chest,  safe,  or  closet,  a  repository, 
in  ML.  esp.  a  bookcase,  library,  lit.  a  place  for 
arms  or  tools.  Cf.  armory^,  and  armory'^,  a  dif- 
ferent word,  of  the  same  ult.  origin,  with  which 
armary  was  confused.]  1.  A  library:  used  by 
Wyclif  in  the  plural  for  books,  writings. 

Thou  Shalt  find  write  in  armaries  [Vulgate,  in  commen- 
tariis].  Wyclif,  Ezra  iv.  15. 

2.  An  armory.  Leland,  Itin.,  IV.  54.  {N.  E.  D.) 
armata^t  (ar-ma'ta),  n.    Obsolete  form  of  ar- 
mada. 

Armata^  (ar-ma'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
L.  armatus,  armed:  see  armada.]  A  group  of 
gephyreans  having  setee  and  a  double  blood- 
vascular  system :  synonymous  with  Chcetifera. 
It  consists  of  the  families  Echiurida  and  Ster- 
naspidce. 

armature  (ar'ma-tur),  n.  [=  F.  armature  =  Pr. 
Sp.  Pg.  armadura  =  It.  armadura,  armatura,  < 
L.  armatura,  armor,  equipment,  armed  troops, 
<  armatus,  pj).  of  armare,  ai-m:  see  am2,  v. 
Doublet,  anwor,  q.  v.]  If.  Military  equipment ; 
especially,  defensive  armor. — 2.  In  soot,  and 
anat. :  (a)  Any  part  or  organ  of  an  animal  serv- 
ing as  a  means  of  defense  or  offense. 

Others  armed  with  hard  shells ;  others  with  prickles ; 
others  having  no  such  armature.  Ray,  On  Creation. 

It  is  remarkable  that  man,  who  Is  endowed  with  rea- 
son, is  born  without  armature. 

Derham,  Physico-Theology,  iv.  14. 
(b)  Any  apparatus  or  set  of  organs  without 
reference  to  defense ;  an  equipment ;  an  appa- 
nage: as,  the  genital  or  the  anal  armature. 
All  the  crayfishes  have  a  complete  gastric  armature. 

Huxley,  Crayfish,  p.  255. 

,  3.  In  hot.,  the  hairs,  prickles,  etc.,  covering  an 
organ. — 4t.  A  body  of  armed  troops. 

Ground  fit  for  the  archers  and  light  armature. 

Raleigh,  Hist,  of  World,  v.  6. 

5.  In  arch.,  any  system  of  bracing  in  timber  or 
metal,  as  the  iron  rods  used  to  sustain  slender 
columns,  to  hold  up  canopies,  etc.  The  term  is 
applied  especially  to  the  iron  framework  by  which  lead- 
lights  are  secured  in  medieval  windows. 

6.  A  piece  of  soft  iron  applied  simply  by  eon- 
tact  to  the  two  poles  of  a  magnet  or  electro- 
magnet as  a  means  of  maintaining  the  mag- 
netic power  undiminished,  in  dynamo-electric  ma- 
chines (which  see,  under  electric)  the  armature  Is  a  cylin- 
der or  ring  of  laminated  soft  iron  wound  with  coils  of 
insulated  copper  wire.  This  armature  is  rotated  rapidly 
in  the  field  of  the  adjacent  electromagnets.  In  the  Holtz 
electric  machine  the  armature  is  a  strip  of  vai'nished  paper 
attached  to  the  edge  of  the  openings  or  windows  of  the 
fixed  plate.    Also  called  armm. 

armazine,  n.    See  armoseen. 


Armenian 

arm-band  (arm 'band),  «.  A  piece  of  crooked 
iron  attached  to  a  rail  or  to  a  stone  block  fixed 
against  the  walls  in  barrack-rooms,  to  retain 
the  soldiers' muskets  when  not  in  use. 

arm-board  (arm'bord),  w.  A  grainiug-board 
used  in  leather-working,  made  of  the  outer  bark 
of  the  cork-oak,  without  gi'ooves. 

arm-bone  (arm'bon),  «.  A  bone  of  the  ann  or 
fore  limb;  especially,  the  bone  of  the  upper 
arm ;  the  humerus. 

arm-chair  (iirm'ehar),  n.  A  chair  with  arms  to 
support  the  elbows. 

arm-chest  (iirm'ehest),  n.  1.  Naval,  aboxplaced 
on  the  upper  deck,  or  in  the  tops,  to  contain  a 
ready  supply  of  rifles,  pistols,  or  cutlasses. — 

2.  A  similar  box  or  chest  used  in  the  military 
service  for  the  transportation  of  small  arms. 

armed  (ai-md),  p.  a.  [<  omS  -1-  -ed2.]  1.  Bear- 
ing arms ;  furnished  with  means  of  offense  and 
defense :  as,  an  armed  force  or  ship ;  ' '  the  armed 
rhinoceros,"  Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4. — 2.  Sup- 
ported by  arms ;  carried  on  or  maintained  by 
force  or  readiness  for  military  action:  as,  an 
armed  inroad ;  armed  peace  or  neutrality. 

I  shall  not  attempt  to  collect  the  duties  and  imposts  liy 
any  armed  invasion  of  any  part  of  the  country. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  132. 

3.  In  her.,  having  the  beaks,  talons,  horns,  or 
teeth,  or,  of  an  arrow  or  lance,  having  the  head, 
of  the  color  specified :  as,  a  lion  gules  armed  or. 
The  word  is  not  used  for  the  horns  of  a  hart  or 
buck.  See  attired. —  4.  In  phys.,  furnished  with 
an  armature  or  a  piece  of  iron  so  as  to  connect 
the  poles,  as  a  horseshoe  magnet. —  5.  In  hot., 
having  prickles  or  thorns — Armed  at  all  points. 

(a)  Completely  equipped  with  offensive  and  defensive 
arms,  according  to  the  fashion  of  the  time  :  equiv.ilent  to 
the  French  arme  de  pied  en  cap.  See  cuts  under  armor. 
(fc)  Inker.,  dressed  in  complete  plate-armor,  but  having 
the  vizor  open :  said  of  a  warrior  used  as  a  bearing  or 
supporter.— Armed  in  flute.  See /u«e2.— Armed  neu- 
trality, the  maintenance  by  a  nation  of  an  armed  force 
held  ready  to  repel  any  aggression  on  the  part  of  belli- 
gerent nations  between  which  it  is  neutral. —  Armed 
peace,  the  condition  of  a  country  which  in  time  of  peace 
maintains  its  military  establishments  on  a  war  footing,  so 
as  to  be  ready  for  war  at  any  moment.— Armed  Ship, 
a  merchant  ship  taken  into  the  service  of  a  government 
for  a  particular  occasion,  and  armed  like  a  ship  of  war.— 
Armed  to  the  teeth,  very  fully  or  completely  armed. 

On  the  ramparts  of  the  fort  stood  Nicholas  Koorn, 
armed  to  the  teeth,  flourishing  a  brass-hilted  sword. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  251. 
Armenian  (ar-me'ni-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Ar- 
menius,  <  Gr.  'Ap/uevtog,  <  'Ap/uevla,  Armenia.] 
I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Armenia,  a  former  kingdom 
of  Asia  lying  between  the  Black  and  Caspian 
seas,  northeast  of  Asia  Minor,  now  included  in 
Turkey,  Persia,  and  Asiatic  Russia,  or  to  its 

inhabitants.— Armenian  architecture,  a  term  some- 
times applied  to  the  form  of  Byzantine  church  architec- 


Armenian  Arcllitecture. 
Typicaf  Churcti  Plan,  St.  H'ropsimah.  near  Etchmiadzin. 
AD.  bema,  or  sanctuary;  B,  B\  parabemata  ;  B,  prothesis;  B', 
diakonikon:   C,  altar;  D,  apse;  FF,  veil  occupying  the  place  of 
the  iconostasis ;  G,  dome  and  clxoir ;  H,  nave ;  /,  /',  antiparabe- 
niata;  A",  chief  entrance;  L,  north  door;  L' ,  south  door. 

ture  usual  in  Armenia.  The  typical  plan  of  such  churches 
maintains  a  strict  symmetry  between  the  apsidal  and 
western  ends,  having  antiparabemata  to  correspond  with 
the  parabemata,  and  omitting  the  narthex.  The  central 
dome  is  often  represented  by  a  lofty  tower.— Arinenian 
blue.  See  6?Me.— Armenian  bole.  See  boW^.— Anae- 
nlan  cement,  a  cement  made  by  soaking  isinglass  in  water 
until  it  becomes  soft,  and  then  mixing  it  with  spirit  in 
which  a  little  gum  mastic  and  ammoniacum  have  been  dis- 
solved. It  is  used  to  unite  pieces  of  broken  glass,  to  re- 
pair precious  stones,  and  to  cement  them  to  watcli-cases 
and  other  ornaments. —  Armenian  Chvirch,  the  ancient 
national  church  of  Armenia.  It  maintains  that  it  was 
founded  as  early  as  A.  D.  34 ;  but  while  traces  of  Christian- 
ity are  found  previously  to  the  fourth  century,  the  con- 
version of  the  country  as  a  whole  was  the  work  of  St. 
Gregory  the  Illuminator,  who  began  his  evangelistic  la- 
bors about  the  year  301 ;  and  from  liis  name  it  is  sometimes 
known  also  as  the  Gregorian  Church.  The  Armenian 
(-'hurch  has  for  the  most  part  remained  estranged  from 
the  orthodox  Greek  Church  since  tlie  latter  part  of  the 
fifth  century,  when  it  rejected  the  decrees  of  the  Council 
of  Chalcedon  (A.  D.  451).    It  has  tlierefore  been  credited 


Armenian 

with  holaiiig  Monophysite  or  Eutychian  doctrine,  but 
many  authorities  ho!d  that  the  differences  arose  from 
misunaerstandings  occasioned  by  the  incapacity  of  the 
Armeniar  lajiguage  to  express  the  finer  distinctions  of 
Greelc  "ernunology.  The  Armenian  Chm-ch  accepts  all 
the  first  seven  ecumenical  councils,  with  the  exception  of 
that  of  Chalcedon,  the  doctrines  of  which  they  seem  how- 
ever, to  hold  under  a  different  phraseology.  Their  doc- 
trines and  usages  closely  resemble  those  of  the  Greek 
Church,  with  the  exception  of  their  use  of  unleavened 
bread  and  of  an  unmixed  chalice  in  the  eucharist.  The 
priesthood  is  hereditary.  The  bishops  are  governed  by 
foui-  patriarchs,  the  primate  being  the  catholicos,  who 
resides  in  tlie  monastery  of  Etchmiadzin,  a  short  distance 
north  of  Mount  Ararat.  Since  the  fifteenth  century  a 
large  number  of  the  Armenians  have  joined  the  Roman 
Catholic  Churcli  and  are  known  as  United  Armenians 
A  separate  Armenian  Protestant  Church  has  also  recently 
been  formed.- Armenian  era,  liturgy,  etc.  See  the 
nouns.  — Armenian  stone,  a  soft  lilne  carbonate  of  cop- 
per_also,  a  commercial  name  for  lapis-Iazuli. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  of  Armenia.— 2.  Eccles., 
an  adherent  of  the  Armenian  Church. — 3.  The 
Armenian  language. 

Armeno-Turkish  (ar-me'-'no-ter'kish),  n.  The 
Tui'kish  language  as  written  by  Armenians  in 
Turkey,  with  letters  of  the  Armenian  alphabet. 

amentalt  (ar-men'tal),  a.  [<  L.  armentalis, 
<  armentum,  old  form  armenta,  cattle  for  plow- 
ing, collectively  a  herd,  drove;  prob.  contr. 
from  *  armentum,  <  arare,  plow:  see  arable.^ 
Of  or  belonging  to  a  drove  or  herd.  £aUey. 

armentinet,  «.  [<  L.  armentum,  a  herd  (see  ar- 
mental),  +  -j»e2.]    game  as  armental.  Bailey. 

armentoset  (ar-men'tos),  a.  [<  L.  armentosus, 
abounding  in  herds,  <  armentum,  herd:  see  ar- 
mental.'] Full  of  great  cattle ;  abounding  with 
herds  or  beasts.  Bailey. 

armer  (ar'mer),  M.    [<  am2  +  -ej-l.]    One  who 
arms  or  supplies  vrith  arms;  one  who  equips. 
Builders  and  armers  of  vessels  [of  war]. 

Woolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  160. 

armet  (ar'met),  n.  [F.,  OF.  also  armette,  ar- 
mer et,  dim.  of  armes,  armor.]  The  most  com- 
plete    and  perfect 


313 


steel  Annet,  about  A.  D.  1450. 
A ,  calotte  or  cap ;  a,  neck-guard 
riveted  to  A,  and  havings  a  prolon- 
gation upward  to  the  crown  ;  B,  up- 
per vizor,  or  umbril,  with  sight-  or 
eye-hole;  C,  vizor  with  opening 
tor  breathing  ;  Z>,  aventaile,  opening 
sidewise  on  hinges ;  E,  rim  of  the 
gorgerin  (it  has  a  groove  between 
two  ridges,  which  groove  receives 
the  lower  edge  of  the  armet  proper) ; 

one  of  two  upright  pins  upon 
which  the  pauldrons  are  adjusted. 
The  gorgerin  is  of  three  pieces, 
movable  upon  one  another,  and  all 
riveted  to  a  leather  band  beneath. 


defensive  head-cov- 
ering  of   the  mid- 
dle ages,  introduced 
about  1450,  and  re- 
maining in  use  until 
the  abandonment  of 
the  closed  headpiece, 
more  than  a  century 
later.     it  was  lighter 
than  the  heaume  and  even 
the  basinet,  and  was  a 
better  protection  than  the 
sallet.    (See  these  words.) 
It  fitted  the  head  well, 
allowed  of  some  move- 
ment, and  had  openings 
for  sight  and  breathing. 
It  was  forged  in  many 
parts,  which  fitted  togeth- 
er accurately  and  were  se- 
cured by  hinges,  hooks, 
and  the  like,  and  when 
closed  was  very  rigid  and 
fli-m. 

armful  (arm'fiil),  n. 
[<  arwX  +  full.l  As 
much  as  the  arms  can 
hold;  what  one  holds  in  one's  arms  or  embrace*. 
'Tis  not  the  wealth  of  Plutus,  nor  the  gold 
lock'd  in  the  heart  of  earth,  can  buy  away 
This  armful  from  me.    Beau,  and  Fl.,  Philaster,  iv.  1. 
I  stood  where  Love  in  brimming  armfuls  bore 
Slight  wanton  flowers  and  foolish  toys  of  fruit. 

D.  G.  Rossetti,  Sonnets,  xiv. 
arm-gauntt,  a.  [.An  isolated  form,  appar.  < 
ami  (or  am2,  arms)  +  gaunt,  as  if  'with  gaunt 
umbs,'  or '  worn  with  military  service ' ;  in  either 
case  a  violent  formation.  Perhaps  merely  a 
scribe's  or  printer's  sophistication  of  some  word 
which  must  be  left  to  conjecture.]  An  epithet 
of  disputed  meaning,  applied  by  Shakspere  to  a 
horse,  and  in  some  editions  changed  to  arrogant. 

So  he  nodded, 
And  soberly  did  mount  an  arm-rjnunt  steed, 
Who  neigh'd  so  high,  that  what' I  would  have  spoke 
was  beastly  dumb'd  by  him.       Shale.,  A.  and  C,  1.  5. 

arm-greatt,  a.  [ME.  arm-gret;  <  ami  +  great.l 
As  thick  as  a  man's  arm. 

A  wrethe  of  gold,  arm-gret,  of  huge  wighte. 
Upon  his  heed.       Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1287. 
arm-guards  (arm'gardz),  n.  pi.  Ageneralname 
of  plate-armor  for  the  defense  of  the  arms. 
It  corresponds  to  hrassart  (which  see)  and  to  the  French 
garde-bras.   See  also  bracelet,  vambrace,  and  rerebrace 

armnole  (arm'hol),  n.  [<  ME.  armhole,  corrupt- 
ly harmole;  <  ami  +  Jiole.]  1.  The  cavity  under 
the  shoulder;  the  armpit.    [Now  rare.] 

Tickling  is  most  in  the  soles  of  the  feet,  and  under  the 
armholes,  and  on  the  sides.  The  cause  is  the  thinness  of 
the  skm  m  these  parts,  joined  with  the  rareness  of  being 
touched  there.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist! 

2.  A  hole  in  a  garment  for  the  arm. 


armiak  (ar'myak),  n.  [<  Russ.  armyaku,  of 
Tatar  origin.]  1.  A  stuff  woven  of  camel's 
hair  by  the  Tatars.— 2.  In  Russia,  a  plain  caf- 
tan or  outer  garment,  made  of  armiak  or  a 
similar  material,  worn  by  the  peasantry, 
armiferous  (ar-mif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  armifer,  < 
arma,  arms,  +ferre  =  E.  6eari.]  Bearing  arms. 
Blount, 

armiger  (ar'mi-jer),  n.  [L.,  armor-bearer,  < 
arma,  arms,  +  gerere,  bear,  carry.]  1.  An  ar- 
mor-bearer to  a  knight ;  a  squii-e ;  the  second 
in  rank  of  the  aspirants  to  chivalry  or  knight- 
hood.—  2.  One  who  has  a  right  to  armorial  bear- 
ings :  formerly  used  after  the  proper  name  by 
a  person  possessing  such  right,  but  no  higher 
title:  thus,  "John  Bolton,  armiger,"  is  nearly 
equivalent  to  "John  Bolton,  gentleman."  In 
Shakspere,  armigero. 

A  gentleman  born,  master  parson  ;  who  writes  himself 
armigero;  in  any  bill,  warrant,  quittance,  or  obligation, 
armigero.  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  1. 

This  young  armiger  must  be  the  too  attractive  cyno- 
sure to  our  poor  little  maiden. 

B.  D.  Blachmore,  Lorna  Doone,  li. 
armigeral  (ar-mij'e-ral),  a.    [<  armiger  +  -al."] 
Of  the  class  of  squii-es ;  genteel. 

I  am  exempted  at  present  from  residence,  as  preacher 
to  the  Foundling  Hospital ;  had  it  been  otherwise,  I  could, 
I  think,  have  lived  very  happily  in  the  countr/,  in  armi- 
geral, priestly,  and  swine-feeding  society. 

Sydney  Smith,  to  Francis  Jeffrey, 
armigero  (iir-mij'e-ro),  n.  [=  Sp.  armigero,  a 
squire,  =  Pg.  armigero,  a  page,  <  L.  armiger: 
see  armiger.']  Same  as  armiger,  2. 
armigerous  (ar-mij'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  armiger 
(later,  but  rarely,  drmigerus),  bearing  arms: 
see  armiger.]    Entitled  to  bear  heraldic  arms. 

They  belonged  to  the  armigerous  part  of  the  popula- 
tion- De  Quincey,  Works,  VII.  45. 

armil  (ar'mil),  n.  [<  late  ME.  armille,  <  OP.  ar- 
mille,  <  L.  armilla,  a  bracelet,  armlet,  hoop, 
ring,  dim.  prob.  of  armus,  shoulder,  upper  arm : 
see  ami.]  i .  An  ancient  astronomical  instru- 
ment consisting  of  a  ring  fixed  in  the  plane  of 
the  equator,  sometimes  crossed  at  right  angles 
by  another  ring  fixed  in  the  plane  of  the  me- 
ridian. In  the  first  case  it  was  an  equinoctial  armil,  in 
the  second  a  solstitial  armil.  Also  called  armilla.  See 
armillary. 

With  the  advance  of  geometrical  conceptions  there  came 
the  hemisphere  of  Berosus,  the  equinoctial  artnil,  the  sol- 
stitial ar7nil,  and  the  quadrant  of  Ptolemy  — all  of  them 
employing  shadows  as  indices  of  the  sim's  position,  but  in 
combination  with  angular  divisions. 

H.  Spencer,  Universal  Progress,  p.  172. 
2.  Same  as  armilla,  1. 

The  armil,  or  bracelet,  was  looked  upon  by  the  Anglo- 
Saxons  as  one  among  the  badges  of  royalty. 

Bock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  i.  436,  note, 
armilausa  (ar-mi-la'sii),  n. ;  pi.  armilaitscB  (-se). 
[LL. ;  origin  uncertain ;  said  by  Isidore  to  be  a 
contr.  of  *armiclausa,  <  armus,  shoulder,  +  clau- 
sus,  pp.  of  claudere,  shut  in :  see  arm^,  clause, 
and  close.  ]  1 .  A  kind  of  Roman  military  tunic. 
—  2.  A  garment  worn  in  England  and  on  the 
Continent  during  the  middle  ages,  probably 
differing  in  shape  at  different  times.  Meyrick 
describes  it  as  "a  body  garment  the  prototype  of  the  sur- 
coat" ;  but  it  seems  always  to  have  been  an  outer  garment 
and  even  worn  over  the  armor, 
armilla  (ar-mil'a),  n.;  pi.  armillm  (-e).  [L. :  see 
armil.]  1 .  In  afchwol.,  a  bracelet  or  armlet :  as, 
a  Roman  or  Frankish  armilla.  Also  called  ar- 
mil.— 2.  In  mach.,  an  iron  ring,  hoop,  or  brace, 
in  which  the  gudgeons  of  a  wheel  move. — 3.  In 
anat.,  the  annular  ligament  of  the  wrist  which 
binds  together  the  tendons  of  the  hand.— 4. 
Same  as  armil,  1.—  5.  In  ornitli.,  a  colored  ring 
encircling  the  tibia  of  a  bird  just  above  the 
heel-joint.    [Little  used.] 

armillary  (ar'mi-la-ri),  a.  [<  L.  armilla,  an 
armlet,  ring,  etc. :  see  armil]    Resembling  a 

bracelet  or  armil- 
la ;  consisting  of 
rings  or  circles. — 
Armillary  sphere, 
an  arrangement  of 
rings,  all  circles  of 
a  single  sphere,  in- 
tended to  show  the 
relative  positions  of 
the  principal  celes- 
tial circles.  The 
whole  revolves  upon 
its  axis  within  a  hori- 
zon divided  into  de- 
grees and  movable  in 
every  direction  upon 
a  brass  supporter. 
There  are  two  kinds 
of  armillary  sphere, 
one  with  the  earth 
and  one  with  the  sun 
in  the  center,  called 


Armillary  Sphere. 


Armlnlan 

respectively  the  sphere  of  Ptolemy  and  the  sphere  of  Co- 
pernicus. Since  the  main  use  of  such  a  contrivance  is  to 
give  an  accurate  representation  of  the  apparent  motions  of 
the  solar  system,  the  former  is  the  one  most  used,  the  lat- 
ter having  little  liractical  value. 

armillate  (ar'mi-lat),  a.  [<  L.  armillatus,  <  ar- 
milla, bracelet :  see  armil.]  Wearing  a  brace- 
let. Ash. 

armillated  (iir'mi-la-ted),  a.    "Wearing  brace 
lets.  Cockcram. 
armillett  (ar'mi-let),  w.  [<  OF.  armillet,  dim.  of 
armille:  see  armil,  armilla.]    A  small  armilla 
or  armlet.   See  armilla. 
armint,  n.    [Cf.  armil,  armilla.]    A  kind  of 
ornament  for  the  pike,   it  appears  to  have  b«en  a 
piece  of  stuff  sewed  around  the  staff,  perhaps  to  afford  a 
firm  hold  for  the  hand, 
arminelf,  n.    [Perhaps  for  *arming  (of  which, 
however,  no  record  is  found  for  400  years  pre- 
ceding), <  early  ME.  crming,  <  AS.  earminq,  a 
wretched  person,  <  carm,  wretched,  miserable, 
poor,  =  OS.  arm  =  OFries.  erm,  arm  =  D.  arm, 
OHG.  aram,  MHG.  G.  arm  =  Icel.  armr  =  Sw. 
Dan.  arm  =  Goth,  arms,  wi'etched,  miserable. 
Seeycarn^.]    A  beggar ;  a  mendicant. 
Luce.  So  young  an  armine .' 

Flow.  Armine,  sweetheart,  I  know  not  what 

You  mean  by  that,  but  I  am  almost  a  beggar. 

London  Prodigal  (1605). 

armine^t,  arminedt.  Obsolete  forms  of  ermine, 

ermined. 

arming  (ar'ming),  M.  [<  ME.  armyng;  verbal  n. 
of  a/7rt2,  v.]  1.  The  act  of  taking  arms  or  fur- 
nishing with  arms :  as,  an  extensive  arming  of 
the  people.— 2t.  In  her.,  a  coat  of  arms. 

When  the  Lord  Beaumont,  who  their  armings  knew 
Their  present  peril  to  brave  Suftolk  shews.  Drayton. 

3.  Naut. :  (a)  A  piece  of  tallow  placed  in  a 
cavity  at  the  lower  end  of  a  sounding-lead  to 
bring  up  a  sample  of  the  sand,  mud,  etc.,  of  the 
sea-bottom. 

On  the  arming  from  an  eight-fathom  cast  there  was  a 
perfect  impression  of  an  Astraea,  apparently  alive. 

Darwin,  Coral  Reefs,  p.  11. 
(b)  pi.  A  kind  of  boarding-nettings,    (c)  pi. 
Red  dress-cloths  formerly  hung  fore  and  aft 
outside  the  upper  works  on  holidays :  still  used 
by  some  nations.  Smyth. 
arming-bucklet(ar'ming-buk"l),  n.  1.  Abuckle 
used  in  defensive  armor.— 2.  In  her.,  such  a 
buckle,    generally  having  the 
shape  of  a  lozenge,  used  as  a 
bearing. 

arming-doublett  (ar'ming-dub"- 
let),  n.    A  doublet  used  in  mili- 
,        tary  dress,  forming  an  essential 

Four  Varieties  of  part  of  the  hameSS  of  a  light- 
Buck'*?  armed  foot-soldier  in  the  middle 
ages  and  later,  it  is  probable  that 
It  was  a  very  close-fitting  garment  worn  under  the  corse- 
let. The  general  use  of  it  seems  to  have  suggested  a  style 
or  cut  in  elegant  costume,  as  we  read  of  arming-doublets 
of  costly  material. 

That  every  man  have  an  arming-doublet  of  fustian  or 
canvas.        Duke  of  Norfolk's  Orders,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  36. 

An  arming-doublet  of  crimson  and  yellow  satin  . 
with  threads  of  Venice  gold. 

Inventory  Henry  VIII.,  1542,  quoted  by  Planchd. 
arming-pointt  (ar'ming-point),  n.    A  point 
used  in  fastening  together  parts  of  a  suit  of 
armor. 

arming-press  (ar'ming-pres),  n.  A  small  hand- 
power  stamping-press  used  by  bookbinders. 
Its  earliest  employment  was  in  stamping  heraldic  arms 
on  the  sides  of  books,  whence  its  name.  In  the  United 
States  this  form  of  press  is  known  as  a  stamping-press 
or  embossing-press. 

arming-speart  (ar'ming-sper),  n.  A  spear  used 
in  war. 

arming-swordt  (ar'ming-sord),  «.  A  sword 
made  especially  for  use  in  battle,  as  distin- 
guished from  one  worn  as  a  part  of  military 
dress  or  imiform  in  time  of  peace,  and  from 
that  used  in  tourneys  or  the  like. 

A  helmett  of  proofe  shee  strait  did  provide, 
A  strong  arming-sword  shee  girt  by  her  side. 

Percy's  Reliques. 

Arminian  (ar-min'i-an),  n.  and  a.    [<  NL.  Ar- 

minianus,  <  ^mi«iMS," Latinized  from  the  name 
of  Harmensen.]  .  I.  n.  1.  One  of  a  Christian  sect 
named  from  James  Arminius  (Jacobus  Harmen- 
sen),  a  Protestant  di\dne  of  Leyden,  Nether- 
lands (1560-1609).  Its  members  were  also  called  Re- 
monstrants, from  a  statement  of  their  views  in  the  fonn  of 
a  remonstrance  presented  to  the  States-General  in  1610. 
They  separated  from  the  Calvinists,  objecting  to  their 
doctrine  of  predestination.  The  sect  as  a  distinct  organ- 
ization is  chiefiy  confined  to  the  Netherlands,  where  it 
numbers  only  about  twenty  congregations  and  a  few  thou- 
sand adherents. 

2.  A  believer  in  the  Ai-minian  doctrines.  These 
doctrines  are :  (1)  Conditional  election  and  reprobation, 
in  opposition  to  absolute  prcdestiuation  as  tauglit  by 


Arminian 

Calvin.  (2)  Universal  rcdeniption,  or  that  the  atonement 
was  made  by  Christ  for  all  mankind,  though  none  but  be- 
lievers can  be  partalcers  of  its  benefits.  (3)  That  man,  in 
order  to  exercise  true  faitli,  must  be  regenerated  and  re- 
newed by  the  operation  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  which  is  the 
gift  of  God.  (4)  That  this  grace  is  not  irresistible.  (5)  That 
believers  are  able  by  tlie  aid  of  tlie  Holy  Spirit  to  resist 
sin,  but  that  there  is  always  in  this  life  the  possibility  of 
a  fall  from  grace,  in  opposition  to  the  Calvinistic  doctrine 
of  the  perseverance  of  the  saints.  Protestants  in  general 
sliared  in  the  controversy  excited  by  the  promulgation  of 
these  doctrines,  and  all  opponents  of  Calvinism  are  still 
often  chai'acterized  as  Arminians.  In  the  Cliurch  of  Eng- 
land Arminianisra  was  especially  favored  by  the  Higli 
Churcli  party.  Tlie  Methodist  denomination  was  divided 
on  the  subject,  the  followers  of  Wesley  being  Arminians, 
and  those  of  Whitelield  Calvinists. 

II,  a.  Pertaining  to  Arminius  or  to  his  doc- 
trines. 

Arminianism  (iir-min'i-an-izm),  ».  [<,  Armini- 
an +  -ism  ;  =  F.  iuininianisme.']  The  peculiar 
doctrines  or  tenets  of  the  Arminians. 

Arminianize  (ar-min'i-an-iz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp. 
Arminiani^ed,  ppr.  Arminianizing.    [<  Arminian 
+  -ice.]    I.  trans.  To  make  Arminian ;  tinge 
or  permeate  with  Arminian  doctrines. 
II.  intrans.  To  teach  Arminianism. 

armipotence  (ar-mip'o-teus),  «.  [<  LL.  armipo- 
tentia ,<.~L.  armipoten{t-)s :  seearmipotent.']  Puis- 
sance at  arms.  Bailey. 

armipotent  (iir-mip'o-tent),  a.  [<  ME.  armypo- 
tcnt,  <  Ij.  urmipoten{t-)s,  powerful  in  arms,  < 
arma,  arms,  +  pot€n{t-)s,  powerful:  see  po- 
tenf^  Powerful  in  arms;  mighty  in  battle. 
[Rare.] 

The  temple  of  Marz  anni/potente. 

Chaucer,  knight's  Tale,  1.  1124. 
The  manifold  linguist  and  the  armipotent  soldier. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  iv.  3. 
■Wlio  dost  pluck 
With  hand  armipotent  from  forth  blue  clouds 
The  mason'd  turrets. 

Fletcher  (ami  another).  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  v.  1. 

armisonantt  (ar-mis'6-nant),  a.  [<  L.  arma, 
arms,  +  S0Han(t-)s,  ppr.  of  sonare,  sound  (see 
sonant);  suggested  by  ar)««so«OHS,  q.  v.]  Same 
as  armisonous.  Ash. 

armisonO'USt  (ar-mis'o-nus),  a.  [<  L.  armiso- 
vus,  <  arma,  arms,  +  sonare,  sound:  see  sound^, 
and  cf.  armisonant.']  Soimding  or  rustling  with 
arms  or  armor.  Bailey. 

armistice  (ar'mis-tis),  n.  [<  F.  armistice  =  Sp. 
Pg.  armisticio=  It.  armisti::io,  <  NL.  armistitium, 
a  cessation  of  hostilities,  <  arma,  arms,  +  -sti- 
tium,  <  status,  a  standing,  pp.  of  sistere,  cause 
to  stand,  fix,  reduplicated  from  stare,  stand : 
see  state,  stand.  Cf.  solstice,  interstice.']  A 
temporary  suspension  of  hostilities  by  conven- 
tion or  agreement  of  the  parties ;  a  ti'uce. 

But,  while  an  armistice  is  an  interval  in  war  and  supposes 
a  return  to  it,  a  peace  is  a  return  to  a  state  of  amity  and 
intercourse,  implying  no  intention  to  recommence  hostili- 
ties. An  armistice  again  leaves  the  questions  of  the  war 
unsettled,  but  a  peace  implies  in  its  terms  that  redress  of 
wrongs  has  been  obtained,  or  tliat  tlie  intention  is  re- 
nounced of  seeking  to  obtain  it. 

Woolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  150. 

armless^  (arm'les),  a.  [ME.  armies;  <  arm^  + 
-less.']  "Without  arms,  in  zool.,  specifically  applied 
to  the  Lipohrachia,  or  those  echinoderms,  as  sea-urchins 
and  sea-cucumbers,  which  have  no  distinct  rays  or  arms. 

armless^  (arm'les),  a.    [<  arni^  +  -less.]  Des- 
titute of  weapons;  defenseless. 
Spain  lying  armless  and  open.        Howell,  Letters,  i.  3. 

armlet  (arm'let),  n.  [<  arrn^  +  -let,  dim.  suf- 
fix; suggested  prob.  by  armillet,  q.  v.  Cf. 

ftracefei.]  1. 
A  little  arm : 
as,  an  armlet 
of  the  sea. —  2. 
An  ornament 
for  the  arm ; 
specifically,  a 
metal  band  or 
ring  worn  up- 
on the  upper  arm. — 3.  That  part  of  a  dress 
where  the  sleeve  joins  the  shoiilder. 
armoire  (ar-mwor'),  ?i.  [F. :  s,ee  anibry.]  An 
ambry ;  a  large  wardrobe  or  movable  cupboard, 
with  doors  and  shelves;  especially,  one  which 
is  inclosed  or  shut  in  with  doors  from  base  to 
cornice,  and  is  simple  and  roomy  in  design, 
armoiriet  (ar'mor-i),  n.  [F.]  An  old  form  of 
armory'^. 

Their  great  aim  was  to  elevate  their  subject  by  tracing 
back  the  use  of  armoiries  to  the  patriarchs  and  heroes  of 
Jewish  and  pagan  antiquity.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XI.  712. 

armoniact,  a.  An  old  corruption  of  ammoniac. 
Chaucer. 

armor,  armour  (ar'mor),  n.  [Second  form  now 
usual  in  England ;  <  ME.  armour,  armowre,  earlier 
and  more  commonly  armure,  armor  (often  in  pi. 


314. 

armnrcs,  armurs,  armcris,  armercs,  weapons),  < 
OF.  armure,  armeiirc,  F.  armure  =  Sp.  Pg.  arma- 
dura  =  lt.  armadura,  armatura,  armor, <L.  urma- 
tura,  Stxmov:  B^Q  armature.]  1.  Defensive  arms ; 
any  covering  worn  to  protect  the  person  against 
offensive  weapons.  All  available  materials  that  offer 
some  resistance  to  edge  or  point  have,  at  various  epochs 
and  among  various  peoples,  been  put  to  use  for  this  piu-- 


Egyptian. 


Complete  Armor  of  1195-        Armor  and  Equipment  for  man  and 
1205.  horse,  about  1290. 

I.  Conical  helmet  set  2.  A  heaume  or  large  helmet, 
upon  the  hood.  ^,  hood  of  worn  over  a  steel  cap  (mortier  or 
leather:  i>,  camail  of  chain-  secret).  It  had  no  vizor  nor  avent- 
mail  secured  to  the  hood.  aile,  but  was  worn  only  in  fight,  and 
This  is  here  separate  from  rested  directly  upon  the  armor  of  the 
the  hauberk,  though  it  was  neclc.  ailette  (one  on  each  shoul- 
often  a  part  of  it.  The  der)  ;  .ff,  rerebrace  :  C,  cubiti^re,  or  el- 
hauberk  of  mail  reaches  to  bow-guard  ;  D,  genouilli^re,  or  knee- 
the  knees  and  is  divided  be-  gu.ard  ;  B,  greave,  or  bainberg  :  F, 
fore  and  behind;  the  gam-  surcoat  of  stuff  worn  over  the  armor; 
beson  has  a  long  skirt,  and  is  .1/,  barbs  of  the  same  make  as  the 
worn  underthenauberk  and  body-armor  of  the  rider;  A',  cham- 
divided  in  the  same  way;  fron  of  hammered  iron;  O.  housings 
the  belt  is  only  a  leather  of  stuff  affording  considerable  pro- 
strap  with  buckle  ;  the  tection.  The  armor  of  the  body  and 
shield  is  triangular  and  very  limbs  of  the  rider  is  of  the  fashion 
much  rounded  or  bowed  called  banded  mail ;  that  for  the  body, 
sidewise,  and  straight  therefore,  is  not  properly  a  hauberk, 
lengthwise ;  the  hose,  or  perhaps  a  broigne. 
chausses,  are  of  mail,  and 

the  shoes  of  leather.  The  broigne  was  often  worn  instead  of  the  hau- 
berk :  the  closed  helmet,  rarely.  The  chausses  often  covered  the  feet, 
replacing  the  shoes. 

pose,  as  thick  skins,  garments  of  linen  or  of  silk,  stuffed 
witli  vegetable  fiber,  or  made  of  many  thicknesses  of  ma- 
terial, thin  plates  of  horn  or  metal,  sewed  to  some  textile 
fabric  and  lapping  over  one  another  like  scales,  etc.  Usu- 
ally the  headpiece  was  the  first  piece  of  armor  to  be  made 
in  solid  metal.  (See  helmet.)  The  Greeks  had  a  solid  cui- 
rass from  a  very  early  period.  (See  cuirass  and  thorax.) 
This,  with  tlve  helmet  and  the  greaves  (see  ijreave),  con- 
stituted the  wliole  armorof  the  heavy-armed  Greek  warrior 
of  historic  times.  The  Roman  legionary  was  in  general 
similarly  armed,  sometimes  wearing  only  one  greave. 
Chain-mail  was  introduced  in  the  armor  of  the  Koman 
soldiery.  The  Norman  invaders  of  England  in  1066  wore 
a  conical  helmet  with  a  nasal  or  strong  projecting  piece  of 
iron  coming  down  over  the  nose,  and  long  gowns  of  stuff  to 


Complete  Armor,  about  1395.  Complete  suit  of  Plate-Armor, 
3.  yl,  basinet  with  vizor;  B.  "O"  I"";.  about  1440  — 
large  camail  of  chain-mail ;  C,  "^Poi^h  of  greatest  perfection 
corselet  of  separate  plates  of  of  defensive  arms, 
iron  or  steel,  each  one  riveted  to  4.  ^,  armet ;  B,  gorget  of  three 
an  inner  doublet  or  jacket  of  plates  or  splints  sliding  one  over 
linen,  silk,  or  leather  (this  corse-  the  other,  the  lowermost  one  pass- 
let  comes  no  higher  than  the  arm-  ing  beneath  the  plastron;  C,  C, 
pits,  and  corresponds  exactly  to  pauldrons,  each  of  three  sliding 
the  later  pansifere);  Z>,  complete  plates,  the  right-hand  pauldron 
brassart ;  E,  cubitifere,  which  smaller  than  the  left,  and  its  low- 
is,  however,  included  in  /)/  F,  est  plate  capable  of  being  lifted 
gauntlet  of  leather  with  bracelet  to  allow  the  lance  to  be  put  in 
or  wrist-guard  of  steel,  and  back  rest ;  D,  adjustable  l.ance-rest ;  E, 
of  hand  covered  with  a  steel  plastron,  or  upper  part  of  corse- 
plate  ;  G,  skirt  of  six  taces  or  let :  F,  pansi^re,  or  lower  part  of 
tassets  sliding  one  over  another  corselet  (these  two  pieces  slide 
like  the  shell  of  a  lobster's  tail  one  upon  the  other  so  that  the 
(each  tasset  is  riveted  to  a  series  body  can  bend  forward,  and  the 
of  verticalstrapsof  stuff  or  leath-  pansi^re  is  so  cut  away  over  the 
er ) ;  H.  military  belt  secured  to  flips  that  the  body  can  bend  side- 
the  lowest  tasset  (the  sword  is  not  wise);  G,  skirt  of  taces  or  tas- 
secured  to  the  belt,  but  toa hook  sets;  H,  other  tassets  forming 
or  staple  riveted  to  the  cuishe);  thi^h-guards  (the  large  lowest 
/,  cuishe,  or  thigh-piece,  in  two  splint  is  often  called  the  tuille); /, 
parts  connectetf  by  hinges  and  complete  brassart  in  many  pieces 
fastened  by  hooks  ;  y,  jamb,  or  perfectly  articulated  and  forming 
leg.piece,  in  two  parts  like  the  a  connected  sleeve,  composed  of 
cuislie ;  A',  genouilli6re,orknee-  rerebrace,  vambrace,  and  cubi. 
guard  ;  L,  solleret  of  small  plates  tiSre;  y,  gauntlet  havingno  brace- 
sliding  one  over  another.  let,  but  secured  to  vambrace  of 
brassart;  A",  cuishe;  Z.,jamb;  AT, 
genouillifere,  having  two  sliding  splints  above  the  main  knee-guard  ; 
N.  solleret,  with  the  terminal  splint  removable  when  the  wearer  dis- 
mounted. 


armorer 

which  were  sewed  rings  or  plates  of  metal,  and  the  leaders 
had  leg-coverings  of  similar  make.  A  century  later  chain- 
mail  was  in  common  use.  The  knights  of  the  time  of 
Richard  I.  of  England  (Coour  de  Lion,  1189-1199)  wore  a 
long  hauberk  of  chain-mail,  reaching  to  the  knee  or  below, 
with  long  sleeves  closed  at  the  ends  so  as  to  form  gloves, 
and  with  openings  in  the  sides  through  which  the  hands 
could  be  passed,  leaving  the  gloves  hanging  down  from 
the  wrist ;  hose  of  the  same  make,  either  covering  the  feet 
or  worn  with  shoes  of  strong  leather ;  or  sometimes  long 
hose  of  leather  laced  or  buckled  like  modern  long  gaiters. 
A  hood,  called  tlie  camail,  sometimes  of  chain-iiiail,  some- 
times of  leather,  covered  the  head  and  descended  to  tlie 
shoulders,  and  upon  this  rested  the  iron  helmet,  eitlier  of 
conical  form  or  rounded  or  acorn-shaped,  witliout  vizor, 
pressing  on  the  head  at  its  lower  edge,  where  it  was  often 
secured  to  the  camail,  and  rising  above  the  crown  of  tlie 
head.  Very  rarely  in  this  reign  a  closed  helmet  was  used, 
as  seen  on  a  seal  of  King  Richard  I.;  helmets  of  this  form 
became  common  early  in  the  reign  of  Henry  III.  (1216- 
1272).  By  the  time  of  Henry  IV.  (1399-1413)  and  his  inva- 
sion of  France  (1411),  the  knight  was  completely  clotlied 
in  armor  of  plates,  cliain-mail  being  used  at  the  junction 
of  tlie  limbs  with  tlie  body,  at  the  elbow-  and  knee-joints, 
and  for  a  liood  covering  the  top  of  the  corselet.  Finally, 
under  Henry  VI.  (1422-1461),  at  about  the  time  that  the 
English  were  driven  out  of  France  (1453),  the  suit  of  armor 
reached  its  complete  development,  being  forged  of  thin 
steel  to  fit  tlie  body  and  limbs,  weighing  not  over  60  or  70 
pounds  in  all,  and  allowing  of  free  movement.  This,  how- 
ever, was  extremely  costly.  Tlie  armor  worn  in  jousts  and 
tournaments  was  very  different  after  the  twelfth  century 
from  that  worn  in  war,  being  heavier,  and  neitlier  allowing 
tlie  knight  to  dismount  without  assistance  nor  affording 
him  adequate  protection  if  dismounted.  For  war,  in  spite 
of  tlie  general  adoption  of  firearms,  armor,  though  not  in- 
vesting the  whole  body,  continued  to  be  worn  by  officers 
and  mounted  men  until  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, in  the  wars  of  Louis  XIV. 's  reign,  and,  indeed,  sur- 
vives to  this  day  in  the  helmets  and  cuirasses  of  certain 
corps  of  cavalry.  (The  cuts  are  from  Viollet-le-Duc's 
"  Diet,  du  Mobilier  franijais. ") 

2.  The  metallic  sheathing,  intended  as  a  pro- 
tection against  projectiles,  for  a  ship  of  war  or 
the  exposed  face  of  a  fortification. —  3.  Figura- 
tively, a  defensive  covering  of  any  kind ;  that 
which  serves  as  a  protection  or  safeguard;  a 
bulwark:  used  in  zool.  and  hot.  of  the  protec- 
tive envelop  or  cover  of  an  animal  or  a  plant, 
as  the  scales  of  a  fish  or  the  plates  of  a  croco- 
dile. 

Tliere  is  no  armor  against  fate.  Shirley. 
In  one  species  [hornbills]  the  bill  «winor  resembles  some- 
what the  great  recurved  horn  of  the  rhinoceros. 

Sci.  Amer.,  N.  S.,  LV.  73. 
In  Europe  the  cables  contain  from  five  to  seven  wires, 
each  insulated  with  gutta-percha,  and  the  whole  protected 
with  an  armor  of  iron  wires  or  iron  pipe. 

Greer,  Diet,  of  Electricity,  p.  162. 

4.  In  magnetism,  same  as  armature,  6.  [Rare.] 
—  Mascled  armor.  See  mascled.—  Submarine  armor, 

a  water-tight  covering  worn  by  a  diver ;  a  diving-dress. 
Tlie  essential  part  of  the  armor  is  a  metal  helmet,  large 
enougli  to  permit  free  movement  of  the  head  within,  pro- 
vided with  windows  for  outlook,  and  connected  with  a 
Ijreastplate  which  prevents  any  compression  of  the  lungs. 
Tlie  remainder  of  the  suit  is  of  india-rubber.  Pure  air  is 
pumped  through  a  tube  fipening  into  the  helmet  and  is 
projected  against  the  windows,  removing  the  moisture 
which  condenses  upon  them ;  it  tlien  becomes  diffused  and 
is  breathed,  the  impure  air  passing  out  through  a  similar 
tube.  Weights  are  attached  to  the  waist,  and  leaden  soles 
to  the  shoes.  A  signal-line  affords  communication  with 
attendants  above, 
armor,  armour  (ar'mor),  v.  t.  [<  armor,  n.] 
To  cover  with  armor  or  armor-plate. 

.  The  trees  were  yet  growing  and  the  iron  unmined  with 
which  a  navy  was  to  be  built  and  armored. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  152. 

armor-bearer  (ar'mor-bar'''er),  n.  In  ancient 
and  feudal  times,  one  who  carried  the  armor  or 
weapons  of  another. 

armored,  armoured  (ar'mord),  p.  a.  [<  armor 
+ -cd2.]  1.  Equipped  with  arms  or  armor.— 
2.  Covered  with  armor,  as  a  ship  or  the  face  of 
a  fortification ;  armor-plated. 

The  "Stonewall"  was  a  ram  with  armored  sides. 

J.  R.  Soley,  Blockade  and  Cruisers,  p.  221. 

Fishes  [Cephalaspidoe]  whose  peculiar  armoured  forms 
indicate  a  low  stage  of  organization. 

Claus,  Zoology  (trans.),  p.  177. 

armorer,  armourer  (ar'mor-er),  n.  [Second 
form  now  usual  in  England';  <  ME.  armorer,  ar- 
merer,  armurer,  <  AF.  armurer,  OF.  armurier  (F. 
armurier),  <  armure,  armor:  see  armor  and  -er.] 

1.  Formerly,  a  maker  of  or  an  expert  in  armor; 
hence,  one  who  had  the  care  of  the  arms  and 
armor  of  a  knight  or  man-at-arms,  and  equipped 
him  for  action. 

The  armotners,  accomplishing  the  knights, 
With  busy  hammers  closing  rivets  up, 
Give  dreadful  note  of  preparation. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  (cho.). 

Riding  further  past  an  armorer's, 
Who,  with  back  turn'd,  and  bow'd  above  his  work. 
Sat  riveting  a  helmet  on  his  knee.    Tennyson,  Geraint. 

2.  In  modern  use,  a  manufacturer  or  custodian 
of  military  arms ;  specifically,  one  who  has  the 
supervision  of  any  collection  or  equipment  of 
arms.   The  armorer  of  a  ship  has  charge  of  the  arms, 


armorer 

and  sees  that  they  are  kept  in  a  condition  fit  for  service.  In 
the  British  army  an  armorer  is  attaclied  to  each  troop  of 
cavalry  anil  to  each  company  of  infantry,  to  clean  the  arms, 
armor-grating  (ar'mor-gi-a"ting),  n.  In  many 
war-shii3s,  especially  in  ironclads,  one  of  sev- 
eral deep  iron  gratings  which  are  fitted  around 
the  bottom  of  the  funnel  and  across  its  throat, 


315 

2.  A  place  where  arms  and  instruments  of 
war  are  kept,  in  the  United  States  the  State  militia 
are  usnally  piovided  with  armories,  which  include  also  of- 
fices, drill-rooms,  etc. 

3.  A  place  where  arms  and  armor  are  made  ; 
an  armorer's  shop;  an  arsenal.  [U.  S.] — 4. 
The  craft  of  an  aiTaorer 


to  protect  the  boilers  and  uptakes  from  shot  armory'-^  (ar'mor-i),  n. ;  pi.  armories  (-iz).  [In 


and  shell  during  an  engagement 
armorial  (ar-mo'ri-al),  a.  and  n.    [=P.  armo- 
rial; <  armor//"  +  -((/.]    I.  a.  Belonging  to  her- 
aldry, or  to  heraldic  bearings. 

Armorial  signs  of  race  and  birth.  WordswortJu 
Armorial  bearings.  See  ar/ns,  7. 

He  was  surrouniled  by  his  courtiers,  with  their  stately 
retinues,  glittering  in  gorgeous  panoply,  and  proudly  dis- 
playing the  armorial  bearinr/s  of  theii'  ancient  houses. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  anil  Isa.,  i.  15.  -  . 

II.  n.  A  book  containing  heraldic  bearings'  ^^rJr  SIl^mLm^'^s"''"^  '"''^ 
and  devices;  a  dictionary  of  the  arms  rightly  °^  fieraiciic  emblem,  ai-ms 

borne  by  the  persons  named  in  it. 
Armoric  (ar-mor'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Armoricw, 
pi.,  later  Armorica,  sing.,  said  to  be  <  Celtic  ar 
(W.  ar  =  Ir.  ar  —  Gael,  air),  on,  upon,  -t-  mor 
(W.  mor  — It.  and  Gael,  muir),  the  sea,  =L. 
mare,  sea,  :=:E.  mere,  lake:  see  merel.]  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  ancient  Armorica,  the  region  in 
the  western  extremity  of  France  now  called 

Bretagne  or  Brittany.    See  Breton.   

II.  n.  The  language  of  the  inhabitants  of  armosietl!  «•    A  variant  of  armozeen. 
lower  Brittany,  one  of  the  Celtic  dialects  which  armour,  armoured,  etc.    See  armor,  etc. 
have  reniained  to  the  present  time.  It  is  a  mem-  armozeen,  armozine  (ar-mo-zen'),  n.  [Early 

'  """"^  Y,.  also  armazine,  armesine,  <  OF.  arme- 


Englaud  usually  spelledamofiry;  early  mod.  E, 
armory,  armoury,  armery,  <  late  ME.  armorye, 
armoirie,  <  OF.  armoirie,  armoierie,  in  j)l.  ar- 
moiries,  arms,  cognizances,  scutcheons,  <  ar- 
moier,  armoyer,  armoicor,  armoirer,  one  who 
blazons  arms,  <  armoier,  armoyer  (mod.  F.  ar- 
morier  =  It.  armeggiare),  blazon  arms,  <  armes, 
arms:  see  am2.  Q,t.  armory'^-.']  1.  The  science 
of  blazoning  arms;  the  knowledge  of  coat- 

a 

?aldic  emblem;  arms. 
Henry  Vll.  united,  by  the  marriage  of  Elizabeth  of 
York,  the  white  rose  and  the  red,  the  armories  of  two 
very  powerful  families. 

Sir  H.  Wotton,  Panegyric  of  Charles  I. 
Sf.  Ensigns  of  war ;  colors, 
armory^t,  n.  [After  armoryi-  and  F.  armoire 
(see  armoire),  ult.  <  L.  armarium,  whence  indi- 
rectly ambry  and  directly  armary :  see  ambry 
and  armary,  and  cf.  armory^.~]  A  cupboard ; 
an  ambry. 


ber  of  the  Cymric  group,  of  which  the  closely  allied  Welsh 
is  the  only  other  living  member. 

Armorican  (ar-mor'i-kan),  a.  and  n.   I.  a. 

Same  as  Armoric. 
II.  n.  A  native  of  Armorica  or  Brittany, 
armoried  (ar'mor-id),  a.    [<  armory^  +  -ecP.'] 

Decked  with  armorial  bearings, 
armorist  (ar'mor-ist),  n.    [<¥■.  armoriste,  <  ar- 

moiries,  coat  of  arms:  see  armory'^  and  -ist.'] 

One  skilled  in  armory  or  heraldic  arms, 
armor-plate  (ar'mor-plat),  n.  A  metallic  plate, 


sin,  F.  armoisin  =  It.  ermesino,  <  ML.  ermesi- 
iius;  origin  unknown.]  A  kind  of  taffeta  or 
plain  silk,  used  for  women's  and  also  for  men's 
wear  in  the  eighteenth  century  and  earlier, 
armpit  (arm'pit),  ?i.  l<  ME,,  armepytt ;  <  arm^ 
+  pit^.']    The  hollow  place  or  cavity  under  the  army-list  (ar'mi-list),  n.    1.  An  English  pub 


arnee 

regiments,  brigades,  or  similar  divisions,  under 
proper  officers,  in  general,  an  army  in  modern  times 
consists  of  infantry  and  cavalry,  with  artillery,  although 
the  union  of  the  three  is  not  essential  to  its  constitution, 
the  two  latter  being  ailjuncts  to  the  infantry.  Armiesare 
designated,  according  to  their  olijects,  duties,  field  of  oper- 
ations, etc.,  as  (iffi'iixiix  or  di'/enxine,  mixriii;/,  hloclcadin'/, 
benier/inff,  slandiiiJj  or  n-i/idar,  army  of  vhxtruclion,  army  of 
observation,  ainiy  of  iiimxiun,  army  of  oceu/iation,  army  o( 
reserve,  etc.  The  forces  employed  in  the  large  war-fleeta 
of  former  times  were  called  lutual  armies. 

The  essential  characteristics  of  an  army,  by  which  it  is 
distinguished  from  other  assemblages  of  armed  men,  are 
its  national  character  — that  is,  its  representing  more  or 
less  the  will  and  the  power  of  the  nation  or  its  rulers  — 
and  its  organization.  Unci/c.  Brit.,  II.  S.IQ. 

3.  A  great  number ;  a  vast  multitude. 

The  locust,  .  .  .  the  cankerworm,  and  the  caterpillar, 
and  the  palmerworra,  ray  great  army  which  I  sent  among 
you.  Joel  ii.  25. 

The  noble  army  of  martyrs.  Book  nf  Cmnmun  Prayer. 
Army  Acts,  a  series  of  English  statutes  passed  each  year 
to  provide  for  the  army.— Army  Eegulations,  the  title  of 
a  work  issued  by  the  United  .States  government,  containing 
the  acts  of  Congress  and  the  rules  of  the  commander-in- 
chief  for  the  management  of  the  ainiy  both  in  peace  and 
in  war.—  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic.  See  republic. 
—  Salvation  Army.  See  s«;»of(Vj;i.— Standing  army, 

a  permanently  organized  military  force  kept  up  by  a 
country. 

army-cloth  (ar'mi-kloth),  n.  Cloth  from  which 

soldiers'  uniforms  are  made, 
army-corps  (ar'mi-kor),  [i  army^  +  corps ; 
a  translation  of  F.  corps  d'armee.']  A  coi-ps 
which  is  made  up  of  several  divisions,  and  em- 
braces every  arm  of  the  service,  thus  forming 
an  army  complete  in  itself,  and  placed  luider 
the  command  of  a  general  officer  of  higher  rank 
than  a  divisional  officer.  In  the  British  army 
three  divisions  make  an  ai-my-corps.  Some- 
times abbreviated  A.  C.    See  division. 


shoulder ;  the  axilla, 
arm-rack  (arm'rak),  M. 
the  stowage  of  arms. 


A  frame  or  fitting  for 


usually  of  iron  or  steel,  intended  to  be  attached  arm-rest  (arm  rest),  n.  Something  designed 
to  the  side  of  a  ship  or  the  outer  wall  of  a  fort,  ^  ^^^t  for  the  arm ;  specifically,  that  portion 
with  the  view  of  rendering  it  shot-proof,  a  pro-   °*  ^  choir-stall  which  is  designed  to  support  the 

tection  of  iron  for  ships  was  proposed  in  the  early  part  of  Ot  the  Occupant  when  he  IS  m  either  a 

the  present  century,  but  the  first  practical  application  of   leaning  or  a  standing  posture  ;  also,  the  carved 
it  was  probably  to  the  French  floating  batteries  used  in    end  of  a  bench  as  in  a  church-pew 
the  Crimean  war.    The  success  of  these  led  the  French  to  (arm'ka  ^  n      Same  un  hand  vnm  <<oc~ 

construct  "  La  Gloire,"  the  first  of  the  so-called  ironclads,  arm-SaW  (.arm  sa;,  n.  same  as  lianO-saw.  bee 
completed  in  1861.    This  vessel,  wluch  had  4-inch  wrought-  saw. 

iron  plates  over  a  backing  of  about  3  feet  in  thickness,  arm-SCyO  (arm'si),  n.    Same  as  scye. 

was  speedily  followed  in  1861  by  the  "Warrior "  and  other  arm's-ondt  (armz'end),  n.  The  end  of  the  arm ; 

ships  of  the  same  class  built  by  the  British  government,    „  ti;,i„„„„  ri,.,,^-,^  ^t^i^u, 

with  4i-inch  plates  over  18  inches  of  teak  backing.    Both    ^  S0°^\  distance  off.  Dryden. 
the  thickness  and  the  resisting  power  of  the  armor  have  arm  S-lengtn  (armz  length),  n.    A  space  equal 


lieation  (as  title.  Army  list),  issued  periodi- 
cally, containing  a  list  of  the  officers  in  the 
army,  the  stations  of  regiments,  etc.  In  the 
United  States  there  is  a  similar  list,  called  the 
Army  Register. — 2.  Figuratively,  the  officers 
whose  names  are  recorded  in  the  list. 

They  rideand  walk  with  half  the  a/-m?/-hs«,  .  .  .  and  yet 
the  Miss  O'Gradys  are  Miss  O'Gradys  still. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xliii. 

army-worm  (ar'mi-werm),  n.  A  name  given 
to  the  larva  of  Leucania  unipuncta  (Harris)  on 
account  of  the  immense  numbers  in  which  it 


been  increased  as  more  powerful  ordnance  has  been  in 
vented.  So-called  "compound  armor-plates"  were  early 
adopted,  consisting  of  a  hard  steel  face  welded  upon  a 
soft  iron  back.  This  proving  to  be  too  brittle,  better  re- 
sults were  obtained  by  oil-tempering  the  face  of  a  honio- 


to  the  length  of  the  arm — To  keep  at  arm's- 
length,  figuratively,  to  keep  off'  or  at  a  distance  ;  not  to 
allow  to  come  into  close  contact  or  familiarity.— To  work 
at  arm's-length,  to  work  disadvantageously  or  awk- 
wardly. 


geneous  steel  plate.    The  most  notable  advances,  how-  arm-sling  (arm'sling),  n.    A  sling  of  linen  or 

lire  or  ni'i^iov.nmt-p  iM^vf  hppn  Hup  „  ,°        „  .  .  _ 


ever,  in  the  manufacture  of  armor-plate  have  been  due  to 
the  use  of  nickel-steel,  and  the  invention  of  tlie  process 
of  face-hardening  known  as  harveyizing  (w  hich  see).  Upon 
the  latter  various  improvements  have  been  made.  In  re- 
cent foreign  ships  the  ma.ximum  thickness  of  armor-plate 
is  about  18  inches.  In  the  United  States  navy  the  maxi- 
mum thickness  varies  in  the  monitors  from  10  to  18  inches, 
and  in  the  latest  battle-ships  (as  the  "Kearsarge,"1808)  it  is 

17  inches.  See  iro»icZarf.— Armor-plate  craiUe,  a  device  arm's-reach  farmz'reehl 

"^^d  for  bending  armor-plate     It  is  placed  nea  the  fur-  ^^Z-  ?>,rHii^™f  f 
nace,  and  the  plate  is  laid  within  it  while  hot.  The  bed  is 


other  fabric  for  supporting  the  forearm  when 
fractured  or  otherwise  injured, 
arm-span  (arm'span),  n.    The  span  or  reach  of 
one's  arm ;  an  arm's-length. 
Not  too  wide  for  the  armspan  of  the  silverer. 

Workshop  Receipts,  I.  313. 

. .  w.    The  reach  of  the 
arm;  the  distance  to  which  the  arm  can  reach: 


formed  by  numerous  cross-bars  of Yron^so  placed  that  their    as,  to  be  within  arm's-reach. 
upper  edges  correspond  to  the  curve  desired  in  the  fin-  armstrOUg  (aim'strong),  n.    [<  arm^  +  Strong.'] 

!,^H^'^f^?i''^,!;,^^'''''•'''ff'H"!]^'■'^/^^''''''  above  the  plate,    A  local  English  name  of  the  common  knot- 

and  the  bending  is  effected  by  driving  wedges  between  p  7  ■    1  "u. 

the  upper  bars  and  the  upper  surface  of  the  plate,  which  el^^SS,  Ir-Oiygoniim  aviCUiare. 
is  thus  forceil  down  upon  the  bed-bars.  Armstrong  gUn.     See  gun. 

armor-plated  (ar'mor-pla"ted),  a.    Covered  or  arm-sweep  (arm'swep),  «.  The  length  of  reach 
protected  by  iron  plates,  as  a  vessel  for  naval    or  sweep  of  an  arm.    Browning.  [Poetical.] 
warfare ;  iron-clad.  armulett  (ar'mii-let),  n.    A  form  of  armillet  or 

armor-shelf  (ar'mor-shelf),  n.    An  iron  shelf    of  armlet.  [Rare.] 
or  ledge  projecting  from  the  sides  of  an  armored  armure  (ar'mur),  n.     If.  The  regular  Middle 
war-vessel,  and  forming  a  support  upon  which   English  form  of  «>-wor.   Chaucer. — 2.  A  woolen 


the  armor-plate  and  armor -backing  rest, 
armoryi  (ar'mor-i),  n. ;  pi.  armories  (-iz).  [In 
England  usually  spelled  armoury  ;  early  mod. 
E.  armory,  armoury,  armery,  sometimes  armary, 
<  ME.  armorye,  armerie,  armurie,  <  armure,  ar- 
mor (see  armor  and  -y),  but  practically  equiv. 
to  and  later  often  wi'itten  as  if  arm  +  -ery,  a 
place  for  arms,  arms  collectively :  see  arm'^  and 
-ery.  Cf.  OF.  annetirerie,  armoirie,  mod.  F. 
armurerie,  an  armory,  arsenal.  The  word  has 
been  confused  to  some  extent  with  armory'^.'] 
1.  Arms  or  armor  collectively;  a  collection  of 
arms  or  armor. 

Blue-eyed  maid,  thy  spear ; 
Thy  club,  Alcides :  all  the  armoury 
Of  heaven  is  too  little  !       B.  Joiison,  Sejanus,  iv.  5. 
Celestial  armoury,  shields,  helms,  and  spears. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  550. 
What  a  range  of  abstract  thought,  what  an  armory  of 
dialectic  weapons,  ...  do  the  epistles  of  the  learned  Paul 
exhibit!  G.  P.  Marsh,  Lects.  on  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  227. 


or  silk  fabric  woven  with  a  surface-ridge  form 
ing  a  small  pattern,  as  a  diamond,  etc. 
armyi  (ar'mi),  a.    [<«r)Hi,  n.,  -t-  -yi.]  Consist- 
ing of  or  abounding  in  arms  or  branches ; 
branching;  spreading.  [Rare.] 

Though  large  the  forest's  monarch  throws 

His  army  shade.  Btirns. 

army2  (ar'mi),  n. ;  pi.  armies  (-miz).  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  armie,  <  ME.  armye,  armeye, 
armee,  <  OF.  armee,  mod.  F.  armee  =  Sp.  Pg. 
armada  =  It.  armata,  <  ML.  armata,  an  armed 
force,  ai-my,  prop.  fem.  of  L.  armatus,  pp.  of 
armare,  arm,  <  arma,  arms:  see  arrn^,  and  cf. 
armada,  armata,  doublets  of  army.']  If 
armed  expedition. 

In  the  Grete  See 
At  many  a  noble  armee  hadde  he  be. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  59. 

2.  A  large  body  of  men  trained  and  armed  for 
war,  and  organized  in  companies,  battalions. 


Army-worm  {Leitcania  unipuncta  \  about  natural  size. 
a,  male  moth ;  b,  abdomen  of  female ;  c,  eye ;  d,  pupa ;  e,  cater- 
pillar. 

sometimes  marches  over  a  cotmtry,  completely 
stripping  it  of  all  the  grasses  and  young  grain 
m  its  way.    it  undergoes  transformation  in  the  ground. 
The  parent  moth  has  a  conspicuous  white  dot  on  the  disk 
of  the  front  wings, 
arn  (am),  n.     [Sc.,  perhaps  a  reduction  of 
allern,  aldern,  of  alder ;  or  else  of  Gael,  fearn, 
alder,  =  Ir.  fearn,  alder,  —  W.  gwern,  alder- 
trees.]    The  alder,  AJ)ius  glutinosa. 
arna  (ar'na),  n.     [Hind,  arnd,  fem.  ami.]  A 
name  of  the  wild  Indian  buffalo,  Bos  iubalus 
or  Bubalus  ami,  notable  for  its  size  and  the 
length  of  its  horns.    Also  arnee,  ami. 
arnatto  (ar-nat'6),  n.    Same  as  arnotto. 
Aji  Arnaut  (ar-nouf),  «.    [Also  as  F.,  Arnaout  = 
G.  Arnaut  =  Serv.  Arnaut,  Arnautin,  Bulg.  Ar- 
nautin,  <  Turk.  Arnaut,  <  NGr.  'ApvafHrr/c,  trans- 
posed from  'Ap,3avl-rK  for  *A?./3awV;?f,  <  ML. 
Albanus,  an  Albanian,  -I-  -izT/g,  E.  -ite'^.']    A  na- 
tive of  Albania ;  an  Albanian, 
arnee,  arni  (iir'ne),  «.    Same  as  ama. 


arnica 

arnica  (ar'ni-ka),  w.  [NL.,  origin  unknown; 
perhaps  a  perversion  of  rtarmica,  q.  v.]  1. 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Arnica. —  2.  [_cap.'\  A 
genus  of  perennial  herbs,  natural  order  Com- 
jyositce,  natives  of  the  northern  temperate  and 


Mountain-tobacco  {Arnica  montana). 


arctic  zones,  with  showy  yellow  flowers  and 
opposite  leaves.  The  most  important  species,  A.  mon- 
tana, the  mountain-tobacco  of  central  Europe,  has  long 
been  a  popular  remedy  in  Germany.  A.  alpina  is  found 
in  high  northern  regions  in  all  parts  of  the  world ;  one 
species  is  peculiar  to  the  Atlantic  States,  and  a  dozen 
others  are  natives  of  western  North  America. 
3.  A  tincture  of  the  roots  or  flowers  of  A.  mon- 
tana, much  used  as  an  external  application  in 
wounds  and  bruises,  aud  internally  as  a  stimu- 
lant in  debilitated  states. 

arnicin,  arnicine  ,ar'ni-sin),  n.     [<  arnica  + 
An  acrid  bitter  principle  in  the  flowers 
and  roots  of  Arnica  montana, 

Arnoldist  (ar'nold-ist),  n.  [<  Arnold  +  -ist.'] 
A  disciple  of  Arnold  of  Brescia,  who  in  Italy  in 
the  twelfth  century  preached  against  the  am- 
bition and  luxury  of  ecclesiastics,  not  sparing 
the  pope  himself.  He  maintained  the  subordination 
of  the  ecclesiastical  to  the  temporal  power,  and  proclaimed 
the  necessity  of  both  a  civil  and  an  ecclesiastical  revolu- 
tion. In  114(5  he  put  himself  at  the  head  of  a  temporarily 
successful  insurrection  against  the  temporal  power  of  the 
pope.    He  was  put  to  death  in  1155. 

Arnold's  ganglion,  nerve.   See  the  noims. 

arnot,  arnott,  n.   See  arnut. 

arnotto  (ar-not'6),  n.    [In  various  other  forms, 

arnatto,  anatto,  anotto,  anotta,  annatto,  annotto, 
annotta;  prob.  a  native  Amer.  name.]   1.  Bixa 


Arnotto  (Bixa  Oreltana). 

Orellana,  a  small  tree,  natural  order  Bixacece,  a 
native  of  tropical  America,  it  is  extremely  common 
in  Jamaica  and  other  parts  of  the  West  Indies,  and  has 
been  introduced  into  tropical  regions  of  the  old  world. 
2.  The  dye  or  coloring  matter  obtained  from 
the  seeds  of  this  plant.  The  seeds  are  covered  with 
a  reddish  or  reddish-yellow  waxy  pulp,  which  is  dissolved 
in  water,  then  dried  to  the  consistency  of  putty,  and  made 
up  in  rolls  or  folded  in  leaves,  or  dried  still  more  and 


316 

made  into  cakes.  It  is  employed  as  a  dye  for  silken,  woolen, 
or  cotton  stuffs,  as  an  auxiliary  in  giving  a  deeper  shade 
to  simple  yellows,  and  also  as  a  coloring  ingredient  for  but- 
ter, cheese,  and  chocolate,  and  for  varnishes  and  lacquers, 
arnut,  arnot  (ar'nut,  -not),  n.  [E.  dial.,  = 
eartlmut,  q.  v.  Cf.  arling  for  earthling .']  The 
earthnut  (which  see).  Also  spelled  arnott. 
aroeira  (ar-o-a'ra),  n.  [Braz.]  The  native 
name  of  a  small  anacardiaceous  tree  of  Brazil, 
Schinits  tercbintlii/olius,  the  resin  obtained  from 
which,  and  also  the  bark  and  leaves,  are  used  as 
a  remedy  for  rheumatism  and  other  complaints, 
aroid  (ar'oid),  w.  [<  Arum  +  -oid.']  One  of  the 
Aroidew  or  Aracece. 
Aroidese  (a-roi'de-e),  w.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Arum  + 
-oidea;.^  Same  as  Aracece. 
aroint,  aroynt  (a-roinf),  v.  [Found  onl -in  the 
expression  ''Aroint  thee,  witch!"  in  two  pas- 
sages of  Shakspere,  and  in  modern  imitations, 
beingprob.  Shakspere's  own  adaptation  {aroynt, 
after  around  (see  below),  or  with  an  imoriginal 
introductory  syllable  due  perhaps  to  forcible 
utterance,  or  perhaps  merely  metrical,  for 
*roynt,  rynt,  the  diphthong  oij,  oi  being  then 
and  still  dial,  often  equiv.  to  y,  i)  of  an  E.  dial. 
(Cheshire)  proverb,  "'Bynt  you,  witch,'  quoth 
Bessie  Locket  to  her  mother,"  so  recorded  by 
Eay  in  1693,  but  prob.  in  use  in  Shakspere's 
time.  (If  original  with  him,  it  could  not  have 
passed  into  popular  speech  so  early  as  1693.) 
The  proverb,  which  bears  the  marks  of  local 
origin,  fi-om  some  incident  long  forgotten,  con- 
tains a  particular  use  of  the  same  verb  that 
occurs  in  E.  dial,  ryntye  (given  by  Ray  in  con- 
nection with  the  proverb),  ryndta  (Thoresby, 
1703),  rynt  thee,  an  expression  "used  by  milk- 
maids in  Cheshire  to  a  cow  when  she  has  been 
milked,  to  bid  her  get  out  of  the  way"  (Clark 
and  Wright,  ed.  Shak.,  1.  c,  note),  that  is,  round 
ye,  round  thee,  move  round,  turn  about;  rynd, 
rynt,  being  a  dial,  form  of  round:  see  round^.\ 
I.  intrans.  An  interjectional imperative,  equiv- 
alent, in  the  passages  quoted,  to  avaunt!  be- 
gone !    See  etymology. 

"Aroint  thee,  witch  I "  the  rump-fed  ronyon  cries. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  3. 
He  met  the  night-mare  and  her  nine-fold ; 
Bid  her  alight. 
And  her  troth  plight. 
And  aroint  thee,  witch,  aroint  thee  ! 

Shale,  Lear,  iii.  4. 
II.  trans.  To  say  "aroint"  to;  bid  begone. 
Wliiskered  cats,  arointed,  flee. 

Mrs.  Brooming,  To  Flush,  xviii. 
That  Humbug,  whom  thy  soul  T'oints. 

Bro^vning,  Two  Poets, 
arolium  (a-ro'li-um),  n. ;  pi.  arolia  (-a).  [NL.] 
An  appendage  of  the  tarsus  of  some  insects,  as 
the  Trichoptera,  or  caddis-flies. 
A  short  cushion  [plantula]  and  two  membranous  arolia. 

Pascoe,  Zobl.  Class.,  p.  120. 

arolia  (a-rora),w.  The  Swiss  stone-pine,  Piwws 
Cembra. 

aroma  (a-ro'ma),  w. ;  pi.  aromas  (-maz),  some- 
times aromato"(-ma-ta).  [Early  mod.  E.  aro- 
mate,  <  ME.  aromat,  <"0F.  aromat,  mod.  P.  aro- 
mate;  mod.  E.  directly  <  L.  aroma,  <  Gr.  apufia 
(apufiar-),  any  spice  or  sweet  herb ;  perhaps  orig. 
the  smell  of  a  plowed  field,  and  so  identical  with 
apufia,  a  plowed  field,  arable  land,  <  apdeiv,  plow, 
=  L.  arare,  plow:  see  arable.']  If.  Spice: 
usually  in  the  plural,  spices.  N.  E.  I>. —  2.  .An 
odor  arising  from  spices,  plants,  or  other  sub- 
stances, more  especially  an  agreeable  odor; 
fragrance;  spicy  perfume. 

The  air  had  the  true  northern  aroma. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  276. 
3.  Figuratively,  a  characteristic  but  subtle 
quality;  a  pervasive  charm  or  flavor. 

The  subtle  aroma  of  genius.  Saturday  Rev. 

A  happy  surprise  awaits  those  who  come  to  the  study  of 
the  early  literature  of  New  England  with  the  expectation 
of  finding  it  altogether  arid  in  sentiment,  or  void  of  the 
spirit  and  aroma  of  poetry. 

M.  C.  Tyler,  Hist.  Amer.  Lit.,  I.  264. 
=  Sj^  2.  Perfume,  Fragrance,  etc.  See  smell,  n. 
aromatic  (ar-o-mat'ik),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  aromatick,  -yque,  <  ME.  aromatyJc,  <  OF.  aro- 
matique,  <  LL.  aromaticus,  <  Grr.  apufiariKog,  < 
apcjfia,  spice,  sweet  herb:  see  aroma.']    I.  a. 

1 .  Giving  out  an  aroma ;  fragrant ;  sweet- 
scented  ;  odoriferous ;  of  spicy  flavor. 

Great  blueberry  bushes  hanging  thick  with  misty  blue 
spheres,  aromatic  and  sweet  with  a  sweetness  no  tropic 
suns  can  give.  B.  T.  Cooke,  Somebody's  Neighbors,  p.  291. 

2.  Caused  by  an  aroma  or  fragrant  odor. 

Die  of  a  rose  in  aromatic  pain. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  1.  200. 

3.  In  chem.,  an  epithet  formerly  applied  to  a 
small  group  of  organic  bodies,  of  vegetable 


around 

origin,  which  had  an  aromatic  smell  and  taste; 
now  applied  to  all  those  compounds  which  are 
derived  from  the  hydrocarbon  benzene,  CgHg. 

They  are  distinguished  from  those  of  the  fatty  series  by 
not  being  derived  from  methane,  CH4,  and  by  the  fact  that 
hydrogen  in  the  aromatic  hydrocarbons  is  easily  directly 
replaced  by  another  univalent  element  or  radical,  while 
in  compounds  of  the  fatty  series  it  is  not.  They  generally 
idntain  more  carbon,  also,  than  the  compoiuuls  of  the 
fatty  series.— Aromatic  vinegar,  a  volatile  and  power- 
ful perfume  made  by  adding  the  essential  oils  of  lavender, 
cloves,  etc.,  and  often  camphor,  to  strong  acetic  acid.  It 
is  an  excitant  in  fainting,  languor,  and  headache. 

II,  n.  A  plant,  drug,  or  medicine  which 
yields  a  fragrant  smell,  as  sage,  certain  spices 
and  oils,  etc. 
aromatical  (ar-o-mat'i-kal),  a.    Same  as  aro- 
■matic. 

aromatically  (ar-o-mat'i-kal-i),  adv.  With  an 
aromatic  or  agreeable  odor  or  taste ;  fragi'antly. 

aromatite  (a-ro'ma-tit),  n.  [<  L.  aromatitcs,  a 
precious  stone  of  the  smell  and  color  of  myrrh, 
aromatic  wine,  <  Gr.  apu/MrtrT/g,  aromatic,  < 
apu/ia,  spice:  see  aroma.]  1.  A  bituminous 
stone,  in  smell  and  color  resembling  myrrh. — 2. 
A  f  actitious  wine,  containing  various  aromatics. 

aromatization  (a-r6"ma-ti-za'shon),  n.  [<  aro- 
matize +  -ation".]  The  act  of  rendering  aro- 
matic ;  aromatic  flavoring. 

aromatize  (a-ro'ma-tiz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
aromatized,  ppr.  aromatizing,  [<  late  ME.  aro- 
matysen,  <  OF.  aromatiser,  <  LL.  aromatizare,  < 
Gr.  (ipu/jarii^eiv,  spice,  <  apu/ia,  spice,  sweet 
herb:  see  aroma.]  To  render  aromatic  or  fra- 
grant ;  give  a  spicy  flavor  to ;  pei-fume. 

aromatizer  (a-ro'ma-ti-zer),  n.    One  who  or 
that  which  aromatizes ;  that  which  communi- 
cates an  aromatic  quality. 
Aromatizers  to  enrich  our  sallets.   Evelyn,  Acetaria,  vi. 

aromatous  (a-ro'ma-tus),  a,  [<  aroma{t-)  + 
-ous.]  Containing  an  aromatic  principle ;  aro- 
matic. 

Aromochelyina  (ar-o-mok''''e-li-i'na),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Aromochelys  +  •ina.]  "  A  subfamily  of 
turtles  (the  stinkpots),  typified  by  the  genus 
Aromochelys,  referred  by  Gray  to  his  family  Che- 
lydrada;.  They  have  a  cruciform  plastron  of  11 
shields,  of  which  the  gular  pair  is  united  and 
linear.  A.  odorata  is  the  common  stinkpot  of 
the  United  States. 

Aromochelys  (ar-o-mok'e-lis),  n,  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
apufia,  in  mod.  sense  '  sweet  smell,'  -I-  x^'^^Cj  a 
tortoise.]  A  genus  of  terrapins,  including  the 
stinkpot  of  North  America,  A.  odorata,  typical 
of  the  subfamily  Aromochelyina, 

arondie,  arondy,  a.   Variants  of  arrondi. 

Aronhold's  theorems.   See  theorem, 

aroomt,  i^re/>.  phr.  as  adv,  or  a.  [<  ME.  aroum, 
a  roume,  on  rum :  a,  on,  E.  a^,  to  or  at ;  roum, 
rum,  space,  E.  room:  see  and  room.]  To  or 
at  a  distance;  abroad;  apart. 

I  aroume  was  in  the  felde. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  540. 

aroph  (ar'of),  n.  [Said  to  be  <  ML.  aro{ma) 
ph{Uosophorum),  aroma  of  the  philosophers.] 
1.  A  name  formerly  given  to  saffron. — 2.  A 
chemical  preparation  concocted  by  Paracelsus, 
used  as  a  remedy  for  urinary  calculus. 

arose  (a-roz').    Preterit  of  arise, 

a  rotelle  (a  ro-tel'le).  [It. :  a  (<  L.  ad),  to, 
with;  rotelle,  pi.  oirotella,  a  small  wheel,  disk, 
dim.  of  rota,  a  wheel:  see  rota,]  With  disks, 
roundels,  or  rosettes :  used  in  works  on  decora- 
tive art  in  describing  objects  so  ornamented : 
as,  "an  amphora  with  handles  a  rofe^Ze"  (Birch), 
that  is,  having  handles  which,  rising  above  the 
lip  of  the  vase,  form  a  circular  ornament,  often 
filled  with  a  mask. 

around  (a-round'),  2}rep,  phr,  as  adv,  and  prep, 
[ME.  around,  aronde,  a  round;  <.  a^+  round^, 
n.    Hence  by  apheresis  roMwd2,  adv,  andj^rep.] 

1,  adv.  1 .  In  a  circle  or  sphere ;  round  about ; 
on  every  side :         dense  mist  lay  around. 

The  gods  of  greater  nations  dwell  around. 
And  on  the  right  and  left  the  palace  bound. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metamorph.,  i.  223. 
And  naught  above,  below,  around. 
Of  life  or  death,  of  sight  or  sound. 

Whittier,  New-England  Legend. 

2.  From  place  to  place ;  here  and  there ;  about: 
as,  to  travel  around  from  city  to  city.  [U.  S.] 
— 3.  About;  near:  as,  he  waited  aroufid  till 
the  fight  was  over.    [U.  S.] 

II,  prep,  1.  About;  on  all  sides;  encircling; 
encompassing. 

A  lambent  flame  arose,  which  gently  spread 
Around  his  brows.  Dryden,  Mneii, 

Around  us  ever  lies  the  enchanted  land. 
In  marvels  rich  to  thine  own  sons  displayed. 

Jones  Very,  Poems,  p.  52. 


around 

2.  From  place  to  place ;  at  raadom :  as,  to  roam 
around  the  country.    [U.  S.] 
aroura,  «.    See  arura. 

arousal  (a-rou'zal),  «.  [<  arouse  +  -al.'\  The 
act  of  arousing  or  awakening;  the  state  of  being 
aroused  or  awakened. 

The  arousal  and  activity  of  our  better  nature.  Hare. 

Cognition  of  tliese  relations  [between  tlie  organism  and 
some  noxious  agent]  will  determine  the  arousal  of  some 
antagonistic  feeling.  Mind,  IX.  342. 

arouse  (a-rouz'),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  aroused, 
ppr.  arousing.  [<  a-1  +  rouse^,  after  arise,  rise, 
etc.]  To  excite  into  action ;  stir  or  put  in  mo- 
tion or  exertion ;  awaken :  as,  to  arouse  atten- 
tion ;  to  arouse  one  from  sleep ;  to  arouse  dor- 
mant faculties. 

Crying  with  full  voice, 
"Traitor,  come  out,  ye  are  trapt  at  last,"  aroused 
Lancelot.  Tennyson,  Guinevere. 

They  [the  women  of  Goethe]  satisfy  for  the  present,  yet 
arouse  an  infinite  expectation. 

Marg.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  129. 
=Syn.  To  rouse,  wake  up,  awaken,  animate,  incite,  stimu- 
late, kindle,  warm. 

arouse  (a-rouz'),  w.  [<  arouse,  ».]  The  act  of 
arousing ;  an  alarm.    [Rare.]    N.  E.  D. 

arouser  (a-rou'z6r),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
arouses. 

arow  (a-ro'),  prep.  plir.  as  adv.  [ME.  arowe, 
a-rowe,  o  rowe,  araioe  (early  mod.  E,  also  arerv, 
<  ME.  arewe,  areaive) ;  <a^  +  row"^.}  In  a  row; 
one  after  the  other. 

Her  teeth  arew, 
And  all  her  bones  might  through  her  cheekes  be  red. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  xii.  29. 
And  twenty,  rank  in  rank,  they  rode  arowe. 

Dryden,  Flower  and  Leaf,  1.  249. 
arpeggiation  (ar-pej-i-a'shon),  M.    Playing  in 
arpeggios. 

arpeggio  (ar-pej'o),  n.  [It.,  lit.  harping,  <  ar- 
peggiare,  play  on  the  harp,  <  arpa,  harp,  <  ML. 
arpa,  also  harpa,  harp:  see  harp.^  1.  The 
sounding  of  the  notes  of  an  instrumental  chord 
in  rapid  succession,  either  upward  or  (rarely) 
downward,  as  in  harp-playing,  instead  of  si- 
multaneously.—2.  A  chord  thus  sounded;  a 
broken  chord. 

Played 


317 


Arpeggio. 


Sometimes  written  harpeggio. 

arpenf  (ar'pen),  n.    Same  as  arpent. 

arpennust  (ar-pen'us),  n.;  pi.  arjienni  (-i). 
[ML.,  also  arpennum,  -a,  -is,  etc. :  see  arpent.'] 
Same  as  arpent.  Bouvier. 

arpent  (ar'pent ;  P.  pron.  ar-pon'),  n.  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  a)pen,  arpine;  <  P.  arpent  =  Pr 
arpen,  aripin  =  Sp.  arapende,  <  ML.  arpennus, 
arpenna,  arpendus,  arpendium,  etc.,  <  LL.  ara- 
pennis,  L.  arepennis,  a  word  of  Celtic  origin 
Columella  (5,  1,  6)  says:  "Galli  .  .  .  semi- 
jugerum  quoque  arepennem  vocant."  The  semi- 
jugerum  was  equal  to  14,400  square  feet.]  An 
^ii-^F®^^'^  measure  for  land.  By  a  royal  edict  of 
1669,  It  must  contain  100  perches  of  22  feet  each  (linearly) 
or  48,400  square  feet.  This  was  called  the  arpent  royal 
arpent  d  ordonnanee,  or  arpent  des  eaux  et  forets  The 
SS'?^"J}.'"'P?°*  had  40,000  square  feet,  the  arpent  of  Paris 
rfA400,  these  bemg  based  on  perches  of  20  and  18  feet  The 
lollowmg  are  the  areas  in  ares :  arpent  of  Paris  34  1887  • 
common  arpent,  42.2083;  royal  arpent,  51.0720:  English 
acre,  40.4678.  The  arpent  is  still  used  in  Louisiana,  and 
in  the  provmce  of  Quebec.  Formerly  also  arpen,  arpine. 

If  he  be  msstcr 

Of  poor  ten  arpines  of  land  forty  hours  longer 
Let  the  world  repute  me  an  honest  woman.  ' 

Webster,  Devil's  Law-Case,  ili.  3. 

arpentatort  (ar'pen-ta-tor),  n.  [NL.,  <  ML.  ar- 
pentum,  one  of  the  numerous  variants  of  L.  are- 
penms:  see  arpent.]  A  measurer  or  surveyor 
of  land.  Bouvier. 

arpinet  (ar'pin),_w.    Same  as  arpent. 

arciuata  (ar-kwa'ta),  n.  [NL.,  prop,  arcuata, 
tern,  of  L.  arcuatus :  see  arcuate.]  An  old  name 
ot  the  curlew,  Numenius  arquatiis,  from  its  long 
arcuate  bill.    Also  wi-itten  arcuata. 

arctuated  (ar'kwa-ted),  a.  [For  arcuated  :  see 
arcuate.]  Shaped  like  a  bow;  arcuate.  [Rare.] 

arquebus,  arquebuse,  arquebusier.  See  har- 
quebus, narquebusier. 


arquerite  (ar'ke-rit),  n.    [<  Arqueros,  near 
Coquimbo,  a  seaport  town  of  ChiU.  +  -ite^.  ]  A 
mineral  silver  amalgam,  occurring  in  small 
octahedrons  and  in  arborescent  forms,  it  con- 
tains 86  per  cent,  of  silver,  and  is  the  chief  ore  of  the  rich 
silver-mines  of  Arqueros. 
arquifoux  (ar'ki-fo),  n.    Same  as  alquifou. 
arrl  (ar),  n.     [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  arre,  erre,  <  leel. 
orr,  or=8w.  a>T=Dan.  ar,  a  scar.]     A  scar. 
Also  spelled  ar.    [Pro v.  Eng.] 
arr^t,  v.  t.    [<  ME.  arren  =  LG.  arren,  vex,  < 
arre  =  AS.  ierre,  yrre,  corre,  anger,  as  adj.  an- 
gry; cf.  Dan.  arrig,  angry,  which,  however,  is 
commonly  associated  with  Dan.  Norw.  Sw. 
arg,  wicked,  bad,  =  G.  arg  =  AS.  earg,  timid, 
cowardly.]    To  anger;  vex;  worry. 
He  arred  both  the  clergy  and  ihe  laity. 

JV.  Bacon,  Hist.  Discourse,  xiv.  216.   {N.  E.  D.) 
arrSf,  v.  i.    [<  late  ME.  arre;  cf.  E.  dial,  narr, 
nurr,  imitative;  cf.       is  the  dog's  letter,  and 
hurreth  in  the  sound"  (B.  Jonson):  see  hurr.] 
To  snarl  as  a  dog. 

A  dog  is  .  .  .  fell  and  quarrelsome,  given  to  arre  and 
war  upon  a  very  small  occasion. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch's  Morals,  p.  720. 
arrat,  n.    See  arrha. 

arracacha  (ar-a-kach'a),  n.  [<  Sp.  aracacha 
(>  NL.  Arracacia),  of  S.  Amer.  origin.]  A  name 
given  by  the  natives  of  western  South  America 
to  several  kinds  of  plants  with  tuberous  roots, 
and  especially  to  a  species  of  the  umbeUif  erous 
genus  Arracacia,  A.  esculenta,  which  is  exten- 
sively cultivated  in  the  Andes,  and  has  become 
naturalized  in  J amaica.  The  roots  are  divided  into 
several  lobes  ot  the  size  of  a  carrot,  which  when  boiled 
have  a  flavor  between  that  of  the  parsnip  and  that  of  the 
chestnut.  It  is  said  to  be  more  prolific  and  nutritious  than 
the  potato.  The  name  is  also  given  to  a  tuber-bearing 
species  of  the  Oxalis,  0.  crenata. 

arraceif,  »•  t.    See  arace^,  arase^. 
arrace2t,  n.    See  arras'^. 
arracht,  n.    See  orach. 
arrachet,  v.  t.    See  arace^. 
arrache  (ar-a-sha'),  a.    [P.,  pp.  of  arracJier, 
uproot :  see  arace^.]    In  her.,  torn  up  by  the 
roots :  applied  to  plants  used  as  bearings,  and 
to  whatever  has  the  appearance  of  having  been 
severed  by  violence.    Erased  is  now  in  more 
general  use. 

arrack  (ar'ak),  n.  [Better  spelled  arack,  for- 
merly arak,  arac;  now  commonly  shortened  to 
rack;=F.  arack  =  Sp.  arac  =  Pg.  araca,  araque, 

<  Hind,  arak,  Tamil  araku,  aruki,  <  A!r.  'araq, 
sweat,  spirit,  juice,  essence,  distilled  spirits, 
'arqiy,  arrack,  brandy ;  <  'araqa,  sweat,  perspire. 
The  forms  arak,  arki  (Tatar),  and  araki  (Egyp- 
tian) are  from  the  same  source,  the  name  being 
applicable  to  any  spirituous  liquor.  ]  Originally 
the  name  of  a  strong  liquor  made  in  southern 
Asia  from  the  fermented  juice  of  the  date,  but 
used  in  many  parts  of  Asia  and  eastern  Africa 
for  strong  liquors  of  different  kinds,  it  is  made 
in  Goa  from  the  sap  of  the  cocoa-palm,  and  in  Batavia 
from  rice  ;  and  the  aiTack  of  eastern  and  northern  India 
IS  a  iort  of  rum  distilled  from  molasses.   See  raki. 

A  servant  brought  in  a  silver  tray,  upon  which  were 
large  glasses  of  the  abominable  spirit  called  arrack,  each 
of  which  was  supposed  to  be  emptied  at  a  draught. 

0' Donovan,  Merv,  xi. 
Arragonese,  n.  and  a.    See  Aragonese. 
arrah  (ar'a),  interj.  A  common  -Ajiglo-Irish  ex- 
pletive, expressing  excitement,  surprise,  etc. 
arraignl  (a-ran"),  v.  t,    [<  ME.  araynen,  arenen, 

<  AF .  arainer,  areiner,  arener,  <  OF.  aranier, 
earlier  araisnier,  areisnier  (later  araisoner,  arei- 
soner,  aresoner,  etc.,  >  ME.  aresonen:  see  area- 
son),  <  ML.  arrationare,  call  to  account,  arraign, 

<  L.  ad,  to,  +  ML.  rationare,  reason :  see  reason 
and  ratio.  Ct  deraign^-.]  1 .  In  law,  to  call  to  or 
set  at  the  bar  of  a  court,  in  order  to  plead  guilty 
or  not  guilty  to  the  matter  charged  in  an  indict- 
ment or  information.  This  term  is  unknown  in  the  law 
of  bcotland,  except  in  trials  for  high  treason,  in  which  the 
forms  of  procedure  in  England  and  Scotland  are  the  same 

Hence —2.  To  call  in  question  for  faults,  before 
any  tribunal ;  call  before  the  bar  of  reason  or  of 
taste ;  accuse  or  charge  in  general. 

They  arraign'd  shall  sink 
Beneath  thy  sentence.         Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  331. 
Is  there  not  something  in  the  pleading  eye 
Of  the  poor  brute  that  suffers,  which  arraigns 
The  law  that  bids  it  suffer?     0.  W.  Holmes,  Eights. 
=Syn.  Accuse,  Charge,  Indict.    See  accuse. 

arraignl  (a-ran'),  n.  [<  arraignl,  v.]  Arraign- 
ment :  as,  the  clerk  of  the  arraigns.  Blackstone. 

arraign^t  (a-ran'),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
arrame,  araine,  <  AF.  arraigner,  arainer,  the  lat- 
ter an  error  for  aramer  (>  ML.  arramare),  OP. 
aramier,  aramir  =  Pr.  aramir  =  OCat.  aremir,  < 
ML.  adramire,  adhramire,  adchramire,  agramire, 
arramire,  etc.,  < L.  ad,  to,  +  *hramire,  prob.  orig. 


arrangement 

with  a  sense  subsequently  lost  in  the  technical 
use,  <  Goth,  hramjan,  us-hramjan,  crucify,  lit. 
hang  (cf.  OHG.  rama,  MHG.  rame,  ram,  G.  rah- 
men  =  D.  raam  =Dun.  ramme=Sw.  ram,  frame, 
support),  =  Gr.  Kpe/mv,  Kpuiawhvm,  hang.]  In 
old  law,  to  appeal  to;  claim;  demand:  in  the 
phrase  to  arraign  an  asci:c,  to  demand,  andhence 
to  institute  or  prepare,  a  trial  or  an  action, 
arraigner  (a-ra'ner),  n.  [<  arraign^  -i-  -erl.] 
One  who  arraigns  or  accuses, 

•The  ordinary  name  for  the  Iconoclasts  is  the  arrainnera 
of  Christianity.  Milman,  Latin  Christianity, 

arraignment  (a-ran'ment),  n.  [<  arraign^  + 
-ment.]  1.  In  law,  the' act  of  arraigning;  the 
act  of  calling  and  setting  a  prisoner  before  a 
court  to  answer  to  an  accusation.  The  form  usu- 
ally includes  calling  the  prisoner,  .sometimes  requiring 
him  to  stand  or  hold  up  his  hand  by  way  of  identification, 
reading  the  indictment  to  him,  and  asking  him  whether 
he  pleads  guilty  or  not  guilty. 

2.  Accusation  before  any  tribunal,  as  that  of 
reason,  taste,  etc.;  a  calling  in  question  for 
faults;  accusation. 

But  this  secret  arraignment  of  the  king  did  not  content 
the  unquiet  prelate.    Milman,  Latin  Christianity,  viii.  8. 

The  sixth  satire  .  .  .  seems  only  an  arraignment  of  the 
whole  sex.  Dryden,  Ded.  of  ^neitL 

=  Syn.  1.  Prosecution,  impeachment,  indictment, 
arrameurf,  n.    [AF.,  <  arramer,  aramer,  <  OF.  • 
arramir,  aramir  =  Pr.  aramir,  <  ML.  arramire, 
adhramire,  etc.,  pledge,  promise,  appoint:  see 
arraign^.]    A  port-ofBeer  who  superintended 
the  loading  and  unloading  of  vessels, 
arran  (ar'an),  n.    [E.  dial. :  see  arain.]  ■  A  spi- 
der.   Also  called  arrand.    [Pro v.  Eng.] 
arrandif,  n.    An  old  form  of  errand. 
arrand^t,  a.    An  old  form  of  arrant. 
arrand^  (ar'and),  n.    Same  as  arran.  fProv. 
Eng.] 

arrange  (a-ranj'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  arranged, 
ppr,  arranging.  [<  ME.  arayngen,  arengcn;  < 
OF.  arangier,  arengier,  F.  arranger,  put  into  a 
rank,  arrange,  <  a-  (<  L.  ad,  to)  +  rangier,  re7i- 
gier,  range,  put  into  a  rank,  <  rang,  reng,  renc, 
P.  rang,  a  rank:  see  m«7;2  and  range.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  put  in  proper  order;  dispose  or 
set  out  conformably  to  a  plan  or  purpose ;  give 
a  certain  collocation  to;  marshal:  as,  to  ar- 
range troops  for  battle. 

Arrange  the  board  and  brim  the  glass. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  cvii. 


When  we  come  to  arrange  our  shapes  and  our  measure- 
ments [m  biological  investigations],  we  find  a  certain  num- 
ber of  Identities,  and  a  certain  number  of  variations. 

E.  D.  Cope,  Origin  of  the  Fittest,  p.  296. 


2.  To  adjust;  settle;  eome  to  an  agi-eement  or 
understanding  regarding:  as,  to  arrange  the 
terms  of  a  bargain. 

Matters,  therefore,  were  happily  arranged.  The  baron 
pardoned  the  young  couple  on  the  spot. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  209. 

3.  In  music,  to  adapt  or  alter  so  as  to  fit  for 
performance  by  other  voices  or  instruments 
than  those  designed  by  t'.e  composer:  as,  to 
arrange  an  opera  for  the  piano.  =  syn  1  To  array 
classify,  group,  dispose,  sort.— 2.  To  fix  upon,  determine 
agree  upon,  draw  up  ;  to  devise,  organize,  construct,  con- 
coct. ' 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  make  prepaf ations ;  carry 
out  beforehand  such  negotiations  or  make  such 
disposition  in  regard  to  some  matter  as  maybe 
necessary:  as,  to  arrange  about  a  passport,  or 
for  supplies;  arrayige  wiih  a  publisher.— 2.  To 
come  to  an  agreement  or  understanding  in  re- 
gard to  something;  make  a  settlement. 

We  cannot  arrange  with  oiu-  enemy  in  this  conjuncture 
without  abandoning  the  interest  of  mankind.  ' 

Burke,  A  Regicide  Peace, 
arrangeable  (a-ran 'ja-bl),  a.    [<  arrange  + 
-able.]    Capable  of  being  arranged. 

Fishes  have  crania  made  up  of  bones  that  are  no  more 
clearly  arrangeable  into  segments  like  vertebra;  than  are 
the  cranial  bones  of  the  highest  mammal. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  210 

arrangement  (a-ranj 'ment),  n.  [<F.  arrange- 
ment: see  arrange  audi'-mcnt.]  1.  The  act  of 
arranging  or  putting  in  proper  order;  the  state 
of  being  put  in  order;  disposition  in  suitable 
form.  Specifically,  in  the  fine  arts,  the  combining  of 
parts  in  a  manner  conformable  to  the  character  and  aim 
of  the  design ;  composition. 

The  freedom  of  syntactical  arrangement  which  was  pos- 
sessed by  the  Anglo-Saxon  is  irrecoverably  gone. 

6r.  P.  Marsh,  Origin  of  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  111. 

2.  That  which  is  disposed  in  order;  a  system 
of  parts  disposed  in  due  order;  any  combina- 
tion of  parts  or  materials. 

The  interest  of  that  portion  of  social  arrangement  is  in 
the  hands  of  all  those  who  compose  it.  Burke. 

3.  The  style  or  mode  in  which  things  are  ar- 
ranged. 


arrangement 

The  clouds  passed  slowly  through  several  arranffements. 

De  Qui  lice  I/,  Confessions  (ed.  lSti2),  p.  97. 

4.  Preparatory  measure  or  negotiation;  pre- 
vious disposition  or  plan;  preparation:  com- 
monly in  the  plm-al :  as,  we  have  made  arrange- 
ments for  a  journey. 

Previous  to  his  departure  he  made  all  due  arranr/ements 
with  the  holy  fraternity  of  the  convent  for  the 'funeral 
solemnities  of  his  friend.       li  vimj,  SIvetcli-Book,  p.  198. 

An  elaborate  arrangement  entered  into  at  the  same 
time  by  the  Allied  Powere,  to  provide  for  a  succession  to 
Parma  in  the  event  of  the  sovereign  dying  cliildless. 

E.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  74. 

5.  Pinal  settlement;  adjustment  by  agreement: 
as,  the  arrangement  ot  a  dispute. — 6.  In  music: 
(«)  The  adaptation  of  a  composition  to  voices 
or  instruments,  or  to  a  purpose,  for  which  it 
was  not  originally  designed.  (&)  A  piece  so 
adapted;  a  transcription :  as,  an  orchestral  a?- 
rangemen  t  of  a  song,  an  opera,  or  the  like.  =syn. 
1.  Classification,  distribution. — 2.  Structure,  form. 

arranger  (a-ran'jer),  n.  One  who  arranges  or 
puts  in  order. 

arrant  (ar'ant),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  arraun  t, 
arrand,  a  variant  spelling  of  errant,  erraunt, 
errand,  roving,  wandering,  which,  from  its  com- 
mon use  in  the  term  arrant  or  errant  thief, 
that  is,  a  roving  robber,  one  outlawed,  pro- 
claimed and  notorious  as  such,  came  to  be 
used  apart  from  its  lit.  sense  as  an  opprobrious 
intensive  with  terms  of  abuse,  as  rogue,  knave, 
traitor,  fool,  etc.,  but  often  also  without  oppro- 
brious force.  See  errant.'\  If.  Wandering; 
itinerant ;  vagrant ;  errant :  as,  a  knight  arrant; 
an  arrant  preacher:  especially  in  thief  arrant 
or  arrant  thief,  a  ro\'ing,  outlawed  robber;  a 
highwayman.  Now  wi-itten  errant. —  2.  Noto- 
rious; manifest;  unmitigated;  downright:  in 
a  bad  sense  (derived  from  the  noim  qualified) : 
as,  an  «rr«/i<  rogue;  an  coward;  arrant 

nonsense. 

I  discover  an  arrant  laziness  in  my  soul.  Fuller. 

As  arrant  a  "Screw" 
In  money  transactions  as  ever  you  knew. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  46. 

It  was  easy  to  see  through  all  his  piety  that  he  was  an 
arrant  author  at  the  bottom. 

Smollett,  Gil  Bias,  VIII.  iii.   {N.  E.  D.) 

3.  Thorough ;  downright ;  genuine :  in  a  good 
sense. 

An  arrant  honest  woman.    Burton,  Anat.  Mel.,  p.  617. 
=  Syn.  2.  Utter,  rank,  consummate,  perfect, 
arrantly  (ar'ant-li),  adv.    In  an  aiTant  man- 
ner ;  notoriously ;  impudently :  in  a  bad  sense. 

Fiuieral  tears  are  as  arrantly  hired  out  as  mourning 
clokes.  Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 

arras^  (ar'as),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  arrace, 
arrasse,  <  ME.  arras,  orig.  cloth  (or  cloths)  of 
Arras  (F.  drapsd'Arras)  (=  It.  arazzo  =  PT.  ras), 
<  F.  Arras,  the  capital  of  the  department  of  Pas- 
de-Calais,  in  the  north  of  France,  where  this 
article  was  manufactured.  The  name  Arras  is 
corrupted  from  the  name  of  the  Atrebates  (L. ),  a 
people  of  Belgie  Gaul.]  Tapestry;  specifically, 
that  used  for  hangings  covering  the  walls  of  a 

room.  The  original  expression  cloth  of  Arras  was  prob- 
ably used  with  more  accuracy  to  distinguish  arras  tapes- 
try from  other  sorts.   Sometimes  used  as  an  adjective. 

I'll  not  speak  another  word  for  a  King's  ransom  unless 
the  ground  be  perfumed,  and  covered  with  cloth  of  arras. 

Marloive,  Faustus,  ii.  2. 
I  have  of  yore  made  many  a  scrambling  meal. 
In  corners,  behind  arrases,  on  stairs. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Woman  Hater,  iii.  4. 
Arras  was  used  precisely  as  a  curtain ;  it  hung  (on  tenters 
or  lines)  from  tlie  rafters,  or  from  some  temporary  stay, 
and  was  opened,  held  up,  or  drawn  aside,  as  occasion  re- 
quired.      Dyce,  Note  to  Ford's  Lover's  Melancholy,  ii.  2. 
In  Ar  thur's  arras  hall  at  Camelot. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

arras^t,  w.  [Prob.  a  form  of  orrw,  q.  v.]  A  kind 
of  powder,  probably  made  of  the  root  of  the 
orris.  Halliwell. 

arrased  (ar'ast),  a.  [<  arras^  +  -ed'^.']  Hung 
with  arras.  Chapman. 

arrasene  (ar'a-sen),  n.  [<  arras^  +  -ewe.]  A 
sort  of  cord  made  with  a  central  thread  and  a 
thick  velvet-like  pile  of  wool  or  silk.  It  is  used 
in  raised  embroidery.    Also  spelled  arasene. 

arrastra  (a-ras'trii),  n.    Same  as  arrastre. 

arrastre  (a-ras'tfe),  n.  [Sp.,  lit.  the  act  of 
dragging,  <  arrastrur,  drag  along  the  ground, 
creep,  crawl,  <  a-  (L.  ad,  to)  +  rastrar  (obs.), 
drag,  <  rastro,  a  rake,  sledge,  track,  =  Pg.  rasto, 
rastro,  <  L.  rastrum,  a  rake,  mattock,  <  radcre, 
pp.  rasus,  scrape,  scratch.]  A  rude  apparatus 
used  in  Mexico,  and  to  some-extent  in  the  United 
States,  for  grinding  and  at  the  same  time  amal- 
gamating ores  containing  free  gold  or  silver. 
It  has  a  vertical  axis  with  hni  izimtal  arms  attached  to  it. 


318 

To  these  arms  masses  of  rock  are  fastened  by  chains  and 
dragged  over  the  ore,  which  is  placed  on  a  bed  of  flat  stones 
laid  within  a  circular  inclosure,  usually  about  12  feet  in 
diameter.    Also  written  arrastra,  arastra. 


Mexican  Arrastre. 
(From  Pepper's  "  Play-Book  of  Metals.") 


arras'Wise  (ar'as-wiz),  adv.  Erroneous  fonn  of 
arriswise. 

arratel  (ar-rii'tel),  n.    [Pg. :  see  arrel.']  The 

Portuguese  pound,  it  exceeds  the  pound  avoirdu- 
pois by  about  one  per  cent.  The  following  are  the  values 
in  grams  :  Pound  avoirdupois,  453.593 ;  arratel,  in  Lisbon, 
459  ;  in  Funchal,  458.547  ;  in  Rio  de  Janeiro,  458.75. 

arraughtt.    For  araught,  preterit  of  areach. 

array  (a-ra'),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  araij,  ar- 
raic,  <  ME.  araijen,  araien,  areyen,  <  AF.  araijer, 
araier,  OF.  areyer,  areier,  areer,  later  aroyer,  ar- 
royer  =  Pr.  aredar  =  Sp.  arrear  (obs.)  =  Pg.  ar- 
reiar  =  It.  arredare,  <  ML.  arredare,  put  in  order, 
order,  array,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  ML.  *rcdum  (>  OF. 
rei,  rai,  voj)j^preparation,  order,  of  Teut.  origin; 
cf.  AS.  gerccdc,  gcrede,  preparation,  equipment 
(Icel.  reidhi,  rigging,  harness,  reidha,  imple- 
ments, outfit;  Sw.  reda  =  Dan.  rede,  order),  < 
gcrede  =  OFries.  rede,  red  =  Goth,  garaids, 
ready,  prepared :  see  read!/.  Cf.  cwrryl.]  1.  To 
place  or  dispose  in  order,  as  troops  for  battle ; 
marshal;  draw  up  in  hostile  order:  often  used 
figuratively. 

They  were  more  ignorant  in  ranging  and  arraying  their 
battles.  Bacoti,  Vicissitude  of  Things. 

The  stronger  our  conviction  that  reason  and  Scripture 
were  decidedly  on  the  side  of  Protestantism,  the  greater 
is  the  reluctant  admiration  with  which  we  regard  that 
system  of  tactics  against  which  reason  and  Scripture  were 
arrayed  in  vain.  Macaulay,  Kanke's  Hist,  of  Popes. 

2.  To  deck  or  dress;  adorn  with  dress,  especially 
with  dress  of  an  ornamental  kind. 

Array  thyself  wit''  glory  and  beauty.  Job  xl.  10. 

Mom  by  morn,  arraying  her  sweet  self 
In  that  wherein  she  deera'd  she  look'd  her  best. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
And  there  the  fallen  chief  is  laid. 
In  tasselled  garbs  of  skins  arrayed. 
And  girded  with  his  wampum-braid. 

Whittier,  Funeral  Tree  of  Sokokis. 

3.  In  law,  to  set  (a  jui-y)  in  order  for  the  trial  of 
a  cause;  to  call  (the  jury)  man  by  man. — 4. 
To  envelop ;  wrap.  [Eare.] 

In  gelid  caves  with  horrid  glooms  arrayed. 

Judge  Trumbull. 

=  SsTl.  1.  To  arrange,  range,  marshal,  draw  up.— 2.  Adorn, 
Ornament,  Decorate,  etc.  (see  adorn) ;  clothe,  invest. 

array  (a-ra'),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  aray, 
arraie,  K  ME.  aray,  arai,  araie,  <  AF.  arai,  arrai, 
OF.  arrei,  later  aroi,  F.  arroi  =  Pr.  arrei  =  Sp. 
arreo  =  Pg.  arreio  =  It.  arredo  ;  cf .  ML.  arredium, 
equipment,  furniture ;  from  the  verb :  see  ar- 
ray, v.'\  1.  Regular  order  or  aiTangement; 
disposition  in  regular  lines ;  specifically,  dispo- 
sition of  a  body  of  men  for  attack  or  defense : 
as,  troops  in  battle  array. —  2.  An  orderly  col- 
lection or  assemblage ;  especially,  a  body  of 
men  in  order  of  battle  or  prepared  for  battle ; 
hence,  military  force ;  soldiery ;  troops. 
A  gallant  array  of  nobles  and  cavaliers.  Prescott. 
"What  was  that  mighty  array  which  Elizabeth  reviewed 
at  Tilbury?  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng. 

3.  A  display ;  an  imposing  series  of  things  ex- 
hibited. 

Nothing  could  well  be  lovelier  than  this  array  of  Doric 
temples  and  ruins  of  temples. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  95. 

4.  Dress ;  garments  disposed  in  order  upon  the 
person ;  raiment  or  apparel. 

Emily  ere  day 
Arose  and  dress'd  herself  in  rich  array.  Dryden. 

5t.  Preparation;  special  arrangement  of  things. 
He  had  maad  al  this  array. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1,  444. 

Gf.  Situation;  circumstances;  position;  plight. 

Thou  stondest  yet  (quod  sche)  in  swiche  array, 
That  of  thy  lyf  hastow  no  sewerte. 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  46. 

7.  Inlaw:  (a)  The  body  of  persons  summoned  to 
serve  upon  a  jury,  {h)  The  act  of  impaneling 
a  jury ;  that  is,  the  act  of  the  proper  officer  set- 


arrect 

ting  a  jury  in  order  for  the  trial  of  a  cause,  or 
calling  it  man  by  man.   (c)  The  jmy  impaneled. 

Challenges  are  of  two  kinds  ;  first,  to  the  array,  when 
exception  is  taken  to  the  whole  niuuber  impaneled  ;  and 
secondly,  to  the  polls,  when  individual  jurymen  are  ob- 
jected to.   A.  FonblanqW;  Jr. ,  How  we  are  Governed,  xvii. 

8.  Formerly,  in  England,  the  muster  of  a  coun- 
ty for  military  purposes ;  the  men  so  mustered : 
as,  a  commission  of  array.    See  commission. 

Y'  Parliament  had  extreamely  worried  him  for  attempt- 
ing to  put  in  execution  y  coniuiission  of  aray,  and  for 
which  the  rest  of  his  collegues  were  hanged  by  y"  rebells. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  March  23, 1646. 

Previous  to  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  in  order  to  protect 
the  kingdom  from  domestic  insurrections  or  the  prospects 
of  foreign  invasions,  it  was  usual  from  time  to  time  for 
our  princes  to  issue  commissions  of  array.  Wharton. 

9.  In  math.,  a  collection  of  quantities  arranged 
in  a  rectangular  block ;  a  matrix  Challenge  to 

the  array.    See  challenge. 

arrayal  (a-ra'al),  n.  [<  array  +  -al.']  The 
process  of  arraying;  muster  of  a  force;  an-ay. 
N.E.D. 

arrayer  (a-ra'er),  n.  [<  ME.  araier,  arraiour,  < 
OF.  araicor,  areeor,  <  areer,  araier,  array :  see 
array,  v.]  1.  One  who  arrays. —  2.  In  Eng. 
hist.,  an  officer  who  had  a  commission  of  array 
to  put  the  soldiers  of  a  county  in  a  condition 
for  military  service. 

arrayment  (a-ra'ment),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
arraiment,  drayment,  <  ME.  araiment,  <  AF. 
araiement,  OF.  areement,  <  araier,  etc.,  array: 
see  array  and  -ment,  and  the  abbr.  form  rai- 
vient.]  1.  The  act  of  arraying. —  2t.  That  in 
which  one  is  arrayed;  raiment. 
Sheep  clothed  in  soft  arraym,ent.  Quarles, 

arrel,  n.    See  arl. 

arrest,  v.  i.   See  arr^. 

arreachf,  v.    See  arcach. 

arrear^t,  'v.    See  arear'^. 

arrear^t  (a-rer'),  adv.  [Early mod.  E.  also  arear, 
arrerc,  <  ME.  arerc,  a  rere,  <  OF.  arere,  ariere, 
mod.  P.  arricre  -  ■  Pr.  areire,  arreire,  <  ML.  ad 
retro:  L.  ad,  to;  retro  (>  OF.  riere),  backward: 
see  retro-  and  rear^.]  Backward;  into  or  to- 
ward the  rear;  back;  behind. 

Forst  him  back  recoyle  and  reele  areare. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  iv.  5. 

arrear^  (a-rer'),  n.  [ME.  only  in  phr.  in  ariere, 
in  time  past;  <  crroar^,  adv.  The  older  noun 
is  arrearage,  q.  v.]  1.  The  state  of  being  be- 
hind or  behindhand :  as,  his  work  is  in  arrear. 

Spain,  though  at  least  a  generation  in  arrear  of  England, 
was  after  our  own  the  first  modern  European  country  to 
attain  to  ...  a  national  dramatic  literature. 

A.  W.  Ward,  Eng.  Dram.  Lit.,  Int.,  x.\vii. 

2t.  The  rear. 

The  arrear  consisting  of  between  three  and  foiu'  thou- 
sand foot.  Heylin,  Hist.  Reformation,  p.  92. 

3.  That  which  is  behind  in  payment;  a  debt 
which  remains  unpaid,  though  due :  generally 
used  in  the  plural  and  implying  that  a  part  of 
the  money  is  already  paid:  as,  arrears  of  rent, 
wages,  or  taxes. 

For  much  I  dread  due  payment  by  the  Greeks 
Of  yesterday's  arrear.  Cowjier,  Iliad,  iii. 

My  approval  is  given  in  order  that  every  possible  facility 
may  be  afforded  for  the  prompt  discharge  of  all  arrears  of 
pay  due  to  our  soldiers  and  sailors. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  332. 
arrearage  (a-rer' aj),  w.  [<  ME.  arerage,  arre- 
ragc,  <  OF.  arerage,  ai'rerage,  arrierage,  mod.  F. 
arrerages,  pi.,  <  OF.  arere,  ariere,  hack:  see 
arrear^,  adv.,  and  -age,  and  cf.  advantage.]  1. 
The  state  or  condition  of  being  behindhand  or 
in  arrears. 

I  have  employment  for  thee,  such  a  one 
As  shall  not  only  pay  my  services, 
But  leave  mo  i:i  arrearage. 

Shirley,  Grateful  Servant,  i.  2. 
2.  Arrears ;  amount  or  amounts  outstanding  or 
overdue ;  any  sum  of  money  remaining  unpaid 
after  previous  payment  of  a  part. 
The  old  arrearages  .  .  .  being  defrayed. 

Howell,  Vocal  Forest. 
Our  pleasure  is,  that  all  arrearages 
Be  paid  unto  the  captains. 

Massinger,  The  Picture,  ii.  2. 
arrearancet  (a-rer'ans),  n.  [<  arrear"^  +  -ance.] 
Same  as  arrearage,' 
arrectt  (a-rekf ),  v.  t.  [<  L.  arrectus,  pp.  of  arri- 
gere,  set  up,  raise,  erect,  <  ad,  to,  -I-  regere,  keep 
straight,  direct.]  1.  To  raise  or  lift  up ;  make 
erect. 

Having  large  ears  perpetually  exposed  and  arrected. 

Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  xi. 

2.  To  direct. 

Arrecting  my  sight  towards  the  zodiake. 

Skelton,  Poems,  p.  9. 

3.  To  impute. 

Therefore  he  arrecteth  no  blame  ...  to  them. 

Sir  T.  More,  Works,  fol.  271. 


arrect 

arrect,  arrected  (a-rekf,  a-rek'ted),  «.  [<  L. 
arrectus:  see  the  verb.]  If.  Erect;  erected. 
— Sf.  Attentive,  as  a  person  listening. 

Eager  for  the  event, 
Around  the  beldame  all  arrect  they  liang. 

Akenside,  Pleasures  of  Imagination,  i.  269. 

3.  In  tot.,  pointing  upward;  brought  into  an 
upright  position.  A.  Gray. 
arrectaryt  (a-rek'ta-ri),  n.  [<  L.  arrectarius, 
perpendicular,  neut.  pi.  arrectaria,  the  upright 
posts  of  a  wall,  <  arrectus,  erect:  see  arrect.'] 
A  beam  or  post  standing  upright,  as  opijosed 
to  one  which  is  horizontal. 
The  arrectary  or  beam  of  his  cross. 

Bp.  Hall,  Works,  II.  278. 

arrector  (a-rek'tor),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  arrigere,  pp. 
arrectus,  set  up  erect :  see  arrect,  v.  ]  That  which 
arrects;  an  erector — Arrector  pill,  in  anat.,  the 
erector  of  tlie  hair,  a  small  strip  of  unstriated  muscle  run- 
ning from  the  lower  part  of  tlie  liair-follicle  toward  tlie 
surface  of  the  sl<in,  and  by  contraction,  under  the  influence 
of  fright  or  cold,  causing  the  hair  to  stand  straight  up  or 
"on  end,"  at  the  same  time  so  raising  tlie  surface  just 
around  the  orifice  as  to  occasion  goose-flesli  or  horripila- 
tion. 

arreedt,  v.  t.    See  aread. 

arrel  (ar'el),  n.  [Sp.,  also  arrelde  (>  Basque 
arraldea,  a  weight  of  10  pounds);  Sp.  arrate, 
Pg.  arratel,  a  weight  of  16  ounces  (see  arratel) ; 

<  .At.  al,  the,  +  rati,  a  weight  of  12  ounces.]  A 
weight  of  4  pounds,  used  in  Spain. 

Arremon^  n.    See  Arrhemon. 
arrendation  (ar-en-da'shon),  n.    Same  as  ar- 
re)ttation. 

arrendator  (ar'en-da-tor),  n.   [Also  arendator, 

<  Euss.  arendatoru,  <  ML.  arrendator,  arendator, 
a  farmer  of  the  revenue,  <  arrendare,  arendare, 
arrentare,  let  for  a  rent,  farm  the  revenue:  see 
arrcnt.']  One  who  farms  the  revenues  in  certain 
Russian  governments. 

arrenotokous,  «.   See  arrhenotoTcoics. 

arrent  (a-renf),  v.  t.  [<  OF.  arrenter,  arentir 
(ML.  arrentare,  arrendare,  arendare),  <  a  (L.  ad, 
to)  +  rente,  rent:  see  arrendator  and  rent.']  To 
let  for  a  rent;  especially,  in  old  Eyig.  law,  to 
let  out  for  inclosure,  as  land  in  a  forest.  See 
arrentation. 

arrentation  (ar-en-ta'shon),  n.  [Also  arren- 
dation, <  ML.  arrentatio{n-),  arrendatio,  <  arren- 
tare, arrendare :  see  arrent.]  In  old  Eng.  law, 
the  action  or  privilege  of  arrenttng ;  the  giving 
of  permission  by  the  lord  of  the  manor  to  the 
tenant  of  land  in  a  forest  to  inclose  it  with  a 
small  ditch  and  low  hedge,  in  consideration  of 
a  yearly  rent.    Also  written  arrendation. 

arreptiont  (a-rep'shon),  n.  [<  L.  arreptus,  pp. 
of  arripere,  snatch,  seize  to  one's  self,  <  ad,  to, 
+  rapere,  snatch,  seize:  see  rapacious,  rapture.] 
The  act  of  taking  away. 

This  arreption  was  sudden,  yet  Elisha  sees  both  the 
chariot  and  the  horses,  and  the  ascent. 

Bp.  Hall,  Rapture  of  Elijah. 

arreptitiouslf  (ar-ep-tish'us),  a.  [<  LL.  arrepti- 
cius,  arreptitius,  seized  in  mind,  inspired,  deUri- 
ous,  <  L.  arreptus,  pp.  of  arripere,  snatch,  seize: 
see  arreption.]  Snatched  away;  hence,  seized 
or  possessed ;  frantic ;  crack-brained ;  mad. 
Odd,  arreptitious,  frantick  extravagances. 

Hoivell,  Letters  (1650),  I.  475. 

arreptitious^t  (ar-ep-tish'us),  a.  [As  if  <  L. 
arreptus,  pp.  of  arrepere,  creep  toward,  steal 
softly  to  (<  ad,  to,  +  repere,  creep:  see  reptile), 
+  -itious;  but  appar.  a  mistaken  def.  of  pre- 
ceding.] Creeping  or  having  crept  in  privily. 
Blount;  Bailey. 

arrest!  (a-resf),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  aresten,  arresten 
(also  by  apheresis  resten,  >  mod.  dial,  rest),  < 
OP.  arester,  P.  arreter  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  arrestar  = 
It.  arrestare,  <  M.'L.  arrestare,  stop,  restrain,  <  L. 
nd,  to, -1- restore,  stay  back :  seeresi2.]  1,  To 
stop  forcibly ;  cheek  or  hinder  the  motion  or  ac- 
tion of :  as,  to  arrest  the  current  of  a  river ;  to 
arrest  the  course  of  justice. 

Ascribing  the  causes  of  things  to  secret  proprieties  hath 
arrested  and  laid  asleep  all  true  inquiry.  Bacon. 

With  the  progress  of  adaptation  each  [human  being]  be- 
comes so  constituted  that  he  cannot  be  helped  without  in 
some  way  arresting  a  pleasurable  activity. 

//.  Spender,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  96. 

2.  To  take,  seize,  or  apprehend  by  virtue  of  a 
legal  warrant  or  offtcial  authority;  take  into 
custody :  as,  to  arrest  one  for  a  crime  or  misde- 
meanor. [Shakspere  most  commonly  construes 
this  verb  with  of,  like  accuse:  as,  "o/  capital 
treason  we  arrest  you  here,"  Rich.  II.,  iv.  1.] 

According  to  law  no  Englishman  could  be  arrested  and 
detained  in  confinement  merely  by  the  mandate  of  the 
sovereign.  Macaxilay. 

3.  To  seize  and  fix  ;  engage ;  secure  ;  catch ; 
take :  as,  to  arrest  the  eyes  or  the  attention. 


319 

King.        If  you  prove  it,  I'll  repay  it  back, 

Or  yield  up  Aquitain. 
Prin.  We  arrest  your  word. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  ii.  1. 
The  appearance  of  such  a  person  in  the  world,  and  at 
such  a  period,  ought  to  arrest  the  consideration  of  every 
tliinking  mind.  Buckminster. 

4t.  To  rest  or  fix. 
We  may  arrest  our  thoughts  upon  the  divine  mercies. 

Jer.  Taylor. 

5.  In  Scots  and  admiralty  law,  to  seize  (prop- 
erty) for  debt  or  the  satisfaction  of  a  claim ; 
attach  or  levy  upon.  =Syn.  1.  To  stay,  interrupt, 
delay,  detain.  — 2.  To  capture,  lay  hold  of,  take  up,  take 
prisoner. 

arresti  (a-resf),  «.  [<  ME.  arest,  <  OF.  arest, 
stoppage,  delay,  restraint ;  from  the  verb  :  see 
arrest^,  v.]  1 .  The  act  of  stopping,  or  the  state 
of  being  stopped ;  suspension  of  movement  or 
action:  as,  an  arrest  of  the  vital  functions; 
"the  stop  and  arrest  of  the  air,"  Bacon. —  2f. 
Self-restraint ;  self-command. 

In  noble  corage  oughte  ben  areste, 
And  weyen  everything  by  equytee. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  ,396. 

3.  Any  seizure  or  taking  by  force,  jjhysical 
or  moral ;  hindrance ;  interruption ;  stoppage ; 
restraint. 

To  the  rich  man  who  had  promised  himself  ease  for 
many  years,  it  was  a  sad  arrest  that  his  soul  was  surprised 
the  first  night.  Jer.  Taylor. 

I  could  .  .  .  mingle  my  teares  with  you,  .  .  .  but  when 
I  consider  the  necessity  of  submitting  to  the  divine  arests, 
I  am  ready  to  dry  them  againe,  and  l)e  silent. 

Evelyn,  To  his  Brother,  G.  Evelyn. 

4.  In  macli.,  any  contrivance  which  stops  or  re- 
tards motion. 

Tlie  arrest  consists  of  a  fly  vane,  or  escapement  with 
wings,  mounted  on  one  of  the  arbors  of  the  clock-work 
acting  on  the  wheel.  Sci.  Amer.  Supp.,  XXII.  8974. 

5.  In  km,  the  taking  of  a  person  into  custody 
of  the  law,  usually  by  virtue  of  a  warrant  from 
authority.  An  arrest  is  made  by  seizing  or  touching  the 
body  or  otherwise  taking  possession  of  it.  By  the  law  of 
some  jurisdictions,  arrest  is  allowed  in  civil  cases  for  the 
purpose  of  enforcing  the  payment  of  debts  or  preventing 
a  defendant  from  eluding  an  obligation.  In  criminal  or 
penal  cases  arrest  is  made  for  tlie  purpose  of  compelling 
the  person  cliarged  with  a  crime  or  an  offense  to  appear 
and  submit  to  justice.  In  civil  cases  it  cannot  be  legally 
effected  except  by  virtue  of  a  precept  or  writ  issued  out 
of  some  court,  but  this  is  often  dispensed  with  in  criminal 
cases.  Arrest  in  civil  cases  is  of  two  kinds,  viz. ,  that  which 
takes  place  before  trial,  and  is  called  arrest  on  mesne  pro- 
cess, and  that  which  takes  place  after  trial  and  judgment, 
and  is  called  amst  on  filial  process,  or  arrest  in  execution. 

6.  In  admiralty  law,  the  taking  of  a  ship  into 
custody  by  virtue  of  a  warrant  from  a  coiirt. — 

7.  In  Scots  law,  attachment;  seizure  of  prop- 
erty, funds,  etc.,  by  legal  process,  as  for  debt  or 

the  satisfaction  of  a  claim  Arrest  of  judgment, 

inlaw,  the  staying  or  stopping  of  a  judgment  after  verdict' 
for  causes  assigned.  Courts  have  at  common  law  power 
to  arrest  judgment  for  intrinsic  causes  appearing  upon 
the  face  of  the  record,  as  when  the  declaration  varies  from 
the  original  writ,  when  the  verdict  differs  materially  from 
the  pleadings,  or  when  the  case  laid  in  the  declaration  is 
not  sufficient  in  point  of  law  to  found  an  action  upon.  The 
motion  for  this  purpose  is  called  a  motion  in  arrest  of  judg- 
ment. Modern  practice  largely  supersedes  these  motions 
by  requiring  such  defects  to  be  objected  to  before  judg- 
ment.— Breach  of  arrest.    See  in-each. 

arrest^  (a-resf),  n.  [<  OF.  arreste,  areste,  mod. 
F.  arete,  awn,  beard,  fishbone,  arrest,  <  L.  ari- 
sta :  see  arista  and  arris.]  A  mangy  tumor  on 
the  back  part  of  the  hind  leg  of  a  horse.  Also 
called  rat-tail. 

arrestable  (a-res'ta-bl),  a.  [<  arrest^  +  -able.] 
1.  Liable  to  be  arrested  or  apprehended. — 2. 
In  Scots  law,  attachable ;  subject  to  seizure  at 
the  suit  of  a  creditor  of  the  owner,  by  a  process 
in  the  nature  of  attachment  or  garnishment: 
applied  to  property,  funds,  etc. 

Burgh  customs  still  stand  in  the  peculiar  position  of 
being  neither  adjudgeable  nor  arrestable;  they  are  there- 
fore bad  security.  Encyc.  Brit.,  IV.  63. 

arrestation  (ar-es-ta'shon),  n.  [=  P.  arresta- 
tion,  <  ML.  arrestatio{ii-),  <  arrestare,  arrest: 
see  arrest^,  v.]  The  act  of  arresting ;  an  arrest 
or  seizure.  [Rare.] 

Tlie  arrestation  of  the  English  residing  in  France  was 
decreed  by  the  National  Convention. 

H.  M.  Williams,  Letters  on  France,  I.  i. 
arrestee  (a-rest-e'),  n.    [<  arrest  +  -eel.] 
Scots  law,  the  person  in  whose  hands  an  arrest- 
ment is  laid. 

arrester,  arrester  (a-res'ter,  -tor),  «.  [ME. 
arester;  <  arrest^+  -eA,  -or.  Cf.  ML.  arrestator.] 
1 .  One  who  or  that  which  arrests. —  2.  In  Scots 
law,  the  person  at  whose  instance  an  arrest  is 
made.  See  arrest,  n.,  7.  [Arrestor  is  the  form 
usual  in  legal  docimients.] 
arrestive  (a-res'tiv),  a.  [=  OF.  arrestif;  <  ar- 
rest^  +  -ire.]  1.  Serving  or  tending  to  arrest. 
—  2.  Ingram.,  marking  an  arrest,  restriction, 


arrhizous 

or  qualification  of  thought :  applied  to  conjunc- 
tions like  hut,  yet,  however,  etc.  Bain,  Eng. 
Grammar. 

arrestment  (a-resf  ment),  «.  [<  OP.  areste- 
ment,  <  arester,  arrest:  see  arrest^,  v.,  and 
-ment.]  1.  The  act  of  arresting  or  stopping; 
obstruction ;  stoppage. 

The  first  effect  is  arrestment  of  the  functions  of  the 
spinal  cord.  Sir  R.  Christison,  Poisons,  I.  i.  §  2. 

Tlie  fall  of  man  would  produce  an  arrestment  in  tlie 
progress  of  the  eartli  in  that  last  great  revolution  wliicli 
would  have  converted  it  into  an  Eden. 

Dawson,  Origin  of  World,  p.  239. 

^.  In  Scots  law:  (a)  A  process  by  which  a 
creditor  may  attach  money  or  movable  jiroper- 
ty  which  a  third  person  holds  for  behoof  of  his 
debtor.  It  bears  a  general  resemblance  to 
foreign  attachment  by  the  custom  of  London. 
8ee  attachment,  (b)  The  arrest  or  detention  of 
a  criminal  till  he  finds  caution  or  surety  to  stand 
trial,  or  the  securing  of  a  debtor  until  he  pays 
the  debt  or  gives  security  for  its  payment. — 
Breach  of  arrestment.  .See  breach. 
arrestor,  n.  See  arrester. 
arret^t,  v.  t._   See  aret. 

arret^t  (a-ra'  or  a-ref ),  n.  [<  F.  arret,  <  OF. 
arest,  arrest :  see  arrest^,  w.]  The  decision  of  a 
court,  tribunal,  or  council ;  a  decree  published ; 
the  edict  of  a  sovereign  prince :  applied  to  the 
judgments  and  decisions  of  courts  and  tribu- 
nals in  France, 
arrha  (ar'a),  n. ;  pi.  arrhw  (-e).  [L.,  also  ar- 
rhabo,  and  later  arra,  arrabo,  <  Gr.  u/jpaftdjv, 
earnest-money.  Cf.  arles.]  Eamest-money 
paid  to  bind  a  bargain  or  contract;  a  pledge. 
Formerly  also  spelled  an-a. 
arrhal  (ar'al),  a.  [<  arrha  +  -al.]  Of  the  na- 
ture of  earnest-money;  given  as  a  pledge, 
arrhaphostic  (ar-a-fos'tik),  «.  [Badly  formed 
<  Gr.  appa^oc;,  seamless,  <  a-  priv.  -f-  pa<l>//,  a 
seam,  <  pdwTeiv,  sew.]  Seamless.  Clarke.  Also 
written  araphostic,  ara2>horostic.  [Rare.] 
Arrhemon  (a-re'mon),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  app^/ujv, 
without  speech,  silent,  <  a-  priv.  +  pij/xa,  a 
word,  <  peiv,  speak.]  A  genus  of  Central  and 
South  American  oscine  passerine  birds,  of  the 
family  Tanagridw,  including  a  group  of  several 
species  of  tanagers  with  stout  bills,  like  A. 
silens,  the  type.  Also  Arremon,  Buarremon. 
Arrhemoninse  (a-re-mo-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Arrhemon  +  -inw.]  A  group  of  tanagrine  birds, 
named  by  Lafresnaye  from  the  genus  Arrhe- 
mon. 

arrhenotokous  (ar-e-nof  o-kus),  a.  [Better 
*arrhenotocous,  <  Gr.  appevordaog,  bearing  male 
children,  <  appr/v  (appevo-),  male,  +  tikteiv,  re- 
Ksiv,  bear.]  Producing:  males  only:  applied 
by  Leuckart  and  Von  Siebold  to  those  parthe- 
nogenetic  female  insects  which  produce  male 
progeny:  opposed  to  thelytoJcous.  Also  spelled 
arrenotoJcous. 

The  terms  arrenotokous  and  thelytokous  have  been  pro- 
posed by  Leuckart  and  Von  Siebold  to  denote  those  par- 
thenogenetic  females  which  produce  male  and  female 
young  respectively.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  384. 

arrhenotoky  (ar-e-nof  o-ld),  «.  [As  arrhenoto- 
kous +  -y.]  The  producing  of  males  only:  a 
form  of  parthenogenesis.  See  arrhenotokous. 
arrhephore  (ar'e-for),  n.  [<  Gr.  'Appvfopoc,  com- 
monly in  pL,  'Appr/(j)6poi  (see  def.);  of  uncertain 
origin.]  One  of  four  young  girls  of  noble  birth 
who  were  chosen  annually  in  ancient  Athens  to 
dwell  on  the  Acropolis  and  attend  the  priestess 

of  Athena  Polias.  They  played  a  ceremonial  part  in 
the  festival  of  the  Arrheplioria,  on  the  night  before  which 
they  bore  baskets  or  vases  of  unknown  contents  from  tlie 
Acropolis  to  an  underground  sanctuary  near  the  peribolos 
of  Aphrodite  in  the  Gardens. 

Arrhephoria  (ar-e-fo'ri-a),  w.pZ.  [Gr.  'Appri<f>6pta : 
see  arrhephore.]  An  ancient  Athenian  festival 
celebrated  in  the  month  of  Skirophorion  (June). 
It  was  connected  with  tlie  Panatlienaic  festival,  and  was 
the  occasion  of  the  ceremonial  induction  into  tlair  annual 
ofHce,  with  a  splendid  procession  to  tlie  Acropulis,  of  the 
four  young  priestesses  of  Athena  called  arrepliun  s. 

arrhinencephalia(ar-in-en-se-fa'li-a),  n.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  appic:  (appiv-),  without  power  of  scenting 
(<  a-  priv.  +  p/f,  plv,  nose),  +  l-}K£<pa/.oc,  the 
brain:  see  encejthalon.]  In  terafoL,  congenital 
absence  of  one  or  (usually)  both  sides  of  the 
olfactory  lobe  (rhinencephalon),  accompanied 
with  more  or  less  dwarfing  or  absence  of  adja- 
cent structures.  Also  spelled  arhinencephalia. 
arrhizal  (a-ri'zal),  a.    [As  arrhizous  +  -al.] 

Same  as  arrhizous. 
arrhizous  (a-ri'zus),  a.    [<  NL.  arrhizus,  <  Gr. 
appiZoc,  without  roots,  <  a-  priv.  +  piCa,  a  root.] 
Ha\ing  no  root:  applied  to  jiarasitical  plants 
which  have  no  root,  but  adhere  to  other  plants 


arrhizous  320 

by  any  part  of  their  surface,  and  derive  their  arri6re-flef  (a-rer'fef),  71. 


ot  arrliyHdttuii,<.  O-r  a- priv.  +  piy^of  snout.]  arri6re-vassal(a-rer'vas"al), «.  Anunder-vas- 
A group  ot  the  lowest  proctuehous  Turbellaria,    sal;  the  vassal  of  a  vassal' 
r^^^!?"°!™'^i^3.?'"?^°®*^l?^^^^^  arri^re-voussure  (ar-iar"v6-sur'),  «.    A  rear 

a  vault  placed  within  the 


Also 


an  anus,  and  presenting  distinct  sexes, 
spelled  Arhijnchia. 
arrhythmia  (a-rith'mi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ap- 
pvO/uia,  want  of  rhythm,  <  appvd/uog,  without 
rhythm:  see  arrhi/tlimous.}  In  pathol.,  irregu- 
larity.    Also  spelled  arhytkmia  Arrhythmia 

cordis,  irregulai  ity  of  pulse. 

arrhythmic  (a-rith'mik),  a.    [As  arrhyth 
+  -ic:  see        and  rhythmic.']    Not  rhythmic; 
wanting  rhythm  or  regularity:  used  specifical- 
ly, in  pathol.,  of  the  pulse.  Also  spelled  arhyth- 
mic.    N.  E.  D. 

arrhythmical  (a-rith'mi-kal),  a.  Same  as  ar- 
rhythmic.    Also  speUed  ayliythmical. 

arrhjrthmically  (a-rith'mi-kal-i),  adv.  In  a 
style  without  rhythm.  Also  spelled  arhythmi- 
cally. 

arrhythmous  (a-rith'mus),  «.  [<  Gr.  appvdfio^, 
without  rhjiihm,  out  of  time,  <  d-  priv.  +  pvOfto^, 
rhythm.]  Same  as  arrhythmic.  Also  spelled 
arhythmous. 

arrhythmy  (a-rith'mi),  n.  [<  NL.  arrhythmia, 
q.v.]  Want  of  rhythm.  Also  spelled  ar^itei/. 
[Eare.] 

arriage  (ar'aj),  «.  [Sc.,  a  eontr.  of  average^, 
q.  v.]  In  Scots  law,  an  indefinite  service  per- 
formed by  horses,  formerly  required  from  ten- 
ants, but  now  abolished.  Used  chiefly  in  the 
phrase  carriage  and  arriage. 

It  [the  monastery]  is  said  to  have  possessed  nearly  two 
thousand  pounds  in  yearly  money-rent,  .  .  .  capons  and 
poultry,  butter,  salt,  carriage  and  arriage,  peats  and  kain, 
wool  and  ale.  Scott,  Monastery,  Int. 

arridet  (a-rid'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  arrided,  ppr. 
arriding.  [<  L.  arridere,  please,  be  favorable 
to,  smile  at  or  upon,  <  ad,  to,  -t-  ridere,  laugh : 
see  ridicule.']    To  please ;  gratify. 

Fast.  'Fore  heavens,  Iiishumour  arrides  me  exceedingly. 
Car.  Arrides  you  ! 
Fast.  Ay,  pleases  me. 


Arri^re-Voussure. 


vault ;  an  arch  or 
opening  of  a  win- 
dow or  door,  and 
differing  from  it 
in  form,  to  in- 
crease the  size 
of  the  aperture 
internally,  to  re- 
ceive a  charge 
from  above,  or 
to  form  an  ar- 
chitectural junc- 
tion between  in- 
terior and  exte- 
rior forms, 
arriero  (ar-e-a'- 
ro),  n.  [Sp.'  (= 
Pg.  arrieiro),  a 
muleteer,  <  arre 
(>  Pr.  arri  =  It.  arri),  OSp.  farre,  a  cry  used 
to  mules  and  horses;  prob.  of  Ar.  origin.]  A 
muleteer. 

arris  (ar'is),  n.  [Also  written  arts,  formerly 
arriss,  E.  dial.  (North.)  arridge,  the  edge  of 
anything  that  is  liable  to  hurt  (Halliwell) ;  < 
OF.  areste  (P.  arete),<  L.  arista,  an  ear  or  beard 
of  grain,  in  ML.  also  a  bone  of  a  fish,  exterior 
angle  of  a  house:  see  arista  and  arrest^.]  1. 
A  sharp  edge,  as  of  a  squared  stone  or  piece  of 
wood.  Specifically— 2.  In  arc/;.,  the  line,  edge, 
or  hip  in  which  the  two  straight  or  curved  sur- 
faces of  a  body,  forming  an  exterior  angle, 
meet ;  especially,  the  sharp  ridge  between  two 
adjoining  channels  of  a  Doric  column, 
arris-fillet  (ar'is-fil''''et),  n.  A  triangular  piece 
of  wood  used  to  raise  the  slates  of  a  roof  against 
the  shaft  of  a  chimney  or  a  wall,  to  throw  off 
the  rain  more  effectually.  Also  called  tilting- 
fillet. 


B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  li.  1.  arris-guttsr  (ar'is-gut*er),  n.     A  wooden  gut-  arriVCt  (a-riv') 


arrogance 

arnvancet  (a-ri'vans),  ti.    [<  arrive  +  -ance.} 

1.  The  act  or  fact  of  arriving;  aiTival. 

Its  [an  animal'sj  sudden  arrioance  into  growtli  and 
maturitie.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  En.,  iii.  9. 

2.  Persons  who  arrive ;  an-ivals  collectively. 

For  every  minute  is  expectancy 
Of  more  arrimnce  [arrimncie  in  early  eds.]. 

Shak.  (ed.  Leopold),  Othello,  ii.  1. 

arrive  (a-nv'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  arrived,  ppr. 
arriving.  [<  ME.  ariven,  aryveti,  <  OF.  ariver, 
arriver,  F.  arriver  =  Pr.  aribar,  arivar  =  Sp.  Pg. 
arribar  =  It.  arrivare,  arrive,  arripare,  come  to 
shore,  <  ML.  *arribare,  *arripare,  reach,  come 
to  shore,  earlier  adripare,  bring  to  shore,  <  L. 
ad,  to,  +  ripa,  shore,  bank.]  f.t  trans.  1.  To 
bring  (a  ship  or  its  passengers)  to  shore ;  land. 

Some  points  of  wind  .  .  .  may  as  soon  Overturn  as  Ar- 
rive the  ship. 

IF.  Brough,  Sacr.  Princ.  (1659),  p.  486.   {N.  E.  D.) 

Wlien  Fortune  .  .  .  had  arrived  me  in  the  most  joyful 
port.  (J.  Cavendish. 

2.  To  reach. 

Ere  he  arrive  the  happy  isle.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  409. 

3.  To  come  to ;  happen  to. 

Lest  a  worse  woe  arrive  him.         Milton,  Civil  Power. 

II,  intrans.  1.  To  come  to  or  reach  a  cer- 
tain point  in  the  course  of  travel:  with  at:  as, 
we  arrived  at  Havre-de-Grace. 

When  at  CoUatium  this  false  lord  arrived, 
Well  was  he  welcomed  by  the  Roman  dame. 

Sliak.,  Lucrece,  1.  50. 

2.  To  reach  a  point  or  stage  by  progressive 
advance;  attain  to  a  certain  result  or  state: 
with  at,  formerly  sometimes  with  to :  as,  to  ar- 
rive at  an  imusual  degree  of  excellence;  to  ar- 
rive at  a  conclusion. 

The  Greek  language  was  arrived  to  its  full  perfection. 

Dryden,  Pref.  to  Troilus  and  Cressida. 

They  arrive  at  a  theory  from  looking  at  some  of  the 
phenomena  ;  and  the  remaining  phenomena  they  strain  or 
curtail  to  suit  the  theory.  Macaulay,  On  History. 

3.  To  happen  or  occur:  with  to. 

Happy  !  to  whom  this  glorious  death  an-ives.  Waller. 
The  lot  of  humanity  is  on  these  children.   Danger,  sor- 
row, and  pain  arrive  to  them,  as  to  all. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  168. 


The  flattering  sycophant  is  the  fawning  spaniel,  that 
hath  only  learned  to  fetch  and  carry,  to  spring  the  covey 
of  his  master's  lusts,  and  to  arride  and  deride  him. 

Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  III.  119. 

Above  all  thy  rarities,  old  Oxenford,  what  do  most  ar- 
ride and  solace  me  are  thy  repositories  of  mouldering 
learning.  Lamb,  Oxford  in  Vacation 


arridentt  (a-n'dent), «. 


ter  of  the  form  of  the  letter  V,  fixed  to  the  eaves 
of  a  building.  Gwilt. 
arrish,  arish  (ar'ish),  «.  [E.  dial.,  =  ersh,  dial, 
form  of  eddish,  q.  v.]  A  corn-  or  wheat-field 
which  has  been  harvested;  stubble;  eddish. 
[Devonshire,  Eng.] 
[<  L.  arriden{t-)s,  ppr.  arrisiont  (a-rizh'on),  n.    [<  L.  arrisio{n-),  <  ar- 


An  Altar  Arris- 
wise. 


of  arridere:  see  arride.]  Pleasing;  gratify- 
ing. 

arridre  (a-rer';  F.  pron.  ar-iar'),  n.  [F.,  <  OF. 
ariere,  arere,  >  ME.  arere,  mod.  E.  arrear"^.  Ar- 
riere  is  thus  the  mod.  F.  form  of  arrear^,  re- 
stored in  E.  from  the  earlier  form,  or  adopted 
afresh,  in  special  phrases:  see  arrear^  and 
rear^.]    Arrear  or  rear.  [Now  rarely  used  except  in 

composition,  usiaarritre-bras, -fee, -Jief,-jjensie,  etc.  (See  amS'WlSe  (ar  IS-wiz),  adv. 
these  words,  below.)  In  arriSre-fiaft,  as  shown,  it  is  his-  " 
torically  a  ditterent  word.] 

An  inferr'd  arriire  of  such  storms,  such  wrecks. 

Vr.  Whitman,  in  Academy,  Nov.  18, 1882.    (N.  E.  D.) 

Volant  en  arri^re,  in  her.,  said  of  a  bird  represented  as 

flying  upward  and  away  from  the  spectator. 
arri6re-ban  (a-rer'ban;  F.  pron.  ar-iar-boh'), 

n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  arrier-,  arrear-,  arere- 

han  (also  arrear-,  rere-band,  arrier-van,  simu- 
lating band"^  and  r««2),  <  F.  arriere-ban,  OF. 

ariere-ban,  a  corruption  (due  to  a  supposed 

connection  with  arierc,  mod.  arriere,  rear,  be- 
hind) of  OF.  *ariban,  *hcriban,  <  ML.  hari-, 

heri-,  ari-,  are-,  arri-,  hercbannum,  etc.,  <  OHG. 

*hariban,  *herihan  (MHG.  herban,  G.  heerbann), 

the  summoning  of  an  army,  <  hari,  heri  (MHG. 

her,  G.  heer  =z  AS.  here),  army,  +  ban,  a  public 

call,  order,  decree:  see  har-,  harry,  and  bani.] 

1.  In  the  early  feudal  state,  the  stimmons  of  the 

sovereign  to  all  freemen,  calling  them  to  the 

field  with  their  vassals,  equipment,  and  three 

months'  provisions.  Neglect  to  obey  the  sum- 
mons brought  fines  or  even  loss  of  the  fief. 

Hence  — 2.  The  military  force  thus  liable  to 

be  called  out.  Formerly  written  arierban.  [The 

misunderstanding  of  the  first  element  (see  etymology)  led 

to  the  use  of  ban  et  arriire-ban,  English  ban  (or  van)  and 

arrier-ban  (or  -van),  with  an  artificial  distinction,  the  ban 

being  supposed  to  refer  to  the  immediate  feudatories  of 

the  sovereign,  and  the  arriere-ban  to  the  vassals  of  the 

latter,  or  the  holders  of  arriere-fiefs.] 
arrifere-bras  (ar-i_ar'bra'),  n.  Same  as  rerebrace. 
arriere-fee  (a-rer'fe),  n.    A  fee  or  fief  de- 
pendent on  a  superior  fee,  or  a  fee  held  of  a 

feudatory. 


risus,  pp.  of  arridere,  smile  upon:  see  arride.] 
The  act  of  smiling  upon  or  at.  Blount. 
arris-piece  (ar'is-pes),  n.  In  ship-carp.,  one  of 
the  portions  of  a  built  mast  beneath  the  hoops, 
arris-rail  (ar'is-ral),  n.  In  carp.,  a  rail  of  tri- 
angular section,  generally  formed  by  slitting 
diagonally  a  strip  of  square  section.  The 
broadest  surface  forms  the  base. 

[<  arris  +  -wise."] 
1.  Diagonally:  said  of  an  ar- 
rangement of  tiles  or  slates  so 
that  one  angle  points  downward. 
— 2.  In  7«er.,  with  one  angle  pro- 
jecting toward  the  spectator: 
said  of  any  bearing  of  a  rectan- 
gular form  so  placed  that  one 
corner  is  in  front,  and  the  top 
and  two  of  the  sides  are  shown. 
Erroneously  written  arraswise. 
arrivaget  (a-ri'vaj), «.   [ME.  arryvagc,  aryvage, 
<  OF.  arivage,  mod.  F.  arrivage  =  Sp.  arribaje,  < 
ML.  arribaticum,  arripaticum,<.  *  arripare  (>  OP. 
ariver),  come  to  shore,  arrive :  see  arrive  and 

-age.]  1.  Landing;  arrival.  Chaucer.— 2.  That  arrodef  (a-rod'),  v.  t.    [<  L.  arrodere,  gnaw  at 


[<  arrive,  v.]  Arrival. 
How  should  I  joy  of  thy  arrive  to  hear  1 

Drayton,  Brandon  to  Mary. 
Wonder  at  the  safe  arrive 
Of  this  small  vessel,  which  all  weathers  drive. 

Middleton,  Triumphs  of  Truth. 

arroba  (a-ro'ba),  n.  [Formerly  also  aroba, 
arobe,  arob,  <  Sp.  Pg.  arroba,  <  Ar.  ar-roV,  <  al, 
the,  -f-  rob',  fourth  part  (of  a  hundred-weight), 
a  quarter,  <  arba'a,  foui-.]  1.  A  Spanish  and 
Portuguese  unit  of  weight.  The  following  table 
shows  the  number  of  avoirdupois  and  local  pounds  it  con- 
tains and  its  equivalent  in  kilograms  : 

piar..c  Local  Av, 

Pounds.    Pounds.  ^llos. 

Saragossa  36      27.390  12.424 

Lisbon,  Rio  de  Janeiro  32      32.381  14.688 

Barcelona  26      22.986  10.426 

Valencia   36      28.272  12.824 

Paraguay  25      27.410  12.433 

Castile,  Buenos  Ayres, )        „  oit  .oa 

Chili,  Mexico,  etc.    '[••••25      25.317  11.484 

Alicante  24  and  36      28.254  12.816 

There  was  also  formerly  in  use  in  Valencia  a  small  arroba 
of  10.687  kilograms. 

2.  A  measure  for  wine,  spirits,  and  oil  in  Span- 
ish countries,  arising  from  the  Moorish  prac- 
tice of  weighing  those  liquids;  the  cantara. 
There  are  two  measures  of  this  name.  The  commoner,  the 
arroba  mayor,  contains  in  liters  :  in  Castile,  Cadiz,  16.137 ; 
in  Bolivia,  16.073  ;  in  Malaga,  15.85  ;  in  Havana,  15.44  ;  in 
Alicante,  11.5.50;  in  Valencia,  11.482.  The  arroba  rnenor, 
in  Madrid,  is  equivalent  to  27.25  pounds  of  water  or  12.564 
liters  ;  it  was  divided  into  25  libras.  Wine  was  sold  by  a 
weight  of  32  pounds  to  the  arroba. 


which  happens  or  befalls  one ;  lot  or  fate, 
arrival  (a-ri'val),  n.  [<  ME.  aryvaile,  arrivaile, 
<  AF.  arrivaiiie  =  Pr.  arribalh,  arribailh,  arri- 
val :  see  arrive  and  -al.]  1 .  The  act  of  arriving, 
as  in  coming  to  land  or  to  the  end  of  a  journey; 
a  reaching  or  coming  to  a  destination,  or  some 
definite  place. 

Fro  thenne  he  goth  toward  Itaile 
By  ship,  and  there  his  arrivaile 
Hath  take,  and  shope  him  for  to  ride. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  ii.  4. 

2.  The  person  or  thing  which  arrives :  as,  a 
long  list  of  arrivals. 

To-day  the  Lady  Psyche  will  harangue 
The  fresh  arrivals.  Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 

3.  The  reaching  or  attainment  of  any  object 
or  state  by  effort,  or  in  natural  course:  as, 
arrival  at  a  just  conclusion. 


<  ad,  to,  at,  +  rodere,  gnaw:  see  rodent,  and  cf. 
corrode,  erode.]  To  gnaw  or  nibble  at.  Bailey. 
arrogance  (ar'o-gans),  n.  [<  ME.  arrogance, 
arroyaunce,  <  OF.  arrogance,  <  L.  arrogantia,  < 
arrogun{t-)s,  ppr.  of  arrogare :  see  arrogate.] 
The  condition  or  quality  of  being  arrogant;  a 
manifest  feelin^i;  of  personal  superiority  in 
rank,  power,  dif^-nity,  or  estimation ;  the  exalt- 
ing of  one's  own  worth  or  importance  to  an 
undue  degree  ;  pride  with  contempt  of  others; 
presumption. 

Pride  hath  no  other  glass 
To  show  itself,  but  pride  ;  for  supple  knees 
Feed  arrogance,  and  are  the  proud  man's  fees. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iii.  3. 
=Syn.  Pride,  Arrogance,  Presumption.  Assumption, 
Haughtiness,  Disdain,  Loftiness,  Superciliousness,  Inso- 
lence, lordliness,  self-importance,  imperiousness,  swagger. 
(See  pride.)  Pride  and  disdain  are  the  only  words  in  the 
list  that  may  have  a  good  meaning  when  applied  to  per- 


arrogance 

3ons  :  as,  pride  in  one's  country ;  disdain  of  a  base  sugges- 
tion. Pride  primarily  respects  tiie  temper  of  tlie  rainil,  not 
being  necessarily  manifested  or  directed  toward  others;  it 
is  the  general  term  for  an  unreasonable  estimate  of  one's 
own  superiority  in  any  respect.  As  it  comes  into  relation 
and  action,  it  may  receive  other  titles.  Thus,  arrogance  is, 
at  its  simplest,  pride  with  contempt  of  otliers,  and  is  es- 
sentially the  same  as  dixdain.  In  action,  arroijance  is  the 
assertion  of  e.xorbitant  claims  to  ranlc,  dignity,  estimation, 
homage,  power,  etc.  Presmnpti^in  is  often  used  for  arro- 
gance, but  more  properly  expresses  a  self-conceited  and 
self-important  forwardness  to  run  risks,  take  liberties, 
and  crowd  in  where  one  does  not  deserve  to  be.  Pre- 
sumption helps  itself  to  what  it  wants,  while  arrogance 
•claims  from  others,  and  feeds  its  pride  by  seeing  them 
yield.  Presumption  is  less  selfish  than  arrogance,  but 
more  conceited  and  headstrong.  Assumption  has  added 
to  its  other  meanings  a  bad  sense,  kindred  to  jnes^imption ; 
it  means  a  disposition  to  do  what  does  not  belong  to  one 
to  do,  and  sometimes  to  claim  to  be  more  than  one  is. 
Haughtiness,  like  disdain  and  loftiness,  dwells  upon  the 
inferiority  of  others  quite  as  much  as  upon  its  own  eleva- 
tion ;  it  is  equally  applicable  to  spirit  and  to  maimer. 
Disdain  is  a  mingling  of  lofty  contempt  with  aversion, 
-abhorrence,  or  indignation.  Superciliousness,  as  befits  its 
■derivation,  is  chiefiy  applied  to  manner ;  it  is  a  manifested 
haughtiness.  Insolence  is  exhibited  not  only  in  manner, 
but  in  conduct  and  language  ;  it  is  pride  or  haughtiness, 
■shown  in  contemptuous  or  overbearing  treatment  of  oth- 
•ers,  especially  by  words ;  from  an  equal  or  an  inferior  it 
is  an  outrageous  kind  of  impertinence.  See  impudence, 
■egotism,  and  scorn. 

I  know  you  proud  to  bear  your  name, 
Your  pride  is  yet  no  mate  for  mine, 
Too  proud  to  care  from  whence  I  came. 

Tennyson,  Lady  Clara  Vere  de  Vere. 
Turbulent,  discontented  men  of  quality,  in  proportion 
.as  they  are  puffed  up  with  personal  pride  and  arrogance, 
;generally  despise  their  own  order.   Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

But  most  it  is  presumption  in  us,  when 

The  help  of  Heaven  we  count  the  act  of  men. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  1. 
His  usual  air  of  haughty  assumption. 

Scott,  'Waverley,  xlix. 
I  own  that  there  is  a  haughtiness  and  fierceness  in  human 
.nature  which  will  cause  innumerable  broils,  place  men  in 
Tfhat  situation  you  please.  Burke. 

Good  nature  produces  a  disdain  of  all  baseness,  vice, 
:and  folly.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  242. 

The  loftiness  of  man  shall  be  bowed  down.      Isa.  ii.  17. 

Sometimes,  it  is  true,  the  giraffe  stoops  to  mammalian 
levels ;  but  there  is  something  so  lofty  even  in  its  conde- 
scension that  the  very  act  of  bending  enhances  the  7ia?((7/i- 
tiness  of  its  erect  posture,  and  suggests  that  it  does  it  from 
policy.  To  be  always  keeping  state,  and  forever  in  the 
clouds,  might  make  shorter  animals  accuse  it  of  acting 
superciliously.  P.  Robinson,  Under  the  Sun,  p.  182. 

The  insolence  of  the  aggressor  is  usually  proportioned  to 
the  tameness  of  the  sufferer.  Arms,  Works,  II.  96. 

arrogancy  (ar'o-gan-si),  n.    [See  arrogance.l 

1.  The  quality  of  being  arrogant;  arrogance: 
as,  "presumptuous  arrogancy,"  North,  tr.  of 
Plutarch,  p.  77. 

His  arrogancy  and  his  impudence,  in  commending  his 
own  things.  B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  iv.  1. 

2.  A  piece  of  arrogance ;  an  arrogant  act. 

That  most  odious  of  all  repulsive  arrogancies — Phari- 
seeism.  Harper's  Mag. ,  LXIX.  472. 

jirrogant  (ar'o-gant),  a.  [<ME.  arrogant,  arro- 
gaunt,  <  OF.  arrogant,  <  L.  arrogan{t-)s,  assum- 
ing, arrogant,  insolent,  ppr.  of  arrogare,  assume, 
etc.:  s.e&  arrogate.']  1.  Making  or  having  the 
disposition  to  make  unwarrantable  claims  of 
rank  or  estimation ;  giving  one's  self  an  undue 
degree  of  importance ;  aggressively  haughty ; 
full  of  assimiption :  applied  to  persons. 

Arrogant  Winchester?  that  haughty  prelate? 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  3. 

2.  Characterized  by  arrogance;  proceeding 
irom  an  overestimate  of  one's  importance  or 
superiority  to  others:  applied  to  things:  as, 
■arrogant  claims. 

The  speech  of  Themistocles,  the  Athenian,  which  was 
haughty  and  arrogant,  in  taking  so  much  to  himself,  had 
been  a  grave  and  wise  observation  and  censure,  applied  at 
large  to  others.  Bacon,  True  Greatness. 

Surely  etiquette  was  never  maintained  in  a  more  arro- 
■gant  manner  at  the  court  of  Louis  XIV. 

Marg.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  268. 

His  [Lord  Clarendon's]  temper  was  sour,  aT^rogant,  and 
impatient  of  opposition.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng. 

=Syil.  Authoritative,  Magisterial,  Dogmatic,  etc.  (see  ma- 
gisterial), proud,  assuming,  overbearing,  presumptuous, 
supercili(j»s,  lordly,  cavalier,  important,  swelling,  bluster- 
ing, graiiil,  disdainful,  overweening, 
^irrogantly  (ar'o-gant-li),  adv.  In  an  arrogant 
manner ;  with  undue  pride  and  contempt  of 
others ;  with  haughty  presumption. 

Godwin  and  his  Sons  bore  themselves  arrogantly  and 
proudly  towards  the  King,  usurping  to  themselves  equal 
share  in  the  Government.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

^rrogantness  (ar'o-gant-nes),  n.  Arrogance. 

.arrogate  (ar'o-gat),  i.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  arro- 
gated, ppr.  arrogating.  [<  L.  arrogatus,  adro- 
gatus,  pp.  of  arrogare,  adrogare,  ask  of,  adopt, 
appropriate,  assume,  <  ad,  to,  +  rogare,  ask :  see 
■rogation.  The  form  adrogate  is  confined  to  the 
21 


321 

legal  sense.]  1.  To  claim  or  demand  unduly 
or  presumptuously;  lay  claim  to  in  an  over- 
bearing manner:  as,  to  arrogate  power  or  dig- 
nity to  one's  self. 

Who,  not  content 
With  fair  equality,  fraternal  state, 
Will  arrogate  dominion  undeserved 
Over  his  brethren.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  27. 

A  man  possessed  of  such  warm  imagination  conmiands 
all  nature,  and  arrogates  possessions  of  which  the  owner 
has  a  blunter  relish.    Goldsmith,  Tenants  of  the  Leasowes. 

Even  the  spiritual  supremacy  arrogated  by  the  Pope  was, 
in  the  dark  ages,  productive  of  far  more  good  than  evil. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

2.  To  lay  claim  to  on  behalf  of  another:  as, 
to  arrogate  to  the  crown  the  privilege  of  issu- 
ing writs. 

To  antiquity  we  arrogate  many  things,  to  ourselves  no- 
thing. Coleridge,  The  Friend,  I.  12.    (N.  E.  D.) 

3.  In  Rom.  law,  same  as  adrogate. 
arrogation  (ar-o-ga'shon),  n.     [<  L.  arroga- 

tio{n-),  a  taking  to  one's  self,  <  arrogare,  take 
to  one's  self:  see  arrogate,  and  cf.  adrogation.] 

1.  The  act  of  arrogating,  or  making  imjust  or 
unwarrantable  claims  or  demands;  the  act  of 
taking  more  than  one  is  justly  entitled  to. 

Where  selfness  is  extinguished,  all  manner  of  arrogation 
must  of  necessity  be  extinct. 

Dr.  II.  More,  Song  of  the  Soul,  p.  372,  note. 

2.  In  Rom.  law,  same  as  adrogation. 
arrogati've  (ar'o-ga-tiv),  a.    [t arrogate  -I-  -ive.] 

Making  undue  claims  and  pretensions;  arro- 
gant.   Dr.  H.  More. 

arroUo  (a-ro'lyo),  «.    Same  as  arroyo. 

arrondi,  arrondee  (a-ron'di,  -de),  a.   [<  F,  ar- 

rondi  (fem.  arrondie),  roimded,  pp.  of  arrondir, 
make  round,  <  a  (<  L.  ad,  to)  +  rond,  round: 
see  round^.]  In  her.,  rounded  off:  applied  to  a 
bearing,  especially  a  cross,  the  extremities  of 
which  are  rounded.  Also  'written  arondie,  aron- 
dy — Battled  arrondi.  See  bat tledz.— Bend  arrondi, 
fesse  arrondi,  etc.  See  the  nouns, 
arrondissement  (a-rou-des'mon),  n.  [P.,  lit.  a 
rounding,  <  arrondiss-,  stem  of  certain  parts  of 
arrondir,  make  round :  see  arrondi.]  In  France, 
the  largest  administrative  division  of  a  depart- 
ment. The  87  departments  are  divided  into  362  arron- 
dissements.  Each  arrondissement  is  divided  into  cantons, 
and  each  of  the  latter  into  communes. 

arrope  (a-rop';  Sp.  pron.  a-ro'pa),  w.  [Sp.  (= 
Pg.  arrohe),  <  arropar  (=  Pg.  a^Tofear),  mix  wine 
in  a  state  of  fermenta'tion  with  boiled  wine,  lit. 
clothe,  <  ar-  (<  L.  ad,  to)  +  ropa  =  Pg.  roupa, 
OPg.  rouba,  clothing,  robe:  see  robe.]  A  sort 
of  liquor  used  for  increasing  the  body  and  dark- 
ening the  color  of  sherry,  made  by  boiling  down 
must  to  one  fifth  or  one  sixth  of  its  original 
quantity. 

arroset  (a-roz'),  v.  t.  [<  F.  arroser,  sprinkle, 
water,  ult.  <  LL.  adrorare,  bedew,  <  L.  ad,  to,  + 
rorare,  distil  dew,  <  ros  (ror-),  dew.]  'To  be- 
dew; sprinkle;  wet;  drench. 

The  blissful  dew  of  heaven  does  arrose  you. 
Fletcher  (and  another).  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  v.  4. 

arrosiont  (a-ro'zhon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *arro- 
sio(n-),  <  arrodere,  pp.  arrosus,  gnaw  at:  see  ar- 
rode.]    A  gna'wing  at.  [Rare.] 

This  arrosioji  of  the  nailes,  .  .  .  the  property  of  men  in- 
raged  with  choler.  y. Buiwer, Chirologia, p.  160.  (N.E.D.) 

arrO'W  (ar'6),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  arrowe, 
arowe,  <  ME.  arow,  aro,  aru,  arw,  aruwe,  arewe, 
arwe,  <  AS.  (1)  arwe,  fem.,  (2)  earh,  neut.,  = 
Icel.  or  (gen.  orvar),  an  arrow,  =  Goth,  deriv. 
arhwazna,  a  dart  (Gr.  /3fAof),  prob.  orig.  'that 
which  belongs  to  the  bow'  (a  'bow-dart'  as  dis- 
tinguished from  a  missile  thrown  by  hand?),  < 
*arhw  =  L.  arquus,  arcus,  a  bow,  whence  E. 
arc^,  arch^,  and  deriv.  archer,  q.  v.]  1.  A  slen- 
der, generally  pointed,  missile  weapon  made  to 


and 

so  as 


Arrows. 

r-5,  from  New  Ireland  and  the  Solomon  group  of  islands.  The 
longest  is  4  feet  ii  inches,  the  shortest  4  feet  i  inch.  There  are  no 
feathers.  In  3  the  barbs  are  of  thin  shaved  blades  of  bone  ;  in  4,  of 
ratan  :  in  i  and  2  the  barbs  are  made  of  thorns ;  in  5  the  head  is  a 
small  piece  of  bamboo.   6-10  are  Japanese  arrows  of  a  late  epoch. 

be  shot  from  a  bow.  Arrows  have  nearly  universally 
been  made  with  a  light,  straight  shaft  of  wood,  fitted 


arro'w-shaped 

with  feathers  at  the  nock  end  to  steady  the  flight, 
with  a  p(iinted  head  of  various  forms,  often  barbed 
to  remain  fixed  in  the  object  pierced. 
Those  used  in  the  middle  ages  rarely 
had  barbed  heads ;  sometimes  the  head 
was  flat,  sometimes  conical,  and  fit- 
ted to  the  shaft  like  the  ferrule  of  a 
walking-stick.  The  arrow-heads  of  the 
North  American  Indians  were  of  flint, 
obsidian,  or  otiicr  hard  stone,  or  of 
bone,  as  well  as  of  metal,  and  were 
often  liarbed.  Tliey  were  secured  to 
the  shaft  by  lashings  of  hide  or  sinew. 
Arrow-heads  intended  to  be  poLsoned, 
as  among  S(juth  American  Indians,  are 
said  to  bo  fastened  lightly,  so  as  to 
leave  the  shaft  and  remain  in  the 
wound.  The  feathers  at  the  butt  of  the 
shaft  seem  to  have  been  generally  used 
in  all  ages,  and  are  so  set,  or  are  of  such 
a  form,  as  to  give  to  the  arrow  a  rotary 
movement,  like  that  of  a  rifle-ball.  The 
arrow  of  the  crossbow  is  called  a  bolt  or 
quarrel  (which  see). 

2.  Anything  resembling  an  ar- 
row, (o)  In  sum.,  a  small  pointed 
iron  rod,  or  a  stick  shod  with  iron, 

stuck  into  the  gi-ound  to  mark  a  chain's  ri?y)"Anow"°' 

length,    (b)  In  fort.,  a  work  placed  at  jt   iJ  2  feet 

the  salient  angles  of  a  glacis,  communi-  inches   long,  and 

eating  with  the  covert  way.   (c)  A  fig-  has  three  feathers, 

ure  used  in  maps,  architectural  draw-  (From  Viollet-le- 

ings,  etc.,  to  indicate  direction,  as  of  Swer  fra^ais  l'^"" 

winds,  currents,  rivers.    In  maps,  an  v    •  ' 
arrow  or  half-arrow,  pointing  north,  serves  to  fix  the  points 
of  the  compass,  (d)  An  arrow-shaped  ornament,  as  for  the 
hair.— Broad  arrow,    see  broad. 

arrow  (ar'6),  v.  i.  [<  arrow,  n.]  1.  To  grow 
up  into  a  long  pointed  stalk  like  an  arrow. 

The  West  Indian  planter  must  prevent  his  sugar-canes 
from  arrowing.  Simmonds'  Colonial  Mag. 

2.  To  move  s-wiftly,  as  an  arrow.  [Rare.] 

About  an  hour  ago  did  we  .  .  .  see  that  identical  sal- 
mon .  .  .  arrowing  up  the  Tay. 

Blackwood's  Mag.,  XXII.  446. 

arro'W-grass  (ar'6-gras),  n.  A  common  name 
of  plants  of  the  genus  Triglochin,  especially 
of  the  common  T.  palustre.   it  is  also  sometimes 

applied  generally  to  the  members  of  the  tribe  Juncagi- 
nece,  to  which  Triglochin  belongs,  new  usually  included  ia 
the  natural  order  Naiadacea;. 

arrow-head  (ar'6-hed),  w.  and  rt.  I.  "'.  1.  The 
head  of  an  arrow. —  2.  An  aquatic  plant  of  the 
genus  Sagittaria :  so  called  from  the  shape  of 
the  leaves.    See  Sagittaria. —  3.  A  belemnite. 

II.  a.  Written  ■with  arrow-headed  characters : 
as,  an  arrow-head  inscription, 
arrow-headed  (ar'6-hed"ed),  a.    Shaped  like 

  the   head  of 

an  arrow. — 
.Arrow-headed 

characters,  al- 
phabetical, syl- 
labic, and  ideo- 
graphic combi- 
nations of  a  tri- 
angular, arrow- 
head -  like,  or 
wedge  -  like  fig- 
ure ;  hence,  also 
called  cuneiform 

(wedge-shaped)  and  nail-headed  characters.    See  cunei- 


cm-  m 


1 


Assyrian  Arrow-headed  Characters. 


form. 

arrowleaf  (ar'6-lef),  «.  A  South  American 
aquatic  plant,  the  Sagittaria  Montevidensis,  with 
large,  aiTow-shaped  leaves. 

arro'wlet  (ar'6-let),  «.  [<  arrow  +  -let.]  A 
little  aiTOW.    Tennyson.  [Poetic] 

arrowroot  (ar'o-rot),  n.  [<  arroio  +  root^; 
from  the  use  of  the  fresh  roots  or  tubers  to 
absorb  poison  from 
wounds  inflicted  by 
poisoned  arrows.]  A 
starch  obtained  from 
the  horizontal  rhi- 
zomes of  several  spe- 
cies of  Maranta.  it  is 
much  used  as  food  and  for 
other  purposes,  and  is  ob- 
tained from  the  West  In- 
dies. The  species  from 
which  arrowroot  is  most 
commonly  made  is  M. 
arundinacea,  hence  called 
the  arrowroot-2>lant.  Ottier 
starches  than  that  of  Ma- 
ranta are  occasionally  sold 
under  the  name  of  arrow- 
root. Brazilian  arroteroot, 
or  tapioca-meal,  more  usu- 
ally known  as  cassava,  is 
obtained  from  the  fieshy  root  of  Manihot  iitili^sima,  after 
the  poisonous  juice  has  been  removed ;  East  Indian  ar- 
rowroot, from  the  large  root-stocks  of  Curcuma  angusli- 
folia ;  Chinese  arrowroot,  from  the  creeping  rhizomes  of 
Nelumbium  speciostim ;  English  arrowroot,  from  the  po- 
tato; Portland  arrowroot,  tTora  the  corms  of  Arum  macic- 
latum ;  and  Oswego  arrowroot ,  from  Indian  corn. 

arrO'W-shaped  (ar'6-shapt),  a.  Shaped  like 
an  arrow ;  sagittate :  applied  in  botany  to  au- 
rieulate  lanceolate  leaves  which  have  the  basal 
lobes  elongated,  acute,  and  turned  downward. 


Arrowroot-Plant  (Maranta 
arundinacea). 
a,  a.  rhiz 


arrow-stone 


32? 


arson 


arrow-stone  (ar'6-ston),  «.    A  belemnite. 

arrow-tie  (ar'6-ti),  n.  [<  arrow  (iu  allusion  to 
the  shape  of  the  fastening)  -I-  tiv.^  A  tie  of 
hoop-ii'on  used  in  baling  cotton. 

arrow-wood  (ar'o-wiid),  «.  A  name  given  in 
the  United  States  to  several  species  of  shrubs 
or  small  trees  used  by  the  Indians  for  making 
their  an-ows,  as  Viburmtm  (kntdtuin  and  J'. 
acerifoUum,  Euonymus  atropurpurcus,  Corniis 
ftoridn,  and  in  the  western  territories  Tcssuria 
borealis.    See  cut  under  Coruus. 

arrow-worm  (ar'6-vrerm),  n.  An  animal  of  the 
genus  Sagitta  (which  see). 

arrowy  (ar'o-i),  a.    [<  arrow  +  -j/^.]  Resem- 
bling an  arrow  or  arrows,  as  in  shape  or  in  ra- 
pidity and  directness  of  motion. 
Iron  sleet  of  an-owii  shower 

Hurtles  in  the  darkened  air.  Grmj,  Fatal  Sisters. 
The  lambent  homage  of  his  arrowy  tongue. 

Coioper,  Task,  vi.  782. 
The  carrier-bird  released 
Points  to  one  cherished  spot  his  arrowy  flight. 

J.  Baillie. 

arroyo  (a-roi'6),  n.  [Sp.,  OSp.  arrogio,  =  Pg. 
arroio,  <  ML.  arrogium ;  cf.  ML.  rogium,  ro- 
gia,  a  stream  for  irrigation  (Diez);  origin  un- 
known.] A  watercourse;  a  rivulet.  [South- 
western United  States.]    Also  arrollo. 

Down  the  arroyo,  out  across  the  mead, 
By  heath  and  hollow,  sped  the  flying  maid. 

Bret  Harte. 

Arsacid,  Arsacidan  (ar-sas'id,  -i-dan),  a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  Arsacidse,  rulers  of  Parthia 
from  about  250  B.  c,  and  afterward  of  the  Par- 
thian empire  (see  Parthian),  till  a.  d.  226.  The 
Arsacid  dynasty  was  founded  by  a  chief  named  Arsaces, 
who  revolted  from  Antioehus  II.  of  Syria  ;  and  all  his  suc- 
cessors, about  thirty,  added  his  name  to  their  own.  A 
branch  of  the  Arsacidie  reigned  in  Armenia  from  about 

H!)  B.  C.  to  A.  D.  428. 

arschin,  «.    See  arshin. 

arse  (ars),  n.  [<  ME.  ars,  ers,  <  AS.  ears,  wrs 
=  OFries.  ers  =  D.  aars,  naars  =  OHG.  MHG. 
ars,  G.  arsch  =  leel.  ars,  also  7-ass  =  Sw.  ars  z= 
Dan.  ars,  arts  =  Gr.  dppo(;  for  *dpGog,  the  rump.] 
The  buttocks  or  hind  part  of  an  animal.  [Now 
only  in  vulgar  use.] 

arse-foott  (ars'fut),  n.  [<  arse  +  foot,  from 
the  position  of  the  feet  in  birds  of  the  grebe 
family,  which  seem  to  be  inserted  opposite  the 
anus.  Once  used  by  writers  of  repute,  as  by 
Willughby  and  Ray,  1678.]  An  early  British 
name  of  the  great  crested  grebe,  Podiceps  or 
Podicipes  cristatns,  and  of  other  birds  of  the 
same  genus.    Also  spelled  arsfoot. 

arsensd  (ar'se-nal),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ar- 
cciial,  arsinal,  arcinal,  arzenalc,  arcliinalc,  etc., 
from  It.  and  F. ;  cf.  F.  arsenal,  formerly  arcc- 
nal  =  It.  arsenale,  arzctiale,  arzanale  =  Sp.  Pg. 
arsenal  (MGr.  aparp/a'Ar/g),  with  suffix  -al,  -ale,  a 
simpler  form  appearing  in  ML.  arsena,  It.  ar- 
zend,  arzand,  F.  (16th  cent.)  arsena,  arscnac, 
arsenal,  dockyard;  cf.  It.  darsena,  dial,  tirzand  — 
Sp.  darsena  —  Pg.  taraccna,  tarazena,  tercena  = 
F.  darse,  darsine,  a  dock;  also  Sp.  atarazana, 
also  atarazanal,  an  arsenal,  rope-walk,  dock- 
yard; <  Ar.  ddr-aq-qind'ah,  lit.  house  of  construc- 
tion, <  ddr,  house, -f-  al,  the, -f-  ^ind'ah,  art,  trade, 
industry,  <  fd«a'rt,  make,  fabricate.]  1.  A  re- 
pository or  magazine  of  arms  and  military 
stores  of  all  kinds,  whether  for  land  or  naval 
service. — 2.  A  public  establishment  where 
naval  and  military  engines  or  warlike  equip- 
ments are  manufactured.  Hence — 3.  Figura- 
tively, a  repository  of  any  kind  of  equipment. 

We  can  find  no  weapim  in  the  whole  rich  arsenal  of 
Comparative  Anatomy  which  defends  the  truth  of  the 
Theory  of  Descent  more  powerfully  than  the  comparison 
of  the  internal  skeletons  of  the  various  Vertebrates. 

Haeckel,  Evol.  of  Slan  (trans.),  II.  27G. 

arsenate,  »•    See  arseniate. 

Arsenian  (ar-se'ni-an),  n.  One  of  a  party  in 
the  Greek  Church,  in  the  thirteenth  century, 
named  from  its  leader  Arsenius,  patriarch  of 
Constantinople,  who  excommunicated  the  em- 
peror Michael  Palaeologus  for  putting  out  the 
eyes  of  John  Lascaris^  a  minor  and  heir  to  the 
throne.  The  banishment  of  Arsenius,  the  appointment 
of  a  new  patriarch,  and  the  conforming  of  the  emperor  to 
the  Latin  Cluirch  at  the  second  council  of  Lyons  gave  rise 
to  11  scliism  lietween  the  patriarchates  of  Constantinople 
and  Alexandria  which  continued  more  than  half  a  century. 

arseniasis  (iir-se-ni'a-sis),  w.    [NL.,  <  arsen(i- 
_  cum  )  +  -iasis.'\  In  pathoL,  the  morbid  state  pro- 
duced by  the  use  of  arsenic.  Also  called  arseni- 
cism. 

arseniate,  arsenate  (ar-se'ni-at,  ar'se-nat),  n. 
[<  arsen{ic)  H-  -i-ate.']  A  salt  formed  by  the 
combination  of  arsenic  acid  with  any  base. 

arsenic  (as  a  noun,  ar'se-nik;  as  an  adjective, 
ar-sen'ik),  n.  and  a.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  ar.se- 


nick,  arsnicJc,  <  ME.  arsenik,  arsnch,  <  OF.  arse- 
nic, mod.  F.  arscnic=  Sp.  arsenico  =  Pg.  It.  arsc- 
nico,  <  L.  arsenicum,  arrenicum,  arrJienicum,  <  Gr. 
a/^)(Tfii(/ioi',  yellow  arsenic,  orpiment,  lit.  'mascu- 
line,' being  neut.  of  apa£.viK6c,  appeviKdc,  maseu- 
line,<  apar/v,  upp>/v,  male,  also  strong,  =  Zend  ar- 
slian,  a  man,  male.  The  name  is  said  to  refer 
to  the  powerful  qualities  of  arsenic]  I.  n.  If. 
A  yellow  mineral,  called  specifically  yellow  ar- 
senic; the  trisulphid  of  the  element  to  which 
it  has  given  its  name ;  orjjiment.  [The  origi- 
nal use.] — 2.  Chemical  symbol,  As;  atom- 
ic weight,  75.  A  chemical  element  having  a 
grayish-white  color,  a  metallic  luster,  and  a 

specific  gravity  of  5.727.  Under  ordinai-y  pressure  it 
di>es  not  melt,  but  at  356°  F.  it  passes  from  the  solid  state 
into  vapor  of  a  lemon-yellow  color.  It  tarnishes  rapidly 
ill  moist  air  at  ordinary  temperature,  and  heated  in  air  is 
oxidized  to  arsenic  trioxid,  As.>0:j.  Arsenic  occurs  in  nature 
imcombined,  but  much  more  commonly  in  combination. 
The  chief  ores  are  the  two  sulpliids,  realgar  (AsoSo)  and 
orpiment  (  As._>S:j),  arsenical  pyrites  or  mispickel  (FeSAs), 
and  aiscniilLS  of  iron,  nickel,  and  col)alt.  Most  of  the 
arsenic  of  commerce  is  prepared  in  Bohemia  and  Saxony 
or  in  England.  Arsenic  itself  is  little  used  in  the  arts.  Its 
siilts,  however,  have  great  commercial  importance.  With 
oxygen  arsenic  forms  two  compounds,  the  more  important 
of  which  is  arsenic  trioxid  (AsoO.j),  a  violent  poison,  the 
ratsbane,  white  arsenic,  or  simple  arsenic  of  the  shops.  It 
is  prepared  by  a  process  of  sublimation  from  arsenical 
ores,  and  is  sold  as  a  white  crystalline  powder  or  in  glassy 
translucent  masses,  which  are  odorless,  nearly  tasteless, 
and  slightly  soluble  in  water.  The  most  reliable  antidote 
is  freshly  prepared  hydrated  sescinioxid  of  iron,  which 
should  be  given  in  considerable  ciuantity  after  the  stomach 
has  been  freed  from  tlie  poison  as  completely  as  possible  by 
an  emetic  given  with  bland  licinids,  such  as  milk.  Hour  and 
water,  or  white  of  egg  and  water,  wbirh  serve  to  envelop 
the  poison  and  effect  its  comiik  tc  ejection  from  the  stom- 
ach. In  the  absence  of  hydrated  sescjuioxid  of  iron,  large 
quantities  of  a  paste  made  of  chalk  or  magnesia  and  cas- 
tor-oil may  be  used.  Arsenic  trioxid  is  used  in  medicine, 
especially  in  the  treatment  of  certain  nervous  and  skin 
diseases,  and  in  the  arts  as  the  basis  for  i>rcparing  arseni- 
cal salts  and  certain  pigments,  and  largely  in  the  manu- 
facture of  glass.  Arsenic  has  two  oxygen  acids,  whose 
salts  are  the  arseniates  and  ai'senites.  Free  arsenious  acid 
is  not  known.  Arsenic  acid  occurs  in  commerce  as  a  thick 
acid  liquid,  and  is  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  ani- 
line red,  and  sodium  arseniate  is  much  used  in  calico- 
printing.  Arsenic  disulphid  (As.>S2)  occurs  native  as  re- 
algar (see  real'jar),  and  is  made  artificially  under  the  name 
of  ruby  xulphur.  Both  the  native  and  the  artificially  pre- 
pared sulphids  are  used  as  pigments,  as  is  also  arsenic  tri- 
sulphid (AS0S3),  or  orpiment,  also  called  kind's  yellow. 

3.  The  popular  name  of  arsenic  trioxid  ( AS0O3), 
the  preparation  of  arsenic  usually  retailed  in 
trade.    See  above. 

II.  a.  Containing  arsenic ;  specifically,  con- 
taining arsenic  in  smaller  proportion  than 
arsenious  compounds.  See  arse»jOM.s.— Arsenic 
acid  (H:iAs04),  an  acid  formed  from  arsenic  oxid. — Ar- 
senic oxid,  arsenic  pentoxid  (AS2O5),  a  compound  of 

oxygen  and  arsenic  having  a  larger  proportion  of  oxygen 
than  of  arsenious  oxid.  Often  improperly  called  arsenic 
acid. 

arsenical  (ar-sen'i-kal),  a.  [=  F.  arsenical;  < 
arsenic  +  -a/.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  arsenic; 
containing  arsenic —  Arsenical  antimony.  See  al- 
lemoDtite. — Arsenical  minerals,  a  family  or  class  of  min- 
erals in  which  arsenic  acts  the  part  of  the  electronegative 
element. — Arsenical  pyrites.  See  arsenopyrite  and  lul- 
Unyite. — Arsenical  silver,  an  ore  of  silver  containing 
arsenic. 

arsenicalize  (iir-sen'i-kal-iz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

arsenicalizcd,  ppr.  arscnicalizing.  [<  arsenical 
+  -ize.~\  To  give  an  arsenical  character  to; 
treat  with  arsenic ;  arsenicate. 

The  preceding  (pitch)  arsenicalized. 

Sci.  Amer.  Supp.,  XXII.  8803. 

arsenicate  (ar-sen'i-kat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

arsenicated,  ppr.  arsenicating.  [<  arsenic  + 
-ate"^.]  To  combine  with  arsenic ;  treat  with 
arsenic.    Also  arsenicizc,  arsenicise. 

arsenic-black  (ar'se-nik-blak),  n.  The  name 
given  in  commerce  to  a  mixture  of  powdered 
arsenic,  charcoal,  iron-filings,  and  lime. 

arsenic-furnace  (ar'se-nik-fer "nas),  n.  A  fur- 
nace for  decomposing  arsenical  pyrites  by  heat 
and  condensing  the  fumes :  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  white  arsenic. 

arsenic-glass  (ar'se-nik-glas),  n.  Glass  color- 
ed with  arsenic.  It  is  usually  semi-opaque,  and 
of  an  opaline-white  color. 

arsenicise,  f .  t.    Same  as  arsenicate. 

arsenicism  (iir-sen'i-sizm),  n.  [<  arsenic  + 
-/s/H.]    Same  as  arseniasis. 

arsenicize  (iir-sen'i-siz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
arsenicized,  ppr.  arsenicizing.  [<  arsenic  +  -ize.} 
Same  as  arsenicate :  as,  arsenicising  agents," 
Ure,  Diet.,  I.  265.    Also  spelled  arsenicise. 

arsenicophagy  (ar-sen-i-kof'a-ji),  n.  [<  Gr. 
apaeviKov,  for  mod.  arsenic,  +  -<payia,  <  (payeiv,  eat.] 
The  practice  of  eating  arsenic. 

arsenide  (ar'se-nid  or  -nid),  n.  [<  arsen(ic)  + 
-(rfe2.]  A  compound  of  arsenic  and  a  metallic 
base.    Also  called  arseniuret,  arsenuret. 


arseniferous  (iir-se-nif'e-rus),  a.  [<  arsen{ic) 
+  -i-ferous.^  Bearing  or  containing  arsenic: 
as,  arseniferous  substances;  arseniferous  zinc. 

arsenillo  (iir-se-nil'o),  ?(.  [A  quasi-Sp.  form,  < 
ar.'fcnico,  arsenic,  -I-  dim.  -illo.']  The  commer- 
<'ial  name  of  a  granular  form  of  atacamito  from 
Chili. 

arsenious (iir-se'ni-us),  a.  [<  arsen{ic)  +  -i-ous.'] 

Pertaining  to  or  containing  arsenic  Arsenious 

acid  (11  AsO.>),  an  acid  formed  from  ansenious  oxid.  — At- 

senious  oxid,  arsenic  trioxid  (As.>0:i),  a  compound  of 

oxygen  and  arsenic  having  a  smaller  proportion  of  oxygen 
than  arsenic  oxid.  Also  called  -ivhite  arsenic,  and  often 
improperly  arsenious  acid.    See  arsenic. 

arsenite  (ar'se-tut),  n.  [<  arsen{ic)  +  -jte^.]  A 
salt  formed  by  the  union  of  arsenious  oxid  vrith 
a  base. 

arseniuret,  arsenuret  (ar-se'niu-ret,  ar-sen'- 
u-ret),  M.    [<  arscn{ic)  +  -uret.^    Same  as  ar- 

scnide. 

arseniureted,  arseniuretted  (ar-se'niu-ret- 

ed),  a.  [<  arseniuret  +  -srt2.]  Combined  with 
arsenic  so  as  to  form  an  arseniuret.— Arseniu- 
reted hydrogen  (AsH^j),  also  called  arsinc,  a  gas  gener- 
ateil  by  i^using  arsenic  with  its  own  weight  of  granulated 
zinc,  and  deconiiiosing  the  alloy  with  strong  hydrochloric 
acid.  It  is  colorless,  has  a  fetid  odor  like  that  of  garlic, 
and  is  exceedingly  poisonous  when  breathed.  The  hydro, 
gen  of  this  compound  may  he  replaced  wholly  or  in  part 
liy  organic  radicals  forming  bodies  analogous  to  amines 
and  jihosphines,  as  trimethyl  arsine,  (CH:i);vAs. 

arsenoblast  (iir-sen'o-blast),  n.  [<  Gr.  aparrv^ 
male,  -1-  jiXaarS^,  germ.]  In  hiol.,  a  male  ge- 
noblast.  Hi/att,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
1884,  p.  147.' 

arsenolite  (ar-sen'o-lit),  n.  [<  arsen{ic)  +  -Ute.J 
Native  arsenic  trioxid,  crystallizing  in  isomet- 
ric octahedrons. 

arsenopyrite  (iir"se-n6-pi'rit),  n.  [<  arsen{ic)  + 
pyritc.'\  A  mineral  containing  arsenic,  sulphur, 
and  iron.  Its  color  is  tin-white,  and  it  commonly  occurs 
in  a  massive,  though  sometimes  in  a  crystallized,  form. 
The  ordinary  white  arsenic  is  mostly  obtained  by  roasting 
this  ore.  It  is  common  in  Cornwall,  Saxony,  and  Silesia, 
and  is  also  found  in  Canada.  Also  called  arsenical  pyrites 
and  mispickel. 

arsenuret,  n.    See  arsenide. 

arse-smart  (ars'smart),  «.  [<  arse  +  smart,  11. 
See  smartweed.']  A  plant.  Polygonum  Hydro- 
piper,  also  called  smartweed  (which  see). 

arsfoott,       See  arse-foot. 

arsheen,  ».    See  arshin. 

arshin,  arshine  (iir-shen'),  n-  [Also  spelled 
arsheen,  Russ.  arshinu,  Bulg.  Serv.  arshin,  repr. 
Turk.  Pcrs.  arshin;  of  Tatar  origin.]  A  mea- 
sure of  length  in  Turkey  and  Persia,  and  for- 
merly in  Russia.  The  Turkish  arshin  was  equal  to 
70.865  centimeters,  but  the  name  is  now  given  in  Constanti- 
nople to  the  meter ( loo  centimeters  =  .39.37  inches),  through 
the  influence  of  the  I'crsiaii  arshin  of  104  centimeters.  The 
Russian  arshin  was  equal  to  71.119  centimeters,  or  about 
28  inches. 

arsine  (ar'sin),  J?.  [<.  ars{cnic)  + -ine'^.']  Arse- 
niureted hydrogen  (which  see,  under  arseniu- 
reted). 

arsis  (iir'sis),  M.  [L.,  <  Gr.  apcr/f,  a  raising,  ele- 
vation, <  alpeiv,  raise,  lift  up.]  1.  In  pros. :  (a) 
Originally,  the  metrically  unaccented  part  of  a 
foot,  as  opposed  to  the  thesis  or  part  which  re- 
ceives the  ictus  or  metrical  stress,  (b)  In  prev- 
alent modern  usage,  that  part  of  a  foot  which 
bears  the  ictus  or  metrical  accent,  as  opposed 
to  the  metrically  unaccented  part,  called  the 

thesis.  According  to  the  original  Greek  usage,  ar.iis  de- 
noted the  raising  of  the  foot  in  dancing,  or  of  the  hand  in 
beating  time,  and  therefore  the  unaccented  part  of  the, 
metrical  foot,  and  thesis  the  fall  of  the  foot  or  of  the 
hand  in  dancing  or  beatinj;  time,  and  therefore  the  ac- 
cented part  of  the  prosodial  foot.  Latin  writers  show- 
great  confusion  in  the  application  of  these  terms,  some- 
times employing  them  in  conformity  with  Greek  usage, 
sometimes  interchanging  their  meaning,  sometimes  assign- 
ing still  other  meanings  to  them.  Some  modern  writers- 
liave  employed  them  with  their  original  Greek  significa- 
tions, as  given  above  under  (a) ;  but  the  meanings  given, 
under  ((/),  and  believed  to  be  supported  by  the  Latin  writ- 
ers, are  those  generally  adopted  at  the  present  time. 
2.  In  physiol.  acoustics,  a  periodical  increase  in 
the  intensity  of  a  sound,  producing  a  rhythmical 
effect. 

arsmetrikt,  A  Middle  English  form  of  arith- 
metic. Chaucer. 

arsonl  (ar'son),  n.  [<  OF.  arson,  arsoun,  arsim 
(as  if  <  L.  *arsio,  *arsion-),  a  burning,  <  arder, 
ardoir  (pp.  ars),  burn,  <  L.  ardere  (pp.  arsus), 
burn:  see  ardent.^  In  ?aw,  the  malicious  burn- 
ing of  a  dwelling-house  or  outhouse  of  another. 

By  the  common  law  it  is  a  felony,  and  if  any  person  be  in. 
the  building  at  the  moment  of  firing  it  is  a  cajiital  offense. 
By  statutes  the  definition  has  been  extended  so  as  to  in- 
clude the  burning  of  other  property  besides  that  above- 
specified,  or  of  one's  own  property.  In  Scotland  called 
wilful  lire-raisiny. 

arsbn^t  (ar'son),  n.  [<  ME.  arsoun,  arsnn,  <  OF. 
arcun,  arson,  archon,  mod.  F.  ar^on  =  Sp.  arzon^ 
=  Pg.  argao  =  It.  arcione,  <  ML.  arcio{n-),  also 


arson 

arco(,n-),  and  corruptly  arc«io(n-),  a  saddle-bow, 
<  L.  arcus,  a  bow:  see  arc^,  arch^.l^    A  saddle- 
bow ;  sometimes,  a  saddle, 
arstt,  adv.    A  Middle  English  form  of  erst. 
Chaucer. 

arsy-versyt  (ar'se-ver-si),  adv.  [Also  arsc- 
versy,  arsle-versie,  arsy-varsy,  a  humorous  rim- 
ing compoimd  of  E.  arse  +  L.  versus,  turned. 
Cf.  topsy-turvy,  etc.]  In  a  reverse  manner  or 
way;  backward;  in  a  preposterous  position; 
upside  down;  topsy-turvy:  as,  "the  world  goes 
arsie-versie,"  Benvenuto,  Passengers'  Dialogues. 

I  took  the  pen  first  of  tlie  lawyer,  anil  turning  it  arsy- 
verKji,  like  no  instrument  for  a  ploughman,  our  youngster 
and  the  rest  of  the  faction  burst  into  laughter  at  the  sim- 
plicity of  my  fingering. 

Middleton,  Father  Hubbard's  Tales. 

artl  (art),  V.  [<  ME.  art,  ert,  <  AS.  eart =ONoTth. 
art,  arth  :  see  The  second  person  singular, 
indicative  mood,  present  tense,  of  the  verb  be 
(which  see). 

art2  (art),  n.  [<  ME.  art,  arte,  <  OP.  art,  F.  art 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  arte,  <  L.  ar(t-)s,  acc.  artem,  skill, 
prob.  ong.  skill  in  fitting  or  joining;  akin  to 
artus,  a  joint,  arma,  arms,  armus,  shoulder- 
joint,  etc.,  <  y  *ar,  join:  see  article,  arm^, 
arm2.]  1.  The  combination  or  modification  of 
things  to  adapt  them  to  a  given  end;  the  em- 
ployment of  given  means  to  effect  a  purpose. 
With  each  gift  of  nature  and  of  art. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  i.  192. 
Jlr.  Mill  says,  "Art  is  but  the  employment  of  the  powers 
of  nature  for  an  end."  Yes ;  but  the  employment  is  the  art 
That  use  or  employment  of  the  natural  elements  is  pre- 
cisely the  function  of  the  intelligence  and  the  will  which 
differs  from  nature,  in  its  proper  sense,  as  the  active  dif- 
fers from  the  passive.  Edinburi/h  Rev 


323 


2.  Skill ;  dexterity ;  an  especial  facility  in  per- 
forming any  operation,  intellectual  or  physical, 
acquired  by  experience  or  study;  knack. 

There  is  art  in  roasting  eggs.  old  adage. 

Russell  had  the  art  of  \vriting  letters  that  exploded  like 
bomb-shells  in  the  midst  of  some  controversy. 

J.  McCarthy,  Hist.  Own  Times,  xx. 

3.  Artfulness;  ciuming. 
She  hath  no  faults,  who  hath  the  art  to  hide  them. 

Webster,  White  Devil,  v.  2. 
Queen.  More  matter,  with  less  ai-t.  ■ 
Pol.  Madam,  I  swear,  I  use  no  art  at  all. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

4.  A  system  of  rules  and  traditional  methods 
for  facilitating  the  performance  of  certain  ac- 
tions; acquaintance  with  such  rules  or  skill 
in  applying  them,  as  in  any  manual  trade  or 
handicraft,  technical  profession,  or  physical 
accomplishment :  as,  the  art  of  building  or  of 
engi-aving;  the  healing  art;  the  art  of  music 
or  of  dancing;  the  practical  or  the  elegant  arts: 
in  this  sense  opposed  to  science. 

The  object  of  science  is  knowledge ;  the  objects  of  art 
are  works.  In  art,  truth  is  the  means  to  an  end  •  in  sci- 
ence, It  IS  only  the  end.  Hence  the  practical  arts  are  not 
to  be  classed  among  the  sciences.  Wkewell. 

Theorists,  by  an  observation  of  particulars  and  by  gener- 
alizing on  them,  attempt  to  construct  a  system  of  scientific 
propositions  with  respect  to  a  certain  subject ;  upon  which 
system  a  set  of  rules  intended  for  the  guidance  of  practice 
may  be  founded.    These  rules  form  an  art. 

Sir  G.  C.  Lewis,  Authority  in  Matters  of  Opinion,  iii. 

5.  [It.  arfe.]  An  organized  body  of  men  prac- 
tising a  given  trade,  and  carrying  out  an  estab- 
hshed  system  of  rules  and  traditions;  a  guild. 

The  city  [Florence]  was  first  divided  into  arts,  in  the 
time  of  Charles  I.  .  .  .  These  arts  or  companies  .  . 
were  a,t  first  but  twelve,  but  afterwards  they  were  in- 
creased to  twenty-one,  and  arrived  at  such  power  and 
authority  that  m  a  few  years  they  wholly  engrossed  the 
government  of  the  city.  .  .  .  Seven  of  them  were  called 
the  greater  arts,  and  fourteen  the  less. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  V.  54. 
•  °^  '■^^  ^^^^^  ^"^^  assigned  to  the  work  fhuild- 

?r^h    j  '^°??.'r  1*^1J.  and  the  charge  of  it  was  committed 
to  the  Art     Wool ;  that  is,  to  the  corporation  of  the  deal- 
Ilorence  °        "chest  and  most  powerful  of  the  Arts  of 
C.  E.  Norton,  Church-building  in  Middle  Ages,  p.  211. 

6.  A  branch  of  learning  regarded  as  an  instru- 
ment of  thought,  or  as  something  the  knowledge 
ot  which  is  to  be  acquired  in  order  to  be  applied 
or  practised:  chiefly  in  the  plural,  and  in  such 
phrases  as  master  of  arts,  faculty  of  arts,  etc. 

formerly  in  the  universities  the  seven  liberal  arts  were 
the  Roman  tnviuni,  grammar,  logic,  and  rhetoric,  and  the 
-t-ythagoreanquadrivium,  arithmetic,  music,  geometry  and 
TZ7r^^-  in  the  middle  ag^s"  was  x^nMy 

of  arts  ^'"^      principal  study  in  the  faculty 

7.  Esthetics;  the  science  and  theory  of  beauty 
m  perception  and  expression. 

AH  is  simply  the  hannonic  expression  of  human  emo- 
°-        ■  A'etP  Princeton  Rev.,  II.  29. 

8  Artistic  or  esthetic  quality;  the  exhibition 
ot  the  power  of  perceiving  the  beautiful  and  of 
expressmg  it  in  artistic  forms :  as,  a  picture 


skilfully  painted,  but  devoid  of  art.— 9.  The 
actual  production  or  construction  of  objects 
beautiful  in  form,  color,  or  sound ;  the  practi- 
cal application  of  esthetic  principles,  as  in  the 
departments  of  production  specifically  called 
the  fine  arts  (which  see,  below);  especially, 
painting  and  sculpture. 

Nothing  is  better  founded  than  the  famous  aphorism  of 
rhetoricians,  that  the  perfection  of  art  consists  in  con- 
cealing art.  Campbell. 
Art  and  part,  in  Scots  laio,  instigation  ;  alietment. 

By  art  is  understood  the  mandate,  instigation,  or  advice 
that  may  have  been  given  towards  committing  the  crime  • 
part  expresses  the  share  that  one  takes  to  himself  in  it  Ijy 
the  aid  or  assistance  whicli  he  gives  the  criminal  in  the 
execution  of  it.  Erskine. 

Bachelor  of  Arts.    See  bachelor.— "BlACk.  art,  necro- 
mancy ;  sorcery ;  the  fancied  power  of  iierforming  wonder- 
ful feats  by  preternatural  means,  especially  means  derived 
from  the  assistance  of  the  powers  of  evil :  opposeii  to  white 
art  or  U'hite  manic,  that  is,  innocent  magic.   [Black  art  is 
a  kind  of  translation  of  Middle  Latin  niiiroinantia,  magic, 
a  corruption,  due  to  confusion  with  Latin  ni(jer,  black  (see 
negro),  of  necromaritia,  from  the  Greek  veKpoiiavreia,  nec- 
romancy.   The  confusion  was  assisted  by  the  con'imun 
practice  of  painting  the  devil  black.]— Decorative  art 
that  branch  of  art  which  has  for  its  primary  ..bjut  merely 
the  pleasure  of  the  eye,  especially  in  decuiati(jn  which  is 
subservient  to  architectural  features  or  to  form   as  in 
ceramics.— Faculty  Of  arts,  the  lowest  and  fundamental 
faculty  of  the  four  in  the  old  universities ;  the  faculty  of 
philosophy,  which  had  charge  of  students  upon  their  first 
entrance  and  until  they  took  the  degi'ee  of  master  of  arts 
When  a  boy  could  read,  write,  and  had  mastered  the  ele- 
ments of  Latin  grammar,  he  was  considered  ready  to  begin 
his  studies  in  logic  at  the  university.    The  instructioirin 
the  faculty  of  arts  was  sharply  separated  from  the  tests 
preliminary  to  the  coiifeiTing  of  degrees.   In  the  middle 
ages  the  subjects  of  the  ordinary  lectures  were  Priscian's 
grammar,  the  Isagoge  of  Porphyry,  Aristotle's  Orgaiioii 
and  the  De  Divisione  and  three  books  of  the  Topics  of 
Boetius,  while  the  extraordinary  lectures  related  to  rhet- 
oric, ethics,  and  a  little  geometry  and  astronomy.  Fre- 
quent disputations  con.stituted  the  only  exercises  for  the 
scholars;  and  the  masters  disputed  in  public  once  a  week. 
The  degTees  conferred  at  the  recommendation  of  the  fac- 
ulty of  arts  were  those  of  bachelor  and  master.    In  Paris 
the  degree  of  licentiate  was  a  distinct  one  intermediate 
between  the  others.    The  baccalam-eate  or  determinance 
was  not  originally  a  degree.    Upon  the  reform  of  the  uni- 
versities in  the  sixteenth  centui-y  logic  gave  place  to  the 
humanities,  and  during  the  present  century  natural  science 
has  had  a  more  considerable  place  in  the  instruction.— 
Fine  arts,  those  arts  which  seek  expression  through 
beautiful  modes;   specifically,  architecture,  sculpture, 
painting,  and  engraving.— Hermetic  art.    See  hermetic. 

-Master  of  Arts.  See  ??iaj>?f)-.— Military  art.  i^ee  mil- 
itary, a.— Plastic  art  or  arts,  sculpture,  including  all 
subordinate  or  related  arts  by  which  objects  are  repre- 
sented in  the  round  or  in  relief.— Work  of  art,  anything 
in  the  formation  or  into  the  accomplishment  of  which  art 
in  any  sense  has  entered ;  specifically,  a  production  of 
any  one  of  the  fine  arts,  but  especially  of  one  of  the  imi- 
tative members  of  the  group,  as  a  statue  or  a  painting. 
■That  is  best  which  lieth  nearest ; 
Shape  from  that  thy  work  of  art. 

Longfellow,  Caspar  Becerra. 
=Syn.  2.  Aptitude,  readiness,  address,  tact,  adroitness 
contrivance.— 3.  Shrewdness,  subtlety,  cunning,  artifice 
deceit,  duplicity.— 4.  Art,  Science.  The  essential  differ- 
ence between  an  art  and  a  science  is  in  aim.  "Science 
and  art  may  be  said  to  be  investigations  of  truth  but 
science  inquires  for  the  sake  of  knowledge,  art  for  the  sake 
of  production."  (Karslake.)  Hence,  they  differ  somewhat  in 
that  with  which  they  are  concerned.  "An  art  directly  and 
immediatelyconcerns  itself  with  a  faculty.  .  .  .  It  fastens 
upon  that,  and  keeps  it  ever  in  its  view  as  it  teaches  how 
that  may  be  developed,  trained,  and  guided.  A  science 
on  the  other  hand,  regards  rather  the  productof  [a]  faculty' 
and,  keeping  its  view  directly  upon  that,  proceeds  to  unf.  .id 
Its  nature  and  proper  characteristics."  (H.  N.  Day  Art  of 
Discourse,  §  1.)  Incidental  to  this  difference  is  a' differ- 
ence in  method,  science  being  analytic  and  critical  while 
art  IS  synthetic  and  constructive.  In  the  matter  which 
makes  up  the  body  of  the  two,  an  art  involves  the  means 
of  discipline  m  the  use  of  the  knowledge  which  may  have 
been  furnished  by  a  corresponding  science.  The  same 
branch  of  knowledge  may  be  regarded  as  either  a  science 
or  an  art.  It  may  be  viewed  theoretically,  as  seeking 
coordinating,  arranging,  and  systematizing  knowledge, 
and  by  observation,  comparison,  abstraction,  and  general- 
ization deducing  laws ;  or  as,  with  more  or  less  reference 
to  such  preparatory  work,  framing  rules  which  are  the 
lessons  of  experience,  and  are  designed  to  facilitate  work 
or  give  it  superior  excellence.  The  more  complete  the 
scientific  basis  of  an  art,  the  more  perfect  the  art.  There  is 
a  secondary  use  of  the  word  science  by  which  it  stands  for 
an  art  that  thus  rests  upon  a  science,  as  in  the  following : 
The  fundamental  conception  of  the  occupation  of  the 
architect  embraces  the  two  ideas  of  science  and  art  Ar- 
chitecture as  an  art  is  the  work  of  the  skilled  hand';  as  a 
science,  it  is  that  of  the  informed  and  cultivated  brain. 

Edinburgh  Rev. 

art^t,  V.  t.  [ME.  arten,  erten,  <  OF.  arter  '=  Sp. 
artar  (obs.)  =  Pg.  arctar  =  It.  artare,  <  L.  ar- 
tare,  ML.  often  erroneously  arctare,  compress, 
contract,  draw  close,  <  artus,  drawn  close,  prop, 
fitted;  pp.  of  *arere,  *((r,  fit,  joia:  see  art"^, 
article,  arm2,  etc.]  1.  To  force;  compel;  con- 
strain. 

Love  arted  me  to  do  my  observaunce 
To  his  estate.  Court  of  Love,  1.  46, 

2.  To  induce ;  incite. 

What  to  arten  hire  to  love  he  sought. 
, ,  .  Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  388, 

Also  written  arci. 


Artemisia 

-art.  A  suflSx,  another  form  of  -ard,  as  in  braa- 
f/arl. 

artaba  (iir'ta-ba),  ».  [LL.,  <  Gr.  ipTdi^.}  a 
measure  of  capacity  which  appears  to  have 
originated  in  Egypt,  where  it  had  under  the 
Pharaohs  a  capacity  of  3G.176  liters,  a  J'ersian 
measure  (jf  the  same  name  had,  according  to  Herodotus 
about  the  same  capacity.  The  Romans  reduced  its  vol- 
uine  to  27.1:12  liters  (according  to  some,  to  2i).2:i  or  29  38 
liters).  The  Arabic  and  modern  Persian  measures  have 
evidently  been  doubled,  having  respectively  6G.0«U  and 
(i.5.2.'!8  liters. 

Artamia  (ilr-ta'mi-il),  n.  [NL.]  Same  as  Ar- 
tarn  us,  J. 

Artamidse  (iir-tam'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  Arfamus 
+  -«/«•.]  A  family  of  oscine  passerine  birds, 
the  swallow-shrikes  or  wood-swallows,  closely 
related  to  the  picruridw,  and  by  some  combined 
with  that  family.  The  species  are  chiefly  East  Indian 
and  Polynesian.  Leading  forms,  besides  Artamus,  are 
Onolia,  Pseuduchelidon,  and  Analcipvs. 

artamockest,  «•     The  mocking-bird,  Mimus 

])oly(jlottus. 

Artamnckes,  the  linguist,  a  bird  that  imitateth  and  useth 
the  sounds  and  tones  of  almost  all  the  birds  in  the  coun- 
trie.  Ilarriult,  Virginia  (15b8). 

Artamus  (ar'ta-mus),  w.  [NL.,  <  (jlr.  apra/ior, 
a  butcher,  a  cook.]  1.  The  typical  genus  of 
the  family  Artamida;  and  nearly  conterminous 
therewith.  Fieillot,  1816.  Also  called  Artamia. 
—  2.  A  genus  of  arachnidaus.  Koch,  1837. 
artedt  (ilr'ted),  a.  [<  flr<2  -f  .erf2.]  Skilled. 
Those  that  are  thoroughly  arted  in  navigation. 

Fcltham,  Resolves  (ed.  1670),  I.  xii. 
It  hath  been  counted  ill  for  great  ones  to  sing,  or  play 
like  an  arted  musician.  ' 

Fcltham,  Resolves  (ed.  1670),  I.  Ixxxviii. 

artefact,  «.  and  a.    See  artifact. 
artefactum  (ar-te-fak'tum),  n.    Same  as  arti- 
fact. 

artelriet,  n.  A  Middle  English  form  of  artillery. 
Chaucer. 

Artemia  (ar-te'mi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aprriiia, 
that  which  hangs,  as  an  ear-ring,  etc.,  <  ap-av, 
hang  upon,  fasten  to.]  A  genus  of  phyllopod 
or  branchiopod  entomostracous  crustaceans,  of 
the  family  Branchipodidce.  The  animals  are  notable 
as  inhabiting  saline  waters,  the  other  forms  of  the  group 
being  found  in  fresh  water.  A.  salina,  a  common  British 
species,  is  known  as  the  brine-shrimp  or  brine-worm 
Artemis  (ar'te-mis),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  ".\pTe  iiir.  The 
origin  of  the  name  is  undetermined.]  1.  In 
Gr.  myth.,  one  of  the  great  Olympian  deities, 
daughter  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and'Leto  (Latona), 

and  twin  sister  of  Apollo,  she  may  be  regarded  as 
a  feminine  form  of  Apollo.  She  chastised  evil  with  her 
keen  shafts  and  with  deadly  sickness,  and  also  protected 
mortals  from  danger  and  pestilence.  Unlike  Apollo,  she 
was  not  connected  with  poetry  or  divination,  but,  like 
him,  she  was  a  deity  of  light,  and  to  her  was  attributed 


Artemis  (Diana)  the  Huntress.— Louvre  Museum 


authority  over  the  moon,  which  belonged  more  particular, 
ly  to  her  kinswomen  Hecate  and  Selene.  In  art,  Artemis 
IS  represented  as  a  virgin  of  noble  and  severe  beauty,  tall 
and  majestic,  and  generally  bearing  bow  and  quiver  as  the 
huntress  or  mountain  goddess.  She  was  identified  liv  the 
Romans  withlheir  Diana,  an  original  Italian  divinit.v. 

2.  [NL.]  Inzodh:  (a)  A  genus  of  siphonate 
lamellibranch  bivalves,  of  the  family  Veneridw, 
having  the  pallial  margin  sinuous,  (h)  A  genus 

of  coleopterous  insects.  Mulsant,  1851  Ephe- 

sian  Artemis.  See  Diana. 
Artemisia  (ar-te-miz'i-a),  11.  [L.,  <  Gr.  apre- 
j-uaia,  an  herb  like  wormwood;  prob.  <  ^Aprefti- 
otoQ,  pertaining  to  "Apreuic:  see  Artemis.']  A 
very  large  genus  of  plants,  of  the  natural  order 
Composita',  abundant  in  ilrv  regions,  and  mostly 
of  the  northern  hemisphere.  The  genus  is  allied  to 


Artemisia 

the  tansy  (Tanacetuin),  ami  consists  of  low  shrubs  and 
herbs,  with  small  lUsL-uid,  Dl'teu  pfiidulous,  heads  panicu- 
lately  arranged,  and  all  bitter  aroniatics.  There  are  over 
40  species  in  the  United  states,  mostly  confined  to  the 
regions  west  of  the  Mississii)pi.  t>f  tlie  foreign  s])ecies,  tlie 
common  wormwood,  A.  Absintlutfiii,  was  formerly  nmeh 
used  as  an  anthelniinthic,  and  fnrnishes  a  volatile  oil  tliat  is 
the  peculiar  ingredient  in  the  Frencli  liiiueur  absinthe.  A. 
fflacialis  and  A.  mutellina  of  the  Alps  are  used  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  a  similar  liqueur,  g^nepi.  Wormseed  or  san- 
tonica  consists  of  the  small  nnexiiauded  Hower-buds  of  ^-1. 
pauci/lora.  extensively  collected  on  the  steppes  of  Turkes- 
tan and  employed  as  an  anthelniinthic.  The  southernwood 
of  gardens,  A.  Ahnitanion,  and  the  tarragon,  ^4.  Draciui- 
culas,  have  a  fragrant  aromatic  odor.  Of  the  numeious 
North  American  species,  the  best  known  are  A.  tridciilata 
and  A.  caiut,  which  are  the  sage-brusli  of  tlie  western 
plains,  the  first  especially  covering  larue  areas  in  the  val- 
leys of  the  Great  Basin.    See  cut  imih'V  Alixinlhinin. 

artemod  (ar'te-mod),  n.  [<  Artemis,  as  goddess 
of  the  moon,  +  od,  q.  v.]  Lunar  od ;  the  odic 
force  of  the  moon.    Baron  von  Eeichoibach. 

artert  (ar'ter),  H.  [<  OF.  artre,  a  moth ;  artrc 
grise  de  bois,  a  wood-louse  (Cotgrave);  also 
arte,  and  artiron,  artisoii,  artuison,  mod.  F.  ar- 
tison,  a  wood-worm.  Cf.  art-tcorm.']  A  wood- 
worm.   Also  called  art-worm. 

arteria  (ar-te'ri-a),  n. ;  pi.  arteriw  (-e).  [L. :  see 
artenj.'i  In  a » a f.,  an  artery :  now  mostly  super- 
seded by  the  English  form  of  the  word.  Some  of 
the  principal  arteries  in  the  names  of  which  the  Latin  form 
is  still  used  are :  Arteria  anastomotica,  one  of  the  branches 
of  the  brachial  or  femoral  artery,  forming  anastomoses 
about  the  elbow  or  knee ;  arteria  centralis  modiolce  or 
retince,  the  central  proper  artery  of  the  cochlea  or  of  the 
retina ;  arteria  colica  dextra,  media,  sinistra,  the  artery 
of  the  ascending,  transverse,  and  descending  colon  respec- 
tively ;  arteria  comes,  a  companion  artery  of  a  nerve,  as 
the  phrenic  and  sciatic;  arteria  coronaria  ivntiiciili,  the 
proper  gastric  artery,  a  branch  of  the  coeliac  axis  ;  arteria 
dorsalis  hallucis,  iiuiicis,  liiifjuoe,  penis,  pedis,  ^lollieis, 
scapuhe,  the  dorsal  artery  of  tlie  great  toe,  index  finger, 
tongue,  penis,  foot,  thumb,  and  shoulder-blade  respective- 
ly ;  arteria  {lastro-diwdenalis,  arteria  (/astro-epiptuica,  two 
arteries  of  the  stomach  and  associate  parts ;  arteria  in- 
nominata,  innominate  artery,  or  anonyma,  the  first  great 
arterial  branch  of  the  arch  of  the  aorta,  on  the  right  side  ; 
arteria  pancreatica  magna,  parva,  arterice  pancreaticu- 
duodenales,  superior  et  inferior,  large  and  small  pancreatic 
arteries,  and  the  superior  and  inferior  arteries  of  the  pan- 
creas and  duodenum;  arteria  jirinceps  cervicis,  pollicis, 
the  principal  branch  of  the  occipital  artery  for  the  back  of 
the  neck,  and  the  principal  artery  of  the  thumb,  respec- 
tively ;  arteria  prof  unda  humeri,  superior  et  inferior,  cervi- 
cis, femoris,  the  superior  and  inferior  deep  branches  of  the 
brachial  artery,  the  deep  cervical  branch  of  the  first  inter- 
costal artery,  and  the  deep  branch  of  the  femoral  artery, 
respectively ;  arteria  sacra  media,  the  middle  sacral  ar- 
tery, the  continuation  of  the  abdominal  aorta  after  giving 
off  the  iliac  arteries;  arteria  superjicialis  voles,  a  small 
artery  of  the  ball  of  the  thumb,  a  branch  of  the  radial, 
usually  continuous  with  the  superficial  palmar  arch;  ar- 
teria transversalis  colli,  a  branch  of  tlie  thyroid  axis  which 
traverses  the  root  of  the  neck  and  ends  in  the  posterior 
scapular  artery. — Arteria  aspera,  the  asper  or  rough 
artery,  that  is,  the  windpipe  or  trachea. 

arteriact  (iir-te'ri-ak),  a.  and«.  [<  Gr.  aprripia- 
k6^,  pertaining  to  the  windpipe,  fern,  r;  apTripiaKi], 
a  medicine  therefor,  <  aprrjpia,  windpipe:  see 
artery.']  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  wind- 
pipe. 

II.  n.  A  medicine  prescribed  in  diseases  of 
the  windpipe.  Dunglison. 

arteriae,  n.    Plural  of  arteria. 

arterial  (ar-te'ri-al),  a.  [=¥ .  arteriel,  <  NL. 
arterialis,  <  L.  arteria,  artery:  see  artery.^  1. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  an  artery  or  to  the  arteries : 
as,  arterial  action. —  2.  Contained  in  an  artery: 
as,  arterial  blood. —  3.  Having  a  main  channel 
and  many  branches  or  ramifications,  like  the 
arteries:  as,  arterial  drainage  Arterial  blood, 

blood  as  it  passes  through  the  arteries  after  having  been 
oxygenated  in  the  lungs.  It  is  distinguished  from  venous 
blood  particularly  by  its  lighter  florid-red  color,  due  to  the 
presence  of  oxygen. — Arterial  cone,  (a)  The  upper  left 
conical  portion  of  the  right  ventricle,  from  which  the  pul- 
monary artery  leads.  Also  called  infumlilntlum.  (6)  In 
ichth.,  the  elongated  conical  ventricle  of  the  heart,  which 
is  continuous  with  the  bulbus  arteriosus,  and  is  distin- 
guished therefrom  by  the  presence  of  valves  between  the 
two.— Arterial  duct  (ductus  arteriosus),  the  portion  of 
any  primitive  aortic  arch  which  serves  to  connect  and 
furnish  communication  between  a  branchial  artery  and  a 
branchial  vein.— Arterial  navigation,  navigation  by 
means  of  connected  or  branching  channels  of  inland  water, 
as  rivers,  deepened  streams,  and  canals. 

arterialisation,  arterialise.  See  arterialisa- 
tion,  arterialize. 

arterialization  (ar-te'ri-al-i-za'shon),  n.  [< 
arterialize  +  -ation.']  The  process  of  making 
arterial ;  the  conversion  of  venou^  into  arterial 
blood,  during  its  passage  through  the  lungs,  by 
the  elimination  of  carbon  dioxid  and  the  ab- 
sorption of  oxygen  from  the  air.  Also  spelled 
arterialisation. 

arterialize  (ar-te'ri-al-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
arterialized,  ppr.  arierializing.  [<  arterial  + 
-ize ;  =  F.  arterialiser.']  To  convert  (venous 
blood)  into  arterial  blood  by  the  action  of  oxy- 
gen in  the  lungs.    Also  spelled  arterialise. 

arterially  (ar-te'ri-al-i),  adv.  In  the  manner 
of  an  artery;  by  means  of  arteries. 


324 

arteriocapillary  (iir-te"ri-6-kap'i-la-ri),  a. 
[<  arterial  +  capillary.]  Pertaining  to  arteries 
and  capillaries — Arteriocapillary  fibrosis,  the  in- 
crease of  connective  tissue  in  the  walls  of  arteries  and 
cajiillaries. 

arteriococcygeal  (ar-te'''ri-6-kok-sij'e-al),  a. 
[<  arterial  +  coccygeal.]  In  aiiat.,  pertaining 
to  arteries  and  to  the  coccyx:  specifically  ap- 
plied to  the  glomerulus  arterioeoccygeus,  or 
Luschka's  gland.    See  gland  and  glomeridus. 

arteriogram  (iir-te'ri-o-gram),  n.  [<  Gr.  apTii- 
pia,  artery,  +  -)pafj.fia,  a  writing.]  A  sphygmo- 
graphic  tracing  or  pulse-ciu-ve  from  an  artery; 
a  sphygmogram  taken  from  an  artery. 

arteriography  (iir-te-ri-og'ra-fl),  j*.  [<  Gr.  apTTj- 
pia,  artery,  +  -)paipia,  <  ypa<p£iv,  write,  describe.] 
A  description  of  the  arterial  system. 

arteriola  (ar-te-ri'o-la),  ?(.;  pi.  arteriolar  (-le). 

[NL.]    In  a  little  artery ;  an  arteriole  

Arteri0l39  rectse,  small  straight  arteries  supplying  the 
medullary  pyraniids  of  the  kidneys. 

arteriole  (iir-te'ri-ol),  n.  (=F.  arteriole,  <  NL. 
arteriola,  dim.  of  L.  arteria,  artery.]  A  small 
artery. 

The  minute  arteries,  the  arterioles  of  some  distant  organ 
like  the  brain.    B.  W.  lii-chardson,  Prevent.  Med.,  p.  407. 

arteriology  (iir-te-ri-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  aprr/pla, 
artery,  +  -Ao}(a,<  Tiiyeiv,  speak:  see-ology.]'  The 
science  of  or  a  treatise  on  the  arteries. 

arteriosclerosis  (iir-te'ri-o-sklf-ro'sis),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  aprripia,  artery,  +  cr/vXr/puOTf,  harden- 
ing: see  sclerosis.]  The  increase  of  connective 
tissue  in  the  walls  of  arteries,  especially  in  the 
intima. 

arteriotome  (ar-te'ri-o-tom),  «.   [<  Gr.  as  if 

*apT!/ptoT6fiog:  see  arteriotomy.]  In  surg.,  an 
instrument  for  opening  an  artery. 

arteriotomy  (iir-te-ri-ot'o-mi),  n.  [<  LL.  arte- 
riotomia,  <  Gr.  apTt/pioTOfua,  the  cutting  of  an 
artery  (cf .  apTrjptoTopelv,  cut  an  artery),  <  aprr/pia, 
artery,  +  TOfioQ,  verbal  adj.  of  rc/xveiv,  rapdv, 
cut.]  1.  in  s»/-(7.,  the  opening  of  an  artery  by 
the  lancet  or  other  instrument,  for  the  purpose 
of  letting  blood. — 2.  That  part  of  the  science 
of  anatomy  which  treats  of  the  dissection  of 
the  arteries. 

arteriovenous  (ar-te"ri-6-ve'nus),  a.  [<  L.  ar- 
teria, artery,  +  vena,  vein:  see  venous.]  Per- 
taining to  an  artery  and  a  vein  Arteriovenoua 

aneurism.    See  aneurism. 

arteritis  (iir-te-ri'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apTtipia, 
artery,  +  -itis.]  Inflammation  of  an  artery  or 
of  the  arteries. 

artery  (ar'te-ri),  n. ;  pi.  arteries  (-riz).  [<  ME. 
arterie  (early  mod.  E.  also  arter,  artere,  artier, 
arture,  etc.,  <  OF.  artere,  mod.  F.  artere  =  Pr.  Sp. 
Pg.  It.  arteria),  <  L.  arteria,  the  windpipe,  an  ar- 
tery, <  Gr.  apT7]pia,  an  artery  as  distinct  from  a 
vein ;  but  commonly  the  arteries  were  regarded 
as  air-ducts  (the  name  being  supposed  to  come 
from  arjp,  air),  because  found  empty  after 
death,  and  seem  to  have  been  conceived  as 
ramifications  of  the  windpipe ;  orig.  the  wind- 
pipe ;  perhaps  <  alpetv,  aeipeiv,  raise,  lift  up ;  cf . 
aorta,  from  the  same  source.]  If.  The  trachea 
or  windpipe. 

Under  the  artery  or  windpipe  is  the  mouth  of  the 
stomach.  Sir  U.  Holland. 

2.  One  of  a  system  of  cylindrical,  membranous, 
elastic,  and  muscular  vessels  or  tubes,  which 
convey  the  blood  from  the  heart  to  all  parts  of 
the  body  by  ramifications  which  as  they  pro- 
ceed diminish  in  size  and  increase  in  number, 
and  terminate  in  minute  capillaries  wliich  unite 
the  ends  of  the  arteries  with  the  beginnings  of 
the  veins.  There  are  two  principal  arteries  :  the  aorta, 
which  rises  from  the  left  ventricle  of  the  heart  and  rami- 
fies through  the  whole  body,  and  the  pulmonary  artery, 
which  conveys  venous  blood  from  the  right  ventricle  to  the 
lungs,  to  undergo  arterialization.  Most  arteries  are  com- 
posed of  three  coats :  an  outer  or  fibrous,  of  condensed 
connective  tissue  well  supplied  with  blood-vessels  and 
nerves;  a  middle  or  elastic,  consisting  chiefly  of  circular, 
non-striated,  muscular  fibers ;  and  an  inner,  thin,  smooth, 
and  dense,  composed,  from  without  inward,  of  an  elastic 
fenestrated  membrane,  a  layer  of  connective  tissue,  and 
a  lining  of  endothelium.  The  outer  coat  is  the  (tunica) 
adventitia ;  the  middle,  the  (tunica)  media;  the  inner,  the 
(tunica)  intima.  The  arteries  in  the  human  body  which 
have  received  special  names  are  about  3!j0  in  number. 
They  range  in  caliber  from  more  than  the  thickness  of  a 
finger  to  microscopic  dimensions. 

3.  A  main  channel  in  any  ramifying  system  of 
communication,  as  in  drainage — Artery-claw, 
a  locking  forceps  for  holding  an  artery. — Artery  Of  the 
bulb,  a  small  but  surgically  important  branch  of  the  in- 
ternal pudic  artery,  supplying  the  bulb  of  the  lu-ethra. — 

Axillary  artery,  coronary  artery,  nutrient  artery, 

radial  artery,  etc.    See  the  adjectives. 

artery  (ar'te-ri),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  arteried, 
ppr.  arterying.  [<  artery,  n.]  To  supply  with 
arteries ;  figuratively,  to  traverse  like  arteries. 


Artesian  Well. 
a,  a,  fault  filled  with  clay  and  impervious 
to  water ;  d,  b.  impermeable  strata  :  c,  per- 
meable strata  ;  d,  artesian  boring  and  well. 


arthrocacology 

Great  rivers  that  arteried  every  State. 

N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVI.  491. 

Artesian  (ar-te'zian),  a.  [<  F.  artisien,  prop- 
erly pertaining  id  Artois,  OP.  Arteis,  anciently 
Artcsitim,  in  France.]     Pertaijiing  to  Artois, 

an  ancient  prov- 
ince of  northern 
France,  coitc- 
sponding  to  the 
modern  depart- 
ment of  Pas-de- 
Calais.  —  Arte- 
sian well,  a  name 
(usually  without  a 
capital  letter)  given 
to  a  peculiar  kind  of 
bored  well  from  its 
long  use  in  Artois. 
In  an  artesian  well 
proper  the  water  rises  to  the  surface  and  overflows.  The 
geological  conditions  permitting  this  are  not  general,  since 
it  is  necessai'y  that  the  region  should  have  a  more  or  less 
complete  basin-structure,  and  that  there  should  be  a  series 
of  permeable  covered  by  impermeable  beds.  In  the  United 
States  any  deep  bored  well  is  called  artesian,  even  if  the 
water  has  to  be  pumped  from  a  considerable  depth.  Ar- 
tesian wells  vary  in  depth  from  less  than  100  to  nearly  4,000 
feet,  some  of  the  deepest  borings  being  for  petroleum. 

artful  (iirt'ful),  a.  [<  «r<2  -|-  .fuL]  1.  Done 
with  or  characterized  by  art  or  skill.  [Rare.] 

Om'  psalms  with  artf  ul  terms  inscribed. 

Milton,  P.  R.,  iv.  335. 
No  one  thinks  when  he  looks  at  a  plant,  what  restless 
activity  is  at  work  within  it,  for  the  cells  perform  their 
artful  labor  in  stillness.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXII.  185. 

2t.  Artificial,  as  opposed  to  natural;  produced 
or  producing  by  art:  as,  "  too  artful  a  writer," 
Dry  den.  Life  of  Virgil.— 3.  Skilful,  (a)  Of  per- 
sons, skilful  in  adapting  means  to  ends ;  adroit. 
(&)  Of  things,  skilfully  adapted;  ingenious; 
clever.  Hence  —  4.  Cunning;  crafty;  practis- 
ing or  characterized  by  art  or  stratagem:  as, 
"the  Artful  Dodger,"  Dickens,  Oliver  Twist. 
Fair  to  no  purpose,  artful  to  no  end. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  iv.  116. 
=  Syn.  4.  Cunning,  Artf  ul,  Sly,  etc.  (see  cunning),  deceit- 
ful, politic,  shifty,  insidious, 
artfully  (art'ful-i),  adv.  In  an  artful  manner. 
(a)  With  art  or  skill :  as,  colors  artfully  distributed  on  the 
canvas.  [Kare.]  (b)  With  cunning  or  craft ;  craftily  ;  cun- 
ningly. 

Whether  this  motion  was  honestly  made  by  the  Oppo- 
sition ...  or  artfully  made  by  the  courtiers,  ...  it  is 
now  impossible  to  discover.       Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,vi. 

artfulness  (iirt'ful-nes),  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing artful ;  craft ;  cunning ;  address. 

artnent  (ar'then),  a.    An  old  form  of  earthen. 

arthra,  n.    Plural  of  arthron. 

arthral  (iir'thral),  a.  [<  arthron  +  -al.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  an  arthron  or  articulation;  ar- 
ticular: as,  "the  arthral  surface  of  the  ilium," 
Wilder  and  Gage. 

arthralgia  (ar-thral'ji-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apdpov, 
joint,  +  alyot;,  pain.]  "Pain  in  a  joint ;  specifi- 
cally, neuralgia  in  a  joint. 

arthralgia  (ar-thral'jik),  a.  Pertaining  to  ar- 
thralgia. 

arthrembolus  (ar-threm'bo-lus),  m.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  apOpe/i(h?iov,  an  instrument  for  setting  limbs, 
<  apdpov,  a  joint,  +  k/ij3o?.T/,  a  putting  in  place, 
the  setting  of  a  limb,  <  ipPaTOiELv,  thrust  in :  see 
embolus.]  In  surg.,  an  instrument  formerly  used 
in  the  reduction  of  dislocations.  Dunglison. 

arthria.  n.    Plural  of  arthrium. 

arthritic  (ar-thrit'ik),  a.  [(ME.  artetihe,  <  OF. 
artetique)  <  L.  arthriticus,  <  Gr.  apdpniKd^,  of 
the  joints,  gouty,  <  apdplric:  see  arthritis.]  Per- 
taining to  the  joints,  or  to  arthritis,  or  specifi- 
cally to  the  gout ;  affecting  the  joints. 

Pangs  arthritic,  that  infest  the  toe 

Of  libertine  excess.  Cowper,  The  Task,  i. 

arthritical  (ar-thrit'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  ar- 
thritic. 

arthritis  (ar-thri'tis),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  apdp'mg 
(sc.  voCTof,  disease),  joint-disease,  gout,  prop, 
fern,  adj.,  of  the  joints,  <  apdpov,  a  joint:  see 
arthron.]  Inflammation  of  a  joint — Arthritis 
deformans,  rheumatoid  arthritis  in  which  considerable 
deformity  is  produced.    See  rheutnatoid. 

arthrium  (ar'thri-um),  n.;  pi.  arthria  (-a). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  as  if  *a.pdpiov,  dim.  of  apdpov,  a  joint.] 
In  entom.,  the  minute  penultimate  tarsal  joint 
of  many  Coleoptera. 

arthrobranchia  (ar-thro-brang'M-a),  n. ;  pi.  ar- 
throbranchite  (-e).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apdpov,  a  joint,  + 
jipayxia,  gills.]  In  Crustacea,  a  distinct  respi- 
ratory appendage  of  the  maxillipeds.  Huxley. 

arthrocace  (ar-throk'a-se),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ap- 
dpov, a  joint,  +  KOKij,  badness,  vice,  <  Kanog,  bad.] 
Caries  of  a  joint.  Billroth. 

arthrocacology  (ar'thro-ka-koro-ji),  n.  [<  ar- 
throcace +  -ology,  q.  v.]  The  sum  of  human 
knowledge  concerning  diseases  of  the  joints. 


arthroderm 

arthroderm  (ar'tlu-o-derm),  n.  [<  Gr.  apOfjov, 
a  joint,  +  depfia,  skiii.]  The  crust  or  body-wall 
of  an  articulate  animal,  as  the  shell  of  a  crab 
or  the  integument  of  an  insect.    A.  S.  Packard. 

arthrodia  (ar-thro'di-a),  n. ;  pi.  arthrodke  (-e). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  apdpudia,  a' particular  kind  of  artic- 
ulation, <  apdpudrig,  articulated,  <  apOpov,  a  joint, 
+  d6og,  form.]  A  gliding  joint;  a  movable  ar- 
ticulation formed  by  plane  or  nearly  plane  sur- 
faces which  slide  upon  each  other  "to  some  ex- 
tent, as  in  the  articulations  of  the  carpus:  a 
form  of  diarthrosis.  Also  called  adartictdation. 
—  Double  arthrodia.    Same  as  amphidiarthrosis. 

arthrodial  (ar-thro'di-al),  a.  [<  arthrodia  + 
-al.']  1.  Pertaining  to"  or  characterized  by  an 
arthrodia. — 2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  arthrosis; 
concerned  in  the  jointing  or  articulation  of 
parts,  especially  of  limbs.— Arthrodial  apophy- 
sis, in  Crustacea,  that  process  of  an  endosternite  or  endo- 
pleurite  which  enters  into  tlie  formation  of  an  articular 
cavity  of  a  limb. 

The  endopleurite  .  .  .  divides  into  three  apophyses, 
one  descending  or  arthrodial,  and  two  which  pass  nearly 
horizuiitally  inward.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  269. 

arthrodic  (ar-throd'ik),  a.    Same  as  arthrodial. 

arthrodynia  (ar-thro-din'i-a),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
apdpov,  a  joint,  +  bdwij,  pain!]  Pain  in  a  joint; 
arthralgia. 

arthrodynic  (ar-thro-diu'ik),  a.  [<  arthrodynia 
+  -ic]  Relating  to  arthrodynia,  or  pain  in  a 
joint;  arthralgic. 

Arthrogastra  (ar-thro-gas'tra),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Gr.  apdpov,  a  joint,  +  yaarT/p,  belly.]  A  division 
of  the  class  Arachnida,  including  the  scorpions 
and  their  allies,  as  distinguished  from  spiders 
and  mites.    See  cut  under  Scorpionidce. 

The  Arthrogastra,  or  scorpions  and  pseudo-scorpions, 
exhibit,  in  many  respects,  extraordinarily  close  resem- 
blances to  the  Merostomata  among  the  Crustacea. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  320. 

Arthrogastres  (ar-thro-gas'trez),  n.pl.  [NL., 
as  Arthrogastra.~\    Same  as  Arthrogastra. 

arthrography  (ar-throg'ra-fi),  n.  [<  Gr.  apdpov, 
a  joint,  +  -ypa<f>ta,  <  ypd<peLv,  write,  describe.]  In 
anat.,  a  description  of  the  joints. 

arthrology  (ar-throl'o-ji),  w.  [<  Gr.  apdpov,  a 
joint,  +  -Aoyia,  <  Myeiv,  speak:  see  -ology.']  1. 
The  knowledge  of  the  joints  ;  that  part  of  anat- 
omy which  relates  to  the  joints. —  2t.  Finger- 
speech  for  the  deaf  and  dumb ;  dactylology. 

arthromere  (ar'thro-mer),  n.  [<  Gr.  apdpov,  a 
member,  joint,  +  plpog,  a  part.]  In  zooL,  the 
ideal  single  ring  of  a  series  of  which  any  artic- 
ulate animal  is  composed;  a  zoonule,  zoonite, 
or  somite  of  an  articulated  invertebrate  animal. 
The  typical  arthromere  consists  of  a  tergite,  a  pair  of 
pleurites,  and  a  sternite,  or  an  upper  piece,  two  lateral 
pieces,  and  an  under  piece. 

arthron  (ar'thron),  n.  •  pi.  arthra  (-thra).  [NL., 

<  Gr.  apdpov,  a  joint  (of  the  body) ;  in  grammar, 
the  article;  akin  to  equiv.  L.  artus :  see  artus 
and  article.']  In  anat.,  a  joint  or  an  articula- 
tion of  any  kind. 

arthroneuralgia  (ar"thro-nu-ral'ji-a),  n.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  apdpov,  a  joint,  +  NL.  neuralgia.]  Neu- 
ralgia of  a  joint. 

arthropathy  (ar-throp'a-thi),  n.  [<  Gr.  apdpov, 
a  joint,  +  iradog,  suffering.]    Disease  of  a  joint. 

arthrophragm  (ar'thro-fram),  n.  [<  Gr.  apdpm!, 
a  joint,  +  (ppdyfia,  a  fence,  screen,  <  <j)pdaaew, 
fence  in,  stop  up.  Cf.  diaphragm.']  An  articu- 
lar diaphragm ;  a  septimi  or  partition  between 
certain  articulations,  as  in  the  crawfish.  See 
extract. 

AH  four  apodemes  lie  In  the  ventral  half  of  the  somite 
and  form  a  single  transverse  series;  consequently  there 
are  two  nearer  the  middle  line,  which  are  termed  the  en- 
dostemites,  and  two  further  off,  which  are  the  endopleu- 
rites.  The  former  lie  at  the  inner,  and  the  latter  at  the 
outer  ends  of  the  partitions  or  arthrophragms  .  .  be- 
tween the  articular  cavities  for  the  basal  joints  of  the 
limbs,  and  they  spring  partly  from  the  latter  and  partly 
from  the  sternum  and  the  epimera  respectively. 

Huxley,  Crayfish,  p.  158. 

arthropleura  (iir-thro-plo'ra),  «. ;  pi.  arthro- 
pleurm  (-re).    [NL.]    Same'as  arthropleiire. 

arthropleure  (ar'thro-plor),  n.  [<  NL.  arthro- 
pleura, <  Gr.  apdpov,' a,  joint,  +  jrXevpd,  side.] 
The  pleural,  lateral,  or  limb-bearing  portion 
of  the  arthroderm  of  articulated  animals ;  the 
portion  of  any  arthromere  between  the  tergite 
and  the  sternite. 

arthropod  (ar'thro-pod),  n.  and  a.  [<  WL.  arthro- 
2)us  (-pod-),  pi.  arthropoda,  q.  v.,  <  Gr.  apdpov, 
a  joint,  +  TTobc  (ttoS-)  =  E.  foot.]  I.  n.  A 
jointed  invertebrate  animal  with  jointed  legs; 
one  of  the  Arthropoda. 

_  II.  a.  Arthropodous ;  pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  the  Arthropoda. 


Among  the  Crustacea  the  simplest  stage  of  the  Arthro- 
pod body  IS  seen  in  the  Nauplius-form, 

Gegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  234. 


325 

Arthropoda  (ar-throp'o-da),  v.  pi.  [NL.,  pi. 
of  arthropus  (-pod-):  see  ar/hro/iad.]  1.  One 
of  two  prime  divisions  (Anarlhropoda  being  the 
other)  into  which  a  subkingdom  Annulosa  has 
been  divided,  it  contains  bilateral  .segmented  ani- 
mals with  articulated  legs,  and  approximately  corresponds 
to  the  "articulated  aniniiils  with  articulated  legs"  of  Cu- 
vier,  as  contrasted  with  his  other  division  (Annelides)  of 
Articulata,  or  with  the  Condylopoda  of  Latreille,  or  with 
the  Gnat/wpoda  or  Arthrozoa  of  some  other  naturalists. 

2.  In  more  modern  and  exact  usage,  one  of 
the  phyla,  subkingdoms,  or  main  types  of  the 
Metasoa,  containing  the  articulated,  inverte- 
brate, non-ciliated  animals  with  articulated 
limbs,  a  ganglionic  nervous  system,  oviparous 
reproduction,  and  generally  separate  sexes. 

The  phylum  is  divided  by  nearly  common  consent  into  the 
four  great  classes  Insecta,  Myriapoda,  Arachnida,  and 
Crustacea,  and  contains  the  vast  majority  (about  four 
fifths)  of  the  animal  kingdom,  in  numbers  both  of  species 
and  of  individuals. 

The  Arthropoda,  with  more  than  200,000  species  vary 
to  such  an  extent  that  little  can  be  said  .applicable  'to  the 
whole  group.  Of  all  Invertebrata  they  are  the  most  ad- 
vanced in  the  development  of  the  organs  peculiar  to  ani- 
mal life,  manifested  in  the  powers  of  locomotion,  and  in 
the  instincts  which  are  so  varied  and  so  wonderful  in  the 
insect  class.  Pascoe,  Zodl.  Class.,  p.  70. 

arthropodan  (ar-throp'o-dan),  a.  [<  arthro- 
pod +  -an.]  Same  as  arthropodous. 
arthropodous  (ar-throp'o-dus),  a.  [<  arthropod 
+  -ous.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Arthropoda; 
having  jointed  legs  (among  invertebrates) ;  con- 
dylopodous;  arthrozoic.  Also  gnathopodous. 
Arthropomata  (ar-thro-po'ma-ta),  n.2)l.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  apdpov,  a  joint,  +  wibfia,  "-phTr^/iaTa,  a  lid.] 
One  of  two  orders  into  which  the  class  Brachio- 
poda  is  generally  divided,  the  other  being  Lyo- 
pomata :  synonymous  with  Apygia  and  Articu- 
lata (b). 

arthropomatous  (ar-thro-po'ma-tus),  a.  [< 
Arthropomata  +  -ous.]    Pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  the  Arthropomata. 
Arthropteridae  (ar-throp-ter'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 

<  Arthropterus  +  -ida'.]  A  family  of  heteropl 
terous  insects,  chiefly  of  the  Orient,  Africa, 
and  the  Pacific  islands,  including  a  large  num- 
ber of  flat  wide  forms,  mostly  of  a  polished 
black  color  variously  marked  with  yellow. 

arthropterous  (ar-throp'te-rus),  a.    [<  NL.  ar- 
thropterus, adj.,_<  Gr.  apdpov,  a  joint,  +  TTTEpOV,  a 
Wing,  fin.]  Having  jointed  rays,  as  a  fin  of  a  fish. 
Arthropterus  (ar-throp'te-rus),  n.    [NL. :  see 
arthropterous.]    1.  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Arthropteridw.    Macleay,  1839.— 2.  A 
genus  of  Wishes.    Agassis,  1843. 
arthroses,  n.    Plural  of  arthrosis. 
arthrosia  (ar-thro'zi-a),  n.  [NL.  (cf.  arthrosis), 

<  Gr.  apdpov,  a  joint.]  Arthritis, 
arthrosis  (iir-thro'sis),  n. ;  pi.  arthroses  (-sez). 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  dpdpuatg,  a  jointing,  <  dpdpoeiv,  dpdpovv, 
fasten  by  a  joint,  <  apdpov,  a  joint.]  In  anat.: 
(a)  A  suture;  an  articulation;  a  joining  or 
jointing  of  bones  or  cartilages  othervsise  than 
by  ankylosis.  Arthrosis  is  divisible  into  three  principal 
categories  :  (1)  .Synarthrosis ;  (2)  amphiarthrosis  ;  (3)  diar- 
throsis. See  these  words,  (jj)  The  result  of  articu- 
lation ;  a  joint ;  an  arthron ;  a  node, 
arthrospore  (ar'thro-spor),  n.  [<  Gr.  apdpov,  a 
joint,  +  anopoc,  seed.]  In  bot.,  one  of  a  number 
of  spores  united  together  in  the  form  of  a  string 
of  beads,  formed  by  fission,  and  characteristic 
of  various  low  fungi  and  alg®. 
arthrosporic  (ar-thro-spor'ik),  a.  Same  as  ar- 
throsporous. 

arthrosporous  (ar-thros'p6-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  ar- 
throsjjorus  :  see  arthrospore  and  -ous.]  Produ- 
cing arthrospores. 
arthrosterigma  (ar'-'thro-ste-rig'ma),  w. ;  pi. 
arthrosterigmata  (-ma-ta).  [NL.,  <  Gi.  apdpov, 
a  joint,  +  arr/piyfia,  a  support,  <  aTTjp'iC,eiv,  set 
fast,  support,  prop,  <  •/  *aTa,  stand.]  In  bot, 
the  jointed  sterigma  which  occurs  in  the  sper- 
magonium  of  many  lichens. 
Arthrostraca  (ar-thros'tra-ka),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  apdpov,  a  joint,  +  boTpatiov,  a  shell.]  1.  In 
Gegenbaur's  system  of  classification,  one  of  two 
prime  divisions  of  malacostracous  crustaceans 
(the  other  being  Thoracostraca),  corresponding 
appro.ximately  to  the  edriophthalmous  or  ses- 
sile-eyed crustaceans  of  other  authors,  and  di- 
vided into  the  three  orders  Amphipoda,  Lw- 
modipoda,  and  Isopoda.—  2.  In  Burmeister's 
system  of  classification,  one  of  three  orders  of 
Crustacea  (the  other  two  being  Aspidostraca 
and  Thoracostraca),  divided  into  nine  lesser 
groups. 

arthrostracous  (ar-thros'tra-kus),  a.  Pertain- 
mg  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Arthros- 
traca. 


artichoke 

arthrotome  (iir'thro-tom),  n.  f<  Gr.  apdpov,  a 
joint,  -t-  7o//df,  cutting:  see  anatomy.]  A  car- 
tilage-knife ;  a  strong  scalpel,  two-edged  for  a, 
part  of  its  cutting  length,  and  having  a  rough- 
ened steel  handle  continuous  with  the  blade. 
It  IS  used  in  dissection  for  cutting  cartilage,  disarticulating 
joints,  and  other  rough  work. 

Any  thick-bladed  scalpel  may  be  ground  into  a  tolerable- 
arthrotome.  Wilder  and  Gage,  Anat.  Tech.,  p.  «3. 

arthrotomy  (iir-throt'o-mi),  ?(.  [<  Gr.  apdpov,  a 
joint,  4-  Top//,  a  cutting:  see  anatomy.]  In 
surg.,  incision  into  a  joint. 

Arthrozoa  (ar-thro-zo'a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
apdpov,  a  joint,  +  C<jov,  an  animal.]  One  of  six 
series  of  animals  into  which  the  Metasoa  have 
been  divided:  equivalent  to  Arthropoda  to- 
gether with  Nematoscolices  and  proliably  Chw- 
tognatha. 

arthrozoic  (iir-tbro-z6'ik),  a.  Relating  to  or 
having  the  characters  of  the  Arthrosoa.  -Arthro- 
zoic series,  a  gradation  of  animals  represcnteil  by  the 
Nematoscolicesand  Arthropoda,  from  the  lowest  neniatoids 
to  the  highest  arthropods.  Huxley. 

Arthurian  (ar-thu'ri-an),  a.  [<  Arthur,  ML. 
form  Arthurus,  representing  W.  Artur.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  King  Arthur,  one  of  the  last  Cel- 
tic chiefs  of  Britain  (the  hero  of  a  great  litera- 
ture of  poetic  fable,  and  whose  actual  existence 
has  been  questioned),  or  to  the  legends  con- 
nected with  him  and  his  knights  of  the  Bound 
Table. 

Arthurian  legend  is  not,  and  never  has  been,  to  the  Eng- 
lish national  mind  what  the  myths  which  supplied  the  sub- 
jects of  Attic  tragedy  were  to  the  Greek. 

A.  W.  Ward,  Eng.  Dram.  Lit.,  I.  122. 


artiad  (ar'ti-ad),  n.  and  a.  [<  Gr.  apnoc,  even, 
+  -adK]  I.  n.  1.  In  chem.,  an  atom  whose 
quantivalenee  is  expressed  by  an  even  number, 
as  the  atoms  of  sulphur,  oxygen,  etc.  See  pe- 
rissad.—2.  In  zodl.,  an  even-toed  ungulate 
quadruped;  a  cloven-footed  ruminant  animal; 
one  of  the  Artiodactyla :  opposed  to  perissad. 
See  cut  under  Artiodactyla. 

II.  a.  In  chem.,  having  the  nature  of  an  ar- 
tiad :  as,  oxygen  is  an  artiad  element, 
artichoke  (ar'ti-chok),  n.    [Introduced  in  the 
16th  century,  the  two  normal  forms  (after  the 
It. )  artichocke,  ar- 
chichock,  mixing 
with  artichou,  ar- 
tichowe,  artichau, 
artichaidt,  etc., 
after  the  F.,  in 
numerous  forms, 
varying  initially 
arti-,  arte-,  arto-, 
harti-,  harte-,  ar- 
chi-,  archy-,  arcJi-, 
and  terminal- 
ly  -chok,  -choke, 
-chock,  -choak, 
-chough,  -chooke, 
etc.  (simulating 
E.  heart,  L.  hortus, 
garden,  E.  choke, 
as  if  that  which 
'  chokes  '  the  gar- 
den or  the  heart) ; 
cf.    D.  artisjok, 
Dan.  artiskok,  Sw. 
drtskocka,  G.  ar- 
tischocke,  Russ.  artishokii,  Bohem.  artichok,  ar- 
tychok,  Pol.  karczock,  with  F.  artichaut  (formerly 
also  artichau,  -chault,  -chaud,  -chou,  etc.),  ML. 
articoccus,  articoctus,  articactus,  all  from  Sp.  or 
It.;  <  It.  (north,  dial.)  articiocco,  arcicioceo,  ar- 
chiciocco,  arciocco,  also  arcicioffo,  archiciofo,  for 
*alcarcioffo;   also  simply  carciocco,  ca'rcioffo, 
mod.  It.  carcioffo,  carciofo,  Sp.  alcarchofa,  now 
alcachofa,  alcachofera,  Pg.  alcachofra,  <  Sp.  Ar. 
al-kharshofa  (Pedro  de  Alcala)!  al-kharshuf 
(Bocthor),  <  Ar.  al,  the,  -I-  kharshofa,  kharshfif 
(with  initial  khd,  7th  letter),  also  harshiif  (in 
Bagdad  — Newman),  harshaf  (Fre.ytag;  Pers. 
7ja)-s/(rt/— Richardson)  (with  initial  hd,  6th  let- 
ter), an  artichoke.    The  Ar.  ardi-shauki  (Diez), 
erdushauke  (in  Aleppo  —  Newman),  Pers.  arda- 
shdhi.  Hind,  hdthichak,  are  adaptations  of  the 
European  forms  (appar.  simulating  Ar.  ardh, 
erdh,  Pers.  ard,  arz,  ground,  earth,  Ar.  shauk, 
thorn,  Pers.  shah,  king,  Hiud.  hdthi,  an  ele- 
phant).]   The  Cynara  Scolymus,  a  x>lant  of  the 
natural  order  Composita;,  somewhat  resembling 
a  thistle,  with  large  di\aded  prickly  leaves.  The 
erect  flower-stem  terminates  in  a  large  round  head  of  nu- 
merous imbricated  oval  spiny  scales  which  surround  the 
flowers.  The  fleshy  bases  of  tlie  scales  with  the  large  recep- 
tacle aie  used  as  food.    Artichokes  were  introduced  into 


Artichoke  {Cynara  Scolymus). 
a,  top  of  plant ;  b,  flowering  head. 


artichoke 


326 


articulate 


Europe  early  in  the  sixtecntli  century. — Jerusalem  arti- 
choke Icorrupticiii  of  It.  (/inisulf  nrtieioci-D,  suntlower-ar- 
tit'hiikej,  the  lliiianthux  tubcrostix,  a  species  nf  suutiower, 
native  of  Canaila  autl  tlie  u]iper  Missi.ssippi  valley.  It  was 
cultivated  by  the  aborigines  I'dr  its  sweet  anil  farinaceous 
tuberous  roots,  and  was  intrmUu-ecl  at  an  early  <iate  into 
Europe,  where  it  is  raised  in  consideraljle  <iuautities  as 
an  article  of  food.  The  plant  was  long  believed  to  he  a 
native  of  Brazil,  and  it  is  only  recently  that  its  true  origin 
lias  been  ascertained, 
article  (iir'ti-kl),  n.  [<  ME.  arUdc,  <  OF.  arti- 
cle, F.  article  =  Sp.  articido  —  Pg.  urticido  (in 
anat.  aud  liot.),  artigo  =  It.  articoio,  articulo,  < 
L.  art  ic  III  lis,  a  joint,  limb,  member,  part,  di\T.- 
sion,  the  article  in  grammar,  a  point  of  time ; 
prop.  dim.  of  artiis,  a  joint,  akin  to  Gr.  apdpov,  a 
joint,  article,  <  ■\/*ar,  fit,  join:  see  «;•;«!,  arm'^, 
art^,  etc.]  If.  A  joint  connecting  two  parts 
of  the  bod.y. —  2.  One  of  the  parts  thus  con- 
nected; a  jointed  segment  or  part. 

The  first  pair  of  legs  [of  the  whip-scorpion)  is  the  long- 
est, and  the  tarsal  joint  is  brol<eu  up  into  a  long  series  of 
articles.  Stand.  Xat.  Hist,  II.  V12. 

S.  In  hot.,  the  name  formerly  given  to  that 
part  of  a  stalk  or  stem  which  is  between  two 
joints.  Hence  —  4.  A  separate  member  or  por- 
tion of  anj-thing.  In  particular — (rt)  A  clause, 
item,  point,  or  particular  in  a  contract,  treaty, 
or  other  formal  agreement ;  a  condition  or  stip- 
ulation in  a  contract  or  bargain :  as,  articles  of 
association;  articles  ot  apprenticeship. 

'Tis  direct 
Against  our  articles. 

B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  v.  2. 

(6)  A  distinct  proposition  in  a  connected  series ; 
one  of  the  particulars  constituting  a  system: 
as,  the  Thirty-nine  Articles;  the  articles  of  re- 
ligion. 

A  Minister  should  preach  according  to  the  Articles  of 
Keligion  Established  in  the  Church  where  he  is. 

Seidell,  Table-Talk,  p.  72. 
Cried  amen  to  niy  creed's  one  article. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  256. 

(c)  A  separate  clause  or  provision  of  a  statute : 
as,  the  act  of  the  six  articles  (see  below),  {d) 
A  distinct  charge  or  count:  as,  articles  of  im- 
peachment, (f)  A  distinct  item  in  an  account 
or  a  list.  (/)  One  of  a  series  of  regulations :  as, 
the  articles  of  war. —  5.  A  literary  composition 
on  a  specific  topic,  forming  an  independent  por- 
tion of  a  book  or  literary  publication,  especially 
of  a  newspaper,  magazine,  review,  or  other 
periodical:  as,  an  article  on  war,  or  on  earth- 
quakes and  their  causes. —  6.  A  material  thing 
as  part  of  a  class,  or,  absolutely,  a  particular 
substance  or  commodity :  as,  an  article  of 
merchandise;  an  article  of  clothing;  salt  is  a 
necessary  article. —  7.  A  particular  immaterial 
thing ;  a  matter. 

Where  nature  has  bestowed  a  show  of  nice  attention  in 
the  features  of  a  man,  he  should  laugh  at  it  as  misplaced. 
I  have  seen  men,  who  in  this  vain  article,  perhaps  might 
rank  above  you.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  2. 

8t.  A  concern;  a  piece  of  business ;  a  subject. 
— 9.  A  point  or  nick  of  time  joining  two  suc- 
cessive periods ;  a  juncture ;  a  moment ;  the 
moment  or  very  moment.  [Now  rare  or  obso- 
lete except  in  the  phrase  in  the  article  of  death 
(which  see,  below).] 

Could  my  breath 
Now  execute  'em,  they  should  not  enjoy 
An  article  of  time.  B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  v.  6. 

This  fatal  newes  coming  to  Hick's  Hall  upon  the  article 
of  ray  Lord  Russel's  trial  was  said  to  have  had  no  little  in- 
fluence on  the  jury  and  all  the  bench  to  his  prejudice. 

Evelyn. 

An  infirm  building  just  in  the  article  of  falling. 

Wollaston,  Relig.  of  Nat.,  v.  99. 

lOf.  The  number  10,  or  any  number  ending  in 
a  cipher. — 11.  In  gram.,  a  word  used  attribu- 
tively to  limit  the  application  of  a  noim  to 
one  individual  or  set  of  individuals,  and  also 
to  indicate  whether  the  noun  used  signifies 
indefinitely  one  or  any  one  of  the  class  which 
it  names,  or  definitely  a  specific  object  of 
thought.  Tlie  two  articles  are  regarded  as  a  distinct 
part  of  speech.  Tliey  are  in  English  an  (Ijefore  conso- 
nant-sounds a)  and  the.  A  n  was  originally  the  same  word 
as  one,  and  in  meaning  is  an  uneniphatic  any ;  it  singles 
out  an  individual  as  an  example  of  a  class,  any  other 
member  of  the  class  being  capable  of  serving  as  example 
equally  well.  A  or  an  is  accordingly  called  the  indefinite 
article.  I'he  was  originally  a  demonstrative  pronoun, 
and  in  meaning  is  an  unemphatic  this  or  that;  it  points 
out  a  particular  individual  or  set  of  individuals,  and 
is  conseiiuently  Itnown  as  the  definite  article.  Articles 
may  therefore  be  regarded  as  a  specialized  and  segregated 
class  of  pronouns.  Some  languages,  as  Latin,  have  no 
articles;  others,  as  Helirew  and  Greek,  have  the  definite 
article  only.  The  indefinite  article  is  always  of  later  for- 
mation than  the  definite.  [The  name  article  is  a  trans- 
lation of  the  word  HpSpov,  joint,  which  was  applied  by 
the  Greek  grammarians  to  the  one  article  of  that  lan- 
giiage  (the  definite),  on  account  of  its  frequent  use  after 
the  manner  of  a  relative  to  join  an  adjective  to  a  noun: 


as,  av'rip  o  ayaSos,  literally,  man  the  good,  for  (the)  man 
wlio  (is)  good,  that  is,  the  good  man.]— Articles  of  as- 
sociation, or  articles  of  incorporation,  the  certifi- 
cate tiled,  in  conformity  with  a  general  law,  by  persons 
who  desire  to  become  a  corporation,  and  setting  forth  the 
rules  and  conditions  ui)on  which  the  association  or  cor- 
poration is  foun<led.— Articles  Of  Confederation,  see 
fo)i.fo/rf(t^'(>/i.  — Articles  of  faith,  tlie  main  or  essential 
points  iif  religious  belief ;  speeiHrally,  an  aulhoritative  and 
binding  statement  of  such  points  as  held  by  a  particular 
ichurch  or  denomination  ;  a  doctrinal  creed. — Articles 
of  impeachment,  tlie  accusations  in  writing  which  form 
the  basis  of  an  impeachment  trial.  They  take  the  place 
of  the  indirtincnl  in  ordinary  criminal,  and  of  the  (/(■(■/(()■(!- 
tioH  or  ciiinphiiiit  in  c  ivil,  actions.— Articles  of  Perth, 
five  articles  agreed  upon  at  a  General  Assembly  of  the 
Church  of  Scotland  convened  by  James  VI.  in  1G18,  en- 
joining certain  episcopal  observances,  such  as  the  observ- 
ance of  feast-days,  kneeling  at  tlie  Lord's  supper,  etc. 
They  were  ratified  by  the  Scotch  Parliament  in  1G21,  and 
became  a  subject  of  bitter  controversy  between  the  king 
and  the  people. — Articles  Of  the  peace,  an  obligation 
to  keep  the  peace  for  a  certain  time,  under  a  penalty,  and 
with  or  without  sureties,  imposed  upon  an  individual 
against  whom  some  one  has  exhibited  a  complaint  that 
there  is  just  cause  to  fear  that  the  party  complained  of 
will  burn  the  complainant's  house  or  do  him  some  bodily 
harm,  or  procure  a  third  person  to  do  it. — Articles  Of 
Schmalkald,  articles  of  Protestant  faith  drawn  up  by 
Luther,  and  submitted  to  a  meeting  of  electors,  princes, 
and  states  at  Schmalkald  (or  Schmalkalden),  Germany, 
in  l.">37,  designed  to  show  how  far  the  Protestants  were 
willing  to  go  in  order  to  avoid  a  rupture  with  Rome. 
— Articles  of  war,  a  code  of  regulations  for  the  govern- 
ment aud  discipline  of  the  army  and  navy.  In  Great 
Britain  they  are  embodied  in  the  Mutiny  Act,  which  is 
passed  every  year.  The  articles  of  war  of  the  United 
States  are  128  in  number ;  anything  relating  to  the  army 
not  comprehended  therein  is  published  in  general  orders 
or  in  established  regulations,  issued  from  time  to  time 
by  the  War  Department,  copies  of  which  are  furnished 
and  read  to  the  troops. —  City  article.  See  city. — In  the 
article  of,  in  the  matter  of ;  as  regards. 

As  he  [T.  L.  K.  Oliphant]  views  matters,  we  have  been 
steadily  going  down  hill,  in  the  article  of  our  mother- 
tongue.  F.  Hall,  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXIX.  321. 
In  the  article  of  death  (Latin,  in  articulo  mortis),  at 
the  moment  of  death ;  in  the  last  struggle  or  agony. 

In  the  article  of  death,  I  give  you  ray  thanks,  and  pray 
for  you.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  82. 

Lords  of  the  Articles.  See  Zorrf.— Marriage  articles. 

See  »»nn-ia;/c.— Memorandum  articles,  see  nwino- 
randum.—Tb.e  Five  Articles  and  the  Five  Points, 

statements  of  the  distinctive  doctrines  of  the  Aiminians 
and  Calvinists  respectively,  the  former  promulgated  in 
IGIO  in  opposition  to  the  restrictive  principles  of  the 
latter,  which  were  sustained  by  the  Synod  of  Dort  in 
1G19,  and  are  the  following:  particular  predestination, 
limited  atonement,  natural  inability,  irresistible  grace, 
and  the  perseverance  of  saints.  Tlie  discussion  of  these 
differences  at  that  time  is  sometimes  called  the  qiiin- 
quarticular  controversy. — The  Lambeth  Articles,  nine 
articles  drawn  up  in  l.^US  at  Lambeth,  England,  intended 
to  embody  the  Calvinistic  doctrine  respecting  predes- 
tination, justification,  etc.  They  were  never  approved  by 
the  church  in  any  regular  synod,  and  tli»refore  pos- 
sess no  ecclesiastical  authority. —  The  Six  Articles, 
sometimes  called  the  "whip  with  six  strings,"  articles 
imposed  by  a  statute  (often  called  the  Bloody  Statute) 
passed  in  1539,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  They  de- 
creed the  acknowledgment  of  transubstantiation,  the 
sufficiency  of  communion  in  one  kind,  the  obligation  of 
vows  of  chastity,  the  propriety  of  private  masses,  celi- 
bacy of  the  clergy,  and  auricular  confession.  Acceptance 
of  these  six  doctrines  was  made  obligatory  on  all  persons 
under  the  severest  penalties.  Tlie  act,  liowever,  was 
relaxed  in  1544,  and  repealed  by  the  Parliament  of  1549. 
—  The  Thirty-nine  Articles,  a  statement  of  the  par- 
ticular points  of  doctrine,  thirty-nine  in  number,  main- 
tained by  the  Chuich  of  England,  first  framed  by  an  ec- 
clesiastical coniinission  in  forty-two  articles  (1552),  and 
revised  and  promulgated  in  thirty-nine  articles  by  a  con- 
vocation held  in  London  in  1562-G3.  With  some  altera- 
tions they  were  adopted  by  the  Church  of  Ireland  in 
1635,  and  by  the  Scottish  Episcopal  Church  in  1804,  and, 
with  certain  modifications,  by  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church  of  the  United  States  in  1801.— The  Twenty-five 
Articles,  the  doctrinal  basis  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  substantially  the  Thirty-nine  Articles  of  the  Church 
of  England,  with  the  omission  of  the  3d,  8tli,  13th,  15th, 
17th,  18th,  20th,  21st,  23d,  26th,  29th,  33d,  34th,  and  37tli. 
They  were  originally  framed  by  John  Wesley,  and,  with 
some  modification,  were  adopted,  substantially  as  now 
held,  in  1784. 

article  (iir'ti-kl),  v. ;  pret.  and  jip.  articled,  ppr. 
articling.  [<  article,  w.]  I,  trans.  1.  To  state 
in  detail ;  particularize;  specify.  [Rare.] 

If  all  his  errors  and  follies  were  articled  against  him. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Living  (ed.  1727),  p.  92. 

2.  To  accuse  or  charge  by  an  exhibition  of 
articles  or  accusations.  [Rare.] 

What  I  have  articled  against  this  fellow 

I  justify  for  truth.    Middleton,  Spanish  Gipsy,  v.  1. 

3.  To  bind  by  articles  of  covenant  or  stipula- 
tion :  as,  to  article  an  apprentice. 

II. t  intrans.  To  agree  by  articles ;  stipulate. 

Came  Sir  John  Kiviet  to  article  with  me  about  his  brick- 
work. Evelyn,  Diary,  Sept.  7,  1667. 

They  have  so  articled  with  us. 

Massinger,  The  City  Madam,  ii.  3. 

Then  he  articled  with  her  that  he  should  go  away  when 
he  pleased.  Selden,  Table-Talk. 

articular  (iir-tik'u-lar),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  articu- 
laris,  pertaining  to  the  joints,  <  articulus,  a 
joint:  see  article.']  I.  a.  1.  Belonging  to  or 
affecting  an  articulation  or  joint ;  entering  into 


the  composition  of  an  artieidation :  as,  the  ar- 
ticular surface  of  a  bone ;  an  articular  cartilage ; 
an  articular  disease. —  2.  In  zooL,  articulate; 
specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Articidata. 
[Rare.] -Articular  bone,  s  ame  as  articidare. — Ar- 
ticular eminence  of  the  temporal  bone,  tlie  cylindri- 
cal elevation  forming  tlie  anterior  root  of  the  zygoma  in 
front  of  the  glenoid  fossa;  the  ]ire^leiioid  process.  — Ar- 
ticular process  of  the  lower  jaw,  the  process  which 
is  capped  by  the  condyle.  Also  called  condyloid  process. 
II.  II.  Same  as  articidare. 
articulare  (iir-'tik-u-la're),  M. ;  pi.  articularia 
(-ri-a).  [NL.,  neut.  of  L.  ar<ici(/«m ;  s&e  articu- 
lar.'] A  bone  of  the  lower  jaw  of  vertebrates 
below  mammals,  by  means  of  which  the  jaw  or 
mandible  articulates  with  its  suspensorium. 
See  cuts  under  acrodont,  Cyclodus,  and  Gal- 
lince. 

articularly  (ar-tik'ii-lar-li),  adv.  1.  In  an  ar- 
ticular manner. —  2.  ^Articulately ;  article  by 
article;  in  detail.  Hidoet. 

articulary  (ar-tik'u-la-ri),  a.  Articular. 

Articulated  by  a  double  articulary  head  with  the  mas- 
toid and  posterior  frontal.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  642. 

Articulata  (ilr-tik-u-la'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  L.  articulatus,  jointed :  see  articulate.]  In 
zooL,  a  name  variously  applied,  (a)  in  Cuvier's 
system  of  classification,  the  third  prime  division  of  the 
animal  kingdom,  including  all  segmented  invertebrates 
in  which  the  body  is  made  up  of  a  series  of  rings  (meta- 
meres),  is  endowed  with  a  ganglionated  nervous  system, 
and  possesses  distinct  respiratory  organs.  It  is  divided 
into  five  classes,  Crustacea,  Arachnida,  Insecta,  Myria- 
poda,  and  Annelides.  This  division  corresponds  to  the 
Annulosa  of  some  zoologists,  but  neither  of  these  terms 
is  now  recognized  by  leading  naturalists.  Cuvier's  first 
four  classes  of  Articulata  are  now  made  the  phylum  Ar- 
tliropoda,  while  his  Annelides  are  referred  to  another  phy- 
lum, Vermes,  (b)  One  of  two  orders  of  Brachiopoda,  some- 
times styled  the  Arthropomata  (which  see),  the  other  order 
being  called  Inarticulata.  It  corresponds  to  the  arthro- 
pomatous  Brachiopoda,  containing  those  brachiopods  in 
which  the  shell  is  hinged,  the  mantle-lobes  are  not  entirely 
free,  and  the  intestine  is  cajcal.  (c)  One  of  two  divisions 
of  cyclostomatous  polyzoans,  containing  the  families  SaM- 
cornariidcK  and  Cellulariidce :  opposed  to  Inarticulata.  (d) 
One  of  two  divisions  of  cyclostomatous  polyzoans,  repre- 
sented by  the  family  Crisiidce.  Also  called  Radicata.  (e) 
One  of  two  divisions  of  crinoids,  the  other  being  Tessel- 
lata. 

articulate  (iir-tik'u-lat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ar- 
ticulated, ppr.  articulating.  [<  L.  articulatus, 
pp.  of  articulare,  divide  into  joints  or  members, 
utter  distinctly,  articulate,  <  artictdus,  a  joint, 
article,  etc. :  see  article.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  joint; 
unite  by  means  of  a  joint :  as,  two  pieces  loose- 
ly articulated  together.    See  articulation,  2. 

Plants  .  .  .  have  many  ways  of  artic-idatiny  their  parts 
with  one  another.  H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  215. 

The  delicate  skeleton  of  admirably  articulated  and  re- 
lated parts  which  underlies  and  sustains  every  true  work 
of  art,  and  keeps  it  from  sinking  on  itself  a  shapeless  heap, 
he  [Carlyle]  would  crush  I'eniorselessly  to  come  at  the  mar- 
row of  meaning.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  123. 

2.  To  utter  articulately;  produce  after  the 
manner  of  human  speech. 

The  dogmatist  knows  not  by  what  art  he  directs  his 
tongue  in  articulating  sounds  into  voices. 

Glanville,  Seep.  Sci. 

3.  To  utter  in  distinct  syllables  or  words. — 4t. 
To  formulate  or  set  forth  in  articles ;  draw  up 
or  state  under  separate  heads. 

These  things,  indeed,  you  have  articulated, 
Proclaim'd  at  market-crosses,  read  in  churches. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  v.  1. 

=  Syn.  2  and  3.  Pronourice,  Enunciate,  etc.  (see  utter); 
speak. 

II.  intrants.  1.  To  form  an  articulation 
(witii) ;  connect  (■with) :  as,  the  ulna  articu- 
lates with  the  humerus. —  2.  To  utter  articulate 
sounds  ;  utter  distinct  syllables  or  words :  as, 
to  articulate  distinctly. 

It  was  the  eager,  inarticulate,  uninstructed  mind  of  the 
whole  Norse  people,  longing  only  to  become  articulate,  to 
go  on  articulating  ever  farther.  Carlyle. 

St.  To  enter  into  negotiations;  treat;  come  to 
or  make  terms. 

Send  us  to  Rome 
The  best,  with  whom  we  may  articulate. 
For  their  own  good,  and  ours.     Shak. ,  Cor. ,  i.  9. 

articulate  (ar-tik'u-lat),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  ar- 
ticulatus, jointed,  distinct  (applied  particularly 
to  utterance),  pp.  of  articulare :  see  articulate, 
v.]  I.  a.  1.  Jointed;  segmented;  articulated: 
as,  an  articulate  limb;  an  articulate  animal. — 
2.  Specifically,  having  the  character  of  the  Ar- 
ticulata.—  3.  Jointed  by  syllabic  division  ;  di- 
vided into  distinct  successive  parts,  like  joints, 
by  the  alternation  of  opener  and  closer  sounds, 
or  the  intervention  of  consonantal  utterances 
(sometimes  also  of  pause  or  hiatus)  between 
vowel  sounds :  said  of  human  speech-utterance, 
as  distinguished  from  other  sounds  made  by 


articulate 

human  organs,  and  from  the  sounds  made  by 

the  lower  animals.  The  terms  articutatc,  articula- 
tion, etc.,  as  applied  tu  human  utterance,  are  not  seldum 
misunderstood  and  wrongly  used  as  if  the  "  jointins  "  in- 
tended were  that  of  the  physical  organs  of  utterance,  a 
narrowing  or  closing  of  the  organs  at  some  point  or  points. 
.Such  action,  however,  belongs  to  all  utterance,  articulate 
or  inarticulate,  whether  of  man  or  of  the  other  auimals. 
See  consonant,  njillable,  voted. 

Hence — 4.  Clear;  distinct. 

La  Fosseuse's  voice  was  naturally  soft  and  low,  yet  'twas 
an  articulate  voice.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  v.  1. 

The  sentiment  of  Right,  once  very  low  and  indistinct, 
but  ever  more  articulate,  because  it  is  the  voice  of  the 
universe,  pronounces  Freedom. 

Emerson,  West  Indian  Emancipation,  p.  17.'). 
5.  Formulated  or  expressed  in  articles,  or  in 
separate  particulars.  [Eare.] 

Total  changes  of  party  and  articulate  opinion.  Carli/le. 

6t.  Consisting  of  tens:  as,  articulate  nnvabevs. 
—Articulate  adjudication.  .See  adjudication. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Articulata. 
.articulately  (ar-tik'u-lat-li),  adv.  1.  In  a  joint- 
ed manner;  by  joints :' as,  parts  of  a  body  ar- 
ticulately united. —  2.  In  an  articulate  manner; 
with  distinct  utterance  of  syllables  or  words. 

Is  it  for  nothing  tlie  wind  sounds  almost  articulately 
sometimes— sings  as  I  have  lately  heard  it  sing  at  night? 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxiv. 

3.  Article  by  article;  in  detail. 

I  had  articulately  set  down  in  writing  our  points. 

Fuller,  Ch.  Hist.,  ix.  116. 
articulateness  (iir-tik'u-lat-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity or  condition  of  being  articulate, 
articulation  (ar-tik-u-la'shon),  n.  [<  L.  articu- 
latio{n-),  a  putting  forth  of  new  joints,  as  a  vine, 
a  disease  of  the  vine  at  the  joints,  lit.  a  joint- 
ing, <  articulare,  joint,  articulate:  see  articu- 
late.'] 1.  The  act  of  articulating,  or  the  state  of 
being  articulated.  («)  The  act  of  putting  to- 
gether so  as  to  form  a  joint  or  joints,  {h)  The 
uttering  of  articulate  sounds. —  2.  In  a  con- 
crete sense:  («)  In  anat.,  a  joint,  as  the  join- 
ing or  juncture  of  bones  or  of  the  movable  seg- 
ments of  an  arthropod.  The  articulations  of  bones 
are  of  three  kinds  :  (1)  Diarthrosis,  or  a  movable  connec- 
tion with  a  synovial  cavity,  including  enarthrosis,  or  the 
ball-and-socket  joint ;  arthrodia,  or  the  gliding  joint ;  gin- 
glymus,  or  the  hinge-joint ;  the  trochoid,  or  the  wheel'-and- 
axle  joint,  otherwise  called  diarthrosis  rotatorius;  and  the 
condyloid,  or  saddle-joint.  (2)  Synarthrosis,  immovable 
coTinection,  including  s\iture,  goniphosis,  and  symphysis 
(see  these  words).  (3)  Amphiarthrosis,  an  articulation  with 
slight  but  not  free  motion,  as  between  the  vertebral  cen- 
tra, (b)  In  hot.:  (1)  A  joint;  a  place  where 
separation  takes  place  spontaneously,  as  at  the 
point  of  attachment  of  a  deciduous  organ,  such 
as  a  leaf  or  the  pedicel  of  a  tlower,  or  easily,  as 
at  the  divisions  of  the  stem  of  the  horsetail.  (2) 
A  node  :  applied  either  to  the  thickened  joint- 
like part  of  the  stem  where  a  leaf  is  placed  or 
to  the  space  between  two  such  points,  (c)  In 
gram.,  an  articulate  sound  or  utterance  ;  espe- 
cially, a  consonant,  as  ordinarily  affecting  and 
marking  syllabic  division. -Acromioclavicular 

articulation.  See  acromioclavicular.^  ArtiCXilSition 
of  a  science,  tlie  system  upon  which  its  parts  are  put  to- 
gether.—Articulation  school  or  class,  a  school  or  class 
in  which  the  deaf  and  dumb  are  taught  to  speak.— Cla- 

vate  articulation.  See  ciavate.—Usnmomc  articu- 
lation.   See  liarmonic. 

articulative  (ar-tik'u-la-tiv),  a.  [<  articulate 
+  -ive.]    Pertaining  or  relating  to  articulation. 

articulator  (ar-tik'a-la-tor),  n.  [<  articulate, 
V.  t,  +  -or.2  1.  One  who  articulates.  («)  One 
who  utters  or  pronounces  words.  (&)  One  who 
articulates  bones  or  mounts  skeletons. —  2.  An 
apparatus  for  obtaining  the  correct  articulation 
■of  artificial  sets  of  teeth. — 3.  A  contrivance 
for  preventing  or  curing  stammering. — 4.  An 
attachment  to  the  telephone,  producing  regu- 
larity of  vibrations  and  smoothness  of  tone. 

•articulatory  (ar-tik'u-la-to-ri),  a.  [<  articu- 
late -I-  -ori/.l  Pertaining  to  the  articulation  of 
speech. 

articulus  (ar-tik'u-lus),  w. ;  pi.  articuli  (-li). 
[L.,  a  joint:  see  article.']  A  joint;  specifically, 
one  of  the  joints  of  the  stem  of  a  crinoid. 

artiert,  n.   An  old  form  of  artery.  Marlowe. 

artifact  (ar'ti-fakt),  n.  and  a.    [<  L.  arlt-)s, 
art,  +  f actus,  made:  see  fact.]    I.  n.  1.  Any- 
thing made  by  art;  an  artificial  product. — 2. 
A  natural  object  modified  by  human  art. 
Also  arte/actum. 

II.  a.  Not  natural,  but  produced  by  manipu- 
lation, as  some  microscopic  feature  in  a  hard- 
ened tissue. 
Also  spelled  artefact.    [Rare  in  all  senses.] 
artifex  (ar'ti-feks),  n.    [L. :  see  artifice.]  An 

artificer.  [Rare.] 
artifice  (ar'ti-fis),  n.    [<  F.  artifice,  skill,  cun- 
ning, <  L.  artificium,  a  craft,  employment,  art, 


327 

cunning  (ef.  artifex  (artific-),  artist,  master  in 
any  occupation),  <  ar(  f-)s,  art,  skill,  -f-  faccrc, 
make.]    If.  The  art  of  making. 

Strabo  afflrmeth  the  Britons  were  so  simple,  that  though 
they  abounded  in  milk,  they  had  not  the  irrtijice  of  cheese. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  p.  312. 

2t.  An  ingenious  or  skilfully  contrived  work. 

The  material  universe,  which  is  the  artifice  of  God,  the 
artifice  of  the  best  mechanist. 

Cud-worth,  Jlorality,  iv.  2,  §  13. 
Morality  is  not  the  artifice  of  ecclesiastics  orpoliticians. 

Bibliotheca  Sacra,  XLIII.  538. 

3.  Skill  in  designing  and  employing  e.vpedi- 
ents ;  artful  contrivance ;  address ;  trickery. 

His  [Congreve's]  plots  are  constructed  without  much  arti- 
fice-  Craih,  Hist.  Eng.  Lit.,  II.  2.'j7. 

4.  A  crafty  device ;  an  ingenious  expedient ; 
trick;  shift;  piece  of  finesse. 

Those  who  were  conscious  of  guilt  employed  numerous 
artifices  for  the  pui-pose  of  averting  iiKjuiry. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxi. 
=  Syn.  Artifice,  Manoeuver,  Stratagem,  Wile,  Trick,  Ruse, 
Finesse,  device,  contrivance,  cunning,  craft,  deception, 
clieat,  fraud,  guile,  imposition,  dodge,  subterfuge,  double- 
dealing.  These  words  generally  imply  a  careful  endeavor 
to  compass  an  end  by  deceiving  others,  not  necessarily, 
however,  with  evil  intent.  They  all  imply  management 
and  address.  An  artifice  is  prepared  with  art  or  care ;  it 
is  craftily  devised.  Manceurer  suggests  something  more 
elaborate  or  intricate,  a  carefully  contrived  movement  or 
course  of  action  for  a  definite  purpose  ;  it  is  the  quiet  or 
secret  marshaling  of  one's  intellectual  or  other  resources 
to  carry  a  point.  Stratagem  is,  like  inanoeuver,  a  figura- 
tive term  drawn  from  war ;  it  is  upon  a  larger  scale  what 
wile  is  upon  a  smaller,  a  device  to  deceive  one  who  is 
the  object  of  an  imagined  warfare,  so  that  we  may  catch 
him  at  a  disadvantage  and  discomfit  him,  or,  more  gener- 
ally, a  carefully  prepared  plan  to  carry  one's  point  with 
another  — to  capture  it  or  him,  so  to  speak.  A  wile  may 
be  peculiarly  coaxing  or  insinuating.  Trick  is  the  lowest 
and  most  dishonorable  of  these  words ;  it  may  be  a  low 
or  underhand  act,  in  violation  of  honor  or  propriety,  for 
'  the  purpose  of  cheating,  or  something  as  bad.  A  ru-ie  is 
a  deception  of  some  elaborateness,  intended  to  cover  one's 
intentions,  help  one  to  escape  from  a  predicament,  etc.; 
it  is  a  plausilile  way  of  bringing  about  what  we  desire 
to  happen,  without  apparent  interference  on  our  part. 
Finesse  is  subtlety  in  action  ;  it  is  a  more  delicate  sort  of 
artifice.    See  artful,  evasion,  anA.  fraud. 

A  favorite  artifice  [with  Venetian  beggars]  is  to  ap- 
proach Charity  with  a  slice  of  polenta  in  one  hand,  and, 
with  the  other  extended,  implore  a  soldo  to  buy  cheese 
to  eat  with  the  polenta.  Howells,  Venetian  Life,  xx. 

Pope  completely  succeeded  [in  startling  the  public]  by 
the  most  subtile  manoeuvres  imaginable. 

/.  D' Israeli,  Quar.  of  Auth.,  II.  100. 
This  gold  must  coin  a  stratagem, 
■Rliich,  cunningly  effected,  will  beget 
A  very  excellent  piece  of  villainy. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  ii.  3. 
AVho  can  describe 
Women's  hypocrisies  !  their  subtle  wiles. 
Betraying  smiles,  feigned  tears,  inconstancies  ! 

Otway,  Orpheus. 
But,  Valentine  being  gone,  I'll  quickly  cross, 
By  some  sly  trick,  blunt  Xhurio's  dull  proceeding. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  ii.  6. 
The  departure  of  the  Mahrattas  was  aruse.  .  .  .  Their 
object  in  leaving  the  Carnatic  was  to  blind  Chunder 
Sahib,  and  in  this  they  fully  succeeded. 

J.  T.  Wheeler,  Short  Hist.  Ind.,  p.  237. 
[Montluc]  was  not  provided  with  the  usual  means  which 
are  considered  most  efficient  in  elections,  nor  possessed  the 
interest  nor  the  splendor  of  his  powerful  competitors  ■  he 
was  to  derive  all  his  resources  from  diplomatic  linesse. 

I.  D' Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit'.,  IV.  261. 

artificer  (ar-tif'i-ser),  n.  [<  ME.  artificer  (cf. 
mod.  F.  artificier,  maker  of  fireworks,  <  ML. 
artificiarius,  artist,  artisan),  <  L.  artificium  : 
see  artifice  and  -crl.]  1.  A  maker;  a  construc- 
tor; a  skilful  or  artistic  worker;  a  handicraft! - 
man;  a  mechanic. 

But  till  some  genius  as  universal  as  Aristotle  shall 
arise,  who  can  penetrate  into  all  arts  and  sciences  without 
the  practice  of  them,  I  shall  think  it  reasonable  that  the 
judgment  of  an  artificer  in  his  own  art  should  be  preferable 
to  the  opinion  of  another  man,  at  least  when  he  is  not 
bribed  by  interest,  or  prejudiced  by  malice. 

Dryden,  Ded.  of  All  for  Love. 
Horrible  ant-heaps,  thick  with  their  artificers. 

Ii.  L.  Stevenson,  The  Dynamiter,  p.  251. 
2.  One  who  contrives  or  devises ;  an  inventor ; 
especially,  an  inventor  of  crafty  or  fraudulent 
artifices:  as,  "artificer  of  fraud,"  Milton,  P.  L., 
iv.  121;  ''artificer  of  Mes,"  Bryden ;  "let  you 
alone,  cunning  artificer,"  B.  Joiison.—3.  Mitit., 
a  soldier-mechanic  attached  to  the  artillery 
and  engineer  service,  whose  duty  it  is  to  con- 
struct and  repair  military  materials. — 4t.  One 
who  uses  artifice ;  an  artful  or  wily  person. 
— Artificers'  knot,  a  knot  consisting  of  two  half-hitches 
that  jam  tight  when  pulled.  See  knot. 
artificial  (ar-ti-fish'al),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  arti- 
ficial, <  L.  artificialis,  of  or  belonging  to  art,  < 
artificium,  art,  skill,  theory,  system,  etc. :  see 
artifice.]  I,  a.  If.  Of  or  pertaining  to  art ;  in 
accordance  with  the  rules  of  art ;  technical. — 
2.  Contrived  ynfh  skill  or  art ;  artistically  done 
or  represented ;  elaborate. 


artificially 

It  [a  picture]  tutors  nature  :  artificial  Btrife 
Lives  in  the.se  touches,  livelier  than  life. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  i.  1. 
Some  birds  bui'ld  highly  artificial  nests.  Coues. 

3.  Made  or  contrived  by  art,  or  by  human 
skill  and  labor:  opposed  to  natural:  a.s,  arti- 
ficial heat  or  liglit ;  an  artificial  magnet. 

That  is  the  iiattcrn  of  his  father's  glory : 
Dwell  but  amongst  us,  industry  slniU  strive 
To  make  another  artificial  nature, 
And  change  all  other  seasons  into  ours. 

Dekker  and  Ford,  Sun's  Darling,  iv.  1. 
All  artificial  sources  of  light  depend  upon  the  develop- 
ment of  light  during  incandescence.    Lomniel,  Light,  p.  2. 

4.  Made  in  imitation  of  or  as  a  substitute  for 
that  which  is  natural  or  real :  as,  artificial  pearls 
or  diamonds;  artificial  flowers. —  5.  Feigned; 
fictitious  ;  as.sumed;  affected;  constrained;  not 
genuine  or  natural :  said  of  things. 

I  can  .  .  . 

Wet  my  cheeks  with  artificial  tears, 
And  frame  my  face  to  all  occasions. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  A'l.,  iii.  2. 
O  let  them  (the  Ihinets]  ne'er  with  artificial  note, 
To  please  a  tyrant,  strain  the  little  Ijill, 
But  sing  what  Heaven  inspires,  and  wander  where  they  will. 

Seattle. 

The  whole  artificial  dialect  of  Ijookshas  come  into  play- 
as  the  dialect  of  ordinary  life.  De  Quincey,  Style,  i. 

6.  Full  of  affectation;  not  natural :  said  of  per- 
sons. 

Cities  force  growth,  and  make  men  talkative  and  enter- 
tainmg,  but  they  make  them  artificial.  Emerson,  Farming. 

7t.  Artful;  subtle;  crafty;  ingenious. 

We,  Hermia,  like  two  artificial  gods. 
Have,  with  our  needles,  created  Ijoth  one  flower. 

Shak.,  JI.  X.  D.,  iii.  2. 
Artificial  argument,  in  rhet.,  an  argument  invented  by 
the  speaker,  in  distinction  from  laws,  authorities,  etc., 
which  are  called  inartificial  arguments  or  proofs.— Arti- 
ficial caoutchouc.  See  caoutchouc.  —  Artificial  cinna- 
bar. See  cKUia'w)-.— Artificial  classification,  i  n  nat. 

hist.,  a  method  of  arrangement  by  a  few  prominent  points 
of  resemblance  or  difference,  without  reference  to  natu- 
ral  attinities,  the  chief  object  lieing  convenience  and 
facility  of  determination.— Artificial  day.  See  day.— 
Artificial  gems,  imitations  of  gems,  made  of  a  kind  of 
glass  called  paste  or  strass,  mixed  with  metallic  oxids 
capaljle  of  producing  the  desired  color.— Artificial  har- 
mony. See  Aar(no;i.!/.— Artificial  horizon.  See  tiori- 
zoH.— Artificial  light,  any  light  except  what  proceeds 
from  the  heavenly  bodies.— Artificial  lines,  on  a  sector 
or  scale,  lines  so  contrived  as  to  represent  the  logarith- 
mic sines  and  tangents,  which,  by  the  help  of  the  line  of 
numbers,  solve  with  tolerable  exactness  questions  in 
trigonometry,  navigation,  etc.— Artificial  marble.  See 

?,iO)-;);c.— Artificial  meerschaum.  See  (»(>-'»•«-/( «?(»!. — 

Artificial  mineral,  a  mineral  made  in  the  laboratory,  not 
by  processes  of  nature  alone.— Artificial  mother.  See 
ftrarji/e/-.— Artificial  numbers,  logarithms.- Artificial 
person.  See  jt/ersod.- Artificial  printing,  a  method 
of  prmting  from  an  etched  plate  in  which  the  print  owes 
more  or  less  of  its  tone  to  the  way  in  which  the  ink  has 
been  spread  over  the  plate,  whether  by  playing  over  the 
surface  with  a  soft  muslin  rag  rolled  together,  by  tinting 
with  a  stiff  rag,  or  by  wiping  with  the  rag  only.  In  arti- 
ficial printing  difference  of  tone  is  also  obtained  by  in- 
creasing or  diminishing  the  pressure,  and  by  variety  of 
texture  in  the  muslin  rags  used.  Also  called  artistic  print- 
ing.— Alti&cied  Sines,  tangents,  etc.,  the  logarithms  of 
the  natural  snies,  tangents,  etc.  =Syn.  3.  JIanufactured. 
—  4  and  5.  Sham,  pretended,  spurious.— 4-6.  Unnatural, 
etc.  See  .factitious. 

II.  n.  1.  A  production  of  art.  Sir  W.  Petty. 
[Rare.] — Sf.  .Aji  artificer ;  an  artisan. 

No,  sit,  ye  are  deceived,  I  am  no  peasant ;  I  am  Bunch 
the  botcher  :  peasants  be  ploughmen  ;  I  am  an  artificial 
Wehste,r  (?),  Weakest  Goeth  to  the  Wall,  iii.  5. 

artificiality  (ar-ti-fish-i-al'i-ti),  n.;  pi.  artifi- 
cialities (-tiz).  [<  artificial  +  -ity.]  1.  The 
quality  of  being  artificial;  appearance  of  art; 
insincerity. 

It  is  a  curious  commentary  on  the  artificiality  of  our 
lives,  that  men  must  be  disguised  and  masked  before  they 
will  venture  into  the  obscure  corners  of  their  individu- 
ality, and  display  the  true  features  of  their  nature. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  55. 
2.  That  which  is  artificial ;  an  artificial  thing 
or  characteristic, 
artificialize  (ar-ti-fish'al-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
artificialized,  ppr.  artificializiiig.  [<  artificial 
+  -ize.]  To  render  artificial.  [Rare.] 
It  has  artificialized  large  portions  of  mankind. 

J.  S.  Mill,  Pol.  Econ.,  ii.  12. 

artificially  (iir-ti-flsh'al-i),  fffZr.  1.  In  an  arti- 
ficial manner  ;  by  art  or  human  skiU  and  con- 
trivance. 

The  entire  spot,  church,  mansion,  cottages,  and  people, 
form  a  piece  of  ancient  England  artificially  preserved 
from  the  intrusion  of  modern  ways. 

Fronde,  Sketches,  p.  233. 
2t.  With  good  contrivance  ;  with  skill  or  inge- 
nuity. 

A  glove  of  stately  trees,  amongst  which  are  sheepe, 
shepherds  and  wild  beasts,  cut  very  artificially  in  a  grey 
stone.  Evelyn,  Diarj-,  Oct.  17,  1&44. 

The  spider's  web,  finely  and  artificially  wrought. 

Tillotson,  Sermons,  I.  xv. 


artificially 


328 


artless 


3.  Artfully;  craftily.  [Rare.] 

There  was  not,  perhaps,  in  all  England  a  person  who 
understood  more  artijicialty  to  disguise  her  passions  than 
the  late  queen.         '  Swi/t,  Change  in  Queen's  Ministry. 

artificialness  (iir-ti-flsh'al-nes),  «.  The  quality 
of  being  avtilieial. 

artificioust  (iir-ti-fish'iis).  a.  [<  F.  artijicicux,  < 
L.  (irtificiosus,  made  with  art,  artiiieial,  <  arti- 
ficiiim,  art,  etc.:  see  artifice.']  Same  as  arti- 
ficial. 

artilizet  (ar'ti-liz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  artilized, 
ppr.  artili-inff.  [<  OF.  artiiiliser,  make  artifieial 
(Cotgrave),  as  if  <  *artiul,  adj.,  <  art  +  -ial : 
see  art,  -al,  -i;e,  and  cf.  natur-al-ize.  Cf.  also 
OF.  artiller,  fortify,  equip,  also  prepare  or  do 
with  art:  see  artiUcr.']  To  give  an  appearance 
of  art  to;  render  artitieial.  [Rare.] 

If  I  was  a  philosopher,  says  Montaigne,  I  would  natural- 
ize art,  instead  of  artilizintj  nature.  The  expression  is 
odd,  but  the  sense  is  good.  Bolinijbroke,  To  Pope. 

artillert,  [ME.,  also  artellcr,  <  OF.  artiUer, 
artiUier,  a rteiller  {also  articulier,  after  the  ML.) 
=  Sp.  artillero  =  Pg.  artitliciro  -  It.  artigliere 
(ML.  reflex  artiUirus,  etc.),  <  ML.  *articulari- 
tis  (cf.  OF.  artiller,  artillier,  fortify,  equip,  pro- 
vide with  artillery,  also  prepare  or  do  with  art, 
=  Sp.  artiUar  =  Pg.  artiUiar  --  It.  artigliare, 
provide  with  artillery,  <  ML.  *articulare),  < 
ML.  articula,  art,  articulum,  art,  artitiee,  sldll, 
dim.  of  L.  ar{t-)s,  art.  Cf.  engine  and  gin'^,  ult. 
<  L.  ingenium,  genius,  skill.  The  word  has 
also  been  refeiTed  to  L.  articulus  (>  OF.  arteil, 
artoil),  a  joint,  dim.  of  L.  artus,  a  joint,  which 
is  closely  related.]  A  maker  of  implements  of 
war.  especially,  a  bowyer. 

artillerist  (ar-til'e-rist),  n.    [<  artillery  +  -ist.'] 

1.  A  person  skilled  in  designing  and  construct- 
ing artillery. 

Our  artillerists  have  paid  more  attention  ...  to  the  de- 
structive properties  ...  of  cannon  than  to  .  .  .  range. 

K  A.  Proctor,  Light  Science,  p.  256. 

2.  One  skilled  in  the  use  of  artillery;  a  gun- 
ner ;  an  artilleryman. 

artillery  (ar-til'e-ri),  M.  [<  ME.  artylerye,  ar- 
tylrie,  artilrie,  drtelrie,  etc.,  <  OF.  artillerie, 
arteillerie  =  Pr.  artillieria  =  Sp.  artilleria  =  Pg. 
artilharia  =  It.  artiglieria  (ML.  reflex  artilla- 
ria,  artilleria),  <  ML.  as  if  *articnlaria,  fern,  ab- 
stract to  *articularius :  see  artiller  and  -ery.'] 
If.  Implements  of  war :  in  this  sense  formerly 
with  a  plural. 

With  toures  suche  as  have  castiles  and  other  nianer  edi- 
fices, and  aiinure,  and  artilries. 

Chaucer,  Tale  of  Melibeus. 
In  particular — 2t.  Engines  for  discharging  mis- 
siles, as  catapults,  bows,  crossbows,  slings,  etc. 

And  Jonathan  gave  his  artillery  unto  his  lad,  and  said 
unto  him.  Go,  carry  them  to  the  city.  1  Sam.  xx.  40. 

The  Parthians,  having  all  their  hope  in  artillery,  over- 
came the  Romans  of  tener  than  the  Romans  them.  A  schani. 

3.  In  modern  use,  properly,  all  firearms  dis- 
charged from  carriages,  in  contradistinction  to 
small  arms,  which  are  discharged  from  the 
hand ;  cannon ;  ordnance.  Guns,  howitzers,  and 
mortars  are  the  three  kinds  of  artillery  employed  in  the 
land  service  of  the  United  States.  They  are  classified  as 
light  and  heavy  artillery,  according  to  their  character,  and 
as  field,  siege,  and  sea-coast  artillery,  according  to  their 
principal  use.  See  phrases  below. 

Hence — 4.  The  particular  troops  employed  in 
the  service  of  such  firearms. —  5.  The  science 
which  treats  of  the  use  and  management  of  ord- 
nance—  Artillery  fire.    See  yicc— Field-artillery. 

Same  as  liglit  artiUery,  but  often  used  specifically  for  foot- 
artillery,  the  heaviest  class  of  field-artillery.— Flying  ar- 
tillery, artillery  designed  for  very  rapid  evolutions,  the 
gunners  being  either  all  mounted  or  accustomed  to  ride  up- 
on the  annnnnitiou-chests  when  the  pieces  are  to  be  dragged 
from  one  part  of  the  field  to  another. —  Foot-artlllery, 
field-artillery  which  is  served  by  artillerymen  on  foot,  as 
distinguished  from  horse-artillery.  It  is  used  in  connec- 
tion with  infantry.— Heavy  artillerj^,  all  artillery  not 
formed  into  batteries  or  equipped  for  field  evolutions ;  it 
is  divided  into  siege  and  si-a-coast  artillery. — Horse-ar- 
tlllery,  light  field-  or  machine-guns,  of  which  the  can- 
noneers in  nianceuvering  or  marching  are  mounted  on 
horseback.  It  generally  accompanies  cavalry. — Light 
artillery,  artillery  for  service  in  the  field.  It  is  organized 
into  batteries,  and  is  armed  with  guns  of  different  cali- 
bers according  to  its  special  function,  and  with  machine- 
guns,  and  includes  flying  artillery,  foot-  or  field-artillery, 
horse-artillery,  and  mountain-artillery.  Also  called  yieM- 
«rt«ie)!/.— Mountain-artillery,  light  artillery  of  small 
caliber,  used  in  mountain  warfare,  and  mounted  either  on 
light  carriages  or  on  pack-animals  for  transportation. — 

Park  of  artillery.  See  park—  Royal  regiment  of  ar- 
tillery, a  collective  name  for  the  whole  of  the  artillery 
belonging  to  the  BritisJS  army.  This  force  is  divided  into 
a  number  of  brigades,  wliich  in  respect  of  size  would  cor- 
respond with  the  regiments  into  which  the  other  forces 
are  divided. —  Sea-Coast  artillery,  artillery  consisting  of 
guns  of  the  heaviest  caliber,  used  for  the  armament  of  per- 
manent works,  chiefly  on  the  sea-coast.  Their  carriages  do 
not  subserve  the  purpose  of  transportation.  Four  distinct 
systems  of  mounting  are  used  with  such  artillery,  name- 
ly, the  siege-,  the  casemate-,  the  barbette-,  and  the  mortar- 


carriage.— ^iQ^Q-axM-Mevy,  artillery  used  in  attacking 
fortified  places,  and,  when  it  accomjjanies  armies  in  their 
operaticms  in  war,  mounted  on  carriages  for  transporta- 
tion ;  when  employed  in  the  defense  of  field-works  it  is 
sometimes  called  ga  rrisn  n  -n  rtillcry.  —  Train  Of  artillery, 
a  number  of  pieces  of  ordnance,  mounted  on  carriages, 
with  all  their  furniture,  and  ready  for  nuirching. 

artillery-carriage  (ar-tire-ri-kar*aj),  n.  See 

gun-carri(t<jf. 

artillery-level  (ar-tire-ri-lev'''el),  n.  An  in- 
strunient  for  indicating  the  angle  of  elevation 
which  it  is  desired  to  give  to  a  piece  of  artillery 
m  aiming,  it  is  made  to  stand  on  the  piece,  and 
marks,  by  means  of  a  pendulous  pointer,  the  angle  made 
by  the  axis  of  the  piece  with  the  horizon. 

artilleryman  (ar-til'e-ri-man),  n. ;  pi.  artillery- 
men (-men).  [<  artillery  +  man.]  One  who 
serves  a  piece  of  artillery  or  cannon ;  a  soldier 
in  the  artillery  corps. 

artillery-plant  (ar-til'e-ri-plant),  n.  A  name 
given  to  some  cultivated  species  of  Pilea,  as  P. 
serpyllifolia  and  F.  miiscosa,  natives  of  tropi- 
cal America.  The  name  has  allusion  to  the  forcible 
discharge  of  the  pollen  from  the  anthers  by  the  sudden 
straightening  of  the  elastic  filaments. 

artimorantico  (ar-ti-m6r-an-te'k6),?i.  An  alloy 
imitating  old  gold,  composed  of  tin,  bismuth, 
sulphur,  and  copper. 

artiodactyl,  artiodactyle  (ar'^ti-o-dak'til),  a. 

and  n.  [<  NL.  artiodactylus,  <  Gr.  apnoc;,  even  in 
number,  complete,  perfect,  exact  (<  apn,  just, 
exactly,  just  now,  <  *ap,  join,  fit,  redupl. 
Y>V6S.  apaploKeiv:  see  arf3,  arm",  etc.),  4-  ddKTvXog, 
a  finger,  toe:  see  dactyl.]  I,  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Artiodactyla ;  cloven-footed;  even- 
toed.    Also  artiodactylous. 

II,  n.  One  of  the  Artiodactyla. 
Artiodactyla  (ar"ti-o-dak'ti-la),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
ueut. -pi.  ot  artiodactylus :  see  artiodactyl.]  An 
order  or  a  suborder  of  ungulate  or  hoofed  mam- 
mals which  are  cloven-footed  or  even-toed  and 
have  hoofs  in  pairs  (either  two  or  four),  as  all 
ruminants  (Bovidce,  Cervidm,  etc.)  and  hog-like 
ungulates  {Hippopotamidce,  Suidw,  etc.):  op- 
posed to  odd-toed  ungulates  or  Perissodactyla, 
as  the  horse,  rhinoceros,  tapir,  etc.  The  charac- 
ter indicated  in  the  name  is  only  one  expression  of  a  wide 
diflference  which  exists  between  all  the  living  ungulates  of 
the  two  series  named,  though  various  extinct  forms  go  far 
toward  bridging  over  the  gap  between  them.  The  func- 
tional digits  of  the  Artiodactyla  are  the  third  and  fourth 
of  the  typical  pentadactyl  foot,  forming  the  pair  of  large 
true  hoofs,  in  addition  to  which  there  may  be  present  a 
pair  (second  and  fifth)  of  smaller  hoofed  digits,  the  false 
hoofs.  The  metacarpals  and  metatarsals  are  coirespond- 
ingly  modified,  in  typical  cases  by  the  reduction  of  the  lat- 
eral ones  (second  and  fifth)  and  the  ankylosis  of  the  en- 
larged third  and  fourth  into  a  stout  single  canon-bone. 


Artiodactyl  Feet. 
y1  ,Ya\i  [Bos  grunniens).  B,  Moos&  {Alces  matchis).  C,  Peccary 
{Dicotyles  torqitatus).  Left  fore  foot  of  each,  s,  scaphoid;  /,  lu- 
nar ;  c,  cuneiform :  t,  trapezoid  :  m,  magnum  ;  it,  unciform  ; 
pisiform  ;  //,  ///,  II',  V.  second,  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  digits ;  i, 
proximal  phalanx:  2,  median  phalanx;  3,  ultimate  phalanx.  The 
fifth  digit  of  moose  is  moved  outward  to  show  its  length.  In  Bos  and 
Alces  metacarpals  ///  and  IV  are  fused  in  a  single  canon-bone. 

There  are  also  modifications  of  the  carpal  and  tarsal  bones. 
The  femur  has  a  third  trochanter.  The  dorsolumbar  ver- 
tebrie  are,  in  general,  19 :  dorsal  12-15,  lumbar  7-4.  The 
premaxillary  bones  are  more  or  less  flattened  toward  their 
ends,  and  in  the  ruminants  bear  no  teeth.  The  stomach 
is  more  or  less  subdivided  and  complex.  This  gi-onp  in- 
cludes all  the  ungulate  (not  the  solidungulate,  however) 
animals  domesticated  from  time  immemorial,  as  the  rumi- 
nants and  the  pigs,  all  the  wild  ruminants,  as  the  deer  and 
antelopes,  and  the  peccaries  and  hippopotamuses. 

artiodactyle,  «•  and  n.    See  artiodactyl. 

artiodactylous  (ar"ti-o-dak'ti-lus),  a.  [As  ar- 
tiodactyl 4-  -ous.]    Same  as  artiodactyl. 

artisan  (ar'ti-zan,  in  England  often  ar-ti-zan'), 
n.  [Also  artizan;  <.  F.  artisan,  earlier  artisie7i, 
artist,  =  Sp.  artesano  =  Pg.  artesao  =  It.  arti- 
giano  (ML.  reflex  artesanus),  <  ML.  *art,itianus, 
<  L.  artitus,  skilled,  pp.  of  artire,  instruct  in 
arts,  <  ar{t-)s,  art,  skill:  see  arf^.]    1.  One 


skilled  in  any  art,  jnystery,  or  trade ;  a  handi- 
craftsman ;  a  mechanic. 

The  painter  who  is  content  with  the  praise  of  the  world 
in  respect  to  what  does  not  satisfy  himself,  is  not  an  artist, 
but  an  (trfisdji.  Allston. 

The  soldier  was  on  a  sudden  converted  into  an  artisan, 
and,  instead  of  war,  the  camp  echoed  with  the  sounds  of 
peaceful  labor.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  1. 15. 

2f.  One  skilled  in  a  fine  art ;  an  artist. 

Best  and  happiest  artiian. 

Best  of  painters.  Guardian. 

artist  (iir'tist),  n.    [<  F.  artiste  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  ar- 

tista,  <  ML.  artista,  <  L.  ar(t-)s,  art:  see  art'^  and 
-ist.]    If.  A  person  of  especial  skill  or  ability 
in  any  field;  one  who  is  highly  accomplished; 
especially,  one  versed  in  the  liberal  arts. 
The  wise  and  fool,  the  artist  and  miread. 

Sliak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  3. 
Some  will  make  me  the  pattern  of  ignorance  for  mak- 
ing this  Scaliger  [Julius  Csesar)  the  pattern  of  the  general 
artist,  whose  own  son  Joseph  might  have  been  his  father 
in  many  arts.  Fuller. 

2.  One  skilled  in  a  trade ;  one  who  is  master 
of  a  manual  art ;  a  good  workman  in  any  trade  ; 
as,  a  tonsorial  artist.  [Obsolete,  colloquial,  or- 
vulgar.] 

Wlien  I  made  this  an  artist  undertook  to  imitate  it,  but- 
using  another  way,  fell  much  short.  Newton. 

"  You  shall  have  no  cause  to  rue  the  delay,"  said  th& 
smith,  "  for  yonr  horse  shall  be  better  fed  in  the  mean- 
time than  he  hath  been  this  morning,  and  made  fitter  for 
travel."  With  that  the  artist  left  the  vault,  and  returned' 
after  a  few  minutes  interval.        Scott,  Kenilworth,  I.  ix. 

3.  One  who  practises  any  one,  or  any  branch, 
of  the  fine  arts ;  specifically,  a  painter  or  a^. 
sculptor. 

Miss  Sharp's  father  was  an  artist,  and  in  that  quality  hadi 
given  lessons  of  drawing  in  Miss  P.  s  school. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  I.  ii. 
Love,  unperceived, 
A  more  ideal  artist  he  than  all. 
Came,  drew  your  pencil  from  you. 

Tennyson,  Gardener's  Daughter. 

4.  A  member  of  one  of  the  histrionic  profes- 
sions, as  an  actor,  a  tenor,  or  a  dancer. —  5.  In 
universities,  a  student  in  the  faculty  of  arts. 

—  6t.  One  who  practises  artifice;  a  trickster, 
artiste  (ar-tesf),  «.  [F.,  an  artist :  see  «rfe<.}> 

One  who  is  peculiarly  dexterous  or  skilful  in 
the  practice  of  some  art  not  one  of  the  fine^ 
arts;  one  who  makes  an  art  of  his  employ- 
ment, as  a  dancer,  a  hair-dresser,  or  a  cook : 
same  as  artist,  2  and  4. 
artistic  (iir-tis'tik),  a.  [<  F.  artistiquc,  <  artiste  : 
see  artist  and  -ic]  Pertaining  to  art  in  any 
sense,  or  to  artists  ;  characterized  by  or  in  con- 
formity with  art  or  with  an  art ;  displaying  per- 
fection of  design  or  conception  and  execution  ; 
specifically,  pertaining  to  or  characterized  by 
art  in  the  esthetic  sense ;  pertaining  to  one  of 
the  fine  arts. 

To  be  artistic,  that  is,  to  excite  the  feeling  of  beauty 
effectually,  the  notes  [of  a  song]  must  not  be  all  forte  or- 
all  piano  ;  and  the  execution  is  the  finer  the  more  numer- 
ous the  gradations — supjjosing  these  are  such  as  to  satisfy 
other  requirements.  H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  537. 
Artistic  printing,  in  etching,  same  as  artificial  print- 
ing (which  see,  under  a/rtificia'l). 

artistical  (ar-tis'ti-kal),  a.  1 .  Same  as  artistic, 

—  2t.  Produced  by  ait ;  artificial, 
artistically  (ar-tis'ti-kal-i),  adv.    In  an  artistic- 
manner. 

artist-like  (iir'tist-lik),  a.  1.  Befitting  an  ar- 
tist.—  2.  Executed  in  the  manner  of  an  artist;, 
conformable  to  the  rules  of  art. 

To  this  day,  though  we  have  more  finished  drawings,  we- 
have  no  designs  that  are  more  artist-like. 

Whewell,  Hist.  Induct.  Sciences,  xvii.  2. 

artistry  (ar'tis-tri),  n.  [<  artist  +  -ry :  see  -ery.'i' 

1.  Artistic  pursuits  collectively.  Browning.-— 

2.  Artistic  workmanship  or  effect;  artistic' 
quality. 

The  scene  overbowered  by  these  heavenly  frescoes,, 
moldering  there  in  their  airy  artistry .' 

H.  James,  Jr. ,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  203. 

Artium  Baccalaureus  (ar'ti-um  bak-a-la're- 

us).  [ML.,NL.]  Bachelor  of  Arts.  See  bachelor. 
Artium  Magister  (iir'ti-um  ma-jis'ter).  [ML.,. 

NL.]    Master  of  Arts.    See  master. 
artizet  (ar'tiz),  v.  [<  art^  +  -ize.]  I.  trans.  To- 

form  by  art. 

II.  intrans.  To  live  by  or  exercise  an  art. 

Florio. 

artless  (art'les),  a.  [<  art"^  +  -less.]  1.  Un- 
skilful ;  wanting  art,  knowledge,  or  skill. 

The  high-shoed  plowman,  should  he  quit  the  land  

Artless  of  stars,  and  of  the  moving  sand. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Persius,  Satires,  v.  149. 

In  early  times  very  little  that  resembles  modern  joinery- 
was  known  ;  every  part  was  rude,  and  joined  in  the  most. 
artless  manner.  FiKyc.  Brit.,  IV.  485, 


artless 


329 


2.  Without  knowledge  of  art 
fine  arts.  [Eare.] 

And  as  for  Jfr.  Ruskin's  world  of  art  being  a  place 
where  he  may  take  life  easily,  woe  to  the  luckless  mortal 
who  enters  it  with  any  such  disposition.  .  .  .  The  poor 
wanderer  soon  begins  to  look  back  with  infinite  longing 
to  the  lost  paradise  of  the  artless. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Portraits  of  Places,  p.  68. 

3.  Showing  no  artistic  skill ;  inartistic ;  rude. 
[Rare.]- 


ary 


;  Ignorant  of  the  art-union  (art'u-nyon),  n.  An  association  or  arvali,  arvel  (ilr'val,  -vel),  n 
society  the  object  of  which  is  to  cultivate  art,  only  dial.,  also  arvil'knCL  avcrilt, 
to  aid  in  extending  the  knowledge  of  and  love  "  ' 

for  the  arts  of  design,  or  to  give  encouragement 

and  aid  to  artists.    Tlie  method  employed  by  associa- 
tions called  art-unions  has  been  usually  the  distril>utiiin 
of  works  of  ai  t  by  lot  among  subscribers  to  their  funds, 
this  distribution  being  the  chief  inducement  for  subscrip- 
tion.   Sucli  art-unions  were  at  one  time  numerous  in  the 
United  States,  but  they  were  generally  declared  by  tlie 
HBrt  it  Wn  a  T^vo,.t,v.o  of  tho  «„^„„=  *      t       .u        courts  to  be  of  the  nature  of  lotteries,  and  therefore  illegal. 
una  It  been  a  piactice  of  the  Saxons  to  set  up  these  ni-fnc  l'nr'tno^    n  •  t^I    n,-f„o     rr      „  „ 
assemblages  of  fflrttes  and  massy  pillars,  more  specimens  ^""S  (.ar  tus),  ??. ,  pi.  COtus.     [L.,  a  joint,  a 
would  have  remained.     T.  Il'arton,  Hist,  of  Kiddington.    i™o:  see  article.]  In  ««ai.,  a  limb;  a  member; 
4.  Free  from  guile,  craft,  or  stratagem ;  simple ;  abdominalis,  artus  pelvl 


and  a.  [Now 
formerly  arvall, 

arcell,  <  ME.  arvell  (cf.  equiv.  W.  arivyl,  appar. 
adapted  from  the  E.),  appar.<  leel.  crfidl=Oiiw. 
a;  tv>7zzzDan.  arrcol,  a  wake,  a  funeral  feast  (cf. 
leel.  erfi  and  erj'dha-iildr,  the  same),  <  Icel.  arfr 
(=  Sw.  arf=  Dan.  arv  =  AS.  crfc,  yrj'e),  inheri- 
tance, +  o7,  an  ale,  a  feast:  see  ale,  and  cf. 
bridal,']    I.  «.  A  funeral  feast ;  awake. 

II.  a.  Connected  with  or  relating  to  funeral 
celebrations. 


smcere;  unaffected;  uudesigning;  uusophisti- 
cated :  as,  an  artless  mind. 
The  little  artless  Rosey  warbled  on  her  pretty  ditties. 

Thackeray,  The  Newcomes,  II.  58. 
=Syn.  4.  Guileless,  open,  candid,  frank,  natural,  unaf- 
fected, ingenuous,  simple-minded,  naive,  honest, 
artlessly  (art'les-li),  adv.    In  an  artless  man- 
ner, (a)  Without  art  or  skill.  [Rare.]  With- 
out guile ;  naturally ;  sincerely ;  unaffectedly. 
Some  buds  she  arranged  with  a  vast  deal  of  care, 
To  look  as  if  artlessly  twined  in  her  liair. 

Lowell,  Fable  for  Critics, 
artlessness  (art'les-nes),  n.     The  quality  of 
being  artless ;  simplicity  ;  sincerity  ;  unaffect- 
edness. 

artlyt  (art'H),  a.    [<  art^  +  Artistic; 
skilful;  artful.  [Rare.] 
Their  artly  and  pleasing  relation. 

Chapman,  Odyssey,  ix.  212. 
artocarpad  (ar-to-kar'pad),  n.  A  member  of 
the  tribe  Artocar'pece.  Lindley. 
Artocarpeae  (ar-to-kar'pf-e),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ar- 
tocarpus,  q.  v.]  A  tribe  of  trees  or  shrubs 
under  the  natural  order  Urticacece,  but  by  some 
botanists  retained  as  a  distinct  order,  charac- 
terized generally  by  a  milky  juice,  smaU  uni- 
sexual flowers  numerous  upon  a  fleshy  recep- 
tacle, erect  anthers,  and  pendulous  ovules. 


CUS,  axtUS  posticus,  the  abdomiiiid,  pelvic,  or  hind  limb, 

—Artus  anticus,  artus  pectoraUs,  the  fore  limb,  or 

pectoral  limlj. 

art-wormf,  n.  [As  art{er)  +  icorm.']  Same  as 
arter. 

Arum  (a'nnn),  n.  [L.,  also  aron,  <  Gr.  apov, 
the  wake-robin.]  1.  A  genus  of  plants,  natural 
order  Aracece,  na- 
tives of  Europe 
and  of  regions 
bordering  on  the 
Mediterranean. 
The  only  British  spe- 
cies is  A.  maculatum 
(wake-robin,  cuckoo- 
pint,   or  lords-and 


known  as  Portland 
sago  or  arrowroot. 
See  also  cut  under 
Aracece. 

2.  [l.  c]  A  name 
given  in  the 
United  States  to 
plants  belonging 
to  the  order  Aracece,  but  not  to  the  genus 
Arum  (although  some  of  them  were  formerly  so 
classed),  as  the  an-ow-arum  (Peltandra  Virgini- 
ca),  the  dragon-arum  (Ariswma  Dracontium), 
and  the  water-arum  (Calla  palustris) 


The  marriage  and  arval  gatherings  after  the  summer. 

Eneyc.  Brit.,  XII.  020. 

arval^  (ar'val),  a.  [<  L.  arvalis,  <  arvum,  a  field, 
prop.  neut.  of  arvus,  that  has  been  plowed,  < 
arare,  plow:  see  arable.]  Pertaining  or  relat- 
ing to  arable  or  plowed  land — Arval  Brethren  or 

Brothers  (Latin,  Fratres  Armies),  a  college  nominally  of 
twelve  priests  in  ancient  Rome,  who  ottered  sacrillccs, 
with  a  fixed  ceremonial,  to  tlie  rural  goddess  l)ia.  Tlic 
lists  of  them  never  give  more  than  nine  names,  imt  the 
college  was  supposed  to  have  been  instituted  by  Romulus 
witli  twelve  members,  consisting  of  himself  and  his  eleven 
foster-brothers,  sons  of  his  nurse  Acca  Laurentia.  One  of 
their  principal  duties  was  the  annual  performance  of  the 
public  ambarvalia  on  the  borders  of  the  country,  at  tlie 
same  time  with  the  private  ones.  See  ambarvalia.  The 
college  existed  till  about  a.  D.  400. 

^1  arvel,  n.  and  a.    See  arval^. 
ladies),  the  root  of  Arvicola  (ar-vik'o-la),  n.    [XIj.,  <  L.  arvum,  a 
which  yields  a  starch    field,  arable  land  (see  arval^),  +  colere,  inhabit.] 
The  central  and  typical  genus  of  the  subfam- 
ily Arvicolincc,  containing  the  great  bulk  of  the 
species  which  have  perennial  prismatic  molars. 


Wake-robin  {Arum  maculatum ). 


There  are  about  2o  genera,  includmg  the  fig  (f!c«^),  the  Arundelian  Car-iin-rlp'lvani   n     Pprfainino-  +^ 
cow-tree  (B,-06»»«m),  the  upas  (^n^iam),  the  india-rubber  "T^^   i   ^  a   (.ar-un-ae  1\  an  j,  a     ±^ertaming  to 
•  ' -     -         -  an  Earl  of  Arundel,  particularly  to  Thomas  How- 

ard, Earl  of  Arundel  and  of  Norfolk  (1592-1646). 
Arundelian  or  Arundel  marbles.  See  marble. 


tree  of  Central  America  (Castilloa),  and  the  breadfruit 
(Artocarptis).  The  tribe  is  mostly  tropical,  and  is  repre- 
sented in  the  United  States  only  by  a  few  species  of  Ficus 
in  southern  Florida. 


arundiferous  (ar-un-dife-nis),  a.  [<  L.  armi- 
difer,  harundifer,  cane-bearing,  <  liarundo,  reed, 
cane,  +ferre  =  E.  bear^.]  I^oducing  reeds  or 
canes. 

arundinaceous  (a-run-di-na'shius),  a.  [<  L. 
arundinaceus,  harundinaceus,  like  a  reed,  <  Tia- 
rundo  (-din-),  a  reed,  cane.]  Pertaining  to  a 
reed;  resembling  a  reed  or  cane. 
Many  species^  are  Arundinaria  (a-run-di-na'ri-a),  «.  [NL.,  < 
„„.i  M„i„  Arundo  (Arundin-)  +  -aria.]  A  genus  of  tall 
woody  grasses,  allied  to  the  bamboo,  includ- 
ing about  25  species  of  America  and  Asia. 

A.  macrosperma,  the  cane  of  the  southern  I'nited  States, 
and  A.  tecta,  the  small  or  swtch  cane,  are  the  only  bani- 
busaceous  species  that  are  found  in  Xorth  America  north 
of  Mexico.  The  cane  ranges  from  Texas  to  Kentucky  and 
A'irginia,  occupying  rich  river-bottoms  and  forming  dense 
cane-brakes.  It  grows  to  a  height  of  from  10  to  40  feet 
rarely  producing  seed.  It  is  used  for  fishing-rods  and  va- 
rious other  purposes,  and  cattle  and  hogs  are  fond  of  the 
young  plants  and  the  seeds, 
arundineous  (ar-un-din'e-us),  a.  [<  L.  arundi- 
neus,  harundineus,  reedy,'  like  a  reed,  <  liarundo 
(-din-),  a  reed.]  Resembling  a  reed;  reedy. 
Arundinicola  (a-ran-di-nik'o-la),  n.  [NL.,  < 
L.  arundo,  liarundo  (-din-),  fee^,  +  colere,  in- 
habit.] A  genus  of  South  American  clama- 
torial  passerine  birds,  of  the  family  Tyrannidw. 
A.  leucocepliala  and^.  dominicana  are  two  Bra- 
^.^^c..^^  zilian  species.    Lafresnaye,  1839. 

The  art'or  proeess  a'^undinose  (a-run'di-nos),  a.    [<  L.  arundino- 
^  sus,  better  liarundinosus,  abounding  in  reeds,  < 

liarundo  (-din-),  a  reed.]  Aboundiiig  in  reeds. 
Arundo  (a-nm'do),  n.  [L.  arundo,  better  lia- 
rundo, a  reed.]  A  genus  of  tall  reedy  grasses, 
with  large,  dense  flowering  panicles.  There  are 
6  or  7  species,  widely  distributed  over  the  globe,  of  which 
A.  Donax  is  the  most  common,  a  native  of  the  south  of 
Europe,  Egypt,  and  the  East,  and  also  found  in  the 
warmer  parts  of  America.  It  is  sometimes  cultivated, 
and  attains  a  height  of  9  or  10  feet,  or  even  more,  with 
In-oad  and  long  leaves.  Its  canes  or  stems  are  imported 
from  Spain  and  Portugal  for  the  use  of  weavers  and  for 
fishing-rods. 

[<  Gr.  apovpa,  tilled  or  arable 


artocarpous,  artocarpeous  (ar-to-kar'pus, 

-pe-us),  a.  [<  NL.  Artocarpus  +  -ous,'-eous,  q.  v.] 
Relating  to  the  Artocarpece,  or  to  the  breadfruit- 
tree. 

Artocarpus  (ar-to-kar'pus),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

aprog,  bread  (of  uxiknown  origin),  +  Kap-6g, 
fruit.]  A  genus  of  tropical  trees,  natural  order 
Urticacece,  tribe  Artocarpece.    Many  species  are 

known,  some  of  which  in  the  forests  of  Bengal  and  Mala- 
bar yield  valuable  timber,  called  aiigili-wood.    The  most 

important  species  is  A.  incisa,  the  breadfruit-tree  of  the 

South  Sea  islands.   See  breadfruit-tree.    The  jaca-tree  or 

jack-tree,  A.  integrifolia,  is  the  breadfruit  of  tropical  Asia, 

where  it  is  extensively  used  for  food.   See  jackfruit. 
artolaterf,  n.    [<  Gr.  apror,  bread,  +  -/.drp^c, 

worship.  See  artola  try.]  A  worshiper  of  bread, 
artolatryt  (ar-tol'a-tri),  M.    [<  Gr.  aproc,  bread, 

+  Aarpeia,  worship.]    The  worship  of  bread, 

especially  in  the  mass  or  eucharist. 
artole  (ar'to-le),  n.    An  East  Indian  weight, 

equal  to  90  grains  troy, 
artophorion  (ar-to-fo'ri-on),  n.;  pi.  artophoria 

(-ftJ-,    [Gr.  apTcxpopiov,  a  pyx,  a  bread-basket 

(cf.  apTo(j)6poc,  holding  bread),  <  aprof,  bread,  + 

-</>opof,  <  ipepuv  =  E.  ftearl.]    In  the  Gr.  Cli.,  a 

pyx.    J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i. 
artotype  (ar'to-tip),  n.    [Irreg.  <  art^  +  type.] 

A  form  of  photolithograph  printed  in  ink  from 

a  photographic^ plate  in  bichromated  gelatin. 

artotypy  (ar't9-ti-pi),  «. 

of  making  artotypes. 
Artotyrite  (ar-to-ti'rit),  n.  [<  LL.  Artotyritce, 
pi.,  <  Gr.  apToTvpog,  bread  and  cheese,  <  dp-of, 
bread,  +  rvpog,  cheese.  Cf.  butter.]  One  of  a 
sect  in  the  primitive  church  who  used  bread 
and  cheese  in  the  eucharist,  alleging  that  the 
first  oblations  of  man  were  the  fruits  of  the 
earth  and  the  produce  of  their  flocks.  They 
admitted  women  to  the  priesthood  and  to  the 
episcopate. 

artsman  (arts 'man),  n. ;  pi.  artsmen  (-men). 
[<  arVs,  poss.  of  art"^,  +  man.    Cf.  craftsman.]  arura(a-ro'ra),  n 
A  man  skilled  in  an  art  or  in  the  arts ;  espe- 
cially, a  learned  man;  a  scholar.  [Archaic] 

The  pith  of  all  sciences  which  maketh  the  artsman  differ 
from  the  inexpert  is  in  the  middle  proposition. 

Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  II.  xiii.  §  2. 


Meadow-mouse  {Ar-vicota  riparius). 

ungrooved  incisors,  and  no  special  peculiarity 
of  the  tail  or  claws.  The  best-known  species  are  the 
water-vole  and  fleld-vole  of  Europe,  A.  amphibius  and. 
A.  agrestis,  and  several  meadow-mice  of  North  America^ 
as  A.  riparius,  A.  austerus,  and  A.  pinetorum. 

arvicolid  (iir-vik'o-lid),  n.    Same  as  arvicoline. 

Arvlcolidae  (ar-vi-kol'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ar- 
vicola -f-  -idee.]  The  ArvicoUnw,  rated  as  a  fam- 
ily.   Waterhouse,  1840. 

Arvicolinas  (ar-vik-o-li'ne),  n.  pil.  [NL.,  < 
Arvicola  +  -ince.]  One  of  several  subfamilies 
into  -which  the  family  Aluridce  is  di^^ded.  it 

contains  those  murine  rodents  which  (except  Evotomys} 
have  the  following  characters :  perennially  growing, 
prismatic,  rootless  molars,  with  fiat  crowns  and  senate 
periphery;  incisore  usually  broader  transversely  than  in 
the  opposite  direction  :  the  root  of  the  under  incisor  some- 
times causing  a  protuberance  on  the  inner  side  of  the 
mandibular  ramus  between  the  condyloid  process  and 
the  strong  hamulate  angle  of  the  mandible,  which  latter 
attains  the  level  of  the  molar  crowns ;  the  zygomata  hic-h 
and  wide,  not  dipping  to  the  level  of  the  arched  palafe 
and  the  nasal  bones  not  produced  beyond  the  premaxiN 
laries ;  and  the  dental  formula  of  16  teeth,  there  being  1 
incisor  and  3  molars  on  each  side  of  each  jaw,  without 
any  canines  or  premolars.  The  Arvicolince  axe  specially 
characteristic  of  tlie  northern  hemisphere,  and  are  very 
abundant  in  high  latitudes.  They  include  all  kinds  of 
voles  or  field-mice  properly  so  called,  the  water-rat  of 
Europe,  the  lueadow-mice  of  America,  the  lemmings,  the 
muskrat,  etc.  The  leading  genera  are  :  Erotoinys  (Coues), 
Arvicola  (Lacepede)  with  its  several  subdivisions,  Si/nap- 
tomys  (Baird),  Myodes  (Pallas),  Cuniculus  (Waglerj,  and 
Fiber  (Cuvier).  The  species  are  verj-  numerous, 
arvicoline  (ar-vik'o-lin),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  ar- 
vicolinus:  see  Arvicolince.]  1,  a.  1.  Inhabiting 
fields. —  2.  In  sooL,  having  the  characters  of 
the  Arvicolince. 

II.  71.  A  rodent  of  the  subfamily  Arvicolince. 
Also  called  arvicolid. 

Same  as  arvico- 


The  triumphs  of  an  artsman 
O'er  aU  infirmities. 

M assinger.  Emperor  of  the  East,  iv.  4. 
No  artsman  is  literally  without  conscious  and  systema- 
tized, selected  knowledge,  which  is  science ;  and  no  scien- 
tific man  can  remain  absolutely  inoperative. 

Dr.  J.  Brown,  Spare  Hours,  3d  ser.,  p.  195. 


land,  ground,  a  measui-e  of  land  in  Eg\-pt,  < 

dpow,  plow,  z=L.           plow:  see  arable.]   An  arvlcolous  (ar-\-ik'6-lus),  a. 

ancient  Egyptian  measure  of  surface,  accord-  line,  1. 

ing  to  Herodotus  the  square  of  100  cubits,  arwef,  n.    A  Middle  EngUsh  form  of  arrotc, 
wnieh  would  be  27.35  ares,  or  0.676  of  an  Eng-  Chaucer. 
lish  acre.  Under  Roman  rule  in  Egypt  another  arura  aiy  (ar'i  or  er'i),  a.   [Formerly  also  cry,  a  modi- 
was  established,  eiiual  to  2  jugera,  which  was  ^  of  the  fication  of  e'er  a  for  ever  a  (with  ever  in  a  gen- 


old  arura.    Also  spelled  aroura 

aruspex,  aruspice  (a-rus'peks,  -pis),  n 

aruspices  (-pi-sez).    See  haruspex. 
aruspicy  (a-ms'pi-si),  n.    See  haruspicy. 


eraUzing  sense)  toward  any,  o'f  which  ary  is 
pi.    now  regarded  as  a  dial.  form.    Cf.  the  negative 
nary.]     Any:  as,  I  haven't  seen  ary  one  of 
them.    [Prov.  Eng.  and  U.  S.] 


-ary 


330 


as 


-ary^.  [L.  -drius  (fem.  -dria,  neut.  -drium),  >  It. 
-ario,  -ajo,  Sp.  Pg.  -ario,  OF.  reg.  -air,  iisually 
-ier,  -cr  (>  ME.  -cr,  E.  -cr,  q.  v.;  in  some  eases 
-ar2,  q.  v.),  latei-  partly  restored  -oric,  mod.  F. 
-aire.  C£.  -aci/"-^.]  A  suffix  of  Latiu  origin,  oc- 
curring (1)  iu  adjectives,  as  in  arbitrary,  con- 
trary, primary,  secondary,  sunijititary,  etc.,  and 
•(2)  in  nouns  denoting  either  (a)  persons,  as 
■antiquary,  apothecary,  notary,  secretary,  etc., 
■or  {b)  things,  as  books,  writings,  etc.,  as  in  dic- 
tionary, glossary,  breviary,  diary,  vocabulary, 
formulary,  etc.,  or  {c)  places,  repositories,  etc., 
as  in  apiary,  granary,  piscary,  library,  reli- 
quary, sanctuary,  etc. 

-ary2.  [L.  -dris  (neut.  -are),  >  It.  -are,  Sp.  Pg. 
-ar,  OF.  reg.  -cr,  -ier  (>  ME.  -cr,  mod.  E.  restored 
-ar^,  q.  v.),  later  -aire,  mixed  with  -aire,  E. 
-arj/l.]  A  Suffix  of  Latin  origin,  another  form 
of  -ar3,  occurring  in  adjectives,  as  auxiliary, 
capillary,  exemplary,  military,  salutary,  etc., 
some  of  which  are  also  used  as  noims,  as  auxili- 
ary, capillary,  military,  etc. 

Arya  (ar'ya),  «.  [Skt.  Arya :  see  Aryan.']  Same 
as  Aryan. 

But  besides  these  Aryas  there  were  also  the  Dasyus, 
of  whom  we  learn  little  but  that  they  were  dark  in  com- 
plexion and  constantly  at  war  with  the  An/as. 

J.  Jiobsoii,  Hinduism,  p.  13. 

Aryan  (iir'yan  or  ar'ian),  a.  and  n.  [Also  wi-it- 
ten  Avian,  after  L.  Arianus,  belonging  to  Ariana 
cvAria,  Gr.  'Apeia,  'Apia,  or  "Apia,  the  eastern  part 
of  ancient  Persia,  <  Skt.  Arya,  the  name  by  which 
the  Sanskrit-speaking  immigrants  into  India 
called  themselves,  in  distinction  from  the  abo- 
rigines of  the  country,  whom  they  called  Basyu, 
jSicdra,  etc.  The  ancient  Persians  gave  them- 
selves the  same  title  (OPers.  Ariya,  Zend  Ai- 
rya) ;  and  it  appears  in  the  name  of  their  coun- 
try, Airyana  or  Iran  :  see  Iranic.  There  are  no 
traces  of  the  word  to  be  found  outside  of  these 
two  races.  Its  origin  is  obscure  and  disputed; 
there  is  no  probability  that  it  has  anything  to 
do  with  a  root  *ar,  plow.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Aryans  or  to  their  speech.    See  II. 

Our  faith,  our  customs,  our  language,  were  all  but  frag- 
ments of  the  primitive  Aryan  stocli  common  to  Kome  and 
Germany.  E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  118. 

II.  n.  1.  A  member  of  the  eastern  or  Asiatic 
di\'ision  of  the  Indo-European  family,  occupy- 
ing the  territories  between  Mesopotamia  and 
the  Bay  of  Bengal,  in  the  two  subdivisions  of 
Persia,  or  Iran,  and  India.  [This  is  the  older,  more 
scientific,  and  still  widely  current  use  of  the  word,  ilore 
recent,  but  increasingly  popular,  is  the  second  use.) 
2.  An  Indo-European  or  Indo-German  or  Ja- 
phetite ;  a  member  of  that  section  of  the  hu- 
man race  which  includes  the  Hindus  and  Irani- 
ans (Persians)  as  its  eastern  or  Asiatic  division, 
and  the  Greeks,  Italians,  Celts,  Slavonians,  and 
Germans  or  Teutons  as  its  western  or  Euro- 
pean division.  The  languages  of  all  these  branches 
or  groups  of  peoples  are  akin  ;  that  is  to  say,  they  are  de- 
scendants of  one  original  tongue,  once  spoken  in  a  limited 
locality  by  a  single  connnunity,  but  where  or  when  it  is 
impossible  to  say. 

Many  words  still  live  in  India  and  England  that  have 
witnessed  the  first  separation  of  the  northern  and  south- 
ern Aryans,  and  these  are  witnesses  not  to  be  sliaken  by 
any  cross-examination.  The  terms  for  God,  for  house,  for 
father,  mother,  son,  daughter,  for  dog  and  cow,  for  heart 
and  tears,  for  axe  and  tree,  identical  in  all  the  Indo-Euro- 
pean idioms,  are  like  the  watchwords  of  soldiei'S.  We 
challenge  the  seeming  stranger  ;  and  whether  he  answer 
with  the  lips  of  a  Greek,  a  German,  or  an  Indian,  we  rec- 
ognize him  as  one  of  ourselves.  There  was  a  time  when 
the  ancestors  of  the  Celts,  the  Germans,  the  Slavonians, 
the  Greeks  and  Italians,  the  Persians  and  Hindus,  were 
living  together  beneath  the  same  roof,  separate  from  the 
ancestors  of  the  Semitic  and  Turanian  races.  Max  Miiller. 

Aryandic  (ar-yan'dik),  a.  Originating  with 
Aryaudes,  Persian  satrap  of  Egypt,  condemned 
to  death  by  Darius  for  coining  silver  finer  than 
that  of  the  great  king  himself — Aryandic  coin, 

a  coin  struck  by  Aryandes. 

Aryanize  (ar'yan-iz  or  ar'ian-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret. 
and  pp.  Aryanized,  ppr.  Arydnizing.  [<  Aryan 
+  -ize.'i  To  render  Aryan  in  character  or 
appearance;  impart  Aryan  peculiarities  to. 
[Rare.] 

European  artists  who  have  not  lived  among  the  African 
race  sometimes  try  their  hands  at  a  pretty  negress,  but 
they  always  Aryanize  the  type. 

G.  Allen,  Physiol.  Esthetics,  p.  241. 

aryballus  (ar-i-bal'us),  n. ;  pi.  arybalU  (-i).  [< 
Gr.  apijjia'AAo^,  a  bag  or  purse  made  so  as  to  draw 
close,  a  vessel  so  shaped.]    In  ,^p^sr^ 
arc/(«oL,  a  form  of  Greek  vase.  ^^^^ 
Probably  in  ancient  times  this  name  .^S^i^B. 
was  applied  to  a  large  vase  with  a  i^^ZllB^^ 
small  neck,  used  for  carrying  water  to 
the  bath.    In  modem  archaeological  W;S0iil|5*S|y^fe 
nomenclature,  it  generally  denotes  a  ^^I^^^^S^^^ 
small  vase  shaped  like  a  ball,  with  a     ~  iTTrwo"' 
short  neck  and  a  small  orifice  sur-    Archaic  Arybaiiui. 


rounded  by  a  broad  flat  rim,  used  like  the  alabastrum  in 
anointing  the  body  with  oil. 

aryepiglottic  (ar'i-ep-i-glot'ik),  a.  [<  ary(tc- 
noid)  +  epiglottic.']    Same  as  arytcno-cpiglottic. 

Folds  of  nmcous  membrane,  extending  from  the  epi- 
glottis to  the  arytenoid  cartilages,  are  the  aryepiglottic 
ligaments.  lluxley,  A\iat.  Vert.,  p.  93. 

aryepiglottidean  (ar-i-ep"i-glo-tid'e-an),  a. 

Same  as  aryteno-cpiglottic. 
aryteno-epiglottic  \ar-i-te"n6-ep-i-glot'ik),  a. 
[<  aryteno(i<t)  +  epiglottic.']  In  anat.,  pertain- 
ing to  the  arytenoid  cartilages  and  the  epiglot- 
tis— Aryteno-epiglottic  fold,  one  of  two  folds  of  mu- 
cous memlirane  passing  from  the  tips  of  the  arytenoid 
cartilaL;es  and  tlie  cornicula  lai'yngis  to  the  lateral  margins 
of  the  rpi>;lottis. 

aryteno-epiglottidean  (ar  -  i  -  te "  no  -  ep "  i  -  glo- 
tid'e-an),  a.  [<  uryteno-epiglottideus  +  -an.] 
Same  as  aryteno-epiglottic. 

aryteno-epiglottideus(ar-i-te"n6-ep"i-glo-tid'- 

e-us),n.;-p\.  aryteno-epigloltidei  {-i).  [NL.]  The 
name  of  one  of  two  pairs  of  small  muscles  of  the 
larynx  extending  from  the  arytenoid  cartilages 

to  or  toward  the  epiglottis.— Aryteno-epiglotti- 
deus  inferior,  muscular  fibers  arising  from  the  arytenoid 
cartilages  and  spreading  out  upon  tiie  laryiii;fal  pouch, 
which  is  compressed  by  the  action  of  tlie  nuisclo.  Also 
called  coinpressor  sacculi  laryngix. — Aryteno-eplglotti- 
deus  superior,  a  few  muscular  fibers  extending  from  the 
apex  of  the  arytenoid  cartilages  to  the  aryteno-epiglot- 
tidean fold  of  mucous  membrane. 

arytenoglottidean  (ar-i-te"n6-glo-tid'e-an),  a. 
Same  as  aryteno-epiglottic. 

arytenoid  (ar-i-te'noid),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  ary- 
ta'noides,  <  Gr.  apvraivoeidij^^i  apvTaiva,  fem.  form 
of  apvTTip,  a  ladle  or  cup  (<  aphsiv,  draw  water),  -f- 
elSog,  form.]  I.  a.  Ladle-  or  cup-shaped:  in 
anat.,  applied  to  two  small  cartilages  at  the  top 
of  the  larynx,  and  also  to  the  muscles  connect- 
ed with  these  cartilages.— Arytenoid  cartilages. 
See  cartilage. — Arjrtenoid  gland.  See  j/ta;jo!.— Aryte- 
noid muscle.  Same  ;xs  arytenaideus. 
II.  n.  An  arytenoid  cartilage. 

arytenoidal  (ar'i-te-noi'dal),  a.  Same  as  ary- 
tenoid. 

arytenoideus  (ar"i-te-noi'de-us),  n.;  pi.  aryte- 
Hoidei  (-5).  [NL.:  see  arytenoid.]  The  aryte- 
noid muscle,  a  muscle  of  the  larjmx  passing 
transversely  behind  the  arytenoid  cartilages 
from  one  to  the  other — Arytenoideus  major,  the 

arytenoideus. — Arytenoideus  minor.  Same  as  aryte- 
noideus obliijuus. —  Arytenoideus  obliquus,  two  small 
oblique  bundles  of  muscular  lil)erg  crossing  behind  the 
arytenoid  cartilages,  regarded  as  iiarts  of  the  aryteno-epi- 
glottidean muscles.— Arytenoideus  transversus,  the 
arytenoideus. 

as^  (az),  adv.,  conj.,  and  j;roH.    [<  ME.  as.  ase, 

als,  alse,  also,  alsa,  alswa,  al  so,  al  swa,  <  AS. 
alsivd,  ealswd,  cal  sivd  (=  OS.  also  =  OFries. 
as,  ase,  asa,  als,  alse,  alsa  =  D.  als  =  OHG. 
also,  MHG.  also,  alse,  G.  also,  als),  lit.  '  all  so,' 
wholly  so,  quite  so,  just  so,  being  the  demon- 
strative adv.  so,  qualified  by  the  intensive  adv. 
all.  As  a  demonstrative,  the  word  retains  its 
full  form  (see  (dso) ;  as  a  relative  or  correlative, 
the  word,  through  weakening  of  force  and  ac- 
cent, has  been  reduced  to  as.  As  is  thus  his- 
torically so  with  an  absorbed  intensive,  whose 
force  has  disappeared;  and  it  has  all  the  rela- 
tional uses  of  so,  the  differences  being  only  idio- 
matical.  The  peculiar  form  and.uses  of  as  have 
arisen  out  of  the  correlation  so  .  .  .  so(AS.sivd 
.  .  .  sivd,  or,  without  separation,  swd  sicd),  in 
which  both  terms  were  orig.  demonstrative. 
The  second  term  passed  into  the  relative  use, 
and  the  first,  remaining  demonstrative,  was 
strengthened  by  the  adv.  all  (AS.  eal  swd  .  .  . 
swd).  The  second  term,  as  a  relative,  became 
weak  in  accent,  and,  after  assuming  the  prefix 
all  in  conformity  to  the  first,  was  gradually  re- 
duced, through  (dso,  alse,  als,  ase,  to  as,  to  which, 
in  turn,  the  first  term  in  many  constructions 
conforrned.  The  resulting  correlations  so  .  .  . 
so,  so  .  .  .  as,  as  .  .  .  so,  as  ...  as,  through 
involution  of  uses,  transposition  of  clauses,  and 
ellipsis  of  one  or  the  other  term,  extending  often 
to  the  whole  clause,  present  in  mod.  E.  a  com- 
plication of  constructions  which  cannot  be  fully 
exhibited  except  at  great  length,  and  in  con- 
nection with  the  earlier  uses.  They  are  also  in- 
volved with  the  kindred  correlations  such  .  .  . 
as  (such  being  historically  so,  with  an  absorbed 
relational  suffix)  and  same  .  .  .  as,  in  which 
the  relative  conj.  as  varies  with  that,  and  leads 
to  the  use  of  as  as  a  simple  relative  pronoun.] 
I,  adv.  (demonstrative  ov  antecedent).  The  ante- 
cedent in  the  correlation  as  ...  so,  or  as  ..  , 
as :  In  that  degree ;  to  that  extent ;  so  far.  The 

correlation  as  ...  so  is  obsolete  ;  as  ...  as  is  in  ex- 
tremely common  use,  being,  besides  like,  the  regidar  for- 
nmla  of  comparison  to  express  likeness  or  equality:  as,  as 
black  as  jet,  as  cold  as  ice,  as  wise  as  Solomon,  etc.;  the 


verb  in  the  relative  clause,  when  the  same  as  in  the  prin- 
cipal clause,  being  usually  omitted  :  as,  it  is  as  cold  as 
ice  (sc.  is) ;  come  as  soon  as  you  can  (sc.  come). 

He  was  al  so  [var.  also,  als,  as]  frcsche  as  is  the  moneth 
of  Mai.  Cliuucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  U2. 

Lo  !  whiche  sleightes  and  subtiltees 
In  wonmien  ben  I  fen'  ay  as  bisy  as  bees 
Ben  they,  vs  sely  men  for  to  deceyve. 

Chaucer,  Squire's  Tale,  Prol.,  1.  4. 

We  (Americans]  use  these  words  [faith  and  hope]  as  if 
they  were  as  obsolete  as  Selah  and  Amen. 

Emerson,  Man  the  Reformer. 

The  relative  clause  is  often  omitted,  especially  in  collo- 
quial speech,  being  inferred  from  the  antecedent:  as,  this 
will  do  as  well  (sc.  as  that) ;  I  would  as  lief  walk  (sc.  as 
ride). 

The  bad  man  shall  attend  as  bad  a  master. 

Fletcher,  Wife  for  a  Month,  v.  3. 

I  will  be  temperate 
In  speaking,  and  as  just  in  hearing. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Philaster,  iv.  3. 

These  scruples  to  many  perhaps  seem  pretended,  to 
others,  upon  as  good  grounds,  may  seem  real. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xi. 

The  appointment  of  a  regular  wit  has  long  ceased  to  be 
a  part  of  the  economy  of  a  morning  paper.  Editors  find 
their  own  jokes,  or  do  as  well  without  them. 

Lamb,  Newspapers  35  Years  Ago. 

II.  conj.  (conjunctive  or  relative  adv.).  1.  The 
consequent  in  the  correlations  as  .  .  .  as,  so 
.  .  .  as,  such  ...  as,  same  .  .  .  as,  etc.,  ex- 
pressing quantity,  degree,  proportion,  manner, 
etc.  The  relative  uses  are  as  exhibited  in  I.  (where  see 
examples).  Through  ellipsis  of  the  antecedent,  it  enters 
into  many  peculiar  idiomatic  phrases. 

No,  'tis  not  so  deep  as  a  well,  nol'  so  wide  as  a  church- 
door  ;  but  'tis  enougli,  'twill  serve. 

Shak.,  K.  and  J.,  iii.  1. 

His  resolutions  were  as  fained  as  his  vows  were  frus- 
trate. Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxv. 

The  results  of  this  campaign  were  as  honorable  to 
Spain  as  they  were  disastrous  and  humiliating  to  Louis 
the  Twelfth.  Prescott,  I'erd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  13. 

The  clauses  may  be  transposed  for  emphasis. 

As  thy  days,  so  shall  thy  strength  be.     Deut.  xxxiii.  25. 

As  it  is  in  particular  persons,  so  it  is  in  nations. 

Bacon,  Atheism. 

The  antecedent  as  is  often,  and  so  is  usually,  omitted  :  as, 
black  as  jet ;  cold  as  ice ;  do  as  you  like. 

The  motions  of  his  spirit  are  dull  as  night, 
And  his  affections  dark  as  Erebus. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  v.  1. 

I  desire  no  titles. 
But  as  I  shall  deserve  'em. 

Fletcher  (and  anotherl).  Prophetess,  ii.  3 

Black  it  stood  as  night. 
Fierce  as  ten  furies,  terrible  as  hell. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  671. 

I  live  OS  I  did,  I  think  as  I  did,  I  love  you  as  I  did. 

Swift. 

It  is  in  criticism,  as  in  all  other  Sciences  and  Specula- 
tions. Addison,  Spectator,  No.  291. 

In  parenthetical  clauses  involving  a  concession,  the  rela- 
tive as  (the  antecedent  being  omitted)  may  be  equivalent 
to  though :  as,  late  as  it  was,  we  set  forth  on  our  journey. 

Trite  as  the  counsel  was,  ...  in  this  emergency  it  was 
to  me  as  if  an  angel  had  spoken. 

Lamb,  Amicus  Redivivus. 

Neither  the  arguments  nor  entreaties  of  his  friends, 
backed  as  they  were  by  the  avowed  wishes  of  his  sover- 
eign, could  overcome  his  scruples. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  5. 

In  parenthetical  clauses  involving  a  contrast  or  negation 
as  to  fact  with  the  principal  clause,  as  approaches  an  ad- 
versative sense,  being  nearly  equivalent  to  but. 

Had  I  but  time,  (as  this  fell  sergeant.  Death, 
Is  strict  in  his  arrest,)  0,  I  could  tell  you,— 
But  let  it  be.  Shale,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

I  must  confess  I  lov'd  her ;  as  who  would  not? 

Fletcfier,  Eoyal  Subject,  v.  7. 

In  subordinate  clauses  involving  a  supposition,  as  is  con- 
ditional, being  eiiuivalent  to  as  if,  as  though,  which  are 
the  ordinary  forms.  This  use  is  now  rare  or  only  poetical 
except  in  the  independent  phrase  as  it  were.  (See  phrases 
below.) 

It  lifted  up  its  head,  and  did  address 
Itself  to  motion,  like  as  it  would  speak. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 

And  all  at  once  their  breath  drew  in. 
As  they  were  drinking  all. 

Coleridge,  Ancient  Mariner,  1.  165. 

The  young  lambs  bound 
As  to  the  tabor's  sound. 
Wordsworth,  Intimations  of  Immortality. 

The  clause  introduced  by  as  may  be  reduced  by  ellipsis  of 
its  verb  and  other  elements  to  one  or  two  important  words, 
leaving  as  as  a  quasi-connective  :  (a)  Between  an  adverb 
or  adverbial  phrase  in  the  principal  clause  and  an  adverb 
or  adverbial  phrase  constituting  the  subordinate  clause. 

It  suffices  me  to  say  .  .  .  that  men  here,  as  elsewhere, 
are  indisposed  to  innovation.  Emerson,  Lit.  Ethics. 

(b)  Between  the  principal  verb  or  its  subject  and  the  sub- 
ordinate subject  or  object,  which  becomes  equivalent  to  a 
predicate  appositive  or  factitive  object  after  the  principal 


as 

Terb,  (IS  meaning  'after  the  manner  of,'  'the  same  as,'  'like,' 
•in  the  cliaracter  or  capacity  of,'  etc.:  as,  tlie  audience 
rose  as  one  man  ;  all  these  things  were  as  nothing  to  him  ; 
he  has  been  nominated  as  a  candidate.  Hence  in  con- 
structions where  the  appositive  clause  deiicmls  directly 
upon  the  noun  :  as,  his  career  as  a  soldier  uas  bi  illiant; 
his  reputation  fi.s  a  scholar  stands  high  :  and  so  in  naming 
phases  of  a  general  subject:  as,  Washington  as  a  gen- 
eral ;  man  as  a  thinker.  The  construction  as  a  (juasi- 
predicate  appositive  or  factitive  object  after  a  principal 
verb  is  usual  after  verbs  of  seeming  or  regarding. 

Evil  was  embrac'd  for  good,  wickedness  honour'd  and 
■esteem'd  as  virtue.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

That  law  which  eoncerneth  men  as  men. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Pol. 
Tills  gentleman  was  known  to  his  contemporaries  as  a 
man  of  fortune,  and  as  the  author  of  two  successful  plays. 

Macaulay. 

Our  age  is  bewailed  as  the  age  of  Introversion. 

Emerson,  Amer.  Scholar. 
The  subordinate  clause  introduced  by  as  is  often  not  de- 
pendent grammatically  upon  the  principal  verb,  but  serves 
to  restrict  or  determine  the  scope  of  the  statement  as  a 
whole.  Such  clauses  are  parenthetical,  and  usually  ellipti- 
cal, some  of  them,  as  as  usual  and  as  a  rule,  having  almost 
the  idiomatical  unity  of  an  adverbial  phrase. 

_  The  streets  were  narrow,  as  is  usual  in  Moorish  and  Arab 
■'•■■ties.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  2. 

In  certain  emphatic  formulas,  as  ('even  as')  introduces  a 
■solemn  attestation  ('  as  truly  or  surely  as')  or  adjuration 
•('in  a  manner  befitting  the  fact  that'),  approaching  acau- 
■sal  sense,  'since,  because.'  (See  2,  below.) 

But  truly  as  the  Lord  liveth,  and  as  thy  soul  liveth,  there 
is  but  a  step  between  me  and  death.  1  Sam.  x.\.  3. 

JSiow,  as  you  are  a  Roman,  tell  me  true. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iv.  3. 
As  ever  thou  lov'st  valour,  or  wear'st  arms 
To  punish  baseness,  shew  it ! 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Malta,  iv.  4. 

:2.  Of  reason:  Since;  because;  inasmuch  as. 

He  who  would  persuade  us  of  his  sorrow  for  the  sins  of 
■other  men,  as  they  are  sins,  not  as  they  are  sin'd  against 
Jiimself,  must  give  us  first  some  testimony  of  a  sorrow  for 
ills  own  sins.  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  viii. 

As  the  -wind  was  favorable,  I  had  an  opportunity  of  sur- 
veying this  amazing  scene.  Bp.  Berkeley. 

•3.  Of  time :  When ;  while ;  during  the  time  that. 

And  whistled  as  he  went  for  want  of  thought. 

Dryden,  Cymon  and  Iphigenia,  1.  85. 
As  day  broke,  the  scene  of  slaughter  unfolded  its  hor- 
''0''S-  Irving,  Granada,  p.  9". 

4.  Of  pm-pose  or  result :  The  consequent  in  the 
■correlations  so  .  .  .  as,  such  .  .  .  as :  To  such 
a  degree  that ;  in  such  a  manner  that :  followed 
by  an  infinitive  or,  formerly,  by  a  finite  verb 
■(but  in  the  latter  construction  ihat  has  taken 
the  place  of  as). 

So  many  examples  as  filled  xv.  bookes. 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  157. 

The  relations  are  so  uncertain  as  they  require  a  great 
■deal  of  examination.  Bacon. 

Indeed  the  prospect  of  affairs  here  is  so  strange  and 
melancholy,  as  would  make  any  one  desirous  of  withdraw- 
ing from  the  country  at  any  rate.  Hume. 

With  a  depth  so  great  as  to  make  it  a  day's  journey  from 
■the  rear  to  the  van,  and  a  front  .so  narrow  as  to  consist  of 
■one  gun  and  one  horseman.       Kinglake,  Crimea,  III.  ix. 

5.  Of  mere  continuation,  introducing  a  clause 


331 

an<l  intermitting  crosses  may  yet  be  done  well,  as  in  thi.s 
vale  of  tears.  Milton. 
Before  punishment  he  was  to  be  heard  as  to-morrow. 

Warlmrtun. 

Before  prepositional  phrases  as  becomes  attached  in 
thought  to  the  preposition,  making  practically  a  new 
prepositional  unit,  fit^ctisanent,  as  nincrniiiiii,  a.s'/rjc,  etc., 

below.— As  anent,  as  concerning,  as  touching,  more 
commonly  as  for,  as  to,  so  far  as  it  concerns ;  as  regards ; 
as  respects ;  in  regard  to ;  in  respect  to :  introducing  a 
particular  point  or  subject  of  thought. 

And  in  regard  of  causes  now  in  hand. 

Which  I  have  open'd  to  his  grace  at  large. 

As  touching  France.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  i.  1. 

Sir  A.  Jack  !  Jack  !  what  tliink  you  of  blooming,  love- 
breathing  seventeen  ? 

Abs.  As  to  that,  sir,  I  am  quite  indifferent.    If  I  can 
please  you  in  the  matter,  'tis  all  I  desire. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  1. 
As  if,  as  though,  as  it  would  be  if,  or  supposing  that. 

It  seemed  to  the  affrighted  inhabitants  as  if  the  fiends 
of  the  air  had  come  upon  the  wings  of  the  wiiid,  and  pos- 
sessed themselves  of  tower  and  turret. 

Irving,  Granada,  p.  21. 
Blinded  alike  from  sunshine  and  from  rain, 
As  though  a  rose  should  shut  and  be  a  bud  again. 

Keats,  Eve  of  St.  Agnes. 

As  it  ■were,  as  if  it  were  so ;  in  some  sort ;  so  to  speak  :  a 
parenthetical  clause  indicating  that  a  statement  or  com- 
parison is  admitted  to  be  inexact,  though  substantially  cor- 
rect for  the  purpose  intended. 

Brutus,  that  expell'd  the  kings  out  of  Rome,  was  for  the  As.    Chemical  symbol  of  arsenic, 
time  forc't  to  be,  as  it  were,  a.  king  himself  till  matters  A.  S.    An  abbreviation  of  Arifllo-Saron. 
were  set  in  order  as  m  a  free  Commonwealth.  i     rr    „  .    „„,;™-i  t-   ^  c  »     ,  ,  » 

Milton,  Prelatical  Episcopacy.  ^S-  •    [L.  as-  assimilated  form  of  ad-  before  s. 

The  reg.  OF.  and  ME.  form  was  «-,  later 


asarone 

Tarcntino  form  of  Gr.  i)r,  one  ;  but  this  deriva- 
tion is  very  doubtful.  See  f/w.]  1.  In  Latin, 
an  integer;  a  whole  or  single  thing;  especially, 
a  unit  divided  into  twelve  parts.  Thus,  the  j«- 
ffcrum-wtis  called  an  as.  Ilenec — 2.  As  a  unit 
of  weight,  12  ounces  (L.  rnicia',  twelftlis);  the 
libra  or  pound,  equal  to  325.8  gi-ams,  or  .5,023 
grains. — 3.  A  copper  coin,  the  unit  of  the  early 
monetary  systtan  of  Koine,  it  was  iirst  coined  in 
the  fourth  (according  to  .Mommscn,  the  llftli)  century 
B.C.,  and  was  at  first  nominally  of  the  weight  of  a  libia  or 
pound,  that  is,  12  ounces.  It  was  gradually  reduced  in 
weight,  about  2(j'.>  B.  C.  weighing  4  ounces,  and  about  2.')0 
B.  0.  2  ounces.  In  80  B.  C,  after  having  fallen  to  half  an 
ounce,  it  ceased  to  be  issued.  The  smaller  copper  coins 
forming  the  divisions  of  the  as  were  named  sends  (half  of 
the  as),  triens  (third),  rjuadrans  (fourth),  sextans  (sixth), 
and  uncia  (twelfth).  The  constant  obver.se  type  of  the  as 
has  the  double  head  of  Janus;  the  reverse,  a  prow.  Its 
subdivisions  bore  various  devices.  Coins  struck  on  the 
same  system  (called  the  libral  system)  were  issued  in  other 
Iiarts  of  Italy  from  the  fourth  century  B.  c.  See  ces  grave, 
under  oes. 

as^,  n.    [ME.  as,  etc.  (see  ace) ;  in  def.  2  =  D. 

aqs  =  Sw.  ass  {ess,  aee)  =  G.  a.ss,  in  technical 
sense  <  L.  as:  see  «.s4.]  If.  Obsolete  fonn  of 
ace.  Chaucer. —  2.  An  old  Swedish  and  Dutch 
unit  of  weight,  equal  to  4.8042  centigram.s,  or 
about  three  quarters  of  a  troy  grain.  See  as- 
ducat  and  ass^. 


re- 
stored to  as-,  as  in  assent,  assign,  etc.]  An 
assimilated  form  of  ad-  before  s,  as  in  assimi- 
late, assert,  assume,  etc. 
as-2.  [L.  ab-,  reduced  in  OF.  and  ME.  before 
a  consonant  to  «-,  erroneously  restored  to  as- 
before  s.]  An  erroneously  restored  form  of  a-, 
originally  Latin  ah-,  in  assoil,  assoilzie,  from 
-      ,    ^         .  .       ^      .  the  Latin  absolvere,  absolve. 

In  order  to  convict  Peacham  it  was  necessary  to  find  as-3.    [ME.  and  OF.  as-,  var.  of  es-,  <  L.  ex-:  see 

CS-,  ex-.}  A  variant  of  es-,  Latin  ex-,  in  as.sart, 
assay,  astonish,  obsolete  ascape,  aschew,  assaum- 
ple,ete.;  now  represented  also,  or  only,  byes-, 
as  in  escape,  eschew,  or  s-,  as  in  scape,  sample. 


As  much,  what  amounts  to  the  same  thing ;  the  same. 
But  if  you  laugh  at  my  rude  carriage 
In  peace,  I'll  do  as  much  for  you  in  war 
When  you  come  thither. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  i.  1. 
As  ■well  (as),  just  as  much  (as) ;  equally  (with) ;  in  addi- 
tion (to);  besides:  as,  that  is  true,  but  it  is  true  of  the 
other  as  ivell ;  this  is  the  case  with  manufacturing  as  well 
as  with  agricultural  interests. 


facts  as 


',  as  law. 


Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon, 
As  who,  as  one  who  ;  as  if  one :  as,  as  who  should  say. — 
As  yet,  so  far;  up  to  this  time;  hitherto. — Forasmuch, 
inasmuch.    See  these  words. 

III.  rel.  jjron.  That ;  who ;  which :  after  such 
or  same,  and  introducing  an  attributive  clause : 
as,  he  did  not  look  for  such  a  result  as  that ; 
he  traveled  the  same  route  as  I  did. 

They  fear  religion  with  such  a  fear  as  loves  not. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  ii.  3. 
[In  this  use  also  formerly  after  that,  this,  what ;  now  dia- 
lectally  or  vulgarly  also  after  a  personal  pronoun,  or,  by 
omission,  as  a  simple  relative  dependent  on  a  noun. 

That  gentleness 
And  show  of  love  as  I  was  wont  to  have. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  2. 
Under  these  hard  conditions,  as  this  time 
Is  like  to  lay  upon  us.  Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  2. 

Here  I  do  bequeathe  to  thee 
In  full  possession  half  that  Kendal  hath, 
And  what  as  Bradford  holds  of  me  in  chief. 

Old  Play  (Dodsley,  II.  47). 
Take  the  box  as  stands  in  the  first  fire-place. 

Dickens,  Pickwick  Papers, 


in  explanation  or  amplification  of  a  word  or  as2  (az),  v.    An  obsolete  anfl  dialectal  or  collo- 


statement  in  the  principal  clause,  especially  in 
,giving  examples:  For  example;  for  instance; 
to  wit;  thus. 

Winter  birds,  as  woodcocks  and  fieldfares.  Bacon. 

A  simple  idea  is  one  idea ;  as  sweet,  bitter.  Locke. 
-6.  In  dependent  clauses:  That.    Formerly  as 

was  often  attached,  like  that,  to  the  adverbs  there,  then 
where,  when,  etc.,  to  make  them  distinctly  relative.  These 
lorms  are  now  obsolete,  except  whereas,  which  remains  in 
a  defiected  sense.  See  lohereas.  From  this  interchange 
with  that  followed  the  use  of  as  for  that,  in  introducing 
an  object  clause  after  say,  know,  think,  etc.,  varying  with 
as  that  and  as  how:  only  in  dialectal  use :  as,  I  don't  know 
as  I  do',  and  I  don't  know  as'  I  do,  the  sense  varying  with 
the  accent.    [Colloq.,  New  Eng.] 

"  Duimow'0 1  know  : "  the  nearest  your  true  Yankee  ever 
comes  to  acknowledging  ignorance. 

Lowell,  Introd.  to  Biglow  Papers,  2d  ser. 

7.  After  comparatives  :  Than.  [Now  only  pro  v. 
Eng.;  cf.  G.  als,  the  regular  construction  after 
•comparatives.] 

How  may  the  herte  be  more  contryte  and  meke  as  whan 
■of  very  contrycioii  ...  we  aske  mercy  and  forgyueness  of 
4ilmyghty  god  ?  Bp.  Fisher,  I.  210. 

Darkness  itself  is  no  more  opposite  to  light  as  their 
actions  were  diametricall  to  their  words. 

Hoivell,  Parly  of  Beasts,  p.  48. 

I  rather  like  him  as  otherwise.  Scott,  St.  Ronan's  Well. 

8.  Before  certain  adverbs  and  adverbial  phrases, 
including  prepositional  phrases:  Even;  just: 
restrictinar  the  annlioatioTi  to  a.  na  rtimiln  v  nnint-  • 


icting  the  application  to  a  particular  point 

■as,  as  now,  as  then,  as  yet,  as  here,  as  there,  as*"(as),  n. ;  pi.  asses 

otc.    [Now  only  dialectal,  except  as  yet.    See  (as'ez).    [L.,  a  unit, 

phrases  below.]  one  pound  of  money, 

There  is  no  Christian  duty  that  is  not  to  be  seasoned  and  ^tc,  usually  derived 

set  off  with  cheerishuess  — which  in  a  thousand  outward  from  df,  said  to  be  the 


quial  form  of  has:  in  colloquial  speech  often 
further  reduced  to 's :  as,  ivho's  been  here  ? 
As3  (as),  n. ;  pi.  ^sir  (a'ser).  [Icel.  ass,  pi. 
wsir,  a  god,  demigod,  =  Goth.  *ans  (inferred 
from  the  Latinized  plural  form  in  Jornandes, 
about  A.  D.  552:  "Gothi  proceres  sues  quasi 
qui  fortuna  'vince- 
bant  non  pares  homi- 
nes sed  semideos,  id 
est  arises,  vocavere") 
—  AS.  OS,  found  as 
the  name  of  the  rune 
for  6,  and  twice  in 
doubtful  gen.  pi.  esa  ; 
otherwise  only  in 
compound  proper 
names,  =  OH(J.  *ans 
in  like  compounds : 
AS.  Oswald,  Oswald, 
Osric  (z=  OHG.  An- 
sarih),  Osric,  Oswinc, 
Oswin,  _  Osbeorn  = 
Icel.  Asbjorn,  Os- 
born,  OHG.  Anselm, 
Anselm,  etc.]  In 
Norse  myth.,  one  of 
the  gods,  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Asgard.  See 
Ast/ard. 


Reverse, 
in  the  British  Museum. 


See  es. 

asa  (as'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Pers.  dza,  mastic:  see 
asafctida.~\  A  name  for  certain  drugs,  origi- 
nally used  separately  with  the  Latin  adjectives 
dulcis  and  fetida  (foetida),  now  joined  to  them 
as  a  prefix.  See  below.  Also  spelled  assa. 
asadulcis  (as-a-dul'sis),  n.  [NL.,  lit.  sweet 
gum,  <  asa,  gum,  4-  L.  dulcis,  sweet.]  The  laser 
or  laser  Cyrenaicum  of  the  ancients,  a  very 
highly  esteemed  drug,  usually  supposed  to  have 
been  a  gummy  accretion  from  Thapsia  Gar- 
ganica,  an  umbelliferous  plant  of  northern 
Africa  and  southern  Europe,  it  was  believed  by 

some  to  be  the  same  as  benzoin,  to  which  the  name  (asa 
dulcU  or  odorata)\s,s,t\\\  sometimes  applied.  The  drug  now 
obtained  from  this  plant  is  used  as  an  active  irritant. 

asafetida,  asafoetida  (as-a-fet'i-da),  n.  [NL., 

formerly  also  azafedida,  "<  asa  +  L.  fetida, 
fwtida,  fem.  of  fetidus,  fostidus,  stinking:  see 
asa  and  fetid.']  A  fetid  inspissated  sap  from 
Persia  and  Afghanistan,  the  concrete  juice 
from  the  roots  of  several  large  nmbeUiferous 
plants  of  the  genus  Ferula,  especially  F.  Xar- 
thex  {Narthex  Asafaitida)  and  F.  Scorodosma 
{Scorodosma  foetida).  The  drug  has  a  powerful  and 
persistent  alliaceous  odor  and  bitter  acrid  taste,  and  con- 
sists of  resin,  gum,  and  an  essential  oil  which  contains 
sulphur.  It  is  used  as  an  antispasmodic,  and  in  India  and 
Persia  also  as  a  condiment.  Also  spelled  assajoetida. 
Asaphes  (as'a-fez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aaafZ/c,  ob- 
scure, not  clear,  <  d-  priv.  -I-  <ja(p>/g,  clear.]  1. 
A  genus  of  very  minute  parasitic  ichneumon- 
flies,  which  prey  on,  and  keep  in  cheek,  the 
aphids,  so  destructive  to  crops  and  fruits.  The 
female  punctures  the  wingless  female  aphids  with  her  ovi- 
duct, and  lays  an  egg  in  each  puncture.  The  egg  hatches, 
becomes  a  maggot,  and  eats  out  the  inside  of  the  aphid. 
2.  A  genus  of  coleopterous  iasects.  Kirbii, 
1837. 

asar  (a'sar),  «.  [Pers.]  A  Persian  gold  coin, 
equal  in  value  to  about  $1.60. 

asarabacca  (as"a-ra-bak'a),  n.  [Formerly  also 
asaraback,  and  enoneousiy  asarabecca,  <  L.  asa- 
rum  (see  A.sarum)  +  bacca,  baca,  beny.]  A 
common  name  of  a  European  plant,  a  species 
of  Asorum,  A.  Europwutn.  See  Asarum.  Also 
spelled  asurabaca. 

asarin,  asarine  (as'a-rin),  n.  [<  Asarum  -\- 
1.  A  volatile  'ci-ystallizable  solid  {C^o 
H26O5)  obtained  from  the  plant  Asarum  Euro- 
pa'um,  having  an  aromatic  taste  and  smell  like 
camphor. —  2.  A  bitter  principle  obtained  from 
the  plant  Asarum  Europa-um. 

asarone  (as'a-rou),  w.  l<.  Asarum  +  -one.]  Same 
as  asarin,  1. 


Asarum 


332 


ascending 


Asarum  (as  a-nim).  ».  [h.,  <  Gr.  ampm;  asa-  Ascalaphldse  (as-ka-laf'i-de),  )i.  pi.  [NL.,  <  =Syn. /nfluou-^ .4«f'm?an«/, etc. (seeaufW- 
rabaeea.]     A  genus  ot  apetalous  exogenous    Ascalajilnis  +  -idw.']    A  family  of  planipennine  '"''stery,  dominion,  superiority,  advantage,  uppei- 

plants, natiu-alordei"  Jr/-  v,Q.,^^,.f„„/^„.,  — i.,*„.i*  i„  i: —  iiami. 

stoJochiuccw,  low,  stem- 
less  herbs,  with  dull- 
brownish  flowers  and 
aromatic  root-stoek.  Tiie 

few  species  are  natives  of  tlie 
nortliern  temperate  zone.  Tlie 
asaral)acca,  .4.  Europceuiii, 
was  formerly  used  as  a  purga- 
tive and  an  emetic.  Tlie  com- 
mon American  species,  .4. 
Caiiade)ise,  is  known  as  wild 
ginger  or  snakeroot.  Five 
other  species  are  found  in  the 
Alleglianies  and  Sierra  Ne- 
vada, and  four  or  five  in  Asia. 

asbestic  (as-bes'tik),  «. 
[<  asbestos  +  -ic.2  Re- 
lating to  or  containing 
asbestos.  Also  asbestous. 
asbestiform  (as-bes'ti-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  asbestos 
+  forma,  shape.]  Having  the  form  or  appear- 
ance of  asbestos. 


Asarum  Eurofauti 


Ascalapltiis  +  -«>/«'.]  A  family  of  planip'ennine 
neuropterous  insects,  related'  to  the  ant-lions 
(Afi/rmclcontidw),  and  characterized  by  long 
clavate  antenms  and  a  comparatively  short 
body.  It  corresponds  to  the  genus  Ascalapkus 
of  Fabricius. 
Ascalaphus  (as-kal'a-fus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Xa<j)os,  an  unknown  bird,  supposed  to  be  a  kind 
of  owl.]  1.  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Ascalaphid(V.—  2.  [Z.  c]  The  specific  name  of 
a  horned  owl,  Bubo  ascalaphus,  of  Europe  and 
Africa. 

Ascalopax  (as-kal'o-paks),  n.     [NL.   Cf.  Gr. 

aohia'AuKac;  (sic),  a  bird,  supposed  to  be  the  same 
as  (jKo?M7Ta^ :  see  Scolopax.^  In  ornitli.:  (a)  An 
old  foi-m  of  Scolopax.  (6)  A  synonym  of  Gal- 
linago. 

ascan  (as'kan),  a.   [<  ascus  +  -an.]   Of  or  per- 
taining to  an  ascus.    N.  E.  D. 
ascanceif,  See  aslcance^. 

ascance-t,  ascancest,  conj. 


See  askance^. 

ooV.ac4-;v.»  i„c  „      r/  n     •  o'  /  ascantt,  adv.    See  askant. 

t  f  .-o  ®  i«h;«fn .       P'o  S  ^  ascarid  (as'ka-rid),  n.    One  of  the  Ascaridw. 

aa,i,a,og,  asbestos.]     Pertaining  to  asbestos,  Ascarida^  Casknr'i  de^  «  nl     rm,   <  4^rnn\ 
or  partaking  of  its  natui-e  and  qualities;  in-  -^scariaae  (as  Jsai  i-de),  n.  pi.    INL,.,  <  Ascans 
combustible, 
asbestinite  (as-Tjes'tin-it),  h.    [<  asbestine  + 

-ite-.]     Aetinolite  or  strahlstein  Calciferous 

asbestinite,  a  variety  of  steatite, 
asbestoid  (as-bes'toid),  a.    [<  asbestos  +  -oid.'i 

Resembling  asbestos, 
asbestos,  asbestus  (as-bes'tos,  -tus),  «.  [Also 


+  -idw.^  A  family  of  worms,  of  the  order  Ne- 
matoda  and  class  Nematlielmintha,  containing 
several  genera  of  round-worms,  or  thread- 
worms, which  are  intestinal  parasites  of  man 
and  other  animals.  They  have  a  cylindrical  elastic 
hody,  tapering  toward  each  end,  and  a  trivalved  head. 
The  leading  genera  are  Ascaris  and  Oxyuris.  See  cut 
under  Oti/ui  ' 


ashest  {<  F.  asbeste),  abbest,  aiiest  {(.OF.  abeste),  Ascaris  (as'ka-ris),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  cuTKapic,  a 
also,  and  in  ME.,  asbeston,  abeston,  abiston,  al-    """"  -i   ••  . 

beston,  etc.,  and  in  other  corrupt  forms  (in 
earlier  use  only  in  sense  1),  <  L.  asbestos,  used 
by  Pliny  in  ref.  to  the  mineral  asbestos,  which 
he  believed  to  be  vegetable  (see  def.  2),  <  Gr. 
aajitaTog,  applied  by  Dioseorides  to  unslaked 
lime,  lit.  inextinguishable,  unquenchable,  <  a- 
priv.  +  (T,3f(Trof,  verbal  adj.  of  afhvvbvai,  extin- 
guish, quench.]  If.  A  fabulous  stone,  which, 
once  set  on  fire,  could  not  be  quenched:  a  notion 
due  to  observation  of  the  effect  of  cold  water 
in  heating  quicklime. 


Jly  mind  is  like  to  the  Asbeston  stone, 
Which,  if  it  once  be  heat  in  tlames  of  fire, 
Senieth  to  becommen  cold  again. 

Greene,  Alphonsus,  ii. 

2.  A  supposed  kind  of  flax,  alleged  to  be  in- 
combustible. [An  erroneous  notion  of  the 
mineral.  See  3.]  —  3.  A  fibrous  variety  of  am- 
phibole  or  hornblende,  composed  of  separable 
filaments,  with  a  silky  luster;  also,  in  popu- 
lar use,  a  similar  variety  of  serpentine  called 
chrysotile.  its  fibers  are  sometimes  delicate,  flexible, 
and  elastic,  sometimes  stiff  and  brittle,  and  when  reduced 
to  a  powder  are  soft  to  the  touch.  Its  colors  are  various 
shades  of  white,  gray,  or  green,  passing  into  brown,  red, 
or  black.  It  is  incombustible,  and  is  therefore  used  for 
making  lamp-wicks,  paper,  firemen's  clothing,  building 
materials,  twine,  and  rope  for  packing  steam-joints  and 
pistons;  it  is  also  prepared  as  a  cement  for  jirotecting 
heated  surfaces,  roofs,  and  floors,  and  for  various  fire- 
proofing  purposes.  It  is  mined  in  Canada,  Vermont,  Vir- 
ginia, South  Carolina,  and  in  Staten  Island,  New  York. 
Some  varieties  are  compact,  and  take  a  fine  polish  ;  others 
are  loose,  like  fla.f  or  silky  wool.  LUjniforni  asbestus,  or 
muantain-wood,  is  a  variety  presenting  an  irregular  fila- 
mentous structure,  like  wood.  Other  varieties  of  horn- 
blende asbestos  are  rock-cork,  mountain-leather,  fossil 
■paper,  and  fossil  flax.  A  fine  variety  is  called  amiantus 
(which  see).— Blue  asbestOS,  the  mineral  crocidolite 
(which  see). 

asbestos-stove  (as-bes'tos-stov),  «.  A  gas- 
stove  with  asbestos  spread  over  the  burners, 
so  as  to  form  an  incandescent  radiator. 

asbestous  (as-bes'tus),  a.  [<  asbestos  +  -oms.] 
Same  as  asbestic. 

asbestus,  n.    See  asbestos. 

asbolan,  asbolane  (as'bo-lan,  -lan),  n.    [<  Gr. 

aajio'Aoi;,  also  aapoAr/,  soot  (cf.  i/'O'^of,  soot, 
smoke),  +  -an.']  EaHhy  cobalt;  wad  contain- 
ing oxid  of  cobalt.  It  is  used  in  the  manufac- 
tm-e  of  smalt.    Also  called  asbolite. 

asbolin,  asboline  (as'bo-lin),  «.  [As  asbol-an 
+  -i«2.]  An  oil-like,  nitrogenous  matter,  ac- 
rid and  bitter,  obtained  from  the  soot  of  wood. 

asbolite  (as'bo-lit),  «.  [As  asbol-an  +  -ite"^.] 
Same  as  asbolan. 

Ascalabota  (as"ka-la-b6'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL. :  see 
Ascalabotes.']  One  of  the  major  groups  of  the 
Lacertilia,  consisting  of  the  geckos  alone.  See 
Gecca  and  Gecconidw. 


worm  in  the  intestines.]  1.  A  genus  of  round- 
worms, typical  of  the  family  Jsca/-( dee,  infesting 

the  small  intestines.    The  best-known  species,  A. 
lumbricuides,  is  so  called  from  its  resemblance  to  an  earth- 
worm in  size,  shape,  and  general  appearance.    It  has  a 
cylindrical  body,  with  ends  of  equal  size,  a  somewhat 
conoidal  head,  with  trilabiate  terminal  mouth,  and  a  fili- 
form penis ;  the  genital  pore  of  tlie  female  is  in  the  an- 
terior part  of  the  body.    The  female  attains  a  length  of 
from  12  to  14  inches  ;  the  male  is  less  than  half  as  long. 
2.  [?.  c. ;  pi.  rtscanf?es(as-kar'i-dez).]  A  thread- 
worm or  pinworm  of  the  rectum,  formerly 
placed  in  this  genus,  now  referred  to  a  differ- 
ent genus,  Oxyuris  (which  see). 
ascaunceH,  udv.    See  askance^. 
ascaunce^t,  ascauncest,  conj.   See  askance"^. 
ascend  (a-send'),  V.   [<  ME.  ascenden,  asscnden, 

<  L.  ascendere,  adscendere,  go  up,  climb  up  to, 

<  ad,  to,  +  scandere,  climb:  see  scan,  and  cf. 
descend,  transcend.']  I.  in  trans.  1.  To  move  up- 
ward ;  mount ;  go  up ;  rise,  whether  in  air  or 
water,  or  upon  a  material  object. 

In  our  proper  motion  we  ascend 
Vp  to  our  native  seat:  descent  and  fall 
To  us  is  adverse.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  75. 

2.  To  rise,  in  a  figurative  sense ;  proceed  from 
an  inferior  to  a  superior  degree,  from  mean 
to  noble  objects,  from  particulars  to  generals, 
etc. 

By  these  steps  we  shall  ascend  to  more  just  ideas  of  the 
glory  of  Jesus  Christ.  ,       Watts,  Improvement  of  Mind. 

'Tis  sometimes  questioned  whether  morals  have  not  de- 
clined as  the  arts  have  ascended. 

Emerson,  Works  and  Days. 

3.  To  slope  upward. —  4.  To  go  backward  in 
the  order  of  time ;  proceed  from  modern  to 
ancient  times:  as,  our  inquiries  ascend  to  the 
remotest  antiquity. —  5.  To  rise,  as  a  star;  ap- 
pear above  the  horizon. 

Higher  yet  that  star  ascends. 
Sir  J.  Bowring,  Watchman,  Tell  us  of  the  Night. 

6.  In  music,  to  rise  in  pitch;  pass  from  any 
tone  to  one  more  acute.  =syn.  To  mount, soar,  climb. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  go  or  move  upward  upon; 
climb:  as,  to  ascend  a  hill  or  ladder;  to  ascend 
a  tree. 

We  retui'ned  to  the  great  tower,  and  ascended  the  steep 
fiight  of  steps  which  led  to  its  door  of  entrance.  ' 

R.  Curzon,  Monast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  77. 

2.  To  move  upward  along;  go  toward  the 
source  of :  as,  to  ascend  a  river.  =  Syn.  To  mount, 
climb,  scale. 

ascendable  (a-sen'da-bl),  a.  [<  ascend  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  ascended.  Also  written  as- 
cendible. 

ascendance,  ascendence  (a-sen'dans,  -dens), 

n.    Same  as  ascendancy .  [Rare.] 
Fear  had  too  much  ascendance  on  the  mind. 

Fielding,  Joseph  Andrews, 

dan-si,  -den- 


midce.    Also  called  Nyctisauria.  ascendancy,  ascendency  (a-sen'i 
A.SCalabotes  (as'^ka-la-bo'tez),  »i.    [NL.,<Gr.    si),  w.    [i  ascendant, -cnt, +"-ancy, -ency.]  The 

state  of  being  in  the  ascendant;  governing  or 
controlling  influence ;  domination. 


aana/MjiijTr]r^,  the  spotted  lizard,  prob.  Lacerta 
gecko.]  A  genus  of  nyctisaurian  lizards,  of  the 
family  Geccotidce  or  Gecconidw.  a.  fascicularis  is 
sometimes  known  by  the  name  tarentola.  The  genus  was 
originally,  as  used  by  Cuvier,  coextensive  with  the  family, 
or  with  the  modern  superfamily  Ascalabota. 


The  great  Latin  war,  the  war  in  which  the  first  Decius 
gave  himself  for  Rome,  marks  the  last  struggle  of  Ftome's 
immediate  kinsfolk  against  her  ascendency. 

JS.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lecta.,  p.  317. 


ascendant,  ascendent  (a-sen'dant,  -dent),  «. 
and  n.  [<  ME.  ascendent,  assendent,  'n.  (the 
form  ascendant  being  later,  after  F.  ascendant), 
<  L.  asccnden(t-)s,  ppr.  of  ascendere,  go  up,  rise, 
ascend:  see  ascend.]  I.  a.  1.  Proceeding  up- 
ward; rising;  moimting. —  2.  Superior;  pre- 
dominant; surpassing:  as,  "an  06Te»(/((?(i spirit 
over  him,"  South. — 3.  In  ustrol.,  rising  over  the- 
horizon,  or  nearly  so. 

The  constellation  of  Pegasus  ...  is  about  that  time  as- 
cendant. Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Ei'i'. 

4.  In  bot,  same  as  ascending.  —  5.  In  her., 
rising  or  issuing  upward  (the  reverse  of  issu- 
ant):  as,  rays  of  the  sun  ascendant  from  the^ 
bottom  of  the  shield,  from  a  fesse,  etc. 

II.  M.  1.  In  astral.,  the  point  of  the  ecliptic 
or  the  sign  of  the  zodiac  that  is  situated  on  the 
eastern  horizon  at  any  particular  moment,  as- 
at  the  moment  of  birth  or  of  the  propounding- 
of  any  question  ;  the  horoscope.  The  house  of  the 
ascendant  includes  that  part  of  the  zodiac  which  extends 
from  5°  above  the  horizon  to  2?>°  below  it.  The  lord  of  the 
ascendant  is  the  planet  that  rules  the  ascendant.  This 
planet  is  generally  the  sigiiificator  of  the  querent,  and  the 
decision  of  the  question  depends  upon  its  aspects.  Hence, 
to  be  in  the  asceiulant  signifies  to  have  commanding  power 
or  influence,  to  occupy  a  ruling  position ;  and  lord  of  the 
ascendant,  one  who  has  possession  of  such  power  or  in- 
fluence :  as,  to  rule,  for  a  while,  lord  of  the  ascendant. 

The  assendent  sothly,  as  wel  in  alle  natiuitez  as  in  ques- 
tiouns  and  elecciounsof  tynies,  is  a  thing  which  that  thise- 
Astrologiens  gretly  obseruen  ;  wher-fore  me  semeth  con- 
uenient  sin  that  I  speke  of  the  assendent.  to  make  of  it 
special  declaratioun.  The  assendent  sothly,  to  take  it  at 
the  largest,  is  thilke  degree  that  asseiideth  at  any  of  thise 
forseide  tynies  upon  the  est  Orisonte ;  and  there-fore,  gif 
that  any  planet  assende  at  that  same  tyme  in  thilke  for- 
seide degre  of  his  longitude,  Men  seyn  thilke  planete  is  in. 
horoscope.  Chaucer. 
Sciences  that  were  then  in  their  highest  ascendant. 

Sir  W.  Temple. 

Marlborough  had  not,  when  Popei-y  was  in  the  ascen- 
dant, crossed  himself,  shrived  himself,  done  penance, 
taken  the  communion  in  one  kind,  and,  as  soon  as  a  turn 
of  fortune  came,  apostatized  back  again. 

Macaiday,  Hist.  Eng.,  xx. 

2.  Superiority  or  commanding  influence ;  pre- 
dominance :  especially  in  the  phrase  to  gain  th& 
ascendant  over  one. 

What  star  I  know  not,  but  some  star,  I  find, 
Has  given  thee  an  ascendant  o'er  my  mind. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Persius,  Satires,  v.  66, 
She  had  art  enough  to  gain  an  entire  ascendant  over  the- 
king.  Goldsmith,  Voltaire. 

The  secular  authority,  long  unduly  depressed,  regainecl 
the  ascendant  with  startling  rapidity. 

Macaulay,  Von  Ranke 

3.  An  ancestor,  or  one  who  precedes  in  geneal- 
ogy or  degrees  of  kindred :  opposed  to  descen- 
dant. 

The  succession  of  ascendants  of  the  deceased,  of  his  male 
paternal  ancestors,  if  any  survived  him. 

Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  111. 

4.  In  arch.,  one  of  the  two  sides  or  vertical  mem- 
bers of  the  chambranle  of  a  door  or  window. 

ascendence,  ascendency,  ascenaent.  See  as- 
cendance, etc. 
ascender  (a-sen'der),  n.    1.  One  who  ascends. 

—  2.  An  ascending  letter.    See  ascending. 
ascendible  (a-sen'di-bl),  a.    [<  L.  ascendibilis 

(also,  from  pp.  ascensns,  LL.  ascensibilis),  < 
ascendere,  ascend :  see  ascend  and  -ible,  and  cf . 
ascendaMe.]  Same  as  ascendable. 
ascending  (a-sen'ding),  p.  a.  1.  Proceeding- 
from  a  lower  position  to  a  higher ;  rising;  mov- 
ing upward ;  figuratively,  proceeding  from  the 
less  to  the  greater  ;  proceeding  from  a  later  to- 
an  earlier  time ;  rising  from  grave  to  acute. 

—  2.  In  bot.,  growing  upward,  as  the  stem  of  a. 
plant,  which  is  called  the  ascending  axis.  Com- 
monly restricted  to  the  sense  of  growing  up  obliquely  or  in 
a  curve  from  the  base,  in  distinction  from  erect,  and  from. 
decumbent  or  horizontal.—  AfMXe  ascending  paralysis. 
See  para/j/si,?.— Ascending  latitude,  the  latitude  of  a. 
planet  when  moving  toward  the  north  pole.—  Ascending- 
letter,  in  type-founding,  a  letter  which  reaches  to  the 
extreme  upper  part  of  the  body  of  the  type.  In  Romai* 
types  of  the  minuscule  or  "  lower-case  "  form  the  ascend- 
ing letters  are  b,  d,  f,  h,  i,  j,  k,  1,  t.  All  capitals  are 
ascending  letters. — Ascending  node,  that  point  of  a 
planet's  orbit  at  which  it  passes  the  ecliptic  to  proceed 
northward.  It  is  also  called  the  northeryi  node— Ascend- 
ing ffVUle,  in  bot.,  an  ovule  that  is  attached  above  the  liase 
of  the  ovary  and  directed  upward. — Ascending  rhythm,, 
in  pros.,  a  rhythm  or  movement  composed  of  feet  in 
which  the  metrically  accented  part  (commonly  called 
the  arsis)  follows  the  metrically  unaccented  part  (com- 
monly called  the  thesis),  as  an  iambic  or  anapestic  rhythm  : 
opposed  to  descending  rhythm,  such  as  the  trochaic  or 
dactylic. — Ascending  signs,  the  signs  Capricornus,  Aqua- 
rius, Pisces,  Aries,  Taurus,  and  Gemini:  so  called  because 
the  sun,  while  in  them,  is  approaching  the  north  celestial 
pole,  which  is  to  our  view  elevated. — Ascending  ves- 
sels, in  anat.,  those  vessels  which  carry  the  blood  upward 
or  toward  the  superior  parts  of  the  body. 


ascension 

ascension  (a-sen'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  ascensioun, 
assensioim,  i  L.  ascensio(n-),  a  rising,  aseen- 
siou,  <  ascendere,  pp.  ascensus,  rise,  ascend :  see 
ascend.']  1.  Tlie  act  of  ascending;  a  rising; 
specifically,  the  bodily  passing  from  earth  to 
ieaven  of  Christ,  in  the  presence  of  his  disci- 
ples (Mark  xvi.  19;  Luke  xxiv.  50,  51;  Acts  i. 
1711)-— 2.  leap.]  The  day  on  which  the  ascen- 
sion of  Chi'ist  is  commemorated  in  the  church  ; 
Ascension  day.— Sf.  That  which  rises  or  as- 
cends ;  a  fume. 

Men  err  in  the  theory  of  inebriation,  conceiving  the 
brain  doth  only  suffer  from  vapourous  ascensions  from 
the  stomach.  Sir  T.  Broimie,  Vulg.  Err. 

4.  In  astron.,  the  rising  of  a  star  or  point  above 
the  horizon  on  the  celestial  sphere. —  5.  A  go- 
ing back  in  time,  or  in  the  order  of  genealogi- 
■eal  succession ;  ascent.- Apparent  right  ascen- 
sion. See  apparent.— Ascmsion  day,  tlie  fortieth  day 
after  Easter,  on  which  the  ascension  of  Clirist  is  com- 
memorated; sometimes  called //oZi/ JViucsda;/.— Oblique 
ascensiont,  of  a  star,  in  astron.,  a.n  arc  of  the  equator  in- 
tercepted between  the  vernal  equinox  or  first  point  of 
Aries  and  that  point  of  the  equator  which  comes  to  the 
horizon  at  the  same  time  with  the  star.— Eight  ascen- 
sion,  (a)  In  old  astron.,  vertical  rising. 

Tlie  signes  of  riht  assencioun  ben  fro  the  heued  of  can- 
cer to  ye  ende  of  sagittare,  and  thise  signes  arisen  more 
"upi'iht.  Chaucer. 
<6)  In  moS.  astron. ,  the  right  ascension  of  a  star  or  point  of 
the  sphere  is  tlie  arc  of  the  equator  intercepted  between  its 
■circle  of  declination  and  the  vernal  equinox  or  first  point  of 
Aries,  reckoned  toward  the  east.  This  meaning  is  derived 
from  the  conception  of  an  observer  at  a  point  on  the  earth's 
equator  where  all  the  stars  rise  vertically, 
ascensional  (a-sen'shon-al),  a.  [<  ascension  + 
-rtZ.]  Relating  to  ascension  or  ascent ;  ascend- 
ing or  rising  up. 

That  idea  [of  the  gun-cotton  rocket]  was  to  place  a  disk 
or  short  cylinder  of  the  gun-cotton  in  the  head  of  a  rocket, 
the  ascensional  force  of  which  should  be  employed  to  carry 
the  disk  to  an  elevation  of  1,000  feet  or  thereabouts. 

Tyndall,  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIII.  281. 
Ascensional  differencet,  in  astron.,  the  difference  be- 
tween the  right  and  the  oblique  ascension  of  the  same 
point  on  the  surface  of  the  sphere  :  used  chiefly  as  ex- 
pressing the  difference  between  the  time  of  the  rising  or 
setting  of  a  body  and  six  o'clock,  or  six  hours  from  its  me- 
ridian passage. 

ascensive  (a-sen'siv),  a.  [<  L.  ascensus  (pp.  of 
ascendere:  see  ascend)  +  -ive.]  1.  Character- 
ized by  an  ascending  movement;  tending  to 
ascend;  rising;  tending  to  rise,  or  causing 
to  rise.  Sir  T.  Browne. —  2.  In  gram.,  increas- 
ing force  ;  intensive  ;  augmentative.  [Rare.] 

ascent  (a-senf),  m.    [<  ascend;  formed  like  de- 
scent, F.  descente,<  descend,  F.  descendre.']  1. 
'The  act  of  rising  or  ascending;  upward  move- 
ment :  as,  the  ascent  of  vapors,  or  of  a  balloon. 
To  him  with  swift  ascent  he  up  return 'd. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  224. 

Hence — 2.  A  rising  from  a  lower  to  a  higher 
state,  degree,  or  grade ;  advancement. 

As  to  the  genesis  of  man  and  the  universe,  the  less  cul- 
tured tribes  claimed  to  be  an  ascent  from  birds,  fishes 
snakes.  Faiths  of  the  World,  p.  252. 

3.  The  act  of  climbing  or  traveling  up ;  the  act 
■of  advancing  from  a  lower  to  a  higher  position ; 
■a  going  up,  as  up  a  mountain,  river,  stairway, 
«te.— 4.  An  eminence ;  a  hill  or  high  place. 

Depressed  valleys  and  swelling  ascents.  Bentley. 
6.  The  way  by  which  one  ascends ;  the  means 
of  ascending;  acclivity;  upward  slope. 

It  was  a  rock  .  .  . 
Conspicuous  far;  winding  with  one  ascent. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  545. 
Next  the  proud  palace  of  Salerno  stood 
A  mount  of  rough  ascent,  and  thick  with  wood. 

Dryden,  Sig.  and  Guis.,  1.  102. 
Clambering  up  the  very  steep  ascent,  I  took  my  place 
upon  the  ramparts  to  watch  the  sunrise  over  the  plain. 

0' Donovan,  Merv,  xxiv. 

6.  The  angle  made  by  an  ascending  line  or  sur- 
face with  the  horizontal  line  or  plane  :  as,  the 
road  has  an  ascent  of  five  degrees. —  7.  A  pro- 
ceeding upward  or  backward  in  time  or  in  logi- 
cal order  of  succession. 

The  ascents  from  particular  to  general  are  all  successive, 
and  each  step  of  this  ascejit  requires  time  and  labour. 

J.  S.  M ill.  System  of  Logic, 
line  of  ascent,  in  genealogy,  ancestry. 

They  [ancient  Hindu  law-teachers]  say  hardly  anything 
of  Inheritance  as  now  understood,  save  in  the  dii-ect  line 
of  descent  or  ascent. 

Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  112. 
ascertain  (as-er-tan'),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  and 
late  ME.  ascertaine,  assertaine,  assartaine,  -tayne, 
etc.,  with  asser-,  ascer-,  in  erroneous  simulation 
of  words  like  assent,  ascend,  etc.,  earlier  ME. 
<icertainen,  acerteinen,  <  OP.  acertaincr,  acer- 
teiner,  make  certain,  <  a,  to,  4-  certain,  certain : 
«ee  a-ll  and  certain.  The  word  is  thus  etymo- 
logically  a-H  -I-  certain,  and  was  so  pronounced 
u)  early  mod.  E.]    L  To  make  certain;  deter- 


333 


mine  ;  define  or  reduce  to  precision  by  remov- 
ing doubt,  obscurity,  or  ambiguity ;  establish ; 
prove.  [Archaic] 

f'he  two  first  lines  of  the  following  book  seem  to  a«cer- 
tain  the  true  meaning  of  the  conclusion  of  this.  Cowper. 

In  1695  he  [Moyle]  was  chosen  to  represent  the  borough 
of  Saltash  in  parliament ;  a  circumstance  whicli  ascer- 
tains the  piece  before  us  to  have  been  written  subseciuent 
to  that  period.     M alone,  note  in  Dryden's  Life  of  Luciaii. 

We  must  look  somewhat  deeper,  would  we  learn  why  a 
book  which  now  tries  our  patience  was  not  undeserving 
of  those  multiplied  editions  which  have  ascertained  its 
popularity.  /.  D' Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  I.  327. 

2.  To  find  out  by  trial,  examination,  or  experi- 
ment, so  as  to  know  as  certain ;  acquire  an  ac- 
curate knowledge  of :  as,  to  ascertain  the  weight 
of  a  commodity  or  the  purity  of  a  metal. 

To  pass  to  ascertained  facts,  there  actually  are  words 
which  were  ventured  many  generations  ago,  but,  for  some 
reason  or  other,  were  not  taken  up,  .  .  .  and  yet  are  now 
familiar  to  everybody.    F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  131,  note. 

3.  To  make  sure  of;  insure.  [Archaic] 
The  ministry,  in  order  to  ascertain  a  majority  in  the 

House  of  Lords,  persuaded  the  queen  to  create  twelve 
new  peers.  Smollett. 
4t.  To  make  certain  or  sure;  certify;  assure; 
inform.  [Rare.] 

I  am  desirous  of  arranging  with  you  such  just  and  prac- 
ticable conditions  as  will  ascertain  to  you  the  terms  at 
which  you  will  receive  my  part  of  your  debts. 

Jefferson,  in  Morse,  p.  334. 
Muncer  assured  them  that  the  design  was  approved  of 
by  Heaven,  and  that  the  Almighty  had  in  a  dream  ascer- 
tained him  of  its  effects.  Robertson. 

5.  To  establish  with  certainty ;  render  invari- 
able, or  not  subject  to  caprice ;  fix.  [Rare.] 

The  mildness  and  precision  of  their  laws  ascertained  the 
rule  and  measure  of  taxation.  Gibbon. 

ascertainable  (as-er-ta'na-bl),  a.  [<  ascertain 
+  -able.]  If.  Capable  of  being  determined  or 
made  certain.—  2.  Capable  of  being  ascertained 
or  found  out  by  trial,  experiment,  investigation, 
inquiry,  etc. 
ascertainer  (as-er-ta'ner),  n.  One  who  ascer- 
tains. 

ascertainment  (as-er-tan'ment),  n.  [<  ascer- 
tain -f-  -ment.]  1.  The  act  of  fixing  or  deter- 
mining ;  a  reducing  to  certainty.  [Archaic]  — 
2.  The  act  of  attaining  certainty ;  the  acquire- 
ment of  certain  knowledge  concerning  some- 
thing ;  a  finding  out. 

Our  ancestors  guided  their  course  by  the  stars,  without 
knowing  much  about  the  stars;  the  ascertainment  of  a 
few  relative  positions  sufficed. 

Cr.  H.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  §  2. 
We  can  proceed  in  the  ascertainment  of  internal  truths 
as  we  proceed  in  the  ascertainment  of  external  ones. 

H.  Spencer. 

ascetery  (a-set'e-ri),  n. ;  pi.  asceteries  (-riz).  [< 
LGr.  aoKTjTTjpLov,  <  aGKT]T?]<;,  a  monk:  see  ascetic.] 
Originally,  a  dwelling-place  of  ascetics ;  a  mon- 
astery ;  now,  in  certain  religious  houses,  a  com- 
mon meeting-place  for  spiritual  exercises  and 
reading. 

ascetic  (a-set'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  aaKrjTtK.6^,  as- 
cetic, laborious ;  as  noun,  a  hermit,  an  ascetic ; 
<  aanTjTtjq,  one  who  exercises,  an  athlete,  eccles.  a 
monk  or  hermit,  <  amelv,  work,  exercise,  eccles. 
mortify  the  body.]  I.  a.  1.  Practising  special 
acts  of  self-denial  as  a  religious  exercise ;  seek- 
ing hoHness  through  self -mortification ;  hence, 
rigidly  abstinent  and  self -restrained  as  to  ap- 
petites and  passions. 

He  was  for  his  life  so  exact  and  temperate  that  I  haue 
heard  he  had  never  been  surprised  by  excesse,  being  ascetic 
and  sparing.  Evelyn,  Diary. 

Genius  is  always  ascetic;  and  piety  and  love.  Appetite 
shows  to  the  finer  souls  as  a  disease. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  210. 
Hence — 2.  Unduly  strict  or  rigid  in  religious 
exercises  or  mortifications ;  severe;  austere. 

A  constant  ascetic  course  of  the  severest  abstinence  and 
devotion.  South,  Sermons  (ed.  1737),  II.  31. 

A  dominant  religion  is  never  ascetic. 

Macaulay,  Dryden. 
3.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  ascetics. 

II.  n.  1 .  In  the  early  Christian  church,  one 
who  practised  unusual  self-denial  and  devotion ; 
in  modern  usage,  also  one  who  retires  from  the 
customary  business  of  life  and  engages  in  pious 
exercises ;  a  hermit ;  a  recluse. 

He  that  preaches  to  man  should  understand  what  is  in 
man ;  and  that  skill  can  scarce  be  attained  by  an  ascetic  in 
his  solitudes.  Atterbury. 
2.  2)1.  [caji.]  The  title  of  certain  books  on  de- 
vout exercises :  as,  the  Ascetics  of  St.  Basil, 
ascetical  (a-set'i-kal),  a.  [<  ascetic  +  -al.] 
Pertaining  to  the  practice  of  rigid  self-denial 
and  the  mortification  of  the  body  as  a  means  of 
attaining  wtue  and  holiness;  ascetic  Asceti- 
cal theology,  a  name  given  to  the  science  which  treats 


Ascidia 

ot  virtue  and  perfection  and  the  means  by  which  they 
are  to  1)g  attained.    Calh.  Diet. 

ascetically  (a-set'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  ascetical 
mauuor;  by  the  practice  of  asceticism;  as  an 
ascetic ;  to  or  toward  asceticism :  as,  persons 
asceficalli/  inclined, 
asceticism  (a-set'i-sizm),  ».  [<  a.scetic  +  -ism.] 
1.  The  life  or  practice  of  an  ascetic  ;  the  prin- 
ciples and  historic  course  of  the  ascetics,  in  an- 
cient Greece  asceticism  (ao-Ki/ais)  meant  the  discipline  un- 
dergone by  athletes  while  training.  In  the  schools  of  the 
Stoics  the  same  word  was  applied  to  the  controlling  of  the 
appetites  and  passions  and  the  practice  of  virtue.  Among 
Christians,  through  contact  with  the  Alexandrian  school 
of  philosophy,  the  word  early  came  into  use  with  a  simi- 
lar meaning,  namely,  the  habitual  use  of  self-discipline, 
such  as  had  been  practised  by  individuals  and  even  by 
communities  among  the  Jews.  The  object  of  this  disci- 
pline was  to  control  and  sulidue  the  bodily  nature  with 
its  passions  and  desires  as  the  stronghold  of  evil  in- 
herent in  man  since  the  fall  of  Adam,  the  means  used 
being  fasting,  celibacy,  poverty,  penance,  and  solitude, 
a  mode  of  life  which  developed  in  the  course  of  a  few 
centuries  into  monasticism.  Similar  and  even  greater 
austerities  have  been  practised  from  very  early  times  by 
many  among  various  pagan  nations  and  in  connection 
with  various  religious  systems,  such  as  Hinduism,  Buddh- 
ism, etc.,  under  the  influence  of  the  idea  that  matter  is 
essentially  evil,  and  that  an  approach  to  ideal  good  or  an 
escape  from  the  evils  of  existence  can  be  effected  only  by 
subduing  or  torturing  the  body. 

Asceticism  again  — including  under  this  term  ...  all 
efforts  to  withdraw  from  the  world  in  order  to  cultivate  a 
higher  degree  of  sanctity— belongs  naturally  to  a  society 
which  is  somewhat  rude,  and  in  which  isolation  is  frequent 
and  easy.  Lechj,  Europ.  Morals,  i.  136. 

2.  In  theol.,  the  theory  or  systematic  exposition 
of  the  means,  whether  negative,  as  self-denial 
and  abstinence,  or  positive,  as  the  exercise  of 
natural  and  Christian  virtues,  by  which  a  com- 
plete conformity  with  the  divine  will  may  be  at- 
tained.   See  ascetical  theology,  under  ascetica.1. 

=  SjTl.  Self-sacrifice,  Austerity,  etc.  i^ce  self-denial. 
ascnam(as'kam),  n.  [After  Roger  Jsc/i«w,  who 
in  1545  published  "Toxophilus,"  a  celebrated 
treatise  on  archery.]  A  cupboard  or  case  to 
contain  bows  and  sometimes  arrows  and  other 
implements  of  archery.  Encyc.  Brit. 
Aschiza  (as-ki'za),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv. 
+  ''X'^d,  a  cleft :  see  schism.]  In  Brauer's  sys- 
tem of  classification,  a  division  of  cyclorha- 
phous  dipterous  insects  or  flies,  of  the  suborder 
Cyclorhapha,  containing  the  families  Syrphidw, 
PlatijpesidcB,  Phoridw,  and  Pipunculidce,  thus 
collectively  contrasted  with  Schizophora  (which 
see). 

Aschizopoda  (as-ki-zop'o-da),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  a-  priv.  +  cr^/Ca,  a  cleft,  +  trovg  {Trod-)  =  E. 
foot.]  A  division  of  macrurous  decapodous 
crustaceans,  embracing  most  of  the  group,  as 
distinguished  from  the  Schizopoda  or  opossum- 
shrimps. 

asci,  n.    Plural  of  ascus. 

ascian  (as'ian),  n.  [<  L.  ascius,  <  Gr.  amioc, 
without  shadow,  <  a-  priv.  +  aKtd,  shadow.] 
A  person  who  easts  no  shadow  at  noon.  The 

inhabitants  of  the  torrid  zone  alone  fulfil  this  condition, 
having  the  sun  twice  a  year  in  their  zenith  at  noon. 
Ascidia  (a-sid'i-a),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  pi.  of  Ascidium, 
q.  v.]    1.  A  class  of  animals  connecting  the 
molluscoid  invertebrates  with  the  Fertebrata; 
the  tunicates,  tunicaries,  or  sea-squirts,  other- 
wise called  Titnicata,  Ascozoa,  Urochorda,  or 
Protovertebrata  (in  part) ;  the  ascidians.  They 
are  asymmetrical  marine  animals, 
simple  or  compound,  fixed  or  free, 
with  a  monoganglionic  nervous 
system,  tubular  heart,  and  no  foot. 
The  integument  is  a  leathery  sac, 
with  two  orifices,  oral  and  anal. 
The  young  are  free-swinmiing  and 
tadpole-like,  and  in  this  larval  con- 
dition show  traces  of  vertebrate 
affinities  in  the  possession  of  a  uro- 
chord,  or  notochord  of  the  tail,  a 
condition  retained  permanently  in 
one  family,   the  Appendiculari- 
idcB.   They  are  found  at  low-water 
mark  on  the  sea-beach,  and,  at- 
tached to  stones,  shells,  and  fixed 
objects,  are  dredged  from  deep 
water.    An  ascidian  presents  ex- 
ternally the  appearance  of  a  wine- 
jar  or  double-necked  bottle,  the 
one  aperture  of  the  bottle  cor- 
responding to  the  mouth  and  the 
other  to  the  vent  or  excretory 
aperture.    A  feature  in  the  or- 
ganization  of   these  animals  is 
that  a  large  proportion  of  the 
tough  outer  case  or  test  is  com- 
posed of  cellulose,  a  starchy  sub- 
stance  highly   characteristic  of 
plants.    The  mouth-opening  leads 
into  a  large  branchial  sac  or  breath- 
ing-sac ;  and  from  the  bottom  of 
this  sac  the  digestive  system,  con- 
sisting of  stomach  and  intestine,  is  continued,  the  in- 
testine opening  into  a  second  sac,  the  atrial  chamber. 
This  latter  cavity  opens  externally  by  the  second  aper- 
ture of  the  body,  and  also  emits  the  effete  water  which 


Ascidia  Tnentuta. 
a,  termination  of  intes- 
tine ;  b,  branchial  sac ; 
ex,  excurrent  or  anal  ori- 
fice ;  g,  ganglion  :  i,  in- 
testine :  m,  mouth ;  o, 
tentacular  fringe  ;  r,  re- 
productive organ ;  s. 
stomach;  /'.test,  or  outer 
tunic  :  t,  inner  tunic  :  t'. 
ventral  sinus:  v  ,  dorsal 
sinus. 


(a-sif'e- 
rus),  a.  [<  NL.  d's- 
eus,  q.  v.,  +  li.ferre 
=  E.  beaA.I  Hav- 
ing asei. 

There  is  a  parallelism 
between  the  fructifica- 
tiiiii  of  lichens  anil  the 
as-ci/erous  section  of 
fnngi. 
Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  557. 


Ascidia 

has  been  used  in  breathing.  A  single  nervous  mass  asciferOUS 
or  ganglion  represents  the  nervous  system,  this  mass  be-  "^i"uo 
ing  placed  between  the  two  apertures  of  the  body.  Male 
nnd  female  repruiluctive  organs  exist  in  each  ascidian. 
These  animals  may  be  sinrili'ov  simple,  social,  or  compound. 
In  social  ascidians  the  pediniclea  of  a  number  of  indi- 
viduals are  united  into  a  conmion  tubular  stem,  witli  a 
partial  common  circulation  of  blood.  The  si)ecies  are 
more  or  less  gelatinous,  and  some  are  used  as  food  in 
China  and  on  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean.  The 
Ascidia  are  divisible  into  two  orders  nut  well  defined, 
called  Biphora  and  Ascidioida,  ami  by  other  names,  one 
containing  the  Salpidte  and  DoUnlidce.  tlie  other  the  rest 
of  the  class.  Also  written  Ascidice.  See  cuts  under  Aji- 
peiulicidaria,  Doliolida\  Salpn,  and  Tunicata. 

2.  [Used  as  a  singular.]  Less  proper  form  of 
Ascidium. —  3.  [?.  c.]  Pliiral  of  ascidium,  2. 

Ascidiacea  (a-sid-i-a'sf-a),  n.  j)l.  [NL.,  <  Ascid- 
ium +  -«„•«.]    Same  as  Ascidioida,  2. 

Ascidias  (a-sid'i-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  Ascidia, 
2.]  1.  lu  Gegenbaur's  system  of  classification, 
a  division  of  Acopa,  embracing  the  true  ascid- 
ians as  tlistinguished  from  the  Pyrosomatida', 
Borwlidiv,  and  Salpida:  it  contains  three  groups, 
Simplic'  S,  ,'iiicialcs,  and  Compositce,  or  the  simple,  social, 
and  compound  ascidians. 

2.  Same  as  Ascidia,  1. 
ascidian  (a-sid'i-an),  a.  and  n.    [<  Ascidium  + 
-««.]    I.  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Ascidia  or 
Tunicata. 


334 


II.  n.  One  of  the  Ascidia  or  Tunicata;  a 
sea-squirt. 

ascidiarium  (a-sid-i-a'ri-um),  n.;  pi.  ascidiaria 


ascigerous  (a-sij'e- 
rus),  a.  [<  NL.  as- 
cus,  q.  v.,  +  L.  ge- 
rere,  bear.]  In  hot., 
bearing  asci,  as  li- 
chens and  aseomy- 
cetous  fungi.  See 
ascus,  and  compare 
acrosporous. 
ascites  (a-si'tez),  n. 
[L.,  <  6r.  aaairjjQ 
(sc.  voaog,  disease), 
a  kind  of  dropsy, 
<  aoKdg,  a  leathern 
bag,  a  bladder :  see 
ascus. '\  In  pathol., 
a  collection  of  se- 
rous fluid  in  the  peritoneal  cavity ;  dropsy  of 
the  belly. 


Ascidium  of  a  Plant. 
Leaf  of  pitcher-plant  {Nepentkts) 
with  a  winged  petiole  and  terminating 
in  an  opercniate  pitcher.  ( From  Le 
Maout  and  Decaisne's  "  Traite  gene- 
ral de  Botanique." ) 


(-a).  [NL.,  <  Ascidium  +  -«««/».]  Acompound  ascitic  (a-sit'ik),  a.    Relating  to  ascites  :  drop- 

ascidian,  consisting  of  two  or  more  individual  sical. 

ascidiozooids.    See  cut  under  cijathozooid.  ascitical  (a-sit'i-kal),  a.    Same  as  ascitic. 

It  [a  fl.xed  ascidian]  may  remain  simple,  or  it  may  de-  aSCititiOUS  (as-i-tish'us),  a.    Same  as  adsciti- 


velop  buds  and  give  rise  to  a  compound  organism  or  Ascid- 
iarium, consisting  of  many  Ascidiozooids  united  together. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  514. 

ascidiate  (a-sid'i-at),  a.  [<  Ascidium  +  -ate'^.'] 
Shaped  like  a  small  bottle,  or  like  an  ascidian. 

Ascidicola  (as-i-dik'o-lii),  «.  [NL.,  i  Ascidium 
+  L.  colere,  inhabit.]'  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Ascidicolidm. 

Ascidicolidse  (a-sid-i-kol'i-de),  n.pl.  \^'L.,<.  As- 
cidicola +  -ida.']  A  family  of  copepod  entomos- 
tracous  crustaceans,  parasitic  upon  ascidians. 

ascidiform  (a-sid'i-f6rm),  a.    [<  Ascidium  +  L. 
forma,  shape.]    1.  Shaped  like  an  ascidian; 
bottle-shaped. —  2.  Havdng  the  structure  of  an 
ascidian ;  related  to  the  Ascidia. 
Also  ascidiiform. 

ascidiid  (a-sid'i-id),  n.    One  of  the  Ascidiidw. 

Ascidiidse  (as-i-di'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ascidia, 
2,  +  -id(S.]  A  family  of  solitary  ascidians, 
typically  with  the  branchial  apertiu'e  8-lobed, 
the  atrial  6-lobed,  the  branchial  sac  not  folded, 
the  tentacles  simple,  and  the  genitalia  in  close 
connection  with  the  mantle,  it  is  the  typical  family 
of  the  ascidians  proper,  including  the  simple  forms,  as  Mol- 
gula,  Cynthia,  Ascidia  or  Phallnsia,  etc.,  as  distinguished 


tious. 

asclent(as-klent'),  adv.  A  Scotch  form  of  as?awt 
asclepiad  (as-kle'pi-ad),  n.  [<  L.  Asclepiadcum 
(sc.  metrum),  <  Gr.  ^A<JKArjnid6i:io(;  (sc.  orixog,  me- 
ter), the  meter  of  'AaK?.7/xidi^7/c,  a  Greek  poet,  lit. 
descendant  of  Aselepius,  <  'Auk'/.tittioc,  Asclepius : 
see  Asclepias.']  1.  [cap.]  In  auc.  pros.,  an  As- 
clepiadic  (verse  or  line). —  2.  In  hot.,  a  member 
of  the  order  ^.s-c?e/)i«rface<c. — 3.  [cop.]  One  of 
the  Aselepiads  (which  see). 
Asclepiadacese  (as-kle'^pi-a-da'se-e),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Asclepias  {-ad-)  -I-  -ac'cw.']  A'  natural  or- 
der of  gamopetalous  exogenous  plants,  with  pol- 
len in  waxy  masses,  the  pollinia  attached  in  pairs 
to  glandillar  appendages  of  the  stigma,  the  fruit 
a  pair  of  follicles,  and  the  seed  comose.  They  are 

mainly  tropical,  many  of  them  African  and  Indian  twining 
shrubs,  usually  with  milky  juice,  which  often  has  strong 
emetic  and  purgative  qualities.  It  includes  the  milkweed 
(Asclepias),  carrion-flower  (Stapelia),  wax-plant  (.lloya), 
and  other  handsome  greenhouse  plants,  the  Indian  sarsa- 
parilla  (Ileinidesmus  Indicus),  and  several  tlber-phints,  as 
species  of  Calntrojiis  and  Marsdeiiia,  a  species  of  the  latter 
genus  yielding  a  blue  dye  resembling  indigo. 

asclepiadaceous  (as-kle'^pi-a-da'shius),  a.  Be- 
longing to  the  Asclepiadaccw. 


specie^'  See  ™?  umierSl!"""''  ''"^  AscIepiadsB  (as-kle-pi'a-de),'_»i.  pi.    [NL. :  see 


ascidiiform  (a-sid'i-i-form),  a.  Same  as  ascidi- 
form. 

ascidioid  (a-sid'i-oid),  a.  [<  Ascidium  +  -old.] 
Of  or  resembling  an  ascidian :  as,  an  ascidioid 
form.  Huxley. 

Ascidioida  (a-sid-i-oi'da),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Ascidia, 
Ascidium,  4-  -oida.]  1.  Same  as  Ascidia,  Asco- 
zoa,  or  Tunicata,  as  a  class  or  phylum  of  ani- 
mals.—  2.  An  order  of  Ascidia,  conterminous 
with  Acopa  (which  see).  Also  c&We A  Ascidiacea. 

ascidiology  (a-sid-i-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Ascidium  -i- 
-ology.']  That  department  of  zoology  which 
treats  of  the  ascidians  or  tunicates. 

ascidiozooid  (a-sid'i-o-zo'oid),  M.  [<  Ascidium 
+  zooid.]  One  of  the  zooids  or  individual 
organisms  which  collectively  constitute  a  com- 
pound ascidian  or  ascidiarium  (which  see). 
See  cuts  under  cyatliozodid  and  Doliolidcc. 

In  the  compound  or  social  Tunicata,  many  ascidiozooids, 
which  are  united  by  a  common  test  into  an  ascidiarium, 
are  produced  by  gemmation  from  a  solitary  metamor- 
phosed larva.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  522. 

Ascidium  (a-sid'i-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  acKiSiov, 
dim.  of  adKog,  a  leathern  bag,  a  wine-skin :  see 
ascHs.]  1.  [Also  less  prop.  Jscirfia.]  A  genus 
of  tunicates,  typical  of  the  principal  family  of 


Aselepiads.']    Same  as  Aselepiads. 
Asclepiadean  (as-kle"pi-a-de'an),  a.   [<  L.  As- 
clepiadeus  (see  asclepiad)  +  -an.]   In  anc.pros., 
consisting  or  composed  of  Asclepiadics. 

In  his  combinations  of  the  Asclepiadean  [meter]  we  note 
the  grave  and  thoughtful  temperance  of  tone  which  per- 
vades those  in  which  the  three  Asclepiadean  lines  are  com- 
bined with  one  Glyconic.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  105. 

Asclepiadean  strophe,  a  strophe  or  stanza  composed  of 
Asclepiadics  with  or  without  other  verses,  such  as  Gly- 
l  oiiics  and  Pherecratics. 

Asclepiadic  (as-kle-pi-ad'ik),  a.  and  ».  [<  ascle- 
piad +  -ic]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  As- 
clepiad or  Asclepiadic,  a  kind  of  verse. 

II.  n.  In  anc.  pros.,  a  verse  consisting  of  a 
spondee,  two  (or  three)  choriambi,  and  an  iam- 
bus ;  or,  according  to  other  authorities,  a  logaoe- 
dic  verse  consisting  of  a  basis,  three  cyclic  dac- 
tyls, of  which  the  second  is  syncopated  (or  five 
cyclic  dactyls,  of  which  the  second  and  fourth 
are  syncopated),  and  a  trochaic  dipody  catalec- 
tie.  The  shorter  form  is  called  the  lesser,  the 
longer  the  greater,  Asclepiadic. 


Mtece- 
Msece- 


nas  atftvis  |  edltfi  re-  |  gibus, 
nas  ata-  I  VIS  I  edits  |  reglbiis. 


Tune 
Time 


quffisISris  |  scirS  nSfas  |  quern  mihl  quem  |  tlbi. 
quftsifi  I  ris  I  scirS  n6  |  fas  |  quem  mlhl  |  quem  tibi. 


ln!.^lf  f=  tfl^:.'.Tl±^}Z'l!^^^^^^        Aselepiads  (as-kle'pi-adz),  n.pl.    [<  Gr.  Ao.l,. 


known  as  sea-squirts :  synonymous  with  Phal- 
lusia. — 2.  [?.  c;  pi.  ascidia  (-a).]  In  hot.:  (a) 
Any  tubular,  horn-shaped,  or"piteher-like  for- 
mation, arising  usually  from  the  union  of  the 
margins  of  a  leaf  or  other  organ,  or  from  the 
disproportionate  growth  of  some  part.  The  as- 
cidium ordinarily  known  as  a  pitcher,  as  in  the  pitcher- 
plants  (Nepenthes)  and  side-saddle  flowers  (Sarracenia),  is 
often  covered  by  a  lid,  and  contains  a  secreted  fluid  in 
which  insects  are  drowned  and  macerated.  The  small 
aquatic  sacs  of  species  of  Utricularia  axe  also  ascidia. 
See  cut  in  next  column,    (h)  Same  as  ascws,  1. 


TTiaiai,  pi.  of  AaiCkriTna&Tjq,  a  descendant  of  As- 
clepius.] An  order  of  Greek  physicians,  priests 
of  Asclepius  or  ^sculapius,  the  god  of  medi- 
cine, whose  descendants  they  claimed  to  be. 

They  practised  medicine  under  the  reputed  inspiration 
of  that  deity,  and  were  bound  by  oath  not  to  reveal  the 
secrets  of  their  art.    Also  Asclepiadce. 

From  these  primitive  clinical  records,  the  half-priestly, 
half -philosophic  caste  of  the  A.^clepiads  compiled  the  data 
upon  which  the  earliest  generalisations  of  medicine,  as  an 
inductive  science,  were  based. 

Mucdey,  BioL  Sci.  and  Med. 


ascribable 

Asclepias  (as-kle'pi-as),  ».    [NL.,  <  Gr.  aoKkri' 

mag,  an  uncertain  plant,  <  'A(tk'A7/tti6c,  Doric  'Aa- 
KAaiTiuc:,  Aselepius,  >  L.  Jisculapius,  .iiseulapius, 
the  tutelary  god  of  medicine.]  A  large  genus 
of  North  American  herbs,  natural  order  Asclepi- 
adaccw, popularly  known  as  milkweed  or  silk- 
weed.  The  plants  are  perennial  herbs  with  milky  juice, 
mostly  upright  with  opposite  or  verticillate  leaves,  the 
flowers  in  mnliels,  and  the  seeds  tufted  with  long  silky 
hairs.  Of  the  more  than  70  species,  nearly  50  are  found 
within  the  United  States.  The  butterfly-weed  or  pleurisy- 
root,  A.  tuberosa,  has  diaphoretic  and  mild  purgative  prop- 
erties. The  bastard  ipecacuanha  of  the  West  Indies,  A. 
ctirassarrica,  is  a  powerful  emetic.  Some  of  the  species 
afford  an  excellent  fiber, 
ascocarp  (as'ko-karp),  n.  [<  Gr.  aaKdg,  a  bag 
(see  ascus),  -I-  Kapirog,  fruit.]  The  developed 
fructification  in  Ascomycetcs,  consisting  of  asci 
and  ascophores. 
ascogenous  (as-koj'e-nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  aaKdg,  a 
bag  (see  ascus),  +  ->fw;f,  producing:  see  -r/e- 
1I0US.]  In  hot.,  producing  asci:  applied  to  the 
hyphiB  upon  which  asci  are  developed  in  the- 
ascomycetous  fungi, 
ascogone  (as'ko-gon),  n.  Same  as  ascogoniiim. 
ascogonium  (as-ko-go'ni-um),  n.;  pi.  ascogonia 
(-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aaKog,  a  bag  (see  ascus),  + 
-yovog,  producing:  see  -gony.]  The  female"  or- 
gan in  certain  of  the  lower  cryptogams,  which 
after  fertilization  develops  asci.  Also  called 
carpogonium  and  arcldcarp. 
Ascomycetes  (as"ko-mi-se'tez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  aohoc,  a  bag  (see  ascus),  +  fivKtjg,  pi.  fimr/reg, 
a  mushroom,  akin  to  L.  mucus:  see  mucus.]  A 
family  of  fungi  characterized  by  the  formation 
of  free  spores  within  elongated  cells  (asei), 
often  associated  with  alternation  of  generation. 

It  includes  a  great  variety  of  forms,  such  as  the  micro- 
scopic yeast-fungi  or  ferments,  various  mildews,  ergot, 
the  subterranean  truffles,  the  morels,  helvellas,  etc.,  which 
represent  the  several  orders  Saccharomycetes,  Perispori- 
acece,  Pyrenomycetes,  Tuberaceoe,  and  Discomycetes.  Most 
of  the  lichens  are  now  also  generally  considered  as  be- 
longing to  this  family.    See  cut  under  ascus. 

ascomycetous  (as"ko-mi-se'tus),  a.  [<.  Ascomy- 
cetcs +  -ous.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Ascomy- 
cetes. 

Ascomyzon  (as-ko-mi'zon),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  aa- 

Kog,  a  bag  (see  ascus),  +  fivl^uv,  ppr.  of  /ih^eiv, 
suck  in.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Ascomyzontidce. 
Ascomyzontidse  (as"ko-mi-zon'ti-de),  n.pl, 
Ascomyzon(t-)  +'-ida;.]  Afamily  of  para- 
sitic epizoic  crustaceans,  of  the  order  Siphono- 
stoma. 

ascon  (as'kon),  n.;  pi.  ascons,  ascones  (-konz, 
as-ko'nez).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aoKog,  a  bag:  see  as- 
cus.] One  of  the  Ascones;  a  sponge  having  the 
characters  of  the  Ascones. 

Ascones  (as-ko'nez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  ascon.] 
A  group  of  the  lowest  and  simplest  chalk- 
sponges,  having  a  ventricle  with  walls  so  thin 
that  the  inhalent  pores  open  directly  into  the 
ventricular  cavity:  distinguished  from  Xcmco. 
nes  and  Sycones.    See  Olynthus. 

Asconidae  (as-kon'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  ascon  -f- 
-ida'.]  A  family  of  Calcispongiw,  the  same  as 
Ascones. 

ascophore  (as'ko-for),  n.  [<  Gr.  aaKo<p6pog,  bear- 
ing wine-skins,'  <  aoKog,  a  bag  (see  ascus),  + 
-(pdpoi;,  <  (l>ipeiv  =  E.  hear'^.]  In  hot.,  the  ascus- 
bearing  form  or  stage  of  development  in  some 
groups  of  the  Ascomycetes.  See  cut  under 
ascus. 

ascophorous  (as-kof'o-rus),  a.  [As  ascophore 
+  -ous.]  In  hot.,  bearing  an  ascus  or  asci: 
applied  to  the  hyphse  in  lichens,  which  develop 
asci  at  the  end  of  the  branches. 

ascospore  (as'ko-spor),  n.  [<  Gr.  drndg,  a  bag, 
+  andpog,  seed:  see  ascus  and  spore.]  In  hot, 
one  of  a  cluster  of  spores  borne  within  an 
ascus. 

The  characteristic  form  of  reproduction  of  the  Ascomy- 
cetes is  by  ascospores  formed  within  asci  by  free  cell-for- 
mation. Encyc.  Brit.,  IX.  833. 

ascosporous  (as-kos'po-rus),  a.  [As  ascospore 
+ -ous.]  Having  ascospores :  a,s,  '■'ascosporous 
fimgi,"  Encyc.  Brit.,  TV.  162. 

Ascozoa  (as-ko-z6'a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aoKdc,  a 
bag  (see  ascus),  +  fuov,  an  animal.]  A  name 
of  the  tunicates  or  ascidians:  synonymous  with 
Ascidia,  1  (which  see). 

ascozoan  (as-ko-z6'an),  n.  [<  Ascozoa  +  -aw.] 
One  of  the  Ascozoa  ';  an  ascidian  or  tunicate. 

ascozoic  (as-ko-z6'ik),  a.  [<  Ascozoa  +  -ic] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Ascozoa;  tunicate ;  as- 
cidian. 

ascribable  (as-kri'ba-bl),  a.  [<  ascribe  +  -ahle.] 
Capable  of  being  ascribed  or  attributed;  at- 
tributable. 


ascribe 

ascribe  (as-krib'),  v.  t.  ■  pret.  and  pp.  ascribed, 
ppr.  ascribing.  [Altered  to  ascribe  (after  L.) 
from  early  mod.  E.  ascrive,  <  ME.  ascriven,  < 
OF.  ascrire  (ascriv-)  —  It.  ascrivere,  <  L.  ascri- 
lere,  annex  by  writing,  add  to  a  wi-iting,  enroll, 
enter  in  a  list,  impute,  attribute,  <  ad,  to,  + 
scribere,  write:  see  scribe.']  If.  To  add  in  wi-it- 
ing;  append  (one's  name)  to  a  document,  etc.; 
subscribe. 

The  ascribing  of  my  name  would  .  .  .  have  substracted 
from  .  .  .  the  weight  of  those  discourses. 

Nethersole,  Self-Coiul,,  p.  3.    (jV.  E.  D.) 

2t.  To  inscribe  or  dedicate. 

The  secound  pUlor  called  Dorica,  being  ascribed  to  Her- 
cules. Shute,  Archit.,  C  ij.  b.    (N.  E.  D.) 

3t.  To  enroll  or  register. 

He  would  long  since  have  been  ascribed  a  member  there. 
Aubrey,  in  Letters  of  Emin.  Pers.  (Bliss),  II.  632.  (iV.  E.  D.) 

4.  To  attribute,  impute,  or  refer,  as  to  a  cause 
or  source ;  assign ;  set  down :  as,  losses  are  often 
to  be  ascribed  to  imprudence. 

This  Speech  is,  I  think,  the  finest  that  is  ascribed  to 
Satan  in  the  whole  Poem.       Addison,  Spectator,  No.  321. 

But  many  atrocious  proceedings  must,  doubtless,  be  as- 
cribed  to  heated  imagination,  to  perverted  principle,  to  a 
distaste  for  what  was  vulgar  in  morals,  and  a  passion  for 
what  was  startling  and  dubious.    Macaulay,  On  History. 

5.  To  attribute,  as  a  quality  or  an  appurte- 
nance ;  consider  or  allege  to  belong. 

I  .  .  .  will  ascribe  righteousness  to  my  Maker. 

Job  xxxvi.  3. 

They  have  ascribed  unto  David  ten  thousands,  and  to 
me  they  have  ascribed  but  thousands.  1  Sam.  xviii.  8. 
=  Syn.  Attribute,  Refer,  etc.    See  attribute. 

ascriptt  (as'kript),  a.  [<  L.  ascriptus,  adscriptus, 
pp.  of  ascribere,  adscribere,  annex  by  writing: 
see  ascribe,  adscript.']    Registered;  enrolled. 

ascription  (as-krip'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ascriptio(n-), 
an  addition  in  writing,  lit.  the  act  of  ascribing, 
<  ascribere,  pp.  a.scriptus,  add  to  a  writing:  see 
ascribe.]  1.  The  act  of  ascribing,  imputing,  or 
afiirming  to  belong,  to  be  due,  etc. 

Self-abnegations  often  repeated  imply  on  the  part  of  the 
actor  a  tacit  ascription  of  relative  selfishness  to  others  who 
profit  by  the  self-abnegations. 

U.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  96. 

2.  An  expression  ascribing;  words  in  which 
one  ascribes. 


335 

ascyphous  (as'i-fus),  «. 
[<  Gr.  &(TKv<p()g,  without  a 
cup,  <  a-  priv.  +  aKv(po^,  a 
cup.]  In  bot.,  having  no 
seyi)hi :  applied  to  lichens 
without  cup-shaped  bod- 
ies (scyphi)  bearing  the 
organs  of  fructification. 

as-ducat  (as'duk'at),  n. 
An  old  German  unit  of 
weight,  used  in  Saxony, 
equal  to  5.287.5  centi- 
grams, or  five  sixths  of  a 
troy  grain. 

asea  {a-se'),  prep.  phr.  as 

adv.     [<  «3  -f  sea.  Cf. 

aland^.]   At  sea ;  on  the 

sea ;  to  the  sea. 
aseel  (a-sel'),  n.  [E.  Ind.] 

A  variety  of  the  common 

hen,  similar  to  the  Malay. 

It  is  of  medium  size,  and  is  es- 
teemed in  the  East  Indies  for 

its  pugnacity. 

aseismatic  (a-sis-mat'ik), 
a.  [<  a-18  -I-  seismatic] 
Not  seismatic ;  free  from 
shock;  mitigating  the 
effects  of  earthquake- 
shocks  :  applied  to  certain 

contrivances  designed  to  secure  stability,  as  of 
lighthouses  and  other  structures  during  earth- 
quakes: as,  aseismatic  ]omts;  aseismatic  tables, 
aseity  (a-se'i-ti),  n.  [=  F.  aseite,  <  ML.  aseitas, 
the  state  of  being  of  one's  self,  independent  ex- 
istence, <  L.  a  se,  of  one's  self :  a  for  ab,  of, 
from;  se,  self:  see  se.]  The  mode  of  being  of 
that  which  is  imderived  from  anything  else ; 
independent  existence  ;  existence  by  self -origi- 
nation. 

By  what  mysterious  light  have  you  discovered  that  ase- 
ity IS  entail'd  on  matter? 

Gentleman  Instructed  (ed.  1732),  p.  425. 
The  absolute  being  and  aseity  of  God.        )r.  R.  Smith. 


Little  colonies  of  these  parasites,  the  Cunina?,  ultimately- 
develop  nito  raedusie.  Here  is  an  asexual  multiplication, 
but  no  true  alternation  of  generation.  .Science,  VII.  2(>la. 
Asexual  reproduction,  any  process  of  propagation  that 
IS  not  eltectcil  by  means  of  sexual  organs,  as,' in  hot  in 
many  of  the  cryptogams,  by  cell-division,  etc.,  and  in  p'lia- 
ncrogams  when  propagation  is  carried  on  by  buds,  off- 
shoots, linlhs,  etc. 

asexually  (a-sek'gu-al-i),  adv.  In  an  asexual 
manner;  agamically;  agamogenetically. 

For  what  are  the  pha^noinena  of  Aganiogenesis  stated 
generally  ?  An  impregnated  egg  develops  into  an  a.sexnal 
form,  A  ;  this  gives  rise  asexually  to  a  second  form  or 
forms,  B,  more  or  less  different  from  A.  B  may  niulliply 
asexually  again  ;  in  the  simpler  cases,  however,  it  does 
not,  but,  ac(iuiring  sexual  characters,  pi-oduces  impreg- 
nated eggs  from  whence  A  once  more  arises. 

Huxley,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  311. 


Asci. 


A,  Section  of  Ptziza  con- 
vexttla,  magnified  :  s.  tissue 
of  the  fungus,  surrounding  by 
its  margin  {q)  the  hymenium 
{h),  which  contains  the  asci. 
B,  A  group  of  asci  [a^f  ), 
highly  magnified;  sh,  sub- 
hymenial  layer  of  hyphas. 
( From  Sachs's  "  Lehrbuch 
der  Botanik.") 


Offering  up  the  ascriptions  justly  due  to  Him  for  such 
singular  deliverances  and  blessings. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  391. 

Also  rarely  adscription. 
ascriptitious  (as-krip-tish'us),  a.  [<  L.  ascrip- 
ticius,  enrolled  as  a  citizen,  soldier,  etc.  {ascrip- 
tion servi,  slaves  bound  to  the  soil),  <  ascriptus, 
pp.  of  ascribere,  enroll:  see  ascribe,  ascript.] 
1.  Bound  or  attached  to  the  soil:  applied  to 
villeins  under  the  feudal  system,  who  were  an- 
nexed to  the  freehold  and  transferable  with  it. 
— 2.  Added,  as  to  a  list;  enrolled. 
An  ascriptitious  and  supernumerary  god. 

Farindon,  Sermons,  p.  82. 

-AJso  rarely  adscriptitious. 

ascryt,  v.  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  ascrien,  ascryen, 
askryen,  <  AF.  *ascrier  (later  ME.  escrien,  <  OF. 
escrier,  mod.  F.  eerier),  <  es-  (<  L.  ex),  out,  + 
crier,  cry.  Cf.  escry,  and  by  apheresis  sen/, 
doublet  of  ascry:  see  as-3,  es-i,  and  cry.]  I 
trans.  1.  To  call  forth  or  out;  call  upon; 
challenge.— 2.  To  descry. 
II,  intrans.  To  cry  out,  shout,  or  exclaim. 

ascryt,  M.  [<  ascry,  v.]  Outcry;  clamor;  shout- 
mg. 

Ascry  aros  at  skarmyssh  al  withoute. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  611. 

ascula  (as'ku-la),  n. ;  pi.  ascula;  (-le).  [NL., 
dim.  of  ascus.]  1.  That  stage  of  the  young  of 
sponges  (as  Ohjnthus,  Sycon,  HaUphysema)  in 
which,  after  ceasing  to  be  a  free-swimming 
embryo,  and  before  it  has  changed  into  adult 
form  by  the  development  of  spiculte  in  the 
ectoderm,  or  other  modifications,  it  becomes 
attached  to  some  support.  Haeclcel.—  2.  The 
first  period  of  attachment  of  certain  sponges, 
namely,  that  in  which  the  sponge  has  lost  or  is 
losing  its  collar,  opening  the  primitive  cloacal 
collar,  and  forming  the  first  central  cavity  vrith- 
out  lateral  ampullee.  It  corresponds  to  the  pro- 
tospongian  stage  of  Haeckel.  Hyatt. 
ascus  (as'kus),  n.  ■  pi.  asci  (as'i).  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aoKoc,  a  leathern  bag,  bottle,  bladder,  wine-skin : 
see  Ascidium,  Ascidia,  etc.]  1.  In  bot,,  the 
spore-case  of  lichens  and  ascomycetous  fungi, 
consisting  of  a  single  cell,  usually  the  swollen 
terminal  cell  of  a  branch  of  a  hypha.  from  the 
protoplasm  of  which  the  spores  (tj-pically  8)  are 
produced.  Also  called  ascidium  and  theca. —  2, 
In  archceol.,  same  as  askos. 


and  aseity  of  God. 
Aselli,  w.    Plural  of  Asellus.  1. 
asellid  (a-sel'id),  «.    An  isopod  of  the  family 
Asellidw. 

Asellidse  (a-sel'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Asellus  + 
-idw.]  A  family  of  isopodous  crustaceans,  of 
which  the  genus  Asellus  is  the  type,  it  also  con- 

tams  the  genus  Limnoria,  of  which  the  species  L  tere- 
brans, the  gribble,  is  destructive  to  submerged  wood 
Other  genera  are  laira  and  Munna.    Its  various  forms 
mhabit  both  fresh  and  salt  water. 
Asellota  (as-e-16'ta),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Asellus  + 

-Ota.]  A  synonym  of  Asellidw. 
Asellus  (a-sel'us),  n.  [L.,  dim.  of  asintis,  an 
ass:  see  assi.]  1.  [PI.  Aselli  (-i).]  A  name 
given  to  each  of  the  two  stars  y  and  d  Cancri, 
Ij'ing  east  of  the  quadrangle  of  that  constel- 
lation.—2.  [NL.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
iamily  Asellidce.  A.  aquaticus,  the  water  hog- 
louse,  is  a  common  form  in  fresh  water, 
asemia  (a-se'mi-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aa^uoc,  hav- 
ing or  gi\ing  no  sign,  <  d-  priv.  +  crf/ua^  a  sign.] 
In  patlwl.,  the  loss  of  the  power  of  forming  or 
understanding  any  sign  or  svmbol  of  thought, 
whether  spoken,  written,  or  acted.  Also  called 
asymbolia. 

asepsis  (a-sep'sis),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 

avipii;,  putrefaction.]  Absence  of  Uving  germs 
of  disease,  putrefaction,  or  fermentation, 
asepta  (a-sep'ta),  n.  pil.     [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
aseptus,  <  Gr.  aarj-rog,  not  liable  to  decay:  see 
aseptic]    Things  not  liable  to  putrefy, 
aseptic  (a-sep'tik),  a.    [<  Gr.  aaji~-oc,  not  liable 
to  decay,  <  a-  priv.  +  avTrrdq,  septic :  see  septic] 
i  ree  from  the  living  germs  of  disease,  fermen- 
tation, or  putrefaction, 
asepticity  (as-ep-tis'i-ti),  n.    [<  aseptic  +  -ify.] 
The  character  or  quality  of  being  aseptic. 

These  are  absence  of  damp  soil,  asepticit!/  of  the  air 
and  dryness  of  the  atmosphere.  Med.  Xeivs,  XLVU. 

asepticize  (a-sep'ti-siz),  v.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp. 

asepticized,  ppr.  asepticizing.  [<  asej)tic  +  -ize.] 
To  render  free  from  living  germs  of  disease, 
fermentation,  or  putrefaction, 
asexual  (a-sek'su-al),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  (a-18) 
+  sexual]  1.  Not  sexual;  not  sexed;  ha\Tng 
no  sex,  as  a  species  or  other  group  of  animals 
which  have  no  sexual  system  or  organs. — 2. 
Neuter;  being  of  neither  sex,  as  some  indi- 
viduals of  species  in  which  other  individuals 
are  male  or  female,  or  as  some  stages  in  the 
growth  of  individuals  which  later  develop  into 
male  or  female.— 3.  Effected  or  produced  by 
other  than  sexual  processes;  agamic;  agamo- 
genetie :  as,  asexual  reproduction. 


Asgard  (as'giird),  n.  l<lce\.asgardln;  <  ass,  a 
god,  +  gardhr,  an  inclosure,=  E.yard^:  seeAs^, 
garth^,  and  yard'^.]  In  Xorse  myth.,  the  abode 
of  the  twelve  gods  and  twenty-sLx  goddesses, 
and  of  heroes  slain  in  battle,  formed  of  the  eye- 
brows of  the  giant  Ymer.  in  the  midst  of  Asgard 
were  the  plam  of  Ida  (Idavollr),  where  the  grids  assem- 
l)Ied  in  council,  and  Odiii  s  throne  (Illidskjalf).  The 
several  gods  and  goddesses  had  their  own  dwellings,  and 
\alhalla  (Odin's  hall),  Gladsheim  (the  special  hall'of  the 
gods),  and  Vingcjlf  (tliat  of  the  goddesses)  were  common 
meetnig-places  for  them  all.  Asgard  was  connected  with 
ilidgard  (the  earth)  by  the  bridge  Bifrost. 

ashi  (ash),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  asch,  assli,  escJie, 
etc.,  <  AS.  asc  =  D.  esch  -  OHG.  a.^c,  MHG. 
asch,  m.,  G.  esche,  f.,  —  leel.  askr  =  Dan.  Sw. 
ask  =  OBulg.  yasika  =  Lith.  ttsis,  the  ash.]  I.  n. 

I.  In  bot. :  (a)  The  popular  name  of  trees  be- 
longing to  the  genus  Fraxinus  (which  see).  The 
common  ash  of  Europe,  F.  excelsior,  is  native  through  the 
greater  part  of  Europe,  northern  Africa,  and  some"  parts- 
of  Asia.  It  is  a  handsome  ornamental  tree,  and  is  exceed- 
ingly valuable  for  its  timber,  which  is  close-grained  and 
remarkably  tough  and  elastic.  It  was  therefore  in  early 
times  tlie  chief  material  in  the  construction  of  bows  and 
spears,  and  is  now  largely  used  wherever  these  qualities 
are  needed.  In  its  younger  state  the  tree  is  called  ground- 
ash,  and  a  variety  is  well  known  in  cultivation  as  weep- 
ing-ash. The  flowering  ash,  F.  Ornus,  is  a  small  tree  of 
southern  Europe,  sometimes  cultivated  for  ornament.  It 
yields  a  saccharine  exudation,  which  foi-ms  the  best  known, 
and  most  important  of  the  various  kinds  of  manna.  In 
the  United  States  several  species  of  the  genus  are  com- 
monly kiwwn  under  the  name,  as  the  black  ash,  ground- 
ash,  or  hoop-ash,  F.  sambucifolia ;  the  blue  ash,  F.  quad- 
rangulata;  the  green  ash,  F.  viridis;  the  red  ash,  F  pu- 
bescens;  the  water-ash,  F.  platycarpa  ;  and  the  white 
ash,  F.  Americana.  The  last  is  the  most  valuable;  its- 
wood  closely  resembles  that  of  the  European  a-sh  and  is 
used  for  similar  purposes,  (fi)  The  name  (with  some 
adjunct)  of  various  trees  or  shrubs  of  other  gen- 
era, generally  from  some  resemblance  in  foliage 
or  qualities  of  the  wood  to  the  common  ash. 
(See  below.)  (c)  Also,  in  parts  of  England, 
the  name  of  some  herbaceous  plants,  chiefly- 
umbelliferous,  as  the  ground-ash,  or  ashweed, 
^gopodium  Podagraria  and  Angelica  sylcestris^ 
and  the  sweet  ash,  Anthriscus  sylvestris. —  2. 
The  wood  of  the  ash-tree;  hence,  something 
made  of  ash,  as  the  shaft  of  a  lance  or  spear. 

My  grained  ash  a  hundred  times  hath  broke. 

Sliak.,  Cor.,  iv.  5. 

Ash  of  Jerusalem,  an  old  English  name  for  woad  or 
dyer  s  weed,  Isatis  tinctoria  and  Reseda  luteula.— Bitter 
ash,  a  West  Indian  name  of  the  quassia-tree,  Picrcena 
excelsa.—CliVe  ash,  tlie  Ekebcrqia  capemis.  a  large  melia- 
ceous  tree  of  southern  Africa,  furnishing  valuable  timber.— 
Poison  ash,  the  poison  sumac,  Rhus  venenata.— fric^y 
ash,  a  name  given  to  species  of  Xanthoxylum  (X.  Amen- 
canum,X.  Clara-IIerculis.  the  latter  also  called  sea-ash)  — 
Quaking  ash,  in  Scotland,  the  aspen.— Red  ash,  of  Aus- 
tralia, the  Alphitoiilft  exreha,  a  tall  rhamnaceous  tree  with 
very  liard  wood.— Wild  ash,  an  old  English  name  for  the 
mountam-ash.— Yellow  ash,  a  leguminous  tree  of  the 
I  nited  States,  Cludrastis  tinctoria.  See  i/ellow-u-oud.  (See 
also  hoop-ash,  nmuntain-ash,  wafer-ash!) 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like  the  ash ;  made  of 
ash. 

ash2  (ash),  n.  [E.  dial.  pi.  axen.  Sc.  as,  ass,  pi. 
asses;  <  ME.  ash,  ashe,  asche,  aische,  esche,  asse^ 
aske,  axe,  pi.  ashes,  asches,  askes,  axes,  and  with 
older  term,  ashen,  aschen,  asken,  axen,  <  AS. 
asce,  a;sce,  axe,  pi.  ascan,  ascan,  axan,  o'xan,  =  D. 
asch  =  OHG.  asga,  asca,  MHG.  asche,  esche,  Q. 
asche  =  Icel.  Sw.  aska  =  Dan.  aske  =  Goth. 
azgo,  ash.]  1.  What  remains  of  a  bodv  that 
is  burned ;  the  incombustible  residue  of  organic 
substances  (animal  or  vegetable)  remaining 
after  combustion;  in  common  usage,  any  in- 
combustible residue  of  materials  used  as  fuel: 

usually  in  the  plural.  As  a  commercial  term,  the 
word  generally  means  the  ashes  of  vegetable  substances, 
from  which  are  extracted  the  alkaline  matters  called  pot- 
ash, pearlash,  kelp,  barilla,  etc. 
The  ash  of  tobacco.  Donne,  Polydoron  (1631),  p.  142. 
A  residue  consisting  of  carbon,  or  carbon  and  ash.  Vre. 
2.  Fine  material  thrown  out  of  a  volcano  in 

eruption.  It  is  not,  like  ordinary  ashes,  a  residuum  of 
the  combustion  of  a  substance  containing  carbonaceous- 
mingled  with  inorganic  matter,  but  is  hiielv  pulverized 
lava,  derived  in  pai-t  from  the  actual  tearing  asunder  ot 


ash 

•the  not  fully  consolidated  material  by  the  expansive  force 
of  the  gases  wliich  it  contains,  and  in  part  from  tneoliani- 
■cal  pulverization  by  friction  in  the  chimney  of  tlie  vnka- 
no.  Larger  particles  are  called  capilli ;  coherent  masses 
of  still  larger  size,  sconce,  cinders,  and  bombs.  If  the 
«rupted  ashes  fall  into  water,  they  assume  a  stratified  form. 
Kocks  of  this  character  have  been  called  innco-aqueous 
&iid  pluto-ncptunian.  See  lai'a,  volcano,  and  tuff. 
3.  The  remains  of  the  human  body  when 
burned ;  hence,  a  dead  body  or  corpse ;  mortal 
remains. 

Poor  key-cold  figure  of  a  holy  king ! 

Pale  aslies  of  the  house  of  Lancaster ! 

Thou  bloodless  remnant  of  that  royal  blood  ! 

Shak:,  Rich.  III.,  i.  2. 
Black  aslies,  crude  soda.— Blue  ashes.  See  blue.— 
Clavellated ashes.  See  ctavellated.—DvLSt  ajidashes, 

a  .Scriptural  jihrase  e.xpressive,  when  applied  to  one's  self, 
of  deep  humiliation  :  as,  "  I  which  ambut  (i«s?  am/iu'/icv, ' 
Gen.  .wiii.  27. — Ultramarine  asbes.    See  ultramarine. 

ash^  (ash),  V.  t.    [<  rts//2,         1,  To  strew  or 
sprinkle  with  ashes. 
They  ash  and  powder  their  pericraniums. 

Howell,  Letters,  iv.  5. 

2.  To  convert  into  ashes. 

The  folded  filter  paper  brought  into  a  scorifier  and 
ashed  in  a  glowing  muffle.    Amer.  Chein.  Jour.,  VIII.  7S. 

ashame  (a-sham'),  v.  [<  (l)  ME.  aschamen, 
ashamen,  <  AS.  dscamian,  dsceamian  (=  MHG. 
irscamcn,  erschemen,  G.  erschdmen) ;  mixed  with 
(2)  ME.  yshamen,  yschamen,  <  AS.  gescamian, 
gesceamian,  gescomiun  (=Goth.  gaskaman,  refl.), 
and  (3)  JIE.  ofschamen,  <  AS.  'ofscamian  (the 
last  two  in  ME.  only  in  pp.);  <  AS.  «-  (E.  rt-i), 
AS.  ge-  (E.  fl-6),  or  AS.  of-  (E.  «-4),  respectively, 
+  scamian,  sccamian,  shame:  see  a-i,  a-^, 
and  shame,  »:]  I.f  intmns.  To  feel  shame;  be 
ashamed. 

II,  trans.  To  shame ;  make  ashamed.  [Now 
rarely  used  except  in  the  past  participle 
ashamed,  with  the  force  of  an  adjective.] 

It  should  humble,  ashame  and  grieve  us. 

ilarrou'.  Works,  II.  417. 

ashamed  (a-shamd'),  p.  a.  [<  (1)  ME.  ashamed, 
aschamed,  <  AS.  dscumod,  mixed  with  (2)  ME. 
ysshamed,  <  AS.  gescamod,  and  (3)  ME.  qf- 
schamed,  <  AS.  *ofscamod;  pp.  of  the  preceding 
verb.]  1.  Aifected  or  touched  by  shame;  abash- 
ed or  confused  by  guilt  or  a  conviction  of  some 
wrong  action,  indecorous  conduct,  or  other  im- 
propriety: hardly  used  attributively :  followed 
by  of,  or  by  a  dependent  clause  with  that. 

They  shall  be  turned  back,  they  shall  be  greatly  ashamed, 
that  trust  in  graven  images.  Is.  xlii.  17. 

I  feel  sufficiently  my  folly's  penance, 
And  am  asham'd;  that  shame  a  thousand  sorrows 
Feed  on  continually.       Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  v.  7. 
Those  who  base  their  hopes  for  the  future  on  the  glori- 
ous revelations  of  the  Bitjle  need  not  be  ashamed  of  its 
stovy  of  the  past.     Dau'son,  Nature  and  the  Bible,  p.  181. 

"Thy  name? "  .  .  . 
"Ashamed  am  I  that  I  should  tell  it  thee. 
My  pride  is  broken :  men  have  seen  my  fall." 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

2.  Reluctant  through  fear  of  shame  :  followed 
Tjy  an  infinitive  :  as,  I  am  ashamed  to  offer  it, 
it  is  so  little. 

I  cannot  dig,  to  beg  I  am  ashamed.  Luke  xvi.  3. 

He  was  not  ashamed  to  answer  that  he  could  not  live  out 
of  the  royal  smile.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng. 

ashamedly  (a-sha'med-li),  adv.    With  shame. 

ashamedness  (a-sha'med-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  ashamed. 

Ashantee,  Ashanti  (a-shan'te),  n.  and  a.  [Na- 
tive name.]    I.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of 
Ashantee,  a  state  in  western  Africa. 
II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Ashantee. 

ash-barberry  (ash'bar"ber-i),  n.  A  name  given 
to  pinnate-leafed  species  of  barberry  {Berheris) 
belonging  to  the  section  Mahonia. 

ash-bead  (ash'bed),  n.  In  the  manufacture  of 
varnish,  a  layer  of  ashes  placed  near  the  fire 
over  which  the  gum  is  melted.  The  pot  containing 
the  gum  is  placed  upon  the  ashes  when  the  heat  becomes 
too  great,  or  wlien  the  varnish  is  ready  for  mixing. 

ash-bin  (ash'bin),  n.    A  receptacle  for  ashes 

and  other  refuse, 
ash-cake  (ash'kak),  n.    A  cake  baked  on  or  in 

hot  ashes. 

ash-candles  (ash'kan'dlz),  n.  pi.  Ash-keys: 
an  English  name  of  the  fruit  of  the  European 
ash-tree,  Fraxinus  excelsior. 

ash-color  (ash'kul"or),  n.  The  color  of  ashes; 
a  clear,  neutral  gray. 

ash-colored  (ash'kur'ord),  a.  Of  the  color  of 
ashes;  einerous. 

ashen^  (ash'en  or  ash'n),  a.  [<  ME.  *aschen,  < 
AS.  *(Bscen  (Bosworth),  <  cesc,  ash :  see  «s/*l  and 
-e«2.]  Pertaining  to  the  ash-tree  or  its  tim- 
ber ;  made  of  ash. 

His  ashen  spear,  that  quivered  as  it  flew. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metamorph.,  xii.  494. 


336 

ashen2  (ash'en  or  ash'n),  a.  [<  ash"  +  -c?i2.] 
Consisting  of  or  resembling  ashes ;  ash-colored : 
as,  "the  ashen  hue  of  age,"  Scott,  Marmion, 
vi.  14. 

ashen^f,  n.    Obsolete  plural  of  ash'^.  Chaucer. 

ashery  (ash'e-ri),  n.;  pi.  usheries  (-riz).  [< 
«sA2  -f-  -ery.']  1.  A  place  for  ashes;  an  ash- 
hole. —  2.  A  manufactory  of  potash  or  pearl- 
ash. 

ashet  (ash'et),  n.  [Sc.,  earlier  asset,  <  F.  as- 
siette,  a  plate.]  A  large  platter  or  dish,  gener- 
ally of  an  oval  shape,  on  which  meat  is  brought 
to  the  table.  [Scotch.] 

ash-fire  (ash'fir),  fl.  A  slow  fire  of  live  coals 
banked  or  covered  with  ashes,  used  in  chemical 
operations,  and  by  bakers  and  others. 

ash-fly  (ash'fli),  n.  The  oak-fly,  Cynips  qiicr- 
cusj'olii. 

ash-furnace  (ash'fer"nas),  «.  A  kind  of  furnace 
or  oven  in  which  the  materials  for  glass-making 
are  fritted. 

ash-hole  (ash'hol),  ».    A  repository  for  ashes ; 
the  lower  part  of  a  f m-naee ;  an  ash-bin. 
ashine  {a-shin'),  prc2).  pltr.  as  adv.  or  a.    [<  a3 
+  shine.]    Shining;  bright;  luminous. 
His  hard  features  ...  all  agrin  and  ashine  with  glee. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  iii. 

Ashkenazic  (ash-ke-naz'ik),  a.  Pertaining  or 
relating  to  the  Ashkenazim.  Eneuc.  Brit.,  XV. 
292. 

Ashkenazim  (ash-ke-naz'im),  «.  pi.  [Heb.] 

German-Polish  Jews,  as  distinguished  from  the 
Sephardim  or  Spanish-Portuguese  Jews.  They 
form  about  90  per  cent,  of  the  Jewish  race,  and  differ  from 
the  Sephardim  in  liturgy  and  in  pronunciation  of  Hebrew, 
but  not  in  doctrine. 

ash-key  (ash'ke),  w.    [<  ash^  +  Icey'^.    Cf.  ma- 

ple-lcey.']    The  key  or  samara  of  the  ash-tree; 

the  pericarp  of  the  ash;  in  her.  (in  the  plural), 

a  representation  of  the  keys  or  ^- 

samaras  of  the  ash-tree,  used  as  a 

bearing.  Also  called  as/*-m»f7/6«. 
ashkoko(ash-k6'k6),  w.  Anative 

name  in  Abyssinia  of  the  cony,  a 

species  of  Hyrax.    Bruce.  Also 

called  ganam  and  tvahber.  See 

com/,  2. 

ashlar,  n.    See  ashler.  Ash-Keys. 

ash-leach  (ash'lech),  n.  A  hopper  in  which 
ashes  are  placed  during  the  process  of  the  re- 
moval of  their  soluble  salts  by  lixiviation. 

ashler,  ashlar  (ash'ler,  -lar),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  astler,  asler,  etc.,  <ME.  ashelcr,  ascheler, 
achiler,  <  OF.  aiseler,  ashler,  <  OF.  aiselle,  aissele, 
aisselle,  <  ML.  assella,  a  little  board  or  shingle 
(cf.  L.  assula,  a  chip,  shingle),  dim.  of  L.  assis 
(>It.  «sse  =  F.  ais),  aboard,  plank,  also  spelled 
axis,  and  the  same  word  as  axis,  axis :  see  axis 
and  astel.'\  1 .  A  block  of  building-stone,  rough 
as  it  is  brought  from  the  quarry ;  such  stones 
collectively. — 2.  In  masonry,  a  squared  stone. 


Ashler. 


a,  random-range  quarry-faced  ashler :  random-range  dressed-face 
ashler ;  c,  coursed  quarry-faced  ashler ;  d,  coursed  dressed  ashler  with 
margin-draft,  also  showing  iron  anchor;  £,  bonder  in  ashler;/;  rub- 
ble filling  back  of  ashler. 

as  distinguished  from  a  stone  which  is  of  irregu- 
lar shape ;  such  stones  collectively. 

Ashlar  stones,  or  ashlars  as  they  are  commonly  called, 
are  made  of  various  sizes  on  the  surface,  as  the  character 
of  the  edifice  may  require.  Uncyc.  Brit.,  IV.  471. 

3.  Masonry  constructed  of  ashler,  wiien  the 
courses  are  not  regular,  but  broken  up  by  the  use  of  stones 
of  different  thicknesses,  it  is  called  broken  ashler  or  ran- 
dom-range ashler.  Small  ashler  employs  stones  of  less 
than  one  foot  in  breadth.  Bastard  ashler  is  an  ashler  face 
backed  with  rubble  or  other  inferior  work,  as  in  all  courses 
but  the  lowest  in  the  cut.  Ashler  is  said  to  be  plane 
when  it  is  smoothed  on  the  exposed  face  ;  tooled  i>roj)er, 
when  the  tooling  is  in  grooves ;  random-tooled,  when  cut 
without  regularity  ;  chiseled  or  boasted,  when  wrought  with 


Asiarch 

a  narrow  tool;  pointed,  when  wrought  with  a  tool  still 
narrower ;  rusticated,  or  quarry-faced,  when  the  joints 
only  are  hewn,  the  face  of  the  stone  being  left  irregular; 
prison  rustic,  wlien  pitted  into  deep  holes ;  herring-bone, 
when  tooled  ol)liquely  in  alternate  directions  ;  and  nigged, 
when  dressed  with  a  pointed  hammer. 

The  ashler  buttress  braves  its  force, 
And  ramparts  frown  in  battled  row. 

Scott,  Cadyow  Castle. 

Droved  ashler,  a  Scotch  name  for  ashler  of  inferior 
(luiility,  whether  chiseled  or  random-tooled. 

ashlering  (ash'ler-ing),  n.  [<  ashler  +  -ing'^.2 
1.  In  carp.,  short  upright  pieces  to  which  laths 
are  nailed,  extending  from  the  floor-beams  to 
the  rafters  in  garrets. —  2.  In  masonry,  ashler 
used  as  a  facing  to  the  body  of  a  wall ;  bastard 
ashler. 

ashore  (a-shor'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a3 
-I- s/(o/-el.]  1.  Onshore;  on  or  to  the  land  ad- 
jacent to  water:  as,  bring  the  goods  ashore; 
the  ship  was  driven  ashore. — 2.  On  land:  op- 
posed to  aboard  or  afloat:  as,  the  captain  of 
the  ship  remained  ashore. 

ash-pit  (ash'pit),  n.  1.  A  place  of  deposit  for 
ashes  and  house-rubbish  generally. — 2.  The 
place  where  the  cinders  fall  imder  a  furnace 
or  fireplace. 

ash-plate  (ash'plat),  n.  The  rear  plate  of  a 
furnace. 

ashrafi  (ash-raf 'i),  n.  [Pers.  ashrafl.']  A  Per- 
sian gold  coin,  weighing  rather  more  than  53 
grains,  and  worth  about  $2.43. 

ash-shoot  (ash'shot),  n.  A  tube  leading  up- 
ward from  the  stoke-hole  of  a  ship  to  the  deck, 
through  which  the  ashes  are  lifted.  The  shoot 
is  also  utilized  as  a  ventilating  shaft. 

Ashtaroth  (ash'ta-roth),  n.  [Heb.]  Plural  of 
Ashtoreth. 

Ashtoreth  (ash'to-reth),  «.  [Written  Astoreth 
by  Milton:  aHeb.,'orig.  Phenician,  name,  equiv- 
alent to  the  Assyrian  Ishtar.'\  Same  as  Astarte. 

Ashura  (ash'o-ra),  n.  [Ar.  'ashir,  tenth,  <  'ash- 
ara,  ten.]  A  voluntary  fast-day  observed  by 
the  Mohammedans  on  the  10th  day  of  the  month 
Muharram.  Hughes, 

Ash  Wednesday  (ash  wenz'da).  [ME.  asche-, 
asJc-,  ax-wednesday  ;  aslfl  &n6.  Wednesday .]  The 
first  day  of  Lent,  it  is  named  from  a  custom  in  the 
Western  Church  of  sprinkling  ashes  on  the  heads  of  peni- 
tents admitted  to  penance  on  that  day.  The  origination 
of  this  ceremony  is  generally  attributed  to  Gregory  the 
Great.  According  to  the  present  rite  in  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic Church,  the  ashes  are  consecrated  on  the  altar,  sprin- 
kled with  holy  water,  signed  with  the  cross,  and  then 
strewn  on  the  heads  of  the  clergy  and  people,  the  priest  re- 
peating, "  Memento  quod  cinis  es,  et  incinerem  reverteris" 
(Remember  that  thou  art  dust,  and  wilt  to  dust  return). 

ashweed  (ash'wed),  n.  [Formerly  also  ashe-, 
aish-weed;  <  ash^  +  weed^.']  The  goutwort, 
Sigopodinm  Podagraria. 

ashy  (ash'i),  a.    [ME.  asshy,  asTcy;  <  aslfi  +  -»/.] 

1.  Belonging  to,  consisting  of,  or  resembling 
ashes;  hence,  ash-colored;  pale. 

A  timely-parted  ghost. 
Of  ashy  semblance,  meagre,  pale,  and  Ijloodless. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

2.  Sprinkled  with  ashes.  Chaucer. 

Asian  (a'shian  or  a'zhian),  a.  [<  L.  Asianus, 
<  Gr.  'Aaiavdc,  <  'Agio,  Asia,  a  town  in  Lydia, 
then  the  region  around,  extended  to  mean  what 
is  now  known  as  Asia  Minor;  in  Pliny  Asia  is 
used,  as  now,  for  the  whole  continent.  The 
origin  of  the  name  'Aaia  is  unknown .]  Pertain- 
ing to  Asia,  a  continent  extending  from  Europe 
eastward  to  the  Pacific  ocean,  and  from  the 
frozen  ocean  on  the  north  to  the  Indian  ocean 
on  the  south. 

Asianic  (a-shi-  or  a-zM-an'ik),  a.  [<  Asian  + 
-ic]    1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Asia  Minor. 

A  syllabic  writing,  evidently  of  immense  antiquity, 
which  prevailed  throughout  the  whole  of  Asia  Minor,  and 
which  has  been  designated  by  Professor  Sayce  as  the 
Asianic  syllabary.     Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  II.  116. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  Asianism, 
or  a  florid  and  inflated  style  of  literature. 

Asianism  (a'shian- or  a'zhian-izm),  n.  [<  Asian 
+  -ism.]  A  florid  and  inflated  style  of  oratory 
or  rhetorical  treatment,  such  as  was  character- 
istic of  the  Asiatic  Greeks  in  the  three  cen- 
turies preceding  the  Christian  era. 

Asiarch  (a'shi-ark),  n.  [<  LL.  Asiarcha,  <  Gr. 
'AoLapxvi,  <  'Aoia,  Asia,  the  province  so  called, 
+  apxnv,  rule,  govern.]  In  th^  Roman  prov- 
ince of  Asia,  one  of  the  presidents  of  the  pro- 
vincial games.  The  Asiarchs  were  chosen  annually, 
and  celebrated  the  games  wholly  or  in  part  at  their  own 
expense. 

It  was  probably  the  policy  of  the  Romans  to  encourage 
centralisation  in  the  religious  organisation  of  their  prov- 
inces, and  the  titles  "Archiereus  of  Asia"  and  Asiarch 
were  probably  introduced  by  them  into  Asia  Minor. 

C.  T.  Newton,  Art  and  Archaeol.,  p.  165k 


Asiatic 

Asiatic  (a-shi-  or  a-zlii-at'ik),  a.  and  n.    [<  L. 

Asiaticus,  <  Gr.  'AaiariKUi;,  <  'Xc'ia,  L.  Asia,  Asia  : 
see  Asian.']  I.  sr.  1.  Belonging  to  or  character- 
istic of  Asia  or  its  inhabitants.— 2.  Character- 
ized by  Asianism— Asiatic  cholera.  See  cholera. 
—Asiatic  pills,  in  med.,  pills  of  arsenious  oxid  and  black 
pepper. 

II.  n.  A  native  of  Asia. 
Asiaticism  (a-sM-  or  a-zhi-at'i-sizm),  w.  [<  Asi- 
atic  +  -ism.]  Something  characteristic  of  Asi- 
atics;  specifieaUy,  Asiatic,  as  distinguished 
from  European,  modes  of  thought  and  life. 
[Eare.] 

The  great  struggle  between  Protestantism  and  ^«io«t- 
"'"l"-  _  Eng.  Jour,  of  Education,  XX.  15. 

Asiaticization  (a-shi-  or  a-zhi-at"i-si-za'shon), 
n.  [<  Asiaticize  +  -ation.]  The  act  of  render- 
ing Asiatic,  or  of  permeating  with  Asiaticism. 
[Eare.] 

The  Asiaticization  of  European  life. 

J.  Fiske,  Amer.  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  117. 
Asiaticize  (a-shi-  or  a-zhi-at'i-siz),  v.  t. :  pret. 
and  pp.  Asiaticized,  ppr.  Asiaticizing.    [<  Asi- 
atic +  -ize.]  To  render  Asiatic ;  tinge  or  imbue 
with  Asiatic  ideas,  customs,  etc.  [Eare.] 

The  close  of  the  seventeenth  century,  which  marks  the 
culmination  of  the  Asiaticizing  tendency  in  Europe,  saw 
despotism,  both  political  and  religious,  firmly  established 
m  France,  and  Spain,  and  Italy,  and  in  half  of  Germany. 

J.  Fiske,  Amer.  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  119. 

Asida  (as'i-da),  n.  [NL.]  The  typical  genus  of 
beetles  of  the  subfamily  Asidinw,  containing 
numerous  wingless  species  with  ovate  bodies, 
inhabitmg  desert  regions  of  Europe  and  North 
America. 

aside  (a-sid'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  and  prep.  [< 
MK  aside,  a  side,  on  side,  on  syd  (also  with  ad- 
verbial gen.  suflSx,  asides,  asidis,  asijdis) :  see 
o?i,  a3,  and side^.]    I.  adv.  1 .  On  or  to  one  side ; 
to  or  at  a  short  distance ;  apart ;  away  from 
some  normal  direction  or  position :  as,  to  turn 
or  stand  aside  ;  to  draw  a  curtain  aside. 
Thou  Shalt  set  aside  that  which  is  fuU.         2  KL  iv.  4. 
He  took  him  aside  from  the  multitude.      Mark  vii.  33. 
The  flames  were  blown  aside. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  1639. 

2.  Apart  or  separately  (from);  in  a  state  of 
withdrawal  or  exclusion  (from) .  [A  use  of  aside 
tor  apart  nearly  or  quite  peculiar  to  the  United 
btates.] 

I  give  thee  love  as  God  gives  light. 
Aside  from  merit  or  from  prayer. 

&.  T.  Cooke,  Poems,  p.  "6. 
That  we  agree  wth  him  [Emerson],  or  that  he  always 
agrees  w^th  himself,  is  aside  from  the  question. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  197. 

3.  Out  of  one's  thoughts,  consideration,  or  re- 
gard ;  away ;  off :  as,  to  lay  aside  one's  animos- 
ity ;  to  put  one's  cares  aside. 

Without  laying  aside  that  dauntless  valour  which  had 
been  the  terror  of  every  land  from  the  Elbe  to  the  Pyre- 
Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 
Books  can  only  reveal  us  to  ourselves,  and  as  often  'as 
they  do  us  this  service,  we  lay  them  aside. 

Thoreau,  Letters,  p.  153. 
No  man  can  put  abstract  notions  more  entirely  a«de 
^^^^^  iV.  A.  Rev.,  CXLII.  596 


Robber-fly  (Aszlus  sericeus,  Say), 
natural  size. 


337 

Asilidae  (a-sil'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,<  Jst7j«  +  -idm.] 
A  tamily  of  dipterous  insects,  or  flies,  belong- 
mg  t^  the  group  Tetrachwtm  of  the  suborder 
Bracliycera ;  the  hornet-flies,  very  active,  pre- 
dacious, and  voracious,  preying  upon  other  in- 
sects, and  making  a  humming  noise  in  flight 
AsilllS  (a-si'lus),  n.    [NL.,  <  L.  a.silus,  a  gad- 
fly, horse-fly.]    1.   A  genus  of  two-winged 
flies,  of  the  family 
AsilidcB,  popularly 
known  as  hornet- 
flies,  robber-flies, 
or  hawk-flies.  They 
are  large,  rather  slen- 
der-bodied flies,  ha-ving 
strong  legs  and  a  re- 
markably strong  beak 
with  which  they  pierce 
their  prey.    They  de- 
stroy caterpillars,  grass- 
hoppers,    and  even 
honey-bees.    Their  lar- 
vae live  under  ground. 
2.  In  ornith. :  («) 
[?.  c]  An  old  name 
(Gesner,    1555,  to 
.„  Brisson,    1760)  of 

the  willow-warbler,  PhylJoscopus  trochilus.  (b) 
A  genus  of  such  warblers.  Bechstein,  1802 
Asimina  (a-sim'i-na),  n.  [NL.  (ef.  Canadian 
t.  acimine,  the  fruit;  aciminier,  the  tree)  < 
asimina,  the  northern  Algonkin  coiTuption'  of 
southern  ULinois  rassimina  (pi.),  the  name  of 
the  fruit,  prob.,  as  Dr.  Trumbidl  suggests  < 
rassa,  a  sleeve,  +  min,  pi.  mina,  fruit;  from 
it^s  shape.]  An  anonaeeous  genus  of  shrubs 
of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States,  including  half 
a  dozen  species.  Of  these  the  most  widely  distributed 
is  the  common  papaw,  A.  triloba,  which  becomes  a  small 
tree  and  bears  a  large  edible  fruit.  The  others  are  low 
shrubs,  confined  to  the  Gulf  States.  Some  doubtful  soe- 
cies  are  also  credite_d  to  Mexico  and  the  West  Indies 
asmaryt  (as'i-nS-ri),  a.  [<  L.  asinarius,  <  asi- 
«p,  an  ass:  see  os,sl.]  Asinine.  Bailey. 
asmegot  (as-i-ne'go),  n.  [Also  asinico,  Sp.  as- 
nico,  a  Uttle  ass,  dim.  of  Sp.  Pg.  asno,  <  L.  asi- 
nuf  :  see  ass^]  1.  A  Uttle  ass.— 2.  A  fooHsh 
feUow. 

Thou  sodden-wltted  lord !  thou  hast  no  more  brain  than 
1  have  m  mine  elbows  ;  an  assinego  may  tutor  thee. 

,1  ,  Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  ii.  l. 

Also  spelled  assinego. 
asinine  (as'i-nin  or  -nin),  a.  [<  L.  asininus,  < 
asinus,  an  ass:  see  ossi.]  1.  Belonging  to  or 
characteristic  of  the  ass.— 2.  Having  the  quali- 
ties attributed  to  the  ass ;  stupid ;  obstinate : 
obtrusively  siUy;  offensively  awkward 


ask 


This  one  act  .  .  .  proclaims  his  asinine  nature. 

B.  Jonson,  The  Devil  is  an  Ass,  i.  6. 


4  So  as  not  to  be  heard  by  some  one  present: 

chiefly  a  dramatic  use.  Thus,  on  the  stage,  to  utter  a 
SZfk  \ ^  manner  that  it  is  L 

heard  nn?v  t  fif  ^"f*^  \  ^^"^  characters,  or  to  be 

heard  only  by  those  for  whom  it  is  intended. 

^^''^^,T^&i&^,  yoyx  are  not  to  say  that  to  her  face! - 
aside,  ma  am,  astde.-lhe  whole  scene  is  to  be  aside. 

Sheridan,  The  Critic,  iu.  1. 

n.  prep  By  the  side  of ;  beside.   [Eare,  ex- 
cept m  old  English  and  Scotch.] 

Here  slake  your  thirst  aside  their  liveliest  riU.  Landor. 

aside  (a-sid'),  n.  [<  aside,  adv.]  Something 
spoken  and  not  heard,  or  supposed  not  to  be 
Heard,  by  some  one  or  more  present ;  especially, 
a  remark  uttered  by  an  actor  on  the  stage,  and 
assumed  not  to  be  heard  by  the  other  charac- 
ters on  the  stage,  or  to  be  heard  only  by  those 
for  whom  it  is  intended. 

asiderite  (a-sid'e-rit),  n.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  m6e- 
pi-TK,  of  iron :  see  «-i8  and  siderite.]  A  me- 
teoiic  stone  which  contains  no  metallic  iron 
See  meteorite. 

Asidinae  (as-i-di'ne),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Asida  -I- 
-inw.]  A  subfamily  of  atraeheliate  heterome- 
rous  beetles,  of  the  family  Tenebrio7iidw,  typi- 
fied by  the  genus  Asida. 

Asilici  (a-sil'i-si),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Asilus.]  A 
name  given  by  Latreille  to  a  group  of  tetracha;- 
tous  brachycerous  dipterous  insects,  corre- 
sponding most  nearly  to  the  modem  family 

^S^llda;,  or  hornet-flies.    Latreille  dirided  the  Lin- 
^Tiybotini        ^"'^  two  groups,  wWchhe  caned  AsUici 
22  ""■ 


The  gravest  historians  of  the  Netherlands  often  relieved 
tneir  elephantine  labors  by  the  most  asini7u  gambols. 

Motley,  Dutch  Kepublic,  1.  88. 

(as-i-nin'i-ti),  n.  [<  asinine  +  -ity. 
U.  ML.  asinitas,  stupidity.]  The  quality  of 
bemg  asinine ;  obstinate  stupidity. 

,_.„  The  elephant's  discourse 

\V  lU  neutralize  the  stupid  asininity. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  960. 

asinus  (as'i-nus),  n.  [L.,  an  ass:  see  assl.] 
)f  sool. :  («)  Specifically,  the  ass,  Equus  asinus. 
(b)  leap.]  Geneneally,  a  subgenus  of  Equus, 
meludmg  the  asses,  as  the  hemione,  onager 
quagga,  zebra,  etc.  ' 
asio  (a'si-6),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  asio  (in  Pliny,  with 
var.  reading  axio),  a  horned  owl.]  An  old  name 

?-«n'^>,  "  ^^'^^  g^""^  Brisson 

1,60  havmg  as  type  the  common  long-eared  owl  of  Europe 
^  o<u.s  and  the  name  has  been  given  with  little  discrimi^ 
nation  to  sundry  homed  or  eared  owls.  Now  usually  •  (a) 
[cap.]  A  genus  comprehending  only  A.  otus  and  its'im- 
mediate  rela^ves,  as  A.  wilsonianus  of  North  America  A 
acemtrinu^,  the  short-eared  owl,  etc.  See  cut  under  iwl. 
(b)  The  specific  name  of  the  small  red  or  gi-ay  owl  of  North 
America,  Stnx  asio  (Linnajus).  now  Scops  asio 

Asiphonata  (a-sl-fo-na'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut 
pi.  of  asiphonatus :  see  a'siplwnate.]  An  order 
of  acephalous  lamellibranehiate  mollusks,  eon- 
tammg  headless  bivalves  without  respiratory 
tubes  or  siphons  like  those  which  in  the 
liiphonata  convey  water  from  the  gills,  and 
having  the  lobes  of  the  mantle  free.  Most  of 

the  Asipho,iata  are  fixed,  the  foot  being  smaU  or  want- 
Lpn'»??wi?''"^J''''^'''''  '^y^'"^-  The  order  includes  in 
fj^^lt  bivalves  best  known  and  most  useful  and 

Lil  „  ^  f  ^'  ^  pysters,  pearl-oysters,  scallops,  mus- 
sels, unios,  etc.,  and  is  now  divided  into  about  12 families 
A^lhl^idT        ^*''«<'*'«-  Also  Asiphonia,  Asiphoniata, 

asiphonate  (a-si'fo-nat),  a.  [<  NL.  asiphonatus, 
<.  Gr.  a-  priv.  -t-  oicpuv,  siphon :  see  a-i8  and 
siphonate.]  Not  possessing  a  respiratory  tube 
or  siphon:  opposed  to  siphonate;  specifieaUy 
ot  or  pertaining  to  the  Asiphonata.  H.  A 
JUicholson.   Also  asiphoniate  and  esiphonate 


Asiphonia  (as-i-fo'ni-a),  W.J,;.  [NL.]  Same  as 

Asiphonata. 

Asiphoniata  (as-i-fo-ni-a'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL  1 
Same  as  A.siphonuta.  "        -<      l  -j 

asiphoniate  (as-i-fo'ni-at),  a.  Same  as  asipho- 
nate. ^ 

Asiphonida  (as-i-fon'i-da),  n.       [NL.]  Same 

as  Asiphonata. 
-asis.    See  -iasis. 

asitia  (a-sish'ia),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  amria,  want 
ot  food  or  of  appetite,  <  aanog,  without  food  < 
a-  priv  -I-  mrof ,  food.]  Loss  of  appetite ;  loath- 
ing ot  food. 

aski  (ask),  t).  [E.  dial,  also  ax  and  ass  (pret. 
ast) ;  <  ME.  asken,  esken,  assibUated  ashen,  as- 
sen,  cshen,  essen,  transposed  axen,  acsen,  aesien 
oxien,  <  AS.  dscian,  often  transposed  acsian,  Ox- 
lan,  ahsian,  =  OS.  escon  =  OFries.  askia  =  D 
eischen  OHG.  eiscon,  MHG.  eischen,  G.  eischen, 
heischen  =  Sw.  dska  =  Dan.  a-ske,  ask  (ef. 
leel.  ceskja,  wish :  see  wi.sh),  =  OBulg.  iskati  = 
Bohem.  jiskati  =  Euss.  iskafi  =  Lith.  je.shkoti 
=  Lett,  eskat,  seek ;  cf.  Skt.  y  ish,  seek,  de- 
sire.] I.  trans.  1.  To  request;  seek  by  words 
to  obtain;  petition  for:  commonly  with  of,  in 
the  sense  of  from,  before  the  person  to  whom 
the  request  is  made. 

^^fc  counsel  .  .  .  o/God.  Judges  xviii.  5. 

2   To  demand,  expect,  or  claim:  with  for.-  as, 
what  price  do  you  ask,  or  ask  for  it  ? 
Ask  me  never  so  much  dowry.  Gen.  xxxiv.  12. 

3.  To  soUcit  from  ;  request  of :  with  a  personal 
object,  and  with  or  without /or  before  the  thing 
desired :  as,  I  ask  you  a  great  favor ;  to  ask  one 
for  a  dnnk  of  water. 

I  came  near,  ...  and  asked  him  the  truth  of  all  this. 

Dan.  vii.  16. 

4.  i  o  require  as  necessary  or  useful ;  demand : 
exact.  ' 

The  exigence  of  a  state  asks  a  much  longer  time  to  con- 
duct the  design  to  maturity.  Addison. 
To  find  the  medium  asks  some  share  of  wit 
And  therefore  'tis  a  mark  fools  never  hit.  ' 

Cou'per,  Conversation. 

5.  To  interrogate  or  inquire  of;  put  a  ques- 
tion to.  '  X-  1 

He  is  of  age,  ask  him.  john  Lx.  21. 

6   To  inquire  concerning;  seek  to  be  informed 
about:  as,  to  ask  the  way;  to  ask  a  question. 
Here  kennell'd  in  a  brake  she  finds  a  hound 
And  asks  the  weary  caitiff  for  his  master.  ' 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  914. 
7.  To  invite :  as,  to  ask  guests  to  a  wedding 
or  entertainment.- To  ask  in  church,  to  publish 
banns  of  marriage.    [The  verb  ask  is  used  in  this  phrase 
because  the  publication  is  really  an  inquiry  whether  any 
one  can  state  any  vaUd  objection  to  the  marriage  ]=S^ 
L  ° Ji^9,I>emand,  Claim,  Require,  Solicit. 
Beseech,  Entreat,  Crave,  Supplicate,  Implore,  Importune. 
i^  J^  the  generic  word  in  this  list ;  it  implies  neither  that 
what  IS  asked  must  be  rendered,  nor,  on  the  other  hand 
that  It  would  be  a  favor.   Demand,  claim,  and  require  ask 
mperatively  or  authoritatively ;  the  others  call  for  a  favor 
with  different  degi-ees  of  ui-gency  or  humility.  Beseech 
solicit,  entreat,  importuiu;,  and  sometimes  ben,  imply  great 
urgency ;  crave,  supplicate,  and  implore  imply  great  urgen- 
cy and  great  dependence  or  humility.    Regiest  is  a  little 
more  formal  or  carefully  eiril  than         as,  your  atten- 
dance is  requeued.   Beg  is  primarily  to  ask  as  a  be4ar- 
sometimes,  by  the  hj^erbole  of  social  usage,  to  ask  as  a 
fav-or  real  or  professed  :  as,  I  beg  yom-  pardon.  Demarid 
o  tl        T"''  often  refer  to  things ;  require  applies  more 
often  to  action:  as,  he  demanded  his  share ;  he  claimed 
r,r^nf't         ^^  ''n^^V^d  me  to  come;  he  required  some 
proof  to  back  my  demand  and  substantiati  my  claim 
Solicit  IS  ui-gent,  but  less  so  than  the  words  that  follow  if 
as  he  solicited  my  vote.    Beseech  is  most  applicable  to  the" 
act  ot  asking  on  the  ground  of  pure  favor.  Entreat  implies 
contmued  appeal  or  representations  of  a  moving  land 
tra  ve  is  ahnost  or  quite  abject ;  like  beg,  it  has  been  taken 
into  polite  forms  of  speech,  and  in  that  use  robbed  of  most 
ot  its  force.    Supplicate  and  implore  are,  figurativelv 
modes  of  prayer,  as  to  a  superior  being ;  they  imply  urgent 
or  desperate  appeal,  perhaps  in  many  words.    To  inipor- 
tune  IS  generally  to  beg  in  a  persistent,  wearying  way 
^yth^eucy,  but  perhaps  without  especial  dependence 

To  auk  and  have,  command  and  be  obeyed. 

Marloue,  Tamburlatne,  I.  iv.  3. 
To-night  we  hold  a  solemn  supper,  sir 
And  1 11  request  your  presence.     Sfiak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  1. 
•These  matters  could  not  be  thus  carri'd  without  a  beaa'd 
and  borrow  d  force  from  worldly  authority. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  ii.  3. 
It  is  only  when  the  reasonable  and  the  practicable  are 
aemed  that  men  demand  the  unreasonable  and  impracti- 

Lowell,  Democracy. 
Since  the  knight 
Came  not  to  us,  of  us  to  claim  the  prize 
Ourselves  will  send  it  after. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
The  guards  opened  the  doors,  we  were  told  that  we  could 
proceed  no  further,  and  were  required  to  alight. 

Froude,  Sketches,  p.  41. 
The  port  .  .  .  was  crowded  nith  those  who  hastened  to 
ml%cU  permission  to  share  In  the  enterprise. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  40. 


ask 


338 


asocial 


His  eyes,  his  silence,  did  beseech 
For  more  and  more  and  more  of  love. 

ff'iUiam  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  11-1. 
Lest  I  should  fear  and  fall,  and  miss  Thee  so, 
Who  art  not  missed  by  any  that  entreat. 

ilrg.  Brouminy,  Comfort. 
Time,  the  avenger !  unto  thee  I  lift 
My  liands,  aud  eyes,  and  heart,  and  crave  of  thee  a  gift. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iv.  130. 
Wehave  petitioned,  we  have  remonstrated,  we  have  sup- 
plicated,  we  liave  prostrated  ourselves  before  the  throne, 
and  have  implored  its  interposition  to  airest  the  tyran- 
nical liands  of  the  ministry  and  Parliament. 

Patrick  Henry. 

Did  they  hear  me,  would  they  listen,  did  they  pity  me  sup- 
plicating ^ 

Shall  I  heed  them  in  their  anguish  ?  shall  I  brook  to  be 
supplicated  f  Tennyson,  Boadicea. 

Implore  your  help  in  these  pathetic  strains. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  II.  i.  •232. 
Importune  him  for  my  moneys  ;  be  not  ceas'd 
With  slight  denial.  Sliak.,T.  of  A.,  ii.  1. 

5  and  6.  Ask,  Inquire,  Question,  Interrogate.  Ask  is  here 
also  the  generic  word ;  it  is  simple  and  informal.  Inquire 
may  be  used  in  the  endeavor  to  be  civil,  or  it  may  express 
a  more  minute  examination  into  facts :  as,  to  inquire  (into, 
as  to)  the  causes  of  discontent.  To  question  in  this  sense 
implies  the  asking  of  a  series  of  questions,  it  being  sup- 
posed that  the  truth  is  hard  to  get  at,  through  ignorance, 
reluctance,  etc.,  in  the  person  questioned.  Interrogate  is 
essentially  the  same  as  question,  but  more  formal :  as,  to 
question  a  child  or  servant  about  his  conduct ;  to  interro- 
gate a  witness,  an  applicant  for  office,  etc.  Questioning 
or  interrogation  might  be  resented  where  asking,  asking 
a  question,  or  inquiring  would  meet  with  a  friendly  re- 
sponse. 

If  we  encountered  a  man  of  rare  intellect,  we  should 
ask  him  what  books  he  read. 

Emerson,  Letters  and  Social  Aims. 
I  promis'd  to  inquire  carefully 
About  a  schoolmaster  for  the  fair  Bianca. 

Sliak.,  T.  of  the  S.  i.  2. 
But  since  I  heard  him  make  reply 

Is  many  a  weary  hour ; 
"T  were  well  to  question  him,  and  try 
If  yet  he  keeps  the  power. 

Tennyson,  The  Talking  Oak. 
To  question  and  [to]  interrogate  [are]  to  ask  repeatedly, 
and  in  the  latter  case  more  authoritatively  than  in  the 
former.  Crabb,  English  Synonymes,  p.  102. 

II.  intrans.  1 .  To  request  or  petition :  with 
/or  before  the  thing  requested:  as,  ask  for  hreskd. 

Your  committee  ask  for  candor  and  justice ;  they  do 
not  ask  for  adhesion  to  any  system. 

Sumner,  Prison  Discipline. 
Explore  the  thought,  explain  the  asking  eye. 

Pope,  Prol.  to  Satires,  1.  412. 

2.  To  inquire  or  make  inquiry ;  put  a  question : 
often  followed  by  after  or  about,  formerly  also 
by  of 

Wherefore  is  it  that  thou  dost  ask  after  niy  name? 

Gen.  xx.xii.  29. 

ask^  (ask),  n.  [E.  dial,  also  asker,  ascar,  askerd, 
askard,  <  ME.  aske,  spelled  once  arske,  <  AS. 
dtliexe  (found  but  once,  in  a  gloss),  appar.  contr. 
from  *affithex€  =  OS.  e<iitliassa  —  OD.  eggedisse, 
egdis,  later  heglidisse,  liaeglidisse,  now  hagedis, 
haagdis  (simulating  D.  haag  =  E.  haij",  hedge) 
=  OHG.  egidehsa,  MHG.  egedehse,  G.  eideclise,  a 
newt ;  appar.  a  compound,  but  of  uncertain  for- 
mation ;  perhaps  <  AS.  *agi,  ege  =  OS.  cgi  = 
OHG.  egi  =  Goth,  agis,  fear  (see  awe),  +  -thexc, 
OHG.  -deJtsa,  repr.  a  Teut.  *thaks,  make,  fash- 
ion (seen  also  in  OHG.  MHG.  dahs,  G.  dachs,  a 
badger,  OHG.  dchsala,  MHG.  deliscl,  a  hatchet, 
ax,  in  Gr.  tcktuv,  a  carpenter,  artisan,  rd^nv,  a 
bow,  etc.:  see  tectonic,  architect,  toxic),  =  Skt. 
"v/  taksli,  make,  fashion ;  the  sense  '  awe-  or 
fear-maker'  suiting  the  popular  dread  of  lizards 
and  other  reptiles.]  A  newt.  [Pro v.  Eng.  and 
Scotch.] 

aska  (as'ka),  n.  [Russ.  asika."]  A  warm  cap 
with  a  round  top  and  without  ear-pieces,  worn 
by  the  Russian  peasantry. 

askance^  (a-skans'),  [First  in  early  mod. 

E.,  also  written  ascance,  askaunce,  ascaunce, 
askauHS,  askaunse,  asconce,  a  seance,  a  sconce,  in 
the  earliest  recorded  form  (Palsgrave,  1530)  a 
scancJie;  with  a  later  variant  crsfeaMf,  q.  v.  Ori- 
gin imcertain.  Cf.  asquint,  asklent,  aslant,  and 
askew,  askile.']  Sidewise;  obliquely ;  out  of  the 
corner  of  the  eye ;  askant. 

But  Eustum  ey'd  askance  the  kneeling  youth. 

M.  Arnold,  Sohrab  and  Rustum. 
So  she,  and  turn'd  askance  a  wintry  eye. 

Tennyson,  The  Princess. 

askance^  (a-skans'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  askanced, 
ppr.  askancing.  [<  askance^,  adv.']  To  turn 
aside,  as  the  eyes.  [Rare.] 

0,  how  are  they  wrapp'd  in  with  infamies 

That  from  their  own  misdeeds  askance  their  eyes ! 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  637. 

askance^t,  askancest,  adv.  and  conj.  [Early 
mod.  E.  ascances,  askaunces,  <  ME.  ascance,  as- 
kaunce, ascaunce,  ascaunces,  as  skaunce,  of  uncer- 


tain origin;  perhaps  <  OF.  "as  cances:  as,  <  L. 
ad  illas,  to  the ;  cances,  pi.  of  cance,  unassibilated 
(Pieard)  form  of  cheance,  >  ME.  chance,  chaunce, 
E.  chance.    Cf.  perchance.]    I,  adv.  Perhaps. 
Ascaunce  that  craft  is  so  lyght  to  lere  ? 

Chaucer,  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  838. 

II.  conj.  As  if;  as  if  (saying). 
And  wroot  the  names  .  .  . 

Ascatcnce  [var.  askaunce]  that  he  wolde  for  hem  preye. 

Chaucer,  Sumnioner's  Tale,  1.  37. 

Keeping  a  countenance  ascances  she  understood  him 
not.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia. 

Therewith  he  raysed  his  heavy  head  alight, 
Askaunces,  Ha  !  indeed  and  thinkest  thou  so. 

Gascoigne,  Flowers.    {N.  E.  D.) 

askant  (a-skanf),  adv.    [Early  mod.  E.  also 
ascant,  askaunt,  ascatint,  later  form  of  askance'^. 
Cf.  aslant  or  asquint.]    Sidewise ;  askance. 
With  an  eye  askant.  Cotoper,  Iliad,  xi.  65". 

asker^  (as'ker),  n.  [ME.  asker,  askere  ;  <  ask'^ 
+  -e;-!.]  One  who  asks;  a  petitioner;  an  in- 
quirer. 

To  give  to  every  asker.  Hammond,  Works,  I.  99. 

Every  asker  being  satisfied. 

Sir  K.  Digby,  The  Nature  of  Bodies. 

asker^  (as'ker),  n.  [E.  dial,  also  ascar,  askard, 
ascard,  askerd,  askal,  etc. :  see  ask'-^.]  Same  as 
ask'^.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

askew  (a-skii'),  adv.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  askue, 
ascue,  a  skew ;  appar.  <  n3  -f  skew,  q.  v.  Cf. 
equiv.  Icel.  d  ska.]  In  an  oblique  position; 
obliquely ;  awry ;  out  of  the  projjer  position  or 
arrangement ;  hence,  askance ;  sidelong. 

\Mien  ye  lowre,  or  looke  on  me  askew. 

Then  doe  I  die.  Spenser,  Sonnets,  vii. 

He  [Kepler]  found  that  this  planet  [Mars]  moved  in  an 
ellipse  or  oval  curve  round  the  sun,  which  was  situated 
rather  askew  near  the  middle. 

ir.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  78. 

a,sk.ilei,l^rep.phr.&sadv.  [Appar.  <  a^  +  *skile, 
appar.  of  Scand.  origin,  repr.  by  AS.  sceolh, 
sceol-,  scgl-  (cf.  in  eomp.  sccolh-egc,  scijl-egcde 
=  Icel.  skjolcygr  -  Sw.  skcldgd  —  Dan.  skeldjct, 
squint-eyed)  =  Icel.  skjdigr  =  Sw.  dial,  skjalg 
D.  schecl  =  OHG.  scelah  (scelh-),  MHG.  schclch, 
schcl,  G.  schecl,  schel,  oblique,  squinting ;  hence 
Icel.  ska:la  =  Sw.  skela  =  Dan.  skclc,  make  a 
wry  face'.]    Askant.    Bp.  Hall. 

asking  (as'king),  M.  [<  ME.  askinge,  axunge, 
etc.,  <  AS.  dscuug,  dxung,  <  uscian,  ask:  seeasfci.] 

1.  The  making  of  a  request;  a  petition:  as,  it 
may  be  had  for  the  asking. — 2.  Proclamation 
or  publication  in  church  of  banns  of  marriage. 
See  to  ask  in.  church,  under  ask'^. 

askingly  (as'king-li),  adv.  In  an  entreating 
manner ;  with  expression  oi  request  or  desire. 
[Rare.] 

How  askingly  its  footsteps  toward  me  bend  ! 
It  seems  to  say,  "  And  have  I  then  one  friend  ?  " 

Coleridge,  Young  Ass  (ed.  1796). 

asklent  (as-klenf),  adv.  A  Scotch  form  of 
aslant. 

askos  (as'kos),  n.  [Gr.  aaK6c,  a  wine-skin:  see 
ascus.]  In  classical  archwol.,  a  vase  imitating 
more  or  less  closely  the  form  of  a  wine-skin. 

Such  vases,  of  Etruscan  or  Greek  workmanship,  are  of  not 
uncommon  occurrence  in  Italy,  and  are  often  provided 
with  a  foot  and  a  handle.    Also  ascus. 

asla  (as'lii),  V.  An  ancient  Persian  measure  of 
land,  probably  a  plethra  (which  see). 

aslaket  (a-slak'),  v.  i.  and  t.  [<  ME.  aslaken, 
<  AS.  dslacian,  slacken,  loosen,  remit,  <  a-  + 
slacian,  slake :  see  a-i  and  slake.]  1 .  To  abate ; 
diminish. 

The  water  schal  aslake  and  gon  away. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  367. 
Shal  .  .  .  thy  hauty  lookes  quench  my  kindeled  loue, 
or  thy  gallant  shew  aslake  my  good  wil  ? 

Lyly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  179. 

2.  To  moderate ;  mitigate  ;  appease  ;  satisfy. 

Atte  laste  aslaked  was  his  mood. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  902. 
When  mourning  altars,  purgd  with  enimies  life. 
The  black  infemall  Furies  doen  aslake. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  iii.  36. 

The  beast  that  prowls  about  in  search  of  blood. 
Or  reptile  that  within  the  treacherous  brake 
Waits  for  the  prey,  upcoiled,  its  hunger  to  aslake. 

Southey,  Paraguay,  i.  14. 

aslani  (as-la'ni),  n.  [Turk.,  <  aslan,  arslan,  a 
lion.]  A  Turkish  silver  coin,  worth  from  115  to 
120  aspers.    See  asper^. 

aslant  (a-slanf),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.,  and 
prep.  [ME.  aslante,  o  slante,  aslonte,  earlier 
on  slonte,  on  slent;  <  a^,  on,  +  slant.  Cf.  Sc. 
asklent,  asclent.]  I.  adv.  or  a.  In  a  slanting 
or  sloping  direction;  oblique;  obliquely;  not 
perpendicularly  or  at  right  angles. 


The  shaft  drove  through  his  neck  aslant.  Dn/den 
As  with  his  wings  aslant 
Sails  the  fierce  cormorant. 

Longfellow,  Skeleton  in  Armor. 

II.  prep.  Slantingly  across ;  athwart. 
There  is  a  willow  grows  aslant  a  brook. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  7. 
The  swelling  upland  where  the  side-long  sun 
Aslant  the  wooded  grove  at  evening  goes. 

Longfellow,  Spirit  of  Poetry. 

asleep  (a-slep'),  j>rcp.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [Also 
on  sleep  (Acts  xiii.  36) ;  ME.  aslepe,  aslapc, 
onsla'pe,  etc.,  <  AS.  on  slwpe,  in  sleep;  <  a3  -I- 
sleep.]  1.  In  or  into  a  state  of  sleep:  as,  to 
fall  asleep. 

He  [Sisera]  was  fast  asleep.  Judges  iv.  21 . 

By  whispering  winds  soon  luU'd  asleep. 

Milton,  L'AUegro,  1.  116. 
And  there  within  the  hollow  lay  .  .  . 
Aslaug  the  golden-headed  child. 
Asleep  and  rosy. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  32. 

2.  Figuratively —  (a)  Dead ;  in  or  into  a  state 
of  death :  chiefly  in  the  Scriptures  and  religious 
literature. 

Concerning  them  which  are  asleep,  .  .  .  sorrow  not. 

1  Thes.  iv.  13. 

(b)  Dormant;  inactive;  idle. 

During  this  inquisition  Julia's  tongue 

Was  not  asleep.  Byron,  Don  Juan,  i.  145. 

3.  Having  a  peculiar  numb  feeling,  accom- 
panied by  or  passing  off  with  a  prickly  tingling 
sensation.  This  condition  is  produced  usually  by  pro- 
longed pressure  on  the  nerve-trunks,  and  consequently  is 
most  frequent  in  the  arms  and  legs. 

His  legge  .  .  .  was  all  aslepe,  and  in  a  manner  sterke 
stiff.  Udall,  tr.  of  Erasmus's  Apophthegms,  p.  235. 

4.  Natit.,  said  of  sails  when  the  wind  is  just 
strong  enough  to  distend  them  and  prevent 
them  from  shaking. 

aslope  (a-sl6p'),  pp.,  or  pre/).  j>hr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  late  ME.  a  slope,  either  <  a^  +  slope,  n.,  or 
else  for  aslope,  uslopen,  'slipped  away,'  <  .A.S. 
dslopen,  pp.  of  dslUpan,  slip  away,  <  d-  +  slUpan, 
slip:  see  «-i  and  slope,  a.  and  and  slip.  Cf. 
alight'^,  of  similar  double  formation.]  In  or 
into  an  inclined  or  slanting  position  or  direc- 
tion ;  with  leaning  or  inclination ;  deflected 
from  the  perpendicular ;  with  declivity  or  de- 
scent, as  a  hill. 
Set  them  not  upright,  but  aslope.  Bacon ,  T&ssays. 

aslugt  (a-slug'),  adv.  [<  «3  -)-  slug'^.]  In  a 
sluggisli  manner.  [Rare.] 

His  boat 

That  comes  aslug  against  the  stream. 

Fotherby,  Atheomastix,  ii.  12. 

-asm.  [<  Gr.  -aa/j6c,  <  -a^eiv,  after  -c-,  equiv.  to 
-icfioQ,  <  -l^civ:  see  -ism,  and  cf.  -asi.]  A  suffix 
of  Greek  origin,  occurring  instead  of  -ism  after 
-i-,  as  in  enthusiasm,  miasm,  etc. 

asmanite  (as'man-it),  n.  A  form  of  silica 
foimd  in  some  mieteorites.  it  has  been  supposed 

to  be  orthorhombic  in  crystallization,  but  is  probably 
identical  with  tridymite. 

Asmannshauser  (as-manz-hoi'zer),  w.  A  brand 
of  wines  made  at  Asmannshausen,  in  Nassau 

on  the  Rhine.  These  wines  are  both  red  and  white,  the 
former  being  in  especial  repute  for  its  excellent  flavor  and 
color,  though  not  keeping  well. 

asmatograpliyt  (as-ma-tog'ra-fi),  «.  [<  LGr. 
(7(T//aro7pd0of,  writing  songs,  <  aafiaToypajpeiv, 
write  songs,  <  Gr.  dafia{T-),  a  song  (<  ^deiv, 
sing,  >  ult.  E.  ode,  q.  v.),  +  ypcKfieiv,  write.] 
The  art  of  composing  songs. 

asmear  (a-smer'),pre/).  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a^ 
+  smear.]    Smeared  over  ;  bedaubed. 

I  came  into  Smithfield,  and  the  shameful  place,  being  all 
asmear  with  filth,  and  fat,  and  blood,  and  foam,  seemed  to 
stick  to  me.  Dickens,  Great  Expectations,  xx. 

Asmonean,  Asmonsean  (as-mo-ne'an),  a.  and 
n.  [<  LL.  Asmonaus  or  Asmoneiis,  representing 
Heb.  Ehasmon.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Asmoneus 
or  AsmonsBus,  a  reputed  ancestor  of  Matta- 
thias,  the  first  of  the  Maccabees  and  the  father 
of  Judas  Maceaba3us,  who  lived  about  165  B. 
c. ;  hence,  pertaining  to  the  Maccabees.  See 
Maccabean. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  family  of  Asmoneus;  a 
Maccabean. 

asoak  (a-s6k'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [< 
+  soak  '.]    In  or  into  a  soaked  or  soaking  con- 
dition ;  thoroughly  wet. 

asocial  (a-s6'shal),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  (a-18)  -f 
social,]    Unsocial ;  antagonistic  to  society. 

As  new  morbid  elements  are  formed  in  the  disintegrat- 
ing processes  of  disease,  the  ravages  of  which  they  there- 
upon accelerate ;  so  new  products  of  an  asocial  or  antiso- 
cial kind  are  formed  in  the  retrograde  metamorphosis  of 
the  human  kind.  Maudsley,  Body  and  Will,  p.  241. 


Asp  {f<aja  haje). 


asomatous 

aSOmatOUS  (a-s6'ma-tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  aai^naro^, 
without  a  body,  <  a-  priv.  +  crw/«!(r-),  body.] 
Without  a  material  body ;  incorporeal.  [Rare.] 

Asopia  (a-s6'pi-a),  n.  [NL. ;  ef.  Asopus.l  A 
genus  of  pyralid  moths.  A.  farinalis  is  the 
meal-moth. 

Asopinae  (as-o-pi'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Asopus  + 
-j/irt'.]  A  subfamily  of  heteropterous  insects^ 
typified  by  the  genus  Asopus.    Also  Asopina. 

Asopus  (a-s6'pus),  n.  [NL.,  appar.  <  L.  Aso- 
jncs,  Gr.  'AauTvo^,  name  of  several  rivers  and  of 
a  river-god.]  A  genus  of  heteropterous  in- 
sects, of  the  family  Pentatomiclw. 

asor  (as'or),  71.  [Heb.]  A  ten-stringed  musi- 
cal instrument  of  the  Hebrews,  played  with  a 
pleetrimi,  and  supposed  to  have  borne  some  re- 
semblance to  the  nebel.  S.  K.  Handbook  Mm. 
hist.,  p.  19. 

aspi  (asp),  n.  [<  ME.  asp,  aspe,  espe,  <  AS. 
*cvsp,  cespe,  aspe,  espe,  transposed  wps,  =D.  esp  = 
OHG.  aspa,  MHG.  aspe,  G.  espe  =  Icel.  dsp,  asp, 
espi,  aspen  wood,  =  Dan.  Sw.  asp,  asp ;  origin 
imknown.  The  E.  form  aspen  is  prop,  an  adj. : 
see  aspen.']  A  European  tree  of  the  poplar  f  am- 
Uy,  Populus  tremula.  in  America  a  similar  species, 
P .  tremuloides,  is  known  as  the  qualiing  asp,  or  aspen 
Tlie  wliite  poplar,  P.  alba,  is  also  sometimes  called  the 
white  asp.  ■  The  form  aspen  is  also  common. 

asp2  (asp),  n.  [In  ME.  as  L.,  aspis;  OF.  aspe  = 
Pr.  aspiic  (>  F,  asinc,  >  E.  aspic^,  q.  v.)  =  Sp. 

,  aspid,  uspide  = 
Pg.  It.  aspide, 
<  L.  aspis  (as- 
pid-), <  Gr.  dffTr/f 
(aairid-),  an  asp, 
Egyptian  vi- 
per.] 1.  Avery 
venomous  ser- 
pent of  Egypt, 
celebrated  in 
connection  vnth 
the  story  of 
Cleopatra's  sui- 
cide. It  is  identi- 
fied with  greatest 
probability  witli 

the  horned  viper,  of  the  genus  Cerastes,  a  snake  about  15 
inches  long.    The  name  has  also  been  commonly  applied  to 
the  Naja  haje,  a  species  attaining  a  length  of  3  or  4  feet, 
related  to  and  resembling  the  Indian  cobra,  Naja  triym- 
dians.    It  is  of  a  mottled  green 
and  brown  color,  with  the  skin  of  i,,.,^ 
the  neck  dilatable,  though  less 
so  than  that  of  the  true  cobra. 
This  serpent  is  of  frequent  oc- 
currence along  the  Nile,  and  is 
the  sacred  serpent  of  ancient 
Egypt,  represented  commonly 
in  art  as  a  part  of  the  head- 
dress of  kings  and  divinities, 
and  often  connected  with  their 
emblems,  as  a  symbol  of  royal 
power.    In  archaeology    it  is 
usually  known  as  the  urceus. 
2.  The  common  viper  or 
adder  of  Eui-ope,  a  feebly 
poisonous    serpent,  for- 
merly named  Vipera  com- 
munis, now  Pelias  bents,  of 
the  family  Viperida.  See 

cut    under    adder.  3     A      Asp,  as  an  Egyptian  royal 

name  of  sundi-y  Other  poi-  RTmeleTiif"  °' 
sonous  serpents. 
Aspic  and  aspick  are  obsolete  or  poetic  forms. 
Aspalacidae  (as-pa-las'i-de),  «.  pi.    Same  as 
Spalacidce. 

Aspalacinse  (as-pal-a-si'ne),  «.  pi.    Same  as 

Spalacino}. 

aspalathus  (as-pal'a-thus),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  aaira- 
ladoc,  a  prickly  shrub  yielding  a  fragrant  oil.] 

1.  An  unknown  aromatic  thorny  shrub  men- 
tioned in  the  Apocrypha  and  by  some  of  the 
old  herbalists. 

I  gave  a  sweet  smell  like  cinnamon  and  aspalathus. 

Ecclus.  x.xiv.  15. 

2.  [cap.]  The  South  African  broom,  a  large 
genus  of  African  plants,  natural  order  Legumi- 
nosce,  with  small  heath-like  leaves,  and  gener- 
ally vnth  yellow  flowers. 

Aspalax  (as'pa-laks),  n.    Same  as  Spalax. 

asparagi  (as-par'a-ji),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  as- 
paragus.'] In  hot,  scaly  shoots  from  under 
ground,  as  in  asparagus.    Also  called  turions. 

asparagic  (as-pa-raj'ik),  a.  [<  asparagus  + 
-«c.]    Same  as  aspartic. 

asparagin,  asparagine  (as-par'a-jin),  n.  [<  as- 
paragus +  -in2,  .ine2.]  a  c^stallized  sub- 
stance (C4H8N2O3)  found  in  the  juice  of  as- 
paragus, beets,  and  other  vegetables,  in  the 
sprouts  of  cereals,  and  in  leguminous  seeds 
during  germination,   it  is  an  amide  of  aspartic  acid, 


339 

and  forms  compounds  with  both  acids  and  bases.  Some- 
times called  althein  or  asjiaramid. 

asparaginous  (as-pa-raj'i-nus),  a.  [<  aspara- 
gus +  -in'-^  +  -ous.]"  Belonging  to  asparagus; 
resembling  asparagus;  specifically,  having  ten- 
der edible  shoots  like  those  of  asparagus :  as, 
asparaginous  plants, 
asparagus  (as-par'a-^s),  n.  [<  L.  asparagus,  < 
Gr.  aarrapayog,  Attic  aa<j)apayoQ,  asparagus ;  said 
to  be  of  Pers.  origin.  In  ML.  by  apheresis  also 
sparagus,  sparagi,  >  It.  sp)aragio,  OF.  esperage, 
>  early  mod.  E.  .spcrage,  sparage,  spcrach.  The 
ML.  form  sparagus  was  in  E.  altered  by  popular 
etymology  into  sparagrass  and  sparrow-grass 
(sometimes  simply  grass),  which  were  until  re- 
cently in  good  literary  use.]  1.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  ^s/jar«(/»5,  especially  A.  offlcinalis.—  2. 
[cap.]  A  large  genus  of  plants  of  the  old  world, 
natui-al  order  Liliacew.  That  which  is  cultivated  in 

gardens,  the  common  asjjaragus,  or  Asparagus  officinalis, 
has  a  nmch-branched  stem  rising  from  thick  and  matted 
perennial  root-stocks,  and  small  gi-eenish-yellow  flowers. 
The  narrow  thread-like  so-called  leaves  are  in  reality 
branchlets  gi'owing  in  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  true  but 
scale-like  leaves.  The  roots  have  a  bitterish  mucilaginous 
taste,  and  the  stalk  is  in  some  degi-ee  aperient  and  deob- 
struent,  but  not  very  efficacious.  The  part  eaten  is  the 
turion,  or  young  shoot  covered  with  scales  in  place  of 
leaves.     The  sprouts  contain  the  crystalline  substance 

called  aspararjin.— Trench  or  Prussian  asparagus,  a 

name  in  some  parts  of  England  for  the  fleshy  spike  of 
Ormthogalmn  Pi/renaicum. 

asparagus-bean  (as-par'a-gus-ben),  n.  See 
beati^,  1. 

asparagus-beetle  (as-par'a-gus-be"tl),  n.  A 
name  given  to  two  species  of  leaf -beetles  (Crio- 
cerida)  of  the  gonus  Crioceris,  C.  asparagi 
(Linnffius)  and  C.  duodecimpunctata  (Linnge- 
us),  which  prey  upon  the  asparagus-plant. 
Both  species  were 


Asparagfus-beetle  [Crioceris  asparagi). 
i,  d,  and  e,  beetle,  eggs,  and  larvae,  natural 
size  ;  c  3ad/,  eggs  and  larva,  enlarged. 


imported  into 
the  United  States 
from  Europe. 
Both  the  beetles 
and  their  larvas 
feed  upon  the 
asparagus  -  plant, 
but  the  damage 
is  principally 
done  by  the  lar- 
vx.  C.aspiaragiis 
blackish  beneath, 
the  thorax  being 
reddish  above, 
and  the  elytra 
ornamented  with 
yellowish  spots  of 
varying  extent.  C. 

duodecimpunctata  is  nearly  uniformly  reddish,  the  elytra 
having  twelve  small  black  spots.  The  larva;  of  the  two 
species  resemble  each  other  closely  ;  they  are  nearly  cylin- 
drical, tapering  somewhat  toward  the  head,  shining  and 
of  a  dirty  olive-green  color. 
asparagus-Stone  (as-par'a-gus-ston),  w.  A 
yellowish-gi-een  variety  of  the  mineral  apatite, 
occurring  in  Spain  in  small  transparent  crys- 
tals. 

asparamide  (as-par'a-mid),  n.    [<  aspar{agin) 

+  amide.]    Same  as  asparagin. 
asparginic  (as-par-jin'ik),  a.  [  <  aspar{a)gin  + 
-ic]    Same  as  asparzic. 
asparmate  (as-par'mat),  n.    [<  aspar(a)m(ide) 

+  -afei.]    Same  as  aspartate. 
aspartate  (as-par'tat),  n.  [<  aspart(ic)  +  -ate''-.] 
Any  salt  of  aspartic  acid. 

aspartic  (as-par'tik), a.  [<aspar{agin)  +  -t-ic] 
Pertaining  to  or  obtained  from  asparagin.  Also 
asparagic,  rtspar(/j«;c._  Aspartic  acid,  C4H7NO4,  a 
crystalline  acid  derived  from  asparagin. 
aspet,  n.  An  old  spelling  of  asp^  and  asp^. 
aspect  (as'pekt,  formerly  as-pekt'),  n.  [<  ME. 
aspect,  <  L.  aspectus,  seeing,  look,  appearance, 
countenance,  <  aspicere,  look,  behold,  <  ad,  to, 
+  s/;ece?-e,  look :  see  species  and  s/;?/.]  1.  The 
act  of  seeing,  or  of  .looking  at  anything;  view; 
gaze;  glance;  look.  [Archaic] 

Some  other  mistress  hath  thy  sweet  aspects. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  ii.  2. 
His  aspect  was  bent  on  the  ground.  Scott. 
Meeting  the  cold  aspect  of  Duty. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Autocrat,  xi. 

2.  Countenance ;  look  or  particular  appearance 
of  the  face;  mien;  air:  as,  a  mild  or  severe 
aspect. 

Wiser  princes  patron  the  arts,  and  carry  an  indulgent 
aspect  unto  scholars.    Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  5.  3. 
Yet,  had  his  aspect  nothing  of  severe. 
But  such  a  face  as  promis'd  him  sincere. 

Dryden,  Character  of  Good  Parson,  i.  12. 

3.  Appearance  to  the  eye  or  mind;  look:  as, 
the  physical  aspect  of  the  country. 

And  then  oui-  arms,  like  to  a  muzzled  bear, 
Save  in  aspect,  have  all  offence  seal'd  up. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  ii.  I. 
How  sweet,  how  fair,  and  lovely  her  aspects  are  ' 
Her  eyes,  like  bright  Eoan  flames,  shoot  through  me. 

Fletcher  (and  another  T),  Prophetess,  lii.  3. 


aspen 

What  a  collegiate  aspect  has  that  fine  EIl2abethan  hall 
where  the  fountain  plays  !  Lamb,  Old  Benchers.' 

4.  One  of  the  ways  in  which  a  thing  may  be 
viewed  or  contemplated :  as,  to  present  an  ob- 
ject or  a  subject  in  its  ti-uo  aspect;  in  a  double 
aspect ;  a  favorable  aspect. 

Something  loftier,  more  adorned. 
Than  is  the  common  aspect,  daily  garb, 
Of  human  life.  Wordsworth,  Prelude,  v. 

Undoubtedly  we  have  a  right  to  make  new  words,  as 
they  are  needed  by  the  fresh  aspects  under  whicli  life  pre- 
sents itself  here  in  the  New  World ;  and,  indeed  wher- 
ever a  language  is  alive,  it  grows.  ' 

Lowell,  Introd.rfo  Biglow  Papers,  1st  ser. 

5.  Practical  bearing  or  reference.  [Rare.] 
The  aspect  of  atonement  is  obviously  toward  creatures, 

working  effects  on  them,  not  on  God. 

J.  Gilbert,  Christ.  Atonement,  p.  167.    (A^.  E.  D.) 

6.  View  commanded ;  prospect ;  outlook. 

This  town  has  a  good  aspect  toward  the  hill  from  whence 
we  descended.  Evelyn. 
(Now  used  in  this  sense  mainly  with  reference  to  the  points 
of  the  compass :  as,  a  house  has  a  southern  aspect  or  ex- 
posure.] 

7.  In  astrol.,  the  relative  positions  of  the  plan- 
ets as  they  appear  at  any  given  time  to  an  ob- 
server upon  the  earth;  the  combined  look  of 
the  heavenly  bodies  from  the  earth.  The  aspects 
are  nine  in  number:  (1)  seniisextile,  a  difference  of  longi- 
tude of  30° ;  (2)  semisquare,  of  45" ;  (3)  sextile,  of  60° ;  (4) 
quintile,  of  72° ;  (5)  .scjuare  or  quartile,  of  90' ;  (6)  trine  of 
120° ;  (7)  sesquiquadrate,  of  135° ;  (8)  biquiiitile,  of  144° ; 
(9)  opposition,  of  180°.  To  these  may  be  added  conjunc- 
tion, which  occurs  when  the  planets  have  the  same  longi- 
tude. Good  aspects  are  the  seniisextile,  sextile,  quintile, 
trine,  and  hiquintile.  Bad  aspects  are  the  semisquare, 
square,  sesquiquadrate,  and  opposition.  Mundane  as- 
pects are  such  as  are  formed  by  the  houses  in  horary  as- 
trology and  by  the  seiniarcs  of  the  planets  in  nativities. 

The  glorious  planet,  Sol,  .  .  .  whose  med'cinable  eye 
Corrects  the  ill  aspects  of  planets  evil. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  3. 
We,  that  behold  the  sad  aspects  of  heaven, 
Leading  sense-blinded  men,  feel  grief  enough 
To  know,  though  not  to  speak,  their  miseries. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Thierry  and  Theodoret,  iii.  3. 

8.  In  her.,  the  position  of  an  animal  with  ref- 
erence to  the  spectator.-Ambulacral  aspect, 
bee  amftHiacra?.— Aspect  of  a  plane,  in  math.,  the  direc- 
tion of  its  normal.— In  full  asp|ect.  Same  as  affrunte,  2. 
—  In  trian  aspect,  in  a  position  between  affronte  and 
passant. —Mesial  aspect.    See  mesial. 

aspectf  (as-pekf),  V.  t.  [<  L.  aspectare,  look  at, 
view,  freq.  of  aspicere,  look  at :  see  aspect,  ».] 
To  behold ;  look  upon. 

Happy  in  their  mistakes  those  people  whom 
The  northern  pole  aspects. 

Sir  W.  Temple,  tr.  of  Lucan,  in  Heroic  Virtue. 

aspectable  (as-pek'ta-bl),  ff.  [<  L.  aspectahilis, 
that  may  be  seen,  <  aspectare,  see,  look  at :  see 
aspect,  v.]    1.  Capable  of  being  seen;  visible. 

What  is  in  this  aspectable  world  ?  Bay,  Creation. 

2.  Fair  or  fit  to  be'  seen. 

Via  Vittoria,  the  aspectable  street 
Where  he  lived  mainly. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  57. 

[Rare  in  both  senses.] 
aspectant  (as-pek'tant),  a.  [<  L.  aspectan(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  aspectare  :  see  aspect,  v.]  In  Jier.,  same 
as  affronte,  2. 
aspected  (as-pek'ted),  p.  a.  [<  as2Ject+  -ed^.] 
If.  Looked  at ;  viewed. — 2.  Having  an  aspect 
or  look.  [Rare.] 

Your  lawyer's  face,  a  contracted,  a  subtile,  and  intricate 
face,  full  of  quirks  and  turnings,  a  labyrinthean  face,  now 
angularly,  now  circularly,  every  way  aspected. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  ii.  1. 

aspecting  (as-pek'ting),  p.  a.    [Ppr.  of  aspect.] 

Same  as  affronte,  2. 
aspectiont  (as-pek'shon),  n.  [<  L.  aspectio{n-), 

<  aspicere,  look  at:  see  aspect,  n.]    The  act  of 
viewing  or  looking  upon  ;  view. 

A  Moorish  queen,  upon  aspection  ot  the  picture  of  An- 
dromeda, conceived  and  brought  forth  a  fair  one. 

Sir  T.  Broiene. 

aspector  (as-pek'tor),  n.    [<  L.  as  if  *aspector, 

<  aspicere,  look  at :  see  aspect,  n.]    A  beholder ; 
a  spectator.    J.  Davies.  [Rare.] 

The  first-mentioned  [galvanism]  may  contract  a  muscle, 
or  relax  the  rigidity  of  an  eye-lid,  but  it  is  the  second 
[animal  magnetism]  that  throws  the  diligent  aspector  into 
paroxysms.  Jon  Bee,  Ess.  on  Samuel  Foote. 

aspen  (as'pen),  a.  and  w.  [<  ME.  aspen,<  AS. 
*wspen  (not  authenticated ;  =  OFries.  espen  = 
D.  espen  =  G.  espen,  a.),  <  *wsp,  wspe,  asp.  +  -en : 
see  aspi  and  -e«2.]  I,  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  tree  named  asp. 

Nor  aspen  leaves  confess  the  gentlest  breeze.  Gay. 
2.  Tremulous,  like  an  aspen-leaf ;  quiveilng. 

II.  n.  [A  mod.  substantive  use  of  the  adj., 
prob.  due  to  such  phrases  as  aspen  leaf,  aspen 
tree,  aspen  wood,  etc.,  regarded  as  compounds; 
cf.  linden  for  Und.]    Same  as  asp^.    [Asjicn  is 


aspen 

the  usual  form  in  jioetry,  and  is  also  common 
in  prose.] 

His  hand  did  quake 
And  tremble  like  a  leafe  of  Aspin  greene. 

Spenner,  ¥.  Q.,  I.  ix.  51. 

Only  the  pattering  aspen 
Made  a  sound  o£  growing  rain. 

Lowell,  Singing  Leaves. 

asper^t  (as'per),  a.  [<  ME.  ospre,  aspere,  <  OF. 
aspre,  <  L.  asper,  rough;  origin  undetermined.] 
Kough;  rugged;  harsh;  cruel;  savage.  Chaucer. 

All  base  notes  .  .  .  give  an  asper  sound. 

,  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  173. 

asperl  (as'per),  n.  [Short  for  L.  spiritus  asper, 
a  translation  of  Gr.  T^veviia  6aob,  rough  breath- 
ing: see  spirit  and  asper'i-,  a.]  In  &r.  gram.,  a 
sign  (')  placed  before  or  over  an  initial  vowel 
or  p  to  show  that  it  is  aspirated,  that  is,  pro- 
noimced  as  if  /(  preceded  it ;  the  rough  breath- 
ing. Thus,  (if  =  hos ;  pic  =  hris.  [in  Latin,  and 
hence  in  modern,  wurds  derived  from  the  Greek,  aspirated 
r  is  represented  by  rh,  as  in  rhinoceros,  rhythm,  the  h  be- 
ing silent  in  the  modern  pronunciation.] 

asper^  (as'per),  «.  [=F.  fl5jjre  =  It.  aspero,  < 
ML.  aspents,  'asprus,  aspcrum,  asprum,  <  MGtr. 
ho'Kpov,  prop.  neut.  of  aoTpog,  white.  In  Turk- 
ish this  coin  is  called  aqcha,  lit.  whitish,  <  aq, 
white,  +  -cha,  -ja,  equiv.  to  E.  -ish^.']  An  old 
Egyptian  and  Turkish  silver  coin :  now  only  a 
money  of  account,  a  piaster  is  considered  equal  to 
100  good  aspers  or  120  euri-ent  ones.  One  current  asper 
is  equal  to  four  nintlis  of  a  United  States  mill. 

Demanded  of  me, 
For  what  I  valued  at  so  many  aspers, 
A  thousand  ducats. 

Massinger,  The  Renegado,  i.  3. 

aspera  (as'pe-ra),  n,  [NL.,  fem.  of  L.  asper, 
rough.]    Same  as  asper-artery. 

asper-artery  (as'per-ar  'te-ri),  n.  [<  L.  aspera 
arteria,  or  arteria  aspera,  a  tr.  of  Gr.  aprf/pia  rpa- 
Xeia,  lit.  rough  artery:  see  asper'^,  artery,  and 
trachea.']    The  trachea  or  windpipe.  Coues. 

asperate  (as'pe-rat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  asperatus,  pp. 
of  asperare,  roughen,  <  asper,  rough :  see  asper'^.] 
To  make  rough  or  uneven  in  surface,  sound, 
etc.  [Rare.] 

The  level  surface  of  clear  water  being  by  agitation  as- 
perated. Boyle,  Works,  I.  683. 

asperation  (as-pe-ra'shon),  n.  [<  asperate  + 
-ion.]    A  making  rough.  Bailey. 

asperge  (as-perj'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  asperged, 
ppr.  asperging.  [=.  P.  asperger,  <  L.  aspergerc, 
sprinkle,  <  ad,  to,  +  spargere,  sprinkle:  see 
sparse,  and  cf.  a'spterse.]    To  sprinkle. 

Each  thing  in  order,  as  before, 

His  pious  liands  array, 
Asperge  the  shrine ;  and  then  once  more 

He  takes  his  cheerful,  way. 

Bulwer,  tr.  of  Schiller's  Fridolin. 

aspergeoiret,  [OF.,  also  aspergoir  (mod.  F. 
aspersoir);  cf.  ML.  aspergerium ;  <  L.  aspergc- 
re,  sprinkle:  see  asperge,  and  cf.  aspergillus.] 
Same  as  aspersorium,  1. 

asperges  (as-per'jez),  n.  [LL.,  prop,  second 
pers.  sing,  future  ind.  of  L.  aspergere,  sprinkle : 
see  asperge.]  In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.:  (a)  An 
antiphon,  taken  from  the  Miserere,  intoned  by 
the  celebrant  and  sung  by  the  choir  before  the 
solemn  mass  on  Sundays,  during  which  the 
priest  sprinkles  with  holy  water  the  altar, 
clergy,  and  people.  With  some  modifications, 
the  same  rite  is  practised  in  the  Greek  and  Ori- 
ental chiu'ches.  (&)  The  sprinkling  performed 
by  the  priest  during  the  antiphon. 

aspergill  (as'per-Jil),  n.  [<  ML.  aspergillus, 
q.  v.]    Same  as  aspersorium,  1. 

aspergilla,  n.    Plural  of  aspergillum. 

aspergilli,  n.    Plural  of  aspergillus. 

aspergilliform  (as-per-jil'i-form),  a.  [<  ML. 
aspergillus,  q.  v.,  -I-  L.  forma,  shape.]  1. 
Shaped  like  an  aspergillus  or  sprinkler. —  2. 
In  l)ot.,  brush-shaped;  made  up  of  numerous 
spreading  hairs. 

aspergillum  (as-per-jil'um),  w. ;  pi.  aspergilla 
(-a).  [ML.:  see  aspergillus.]  1.  Same  as  as- 
persorium, 1. —  2.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of 
moUusks,  the  watering-pot  shells,  of  a  fam- 
ily Aspergillidce :  a  synonym  of  Brechites.  La- 
marcl,  1799. 

aspergillus  (as-per-jil'us),  «. ;  ^^1.  aspergilli  (-1). 
[ML.  (in  sense  1),  <  L.  aspergere,  sprinkle  (see 
asperge),  +  dim.  -illus.]  1.  Same  as  aspersori- 
um,!.—  2.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  genusof  hyphomy- 
cetous  fungi,  including  several  of  the  common 
molds.  Some  of  the  species  have  been  found  to  be  only 
conidial  forms  of  corresponding  species  of  Eurotium,  and 
it  is  probable  that  the  same  is  true  of  all.  Several  have 
been  detected  in  the  human  ear  and  in  diseased  lungs. 
See  cut  under  Eurotium. 


340 

Asperifoliae  (as'^'per-i-fo'li-e),  n.pl.  [NL.,fem. 
pi.  of  aspcrifoUus :  see  asperifolious,']  Same  as 
Boraginacea\ 

asperifoliate  (as'^per-i-fo'li-at),  a.  [<  NL.  rts- 
pcrifoliatus,  <  L.  asper,  rougli,  +  folitm,  leaf: 
see  asjier'^  and  folia  te.]  Having  leaves  rough 
to  the  touch. 

asperifolious  (as"per-i-f6'li-us),  a.  [<  NL.  as- 
perifoUus  :  see  asperifoliate.]  Same  as  asperi- 
foliate. 

asperity  (as-per'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  asperities  (-tiz). 
[Early  mod.  E.  dsperitie,  <  ME.  asprete,  <  OF. 
asprcte,  mod.  F.  dprete  and  asperite,  <  L.  aspc- 
rita{t-)s,  roughness,  <  asper,  rough:  see  as2)er^.] 

1 .  Roughness  of  surface ;  unevenness :  opposed 
to  smoothness. 

The  pores  and  asperities  of  dry  bodies. 

Boyle,  Works,  I.  683. 
Four  thousand  pioneers  were  sent  in  advance  ...  to 
conquer,  in  some  degree,  the  asperities  of  the  road. 

Irving,  Granada,  p.  320. 

2.  Roughness  of  sound;  harshness  of  pronun- 
ciation. 

Those  dissonances  and  asperities  which  still  adhered  to 
.  .  .  our  diction.    T  Warton,  Hist,  of  Eng.  Poetry,  iii.  62. 

3.  Harshness  of  taste  ;  sourness. 
The  asperity  of  tartarous  salts.  Bp.  Berkeley,  Siris,  §  86. 

4.  Roughness  or  ruggedness  of  temper ;  crab- 
bedness ;  bitterness ;  severity :  as,  to  chide  one 
with  asperity  ;  "  asperity  of  character,"  Landor. 

It  could  only  have  been  the  strong  political  feeling  of 
Warton  which  could  have  induced  him  to  censure  the 
prose  of  Milton  with  such  asperity. 

I.  D  Is7-aeli,  Quar.  of  Auth.,  p.  261. 
A  royalist,  .  .  .  without  any  of  that  political  asperity 
which  is  as  imwomanly  as  a  long  beard. 

Macaulay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

5.  Disagreeableness  ;  unpleasantness;  difficul- 
ty :  as,  "  the  acclivities  and  asperities  of  duty," 
Barrow,  Sermons,  HI.  xlii. 

The  allurements  of  praise  and  the  asperities  of  censure. 

Sumner,  Fame  and  Glory. 
=  Syn.  4.  Acrimony,  Harshness,  etc.    See  acrimony. 

asperlyt  (as'per-li),  adv.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
asprely,  <  ME.  asperly ;  <  asjjer^  +  -ly^.] 
Roughly;  sharply;  vigorously. 

Enforced  their  enemies  to  strike  on  land,  and  there  as- 
saulted them  so  asprely. 

Sir  T.  Elyot,  The  Governour,  i.  17. 

aspermatism  (as-per'ma-tizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  a- 
priv.  +  (j7T£p/Lia{T-),  seed,  +  -ism.]  1.  Absence 
of  seminal  secretion. — 2.  The  non-emission  of 
semen  in  the  sexual  orgasm,  ovsing  to  its  re- 
flux into  the  bladder, 
aspermatous  (as-per'ma-tus),  a.  Same  as 
aspermous. 

aspermous  (as-per'mus),  a,    [<  NL.  aspermus, 
<  Gr.  aoKepfioc,  seedless,  <  a--pr\y.+  ankpiia,  seed: 
see  sperm.]    In  hot.,  destitute  of  seed, 
aspernationt  (as-per-na'shon),  n.    [<  L.  asper- 
natio{n-),  <  aspernari,  pp.  aspernatus,  disdain, 
spurn,  neglect,  <  ah,  from,  +  spernari,  despise, 
spurn.]    1.  A  despising,  etc.   Bailey,  1731. — 
2.  Neglect;  disregard.  Johnson. 
aspernesst,  n.    [ME.  asprenesse;  <  asper'^  + 
-ncss.]    Harshness;  severity.  Chaucer. 
asperoust  (as'per-us),  a.     [<  L.  asper,  rough 
{see  asper'^),  +  -ous.]   Rough  to  the  touch ;  un- 
even ;  harsh ;  severe, 
asperse  (as-pers'),     t- ;  pret.  and  pp.  aspersed, 
ppr.  aspersing.    [<L.  aspersus,  pp.  ot  asjjergere, 
besprinkle,  bespatter :  see  asperge.]    1.  To  be- 
sprinkle ;  scatter  over. 
Asperse  and  sprinkle  the  attendants. 

J.  Heath,  Flagellum,  p.  159. 
The  mourners  returning  from  a  Roman  funeral,  aspersed 
with  water  and  stepping  over  fire,  were  by  this  double  pro- 
cess made  pure.         E.  B.  Tylor,  Prim.  Culture,  II.  398. 

2.  To  bespatter  with  foul  reports  or  false  and 
injurious  charges ;  tarnish  in  point  of  reputa- 
tion or  good  name ;  slander ;  calumniate, 
with  blackest  crimes  aspersed.  Cowper,  Iliad,  vi. 

What  perplexed  us  most,  was  to  think  who  could  be  so 
base  as  to  asperse  the  character  of  a  family  so  harmless  as 
ours.  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  xiv. 

=  S3T1.  2.  Asperse,  Defame,  Calumniate,  Slander,  Malign, 
Traduce,  Libel,  Vilify,  decry,  depreciate,  disparage,  slur, 
run  down,  lampoon,  blacken.  These  words  are  all  descrip- 
tive of  attempts  to  injure  reputation  by  false  statements. 
Tliey  all  apply  primarily  and  chiefly  to  persons.  There  Is 
often  little  or  no  difference  between  them.  Asperse  is, 
literally,  to  bespatter,  as  with  mud  or  dirt ;  it  sometimes 
implies  injury  to  reputation  by  indirect  insinuation.  De- 
fame is,  literally,  to  lower  the  fame  or  repute  of,  to  bring 
toward  infamy,  to  make  charges  that  are  more  open  and 
weighty  tlian  aspersions.  Calumniate,  slander,  and  ma- 
lign represent  the  most  deliberate  and  deadly  assaults 
upon  rei)utation.  The  calumniator  is  most  often  the  in- 
ventor of  the  falsehoods  he  circulates.  The  slanderer  is 
less  inventive  and  more  secret,  his  work  being  generally 
behind  the  back  of  the  injured  person.  The  vialigner  is 
most  mischievous,  malicious,  or  malign  in  his  motives. 
To  traduce  is  to  misrepresent,  to  show  in  an  odious  light. 


asphalt 

Libel  and  slander  are  the  words  most  used  in  speaking  of 
injury  to  repletion  in  its  relation  to  the  possible  recov- 
ery of  damages  at  law.  To  libel,  tliei'efore,  often  suggests 
tlie  pecuniary  loss  by  defamation ;  libel  is  strictly  effected 
by  publication,  while  slander  is  strictly  by  word  of  mouth. 
Vilify  is,  literally,  to  make  one  (seem)  vile  ;  it  suggests  a 
defamation  of  the  coarser  and  more  abusive  sort.  See 
decry. 

I  am  not  sure  .  .  .  whether  I  ought  not  to  call  you  out 
for  aspersing  the  honour  of  the  family. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  35. 
Whenever  you  would  ruin  a  person  or  a  government, 
you  must  begin  by  spreading  calunuiies  to  defame  them. 

Quoted  by  J.  D' Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  75. 
One  trade  or  art,  even  those  that  should  be  the  most 
liberal,  make  it  their  business  to  disdain  and  calumniate 
another.  Bp.  Sprat. 

Thou  sittest  and  speakest  against  thy  brother;  thou 
slanderest  thine  own  mother's  son.  Ps.  1.  20. 

You  malign  our  senators,  for  that 
They  are  not  such  as  you.  Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  1. 

If  lam 

Traduc'd  by  ignorant  tongues,  .  .  . 

'Tis  but  the  fate  of  place,  and  the  rough  brake 

That  virtue  must  go  through. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  2. 
His  [Dr.  Kendrick's]  virulent  attack  on  Johnson's  Shake- 
speare may  be  preserved  for  its  total  want  of  literary  de- 
cency. ...  He  libelled  all  the  genius  of  the  age,  and  was 
proud  of  doing  it.  /.  D' Israeli,  Cal.  of  Auth. ,  p.  217. 

Wlien  I  find  the  first  of  men,  in  rank  and  genius,  hating 
one  another,  and  becoming  slanderers  and  liars  in  order  to 
lower  and  i»7i/!/ an  opponent,  .  .  .  I  look  back  in  vain  on 
any  barbarous  people  for  more  barbarism. 

Landor,  Peter  the  Great  and  Alexis. 

aspersed  (as-persf),  j).  a.  In  her.,  same  as 
seme. 

asperser  (as-per'ser),  n.  1.  An  aspersorium. 
—  2.  One  who  asperses  or  vilifies  another, 
aspersion  (as-per'shon),  n.  [=  F.  aspersion,  < 
L.  aspersio{n-),  a  besprinkling,  <  aspergere,  be- 
sprinJde:  see  asperse,  asperge.]  1.  A  sprin- 
kling, as  of  or  with  water. 

No  sweet  aspersion  shall  the  heavens  let  fall 
To  make  this  contract  grow.   Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 
To  season  a  surly  discourse  with  a  more  pleasing  asper- 
sion of  love  matters.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  424. 

Xinienes,  unable  to  administer  the  rite  to  each  individ- 
ually, was  obliged  to  adopt  the  expedient  familiar  to  the 
Christian  missionaries,  of  christening  them  en  masse  by 
aspersion ;  scattering  the  consecrated  drops  from  a  mop, 
or  hyssop,  as  it  was  called,  which  he  twirled  over  the 
he.ads  of  the  multitude.       Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  6. 

2,  The  making  of  calumnious  reports,  imputa- 
tions, or  charges;  a  derogatory  assertion  or 
criticism;  calumny;  censure. 

There,  sir,  an  attack  upon  my  language !  what  do  you 
think  of  that? — an  aspersion  upon  my  parts  of  speech  1 
Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  3. 
Every  candid  critic  would  be  ashamed  to  cast  wholesale 
aspersions  on  the  entire  body  of  professional  teachers. 

Grote,  Hist.  Greece,  II.  67. 

aspersi've  (as-per'siv),  a.  [<  asperse  +  -ive.] 
Tending  to  asperse;  defamatory;  calumnious; 
slanderous. 

aspersively  (as-per'siv-li),  adv.    In  an  asper- 
sive  manner ;  by  way  of  aspersion, 
aspersoir  (as-per-swor'),  M.    [F.,  <  ML.  asper- 
sorium.]   Same  as  aspersorium. 
aspersorium (as-per-s6'ri-um), «.;  pi.  aspersoria 
(-a).  [ML. ,  <  L.  aspergere,  pp.  aspersus,  besprin- 
kle:  see  «.s;2;em'.]   1.  A  brush, 
or  oftener  a  metallic  instru- 
ment, used  by  the  priest  in  Ro- 
man  Catholic  churches  for 
sprinkling  holy  water.  Also 
called  aspergillus,  aspergillum, 
aspergill.  —  2.  A  holy-water 
stoup  or  font.  Parker,  Concise 
Glossary.     [Not  in  common 

Aspersormm.  j^.^^,^  ^^^j^  ^g^  -j 

aspersory  (as-per'so-ri),  a.  [<  asperse  +  -ory. 
Cf .  asjjersorium .  ]  Tending  to  asperse ;  defama- 
tory. 

asphalt  (as'falt  or  as-falt'),  n.  [Also  written 
as  F.,  asphalte,  and  asNL.,  asphaltum,  formerly 
also  asphaltus,  -os,  -a,  and  as  It.,  aspalto;  in 
ME.  spelled  aspalt,  once  aspaltoun  ;  <  OF.  *as- 
palt  =  Pr.  asphalt  =  Sp.  asfalto  —  It.  aspalto, 
asfalto,  <  Gr.  ao^alrog,  asphalt,  bitumen ;  a  word 
of  imdetermined  foreign  origin.]  1.  Same  as 
asphaltum. — 2.  A  bituminous  material,  em- 
ployed for  the  covering  of  roofs  and  arches,  for 
the  lining  of  tanks,  for  pavement  and  flooring, 
and  as  a  cement.  See  asphaltum.  in  the  United 
states  the  substance  so  named  is  commonly  made  of  refuse 
tar  from  gas-houses,  mixed  with  slaked  lime  and  graveh 
Also  called  asphaltic  cement. 

3.  A  thick  solution  of  the  finest  asphaltum  in 
spirits  of  turpentine,  used  by  opticians.  It  is  used 
for  making  cells  on  pieces  of  glass,  in  which  objects  may  be 
preserved  in  liquid,  for  examination  with  the  microscope. 
—  Asphalt-furnace,  a  portable  furnace  in  which  asphalt 
cement  is  heated  for  use  in  roofing,  paving,  etc. — Asphalt 

Stone,  asphalt  rock.  See  asphaltum.— AsTphalt  tiling, 

a  mosaic  of  china  or  glass  bedded  in  asphalt,  and  made  in 
the  form  of  flooring-tiles.— Asphalt  Tamisb,  a  black  var- 


asphalt 


341 


nish  composed  of  3  parts  of  asphalt,  4  of  boiled  linseed- 
oil,  and  from  15  to  18  of  oil  of  turpentine.— Mexican  as- 
phalt.   Same  as  chapapote. 

asphalt  (as-falf),  V.  t.  [<  as2)halt,  «.]  To  cover 
or  treat  with  asphalt 


The  banks  of  asphodel  that  border  the  river  of  life. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  Autocrat,  iv. 
BOf-asphOdel,  the  name  of  species  of  Nartheciurn,  N. 
oss\fraijum  and  N.  Americanum.—FaXse  asphodel,  the 
American  name  of  plants  of  the  genus  To/ieldia.— Scotch 
asphalter  (as-fal'ter),  m.    One  who  covers  (as    asphodel.  Tojieldm  palustris 
a  path  or  a  roof)  with  asphalt.  asphyctic  (as-fik  tik),  a.    [<  Gr.  aa(j>viiTOQ,  with. 


asphaltic  (as-fal'tik),  «.  asphalt  + -ic.']  Of 
the  nature  of  or  containing  asphalt ;  bitumi- 
nous— Asphaltic  cement  or  asphaltic  mastic.  Same 

as  asphalt,  2. 

asphalting  (as-fal'ting),  n.  The  process  of 
covering  or  paving  with  asphalt. 

In  Paris  .  .  .  asphalting  Is  still  extensively  practiced  in 
the  more  spacious  thoroughfares. 

Farrow,  Mil.  Encyc,  p.  112. 

asphaltite  (as-fal'tit),  a.  [<  L.  Asphaltites,  a 
term  applied  especially  to  the  Dead  Sea;  < 


out  pulsation  (see  asphyxia),  +  -ic]  1.  Per- 
taining to  asphyxia. —  2.  Pulseless, 
asphsrxia  (as-fik'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
stopping  of  the  pulse,  <  aa<pvKTog,  without  pul- 
sation, <  a-  priv.  +  o<j>vl^eiv  (•/  *a<fivy),  pulsate, 
throb.]  If.  Originally,  absence  of  pulse. —  2. 
The  extreme  condition  caused  by  lack  of  oxy- 
gen and  excess  of  carbon  dioxid  in  the  blood, 
brought  about  by  any  sufficient  interference 


Aspila 

families  as  Fissurellida;  Haliotidw,  etc.  Also 
Aspidobraxchiatn. 
Aspidochirotse(as"pi-d9-ki-r6'te),w.;)Z.  [NL., 
Gr.  aoTrig  (aaTTiS-),  a  shield,  +  x^'P,  a  hand.] 
£i  jroup  of  ordinary  pedate  holothurians  or  sea- 
cucumbers,  with  peltate  tentacles  :  equivalent 
to  the  family  JIulothuriidw :  contrasted  with 
Dendrochirokc  (which  see).  Also  spelled  As- 
pidocheirotw. 

In  the  AspidochirotcB,  or  holothurians  with  disk-  or 
shield-shaped  tentacles  furnished  with  tentacular  am- 
pulla;, the  left  respiratory  tree  is  bound  to  the  body-walls, 
there  are  no  retractor  muscles  to  the  pharynx,  and  Cuvier- 
ian  organs  are  present.  Tliese  are  the  highest  type  of 
Holothuroidea,  and  are  mainly  tropical  in  their  distribu- 
tion. SI  ami.  JS'at.  Uist.,  I.  182. 


with  respiration,  as  in  choking,  drowning,  or  aspidochirote  (as'''pi-d6-ki'r6t),  a.  Pertaining 

paralysis  of  the  muscles  of  respiration.    Also  or  belonging  to  the  Aspidochirotai.  Also  spelled 

ri      '  jL"=i  '         c       1  "li  /  "  J  -1             1    ,j  -,    '"^i'^y^y-— Local  asphyxia.   See  Raynaud's  disease.  asiiUlochci rote 

?^;."^&^^ttulZ?s    '  ^  "''^        "'^^""-^  Asi;idoga;t;?;(as''pi-do-gas't6r),  n.     [NL._,  < 


Asphaltic 

asphaltost  (as-fal'tos),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aafaXrog : 

see  asphalt.]    Same  as  asphalt. 
asphaltotype  (as-fal'to-tip),  n.    [<  Gr.  aa<paX- 

rof,  bitumen,  +  rtVof,  type.]  A  negative  photo- 


Relating  to  asphyxia ;  resulting  from  or  indi- 
cating asphyxia :  as,  asphyxial  symptoms, 
asphyxiant  (as-fik'si-ant),  n.    [<  asphyxia  + 
-anti-.']     Any  poisonous  chemical  substance 
which  produces  asphyxia. 


K^^IL^^wl^h a'kt'^^^^^^^^^       "seSoto;  asphyxiate  (as-fik'"si-at), ;.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  as-  Aspidog  oSas"'pi-do-glos'a),  v.  [NL., 

i^eephotog.   phyxiated,  ppr.  asphyxiating.    [_<  asphyxia  +    d  A  (aarr^d-),  a  shield,  ■+V6i^;Ta,  a  tongue 


raphy. 

asphaltum  (as-fal'tum),  n.  [NL. :  see  asphalt.] 
One  of  the  so-called  bituminous  substances 
which  are  widely  diffused  over  the  earth,  and  are 
of  great  practical  importance.  See  bitumen  and 
bituminous.    The  asphaltmus  of  various  localities  differ 


-ate^.]  To  produce  asphyxia  in;  suffocate,  or 
deprive  of  oxygen  to  the  extent  of  producing 
death  or  very  serious  symptoms. 

The  deprivation  of  oxygen,  and  the  accumulation  of 
carbonic  acid,  cause  injury  long  before  the  asphyxiating 
point  is  reached.    Huxley  and  Yoximans,  Physiol.,  §  128. 

[<  asphyxi- 
asphyxia;  a 

and  general  appearance  of  pitch  (whence  the  name  of  min-    state  of  asphyxia. 

eral  pitch,  often  applied  to  them),  in  melting  at  about  the  asphyXiatiVC  (as-fik'si-a-tiv),  a.    [<  OSphuxiate 

-I-  -tve.]     bufEocatmg;  producing  asphyxia  or 
suffocation, 
asphyxy  (as-_fik'si),  n.    See  asphyxia. 


from  each  other  considerably  m  chemical  composition,  as  aqn'hwia'l-inTi  ("ntj  fit  o5  n'a>i«n~i  « 
is  proved  by  their  different  chemical  reactions.  They  all  ^spnyxiaTIlOn  ^as-nJi-Sl-a  snon;,  W. 
agree,  however,  in  being  amorphous,  in  having  the  luster    ^         -JO>l.J     ine  act  01  causing 


temperature  of  boiling  water,  and  in  taking  fire  when 
heated  and  burning  with  a  bright  but  smoky  flame.  They 
differ  essentially  from  coal  in  being  more  or  less  soluble  in 
various  reagents,  such  as  oil  of  turpentine,  ether,  and  alco- 

hoi.  Asphaltum  seems,  in  most  cases  at  least,  to  have  aspicl,  aspick  (as'pik),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
resulted  from  the  hardening  of  the  more  liquid  forms  of  ■  <      no-ki^  fv^  n^^i):  /  T  ^,o^«-„  \ 


liquid 

bituminous  substances,  namely,  maltha  and  petroleum, 
which  have  oozed  out  upon  the  surface  and  become  in- 
spissated by  oxygenation  or  evaporation  of  their  more  vol- 
atile portions,  or  by  both  causes  combined.  The  most 
interesting  locality  of  asplialtum  is  the  so-called  "pitch- 
lake  "  in  the  island  of  Trinidad,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  in 
circumference,  and  filled  with  asphaltum,  which  near  the 
shore  is  quite  solid,  but  nearer  the  center,  in  places,  is  soft 
and  bubbling.  Most  of  what  is  called  asphaltum  con- 
sists of  this  material  more  or  less  mixed  with  sand  or 
other  mineral  substances.  Asphaltum  is  extensively  used 
In  a  variety  of  ways,  and  especially  for  pavements,  foot- 
walks,  and  roofing.  For  this  purpose  the  material  is  pre- 
pared by  mixing  it  while  hot  with  sand  or  fine  gravel,  or 
by  causing  it  to  be  absorbed  by  paper.  Certain  kinds 
of  asphaltic  rock,  or  asphalts  (F.  asphalte),  as  they  are 
frequently  called,  are  peculiarly  adapted  for  pavements 


aspike;  <  F.  aspic,  <  Pr.  aspic,  <  L.  aspis  (aspid-), 
an  asp:  see  asp^.]  1.  A  venomous  serpent : 
same  as  asp^,  but  used  chiefly  in  poetry. 

They  shaU  find 
That,  to  a  woman  of  her  hopes  beguil'd, 
A  viper  trod  on,  or  an  aspic,  's  mild. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  iv.  1. 
Thereto  she  pointed  with  a  laugh, 
Showing  the  aspick's  bite.     Tennyson,  Fair  Women. 
2t.  A  piece  of  ordnance  of  small  caliber. 
aspic2  (as'pik),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  aspicke,  <  Aspidophora 
F.  aspic,  in  huile  d^  aspic  for  huile  de  spic  (so  first    (as  -  pi  -  dof '  o  - 
ia  E.,  "oil  of  aspicke");  spic,  lavender  spike, 
orig.  spikenard:  see  spike.]   The  great  laven- 
der, Lavandula  spica.    See  lavender. 


Gr.  iian'tq  (aoTriS-),  a  shield,  -I-  yacTr/p,  stomach.] 
A  genus  of  Trcmatoda,  or  fluke-worms,  para- 
sitic in  the  pericardial  cavity  of  the  fresh-water 
mussel.  A.  conchicola  is  an  example.  See  cut 
under  Trematoda. 

<  Gr. 

(ligu- 

la).]  A  genus  of  beetles, 
family  Carabidw,  of  the  group 

Scaritini.  About  20  species  are 
known,  mostly  from  Central  or 
South  America.  One,  A.  subangu- 
lala  (Chandler),  occurs  in  the  more 
southern  portion  of  the  United 
States  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
It  is  an  elongate,  convex,  and  shin- 
ing insect,  nearly  8  millimeters  in 
length,  with  very  stout  fossorial 
legs,  anddeeplycienulatostriate  ely- 
tra. Its  color  is  ijlack  with  a  green- 
ish tinge,  but  the  antenmc,  legs,  and 
apex  of  the  elytra  are  reddish.  It 
is  found  on  moist  ground,  where  it 
preys  on  soft-bodied  insects. 

Aspidonectes     (as  "pi- do - 

nek'tez),  w.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d(T7r7f 
(aoTTiS-),  a  shield,  -f  v?/ktt/c,  a  swimmer,  <  vijxetv, 
swim.  ]  A  genus  of  leather-back  or  soft-shelled 
turtles.  A.  spi- 


Subangular  Ground- 
beetle  ( Aspidoglossa 
subangulaia).  Vertical 
line  shows  natural  size. 


nifer  is  a  com- 
mon carnivorous 
voracious  species 
of  North  Amer- 
ica. 


or  other  special  purposes.  The  locahties  of  Seyssel  in  aqnifS  Cas'tiik")  «  TF  •  T>ArlinT>a  <  n-^nin  or, 
France  and  Val  de  Travers  in  Switzerland  are  the  most  ^-SPIC     (.^S  piKJ,  n.  . ,  perUaps     aspiC,  an 

asp  (see  aspic^),  with  allusion  to  its  coolness, 
there  being  a  French  proverbial  saying,  "Cold 
as  an  aspic"  (Littre) ;  or  perhaps  from  the  (sup- 
posed) custom  of  flavoring  or  seasoning  this 
dish  with  spikes  of  lavender:  see  asjric^.]  In 


important  of  this  kind.  At  each  of  these  the  asphalte  con- 
sists of  limestone  impregnated  with  bituminous  material 
to  the  amount  of  from  4  to  16  per  cent.  This  rock,  espe- 
cially that  from  Val  de  Travers,  has  the  remarkable  prop- 
erty of  forming,  without  any  admixture,  an  extraordinari- 
ly durable  and  elastic  roadway,  and  is,  although  expensive, 
extensively  used  for  tliat  purpose  in  Paris  and  other  large 
cities  of  Europe.  Tlie  rock  has  only  to  be  heated,  when  it 
orimibles  to  powder,  in  which  condition  it  is  compressed 
in  molds  into  blocks,  or  simply  spread  over  the  surface 
required  to  be  covered,  and  packed  or  pressed  by  pestle  or 
roller,  when,  after  cooling,  it  assumes  a  condition  closely 

^Z:^t:;^:;L'^l£^^jr^-  ^ee— ..a^,^-  aspiculous  (as-pik'u-lus),  a,    I,  ur.  a- priv. 

^  Li.  spiculum,  a, 'pomt:  see  sptculum.]  Having  no 


Leather-back  Turtle  {Aspidonecees 
spinifer). 


cookery,  a  side  dish  consisting  of  a  clear,  savory 
meat-jelly  containing  fowl,  game,  fish,  etc. 
aspick.  n.    See  aspic^. 

aspiculate  (as-pik'u-lat),  a.  Same  as  aspicu- 
lous. 

[<  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 


hard  spicula 
Aspidisca  (as-pi-dis'ka),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aani- 
d'idKTj,  fem.  form  of  aairtSiaKoc,  a  boss,  dim.  of 
dffmV  (aoTT-iS-),  a  shield.]  1.  A  genus  of  cili- 
ate  infusorians,  type  of  the  family  Aspidiscidw. 


aspheterism  (as-fet'e-rizm),  ».    [<  Gr.  a-  priv. 

-t-  a(j>eTepo<;,  one's  own,  H-  -ism.  Cf.  Gr.  c^erepi- 
cfidg,  appropriation.]  Denial  of  the  right  of 
private  property ;  the  principle  of  commimism. 
Southey.  [Rare.] 

aspheterize  (as-fet'e-riz),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

aspheteriged,  ppr.  aspheteriziyig .    [<  Gr.  d-  priv. 

+  T^^r.pof,  one's  own,  +  -ize    Cf.  spheterize  ]  A^pidiscidae  (as-pi-dis'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  < 

oTYLfi  f  ^^VYT^"^-  .pf^'-'^lf- ,  [Ra^e-]  Aspidisca,  1,  -I-  4dce.]  A fan^ly  of  hypotrichous 
asphodel  (as  to-del),  M.    [_iu.asphodelus,<.GT.    ciliata  J  Ji:" 

aafoSeUc,  kingVspear,  a  plant  of  the  lily  kind;  Aspidium  (as-pid'i-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Mtov, 
l^l„^^^•'.^-"/^„°/A^5.„^i^^f!'.„^^    \  .    a  iittle  shield,  dim.  of  a.niciaa^cS-),  a  shield,  j 


ra),  71.  x>^- 
[NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  aspido- 
phorus,  adj. : 
see  Asjjidojiho- 
rus.]  1.  InLa- 
treille's  system  of  classification,  a  section  of  his 
phyllopodous  branchiopods,  containing  the 
genera  Apus  and  Lepidurus,  and  equivalent  to 
the  modem  family  Apodidce  of  the  order  Pht/I- 
lopoda.  Also  Aspidiphoru.  See  Podostomata. 
—  2.  In  Allman's  system  of  classification,  a  sub- 
order of  polyzoans  constituted  for  the  reception 
of  Rhabdopleura. 
Aspldophorus  (as-pi-dof 'o-rus)^  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aaTTiSofopoc,  shield-bearing,  <  aairlc  (aaTriS-),  a 
shield,  -I-  -(popog,  <  (^tpai-  =  E.  bear'^.]  A  genus 
of  acanthopterygian  fishes  armed  with  shield- 
like scales:  sjTionymous  with  Agonits. 
aspidorhynchid  (as"pi-do-ring'kid),  n.  A  fish 
of  the  family  Aspidorhyn  'chidce. 


Homer,  the  asphodel  meadow 
of  the  dead ;  origin  unknown. 
The  E.  forms  affodil,  daffodil, 
daffodilly,  etc.,  are  corrup- 
tions of  asphodel :  see  daffo- 
dil.] A  name  of  various  spe- 
cies of  Asphodelus,  a  genus  of 
plants,  natiu-al  order  Liliacece, 
natives  of  southern  Europe. 
The  yellow  asphodel  or  king's-spear, 
A.  luteus,  is  the  handsomest  and 
best-known  species,  though  others  are 
sometimes  cultivated  for  ornament. 
The  asphodel  of  the  earlier  English  and 
French  poets  is  the  daffodil.  Narcissus 
Pseudo-narcissus.  In  Gr.  myth,  the 
asphodel  was  the  peculiar  plant  of  the  dead,  its  pale  blos- 
soms covering  the  meadows  of  Hades.  It  received  this  at- 
tribution, perhaps,  because  in  Greek  lands  it  is  a  very 
common  weed,  plentiful  in  barren  and  desert  places  and 
about  tombs. 


Ehrenberg,  1830.— 2.  A  genus  of  lepidopterous  Aspidorhynchidse  (as"pi-d6-ring'ki-de),  «.  jj?. 
"isects.  [NL.,<  Aspidorhynchus,  1,  +  -idw.]  In  Giiiither's 

system  of  classification,  a  family  of  lepidosteoid 
fishes  with  an  elongated  body  covered  with 
ganoid  scales,  a  series  of  enlarged  scales  along 
the  sides,  jaws  prolonged  into  a  beak,  the  ver- 
tebral column  homoeereal,  the  fins  furnished 
with  fulcra,  and  the  dorsal  fin  opposite  the  anal. 
The  species  are  extinct ;  they  lived  during  the 
Mesozoic  epoch. 


Branched  Asphodel 
{Asphodelus  ramo- 
sus). 


1.  A  genus  of  ferns  variously  limited,  but  in  its 
broad  sense  including  all  those  in  which  the 
dot-like  sori  are  covered  by  a  roundish,  peltate, 

or  reniform  indusium.  Those  with  a  reniform  in-  Aspidorhynchus  (as"pi-d6-ring'kus),  n.  [NL., 

dusium,  attached  by  the  sinus,  are  often  separated  as  the  <  Gr  aciTLC  (ha'rTi(S-\  n  sbiplrl  -f  A/.vvn^  a  snnut 
genus  Nephrodium.  When  the  indusium  is  abortive  or  „  kI'i  T  i^  ^i,  V  .^^f ^  P^XOC,  a  snout, 
obliterated,  the  species  are  not  distinguishable  from  forms  a  beak.  J  1.  ihe  typical  genus  of  ^.S7;;(/oW()//i- 
of  Polypodium.  The  genus  is  cosmopolitan,  including  chidw.  Agassi::,  1833. —  2.  A  genus  of  reptiles, 
nearly  300  species,  which  vary  greatly  in  size,  textiu-e,    — 3.  A  genus  of  worms. 

venation,  and  division  of  the  fronds.    About^^40  species  AspidOStiaCa  (as-pi-dos'tra-ka),  ».  pi.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  dcTr/f  (aaTTiS-),  a  shield,  +  boTpanov,  a  shell.] 
In  Burmeister's  system  of  classification,  one  of 
three  orders  of  Crustacea,  di-vided  into  five  sub- 
orders called  Parasita,  Lophyropoda,  Phyllopo- 


are  found  within  the  United  States.  The  common  species 
are  usually  known  as  wood-ferns  or  shield-ferns.  See 
shield-fern. 

2.  A  genus  of  hymenopterous  insects.  Also 

Aspidion. 

Aspidobranchia  (as'-'pi-do-brang'ki-a),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  aantg  (aaind-),'  a,  shield,  +  (ipayxia, 


da,  Cirripedia, 
words. 


and  Poicilopoda.    See  these 


gills.]  A  group  of  prosobranchiate  gastropods,  aspiet,     ^.    A  Middle  English  form  of  espy, 
approximately  equivalent  to  Sci<<j6m«cfcjrt,if7»-  Aspila  (as'pi-la),  «.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  dffTr/P.of,  spot- 
pidoglossa,  or  Chiastoneura.   It  includes  such   less,  <d- priv. -f-  (Tn-i7.of,  spot,  speck.]  1.  A  genus 


Aspila 

of  moths,  family  Xoviuidw,  founded  by  Guenee. 

The  lar  Vic  are  smooth,  suft  leaf- feeders.  ,4.  vi iyncviis 
is  a  beautiful  moth, 


Asptla  Z'lrtrsci-ns.    (Natural  size.) 


with  olivaceous  for 
wings,  mai'keil  with 
tliree  distinct  pale 
lines,  relieved  by 
coincident  deeper 
shades. 

2.  A  genus  of 
coleopterous  in- 
sects. 

aspinet  (as'piu 

or  -pin),  a.  [Irreg.  <  rts/;2  +  .,>jel.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  an  asp;  snaky:  as,  "aspine  venom," 
Quarles. 

aspirant  (a-spir'ant  or  as'pi-rant),  n.  and  a. 
[<  F.  ospircnit,  a' candidate  (prop,  ppr.),  <  L. 
as2iiran{t-)s,  ppr.  of  asinrare  (>  F.  aspirer),  as- 
pire: see  aspire.']  I.  n.  One  who  aspires;  one 
who  seeks  advancement,  elevation,  or  prefer- 
ence. 

Our  young  aspi>an<  to  the  name  and  honours  of  an  Eng- 
lish senator.  Bp.  Hurd. 

"  Beauty  and  extraordinary  goodness  "  were  her  dowry ; 
and  she  was  claimed  by  four  separate  asvirants. 

Bancroft.  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  196. 

II.  a.  1.  Aspiring;  ambitious:  as,  ''oura^- 
pirant  souls,"  Mrs.  Browning. —  2.  Ascending; 
mounting  up:  as,  aspirant  flames.  [Rare  in 
both  uses.] 

aspirate  las'pi-rat),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aspi- 
rated, ppr.  aspirating.  [<  L.  aspiratits,  pp.  of 
aspirare,  give  the  /i-sound  to,  breathe  or  blow 
upon:  see  aspire.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  pronounce 
with  a  breathing  or  an  audible  emission  of 
breath ;  pronounce  with  such  a  sound  as  that  of 
the  letter  h  :  as,  we  aspirate  the  words  horse 
and  house,  but  not  hour  and  honor;  cockneys 
often  aspirate  words  beginning  with  a  vowel. 

Such  mutes  as  were  originally  aspirated  —  that  is  to  say, 
had  an  audible  bit  of  an  h  pronounced  after  them. 

Whitney,  Lang,  and  Study  of  Lang.,  p.  93. 

2.  To  remove  by  aspiration — Aspirating  win- 

nowing-maclline,  one  in  which  aspiration  or  suction 
is  used  instead  of  a  blast.    .See  winnower. 

II.  intrans.  To  be  uttered  with  an  aspirate 
or  strong  breathing.  [Rare.] 

Where  a  vowel  ends  a  word,  the  next  begins  either  with 
a  consonant,  or  what  is  its  equivalent ;  for  our  lo  and  h 
aspirate.  Dn/Uen. 

aspirate  (as'pi-rat),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  aspiratus, 
pp.:  see  the  verb.]  I.  a.  Pi'onounced  with  the 
aspirate  or  rough  breathing ;  pronounced  with 
the  /i-sound,  or  with  a  strong  emission  of 
breath. 

The  Zend  often  showing  an  aspirate  mute  where  the 
Sanskrit  has  the  unaspirate,  and  vice  versa. 

J.  Hadley,  Essays,  p.  172. 
They  are  not  aspirate,  i.  e.,  with  such  an  aspiration  as  h. 

Holder,  Elem.  of  Speech. 
II.  n.  An  aspirated  sound,  or  a  sound  like 
our  /(  ;  a  sound  with  which  the  A-sound  is  com- 
bined, or  which  corresponds  historically  to  a 
sound  of  this  nature:  thus,  the  Sanskrit  kit,  gh, 
bh,  etc.,  and  the  Greek  eh,  th,  ph  (x,  0,  <p)  are 
called  aspirates,  as  are  also  the  English  /,  th, 
which  are  more  properly  called  breathings  or 
spirants;  also,  a  eliaracter  or  combination  of 
characters  representing  a  sound  thus  described, 
as  the  letter  h,  the  Greek  rough  breathing,  etc. 
aspirated  (as'pi-ra-ted),  j?.  a.  Same  as  aspirate. 
aspiration  (as-pi-ra'shon),  11.  [<  L.  aspira- 
tio{n-),  a  breathing  upon,"aspiration  of  a  sound, 
the  aspirate  letter  h,  <  aspirare :  see  aspirate, 
v.]  1.  The  act  of  aspirating  or  breathing;  a 
breath. 

Fanned  with  continued  breezes,  and  gentle  aapiratioiis 
of  wind.  Steele,  Englishman,  No.  26. 

S.  An  aspirated  sound ;  a  phonetic  breathing. 

The  h,  the  pure  aspiration,  is  an  expulsion  of  flatus 
through  the  position  of  the  adjacent  letter,  whether 
vowel,  semivowel,  or  nasal. 

Whitney,  Life  and  Growth  of  Lang.,  p.  67. 
The  Latin  grammarian  Priscian,  about  500  A.  D.,  tells 
us  that  the  sound  then  expressed  by  /  was  originally  sig- 
nified by  p  with  an  aspiration  (that  is,  by  ph). 

,  J.  Hadley,  Essays,  p.  172. 

3.  The  act  of  aspiring  or  ardently  desiring;  an 
ardent  wish  or  desire,  chiefly  after  what  is  ele- 
vated or  spiritual. 

She  .  .  .  feels  neither  inclination  to  pleasure  nor  aspi- 
ration after  virtue.  Johnson,  Rambler,  No.  112. 

All  Emerson's  aspirations  were  toward  greatness  of 
character,  greatness  of  wisdom,  nobility  of  soul. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  928. 

4t.  Aid ;  inspiration ;  countenance. 

To  God's  honour,  .  .  .  without  the  aspiration  and  help 
of  whose  especial  grace  no  labours  of  man  can  profit. 

,S'(;-  T.  More,  Works,  p.  .357. 

5.  The  act  of  remo^'ing  a  fluid,  as  pus  or  serum, 
from  some  cavity  of  the  body,  by  means  of  a 


342 

hollow  needle  or  trocar  connected  with  a  suc- 
tion-syringe.—  6.  Suction;  the  act  or  process 
of  drawing  air  through  (by  some  method  of  ex- 
haustion), as  opposetl  to  the  act  or  process  of 
forcing  it  tkrough — that  is,  to  a  blast. 

For  cleaning  grain  there  are  other  kinds  of  apparatus  in 
which  the  principle  of  aspiration,  or  drawing  currents  of 
air  through  the  grain,  is  now  extensively  employed. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  IX.  344. 

=  Syn.  3.  Longing,  yearning, 
aspirator  (as'pi-ra-tor),  n.   [NL.,  <  L.  aspirare, 
breathe  or  blow  upon  :  see  aspirate  and  aspire.] 

1 .  An  apparatus  for  creating  a  vacuum  by  the 
action  of  a  moving  fluid,  a  common  form  is  that  of 
a  simple  vessel  filled  with  water  and  connected  with  the 
receptacle  to  be  drained  of  air.  On  permitting  the  water 
to  escape  below,  a  partial  vacuum  is  formed  above  it. 

2.  A  surgical  instrument,  consisting  of  a  hol- 
low needle,  or  trocar,  connected  with  a  suction- 
syringe,  used  in  removing  fluids  from  the  cav- 
ities of  the  body. —  3.  A  form  of  winnowing- 
machine  employing  aspiration  instead  of  a 
blast.    See  aspiration,  G. 

aspiratory  (a-spir'a-to-ri),  a.    [<  L.  as  if 
piratorius,  <  aspirare',  hvea,t\ie  upon:  see  aspi- 
rate       -ory.]    Pertaining  to  breathing ;  suit- 
ed to  the  inhaling  of  air. 

aspire  (a-spir'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  aspired,  ppr. 
aspiring.  [<  late  ME.  aspire,  <  P.  aspirer  =  Pr. 
Sp.  Pg.  aspirar  =  It.  aspirare,  <  L.  aspirare,  ad- 
spirare,  breathe  or  blow  upon,  desire  to  reach,  < 
ad,  to,  +  spirare,  breathe,  blow :  see  spirit.  Cf. 
conspire,  expire,  inspire, perspire,  respire,  suspire, 
transpire.]    I.f  trans.  1.  To  breathe  to  or  into. 

To  spreade  his  beames  vpon  vs,  and  as/iire  hys  breth 
into  vs.  Sir  T.  More,  Apol.,  xlix.    (N.  E.  D.) 

2.  To  breathe  forth  or  exhale.  Shenstone. 

Whose  notes  the  air  a.'ipire 
Of  th'  old  Egyptian  or  the  Thracian  lyre. 

B.  Jonson,  Golden  Age  Restored. 

3.  To  breathe  after;  seek  with  eagerness  to  at- 
tain to ;  long  or  try  to  reach ;  attempt. 

Who  <iare  aspire  this  journey'?     Donne,  Poems,  p.  184. 

4.  [See  II.,  2.]    To  moimt  or  soar  to;  attain. 

That  gallant  spirit  hath  aspir'd  the  clouds. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  1. 
Come,  there  was  never  any  great  thing  yet 
Aspired,  but  by  violence  or  fraud. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  iii.  3. 

II,  intrans.  1.  To  be  eagerly  desirous  ;  aim 
ambitiously,  especially  at  something  great  or 
noble ;  be  ambitious :  followed  by  an  object 
with  to  or  after,  or  by  an  inflnitive :  as,  to  aspire 
to  a  crowTi  or  after  immortality. 

Aspirinr;  to  be  gods,  if  angels  fell, 
Aspirinij  to  be  angels,  men  rebel. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  i.  127. 
He  aspired  to  see 
His  native  Pisa  (lueen  and  arbitress 
Of  cities.  Bryant,  Knight's  Epitaph. 

2.  [Partly  influenced  by  association  with  spire.  ] 
To  rise  up  as  an  exhalation,  or  as  smoke  or 
fire ;  hence,  to  mount  or  ascend ;  tower  up  or 
rise  high. 

Whose  flames  aspire. 
As  thoughts  do  blow  them,  higher  and  higher. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  v.  5,  song. 

aspiret  (a-spir'),  JJ.  [^(.  aspire,  v.]  Aspiration; 
ardent  wish  or  desire. 

And  mock  the  fondling  for  his  mad  aspire.  Cluiimian. 
aspirementt  (a-spir 'ment),  M.     [<  aspire  -I- 
-ment.]    The  act  of  aspiring;  aspiration. 
By  which  aspirenunt  she  hei'  wings  displays. 

Ant.  Brewer  (?),  Lingua,  iii.  8. 

aspirer  (a-spir'er),  n.  One  who  aspires;  an 
aspirant. 

aspiring  (a-spir'ing),  p.  a.  1.  Animated  with 
an  ardent  desire,  as  of  power,  importance,  or 
excellence;  ambitious;  soaring:  as,  aspiring 
nobles,"  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

Aspiring  beggary  is  wretchedness  itself. 

Goldsmith,  Vicar,  iii. 
Ere  he  filled  with  loves,  hopes,  longings,  this  a.spM-jni7heart 
of  man.  Lowell,  Anti-Apis. 

2.  Rising;  towering  or  soaring. 

To  sore  destruction  dooms  the  aspiriny  wall. 

Pope,  Iliad,  xii.  368. 

aspiringly  (a-spir'ing-li),  adv.  In  an  aspiring 
manner;  soaringly;  ambitiously. 

aspiringness  (a-spir'ing-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  aspiring;  ambitiousness.  [Rare.] 

aspis  (as'pis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aoir'ic,  an  asp,  the 
Egyptian  cobra:  see  asj)"^.]  1.  Same  as  asp^ 
or  aspic^.  Also  u.sed  as  a  generic  term. —  2. 
[cap.]  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects.  Ger- 
mar. — 3.  [caj).]  A  genus  of  lepidopterous  in- 
sects.   Treitschice,  1829. 

aspish  (as'pish),  a.  [<  asp^  +  -ish.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  asps ;  snaky.    N,  E.  D. 


asprino 

Aspisoma  (as-pi-s6'ma),  n.  [NL.,  irreg.  <  Gr. 
amric,  a  shield,  +  ow/za,  body.]  A  genus  of 
South  American  fireflies,  of  the  family  Telepho- 
ridu',  belonging  to  the  malacodermatous  divi- 
sion of  pentamerous  Coleopdera.  A.  Jineatum 
is  the  common  firefly  of  the  Amazon  region. 

Asplanchna  (as-plangk'na),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dff7i-/la>^TOf,  without  bowels,  <  a-  priv.  -t- 
airXdyxfa,  bowels.]  A  genus  of  free  liotifera, 
having  a  roimded  sac-like  body,  devoid  of  ap- 
pendages, and  possessing  neither  anus  nor 
intestine,  whence  the  name.  The  genus  is  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Asplaneh)iida'. 

asplanchnic  (as-plangk'nik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
aanAayxvoc,  without  bowels  (see  Asplanchna),  + 
-ic.]  Having  no  intestine  or  alimentary  canal ; 
anenterous. 

asplanchnid  (as-plangk'nid),  n.    A  rotifer  of 

the  family  Asplanchnidce. 

Asplanchnidae  (as-plangk'ni-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Asplanchna  -f-  -idw.]  A  family  of  rotifers  hav- 
ing the  trochal  disk  rounded,  the  wreath  single 
and  marginal,  the  trophi  ineudate,  and  no  in- 
testine, anus,  or  foot.  Asplayichna  is  the  lead- 
ing genus. 

Asplenium  (as-ple'ni-imi),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aaiz'ki]- 

viuv,  also  an'Arjviov,  usually  aan'Aijvov  (>  L.  asple- 
num),  spleen  wort,  supposed  to  be  a  cure  for 
the  spleen,  <  a-  euphonic  -I-  anlyv,  spleen:  see 
spleen.]  A  genus  of  ferns  characterized  by 
linear  or  oblong  sori  lying  on  the  veins  (which 
are  free  in  most  species)  and  obliquely  to  the 
costa,  the  involucre  being  conformable  to  the 
sorus  and  opening  toward  the  costa  when  single. 

It  is  the  largest  genus  of  the  order  (Filices)  excepting 
J'olypodium,  and  its  species  are  found  in  all  parts  of  the 
world,  wherever  ferns  grow.  It  includes  very  varied 
forms.  Many  of  the  species  are  evergreen,  and  some  are 
cultivated  for  their  beauty.  Among  the  more  common 
species,  generally  known  as  spleenwort,  are  the  lady-fern 
(.1.  FilLc-fa-niina),  black  maidenhair  (A.  Triehornanes), 
disti  ibuted  around  the  globe,  wall-rue (vl.  Buta-muraria), 
and  ebony  spleenwort  (A.  ebeneiun). 

aspodilt,  n.  An  obsolete  and  corrupt  form  of 
asphodel  (Asphodelus  ramosus).  Also  aspod- 
jlowcr.    Holme,  1688. 

asporous  (a-sp6'rus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  -I-  otto- 
pog,  seed  :  see  spore.]  Without  spores  ;  not  de- 
veloping spores. 

In  the  case  of  the  simplest  and  most  minute  Schizomy- 
cetes  (Micrococcus,  etc.)  no  definite  spores  have  been  dis- 
covered ;  any  one  of  the  vegetative  micrococci  may  com- 
mence a  new  series  of  cells  by  growth  and  division.  We 
may  call  these  forms  asporous,  at  any  rate  provisionally. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XXI.  404. 

asport  (as-porf),  v.  t.  [<  L.  asportare,  carry 
away.  <  abs,  away  (see  ah-),  -I-  portare,  carry.] 
To  carry  away ;  especially,  to  remove  feloni- 
ously.   N.  E.  I).  [Rare.] 

asportation  (as-p6r-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  asporta- 
tio{n-),  a  carrying  away,  <  asportare,  pp.  aspor- 
tatus:  see  asjwrt.]  1.  A  carrying  away  or  off. 
[Rare.] 

Aubrey,  whose  "Miscellanies"  were  published  in  1696, 
had  no  doubts  whatever  as  to  the  physical  asportation  of 
the  witch.        Lowell,  Among  ray  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  115. 

2.  In  criminal  law,  the  felonious  removal  of 
goods  from  the  place  where  they  were  depos- 
ited. It  may  be  theft,  though  the  goods  be  not 
carried  from  the  house  or  apartment. 

aspret,  a-    A  Middle  English  form  of  asper'^. 

Aspredinae  (as-pre-di'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  As- 
predo  -I-  -inm.]  Same  as  Aspredinina  or  As- 
predinidce.    Swainson,  1839. 

aspredinid  (as-pred'i-nid),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
family  Asprcdi.iidcB. 

Aspredinidse  (as-pre-din'i-de),  «.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Aspredo  (-din-)  +  -idai.]  A  family  of  nematog- 
nathous  fishes,  exemplified  by  the  genus  As- 
predo, containing  a  few  fresh-water  catfishes 

of  South  America.  They  have  no  operculum,  no  adi- 
pose fin,  no  spine  in  the  dorsal  fin,  reduced  gill-openings, 
small  eyes  and  mouth,  and  6  to  8  barbels.  The  skin  Is 
either  smooth  or  tuberculous. 
Aspredinina  (as'''pre-di-ni'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Aspredo  (-din-)  ■¥  -vna.]  In  Gunther's  classifi- 
cation of  fishes,  a  group  of  Siluridce  prote- 
ropodes,  with  the  anterior  and  posterior  nostrils 
remote  fi-om  each  other,  the  lower  lip  not  re- 
verted, and  the  humerocubital  process  much 
developed  and  prolonged:  synonymous  with 
the  family  Aspredinidcc. 

Aspredo  (as-pre'do),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  aspredo, 
roughness,  <  asper,  rough:  see  asper"^.]  A 
genus  of  nematognathous  fishes,  typical  of  the 
family  Aspredinidw. 

aspreiyt,  adv.    See  asperly. 

asprenesst,  n.    See  aspemess. 

asprino  (as-pre'no),  n.  [It.,  prop.  dim.  of  as- 
pro,  sour,  sharp, '<  L.  asper:  see  asper'^.]  A 


1 


asprino 

white  wine  made  in  the  neighborhood  of  Rome. 
The  best-known  quality  is  sparkling, 
aspyf,  n.  and  v.  A  Middle  English  form  of  csj)]/. 
asquat  (a-skwof),  jw'qj.  jjhr.  as  adv.  era.  [< 
flS  +  squat.'i    In  or  into  a  squatting  posture. 
Sitting  asquat  between  my  mother  and  sister. 

Bichardson. 

asCLUint  (a-skwinf),  l»'ej>.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [< 
ME.  asquint,  a  squynte,  appar.  (.a^  +  *squint  (cf. 
D.  schuinte,  slope,  slant)  ;  but  squintis  not  found 
in  ME.,  the  mod.  form  squint,  adv.  and  «.,  hav- 
ing come  by  apheresis  from  asquint :  see  squin  t.  ] 

1.  To  or  out  at  the  comer  or  angle  of  the  eye; 
obliquely;  toward  one  side;  not  in  the  straight 
line  of  vision;  askance;  furtively. 

Who  look  asquint  or  shut  their  eyes.  Swift. 

Edifices,  .  .  .  \vith  all  their  costliness,  looking  some- 
what asquint  on  the  visitor,  as  if  questioning  his  right  to 
enter  them.  Alcott,  Tablets,  p.  70. 

2.  In  the  condition  of  squinting;  oblique. 

The  eye  is  muddy  and  sometimes  asquint. 

Emersnn,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  126.   (iV.  E.  D.) 

asquirm  (a-skwerm'),  inep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  f(3  -f-  squirm.']    On  the  squirm;  squirming. 

Hoicelis. 

ass^  (as),  ».  [<  ME.  as,  ass,  asse,  <  AS.  assa,  m. 
(fern,  assen,  not  *asse),  an  isolated  form,  perhaps 
adapted  from  ONorth.  assald,  asald,  ami  (which 
is  from  the  Celtic),  the  earlier  form,  of  the  com- 
mon Teut.  type,  being  esol,  esul  =  OS.  esil  = 

D.  ezel  (>  E.  easel,  q.  v.)  =  OHG.  esil,  MHa.  G. 
esel  (>  Dan.  esel,  ccsel)  =  Goth,  asilus  (cf.  Ir.  and 
Gael,  asal  —  Manx  assyl,  and  OBulg.  oslM  = 
Bohem.  osel  —  Pol.  osiel,  osiol  (barred  I)  =  Russ. 
oselu  =  Lith.  asilas  =  OPruss.  asilis),  prob.  the 
same,  with  variant  termination,  as  Icel.  asni, 
m.,  asna,  fem.,  =  Sw.  dsna  =  Dan.  asen  (cf.  W. 
asyn  =  Corn,  asen  —  Bret,  azen) ;  aU  appar.  (the 
Slav,  and  Lith.  forms  through  Teut.)  <  L.  asi- 
vus  (>  It.  asino  —  Sp.  Pg.  asno  =  Pr.  asne  =  OF. 
asne,  P.  dnc)  =  Gr.  bvog  (orig.  *6avo<:%),  an  ass; 
perhaps  ult.  of  Semitic  origin ;  cf .  Heb.  dthon,  a 
she-ass.  Cf.  G.  assel,  esp.  ra  comp.  keller-assel 
(also  keller-esel),  a  wood-louse,  so  named  from 
its  color,  <  L.  asellus,  a  little  ass,  dim.  of  asinus ; 
cf.  Gr.  ovof,  a  wood-louse.]  1.  A  solidungulate 
quadruped  of  the  family  Equidce,  the  Equus  asi- 
nus. This  animal  has  long  ears,  a  short  mane,  and  a  tail 
covered  with  long  hau's  at  the  end.  It  is  usually  ash-col- 
ored, with  a  black  cross  over  the  shoulders,  formed  by  a 
longitudinal  and  a  transverse  dark  streak.  The  tame  or 
domestic  ass  is  patient,  and  carries  a  hea'i'y  burden.  It  is 
slow,  but  very  sure-footed,  and  for  this  reason  very  useful 
on  rough,  steep,  and  hilly  ground.  The  ass  is  supposed 
to  be  a  native  of  central  Asia  (by  Darwin  and  others,  of 
Abyssinia),  where  vast  troops  roam  over  the  great  deserts 
in  a  wild  state.  The  wild  ass  is  a  fine  fleet  animal,  and 
is  accounted  the  noblest  game  in  Persia,  where  its  flesh 
is  prized  as  venison  is  with  us.  The  domesticated  ass  has 
become  the  type  of  obstinacy  and  stupidity.  .See  jackass. 
2.  Any  wild  species  of  the  subgenus  Asinus, 
as  the  dziggetai  or  hemione,  onager,  etc. — 3.  A 
dull,  heavy,  stupid  fellow;  a  dolt;  a  fool;  a 
blockhead. 

If  this  be  not  a  fit  of  some  violent  affection,  I  am  an 
ass  in  understanding.  Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  ii.  2. 

4.  A  post  in  the  bridge  of  a  pulp-vat  on  which 
the  mold  is  placed  to  drain  Asses'  bridge  (pons 

asinorum),  a  name  humorously  given  to  the  fifth  propo- 
sition of  the  fii'st  book  of  Euclid's  Elements  of  Geome- 
try. See  pons  asinorum. — Feast  Of  asses.  See  feast. 
—  The  Two  Asses,  tlie  stars  7  and  S  of  the  constellation 
Cancer,  on  either  side  of  the  nebula  Praesepe.  See  Asellus. 
N.  E.  D. 

ass^  (as),  n.    [Scotch  form  of  ash"^."]  Ashes. 

asS"^  (as),  w.  A  unit  of  weight  in  use  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  Germany  imtil  the  adoption  of  the 
metric  system.  It  was  equal  to  5  centigrams, 
or  three  quarters  of  a  grain  troy. 

assacu  (as'a-ko),  ».  [Braz.]  A  euphorbiaeeous 
tree  of  South  America,  Hura  crepitans,  the  bark 
and  sap  of  which  contain  a  very  acrid  poisonous 
principle.  Applied  to  the  skin  the  milky  sap  produces 
a  pustular  eruption  ;  the  natives  prepare  from  it  a  poison- 
ous drink,  also  used  as  an  anthelmintic.  The  seeds  are 
most  violently  purgative.  A  decoction  of  the  bark  is  used 
as  a  remedy  for  elephantiasis,  and  the  pounded  leaves  are 
used  for  rheumatism. 

assafetida,  «.    See  asafetida. 

assagai  (as'a-gi),  n.  [Also  written  assegai,  as- 
sagay,  assegay,  and  formerly  assagaie,  asagaia 
(also  zagaye,  zagaie,  <  P.  zagaie),  and  early  mod. 

E.  arcliegaye  {<.  F.  archegaie.  archigaie,  arcigaye); 
<  P.  azegaye,  azagaye,  <  Pg.  azagaia,  Sp.  aza- 
gaya  (Sp.  formerly  also  without  the  art.,  zagaya, 
>It.  zagaglia,  P.  zagaie,  above),  <  Ar.  az-zaglid- 
yali,<.  al,  the,  +  zaghdyah,  a  spear:  a  native 
Berber  word.  Cf.  lancegay.]  A  slender  spear 
or  lance  of  hard  wood,  usually  ha'ving  an  iron 
head :  now  most  commonly  applied  to  the  throw- 
ing-spear  or  javelin  used  in.  battle  by  the  na- 


343 

fives  of  South  Africa,  especially  the  Zulus  and 
Kafirs.    Also  spelled  assegai. 
assagai  (as'a-gi),  v.  t.  [<  assagai,  w.]  To  strike 
or  kill  with  an  assagai.    Also  spelled  assegai. 

Upon  a  signal  the  Zulus  rushed  upon  their  unarmed 
guests,  and  assagaied  them  to  the  last  man. 

Westminster  Rev.,  CXX'V'I.  173. 

assagai-'wood  (as'a-gi-wud),  n.  The  wood  of 
a  cornaceous  tree  of  southern  Africa,  Curtisia 
faginea,  of  which  the  Zulus  make  their  spears. 

assai^  (as-sii'i),  adv.  [It.,  very,  much,  enough, 
<  ML.  ad  satis:  L.  ad,  to;  satis,  enough.  See 
asscth,  assets.]  In  music,  very :  as,  allegro  assai, 
very  quick;  adagio  assai,  very  slow. 

assai^  (a-si'),  n.  [Braz.]  A  native  name  in 
Brazil  of  several  species  of  palms  of  the  genus 

Euterpe  (which  see).  The  assai-rani  (that  is,  false 
euterpe)  is  the  Geonoma  Camana.  Assai-i  is  a  drink  pre- 
pared from  the  nuts  of  E.  oleracea. 

assail  (a-sal'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  assailen,  asailen 
(later  often  by  apheresis  saile),<.  OF.  asaillir, 
asalir,  later  assailiirz=Pi-.  asalir,  assalhir  —  It.  o.s- 
salire,  <  ML.  assalire,  adsalire,  assail,  for  L.  as- 
silire,  ad-silire,  leap  upon,  <  ad,  to,  +  satire,  leap, 
jump,  rush  forth:  see  safe'cnt  Ci.  assault.]  1. 
To  fall  upon  wdth  violence ;  assault;  attack. 

With  greedy  force  he  gan  the  fort  t'  assaii.  Sjjenser. 

The  covert  of  some  enclosed  ground  in  the  rear  enabled 
a  party  to  steal  round  and  assail  them  unexpectedly  in 
flank.  R.  if.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  III.  74. 

2.  To  attack  with  reasoning,  argtiments,  cen- 
sure, abuse,  criticism,  appeals,  entreaties,  or 
anything  that  bears  upon  the  mind  or  feelings : 
as,  to  assail  an  obnoxious  person  with  jeers. 

Tlie  prince  next  ajisailed  the  baron  upon  the  subject  of 
settling  his  estate  on  his  daughter.  Scott. 

The  really  efficient  weapons  with  which  the  philosophers 
assailed  the  evangelical  faith  were  bon-owed  from  the 
evangelical  morality.  Macaulay,  Von  Ranke. 

The  metaphysical  doctrine  assailed  by  Hume  tended, 
when  carried  to  its  logical  extreme,  to  identify  reality 
with  reason.  Leslie  Stephen,  Eng.  Thought,  i.  §  64. 

3.  To  fall  upon;  bring  something  to  bear  upon 
or  against ;  come  iu  contact  with :  as,  the  ship 
was  assailed  by  a  severe  storm. 

Sit  down  awhile. 
And  let  us  once  again  assail  your  ears. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  1. 
■When  trouble  did  thee  sore  assail. 
On  me  then  didst  thou  call.   Milton,  Ps.  Ixxxi. 

=  Syil.  1.  Attack,  Set  upon.  Fall  upon.  Assail,  Assault. 
Attack,  literally  to  fasten  to,  is  the  most  general  of  these 
words.  Set  upon  and  fall  upon  have  the  vigor  of  short 
and  familiar  words,  and  they  express  a  sudden,  energetic 
attack.  Assail  and  assault,  literally  to  leap  or  spring  at, 
are  to  attack  vehemently  aud  perhaps  suddenly.  Assatdt 
is  the  stronger  of  tlie  two,  and  is  especially  used  of  at- 
tacks with  personal  violence,  as  with  fists,  stones,  etc.  AU 
five  of  these  words  may  be  extended  to  warfare,  and  to 
contests  and  struggles  of  any  kind. 

This  king's  [Menephtah's]  first  experience  in  war  was 
against  an  army  of  wider  nationality  than  had  ever  before 
attacked  Egypt.  H.  S.  Osbom,  Ancient  Egj'pt,  p.  74. 

He  look'd,  and  more  amazed 
Than  if  seven  men  had  set  tipon  hira,  saw 
The  maiden  standing  in  the  dewy  light. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

My  lord  is  weary  with  the  fight  before, 
And  they  will  fall  upon  him  unawares. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 
The  indignation  which  arms  itself  with  secret  forces 
does  not  awaken  untU  we  are  pricked  and  stung  and  sorely 
assailed.  Emerson,  Compensation. 

Then  they  assaulted  one  of  the  gates,  which  they  burned : 
but  only  to  find  that  the  defenders  had  raised  a  more 
formidable  barrier  behind  it. 

R.  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  III.  64. 

assailable  (a-sa'la-bl),  a.  [<  assail  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  assailed,  attacked,  or  invaded. 

He  lived  among  a  generation  of  sinners,  whose  con- 
sciences were  not  assailable  by  smooth  circumlocutions, 
and  whose  vices  required  the  scourge  and  the  hot  iron. 

Whipjile,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  II.  86. 

assailant  (a-sa'lant),  a.  and  n.    [<  P.  assaillant, 
ppr.  of  assaillir:  see  assail  and  -ant^.]   I,  a.  1. 
Assaulting;  attacking;  invading  with  violence. 
Milton. —  2.  In  her.,  same  as  salient. 
II.  11.  One  who  assails,  attacks,  or  assaults. 

The  wise  man  throws  himself  on  the  side  of  his  assail- 
ants. It  is  more  his  interest  than  it  is  theirs  to  find  his 
weak  point.  Emerson,  Compensation. 

assailer  (a-sa'ler),  n.    [<  ME.  assailour,  assail- 
your,  <  OlF.  assailleor,  <  assaillir:  see  assail.] 
One  who  assails, 
assailment  (a-sal'ment),  n.    [<  assail  +  -ment.] 
An  assault ;  an  attack.  [Rare.] 
His  most  frequent  assailment  was  the  headache. 

Jo/i;i6o;i,  Pope. 

assai-palm  (a-si'pam).  «.    Same  as  assai^. 

assamar  (as'a-mar),  n.  [<  L.  assus,  roasted,  + 
amarus,  bitter.]  A  bitter  substance  produced 
by  roastiag  in  the  air  such  substances  as  sugar, 


^assassinate 

meat,  bread,  grain,  etc.,  until  they  tm-n  bro'wn. 
Baron  ron  lieichenbach. 
Assamese  (as-a-mes'  or  -mez'),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Assam +  -ese.]    I,  a.  Pertaining  to  Assam  or 
its  inhabitants. 

II,  n.  sing,  and  pi.  A  native  or  the  natives 
of  As.sam,  an  eastern  province  of  British  India 
adjoining  Burma  and  Tibet. 

assapant,  assapanict  (as-a-pan',  -ik),  n.  [N. 

Amer.  Ind.]  The  native  name  of  the  American 
flying-squirrel,  Sciuropterus  volucella.  Also  as- 
sapaniclc,  assaphan. 

assart  (a-siirf),  v.  t.  [<  AF.  assarter,  OF.  es- 
sarter,  <  ML.  cxartare,  exsartare  (freq.  of  *ex- 
sarire),  grub  up,  <  ex,  out,  +  sartare  for  *sari- 
tare,  freq.  of  L.  sarire,  sarrire,  pp.  sarritus,  hoe, 
weed,  grub.]  In  Eng.  law,  to  grub  up  (trees 
and  bushes) ;  clear  (wood-land). 

assart  (a-sarf),  w.  [Now  also  essart;  <  AF. 
assart,  OF.  essart  (>  law  L.  assarta,  assartus, 
essartum),  <  ML.  exartum,  prop.  neut.  of  *exar- 
ttis,  pp.  of  *exarire,  *cxsarirc:  see  assart,  v.]  In 
Eng.  law :  (a)  The  act  of  grubbing  up  trees  and 
bushes  in  a  forest.  Tliis  act,  as  destroying  thickets 
and  coverts,  was  in  some  circumstances  forbidden  by  law. 

(b)  A  tree  grubbed  up  by  the  roots,  (c)  A  piece 
of  land  cleared,  as  by  grubbing. 

In  those  districts,  and  in  many  others  in  the  neighbour- 
hood, the  copyhold  lanils  which  have  l)een  reclaimed  from 
the  forest-waste  ai'e  known  as  "«.»a)'Mands. " 

C.  Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  192. 

assaryt,  [<  Gr.  aacdpwv.]  The  Roman  cop- 
per coin  called  as. 

assassin  (a-sas'in),  n.  [<  F.  assassin  =  Pr.  as- 
sassin =  Sp.  asesi«o  =:Pg.  It.  assassino,  <  ML. 
assassinus,  prop,  one  of  the  Assassini,  Assasini, 
Assessini,  Ascisini  (also  Asasi,  Haussasi;  cf.  OF. 
Assacis,  Hassasis,  MGr.  Xaciaioi,  pi.,  from  the 
Ar.  sing.),  <  Ar.  Hashshdshin  and  Hashishiyyin, 
the  order  or  sect  of  the  Assassins,  lit.  hashish- 
eaters  (so  called  because  the  agents  selected 
to  do  murder  were  first  intoxicated  with  hash- 
ish), pi.  of  hashshdsh  and  ha.shishiyy,  hashish- 
eater,  <  7i«s7ifs7i,  hashish:  see  hashish.]  1.  {cap.] 
One  of  the  Assassins,  a  military  and  religious 
order  in  Syria,  founded  in  Persia  by  Hassan  ben 
Sabbah  about  the  year  1090.  a  colony  migi-ated  from 
Persia  to  Syria,  settled  in  various  places,  with  tlieir  cliief 
seat  on  the  mountains  of  Lebanon,  and  became  remarkable 
for  their  secret  murders  in  blind  obedience  to  the  will  of 
their  chief.  Their  religion  was  a  compound  of  JIagianism, 
Judaism,  Christianity,  and  Mohammedanism.  One  article 
of  their  creed  was  that  the  Holy  Spirit  resided  in  their 
chief  and  that  liis  orders  proceeded  from  God  himself. 
The  chief  of  the  sect  is  best  known  by  the  denomination 
old  man  of  the  mountain  (.\rabic  sheilfh  al-Jebal,  chief  of 
the  mountains).  Tliese  barbarous  chieftains  and  their  fol- 
lowers spread  terror  among  nations  far  and  near  for  al- 
most two  centuries.  In  the  time  of  the  crusades  they 
mustered  to  the  number  of  50,000,  and  presented  a  formi- 
dable obstacle  to  the  arms  of  the  Christians.  They  were 
eventually  subdued  by  the  sultan  Bibars  about  1272. 

2.  One  who  undertakes,  for  a  reward  previous- 
ly agreed  on,  to  put  another  person  to  death 
by  surprise  or  secret  assault ;  hence,  one  who 
kills,  or  attempts  to  kill,  by  treacherous  vio- 
lence;  a  murderer. —  3t.  [With  allusion  to  its 
'  killing '  effect.  ]  A  breast-knot,  or  similar  deco- 
ration worn  in  front.  Ladies'  Diet.,  London, 
1694. 

assassint  (a-sas'in),  v.  f.  [<F.  assassiner,  assas- 
sinate, worry,  vex,  =:It.  assassinare,  assassinate, 
<  ML.  assassinare ;  from  the  noun.]    To  mur- 
der; assassinate. 
■\Vith  him  that  assasgines  his  parents. 

Stillingfleet,  Sermons,  p.  502. 

assassinacyt  (a-sas'i-na-si),  n.  [<  assassina{te) 
+  -cy.]    The  act  of  assassinating.  Hammond. 

assassinantt  (a-sas'i-nant),  n.  [<  F.  assassi- 
nant,  ppr.  of  assassiner :  see  assassin,  v.]  An 
assassin. 

assassinate  (a-sas'i-nat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  as- 
sassinated, ppr.  assassinating.  [<  ML.  assassi- 
natus,  pp.  of  assassinare :  see  assassin,  v.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  kill  or  attempt  to  kill  by  surprise 
or  secret  assault ;  murder  by  sudden  or  treach- 
erous violence. 

Help,  neighbours,  my  house  is  broken  open,  .  .  .  and  I 
am  ravished  and  like  to  be  assassinated.  Dryden. 

2t.  To  assault ;  maltreat. 

Such  usage  as  your  honourable  lords 
Afford  me,  assassinated  and  betray'd. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1109. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  blight  or  destroy  treacher- 
ously; overthrow  by  foul  or  unfair  means: 
as,  to  assassinate  a  person's  character  or  repu- 
tation. =syn.  1.  Slay,  Murder,  etc.    See  kill. 

II.  in  trans.  To  commit  murder  by  assassina- 
tion. 

Where  now  no  thieves  assassinate. 

Sandys,  Paraphrase  of  Judges,  v. 


assassinate 

assaSSinatet  (a-sas'i-uat),  «.    [<  F.  assassinat, 
assassination,  <  ML.  assassinatus,  <  assassiiiarc  : 
see  assassinate,  r.]   1.  Assassination;  murder- 
ous assault. 
If  I  had  made  an  assassinate  upon  your  father. 

B.  Jomon,  Epiccene,  ii.  1. 

2.  An  assassin. 

Seize  him  for  one  of  the  assassinates.  Dryden. 

assassination  (a-sas-i-na'shon),  w.  [<  assassi- 
nate +  -ion.~\  The  act  of  assassinating;  the 
act,  especially  of  a  hired  emissary,  of  killing  or 
murdering  by  surprise  or  secret  assault;  mur- 
der by  treacherous  violence. 

assassinative  (a-sas'i-na-tiv),  a.  [<  assassinate 
+  -ire.^    Inclined  to  assassinate.  Carlyle. 

assassinator  (a-sas'i-na-tor),  n.  1.  An  assas- 
sin.—  2.  In  canon  law,  one  who  hires  another 
to  kill  a  third  person  by  surprise  or  secret  as- 
sault. He  loses  the  right  of  sanctuary  and  all  otlier  ec- 
clesiastical immunity,  and  is  subjected"  to  excommunica- 
tion, and,  by  the  letter  of  the  law,  to  confiscation  of  goods 
or  even  to  deprivation  of  personal  rights,  including  that 
of  security  of  life :  these  penalties  could  be  imposed  even 
when  the  attempted  assassination  fell  short  of  its  etfect. 
The  law  was  first  made  against  those  employing  infidels  to 
murder  Christians,  but  almost  immediately  and  a  fortiori 
extended  to  Christians  as  against  any  pereon,  whether 
Christian  or  not,  who  was  allowed  to  live  in  the  state. 
The  peculiar  malice  of  the  crime  was  placed  in  its  being 
secret  murder  for  hire.  Technically  it  was  unknown  to 
tlie  civil  law. 

assassinoust  (a-sas'i-nus),  a.  [<  assassin  + 
-ous.']    Miu'derous;  treacherous. 

To  smother  them  in  the  basest  and  most  assassiiious 
manner.         Milton,  On  Ormond's  Letter,  btil  (Ord  MS.). 

assationt  (a-sa'shon),  n.    [<  F.  assation,  <  ML. 
*assatio{n-),  <  LL.  assare,  roast,  <  L.  assus,  roast- 
ed, perhaps  for  arsus,  pp.  of  ardere,  burn,  be  on 
fire.]    A  roasting. 
Assation  is  a  concoction  of  the  inward  moisture  by  heat. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel. 

assault  (a-salf),  n.  [The  I  has  been  restored, 
as  in  fault,  vault,  etc. ;  <  ME.  assaut,  asaut, 
asaute  (also  by  apheresis  saut,  later  sault),  OF. 
assaut,  assalt,  asalt,  F.  assaut  =  Pr.  assaut  = 
Sp.  asalto  =  Pg.  It.  assalto,  <  ML.  assaltus,  as- 
sault, attack,  <  assalire,  assail:  see  assail.']  1. 
-An  attack  or  violent  onset  with  physical  means ; 
an  onslaught ;  especially,  a  sudden  and  -vigor- 
ous attack  on  a  fortified  post. 

Al)le  to  resist 
Satan's  assaults,  and  quench  his  fiery  darts. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  492. 
In  military  art  .  .  .  more  is  oftentimes  effected  by  regu- 
lar approaches  than  by  an  open  assault. 

Washington,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  454. 
Specifically — 2.  In  law,  an  unlawful  attack 
upon  the  person  of  another ;  an  attempt  or  offer 
to  do  violence  to  another,  coupled  with  present 
ability  to  effect  it,  but  irrespective  of  whether 
the  person  is  touched  or  not,  as  by  lifting  the 
fist  or  a  cane  in  a  threatening  manner,  if  the 
person  is  struck,  the  act  is  called  assault  and  battery.  In 
Scotland  this  distinction  is  not  regarded.  Assaults  are 
variously  punished. 

3.  An  attack  with  other  than  physical  force, 
as  by  means  of  legislative  measures,  by  argu- 
ments, invective,  appeals,  etc. :  as,  an  assault 
upon  the  constitution  of  government;  an  as- 
sault upon  one's  reputation. 

I  would  have  thought  her  spirit  had  been  invincible 
against  all  assaults  of  affection.  Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  3. 
Assault  of  or  at  arms,  the  attack  made  upon  each  other 
by  the  opposite  parties  in  fencing  or  in  military  exercises. 
=  Syn.  Charge,  Onslaught,  etc.    See  onset. 

assault  (a-salf),  V.  t.  [<  late  ME.  assaute, 
asaute  (and  by  apheresis  satite,  \a.t(iT  sault), <  OF. 
asauter,  later  assaulter  =  Sp.  asaltar  =  Pg.  as- 
saltar  =  It.  assaltare,  <  ML.  assaltare,  <  L.  ad, 
to,  upon,  +  saltare,  leap:  see  the  norm.]  1.  To 
attack  by  physical  means;  fall  upon  with  vio- 
lence or  with  a  hostile  intention:  as,  to  assault 
a  man,  a  house,  a  town. 

Look  in  upon  me  then,  and  speak  with  me, 
Or,  naked  as  I  am,  I  will  assault  thee. 

Shak.,  Othello,  v.  2. 

Specifically — 2.  In  law,  to  attempt  or  offer  to 
do  violence  to  another,  with  present  ability  to 
accomplish  it.  ^ee  assault,  n.,  2.— S.  To  attack 
with  other  than  physical  force ;  assail  with  argu- 
ments, complaints,  hostile  words,  etc. 

The  cries  of  babes  new-born  .  .  . 
Assault  his  ears.  Dryden. 
=S37H.  Attaxk,  Set  upon,  etc.  (see  assail);  to  storm.  See 
attack. 

assaultable  (a-sal'ta-bl),  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
a.s.^au table ;  <  assault  + -able.}  Capable  of  be- 
ing assaulted. 

The  28th  day  of  October  the  walls  were  made  low,  and 
the  town  assaultable.  Hall,  Henry  VIII.,  an.  15. 

Is  the  breach  made  assaultable  ? 

Massinger,  Maid  of  Honour,  ii.  3. 


344 

assaultant  (a-s&rtant),  a.  [<  OF.  assaultant, 
irpi:  of  assaulter:  see  assault,  and  cf.  assailant.] 
Same  as  assailant,  1. 
assaulter  (a-sal'ter),  «.  One  who  assaults  or 
violently  attacks ;  an  assailant, 
assautt,  n.  Older  spelling  of  assaidt. 
assay  (a-sa'),  «•  [<  ME.  assay,  assai,  asaye, 
asaie  (and  by  apheresis  say),  <  OF.  assai,  assay  = 
Pr.  assai,  assatj  =  Oat.  assatg  —  Sp.  asai/o  =  It.  as- 
saggio,  saggio;  also,  with  variation  of  the  same 
IJrefix,  OF.  cssai  (>  E.  essay,  q.  v.)  =  Pr.  essai  = 
Cat.  ensatg  =  Sp.  ensayo  =  Pg.  ensaio  (ML.  reflex 
assagium,  assaia,  essagium,  essay  urn),  <  LL.  ex- 
agium,  a  weighing  (cf.  e.xdmen  (for  *exagmen), 
a  weighing,  examination),  <  *exagere,  exigere, 
weigh,  try,  prove,  measure,  examine :  see  ex- 
amen,  examine,  and  exigent,  and  ef.  the  doublet 
essay.  For  the  prefix,  see  as-3,  es-i,  ex-.]  If. 
Examination;  trial;  attempt;  essay. 

Neither  is  it  enough  to  have  taken  a  slender  taste  or 
assay  thereof.  (fdall,  Pref.  to  Luke. 

This  cannot  be, 
By  no  assay  of  reason.         Shak.,  Othello,  i.  3. 
He  hath  made  an  assay  of  her  virtue. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 
Hence  —  2t.  Trial  by  danger ;  risk ;  adventure. 
Through  many  hard  assages  which  did  betide. 

Sjienser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  35. 

3t.  Trial;  tribulation;  afSiction. 

She  heard  with  patience  all  unto  the  end, 
And  strove  to  maister  sorrowfuU  assay. 

Spenser,  F.Q.,  I.  vii.  27. 

4.  The  trial  of  the  purity,  weight,  etc.,  of 
metals  or  metallic  substances,  as  ores  and  al- 
loys; any  operation  or  experiment  for  ascer- 
taining the  quantity  of  a  precious  metal  in  an 
ore  or  a  mineral,  or  in  coin  or  bullion.  See  as- 
saying.—5.  The  substance  to  be  assayed.  Ure.— 
6.  In  law,  an  examination  of  weights  and  mea- 
sures by  the  standard.  Cowcll.—7.  Formerly, 
the  act  or  custom  of  tasting  the  food  or  drink  in- 
tended for  another,  as  a  king,  before  presenting 
it. —  8t.  Value;  ascertained  purity :  as,  "stones 
of  rich  assay,"  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  x.  15.-Annual 
assay,  an  annual  ofHcial  trial  of  gold  and  silver  coin 
to  ascertain  whether  the  standard  of  fineness  and  weight 
of  coinage  is  maintained.— At  all  assayst.  (a)  At  every 
trial  or  in  every  juncture;  always,  (i)  At  all  hazards; 
ready  for  every  event.— Cup  Of  assay,  the  small  cup  with 
wliich  the  assay  of  wine,  etc.,  was  made.  (See  7.)  — Put  it 
In  assay t,  make  the  trial  or  experiment.  =  Syn.  4.  Assay, 
Analysis.  Assay  is  the  analysis  of  metals,  and  is  thus  a 
word  of  narrower  signification  than  analysis  (which  see). 

assay  (a-sa'),  v.  [<  ME.  assaycn,  asayen,  asaien 
(later  also  by  apheresis  sa)/e,  say),  <  OF.  assayer, 
asaier  =  Pr.  assaiar,  assatjar  =  Sp.  asayar  = 
It.  assaggiarc;  also,  with  variation  of  the  same 
prefix,  OF.  essayer  (>  E.  e.ssay,  q.  v.)  =  Pr. 
essaiar,  ensaiar  =  Cat.  ensajar  =  Sp.  ensayar  = 
Pg.  eHsaiar;  from  the  noun.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
examine  by  trial  ;  put  to  test  or  trial ;  try  the 
effect  or  merit  of :  as,  to  assay  armor.  [Obso- 
lete or  poetical.] 

Soft  words  to  his  fierce  passion  she  assay'd. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  X.  865. 
Here,  too,  our  shepherd-pipes  we  first  assay'd. 

M.  Arnold,  Thyrsis. 

Specifically  — 2.  To  make  trial  of  or  analyze, 
as  an  ore  or  metallic  compound,  with  the  view 
of  determining  the  proportion  of  a  particular 
metal  present  in  it. — 3.  To  attempt;  endeavor; 
essay:  often  with  an  infinitive  as  object. 

The  first  part  I  have  told  you  in  the  three  sermons  past, 
in  whicli  I  have  assayed  to  set  forth  my  plough,  to  prove 
what  I  could  do.  Latimer,  Sermon  of  the  Plough. 

She  hath  assay'd  as  much  as  may  be  proved. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  608. 
[Hen.  VIII.]  effected  no  more  than  what  his  own  prede- 
cessors desired  and  assayed  in  ages  past. 

Sir  T.  Brotone,  Religio  Medici,  i.  5. 

[In  this  sense  essay  is  now  commonly  used.] 
4t.  To  endeavor  to  influence. 

Implore  her  in  my  voice,  that  she  make  friends 
To  the  strict  deputy ;  bid  herself  assay  him. 

Shak.^M.  forM.,  i.  3. 

5t.  To  affect ;  move. 

When  the  hart  is  ill  assayde. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  August. 
II.  intrans.  To  make  an  attempt  or  endeavor; 
try.    [Now  more  commonly  essay.] 
assayable  (a-sa'a-bl),  a.    [<  assay  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being'assayed  or  tested, 
assay-balance  (a-sa'bal'-'ans),  n.    A  very  ac- 
curate balance  used  by  assayers. 
assayer  (a-sa'er),  n.    [<  ME.  assayer,  assaior, 
assaiour,  <  AF.  assaior,  assaiour :  see  assay  and 
-er'^.]    If.  One  who  tries,  tests,  or  attempts. — 
2.  One  who  assays  metals ;  one  who  examines 
metallic  ores  or  alloys  for  the  purpose  of  de- 
termining the  quantity  of  any  particular  metal, 
particularly  of  gold  or  silver,  present  in  them. 


assemblation 

Specifically— 3.  An  officer  of  the  mint,  whose 
duty  is  to  test  bullion  and  coin, 
assay-furnace  (a-sa'f6r'''nas),  n.  A  simple  form 
of  furnace  and  muffle  for  heating  metals  in 
cupels. 

assaying  (a-sa'ing),  n.  The  act  or  art  of  test- 
ing metals,  ores,  or  alloys  in  order  to  ascertain 
the  quantity  of  gold  or  silver  or  any  other 
metal  present  in  them.  There  are  two  modes  of  as- 
s.aying,  one  of  wliicli  is  sometimes  employed  to  corroborate 
the  other.  The  one  is  called  the  humid  or  wet  process  in 
which  the  solution  of  the  metals  is  etfected  by  means  of 
acids,  after  which  those  sought  for  are  precipitated  by 
proper  reagents.  The  otlier  is  called  the  dry  process,  and 
IS  performed  by  the  agency  of  fire.  The  first  is  generally 
employed  for  the  purpose  of  estimating  the  quantity  of  gold 
or  silver  in  an  alloy,  and  the  second  is  chiefly  applied  to 
ores.  Tests  are  also  made  by  comparison  of  specific  grav- 
ities, and  by  tlie  color  of  the  streak  or  trace  made  by  rub- 
bing the  ore  upon  a  rough  surface.  In  Great  Britain  each 
ai-ticle  of  silver  or  gold  plate  is  assayed  at  Goldsmiths'  Hall 
previously  to  being  sold,  in  order  to  determine  the  exact 
ricliness  of  the  metal  of  which  it  is  made.  See  hall-mark. 
assay-master  (a-sa' mas "ter),  n.  1.  An  as- 
sayer ;  a  chief  officer  appointed  to  try  the  weight 
and  fineness  of  the  precious  metals. —  2.  An 
officer  appointed,  in  the  provincial  period  in 
Massachusetts,  to  test  the  quality  of  potash  and 
pearlash  intended  for  export,  or  the  composition 
of  the  worms  and  still-heads  used  in  distilling, 
assay-office  (a-sa' of -is),  w.  A  laboratory  where 
ores  or  metals  are  assayed, 
assent,  «•  Obsolete  spelling  of  ass^. 
asse^  (as),  w.  A  name  of  the  caama,  a  small 
African  fox,  Vulpes  caama. 
assealt,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  assclen,  aselen,  var.  of  en- 
selen:  see  enseal.]  Same  as  e«sea?. 
ass-ear  (as'er),  ».  An  old  name  for  the  com- 
frey,  Symphytum  officinale. 

assectationt  (as-ek-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  assecta- 
tio{n-),  attendance,  <  assectari,  pp.  assectatus, 
attend  upon,  <  ad,  to,  +  sectari,  follow,  attend, 
freq.  of  sequi,  follow:  see  sequent.]  Attendance 
or  waiting  upon ;  a  following.  Blount ;  Bailey. 
assecurancet  (as-e-kur'ans),  n.  [<  ML.  assec'u- 
rantia,  assurance, <  osse'ci(r«»-e,  assure:  see  assc- 
cure.]  Assurance.  Sheldon,  Miracles,  p.  320. 
assecurationt  (as"e-ku-ra'shon),  n.  [<  ML. 
assecuratio(n-),  <  assecurare,  pp.  assccuratus,  as- 
sure :  Bee  assecure.]  Assurance;  a  making  se- 
cure or  sure. 

How  far  then  reaches  this  assecuration  ?  so  far  as  to  ex- 
clude all  fears,  all  doubting?      Bp.  Hall,  Sermons,  xliii. 

assecuret  (as-e-kur'),  v.  t.    [<  ML.  assecurare, 
assure,  <  L.  ad,  to,  -1-  secunis,  secure,  sure. 
Doublet,  assure,  q.  v.]   To  make  secure ;  make 
sure  or  certain. 
Sin  is  not  helped  but  by  being  assecured  of  pardon. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Pol.,  vi.  6. 

assecutiont  (as-e-ku'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *asse- 
cutio{n-),  <  assecutus,  pp.  of  assequi,  follow  up, 
reach,  obtain,  <  ad,  to,  -f  sequi,  follow :  see  se- 
quent.]   An  obtaining  or  acquiring. 

His  first  [benefice]  ...  is  immediately  void  by  his  asse- 
cution  of  a  second.  Ayliffe,  Parergon,  p.  115. 

assegai,  n.  and  V.    See  assagai. 
asseget,  f  •  and  ».    See  assiege. 
asseizet,  v.  t.    To  seize.    Marlowe.  [Rare.] 
asself  (a-self),  D.  t.  [<  fls-i  +  self.]  1.  To  take 
to  one's  self;  appropriate;  adopt.— 2.  To  as- 
similate: as,  to  asse// aliment.    [Rare  in  both 
uses.] 

assemblage  (a-sem'blaj),  n.  [<  P.  assemblage,  < 
assembler,  assemble:  see  assemble'^  and  -age.] 

1.  The  act  of  assembling  or  the  state  of  being 
assembled;  association. 

In  sweet  assemblage  every  blooming  grace.  Fenton. 

2.  A  collection  of  individuals  or  of  particular 
things :  as,  an  assemblage  of  noted  men ;  an  as- 
semblage of  various  materials. —  3.  The  act  of 
fitting  together,  as  parts  of  a  machine ;  in  carp. 
and  joinery,  a  union  of  parts  or  pieces  by  fram- 
ing, dovetailing,  etc.    See  assembling. 

The  exterior  plank  [i.  e.,  planking]  of  our  large  wooden 
war  ships  was  divided  into  a  number  of  distinct  assem- 
blages, each  having  a  special  designation. 

Thearle,  Naval  Arch.,  §  212. 

assemblanceif  (a  -sem'blans),  n.  [^  OF.  assem- 
blance  =  It.  assembranza  :  see  assemble'^  and 
-ance.]    An  assemblage ;  an  assembly. 

To  weete  the  cause  of  their  assemblaunce  wide. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  iv.  21. 

assemblance^t  (a-sem'blans),  n.    [<  OF.  as- 

semblance  (Roquefort),  <  'assembler,  resemble  : 
see  assemble^  and -ance.]  Representation;  like- 
ness ;  semblance. 

Care  I  for  the  .  .  .  hig  assemblance  of  a  man  7  Give  me 
the  spirit.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 

assemblationt,  n.  A  gathering;  a  meeting. 
Moger  North,  Examen.  [Rare.] 


assemble 

assemble^  (a-sem'bl),  v. ;  ju-et.  and  pp.  assem- 
Ued,  ppr.  assembHuff.  [<  ME.  assemUen,  asem- 
Mcn,  assemlcn,  ascmlcn,  <  OP.  asemhler,  assembler, 
assambler  =  Pr.  assemblar,  asemblar,  asemlar  = 
OSp.  asemblar  =  It.  assemblare,  assembrare,  < 
ML.  assimulare,  bring  together  (in  L.  the  same 
as  assimilare :  see  assemble^),  <  L.  ad,  to,  + 
together.  Also  by  apheresis  semblc^. 
Cf.  assemble".']  I.  imHS.  1.  To  collect  into  one 
place  or  body ;  bring  or  call  together ;  convene ; 
congregate. 

Thithei-  lie  assembled  all  his  train.  Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  767. 
2.  To  fit  together.  See  assembling,  2. —  Sf.  To 
join  or  couple,  as  one  with  another,  or  as  in 

sexual  intercourse.  =Syn.  1.  To  convene,  collect,  con- 
gi'egate,  muster,  convoke. 

II.  intmns.  1.  To  meet  or  come  together; 
convene,  as  a  number  of  individuals:  as,  "the 
dhvccls  assemble,"  Drijden,  ^neid,  vii. — 2\.  To 
meet  in  battle;  fight. =Syn.  1.  To  gather,  get  to- 
gether, muster,  convene. 

assembleif  (a-sem'bl),  n.  [<  assemble^,  v.  Cf. 
assemblij.~\   An  assembly. 

assembie^t  (a-sem'bl),  v.  t.  [Late  ME.  assam- 
ble;  <  OF.  assembler;  cf.  Pg.  assemelhar,  assimi- 
lar  =  It.  assimigliare,  resemble;  <  L.  assimu- 
lare, assiniilare,  make  like,  consider  like,  com- 
pare, <  ad,  to,  +  similis,  like  (related  to  simul, 
together;  cf.  assemble'^):  see  assimilate.  Also 
by  apheresis  semble^.}  1.  To  be  similar  to; 
resemble. 

For  the  world  assembleth  the  see. 

Caxton,  Golden  Legend,  p.  114.    (N.  E.  D.) 

2.  To  Hken  or  compare. 
Bribes  may  be  assembled  to  pitch. 

Latimer,  Sermons  before  Edw.  VI.  (Arber),  p.  151. 
assembler  (a-sem'bler),  n.  1.  One  who  assem- 
bles.—  2.  Specifically,  a  workman  who  assem- 
bles or  fits  together  the  different  parts  of  a 
machine,  as  of  a  watch.  See  assembling,  2. —  3t. 
One  who  takes  part  in  an  assembly ;  a  member 
of  an  assembly, 
assembling  (a-sem'bling),  n.  1 .  A  collecting 
or  meeting  together. 

Not  forsaking  the  assembling  of  ourselves  together,  as 
the  manner  of  some  is.  Heb.  x.  25. 

2.  The  act  of  fitting  together  parts  of  ma- 
chines and  instruments,  such  as  sewing-ma- 
chines, guns,  microscopes,  watches,  etc.,  espe- 
cially when  duplicate  parts  are  so  exactly 
made  as  to  be  interchangeable. 

assembling-bolt  (a-sem'bling -bolt),  n.  A 
screw-bolt  for  holding  together  the  several 
parts  of  a  machine  or  tool. 

assembly  (a-sem'bli),  n. ;  pi.  assemblies  (-bliz). 
[<  ME.  assemble,  assemblaye,  assemblee,  <  OF. 
assemblee,  F.  assemblee  (=  Sp.  asamblea  =  Pg. 
assemblea),  meeting,  coming  together,  <  assem- 
bler, meet:  see  assemble'^.']  1.  The  act  of  as- 
sembling, or  the  state  of  being  assembled  or 
gathered  together. 

A  Triennial  Bill  enforced  the  assembly  of  the  Houses 
every  three  years,  and  bound  the  sheriffs  and  citizens  to 
proceed  to  election  if  the  Royal  writ  failed  to  summon 
them.  J.  R.  Greene,  Short  Hist.  Eng.,  p.  524. 

2.  A  company  of  persons  gathered  together  in 
the  same  jjlace,  and  usually  for  the  same  pur- 
pose, whether  religious,  political,  educational, 
or  social ;  an  assemblage. 

At  length  there  issued  from  the  grove  behind 
A  fair  assembly  of  the  female  kind. 

Dryden,  Flower  and  Leaf,  1.  154. 
Another  assembly,  composed  of  representatives  chosen 
Tiy  the  people  in  all  parts,  gives  free  access  to  the  whole  na- 
tion, and  communicates  all  its  wants,  knowledge,  projects, 
and  wishes  to  government.      J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  288. 

The  Topnlur  Assembly  and  the  Popular  Court  of  Justice 
are  in  principle  the  same  institution ;  they  are  gatherings 
of  the  freemen  of  the  community  for  different  public 
purposes.  Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  173. 

3.  Specifically — (a)  [cap.]  The  name  given 
to  the  lower  house  of  the  legislature  in  sev- 
eral of  the  United  States  and  in  some  of  the 
British  colonies,  (b)  A  company  of  persons 
of  both  sexes  met  for  dancing ;  a  ball ;  espe- 
cially, a  ball  the  expenses  of  which  are  defrayed 
by  the  subscriptions  of  those  who  take  part  in  it. 

Her  girls  .  .  .  appeared  perseveringly  at  the  Winchester 
and  Southampton  assemblies;  they  penetrated  to  Cowes 
for  the  race-balls  and  regatta-gaieties  there. 

Thackeray,  A'anity  Fair,  xxxix. 

4.  Milit. :  («)  The  second  beating  of  the  drum 
before  a  march,  upon  which  the  soldiers  strike 
their  tents.  (6)  A  drum-beat  or  bugle-call  to 
bring  troops  together  at  an  appointed  place. 

Lagache  .  .  .  thought  it  best  to  test  the  loyalty  of  the 
dragoons  by  sounding  the  assembly. 

Quarterly  Rev.,  CLXIII.  100. 

5t.  An  assemblage  or  collection  of  inanimate 
objects. 


346 

To  Venice  herself,  or  to  any  of  the  little  assembly  of 
islands  about  her.  Howell,  Letters,  i.  1. 

Assembly  of  Divines  at  Westminster,  conmioniy  call- 
ed the  Westminster  Assembly,  a  convocation  summoned 
by  the  Long  Parliament  to  advise  "for  the  settling  of  the 
government  and  the  liturgy  of  the  Church  of  England." 
Most  of  its  members  were  Presbyterians,  and  nearly  all 
were  Calvinists.  It  met  July  1,  1643,  and  continued  its 
sessions  till  February  22,  1649.  The  chief  fruits  of  its  la- 
bors were  the  Directory  of  Public  Worship,  the  Confes- 
sion of  Faith,  and  tlie  Larger  and  Shorter  Catechisms, 
which  were  rejected  in  Eiighuid,  but  established  in  Scot- 
land.— Black  Assembly,  in  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
the  great  convocati(jn.  -  General  Assembly,  (a)  The 
highest  ecclesiastical  tribunal  of  churches  of  the  Presbyte- 
rian order,  meeting  annually,  and  composed  of  ministers 
and  ruling  elders  delegated  by  eacli  presbytery  within 
their  respective  national  bounds,  {b)  In  many  of  the 
United  States,  the  collective  title  of  the  legislature,  (c) 
In  New  Jersey,  the  lower  house  of  the  legislature.— Legis- 
lative Assembly,  (a)  The  collective  title  of  the  legis- 
latui-e  in  the  State  of  Oregon  and  the  territories  of  the 
United  States ;  also,  the  title  of  the  lower  house  or  of  the 
single  legislative  body  in  many  of  the  British  colonies.  (6) 
In  French  hist.,  the  legislative  bodies  of  1791-2,  1849-51,  as 
distinguished  from  the  National  A.ssembly  of  1789-1791  — 
National  Assembly,  in  French  hist.,  the  first  of  the 
revolutionary  assemblies,  in  session  1789-1791.  The  States 
General,  elected  in  1789,  were  opened  May  5, 1789,  and  in 
June  the  third  estate  assumed  the  title  of  National  As- 
sembly and  absorbed  the  two  remaining  estates.  Its  chief 
work  was  the  formation  of  the  constitution,  whence  it  is 
also  called  the  Constituent  Assembly. 

assemblyman  (a-sem'bli-man),  n. ;  pi.  assem- 
blymen (-men).  "[<  assem.bly'+  man.]    A  mem- 
ber of  a  legislative  assembly.    [U.  S.] 
assembly-room  (a-sem'bli-rom),  n.  A  room  in 
which  persons  assemble,  especially  for  dancing. 
See  assembly. 
assen^t,  n.  An  obsolete  plural  of  assi.  Chaucer. 
assen^t,  n.   An  obsolete  plural  of  ash^. 
assent  (a-senf),  V.    [<  ME.  assenten,  asenten 
(later  also  by  apheresis  sewte),  <  OF.  asenter,  as- 
senter  (<  L.  assentari,  adsentari,  irreg.  freq.  of 
assentiri),  also  assentir,  F.  assentir,  <  L.  a.ssenti- 
re,  more  frequently  deponent,  assentiri,  assent 
to,  approve,  consent,  <  ad,  to,  +  sentire,  feel,  >  E. 
sent,  now  spelled  improp.  scent:  see  scent  and 
sense,  and  cf.  consent,  dissent,  and  resent.]   I,  in- 
trans.  To  admit  a  proposition  as  true ;  express 
an  agreement  of  the  mind  to  what  is  alleged  or 
proposed;  concur;  acquiesce:  with  to  before 
an  object. 

The  J ews  also  assented,  saying  that  these  things  were  so. 

Acts  xxiv.  9. 

We  cannot  assent  to  a  proposition  without  some  intelli- 
gent apprehension  of  it ;  whereas  we  need  not  understand 
it  at  all  in  order  to  infer  it. 

J.  H.  Newmun,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  6. 
=  Syn.  To  agree,  subscribe. 
Il.t  trans.  To  agree  to;  approve;  determine. 
Here  vvyfes  wolde  it  wel  assente. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  374. 

assent  (a-senf),  n.  [<  ME.  assent,  asent,  <  as- 
senten, asenten,  the  verb  :  see  assent,  v.]  1.  The 
act  of  the  mind  in  admitting  or  agreeing  to  the 
truth  of  a  proposition  proposed  for  acceptance. 

Faith  is  the  assent  to  any  proposition  on  the  credit  of 
the  proposer.  Locke. 

2.  Consent ;  concurrence ;  acquiescence ;  agree- 
ment to  a  proposal :  as,  the  bill  before  the  house 
has  the  assent  of  a  great  majority  of  the  mem- 
bers. 

Without  the  king's  assent  or  knowledge. 
You  wrought  to  be  a  legate.  Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iii.  2. 

No  parish-business  in  the  place  could  stir. 
Without  direction  or  assent  from  her. 

Crabbe,  The  Parish  Register. 

3.  Accord;  agreement;  approval. 
Virtue  engages  his  assent. 
But  Pleasure  wins  his  heart. 

Cowper,  Human  Frailty. 
Too  many  people  read  this  ribaldry  with  assent  and  ad- 
miration. Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xx. 
4t.  Opinion. 

Thou  art  oon  of  his  assent. 

Chaucer,  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  296. 
Royal  assent,  in  England,  the  approbation  given  by  the 
sovereign  in  Parliament  to  a  bill  which  has  passed  both 
houses,  after  which  it  becomes  law.  This  assent  may  be 
given  in  two  ways :  (a)  In  person ,  when  the  sovereign  comes 
to  the  House  of  Peers,  the  Commons  are  sent  for,  and  the 
titles  of  all  the  bills  which  have  passed  are  read.  The  royal 
assent  is  declared  in  Norman-French  by  the  clerk  of  the 
Parliament.  (6)  By  letters  patent  under  the  great  seal, 
signed  by  the  sovereign,  and  notified  in  his  or  her  absence 
A  money-bill,  or  bill  of  supply,  passed  by  the  House  of 
Commons,  is  presented  by  the  Speaker  for  the  royal  assent. 
=  Syn.  Assent,  Consent,  Concurrence,  Acquiescence,  accept- 
ance, adherence.  Assent  is  primarily  an  act  of  the  under- 
standing ;  consent  is  distinctly  the  act  of  the  will :  as,  I 
assent  to  that  proposition ;  I  consent  to  his  going.  Bax- 
ter speaks  of  justifying  faith  as  the  assenting  trust  of  the 
understanding  and  the  consenting  trust  of  the  will.  As- 
sent is  not  yet  altogether  excluded  from  the  field  of  the 
will,  but  tends  to  express  a  feebler  action  of  the  will  than 
it  formerly  did,  or  than  consent  does.  Compare  Luke  xxiii 
24  (margin),  "Pilate  assented  that  it  should  be  as  they  re'- 
quired,"  with  the  formal  consent  in  the  royal  assent  to  a 


assert 

bill.  CoTicurrence  is  a  running  of  minds  in  the  same  chan- 
nel, an  agreement  in  opinion  or  decision.  Acjuiescerice  is 
a  state  or  act  of  (luiet  subnii.ssion  to  a  decision,  an  act,  or 
the  prevalence  of  an  opinion,  because  it  is  near  enough 
to  one's  wi.shes,  or  not  worth  resisting,  or  impossible  to  re- 
sist, but  not  because  it  is  entirely  acceptable. 

Assent  I  have  described  to  be  a  mental  assertion  ;  in  its 
very  nature  then  it  is  of  the  mind,  and  not  of  the  lijis. 

J.  II.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  11. 
If  any  faction  of  men  will  require  tlie  assent  and  consent 
of  other  men  to  a  vast  number  of  disputable  and  nninsti- 
tuted  things,  and,  it  may  be,  a  mathematical  fal.sdiood 
among  the  Hrstof  them,  and  utterly  renounce  all  ( 'liri.stiaii 
communion  with  all  that  shall  not  give  that  assent  and 
consent,  we  look  upon  those  to  be  separatists;  we  dare 
not  to  be  so  narrow-spirited. 

C.  Mather,  Mag.  Chris.,  Int.  to  iii. 
The  necessity,  under  which  the  jury  is  placed,  to  agree 
unanimously,  in  order  to  find  a  verdict,  acts  as  the  pre- 
disposing cause  of  concurrence  in  some  common  opinion. 

Calhoun,  Works,  I.  66. 
The  showman  ruljs  his  brow  impulsively.  .  .  .  but  final- 
ly, with  the  inevitable  acquiescence  of  all  public  servants, 
resumes  his  composure  and  goes  on. 

Hawthorne,  Main  Street. 

assentantt  (a-sen'tant),  a.  and  n.    [<  ME.  as- 

scntaunt,  <  OF.  a.i^cntant,  assentant,  ppr.  of 
assenter:  see  assent,  v.,  and  -anti.  Doublet, 
assentient.]  I.  a.  Assenting;  agreeing. 
II.  n.  One  who  assents  or  agrees, 
assentation  (as-en-ta'shon),  M.  [<  L.  asscnta- 
tio{n-),  flattery,  sei"vile"  assent,  <  assentari, 
pp.  assentatus,  flatter,  assent  in  everything, 
irreg.  freq.  of  as.sentiri,  assent,  agree:  see  as- 
sent, v.]  The  act  of  assenting;  especially,  ob- 
sequious assent  to  the  opinion  of  another;  flat- 
tery; adulation. 

It  is  a  fearful  presage  of  ruin  when  the  prophets  con- 
spire in  assentation.  Bp.  Hall,  Death  of  Aliab. 

Words  smooth  and  sweeter-sounded  are  to  be  used, 
rather  than  rough  or  harsh,  as  adore  for  worship,  assen- 
tation for  flattery.    Instructions  for  Oratory  (1682),  p.  25. 

assentatort  (as'en-ta-tor),  n.  [<  L.  assentator, 
<  assewtan,  flatter :  bqq  a.ssentation.]  One  who 
assents  or  consents;  especially,  one  who  as- 
sents obsequiously;  a  flatterer.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 
assentatorilyt  (a-sen'ta-to-ri-li),  adv.  In  the 
manner  of  an  assentator ;  with  adulation  or  ob- 
sequiousness. Bacon. 
assentatoryt  (a-sen'ta-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  "assen- 
tatorius  (implied  in  adv.'  assentatorie),  <  assen- 
tator, a  flatterer:  see  as.sentator.]  Pertaining 
to  or  characterized  by  assentation;  flattering; 
adulatory. 

assenter  (a-sen'ter),  n.  One  who  assents.  See 
assentor. 

assentient  (a-sen'shient),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  as- 
sentien(t-)s,  ppr.  of  assentiri,  assent:  see  assent, 
v.]  I.  a.  Assenting;  yielding  assent.  Quar- 
terly Bev. 

II.  n.  One  who  assents ;  an  assenter.  North 
British  Rev. 

assentingly  (a-sen'ting-li),  adv.    In  a  manner 
expressing  assent ;  by  agreement, 
assentive  (a-sen'tiv),  a.    [<  assent  +  -ive.] 
Giving  assent;  complying.    Savage.    [Rare.]  ' 
assentmentt  (a-sent'ment),  n.    [<  OF.  assente- 
ment,  <  ML.  assentimentum,  assent,  <  L.  assen- 
tiri, assent :  see  assent,  v.,  and  -ment.]  Assent; 
agreement.    Sir  T.  Browne. 
assentor  (a-sen'tor),  M.    [<  assent  +  -or;  the 
usual  legal  form ;  "cf.  assenter.]    One  who  as- 
sents ;  specifically,  one  of  the  eight  voters  who 
indorse  the  nomination,  by  a  proposer  and  sec- 
onder, of  a  candidate  for  election  to  the  Parlia- 
ment of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  as  required 
by  law. 

assert  (a-serf),  V.  t.  [<  L.  assertus,  pp.  (ML.  as- 
sertare,  freq.)  of  asserere,  adserere,  join  to,  ad- 
serere  aliquem  manujor  simply  adserere)  in  liber- 
tatem  or  in  servitutem,  declare  one  fi-ee  or  a 
slave  by  laying  hands  upon  him,  hence  free 
from,  protect,  defend,  lay  claim  to,  assert,  de- 
clare, <ad,  to,  +  serere,  join,  range  in  a  row,  = 
Gr.  dfjeiv,  bind,  fasten :  see  series  and  serried.] 
If.  To  bring  (into  freedom) ;  set  (free).  [The 
original  Latin  use,  asserere  in  libertatem.] 

The  people  of  Israel,  being  lately  oppressed  in  Egypt, 
were  asserted  by  God  into  a  state  of  liberty. 

Bp.  Patrick,  on  Num.  xxiii.  2. 
2.  To  vindicate,  maintain,  or  defend  by  words 
or  measures;  support  the  cause  or  claims  of; 
vindicate  a  claim  or  title  to :  now  used  only  of 
immaterial  objects  or  reflexively :  as,  to  assert 
our  rights  and  liberties;  he  asserted  himself 
boldly. 

I  could  and  would  myself  assert  the  British  from  his 
scandalous  pen.  Fuller. 
Often,  in  the  parting  hour, 
Victorious  love  asserts  his  power 
O'er  coldness  and  disdain. 

Scott,  Mai'miou,  v.  7. 


assert 


346 


asseveration 


8.  To  state  as  true ;  affirm ;  asseverate ;  aver ; 
declare. 

There  is  no  proof  of  what  is  so  commonly  asserted,  that 
the  heel  is  longer  in  proportion  to  the  foot  in  Negroes. 

Hiixlei/,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  419. 
To  assert  one's  self,  to  assume  and  defend  one's  riglits, 
claims,  or  authority ;  exert  one's  influence ;  sometimes,  to 
thrust  one's  self  forward  unduly  or  obtrusively. 

The  natural  strength  uiid  firmness  of  his  nature  began 
to  asset-t  itself.         Gfor.ii'  Kliot,  ilillon  tlie  i'loss,  iii.  2. 

Wliile  the  struggle  bt-tween  the  Emperor  and  the  Pope 
absorbed  the  strength  of  both,  it  became  possible  for  the 
people  to  assert  themselves. 

H.  SpeiKer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  498. 
=  Sjm.  2.  Assert,  Defend,  Maintain,  Vindicate.  Assert 
supports  a  cause  or  claim  aggressively :  its  meaning  is  well 
brought  out  in  the  expression,  assert  yourself;  that  is, 
make  your  influeiu  e  fi  lt.  To  defend  is  "primarily  to  drive 
back  assaults.  To  maintain  is  to  hold  up  to  the  full 
amount,  defending  I'rum  diminution :  as,  to  maintain  the 
ancient  customs,  liberties,  riglits.  To  vindicate  is  to  res- 
cue, as  from  dimiiuitioii,  dislionor,  or  censure:  as,  to  "vin- 
dicate the  waj  >,  Lif  (_iod  to  man,"  Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  i.  16. 
And  a^  my  \  assals,  to  their  utmost  might, 
Assist  my  pirson,  and  assert  my  right. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  1,000. 
It  is  time  now  to  draw  homeward ;  and  to  think  rather 
of  defending  myself,  than  assaulting  otliers. 

Dryden,  Pref.  to  Mock  Astrologer. 
I  will  maintain 
My  truth  and  honour  firmly.       Shak. ,  Lear,  v.  3. 
If  it  should  at  any  time  so  hapjien  that  these  rights 
should  be  invaded,  tliere  is  no  remedy  but  a  reliance  on 
the  courts  to  protect  and  vindicate  them. 

D.  Webster,  Convention  to  Revise  the  Const.,  1S21. 

3.  Assert,  Affirm,  Declare,  Aver,  Asseverate  (see  declare), 
allege,  protest,  avow,  lay  down.  (See  protest.)  Assert 
seems  to  expect  doubt  or  contradiction  of  what  one 
says.  Affirm  strengthens  a  statement  by  resting  it  upon 
one's  reputation  for  knowledge  or  veracity:  as,  "  she  [Rho- 
daj  constantly  affirmed  that  it  was  even  so,"  Acts  xii.  15. 
Declare  makes  pulilic,  clear,  or  emphatic,  especially  against 
contradictiun.  .Ir.  ,  is  positive  and  peremptory.  Assev- 
erate is  iK).sitivi_-  ami  soluinn. 

We  can  assert  without  assenting. 

J.  H.  Xewman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  11. 

It  is  a  pure  impertinence  to  affirm  with  oracular  assur- 
ance what  miglit  i)erliaps  be  admissible  as  a  suggestion 
offered  witii  the  due  diffidence  of  modest  and  genuine 
scholarship.  Swinburne,  Shakespeare,  p.  23. 

Our  Hebrew  songs  and  harps,  in  Babylon 
That  pleased  so  well  our  victors'  ear,  declare 
That  rather  Greece  from  us  these  arts  derived. 

Milton,  P.  R.,  iv.  337. 
Then  all  averred  I  had  killed  the  bird 
That  brought  the  fog  and  mist. 

Coleridge,  Ancient  Mariner,  ii. 
It  is  impossible  to  calculate  the  good  that  such  a  work 
would  have  done  if  half  which  is  asseverated  liad  only  been 
proved.  J.  J.  Blunt. 

assertable  (a-ser'ta-W),  a.  [<  assert  +  -able.'] 
Capable  of  being  asserted  or  maintained.  Also 

(tsseriible. 

assertationt  (as-er-ta'shon),  n.  [<  ML.  asserta- 
tio(ii-),  <  asscrtare,  pp.  assertatus,  assert:  see 
assert.'\    An  assertion.    Sir  T.  More. 

assertatwe  (a-ser'ta-tiv),  a.  [<  assert  +  -ative.'\ 
Assertive. 

asserter  (a-ser'ter),  n.  1.  One  who  asserts  or 
maintains ;  a  champion  or  vindicator. 

Harmodius  and  Aristogiton  had  assassinated  Hippar- 
chus  from  mere  private  revenge ;  but  they  were  now  called 
asserters  of  public  liberty.       J.  Adams,  'Works,  IV.  488. 

2.  One  -who  asserts  or  declares ;  one  'who  makes 

a  positive  declaration. 

Also  assertor. 
assertible,  «.  [<  assert  +  -ihle.l  See  assertable. 
asser'tion  (a-ser'shon),  w.    [<  L.  assertio{n-), 

declaration,  <  asserere,  assert:  see  assert]  If. 

The  act  of  setting  free;  liberation. —  2.  The 

action  of  maintaining  a  cause  or  a  claim:  as, 

the  assertion  of  one's  rights. — 3.  The  act  of 

stating  something  to  be  true. 

Assertion  unsupported  by  fact  is  nugatory.  Junius. 

4.  A  positive  declaration  or  averment ;  an  im- 
supported  statement  or  affirmation :  as,  his  as- 
sertion proved  to  be  false. 

An  assertion  is  as  distinct  from  a  conclusion  as  a  word 
of  command  is  from  a  persuasion  or  recommendation. 

J.  H.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  3. 
The  capacity  of  jelly  [protoplasm]  to  guide  forces,  which 
Professor  Huxley  says  is  a  fact  of  the  profoundest  signifi- 
cance to  him,  is  not  a  fact  at  all,  but  merely  an  assertion. 

Beale,  Protoplasm,  p.  85. 
=SyTl.  2.  Vindication,  defense,  maintenance. —  3  and  4. 
Statement,  asseveration,  protestation. 

assertional  (a-ser'shon-al),  a.  [<  assertion  + 
-«?.]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  as- 
sertion; containing  an  assertion.  [Rare.] 

assertive  (a-ser'tiv),  a.  [<  ML.  *assertivus  (im- 
plied in  adv.  assertive),  <  L.  assertus,  pp.  of 
asserere:  see  assert  and  -ive.}  Positive;  dog- 
matic; aflfirming  confidently;  peremptory;  af- 
firmative. 

Proposing  them  not  in  a  confident  and  assertive  form, 
but  as  proljabilities  and  hypotheses.  Olanville. 


assertively  (a-ser'tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  assertive 
manner ;  affirmatively. 

assertiveness  (a-ser'tiv-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  asserti've,  or  self-assertive. 

As  for  this  assertiveness,  one  should  admire  it;  It  tends 
to  the  virtue  of  contentment. 

W.  Shepherd,  Prairie  Experiences,  p.  114. 

assertor  (a-ser'tor),  n.  [<  L.  assertor,  declarer, 
advocate,  defender,  <  asserere:  see  assert.'] 
See  asserter. 

assertorial  (as-er-to'ri-al),  a.  [<  LL.  asserto- 
rius  (see  assertory)  +  -a/.]  Asserting  a  fact  as 
true,  but  not  holding  it  to  be  necessary.  See 
(issertori/,  the  common  form. 

assertorially  (as-er-to'ri-al-i),  adv.  In  an  as- 
sertorial manner;  as  an  assertion. 

assertoric,  assertorical  (as-er-tor'ik,  -i-kal),  a. 
[<  assertor  +  -ic,  -ic-al.]  Asserting;  assertory; 
assertive :  as,  an  assertoric  judgment.  See  as- 
sertory. 

assertory  (a-ser'to-ri),  a.  [<  LL.  assertorius,  < 
L.  assertor:  see  assertor.']  Affirming;  main- 
taining ;  declaratory ;  affirmative  ;  assertive. 

We  have  not  here  to  do  with  a  promissory  oath :  ...  it 
is  the  assertory  oath  that  is  now  under  our  liand. 

Bp.  Hall,  Cases  of  Conscience,  ii.  5. 
An  Assertory  Oath  is  made  to  a  Man  before  God,  and  I 
must  swear  so,  as  man  may  know  what  I  mean. 

Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  7". 
Assertory  proposition,  in  logic,  a  proposition  stating 
something  to  be  true,  but  not  stating  it  as  necessary, 
assertress  (a-ser'tres),  n.    [<  asserter  -i-  -ess.] 
A  female  ■who  asserts. 

asservet  (a-serv'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  asservire,  serve, 
aid,  <  ad,  to,  4-  servire,  serve:  see  serve.]  To 
help;  serve;  second.  Bailey. 

asser'Vilet  (a-ser'-vil),  v.  t.    [<  ns-i  -t-  servile.] 
To  render  servile  or  obsequious. 
[I]  am  weary  of  asservilimi  myself  to  every  man's  charity. 

Bacon,  v.  240  (Ord  MS.). 

asses,  n.    Plural  of  «s4  and  of  assl. 

assess  (a-ses'),  V.  t.  [<  late  ME.  assessc,  also  ac- 
cesse  (whence  by  apheresis  scss,  cess),  <  OF.  as- 
sesser,  <  ML.  assessare,  fix  a  rate,  impose  a  tax, 
freq.  of  L.  assidere,  pp.  assessus,  sit  beside,  be 
assessor  to  a  judge,  in  ML.  fix  a  rate,  impose  a 
tax,  assess  (cf .  assessor),  <  L.  ad,  to,  4-  sedere,  sit, 
=  E.  si'i.  Cf.  rtssice.]  1.  To  set,  fix,  or  charge  a 
certain  sum  upon,  by  w&y  of  tax :  as,  to  assess 
each  indi-vidual  in  due  proportion. 

His  metliod  of  raising  supplies  was  to  order  some  rich 
courtier  to  pay  a  sum,  and  then  sell  this  order  to  some 
speculator  with  the  power  of  torturing  the  person  assessed. 

Brougham. 

2.  To  estimate  the  value  or  amount  of  (prop- 
erty or  income)  as  a  basis  for  taxation. — 3.  To 
set,  fix,  or  determine :  as,  it  is  the  province  of 
a  jury  to  assess  damages. 

assesst  (a-ses'),  M.    [(assess,  v.]  Assessment. 

assessable  (a-ses'a-bl),  a.  [<  assess  -h  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  assessed;  liable  to  assess- 
ment. 

assessably  (a-ses'a-bli),  adv.    By  assessment. 

assession  (a-sesh'on),  M.  [<  L.  asscssio{H-),  a 
sitting  by  or  near,  <  assidere,  sit  by  or  near: 
see  assess,  v.]  A  sitting  beside  or  together ;  a 
session.  [Rare.] 

assessionary  (a-sesh'on-a-ri),  a,  [<  assession 
-(-  -ary.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  assession  or  to 
assessors:  as,  "at  the  assessionary  court,"  Ii. 
Carew,  Survey  of  Corn-wall.  [Rare.] 

assessment  (a-ses'ment),  n.  [<  ML.  assessa- 
men  tum,  <  assessare,  assess :  see  assess  and  -ment. 
Also  by  apheresis  sessment.]  1.  The  act  of  as- 
sessing, determining,  or  adjusting  the  amount 
of  taxation,  charge,  damages,  etc.,  to  be  paid 
by  an  individual,  a  company,  or  a  community. 
—  2.  The  amount  so  determined;  the  tax  or 
specific  sum  charged  upon  a  person  or  prop- 
erty: as,  an  assessment  upon  stockholders  to 
pay  corporate  debts. —  3.  An  official  valuation 
of  property,  profits,  or  income,  for  purposes  of 
taxation. —  4.  The  value  thus  ascertained  or 
assigned — Commissioners  of  estimate  and  assess- 
ment. See  commUsioner. —  Political  assessments,  in 
the  United  States,  contributions  of  money  levied  by  po- 
litical committees  upon  the  office-holders  and  candidates 
belonging  to  their  respective  parties,  in  order  to  defray 
the  expenses  of  a  political  canvass. — Union  Assessment 
Acts,  English  statutes  of  1862  (25  and  26  Vict.  c.  10::i), 
1864  (27  and  28  Vict.  c.  39),  and  1880  (43  and  44  Vict.  c.  7), 
which  relate  to  the  poor-rates  and  secure  a  uniform  valua- 
tion of  parishes  in  England.  =Syn.  Impost,  Rates,  etc. 
See  tax. 

assessor  (a-ses'or), «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  as- 
■sessour,  <  ME.  assessour,  <  OF.  assessour,  mod. 
F.  assesseur  =  Pr.  assessor  =  Sp.  asesor  =  Pg.  as- 
sessor =  It.  assessare,  <  L.  assessor,  an  assis- 
tant judge,  in  ML.  also  an  assessor  of  taxes,  lit. 
one  who  sits  by  another,  <  assidere,  sit  by :  see 
assident,  assess.]    1.  One  who  sits  by  another; 


hence,  one  who  shares  another's  position,  rank, 
or  dignity ;  an  associate  in  office. 

Don  Quixote,  .  .  .  or  his  assessors,  the  curate  and  the 
barber.  T.  }yarton,  Hist,  of  Eng.  Poetry,  I.  336. 

2.  An  inferior  officer  of  justice,  who  sits  to  as- 
sist a  judge  as  a  law  authority ;  in  Scotland, 
the  legal  ad-vdser  of  a  magistrate,  with  judicial 
powers. 

Minos  the  strict  incjuisitor  appears, 

And  lives  and  crimes  with  liis  assessors  hears. 

Dryden,  ^neid.  vi. 

3.  In  England,  a  person  chosen  to  assist  the 
mayor  and  aldermen  of  a  borough  in  matters 
concerning  elections. —  4.  In  some  imiversi- 
ties,  as  the  Scotch,  the  title  of  the  elected  mem- 
bers of  the  university  court  or  supreme  govern- 
ing body  of  the  university. —  5.  One  appointed 
to  make  assessments,  especially  for  purposes 
of  taxation — Assessor  of  the  vice-chancellor,  in 
English  universities,  a  deputy  of  the  vice-chancellor  ap- 
pointed by  him  to  hear  causes  and  to  be  his  vicegerent  in 
court.— Nautical  assessors.   See  nautical. 

assessorial  (as-e-so'ri-al),  a.  [<  assessor  +  -ial.] 
Pertaining  to  an  assessor,  or  to  a  court  of  as- 
sessors. 

assessorship  (a-ses'or-ship),  n.  [<  assessor  -I- 
-shij).]    The  office  of  assessor. 

Be  this  as  it  may,  his  progress  fi'om  the  passive  Auscul- 
tatorship  towards  any  active  Assessorship  is  evidently  of 
tlie  slowest.  Carlylc,  Sartor  Resartus,  p.  86. 

asset  (as'et),  n.    See  assets. 

assetht,  n.  [ME.,  also  aseth,  aseeth,  asethe,  as- 
scthe,  asset::,  etc.  (=  Sc.  assyth),  <  OF.  asset,  aset, 
asez,  assez,  in  the  phrase  fere  aset,  aset  fere  (<  L. 
{ad)  satis  faccre),  make  amends,  lit.  do  enough: 
see  asset,  assets,  the  same  word,  of  later  and  dif- 
ferent use  in  E.]    Satisfaction;  amends. 

■yVe  may  noghte  be  assoylede  of  the  trespase  bot  if  make 
assethe  in  that  that  we  may. 

Religious  Pieces  (ed.  Percy),  p.  6. 
Yit  never  shal  make  his  richesse 
Asseth  unto  his  greedynesse. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  5600. 

assets  (as'ets),  n.  pi.,  orig.  sing.  [<  AF.  assetz, 
asetz  (OF.  assez,  asez,  asset,  aset,  mod.  F.  assez 
=  Pr.  assatz  =  OSp.  asaz  =  Pg.  assaz,  assas  = 
It.  assai),  enough,  in  the  law  phrase  aver  assetz, 
have  enough,  taken  into  E.  as  'have  assets'; 
<  ML.  ad  satis,  lit.  up  to  enough,  equiv.  to  L. 
satis,  enough:  see  satisfy.]  1.  In  law :  (a)  Suffi- 
cient estate ;  property  sufficient  in  the  hands  of 
an  executor  or  heir  to  pay  the  debts  or  legacies 
of  the  testator  or  ancestor  to  satisfy  claims 
against  it.  (b)  Any  goods  or  property  or  right 
of  action  properly  available  for  the  payment  of 
a  bankrupt's  or  a  deceased  person's  obligations 
or  debts:  generally  used  to  signify  resources 
for  the  payment  of  debts,  etc.  Assets  are  real  or 
persnnal.  Real  assets  are  lands,  such  as  descend  to  the 
heir,  subject  to  tlie  fulfilment  of  the  obligations  of  the 
ancestor ;  personal  assets  are  the  money  or  goods  of  the 
deceased  or  insolvent,  or  debts  due  to  him,  wliich  come 
into  the  hands  of  the  executor  or  administrator,  or  which 
lie  is  to  collect  or  convert  into  money. 

2.  Property  in  general ;  all  that  one  owns,  con- 
sidered as  applicable  to  the  payment  of  his 
debts :  as,  his  assets  are  much  greater  than  his 
liabilities. —  3.  [As  a  singular,  asset]  Any 
portion  of  one's  property  or  effects  so  con- 
sidered: as,  these  shares  are  a  valuable  asset. 
—Equitable  assets.  See  e^/jo'te We.— Marshaling  as- 
sets. See  inarslial,  v. 
assevert  (a-sev'er),  v.  t.  [<  L.  asseverare,  as- 
sert strongly,  speak  in  earnest,  <  ad,  to,  + 
severus,  earnest,  serious,  severe:  see  severe.] 
To  asseverate. 

Anselnms  .  .  .  not  only  assevereth  it,  but  also  endea- 
voureth  ...  to  set  out  the  true  .  .  .  proportion  of  it. 

Fotherby,  Atheomastix,  p.  317. 

asseverate  (a-sev'er-at),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  as- 
severated,  ppr.  asseverating.  [<  L.  assevcratus, 
pp.  of  asseverare:  see  assever.]  To  affirm  or 
aver  positively,  or  with  solemnity. 

Charity  nigli  chokes 
Ere  swallow  what  they  both  asseverate; 
Tliough  down  the  gullet  faith  may  feel  it  go. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  85. 
=  Syn.  Assert,  Affirm,  Declare,  etc.  (see  assert);  to  say, 
allege,  protest,  insist,  maintain. 

asseveration  (a-sev-e-ra'shon),  n.  [<  L.  asse- 
veratio(n-),  an  earnest  declaration,  <  asseverare, 
pp.  asseveratus,  assever:  see  assever.]  1.  The 
act  of  asseverating ;  positive  affirmation  or  as- 
sertion; solemn  declaration. 

"My  God !  "  cried  the  monk,  with  a  warmth  of  e^ssevera- 
tion  which  seemed  not  to  belong  to  him. 

Sterne,  Sentimental  Journey,  p.  21. 

2.  That  which  is  asseverated;  an  emphatic 
assertion. 

He  [Leeds)  denied  with  the  most  solemn  asseverations 
that  he  had  taken  any  money  for  himself. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxi. 


asseveratlve 

asseverative  (a-sev'er-a-tiv),  u.  [<  asseverate 
+  -ive.']  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by 
asseveration. 

Jean  Thompson  looked  at  his  wife,  whose  applause  he 
prized,  and  she  answered  by  an  assevc ratine  toss  of  the 
head.  G.  W.  Cable,  Old  Creole  Days,  p.  71. 

asseveratory  (a-sev'er-a-to-ri),  a.  [<  assever- 
ate +  -ory.']  Of  the  natm-e'of  an  asseveration ; 
solemnly  or  positively  affirming  or  averring. 

After  divers  warm  and  asseveratory  answers  made  by  Mr 
Atkins,  the  captain  stopped  short  in  liis  walk. 

Moger  North,  E.\amen,  p.  247. 

ass-head  (as'hed),  n.  One  who  is  dull,  like  the 
ass ;  one  slow  of  apprehension ;  a  blockhead. 

VVill  you  help  an  ass-head,  and  a  coxcomb,  and  a  knave' 
a  thin-faced  knave,  a  gull?  Shak.,  T.  N.,  v.  1. 

assibilate  (a-sib'i-lat),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  assib- 
ilated,  ppr.  assihilating.  [<  L.  *assihilatns,  pp. 
of  assibilare,  whisper  at  or  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  sihi- 
lare,  whisper:  see  sibilant.  The  E.  sense  of 
assibilate  depends  on  that  of  sibilant.']  To  ren- 
der sibilant,  as  a  sound ;  change  into  a  sibilant 
or  hissing  sound;  alter,  as  a  sound,  by  the 
phonetic  process  called  assibilation.  Tiie  term 

may  be  applied  to  the  whole  woi'd  so  affected  :  as,  church 
IS  an  assibilated  form  of  kirk. 

assibilation  (a-sib-i-la'shon),  H.  [<  assibilate.'] 
The  act  of  making  sibilant;  specifically,  in 
philol.,  the  change  of  a  dental  or  guttural  (or  a 
labial)  mute  into  a  sibilant  (s,  z,  sh,  sh,  ch  =  tsh, 
j  =  dzli),  or  into  a  sound  approaching  that  of  a 
sibilant,  as  for  instance  a  palatal.  This  chanoe 

usually  results  from  a  tendency  to  accommodate  the  nuite 
to  an  immediately  succeeding  e,  i,  or  y  sound.  Thus  t  in 
the  Latin  natio  becomes  e(  =  *6)  in  the  Italian  nazione,  and 
IS  pronounced  s  in  the  French  nation  and  sh  in  the  Eno-lish 
nation.  Similarly,  the  English  t  approaches  or  assumes 
the  sound  of  ch  before  the  y-sound  contained  in  long  u  in 
Tiature,  virtue,  etc. 

Assidean  (as-i-de'an),  «.  [Also  Jssidwan,  Asi- 
dcean;  <  ML.  Assidei  (confused  with  L.  assidui, 
as  if  'assiduous,  zealous'),  prop.  Asidwi,  <  Gr! 
'AaiMoi,  repr.  Heb.  liasidim,  lit.  pious  ones  (usu- 
ally translated  "saints"  in  the  English  Bible), 
<  hasad  (initial  lieth),  be  pious.  The  form  Chasi- 
dean  is  approximated  to  the  Heb.]  1.  One  of  a 
sect  of  orthodox  J ews,  opposed  to  Greek  innova- 
tions. They  were  among  the  first  to  join  Mattathias,  the 
father  of  the  Maccabees,  in  defending  the  piuity  of  their 
religion  and  the  liberties  of  their  country. 

2.  One  of  a  mystical  sect  of  Polish  Jews  which 
originated  in  the  eighteenth  century. 
Also  called  Cliasidean. 
assident  (as'i-dent),  a.  [<  L.  assiden{t-)s,  ppr. 
of  assidere,  sit  by  or  near,  <  ad,  to,  +  sedere  = 
E.  sit.  See  assess  and  assiduous.]  Accompany- 
ing; concomitant.-Assident  or  accessory  signs 

or  symptoms,  m  jxUhol.,  signs  or  svmptoms  such  asusu- 
aUy,  though  not  invariably,  attend  a  disease :  distinguished 
from  pathognomonic  signs,  which  always  attend  it. 

assiduatet  (a-sid'a-at),  a.  [<  LL.  *assiduatiis, 
pp.  of  assiduare,  apply  constantly,  <  L.  assiduiis, 
assiduous:  see  assiduous.]  Constant;  contin- 
ual; assiduous. 

By  love's  assiduate  care  and  industry. 

Middleton,  Micro-Cynicon,  i.  3. 

assiduity  (as-i-dii'i-ti),  n.;  pi.  assiduities  (-tiz). 
[=  F.  assiduite,  <  L.  assiduita{t-)s,  <  assiduus  : 
see  assiduous.]  1.  Constant  or  close  applica- 
tion to  any  business  or  occupation;  diligence. 

I  have,  with  much  pains  and  assiduity,  (nialifled  myself 
for  a  nomenclator.  Addison. 

By  marvellous  assiduity,  he  [Pickering]  was  able  to  lead 
two  lives,  one  producing  the  fruits  of  earth,  the  other 
those  of  immortality.  Sumner,  Orations,  I.  140. 

2.  Solicitous  care  of  a  person  or  persons ;  con- 
stant personal  attention :  usually  in  the  plural. 

Far  from  their  native  home,  no  tender  assiduities  of 
friendship  .  .  .  relieve  their  thirst,  or  close  their  eyes  in 
<i<^ath.  j{,  Hall,  Modern  Infidelity. 

Hence  — 3t.  Sycophantic  attention ;  servility. 

The  obsequiousness  and  assiduity  of  the  court. 

Sir  R.  Naunton,  Fragmenta  Reg.  (1S08),  p.  229. 
=Syn.  1.  Industry,  Assiduity,  /  .-.Mcation,  Diligeme 
Constancy,  Perseverance,  Persistence,  care,  attention 
watchfulness,  sedulousness,  patience.  Diligence  in  labor 
often  conveys  the  idea  of  quickness.  Industry  keeps  at 
work,  leaving  no  time  idle.  Assiduitv  fliterally,  a  sittino- 
down  to  work)  sticks  quietly  to  a  particular  task,  with  the 
determination  to  succeed  in  spite  of  its  difficulty,  or  to  get 
It  done  in  spite  of  its  length.  Apijlication ,  literally,  bends 
Itself  to  Its  work,  and  is,  more  specifically  than  assiduity, 
a  steady  concentration  of  one's  powers  of  body  and  mind' 
SB,  he  was  a  man  of  extraordinary  powers  of  application: 
JMewton  attributed  all  his  own  success  to  application.  Dili- 
gence is,  literally,  fondness  for  one's  work,  and  so,  by  a 
natural  transfer,  industry  that  is  alert.  Constancy  is  the 
power  to  continue  unchanged,  as  in  affection,  or  to  hold 
on  m  any  particular  course  or  work;  it  goes  more  deeply 
into  character  than  the  others.  Per.ieverance  suggests  ob- 
stacles from  without  or  within  which  are  steadily  met 
and  IS  morally  neutral.  Persistence  may  be  good  but  it 
18  more  often  an  evil  perseverance,  as  obstinacy  or  a  de- 
termination to  carry  one's  point  against  unwillingness  or 
refusal  on  the  part  of  others.   We  speak  of  plodding  in- 


347 

dustry,  patient  assiduity,  steady  application,  great  dili- 
gence, unshaken  constancy,  undaunted  perseverance,  per- 
sistence that  will  not  take  No  for  an  answer. 

He  [Richardson]  advanced  rapidly  by  industry  and  good 
conduct,  was  taken  into  partnership,  and  ultimately  be- 
came the  head  of  an  extensive  business. 

Welsh,  Eng.  Lit.,  II.  146. 
He  was  distinguished  among  his  fellow  students  ...  by 
the  assiduity  with  which  he  often  prolonged  his  studies  far 
into  the  night.  Macaulay,  Addison. 

A  man  of  judgment  and  application  will  succeed  incom- 
parably better  in  composing  the  Tables  to  his  own  writ- 
ings than  a  stranger  can.  Boyle. 

Diligence  and  accuracy  are  the  only  merits  which  an 
historical  writer  may  ascribe  to  himself.  Gibbon. 
The  careful  search  .  .  . 
Is  made  with  all  due  diligence. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  iii.  (cho.). 
True  constancy  no  time,  no  power  can  move.  Gray. 
All  the  performances  of  human  art,  at  which  we  look 
with  praise  or  wonder,  are  instances  of  the  resistless  force 
oi perseverance.  Johnson,  Rambler,  No.  43. 

FuU-arm'd  upon  his  charger  all  day  long 
Sat  by  the  walls,  and  no  one  open'd  to  him. 
And  this  piersistence  tiu-n'd  her  scorn  to  >vrath. 

Tennyson,  Pelleas  and  Ettarre. 
assiduous  (a-sid'u-us),  a.  [<  L.  assiduus,  sit- 
ting down  to,  constantly  occupied,  unremit- 
ting, <  assidere,  sit  at  or  near :  see  assident.]  1 . 
Constant  in  application ;  attentive  ;  devoted  : 
as,  a  person  assiduous  in  his  occupation;  an 
assiduous  physician  or  nurse. 

The  most  assiduous  tale-bearers  .  .  .  are  often  half- 
witted. Government  of  the  Tongue. 

2.  Constant;  unremitting:  applied  to  actions. 

In  some  places  the  deep  sand  could  with  difficulty  be 
forced  by  assiduous  tillage  to  yield  thin  crops  of  rye  and 
oats.  Macaulay,  Frederic  the  Great. 

To  weary  him  with  my  ass-iduous  cries. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  310. 
His  character,  ...  as  displayed  in  his  works,  repays 
the  most  assiduous  study.    Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  II.  74 


assignation 


=  Syn.  1.  Sedulous,  diligent,  active,  busy,  constant  pa- 
tient, persevering,  laborious,  unceasing,  indefatigable  un- 
tiring.   See  assiduity. 

assiduously  (a-sid'ii-us-li),  adv.  In  an  assidu- 
ous manner;  diligently;  attentively;  with  ear- 
nestness and  care. 

Many  persons  have  attained  a  marvellous  proficiency  in 
falsehood,  and  tell  lies  as  assiduously  as  a  friar  does  his 
•jeads.  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  121. 

assiduousness  (a-sid'u-us-ne*s),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  assiduous ;  constant  or  diligent  ap- 
plication. =  Syn.  See  comparison  under  assiduity 
assieget,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  asegen,  <  OF.  aseger,  as- 
seger,  asegier,  F.  assieger  =  Pr.  asetjar  =  Sp. 
asediar=Pg.  assediar  =  It.  assediare,<  ML.  as- 
sediare,  besiege,  beset,  <  assedimm,  a  siege,  <  L. 
ad,  to,  by^  -I-  -sedium,  as  in  L.  obsidium,  a  siege 
{ob,  before,  in  front  of),  <  sedere  =  E.  sit.  Cf . 
besiege  and  siege.]  To  besiege. 
The  Grekes  ...  the  cite  long  assegeden. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  60. 
On  th'  other  syde,  th'  assieged  Castles  ward 
Their  stedfast  stonds  did  mightily  maintaine. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xi.  15. 

assieget,  n.    [<  assiege,  v.]    A  siege. 

Al  the  assege  of  Thebes.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  107. 

assiegementt,  w.  l<  assiege  + -ment.]  A  siege 
or  state  of  siege ;  a  belea'guering. 
assientist  (as-e-en'tist),  n.  [<  Sp.  asentista,< 
asien  to :  see  assiento.]  One  connected  with  the 
furnishing  of  slaves  by  assiento.  Bancroft. 
assiento  (as-e-en'to),  n.  [<  Sp.  asiento,  for- 
merly assiento,  a  seat,  seat  in  a  court,  a  con- 
tract, treaty,  <  asentar,  formerly  assentar  (= 
Pg.  assentar  =:It.  assentare),  place  in  a  seat,  ad- 
just, make  an  agreement,  <  ML.  as  if  *asseden- 
tare,  cause  to  sit,  <  L.  ad,  to,  -I-  seden(t-)s,  ppr. 
of  sedere  =  E.  sit.]  Formerly,  an  exclusive 
contract  made  by  Spain  with  foreign  powers  or 
merchants  for  the  supply  of  African  slaves  to 

AmeTican  possessions.  The  last  assiento,  held 
by  British  merchants  under  the  treaty  of  Utrecht  1713 
was  abrogated  or  relinquished  in  1750,  ' 

assign  (a-sin'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  assignen,  asignen, 
<  OP.  assigner,  asigner,  <  L.  assignare,  mark 
out,  appoint,  assign,  distribute,  allot,  <  ad,  to, 
+  signare,  mark,  <  signum,  mark,  sign:  see 
sign.]  1.  To  set  apart;  make  over  by  distribu- 
tion or  appropriation ;  apportion;  allot. 
The  priests  had  a  portion  assigned  them.  Gen.  xlvii.  22. 
Mr.  Buckle's  fundamental  error  lay  in  the  attempt  to 
assign  distinct  parts  to  elements  of  human  nature  that  in 
reality  cannot  be  separated.   J.  Fiske,  Evolutionist,  p.  217. 

To  each  [province]  was  assigned  a  governor  experienced 
in  the  law  who  dealt  with  taxation  and  finance. 

C.  Elton,  Orig.  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  336. 
2.  To  point  out ;  show ;  designate ;  specify. 
All  as  the  Dwarfe  the  way  to  her  assynd. 

Spenser,  F.  Q,,  I.  via.  28. 


It  is  not  easy  to  assign  a  period  more  eventful. 

De  Quincey. 

With  the  help  of  the  scale  of  numbers,  then,  any  as- 
signed  continuous  quantity  will  serve  as  a  standanl  by 
winch  the  whole  scale  of  (luantities  may  be  represented. 

ir.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  3*8. 

3.  To  give,  furnish,  or  specify :  as,  to  a.ssign  a 
reason  for  anything.— 4.  To  appoint;  select 
for  a  duty  or  office  :  as,  the  officer  assigned  to 
the  charge  of  a  military  department. 

Knights  assigned  to  enforce  the  oath  of  peace  and  the 
hue  and  cry  appear  as  early  as  the  year  1195.  Their  des- 
ignation as  assigned  seems  to  prove  that  tliey  were  royal 
nominees  and  not  elected  officers  ;  but  their  early  history 
IS  obscure.  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  II.  283. 

5.  To  ascribe  ;  attribute ;  refer. 
'There  are  many  causes  to  which  one  may  axsign  this 

light  infidelity.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  448. 

6.  In  law:  (a)  To  transfer  or  make  over  to  an- 
other the  right  one  has  in  any  object,  as  in  an 
estate,  chose  in  action,  or  reversion,  especial- 
ly in  trust  for  the  security  of  creditors :  rare- 
ly applied  to  testamentary  transfers,  (b)  To 
show  or  set  forth  with  particularity :  as,  to  as- 
sign error  in  a  writ ;  to  assign  false  judgment, 
(c)  To  point  out  or  substantiate  as  a  charge: 
as,  perjury  cannot  be  assigned  on  an  oath  taken 
without  the  jurisdiction  of  the  officer  adminis- 
tering it —  To  assign  dower,  to  allot  or  portion  out 

to  a  widow  the  part  of  land  forming  her  dower  therein  • 
to  fix  the  boundaries  of  the  widow's  share  in  an  estate  — 
To  assign  in  bankruptcy,  to  transfer  property  to  and 
vest  It  in  assignees  for  the  benefit  of  the  creditors.  =  Syn 
1.  VLipeme,  Distribute,  etc.  (see  dispen.ie).—  Z  Adduce' 
Allege,  etc.  (see  adduce) ;  to  determine,  give,  name  present' 

assignt  (a-sin'),  w.i  [<  assign,  v.]  1.  Assign- 
ment; appointment.— 2.  Design;  purpose;  ob- 
ject. 

He  aim'd  at  high  designs,  and  so  attain'd 
The  high  assigns  to  whicli  his  spirit  aim'd. 

Ford,  Fame's  Memorial. 

assign  (a-sin'),  M.2  [The  same,  with  loss  of  the 
imal  syllable,  as  assignee,  <  ME.  assigne  (three 
syllables),  <  OF.  assigne,  prop.  pp.  of  assigner, 
assign :  see  assign,  v.]  1.  A  person  to  whom  the 
property  or  interest  of  another  is  or  may  be 
transferred  :  as,  a  deed  to  a  man  and  his  heirs 
and  assigns. 

Scrooge  was  his  sole  executor,  his  sole  administrator  his 
sole  assign.  Dickens,  Christmas  Carol,  i. 

The  exclusive  right  of  frequenting  all  the  countries  that 
might  be  found  was  reserved  to  them  [John  Cabot  and  his 
sons]  and  to  their  assigns.  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  8. 
[Assign  is  a  broader  word  than  assignee.  The  assiqnees  of 
a  person  are  usually  understood  to  mean  those  who  take 
immediately  from  him,  by  his  assignment ;  the  assigns  of 
a  person  include  all  who  acquire  title  under  his  transfer 
immediately  or  remotely.]  ' 
2t.  A  thing  pertaining  to  something  else  ;  an 
appurtenance ;  an  appendage.  [Afl:ected.] 

Six  French  rapiers  and  poniards,  with  tlieir  assimu,  as 
gu'dle,  hangers,  or  so.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

assignability  (a-si-na-bil'i-ti),  w.  [<  assigna- 
ble :  see  -bility.]  Capability  of  being  assigned, 
assignable  (a-si'na-bl),  a.  [=  F.  assignable;  < 
assign.  +  -able.]  1.  Capable  of  being  allotted, 
appointed,  or  assigned:  as,  an  a.ssignable  note 
or  bill.— 2.  Capable  of  being  specified,  shown, 
designated,  or  expressed  with  precision :  as,  an 
assignable  reason ;  an  assignable  magnitude. 

His  [a  soldier's]  fighting  condition  was  needed  not  on 
one  or  two  days  consecutively,  but  on  many  days,  and  not 
against  a  day  punctually  assignable,  but  against  a  season 
or  period  perhaps  of  months.  De  Quincey,  Plato. 

While  on  the  one  hand  industry  is  limited  by  capital  so 
on  the  other  every  increase  of  capital  gives,  or  is  capable 
of  giving,  additional  employment  to  industry ;  and  this 
without  assignable  limits.       J.  S.  Mill,  Pol.  Econ.,  I.  82. 

3.  Capable  of  being  attributed;  attributable.— 

4.  In  law,  predieable ;  capable  of  being  pointed 
out  or  substantiated  :  as,  perjury  is  not  assigna- 
ble ot  testimony  on  an  immaterial  point. 

assignably  (a-si'na-bli),  adv.    In  an  assignable 
manner. 

assignat  (as'ig-nat ;  F.  pron.  a-se-nya'),  n.  [F., 

<  L.  assignatus,  pp.  of  assignare,  assign,  allot: 
see  assign,  v.]  1.  One  of  the  notes  forming 
the  paper  currency  issued  in  France  during  the 
revolution  from  1789  to  1796.  The  assignats  were 
based  on  the  security  of  the  confiscated  church  lands,  and 
afterward  of  all  the  national  domains  and  other  property. 
They  were  issued  to  the  amount  of  over  forty -five  billion 
francs,  and  before  they  were  withdrawn  deteriorated  to 
less  than  one  three-hundredth  of  their  face  value. 

2.  In  French  law,  the  assignment  of  an  annuity 
on  an  estate,  by  which  the  annuity  is  based  on 
the  security  of  the  latter :  now  little  used, 
assignation  (as-ig-na'shon),  n.    [=  F.  assigna- 
tion, <  L.  assignatio(n-),  assignment,  allotment, 

<  assignare,  pp.  assignatus :  see  assign,  v.]  1. 
The  act  of  assigning  or  allotting;  the  act  of  fix- 
ing or  specifying. 

The  assignation  of  particular  names  to  denote  particular 
objects.  Adam  Smith,  Origin  o(  Languages. 


assignation 


348 


assistance 


2.  An  appointment  of  time  and  place  for  meet- 
ing: iiseil  c'hiefiy  of  love-meetings,  and  now 
generally  in  a  bad  sense. —  3.  The  legal  trans- 
fer of  a  right  or  title,  or  the  deed  by  which  this 
is  made;  an  assignment. — 4t.  Paper  currency ; 
a  bill ;  an  assignat. 

assignee  (as-i-ne'),  «■  [<  F.  assigne,  pp.  of  as- 
si(jiicr,  assign :  see  assign,  r.]  A  person  to  whom 
a  transfer  of  some  right  or  interest  is  made, 
either  for  his  own  enjoyment  or  in  trust.  An 

assignee  may  take  title  by  act  of  the  previous  owner  or  by 
operation  of  law,  as  in  the  case  of  an  atliiiiiiistrator.  See 
note  under  asuirjn'^,  1.— Assignee  in  bankruptcy,  or 
assignee  in  insolvency,  a  person  to  whom  is  transferred 
the  title  to  the  estate  of  a  bankrupt  or  insolvent,  for  the 
purpose  of  its  preservation  and  proper  distribution  among 
creditors. 

assigner  (a-si'ner),  n.  One  who  assigns,  ap- 
points, or  allots.    See  assignor.  [Rare.] 

assignment  (a-sin'ment),  ».  [<  ME.  assigne- 
ment,  <  OF.  assigiiement,  <  ML.  assignamentum, 
<  L.  assignare :  see  assign,  v.,  and  -ment.'\  1. 
The  act  of  apportioning  or  allotting;  allot- 
ment.—  2.  The  act  of  setting  apart,  appoint- 
ing, designating,  or  specifying. 

The  only  thing  that  maketh  any  place  public  is  the  public 
assignment  thereof  unto  such  duties.  Hooker. 

3.  That  which  has  been  assigned,  as  a  particu- 
lar task  or  duty. — 4.  Specifically,  in  law:  (a) 
The  transference  of  a  right  or  an  interest.  See 
assign,  v.,  6  (a),  (b)  A  pointing  out  or  setting 
forth:  as,  the  assignment  of  error. —  5.  The 
writing  by  which  an  interest  is  transferred. — 
6t.  An  allotment,  allowance,  or  pension;  a 
sum  allowed. —  7.  Formerly,  in  Australia,  the 
allotting  of  convicts  as  impaid  servants  to  colo- 
nists, in  order  to  relieve  the  authorities  of  the 
expense  of  the  convict  establishments. 

The  expense  of  the  Australian  convict  establishments 
was  enormous,  and  some  change  in  system  was  inevitable. 
These  were  the  conditions  that  brought  about  the  plan  of 
assigyunmts,  in  other  words,  of  freely  lending  the  convicts 
to  any  one  who  would  relieve  the  authorities  of  the  bur- 
densome charge.  Encijc.  Brit.,  XIX.  750. 

Assignment  of  dower.  See  assign,  c— Assignment 
of  errors.    See  f;)!))-.— General  assignment  (more 

fully,  assigiiiiiriif  fur  benefit  of  crediturK),  an  assignment 
of  all  the  assiiiuor  s  property  not  exempt  from  execution, 
in  trust  to  pay  his  creditors. — New  assignment,  a 
method  of  pleading  at  common  law  to  which  the  plaintiff 
was  obliged  to  resort  in  his  replication,  for  the  purpose 
of  setting  the  defendant  right  where  the  latter,  through 
misappreheusion  of  the  real  cause  of  complaint  as  stated 
in  the  declaration,  had  been  led  to  apply  his  plea  to  a  dif- 
ferent matter  from  that  which  the  plaintiff  liad  in  view. 
Stephen.    Also  called  novel  assignment. 

assignor  (as-i-n6r'),  n.  In  law,  one  who  makes 
an  assignment,  or  assigns  an  interest. 

assilag  (as'i-lag),  n.  [E.  dial.]  A  local  Brit- 
ish name  of  the  petrel,  Procellaria  pelagica. 
Montagu. 

assimiiability  (a-sim"i-la-biri-ti),  n.  [<  assimi- 
lable :  see  -bilitij.'\  The  quality  of  being  assimi- 
lable. Coleridge. 

assimilable  (a-sim'i-la-bl),  a.  and  n.    [<  ML. 
assimilabilis,  that  can  be  made  like,  <  L.  assimi- 
lare:  see  assimilate.']    I.  a.  Capable  of  being 
assimilated,  in  any  sense  of  that  word. 
II.  n.  That  which  can  be  assimilated.  [Rare.] 

Meeting  no  assimilables  wherein  to  re-act  their  natures. 

Sir  T.  Broime,  Vulg.  Err.,  vii.  19. 

assimilate  (a-sim'i-lat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  assimi- 
lated, ppr.  assimilating.  [<  L.  ussimilatus,  pp. 
of  assimilare,  adsimilarc,  mixed  with  assimulare, 
adsimulare,  make  alike,  compare,  more  fre- 
quently imitate,  feign,  simulate ;  <  ad,  to,  + 
similis,  like  (related  to  simul,  together) :  see 
simulate,  similar.  To  an  erroneous  supposition 
that  the  ancients  used  assimilare  for  the  sense 
'make  like,'  and  assimulare  for  the  sense  'coun- 
terfeit,' is  due  the  existence  of  the  correspond- 
ing E.  forms  assimilate  and  assimulate,  with  the 
same  distinction  of  sense :  see  assimulate.  Cf . 
assemble^,  also  ult.  <  L.  assimilare.']    I.  trans. 

1.  To  make  alike;  cause  to  resemble. 

Fast  falls  a  fleecy  shower  ;  the  downy  flakes  .  .  . 

Assimilate  all  objects.  Cowper,  Task,  iv.  328. 

A  mouse's  squeak  assimilates  itself  in  thought  with 
sounds  of  high  pitch,  and  not  with  sounds  like  the  bellow- 
ing of  a  bull.  H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  114. 

2.  In  philol.,  to  render  accordant,  or  less  dis- 
cordant, in  sound ;  bring  to  or  toward  agree- 
ment in  mode  of  utterance  :  said  of  alphabetic 
sounds  as  affected  by  other  neighboring  soimds, 
generally  (but  not  always)  in  the  same  word. 
See  assimilation,  (d). —  3.  To  compare;  liken; 
class. 

He  assimilated  the  relation  between  teacher  and  pupil 
to  that  between  two  lovers  or  two  intimate  friends. 

Grote,  Hist.  Greece,  II.  67. 

4.  To  convert  into  a  substance  suitable  for  ab- 
sorption by  an  animal  or  vegetable  system ;  ab- 


sorb and  incorporate  into  the  system;  incorpo- 
rate with  organic  tissues :  as,  to  assimilate  food. 
Hence,  in  general,  to  appropriate  and  incorporate,  as  the 
body  does  food  :  as,  such  ideas  cannot  be  assimilated  by 
the  mind. 

5.  To  bring  into  conformity ;  adapt. 

By  religion  the  truths  thus  obtained  [from  theology]  are 
turned  over  in  the  mind  and  assimilated  by  the  imagina- 
tion and  the  feelings.     J.  R.  Seeley,  Nat.  Religion,  p.  50. 

6.  To  conform  to ;  make  one's  own ;  adopt. 
The  ease  with  which  she  assimilates  the  city  life  when  in 

it,  making  it  a  part  of  her  imaginative  tapestry,  is  a  sign  of 
the  power  to  which  she  has  grown. 

Marg.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  274. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  become  similar;  beccnne 
like  something  or  somebody  else;  hannonize. 

Do  but  put  them  in  relationship,  and  no  division  into 
castes,  no  differences  of  wealth,  can  prevent  men  from 
assimilating.  H.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  254. 

A  people  whose  differences  of  religion,  language,  and 
general  habits  made  them  not  only  incapable  of  assimilat- 
ing with  their  Christian  neighbors,  but  almost  their  natu- 
ral enemies.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  15. 

2.  To  be  taken  into  and  incorporated  with  an- 
other body ;  be  converted  into  the  substance  of 
another  body,  as  food  by  digestion. 

For  whatsoever  assimilateth  not  to  flesh  turneth  either 
to  sweat  or  fat.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. ,  §  899. 

3.  To  perform  the  act  of  converting  anything, 
as  food,  into  the  substance  of  that  which  con- 
verts it:  as,  "birds  assimilate  .  .  .  less  than 
beasts,"  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  $  680. 

No  organs  which  are  destitute  of  chlorophyll  can  assimi- 
late. Sachs,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  626. 

assimilateness  (a-sim'i-lat-nes),  n.  [<  *assimi- 
late,  a.  (<  L.  assimilatus,  pp.),  +  -ness.]  Like- 
ness. Bailey. 

assimilation  (a-sim-i-la'shon),  n,  [=F.  assimi- 
lation, <  L.  assimilatio{n-),  assimulatio{n-),  a 
being  similar,  <  assimilare,  assimulare :  see  as- 
similate.] The  act  or  process  of  assimilating 
or  of  being  assimilated.  Specifically — (a)  The  act  or 
process  of  making  or  becoming  like  or  identical ;  the  act  or 
process  of  bringing  into  harmony :  followed  by  to  or  with. 

It  is  as  well  the  instinct  as  duty  of  our  nature  to  aspire 
to  an  assimilation  leith  God.  Decay  of  Christ.  Piety. 

In  this  long  stillness  the  fusion  of  conquerors  and  con- 
quered, the  Christianization  and  civilization  of  the  Nor- 
man, his  assimilation  in  political  and  social  temper  to  the 
France  beside  him,  went  steadily  on. 

J.  B.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  374. 
(6)  In  physiol. ,  the  act  or  process  by  which  organisms  con- 
vert and  absorb  nutriment,  so  that  it  becomes  part  of  the 
fluid  or  solid  substances  composing  them. 

To  these  preparatory  changes,  which  fit  the  crude  food 
materials  for  protoplasmic  food,  the  general  name  of  as- 
similation has  been  given.  Bessey,  Botany,  p.  178. 

Plants  and  animals  increase  by  assimilation  and  trans- 
formation, mineralsby  attraction  and  aggregation.  Page. 
(c)  In  pathol.,  the  supposed  conversion,  according  to  an 
obsolete  theory,  of  the  fluids  of  the  body  to  the  nature  of 
any  morbific  matter,  (rf)  In  philol.,  the  act  or  process  by 
which  one  alphabetic  sound  is  rendered  like,  or  less  un- 
like, another  neighboring  sound  ;  a  lightening  of  the 
effort  of  utterance  by  lessening  or  removing  the  discor- 
dance of  formation  between  different  sounds  in  a  word,  or 
in  contiguous  words.  The  kinds  and  degrees  of  assimila- 
tion are  very  various,  and  include  a  large  part  of  the  his- 
torical changes  in  the  phonetic  form  of  words.  Examples 
are  assimilate  from  L.  ad-similare,  correction  from  L.  con- 
rectio,  impend  from  L.  in-petidere,  L.  rectus  from  reg-tus,  L. 
rex  {reks)  from  reg-s,  E.  legs  (pronounced  legz),  reaped  (pro- 
nounced reapt),  and  so  on. —  Little  assimilations,  in 
Oxford,  a  meeting  of  the  masters  and  two  proctors,  called 
by  the  vice-chancellor,  in  the  congregation  house,  on  the 
ringing  of  the  little  bell.  This  meeting  is  authorized  to 
read,  approve,  and  seal  any  letters  concerning  the  public 
laws  of  the  university,  written  conformably  to  the  decree 
of  Convocation,  and  also  to  set  seal  to  decrees  of  Convoca- 
tion, and  to  despatch  minor  matters, 
assimilative  (a-sim'i-la-tiv),  a.  [=  F.  assimila- 
tif;  <  assimilate  +  -ive.]  Characterized  by  as- 
similation ;  capable  of  assimilating  or  of  caus- 
ing assimilation :  as,  assimilative  substances  or 
organs. 

The  desert  birds  are  still  more  remarkably  protected  by 
their  assimilative  hues.    A.  R.  Wallace,  Nat.  Selec,  p.  50. 
A  bookishness  as  assimilative  as  that  of  Hunt  or  Lamb. 

Stedman,  Poets  of  America,  p.  184. 

assimilatory  (a-sim'i-la-to-ri),  a.  [<  assimilate 
+  -ory.]  Tending  to '  assimilate  ;  producing 
assimilation ;  assimilative :  as,  assimilatory  or- 
gans. 

The  assimilatory  cells,  though  the  most  important  mem- 
bers of  the  society  of  cells,  are  not  the  only  ones,  by  any 
means,  essential  to  the  welfare  of  the  body  corporate. 

S.  B.  Herrick,  Plant  Life,  p.  24. 

Assiminia  (as-i-min'i-a),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of 
gastropodous  mollusks,  giving  name  to  the  fam- 
ily Assiminiida,  by  some  refeiTed  to  the  family 
Littorinidce,  or  periwinkles.  Also  spelled  Assi- 
minea. 

assiminiid  (as-i-min'i-id),  n.    A  gastropod  of 

the  family  Assiminiidw. 

Assiminiida  (as"i-mi-ni'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Assiminia  +  -idee,]    A  family  of  tsenioglossate 


gastropods,  typified  by  the  genus  Assiminia, 

Tlie  eyes  are  at  the  tips  of  special  peduncles  which  are 
connate  with  the  tentacles.  The  shell  is  conical,  with  an 
oral  aperture.  Progression  is  ertected  by  a  looping  move- 
ment, the  rostrum  and  small  foot  being  alternately  applied 
to  the  ground.  The  species  are  of  small  size,  and  terres- 
trial or  amphibious. 

assimulatet  (a-sim'u-lat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  as- 
simulated,  ppr.  assimulating.  [<  L.  assimulattis, 
pp.  of  assimidare,  adsimidare,  also  assimilare, 
adsimilare,  make  alike,  feign,  counterfeit,  etc. : 
see  assimilate.  Cf.  assemble'^,  also  ult.  <  L.  assi- 
midare.]   To  feign;  simulate.   Coles,  1111. 

assimulationt  (a-sim-u-la'shon),  w.  [<  L.  assi- 
mulatio(n-),  adsimulatio{n-),  '<  assimulare,  etc. : 
s&e  assimulate.]   A  counterfeiting  ;  simulation. 

assinegot,  «•    See  asinego. 

assis  (as'is;  F.  pron.  a-se'),  a.  [F.,  pp.  of  as- 
seoir,  sit:  see  assize,]  In  her.,  sitting;  same  as 
sejant. 

assiset,  «•  and  v.  t.    See  assise. 
assiser,  n.    See  assizer. 

assish  (as'ish),  a.  [<  assi  +  -ish^.]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  an  ass ;  asinine ;  absurd- 
ly stupid  or  obstinate:  as,  "the  assish  kind," 
Udall,  Luke  xix. ;  "an  assish  phrase,"  Mrs. 
Cowden  Clarke. 

assisor,  n.    See  assizer. 

assist  (a-sisf),  1'.  [<  F.  assister  (=  Sp.  asistir 
=  Pg.  dssistir=lt.  assistere),  help,  attend,  etc., 
<  L.  assistere,  stand  at  or  by,  <  ad,  at,  to,  + 
sistere,  place,  stand,  a  redupl.  form  of  stare, 
stand :  see  stand.  Cf .  consist,  desist,  insist,  per- 
sist, resist]  I,  trans.  If.  To  attend;  be  present 
at  or  with ;  take  part  with. 

The  king  and  prince  at  prayers !  let's  assist  them. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  1. 

2.  To  help ;  aid ;  succor ;  give  support  to  in  some 
undertalong  or  effort,  or  in  time  of  distress. 

Assist  her  in  whatsoeverbusiness  she  hath  need  of  you. 

Rom.  xvi.  2. 

Soon  after  Christianity  had  achieved  its  triumph,  the 
principle  which  had  assisted  it  began  to  corrupt  it. 

Macaulay,  Milton. 

3.  To  be  associated  ■with  as  an  assistant.  =  S3na. 
2.  To  second,  back,  support,  further,  sustain,  serve;  be- 
friend, relieve. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  lend  aid  or  help. 

In  every  turn  of  state,  without  meddling  on  either  side, 
he  [Lord  Leicester]  has  always  been  favourable  and  assist- 
ing to  oppressed  merit.    Dryden,  Ded.  of  Don  Sebastian. 

God  .  .  .  constituted  several  ranks  and  qualities  of 
men,  that  they  might  mutually  assist  to  the  support  of 
each  other.  R.  Nelson,  Fasts  and  Festivals. 

2.  To  be  present,  as  at  a  public  meeting;  take 
part,  as  in  a  ceremony  or  discussion.  [A  Galli- 
cism.] 

It  would  require  the  pen  of  Tacitus  (if  Tacitus  had  as- 
sisted at  this  assembly)  to  describe  the  various  emotions 
of  the  senate.  Gibbon. 

In  our  age  all  the  nation  may  be  said  to  assist  at  every 
deliberation  of  the  Lords  and  Commons. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

3.  In  euchre,  to  order  the  adoption  of  the  suit 
to  which  the  card  turned  up  as  trump  belongs, 
when  this  order  is  given  by  the  partner  of  the 
dealer. 

assistance  (a-sis'tans),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  and 
ME.  assistence,  later,  after  F.,  assistance,  <  ML. 
assistentia,  <  L.  assistere :  see  assist  and  assis- 
tant.] 1.  (a)  A  being  present ;  presence;  at- 
tendance. (6)  The  persons  present;  specta- 
tors ;  audience.  [In  these  uses  obsolete,  or  in 
conscious  imitation  of  the  French.]  —  2.  Help; 
aid ;  furtherance ;  succor ;  a  contribution  in 
aid,  by  bodily  strength  or  other  means. 
Wliere  we  do  reign,  we  will  alone  uphold, 
Without  the  assistance  of  a  mortal  hand. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  ill.  1. 

3t.  An  assistant  or  helper;  assistants  collec- 
tively. 

Wat  Tyler  [was]  killed  by  valiant  Walworth  .  .  .  and 
his  assistance  .  .  .  John  Cavendish.  Fuller. 

Hence,  specifically — 4.  In  Eng.  common  law  and 
Amer.  colonial  law,  a  general  name  for  a  some- 
what undefined  body  of  subordinate  parish  or 
town  officers  or  auxiliaries,  apparently  includ- 
ing, as  sometimes  used,  the  ex-officers,  in  their 
customary  function  of  ad'visers — Court  of  as- 
sistance. See  co«/  e.— Divine  assistance,  in  Cartesian 
philosophy,  the  act  of  God  in  moving  the  body  when 
the  soul  forms  a  volition.  See  occasionalism.— "Writ  of 
assistance,  {a)  A  writ  commanding  the  sheriff  to  put 
into  possession  the  successful  party  in  a  decree  of  chan- 
cery awarding  possession  of  land  :  so  called  because  it  was 
in  assistance  of  the  execution  of  the  decree.  (6)  In  Amer. 
hist.,  a  writ  issued  by  a  superior  colonial  coui't,  on  alleged 
precedents  of  the  English  Court  of  Exchequer,  authorizing 
any  officers  of  the  crown,  in  the  process  of  executing  the 
acts  of  trade,  to  summon  assistance  and  enter  and  search 
any  premises.  The  attempt  to  use  such  writs  in  Massa- 
chusetts, defeated  in  1761,  was  one  of  the  abuses  which  led 
to  the  revolution.  =  Syn.  2.  Aid,  support,  backing,  relief. 


assistant 

assistant  (a-sis'tant),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  and  ME.  assisient,  later,  after  F.,  assistant, 
=  Sp.  asistente  =  Pg.  It.  assistente,  <  L.  assis- 
ten(t-)s,v'pT.  of  assistere :  see  assist  and -a»<l, 
-ent.']  I.  a.  If.  Standing  by ;  present ;  accom- 
panying. 

Christ  hath  promised  in  both  sacraments  to  be  assistent 
with  us.  Crammer,  Sacrament,  p.  45.   (N.  E.  D.) 

No  prophane  thing  ought  to  have  accesse,  nothing  to  be 
assistant  but  sage  and  Christianly  Admonition,  brotherly 
Love,  flaming  Charity,  and  Zeale.  Milton,  Ref.  in  Eng.,  ii. 

2.  Present  to  help ;  helpful ;  aiding  or  fitted  to 
aid  and  support ;  auxiliary :  with  to. 
Mutually  and  greatly  assistant  to  each  other. 

Seattle,  Moral  Science,  i.  1. 
Assistant  engine,  a  steam  or  hydraulic  motor  used  to 
control  the  reversing-gear  of  a  marine  engine,  or  to  turn 
the  shaft  when  the  main  engine  is  at  rest.  See  engine. — 
Assistant  form.  See/orjn. 

II.  n.  If.  One  who  stands  by;  a  bystander; 
one  who  takes  part  in  anything :  usually  in  the 
plural. 

The  growing  circumference  was  observed  with  astonish- 
ment by  the  assistants.    Gibbon,  Decline  and  Fall,  II.  11. 

2.  One  who  stands  by  to  help ;  one  who  helps ; 
a  helper ;  an  auxiliary ;  specifically,  one  who  is 
associated  with  another  as  an  atixiliary  in  car- 
rying on  some  systematic  work  or  undertaking, 
or  in  discharging  the  duties  of  an  o£Sce:  as, 
the  harbor-master  and  his  assistants;  a  book- 
keeper's assistant. — 3.  An  oflicial  auxiliary  to 
the  father-general  of  the  Jesuits.  Erroneous- 
ly called  adjutant-general. — 4t.  [Sp.  asistente.} 
The  chief  officer  of  justice  at  Seville. 

The  assistant  sits  to-morrow. 
Fletcher  (and  another),  Spanish  Curate,  iii.  1. 

5.  In  the  Massachiisetts  Bay  and  Plymouth  col- 
onies, one  of  the  elected  councilors  who  consti- 
tuted the  governor's  council  and  the  upper  house 
of  the  legislature.  The  number  of  assistants  in 
the  former  was  eighteen ;  in  the  latter,  origi- 
nally five,  later  seven. — 6.  In  dyeing,  a  sub- 
stance, such  as  tartaric  acid,  acetate  of  lime, 
or  sulphate  of  soda,  added  to  the  dye-bath,  to 
effect  a  brightening  of  the  color  Court  of  As- 
sistants. See  court. 
assistantlyt  (a-sis'tant-li),  adv.  In  a  manner 
to  give  aid.  Sternhold. 

assistantship  (a-sis'tant-sMp),  n.  The  office 
or  position  of  assistant. 

assistencyt  (a-sis'ten-si),  n.  Helpfulness ;  as- 
sistance. 

assister  (a-sis'ter),  w.    1.  One  who  stands  by; 
one  who  takes  part  in  anything,  as  a  public 
ceremony  or  assembly.   [Archaic] — 2,  An  as- 
sistant. 
Also  spelled  assistor. 

assistless  (a-sist'les),  a.  [<  assist  +  -less.  Cf . 
resistless.']  "Without  aid  or  help;  helpless. 
[Rare.] 

Stupid  he  stares,  and  all  assistless  stands. 

Pope,  Iliad,  srvi.  970. 

assistor  (a-sis'tor),  n.  [<  assist  +  -or.]  Same 
as  assister :  used  in  legal  documents. 

assize  (a-siz'),  n.  [<  ME.  assize,  assise,  asise, 
assys,  also  corruptly  acise,  accise  ( >  mod.  excise, 
q.  v.),  and  by  apheresis  sise,  syse  (>mod.  E.  size, 
q.  V. ) ;  <  OF.  assise,  asise,  a  sitting,  session,  esp. 
of  a  court,  judgment,  appointment,  settlement, 
assessment,  impost,  tax,  etc.,  prop.  fern,  of 
asis,  assis,  pp.  of  aseir,  later  and  mod.  F.  as- 
seoir,  <  L.  assidere,  sit  by  as  assistant  or  assess- 
or, hence  in  ML.  and  OF.,  etc.,  appoint,  settle, 
assess,  etc.:  see  assident,  assess.]  If.  Origi- 
nally, a  sitting  or  session  of  a  legislative  body 
or  court. 

Frequent  assizes  were  held,  and  as  of  old,  when  the  sword 
of  justice  was  sharpened,  the  receipts  of  the  Treasury  in- 
creased. Stubbs,  Const.  Hist. ,  §  682. 

Hence — 2t.  An  edict,  ordinance,  or  enactment 
made  at  such  a  session  or  sitting,  or  issued  by 
such  a  body.  SpeciflcaUy,  in  Eng.  hist.  :  (a)  An  ordi- 
nance fixing  the  weight,  measure,  and  price  of  articles 
of  general  consumption  sold  in  market :  as,  the  assize 
of  measures  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.,  and  the  assize  of 
bread  and  ale  (51  Hen.  III.).  Hence— (i>)  The  standard 
weights  and  measures  appointed  to  be  kept  in  any  dis- 
trict :  as,  the  custody  of  the  assize,  (c)  In  a  more  general 
sense,  measurement ;  dimensions  ;  a  measiu'e  of  rating. 

I  saw  a  stately  frame. 
An  hundred  cubits  high  by  just  assize. 

Spenser,  Visions  of  Bellay,  st.  2. 
3.  A  jury,  or  trial  by  jury :  now  used  only  in 
Scotland  with  reference  to  criminal  causes. 
See  grand  assize,  below. — 4t.  A  name  given  to 
certain  writs  commanding  juries  to  be  sum- 
nioned  f  or  the  trial  of  causes :  as,  assize  of  novel 
disseizin,  the  ancient  common-law  remedy  for 
the  recovery  of  the  possession  of  lands. —  5t. 
The  verdict  of  a  jury  in  such  a  case.— 6.  The 


349 

periodical  session  held  by  royal  commission  by 
at  least  one  of  the  judges  of  the  superior  courts 
directed  to  take  the  assizes  or  verdicts  of  a  par- 
ticular jury  (anciently  called  the  assize),  in  each 
of  the  counties  of  England  and  Wales  (with 
the  exception  of  London  and  the  parts  adjoin- 
ing), for  the  purpose  of  trying  issues  nisi  prius 
and  jail-deUvery  for  criminal  cases :  popularly 
called  the  assizes.  [This  is  the  only  sense  in  which  the 
word  is  now  used  in  law.)  The  commission  by  which  as- 
sizes are  held  is  either  general  or  special.  A  general  com- 
mission is  issued  twice  a  year  to  the  judges  of  the  High 
Court  of  J ustice,  two  judges  being  usually  assigned  to  each 
circuit.  A  special  commission  is  granted  to  certain  judges 
to  try  certain  causes  and  crimes. 
7.  In  a  more  general  sense,  any  coui-t  or  session 
of  a  court  of  justice. —  Sf.  Situation;  place. — 
9.  Judgment:  as,  the  last  or  great  assize  (that 
is,  the  last  judgment  or  last  day). 

Sometimes  spelled  assise. 
Assize  of  arms,  the  name  under  which  reference  is 
often  made  to  several  statutes  or  ordinances  in  early 
English  history,  requiring  all  freemen  to  provide,  accord- 
ing to  their  estate  and  degree,  arms  to  enable  them  to 
keep  the  peace  and  to  serve  in  the  field,  and  also  providing 
for  assizes  or  assessments  by  juries  of  the  equipment  re- 
quired of  each  person.  Specifically,  an  ordinance  or  stat- 
ute of  1181  (27  Hen.  II.)  for  this  purpose. 

In  1181,  he  [Henry  II.]  issued  the  Assize  of  Arms,  by 
which  he  directed  the  whole  of  the  freemen  of  the  coun- 
try to  provide  themselves  with  armour  according  to  their 
means,  and  the  inquiry  by  oath  of  legal  juries  to  deter- 
mine the  liability  of  each.         Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  146. 

Assize  of  Clarendon,  an  English  ordinance  issued  in 
1166  (12  Hen.  II.),  which  introduced  changes  into  the  ad- 
ministration of  justice.— Assize  of  Northampton,  an 
English  ordinance,  a  reissue  and  expansion  of  the  Assize 
of  Clarendon,  issued  at  Northampton  in  1176  (22  Hen.  II.), 
drawn  up  in  the  form  of  instructions  to  the  judges.  The 
new  articles  relate  to  tenure,  reliefs,  dower,  etc.— Assize 
of  novel  disseizin.  See  disseizin.— Assizes  Act,  an 

English  statute  of  1830  (11  Geo.  IV.  and  1  Wm.  IV.  c.  70), 
affecting  the  constitution  of  the  common-law  courts  in 
England  and  Wales  and  the  practice  in  them.— Assizes 
of  Jerusalem,  two  codes  of  laws,  drawn  up  under  the 
authority  of  Godfrey  de  Bouillon,  the  first  crusading 
king  of  Jerusalem,  and  in  force  under  the  Christian  sov- 
ereignty in  Jerusalem  and  in  Cyprus.  One  code  had 
jurisdiction  over  the  nobility,  the  second  over  the  com- 
mon people.  Both  were  conceived  with  a  wisdom  and 
enlightenment  beyond  their  age,  and  were  based  on 
contemporary  French  law  and  customs. — Grand  assize, 
formerly,  in  England,  a  form  of  trial  in  certain  cases  by  a 
jury  of  sixteen  persons,  which  took  the  place  of  trial  by 
judicial  combat.  It  was  abolished  in  1839.— Maiden  as- 
size. See  maiden.  —Maritime  Assizes  of  Jerusalem,  a 
body  of  maritime  laws  constituting  a  part  of  the  Assizes 
of  J erusalem.—  Rents  of  assize,  the  established  rents  of 
the  freeholders  and  ancient  copyholders  of  a  manor;  rents 
which  cannot  be  changed. 

assizet  (a-siz'),  d.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  assized,  ppr. 
assizing.  [<  ME.  assisen,  <  AF.  assiser,  from  the 
noun :  see  assize,  n.]  If.  In  a  general  sense, 
to  fix ;  appoint. 

Thou  Shalt  have  day  and  time  assised. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant. 
2t.  To  fix  the  rate  of;  assess,  as  taxes. —  3. 
To  fix  the  weight,  measure,  or  price  of,  by  an 
ordinance  or  authoritative  regulation. 

The  liberty  of  assizing  bread  has  been  used  at  Clyder- 
hou  and  Rochdale  as  annexed  and  belonging  to  the  mar- 
ket and  fair.   Quoted  in  Baines's  Hist.  Lancashire,  II.  14. 

assizement  (a-siz'ment),  n.  [<  assize,  v.,  + 
-ment.]  An  inspection  of  weights  and  mea- 
sures, and  of  the  quality  of  commodities,  legal- 
ized by  statute. 

assizer  (a-si'zer),  n.  [<  ME.  assisour  (and  by 
apheresis  sisour,  >  mod.  E.  sizar,  q.  v. ),  <  AF. 
assisour,  <  assiser:  see  assize,  v.,  and  -er^,  -or.] 

1.  In  Eng.  hist.,  a  member  of  a  grand  assize 
(which  see,  under  'assize). —  2.  In  Scotland,  a 
juror. —  3t.  One  who  had  custody  of  the  assize 
or  standards  of  weight  and  measure ;  one  who 
fixed  the  assize  of  bread  and  ale,  or  other  arti- 
cles of  general  consumption. 

Also  speUed  assizor,  assiser,  assisor. 
assize-sermon  (a-siz'ser"mon),  n.  In  England, 
a  sermon  preached  to  the  "judges,  barristers, 
and  others  attending  the  assizes, 
assizor,  n.    See  assizer. 

assobert,  v.  t.    [<  ME.  assobren,  <  L.  as-  for  ad- 

+  LL.  sohriare,  sober:  see  sober,  v.]  To  keep 
or  make  sober. 

And  thus  I  rede,  thou  assobre 
Thyne  herte,  in  hope  of  such  a  grace. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  vi. 

associability  (a-so-shia-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  assoeia- 
hle:  see  -bility  '.]  1.  The  quality  of  being  asso- 
ciable. 

The  associability  of  feelings  with  those  of  their  own 
kind,  group  within  group,  corresponds  to  the  general  ar- 
rangement of  nervous  structures  into  great  divisions  and 
sub-divisions.  H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  116. 

2.  lapathol.,  the  property  of  suffering  changes 
by  sympathy,  or  of  being  affected  by  the  condi- 
tion of  other  parts  of  the  body. 


associate 

associable  (a-so'shia-lil),  «.  a.'^.iociable,  < 

L.  as  if  *associabilis,  <  associare,  associate :  see 
associate.]  1.  (Japable  of  being  joined  or  as- 
sociated; capable  of  forming  part  of  a  com- 
bination or  association. 

Different  classes  of  relations  (feelingsl  were  observed  to 
be  revivable  in  different  degrees,  which  implies  that,  other 
things  equal,  they  are  axsoci/Me  in  different  degrees. 

//.  Spencer,  I'rin.  of  I'.sychol.,  §  117. 

2.  Capable  of  being  made  an  associate;  com- 
panionable; social. — 3.  In  j/athoL,  liable  to  be 
affected  sympathetically,  or  to  receive  from 
other  parts  like  feelings  and  affections. 

associableness  (a-so'shia-bl-nes),  n.  Associa- 
bility. 

associate  (a-s6'shi-at),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  associ- 
ated, ppr.  associating.  [<  L.  associatus,  pp.  of 
associare,  join  to,  unite  with,  <  ad,  to,  +  sociare, 
join,  <  socius,  joined  with,  allied,  following  (as 
a  noun,  a  companion) :  see  .s-o(?(«?.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  join  in  company,  as  a  friend,  companion, 
partner,  confederate,  or  the  like ;  join  or  connect 
intimately;  unite;  combine;  link:  followed  by 
with  (formerly  sometimes  by  to):  as,  to  asso- 
ciate others  with  us  in  business  or  in  an  enter- 
prise ;  particles  of  earthy  matter  associated  with 
other  substances. 

He  succeeded  in  associating  his  name  inseparably  with 
some  names  which  will  last  as  long  as  our  language. 

Mucaulay. 

Just  as  the  older  female  deities  were  a.isociated  in  their 
worship  loith  heaven  and  the  heavenly  bodies,  with  seasons 
of  the  year  and  with  sacred  places,  so  is  the  more  modem 
goddess  [the  Virgin  Mary]. 

Dawson,  Nature  and  the  Bible,  p.  215. 

2t.  To  keep  company  with;  attend. 

Friends  should  associate  friends  in  grief  and  woe. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  v.  3. 
To-mon'ow  I  will  associate  you  to  court  myself. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  ii.  1. 

3.  To  make  an  associate  of;  admit  to  associa- 
tion or  membership  :  with  to :  as,  "  he  was  asso- 
ciated to  the  Royal  Academy,"  Southey.  [Rare.] 
—Associated  functions.  See  function. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  have  intercourse ;  be  an  as- 
sociate or  associates  :  implying  intimacy:  as, 
congenial  minds  are  disposed  to  associate. 

It  was  once  degradation  intensified  for  a  Norman  to  asso- 
ciate vnth  a  Saxon.  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXXIX.  85. 

2.  To  join  in  or  form  a  confederacy  or  associa- 
tion. 

The  clergy  of  a  district  in  the  diocese  of  Lincoln  asso- 
dated  lately  for  the  purpose  of  forming  an  estimate  of  the 
state  of  religion  within  their  own  limits. 

Sydney  Smith,  in  Lady  Holland,  iii. 

3.  In  general,  to  unite,  as  in  action,  with  a 
person  or  thing,  or  to  coexist  in  organic  de- 
pendence, as  the  parts  of  the  body. 

associate  (a-s6'shi-at),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  associa- 
tus, pp. :  see  the  verb.]  I.  a.  1.  Joined  in  in- 
terest, object  or  purpose,  office  or  employment ; 
combined  together;  joined  with  another  or 
others:  as,  an  assodate  judge  or  professor;  "my 
associate  powers,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  395. — 2.  In 
pathol.,  connected  by  habit  or  sj-mpathy:  as, 
associate  movements,  that  is,  movements  which 
occur  sympathetically,  in  consequence  of  pre- 
ceding motions:  thus,  convergence  of  the  eyes 
is  associated  with  contraction  of  the  pupils. 

II.  n.  1.  A  companion;  one  who  is  on  terms 
of  intimacy  with  another ;  a  mate ;  a  fellow. 

Sole  Eve,  associate  sole,  to  me  beyond 
Compare  above  all  living  creatures  dear ! 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  227. 

2.  A  partner  in  interest,  as  in  business ;  a  con- 
federate; an  accomplice;  an  ally:  as,  "their 
defender  and  his  associates,"  Hooker. —  3.  One 
who  shares  an  office  or  a  position  of  authority 
or  responsibility;  a  colleague  or  coadjutor. — 

4.  One  who  is  admitted  to  a  subordinate  degi-ee 
of  membership  in  an  association  or  institution : 
as,  an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy,  or  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Design. —  5.  "^Anj^hing 
usually  accompanying  or  associated  with  an- 
other. 

The  one  [idea]  no  sooner  .  .  .  comes  into  the  imder- 
standing  than  its  associate  appears  with  it. 

Locke,  Human  Understanding,  ii  33. 

=Syn.  1  and  2.  Associate,  Friend,  Companion,  Comrade, 
Fellow,  Partner,  Ally,  Colleague.  Coadjutor,  Confederate. 
Associate  is  the  most  general  word  for  persons  who  are  con- 
nected in  life,  work,  etc.;  it  is  special  only  in  suggesting  an 
alliance  of  some  perra,inence.  Friend  is  the  most  general 
word  for  persons  who,  through  community  of  life  or  other- 
wise, have  kindly  feelings  toward  each  other.  Companion, 
literally  a  messmate,  applies  where  the  persons  are  much 
thrown  together,  but  are  not  united  by  any  strong  tie ; 
hence  it  is  not  a  good  synonym  for  husband  or  wife. 
"Many  men  may  be  admitted  a.s  cumpanimis  who  would 
not  be  altogetherfit  as  associates,"  Crabb,  Eng.  Synonymes, 


associate 


350 


ass's-ear 


p.  197.  Comrade  denotes  a  close  companion ;  it  implies 
freedom  of  intercourse  and  a  good  degree  o{  friendship : 
as,  comrades  in  arms.  Fellow  has  nearly  lost  its  early 
signification  of  agreeable  conipanioiiship,  the  later  mean- 
ings having  overshadowed  it :  as,  "a  hMre  Jelawe  schulde 
men  noglit  fynde,"  Chaucer.  Compare  j'eUow-feeling,  fel- 
low-helper, fellowship.  Fellow  in  this  connection  may 
mean  one  who  luvturally  would  be  or  is  a  companion :  as, 
why  do  you  not  go  with  your /cHoh's  ?  A  imrtner  \s  one 
who  takes  part  with  others,  especially  in  business  or  in 
any  kind  of  joint  ownership,  i'ornierly  alhi  was  nearly 
equivalent  in  meatiing  to  associate,  but  it  is  now  applied 
chietly  to  states  or  rulers  in  tlieir  public  capacity :  as,  the 
allies  in  the  L'rnnean  war.  A  eolleapiie  is  an  associate  for 
some  speciHc  purpose  or  in  some  ottice;  it  is,  like  coadju- 
tor, properly  applicable  only  to  one  engaged  in  labor  or 
business  regarded  .is  especially  dignified :  as.  Senators  A 
and  B  were  coWeoizues ;  Luther  and  his  coadjutors.  A  con- 
federate is  one  somewhat  formally  associated  with  others, 
now  usually,  when  iipplied  to  private  relations,  for  a  bad 
object.    See  accomplice. 

A  nice  and  subtle  happiness,  I  see. 
Thou  to  th\>.  It  pii.i|H.M  st,  in  the  choice 
Of  thy  assuciatLS,  Adam  1   Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  401. 
Thou  Shalt  never  find  a.  friend  in  thy  young  years  whose 
conditions  and  qualities  will  please  thee  after  thou  comest 
to  more  discretion  and  judgment.      Raleigh,  To  his  Son. 

One  that  has  well  digested  his  knowledge,  both  of  books 
and  men,  has  little  enjoyment  but  in  the  company  of  a 
few  select  companions.  Hume,  Essays. 

Thus  he  moved  the  Pi'ince 
To  laughter  and  his  comrades  to  applause. 

Tennyson,  Geraiut. 
I  and  my  fellows 
Are  ministers  of  fate.         Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  3. 
Myself  and  other  noble /ricnds 
Are  partners  in  the  business.       Shak.,  Cymb.,  i.  7. 
The  allies,  after  conquering  together,  return  thanks  to 
God  sepai-ately  eacli  after  his  own  form  of  worship. 

Macaulaii,  Gladstone's  Church  and  State. 
The  patricians  prevailed  upon  some  of  the  tribunes  to 
dissent  from  their  colleagues.    J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  534. 

Whose  political  sagacity,  like  that  of  his  illustrious  co- 
adjutor, read  the  fate  and  interests  of  nations. 

Story,  Speech,  Cambridge,  Aug.  31,  1826. 
I  had  forgot  that  foul  conspiracy 
Of  the  beast  Caliban,  and  his  confederates. 
Against  my  life.  Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

asSuOciateship  (a-s6'shi-at-ship),  n.  [<  associ- 
ate +  -sliip.^  The  position  or  office  of  an  asso- 
ciate. [Eare.] 

association  (a-s6-si-a'shon),  n.  [=  F.  associ- 
ation, <  ML.  associatio{n-),  a  society.  <  L.  asso- 
ciarc,  associate:  see  associate,  f.]  1.  The  act 
of  associating  or  the  state  of  being  associated, 
(a)  Connection  of  persons  or  things ;  union. 

Self-denial  is  a  kind  of  holy  association  with  God. 

Boyle,  Seraphic  Love,  iii. 
There  are  many  objects,  of  great  value  to  man,  which 
cannot  be  attained  by  unconnected  individuals,  but  must 
be  attained,  if  attained  at  all,  by  association. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Pittsburgh,  July,  1833. 
The  very  common  association  between  seeing  clearly 
and  seeing  narrowly  is  a  law  or  a  frailty  of  our  nature  not 
sufficiently  understood.    Gladstone,  Might  of  Right,  p.  135. 

(V)  A  union  or  connection  of  ideas.  See  as- 
sociation of  ideas,  below. 

The  words  which  we  use  are  so  enwrapped  in  an  atmo- 
sphere of  subtle  associations  that  they  are  liable  to  sway 
the  direction  of  our  thoughts  in  ways  of  which  we  are 
often  unconscious.  J.  Fiske,  Idea  of  God,  p.  151. 

2.  An  organized  union  of  persons  for  a  com- 
mon purpose ;  a  body  of  persons  acting  to- 
gether for  the  promotion  of  some  object  of 
mutual  interest  or  advantage ;  a  partnership, 
corporation,  or  society :  as,  the  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science ;  a  political  or 
charitable  association. 

The  old  company  .  .  .  was  able,  with  the  help  of  its 
Tory  friends,  to  prevent  the  rival  association  from  obtain- 
ing similar  privileges.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xx. 

Articles  of  association  or  incorporation.  See  article. 

—  Association  of  ideas  (an  expression  invented  by 
Locke),  oi-  mental  association,  in  psychol.,  the  tendency 
of  a  sensation,  perception,  feeling,  volition,  or  thought  to 
recall  to  consciousness  others  which  have  previously  co- 
existed in  consciousness  with  it  or  with  states  similar  to 
it.  Thus,  the  name  of  a  friend  is  associated  with  his  per- 
sonal appearance,  age,  place  of  residence,  and  so  on ;  and 
the  sound  of  the  name  brings  into  consciousness  involun- 
tarily one  or  more  of  these  associated  ideas.  The  special 
taws  of  association,  though  variously  stated  by  psycholo- 
gists, are  usually  admitted  to  be  those  of  contiguity  and 
similarity;  that  is,  ideas  recall  ideas  which  have  occur- 
red along  with  them,  and  also  those  which  are  similar  to 
them.  These  are  called  the  principles  of  objective  and 
subjective  association.  The  doctrine  of  association  has 
played  an  important  part  in  the  history  of  modern  English 
psychology  and  philosophy. 

The  pjirase,  intrinsic  and  extrinsic  association,  might  be 
introduced  very  appropriately  to  distinguish  associations 
founded  on  intrinsic  resemblances  of  mental  states  from 
those  wliich  merely  imply  the  extrinsic  accident  of  simul- 
taneous occurrence  in  consciousness.    T.  Clarke  Murray. 

Association  philosophy,  the  doctrine  put  forward  by 
Hobbes,  Hume,  Hartley,  James  Mill,  and  others,  that  the 
operations  of  the  mind  are  to  be  explained  chiefly  by  the 
association  of  ideas.  —  Evangelical  Association.  See 
evangelical.— Yt&b  Religious  Association.  See  free.— 
Indissoluble  or  inseparable  association,  an  associa- 
tion of  ideas  so  strong  that  we  cannot  think  one  without 

Also  thinking  the  other.— Voluntary  association,  in 


law,  a  society  which  is  unincorporated,  but  is  not  a  part- 
nership, in  that  the  members  are  not  agents  for  one  an- 
other. =SyTl.  2.  Combination,  company,  club,  lodge,  fra- 
ternity. ' 

associational  (a-s6-si-a'shon-al),  a.  [<  asso- 
ciatioH  +  -fl/.]  1.  Pertaining  to  an  association. 
— 2.  Pertaining  to  the  psychological  doctrine 
of  association  or  associationism. 

associationalism  (a-s6-si-a'shon-al-izm),  n. 
Same  as  associationism. 

associationalist  (a-s6-si-a'shon-al-ist),  w.  and 
a.    Same  as  associationist. 

associationism  (a-s6-si-a'shon-izm),  M.  [<  as- 
sociation +  -ism.']  1.  The  psychological  theory 
which  regards  the  laws  of  association  as  the 
fundamental  laws  of  mental  action  and  de- 
velopment. See  association  of  ideas,  imder  as- 
sociation.—  2.  Same  as  Fourierism. 
Also  associationalism. 

associationist  (a-s6-si-a'shon-ist),  n.  and  a.  [< 
association  +  -ist.']  1.  n.  1.  One  who  advocates 
the  psychological  doctrine  of  associationism. — 
2.  One  who  supports  the  doctrine  of  associa- 
tion advocated  by  Foiu-ier  and  knovra  as  Fou- 
rierism (which  see). 

II,  a.  Pertaining  to  associationism,  in  either 
sense  of  that  word. 
Also  associationalist. 

associative  (a-so'shi-a-tiv),  a.  [<  associate  + 
-i'ye.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  resulting  from  as- 
sociation ;  capable  of  associating ;  tending  to 
associate  or  unite;  characterized  by  associa- 
tion: as,  "the  associative  faculty,"  Hugli  Miller. 

Onomatopoeia,  in  addition  to  its  awkwardness,  has 
neither  associative  nor  etymological  application  to  words 
imitating  sounds. 

J.  A.  H.  Murray,  9th  Ann.  Add.  to  Philol.  Soc. 

2.  In  math.,  appUed  to  an  operation  which 
gives  the  same  result  whether  it  first  unites 
two  quantities  A  and  B,  and  then  unites  the 
result  to  a  third  quantity  C,  or  whether  it  first 
unites  B  and  C,  and  then  imites  the  result  to 
A,  the  order  of  the  quantities  being  preserved. 
Thus,  addition  and  multiplication  are  said  to  be  associa- 
tive, on  account  of  the  general  formulas, 

o  +  6)  +  c  =  a  (b  -f  c) 
a  X  6)  X  c  =  a  X  (6  X  c). 

In  the  same  sense,  mathematicians  often  use  the  expres- 
sions assoctatioe  formida,  associative  principle. — Associa- 
tive algebra,  a  system  of  algebra  in  which  multiplication 

is  associative. 

associativeness  (a-s6'shi-a-tiv-nes),  n.  The 
property  of  being  associative,  especially  in  the 
mathematical  sense. 

associator  (a-s6'shi-a-tor),  n.  1.  One  who  or 
that  which  associates  or  connects  together. — 
2t.  An  associate  or  partner  in  any  scheme ;  a 
confederate. 

Our  late  associators  and  conspirators  have  made  a  third 
copy  of  the  League.       Dryden,  Post,  to  Hist,  of  League. 

assoguet,  n.  [<  F.  assogue,  <  Sp.  azogue  (in 
same  sense),  lit.  quicksilver:  see  azoguc.~\  A 
Spanish  galleon  transporting  quicksilver  to 
America  for  use  in  the  mines. 

assoil^  (a-soir)>f-  t-  [_(.  ME.  assoHen,  asoHen, 
assoilien,  asoilien,  assoylcn,  etc.,  =  Sc.  assoilzie, 
formerly  assoilyie,  assoil^e  (where  Iz,  Ig,  ly  rep- 
resent the  F.  II  mouillees),  <  OF.  assoiler,  assoil- 
lier,  asolier,  also  asoldre,  assoldre,  assotidre,  etc., 
<  L.  absolvere,  absolve,  loosen:  see  absolve,  of 
which  assoil  is  thus  a  doublet.]  If.  To  solve; 
clear  up. 
To  assail  this  seeming  difflcul^y. 

Waterland,  Scripture  Vindicated,  iii.  03. 

2.  To  release;  set  free;  acquit;  pardon;  ab- 
solve. [Archaic] 
At  my  own  tribunal  stand  assoil'd.  Tukc. 
To  some  bishop  we  will  wend. 
Of  all  the  sins  that  we  have  done. 
To  be  assoiled  at  his  hand.     Percy's  Reliques. 

3t.  To  remove ;  dispel. 

Seeking  him  that  should  her  paine  assoyle. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  v.  30. 

assoiPt  (a-soil'),  V.  t.  [<  as-1  +  soiA.]  To  soil ; 
stain. 

Whate'er  he  be 
Can  with  mithankfulness  assoil  me,  let  him 
Dig  out  mine  eyes,  and  sing  my  name  in  verse. 

Fletcher  (and  another).  Queen  of  Corinth,  iii.  1. 

assoilmentt  (a-soil'ment),  n.     [<  assoil^  + 
-ment.']  The  act  of  assoiling ;  absolution.  More. 
assoilyie,  assoilzie  (a-soil'ye),  v.  t.  Scotch 
forms  of  assoil^. 
God  assoilzie  him  for  the  sin  of  bloodshed. 

Scott,  Ivanhoe,  II.  vi. 

assonance  (as'o-nans),  «.    [<  F.  assonance  (— 
Sp.  asonancia  =  f*g.  assonancia),  <  assonant: 
see  assonant,  a.]    1.-  Resemblance  of  sounds. 
The  disagreeable  assonance  of  "sheath"  and  "sheathed." 

Steevens. 


The  combination  of  cadeneed  sentences  with  antitheti- 
cal alliteration,  intersprinkled  with  assonances  of  every 
kind  and  their  inevitable  oflspring,  the  uncalled-for  pun, 
was  by  him  [Lyly]  first  introduced  into  English  prose. 

A.  W.  Ward,  Eng.  Dram.  Lit.,  I.  157. 
Homer,  like  Dante  and  Shakespeare,  like  all  who  really 
command  language,  seems  fond  of  playing  with  assona  nces. 

Loivell,  Study  Windows,  p.  327. 

Specifically — 2.  In  pros.,  a  species  of  imper- 
fect rime,  or  rather  a  substitute  for  rime,  espe- 
cially common  in  Spanish  poetry,  consisting 
in  using  the  same  vowel-sound  with  different 
consonants,  and  requiring  the  use  of  the  same 
■fowels  in  the  assonant  words  from  the  last 
accented  vowel  to  the  end  of  the  word :  thus, 
man  and  hat,  penitent  and  reticence,  are  exam- 
ples of  assonance  in  English. 

There  are  some  traces  of  the  employment  of  rhyme  and 
assonance  in  mere  popular  literature  at  a  very  remote 
period.  G.  P.  Marsh,  Lects.  on  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  505. 

3.  Agreement  or  harmony  of  things.  [Rare.] 

=  Syn.  Paronomasia,  eXc.    See  pun. 

assonanced  (as'o-nanst),  a.  [<  assonance  + 
-ed2.]    Characterized  by  assonance ;  assonant. 

The  lines  are,  in  the  earlier  examples,  a^sonaiiced, — 
that  is  to  say,  the  vowel  sound  of  the  last  syllables  is 
identical,  but  the  consonants  need  not  agree. 

Encyc.  Brit,  IX.  638. 

assonant  (as'o-nant),  a.  and  n.  [<  P.  assonant 
{=  Sp.  asonanie  -  -  Pg.  assonante),  <  L.  asso- 
nan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  assonare,  soimd  to,  respond  to: 
see  assonate  and  sonant.']  I,  a.  1.  Having  a 
resemblance  of  articulate  sounds. 

Lander's  blank  verse  .  .  .  is  .  .  .  terse,  yet  fluent,  as- 
sonant, harmonious.  Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  46. 

2.  In  pros.,  pertaining  to  or  characterized  by 
assonance. 

II.  n.  1.  A  word  resembling  another  in 
sound.  Specifically — 2.  Ingres.,  a  word  form- 
ing an  assonance  vidth  another  word.  See  as- 
sonance, 2. 

assonantal  (as-o-nan'tal),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  assonance ;  of  the  nature  of  an  assonant. 

assonantic  (as-o-nan'tik),  a.  Same  as  asso- 
nantal. 

assonate  (as'o-nat),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  asso- 
iiatcd,  ppr.  assonating.  [<  L.  assonare,  sound 
to,  respond  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  sonare,  sound:  see 
sonant.]  To  correspond  in  sound;  rime  in  asso- 
nance; be  assonant. 

assort  (a-sorf),  V.  [<  late  ME.  assorte,  <  OF. 
assorter=  Olt.  assorturc,  <  ML.  assortarc  (mod. 
F.  assortir  =  Sp.  asortir  —  It.  assortire,  <  ML. 
as  if  "assortire,  after  L.  sortiri,  cast  lots,  allot, 
distribute,  select:  see  sort,  v.);  <  L.  ad,  to,  + 
sor{t-)s,  lot,  condition,  sort:  see  sort.]  I.  trans. 

1.  To  separate  and  distribute  into  clashes, 
sorts,  or  kinds  ;  part  into  lots ;  arrange  ;  clas- 
sify :  as,  to  assort  goods. —  2.  To  furnish  witli  a 
suitable  assortment  or  variety  of  goods ;  make 
up  of  articles  likely  to  suit  a  demand :  as,  to 
assort  a  cargo;  ^'well-assorted  warehouses," 
Burke. —  3.  To  make  of  the  same  sort ;  adapt 
or  suit. 

No  way  assorted  to  those  with  whom  they  must  asso- 
■  ciate.  Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

•II.  intrans.  1.  To  agree  in  sort  or  kind;  be 
accordant  or  matched :  as,  the  two  kinds  assort 
well  or  ill. —  2.  To  associate;  consort. 

Assort  no  more  with  the  menials  of  the  goddess. 

Bulwer. 

assorted  (a-s6r'ted),  p.  a.  1.  Consisting  of 
selected  kinds ;  arranged  in  sorts  or  varieties. 

Our  cargo  was  an  assorted  one  ;  that  is,  it  consisted  of 
everything  under  the  sun. 

B.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  85. 

2.  Matched;  fitted;  suited:  as,  a  well-assorted 
pair. 

assortment  (a-s6rt'ment),  n,  [<  assort  +  -ment. 
Cf.  F.  assortiment,  <  assortir.]  1.  The  act  of 
asnorting  or  distributing  into  sorts,  kinds,  or 
classes,  or  of  selecting  and  suiting. —  2.  A  col- 
lection of  things  assorted:  as,  an  assortment  ot 
goods;  "an  assortment  of  paintings,"  Coxe. — 

3.  A  class  or  group  into  which  objects  are  as- 
sorted. 

Those  classes  and  assortments  .  .  .  called  genera  and 
species.  Adam  Smith,  Mor.  Sent.,  II.  407  (1797).  (N.  E.  D.) 

assott  (a-sof),  V.  [<  ME.  assoten,  <  OF.  assoter, 
asoter,  <  a  (L.  ad,  to)  +  sot,  foolish :  see  sot.] 
I.  intrans.  To  be  or  become  infatuated  or  like 
a  fool. 

II.  trans.  To  infatuate  ;  deceive  ;  befool. 

That  monstrous  error  which  doth  some  assott. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  x.  8. 

assoylet,  v.  t.    See  assoil'^. 
ass's-ear  (as'ez-er),  w.    A  fine  iridescent  shell, 
HaUotis  asininus,  used  in  the  manufacture  of 


ass's-ear 

buttons,  for  inlaying  woodwork,  and  for  other 
purposes. 

ass's-foot  (as'ez-fut),  n.    Same  as  coltsfoot. 

assuade  (a-swad'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  dssuaded, 
ppr.  assuading.  [<  L.  as-  for  ad-  +  suadere, 
advise:  see  suasion,  a,nd  ct.  persuade. '\  To  pre- 
sent as  advicej  urge  persuasively.   N.  E.  D. 

assuage  (a-swaj'),  v.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  assuaged, 
ppr.  assuaging.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  asswage, 
«sio«Y/e,  aadbyaplieresis6-i««i7e;  <  WE.  asiiagcn, 
aswagen,  <  OP.  asouagcr,  asuager,  asoager  =  Pr. 
assuaviar,  asuaviar,  <  ML.  as  if  *assuaviare,  < 
L.  ad,  to,  +  suavis,  sweet:  see  suarc  and  sivcet. 
Cf.  abridge,  <  L.  abbreviare  ;  allege'^,  <  LL.  alle- 
viare,  etc.]  I.  trans.  To  soften,  in  a  figurative 
sense;  allay;  mitigate,  ease,  or  lessen,  as  pain 
or  grief  ;  moderate ;  appease  or  pacify,  as  pas- 
sion or  tumult. 


Yet  he  with  strong  perswasions  her  asswarjed, 
And  wonne  lier  will  to  suffer  him  depart. 

Simmer,  V.  Q.,  IV.  vi.  43. 
Refreshing  winds  the  summer's  heats  assuage. 

Addiso7i. 

Tor  the  first  time  in  history,  slie  [the  church]  inspired 
thousands  to  devote  their  entire  lives,  through  sacrifice 
and  danger,  to  the  single  object  of  <is.iuaiiiiirf  the  suffer- 
ings of  humanity.  ire/s/(,"Eng.  Lit.,  I.  81. 
=Syn.  Alleviate,  Relieve,  Mitiyate,  etc.  (see  alleviate);  to 
appease,  mollify,  temper  (see  lists  under  alleviate  and 
«Hai/l). 

Il.t  intrans.  To  abate  or  subside ;  grow  less: 
as,  "let thin  hert  assuage,"  Gower;  "the  waters 
asswaged,"  Gen.  viii.  1. 

assuagement  (a-swaj 'ment),  n.  [<  OF.  asuage- 
ment,  <  asuager:  see  assuage  and  -merit.']  1. 
The  act  of  assuaging ;  mitigation ;  abatement! 
Spenser.—  2.  An  alleviative ;  a  sedative. 

assuager  (a-swa'jer),  H.  One  who  assuages  or 
allays ;  that  which  mitigates  or  abates. 

assuasive  (a-swa'siv),  a.  and  n.  [<  as-l  + 
suasive,  as  in  persuasive,  with  reference  to  as- 
suage.'] I.  a.  Softening;  mitigating;  tranquil- 
izing;  soothing.  [Eare.] 

Music  her  soft  assuasive  voice  applies. 

Po2}e,  St.  Cecilia's  Day,  1.  25. 

II.  n.  A  soothing  medicine  or  application, 
assubjugatet  (a-sub'jo-gat),  v.  t.    [<  «s-i  -(-  sub- 
jugate.]   To  reduce  to  subjugation ;  put  into  a 
low  or  unworthy  position ;  debase.  [Rare.] 
No,  this  thrice  worthy  and  right  valiant  lord 
Must  not  .  .  .  assubjugate  his  merit  .  .  . 
By  going  to  Achilles.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  3. 

assuefactiont  (as-we-fak'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if 
*assuefactio(n-),  <  dssueface're,  pp.  assuefactus, 
make  accustomed  to,  habituate,  <  assuetus,  pp. 
of  assuescere,  accustom  (see  assuete),  +  facerc, 
make.]  The  act  of  accustoming  ;  the  state  of 
being  accustomed;  use;  habituation. 

Right  and  left,  as  part  inservient  unto  the  motive  facul- 
ty, are  differenced  hy  degrees,  by  use,  and  assuefaction. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iv.  6. 

assuetet,  a.  [<  L.  assuetus,  pp.  of  assuescere, 
accustom,  habituate,  <  ad,  to,  +  suescere,  incep- 
tive of  *suere,  be  wont:  see  custom.]  Accus- 
tomed; practised.  Blount. 

assuetudet  (as'we-tud),  n.  [<  L.  assuetudo,  cus- 
tom, <  assuetus,  pp.:  see  assuete.  Cf.  desue- 
tude.]   Custom^  habit;  habitual  use. 

Assuetude  of  things  hurtful  doth  make  them  lose  their 
force  to  hurt.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  67. 

assumable  (a-sii'ma-bl),  a.  [<  assume  -t-  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  assumed  or  taken  for  granted. 

assumably  (a-su'ma-bli),  adv.  As  may  be  as- 
sumed; presumably. 

The  Macfarlane  Highlanders,  who  were  armed  assuma- 
bly with  target  and  broadsword. 

N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  XII.  40. 
assume  (a-siim'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  assumed, 
ppr.  assuming.  [<  L.  assumere,  take  to  one's 
self,  take  up,  receive,  accept,  claim,  assume,  < 
ad,  to,  +  sumere,  take,  contr.  from  *subimere, 
<  sub,  under,  +  emere,  take,  buy:  see  emption, 
emptor,  redeem.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  take  into  rela- 
tion or  association ;  adopt;  take  in;  admit:  as, 

Enoch  and  Elias  were  assumed  up  into  heaven," 
Abp.  Abbot.    See  asstmption,  5.  [Archaic] 

The  sixth  was  a  young  knight  .  .  .  assumed  into  that 
honourable  company.  Scott. 

2.  To  take  upon  one's  self;  undertake:  as,  to 
assume  the  responsibility  of  a  proceeding ;  to 
assume  ofa.ce ;  to  assume  an  obligation. 

Assume  thy  winged  throne,  thou  Vesper  of  our  throng ! 

Shelley,  Adonais,  st.  46. 
Among  those  subject  kings  whom  the  Assyrians  had 
estabhshed  in  Egypt  the  descendants  of  the  first  Necho 
assumed,  after  the  fall  of  Nineveh,  the  position  of  inde- 
pendent sovereigns.  Von  Ranke,  Univ.  Hist,  (trans.),  p.  83. 

3.  To  take  or  put  on  one's  self;  invest  one's 
self  with:  as,  to  assume  the  garb  of  a  mendi- 


351 

cant,  or  the  figure  of  an  animal ;  to  assume  a 
severe  aspect;  "to  assume  man's  nature,"  Mil- 
ton, P.  L.,  iii.  303. 

They  say  the  devil  can  assume  heaven's  brightness, 
And  so  appear  to  tempt  us. 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  iii.  6. 
Caroline  .  .  .  had  pei'suaded  Mrs.  Pryor  to  assume  her 
bonnet  and  summer  shawl,  and  to  take  a  walk  with  her. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  \xi. 
Society  never  assumed  the  military  type  in  England 
which  it  assumed  upon  the  continent. 

J.  Fiske,  Amer.  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  123. 
Wheat  quickly  assumes  new  habits  of  lite. 

Darwin,  Var.  of  Animals  and  Plants,  p.  333. 

4.  To  apply  to  one's  self;  appropriate. 
His  majesty  might  well  assume  the  complaint  of  King 

I'avid.  Clarendon. 

His  Holiness  the  Pope,  by  virtue  of  being  Christ's  'Vice- 
gerent upon  earth,  piously  assumed  to  himself  a  right  to 
dispose  of  the  territories  of  infidels  as  he  thought  fit. 

A.  Hamilton,  Works,  II.  68. 
Hastings  had  ceased  to  difference  his  arms  as  a  cadet, 
and  assumed  them  unbroken.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XI.  687. 

5.  To  take  for  granted  or  -without  proof;  sup- 
pose as  a  fact ;  postulate :  as,  to  assume  a  prin- 
ciple in  reasoning. 

Generally  it  may  be  assumed  that  rhetoric  will  not  sur- 
vive the  age  of  the  ceremonious  in  manners  and  the  gor- 
geous in  costume.  De  Quincey,  Rhetoric. 

If  the  step  from  mechanics  to  chemistry  is  known,  has 
been  proved,  and  is  admitted,  that  from  chemistry  to  life 
is  assumed,  and  assumed  without  the  slightest  reason. 

Beale,  Protoplasm,  p.  117. 

6.  To  take  fictitiously;  pretend  to  possess; 
take  in  appearance :  as,  to  assume  the  garb  of 
humility. 

Assume  a  virtue,  if  you  have  it  not. 
_     „  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 

7t.  To  claim. 

Like  a  bold  champion  I  assume  the  lists. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  i.  1. 
=  Syn.  6.  To  affect,  feign,  counterfeit. 

II.  intrans.  To  be  arrogant ;  claim  more  than 
is  due ;  presume. 

assumedly  (a-sii'med-li),  adv.  As  is  or  maybe 
assumed  or  taken  for  granted ;  presumably, 
assumentt  (a-su'ment),  n.  [<  LL.  assumentum, 
a  piece  sewed  on,  <  L.  assuere,  sew  on,  <  ad,  to,  + 
suere,  sew,  =  E.  sew,  q.  v.  ]  A  piece  sewed  on ; 
a  patch;  an  addition. 

The  assument  or  addition  Dr.  Marshall  never  could  find 
anywhere  but  in  this  Anglo-Saxonick  translation. 

J.  Lewis,  Hist,  of  Eng.  Bibles,  p.  9. 

assumer  (a-sii'mer),  n.    One  who  assumes;  an 
an-ogant  person. 
These  high  assumers  and  pretenders  to  reason.  South. 
To  swear  at  the  mention  of  assumers  and  pretenders  to 
baronetcies.  The  Atlantic,  LII.  365. 

assuming  (a-su'ming),  p.  a.  Taking  or  dis- 
posed to  take  upon  one's  self  more  than  is  just; 
disposed  to  attribute  to  one's  self  undue  impor- 
tance; haughty;  arrogant. 

His  haughty  looks  and  his  assuming  air 
The  son  of  Isis  could  no  longer  bear.  Dryden. 
A  virtue  that  might  repress  the  most  assuming. 

Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  3. 
=  Syn.  Bold,  forward,  presuming,  self-confident, 
assumingt  (a-su'ming),  n.  Presumption. 

The  vain  assumings  of  some.        B.  Jonson,  Poetaster, 
assumingly  (a-sii'ming-li),  adv.    In  an  assum- 
ing manner ;  arrogantly, 
assumpsit  (a-sump'sit),  n,    [L.,  he  tmdertook ; 
third  pers.  sing.  perf.  ind.  of  assumere,  assume, 
undertake:  see  assume.]    In  law:  (a)  An  ac- 
tion lying  for  the  recovery  of  damages  sustained 
through  the  breach  of  a  simple  contract  (that 
is,  a  promise  not  under  seal),  in  which  the 
plaintiff  alleges  that  the  defendant  assumpsit, 
that  is,  promised  or  undertook,  to  perform  the 
act  specified,    in  England  and  in  most  of  the  United 
States  this,  like  the  other  common-law  forms  of  action 
has  been  superseded  by  statute.   Hence  (6)  An  ac- 
tionable promise,  express  or  implied  by  law. 
assumptt  (a-sumpf),  V.  t.    [<  L.  assumptus,  pp. 
of  «ss»?i/e?-e,  take  up:  see  assume.]    1.  To  take 
up;  raise.    See  assume,  v.  t.,  1. 
She  was  assumpted  into  the  cloud. 

Hall,  Hen.  VIIL,  an.  14. 

2.  To  assume,  as  a  proposition  or  premise. 
Supposition  assumpted  is  when  a  manifest  supposition 

IS  assumpted  to  prove  another  thing  withal,  as  .  .  the 
disputer  will  assumpt  this  assertion,  which  saith  that  of 
false  thmgs  there  is  no  certain  knowledge,  and  truth  is 
not  known  but  of  true  things.  Blundeville,  1619. 

3.  To  assume,  as  a  property,  attribute,  etc. 
I  do  grant  it  to  be  Christ's  true  body  and  flesh  by  a  prop- 
erty of  the  nature  ass!«(iy<ed  to  the  Godhead ;  yea  and  we 
do  really  eat  and  drink  His  flesh  and  blood  after  a  certain 
real  property. 

Ridley,  in  R.  W.  Dixon's  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  xvi.,  note. 


assurance 

4.  To  take  to  one's  self ;  put  on ;  assume. 

And  assumpted,  or  tooke  to  his  Arms  ...  a  Crosse  Sil- 
ver, in  a  field  vert.     Bossewetl,  Armovic,  p.  22.  (N.E.D.) 
assumptt  (a-sumpf),  n.    [<  L.  assumptum,  neut. 
of  assumptus,  pp.,  assumed:  see  assumpt,  v.] 
That  which  is  assumed ;  an  assumption. 
The  sum  of  all  your  assvmpts.  . 

Chillingworth,  Relig.  of  Protestants,  i.  1. 
assumption  (a-sump'shon),  M.  [<  ME.  assump- 
cioun,  assumpiioun  (of  the  Virgin  Mary),  <  ML. 
assumptio(n-),  a  taking  up  (into  heaven);  L.,  a 
taking  up,  adoption,  the  minor  proposition  of 
a  syllogism ;  <  assumere,  pp.  assumptus,  take  up, 
etc. :  see  assume.]  1.  The  act  of  taking  to  one's 
self;  a  taking  upon  one's  self;  undertaking. 

Since  tlie  Assumption  of  our  flesh,  we  know  what  shape 
to  picture  God  in.  Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  bit. 

An  assumption  of  power  not  conferred  by  the  Constitu- 
tion and  laws.     D.  Webster,  Speech,  Senate,  May  7,  1834. 

2.  The  act  of  taking  for  granted,  or  supposing 
without  proof;  supposition. 

The  assumption  of  a  final  cause  in  the  structure  of  each 
part  of  animals  and  plants  is  as  inevitable  as  the  assump- 
tion of  an  efficient  cause  for  every  event. 

Whewell,  Nov.  Org.  Renovatum,  p.  105. 

3.  The  thing  supposed;  a  postulate  or  propo- 
sition assumed. 

Let  well-weighed  considerations,  not  stiff  and  peremp- 
tory assumptions,  guide  thy  discourses. 

Sir  T.  Broxone,  Christ.  Mor.,  ii.  3. 
In  fact,  the  putting  of  limits  to  human  conception  must 
always  involve  the  assumption  that  our  previous  experi- 
ence is  imiversally  valid  in  a  theoretical  sense ;  an  assump. 
tion  which  we  have  already  seen  reason  to  reject. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  156. 

4.  In  logic,  the  minor  premise  in  a  categorical 
syllogism. 

Still  more  objectionable  are  the  correlative  terms  prop- 
osition and  assumption  as  synonymous  for  the  major  and 
minor  premises.  Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Logic. 

[This  use  of  the  word,  originating  with  Cicero  (Latin  as- 
sumptio),  was  revived  in  the  sixteenth  century,  and  is  com- 
mon in  modern  Latin,  but  is  rare  in  English.) 

5.  The  taking  up  of  a  person  into  heaven; 
specifically,  the  traditional  anticipated  resur- 
rection or  bodily  taking  up  into  heaven  of  the 
Virgin  Mary  after  her  death,  celebrated  by  the 
Roman  Catholic,  Greek,  and  Oriental  churches 
by  the  feast  of  the  Assumption  on  the  15th  of 
August. —  6.  Adoption,  or  making  use  of. 

It  is  evident  that  the  prose  psalms  of  our  liturgy  were 
chiefly  consulted  and  copied  by  the  perpetual  assjn((pa"on« 
of  their  words  and  combinations. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  III.  172. 

7.  In  law,  the  agreement  of  the  transferee  of 
property  to  pay  obligations  of  the  transferror 
which  are  chargeable  on  it.— 8.  A  conceited 
disposition,  characterized  by  a  tendency  to 
claim  more  than  is  one's  due ;  presumption. 

The  priest,  however  arrogant  his  assumption,  makes  a 
civil  salute.  H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  343. 

Arms  of  assumption.  See  arm2,  7,  and  assumptive 
arms,  under  assMj»;)(tii«.— Assumption  clause.  See 
clause.— Deed  of  assumption,  in  Scots  law,  a  deed  exe- 
cuted by  trustees  under  a  trust  deed  or  deed  of  settlement 
assuming  a  new  trustee  or  trustees.  =  Syn.  2  and  3  Con- 
jecture, hypothesis,  theory,  postulate.— 8.  Pride,  Pre- 
sumption, etc.  (see  arrogance) ;  offlciousness,  forwardness, 
self-confidence,  self-conceit,  face. 

assumptions  (a-sump'shus),  «.  [<  assumption  + 
-ous.  Ci. presumptuous.]  Assuming;  presump- 
tuous. [Rare.] 
assumptive  (a-simip'tiv),  «.  [<  L.  assumptivus, 
taken  in  addition,  <  assumptus,  pp.  of  assumere, 
take,  assume:  see  assume.]  1.  Capable  of  be- 
ing assumed ;  assumed. 
Writing  mider  an  assumptive  character. 

Wycherly,  Plain  Dealer,  Pref. 

2.  Marked  or  characterized  by  assumptions. 
Trivial,  scholastic,  and  assumptive  methods. 

G.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  312. 
Assumptive  arms,  in  her.  -.  (a)  Formerly,  arms  not  pa- 
ternal, assumed  in  consequence  of  an  exploit.  (6)  Now, 
arms  which  a  person  has  a  right,  with  the  approbation  of 
his  sovereign  and  of  the  heralds,  to  assume,  (c)  Armorial 
bearings  improperly  assumed.  [Rare  in  last  use.]  Also 
called  arms  of  assumption. 

assumptively  (a-sump'tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  as- 
sumptive or  assumed  manner;  by  way  of  as- 
sumption. 

assurable  (a-shor'a-bl),  a.    [<  assure  4-  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  assured;  suitable  for  insur- 
ance :  as,  an  assurable  property, 
assurance  (a-shor'ans),  n.    [<  ME.  assuraunce, 

<  OF.  asseiirance,  F.  assurance  =  Sp.  aseguran- 
=  It.  assecuransa  (=  E.  assecurance,  q.  v.), 

<  ML.  assccurantia,  <  assecurare,  assure :  see 
assure  and -ance.]  1.  The  act  of  assuring;  a 
formal  or  earnest  statement  intended  to  pro- 
duce belief  or  eon-viction ;  a  positive  declara- 
tion intended  to  give  confidence :  as,  I  trusted 
to  his  assurances. 


assurance 

Plight  me  the  full  assurance  of  your  faith. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  iv.  3. 

2.  Pledge ;  guaranty ;  surety. 

You  should  prociu'e  him  better  assurance  than  Bar- 
dolph ;  he  would  not  take  his  bond  and  yours ;  he  liked 
not  the  security.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  2. 

Sf.  Affiance;  betrothal. 
The  day  of  their  assurance  drew  nigh. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia. 
I  am  sure 

I  never  courted  you,  nor  gave  you  tokens 
That  might  concern  assurance. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Coxcomb,  iii.  1. 

4.  In  law,  documentary  evidence  of  the  title 
or  right  of  possession  of  property. —  5.  Insur- 
ance ;  a  contract  for  the  payment  of  a  sum  on 
the  occurrence  of  a  certain  event,  as  loss  or 
death. 

Kecent  writers  have  sought  to  establish  distinctions  of 
a  novel  character  between  them  lassura  jice  and  insura  nce]. 
One  of  these  is  that  a  person  insures  his  life,  his  house,  or 
his  ships,  and  the  office  assures  to  him  in  each  of  these 
cases  a  sum  of  money  payable  in  certain  contingencies. 
Another  is  that  assurance  represents  the  iirinciple  and 
insurance  the  practice.  JEncyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  109, 

6.  Certain  proof ;  clear  evidence ;  positive  dem- 
onstration; undeniable  grounds  for  belief  or 
trust;  assuredness. 

Wliereof  he  hath  given  assurayice  unto  all  men,  in  that 
lie  hath  raised  him  from  the  dead.  Acts  xvii.  31. 

A  form,  indeed. 
Where  every  god  did  seem  to  set  his  seal, 
To  give  the  world  assurance  of  a  man. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  i. 
I  feel  desires 
That  give  assurance  of  their  own  success, 
And  that,  infus'd  from  Heav'n,  must  thither  tend. 

Cowper,  The  Task,  v. 
A  brightness,  like  that  of  the  eyes  of  some  smaller  ani- 
mals, which  gives  assurance  of  life,  but  of  a  life  foreign 
and  unintelligible.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  44. 

7.  Firm  persuasion;  full  confidence  or  trust; 
freedom  from  doubt ;  certain  expectation ;  the 
utmost  certainty. 

Let  us  draw  near  with  a  true  heart,  in  full  assurance  of 
faith.  Heb.  x.  22. 

I  ll  make  assurance  double  sure, 
And  take  a  bond  of  fate.        Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  1. 
There  have  prevailed  very  widely  .  .  .  among  mankind 
the  sad  tradition  of  a  lost  or  forfeited  life  of  perfection 
and  happiness,  and  a  dim  e.xpectation  or  the  firm  assur- 
ance of  a  future  life  of  perfection  and  happiness. 

Maudsley,  Body  and  Will,  p.  197. 

Especially  —  8.  Firmness  of  mind;  undoubting 
steadiness;  intrepidity;  courage. 

Brave  men  meet  danger  with  assurance.  Knolles. 

He  is  wanting  in  neither  personal  courage,  assurance, 
nor  promptitude,  but  lie  abuses  these  virtues  by  using 
them  in  the  service  of  vice. 

P.  Mobimon,  Under  the  Sun,  p.  31. 

9.  Freedom  from  timidity  or  bashfulness;  laud- 
able confidence ;  self-reliance. 

Conversation  with  the  world  will  give  them  knowledge 
and  assurance.  Locke. 

I  have  been  often  surprised  that  you,  who  have  seen  so 
much  of  the  world,  .  .  .  could  never  yet  acquire  a  requi- 
site share  of  assurance. 

Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  ii. 

10.  Excess  of  boldness;  impudence:  as,  Ms  as- 
surance  is  intolerable. 

Immoderate  assurance  is  perfect  licentiousness. 

Shenstone. 

Upon  my  soul.  Jack,  thou  art  a  very  impudent  fellow ! 
to  do  you  justice,  I  think  I  never  saw  a  piece  of  more  con- 
summate assurance !  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  2. 

Chamber  of  assurance.  See  cAcHrtfter.— Collateral 
assurance.    See  collateral.  —  Common  assurances. 

See  common.—  Further  assurance.  See  further.  =  Syn. 
2.  Pledge,  etc.  See  promise. — 10.  Effrontery,  presump- 
tion. 

assure  (a-shor'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  assured,  ppr. 
assuring.  [<  ME.  assuren,  asuren,  asseuren,  < 
OF.  aseilrer,  mod.  F.  assurer  =  Pr.  assegurar  = 
Sp.  asegurar  =  Pg.  assegurar  =  It.  assecurare  (— 
E.  assecure,  q.  v.),  <  ML.  assecurare,  assure,  <  L. 
ad,  to,  +  securus  (>  OF.  segur,  seiir),  secure, 
sure:  &ee  secure,  sme/]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make 
sure  or  certain ;  convince  or  make  confident, 
as  by  a  promise,  declaration,  or  other  evidence : 
as,  to  assure  a  person  of  one's  favor  or  love. 

It  is  idle  to  propose  remedies  before  we  are  assured  of 
the  disease.  Stvift,  Advancement  of  Religion. 

'T  is  a  vast  privilege  for  a  Christian  to  be  assured  that 
the  Lord  will  do  this  or  that  individual  thing  for  him. 

C.  Mather,  Mag.  Chris.,  iv.  1. 
And,  for  I  am  a  man,  I  dare  not  do 
God's  work  until  assured  I  see  with  God. 

Browning,  E,ing  and  Book,  I.  94. 

2.  To  declare  solemnly  to ;  assert  earnestly  to ; 

endeavor  to  convince  by  assertion :  as,  I  assure 

you  I  am  speaking  the  truth. 

I  dare  assure  thee  that  no  enemy 
Shall  ever  take  alive  the  noble  Brutus. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  V.  4. 

They  are  recommended  by  people  of  consequence,  I  as- 
sure you.  Sheridan,  The  Critic,  i.  1. 


352 

3.  To  secure  or  confirm ;  make  sure  to  be  or  to 
continue ;  give  certainty  or  stability  to :  as,  to 
assure  a  person's  position  or  possessions. 

This  shall  assure  my  constant  loyalty. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  3. 
My  penance  hath  not  slacken'd,  though  niy  pardon 
No  way  assured.  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  739. 

So  irresistible  an  authority  cannot  be  reflected  on  with- 
out the  most  awful  reverence,  even  by  those  whose  piety 
assures  its  favour  to  them.  //.  Rogers. 

4.  To  free  from  obscurity,  ambiguity,  or  im- 
certainty. 

So  reason's  glimmering  ray 
Was  lent,  not  to  assure  our  doubtful  way. 
But  guide  us  upward  to  a  better  day. 

Dryden,  Religio  Laici. 

5.  To  embolden ;  make  confident. 

And  hereby  we  .  .  .  shall  assure  our  hearts  before  him. 

1  John  iii.  19. 

6t.  To  affiance ;  betroth. 

This  drudge,  or  diviner,  laid  claim  to  me ;  called  nie 
Dromio ;  swore  I  was  assured  to  her. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iii.  2. 
7.  To  insure,  as  against  loss.  =Syn.  Insure,  Assure 

(see  insure) ;  to  asseverate  to,  encourage,  vouch  to,  warrant. 

Il.t  intrans.  1.  To  confide;  trust. 

Therfore  as  trend  fuUycli  in  me  assure. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  680. 

2.  To  promise ;  pledge  one's  self.  Chaucer. 
assured  (a-shord'),i>. «.    1.  Certain;  sure;  in- 
dubitable; imdoubted:  as,  "  an  assitred  experi- 
ence," Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

We  dare  not  leave  his  fortunes. 

Though  most  assured  death  hung  round  about  us. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  i.  1. 
In  history,  as  in  tragedy,  the  master's  hand  has  not  yet 
come  to  its  full  stretch  and  skill ;  its  touch  is  not  yet 
wholly  assured,  its  work  not  yet  wholly  blameless. 

Swinburne,  Shakespeare,  p.  50. 

2.  Bold;  confident;  self-possessed. 

He  looked  frank,  unconstrained,  something  assured,  but 
not  bordering  upon  assurance. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  ii.  15. 

He  .  .  .  came  forth  with  an  assured  air  and  bade  defi- 
ance to  the  messenger.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xx. 

3t.  Affianced.  Shale. —  4.  Insured;  having  one's 
life  or  goods  insured. 

assuredly  (a-shor'ed-li),  adi;.  1.  Certainly;  in- 
dubitably. 

Assuredly  Solomon  thy  son  shall  reign.  1  Ki.  i.  13. 

2.  With  assurance ;  confidently ;  impudently. 
The  more 

Actions  of  depth  and  danger  are  considered. 
The  less  assuredly  they  are  performed. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  iii.  3. 

assuredness  (a-shor'ed-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  assured;  certainty;  full  confidence. 

assurer  (a-shor'er),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  assures,  or  gives  assurance  ;  specifically, 
an  insurer  or  imderwriter. —  2.  One  who  takes 
out  a  policy  of  insurance ;  one  who  is  assm-ed. 

assurgency  (a-ser ' jen-si),  w.  [<  assurgcnt.'] 
The  tendency  or  disposition  to  rise.  [Rare.] 

The  continual  assurgency  of  the  spirit  through  the  body. 

Coleridge,  Lit.  Rem.  (1S39),  IV.  167. 

assurgent  (a-ser 'jent),  a.  [<  L.  assurgen{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  assurgere,"iise  up,  ascend,  <  ad,  to,  + 
surgere,  rise:  see  surge.2    Rising;  ascending. 

Specifically  —  (a)  In  her.,  applied  to  a  bearing  when  de- 
picted as  rising  out  of  the  sea,  as  the  sun.  (6)  In  bot., 
rising  in  a  curve  to  an  erect  position ;  ascending.  Also 
ad.mrgent.—  AsSMIgent  leaves,  leaves  first  bent  down, 
but  rising  erect  toward  the  apex. 

assuringly  (a-shor'ing-li),  adv.  In  an  assuring 
manner ;  in  a  way  to  give  confidence. 

asswaget,  v.    An  old  spelling  of  assuage. 

Assyrian  (a-sir'i-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Assyrius, 
<  Gr.  'Aaavpccc,  pertaining  to  'Acravpla,  Assyria.] 
I.  a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  Assyria  or  to  its 
inhabitants  Assyrian  architecture,  the  most  im- 
portant branch  of  the  architecture  of  Mesopotamia,  de- 
veloped in  Assyria  during  the  period  of  its  supremacy.  Its 
chief  monuments  were  the  royal  palaces,  which  were  of 
enormous  extent,  and  constructed  of  massive  walls  of  sun- 
di-ied  brick  on  great  mou  nds  of  clay ,  of  which  they  have  now 
virtually  become  a  part,  owing  to  the  disintegrating  influ- 
ence of  time  and  the  elements  upon  their  friable  mate- 
rials. They  were  never  more  than  one  or  two  stories  high, 
owing  to  the  limited  endurance  of  the  unbaked  bricks,  and 
consisted  chiefly  of  corridors  and  long,  narrow  halls,  either 
arched  over  with  brick  or  closed  in  with  ceilings  of  wood, 
and  smTounding  open  courts.  The  entrances  were  of  im- 
posing height  and  width,  ornamented  with  colossal  stone 
figures  of  winged  human-headed  liulls  or  lions,  or  other 
mythological  conceptions.  The  interior  walls  were  com- 
monly lined  with  a  revetment  of  soft  alabaster  slabs,  on 
which  were  carved  in  low  relief  the  remarkable  series  of 
sculptures  which  have  preserved  the  record  of  Assyrian 
triumphs,  character,  and  customs.  Color  in  somewhat 
subdued  tints  was  generally  employed  upon  the  sculptures 
and  the  wall-spaces.  The  temple,  in  Assyria,  was  sub- 
ordinate to  the  palace,  the  opposite  being  the  case  in  Baby- 
lonia.—Assyrian  art,  one  of  the  later  branches  of  Meso- 
potamian  art,  parallel  to  the  later  Babylonian.  Its  most 
characteristic  manifestation  is  presented  in  its  lavish 
sculptured  architectural  decoration  in  low  relief.   In  its 


Astacidae 

first  period,  culminating  in  tlu-  ninth  century  B.  C,  it  dis- 
l)layed  great  vigor  and  truth  in  its  interpretation  of  nature, 
particularly  in  its  portrayal  of  animal  forms.  Later  it  suf- 
fered a  decline  until  the  close  of  Assyrian  supremacy,  to- 
ward the  end  of  the  seventli  centm'y  )i.  c.  Its  hinnan 
flgun  s  iifvcr  liavi- tin- life  luid  force  i>f  its  animals,  liut  are 


Assyrian  Scufpture. 
Relief  from  Koyunjik,  in  the  British  Museum.   King  Assur-bani-pal 
pouring  a  libation.    About  625  B.  C. 

heavy  and  conventional.  It  is  marked  by  great  minuteness 
of  detail,  ornaments,  texture  of  fabrics,  etc.,  being  care- 
fully rendered.  In  metal- work  of  all  kinds  the  Assyrian 
craftsmen  took  a  high  place,  and  they  excelled  also  jn 
gem-engraving. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Assy- 
ria, an  ancient  country  of  Asia,  east  of  the  river 
Tigris,  long  at  the  head  of  the  powerful  As- 
syrian empire,  including  Babylonia  and  other 
neighboring  countries. —  2.  The  language  of 
the  Assyrians,  which  has  been  preserved  by 
and  largely  recovered  from  their  cuneiform 
inscriptions.  See  cuneiform. 
Assyriological  (a-sir'i-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  Assyriology. 
The  latest  results  of  Assyriological  research. 

Amer.  Jour.  Philol.,  IV.  343. 

Assyriologist  (a-sir-i-ol'o-jist),  n.  [<  Assyri- 
ology +  -ist.'i  A  student  of  Assyriology;  one 
versed  in  Assyriology. 

Assyriologue  (a-sir'i-o-log),  «.  [=  P.  Assyrio- 
logue,  <  Gr.  'Aaavpia  +  -Myog,  <  /ieyeiv:  see  As- 
syriology.~\    An  Assjriologist. 

AssjT:iolo|;y  (a-sir-i-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  'Aaavpia  + 
-Aoyia,  <  'AtyiiLv,  speak:  iee-ology.']  The  science 
of  Assyrian  antiquities ;  that  branch  of  know- 
ledge which  includes  the  history,  language, 
etc.,  of  ancient  Assyria. 

assytht,  n.    A  Scotch  form  of  asseth. 

assythment  (a-siTn'ment),  n.  [Sc.,  also  by 
apheresis  sitliement, 
In  Scots  law,  an  in- 
demnification due 
from  a  person  guilty 
of  murder  to  the 
heirs  of  the  person 
murdered.  Where  the 
criminal  has  suffered  the 
penalty  of  the  law,  no 
claim  for  assythment 
lies. 

-ast.  [<  Gr.  -aavTjg, 
<  -d^eiv,  after  -i-, 
equiv.  to  -lar^g,  < 
-l^etv:  see  -ist,  -ize."] 
A  suffix  of  Greek 
origin,  occurring  in- 
stead of  -ist  after  -i-, 
as  in  chiliast,  enthu- 
siast, etc. 

astacian  (as-ta'- 
shian),  n.  [<  Asta- 
cus  +  -ia.n.']  An  ani- 
mal of  the  genus 
Astacus  or  family 
Astacidce,  as  a  craw- 
fish or  lobster. 

astacid  ( as'ta-sid),  n. 
One  of  the  Astacidw. 

Astacidae  (as-tas'i- 
de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Astacus  +  -idm.']  A 
family  of  macrurous 


<  assyth,  sithe,  +  -ment.J 


Structureof  the  Crawfisli  (ylstnc 

I,  II,  in,  sterna  of  first,  second,  and 
tliird  somites  :  C,  fieart ;  G.  membra- 
nous part  of  stomach;       labrum  : /, 
,         -  ,  metastoma ;  c,  cardiac  ossicle ;  pt, 

aeCapOU.  crustaceans  pterocardiac  do.;  Kc.urocardiac  do.I 
TfinrpOfi-nf-pfl  Viv  thp  latefal  cardiac  do,;  /,  cardio-py." 
representea    OJ   lue    j^^.^,  i^fenor  pyloric  val- 

vular apparatus ;  ni,  anterior  gastric 
muscle  ;  wt,  insertion  of  posterior  do.: 
/tr,  procephalic  process  ;  h,  opening 
of  hepatic  duct ;  pyloric  cascum  ; 
i  k,  intestine:  syt,  testis ;  ^ft',  , 
vas  deferens :  a  o,  ophthalmic  artery ; 
a  a,  antennary  do.:  a  h,  hepatic  do._; 
as,  sternal  do.;  a  p,  superior  abdomi- 
nal do.;  4,  cerebral  ganglia ;  s g,  azy- 
gous  visceral  nerve. 


crawfish  and  lobster. 
Among  fluviatile  forms, 
the  best  known  are  As- 
tacus and  Cambarus,  the 
former  containing  the 
river-crawfish,  A.  Jiuvia- 
tUis,  and  the  latter  nu- 
merous species  of  North 


Astacidae 

America,  among  them  the  blind  crawfish  of  the  Mammoth 
Cave,  C.  pelliccidiis.    The  lobster  is  Homarus  marinus,  or 
B.  americanus.   Nephrops  is  another  genus  of  this  family 
See  cut  under  Astacus. 
Astacina  (as-ta-si'na),  w.         [NL.,  <  Astacus 
+  -ina.'\    A  group  of  maerurous  decapod  crus- 
taceans corresponding  more  or  less  nearly  with 
Astacini  or  Astacidce. 
astacine  (as'ta-sin),  a.  and  n.    [<  Astacus  + 
-inei.]    I.  a.  iSaving  the  characters  of  a  craw- 
fish: pertaining  to  the  Astacidce. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Astacidce,  as  a  crawfish- 


353 


The  problem  whether  the  crustacean  in  question  was  a 
marme  Astacine  or  a  true  Homarine  might  be  very  hard 
*°  sol^s-  Huxley,  Crayfish,  vi. 

Also  astacoid. 
Astacini  (as-ta-si'ni),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Astacus 
+  -wi.]  In  Latreille's  system  of  classification, 
the  third  section  of  maerurous  decapod  crus- 
taceans, containing  a  number  of  forms  now 
distributed  in  several  families  and  at  least  two 
suborders.  His  subsection  of  the  same  name  corre- 
sponds more  nearly  to  the  modern  family  Astacidce  (which 
see).  ^ 

astacite  (as'ta-sit),  n.  [<  Gr.  aaraKdc,  a  lob- 
ster, a  crawfish,  +  -ite^.)  A  petrified  or  fossil 
crawfish,  or  other  similar  crustaeeous  animal. 
Also  astacolite. 

astacoid  (as'ta-koid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Astacus  + 
-Old.']    Same  as  astacine.  Huxley. 

Astacoidea  (as-ta-koi'de-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  As- 
tacus +  -oidea.']  A  superfamily  group  or  series 
of  maerurous  decapod  crustaceans. 

astacolite  (as-tak'o-lit).  n.  [<  G-r.  aoTUKo^,  a 
lobster,  a  crawfish, '-1-  Mo^,  a  stone.]  Same  as 
astacite. 

Astacus  (as'ta-kus),  «.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 
lobster,  a  crawfish.]    The  typical  genus  of  the 


Astarte  sulcata. 


Astarte  borealis 
P.P 


isutcata. 


anterior  and  posterior  pedal 
muscle. 


iliver-Crawfish  {Astamsjluviatilis).  (From  Huxley's  "  Crayfish.") 


family  Astacidce,  and  one  of  the  two  leading 
genera  of  fiuviatile  crawfishes,  the  other  being 
Camharus. 

astarboard  (a-star'bord),  prep.  phr.  as  adv 
[<  a3  -H  starboard.']    At  or  to  the  starboard  or 
nght-hand  side  of  a  ship  when  looking  forward, 
astare  (a-star'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.    [<  a^ 

+  stared.]  Staring, 
astartt  (a-starf),  V.   [<  ME.  asterten,  asteorten, 
asturten,  startle,  startup,  escape,  < a- (<  AS.  a-) 
+  sterten,  etc.,  start:  see  «-l  and  start^.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  escape;  escape  from. 

Every  tere  which  that  Creseyde  asterte. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  1070. 


2.  To  cause  to  start;  startle. 


No  daunger  there  the  shepheard  can  astert. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  Nov. 


II.  intrans.  1.  To  start  up. 

Out  of  her  bed  she  did  astart. 
As  one  -with  vew  of  ghastly  feends  affright, 
ft    rp    V  ,  »  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  ii.  29. 

io  be  escaped  from. 

She  hadde  the  herte. 
And  who  hath  that  may  not  asterte. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  1153. 

Astarte  (as-tar'te),  n.     [L.,  <  Gr.  'AaTapTTj, 
Representing  Phen.  Ashtareth:  see  Ashtoreth.] 
1.  The  principal  female  divinity  of  the  Pheni- 
eians,  properly  a  chaste  deity,  goddess  of  the 
moon  or  of  the  heavens,  but  frequently  eon- 
unchaste  Ashera.  she  was  the 
^T^th^A Istar.    Also  called  Ashtoreth  (Ash- 
XtifoZ'TlZrlT''''''''  """"^  ^^'^^'^'o'^y'  a 
Mooned  Ashtaroth, 
Heaven's  queen  and  mother  both. 

Milton,  Nativity,  1.  200. 
„        .        ,  With  these  in  troop 

i.a.me  Astoreth,  whom  the  Phoeniciaas  call'd 
Astarte,  queen  of  heaven,  with  crescent  horns. 

2rnT,„  Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  439. 

.  I  he  moon. 

Astarte's  bediamonded  crescent, 
Distinct  with  its  duplicate  horn. 
22  Poe,  Ulalume. 


3.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  bivalve  shells,  formerly  of 
great  extent  and  referred  to  a  family  Cyprinidw, 
now  restricted  and  made 
the  type  of  a  family  Astar- 
tidce. 

Astartidae  (as-tar'ti-de),  n. 
pi.    [NL.,  <  Astarte,  3,  -I- 
-idce.]   In  some  systems  of 
zoological  classification,  a 
family  of  dimyarian  bi- 
valves, with    solid  equal 
valves,  an  external  liga- 
ment, cardinal  teeth,  and 
also  lateral  teeth  on  each 
valve,  the  pallial  line  en- 
tire, the  muscular  scars  ovate,  and  a  distinct 
pedal  scar  above  the  anterior  muscular  one. 
The  typical  species  are 
chiefly  inhabitants  of  the 
northern  seas,  but  mem- 
bers of  the  same  family  are 
found  in  most  other  seas. 
Astasia  (as-ta'si-a), 
n.  [NL.,<  Gr.dfTrafri'a, 
unsteadiness,  incon- 
stancy, <  aararog,  un- 
steady: see  astatic] 
A  genus  of  eustoma- 
tous  flagellate  inf  uso- 
rians,  typical  of  the 
fehmilyAstasiidm,  hav- 
ing a  distinct  tubular 

pharynx.    It  contains  such  species  as  A.  tri- 
chophora,  foimd  in  marsh-water, 
astasiid  (as-tas'i-id),  n.    An  infusorian  of  the 
family  Astasiidce. 
Astasiidse  (as-ta-si'i-de),  n.  pi.   [NL.,<  Astasia 
+  -idw.]  A  family  of  animalcules,  mostly  free- 
swimming,  exceedingly  plastic  and  variable  in 
form,  bearing  a  single  terminal  flagellum,  and 
having  the  oral  aperture  distinct  and  the  endo- 
plasm  colorless, 
astatet,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  estate. 
astatic  (as-tat'ik),  a.    [<  Gr.  aaraToc,  not  stand- 
ing still,  unstable,  unsteady,  <  a-  priv.  -I-  araToc, 
verbal  adj.  of  idrdra^,  stand:  see  a-^^  and  static] 
1.  Unstable;  imsteady. 

The  house  was  rested,  at  each  of  its  piers,  upon  a  hand- 
ful of  cast-iron  shot,  each  one  fourth  of  an  inch  in  diame- 
ter.   By  this  means  the  building  has  been  made  astatic. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVIII.  566. 

Hence — 2.  In  p'hijs.,  having  no  tendency  to 
take  a  definite  (fixed)  position ;  without  direc- 
tive power :  used  especially  of  a  magnetic  nee- 
dle whose  directive  property  has  been  neutral- 
ized.  A  needle  may 
be  rendered  astatic 
in  various  ways,  but 
most  simply  by  tlie 
proximity  of  another 
needle  of  the  same  in- 
tensity fixed  parallel 
to  it,  and  with  the 
poles  reversed,  the 
north  pole  of  the  one 
being  adjacent  to  the 
south  pole  of  the 
other.  In  this  posi- 
tion the  needles  neu- 
tralize each  other, 
and  are  therefore  uu- 
afltected  by  the  mag- 
netism of  the  earth, 
though  they  are  still 
t       ,    1  .  subject  to  the  influ- 

ence of  an  electric  current  properly  situated.   Such  nee- 


N. 


Astatic  Needles. 


Ji„„,„„„  ^  ■  i'i>.'i<c»ij' oiiuaucu.    ouca  nee- 
dles were  formerly  employed  in  the  electric  telegraph,  and 
they  form  an  essential  part  of  the  astatic  galvanometer 
astatically  (as-tatl-kal-i),  adv.   In  an  astatic 
manner. 

astaticism  (as-tat'i-sizm),  n.  [<  astatic  +  -ism.'] 
Ihe  state  or  quality  of  being  astatic. 

The  nominal  sensitiveness  of  a  galvanometer  can  be  in- 
creiwed  to  any  extent  by  increasing  the  astaticism  of  the 
°^eaie.  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  XXXII.  90. 

astatize  (as'ta-tiz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  astatized, 
ppr.  astattzing.  [<  astat-ic  -h  -ize.]  To  render 
astatic. 

•  ^-iJ®  °*  ^  properly  astatized  needle  suspended 

inside  the  globe.  Encye.  Brit.,  XV.  267. 

astatizer  (as'ta-ti-zer),  w.  A  device  for  ren- 
dering the  needle  of  a  galvanometer  astatic. 

astay  (a-sta'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a3 
+  stayi-.]  Naut.,  said  of  the  anchor  when,  in 
heaving  m,  the  cable  forms  such  an  angle  with 
the  surface  of  the  water  as  to  appear  to  be  in  a 
line  with  the  stays  of  the  ship. 

asteatodes  (as-te-a-to'dez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr  d- 
priv.  +  (7rearc5(5;?f,"like  taUow  or  fat,  <  arcap 
{arear-),  tallow  or  fat,  -I-  elSog,  form.]  Same  as 
asteatosis. 

asteatosis  (as-te-a-to'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d- 
priv.  +  ariap  (areaT-),  tallow  or  fat,  +  -osis.] 


asteriated 

In  pathol.,  defective  secretion  of  sebaceous 
matter  by  the  glands  of  the  skin, 
asteer  {a-siev'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [Sc., 
=  astir,  q.  v.]    In  or  into  a  state  of  stir;  stir- 
ring. [Scotch.] 

asteism  (as'te-izm),  n.  [<  Gr.  aaTeia/idg,  clever 
talk,  <  aaTtit^eadai,  talk  cleverly,  <  aareiog,  clever 
witty,  lit.  of  the  town,  <  aarv.  town.  Cf.  civil. 
<  L.  civis,  a  citizen ;  urbane,  <  L.  urbs,  a  city.] 
In  rhet.,  polite  irony;  a  polite  and  ingenious 
manner  of  deriding  another, 
astel  (as'tel),  n.  [<  ME.  astelle,  <  OF.  astclle  = 
Pr.  astela,  <  L.  "astella,  for  astvla,  a  form  of 
assula,  a  thin  board,  a  shingle,  dim.  of  assis,  a 
board:  see  ashler.]  A  ceiling  of  boards  over- 
head in  a  mining-drift,  designed  to  protect  the 
men  when  at  work  from  falling  rocks.  [Eng.] 
asterl  (as'ter),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  aari/p,  a  star  (also 
a  plant,  prob.  Aster  Aiiiciis ;  cf.  aarpov  (>  L.  as- 
trum),  a  star,  a  constellation,  usually  in  pi. 
anrpa,  the  stars),  =  E.  star,  q.  v.]  If.  A  star. 
[Rare.]— 2.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Jsfer.— 3. 
leap.]  [NL.]  A  large  genus  of  plants,  natural 
order  Compositw,  natives  of  Europe,  Asia,  and 
America,  but  chiefly  of  North  America,  about 
120  species  occun-ing  in  the  United  States. 

They  are  mostly  perennial,  flowering  in  late  smnmer  and 
autumn,  on  which  account  tliey  are  often  called  in  Eng- 
land Michaelmas  or  Cliristnias  daisies.    The  ray-flowers 
vary  from  white  to  lilac-blue  or  purple,  the  center  being 
yellow,  changing  sometimes  to  purple.    Many  of  the  spe- 
cies resemble  one  another  closely,  and  in  no  genus  is  the 
satisfactory  determination  of  tlie  species  more  difiicult. 
4.  A  name  of  plants  of  some  allied  genera,  as 
the  Cape  aster  {Agathwa  amelloides),  the  China 
aster  {Callistephus  Chinensis),  the  false  aster 
(Boltonia),  the  golden  aster  (Chrysopsis),  and 
the  white-topped  aster  {ISericocarjms). — 5.  In 
hiol.,  a  karyokinetie  figure  intervening  in  time 
between  the  rosette  and  the  diaster  during  the 
changes  in  the  nucleus  of  a  cell.    See  diaster 
and  karyokiiiesis. 
Aster^  (as'ter),  n.    In  ornith.,  same  as  Astur. 
-aster.  [L.  -aster,  dim.  suffix,  as  in  parasitaster, 
a  bit  of  a  parasite,  Antoniaster,  a  little  Antony, 
oleaster, ^^ildohve,  pinaster,  wild  pine,  swrfaster, 
deafish,  etc.]    A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  forming 
contemptuous  diminutives,  as  in  criticaster, 
poetaster.    It  occurs  without  recognized  dimin- 
utive force  in  jnnaster,  oleaster  (which  see). 
Asteracanthiidse  (as"te-ra-kan-thi'i-de),  n.pl. 
[NL.,  <  Asterucanthion  "+  "-idw.]    A  family  of 
ordinary  starfishes,  of  the  order  Asteroidea. 
Asteracanthion(as*te-ra-kan'thi-on),  n.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  aoTTip,  a  star,  +  akavda,  a  spine.]  A  genus 
of  starfishes,  typical  of  the  family  ^s<e>-aca»j- 
thiidce.  A.  rubens  is  a  common  British  species, 
the  "five-finger"  of  the  oystermen. 

Asteracanthus  (as'te-ra-kan'thus),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  a(jT?/p,  a  star,  +  aKavda,  a  spine.]    A  genus 
of  placoid  fossil  fishes,  occurring  in  the  Oolite 
and  Lias  formations. 
Asteraceae  (as-te-ra'sf-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aster\ 
3,  -f-  -acew.]    Same  as  Compositw. 
asteria(as-te'ri-a),w.  [L.,<Gr.dCTr^p,astar.  Cf. 
Asterias.]    A  variety  of  sapphire,  not  perfectly 
transparent,  but  showing,  when  cut  round,  a 
stellar  opalescence  in  the  direction  of  the  verti- 
cal axis  of  the  crystal.    Also  called  oculus  cati. 
Asteriadse  (as-te-ri'a-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Aste- 
rias, 1,  4-  -adai.]    1.  Same  as  AsteriidcB.—2. 
Some  other  and  major  group  of  starfishes, 
asterial  (as-te'ri-al),  a.    [<  Gr.  acrkpioq,  starry, 

<  acrrip,  a  star.]    Relating  to  or  connected  with 
the  stars. 

If  the  deep  learn'd  asterial  quacks 
Paint  Time  to  life  in  almanacks. 
He  has  on  brow  a  lock  of  hair, 
But  all  his  head  beside  is  bare. 

T.  Ward,  England's  Reformation,  p.  298. 

asterialite  (as-te'ri-a-lit),  n.    [<  Asterias,  1,  + 
-lite.]    A  fossil  starfish. 
Asterias  (as-te'ri-as),  «.    [NL  <  L.  asterias,  < 
^v.a<yTcp'ia<:,  a  fish,  lit.  stany,  <  aarrip,  a  star.] 
1.  The  genus  of 
starfishes  which 
is  typical  of  the 
family  Asterii- 
dcB.—  2.   II.  c] 
In    ornith.,  an 
old  and  disused 
name  of  the  gos- 
hawk, goose- 
hawk,   or  star- 
hawk.    See  .4s- 
tur. 

asteriated  (as- 

te'ri-a-ted),  a. 
[<  Gr.  aoTipmc, 


Common  Starfish  (Aslerias/<n-betC 


asteriated 


354 


starry,  +  -atf  +  -ed2.]  Exhibiting  the  prop-  asterism  (as'te-rizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  aarcpiaadu  a 
erty  ot  astensm :  as,  asteriated  sapphire.    See    marking  with  stars,  a  consteUation,  <  aartpJCav, 


asterism,  4. 

asterid  (as'te-rid),  M.  l<  Asteridw.']  A  starfish; 
a  member  of  the  genus  Astcrias,  or  family  As- 
terii<1(v,  or  some  other  division  of  the  order  As- 
teroklea.   Also  called  asteridan  and  asterkUan. 

Asterida  (as-ter'i-da),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Astcrms,  1, 
+  -ida.]  In  Gregenbaur's  system  of  classifica- 
tion, an  order  of  the  class  Asteroida,  including 
the  typical  starfishes. 

Asteridae  (as-ter'i-de),  n.j)l.  [NL.,<  Asterias,  1, 
+  -klcv.']  1.  Same  as  Aster iidcv. —  2.  Some  su- 
perf  amily  group  of  starfishes,  more  or  less  ex- 
actly equivalent  to  Asteroidea  (which  see). 

asteridan  (as-ter'i-dan),  «.    Same  as  asterid. 

Asteridea  (as-te-rid'e-a),  7i.pl.  [NL.,<  Asterias, 
1,  +  -idea.l  A  superf amily  group  of  starfishes, 
(a)  More  or  less  nearly  the  same  as  an  order  Asteroidea, 
distinguishing  the  starfishes  collectively  from  other  echi- 
noderms.  (b)  More  or  less  nearly  the  same  as  a  class 
Asteroidea  or  Stellerida,  distinguishing  the  starfishes  and 
sand-stars  (ophiurians)  together  from  other  echinoderms. 

asteridian  (as-te-rid'i-an),  n.  and  a.    [<  asterid 
+  -(■««.]    I.  n.  Same  as  asterid. 
II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Asteriidce. 
The  asteridian  affinities  of  the  class  [Brachiopoda]  have 
been  hinted  at  by  King.  Encyc.  Brit.,  IV.  188. 

asteriid  (as-te'ri-id),  n.  A  starfish  of  the  fam- 
ily Asteriidce. 

Asteriidae  (as-te-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aste- 
rias, 1,  +  -^dw.  ]  A  family  of  echinoderms,  of 
the  order  Asteroidea, 

the  starfishes,  class       ,  t^frffttrrmtp'  v 
Asteroulea  or  Stelle-  ^J^TW^mi^:^ 
rida,  represented  by    }f  /  \  \ 

such  genera  as  As-  h — ,  a 
terias  or  Astropecten 
and  Liddia,  having 
four  rows  of  pedi- 
cellate feet  in  each 
ray.  Also  Asteridw, 
and,  less  correctly, 
AsteriadcB. 

Asterina  (as-te-ri'- 
na),  n.    [NL.,  '<  Gr. 

ad-rjp,  a  star,  +  -ina.]    The  typical  genus  of 
starfishes  of  the  family  Asterinidce.    A.  gihhosa 
is  the  gibbous  starlet. 
Asterina  is  a  large  genus,  almost  world-wide  in  its  dis 


mark  with  stars,  <  dariip,  a  star,  =  E.  star.']  1. 
A  group  of  stars :  formerly  equivalent  to  con- 
stellation, but  now  appropriated  to  any  small 
cluster  of  stars,  whether  a  part  of  a  constella- 
tion or  not. 

All  set  in  number  and  in  perfect  form, 
Even  like  the  Asterisms  fix'd  in  heaven. 

Chapman,  Blind  Beggar. 
Any  one  who  studies  the  heavens  will  recognize  the  fact 
that  the  larger  constellations  have  been  robbed  of  theu' 
just  proportions  to  form  the  smaller  asterismji. 

H.  A.  Proctor,  Light  Science,  p.  .335. 

2.  An  asterisk,  or  mark  of  reference.  [Rare.] 
—3.  Three  asterisks  placed  thus,  or  thus, 
,  before  a  passage,  to  direct  attention  to  it. 
— 4.  An  optical  property  exhibited  by  some 
crystallized  minerals  which  show  a  star-shaped 
luminousfigurewhen  viewed  by  reflected  light,  a  .  ,  .  ,  , 
as  the  asteriated  sapphire,  or  by  transmitted  Asterolepis  (as-te-rol  e-pis),  n 
light,  as  some  kinds  of  phlogopite.  in  the  former  ^  ^tar,  +  ^ 

case  it  is  due  to  certain  peculiarities  of  internal  structure, 
in  the  latter  to  the  inclusion  of  symmetrically  arranged 
acicular  crystals. 

astern  (a-stern'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [< 
a3  +  sterh^.]  1.  At  or  toward  the  hinder  part 
of  a  ship:  as,  to  go  astern. —  2.  Behind,  at  any 
indefinite  distance :  as,  the  ship  was  far  astern 
of  us. 


asthma 

terinidm,  Goniastendm,  Linckiidoe.,  and  Asteriidat,  or  the 
starfishes  proper  as  distinguished  from  the  sand-stars  and 
other  echinoderms  of  the  class  Stellerida  (which  see). 
They  have  a  coriaceous  skin,  in  which  are  implanted  spines 
or  tubercles.  The  body  is  expanded  into  arms,  the  under 
surface  of  which  is  marked  with  grooves,  radiating  from 
the  center,  and  pierced  with  rows  of  holes,  wlience  issue 
tentacular  feet,  by  means  of  which  the  animals  move. 
Most  liave  5  arms  or  rays,  but  some  have  more,  varying 
from  8  to  30.  They  have  the  power  of  reproducing  these- 
arms  if  they  are  broken  oH:';  and  if  an  entire  arm,  with  a 
small  portion  of  the  body  attached  to  it,  is  torn  off,  it  forms 
a  new  and  perfect  animal.  The  month  is  in  the  inferior 
center  of  the  rays,  is  not  provided  with  teeth,  and  leads 
by  a  short  gullet  into  a  large  stomach,  from  which  a  pair 
of  lateral  tubes  are  prolonged  into  each  ray.  A  distinct 
intestine  and  anus  may  or  may  not  be  present.  The  ani- 
mals feed  chiefly  on  mollusks. 

2.  A  class  of  echinoderms,  containing  the 
sand-stars  or  ophiurians  together  with  the 
starfishes,  and  more  or  less  exactly  equivalent 
to  Stellerida  (which  see). — 3.  Same  as  Alcy- 
onaria. 


[NL.,  <  Gr. 


AeTTif,  a  scale.] 
A  genus  of  gi- 
gantic primi- 
tive fishes,  now 
f  oimd  only  in  a 
fossil  state  in 
the  Old  Red 
Sandstone. 
From  their  re- 
mains it  would 
seem  that  these 
fishes  must  some- 
times   have  at- 


Cross-section  of  ray  of  Asterias 

attrantiacus. 
a,  a.  ambulacral  or  vertebral  os- 
sicles ;  b,  adambulacral ;  c,  c,  margi- 
nal ossicles:  d,  paxtUae  upon  aiitam- 
bulacral  surface. 


Captain  Terry  .  .  .  put  off  in  his  boat  at  sunset  for  his 
ship,  which  was  now  six  or  eight  miles  astern. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  36. 

3.  In  the  direction  of  the  stern;  backward; 
back;  to  the  r&ar:  said  of  a  ship:  as,  the  cur- 
rent drove  us  far  astern.-To  back  astern,  to  move  „  s+^rnnTirTr/li^ 
stem  foremost ;  go  astern :  said  of  a  ship.— To  be  astern  '^.°»'''ropnryaia 
of  the  reckoning,  to  be  behind  the  position  given  for  a 
vessel  by  the  reckoning.—  To  fall  astern.   See  fall. 
asternal  (a-ster'nal),  a.    [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
aripvov,  sternum.]  "l.  Having  no  sternum  or 
breast-bone,  as  a  serpent.    [Rare.]  —  2.  Not 
reaching  to  or  connected  with  the  sternum:  as, 
asternal  ribs,  that  is,  floating  ribs,  ribs  which 
do  not  articulate  with  the  breast-bone 


I,  hyoid  plate  of  Asterolepis,  i-gth  naturat 


of  18  or  20  feet. 

(as"te-rof'ri-did),  ».     One  oC 

the  Astcro\dirydid(je. 

Asterophrydidae  (as'te-ro-frid'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Asteroplirys  +  -idce'.l  A  family  of  ar- 
cLferous  saUent  amphibians  with  maxillary 
teeth,  dilated  sacral  diapophyses  (the  coccyx 
being  connected  with  one  or  two  condyles  or 
sacral  vertebrae),  and  opisthoccelian  vertebrse. 


It  is  a  small  gi-oup  of  toad-like  animals. 
Asterodactylidae  (as'te-ro-dak-til'l-de),  ??.  pi.  Asterophrys  (as-te-rof'ris),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 
[NL.,  <  Asterodactylus '+ -idee]    A  family  of   aarr/p,  a  star,  +  6(j>pv^,  eyebrow:  see  brow.] 


salient  amphibians:  synonymous  with  Pipidw 
(which  see).  Also  Asterodactyloidce  and  Astro- 
dactylidw. 


tribution.    Th^^^^keletonjsformed^^^^  AsterodactyluS  (as'te-ro-dak'ti-lus),  «.  [NL., 


ily  Asterinidce. 
Asterinidae  (as-te-rin'i-de),  n.  pi. 


terina  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  sta'rfishes,  contain 
Lag  the  starlets  of  the  genera  Asterina,  Asteris- 
cus,  Goniaster,  etc. 
asterion  (as-te'ri-on),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
neut.  aarepiov,  starry,  starlike,  <  aarr/p,  a  star.] 
In  anat.,  the  point  where  the  lambdoid,  parie- 
tomastoid, and  occipitomastoid  sutures  of  the 
skull  meet. 

Asteriscus  (as-te-ris'kus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr,  aare- 
picKog,  a  little  star:  see  asterisk.]  1.  A  genus 
of  starfishes,  of  the  family  Asterinidce :  synony- 
mous with  Palmipes.  The  species  are  known 
as  sea-stars. —  2.  [Z.  c]  An  otolith  lodged,  in 
most  fishes,  in  a  diverticulum  of  the  vestibule, 
beneath  the  ampulla  of  the  posterior  canal. 

asterisk  (as'te-risk),  n.  [<  LL.  asteriscus,  <  Gr. 
aarepiaKog,  a  little  star,  an  asterisk,  used  in 
manuscripts  to  mark  passages,  dim.  of  acrf/p,  a 
star:  see  aster'^.]  1.  The  figure  of  a  star  (*), 
used  in  printing  and  writing — {a)  as  a  reference 
to  a  passage  or  note  in  the  margin;  (h)  to  dis- 
tinguish words  or  phrases  as  conjectural,  theo- 
retical, imverified,  obscure,  or  as  having  some 
other  specified  character;  (c)  to  mark  the  omis- 
sion of  words  or  letters ;  and  (d)  arbitrarily,  as  a 
mark  of  classification. —  2.  Something  in  the 
shape  of  or  resembling  an  asterisk. 

The  lanthorn  is  in  the  centre  of  an  asterisk  of  glades, 
cut  through  the  wood  of  all  the  country  round,  four  or 
five  in  a  quarter.         Roger  North,  Lord  Guilford,  I.  258. 

3.  In  the  Gr.  Ch.,  a  frame  consisting  of  two 
arches  of  metal,  crossing  each  other  at  right 
angles,  placed  on  the  paten 
and  over  the  prepared  bread 
of  the  eucharist  to  prevent 
contact  with  the  covering 
veil. 

The  asterisk  .  .  .  folds  and  un- 
folds for  the  purpose  of  being  more 
conveniently  put  away.  Its  use  is 
to  prevent  the  veil  of  the  disk  from 
disarranging  the  order  of  the  por- 
tions ;  its  mystical  meaning  ...  is  the  star  which  led  the 
Wise  Men  to  the  Infant  Savioui-. 

J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  350,  note. 


(which  see). 
[NL.,  <  As-  asteroid  (as'te-roid),  a.  andw, 


[<  Gr.  aaTepou6fjQ, 


A  genus  of  arciferous  amphibians  of  New 
Guinea,  tjrpical  of  the  family  Asterophrydidw. 
asterophyllite  (as"te-r6-fil'it),  w.   [<  NL. 
lapping  ^d  notched  ossicul.    Stand: ^.  -^—-^^YE^^  ^^^"-^  A  member  of  the  genus 

asterinid(as-ter  i-nid),m.  A  starlet  of  the  f am-  of  salient  amphibians :  synonymous  with  Pipa  Asterophyllites  (as^e-ro-fi-li'tez),  n.  [NL., 
ilv  AsterinidcB.  „„„x  ^     <  Gr.  iar^p,  a  star,  +"<p!;Uov,  a  lekf,  +  mo?, 

a  stone.]  A  genus  of  fossil  plants;  star-leaf  r 
so  called  from  the  stellated  disposition  of  the 
leaves  around  the  branches.  They  abound  in  the 
coal-measures,  and  are  believed  to  be  the  branches  of  the 
Catamites  or  Calamodendron. 

astertt,  v.    See  astart. 

asthenia  (as-the-ni'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aadheia, 
weakness,  <  a(Tfev?/f, 'without  strength,  <  d-priv. 
+  adhog,  strength.]  1.  In  patiiol.,  debility; 
want  of  strength.  Also  astheny. — 2.  leap.]  Ini 
isodl.,  a  genus  of  insects, 
asthenic  (as-then'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aadevindg,  weak, 
<  aodevr/g :  see  asthenia.]  Of  the  nature  of  as- 
thenia ;  characterized  by  or  suffering  from  as- 
thenia or  debility ;  weak, 
asthenologyt  (as-the-nol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  atjde. 
v^/f,  weak  (see  asthenia),  +  -7ioyta,<.  leyuv,  speak: 
see  -ology.  ]  The  doctrine  of  diseases  connected 
with  debility, 
asthenopia  (as-the-no'pi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aaOe- 
vt'/g,  weak  (see  asthenia),  +  01^(077-),  eye.]  Weak- 
ness of  the  eyes.  Two  forms  are  especially  important : 
(a)  accommodative  asthenopia,  which  is  the  result  of  the  ex- 
haustion of  the  ciliary  nmscle,  as  in  hypermetropia ;  and 
(6)  muscular  asthenopia,  which  is  the  result  of  some  ex- 
haustion of  the  external  muscles  of  the  eye,  usually  the 
internal  rectus, 
asthenopic  (as-the-nop'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to, 
resembling,  or  suffering  from  asthenopia. 

For  reading,  the  manifest  hypermetropia  should  be  cor- 
rected, the  strength  of  the  glasses  being  increased  as  often 
as  asthenopic  symptoms  reappear. 

Uncyc.  Brit.,  XVII.  785. 

Asthenurus  (as-the-nii'i-us),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

aadevr/c,  weak  (see  asthenia),  +  ovpa,  tail.]  1. 
In  ornith.,  a  genus  of  woodpeckers:  synony- 
mous with  Picumnus.  Swainson,  1827. —  2.  In 
iclitli.,  a  genus  of  fishes, 
astheny  (as'the-ni),  n.  Same  as  asthenia,  1, 
asthma  (ast'ma  or  as'ma),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  astma,  asma,  <  ME.  asma,  asmy,  <  ML.  asma, 
asthma,<  Gr.  aad/ia,  asthma,  panting, <  al^eiv,  also 
ad^Eiv,  a'lai^etv,  breathe  hard,  pant,  <  a^vai  {*Fa'rj- 
vai),  breathe,  blow,  =  Goth,  waian  =  AS.  wdwan 
=  OHG.  wdjan,  MHG.  wcejen,  G.  wehen  =  Skt. 
"v/  vd,  blow.  From  the  same  root,  in  Gr.,  come- 


star-Uke,  <  d<Tr?/p,  a  star,  +  elSoc,  form.]  I.  a.  1. 
Star-like. — 2.  Having  a  flower  like  an  aster. 

II.  n.  1.  One  of  the  small  planets,  465  or  more 
in  number,  which  (with  one  known  exception) 
lie  between  the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupiter: 
more  aecuT&tely  called  planetoids.  See  planet- 
oid.—  2.  One  of  the  Asteroidea;  a  starfish,  in  a 
wide  sense. 
Asteroida  (as-te-roi'da),  n. pi  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
poE;(5?/f-,  star-Uke  :  see  asteroid.]  1.  In  Gegen- 
baur's  system  of  classification,  a  class  of  echi- 
noderms, the  sea-stars  or  starfishes,  consisting 
of  the  orders  Asterida,  Brisingida,  Ophiurida, 
and  Euryalida. —  2.  Same  as  Alcyonaria. 
asteroidal  (as-te-roi'dal),  a.  [<  asteroid  (or 
Asteroida)  +  -dl.]  1.  Resembling  a  star. — 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  asteroids. —  3.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  starfishes. — 4.  Same  as  alcyonarian. 
Asteroidea  (as-te-roi'de-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aoTEpoeidr/c,  star-like:  see  asteroid.]  1.  An 
order  of  echinoderms,  the  starfl.shes:  so  call- 
ed from  their  star-like  form.    They  have  a  more  or 


Asterisk. 


Development  of  Asterid  Larvae. 
A,  echinopiedium  of  the  form  called  bipinnaria,  ventral  view;  B, 
lateral  view  ;  C,  the  bipinnaria  showing  rudiment  of  the  starfish,  a, 
mouth;  *,  esophagus;  c,  stomach  ;  c',  intestine  ;  «,  anus;  x  y,  ven- 
tral and  dorsal  sides  of  anterior  end  of  body  ;  d,  d  ,  ciliated  bands  ; 
/i,  caecal  diverticulum,  forming  rudiment  of  the  ambulacral  system, 
opening  externally  at  ^. 

less  lobed  or  pentagonal  disk  ;  lobes  continuous  with  the 
disk,  receiving  prolongations  of  the  viscera,  and  bearing 
tube-feet  with  suckers,  as  locomotory  organs  ;  and  an 
aboral  madreporic  body.  The  group  includes  several 
families,  as  Brisingidce,  Pterasteridoe,  Astropectinidce,  As- 


asthma 


355 


air^,  ama,aula,  atmo-,  etc.,  and  in  Teut.,  tvind^,  mouth,  in  which  the  mouth  is  wanting.  The 

q.  v.]    A  paroxysmal  disorder  of  respiration,  group  comprises  two  classes,  Gregarinida  and 

characterized  by  labored  breathing,  sibilant  EMeopoda.    See  Protozoa. 

rales,  a  feeling  of  constriction  in  the  chest,  and  astomatous  (as-to'ma-tus),  a.    [<  NL.  astoma- 

eough.   The  essential  feature  of  the  attacks  is  the  con-  <  Gr.  a- priv.  +  (Trdua(r-),  mouth.]    1  Not 

traction  of  the  bronchial  tubes  through  spasm  of  the  mus-  nossessinff  a  mouth  •  snpcififnllv  hplonrnViw  ni- 

cles  in  their  walls.  The  name  is  sometimes  loosely  applied  J^"!,; ' °„  f         ^ ,  specjlicaily,  belonging  or 

toother  dyspnoeic  conditions.-Hay  asthma.  Same  as  pertaimng  to  the  Astomata.—2.  In  hot,  with- 

fta?//««er  ^which  see).  out  an  aperture;  specifically,  without  stomata 

asthmatic  (ast-  or  as-mat'ik)j  a.  and  n.    [<  L.  or  breathing-pores. 

astl)maticiis,<  Gr.  acdfiariKog,  <  aadixa{T-),  asthma:  astomous  (as'to-mus),  a.    [<  NL.  astomus,  <  Gr. 

see  asth7na.'\    I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  asthma:  aarofio^,  mouthless,  <  d- priv.  +  ar6/ia,  mouth.] 


as,  asthmatic  symptoms. — 2.  Affected  by  asth 
ma :  as,  an  asthmatic  patient. 

He  reads  from  paper  and  book, 
In  a  low  and  husky  asthmatic  tone. 

Whittier,  Demon  of  the  Study. 

II.  n.  A  person  troubled  with  asthma. 

asthmatical  (ast-  or  as-mat'i-kal),  a.  Same 
as  asthmatic. 

asthmatically  (ast-  or  as-mat'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  asthmatic  manner;  as  an  asthmatic. 

Asthmatos  (^st'ma-tos),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aad- 
i"°(''-)>  panting,  asthma:  see  asthma.']  A  ge- 
nus of  cilioflagellate  infusorians,  having  at  the 
anterior  end  a  single  flagellum  in  the  midst 

of  a  circlet  of  cilia,  a.  dliaris  is  found  in  the  mucus 
of  the  nose  in  cases  of  hay  fever,  and  is  supposed  to  cause 
the  complaint. 

astichous  (as'ti-kus),  a.    [<  NL.  astichus,  <  Gr. 

a-  priv.  +  cTixog,  a  row.]   In  hot.  and  zoiil.,  not 
\  arranged  in  ranks  or  rows, 
astigmatic  (as-tig-mat'ik),  a.    [<  Gr.  a-  priv. 

+  aTiyfia{T-),  a  point,  +  -ic:  see  a-l8,  stigma, 

and  stigmatic.']     Pertaining  to  or  exhibiting 

astigmatism. 

astigmation  (as -tig  -ma'shgn),  n.  Same  as 
astigmatism. 
astigmatism  (as-tig'ma-tizm),  n.  [Also  astig- 
mism,  q.  V. ;  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  aTcyfia{T-),  a  point, 
+  -ism.']  1.  In  ophthal.,  a  defect  in  the  refrac- 
tive apparatus  of  the  eye,  the  curvature  of  the 
refracting  sui-faees  being  greater  along  certain 
meridians  than  along  others,  so  that  rays  of 
light  proceeding  from  an  external  point  do  not 
converge  to  a  point  upon  the  retina,  but  to  a 
line. —  2.  A  similar  defect  in  a  lens. 


AstraesCcea 

A  coldness  and  axtonifihinent  in  his  loins,  as  folk  say. 

Holland. 

(h\)  Confusion  of  mind  from  sudden  fear  or  other  emo- 
tion ;  consternation. 

Astonishment  is  that  state  of  the  soul  in  which  all  its 
motions  are  suspended  with  some  degree  of  horror. 

Burke,  Sublime  and  Beautiful, 
(ct)  Passion  ;  excitement ;  frenzy. 

Furious  ever  I  knew  thee  to  be, 
Yet  never  in  this  strange  astonishment.  Spenser. 
(d)  Great  surprise  or  wonder  ;  amazement. 

We  found,  with  no  less  wonder  to  us  than  astonishment 
to  themselves,  that  they  were  the  two  valiant  and  famous 
brothers.  sir  P.  Sidney. 

2.  A  cause  or  matter  of  consternation. 

Thou  Shalt  become  an  astonishment,  a  proverb,  and  a 
byword  among  all  nations.  Ueut.  xxviii.  37. 

Those  imaged,  to  the  pride  of  kings  and  priests, 
A  dark  yet  mighty  faitli,  a  power  as  wide 
As  is  the  world  it  wasted,  and  are  now 
But  an  astonishment. 

Shelley,  Prometheus  Unbound,  iii.  4. 
=  Syn.  1.  Amazement,  admiration,  awe. 


astigmism  (as-tig'mizm),  «.    [See  astigmatism, 

which  is  ''etymologically  the  better  word,"  astoniednesst,  «.    [<  astonied 
notwithstanding  the  extract.]    Same  as  astig-    state  of  being  astonished 
mattsm.  ■     -  -  - 


Without  a  stoma  or  mouth ;  astomatous :  ap- 
plied to  mosses  in  which  the  capsule  does  not 
open  regularly  by  an  operculum,  but  bursts  ir- 
regularly, as  in  Phascum  and  its  allies.  A.  Gray. 
astont,  astonet,  astunt,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  astonen,  as- 
tunen,  astoonen,  astounen  (later  and  rarely  as- 
toyne),  also  astonien,  astunien  (whence  later  and 
mod.  astony,  q.  v.,  and  by  extension  astonish,  q. 
v.),  oftenest  in  the  pp.  as  toned,  astuned,  astouned 
(whence  in  mod.  E.  a  new  inf.  astound,  q.  v.), 

also  astonied  (see  astony) ;  of  uncertain  origin :  astony  (as-ton'i),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  astonied, 
either  (1)  in  the  earlier  normal  form  *«sta«e>i,  '        ''^  ^'^ 

<  AS.  *astunian  (not  found),  <  a-  +  stunian,  re- 
sound (not  verified  in  the  later  sense  of  '  stun 
with  a  noise,'  stun  in  this  sense  being  possibly 
by  apheresis  from  astun);  cf.  Swiss  stUnen,  > 
NHG.  staunen  (in  comp.  erstaunen  =  AS.  *dstu- 
nian'^),  astonish;  or  (2)  <  OP.  estoner,  estuner, 
estonner,  mod.  P.  etonner,  stun,  astonish,  <  L. 
as  if  *extonare,  equiv.  to  attonare,  chiefly  in  pp. 
aitonitus,  strike  with  a  thunderbolt,  stun,  as- 
tonish, <  ex,  out  (ad,  to),  +  tonare,  thunder:  see 
as-3,  ex-,  and  thunder.  The  indications  point  „atnr-ai.  t 
to  an  orig.  AS.  word,  merged  in  ME.  with  the  „J^„„r\ 
etymologically  different  but  formally  and  no- 
tionally  equiv.  OP.  word.  The  forms  aston, 
astone,  astun,  astony,  astonish,  and  astound  are 
thus  variations  of  the  same  word.  The  normal 
mod.  form  is  astun  (a-stun' ),  or  with  further  de- 
velopment astound,  "the  only  form,  besides  as- 
tonish, in  aatual  use.]  To  confound;  astonish; 
amaze;  bewilder;  dismay.  Chaucer. 

On  the  soUd  ground 
He  fell  rebounding  breathless,  and  astunn'd 
His  trunk  extended  lay. 

Somerville,  Hobbinol,  ii.  384. 

•  -Mess.]  The 


The  late  eminent  scholar,  Dr.  Whewell,  who  had  origi- 
nally suggested  the  word  astigmatism,  .  .  .  approves  of 
astigmism,  as  being  etymologically  the  better  word. 

Quoted  in  iV,  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  344. 

astigmometer  (as-tig-mom'e-ter),  n.  [<  astig- 
m(atism)  +  Gr.  /lerpov,  a  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  astigmatism. 

Zehender  describes  a  new  astigmometer,  consisting  of 
two  pasteboard  tubes,  one  of  which  fitted  into  the  other 
and  could  be  revolved  around  its  long  axis. 

N.  Y.  Med.  Jour.,  XL.  218. 

astigmometry  (as-tig-mom'e-tri),  n.  [<  astig- 
m(atism)  +  Gr.  -iueTpia,<  /icrpov,  a  measure.]  The 
measurement  of  astigmatism. 

astipulatet  (as-tip'u-lat),  v.  [<  L.  astipulatus, 
pp.  of  astipulari,  adstipulari,  agree  with,  <  ad, 
to,  +  stipulari,  stipulate:  see  stipulate.]  I.  in- 
trans.  To  make  a  stipulation ;  agree. 

All,  but  an  hateful  Epicurus,  have  astipulated  to  this 
truth.  Bp.  Hall,  Invisible  World,  ii.  §  1. 

II.  trans.  To  assent  or  agree  to. 

astipulationf  (as-tip-u-la'shon),  n.  [<  L.  astipu- 
latio{n-),  <  astipulari,  adstipulari,  agree  with: 
see  astipulate.]    1.  Agreement;  concurrence. 

Gracing  himself  .  .  .  with  the  astipulation  of  our  rev- 
erend Jewell.  Bp.  Hall,  Honour  of  Married  Clergy,  ii.  §  8. 
2.  Assent. 

astir  (a-ster'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [=  Sc. 
asteer,  earlier  on  steir ;  <  «3  -j-  stir.]  On  the 
stir;  on  the  move;  stirring;  active. 

For  the  Nantes  youth,  the  Angers  youth,  all  Brittany 
was  astir.  Carlyle,  French  Kev.,  I.  iv.  2. 


Permeated  and  tmged  and  all  asiir  with  the  principle  otstom'q'hfl'hlpt  (a  s+on'iali  q  ' 
f  equality.  R.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  162.  aSDOmsnaDiet  (a-StOn  ish-a- 

«4./v.v.»  /  s  rxTT     !•         ■  +  -able.]  Astonishing. 

Stoma  (ast9-ma),  n.[KL.,  fern.  sing,  or  astonishedlv  fa-ston'itht-li^ 


astonish  (a-ston'ish),  V.  t.  [Pirst  in  early  mod. 
E. ;  either  <  aston,  astone,  or  astony,  +  -ish'^, 
used  (as  in  distinguish  and  extinguish)  in  imita- 
tion of  words  like  abolish,  banish,  cherish,  etc., 
where  -ish  represents  -iss-  in  certain  parts  of 
P.  verbs ;  or  perhaps  from  an  actual  OP.  *eston- 
nir{*estoniss-),  indicated  in  estonissement,  aston- 
ishment (Palsgrave).]  If.  To  stun,  as  with  a 
blow;  benumb;  give  a  stupefying  shock  to. 
Or  as  a  thunder-clap,  or  cannons'  noyse, 
The  power  of  hearing  doth  astonish  quite. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Immortal,  of  Soul. 
The  knaves  that  lay  in  wait  behind  rose  up  and  rolled 
down  two  huge  stones,  whereof  the  one  smote  the  king 
upon  the  head,  the  other  astonished  his  shoulder. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Livy,  xlii.  15. 

2t.  To  stun  or  strike  dumb  with  sudden  fear; 
confound. 

It  is  the  part  of  men  to  fear  and  tremble. 
When  the  most  mighty  gods,  by  tokens,  send 
Such  dreadful  heralds  to  astonish  us. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  3. 

3.  To  strike  or  impress  with  wonder,  surprise, 
or  admiration ;  surprise ;  amaze. 

Thou  hast  astonish'd  me  with  thy  high  terms. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  2. 

The  student  of  Nature  wonders  the  more  and  is  aston- 
ished the  less,  the  more  conversant  he  becomes  with  her 
operations.  Huxley,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  260. 

What  shall  we  say  of  the  ocean  telegraph,  that  exten- 
sion of  the  eye  and  ear,  whose  sudden  performance  aston- 
ished  mankind?  Emerson,  Works  and  Days. 

=  SyTl.  3.  Surprise,  Amaze,  etc.  (see  surprise);  startle, 

SiiOCK. 

■bl),  a.    [<  astonish 


ppr.  astonying.  [<  ME.  astonien,  rarely  astu- 
nien: see  aston.]    If.  To  stun,  as  with  a  blow. 

The  captain  of  the  Helots  .  .  .  strake  Palladias  upon 
the  side  of  his  head  that  he  reeled  astonied. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  i.  23. 

2.  To  astonish  ;  terrify ;  confound.  [Obsolete 
or  archaic] 

And  when  I  heard  this  thing,  I  rent  my  garment  and 
my  mantle,  .  .  .  and  sat  down  astonied.  Ezra  ix.  3. 

Astonying  with  their  suddenness  both  their  friends  and 
their  enemies.  Knolles. 
And  I  astonied  fell  and  could  not  pray.  Mrs.  Brovming. 

[<  ME.  astoren  (and  by  apheresis 
storen,  >  mod.  E.  store),  <  OP.  estorer,  estaurer, 
<  L.  instaurare,  repair,  renew:  see  instaura- 
tion  and  store.]    To  store ;  furnish  with  stores. 
Ful  riche  he  was  astored  prively. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  609. 

Astoreth  (as'to-reth),  n.  [See  Ashtoreth.] 
Same  as  Astarte. 
astoundt  (a-stound'),  p.  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
astown'd,  <  ME.  astouned,  astoned,  astuned,  pp. 
of  astounen,  astonen,  astunen,  astonish:  see 
aston,  astony,  and  cf.  astound,  v.]  Astonished ; 
confounded.    See  aston. 

The  elf  therewith  astound 
Upstarted  lightly.  Spenser. 
astound  (a-stound'),  [As  an  inf.  this  form 
is  late,  being  due  in  part  to  the  pp.  astound, 
astouned,  and  in  part  perhaps  to  the  frequent 
dissimilated  gemination  of  final  -n  into  -nd,  as 
in  sound  for  soun,  etc.;  so  dial,  drownd  for 
drown,  pp.  drownded  for  drowned.]  I.  trans. 
To  astonish  greatly ;  strike  dumb  with  amaze- 
ment ;  amaze ;  alarm. 

These  thoughts  may  startle  well,  but  not  astound 
The  virtuous  mind.  Milton,  Comus,  1.  210. 

In  the  architecture  and  embellishments  of  the  chamber, 
the  evident  design  had  been  to  dazzle  and  astound. 

Poe,  Tales,  I.  375. 

=  Syn.  Surprise,  Astonish,  Amaze,  etc.  (see  surprise);  con- 
found, stagger,  dumfounder,  stupefy,  shock. 

II.  intrans.  To  cause  astonishment;  amaze; 
stun. 

The  lightnings  flash  a  larger  curve,  and  more 
The  noise  astounds.         Thomson,  Summer,  1. 


n.    One  who  or  that 


ot  acarmes  of  the  family  Trombidiidai,  retained  astoni<;hinff  (a-ston'ish  ^r^o^^  n  n  ron^ir,^ 
as  a  distinctive  name  of  this  stage.-'2.  [NL.,  %t?d  to  caf silSo^sW^^^^^  fm^^ingtwonler- 
system  of  elassifiea-    ful.  =_Syn.  Amazing,  surprising,  wonderful,  mirvelous. 

ing-li),  adv.    In  an 


neut.  pi.]  In  Cuvier's 
tion, 


t&^ir^!  l^:ii°r^^°.^\^Pll°i^r  astonishingly  (a-ston'ish:: 


dusas  which  have  no  central  mouth,  no  rami- 
fications of  the  peduncle,  and  no  cavities  for 
the  ovaries.  [Not  in  use.] 
Astomata  (as-to'ma-ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
otastomatus:  see  astomatous.]  That  one  of  the 
two  groups  into  which  the  Protozoa  are  divided, 
with  reference  to  the  presence  or  absence  of  a 


astonishing  manner;  to  an  astonishing  degree, 
astonishingness  (a-ston'ish-ing-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  exciting'astonishment.  [Eare.] 
astonishment  (a-ston'ish-ment),  M.  [<  aston- 
ish +  -ment.  Cf.  OP.  esto«2Wwew« (Palsgrave).] 
1.  The  state  of  being  astonished,  (at)  The  state 
of  being  stunned  or  benumbed. 


1138. 

astounding  (a-stoun'ding),  p.  a.  Causing  or 
fitted  to  cause  surprise  or  wonder;  causing 
amazement ;  highly  astonishing. 

The  third  is  your  soldier's  face,  a  menacing  and  astound- 
ing face.  B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels. 

His  [Comte's]  astounding  self-conceit  was  more  akin  to 
that  which  may  be  seen  in  lunatic  asylums  than  to  any- 
thing which  is  known  to  have  been  manifested  by  persons 
in  a  state  of  health.         J.  Fiske,  Cosmic  Philos.,  I.  142. 

astoundingly  (a-stoun'ding-li),  adv.     In  an 
astounding  or  amazing  manner;  amazingly, 
astoundment  (a-stound'ment),  n.    [<  astound 
+  -ment.]    Amazement.  [Rare.] 

To  the  astoundment  of  the  young  ui  chins,  my  contem- 
poraries. Lamb,  Old  Benchers, 
astraddle  (a-strad'l),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<     +  straddle :  see  straddle.]  In  a  straddling 
position ;  with  one  leg  on  each  side  of  some- 
thing; astride:  as,  to  sit  astraddle. 
Astrsea  (as-tre'a),  «.    [<  L.  Astreea,  <  Gr.  'Aa- 
rpala,  the  goddess  of  justice,  lit.  starry,  fern,  of 
aarpaloc,  starry,  <  aarpov,  a  star:  see  astral.]  1. 
A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  sign  Virgo. — 
2.  The  5th  planetoid,  discovered  at  Driesen  by 
Henke  in  1845.— 3.  [NL.]  In  sooL,  a  genus  of 
fixed  coralligenous  zoophytes,  or  stone-corals, 
typical  of  the  family  Astrceidae,  or  star-corals. 
See  star-coral. 
Also  spelled  Astrea. 
(at)'The  state  Astrseacca  (as-tre-a'se-a;,  n.pl.    [NL.,  <  As- 
troea  +  -acea.]    In  Verrill's  system  of  elassifi- 


Astrseacea 

cation,  the  third  suborder  of  the  order  Madre- 
poraria.  The  technical  characters  are :  polyps  mostly 
compound,  either  by  fissiparity  or  various  modes  of  Imd- 
ding ;  tentacles  usually  well  developed,  long,  subcylindri- 
cal,  limited  in  number,  in  multiples  of  six,  encircling  the 
disk ;  the  coral  mural,  septal,  and  endothecal,  w  ith  verti- 
cal and  centrifugal  gi'owth,  producing  turbinated  forms 
which  are  often  elongated.  Tlie  families  referred  to  the 
order  as  thus  defined  are  8:  Lilhopliyllkitr.  Mt  antlrtiiida-, 
EmtDiillidre,  CaryophylUiUv,  Sti/Uniihv,  Aatra^idce,  OcuU- 
iiidiv,  Sti/lophoridre.    Also  written  Astreacea. 

astraean  (as-tre'an),  a.  1.  See  astrean. —  2, 
Pertaiaing  to  or  resembling  the  genus  Astrcca. 

Imbedded  in  the  base  of  this  cliff  of  coral  limestone 
were  two  donie-sliaped  masses  of  Astroean  coral. 

Tram.  Roy.  Soc.  Edin.,  XXXII.  558. 

astrseid  (as-tre'id),  a.  and  ».  I,  a.  Same  as 
astraan,  2. 

The  large  astrceid  and  brain  corals  imbedded  in  the  up- 
per portion  of  the  clitf -f  ace  were  only  half  the  size  of  those 
imbedded  some  15  or  20  feet  below. 

Trans.  Rny.  Soc.  Edin.,  XXXII.  551. 

IL  A  coral  of  the  family  JsOwitZfc. 
Astraeidse  (as-tre'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Astrwa 
+  -/(?«'.]  A  family  of  aporose  scleroderma- 
tous stone-corals,  of  the  order  Scleroderiiiata, 
cluss  Actinozoa  ;  the  star-corals :  so  called  from 
the  radiated  or  star-like  arrangement  of  their 
tentacles.  The  family  is  a  large  and  important  one, 
containing  several  genera,  the  animals  of  which  largely 
contribute  to  the  formation  of  coral  reefs.  Its  limits 
vary  with  different  authors.    Also  spelled  Astreidce. 

astrseiform  (as-tre'i-form),  a.  [<  NL.  Astrcca 
+  L.  forma,  form.]  Resembling  a  star-coral; 
having  the  characters  of  the  Astrwidw  or  star- 
corals:  as,  astraiiform  in  sh&T^e,"  Encyc.  Brit., 
VI.  383. 

astragal  (as'tra-gal),  it.  [<  astragalus,  q.  v.] 
1.  In  arch.:  (a)  A  small  convex  molding  cut 
into  the  form  of  a 
string  of  beads,  used 
in  classical  architec- 
ture, especially  in 
connection  with  the 
egg-and-dart  mold- 
ing and  between  the 
faces  of  different  pro- 
jection of  Ionic  and 
Corinthian  epistyle 


Astragal  in  Greek  Architecture. 


and  coffering  beams,  (fc)  A  small  plain  convex 
molding,  usually  with  a  fillet  beneath  it,  some- 
times between  two  fillets,  used  between  the 
capital  and  the  shaft  of  classic  orders,  except 
the  Greek  Doric,  and  in  many  other  positions 
in  classic,  medieval,  and  later  styles.  See  cut 
imder  column.  Also  called  bead. — 2.  A  convex 
molding  encircling  a  cannon  near  the  mouth: 
not  present  on  modem  guns. — 3.  In  carp.,  one 
of  the  rabbeted  bars  which  hold  the  panes  of  a 
window. — 4.  In  anat.,  the  astragalus, 
astragalar  (as-trag'a-lar),  a.    [<  astragalus  + 

-«/•.]  Pertaining  to  the  astragalus, 
astragali,  w.  Plural  of  astragalus. 
Astragalinus  (as-trag-a-li'nus),  «.  [NL.,  <  as- 
tragalus +  -inus.']  An  old  and  disused  name  of 
some  Em-opean  siskin,  linnet,  or  thistle-bird. 
In  1851  it  was  used  by  J.  Cabanis  as  a  genus  name  of  the 
American  goldfinches,  such  as.  A.  triatis,  the  common  gold- 
finch or  thistle-bird  of  the  United  States,  A.  psaltria,  the 
Ai'kaiisas  giildfinch,  etc. 

astragalocalcanea,  n.  Plural  of  astragalocal- 
canenm. 

astragalocalcaneal  (as-trag''''a-16-kal-ka'ne-al ), 
a.    Pertaining  to  the  astragalocalcaneimi! 

astragalocalcaneum  (as-trag"a-16-kal-ka'ne- 
um),  n. ;  pi.  astragalocalcanea  (-ii).  [<  astraga- 
lus +  calcaneum.']  A  bone  of  the  tarsus  repre- 
senting both  the  astragalus  and  the  calcaneum, 
as  in  lizards  and  birds,  it  is  supposed  also  to  include 
the  naviculare,  in  some  cases  at  least,  and  thus  to  repre- 
sent the  whole  proximal  row  of  tarsal  bones.  In  some 
lizards,  as  members  of  the  genus  Varanus,  it  is  very  large, 
perfectly  distinct,  extended  ti'ansversely,  but  little  back- 
ward, and  movably  articulated  with  the  tibia,  fibula,  and 
distal  tarsal  liones. 

astragaloid  (as-trag'a-loid),  a.  [<  astragalus 
+  -oid.']  In  anat.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  as- 
tragalus. 

astragalpmancy  (as-trag'a-lo-man-si),  n.  [< 
Gr.  aoTpdya'Aog,  a  die,  +  fiavreia,  divination ;  cf . 
aarpayaU/iavTig,  a  diviner  from  dice  (/navri^,  a 
diviner,  a  prophet) :  see  astragalus.']  Divina- 
tion by  means  of  huckle-bones  or  dice. 

astragalonavicular(as-trag'''a-16-na-vik'u-lar), 
a.  and  n.  [<  astragalus  +  navicular.']  I.  a.  An 
epithet  descriptive  of  a  tarsal  bone  of  some  rep- 
tiles, as  a  crocodile,  supposed  to  represent  an 
astragalus  and  a  navicular  bone  combined. 

The  tarsus  presents,  proximally,  an  astrayalo-navicular 
bone.  Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  220. 

II.  n.  A  bone  of  the  tarsus.    See  I. 

The  distal  end  of  the  astragalo-navicular. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  221. 


356 

astragaloscaphoid  (as-trag''a-16-skaf'oid),  a. 
[<  astragalus  +  scaphoid.]  Pertaining  to  both 
the  astragalus  and  the  scaphoid  or  uavicidar 
bone ;  connecting  these  two  bones :  as,  the  as- 
tragaloscaphoid ligament. 

astragalotibial  (as-trag"a-16-tib'i-al),  a.  [< 
astragalus  4-  tibial.]  Pertaining  to  both  the 
astragalus  and  the  tibia:  as,  astragalotibial 
articulation. 

astragal-plane  (as'tra-gal-plan),  n.  In  joinery, 
a  bench-plane  of  the  shape  necessary  to  form 
astragals. 

astragal-tool  (as'tra-gal-tol),  n.  A  turning- 
chisel  with  a  concave  face  for  cutting  astragals. 

astragalus  (as-trag'a-lus),  n.;  pi.  astragali 
(-li).  [L.,  <  Gr.  aarpdyaXo^,  one  of  the  ver- 
tebrae, the  ball  of  the  ankle-joint,  a  die,  an 
architectui-al  molding,  a  le^iminous  plant; 
prob.  from  same  root  as  boTeov,  a  bone.  Cf. 
osteo-.]  1.  In  anat.,  the  tibiale,  or  innermost 
one  of  the  proximal  row  of  tarsal  bones,  in 

mammals  it  articulates  with  the  tibia  and  enters  into  the 
tibiotarsal  or  ankle-joint ;  in  birds  it  is  ankylosed  with 
the  tibia,  forming  more  or  less  of  the  tibial  condyles,  and 
entering  into  the  raediotarsal  or  so-called  tibiometatarsal 
joint  or  heel-joint.  In  man  and  some  other  mammals  it 
is  known  as  the  talus,  huckle-bone,  ankle-bone,  or  sling- 
bone,  being  the  uppermost  bone  of  the  tarsus,  and  chiefly 
or  entirely  receiving  the  weight  of  the  body,  in  so  far  as 
this  is  borne  upon  the  foot  or  hind  foot.  See  cuts  under 
Droinceu.i,  foot,  and  iiork'^. 

2.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  very  large  genus  of  plants, 
natural  order  Lcguminosw,  mostly  low  herbs, 
found  in  all  parts  of  the  world  except  Austra- 
lia and  South  Africa.  Over  1,000  species  are  known 
in  th  old  world,  and  about  200  in  North  America,  chiefly 
west  of  the  Mississippi.  Very  few  are  of  any  value.  A. 
gummifer  and  a  group  of  allied  species,  low  spiny  shrubs 
of  Asi  Minor,  Syria,  and  Persia,  are  the  source  of  the  gum 
tragacanth  of  coumierce.  Some  of  the  same  species  also 
yield  a  ort  of  manna.  A.  Jiceticiis  is  cultivated  in  some 
part  of  Europe  for  its  seeds,  which  are  used  as  a  substitute 
for  coffee.  In  the  United  States  several  species  are  known 
as  1  cdweed,  and  are  poisonous  to  animals  eating  them. 

astrain  (a-stran'),  prep.  'phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  «3 
+  strain.]    On  the  strain;  straining. 

astrakhan  (as'tra-kan),  n.  [<  Astrakhan  (Russ. 
Astrakhanu),  a  city  and  government  (province) 
of  Russia.]  1.  A  name  given  to  skins  with  a 
curled  wool  (the  pelts  of  young  lambs)  obtained 
from  Astrakhan  in  European  Rtissia. — 2.  A 
rough  fabric  with  a  long  and  closely  curled  pile 
in  imitation  of  the  fur. 

astrakhanite  (as'tra-kan-it),  «.  [<  Astral-lutn 
+  X  variety  of  blodite  from  the  salt 

lakes  of  Astrakhan. 

astral  (as'tral),  fl.  and  w.  [<  LL.  astralis,  <  L. 
astrum,  a  star,  <  Gr.  aarpov,  a  star,  a  constella- 
tion, <  doTfjp,  a  star,  =  E.  star :  see  aster'^  and 
star.]    I.  a.  1.  Belonging  to  the  stars;  starry. 

Astral  showers  covered  the  heavens. 

Palsgrave,  Norm,  and  Eng.,  III.  331.    (N.  E.  D.) 

2.  Specifically,  in  thcosophy,  an  epithet  descrip- 
tive of  a  supersensible  substance  supposed  to 
pervade  all  space  and  enter  into  all  bodies; 
odic  ;  biogenic — Astral  body,  in  tlieosophy,  a  living 
form  composed  of  astral  fluid  ;  a  ghost,  wraith,  or  double ; 
an  astral. — Astral  fluid,  od  ;  biogen.  See  these  words. 
—  Astral  lamp,  a  lamp  with  an  aimular  reservoir  for  oil, 
which  is  connected  with  the  wick-tube  by  two  small  tubes. 
These  tubes  offer  the  only  obstruction  to  the  passage  of 
all  rays  which  fall  between  the  reservoir  and  the  stem  of 
the  lamp-stand,  the  shadow  cast  by  lamps  of  tlie  ordinary 
construction  being  thus  in  great  measure  avoided. — As- 
tral spirits,  spirits  believed,  in  the  middle  ages,  to  peo- 
ple the  stars.  They  were  variously  conceived  as  fallen  an- 
gels, souls  of  departed  men,  or  spirits  originating  in  fire, 
and  hovering  between  heaven  and  earth,  and  between 
earth  and  hell. 
II.  n.  In  theosophy,  an  astral  form  or  body. 

Two  or  more  astrals  will  make  this  journey  together. 

A.  P.  Sinnett. 

astrand  (a-strand'),  prep,  phr,  as  adv.  or  a.  [< 
«3  4-  strand.]  Stranded. 

The  tall  ship,  whose  lofty  prore 
Shall  never  stem  the  billows  more. 
Deserted  by  her  gallant  band, 
Amid  tlie  breakers  lies  astrand. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  vi.  13. 

astranget,     t-   An  old  spelling  of  estrange. 
Astrapseus  (as-tra-pe'us),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  aa- 

TpaTraio(,  of  lightning,  <  aarpairrj,  lightning.]  A 
genus  of  brachelytrous  beetles,  of  the  family 
Staphylinida;. 

astraphobia  (as-tra-fo'bi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
darpairij,  var.  of  aareponri,  CTepoTrr],  thunder  and 
lightning,  +  -<pof5ia,  <  (pdfhg,  fear.]  In  pathol., 
morbid  (iread  of  thunder  and  lightning. 

Astrapia  (as-trap'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aaTpatTioc, 
var.  of  ddTpaTTalog,  of  lightning,  <  darpawT/,  light- 
ning.] A  genus  of  sturnoid  passerine  birds  of 
New  Guinea,  sometimes  located  in  the  family 
SturnidcB  next  to  Manucodia,  sometimes  referred 
to  the  Paradiseidw,  having  a  very  long  gradu- 


astrictiveness 

ated  tail,  like  a  magpie's,  paired  lateral  crests 
on  the  head,  and  the  whole  plumage  brilliantly 
iridescent.  A.  nigra,  or  A.  gularis,  is  the  paradise-pie, 
also  known  as  the  incomparable. 

astraughtt  (as-traf),  p.  a.  [Substituted  for 
distraught,  q.  v.]  Distracted;  distraught; 
aghast.  Golding. 

astraunget  (as-'tranj'),  v.  t.  An  old  form  of 
estrange. 

astrayt  (a-stra'),  v.  i.  [<  ME.  astraien,  only  in 
pp.  astraicd  (after  OF.  cstraiS,  estraye,  whence 
also  appar.  the  ME.  adj.:  see  astray,  a.),  or  by 
apheresis  straicn  (>  E.  stray),  <  OF.  cstraier, 
stray,  prob.  =  Pr.  cstraguar,  '<  late  ML.  extrava- 
gare,  <  L.  extra,  without,  out,  -I-  vagare,  wander : 
see  extravagant.  See  estray  and  stray,  which 
are  doublets  of  astray.]  To  go  out  of  the  right 
way;  go  astray;  stray. 

astray  (a-stra'),  adv.  and  a.  [<  ME.  astray, 
astraie,  astraye  (also,  and  earlier  in  recorded 
date,  by  expansion  and  adaptation,  o  strai, 
oil  stray,  on  the  strayc;  mod.  E.  as  if  + 
stray),  also  astrayey,  <  OF.  estraie,  estrayi, 
strayed  (cf.  ME.  astraied),  pp.  of  cstraier,  es- 
trayer,  go  astray:  see  astray,  v.  The  word  is 
thus  orig.  a  p.  a.,  later  assimilated  to  the  form 
of  a  prep.  phr.  like  asleep,  etc.  Cf.  cdight^  and 
aslope.]  Out  of  the  right  way  or  proper  place, 
either  literally  or  figuratively ;  wandering. 

Thou  Shalt  not  see  thy  brother's  ox  or  his  sheep  go 
astray,  and  hide  thyself  from  them.  Dent.  xxii.  1. 

The  guides  would  purposely  lead  the  Castilians  astray, 
and  involve  them  in  morasses.  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  1.42. 
With  eyes  astray,  she  told  mechanic  beads. 

Lowell,  Cathedral. 

astret,  «■  [E.  dial,  auster,  in  austerland,  q.  v., 
early  mod.  E.  astire,  *astere,  <  ME.  *astre,  <  OF. 
astrc,  aistre  (ML.  astrum),  mod.  F.  dire,  a 
hearth;  origin  imknown.]    A  hearth;  a  home. 

Astrea,  n.    See  Astrcca. 

astrean  (as-tre'an),  a.  [<  L.  *astrccus,  <  Gr. 
doTpaioQ,  pertaining  to  a  star,  <  aarpov,  a  star.] 
Of  or  belonging  to  the  stars.  Also  spelled  as- 
trccan.  [Rare.] 

Every  Star  in  Heaven  is  coloniz'd  and  replenish'd  with 
Astrean  Inliabitants.  Iloioell,  Letters,  iii.  9. 

astreated  (as'tre-a-ted),  p.  a.  [<  LL.  as  if 
*astreatus,  pp.  of  "astreare,  only  inppr.  astreans, 
gleam  like  a  star,  <  astrum,  a  star :  see  astral.'] 
I'lirnished  with  star-like  ornaments.  Imp.  Diet. 

Astreidse,  n.  pi.    See  Astrceidw. 

astrelabiet,  n.  One  of  various  Middle  Eng- 
lish spellings  of  astrolabe. 

Astrelata  (as-trel'a-ta),  n.    See  CEstrelata. 

astrict  (as-trikf),  ii.  f.  [<  L.  astrictus,  pp.  of 
astringere,  draw  close:  see  astringe.]  If.  To 
bind  fast ;  confine.  Hall. —  2.  In  Scots  law, 
to  limit.  See  astriction,  3. — 3.  To  constrict; 
contract.  [Rare.] 

The  solid  parts  were  to  be  relaxed  or  astricted. 

Arbuthnot,  Aliments. 

4.  To  constrain;  restrict.  [Rare.] 

The  mind  is  .  .  .  astricted  to  certain  .  .  .  forms  of 
thought.  Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Metaph.,  xl. 

Formerly  also  adstrict. 
astrictt  (as-trikf),  a.    [<  L.  astrictus,  pp.:  see 
the  verb.]    Brought  into  small  compass  ;  com- 
pendious; concise. 

astricted  (as-trik'ted),  p.  a.    Restricted.  See 

astriction,  3.    Formerly  also  adstricted. 
astriction  (as-trik'shon),  n.    [<  L.  astrictio(n-), 
a  power  of  contracting,  <  astringcre,  pp.  astric- 
tus, contract:  see  astringe.]    If.  Restriction; 
obligation. 

Of  marriage  he  is  the  author  and  the  witness ;  yet 
hence  will  not  follow  any  divine  astriction  more  than 
what  is  subordinate  to  the  glory  of  God,  and  the  main 
good  of  either  party.       Milton,  Divorce,  xiii.  (Ord  MS.). 

2.  In  med. :  (a)  The  act  of  binding  close  or  com- 
pressing with  ligatures,  (b)  A  contraction  of 
parts  by  applications ;  the  stopping  of  hemor- 
rhages, (c)  Constipation. — 3.  In  Scots  law, 
the  obligation  imposed  by  the  servitude  of 
thirlage,  by  which  certain  lands  are  restricted 
to  the  use  of  a  particular  mill  for  the  grinding 
of  grain.  See  thirlage. 
Formerly  also  adstriction. 
astrictive  (as-trik'tiv),  a.  [<  L.  astrictus, 
pp.  (see  astrict),  +  -ive ;  =  F.  astrictif.]  1. 
Binding;  obligatory.  —  2.  Tending  to  contract 
or  draw  together;  astringent;  styptic. 

Being  sodden,  it  is  astrictive,  and  will  strengthen  a  weak 
stomach.  Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xx.  8. 

Formerly  also  adstrictive. 
astrictiveness  (as-trik'tiv-nes),  n.   [<  astrictive 
+  -ness.]    The  quality  of  being  astrictive. 
Formerly  also  adstriciiveness. 


astrictory 


357 


astrictoryf  (as-trik'to-ri),  a.    [<  L.  astrictorius,  theory  of  the  creation  or  evolution  of  the 

binding,  <  astrictus,  pp.   of  astringerc :  see  celestial  bodies ;  stellar  cosmogony.   H.  Spen- 

astriniic.}    Astringent ;  binding ;  apt  to  bind.  cei:    Also  astrogoriy. 

astride  (a-strid'),i'/'e/J.        as  rtdi'.  or  «.    [<  ((3  astrognosy  (as-trog'no-si),  M.     [<  Gr.  aarpov, 

+  stride.']    With  one  leg  on  each  side  of  some  a  star,  +  yvuacg,  knowledge:  see  gnostic.'] 

object;  with  the  legs  wide  apart. 

Placed  astride  upon  the  bars  of  the  palisade.  Scott. 

astriferoust  (as-trif'e-rus),  a.    [<  L.  astrifer, 

star-bearing,  <  astrum,  a  star,  +  ferre  =  E. 

ftea/'i.]  Bearing  or  containing  stars.  Blount. 
astrigeroust  (as-trij'e-rus),  a.    [<  L.  astriger, 

star-bearing,  <  astrum,  a  star,  +  gerere,  bear.] 

Bearing  stars.  Bailey. 

astrild  (as'trild),  n.  [<.  Astrikla,  Estrelda:  see 
Estrehla.]  A  bird  of  the  genus  Estrelda  (which 
seej:  as,  the  gray  astrild,  Estrelda  cinerea. 

astringe  (as-trinj'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  astringed, 
ppr.  astringing.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  adstringe, 
<  L.  astringere,  adstringere,  draw  close,  con- 
tract, <  ad,  to,  +  stringere,  bind  fast,  strain: 
see  astrict,  and  stringent,  strict,  and  strain.] 
I.  trans.  1.  To  compress;  bind  together;  con- 
strict. [Rare.] 

Which  contraction  .  .  .  astringeth  the  moisture  of  the 
brain,  and  thereby  sendeth  tears  into  the  eyes. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  714. 


situations,  etc. 

astrogonic  (as-tro-gon'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 

to  astrogony  or  astrogeuy. 
astrogony  (as-trog'o-ni),  n.    [<  Gr.  aarpov,  a 
star,  +  -yovia,  generation :  see  -gony.]  Same 
as  astrogeny. 
astrography  (as-tro^'ra-fi),  n.    [<  Gr.  aarpov,  a 
star,  -I-  -ypafla,  <  ypaipeiv,  write,  describe.]  A 
description  of,  or  the  art  of  describing  or  map- 
ping, the  stars, 
astroid  (as'troid),  n.     [<  Gr,  aarpoudnq,  star- 
like, <  aarpov,  a  stai",  +  dSoq,  form,  likeness. 
Cf.  asteroid.]    1.  In  her.,  same  as  mullet. — 2. 
A  plane  curve  of  the  sixth  class  and  fourth  or- 
der, having  two  conjugate  diameters  of  a  conic 
and  the  lino  at  infinity  as  inflectional  tangents, 
astroite  (as'tro-it),  n,    [<  L.  astroites  (Pliny), 
an  unknown  precious  stone,  <  Gr.  *aarpoirric,  < 
aarpov,  a  star.    Cf.  astrite.]    Same  as  astrite. 
2t.  FigTiratively,to  oblige;  constrain;  bind  by  astrolabe  (as'tro-lab),  ».    [Early  mod.  E.  also 


astronomer 

II.  trans.  To  ascertain  by  means  of  astrology. 
Also  spelled  astrologisc. 
astrologuef  (as'tro-log),  n.    [Early  mod.  E. 
and  ME.  astrolog,  '<  F.  astrologue,  <  L.  astrolo- 
gus,  <  Gr.  aarpo'/.oyoc :  see  astrology.]    An  as- 
Knowledge  of  the  stars,  especially  of  the  fixed   trologer.    D'  Urfcy. 

stars,  in  respect  to  their  names,  magnitudes,  astrology  (as-trol'o-ji),  n.    [<  ME.  astrology, 


obligation 

IL  intrans.  To  become  solid;  congeal.  Hol- 
land. 

astringency  (as-trin'jen-si),  n.  [=  F.  astrin- 
gence ;  <  astringent:  see  -ence,  -ency.]  The 
quality  of  being  astringent;  especially,  that 
property  in  certain  substances  by  which  they 
cause  contraction  of  soft  or  relaxed  parts  of 
the  body :  as,  the  astringency  of  acids  or  bitters. 

astringent  (as-trin'jent),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  astrin- 
gent,<.  L.  astringen{i-)s,  adstringen{t-)s, 'ppr.  of 
astringere,  adstringere,  draw  close,  contract :  see 
astringe.]  I.  a.  Binding;  contracting;  con- 
strictive; styptic. 

A  strengthening  and  astringent  diet. 

Arbuthnot,  Aliments. 

II.  M.  A  substance  which  contracts  the  tis- 
sues and  canals  of  the  body,  condensing  the 
soft  solids,  and  thereby  checking  or  diminish- 
ing excessive  discharges,  as  of  blood.  The  chief 
astringents  are  the  mineral  acids,  alum,  lime-water,  chalk, 
salts  of  copper,  zinc,  iron,  lead,  and  silver,  and  .among 
vegetables  catechu,  kino,  oak-bark,  and  galls.  Vegetable 
astringents  owe  their  efficacy  to  the  presence  of  tannin. 
Formerly  also  adstringent. 
astringently  (as-trin'jent-li),  adv.  In  an  astrin- 
gent manner, 
astringer  (as'trin-jer),  n.    See  austringer. 
astrite  (as'trit),  n.    [<  LL.  astrites,  also  asteri- 
tes,  <  Gr.  aarcpirr/g,  a  brilliant  precious  stone,  < 
our^p,  a  star :  see  aster^.]   Any  radiated  or  star- 
like fossil,  as  one  of  the  detached  articulations 
of  fossil  encrinites;  star-stone.    See  encrinite. 
Also  asterite  and  astroite. 
astro-.    [<  Gr.  aarpo-,  combining  fonn  of  aarpov. 


astrolahy,  astrolohy,  etc.,  <  ME.  astrolabe,  astro- 
labie,  astrelahie,  astrolahre,  etc.,  <  OF.  astrelabe, 
mod.  F.  astrolabe,  < 
ML.  astrolabium,  <  Gr. 
aarpoXdjiov  (sc.  bpyavov, 
instrument),  an  astro- 
labe, prop.  neut.  of 
*aarpo'Aa.pog,  lit.  taking 
stars,  <  aarpov,  a  star,  -f- 
?.a//pave[v,  lapeiv,  take.] 
1.  An  obsolete  astro- 
nomical instrument  of 
different  forms,  used 
for  taking  the  altitude 
of  the  sun  or  stars, 
and  for  the  solution 
of  other  problems  in 
astronomy.  The  name 
was  applied  to  any  instru- 
ment with  a  graduated  circle 
or  circles,  but  more  especial- 


Sir  Francis  Drake's  Astrolabe. 


astrolog ie,  <  OF.  ustrologie  =  Sp.  astrologia  ~=: 
Pg.  It.  astrologia,  <  L.  astrologia,  <  Gr.  aarpoAo- 
yia,  astronomy,  later  astrology,  <  aarpoX6yoc,  an. 
astronomer,  lit.  speaking  about  stars,  <  aarpov,  a 
star,  -f-  Myeiv,  speak :  see  -ology.]  1 .  The  science 
or  doctrine  of  the  stars  ;  practical  astronomy; 
astronomy  in  its  earliest  form.  The  term  is  now 
restricted  in  meaning  to  the  pseudo-science  or  art  prop- 
erly called  mundane  astrolor/ii,  which  a.ssumc8  tliat  the 
heavenly  bodies  exert,  according  to  their  relative  posi- 
tions at  certain  times,  a  direct  influence  upon  human 
life  and  destiny,  and  which  proposes  to  determine  in  any 
given  case  what  this  influence  is,  and  thus  to  foretell 
the  future.  Thus,  one's  temperament  was  a.scribed  to  the 
planet  under  which  he  was  bom,  as  saturidm  from  Sat- 
urn, jovial  from  Jupiter,  mercurial  from  .Mercury,  etc.; 
and  the  virtues  of  herbs,  gems,  and  medicines  were  sup- 
posed to  be  due  to  their  ruling  planets. 

2t.  An  old  name  for  the  plant  bistort,  Poly- 
gonum Bistorta — Horary  astrology,  that  branch  of 

the  art  which  shows  how  to  answer  questions  by  the  figure 
of  the  heavens  at  the  moment  when  the  question  arises. — 
Judicial  astrology,  that  branch  of  astrology  which  pro- 
fesses to  foretell  Imman  affairs.  The  practice  of  judicial 
astrology  was  forbidden  under  the  severest  penalties  by 
the  Jewish,  Roman,  and  canon  laws,  as  implying  idolatry 
or  heresy  (equivalent  to  high  treason),  and  falling  under 
the  gieater  excommunication. — Natural  astrology,  (a) 
Astrology  applied  to  detei-mining  the  destiny  of  a  person 
from  the  configuration  of  tlie  planets  at  his  birth,  (b) 
That  branch  of  astrology  which  professes  to  predict  nat- 
ural effects,  as  changes  of  the  weather,  winds,  storms, 
etc. 

Astrolophida  (as-tro-lof'i-da),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

aarpov,  a  star,  +  Ad^of,  a  crest,  +  -ida.]  A 
genus  of  radiolarians,  representing  a  special 
family,  the  Astroloplddidce. 
Astrolophididse  (as"tro-lo-fid'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Astrolophida  +  -idee.]  A  family  of 
aeantharian  radiolarians  with  a  skeleton  hav- 
ing a  varying  number  of  spicules  irregularly 
distributed,  consisting  of  the  genera  Astro- 
lophida and  Litholophida :  synonymous  with 


Actinellida.  Haeclcel. 

Royal  Naval  College,  England.  aStrOffianCy  (as'tro-mau-si),   H.      [<  Gr.  aarpO- 

lyto  one  intended  to"be  held  in  the  hand.    Some  astro-    favreia,  <  aarpov,  a  star,  +  ftavrsla,  divination.] 
labes  were  armillary  spheres  of  complicated  construction,    Divination  by  means  of  the  stars ;  astrology, 
while  others  were  planispheres  intended  to  measure  the  actrrtTTipt.pnrnlnoipal     (av"tTf>.mA''ip  n  vn  Ini'i 
altitude  only.    One  of  the  most  important  uses  of  the  as-  aStromexeorOiOglCai     ^as  tlO-me  te-O-ro-lOJ  1- 
trolabe  was  in  navigation,  for  which  it  was  superseded  by    ^S')'      .       ^r  pertammg  to  astrometeorologj\ 
Hadley's  quadrant  and  sextant.  astrometeorologist  (as"tro-me"te-9-rol'o-jist), 

My  art  cannot  err ;  n.    One  who  believes  in  or  practises  astrome- 

If  it  does,  I'll  burn  my  astrolabe.  teorology 

J/assi«£,er,  City  Madam,  ii.  2.  astrometeorology  (as"tr6-me  "te-o-rol'6-ji),  n. 
2.  A  stereographic  projection  of  the  sphere,  [<  Gr.  aarpov,  a  star,  +  /j.i:r£upo?'oyla,  meteorol- 
either  upon  the  plane  of  the  equator,  the  eye  ogy:  see  meteorology .]  1.  The  pretended  art  of 
being  supposed  to  be  in  the  pole  of  the  world,  foretelling  the  weather  and  its  changes  from 
or  upon  the  plane  of  the  meridian,  the  eye  the  aspects  and  configurations  of  the  moon  and 
bemg  m  the  point  of  intersection  of  the  equi-  stars:  a  branch  of  natural  astrology.— 2.  Prog- 
.    ,    noctial  and  the  horizon.  nostication  of  the  weather  from  the  appearance 

a  star:  see  astral  and  aster'^.]    The  initial  ele-  astrolabyt,  n.    Same  as  astrolabe.  of  the  heavenly  bodies. 

ment  in  many  compound  scientific  terms  of  astrolatry  (as-trol'a-tri),  «.    [=¥.  astroldtrie,  astrometer  (as-trom'e-ter),  n.    [<  Gr.  aarpov, 

'  ■  '      a  star,  +  /aerpov,  a  measiu-e.]    An  instrument 

designed  to  measure  the  relation,  brightness. 


Greek  origin,  meaning  star.  <  Gr.  aarpov,  a  star,  +  larpeia,  worship :  see  la 

Astrocarsnim  (as-tro-ka'ri-um),  n.    [Nli.,  <  Gr.  tria.    Cf.  idolatry.]    Worship  of  the  heavenly 

aarpov,  a  star,  +  Kopvov,  a  nut.]    A  genus  of  bodies,  as  stars,  the  sun,  etc. 

palms  from  10  to  40  feet  in  height,  with  beauti-  astrolithology  (as'tro-li-thoro-ji),  n.    [<  Gr. 

ful  pinnated  leaves,  inhabiting  the  tropical  parts  aarpov,  a  star,  +  '/.idoc,  a  stone,  +  -?.oyia,<.  7  t- 

of  America.  The  stems  are  covered  with  stiff  and  sharp  yfw,  Speak:  see  -ology.    Cf.  Uthology.]  The 

spines,  often  a  foot  in  length.   The  seed  is  inclosed  in  a  scientific  study  of  aerolites  or  meteoric  stones, 

hard  stony  nut,  and  that  IS  enveloped  by  a  fleshy  fibrous  o cf.rol ncror  Cas-trnTn-ipp'l    «      r<  MF  nafrnln 

Bericart).  The  cattle  of  tiie  iinner  Amazon  feed  n„  ti,^  astroioger  .vas-troi  o-jer;,  11.    i\  iVLJi,.  astrolo- 
ger, -ere  (with  suffix  -er  as  m  astronomer,  etc 


pericarp.  The  cattle  of  the  upper  Amazon  feed  on  the 
fleshy  pericarp  of  A.  Murumuru.  The  wood  of  A.  Ayri 
is  much  used  for  bows  and  for  other  purposes,  and  the  fibers 
of  the  leaves  of  A.  Tiicitma  ai'e  used  for  fishing-nets, 
astrofelt,  astrophelt,  [Found  only  in  Spen- 
ser as  quoted.  It  is  in  the  first  instance  appar.  a 
manipulated  form  of  asphodel  (affodil,  daffodil) 
simulating  L.  astrum,  a  star,  and/e7,  gair(' bit- 
ter'). In  the  second  instance  the  name  is 
professedly  taken  from  "  Astrophel"  (Sir  Philip 
Sidney),  the  subject  of  the  elegy  of  that  name 
and  of  another  [\  "  „ 

printed  with  it ;  in  the  latter  also  written  A 


cf.  astrologian),<.  L.  astrologus,  <.  Gr.  aarpoM- 
yog,  an  astronomer,  later  an  astrologer:  see 
astrology.]  If.  An  astronomer;  an  observer 
of  the  stars. 


or  apparent  magnitude  of  the  stars,  it  was  in- 
vented by  Sir  John  Herschel.  By  it  an  image  of  Jupiter, 
the  moon,  or  some  other  object  of  recognized  brightness 
is  brought  into  direct  comparison  with  a  star,  so  that  star 
and  image  are  seen  in  the  same  direction.  By  adjusting 
the  distance  of  the  image  so  that  it  appears  equal  in 
brightness  to  the  star,  and  by  measuring  this  distance,  the 
luster  of  the  star  is  readily  determined, 
astrometry  (as-trom'e-tri),  n.  [<  Gr.  aarpov, 
a  star,  +  -perpia,  <  ^krpov,  a  measure.]  The  art 
of  determining  by  measurement  the  apparent 
relative  magnitude  of  the  stars. 


A  worthy  ash-oZojer,  by  perspective  glasses,  hath  found  in  AstronestheS  (as-tro-nes'thez),  M.    [NL.,  in-eg. 


the  stars  many  things  unknown  to  the  ancients,  lialeiyh 
2.  One  who  professes  to  determine  the  influence 
of  the  stars  on  persons,  events,  qualities,  etc. 

T  ,r  --1         -■->      ■,     ^        .'li^ro^o'^ecs  that  future  fates  foreshow.  Pone. 

Steil^  ?o^I.?t7n'£  astrologiant  (as-tro-15'ji-an),        [<  ME.  astro 


trophill  ("Our  Astrophill  did  Stella  love"),  as 
if  <  Gr.  aarpov,  L.  astrum,  a  star  ('Stella,'  'star- 


logicn,  <  OF.  astrologien  =  I'r.  astrologian,  <  LL. 
astrologia,  astrology;  L.,  astronomy:  see  astrol- 
ogy and  -an.]    Same  as  astrologer. 


light'),  +  fAof,  lo\'ing.]    A  name  applied  by   "^/z  ^  ^ 

Spenser  to  some  bitte?  herb.  astrologic  (as-tr9-loj  ik),  a.    Same  as  astrologi 


My  little  flocke,  whom  earst  I  lov'd  so  well. 
And  wont  to  feede  with  finest  grasse  that  grew, 
Feede  ye  hencefoorth  on  bitter  Astro/ell, 
And  stinking  Smallage,  and  unsaverie  Kew. 

Spenser,  Daphnaida,  1.  346. 
That  hearbe  of  some  Starlight  is  cald  by  name, 
Of  others  Penthia,  though  not  so  well : 
But  thou,  where  ever  thou  doest  finde  the  same, 
From  this  day  forth  do  call  it  Astrophel. 

Spenser,  Astrophel,  1.  196.  astrologize"  (as-trol'o-jiz),  f 
astrogeny  (as-troj'e-ni),  n.     [<  Gr.  aarpov,  a    astrologized,  ppr.  astrologizing. 


cal :  as,  "no  astrologic  wizaTd,"  D)-yden, 
astrological  (as-tro-loj'i-kal),  a.  ['<  Gr.  aarpo- 
AoyiKog,  <  aarpoAoyia :  see  astrology.]  Pertain- 
ing to  astrology;  professing  or  practising  as- 
trology. _ 

astrologically  (as-tro-loj'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
astrological  manner ;  by  means  of  or  according 
to  astrology. 

pret.  and  pp. 
[<  astrology  + 


star,  +  -yiveia,  generation :  see  -geny.]    The    -ize.]    I.  intrans.  To  practise  astrology, 


<  aarpov,  a  star,  -f  tadr/g,  clothing.]  The  tj-pieal 
genus  of  fishes  of  the  family  Astronesthidee. 

Astronesthidae  (as-tro-nes'thi-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 

<  Astronesthes  +  -idee!]  A  family  of  fishes,  rep- 
resented by  the  genus  Astronesthes.  They  have  a 
claviform  body;  the  supramaxiUaries  as  well  asintemiax- 
illaries  enter  into  the  upper  arch  of  the  mouth;  a  hyoid 
barbel  is  developed ;  tlie  dorsal  fin  is  in  advance  of  the 
anal ;  and  there  is  an  adipose  fin. 

astronomer  (as-tron'o-mer),  n.  [<  ME.  astron- 
omer, earlier  astronomyer  (with  suffix  -er ;  cf. 
astronomian),  <  L.  astronomia :  see  astronomy 
and  -eri,  and  cf.  astrologer.]  1.  One  who  is 
versed  in  astronomy;  a  scientific  observer  of 
the  stars;  a  student  of  the  laws  of  the  heav- 
enly bodies,  or  the  principles  by  which  their 
motions  are  regidated,  with  their  various  phe- 
nomena.— 2t.  An  astrologer :  as,  "astronomers 
foretell  it,"  Shal:,  T.  and  C,  v.  1 — Astronomer 
Royal,  the  official  title  of  the  astronomer  in  charge  of  any 
one  of  the  royal  observatories  of  Great  Britain,  especially 
of  the  Greenwich  observatory. 


astronomian 


358 


astronomiant  (as-tro-no'mi-an),  n.  [<ME.  as-  use;  obtained  or  made  by  means  of  the  asti-o- 
tronomien,  ustronomyin,  <  O'P.  astronomien  =  photometer. 

'Pr.  astronomian,  <.  ML.  as  if  *astivnomianus,  <  astrophyjlite  (as-tro-firit),  11. _  [<  Gr.  aarpov, 


astylar 

is  A.  atrrcapillus ;  there  are  other  species,  grading  in  size 
down  to  the  species  of  Accipiter,  so  tliat  the  limits  of  the 


L.  astronomia  :  see  astronomy  and  -««.]  An 
astronomer ;  any  one  having  knowledge  of  the 
stars. 

Astronomiam  came  from  the  East.     Wydif,  Mat.  ii.  1. 

astronomic  (as-tro-nom'ik),  a.  [=  F.  astrono- 
mique,  <  L.  astronomicus,  <  Gr.  d(Trpovo/itiK6c,  < 
aa-povofiia,  astronomy.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
astronomy :  as,  astronomic  facts. 

astronomical  (as-tro-nom'i-kal),  a.  [<  astro- 
nomic +  -«?.]  Pertaining  or  related  to  astron- 
omy ;  connected  with  or  relating  to  astronomic 
observation  or  research — Astronomical  chronol- 
ogy. See  c/irofio/o;/?/.— Astronomical  clock,  a  clock 
wiiicli  iveeps  sidereal  time.— Astronomical  Column, 
day,  horizon,  etc.  See  tiie  nouns.— Astronomical  lan- 


a  star,  +  (piMov,  a  leaf,  +  -«7e2.]  A' mineral  of 
a  bronze-  or  gold-yellow  color  and  micaceous 
structui-e,  sometimes  found  in  tabular  trielinic 
crystals,  it  is  a  silicate  of  iron  and  manganese,  with 
potassium,  sodium,  and  also  some  titanium.  It  is  found 
in  Norway  and  in  Colorado, 
astrophysical  (as-tro-tiz'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  aarpov, 
star,  +  (pvamdc,  physical:  see  physical.']  Per- 
taining to  astronomical  physics. 

We  need,  and  ought  to  have,  a  continuous  record  of  the 
state  of  the  solar  surface,  such  as  it  is  hoped  may  be  se- 
cured by  tlie  cooperation  of  the  new  astrophysical  observa- 
tories at  Potsdam  and  Meudon. 

C.  A.  Young,  The  Sun,  p.  166. 

astrophysics  (as'tro-fiz'iks),  n.  Astronomical 
pliysics. 


tern,  a  lamp  liaving  a  glass  or  paper  screen  on  which  a  AstrOPhvtidse  (as-tro-fit'i-de),  n.  pi.      [NL.,  < 


tit  jtiai  map  is  drawn.— Astronomical  signs, the  signs 

of  the  zodiac— Astronomical  yeax.    See  !/eai: 

astronomically  (as-tro-nom'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  astronomical  manner;  by  means  of  astron- 
omy, or  according  to  astronomic  principles  or 
methods. 

astronomicont  (as-tro-nom'i-kon),  n.  [<  Gr. 
aorpovofiiKov,  neut.  of  aarpovofUKd^:  see  astro- 
nomic.']   A  treatise  on  the  stars. 

astronomies  (as-tro-nom'iks),  n.  [PI.  of  as- 
tronomic: see -i'cs.]  Astronomy. 

Tlie  laws  of  Gravitation,  Statics,  Acoustics,  Chemics, 
Optics,  Pneumatics.  Magnetics,  Astronomies  .  .  .  are  all 
reducible  to  numerical  language. 

G.  D.  Boardman,  Creative  Week,  p.  310,  App. 

astronomize  (as-tron'o-miz),  V.  i.;  pret.  and 

pp.  astronomized,  ppr.  astronomizing.    [<  Gr. 

study  astronomy,  be  an  astrono- 


AstrophytOH  +  A  family  of  ophiuriaus, 

of  the  order  Ophiuroidea,  containing  those  which 
have  branching  arms.  It  corresponds  to  the 
Eitryalew. 

Astrophyton  (as-trof'i-ton),  ?(.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aarpoi',  star,  +  (piTov,  plant.]  The  typical  genus 
of  the  family  Astrophytidw, 
containing  the  gorgon's- 
head,  basket-fish,  or  sea-bas- 
ket, Astrophyton  sciiiatum. 
Astrorhiza  (as-tro-ri'za),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  acTpov,  star,  + 
p/Ca,  root.]  A  genus  of  fora- 
miniferous  rhizopods,  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Astrorhizi- 
dw  and  the  subfamily  Astro- 
rhizincc.  The  species  are  of 
considerable  size. 


ac!Tpovo/2tL,ea\ 

mer,  <  darpoi'doof,  astronomer :  see  astronomy.]  v  -j     /      .  -  • 

To  study'ast^onomy;  apply  the  principles  of  AstrorhlZld^^(as-tr^^ 
astronomy.    Also  spelled  astronomise 


They  astronomized  in  caves. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  ii.  7. 

astronomy  (as-tron'o-mi),  11.  [<  ME.  astrono- 
mic, astronemie  (also  c'ontr.  astromj),  <  OF.  astro- 
nomic, <  L.  astronomia,  <  Gr.  aaTpovojiia,  astron- 
omy, <  adTpovofiog,  an  astronomer,  lit.  '  star-ar- 
ranging' (with  ref.  to  classifying  or  mapping 
the  stars  or  constellations),  <  acrpov,  a  star,  + 
viuEiv,  distribute,  arrange:  see  nomc]  1.  The 
science  which  describes  the  heavenly  bodies 
and  explains  their  apparent  motions,  etc.  That 
part  of  the  science  which  gives  a  description  of  the  mo- 
tions, figures,  periods  of  revolution,  and  other  phenomena 
of  the  heavenly  bodies  is  called  descriptioe  nstrvnuinji;  that 
part  which  teaches  how  to  observe  their  motions,  figures, 
periodical  revolutions,  distances,  etc.,  and  how  to  use  the 
necessary  instruments,  is  called  practical  astrunoiny ;  and 
that  part  wliich  explains  the  causes  of  their  motions,  and 
demonstrates  the  laws  by  which  those  causes  operate,  is 
termed  physical  astronoiiry. 
2t.  Astrological  skill. 

Not  from  the  stars  do  I  my  judgment  pluck. 
And  yet  methinks  I  have  astronmny. 

Shale.,  Sonnets,  xiv 

Nautical  astronomy.   See  nautical. 
Astropecten  (as-tro-pek'ten),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

acr-poi',  star,  +  L.  jjecfe«,  comb;  see  Pecten.]  A 


a 

Oral  Skeleton  oiAslro- 
phytoit,  an  ophiurian, 
seen  from  within. 

d,  (/,  vertebral  or  axial 
ossicles  of  ray  :  e,  inter- 
anibulacral  pieces ;  /, 
torus  ancjularis;  h,  posi- 
tion of  nervouscollar  ;  in, 
peristomial  plates;  o,  pa- 
la  annularis. 


American  Goshawk  {Astur  atricafiillus), 

genus  are  indefinite.  The  word  has  been  used  with  much 
latitude  for  various  hawks  and  hawk-like  birds.  Also 
spelled  Aster. 

Asturian  (as-tii'ri-an),  a.  and  /(.  [<  Sp.  Astti- 
riano,  <  Asturias,  Asturia,  <  L.  Asturia,  the 
country  of  the  Astures,  in  Hispania  Tarraco- 
nensis,  <  Astnr,  an  Asturian.  Of.  Astura,  a  riv- 
er in  Asturia,  now  the  JEsla.]  I.  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  ancient  Asturia  or  modern  Asturias,  a 
northwestern  province  of  Spain,  on  the  bay 
of  Biscay. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Asturia. 
Asturina  (as-tu-ri'na),  n.  [NL.,<  Astur  + 
-ina.]  A  genus  of  comparatively  small  Amer- 
ican hawks,  of  the  buteonine  division,  the  adults 
of  which  have  somewhat  the  pattern  of  plumage 
of  the  goshawks,  to  which,  however,  they  are 
not  specially  related :  synonymous  with  Astu- 
risca  (Sundevall,  1872).  One  species,  A.  plagiata, 
occurs  in  tlie  United  States,  and  there  are  several  others 
in  the  warmer  parts  of  America. 

Asturinae  (as-tu-ri'ne),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Astur  + 
-in(C.]  A  subfamily  or  other  group  of  hawks 
having  the  genus  Astur  as  its  central  figure : 
synonymous  with  Accipitrinw.  The  name  is  used 
with  great  latitude,  and  is  incapable  of  exact  definition. 
In  Sundevall's  classification,  for  example,  it  is  a  family  of 
his  Hemeroharpages,  more  than  coextensive  with  Falcu- 
iiidoe. 

asturine  (as'ter-in),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  asturi- 
niis :  see  Astur  and  -ine^.]  I,  a.  Like  or  lik- 
ened to  a  hawk,  especially  of  the  genus  Astur; 
accipitrine. 

II.  n.  An  American  hawk  of  the  genus  As- 
turina. 


de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  Astrorhiza 
+  -idee]    A  family  of  rhizo- 
pods with  the  test  invariably 
composite,  usually  of  large 
size  and  monothalamous,  often  branched  or 
radiate,  sometimes  segmented  by  constriction 
of  the  walls,  but  seldom  or  never  truly  septate. 
The  polythalamous  forms  are  never  symmetri- 
cal. 

Astrorhizinae  (as"tro-ri-zi'ne),  n.  jd.  [NL., 
i  Astrorhiza  -h-ince.]'  A  subfamily  of  Jsiro?7«- 
zidw,  characterized  by  thick  walls  composed  of 
sand  or  mud  but  slightly  cemented, 
astroscope  (as'tro-skop), «.  [<  Gr.  aoTpov,  a  star, 
-\-  cKOTTdv,  view:  see  astroscopy.]    An  astro- 
nomieal  instrument  composed  of  two  cones  on  Asturisca  (as-tu-ris'ka),  n.    [NL.,  <  Astur  + 
the  surfaces  of  which  the  constellations  with    dim.  -isca.]    Same  as  Asturina. 
their  stars  are  delineated.    It  was  formerly  astute  (as-tiit'),  «•    [<  L-  astutus,  cunning, 


used  as  a  substitute  for  the  celestial  globe, 
astroscopyt  (as-tros'ko-pi),  n.  [<  MGr.  aarpo- 
oKOKia,  observation  of  the  stars,  <  Gr.  aarpov,  a 
star,  +  -anoTvia,  <  oKoirelv,  view.]  Observation 
of  the  stars. 

astrotheology  (as"tr6-the-ol'o-ji),  n.     [<  Gr. 
aarpov,  a  star,  +  deoloyia,  theology:  see  theol- 
oqy.]    Natural  theology  foimded  on  the  obser- 
genus  of  starfishei,  typical  of  the  family  Astro-   vation  of  the  celestial  bodies.  Derham. 
,,p<^inlhp       *     '  ■^1'  ^  astructivet  (as-truk'tiv),  a.    [<  L.  astructus, 

vccumati.  astrucre,  build  in  addition,  add  (<  ad,  to, 

-\-  struere,  heap  up,  pile),  +  -ivc.    Cf.  destruc- 


Astropectinidse  (as'''tr9-pek-tin'i-de),  n.pl. 
[NL.,  <  Astropecten  {-tin-)  +  -idw.]  A  family  of 
starfishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Astropecten. 
They  have  a  dorsal  skeleton  formed  of  raised  ossicles  and 
somewhat  irregular,  the  teeth  saillant  from  the  ventral 
surface,  no  anus,  no  interbrachial  system,  and  the  amhu- 
-lacra  biserial  and  conic.  The  family  includes  the  genera 
Axtruperti^n,  Liiklia,  and  Ctenodiscus. 

astrophelt,  «■    See  astrofel. 

Astrophiura  (as'tro-fi-u'ra),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

aarpov,  a  star,  +  NL.  Ophiura,  q.  v.]  A  genus 
of  sand-stars  representing  a  generalized  form, 
typical  of  the  family  Astrophiuridce. 
Astrophiuridae  (as  tro-fi-u'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Astrophiura  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  sand-stars, 
order  Ophiuroidea,  typified  by  Astrophiura.  They 
have  arms,  with  an  ophiuroid  disk,  included  in  a  pen- 
tagonal body,  a  verv  broad  interbrachial  cavity,  ambula- 
cral  pores  separated  by  >seijta  perpendicular  to  the  rays, 
and  tlie  oral  armature  witliout  teeth. 


tive.]  Building  up;  erecting;  constructive: 
opposed  to  destructive. 

The  true  method  of  Christian  practice  is  flrstdestructive, 
t\\en  astructivc.  .  .  .  "Cease  to  do  evil,  learu  to  do  well." 

Bp.  Hall,  Sermons,  Rom.  xii.  2. 

astrut  (a-struf),  p>rep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [MB. 
astrut,  dstrout,  astrote,  o  strut,  on  strut ;  <  a^  + 
strut.]    Strutting;  pompous.  [Rare.] 

Inflated  and  astrut  witli  self-conceit. 

Cnwper,  Task,  v.  268. 

astucious  (as-tii'shus),  a.  [<  F.  astucieux,  as- 
tute, <  astuce,  astuteness,  <  L.  ustutia,  astute- 
ness, <  astutus,  astute:  see  astute.]  Astute; 
subtle ;  designing.    Also  spelled  astutious. 

Louis,  .  .  .  like  all  astucious  persons,  was  as  desirous 
of  looking  into  the  hearts  of  others  as  of  concealing  his 
own.  Scott,  Quentin  Durward,  ix. 


astrophotography  (as"tr6-f6-tog'ra-fi),  n.    [<  astuciously  (as-tu'shus-li),  adv.  Astutely. 


(ir.  acrpov,  a  star,  +  photography.]  The  appli- 
cation of  photography  to  the  delineation  or 
record  of  solar  spots,  the  moon's  disk,  the 
planets,  and  the  constellations,  and  to  other 
astronomical  ends. 

astrophotometer  (as'tro-fo-tom'e-ter),  «.  [< 
Gr.  aarpov,  a  star,  +  0tj?  {<pur-),  light,  +  iihpov, 
a  measure :  see  photometer.]  A  device  fitted  to 
a  telescope  for  comparing  the  brightness  of  a 
star  with  a  standard  light. 

astrophotometrical  (as'tro-fo-to-mefri-kal), 
a.  Pertaining  to  the  astrophotometer  or  its 


astucity  (as-tii'si-ti),  n.  [<  astuci-ous  + 
The  quality  of  being  astute;  astuteness. 

With  astucity,  with  swiftness,  with  audacity. 

Carlyle,  French  Kev.,  I.  i.  3. 

astunt,  V-  t.    See  aston. 

Astur  (as'ter),  m.  [LL.  astur,  ML.  also  astor, 
austur,  etc.,  a  goshawk:  see  austringer.]  A 


crafty,  <  astus,  cunning,  craft.]    Of  keen  pene- 
tration or  discernment ;  cimning ;  sagacious. 
That  astute  little  lady  of  Curzon  Street.  Thactceray. 
Mighty  clever  you  gentlemen  think  you  are !   .  .  . 
Acute  and  astute,  why  are  you  not  also  omniscient? 

Ctiarlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xx. 
=  Syn.  Sagacious,  Sage,  Knowing,  Astute,  Subtle.  Saga- 
cious and  sage  are  used  only  in  good  senses,  and  when  ap- 
plied to  persons  generally  suggest  the  wisdom  of  age  or 
experience.  The  Icnowing  man  has  wide  knowledge  and 
often  penetration.  The  word  Icnowing  has  also  a  humor- 
ous cast :  as,  he  gave  me  a  Icnowing  wink ;  it  may  be  used 
ironically :  as,  he  is  a  little  too  knoicing,  that  is,  he  thinks 
lie  knows  more  than  he  does ;  it  may  be  used  of  knowing 
more  than  one  has  a  right  to  know ;  it  sometimes  suggests 
a  disposition  to  make  ill  use  of  knowledge :  as,  a  knowing 
leer.  Astute  is  often  the  same  as  sagacious,  but  is  sus- 
ceptible of  an  unfavorable  sense  in  the  direction  of  a  nar- 
row shrewdness,  slyness,  or  cunning ;  it  often  means  a 
sanacitij  that  knows  how  to  be  silent;  it  is  frequently  ap- 
plied to  looks.  SiMle,  in  its  good  sense,  implies  great 
acuteness,  delicacy,  or  refinement  in  mental  action :  as,  a 
subtle  reasoner.    For  its  bad  sense,  see  cunning. 

Another  effect  of  public  instability  is  the  unreasonable 
advantage  it  gives  to  the  sngacioiis,  tlie  enterprising,  and 
the  monied  few,  over  the  industrious  and  uninformed  mass 
of  the  people.  A.  Hamilton,  Federalist,  No.  62. 

Let  time,  that  makes  you  homely,  make  you  sage. 

Parnell,  To  an  Old  Beauty,  1.  35. 
Not  every  one,  knowing  as  he  may  be,  knows  when  his 
question  is  answered.  Alcott,  Table-Talk,  p.  84. 

No  ambassadors  to  Western  Courts  were  so  instructed, 
so  decorous,  so  proud,  so  astute  as  the  Venetian  ambas- 
sadors. D.  G.  Mitcliell,  Bound  Together,  ii. 
A  subtle  disputant  on  creeds. 

Byron,  Napoleon  Bonapaiie. 

astutely  (as-tiit'li),  adv.  In  an  astute  manner ; 

shrewdly;  sharply;  cunningly, 
astuteness  (as-tut'nes),  n.    The  quality  of  be- 
ing astute  ;  cunning;  shrewdness. 

All  so  smooth  and  fair. 
Even  Paul's  astuteness  sniffed  no  harm  i'  the  world. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  14b. 


genus  Of  hawks,  formerly  called  star-hawks  or         ,      (a-sti'lar)  a.    [<  Gr.  aar^o?,  without 
goose-hawks,  now  goshawks,  of  large  size,  with  astyiar  (.a  sn  1^1;,  u.  y 
Ihort  rounded  wings,  long  tail,  moderately  long    pHars  or  columns  «  a-  piiv.  +  a^Aof,  a  col 
legs,  and  the  beak  festooned  but  not  toothed,    umn :  see  style-^),  +  -ar.J 

The  European  goshawk  is  A,  j)alumbarius  ;  tlie  American  columns. 


In  arch.,  having  no 


astyllen 

astyllent  (as-tiren),  n.     [E.  dial.;  etym.  ob- 


359 


aswought,  adv.  or  a.,  orig.  p.  a.  [ME.,  also 
asivogh,  aswowe,  iswowe,  iswoge,  <  AS.  (leswogen, 
senseless,  swooned  (ef.  gesiodgung,  swooning), 
pp.  of  swogan,  overgrow,  choke :  see  swough.] 
In  a  swoon ;  aswoon. 


scm-e.]  A  small  temporary  dam  or  partition, 
made  either  of  branches  or  twigs  interlaced,  or 
perhaps  sometimes  of  a  simple  piece  of  board, 
and  used  either  to  check  the  flow  of  water 

underground  or  to  separate  ore  from  refuse  or  aswoundt,  prej).  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [< 
attle  on  the  sm-face.    [Eng.]  swound  for  swoon  :  see  swotmd,  and  cf.  aswoon, 

asunder  (a-sim'der),  prep. phr.  as  adv.    [<  ME.    aswooned.']    In  a  swoon  ;  aswoon. 
a  suMlir,  o  sunder,  on  sunder,  etc.,  <  AS.  on  sun-  asylet  (a-sil'),  n.    [<  ME.  asile,  <  F.  asile,  <  L. 
dm»,  apart :  see  «3  and  SMwfZer.]    1.  In  or  into    asylum :  see  asylum.]    An  old  term  ot  asylum. 
a  position  apart ;  apart  or  separate,  either  in  asylum  (a-si'lum),  n.    [<  L.  asylum,  a  sanctu- 
position  or  in  direction :  said  of  two  or  more    ary,  asyliun,  <  Gr.  aav^xiv,  an  asylum,  neut.  of 


asystaton 

appUed  to  those  unios  or  river-mussels  which 
have  the  hinge  free  and  the  valves  consequently 
movable,  as  is  usual  in  the  genus  Unio.  Dr. 
Isaac  Lea. 

asymptote  (as'im-tot),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  aahii- 
■KTUTo^,  not  close,  not  falling  together,  <  a-  priv. 
+  a'vv,  together,  +  nrurd^,  falling,  apt  to  fall,  < 


things :  as,  wide  as  the  poles  asunder, 

The  vanguard  and  rear-guard  were  above  half  a  league 
asunder,  with  the  cavalgada  between  them. 

Irving,  Granada,  p.  78. 

2.  In  or  into  a  divided  state;  into  separate 
parts ;  in  pieces :  as,  to  tear,  rend,  break,  burst, 
or  cut  asunder. 

The  Lord  .  .  .  hathcutosxiriderthecordsof  the  wicked. 

Ps.  cxxi.x.  4. 

What  a  plaguing  thing  it  is  to  have  a  man's  mind  torn 
asunder  by  two  projects  of  equal  strength. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iv.  31. 

Ties  the  strongest,  influences  the  sweetest,  seem  falling 
asunder  as  smoking  fla.\.       R.  Choaie,  Addresses,  p.  405. 

3.  Separately;  apart.  [Archaic] 
It  was  impossible  to  know  them  asunder. 

Defoe,  Plague,  p.  264. 

asura  (as'6-ra),  n.  [<  Skt.  asura,  spiritual ;  as 
a  noun-,  a  spirit,  later  a  demon  (Hind,  asur); 
<.-\/  as,  be,  with  which  are  connected  E.  am,  are  : 
see  be,  ens.}  In  Hindu  mythol.,  one  of  a  class 
of  demons  in  perpetual  hostility  to  the  gods : 
parallel  to  a  Titan  or  an  afrit. 

aswail  (as'wal),  M.  [E.  Ind.]  The  native  name 
of  the  sloth-bear  of  India,  Melursus  or  Prochilus 


a^t  ab.  Asymptotes. 


Aswail,  or  Sloth-bear  ^Prochilus  labiatus). 

labiatus.  it  is  an  uncouth,  unwieldy  animal,  with  very 
long  black  hair,  and  inoffensive  when  not  attacked.  Owing 
to  its  exceeding  sensitiveness  to  heat,  it  confines  itself  to 
its  den  during  the  day.  It  never  eats  vertebrate  animals 
except  when  pressed  by  hunger,  its  usual  diet  consisting 
of  roots,  bees'  nests,  grubs,  snails,  ants,  etc.  Its  flesh  is 
used  for  food,  and  its  fat  is  highly  valued  for  the  lubrica- 
tion of  the  delicate  steel-work  in  gun-locks.  When  cap- 
tured young  it  is  easily  tamed,  and  can  be  taught  to  per- 
form many  curious  tricks. 

aswarm  (a-swarm'),  jjrep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [< 
a^  +  swarm.}    In  a  swarm ;  swarming. 
Carnival-time, —  another  providence  ! 
The  town  a-swarm  with  strangers. 

Browning,  King  and  Book,  II.  73. 

aswasht,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.    [Early  mod. 

E.,  also  aswasshe,  a  sosshe,  ashosshe;  <  a3  +  „„.^^„4.^„„„,  .     ■    ,   .  ^ 
^swash,  of  obscur^.  origin.]  'Slantingly  ;  aslant ; 
oblique;  (or  looking)  askant  and  ■with  scorn. 
Cot  grave 


asway  {a-swa,'),  prep.  phr.  a,s  adv.  or  a.  [<  a^ 
+  sway.}  In  a  swaying  state;  rocking  from 
side  to  side. 

as'wevet,  v.  t.  [ME.  asweven,  stupefy,  <  AS. 
dswebban,  soothe,  still,  put  to  death,  <  a-,  in- 
tensive, +  swebban,  put  to  sleep,  <  swefan, 
sleep:  see  sweven.}    To  stupefy,  as  by  terror. 

So  astonyed  and  asweved. 
Was  every  vertu  in  my  heved. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  549. 

aswim  (a-swim'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [< 
«3  +  swim.}  Swimming;  overflowing;  afloat, 
as'wing  (a-s-wing'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [< 
«3  -I-  swing.}  In  a  swinging  state ;  asway. 
as'WOon  (a-sw6n'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [< 
ME.  aswoun,  aswoivn,  asivoune,  aswowne,  also  a 
swoune,  on  swoune,  in  swoune,  taken,  as  in  mod. 
E.,  as  prep,  with  noun  (a3  -f-  swoon),  but  origi- 
nating in  aswowen  for  iswowen,  the  fuller  form 
of  aswoioe,  iswowe,  orig.  pp. :  see  aswough.  Cf. 
aslope,  alight^.}    In  a  swoon. 

And  with  this  word  she  fell  to  ground 
Aswoon.  Gower,  Couf.  Amant.,  iv. 

Because  I  fell  aswoon, 
I  think  you'll  do  the  like. 
Robin  Rood  and  the  Beggar,  in  Child's  Ballads,  V.  203. 

aS'WOOned  (a-sw6nd'),  adv.  or  a.     [<  ME.  a- 

swoned,  iswouned,  occasional  var.  of  aswoune, 
etc. :  see  aswoon  and  aswound.}  Aswoon. 


davXoc,  safe  from  violence,  <  d-  priv.  +  aiXT), 
also  avAov,  a  right  of  seizure,  perhaps  related 
to  (7KvXov  =  L.  spolium,  spoil:  see  sjwil.}  1.  A 
sanctuary  or  place  of  refuge  where  criminals 
and  debtors  formerly  sought  shelter  from  jus- 
tice, and  from  which  they  could  not  be  taken 
without  sacrilege. 

So  sacred  was  the  church  to  some  that  it  had  the  right 
of  an  asylum  or  sanctuary.  Ayliffe,  Parergon, 

Hence — 2.  In-violable  shelter ;  protection  from 
pursuit  or  arrest ;  security  of  the  person :  as, 
the  right  of  asylum,  that  is,  of  furnishing  such 
protection.  Most  Grecian  temples  had  anciently  this 
right,  and  the  custom,  following  Jewish  analogies,  passed 
into  the  Christian  church.  From  the  fourth  century 
the  churches  had  widely  extended  rights  of  asylum,  but 
modern  legislation  has  nearly  everywhere  ended  the  cus- 
tom. (See  sanctuary.)  In  interyiational  law,  the  right 
of  asylum  was  formerly  claimed  for  the  houses  of  ambas- 
sadors. The  term  now  specifically  signifies  the  right  of 
one  state  to  receive  and  shelter  persons  accused  of  crimes, 
or  especially  of  political  offenses,  committed  in  another. 
See  extradition. 

3.  Any  place  of  retreat  and  security. 

Earth  has  no  other  asylum  for  them  than  its  own  -  old 
bosom.  So  .  ey. 

Specifically — 4.  An  institution  for  recei'vmg, 
maintaining,  and,  so  far  as  possible,  ameliorat- 
ing the  condition  of  persons  suffering  from 
bodily  defects,  mental  maladies,  or  other  mis- 
fortunes: as,  an  orphan-asyZwOT/  an  asylum  tor 
the  blind,  for  the  insane,  etc.;  a  magdalen 
asylum. 

asymbolia  (as-im-bo'li-a),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  a- 

priv.  +  avfipo?iov,  symbol.]     Same  as  asemia. 
asymmetralf  (a-sim'e-tral),  a.    Same  as  asym- 

metrous. 

asymmetric  (as-i-met'rik),  a.     [<  Gr.  d-  priv. 

(a-18)  +  symmetric.  Cf.  asymmetrous.}  Desti- 
tute of  symmetry;  not  symmetrical  AsjTn- 

metric  system,  in  crystal.,  same  as  triclinic  system: 

so  called  from  the  fact  that  the  crystals  belonging  to  it  are  asynartete  (a-sin'ar-tet),  «. 
without  a  plane  of  symmetry.    See  crystallography.  «.ojriic«i  uyu»^  v';'.''*"-  ff-'  "^^/t-j-. 

Many  substances  contain  an  asymmetric  carbon  atom, 
but  are  optically  inactive.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  314. 

asymmetrical  (as-i-met'ri-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  d- 
■pv'iY.  {a-^^)  +  symmetrical,  di.  asymmetric.}  1. 
Not  symmetrical ;  unsymmetrieal. 

In  some  Cetacea,  the  bones  about  the  region  of  the  nose 
are  unequally  developed,  and  the  skull  becomes  asymmet- 
rical. Huxley,  Ana.t.Yevt.,-p.ZO. 

2\.  In  math.,  not  ha-sdng  commensurability ; 
incommensurable. —  3.  Inharmonious;  not  re- 
concilable.   Boyle.  [Eare.] 
asymmetrically  (as-i-met'ri-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
asymmetric  manner ;  without  symmetry. 

[<  Gr.  aGv/i- 

fiETpoc,  incommensurable,  disproportionate,  <  d- 
priv.  -1-  avfifierpog,  commensurate :  see  symmet- 
ric.}      1.  Incommensu- 

.  ^  —  «  x,i_  a- 

I 


rate ;  incommensurable. — 
2.  Asymmetrical. 
Also  asymmetral. 
asymmetry  (a-sim'e-tri), 
n. ;  pi.  asymmetries  (-triz). 
[<  Gr.  aavjufiETpia,  incom- 
mensurability, dispropor- 
tion, <  aavfifzerpog:  see  asym- 
metrous. Cf.  symmetry.}  1. 
Want  of  symmetry  or  pro- 
portion. 

In  the  Flat-fishes  (Pleuronec- 
tidce),  the  skull  becomes  so  com- 
pletely distorted  that  the  two 
eyes  lie  on  one  side  of  the  body. 
.  .  .  In<  certain  of  these  fishes, 
the  rest  of  the  skull  and  facial 
bones,  the  spine,  and  even  the 
limbs,  partake  in  this  asymme- 
try.    Huxley,  Ana,t.  Vert.,  p.  30. 

2t.  The  want  of  a  com- 
mon measui'e  between  two 
quantities ;  incommensu- 
rability. Barrow. 
asymphynote  ( a  -  sim '  fi  - 
not),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv. 
{a-^^)  +  symphynote.}  Not 
soldered  together  at  the  back,  that  is,  at  the 
hinge :  the  opposite  of  symphynote  (which  see) : 


pii 


n'tnretv,  fall ;  cf .  av/nr'nrTeiv,  fall  together,  meet.] 
I.  a.  pa.  math.,  approaching  indefinitely  close, 
as  a  line  to  a  curve,  but  never  meeting.  See  II. 

II.  n.  A  straight  line  whose  distance  from  a 
curve  is  less  than  any  assignable  quantity,  but 
which  does  not  meet  the  curve  at  any  finite  dis- 
tance from  the  origin.  The  asymptote  is  often  de- 
fined as  the  tangent  to  the  curve  at  an  infinite  distance, 
and  this  definition  answers  for  Euclidean  space ;  but,  in 
view  of  non-Euclidean  hypotheses,  it  is  preferable  to  de- 
fine it  as  a  common  chord  of  the  curve  and  the  absolute 
(which  see),  and  thus  as  not  necessarily  a  tangent, 
asymptotic  (as-im-tot'ik),  a.  Same  as  asymp- 
totical. 

asymptotical  (as-im-tot'i-kal),  a.  [<  asymp- 
totic +  -al.}  Belonging  to  or  having  the  char- 
acter of  an  asymptote ;  approaching  indefinite- 
ly near,  but  never  meeting. 

In  these  perpetual  lines  and  curves  ran  the  asymptotical 
negotiation  from  beginning  to  end  —  and  so  it  might  have 
run  for  two  centuries  without  hope  of  coincidence. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  III.  455. 

Asjraptotical  lines  or  curves,  lines  or  curves  which 
approach  indefinitely  close,  but  never  meet, 
asymptotically  (as-im-tot'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
asymptotical  maimer ;  in  a  manner  so  as  gradu- 
ally to  approach  indefinitely  near,  though  never 
to  meet. 

The  theory  is  not  a  thing  complete  from  the  first,  but  a 
thing  which  grows,  as  it  were,  asymptotically  towards 
certainty.  '  TyndaU. 

The  curve  approaches  .  .  .  asymptotically. 

G.  M.  Minchin,  Statics,  I.  180. 

[<  Gr.  aavvapTT/To^, 
not  united,  disconnected,  of  differing  meters, 
<  d-  priv.  +  *awapT7jTog  (ef.  omapTrjotq,  a  junc- 
tion), verbal  adj.  of  cwaprav,  hangup  -with,  con- 
nect, <  avv,  together,  -I-  aprdv,  join,  fasten,  re- 
lated to  apdpov,  joint,  L.  artus,  joint,  etc. :  see 
arthritic,  article,  arm^,  etc.]  1.  Disconnected; 
not  fitted  or  adjusted. —  2.  In  anc.  pros.:  (a) 
With  interior  catalexis  at  the  end  of  a  colon ; 
procatalectic  or  dieatalectie :  as,  an  asynarteiic 
verse,  meter,  or  period.  (6)  Composed  of  cola 
of  different  kinds  of  feet ;  episynthetic.  [I'sed 
in  this  latter  sense  ((/)  by  most  modern  writers  since  Bent- 
ley,  the  former  sense  (a),  however,  being  restored  by  some 
writers  in  accordance  with  ancient  authority.]  Also  ai-yn- 
artetic. 

asynchronism  (a-sin'kro-nizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  d- 
priv.  (a-18)  +  synchronism.}  Want  of  synchro- 
nism or  correspondence  in  time, 
asynchronous  (a-sin'kro-nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  d- 
priv.  (a-18)  +  synchronous.}  Not  coinciding 
in  time. 

asyndetic  (as-in-det'ik),  a.  [<  asyndeton  +  -ic.} 
Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  asyndeton. 

asyndeton  (a-sin'de-ton),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  aavv- 
Setov,  asyndeton,  neut.  of  aavvdero^,  uncon- 
nected, without  conjunction,  <  d-  priv.  +  avvSe- 
Toc,  bound  together,  <  awSeiv,  bind  together,  < 
avv,  together,  +  deiv,  bind.]  In  rhet.,  a  figure 
of  speech  consisting  in  the  omission, of  connec- 
tives, as  in  the  following  passage : 

Heal  the  sick,  cleanse  the  lepers,  raise  the  dead,  cast 
out  devils.  Mat.  x.  8. 

It  is  the  opposite  of  polysyndeton,  which  is  a  multiplica- 
tion of  connectives, 
asyntactic  (as-in-tak'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aavvraKToc, 
not  ranged  together,  imgrammatieal  (<  d-  priv. 
+  avvraKTog,  verbal  adj.  of  awracaeiv,  put  in 
order  together:  see  sytitax),  +  -ic.}  Loosely 
put  together ;  irregular ;  imgrammatieal.  X. 
E.  D. 

n.  [<  Gr.  aaicTaTo^, 
incoherent,  incongruous,  <  d-  priv.  +  ahararo^, 
verbal  adj.  of  owiaTavai,  hold  together,  <  ai-v, 
■with,  +  lordvaL,  cause  to  stand,  mid.  'taraaOai, 
stand.]  The  sophism  of  the  liar  (which  see,  un- 
der liar).    Formerly  erroneously  assistation. 


Asymmetry  of  Skull  of 

laice  {Plaiessa  -vulga- 
ri'jl,  from  above.  (The  dot- 
ted line  ab  \%  the  true  mor- 
phological median  line.) 

Or,  Or,  position  of  the  two 
eyes  in  their  orbits:  Eth, 

"f'^^tK;  ^S'Y-r"^,  asystatont  (a-sis'ta-ton) 

frontal  parietal  :  SO,   '  ^  '  

supra-occipital ;  .i'/C?,  epi- 
otic. 


asystaton 


360 


ataxia 


AsHstation  [asystato)i]  is  a  kind  of  caviling  not  consist- 
ing of  any  sure  grouiul,  as  if  a  man  should  say  tliat  lie  dotli 
hold  his  peace  or  lyetli  or  knoweth  nothins,  another  by 
and  by  might  cavil  thereof  in  this  sort,  Ergo,  He  that 
holdetli  his  peace  speaketh,  he  that  lyeth  saith  truth,  he 
tliat  knowetli  nothing  knoweth  something.  Blundeville. 

asystole  (a-sis'to-le),  M.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 
avcTo'klj,  systole.]  In  pathoL,  that  eonditiou 
in  which  a  dilated  and  enfeebled  heart  remains 
continuously  filled  with  blood  on  account  of  the 
inability  of  the  left  ventricle  to  discharge  more 
than  a  small  part  of  its  contents.  Also  called 
asiistvlism. 

asystolic  (as-is-tol'ik),  «.  [<  asystole  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  asystole ;  characterized  by  or  af- 
fected with  asystole. 

asystolism  (a-sis'to-lizm),  n.    [<  asystole  + 

-!S/«.]    Same  as  asystole. 
asyzygetic  (a-siz-i-jet'ik),  a.    [<  Gr.  d-  priv. 

(a-l»)  +  syzygetic.}    Not  connected  by  a  syzy- 

getic  relation. 

at  (at),  prep.  [<  ME.  at,  sometimes  att,  atte,  ct, 
<  AS.  cet  =  Oii.  at  zizOFries.  et  (in  combination 
also  at,  it)  =  OHG.  az  —  Icel.  at,  mod.  ath  =  Sw. 
dt=  Dan.  rt(Z  =  Goth.  «i  =  L.  ad  (>  It.  n  =  Sp.  a 
=  Pg.  a  =  F.  a),  to,  at,  =  Skt.  ddhi,  unto,  on. 
This  prep,  is  most  nearly  equiv.  to  to,  without 
the  orig.  implication  of  motion.  In  many  con- 
structions the  two  prepositions  interchange. 
In  many  E.  dialects  at  has  partly,  and  in  Scand. 
has  wholly,  displaced  to,  while  on  the  other 
hand  in  G.  to  (zii)  has  wholly  displaced  at.  In 
L.  and  Rom.  the  form  cognate  with  at  covers 
all  the  uses  of  to  as  well  as  of  at,  and  extends 
partly  over  the  field  of  with.^  A  preposition 
of  extremely  various  use,  primarily  meaning 
to,  without  implication,  in  itself,  of  motion. 
It  expresses  position  attained  by  motion  to,  and  lience 
contact,  contiguity,  or  coincidence,  actual  or  approxi- 
mate, in  space  or  time.  Being  less  restricted  as  to  rela- 
tive position  than  other  prepositions,  it  may  in  different 
constructions  assume  their  office,  and  so  become  equiva- 
lent, according  to  the  context,  to  in,  on,  near,  by,  about, 
utider,  over,  through,  from,  to,  toward,  etc. 

1.  Of  simple  local  position  :  («)  With  verbs  of 
rest  {be,  live,  etc.):  In,  on,  near,  by,  etc.,  ac- 
cording to  the  context:  denoting  usually  a 
place  conceived  of  as  a  mere  point:  as,  at  the 
center,  at  the  top,  at  the  corner,  at  the  end, 
at  the  next  station,  at  the  bend  of  the  river,  at 
the  north  pole,  at  No.  48  Main  street,  etc.  So 

with  names  of  towns,  etc.:  as,  at  Stratfoid,  at  Lexington, 
etc. ;  but  if  the  city  is  of  great  size  in  is  commonly  used : 
as,  t/i  London,  m  Paris,  in  New  York ;  unless,  again,  the  city 
is  conceived  of  as  a  mere  geographical  point :  as,  our  Hnan- 
cial  interests  center  at  New  York.  The  i)lace  implied  by  at 
may  be  left  indeterminate,  with  a  reference  rather  to  con- 
dition than  to  mere  location:  as,  at  school,  at  college,  at 
court,  at  sea,  etc.  At  may  also  express  personal  proxim- 
ity; as,  at  one's  side,  at  one's  heels,  at  one's  elbow,  etc. 
At  hand,  near  by,  lias  lost  its  personal  reference. 

I  don't  believe  there's  a  circulating  library  in  Bath  I 
ha'n  t  been  at.  Sheridan,  The  Kivals,  i.  2. 

Muley  Abul  Hassan,  at  the  head  of  a  powerful  force, 
had  hurried  from  Granada.  Irving,  Uranada,  p.  20. 

He  [Don  Juan  de  Vera]  was  armed  at  all  points,  gal- 
lantly mounted,  and  followed  by  a  moderate  but  well-a])- 
pointed  retinue.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  10. 

(6)  With  verbs  of  motion:  (1)  Through,  by  (im- 
plj-ing  a  starting-point  or  a  point  where  a  thing 
enters  or  departs):  as,  to  enter  at  the  window, 
to  go  out  at  the  back  door.  (2)  From  (imply- 
ing a  source  from  which  a  thing  comes  or  where 
it  is  sought):  as,  to  receive  ill  treatment  at 
their  hands.  (3)  To,  toward  (implying  a  stop- 
ping-point, a  position  attained  or  aimed  at): 
as,  to  come  at,  to  get  at,  to  aim  at,  fire  at,  shoot 
at,  drive  at,  point  at,  look  at,  shout  at,  reach 
at,  snatch  at,  clutch  at,  etc.;  also  be  at  when 
it  implies  effort  directed  toward  a  thing. 

No  doubt  but  they  will  somie  answer  that  all  these 
things  they  seeke  at  God  s  liaiuls. 

Miltua,  Uef.  of  Humb.  Kemonstrants. 

There  is  no  way  of  coming  at  a  true  theory  of  society 
but  by  inquiring  into  the  nature  of  its  component  indi- 
viduals. H.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  28. 

What  you  can  drive  at,  unless  you  mean  to  quarrel  with 
me,  I  cannot  conceive  !  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  3. 

In  spite  of  his  former  submissions  and  promises,  Lati- 
mer was  at  it  again. 

R.  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  iii. 

Who  but  Henry  could  have  been  aware  of  what  his  father 
was  at?  Jane  Austen,  Northanger  Abbey,  p.  172. 

2.  Of  circumstantial  position,  state,  condition, 
manner,  environment,  etc.,  in  a  gi-eat  variety 
of  relations  developed  from  the  local  sense: 
as,  at  dinner,  at  play,  at  work,  at  ser'vice,  at 
right  angles,  at  full  length,  at  odds,  at  ease,  at 
war,  a*  peace,  will,  pleasure,  at  discretion, 
etc. 

They  let  her  goe  at  will,  and  wander  waies  unknowne. 

Sjjenser,  F.  (J,,  I.  viii.  49. 
I  have  brought  you  a  new  song  will  make  you  laugh, 
Though  you  were  at  your  prayers. 

Fletcher  land  another),  False  One,  i.  1. 


Really,  sir,  you  have  the  advantage  of  me :— I  don't  re- 
member ever  to  have  had  the  honour — my  name  is  Saun- 
derson,  at  your  service.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  v.  2. 

Success  would  place  a  rich  town  at  their  mercy. 

Irving,  Granada,  p.  35. 

The  ship  in  which  he  [Goldsmith]  had  taken  his  passage, 
having  got  a  fair  wind  while  he  was  at  a  party  of  pleasure, 
had  sailed  without  him.  Macaulay,  Goldsnuth. 

3.  Of  relative  position :  implying  a  point  in  an 
actual  or  possible  series,  and  hence  used  of  de- 
gree, price,  time,  order,  occasion,  etc. :  as,  at 
the  beginning,  at  the  third  house  from  the  cor- 
ner, at  nine  years  of  age,  at  seventy  degrees  in 
the  shade,  at  four  dollars  a  yard,  at  ten  cents  a 
pound,  at  half  past  six,  at  midnight,  at  first,  at 
last,  etc. 

I'll  take  them  at  your  own  price. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  1. 

At  present,  if  you  please,  we'll  drop  the  subject. 

Sheridan,  The  Duenna,  i.  3. 

In  passing  through  the  gate  of  Elvira,  however,  he  ac- 
cidentally broke  his  lance  against  the  arch.  At  this,  cer- 
tain of  his  nobles  turned  pale,  for  they  regarded  it  as  an 
evil  omen.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  108. 

[In  all  uses,  especially  in  those  last  mentioned,  at  is  very 
frequent  in  idiomatical  phrases:  as,  at  all,  at  most,  at 
least,  at  last,  at  length,  at  any  rate,  at  stake,  at  one,  at 
once,  at  large,  at  present,  etc.,  for  which  see  the  principal 
words,  all,  most,  least,  etc.] 

4t.  With  the  infinitive:  To. 

Faire  gan  him  pray 
At  ride  thurgh  Ingland. 

Minot,  Poems  (ed.  Ritson),  p.  40. 

[Now  only  dialectal,  but  common  in  Middle  English,  and 
the  regular  use  in  Scandinavian,  to  which  the  English  use 
is  due.  A  relic  of  tliis  use  remains  in  ado,  originally  at 
do.    See  ado.\ 

'at  (at),  pron.  and  conj.  An  obsolete  and  dia- 
lectal foi-m  of  that. 

at-l.  [ME.  at-,  <  AS.  mt-,  being  the  prep,  wt, 
E.  at,  in  comp.  with  a  verb  (with  the -accent  on 
the  verb)  or  with  derivatives  of  a  verb  (with  the 
accent  on  the  prefix).]  A  prefix  of  Anglo-Saxon 
origin,  meaning  at,  close  to,  to :  common  in 
Middle  English,  but  now  obsolete.  A  relic  of  it 
remains  in  twit,  originally  at-icite.  In  atone,  the  at-  is  not 
properly  a  prefix,  but  is  the  preposition  merged  with  its 
object. 

at-2.  [L.  at-,  assimilated  form  of  ad-  before  t; 
in  OF.  and  ME.  reg.  reduced  to  a-,  later  re- 
stored to  at-,  as  in  attain,  attainder,  etc.]  An 
assimilated  form  of  ad-  before  t,  as  in  attract, 
attend,  etc 

-ata^.  [L. -ato,  fern.  sing,  of -ati(s  =  E. -e<Z2:  see 
-rtfei,  andcf.  -ade^.']  A  suffix  in  New  Latin  (and 
Italian)  nouns,  some  of  which  are  found  in  Eng- 
lish, as  armata. 

-ata^.  [L.  -dta,  neut.  pi.  of  -dtus  —  E.  -ed^:  see 
-afcl.]  A  suffix  in  New  Latin  names  of  zoo- 
logical divisions,  properly  adjectives,  agreeing 
with  fl«ima?»a  understood:  as,  Articulata,  joint- 
ed animals;  Aiinulata,  ringed,  animals,  etc. 

atabal  (at'a-bal),  n.  [Formerly  also  attaball, 
ataballe  =  F.  attabale  =  It.  ataballo,  <  Sp.  ata- 
bal, =  Pg.  atabalc,  <  Ar.  at-tabl,  <  al,  the,  + 
tabl,  drum:  see  tabor,  tambour,  and  timbal.']  A 
Moorish  tambour. 

Don  John  gave  orders  for  trumpet  and  atabal  to  sound 
the  signal  for  action.  Prescott. 

atacamite  (a-tak'a-mit),  n.  [<  Atacama  +  -ite^; 
having  been  first  found  in  Atacama,  a  province 
of  Chili.]  A  mineral  consisting  of  the  hydrated 
oxychlorid  of  copper,  it  exists  abundantly  in  some 
l>arts  of  South  America,  as  Atacama,  in  Australia,  near 
Ambriz  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa,  and  in  Arizona  in  the 
western  United  States.  It  occurs  massive,  or  in  small 
prismatic  crystals  of  a  bright  emerald-green  or  blackish- 
green  color.  A  granular  form  from  Chili  is  called  arse- 
■iiillo.  It  also  appears  on  copper  long  exposed  to  the  air 
or  sea-water. 

atactic  (a-tak'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aroKTog,  without 
order,  <  d-  priv.  +  raKrdg,  verbal  adj.  of  rdaaeiv 
(ra)-),  arrange,  order:  see  tactic.^  Disconnect- 
ed; without  arrangement  or  order:  in  <jram., 
oijposed  to  syntactic:  as,  an  atactic  sentence. 
[Rare.] 

Porcelain  images  of  "Josh"  will  find  niches  in  Protes- 
tant meeting-hou.ses  ;  New  England  ancestral  tablets  will 
be  inscribed  in  perpendicular  cohinms  of  atactic  charac- 
ters. H.  C.  Trumbull,  Ancestral  Worsliip. 

at-aftert,  prep.    [ME.,  <  at  +  after.']  After. 

At-after  soper  fille  they  in  tretee. 

Chaucer,  Franklin's  Tale,  1.  492. 

atagas,  M.    [See  attagas.]    S&me  as  attagen. 
atagen,  «.    See  attagen. 
a'taghan  (at'a-gan),  n.    Same  as  yataghan. 
atak  (at'ak),"w.     [Native  name.]    The  harp- 
seal  of  Greenland,  Pagophilus  grarilandicvs. 
ataket,  v.  t.  [ME.,  <  a-i  +  take.]  To  overtake. 

At  Boughton  under  Blee  us  gan  atake 
A  man,  that  clothed  was  in  clothes  blake. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  3. 


ataman  (at'a-man),  «.  [Russ.  atamanu  =  Pol. 
ataman,  also  hetman:  see  hetman.']  Same  as 
hetm^an. 

Any  member  could  be  chosen  chief  of  his  kur(5n,  and 
any  chief  of  a  kuren  could  be  chosen  Ataman. 

D.  M.  Wallace,  Russia,  p.  3511. 
atamasCO  (at-a-mas'ko),  n.  [Amer.  Ind.]  An 
amaryllidaceous  bulbotis  plant,  Zephyranthes 
Atamasco,  of  the  southern  United  States,  with  a 
low  scape  bearing  a  single  white,  lily-like  flower, 
atamasco-lily  (at-a-mas'k6-lil"i),  n.  Same  as 
atamasco. 

ataraxia  (at-a-rak'si-a),  n.  [<  Gr.  arapa^ia, 
calmness,  <  ardpaKTO(;,  calm,  impassive,  <  d-  priv. 
4-  rapuKTog,  verbal  adj.  of  rapdaaeiv,  disturb.} 
Freedom  from  the  passions ;  calmness  of  mind ; 
stoical  indifference :  a  term  used  by  the  Stoics 
and  Skeptics. 

Their  ataraxia  and  freedom  from  passionate  .disturb- 
ances. GlanviUe,  Seep.  Sci. 

Gotama's  Ataraxia  is  supreme  and  utter  immobility. 
The  mystic  quietism  which  determines  nothing,  denies 
nothing.  J.  Owen,  Evenings  with  Skeptics,  I.  416. 

ataraxy  (at'a-rak-si),  n.    Same  as  ataraxia. 
atastet, t.  "  [ME.,  <  OF.  ataster,  <  a-  +  taster, 
taste :  see  a-  and  taste.]    To  taste. 

But  now  is  tyme  that  thou  drynke  and  atast[e]  some  softe 
and  delitable  thinges.         Chaucer,  Boethius,  ii.  prose  1. 

ataunt  (a-tanf),  adv.  [<  ME.  ataunt,  atount,  < 
OF.  autant,  altant  (mod.  F.  autant),  as  much, 
so  much,  <  al,  another  (thing)  (<  L.  aliud,  neut. 
of  alius,  other),  +  tant,  so  much,  <  L.  tantum, 
neut.  of  tantus,  so  much.]  If.  As  much  as 
possible. 

A  dronglew  [var.  dronken]  fole  that  sparythe  for  no  dis- 
pence 

To  drynk  a-taunte  til  he  slepe  at  tabille. 

Lydgate,  Order  of  Fools,  1.  92. 

2.  Naut.,  with  all  sails  set;  fully  rigged  All 

ataunt,  or  all  ataunto,  said  of  a  vessel  when  fully  rigged, 
with  all  the  upper  masts  and  yards  aloft. 

ata'unto  (a-tan'to),  adv.    Same  as  ataunt,  2. 

ata'vic  (a-tav'ik),  a.  [=  F.  atavique;  <  L.  atavus 
[see  atavism.)  +  -ic]  Pertaining  to  atavism; 
characterized  by  or  exhibiting  atavism;  re- 
versionary. 

ata'vism  (at'a-vizm),  n.  [=  P.  atavisme,  <  L. 
atavus,  a  great-grandfather's  grandfather,  an 
ancestor  (<  at-,  an  element  of  undetermined 
origin,  +  aviis,  a  grandfather),  +  -ism.]  1.  In 
biol.,  reversion,  through  the  influence  of  hered- 
ity, to  ancestral  characters;  resemblance  ex- 
hibited by  a  given  organism  to  some  remote 
ancestor;  the  return  to  an  early  or  original 
type  by  its  modified  descendants ;  restoration 
of  structural  characters  which  have  been  lost  or 

obscured.  Atavism,  to  some  slight  extent,  is  witnessed 
in  the  human  race,  when  children  exhibit  some  peculiarity 
of  grandparents,  or  of  still  more  remote  progenitors,  which 
has  skipped  one  or  more  generations. 

Of  the  11.6%  of  children  born  with  eyes  of  other  than 
the  parental  color,  a  part  must  be  attributed  to  atavism, 
that  is,  to  intermittent  heredity.  Science,  IV.  367. 

2.  Inpathol.,  the  recurrence  of  any  peculiarity 
or  disease  of  an  ancestor  in  remote  generations. 
ata'V'istic  (at-a-vis'tik),  a.  [As  atav-ism  +  -ist- 
ic.  ]  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  atavism ; 
atavic. 

Theoretically  we  may  decompose  that  force  which  de- 
termines human  actions  and,  through  them,  social  phe- 
nomena, into  its  two  component  forces,  the  social  and  the 
atavistic  influence.  JV.  A.  Rev.,  CXX.  275. 

ata'vistically  (at-a-vis'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
atavistic  manner;  in  atavistic  examples. 

But,  after  the  lapse  of  thousands  of  years,  the  fusions 
are  incomplete,  and  the  ancient  types  crop  out  atavisti- 
cally  everywhere.  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXXIX.  253. 

ataxaphasia  (a-tak-sa-fa'zia),  n.    [NL.,  irreg. 

<  Gr.  dra^ia,  disorder  {see  '  ataxia),  +  d<paa!a, 
speechlessness  :  see  aphasia.]  Same  as  ataxic 
aphasia.  See  aphasia. 
ataxia  (a-tak'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ataxia,  dis- 
order, <  araKTOc,  disorderly,  <  d-  priv.  +  ra/crdf, 
verbal  adj.  of  rdaoeiv,  order,  arrange:  see  tac- 
tic] Inpathol.,  irregularity  in  the  functions 
of  the  body  or  in  the  course  of  a  disease; 
specifically,  inability  to  coordinate  voluntary 
movements.   Also  ataxy — Friedreich's  ataxia,  a 

form  of  ataxia  usually  affecting  several  members  of  a  fam- 
ily and  developing  at  an  early  age.  Usually  it  begins  in 
the  legs  and  extends  to  the  arms,  is  accompanied  with 
jerky  movements  of  the  head,  disturbance  of  articulation, 
loss  of  knee-jerk,  and  is  characterized  anatomically  by 
sclerosis  of  the  posterior  and  lateral  columns  of  the  cord. 
Also  called  hceditarv  ataxia.— hOCOmOtOT  ataxia,  a 
disease  characterized  clinically  by  want  of  power  to  coor- 
dinate voluntary  movements,  by  violent  shooting  pains, 
especially  in  the  legs,  absence  of  knee-jerk,  atrophy  of 
the  optic  nerve,  pariEsthesia  and  anaesthesia  in  certain 
parts,  dysuria,  and  functional  sexual  disorders ;  anatomi- 
cally,'by  a  sclerosis  of  the  posterior  columns  of  the  spinal 
cord.'  Also  called  progressive  locomotor  ataxi"  and  taies 
dorsalis. 


ataxic 

ataxic  (a-tak'sik),  a.  [<  ataxia  +  -ic]  In 
^lathol.,  of  or  pertaining  to  ataxia;  character- 
ized by  irregularity  in  function  or  course; 
irregular. 

Soon  ataxic  nervoiis  symptoms  declared  themselves. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  A  Mortal  Antipathy,  xlv. 

Ataxic  aphasia.  See  aphasia. — Ataxic  fever,  a  term 
applied  by  Pinel  to  fevers  attended  with  great  weakness, 
ataxy  (a-tak'si  or  at'ak-si),  n.    [Formerly  also, 
as  F.,  ataxic,  <  NL.  ataxia,  q.  v.]    If.  Want  of 
order;  disturbance. 

Three  ways  of  church  government  I  have  heard  of,  and 
no  more ;  the  Episcopal,  the  Presbyterial,  and  that  new- 
born bastard  Independency :  ...  the  last  of  these  is  no- 
thing but  a  confounding  ataxy. 

Sir  E.  Dering,  Speeches,  p.  141. 

2.  In  patJiol.,  same  as  ataxia. 
atazirt,  n.  [ME.,  <  Sp.  atasir,  atacir,  <  Ar.  *at- 
tathir,  <  al,  the,  +  tathir  (>  Pers.  tasir),  im- 
pression, effect,  influence,  <  athara,  leave  a 
mark,  athar,  ethr,  a  mark,  trace,  footstep.  ]  In  as- 
tral., according  to  modern  authorities,  the  (evil) 
influence  of  a  star  upon  other  stars  or  men.  But 
the  Arabian  astrologer  Haly  distinctly  states  (Comment, 
on  Ptolemy's  Opus  Quadripartitum,  iii.  10)  that  it  means 
the  direction  of  hyleg.  This,  according  to  the  method  of 
Messahallah,  determines  the  duration  of  life. 


361  Atellane 

plete,  +  cKTaatc^  extension,  <  eKreiveiv,  extend,  < 
£K,  if,  out,  +  TEiveiv,  stretch,  =  L.  extendere :  see 
extend.^  Imperfect  dilatation,  especially  of  the 
air-cells  of  the  lungs  of  newly  born  children. 

There  is  a  class  of  cases  in  wliich  a  child  is  born  alive 
but  its  lungs  remain  in  the  fietal  condition,  i.  e.,  they 
present  no  appearance  of  having  received  air  by  the  act 
of  breathing.    These  are  cases  of  atiHi'dasix. 
i„"T7>  j-i    i.  T  "        1.  1  ,1  -4.  .S'.  7'ai/ior,  Med.  Jour.,  XLV.  464. 

in  E.  that  any  ad],  maybe  made  a  verb;  hence  „+„i„„+„xi„  /  x,,  ,  ,  ,        ,  , 
adjectives  in  -atel  are  usually  accompanied  by  atelectatic  (at'Vlek-tat'ik)  a.    [<  atelectasis 
a  verb  in  -afc2,  and  new  verbs  from  L.  verbs  of   V)y  ateleetaws  ^^""^'^^'^^'^^  *°  characterized 

ateleocephalous  (a-tel'e-o-sef 'a-lus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
a-TcliK,  incomplete,  +  Kt<paHj,  head.]    In  zoiil., 
having  the  cranium  more  or  less  imperfect: 
said  of  certain  fishes :  opposed  to  teleocephalous. 
ateleopodid  (a-tel-e-op'6-did),  w.    A  fish  of  the 

.^..^et..,  of  La^in  origin,  a^s^ssiu,  ca^pUr,  i?Sei,^SS (a-SVf-o'pod'i-d.), [NL., 

<  Ateleopus  (-pod-)  +  -idw.'\  A  family  of  teleo- 
cephalous fishes,  represented  by  the  genus  Ate- 
leopus.  It  is  characterized  by  an  elongated  tail,  taper- 
ing backward  but  provided  with  a  narrow  caudal  ftn, 
antemedian  anus,  moderate  suljorbitals,  inferior  mouth, 
thoracic  ventral  fins  reduced  to  double  or  simple  filaments, 
a  short  anterior  dorsal  fln  only,  and  a  long  anal  fin  con- 
tinuous with  the  caudal. 


-i-tus,  of  the  2d,  -tus,  -sus,  of  the  3d,  -i-tus,  of 
the  4th),  and  from  thence-formed  frequenta- 
tives,  which  became  very  numerous  in  LL.  and 
ML.,  arose  many  verbs  in  OP.  and  ME.,  based, 
or  appar.  based,  on  L.  participles,  coinciding 
thus  with  adjectives  and  nouns  from  such  parti- 
ciples. These,  with  verbs  of  other  origin  agree- 
ing in  form  with  adjectives,  have  made  it  a  rule 


the  1st  conjugation  are  reg.  formed  in  -ate, 
whether  a  corre.sponding  adj.  exists  or  not; 
and  -afe2,  as  a  recognized  verb-formative,  may 
be  sufQxed  to  other  stems  of  any  origin,  as  in 
felicitate,  capacitate,  substantiate,  assassinate, 
camphorate,  etc.,  based  on /efeiy,  capacity,  sub- 


Infortunat  ascendent  tortuous. 
Of  which  the  lord  is  helpless  falle,  alias  I 
Out  of  his  angle  into  the  derkest  hous. 
O  Mars,  O  Atazir,  as  in  this  cas ! 

Chaucer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  172.  (Skeat.) 

atche  (at'che),  n.  [Turk.  aqcJia:  see  under 
asper^.Ji  A  small  Turkish  coin,  somewhat  less 
than  a  cent  in  value. 

atchison  (aeh'i-son),  n.  [Sc. ;  also  spelled 
atcheson;  <  Atchison,  a  Sc.  form  of  Atkinson, 
name  of  an  Englishman  who  was  master  of  the 
Scottish  mint  in  the  reign  of  James  VI.  (James 
I.  of  England).]  A  billon  coin,  or  rather  a  cop- 
per coin  washed  with  silver,  struck  in  Scotland 
in  the  reign  of  James  VI.,  of  the  value  of  eight 
pennies  Scots,  or  two  thirds  of  an  English  pen- 
ny. Jamiesoii. 

atchorn,  n.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form  of 
acorn. 

atel  (at).    Preterit  of  eat. 

Ate2  (a'te),  n.  [<  Gr.  "Ar^,  a  personification  of 
ar?/,  infatuation,  reckless  impulse,  sin,  ruin, 
dial,  mora,  orig.  *aFdT?i,  <  aaeiv,  orig.  *aFa.uv, 
hurt,  damage.]  In  Gr.  myth.,  an  ever-present 
evil  genius  leading  men  on  to  crime ;  the  god- 
dess of  blundering  mischief;  a  personification 
of  the  reckless  blindness  and  moral  distortion 
inflicted  by  the  gods  in  retribution  for  pre- 
sumption and  wickedness,  typifying  the  seK- 
perpetuating  nature  of  evil. 

-atel.  [ME.  reg.  -at,  <  OP.  -at,  a  later  "learned" 
form  of  vernacular  -e  (-e),  fern,  -ee  (-ee),  =  Sp. 
Pg.  -ado,  fern,  -ada,  =  It.  -ato,  fern,  -ata, <  L.  -dtus, 
fem.  -ata,  neut.  -atum  (stem  -ato-),  pp.  and  adj. 
suffix,  being  -tu-s  (=  Gr.  -ro-f  =  E.  -d^,  -ed'^), 
added  to  stem  of  verbs  in  -d-re  (It.  -are,  Sp.  Pg. 
-ar,  P.  -er).  This  suffix  also  appears  as  -adel, 
-ado,  -ato,  -ee,  -y,  etc.  Latin  adjectives  and  par- 
ticiples in  -dtus  were  usable  as  nouns,  in  masc. 
of  persons,  as  legdtus,  one  deputed,  a  legate 


Ateteopjts  Japonicus. 


etc.,  of  other  origin.  Owing  to  the  preponder 
ance  of  verbs  in  -ate  over  adjectives  in  -ate, 
such  verbs  are  in  this  dictionary  placed  before 
the  adjectives,  even  when  the  adjectives  are  of 
earlier  date.]  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  a  com- 
mon formative  in  verbs  taken  from  the  Latin, 
as  in  accumulate,  imitate,  militate,  etc.,  or  foi-med 

in  English,  either  on  Latin  stems,  as  in /eWcj-  a+„i„„„„„  /  V  i-v-       \         rx-rr  , 
tate,  capacitate,  etc.,  or  on  stems  of  other  ori-  '^1®^®^^.*!';^^!®  ^-pus),  n     [NL   <  Gr. 
gin.    See  etymologf.  ^^'^>  "^iperfect,  +  Trouf  {tto6-)  =  E.  foot.^ 

-ate3.  [<  ME.  -at,  <  OF.  -at,  a  later  "learned" 
form  of  vernacular  -e  (-e)  (as  in  duche,  E.  duch-y, 
q.  v.),  =  Sp.  Pg.  -ado  =  It.  -ato,  <  L.  -dtus  (stem 
-dtu-),  forming  nouns  of  the  4th  declension 
from  nouns,  but  formed  as  if  from  verbs  in 
-a-re,  with  suffix  -tu-,  parallel  with  -to-,  suffix 
of  pp.  (hence  the  similarity  to  pp.  -dtus,  E.  -ate^, 
q.  v^),  as  in  consuldtus,  magistrdtus,  pontificdtus, 
senatus,  LL.  episcopatus,  etc.,  with  senses  as  in 
corresponding  E.  words.]  A  suffix  of  Latin 
origin,  denoting  office,  an  office,  a  body  of  of- 
ficers, as  in  considate,  pontificate,  decemvirate, 
senate  (Latin  senatus,  from  senex,  an  old  man), 
episcopate,  etc.,  and  sometimes  a  single  officer, 
as  magistrate  (Latin  magistrdtus,  properly  ma- 
gistracy, also  a  magistrate),  the  suffix  in  the  last 
use  being  equivalent  to  -ate^  in  legate,  etc.,  and 
to  -ate^  in  primate,  etc. 
-ate*.  [<  L.  -as  {-at-),  as  in  magnas  (gen.  magnd- 
tis)  (parallel  to  magnatus),  primas  (prop,  adj.), 
etc.]  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  practically  equiv- 
alent to  -afei  in  nouns,  and  -ate^  (in  magistrate), 
as  in  magnate,  primate,  and  (in  Latin  plural) 
penates,  optimates. 
-ate^.  [<  L.  -ato,  <  Gr.  -arr/c,  a  noun  suffix,  ult. 
=  L.  -atus,  which  differs  in  the  inflexive  sylla- 
ble.] A  suffix  of  Greek  origin,  occurring  un- 
felt  in  pirate  (which  see), 
atechnic  (a-tek'nik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  arexvoc, 
without  art,  <  ,a-  priv.  +  rexv?;,  art :  see  a-l8 
and  technic.']  I,  a.  Without  technical  know- 
ledge, especially  of  art. 

II.  n.  A  person  without  technical  knowledge, 
especially  of  art. 

In  every  fine  art  there  is  much  which  is  illegible  by 
atechnics,  and  this  is  due  to  the  habits  of  interpretation 
mto  which  artists  always  fall.  North  British  Hev. 


are- 
The 


ML.  prmlatus,  one  preferred,  a  prelate,  etc.,  in  atechnical  (a-tek'ni-kal),  a.  Free  fromteehni- 
neut.  of  things,  as  wawrfaiMW,  a  thing  command-  cality;  popular:  as,  atechnical  treatment  of  a 
ed,  a  mandate,  etc.    See  -ate'^  and  -a<e3.]    A   technical  subject. 

sufOx  of  Latin  origin:  (a)  In  adjectives,  where  atechny  (a-tek'ni),  n.  [=  P.  atechnie,  <  Gr 
-afe  IS  equivalent  to  and  cognate  with  English  irexvia,  <  arexvor-  see  atechnic.']  Ignorance  of 
-ea^,  -d^,  -t^,  m  perfect  participles  and  partici-  art ;  unskilfulness.  N.  E.  D. 
pial  adjectives,  the  native  English  suffix  being  atees  (a'tes),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  The  native  Indian 
often  added  to  -ate  when  a  verb  in  -afeS  exists,  name  of  the  tuberous  root  of  Aconitum  hetero- 
as  m  desolate  or  desolat-ed,  accumulate  or  ac-  phyllum,  which  is  used  as  an  antiperiodic  and 
cumulat-ed,  situate  or  situat-ed,  etc.  in  many  in-  a  tonic,  in  some  sections  the  same  name  is  "i 
stances  the  adjective  is  not  accompanied  by  a  verb  in  -ate,  root  of  A.  Napellus,  and  to  several  other  druas 
pinnate  ornate,  temperate,  <itc.;  this  is  especially  true  of  atcf  (ii'tef),  n.  [Egypt  1  Father'  an  ancient 
botanical  descriptives,  as  acM?ni«r7Yfl  «-(.w/7/c  ™.Q,i;rf«jo  t-  ■  /.'.,  \-'r'B3V^-i  «iL.nei  .  d,n  ancient 
hastate,  lanceolate,  serrate,  etc. 


typical  genus  of  fishes  of  the  t&m\\j  Ateleopo- 
didw :  so  named  from  the  imperfect  ventral  fins, 
ateleost  (a-tel'e-ost),  n.    A  fish  of  the  subclass 

Ateleostei. 

Ateleostei  (a-tel-f-os'te-i),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

cirelr/c,  incomplete,  +  boriov,  a  bone.  See  Tele- 
ostei.]  A  subclass  of  fishes  contrasting  with 
the  Teleostei  and  distinguished  by  the  reduction 
of  the  bones  of  the  skull  and  branchial  skele- 
ton, proposed  for  the  order  Lyomeri. 
ateleosteous  (a-tel-f-os'te-us),  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  A  teleostei. 
Ateles  (at'e-lez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dreA^,  incom- 
plete, imperfect,  <  a-  priv.  +  r^of,  end,  com- 
pletion.] A  genus  of  American  platjrrrhine 
monkeys,  of  the  family  Cebida'  and  subfamily 
Cebinw;  the  spider-monkeys  or  sapajous,  with 
attenuate  bodies,  very  long  slender  limbs,  and 
long  powerfully  prehensile  tails :  so  called  be- 
cause the  thumb  is  rudimentary.  There  are  sev- 
eral species,  among  them  the  nurthenimost  representa- 
tives of  the  Qtiadrumana  in  America.  Also  called  Atelo- 
chirns. 

atelier  (at-e-lya'),  n.  [P.,  formerly  attelier, 
hastelier;  of  disputed  origin.]  A  workshop; 
specifically,  the  workroom  of  a  sculptor  or 
painter ;  a  studio. 

Modern  sculptors  .  .  .  too  often  execute  colossal  works 
in  cramped  ateliers,  where  the  conditions  of  light  are 
wholly  differentfrom  those  of  the  site  for  which  the  statue 
is  destined.  C.  T.  Newton,  Art  and  Arcliajol.,  p.  347. 
ateline  (at'e-lin),  n.  [<  Gr.  dreZ^,  imperfect, 
+  -ine^.]  An  oxychlorid  of  copper  allied  to 
atacamite,  occurring  at  Vesuvius,  and  derived 
from  the  alteration  of  the  copper  oxid  tenorite. 
atelite  (at'e-lit),  n.  [<  Gr.  are^r/f,  imperfect, 
+  -ife2.]    Same  as  ateUn 


botanical  descriptives,  as  acuminate,  crenate,  cuspidate,    TiV-n-n'f-lQr,  XX^  "       i  V"  '  

' '     ^      '    Higyptian  title  and  component  of  proper  names 


(b)  In  nouns,  of  per- 
sons, as  legate,  delegate,  reprobate,  etc.,  or  of 
things,  as  mandate, precipitate,  etc. ;  especially, 
in  chetn.,  in  nouns  denoting  a  salt  formed  by  the 
action  of  an  acid  on  a  base,  as  in  acetate,  nitrate, 
sulphate,  etc.,  the  suffix  being  added  to-  the 
stem  (often  shortened)  of  the  name  of  the  acid. 

[The  corresponding  New  Latin  forms  are  acetatum,  nitra- 
turn,  sulpliatum,  etc.,  but  often  erroneously  acetas,  nitras 
sulphas,  genitive  acetatis,  etc.,  by  confusion  with  -atei.] 
-ate^.  [L.  -dtus,  -ata,  -atum,  pp.  suffix  of  verbs 
in -a-re  (see  -ate^,  with  supine  in  -dtum  (stem 
-atu-),  to  which,  instead  of  the  pp.  stem,  such 
verbs  are  often  referred.  In  this  dictionary 
E.  verbs  in  -ate  (and  so  verbs  in  -ete,  -ite)  are 
reg.  referred  to  the  L.  pp.  -dtus  (-etus,  -4tus), 
intimating  that  such  verbs  are  taken  from  or 
formed  according  to  the  L.  pp.  stem,  though  ategart,  n 
with  the  force  of  the  inf.    Prom  L.  participles  atelectasis 


In  some  sections  the  same  name  is  given  to  the  •A.tellan  (a-tel''an),  a.  and  n.     [<  L.  Atellanus, 

pertaining  to  Atella,  an  ancient  town  of  the 
Osci,  in  Campania;  hence  fab  ula;  {or  fabel  I  a) 
Atellanw,  Atellan  plays:  see  def.]  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  in  character  the  farces 
ov  dramas  called  fabttlw  Atellanw;  farcical;  ri- 
bald. See  II.  Also  spelled  ^te??a«e. 
Their  .  .  .  Atellan  way  of  wit. 

Sha/tesbury,  Characteristics,  II.  170. 
These  Atellane  plays  .  .  .  seem  to  have  been  a  union  of 
high  comedy  and  its  parody.  .  .  .  They  were  not  per- 
formed by  regular  actors  (histriones),  but  by  Koman  citi- 
zens of  noble  birth,  who  were  not  on  that  account  suli- 
jected  to  any  degradation.  IF.  Smith. 

II.  n.  1.  One  of  a  class  of  farces  or  dramatic 
pieces  {fabulce  Atellanw)  in  vogue  among  the 
ancient  Osci,  and  early  introduced  into  Rome. 

The  personages  of  these  jncces  were  always  the  same,  and 
the  wit  was  very  limad.  It  is  probable  that  their  per- 
petuation in  riiial  districts  was  the  origin  of  Punchinelle 
and  the  other  Italian  rustic  masks.    See  I. 

2.  A  satirical  or  licentious  drama :  as,  "Atcllans 
and  lasei\nous  songs,"  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel., 
p.  425. 


Also  written  a^/.— Atef-crown, 

in  Egypt,  antiq.,  a  symbolic  head- 
dress uniformly  borne  by  the  deities 
Khnum  and  Osiris,  sometimes  by 
other  gods,  such  as  Sebek,  Thoth, 
Harmachis,  etc.,  and  occasionally 
assumed  by  kings,  as  the  Rameses. 
It  consisted  regularly  of  the -tall 
conical  white  cap  of  upper  Egypt, 
flanked  with  a  pair  of  long  ostrich- 
plumes,  and  having  the  solar  disk 
and  ura;us  in  front,  and  was  prob- 
ably emblematic  of  the  sovereignty 
of  Egypt  under  the  attributes  of 
light,  truth,  and  divinity.  The  con- 
ical cap  is  sometimes  omitted  in 
works  of  art.  The  atef  is  often  men- 
tioned in  the  "Book  of  the  Dead," 
and  is  frequently  represented  in 
frescos,  bas-reliefs,  and  statues. 

See  atgar. 
(at-e-lek'ta-sis), 


m  -tus  {-d-tus,  of  the  1st  conjugation,  -e-tus,    n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  dreA^f,  incom^  ^'^'-f^^^^^L"}"'''  Xtellane  (a-tel'an),  a.    Same  as  Atellan. 


atelocardia 


362 


Athenaeum 


atel(^cardia  (at''e-l6-kar'di-a),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
(i7t  '/.K,  imperfect,  +  Kapt5(a  =  E.  heart.']  In  tera- 
toid imperfect  development  of  the  heart. 

atelochilia  (at'e-lo-kil'i-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
(!7f?.//f,  imperfect,  +  a  lip.]    In  teratoL, 

imperfect  development  of  the  lip.  Also  spelled 
atdocheilia. 

Atelochirus  (af'e-lo-ki'rus),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

(i7t/.//f,  imperfect,  4-  x^'P,  hand.]  Same  as 
Ateles.    Also  spelled  Atetocheirus. 

atelo-encephalia  (at'e-lo-eu-se-fa'li-ii),  «. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  are'AijQ,  imperfect,  +  kyKecpaXoc,  the 
brain:  see  eiicephalon.)  In  teratol.,  imperfect 
development  of  the  eneephalon. 

ateloglossia  (at  e-lo-glos'i-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
(irt/v/f,  imperfect,  +  -}'/.uaaa,  tongue.]  In  tera- 
toL, imperfect  development  of  the  tongue. 

atelognathia  (at"e-log-na'thi-a),  «.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  arM/g,  imperfect,  +  yvddoc,  the  jaw.]  In 
teratol.,  imperfect  development  of  the  jaw. 

atelomyelia  (at  "e-lo-mi-e'li-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
art/./jg,  imperfect,  +  fivelo^,  marrow.]  In  tera- 
tol., imperfect  development  of  the  spinal  cord. 

ateloprosopia  (at  e-lo-pro-so'pi-a),  w.  [NL.,< 
Gr.  a-eh'/g,  imperfect,  +  irpdauiTovj  the  face :  see 
I'rosopis.J  In  teratol.,  imperfect  development 
of  the  face. 

atelorachidia  (afe-lo-ra-kid'i-a),  w.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  are/.r/g,  imperfect,  +  pdx'C,  back-bone.]  In 
teratol.,  imperfect  development  of  the  spinal 
column. 

Atelornis  (at-e-16r'nis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aTelfjg, 
imperfect,  +  bpvig,  bird.]  A  genus  of  Madagas- 
can  ground-rollers,  family  Coracikhv  and  sub- 
family Braclujpteraciince.  A.  pittoiclcs  is  a  typi- 
cal species,  of  gorgeous  colors  and  terrestrial 
nocturnal  habits. 

atelostomia  (at"e-lo-st6'mi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
are'/./'/i',  imperfect,  +  aro/ia,  mouth:  see  stoma.'] 
In  ?cra to?.,  imperfect  development  of  the  mouth. 

a  tempo,  a  tempo  prime  (a  tem'po,  pre'mo). 
[It.,  lit.  to  time,  to  the  first  time :  a,  <  L.  ad,  to; 
tempo,  <  L.  tempus,  time  (see  tempo);  primo,  < 
L.  primus,  first:  see  prime.]  In  music,  a  di- 
rection, after  any  change  of  movement,  as  by 
acceleration  or  retardation,  that  the  original 
time  be  restored.    See  a  battuta. 

a  tempo  giusto  (a  tem'po  jos'to).  [It.,  lit.  to 
just  time:  a  tempo  (see  a  tempo);  giusto,  <  L. 
Justus,  just:  see  just^.]  In  music,  a  direction 
to  sing  or  play  in  an  equal,  just,  or  strict  time. 

It  is  seldom  used  except  when  the  time  has  lieen  inter- 
rupted, as  during  a  recitative,  to  suit  the  action  and  pas- 
sion of  the  piece. 

Ateuchus  (a-tu'kus),  71.  [NL.,  lit.  without  ar- 
mor, in  allusion  to  the  absence  of  a  seutellum, 

<  Gr.  a-evxK,  imarmed,  unequipped,  <  a-  priv. 
+  nvxog,  pi.  Tuvxia,  arms,  armor,  prop,  imple- 
ments, <  Tevxeiv,  make,  produce.]  A  genus  of 
lamellicorn  beetles,  of  the  family  ScarabaHdw. 

A.  saccr  seems  to  have  been  the  sacred  beetle,  or  scarabieus, 
figured  on  Egyptian  monuments,  ornaments,  amulets,  etc., 
and  of  which  a  figure,  either  in  porcelain  or  carved  out  of 
stone,  rarely  a  gem,  was  placed  in  the  bosom  of  every 
mummy,  as  a  symbol  of  and  prayer  for  resurrection. 

atf  (atf),  n.    Same  as  atef. 

atgart,  «•  [Also  improp.  ategar,  repr.  AS.  wt- 
gdr,  also  cetgwru  (only  in  glosses),  (=  OFries. 
etger,  etker  —  OHG.  asgcr,  asigcr  =  Icel.  at- 
geirr),  a  spear,  <  wt-,  appar.  the  prep,  wt,  at,  + 
gar,  a  spear:  see  gar'^,  garfish,  gore'^.]  A  kind 
of  spear  or  lance  formerly  in  use. 

Athabaskan  (ath-a-bas'kan),  a.  and  n.  I.  a. 
Belonging  to  a  certain  great  family  of  North 
American  Indian  languages  and  tribes,  occu- 
pying a  vast  extent  of  country  south  from  the 
Eskimo  region,  between  Hudson's  Bay  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  with  outlying  members  also 
west  of  the  mountains,  as  far  south  as  Mexico, 
including  the  Apaches  and  Navajos. 

II.  n.  A  member  or  the  language  of  this 
family. 

Also  spelled  Athabascan,  AthapasTcan. 
athalamous  (a-thal'a-mus),  a.    [<  Gr.  d-  priv. 

+  fla'Aanoi;,  bed:  see  thalamus.]  In  hot.,  with- 
out apothecia:  applied  to  lichens,  or  lichenoid 
growths,  the  fructification  of  which  is  unknown. 
Athalia  (a-tha'U-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  with  al- 
lusion to  the  devastation  produced  by  its  larvse, 

<  Gr.  ada\?](;  or  hdaAAriq,  not  verdant,  withered, 

<  d-  priv.  +  QalXtiv,  be  fresh  or  luxuriant.]  A 
genus  of  saw-flies,  or  Terehrantia,  of  the  order 
Hymenoptera  and  family  Tenthredinidw.  a. 
8l)inaruyn  or  A.  centlfolia  is  the  turnip  saw-fly  of  Europe, 
whose  larva;  occasionally  devastate  turnip-fields.  The 
parent  insect  appears  about  the  end  of  May,  and  deposits 
its  egg  in  the  substance  of  the  leaf,  and  in  about  six  days 
the  larvae  are  hatched.  Within  a  few  days  the  vegetation 
on  which  they  appear  is  laid  waste  by  their  eating  the  soft 
tissue  of  the  leaf,  leaving  only  skeletons  and  stalks. 


athalline   (a-thal'in),  a.     [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 

y«/./iot,  a  frond  :  see  thallus.]  In  bot.,  without 
a  thallus ;  characterized  by  the  absence  of  a 
thallus. 

athamantin  (ath-a-man'tin),  «.  [^<.  Athamatita 
(see  def.)  +  -in'^.]  In  chem.,  a  substance  (C24 
H30O7)  produced  from  the  root  and  seeds  of 
the  Athamanta  Oreoselinum  and  other  species 
of  the  same  genus  of  European  and  Asiatic  um- 
belliferous herbs.  It  has  a  rancid  soapy  odor, 
and  a  slightly  bitter  acrid  taste.    H.  Watts. 

athamauntt,       An  old  form  of  adamant. 

athanasia  (ath-a-ua'si-a),  n.  [<  Gr.  aOavaala, 
immortality  (>  'ML.  athanasia,  tansy),  <  d^^d- 
varoc,  immortal,  <  d-  priv.  +  ddvarog,  death.]  1. 
Deathlessness ;  immortality.  Also  athanasy. — 
2f.  The  herb  tansy.    See  tansy. 

Athanasian  (ath-a-na'sian),  a.  and  n.  [<  LL. 
Athanasius,  <  Gr.  'Adavaaiog,  a  proper  name, 
<  addvarog,  immortal.]  I,  a.  Pertaining  to 
Athanasius  (about  296  to  373),  bishop  of  Alex- 
andria—  Athanasian  creed,  a  creed  formerly  ascribed 
to  Athanjisius,  but  whose  real  authorship  is  unknown.  It 
is  an  explicit  assertion  of  the  doctrines  of  the  Trinity  (as 
opposed  to  Arianism)  and  of  the  incarnation,  and  contains 
wliat  are  known  as  the  "damnatory  clauses"  in  the  con- 
cluding formulas  of  the  two  parts,  viz.:  "Wiosoever  will 
be  saved,  before  all  things  it  is  necessary  that  he  should 
hold  the  catholic  faith ;  which  faith,  except  every  one  do 
keep  whole  and  undetiled,  without  doubt  he  shall  perish 
everlastingly";  and  "This  is  the  catholic  faith ;  which  ex- 
cept a  man  believe  faithfully  he  cannot  be  saved."  This 
creed  is  retained  in  the  service  of  the  Church  of  England, 
but  not  in  that  of  the  American  Episcoi)al  Churcli. 

II.  n.  A  follower  of  Athanasius  or  a  believer 
in  his  creed. 

Athanasianism  (ath-a-na'sian-izm),  71.  [< 
Athanasian  +  -ism.]  "The  principles  or  doc- 
trines of  the  Athanasian  creed. 

Athanasianist  (ath-a-na'gian-ist),  ti.  [<  Atha- 
nasian +  -ist.]    An  Athanasian. 

athanasy  (a-than'a-si),  n.  Same  as  athanasia,  1. 

Time  brings  to  obscure  authors  an  odd  kind  of  repara- 
tion, an  immortality  not  of  love  and  interest  and  admira- 
tion, but  of  curiosity  merely.  ...  Is  not  then  a  scholas- 
tic athanasy  better  than  none? 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  34C. 

athanor  (ath'a-nor),  n.  [Late  ME.  also  athenor 
(ef.  F.  athanor),  <  Sp.  atanor,  a  siphon  or  pipe 
for  conveying  water,  <  Ar.  at-tannur,  <  al,  the, 
+  tannur,  <  Heb.  or  Aramaic  tanniir,  an  oven  or 
furnace,  <  nur,  fire.]  A  self-feeding  digesting 
furnace  formerly  used  by  alchemists.  It  was 
so  made  as  to  maintain  a  uniform  and  durable 
heat. 

Athecata  (ath-e-ka'ta),  «.  pi.    [NL.,  neut.  pi. 

of  athecatus,  not  sheathed:  see  athecate.]  A 
name  of  the  gymnoblastic  hydroid  hydrozoans, 
which  are  not  sheathed,  that  is,  have  no  go- 
nangia  and  no  hydrothecse :  a  synonym  of 
(Ijimnoblastea  (which  see), 
athecate  (ath'e-kat),  a.  [<  NL.  athecatus,  <  Gr. 
d-  priv.  +  6>/K^,  a  sheath:  see  theca.]  Not 
sheathed ;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Athecata. 

atheism  (a'the-izm),  n.  [=  F.  atheismc  =  Pg. 
atiieismo  =  Sp.  It.  atcismo,  <  NL.  *athcismus,  < 
Gr.  ddeog,  without  a  god,  denying  the  gods,  <  d- 
priv.  +  ftdf,  a  god.  The  Gr.  term  for  atheism 
■waa  ddeoTT/g.]  1.  The  doctrine  that  there  is  no 
God ;  denial  of  the  e.xistence  of  God. 

Atheixm  is  a  disbelief  in  the  existence  of  God  —  that  is, 
disbelief  in  any  regularity  in  the  universe  to  which  man 
must  conform  himself  under  penalties. 

J.  R.  Sfdcy,  Nat.  Religion,  p.  26. 

2.  The  denial  of  theism,  that  is,  of  the  doctrine 
that  the  great  first  cause  is  a  supreme,  intel- 
ligent, righteous  person. — 3.  A  practical  indif- 
ference to  and  tlisregard  of  God ;  godlessness. 

[In  the  first  sense  above  given,  atlicixiii,  is  to  lie  discrimi- 
nated irompantheimn,  which  denies  the  personality  of  God, 
and  from  agnostwism,  which  denies  the  possibility  of  pos- 
itive knowledge  concerning  him.  In  the  second  sense,  athe- 
ism includes  both  pantheism  and  agnosticism.] 

atheist  (a'the-ist),  71.  and  a.  [—  P.  atMiste  = 
Pg.  atheista  =  Sp.  It.  ateista,  <  NL.  *atheista, 
idv.adtog:  see  atheism.]  I.  m.  1.  One  who  de- 
nies the  existence  of  God,  or  of  a  supreme  in- 
telligent being. 

Well,  monarchies  may  own  religion's  name, 
But  states  are  atheists  in  their  very  frame. 

Dryden,  Prol.  to  Amboyna,  1.  22. 
By  night  an  atheist  half  believes  a  God. 

Young,  Night  Thoughts,  v.  177. 

2.  A  godless  man ;  one  who  disregards  his  duty 

to  God.=Syn.  Skeptic,  Deist,  etc.    See  infidel. 

II.  a.  Godless;  atheistic:  as,  "the  atheist 
crew,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  370. 
atheistic  (a-the-is'tik),  a.  [<.  atheist  + -ic]  1. 
Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  atheists;  in- 
volving, containing,  or  tending  to  atheism :  as, 
atheistic  doctrines  or  beliefs ;  an  atheistic  ten- 


dency.—  2.  Denying  the  existence  of  God ;  god- 
less; impious:  applied  to  persons:  as,  '■^athe- 
istic gainsayers,"  Ray,  Works  of  Creation. 

=  Syn.  Godless,  U ngodly,  etc.    See  irreligious. 

atheistical  (a-the-is'ti-kal),  a.    Marked  by  or 

manifesting  atheism ;  atheistic. 

I  was  present,  very  seldom  going  to  the  publiq  theaters 
for  many  reasons,  now  as  they  were  abused  to  an  atheis- 
tical liberty.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  IS,  1(560. 

atheistically  (a-the-is'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
atheistic  manner ;  impiously. 

I  entreat  such  as  are  atheistically  inclined  to  consider 
these  things.  Tillotson. 

atheisticalness  (a-the-is'ti-kal-nes),  «.  The 
quality  of  being  atheistic ;  iiTeligiousness. 

Purge  out  of  all  hearts  profaneness  and  atheisticalness. 

Hammond,  Works,  I.  SOO. 

atheize  (a'the-iz),  v. :  pret.  and  pp.  atheised, 
ppr.  atheising'.  [<  Gr.  aftof  (see  atheism)  +  -ize.] 

1.  t  intratis.  To  discom-se  as  an  atheist. 

We  shall  now  make  ililigent  search  and  inquiry,  to  see 
if  we  can  find  any  other  philosophers  who  atheized  before 
Deraocritus  and  Leucippus. 

Cudworth,  Intellectual  System,  p.  111. 

II,  trans.  To  render  atheistic.  [Rare.] 

They  endeavoured  to  atheize  one  another. 

Bp.  Berkeley,  Minute  Philosopher,  ii. 

atheizer  (a'thf-i-zer),  ».  One  who  atheizes,  or 
renders  atheistic.    Cudworth.  [Rare.] 

atheist,  w.  [Early  ME.,  <  AS.  wthelu,  wthelo,  pi., 
:  -  OS.  adhal  =  OFries.  cthel-,  edel-  (in  eomp.  and 
deriv. )  =  D.  adel  =  OHG.  adal,  MHG.  adel,  race, 
family,  ancestry,  esp.  noble  ancestry,  nobility, 
G.  adel,  nobility,  =  Icel.  adhal,  nature,  dis- 
position, family,  origin,  in  comp.  chief-,  head- 
(mod.  also  nobility,  —  Sw.  Dan.  adel,  nobility,  a 
sense  due  to  the  G.),  =rGoth.  *athal  (as  in  the 
proper  name  *Athalarciks  (>  ML.  Athalaricus) 
=  AS.  jEthelrtc) ;  not  found  outside  of  Teut. 
Hence,  athel^  and  athcling,  q.  v.,  and  ethel,  pat- 
rimony (see  ethel).  In  mod.  E.  only  in  proper 
names,  historical  or  in  actual  use,  of  AS.  or 
OHG.  origin,  as  Ethel,  Ethelbert,  Athelbert  = 
Albert,  Ethelred,  Audrey  (St.  Aud7-ey,  >  t-awdry, 
q.  v.),  etc.]  Race;  family;  ancestry;  noble 
ancestry;  nobility;  honor. 
Her  wes  Arthur  the  king  athelen  bidaeled  [deprived]. 

Layamon,  III.  453. 

atheist,  a.  and  n.  [ME.,  also  ethel,  ccthel,  and 
prop,  athele,  ethelc,  wthele  (in  northern  writers 
often  hathel,  etc.),  <  AS.  wthele,  ethelc  =  OS. 
edili  =  OFries.  ethel,  edel  =  D.  edel  =  OHG. 
edili,  MHG.  edele,  G.  edel  =  Icel.  edhal-,  edhla- 
(in  comp.)  =  Sw.  adel  =  Dan.  mdel  (the  Scand. 
after  G.),  noble,  of  noble  family;  from  the 
noun :  see  athel^.]  I.  a.  Noble  ;  illustrious  ; 
excellent. 

Lutele  children  in  the  cradele, 
Both  chorles  an  ek  athele. 

Owl  and  Nightingale,  1.  631. 

II.  71.  A  noble  ;  a  chief ;  often  simply  a 
man. 

His  hathel  on  hors  watz  thenne 
That  b<'i  i-  his  spere  &  lauuce. 
Sir  Gawnyne  and  the  Grene  Knight  (ed.  Morris),  1.  2005. 

atheling  (ath'el-ing),  71.  [In  mod.  use,  as  a  his- 
torical term,  also  written  ctheling  and  a-theling, 
repr.  ME.  atheling,  <  AS.  aitheling  {—  OS.  edhi- 
ling  =  OFries.  ethcling,  edling  =  OHG.  adaling, 
ML.  adalingus,  adelingus),  <  wthclu,  noble  family 
(see  athel^),+  -ing,  a  patronymic  suffix.  The 
word  siu'vives  in  the  place-name  Athelney,  AS. 
JEthelinga  ig,  lit.  princes'  island.]  In  A7tglo- 
Saxo7i  hist. :  (a)  A  crown  piince  or  heir  appar- 
ent ;  one  of  the  royal  family.  (6)  A  nobleman. 
Driuinally  none  but  Anglo-Saxon  princes  were  called 
athelings,  and  the  atheling  was  the  eldest  son  of  the  king 
or  nearest  heir  to  the  throne,  to  which,  however,  he  did 
not  necessarily  succeed  ;  but  the  term  was  afterward  ex- 
tended to  all  who  held  noble  rank.  Also  written  etheling, 
cetheling. 

An  English  community  [A.  D.  500-600]  knew  but  two  or- 
ders of  men,  the  ceorl  or  the  freeman,  and  the  eorl  or  the 
noble.  The  freeman  was  the  base  of  the  village  society. 
He  was  the  "free-necked  man,"  whose  long  hair  floated 
over  a  neck  which  had  never  bowed  to  a  lord.  .  .  .  But 
the  social  centre  of  the  village  was  the  eorl,  or,  as  he  was 
sometimes  called,  the  cetheling,  whose  homestead  rose 
high  above  the  lowlier  dwellings  of  the  ceorls. 

J.  R.  Green,  Making  of  England,  p.  173. 

One  or  two  rebellions  are  mentioned,  headed  by  jEthe- 
lings  or  men  of  the  royal  house. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Old  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  71. 

Athena  (a-the'na),  n.    Same  as  Athene,  1. 

Athenaeum,  Atheneum  (ath-e-ne'um),  71.  [L. 
Athenwum,  <  Gr.  Atli/vaiov,  a  temple  of  Athene, 
<  'Adrjvrj,  Athene:  see  Athene.]  1.  A  temple  or 
a  place  dedicated  to  Athene,  or  Minerva;  spe- 
cifically, an  institution  founded  at  Rome  by 
Hadrian  for  the  promotion  of  literary  and  scien- 
tific studies,  and  imitated  in  the  provinces. — 

2.  [/.  c. ;  pi.  athenwa,  athenea  (-a).]    In  mod- 


Athenaeum 

ern  times,  an  institution  for  the  encouragement 
of  literature  and  art,  often  possessing  a  library 
for  the  use  of  those  entitled  to  its  privileges. 
Athene  (a-the'ne),  n.  [L.,  also  Athena,  <  Gr. 
M'/vr/,  Doric  'Adava,  also  (prop,  an  adj.  form) 
'Atkivah/,  Molie  'Adava'ia,  'AOavda,  Attic  Adr/vaia, 
contr.  Adrjva,  a  name  of  uncertain  origin,  as- 
sociated with  that  of  AOrjvai,  Athens.]  1.  In 
Gr.  myth.,  the  goddess  of  knowledge,  arts,"sci- 


363 


Athene.— 1  he  Minerva  Farnese,  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples. 


ences,  and  righteous  war;  particularly,  the  tute- 
lary deity  of  Athens :  identified  by  the  Romans 
with  Minerva,  she  personified  the  clear  upper  air  as 
well  as  mental  clearness  and  acuteness,  embodying  the 
spirit  of  truth  and  divine  wisdom,  and  was  clothed  with 
the  regis  symbolizing  the  darl<  storm-cloud,  and  armed  with 
tlie  resistless  spear— the  shaft  of  lightning.  A\&o  Athena. 

2.  [NL.]  In  ornith.,  an  extensive  genus  of  owls, 
related  to  A.  noctua  of  Europe,  including  small 
earless  species.  The  name  is  used  by  different  authors 
with  great  latitude,  and  is  not  susceptible  of  exact  defini- 
tion.   It  was  first  used  for  a  genus  of  birds  by  Boie,  1822. 

Atheneum,  n.    See  Athencewm. 

Athenian  (a-the'ni-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  as  if 
*Athenianus,  equivalent  to  Atheniensis,  <  Athe- 
nm,  <  Gr.  Adfpat,  Athens,  traditionally  named 
after  AOijvt],  Athene.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
Athens,  anciently  the  metropolis  of  Attica  in 
Greece,  and  now  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Greece. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  citizen  of  Athens, 
atheologiant  (a^thf-o-lo'ji-an),  n.    [<  Gr.  a- 
priv.  (a-18)  -f-  theologian.']  "One  who  is  not  a 
theologian ;  one  who  has  no  knowledge  of  the- 
ology ;  an  ignorant  theologian. 

Tliey  .  .  .  [the  Jesuits]  are  the  only  atheologians  viho&e 
Heads  entertain  no  other  object  but  the  tumult  of  realms. 

Sir  J.  Hayward,  Answer  to  Doleman,  ix. 

atheological  (a"the-6-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  a- 
priv.  (a-18)  -t-  theological.']  Uiitheological :  con- 
trary to  theology. 

In  the  curt  atheological  phrase  of  the  Persian  Lucretius 
one  thing  is  certain,  and  the  rest  is  lies." 

Swinburne,  Shaljespeare,  p.  233. 

atheologyt  (a-the-ol'o-ji),  n.    [<  Gr.  a-  priv. 

(a-18)  +  theology.  Cf.  atheous.]  1.  Lack  or 
absence  of  theological  knowledge ;  opposition 
to  theology.— 2.  Atheism. 

Several  of  our  learned  members  have  written  many  pro- 
round  treatises  on  anarchy,  but  a  brief,  complete  body  of 
atheology  seemed  yet  wanting. 

Swift,  On  Collins's  Discourse. 

atheous  (a'the-us),  a.    [=  Pg.  atheo  =  Sp.  It. 
ateo,  an  atheist,  <  L.  atheus,  atheos,  <  Gr.  ade- 
of,  without  a  god,  godless:  see  atheism.]  If. 
Atheistic;  ungodly. 
The  hypocrite  or  atheous  priest.     Milton,  P.  R.,  i.  487. 

2.  Having  no  reference  to  God;  irrespective  of 
divine  existence  or  power. 

"  All  physical  science,  properly  so  called,  is  compelled 
by  Its  very  nature  to  take  no  account  of  the  being  of  God  ■ 
as  soon  as  it  does  this,  it  trenches  upon  theology,  and 
ceases  to  be  physical  science."  And  so,  coining  a  dis- 
criminating word  to  express  this,  he  [the  Bishop  of  Car- 
lisle] would  say  that  science  was  atheous,  and  therefore 
could  not  be  atheistic.  Science,  III.  132. 

Athericera  (ath-f-ris'e-ra),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

0%,  awn  or  beard  of  an  ear  of  corn,  +  Kipa^,  a 
T^^^kl  Latreille's  system  of  classification, 
the  fifth  family  of  dipterous  insects,  nearly 
equivalent  to  the  diehsetous  division  of  brachy- 
cerous  Diptera,  but  including  the  Smphidce. 

llie  division  corresponded  to  the  Linnean  genera  Cotiops 
anA  (Ji,strtis,  with  most  of  the  species  of  Musca,  including 
the  bot-flies  and  drone-flies  with  the  flies  proper.   [Not  in 


athericerous  (ath-e-ris'e-rus),  a.  [<  Athericera 
+  -ous.]  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  Atlie- 
ricera. 

Atherina  (ath-e-ri'nii),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  adeptv?!, 
a  kind  of  smelt.]    A  genus  of  abdominal  acan- 
thopterygian  fishes,  typical  of  the  family 
nmdw,  containing  the  sand-smelts,  a.  presbyter 

the  common  Britisli  atherine  or  sand-smelt,  is  a  fish  about 
6  inches  long,  used  as  food, 
atherine  (ath'e-rin),  M.  [<  Atherina.]  A  fish 
of  the  genus  Atherina;  a  sand-smelt, 
atherinid  (ath-e-rin'id),  n.  A  fish  of  the  fam- 
ily AtherinidcB. 
Atherinidae  (ath-e-rin'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Atherina  +  -idcv.]  The  athorines  or  sand- 
smelts  ;  a  family  of  abdominal  acanthopterygian 
fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Atherina,  to  which 
varying  limits  have  been  ascribed  by  different 
writers.  In  Giinther's  system  the  Atherinidoe  are  a 
family  of  Acanthopterygii  mugiliformes,  liaving  vertebra) 
in  increased  number  and  the  dentition  feeble  or  of  mod- 
erate strength,  and  including  the  tetragonurids  as  well  as 
the  atherinids  proper.  In  more  recent  systems  they  are  a 
family  of  Percesoces  with  more  than  24  verteliras,  cycloidal 
scales,  dorsal  fins  two  in  number  and  separate,  and  feeble 
dentition.  The  species  are  mostly  small ;  those  found  in 
America  are  known  as /Ware,  or  are  confounded  with  the 
Osmcri  under  the  name  of  smelts. 

atherinidan  (ath-e-rin'i-dan),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
family  Atherinidw;  an  atherinid.  Sir  J.  Bich- 
ardson. 

Atherinina  (ath'/e-ri-ni'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Atherina  +  -ina.]  "  In  GiintHer's  classification 
of  fishes,  the  first  subfamily  of  Atherinidw,  char- 
acterized by  feeble  dentition,  cycloidal  scales, 
the  separation  of  the  first  dorsal  fin  from  the 
second,  the  presence  of  an  air-bladder,  and  the 
absence  of  pyloric  appendages:  same  as  Athe- 
rinidce  of  recent  systems, 
atherinoid  (ath'e-ri-noid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Athe- 
rina +  -oid.]  I.  a.  Having  the  characters  of 
the  Atherinidw. 

II.  n.  A  fish  of  the  family  Atherinidw;  an 
atherinid. 

athermancy  (a-ther'man-si),  n.  [<  Gr.  adep/iav- 
rof,  not  heated :  see  athermanous  and  -cy.]  The 
power  or  property  of  stopping  radiant  heat; 
impermeableness  to  radiant  heat.  It  corre- 
sponds to  opacity  in  the  case  of  light, 
athermanous  (a-ther'ma-nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a- 
priv.^  +  dep/iaheiv  (dspfidv-),  heat,  impart  heat 
(cf.  adipfiavTog,  not  heated),  <  depf/oc,  hot  (Oepfiy, 
heat):  see  thermo-.]  Impermeable  to  radiant 
heat;  having  the  power  of  stopping  radiant 
heat ;  opaque  to  heat. 

athermous  (a-ther'mus),  a.     [<  Gr.  adep/no^, 
without  warmth,  <  a-  priv.  +  6epfi6c,  hot,  dep/x^, 
heat.]    Same  as  athermanous. 
atheroma  (ath-e-ro'ma),  n.;  pi.  atheromata 
(-ma-ta).    [NL.,  <  Gr.  a%w^fl;(r-),  a  tumor  full 
of  gruel-like  matter,  <  adrip?],  a  form  of  adapri, 
groats  or  meal,  a  porridge  made  therefrom.  ]  1 . 
A  name  given  to  various  kinds  of  encysted  tu- 
mors, the  contents  of  which  have  the  appear- 
ance of  bread-sauce.— 2.   The  formation  of 
thickened  patches  of  the  inner  coat  of  an  ar- 
tery (much  more  rarely  of  a  vein),  constitut- 
ing fiattened  cavities  which  contain  a  pasty 
mass  exhibiting  fat-globules,  fatty  acid  crys- 
tals, cholesterin,  more  or  less  calcareous  mat- 
ter, etc.    The  endothelial  film  separating  this  from  the 
blood  may  give  way,  and  an  atheromatous  ulcer  be  formed. 
Also  atherome. 
atheromatous  (ath-e-ro'ma-tus),  a.     [<  athe- 
roma{t-)  +  -ous.]    Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
atheroma ;  having  the  qualities  of  atheroma, 
atherome  (ath'e-rom),  n.    Same  as  atheroma. 
Atherura  (ath-e-ro'rii),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  d%,  the 
beard  of  an  ear  of  corn,  +  ohpd,  tail.]    A  genus 
of  hystrieomorph  rodents,  of  the  tavailj  Hystri- 
cidw;  the  brush-tailed  porcupines:  so  called 
because_  the  tail  ends  in  a  pencil  of  fiattened 
scaly  bristles.    The  best-known  species  are  A.  fasci- 
culata,  the  Malacca  porcupine  of  India,  and  the  African  A. 
afncana.    There  are  several  others.   Also  Atherurus 
atherure  (ath'e-ror),  n.     [<  Atherura.]  A 
brush-tailed  porcupine;  a  species  of  the  genus 
Atherura. 

Atherurus  (ath-e-ro'rus),  n.    Same  as  Athe- 
rura. 

atheticize  (a-thet'i-siz),  v.  t.  •  pret.  and  pp. 
atheticised,  ppr.  atheticizing.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  aderoc 
set  aside,  invalid,  -1-  -ic  +  -ize.  Cf.  athetize.] 
Same  as  athetize.  Beverley. 
athetize  (ath'e-tiz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  athe- 
tized,  ppr.  athetising.  [<  Gr.  aderetv,  set  aside, 
reject  as  spurious  (<  d&rof,  set  aside,  invalid' 
without  place  or  position,  <  a-  priv.  +  Oetoq, 
verbal  adj.  of  n-di-vai,  put,  place:  see  thesis, 
etc. ),  +  -ise.]   To  set  aside ;  reject  as  spurious. 


athwart 

He  [Walter  Leaf,  in  his  edition  of  the  Iliad]  athetizet 
but  03  lines  in  A-M.        Ancer.  Jour,  of  Phitol.,  VII.  378. 

athetoid  (ath'e-toid),  a.  Of  or  resembling 
athetosis:  as,  a^/tetoid  movements, 
athetosis  (ath-e-to'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d&rof, 
without  place  (see  athetize),  +  -o.ns.]  In  pathol.'. 
a  condition  in  which  the  hands  and  feet  can- 
not be  maintained  in  any  position  in  which 
they  are  placed,  but  continually  perform  in- 
voluntary, slow,  irregular  movements, 
athinkt,  v.  impers.  [ME.  athinhe,  reduced  form 
of  ofthinke,  <  AS.  ofthyncan,  impers.,  <  of-  -^■ 
thyncan,  seem:  see  «s-4  and  think.]  To  repent; 
grieve — Me  athinketht,  it  repents  me. 

Me  athinketh  tliat  I  schal  reherce  it  here. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  lUiller's  Tale,  L  62. 

athirst  (a-thersf),  a.  [<  ME.  athurst,  also 
athreste  and  afurst,  contr.  from  ofthurst,  of- 
thyrst,  <  AS.  ofthyrsted,  very  thirsty,  pp.  of  of- 
thyrstan,  thirst,  <  of-  (intensive)  +  tkyrstan, 
pp.  thyrsted,  thirst:  see  a-*  and  thirst,  v.]  1. 
Thirsty;  wanting  drink. 
When  thou  art  athirst,  go  unto  the  vessels,  and  drink. 

Pvuth  ii.  9. 

2.  Figuratively,  having  a  keen  appetite  or  de- 
sire. 

Their  bounding  hearts  alike 
Athirst  for  battle.  Cowper,  Iliad, 

athlete  (ath'let),  n.  [<  L.  athleta,  <  Gr.  adTi?/- 
rm,  a  combatant,  contestant  in  the  games,  < 
adXdv,  contend,  <  de;iof,  a  contest,  esp.  for  a 
prize  (neut.  adlov,  the  prize  of  contest),  contr. 
of  *aFse2.oc,  prob.  <  d-  -I-  •/  *rce  (=  E.  wed, 
pledge:  see  wed)  -f-  formative  -Zo-c]  1.  In 
Ch:  antiq.,  one  who  contended  for  a  prize  in  the 
public  games.  Hence— 2.  Any  one  trained  to 
exercises  of  agility  and  strength ;  one  accom- 
plished in  athletics;  a  man  full  of  strength 
and  activity. 

Here  rose  an  athlete,  strong  to  break  or  bind 
AH  force  in  bonds  that  might  endure. 

Tennyson,  Palace  of  Art. 

athletic  (ath-let'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  athleticus, 
<  Gr.  adAnrtKog,  <  adXr/rrK,  athlete :  see  athlete.] 
I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  athletes  or  to  the  exer- 
cises practised  by  them:  as,  athletic  sports. 
Hence— 2.  Strong;  robust;  vigorous;  physi- 
cally powerful  and  active. 

That  athletic  soundness  and  vigour  of  constitution 
which  IS  seen  in  cottages,  where  Nature  is  cook  and  Ne- 
cessity caterer.  South. 

II.  n.  An  athlete.  [Rare.] 
athletically  (ath-let'i-kal-i),  adv.    In  a  strong, 
robust,  or  athletic  manner, 
athleticism  (ath-let'i-sizm),  n.    [<  athletic  + 
-ism.]    The  act  or  practice  of  engaging  in  ath- 
letic exercises ;  devotion  to  athletics, 
athletics  (ath-let'iks),  n.    [Plural  of  athletic] 
The  art  or  practice  of  athletic  games  or  exer- 
cises; the  system  of  rules  or  principles  em- 
ployed for  physical  training,  as  in  ranning, 
rowing,  boxing,  gymnastics,  etc. 
athletism  (ath'le-tizm),  n.    [<  athlete  +  -ism.] 
The  character  or  profession  of  an  athlete. 
Athole  brose.   See  brose. 
Athorybia  (ath-o-rib'i-a),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  d- 
priv.  +  dopvfioc,  noise,  murmur,  confusion.]  A 
genus  of  oceanic  hydrozoans, 
type  of  the  family  Athoryhi- 
idw.    A.  rosacea  inhabits  the 
MediteiTanean. 
Athorybiadse  (ath*o-ri-bi'a- 
de),  n.  pi.    Same  as  Athory- 
liiidw. 

Athorybiidae  (ath-'o-ri-bi'i- 
de),  n.pl.    [NL.,  <  Athorybia 
+  -idw.]     A  family  of  phy- 
sophorous  oceanic  Hydrozoa, 
of  the  order  Siphonophora, 
having  a  bimdle  of  hydro- 
phyllia  instead  of  a  swim- 
ming-column, and  resembling  a  larval  stage  of 
some  other  Physophora. 
athreet,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.    [ME.,  also  a  thrc; 
<  rt3  -f-  three.]    In  three  parts.  Chaucer. 
athrepsia  (a-threp'si-a),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  d- 

Eriv.  +  dpefic,  nourishment,  <  rpe^eiv,  nourish.] 
_  1  pathol.,  a  profound  disturbance  of  nutrition 
in  children,  due  to  neglect  of  hygiene  and  iu- 
siiffieient  or  improper  food, 
athrob  (a-throb'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  «3 
+  throh.]  In  or  into  a  throbbing  or  palpitat- 
ing state  or  manner ;  throbbing. 

[Language]  is  a  mere  dead  body  without  a  soul  till  some 
man  of  genius  set  its  arrested  pulses  once  more  athrob. 

Lotvell,  Study  Windows,  p.  258. 

athwart  (a-thwart),prcp.  phr.  as  adv.  andprep. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  athirt.  Sc.  athourt,  athort, 


Athorybia  rosacea. 
seen  from  above. 

a.  polypites:  b,  tenta- 
cles, with  cc,  their  sac- 
culi ;  d,  hydrophyllia 
pneumatophore. 


athwart 

<  ME.  athwart ;  <      +  thwart.  Cf.  overthwart.'] 

1.  adv.  1.  Crosswise  J  from  side  to  side ;  trans- 
versely. 

He  caus'd  to  be  drawn  out  and  pav'd  four  main  roads 
to  the  utmost  length  and  breadth  of  the  island  ;  and  two 
others  athwart.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

2.  Ill  opposition  to  the  proper  or  expected 
coui'se ;  in  a  manner  to  cross  and  perplex ; 
crossly;  wrongly;  wrongfully.  [Bare.] 

The  baby  beats  the  nurse,  and  quite  athwart 

Goes  all  decorum.  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  i.  4. 

H,  prep.  1.  Across  ;  from  side  to  side  of. 

A  pine, 

Rock-rooted,  stretched  athwart  the  vacancy 
Its  swinging  boughs.  Shelley,  Alastor. 

The  Fosse  Way  was  one  of  the  two  great  lines  of  commu- 
nication which  ran  athwart  Britain  from  the  northeast  to 
the  southwest.  J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng. ,  p.  193. 

2.  Naiit.,  across  the  line  of  a  ship's  course. — 

3.  In  opposition  to ;  against;  contrary  to. 

I  have  seen  this  present  work,  and  find  nothing atA wart 
the  Catholick  faith  and  good  manners. 

Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  11. 
Athwart  hawse,  said  of  a  ship  when  she  lies  or  sails 
across  the  stem  of  another,  whether  near  or  at  some  dis- 
tance. 

We  soon  saw  two  sails  to  windward,  going  directly 
athwart  our  hawse. 

Ji.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  10. 

Athwart  the  forefoot,  said  of  the  flight  of  a  cannon- 
ball  fired  across  a  ship  s  course  before  her  bows,  as  a  com- 
mand to  her  to  bring  to. 
athwartships  (a-thwart'ships),  prep.  phr.  as 
adv.  [<  athwart  +  ship  +  adv.  gen.  suffix  -s.] 
Athwart  the  ship ;  crosswise  of  the  ship. 

The  foretopsail,  which  had  been  double  reefed,  split  in 
two  athwartships,  just  below  the  reef-band,  from  earing 
to  earing.         B.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Slast,  p.  254. 

athymiaf  (a-thim'i-a),  n.  [<  Gr.  adv/xia,  want  of 
courage  or  spirit,  <  advpoc,  wanting  courage  or 
spirit,  <  a-  priv.  +  fiv/joc;,  courage,  spirit,  breath, 

<  diisiv,  rush,  rage,  be  eager.]  Lowness  of  spir- 
its; despondency;  melancholy. 

-atic^.  [<F.  -atiqiie  (vernacularly -«(7C,  >E.  -age, 
q.  V.)  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  -atico,  <  L.  -dticus,  a  com- 
pound adj.  suffix,  being  -ic-us,  E.  -ic,  suffixed 
to  a  pp.  stem  in  -at-:  see  -ate^,  -ic,  and  -age.'i 
A  compound  suflBx  of  some  adjectives  of  Latin 
origin,  as  aquatic,  erratic,  hjmphatic,  etc.,  some 
of  which  are  also  used  as  nouns,  as  fanatic, 
lunatic,  etc.    [See  remark  under  -atic".'] 

-atic^.  [<  F.  -atique  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  -atico,  <  L. 
-aticus,  <  Gr.  -ar-tK-og,  being E.  -ic,  siiffixed 
to  a  noun  stem  in  -ar-,  nom.  -a,  or  -ap,  or  -ar-yc : 
see  -ate^  and  -ic.']  A  compound  termination 
of  adjectives  taken  ffom  or  f oi-med  after  Greek, 
as  grammatic,  hepatic,  pneumatic,  some  accom- 
panying English  nouns  in  -ma  or  -m,  as  dra- 
matic, problematic,  etc.,  or  in  -ate^,  as  piratic, 
etc.  [Most  adjectives  of  this  termination,  and  also  some 
ending  in  -aticl,  may  take  (often  preferalily)  tlie  addition- 
al syllable  -al,  with  very  slight  if  any  change  of  meaning. 
.See  -al  and  -ical.] 

-atile.  [=  F.  -atile,  <  L.  -dtilis,  a  compound  adj. 
suffix,  being  -His,  E.  -He  or  -le,  suffixed  to  a  pp. 
stem  in  -at-:  see  -ate^  and  -He.']  A  suffix  of 
some  adjectives  of  Latin  origin,  as  aquatile, 
fluviatile,  etc. 

atilt  (a-tilf),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  «3  + 
tiW^,  n.]  1.  Tilted  up;  set  on  tilt,  literally  or 
figuratively. 

Speak ;  if  not,  this  stand 
Of  royal  blood  shall  be  abroach,  atilt,  and  run 
Even  to  the  lees  of  honour. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Philaster,  v.  1. 

The  little  bird  sits  at  his  door  in  the  sun, 
Atilt  like  a  blossom  among  the  leaves. 

Lowell,  SirLaunfal,  i. 

2.  In  the  manner  of  a  filter;  in  the  position 
or  with  the  action  of  a  man  making  a  thrust : 
as,  to  ride  or  run  atilt. 
atimy  (at'i-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  anfiia,  disgrace,  loss 
of  civil  rights,  dishonor,  <  ari/xoc,  dishonored, 
deprived  of  civil  rights,  <  a-  priv.  -t-  n/xr/,  honor, 

<  Ticiv,  honor.]  In  Gr.  antiq.,  disgrace ;  sus- 
pension of  the  civil  rights  of  a  person  in  pun- 
ishment of  grave  offenses ;  outlawry ;  civil  dis- 
franchisement ;  degradation,  it  was  perpetual  and 
total  (sometimes  hereditary),  or  temporary,  or  partial  and 
affecting  only  certain  privileges  of  the  citizen.  It  often  in- 
volved confiscation  of  property. 

-ation.  [<  F.  -ation  —  Sp.  -acion  =  Pg.  -agdo 
=  It.  -azione,  <  L.  -dtio(ti-),  acc.  -dtidnem,  being 
-tio{n-),  E.  -tion,  q.  v.,  sufSxed  to  the  stem  of 
verbs  in  -d-re,  or,  in  other  words,  -io{n-),  E. 
-ion,  suffixed  to  the  pp.  stem  -at-,  E.  -ofei,  of 
verbs  in  -d-re :  see -tion,  -ion,  and  -afel.  The  reg. 
OF.  form  of  this  suffix  was  -aisun,  -eisun,  later 
-aison,  etc.  (later  restored  -ation,  ME.  -ation, 
-acion,  -atioun,  -acioun),  >  ME.  -aisun,  -eisun, 
•esun,  etc.,  which  exists,  unrecognized,  in  ori- 


364 

sow,  venison,  which  have  diEEerentiated  doub- 
lets in  oration,  venation  (obs.).]  A  suffix  of 
Latin  origin,  occurring  in  nouns  of  action,  etc. 
These  nouns  aie  properly  abstract  nouns  equivalent  to 
English  nouns  in  -intj,  and  are  (a)  taken  directly  from 
the  Latin,  as  citation,  commendation,  creation,  education, 
litvration,  etc.,  and  formed  in  Latin  {commendatio,  etc.) 
from  the  verbs  represented  in  English  either  by  forms 
without  sulfl.x  (from  the  Latin  infinitive),  as  cite,  commend, 
etc.,  or  by  forms  in  -ate  (from  the  Latin  perfect  partici- 
ple), as  create,  educate,  liberate  ;  or  (6)  formed  in  modern 
speech,  whether  from  verbs  without  suffix,  as  in  fixation, 
quotation,  etc.,  from  Jix,  quote,  etc.,  or  from  verbs  in  -ate, 
as  concentration,  desiccation,  from  concentrate,  desiccate, 
etc.,  or  from  verbs  of  non-Latin  origin,  as  starvation, 
flirtation,  these  being  the  earliest  formations  (in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  eighteenth  century)  in  -ation  from  verbs  of 
native  origin  (starve,  flirt).  Some  words  in  -ation  have  no 
accompanying  verb  in  English,  is  constellation,  lunation, 
negation,  etc. 

-atious.  [<  -ati(on)  +  -ous,  like  -itious,<.  -iti(on) 
+  -ous.]  A  compound  adjective  sviffix,  con- 
sisting of  -ous  added  to  a  reduced  form  of 
-ation,  and  serving  to  form  adjectives  from 
nouns  in  -ation,  as  disputatious  from  disputa- 
tion. 

atiptoe  (a-tip'to),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [< 
«3 -(-  tiptoe.]  1.  On  tiptoe. —  2.  Figuratively, 
in  a  state  of  high  expectation  or  eagerness. 

-ative.  [=  F.  -atif,  fem.  -ative,  <  L.  -dt-lvus, 
being  -Ivus,  E.  -ive,  suffixed  to  the  pp.  stem  in 
-at-,  E.  -fitfei,  -ate^.]  A  compound  adjective 
suflix  of  Latin  origin,  consisting  of  -ive  added  to 
the  stem  represented  by  -ate^,  and  accompany- 
ing verbs  with  suffix  -ate^,  as  in  demonstrative, 
relative,  etc.,  from  demonstrate,  relate,  etc.,  or 
verbs  without  a  suffix,  as  in  laudative,  etc., 
from  laud,  etc.,  or  standing  without  corre- 
sponding verbs  in  English,  as  in  amative,  horta- 
tive, lucrative,  etc. :  especially  frequent  in  gram- 
matical terms,  as  in  vocative,  locative,  ablative, 
etc.,  all  used  also  as  nouns,  it  is  also  found  in  a 
few  other  nouns,  as  in  prerogative,  donative.  It  is  added 
rarely  to  verbs  of  non-Latin  origin,  as  in  talkative,  babbla- 
tive, and  used  in  colloquial  or  slang  expressions  like  go- 
ahead-ative.  English  formations  in  -ative,  from  verbs  in 
-ate^,  retain  the  accent  of  the  verb,  as  decorative. 

Atlanta  (at-lan'tii),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  Atlanticus, 
Atlantic:  see  Atlantic,  a.]  A  genus  of  mol- 
lusks,  typical  of  the  family  Atlantidee,  having 
the  twisted  visceral  sac  inclosed  in  a  dextral 
spiral  shell,  and  the  foot  provided  with  an  oper- 
culum. A.  peroni  is  a  Mediterranean  species. 

atlantad  (at-lan'tad),  adv.  [<  atlas  (atlant-) 
+  -ad^.]  In  anat.,  toward  the  atlas,  or  the 
upper  part  of  the  body. 

atlantal  (at-lan'tal),  a.  [<  NL.  atlantalis,  < 
atlas'^,  3,  q.  v.]  In  anat.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
atlas — Atlantal  foramen  (foramen  atlantale),  a  hole 
through  the  fure-border  of  the  atlas  of  many  animals  for 
the  transmission  of  the  suboccipital  nerve  and  verteliral 
artery.  In  man  it  is  present  only  exceptionally,  and  is 
generally  represented  by  a  groove. 

Atlantean  (at-lan-te'an),  a.  [<  L.  Atlanteus,  < 
Gr.  'AT?idvTetoc,  pertaining  to  "ArAag,  Atlas;  'At- 
?.avT'i^,  Atlantis,  is  properly  fem.  adj.  <  'Ar/lof 
('ArlavT-):  seeatlas^.]  1.  Pertaining  to  Atlas ; 
resembling  Atlas. 

Sage  he  stood, 
With  A  tlantean  shoulders,  fit  to  bear 
The  weight  of  mightiest  monarchies. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  306. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  island  Atlantis  of  Plato 
and  Strabo,  fabled  to  exist  in  the  ocean  of  the 
far  West,  or  to 
Bacon's  ideal 
commonwealth  of 
that  name. 

Sometimes  writ- 
ten Atlantiun. 

atlantes  (at-lan'- 
t%7.),n.pl.  [<Gr. 
"ATXavTE<;,  pi.  of 
^TAQf,  Atlas :  see 
atlas^.]  In  arch., 
figures  or  half  fig- 
ures of  men  used 
in  place  of  col- 
umns or  pilas- 
ters, to  support 
an  entablature. 

They  were  called  tel- 
arnones  by  the  Ro- 
mans. Female  figures 
so  employed  are  call- 
ed caryatids  or  carya- 
Udes.  Seeatlasl,2. 

Atlantian  (at- 

lan'ti-an),  a.  See 

Atlantean. 
Atlantic  (at-lan'- 

tik),  a.  and  n.  [< 

L.    Atlanticus,   <  ^    „      u.  »  ,     «  ^  ,k  ^ 

,.1  /      OttoHeinnch  s  Palace,  Heidelberg  Castle, 

Gr.         'ATAaVTlKOC,  Baden. 


atlas 

pertaining  to  Atlas,  <  "Ar^ag  ('ArXavT-),  Atlas,  (V/ 
the  Titan  (see  atlas'^),  or  (2)  the  mountain-range 
in  northwestern  Africa  named  from  the  Titan, 
being  regardecl  as  the  pillar  of  heaven ;  to  'At- 
AavriKov  nilayog,  the  Atlantic  ocean,  named  from 
Moimt  Atlas.]  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  de- 
scended from  Atlas:  as,  "the  seven  Atlantic 
Sisters"  (the  Pleiades),  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  674.— 
2.  Appellative  of  or  pertaining  to  that  division 
of  the  ocean  which  lies  between  Europe  and 
Africa  on  the  east  and  America  on  the  west. 
II.  n.  The  Atlantic  ocean. 

atlantid  (at-lan'tid),  n.  A  heteropod  mollusk 
of  the  family  Atlantida\ 

Atlantidse  (at-lan'ti-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
'iVrAaf  {ArlavT-),  Mount  Atlas,  taken  for  Africa 
(see  Atlantic),  +  -i6ai,  -idse.  In  sense  2,  < 
Atlanta  (q.  y.)  +  -idee.]  1.  One  of  the  three 
great  divisions  into  which  some  ethnologists 
divide  the  human  race,  including  the  tribes  of 
Africa  and  the  Semitic  peoples  of  Asia. —  2. 
A  family  of  heteropodous  mollusks,  typified  by 
the  genus  Atlanta.  They  are  free-swimming  pelagic 
forms,  of  warm  seas,  with  a  small,  thin,  keeled,  spiral 
shell  and  calcareous  operculum.  Besides  the  type,  At- 
lanta, the  family  contains  the  genus  Oxygyrus. 

Atlantides  (at-lan'ti-dez),  n.  ])l.  [L.,  <  Gr. 
ATXavTi6eq,  pi.  of  'Ar/lavr/f,  fem.  patron.,  daugh- 
ter of  ^'ArXag  {^AtTmvt-),  Atlas  :  see  atlas"^.]  1.  A 
name  given  to  the  Pleiades,  which  were  fabled 
to  be  the  seven  daughters  of  Atlas  who  were 
translated  to  heaven. —  2.  The  inhabitants  of 
the  legendary  island  of  Atlantis. 

Atlantis  (at-lan'tis),  «.  [L.,  <  Gr.  ^ATXavrig: 
see  Atlantic]  A  mythical  island  of  vast  extent, 
mentioned  by  Plato  and  other  ancient  writers, 
and  placed  by  them  in  the  far  West. 

atlanto-epistropheal  (at  -  lan "  to  -  ep "  i  -  stro  - 
fe'al),  a.  [<  atlas  (atlant-)  +  epistrophmus  + 
-al.]  In  anat.,  pertaining  to  the  atlas  and  epi- 
strophoeus  or  axis. 

atlanto-occipital  (at-lan'to-ok-sip'i-tal),  a.  [< 
atlas  (atlant-)  +  occiput  (occipit-)  +  -al.]  In 
anat.,  pertaining  to  the  atlas  and  the  occipital 
bone. 

atlanto-odontoid  (at-lan'to-o-don'toid),  a.  [< 
atlas  (atlant-)  +  odontoid.]  In  anat,  pertaining 
to  the  atlas  and  the  odontoid  process  of  the  axis. 

atlantosaiirid  (at-lan-to-sa'rid),  n.  A  dino- 
saurian  reptile  of  the  family  Allan tosauridw. 

Atlantosauridse  (at-lan-to-sa'ri-de),  «.  pi. 
[J^L.,  <  Atlantosaurus  +  -idw.]  A  family  of 
sauropodous  dinosaurian  reptiles  with  a  pitui- 
tary canal,  the  ischia  directed  downward  and 
meeting  at  the  middle,  a  hollow  sacrum,  and 
the  anterior  and  caudal  vertebrae  excavated  by 
lateral  cavities.  It  is  a  group  of  gigantic  Juras- 
sic herbivorous  lizards.    O.  C.  Marsh. 

Atlantosaurus  (at-lan-to-sa'rus),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  ^'ArTiag  (Ar'AavT-),  in  allusion  to  their  size,  -I- 
aa'vpog,  lizard.]  A  genus  of  dinosaurians  the 
species  of  which  were  of  gigantic  size ;  the  type 
of  the  family  Atlantosauridce. 

atlasl  (at'las),  n.  [=  P.  Sp.  Pg.  atlas  =  It.  at- 
lante  =  G.  Dan.  Sw.  atlas,  atlas  (def.  4),  <  L. 
Atlas  (Atlant-),  <  Gr.  "ATlag  (ArXavT-),  in  myth, 
a  member  of  the  older  family  of  gods,  who 
bore  up  the  pillars  of  heaven ;  later,  one  of  the 
Titans,  condemned  to  bear  up  the  heavens,  or, 
in  other  forms  of  the  legend,  the  earth :  the 
name  was  also  given  to  Mount  Atlas  (see  At- 
lantic), to  a  statue  serving  as  a  column  (def.  2), 
and  to  one  of  the  cervical  vertebrfe  (def.  3); 
appar.  <  a-  euphonic  +  v'  *r/la  (rXf/vat),  endure, 
=  L.  "v/  *tla,  in  tlatus,  latus,  pp.  (associated  with 
fcrrc  =  E.  bear'^,  hold  up,  carry),  and  in  tollere, 
lift,  tolerare,  endure:  see  ahlativc  and  tolerate.] 
1.  leap.]  One  who  supports  a  heavy  burden;  a 
mainstay;  a 'pillar.' — 2.  [PI.  «Wawfes  (at-lan'- 
tez).]  A  male  human  figure  serving  as  a  col- 
umn or  pilaster.  See  atlantes. —  3.  [NL.]  In 
anat.,  the  first  cer- 
vical vertebra,  by 
which  the  skull  ar- 
ticulates with  the 
spinal  column:  so 
called  because  it 
supports  the  head, 
as  Atlas  was  fabled 
to  uphold  the  sky. 

It  is  one  of  the  most 
modified  and  special- 
ized of  the  vertebrae,  of- 
ten having  no  centrum, 
as  such,  but  a  hypa- 
pophysis  instead,  large 
transverse  processes  or 
lateriil  masses,  and  the 
other  processes  small 


Human  Atlas. 
s,  rudiment  of  neural  spine  in  the 
neural  arch  ;  tubercular  process,  or 
diapophysis  proper,  and  ^,  capitular 
process,  or  parapophysis— these  two 
making  the  so-called  transverse  pro- 
cess, and  inclosinjj  the  vertebrarterial 
foramen  :  /ty,  hypapophysis,  in  place 
of  a  centrum  ;  a,  articular  surface  for 
occipital  condyle. 


atlas 


365 


atom 


or  wanting.  The  general  form  of  the  bone  is  annular ;  it 
revolves  about  a  pivot  furnished  by  the  odontoid  process 
of  the  axis,  and  follows  the  rotatory  movements  of  the 
head  upon  the  neck.  It  is  commonly  ankylosed  with  the 
axis  in  Cetacea.   See  ankylosis. 

4.  A  bound  collection  of  maps.  The  word  was  first 
used  in  this  sense  by  Mercator  in  the  sixteenth  century, 
in  allusion  to  the  Atlas  of  mythology,  whose  figure,  repre- 
sented as  bearing  a  globe  on  his  shoulders,  was  given  on 
the  title-page  of  such  works. 

Hence  —  5.  A  volume  of  plates  or  tables  illus- 
trative or  explanatory  of  some  subject. —  6. 
A  size  of  writing-  or  drawing-paper,  26  by  33  or 
34  inches. — 7.  [NL.]  Ine»to»i.,alargelamelli- 
com  beetle  of  the  family  Scarahwidw ;  the  atlas 
beetle,  Chalcosoma  atlas,  about  3  inches  long, 
and  of  a  brilliant  metallic-green  color. 

atlas^  (at'las),  n.  [_=  Sp.  atlas  =  G.  attass  ----- 
Sw.  atlas  =  Dan.  atlas,  atlask,  satin,  <  Hind. 
atlas,  <  Ar.  atlas,  satin,  <  aitas,. smooth,  bare, 
blank,  <  talasa,  make  smooth,  delete.]  A  kind 
of  satin :  a  word  formerly  used  in  the  Levant 
and  in  India. 

atlas-folio  (at^las-fo'lio),  ».  [<a««!si,  6,  + 
foUo.^    A  large  square  folio  size  of  books. 

atlo-azoid  (at"16-ak'soid),  a.  In  anat.,  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  atlas  and  axis,  the  first  and 
second  cervical  vertebrae — Atlo-axoid  ligament, 

one  of  three  ligaments,  anterior,  lateral,  and  posterior, 
connected  with  both  the  axis  and  the  atlas. 

atloid  (at'loid),  a.  [<  atlas^,  3,  +  -oid.2  In  anat., 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  atlas ;  atlantal :  usually 
as  the  second  element  of  a  compound:  as, 
occipito-atloid  ligaments. 

atmidometer  (at-mi-dom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  ar/ilg 
(aTfitd-),  vapor  (<  ar/^dg,  steam,  vapor),  -I-  /lerpov, 
a  measure.]  An  instrument  invented  by  Bab- 
ington  for  measuring  the  evaporation  from  wa- 
ter, ice,  or  snow.  -E.  H.  Knight.  See  atmom- 
eter. 

atmo-.  [<  Gr.  dr//df ,  vapor,  steam  (=  Skt.  dtman, 
breath,  =  AS.  wthtn  =0S.  dthom  =  OFries.  etli- 
ma=  D.  adem  =  OHGr.  ddum,  dtum,  MHG.  atem, 
aten,  G.  atem,  atliem,  odeni,  also  (prop,  dial.) 
oden,  breath),  perhaps  from  the  root  repr.  by 
Skt.  va,  Gr.  aijvai  (•/  *Fa.),  blow,  and  so  related 
to  a'fip,  air,  aadfia,  asthma,  etc.,  and  to  E.  wmd^  : 
see  aw-i,  asthma,  and  ivind^.]  The  first  element, 
meaning  vapor,  in  some  compound  words  of 
Greek  origin. 

atmological  (at-mo-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  atmology 
+  -ic-al.']    Pertaining  to  atmology. 

A  classification  of  clouds  can  then  only  be  consistent 
and  intelligible  when  it  rests  on  their  atmological  condi- 
tions. Whewell,  Hist.  Induct.  Sciences,  x.  2. 

atmologist  (at-mol'o-jist),  n.  [<  atmology  + 
-ist.']  One  skilled  in  atmology;  a  student  of 
atmology. 

V     The  atmolorjists  of  the  last  century. 

Whewell,  Kov.  Org.  Eenovatum,  III.  ix.  §  8. 

atmology  (at-mol'o-ji),  M.    [<  Gr.  dr//df,  steam, 
vapor,  -t-  -loyia,  <  Myuv,  speak:  see  -ologi/.'] 
■  That  branch  of  science  which  treats  of  the  laws 
and  phenomena  of  aqueous  vapor. 

The  relations  of  heat  and  moisture  give  rise  to  another 
extensive  collection  of  laws  and  principles,  which  I  shall 
treat  of  in  connection  with  themistics,  and  shall  term  at- 
mology.  Whewell,  Hist.  Induct.  Sciences,  x.,  Int. 

atmolysation,  etc.    See  atmolyzation,  etc. 

atmolysis  (at-mol'i-sis),  n.  [<  Gr.  dr/^df,  vapor, 
+  Ivaig,  a  loosing,  <  Xvelv,  loose.]  A  method  of 
separating  mixed  gases  or  vapors  of  unequal 
diffusibility  by  confining  the  mixture  in  a  ves- 
sel of  porous  material,  such  as  graphite,  placed 
in  a  vacuum.  See  atmohjzer.  This  method  was  first 
made  known  in  1863  by  its  discoverer,  Professor  T.  Gra- 
ham, master  of  the  English  mint. 

atmolyzation  (at"mo-li-za'shon),  n.  The  sepa- 
ration of  mixed  gases  by  atniolysis.  Also  at- 
molysation. 

atmolyze  (at'mo-liz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  at- 
molyzed,  ppr.  atmolysing.  [<  atmolysis.  Cf.  an- 
alyze, <  analysis.^  To  separate,  as  gases  or  va- 
pors, by  atmolysis.    Also  atmolyse. 

atmolyzer  (at'mo-li-zer),  n.  An  instrument  for 
separating  gases,  it  consists  of  a  porous  pipe  sur- 
rounded by  an  air-tight  cylinder  connected  with  an  aspi- 
rator, the  lighter  gases  passing  through  the  pores  of  the 
pipe,  the  heavier  remaining  in  it.    Also  atmolyser. 

atmometer  (at-mom'e-ter),  «.  [<  (^r.  aTjidg, 
vapor,  -I-  fihpov,  a  measure.]  An  instrument, 
invented  by  Sir  John  Leslie,  for  measuring  the 
amount  of  evaporation  from  a  humid  surface 
in  a  given  time ;  an  evaporometer.  it  consists  of 
a  thin  hollow  ball  of  porous  earthenware,  towhich  is  joined 
a  graduated  glass  tube.  The  ball  and  the  tube  are  filled 
with  water,  the  top  of  the  tube  is  closed,  and  the  instru- 
ment is  exposed  to  the  free  action  of  the  air.  As  the 
water  transudes  through  the  porous  substance,  and  is 
removed  in  the  form  of  vapor  by  the  air,  the  extent  of 
evaporation  is  shown  by  the  sinking  of  the  water  in  the 
graduated  tube. 


atmosphere  (at'mos-fer),  «.  [=  F.  atmosphh-e 
=  Pg.  atmosphera  "=  Sp.  atmdsfera  =  It.  atmo- 
sfera  =  Sw.  atmosfer  =  Dan.  atmosfwre  =  G.  at- 
mosphdre,  <  NL.  atmosphwra,  <  Gr.  dr//<5f,  vapor, 
-h  aipalpa,  sphere :  see  sphere.^  1.  The  aeriform 
fluid  which  surrounds  the  earth,  and  extends  to 
an  undetermined  height  above  its  surface ;  the 

air.  It  is  a  mechanical  mixture  of  79  parts  by  volume  of 
nitrogen  and  21  of  oxygen,  with  nearly  one  per  cent,  of  ar- 
gon, a  trace  of  carbon  dioxid,  and  a  variable  quantity  of 
aqueous  vapor,  anmionia,  ozone,  and  organic  matter.  The 
composition  of  the  normal  atmosphere  varies  but  slightly 
in  different  localities,  although  near  towns  it  usually  con- 
tains impurities,  such  as  sulpliuric  acid,  hydrochloric  acid, 
etc.  The  movements  of  the  atmosphere  constitute  the 
winds,  and  in  it  are  formed  or  produced  clouds,  rain,  and 
snow.  Its  density  is  greatest  at  the  earth's  surface,  and  de- 
creases as  the  height  above  the  earth  increases.  The  atmo- 
sphere, like  other  bodies,  gravitates  toward  the  earth,  and 
therefore  has  weight  .md  exerts  pressure.  Its  average 
weight  at  the  level  of  the  sea  is  about  15  pounds  (14.7)  to 
the  square  inch. 

2.  A  conventional  unit  of  atmospheric  pressure. 
An  atmosphere  is  in  English  use  the  pressure  of  a  vertical 
column  of  30  inches  of  mercury  at  the  freezing-point  at 
London ;  in  French  use  it  is  the  pressure  of  7()0  milli- 
meters of  mercury  at  the  freezing-point  at  Paris.  For  the 
absolute  atmosphere  in  the  C.  G.  S.  (centinieter-gram- 
second)  system,  see  absolute.  The  weight  of  the  atmo- 
sphere to  the  square  inch  is  commonly  employed  as  a  con- 
venient unit  for  pressures  arising  from  other  causes,  such 
as  the  weight  of  liquids,  the  force  of  steam,  etc. :  thus,  a 
pressure  in  a  steam-ljoiler  of  3  atmospheres  means  a  pres- 
sure equal  to  45  pounds  per  square  inch. 

The  apparatus  .  .  .  was  of  great  simplicity,  all  of  glass, 
capable  of  resisting  the  pressure  of  many  atmospheres. 

Science,  VIII.  66. 

3.  The  gaseous  envelop  surrounding  any  of 
the  heavenly  bodies. 

No  sound,  either  loud  or  soft,  could  be  heard  by  any 
Inhabitant  of  the  moon,  because  the  moon  practically  has 
no  atmospfiere.  J.  N.  Lockyer,  Spect.  Anal. ,  p.  22. 

4.  Any  gaseous  medium. 
For  an  atmosphere  of  any  gas  at  uniform  temperature, 

the  height  at  which  the  density  would  be  halved  is  the 
height  of  the  homogeneous  atmosphere  for  that  gas,  mul- 
tiplied by  .69315 ;  the  gas  is  assumed  to  obey  Boyle's  law. 

J.  D.  Everett,  Units  and  Phys.  Const.,  p.  41. 

5t.  An  assumed  outer  envelop  of  force,  efflu- 
via, etc.,  surrounding  a  body:  as,  an  electrical 
atmosphere. —  6.  Figuratively,  intellectual  or 
moral  environment ;  pervading  influence. 

By  the  hearth  the  children  sit 
Cold  in  that  atmosphere  of  Death. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  xx. 

Absolute  atmosphere.  See  <i6so;«(c.— Electric  at- 
mosphere. See  electric  aura,  under  aural. 
atmospheric  (at-mos-fer'ik),  a.  [<  atmosphere 
+ -ic.  Ct.  spherical"']  1.  Pertaining  to,  existing 
in,  or  consisting  of  the  atmosphere:  as,  atmo- 
spheric air  or  vapors. 
Quarantine  cannot  keep  out  an  atmospheric  disease. 

Coleridge,  Table-Talk. 

2.  Dependent  on  the  atmosphere. 
I  am  an  atmospheric  creature.  Pope. 

3.  Caused,  produced,  or  operated  on  by  the 
atmosphere :  as,  rust  is  an  atmospheric  effect. — 
Atmospheric  chum,  a  churn  of  various  forms,  in  which 
atmospheric  air  is  driven  into  the  milk  in  order  to  agitate 
it,  and  also  in  order  to  obtain  the  Specific  effect  of  the  air 
upon  the  milk  in  aggregating  the  oleaginous  globules. — 
Atmospheric  currents.  See  current. — Atmospheric 
engine,  a  variety  of  steam-engine  in  which  the  steam  is 
admitted  only  to  the  under  side  of  the  piston  aud  for  the 


Newcomen's  Atmospheric  Steam-engfine. 
^,  .4,  working-beam;  £,  boiler  from  whiich  steam  is  admitted 
through  the  steain-cock,  c,  to  the  cylinder  C;  j^.  rod.  serving  to  lift 
a  small  pump ;  z,  injection-cock  ;  P,  piston  ;  6",  blow-valve,  or  snifting- 
valve  ;  T,  tank  ;  IV,  weights. 

up-stroke,  the  down-stroke  being  eflfected  by  the  pres- 
sure of  the  atmosphere  caused  by  the  formation  of  a 
vacuum  under  the  piston  through  the  condensation  of 
the  steam.  This  engine,  invented  by  Papin  in  1695,  was 
first  made  a  practical  success  by  Newconien,  and  was 
subsequently  greatly  improved  by  Watt,  through  the  ad- 
dition of  a  separate  condenser  and  air-pump. — Atmo- 
spheric governor,  an  apparatus  for  controlling  the  move- 
ments of  machinery  by  the  use  of  air  under  pressiu-e. — 
Atmospheric  hammer,  (a)  A  hammer  driven  by  means 
of  compressed  air,  as  the  steam-hammer  is  operated  by 
steam.  See  steam-hammer,  (b)  A  hammer  in  which  an  at- 
mospheric spring  is  employed.    The  hammer-head  is  con- 


nected by  a  rod  with  a  pistbn  working  in  a  cylinder  to 

which  air  is  admitted  at  the  center  of  its  length.  A  recip- 
rocating motion  is  given  to  the  cylinder,  and  by  means 
of  the  air  confined  between  its  other  end  and  the  piston 
a  corresponding  motion  is  given  U)  the  piston-head  con- 
nected with  it.— Atmospheric  line,  (a)  In  a  diagram  of 
steam-pressure,  a  line  drawn  by  the  pencil  when  the 
steam  is  shut  off  from  the  piston  of  the  indicator,  and 
thus  under  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  alone.  1'lie 
height  of  the  steam-line  aliove  this  shows  the  pressure  of 
the  steam,  and  the  depth  of  the  vacuum-line  Ijelow  shows 
the  degi'ce  of  condensation  which  is  then  taking  place 
in  the  engine,  (b)  pi.  Dark  lines  in  the  solar  spectrum 
produced  by  the  absorption  of  part  of  the  solar  radiation 
by  the  terrestrial  atmosphere.    See  spectrum. 

In  addition  to  the  lines  of  Fraunhofer,  indubitably  be- 
longing to  the  sun,  there  are  many  other  dark  lines  in  the 
solar  spectrum  which  originate  from  the  absorjitive  ac- 
tion of  the  terrestrial  atmosphere,  and  are  therefore  called 
atmospheric  lines.  Lominel,  Light  (trans.),  p.  166. 

Atmospheric  pressure.  See  atmosphere,  2.— Atmo- 
spheric pump,  a  pump  in  which  the  water  is  forced  into 
the  suction-pipe  by  atmospheric  pressure. — Atmospheric 
railway,  a  railway  so  constructed  that  the  motive  power 
is  derived  from  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  acting  on 
a  piston  working  in  a  continuous  iron  tube  of  uniform 
bore  laid  from  one  place  to  another,  the  pressure  being 
created  by  exhausting  the  air  from  that  end  of  the  tube 
toward  which  it  is  desired  that  the  piston  should  advance, 
or  by  forcing  in  air  behind  it,  or  by  both  methods  at  once. 
The  system  has  not  been  found  suitable  for  tlie  ordinary 
purposes  of  a  railway,  though  it  is  successfully  worked 
for  the  conveyance  of  letters,  telegrams,  and  light  pack- 
ages. See  pneumatic  despatch,  under  2'^emnatic. —  At- 
mospheric spring,  a  spring  formed  by  the  elasticity  of 
a  confined  body  of  air.— Atmospheric  Stamp,  a  stamp 
operated  in  the  same  manner  as  an  atmospheric  hammer 
(which  see,  above).— Atmospheric  tides,  diurnal  oscilla- 
tions of  the  atmosphere,  proiluced  by  the  attractions  of 
the  sun  and  moon,  like  the  tides  of  the  ocean,  and  indi- 
cated by  minute  variations  of  pressure  on  the  barometer. 

atmospherical  (at-mos-fer'i-kal),  a.  Same  as 
atmospheric. 

atmospherically  (at-mos-fer'i-kal-i),  adv.  As, 
or  as  regards,  the  atmosphere ;  by  atmospheric 
force  or  influence, 
atmostea,  n.  Plural  of  atmosteon. 
atmosteal  (at-mos'te-al),  a.  [<  atmosteon  + 
-«?.]  Pertaining  to  an  atmosteon ;  pneumatic, 
as  a  bone. 

atmosteon  (at-mos'tf-on),  n, ;  pi.  atmostea  (-a). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  (iTfidg,  air,  +  bariov,  bone.]  In 
ornith.,  an  air-bone ;  a  seleroskeletal  ossifica- 
tion of  a  membranous  tube  or  canal  conveying 
air  into  the  interior  of  a  bone  of  a  bird. 

The  siphon-like  tube  which  conveys  air  from  the  outer 
ear-passage  to  the  hollow  of  the  mandible  may  ossify, 
.  .  .  resulting  in  a  neat  tubular  "  air-bone  "  or  a??no*to7i. 

Coues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  168. 

atocha-grass  (a-to'eha-gras),  n.  [Sp.  atocha, 
esparto-grass.]  A  na'ine  sometimes  given  to 
the  esparto-grass,  Stipa  tenacissima. 
atok(a-tok'),  M.  [Pemv.]  The  native  name  of 
a  kind  of  skunk,  of  the  genus  Conepatus,  found 
in  Peru,  originally  described  by  Humboldt  as 
Gulo  quitensis.  Also  called  zorra. 
atoll  (a-tol'  or  at'ol),  n.  [Formerly  atollon;  the 
name  of  such  islands  in  the  Maldive  group; 
prob.  <  Malayalam  adal,  closing,  tmiting 
(Yule).]  A  coral  island,  consisting  of  a  strip 
or  ring  of  coral  suiTounding  a  central  lagoon. 

Such  islands  are  very  common  in  the  Pacific  ocean.  They 
often  present  an  exceedingly  picturesque  appearance,  a 
comparatively  narrow  strip  of  coral  rock  thinly  coated 
with  soil,  and  covered  with  a  vigorous  growth  of  cocoa- 
nut-,  pandanus-,  and  breadfruit-trees,  inclosing  a  large  still 
sheet  of  water,  usually  of  considerable  depth,  and  often 
well  supplied  with  fish.  The  circle  of  coral  is  sometimes 
complete,  showing  no  apparent  communication  between 
the  inclosed  lagoon  and  the  surrounding  sea ;  but  generally 
it  is  inten-upted,  and  presents  one  or  more  openings  suita- 
ble for  the  passage  of  boats. 

atollont,  n.    See  atoll. 

atom  (at'om),  71.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  atome, 
attorn  (and  as  L.  atomus,  atomos,  with  pi.  atomi, 
sometimes  atomic,  >  E.  sing,  atomic,  atomy^,  q. 
v.),  <  ME.  attome,  atome,  <  F.  atome  =  Sp.  dtomo 
=  Pg.  It.  atomo  =z  G.  Dan.  Sw.  atom,  <  L.  atomus, 
<  Gr.  arofioc,  an  atom,  prop,  adj.,  indivisible, 
that  cannot  be  cut,  <  d-  priv.  +  ro/i(5f,  verbal 
adj.  otrifiveiv,  rafielv,  cut :  see  tome]  1.  An  ex- 
tremely minute  particle  of  matter:  a  term  used 
generally  with  certain  philosophic  or  scientific 
limitations,  (a)  A  hypothetical  particle  of  matter  so 
minute  as  to  admit  of  no  division ;  an  ultimate  indivisible 
particle  of  matter.  See  atomic  philosophy,  under  atomic. 
No  atotns  casually  together  hurl'd 
Could  e'er  produce  so  beautiful  a  world. 

Dryden,  Epistles,  i.  31. 

(b)  A  particle  of  matter  assumed  not  to  be  divided  imder 
the  circumstances  considered  ;  a  molecule. 

An  atom  means  something  which  is  not  divided  in  cer- 
tain cases  that  we  are  considering. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  186. 

(c)  In  chem.  and  physics,  the  unit  of  matter;  the  smallest 
mass  of  an  element  that  exists  in  any  molecule.  The 
number  of  kinds  of  atoms  is  the  same  as  the  number  of 
the  elements.  All  atoms  of  the  same  element  have  the 
same  constant  weight.  They  are  for  the  most  part  com- 
bined with  other  atoms,  either  of  the  same  or  of  a  different 
kind,  forming  molecules,  and  are  indivisible  by  chemical 


atom 

force.  The  atom  is  sometimes  called  the  chemical  unit, 
In  distinction  from  the  molecule  or  physical  unit,  the 
latter  being  the  smallest  particle  of  any  kind  of  matter 
which  can  exhibit  all  the  properties  of  that  matter ;  but 
atom  is  also  sometimes  used  as  synonymous  with  molecule 
in  this  sense. 

Hence — 2.  Anything  extremely  small;  a  mi- 
nute quantity:  as,  he  has  not  an  atom  of  sense. 
— 3f.  The  smallest  division  of  time,  equal  to 
ahout  ^ot  a,  second. — 4.  Anything  indivisible ; 

an  radividual.  =  Syn.  Molecule,  etc.    See  particle. 

atomf  (at'om),  V.  t.    [<  atom,  h.]    To  reduce  to 
atoms;  atomize. 

And  atom'd  mists  turn  instantly  to  hail. 

Drayton,  Elegies,  i. 

atomatic  (at-o-mat'ik),  a,    [<  atom  +  -aiic.'] 

Same  as  atomic. 
atomic  (a-tom'ik),  a.    [<  atom  +  -ic;  =  F.  ato- 

mique.^   1.  Pertaining  to  atoms;  consisting  of 

atoms. 

The  atomic  constitution  of  bodies. 

Whetvell,  Hist.  Scientific  Ideas. 
The  gods,  the  gods ! 
If  all  be  atoms,  how  then  should  the  gods, 
Being  atomic,  not  be  dissoluble, 
Not  follow  the  great  law  ?      Tennyson,  Lucretius. 

2.   Extremely  minute — Atomic  or  molecular 

heats  of  bodies,  tlie  product  of  the  specitic  heats  of  bodies 
into  their  atomic  weights.  These  products  are  nearly  the 
same  for  all  elementary  bodies,  and  in  compounds  of  lilie 
atomic  composition,  though  the  products  of  the  specitic 
heats  into  tlie  atomic  weights  may  differ  in  different  classes 
of  compounds.— Atomic  or  atomistic  philosophy,  a  sys- 
tem of  philosophy,  founded  by  Leucippus  and  Democritus, 
which  taught  that  the  ultimate  constituents  of  all  things 
are  indivisible  particles  or  atoms,  which  differ  from  one 
another  in  form  and  position ;  whether  also  in  quality  of 
material  was  disputed  among  the  atomists.  From  the 
diverse  combination  and  motions  of  these  atoms  all  things, 
including  the  soul,  were  supposed  to  arise.  The  atomistic 
philosophy  was  perfected  in  its  details  by  the  Epicmeans, 
particularly  by  Lucretius,  and  was  the  first  complete  sys- 
tem of  materialism.  It  is  the  basis  of  the  modern  phys- 
ical atomic  theory,  but,  apart  from  the  numerous  special 
modifications  which  the  progress  of  modern  science  has 
rendered  necessary,  it  differs  from  it  essentially  in  this, 
that  the  ancient  atomism  was  a  philosophy  of  the  uni- 
verse, while  modern  atomism  is,  primarily  at  least,  merely 
a  physical  theory  of  the  inner  structure  of  matter,  con- 
structed for  the  convenience  of  physical  research.— Atomic 

theory,  or  doctrine  of  definite  proportions,  in  chem., 

the  hypothesis  that  all  chemical  combinations  take  place 
between  the  ultimate  particles  or  atoms  of  bodies,  and 
that  these  unite  either  atom  with  atom  or  in  proportions 
expressed  by  some  simple  multiple  of  the  number  of  atoms. 
— Atomic  volume,  in  chem.,  the  space  occupied  by  a 
quantity  of  an  element  in  the  solid  state  proportional  to 
its  atomic  weight,  and  expressed  by  the  quotient  of  the 
specific  gravity  divided  by  the  atomic  weight.— Atomic 
weight,  in  chem.,  the  number  expressing  the  relative 
weight  of  one  atom  of  an  element  compared  with  the  weight 
of  some  unit,  usually  that  of  the  hydrogen  atom,  which  is 
the  lightest  at  present  known.  The  atomic  weights  of 
the  other  elements,  therefore,  express  how  many  times 
the  atoms  of  these  elements  are  heavier  than  the  atom  of 
hydrogen.    See  element. 

atomical  (a-tom'i-kal),  a.    Same  as  atomic. 

atomically  (a-tom'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  atomic 
manner;  from  an  atomic  point  of  view;  re- 
garded as  an  atom,  or  as  made  up  of  atoms. 

atomician  (at-o-mish'an),  n.  [<  atomic  +  -iaw.] 
An  adherent  of  the  atomic  philosophy  or  the- 
ory.   See  atomic. 

atomicismt  (a-tom'i-sizm),  n.  [<  atomic  +  -ism.] 
Atomism. 

atomicity  (at-o-mis'i-ti),  n.  [<  atomic  +  -ity.} 
In  chem.,  same  as  equivalency  and  quantivalency . 

The  number  of  bonds  possessed  by  an  element,  or  its 
atomicity,  is  apparently,  at  least,  not  a  fixed  and  inva- 
riable quantity.      E.  Frankland,  Exper.  in  Chem.,  p.  9. 

atomisation,  etc.    See  atomisation,  etc. 
atomism  (at'pm-izm),  n.    [<  atom  +  -ism;  =  F. 
atomisme- =  "Hp.  Pg.  It.  atomismo.']    1.  The 
metaphysical  or  the  physical  theory  of  atoms ; 
atomic  philosophy  or  atomic  theory.  See  atomic. 

Atomism  also  is  inconceivable ;  for  this  supposes  atoms, 
minima,  extended  but  indivisible. 

■Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Metaphys.,  II.  528,  App. 
The  result  of  atomism  in  any  form,  dealing  with  any 
subject,  is  that  the  principle  of  uniformity  is  hunted  down 
Into  the  elements  of  things :  it  is  resolved  into  the  uni- 
formity of  these  elements  or  atoms,  and  of  the  relations 
of  those  which  are  next  to  each  other. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  II.  139. 
2.  The  state  of  existing  as  an  atom  or  a  unit,  or 
of  being  composed  of  atoms  or  units ;  individ- 
ualism. 

atomist  (at'om-ist),  n.  and  a.    [<  atom  +  -ist; 
=  F.  atomiste  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  atomista.']    I.  n. 
One  who  holds  to  or  expounds  the  atomic  phi- 
losophy or  the  atomic  theory. 
II.  a.  Same  as  atomistic. 

The  more  closely  we  follow  the  atomist  doctrine  to  its 
starting-point,  and  spread  before  us  the  necessary  outfit 
for  its  journey  of  deduction,  the  larger  do  its  demands 
appear.  J.  Martineau,  Materialism. 

atomistic  (at-o-mis'tik),  a.    [<  atomist  +  -ic.} 
1.  Pertaining  to  atomism  or  the  atomists. 


366 

It  is  the  object  of  the  mechanical  atomistic  philosophy 
to  confound  synthesis  witli  synartesis. 

Coleridge,  Friend,  I.  121. 
2.  Consisting  of  atoms. -Atomistic  phUosophy. 

See  atoynic  philosophy,  under  atomic. 

atomistical  (at-o-mis'ti-kal),  a.    Same  as  ato- 
mistic. 

atomistically  (at-o-mis'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  at- 
omistic manner ;  as  composed  of  distinct  atoms, 
atomization  (at"om-i-za'shon),  n.  [<  atomize 
+  -ation.]  The  process  of"  atomizing  or  the 
state  of  being  atomized;  specifically,  in  med., 
the  reduction  of  liquids  to  the  form  of  spray  for 
inhalation  or  for  application  to  the  throat  or 
nasal  passages,  and  for  other  purposes.  Also 
spelled  atomisation. 
atomize  (at'om-iz),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  atomized, 
ppr.  atomizing.  [<  atom  +  -i^'e.]  I.f  intrans. 
To  speculate  respecting  atoms.  Ciidworth. 

II.  t>  'ans.  To  reduce  to  atoms ;  reduce  to  very 
small  particles,  as  a  liquid ;  spray. 
Also  spelled  atomise. 
atomizer  (at'om-i-zer),  n.    One  who  or  that 
which  atomizes  or  reduces  to  atoms  or  very 
small  particles;  specifically,  an  apparatus  de- 
signed to  reduce  a  liquid  to  spray  for  disinfect- 
ing, cooling,  perfuming,  medicinal,  and  other 
purposes.    Also  spelled  atomiser. 
atomology  (at-o-mol'o-ji),  w.    [<  Gr.  aTOjiog, 
atom,  +  -loy'ia,  <  Xeyeiv,  speak:  see  -ology.'\  The 
metaphysical  doctrine  of  atoms.    See  atomic. 
atomyi  (at'om-i),  «. ;  pi.  atomies  (-iz).  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  atomie,  attomye,  <  atomic,  prop. 
atomi,  pi.  of  atomus,  prop,  the  L.  form  then  in 
current  use  along  with  atom,  the  form  atomy 
being  regarded  appar.  as  a  dim.    Cf.  atomy2.] 

1.  An  atom;  a  mote. 

Should  he  or  hell 
Affront  me  in  the  passage  of  my  fate, 
I'd  crush  them  into  atomies. 

Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  iii.  3. 
From  the  outer  day. 
Betwixt  the  close-set  ivies  came  a  broad 
And  solid  beam  of  isolated  light. 
Crowded  with  driving  atomies. 

Tennyson,  Lover's  Tale,  ii. 

2.  A  tiny  being;  a  pygmy. 
Drawn  with  a  team  of  little  atomies. 

Shak.,  K.  and  J.,  i.  4. 
Epicurus  makes  them  [souls]  swarms  of  atomies, 
Which  do  Uy  chance  into  our  bodies  flee. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Immortal,  of  Soul. 

atomy2  (at'om-i),  n. ;  pi.  atomies  (-iz).  [For- 
merly also  "atamy  and  natomy,  for  anatomy, 
mistakenly  divided  an  atomy. 'i  1.  An  anat- 
omy ;  a  skeleton. —  2.  A  very  lean  person ;  a 
walking  skeleton. 
Thou  atomy,  thou.  Shak.  (ed.  Leopold),  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  4. 
atonable  (a-to'na-bl),  a.  [<  atone  +  -able.'i 
Capable  of  being  atoned  for ;  reconcilable, 
atonet,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [ME.,  also  attone, 
earlier  atoon,  aton,  at  one,  at  on,  lit.  at  one, 
agreed.  In  mod.  use  written  as  two  words,  at 
one :  see  at  and  one.  In  at-one,  as  in  al-one 
and  on-ly,  one  preserves  its  proper  pronuncia- 
tion (on),  the  usual  pronunciation  (wun)  being 
a  modem  (16th  century)  corruption,  which  has 
not  affected  the  compoimds.]  1.  At  one;  rec- 
onciled. 

Make  the  wel  at  on  with  him  .  .  .  and  dred  the  of  the 
dome.  Early  Eng.  Psalter,  p.  152. 

Aton  he  was  with  the  king.  King  Horn. 

If  gentil  men,  or  othere  of  his  contree. 
Were  wrothe,  she  wolde  Ijringen  hem  atoon. 

Chaucer,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  381. 

2.  Together;  at  once. 

All  his  sences  seemd  berefte  attone. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  42. 

atone  (a-ton'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  atoned,  ppr. 
atoning.    [<  atone,  adv.,  q.  v.]    I.  intrans.  If. 
To  be  at  one ;  agree ;  be  in  accordance;  accord. 
He  and  Aufidius  can  no  more  atone. 
Than  violentest  contrariety.    Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  6. 

2.  To  make  reparation,  amends,  or  satisfac- 
tion, as  for  an  offense  or  a  crime,  or  for  an 
offender:  with /or. 

The  murderer  fell,  and  blood  atoned  for  blood.  Pope. 
The  ministry  not  atoning  for  their  former  conduct  by 
any  wise  or  popular  measure.  Junius. 

So  it  sometimes  happens  that  a  single  bright  and  gen- 
erous act  serves  to  atone  for  the  abuse  of  years. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  p.  81. 

3.  To  make  up,  as  for  errors  or  deficiencies; 
be  a  set-off  or  palliative. 

Or  where  the  pictures  for  the  page  atone. 
And  Quarles  is  sav'd  by  beauties  not  his  own. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  i.  139. 

Il.t  trans.  1 .  To  bring  into  concord ;  recon- 
cile, as  parties  at  variance. 


atonement 

I  would  do  much 
To  atone  them,  for  the  love  I  bear  to  Cassio. 

Shak.,  Othello,  iv.  t 
I  am  just  at  that  hour 
Upon  some  late  conceived  discontents 
To  at07ie  me  to  my  father. 

Webster,  Cure  for  a  Cuckold,  i.  2. 
Tigers  and  lions,  boars  and  raging  bulls. 
Hath  he  aton'd  with  leopards  and  wolves. 

Ford,  Fame's  Memorial. 

2.  To  put  in  accordance ;  harmonize. 

To  atone  your  fears 
With  my  more  noble  meaning. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  v.  5. 

3.  To  imite  in  forming. 

The  Four  Elements,  who  joined 
With  the  Four  known  Complexions,  have  aton'd 
A  noble  league,  and  severally  put  on 
Material  bodies. 

Dekker  and  Ford,  The  Sun's  Darling,  v.  1. 

4.  To  conciliate ;  appease. 

So  heaven,  atoned,  shall  dying  Greece  restore. 

Pope,  Iliad,  i.  89. 

5.  To  expiate ;  answer  or  make  satisfaction  for. 
Soon  should  yon  boasters  cease  their  haughty  strife. 
Or  each  atone  his  guilty  love  with  life.  Pope. 

(Although  atone  as  a  transitive  verb  is  essentially  obsolete, 
it  is  used  occasionally  by  modern  writers  in  several  of  the 
senses  above  given.] 

atone-makert,  n.  [<  atone,  adv.,  +  maker.'] 
One  who  makes  reconciliation  or  atonement; 
a  reconciler;  a  mediator. 

One  God,  one  mediatour,  that  is  to  say,  aduocate,  inter, 
cesser,  or  an  atonemaker,  between  God  and  man. 

Tyndale,  Works,  p.  158 

atonement  (a-ton'ment),  M.  [<  atone,  v.,  + 
-ment;  but  tlie  noun" is  found  earlier  than  the 
verb,  arising  perhaps  from  the  phrase  at  one- 
ment:  see  onement.]  If.  Reconciliation  after 
enmity  or  controversy ;  settlement,  as  of  a  dif- 
ference; concord. 

Hauying  more  regarde  to  their  old  variaunce  than  their 
newe  attonement.        Sir  T.  More,  Descrip.  of  Rich.  III. 
If  we  do  now  make  our  atonement  well. 
Our  peace  will,  like  a  broken  limb  united. 
Grow  stronger  for  the  breaking. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  1. 

2.  Satisfaction  or  reparation  made  for  vsTong 
or  injiiry,  either  by  giving  some  equivalent  or 
by  doing  or  suffering  something  which  is  re- 
ceived in  lieu  of  an  equivalent. 

O  when  did  a  morning  shine 
So  rich  in  atonement  as  this 
For  my  dark-dawning  youth? 

Tennyson,  Maud,  xix.  2. 

3.  In  theol.,  the  reconciliation  of  God  and  man 
by  means  of  the  life,  sufferings,  and  death  of  ' 
Christ. 

For  God  was  in  Christ,  and  made  agrement  bitwene  the 
worlde  and  liym  sylfe,  and  imputed  not  their  synnes  vnto 
them ;  and  hath  committed  to  vs  the  preachynge  of  the 
atonement.  Tyndale,  2  Cor.  v.  19. 

When  we  were  enemies  we  were  reconciled  to  God  by 
the  death  of  his  Son ;  .  .  .  we  also  joy  in  God  through  our 
Lord  Jesus  Christ,  by  whom  we  have  now  received  the 
atonement.  Rom.  v.  10,  11. 

This  doctrine  assumes  that  sin  has  made  a  spiritual  sepa- 
ration between  God  and  the  human  soul.  Different  sys- 
tems of  theology  explain  difi'erently  the  method  of  recon- 
ciliation, and  therefore  use  the  word  atonement  with  dif- 
ferent meanings.  The  early  fathers  generally  stated  the 
doctrine  in  the  terms  of  Scripture,  and  it  was  not  until  the 
time  of  the  Reformation  that  the  differences  in  philosoph- 
ical statement  were  clearly  marked.  The  modern  state- 
ments may  be  grouped  under  four  general  heads,  as  fol- 
lows :  (a)  A  reparation  or  satisfaction  for  sin  made  by  the 
sufferings  of  Christ  as  a  substitute  for  the  sinner,  and  in 
lieu  of  the  punishment  to  which  the  sinner  was  justly 
amenable.  Such  satisfaction  is  regarded  as  necessary 
either  (1)  to  satisfy  the  justice  of  God,  and  so  make  for- 
giveness possible,  or  (2)  to  satisfy  the  law  of  God,  pro- 
duce the  public  impression  which  punislnnent  would  liave 
produced,  and  so  make  forgiveness  safe.  The  former  is 
known  as  the  satisfaction,  the  latter  as  the  governmental 
theory. 

The  word  atonement,  in  its  original  sense,  always  de- 
notes some  amends,  or  satisfaction,  for  the  neglect  of 
some  duty,  or  the  commission  of  some  fault;  a  satisfac- 
tion with  which,  when  supposed  to  be  complete,  the  per- 
son injured  ought  reasonably  to  be  contented,  and  to 
demand  of  the  offender  nothing  more  on  account  of  his 
transgression.  Dwight,  Theology,  Iv. 

Taking  the  term  atonement  in  its  technical  signification 
to  denote  the  satisfaction  of  divine  justice  for  the  sin  of 
man,  by  the  substituted  penal  sufferings  of  the  Son  of 
God,  we  shall  find  a  slower  scientific  unfolding  of  this 
great  cardinal  doctrine  than  of  any  other  of  the  principal 
truths  of  Christianity. 

Shedd,  Hist.  Christian  Doctrine,  v.  1. 
(b)  The  entrance  of  God  into  humanity,  that  he  may 
thereby  drive  out  sin  and  make  the  human  race  at  one 
with  himself. 

Supposing  the  Father's  will  to  be  a  will  to  all  good ; 
the  Son  of  God,  being  one  with  him,  and  Lord  of  man, 
to  obey  and  fulfil  in  our  flesh  that  will  by  entering  into 
the  lowest  condition  into  which  man  had  fallen  through 
their  sin ;  this  Man  to  be,  for  this  reason,  an  object  of 
continual  complacency  to  his  Father,  and  that  compla- 
cency to  be  fully  drawn  out  by  the  death  of  the  cross  ;  — 
his  death  to  be  a  sacrifice,  the  only  complete  sacriflce 
ever  offered,  the  entire  surrender  of  the  whole  spirit  and 


atonement 


367 


atrioventricular 


body  to  God ;  is  not  this  in  the  liighest  sense  atonement? 
is  not  the  true  root  of  liunjanity  revealed?  is  not  God  in 
hira  reconciled  to  man?  Maurice,  Theol.  Essays. 

It  [the  new  theology]  holds  to  the  atonement  as  a  divine 
act  and  process  of  ethical  and  practical  import — not  as 
a  mystery  of  the  distant  heavens  and  isolated  from  the 
struggle  of  the  world,  but  a  comprehensible  force  in  the 
actual  redemption  of  the  world  from  its  evil. 

T.  T.  Munger,  The  Freedom  of  Faith. 
The  majority  of  orthodox  divines,  whether  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  or  the  Protestant  churches,  ordinarily  hold  one 
of  the  above  views  or  a  combination  formed  from  them. 
In  general,  the  former  opinion  (o)  is  held  in  the  Cal- 
vinistic  school  of  theology,  the  latter  opinion  (b)  in  the 
more  modern  Broad  Church  school,  (c)  In  Unitarian  the- 
ology, the  moral  result  produced  by  the  influence  e.verted 
on  mankind  by  the  life  and  death  of  Christ,  leading  men  to 
repentance  and  to  God.  This  is  sometimes  known  as  the 
moral  injltience  theory  of  the  atonement. 

Even  though  we  should  reject  all  the  Orthodox  theories 
about  atonement,  we  may  accept  the  fact.  We  can  be- 
lieve that  God  in  Christ  does  reconcile  the  world  to  him- 
self,— does  create  a  sense  of  pardoned  sin, — does  remove 
the  weight  of  transgression, — does  take  away  the  obstacle 
in  our  conscience, —  does  help  us  into  a  living  faith,  hope, 
peace,  joy.  J.  P.  Clarke,  Orthodoxy,  p.  250. 

(d)  In  New  Church  (Swedenborgian)  theology,  the  union  and 
accord  of  flesh  and  spirit  in  man,  and  so  the  union  and 
accord  of  man  with  God  by  a  spiritual  change  wrought  in 
the  individual. 

This  is  what  is  understood  in  the  New  Church  by  the 
atonement,  or  at-one-ment,  ...  a  bringing  at  one  of  the 
human-  and  the  divine,  or,  as  the  apostle  says,  "  making  in 
himself  of  twain  one  new  man."  And  the  purpose  of  this 
atonement  was,  that  the  Lord  might  ever  after  be  able  to 
bring  our  external  or  natural  at  one  with  our  internal  or 
spiritual  man — goodness  at  one  with  truth  in  our  minds, 
— and  so  bring  us  into  complete  spiritual  union  or  at-one- 
ment  with  himself. 

B.  F.  Barrett,  Doctrine  of  the  New  Church. 

Doctrine  of  blood  atonement,  the  doctrine,  attributed 
to  the  Mormon  Church,  that  the  killing  of  an  apostate  or 
of  one  in  danger  of  apostasy  is  a  deed  of  love,  since  it  makes 
atonement  for  the  sin  of  apostasy,  and  so  makes  possible 
God's  forgiveness  of  it. 
atoner  (a-to'ner),  n.  One  who  makes  atone- 
ment. 

atonest,  adv.    [Early  mod.  E.  and  ME.,  prop. 

separate,  atones:  now  written  once:  see  at 
and  once.']    1.  At  once  ;  immediately. 

Love  me  al  atones.  Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  94. 

2.  At  one  and  the  same  time. 

Curious  enditing  and  hard  sentence  is  ful  hevy  atones 
I    for  swich  a  child  to  lerne.      Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Astrolabe. 

atonic  (a-ton'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  arovoc,  (a) 
not  stretched,  relaxed,  languid,  <  a-  priv.  + 
TELVELv,  stretch ;  (6)  without  accent,  <  d-  priv. 
+  T6vog,  accent,  <  reivuv,  stretch :  see  a-l8  and 
tonic.']  I.  a.  1.  In  pathol.,  characterized  by 
atony,  or  want  of  tone  or  power :  as,  an  atonic 
disease. —  2.  Inphilol.:  (a)  Unaccented.  (6) 

Produced  by  the  breath  alone;  surd  Atonic 

dyspepsia,  defective  digestion,  independent  of  inflamma- 
tion or  other  recognizable  lesions  of  the  digestive  organs. 

II,  n.  1.  In  wed.,  a  drug  capable  of  allaying 
organic  excitement  or  irritation.  [Rare.] — 2. 
In  philol. :  {a)  A  word  or  syllable  that  has  no 
accent. 

A  single  unaccented  syllable  is  called  an  atonic. 

F.  A.  March,  Anglo-Saxon  Grammar,  p.  222. 

(6)  An  elementary  sound  produced  by  the 
breath ;  a  surd  consonant ;  a  breathing, 
atony  (at'o-ni),  n.  [=  F.  atonic,  <  NL.  atonia, 
<  Gr.  aroda,  languor,  <  arovog,  languid:  see 
atonic]  In  pathol.,  a  want  of  tone  ;  defect  of 
muscular  power ;  weakness  of  any  organ,  par- 
ticularly of  one  that  is  contractile ;  debility. 
—Atony  of  the  bladder,  in  pathol.,  loss  by  the  muscu- 
lar fibers  in  the  walls  of  the  bladder  of  the  power  to  con- 
tract and  expel  the  lu-ine. 
atop  (a-top'),  prep.  plir.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a^  + 
top.]    On  or  at  the  top. 

•  'Tis  but  to  shew  that  you  can  place  sometimes 
Your  modesty  a-top  of  all  your  vu-tues. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Wit  at  Several  Weapons,  iv.  1. 
Despots  atop,  a  wild  clan  below, 
Such  is  the  Gaul  from  long  ago. 

Lowell,  ViUa  Franca. 

atopite  (at'o-pit),  M.  [<  Gr.  aroTrof,  unusual,  out 
of  place  (<  a-  priv.  -I-  roTrof,  place :  see  topic), 
■¥  -ite^.]  A  calcium  antimonate  said  to  occur 
in  Sweden  in  yellow  or  brown  isometric  octa- 
hedrons. 

-ator.  [L.  -ator,  term,  of  nouns  of  agent,  being 
the  agent-suffix  -tor  (Gr.  -n/p,  -rup,  Skt.  -tar, 
-<ar)_(E.  -or)  added  to  the  stem  in  -a  of  verbs 
in  -a-re.  This  termination  was  reg.  reduced 
in  OF.  to  -eor,  -eour,  whence  in  ME.  -eour  (as 
iu  saveour,  mod.  E.  saviour),  commonly  -or, 
-our,  mod.  E.  -or,  -er,  as  in  appellor,  arUtror 
or  arbitrer,  accuser,  etc.,  from  L.  nouns  in 
-ator,  the  term,  being  merged  with  -er  of  AS. 
origin.]  A  termination  of  nouns  of  agent 
taken  directly  from  the  Latin,  as  creator,  edu- 
cator, liberator,  or  formed  in  English  or  New 
Latin,  as  detonator,  corrugator,  etc.,  from  verbs 


of  the  Latin  first  conjugation,  which  have  in 

EngUsh  the  sulfix  -Ote^.  it  also  occurs  in  some  nouns 
derived  from  nouns  without  an  intermediate  verb,  as  glad- 
iator, senator. 

-atory.  [<  L.  -dtorius,  being  -ius  added  to  nouns 
in  -ator.]  A  termination  of  adjectives,  of 
Latin  origin,  in  form  from  noims  in  -ator,  but 
in  sense  often  to  be  referred  to  the  original 
verb,  as  in  amatory,  accusatory,  declamatory,  ex- 
clamatory, nugatory,  etc.  -VVlien  from  English  nouns 
in  -ator,  the  termination  is  -ator  -f  -ial,  as  senatorial,  etc. 

atour^  (a,-t6T'),prep.  and  adv.  [Sc.,  also  written 
attour,  atower,  <  ME.  (Scotch)  atour,  atoure, 
at-oure,  ^at  +  our,  ower,  over :  see  at  and  over; 
for  the  combination,  cf.  a*-a/ter.]  1,  2)rep.  1. 
Of  place,  over. —  2.  Of  number  or  quantity, 
over;  beyond;  more  than. 

II.  adv.  Over  and  above ;  besides  By  and 

atour  (prep,  and  adv.),  also  by  atOur  (adv.),  over  and 
above.    [Scotch  in  all  uses.] 

atour^t,  n.    See  attour^. 

atrabilarian  (af'ra-bi-la'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [< 
ML.  atrabilarius,  K  L.  atra  bilis,  black  bile : 
see  atrabile  and  bile'^.]  I,  a.  Affected  with 
melancholy,  which  the  ancients  attributed  to 
black  bile ;  atrabilious. 

The  atrabilarian  constitution,  or  a  black,  viscous, 
pitchy  consistence  of  the  fluids.       Arbuthnot,  Aliments. 

II.  M.  A  person  of  an  atrabiUar  temperament; 
a  hypochondriac.  Disraeli. 
atrabilarious  (af'ra-bi-la'ri-us),  a.    [<  ML. 
atrabilarius:  sqq  atrabilarian.]    Same  as  aim- 
bilarian. 

Christopher  Glowry,  Esquire,  .  .  .  was  naturally  of  an 
atrabilarious  temperament,  and  much  troubled  with  those 
phantoms  of  indigestion  which  are  commonly  called  blue 
devils.  Peacock,  Nightmare  Abbey,  i. 

atrabilariousnesst  (afra-bi-la'ri-us-nes),  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  atrabilious  or 
melancholy, 
atrabilet,  n.  [<  P.  atrabile,  formerly  atrebile, 
=  Sp.  atrabilis  =  Pg.  atrabilis  =  It.  atrabile,  < 
L.  (formerly  also  in  E.)  atra  bilis  (tr.  Gr.  /le- 
Xayxo^ia:  see  melancholy), 'iit.'bla.c^ 'bile:  atra, 
fem.  of  ater,  black;  bilis,  bile :  see  bile^.]  Black 
bUe;  melancholy:  from  the  supposition  that 
melancholy  is  due  to  a  preponderance  of  the 
so-called  "black  bile,"  an  imagined  secretion 
of  the  renal  or  atrabiliary  glands, 
atrabiliar,  atrabiliarv  (at-ra-bil'i-ar,  -a-ri),  a. 
[<  NL.  *atrabiliarius,  <  L.  atra  black  bile : 
see  atrabile.]  Melancholic  or  hypochondriacal ; 
atrabilious.    See  atrabile. 

Complexion  of  a  multiplex  aimftitor  character,  the  final 
shade  of  which  may  be  the  pale  sea-green. 

Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  I.  iv.  4. 

Atrabiliary  capsules,  glands.  See  capsule,  gland. 
atrabilious  (at-ra-bil'ius),  «.    1<'L.  atrabilis: 
see  atrabile,  and  cf .  bilious.]    AEfected  as  if  by 
black  bile;  melancholic  or  hypochondriacal; 
splenetic.    See  atrabile. 

A  hard-faced,  atrabilious,  earnest-eyed  race,  stiff  from 
long  ivrestling  with  the  Lord  in  prayer,  and  who  had 
taught  Satan  to  dread  the  new  Puritan  hug. 

Lowell,  IJiglow  Papers. 

atracheate  (a-tra'kf-at),  a.  [NL.  atracheatus, 
<  Gr.  d-priv.  («-i8)  +  NL.  trachea.]  Having  no 
trachese  or  spiracles,  as  some  arthropods,  such 
as  crustaceans. 
Atrachelia  (at-ra-ke'li-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
arpaxJl^og,  without  neck',  <  a-  priv.  +  rpaxr/Xog, 
neck.]  A  division  of  heteromerous  beetles, 
having  the  head  not  exserted  nor  narrowed  be- 
hind, the  antennge  linear  or  subclavate,  and  the 
claws  imdivided,  sometimes  serrate  or  pecti- 
nate :  opposed  to  Trachelida.  The  group  is  chiefly 

composed  of  the  family  Tenebrionidce,  which  are  plant- 
eating  terrestrial  beetles  having  mostly  connate  elytra 
and  no  lower  wings. 

atracheliate  (at-ra-ke'li-at),  a.  [<  Atrachelia 
+  -ate^.]  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  charac- 
ters of  the  Atrachelia. 
Atrachia  (a-tra'ki-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d- 
priy.  +  Tpaxeia,  trachea:  see  trachea.]  A  di- 
vision of  Lamellibranchiata :  a  synonym  of 
Asiphonata  (which  see). 

atractaspidid  (at-rak-tas'pi-did),  ».  A  ser- 
pent of  the  family  Atractaspididce. 
Atractaspididae  (a-trak-ta-spid'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Atraciaspi{d-)s  +  -idee.]  A  family  of 
venomous  iVfriean  serpents,  suborder  Soleno- 
glypha  (sometimes  referred  to  Viperidw),  hav- 
ing extremely  long  venom-fangs. 
Atractaspis  (at-rak-tas'pis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
arpanTog,  a  spindle,  an  aiTow,  +  aanig,  a  ser- 
pent :  see  asp^.]  A  genus  of  venomous  serpents, 
typical  of  the  family  Atractaspididce.  A.  irregu- 
laris and  A.  corpulentus  are  two  African  species, 
from  Angola  and  Liberia  respectively. 


atractenchyma  (at-rak-teng'ki-ma),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  arpanTnc,  a  spindle,  +  lyxv/ia,  an  infusion.] 
In  bot.,  a  tissue  composed  of  spindle-shaped 
cells. 

atrament  (at'ra-ment),  n.    [<  L.  atramentum, 
black  ink,  <  ater,  black.]    Blacking;  ink;  any 
black  fluid,  as  the  ink  of  the  cuttlefish, 
atramentaceoust  (at'ra-men-ta'shius),  a.  [< 
atrament  +  -accous.]    Of  the  nature  of  ink ; 
black  as  ink.  Derham. 
atramental  (at-ra-men'tal),  a.     [<  atrament 
+ -al.]    Inky;  black  like  ink.    Sir  T.  Browne. 
[Rare.]    Also  atramentous. 
atramentarious  (at"ra-men-ta'ri-us),  a.  [<  LL. 
*atramentarius,  used  only  as  neut.  noun  atra^ 
mentarium,  an  inkstand,  <  L.  atramentum,  ink: 
see  atrament.]    'Like  ink ;  suitable  for  making 
ink.   Thus,  the  sulphate  of  iron,  or  copperas,  is  called 
atramentarious  from  its  use  in  the  manufacture  of  ink. 

atramentous  (at-ra-men'tus),  a.  [<  atramen' 
+  -ous.]    Same  as  atramental. 

Whenever  provoked  by  anger  or  labour,  an  atramentoui 
quality  of  most  malignant  nature  was  seen  to  distil  from 
his  lips.  Sivift,  Battle  of  the  Books. 

atredf,  a.  [<  L.  ater,  black,  +  -ed^.  Cf.  L.  atra- 
tiis,  clothed  in  black.]  Tinged  with  a  black 
color. 

Yellow  choler  or  atred. 

Whitaker,  Blood  of  the  Grape,  p.  76. 

atredet,  «.  t.  [ME.,  <  at-,  from,  +  reden,  ad- 
vise: see  read,  rede.]    To  surpass  in  counsel. 

Men  may  the  olde  atrenne,  but  nat  atrede. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1591. 

atrent,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  atrennen,  <  at-,  from,  -I- 
rennen,  run.]  To  outrun.  Chaucer. 
atresia  (a-tre'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  arpT/rog,  not 
perforated,  <  d-pfiv.  +  Tpr/rdg,  perforated  (>  rp^- 
ff/f,  opening,  orifice),  verbal  adj.  of  Terpa'tveiv 
(f/*Tpa),  bore,  pierce.]  The  state  or  condition 
of  being  closed  or  imperforate ;  specifically,  ab- 
sence of  a  natural  opening  or  passage :  chiefly 
used  in  medicine  and  surgery, 
atresial  (a-tre'si-al),  a.  Characterized  by 
atresia;  imperforate, 
atria,  n.  Plural  of  atrium. 
a'trial  (a'tri-al),  a.  [<  atrium  +  -al.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  an  atrium — Atrial  aperture,  open- 
ing, or  orifice,  the  communication  of  the  atrial  cavity 
with  the  exterior.  It  forms  one  of  the  two  apertures  (the 
other  being  the  oral)  with  which  ascidians  or  sea-squirts 
are  provided,  and  through  which  water  may  be  squirted 
by  the  contraction  of  the  muscular  walls  of  the  body.  See 
cuts  under  Appendicularia,  DoUolidce,  and  Tunicata. — 
Atrial  canal,  the  cavity  of  an  atrium. 

Each  stigma  leads  into  a  funnel-shaped  atrial  canal. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  512. 
Atrial  membrane,  the  third  tunic  of  ascidians ;  a  deli- 
cate membrane  of  two  layers,  parietal  and  visceral,  like 
a  peritoneum,  lining  the  atrium. 

The  atrial  membrane  forms  a  bilobed  sac,  one  lobe  ex- 
tending on  each  side  of  the  pharynx,  and  opens  outward 
by  the  atrial  aperture  ;  it  communicates  by  the  stigmata 
with  the  interior  of  the  branchial  sac,  and,  by  the  anal 
and  genital  openings,  it  receives  the  fa;ces  and  genital 
products.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  517. 

Atricha  (at'ri-ka),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  arpixog, 
poet,  for  adpi^,  without  hair,  <  d-  priv.  +  dpl^ 
{'^P'-X-)i  hair.]  1.  A  division  of  the  Nemato- 
rhyncha,  containing  those  forms  which  are  de- 
void of  ciUa,  as  the  genus  Echinoderes.  They 
are  distinguished  from  Gastrotricha,  which  are  ciliated  on 
the  ventral  surface  of  the  body. 
2.  A  name  given  to  certain  protozoans,  or 
lobose  rhizopods  having  no  permanent  pro- 
cesses :  an  inexact  synonym  of  Amoeboidea. 
Atrichia  (a-trik'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  arpixoc, 
poet,  for  adpi^,  without  hair:  see  Atricha.]  1. 
The  typical  and  only  genus  of  the  family  Atri- 
chiidm.  A.  clamosa  is  the  scrub-bird  of  Aus- 
tralia. J.  Gould,  19>44:.  A\so  eaReA  Atrichornis. 
—  2.  A  genus  of  dipterous  insects. 
Atrichiidae  (at-ri-M'i-de),  n.  pil.  [NL.,  <  Atri- 
chia, 1,  +  -idee.]  A  remarkable  family  of  anoma- 
lous oseine  passerine  birds,  forming  with  Menu- 
ridce  one  of  the  major  groups  of  birds,  Fasseres 
abnormales.  it  contains  the  Australian  scrub-birds 
of  the  genus  Atrichia,  which  have  the  syrinx  differently 
constructed  from  that  of  normal  oscines.  Also  called 
Atrichornithida:. 

Atrichornis  (at-ri-kor'nis),  ?i.    [NT,.,  <  Gr. 

aTpixog,  without  hair  (see  Atricha),  +  bpvig,  a 
bird.]    Same  as  Atrichia,  1. 
Atrichornithidse  (afri-kor-nith'l-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Atrichornis  {-ornith-)  +  -idee.]    Same  as 
Atrichiidw. 

atrichosis  (at-ri-ko'sis),  w.  [<  Gr.  arpixoc,  with- 
out hair  (see  Atricha),  +  -osis.]  In  pathol., 
failure  to  develop  hair. 

atrioventricular  (a  "  tri  -  6  -  ven  -  trik '  u  -  lilr),  «. 
[<  atrium,  3,  +  ventricular.]    Pertaining  to  the 


atrioventricular 

atrial,  or  auricular,  and  ventricular  cavities  of 
the  heart :  as,  the  atrioventrictdar  valve. 

atrip  (a-trip'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  o3  + 
trip^,  «.]  Kaut. :  («)  Just  raised  fi'om  the 
ground  in  -weighing:  said  of  an  anchor,  {b) 
Hoisted  from  the  cap,  sheeted  home,  and  ready 
for  trimming:  said  of  sails,  (c)  Swayed  up, 
ready  to  have  the  stops  cut  for  crossing :  said 
of  yards,  {d)  Having  the  fid  loosed :  said  of 
an  upper  mast. 

Atriplex  (at'ri-pleks),  n.  [L.,  also  atriplexum, 
a  perversion  of  Gr.  arpd^a^vg,  also  written  arpd- 
^a^LQ,  avdpd<j>a^ig;  origin  obscure.]  A  large  ge- 
nus of  plants,  natural  order  Chenopodiacew, 
mostly  mealy  or  scurfy  herbs  or  low  shrubs, 
growing  usually  in  saline  localities,  and  of  very 
little  importance.  The  garden  orach,  A.  hortensis,  is 
cultivated  to  some  extent  as  a  sahid,  and  a  variety  with 
crimson  foliage  for  ornament.  A  number  of  shruliby  spe- 
cies are  very  frequent  in  the  dry  and  alkaline  portions  of 
western  North  America,  and  are  generally  known  as 
ffreasewood,  a  term  which  also  includes  some  other  Cheno- 
podiacete. 

atrium  (a'tri-um),  H. ;  pi.  atria  (-a).  [L.,  in 
senses  1  and  2,  also  a  hall  in  general ;  said  to 
have  been  orig.  the  kitchen,  and  so  called  be- 
cause blackened  with  smoke,  <  ater,  black; 
but  perhaps  the  reference  is  to  the  hearth  or 
fireplace  in  the  atrium,  the  name  being  con- 
nected with  a:des,  orig.  a  fireplace  (ef.  E.  oast), 
later  a  house,  temple :  see  edifice.']  1.  In 
Mom.  arch.,  the  entrance-hall,  the  most  impor- 


Atrium. — Restoration  of  a  Pompeiian  interior. 

tant  and  usually  the  most  splendid  apartment 

of  the  house.  At  an  early  period,  and  later  among  the 
poor,  the  atrium  was  used  not  only  as  a  ceremonial  room, 
but  as  a  reception-room  and  for  general  domestic  pur- 
poses, as  cooking  and  dining.  In  it  were  placed  the  ances- 
tral images  and  heirlooms,  the  marriage-couch,  the  focus 
or  hearth,  and  generally  a  small  altar.  Later,  among  the 
wealthy,  and  when  separate  apartments  were  built  for 
kitchen  and  dining-room,  chapel  of  the  lares,  etc.,  it  was 
reserved  as  a  general  reception-  and  show-room.  It  was 
lighted  by  an  opening  in  the  roof,  called  the  compluvium, 
toward  which  the  roof  sloped,  so  as  to  conduct  the  rain- 
water into  a  cistern  in  the  floor,  called  the  implumum. 

2.  A  hall  or  court  resembling  in  arrangement 
an  atrium  proper,  as  at  the  entrance  of  some 
classical  or  early  Christian  pubUe  buildings, 
etc. — 3.  [NL.]  In  «wat,  an  auricle  of  the  heart, 
or  some  equivalent  venous  cardiac  cavity. 

In  all  the  other  vertebrates  [than  A  mphioxus]  there  is 
a  heart  with  at  fewest  three  chambers  (sinus  venosus, 
atrium,  ventricle).  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  57. 

4.  [NL.]  In  sodl.:  (a)  The  chamber  or  cavity 
of  ascidians,  commimicating  with  the  exterior, 
and  with  the  cavity  of  the  alimentary  cai^^l. 
See  atrial,  and  cut  under  Tunicata. 

The  atrium,  into  which  the  faeces  and  genital  products 
are  poured.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  514. 

(6)  A  membranous  saccular  diverticulum  of  the 
ear  in  fishes:  as,  the  atrium  sinus  imparls,  a 
membranous  sac  given  off  from  the  sinus  audi- 
torius  impar  of  fishes,  and  connected  in  various 
ways  wdth  the  air-bladder. 

atrocet,  «•  F.  atroce,  <  L.  atrox  (acc.  atro- 
eem),  cruel:  see  atrocious.']  Atrocious. 

atroceruleous  (at-ro-se-ro'lf-us),  a.  [<  L.  ater, 
black,  +  cwruleus,  blue :  see  cerulean.]  Of  a 
deep  blackish-blue  color,  as  an  insect. 

atrocha  (at'ro-ka),  n.  pi.  [Nli.,  neut.  pi.  of 
atrochus:  see  atrochous.]  1.  Ciliated  embryos 
of  the  polychcetous  annelids,  in  which  the  cilia 
form  a  broad  zone  around  the  body,  leav- 


368 

ing  each  end  free  of  ciUa,  excepting,  in  some 
cases,  a  ttift  on  the  head.  See  mesotrocha, 
telotrocha. — 2.  [cap.]  In  Rotifera,  a  group  of 
wheel-animalcules  having  no  cilia  and  the  lobes 
highly  modified  in  shape ;  the  wheelless  roti- 
fers. 

atrochous  (at'ro-kus),  a.  [<  NL.  atrochus,  < 
Gr.  d-  priv.  -f-  rpoxog,  anything  round  or  circu- 
lar, a  wheel,  etc.,  <  rpixciv,  run.]  1.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  atrocha ;  having  cilia  disposed  as 
in  those  annelidau  larvro  called  atrocha. —  2. 
Wheelless,  as  a  rotifer. 

atrocious  (a-tro'shus),  a.  [<  L.  atrox  (atroc-), 
cruel,  fierce,  horrible,  <  ater,  black:  see  atroce 
and -OMS.]  1.  Manifesting  or  characterized  by 
atrocity ;  extremely  heinous,  criminal,  or  cruel ; 
enormously  or  outrageously  wicked. 

Revelations  ...  so  atrocious  that  nothing  in  history 
approaches  them.  De  Quincey. 

In  spite  of  tlie  canon  law,  which  forbade  a  churchman  to 
take  any  part  in  matters  of  blood,  the  archbishop  signed 
the  warrant  for  the  atrocious  sentence. 

Macaxday,  Hallam's  Const.  Hist. 

2t.  Very  grievous;  violent:  as,  atrocious  dis- 
tempers.— 3.  Very  bad;  execrable:  &s,a,n  atro- 
cious pim.  [Colloq.]=Syn.  1.  Wicked,  Scandalous, 
Shocking,  Flagrant,  Heinous,  Infamous,  Outrageous, 
Atrocious,  Monstrous,  horrible,  villainous,  flagitious,  dia- 
bolical, agree  in  expressing  great  and  intentional  badness, 
calling  for  strong  abhorrence.  Because  they  are  used 
with  feeling,  the  recognition  of  their  differences  is  not  al- 
ways practicable.  Flagrant  and  lieinous  are  hardly  appli- 
cable to  persons ;  the  others  apply  to  persons  or  things. 
Wicked  is  the  generic  word,  and  is  the  lightest  where  all 
are  strong ;  it  is  the  one  that  is  most  common  in  a  playful 
use,  yet  it  is  at  times  an  intense  word,  as  forcible  as  any 
of  the  others,  though  less  definite.  Scandalous  means 
offensive  to  decency,  and  so  disgraceful.  That  which  is 
shocking,  literally,  gives  a  sudden  and  heavy  blow,  and 
hence  produces  a  corresponding  feeling  of  horror  or  dis- 
gust, or  both.  That  which  is  flagrant,  literally,  flames 
into  notice,  and  hence  is  glaring,  striking,  and  so  notori- 
ous, enormous  in  badness.  Heinous  means  hateful,  and 
hence  aggravated.  That  which  is  infamous  is  worthy  of  a 
total  loss  of  reputation,  and  hence  has  a  reputation  or 
character  of  the  worst  kind,  especially  for  baseness.  Out- 
rageous means  attended  with  outrage,  doing  outrage, 
especially  outraging  decency,  going  beyond  all  bounds, 
like  the  acts  of  a  madman.  Atrocious  is  primarily  fierce 
or  cruel,  savage,  bloody,  and  wicked,  enormously  wicked, 
hence  violating  the  first  principles  of  humanity  or  of 
human  nature.  That  which  is  monstrous  is  so  bad  as  to 
be  out  of  the  course  of  natiu-e ;  a  prodigy  or  miracle  of 
badness.  See  abandoned,  criminal,  irreligious,  and  nefa- 
rious. 

As  even  here  they  talked  at  Almesbury 
About  the  good  King  and  his  u'icked  Queen. 

Tennyson,  Guinevere. 
So  the  king  arose  and  went 
To  smoke  the  scandalous  hive  of  those  wild  bees 
That  made  such  honey  in  his  realm. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 
In  this  dreadful  manner  was  one  who  had  been  till  then 
of  an  excellent  character  hurried  on',  from  a  single,  and 
seennngly  slight,  indulgence,  into  the  depth  of  the  gross- 
est and  most  stiocking  villanies.    Seeker,  Sermons,  I.  xxv. 

The  offenses  which  prompt  strong  invective  have  been 
far  more  numerous  and  flaqrant  in  his  [Sydney  Smith's] 
own  country  than  in  ours.  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  1. 139. 

The  object  of  this  society  [Abolition]  is  now,  as  it  has 
always  been,  to  convince  our  countrymen,  liy  arguments 
addressed  to  their  hearts  and  consciences,  that  slave- 
holding  is  a  heinous  crime.    W.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  98. 

There  is  no  crime  more  infamous  than  the  violation  of 
truth.  Johnson. 

This  ill  day 
A  most  outrageous  fit  of  madness  took  him. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  v.  1. 
It  is  a  war  base  in  its  object,  atrocious  in  its  beginning, 
immoral  in  all  its  influences. 

Sumner,  Speech  against  Mexican  War,  Nov.  4,  1840. 
Pliny  assures  us  that  the  most  monstrousoi  all  criminals 
was  the  man  who  first  devised  the  luxurious  custom  of 
wearing  golden  rings.  Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  157. 

atrociously  (a-tro'shus-li),  adv.  In  an  atro- 
cious manner;  ■with  great  cruelty  or  wicked- 
ness. 

atrociousness  (a-tro'shus-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  atrocious  ;  atrocity. 

The  atrociousness  of  the  crime  made  all  men  look  with 
an  evil  eye  upon  the  claim  of  any  privilege  which  might 
prevent  the  severest  justice. 

Burke,  Abridg.  of  Eng.  Hist.,  iii.  6. 

atrocity  (a-tros'i-ti),  w. ;  pi.  atrocities  (-tiz). 
[Early  mod.  E. "  atrocyte,  <  F.  atrocite,  <  L. 
atrocita{t-)s,  cruelty,  hatefulness,  (.atrox,  cruel, 
etc.:  see  atrocious.]  1.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  atrocious ;  enormous  wickedness ;  ex- 
treme criminality  or  cruelty. 

They  desired  justice  might  be  done  upon  offenders,  as 
the  atrocity  of  their  crimes  deserved.  Clarendon. 

Burke  was  the  only  man  in  England  in  whom  the  prose- 
cution of  Indian  delinquency  and  atrocity  was  a  fixed  pas- 
sion as  well  as  a  fixed  principle. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  II.  318. 

2.  A  specific  act  of  extreme  heinousness  or 
cruelty ;  an  atrocious  deed. 
The  atrocities  which  attend  victory.  Macaulay. 


Frait  of  Dock  [Rujnex)  

Section  shows  erect  (atropal) 


atropous 

Atropa  (at'ro-pa),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  "Xrpono^,  ono 
of  the  Fates,  who  cut  the  thread  of  life,  lit.  the 
inflexible,  <  drpoTrog,  unchangeable,  <  d-  priv.  -I- 
Tpeireiv,  turn:  see  trojie.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
natural  order  Solanacem,  of  a  single  species,  A. 
Belladonna,  the  deadly  nightshade,  a  native 
of  Europe  and  western  Asia.    See  belladonna, 

atropal  (at'ro-pal),  a.  [< 
Gr.  arpoTTog,  infle.xible, 
not  to  be  turned:  see 
AtrojM.]  In  lot.^  erect; 
orthotropous :  said  of  an 
ovule.    Also  atropous. 

atrophiated  (a-tro'fi-a- 
ted),  a.     [<  atrop)hii  + 

-ate^  +  -ed^.]  Atrophied,   seed.  (From  LeMaout'and 

rT?QrA  1  Uecaisne's  "  Traite  general 

Lltare.J  de  Uotanique.-) 

atropine  (a-trof'ik),  a. 
[<  atrophy  +  -ic]   Pertaining  to  atrophy ;  char- 
acterized by  atrophy ;  exhibiting  or  undergo- 
ing atrophy:  as,  sm.  atrophic  process;  sin  atroph- 
ic or^an. 

atrophied  (at'ro-fid),  p.  a.  [<  atrophy  +  -cd^.] 
Exhibiting  or  affected  with  atrophy ;  wasted. 

In  many  instances  special  muscles,  or  sets  of  muscles, 
are  atrophied  from  want  of  use. 

B.  W.  Richardson,  Prevent.  Med.,  p.  232. 
The  distrust  of  one's  own  atrophied  faculties  of  loving. 

E.  S.  Phelps,  Beyond  the  Gates,  p.  105. 

atrophy  (at'ro-fi),  n.  [=  P.  atrophic,  <  LL.  atro- 
p)hia,  <  Gr.  drpoipla,  wasting,  lack  of  nourish- 
ment, <  d.Tpo(po^,  not  well  fed,  <  d-  priv.  +  Tpe<petv, 
nourish,  feed.]  1.  A  wasting  of  the  body,  or 
of  a  part  of  it,  owing  to  defective  nutrition. 

There  is  no  demand  for  the  labour  of  the  poor;  the 
fable  of  Menenius  ceases  to  be  applicable ;  the  belly  com- 
municates no  nutriment  to  the  members ;  there  is  an 
atrophy  in  the  body  politic. 

Macaulay,  Mitford's  Hist.  Greece. 
2.  In  bot.  and  cool.,  arrested  development  of  an 
organ  due  to  stoppage  of  growth  at  any  stage 
by  the  operation  of  causes  either  external  to 

or  inherent  in  the  organism  Brown  atrophy,  a 

very  common  degeneration  of  muscle  in  a  heart  hypertro- 
phied  as  a  result  of  valvular  disease  or  of  old  age.  The 
heart,  frequently  of  increased  consistence,  is  dark  red- 
brown,  and  its  fibers  contain  pigment,  accumulated  espe- 
cially about  the  nuclei. —  Cniveilhler'S  atrophy,  pro- 
gressive muscular  atrophy. 

atrophy  (at'ro-fi),  v.  i, ;  pret.  and  pp.  atrophied, 
ppr.  atrophying.  [<  atrophy,  n.]  To  waste 
away. 

As  the  fruit  ripens  one  of  them  almost  always  atrophies. 

G.  Allen,  Colin  Clout's  Calendar,  p.  121. 
The  tail  gradually  shrinks  and  atrophies. 

Claus,  Zoology  (trans.),  p.  120. 

atropia  (a-tro'pi-a),  «.  [_'N1j.,<  Atropa.]  Same 
as  atropin. 

atropic  (a-trop'ik),  a.  [<  atropia  +  -ic]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  atropin. 

atropin,  atropine  (at'ro-pin),  n.  [<  NL.  atro- 
pina,  <  Atropa  +  -ina : '  see  -in^.]  A  crystal- 
line alkaloid  (C17H23NO3)  obtained  from  the 
deadly  nightshade,  Atropa  Belladonna.  It  is 
very  poisohous,  and  produces  temporary  dila- 
tation of  the  pupil.    Also  atropina  and  atropia. 

atropina  (at-ro-pi'na),  n.  [NL.]  Same  as  at- 
ropin. 

atropine,  n.   See  atropin. 

atropinise,  v.  t.    See  atropinise. 

atropinism  (at'ro-pin-izm),  n. 
-ism.]    Same  as  atropism. 

atropinize  (at'ro-pin-iz),  v.  t. 
atropinized,  pp.  atropinizing . 
-ize.]    To  poison  or  affect  with  atropin. 
sometimes  spelled  atropinise. 

atropism  (at'ro-pizm),  n.  [<  atropia  -(-  Hsm.] 
The  morbid  state  produced  by  atropin,  charac- 
terized by  dilated  pupil,  frequent  pulse,  dry- 
ness of  mouth  and  skin,  hallucinations,  and 
delirium.    Also  atropinism. 

atropization  (at^ro-pi-za'shon),  n.  [<  atro- 
pize  +  -ation.]  Ttat  state  of  the  body,  or  of 
any  of  its  organs,  produced  by  the  introduction 
of  atropin. 

atropize  (at'ro-piz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  atro- 
piized,  ppr.  atr'opizing.  [<  atropia  +  -ize.]  To 
add  atropin  to ;  affect  with  atropin. 

Atropos  (at'ro-pos),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  Atropos, 
<  Gr.  "ArpoTTog,  one  of  the  Fates :  see  Atropa.] 

1.  A  genus  of  neuropterous  insects,  of  the 
family  Psocidw :  synonymous  with  Troctes.  A. 
pulsatorius  shares  with  certain  beetles  the  popular  name 
of  death-watch,  and  is  a  great  pest  in  entomological  collec- 
tions. 

2.  A  genus  of  venomous  serpents.  Wagler, 
1830.  [Not  in  use.] — 3.  A  genus  of  lepidop- 
terous  insects.    Oken,  1815. 

atropous  (at'ro-pus),  a.  [<  Gr.  arpoiToc,  not  to 
be  turned:  see  Atropa.]    Same  as  atropal. 


[<  atropin  + 

pret.  and  pp. 
[<  atropin  + 
Also 


atrous 

atrous  (a'tnis),  a.    [<  L.  ater,  black,  +  -oms.] 

Intensely  black.  [Bare.] 
atry  (a-tri'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [Appar. 

<a3  +  try:  see  try-sail.']  Naiit.,  with  the  sails 
so  arranged  that  the  bow  is  kept  to  the  sea : 
said  of  a  ship  in  a  gale. 

Atrypa  (a-tri'pa),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
Tpvna,  a  hole.]  A  genus  of  brachiopods,  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Atrypidw.    Dahnan,  1828. 

atrypid  (a-tri'pid),  n.  A  braehiopod  of  the 
family  Atrypkhe. 

Atrypidae  (a-trip'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Atrypa 
+  -idee.]    A  family  of  fossil  arthropomatous 


369 


Atrypa  reticzclaris. 
1.  Dorsal  valve  :  /,  hinge-plate.   2.  Ventral  valve  :  a,  impressions  of 
abductor  muse  es ;  c,  cardinal  muscle  ;      pedicle  muscle  ;  o.  ovarian 
-sinus;  a,  deltiamm. 

brachiopods  with  the  brachial  appendages  rigid 
and  spirally  coiled  toward  the  center  of  the 
shell,  and  completely  supported  by  spiral  la- 
mella?, the  valves  generally  subovate  or  tri- 
lobed,  the  foramen  beneath  a  produced  beak 
completed  by  a  deltidium,  and  the  shell-sub- 
stance fibrous  and  impunctate. 
Atta  (at'a),  11.  [NL.,  <  L.  Atta,  a  surname  for 
persons  who  walk  on  the  tips  of  their  shoes ; 
cf.  atta  =  Gr.  arra,  a  childish  word  for  father, 
used  familiarly  in  addressing  an  old  man.  Cf. 
Goth,  atta,  father.]  A  genus  of  hymenopterous 


Texas  Red  Ant  {^Atta fervens). 
a,  queen  ;  b,  worker. 

insects,  of  the  suborder  Seterogyna  and  family 

^pTirtf '^f'  ^"^"y  short  palps,  and 

the  heads  of  the  workers  are  thick.  A.  cephalotes  is  a 
West  Indian  species  called  the  visiting  ant,  and  A.feroens 
IS  the  red  ant  of  Texas.  >  » 

attaball,  n.    See  atabal. 

attac,  n.    See  adag. 

attacca  (at-tak'ka).  [It.,  impv.  of  attaccare, 
jom,  fasten,  tie,  =F.  attacher :  see  attach  and 
attaclc]  In  music,  begin !  a  direction  to  pro- 
ceed with  a  succeeding  movement  immediately 
without  pause.  ' 

attach  (a-tach'),  v.  [<  ME.  attachen,  atachen 
(only  m  the  legal  sense,  the  lit.  sense  being  of 
mod.  adoption),  <  OF.  atacher,  atacMer,  later  and 
mod.  F.  attacher  (also  without  assibilation  OF 
ataquer,  mod.  F.  attaquer,  >  E.  attack,  q.  v.)  (= 
Pr.  attacar=Sp.  Pg.  aiacar  =  lt.  attaccare:  see 
attacca),  fasten,  join,  lit.  tack  to,  <  a-  (<  L.  ad, 
to)  +  *«ac (not  found  in  OF.),  Genevese  tache  = 
bp.  Pg.  tacha  =  It.  tacca,  <  Bret,  tach,  a  nail,  = 
ix.  taca,  a  nail,  peg,  =  Gael,  tacaid,  a  nail,  tack, 
■etc. :  see  tack\  and  cf .  detach.]   I  trans  1  In 

itZ'J"  ^^S''^  authority.   („>  To  take  bodily; 

arrest  n  person :  now  applied  only  to  arrest  of  a  person 
•rJ.»/H  J-?''''''  *?  ?ns;^^er  for  a  contempt  of  court  or  dis- 
regard of  Its  mandate,  but  formerly  to  arrests  of  all  kinds : 
■with /or,  also  formerly  with  of. 

There  were  two  or  three  attached  for  the  same  robbery 
Latimer,  4th  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 
0/  capital  treason  I  attach  you  both. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  2. 
to  hpVpiH'vll''f^  P?"?""?!  property)  by  legal  warrant, 
h.,.  ^  i""^  ^h**  satisfaction  of  the  judgment  that  may 
be  rendered  in  a  suit.  See  attachment.  ^ 
2f.  To  lay  hold  of;  seize. 

Then,  homeward,  every  man  attach  the  hand 

Of  his  fair  mistress.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  3. 

3.  To  take,  seize,  or  lay  hold  on,  by  moral 
torce,  as  by  affection  or  interest;  fasten  or 
Oind  by  moral  influence;  win:  as,  his  kindness 
attached  us  all  to  him. 

.    ,  ,       .  Songs,  garlands,  flowers, 

And  charming  symphonies  attached  the  heart 

Adam.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  595. 

4.  To  tack  or  fix  to;  fasten  in  any  manner,  as 
one  thing  to  another,  by  either  natural  or  arti- 
neial  means;  bind;  tie;  cause  to  adhere. 

24 


The  next  group  consists  of  those  Rotifera  which  seldom 
or  never  attach  themselves  by  the  foot,  but  swim  freely 
through  the  water.  W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  45.S. 

Such  temperaments  .  .  .  attach  themselves,  like  bar- 
nacles, to  what  seems  permanent. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  fi7. 

5.  Figuratively,  to  connect;  associate:  as,  to 
attach  a  particular  significance  to  a  word. 

He  attaches  very  little  importance  to  the  invention  of 
guniiowder.  Macautaij,  Machiavelli. 

6.  To  join  to  or  with  in  action  or  function; 
connect  as  an  associate  or  adjunct ;  adjoin  for 
duty  or  companionship:  as,  an  officer  is  at- 
tached to  such  a  ship,  regiment,  battalion,  etc. ; 
onr  regiment  is  attached  to  the  1st  brigade ; 
this  man  is  attached  to  my  service  ;  he  attached 
himself  to  me  for  the  entire  journey.— Attached 

column  m  arch.,  same  as  engar/ed  cohmm  (wliich  see 
under  co?u»m).  =  Syn.  1,  To  seize,  distrain,  distress.- 3 
10  \vm  gain  over,  engage,  charm,  endear  one's  self  to' 
captivate.— 4.  Add,  Affix,  Annex,  etc.  See  add.— 5  To 
attribute. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  adhere ;  pertain,  as  a  qual- 
ity or  circumstance;  belong  or  be  incident: 
with  to. 

Tlie  fame  of  each  discovery  rightly  attaches  to  the  mind 
that  made  the  formula  which  contains  all  the  details,  and 
not  to  the  manufacturers  who  now  make  their  gain  by  it. 

Emerson,  Success. 

To  the  healthful  performance  of  each  function  of  mind 
or  body  attaches  a  pleasurable  feeling. 

H.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  92. 

2.  To  be  fixed  or  fastened ;  rest  as  an  appur- 
tenance :  with  on  or  upon. 

Blame  attached  upon  Lord  Aberdeen's  Cabinet  foryield- 
"ig.  Kinglake,  Crimea,  I.  491.    (A^.  E.  D.) 

3.  To  come  into  operation ;  take  or  have  effect. 

After  the  risk  [in  marine  insurance]  has  once  com- 
menced, the  whole  premium  is  earned,  even  though  the 
voyage  should  not  be  prosecuted.  ...  But  if  tlfe  risk 
should  not  commence  at  all,  or  in  technical  phrase,  if  the 
policy  should  not  attach,"  the  premium  must  be  returned 
to  the  assured.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  185. 

attacht  (a-tach'),  n.  [<  attach,  v.]  1.  An  at- 
tachment. 

I  am  made  the  unwilling  instrument 
Of  your  attach  and  apprehension. 

Heywood,  Woman  Killed  with  Kindness. 

3.  An  attack, 
attachable  ( a-tach 'a-bl),  a.    [<  attach  +  -able.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  attached,  legally  or  other- 
■wise ;  liable  to  be  taken  by  writ  or  precept.— 

2.  Capable  of  being  fastened  or  conjoined  as 
an  adjunct  or  attribute. 

attache  (a-ta-sha'),  n.  [F.,  prop.  pp.  of  at- 
tacher, attach:  see  attach.]  One  attached  to 
another,  as  a  part  of  his  suite  or  as  one  of  his 
attendants;  specifically,  one  attached  to  an 
embassy  or  a  legation  at  a  foreign  court. 

George  Gaunt  and  I  were  intimate  in  early  life  •  he  was 
my  junior  when  we  were  attaches  at  Pumpernickel  to- 
gether. Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xlvii. 

attachedly  (a-tach'ed-li),  adv.    With  attach- 
ment. [Bare.] 
attachment  (a-tach'ment),  n.     [<  ME.  attach- 
ment (in  sense  1),  <  attachen,  attach ;  in  other 
senses  <  F.  attachement,  <  attacher:  see  attach.] 
1.  The  act  of  attaching ;  specifically,  in  law,  a 
taking  of  the  person,  goods,  or  estate  by  a  writ 
or  precept  in  a  civil  action,  to  secure  a  debt  or 
demand,  or  to  compel  to  appear  in  court,  or  to 
punish  for  contempt.   In  American  usage,  attach- 
m^nt,  when  used  m  reference  to  property,  means  the  taking 
of  the  defendant's  property  into  custody  by  the  law  by  a 
summary  process  from  a  court,  in  advance  of  the  trial  of 
the  merits  of  the  case,  as  security  for  the  payment  of  any 
judgment  that  may  be  recovered.    The  grounds  of  "rant- 
ing it  are  usually  evidence  of  fraud  or  fraudulent  disposal 
ol  property,  or  apprehension  of  absconding,  etc.  When 
used  m  reference  to  the  person,  it  means  the  taking  of 
the  person  into  custody  to  answer  to  a  charge  of  contempt 
of  court.     Foreign  attachment  is  the  taking,  from  the 
hands  or  control  of  a  third  person  within  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  money  or  goods  or  rights  of  action  of  a  debtor 
who  IS  not  within  the  jurisdiction.    Any  person  who  has 
goods  or  effects  of  a  debtor  is  considered  in  law  as  the 
agent  attorney,  factor,  or  trustee  of  tlie  debtor;  and  an 
attachnient  served  on  such  person  binds  the  property  in 
his  hands  to  respond  to  the  judgment  .against  the  debtor 
Ihe  process  of  foreign  attachment  has  existed  from  time 
immemorial  in  London,  Bristol,  Exeter,  Lancaster,  and 
some  other  towns  in  England,  and  by  the  Common  Law 
Procedure  Act  of  1854  has  been  made  general.    It  is  also 
sometimes  known  as  garnishment,  in  Scotland  as  arrest- 
ment, and  m  New  England  as  trustee  process. 

2.  The  writ  or  process  directing  the  person  or 
estate  of  a  person  to  be  taken,  for  the  purposes 
above  stated.— 3.  The  act  or  state  of  being 
attached,  fastened  on,  or  connected.—  4  Close 
adherence  or  affection;  regard;  any  passion  or 
affection  that  binds  a  person  to  another  person 
or  to  a  thing. 

The  attachnu-nt  of  the  people  to  the  institutions  and  the 
l-ws  under  which  they  live  is  ...  at  once  the  strength 
the  glory,  and  the  safety  of  the  land. 

Gladstone,  Might  of  Right,  p.  276. 


attagen 


Cromwell  had  to  determine  whether  he  would  put  to 
hazard  the  attachment  of  his  party,  the  uttarhment  of  his 
army,  ...  to  save  a  prince  whom  no  ciigancmcnt  could 
Macaalay,  Jlist.  Eng.,  i. 
The  hereditary  attachments  of  those  kings  lEnglish)  lay 
in  Anjou  and  A(iuitaine  far  more  than  in  England  or  even 
111  Normandy.  B.  A.  Freeman,  Amur.  Lects.,  p.  159. 

5.  That  which  attaches  one  thing  to  another, 
or  a  person  to  an  object :  as.  the  attachments  of 
a  muscle;  tlw  attachments  ot  home. —  6.  That 
which  is  attached  to  a  principal  object ;  an  ad- 
junct: as,  the  ajolian  attachment  to  the  piano; 
an  attachment  to  a  sewing-machine. -.solian 
attachment.  See  jEoUani.—  Court  of  Attachments. 

hce  co«)  (.  =Syn.  4.  FredilectUni.  Agection.  See  iooc- 6 
Aiipeiulugc,  aijpurtenance,  addition. 

attachment-scre'W  (a-tach'ment-skro),  w.  A 
binding-screw, 
attack  (a-tak'),  V.  [Formerly  also  attacque,  at- 
taque;  <  F.  attaquer,  OF.  ataquer,  imassibilat- 
ed  form  (perhaps  <  Pr.  attacar  or  It.  attaccare) 
of  attacher,  join,  fasten:  see  attach.]    I.  tra7i.% 

1.  To  assault ;  fall  upon  with  force  ;  assail,  as 
with  force  and  arms ;  begin  hostilities  against. 

The  strong  tribe,  in  which  war  has  become  an  art  at- 
tack and  conquer  their  neighbors,  and  teach  them  their 
arts  and  virtues.  Emerson,  War. 

2.  To  endeavor  to  injure,  overthrow,  or  bring 
into  discredit  by  any  act  or  proposal,  or  by  un- 
friendly words  or  writing,  whether  by  satire, 
calunmy,  criticism,  or  argument:  as,  to  attack 
a  religious  belief  or  a  legislative  measure ;  to 
attack  a  man  or  his  opinions  in  a  newspaper. 

The  people's  interest  is  the  only  object  that  we  have 
any  right  whatever  to  consider  in  deciding  the  question 
whether  or  not  the  present  state  of  things  shall  be  sub^ 
mitted  to  or  attacked.  Brougham 

3.  To  make  an  onset  or  attempt  upon,  m  a  gen- 
eral sense  ;  begin  action  upon  or  in  regard  to  ; 
set  about  or  upon :  as,  to  attack  a  piece  of  work 
or  a  problem,  or  (humorously)  the  dinner.— 

4.  To  begin  to  affect;  come  or  fall  upon  ;  seize: 
said  of  diseases  and  other  destructive  agencies: 
as,  yesterday  he  was  attacked  by  fever;  caries 
attacked  the  bones  ;  locusts  attacked  the  crops. 
Specifically— 5.  In  chem.,  to  cause  to  decom- 
pose or  dissolve. 

The  bodies  are  of  a  siliceous  character,  for  they  are  not 
destroyed  by  ignition,  nor  attacked  by  hydrochloric  acid. 

Science,  VII.  218. 

r^^V.^--'^'''  "P"^'  ^"'^^  upon,  etc.  (see  assail),  assault 
beset,  besiege,  beleaguer,  charge  upon,  engage,  challenge' 
combat.- 2.  To  impugn,  criticize,  censure 

II.  intrans.  To  make  an  attack  or  onset: 
as,  the  enemy  attacked  -with  great  boldness. 

Those  that  attack  generally  get  the  victory. 

Ca7ie,  Campaigns. 

attack  (a-tak'),  n.  [=  F.  attaque;  from  the 
verb.]  1.  A  falling  on  with  force  or  violence, 
or  with  calumny,  satire,  or  criticism;  an  onset; 
an  assault. 

I  wish  that  he  [Mr.  Sumner]  may  know  the  shudder  of 
terror  which  ran  through  all  this  community  on  the  first 
tidings  of  this  brutal  attack. 

Emerson,  Assault  upon  Mr.  Sumner. 

2.  Battle  generally ;  fight.    [Rare.]  , 
„,  Long  time  in  even  scale 
The  battel  hung  ;  till  Satan,  . 
.  .  .  ranging  through  the  dire  attack,  .  . 
Saw  wliere  the  sword  of  Michael  smote,  and  fell'd 
Squadrons  at  once.  Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  248. 

3.  An  onset  of  any  kind  ;  the  initial  movement 
m  any  active  proceeding  or  contest,  as  a  game 
ot  chess,  cricket,  etc.;  in  music,  specifically, 
the  act  (with  reference  to  the  manner)  of  be- 
gmnmg  a  piece,  passage,  or  phrase,  especially 
by  an  orchestra.- 4.  The  aggressive  part  of 
the  art  of  fencing :  opposed  to  defense. 

Attacks  are  made  in  three  ways  :- first,  by  a  quick 
thrust  proceeding  merely  from  the  wrist,  the  arm  at  the 
same  time  being  elevated  and  advanced,  with  the  point 
directed  towards  the  adversary's  breast;  secondly  by 
what  IS  technically  called  an  extension;  and  lastly  by 
longeing  and  recovering.  Encyc.  Brit.,  IX.  70. 

5.  A  seizure  by  a  disease ;  the  onset  of  a  dis- 
ease.—Attack  of  a  siege,  an  assault  upon  an  enemy's 
held  or  permanent  fortifications,  by  means  of  parallels 
galleries,  saps,  trenches,  mines,  enfilading-,  counter-  or 
breachiiig-batteries,  or  by  storming  ijaities.  — To  deliver 
an  attack.  See  delicerl.^^  Syn.  1.  Chamc,  ()n.-<l<nii,ht,  etc. 
See  omct.  ' 

attackable  (a-tak'a-bl),  a.  [<  attack  +  -able; 
=  F.  attaquuble.]  Capable  of  being  attacked : 
assailable. 

attacker  (a-tak'er),  n.  One  who  attacks  or 
assaults ;  an  assailant, 
attagas  (at'a-gas),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  arrayag,  a 
bird  described  as  of  a  reddish  color  and  spotted 
on  the  back ;  prob.  a  kind  of  partridge.  See 
attagrn.]  Same  as  attagen. 
attagen  (at'a-jen),  n.  [L.,  also  atiaffcna,  <  Gr. 
aTTayi/v,  also  arTayt/c,  a  bird  (appar.  different 
from  the  arrayag),  prob.  a  kind  of  grouse,  the 
franeolin,  classed  with  the  partridge,  pheasant, 


attagen 

etc.]  1.  Properly,  the  common  partridge  of 
Europe,  now  known  as  Perdix  ciiierca. —  2.  A 
name  given  to  various  other  European  birds. 
(a)  llsed  iniiiserimiuately  by  early  writers  for  sundry  gal- 
linaceous birds  of  Europe,  as  grouse,  ptariuisan,  par- 
tridges, francolins,  Pterocles  alchata,  etc.  (6)  "Used  by 
Moehriug,  1752,  for  the  frigate-bird  or  man-of-war  bird, 
Tachi/petes  aqiUla,  and  adopted  by  G.  R.  Gray,  1871,  in  the 
spelling  Atagen,  as  the  generic  name  of  "these  birds : 
whence  Atagenince  (Gray)  as  a  subfamily  name,  (c)  [cap.] 
[NL.]  Made  by  Brissou  in  1700  an  indetenninulile  genus 
of  grouse,  including,  besides  Eurupeaii  species,  iv<i>  North 
American  birds  called  Attagen  anirrica na  and  Attanni 
penxilmnue.  (d)  Applied  by  Cuvier  (1817)  tn  the  sund- 
grouse  of  the  genus  Si/rrhaptes  (Illiger,  1811),  the  only 
species  of  which  known  to  Cuvier  was  Pallas 's  sand-gronse, 
S.  paradoxus,  a  bird  of  the  suborder  Pterocletes.  \e)  Ap- 
plied by  Gloger  in  1842  to  the  francolins,  of  which  Perdix 
/rancuiinus  (Linnseus),  now  Francolinus  vtilgaris,  of  Eu- 
rope, etc.,  is  the  type. 
Also  atagen,  attagas,  atagas. 
Attageninae  (at  -  a-je-ni'ne)",  n.iil.  [NL.,  <  Atta- 
gen, 2  (b),  +  -imv.  Atu<iciiiii(v  is  the  form  used 
by  Gray.]  In  G.  R.  Gray's  system  of  classifica- 
tion (1871),  a  subfamily  of  totipalmate  birds, 
named  from  Moehring's  genus  Attagen  (1752), 
equivalent  to  the  family  Tachypetidw  of  authors 
in  general;  the  frigate-birds  or  man-of-war 
birds.  See  Tachypetidw. 
attaghant,  »•  Same  as  ijataglian. 
attain  (a-tan'),  v.  [<  ME.  attainen,  atteinen, 
atainen,  ateinen,  etc.,  <  OF.  ataindre,  aieindre 
(ataign-,  ateign-),  F.  atteindre  =  Pr.  ateigner, 
atenher  =  lt.  attignere,  attingere,  attain,  <  L.  at- 
tingere,  touch  upon,  attain,  <  ad,  to,  -1-  tangere, 
touch:  see  tangent.  Cf.  attainder  and  attaint.~\ 
I,  trans.  If.  To  touch;  strike;  hit.— 2t.  To 
touch  upon;  mention. —  Sf.  To  convict;  con- 
demn. Compare  attaint,  v.,  3-5. — 4.  To  come 
so  near  as  to  touch;  reach,  achieve,  or  accom- 
plish (an  end  or  object)  by  continued  effort; 
come  into  possession  of ;  acquire;  gain. 
Ends  we  seek  we  never  shall  attain. 

M.  Arnold,  Self-Deception. 

5.  To  come  to  or  arrive  at  (a  place) ;  reach  (a 
place,  time,  or  state). 

Canaan  he  now  attains.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  135. 

He  has  scarce  attained  the  age  of  thirty. 

Goldsmith,  Vicar,  iii. 

6.  To  reach  in  excellence  or  degree ;  equal. 
So  the  first  precedent,  if  it  be  good,  is  seldom  attained 

by  imitation.  Bacon. 

7t.  To  overtake;  come  up  with:  as,  "not  at- 
taining him  in  time,"  Bacon. — Sf.  To  come  to 
know;  experience.  Chaucer.  =syn.  Attain,  Ob- 
tain, Procure,  reach,  achieve,  get  possession  of,  carry. 
(See  lists  under  acquire  and  accomplish ;  also  note  under 
attainable.)  Attain  involves  the  idea  of  considerable  ef- 
fort, while  obtain  does  not  necessarily  imply  effort  at  all, 
and  procure  only  a  small  degree  of  it :  thus,  we  may  ob- 
tain property  by  inheritance,  we  may  procure  a  book  by 
purchase,  but  we  can  attain  an  end  only  by  exertion. 
Attain  generally  has  higher  or  more  abstract  objects  than 
obtain  or  procure:  as,  to  obtain  an  office  or  a  patent;  to 
procure  a  chair;  to  attain  enjinence;  attain  one's  end. 
In  these  eases  it  would  be  ludicrous  to  use  attain  in  place 
of  obtain  or  procure. 

^The  Khans,  or  story-tellers  in  Ispahan,  attain  a  control- 
hng  power  over  their  audience,  keeping  them  for  many 
hours  attentive  to  the  most  fanciful  and  extravagant  ad- 
ventures. Ernerson,  Eloquence. 
Some  pray  for  riches ;  riches  they  obtain ; 
But,  watch'd  by  robbers,  for  their  wealth  are  slain. 

Dry  den.  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  424. 
Have  you  a  catalogue 
Of  all  the  voices  that  we  have  procur'd, 
Set  down  by  the  poll?  Shale,  Cor.,  iii.  3. 

II,  intrans.  1.  To  reach ;  come  or  arrive  by 
motion,  bodily  or  mental  exertion,  or  efforts  of 
any  kind:  followed  by  to  or  unto. 

Such  knowledge  is  too  wonderful  for  me  ;  it  is  high ;  I 
can  not  attain  unto  it.  Ps.  cxxxix.  6. 

2t.  To  pertain ;  have  relation.  Chaucer. 
attaint  (a-tan'),  n.    [<  attain,  v.}  Something 

attained.  Glanville. 
attainability  (a-ta-na-bil'i-ti),  n.    [<  attaina- 
ble:  see  -bility.y  Attainab'ieness.  Coleridge. 
attainable  (a-ta'na-bl),  a.    [<  attain  -I-  -able.} 
Capable  of  being  attained. 
He  [Plato]  quits  the  normal  for  the  attainable. 

De  Quincey,  Plato. 

All  that  is  said  of  the  wise  man  by  Stoic,  or  oriental  or 
modern  essayist,  describes  to  each  reader  his  own  idea, 
his  unatt^ined  but  attainable  self.  Emerson,  History. 
[Attainable  was  formerly  sometimes  used  where  obtainable 
or  procurable  would  now  be  preferred,  as  in  the  follow- 
ing passages : 

The  kind  and  quality  of  food  and  liquor,  the  species  of 
habitation,  furniture,  and  clothing,  to  which  the  common 
people  of  each  country  are  habituated,  must  be  attainable 
with  ease  and  certainty.  Paleg. 

General  Howe  would  not  permit  them  [clothes  and 
blankets)  to  be  purchased  in  Philadelphia,  and  they  were 
not  attainable  in  the  country. 

Marshall,  Life  of  Washington.] 
=Syn.  Practicable,  feasible,  possible,  within  reach. 


370 

attainableness  (a-ta'na-bl-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  attainable." 

attainder  (a-tan'der),  w.  [<  late  ME,  attayn- 
dcrc,  <  OF.  ataindre,  atcindre,  attain,  toiich 
upon,  affect,  accuse,  attack,  attaint,  convict; 
the  inf.  used  as  a  noun.  The  idea  of  taint, 
stain,  or  corruption  has  been  erroneously  con- 
nected with  this  word:  see  attaint.']  1.  Theact 
of  attainting,  or  the  state  of  being  attainted ; 
the  legal  consequence  of  judgment  of  death  or 
outlawry  pronounced  in  respect  of  treason  or 
felony:  as,  a  bill  of  attainder;  to  remove  an 

attainder.  The  consequence  by  the  common  law  in- 
cluded forfeiture  of  lands,  tenements,  and  heredita- 
ments, incapability  of  suinu  in  a  c.iurt  of  justice,  or  of 
performing;  any  of  the  duties  or  enjoying  any  of  the  priv- 
ileges of  a  free  citizen,  and  "corruption  of  blood,"  render- 
ing the  person  affected  incapable  of  inheriting  property 
or  transmitting  it  to  heirs. 

An  act  oi  attainder  was  carried  against  him,  as  one  who 
had  been  indicted  for  piracy  and  murder,  and  had  fled 
from  justice.  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  188. 

2.  A  bringing  imder  some  disgrace,  stain,  or 
imputation ;  the  state  of  being  in  dishonor. 

So  to  the  laws  at  large  I  write  my  name : 
And  he  that  breaks  them  in  the  least  degree 
Stands  in  attainder  of  eternal  shame. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  i.  1. 

attaindryt,  «.    .An  obsolete  foi-m  of  attainder. 
attainduret,  ".    [A  mixtm-e  of  attainder  and 
atluinture.]    An  obsolete  form  of  attainder. 
attainment  (a-tan'ment),      [<  attain  +  -ment.'] 

1.  The  act  of  attaining;  the  act  of  arriving  at 
or  reacliing ;  the  act  of  obtaining  by  exertion 
or  effort. 

The  attainment  of  every  desired  object. 

Sir  W.  Jones,  Hit6pad^sa. 

2.  That  which  is  attained,  or  obtained  by  ex- 
ertion; aeqmsition;  acquirement. 

Formerly  the  natural  impulse  of  every  man  was,  spon- 
taneously to  use  the  language  of  life  ;  the  language  of 
books  was  a  secondary  attainment  not  made  without 
effort.  De  Quincey,  Style,  i. 

Smatterers,  whose  attainments  just  suffice  to  elevate 
them  from  the  insignificance  of  dunces  to  the  dignity  of 
lucres.  Macaulay,  Mill  on  Government. 

=  Syn.  2.  Acquirements,  Acquisitions,  etc.  See  acquire- 
ment. 

attainort,  «.  [<  attain  +  -or,  after  AF.  attei- 
gnour.']  One  of  the  jurors  in  the  process  called 
attaint  (which  see). 

attaint  (a-tanf),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  ataijnten,  ateyn- 
ten,  atteintcn,  etc.,  an  inf.  due  to  aiaynt,  atteint, 
pp.  of  ataynen,  etc.,  after  OF.  ateint,  pp.  of  atein- 
dre:  see  attain  and  attainder.  Later  errone- 
ously associated  with  taint,  stain,  corruption, 
to  which  some  of  the  senses  are  due.]  If.  To 
touch;  hit  in  tilting. — 2t.  To  attain;  ascertain. 
—  3t.  To  convict  (a  jury)  of  having  given  a 
false  verdict. —  4.  To  affect  with  attainder; 
pass  judgment  on,  as  on  one  foimd  guilty  of 
a  crime,  as  felony  or  treason,  involving  for- 
feiture of  civil  privileges. 

I  dare  undertake,  that  at  this  day  there  are  more  at- 
taynted  landes,  concealed  from  her  Majestic,  then  she 
hath  now  possessions  in  all  Ireland. 

Spenser,  Present  State  of  Ireland. 
I  must  offend  before  I  be  attainted. 

Shah.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  4. 
No  attainder  of  treason  shall  work  corruption  of  blood, 
or  forfeiture  except  during  the  life  of  the  person  attainted. 

Constitution  of  (J.  S.,  iii.  3. 

5t.  To  accuse:  with  of:  as,  to  attaint  a  person 
of  sorcery. 
He  was  attainted  .  .  .  o/high  treason. 

Goldsmith,  Bolingbroke. 
6t.  To  affect  with  any  passion  or  emotion. 

This  noble  woman  .  .  .  attainted  with  extreme  sorrow. 

Uistoria  Anglica  (trans.). 

7.  To  taint;  disgrace;  cloud  with  infamy; 
stain;  corrupt. 

Lest  she  with  blame  her  honour  should  attaint. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  i.  5. 
That  the  pleasure  is  of  an  inferior  order,  can  no  more 
attaint  the  idea  or  model  of  the  composition,  than  it  can 
impeach  the  excellence  of  an  epigram  that  it  is  not  a 
tragedy.  De  Quincey,  Rhetoric. 

attaintt  (a-tanf),  J),  a.  [The  older  pp.  of  at- 
taint, v.]  1.  Attainted;  convicted. —  2.  Taint- 
ed; corrupted;  infected;  attacked. 

My  tender  youth  was  never  yet  attaint 
With  any  passion.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  5. 

AuterfoitS  attaint.    See  auterfoits. 
attaint  (a-tanf),  n.     [<  attaint,  v.']    If.  The 
act  of  touching  or  hitting ;  specifically,  in  tilt- 
ing, a  hit.  [Archaic] 

"You,  reverend  sir,"  said  the  knight,  "have  in  the  en- 
counter of  our  wits  made  a  fair  attaint." 

Scott,  Monastery,  I.  xvi. 
2.  A  blow  or  wound  on  the  leg  of  a  horse  caused 
by  overreaching. —  3.  An  ancient  legal  process 


attask 

instituted  for  reversing  a  false  verdict  given  by 
a  jury ;  conviction  of  a  jury  for  giving  such  a 
verdict.— 4.  In  old  latv:  (a)  A  conviction,  (b) 
Impeachment.— 5t.  Infection;  injurious  or  del- 
eterious action. 

The  man-ow-eating  sickness,  whose  attaint 
Disorder  breeds.  Shak.,  V.  and  A.,  1.  741. 

6.  Attainder. 

It  was  a  point  of  honour  with  his  [Bismarck's]  Govern- 
ment that  the  captive  royalists  sliould  at  every  cost  al- 
most be  set  free,  without  attaint  of  life  or  fortuiie. 

Lotve,  Bismarck,  I.  220. 

7t.  A  stain,  spot,  or  taint ;  hence,  a  disgrace ; 
an  imputation  involving  dishonor. 

What  simple  thief  brags  of  his  own  attaint  ? 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iii.  2. 
attaintmentt  (a-tanf  ment),  n.    [<  attaint  + 
-want.]    The  act  or  state  of  being  attainted  or 
affected  with  attainder;   coimction;  aiTest; 
impeachment. 

When  this  man  was  attainted  there,  and  they  had  lib- 
erty to  say  nay  to  his  attaintment  if  they  would,  sure  I  an* 
tlie  most  allowed  it,  and  else  it  would  not  have  gone  for- 
ward. Latimer,  (juoted  in  Dixon's  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  xv. 

attainturet  (a-tan'tur),  n.    [<  attaint  +  -ure.'\ 

1.  ^sime  &s  attaintment. 
Her  attainture  will  be  Humphrey's  fall. 

■     Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  i.  2. 

2.  Imputation;  stain. 

Without  the  least  attainture  of  your  valour. 

Chapman,  Byron's  Tragedy,  iii.  1. 
attaket,  v.  t.    See  atahe. 
attal  (af  al),_«.    Same  as  attle'^. 
Attalea  (a-ta'le-a),  n.    [NL.,  named  with  allu- 
sion to  tiie  beauty  of  the  trees,  <  L.  Attains,  < 
Gr.  'iVrroAof ,  Attains,  the  name  of  three  kings  of 
Pergamum;  Attains  I.  and  II.  were  noted  for 
their  wealth  and  liberality.  ]  A  genus  of  palms, 
allied  to  the  cocoanut,  natives  of  tropical 
America,  and  distinguished  by  the  fact  that 
the  nut  contains  three  cells,  each  inclosing  a 

single  seed.  There  are  about  20  species.  The  nuts, 
which  hang  in  great  clusters,  are  egg-shaped,  with  a  very 
haril  and  thick  pericarp  inclosing  the  edible  oily  kernels. 
The  pinnate  leaves  are  very  large,  and  are  often  used  for 
thatching  and  other  purposes.  The  fibers  of  the  leaf- 
stalks of  A.  funi.fera  are  made  into  ropes  and  brooms. 
The  seeds  are  nuts  called  coiinilla -nuts ;  they  are  3  or  4 
inches  long,  brown  in  color,  hard,  and  of  sufficient  thick- 
ness to  be  turned  into  door-handles,  small  cups,  etc.  The 
cohune  palm,  A.  Cohune,  is  the  largest  palm  that  is  found 
in  Guatemala  and  Honduras. 

attalica  (a-tal'i-ka),  n.  pi.    [L.,  neut.  pi.  of  • 

Attalicus,  <  Attains,  <  Gr.  'iVrraAof.]    Cloth  of 
gold :  a  name  derived  from  its  supposed  intro- 
duction under  King  Attalus  of  Pergamimi. 
attaman  (af  a-man),  n.    Same  as  hetman. 
attameH  (a-tam'),  v.  t.    [<  at-  +  tame,  v.]  To 
tame;  overcome.  Sylvester.' 
attame'^^t,  v.  t.    [<  ME.  attamen,  atamen,  open, 
broach,  begin,  injure,  <  LL.  attaminare,  touch, 
attack,  dishonor, <  L.  ad,  to,  -t-  *taminare,  touch: 
see  contaminate]    1.  To  broach  or  open  (a 
cask,  etc.).    Chaucer. —  2.  To  begin;  venture 
upon;  undertake. 

Ryght  anon  his  tale  he  hath  attamed. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Nun's  Pi-iest's  Tale,  1.  52. 

attaminatet  (a-tam'i-nat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  attami- 
natus,  pp.  of  attaminare,  contaminate:  see  at- 
tame^.]  To  contaminate.  Blount. 
attap  (af  ap),  n.  [Native  name ;  also  wi-itten 
atap  and  adap.]  The  yipafruticans,  a  nearly 
stemless  palm  of  the  tidal  forests  of  the  East 
Indian  archipelago,  its  smooth  pinnate  leaves  are 
from  15  to  30  feet  long,  very  thick  and  strong,  and  are  ex- 
tensively used  for  thatching. 

The  roof  is  thatched  with  the  common  Buttam  attaps 
in  the  same  way  as  Malay  houses. 

Jour.  Anthrop.  Inst.,  XV.  293. 

attaquet,  v.  and  n.  A  former  spelling  of  attack. 
attar  (afar),  n.  [Also  written  atar,  ottar,  and 
otto;  <  Pers.  'atar,  Hind,  atr,  <  Ar.  'itr,  fra- 
grance, perfume,  esp.  of  roses  (Pers.  'atar-gul, 
attar  of  roses),  <  'atara,  smell  sweet.]  In  the 
East  Indies,  a  general  term  for  a  perfume 

from  flowers.  In  Europe  it  generally  denotes  only 
the  attar  or  otto  of  roses,  an  essential  oil  made  in  Turkey 
and  various  other  eastern  countries,  chiefly  from  the 
damask  I'ose,  Bosa  Damascena.  The  yield  is  very  small, 
150  pounds  of  rose-leaves  yielding  less  than  an  ounce  of 
attai-.  The  principal  source  of  tlie  attar  of  commerce  is 
in  the  viciidty  of  Kazanlik,  on  the  southern  side  of  the 
Balkan  mountains,  in  Eastern  Rumelia.  The  pure  oil 
solidilies  at  a  temperature  between  eO°  and  65°  F.  It  is  a 
well-known  perfume,  but  the  odor  is  agreeable  only  when 
diffused,  being  too  powerful  when  it  is  concentrated.  It 
is  largely  used-  in  the  scenting  of  snuff.  Also  written  ot- 
tar, otto. 

attaskf(a-task'),  t).      {_<  at- +  taslc.]  To  task; 
tax;  reprove;  blame. 

You  are  nmch  more  attask'd  for  want  of  wisdom. 
Than  prais'd  for  harmful  mildness.    Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 


attaste 

attastef,  v.    [ME,  ataste,  <  OF.  ataster,  taste,  < 
a-  (L.  ad)  +  taster,  taste :  see  taste.l    I,  trans. 
To  taste.  Chaucer. 
H.  intrans.  To  taste  (of). 

Ye  shullen  a«as<e  both  thowe  and  shee 
Of  thilke  water.  Lydgate. 
attef.    Middle  English  assimilation  of  at  the. 
Chancer. 

Attelabidse  (at-e-lab'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  At- 

telabus  +  -idw.^  A  family  of  rhynchophorous 
beetles.    See  Attelahince. 

Attelabinae  (at"e-la-bi'ne),  n.  pi.  [NXi.,  <  Atte- 
lahus  +  -inw.']  A  subfamily  of  CurcuUonidw, 
typified  by  the  genus  Attelabiis,  containing 
•weevUs  with  the  abdomen  alike  in  both  sexes, 
the  mandibles  pincer-like,  the  elytra  without  a 
fold  on  the  inner  surface,  and  no  labium.  The 
gi'oup  is  sometimes  raised  to  the  rank  of  a 
family  under  the  name  Attelahidce. 

Attelabus  (a-tel'a-bus),  n.  [L.,<  Gr.  aTTs?ia[3oc, 
Ionic  CLTTeTiEfiog,  a  kind  of  locust  without  wings.] 
A  genus  of  weevils,  typical  of  the  family  4  «eZa- 
bidCB.  A.  rhois  is  a  reddish  pubescent  species  with  a 
short  proboscis,  infesting  the  hazel  in  the  northeastern 
parts  of  the  United  States. 

attemper  (a-tem'per),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  attempren, 
atempren,  <  OF.  atemprer,  <  L.  attemperare,  fit, 
adjust,  accommodate,  <  ad,  to,  +  temperare, 
control,  moderate,  temper:  see  temper,  v.'\  1. 
To  reduce,  modify,  or  moderate  by  mixture :  asj 
to  attemper  spirits  by  diluting  them  with  water. 
Nobility  attempers  sovereignty.  Bacon. 

2.  To  soften,  mollify,  or  moderate:  as,  to  at- 
temper justice  with  clemency. 

Those  smiling  eyes  attemp'ring  every  ray. 

Pope,  Eloisa  to  Abelard,  1.  63. 
Those  [influences]  which,  in  older  and  more  normally 
constituted  communities,  modify  and  attemper  Mammon- 
worship.  The  American,  IV.  65. 

3.  To  mix  in  just  proportion;  regulate. 

God  hath  so  attempered  the  blood  and  bodies  of  fishes. 

Ray,  Works  of  Creation. 
Pure  of  blame. 
In  praise  and  in  dispraise  the  same, 
A  man  of  we\l-attemper'd  frame. 

Tennyson,  Duke  of  Wellington. 

4.  To  accommodate ;  fit  or  make  suitable. 
The  joyous  blrdes,  shrouded  in  chearefull  shade. 
Their  notes  unto  the  voice  attempred  sweet. 

A  *    «  ,  *  .r,  ,         Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xii.  71. 

Arts  attempered  to  the  lyre.  Pope. 

[In  all  its  uses  nearly  obsolete,  temper  being  generally 
used.] 

attemperament  (a-tem'per-a-ment),  n.  A  tem- 
pering or  mixing  in  due  proportions.  Also  at- 
temperment. 

attemperancet  (a-tem'per-ans),  n.  [<  ME.  at- 
temperaunce,  <  OP.  atemprdnce,  <  atemprer,  at- 
temper.   Cf.  temperance.^  Temperance. 

attemperate  (a-tem'per-at),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  attemperated,  ppr.  attemperating.    [<  L. 
attemperatus,  pp.  of  attemperare,  attemper:  see 
attemper.;}    If.  To  attemper ;  regulate. 
If  any  one  do  .  .  .  attemperate  his  actions  accordingly. 

Barrow,  Math.  Lectures,  iv. 
2.  In  brewing  and  distilling,  to  regulate  the 
temperature  of,  as  the  wort. 

attemperatet  (a-tem'per-at),  p.  a.  [<  L.  af- 
tewiperaiMs,  pp.:  see  theverb.]  1.  Tempered; 
proportioned;  suited. 

Hope  must  be  proportioned  and  attemperate  to  the 
promise.  Hammond,  Pract.  Catechism. 

2.  Moderate;  equable;  mild:  appUed  to  cU- 
mate. 

attemperation  (a-tem-pe-ra'shon),  n.  [<  at- 
temperate, V.']  It.  The  act  of  attempering, 
regulating,  adjusting,  or  accommodating.  Ba- 
con.—2.  The  act  of  regulating  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  wort  in  brewing  and  distilling. 

attemperator  (a-tem'per-a-tor),  n.  [<  attempe- 
rate, v.,  +  -or.]  In  brewing  and  distilling,  a 
contrivance  for  regulating  the  temperature  of 
the  wort  during  the  progress  of  fermentation. 

attemper lyt,  adv.    See  attemprely. 

attemperment  (a-tem'per-ment),  n.    [<  attem- 
per +  -ment.']    Same  as  attemperament. 

attempret,  a.    [ME.,  also  atempre,  <  OF.  atem- 
pre,  pp.  of  atemprer,  attemper:  see  attemper.'] 
Temperate. 
Attempre  diete  was  all  hire  physike.  Chaucer. 

attemprelyt,  adv.  [ME.,  also  attemperly,  <  at- 
tempre -\-  -hj,  -ly2.]  In  a  temperate  manner. 
Chaucer. 

attempt  (a-tempf),  V.  t.  [<  OF.  atempter,  at- 
tenter,  mod.  F.  attenter  =  Pr.  attentar  =  Sp. 
atentar  =  Pg.  atten  tar  =  It.  attentare,  <  L.  aU 
temptare,  more  correctly  attentare,  try,  solicit, 
<  ad,  to,  +  temptare,  more  correctly  tentare,  try: 


371 

see  tempt.}  1.  To  make  an  effort  to  effect  or 
do;  endeavor  to  perform;  undertake;  essay: 
as,  to  attempt  a  bold  flight. 

The  wise  and  prudent  vonquer  difficulties  by  daring  to 
attempt  them.  Rowe. 
Something  attempted,  something  done, 
Has  earned  a  night's  repose. 

Longfelloiv,  Village  Blacksmith. 
2.  To  venture  upon:  as,  to  attempt  the  sea.— 
3t.  To  make  trial  of ;  prove  ;  test :  as,  "  well- 
attempted  plate,"  Fairfax.— To  try  with  af- 
flictions. Jer.  Taylor.— 5i.  To  endeavor  to  ob- 
tain or  attract. 
This  man  of  thine  attempts  her  love. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  i.  1. 

6.  To  try  to  win  or  seduce ;  tempt ;  entice. 
He  will  never  .  .  .  attempt  us  again. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  2. 
It  made  the  laughter  of  an  afternoon, 
That  Vivien  should  attempt  the  blameless  king. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

7.  To  attack ;  make  an  effort  against ;  assail : 
as,  to  attempt  the  enemy's  camp ;  to  attempt  a 
person's  life. 

.       , Muster 
Our  soldiers  up  ;  we'll  stand  upon  our  guard  : 
For  we  shall  be  attempted. 

Beau,  and  PL,  Thierry  and  Theodoret,  i.  2. 
Calumny  never  dared  to  suspect  her  morals,  or  attempt 
her  character.  Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  3. 

=  Syn.  1.  Attempt,  Essay,  Undertake,  Endeavor,  Strive 
Struggle,  seek,  aim.  The  italicized  words  agree  in  express- 
ing the  beginning  of  a  task,  physical  or  intellectual,  which 
IS  difficult  and  often  impossible.  They  are  arranged  in  the 
order  of  strength.  Attempt  is  to  try  with  some  effort 
Essay  is  sometimes  to  try  in  order  to  see  if  a  thing  can  be 
done  or  attained,  and  sometimes  simply  to  attempt :  as 
"which  the  Egyptians  assayiiig  to  do  were  drowned  ''' 
Heb.  XI.  29.  Undertake  is,  literally,  to  take  a  task  upon 
one  s  self,  perhaps  formally,  and  hence  to  go  about  a  task 
with  care  and  effort.  Endeavor  is  to  try  with  more  ear- 
nestness, labor,  or  exertion.  Strive  is  to  work  hard  and 
earnestly,  doing  one's  best.  Struggle  is  to  tax  one's  powers 
to  the  extent  of  fatigue,  pain,  or  exhaustion.  The  first 
three  words  are  more  appropriate  for  a  single  effort,  the 
other  three  for  continuous  or  continual  efforts. 


None  are  very  violent  against  it  [writing  plays  in  verse] 
but  those  who  either  have  not  attempted  it,  or  who  have 
succeeded  ill  in  their  attempt. 

Dryden,  Ded.  of  Ess.  on  Dram.  Poesy. 
Instinct  led  him  [Tennyson]  to  construct  his  machinery 
before  essayi7ig  to  build.      Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  155. 
I  will  .  .  .  undertake  one  of  Hercules'  labours. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  1. 
In  what  I  did  endeavour,  it  is  no  vanity  to  say  I  have 
succeeded.  Dryden,  Annus  Mirabilis. 

A  certain  truth  possesses  us,  which  we  in  all  ways  strive 
to  utter.  Emerson,  Clubs. 

0  limed  soul,  that,  struggling  to  be  free 
Art  more  engag'd!  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  3. 

attempt  (a-tempf),  n.  [<  attempt,  ».]  1.  A 
putting  forth  of  effort  in  the  performance  or 
accomplishment  of  that  which  is  difficult  or  un- 
certain; essay,  trial,  or  endeavor;  effort. 

The  attempt,  and  not  the  deed, 
Confounds  us.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  2. 

By  his  blindness  malm'd  for  high  attempts. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1221. 

2.  An  effort  to  accomplish  something  by  force 
or  violence  ;  an  attack  or  assault :  as,  an  attempt 
upon  one's  life. 

Foreign  attempts  against  a  state  and  kingdom 
Are  seldom  without  some  great  friends  at  home. 

Ford,  Perkin  Warbeck,  i.  1 

3t.  Temptation. 

To  avoid 

The  attempt  itself  intended  by  our  foe. 
For  he  who  tempts,  though  in  vain,  at  least  asperses 
The  tempted  with  dishonour  foul.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  295. 

4.  In  law,  an  act  done  in  part  execution  of  a 
design  to  commit  a  crime.  Judge  May.  Mere 
solicitation  or  preparation,  without  a  step  taken  toward 
the  actual  commission,  is  not  a  criminal  attempf.  =  Sya 
Undertaking,  effort,  endeavor,  enterprise,  experiment. 

attemptability  (a-temp-ta-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  at- 
temptable :  see  -bility.}  1"  The  quality  of  be- 
mg  attemptable.—  2.  A  thing  that  may  be  at- 
tempted. [Rare.] 

.Short  way  ahead  of  us  it  is  all  dim  ;  an  unwound  skein 
of  possibilities,  of  apprehensions,  attemptabilities  vague- 
looming  hopes.  Carlyle,  Heroes  (1858),  p.  35. 

attemptable  (a-temp'ta-bl),  a.  [<  attempt  + 
-able.}  Capable  of  being  attempted,  tried,  or 
attacked ;  likely  to  yield  to  an  attempt  or  at- 
tack. 


attendance 

For  the  better  defense  of  his  highness's  loving  subjects 
in  the  same  shires  in  case  of  any  invasion  or  other  attemv- 
tate  by  foreign  enemies. 

Somerset,  (iiioted  in  Ui.xon's  Hist.  Church  of  Eng. ,  xv. ,  note. 

attempter  (a-temp'ter),  n.  1.  One  who  at- 
tempts, tries,  or  endeavors.— 2.  One  who  at- 
tacks or  assails ;  an  assailant. 

Against  the  attempter  of  thy  Father's  throne, 
o ,     A  i         .  , , ,  Milton,  P.  R.,  iv.  603. 

of.  A  tempter.  Milton. 
attemptive  (a-temp'tiv),  a.    [<  attempt  +  -ive.} 
Keady  to  attempt;  enterprising;  venturous. 
Daniel. 

attend  (a-tend'),  V.  [<  OP.  atendre,  P.  attendre, 
wait,  reflex,  expect,  —  Sp.  atender  =  Pg.  atten- 
der  =  It.  attendere,  <  L.  attendere,  stretch  to- 
ward, give  heed  to,  <  ad,  to,  -f-  tendere,  stretch: 
see  tend,  and  cf.  attempt.}  I.  tran.f.  1.  To  fix 
the  mind  upon  ;  listen  to ;  have  regard  or  pay 
heed  to  ;  consider.    [Archaic.    See  II.,  1.] 

The  diligent  pilot  .  .  .  doth  not  attend  the  unskilful 
words  of  a  passenger.  sir  P.  Sidney. 

The  crow  doth  sing  as  sweetly  as  the  lark 
When  neither  is  attended.         Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  v.  1. 
Their  hunger  thus  appeased,  their  care  attends 
The  doubtful  fortune  of  their  absent  friends. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  accompany  or  be  present  with,  as  a  com- 
panion, minister,  or  servant,  or  for  the  fulfil- 
ment of  any  duty ;  wait  upon. 

The  flft  had  charge  sick  persons  to  attend. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  x.  41. 
Let  one  attend  him  with  a  silver  bason. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  i. 
You  shall  have  men  and  horses  to  attend  you, 
And  money  in  your  purse. 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  ii.  3. 

3.  To  be  present  at  or  in  for  purposes  of  duty, 
business,  curiosity,  pleasure,  etc. :  as,  to  attend 
a  meeting.— 4.  To  accompany  or  follow  in  im- 
mediate sequence,  especially  with  a  causal  con- 
nection: said  of  things :  aa,  a,  cold  attended  with 
fever;  a  measure  attended  with  bad  results. 

A  correspondent  revolution  in  things  will  attend  the 
uiHux  of  the  spirit.  Emerson,  Nature. 

5t.  To  wait  or  stay  for ;  expect,  as  a  person  or 
an  event. 

Thy  interceptor,  .  .  .  bloody  as  the  hunter,  attends  thee 
at  the  orchard  end.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  4. 


Less  attemptible  than  any  the  rarest  of  our  ladies  in 
^'■'^"ce.  Shak.,  Cymbeline,  i.  5. 


attemptatet  (a-temp'tat),  n.  [<  OP.  attemp- 
tat,  mod.  P.  attentat:  see  attentate.}  An  at- 
tempt or  endeavor;  especially,  a  -violent  or 
criminal  attempt  or  attack ;  assault ;  outrage. 

He  called  ...  for  redress  of  the  attemptates  committed 
bytheGreams.    Stn/jje,  Eccles.  Mem.,  IV.  364.  {N.  E.  D.) 


The  trumpets,  next  the  gate,  in  order  plac'd 
Attend  the  sign  to  sound  the  martial  blast. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  I.  1741. 

6t.  To  be  in  store  for ;  await. 
The  state  that  attends  all  men  after  this.  Locke. 
One  fate  attends  us,  and  one  common  grave. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Lucretius,  iii.  304. 

II,  intrans.  1.  To  give  attention;  pay  re- 
gard or  heed:  followed  by  to:  as,  my  son, 
attend  to  my  words. 
Attend  to  the  voice  of  my  supplications.     Ps.  Ixxxvi.  g. 
It  will  be  sufficient  for  me  if  I  discover  many  Beauties 
or  Imperfections  which  others  have  not  attended  to. 

Addison,  .Spectator,  No.  262. 

2.  To  be  present,  in  pursuance  of  duty,  busi- 
ness, or  pleasure ;  especially,  act  as  an  atten- 
dant: absolutely,  or  with  on  or  upon,  ov  at:  as, 
who  attends  here"?  to  attend  upon  a  committee; 
to  attend  at  such  a  church.  Hence  —  3.  To  fix 
the  mind  in  worship:  with  on  or  upon. 
That  ye  may  atUnd  upon  the  Lord  without  distraction. 

1  Cor.  vii.  35. 

4.  To  be  consequent ;  wait :  with  on  or  upon. 

It  is  good  that  a  certain  portion  of  disgrace  should  con- 
stantly attend  on  certain  bad  actions. 

.  Macaulay,  Moore's  Byron. 

Of.  io  stay;  wait;  delay. 

For  this  perfection  she  must  yet  attend. 
Till  to  her  Maker  she  espoused  be. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Immortal,  of  Soul, 
attendt  (a-tend'),  n.  [<  attend,  v.}  Attendance. 
Stars  have  made  your  fortunes  climb  so  high 
To  give  attend  on  Rasni's  excellence 
Greene  and  Lodge,  Looking  Glass  for  Lond.  and  Eng. 
attendance  (a-ten'dans),  n,  [<  ME.  atten- 
daunce,  <  OF.  atendance  =  Pr.  atendcnsa,  < 
ML.  attendentia,  <  L.  attendcn(t-)s,  ppr.  of  at- 
tendere:  see  attend  and -ance.}  1.  The  act  of 
attending  or  attending  on.  (a)  The  act  of  waiting 
on  or  serving;  the  state  of  being  present  fur  pui-poses  of 
duty,  business,  pleasure,  etc. ;  service  ;  ministry. 
No  man  gave  attendance  at  the  altar.  Heb.  vii.  13. 
Lindamira,  a  lady  whose  .  .  .  constant  attendance  at 
church  three  times  a  day  had  utterly  defeated  many  ma- 
licious attacks  upon  her  reputation. 

Fielding,  Joseph  Andrews. 
The  other,  after  many  years'  attendance  upon  the  duke, 
was  now  one  of  the  bed-chamber  to  the  prince. 

Clarendo>t. 

(6t)  Attention  ;  regard ;  careful  application  of  mind. 
Give  attendance  to  reading.  i  Tim.  iv.  13;. 

A  waiting  on,  as  in  expectation. 


attendance 

That  which  causeth  bitterness  in  death  is  the  languish- 
ing attetutaiuv  and  expectation  tliereof  ere  it  come. 

J-looker. 

2.  The  body  of  persons  attending  for  any  pur- 
pose: as,  a  large  attendance  is  requested. 

The  attendance  of  the  Tories  was  scanty,  as  no  impor- 
tant discussion  was  expected.    Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xv. 

3t.  Attendants  oollectively;  persons  waiting  on 
one  to  ronder  liim  service;  a  train;  a  retinue. 
—  To  dance  attendance.  See  (/<!»iiT. 
attendancyt  (a-ten'dan-si),  H.   1.  Attendance; 
a  train  or  retinue.  Fuller. 

Of  honom-  another  part  is  attendancii ;  and  therefore, 
in  the  visions  of  the  glory  of  God,  angels  are  spoken  of  as 
his  attendants.  ...  It  sheweth  what  honour  is  tit  for  pre- 
lates, and  what  attendancy. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Pol.,  vii.  §  20(Ord  5IS.). 

2.  Eolation ;  relative  position. 

To  name  lands  by  the  attendancy  they  have  to  other 
lands  more  notorious.     Bacon,  Jlaxims  of  the  Law,  xxiv. 

attendant  (a-ten'dant),  a.  and  n.  [<  F.  atten- 
dant (=:  It.  attendente),  ppr.  of  attendre,  wait: 
see  attend  and  I.  fl.  1.  Accompanying; 

being  present  or  in  attendance. 

Other  suns  perhaps, 
With  their  attendant  moons,  thou  wilt  descry. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  149. 

2.  Accompanying,  connected,  or  immediately 
following  as  consequential :  as,  intemperance, 
with  all  its  attendant  evils. 

Those  bodily  pains  and  sufferings  which  .  .  .  are  but 
too  frequently  attendant  upon  any  disorder  of  the  fancy. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  183. 

3t.  In  law,  depending  on  or  connected  with 
something  or  some  person ;  owing  duty  or  ser- 
vice.— Attendant  keys,  in  music,  same  as  relative  keys. 
See  relative. 

II.  n.  1.  One  who  attends  or  accompanies 
another,  in  any  character ;  especially,  one  who 
belongs  to  a  train  or  retinue ;  a  follower. 

Brave  attendants  near  him.  Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  i. 

The  Furies,  they  said,  are  attendants  on  justice,  and  if 
the  sun  in  heaven  should  transgress  his  path,  they  would 
punish  him.  Emerson,  Compensation. 

2.  One  who  attends  on  or  waits  the  pleasure 
of  another,  as  a  suitor  or  the  like. 
To  give  an  attendant  quick  despatch  is  a  civility. 

T.  Burnet,  Theory  of  the  Earth. 

Specifically  —  3.  In  law,  one  who  owes  a  duty 
or  service  to,  or  depends  on,  another. —  4.  One 
who  is  present,  as  at  a  public  meeting,  for  any 
purpose. 

He  was  a  constant  attendant  at  all  meetings  relating  to 
charity.  Swift. 

5.  That  which  accompanies  or  is  consequent 
on  anything. 

He  that  early  arriveth  unto  the  parts  and  prudence  of 
age,  is  happily  old  without  the  uncomfortable  attendants 
of  it.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Letter  to  a  Friend. 

>  An  extreme  jealousy  of  power  is  the  attendant  on  all 
popular  revolutions,  and  has  seldom  been  without  its 
evils.  A.  Hamilton,  Coutiuentalist,  No.  1. 

Master  attendant,  an  officer  of  an  English  dockyard, 
generally  a  staff  commander,  whose  duty  it  is  to  inspect 
moorings,  move  and  secure  vessels,  care  for  ships  in  ordi- 
nary, and  generally  to  assist  the  superintendent.  =  SyTl.  1. 
Associate,  escort,  retainer. —  5.  Accompaniment,  concomi- 
tant. 

attender  (a-ten'der),  n.  1.  One  who  attends 
or  gives  heed. 

Attending  to  conduct,  to  judgment,  makes  the  attender 
feel  that  it  is  joy  to  do  it. 

M.  Arnold,  Literature  and  Dogma,  i. 
2.  An  attendant;  a  companion. 

attendingly  (a-ten'ding-li),  adv.  With  atten- 
tion ;  attentively. 

attendmentt  (a-tend'ment),  n.  [<  attend  + 
-ment.']  An  accompanying  circumstance :  as, 
"uncomfortable  attendmcnts  of  hell,"  Sir  T. 
Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  vii.  16. 

attendresst  (a-ten'dres),  n.  [<  attender  +  -ess.] 
A  female  attendant.  Fuller. 

attentt  (a-tenf),  v.  t.  [A  later  form  of  at- 
tempt, after  the  orig.  L.  attentare:  see  attempt.^ 
To  attempt.  Quarles. 

attentt  (a-tenf),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  attentus,  pp. 
of  attendere,  attend :  see  attend.']  I.  a.  Atten- 
tive: intent:  as,  "  an  a^iewf  ear,"  jS/mfc.,  Ham- 
let, 1.  2. 

Let  thine  ears  be  attent.  2  Chron.  vi.  40. 

VVhylest  thus  he  talkt,  the  knight  with  greedy  eare 
Hong  still  upon  his  melting  mouth  attent. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  ix.  26. 

II.  n.  [<  ME.  attente,  atente,  <  OF.  atentc, 
mod.  F.  attente  =  Pr.  atenta,  prop,  pp.,  <  L. 
attenta,  fem.  of  attentus,  pp.  of  attendere:  see 
attend.']  Attention. 

So  being  clad  unto  the  fields  he  went 
With  the  faire  Pastorella  every  day. 
And  kept  her  sheepe  with  dilligent  attent. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  ix.  37. 


372 

attentatet,  attentatt  (a-ten'tat,  -tat),  n.  [<  F. 

attentat,  crime,  <  ML.  attentatum,  crime,  at- 
tempt, neut.  of  L.  attentatus,  pp.  of  attenta- 
re, attempt:  see  attempt,]  1.  A  criminal  at- 
tempt. 

Affrighted  at  so  damnable  an  attentate. 

Time's  Storehouse,  p.  154  (Ord  MS.). 

2.  In  law :  (a)  A  proceeding  in  a  court  of  ju- 
dicature after  an  inhibition  is  decreed,  (b)  A 
thing  done  after  au  extra-judicial  appeal,  (c) 
A  matter  improperly  innovated  or  attempted 
by  an  inferior  judge. 

attention  (a-ten'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  attcncioun 
(F.  attention),  <  L.  attentio{n-),  <  attendere,  pp. 
rt<<e«<«s,  attend,  give  heed  to :  see  attend.]  1. 
Active  direction  of  the  mind  upon  an  object  of 
sense  or  of  thought,  giving  it  relative  or  abso- 
lute prominence  :  it  may  be  either  voluntary  or 

■  involuntary. 

Wlieu  the  ideas  that  offer  themselves  are  taken  notice 
of,  and,  as  it  were,  registered  in  the  memory,  it  is  atten- 
tion. Locke,  Human  Understanding,  ii.  19. 

In  the  relation  of  events,  and  the  delineation  of  char- 
acters, they  have  paid  little  attention  to  facts,  to  the  cos- 
tume of  the  times  of  which  they  pretend  to  treat,  or  to 
the  general  principles  of  human  nature. 

Macaulay,  On  History. 

A  trained  pianist  will  play  a  new  piece  of  music  at 
sight,  and  perhaps  have  so  much  attention  to  spare  that 
he  can  talk  with  you  at  the  same  time. 

J.  Fiske,  Evolutionist,  p.  308. 

2.  The  power  or  faculty  of  mental  concentra- 
tion. 

In  the  childhood  of  our  race  and  of  each  one  of  us,  the 
attention  was  called  forth  by  the  actions  upon  us  of  exter- 
nal nature.  Mivart,  Nature  and  Thought,  p.  18. 

3.  Consideration;  observant  care ;  notice:  as, 
your  letter  has  just  arrived,  and  will  receive 
early  attention. —  4.  Civility  or  courtesy,  or  an 
act  of  civility  or  courtesy:  as,  attention  to  a 
stranger;  in  the  plural,  acts  of  courtesy  indi- 
cating regard:  as,  his  attentions  to  the  lady 
were  most  marked. —  5.  In  milit.  tactics,  a  cau- 
tionary word  used  as  a  preparative  to  a  com- 
mand to  execute  some  manoeuver:  as,  atten- 
tion, company!  right  face  !  =  Syn.  1.  Notice,  heed, 
mindfulness,  observance;  study. —  4.  Politeness,  defer- 
ence. 

attentive  (a-ten'tiv),  a.  [<  F.  attentif,  <  L.  as 
if  *attcntivus,  <  attendere,  pp.  attentus,  attend: 
see  attend,  attent,  smA -ice.]  1.  Characterized 
by  or  of  the  nature  of  attention ;  heedful ;  in- 
tent ;  observant ;  regarding  with  care ;  mindful : 
as,  an  attentive  ear  or  eye  ;  an  attentive  listener ; 
an  attentive  act. 

Like  Cato,  give  his  little  senate  laws, 
And  sit  attentive  to  his  own  applause. 

Pope,  Prol.  to  Satires,  1.  210. 

They  know  the  King  to  have  been  always  their  most  at- 
tentive scholar  and  imitator.   Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxiv. 

2.  Characterized  by  consideration  or  obser- 
vant care ;  assiduous  in  ministering  to  the  com- 
fort or  pleasure  of  others ;  polite  ;  courteous : 
as,  attentive  to  the  ladies. 

Herbert  proved  one  of  the  most  attentive  guards  on  the 
line.  0.  A.  Sala. 

=  %YD..  Regardful,  watchful,  circumspect,  wary,  careful, 
thoughtful,  alert, 
attentively  (a-ten'tiv-li),  adv.  [<  attentive  -t- 
-ly'^;  ME.  a^tew^i^// (Wyclif).]  In  an  attentive 
manner;  heedfully;  carefully;  with  fixed  at- 
tention. 

attentiveness  (a-ten'tiv-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  attentive ;  heedfulness ;  attention. 

attentlyt  (a-tent'li),  adv.  Attentively.  Barrow. 

attentort  (a-ten'tor),  «.  [<  L.  as  if  *attentor 
(cf.  ML.  atiensor,  kn  observer),  <  attendere,  pp. 
attentus,  attend.]  A  listener. 

Let  ballad-rhymers  tire  their  gallfed  wits, 
Scorns  to  their  patrons,  making  juiceless  mirth 
To  gross  attentors  by  their  hirfed  writs. 

Ford,  Fame's  Memorial, 
attenuant  (a-ten'u-ant),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  at- 
tenuant,  <  L.  attenuan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  attenuare, 
make  thin:  see  attenuate.]  I.  a.  Attenuating; 
making  thin,  as  fluids;  diluting;  rendering  less 
dense  and  viscid. 

Things  that  be  attenuant. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  642. 

II.  n.  A  medicine  which  increases  the  fluid- 
ity of  the  humors;  a  diluent, 
attenuate  (a-ten'ii-at),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  atten- 
uated, ppr.  attenuating.  [<  L.  attenuatus,  pp. 
of  attenuare  (>  It.  attenuare  =  Pg.  attenuar 
=  Sp.  Pr.  atenuar  =  F.  attcnuer),  make  thin, 
weaken,  lessen,  <  ad,  to,  +  tenuare,  make  thin, 
<  tenuis,  thin,  =  E.  thin,  q.  v.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  make  thin  or  slender;  reduce  in  thickness; 
wear  or  draw  down:  as,  an  attenuated  thread 
or  wire. 


atter 

He  pities  his  long,  clammy,  attenuated  fingers. 

Lamb,  The  Convalescent. 

2.  To  reduce  by  comminution  or  attrition; 
make  small  or  iine:  as,  extremely  attenuated 
particles  of  dust  or  flour. 

This  iniinterrupted  motion  must  attenuate  and  wear 
away  the  hardest  rocks.  Chaptal  (trans.),  1791. 

3.  To  make  thin  or  rare;  reduce  in  density; 
increase  the  fluidity  or  rarity  of. 

The  earliest  conception  of  a  soul  is  that  of  an  attenuated 
diiplicate  of  the  body,  capable  of  detachment  from  the 
body,  yet  generally  resident  in  it. 

Trans.  Anier.  Philol.  Ass.,  XV.  37. 

The  finer  part  belonging  to  the  juice  of  grapes,  being 
attenuated  and  subtilized,  was  changed  into  an  ardent 
spirit.  Boyle. 

4.  To  lessen  in  complexity  or  intensity;  re- 
duce in  strength  or  energy ;  simplify  ;  weaken : 
as,  the  attenuated  remedies  of  the  homeopa- 
thists. 

To  undersell  our  rivals  .  .  .  has  led  the  manufacturer 
to  attenuate  his  processes,  in  the  allotment  of  tasks,  to 
an  extreme  point.  Is.  Taylor. 

If  correctly  reported,  Pasteur  is  convinced  that  he  has 
discovered  means  by  which  the  virus  of  hydrophobia  can 
be  attenuated,  and  that,  by  the  inoculation  of  the  attenu- 
ated virus,  individuals  may  be  rendered,  for  the  time  be- 
ing, insusceptible  to  the  disease.  Science,  VI.  399. 

5.  Figuratively,  to  weaken  or  reduce  in  force, 
effect,  or  value ;  render  meager  or  jejune ;  fine 
down. 

We  may  reject  and  reject  till  we  attenuate  history  into 
sapless  meagreness. 

Sir  F.  Palgrave,  Eng.  and  Normandy,  I.  533. 

Jlen  of  taste  are  so  often  attenuated  by  their  refine- 
ments, and  dwarfed  by  the  overgrown  accuracy  and  pol- 
ish of  tlieir  attainments. 

Bushnell,  Sermons  for  New  Life,  p.  181. 

Mentschikof  tried  to  attenuate  the  extent  and  effect  of 
his  demands.  Kinglake. 

6t.  To  lessen ;  diminish :  said  of  number. 
Howell. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  become  thin,  slender,  or 
fine  ;  diminish;  lessen. 
The  attention  attenuates  as  its  sphere  contracts. 

Coleridge. 

2.  In  brewing  and  distilling,  to  undergo  the  pro- 
cess of  attenuation.  See  attenuation,  4. 
attenuate  (a-ten'u-at),  a.  [<  L.  attenuatus, 
pp.:  see  the  verb.]  1.  Slender;  thin. — 2.  In 
hot.,  tapering  gradually  to  a  narrow  extremity. 
—  3.  Of  thin  consistency ;  dilute;  rarefied. 

Spirits  attenuate,  which  the  cold  doth  congeal  and  co- 
agulate. Macon. 

A  series  of  captivating  bubbles,  each  more  airy  and 
evanescent,  each  more  attenuate  and  fantastic,  than  its 
glittering  brother.       //.  James,  Subs,  and  Shad.,  p.  345. 

attenuation  (a-ten-u-a'shon),  n.  [<  L.  attenu- 
atio(n-),<.  attenuare :  see  attenuate,  v.]  1.  The 
act  or  process  of  making  slender,  thin,  or  lean ; 
the  state  of  being  thin ;  emaciation ;  reduced 
thickness  or  proportions. 

Age  had  worn  to  the  extreme  of  attenuation  a  face  that 
must  always  have  been  hard-featured. 

B.  T.  Cooke,  Somebody's  Neighbors,  p.  26. 

2.  The  act  of  making  fine  by  comminution  or 
attrition. 

The  action  of  the  air  facilitates  the  attenuation  of  these 
rocks.  Chaptal  (trans.),  1791. 

3.  The  act  or  process  of  lessening  in  complex- 
ity or  intensity;  reduction  of  force,  strength, 
or  energy;  specifically,  in  homeojiathy,  the 
reduction  of  the  active  principle  of  medicines 
to  minute  or  infinitesimal  doses. —  4.  The  act 
of  making  thin  or  thinner,  as  a  fluid,  or  the 
state  of  being  thin  or  thinned ;  diminution  of 
density  or  viscidity :  as,  the  attenuation  of  the 
humors ;  specifically,  in  brewing  and  distilling, 
the  thinning  or  clarifying  of  saccharine  worts 
by  the  conversion  of  the  sugar  into  alcohol  and 
carbonic  acid. 

The  decrease  in  density  [of  the  beer-worts]  is  called  at- 
tenuation.  Thausitig,  Beer  (trans.),  p.  707. 

atter^t  (at'er),  n.  [<  ME.  atter,  <  AS.  dttor, 
cettor,  more  correctly  dtor,  dter,  poison,  =  OS. 
Star,  ettar  =:'D.  etter  =  OHGr.  eitar,  eitter,  MHG. 
G.  eitcr,  poison,  pus,  —  Icel.  eitr  =  Sw.  etter  = 
Dan.  edder,  cedder,  poison,  connected  with  OHG. 
MHG.  eis,  a  boil,  sore ;  cf .  Gr.  olSoc,  oUjia,  a  tu- 
mor, swelling:  see  cedema.]  Poison;  venom; 
pus.  Holland. 

atter^t  (a-ter'),  V.  t.  [<  F.  atterrer,  <  ML.  attcr- 
rare,  prostrate,  cast  down,  caiTy  earth  from 
one  place  to  another,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  terra,  earth. 
Cf.  inter.]  To  place  upon  or  in  the  earth;  cast 
down  to  the  earth ;  humble ;  subdue.  Also 
written  atterr. 

Atterrs  the  stubborn  and  attracts  the  prone. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Baitas. 


atterate 

atteratet,  atterationt.  See  atterrate,  atterra- 
tion. 

attercop  (at'er-kop),  n.  [=Se.  ettercap;  <  ME. 
attercop,  attercoppe,  <  AS.  attercoppe  (=  Dan. 
edderkop),  a  spider,  <  ator,  poison  (see  atter^, 
+  *coppe,  <  cop,  head,  round  lump,  or  copp, 
a  eup:  see  cofti,  cobweb,  cop^,  and  c;y).]  1.  A 
spider.  [Old  and  pro  v.  Eng.]  —  2.  Figura- 
tively, a  peevish,  testy,  ill-natured  person. 
[North.  Eng.] 

atterlyt  (at'er-li),  a.  [<ME.  atterlich,  <  AS.  ator- 
hc  (=  OHGr.  eitarlih),  poisonous,  <  dtor,  poison, 
+  -lie see  atter'^  and  -ly^.']  Poisonous ;  attery. 

atterminal,  a.    See  adterminal. 

atterrt,  v.  t.    See  atter'^. 

atterratet,  atteratet  (at'e-rat),  v.  t.  [<  ML. 
atterratm,  pp.  of  atterrare,  carry  earth  from 
one  place  to  another:  see  atter'^.']  To  fill  up 
with  earth,  especially  with  alluvium. 

Atterated  by  land  brought  down  by  floods. 

Ray,  Diss,  of  World,  v. 

atterrationt,  atterationt  (at-e-ra'shon),  n.  [< 
atterrate,  atterate.']  The  process  of  "filling  up 
with  earth;  especially,  the  formation  of  land 
by  alluvial  deposits. 

atteryt,  attryt,  a.  [<  ME.  attri,  <  AS.  ^ttrig, 
CBtrig,  poisonous  (=  OHG.  eitarig),  <  wttor,  dtor, 
poison:  see  a«e?-i.]    Poisonous;  pernicious. 


373 

attestive  (a-tes'tiv),  a.    [<  attest  +  -ive.']  Giv- 
ing attestation ;  attesting.  [Eare.] 
attestor,       See  attestcr. 

Atthis  (at'this),  II.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  XrftV,  Attic,  At- 
tica.]   A  genus  of  diminutive  humming-birds. 


Attic  Humming-bird  (jllthis  he/oisa). 


Than  cometh  also  of  ire  attry  anger. 

Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 

attest  (a-tesf),  V.  [=  F.  attester,  OF.  atester 
=  Sp.  atestar  =Pg.  attestar  =  It.  attestare,  <  L. 
attestari,  bear  witness  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  testari, 
bear  witness,  <  testis,  a  witness:  see  testify.'] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  bear  witness  to ;  certify;  affirm 
to  be  true  or  genuine ;  declare  the  truth  of  in 
words  or  writing ;  especially,  affirm  in  an  official 
capacity:  as,  to  attest  the  truth  of  a  writing; 
to  attest  a  copy  of  a  document. 

The  most  monstrous  fables  .  .  .  attested  with  the  ut- 
most solemnity.       Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  .xvi. 

This  sale  of  a  tract,  twelve  miles  square,  was  formally 
attested  at  Manhattan.  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II.  44. 

2.  To  make  evident ;  vouch  for ;  give  proof  or 
evidence  of;  manifest. 

The  birds  their  notes  renew,  and  bleating  herds 
Attest  their  joy,  that  hill  and  valley  rings. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  495. 
The  rancor  of  the  disease  attests  the  strength  of  the  con- 
stitution. Emerson,  Conduct  of  Life. 

3.  To  call  to  witness ;  invoke  as  knowing  or 
conscious.    [Obsolete  or  archaic.] 

The  sacred  streams  which  heaven's  imperial  state 
Attests  in  oaths^  and  fears  to  violate.  JJryden. 

4.  To  put  upon  oath ;  swear  in. 
If  a  proposed  recruit,  when  taken  before  a  justice  of  the 

peace,  .  .  .  should  change  his  mind,  he  is  dismissed  upon 
paying  a  fine  of  twenty  shillings,  popularly  called  smart 
money ;  but  if  he  does  not,  he  is  attested,  and  after  that 
should  he  abscond,  he  is  considered  and  punished  as  a  de- 
serter. _  A.  Fonblanque,  Jr. 
Attesting  ■witness,  a  person  who  signs  his  name  to  an 
instrument  to  prove  it,  and  for  the  piu'pose  of  identifyin.^ 
the  maker  or  makers.  =Syn.  1.  To  confirm,  corroborate 
support,  authenticate,  pi-ove. 

II.  intrans.  To  bear  witness ;  make  an  at- 
testation :  with  to  :  as,  to  attest  to  a  statement 
or  a  document, 
attest  (a-tesf),  «.  [,<  attest,  v.]  Witness;  tes- 
timony; attestation.  [Now  chiefly  used  at  the  end 
of  a  document,  as  introductory  to  the  name  of  one  au- 
thenticating it  by  his  signature.] 

There  is  a  credence  in  my  heart. 
An  esperance  so  obstinately  strong. 
That  doth  invert  the  attest  of  eyes  and  ears. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  v.  2. 

attestation  (at-es-ta'shon),  n.  [<  F.  attesta- 
tion, <  LL.  attestatioin-y,  <  L.  attestari,  pp.  at- 
testatus:  see  attest,  v.]  1.  The  act  of  attest- 
ing; a  declaration,  verbal  or  written,  in  sup- 
port of  a  fact;  evidence;  testimony. 

The  applause  of  the  crowd  makes  the  head  giddy  but 
the  attestation  of  a  reasonable  man  makes  the  heart  glad. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  188. 
I  would  not  willingly  spare  the  attestation  which  they 
took  pleasure  in  rendering  to  each  other's  characters. 

Everett,  Orations,  I.  146. 

2.  The  administration  of  an  oath,  as  to  a  mili- 
tary recruit  See  attest,  4._ Attestation  clause, 
a  clause  usually  appended  to  wills,  after  the  signature  of 
the  testator  and  before  that  of  the  witnesses,  reciting  the 
due  performance  of  the  formalities  required  by  the  law 

attestative  (a-tes'ta-tiv),  a.  [<  L.  attestatus, 
pp.  of  attestari  (see  attest,  v.),  +  Ave.]  Of  the 
nature  of  attestation;  corroborative:  as,  attes- 
tative evidence. 

attestator  (at'es-ta-tor),  n.  [=  It.  attestatore, 
<  L.  as  if  *  attestator,  <  attestare,  pp.  attestatus : 
see  attest,  v.]    An  attester. 

attester,  attestor  (a-tes'ter,  -tor),  n.  One  who 
attests  or  vouches  for.  [Attestor  is  the  com- 
mon form  in  legal  phraseology.] 


having  the  metallic  scales  of  the  throat  pro- 
longed into  a  ruff,  as  in  J.  lieloisw,  the  Attic 
hummmg-bird  of  the  southwestern  United 
States. 

Atticl  (at'ik),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  Attique  =  Sp.  Ati- 
co  =  Pg.  It.  Attico,  <  L.  Atticus,  <  Gr.  'Attik6(;, 
Attic,  Athenian,  <  'Attikti,  Attica,  a  province  of 
Greece;  supposed  bj^some  to  stand  for  * 
fem.  adj.  equiv.  to  UKTaia,  on  the  coast,  <  d«r?;, 
coast,  prop,  headland,  promontory;  X^r^is  the 
ancient  name  of  the  headland  of  the  Pirreus. 
According  to  others,  ^Attikti  stands  for  ""AartKjj, 
<  aaTv,  city:  see  asteism.]  J.  a.  Pertaining  to 
Attica,  or  to  the  city  or  state  of  Athens;  Athe- 
nian ;  marked  by  such  qualities  as  were  char- 
acteristic of  the  Athenians.-Attic  base,  in  arch., 
a  base  used  properly  with  the  Ionic  order,  consisting  of 
an  upper  torus,  a  scotia,  and  a  lower  torus,  separated  by 
fillets.  See  cut  under  fca.w.— Attic  dialect,  the  dialect  of 
Greek  used  by  the  ancient  Athenians,  and  regarded  as  the 
standard  of  the  language.  It  was  a  subdivision  of  the 
Ionic,  but  IS  often  spoken  of  as  a  coordinate  dialect; 
It  IS  distinguished  from  the  Ionic  by  a  more  frequent 
retention  of  an  original  a  (a)  sound,  and  by  its  avoid- 
ance of  hiatus,  especially  through  contraction.  Its  chief 
literature  belongs  to  the  fifth  and  fourth  centuries  B  c 
As  written  during  the  greater  part  of  the  former  cen- 
tury, it  is  known  as  old  Attic;  in  its  transition  to  the 
next  century,  as  middle  Attic;  and  during  the  greater  part 
of  the  fourth  century,  as  new  Attic.  It  passed  after  this 
into  the  Koine  or  common  dialect,  the  general  Greek  of 
the  Alexandrine  and  Roman  periods,  departing  more  or 
less  from  its  former  classic  standard.— Attic  faith  invio- 
lable faith.— Attic  hummer,  a  humming-bird  of  the  ge- 
nus .4«/ii6\— Attic  salt,  wit  of  a  dry,  delicate,  and  refined 
quality.— Attic  school,  in  art.  See  Hellenic  art,  under 
Urllnuc.— Attic  Style,  a  pure,  chaste,  and  elegant  style. 

II.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Attica, 
the  territory  of  the  ancient  Athenian  state, 
now  an  eparchy  of  the  kingdom  of  Greece  ;  an 
Athenian.— 2.  The  Attic  dialect ;  Attic  Greek. 
attic2  (at'ik),  M.  [=  F.  attique  =  Sp.  dtico  - 
Pg.  It.  attico,  an  attic,  <  L.  Atticus,  Attic:  see 


Attic  of  St.  Peter's.  Rome. 
A,  attic  of  the  main  edifice  ;  B,  attic  of  the  dome. 

Attic^,  and  extract  below.]  1.  In  arch.,  alow 
story  surmounting  an  entablature  or  the  main 
cornice  of  a  building.    Also  called  attic  story. 

The  term  [attic]  appears  to  have  been  introduced  by  the 
architects  of  the  seventeenth  century,  with  the  intention 
of  conveying  [falsely]  the  idea  that  the  feature  to  which 
it  alluded  was  constructed  or  designed  in  the  Athenian 
manner.  Audsley,  Diet,  of  Architecture. 

2.  A  room  in  the  uppermost  part  of  a  house, 
immediately  beneath  the  roof  or  leads ;  a  garret. 

They  stare  not  on  the  stars  from  out  their  attics. 

Byron,  Beppo,  st.  78. 
Attic  order,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  small  pillars  or 
pilasters  decorating  the  exterior  of  an  attic. 

Atticalt  (at'i-kal),  a.  [<  Attic^  +  -al.]  Per- 
taining to  Attica  or  Athens ;  Attic ;  pure ;  clas- 
sical. Hammond. 


attire  - 

atticet,  V.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  attise,  <  ME. 
aiisen,  atysen,  <  OF.  atisicr,  aticicr,  afiser,  mod. 
F.  attiser  =  Pr.  Sp.  atisar  =  Pg.  aticar  =  It. 
attizsarc,  <  L.  as  if  *attitiare,  stir  the  fire,  <  ad, 
to,  +  titio{n-),  a  firebrand;  cf.  ML.  tilionuri  = 
F.  tisonner,  stir  the  fire.  Cf.  entice.]  To  insti- 
gate ;  allure;  entice, 
atticementt,  »•  Instigation;  enticement.  Cax- 
toti. 

Atticise, See  Atticizc. 

Atticism  (at'i-sizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  Attikwii/ic^,  a  sid- 
ing with  Athens,  Attic  stylo,  <  AttiklI^uv,  At- 
ticize  :  see  Atticizc.]  1.  A  peculiarity  of  style 
or  idiom  belonging  to  the  Greek  language  as 
used  by  tlie  Athenians  ;  Attic  elegance  of  dic- 
tion ;  concise  and  elegant  expression. 

They  thought  themselves  gallant  men,  and  I  thought 
them  fools,  they  made  sport,  and  I  langht,  thcv  mispro- 
nounc't  and  I  mislik't,  and  to  make  up  the  attirlsnn',  they 
were  out,  and  I  hist.    Milton,  Apology  for  Siiiectyinnuus. 

An  elegant  atticism  which  occurs  Luke  xiii.  9 :  "  If  it  bear 
fruit,  well."    Abp.  Newcome,  Eng.  Biblical  Trans.,  p.  279. 

2.  A  siding  with,  or  favoring  the  cause  of,  the 
Athenians. 

Put  to  death  by  Poedaritus  for  atticism. 

Ilobbes,  tr.  of  Thucydides,  viii.  38. 

Atticist  (at'i-sist),  n.  One  who  affects  Attic 
style. 

Atticize  (at'i-siz),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Atticized, 
ppr.  Atticizing.  [=  L.  Atticissare,  <  Gr.  Attl- 
KiCsiv,  side  with  the  Athenians,  speak  Attic, 
<  ArrcKog,  Attic,  Athenian:  see  Attic^.]  I.  iii- 
trans.  1.  To  use  Atticisms  or  idioms  iieciiliar 
to  Attic  Greek.—  2.  To  favor  or  side  with  the 
Athenians.    Bean  Smith. 

II.  trans.  To  make  conformable  to  the  lan- 
guage or  idiom  of  Attica. 
Also  spelled  Atticise. 
attid  (at'id),  n.   A  jumping-spider;  a  member 

of  the  family  Att'idw. 
Attidas  (at'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Attus  -\-  -idw.] 
A  family  of  saltigrade  dipneumonous  araueids 
with  a  short  body,  flattened  cephalothorax,  and 
eyes  usually  in  three  transverse  rows;  the 
jumping-spiders.  Their  chief  characteristic  is  that  the 
median  foremost  pair  of  eyes  are  mueli  larger  and  the 
hindmost  pair  smaller  than  the  others.  I'ijey  spin  no 
webs,  but  capture  their  prey  by  leaping  upon  it.  The 
species  are  very  numerous. 
Attidian  (a-tid'i-an),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  ancient  town  of  Attidium  in  Umbria  At- 
tidian Brethren,  a  corporation  of  twelve  jiriests  in 
ancient  Umbria,  who  had  authority  over  a  considerable 
region,  and  who  are  known  only  from  the  Eugubine  tables, 
the  Umbrian  inscriptions  on  which  are  records  of  their 
acts.    See  Eugubine. 

attigUOUSt  (a-tig'ii-iis),  a.  [<  L.  attiguus, 
touching,  contiguous,  <  attigere,  older  foi-m  of 
attingere,  touQ'h:  see  attiiige,  andcf.  contiguous.] 
Near;  adjoining;  contiguous, 
attiguousnesst  (a-tig'u-us-nes),  V.  The  quali- 
ty or  state  of  being  atiiguous.  Bailey. 
attiha'Wmeg  (at-i-ha'meg),  «.  [Amer.  Ind.] 
A  kind  of  whitefish,  of  the  genus  Coregoniis 
and  family  Salmonidcc,  abundant  in  the  great 
lakes  of  North  America,  and  a  delicious  food- 
fish. 

Attila  (at'i-la),  ?!.  [NL.,  named  from  Attila, 
king  of  the  Huns.]  In  ornith.,  a  genus  of 
South  American  tyi-ant  flycatchers,  family 
Tyrannidw,  sometimes  giving  name  to  a  sub- 
family Attilinw.  A.  cinerea  is  the  type,  and 
about  12  other  species  are  included  in  the 
genus. 

attinget  (a-tinj'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  attingere,  older 
form  attigere,  touch,  border  upon,  be  near,  <  ad, 
to,  +  tangere,  touch:  see  tangent.]  To  touch; 
come  in  contact  with;  hence,  affect;  influence. 

attire  (a-tlr'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  attired,  ppr. 
attiring.    [Also  by  apheresis  tire  (see  iini); 

<  ME.  atiren,  atyren,  <  OF.  atirer,  eavliev atiricr 
(=  Pr.  atieirar),  put  in  order,  an-flnge,  dress; 

<  a  tire  {=  Pr.  a  tieira),  in  order,  in  a  row:  a 
(<  L.  ad),  to  ;  tire,  tiere  (=  Pr.  tieira,  tiera  —  It. 
tiera),  order,  row,  file,  dress:  see  tier^.]  To 
dress  ;  clothe ;  array ;  adorn. 

With  the  linen  mitre  shall  he  [Aaron]  be  attired. 

Lev.  xvi.  4. 

His  shoulders  large  a  mantle  did  attire, 
With  rubies  thick,  and  sparkling  as  the  fire. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  I.  1346. 
The  woman  who  attired  her  head. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

attire  (a-tir'),  «.  [Also  by  apheresis  tire  (see 
tire'^,  «.);  <  ME.  atire,  atir,  atyr,  dress,  equip- 
ment; from  the  verb.]  1.  Dress;  clothes; 
garb;  apparel. 

Earth  in  her  rich  attire 
Consummate  lovely  smiled. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  50L 


attire 


374 


attraction 


2t.  A  dress  or  costume ;  an  article  of  apparel. 

Show  me,  my  women,  like  a  queen;  — go  fetcli 
My  best  attires.  Shak.,  A.  ami  C,  v.  2. 

3.  pi.  In  her.,  the  horns  of  a  hart,  when  used 
as  a  bearing. —  4t.  In  bot.,  the  stamens  collec- 
tively. 

Grew  speaks  of  the  attire,  or  the  stamens,  as  being  the 
male  parts.  Jineye.  Brit.,  IV.  82. 

=  Syn.  1.  Raiment,  array,  costume,  suit,  toilet,  wardrobe, 
attired  (a-tird'),  P-  «•  In  her.,  having  horns: 
thus,  "a  hart  gules  attired  or"  means  a  red  stag 
having  horns  of  gold :  used  only  of  the  hart  and 
buck.    See  armed,  3. 

attirement  (a-tir'ment),  v.  [<  attire  +  -meut.} 
Dress;  apparel;  attire.    [Obsolete  or  rare.] 

attirer  (a-tir'er),  n.  One  who  dresses  or  adorns 
with  attire. 

attirewoman  (a-tir'wum"au),  «.;  pi.  attirewo- 
men  (-wim'en).    Same  as  iirewoman. 

attiring  (a-tii-'ing),  «.  1.  The  act  of  dressing 
or  decking. —  2f.  Attire;  dress;  array. 

Each  tree  in  his  best  attiring. 

Sir  P.  Sidneti,  Astrophel  and  Stella. 

Speeitieally — Sf.  A  head-dress.  Ruloet. — 4. 
The  attires  of  a  stag. 

attitlet,  V.  t.  [<  ME.  attitlen,  <  OF.  atiteler, 
later  utitrer,  mod.  P.  attitrer,  <  LL.  attitulare, 
name,  entitle,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  LL.  titulare,  give 
a  title,  <  L.  titulus,  title :  see  title.  Cf.  entitle.l 
To  name  ;  name  after.  Gower. 

attitude  (at'i-tud),  ».  [<  F.  attitude,  <  It.  attitu- 
dine,  attitude,  aptness,  <  ML.  aptitudo  {apti- 
tudin-),  aptitude:  see  aptitude.']  1.  Posture 
or  position  of  the  body,  or  the  manner  in  which 
its  parts  are  disposed ;  especially,  a  posture  or 
position  as  indicating  emotion,  purpose,  etc., 
or  as  appropriate  to  the  performance  of  some 
act. 

The  demon  sits  on  his  furious  horse  as  heedlessly  as  if 
he  were  reposing  on  a  cliair.  .  .  .  The  attitude  of  Faust, 
on  the  contrary,  is  the  perfection  of  horsemanship. 

Macaulay,  Dryden. 
There  sat  my  lords. 
Here  sit  they  now,  so  may  they  ever  sit 
In  easier  attitude  than  suits  my  haunch ! 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  237. 

Hence  —  2.  Any  condition  of  things  or  rela- 
tion of  persons  viewed  as  the  expression  of,  or 
as  affecting,  feeling,  opinion,  intentions,  etc. 

England,  though  she  occasionally  took  a  menacing  atti- 
tude, remained  inactive.  Maeaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

If  we  were  to  estimate  the  attitude  of  ecclesiastics  to 
sovereigns  by  the  language  of  Eusebius,  we  should  sup- 
pose that  they  ascribed  to  them  a  direct  Divine  inspiration, 
and  exalted  the  Imperial  dignity  to  an  extent  that  was 
before  unknown.  Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  277. 

To  strike  an  attitude,  to  assume  an  emotional  posture 
or  pose  ii]  a  theatrical  manner,  and  not  as  the  instinctive 
or  natural  expression  of  feeling.  =S5T1.  Position,  Pose, 
etc.    See  posture. 

attitudinal  (at-i-tii'di-nal),  a.  [<  atiifude  (It. 
attitudinc)  +  -a/.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to 
attitude. 

attitudinarian  (af'i-tii-di-na'ri-an),  n.  [<  atti- 
tude (It.  attitudine)  +  -arian.']  One  who  studies 
or  practises  attitudes. 

Attitudinarians  and  face-makers;  these  accompany 
every  word  with  a  peculiar  grimace  and  gesture.  Cuwper. 

attitudinarianism  (at"i-tTi-di-na'ri-an-ism),  n. 
The  use  of  affected  attitudes;  insincerity  of 
expression. 

attitudinise,  attitudiniser.   See  attitudinise, 

attitudinizer. 
attitudinize  (at-i-tii'di-niz),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

attitudhitzvd,  ppr.  attitudinizing.  [<  attitude  (It. 
attitudine)  +  -ize.']  1.  To  pose;  strike  or  prac- 
tise attitudes. 

Maria,  who  is  the  most  picturesque  figure,  was  put  to 
attitudinize  at  the  harp.  Mrs.  H.  More,  Coelebs,  ix. 

2.  To  be  affected  in  deportment  or  speech. 
Also  spelled  attitudinise. 
attitudinizer  (at-i-tu'di-ni-zer),  w.    One  who 
poses,  or  strikes  attitudes.    Also  spelled  atti- 
tudiniser. 

attle^  (at'l),  M.  [Also  written  attal,  addle,  adall; 
origin  uncertain ;  perhaps  the  same  as  addle^, 
filth,  mud,  mire:  see  addled. ']  Dirt;  filth; 
rubbish;  specifically,  the  refuse  or  worthless 
rock  which  remains  after  the  ore  has  been  se- 
lected from  the  material  obtained  by  mining: 
a  term  originally  Cornish,  but  extensively  used 
in  other  mining  regions  in  both  England  and 
America. 

attle^t  (at'l),  v.    An  obsolete  form  of  ettle^. 

attole  (a-to'la),  n.  [Mex.]  The  Mexican  name 
of  a  favorite  dish  prepared  from  wheat,  maize, 
and  various  other  nutritious  seeds,  which  are 
parched  and  finely  powdered,  and  then  made 
into  a  gruel  with  boiling  water. 


attollens  (a-tol'enz),  ppr.  used  as  n. ;  pi.  attol- 
lentes  (at-o-len'tez).  [NL.,  <  L.  attollens,  ppr. : 
see  In  «((fl^.,  an  attolleut  muscle ;  a 

levator —  Attollens  aurem,  a  muscle  which  raises  the 
ear,  or  tcnils  to  do  so.  —  Attollens  oculi,  an  old  name  of 
the  superior  rectus  nmscle  of  tlie  eyeball. 

attollent  (a-tol'ent),  a.  and n.  [<  L.  attollen{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  attoUere,  lift  up,  raise,  <  ad,  to,  +  tol- 
lerc,  lift,  related  to  tolerare,  bear:  see  tolerate.'} 

1.  a.  Lifting  up;  raising:  as,  an  attollent  muscle. 
II.  11.  A  muscle  which  raises  some  part,  as 

the  ear;  a  levator;  an  attollens. 
attollentes,  n.    Plural  of  attollens. 
attonable,  a.   See  atunahle. 
attonet,  adv.    See  atone. 

attorn  (a-tem'),  v.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  atturn  ; 

<  OF.  attorner,  atorner,  aturner,  atourner  (>  ML. 
attornare),  transfer  into  the  power  of  another, 

<  a  (<  L.  ad),  to,  +  tourner,  turner,  turn :  see 
turn.  Cf.  attorney.']  I.  trans.  1.  To  turn  over 
to  another;  transfer;  assign. —  2.  In  old  Eng. 
law,  to  turn  or  transfer,  as  homage  or  service, 
to  a  new  possessor,  and  accept  tenancy  under 
him. 

II.  intrans.  1.  In /ei<(?oZ  Z«k',  to  turn  or  trans- 
fer homage  and  service  from  one  lord  to  another. 
Tills  was  tlie  act  of  feudatories,  vassals,  or  tenants  upon 
the  alienation  of  the  estate. 

2.  In  modern  law,  to  acknowledge  being  the 
tenant  of  one  who  was  not  the  landlord  origi- 
nally, but  claims  to  have  become  such. 

attorney!  (a-ter'ni),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
atturney,  atturny ;  <  ME.  atturny,  attourney, 
aturneye,  aturne,  <  OF.  atorne,  attorne  (ML.  at- 
tornatus),  pp.  of  atorner,  aturner,  transfer  into 
the  power  of  another:  see  attorn.]  1.  One 
who  is  appointed  by  another  to  act  in  his  place 
or  stead ;  a  proxy. 

I  will  attend  my  husband,  be  his  nurse, 
Diet  lus  sickness,  for  it  is  my  offlce. 
And  xpill  have  no  attorney  but  myself. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  v.  1. 

Specifically  —  2.  In  law,  one  who  is  appointed 
or  admitted  in  the  place  of  another  to  transact 

any  business  for  him.  An  attorney  in  fact,  sometimes 
called  a  ^;riiia(<"  attorney,  is  an  attorney  authorized  to  make 
contracts  and  do  other  acts  for  his  principal,  out  of  court. 
For  this  purpose  a  written  authority  is  usual,  but  verbal 
authority  js  in  general  sufficient.  For  the  jierformance 
of  some  acts,  however,  as  conveyance  of  land,  transfer  of 
stock,  etc.,  a  formal  power  of  attorney  is  necessary.  An 
atturney  at  lnu\  sometimes  called  a  public  attorney,  is  a 
person  qualified  to  appear  for  another  before  a  court  of 
law  to  prosecute  or  defend  an  action  on  behalf  of  such  other. 
The  term  was  formerly  applied  especially  to  those  practis- 
ing before  the  supreme  courts  of  common  law,  those  prac- 
tising in  chancery  being  called  .wlicitors.  Under  the  pres- 
ent English  system,  all  persons  practising  before  the  su- 
preme courts  at  Westminster  are  called  solicitors.  In 
England  attorneys  or  solicitors  do  not  argue  in  court  in 
behalf  of  their  clients,  this  being  the  part  of  the  bai-risters 
or  counsel ;  their  special  functions  may  be  defined  to  be : 
to  institute  actions  on  behalf  of  their  clients  and  take 
necessary  steps  for  defending  them ;  to  furnish  counsel 
with  the  necessary  materials  to  enable  them  to  get  up 
their  pleadings ;  to  practise  conveyancing ;  to  prepare  legal 
deeds  and  instruments  of  all  kinds ;  and  generally  to  ad- 
vise with  and  act  for  their  clients  in  all  matters  connected 
with  law.  An  attorney,  whether  private  or  public,  may 
have  general  powers  to  act  for  another,  or  his  power  may 
be  special,  and  limited  to  a  particular  act  or  acts.  In  the 
United  States  the  term  barrister  is  not  used,  the  designa- 
tion of  a  fully  qualified  lawyer  being  attorney  and  coun- 
selor at  law.  When  employed  simply  to  present  a  cause 
in  court,  an  attorney  is  termed  counsel.  In  Scotland 
there  is  no  class  of  practitioners  of  the  law  who  take  the 
name  of  attorneys.    Hee  advocate,  1. 

3.  The  general  supervisor  or  manager  of  a 
plantation.  [British  West  Indies.]  —District  at- 
torney. See  d£s(/  tc(.— Scotch  attorneys,  a  name  given 
in  Jamaica  to  species  of  Clusia,  wuoiiy  vines  which  twine 
about  the  trunks  of  trees  and  strangle  them. 

attorneyif  (a-ter'ni), «.  t.  [<  attorney'^,  n.]  1. 
To  perform  by  proxy. 

Their  encounters,  though  not  personal,  have  been  royally 
attorneyed.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  i.  1. 

2.  To  employ  as  a  proxy. 

I  am  still 

Attorneyed  at  your  service. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1. 

attorney^  (a-ter'ni),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
atturney,  <  ME.  atorne,  <  OF.  attornee,  atournee, 
prop.  fem.  pp.  (ML.  *attornata)  of  atourner, 
attorn:  see  attorn,  and  cf.  attorney^.]  The 
appointment  of  another  to  act  in  one's  stead ; 
the  act  of  naming  an  attorney :  now  used  only 
in  the  following  phrase.— Letter,  warrant,  or 

power  of  attorney,  an  instrument  by  which  one  per- 
son authorizes  another  to  do  some  act  or  acts  for  him, 
iis  to  execute  a  deed,  to  collect  rents  or  debts,  to  sell 
estates,  etc. 

attorney-general  (a-ter'ni-jen'^e-ral),  n. ;  pi. 
attorneys-general.  [<  attorney'^  +  general,  «.] 
1.  The  first  ministerial  law-ofBcer  of  a  state. 
He  has  general  powers  to  act  in  all  legal  proceedings  in 
which  the  state  is  a  party,  and  is  regarded  as  the  official 
legal  adviser  of  the  executive.    lu  England  the  attorney- 


general  is  specially  appointed  by  letters  patent.  In  the 
I'nited  States  he  is  a  member  of  the  cabinet  appointed  by 
the  President,  has  the  general  management  of  the  depart- 
ments of  justice  tliri>u;.;hout  tile  country,  advises  the  Pres- 
ident and  dcpai  tiiii  nts  on  iiuestions  of  law,  and  appears 
for  the  government  in  tile  .Supreme  Court  and  Court  of 
Claims.  Tlie  individual  States  of  the  Union  also  have 
their  attorneys-general.    See  department. 

2.  In  England,  the  title  of  the  lung's  (or  queen's) 
attorney  in  the  duchies  of  Lancaster  and  Corn- 
wall and  the  county  palatine  of  Durham.  N. 
E.  I). — 3.  Formerly,  an  attorney  having  gen- 
eral authority  from  his  principal. 

attorney-generalship  (a-ter'ni-jen"e-ral-ship), 
n.  [<  attorney-general  +  -ship.]  T&e  office  of 
or  term  of  ser\'ice  as  attorney-general. 

attorneyism  (a-ter'ni-izm),  n.  [<  attorney'^  + 
-iam.]  The  practices  of  attorneys ;  the  unscru- 
pulous practices  frequently  attributed  to  attor- 
neys or  lawyers.  Carlylc. 

attorneyship  (a-ter'ni-ship),  w.  [<  attorney'^  + 
-ship.]  The  office  of  an  attorney,  or  the  period 
during  which  the  office  is  held;  agency  for 
another. 

Marriage  is  a  matter  of  more  worth 
Than  to  be  dealt  in  by  attorneyship. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  5. 

attornment  (a-tem'ment),  «.  [<  OP.  attorne- 
(ML.  attornamenium),  <  attorner:  see  at- 
torn and  -ment.]  In  old  Eng.  law,  the  act  of 
a  feudatory,  vassal,  or  tenant,  by  which  he  con- 
sented, upon  the  aliejiation  of  an  estate,  to  re- 
ceive a  new  lord  or  superior,  and  transferred 
to  him  his  homage  and  service  ;  the  agreement 
of  a  tenant  to  acknowledge  as  his  landlord  one 
who  was  not  originally  such,  but  claimed  to 
have  become  such. 

The  necessity  for  attornment  was  done  away  with  by 
4  Anne,  c.  16.    Digby,  Real  Prop.,  v.  §  3,  227.    (N.  E.  D.) 

attour^,  prep,  and  adv.    See  atour'^. 

attour^t,  atour^t,  «.  [ME.,  also  atum,  <  OF. 
atour,  older  form  atourn,  atum,  dress,  attire,  < 
atourner,  atorner,  turn,  prepare,  same  as  atorner, 
attorn:  see  attorn.]  Attire;  dress;  specifi- 
cally, head-dress:  as,  "her  rich  attour,"  Horn, 
of  the  Base,  1.  3718. 

attract  (a-trakf),  v.  [<  L.  attractus,  pp.  of 
attrahere,  draw  to,  attract,  <  ad,  to,  4-  trahere, 
draw:  see  traet^.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  draw  in, 
to,  or  toward  by  direct  mechanical  agency  or 
action  of  any  kind. —  2.  To  draw  to  or  toward 
(itself)  by  inherent  physical  force ;  cause  to 
gravitate  toward  or  cohere  with. 

It  is  a  universal  physical  law  that  every  particle  of  the 
universe  attracts  every  other  particle  with  a  certain  force. 

W.  L.  Carpenter,  Energy  in  Nature,  p.  21. 

3.  To  draw  by  other  than  physical  influence ; 
invite  or  allure;  win:  as,  to  attract  attention; 
to  attract  admirers. 

Adorn 'd 

She  was  indeed,  and  lovely,  to  attract 
Thy  love.  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  152. 

At  sea,  everything  that  breaks  the  monotony  of  the  sur- 
rounding expanse  attracts  attention. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  19. 
=  Syn.  3.  To  entice,  fascinate,  charm. 

II.  intrans.  1 .  To  possess  or  exert  the  power 
of  attraction :  as,  it  is  a  property  of  matter  to 
attract. —  2.  Figuratively,  to  be  attractive  or 
winning :  as,  his  manners  are  calculated  to  at- 
tract. 

attractt  (a-trakf),  n.    [<  attract,  v.]  Attrac- 
tion ;  in  pim-al,  attractive  qualities  ;  charms. 
What  magical  attracts  and  graces  ! 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  III.  i.  1037. 

attractability  (a-trak-ta-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  attract- 
able:  see  -bility.]  The  quality  of  being  at- 
tractable, or  of  being  subject  to  the  law  of  at- 
traction. 

Thou  wilt  not  find  a  corpuscle  destitute  of  that  natural 

attractability.    Sir  W.  Jones,  Asiatic  Researches,  IV.  178. 

attractable  (a-trak'ta-bl),  a.  [<  attract  + 
-able.]  Capable  of  being  attracted;  subject  to 
attraction. 

attracter  (a-trak'ter),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  attracts.    Also  spelled  attractor. 

attractict,  attracticalt  (a-trak'tik,  -ti-kal),  a. 
[<  attract  +  -ic,  -ical.]  iHaving  power  to  at- 
tract; attractive. 

Some  stones  are  endued  with  an  electrical  or  attracticat 
virtue.  Bay,  Works  of  Creation  (1714),  p.  93. 

attractile  (a-trak'til),  a.  [<  attract  +  -He.] 
Having  the  power  to  attract ;  attractive. 

attractingly  (a-trak'ting-li),  adv.  By  way  of 
attraction  ;  so  as  to  attract. 

attraction  (a-trak'shon),  n.  [=  F.  attrac- 
tion, <  L.  attractio(n-),  <  attrahere,  attract : 
see  attract.]    1.  The  act,  power,  or  property 

of  attracting.  Specifically —  (a)  In  phys.,  the  force 
through  which  particles  of  matter  are  attracted  or  drawn 
toward  one  another ;  a  component  acceleration  of  particles 


attraction 

■toward  one  another,  according  to  their  distance.  Such  at- 
traction is  a  mutual  action  whicli  in  some  form  all  bodies, 
whether  at  rest  or  in  motion,  exert  upon  one  another.  The 
attractive  force  with  which  the  atoms  of  different  bodies 
in  certain  cases  tend  to  unite,  so  as  to  form  a  new 


375 

For  all  his  annour  was  like  salvage  weed 
With  woody  mosse  bedight,  and  all  his  steed 
With  oaken  leaves  attrapt. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  iv.  39. 


as  to  form  a  new  body  or  „4.4._„„4.„i'  ,  /  j.  i  ^,  ^ 
bodies,  is  called  cheniical  ajluuttj ;  that  which  binds  to-  attreCtatlOHt  (at-rek-ta  shoil),  n.  [<  L.  attrco- 
gether  the  molecules  of  the  same  body  is  called  cohesion  ;  tntio{n-),  <  dltreotarc,  haudle,  pp.  attrvctatus,  < 
those  of  different  bodies,  «</te<o«.  Connected  with  tlie  ad,  to,  +  tmcture,  handle,  freu.  of  tmhere,  pp. 
last-named  forces  IS  cayyittrt,-!/ (Kfractioji,  by  which  liquids  /rwV/j/l"  liviw  ,,ffry,y.f  1  A  ,  '  *"V"->  Pi'- 
tend  to  rise  in  fine  tubes  or  small  interstices  of  porous  f'^'.'C'WS  iu<iw.  Ct.a«/«c<.]  A  touching;  a  hau- 
bodies.  In  all  the  cases  mentioned  the  forces  act  only  dlmg;  trequent  manipuhltion. 
through  very  small  distances.  When  bodies  tend  to  come  attributable  (a-trib'ii-ta-bl),  a.  [<  attribute  + 
together  from  sensible  distances,  the  force  being  directly  -((Jj/c  T  Canalilp  of  i)oi'Tio-  or  li-ihlp  tn  V.o 
proportional  to  the  product  of  their  masses  and  inversely  J  1  -v?  <-  i 
 *.„„„i  ,  .  .,         enbeu,  imputed,  or  attributed;  ascnbablo;  im- 


attrition 

4.  In  the  fine  arts,  a  symbol  of  o£Sce,  character, 
or  personality :  thus,  the  eagle  is  "the  attrihutt: 
of  Jupiter. 

The  ladder  is  a  striking  attribute  for  the  patriarch  Jac6b, 
ami  the  harp  for  King  David.  t'airholt. 

Persephone  is  recognised  by  the  lofty  modius,  or  corn- 
measure,  on  her  head,  the  attribute  of  tlie  Chthonian 
J'-'ities.  C.  T.  Newton,  Art  and  Arc)ia:ol.,  p.  87. 


proportional  to  the  square  of  the  distance  between  them, 
the  attraction  is  Called  gravitation,  as  when  the  earth  at-  putable: 
tracts  and  is  attracted  by  a  falling  body,  or  attracts  and  is  author, 
attracted  by  the  moon,  etc  ;  or  magnetism,  as  when  exerted 
between  the  unlike  poles  of  a  magnet ;  or  electricity,  as 
when  dissimilarly  electrified  bodies  attract  one  another. 
See  capillary,  chemical,  cohesion,  electricity,  gravitation, 
magnetism,    (b)  The  power  or  act  of  alluring,  winning,  or 

engaging;  allurement;  enticement:  as,  the  attraction  ot  attribute  (a-trib'ut), 
beauty  or  eloquence.  •    ■  •■      .  • 

Setting  the  attraction  of  my  good  parts  aside,  I  have  no 
other  charms.  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  ii.  2. 

2.  That  which  attracts  feeling  or  desire;  a 
charm ;  an  allui'ement. 


as,  the  fault  is  not  attributable  to  the 


She,  questionless,  with  her  sweet  harmony. 
And  other  chosen  attractions,  would  allure. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  v.  1. 
It  is  probable  that  pollen  was  aboriginally  the  sole  at- 
traction to  insects. 

Darwin,  Cross  and  Self  Fertilisation,  p.  402. 

Center  of  attraction.  See  cenier.— Heterogeneous 
attraction.  See  heterogeneous.— MolBcvdax  attrac- 
tion. See  molecular.  =  Syn.  2.  Attractiveness,  fascina- 
tion, enticement. 

attractionally  (a-trak'shon-al-i),  adv.  By 
means  of  attraction. 

The  advance  and  retreat  of  the  water  react  attractionally 
upon  the  plummet  in  a  very  marked  degree. 

The  American,  VI.  172. 
^ittractive  (a-trak'tiv),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  attrac- 
tif,  -ive,  =It.  attrattivo,  <  L.  as  if  *attractivus  : 
see  attract  and  -rye.]  I.  a.  If.  Having  the 
power  or  faculty  of  di-awing  in,  to,  or  toward 
by  mechanical  agency  or  action. —  2.  Ha\ing 
the  quality  of  attracting  by  inherent  force; 
causing  to  gravitate  to  or  toward :  as,  the  at- 
tractive force  of  bodies. 

A  repulsive  force  is  positive ;  an  attractive,  which  di- 
minishes the  distance  between  two  masses,  is  negative. 

A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  168. 
3.  Having  the  power  of  charming  or  alluring 
by  agreeable  qualities ;  inviting ;  engaging ;  en- 
ticing. 

For  contemplation  he  and  valour  forni'd. 
For  softne^  she  and  sweet  attractive  grace. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  298. 
For  hers  was  one  of  those  attractive  faces. 
That  when  you  gaze  upon  them,  never  fail 
To  bid  you  look  again.  Halleck,  Fanny. 

II,t  n.  That  which  draws  or  incites ;  allui'e- 
ment; charm. 

The  dressing 
Is  a  most  main  attractive. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  iii.  2. 
The  gospel  speaks  nothing  but  attractives  and  invita- 
t'""-  South,  Sermons, 

attractively  (a-trak'tiv-li),  adv.    In  an  attrac- 
tive manner;  with  the  power  of  attracting  or 
di-awing  to:  as,  to  smile  attractively. 
attractiveness  (a-trak'tiv-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  attractive  or  engaging. 

The  same  attractiveness  in  riches. 

South,  Sermons,  VII.  .xiv. 

attractivity  (a-trak-tiv'i-ti),  n.  [<  attractive  + 
-ity-l    Attractive  power  or  influence. 

attractor,  «.    See  attracter. 

attrahens  (at'ra-henz),  ppr.,  used  also  as  n.; 
pi.  attrahentes  (at-ra-hen'tez).  [NL.,  <  L.  attra- 
hens, ppr. :  see  attraJtent.']  In  anat,  drawing 
forward,  or  that  which  draws  forward ;  attra- 
hent:  the  opposite  of  retruliens.  chiefly  in  the 

phrase  attrahem  aurem,  the  name  of  a  small  muscle  whose 
action  tends  to  draw  the  ear  forward. 

attrahent  (at'ra-hent),  a.  and  w.  [<  L.  attra- 
hen{t-)s,  ppr.  of  attrahere,  attract:  see  attract.'] 
1.  a.  I.  Drawing  to;  attracting.— 2.  In  anat., 
same  as  attrahens. 

II.  n.  It.  That  which  draws  to  or  attracts, 
as  a  magnet.  Glanville.—  2.  In  med.,  an  ap- 
pUeation  that  attracts  fluids  to  the  part  where 
it  is  applied,  as  a  blister  or  a  rubefacient ;  an 
epispastic. 

•attrahentes,  n.    Plural  of  attrahens. 

■attraplf  (a-trap'),  V.  t.    [<  F.  attraper,  OF.  atra- 
per,  trap,  insnare,  <  a  (<  L.  ad)  +  trappe,  trap: 
see  trax)'^.']    To  insnare. 
He  [Pachard  III.]  was  not  attrapped  either  with  net  or 
Grafton,  Hen.  VII.,  an.  17. 

attrap2t  (a-trap'),  v.  t.   [<  «f-2  -f.  trari^,  v.]  To 
furnish  with  trappings  ;  deck. 


added. 


Hiliernation,  although  a  result  of  cold,  is  not  its  imme- 
diate consequence,  but  is  attributable  to  that  deprivation 
of  food  and  other  essentials  which  extreme  cold  occasions. 

Sir  J.  E.  Tennent,  Ceylon,  ii.  4. 

...  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  attrib- 
uted, pijr.  attributiufj.  [<  L.  attributus,  pp.  of 
attribuere,  assign,  <  ad,  to,  -f  tribucre,  give,  as- 
sign, bestow:  see  tribute.]  To  ascribe;  im- 
pute ;  consider  as  belonging  or  as  due ;  assign. 

The  merit  of  service  is  seldom  attributed  to  the  true 
and  exact  performer.  Shak.,  All  s  Well,  iii.  6. 

Narrow  views  of  religion  tend  to  attribute  to  God  an  ar- 
bitrary and  capricious  action,  not  in  harmony  with  either 
science  or  the  Bible.     Dawson,  Nat.  and  the  Bible,  p.  12. 

He  does  not  hesitate  to  attribute  the  disease  from  which 
they  suffered  to  those  depressing  moral  influences  to  which 
they  were  subjected.    O.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  2. 

The  burning  of  New  York  was  generally  attributed  to 
New  England  incendiaries.  Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  xiv. 
=  Syn.  Attribute,  Ascribe,  Refer,  Impute,  Charge,  have 
two  meanings  in  common :  they  may  assign  some  attribute. 

quality,  or  appurtenance  to  a  person  or  thing,  or  they  may  „4.4._-i,  x-  ,  ^  -w-^.  ^ 
connect  different  things,  as  an  effect  with  its  cause.  Refer  a^nDUtlVe  (a-tnb  u-tiv), 
IS  the  weakest.  ^<«ri6«fe  is  stronger  :  as,  to  a«/-t6itie  dm-  "  "  ' 
niscience  to  God ;  to  attribute  failure  to  incompetence. 
Ascribe,  being  most  manifestly  figurative,  is  the  strongest 
and  most  common ;  it  is  rarely  used  in  a  bad  sense.  That 
which  is  imputed  in  the  first  sense  named  is  generally  but 
not  always  bad :  as,  to  impute  folly  to  a  man.  To  impute 
anything  good  seems  an  archaic  mode  of  expression.  Im- 
pute is  not  very  connnon  in  the  second  sense  :  as,  to  im- 
pute one's  troubles  to  one  s  follies.  The  theological  mean- 
ing of  impute,  that  of  laying  to  a  person's  account  some- 
thing good  or  liad  that  does  not  belong  to  him,  has  affected 
hut  little  the  popular  use  of  the  word.  That  which  is 
charged,  in  either  of  the  senses  named,  is  bad:  as,  "His 
angels  he  charged  with  folly,"  Job  iv.  18;  I  charged  it  to 
their  youth  and  inexperience.  The  word  is  a  strong  one, 
on  account  of  its  connection  with  legal  processes,  etc. 

The  sin,gular  excellence  to  which  eloquence  attained  at 
Athens  is  to  be  mainly  attributed  to  the  influence  which 
it  exerted  there.  Macaulay,  Athenian  Orators. 

I  have  never  yet  encountered  that  bitter  spirit  of  big- 
otry which  is  so  frequently  ascribed  to  Jlohammedans. 

B.  Taylor,  Lajids  of  the  Saracen,  p.  24. 
The  salts,  predominant  in  quick  lime,  we  refer  rather 
to  ILxiviate  than  acid.  Boyle,  Colours. 

I  desire  that  what  I  have  said  may  not  be  imputed  to 
the  colonies.  I  am  a  private  person,  and  do  not  write  by 
their  direction.  Franklin,  Life,  p.  387. 

What  you  have  charg'd  me  with,  that  have  I  done. 
And  more,  much  more.  Shak.,  Lear,  v.  3. 

attribute  (at 

icate,  attribute, 

attributus,  pp.  of  attribuere,  ascribe,  attribute: 
see  attribute,  v.]  1 .  In  logic,  that  which  is  pred- 
icated or  affirmed  of  a  subject ;  a  predicate ;  an 
accident. 


5t.  Reputation ;  honor. 

Much  attri.bute\iK  hath;  and  much  the  reason 
Why  wc  ascribe  it  to  him.      Shak.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  .'i. 

6.  In  fjram.,  an  attributive  word  ;  a  word  de- 
noting an  attribute.-  SymboUcal  attributes.  See 

symboUcal.  =  Sya.  1-3.  Property,  Churarlerixtir,  etc.  .See 
iiuality. 

attribution  (at-ri-bu'shon),  n.  [=  F.  attribu- 
tion, <  L.  attributioin-),  <  attribuere,  attribute: 
see  attribute,  c]  1.  The  act  of  attributing,  in 
any  sense ;  ascription. 

His  [God's]  relative  personality  is  shadowed  forth  by  the 
attribution  to  him  of  love,  anger,  and  other  human  feel- 
ings and  sentiments.  Dawson,  Grig,  of  World,  p.  12. 

2.  That  which  is  ascribed;  attribute. 

If  speaking  truth, 
In  this  flue  age,  were  not  thought  flattery, 
Such  attribution  should  the  Douglas  have, 
As  not  a  soldier  of  this  season's  stamp 
Should  go  so  general  cuirent  through  the  world. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  1. 

3.  Authority  or  function  granted,  as  to  a  ruler, 
minister,  or  court. 

It  is  not  desirable  that  to  the  ever-giwing  attributions 
of  the  government  so  delicate  a  function  should  be  super- 
"  J.  S.  Mill. 

.  ,,  CI-  and  n.  [=  F. 
attribiitif,  <  L.  as  if  *atiribntirus,  <  attribuere: 
.see  attribute.]  1.  (/.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  character  of  attribution:  as,  the  attrib- 
utii-eiise  or  relation  of  certain  words;  attrib- 
utive qualities  or  insignia;  an  attributive  judg- 
ment (in  logic).— 2.  In  gram.,  pertaining  to  or 
expressing  an  attribute;  used  (as  a  word)  in 
direct  description  without  predication:  as,  a 
bad  pen,  a  burning  house,  a  ruined  man.  An  at- 
tributive word  is  to  be  distinguished  from  a  predicative : 
as,  the  pen  is  bad;  the  man  is  ruined ;  and  from  an  apposi- 
five  :  as,  the  pen,  bad  as  it  is,  might  be  worse  ;  this  man, 
ruined  by  another's  misconduct,  is  in  misery.  All  adjective 
words,  as  proper  adjectives,  adjective  pronouns,  and 
participles,  may  be  used  attributively  ;  also  nouns  :  as,  a 
/(Stable;  aj^oWring;  my  hunter  Mend  ;  the  young  so?- 
r/(e<--boy.  The  relation  of  an  adverb  to  the  adjective  qual- 
ified liy  it  is  also  by  some  called  attributive. 

II.  n.  In  gram.,  a  word  expressing  an  at- 
tribute;  an  adjective,  or  a  phrase  or  clause 
performing  the  function  of  an  adjective,  which 
describes  a  noun  without  being  part  of  the  as- 
sertion or  predication  made  about  it. 
attributively  (a-trib'u-tiv-li),  adr.  In  an  at- 
tributive manner;  specifically,  in  gram.,  as 
attribute  or  attributive ;  in  dir(?et  ascription  of 
quality  or  circumstance  without  predication. 
.'ht.rici+.+  /'a-tTncf''\  )^  f     r/  t?  ^»^*wr.*«^  sadden 

sad.]  To 


'ri-but),  n.   [<  L.  attributum,  pred-  (a-trist  ),  r.  t.    [<  F.  attrister, 

ate,  lit.  what  is  ascribed,  neut.  of    ^  ?     ^-    ,\      ^  ^  ^-  Mstis,  sa. 

).  of  attribuere,  ascribe,  attribute:    Sneve;  sadden. 


A  predicate,  the  exact  limits  of  which  are  not  deter- 
mined, cannot  be  used  to  define  and  determine  a  subject. 
It  may  be  called  an  attribute,  and  conveys  not  the  whole 
nature  of  the  subject,  but  some  one  quality  belonging  to  it. 

Abjj.  Thomson,  Laws  of  Thought,  p.  120. 
The  term  attribute  simply  directs  the  attention  to  the 
fact  that  we  attribute  to,  or  atfinn  of,  a  being  something 
that  we  distinguish  from  itself. 

A\  Porter,  Human  Intellect,  §  642. 

2.  A  character  inseparable  from  its  subject. 

By  this  word  attribute  is  meant  something  which  is  im- 
movable and  inseparable  from  the  essence  of  its  subject, 
as  that  which  constitutes  it,  and  which  is  thus  opposed  to 

Descartes. 

Some  necessary  marks  belong  to  things  as  reasons  of 
other  marks  of  the  same  things,  others  as  consequences 
of  other  marks.  .  .  .  The  latter  are  called  attributes. 

Kant. 

3.  A  characteristic  or  distinguishing  mark ;  es- 
pecially, an  excellent  or  lofty  qualitv  or  trait : 
as,  wisdom  and  goodness  are  his  attributes. 

Serv.  .  .  .  with  him  the  mortal  Venus,  the  heart-blood 
of  beauty,  love's  invisible  soul. 
Pan.  Who,  my  cousin  Cressida? 

Serv.  No,  sir,  Helen :  could  you  not  find  out  that  bv  her 
attnbutesr  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iii.  1. 

The  term  attribute  is  a  word  properlv  convertible  with 
quality,  for  every  quality  is  an  attribute,  ami  every  attri- 
bute is  a  qualitii :  but  custom  has  introduced  a  certain 
distinction  in  their  application.  Attribut,/  is  considered 
as  a  word  of  loftier  significance,  and  i.^.  therefore  con- 
ventionally limited  to  qualities  of  a  higher  application 
Thus,  for  example,  it  would  be  felt  as  indecorous  to  speak 
of  the  qualities  of  God,  and  as  ridiculous  to  talk  of  the 
attrib-utes  of  matter.      Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Metaph  I  l.il 


How  then  could  I  write  when  it  was  impossible  but  to 
attn,st  you[  when  I  could  speak  of  nothing  but  unparal- 
leled horrors.  Walpole,  Lettei-s,  IV.  525. 

attrite  (a-trif),  a.  [<  L.  attritus,  pp.  of  at- 
terere,  rub  away,  wear,  <  ad,  to,  +  terere,  rub : 
see  trite.]  If.  Worn  by  rubbing  or  friction. 
Milton. —  2.  In  theol.,  imperfectly  contrite  or 
repentant.    See  attrition,  3. 

He  that  was  attrite  being,  by  virtue  of  this  [the  priest's] 
absolution,  made  contrite  and  justified. 

Abp.  Ussher,  Ans.  to  a  Jesuit,  v. 

attritenesst  (a-trit'nes),  n.  The  state  of  being 
attrite  ;  the  state  of  being  much  worn. 

attrition  (a-ti-ish'on),  n.  [z=  F.  attrition,  <  LL. 
attritio(n-),  a  rubbing,  <  L.  attritus,  pp.  of  atte- 
rere,  vu.h:  see  attrite.]  1.  The  rubbing  of  one 
thing  against  another ;  mutual  friction  :  as,  the 
abrasion  of  coins  by  attrition.— 2.  The  act  of 
wearing  away  by  rubbing ;  the  state  of  being 
worn  down  or  smoothed  by  friction  ;  abrasion. 

The  change  of  the  aliment  is  effected  by  the  attrition  of 
the  inward  stomach  and  dissolvent  liquor  assisted  with 
tiea,t.  Arbuthnot,  Aliments. 

These  were  people  trained  hy  attrition  with  many  influ- 
ences.  E.  S.  Phelps,  Beyond  the  Gates,  p.  119. 

3.  In  theol.,  imperfect  contrition  or  repentance, 
with  real  detestation  of  sin,  and  a  trae  pui-pose 
of  amencbnent,  arising  from  those  supernatural 
motives  of  faitli  which  are  lower  than  charity, 
or  the  true  love  of  God  for  his  own  infinite  per- 
fections. Such  motives  are  a  love  of  justice  for  its  own 
sake,  the  intrinsic  shamefulness  of  sin,  the  fear  of  divine 
punishment,  etc.  Attrition  remits  sin  only  when  comple- 
mented by  the  grace  conferred  through  sacramental  abso- 
lution.   See  contrition. 


attrition 

Attritio7i  by  virtue  of  the  keys  is  made  contrition. 

Quoteil  in  ^-1/)^).  I'sslwr's  Ans.  to  a  Jesuit,  v. 

attrition-mill  (a-trish'on-mil),  n.  A  mill, 
usually  contrifugal,  iu  whicli  grain  is  pulver- 
ized by  the  mutual  attrition  of  its  particles, 
and  by  frictioual  contact  with  the  sides. 

attritus  (a-tri'tus),  n.  [L.,  a  rubbing  on,  an 
inllammation  caused  by  rubbing,  <  attritus,  pj). 
of  atterere :  see  attrite.  For  the  sense  here 
given,  cf.  detritus.']  Matter  reduced  to  powder 
by  attrition.  Carlijle. 

attryt,        See  attc'nj. 

attune  (a-tiin'),  r.  t.;  pret.  andpp.  rt^iiOiCfZ,  ppr. 
attuniiifj.  l<i  at-^  +  tidie,  q.x.']  1.  To  tune  or 
put  in  tune ;  adjust  to  harmony  of  sound ;  make 

"accordant:  as,  to  attune  the  voice  to  a  harp. 

And  tongues,  attuned  to  curses,  roar  il  applause. 

Cnibbe,  The  Borough. 

2.  Figm-atively,  to  arrange  iitly ;  make  accor- 
dant;  bring  into  harmony:  as,  to  attune  our 
aims  to  the  divine  will. 

The  landscape  around  .  .  .  was  one  to  attune  their 
souls  to  holy  musings.  Longfellow,  Hyperion,  iv.  5. 

Though  my  ear  was  attuned,  the  songster  was  tardy. 

The  Centunj,  XXVII.  776. 

3.  To  make  musical.  [Rare.] 

Vernal  airs, 

Breathing  the  smell  of  field  and  grove,  attune 
The  trembling  leaves.  Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  265. 

attune  (a-tiin'),  n.  [<  attune,  r.]  Harmony  of 
sounds;  accord.    Mrs.  Browning. 

attunement  (a-tun'ment),  n.  [<  attune  +  -ment.'] 
The  act  of  attuning.  [Rare.] 

atturnt,       An  obsolete  spelling  of  attorn. 

atturneyt,  n.   An  obsolete  spelUng  of  attornerj. 

Attus  (at'us),  n.  [NL. ;  cf.  Atta.]  1.  A  genus 
of  spiders,  typical  of  the  family  Attidw. —  2.  A 
genus  of  hemipterous  insects. 

attypic,  attypical  (a-tip'ik,  -i-kal),  a.  [<  at-2 
+  tijpic,  -«?.]  In  zooh,  of  the  particular  char- 
acter acquired,  or  in  process  of  acquisition,  by 
specialization,  from  a  more  generalized  type, 
as  from  a  prototype  or  archetype :  opposed  to 
etypical. 

Atti/ijifal  chaiarttrs  are  those  to  the  acquisition  of 
•which,  as  a  matter  .if  fact,  we  find  that  forms,  in  their 
journey  tu  a  specialized  condition,  tend. 

Gill,  true.  Anier.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  XX.  293. 

attypically  (a-tip'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  attypic 
manner. 

atumble  (a-tum'bl),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  a3  -1- 
turnhlc']    In  a  tumbling  condition. 

-atus^.  [L.  -dtus,  fern,  -dta,  neut.  -atutn :  see 
-afcl.]  A  Latin  termination,  the  original  of 
-a^el,  -ate^,  -adv^,  -ee-l,  etc.,  the  suffix  of  perfect 
participles  of  the  Latin  first  conjugation,  and 
of  adjectives  similarly  formed.  It  occurs  fre- 
quently iu  New  Latin  specific  names  in  botany, 
zoology,  etc. 

-atUS^.  [L.  -atus  (-atu-),  in  nouns  of  the  4th  de- 
clension, <  -at-,  pp.  stem  (see  -atus^),  +  stem 
vowel  -U-.  The  Eng.  form  of  this  suffix  is  -ate  : 
see-ate^.]  A  termination  of  Latin  nouns,  many 
of  which  have  been  adopted  unaltered  in  Eng- 
lish, as  apparatus,  afflatus,  flatus,  etc.  .Such 
nouns,  if  they  have  a  pluial,  retain  the  Latin  form  (L. 
■atus),  as  apparatus,  or,  rarely,  take  an  English  plural,  as 
apparatuses. 

atwaint  (a-twan'),  adv.  [<  ME.  atwayne, 
a-tweijne;  i  a^  +  tivain.  Cf.  atwin  and  atwo.] 
In  twain ;  asunder. 

A  fickle  maid  full  pale, 
Tearing  of  papers,  breaking  rings  a-twain, 
Storming  her  world  with  sorrow  s  winii  and  rain. 

Shak.,  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  6. 

atweel  (at-wel').  [Sc.,  appar.  contr.  from  I 
wat  iveel,  I  Imow  weU:  ivat  z=  E.  tvot;  iceel  —  E. 
well.}    I  wot  well.  [Scotch.] 

Atweel  I  would  fain  tell  him.     Scott,  Antiquary,  xxxix. 
atween   (a-twen'),  prep,  and  adv.    [<  ME. 
atweene,  aiwene  ;  <  a-  -f  -tween,  eqidv.  to  between, 
q.  v.]     Between;  in  or  into  an  intervening 
space.    [Old  English  and  Scotch.  ] 

But  he,  right  well  aware,  his  rage  to  ward 
Did  cast  his  shield  atweene.. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  xii.  30. 

atwint,  adv.  [ME.,  also  atwinne;  <  «3  +  twin. 
Cf.  ativain.']    Apart;  asimder. 

Thy  wif  and  thou  most  hangen  fer  a-tioinne. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  403. 

atwirl  (a-twerl'),  2»'ep.  jihr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a3 
+  twirl.]    In  a  twirl ;  twirling. 

Goody  Cole 

Sat  by  her  door  with  her  wheel  atwirl. 

Whittier,  The  'Wreck  of  Rivermouth. 

atwist  (a-twisf),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  flS 
+  twist,  n.]  Awry ;  distorted ;  tangled.  [Rare.] 

atwltet,  V.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  attwite,  <  ME. 
atwiten,  <  AS.  cetwUan,  <  at,  at,  +  witan,  blame : 


376 

see  wite.    Hence  by  apheresis  mod.  E.  twit.] 
To  blame ;  reproach ;  twit, 
atwitter  (a-twit'er),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  a'^  +  twitter.]    In  a  twitter. 

atwixt,  atwixent,  atwixtt,  prep.   [ME.  atwii, 

atwixcn,  atwixe,  atwixt,  etc.;  <  a-  +  -twixen,  twixt; 
eqtiiv.  to  hetwixen,  betwixt,  q.  v.]  Bet-svixt;  be- 
tween. 

Atwixeii  Sonne  and  see.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  v.  886. 

atwot,  adv.  [ME.,  <  AS.  on  twd,  on  tit:  see  a3 
and  two.]    In  two. 

An  axe  to  smite  the  cord  atu<o. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  383. 

Atwood's  machine.    See  machine. 

atypic  (a-tip'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  arvKoc,  conforming 
to  no  ilistiuct  type  (of  illness)  (<  a-  priv.  -t- 
Ti'TToc,  type).  -I-  -ic:  see  a-i8  and  typic.]  1. 
Ha\Tng  no  distinct  tj'pical  character ;  not  typi- 
cal; not  conformable  to  the  type. —  2.  Protlu- 
cing  a  loss  of  typical 
characters.  Dana. 

atypical  (a-tip'i-kal),  a. 
[<  atypic  +  -al.]  "Same 
as  atypic. 

atypically  (a-tip'i-kal-i), 
adv.  In  an  atypic  man- 
ner. 

Atypinse  (at-i-pi'ne),  n. 
pi.  [NL.,  <  Jfy/pi(s,  1, -I- 
-Ince.]  A  subfamily  of 
Theraphosidw  or  Myga- 
lidm  distinguished  by  the 
development  of  six  spin- 
ners, typified  by  the  ge- 
nus A  typus. 

Atypus    (at'i-pus),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  drt)7rof,  con- 
forming  to   no    distinct    -*<>'/'"■"''-<■'-''•  (Vertical  Une 
,  .        ,       ,  shows  natural  Size.) 

type,  <  a-  priv.  -t-  TVKog, 

type:  see  type.]  1.  A  genus  of  spiders,  of  the 
family  Theraphosidce  or  Mygalida,  having  six 
arachnidial  mammilte  or  spinnerets,  a.  piceus 

is  a  European  species  which  digs  a  hole  in  the  ground  and 
lines  it  with  silk.  The  genus  with  some  authors  gives 
name  to  a  subfamily  Atypince. 

2.  A  genus  of  fishes,  now  called  Atypichthys. 
Giinthcr,  1860. 
au^.  [<  ME.  au,  aw,  or  a  before  a  guttural,  nasal, 
or  I  (ug,  ah,  al  (aul),  etc.),  of  AS.  or  OF.  or  L. 
origin.]  A  common  English  digraph  repre- 
senting generally  the  sound  of  "broad  a"  (a), 

but  often  also  ii.  it  occurs  only  exceptionally,  and  by 
conformation  with  Romanic  analogies,  in  words  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  origin,  as  iu  aught,  tauijlit,  dauijhtci;  liaulin  —  halm, 
baulk = balk (a.ni\  formerly  as  a  variant,  medially,  with  aw, 
as  in  baul,  hauk,  etc.,  for  baiel,  hairk,  etc.).  In  words  of 
Old  French  (and  ultimately  Latin)  origin  it  represents  an 
original  al,  now  sometimes  aul  as  in  Jault,  assault,  etc., 
or  a  before  a  nasal,  as  in  aunt,  haunch,  launch,  etc.  (but 
in  must  such  words  now  usually  simplified  to  a,  as  in 
r/raiiil,  'irnnt,  liince,  etc.).  It  is  frequently  of  Latin  origin, 
as  in  (iiii/ii,  cui'se,  laud,  etc.,  or  of  Greek  origin,  as  in  caus- 
tic. In  win  ds  from  recent  French  it  may  have  the  present 
F.  soiuiil  (o)  as  in  hauteur,  aufait,  etc.  In  words  of  Ger- 
man and  usually  of  other  foreign  origin,  it  has  its  analyti- 
cal value  (a  +  u),  corresponding  to  Englisli  ou  in  sour,  as 
in  sauerkraut,  ablaut,  umlaut.  Formerly  au  and  aw  were 
used  almost  indifferently ;  but  now  au  is  never  final  in 
English  words,  while  aw  is  rarely  meilial,  except  in  a  few 
familiar  words,  as  in  hawk,  bawl,  but  I'egularly  final,  as  in 
law,  .<<nw,  claw,  etc.    See  aw. 

au^  (6).  [F.,  <  OF.  au,  o,  ou,  earlier  al,  contr. 
of  a  le  =  Sp.  Pg.  al  =  It.  all,  alio,  <  L.  ad  ilium 
(m.)  or  ad  illitd  (neut.):  ad,  to,  with  acc.  of 
illc,  that,  in  Rom.  the  def.  art.  'the.'  The  cor- 
resp.  fem.  is  d  la,  q.  v.]  To  the ;  at  the  ;  with 
the :  the  dative  of  tlie  French  definite  article, 
occurring  in  some  phrases  frequently  used  in 
English,  as  aufait,  aufond,  au  revoir,  etc. 

Au.   The  chemical  symbol  of  gold  (L.,  aurum). 

aubade  (6-bad'),  n.  [F.,  <  aube,  da-wn  (<  L.  alba, 
fem.  of  albus,  white ;  cf .  aube  =  alb^),  after  Sp. 
aZftrtrta,  aubade,  <  rt?6rt,  dawn :  sQeallA.]  1.  In 
troubadour  and  similar  music,  a  song  or  piece 
to  be  performed  in  the  open  air  in  the  early 
morning,  usually  addressed  to  some  special 
person;  a  musical  announcement  of  dawn. 
See  serenade. 

There  he  lingered  till  the  crowing  cock. 
The  Alectryon  of  tlie  farmyard  and  the  flock, 
Sang  his  aubade  witli  lusty  voice  and  clear. 

Longfellow,  'Wayside  Inn,  Emma  and  Eginhard. 

2.  In  modern  music,  a  rarely  used  title  for  a 
short  instrumental  composition  in  lyric  style. 

aubain  (6-ban';  F.  pron.  6-bah'),  n.  [F.,  <  ML. 
albanus,  an  alien,  <  L.  alUii,  elsewhere,  4-  -anus: 
see  alibi.]  A  non-naturalized  foreigner,  subject 
to  the  right  of  aubaine.    N.  E.  D. 

aubaine  (6-ban'),  n.  [F.,  <  aubain :  see  aubain.] 
Succession  to  the  goods  of  a  stranger  not  nat- 
'Uralized.  The  droit  d'aubaine  in  France  was  a  right  of 
the  king  to  the  goods  of  an  alien  dying  within  his  realm, 


auction 

the  king  standing  in  the  place  of  the  heirs.  This  richt 
was  ab<ilislied  in  1819. 

aubet,  >i.  [F.,  <  L.  alba,  alb:  see  am.]  Obso- 
lete form  of  rt/il.  Fuller. 

auberge  (a'berj;  F.  pron.  6-barzh'),  m.  [F.,  < 
OF.  albergc  (=  Pr.  albcrc  =  Sp.  alhcrguc  —  It. 
albcrgo,  an  inn),  earlier  Iielberge,  orig.  Iicrbcrge, 
a  military  station,  <  MHG.  herberge,  OHG.  heri- 
bcrga,  a  camp,  lodging,  G.  herberge,  an  inn :  see 
harbinger  and  harbor^.]   An  inn.   Beau,  and  Fl. 

aubergine  (a'ber-jin;  F.  pron.  6-bar-zhen'),  n. 
[F.,  dim.  of  auberge,  alherge,  a  kind  of  peach,  < 
Sp.  albcrchigo,  alberchiga  (='Pg.  alperche),  a. 
peach,  <  Ar.  al,  the,  -I-  Sp.  persigo,  prisco  =  Vg. 
pecego  =  F.  peche  (>  E.  peach^),  <  L.  i)ersicum : 
see  peach^.  The  Sp.  forms  touch  those  of  apri- 
cot: see  apricot.]  The  fruit  of  the  egg-plant, 
Solanum  Melongcna  :  the  brinjal. 

aubergist,  aubergiste  (a'ber-jist;  F.  pron.  6- 
bar-zhest'),  n.  [<  F.  aubergiste,  inn-keeper,  < 
auberge:  see  auberge.]  The  keeper  of  an  au- 
berge; an  inn-keeper;  a  tavern-keeper ;  a  land- 
lord or  landlady:  as,  "the  aubergiste  at  Terni," 
Smollett. 

aubin  (6-bah'),  n.  [F.,  <  OF.  haubin,  hobin,  an 
ambling  nag:  see  hobby.]  In  the  manege,  a 
kind  of  broken  gait,  between  an  amble  and  a 
gallop,  commonly  called  a  "Canterbury  gal- 
lop," and  accounted  a  defect. 

auburn  (a'bem),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  au- 
born,  abourne  (also  abrown,  abroun,  abrune, 
simulating  brown),  <  ME.  auburne,  awburne  (de- 
fined "citrinns,"  i.  e.,  citron-colored,  in  Prompt. 
Parv.),  <  OF.  aubornc,  alborne  =  It.  alburno, 
auburn,  <  ML.  alburnus,  whitish,  <  L.  albus, 
wliite.  Cf.  alburn,  alburnum.]  I.  a.  Original- 
ly, whitish  or  flaxen-colored;  now,  reddish- 
brown  :  generally  applied  to  hair. 

That  whitish  colour  of  a  woman's  hair  called  an  aburn 
colour.  Florio. 
II.  n.  An  auburn  color. 

He's  white-haired. 
Not  wanton  white,  but  such  a  manly  colour, 
Next  to  an  auburn. 
Fletcher  (and  another).  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  iv.  2. 

A.  U.  C.    Abbreviation  of  Latin  ab  urbe  condita 

or  anno  urbis  condita'  (which  see). 
Auchenia  (a-ke'ni-a),  n.    [NL.  (Illiger,  1811), 

<  Gr.  ahxiiv,  neck:  in  allusion  to  the  long  neck 
of  the  llama.]  A  genus  of  ruminants,  of  the 
family  Camelidw,  representing  in  the  new  world 
the  camels  of  the  old,  but  having  no  hump. 
The  genus  includes  four  important  and  well-known  (|uad- 
rupeds  indigenous  to  South  America,  namely,  the  llama. 
(A.  llama),  the  guanaco(yl.  huanaco),  the  a\pM:a(A.  pacos), 
and  the  vicugna  (A.  vicugna).  The  seconil  of  tliese  is  by 
some  supposed  to  be  the  wild  stock  of  the  llama,  which 
is  now  known  only  iu  domestication.  See  cuts  under 
alpaca,  guanaco,  llama,  and  vicugna. 

auchenium  (a-ke'ni-um),  n.;  pi.  auchenia  (-a). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  a'vxv^i  neck,]  In  ornitli,.,  the  lower 
back  part  of  the  neck ;  the  scruff  of  the  neck, 
just  below  the  nape.  Illiger  ;  Sundevall.  [Lit- 
tle used.] 

Auchenorhynchi  (a-ke-no-ring'ki),  n.pl.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  avx'/v,  neck,  4-  pl'yxo?,  snout.]  A  group  of 
hemipterous  insects :  synonymous  with  Homop- 
tera. 

auchlet  (ach'let),  w.    [Sc.,  <  audit,  =  E.  eight, 
+  lot,  part.    Cf.  firlot.]    In  Scotland,  a  mea- 
sure equal  to  the  eighth  part  of  a  boll, 
aucht^  (acht),  V.    Same  as  aught^.  [Scotch.] 
aucht^   (acht),  a.  and  n.     Same  as  aught^. 
[Scotch.] 

au  COUrant  (6  ko-roh').  [F. :  au,  with  the  (see- 
a«2);  courant,  current  (see  courant,  current).] 
Literally,  in  the  current,  that  is,  of  events;, 
well  informed  in  regard  to  any  event  or  subject. 

auctificialf,  a.    Same  as  auctive.  Coles. 

auction  (ak'shon),  n.  [<  L.  auctio{n-),  an  in- 
creasing, a  sale  by  auction,  <  augere,  pp.  auctus, 
increase,  =  E.  elce,  v.,  q.  v.]  If.  The  act  of  in- 
creasing; increase;  growth.  Bailey. — 2.  A 
public  sale  in  which  each  bidder  offers  an  in- 
crease on  the  previous  bid,  the  highest  bidder 
becoming  the  purchaser.  Called  in  Scotland  a  roup. 
Goods  may  be  said  to  lie  sold  either  at  or  61/  auction,  the 
former  use  prevailing  in  the  United  States  and  the  latter 
in  Great  Britain. 

The  old  books  would  have  been  worth  nothing  at  an 
auction.  Hawthorne,  Old  Manse,  I. 

3t.  The  property  or  goods  put  up  for  sale  at 
auction. 

Ask  you  why  Phryne  the  whole  auction  buys? 
Phryne  foresees  a  general  excise. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  iii.  119. 
Auction  by  inch  of  candle,  an  old  method  of  selling^ 

liy  auction,  still  sometimes  practised,  in  which  a  small 
piece  of  candle  is  lighted  at  the  beginning  of  a  sale,  and 
the  highest  bid  made  before  the  wick  falls  is  successful. — 
Dutch  auction.   See  Dutch. 


auction 


377 


audit 


auction  (ak'shon),  V.  t.    [<  auction,  n.]  To 
sell  by  auction :  commonly  used  with  off. 
A  catalogue  deals  with  articles  to  be  auctiuncd. 

The  American,  VII.  134. 

auctionary  (ak'slign-a-ri),  a.  [<  L.  auctiona- 
rius,  <  auctio{n-),  an  auction.  Cf.  auctioneer.'] 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  an  auction  or  public 
sale. 

With  auctionary  hammer  in  thy  hand. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires,  vii. 

auctioneer  (ak-shon-er'),  w.  [<  auction  +  -eer. 
Cf.  L.  auctionarius,  under  auctionary.']  One 
■whose  business  is  to  offer  goods  or  propei-ty 
for  sale  by  auction ;  the  crier  who  calls  for 
bids  and  strikes  the  bargain  at  an  auction ;  a 
person  licensed  to  dispose  of  goods  or  property 
by  public  sale  to  the  highest  bidder. 

auctioneer  (ak-shon-er'),  v.  t.  [<  auctioneer,  n.] 
To  sell  by  auction. 

Estates  are  landscapes,  gaz'd  upon  awhile, 
Then  advertis'd,  and  auctioneer' d  away. 

Cowper,  Task,  iii.  756. 

auction-pitch  (ak'shon-pitch),  n.    See  jntch^. 

auction-pool  (ak'sho'n-p61),  n.  In  betting,  a 
pool  in  which  the  highest  bidder  has  the  first 
choice,  the  second,  third,  etc.,  choices  being 
then  sold,  and  the  remainder,  comprising  those 
most  unlikely  to  win,  being  "bunched"  and 
sold  as  "the  field,"  the  winner  taking  the  en- 
tii'e  pool  thus  formed. 

auctivet  (ak'tiv),  a.  [<  L.  auctus,  pp.  of  au- 
gerc,  increase  (see  auction),  +  -ivc.]  Increas- 
ing; serving  to  increase.    Coles,  1717. 

auctort,       An  obsolete  form  of  author. 

auctorial  (ak-to'ri-al),  a.  [<  L.  auctor  (see 
author)  + -ial.  Ci.  authorial.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  an  author. 

There  is  more  than  people  think  in  the  gratification  of 
the  auctorial  eye,  and  tlie  reflection  tliat  good  writing 
will  be  handsomely  placed  before  the  public. 

Tlie  Century. 

auctourt,  n.  An  obsolete  form  of  author. 
Chaucer. 

aucuba  (a'ku-ba),  n.  [NL.,  prob.  <  Jap.  aoJci, 
green,  +  ha  '=  ha,  a  leaf.]  1.  A  shrub  of  the 
Q&nuB  Aucuba. —  2.  [cap.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
natural  order  Cornacew,  consisting  of  six  spe- 
cies from  eastern  Asia.  They  are  brandling  shrubs, 
with  smooth  opposite  leaves  and  small  unisexual  flowers. 
A.  Japonica  has  long  been  in  cultivation,  and  is  prized  for 
its  mass  of  glossy  leathery  green  leaves,  mottled  with  yel- 
low, and  its  coral-red  berries. 

aucupate  (a'ku-pat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aucu- 
pated,  ppr.  aucupattng.  [<  L.  aucupatus,  pp.  of 
aucupari,  go  bird-catching,  <  auceps  (aucup-), 
a  bird-catcher,  contr.  of  *aviceps,  <  avis,  a  bird 
(seeAves),  +  capere,  take:  see  capable.]  Liter- 
ally, to  go  bird-catching;  hence,  to  lie  in  wait 
for ;  hunt  after ;  gain  by  craft. 
To  aucupate  benefices  by  cajoling  the  Patrons. 

Gentleman's  Mag.,  CIV.  66.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

aucupationt  (a-ku-pa'shon),  n.  [<  L.  aucupa- 
tio{n-),<.  aucupari:  see  aucupate.]  1.  The  art 
or  practice  of  taking  birds;  fowling;  bird-catch- 
ing. Blount. —  2.  Hunting  in  general.  Bullokar. 

aud  (ad),  a.  [Cf.  auld.]  A  dialectal  form  of 
old.    [North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

audacious  (a-da'shus),  a.  [=  F.  audacieux,  < 
audace,  boldness,  <  L,  audacia,  boldness,  <  a»<- 
dax  (audac-),  bold,  <  audere,  be  bold,  dare.]  1. 
Bold  or  daring;  spirited;  adventurous ;  intrepid. 

She  that  shall  be  my  wife,  must  be  accomplished  with 
courtly  and  audacious  ornaments. 

B.  Jonson,  Epiccene,  ii.  3. 
Her  sparkling  eyes  with  manly  vigour  shone. 
Big  was  her  voice,  audacious  was  her  tone. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Iphis  and  lanthe. 
Since  the  day  when  Martin  Luther  posted  his  audacious 
heresies  on  the  church-door  at  Witteniberg,  a  great  change 
has  come  over  men's  minds.  J.  Fiske,  Evolutionist,  p.  268. 

2.  Unrestrained  by  law,  religion,  or  propriety ; 
characterized  by  contempt  or  defiance  of  the 
principles  of  law  or  morality ;  presumptuously 
wicked;  shameless;  insolent;  impudent:  as, 
an  audacious  traitor;  an  audacious  calumny; 
"audacious  cruelty,"  ShaJc.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  .3. 
=Syn.  1.  Intrepid,  foolhardy,  rash. — 2.  Shameless,  un- 
abashed, presumptuous. 

audaciously  (a-da'shus-li),  adv.  In  an  auda- 
cious manner;  with  excess  of  boldness  or  in- 
solence. 

The  strongest,  the  best,  the  most  audaciously  indepen- 
dent of  us,  will  be  conscious,  as  age  assaults  us,  of  our 
weakness  and  helplessness. 

B.  T.  Cooke,  Somebody's  Neighbors,  p.  260. 

audaciousness  (a-da'shus-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  audacious;  boldness;  reckless  daring; 
impudence;  audacity. 

audacity  (a-das'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  audacities  (-tiz). 
[<  ME.  audacite,'K  L.  as  if  *audacita{t-)s,  bold- 


ness, <  audax  (audac-),  bold:  see  audacious.] 

1.  Boldness;  daring;  confidence;  intrepidity. 

The  freedom  and  audacity  jiecessary  in  tlie  commerce 
of  men.  Taller. 

No  Homer  sang  tliese  Norse  sea-kings ;  but  Agamem- 
non's was  a  small  audacity,  and  of  small  fruit  in  the 
world  to  some  of  them  —  to  Rolf's  of  Normandy  for  in- 
stance. Carlyle. 

2.  Reckless  daring;  venturesomeness. 

A  touch  of  auiliicitii,  altogetlier  short  of  effrontery,  and 
far  less  approacliiiig  to  vulgarity,  gave  as  it  were  a  wilil- 
ness  to  all  that  she  did.  Scott,  Tlie  Abbot,  iv. 

3.  Audaciousness;  presumptuous  impudence; 
effrontery :  in  a  bad  sense,  and  often  implying 
a  contempt  of  law  or  moral  restraint:  as,  "ar- 
rogant audacity,"  Joye,  Expos,  of  Daniel,  vii. — 

4.  An  audacious  per.son  or  act.  [Rare.]  =Syn.  2. 
Hardiliood. — 3.  Presumption,  coolness. 

Audian  (a'di-an),  n.  A  follower  of  Audius  or 
AudiBus,  a  Syrian  layman  in  Mesopotamia,  who 
in  the  fourth  century  founded  a  sect  holding 
anthropomorphitic  views,  and  was  irregularly 
ordained  a  bishop. 
Audianism  (a'di-an-izm),  n.  The  peculiar 
doctrinal  system  of  Audius  and  tlie  Audians. 
In  addition  to  strict  asceticism,  it  consisted  mainly  in  a 
literal  interpretation  of  Gen.  i.  26,  27,  reasoning  from  the 
constitutiDii  of  man  to  the  nature  of  God. 

audibility  (a-di-bil'i-ti),  11.  [<  audible:  see 
-bility.]    The  quality  of  being  audible. 

The  note  itself  is  possibly  too  feeble  for  audibility. 

J.  E.  H.  (Jordan,  Elect,  and  Mag.,  II.  92. 

audible  (a'di-bl),  a.  and  n.  [<  ML.  audibilis, 
that  may  be  heard,  <  L.  audire,  hear:  see  au- 
dient.]  I.  a.  Capable  of  being  heard ;  perceiv- 
able by  the  ear;  loud  enough  to  be  heard:  as, 
an  audible  voice  or  whisper. 

To  man's  eares  not  audible.  Sir  T.  More. 

Even  that  stubborn  church  which  has  held  its  own 

against  so  many  governments,  scarce  dared  to  utter  an 

audible  murmur.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

Il.t  n.  That  which  may  be  heard. 

Visibles  are  swittlier  carried  to  the  sense  than  audibles. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  273. 
audibleness  (a'di-bl-nes),  n.  Audibility, 
audibly  (a'di-bli),  adv.    In  an  audible  manner ; 
so  as  to  be  heard, 
audience  (a'di-ens),  «.    [<  ME.  audience,  <  OF. 
audience  (vernacularly  oiance),  mod.  F.  audi- 
ence —  Sp.  Pg.  audiencia    -  It.  audienza,  au- 
diensia,  <  L.  audientia,  attention,  hearing,  < 
audien{t-)s,  ppr.  of  audire,  hear:  see  audient.] 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  hearing  or  attending  to 
words  or  sounds ;  the  act  of  listening. 

His  look 

Drew  audience,  and  attention  still  as  night. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  308. 

2.  Liberty  or  opportunity  of  being  heard ;  lib- 
erty or  opportunity  of  speaking  with  or  before, 
as  before  an  assembly  or  a  court  of  law ;  spe- 
cifically, admission  of  an  ambassador,  envoy, 
or  other  applicant  to  a  formal  interview  with  a 
sovereign  or  other  high  officer  of  government. 

Were  it  reason  to  give  men  audience,  pleading  for  tlie 
overthrow  of  that  which  their  own  deed  liath  ratified? 

Hooker. 

That  day  Sir  Lancelot  at  the  palace  craved 
Audience  of  Guinevere. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

3.  A  hearing;  an  interview  or  conference. 

This  conversation  was  not  ended  under  five  audiences, 
each  of  several  hours.        Swift,  Gulliver's  Travels,  ii.  6. 

4.  An  auditory ;  an  assembly  of  hearers. 

Still  govern  thou  my  song, 
Urania,  and  fit  audience  find,  though  few. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  31. 

5.  [Sp.  audiencia,  commonly  used  in  English 
writing  without  translation.]  In  Spain  and 
Spanish  countries,  a  name  given  to  certain 
courts,  also  collectively  to  certain  law-officers 
appointed  to  institute  a  judicial  inquiry. 

Among  those  of  the  former  class  was  the  president, 
Deza,  with  the  members  of  the  audience,  and  the  civil 
authorities  in  Granada.  Prescott. 

6.  In  England,  an  abbreviation  for  audience- 
court  (which  See).=Syn.  4.  See  spectator. 

audience-chamber  (a'di-ens-eham'-'ber),  n.  An 
apartment  for  an  audience  or  a  formal  meeting, 
audience-court  (a'di-ens-kort),  n.  An  ecclesi- 
astical court,  now  disused,  held  by  the  arch- 
bishops of  Canterbury  and  York  or  by  auditors 
in  their  behalf.  That  held  by  the  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury had  equal  authority  with  the  Court  of  Arches, 
though  of  less  dignity,  and  is  now  merged  in  it. 

audiencia  (Sp.  pron.  ou-de-en-the'a),  w.  [Sp.] 

See  audience,  5. 

audiendo  et  terminando  (a-di-en'do  et  ter-mi- 
nan'do).  [ML.,  for  hearing  and  deciding;  dat. 
ger.  of  L.  audire,  hear  (see  audient),  and  of  termi- 
nare,  end,  decide  (see  terminate).    Cf.  oyer  and 


terminer,  under  oyer.]  In  law,  a  writ  or  com- 
mission to  certain  jicrsons  for  appeasing  and 
punisliing  any  insurrection  or  great  riot, 
audient  (a'di-ent),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  audicn{l-)s, 
ppr.  of  audire' {y  It.  «cf«re  =  Sp.  oir  =  ouvir 
=  Pr.  ausir  =  OF.  odir,  oir  (AF.  oyer^  >  E.  oyer, 
q.  v.),  mod.  F.  ouir),  hear;  cf.  Gr.  aieiv,  hear: 
see /(ear  and  earl.]  J_  ct.  Hearing;  listening. 
Mrs.  Broioning. 
II.  M.  1.  A  hearer. 

The  audients  of  her  sad  story  felt  great  motions  both  of 
pity  and  admiration  for  her  misfortune. 

Shelton,  tr.  of  Don  Quixote,  iv.  2. 
2.  In  the  early  church:  (a)  One  not  yet  bap- 
tized, but  receiving  insti'uction  preparatory  to 
baptism ;  a  catechumen  of  the  first  stage.  Such 
persons  were  permitted  to  liear  tlie  jisalms,  lessons,  and 
seiiiion,  Imt  were  not  present  at  tlie  more  sacred  services 

which  followed,  (ft)  In  the  Eastern  Church,  ac- 
cording to  the  systematic  classification  of  peni- 
tents in  force  at  the  close  of  the  third  cen- 
tury, but  becoming  obsolete  early  in  the  fifth, 
one  of  the  second  class  of  public  penitents, 
occupying  a  station  higher  than  that  of  the 
weepers  and  lower  than  that  of  the  prostrates. 
Tlie  audients  were  not  allowed  to  enter  the  liody  of  the 
church,  but  lieard  tlie  opening  prayers  and  sermon  stand- 
ing in  the  narthex,  whicli  was  also  the  ]jlace  of  the  cate- 
chumens, and,  like  them,  luid  to  depart  iiefore  the  offer- 
tory and  anapliora.  See  penitent.  Also  called  auditor. 
audile  (a'dil),  n.  [Irreg.  <  L.  audire,  hear  (see 
audient),  +  -He.]  One  in  whose  mind  auditory 
images  are  predominant,  or  especially  distinct. 

Strieker,  a  motile,  declares  tliat  it  is  impossible  to  rep- 
resent to  ourselves  other  vowels  while  pronouncing  any 
particular  one,  say  a:  he  can  only  represent  them  as 
motor  images  which  clash  with  the  motor  presentation. 
M.  Paulhan,  an  audile,  declares  he  can  easily  do  what 
Strieker  declares  impossible,  for  he  can  represent  the 
auditory  images  of  i  and  u  while  the  motor  presentation 
of  a  is  being  presented.  Mind,  XI.  415. 

audiometer  (a-di-om'e-ter),  n.  [Irreg.  <  L.  au- 
dire, hear,  +  metrum,  <  Gr.  fjerpov,  a  measure.]- 
An  instrument  designed  to  gage  the  power  of 
hearing  and  record  it  upon  an  arbitrary  scale, 
audiometric  (a'di-o-mefrik),  «.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  audiometry. 

audiometry  (a-di-om'e-tri),  n.  [As  audiometer 
+  -y.]  The  testing  of  the  sense  of  hearing, 
especially  by  means  of  the  audiometer, 
audiphone  (a'di-fon),  n.  [Irreg.  <  L.  audire, 
hear,  -I-  Gr.  (puvr/,  a  sound.]  An  instrument  for 
counteracting  deafness  by  collecting  the  sound- 
waves and  transmitting  the  vibrations  to  the 
auditory  nerves  through  the  bony  part  of  the 

head,  it  consists  of  a  diaphragm,  or  plate,  which  is  held 
in  contact  with  the  upper  teeth,  and  is  vibrated  by  sound- 
waves. 

audit  (a'dit),  n.  [<  L.  auditus,  a  hearing,  <  «?<- 
dire, -pj).  auditus,  heax:  see  aittJient.]  If.  Audi- 
ence; hearing. 

With  his  Orisons  I  meddle  not,  for  hee  appeals  to  a  high 
Audit.  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  v. 

Whoso  seeks  an  audit  here 
Propitious,  pays  his  tribute,  game  or  fish. 

Cowper,  Task,  iv.  610. 

2.  Official  examination  and  verification  of  ac- 
counts or  claims ;  an  examination  into  ac- 
counts or  dealings  with  money  or  property ;  es- 
pecially, an  examination  of  accounts  by  proper 
officers,  or  persons  appointed  for  that  pur- 
pose, who  compare  the  charges  with  the  vouch- 
ers, examine  witnesses,  and  state  the  result. 

The  rule  of  insisting  on  a  proper  audit  of  account  was  a 
corollary  from  the  practice  of  appropriating  tlie  supplies 
to  particular  purposes.  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  694. 

Hence  —  3.  A  calling  to  accoimt ;  an  exami- 
nation into  one's  actions. 

You  must  prepare  against  to-morrow  for  your  last  suf- 
fering liere,  and  your  great  audit  hereafter.  Scott. 

4.  An  account  or  a  statement  of  account ;  a  bal- 
ance-sheet. 
And,  how  his  audit  stands,  who  knows,  save  heaven  ? 

Sliaic,  Hamlet,  iii.  3. 

5f.  A  periodical  auditing  or  settlement  of  ac- 
counts; hence,  receipts;  revenues. 

I  knew  a  iiolilenian  in  England  that  had  tlie  greatest 
audits  of  any  man  in  my  time  :  a  great  grazier,  a  great 
sheep-master,  a  great  timber-man,  dec.  Bacon,  Riches. 
Commissioners  of  audit,  formerly  called  auditor.^:  of 
the  Exchequer,  in  England,  otticers  appointed  to  call  on 
all  public  accountants  to  account  for  money  or  stores  in- 
trusted to  them,  and  to  clieck  tlie  accounts  of  tlie  ord- 
nance, army,  and  navy,  and  the  land-rcvenne.  The  es- 
tablishment consists  of  a  cliairnian  and  live  connnissioners, 
a  secretary,  and  numerous  subordinates, 
audit  (a'dit),  V.  [<  audit,  n.]  I.  trans.  To  make 
audit  of;  examine  and  verify  by  reference  to 
vouchers,  as  an  account  or  accounts :  as,  to 
audit  the  accounts  of  a  treasurer. 

In  1406  the  commons,  wlio  objected  to  making  a  grant 
until  the  accounts  of  the  last  grant  were  audited,  were 
told  by  Henry  that  kings  do  not  render  accounts. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  694. 


audit 

The  commission  under  the  convention  with  the  Repub- 
lic of  New  Granada  closed  its  session  without  having 
audited  and  passed  upon  all  the  claims  which  were  sub- 
mitted to  it.  Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  311. 

II.  intrans.  To  examine  iuto  the  coli'ectiiess 
of  an  account ;  act  as  au  auditor. 

Let  Hocus  audit ;  he  knows  how  the  money  was  dis- 
Ijursed.  Arbuthnut,  Jolm  Bull,  p.  89. 


378 

pope:  as,  auditor  of  the  apostolic  chamber; 
auditor  of  the  pope;  auditors  of  the  Roman 
rota  (which  see). -Auditor  of  the  Court  of  Ses- 
sion, in  Scotland,  a  crown  ofllcer  to  whom  suits  in  which 
expenses  are  found  due  may  be  remitted  in  order  that  the 
costs  nuvy  be  taxed.— Auditors  Of  the  Exchequer.  See 
coinmisswners  of  audit,  under  audit. 

auditoria,  «.    Plural  of  auditorium. 


"I'lfeu.  .a.rouin)ivt,  Jonn  Bull,  p.  89.  duuiuwiia,  n.     ±  lurai  or  auuiiorium. 

audit-ale  (a'dit-al),  «.    A  specially  excellent  auditorial  (a-di-to'ri-al),  a.    [Cf.  LL.  auditor 


kind  of  ale  brewed  at  certain  colleges  in  the 
English  rmiversities,  originally  for  use  on  audit- 
day.  It  was  formerly  a  custom  in  all  the  colleges  to  make 
a  great  feast  on  the  day  on  which  the  college  accounts 
were  audited,  and  the  very  best  ale  was  brought  out  for 
the  occasion.  The  audit-ale  was  first  broached  on  that  day 
every  year. 

Observing  from  the  goose  on  the  table  and  the  audit- 
ale  which  was  circling  in  the  loving-cup  that  it  was  a  feast. 

Farrai: 

audita  querela  (a-di'ta  kwe-re'la).  [L.  (NL.), 
the  complaint  having  been  heard:  audita,  fern, 
of  auditus,  pp.  of  audire,  hear;  querela,  com- 
plaint: see  audient  and  quarrcft.'\  In  law,  a 
form  of  action  in  which  the  judgment  debtor 
strives  to  recall  or  prevent  execution  on  a  judg- 
ment to  which  he  claims  a  valid  defense  ;  the 
writ  by  which  such  action  is  begun.  [Now 
generally  superseded.] 

audit-house  (a'dit-hous),  n.  A  building  or 
room  appended  to  an  English  cathedral,  in 
which  the  business  belonging  to  the  cathedral 
is  transacted. 

audition  (a-dish'on),  n.  [<  L.  auditio(n-),  a 
hearing,  listening,  <  audire,  pp.  auditus,  hear: 
see  audient.^  1.  The  act  of  hearing;  a  hearing 
or  listening ;  the  sensation  from  an  impression 
on  the  auditory  nerve  by  the  vibrations  of  the 
air  produced  by  a  sonorous  body. 

It  is  generally  admitted  that  the  audition  of  speech  in 
the  telephone  is  the  result  of  repetitions,  by  the  dia- 
phragm in  the  receiving  instrument,  ...  of  the  vibra- 
tions produced  in  the  transmitter. 

Quoted  in  G.  B.  Prescott's  Elect.  Invent.,  p.  288. 

2.  The  sense  of  hearing ;  hearing,  as  a  physio- 
logical function  or  faculty ;  one  of  the  five  spe- 
cial senses. — 3.  Something  heard.  [Rare.] 

I  went  to  hear  it  [the  Cock-Lane  Ghost],  for  it  is  not  an 
apparition,  but  an  audition.        Walpole,  Letters,  II.  333. 

Ossicles  of  audition.  See  oss-icle. 
auditive  (ii'di-tiv),  a.  [<  F.  auditif,  <  L.  as  if 
*auditirus,  <  auditus,  pp.  of  audire,  hear:  see 
audient.^  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  sense  of  hear- 
ing; concerned  with  the  power  of  heariag; 
auditory. 

His  heart  is  fixed  and  busily  taken  up  in  some  object, 
.  .  .  and  the  ears,  like  faithful  servants  attending  tlieir 
master,  the  heart,  lose  the  act  of  that  auditive  organ  by 
some  suspension,  till  the  heart  hath  done  with  them. 

Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  I.  20n. 

audit-office  (a'dit-ofis),  «.  An  office  where  ac- 
counts are  audited:  as,  a  railway  audit-office; 
specifically,  in  England,  the  office  where  the 
commissioners  for  auditing  the  public  accounts 


alis,  pertaining  to  a  school  {auditorium),  ML, 
auditorialis  scholasticus,  an  advocate;  <  LL. 
auditorius,  auditory,  <  L.  auditor,  a  hearer: 
see  auditory.']  1.  Auditory.  Sir  J.  Stoddurt. 
[Rare.] — 2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  auditor  of 
accounts,  or  to  audits, 
auditorium  (a-di-to'ri-um),  n.  •  pi.  auditoriums, 
auditoria  (-umz,  -a).  [L.,  a  court  of  justice, 
a  hall  of  audience,  a  school,  assembled  hear- 
ers, in  ML.  also  a  reception-room  in  a  monas- 
tery ;  neut.  of  LL.  auditorius,  of  or  for  hear- 
ing: see  auditory,  a.]  1.  In  a  church,  theater, 
public  hall,  or  the  like,  the  space  allotted  to 
the  hearers  or  audience. —  2.  In  monasteries, 
an  apartment  for  receiving  visitors;  a  parlor 
or  reception-room, 
auditorship  (a'di-tor-ship),  n.  The  office  of 
auditor. 

auditory  (a'di-to-ri),  a.  [<  LL.  auditorius,  of 
or  for  hearing,  <  L.  auditor,  a  hearer,  <  audire, 
pp.  auditus,  hear:  see  audient.']  1.  Pertaining 
to  hearing  or  to  the  sense  or  organs  of  hear- 
ing: as,  the  aifditory  nerve. —  2.  Pertaining  to 
an  auditorium ;  designed  for  an  audience :  as, 
the  auditory  part  of  a  theater.  [Rare.]  —  Audi- 
tory Artery,  a  branch  of  the  basilar  artery  which  ac- 
companies the  auditory  nerve  and  supplies  the  labyrinth 
of  tlie  ear.— Auditory  canal,  the  meatus  auditorius  ex- 
ternus  and  internus.    See  meatus,  and  cut  under  ear. — 

Auditory  crest,  auditory  hairs,  auditory  plate,  in 

cephalopods.    See  extracts. 

The  terminations  of  the  auditory  nerves  either  form  the 
auditory  plate,  which  is  a  thickened  portion  of  the  epi- 
thelium, from  which  the  cells  send  hair-like  processes 
(auditory  hairs)  (Sepia);  or  an  auditory  crest,  which  gen- 
erally takes  a  curved  direction,  and  which  is  likewise 
covered  by  modified  epithelium. 

Geijenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  357. 

Cells  bearing  or  developed  into  long  auditory  hairs, 
which  are  to  be  regarded  as  the  peripheral  end-organs  of 
tlie  vestibular  branches  of  the  auditory  nerve. 

En.cyc.  Brit.,  VII.  592. 
Auditory  duct  (ductus  cochlearis  or  ductus  auditorius), 
a  term  applied  to  the  interval  between  the  membrana  tec- 
toria  aiul  the  membrana  basilaris  of  the  human  cochlea. — 
Auditory  nerve,  the  sjieeial  nerve  of  hearing,  which 
enters  the  ear-parts  by  tlie  meatus  auditorins  internus, 
and  is  distributed  to  the  mciidiranoiis  Uiliyrinth.  In 
Willis's  enumeration  it  was  known  as  the  jiortio  mollis 
of  the  seventh  craidal  nerve ;  now  it  is  generally  reckoned 
as  the  eighth  cranial  nerve.  Also  called  the  acoustic  nerve. 
See  cut  under  firat".  — Auditory  ossicles.  See  ossicle. 
—Auditory  process,  or  external  auditory  process, 
the  projecting  border  of  the  external  auditory  meatus  to 
which  the  cartilage  of  the  ear  is  attached.— Auditory 
vesicle,  the  vesicle  formed  in  the  embryo  by  the  invo- 
lution of  the  epiblast  on  either  side  of  the  heail ;  the  rudi- 
ment of  the  membranous  labyrinth  of  the  ear. —  Internal 

auditory  foramen.  See  foramen. 


of  the  United  Kingdom  transact  their  business,  auditory  (a'di-t9-ri),  n. ;  ipl.  auditories  (-riz) 

The  imperial  audit-office  is  under  the  immedi-    '^^  ^    -  -j-^  

ate  control  of  the  lords  of  the  treasury, 
auditor  (a'di-tor),  n.  [<  ME.  auditour  (AF.  au- 
ditour,  OP.  auditeur — Roquefort),  <  L.  auditor, 
a  hearer,  in  ML.,  specifically,  a  judge,  commis- 
sioner, notary,  examiner  of  accounts,  etc.,  < 
audire,  hear:  see  audient  and  audit.]  1.  A 
hearer;  one  who  listens  to  what  is  said;  a 
member  of  an  auditory. 

What,  a  play  toward?   I'll  be  an  auditor ; 
An  actor  too,  perhaps.         Shale.,  M.  N.  D.,  lii.  1. 
I  was  infinitely  delighted  with  the  station  of  a  humble 
auditor  in  such  conversations. 

Surift,  Gulliver's  Travels,  iv.  10. 
2.  Same  as  audient,  n.,  2. —  3.  A  person  ap- 
pointed and  authorized  to  examine  an  account 


[<  L.  auditorium:  see  auditorium.]  1.  An 
audience;  an  assembly  of  hearers,  as  in  a 
church,  lecture-room,  theater,  etc. 

He  had  not  the  popular  way  of  preaching,  nor  is  in  any 
measure  fit  for  our  plaine  and  vulgar  auditorie,  as  his 
predecessor  was.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Mar.  5, 1673. 

Having  entered  his  court,  he  [Bacon]  addressed  the 
splendid  auditory  in  a  grave  and  dignified  speech. 

Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 
2.  A  place  for  hearing  or  for  the  accommoda- 
tion of  hearers;  an  auditorium;  specifically, 
in  a  church,  the  nave,  in  which  the  hearers  or 
congregation  are  assembled. 
When  Agrippa  and  Bernice  entered  into  the  auditory. 

Wyclif,  Acts  XXV.  23. 

3t.  A  bench  on  which  a  judge  sits  to  hear 
causes. —  4t.  A  lecture-room;  a  philosophical 
school.    N.  E.  D. 

[<  auditor  +  -ess.] 


or  accounts,  compare  the  charges  with  the   

vouchers,  examine  parties  and  witnesses,  allow  auditress  (a'di-tres),  n. 
or  reject  charges,  and  state  the  result,  it  is    A  female  hearer. 

Ji?"„t,\unJ', '°  refer  accounts  involved  in  litigation  Adam  relating,  she  sole  auditress. 

to  auditors,  in  some  jurisdictions  called  referees  or  com-  '  Milton  V  T    viii  >;i 

mis.rio?ic)-.v,  for  adjustment,  and  their  report,  if  received,  „„jj4.„„i       A-trf-    ^\  J"'""", -r  i..,  yiii.  ai. 

is  the  basis  of  the  judgment.    Sometimes  an  auditor  is  a  aUQltUal  (a-dlt  u-al),  «.     [<  L.  audltus  (audi- 
standing  officer  of  political  or  corporate  bodies.    State  or    tUr-),  hearing  (see  audit,  W.),  -|-  -al.]  Relating 
municipal  auditors  are  persons  appointed  or  elected  to    to  hearing ;  auditory.    Coleridqe.  [Rare.] 
examine  the  public  accounts  as  they  accrue,  or  at  such  aiif+  (af )  n     The  nlrlpr-  foTTYi  nf  nnf 
intervals  as  may  be  designated.    In  the  United  States  gov-  aulf  (.ai;,  «.     Xne  Older  lorm  Ot  00/. 
ernment  there  are  six  auditors  of  the  treasury.    The  first       ^  ™eer  changeling,  a  very  monster,  an  auf  imperfect, 
auditor  has  charge  of  the  accounts  of  the  civil  service,  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  507. 

customs,  judiciary,  public  debt,  etc.;  the  second,  those  of  aU  fait  (6  fa).  [P. ;  lit.,  to  the  point  or  fact: 
Indian  artairs  and  some  of  those  of  the  army;  the  third,  tn  the  f see  nu2\  •  fnit  <  T,   inMum  fnof  • 

those  of  the  quartermaster-general,  engineer  corps,  com^    'I"'    „   ,f  i^Tn     TT  '  +    f'l       '  fact  .  see 

missary-general,  war  claims,  etc. ;  the  fourth,  those  of  the  Z*^^"  J^pt.]  Up  to  the  mark;  fully  skilled 
navy ;  the  fifth,  those  of  the  internal-revenue  office,  cen-  or  accomplished  ;  expert ;  possessing  or  show- 
P'^!'l°';°^'=.'''  ^""^  ^''^'e  department;  and  the  sixth,    ing  the  readiness  or  skill  of  an  adept:  followed 

by  at  or  in  :  as,  he  is  quite  atifait  at  the  game. 
The  natives  [of  Maitea]  seemed  quite  au  fait  in  the 
i»r^f>,  i,„oi„„„„  J.  „  t  J    J!  •         J-  •J.^L  ':^^^     matter  of  monetary  transactions  and  exchanges. 

With  business  treated  of  in  audiences  with  the  Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  xiii. 


auger 

au  fond  (6  foil).  [P.:  au,  at  the  (see  au^) ;  fond, 
bottom:  see/««rf.]    At  bottom;  essentially. 

I'etrarch  was  timid.    Laura  was  a  woman  of  sense,  and 
yet,  like  all  women,  aufond,  a  coquette. 

C.  t>.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  9. 

auget,  augest,  auxt, «.  [It.  Sp.  Pg.  auge,  acme, 
summit,  ML.  auges,  aux,  <  Ar.  Pers.  auj,  top, 
summit,  altitude,  zenith,  ascendant  of  a  plan- 
et.] In  old  astron. :  (a)  Properly,  the  apogee 
of  a  planet,  or  the  longitude  of  the  apogee. 
(h)  Either  apsis  of  the  orbit,  (c)  The  culmi- 
nation or  point  of  culmination. 

Augean  (a-je'an),  a.  [<  L.  Angeas,  Augias,  < 
Gr.  Ahykaq,  Ahyeiag,  king  of  Elis  (see  def.),  ac- 
cording to  one  tradition  a  son  of  the  Sim  and 
Naupidamej  prob.  <  avy//,  splendor,  simlight.] 
Of  or  pertaming  to  Augeas  or  Augeias,  one  of 
the  Argonauts,  and  afterward  king  of  Elis,  or 
resembling  his  stables;  hence,  very  filthy. — 

Augean  stable,  in  Gr.  myth.,  a  stable  in  which  this  king 
kept  3,000  oxen,  and  which  had  not  been  cleaned  for  thirty 
years,  so  that  the  task  of  cleaning  it  had  come  to  be 
deemed  impracticable.  Hercules  accomplished  the  task 
in  a  single  day,  by  turning  the  river  Alpheus  through 
tlie  stable.  Hence,  cleansing  the  Augean  stable  has  be- 
come a  synonym  for  the  removal  of  long-standing  nui- 
sances, abuses,  and  the  like, 
auger  (a'ger),  n.  [Initial  n  has  been  lost,  as  in 
adder,  timpire,  etc. ;  early  mod.  E.  also  augre, 
augor,  etc.,  and,  with  orig.  n,  nauger,  <  ME. 
nauger,  naiigor,  earlier  navegor,  <  AS.  nafogdr, 
nafegdr  (=  D.  avegaar,  eveger,  egger  =  LG.  na- 
viger,  ndvigcr  =  OHG.  nahager,  nabiger,  trans- 
posed nagiher,  MHG.  nabeger,  negeher,  neg- 
bcr,  G.  ndher,  nebcr  =  Icel.  nafarr  (for  *naf- 
gcirr  ?),  Sw.  nafvare  (for  *nafgare) ;  cf.  Finn. 
napakaira,  <  Teut.),  <  nafu,  nave,  +  gar,  a 
borer,  spear:  see  nave'';  gar^,  and  f7ore2. ]  1. 
An  instniment  for  boring  holes  larger  than 


Cook's  Auger. 


Expanding  Auger. 


those  of  the  post-office  department. 
4.  One  of  certain  officers  of  high  rank  at  the 
papal  court:  so  called  from  their  connection 


those  bored  by  a  bit  or  gimlet,  it  consists  of  an 
iron  shank  ending  in  a  steel  bit,  and  a  handle  placed  at 
right  angles  with  the  shank.    The  augers  formerly  made 
with  a  straight  channel  or  groove  are  called 
pod-augers;  augers  of  the  modern  form,  with 
spiral  channels,  are  called  screw-augers.  The 
ordinary  screw-auger  is  forged  as  a  paralleled 
blade  of  steel,  which  is  twisted  while  red-hot. 
The  end  terminates  in  a  worm,  by  which  the 
auger  is  gradually  drawn  into  the  work,  like 
the  gimlet.   Another  form  is  that  of  a  cylindri- 
cal shaft,  around  which  is  brazed  a  single  fin 
or  rib,  the  end  being  made  into  a  worm,  and 
immediately  behind  the  wornj  a  small  diamet- 
rical mortise  is  formed  for  the  reception  of  a 
detached  cutter,  which  exactly  resembles  the 
chisel-edge  of  the  center-bit.    Expanding  au- 
gers have  cutters  susceptible  of  radial  adjust- 
ment for  boring  holes  of  different  sizes.    In  the 
slotting-auger,  used  for  channels,  mortises,  etc., 
the  cutting  lips  are  upon  the  side  of  the  auger 
as  well  as  at  the  end,  and  the  piece  to  be  groov- 
ed is  fed  against  them  laterally.    Mortises  are 
cut  by  causing  the  auger  to  penetrate  to  the 
Slotting-    proper  depth,  and  then  feeding  the  work  later- 
Auger,      ally  to  the  required  length.    The  two  rounded 
ends  of  the  mortise  are  then  squared  with  a 
chisel.     The  square-hole  auger  is  an  auger  revolving 
within  a  rectangular  tube  or  boring,  whose  lower  edge  is 
sharpened  to  cut  away  the  remaining  substance  of  the 
square  circumscribing  the  round  hole 
which  the  auger  bores  a  little  in  ad- 
vance. 

2.  An  instrument  for  boring  the 
soil.    Such  an  in- 


strument used 
setting  .posts  is 
called  a  post-hole 
auger,  and  one  for 
ascertaining  the 
nature  of  the  sub- 
soil, the  presence 
or  absence  of  wa- 
ter, etc.,  i^  called 
specifically  an 
earth-boring  auger. 
Augers  for  the  lat- 
ter use  are  of  va- 
rious kinds,  but 
they  all  consist  of 
three  parts,  name- 
ly :  a  handle  by 
which  two  or  more 


Post-hole  Auger. 


Earth-boring 
Augers. 


men  can  work  the  instrument;  the  bit,  mouth,  or  cutting 
piece  ;  and  rods  for  connecting  the  handle  with  the  bit  or 
cutting  piece. —  Annnlax  auger,   see  annular. 


auger-bit 

auger-bit  (a'ger-bit),  n.  A  small  auger  used 
with  a  brace  or  bit-stock.  , 

auger-faucet  (a'ger-fa*set),  n.  A  faucet  with 
an  auger  attached.  By  means  of  the  auger  a  hole  is 
bored  nearly  througli  the  wood  of  the  cask,  or  the  like,  in 
which  the  faucet  is  to  be  inserted,  and  the  faucet  is  tlien 
fixed  by  a  single  blow.  The  auger  is  withdrawn  through 
the  faucet  by  a  rack  and  pinion. 

auger-gage  (a'ger-gaj),  n.  A  collar,  sleeve,  or 
clamp  attached  to  the  shank  of  an  auger,  to 
prevent  it  from  penetrating  beyond  the  de- 
sired point. 

auger-hole  (a'ger-hol),  n.  A  hole  made  by  an 
auger. 

Hid  in  an  auger-hole.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  3. 

auger-shell  (a'ger-shel),  »?.  A  shell  of  the  ge- 
nus Terebra  and  family  Terebridw.  See  cut 
imder  Terebra. 

auger-stem  (a'ger-stem),  n.  The  iron  rod  or  bar 
to  which  the  bit  is  attached  in  rope-drilling. 

auger-twister  (a-'ger-twis-'ter),  n.  A  machine 
for  twisting  the  blanks  for  screw-augers. 

augest,  n.    See  auge. 

auget  (a'jet;  F.  pron.  6-zha'),  n.    [F.,  dim.  of 

auge,  a  trough,  <  L.  alveus,  a  trough,  channel, 
hollow:  see  alvem.']  Milit.,  a  small  trough  ex- 
tending from  the  chamber  of  a  mine  to  the  ex- 
tremity of  a  gallery,  to  protect  fi'om  dampness 
a  saucisson  or  tube  filled  with  powder, 
augh  (a;  Sc.  pron.  ach),  interj.  [Cf.  aic,  ah, 
oh.'i  An  exclamation  of  disgust.  [U.  S.  and 
Scotch.] 

aught^  (at),  n.  or  jjron.  [In  two  forms :  (1) 
aught,  <  ME.  aught,  aught,  auht,  aght,  agt,  aht, 
<  AS.  aiviht,  awuht,  with  vowel  shortened  from 
orig.  long,  dwiht;  (2)  ought,  <  ME.  ought,  ouht, 
oght,  ogt,  ohf,  <  AS.  dwiht,  dwuht,  contr.  dht,  with 
labialized  vowel,  dwiht,  owuht  (=  OS.  eowiht 
—  OFries.  dwet,  det  =.  D.  iets  =  OHG.  eowiht, 
iowiht,  ieiviht,  MHG.  ieht,  iht,  iewet,  iet),  <  d, 
ever,  in  comp.  a  generalizing  prefix,  4-  wiht, 
wight,  whit,  thing :  lit.  '  ever  a  whit ' :  see  ayl 
and  whit,  wight,  and  cf.  the  negative  naught, 
nought,  'never  a  whit.'  There  is  no  essential 
difference  between  the  two  spellings  aught  and 
ought;  the  former  is  now  preferred.]  Any- 
thing whatever  ;  any  part :  used  in  interroga- 
tive, negative,  and  conditional  sentences. 
Is  there  aught  else,  my  friends,  I  can  do  for  you  ? 

Addison,  Cato,  iv.  4. 
Unfaith  in  aught  is  want  of  faith  in  all. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

aught^t  (at),  adv.  [<  ME.  aught,  etc.;  prop, 
ace.  of  the  noun.]  In  any  respect ;  in  any  way ; 
at  all;  by  any  chance. 

Can  he  aught  telle  a  mery  tale  or  tweye  ? 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  44. 
Thereon  mused  he 
If  that  the  childes  moder  were  auglit  she 
That  was  his  wyf. 

Chaucer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  936. 

aught^t,  V.    An  obsolete  form  of  ought^. 

aught^t  (at),  n.  [Now  only  in  Sc.,  written  aucht 
(acht),  <  ME.  aught,  aughte,  auchte,  aght,  auhte, 
ahte,  etc.,  <  AS.  ceht,  pi.  cehta  (=  OHG.  eht  = 
Goth,  aihts,  property,  =  Icel.  cett,  family),  with 
formative  -t,  <  dgan  (pret.  ahte),  have,  hold, 
own :  see  ought^  and  owe.]  Possession ;  prop- 
erty. 

The  surest  gear  in  their  aught. 

Scott,  Quentin  Durward,  I.  vii. 

aught*  (at,  acht),  a.  and  n.  An  obsolete  or 
dialectal  form  of  eighth. 

aught'wheret  (at'hwar),  adv.  [<  aught^,  adv.,  + 
where.l    Anywhere.  Chaucer. 

augite  (a'jit),  n.  [=  F.  augite,  <  L.  augites,  a 
precious  stone,  <  Gr.  *avyir7j^,  <  avyrj,  bright- 
ness, sunlight.]  The  dark-green  to  black  va- 
riety of  pyroxene  characteristic  of  basic  erup- 
tive rocks  like  basalt,  it  differs  from  other  varieties 
of  pyroxene  in  containing  a  considerable  proportion  of 
alumina.  The  name  is  sometimes  used  to  Include  the 
whole  species.    See  pyroxene. 

augitic  (a-jit'ik),  a.  [<  augite  +  -ic]  Pertain- 
ing to  augite ;  resembling  augite,  or  partaking 
of  its  nature  and  characters;  composed  of  or 
containing  augite — Augitic  porphyry,  a  rock  with 
a  dark-gray  or  greenish  base,  containing  conspicuous  crys- 
tals of  augite  and  Labrador  feldspar. 

auglettet,  «.    An  obsolete  form  of  aglet. 

augment  (ag'ment),  n.  [<  ME.  augment,  <  OF. 
augment  =  Pg.  augmento  =  Sp.  It.  aumento,  < 
L.  augmentum,  increase,  growth,  <  augere,  in- 
crease: see  auction.']  If.  Increase;  enlarge- 
ment by  addition ;  augmentation. 
This  augment  of  the  tree.    /.  Walton,  Complete  Angler. 

2.  In  gram.,  an  addition  at  the  beginning  of 
certain  past  indicative  tenses  of  the  verb  in  a 
part  of  the  Indo-European  languages,    in  San- 


379 

skrit  it  is  always  it- ;  in  Greek  it  is  i'-  (f-)  before  a  conso- 
nant (syllabic  augment),  but  an  initial  vowel  is  length- 
ened (ij-,  ei-)  (temporal  augment).  The  same  name  is 
sometimes  given  to  other  pieflxed  inflectiotial  elements, 
as  to  the  ge-  of  the  German  perfect  participle  {gehrucht, 
brought). 

Another  form,  which  we  may  call  the  preterito-present, 
unites  the  augment  of  the  past  and  the  ending  of  the 
present  tense.  Anwr.  Jour.  Philol.,  VII.  354. 

3.  In  pathol.,  the  period  of  a  fever  between  its 
commencement  and  its  height.  [Rare.] 
augment  (ag-menf),  ''.  [<  ME.  augmenten,  < 
OF.  augmenter,  earlier  aumcnter  =  Sp.  aumcn- 
tar  =  Pg.  augmentur  =  It.  aumentarc,  <  LL. 
augmentare,  increase,  <  L.  augmentum,  an  in- 
crease: see  augment,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  in- 
crease ;  enlarge  in  size  or  extent ;  swell :  as,  to 
augment  axL  army  by  reinforcement;  impatience 
augments  an  evil. 

Be  it  your  care 
To  augment  your  heap  of  wealth. 

Fletcher  {and  another),  Elder  Brother,  i.  2. 
Though  fortune  change,  his  constant  spouse  remains : 
Augments  his  joys  or  mitigates  his  pains. 

Pope,  January  and  May,  1.  42. 
The  general  distress  did  liut  aifjrinenf  the  piety  and  con- 
firm the  fortitude  of  the  colonists. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  284. 

2.  In  gram.,  to  add  an  augment  to. 

Most  [Greek]  verbs  beginning  with  a.  consowsLWi  augment 
the  imperfect  and  aorist  by  prefixing  e. 

Goodwin,  Greek  Gram.,  §  101. 

3.  In  7ie)'.,  to  make  an  honorable  addition  to, 
as  a  coat  of  arms. 

Henry  VIII.  granted  to  the  earl  of  Surrey  to  augment 
his  arms  with  a  demi-lion,  gules,  pierced  tlirough  the 
mouth  with  an  arrow.  Emyc.  Brit.,  XI.  690. 

Augmented  interval.  See  !«(e)  «aZ.— Augmented  sur- 
face, a  term  first  used  by  Rankine  to  denote  an  immersed 
or  wetted  surface  sufficiently  greater  than  the  actual  sur- 
face of  a  vessel  to  give,  when  substituted  fur  the  actual 
quantity  in  estimations  of  the  speed  of  a  vessel,  results 
which  conform  to  the  actual  performance. 

II.  intrans.   To  become  greater  in  size, 
amount,  degree,  etc. ;  increase ;  grow  larger. 
The  winds  redouble  and  the  streams  augment. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georgics,  i.  466. 
Her  fears  augmented  as  her  comforts  fled. 

Crabbe,  Tales  of  the  Hall. 

augmentable  (ag-men'ta-bl),  a.  [<  augment 
+  -able.}  Capable  of  being  augmented  or  in- 
creased. 

augmentation  (ag-men-ta'shon),  «.  [<  ML. 
augmentatio{n-),  <  LL.  augmentare,  pp.  augmen- 
tatus,  augment:  see  augment,  v.]  1.  The  act 
of  increasing  or  making  larger  by  addition,  ex- 
pansion, or  dilatation ;  the  act  of  adding  to  or 
enlarging ;  the  state  or  condition  of  being  made 
larger. 

Bacon,  holding  that  this  method  was  insufficient  and 
futile  for  the  augmentation  of  real  and  useful  laiowledge, 
published  his  Novum  Organon. 

Whewell,  Nov.  Org.  Renovatum,  Pref. 

2.  That  by  which  anything  is  a^^gmented ;  an 
addition:  as,  the  augmentation  amounted  to 
$500  a  year. 

He  does  smile  his  face  into  more  lines  than  are  in  the 
new  map  with  the  augmentation  of  the  Indies. 

Shale,  T.  N.,  iii.  2. 

Specifically — 3.  In  music,  where  much  repe- 
tition and  imitation  of  themes  is  required,  the 
modification  of  a  theme 
or  subject  by  systemati- 
cally increasing  the  origi- 
nal time-value  of  all  its 
notes. — 4.  In  her.,  an  ad- 
ditional charge  to  a  coat- 
armor,  granted  as  a  mark 
of  honor  to  an  armiger. 
It  is  borne  on  an  ordinary  or 
suliordinary  in  such  a  way  as 
to  be  evidently  an  addition  to 
the  paternal  coat,  and  in  an- 
cient times  was  more  rarely 
used  as  an  addition  to  the  bear- 
ings on  the  field.  Also  called 
addition. 

5.  In  pathol.,  same  as 
augment,  3.-Augmenta- 

tion  Court,  in  England,  a  court  established  by  Henry 
VIII.  to  augment  the  revenues  of  the  crown  by  the  sup- 
pression of  monasteries.  It  was  dissolved  on  the  accession 
of  Queen  Mary.— Byaugmentation,  in  England,  a  phrase 
formerly  used  in  the  army-promotion  lists  to  signify  that 
an  officer's  appointment  had  been  conferred  by  the  crea- 
tion of  a  new  patent,  not  by  the  purchase  of  an  old  one. — 
Process  of  augmentation,  in  Scotland,  a  process  in  the 
teind  court,  raisecl  liy  the  minister  of  a  parish  against  the 
titular  and  heritors,  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  an  aug- 
mentation of  his  stipend. 

augmentationer  (ag-men-ta'shon-er),  M.  An 
officer  belonging  to  the  Augmentation  Court 
(which  see,  under  augmentation). 

Here  now  I  speak  to  you  my  masters,  minters,  augmen- 
tationers.  Latimer,  2d  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1550. 


Arms  of  first  Duke  of  Wel- 
lington witli  the  augmenta- 
tion g-ranted  to  him,  viz.,  A» 
Inesczitcheon  of  England, 
(From  Boutell's  "Herald- 
ry.") 


augur, 

augmentative  ( ag-men 'ta-tiv),  a.  and  n.    f  =  F. 

augmcnUttif,  <  LL.  a.s  if  *augmcntaHvus,  <^ aug- 
mentare, pp.  augmentatus:  see  augment,  v.] 
I.  a.  1.  Having  the  quality  or  povfor  of  aug- 
menting.—  2.  In  gram.,  expressing  augmenta- 
tion or  increase  in  the  force  of  the  idea  con- 
veyed: api)lied  both  to  words  and  to  afilxes 
which  effect  this. 

II.  n.  A  word  formed  to  express  increased 
intensity  of  the  idea  conveyed  by  it,  or  anafiix 
whicli  serves  this  purpose. 

Also  augmentive. 
augmentatively  (ag-men'ta-tiv-li),  adv.  Ho 
a.s  to  augment  or  increase  ;  in  the  manner  of  an 
aucrment. 

augmenter  (ag-men'ter),  n.    One  who  or  that 

wliieli  augments, 
augmenti'^e  (ag-men'tiv),  a.  and  n.     [<  aug 

inent  +  -ire.]    Same  as  augmentative. 
augmentless  (iig'ment-les),  «.    [<  augment  + 

-te.s.s.]     Without  an  augment.     Amer.  Jour. 

Philol.,  VL  276. 

augoert,  augret, ».  Obsolete  spellings  of  auger. 
au  gratin  (6  gra-tan').    [F.]    With  the  burnt 
part:  done  brown. 

augrimt,  »■   A  Middle  English  form  of  algorism. 
augrim-stonest,  «■  pi-   Stones  used  as  counters 
in  arithmetical  calculations,  some  standing  for 
units,  others  for  tens,  etc. 

His  augriin-stoones,  leyen  faire  apart. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale. 

Augsburg  Confession,   See  confession. 

augur  (a'ger),  n.  [<  ME.  augur,  <  L.  augur,  ear- 
lier auger,  of  uncertain  origin,  perhaps  <  avis,  a 
bird  (cf.  au-spex  and  au-cujjation),  -I-  -gur,  con- 
nected with  gar r ire,  talk,  chatter.]  1.  Among 
the  ancient  Romans,  a  functionary  whose  duty 
it  was  to  observe  and  to  interpret,  according  to 
traditional  rules,  the 
auspices,  or  reputed 
natural  signs  concern- 
ing future  events. 
These  auspices  were  stud- 
ied, withafixedceremonial, 
in  the  following  classes  of 
phenomena ;  (1)  signs  from 
the  heavens,  including 
thunder  and  lightning,  and 
other  meteorological  mani- 
festations; (2)  signs  from 
the  direction  of  Might  or 
the  various  cries  of  birds  ; 
(3)  signs  from  the  manner 
of  eating  of  domestic  hens 
kept  for  this  purpose  ;  (4) 
signs  from  the  movements 
and  attitudes  of  animals  ; 
(5)  evil  omens  from  various 
fortuitous  incidents,  such 
as  the  fall  of  any  object, 
the  gnawing  of  a  mouse, 
the  creaking  of  a  chair, 
etc.,  occurring  during  the 
augural  ceremonies,  or 
when  these  were  about  to  begin.  The  official  or  public 
augurs,  who  constituted  a  college,  probably  founded  by 
Nunia,  were  originally  three  in  number.  By  the  time  of 
Tarijuin  they  had  been  increased  to  six.  After  300  B.  c. 
the  number  became  nine,  of  whom  five  must  be  plebeians. 
Sulla  made  the  number  fifteen;  Julius  Caesar,  sixteen,  not 
including  his  own  otficial  membership  in  his  character  of 
perpetual  chief  priest  and  dictator;  and  toward  the  close 
of  tlie  empire  the  number  was  still  further  increased. 
Tile  augurs  wore  the  sacerdotal  praetexta,  or  toga  with  a 
bruad  purple  border,  and  their  distinctive  emblem  was 
tile  curved  rod  called  the  littius,  with  which  they  marked 
out  the  limits  of  the  templum  or  boundary  within  which 
the  omens  witli  wliich  they  had  to  do  were  to  be  observed. 
Before  any  public  business  or  ceremony  was  luulertaken 
tlie  augurs  decided  whether  the  auspices  were  propitious, 
or  whether  unfavorable  omens  demanded  interruption  or 
delay;  they  conducted  the  inauguration  or  exauguration 
of  priests,  temples,  and  places,  such  as  new  settlements, 
and  fixed  the  times  of  movable  festivals.  In  the  engrav- 
ing, the  figure  holds  the  lituus  in  his  right  hand,  while 
one  of  the  sacred  fowls  appears  at  his  feet. 

Hence  —  2.  One  who  pretends  to  foretell  future 
events  by  omens;  a  soothsayer;  a  prophet; 
one  who  bodes,  forebodes,  or  portends. 

Angnr  of  ill,  whose  tongue  was  never  foimd 
Without  a  priestly  curse  or  boding  sound. 

Dryden,  Iliad,  i.  155. 

augur  (a'ger),  v.  [=  F.  augurer  =  Sp.  Pg.  au- 
gurar  =  It.  augurure,  <  L.  augurari ;  from  the 
noun.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  prognosticate  from 
signs,  omens,  or  indications;  predict;  antici- 
pate :  with  a  personal  subject. 

I  did  augur  all  this  to  him  beforeliand. 

B.  Jonsun,  Poetaster,  i.  1. 
I  augur  everything  from  the  approbation  the  proposal 
has  met  with.  Sir  J.  Uerschel. 

2.  To  betoken ;  forebode :  -with  a  non-personal 
or  impersonal  subject. 

Sooth  was  my  prophecy  of  fear ; 

Believe  it  when  it  augurs  cheer. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  iv.  11. 
=Syil.  2.  To  portend,  presage,  foreshadow,  be  ominous  of. 


Augur. 
(From  a  Roman  bas-relief.) 


II.  intrnn^. 
omens. 


augur 

To  conjecture  from  signs  or 


ily  power's  a  crescent,  and  my  auguring  hope 
Says  it  will  eoiue  to  the  full.    Shak.,  A.  and  C, 


il.  1. 


2.  To  be  a  sign ;  bode :  with  well  or  ill. 

It  augurs  ill  for  an  undertaking  ...  to  find  such  dis- 
sensions in  headquarters.  It'.  Belsham,  Hist.  Eng. 

augural  (a'gu-ral),  a.  [<  L.  auguralis,  pertain- 
ing to  an  augur,  <  (iiigiir,  augiir.]  Pertaining 
to  an  augiu',  or  to  the  duties  or  profession  of  an 
augur;  of  or  pertaining  to  divination;  ominous: 
as,  "portents  augural,"  Cowper. 

augurate^t  (a'gu-rat),  v.  t.  or  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
augurated,  ppr.  augurating.  [<  L.  augurdtus, 
pp.  of  augurari,  augiu-:  see  augur,  r.,  and-ate^.l 
To  conjecture  or  foretell  by  auguiy;  predict; 
act  as  an  augur. 


380 

Augtistus  (sc.  mensis,  month),  August;  so  named 
by  the  emperor  Augustus  CfEsar  (see  august^)  in 
his  own  honor,  following  the  example  of  Julius 
Csesar,  who  gave  his  name  to  the  preceding 
month,  July.  The  earlier  name  of  August  was 
SextiUs  (<  sextus  =  E.  sixtli,  it  being  the  sixth 
month  in  the  old  calendar).]  The  eighth  month 
of  the  year,  containing  thirty-one  days,  reckon- 
ed the  first  month  of  autumn  in  Great  Britain, 
but  the  last  of  simimer  in  the  United  States. 
See  month. 

august^  (a'gust),  V.  t.   1=2  F.  aouter,  ripen,  = 


aulacanthid 

been  various  congregations  of  nuns  called  by  this  name; 
and  many  otliers  follow  the  rule  of  St.  Augustine,  as  the 
Hospital  Sisters  of  the  Hotel-Dieu  in  France,  Canada,  etc. 

2.  In  theol.,  one  who  adopts  the  views  of  St.  Au- 
gustine, especially  his  doctrines  of  predestina- 
tion and  irresistible  grace.  Seer/race.— 3.  One 
of  a  sect  of  the  sixteenth  century,  which  main- 
tained that  the  gates  of  heaven  will  not  be  open 
till  the  general  resun-ection. 
AugUStinianism  (a-gus-tin'i-an-izm),  n.  [< 
AugustiHian  +  -ism.]  1.  The  "doctrines  of  St. 
Augustine.— 2.  The  rules  and  practice  of  the 
Augustinians. 


Sp.  agosiar,  be  parched,  dial,  plow  land  in  ,„„° V--  i  t 

August,  nastm-e  cattle   on  «t„hhl«  i„  augustly  (a-gust'li),  adv.    In  an  august  man 

ner;  majestically, 


[<  augur  +  -ist.  Cf. 
[<  augur  +  -ize.'] 


I  augurated  truly  the  improvement  they  would  receive 
this  way.  Warburtoa,  To  Hurd,  Letters,  cii. 

augurate^  (a'gti-rat),  ?(.    [<  L.  auguratus,  the 
office  of  augur,  <  augur:  see  augur,  n 
-afe3.]    The  oflflee  of  augur;  augurship. 

augurationt  (a-gu-ra'shgn),  n.  [<  L.  augura- 
tio(n-),  <  augurari,  pp.  auguratus,  augur:  see 
augur,  r.]  The  practice  of  augury,  or  the  fore- 
telling of  events  by  signs  or  omens:  as,  "tri- 
pudiary  augurations,"  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg. 
Err.,  i.  11. 

augure^t,  n.  [For  *atiger,  for  *algere,  appar.  < 
D.  aalgeer,_  aalger,  elger,  <  aal  (=  E.  eel)  +  -ger 
(=  AS.  gar),  a  spear:  see  gar'^,  gore'^.']  An 
eel-spear. 

augure^t,  «.    [Also  augur,  <  OF.  augure,  <  L. 

angurium  :  see  augury.^  Augury, 
augurert  (a'ger-er),  n.    An  augur.  Shak: 
augurial  (a-gu'ri-al),  a.    [<  L.  augurialis,  eol- 

lateral  torm  ot  auguralis:  see  augural.]    Of  or 

pertaining  to  augurs  or  augury;  augural. 
As  for  the  divination  or  decision  from  the  staff,  it  is  an 

augurial  relic.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

augurismf  (a'ger-izm),  «.  [<  augur  +  -ism.'] 
Augury. 

auguristt  (a'ger-ist),  n 
augurizc]    An  augur. 

augurizet  (a'ger-iz),  I',  t.  or  i. 
To  augur  ;  act  as  an  augur. 

auguroust  (a'ger-us),  a.  [<  augur  +  -ous.] 
Predicting ;  foretelling ;  foreboding. 

Presaging  in  theii'  augurous  hearts. 

Chapinan,  Iliad,  xviii.  191. 

augurship  (a'ger-ship),  n.  [<  augur  +  -ship.] 
The  office  or  period  of  office  of  an  augur. 

augury  (a'gu-ri),  n. ;  pi.  auguries  (-riz).  [<  ME. 
augury,  <  OF.  augurie  (ME.  also  augure,  <  OF. 
augure)  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  augurio,  <  L.  uugurium, 
divination,  prognostication,  omen,  <  augur,  au- 
gur: see  augur,  n.]  1.  The  art  or  practice  of 
foretelling  events  by  signs  or  omens. 

She  knew  by  aagurij  divine. 

Swift,  Cadenus  and  Vanessa. 
The  throne  and  sceptre  of  Itliaca  were  to  be  disposed 
by  augury,  by  the  will  of  Jove,  signified  by  some  omen. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  571. 

2.  That  which  forebodes  ;  that  from  which  a 
prediction  is  drawn;  an  omen  or  significant 
token. 

Sad  auguries  of  winter  thence  she  drew. 

Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  iii.  441. 
I  hail  this  interchange  of  sentiment  ...  as  an  augury 
that  .  .  .  the  peace  and  friendship  wliich  now  exist  be- 
tween the  two  nations  will  be  .  .  .  perpetual. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  462. 

3.  Figuratively,  indication ;  presage ;  promise. 

His  diligence  at  school  .  .  .  gave  augury  of  his  futui-e 
accomplishments.  Sumner,  John  Pickering. 

=  Syn.  Portent,  Sign,  etc.    See  omen, 

augusti  (a-gusf),  a.  [=  F.  auguste  =  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  aiigusto,  <  L.  augustus,  venerable,  worthy  of 
honor  (assumed  as  a  title  by  Octavius  Ceesar 
and  his  successors),  perhaps  orig. '  consecrated 
by  augury,'  <  augur,  augur  (ef.  robust,  <  L.  ro- 
iustus,  <  robur) ;  but  usually  associated  with 
augere,  increase,  extol:  see  auction.]  1.  In- 
spiring reverence  and  admiration ;  majestic  ; 
solemnly  grand  or  stately;  sublime;  magnifi- 
cent; imposing. 

There  is  on  earth  a  yet  auguster  thing, 
Veiled  though  it  be,  than  parliament  or  king. 

Wither. 

That  august  face  of  Truth.     Whittier,  Eve  of  Election. 
This  was  an  extensive  and  magnificent  structure,  the 
creation  of  the  prince's  own  eccentric  yet  august  taste. 

Poe,  Tales,  I.  339. 

2.  Venerable;  worshipful;  eminent.  =syn.  S^to^e- 

ly,  etc.  (see  majestic),  awful,  imposing. 

August^  (a'gust),  M.  [<ME.  August,  Augst,  also 
Aust,  after  OF.  Aoust,  mod.  F.  Aout  —  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  Agosto=T).  Augustus  =  G.  Dan.  August— Sw. 
Augusti  =  Russ.  Avgiistu  =  Gr.  A-vyovaro^,  <  L. 


being  august ; 
magnificence. 
He  was  daunted  at  the  axtguslness  of  such  an  assembly. 

Shaftesbury. 

auki  (ak),  n.  [Also  written  awh,  E.  dial.  alk,< 
Icel.  alka,  dllca  =  Sw.  alka  =  Dan.  alk;  >  NL.  Al- 
ca,  q.  v.]  A  diving  bird  belonging  to  the  fam- 
ily Alcidw  and  the  order  Pygopodes,  character- 
ized by  having  3  toes,  webbed  feet,  and  short 

wings  and  tail.  Originally  the  name  was  specifically 
applied  to  the  great  auk,  or  garefowl,  A  lea  impennis,  which 
became  extinct  about  1844,  notable  as  the  largest  bird  of 
the  family  and  tlie  only  one  deprived  of  the  power  of  flight 
by  reason  of  tlie  smallness  of  its  wings,  though  these  were 
as  perfectly  formed  as  in  other  birds.  It  was  about  30 
inches  long,  the  leiigtli  of  the  wing  being  only  about  6- 
inclies.  Its  color  was  dark-brown  above  and  w  hite  below, 
with  a  large  white  spot  before  the  eye.  It  abounded  on 
botli  coasts  of  the  North  Atlantic,  nearly  or  quite  to  the 
arctic  circle,  and  south  on  the  American  side  to  Massa- 
chusetts. The  name  came  to  be  also  specifically  applied 
to  the  razor-billed  auk,  Alca  or  Utamania  tarda,  a  simi- 
lar but  much  smaller  species,  about  15  inches  long,  with 
a  white  line  instead  of  a  spot  before  the  eye ;  and  finally, 
as  a  book-name,  it  was  made  synonymous  with  Alcidce. 
Several  North  Pacific  species  still  bear  the  name,  as  the 
rhinoceros  auk  (Ceratorhina  monocerata),  the  crested  auk 
(Simorhynchus  cristatellus),  etc. ;  but  other  special  names 
are  usually  found  tor  most  of  the  birds  of  this  family,  as 
puffin,  murre,  guillemot,  dovekie,  auhlet,  etc.  There  are 
about  24  species  belonging  to  the  family.  See  Alca,  Al- 
cidce. 

auk'^t,  a.    Same  as  awk'^. 

auklet  (ak'let),  n.  [<  auk  +  dim.  -let.]  A  lit- 
tle auk.    Specifically  applied  to  several  small  species  of 


August,  pastiu-e  cattle  on  stubble  m  sum- 
mer (see  agostadero);  from  Auaust^,  n.l     It.  -„„„„4.„..„„  /-   -   j./  n 
To  make  brown  or  sunbm'nt.   Evelyn.  J2.  To  ^'i^l^^Hl'f.if.-^'l^-L^ff? 
ripen;  bring  to  fi-uition.  [Poetical.] 

He  for  .  .  .  dear  nations  toiled. 
And  augusted  man's  heavenly  hopes. 

Bailey,  Jlystic,  1.  55.    (A".  E.  D.) 

and  augusta  (a-gus'ta), «.  [See  august^.]  A  name 
given  in  Central  America  to  a  valuable  timber- 
tree,  the  botanical  relations  of  which  are  un- 
known. 

augustal  (a-gus'tal),  n.  [<  L.  Augustalis.  relat- 
ing to  Augustus,  the  title  assumed  by  the  em- 
perors, <  «if<7i/sf«s,  venerable  :  BeeaxigustX.]  1. 
Under  the  ancient  Roman  empire  :  («)  A  priest 
of  the  lares  at  the  cross-roads,  an  office  first 
established  by  Augustus,  {h)  A  priest  of  a 
college  or  brotherhood  (sodales  Augustales)  of 
members  of  the  imperial  house  and  "some  other 
persons  of  high  rank,  whose  duty  it  was  to 
maintain  the  religious  rites  of  the  Julian  fam- 
ily: instituted  by  Tiberius,  (c)  A  member  of  a 
private  college  or  corporation,  of  which  there 
were  many  in  Rome  and  throughout  the  prov- 
inces, formed  to  do  reverence,  by  religious 
ceremonies  and  otherwise,  to  the  memory  of 
Augustus,  and,  at  a  later  date,  to  pay  divine 
honors  to  the  reigning  emperor  also.  The  office 
of  augustal  became  hereditary,  and  carried  with  it  tlie 
assessment  of  certain  public  dues,  and  the  giving  to  the 
public  of  stated  feasts  and  shows.  The  augustals  wore  dis- 
tinctive ornaments,  had  places  of  honor  in  the  tlieaters, 
and  enjoyed  other  privileges.  Under  the  early 

empire,  a  general  name  for  subaltern  officers 
of  the  legion. —  2.  The  name  of  an  Italian  gold 

coin,  weigh- 
ing from  30 
to  40  grains, 
issued  in 
the  tliirteenth 
century  by 
tlie  emperor 
Frederick  II. 
as  king  of  Si- 
cily.  It  bears 

a  resemblance  to  gold  coins  of  the  ancient  Ro- 
man empire, 
augustalis  (a-gus-ta''lis),  11.;  pi.  augustales 

(-lez).    Same  as  augustal,  2. 
Augustan  (a-gus'tan),  a.    [<  L.  Augustanus, 
pertaining  to  Augustus,  or  to  cities  named 
Augusta:  see  August'^.]    1.  Pertaining  to  the 
Emperor  Augustus  (31  b.  c.  to  a.  d.  14) :  as, 
the  Augustan  age.   The  Augustan  age  was  the  most 
brilliant  period  in  Roman  literature  ;  hence  the  iihrase 
has  been  applied  by  analogy  to  similar  periods  in  the  lit- 
erary liistory  of  other  countries.    Thus  the  reign  of  Louis  aul  (al),  11. 
XIV.  lias  been  called  the  Augustan  age  of  French  litera-    "phe  alder 
ture,  while  that  of  Queen  Anne  has  received  tliis  distinc-  ' 
tion  in  English. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  town  Augusta  Vindelieo- 
rum,  now  Augsburg,  in  Bavaria:  as,  the  Au- 
gustan Confession,  commonly  called  the  Augs- 
burg Confession.  See  confession. 
AugUStin,  Augustine  (a-gus'tin  or  a'gus-tin), 
M.  [<  L.  Augustimis,  a  proper  name,  <  Augus- 
tus, name  of  Roman  emperors:  see  August"^. 
The  name  Austin  is  a  contraction  of  Augustin.] 
A  name  formerly  given  to  a  member  oil  one  of 
the  monastic  fraternities  follovring  the  rule 

of  St.  Augustine.   See  Augustinian  Augustine 

disputation,  a  disputation  formerly  held  at  Oxford  on 
tlie  feast  of  St.  Augustine. 

Augustinian  (a-gus-tin'i-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
Augustinus,  Augustine.]  '  I,  a.  Relating  or 
pertaining  to  St.  Augustine  or  his  doctrines,  or 
to  the  order  of  monks  following  his  rule. 

II,  n.  1.  A  member  of  one  of  several  reli- 
gious orders  deriving  their  name  and  rule  from 
St.  Augustine.  Tlie  regular  canons  of  St.  Augustine, 
or  Austin  Canons,  were  introduced  into  Great  Britain  soon 
after  1100,  and  had  houses  at  Pontefract,  Scone,  Holyrood, 
etc.  The  hermits  of  St.  Augustine,  or  Austin  Friars,  now 
known  as  Augustinians,  form  one  of  the  four  mendicant 
orders  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church ;  they  were  gathered 
into  one  body  from  several  congregations  in  the  middle  of 
the  thirteenth  century.  A  reformed  branch  of  this  order  is 
known  as  the  barefooted  Augustinians.    There  have  also 


w.     The  quality  of 
dignity  of  mien;  grandeur; 


obverse. 
Augustal,  in  the  British  Mu 


Crested  Auklet  [Simorhynchus  cristatellus). 

Alcidce,  of  the  genera  Simorhynchus,  Ombria,  and  Pty- 
chorhamphus,  as  the  crested  auklet,  Simorhynchus  cris- 
tatellus; the  parrakeet  auklet,  Ombria  psittacula;  the- 
Aleutian  auklet,  Ptychorhaniphus  aleuticus. 

[E.  dial.,  a  reduction  of  aZderl.J 


When  tlie  bud  of  the  aul  is  as  big  as  the  trout's  eye, 
Then  that  fish  is  in  season  in  the  river  Wye. 

Local  Eng.  proverb. 

aula  (a'la),  m. ;  pi.  aidce  (-le).  [L.,  a  hall,  a 
court,  <  (Sr.  ail?.?/,  a  hall,  a  court,  orig.  an  open 
court,  prob.  as  being  open  to  the  air,  <  a^vai, 
blow:  see  air^,  aura,  and  asthma;  ef.  avM^,  a 
pipe,  flute.]  1.  A  court  or  hall. —  2.  [NL.] 
In  anat.,  the  anterior  portion  of  the  third  ven- 
tricle of  the  brain,  corresponding  to  the  cavity 
of  the  primitive  prosencephalon ;  a  mesal  por- 
tion of  the  common  ventricular  cavity  of  the 
brain;  in  the  amphibian  brain,  the  ventricle  of 
the  unpaired  cerebral  rudiment. —  3.  [NL.]  In 
zodl.,  the  cavity  of  a  colony  of  infusorians,  as 
members  of  Volvox  or  Eudorina.    A.  Hyatt. — 

Aula  Regla  or  Regis  (Royal  or  King  s  Court),  a  court 
established  by  William  tlie  Conqueror  in  Ids  own  hall, 
whence  the  name.  It  was  composed  of  tlie  great  officers 
of  state  resident  in  the  palace,  of  the  king's  justiciars,  and 
tlie  greater  barons.  It  formed  an  advisory  body  consulted 
by  the  king  in  matters  of  great  importance.  Also  called 
Curia  Regis.  See  curia,  2. 
Aulacantha  (a-la-kan'tha),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ah'Ao^,  pipe,  tube,  +  aKavda,  a  spine.]  A  genus 
of  radiolarians,  representing  a  peculiar  family, 
the  Aulacantltidce.  Haeckcl,  1860. 
aulacanthid  (a-la-kan'thid),  n.  A  radiolarian 
of  the  family  Aulacanthidoe. 


Aulacanthidse 

Aulacanthidse  (a-la-kan'thi-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Aulacantha  +  -Mil'.']  A  family  of  tripyleans 
or  aeantharian  radiolarians,  with  a  skeleton 
consisting  of  a  superficial  pallium  of  five  tan- 
gential tu'bes  and  a  number  of  strong  radial 
spieulos,  simple  or  branched,  which  pierce  the 
mantle.  They  are  tleep-sea  organisms,  and  are  divided 
into  a  number  o£  genera,  as  Aulacantha,  Aulospathis, 
Avlocaphis,  Aulodemlruin,  etc.  llacckel. 

aulacode  (a'la-kod),  w.  [<  AnJacodus.']  A  spiny 

ground-rat  of  the  genus  AuJacoclus. 
Aulacodus  (a-la-ko'dus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  auAaf,  a 
furrow,     b6o'rc,  tooth.]    1.  A  genus  of  rodents, 

of  the  family 


Ground-pig  {Aitlacodits  swtrtderiafius). 


Octodontidw 
and  subfami- 
ly Ecliimyi- 
nce,  including 
one  African 
species,  A. 
swinderianiis, 
Swinder's  au- 
laeode,  the 
ground-pig.  it 
is  a  large  bur- 
rowing animal, 

about  2  feet  long,  with  a  stout  body,  short  limbs,  ears,  and 
tail,  flattened  and  channeled  bristly  hairs  like  spines,  and 
triply  grooved  teeth. 

2.  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects.  Escli- 
sclwltz,  1832. 
aulae,  n.    Plural  of  aida. 

aularian  (a-la'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  ML.  aularis, 
<  L.  aula,  hall.]    I.  a.  Eelating  to  a  hall. 

II.  n.  At  English  universities,  especially  Ox- 
ford, a  member  of  a  hall,  as  distinguished  from 
a  collegian. 

aulary  (a'la-ri),  a.  [<  ML.  aularis:  see  aula- 
rian.']   Same  as  aularian. 

aulatela  (a-la-te'la),  n.;  pi.  aulatelce  (-le). 
[NL.,  iiTeg.  (.  "aula  (see  aula)  -f  L.  tela,  a  web.] 
In  anat.,  the  atrophied  or  membranous  roof  of 
the  aula.    See  aida,  2. 

aulbet,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  alb'^. 

auld  (aid),  a.    [Sc.,  =  E.  old,  q.  v.]  Old. 
Take  thine  auld  cloak  about  thee. 

Quoted  in  Shale,  Othello,  ii.  3. 
Auld  birkie.  See  birMe.—Avdd  lang  syne.  [Auld  =  E. 

old;  lang  =  E.  lonrr;  syne  =  E.  since:  see  syne.]  A  Scotch 
phrase  denoting  days  or  times  long  since  past,  especially 
happy  times.— Auld  Wives' tongues,  an  old  name  of  the 
asp,  Populus  tremula.  "This  tree  is  the  matter  whereof 
women's  toongs  were  made,  as  the  poets  and  some  others 
report,  which  seldom  cease  wagging."  Gerard. 

Auldana  (al-da'nii),  n.  An  Aiistralian  red  wine. 

auld-farand,  auld-farrant  (ald-fa'rand,  -rant), 
«.  [Sc.,  <  aidd  +  farand.]  Having  the  ways 
or  thoughts  of  an  old  person ;  resembling  an 
old  or  at  least  a  grown-up  person ;  hence,  saga- 
cious ;  wily ;  knowing  more  than  was  expected : 
most  frequently  applied  to  children.  [Scotch.] 

aulen  (a'len),  a.  [E.  dial.,  a  reduction  of  al- 
der n.  Cf.  «mL]  Aldem ;  of  alder.  [Pro v.  Eng.] 

auletes  (a-le'tez),  n. ;  pi.  auletai  (-ti).  [Gr. 
av^r/rr/c,  <  avXelv,  play  on  the  flute,  <  avldc,  a 
flute,  a  pipe,  tube,  <  a^vai,  blow.  Cf.  aula.]  In 
ancient  Greece,  a  flute-player. 
Before  him  on  the  right  stands  an  auletes. 

Cat.  of  Vases  in  Brit.  Museum,  II.  86. 

auletic  (a-let'ik),  a.  [<  L.  auleticus,  <  Gr.  avl?/- 
TiKog,  of  or  for  the  flute  (cf.  av'Ar/r^g,  a  flute- 
player),  <  av?.eiv,  play  on  the  flute :  see  aidete,s.] 
Pertaining  to  instruments  of  the  flute  kind. 

It  is  true  that  the  ancients  also  had  an  instrumental 
music  separate  from  poetry;  but  while  this  in  modern 
times  has  been  coming  more  and  more  to  be  the  crown  of 
musical  art,  it  was  confined  in  antiquity  to  the  kitharistic 
and  auletic  nomes.  J.  Hadley,  Essays,  p.  90. 

auletris  (a-le'tris),  w. ;  pi.  auletrides  (-tri-dez). 
[Gr.  avh/rpic,  fem.  of  avXrjTijQ-.  see  auletes.]  In 
ancient  Greece,  a  fe- 
male flute-player. 

In  the  centre  an  auletris, 
looking  to  the  right,  playing 
on  the  double  flute. 

Cat.  of  Vases  in  Brit. 
[Musewn,  II.  15. 

aulic  (a'lik),  a.  and  n. 
[<  L.  aulicus,  <  Gr.  av?ii- 
Kog,  of  the  court,  <  avAy, 
court:  see  aula.]  I.  a. 
1 .  Pertaining  to  a  royal 
court.  In  the  old  German 
empire,  the  Aulic  Council  was 
the  personal  council  of  the 
emperor,  and  one  of  the  two 
supreme  courts  of  the  em- 
pire which  decided  without 
appeal.  It  was  instituted 
about  1502,  and  organized 
under  a  definite  constitution 
in  1559,  modified  in  1654.  It 


381 

finally  consisted  of  a  president,  a  vice-president,  and 
eighteen  councilors,  six  of  whom  were  Protestants;  the 
unanimous  vote  of  the  latter  could  not  be  set  aside  by 
tlie  others.  The  Aulic  Council  ceased  to  e.\ist  on  the  ex- 
tinction of  the  German  empire  in  1806.  The  title  is  now 
given  to  the  Council  of  State  of  the  Emperor  of  Austria. 
Also  aiilical. 

2.  [<  aula,  2.]  In  anat.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
aula.  Wilder. 

II,  n.  Formerly,  in  the  University  of  Paris, 
the  ceremony  of  conferring  the  degree  of  doc- 
tor in  theology,  including  a  harangue  by  the 
chancellor  and  a  disputation  upon  a  thesis 
written  and  defended  by  the  candidate :  so 
called  because  it  was  held  in  the  great  hall  of 
the  archbishopric, 
aulical  (a'li-kal),  a.  Same  as  aulic,  1. 
aulicism  (a'li-'sizm),  n.     [<  aulic  +  -ism.]  A 

courtly  phrase  or  e.xpression. 
aulin  (a'lin),  )(.    [Also  written  allin,  alien,  al- 
ia u  ;  according  to  Ednionston  (Shetland  Gloss. ) 

<  leel.  "alinii,  a  parasite  "  (cf.  the  si;)eeific  name 
parasiticus),  prop,  one  fed,  being  pp.  of  ala, 
bear,  nourish,  feed:  see  alie^  and  all.]  The 
arctic  gull,  Stercorarius  parasiticus,  also  call- 
ed dirty-alien,  scouty-aulin  or  aulin-scouty,  and 
sJcait-bird.    See  scouty-aulin  and  sJcait-bird. 

aulin-SCOUty  (a'lin-skou'  ti),  n.    Same  as  aulin. 

auliplexus  (a-li-plek'sus),  «. ;  pi.  auliplexus  or 
auliplexuses  (-ez).  [NL.,  <  aula,  2,  +  j^lexus.] 
In  anat.,  the  aulic  portion  of  the  diaplexus; 
that  part  of  the  choroid  plexus  which  is  in  the 
aula.  See  aula,  2.  Wilder  and  Gage,  Aa&t. 
Tech.,  p.  473. 

aulmonieret,  «•    See  aumoniere. 

aulnt,  M.    See  aune. 

aulnaget,  «•    See  alnage. 

auinagert,  n.   See  alnager. 

aulophyte  (a'lo-tit),  n.  [<  Gr.  a'vTio^,  a  pipe, 
tube,  +  fvTov,  a  plant.]  A  plant  living  within 
another,  but  chiefly  for  shelter,  not  parasiti- 
cally,  as  some  minute  algse. 

Aulopora  (a-lop'o-rii),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 
pipe,  +  TTopog,  a  pore'.]   A  genus  of  fossil  sclero- 
dermatous corals,  of  the  group  Tubulosa,  giving 
name  to  a  family  Auloporida'. 

aulorhynchid  (a-lo-ring'kid),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
family  Aulorhynchida;. 

Aulorhynchidse  (a-lo-ring'ki-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 

<  Aulorhynchus  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  hemi- 
branchiate  fishes,  with  an  elongated  subcylin- 
drical  body,  elongated  tubiform  snout,  sides 
with  rows  of  bony  shields,  and  subthoracic 
ventral  fins  having  a  spine  and  four  rays  each. 

Aulorhynchus  (a-lo-ring'kns),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ahAog,  a  flute,  pipe,  +  pvyxog,  snout.]  A  genus 
of  fishes,  typical  of  the  family  Aulorhynchidw. 
A.  flavidus,  the  only  Imown  species,  occurs  on 
the  Pacific  coast  of  the  United  States. 

Aulosphaera  (a-lo-sfe'ra),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aiAof, 
a  pipe,  +  (j(paipa,  sphere.]  A  genus  of  radio- 
larians, typical  of  the  family  Aulosjilueridw. 

Aulosphaeridse  (a-lo-sfe'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Aulosplucra  +  -ida.]  A  family  of  tripylean 
or  aeantharian  radiolarians,  with  a  fenestrated 
shell  composed  in  a  peculiar  fashion  of  hollow 
tubes.  It  is  a  group  of  several  deep-sea  gen- 
era, as  Aulosphwra,  Auloplilegma,  etc.  Haeckel. 

Aulostoma  (a-los'to-ma),  n.  [NL.  (prop.  fem. 
of  Aulostomus ;  cf.  Auiostomus),  <  Gr.  aWdf,  a 
pipe,  -I-  oTofia,  mouth:  see  aidetes  and  stoma.] 
A  genus  of  fishes,  typical  of  the  family  Aulo- 
stomidcE.    Also  Aulostomus. 

Aulostomatidse  (a'lo-sto-mat'i-de),  n.  pi. 
Same  as  Aulostomid(e. 

aulostomid  (a-los'to-mid),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
family  Aulostomidw.' 

Aulostomidae  (a-lo-sto'mi-de),  w.  [NL.,  < 
Aulostoma  4-  -idee.]  A  family  of  hemibranchi- 
ate  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Aulostoma, 


Aulostoma  chinense. 

with  a  long  compressed  body,  elongated  tubi- 
form snout,  imbricated  ctenoid  scales,  numer- 
ous dorsal  spines,  and  abdominal  spineless 
ventral  fins.  Several  species  are  knowni  as 
inhabitants  of  tropical  and  wai-m  seas.  Also 
AnloslomaVida . 
aulostomidan  (a-lo-sto'mi-dan),  a.  and  n.  I. 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Aulostomida'. 
II.  «.  A  fish  of  the  family  Aulostomida; ;  an 

Auletris. —  Performer  on  the 

aulostomid.    Sir  J.  Hichardson. 
fGre^k'^'eM/t/r^etvas^rs,';;  Aulostomus  (a-los'to-mus),  «.    [NL.,  masc. : 
century  B.C.)  See  Aulostonia.]    Same  a,s  Aulostoma. 


aura 

auml  (am),  )i.  A  dialectal  form  of  elm.  [North. 
Eng.] 

aurn^  (am),  «.   See  aam. 

aum^(am),  «.  A  dialectal  form  of  ate.  [North. 
Eng.] 

aum*,  n.   See  om. 

aumailt,  «.  and  v.    An  obsolete  form  of  amcl. 
aumbryt,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  ambry. 
aumelett,  ".    An  obsolete  form  of  omelet. 
aumenerif,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  almoner^. 
aumener-t,  "•    An  obsol(>te  form  of  almoner'^. 
aumeryt,       An  obsolete  form  of  ambry. 
aumone  (ii'mon),  n.    [<  P.  aumme,  <  OF.  al- 
mo.'inc,  <  LL.  elccmosyna,  alms :  see  alms  and 
almoin.]  In  law,  alms. -Tenure  In  aumone,  a  ten- 
ure by  whicli  hinds  arc  yivcn  in  alms  to  some  clnirch  or 
rcligiDUs  liousc. 

aumoniere,  aulmonieri  (6-m6-ni-ar'),  «.  [F. : 

see  almoner'^.]  A  pouch  or  purse,  often  richly 
embroidered,  carried  at  the  girdle  by  persons 
of  rank  during  the  middle  ages.  The  name  is 
also  given  to  a  bag  or  pouch  similarly  worn  by 
women  at  the  present  day. 
aumuce,  n.    §ee  amicc^. 

auncelt,  ».    [Early  mod.  E.  also  anccl,  <  ME. 
auncel,  auncrlle,  aunscllc,  also  aunccre,  aunscre, 

<  AF.  iiunccllr,  luinsillr,  appar.  (by  mistaking 
the  initial  I  for  the  article  I',  la)  for  *launcelle, 

<  It.  lancclla,  a  little  balance,  dim.  of  lance,  a 
balance,  <  L.  lanx,  acc.  lancem,  a  plate,  a  scale 
of  a  balance:  see  lunce'^,  launce^,  and  balance.] 
A  kind  of  balance  for  weighing  anciently  used 
in  England,  apparently  that  vaiiety  of  the 
steelyard  commonly  known  as  the  Danish  steel- 
yard, which  has  a  movable  fulcrum  and  a  fixed 
weight,  the  forefinger  often  serving  as  the  ful- 
crum. It  was  very  inaccurate,  and  was  therefore  prohib- 
ited by  statute.  In  many  parts  of  England  the  term  aun- 
cel-weiijht  is  still  used  to  signify  weiglit,  as  of  meat,  which 
has  been  estimated  by  the  hand  witliout  scales. 

aundert,  n.    A  dialectal  form  of  midern. 
aundiront,  «.    An  obsolete  form  of  andiron. 
aune  (on),  n.    [F.,  <  OF.  (due,  ell:  see  alnage 
and  ell.]    A  French  cloth-measiu-e,  now  super- 
seded as  a  standard  measure  by  the  meter. 

The  use  of  t\\e  aune  metrique,  novvelle,  or  usuelle,  equal 
to  11  meters  or4ri  English  inches,  established  in  1812,  was 
forbidden  after  l!<39.  The  old  measur  e  of  this  name  varied 
at  different  places :  at  Rouen  it  was  the  same  as  the  Eng- 
lish ell,  45  inches;  at  Paris,  46J  inches;  at  Lyons,  47J 
inches ;  at  Calais,  68|  inches.  Formerly  written  auln. 
aungef,  aungelt,  n.    [ME.,<  OF.  unge,  angel: 

see  angel.]  Obsolete  forms  of  angel. 
aunt  (iint),  H.  [<  ME.  auntc,  aunt,  <  OF.  ante, 
aunte  (F.  tante)  =  Pr.  amda  =  It.  dial,  amida, 
ameta,  <  L.  amita,  aimt ;  cf.  Icel.  amma,  grand- 
mother: see  amma'^.  For  the  change  of  mt 
to  nt,  cf.  «?!<!.]  1.  The  sister  of  one's  father 
or  mother;  also,  in  address  or  familiar  use, 
the  wife  of  one's  uncle. —  2t.  Formerly  used 
by  alumni  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  as  a  title 
for  the  "  sister  university."  N.  E.  D. —  3t.  An 
old  woman  ;  an  old  gossip. 

The  wisest  aunt  telling  the  saddest  tale. 

Shale,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  1. 

4t.  A  procuress  ;  a  loose  woman. 

Summer  songs  for  me  and  my  aunts, 
While  we  lie  tumbling  in  the  hay. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  Iv.  2. 

Aunt  Sally.  («)  In  England,  a  favorite  game  at  race- 
courses and  fairs.  A  wooden  head  is  set  on  a  pole,  and  a 
clay  pipe  is  placed  in  the  mouth  or  nose.  The  game  con- 
sists in  endeavoring  to  smash  the  pipe  by  throwing  sticks 
or  other  missiles  at  it.  (b)  The  head  so  used, 
auntert,  n.    The  common  Middle  English  form 

of  adventure,  iu 
auntert,  auntret,  v.  i.  and  t.    The  common 
Middle  English  forms  of  adventure,  v. 

I  wol  arise  and  auntre  it  by  my  fay. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  290. 

auntie,  ».   See  aunty. 

auntroust,  «.  The  common  Middle  English 
form  of  adventurous.  Chaucer. 
aunty,  auntie  (an'ti),  n.  Familiar  diminutive 
forms  of  aunt. 
aural  (a'ra),  n.  [L.,  a  breeze,  a  breath  of  air, 
the  air,  <  Gr.  ai'pa,  air  in  motion,  a  breeze, 
<  afjvat,  breathe,  blow.  Cf.  aula,  and  see  air'^.] 
1.  A  supposed  influence,  force,  or  imponder- 
able matter  proceeding  from  a  body  and  sur- 
rounding it  as  an  atmosphere  ;  specifically,  an 
imponderable  substance  supposed  to  emanate 
from  all  living  things,  to  consist  of  the  subtle 
essence  of  the  indi\idual,  and  to  be  a  means 
of  manifesting  what  is  called  animal  mag- 
netism, and  also  a  mediinn  for  the  operation 
of  alleged  mesmenc,  clairvoyant,  and  somnam- 
bulic powers.  Also  called  nerve-aura,  or  nir- 
vaura.  Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  atmosphere; 
air ;  character,  etc. 


aura 

He  [Rossetti]  appreciated  to  a  peneroiis  extent  the 
poetry  of  present  younger  writers,  hut  failed  to  see  in 
nine-tentlis  of  it  any  of  tliat  oriyinality  anil  individual 
aura  that  characterize  worli  that  will  stand  the  stress  of 
time.  H'.  Sharp,  D.  G.  Rossetti,  p.  35. 

The  personal  aura  wlilcli  sunounded  him  [S.  Bowles] 
in  social  intercourse  was  nowhere  more  potent  than  with 
his  young  men  in  the  office. 

Charles  G.  Whiting,  in  Merriam's  Life  of  Bowles,  II.  69. 
8.  A  peculiar  sensation  resembling  that  pro- 
duced by  a  current  of  air.  See  epileptic  aura, 
below —  Electric  aura,  a  supposed  eUctric  fluid  ema- 
nating from  an  electritied  body,  ami  formin.^  a  sort  of  at- 
mosphere around  it.  .-\lso  called  elct-tric  atniusjihere.— 
Epileptic  aura  (aura  epileptica),  primarily,  a  sensation, 
as  of  a  current  of  air  rising  from  some  part  of  the  body  to 
the  liead,  precediiii;  an  attack  of  epilepsy;  in  a  more  gen- 
eral sense,  any  disturbance  of  consciousness  or  local  mo- 
tor symptoms  inuuediately  preceding  an  epileptic  spasm. 
—  Hysteric  aura,  a  similar  sensation  preceding  au  at- 
tack of  hysteria, 
aura^  (a'ra),  «.  [NL.,  appar.  adapted  (with  ref. 
to  from  a  S.  Amer.  native  name.  The 

form  ouroua  is  given  by  Barrere  as  the  native 
name  in  Guiana.]  An  old  native  name  of  any 
South  American  vulture  excepting  the  condor; 
an  urubu,  tzopilotl,  gallinazo,  turkey-buzzard, 
or  carrion-crow,  it  was  early  Latinized  in  the  form 
reiiina  aunirum,  was  adopted  by  Linmeus  as  the  specific 
name  of  his  i'uttur  aura,  and  is  now  used  as  the  specific 
name  of  the  turkey-buzzard,  Cathartes  aura.  See  cut 
inuier  Cnthartes. 

aurali  (a'ral),  a.  [<  L.  aura  (see  awrai)  +  -«?.] 
Pertaining  to  the  air  or  to  an  aura. 

auraP  (a'ral),  a.  [<  L.  aitris,  =  E.  ertrl,  +  -«7.] 
1.  Relating  to  the  ear:  as,  the  aural  orifice; 
aural  surgery. —  2.  Perceived  by  the  ear; 
learned  by  hearing ;  auricular. 

That  aural  aciiuaintance  with  Latin  phrases  which  the 
unlearned  might  pick  up  from  pulpit  quotations  con- 
stantly interpreted  by  the  preacher,  could  help  tliem  little 
when  they  saw  written  Latin.   George  Eliot,  Romola,  Ixiii. 

auramine  (a'ra-min),  n.  [<  aurum  +  amine.l 
A  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing,  it  is  tlie  hydro- 

chlorid  of  tetra-methyl-diamidu-benzo-phenon-imide.  It 
yields  a  pure  and  brilliant  yellow  on  cotton,  wool,  and  silk. 

aurantia  (a-ran'shi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  aurantium, 
an  orange:  &eQ  orange.^  A  coal-tar  color  used  in 
dyeing,  it  is  the  ammonium  salt  of  hexa-nitro-diphenyl- 
amine.  It  produces  shades  of  orange,  but  is  only  applied 
to  wool  and  silk.  It  has  been  said  that  this  dye  has  poison- 
ous properties,  occasioning  skin-eruptions. 

Aurantiaceae  (a-ran-ti-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
aurantium,  an  orange  (see  orange),  +  -acea;.] 
See  Aurantiete. 

aurantiaceous  (a-ran-ti-a'shius),  a.  [<  NL. 
aurantiaceus  :  see  above.]  Of  or  belonging  to 
the  Aurantiacea;. 

Aurantieae  (a-ran-ti'e-e),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  auran- 
tium (see  orange)  +  -eoj.  ]  A  tribe  in  the  natu- 
ral order  Rutacece,  trees  or  shrubs,  distinguished 
from  the  rest  of  the  order  by  their  perfect 
flowers  and  by  their  fruit,  a  large  berry  with 

exalbuminous  seeds,  it  has  often  been  classed  as  a 
distinct  order,  the  Aurantiacece.  There  are  about  a  dozen 
genera,  indigenous  to  tropical  Asia,  of  which  the  most 
familiar  are  Citru.%  yielding  the  orange,  etc.;  Linwnia 
(which  see) ;  and  ^Jigle,  the  bhel-tree. 

aurate^  (a'rat),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  auratus,  over- 
laid with  gold,  of  gold,  pp.  of  aurare,  overlay 
with  gold,  <  aurum,  gold:  see  aurum  and  -ate^.'] 
I.  a.  Resembling  gold;  gold-colored;  gilded. 
[Rare.] 

II.  »t.  1.  A  kind  of  pear. — 2.  A  combination 
of  auric  acid  with  a  base :  as,  potassium  aurate. 

aurate^  (a'rat),  a.  [<  L.  auris,  =  E.  ear^,  + 
-ate^.  Equiv.  to  awnted,  q.  v.]  Eared;  having 
ears,  as  the  scallop-shell. 

auratedi,  aurated^  (a'ra -ted),  a.  Same  as 
aurate^,  aurate'^. 

aure  (6-ra'),  a.  [Heraldic  F.,  =  aurate^.l  In 
her.,  sprinkled  with  drops  or  spots  of  gold. 
Otherwise  termed  gutte  d'or.    See  gutte. 

aureate  (a're-at),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  aureat,  < 
LL.  aureatus,  adorned  with  gold,  <  L.  aureus, 
golden,  <  aurum,  gold:  see  aurum.']  Golden; 
gilded ;  golden-yellow,  as  a  flower. 

aurei,  n.    Plural  of  aureus. 

aureity  (a-re'i-ti),  n.  [<  aure-ous  +  -ity.']  The 
peculiar  properties  of  gold ;  goldenness.  Cole- 
ridge. 

aurelia  (a-re'lya),  w.  [NL.,  <  It.  aurelia,  chrys- 
alis, <  aurelia,  fem.  of  aurelia,  golden  (Florio), 
<  L.  *aurelius  (only  as  a 
proper  name,  Aurelius, 
earlier  Ausclius,  a  Ro- 
man family),  <  aurum, 
gold:  see  aurum.']  If.  In 
entom.,  the  nymph,  chrys- 
alis, or  pupa  of  a  lepi- 
dopterous   insect.  See 

Aurelia  aurita.  chrySttUS.  2.      [C(7p.]  A 

G,  genital  chamber;  £,  pro-   genUS    of    pelagic  diSCO- 

mXtofThemhoi'ysS""'^'  phorous  Bydromedusw, 


382 

typical  of  the  family  Aurcliidw,  characterized 
by  having  branched  radial  vessels  and  the  edge 
of  the  disk  fringed  with  small  tentacles,  a.  au- 
riia  is  tlie  type-species,  found  in  European  seas,  the  old 
Medusa  aurita  of  Linnajus.  ^4.  flaridula  occurs  on  the 
coast  of  North  America.  The  name  is  synonymous  with 
Medusa  regarded  as  a  genus  and  in  its  most  restricted 
sense. 

In  the  study  of  the  sunfish  (Aurelia)  we  are  able  to  see 
plainly  the  prominent  differences  between  jelly-fishes  as 
a  group  and  polyps  as  a  group. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  July,  187S,  p.  318. 

3.  The  adult  state  of  any  medusa,  or  the  per- 
fected stage  of  a  medusiform  zooid. 
aurelian  (ii-re'lyan),  a.  and  n.    [<  aurelia,  1,  + 
-an.]    I.t  fl.  In  entom.,  like  or  pertaining  to 
the  aurelia:  as,  the  aurelian  form  of  an  insect. 

II.  n.  An  entomologist  devoted  to  the  study 
of  lepidopterous  insects  only. 

With  the  exception  of  a  few  Aurelian.'s,  as  the  students 
of  Lepidoptera  were  tlien  [1S53)  termed. 

J.  0.  Westu'ood,  1S83. 

Aureliidae  (a-re-U'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aurelia, 
2,  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  pelagic  Discophora, 
containing  the  genus  Aurelia. 
aureola  (a-re'o-la),  n.  [L.,  fem.  of  aureolus,  of 
gold,  dim.  of  auretts,  of  gold,  <  aurum,  gold: 
see  «;()•«»;.]  l.Inrep- 
resentations  of  the 
Deity,  the  Virgin  Mary, 
saints,  martyrs,  etc.,  a 
radiance  or  luminous 
cloud  emanating  from 
and  surroimding  the 
whole  figure,  if  the  flg- 
in-e  is  represented  in  an  erect 
jiosition,  the  aureola  is  usu- 
ally oval,  or  of  the  form 
known  as  the  vesica  piscis 
(fish's  bladder) ;  if  the  figure 
is  sitting,  the  aureola  often 
approaches  a  circular  form. 
Aureola,  lunibus,  and  glory 
are  frequently  confounded, 
though  technically  quite  dis- 
tinct. See  nimbus  and  glorg. 

There  are  some  poets 
whom  we  picture  to  our- 
selves as  surrounded  with 


Aureola. —  Figure  of  Christ, 
from  tympanum  of  portal  of  St. 
Trophime,  Aries,  France ;  12th 
century. 


Stedman,\Ki.  Poets,  p.  114. 

2.  Anything  resem- 
bling an  aureola.  Spe- 
cifically— (a)  In  astron.,  the  ring  of  light  seen  around  the 
moon  in  total  eclipses  of  the  sun.  (b)  In  meteor.,  a  kind 
of  halo  surrounding  a  shadow  cast  upon  a  cloud  or  fog- 
bank  or  dew-covered  grass :  often  observed  by  aeronauts 
on  the  upper  surface  of  clouds.  Also  called  a  glory. 
3.  In  liom.  Cath.  thcoL,  a  higher  reward  added 
to  the  essential  bliss  of  heaven  as  a  recompense 
for  a  special  spiritual  victory  gained  by  the 
person  to  whom  it  is  attributed:  as,  the  au- 
reola of  virgins,  martyrs,  doctors,  etc. 
aureole  (a're-61),  n.  [<  ME.  aureole  (cf.  F.  au- 
reole), <  L.  aureola  :  see  aureola.  Cf.  oriole.]  A 
Itiminous  emanation  or  cloud  suiTounding  a 
figure  or  an  object ;  an  aureola. 

Fair  shines  the  gilded  aureole 
In  which  our  highest  painters  place 
Some  living  woman's  simple  face. 

D.  G.  Rossetti,  Jenny. 
And  round  the  grisly  fighter's  hair  the  martyr's  aureole 
bent !  Whittier,  Brown  of  Ossawatomie. 

When  the  electric  arc  is  produced  between  carbons  in 
vacuo  a  beautiful  glow  is  obtained,  the  negative  pole  being 
surrounded  by  a  blue  aureole,  and  the  positive  by  a  strat- 
ified pale-blue  light,     A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  583. 

aureole  (a're-61),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aureoled, 
ppr.  aureoling.  [<  aureole,  n.]  To  surround  or 
invest  with  an  aureole. 

aureolin  (a-re'o-lin),  n.  [<  L.  aureolus,  dim.  of 
aureus,  golden,  yellow  (see  aureous),  +  -in^.] 
A  trade-name  for  the  pigment  cobalt  yellow 
(which  see,  under  yellow). 

aureosin  (a-re'o-sin),  n.  [<  L.  aurum,  gold,  + 
eosin.]  A  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing,  it  is  a 
chlorinated  fluorescein  (which  see).  It  dyes  light-rose 
shades  on  silk,  giving  a  greenish-yellow  reflection. 

aureous  (a're-us),  a.  [<  L.  aureus,  of  gold,  gold- 
en, <  aurum,  gold :  see  aurum.]  Of  a  golden- 
yellow  color. 

aures,  «.    Plural  of  auris,  1. 

aureus  (a're-us),  n. ;  pi.  aurei  (-i).    [L.,  prop. 

adj.  (sc.  nummtis,  coin),  of  gold:  see  aureous.] 

A  Roman 

gold  coin 

eqfiivalent 

to  100  ses- 
terces or  25 

denarii,  first 

minted  in 

the  first  cen- 

tury  B.  C, 

 Y     ...  Aureus  of  AuETustus,  British  Museum. 

and    issued  of  the  original.) 


(Size 


auricular 

under  the  empire  till  the  reign  of  Constantine 
I.,  who  substituted  for  it  the  gold  solidus.  in 
the  time  of  Augustus  the  aureus  weighed  about  120  grains 
and  was  worth  about  $5,02,  Its  weight  and  stanilard  were 
afterward  reduced. 

au  revoir  (6  r6-vwor').  [F. :  au  (see  au"^);  rc- 
voir,  <  L.  revidere,  see  again,  <  re-,  again,  + 
vidcrc,  see :  lit.  to  the  reseeing  (inf.  used  as 
n.).]  Until  we  meet  again;  good-by  for  the 
present. 

aurl-argentiferous  (a"ri-ar-jen-tif'e-rus),  a. 
[<  L.  aurum,  gold,  +  argcntum,  silver,  +  ferre  = 
E.  fteacl;  ^ee  aurum  and  argentiferous.]  Bear- 
ing or  containing  both  gold  and  silver. 

There  are  found  in  the  lower  levels  pockets  of  auri- 
argenti/erous  ore.    L.  Hamilton,  Mex.  llandlKJok,  p.  128. 

auric^  (a'rik),  a.  [<  L.  aurum,  gold  (see  aurum), 
+  -ic.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  gold — Auric  oxid, 
or  gold  trioxid,  AugO;),  is  a  blackish-brown  powder,  the 
highest  known  oxid  of  gold, 

auric^  (ii'rik),  a.  [<  aura^  +  -ic]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  aura ;  aural.    See  owml. 

aurichalc  (a'ri-kalk),  n.    See  orichalc. 

aurichalci'fce  (a-ri-kal'sit),  n.  [<  L.  aurichal- 
cum  (see  orichalc)  +  -ite^.]  A  hydrous  carbon- 
ate of  copper  and  zinc  occurring  in  transpar- 
ent verdigris-green  to  sky-blue  needle-shaped 
crystals,  also  in  laminated  or  granular  masses. 
When  reduced  it  yields  a  gold-colored  alloy  of  copper  and 
zinc.  Buratite  is  a  variety  which  was  .supposed  to  be 
singidar  in  containing  calcium, 

aurichalcuni  (a-ri-kal'kum),  n.  See  orichalc. 

auricle  (a'ri-kl),  n.  [<  L.  auricula,  the  external 
ear,  the  ear,  dim.  of  auris  =  E.  ear^,  q.  v.]  1. 
The  pinna  of  the  external  ear ;  that  part  of  the 
organ  of  hearing  which  projects  from  the  side 
of  the  head.  See  piinna,  and  cut  under  ear. 
Also  auricula. —  2.  A  chamber  or  one  of  the 
chambers  of  the  heart  into  which  the  blood 
comes  from  the  veins,  and  from  which  it  passes 
into  the  ventricle  or  one  of  the  ventricles.  In 
the  mammalian,  avian,  and  reptilian  heart  there  are  two 
auricles,  the  right  and  tlie  left.  The  name  is  sometimes 
used  in  a  more  special  sense  to  designate  an  ear-like  por- 
tion or  appendage  (appendix  auricula;)  of  each  of  these 
chambers ;  the  renuiinder  is  then  distinguished  as  the 
sinus.  The  right  auricle  receives  venous  blood  from  the 
venai  cava; ;  the  left  auricle  receives  arterial  blood  from 
the  lungs  tln-ough  the  pulmonary  veins.  See  cuts  under 
heart  and  lung. 

3.  Something,  or  some  part  of  a  thing,  like  or 
likened  to  an  ear:  variously  applied,  eliiefly  in 
botany,  zoology,  and  comparative  anatomy. 
Specifically — (a)  In  entom.,  an  appendage  of  the  plantaof 
certain  insects,  as  bees,  (6)  In  echinoderms,  an  auricula. 
See  auricula,  4.  (c)  In  bot.,  an  ear-shaped  or  ear-like  ap- 
pendage ;  the  inflated  lower  lobe  or  appendage  of  the 
leaves  of  some  Hepaticce. 

4.  An  instrument  applied  to  the  ears  to  assist 
in  hearing ;  a  kind  of  ear-trumpet. 

auricled  (a'ri-kld),  ff.  auricle  + -ed^.]  Hav- 
ing ears  or  auricles ;  having  appendages  resem- 
bling ears;  in&of.,  same  as  auriculate. 
auricomous  (a-rik'o-mus),  fl.  [<  L.  auricomus, 
with  golden  hair,  <  aurum,  gold,  +  coma,  hair: 
see  aurum  and  coma'^.]  Having  golden  hair; 
yellow-haired, 
auricula  (a-rik'u-la),  M. ;  pi.  auricula;  (-le).  [L., 
the  external  ear,  the  ear:  see  auricle.]  1.  In 
bot.,  a  garden  flower  derived  from  the  yellow 
Primula  Auricula,  found  native  in  the  Swiss 
Alps,  and  sometimes  called  bear's-ear  from  the 
shape  of  its  leaves,  it  has  been  cultivated  for  cen- 
turies by  florists,  who  have  succeeded  in  raising  from 
seed  a  great  number  of  beautiful  varieties, 
2.  Same  as  auricle,  1. —  3.  [capi.]  [NL.]  In 
zool.,  a  genus  of  phytophagous  or  plant-eating 
pulmonate  gastropods,  typical  of 
the  family  Auriculidw.  A.  judce 
and  A.  midw  are  examples.  They 
are  known  as  ear-shells. — 4.  [NL.] 
In  echinoderms,  one  of  the  perfo- 
rated processes  into  which  the 
ambulacral  and  sometimes  the 
interambulacral  plates  are  pro- 
duced, and  which  arch  over  the 
interior  of  the  ambulacra,  as  in 
the  typical  echini,  or  sea-urehins. 
See  cut  under  Echinoidea. 
auricular  (a-rik'u-lar),  a.  and  n. 
[<  ML.  auricularis,  '<,  L.  auricula, 
the  ear:  see  auricJe.]  I.  «.  1.  Per- 
taining to  the  ear,  or  to  the  auri- 
cle of  the  ear;  aural:  as,  the  auricular  nerve. 
—  2.  Used  in  connection  with  the  ear:  as,  an 
auricular  tube  (which  see,  below). — 3.  Ad- 
dressed to  the  ear;  privately  confided  to  one's 
ear,  especially  the  ear  of  a  priest :  as,  auricu- 
lar confession. — 4.  Recognized  or  perceived 
by  the  ear;  audible. 

You  shall  ...  by  an  auricular  assurance  have  your 
satisfaction.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  2. 


Ear-shell  {Auri- 
cula jttda). 


aurochs 


auricular 

  Aiuui; 

5t.  Communicated  or  known  by  report;  hear-  auriculoparotidean(a-rik"u-16-pa-r6-tid'e-an),  aurin,  aurine  (a'rin),  n. 

.  ,    .                                                      a.    l<  auncida  +  parotid  + -ean.]    Pertainius    -iu^.}    The  commercial  name  for  impu^-c^rosolic 
^«ric«;ar  traditions  and  feicnPrt  tP.Hmnn;»=  to  tliA  niinclo  „^.i  +1,  „i„„.r.    ^eid  (which  see,  under  mso/<c),  one  of  the  coal- 

tar  colors.  In  its  pure  state  it  fonns  niliy-rtd  crystals 
with  a  blue  fluorescence.  Ovvin^'  to  its  fuKitiveness,  it  is 
seldom  used  in  dyeing,  but  it  is  still  used  in  printing  cali- 
coes and  woolens  and  for  pigments.  It  produces  orange- 
red  colors. 


383 

Communicated  or  known  by  report;  hear-  auriculoDarotidfian 

say. 

Auricular  traditions  and  feigned  testimonies.  to  the  auricle  of  the  ear  and  the  parotid  gland  • 

^  ^                              ^"■<'"'^'  Nat.  Hist.,  §  326.  specifically  applied  to  a  nerve  which  supplies 

6.  Known  or  obtained  by  the  sense  of  hearing:  those  parts. 

as,  a«<ncMtor  evidence.— 7.  Ear-shaped;  auric-  auriculotemporal  (a,-rik'''u-16-tem'p6-ral),  a. 

nlate;  aunform:  as,  the  auricular  articulating  [<  auricula  +  temporal.'\    Pertaining  to  the  ear 


surface  of  the  human  ilium. — 8.  In  echino- 
derms,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  aui-ieidse :  as,  an 
internal  auricular  process. —  9.  Pertaining  to 
the  auricle  of  the  heart. -Anterior  auricular  ar- 
teries, two  or  more  branches  of  the  temporal  artery  sup- 
plying the  e.xternal  ear.— Anterior  auricular  veins, 
small  veins  from  the  e.xternal  ear  emptying  into  the  tem- 
poral vein.— Auricular  feathers,  in  omith.,  the  special 
set  of  featliers,  usually  of  peculiar  structure,  which  overlie 

Qnrl  Hdfiitiil  fho  e-\t-itav  nr.n'.^l,^^  r^t  *1   A  :  i  


L  .   .^^   .      v^.-..tjr,„,  J         i    v^i  \j\J    UJJ  C  %DaiL 

and  the  temporal  region  :  specifically  applied  to 
a  branch  of  the  inferior  maxillary  uei-ve  which 
supplies  the  external  ear  and  adjacent  regions, 
auriculoventricular  (a - rik'Ti - 16  - ven  -  trik'u- 
liir),  a.  [<  auricula  +  ventricular.']  Pertain- 
ing both  to  the  auricles  and  to  the  ventricles 
of  the  heart:  as,  the  auriculoventricular  ori- 
fice.  See  cut  under  heart — Auriculoventricular 


and  defend  the  outer  opening  of  the  ear.— Auiicular  fin-    valves^  See  valm 

ger,  the  little  finger:  so  called  from  the  fact  that  it  is  most  auriferou<?  Ca-rif'e-nisl  n      r<r  T,  nnrifpr 
easily  introduced  into  the  ear. -Auricular  foramen  the  iTi"-       5  ^         ■■      /!     ,        ^-  aurtjei  ,  gold- 
mouth  of  the  e.xternal  auditory  nieatusSfU^e  ear -=A^^^  <  anrum,  gold,  -I-  ferre  =  E.  hcarK] 
Ularnerves,  various  small  nerves  derived  from  the  great  J^ielding  or  producing  gold ;  containing  gold: 

the  second eer-  as,  auriferous  quartz  ;  auriferous  strata. 

Mountains  big  with  mines. 
Whence  many  a  bm-sting  stream  auriferous  plays. 

Thomson,  Summer,  1.  648. 
aurific  (a-rif'ik),  a.    [<  L.  aurum,  gold,  -f- 
faccre,  make.]    Capable  of  transmuting  sub- 
stances into  gold ;  gold-making. 
Some  e.xperiments  made  with  an  aurific  powder. 

Southey,  The  Doctor,  cLxxxvi. 

auriflamma,  auriflamme  (a -ri- flam 'a,  a'ri- 
flam),  n.  [<  ML.  auriflamma,  lit.  golden  flame, 
<_L.  aurum,  gold.,  +  flamma,  Mme.]    The  an- 
cient royal  banner  of  France.    See  oriflamme. 
auriform  (a'ri-form),  a.    [<  L.  auris,  the  ear 


,  — ...^  ...... ^«..^i,i^imjwi<ii,  i/iic  iav.i<ti,  Liie  bccoiiu  cer- 
vical, the  small  or  sometimes  the  large  occipital,  and  the 
vagus  nerves,  which  supply  the  integument  and  other 
parts  of  the  external  ear  and  its  vicinity.— Auricular 
point,  in  anat.,  the  center  of  the  auricular  foramen.— 
Auricular  radii,  in  craniom.,  radii  drawn  from  the  pro- 
jection of  the  auricular  point  on  the  median  plane  to  the 
projections  of  other  points  of  the  skull.  See  craniometry. 
—Auricular  tube,  a  spealdng-tube,  either  portable  for 
the  use  of  deaf  persons,  or  extending  between  different 
partsofa  building  for  the  conveyance  of  messages.— Atiric- 
Ular  Witness,  a  witness  who  relates  what  he  has  heard 
—  Deepaurictaar  artery,  a  small  branch  from  the  inter- 
nal maxillary  artery,  supplying  the  external  meatus  of  the 
ear.— Great  auricular  nerve,  the  auricularis  magnus  a 
nerve  arising  from  the  second  and  third  cervical  nerves, 
and  distributed  to  the  external  ear  and  adjacent  parts 
—Posterior  auricular  artery,  a  branch  of  the  externai 

carotid  artery,  supplyin;,'  parts  in  the  region  of  the  ear.—        ./  -  ,  —  j    — .j™^^.. 

Posterior  auricular  vein,  a  vein  which,  descending  be-    of  the  external  human  ear  • 
hind  the  pinna  of  the  ear  from  the  side  of  the  head,  joins  cbpll 
the  external  jugular  vein.  . 

II.  n.  1.  pi.  In  omith.,  the  auricular  feath-  aurilrisia  (a-ri-fnz  i-a),  n.  Same  as  auriphry- 
ers.— 2.  The  auricular  or  little  finger.    See  ... 

auricular  finger,  above.  auriinsiate  (a-ri-fnz  i-at),  a.    Same  as  auri- 

auriculares,  w.   Plural  of  awncw^am.  .  ^. 

auricularia  (a-rik-u-la'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  auricu-  ^^^}^  ri-ti)  i;.  t.  and  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  auri- 
la,  4:,  +  -aria.-\  l'.  \V\."auricularia}  (-&).■]  A  fi^d,  VW- aurifymg.  [<  L.  aamm,  gold,  + /a- 
term  applied  to  an  early  stage  of  the  develop-  see  -/y.]    To  turn  into  or  become 

ment  of  the  embryo  of  certain  echinoderms,  as  a     •     /»   -f  ••^  rx 
those  of  the  genera  Holothuria,  Siinapta,  etc.,  "^P^^^?:  ^^''^J^>'Jl-    t^-'  ^  charioteer ; 
when  it  is  cilintprl    Soa  H>i7/irt„wwo^    rtf  ^„  '    stellation,  the  Wagoner;    perhaps  < 


 V       ^  —      .u,  .^lic  cai,    Dana  arounct  its  lower  edce.    Also  uuri 

forma,  tovm.]  Ear-shaped;  having  the  form  aurinhrvenatp  Ca  ri  fVii'i  an  r^- mt" 
the  external  human  ear:  as,  an  auriform  ^1^?:^.??^^^**.®.^?':":^?^':^*)' .  J.^.^^ 


Aurine  dyes  shades  more  inclining  to  orange  than  coral- 
line- Worlcsliop  U,'r,-i;,ts,  2(1  sor.,  p.  228. 

auriphrygia  (il-ri-frij'i-a),  v.  [<  MI^.  *auriphri/- 
(jia,  aurifriijia,  also  spelled  aurifrisia,  auri- 
frcna,  also  au- 
rifrygium,  also 
simply  phry- 
gium,  frigium, 
gold  embroid- 
eiy,  <  L.  aurum 
Phrygium,  lit. 
Phrygian  gold ; 
the  Phrygians 
were  noted  for 
their  skill  in 
embroidering 
with  gold : 
see  aurum 
and  Phrygian. 
From  the  same 
source,  through  the  French,  come  orfrays,  or- 
fray,  orphrcy,  q.  v.]  Properly,  gold  embroid- 
ery; cedes.,  an  ornamental  band  on  various 
vestments ;  an  orphrey :  used  especially  of  the 
orphrey  of  a  miter,  which  is  a  richly  adorned 
band^  around  its  lower  edge.    Also  aurifrisia. 


...   .         J.  "r  .'\unphrygiate 
Miter.  I2th  century. 
( From  '•  L" Art  pour  Tous." ) 


when  it  is  ciliated.  See  Holothuridea.  [It  is  a 
generic  name  given  by  MiiUer  through  a  mis- 
take as  to  the  nature  of  these  larvEe.] — 2. 
[cap.']  In  conch.,  a  generic  name  variously 
used:  as,  (a)  by  De  Blainville  for  a  genus  of 
acephalous  mollusks ;  (6)  by  Fabricius  for  a 
genus  of  gastropods, 
auricularian  (a-rik-u-la'ri-an),  a.  [<  auricu^ 
laria  +  -an.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  auricula^ 
ria;  echinopsedic. 

auricularis  (a-rik-u-la'ris),  n.;  pi.  auriculares 
(-rez).  INh. :  see  auricular.]  The  little  finger. 
See  auricular  finger,  under  auricular. 

atiricularly  (a-rik'u-lar-li),  adv.  1.  In  an  au- 
ricular maimer ;  specifically,  in  a  secret  man- 
ner; by  whispers. 

These  will  soon  confess,  and  that  not  auricularly,  but  in 
a  loud  and  audible  voice.    Decay  of  Christ.  Piety,  vii.  §  4. 

2.  By  means  of  auricles, 
auriculate,  auriculated  (a-rik'ii-lat,  -la-ted), 
a.  [<  NL.  auriculatus,  <  L.  auricula:  see  au- 
ricle.] 1.  Ear-shaped;  like  or  likened  to  an 
aimcle;  auriform. — 2.  Having  ears;  provided 
with  ears,  auricles,  or  ear-like  parts:  in  bat., 
said  of  a  leaf  with  a  pair  of  small  blunt  projec- 
tions or  ears  at  the  base.— Auriculate  antennae 

m  entorn.,  antennse  in  which  one  of  the  basal  joints  is  ex- 
panded laterally  in  a  concave  plate,  as  in  certain  aquatic 
beetles.— Auriculate  elytra,  in  entom.,  elytra  produced 
laterally  at  tlie  humeral  angles  into  a  free  lobe, 
auriculid  (a-rik'u-lid),  n.  A  gastropod  of  the 
family  Auriculidw. 

Auricillidse  (a-ri-kii'li-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Au- 
ricula, 3,  -f-  -ida:.]  A  fanuly  of  pulmonate  gas- 
tropods with  contractile  tentacles,  eyes  ses- 
sile at  the  inner  or  hinder  bases  of  the  tenta- 
cles, rugose  teguments,  and  a  spiral  shell  whose 
partitions  are  generally  absorbed,  and  whose 
columella  is  plicated.  The  family  is  divided  into  sub- 
families and  many  genera.  Some  of  the  species  frequent 
banks,  generally  within  tide-limits,  others  marshes  and 
wet  woods,  and  a  few  (of  the  genus  Carychium)  are  almost 
exclusively  terrestrial.    See  cut  under  >ythia 


as  con- 

 ,   —  jj^xiit^^o  <  aurea, 

bridle  (cf.  oreoe,  the  bit  of  a  bridle,  <  os  {or-), 
the  mouth:  see  osl), -f  ag-ere,  drive ;  otherwise 
<  *aurus  (not  foimd,  supposed  to  mean  'a 
horse,'  =  Gr.  aipog,  swift)  +  agere,  drive :  see 


phrygiatus,  uuriphrigiatus,  aurifrisiatus,  auri- 
friceatus,  ete.,<  *auriphrygia  :  see  nuriphrygia,] 
Embroidered  with  gold;  provided  with  an  auri- 
phrygia.   Also  aurifrisia  te. 

Nor  wore  he  mitre  here,  precious  or  auriphryrjiate. 

Southey,  Roderick,  xviii. 

auripigment,  auripigmentum  (a-ri-pig'ment, 
a  ri-pig-men'tum),  n.  [L.  auripigmentum,  Oiu- 
rum,  gold,  +  pigmentum,  pigment:  see  aurum 
and  pigment.  From  the  L.,  through  F.,  comes 
orpiment.]  Same  as  orpiment. 
auris  (a'ris),  n.;  pi.  aures  (a'rez).  [L.,  =  E. 
ea>-i,  q.  v.]  1.  In  zool.  and  anat.,  an  ear;  the 
outer  ear  or  auricle.— 2.  leap.]  [NL.]  In 
conch.,  a  genus  of  ear-shells:  synonj-mous  with 
Haliotis. 


act,  v.]    1.  A  northern  constellation  contain-  ^,       .  , 

aunscalp  (a'n-skalp),  n.    [<  auriscalpium.] 


MsnkaJina. 


The  Co 


ing  the  splendid  star  Capella ;  the  Charioteer  -i-  r  r  i 

or  Wagoner,    it  is  supposed  to  represent  a  charioteer  J.  / 

kneeling  in  his  vehicle.  He  is  often  represented  with  a  kid  aurite  (a  nt),  a.  kjc 

on  his  left  shoulder,  this  being  doubtless  an  ancient  con-  auritcd  (a'ri-ted),  a. 


stellation-figure  coincident  in  position  with  the  Charioteer. 

2.  [I.  c]  [NL.]  A  name  of  the  fourth  lobe  of 
the  liver.  [Rare.] 

aurigal  (a-ri'gal),  a.     [<  LL.  aurigalis,  <  L. 

auriga :  see  Auriga.]    Pertaining  to  a  chariot 

or  carriage.  [Eare.] 
aurigation  (a-ri-ga'shon),  n.    [<  L.  auriga- 

tio{n-),  <  aurigare,  pp.  aurigatus,  be  a  driver,  < 


An  instrument  for  cleaning  the  ears ;  an  ear- 
pick;  also,  a  similar  instrument  used  in  surgi- 
cal operations  on  the  ear. 
auriscalpium  (a-ri-skal'pi-um),  «. ;  pi.  auri- 
scalpia  (-a).  [NL.,  <  L.  auris,  =  E.  ear-i,  +  scal- 
pere,  scrape,  scratch:  see  scalpel.]    1.  Same 
as  auriscalp. —  2.  [cap.]  In  conch.,  a  genus  of 
bivalve  mollusks. 
auriscope  (a'ri-skop),  w.    [<  L.  auris,  =  E.  earl, 
+  Gr.  oKonelv,  view,  look  at.]    An  instrument 
for  examining  and  exploring  the  ear. 
auriscopy  (a-ris'ko-pi),  n.    [<  L.  auris,  =  E. 
earl,  -f  (jy.  -oKonia,  <  gkottcIv,  view,  look  at.] 
The  use  of  the  auriscope. 
aurist  (a'rist),  «.  [<  L.  auris,  =  E.  earl,  -I-  -ist.] 
One  who  treats  disorders  of  the  ear ;  an  otolo- 
gist. 

In  England  the  medical  profession  is  divided  into  phy- 
sicians, surgeons,  apothecaries,  accoucheurs,  oculists  au- 
rists,  dentists. 

Sir  G.  C.  Lewis,  Authority  in  Matters  of  Opinion,  v. 
Same  as  aurifed. 

[<  L.  auritus,  =  E.  eared. 


tiee  of  driving  a  chariot  or  coach.  [RareJ 

If  a  man  indulges  in  the  vicious  habit  of  sleeping,  all 
the  skill  in  aurigation  of  Apollo  himself,  with  the  horses 
of  Aurora  to  execute  his  notions,  avail  him  nothing. 

De  Quincey,  Eng.  JIail-Coach. 


<  auris  -  E.  ea?-i.  Cf^aurated^.]  In  lot.  and 
^■007.,  eared;  auriculate;  having  lobes  or  ap- 
pendages like  an  ear. 
aurivorous  (a-riv'o-rus),  a.  [<  L.  aurum,  gold, 
+  vorarc,  devom-.]  Gold-devoming.  Walpole. 
aurocephalous  (ii-ro-sef 'a-lus),  a.  [<  L.  aurum, 
gold,  +  Gr.  Keipa'Ai),  head.]  In  sool.,  character 
ized  by  a  gold-colored  head 


auriga,  a  driver:  iel^u  igct]   The  act  or  prac-  aurochs  W.^TnW±  i     .  ^rTTP 

tiee  of  driving  a  chariot  or  coach.    TRare  1        ^?5°9.^„^  VA^^^'      P''        auerochsc,<  MHG. 


auriculobregmatic  (a-rik"ii-16-breg-mat'Lk),  rt.   ,„  ^        r ,  t  - 

[<  m^ricula  +  hreqnw{t-)  + -ic]   iS  anat.,  per-  aurigerous  (a-nj'e-rus),  «.    [<  L.  aurum,  gold, 
taining  to  the  auricular  point  ind  the  bre^L  ^<(^^V^^-  G«ld-bearmg 
-Auriculobregmatic  line,  a  line  drawn  from  thf  pro-  aurigrapliy  (a-rig  ra-fi),  n.     [<  ML.  aurigra- 
]eetion  of  the  auricular  points  on  the  median  plane  of  the    pnia,  <  aurigraphus,  one  who  WTites  in  golden 
skull  to  the  bregma    See  cra,iiometry.  characters,  <  L.    aurum,   gold,  -t-  Gr.  ypaAew 

aiiriculO-OrblCUlariS  (a-rik"ii-16-6r-bik-ii-la'-    write.]     The  art  or  practice  of  writing  in 
Tin),  n.    [NL.,  <  auricula  +  orbicularis.]    A    golden  characters.  Blount. 
muscle  of  the  hedgehog  connecting  the  pinna  aurilave  (a'ri-lav),  n.    [<  L.  auris,  the  ear,  + 
01  tne  ear  with  the  orbicularis  panniculi,  which    lavare,  wash :  see  auricle  and  lave^.]    An  ear- 
it  antagomzes.  brush.   K  H.  Knight. 


■ochse,  <  OHG.  Urohso,  <  tlr,  a  wild  ox  (=  AS. 
ur  =  Icel.  Hrr;  cf.  L.  urus  =  Gr.  ovpoc,  from 
Teut.),  +  ohso,  G.  ochse,  ochs  =  E.  ox:  see  urox 
and  urus.]  A  species  of  wild  ox  or  buffalo, 
the  bonasos  of  Aristotle,  bison  of  Pliny,  the  Eu- 
ropean bison.  Bos  or  Bison  bonasus  of  modem 
natui'alists.  Tliis  animal  was  once  abundant  in  many 
parts  of  the  continent  of  Europe,  especially  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  large  forests.  The  spread  of  "population  has 
nearly  exterminated  it.  and  were  it  not  for  the  protection 
artorded  by  the  empemr  of  Russia  to  a  few  herds  which 
inhabit  the  forests  of  Lithuania  and  of  Kuban  in  the  Cau- 
casus, it  would  soon  bectmie  extinct.  A\so  called  urochs, 
urox,  and,  wrongly,  auroch  and  auruck.    See  ttrun. 

The  relationships  of  the  aurnch.i  to  the  American  bison, 
while  very  close,  do  not  warrant  that  specific  identity 


aurochs 


Aurochs  [Btstm  ii<masus), 

which  some  authors  have  assumed  to  exist.  .  .  .  The 
aurochs  is  rather  larger,  with  a  smaller  thorax,  larger  and 
stronger  pelvis,  longer  and  thicker  tail,  and  less  shaggy 
lore  parts.  Coves,  Encyc.  Amer.,  I.  362. 

Aurocores  (a-rok'6-rez),  n.  j)?.  [NL.,  <  L.  au- 
rum,  gold,  +  Gr.  Kopig,  a  bug.]  Literally,  the 
gold-bugs  ;  a  group  of  heteropterous  hemipter- 
ous  insects,  the  same  as  Geocores,  the  name 
Aurocores  being  considered  more  appropriate 
by  Westwood,  who  proposed  it  as  a  substitute. 
See  Geocores. 

Aurocorisa  (a"ro-k9-ri'za),  «.  [NL.]  Same 
as  Aurocores, 

aurocyanide  (a-ro-si'a-nid  or  -nid),  n.  [<  L. 
aurum,  gold,  +  E.  cyanide.']  In  chciii.,  a  double 
cyanide,  one  of  the  bases  of  which  is  gold:  as, 
potassium  anrocijanide,  KAu(CN)4. 

aurora  (a-ro'ra),  n.  [L.,  the  dawn,  the  goddess 
of  tlae  dawn,  earlier  *Ausosa,  -  Gr.  afSup  (La- 
conian),  ahag  (.^olic),  aug  (Doric),  (Ionic), 
eug  (Attic),  the  dawn,  goddess  of  dawn  (related 
to  a'rpiov,  to-morrow),  =  Skt.  ushas,  *ushdsd, 
dawn,  <  -v^Ms/f,  burn,  =:Gr.  a'veiv  —  \j.  urere,  burn. 
To  the  same  soiu'ce  are  referred  L.  ««/•«/«,  gold, 
auster,  south  wind,  Gr.  ?/A/of,  the  sun,  E.  cast, 
etc. :  see  easf]  1 .  The  rising  light  of  the  morn- 
ing ;  the  dawn  of  day,  or  morning  twilight. — 

2.  [crtj^.]  In  Rom.  myth.,  the  goddess  of  the 
dawn :  called  Eos  by  the  Greeks.  The  poets  repre- 
sented her  as  rising  out  of  the  ocean  in  a  cliariot,  her  rosy 
fingers  dropping  gentle  dew. 

3.  The  aurora  borealis  or  the  aurora  australis 
(the  polar  lights). 

Tlie  most  probable  theory  of  the  aurora  is  that  origi- 
nally due  to  Franklin,  namely,  that  it  is  due  to  electric  dis- 
charges in  the  upper  air. 
S.  P.  Thompson,  Elem.  Lessons  in  Elect,  and  JIag.,  p.  264. 

4.  A  reddish  color  produced  by  dyeing  with 
arnotto. — Aurora  australis,  the  amora  of  the  soutli- 

ern  hemisphere,  a  phenomenon  similar  to  tlie  am'ora  of 
the  north. — Aurora  borealis,  tlie  boreal  or  northern 
dawn;  the  northern  lights  or  streamers;  a  luniinous  me- 
teoric phenomenon  appearing  at  night.  It  usually  mani- 
fests itself  by  streams  of  light  ascending  toward  the 
zenith  from  a  dusky  line  of  cloud  or  haze,  a  few  degrees 
above  the  horizon,  and  stretching  from  tlie  north  toward 
the  west  and  east,  so  as  to  form  an  arc,  with  its  ends  on  the 
horizon.  Sometimes  it  appears  in  detached  places ;  at  other 
times  it  covere  almost  the  whole  sky.  As  the  streams  of 
light  have  a  tremulous  motion,  they  are  called  in  many 
places  "the  merry  dancere. "  They  assume  many  shapes 
and  a  variety  of  colors,  from  a  pale  red  or  yellow  to  a 
deep  red  or  blood-color ;  and  in  the  northern  latitudes 
they  serve  to  Illuminate  the  earth  and  cheer  the  gloom  of 
the  long  %vinter  night.  The  appearance  of  the  aurora  bo- 
realis so  exactly  resembles  the  effects  of  artificial  electri- 
city that  there  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  their  causes 
are  identical.  When  electricity  passes  through  rarefied 
air  it  exhibits  a  diffused  luminous  stream  which  has  all 
the  characteristic  appearances  of  the  aurora,  and  hence 
it  is  highly  probable  that  this  natural  phenomenon  is  oc- 
casioned by  the  passage  of  electricity  through  the  upper 
regions  of  the  atmosphere,  although  under  conditions  not 
as  yet  entirely  understood.  The  connection  of  the  au- 
roral displays  with  disturbances  of  the  magnetic  needle  is 
now  regarded  as  an  ascertained  fact.  The  aurora  borealis 
is  said  to  Ije  frequently  accompanied  by  sound,  which  is 
variously  described  as  resembling  the  rustling  of  pieces 
of  silk  against  each  other,  or  the  sound  of  wind  against 
the  flame  of  a  candle.  Tiie  spectrum  of  the  aurora  is  pe- 
culiar in  consisting  of  a  prominent  line  in  the  greenish- 
yellow  (citron  line),  which  has  not  been  identified  with 
any  known  substance ;  also  occasionally  a  sharp  line  in 
the  red  and  some  others  less  prominent  have  been  ob- 
served.—  Aurora  polarls,  polar  aurora;  the  aurora  of 
either  the  northern  or  the  soutliern  hemisphere. 

auroral  (a-ro'ral),  a.  [<  aurora  +  -aZ.]  1.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  dawn. 

Those  steady  discharges  of  auroral  light  to  the  zenith 
along  Innumerable  conducting  lines  come,  it  Is  thought, 
to  equalize  the  electric  conditions  of  the  air. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  xiii. 

2.  Resembling  the  dawn  in  color,  beauty,  etc. ; 
hence,  roseate. 

Her  cheeks  suffused  with  an  auroral  blush. 

Lonfffellow,  Falcon  of  Federigo,  1.  151. 

3.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  polar  aurora ; 
resembling  an  aurora. 


384 

4.  In  geol.,  appellative  of  the  second  of  Pro- 
fessor H.  D.  Rogers's  fifteen  divisions  of  the 
Paleozoic  strata  in  Pennsylvania.  As  applied  by 

him,  it  included  all  the  divisions  of  the  Lower  SUiirhm 
between  the  Potsdam  sandstone  and  the  Hudson  Klver 
group,  according  to  the  now  generally  adopted  nomen- 
clature of  the  New  York  Geological  Survey. 

aurorally  (a-ro'ral-i),  adv.  1.  As  the  dawn; 
roseately:  as,  "to  blush  aurorally,"  Browning, 
Red  Cotton  Night-cap,  1.  117. —  2.  In  the  man- 
ner of  the  polar  aurora. 

aurora-shell  (a-ro'rii-shel),  n.    The  shell  of  the 
Haliotidce  ;  an  ear-siiell,  sea-ear,  ormer,  or  ab- 
alone  (which  see).    See  also  Raliotis. 
aurorean  (a-ro're-au),  a.    [<  aurora  +  -can.'] 
Belonging  to  or  resembling  the  dawn. 

At  tender  eyedawn  of  aurorean  love. 

Keats,  Ode  to  Psyche, 
aurorlum  (i-ro'ri-um),  n.    See  the  extract, 
still  awaiting  discovery  by  the  fortunate  spectro- 
scoplst  are  the  unknown  celestial  elements  a«rori  (nn,  with 
a  characteristic  line  at  5,i)70.7,  and  iiebnluiu,  having  two 
bright  lines  at  .^OOT-OS  and  1,959.02. 

Sir  \V.  Crooki'S,  Address  to  the  Brit.  Assoc.,  1898. 

aurotellurite  (a-ro-tel'u-rit),  n.  [<  L.  aurum, 
gold,  +  NL.  tellurium  +  -ite^:  see  aurum  and 
tellurite.']  An  ore  of  tellurium  containing  gold 
and  silver;  sylvanite. 

aurOUS  (a'rus),  a.  [<  L.  aurum,  gold,  +  -ous. 
Of.  LL.  aurosus,  golden.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
gold:  in  cliem.,  a  term  applied  to  an  oxid  of 
gold  ( AuoO)  whose  molecule  coutains  two  atoms 
less  of  oxygen  than  auric  oxid.    See  aur'tcX. 

aurum  (a'rum),  n.  [L.  (=  Sabine  ausum),  in 
colloq.  speech  orum  (>It.  Sp.  oro  =  Pg.  ouro  = 
F.  or:  see  or^),  gold;  related  to  aurora,  aure- 
lia,  auster,  etc.:  see  aurora.]  Gold.  Its  chemi- 
cal symbol  is  Au — Aurum  fulminans,  gold  dissolved 
in  a(nia  rogla  or  nitromurlatic  iicid,  and  precipitated  by 
ammonia ;  fulminating  gold.  This  precipitate  is  of  a 
brown-yellow  or  orange  color,  and  when  exposed  to  a 
moderate  heat,  or  struck,  detonates  with  considerable 
noise.  It  is  probably  an  ammonium  aurate,  Au(NH4)0o. 
NH;i.— Aurum  graphicum,  the  mineral  sylvanite.— Au- 
rum mosaicum  or  musivum,  mosaic  gold,  a  yellow 
gold-like  alloy,  coiitalnlng  about  equal  quantities  of  cop- 
per and  zinc,  used  both  in  tlie  mass  and  as  a  bronzing 
powder. — Aurum potabile,  literally,  "ilrlnkable  gold  "  ; 
a  cordial  or  medicine  formerly  niiuli  esteemed.  It  was 
said  to  consist  of  "Gold  Itseif,  totally  reduced,  without 
Corrosive,  into  a  blood-red,  guniiiiic  or  Hnney-Iike  sub- 
stance." -Phillips  (167S).  "  Giild  made  liquid,  or  fit  to  be 
drunk  ;  or  some  rich  Cordial  Liquor,  wltli  pieces  of  Leaf- 
gold  in  it."    Kersey  (HQS). 

Mons'.  Ronpel  sent  me  a  small  phial  of  his  aurum  pota- 
bile, with  a  letter  shewing  the  way  of  administering  it, 
and  y=  stupendous  cures  it  had  don  at  Paris. 

Eoelyn,  Diary,  June  27,  1653. 

auscult  (as-kulf),  V.  t.  [<  L.  aiiscultare,  lis- 
ten: see  auscultate.]  Same  as  auscultate. 
[Rare.] 

auscultate  (as'kul-tat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

auscultated,  ppr.  auscultating.  [<  L.  aiisculta- 
tus,  pp.  of  auscultare,  listen.]  To  listen  to; 
give  ear  to ;  specifically,  iu  pathol.,  to  examine 
by  auscultation. 

auscultation  (as-kul-ta'shon), «.  [<  L.  auscuh 
tatio(n-),  a  listening,  <  auscnltarc,  listen:  see 
auscidtate.]  1.  The  act  of  listening  or  bark- 
ening. [Rare.]  F.  Micks,  tv.  of  Luciau. 
2.  In  pathol.,  a  method  of  distinguishing  the 
state  of  the  internal  parts  of  the  body,  particu- 
larly of  the  thorax  and  abdomen,  by  observing 
the  sounds  arising  in  the  part,  either  through 
the  direct  application  of  the  ear  to  the  ad- 
jacent external  surface  (immediate  ausculta- 
tion) or  by  applying  the  stethoscope  over  the 
part  and  listening  through  it  (mediate  ausculta- 
tion). See  stethoscope.  Auscultation  may  be  used 
with  more  or  less  advantage  in  all  cases  where  morbid 
sounds  are  produced,  but  its  general  applications  are : 
auscultation  of  respiration ;  auscultation  of  the  voice  ; 
auscultation  of  the  cough  ;  auscultation  of  sounds  foreign 
to  all  these,  but  sometimes  accompanying  them ;  auscul- 
tation of  the  action  of  the  heart ;  obstetric  auscultation. 

auscultative  (as-kul'ta-tiv),  a.  [<  auscidtate 
+  -ive.]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  aus- 
cultation. 

auscultator  (as'kul-ta-tpr),  n.  [L.,  a  listener, 
<  auscultare:  see  auscultate.]  1.  A  listener; 
specifically,  one  who  practises  auscultation. — 
2.  An  instrument  used  in  listening  to  the  sounds 
within  the  thorax ;  a  stethoscope. —  3.  In  Ger- 
many, a  member  of  a  college  of  officials  who 
attends  its  sessions  as  a  student  but  is  not  en- 
titled to  a  vote  ;  specifically,  in  Prussia,  before 
1869,  one  who  had  passed  the  first  examination 
and  begun  his  judicial  career  at  a  college  of 
judges.    See  referendar. 

His  first  Law-Examination  he  has  come  through  tri- 
umphantly ;  and  can  even  boast  that  the  Exanien  Rigoro- 
sura  need  not  have  frightened  him  :  but  though  he  is 
hereby  "an  Auscultator  of  respectability,"  what  avails  it? 

Carlyle,  Sartor  Eesartus,  p.  85. 


auspicious 

ausCUltatorship  (as'kul-ta-tor-ship),  n.  [<  aus- 
cultator, 3,  4-  -shii).]  The  office  of  or  period  of 
service  as  auscultator.  Carlyle,  Sartor  Resar- 
tus,  p.  86. 

auscultatory  (as-kul'ta-to-ri),  a.    [<  L.  as  if 

* auscultatorius,  <  auscultator.]  Pertaining  to 
auscultation ;  auscultative. 

auset,  adv.    Obsolete  dialectal  form  of  also. 

ausier,  n.    A  dialectal  form  of  osier. 

auslaut  (ous'lout),  n.  [G.,  <  aus,  denoting 
completion  or  termination  (=  E.  out),  +  laut, 
a  sound  (=  E.  loud).  Cf.  inlaut,  ahlaut,  umlaut.'] 
In  philol.,  the  final  sound  of  a  word. 

Ausonian  (ii-so'ni-an),  a.  [<  L.  J((so>»'«,  poet, 
name  of  Italy,  prop,  applied  to  middle  and 
lower  Italy,  <  Ausoncs  (Gr.  khaoveg),  a  name 
given  to  the  primitive  inhabitants  of  middle 
and  lower  Italy.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  Italy  or 
the  Italians.    Longfellow.  [Poetical.] 

auspex  (as'peks),  n.;  -pi.  auspices  (as'pi-sez). 
[L.  ausjiex  (auspic-),  a  diviner,  contr.  <  *avi- 
spex,  <  axns,  a  bird,  +  specere  (spicere),  view: 
see  species.]  One  who  divines  by  observing 
the  motions,  cries,  etc.,  of  birds;  a  diviner  in 
general ;  an  augur. 

auspicalt  (as'pi-kal),  a.  [<  L.  auspicalis,  < 
auspex,  a  diviner:  see  auspex.]  Auspicatory; 
pertaining  to  omens  or  auspices.  Blount. 

auspicate  (as'pi-kat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aus- 
picated, ppr.  auspicating.  [<  L.  auspicatus, 
pp.  of  auspicari,  make  a  beginning  for  the  sake 
of  a  good  omen,  begin,  prop,  take  the  auspices, 
act  as  auspex,  <  auspex,  a  diviner:  see  auspex. 
Cf.  augurate.]  1.  To  be  an  augury  of;  fore- 
show. 

Long  mayst  thou  live,  and  see  me  thus  appear, 
As  ominous  a  comet,  from  my  sphere. 
Unto  thy  reign,  as  that  did  auspicate 
So  lasting  glory  to  Augustus'  state. 
B.  Jonson,  King  James's  Coronation  Entertainment. 
There  are  yet  other  special  auguries  of  this  great  change, 
auspicating,  in  the  natural  Progress  of  Man,  the  abandon- 
ment of  all  international  Preparations  for  War. 

Sumner,  Orations,  I.  111. 

2.  To  initiate  or  inaugurate  with  ceremonies 
calculated  to  instu-e  good  luck.  This  meaning  of 
the  word  was  borrowed  from  the  Roman  practice  of  tak- 
ing the  auspices  before  undertaking  any  important  busi- 
ness. 

If  we  are  conscious  of  our  situation,  and  glow  with  zeal 
to  fill  our  place  as  becomes  our  station  and  ourselves,  we 
ought  to  auspicate  all  our  public  proceedings  on  America 
with  the  old  warning  of  the  Church,  Sursum  corda ! 

Burke,  Conciliation  with  America. 


To  auspicate  .  .  .  the  . 
with  a  lustre. 


concern  and  set  it  agoing 
Lamb,  Ellistoniana. 


3.  To  begin  or  introduce  in  a  favorable  or  aus- 
picious manner.  [Rare.] 

The  London  company  merits  the  praise  of  having  aus- 
picated liberty  in  America.    Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  125. 

auspicator  (as'pi-ka-tor),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *auspi- 
cator,  <  auspicari :  see  auspicate.]    An  augur. 

auspicatory  (as'pi-ka-to-ri),  a.  [<  auspicate.] 
Of  or  belonging  to  auspices  or  omens. 

auspice  (as'pis),  n.  [<  F.  auspice,  pi.  auspices, 
<  L.  auspncium,  divination  from  the  flight  of 
birds,  a  sign,  omen,  <  auspex,  a  diviner:  see 
auspex.]  1.  An  augury  from  birds;  an  omen 
or  a  sign  in  general :  as,  to  take  the  auspices  ; 
an  auspice  of  good  fortune. 

The  tribunes  were  at  first  elected  in  the  curiae,  where 
the  vote  of  the  poorest  citizen  was  equal  to  that  of  the 
most  wealthy.  But,  even  here,  the  patricians,  besides 
their  great  infiuence,  had  a  negative  on  all  proceedings, 
by  holding  the  auspices.  J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  524. 

We  then  strive,  as  far  as  our  poor  philosophy  can  do  it, 
to  read  the  country's  reverend  auspices. 

Everett,  Orations,  p.  12. 

2.  Protection  or  lead ;  favoring  or  propitious 
influence ;  patronage  :  especially  in  the  phrase 

under  the  auspices  (of). 

Great  father  Mars,  and  greater  Jove, 

By  whose  high  auspice  Rome  hath  stood 

So  long.  B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  ii.  1. 

3.  A  circumstance  or  conjunction  of  circum- 
stances betokening  success :  as,  his  career  was 
begun  under  the  fairest  auspices.  [In  all  senses 
nearly  always  used  in  the  plural.] 

auspices,  n.    Plural  of  auspex  and  of  auspice. 

auspicial  (as-pish'al),  a.  [<  L.  auspicium,  aus- 
pice, +  -al.]  1.  Relating  to  auspices  or 
omens:  a,s,  auspicial  rites.  [Rare.]  —  2.  For- 
tunate; auspicious.  [Rare.] 

auspicious  (as-pish'us),  a.  [<  L.  auspicium, 
auspice,  +  -ous.]  1.  Of  good  omen;  betoken- 
ing success,  or  a  favorable  issue ;  prognosticat- 
ing good ;  favorable. 

Auspicious  omens  from  the  past  and  the  present  cheer 
us  for  the  future.       Sumner,  True  Grandeur  of  Nations. 

2.  Prosperous ;  fortunate :  applied  to  persons. 


auspicious 

Auspicious  chief  !  thy  race  in  times  to  come 
Shall  spread  the  conquests  of  imperial  Rome. 

Dryden. 

3.  Favorable  ;  kind  ;  propitious  :  applied  to 
persons  or  things. 

Fortune  play  upon  thy  prosperous  helm, 
As  thy  auspicious  mistress  ! 


385 

Strict  statutes  and  most  biting  laws. 

Shak.,  M.  forM.,  i.  4. 
I  liave  heard 
Your  grace  liath  ta'en  gieat  pains  to  qualify 
His  rigorous  course.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iv.  1. 

Sternly  he  pronounced 
The  rigid  interdiction.        Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  334. 


Shak.,  All's  Well,  iii.  3.  austerely  (as-ter'li),  adv.    In  an  austere  man- 


4t. 


No  day  could  be  more  auspicious  to  the  undertaking 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Bunlier  Hill  Monument. 

Showing  joy;  happy.  [Bare.] 
With  one  auspicious  and  one  dropping  eye. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 
=S3^  Bright,  golden,  lucky,  promising.    See  propitious. 
auspiciously  (as-pish'us-li),  adv.    In  an  auspi- 
cious manner ;  with  favorable  omens  ;  happily ; 
prosperously;  favorably;  propitiously. 

I  looked  for  ruin  ;  and  encrease  of  honour 
Meets  me  auspiciously.     Middleton,  Witch,  Iv.  1. 

auspiciousness  (as-pish'us-nes),  n."  The  quali- 
ty of  being  aaispieious ;  a  state  of  fair  promise ; 
prosperity. 

auster  (as'ter),  71.  [L.,  the  south  wind;  akin 
to  aurora,  the  dawn,  and  were,  burn:  see 
aurora  and  aicrum.]  1.  The  south  wind  (com- 
monly with  a  capital,  as  a  proper  name):  as, 
"  drizzly  ^«sfe>',"  Thomson,  Castle  of  Indolence, 
Ixxvi.    Hence  —  2f.  The  south. 

austere  (as-ter'),  a.  [<  ME.  austere,  <  OF. 
austere,  <  L.  austerus,  harsh,  sour,  tart,  severe, 
<  Gr.  aha-ripoQ,  dry,  harsh,  bitter,  <  avog,  Attic 
avog,  dry,  withered,  sear;  related  to  E.  sear, 
sere,  dry:  see  sear^,  serel.]  1.  Sour;  harsh; 
rough  to  the  taste:  applied  to  things:  as,  aus- 
tere fruit  or  wine;  "sloes  austere,"  Cowper, 
Task,  i.  122. 

An  austere  grape 
That  hast  no  juice  but  what  is  verjuice  in  him  ! 

B.  Jonson,  Staple  of  News,  v.  1. 

2.  Severe ;  harsh  ;  rigid ;  rigorous ;  stem :  ap- 
plied to  persons  and  things  :  as,  an  austere  mas- 
ter; an  «i(stere  look. 

A  stern  lady,  and  austere,  not  only  in  her  manners, 
which  made  most  people  dislike  her,  but  also  in  the  char- 
acter of  her  understanding  and  morals. 

De  Quincey,  Secret  Societies,  i. 

But  what  chiefiy  distinguished  the  army  of  Cromwell 
irom  other  armies  was  the  austere  morality  and  the  fear 
■of  God  which  pervaded  all  ranks.  Macaulay. 

3.  Grave;  sober;  serious:  as,  austere  deport- 
ment. 

There  lived  a  Lady,  wise,  austere,  and  nice. 
Who  show'd  her  virtue  by  her  scorn  of  vice. 

Crabbe,  Parish  Register. 
Priest  and  sage,  with  solemn  brows  austere. 

Whittier,  Last  Walk  in  Autumn, 

4.  Severely  simple;  unadorned.  =syn.  2.  Aus- 
tere, Severe,  Stern,  Hard,  Harsh,  Strict,  Rigorous,  Rigid, 

stiff,  uncompromising,  relentless,  may  characterize  a  per-  a,,c,+'r'jl  i"  '+  n 

son's  dealings  with  himself  or  with  others.   Austerei&t\\e  aUStiai  (,as  irai;,  «. 


severely;  rigidly;  harshly. 

Whatever  hypocrites  austerely  talk 
Of  purity.  ililton,  P.  L.,  iv.  744. 

In  the  wonder  whether  a  door  so  grimly  bolted  and 
austerely  l)arred  could  possibly  open  into  a  hotel,  with 
cheerful  overcliarges  for  candles  and  service. 

Hoivells,  Venetian  Life,  ii. 

austereness  (as-ter'nes),  n.  [ME.  austerncs.se 
(Wyclif);  <  austere  +  -ne.<is.'\    The  state  or 

quality  of  being  austere;  harshness  in  taste;  Australoid  (as'tra-loid),  a.  and  w.  Australioid. 


Austromalayan 

Australioid  (iis-tra'li-oid),  a.  and  w.  [<  Aus- 
tralia +  -oid.']  I.  a.  In  cthnol.,  of  the  type  of 
the  aborigines  of  Australia  and  of  some  of  the 

native  races  of  the  Deccan.  The  Australioid  races 
form  a  group  of  tlie  Lciotrichi  (whicli  see),  liaving  dark 
eyes  and  skin,  wavy  lilack  hair,  and  long  ju-ognatlious 
skulls  with  well-developed  superciliary  ridges. 

II.  n.  A  member  of  the  Australioid  group 
of  men. 
Also  Australoid. 
australizet  (as'tra-liz),  v.  i.  [<  austral  +  -ise.'\ 
To  point  southward,  or  to  the  south  magnetic 
pole,  as  a  magnet. 

They  [steel  and  iron)  do  septentrionate  at  one  extreme, 
and  australize  at  the  otlier. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  ii.  2. 


severity  in  manners ;  austerity 

For  a  subject 
Towards  his  prince,  in  things  indifferent 
To  use  th'  austereness  of  a  censuring  Cato 
Is  arrogance,  not  freedom. 

Fletcher  (and  othem),  Bloody  Brother,  v.  1. 

austerity  (as-ter'i-ti),  n.;  pi.  austerities  (-tiz). 
[<  ME.  austerite,  "<  OF.  austerite,  F.  austerite, 
<  ML.  austerita(t-)s,  <  L.  austerus,  austere :  see 
austere.']  If.  Harshness  or  astringency  of  taste. 

The  sweetness  of  the  ripened  fruit  is  not  the  less  de- 
licious for  the  austerity  of  its  crude  state. 

Horsley,  Sermons,  II.  xxviii. 

2.  Severity  of  manner,  life,  etc. ;  rigor;  strict- 
ness ;  harshness  of  treatment  or  demeanor. 

But  the  austerity  of  Dante  will  not  condescend  to  the 
conventional  elegance  which  makes  the  charm  of  French. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  23. 
There  is  no  show  of  mercy  in  him.    He  carried  his  aus- 
terity beyond  the  bounds  of  humanity. 

^V hippie.  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  20. 

3.  Severe  or  rigorous  simplicity;  absence  of 
adornment  or  luxury. 

The  Baptist  we  know  was  a  strict  man,  remarkable  for 
austerity  and  set  order  of  life. 

Milton,  Apology  for  Smectymnuus. 

4.  Severe  or  ascetic  practices :  chiefly  in  the 
plural:  as,  the  austerities  of  the  Flagellants. 

The  austerities  and  the  blameless  purity  of  Ximenes's 
life  had  given  him  a  reputation  for  sanctity  throughout 
Spain.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  5. 

=  Syn.  Self-sacrifice,  Asceticism,  etc.  (see  self-denial); 
sternness,  harshness.    See  comparison  under  austere. 
austerland  (as'ter-land),  n.    [E.  dial.,  <  *auster 


Austrasian  (as-tra'sian  or  -zian),  a.  and«.  I, 
a.  Of  or  belonging  to  Austrasia,  the  eastern  or 
Teutonic  portion  of  the  Frankish  empire  under 
the  Merovingians. 
II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Austrasia. 
Austrian^  (as'tri-an),  a.  and  w.    [<  Austria,  a 
ML.  form  of  OHG.  Osttirrihhi,  G.Ocstcrreich,  Aus- 
tria, lit.  eastern  kingdom  (so  called  relatively 
to  the  western  dominions  of  Charlemagne),  < 
OHG.  ostar,  eastern,  +  rihhi  =  AS.  rice,  king- 
dom, E.  -ric  in  bishopric,  etc. :  see  east  and  -ric] 
I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  archduchy  of  Aus- 
tria, or  to  the  Cisleithan  division  of  the  dual 
Austro-Hungarian  monarchy,  or  to  the  collec- 
tive dominions  of  the  house  of  Hapsburg. 

II.  M.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  the 
archduchy  of  Austria,  the  nucleus  of  the  Haps- 
burg dominions,  comprising  the  crown  lands 
of  Upper  and  Lower  Austria. —  2.  A  native 
or  an  inhabitant  of  the  Cisleithan  division 
of  Austria-Hungary,  which  comprises  all  the 
crown  lands  of  the  dual  empire  except  Hun- 
gary, Croatia  with  Slavonia,  and  Fiume. —  3. 
A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  any  part  of  the 
dominions  of  the  house  of  Hapsburg,  known 
since  1867  as  Austria-Hungary, 
austrian^t  (as'tri-an),  a.  [<  L.  auster,  the 
south  wind,  south  (see  auster),  +  -iaw.]  South- 
ern ;  austral, 
austrinet  (as'trin),  a.  [<  L.  austrinus,  south- 
ern, <  auster,  the  south  wind:  see  auster.'] 
South;  southerly;  southern.  Bailey. 


her  words.  while  primarily  meaning  fixed  Australasia  (as-tra-la'sha  or -zha),  W.     TNL.,  ■ 

al  expression,  appUes  to  almost  anythmg  to  which    nucU-nl  c^^+'uV  /"e    a    7    7-     s'  j_   4  ■    -i  t 

ian  apply.  Hard  is  of  the  same  character;  but  starts    ?"'^"       Southern  (cf.  Australian),  +  Asia.]  1. 

In  ;/eo£r.,  a  general  name  for  Australia,  Papua, 
Tasmania,  and  the  neighboring  islands. — 2.  In- 
sooffeog.,  a  division  comprising  the  islands  and 


most  individual  word  in  the  list ;  it  still  suggests  the  ety 
mological  sense  of  dryness  and  hardness  of  nature.  As 
applied  to  manner  of  life,  it  implies  self-mortification,  re- 
fusal of  pleasm-e,  or  the  self-infliction  of  pain,  for  the 
purpose  of  self-discipline.    The  austere  man  may  treat 
others  as  he  treats  himself ;  an  austere  manner  is  of  a  cor- 
responding sort.   There  is  no  suggestion  of  hypocrisy  or 
self-righteousness  in  the  word,  nor  does  it  go  so  far  as 
asceticism  (see  self-denial).    Severe  starts  from  the  no- 
tion of  seriousness  or  freedom  from  levity,  but  extends 
through  a  wide  range,  covering  most  of  the  meanings  of 
the  other  words.  ...... 

in  facial 
severe  can 

from  the  notion  of  physical  hardness,  proceeding  thence 
to  mean  difficult  to  endure,  unfeeling,  etc.  Harsh  pri- 
marily expresses  physical  roughness,  as  a  harsh  touch,  and 
retains  some  figurative  suggestion  akin  to  that  idea.  Strict 
is  drawn  close,  tense,  not  relaxed,  observing  exact  rules 
for  one's  self  or  requiring  such  observance  from  others. 
Rigorous  means»  literally,  stiff,  and  hence  allowing  no 
abatement  or  mitigation ;  inflexible  ;  unsparing.  Rigid  is 
the  same  as  rigorous,  but  with  somewhat  more  of  the  ori- 
ginal figurativeness  than  in  rigorous  ;  both  are  opposed  to 
lax  or  indulgent.  Rigid  is  more  often  used  of  unneces- 
sary, overwrought,  or  narrow-minded  strictness  than 
rigorous.  We  speak  of  austere  morality  ;  a  .levere  aspect, 
treatment,  tone  ;  a  stern  rebuke ;  a  hard  master,  voice, 
judgment ;  harsh  enforcement  of  laws  ;  strict  rules,  disci- 
pline, repression  of  mischief  ;  rigorous  justice ;  rigid  ad- 
Iierence  to  petty  restrictions.   See  acrimony. 

He  [Plutarch]  was  not  so  austere  as  to  despise  riches, 
■but  being  in  possession  of  a  large  fortune,  he  lived,  thougli 
not  splendidly,  yet  plentifully.  Dryden,  Plutarch. 

For  in  their  looks  divine 
The  image  of  their  glorious  Maker  shone, 
Truth,  wisdom,  sanctitude  severe  and  pure. 
Severe,  but  in  true  filial  freedom  placed. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  293. 
Wrapped  in  his  sad-colored  cloak,  the  Day  like  a  Puritan 
standeth 

.Stem  in  the  joyless  field,  rebuking  the  lingering  color. 

B.  Taylor,  Home  Pastorals. 
The  common  executioner. 
Whose  heart  the  accustom'd  sight  of  death  makes  hard. 

Shak. ,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  5. 
Be  sometimes  lovely  like  a  bride. 
And  put  thy  harsher  moods  aside. 
If  thou  wilt  have  me  wise  and  good. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  lix. 

25 


=  astre,heSLTt}i  (see  astre),-\- land.]  Land  which  ^-Jistringer^  (as^trin-jer),  x.^  [Also  written  os- 
had  a  house  upon  it  in  ancient  times.    Elton,    * "  "       ""' '  ^ 
Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  191.    [Local  Eng.] 
Austin  (as'tin),  a.    [<  ME.  Austijn,  contr.  of 
Augustin,  q.  v.]    Same  as  Augustinian:  as, 
Austin  friars.    See  Augustin. 

[<  ME.  austral  =  F.  Sp. 


Pg.  austral  =  It.  australe,  <  L.  australis,  south- 
ern, <  auster,  the  south  wind:  see  auster.] 
Southern ;  lying  in  or  pertaining  to  the  south : 
as,  austral  lands;  the  austral  signs  of  the  zo- 
diac—Austral pole,  the  name  given  by  French  authors 
to  tliat  pole  of  a  magnet  whicli  points  to  the  north,  and  is 
called  the  north  pole  by  English  and  American  writers.  So, 
also,  what  is  termed  the  south  pole  by  tlie  latter  is  termed 
the  boreal  pole  by  the  former.     •     ■    -  - 


triuger  and  ustringer,  early  mod.  E.  ostre.ger, 
<  ME.  ostreger,  <  OF.  ostruchier,  austruchier 
(autrucier,  autoitrsier — Roquefort)  (ML.  reflex 
astorerius),  <  ML.  *austrucarius,  one  whose 
business  it  was  to  breed  and  fly  goshawks,  < 
*austrucus,  austurcus,astruco,  asturco,  austurgo, 
asturgo,  asturgius,  ostorius,  etc..  variations  (per- 
haps due  in  part  to  confusion  with  certain  forms 
of  ostrich,  q.  v.)  of  austur,  astur,  astor,  LL.  astur 
(>  It.  astore  =  Pg.  agor  =  OSp.  aztor,  Sp.  asor 
=  Pr.  austor  —  OF.  austour,  ostor,  hostur,  mod. 
F.  autour),  a  goshawk:  see  Astur.  The  n  is 
inserted,  as  in  j'orringer,  passenger,  messenger, 
etc.]    A  keeper  and  trainer  of  goshawks. 


six  signs  of  the  z6diac,  or  those  smiO^i^of^thl'^uator^  ^'^^^  AustrOCOlumbia   (as  *  tro  -  ko  -  lum  '  bi  -  a),  n. 

■    "  -    ■    ^    [NL.,  <  L.  aws^f;-,  the  south  wind,  south,  +  NL. 


Columbia,  applied  to  America.]  In  zoogeog., 
a  primary  division  of  the  earth's  land-surface 
with  reference  to  its  fauna,  which  consists  of 
all  the  American  continent  south  of  Mexico. 


insular  groups  south  of  Asia :  synonymous  vrith  ■^"Strocolumbian  (as'tro-ko-lum'bi-an),  a.  [< 
Austrogcea.  Austroeolumbia.]    Of  or  pertaining  to  Austro- 

Australasian  (as-tra-la'shan  or  -zhan),  a.  and  Columbia:  as,  the  Austrocolumbian  fauna. 
n.   [<  Australasia  +  -an.]  1.  a.  1.  Relating  to  Austrogsea  (as-tro-je'ii),  n.    [NL.,  <  L.  amster, 
Australasia.— 2.  In  zodgeog.,  of  or  pertaining         south  wind,  south,  -f-  Gr.  >aia,  the  earth.] 


to  that  primary  faunal  area  of  the  earth's 
land-surface  which  extends  from  Wallace's 
line  (which  separates  Celebes  from  Borneo 
and  Lombok  from  Bali)  to  Tasmania. 
II.  n.  Anative  or  an  inhabitant  of  Australasia, 
australene  (as'tra-len),  n.    [<  L.  australis,  in 


In  zodgeog.,  that  prime  zoological  division  or 
realm  of  the  earth's  land-surface  which  com- 
prises Australia  and  its  immediately  outlying 
islands,  and  the  Austromalayan  archipelago. 
It  is  bounded  on  tlie  west  by  Wallace's  line,  and  includes 
Papua  or  New  Guinea  and  tlie  Solomon  islands  on  the  east 
and  Tasmania  on  the  soutli. 


Pinus  australis,  the  American  southern  pine,  Austrogaean  (as-tro-ie'an),  a.  [<  Austroqwa 
the  chief  source  of  the  turpentine.]  A  liquid  + -an.]  Of  or  pertahW  to  Austrogaa :  as,  the 
hydrocarbon  (CioHig),  the  chief  constituent   Austrogwan  fauna. 

of  English  and  American  oil  of  tiu-pentine,  ob-  Austro-Hungarian  (as'tro-himg-ga'ri-an),  a. 
tained  by  neutralizing  turpentine-oil  with  an    Of  or  pertaining  to  Austria-Hungary, 
alkaline  carbonate,  and  by  subsequent  distil-  Austtomalaya  (as"tro-ma-la'ya),  n.    [NL.,  < 
lation.    It  is  dextrogyrate.  "  "  '      '  ' 
Australian  (as-tra'lian),  a.  and  n.    [<  Austra- 
lia, the  NL.  term  for  the  ea.v\iev  Australis  terra, 
lit.  southern  land:  see  austral.]    I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  Australia,  a  large  island,  often  class- 
ed as  a  continent,  south  of  Asia  Australian  bal- 
lot. See  tai?o«.— Australian  beech,  see  6eec/ti. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Australia  ; 
specifically,  a  member  of  the  aboriginal  race  of 
Australia. 


L.  auster,  the  south  wind,  +  NL.  Malaya.] 
In  zoogeog.,  the  first  subregion  of  the  great 
Australasian  region,  including  Papua  and  the 
islands  zoologically  pertaining  thereto.  On  the 
west  the  boundarv  passes  between  Borneo  and  Celebes, 
and  thence  along  Wallace's  line  between  Lonibok  and  Bali ; 
eastward  it  extends  to  include  San  Christoval.  It  lies  en- 
tirely north  of  Australia. 

Austromalayan  (as'''tr6-ma-la'yan),  a.  [< 
Austromalaya  +  -an.']  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Austromalaya. 


austromancy 

austromancy  (as'tro-mau-si),  )(.  [<  L.  auster, 
the  south  wind,  +  Gr.  fiarn/a,  diviuation,  (.fiav- 
riircHa.',  diviuo,  <  /lavrn;  a  diviner:  see  Mantis.^ 
Diviiiatiou  from  observation  of  the  winds. 

aut-.    See  auto-. 

autacanthid  (a-ta-kan'thid),  a.  [<  Or.  (iiVof, 
self,  +  d  Mvtia,  spine,  +  -id.']  In  cofV/.,  having 
the  greater  number  of  the  intermediate  spines 
on  special  plates  or  local  modifications  of  the 
integument:  applied  to  a  starfish:  opposed  to 
tjl/xicdiithid. 

aiitaesthesy,  autesthesy  (a-tes'thf-si),  n.  [< 

Ur.  a'vTur,  sell",  +  aiaOtjai^,  perception:  see  ws- 
thcsi/i,  (xthi'tic.']    Self-consciousness.  N.E.D. 

autamoeba  (a-ta-me'ba),  /(.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av- 
ror,  self,  +  NL.  niiiwhu.'}  A  term  applied  by 
Haeckel,  without  exact  zoological  significa- 
tion, to  any  simple  amoeba  form  regarded  as 
the  nearest  living  representative  of  a  hypo- 
thetical primitive  amoeba  or  archamoeba. 

autantit3rpy  (a-tan-tit'i-pi),  H.  [<  Gr.  GiTof, 
self,  +  ai'TiTVTTta,  resistance:  see  antiti/py.']  Ab- 
solute ineompressibility :  attributed  by  many 
metaphysicians  to  matter. 

Autarachnse  (a-ta-rak'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
oiTof,  self,  +  a^iaxi"/,  spider.]  In  Gegenbam-'s 
system  of  classification,  a  division  of  Arachuida, 
the  arachnids  themselves,  or  Arachuida  prop- 
er, consisting  of  spiders,  scorpions,  mites, 
etc.,  as  distinguished  from  tlie  Fseudarachnce 
(Tardigradd,  Pycuogouida).  Gegeiibaur divides tlie 

Aiitinricfiiiiv  into  four  groups:  Ai'/limimi'tres,  Arancii, 
Aciirinn,  aiul  Liiiiintiilinri.    See  these  words. 

autarchyl  (a'tar-ld),  n.;  pi.  autarchies  (-kiz). 
[<  Gr.  ahrapx'Cit  absolute  power,  <  ahrapx"?,  ab- 
solute, <  avToc,  self,  +  apx>:iv,  rule.]  Absolute 
power;  autocracy;  self-government. 

A  certain  government  called  an  autarch;/,  of  wliich  lie 
makes  God  the  only  judge. 

J.  U'ashiiiirtoii,  tr.  of  Milton's  Def.  Pop. 

autarcliy^t  (a'tar-ki),  ii.  [Prop,  ^autarcy,  <  Gr. 
ahrdpii^ia,  self-sufficiency,  <  amipKr/g,  self-suffi- 
cient, <  airdf,  self,  +  apKeiv,  suffice.]  Self-suf- 
ficiency ;  independence. 

[Conscience  is]  in  man  the  principal  part  of  God's  image, 
and  that  )iy  which  man  resenibleth  most  the  niitarclii/ 
anil  self-sufticiency  of  God.         S.  Ward,  .Sermons,  p.  98. 

autemt,  ».    [Obsolete  slang.]    A  chiu'ch. 
autert,  n.  Middle  English  form  of  attar.  Chau- 
cer. 

auter  droit  (6'ter  drwo  or  di-oi).  [OF.  (mod. 
F.  autre  droit):  auter,  autre,  altrc,  etc.,  <  L. 
alter,  other;  droit,  <  ML.  drictum,  directum, 
right,  neut.  of  L.  directum,  straight,  direct:  see 
idier  and  direct.']  In  law,  another  (another's) 
right :  thus,  one  who  acts  not  on  his  own  behalf, 
but  as  trustee  or  representative  of  another,  is 
said  to  act  in  auter  droit. 

a'Uterfoits  (o-ter-fwo'  or  -foi'),  adv.  [OF.  (mod. 
F.  autrefois),  at  another  time,  <  auter,  autre, 
altre  (see  auter  droit),  +  foits,  fois  =  Pr. /t.y 
=:  It.  twee,  time,  turn,  <  L.  vice,  in  place  of,  in 
turn :  see  vice"^,  vicar.]  In  law,  formerly :  a  terra 
introduced  into  the  plea  of  former  trial  as  a  bar 
to  a  second  prosecution  for  the  same  offense. — 

AuterfOitS  acquit  (funnt-ily  acquitted),  the  jdea  of  for- 
mer aciiuittal.—AuterfOitS  attaint  (formerly  attainted), 
the  plea  of  former  attaint.—  AuterfoitS  COnvict  (former- 
ly cnnvicteil).  th'.'  plea  of  former  conviction. 

auter  vie  (6'ter  ve).  [OF.:  auter  (see  (inter 
droit);  vie,  <  L.  vita,  life:  see  vital.]  In  law, 
another  (another's)  life.- Tenant  pour  auter  vie, 

one  who  hiihlsan  estate  by  the  life  of  anotlier, 

authentic  (a-then'tik),  ((.  and  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  autheutick,  auteutic,  etc.,  <  ME.  auten- 
tike,  auctentijkc,  <  OF.  autentique  (mod.  F.  au- 
theiitique,  being  changed,  like  the  E.  word,  to 
suit  the  L.  .spelling)  =  Pg.  autkcutico  =  Sp. 
autetitico  -  It.  autentico,  <  LL.  autJieuticus,  < 
Gr.  av0tVTiK6(;,  warranted,  authentic,  original, 

<  avdevria,'  original  authority,  <  aii6f  VTr/(;,  contr. 

<  avTolvTT/^  (rare),  one  who  does  anything  with 
his  own  hand,  the  real  author  of  any  act,  <  uvtoq, 
self,  +  *£VTr/Q  (found  also  in  cvvhrric,  equiv. 
to  awep)6g,  a  fellow-workman),  of  uncertain 
origin,  perhaps  <  *fffi>r-,  <  *a<javT-,  orig.  form  of 
Ionic  tuv,  Attic  lliv  (=  L.  ens,  *scus),  ppr.  of 
dvai,  be:  see  ens,  he-.  Cf.  effendi,  also  ult.  <  Gr. 
avBevTT/g.]  I.  a.  If.  Having  authority;  pos- 
sessing inherent  authority;  duly  authorized; 
authoritative. 

Jlen  ouglit  to  fly  all  pedantisms,  and  not  rashly  to  use 
all  words  that  are  n)et  with  in  every  English  writei-, 
whether  (iiitlii'iitir  or  \\i)t.  E.  P/iillijjs. 

2.  Real;  of  genuine  origin  ;  being  what  it  pm-- 
ports  to  be :  opposed  to  preteuded  or  iinayiuanj, 
fictitious,  counterfeit,  apocrnphaJ,  or  unauthor- 
ized :  as,  authentic  documents. 


386 

As  there  is  but  one  (iod,  but  one  hope,  but  one  anchor- 
age for  man  — so  also  there  can  be  but  one  authentic 
faith,  but  one  derivation  of  truth,  but  one  perfect  revela- 
tion. I)e  Quiiicetj,  Essenes,  iii. 
3.  In  law,  executed  with  all  due  formalities  ; 
executed  by  the  proper  person  aiul  legally 
attested  before  the  proper  authorities:  as,  an 
authentic  deed. — 4.  Entitled  to  acceptance  or 
belief ;  reliable  ;  trustworthy ;  of  established 
credit,  credibility,  or  authority:  as,  anauthentic 
tale,  book,  writer. 
Origen,  a  most  authentic  author  in  this  point. 

Breviiit,  Saul  and  Sanuicl,  p.  77. 
t)f  the  manner  in  which  the  ruin  of  Nineveh  was 
brought  about  we  have  nowhere  any  authentic  record. 

Von  Hanke,  Univ.  Hist,  (trans.),  p.  82. 
Tluit  this  mere  dream  is  grown  a  stable  truth 
To-night's  feast  makes  authentic. 

Brownin;),  In  a  Balcony. 
5t.  Original;  first-hand,  as  opposed  to  copied 
or  transcribed. — 6.  Own;  proper;  properly  be- 
longing to  one's  self.  [Archaic] 

It  were  extreme  partiality  and  injustice,  the  flat  denial 
anil  overthrow  of  herself  [Justice],  to  put  her  oWn  authen- 
tic sword  into  the  hand  of  an  unjust  and  wicked  man. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxviii. 
Men  are  ephemeral  or  evanescent.  Init  wliatcvcr  page 
the  authentic  soul  of  man  has  touched  with  her  immortal- 
izing finger,  no  matter  how  long  ago,  is  still  young  and 
fair  as  it  was  to  the  world's  gray  fathers. 

Lowell,  Oration,  Harvard,  Nov.  8,  1886. 

7.  In  music,  having  an  immediate  relation  to  the 
key-note  or  tonic:  in  di.stinetion  from  plagal, 
which  has  a  corresponding  relation  to  the  fifth 
or  dominant  in  the  octave  below  the  key-note. 

—  Authentic  act,  in  ciril  hue.  an  act  or  deed  performed 
before  and  attested  by  a  notary  or  other  proper  magis- 
trate.- Authentic  cadence,  same   as  jin-Jeet  ciidrnre 

(wiiich  see,  under  (■(ri/c/uv  ).— Authentic  melodies.  See 
nietiiihi.—  Authentic  modes  or  tones.  See  umiie.  ^  Syn. 

2  and  4.  AKtlienlie,  (Jeuiiiiie.  correct,  trn.st\vortliy,  iclia- 
ble,  crcdilde.  Wlien  applieil  to  a  wi  itten  doc  umeiit  or  a 
b.iok,  ivithentir  indicates  tliat  it  is  iclial.le  as  narrating 
real  farts  ;  tliat  we  lune  it  as  it  left  its  autlior's 

hands:  .is.  an  n iit Ihiit le  liisfi.ry;  a  neniiine  text.  Au- 
Ihenlie  is  tlnis  eipuvalent  to  trnstwortliy,  iclialile  ;  iien- 
tiine,to  nnadidterated,  'I'lie  "  .Memoirs  of  a  Cavalier" 
is  VLfienuine  work  of  Defoe's,  foi-  it  was  written  by  him, 
but  it  is  not  an  riiit/initie  work,  altliough  s<i  plansil'ily  as- 
sunnng  the  tone  of  real  bio,i;rap]iy  that  it  "deceived  even 
the  great  Cliathani  into  citing  tlie  \'obune  as  an  authentic 
narrative"  (Backus,  Kevision  of  Sliaw's  ICng.  Lit.,  p.  2M). 

A  (/enuine  book  is  that  which  was  written  liy  the  person 
whose  name  it  bears;  .  .  .  an  aiilhentle  book  is  that 
which  relates  matters  of  fact  as  they  really  happened. 
A  book  may  be  aiitlientic  without  being  (jenuine,  and 
ijennine  «  ithont  being  rni^/ip/i/ir.  Bp.  Watson. 

Il.t  w.  [<  LL.  authenticuin,  ML.  also  authen- 
tica,  the  original  (of  a  document),  neut.  or  fem. 
ot  atithenticus :  seel.]  1.  An  authoritative  or 
genuine  document  or  book. —  2.  An  original, 
as  opposed  to  a  copy  or  transcript. 

Antlientics  and  tran.scrii)ts.  Fuller,  Chnreli  Hist.,  I.  42. 
The  Authentics,  in  eh-il  law,  a  Latin  translation  from 
the  Greek  of  tlie  nipvels  or  new  constitutions  of  .Tnstinian, 
made  by  an  anonymous  author.  So  called  as  an  un- 
al)ridged  translatii>n  of  tile  novels,  to  distinguish  it  from 
the  epitome  made  by  Julian, 

authentical  (a-then'ti-kal),  a.  %sjme  AS  authen- 
tic. 

The  hopes  thou  dost  conceive 
Of  thy  cpiick  death,  and  of  thy  future  life, 
Are  not  autlientlcal.      B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  iv.  (i. 
His  testimony  will  be  authentical.  Beau,  and  Fl. 

This,  the  squire  confessed,  with  some  little  hesitation, 
was  a  pheasant  pie,  though  apeacm-k  pie  was  certainly  the 
most  authentical.  Jrcinfi,  Sketch-Kook,  p.  277. 

authentically  (a-then'ti-kal-i),  adr.  In  an  au- 
thentic manner,  (a)  With  the  requisite  or  gen- 
uine authority,    (h)  With  certainty. 

He  [Coleridge]  was  the  man  of  all  his  generation  to 
whom  we  should  most  unhesitatingly  allow  tlie  distinc- 
tion of  genius,  tliat  is,  of  one  ant/ieiiticallu  possessed  from 
time  to  time  liy  smne  influence  that  made  him  lietter  and 
greater  than  himself.  Lowell,  Coleridge. 

(c)  Actually;  really. 

Not  yet  authen  tically  decided.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 
authenticalness  (a-then'ti-kal-ne.s),  n.   1.  The 
quality  of  being  authentic  or  trustworthy ;  the 
quality  of  being  of  good  authority ;  authenticity. 
They  did  not  at  all  rely  on  the  authenticalnesx  thereof. 

Barrow,  \\'oi-ks,  I.  357. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  genuine  or  what  it  pur- 
ports to  be  ;  genuineness;  authenticity. 

Nothing  can  be  more  jileasant  than  to  see  virtuosos 
about  a  cabinet  of  medals,  descanting  npon  the  value, 
rarity,  and  uutJientiralness  of  the  several  jiieees. 

Aihlixon,  Ancient  Medals. 
[In  both  uses  obsolete  or  obsolescent.] 
authenticate  (a-then'ti-kat),  ?'.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
authenticated,  ppr.  autheuUcating.  [<  ML.  au- 
thcntieatus,  pp.  of  autheuticare,  confirm,  <  LL. 
autheuticus,  authentic:  see  authentic]  1.  To 
render  authentic;  give  authority  to  by  the 
proof,  attestation,  or  formalities  required  by 
law  or  sufficient  to  entitle  to  credit. 


author 

The  kingserves  only  as  a  notary  to  autlieHlicati  the  choice 
of  judges.  Burke. 

Precisely  as  our  researches  are  fortunate,  they  authen- 
ticate themselves  as  privileged ;  and  in  such  a  chase  all 
success  justifies  itself.  Dc  Quinccn,  Essenes,  i. 

He  |(!od]  autlientieates  this  instinctive  yearning  in  the 
creature  after  selfhood,  in  order  that  the  latter  .  .  .  may 
ettectually  aspire  to  the  knowledge  and  obedience  of  those 
laws  of  Divine  order  which  alone  give  him  rest. 

//.  James,  Subs,  and  .Shad.,  ]).  (il. 

2.  To  prove  authentic ;  establish  as  eoiTect  or 
genuine. 

I  have  authenticated  two  portraits  of  that  prince. 

Waljmle,  Anecdotes  of  Painting,  I.  ii. 

There  is  little  more  left  for  Biblical  research.  The  few 
I)laces  which  can  be  aullienti.cated  are  now  generally  ac- 
cepted. B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  72. 

On  June  18,  18:«,  about  :iOOO  voluines,  and  in  1858,  265 
other  volumes  of  non-parochial  registers,  were  authenti- 
cated. A',  and  Q.,  7th  ser..  Ill,  305. 

3.  To  establish  as  true  or  worthy  of  belief:  as^ 
to  authenticate  a  statement. 

One  of  the  best  a  utlienticated  ghost  stories  in  existence. 

Mem.  of  B.  II.  Barliani,  in  Ingoldsby  Legends. 

authenticatet  (a-then'ti-kat),  a.  [<  ML.  au- 
tlieutieatus,  pp. :  see  the  verb.]  Authenticated. 

authentication  (a-then-ti-ka'shon),  n.  [<  au- 
thenticate  +  -ion.]  The  act  of  authenticating, 
verifying,  or  establishing  the  authoritative- 
ness,  genuineness,  validity,  credibility,  or  truth 
of  anything ;  specifically,  in  law,  the  official 
attestation  of  a  written  instrument. 

The  authentication  of  every  little  detail  in  the  text. 

The  AnwHcan,  VIII.  ;il5. 

authenticity  (a-then-tis'i-ti),  n.  [<  authentic 
+  -itij ;  =  F.  autheuticite.]  'The  quality  of  be- 
ing authentic,  or  entitled  to  acceptance  as  au- 
thoritative, genuine,  true,  or  correct:  as,  the 
authenticiti/  oi  the  Scriptures  or  of  adocumeut; 
the  authenticity  of  a  portrait;  the  authenticity 
of  a  statement. 

We  compare  the  narrative  with  the  accoimt  of  the  times- 
when  it  was  composed,  and  are  left  satisfied  with  the  au- 
thenticity of  its  leading  anecdotes. 

Milnian,  Latin  Christianity,  i.  3. 

authenticlyt  (a-then'tik-li),  adv.  Authenti- 
cally. 

He  could  learn  no  way  so  ii  utiienf  iely  as  from  this  testi- 
mony. Wlii.sinii.  tr.  of  .loseiilius,  Antiq.,  i. 

authenticness  (a-then'tik-nes),  n.  Authen- 
ticity. [Rare.] 

The  authenticness  of  that  decree. 

Hammond ,  Works,  II.  106. 

author  (a'thor),  u.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  authour, 
auctour,  auetor,  and  prop,  autor,  <  ME.  autom\ 
autor  (later  auctour  or  auctor,  after  the  L.), 
<  AF.  autour,  OF.  autor,  later  and  mod.  F. 
autcur  =  Pr.  auctor,  actor  =  Sp.  Pg.  autor  —  It. 
autorc,  <  L.  auctor  (in  ML.,  and  hence  in  E., 
corruptly  author,  prob.  through  the  influence 
of  LL.  authenticus  and  its  derivatives;  cf.  ML. 
authori.sare,  authorize,  confirm,  var.  authori- 
care,  synonymous  with  authenticare,  confirm; 
authorabilis,  synonymous  with  authenticus, 
etc.),  an  originator,  <  augere,  cause  to  grow, 
increase:  see  auction.]  1.  The  beginner,, 
former,  or  first  mover  of  anything;  he  to- 
whom  something  owes  its  origin ;  originator ; 
creator;  efficient  cause:  as,  God  is  the  author 
of  the  universe. 
The  law,  the  author  .  .  .  whereof  is  .  .  .  God. 

Hooker. 

The  serpent  autor  was,  Eve  did  proceed ; 
Adam  not  autor,  auctor  was  indeed.  Vicars. 
He  was  become  the  Authour  of  a  .Sect  ever  after  to  he 
called  Lutherans.  S'eW6'}i,*Table-Talk,  p.  33. 

Thus  King  Latinus  in  the  third  degree 
Had  Saturn  author  of  his  famil,y.  Dryden. 

2.  Cause:  applied  to  things.  [Rare.] 

That  which  is  the  strength  of  their  amity  shall  prove 
the  immediate  author  of  their  variance. 

Sliak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  6. 

3.  The  original  composer  of  a  book  or  writing 
of  any  kind,  as  distinguished  from  a  compiler, 
translator,  editor,  or  copyist. 

An  author  has  the  choice  of  his  own  thoughts,  which  a 
translatin'  has  not.  Dryden. 

[Often  used  elliptieally  for  the  literary  produc- 
tion itself:  as,  the  statement  occurs  in  Pliny 
and  other  ancient  authors.] — 4t.  An  editor: 
as,  the  author  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine. 
[Rare.]  —  5t.  A  person  who  authorizes  a  state- 
ment; an  authority;  an  informant. 

Look  upon  him ; 
Such  holy  men  are  anthm-s  of  no  fables. 
Fletcher  (ami  Masxintier'!),  Lovers'  Progress,  v.  2. 

6.  In  Scots  low,  one  from  whom  a  title  to  prop- 
erty is  derived  either  by  inheritance  or  other- 
wise; especially,  one  from  whom  title  is  de- 


author 

rived  by  purchase  or  otherwise  than  by  way  of 
descent. 

authorf  (a'thor),  V.  t.  [<  author,  w.]  1.  To 
occasion;  effect;  do. 

Execrable  slaughter!  what  liand  hatli  authored  it? 

Fletcher  (and  others),  Bloody  Brother,  iii.  4. 
Do  you  two  think  much 
That  he  thus  wisely  and  with  need  consents 
To  what  I  author  for  your  country's  good, 
You  being  my  tutor,  you  my  chancellor? 

Fletcher  {and  others),  Bloody  Brother,  iii.  1. 

2.  To  be  authority  for ;  vouch  for. 

More  of  him  I  dare  not  author. 

Massinger  and  Field,  Fatal  Dowry,  iv.  2. 

authoress  (a'thor-es),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
authourtss,  authresse,  auctresse,  auctrice,  <  late 
ME.  auctorice :  see  author  and  -ess.]  A  female 
author,  in  any  sense  of  that  word.  [Author  is 
commonly  used  for  both  sexes,  except  in  case 
of  special  discrimination.] 

authorhood  (a'thor-hud),  n.  [<  author  + 
-hood.'}  The  state  of  being  an  author  (of 
books);  the  province  of  an  author;  author- 
ship. 

authorial  (a-tho'ri-al),  a.  [<  author  +  -ial. 
Cf.  auctorial.']  Pertaining  to  an  author  (of 
books).    Also  autorial. 

Must  we  then  bow  to  authorial  dignity,  and  kiss  hands 
because  they  are  inked  ? 

/.  D' Israeli,  Lit.  Char.  Men  of  Genius,  p.  145. 
Testing  the  autorial  power.  Poe,  Marginalia,  cvi. 

authorisable,  authorisation,  etc.  See  author- 
izahle,  etc. 

authorism  (a'thor-izm),  n.  [<  author  +  -ism.} 
Authorship ;  the  position  or  character  of  an  au- 
thor. [Rare.] 

He  [Burke]  is  a  sensible  man,  but  has  not  worn  off  his 
authorism  yet,  and  thinks  there  is  nothing  so  charming 
as  writers,  and  to  be  one.  Walpole,  Letters,  II.  90. 

authoritarian  (a-thor-i-ta'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [< 
authority  +  -arian.~\  I.  a.  Favoring  the  prin- 
ciple of  authority,  as  opposed  to  that  of  indi- 
vidual freedom. 

The  loyalists,  who  sympathized  most  strongly  with  .  .  . 
his  authoritarian  views.        Athenaeum,  No.  3068,  p.  202. 

II.  «.  One  who  supports  the  principle  of 
authority,  as  opposed  to  that  of  individual 
freedom. 

By  looking  only  at  the  beginning  and  end  of  his  career, 
...  an  imaginary  Napoleon  has  been  obtained  who  is  .  .  . 
a  lover  of  liberty,  not  an  authoritarian. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XVII.  226. 

authoritative  (a-thor'i-ta-tiv),  a.  [<  authority 
+  -ative.  Cf.  ML.  auctoritativus.']  1.  Having 
due  authority;  having  the  sanction  or  weight 
of  authority ;  entitled  to  credence  or  obedience : 
as,  ^^authoritative  teaching,"  Barrow. 

The  Law  of  Duty  remains  indeed  authoritative,  but  its 
authority  seems  scarcely  so  awful  and  unique  as  formerly. 

J.  R.  Seeley,  Nat.  Religion,  p.  112. 
Anselm  was  compelled  to  publish  an  authoritative  edi- 
tion of  his  M onologium,  because  so  many  copies  of  it  were 
already  in  circulation  from  notes  of  lectures. 

C.  H.  Pearson,  Early  and  Mid.  Ages  of  Eng.,  xxxv. 

2.  Having  an  air  of  authority;  positive;  per- 
emptory; dictatorial. 

The  mock  authoritative  manner  of  the  one  and  the  in- 
sipid mirth  of  the  other.  Swift,  Examiner. 

Dogmatic  and  authoritative  by  nature  and  education,  he 
hardly  comprehended  the  meaning  of  toleration  in  mat- 
ters of  religion.  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  II.  90. 

=  Syn.  2.  Authoritative,  Magisterial,  etc.  {see  magisterial), 
commanding. 

authoritatively  (a-thor'i-ta-tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  . 
authoritative  manner,   (a)  With  due  authority. 

I  think  it  [the  law  of  repetition]  is  even  more  authorita- 
tively present  in  the  minds  of  most  great  composers  than 
the  law  of  principality.  Rusldn,  Elem.  of  Drawing. 

{h)  With  a  show  of  authority. 

authpritativeness  (a-thor'i-ta-tiv-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  authoritative;  an  acting  by 
authority;  authoritative  appearance. 

authority  (a-thor'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  authorities  (-tiz). 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  autoritie,  auctoritie,  etc.,  < 
ME.  autorite,  auctorite,  <  OF.  autoritet,  F.  au- 
torite  =  Pr.  auctoritat  =  Sp.  autoridad  =  Pg. 
autoridade  =  It.  autoritd,  <  L.  auctorita(t-)s, 
counsel,  will,  decree,  liberty,  power,  weight, 
authority,  <  auctor,  author,  originator:  see  au- 
thor.} 1.  Power  or  admitted  right  to  com- 
mand or  to  act,  whether  original  or  delegated : 
as,  the  authority  of  a  prince  over  subjects  and 
of  parents  over  children;  the  authority  of  an 
agent  to  act  for  his  principal,  in  law,  an  authority 
IS  general  when  it  extends  to  all  acts,  or  all  connected 
with  a  particular  employment,  and  special  when  confined 

■  to  a  single  act. 

By  what  authority  doest  thou  these  things,  and  who 

■  gave  thee  this  authority  ?  Mark  xi.  28. 

If  law,  authority,  and  power  deny  not, 
It  wiU  go  hard  with  poor  Antonio. 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  iii.  2. 


387 

If  his  conscience  were  so  narrow  and  peculiar  to  it  selfe, 
it  was  not  fitt  his  Autority  should  be  so  ample  and  Uni- 
versal] over  others.  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  ii. 

2.  The  power  derived  from  opinion,  respect, 
or  long-established  reputation ;  influence  con- 
feiTed  by  character,  office,  station,  mental  su- 
periority, or  the  like;  credit:  as,  the  authority 
of  age  or  example ;  the  authority  of  Aristotle. 

But  the  mortallest  enemy  unto  knowledge,  and  that 
which  hath  done  the  greatest  execution  upon  trutli,  liath 
beene  a  peremptory  adhesion  unto  Authority,  and  espe- 
cially the  establishing  of  our  beliefe  upon  the  dictates  of 
Antiquities.  For  (as  every  capacity  may  observe),  most 
men  of  Ages  present,  so  superstitiously  do  look  upon 
Ages  past,  that  the  Authorities  of  the  one  exceed  the  rea- 
sons of  the  other.    Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.  (1646),  i.  20. 

Truth,  wisdom,  sanctitude  severe  and  pure,  .  .  . 

Whence  true  authority  in  men.    Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  295. 

3t.  Power  in  a  general  sense. 
The  .  .  .  corrigible  authority  of  this  lies  in  our  wills. 

Shak.,  Othello,  i.  3. 

4.  A  person  or  persons,  or  a  body,  exercising 
power  or  command :  generally  in  the  plural : 
as,  the  civil  and  military  authorities. —  5.  The 
outward  marks  of  authority;  especially,  the 
expression  of  authority  in  the  countenance. 

Kent.  You  have  that  in  your  countenance  which  I  would 
fain  call  master. 
Lear.  Whafs  that? 

Kent.  Authority.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 

6.  That  to  which  or  one  to  whom  an  appeal  or 
reference  may  be  made  in  support  of  any  opin- 
ion, action,  or  course  of  conduct,  (a)  Testimony; 
witness  ;  that  which  or  one  who  testifies. 

Something  I  have  heard  of  this,  which  I  would  be  glad  to 
find  by  so  sweet  an  authority  confirmed.     Sir  P.  Sidney. 

Had  seen  .  .  . 
Jesus,  Messiah,  Son  of  God  declared. 
And  on  that  high  authority  had  believed. 

Milton,  P.  R.,  ii.  5. 

(ft)  Weight  of  testimony  ;  credibility  :  as,  a  historian  of 
no  authority ;  "authority  of  the  Scriptures,"  Hooker. 

The  registers  of  the  English  Peerage  are  of  far  higher 
authority  than  any  other  statistical  documents. 

Macaulay,  Sadler's  Law  of  Population. 

(c)  One  who  possesses  adequate  knowledge  of  a  subject,  and 
whose  opinions  or  statements  may  be  relied  on  ;  an  ex- 
pert ;  a  standard  author  or  his  writings :  as,  an  authority 
in  matters  pertaining  to  geology. 

This  practice  we  may  learn,  from  a  better  and  more 
ancient  authority  then  any  heathen  writer  hath  to  give 
us.  Milton,  Church-Government,  Pref. 

(d )  In  law,  a  precedent ;  a  judicial  decision ;  an  official 
declaration  or  opinion,  such  as  ought  to  be  followed  in 
similar  cases,   (e)  Justification ;  countenance ;  warrant. 

Thieves  for  their  robbery  have  authority. 
When  judges  steal  themselves. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  ii.  2. 
Argument  from  authority.  Same  as  argumentum  ad 
verecundiam  {which  see,  under  argumentunt).— Consii- 
tuted  authorities,  the  magistrates  or  governors  of  a 
nation,  people,  municipality,  etc.— General  authority, 
the  authority  of  a  general  agent,  intended  to  apply  to  all 
matters  which  arise  in  the  course  of  business,  as  distin- 
guished from  special  instances,  though  it  may  be  limited 
to  a  particular  business  and  to  a  particular  place.  =  Syn. 
1.  Rule,  dominion,  government ;  warrant,  permission,  au- 
thorization.—2.  liyluence.  Authority,  Ascendancy,  Con- 
trol, Sway,  Domination,  may  all  apply  to  persons  or 
things,  but  seem  primarily  to  belong  to  persons.  Influ- 
ence and  authority  imply  moral  power ;  the  others  may 
do  so,  and  are  considered  to  do  so  here.  The  words  are 
aiTanged  in  the  order  of  their  strength.  Influence  may 
be  small ;  it  is  wholly  apart  from  the  power  of  office  ;  the 
word  expresses  the  extent  to  which  one  affects  the  con- 
duct or  character  of  others  simply  by  their  deference  to 
him  on  account  of  his  station,  wealth,  ability,  character, 
etc.  Authority  is,  in  this  connection,  influence  amount- 
ing to  a  recognized  right  to  command  :  as,  the  authority 
of  age,  wisdom,  experience.  It  is  presumably  rightful, 
while  the  other  words  often  express  undue  or  unwhole- 
some weight  or  power.  Ascendancy  is  overmastering  in- 
fluence, supremacy  by  influence  ;  the  word  is  often  used 
in  a  bad  sense :  as,  the  ascendancy  of  cunning  over  sim- 
plicity. Control  is  complete  or  successful  and  continued 
authority:  as,  his  control  over  the  convicts  was  main- 
tained without  resort  to  force.  Sway  is,  by  its  deriva- 
tion, control  over  that  which  may  be  viewed  as  a  weighty 
or  massive  object ;  hence,  a  solid  or  powerful  or  control- 
ling influence.  Domination,  as  it  may  be  an  absolute  and 
tyrannical  rule,  may  also  be  an  absolute  and  tyrannical  in- 
fluence or  ascendancy :  as,  he  was  really  under  the  domi- 
nation of  those  whom  he  thought  his  servants  or  tools. 
Mourn  for  the  man  of  amplest  influence. 
Yet  clearest  of  ambitious  crime. 

Tennyson,  Duke  of  Wellington,  Iv. 

In  the  absolute  authority  accorded  (by  the  Romans]  to 
the  father  over  the  children  we  may  trace  the  same  habits 
of  discipline  that  proved  so  formidable  in  the  field. 

Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  181. 

The  application  of  gunpowder  to  the  art  of  war  has  for 
ever  settled  the  long  conflict  for  ascendancy  between  civ- 
ilization and  barbarism,  in  favor  of  the  former. 

Calhoun,  Works,  I.  88. 

Government  .  .  .  has  a  general  superintending  control 
over  all  the  actions  and  over  all  the  publicly  propagated 
doctrines  of  men.  Burke,  Unitarians,  May  11,  1792. 

Horrible  forms  of  worship  that  of  old 

Held,  o'er  the  shuddering  realms,  unquestioned  sway. 

Bryant,  The  Ages,  xxv. 

Tliey  rose  and  took  arms  to  resist  Ordogno,  son  of  Al- 
fonsus  III.,  whose  domination  was  too  severe  for  them. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  310. 


autobiographer 

authorizable  (a'tlior-i-za-bl),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  auctor izahlc ;  <  ML.  autUorisabilis,  auctori- 
zahilis,  etc.,  <  auctorisarc:  see  authorize  and 
-able.']  That  maybe  authorized:  as,  "a  cen- 
sure authorizable,"  Hammond,  Works,  I.  242. 
Also  spelled  authorisable. 
authorization  (a"thor-i-za'shon),  11.  [=  P.  au- 
tori.sation,  <  K^i.^auctorizatioln-),  <  auctorizare, 
pp.  auctorizatus :  see  authorize.']  Tlic  act  of 
authorizing ;  the  act  of  giving  authority  or  legal 
power;  establishment  by  authority:  as,  "the 
authorization  of  laws,"  Motley.  Also  spelled 
authorisation. 
authorize  (a'thor-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  au- 
thorized, ppr.  authorizing,  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
auctorize,  <  ME.  auctorisen,  autorisen,  <  OF.  auc- 
toriscr,  later  authoriser,  mod.  F.  nutoriser  = 
Pr.  authorisar  =  Sp.  autorizar  —  Pg.  antorimr 
=  It.  autorizzarc,  <  ML.  auctorisare,  auctorizare, 
authorisare,  etc.,  <  L.  auctor,  author:  see  author 
and  -izc.}  1.  To  give  authority,  warrant,  or 
legal  power  to;  empower  (a  person):  as,  to 
aitttoW^'c  commissioners  to  settle  the  boundary 
of  a  state. — 2.  To  give  authority  for;  approve 
of  and  permit;  formally  sanction  (au  act  or  a 
proceeding). 

The  report  of  the  commission  was  taken  into  immediate 
consideration  by  the  estates.  They  resolved,  without  one 
dissentient  voice,  that  the  ordersigned  by  William  did  not 
authorize  the  slaughter  of  Glencoe. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxi. 
The  money,  then,  is  borrowed  on  the  credit  of  the  United 
States — an  act  which  Congress  alone  is  competent  to  au- 
thorize. D.  Webster,  Speech,  Senate,  May  7,  1834. 

3f.  To  make  authoritative  or  valid;  legalize; 
validate. 

She  shall  authorize 
Our  undertakings  to  the  ignorant  people. 
As  if  what  we  do  were  by  her  command. 

Fletcher  (and  another).  False  One,  v.  2. 

4.  To  establish  by  authority  or  usage :  as,  an 
authorized  idiiom. —  5.  To  warrant;  vouch  for. 
[Bare.] 

A  woman's  story,  at  a  winter's  fire, 
Authoris'd  by  her  grandam. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4. 

6t.  To  support  (one's  self )  upon  the  authority 
(of). 

The  Historian  .  .  .  authorizing  himself,  for  the  most 
part,  upon  other  histories. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Def.  of  Poesie  (Arber),  p.  31. 

Also  spelled  authorise, 
authorizer  (a'thor-I-zer),  n.    One  who  author- 
izes.   Also  spelled  authoriser. 
authorlet  (a'thor-let), «.   [<  author  +  dim.  -let.] 
A  petty  author.    Blackwood's  Mag.  [Rare.] 
authorling  (a'thor-ling),  n.    [<  author  +  dim. 
-ling.]    A  petty  author.  [Rare.] 

Oh  thou  poor  authorling !  Reach  a  little  deeper  into  the 
human  heart!  Longfellow,  Hyperion,  iv.  1. 

authorly  (a'thor-li),  a,  [<  author  +  -ly^.]  Be- 
longing to  an  author ;  authorial.  [Rare.] 

He  keeps  his  own  authorly  secrets. 

Cowper,  Letter  to  Unwin. 

authorship  (a'thor-ship),  n.  [<  author  +  -ship.] 

1.  The  source  or  cause  of  anything  that  may 
be  said  to  have  an  author;  origination ;  causa- 
tion :  as,  the  authorship  of  an  invention  or  of 
a  political  movement;  a  book  whose  author- 
ship is  unknown. —  2.  The  state  of  being  an 
author ;  the  occupation  of  writing  books. 

If  the  formalists  of  this  sort  were  erected  into  patentees 
with  a  sole  commission  of  authorship,  we  should  undoubt- 
edly see  such  writing  in  our  days  as  would  either  wholly 
wean  us  from  all  books  in  general,  or  at  least  from  all 
such  as  were  the  product  of  our  own  nation. 

Shaftesbury,  Characters  (ed.  1869),  I.  347. 

auto  (ou'to),  n.  [Sp.  Pg.,  <  L.  actus,  an  act: 
see  act,  n.]    1.  In  Spanish  literature,  a  play. 

The  miracle-plays  of  the  people  attained  a  high  degree 
of  excellence  in  the  autos  or  sacred  Christmas  plays  of 
Gil  Vicente  (1470-1536).  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.' br.G. 

2,  In  Spanish  law :  (a)  An  order ;  a  decree  ;  a 
sentence;  a  decision,  (b)  jd.  The  pleadings  and 
proceedings  in  a  lawsuit. —  3.  An  auto  de  fe. 

auto-.  [<  Gr.  aiiTo-  (before  a  vowel  av--,  which 
before  a  rough  breathing  becomes  aid-),  stem 
of  avTog,  self  (myself,  thyself,  himself,  etc.).] 
An  element  in  compound  words  of  Greek  origin, 
meaning  self,  of  itself  (natural),  of  one's  self 
(independently),  of  nothing  but  .  .  .  ,  etc.: 
very  common  in  English  and  other  modern  lan- 
guages, especially  in  scientific  terms, 
autobiographer  (a'to-bi-og'ra-fer),  n.  [<  Gr. 
aiiTo^,  self,  +  biographer.]  One  who  writes  an 
account  of  his  own  life. 

"  And  yet,  O  man  born  of  Woman,"  cries  the  Autobiog- 
rapher, with  one  of  his  sudden  whirls,  "wherein  is  my 
case  peculiar?  "  Carlyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  p.  58. 


autobiographic 

autobiographic  (a-to-M-o-graf'ik),  a.    Of  the 
nature  of  autobiogi'aphy. 
The  writings  of  Diuite  .  .  .  are  all  .  .  .  autobioiiraphic. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  20. 

autobiographical  (a-to-M-o-graf'i-kal),  «.  1. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  autobiography ;  character- 
ized by  an  autobiographic  tendency. — 2.  Same 
as  aittohkniraphic. 

autobiographically  (a  -  to  -  bi  -  6  -  graf 'i  -  kal  -  i), 
adv.    In  an  autobiogi'aphic  manner. 

autobiographist  (a" to-bi-og'ra-fist),  n.  [<  au- 
tobioqraplni  +  -istJ]  Same  as  autoUographer. 
[Rare.] 

autobiography  (a  to-bi-og'ra-fi),  n. ;  pi.  auto- 
Uographies  (-tiz).  [<  Gr.  avTog,  seK,  +  biogra- 
phy.~i  A  biogi-aphy  or  memoir  of  a  person  writ- 
ten by  himself. 

autocar  (a'to-kiir),  ».  [<  auto(-niohiJe)  +  car.~\ 
An  automobile  car;  a  car  which  contains  in 
itself  a  motor  with  its  source  of  power. 

autocarpian,  autocarpic  (a-to-kar'pi-an,  -pik), 

a.    Same  as  autocarpous. 

autOCarpOUS  (a-to-kar'pus),  a.  [<  Gr.  aiTof, 
self  (in  comp.  sometimes,  as  here,  meaning  'of 
nothing  but  .  .  .  ,'  'of  mere  .  .  .'),  +  KapTtoc, 
fruit.  The  Gr.  ahroKapirog  means  only  '  self- 
fructifying.']  In  hot.,  consisting  of  pericarp 
alone ;  having  no  adnate  parts  {Gray) :  applied 
to  fruits  which  are  free  from  the  perianth. 
Same  as  superior. 

autocephalic  (a'to-se-fal'ik  or  a-to-sef'a-lik), 
a.  [As  autocephal-ous  +  -ic]  Autoeephalous ; 
autonomous. 

autoeephalous  (a-to-sef 'a-lus),  a.  [<  LGr.  oito- 
KEipaAoc,  <  Gr.  avTog,  self,  +  /ce0a/l^,  head.]  1. 
Having  a  head  or  chief  of  its  own ;  independent 
of  jurisdiction :  applied  to  a  church. 

The  Russian  Church  became  autoeephalous,  and  its  pa- 
triarch had  immense  power.  Jincyc.  Brit.,  XI.  157. 

2.  Acting  as  an  independent  head;  having 
primary  jurisdiction  :  as,  an  autoeephalous 
bishop  or  metropolitan. 

We  have  seen  Greece  proclaim  its  Holy  Governing  Sy- 
nod autoeephalous.      J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  10. 

autOChronograph  (a-to-kron'o-graf),  71.  [<  Gr. 
avTog,  self,  +  chronograph.']  An  instrument 
for  instantaneously  and  automatically  record- 
ing time. 

autochthon  (a-tok'thon),  n.;  pi.  autochthons, 
autochthones  (-thons,  -tho-nez).  [<  L.  autoch- 
thones, pi.,  <  GT."avTdxOup,  pi.  ai'ToxOoveg,  abo- 
rigines, primitive  inhabitants,  lit.  sprung  from 
the  land  itself  (it  was  the  belief  of  the  ancient 
Athenians  and  some  other  Greeks  that  they 
sprang  originally  from  the  soil  on  which  they 
lived),  <  avrdg,  self,  +  jtSui',  land,  earth.]  1. 
Literally,  one  sprung  from  the  land  he  inhabits ; 
hence,  one  of  the  primitive  inhabitants  of  a 
country;  a  member  of  the  race  found  in  a 
country  when  first  known;  an  aboriginal  in- 
habitant. 

Wlioever  the  artist  may  have  been,  it  [a  statue]  is  un- 
doubtedly a  very  able  conception,  the  figure  seeming  to 
rise  from  the  earth  just  as  an  luiinclitlmu  would  be  thought 
to  rise.         A.  S.  Murraij,  Greek  Sculpture,  I.  224,  note. 

Their  own  traditions  appear  to  liave  made  them  [the 
Phrygians]  autochthones,  or  aboriginals,  and  it  would  seem 
that  they  believed  the  re-peopling  of  the  earth  after  the 
flood  to  have  begun  in  their  country. 

G.  Rawlinson,  Origin  of  Nations,  p.  67. 

2.  pi.  The  primitive  animals  or  plants  of  a 
country  or  region,  especially  in  geological  time. 
[Rare.] 

autochthonal  (a-tok'tho-nal),  a.  [<  aiitochthon 
+  -rtL]  Autochthonic ;  aboriginal:  a.s,  autoch- 
thonal peoples, 
autochthones,  w.  Plural  of  autochthon. 
autochthonic  (a-tok-thon'ik;,  a.  [<  autoch- 
thon -f  -ic]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  autoch- 
thon ;  native  to  or  sprung  from  the  soil ;  abo- 
riginal; indigenous. 

The  aborigines  of  the  country  [were]  driven,  like  the 
Bheels  and  otlier  autochthonic  Indians,  into  the  eastern 
and  southeastern  wilds  bordering  upon  the  ocean. 

R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  20. 
We  may,  however,  venture  the  assertion  that  the  Eskimo 
is  of  autochthonic  origin  in  Asia. 

Arc.  Cruise  of  the  Corwin,  1881,  p.  30. 

autochthonism  (a-tok'tho-nizm),  n.  [<  autoch- 
thon -f  -ism.]    Birth  from  the  soil. 

According  to  the  Scythians,  Targitaus  lived  just  a  thou- 
sand years  before  the  year  513  B.  c. — a  legend  which,  taken 
with  the  tradition  of  autochthonism,  indicates  a  much 
earlier  date  for  the  immigration  of  the  Scythians  than  we 
should  deduce  from  other  narratives. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XXI.  576. 

autochthonous  (a-tok'tho-nus),  a.  [<  autoch- 
thon +  -ous.]  1.  Pertaining  to  autochthons; 
indigenous;  sprung  from  the  soil;  aboriginal. 

I  speak  here  ...  of  ancient  religions  only,  of  what  are 
sometimes  called  national  or  autochthonous  religions — 


388 

not  of  those  founded  in  later  times  by  individual  pro- 
phets or  reformers.  Max  Mtiller,  India,  p.  116. 

One  would  almost  be  inclined  to  think  from  Herr  Stabr's 
account  of  the  matter,  tliat  Lessing  had  been  an  autoch- 
thonous birth  of  the  German  soil,  without  intellectual  an- 
cestry or  lielpf  ul  kindred. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  301. 

2.  In  pathol.,  not  extraneous;  originating  at 
the  place  where  found, 
autochthonously  (a-tok'tho-nus-li),  adv.  In  an 
autochthonous  manner. 

The  larger  number  of  maladies  do  not  arise  autochtho- 
nously or  "under  a  whole  skin."  Encyc.  iJn7.,  XVIII.  361. 

autochthony  (a-tok'tho-ni),  n.  [<  autochthon 
+  -(/.]    The  condition  of  being  autochthonous. 

The  practice  of  descriljing  legendary  heroes  and  men  of 
ancient  lineage  as  earth-born,  yTj-yertis,  strengthened  great- 
ly the  doctrine  of  autochthony,  and  nowhere  so  much  as 
in  Attica.  Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  141. 

autoclave  (a'to-klav),  n.  [F.,  self-regulating, 
a  digester,  <  Gr.  avrd^,  self,  -i-  L.  clavis,  a  key 
(or  davus,  a  nail  ?).]  A  Idnd  of  etewpan,  the  lid 
of  which  is  kept  close  and  steam-tight  by  the 
steam  proceeding  from  the  contents  of  the  pan. 
It  is  an  application  to  culinary  purposes  of  Pa- 
pin's  digester.    See  digester. 

autocracy  (a-tok'ra-si),  n. ;  pi.  autocracies  (-siz). 
[<  F.  autocratie,  <  Gr.  avTOKpareca,  absolute 
power,  <  aiiTOKpaHi^,  absolute,  ruling  by  one's 
self:  see  autocrat.]  If.  The  power  of  deter- 
mining one's  own  actions ;  independent  or  self- 
derived  power ;  self-government ;  self-rule. 

Man's  will,  that  great  seat  of  freedom,  that,  with  a  kind 
of  autocracy  and  supremacy  within  itself,  commands  its 
own  actions.  South,  Sermons,  VII.  i. 

It  [the  divine  will)  moves,  not  by  the  external  impulse 
or  inclination  of  objects,  but  determines  itself  by  an  ab- 
solute autocracy.  South,  Sermons,  VIII.  x. 

2.  Uncontrolled  or  unlimited  authority  over 
others,  invested  in  a  single  person ;  the  govern- 
ment or  power  of  an  absolute  monarch. 

At  least  from  tlie  days  of  Hildebrand  the  mind  of  Eu- 
rope had  become  familiarized  with  tlie  assertion  of  those 
claims  which  in  their  latent  significance  amounted  to  an 
absolute  irresponsible  autocracy. 

Milinan,  Latin  Christianity,  ix.  1. 

3t.  In  7ned.,  action  of  the  vital  powers  toward 
the  preservation  of  the  individual.  =  Syn.  2.  Tj/r- 

aiDiy,  Absoluti.'S)!),  etc.    See  ilespotisiii. 

autocrat  (a'to-krat),  «.  [<  F.  autocrate,  <  Gr. 
ai'TOKpari/i;,  ruling  by  one's  self  (cf.  avToupdrup, 
an  autocrat:  see  autocrator),  <  airof,  self,  + 
KpuTog,  power,  <  Kpari-c,  strong,  =  Goth,  hardus 
=  'E.hard:  see  hard.]  1.  An  absolute  prince 
or  sovereign ;  a  ruler  or  monarch  who  liolds  and 
exercises  the  powers  of  government  as  by  inher- 
ent right,  not  subject  to  restrictions:  as,  "the 
autocrat  of  all  the  Russias,"  a  title  assumed 
by  the  emperor  of  Russia. —  2.  One  who  is  in- 
vested with  or  assumes  unlimited  authority  in 
any  relation:  as,  "  The  Autocrat  of  the  Break- 
fast-Table" (title  of  a  book),  O.  TV.  Holmes. 

autocratic  (a-to-krat'ik),  a.  [<  autocrat  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  autocracy; 
absolute;  holding  independent  and  unlimited 
powers  of  government. 

The  Russian  goverinnent  is  autocratic,  inasmuch  as  over 
tlie  larger  part  of  the  country  it  lias  simply  succeeded  to 
the  position  of  the  Mongolian  khans,  who  from  the  thir- 
teenth to  the  fifteenth  century  held  tlie  Russian  people  in 
sulijection.  J.  Fiske,  Amer.  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  43. 

autocratical  (a-to-krat'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  au- 
tocratic. 

autocratically  (a-to-krat'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
autocratic  manner. 

autocrator  (a-tok'ra-tor),  n.  [<  Gr.  avTOKparup, 
one's  own  master,  an  absolute  ruler:  see  au- 
tocrat.]   An  autocrat;  a  dictator.  [Rare.] 

The  picturesque  spiked  Macedonian  helmet  with  a 
goat's  horn  and  cheek-piece  which  occupies  the  reverse 
[of  a  coin],  on  which  is  written  after  "King  Tryphon  "  the 
strange  title  autocrator.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVII.  649. 

autocratorical  (a"t9-kra-tor'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr. 
avTOKpaTopiKog,  <  avTOKparup:  see  autocrator.] 
Pertaining  to  an  autocrat  or  autocrator;  su- 
preme ;  absolute :  as,  autocratorical  power. 
[Rare.] 

autocratrice  (a-tok'ra-tris),  n.  [F.]  Same  as 
autocratrix. 

autocratrix  (a-tok'ra-triks),  w.;  pi.  autoeratrices 
(a-tok-ra-tri'sez).  [NL.  (cf.  MGr.  avTOKparo- 
piaca),  fem.  of  autocrator.]  A  female  sovereign 
who  is  independent  and  absolute  :  a  title  some- 
times given  to  a  reigning  empress  of  Russia. 
[Rare.] 

autocratship  (a'to-krat-ship),  n.  [<  autocrat 
+  -ship.]    'Ihe  ofBce  of  autocrat. 

auto  da  fe  (ou'to  da  fa) ;  pi.  autos  da  fe  (ou'tos). 
[Pg.  auto  dafe  —  Sp.  auto  de  fe  (Pg.  da,  <  de  a, 
where  a  is  the  fem.  art.,  <  L.  ilia).]    Same  as 


autogenic 

auto  de  fe.  [This  Portuguese  form,  commonly  written 
auto  da  je  or  auto-da-fi.,  was  the  first  introduced,  and  lias 
been  most  used  in  English  literature.] 

auto  de  fe  (ou'to  da  fa) ;  pi.  autos  defc  (ou'tos). 
[Sp.,  lit.  act  (judicial  process,  judgment)  of 
faith:  auio,  <  L.  actum,  an  act;  de,  <  L.  de, 
from,  of  ;  fe  =  Pg.  fe,  <  L.  fidem,  acc.  of  fides, 
faith:  see  act,  n.,  de^,  fay'^,  and  faith.  Cf.  auto 
da  fc]  The  public  declaration  of  the  judg- 
ment passed  on  accused  persons  who  had  been 
tried  before  the  courts  of  the  Spanish  Inquisi- 
tion, and  by  extension  the  infliction  of  such 
penalties  as  had  been  prescribed  in  the  sen- 
tence. The  declaration  of  judgment  was  usually  made 
with  mucli  solemnity,  in  an  open  place,  and  included  the 
acquittals,  reception  to  retraction,  official  admonition,  and 
sentence  of  punishment  for  tlie  crimes  within  the  com- 
petency of  the  court.  These  crimes  were  public  profes- 
sion of  heresy,  apostasy,  witchcraft,  seduction  by  ecclesi- 
astics, bigamy,  unnatural  crimes,  church-robbery,  blas- 
phemy, usury,  and,  in  general,  crimes  of  or  against  the 
officers  of  tlie  Inquisition  itself.  Those  convicted  were 
brought  from  prison,  dressed  in  the  sanbenito,  or  robe  of 
defamed  criminals,  which  was  worked  with  a  cross  and 
other  designs,  sometimes  with  grotesque  scenes  of  infernal 
cliaracters  or  torments,  and  varied  in  its  color  and  pattern 
in  accordance  with  the  severity  of  the  sentence  to  be 
passed.  Each  offender  was  called  by  name,  his  crime  spe- 
cified, and  its  punishment  declared,  after  wliich  all  were 
delivered  up  to  the  civil  officials.  Here  the  auto  proper 
finished ;  but  as  the  execution  of  those  penalties  that  were 
of  capital  or  corporal  nature  immediately  followed,  the 
name  was  extended  to  tliis  part,  as  applied  to  which  it  has 
become  popularly  accepted.  Such  punishments  were  flog- 
ging, the  pillory,  branding  or  maiming,  and  death  by  hang- 
ing or  burning,  according  to  the  prescriptions  of  the  im- 
perial or  Caroline  code. 

autodidact  (a'to-di-dakt"),  n,.  [i  Gv.  avrodidan- 
Tog,  self-taught,  <  avrdg,  self,  +  Jida/crdf,  verbal 
adj.  of  SuUcTKeiv,  teach:  see  didactic]  A  self- 
taught  person.  [Rare.] 

autodidactic  (a'to-di-dak'tik),  a.  [<  autodi- 
dact +  -ic]    Self-taught.  [Rare.] 

He  [Menzel]  was  from  the  beginning  an  auto-didactic 
realist;  he  drew  and  painted  as  he  saw  —  not  as  others 
taught  him  how  they  had  seen. 

Contemporary  Rev.,  XLIX.  293. 

autodynamic  (a'to-di-nam'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avro- 
diivafjog,  powerful  of  itself,  <  avrdt;,  self,  +  d'vva- 
fitc,  power:  see  dynamic]  Having  power  or 
force  in  itself — Autodynamic  elevator,  a  hydraulic 

machine  in  which  the  weight  of  a  falling  column  of  water 
is  made  to  raise  a  smaller  column  to  a  height  exceeding 
that  of  the  first. 

autoecious  (a-te'shus),  a.  [<  Gr.  mrdg,  self,  + 
o'lKog,  dwelling.]  In  bryology,  having  both  male 
and  female  inflorescence  on  the  same  plant; 
moncBcious.  Three  modifications  are  cladau- 
tceeious,  goniautcecious,  and  rhizautcEcious. 
Also  written  autoicous. 

autogamous  (a-tog'a-mus),  a.  [<  Gr.  airdf, 
self,  +  ydftoc,  marriage  ;  cf .  avTuyaiiog,  willingly 
married.]  Self-fertilized:  applied  to  flowers 
which  are  fertilized  by  their  own  pollen,  iu 
distinction  fT:om.  anemophilous&nA  entomophilous 
flowers,  in  which  one  flower  is  fertilized  by 
pollen  from  another  through  the  intervention 
of  the  wind  or  of  insects. 

autogamy  (a-tog'a-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  aireSf,  self, 
+  -yafiia,  <  yafioQ,  marriage.  Cf.  autogamous.] 
In  bot.,  close  fertilization,  or  self-fertilization; 
the  fertilization  of  a  flower  by  its  own  pollen. 
See  allogamy. 

autogenealt  (a-to-je'nf-al),  a.  [<  Gr.  avroyev^c' 
see  autogenous.]  Self -begotten ;  autogenous. 
Waierhou.'^e. 

autogeneous  (a-to-je'ne-us),  a.  Same  as  auto- 
genous. 

autogenesis  (a-to-jen'e-sis),  n.  [<  Gr.  avrdg, 
self,  4-  yivemg,  production.]  Self -production ; 
production  independent,  (a)  in  organisms,  of 
parent  organisms;  (6)  in  tissues,  of  parent 
tissues;  and  (c)  in  disease,  of  previous  cases  of 
zymotic  disease. 

autogenetic  (a'''t9-je-net'ik),  a.  [<  autogenesis : 
see  genetic]  Self -producing;  pertaining  to  au- 
togenesis. 

There  was  no  doubt  ...  of  the  existence  of  autogenetic 
puerperal  fever.  Brit.  Med.  Jour. ,  No.  1319. 

autogenetically  (a'''to-je-net'i-kal-i),  adv.  By 
autogenesis,  or  autogenetic  processes. 

Some  septic  poison,  either  from  without  or  autogeneti- 
cally, might  cause  the  same.    Brit.  Med.  Jour.,  No.  1319. 

autogenic  (a-to-jen'ik),  a.  [As  autogen-ous 
+  -ic]  Self -produced ;  independent  of  a  me- 
dium :  specifically  applied  to  a  process  of  sol- 
dering in  which  pieces  of  metal  are  united 
by  fusing  the  parts  to  be  joined.  See  autoge- 
nous. 

Platinum  workers  .  .  .  have  long  learned  to  unite  two 
platinum  seams  by  the  autogenic  process  —  the  local 
fusing  of  the  two  contiguous  parts  in  the  oxyhydrogen 
flame.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  190. 


autogenous 

autogenous  (a-toj'e-nus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
self-produeed,  <  avrog,  self,  +  yevog,  kind,  race, 
offspring:  see  genus,  -genoiis.']  1.  Self -pro- 
duced; self -generated ;  coming  forth  indepen- 
dently. Specifically,  in  anat.,  endogenous:  applied  to 
those  processes  or  parts  of  a  bone  which  arise  fiom  an 
independent  or  separate  center  of  ossification,  as  distin- 
guished from  mere  exogenous  outgrowtlis.  Thus,  the 
epiphyses  of  a  bone  are  autogenous;  apophyses  may  be 
either  autotjenous  or  exogenous. 

The  centrum  and  several  of  the  apophyses  of  a  vertebra 
are  autogenous,  while  other  apophyses  are  exogenous. 

Owen. 

2.  Same  as  autogenic. 

Also  autogeneous. 
Autogenous  soldering,  the  process  of  uniting  pieces  of 
metal  by  the  fusion  of  part  of  their  own  substance,  with- 
out the  use  of  a  special  solder.  It  is  performed  by  means 
of  the  airohydrogen  or  cxyhydrogen  blowpipe  and  by  elec- 
tricity. 

autogenously  (a-toj'e-nus-li),  adv.  1.  In  an 
autogenous  manner. 

The  anterior,  or  more  properly  inferior,  bar  of  the  trans- 
verse process  of  the  seventh,  and  occasionally  of  some  of 
the  other  cervical  vertebrae  in  Man,  is  autogenously  devel- 
oped. W.  H.  Floieer,  Osteology,  p.  20. 

2.  By  the  autogenous  process  of  soldering. 

This  battery  is  constructed  of  a  case  of  insulite,  having 
a  Ud  of  the  same  material  autogenously  soldered  in. 

J.  W.  Queen,  Elect.  Catalogue,  1883,  p.  16. 

autogeny  (a-toj'e-ni),  n.  [<  Gr.  avroyeviig  (see 
autogenous):  see  -geny.']  Autogenesis;  autog- 
ony ;  spontaneous  generation. 

autogony  (a-tog'o-ni),  n.  [<  Gr.  avroydvog,  self- 
produced,  self -producing,  <  avrog,  self,  +  -yovoi;, 
produced :  see  -gony.']  The  generation  of  simple 
organisms  from  a  lifeless  fluid ;  abiogenesis. 

autograph  (a'to-graf),  a.  and  n.  [<  F.  auto- 
graphe,  <  L.  autographus,  <  Gr.  avroypa^og,  writ- 
ten with  one's  own  hand,  <  avroc,  self,  ■+■  ypd(peiv, 
write.]  I.  a.  Written  by  one's  self;  in  one's 
own  handwriting:  as,  an  autograph  letter. 
■II.  n.  [<  F.  autograjihe,  <  LL.  autograplmm.'] 

1.  A  person's  own  handwriting;  something 
written  by  a  person's  own  hand ;  an  original 
manuscript  or  signature. 

Autographs  of  famous  names  were  to  be  seen  in  faded 
Ink  on  some  of  their  fly  leaves.  Hawthorne,  Old  Manse,  I. 

2.  An  autographic  press  (which  see,  under 
press). 

autograph  (a'to-graf),  v.  t.  [<  autograph,  «.] 
1.  To  write  witii  one's  own  hand. —  2.  To  write 
one's  autograph  on  or  in. —  3.  To  copy  or  pro- 
duce in  autograph,  or  by  an  autographic  pro- 
cess.   See  autographic. 

Announcements  and  notices  of  various  khids,  whether 
printed,  engraved,  lithographed,  or  autographed. 

U.  S.  Postal  Guide,  July,  1879. 
It  contains  80  autographed  pages  out  of  the  1,100  of 
which  the  whole  work  will  consist. 

Trutmer's  American  and  Oriental  Lit.  Record,  X.  4. 

autographalt  (a-tog'ra-fal),  a.  [<  autograph 
+  -aL]    Autographic."  Bennet. 

autographic  (a-to-graf 'ik),  a.  [<  autograjjh  + 
-ic;  =  P.  autographique.2  1-  Pertaining  to  or 
of  the  nature  of  an  autograph;  contained  in 
or  furnished  by  one's  own  handwriting:  as, 
autographic  authority;  autographic  evidence. 
—  2.  Eelating  to  or  used  in  the  process  of  au- 
tography: as,  autographic  ink;  autographic 
paper. — 3.  Self-recording:  applied  to  a  form  of 
telegraph.    See  below.— Autographic  press.  See 

press.— Autographic  process,  (a)  In  the  fine  arts,  any 
process  by  means  of  which  an  artist's  work  is  exactly  pre- 
served in  mechanical  reproductions,  as  in  an  autotype  or 
a  photo-engraving,  (b)  A  general  term  applied  to  those 
chemical  and  mechanical  processes  in  which  a  writing  or 
drawing  is  made  with  a  peculiar  ink,  and  then  transferred 
to  the  stone,  plate,  or  other  matrix  from  which  it  is  to 
be  printed.—  Autographic  telegraph,  an  instrument  for 
transmitting  a  telegraphic  despatch  written  in  insulating 
ink  upon  a  metallic  paper,  and  reproducing  it  with  abso- 
lute exactness  on  another  prepared  paper.  The  instru- 
ment may  be  used  for  transmitting  portraits  or  other  fig- 
ures, diagrams,  etc. 

autographical  (a-to-graf 'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  au- 
tographic. 

autographically  (a-to-graf 'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
autographic  manner;'  by  means  of  autographic 
writings ;  in  autograph. 

And  had  "shaken  hands  autographically"  with  him 
across  the  Atlantic.  D.  Hill,  Life  of  Irving,  p.  150. 

autography  (a-tog'ra-fl),  n.  [<  autograph  +  -y  ; 
=  P.  autographie.~\  "l."  The  act  of  wi'iting  with 
one's  own  hand;  autogi-aphic  writing. —  2. 
That  department  of  diplomatics,  or  the  study 
and  decipherment  of  old  writings,  which  is 
concerned  with  autographs. — 3.  A  process  in 
lithography  by  which  copies  of  a  writing,  draw- 
ing, etc. ,  are  produced  in  facsimile. 

autoicous  (a-toi'kus),  a.    Same  as  autixcious. 

auto-inoculability  (a"to-in-ok"u-la-bil'i-ti),  n. 
[<  auto-inoculable  :  see  -bility.']  Capacity  for 
auto-inoculation. 


389 

auto-inoculable  (a"t6-in-ok'u-la-bl),  a.    [<  Gr. 

aiiTog,  self,  +  inoculahlc.']  Possessing  the  power 
of  auto-inoculation;  capable  of  beijig  propa- 
gated by  auto-inoculation :  as,  an  auto-inoculable 
disease. 

auto-inoculation  (a"t6-in-ok-u-la'shon),  V.  [< 
Gr.  avrdq,  self,  +  inoculation.']  The  iiaoculation 
of  a  healthy  part  of  the  body  with  the  vii-us 
from  a  diseased  part  of  the  same  person,  as  from 
a  chancroid. 

autq-insufflator  (a-to-in'suf-la-tor),  n.  [<  Gr. 
airof,  self,  +  insufflator.}  An  instrument  used 
for  administering  to  one's  self  a  medicinal 
powder. 

autokinesyt,  [<  LGr.  avTOKimjaia,  Gr.  avTOKL- 
vr/aig,  self -movement,  <  avTOKl,v7/To(,  self -moved : 
see  autoldnetical.']  Self -movement ;  spontane- 
ous motion.  Citdtvorth. 

autokineticalt  (a"to-ki-net'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr. 
aiiTOKivr/TiKot; ,  <  avTOKivr/rog,  self-moved,  <  aiirdg, 
self,  +  Kipslv,  move :  see  kinetic]  SeK-moving. 
Dr.  H.  More. 

autolaryngOSCOpe  (a'''to-la-ring'go-sk6p),  )/. 
[<  Gr.  eirof,  self,  +  laryngoscope.]  An  instru- 
ment, consisting  of  a  combination  of  mirrors, 
by  which  one  may  inspect  his  own  larynx.  E. 
H.  Knight. 

autolaryngOSCOpy  (a'-'to-lar-ing-gos'ko-pi),  n. 
[<  Gr.  avTog,  self,  +  laryngoscopy.]  The  in- 
spection of  one's  own  larynx  by  means  of  an 
autolaryngoseope. 

autolatry  (a-tol'a-tri),  n.  [<  Gr.  ahroc,  self,  + 
Aarpeia,  worship.]  Self-worship. 

autology  (a-tol'o-ji),  V.  [<  Gr.  avrog,  self,  + 
-loyia,  <  Xeyeiv,  speak:  see  -ology.]  The  sci- 
entific study  of  one's  self. 

AutolytUS  (a-tol'i-tus),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  airdf, 
seK,  +  At)rdf,  verbal  adj.  of  Xvciv,  loose.]  A  ge- 
nus of  ehsetopodous  annelids,  of  the  family  Syl- 


Atcio/ytics  cornulHs. 


lidm :  a  synonym  of  Syllis.  a.  prolifer  is  an  asexual 
form,  the  opposite  sexual  forms  of  which  have  been  called 
Polybostrichus  and  Sacconereis. 

automat,  n.  An  erroneously  assumed  singular 
of  automata.    See  automaton. 

It  is  an  automa,  runs  under  water. 
With  a  snug  nose,  and  has  a  nimble  tail 
Made  like  an  augur. 

B.  Jonson,  Staple  of  News,  iii.  1. 

automalite,  n.    See  automolite. 
automata,  n.    Plural  of  automaton. 
automatalf  (a-tom'a-tal),  a.    [<  automaton  + 
-al.]    Same  as  automatic.  [Rare.] 
automath  (a'to-math),  n.     [<  Gr.  aiiTofiadyq, 
self-taught,  <  avTdg,  self,  +  fiavddveiv,  /uadelv, 
learn:  see  mathematics.]     One  who  is  self- 
taught.  [Rare.] 
automatic  (a-to-mat'ik),  a.     [<  Gr. 
self -moving  (see  automaton),  +  -ic]    1.  Acting 

as  an  automaton,  (a)  Having  the  power  of  self- 
motion  ;  self-acting  :  as,  automatic  machinery,  (b)  Done 
unconsciously  or  from  force  of  habit ;  mechanical,  as  op- 
posed to  voluntary. 

2.  Conducted  or  carried  on  by  self-acting  ma- 
chinery. 

It  is  in  our  modern  cotton  and  flax  mills  that  automatic 
operations  are  displayed  to  most  advantage. 

(Ire,  Diet.,  I.  274. 

3.  In  physiol.:  (a)  Not  voluntary;  not  under 
the  control  of,  or  not  effected  by,  volition :  said 
of  certain  muscular  actions. 

Let  me  briefly  notice  some  of  our  other  automatic  ac- 
tions. In  the  act  of  swallowing,  which  properly  begins  at 
the  back  of  the  throat,  the  "swallow"  lays  hold  of  the 
food  or  the  drink  brought  to  it  by  the  nmscles  of  the 
mouth  and  carries  this  down  into  the  stomach.  We  are 
quite  unconscious  of  its  passage  thither  unless  we  have 
taken  a  larger  morsel  or  something  hotter  or  colder  than 
ordinary.    This  is  an  instance  of  -puveXy  automatic  action. 

W.  B.  Carpenter. 

In  animals,  too,  to  a  far  greater  extent  than  in  plants,  \3 
the  automatic  activity  which  always  resides  in  protoplasm 
itself  transmitted  by  the  mechanism  of  the  organization 
to  different  parts  of  the  organism  or  to  the  whole  of  it. 

L.  F.  Ward,  Dynam.  Sociol.,  I.  353. 

(6)  Not  reflex:  said,  for  example,  of  certain 
activities  of  ganglion-eells — Automatic  brake. 

See  fcra/re.- Automatic  Coupling.  Hee  coupling.— A.VL- 
tomatic  mallet.  Same  as  dental  hammer  (wliich  see, 
under  /iaiftwer).— Automatic  theory.  Same  as  automa- 
tism, 2. 

automatical  (a-tp-mat'i-kal),  a.  1.  Same  as 
atitotnatic. —  2.  Having  reference  to  or  con- 
nected with  automatic  things, 
automatically  (a-to-maf  i-kal-i),  adv.  1.  In 
an  automatic  manner;  meelianically;  uncon- 
sciously. 


automobile 

He  went  on  rowing  i<ily,  lialf  aitlnmatirally. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  vL  13. 
We  know  that  a  fre(iuently  repeated  act  of  nmscular 
skill  finally  comes  to  lie  done  almost  automaticalli/  and 
with  little  intervention  of  consciousness.   Science,  IV.  473. 

2.  By  automatic  means ;  by  its  own  action. 
An  automatically  working  machine. 

Sci.  'Amer.,  N.  S.,  LV.  55. 
A  iitoinatically  keeping  its  temperature  unifurni. 

Jour.  Franklin  Inst.,  CXXl.,  Siipp.  7. 

automaticity  (a'^to-ma-tis'l-ti),  ».  Tho  state 
of  being  automatic ;  automatic  action.  Martin, 
Human  Body  (3d  ed.),  p.  23. 
automatism  (a-tom'a-tizm),  n.  [<  automaton  + 
-ism.  Cf.  Gr.  avro/ianfT/idc,  that  which  happens 
of  itself,  a  chance.]  1.  Automatic  or  involun- 
tary action  :  \npathol.,  sometimes  specifically 
applied  to  such  purposeless  actions  as  are  often 
exhibited  by  patients  after  an  ejjileptic  fit. 

In  C(Hisidering  the  body  as  the  instrument  of  the  mind, 
I  shall  show  you,  first,  the  large  amount  of  aiilomati.'<m 
in  the  human  body.  W.  B.  Carpenter. 

2.  The  doctrine  that  animals,  especially  those 
below  man,  are  automata,  in  the  sen.se  that  all 
the  phenomena  exhibited  by  them  are  results 
of  physical  laws;  especially,  the  doctrine  of 
Descartes  that  animals  are  devoid  of  conscious- 
ness.— 3.  The  faculty  of  independently  origi- 
nating action  or  motion.  [From  the  original 
sense  of  automaton.]    N.  E.  D. 

automatist  (a-tom'a-tist)^  n.  [<  automaton  + 
-ist.  Cf.  LGr.  avTo/jaTiarr/(;,  one  who  refers  all 
things  to  chance.]  1.  One  who  makes  auto- 
mata.—  2.  One  who  believes  that  animals 
(sometimes  including  man)  are  automata.  See 
automatism,  2. 

Though  not  a  declaimed  automatist,  however,  Mr.  Spencer 
is  by  virtue  of  his  general  philosophy  a  necessarian. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XX.  768. 

automatize  (a-tom'a-tiz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

automatized,  ppr.  automatizing .  [<  automaton 
+  -ize.  Cf.  Gr.  avrofmriCeiv,  act  of  one's  self, 
introduce  the  agency  of  chance,  happen  by 
chance.]  To  make  an  automaton  or  a  self- 
acting  machine  of. 

A  God-created  man,  all  but  abnegating  the  character  of 
man  ;  forced  to  exist,  automatised,  mummy-wise,  ...  as 
Gentleman  or  Gigman.        Carlyle,  Diamond  Necklace,  i. 

automaton  (a-tom'a-ton),  n. ;  pi.  automata, 
automatons  (-ta,  -tonz).  [Formerly  also  autom- 
atum,  <  L.  automaton,  automatum,  <  Gr.  avrojia- 
rov,  neut.  of  avTOfia-og,  acting  of  one's  self,  self- 
moving,  spontaneous,  <  ahrog,  self,  4-  *fiaT6g 
(>  juaTEvetv,  seek,  strive  to  do),  verbal  adj.  of 
■\/*fza  (perf .  /xiftaa),  strive  after,  move.]  1 .  That 
which  is  self-moving,  or  has  the  power  of  spon- 
taneous movement,  but  is  not  conscious. 
So  great  and  admirable  an  automaton  as  the  world. 

Boyle,  Works,  V.  251. 

Specifically — 2.  A  self-acting  machine,  or  one 
which  is  actuated  in  such  a  manner  as  to  carry 
on  for  some  time  certain  movements  without 
the  aid  of  external  impulse,  in  this  respect  clocks 

and  watches,  with  a  vast  number  of  other  machines,  may 
be  denominated  automata ;  but  the  term  more  specifically 
denotes  an  apparatus  in  which  the  purposely  concealed 
power  is  made  to  imitate  the  voluntary  or  mechanical  mo- 
tions of  living  beings,  such  as  men,  horses,  birds,  fishes,  etc. 

3.  A  living  being  acting  mechanically  or  as  ti 
mere  machine,  especially  without  conscious- 
ness ;  a  person  or  an  animal  whose  actions  are 
purely  involuntary  or  mechanical.  See  bestial 
automaton,  below. 

Obedience, 

Bane  of  all  genius,  virtue,  freedom,  truth, 

Makes  slaves  of  men,  and  of  the  human  frame 

A  mechanized  automaton.    Shelley,  Queen  Mab,  iii. 

4.  A  person  who  acts  in  a  monotonous  routine 
manner,  wdthout  active  intelligence,  especially 
without  being  fully  aware  of  what  he  is  doing. 

—  Automaton  balance,  a  machine  for  weighing  plan- 
chets  and  coin,  and  sorting  the  pieces  automatically,  ac- 
cording to  their  weight,  as  full,  light,  or  heavy. — Bestial 
automaton,  in  the  Cartesian  philosophy,  a  brute,  as  sup- 
posed to  be  devoid  of  consciousness  and  sensibility. — Spir- 
itual automaton,  a  mind  not  possessing  free  will,  but 
subject  to  necessity. 

automatOUSt  (a-tom'a-tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avrofjaroc, 
automatic  (see  automaton),  +  -ous.]  Auto- 

>  ma  tic. 

Clocks  or  automatons  organs,  whereby  we  now  distin- 
guish of  time,  have  found  no  mention  in  any  ancient 
writers.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  v.  18. 

autometric  (a-to-met'rik),  a.   Of  or  pertaining 

to  autometry. 

autometry  (a-tom'e-tri),  n.  [<  Gr.  avrdg,  self, 
+  -jierp'ia.  <  /uirpov,  measure.]  Self-measure- 
ment; self -estimation.    2\\  E.  D. 

automobile  (ii-to-mo'bil),  «.  and  n.  [<Gr.  airdc, 
self,  4-  L.  mobilis,  mobile.]  I.  a.  Self-moving, 
or  self-movable ;  changing  its  own  place,  or 


automobile 

able  to  eft'eet  olaaiige  of  its  own  place ;  as,  an 
aHtomobilc  torpedo. 

II.  u.  A  self-moving  vehicle  designed  to 
travel  on  common  roads;  specifically,  a  wheeled 
vehicle  for  use  on  roads 
without  rails,  which  car- 
ries iu  itself  a  mechanical 
motor,  with  its  source  of 
power.  Automobiles  are  (lis- 
tiuguisheil  from  locomotives  by 
the  fact  that  they  do  not  travel 
on  a  fixed  track,  and  both  from 
loco  mot  i  pes  ami  traction  cw/iitcs 
by  carrying  loads  instead  of 
draw  ing  them  in  other  vehicles. 
The  number  of  wheels  may  be 
two  (bicycle),  three  (tricycle), 
four,  or  more.  Those  with  four 
wheels  (the  commonest  form)  are  Imilt  for  nearly  every 
variety  of  purpose  cif  ordinary  vehicles,  such  as  carriages 
and  cabs  for  two  or  mere  persons,  omnibuses,  merchants' 
delivery-wagons,  ami  di  a\  s.  Automobiles  are  usually  pro- 
vided with  pueuiiiaiic  tires  and  ball  bearings.  The  four- 
wheel  electric  automobile  may  lie  taken  as  a  type  of  these 
vehicles.  The  front  wheels  are  tui  iud  hy  a  steeriiig-liaiidle, 
and  the  rear  or  driving  wheels  are  connected  with  an 
electric  motor  on  the  rear  axle  through  the  medium  of  a 
balance  or  compensating  gear,  so  that  one  wheel  may  re- 
volve slower  than  the  other  iu  turning  the  vehicle.  The 
motor  derives  its  power  from  a  battery  of  storage  cells 
within  the  body  of  the  vehicle,  which  are  coupled  in  par- 
allel or  in  series  for  various  speeds  by  means  of  a  controller 
placed  uiuler  the  vehicle,  and  shifted  from  one  position 
to  another  by  a  hand-lever,  to  which  it  is  connected  hy  a 
ehain-and-sprocket  gear.  In  certain  positions  of  the  con- 
troller the  automobile  is  made  to  run  backward  at  dift'er- 
ent  speeds.  A  foot-lever  is  connected  wiih  band-brakes 
which  act  on  surfaces  formed  on  the  peripheries  of  the 
internal  gears  whicli  are  attached  to  the  driving-wheels. 
The  vehicle  is  provided  witli  meters  for  measuring  the 
electric  current,  and  with  electric  lights  and  an  electric 
gong.  Automobiles  are  named  according  to  the  inimber 
of  wheels,  when  this  is  less  than  four,  as  automobile  bici/cle 
and  automobile  tricycle;  and  according  to  the  kind  of  motor 
used,  as  compressed-air  automobile,  electric  automobile, 


Electric  Automobile. 
(2,  steering  handle:  b,  steering  gear;  c,  storage  battery:  d,  elec- 
tric motor;  e,  controller;  y",  controller  handle;  ^,  compensating 
gear;  k,  speed-reducing  gear :  i,  brake-lever;  brake. 

petrnleum  automol/ile,  and  stemn-automohile. —  Com- 
pressed-air automobile,  an  automobile  which  is  pro- 
pelled by  an  air-motor.— Electric  automobile,  an  auto- 
mobile which  is  propelled  by  an  electric  motor. —  Petro- 
leum automobile,  an  automobile  wliicli  is  propelled  by 
a  motor  of  the  gas-engine  type  that  uses  petroleum,  or  such 
derivatives  of  petroleum  as  gasolene  or  naphtha.  Varia- 
tion of  speed  is  obtained  by  the  use  of  a  change  gear  be- 
tween the  motor  ami  the  driving-wheels,  by  clioking  the 
supply  of  gases  to  or  their  exhaust  from  the  engine,  or  by 
the  use  together  of  two  or  more  of  these  methods.— Stsam- 
automobile,an  automobile  which  is  propelled  by  asteara- 
engiue.  Sti-am-aulomubilessLTe  also  caWei steam-carriages 
ur  steam-waijo7is. 

automobile  (a-to-mo'bil),  v.  i.  To  ride  m  an 
automobile  vehicle.  [Recent.]  Conmojwlitan, 
XXV.  48.5. 

automobilism  (a-to-mo'bil-izm),  n..  The  use  of 

aiitomoliile  vehicles.  fRecent.] 

automolite  (a-tom'6-lit),  «.  [<  Gr.  avTdfiolo^,  a 
deserter,  prop,  adj.,'  going  of  one's  self  (<  avrd^, 
self,  4-  fio'Aeiv,  go,  or  come),  -i-  -ite'^.']  A  name 
sometimes  given  to  gahnite,  from  the  fact  that 
it  contains  a  large  proportion  of  zinc  oxid, 
though  it  has  no  resemblance  to  an  ore.  See 
gahnite.    Also  spelled  aiitomalite. 

automorphic  (a-to-mor'fik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aiiTo/JOp- 
(pog,  self -formed,  natural  (taken  as  'formed  upon 
one's  own  self  or  pattern'),  <  avror,  self,  -I-  /jop- 
^V,  form.]  Framed  or  conceived  after  the  pat- 
tern or  form  of  one's  self.  H.  Spencer,  Study 
of  SoeioL,  p.  114. 

automorphically  (a-to-m6r'fi-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  automorphic  manner.    H.  Spencer. 

automorphism  (a-to-mor'fizm),  n.  [As  auto- 
morpli-ic  +  -ism.'\  The  ascription  of  one's  own 
■sharacteristics  to  another,  or  the  habit  of 
judging  others  or  explaining  their  acts  by 
means  of  analogies  furnished  by  the  knowledge 
of  one's  self. 

autonomic  (a-to-nom'ik),  a.    [As  autonom-om 


.■190 

+  -fc]  Relating  to  autonomy;  ha\nng  tlte 
power  of  self-government;  autonomous;  self- 
governing  ;  independent. 

autonomist  (a-ton'o-mist),  n.  [<  autonomy  + 
One  wiio  advocates  or  favors  the  prin- 
ciple of  autonomy  ;  one  who  desires  home  rule, 
or  self-government  of  the  community  to  which 
he  belongs,  or  of  any  community, 
autonomous  (^^-ton'o-mus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avrdvofioc, 
independent,  of  one's  own  free  will,  <  avrog, 
self,  -f-  vijuiv,  hold  sway,)  vofiog,  law:  see  nome.'\ 
1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  autonomy  or  an  auton- 
omy.—  2.  Independent  in  government;  having 
the  right  of  self-government. 

The  few  brave  men  who  seven  years  back  first  un- 
sheatlied  their  yataghans  amiil  tlie  hills  of  Herzegovina 
did  not  carry  with  them  a  scheme  for  .  .  .  an  auto  no  i  no  us 
province  of  Eastern  Roumelia. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  445. 
3.  Subject  to  its  own  laws ;  specifically,  in  hiol., 
independent  of  any  other  organism ;  not  a  form 
or  stage  of  development  of  some  other  organ- 
ism. 

autonomously  (a-ton'o-mus-li),  adv.  In  an  au- 
tonomous manner  ;  from  one's  own  choice, 
autonomy  (a-ton'o-mi),  n.;  pi.  autonomies 
(-miz).  [<  Gr.  avrovofiia,  independence,  <  avrdvo- 
fiog,  independent:  see  autonotnous.']  1.  The 
power  or  right  of  self-government,  whether  in 
a  community  which  elects  its  own  magistrates 
and  makes  its  own  laws,  or  in  an  individual 
who  acts  according  to  his  own  will. —  2.  A  self- 
governing  community. —  3.  An  autonomous 
condition  ;  the  condition  of  being  subject  only 
to  its  own  laws;  especially,  in  hiol.,  organic 
independence. —  4.  In  the  pliihis.  of  Kant,  the 
doctrine  that  the  moral  law  is  one  which  rea- 
son imposes  upon  itself  a  priori,  that  is,  inde- 
pendently of  sense  and  sense-experience,  and 
is  therefore  absolute  and  immutable :  opposed 
to  hcterononuj  (which  see), 
autonym  (a'to-nim),  n.  [<  Gr.  rairof,  self,  -1- 
ovofja,  dial,  ovvjua,  name.]  1.  One's  own  name ;  a 
real  name:  ojtposed  to  pseudonym  and  anonym. 
— 2.  That  which  bears  one's  own  name,  as  a 
book  published  under  the  author's  real  name. 
—  3.  Tha  self -same  name;  one  and  the  same 
name  for  two  or  more  things ;  a  homonyin. 
[Rare.] 

autopathic  (a-to-path'ik),  a.  [<  autopathy  + 
-ic]  In  patho'l.,  dependent  on  the  original 
structure  and  developmental  tendencies  of  the 
individual;  endopathie,  as  opposed  to  exopath- 
ic:  applied  to  certain  forms  of  disease. 

autopathy  (a-top'a-thi),  n.  [<  Gr.  avroTrddeia, 
one's  own  feeling  or  experience,  <  aiironadr/g, 
speaking  from  one's  own  feeling  or  experience, 

<  airof,  self,  +  Tradog,  feeling,  suffering.]  Ego- 
istic sentiment  or  feeling;  exclusive  self-con- 
sideration. 

Autophagi  (a-tof 'a-jl),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  pi.  of  au- 

tophagus,  self -feeding:  see  autophagous.']  In 
ornith.,  a  name  of  the  precocial  birds  which 
are  able  to  run  about  and  feed  themselves  as 
soon  as  they  are  hatched:  synonymous  with 
PtUopa'dcs  or  Dasypwdes. 

autophagous  (a-tof 'a-gus),  a.  [<  NL.  autopha- 
gus,  self-feeding,  <  dr.  avTo<j>ayo<;,  self-devour- 
ing, <  avTog,  self,  +  ^ayelv,  eat,  devom-.]  1. 
Self-devouring. —  2.  Self-feeding;  capable  of 
feeding  itself,  as  a  precocial ' bird :  equivalent 
in  application  (but  not  in  meaning)  to  hestho- 
genous  or  ptilopwdic,  and  opposed  in  meaning 
to  heterophagous  (which  see). 

autophagy  (a-tof'a-ji),  «.  [=  F.  autophagic ; 
,is  autophag-ous  +  -y.'\  The  act  of  feeding 
upon  one's  self. 

autophoby  (a'to-fo-bi),  n.  [<  Gr.  avTog,  self,  -t- 
-tpofiia,  fear:  see -phobia.']  Fear  of  referring  to 
one's  self;  fear  of  being  egotistical.  Hare. 
[Rare.] 

autophon  (a'tp-fon),  n.  [<  Gr.  avrocpuvog,  self- 
sounding,  <  avTog,  self,  -f  (fi(jv//,  voice,  sound.] 
A  form  of  barrel-organ,  of  which  the  tunes  are 
determined  by  perforations  in  a  sheet  of  mill- 
board cut  to  correspond  with  the  desired  notes. 
E.  H.  Kniglit. 

autophony  (a-tof'o-ni),  n.  [<  NL.  autophonia 
(in  form  as  if  <  Gr.  avTo(j>uvia,  the  voice  itself), 

<  Gr.  ahrdipuvog,  self -sounding :  see  autophon.'] 
In  auscultation,  the  character  of  the  sound  of 
the  auscultator's  own  voice  when  his  head  is 
placed  against  the  chest  of  the  patient.  When 
there  is  a  large  cavity  this  sound  may  be  ren- 
dered of  greater  intensity  than  is  normal. 

autophthalmoscope  (a-tof-thal  'mo-skop),  n. 


autositarius 

[<  Gr.  abroi-,  seK,  +  ophthalmoscope]  An  in- 
strument by  which  one  may  inspect  the  interior 
or  one's  own  eyes. 

autophyllogeny  (a"t9-fi-loj'e-ni),  w.  [<  Gr.  av- 
Tor,  self,  +  (pl/AAov,  leaf,  4-  -yeveia,  production: 
see  -gcny.]  A  term  proposed  by  Morren  for 
the  abnonnal  growth  of  leaves  from  leaves. 

autopisty  (a'to-pis-ti),  n.  [<  Gr.  avTomuTor, 
credible  in  itself,  <  airdg,  self,  +  iricrog,  credi- 
ble, worthy  of  belief,  <  nuduv,  mdeiv,  persuade  ] 
Worthiness  of  belief  from  internal  evidence; 
the  quality  of  credibility  existing  in  a  state- 
ment itself,  independently  of  external  evidence 
or  corroboration.  [Rare.] 

autoplast  (a'to-plast),  n.  [<  Gr.  avT6-!T?iaaToc, 
self-formed,  <  airdc,  self,  -I-  TrAotTrof,  verbal  adj. 
of  TTAaaaeiv,  form.]  In  embryol,  an  autogenous 
cell,  that  is,  a  cell  which  appears  to  take  form 
spontaneously  in  the  yolk  of  an  ovum,  not  by 
fission  or  the  regular  process  of  cleavage  of  the 
vitellus. 

autoplastic  (a-to-pias'tik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
autoplasty. 

autoplasty  (a'to-plas-ti),  ».  [As  autoplast  + 
-y.]  In  surg.,  an  operation  by  which  lesions  ac- 
companied with  loss  of  substance  are  repaired 
by  means  of  healthy  portions  of  tissue  taken 
from  another  part  of  the  patient,  and  made  to 
supply  the  deficiencj.    See  rhinoplasty. 

autopolygraph  (a-to-pol'i-graf ),  n.  [<  Gr. 
self,  -I-  polygraph.]    An  autographic  printing 
process.    £.  U.  Enight. 

lutopsiat  (a-top'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avroTpia,  a 
seeing  with  one's  own  eyes,  <  alTOTTToc,  seen  by 
one's  self,  <  avrog,  self,  -I-  oTrrdf,  seen  (cf.  oijjig, 
sight):  see  optic]    Same  as  autoj^y,  1. 

It  is  no  small  undertaking  for  a  man  ...  to  begin  a 
natural  history  from  his  own  autopsia.        Gilbert  White. 

autopsic  (a-top'sik),  a.  [<  autopsia  +  -ic] 
1.  Same  as  autoptic. —  2.  In  7ned.,  pertaining 
to  or  obtained  by  means  of  an  autopsy. 

autopsical  (a-top'si-kal),  a.   Same  as  autopsic. 

autopsically  (a-top'si-kal-i),  adr.  Same  as 
autoptically. 

autopsy  (a'top-si),  n.  [<  autopsia,  q.  v.]  1. 
A  seeing  for  one's  self ;  personal  ocular  obser- 
vation, inspection,  or  examination.  Specifi- 
cally—  2.  In  pathol.  and  anat.,  dissection  and 
inspection  of  a  dead  body  to  discover  the  cause 
of  death,  or  the  site  and  character  of  the  dis- 
ease of  which  the  person  died ;  post-mortem 
examination;  a  post-mortem. 

autoptic  (a-top'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avTOTrrrndg,  <  av- 
TOTTTog,  seen  by  one's  self:  see  autop.sia.]  Seen 
with  one's  own  eyes;  relating  to  or  based  on 
autopsy  or  personal  observation:  as,  autoptic 
evidence.    Also  written  autopsic. 

autoptical  (a-top'ti-kal),  a.   Same  as  autoptic. 

autoptically  (a-top'ti-kal-i),  adr.  In  an  au- 
toptic manner;  by  ocular  view  or  one's  own 
observation.    Also  written  autopsically. 

autort,       An  obsolete  form  of  author. 

autorialf,  a.    An  obsolete  form  of  authorial. 

autorityt,       An  obsolete  form  of  authority. 

autoschediasm  (a  -  to  -  ske '  di  -  azm),  n.  [<  Gr. 
avToax^iiaofia,  work  (lone  offhand  (ef.  avToax^- 
ihaapiog,  extemporaneous  speaking),  <  avToax^- 
iidCeiv:  see  autoschediaze.]  An  oft'hand  act  o^ 
performance ;  something  hastily  improvised. 

autoschediastic  (a"to-ske-di-as'tik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
avTOGxeSianrcKog,  offhand,  extemporaneous,  < 
avToaxs'^iaaryg,  one  who  acts  or  speaks  offhand, 
<  ai>Toox^SLaC,ELv,  do,  act,  or  speak  offhand:  see 
autoschediaze.]  Slight;  hasty;  not  fully  con- 
sidered; done  hastily  or  on  the  spur  of  the 
moment. 

autoschediastical  (a'to-ske-di-as'ti-kal),  a. 

Same  as  autoschediastic.    Dean  Martin. 

autoschediaze  (a-to-ske'di-az),  v.  ?. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  autoschediazed,  ppr.  autoscJiediazing.  [<  Gr. 
avToaxe^i-o.L,£i.v,  do,  act,  or  speak  offhand,  < 
avToaxediog,  offhand,  <  avrog,  self,  -I-  ax^^iog, 
near,  sudden,  offhand:  see  schediastic]  To 
improvise  or  extemporize. 

autOSCOpe  (a'to-skop),  «.  [<  Gr.  aiirSg,  self,  + 
CKO-KEiv,  view.]  An  instrument  invented  by 
Coecius  for  the  self-examination  of  the  eye. 
Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

autOSCOpy  (a-tos'ko-pi),  n.  [<  Gr.  ahrdg,  self, 
-I-  -aicoTria,  <  aKoirelv,  view.]  In  med.,  the  ex- 
amination of  one's  self,  as  by  the  autoscope  or 
the  autolaryngoscope. 

autositarius  (a"to-si-ta'ri-us),  n. ;  pi.  autositarii 
(-i).  [NL.,  as  autosite,  q.  v.,  +  -arius.]  In 
teratol.,  either  part  of  a  double  monster  which 
is  foi-med  by  the  junction  of  two  equally  de- 


autositarius 


391 


avail 


veloped  individuals,  as  by  means  of  the  umbili- 
cus. 

autosite  (a'to-sit),  n.  [<  Gr.  avrdoiro^,  bringing 
one's  own  pro  visions, <  avT6g,  self,  +  Tirof,  food.] 
In  terutoJ.,  that  twin  in  an  unequal  double 
monster  which  furnishes  nutriment  to  the 
other,  the  latter  being  called  the  parasite  or 
jjamsitic  tivin. 

autostylic  (a-to-sti'lik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avrocrvTiog, 
resting  on  natural  columns,  <  avrSc,  self,  + 
cTv'Aog,  column:  see  sti/le^.l  In  atiat.,  having 
no  separate  suspensorium  or  distinct  suspen- 
sory apparatus  of  the  lower  jaw, 

autotemna,        Plural  of  autotemno^i. 

autotemnic(a-t9-tem'nik),  a.  [<  autotoimon  + 
-/(•.]    Same  as  atitoteniitous.  Hyatt. 

autotenmon  (a-to-tem'non),  H.;  pi,  autotemna 
(-na),     [NL.,  irreg.  (better  *autoton)on)  <  Gr. 

\  aiiTog,  self,  -I-  rtiiviiv,  To/uetv,  cut.]  In  bioL,  a 
cell  considered  as  an  organism  capable  of  self- 
division.  [Rare.]  Hyatt,  Proe.  Bost,  Soc. 
Nat,  Hist,,  1884,  p.  143. 

autotemnous  (a-to-tem'nus),  a.  [Irreg.  <  Gr. 
avToc;,  self,  +  re/ivav,  raue'cv,  cut,  +  -OMS.]  Self- 
dividing;  capable  of  spontaneous  fission:  ap- 
plied to  a  cell  or  autotemnou  which  propagates 
itself  by  fission  and  not  by  impregnation.  Com- 
mon tissue-ci?Us  of  all  kiiuls  are  autotemnous,  as  are 
spermatocysts  and  spermatozoa,  and  also  ova  that  divide 
before  the  union  of  male  and  female  nuclei.  Division 
subsequent  to  such  union  constitutes  an  embryo.  The 
protozoans  are  autotenmous  while  growing  by  fission,  but 
are  embryos  or  form-spores  thereafter.    Also  autntemiiic. 

autotheism  (a'to-the-izm),  n.  [<  Gr.  aii-odeog, 
very  God,  <  avroc,  self,  +  Qeor,  God.]  1.  The 
doctrine  of  the  self-existence  of  God;  specifi- 
cally, the  ascription  of  self -existence  to  the 
second  person  of  the  Trinity.  [Rare.] — 2. 
Assumption  of  divine  powers;  self-deification; 
excessive  self-esteem.    NUieteentli  Century. 

ailtotheist  (a'to-the-ist),  n.  [<  autothe-ism  + 
-ist.']  1.  One  who  believes  in  autotheism. —  2. 
One  who  ascribes  to  himself  the  possession  of 
divine  powers. 

He  begins  to  mistake  more  and  more  the  voice  of  that 
very  flesh  of  his,  which  he  fancies  he  has  conquered,  for 
the  voice  of  God,  and  to  become  without  knowing  it  an 
autotheist.  Kingsley,  Alton  Locke,  Pref. 

autotomic  (a-to-tom'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  av-6r,  self, 
-I-  Toiiog,  cutting,  <  TEfxveiv,  rafxelv,  cut.]  Self- 
intersecting,  as  a  line  or  trace.    N.  E.  D. 

autotype  (a'to-tip),  w.  [<  .Gr.  avrog,  self,  + 
Tv-og,  a  stamp,  type.]  1.  The  trade-name  of  a 
certain  photographic  process  for  producing  per- 
manent prints  in  a  carbon  pigment.  It  is  much 
used  for  reproducing  works  of  art. — 2.  A  pic- 
ture made  by  this  process. —  3.  A  copy;  are- 
production  in  facsimile.  Kingsley. 

autotype  (a'to-tip),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  auto- 
typed, ppr.  autotyping.  [<  autotype,  ?;.]  To 
reproduce  by  means  of  the  autotype  process, 
or  in  facsimile. 

autotypic  (a-to-tip'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  an 
autotype,  or  produced  by  the  autotype  process. 

autotypography  (a"to-ti-pog'ra-fi),  n.  [<  Gr. 
avTog,  self,  +  typography. '\  A^ny  process  by 
means  of  which  drawings,  manuscripts,  etc., 
can  be  transferred  directly  to  a  plate  or  material 
from  which  impressions  can  be  taken;  espe- 
cially, a  process  by  which  autographs  executed 
in  a  special  ink  are  transferred  to  a  plate  of 
zinc,  which  is  then  etched  and  prepared  for 
printing  on  an  ordinary  press.  See  zincography. 

autrefois,  adv.    See  auterfoits. 

autumn  (a'tum),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  azt- 
tomc,  <  ME.  autumpne,  <  OF.  autompne,  mod.  F. 
aMto«iKe  =  Sp.  otono  =  Pg.  outono  =  lt.  autunno, 
<  L.  atitumnus,  less  correctly  auctumnus,  au- 
tumn, perhaps  related  to  avere,  be  well,  Skt. 
•\/  av,  satisfy  one's  self.  The  old  derivation 
from  a%igere,  increase,  is  not  now  accepted.] 
1.  The  third  season  of  the  year,  or  the  season 
between  summer  and  winter:  often  called /aZ/, 
as  being  the  time  of  the  falling  of  the  leaves. 

Astronomically  it  begins  at  the  autumnal  equinox,  about 
the  22d  of  September,  when  the  sun  enters  Libra,  and  ends 
at  the  winter  solstice,  about  the  21st  of  December,  when 
the  sun  enters  Capricorn.  In  popular  language  autumn  is 
regarded  in  North  America  as  comprising  September,  Oc- 
tober, and  November,  but  in  Great  Britain,  August,  Sep- 
tember, and  October. 

FigTiratively  —  2.  A  period  of  maturity,  or  of 
incipient  decay,  abatement,  or  decline :  as,  the 
autumn  of  life. 

Dr.  Preston  was  now  entering  into  the  autumn  of  the 
duke's  favour.  Fuller. 

autumnal  (a-tum'nal),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  autim- 
nalis,  auctumnaHs,  (.  'autumnus :  see  autumn  and 
-aJ.]  I.  a.  1.  Belonging  to  autumn;  produced 
or  gathered  in  autumn:  as,  autumnal  fruits. 


Figuratively  —  2.  Belonging  to  a  period  corre- 
sponding to  autumn  in  the  year;  hence,  past 
the  middle  stage  of  life:  as,  "an  autiaiinal  ma- 
tron," Hawthorne  Autumnal  equinox,  the  time 

when  the  sun  crosses  the  c(iuator  as  lie  jiroceeds  south- 
ward. This  happens  about  the  22d  of  September.  See 
equinox. —  Autumnal  plumage,  in  onn'th.,  the  i)lumage 
acquired  by  a  bird  after  the  first  molt,  wlien  that  in  whicli 
the  liird  leaves  the  nest  is  exchanged  for  another;  the 
l)luniage  of  an  annotine  ;  also,  that  subse<iuently  acquired 
eacli  autunm  Ijy  such  birds  as  molt  at  that  season  as  well 
as  in  spring,  or  have  what  is  termed  the  double  molt.— 
Autumnal  signs,  the  signs  Lilira,  Scorpio,  and  Sagit- 
tarius, through  which  the  sun  passes  diu'ing  the  autunm, 
astronomically  considered. 

II.  n.  A  plant  that  flowers  in  autumn, 
autumn-bells  (a'tum-bclz),  «.    A  name  given 
to  a  European  gentian,  Gentiana  Pncumonanthe, 
from  its  bell-shaped  flowers  and  their  season  of 
opening. 

autumnian  (a-tum'ni-an),  a.  [<  autumn  + 
-ian.~\    Autumnal.  [Rare.] 

Jlethinks  already 
I  grasp  best  part  of  the  autumnian  blessing. 

MidcUeton,  Michaelmas  Term,  Ind. 

autumnity  (a-tum'ni-ti),  n.  [<  L.  autumnitas, 
the  season  of  autumn,  harvest,  <  autumnus,  au- 
tumn.] The  season  of  autumn ;  quality  or  con- 
dition characteristic  of  autumn.  [Rare.] 

Draughts  of  sweet  autumnity.    Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  iii.  1. 

autunite  (a'tun-it),  n.  [<  Autun,  a  city  in  Bur- 
gundy, France,  +  -ife2.]  A  native  hydrous 
phosphate  of  uranium  and  calcium,  occurring 
in  tabular  crystals,  nearly  square  in  form,  and 
of  a  citron  or  sulphur-yellow  color,  it  is  usually 
foinid  with  other  uranium  minerals,  often  as  a  result  of 
the  decomposition  of  uraninite  or  pitch-blende.  It  is 
closely  related  to  the  phosphate  of  uranium  and  copper, 
torbernite  or  copper  uranite,  in  distinction  from  which  it 
is  called  lime  uranite,  and  also  simply  uranite. 

auturgy  (a'ter-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  avrovpyia,  <  av-og, 
self,  +  Ipyov,  .work.  Cf.  chirurgeon.']  Work 
with  one's  own  hands ;  self-action.  [Rare.] 

Auvergnat  (F.  pron.  6-var-nya'),  n.  [F.,  < 
Aurergne.']  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of 
Auvergne,  a  former  province  in  the  central 
part  of  France,  nearly  corresponding  to  the 
modern  departments  of  Cantal  and  Puy-de- 
Dome. —  2.  A  French  wine  of  a  deep-red  color, 
made  near  Orleans:  so  called  from  the  name 
of  the  variety  of  grape. 

auxt,  n.    See  aiige. 

auxanometer  (ak-sa-nom'e-ter),  n.  [Irreg.  < 
Gr.  ai'^dveiv,  grow,  +  jitTpov,  measure.]  An  in- 
strument for  measuring,  or  for  measuring  and 
recording,  the  growth  of  plants,  in  the  arc  auxa- 
nometer  this  is  done  with  the  aid  of  an  index  moving  over 
a  vertical  arc  of  a  circle. 

Auxerre  (6-zar'),  n.  [F.]  A  general  name 
often  given  to  the  Biu'gundy  wines  produced 
near  the  city  of  Auxerre,  in  the  department  of 
Yonne. 

auxesis  (ak-se'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av^rjaig,  in- 
crease, amplification,  <  av^eiv,  av^dveiv  (cf.  L. 
augere),  increase,  =  E.  wax:  see  auction  and 
vj«j;i.]  1.  In  rhet.,  amplification;  exaggera- 
tion; hyperbole;  the  use  of  a  more  unusual 
and  high-sounding  word  for  the  ordinary  and 
proper  word. —  2.  In  math.,  the  ratio  in  which 
the  element  of  a  figure  has  to  be  magnified  to 
make  it  conform  to  the  corresponding  element 
of  a  conformable  figure. 

auxetic  (ak-set'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  ah^riTiKdg,  <  aif;?- 
rof,  verbal  adj.  of  av^dvEiv,  increase:  see  aiixe- 
sis.~\  Pertaining  to  auxesis;  amplifying;  in- 
creasing. 

This  auxetic  power  of  the  preposition. 

Dr.  Hutchinson,  Sermon  on  Cerem.  Law,  p.  8,  note. 

auxetically  (ak-set'i-kal-i),  adv.  By  auxesis 
or  amplification. 

auxiliantt  (ag-zil'iant),  a.  [<  L.  auxilian{t-)s, 
pi^r.  of  auxiliari,  help:  see  auxiliate.l  Auxil- 
iary; affording  help  or  assistance. 

auxiliar  (ag-zil'iar),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  auxiliaris, 
helping,  aiding,  <  auxilium,  help,  aid,  <  augere, 
increase.]    I.  a.  Helping;  auxiliary. 

Ostorius,  thougli^yet  not  strengthen'd  with  his  Legions, 
causes  the  auxiliar  Bands,  his  Troops  also  allighting,  to 
assault  the  rampart.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

There  Athens  sat,  as  in  the  foretime,  on  her  citadel 
rock,  in  sight  of  her  auxiliar  sea,  crowned,  garlanded, 
wanton.  Ji.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  ISO. 

II.  n.  An  auxiliary:  usually  in  the  plural, 
auxiliary  troops. 
My  auxiliars  and  allies. 

Sir  H.  Taylor,  Ph.  van  Art.,  II.,  v.  1. 
Mighty  were  the  auxiliars  which  then  stood 
Upon  our  side,  we  who  were  strong  in  love  ! 
Bliss  was  it  in  that  dawn  to  be  alive. 
But  to  be  young  was  very  heaven  ! 

Wordsworth,  French  Revolution. 

[Archaic  in  both  uses.] 


auziliarly  (ag-zil'iar-li),  adv.'  By  means  of  aid 
or  help.  Coleridge" 

auxiliary  (ag-zil'ia-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  auxi- 
liurius,  equiv.  to  duxiliariH,  helping:  see  auxil- 
iar.'] I.  a.  Helping;  aiding;  assisting;  giv- 
ing support  or  succor ;  hejice,  subsidiary;  addi- 
tional: as,  iiufiliary  tt'oojis;  nu.riliari/  tiiigincf^. 
—  Auxiliary  bishop,  auxiliary  buffer-spring,  auxil- 
iary chaplain,  etc.  Sec  till- iioiin.s.  Auxiliary  circle, 
in  cunic  sections,  a  circle  having  its  cciiti  r  at  tlic  center 
of  a  conic,  which  it  touclics  at  the  c.Miciaities  of  the 
transverse  diameter.  — Auxiliary  quantity,  in  math.,  a 
([uantity  introduce<l  to  simplify  or  facilitate  an  npcration, 
as  may  be  done  in  eipiations  or  trigonometry.  —  Auxiliary 
scales,  in  music,  the  six  keys  or  scales,  consisting  of  any 
key  major,  with  its  relative  minor,  and  the  attenilaiit  keys 

of  each.— Auxiliary  screw.    See  .wreif.- Auxiliary 

verb,  a  verb  that  assists  in  the  conjugation  of  other  verbs. 
See  II.,  3. 

II.  ?(.;  pi.  auxiliaries  (-viz).  [<  L.  auxilin- 
rius,  n.]  1.  A  helper;  an  assistant;  a  confed- 
erate in  some  action,  enterprise,  or  undertak- 
ing; an  aid  of  any  kind. 

A(iuatint  is  seldom  practiced  by  itself ;  it  is  rather  an 
auxiliary  to  line-etching.  P.  G.  IJamerton. 

Specifically — 2.  pi.  Foreign  troops  in  the  ser- 
vice of  a  nation  at  war. 

Tlie  Eleians  often  engaged  as  auxiliaries  in  the  wars  of 
other  states,  on  pretence  of  asserting  t!ie  cause  of  religion. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  IV'.  512. 

3.  In  gram.,  a  verb  used  in  forming,  with  the 
infinitive  and  participles  of  other  verbs,  plirases 
having  the  value  of,  or  a  value  analogous  to  that 
of,  modes  and  tenses:  thus,  I  do  love,  I  have 
loved,  I  shall  love,  I  am  loved. —  4.  In  math., 
an  auxiliary  quantity  (which  see,  under  I.), 
auxiliatef  (ag-zil'iat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  auxiliatus, 
pp.  of  auxiliari,  help,  <  auxilium,  help:  see 
auxiliar.']    To  aid  or  assist. 

He  [Day]  then  fell  into  a  disputation  with  Cranmer  and 
Goodrich,  in  which  he  repeated  his  former  Scripture,  and 
auxiliated  it  with  another. 

R.  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  xvii. 

auxiliatoryf  (ag-zil'ia-to-ri),  a.  and  n.    [<  L.  . 

as  if  *auxiliatorius,  <  auxiliator,  a  helper,  < 
auxiliari,  pp.  auxiliatus,  help,  <  auxilium,  help.J 
I.  a.  Helping;  aiding;  auxiliary. 

Masses  both  auxiliatory  and  expiatoiy. 

Sir  E.  Sandys,  State  of  Religion. 

II,  n.  A  help ;  an  aid ;  in  the  plural,  auxilia- 
ries. 

There  were  no  such  auxiliatories  within  the  walls. 

if.  Watson,  Hist.  Philip  II. 

auxometer  (ak-som'e-ter),  n.  [Irreg.  <  Gr. 
ah^uv,  increase,  ■\-  fierpov,  measure.  Cf.  auxa- 
nometer.] An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
magnifying  powers  of  an  optical  in.strument. 

auxospore  (ak'so-spor),  n.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  ah^ccv, 
grow,  +  cTrdpog,  seed,  oft'spring.]  In  the  Diato- 
macecc,  an  enlarged  individual,  formed  either 
asexually,  by  the  growth  of  the  protoplasm  at- 
tended by  renewal  of  the  silicious  envelop,  or 
sexually,  by  the  union  of  the  contents  of  two 
separate  cells. 

auxotonic  (ak-so-ton'ik),  a.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  av^eiv, 
grow,  -f  roi-of,  tension,  tone.]  Determined  by 
growth  :  in  bot.,  applied  to  those  movements  of 
plants  which  are  the  result  of  growth,  in  dis- 
tinction from  those  of  matured  organs  influ- 
enced by  stimulation.    See  allassotonic. 

ava^  (a'va),  n.  [Also  called  Icava,  kawa;  a 
native  name.]  A  fermented  drink  iised  in  the 
South  Sea  islands,  made  from  the  roots  of  the 
Fiper  methysticum.    See  kava. 

ava^  (a'va),  n.  A  name  of  the  topaz  humming- 
bird, Topa::a  pella. 

ava'  (a-va'))  adv.  Scotch  for  of  a',  that  is,  of 
all,  frequently  used  in  the  sense  of  at  all. 

avadavat  (av'^a-da-vaf),  n.  Same  as  amada- 
vat. 

avalii(av'a-hi),  M.  [Native  name.]  The  woolly 
lemur,  or  long-tailed  indri,  of  Madagascar,  Ava- 
his  laniger;  the  ampongue. 

Avahis  (av'a-his),  n.  [NL.,  <  avalii.]  A  genus 
of  lemurs,  containing  the  ampongue,  avahi,  or 
woolly  lemur  of  Madagascar,  A.  laniger:  a  syn- 
onym of  Microrhynchus  (which  see). 

avaiP  (a-val'),  v.  [<  ME.  availen,  <  OF.  a-  (for 
L.  ad-)  +  valer,  valoir,  be  of  value  or  use,  <  L. 
valere,  to  be  strong,  to  be  worth:  see  value.] 

1.  intrans.  1.  To  have  value  or  use;  be  of 
service  or  advantage ;  give  profit :  as,  wealth 
avails  little  to  a  castaway. 

The  effectual  fervent  prayer  of  a  righteous  man  a  pa  ileth 
much.  Jas.  v.  16. 

2.  To  have  force  or  efficacy;  serve  for  a  pur- 
pose ;  give  aid  toward  an  end :  as,  his  cries 
availed  to  bring  relief. 

The  tiling  to  be  taught  has  availed  to  obscure  or  even 
to  annihilate  for  their  eyes  every  anxiety  as  to  the  mode 
of  teaching.  Dc  Quincey,  Style,  i. 


avail 

St.  To  take  or  liraw  advantage ;  make  use  or 
profit. 

But  liow  out  of  this  can  she  avail? 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 
II.  trans.  1.  To  be  for  the  advantage  of; 
assist  or  profit:  as,  what  will  skill  avail  us 
against  niunbers  ? 
Yet  all  this  acaileth  me  nothing.  Esther  v.  13. 

All  the  songs  and  newspapers  and  money-subscriptions 
and  vituperations  of  such  as  do  not  think  with  us,  will 
avail  nothing  against  a  fact. 

Einersun,  West  Indian  Emancipation. 
"  God  save  us !"  cried  the  captain, 
"For  naught  can  man  avail." 

Whitlier,  The  Mantle  of  St.  John  De  Matha. 

2t.  To  promote;  prosper;  assist:  said  of  things. 
Meantime  he  voyaged  to  explore  the  will 
Of  Jove  on  high  Dodona's  holy  hill. 
What  means  might  best  his  safe  retm-n  avail.  Pope. 

3.  To  advantage  ;  profit ;  give  the  benefit  to : 
used  reflexively,  with  of:  as,  he  availed  himself 
of  the  opportunity.    [Often  iised  eolloquiaHy 
in  the  United  States  without  the  pronoun.] 
Then  shall  they  seek  t'  avail  the^njiehvti  o/"  names, 
Places  and  titles.  Milton,  P.  L.,  .\ii.  615. 

The  theatre  avails  itself  of  the  best  talent  of  poet,  of 
painter,  and  of  amateur  of  taste,  to  make  the  ensemble  of 
dramatic  ert'ect.  Emcrsun,  Misc.,  p.  396. 

To  avail  one's  self  byt,  to  avail  one  s  self  of. 

And  my  peculiar  profit  persuaded  me,  sometimes,  to 
avail  myself  hy  their-  folly.  Sanford. 

availi  (a-val'),  n.    [<  ME.  avails,  <  availen :  see 
avail,  V.']    1.  Advantage,  profit,  or  benefit,  in 
a  general  sense;  also,  value  or  estimation. 
[Obsolete  or  archaic.] 
The  avail  of  a  death-bed  repentance.         Jer.  Taylor. 
Thy  pardon ;  I  but  speak  for  thine  avail. 

Tennyson,  Gareth  and  Lynette. 

2.  Efficacy  for  a  purpose ;  advantage  to  an 
object  or  end:  now  used  chiefly  in  negative 
phrases,  or  sentences  of  negative  import:  as, 
of  little  or  no  avail ;  I  doubt  whether  it  will  be 
of  much  avail. 

But  Cranstoun's  lance,  of  more  avail, 
Pierced  through,  like  silk,  the  Borderer's  mail ; 
Tlu:ough  shield,  and  jack,  and  acton  passed. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  iii.  6. 

3.  pi.  Profits  or  proceeds :  as,  the  avails  of  a 
sale  by  auction — Avail  of  marriage,  in  Scots  law, 
a  sum  payable  to  the  superior  by  the  heir  of  a  deceased 
ward- vassal  on  his  becoming  marriageable.  =3301.  1  and 
2.  Use,  utility,  service. —  3.  Returns. 

avaiPt,  V.    See  avale. 

availability  (a-va-la-bil'i-ti),  n.  \<  available: 
see  -hilitij.']  The  state"  of  being  available; 
suitableness  for  the  accomplishment  of  a  given 
purpose;  capability  of  advantageous  use  or 
emplojTnenl:  as,  the  availability  of  a  candidate 
for  ofiBlce,  or  of  a  proposed  method. 

available  (a-va'la-bl),  a.  [<  ME.  avaylable ;  < 
avail^  + -able.']  1.  Profitable;  advantageous; 
having  efficacy. 

Those  who  will  consult  him  [Fourier)  for  no  other  rea- 
son, might  do  so  to  see  how  the  energies  of  Woman  may 
be  made  available  in  the  pecuniary  way. 

Marg.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  124. 

2.  Having  sufficient  power,  force,  or  efficacy 
for  the  object ;  valid. 

Laws  human  are  available  by  consent.  Hooker. 
She  knows  no  commendation  is  more  available  with 
thee  than  that  of  proper  virtue. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 

3.  Capable  of  being  used  or  employed  with 
advantage  ;  attainable ;  accessible ;  at  one's 
disposal:  as,  his  resources  were  not  available 
at  the  time. 

The  whole  army  is  called  700,000  men,  but  of  these  only 
80,000  can  be  reckoned  available.  Brougham. 

We  do  not  choose  our  own  candidate,  no,  nor  any  other 
man's  first  choice,— but  only  the  available  candidate, 
whom,  perhaps,  no  man  loves.       Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  401. 

Advailahlc  is  a  rare  and  obsolete  form, 
availableness  (a-va'la-bl-nes),  w.  1.  The  state 
of  being  available ;  capability  of  being  used ; 
power  or  efficacy  in  promoting  an  end  in  view. 
[Rare.] 

The  efficacy,  or  availableness,  ...  or  suitableness  of 
these  reductives  to  the  end  proposed. 

Sir  M.  Hale,  Orig.  of  Mankind,  p.  225. 

2.  Competent  power;  legal  force;  validity: 
as,  the  availableness  of  a  title. 

availably  (a-va'la-bli),  adv.  In  an  available 
manner;  so  as  to  be  used  with  efficacy;  profit- 
ably; advantageously;  validly;  efficaciously. 

availingly  (a-va'ling-li),  adv.  In  an  availing 
manner;  successfully. 

It  [the  Bible]  is  worshipped  with  a  positive  idolatry,  in 
extenuation  of  whose  gross  fanaticism  its  intrinsic  beauty 
pleads  availingly  with  the  man  of  letters  and  the  scholar. 

Faber,  in  Dublin  Rev.,  June,  1853. 


392 

availment  (a-val'ment),  n.  [<  avaiV-,  v.,  + 
-mcnt.]  Profit;  efficacy;  successful  issue. 
Bailey.  [Kare.] 

avail  (a'val),  a.  [<  L.  avKs,  grandfather,  + 
-rt?.]    Kelating  to  gi-andparents. 

The  rare  opportunities  of  authentic  verification  of  spe- 
cial parental  or  aval  recollections.  Science,  III.  34.'i. 

aval2  (a-val'),  n.  [F.,  an  indorsement,  gu:n- 
auty,  <  d  val,  at  the  bottom:  see  avale.']  In 
Canada,  an  act  of  suretyship  or  guaranty  on  a 
promissory  note. 

avalanche  (av'a-laneh),  V.  [<  F.  avalanche 
(also  avalan(je),\i\&\.  form  (Swiss  evalanclie)  of 
*avalance  (ML.  avalantia),  lit.  descent,  <  avaler, 
let  fall  down:  see  avale  and  -ance.]  1.  The 
fall  or  sliding  down  of  a  mass  of  snow  or 
ice  from  a  mountain-slope.  The  sliding  <iowM  of 
ordinary  snow  is,  in  high  snow-eovered  mountains,  an 
event  of  fre(|ueiit  occurrence,  and  is  generally  not  dauLtcr- 
ous  or  destructive,  since  it  mostly  takes  ]ilace  high  above 
habitations  and  forests.  Partly  consolidated  snow,  or 
neve,  howfvei-,  is  sometimes  set  in  motion  in  large  qn;\u- 
titles,  and  suuh  an  oi-currence  may  be  pii>ductive  of  very 
serious  injury,  especially  to  the  forests  below.  Small  gla- 
ciers sometimes  detacli  themselves  from  their  rocky  beds 
and  fall  into  the  valley  below ;  such  events  are  rare,  but 
have  sometimes  been  attended  by  very  disastrous  results. 
The  more  terrible  catastrophes  w'luch  have  occurred,  and 
by  which,  especially  in  the  Alps,  whole  villages  have  been 
buried,  have  been  due  to  the  sliding  down  of  a  portion  of 
the  rock  itself  nf  which  the  mountain  was  formed.  These 
"rock-avalanches, "as  they  are  sometimes  called,  are  more 
properly  denominated  land-slips  or  laud-slides.  See  land- 
slip, land-slide. 

Around  his  [Mont  Blanc's]  waist  are  forests  braced. 

The  avalanche  in  his  hand ; 
But  ere  it  fall,  that  thniulering  ball 

Must  pause  at  my  command.    Byron,  Manfred,  i.  1. 

Hence  —  2.  Anything  resembling  an  avalanche 
in  suddenness  and  destructiveness :  as,  an  ava- 
lanche of  misfortunes, 
avalet  (a-val'),  v.  [<  ME.  avalen,  aiwalen,  <  OP. 
avaler,  avaller  (=  Pr.  avalar  =  Olt.  avallare), 
come  down,  let  down,  <  a  val,  do-vvnward,  <  L. 
ad  vallem,  lit.  to  the  valley:  ad,  to;  valleni,  aec. 
of  valles,  valley,  vale:  see  vale.  Cf.  amount,  < 
L.  ad  montem,  to  the  hill ;  down,  adown,  <  AS. 
o/dwHe,  from  the  hill.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  come 
dovm;  fall. 

A  rayn  from  hevene  gan  avale. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  626. 

2.  To  descend;  dismount. 

They  .  .  .  from  their  sweaty  Coursers  did  avale. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  ix.  10. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  lower;  uncover;  take  off,  as 
a  vizor  or  hood.  Chaucer. 

Ilodid  men  were  cleped  thanne  the  Lolardis,  that  wold 
never  avale  here  hood  in  presens  of  the  Sacrament. 

Capgrave's  Chron.,  p.  245,  an.  1387.    Quoted  in  G.  P. 

[Marsh's  Hist.  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  7. 

2.  To  let  down ;  lower,  as  a  sail ;  cause  to  de- 
scend: as,  "hath his  saileamted,"  Gower,  Conf. 
Amant.,  viii. 

By  that,  the  welked  Phoebus  gan  availe 
His  weary  waine.  Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  Jan. 

Thou  seest  my  lowly  saile. 
That  froward  fortune  doth  ever  availe. 

Spejiser,  Shep.  Cal.,  Sept. 

3.  To  make  low  or  abject;  depress;  degrade, 
avalite  (av'a-lit),  n.  [<  Avala  (see  def.)  +  -ite^.] 

A  silicate  containing  chromium,  occurring  in 
emerald-green  scales  at  the  mercury-mines  of 
Mount  Avala.  near  Belgi-ade. 
Avallon  (a-va-16n'),  n.  [F.]  A  French  wine 
of  good  quality,  named  from  the  town  of  Aval- 
lon in  the  department  of  Yonne.  There  are  sev- 
eral varieties,  named  locally  from  the  various  vineyards. 
These  wines  are  free  from  sweetness,  and  are  often  sold 
under  the  name  of  Chablis. 

avanceif,  v.    A  Middle  English  form  of  advance. 
avance^t,  «.    Obsolete  form  of  afvcns. 
avaneh  (a-va'ue),  n.    A  light  scarf  or  sash, 
generally  of  silk,  worn  in  Asia  Minor  and  Syria 
as  a  girdle,  or  twisted  aroimd  the  tarboosh  to 
form  the  turban. 

avania  (a-va'ni-a),  n.  [Formerly  also  avarria, 
avaria,  also  aven'y,  <  F.  avanie  =  It.  Pg.  avania, 
<  NGr.  a(iavia,  Turk.  Ar.  awdni,  also  awdri,  also 
'awdn,'aivdnia ;  origin  uncertain.]  An  imposi- 
tion by  the  (Turkish)  government;  compulsory 
tax;  government  exaction;  "aid,"  "benevo- 
lence" (Marsh);  specifically  (as  applied  by 
Christians),  an  extortionate  exaction  or  tax 
levied  by  the  Turks.  N.  E.  D. 
avanious  (a-va'ni-us),  a.  [<  avania  +  -ous.] 
Extortionate. 

avantt  (a-vanf),  n.    [Abbr.  of  avant-garde, 
q.  v.]    The  front  of  an  army;  the  van. 
avant-.    [<  F.  avant  =  Pr.  avant  =  It.  avante, 
avanti,  before,  <  LL.  abante,  i.  e.,  ab  ante,  from 
before:  see  ab-  and  ante-,  and  cf.  avaunf^,  ad- 


avast 

vance,  advaHUujc,  etc.]  A  jn-efix  of  French  ori- 
gin, meaning  before,  fore.  Also  shortened  to 
vant-,  van-. 

avantaget,  »•    A  Middle  English  form  of 
vantage. 

avant-bras  (a-von'bra),  n.  A  piece  of  plate- 
armor,  generally  called  in  English  vambruvc 
(which  see).  See  brassart. 
avantjCOUrier  (a-vant'k6"ri-er;  often,  as  P., 
a-voii'ko-ria'),  [Formerly  avant-courrier, 
-currier,  -coureur,  <  P.  avant-coureur,  avant-cour- 
rier, m.  (cf.  avant-courrierc,  f.),  <  avant,  before, 
-1-  coureur,  courrier,  courier:  see  courier.]  1. 
One  despatched  in  advance  to  give  notice  of 
the  approach  of  another  or  others. —  2\.  pi.  The 
scouts,  skirmishers,  or  advance-guard  of  an 
army.    N.  E.  D. 

avanterst,  n.  pi.  [ME.,  also  avancers,  <  OP. 
avant,  before:  see  avant-.]  Portions  of  the 
numbles  of  a  deer  which  lie  near  the  neck. 

Ryue3  hit  vp  radly,  rist  to  the  byst, 
Voyde3  out  the  a-vanters,  &  verayly  ther-atter 
Alle  the  rymeg  by  the  rybbej  I'adly  they  lance. 
Sir  Gaivayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1342. 
Then  dresse  the  nonibles,  fyrste  that  ye  recke, 
Downe  the  auancers  kerue,  that  clength  to  the  neck. 

Boke  of  St.  Albans,  sig.  d,  iv. 

avant-foss6  (a-von'fos-a'),  n.  [P.,  <  avant,  be- 
fore, +  fosse,  a  ditch:  see  fosse.]    In  fort,  the 
ditch  of  the  coimtersearp  next  to  the  country, 
dug  at  the  foot  of  the  glacis.  Wilhelm,  Mil.  Diet, 
avant-gardet  (a-vant'gard ;  F.  pron.  a-von'- 
gard), »(.    [<  'F"avant-garde,<  avant, 'beioYe,+ 
<;ardc,  guard:  see  vanguard.]  Advance-guard, 
avantplat  (a-voh'pla),  n.    Same  as  vamplate. 
avanturin,  avanturine  (a-van'tu-rin),  n.  and 
a.    See  avcnturin. 

avarice  (av'a-ris),  n.  [<  ME.  avarice,  <  OF. 
avarice  (P.  avarice),  <  L.  avaritia,  <  avarus, 
greedy  (cf.  avidus,  avid:  see  avid),  <  avere, 
wish,  desire.]  An  inordinate  desire  of  gaining 
and  possessing  wealth;  covetousness ;  cupidity; 
greediness,  or  insatiable  desire  of  gain. 

So  for  a  good  old-gentlemanly  vice 
I  think  I  must  take  up  with  avarice. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  i.  216. 
=  Syn.  Avarice,  Covetousness,  Cupidity,  penuriousness, 
closeness,  miserliness,  all  denote  bad  qualities,  corruptions 
of  the  natural  instinct  of  possession.  Avarice,  literally 
greediness,  a  strong  desire  to  get  objects  of  value,  has  be- 
come limited,  except  in  figurative  uses,  so  as  to  express 
only  a  sordid  and  mastering  desire  to  get  wealth.  Covet- 
ousness and  cupidity  are  not  limited  to  wealth,  but  may 
have  for  their  object  anything  that  can  be  desired,  cupidity 
being  directed  especially  toward  material  things.  Covet- 
ousness longs  to  possess  that  which  belongs  to  another; 
hence  the  prohibition  in  the  tenth  commandment  (Ex.  xx. 
17).  Cupidity  is  more  active  than  the  others,  less  grovel- 
ing, and  more  ready  to  snatch  from  others  that  which 
covetousness  may  wish  for  without  trying  to  get.  See  pe- 
nurioxLs. 

There  grows. 

In  my  most  ill-compos'd  affection,  such 
A  stanchless  a  varice,  that,  were  I  king, 
I  should  cut  off  the  nobles  for  their  lands. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 
I  would  not  have  you  to  think  that  my  desire  of  having 
is  the  sin  of  covetousness.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  v.  1. 

When  this  continent  was  first  discovered,  it  became  an 
object  of  cupidity  to  the  ambition  of  many  of  the  nations 
of  Europe.  Story,  Speech,  Salem,  Sept.  18,  1828. 

avaricious  (av-a-rish'us),  a.    [<  ME.  avaricious, 

<  P.  avaricieux,  <  avarice.  Cf.  avarous.]  Char- 
acterized by  avarice ;  greedy  of  gain ;  immoder- 
ately desirous  of  accumulating  property ;  eager 
to  acquire  or  possess. 

Luxurious,  avaricious,  false,  deceitful. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 
Liberal  of  everything  else,  he  [Walpole)  was  avaricious 
of  power.  Macaulay,  Horace  Walpole. 

avariciously  (av-a-rish'us-li),  adv.  In  an  ava- 
ricious manner ;  with  inordinate  desire  of  gain- 
ing wealth ;  covetously. 

Each  is  contented  with  his  own  possessions,  nor  avari- 
ciously endeavours  to  heap  up  more  than  is  necessary  for 
his  own  subsistence.  Goldsmith,  Essays,  xvi. 

avariciousness  (av-a-rish 'us-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  avaricious ;  insatiable  or  inor- 
dinate passion  for  property, 
avaroust, «.  [ME.  avarous,  averous,  <  OF.  ave- 
ros,  averus  (extended  foi-m  as  if  <  aver,  posses- 
sion :  see  aver^) ;  cf.  aver,  avar,  mod.  F.  avare, 

<  L.  avarus,  gi'eedy:  see  avarice.]  Covetous; 
avaricious:  as,  "the  erle  avarous,"  Piers  Plow- 
man. 

avast  (a-vasf),  interj.  [Prob.  <  D.  7<om'  vast, 
houd  vast  =  E.  hold  fast,  i.e.,  hold  on,  wait  a 
while.  Cf.  D.  houvast  —  E.  holdfast,  a  cramp- 
iron.]  A'awt,  stop!  hold!  cease!  stay!  [Some- 
times used  colloquially.] 
Avast  hailing !   Don't  you  know  me,  mother  Partlett  ? 

Cumberland. 


avast 

Avast  heaving  (naut.),  the  cry  to  arrest  the  capstan 
when  nippers  are  jammed,  or  any  other  impediment  oc- 
cm"s  in  heaving  the  cable. 

avatar  (av-a-tar'  or  av'a-tar),  n.  [<  Skt.  avatdra, 
descent,  <  ava,  down,  +  y  tar,  cross  over,  pass 
through.]  1.  In  Hindu  myth.,  the  descent  of 
a  deity  to  the  earth  in  an  incarnate  form  or 
some  manifest  shape ;  the  incarnation  of  a  god. 

Three  of  the  Avatdras  or  incarnations  of  Vislmu  are  con- 
nected with  a  deluge,  .  .  .  Vishnu  iii  each  case  rescuing 
mankind  from  destruction  by  water. 

Max  Miiller,  India,  p.  144. 

Hence  —  2.  A  remarkable  appearance,  mani- 
festation, or  embodiment  of  any  kind ;  a  de- 
scent into  a  lower  sphere ;  an  adorable  or  won- 
derful exhibition  of  an  abstract  idea,  principle, 
etc.,  in  concrete  form:  as,  "The  Irish  Avatar" 
(a  poem  by  Byron  on  a  visit  of  George  IV.  to 
Ireland);  "the  avatar  of  mathematics,"  Mas- 
son,  Milton,  I.  226. 

[Carlyle  is]  the  most  shining  avatar  of  whim  the  world 
has  ever  seen.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  14S. 

avatara  (av-a-ta'ra),  n.    Same  as  avatar. 
avauncet,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  advance. 
avaunt^   (a-vanf  or  -vant'),  adv.  and  interj. 

[ME.,  <  OF.  avant,  forward,  <  LL.  abante,  lit. 

from  before:  see  auaw^.]    I.f  adv.  Forward. 

And  with  that  word  came  Drede  avaunt, 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  3958. 

II.  interj.  Away!  begone!  depart!  an  ex- 
clamation of  contempt  or  abhorrence. 

Avaunt,  thou  hateful  villain,  get  thee  gone  ! 

Sfiak.,  K.  John,  iv.  3. 

avauntlf,  n.    [<  avaunt^,  interj.']  Dismissal. 

After  this  process 
To  give  her  the  avaunt !  It  is  a  pity 
Would  move  a  monster. 

Shale.,  Hen.  VIII.,  ii.  3. 

avaunt^t,  v.  i.  [A  modification  of  avance^  = 
advance,  due  to  influence  of  avaunt^,  adv."]  To 
advance. 

Avaunting  in  great  bravery.      Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iii.  6. 

avaunt^t,  v.  [ME.  avaunten,  avanten,  <  OF. 
avariter,  avaunter,  <  a-  +  vanter,  vaunter,  vaunt: 
see  vaunt,  f.]  I.  trans.  To  praise  highly; 
vaunt ;  make  renowned. 

Do  you  favour  you  to  avmmte. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  1788. 

II.  intrans.  or  rejlexive.  To  boast ;  brag ; 
speak  or  express  vauntingly. 

"  Thanne,"  quod  she,  "  I  dar  me  wel  avaunte, 
Thy  lif  is  sauf."  Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  158. 
Let  now  the  papists  avaunt  themselves  ! 

Cranmcr,  Ans.  to  Gardiner,  p.  333. 

avaunt^t,  n.  [ME.  avaunt;  <  avaunt^,  t?.]  A 
boast;  a  vaunt — To  make  avaunt,  to  assert  confi- 
dently ;  declare  positively.   Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  289. 

avauntancet,  n.  [ME.,  <  avaunten :  see  avaunt^, 
v.,  and  -ance.  Of.  OF.  vantance,  <  vanter,  vaunt.] 
Boasting. 

avauntert,  avauntourf,  n.  [<  ME.  avauntour, 
avaunter,  <  OF.  avantour,  -eor,  <  avanter :  see 
avaunt^,  v.]    A  boaster. 

He  is  not  nyce 
Ne  avauntour.        Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  724. 

avauntryt,  n.  [ME.,  also  avauntarie,  <  OF. 
*avanterie,  f  oimd  only  as  vanterie :  see  avaunt^, 
V.']    Same  as  avauntance. 

avdp._  An  abbreviation  of  avoirdupois. 

ave  (a've  or  a've),  interj.  [L.,  hail!  orig.  impv. 
oiavere,  be  well,  be  of  good  cheer;  esp.  in  LL. 
phrase  Ave  Maria,  hail  Mary!  in  allusion  to 
Luke  i.  28:  "Ave  \_Maria'],  gratia  plena."] 
Hail !   Also,  farewell ! 

And  "Ave,  Ave,  Ave"  said, 
"Adieu,  adieu"  for  evermore. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  Mi. 
Ave  Maria,  the  Hail  Mary,  a  devotion  or  prayer  used 
in  the  Western  Church.  In  the  older  form  it  consists  of 
the  salutation  of  the  angel  Gabi-iel  to  the  Virgin  Mary 
when  he  announced  to  her  the  incarnation  (Luke  i.  28), 
together  with  the  words  of  Elizabeth  to  Mary  (Luke  i.  42). 
This  form  of  the  Hail  Mary  was  used  as  an  anthem  in  botli 
the  Eastern  and  Western  churches  as  early  as  the  seventh 
century.  It  came  into  wide  use  as  a  devotion  in  the  eleventh 
century.  The  concluding  words,  "Holy  Mary,  Mother  of 
God,  pray  for  us,"  etc.,  were  first  intro'duced  in  the  fifteenth 
century,  and  first  authorized  for  daily  use  in  the  breviary 
in  1568.    Also  called  the  angelic  salutation.   See  angelus. 

ave  (a've  or  a've),  «.  [<.  ave,  interj.]  1.  An 
Ave  Maria  (which  see,  under  ave,  interj.). 

Nine  hundred  Pater  nosters  every  day, 

And  thrise  nine  hundred  A  ves  she  was  wont  to  say. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  iii.  13. 

2.  A  salutation.    Shale,  M.  for  M.,  i.  1. 

Ave.    A  contraction  of  Avenue  (in  an  address). 

avel  (av'el),  n.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  due  to  a  con- 
fusion of  ME.  avene  (Prompt.  Parv.),  toraivene, 
awn  (ef.  Dan.  avne,  awn),  with  E.  dial.  aiP,  ME. 
aile,  eile,  <  AS.  egl,  awn,  beard  of  grain.  AiV'^ 


393 

and  awn  are  from  the  same  root,  differing  only 
in  the  suffix.]    The  awn  or  beard  of  barley. 

aveler  (av'el-6r),  )(.  A  machine  for  removing 
the  avels  or  awns  of  barley  from  the  grain ;  a 
hummeler.    E.  H.  Kiiight. 

avelingest,  adv.  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  avclong  + 
adv.  gen.  suffix  -es,  the  term,  being  assimilated 
to  -lings,  q.  v.]    In  an  oblong  or  oval  shape. 

avell  (a-vel'),  V.  t.    [<  L.  avellcre,  pull  away, 

<  ab,  away,  4-  vellcrc,  pluck,  tear.]  To  pull 
away.    Sir  T.  Browne. 

avellan,  «.    See  avellane. 

avellanarious  (av"el-a-na'ri-us),  a.  [<  L.  Avcl- 

lanus  :  see  ai  ellane.']    Relating  to  the  filbert, 
avellane,  avellan  (a-vel'an,  -an,  or  av'el-an, 

-an),  a.    [<  OF.  avclane,  <  L.  Avellana  (sc.  nux, 

nut),  earlier  Abellana,  the  fil- 
bert, lit.  the  nut  of  Avella,  < 

Abella,  a  town  in  Campania 

abounding  in  fruit-trees  and 

nuts,  now  AvcIla.    Cf.  apple.] 

In  her.,  resembling  a  filbert: 

specifically  said  of  a  cross  each 

of  whose  arms  resembles  the 

filbert   in  its  outer  sheath,  , 

..  T  ,  -,  J.      '     (From  "  Berry  s  Diet. 

sometimes   blazoned  as  tour      of  Heraldry." ) 
filberts  conjoined  in  cross. 

avelongf,  «.  [E.  dial,  avelang,  oval,  <  ME.  ave- 
longe,  awelongc,  <  Icel.  aflangr  =  Sw.  ajldng  = 
Dan.  aflang  (the  prefix  being  assimilated  to  af 
=  E.  off),<.-Ij.  oblongus,  oblong:  see  oblong.] 
Oblong  or  oval ;  drawn  out  of  a  square  or  circle. 
Ave-Maryt  (a've-ma'ri),  n.  Same  as  Ave 
Maria  (which  see,  under  ave,  interj.). 

He  told  of  Saintes  and  Popes,  and  evermore 
He  strowd  an  Ave-Mary  after  and  before. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  1.  35. 
I  could  never  hear  the  A  ve-Mary  bell  without  an  eleva- 
tion, or  think  it  a  sufficient  warrant  because  they  erred 
in  one  circumstance  for  me  to  err  in  all  —  that  is,  in  si- 
lence and  dumb  contempt. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  i.  §  3. 

Avena  (a-ve'na),  n.  [L.,  oats.]  A  genus  of 
plants,  uatui'al  order  Graminea;,  characterized 
by  having  large  membranous  outer  glumes, 
which  inclose  two  or  three  perfect  flowers, 
each  with  a  long,  bent,  and  twisted  awn  on  the 
back  of  the  lower  palet.  The  species  are  natives  of 
temperate  and  cold  regions.  Some  are  useful  pasture- 
grasses,  but  by  far  the  most  important  species  is  A.  saliva, 
the  cultivated  oat.    See  oat. 

avenaceous  (av-e-na'shius),  a.  [<  L.  avena- 
ceus,  <  avena,  oats.]  Belonging  to  or  resem- 
bling oats. 

avenage  (av'f-naj),  n.  [<  OF.  avenage,  <  avene, 
oats,  <  L.  avena,  oats.]  In  old  law,  a  certain 
quantity  of  oats  paid  by  a  tenant  to  a  landlord 
in  lieu  of  rent  or  other  duty. 

avenaryt  (av'e-na-ri),  n.  [<  L.  avenarius,  < 
avena,  oats.]    Same  as  avener. 

avenauntf,  a.  [ME.,  also  avenant,  avenand, 
etc.,  <  OF.  (and  mod.  F.)  avenant,  comely,  con- 
venient, ppr.  of  avenir,  come,  suit,  become,  < 
L.  advenire,  come:  see  advene,  and  cf.  conve- 
nient, comely,  and  becoming.]  1.  Becoming; 
well-looking. 

Clere  browne  she  was,  and  thereto  bright 

Of  face,  body  avenaunt.    Rom.  of  tfie  Rose,  1.  1263. 

2.  Convenient;  suitable. 

Dyghttes  his  dowblettez  for  dukes  and  erles, 
Aketouns  avenaunt  for  Arthure  hym  selfue. 

Norte  Arthure  (ed.  Perry,  E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2627. 

avener  (av'e-ner),  n.  [ME.  avener,  avenere,  < 
OF.  avenier,  <  L.  avenarius:  see  avenary.]  In 
feudal  law,  a  chief  officer  of  the  stable,  whose 
duty  it  was  to  provide  oats.  Also  spelled  ave- 
nor. 

avenge  (a-venj'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  avenged, 
ppr.  avenging.    [<  ME.  avengen,  <  OF.  avengier, 

<  a-  (<  L.  ad,  to)  +  vengier,  revenge,  take  ven- 
geance, <  L.  vindicare,  lay  claim  to,  punish : 
see  vindicate,  and  cf.  revenge  and  vengeance.] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  vindicate  by  inflicting  pain  or 
evil  on  the  wrong-doer ;  execute  justice  or  ven- 
geance on  behalf  of :  with  a  person  as  object. 

Avenge  me  of  mine  adversary.  Luke  xviii.  3. 

Avenge,  O  Lord,  thy  slaughter'd  saints,  whose  bones 
Lie  scatter'd  on  the  Alpine  mountains  cold. 

Milton,  Sonnets,  xiii. 

2.  To  take  satisfaction  for,  by  pain  or  punish- 
ment inflicted  on  the  injuring  party  ;  deal  pun- 
ishment on  account  of :  with  a  thing  as  object. 

He  will  avenge  the  blood  of  his  servants. 

Deut.  xxxii.  43. 
Never,  till  Caesar's  three-and-thirty  wounds 
Be  well  aveng'd.  Shak.,J.  C,  v.  1. 

I  thought  ten  thousand  swords  must  have  leaped  from 
their  scabbards  to  avenge  even  a  look  that  threatened  her 
with  insult.    But  the  age  of  chivalry  is  gone. 

Burke,  Kev.  in  France. 


Aventine 

3f.  To  take  revenge  on  ;  treat  or  deal  with  re- 
vengefully. 

If  Cain  shall  be  avenged  sevenfold,  truly  Lamcch  seven- 
ty and  seven  fold.  Gen.  iv.  24. 
=  Syn.  Avenge,  Revenge.  Until  lately  these  words  were 
used  with  little  or  no  difference  of  meaning  (see  ((nota- 
tions under  each).  A  venge  is  now  restricted  to  the  taking  of 
just  punishment  or  the  vindication  of  justice,  and  revenge 
to  the  inllictioii  of  pain  or  evil  to  gratify  resentful  feelings, 
or  the  desire  of  retaliation  for  some  real  or  fancied  wr(jng. 
Poetic  use  sometimes  returns  to  tlie  earlier  freedom  in  ttie 
meaning  of  avenge.    See  revenge,  n. 

I  will  avenge  this  insult,  noble  Queen. 

Tennynon,  Geraint. 

If  you  poison  us,  do  we  not  die?  and  if  you  wrong  us, 
shall  we  not  revenge!  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  1. 

II.  intrans.  To  execute  vengeance;  inflict 
retaliatory  pain  or  injury  on  a  wrong-doer. 

Thou  shalt  not  avenge  nor  bear  any  grudge  against  the 
children  of  thy  people.  Lev.  xix.  18. 

The  avenging  horror  of  a  conscious  mind. 
Whose  deadly  fear  anticipates  the  blow. 
And  sees  no  end  of  punishment  and  woe. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Lucretius,  iii.  231. 

avenget  (a-venj'),  n.  [<  avenge,  v.]  1.  Re- 
venge; retaliation. 

That  avenge  by  you  decreed. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  vi.  8. 

2.  Pimishment ;  vengeance  taken. 

Why  doth  mine  hand  from  thine  avenge  abstaine? 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  i.  62. 

avengeancet  (a-ven'jans),  n.  [<  avenge  +  -ancc, 
after  vengeance.]  The  act  of  avenging;  ven- 
geance: as,  "fear  signal  avengeance,"  J.  Phil- 
ips, Cyder,  ii.  49. 
avengeful  (a-venj 'fid),  a.  [<  avenge,  n.,  4-  -ful, 
after  revengeful.]  Avenging;  executing  ven- 
geance. [Rare.] 
avengement  (a-venj'ment),  n.  [<  avenge  + 
-ment.]  The  act  of  avenging;  vengeance;  pun- 
ishment; satisfaction  taken.  [Rare.] 

Nought  may  thee  save  from  heavens  avengement. 

Spenser,  ituiopotmos. 
God's  avengement  of  his  repulse  at  Hull. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes. 

avenger  (a-ven'jer),  n.  One  who  avenges  or 
takes  vengeance. 

The  Lord  is  the  avenger  of  all  such.  1  Thes.  iv.  6. 

Brutus,  thou  saint  of  the  avenger's  order. 

Beddoes,  Death's  Jest- Book,  i.  1. 

avengeress  (a-ven'jer-es),  n.  [<  avenger  +  -ess.] 
A  female  avenger.  [Rare.] 

That  cruell  Queene  avengeresse. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  viii.  20. 

aveniform  (a-ve'ni-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  avena,  oats, 
+  forma,  form.]  Resembling  a  grain  of  oats. 
Thomas,  Med.  Diet. 

avenin  (a-ve'nin),  n.  [<  L.  avena,  oats,  -t-  -in"^.] 
A  nitrogenous  proteid  substance  found  in  oats, 
similar  to  legumin,  and  probably  a  mixture  of 
legumin  and  gluten. 

avenious  (a-ve'ni-us),  a.    Same  as  avenous. 
avenort,       See  avener. 

avenous  (a-ve'nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  L. 
vena,  vein.]  In  bot.,  wanting  veins  or  nerves, 
as  the  leaves  of  certain  plants.    Also  avenious. 

avens  (av'enz),  n.  [<  ME.  avans,  avance, 
avaunce,  avence,  ML.  avancia,  avencia,  avantia, 
avens,  barefoot;  origin  obscure.]  The  popu- 
lar English  name  of  species  of  plants  of  the 

genus  Geum,  The  common  or  yellow  avens,  or  herb- 
bennet,  is  (?.  urbanum;  the  purple  or  water  avens,  G. 
riraie.  — Mountain  avens,  Dryas  octopetala. 

aventaile,  aventail  (av'en-tal),  n.    [<  ME. 

aventayle,  <  OF.  csveutail,  air-hole,  <  esventer 

(mod.  F.  eventer),  <  L.  ex, 

out,  +  ventus,  wind.]  In 

medieval  armor:  («)  The 

flap  or  adjustable  part  of 

the  hood  of  mail,  which, 

when  unfastened  allowed 

the  hood  to  drop  upon  the 

shoulders,    (b)  The  mov- 
able front  of  the  helmet. 
Aventine  (av'en-tin),  a. 

and  n.    [<  L.  Aventinus.] 

I,  «.  Appellative  of  one  of 

the  seven  hills  on  which 

Rome  was  built.  According 

to  a  legend,  it  was  called  Mons 

Aventinus,  or  the  Aventine  hill, 

from  an  aboriginal  king  Aventinus  who  was  buried  there. 

Il.t  A  post  of  defense  or  safety ;  security; 
defense. 

Into  the  castle's  tower. 
That  only  Aventine  that  now  is  left  us. 

Beau,  and  Fl. 
My  strong  A  ventine  is 
That  great  Domitian  .  .  .  will  once  return, 
Who  can  repair,  with  ease,  the  consul's  ruins. 

Magsinger,  Koman  Actor,  i.  L 


A,  Aventaiie  {de{.  a). 
(From  VioUet-Ie-Duc's 


"Diet,  du 
5ais.") 


Mobilier  fran- 


aventre 

aventret,  t-  [<  It.  arrentare,  thi-oTV,  shoot, 
dart,  <  rt  (<  L.  ad,  to)  4-  vciito,  wind;  cf.  Pr. 
iwutar  =  0F,  venter,  cast  to  the  wind:  see  vent] 
To  throw,  as  a  spear  or  dart. 

Her  mortal!  speare 
She  mightily  aociiti-cd  towards  one, 
Ami  tlowiie  liini  smot.    Speiiiter,  F.  Q.,  III.  i.  2S. 

aventuret,  n.  [The  older  form  of  adventure, 
q.  v.]  Adventiu-e:  chance;  accident;  specifi- 
cally, in  old  lair,  a  mischance  causing  a  per- 
son's death  without  felony,  as  drowning  or  fall- 
ing from  a  house. 

aventurin,  aventurine  (a-ven'tu-rin),  n.  and 
a.  [<  F.  aventurine,  <  It.  avventiirino,  <  avven- 
tiira,  chance:  see  adventure,  ».]  I.  n.  1.  A 
sort  of  opaque  golden-brown  glass  filled  with 
specks  or  drops  of  a  bright  gold-color  and  of 
different  sizes,  used,  under  the  name  of  gold- 
stone,  for  various  ornanunits.  its  preparation  was 
discoverej  at  Muraiio,  mar  Venice,  by  the  accident  of 
dropping  a  cpuintity  of  brass  tilings  into  a  pot  of  melted 
glass ;  hence  tlie  name. 

2.  A  variety  of  feldspar,  usually  oligoelase, 
spangled  with  scales  of  hematite,  gothite,  or 
mica.  It  is  often  called  sunstone.  The  most 
highly  prized  variety  is  obtained  in  Russia. — 

3.  A  similar  variety  of  quartz  containing  span- 
gles of  mica  or  other  mineral. — 4.  A  Mnd  of 
sealing-wax,  of  a  translucent  brown  color  and 
abounding  in  gold  specks  or  particles  Chrome 

aventurin,  a  glass  made  by  freely  adding  cbromate  of  pot- 
ash to  the  other  materials  used,  thus  separating  spangles 
of  oxid  of  chromium. 

II.  a.  Having  the  appearance  of  aventurin : 
as,  aventurin  lacquer,  etc — Aventurin  glaze,  a 
glaze  for  porcelain.  It  is  brownish,  with  crystalline  lami- 
na; of  a  golden  luster. 

Also  written  avanturin,  avanturine. 
aventuroust  (a-ven'tu-rus),  «.    Obsolete  form 

of  adventurous. 
avenue  (av'e-nu),  n.  [Formerly  also  advenue, 
avenew,  <  F.'avenue,  orig.  pp.  fem.  of  avcnir,  < 
L.  advenire,  come  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  venire,  come. 
Cf.  advene.']  1.  A  passage;  a  way  or  an  open- 
ing for  entrance  into  a  place ;  any  opening  or 
passage  by  which  a  thing  is  or  may  be  intro- 
duced or  approached. 

Good  guards  were  set  up  at  all  the  avenues  of  the  city, 
to  keep  all  people  from  going  out.  Clarendon. 

2.  A  roadway  of  approach  to  a  country-house, 
particularly  when  straight,  of  considerable 
length,  and  shaded  by  a  row  of  trees  on  each 
side;  a  drive  in  a  private  country-place;  a 
walk  in  a  garden  or  demain  of  some  preten- 
sions as  to  style  or  size. 

A  long  avenue  wound  and  circled  from  the  outermost 
gate  through  an  untrimmed  woodland. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Pass.  Pilgrim,  p.  45. 

3.  A  street;  properly,  a  wide  street  planted 
with  trees  and  often  with  turfed  spaces  on 
either  side,  or  a  garden  or  shaded  promenade 
in  the  middle  :  used  in  New  York,  Washington, 
etc.,  in  the  names  of  the  longest  and  general- 
ly the  widest  streets,  as  Fifth  or  Pennsylvania 
Avenue,  but  in  some  American  cities  without 
special  reference  to  the  character  of  the  street. 
— 4.  Figuratively,  means  of  access  or  attain- 
ment. 

There  are  no  avenues  to  the  public  service  opened  for 
talent.  Brougham. 

averi  (a-ver'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp,  averred,  ppr. 
averring.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  averr,  <  ME. 
averren,  <  OF.  averrer,  averer,  mod.  F.  averer  = 
Pr.  averar  =  It.  avverare,  <  ML.  adverare,  make 
true,  prove  true,  be  true,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  verbis, 
true:  see  verify,  verity,  etc.]  If.  To  assert  the 
truth  of. — 2t.  To  confirm;  verify;  prove  to  be 
true. —  3.  To  afiirm  with  confidence;  declare 
in  a  positive  or  peremptory  manner. 

And  I  aver  that,  to  this  day,  I  have  done  no  official  act 
in  mere  deference  to  my  abstract  judgment  and  feeling 
on  slavery.  Lincoln,  in  Kaymond.  p.  481. 

4.  In  late,  to  avouch  or  verify;  offer  to  verify; 
allege  as  a  fact.  See  averment. —  5.  To  assert 
the  existence  of ;  offer  in  evidence.  [Archaic] 

A  wrring  notes 
Of  chamber-hangings,  pictures,  this  her  bracelet. 

Shale,  Cymbeline,  v.  5. 
=  Syn.  3.  A  firm.  Declare,  etc.  (see  assert),  say,  allege,  pro- 
test, insist,  maintain. 

aver^  (a'ver),  n.  [Sc.  aver,  aiver  (def.  3);  < 
ME.  aver,  avcre,  aveyr  (later  also  avoir,  Jiavoir, 
liavor,  liavour,  after  later  OF.),  <  OF.  aver, 
aveir,  later  avoir,  mod.  F.  avoir  =  Sp.  averts, 
haveres,  pi.,  now  haher,  =  Pg.  liaveres,  pi.,  =  It. 
avere  (ML.  averum,  averium,  avere,  aver),  sub- 
stance, property,  stock,  lit.  'having,'  being  the 
noun  use  of  the  inf.,  OF.  aver,  aveir,  etc.,  <  L. 
habere,  have :  see  have.    From  its  use  as  a  col- 


394 

lectiye  sing,  arose  its  use  in  the  plui-al,  in  the 
special  sense  of  stock,  cattle,  whence  a  new 
sing.  (ML.  averia,  avcrius,  as  well  as  avcruin, 
«m/«//(),  a  beast  of  burden.]  If.  Substance; 
property;  estate. 

Marchaunt  he  was  of  gret  avoir. 
Semjn  Sages,  1.  2205,  in  Weber's  Metr.  Rom.,  III. 

2t.i)?.  Live  stock;  cattle;  domestic  animals. — 
3.  A  beast  of  burden;  a  draft-ox  or  draft- 
horse  ;  an  old  horse.  [North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
An  inch  of  a  nag  is  worth  a  span  of  an  aver. 

In  Hay,  Proverbs  (1678),  p.  36. 
averagel  (av'e-raj),  n.  [=  Sc.  avarage,  contr. 
arrage,  arage,  now  arriagc,  esp.  in  tlie  combi- 
nation arriage  and  carriage;  <  late  ME.  ave- 
rage, earlier  only  in  ML.  averagium  or  OF.  ave- 
rage, appar.  the  same,  with  suffix  -age,  as  ML. 
avera,  a  kind  of  service  mentioned  "in  Domes- 
day Book:  usually  referred  to  aver,  a  beast 
of  biu-den,  and  defined  accordingly ;  but  this  is 
doubtful,  avera  being  more  prob.  a  refiex,  simu- 
lating aver,  of  OF.  ovre,  cevre,  mod.  F.  ceuvre,  < 
L.  opera,  work:  see  opera,  iire^,  manceuver.']  In 
old  law,  a  kind  of  service  owed  by  tenants  to 
their  superior.  The  nature  of  the  service  is  not  clear. 
It  IS  usually  explained  as  service  done  with  beasts  of  bur- 
den, but  this  appears  to  rest  on  a  doubtful  etymology 
(see  above). 

average2( av'e-raj),  n.  anda.  [Earlymod.E.also 
averige,  averidgc,  avaridge,  <  late  ME.  average, 
the  same,  with  suffix  -ag'e  (found  only  in  E.  and 
Anglo-L.  averagium),  as  late  ME.  averays  (for 
averys^),  <  F.  avaris,  "decay  of  wares  or  mer- 
chandise, leaking  of  wines,  also  the  charges  of 
the  carriage  or  measuring  thereon,  also  the  fees 
or  veils  of  a  cook,  etc."  (Cotgrave),  sing.  prop. 
avarie  =  Sp.  averia  =  Pg.  It.  avaria,  in  ML.  ava- 
ria,  averia  ;  cf.  MD.  avarij,  D.  liavcrij  =  G.  hafe- 
rei,  haverie  =  Dan.  liuvari  =  Sw.  haveri,  from 
Rom.  Origin  disputed ;  the  orig.  sense,  '  a  duty 
on  goods,'  suggests  a  connection  with  ML.  ave- 
ria, goods,  property:  see  aver"^.  Perhaps  ava- 
nia,  through  its  appar.  more  orig.  form  avaria,  is 
to  be  referred  to  the  same  som-ee:  see  avania.'] 

1.  n.  1.  (rtf)  A  duty  or  tax  upon  goods,  (i)  A 
small  charge  payable  by  the  shippers  of  goods 
to  the  master  of  the  ship,  over  and  above  the 
freight,  for  his  care  of  the  goods.  Hence  the 
clause,  in  bills  of  lading,  "paying  so  much 
freight,  with  primage  and  average  accustomed." 
{c)  A  small  charge  paid  by  the  master  on  account 
of  the  ship  and  cargo,  such  as  pilotage,  towage, 
etc. :  called  more  specifically  petty  average. 

(d)  A  loss,  or  the  sum  paid  on  account  of  a  loss 
(such  as  that  of  an  anchor),  when  the  general 
safety  is  not  in  question,  and  which  falls  on 
the  owner  of  the  particular  property  lost: 
called  more  specifically  particular  average. 

(e)  A  contribution  made  by  the  owners  of  a 
ship's  freight  and  cargo,  in  proportion  to  their 
several  interests,  to  make  good  a  loss  that  has 
been  sustained  or  an  expense  incurred  for  the 
general  safety  of  the  ship  and  cargo.  Tims, 

when  for  the  safety  of  a  ship  in  distress  any  destruction 
of  property  is  incurred,  eitlier  by  cutting  away  tlie  masts, 
throwing  goods  overboard,  or  in  other  ways,  all  persons 
who  have  goods  on  board  or  property  in  the  ship  (or  the 
insurers)  contribute  to  tlie  loss  according  to  their  aver- 
age, that  is,  according  to  the  proportionate  value  of  the 
goods  of  each  on  board.  Average  in  this  sense  is  also  called 
general  average. 

2.  A  sum  or  quantity  intermediate  to  a  num- 
ber of  different  sums  or  quantities,  obtained  by 
adding  them  together  and  dividing  the  result 
by  the  number  of  quantities  added ;  an  arith- 
metical mean  proportion.  Thus,  if  four  persons 
lose  respectively  ,|10,  |20,  $30,  and  $40,  the  aver- 
age loss  by  the  four  is  $25.  Hence  —  3.  Any 
medial  amount,  estimate,  or  general  statement 
based  on  a  comparison  of  a  number  of  diverse 
si>ecific  cases ;  a  medium. 

A  like  number  of  men,  through  various  kinds  and  de- 
grees of  ill-success,  reveal  a  mental  capacity  that  is  more 
or  less  below  the  average.    J.  Fiske,  Evolutionist,  p.  177. 

Yet  I  have  no  doubt  that  that  people's  rulers  are  as 
wise  as  the  average  of  civilized  rulers. 

Thoreau,  'Walden,  p.  39. 

Average  bond.  See  ftondi.^Upon  or  on  an  average, 

taking  the  arithmetical  mean  of  several  unequal  numbers 
or  quantities ;  taking  the  arithmetical  mean  deduced  from 
a  great  number  of  examples. 

On  an  average  the  male  and  female  births  are  tolerably 
equal.  ISuckle,  Civilization,  I.  iv. 

=  Syn.  2  and  3.  Medium.,  etc.    See  7nean,  n. 

II.  a.  1 .  Equal  in  amount  to  the  sum  of  all 
the  particular  quantities  of  the  same  sort  di- 
vided by  the  number  of  them :  as,  the  average 
yield  of  wheat  to  the  acre ;  the  average  price  of 
anything  for  a  year. 


Avernian 

I  departed,  .  .  .  convinced  that,  .  .  .  whatever  the 
ratio  of  population,  the  average  amount  of  human  nature 
to  the  square  mile  is  the  same  the  world  over. 

Lowell,  Kiresi<le  Travels,  p.  93. 
Hence  —  2.  Of  medium  character,  quality,  etc. ; 
midway  between  extremes ;  ordinary. 

They  all  [the  Palasocosmic  skeletons]  represent  a  race 
of  grand  physical  development,  and  of  cranial  capacity 
equal  to  that  of  the  average  modern  European. 

Dawson,  Nature  and  the  Bible,  p.  174. 
The  average  intellect  of  five  hundred  persons,  taken  as 
they  come,  is  not  very  high.    0.  W.  Holmes,  Autocrat,  vi. 
Vfe  mortals  cross  the  ocean  of  this  world 
Each  in  his  average  cabin  of  a  life  — 
The  best's  not  big,  the  worst  yields  elbow-room. 

Browning,  Bishop  Blougram's  Apology. 

3.  Estimated  in  accordance  with  the  rules  of 
average:  as,  the  loss  was  made  good  by  an 
average  eoutribution.-Average  curvature.  See 
cMcoa(«i-e.— Average  standard,  in  coy,y«  )■-/„,»,•„„,  the 

market  value  of  a  ton  of  tough-cake  copper.  It  formerly 
served  as  a  basis  for  estimating  the  amount  to  be  paid  by 
the  smelters  to  the  miners  for  ores  of  copper  purchased. 
[Cornwall.  1  =  S3T1.  Hee;  mean,  n. 

average^  (av'e-raj),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  averaged, 
ppr.  averaging.  [<  average'^,  «.]  1.  To  find 
the  arithmetical  mean  of,  as  unequal  sums  or 
quantities ;  reduce  to  a  mean. — 2.  To  result 
in,  as  an  arithmetical  mean  term ;  amount  to, 
as  a  mean  sum  or  quantity :  as,  wheat  averages 
56  pounds  to  the  bushel. 

These  spars  average  10  feet  in  length.  Belknap. 
3.  To  divide  among  a  number  proportionally ; 
divide  the  total  amount  of  by  the  number  of 
equal  shares :  as,  to  average  a  loss. 

The  permanent  averaged  price  on  all  kinds  of  commodi- 
ties. English  Rev.,  VI.  261. 

average^t  (av'e-raj),  ».  [Also  averaige,  averish, 
prob.  an  expansion  (in  reverse  imitation  of  Sc. 
arriage,  arrage,  for  average^)  of  arrish,  ersh: 
see  arrish,  cr.sh,  eddish.]  The  stubble  and  grass 
left  in  corn-fields  after  harvest. 

In  these  montlies  after  tlie  cornne  bee  innede  it  is  meete 
to  putt  drauglite  horses  and  oxen  into  the  averish. 

Quoted  in  Archwologia,  xiii.  379. 

average-adjuster  (av'e-raj-a-jus"ter),  n.  An 
expert  accountant  who'is  employed  in  cases  of 
general  average  to  ascertain  and  state  the  sum 
which  each  of  the  parties  interested  has  to  pay 
in  order  to  make  up  the  loss  sustained  by  some 
for  the  general  good.  Also  called  average- 
stater,  average-talcer. 

averagely  (av'e-raj-li),  adv.  In  an  average  or 
medial  manner ;  in  the  mean  between  two  ex- 
tremes. 

Which  tends  to  render  living  more  difficult  for  every 
averagely  situated  individual  in  the  community. 

J.  S.  Mill,  Polit.  Econ.,  I.  xiii.  §  i. 

average-stater,  average-taker  (av'e-raj-sta.''''- 
ter,  -ta"ker),  n.  Same  as  average-adjuster. 
averano  (av-e-ra'no),  n.  [Appar.  S.  Amer.] 
A  name  of  the  birds  of  the  genus  Chasmorhyn- 
chus  of  Temminck,  including  several  South 
American  fruit-crows  of  the  family  Cotingidce 
and  subfamily  Gymnoderina;  as  C.  variegatus, 
the  averano  of  Buffon,  and  the  arapunga.  See 
cut  under  arapunga. 
avercake, «.  See  havercahe. 
avercornt,  n.  [Appar.  <  aver  (repr.  ML.  avera 
(see  average'^),  a  kind  of  service)  -f-  corn.]  In 
old  laic,  corn  paid  by  a  tenant  to  his  superior 
as  rent  or  in  lieu  of  service.  This  word,  like  aver- 
land  and  averpenny,  is  not  known  in  vernacular  use,  and 
its  technical  sense  is  uncertain.    See  average^. 

averdant  (a-ver'dant),  a.    [See  verdant.]  In 
her.,  covered  with  green  herbage:  chiefly  ap- 
plied to  a  mount  in  base, 
averisht  (av'e-rish),  n.    Same  as  average^. 
averland  (a'ver-land),  n.    [See  avercorn.]  In 
old  law,  land  subject  to  the  service  called  aver- 
age.   See  average^. 
averment  (a-ver'ment),  n.    [<  aver'^  -I-  -ment.] 
1.  The  act  of  averring;  affirmation;  positive 
assertion. 
Publishing  averments  and  innuendoes. 

Burke,  Powers  of  Juries. 

2t.  Verification;  establishment  by  evidence. 
Bacon. — 3.  In  law,  an  allegation  or  statement 
as  a  fact :  commonly  used  of  statements  in  a 
pleading  which  the  party  thereby  professes  to 
be  ready  to  prove. 
Avernian  (a-ver'ni-an),  a.  [<  L.  Avernus  (sc. 
lacus),  now  (It.)  Logo  d'Averno  ;  usually  referred 
to  Gr.  aopvoq,  without  birds  (<  d-  priv.  +  o/iwf, 
bird) ;  called  aopvoq  lifivT]  by  Aristotle,  6  "Acpvoq 
by  Strabo.]  Pertaining  to  Avernus,  a  lake  of 
Campania  in  Italy,  looked  upon  by  the  ancients 
as  an  entrance  to  hell.  From  its  waters  me- 
phitic  vapors  arose,  which  were  supposed  to 
kill  birds  that  attempted  to  fly  over  it. 


averpenny 


395 


Avesta 


averpennyt  (a'ver-pen'i),  w.  [See  avercorn.l 
In  old  law,  money  paid  by  a  tenant  to  his  lord 
in  lieu  of  the  service  called  average. 

averrable  (a-ver'a-bl),  a.  [<  ajjCT-l  +  -ahle.l  1. 
Capable  of  being  Verified  or  proved. —  2.  Capa- 
ble of  being  averred,  asserted,  or  declared. 

Averrhoa  (av-e-ro'a),  n.  [NL.,  named  from 
Arerrhoes,  Averroes :  see  Avcrroist.']  A  genus 
of  small  trees,  natural  order  Geraniacca,  tribe 
Oxalidew,  containing  two  East  Indian  species, 
cultivated  for  their  very  acid  fruit.    The  biiim- 

bi,  A.  Biliinbi,  is  often  pickled  or  cantiied,  and  its  juice 
removes  the -stain  of  iron-rust  and  otlier  spots  from  linen. 
The  carambola,  A.  Carambola,  is  also  used  as  food. 

Averroism,  Averrhoism  (av-e-ro'izm),  n.  [< 
Avcrrhoes  +  -ism.^  The  doctrines  held  by 
Averrhoes  and  his  followers.    See  Avcrroist. 

The  patricians  of  Venice  and  the  lecturers  of  Padua  made 
Averroism  synonymous  with  doubt  and  criticism  in  theol- 
ogy, and  with  sarcasm  against  the  hierarchy. 

Encyc.  Bnt.,  III.  151. 

Averroist,  Averrhqist  (av-e-ro'ist),  n.  [< 
Averrhoes  or  Averroes  +  -ist.  Averroes  is  a 
Latinized  form  of  Ar.  Tbn-Roslid.']  A  follower, 
of  Averrhoes,  a  celebrated  Arabian  philosopher 
and  commentator  on  Aristotle,  who  was  born 
at  Cordova  about  a.  d.  1126,  and  died  1198. 

The  philosophy  of  the  Averroists  was  little  more  than 
an  imperfect  interpretation  of  Aristotle's  doctrines ;  but 
Averroism  was  particularly  characterized  by  its  effort  to 
separate  philosophy  and  religion. 

Averroistic  (av"e-r6-is'tik),  a.  [<  Averroist  + 
-ic]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Averroists  or  their 
doctrines. 

The  Averroistic  school,  mainly  composed  of  physicists 
and  naturalists,  was  the  most  decided  opponent  of  the 
scholastic  system  in  its  relation  to  theology. 

Prof.  V.  Botta,  in  Ueberweg's  Hist.  Phil.,  II.  App.  ii. 

averruncatet  (av-e-rung'kat),  v.  t.;  pret.  and 
pp.  averruncated,  ppr.  averruncating.  [<  L. 
averruncatus,  pp.  of  averruncare,  avert,  re- 
move, an  ancient  word  peculiar  to  the  lan- 
guage of  religion,  <  d  for  ab,  from,  +  verruncare, 
turn.  Hence  erroneously  averruncate,  avericn- 
cate  (Cockeram),  aberuncate  (Bailey  and  John- 
son), "to  weed,"  "to  pull  up  by  the  roots," 
from  an  erroneously  assumed  L.  *aberuncare, 
as  if  <  ab,  from,  -1-  eruncare,  <  e  for  ex,  out,  + 
runcare,  uproot,  weed.]  1.  To  avert  or  ward 
off.    [Obsolete  or  rare.] 

But  sure  some  mischief  will  come  of  it, 

Unless  by  providential  wit, 

Or  force,  we  averruncate  it. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  I.  i.  758. 

2.  [Improp. :  see  etym.]  To  weed;  pull  up  by 
the  roots. 

averruncationt  (av  "  e  -  rung  -  ka '  shon),  n.  [< 
averruncate.^  1.  The  act  of  averting  or  ward- 
ing off  (evils).    [Obsolete  or  rare.] 

Averruncation  of  epidemical  diseases  by  telesms. 

J.  Robinson,  Eudoxa  (1658),  p.  82. 

2.  [Improp.]  A  rooting  up ;  extirpation ;  re- 
moval. 

averruncator  (av'e-rung-ka"tor),  V.  [<  aver- 
runcate +  -or;  also  spelled  aberuncator :  see 
aberuncate.']    See  aberuncator. 

aversant  (a-ver'sant),  a.    [<  L.  aversan{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  aversari,  turn  away,  <  d  for  ab,  away,  + 
versari,  turn.    Cf.  averse.]    In  her.,  . 
turned  to  show  the  back:  said  of  a 
right  hand.     Also  called  dorsed. 

aversation  (av-er-sa'shon),  M.   [<  L.      V  y 
aversatio{n-),<.  aver  sari,  pp.  aversatus:  t-J 
see  aversant.]    Aversion;  a  turning     a  Hand 
away  from.    [Obsolete  or  rare.]         Dorsid"'  °' 

I  had  an  aversation  to  this  voyage 
When  first  my  brother  moved  it. 

Chapman,  Revenge  of  Bussy  d'Ambois,  iii.  1. 
Certainly  for  a  king  himself  to  charge  his  subjects  with 
high  treason,  and  so  vehemently  to  prosecute  them  in  his 
own  cause  as  to  do  the  offlce  of  a  searcher,  argued  in 
him  no  great  aversatio%  from  shedding  blood. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  ix. 
Some  men  have  a  natural  aversation  to  some  vices  or 
virtues  and  a  natural  affection  to  others.       Jer.  Taylor. 

averse  (a-vers'),  [<  L.  aver'sus,  pp.  of  aver- 
tere,  turn  away:  see  avert.]  1.  Turned  away 
from  anything ;  turned  backward ;  averted. 

Earth  .  .  .  with  her  part  averse 
From  the  sun's  beam.  Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  138. 

The  tracks  averse  a  lying  notice  gave. 
And  led  the  searcher  backward  from  the  cave. 

Drydlen,  yEneid,  viii. 

Hence  —  2.  Specifically:  (a)  In  bot.,  turned 
away  from  the  central  axis  :  opposed  to  adverse 
(which  see).  (&)  In  ornith.,  set  back  or  turned 
away  from :  applied  to  pygopodous  or  rump- 
footed  bu-ds,  whose  legs  are  set  so  far  back 
that  the  erect  posture  is  necessitated,  as  in  the 
case  of  the  loon,  grebe,  or  auk. — 3.  Disliking; 
unwiUing ;  having  reluctance. 


Averse  alike  to  flatter,  or  offend. 

Poj)e,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  74.3. 
As  Mr.  Wilmot  knew  that  I  could  make  a  very  handsome 
settlement  on  my  son,  he  was  not  averse  to  the  match. 

Goldsmith,  Vicar,  ii. 

4.  Unfavorable;  indisposed;  adverse. 

Some  much  averse  I  found  and  wondrous  harsh. 
Contemptuous,  proud,  set  on  revenge  and  spite. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1461. 
And  Pallas  now  averse  refused  her  aid.  Dryden. 
[This  word  and  its  derivatives  are  now  regularly  followed 
by  to,  and  not  hyfrom,  although  the  latter  is  used  by  some 
modern  writers.  The  word  itself  includes  the  idea  of 
from;  but  the  literal  meaning  is  ignored,  the  affection  of 
the  mind  signified  by  the  word  being  regarded  as  exerted 
toward  the  object  of  dislike.  Similarly,  the  kindred  terms 
contrary,  repugnant,  etc.,  are  also  followed  by  fo.]  =  Syn. 

3.  Averse,  Reluctant,  disinclined,  backward,  slow,  loath, 
opposed.  Averse  implies  haliitual  dislike  or  unwilling- 
ness, though  not  of  a  very  strung  cliaracter,  and  is  neaily 
synonymous  with  disinclined :  as,  averse  to  study,  to  active 
pursuits.  Reluctant,  literally,  struggling  back  from,  im- 
plies some  degree  of  struggle  either  with  others  who  are 
inciting  us  on,  or  between  our  own  inclination  and  some 
strong  motive,  as  sense  of  duty,  whetlier  it  operates  as  an 
impelling  or  as  a  restraining  influence.    See  antipathy. 

Averse  to  pure  democracy,  yet  firm  in  his  regard  for  ex- 
isting popular  liberties.         Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  277. 

I  would  force  from  the  reluctant  lips  of  the  Secretary 
of  State  his  testimony  to  the  real  power  of  the  masses. 

W.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  ii. 

4.  Adverse,  Inimical,  etc.    See  hostile. 

averset  (a-vers'))  v.  t.  and  i.  [<  L.  aversus : 
see  the  adj.]  To  turn  away ;  avert.  B.  Jon- 
son. 

Wise  Pallas"  shield 
(By  which,  my  face  aversed,  in  open  field 
I  slew  the  Gorgon). 

B.  Jonson,  Masque  of  Queens. 

aversely  (a-vers'li),  adv.  1.  In  the  reverse  or 
opposite  direction;  backward. — 2.  With  aver- 
sion or  repugnance  ;  unwillingly.  [Rare  in 
both  senses.] 

averseness  (a-vers'nes),  n,  [<  averse  +  -ness.] 
The  state  of  being  averse  ;  opposition  of  mind ; 
dislike;  un'willingness ;  backwardness. 

aversion  (a-ver'shon),  n.  [<  L.  aversio(n-),  < 
orertere :  see  averse,  a.,  and  avert.]  If.  A 
tm-ning  away ;  a  change  of  application. 

A  figurative  speech  called  apostrophe,  which  is  an  aver- 
sion of  speech  from  one  thing  ...  to  another. 

Bp.  Morton,  Episcopacy  Asserted,  p.  101. 

2t.  The  act  of  averting  or  warding  off. — 3.  An 
averted  state  of  the  mind  or  feelings ;  opposi- 
tion or  repugnance  of  mind ;  fixed  or  habitual 
dislike  ;  antipathy :  used  absolutely  or  with  to, 
sometimes  with,  from,  for,  or  toward. 

His  aversion  towards  the  house  of  York.  Bacon. 

Adhesion  to  vice,  and  aversion  from  goodness. 

Bp.  Atterbury. 

A  state /or  which  they  have  so  gi'eat  an  aversion. 

Addison. 

An  aversion  to  a  standing  army  in  time  of  peace  had 
long  been  one  of  the  strongest  of  English  sentiments. 

Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  iii. 

4t.  Opposition  or  contrariety  of  nature:  ap- 
plied to  inanimate  substances. 

Magnesia,  notwithstanding  this  aversion  to  solution, 
forms  a  kind  of  paste  with  water.  Fourcroy  (tvuns.). 

5.  A  cause  of  dislike ;  an  object  of  repugnance. 
Had  I  no  preference  for  any  one  else,  the  choice  you 

have  made  would  be  my  aversion. 

Slieridan,  The  Rivals,  i.  2. 
=  SyTl.  3.  Hatred,  Dislike,  Antipathy  (see  antipathy); 
unwillingness,  shrinking,  hesitation,  disrelish,  distaste, 
detestation. 

aversivet  (a-v6r'siv),  a.     [<  L.  aversus  (see 
averse,  a.)  +  -ive.]    Averse;  turning  away. 
Those  strong-bent  humours,  which  aversive  grew. 

Daniel,  Civil  Wars,  vii.  78. 

aversivelyt  (a-ver'siv-li),  adv.  With  aversion ; 
backwardly.  Chapman. 

avert  (a-verf),  V.  [<  L.  avertere,  turn  away,  < 
a  for  ab,  from,  away,  +  vertere,  turn :  see  verse, 
version,  averse,  etc.  Cf.  advert,  convert,  divert, 
evert,  invert,  pervert,  revert,  subvert,  etc.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  turn  away;  turn  or  cause  to  turn 
off  or  away:  as,  to  avert  the  eyes  from  an 
object :  now  seldom  with  a  personal  object. 

When  atheists  and  profane  persons  do  hear  of  so  many 
discordant  and  contrary  opinions  in  religion,  it  doth  avert 
them  from  the  church.  Bacon. 

To  associate  Himself  with  some  persons  and  to  avert 
Himself  from  others.    //.  James,  Subs,  and  Shad.,  p.  158. 

2t.  To  give  a  turn  or  direction  to ;  direct. 

Avert  your  liking  a  more  worthier  way. 
Than  on  a  wretch  whom  Nature  is  asham'd 
Almost  to  acknowledge  hers.        Shak.,  Lear,  i.  1. 

3.  To  ward  off;  prevent  the  occurrence  or  hap- 
pening of  (evil  or  something  threatened). 

Believing  in  the  divine  goodness,  we  must  necessarily 
believe  that  the  evils  which  exist  are  necessary  to  avert 
greater  evils.  Macaulay,  Sadler's  Ref.  Refuted. 


4f.  To  oppose;  \'iew  with  aversion. 

Tli(^  nature  of  mankind  doth  certainly  a»cr<  both  killing 
and  being  kill  (i. 

Decay  Christ.  Piety  (UKl),  vi.  §  9,  251.   (iV.  K.  D.) 

II.  intrans.  To  turn  away.  [Rare.] 

Averting  from  our  neighbour's  good. 

Tliomson,  Spring,  1.  301. 

avertebrated  (a-v6r'te-bra-ted),  a.  [<  Gr.  d- 
priv.  («-i8)  +  vertebra'ted.]  Evertebrated ;  in- 
vertebrate. 

The  Linna;an  classification  of  avertebrated  animals. 

G.  .Johnston  (ed.  of  Cuvier,  184U),  p.  335. 

averted  (a-ver'ted),  j;.  a.  1.  Turned  away  or 
aside. 

When  food  was  brought  to  them,  her  share 
To  his  averted  lips  the  child  did  bear. 

Shelley,  Revolt  of  Islam,  v.  30. 

2.  Specifically,  in  anat.  drawing,  having  the 
head  of  the  object  turned  to  the  top  of  the  fig- 
ure. Wilder. 

averter  (a-ver'ter),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
averts  or  turns  away. 

Averters and  purgers  must  go  together,  as  tending  all  to 
the  same  purpose,  to  divert  this  rebellious  humour  [mel- 
ancholy) and  turn  it  another  way. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  407. 

avertible  (a-ver'ti-bl),'  a.  [<  avert  +  -ibk.] 
Capable  of  being  averted ;  preventable :  as, 
"avertible  evils,"  KiiiglaJce. 

avertimentt,  n.  An  erroneous  form  of  adver- 
tisement. Milton. 

Aves  (a'vez),  n.  pi.  [L.,  pi.  of  avis,  a  bird;  cf. 
Skt.  vi  =  Zend  vi,  a  bird.  Cf.  also  ovum  and 
egg^,]  Birds ;  feathered  animals,  considered  as 
a  class  of  vertebrates,  next  after  mammals: 
sometimes  united  with  Reptilia  in  a  superclass 
Sauropsida,  distinguished  on  the  one  hand  from 
Mammalia,  and  on  the  other  from  Ichthyopsida, 
or  amphibians  and  fishes  together,  a  ces  are  de- 
fined by  the  following  characteristics :  a  body  covered 
with  feathers,  a  kind  of  exoskeleton  no  other  animals 
possess ;  hot  blood ;  completely  double  circulation  ;  per- 
fectly 4-chambered  heart;  single  and  dextral  aortic  arch  ; 
fixed  lungs ;  air-passages  prolonged  into  various  air- 
sacs,  even  into  the  interior  of  some  of  the  bones  of  tlie 
skeleton;  oviparous  reproduction;  eggs  large  and  mero- 
blastic,  with  copious  food-yolk  and  albumen  and  a  hard 
calcareous  shell ;  limbs  4  in  number,  the  anterior  pair  of 
which  are  modified  as  wings,  and  generalls'  subserve  flight 
by  means  of  their  large  feathers,  the  distal  segment  of  the 
limb  being  compressed  and  reduced,  with  not  more  than 
3  digits,  usually  not  unguiculate;  the  metacanials  more 
or  less  ankylosed  as  a  rule,  and  the  free  carpals  normally 
only  2  in  adult  life  ;  a  large  breast-bone,  usually  carinate, 
and  great  pectoral  muscles ;  numerous  dorsolumbar,  sa- 
cral, and  urosacral  vertebr.ie  ankylosed  into  a  sacrarium; 
ilia  greatly  produced  forward,  and  ilia  and  ischia  back- 
ward, normally  without  median  symphyses ;  perforate 
cotyloid  cavity  ;  the  trochanter  of  the  fenmr  articulating 
with  an  iliac  antitrochanter,  and  the  fibula  incomplete 
below ;  the  astragalus  ankylosed  with  the  tibia,  and  assist- 
ing in  forming  the  tibial  condyles ;  mcdiotarsal  ankle- 
joint;  not  more  than  4  metatarsals,  3  ankylosed  together, 
and  not  more  than  4  digits,  the  phalanges  of  which  are 
usually  2,  3,  4,  or  5  in  number ;  the  hind  limb  fitted  as  a 
whole  for  bipedal  locomotion  ;  and  no  teeth  in  any  recent 
forms,  the  jaws  being  sheathed  in  horn.  Birds  have  un- 
dergone little  modification  since  their  firet  appearance  in 
the  Jurassic  age;  their  classification  is  consequently  dif- 
ficult, and  no  leading  authors  agree  in  detail.  Linnaeus 
(1766)  divided  them  into  6  orders:  Accipitres,  Piece,  An- 
seres,  Gralloe,  Gallince,  and  Passeres.  Cuvier's  arrange- 
ment (1817)  was  similar,  with  the  6  orders  Accipitres, 
Passcrince,  Scansores,  Gallince,  Gralloe,  and  Palmipedes. 
A  system  said  to  have  been  originally  proposed  by  Kirby, 
and  formerly  much  in  vogue  among  English  ornithologists, 
recognized  iVa(a^ore«,  Grallatores,  Cursores,  Rasores.  Scan- 
sores,  J nses-iores,  and  Raptores  as  orders.  The  latest  arti- 
ficial system  is  that  of  Sundevall  (1872-3),  with  the  orders 
Oscines,  Volucres,  Accipitres,  Gallince,  Grallatores,  Nata- 
tores,  Proceres,  and  Saururce,  42  subordinate  groups,  and 
1,229  genera.  In  1867  Huxley  divided  birds  into  3  orders : 
Saururce,  Ratitce,  and  Carinatoe ;  the  latter  into  4  subor- 
ders, Dromoeognathoe,  Schizognathce,  Dcsmognatlice,  and 
jEgithoqnathce,  anA  16  superfamily  groups  —  an  arrange- 
ment very  different  from  any  preceding  one.  The  dis- 
covery of  Odontornithes,  or  toothed  birds,  led  to  another 
primary  division  by  JIarsh  into  Odontolcce,  Odontotormce, 
and  Saururce,  this  author  not  extending  his  classification 
to  recent  birds.  In  1884  Coues  divided  all  birds  into  5 
subclasses  :  (1)  Saururce,  with  teeth,  aniphicoslous  verte- 
brae, carinate  sternum,  separate  metacarpals,  and  long, 
lizard-like  tail ;  (2)  Odontotormce,  with  socketed  teeth,  bi- 
concave vertebrae,  carinate  sternum,  ankylosed  metacar- 
pals, and  short  tail ;  (3)  Odontolcce,  with  teeth  in  grooves, 
heterocoelous  vertebra;,  rudimentary  wings.  I'atite  ster- 
num, and  short  tail;  (4)  Ratitce.  without  teeth,  with  het- 
erocoelous vertebra;,  ratite  sternum,  rudimentary  wings, 
ankylosed  metacarpals,  and  .short  tail ;  (.'0  Cni  iiiatce,  with- 
out teeth,  with  heterocadous  vertebra-,  rai  iiiate  stcrrunn, 
developed  wings,  ankylosed  inctai  ai  pals,  and  short  tail. 
The  Carinatoe  include  all  livini.'  liirds.  i  \ccpt  the  few  stru- 
thious  or  ratite  birds.  For  tin  rai  inatr  subclass  or  order, 
some  15  or  20  ordinal  or  subordinal  j^i  Miips  are  now  usually 
adopted.  One  of  these,  Passeres,  includes  a  large  majority 
of  all  birds.  The  genera  or  subgenera  of  birds  in  use  now 
range  from  about  1,200  to  about  2,900.  The  species  are 
usually  estimated  at  about  10,000.  See  bird  and  Saurop- 
■Hda. 

Avesta  (a-ves'ta),  n.  The  sacred  writings  at- 
tributed to  Zoroaster.    See  Zend-Avesta. 


Avestan 

Avestan  (a-ves'tan),  a.  and  n.  [<  Avcsta  +  -an.'] 
I.  n.  Belongiuf;  to  the  Avesta. 
II,  n.  Tlie  language  of  the  Avesta ;  Zend. 

avestruz  (a-ves-troz'),  n.  [Pg.,  also  ahcstrn::,  = 
Sp.  avestna,  ostrich:  see  ostrich.']  A  name 
of  the  South  American  ostrich,  lUica  amcricana. 

aviador  (av'i-a-dor'),  n.  [Amer.  Sp.,  <  Sp. 
aviar,  to  provide  articles  for  a  journey,  prepare, 
<  d  (<  L.  ad),  to,  +  via,  <  L.  via.  way,  road:  see 
via.]  One  who  furnishes  to  the  proprietor  of 
a  mine  money  and  supplies  for  working  it. 

Mineral  ama'lorcs.  or  iirnvnloi 
■which  they  obtaiiietl  on  i  rciiit. 

Vjuoted  in  Moii  ry'x  Arizona  and  Sonoi'a,  p.  126. 

avian  (a'vi-an),  a.  and  ».  [<  L.  aris,  a  bird,  + 
-an.']    I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  or  birds ; 

ornithic. 

Tlie  fiirculum  is  distinctly  avian. 

0.  C.  Marsh,  Pop.  Sei.  Mo.,  XX.  313. 
Avian  anatomy.    ?iee  anatomy. 

II.  n.  A  member  of  the  class  Aves;  a  bird : 
as,  "this  ancient  avian,"  Cones. 

aviary  (a'vi-a-ri),  pi.  aviaries  (-riz).  [<  L. 
aviarium,  an  aviary,  neut.  of  aviarius,  of  birds, 
<«c/s,  bird:  see^ces.]  A  large  cage,  building, 
or  inelosure  in  which  birds  are  reared  or  kept. 

aviation  (a-vi-a'shon),  n.  [<  L.  «(•(*•,  a  bird.] 
The  art  or  act  of  tlying.  [Rare.] 


396 


avoid 

A  sparkling  wine  named 


Greediness;  strong  appetite:  applied  to  the  Avize^  (a-vez'),  n. 

senses.—  2.  Eagerness  ;  intenseness  of  desire  :  from  the  village  of  Avize",  in  the  department  of 
applied  to  the  mind.  Marne,  France.    See  champagne. 

Airiditii  to  know  tlie  causes  of  things  is  the  parent  of  aVOCado (av-o-ka'do),  n.  [Corrupted  from  Mex- 
all  philosophy.  UeUl.    ieau  name.]'  The  alligator-pear,  the  fruit  of 


=  Syn.  2.  Earnestness,  Zeal,  etc.    See  eai;erness. 
aviet  (a-vi'),  2^rep-  l>hr.  as  adv.    [<      +  vie, 
after  f'.  d  I'envi,  in  emulation,  emulously:  see 
vic.'i  Emulously. 
Tliey  strive  ai'ic  one  with  another  in  variety  of  colours. 

Holland. 

f  goods  and  provisions,  aviewf  (a-^'^i'),  f-  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ad- 
view,  adveive,  <  late  ME.  avewe,  <  a-,  ad-,  + 
veive,  view.  Cf.  OF.  avucr,  aveuer,  follow  with 
the  eye  {aveument,  a  view),  <  a,  to,  +  viic,  view, 
sight.]  To  Yievf  or  inspect;  survey;  recon- 
noiter. 

avifauna  (a'vi-fa-na),  w. ;  pi.  avifauna;  (-ne). 
[NL.,  <  L.  avis,  a  bird  (see  Aves),  +  fauna,  q. 
v.]  1.  A  collective  name  for  the  birds  of  any 
given  locality  or  geographical  area  ;  the  fauna 
of  a  region  or  district  so  far  as  concerns  birds. 
— 2.  A  treatise  upon  the  birds  of  a  given  re- 
gion. 

avifaunal  (:x'vi-fa-nal),  a.  [<  avifauna.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  an  aviifauna. 
aviform  (a'vi-form),  a.     [<  L.  avis,  a  bird,  -1- 


aviator  (a'vi-a-tor),  ».    A  flying-machine  em-  foi''»f<,  iorm.]  _  Bird-shaped;  having  the  struc- 


[Re-  characteristic  of  the  class  Aves;  avian,  in 

a  morphological  sense. 

   ^  a  Avignon  berry.  See  &«t)/1. 

1.  A  little  bird;  hence,  any  ungi-own  avilet  (a-\iV),  v.  t.    [ME.  avilen,  <  OF.  aviler, 

•   F.  avilir  =  'Pr.  S^i.  avilar  =  It.  uvviUre,  avvilare, 

<  L.  as  if  *advilare. 


ploying  the  principle  of  the  aeroplane, 
cent.] 

avicula  (a--sik'ii-la),  n.    [L.,  dim.  of  avis, 
bird.]    -  ■ 
bird ;    a  nest- 
line:,   fledgling,  "^^rr: 


or  chick. —  2. 
icap.]  [NL. : 
in  allusion  to 
the  wing-like 
expansion  of 
the  hinge.]  In 


Wing-shell  {Anicula  hirunda). 


conch.,  a  genus  of  bivalve  mollusks,  typical  of 
the  family  Aviculidcc ;  the  wing-shells.  A.  hi' 
riindo  is  the  type. 

avicular  (a-\nk'u-lar),  a.    [<  L.  avicidarius,  n.,  avireptilian  (a"vi-rep-til'i-an),  a. 


a  bird-keeper,  prop,  adj.,  pertaining  to  birds,  < 
avicula,  a  little  bird:  see  avicula.^  Pertaining 
to  birds.    Thomas,  Med.  Diet. 

avicularia,  n.   Plural  of  avicularium . 

avicularian  (a-vik-u-la'ri-an),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  an  avicularium.  " 

avicularium  (a-\ik-u-la'ri-um),  n.  ^   

lana  (-ii).  [NL.,  neut.  of  L.  avicidarius,  adj. :  avisandiun  wT^See 
see  avicular.]    In  rod'/.,  a  singular  small  pre-  aviset  «•  and  v.  Ae 


advilire,  <  ad,  to,  +  vilis., 
vile:  see  vile.]  To  make  vile;  treat  as  vile; 
depreciate;  debase. 

Want  makes  us  know  the  price  of  what  we  avile. 

B.  Jonson,  Prince  Henry's  Barriers, 
avilementt,  ■».   [<  OF.  avilement  (mod.  F.  avilis- 
sement) :  see  avilc  and  -ment.']    The  act  of  ren- 
dering vile,  or  of  treating  as  vile, 
avine  (a'vin),  a.    [<  L.  avis,  a  bird,  +  -inel.] 
Same  as  avian. 

[<L 


bird,  -f-  reptdis,  reptile,  +  -an.]  Combining 
avian  and  reptilian  characters ;  sauropsidan, 
as  a  bird.  [Rare.] 

The  head  is  in  a  stage  of  avi-reptilian  transition. 

Ji.  W.  Shufeldt,  in  Tlie  Century,  XXXI.  355. 

avist,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  advice. 
pi.  af(c«-  avisandt,  M.    Advising ;  giving  advice. 

avizandum. 


,      .,  -  ,  ,.        i^.       ,     ,  "..^-v-i,  —  . — ^.    An  obsolete  form  of  advice, 

nensile  process,  resembling  a  bird's  head,  with  adrise. 
a  movable  mandible,  which  snaps  incessantly,  avised'  (a-visf )  a. 


found  in  many  of  the  Pohjzoa.  Compare  flahel- 
larium,  vibracularium. 
aviculid  (a-vik'li-lid),  n.    A  bivalve  of  the  fam- 
ily Aviculidw. 
Aviculidae  (av-i-kii'li-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Avicu^ 
la  +  -idee.]    A  family  of  lamellibranchs,  with 


oblique  inequivalve  shells,  having  an  outer  aviselyt.'arto.  Advisedly. 

prismatic  cellular  layer  and  inner  nacreous  avisementt  (a-vi^'ment),  n.    Obsolete  form  o 

layer,  a  small  byssus-secreting  foot,  and  com-  advisement    "  " 
pletely  open  mantle 


[Sc.,  prop.  *viscd,  <  F.  vis, 
face,  +  -ed^,  with  unorig.  a-  developed  in  comp.] 
Faced:  only  in  composition:  as,  black-amcd, 
dark-complexioned;  lang-avised,  long-faced. 
[Scotch.] 

avisefult  (a-viz'ful),  a.  [Also  avizefull;  <  avise, 
=  advise,  +  -ful.]    Circumspect.  Spenser. 

Chaucer. 

f 


There  are  several  genera  be 
sides  Avicula,  the  type,  among  them  Meleagrina,  which 
contains  the  famous  pearl-mussel,  M.  maniaritifera,  of 
the  Indian  ocean  and  Persian  gulf  and  the  Giilf  of  Mexico. 
See  cut  under  arirula. 

aviculoid  (a-vik'u-loid),  a.  [<  Avicula  +  -oid.'] 
Resembling  the' Aviculidce:  as,  "an  aviculoid 
shell,"  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  XXXL  140. 

Aviculopecten  (a-vik'-'ii-lo-pek'ten),  n.  [NL., 

<  Avicula  +  Fecten.]  A  genus  of  fossil  bivalve 
mollusks :  so  called  because  it  combines  char- 
acters of  the  genera  Avicida  and  Fecten.  Spe- 
cies occur  in  the  Silurian  and  Carboniferous 
rocks. 

aviculture  (a'vi-kul-tur),  n.  [<  L.  avis,  a  bird, 
+  cultura,  culture.]  The  care  of  birds;  the 
rearing  or  keeping  of  birds  in  domestication  or 
captivity. 

avid  (av'id),  a.    [<  L.  avidus,  greedy,  eager, 

<  avere,  wish.    Cf.  avarice.']     Eager;  greedy. 

Avid  of  gold,  yet  greedier  of  renown.  Southey. 

The  voluptuous  soul  of  Mirabeau  was  not  more  avid  of 
pleasure  than  the  vain,  ambitious  soul  of  Robespierre  was 
of  applause.  O.  H.  Lewes,  Rol)espierre,  p.  124. 

avidioust  (a-vid'i-us),  a.  [Expanded  form  for 
*avidous,  <  L.  avidus:  see  avid.]  Same  as 
avid:  as,  "avidious  greedinesse,"  Bpj.  Bale, 
Select  Works  (1849),  p.  418. 

avidiouslyf  (a-vid'i-us-li),  adv.  In  an  avid  or 
avidious  manner ;  eagerly ;  with  greediness. 

Nothing  is  more  avidiously  desired  than  is  the  sweet 
peace  of  God.         Bp.  Bale,  Image  of  the  Two  Churches. 

avidity  (a-vid'i-ti),  M.    [<  F.  avidite,  <  L.  avidi- 


I  think  there  never 
Marriage  was  managed  with  a  more  avisement. 

B.  Jonson,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  ii.  1. 

avisiont,  «•    [ME.,  also  avisiun,  -oun,  <  OP.  avi- 
sion,  avisiun  (=  Pr.  avision),  for  vision;  confused 
with  avis,  advice,  counsel.]    Vision.  Chaucer. 
avisot,       [<  Sp.  aviso,  advice,  etc.:  see  advice.] 
1.  Advice;  intelligence. 

I  had  yours,  .  .  .  and  besides  your  avisos,  I  must  thank 
you  for  the  rich  flourishes  wherewith  your  letter  was  em- 
broidered. Howell,  Letters,  ii.  68. 

I  am  no  footpost, 
No  pedlar  of  avisos.       Ford,  Lady's  Trial,  i.  1. 


Avocado,  or  Alligator-pear 
( Persia  gra  t  issima ). 


Fersea  gratissima,  nat- 
ural order  Lauracew,  a 
tree  common  in  trop- 
ical America  and  the 
West  Indies,  it  is  from 
1  to  2  pounds  in  weight,  is 
pear-shaped,  of  a  brownish- 
green  or  purple  color,  and 
is  highly  esteemed,  though 
ratlier  as  a  vegetable  than  as 
afruit.  The  pulp  is  firm  and 
marrow-like,  whence  the 
fruit  is  sometimes  known  as 
vegetable  marrow  or  mid- 
shipmen's butter.  The  oil 
is  said  to  be  equal  to  palm- 
oil  for  soap.  The  tree  is  an 
evergreen,  growing  to  the 
height  of  30  feet.  Also  avo- 
calo,  avigato. 

avocat  (av-o-ka'),  n. 
[F.,  <  L.  advocatus: 
see  advocate,  n.]  An  advocate;  a  lawyer, 
avocate  (av'o-kat),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  avo- 
cated,  ppr.  avocating.  [<  L.  avocatus,  pp.  of 
avocare,  call  away,  <  a  for  ab,  away,  -f  vocare, 
call:  see  voice  and  vocal.']  If.  To  call  off  or 
away. 

One  .  .  .  who  avocaieth  his  mind  from  other  occupa- 
tions. Barrow,  Works,  III.  xxii. 
2.  To  remove  authoritatively  from  an  inferior 
to  a  superior  court.  [Archaic] 

Seeing  .  .  .  the  cause  avocated  to  Rome. 

Lord  Herbert,  Hen.  VIII.,  p.  259. 

avocation  (av-o-ka'shon),  n.  [<  L.  avocatio{n-), 
a  calling  off,  interruption,  <  avocare,  call  off: 
see  avocate.)  If.  The  act  of  calling  aside  or 
diverting  from  some  object  or  employment. 

God  does  frequently  inject  into  the  soul  blessed  im- 
pulses to  duty,  and  powerful  avocations  from  sin.  South. 

2.  The  authoritative  removal  of  a  case  or  pro- 
cess from  an  inferior  to  a  superior  court. 

The  pope's  a  vocation  of  tlie  process  to  Rome,  by  which 
his  duplicity  and  alienation  from  the  king's  side  were 
made  evident,  ami  the  disgrace  of  Wolsey,  took  place  in 
the  summer  of  1529.  Hallam. 

3t.  The  state  of  being  called,  or  of  wandering 
aside  or  away;  a  diversion  of  the  thoughts. 

If  not  from  virtue,  from  its  gravest  ways. 
The  soul  with  pleasing  avocation  strays. 

Parnell,  To  an  Old  Beauty. 
Hence — 4.  That  which  calls  one  away  from 
one's  proper  business ;  a  subordinate  or  occa- 
sional occupation ;  a  diversion  or  distraction. 

Heaven  is  his  vocation,  and  therefore  he  counts  earthly 
employments  avocations.  F%dler,  Holy  State,  iv.  9. 

Visits,  business,  cards,  and  I  know  not  how  many  other 
avocations  ...  do  succeed  one  another  so  thick,  that  in 
the  day  there  is  no  time  left  for  the  distracted  person  to 
converse  with  his  own  thoughts. 

Boyle,  Occasional  Reflections,  ii.  6. 
5.  A  person's  regular  business  or  occupation; 
vocation ;  calling.  [An  improper  though  com- 
mon use  of  the  word.] 

Does  it  not  require  time  for  an  individual,  thrust  out  of 
one  avocation,  to  gain  admittance  to  another? 

Godwin,  The  Enquirer,  p.  196. 
The  ancient  avocation  of  picking  pockets. 

Sydney  Smith. 

In  a  few  hours,  above  thirty  thousand  men  left  his  stan- 
dard, and  returned  to  their  ordinary  avocations. 

Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 
The  w.andering  avocation  of  a  shepherd. 

Buckle,  Civilization,  II.  i. 

avocativet  (a-vok'a-tiv),  a.  and  n.   [<  avocate  + 
-ive.  Cf.  vocative.']'  I,  a.  Calling  off.  Smollett. 
II.  11.  That  which  calls  aside ;  a  dissuasive. 

Incentives  to  virtue,  and  avocatives  from  vice. 

Barrow,  The  Creed. 


2.  An  advice-  or  despatch-boat, 

avital  (av'i-tal),  a.    [<  L.  avitus,  pertaining  to  avocato  (av-o-ka'to),  n.    Saine  as  avocado 

a  gi-andfather  (<  aws,  a  grandfather), -t- -wL]  avocatory  (a-vok'a-to-ri),  a.  U  avocate  + -ory.] 

Of  or  pertaining  to  a  grandfather;  ancestral.  Calling  off ; ■'recalling.- Letters  avocatory,  letters 

I  sneered  just  now  at  avital  simplicity.  hy  which  the  subjects  of  a  sovereign  are  recalled  from  a 

C.  Reade,  Love  me  Little,  etc.,  xi.  foreign  state  with  which  he  is  at  war,  or  which  bid  them 

avivage  (a-vi-vazh'),  n.    In  dyeing,  the  process  avoctt°«'"sVe  a'oL'f' 
of  clearing  a  fabric  of  superfluous  coloring  ATi^riVo'  t^?r%.  lf'^-<  tot 
matter  afttr  it  has  left  the  lats,  and  of  reviv?  ^vocetta  (av-o-set  a)  «.    [NL  :  see  avoset.1 

ing  and  brightening  the  colors.  '  \  i  S^"^^"      ^V"^?.'.  ^^"^  '^^f  ^y^°Jl^ 

o  e,         a  °-  of  Becurvirostra  (which  see).    Brisson,  1760. 

When  the  dyeing  process  is  continued  for  more  than  six  See  Cut  under  avoset.—  2.  A  genus  of  hum- 
hours  the  colours  produced  stand  clearing  (aoiwa^e)  less  ■  1-  J  A  ■  Al  7  ^^.T  7  """^ 
well  than  when  the  time  has  been  shorter.                        ming-birds.    AgassiZ.    Also  Avocettula. 

Crookes,  Dyeing  and  Calico-prhiting,  p.  301.  AvOgadro'S  la'W.     See  law. 

avizandum  (av-i-zan'dum),  w.  [Law  L.,  also  avoid  (a-void'),  v.  [<  ME.  avoiden,  avoyden,  < 
avisanduM,  gerund  of  avisare,  <  F.  aviser,  con-  f'-i'otder,  OF.esvmdier,  esveudier,  empty  out, 


sider,  advise:  see  advise.]   In  Scots  law,  private 

consideration.  To  make  avizandum  with  a  cause  is  to 
remove  it  from  the  public  court  to  the  private  considera- 
tion of  the  judge.    Also  spelled  nvisandum. 


ta(t-)s,  <  avidus,  greedy,  eager:  see  avid.]    1.  avizeif,  f.    An  obsolete  form  of  advise. 


<  es-  (<  L.  ex,  out)  +  vuidier,  veudier,  <  L.  viduare, 
empty,  <  viduus,  empty:  see  void,  a.,  which  has 
influenced  avoid  in  some  of  its  senses.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  make  void;  annul;  make  of  no 
effect:  chiefly  used  in  legal  phraseology:  as, 


avoid 


397 


avowal 


this  grant  cannot  be  avoided  without  injustice 
to  the  grantee. —  2t.  To  empty. 

Avoyd  thou  thi  tveiichere.  Babees  Book,  p.  23. 

3t.  To  eject ;  throw  out ;  drive  out. 

And  yf  he  aooydc  hem  [swine  going  at  large]  not,  or  put 
liem  in  warde,  aft'  warning  made,  ...  he  that  is  so  in  de- 
fault to  paye  the  peyne  reherced. 

English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  398. 

A  toad  contains  not  those  urinary  parts  ...  to  avoid 
that  serous  excretion.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

4t.  To  quit ;  evacuate ;  depart  from. 

And  then  the  both  raaires  to  chaunge  their  places,  then 
to  avoid  the  lialle.  English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  418. 

Avoid  the  gallery.  Shale,  Hen.  VIII.,  v.  1. 

That  prince  should  command  him  to  avoid  the  country. 

Bacon. 

5.  To  shun;  keep  away  from;  eschew:  as,  to 
avoid  expense,  danger,  or  bad  company. 

The  best  way  to  amid  controversies  about  words  is  to 
use  words  in  their  proper  senses. 

Macaulay,  Sadler's  Ref.  Refuted. 

6t.  To  get  rid  of;  get  out  or  clear  of. 

I  will  no  longer  endure  it,  though  yet  I  know  no  wise 
remedy  how  to  avoid  it.  Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  i.  1. 

=  Syn.  5.  To  escape,  elude,  evade,  keep  clear  of. 

Il.t  intrans.  1.  To  become  void,  vacant,  or 
empty. 

Bishopricks  are  not  included  under  benefices :  so  that  if 
a  person  takes  a  bishoprick,  it  does  not  amid  by  force  of 
that  law  of  pluralities,  but  by  the  ancient  common  law. 

Ayliffe,  Parergon. 

2.  To  retire ;  withdraw. 

David  avoided  out  of  his  presence.        1  Sam.  xviii.  11. 

Avoid,  my  soul's  vexation  !   Satan,  hence ! 

B.  Jonson,  Case  is  Altered,  iv.  4. 

Let  him  avoid,  then^ 
I  And  leave  our  walk. 

Fletcher  and  Rowley,  Maid  in  the  Mill,  i.  1. 

avoidable  (a-voi'da-bl),  a.    [<  avoid  +  -ahle.'\ 

1.  Liable  to  be  annulled  or  to  become  void; 
voidable.  [Rare.  ] — 2.  Capable  of  being  avoid- 
ed, shunned,  escaped,  or  prevented. 

avoidably  (a-voi'da-bli),  adv.  In  ^  avoidable 
manner. 

avoidance  (a-voi'dans),  n.  [<  ME.  avoidaunce, 
avoidans ;  <  avoid  +  -ance.l  1.  The  act  of  an- 
nulling or  making  void ;  annulment. 

The  obsequious  clergy  of  France  .  .  .  pronounced  at 
once  the  avoidance  of  the  marriage. 

Milman,  Latin  Christianity,  ix.  4. 

2.  The  act  of  becoming,  or  the  state  of  being, 
vacant;  especially,  the  state  of  a  benefice  when 
it  becomes  void  by  death,  deprivation,  resigna- 
tion, or  preferment  of  the  incumbent ;  vacancy. 

Wolsey,  ...  on  every  avoidance  of  St.  Peter's  chair, 
was  sitting  down  thereon,  when  suddenly  some  one  or 
other  clapped  in  before  him.  Fttller. 

3.  The  act  of  avoiding  or  shunning  anything 
disagreeable  or  unwelcome. —  4t.  A  retiring 
from  or  leaving  a  place. —  5t.  An  emptying 
out;  that  by  which  a  fluid  is  carried  off;  an 
outlet. 

Avoidances  and  dralnings  of  water.  Bacon. 

Confession  and  avoidance.  &ee  confession. —  Plea  in 
avoidance,  in  law,  a  plea  which,  without  denying  the 
plaintiff's  allegation,  sets  up  some  new  fact  evading  its 
effect,  as  where  the  plaiutitf  alleges  a  debt  and  the  de- 
fendant pleads  a  release  in  avoidance. 

avoider  (a-voi'der),  n.  1.  One  who  avoids, 
shuns,  or  escapes. 

Good  sir,  steal  away :  you  were  wont  to  be  a  curious 
avoider  of  women's  company. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Honest  Man's  Fortune,  iv.  1. 

2t.  That  which  empties. 

avoidless  (a-void'les),  a.  [<  avoid  +  -less.'] 
That  cannot  be  avoided ;  inevitable:  avoid- 
less  ruin,"  Dennis,  Letters.  [Rare.] 

avoir.    An  abbreviation  of  avoirdupois. 

avoirdupois  (av*or-dii-poiz'),  n.  [Prop,  aver- 
depois,  early  mod.  E.  averdepois,  averdupois, 
haverdupois,  -poise,  <  ME.  aver  depoiz,  avoir  de 
pots,  aver  de  peis  (later  also  -pdise,  -pase),  <  OF. 
aver  de  pes,  aveir  de  pieis  (equiv.  to  ML.  averia 
2>onderis),  lit.  goods  of  weight:  aver,  goods  (see 
aver^) ;  de.  <  L.  de,  of;  pes,  peis,  \aXev  pois  (mod. 
F.  poids,  by  mistaken  reference  to  L.  pondiis, 
weight)  =  Pr.  pes,  pens  =  It.  jjeso,  <  L.  pe7i- 
stmi,  weight,  <  pendere,  weigh:  see  poise,  pen- 
dant.'] 1.  A  system  of  weight  in  which  one 
pound  contains  16  ounces,  it  was  introduced  into 
England  from  Bayonne  about  A.  D.  1300,  and  is  substantial- 
ly the  Spanish  system.  In  avoirdupois  weight  7,000  troy 
grains  (formerly,  and  now  in  the  United  States,  approxi- 
mately, but  in  Great  Britain  exactly)  make  a  pound,  while 
in  troy  weight  the  pound  contains  5,760  grains,  the  grain 
being  the  same  in  both  cases  ;  hence,  175  poimds  troy  are 
equal  to  144  pounds  avoirdupois.  The  pound  avoirdupois 
is  the  standard  weight  of  Great  Britain,  and  is  equal  to 
453.6  grams  in  the  French  metric  system.  Avoirdupois 
weight  is  used  in  determining  the  weights  of  all  commodi- 


ties except  gems  and  the  precious  metals.  It  is  reckoned 
as  follows : 

Cwt.    Qrs.    Pounds.    Ounces.  Drams. 
1  ton  =  20  =  80  =  2240  =  35840  =  573440 

1  hundredweight  =  4  =  112  =  1792  =  28672 
1  quarter  =     28  =     448  =  7168 

1  pound  =       16  =  256 

1  ounce  =  16 

In  the  United  States  the  hundredweight  is  now  commonly 
100  pounds,  and  the  tun  2,000  pounds,  called  the  short  ton 
in  distinction  from  the  long  ton  of  2,240  pounds. 
2.  The  weight  of  anything  according  to  the 
avoirdupois  system :  as,  his  avoirdupois  was  150 
pounds.  [Colloq.] 

Also  written  averdupois,  and  often  abbrevi- 
ated to  avoir,  and  avdp. 

avoket  (a-v6k'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  avocare,  call  away: 
see  avocdte.  Cf.  convoke,  evoke,  invoke,  provoke, 
revoke.]    To  call  away  or  back.    Bp.  Burnet. 

avolatet  (av'o-lat),  v.  i.  [<  L.  avolatus,  pp.  of 
avolare,  fly  away,  <  a  for  ah,  away,  +  volare,  fly : 
seevolant.]    Toflyoff;  escape;  exhale.  Boyle. 

avolationt  (av-o-la'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *avola- 
tio{n-),  <  avolare :  see  avolate.]  The  act  of  fly- 
ing away;  flight;  escape;  exhalation;  evapora- 
tion. 

The  avolation  of  the  favillous  particles. 

5't>  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  v.  22. 

avoli  (a-v6'le),  n.  [It.]  In  glass-blowing,  espe- 
cially in  Venetian  work,  the  small  circular  piece 
which  covers  the  junction  of  the  bowl  and  the 
stem  in  a  drinking-glass. 

avoncet,  Variant  of  avance'^,  obsolete  form 
of  advance. 

avoset,  avocet  (av'6-set),  n.  [Also  as  NL. 
avocetta,  avosetta;  <  F.  avocette  =  It.  avocetta  = 
Sp.  avoceta;  origin  uncertain.]  1.  A  bird  of 
the  genus  Recurvirostra,  family  Becurvirostrida;, 
and  order  Limicolcc,  characterized  by  extreme 


European  Avoset  {Recurvirostra  avocetta). 

slendemess  and  upward  curvature  of  the  bill, 
and  by  very  long  legs  and  webbed  toes,    in  the 

latter  characteristic  it  differs  from  most  wading  birds.  Its 
length  is  from  15  to  18  inches  from  the  tip  of  the  bill  to 
the  end  of  the  tail,  and  its  coloration  is  chiefly  black  and 
white,  the  legs  being  blue.  Several  species  are  described. 
Tlie  avoset  of  Europe  is  R.  avocetta;  that  of  the  United 
States  is  R.  americana,  distinguished  by  the  chestnut- 
brown  coloration  of  the  head.  The  former  is  sometimes 
called  the  scooper  or  .scooping  avoset. 

2.  A  humming-bird  of  the  genus  Avocetta. 
avouch  (a-vouch'),  V.    [<  ME.  avouchen  (rare), 

<  AF.  advouclier,  OF.  avochier,  avocher,  a  part- 
ly restored  form,  after  the  L.,  of  avoer,  avouer, 
affirm,  declare,  avow,  orig.  call  upon  to  defend, 

<  L.  advocare :  see  advocate,  avow'^,  and  vouch.'] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  affirm  or  acknowledge  openly ; 
declare  or  assert  with  positiveness ;  proclaim. 

Thou  hast  avouched  the  Lord  this  day  to  be  thy  God : 
.  .  .  And  the  Lord  hath  avouched  thee  this  day  to  be  his 
peculiar  people.  Deut.  xxvi.  17,  18. 

Neither  indeed  would  I  have  thought  that  any  such  an- 
tiquities could  have  been  avouched  for  the  Irish. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 
If  this  which  he  avouches  does  appear. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  5. 
I  speak  what  history  avouches,  that  the  mechanics,  as  a 
class,  were  prime  agents  in  all  the  measures  of  the  revolu- 
tion. Everett,  Orations,  I.  363. 

2.  To  admit,  confess,  or  avow. 

The  first  time  that  I  have  heard  one  with  a  beard  on  his 
lip  avouch  himself  a  coward.  Scott,  Betrothed,  iii. 

Milton  in  his  prose  works  frequently  avouches  the  pecu- 
liar affection  to  the  Italian  literature  and  language  which 
he  bore. 

Trench.  Eng.  Past  and  Present,  iii.  119.    (N.  E.  D.) 

3.  To  maintain,  vindicate,  or  justify;  make 
good;  answer  for;  establish;  guarantee;  sub- 
stantiate. 


What  I  have  said 
I  will  avouch,  in  presence  of  the  king. 

Shak.,  Kicli.  III.,  i.  3. 
We  might  be  disposed  to  question  its  authenticity  if  it 
were  not  avouched  by  the  full  evidence  in  its  favoui-. 

Milman,  Latin  Cliristianity,  iv.  7. 

4t.  To  appeal  to,  or  cite  as  proof  or  warrant : 
as,  to  avouch  the  authorities  on  any  subject. 

II.  intrans.  To  give  assurance  or  guaranty ; 
vouch:  as,  "lean  avouch  for  her  reputation," 
Defoe,  Mrs.  Veal, 
avoucnt (a-vouch'), ».  l<.avouch,v.]  Evidence; 
testimony;  assurance. 

Without  the  sensible  and  true  avouch 

Of  mine  own  eyes.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  1. 

avouchable  (a-vou'eha-bl),  a.  [<  avouch  + 
-able.]    Capable  of  being  avouched. 

avoucher  (a-vou'cher),  n.    One  who  avouches. 

avouchment  (a-vouch'ment),  n.  [<  avouch  + 
-ment.]  The  act  of  avouching;  declaration; 
avowal ;  acknowledgment. 

By  laying  the  foundation  of  his  defence  on  the  avouch- 
ment of  that  which  is  so  manifestly  untrue,  he  hath  given 
a  worse  foil  to  his  own  cause  than  when  his  whole  forces 
were  at  any  time  overthrown.      Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  i. 

avoue  (a-v(5-a'),  n.  [F.,  <  OF.  avoue  (pp.  of 
avouer,  avoer),  <  L.  advocatus,  advocate,  patron: 
see  avowee,  advowee,  and  advocate.]  In  France, 
originally,  a  protector  of  a  church  or  religious 
community;  now,  a  ministerial  officer  whose 
duty  it  is  to  represent  parties  before  the  tribu- 
nals and  to  draw  up  acts  of  procedure. 

avouret,  «•    See  avower'^. 

avoutert,  avouterert,  etc.    See  advouter,  etc. 

avow^  (a-vou'),  V.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  advow, 
after  the  L. ;  <  ME.  avoiven,  avouen,  <  OF.  avouer, 
avoer  =  Pr.  avoar,  <  L.  advocare,  call  to,  call 
upon,  hence  to  call  as  a  witness,  defender, 
patron,  or  advocate,  own  as  such:  see  avouch 
(from  later  OF.)  and  advoke  and  advocate  (di- 
rectly from  L.),  doublets  of  avoio'^.  This  verb, 
in  E.  and  F.,  was  partly  confused  with  the  now 
obsolete  avoiu^ ;  cf .  the  similar  confusion  of  al- 
low^ and  alloic^.]  I,  trans.  It.  To  own  or  ac- 
knowledge obligation  or  relation  to,  as  a  per- 
son: as,  he  avowed  him  for  his  son. —  2t.  To 
sanction;  approve. —  3.  To  declare  openly,  of- 
ten with  a  view  to  justify,  maintain,  or  defend : 
as,  to  avoiD  one's  principles. 

If  there  be  one  amongst  the  fair'st  of  Greece  .  .  . 
That  loves  his  mistress  more  than  in  confession,  .  .  . 
And  dare  avow  her  beauty  and  her  worth 
In  other  arms  than  hers  —  to  him  this  challenge. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  3. 
"Water,  verdure,  and  a  beautiful  face,"  says  an  old 
Arab  proverb,  "  are  three  things  which  delight  the  heart," 
and  the  Syrians  avow  that  all  three  are  to  be  found  in 
Damascus.  B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  tlie  Saracen,  p.  126. 

4.  Specifically,  in  laic,  to  acknowledge  and 
justify,  as  when  the  distrainer  of  goods  de- 
fends in  an  action  of  replevin,  and  avoics  the 
taking,  but  insists  that  such  taking  was  legal. 
See  avowry,  1. —  5.  To  admit  or  confess  open- 
ly or  frankly ;  acknowledge ;  own :  as,  to  avow 
one's  self  a  convert. 

Left  to  myself,  I  must  avow,  I  strove 

From  public  shame  to  screen  my  secret  love.  Dryden. 
=  Syn.  3.  To  affirm,  assert,  profess. — 5.  Admit,  Confess, 
etc.    See  acknowledge. 

II.  intrans.  In  law,  to  justify  or  maintain  an 
act  done,  specifically  a  distress  for  rent  taken 
in  one's  own  right.    N.  E.  D. 

avo'W^t  (a-vou'),  w.  [<.  avow^,  v.]  An  avowal; 
a  bold  declaration.  Dryden. 

avO'W^t  (a-vou'),  V.  [Early  mod.  E.,  also  advow 
(after  the  L.);  <  ME.  avoiven,  avouen,  <  OF. 
avouer,  avoer,  later  advouer,  <  ML.  as  if  *advo- 
tare,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  ML.  votare,  vow,  >  Pr.  vodar 
=  OF.  voer,  vouer,  >  E.  voiv,  q.  v.  This  verb  was 
partly  confused  with  aroM>l,  q.  V.  ]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  bind  with  a  vow. —  2.  To  devote  or  dedicate 
by  a  vow;  vow. —  3.  To  vow  to  do  or  keep; 
promise;  undertake. 

II.  intrans.  To  bind  one's  self  by  a  vow; 
make  a  vow ;  vow. 

avo'W^t  (a-vou'),  n.  [ME.  avowe,  avou;  from 
the  verb.]    A  vow;  a  promise. 

I  make  avowe  to  my  God  here. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  I.  93. 
I  will  make  mine  avow  to  do  her  as  ill  a  turn. 

Marriage  of  Sir  Gawayne. 

avO'Wable  (a-vou'a-bl),  a.    [<  aroit'l  +  -ahle.] 
Capable  of  being  avowed  or  openly  acknow- 
ledged with  confidence. 
avO'wably  (a-vou'a-bli),  adv.    In  an  avowable 
manner.    Imp.  Diet. 
avO'wal  (a-vou'al),  n.    [<  avow'^  +  -al.]  An 
open  declaration;  a  frank  acknowledgment. 
His  .  .  .  avowal  of  such  .  .  .  principles. 

Hume,  Hist.  Eng.,  an.  1628. 


avowance 

avowance  (a-vou'ans),  w.  [<  avowi  +  -nnce.'i 
1.  The  act  of  avo\ving;  avowal.— 2t.  Justifi- 
cation; defense;  %iuiUoation. 

Can  my  aroimmv  of  kiiig-iimrderiiig  be  collected  from 
anything  here  written  by  me?  Fuiler 

avowant  (a-vou'ant),  n.  [<  avmo'^  +  -««<!.]  In 
law,  the  defendant  in  replevin,  who  avows  the 
distress  of  the  goods,  and  justifies  the  taking. 

avowed  (a-voud'),  j;.  a.    Declared;  open. 

I  w;is  thine  open,  thine  avoired  enemy.  Massinrjer. 

avowedly  (a-vou'ed-li),  adv.  In  an  avowed  or 
open  maimer;  with  frank  acknowledgment. 

avoweet,  «.  [Also  advowee,  q.  v. ;  <  ME.  arowe, 
<  OF.  avoue  (see  avoue),  earlier  avoe,  <  L.  advo- 
catus:  see  adroicee,  advocate.}  An  advocate 
or  patron;  in  law,  same  as  advowee. 

avoweri  (a-vou'er),  w.  l<avow'^  One 
who  avows,  owns,  or  asserts. 

avower^t,  «.  [Also  advower,  avoure ;  <  OP. 
avoMer,  inf .  used  as  a  noun :  seeaiwi.]  Avowal. 

He  bad  him  stand  f  abide  the  bitter  stoure 
Of  his  sore  vengeaunce,  or  to  make  avoure. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  iii.  48. 

avowry  fa-vou'ri),  «.  [<  ME.  avowerie,  avou- 
cne,  acknowledgment,  authoritv,<  OF.  avouerie, 
avoerie,  <  avoiier,  avoer,  avow:  see  avow'^  and 
-cy.]  1.  In  oZ<Z /a!0,  the  act  of  the  distrainer  of 
goods,  who,  in  an  action  of  replevin,  avowed  and 
justified  the  taking  by  maintaining  that  he  took 
them  in  his  own  right :  thus  distinguished  from 
cognisance,  which  was  the  defense  of  one  who 
maintained  that  he  took  them  in  the  right  of 
another  as  his  bailiff  or  servant.— 2t.  A  patron 
saint  chosen  for  one's  advocacy  in  heaven: 
often  applied  to  a  picture  or  representation  of 
the  patron  saint,  and  hence  the  cognizance  by 
which  a  knight  was  known,  because  the  repre- 
sentation of  his  patron  saint  borne  on  his  pen- 
non became  such  a  cognizance. 

Therefore  away  with  these  avovrries;  let  God  alone  be 
our  amwry. 

Latimer,  Sermons  before  Edw.  VI.  (Arber),  p.  193. 
Within  this  circle  and  close  to  the  corpse  were  carried 
the  four  banners  — two  before,  two  behind  — of  the  dead 
person's  avowries,  which  were  small  square  vanes  beaten 
out  of  gilt  metal,  painted  with  the  figures  of  his  patron  saints 
and  fastened  flag-wise  upon  staves. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  488. 
avowtry!,  etc.    See  advoutry,  etc. 
avoyf,  interj.    [<  OF.  avoi,  avoy,  interj.]  An 
exclamation  of  surprise  or  remonstrance. 

Avoy,  quod  she,  fy  on  yow  lierteless. 

Chaucer,  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  1.  88. 

avoyer  (a-voi'er),  n.  [Also  advoycr;  <  F.  avoyer, 
prob.  <  M.lj.*advocaruis,  equiv.  toadvocatus,  pro- 
tector, patron;  ef.  ML.  advocaria,  tribute  paid 
for  protection,  the  protection  itself:  see  advo- 
cate.} In  French  Switzerland,  the  early  title  of 
the  chief  magistrates  of  the  cantons.  In  Bern 
the  title  was  used  until  1794. 

avulset  (a-vuls'),  i'.  t.  [<  L.  avulsus,  pp.  of  avel- 
lere,  pluck  off :  see  avell.  ]  To  pluck  or  pull  off. 
Shenstoyie. 

avulsion  (a-vul'shon),  11.  [<  L.  avulsio(n-),  < 
avulsus,  pp.  of  avellere,  pluck  off:  see  avell.} 
If.  A  pulling  or  tearing  asunder  or  off ;  a  rend- 
ing or  violent  separation. 

The  thronging  clusters  thin 
By  kind  avulsion.     J.  Philips,  Cyder,  i.  24. 
On  condition  of  everlasting  avulsion  from  Great  Britain. 

Jefferson,  Correspondence,  I.  151. 

2t.  A  fragment  torn  off.— 3.  In  law,  the  sud- 
den removal  of  soil  from  the  land  of  one  man 
and  its  deposit  upon  the  land  of  another  by  the 
action  of  water, 
avuncular  (a-vung'ku-lar),  a.  [<  L.  avunculus, 
uncle,  dim.  of  avus,  grandfather:  see  uncle.} 
Of  or  pertaining  to  an  uncle. 

In  these  rare  instances  the  law  of  pedigree,  whether  di- 
rect or  avuncular,  gives  way.  is.  Taylor 
Clive  had  passed  the  avuncular  banking-house  in  the 
city,  without  caring  to  face  his  relations  there. 

Thackeray,  Newcoraes,  II.  ii. 

aw^t,  n.  and  v.    See  awe^. 

aw2,  interj.  [Cf.  augh,  ah,  oli.}  An  exclama- 
tion of  surprise,  disgust,  or  remonstrance. 
[Colloq.] 

aw.  [(1)  <  ME.  aw,  au,  ag,  ag  (awe,  etc.),  <  AS. 
ag  (aga,  agu,  etc.),  that  is,  a  followed  by  the 
guttural  g;  (2)  <  ME.  aw,  au  (awe,  etc.),  <  AS. 
aw  (awu,  etc.)  (or  ww,  edw),  that  is,  a  (or  w,  ed) 
followed  by  the  labial  w;  (3)  <  ME.  aw,  au,  av, 
<  AS.  (etc.)  of  (av);  (4)  of  other  origin.]  A 
common  English  digraph  (pron.  a),  formerly  in- 
terchangeable in  most  instances  -with  au  (which 
see),  but  now  the  regular  form  when  final,  and 
when  medial  before  k,  I,  and  n.  Historically  it 
represents,  in  older  words,  (1)  a  (a)  with  an  absorbed  gut- 
tural, as  in  Adwl,  law^,  mawi,  sawl,  saw2,  awn,  dawn, 


398 

etc.;  (2),  (3),  a  (a)  wth  an  absorbed  labial  (w  or  »),  as 
in  awl,  claw  raw,  awkl,  hawkl,  crawl,  etc.;  (4)  a,  au  or  o 
in  otiier  positions  and  of  various  origin,  as  in  yawn,  yawl 
lawn  pawn,  pawl,  bawl,  etc.  In  later  words  often  i  luere 
acoideiit  of  spelling. 

awa  (a-wa'),  adv.  A  Scotch  form  of  away 
awabi  (a-wa 'be),  n.  [Jap.]  The  Japanese 
abalone,  or  sea-ear,  Haliotis  gigantea,  a  shell- 
fish tound  in  gi-eat  quantity  on  the  southern 
shores  ot  Japan  and  much  used  as  food.  The 
shell  IS  extensively  used  for  inlaying  in  lacquer-work,  and 
III  otiier  ornamentation.    See  abalone 

(a-waf),  V.  [<  ME.  awaiten,  awayten,  < 
Vh.  awaitter,  awaitcr,  later  aguaitier,  agniter, 
watch  for,  lie  in  wait,  <  a,  to, "+  waitier,  later 
g nattier,  gaitier,  gaiter  (mod.  F.  guetter),  watch 
wait:  see  a-li,  wait,  and  tvatch.}  I.  trans.  If. 
lo  watch  for;  lie  in  wait  for. 

IT  J         X     ^      ill-meaning  politician  lords, 
under  pretence  of  bridal  friends  and  guests. 
Appointed  to  await  me  thirty  spies. 

Miltoyi,  S.  A.,  1.  1196. 

2.  To  wait  for ;  look  for  or  expect. 

Betwixt  these  rocky  pillars  Gabriel  sat, 
Chief  of  the  angelic  guards,  awaiting  night. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  5.')0. 
All  through  life  I  have  awaited  the  fulfilment  of  a 

P™P'>'^'--J''  Hawthorne. 

3.  To  be  in  store  for ;  attend ;  be  ready  for : 
as,  a  glorious  reward  awaits  the  good. 

Let  all  good  things  await 
Him  who  cares  not  to  be  great. 

Tennyson,  Duke  of  Wellington,  viii. 
Il.f  intrans.  To  watch ;  give  heed. 

Awaitynge  on  the  reyn  if  he  it  heere. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  456. 
Theris  ful  many  an  eye  and  many  an  ere 
Aivaityng  on  a  lord,  and  he  noot  where. 

Chaucer,  Summoner's  Tale,  1.  352. 
awaitif  (a-waf),  M.    [<  ME.  aivait,  aivai/t,  <  OF. 
await  later  aguait,  agait,  etc.,  mod.  P.  agucts, 
watch,  ambush ;  from  the  verb.]  A  state  of  wait- 
ing; watch;  ambush. 

The  lyoun  sit  in  his  aivait  alway 
To  slen  the  innocent,  if  that  he  may. 

Chaucer,  Friar's  Tale,  1.  359. 
.  Themselves  they  set 

There  in  await  with  thicke  woods  overgrowiie. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.' v.  17. 
To  have  in  awaitt,  to  keep  a  watch  on. 

Fortune  was  first  frend  and  sithen  foo. 
No  man  ne  tniste  vp-on  hir  fauour  longe, 
But  hatie  hir  in  awayt  for  euer-nioo. 

Chaucer,  Monk's  Tale,  1.  732. 

await^t  (a-waf),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.    [<  a3  -t- 

"•rt/{,  n.}    In  wait.  Tyndale. 
awaiter  (a-wa'ter),  w.    [<  ME.  awayter,  awai- 
toiir  (cf.  OF.  aguaiteor,  agnetteur):  see  await 
and  -eri.]    1.  One  who  awaits.— 2t.  One  who 
lies  in  wait. 


awald 

.  Such  as  you 

Nourish  the  cause  of  his  awaking. 

Shale,  W.  T.,  ii.  3. 
The  purple  flowers  droop  :  the  golden  bee 
Is  hly-cradled  :  I  alone  awake. 

Tennyson,  (Enone. 
U.  trans.  1.  To  arouse  from  sleep. 

I  go  that  I  may  a  wake  him  out  of  sleep.       John  xi.  11. 

2.  To  arouse  from  a  state  resembling  sleep, 
as  from  death,  stupor,  or  inaction;  put  into 
action  or  new  life:  as,  to  awake  the  dead;  to 
awake  the  dormant  faculties. 

My  master  is  awak'd  by  great  occasion 
To  call  upon  his  own.         Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  ii.  2. 
Thou  dost  aivake  something  that  troubles  me,' 
And  says,  I  lov'd  thee  once. 

Beau,  and  PL,  Maid's  Tragedy,  v.  4. 
spufo'ip')'  ^^^^  "P'  '^"^  'oi'th.  stimulate, 

(a-wak'),  a.  [Formerly  also  awaken,  < 
ME.  awake,  awaken,  <  AS.  dwaccn,  pp.:  see 
the  verb.]  Roused  from  sleep;  not  sleeping: 
m  a  state  of  vigilance  or  action. 

It  is  my  love  that  keeps  mine  eye  awake. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  Ixi. 

awakement  (a-wak'ment),  n.  [<  awake,  v.,  + 
-mcnt.}  The  act  of  awakening,  or  the  state  of 
being  awake  ;  revival,  especially  revival  of  re- 
ligion.   [Rare.]    Imp.  Diet. 

awaken  (a-wa'kn),  v.  [<  me.  awakenen,  awak- 
ncn,  <  AS.  dwwcnan,  pres.  used  with  strong 
pret.  dwoc  (see  awake,  v.),  also  dwwcnian  (pret. 
awwcnede,  pp.  awakened),  awake ;  orig.  intrans., 
but  in  mod.  use  more  commonly  trans.:  see 
aivaJ<:e,v.}  I.  intrans.  1.  To  become  awake; 
cease  to  sleep ;  be  roused  from  sleep  or  a  state 
resembling  sleep:  as,  to  aicaken  early. 

A  music  of  preparation,  of  awakening  suspense  — a  mu- 
sic like  the  opening  of  the  coronation  anthem. 

De  Quincey. 

2.  To  come  into  being  or  action  as  if  from 
sleep :  as,  hope  awakened  in  his  breast. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  rouse  from  sleep  or  a  state 
resembling  sleep ;  cause  to  revive  from  a  state 
of  inaction. 


\  ef  he  be  a  prive  awaitour  yhid,  and  reioyseth  hvni  to 
rauysshe  by  wyles,  thou  shalt  seyne  liim  lyke  to  the  fox 
'*''^«'P«s-  •  Chaucer,  Boethius. 

awake  (a-wak'),  v.;  pret.  awoke,  awaked,  pp. 
awoke,  awaked,  ppr.  awaking.  [In  this  verb  are 
merged  two  orig.  different  but  closely  related 
forms:  (1) ME. awato;  (strong verb;  pret.awoke 
awok,  pp.  awaken,  awake),  <  AS.  *dwaca,n,  only 
in  pret.  dwoc,  pp.  dwacen,  the  pres.  being  sup"- 
plied  by  dwwcnan  with  formative  -n  (whence 
prop.  mod.  E.  awaken,  q.  v.),  earlier  *omvacan 
(pret.  onwoc,  pres.  onwwcnan,  etc.),  <  orig. 
0H-,  +  *ioacan,  wwcnan,  wake ;  (2)  ME.  atoaken 
awakien  (weak  verb ;  pret.  awaked,  pp.  awaked), 
<  AS.  dwacian  (pret.  dwacode,  pp.  dwacod)  (= 
OHG.  arwachen,  MHG.  G.  erwaclien),  <.  d-  + 
wacian,  wake,  watch.  The  above  were  prop, 
intrans.,  the  trans,  form  being  ME.  awecchen,  < 
AS.  aweccan  (=  OS.  awekkian  =  OHG.  arwec- 
chan,  irweccJien,  MHG.  G.  erwecken),  <  d-  + 
iveccan,  trans.,  wake,  arouse.  The  forms  vary 
as  those  of  the  simple  verb :  see  a-2,  a-^,  and 
wake.}  I.  intrans.  1.  To  cease  to  sleep ;  come 
out  of  a  state  of  natural  sleep. 
Jacob  awaked  out  of  his  sleep.  Gen.  xxviii.  16 

2.  To  come  into  being  or  action  as  if  from  sleep. 
Now  with  his  wakening  senses,  hunger  too 
Must  needs  awake. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  178. 

3.  To  bestir  or  rouse  one's  self  from  a  state 
resembling  sleep ;  emerge  from  a  state  of  inac- 
tion; be  in\igorated  with  new  life;  become 
alive :  as,  to  awake  ivom  sloth  ;  to  awake  to  the 
consciousness  of  a  great  loss. 

Aioake,  O  sword,  against  my  shepherd.  Zech.  xiii.  7. 
Awake  to  righteousness.  i  Cor.  xv.  34. 

Anil  at  his  word  the  choral  hymns  awake. 

Scott,  Don  Roderick,  st.  32. 

4.  To  be  or  remain  awake ;  watch.  [Obsolete 
or  poetical.] 


Satan  .  .  .  his  next  subordinate 
Awakening,  thus  to  him  in  secret  spake. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  V.  672. 
I  otfer'd  to  awaketi  his  regard 
For  his  private  friends.  Shak.,  Cor.,  v.  1. 

2.  To  call  into  being  or  action. 

Such  a  reverse  in  a  man's  life  awakens  a  better  principle 
than  curiosity.  Sterne,  Sentimental  Journey,  p.  77. 

[Awaken  is  chiefly  used  in  figurative  or  transferred  ap- 
plications, awake  being  preferred  in  the  sense  of  arousine 
from  actual  sleep.]  * 

awakenable  (a-wa'kn-a-bl),  a.    [<  awaken  + 
-able.}    Capable  of  being  awakened.  Carlyle. 
awakener  (a-wak'ner),  n.    One  who  or  that 
which  awakens  or  arouses  from  sleep  or  inac- 
tion. 

Tliough  not  the  safest  of  guides  in  politics  or  practical 
philosopliy,  his  [Carlyle's]  value  as  an  inspirer  and  awa- 
kener  cannot  be  overestimated. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  149. 

awakening  (a-wak'ning),  n.    1.  The  act  of 
awaking  from  sleep. 

Some  minute  ere  the  time 
Of  her  aioakening. 

Shak.  (some  editions),  R.  and  J.,  v.  3. 
2.  An  arousing  from  what  is  like  sleep ;  a  re- 
vival of  interest  in,  or  attention  to,  what  has 
been  neglected. 

It  was  a  sign  of  a  great  awakening  of  the  human  mind 
when  theologians  thought  it  both  their  duty  and  their 
privilege  to  philosophize.    Stille,  Stud.  Med.  Hist.,  p.  384. 

Especially— 3.  A  revival  of  religion,  either  in 
an  individual  or  in  a  community:  a  use  of 
the  -word  derived  from  the  Scripture  symbol 
of  sin  as  death  or  sleep,  and  conversion  as 
resun-eetion  or  awakening.- The  great  awaken- 
ing, tlie  great  revival  of  religion  in  New  England  brought 
about  through  the  preaching  of  Whitefield  in  1740. 

awakening  (a-wak'ning),  p.  a.  Rousing; 

alarming :  as,  an  awakening  sermon, 
awakeningly  (a-wak'ning-li),  adv.    In  a  man- 
ner to  awaken, 
awakenment  (a-wa'kn-ment),  n.    [<  awaken 
+  -ment.}    The" act  of  awakening,  or  the  state 
of  being  awakened ;  specifically,  a  religious  re- 
vival. [Rare.] 
awald,  await  (a'wald,  a'walt),  a.  and  n.  [Sc., 
also  written  awelled,  awart"(and  by  simulation 
awkward) ;  origin  uncertain.    Cf .  AS.  wealtan, 
icmltan,  roll,  *dwwltan,  pret.  dwwltc,  roll:  see 
lualter,  walty,  welter.}    I,  a.  Lying  helplessly 
on  the  back:  said  of  a  sheep  when  unablei 
through  sickness  or  fatness,  to  get  up. 
II.  n.  A  sheep  so  lying. 


awane 


399 


aweel 


awane  (a-wan'),  prej>.  phr.  as  adv.     [<  r;3  + 

u-an€.'\    On  the  wane ;  waning, 
awanting  (a-wan'ting),  a.    [Prop,  a  phrase, 

a  imnt'tHg  ;  ef.  amissing.']   Wanting;  deficient; 

absent ;  missing :  not  used  attributively. 
In  either  case  criticism  was  required,  and  criticism  was 

aivantinrj.  Sir  W,  Hamilton. 

awapet,  v.  t.    See  awliape. 
award!  (a- ward'),  v.  t.    [<  ME.  awarden,  <  AF. 
awarder,  OF.  eswarder,  eswardeir,  later  esgard- 
er,  esguarder,  esgardeir  =  Sp.  esguardar  (obs.) 
=  It.  sgunrdare,  look  at,  consider,  decide,  ad- 
judge, <  ML.  *exwardare,  <  L.  ex,  out,  +  ML. 
wardare,  guardare,  observe,  regard,  guard  :  see 
ward,  guard,  and  regard.~\    1.   To  adjudge  to 
be  due  ;  assign  or  bestow  as  of  right ;  give  by- 
judicial  determination  or  deliberate  judgment, 
especially  upon  arbitration  or  umpirage :  as, 
to  award  the  prizes  at  a  school  examination ; 
the  arbitrators  atvarded  him  heavy  damages. 
A  pound  of  tliat  same  merchant's  flesh  is  thine  : 
The  court  awards  it,  and  the  law  doth  give  it. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iv.  1. 
To  the  woman  who  could  conquer,  a  triumph  was 
awarded.         Marg.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  47. 

2t.  To  sentence ;  adjudge  or  determine  the 
doom  of. 

Lest  ;  .  .  the  supreme  King  of  kings  .  .  .  award 
Either  of  you  to  be  the  other's  end. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  ii.  1. 
The  extremity  of  law 
Awards  you  to  be  branded  in  the  front. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  v.  1. 

3.  In  a  general  sense,  to  permit  the  possession 
of;  allow;  allot;  yield. 

The  child  had  many  more  luxuries  and  indulgences 
than  had  been  awarded  to  his  father.  Thackeray. 

awardi  (a-ward'),  n.  [<  ME. award,<.  AV .  award, 
OF.  eswart,  esguart;  from  the  verb.]  1.  A  deci- 
sion after  examination  and  deliberation ;  a  ju- 
dicial sentence ;  especially,  the  decision  of  ar- 
bitrators on  points  submitted  to  them,  or  the 
document  containing  such  a  decision. 

We  cannot  expect  an  equitable  aboard  where  the  judge 
is  made  a  party.  GlanvlUe. 

2.  That  which  is  awarded  or  assigned  by  such 
a  decision,  as  a  medal  for  merit,  or  a  sum  of 
money  as  damages,  etc.— Geneva  award.  See  Ala- 
bama claims,  under  claim. 
award'-^t,  v.  t.  [<  a-H  -1-  ward.]  1.  To  guard. 
—  2.  To  ward  off.  Evelyn. 

awarder  (a-war'der),  ».  One  who  awards  or  as- 
signs as  of  right ;  a  judge,  arbitrator,  or  umpire. 

aware  (a^war'),  «.  [<  ME.  aware,  iwar,  iware, 
ywar,  <  A8.  gewcer  (=  OHG.  giioar,  MHG.  gewar, 
G.  gewahr),  <  ge-  +  wcer,  wary,  cautious:  see 
ge-,  and  Wrtrel.]  If.  Watchful;  vigilant; 
on  one's  guard. 

I  have  laid  a  snare  for  thee,  and  thou  art  also  taken,  O 
Babylon,  and  thou  wast  not  aware.  Jer.  1.  24. 

Are  you  all  aware  of  .  .  .  tale-bearing  and  evil-speak- 
ing? Wesley,  Works  (1872),  XIII.  19.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

2.  Apprised;  cognizant;  in  possession  of  in- 
formation: as,  he  was  aware  of  the  enemy's 
designs. 

I  was  so  distinctly  made  aware  of  the  presence  of  some- 
thing kindred  to  me  .  .  .  that  I  thought  no  place  could 
ever  be  strange  to  me  again.       Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  143. 

Specifically — 3.  Informed  by  sight  or  other 
sense. 

Then  Enid  was  aware  of  three  tall  knights 
On  horseback,  wholly  arm'd,  behind  a  rock. 
In  shadow,  waiting.  Tennyson,  Geraint. 

=  Syn.  2.  Aware,  Conscious  (see  conscious),  mindful,  ac- 
quainted (with),  sensible,  observant. 

awareness  (a-war'nes),  «.  The  state  of  being 
aware. 

Kecognition  of  reality  in  our  view  is  not  awareness. 

Mind,  X.  525. 

This  consciousness  I  speak  of  is  not  a  direct  perception 
of  the  Absolute,  but  a  general  awareness  that  it  exists. 

New  Princeton  Rev.,  II.  178. 

awarnt(a-warn'),  V.  t  [(.0'  + warn.']  To  warn. 

Every  bird  and  beast  awarned  made 
To  shrovvd  themselves.       Spemer,  ¥.  Q.,  III.  x.  46. 

awash  (a-wosh'),  p7-ep.  plir.  as  a.  or  add.  [<  a3 
+  wash.']  Naut. :  (a)  Just  level  with  or  emerg- 
ing fi-om  the  surface  of  the  water,  so  that  the 
waves  break  over  it,  as  wreckage,  or  an  anchor 
when  hove  up  to  the  surface,  or  rock,  spit,  or 
bank  just  appearing  above  the  water. 

The  wrecks  are  floating  almost  aioash,  presenting  little 
surface  for  the  wind  to  blow  upon.         Science,  III.  363. 

(6)  Covered  with  water;  kept  wet:  as,  the 
decks  were  constantly  awash,    (c)  Washing 

'  about ;  tossed  about  by  the  waves. 

awaste  (a-wasf),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  «3  + 
waste.]    Wasting;  going  to  waste  or  decay. 

Awata  ware,  pottery.  See  ware. 


awater  (a-wa'ter),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.    [<  a^  + 

water.]    On  the  water, 
awa-ye  (a-wav'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.     [<  -r 

H'ai'c]    On  the  wave ;  waving, 
away  (a-wa'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.    [<  ME.  away, 

awcy,  awci,  oway,  o  wey,  on  way,  etc.,  <  AS. 

aweg,  earlier  on  weg,  lit.  on  way:  see  a^  and 

way.]     1.  On  the  way;  onward;  on;  along: 

as,  come  away. 

Mistress,  you  must  come  away  to  your  father. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  i.  2. 

2.  From  this  or  that  place;  off:  as,  to  go,  run, 
flee,  or  sail  aivay. 

He  rose  and  ran  away.  Shak.,  Pass.  Pilgrim,  iv.  14. 
And  we  kiss'd  the  fringe  of  his  beard  and  we  pray'd  as  we 

heard  him  pray, 
And  the  Holy  man  he  assoil'd  us,  and  sadly  we  sail'd  away. 

Tennyson,  Voyage  of  Maeldune. 

3.  From  one's  own  or  accustomed  place ;  ab- 
sent :  as,  ho  is  away  from  home  ;  I  fovmd  him 
away  on  a  vacation. 

Thyself  away  art  present  still  with  me  ; 

For  thou  not  farther  than  my  thoughts  canst  move. 

Shak.,  Soimets,  xlvii. 

4.  From  contact  or  adherence;  off:  as,  to 
clear  away  obstructions ;  cut  aivay  the  broken 
spars. 

Before  the  golden  tresses  of  the  dead 

.  .  .  were  shorn  fflwd)/.  Sonnets,  Ixviii. 

5.  Removed;  apart;  remote:  as,  away  from 
the  subject. 

Quite  away  from  aught  vulgar  and  extern. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  122. 

6.  From  one's  possession  or  keeping:  as,  to 
give  away  one's  books  or  money;  throw  aivay 
a  worn-out  or  discarded  thing. 

O  there,  perchance,  when  all  our  wars  are  done, 
The  brand  Exealibur  will  be  cast  away. 

Teymyson,  Holy  Grail. 

7.  From  one's  immediate  presence,  attention, 
or  use  ;  aside  :  as,  put  or  lay  away  your  work ; 
put  aivay  your  fears ;  the  things  were  laid  away 
for  the  summer. 

Put  away 

These  dispositions,  which  of  late  transport  you 
From  what  you  rightly  are.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 

8.  From  this  or  that  direction ;  in  another  or 
the  other  direction :  as,  tm-n  your  eyes  away  ; 
he  turned  away. 

Often,  where  clear-stemm'd  platans  guard 

The  outlet,  did  I  turn  away 

The  boat-head  down  a  broad  canaL 

Tennyson,  Arabian  Nights. 

9.  At  or  to  such  a  distance ;  distant ;  off :  as, 
the  village  is  six  miles  away. 

Mirthful  sayings,  children  of  the  place, 
That  have  no  meaning  half  a  league  away. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 
An  hour  aicay,  I  pulled  up,  and  stood  for  some  time  at 
the  edge  of  a  meadow. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  136. 

10.  From  one  state  or  condition  to  another; 
out  of  existence ;  to  an  end ;  to  nothing :  as. 
to  pass,  wear,  waste,  fade,  pine,  or  die  aivay; 
continual  dropping  wears  away  stone;  the  im- 
age soon  faded  away ;  the  wind  died  away  at 
sunset ;  she  pined  away  with  consumption. 

The  new  philosophy  represented  by  Locke,  in  its  confi- 
dence and  pride  taking  a  parting  look  at  the  old  philoso- 
phy, represented  by  the  scholastic  discussions,  passing 
away  in  the  midst  of  weakness  and  ridicule. 

McCosh,  Locke's  Theory  of  Knowledge,  p.  16. 

Without  adducing  one  fact,  without  taking  the  trouble 
to  perplex  the  question  by  one  sophism,  he  [Mr.  Mill] 
placidly  dogmatises  aivay  the  interest  of  one  halt  of  the 
human  race.  Macaulay,  Mill  on  Government. 

11.  Gone;  vanished;  departed:  as,  here's  a 
health  to  them  that's  aivay.  [Chiefly  prov.  Eng. 
and  Scotch.]  — 12.  On;  continuously;  stead- 
ily ;  without  inteiTuption :  as,  he  worked  away  ; 
he  kept  pegging  away ;  and  hence  often  as  an 
intensive:  as,  to  fire  away,  eat  away,  laugh 
aivay,  snore  away. 

As  if  all  the  chimneys  in  Great  Britain  had,  by  one 
consent,  caught  fire  and  were  blazing  away  to  their  dear 
hearts'  content.  Dickens. 

13.  Often  used  elliptieally,  with  a  verb  (as  go, 
get)  suppressed,  and  simulating  an  imperative  : 
as,  (go)  away!  (get)  away!  we  must  away; 
whither  away  so  fast  ? 

Away,  old  man  !  give  me  thy  hand,  away ! 

Shak.,  Lear,  v.  2. 
Love  hath  wings,  and  will  away.  Waller. 
Away,  away,  there  is  no  danger  in  him. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Philaster,  v.  4. 
Away  back,  far  back  ;  long  ago  :  as,  away  back  in  the 
years  before  the  war  ;  aioay  back  in  1844.  [Colloq.  often 
'way  back.]  —  Away  -With,  (a)  Used  as  an  imperative 
phrase,  commanding  the  removal  of  an  object. 
Away  with  tliis  man,  and  release  unto  us  Barabbas. 

Luke  xxiii.  18. 


Away  with  you!  .  .  .  I'll  put  everybody  under  an  ar- 
rest that  stays  to  listen  to  hei-.  Sheridan,  The  Camp,  i.  1. 
{b)  An  elliptical  expression  for  "  get  away  with,"  that  is, 
get  on  with;  accommodate  one's  self  to;  endure.  [Ar- 
chaic] 

Some  agayne  atfirme  that  he  retorned  into  his  countrcy, 
but  partly  lor  that  he  coulde  not  awny  with  the  fashions  of 
his  countrcy  folk,  and  partly  for  that  his  niiiiile  and  affec- 
tion was  altogether  set  and  tixeil  upon  I'toiiia,  they  say 
that  he  hathe  taken  his  voyage  thethcrwardi-  .igaync. 

Sir  T.  More,  Utopia  (Arber),  p.  165. 

Shal.  She  never  could  away  with  me. 

Fal.  Never,  never;  she  would  always  say  she  could  not 
abide  .Master  Shallow.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 

I  could  never  away  with  that  stiff-necked  generation. 

B.  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  i.  1. 
Far  away,  far  and  away,  (a)  At  a  great  distance. 

(b)  By  far.    [Colloq.  ] 

Of  all  the  men  whom  she  had  ever  seen,  he  was/ar  away 
the  nicest  and  best.  TroUope. 
Right  away,  straightway ;  at  once  ;  immediately  ;  forth- 
witli.— Say  away,  say  on;  proceed  with  your  remarks. 

|U.  s.  and  prov.  Eng.)  — To  bear  away,  explain  away, 
fire  away,  make  away,  etc.  .See  the  veri«.— To  make 

away  with.     See  make. 

away-going  (a-wa'go'-'ing),  a.  and  n.  I,  a.  Go- 
ing away;  departing;  leaving:  as,  an  away- 
going  tenant.— Away-going  crops,  crops  sown  during 
the  last  year  of  a  tenancy,  but  not  ripe  until  after  the  ex- 
piration of  it. 
II.  n.  A  going  away;  departure. 

awajTWardt  (a-wa' ward),  adv.  [ME.,  also  awei- 
ward,  etc.;  <  away  +  -ward.]  Turned  aside. 
Gower. 

awbert,  «•  [(■  F.  aubour,  OF.  aubour,  also  au- 
bourt  (Cotgrave),  labiunum,  appar.  <  L.  albur- 
num: see  alburnum  and  laburnum.]  The  la- 
burnum-tree, Cytisus  Laburnum.  Increase  Ma- 
ther, Remark.  Provid.,  p.  232.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

awe^  (a),  n.  [Also,  more  prop.,  aw  (like  law, 
haw,  etc.),  <  ME.  ait',  awe,  agh,  aghc,  age,  <  Icel. 
agi  —  Dan.  ave  =  AS.  as  if  *aga,  the  same  with 
diff.  formative  as  AS.  ege,  ME.  ege,  eghe,  eye, 
aye,  ay,  =  OHG.  agi,  egi,  MHG.  ege  —  Goth,  agis, 
fear,  <  *agan,  fear  (in  ppr.  *agands,  with  nega- 
tive unagands,  unfearing) ;  perhaps  akin  to  Gr. 
a;i:of)  anguish.  Cf.  a.s^■2.]  1.  Dread;  fear,  as  of 
something  evil. 

I  had  as  lief  not  be  as  live  to  be 
In  awe  of  such  a  thing  as  I  myself. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  2. 

In  every  form  of  government,  the  rulers  stand  in  some 
awe  of  the  people.  Macaulay,  Mill  on  Government. 

2.  Fear  mingled  with  admiration  or  reverence ; 
reverential  fear ;  feeling  inspired  by  something 
sublime,  not  necessarily  partaking  of  the  nature 
of  fear  or  dread. 

Stand  in  awe,  and  sin  not.  Ps.  iv.  4. 

The  [Egyptian]  deities  representing  the  great  forces  of 
nature,  and  shrouded  by  mysterious  symbols,  excited  a 
degree  of  awe  which  no  other  ancient  religion  approached. 

Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  I,  345. 
To  feel  once  more,  in  placid  awe. 
The  strong  imagination  roll 
A  sphere  of  stars  about  my  soul, 
In  all  her  motion  one  with  law. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  cxxii. 

3.  Overawing  influence. 

By  my  sceptre's  awe  I  make  a  vow. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  i.  1. 
=  SjTl.  Reverence,  Veneration,  etc.    .See  reverence,  n. 

awe^  (a),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  awe<l,  ppr,  awing. 
[<  awel,  n.]  1.  To  inspire  with  fear  or  di-ead; 
terrify ;  control  or  restrain  by  the  influence  of 
fear. 

Nor  think  thou  w  ith  wind 
Of  aery  threats  to  awe  whom  yet  with  deeds 
Thou  canst  not.  Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  t83. 

Never  be  it  said 
That  fate  itself  could  aire  the  soul  of  Richard. 

Cibber,  Rich.  III.,  v.  3. 

2.  To  strike  with  awe,  reverence,  or  respect ; 
influence  by  exciting  profound  respect  or  rev- 
erential fear. 
awe2(a),t).t  [Se.,=E.o«;e.]  Toowe.  [Scotch.] 
awe^  (a),  n.    [Sc.  also  ave.  early  mod.  E.  also 
aw,  aue,  ave,  alve;  origin  obscure.]    1.  One  of 
the  float-boards  of  an  undershot  water-wheel, 
on  which  the  water  acts. —  2.  One  of  the  sails 
of  a  ■windmill, 
aweary  (a-wer'i),  a.    [<  a-  expletive  +  weary.] 
Weary;  tired.    [Archaic  or  poetical.] 

she  said,  "I  am  aweary,  aweary, 
I  would  that  I  were  dead  !  " 

Tennyson,  Mariana. 
And  all  his  people  told  him  that  their  horses  were 
aweary,  and  that  they  were  aweary  tlieuiselves. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  66. 

aweather  (a-weTH'er),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  o3  -t-  weather.]  On  the  weather  side,  or  to- 
ward the  wind:  as,  the  helm  is  aweather:  op- 
posed to  alee. 

aweel  (a-wel'),  adv.  [Sc.,  <  a  for  ah,  oh,  + 
weel  —  'E.  well.]    Oh  well;  very  well ;  well  then. 

Aweel,  if  your  honour  thinks  I'm  safe  —  the  story  is  just 
this.  Scott,  Guy  Maunering,  11.  6a. 


To  strike  with  awe. 
Impressed  or  struck 


aween 

aweent,  v.  t.    [<  ME.  aivenen,  <a-  +  tcmen,  <  AS. 
wenaii,  think,  ween:  see  «-l  and  tvceti.']  To 
ween ;  suppose. 
The  Jewes  out  of  J urselem  awenden  he  were  wode  [madl. 

Kel.  Ant.,  I.  144. 

aweigh  (a-wa'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.    [<  «3 

+  MT «//(.]  Xaut.,  atrip.  The  anchor  is  when 
It  IS  just  drawn  from  its  liold  in  the  ground  and  hangs 
periiendicuhirly.    .See  atrip. 

aweless  (;l'les),  «.  [<  ]VIE.  awles,  etc. ;  AS.  ege- 
leas,  <  ege,  awe  (see  aive'^},  +  -leas,  -less.]  1. 
Wanting  awe  or  reverence ;  void  of  deferential 
fear. 

Lordes  bene  lawles, 
Chyldere  bene  awles. 
A  Prophecy,  etc.,  1.  16  (E.  E.  T.  S.,  extra  ser.,  VIII.  i.  85). 
The  awelexK  lion  could  not  wage  the  fight. 

Sliak.,  K.  John,  i.  1. 

2.  Wanting  the  power  of  inspiring  reverence 
or  awe. 

The  innocent  and  awless  throne.    SAafc,  Rich.  III.,  ii.  4. 
Also  spelled  awless. 
awesome  (a'sum),  a.  [North.  E.  and  Sc. ;  <  awel- 
+  -some.'\    1.  Inspiring  awe;  awful:  as,  an 
awesome  sight. 

"An  aivsome  place,"  answered  the  blind  woman,  "as 
ever  living  creature  took  refuge  in." 

Scott,  Old  Mortality,  xliii. 
The  Wizard,  on  his  part,  manfully  stuck  up  for  his 
price,  declaring  that  to  raise  the  Devil  was  really  no  joke, 
and  insinuating  that  to  do  so  was  an  awesome  crime. 

Kinglake,  Eothen,  p.  168. 

2.  Evidencing  or  expressive  of  terror. 
He  did  gie  an  awesome  glance  up  at  the  auld  castle. 

Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  I.  xi. 

Also  spelled  awsome. 
awe-strike  (a'strik),  v.  t. 

[Bare.] 
awe-struck  (a'stmk),^.  a 

with  awe. 

awful  (a'ful),  a.  [<  ME.  awful,  agheful,  agliful; 
AS.  egeful,  <  ege,  awe  (see  awe^),  +  -Jul.]  1. 
Striking  or  inspiring  with  awe;  filling  with 
dread,  or  dread  mingled  with  profound  rever- 
ence :  as,  the  aivful  majesty  of  Jehovah ;  the 
awful  approach  of  death. 

Her  fathers'  God  before  her  moved. 
An  auful  guide  In  smoke  and  flame. 

Scott,  When  Israel,  of  the  Lord  beloved. 
The  awful  mysteries  of  the  world  unseen.       J.  Caird. 
2.  Of  a  dreadful  character;  causing  fear  or 
horror;  terrible;  appalling:  as, an mw/«Z disas- 
ter; I  heard  an  awful  shriek. 

Or  if  she  slept,  she  dream'd 
An  awful  dream.  Tennyson,  Guinevere. 

3t.  Inspiring  or  commanding  respect,  rever- 
ence, or  obedience. 

An  awful  rule  and  right  supremacy. 

Shak.,  T;  of  the  S.,  v.  2. 
A  parish  priest  was  of  the  pilgrim  train ; 
An  awful,  reverend,  and  religious  man. 

Dryden,  Char,  of  Good  Parson,  1.  2. 
She  would,  upon  occasions,  treat  them  with  freedom  ■ 
yet  her  demeanour  was  so  awful,  that  they  durst  not  fail 
in  the  least  point  of  respect.  Swift,  Death  of  Stella. 

4.  Expressive  of  or  indicating  deep  awe,  as 
for  the  Deity. 

Towards  him  they  bend 
With  awful  reverence  prone.      Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  478. 
Awjul  prostration,  like  Pascal's,  before  the  divine  idea. 

De  Quincey,  Secret  Societies,  i. 

5f.  Impressed  -with  or  exhibiting  respect  or 
reverence,  as  for  authority;  law-abiding;  re- 
spectful in  the  extreme. 

Thrust  from  the  company  of  awful  men. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  iv.  1. 
How  dare  thy  joints  forget 
To  pay  their  awful  duty  to  our  presence? 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  iii.  3. 

6.  Ha-ving  some  character  in  an  extreme  or 
noticeable  degree ;  excessive ;  very  great ;  ex- 
traordinary ;  preposterous :  as,  he  is  an  awful 
dandy ;  that  is  an  awful  bonnet.  [Colloq.  and 
■vulgar.] 

Pot-pie  is  the  favorite  dish,  and  woodsmen,  sharp-set, 
are  awful  eaters. 

Carleton,  New  Purchase,  I.  182.  (Bartlett.) 
=Syn.  1  and  2.  Awful.  Dreadful,  Fearful,  Fricihtful  sol- 
emn, imposing,  majestic ;  dread,  dire,  dreadful,  terrible. 
The  first  four  of  these  words  are  often  loosely  or  col- 
loquially used  to  express  dislike,  detestation,  or  horror, 
but  should  in  the  main  retain  the  same  distinctions 
of  meaning  as  the  nouns  from  which  they  are  derived 
Thus,  awful  is  full  of  awe,  full  of  that  which  inspires  awe, 
exciting  a  feeling  of  deep  solemnity  and  reverence,  often 
with  a  certain  admixture  of  fear,  acting  especially  upon 
the  imagination  (see  reverence,  n.);  the  suggestion  may 
shift  in  all  degrees  from  awe  to  horror  :  as,  an  auful 
steamboat  explosion.  Dreadful  is  applied  to  what  in- 
spires dread,  that  is,  an  oppressive  fear  of  coming  evil 
and  loosely  to  what  is  very  bad.  Fearful,  full  of  fear, 
impressing  fear:  as,  "a  certain  fearful  looking  for  of 
judgment,"  Heb.  x.  27.    Frightful,  not  full  of  fright,  but 


400 


awkwardly 


[<  awkX,  o.]  Awkwardly; 


mspiring  fright  or  sudde  and  almost  paralyzing  fear.  An  awfclf  fak")  adt, 
awful  sight;  adreadfuldi&aster;  a  fearful  leap-  n  fririht-  t  (,aK;,  aav. 

Jul  chasm.  •    j    j        p  ,  - ./  ',/"'  wrongly. 

The  .smoothness  of  flattery  cannot  save  us  in  this  rugged  awke'rd  flwlrprt.  (■S'Vi^rA     to,.f\  „      \  a-  ^ 

and  crisis.       tVirtWi«H,,  .Speech  on  American  W^^ir  'VyKf  ^a,  aWKert  (a  kerd,  -kert),  «.    A  dialec- 

OLord!  n,ethoughtwhatp,in  itwas^d  own'  awl  vW"  1  nT^'T"'"  rl.^™"^'  ^T'^  , 

What  dreadfiU  noise  of  waters  in  mine  ears '     '  ^Y^^Y^  ('^'^  [ME.  aiokehj ;  <  awk^  -\- 

Wliat  sights  of  ugly  death  within  mine  eyes!  "'.'/"-J     In  the  wrong  dh'ection;  left-  or  back- 

MethoughtIsawathousand/car/«/wracks.  handedly.    Hence  — («)  Awkwardly  clumsily 

Stofc,  Rich.  III.,  i.  4.  (b)  Perversely,    (c)  Untowardly  •  unlucki'lv 

There  was  a /rar/i*;,  sullen  sound  of  rushing  waves  and  awklvf  (ak'li),  a.     \i  awk'^  +    hiX     Of  A<=1 

broken  surges.  sketch-Book,  p.  21.  (ONorth.)  aA^erverse:  sle  L^^^ 

Their  music, /n;,7,V«Z  as  th|^sen>ents' hiss  ^  yerse ;  uuto-ward. 

awfully  (a'fiil-i),  adv.    In  an  'awful  manned  ^^^^.^1  ^^^'''^^}^  «•    [<         +  -^ess.-]  The 

(«)  Dreatifully ;  tenY.;iy.   (b)  With  solenm  impre^iveness';  'J^wf.^'';  ■f-'''^'' ^^kwai'd. 

sublimely;  majestically,    (c)  With  a  feeling  of  awe  or  aWKWard  (ak  ward),  adv.    [Early  mod.  E.  or 

reverential  fear;  reverently,    (d)  Excessively;  extreme-  dial,  also  nnhwnrrl 
ly;  very:  as,  an  azo/u^  jolly  man ;  an  rt»/i(%  pretty  girl. 


[Slang 

You'll  be  aufully  glad  to  get  rid  of  me. 

ir.  Black,  Green  Pastures,  ii. 
awfulness  (a'fiil-nes),  n.  1.  The  quality  of 
being  awful,  or  of  striking  or  inspiring  with 
awe,  fear,  or  horror;  impressive  solemnity  or 
sublimity;  dreadf ulness ;  terribleness  :  as,  the 
aivftdness  of  the  sacred  place,  or  of  a  casualty. 

Contrasts  which  move,  now  our  laughter  at  their  incon- 
gruity, and  now  our  terror  at  tlieir  awfulness.      J.  Caird. 

2f.  The  state  of  being  full  of  or  inspired  with 
awe;  reverence;  awe. 

A  help  to  prayer  producing  in  us  reverence  and  aw/ul- 
'"'*■*■■  Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Living. 

awgrimt,  n.  A  Middle  English  form  of  algo- 
rism. 

awhapet,  t-  [Revived  by  Spenser  from  a 
ME.  verb  found  only  in  pp.  awhapcd,  awaped, 
terrified,  confounded;  a  word  of  uncertain 
origin.  Of.  Goth,  afhwapjan,  choke,  suffocate.] 
To  confound ;  terrify.    Also  atvape. 

Not  fuUiche  alle  awhapcd. 
Out  of  the  temple  alle  esiliche  he  wente. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  316. 
A  wilde  and  salvage  man,  .  .  . 
All  overgrowne  with  hair,  that  could  arvhape 
An  hardy  hart.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  vii.  f,. 

awheels  (a-hwelz'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  a3  -f 
wheels.']  On  wheels.  B.  Jonson. 
awhile  (a-hwil'),  adv.,  prop.  adv.  phr.  [<  ME. 
awhile,  one  while;  the  adv.  acc.  of  «2  -t-  while.'] 
For  a  space  of  time ;  for  some  time ;  for  a  short 
time. 

Counsel  may  stop  aichile  what  will  not  stay. 

Shak.,  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  159. 
The  company  were  all  sorry  to  separate  so  soon,  .  .  . 
and  stood  a-while  looking  back  on  the  water,  upon  which 
the  moonbeams  played.  Dryden,  Essay  on  Dram.  Poesy. 
[Awhile  is  properly  two  words,  as  it  has  to  be  written 
when  an  adjective  is  used,  as  a  little  while,  and  as  it  is 
commonly  and  should  be  always  written  when  preceded 
by /or.  J 

awidet,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  a3  +  y,i^(.,  after 
afar,  etc.]    Wide;  widely. 

They  opened  their  mouth  awide  [wide  in  authorized  ver- 
sion) upon  me.  Ps.  xxxiv.  21  (Douay  version). 

awing  (a-wing'),  prep.  phr.  as  a.  or  adv.  [<  «3 
+  ^oing.]    On  the  -wing. 

'Tis  time  his  fortune  be  a-wing;  high  time,  sir. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  i.  1. 
Moving  specks,  which  he  thou.ght  might  be  ships  in  flight 
or  pursuit,  or  they  might  be  white  birds  awing. 

L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  101. 

awki  (ak),  a.  [<  ME.  awkc,  auke,  <  ONorth. 
*afuh  (in  afulic,  perverse)  (z=  Icel.  ofugr,  ofigr 
(for  '"afugr)  =  Sw.  afvig  =  OS.  ahhuh,  abhoh  — 
OHG.  abuh,  abah,  abeh,  MHG.  cbich,  ebech,  G. 
dial,  abicht,  ahech,  abach,  dbich,  dhig  =  MD. 
avesch,  aefsch,  awkward,  contrary,  perverse, 

D.  aafsch,  crafty,  artful),  lit.  '  offward,'  <  af, 
AS.  of,  E.  ojf,  away,  with  a  suffix  of  variable 
form  and  obscure  origin.  Cf .  Goth,  ihuks,  back, 
backward,  in  which  ib-,  like  the  prefix  in  ib- 
dalja,  descent,  declivity,  is  perhaps  a  var.  of 
*ab,  af,  thus  malting  ifcMfcs  =  OS.  abhuh,  etc.,  — 

E.  awk^.]  If.  Turned  in  the  opposite  direction ; 
directed  the  wrong  way ;  backhanded:  as,  "an 
a«* stroke," Patefirraiie.—  2t.  Left;  left-handed. 

On  the  awk  or  left  hand. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  717. 
3t.  Wrong ;  erroneous ;  perverse :  as,  the  aiuk 
end  of  a  rod. 
Confuting  .  .  .  the  awk  opinions  of  the  Stoics. 
Golding,  tr.  of  De  Mornay's  Trueness  of  Christ.  Religion. 

4.  Awkward  to  use;  clumsy:  as,  an  awk  tool. 
[Prov.  Eng.]— 5t.  Strange;  singular;  distin- 
guished. 

Off  elders  of  aide  tyme  and  of  theire  awke  dedys. 
How  they  were  lele  in  theire  lawe,  and  lovede  God  Al- 
myghty.    Morte  Arthure  (ed.  Perry,  E.  E.  T.  S  )  1  13 


dial,  also  aukivard,  atokwart,  awkard,  awkerd, 
awkert,  etc.,  ME.  awkwarde,  aukward,  etc., 
transversely,  sidewise,  perversely;  <  aivk^  + 
-tvard.]  If.  In  the  wrong  direction;  in  the 
wrong  way;  backward. 

The  eniperour  thane  egerly  at  Arthure  he  strykez 
Awkwarde  on  the  unibrere  [vizor]  and  egerly  hym  hittez 
Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2247. 

2f.  Asquint.— 3.  Awkwardly;  clumsily.  [Now 
only  prov.  Eng.] 
awkward  (ak' ward),  a.   [Early  mod.  E.  or  dial. 

also  auktvard,  awkwart,  awkard,  awkerd,  etc.; 
<  awkward,  adv.]  If.  Turned  the  wrong  way; 
backhanded.— 2t.  Perverted;  perverse. 

■They  with  awkward  judgment  put  the  chief  point  of 
godliness  in  outward  things.  Udall,  Mat.  v. 

'Tis  no  sinister  nor  no  awkward  claim, 
o     TT  lien,  v.,  ii.  4. 

of.  Untoward;  adverse. 

Twice  by  awkward  wind  from  England's  bank 
Drove  back  again  unto  my  native  clime. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

4.  Ill  adapted  for  use  or  handling ;  unhandy  in 
operation;  clumsy:  as,  awkward  instruments 
or  contrivances.—  5.  Wanting  dexterity  or  skill 
in  action  or  movement;  clumsy  in  doing  any- 
thing, as  in  using  tools  or  implements;  bun- 
gling. 

So  true  that  he  was  awkward  at  a  trick.  Dryden. 

6.  Ungraceful  in  action  or  person;  ungainly; 
uncouth:  as,  awkward  gestures;  the  awkward 
gambols  of  the  elephant. 

Drop'd  an  awkicard  court'sy  to  the  Knight. 

Dryden,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale. 

7.  Embarrassed;  not  at  ease:  used  in  relation 
to  persons:  as,  an  awkward  feeling.— 8.  Not 
easily  dealt  with ;  troublesome;  vexatious;  re- 
quiring caution :  as,  an  awkward  predicament. 
[Colloq.] 

Between  the  weir  and  the  trees  it  is  an  awkward  spot, 
but  difficulty  is  the  charm  of  fly-fishing. 
-  Froude,  Sketches,  p.  241. 

9t.  Unlucky. 

The  beast  long  struggled  as  being  like  to  prove 
An  awkward  sacrifice.  Marlowe. 
=  Syn.  5  and  6.  Awkward,  Clumsy,  Ungainly,  Uncouth 
Bungling,  unhandy,  inexpert,  unskilful, 'inapt,  lubberly 
uncourtly,  inelegant,  constrained,  clownish.  Awkward  is 
generally  applied  to  want  of  ease  and  grace  or  skill  in  bodi- 
ly movement,  especially  of  the  arms  or  legs :  as,  an  awkward 
gait ;  awlnvard  in  the  use  of  a  tool.  Clumsy  starts  from 
the  notion  of  heaviness,  and  consequent  unwieldiness  or 
awkwardness  in  use ;  it  is  applicable  to  the  whole  body  or 
to  any  part  of  it,  even  when  still :  as,  a  clumsy  figure  • 
clumsy  hands.  This  difference  is  also  found  in  the  figura- 
tive use  of  the  words  :  a  clumsy  excuse  is  one  that  is  put 
together  badly ;  an  awkward  excuse  is  one  that  may  be 
good,  but  is  not  gracefully  presented.  Ungainly,  literally 
unhandsome,  not  pleasing  to  the  eye,  is  applied  generally 
to  awkwardness  of  appearance.  Uncouth,  literally  un- 
known, uncommon,  and  so,  by  a  bit  of  human  conceit, 
uninstructed,  untrained,  unrefined,  sometimes  even  rude, 
barbarous :  as,  uncouth  phrases,  manners.  Bungling, 
awkward  in  doing,  handling  awkwardly,  spoiling  by  awk- 
wardness, in  either  literal  or  figurative  use:  as,  he  made 
bungling  work  of  it. 

With  ridiculous  and  awkward  action  .  .  . 
He  pageants  us.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  3. 

Besides  Hepzibah's  disadvantages  of  person,  there  was 
an  uncouthness  pervading  all  her  deeds ;  a  clumsy  some- 
thing, that  could  but  ill  adapt  itself  for  use,  and  not  at  all 
for  ornament.  Nawthurtie,  Seven  Gables,  ix. 

Who  would  have  predicted  that  the  prince  of  Grecian 
eloquence  should  have  been  found  in  astannnering  orphan, 
of  feeble  lungs  and  ungainly  carriage,  deprived  of  educa- 
tion by  avaricious  guardians  ?     Everett,  Orations,  II.  213. 

Many  uncouth  phrases  and  forgotten  words  seemed  to 
her  no  less  available  than  common  forms. 

Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  126. 
He  must  be  a  bungling  gamester  who  cannot  win. 

•  Macaulay. 
awkwardly  (ak'ward-li),  adv.    In  an  awkward ' 

manner,  (a)  Clumsily  ;  vvithout  dexterity  or  grace  in 
action;  in  a  rude  or  bungling  manner;  inelegantly,  (h) 
Embarrassingly ;  inconveniently :  as,  awkwardly  fixed  or 
situated. 


awkwardness 

awkwardness  (ak'ward-nes),  n.    The  state  or  awoke  (a-w6k') 
quality  of  being  awkward.    («>  clumsiness;  un-    ot  awake. 

wieldiness ;  unsuitableness  :  as,  the  awkwardness  of  a  tool, 
or  of  a  plan  of  operations ;  the  awkwardness  of  a  bundle  on 
account  of  its  size  or  sliape.  (6)  Lack  of  skill  or  dexterity 
in  action,  (c)  Lack  of  ease  in  action  ;  ungracefulness. 
(d)  An  awkward  circumstance  or  feeling ;  embarrassment ; 
unpleasantness ;  inconvenience. 

awl  (al),  M.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  aul,  all,  and  by 
misdivision  {a  nawl  for  an  awl)  nawl,  naul,  nail, 
ME.  nal.    The  earlier  forms  are  of  four  types : 


401 

Preterit  and  past  participle 

aworkt  (a-werk'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.    [<  ME. 

atverke;  (  a3  +  ivork.'}  At  work ;  in  a  state  of 
labor  or  action. 

'Twere  a  good  mirth  now  to  set  him  a-work 
To  make  her  wedding-ring. 

Middleton,  Chaste  Maid,  i.  1. 
The  bad  will  have  but  small  matter  whereon  to  set  their 
mischiefe  a  work.        Milton,  Apology  for  .Smectyranims. 


(1)  ME.  aule,  eaivle,  oul,  <  AS.  awel,  awul;  (2)  aworking  (a-w6r'king),prep.  jp7tr,  asacZi;.   [<  «3 


ME.  oule,  ouel,  owel,  owul,  <  AS.  dwel,  awul;  (3) 
ME.  el,  ele,  <  AS.  eel;  (4)  ME.  alle,  al,  <  AS. 
al,  eal  =  OLG.  ael  =  OHG.  ala,  MHG.  ale,  G. 
aide  =  Icel.  air,  an  awl ;  with  added  formative, 
OHG.  alansa,  alunsa,  *alasna  (>  ML.  alesna,  > 
It.  lesina  —  Sp.  lesna,  alesna  =  Pr.  alena  =  OF. 
alesne,  F,  alene)  =  OD.  aelsene,  elsene  (mod.  D. 
els),  >  Se.  elsin,  elson,  Shetland  alison,  an  awl. 
Cf.  Skt.  ara,  an  awl.]  1. 
A  pointed  instrument  for 
piercing  small  holes  in 
leather,  wood,  etc.,  as  the 
bent-pointed  aivl  of  the 
shoemaker  and  saddler  and 
the  straight-pointed  brad- 
awl of  the  joiner. — 2.  The 


Sewing- 


+  u'orking.']  At  work;  in  or  into  a  state  of 
working  or  action. 

Never  met 

Adventure  which  might  them  a  working  set. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  224. 

awreakt,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  awreken,  <  AS.  dwrecan, 
<  a-  -t-  lorecan,  wreak:  see  «-!  and  wreak.']  To 
wreak;  take  vengeance  on;  avenge. 

Me  were  lever  than  al  this  toun 
Of  this  dispit  awroken  for  to  be. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  I.  566. 

awrongt  (a-rong'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  a^  + 
wrong.  Cf.  aright,  a  much  older  word.]  In  a 
wrong  manner ;  wrongly. 

If  I  aira'd 

Awrong,  'twas  in  an  envy  of  thy  goodness. 


Ford,  Lady's  Trial,  iii.  3. 

popinjay  or  green  woodpecker,  Ficus  or  Gecinus  awry  (a-ri'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.    [<  ME. 

aivry,  awrye,  on  wry ;  <  a^  +  wry.]    1.  Turned 


viridis.    [Local,  British.] 

awl-bird  (al'berd),  n.  Same  as  awl,  2.  Montagu. 

awl-clip  (al'klip),  n.  A  device  for  holding 
blanks,  memoranda,  etc.,  consisting  of  an  awl 
or  pin  fixed  to  a  stand.  The  papers  to  be  kept 
on  file  are  thrust  upon  the  pin. 

awless,  a.    See  aweless. 

awl-shaped  (al'shapt),  a.  1.  Having  the  shape 
of  an  awl. —  2.  In  hot.,  slender  and  tapering 
toward  the  extremity  from  a  broadish  base,  as 
a. leaf;  subulate. 

awl-tree  (al'tre),  n.    [<  awl,  repr.  Hind,  dl  (see 
rtA,  al-root),  +  tree.]    Same  as  aZl. 
awlwort  (al'wert),  n.  The  popular  name  of  the 


or  twisted  toward  one  side ;  not  in  a  straight 

or  true  direction  or  position;  asquint:  as,  to  ax-form  (aks'form),  a 
glance  or  look  ait)?-?/;  the  lady's  cap  is  awry. 

If  she  steps,  looks,  or  moves  aivry.      Spectator,  No.  66. 

2.  Figuratively,  away  from  the  line  of  truth 
or  right  reason ;  perverse  or  perversely. 
Much  of  the  soul  they  talk,  but  all  awry. 

Milton,  P.  R.,  iv.  313. 
The  prince's  counsels  all  awry  do  go. 

Sir  J.  Dames,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  xxxii. 
To  go  (run,  step,  tread,  walk)  awry,  (a)  Of  persons : 

To  fall  into  error ;  do  wrong.    (6)  Of  things  :  To  turn  out 
badly  or  untowardly  ;  go  wrong. 


Sitbularia  aquatica :  so  called  from  its  awl-  ^^^^  (ask),  n.    A  dialectal  form  of  ask^. 
shaped  leaves  (Latin  subula,  an  awl),  it  is  a  very  awsome,  a.    See  awesome. 

small  steraless  aquatic  plant,  natural  order  Cruci/erce,         t  aXe^  (aks),  n.     [The  reg.  mod.  Spelling  is 

1         J         x>  c,:^^^!.  ,r   _  .  .  ....      y    Tii^TT,  ^^^^  ^  ^^^^ 


found  in  Europe,  Siberia,  and  North  America. 

a'wnx  (am),  n.    Same  as  aam. 

awmbryt  (am'bri),  n.    Same  as  ambry. 

awmous  (a'mus),  n.    A  Scotch  form  of  alms. 

awni  (an),  n.  [E.  dial,  also  ang ;  (.  ME.  atone, 
aune,  awene,  earlier  agun,  <  AS.  *agun  (not  re- 
corded; the  ME.  may  be  from  the  Scand.)  = 
OHG.  agana,  MHG.  agene,  ague,  ane,  G.  ahne 
(also  agen),  awn,  =z  Icel.  ogn,  pi.  agnar,  =  Sw. 
agn,  only  in  pi.  agnar,  =  Dan.  avne  =  Goth. 
ahana,  ehaflf,  =  Gr.  axvTi,  Doric  a-xva,  chaff;  cf. 
(with  diff.  formative)  Gr.  axvpov,  chaff,  L.  acus 
(acer-),  chaff,  and  AS.  egl,  E.  ail^,  awn,  and  AS. 
ear  (contr.  of  *ahur  =  ONorth.  eher,  cehher),  E. 
car2  (of  corn)  (see  ail^,  avel,  acerose,  and  ear^) ; 
ult.  <  *aJc,  be  sharp.  But  it  is  possible  that 
two  orig.  different  words,  meaning  'awn'  and 
'chaff'  respectively,  have  here  run  together.] 
In  bot.,  a  bristle-shaped  terminal  or  dorsal  ap- 
pendage, such  as  the  beard  of  wheat,  barley, 
and  many  grasses. 

awn^,  a.  and  v.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form 
of  own. 

a'wned  (and),  a.  l<  awn''- + -ed^.]  Having  awns: 
applied  to  leaves,  leaf-stalks,  etc.,  bearing  a 
long  rigid  spine,  as  in  barley,  etc. 

awner  (a'ner),  n.  A  machine  for  remo'vingthe 
avels  or  awns  from  gi'ain;  an  aveler;  a  hum- 
meler.    See  hummeling-machine. 

awning  (a'ning),  n.  [First  recorded  in  the  17th 
century,  in  naut.  use ;  of  undetermined  origin, 
but  appar.  (vnth  suffix  -ing"^)  <  *atvn,  prob.  a 
naut.  reduction  of  F.  auvent,  "a  penthouse  of 
cloth  before  a  shop-window"  (Cotgrave),  OF. 
mwant,  ML.  auvanna  (also  spelled  auventiis, 
appar.  in  simulation  of  L.  ventus,  wind),  of 
unknown  origin.]  A  movable  roof-like  cover- 
ing of  canvas  or  other  cloth  spread  over  any 
place,  or  in  front  of  a  window,  door,  etc.,  as 
a  protection  from  the  sun's  rays. 

A  court 

Compact  with  lucid  marbles,  boss'd  with  lengths 
Of  classic  frieze,  with  ample  awnings  gay. 

Tenn-yson,  Princess,  ii. 


ax,  <  ME.  ax, 

eax,  =  ONorth.  acasa,  acase  =  OS.  accus  =  OD. 
aJces,  D.  aks,  aakse,  aaks,  =  OHG.  acchus,  achus, 
MHG.  ackes,  axt,  G.  ax,  axt  =  Icel.  ox,  oxi  = 
Sw.  yxa  =  Dan.  oxe  =  L.  ascia,  ax,  mattock, 
akin  to  Gr.  a^ivr/,  ax.]  An  instrument  used 
for  hewing  timber  and  chopping  wood,  and  also 


axil  ■ 

oxa,  ax;  from  the  noun.]  To  shape  or  trim 
with  an  ax. 

ax^t,  axe'-^t  (aks),  n.  [<  ME.  ax,  axe  (in  corap.), 
ex,  exe,  also  us,  <  AS.  eax,  wx  =  OD.  asse,  D.  as 
=:OHG.  ahsa,  MHG.  ahse,  G.  achsc  =  Dan.  axe 
---  L.  axis  =  Gr.  a^uv  —  OBulg.  osi,  Bulg.  Serv. 
OS  ---  Pol.  OS  -  Kuss.  osi  -  Lith.  assis  =  Skt. 
aksha,  axis,  axle.  Hence  axle,  q.  v.]  An  axle ; 
an  axis. 

ax^,  axe^  (aks),  v.  t.  Obsolete  or  dialectal  forms 
of  ask^. 

For  I  wol  axe  if  it  hir  wille  be 

To  be  my  wyf.  Chaucer. 

axal  (ak'sal),  a.    Same  as  axial. 
axel,  n.  aii'd  v.    See  axi. 
axe^t,  n.    See  ax^. 
axe^,  V.    See  ax^. 

axe'*  (aks),  n.  An  English  name  of  a  native 
species  of  Lobelia,  L.  urens. 

axed  (akst),  a.  [<  ax^  +  -ed^.]  In  masonry, 
dressed  with  a  stone  hammer  to  a  smooth  sur- 
face. 

Good  effect  is  obtained  by  the  contrast  of  axed  and  pol- 
ished surfaces.  Encyc.  Brit.,  IV.  474. 

axes,  n.  Plural  of  ax  and  of  axis. 
axfitchf,  n.  [Also  written  axvitch,  axfetch;  < 
ax^  +  fitch.  This  and  the  other  names  axseed, 
axwort,  hatchet-fitch,  and  NL.  Hecurigera,  refer 
to  the  ax-shaped  seed.]  A  leguminous  plant, 
Securigcra  coronilla.  Cotgrave. 

Hame  a.s  ax-shaped. 
ax-head  (aks'hed),  71.    The  head  or  iron  of  an 
ax.    Ancient  ax-heads,  formed  of  stone  and 
sometimes  of  bronze,  are  called  celts. 
axial  (ak'si-al),  a.    [<  axis  +  -al.]   1.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  axis. 

From  central  development  we  pass  insensibly  to  that 
higher  kind  of  development  for  wliich  axial  seems  the 
most  appropriate  name.    //.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  50. 

2.  Situated  in  an  axis  or  in  the  axis. —  3.  In 
ajiat,  pertaining  to  the  somatic  as  distinguished 
from  the  membral  portions  of  the  body;  not 
appendicular.  Axial  parts  or  organs  are,  in  general, 
divided  into  epaxial,  hypaxial,  and  paraxial,  according 
as  they  are  situated  over,  under,  or  alongside  the  spinal 
column. 

4.  In  geol.,  forming  the  axis,  central  domi- 
nating portion,  or  crest  of  a  mountain-range. 


Broad-ax,  for  hewing ;  £.  Ax  for  chopping. 

as  a  weapon  of  offense.  The  modern  ax  consists 
of  a  head  of  iron,  with  an  arching  edge  of  steel,  and  a 
helve  or  handle.  The  edge  is  in  the  plane  of  the  sweep  of 
the  tool,  thus  differing 


firearms.  It  was  used  by 
the  Egyptians.    By  the 
Greeks   it  was  looked 
upon  as  a  weapon  of  their 
own  ancestors  and  of  the 
Asiatic  nations,  and  so 
figured  in  works  of  Greek 
art.   The  northern  na- 
tions who  overthrew  the 
Roman    empire  used 
many  varieties  of  this 
weapon,  and  its  use  pre- 
vailed  throughout  tlie 
middle  ages  in  Europe. 
A  light  ax  was  common 
among  the  Arabs  and  Moors.    Axes  of  various  kinds  of 
stone,  or  entirely  of  copper  or  bronze,  are  found  among 
prehistoric  and  ancient  remains,  and  in  use  by  barbarous 
races.  See  celt2.—  An  ax  to  grind  (in  allusion  to  a  story 


Section  of  mountain  showing  anticlinal  structure  with  axial  mass 
of  eruptive  or  metamorphic  rock. 

The  central  or  axial  portions  of  many  mountain-ranges 
consist  of  crystalline,  azoic,  or  archfcan  rocks ;  this  is  espe- 
cially true  of  the  numerous  ranges  of  the  North  American 
Cordilleras. 

Sometimes  axal. 
Axial  canal,  in  crinoids,  the  central  canal  within  the 
hard  perisoma  of  the  stem,  extending  the  length  of  the 
latter  and  filled  with  a  soft  solid  substance.— Axial  cav- 
ity, in  Actinozoa,  the  cavity  common  to  the  gastric  sac 
and  intermesenteric  chambers.  See  Actinozoa. — Axlal 
circle,  a  circle  having  its  center  on  the  axis  of  a  curve. — 
Axial  line,  the  name  given  by  Faraday  to  the  line  in 
which  the  magnetic  force  passes  from  one  pole  of  a  horse- 
shoe magnet  to  the  other.— Axial  plane,  in  crystal.,  a 
plane  containing  (1)  two  of  the  crystallographic  axes,  or 
(2)  the  optic  axes  in  the  case  of  a  biaxial  crystal.— Axial 
rotation,  rotation  upon  an  axis. — Axial  skeleton,  the 
skeleton  of  the  trunk  and  head  and  tail,  as  distinct  from 
the  skeleton  of  the  limbs. 

In  a  line  with  or  in 


from  the  adz,  in  wliich 
the  edge  is  at  right  angles 
to  the  plane  of  the  sweep. 
As  a  weapon,  the  ax  was 
in  very  common  use  from 
the  earliest  times  until 

the  general  adoption  of  axiallv  (ak'si-al-i),  adv 


Ax  of  jadeite  from  New  Ireland. 


It  was  very  hot,  and  sitting  under  the  awning  turned 
out  to  be  the  pleasantest  occupation. 

Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  i.  1. 


Backbone  of  an  a'wning.  See  backboTie. 

awnings.    See  house,  v. 

a'Wnless  (an'les),  a.  [<  aw«l  -I-  -less.] 
out  awns  or  beard. 


To  house 
With- 


5TH 


selfish  end  to  attain.— Bullhead  ax,  a  pole-ax  with  a 
small  hammer-head  at  the  back,  used  in  slaughter-houses. 
—  Sacred  ax,  a  name  given  by  col- 
lectors of  Chinese  porcelain  to  an  em- 
blem or  mark  supposed  to  resemble 
an  ax,  and  found  either  alone  or  as 
forming  part  of  the  decoration  of  cer- 
tain pieces  said  to  be  assigned  to  war- 
riors.-To  put  the  ax  in  the  helve, 

  ^  to  solve  a  doubt ;  find  out  a  puzzle. 

awny  (a  m),  a.  [<  aivn^  +  -yl.]  Having  awns ;  ax^,  axe^  (aks),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and 
bearded;  bristly.  pp.  axed,  ppr.  axing.  [=  Icel. 


the  direction  of  the  axis;  with  reference  to  the 
axis. 

There  are  many  Transparent  Objects,  however,  whose 
peculiar  features  can  only  be  made  out  when  they  are 
viewed  by  light  transmitted  through  them  obliquely  in- 
stead of  axially.  W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §145. 

axiferous  (ak-sif 'e-rus),  a.    [<  L.  axis,  axis,  4- 
ferre  =  E.  bear'^'.]    In  bot.,  consisting  of  an 
axis  only,  without  leaves  or  other  appendages  : 
applied  by  Turpin  to  fungi  and  algae,  consid- 
ered as  consisting  essentially  of  an  axis  merely, 
axiform  (ak'si-form),  a.    [<  L.  axis,  axis,  -f- 
forma,  shape.]    In  the  form  of  an  axis, 
axifugal  (ak-sif'u-gal),  a.    [<  L.  axis,  axis,  -t- 
 ^  ^  ^  fngere,  flee,  -1-  -dl.]  "  Centrifugal.  [Eare.] 

told  by  Franklin),  some^private  purpose  to  "subserve7or  axil  (ak'sil),  n.     [<  L.  axilla,  dim.  (cf.  dta  for 

„„i«„i,       t„  „..„._    T,..-,-.i,-_ ,  *aa'?a,  dim. )  of  aa:is,  axis,  armpit :  see  ala,  aisle, 

axis'^,andaxle.]  1.  Thearm- 
pit,  or  axilla  (which  see). 
[Eare.]  —  2.  In  bot.,  the  an- 
gle formed  between  the  up- 
per side  of  a  leaf  and  the 
stem  or  branch  to  which  it 
is  attached  ;  in  cryptogams. 


r 


as 


20 


Sacred  Ax.  —  Em- 
blem on  Chinese  por- 
celain. 


the  angle  formed  by 
branching  of  a  frond. 


the 


azile 

axile  (ak'sil),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  "axilis,  <  axis:  see 
axisi.]  1 .  Of  or  belonging  to  an  axis  or  the 
axis ;  axial. — 2.  Situated  in  an  axis  or  the  axis, 
as  an  embryo  which  lies  in  the  axis  of  a  seed. 

A  large  sinus,  which  separates  the  axile  portion  of  the 
stem  of  the  proboscis  from  its  investing  coat. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  555. 

3.  In  zool.,  axial,  with  reference  to  ovarian  or- 
gans or  ova :  opposed  in  this  sense  to  periph- 
eral. 

This  mass  becomes  differentiated  into  an  axile  cord  of 
protoplasmic  substance, — the  rhachis, — and  peripheral 
masses,  .  .  .  which  are  the  developing  ova. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert,,  p.  548. 

axilla  (ak-sil'a),  w. ;  pL  axillw  (-e).  [L.:  see 
axil.']  In  anat.,  the  armpit;  a  region  of  the 
body  in  the  recess  between  the  upper  arm  (or 
in  birds  the  upper  part  of  the  wing)  and  the 
side  of  the  chest  beneath  the  shoulder,  it  is 
pjTamidal  in  shape,  its  apex  corresponding  to  the  inter- 
val between  the  scaleni  muscles  opposite  the  first  rib. — 
Axilla  thermometer,  a  clinical  thermometer :  so  named 
because  it  is  placed  in  the  axilla  in  observing  the  temper- 
ature of  a  person. 

axillant(ak-sil'ant),a.  l<.  axil  + -ant^.]  Form- 
ing an  axil,  as  a  leaf  with  another  leaf  in  whose 
axil  it  is.  [Rare.] 

For  him  the  tree  is  a  colony  of  phytons,  each  being  a 
bud  with  its  axillant  leaf  and  fraction  of  the  stem  and 
root.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  841. 

axillar  (ak'si-lar),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  axillaris, 
<  L.  axilla,  axil:  see  axil.']  I.  a.  Same  as  ax- 
illary. 

II,  n.  In  ornith.,  one  of  the  under  wing-cov- 
erts of  a  bird,  growing  from  the  axilla  or  arm- 
pit, and  distinguished  from  the  under  coverts 
in  general  by  being  the  innermost  feathers  lin- 
ing the  wing,  lying  close  to  the  body,  and  al- 
most always  longer,  stiffer,  and  narrower  than 
the  rest.    Commonly  used  in  the  pliiral. 

axillary  (ak'si-la-ri),  a.  and  n.  [As  axillar: 
see  -arS,  -ary^.']  I,  a.  1.  In  anat.,  pertaining 
to  the  axilla ;  contained  in  the  axilla :  as,  the 
axillary  boundaries;  the  axillary  vessels. — 2. 
In  the  arthropod  animals,  pertaining  to  an 
articulation  or  joint :  said  of  parts  which  are 
attached  to  the  point  of  union  of  two  joints 
or  other  movable  parts  of  the  body. — 3.  In 
hot,  pertaining  to  or  growing  from  the  axil  (of 
plants).  See  cut  under  axil —  Axillary  arches,  in 
anat.,  muscular  slips  which  sometimes  pass  fromtlie  latis- 
simus  dorsi  (broadest  muscle  of  the  back),  near  its  inser- 
tion, across  the  axilla,  to  terminate  in  the  tendon  of  the 
pectoralis  major  (greater  pectoral  muscle),  in  the  coraco- 
brachialis,  or  otherwise.  —  Axillary  artery,  the  contin- 
uation of  the  subclavian  artery,  after  it  has  passed  the 
lower  border  of  the  first  rib,  as  far  as  the  lower  border  of 
the  axilla,  where  it  takes  the  name  of  brachial  artery. 
It  is  divided  into  three  portions,  that  above,  that  behind, 
and  that  below  the  pectoralis  minor  (smaller  pectoral) 
muscle,  and  gives  off  numerous  branches,  thoracic,  sub- 
scapular, and  circumflex. — Axillary  feathers,  in  omith. , 
the  axillars.  See  axillar,  — Axillary  nerve,  the  cir- 
cumflex nerve  of  the  arm.  — Axillary  vein,  in  anat.,  the 
continuation  through  the  axilla  of  the  basilic  vein  rein- 
forced By  the  venae  comites  of  the  brachial  artery  and 
other  veins,  and  ending  in  the  subclavian. 
II.  n.  Same  as  axillar. 

axine  (ak'sin),  a.  and  n.    [<  axis^  +  -iwel.]  I. 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  group  of  deer  of 
which  the  axis,  or  spotted  Indian  hog-deer,  is 
the  type. 
II.  n.  A  deer  of  the  axine  ^oup. 

axinite  (ak'si-nit),  n.  [<  Gr.  a^ivTi,  ax  (see  ax^), 
+  -ite^.]  A  mineral  occurring  commonly  in 
crystals,  whose  general  form  is  that  of  a  very 
oblique  rhomb,  so  flattened  that  some  of  its. 
edges  become  thin  and  sharp  like  the  edge  of 
an  ax  (whence  its  name),  also  sometimes  found 
in  lamellar  masses.  It  is  a  silicate  of  aluminium, 
iron,  and  manganese  and  calcium,  with  5  per  cent,  of  boron 
trioxid,  and  is  commonly  of  a  clove-brown  or  plum-blue 
color. 

axinomancy  (ak'sin-  or  ak-sin'o-man-si),  n. 

[<  L.  axinomantia,  <  Gr.  *a^ivo/LtavTcia,  <  a^h?;, 
ax,  4-  fjavrela,  divination:  see  Mantis.']  An 
ancient  kind  of  divination  for  the  detection 
of  crime  by  means  of  an  ax  or  axes.  One  form 
consisted  in  poising  an  ax  on  a  bar,  and  repeating  the 
names  of  persons  suspected.  If  the  ax  moved  at  the  name 
of  any  one,  he  was  pronounced  guilty.  For  another  form, 
see  extract. 

[Jet]  was  moreover  employed  in  the  form  of  divination 
called  axinomancy.  Laid  on  a  hatchet  made  hot,  it  was 
stated  not  to  consume  if  the  desires  of  the  consulting  party 
■were  destined  to  be  fulfilled. 

Archoeologia,  XLIII.  517.   (Dames'  Sup.  Gloss.) 

axinometry,  n.    See  axonometry. 

axiolite  (ak'si-o-lit),  n.  [<  L.  axis,  axis,  +  Gr. 
7udog,  stone.]  An  aggregation  of  rudimentary 
crystal-fibers  and  products  of  devitrification, 
occurring  in  certain  rocks  like  rhyolite.  Axio- 
lites  resemble  spherulites,  except  that  their  arrangement 
is  divergent  from  a  line  instead  of  from  a  point. 


402 


Axiolite. —  Specimen  6f  rhyolite  from  Virginia  Range,  Nevada, 
magnified  loo  diameters. 
(From  Zirkel's  "Microscopical  Petrography.") 

axiolitic  (ak'si-o-lifik),  a.    Of,  pertaining  to, 

or  of  the  nature  of  axiolite. 
axiom  (ak'si-om),  n.  [<  L.  axioma,  <  Gr.  a^iuua, 
that  which  is  thought  fit,  a  requisite,  that  which 
a  pupil  is  required  to  know  beforehand,  a  self- 
evident  principle,  <  a^iovv,  think  fit  or  worthy, 
require,  demand,  <  df(of,  worthy,  fit,  lit.  weigh- 
ing as  much  as,  of  like  value,  <  aynv,  drive, 
lead,  also  weigh,  =  L.  agere,  drive,  do,  etc. :  see 
act,  v.,  agent,  etc.]  1.  A  self-evident,  un- 
demonstrable,  theoretical,  and  general  propo- 
sition to  which  every  one  who  apprehends  its 
meaning  must  assent.  The  Greek  word  was  prob- 
ably applied  by  Plato  (thougli  it  does  not  occur  in  his 
dialogues  in  this  sense)  to  certain  first  premises  of  mathe- 
matics ;  and  this  continues  to  be  the  ordinary  use  of  the 
term.  It  was  extended  by  Aristotle  to  similar  principles 
supposed  to  underlie  other  branches  of  knowledge.  The 
axioms  or  "common  notions"  of  Euclid,  as  given  in  Eng- 
lish translations,  are  twelve  in  number,  viz.:  (1)  Things 
which  are  equal  to  the  same  are  equal  to  one  another.  (2) 
If  equals  be  added  to  equals,  the  wholes  are  equal.  (3)  If 
equals  be  taken  from  equals,  the  remainders  are  equal.  (4) 
If  equals  be  added  to  unequals,  the  wholes  are  unequal. 
(5)  If  equals  be  taken  from  unequals,  the  remainders  are 
unequal.  (6)  Things  which  are  double  of  the  same  are 
equal  to  one  another.  (7)  Things  which  are  halves  of  the 
same  are  equal  to  one  another.  (8)  Magnitudes  which 
coincide  with  one  another,  that  is,  wliich  exactly  fill  the 
same  space,  are  equal  to  one  another.  (9)  The  whole 
is  greater  than  its  pai-t.  (10)  Two  straight  lines  cannot 
inclose  a  space.  (11)  All  right  angles  are  equal  to  one 
another.  (12)  If  a  straight  line  meets  two  straight  lines, 
so  as  to  make  the  two  interior  angles  on  the  same  side  of 
it  taken  together  less  than  two  right  angles,  tliese  straight 
lines,  being  continually  produced,  shall  at  length  meet 
upon  that  side  on  wliich  are  the  angles  which  are  less 
than  two  right  angles.  Only  the  first  three  of  these  are 
universally  acknowledged  to  be  authentic,  though  the 
latest  editor,  Heiberg,  allows  the  eighth  and  ninth  also. 
Euclid  gives  besides  a  list  of  postulates,  which,  as  given 
in  English  translations,  are :  (1)  Let  it  be  granted  that  a 
straight  line  may  be  drawn  from  any  one  point  to  any 
other  point.  (2)  That  a  terminated  straight  line  may  be 
produced  to  any  length  in  a  straight  line.  (3)  And  that  a 
circle  may  be  described  from  any  center,  at  any  distance 
from  that  center.  What  the  English  editions  give  as 
the  eleventh  and  twelfth  axioms  formed  originally  the 
fourth  and  fifth  postulates,  and  in  the  best  MS.  the  tenth 
axiom  appears  as  tlie  sixth  postulate.  It  would  thus 
seem  that  he  understood  by  "postulate"  a  geometrical 
premise  which  was  asked  to  be  taken  for  granted,  and 
by  "axiom"  or  "common  notion,"  a  not  specially  geo- 
metrical principle  with  the  use  of  which  the  learner 
would  be  already  familiar.  This  agrees  with  Aristotle's 
definition  of  an  axiom  as  a  principle  which  he  who  would 
learn  must  bring  of  himself.  The  Leibnitzians  distin- 
guish a  postulate  as  a  self-evident  practical  principle 
from  an  axiom  as  a  self-evident  theoretical  principle.  Ac- 
cording to  Kant,  an  axiom  is  a  necessary  and  general  syn- 
thetical proposition  which  declares  a  property  of  pure 
space  or  time  and  rests  directly  on  intuition,  and  is  thus 
self-evident.  He  refused  the  name  to  the  genuine  "com- 
mon notions"  of  Euclid,  holding  these  to  be  analytical 
propositions.  Modern  mathematicians  seem  to  regard  the 
axioms  of  geometry  as  an  analysis  of  the  independent 
properties  of  space,  so  that  the  longer  the  list,  provided 
the  propositions  are  really  independent,  the  more  per- 
fectly has  the  design  been  fulfilled.  Many  eminent  mathe- 
maticians hold  that  tliere  is  no  reason  to  think  these 
axioms  to  Ije  exactly  true,  but  that  they  must  be  assumed 
to  be  slightly  erroneous  one  way  or  the  other ;  although 
experience  shows  tliat  they  approximate  so  nearly  to  the 
truth  that  it  may  be  douljted  whether  it  will  ever  be  pos- 
sible to  measure  the  amount  of  their  error.  A  similar 
doctrine  is  held  by  some  thinkers  concerning  metaphysi- 
cal axioms,  such  as  the  axiom  that  every  event  is  deter- 
mined by  causes. 

2.  Any  higher  proposition,  obtained  by  gen- 
eralization and  induction  from  the  observation 
of  individual  instances;  the  enunciation  of  a 
general  fact;  an  empirical  law.  This  use  origi- 
nated with  Bacon,  influenced  probably  by  the  employ- 
ment of  axiom  by  the  Stoics  to  mean  any  proposition. 
3t.  In  logic,  a  proposition,  whether  true  or  false : 
a  use  of  the  term  which  originated  with  Zeno 
the  Stoic.  =Syn.  1.  Maxim,  Truism,  etc.  See  aphorism. 

axiomatic  (ak"si-o-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a^iujjiaTiiiog, 
<  a^iu/Lia(T-),  an  axiom:  see  axiom.]  1.  Of  the 
nature  of  an  axiom,  self-evident  truth,  or  re- 
ceived principle ;  self-evident. 


axis 

Many  controversies  arise  touching  the  axiomatic  charac- 
ter of  the  law.  Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Logic,  I.  88. 

2.  Full  of  axioms  or  maxims ;  aphoristic. 
The  most  axiomatic  of  English  poets. 

Southey,  Doctor,  p.  381. 
axiomatical  (ak'si-o-mat'i-kal),  a.  1.  Of  the 
nature  of  an  axiom ;  axiomatic. —  2.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  axioms  or  received  first  principles : 
as,  "materials  of  axiomatical  knowledge,"  Bo- 
linghroke. — 3t.  In  logic,  of,  pertaining  to,  or 
of  the  nature  of  a  proposition,  whether  true  or 
false. 

axiomatically  (ak'si-o-mafi-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  axiomatic  manner,  (a)  By  the  use  of  axioms ; 
as  an  axiom  or  axiomatic  truth,  (ftf)  In  logic, 
in  the  form  of  a  simple  proposition.  See  axiom,  3. 

axiometer  (ak-si-om'e-ter),  n.  [<  L.  axis,  axis, 
-I-  metrum,  a  measure.  ]  An  instrument  for  show- 
ing the  position  of  the  tiller  of  a  vessel  which 
uses  a  steering-wheel. 

axiopistyt  (ak'si-o-pis-ti),  M.  [<  Gr.  a^ioniaTca, 
<  a^iSniaToc,  trustworthy,  <  a^tog,  worthy,  -1- 
Trtardc,  verbal  adj.  of  ■KeideaSm,  trust,  believe.] 
Worthiness  to  be  believed;  trustworthiness. 
Imp.  Diet. 

axis^  (ak'sis),  n. ;  pi.  axes  (-sez).  [L.,  axle,  axis, 
pole  of  the  earth;  poet.,  the  heavens;  also,  a 
board  or  plank  (see  ashler) ;  =  AS.  cax,  E.  ax2, 
axle :  see  ax"^,  axle.  ]  1 .  The  motionless,  or  rela- 
tively motionless,  imaginary  line  about  which 
a  rotating  body,  such  as  the  earth,  turns :  spe- 
cifically called  in  this  sense  the  axis  of  revolu- 
tion or  rotation  (which  see,  below). 
On  their  own  axis  as  the  planets  run, 
Yet  make  at  once  their  circle  round  the  sun. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iii.  313. 

2.  The  axle  of  a  wheel ;  the  cylindrical  portion 
of  any  mechanical  piece  intended  to  turn  in 
bearings :  as,  the  axis  of  a  transit  instrument. 

The  weightines  of  the  wheele  doth  settle  it  vpon  his 
Axis.  Fotherby,  Atheomastix,  xi.  §  1.   (JV.  E.  D.) 

3.  In.  anat.:  (a)  The  second  cervical  vertebra: 
so  called  because  the  atlas  turns  upon  it  as 
about  a  pivot  or  axis,  bearing  the  head  with  it. 


Human  Axis  (upper  figure,  right  side  ;  lower  figure,  left  side), 
or,  body  ;      odontoid  process;  c,  articulatory  surface  for  atlas; 
foramen  for  vertebral  artery  ;  e,  superior  articulating  surface  ;  /,  spi- 
nous process ;  g',  inferior  articulating  surface  ;  k,  transverse  process. 

It  is  usually  distinguished  from  the  other  vertebra;  by  hav- 
ing an  odontoid  or  tooth-like  process,  furnishing  the  pivot 
about  which  the  atlas  turns :  hence  called  the  toothed  ver- 
tebra (vertebra  dentata),  or  the  odontoid  vertebra  (vertebra 

odontoidea).  (ft)  The  odontoid  process  of  the  axis, 
(c)  The  entire  vertebral  column,  (d)  The 
central  or  axial  nervous  system  of  a  vertebrate : 
as,  the  cerebrospinal  axis,  (e)  The  columella 
or  modiolus  of  the  cochlea.  (/)  A  short  thick 
artery  which  immediately  divides  into  several 
branches:  as,  the  celiac  axis;  the  thyroid  axis, 
(g)  The  axis-cylinder  of  a  nerve,  (/i)  Same  as 
axon. — 4.  The  central  line  of  a  solid  of  revo- 
lution ;  the  central  line  of  any  symmetrical,  or 
nearly  symmetrical,  body:  as,  the  axis  of  a  cyl- 
inder, of  the  eye,  etc. —  5.  Any  line  with  refer- 
ence to  which  the  physical  properties  of  a  body, 
especially  its  elasticity,  are  symmetrical. —  6. 
In  Trilobita,  specifically,  the  tergum;  the  me- 
dian convex  portion  of  a  thoracic  somite,  inter- 
vening between  the  pleura  or  flattened  lateral 
portions  of  the  thorax.  See  cut  under  Ti-ilobita. 

—  7.  In  conch.,  the  imaginary  line  or  space 
around  which  the  whorls  of  a  spiral  shell  turn. 

—  8.  In  hot.,  the  stem;  the  central  part  or 
longitudinal  support  on  which  organs  or  parts 
are  arranged.  The  root  has  sometimes  been 
called  the  descending  axis.    A.  Gray. 

In  many  cases  the  floral  axis  is  prolonged  beyond  one  or 
more  circles  of  floral  organs,  and  the  stem  again  assumes 
the  ordinary  leaf-bearing  form.  Science,  III.  302. 


axis 


9.  In  geog.  and  geol.,  the  central  or  dominat- 
ing region  of  a  mountain-ehara,  or  the  line 
wHch  follows  the  crest  of  a  range  and  thus  in- 
dicates the  position  of  the  most  conspicuous 
portion  of  the  uplift,   in  a  folded  region,  or  one  in 


Section  of  mountain  showing  position  of  axis  of  synclinally 
folded  strata, 

which  the  strata  have  been  bent  into  anticlinals  and  syn- 
clinals, the  axis  of  each  fold  is  the  plane  indicating  the 
direction  parallel  to  which  the  folding  has  taken  place,  or 
toward  which  tlie  strata  incline. 
10.  In  analytical geom.,  any  fixed  line  of  refer- 
ence used  to  determine  the  position  of  a  point  or 
series  of  points  (line,  surface)  in  space  Anti- 
clinal axis,  in  geol.  See  anticlinal. —  Axes  Of  an  ellip- 
soid, its  maximum  and  minimum  diameters  and  the  diam- 
eter perpendicular  to  these. — Axes  Of  coordinates,  or 
coordinate  axes,  in  analytical  geom.,  fixed  lines  on 
which  or  parallel  to  which  an  element  (abscissa  or  ordi- 
nate) of  the  position  of  a  point  is  measured. — Axes  of 
Ught-elasticity,  the  three  directions  at  right  angles  to 
one  another  in  a  biaxial  crystal  in  whicli  the  elasticity  of 
the  light-ether  has  its  maximum,  minimum,  and  mean 
value.  In  a  trimetric  (orthorhombic)  crystal  they  coin- 
cide with  the  crystallographic  axes ;  in  a  monoclinic  crys- 
tal one  coincides  with  the  orthodiagonal  axis,  the  others 
lie  in  the  plane  of  symmetry.  In  a  triclinic  crystal  there 
is  no  necessary  relation  between  the  two  sets  of  axes. — 
Axis  of  a  beam  of  light,  the  middle  ray  of  the  beam. 
— Axis  of  a  cone,  a  straight  line  drawn  from  the  vertex 
to  the  center  of  the  base. — Axis  Of  a  COniC,  a  diameter 
perpendicular  to  the  chords  it  bisects. — Axis  of  a  crys- 
tal, in  crystal.,  one  of  three  or  four  imaginary  lines  as- 
sumed for  convenience  to  define  the  position  of  the 
planes  of  the  crystal,  and  to  exhibit  its  synmietry.  See 
crystallography.— Axis  of  a  curve,  a  right  line  dividing 
it  into  two  aynmietrical  parts,  so  as  to  bisect  every  chord 
perpendicular  to  it,  as  in  a  parabola,  ellipse,  or  hyperbola. 
— Axis  Of  a  cylinder,  a  straight  line  drawn  from  the 
center  of  the  one  end  to  that  of  the  other. —  Axis  of 
affinity,  the  axis  of  homology  of  figures  homological  by 
affinity.— Axis  of  a  gun  or  piece,  the  middle  line  of  the 
bore  of  the  gun.— Axis  Of  a  lens,  a  straight  line  drawn 
through  the  optical  center  of  the  lens,  and  perpendicular 
to  both  its  surfaces.— Axis  Of  a  magnet,  the  imaginary 
line  which  connects  the  north  and  south  poles  of  the 
magnet.— Axis  of  a  sphere,  any  straight  line  drawn 
through  the  center  and  terminated  both  ways  by  the  sur- 
face of  the  sphere.— Axis  of  a  spherical,  concave,  or 

convex  mirror,  a  straight  line  which  passes  tlirougli  the 
geometrical  and  optical  centers  of  the  mirror.— Axis  of 
a  telescope,  a  straiglit  line  passing  through  the  centers 
of  all  the  glasses  in  the  tube. — Axis  of  coUineation,  in 
math.,  a  line  which  corresponds  to  itself  in  a  projective 
transformation.  — Axis  Of  direct  elasticity,  a  direction 
in  a  solid  body  such  that  a  longitudinal  strain  in  that  di- 
rection produces  a  stress  precisely  opposed  to  the  strain. 
—Axis  Of  elasticity,  a  direction  in  a  solid  body  with 
respect  to  which  some  kind  of  symmetry  exists  in  the 
relation  of  strains  and  stresses. —  Axis  Of  homology,  the 
line  upon  which  corresponding  lines  of  two  figures  in 
homology  intersect  each  other. — Axis  Of  oscillation  Of 
a  pendulum,  a  right  line  passing  through  the  center 
about  which  it  vibrates,  and  perpendicular  to  the  plane 
of  vibration.— Axis  Of  perspective,  the  line  in  which 
the  plane  of  a  perspective  representation  cuts  any  plane 
represented.- Axis  Of  reflection,  in  the  method  of  in- 
version in  geometry,  any  line  considered  as  perpendicular 
to  and  bisecting  the  distance  between  two  inverse  points. 
— Axis  Of  refraction,  a  straight  line  drawn  perpendicular 
to  the  surface  of  the  refracting  medium,  through  the  point 
of  incidence  of  the  refracted  ray.  Some  crystals  have  two 
axes  of  refraction. — Axis  Of  rotation,  the  imaginary  line 
about  which  all  the  parts  of  a  rotating  body  turn. — Axis 
Of  similitude  of  three  circles,  a  line  passing  through 

two  intersections  of  corresponding  pairs  of  common 
tangents  of  two  pairs  out  of  the  three  circles.  The  axis 
of  similitude  also  necessarily  passes  through  a  third  such 
point,  but  this  fact  is  not  essential  to  its  definition. — 
Axis  Of  symmetry,  a  line  on  both  or  all  sides  of  which 
the  parts  of  a  body  or  magnitude  are  symmetrically  dis- 
posed.— Axis  Of  the  earth,  the  straight  line  connecting 
its  two  poles,  and  about  which  it  performs  its  diurnal  ro- 
tation.— Axis  of  the  eye,  a  straight  line  passing  through 
the  centers  of  the  pupil  and  crystalline  lens ;  the  optic 
axis. —  Axis  of  the  Ionic  capital,  a  line  passing  perpen- 
dicularly through  the  middle  of  the  eye  of  the  volute. — 
Axis  of  the  world,  the  imaginary  axis  passing  through 
the  celestial  poles. — Axis  Of  vision.  See  visual  axis,  be- 
low.— Basicranial  axis,  a  straight  line  drawn  from  a 
point  midway  between  the  occipital  condyles,  through  the 
median  plane  of  the  skull,  to  tlie  junction  of  the  ethmoid 
and  presphenoid,  in  the  floor  of  the  cerebral  cavity. 
Huxley.  See  cut  under  craniofacial. — Baslfaclal  axis, 
or  facial  axis,  a  straight  line  drawn  from  the  anterior 
extremity  of  the  premaxilla  to  the  anterior  extremity  of 
the  basicranial  axis  (which  see,  above):  not  to  be  con- 
founded with  facial  line.  See  craniometry,  and  cut  under 
crajiio/aciffiJ.— Celiac  axis,  (a)  A  short,  thick  branch  of 
the  abdominal  aorta,  given  oft  just  below  the  diapliragm, 
and  immediately  dividing  into  the  gastric,  hepatic,  and 
splenic  arteries.  (6)  The  sympathetic  plexus  which  sur- 
rounds this  artery.— Cerebrospinal  axis.  See  cerebro- 
spinal.—ConjngaXe  or  minor  axis,  in  geom.,  an  axis, 
especially  of  a  hyperbola,  perpendicular  to  the  transverse 
axis.  The  term  was  originally  used  in  the  plural  for  a  pair 
of  conjugate  diameters  at  right  angles  to  each  other.  As 
now  used,  it  is  an  abbreviated  expression  for  axis  conju- 
gate to  the  transverse  axis. —  Facial  axis.   See  basifacial 


403 

axis,  above. — Harmonic  axis.  See ftarmonic- Instan- 
taneous axis,  the  axis  about  which  a  body  is  rotating  at 
any  instant :  an  expression  applicable  when  motion  is 
considered  in  only  two  dimensions  or  wlien  a  point  of  the 
body  is  fixed  ;  in  otlier  cases  it  would  lie  an  inaccurate 
abbreviation  of  the  following:  Instantaneous  sliding 
axis,  that  line  about  which  a  body  is  rotating  and  along 
which  it  is  simultaneously  sliding  at  any  instant.  Every 
rigid  body  at  every  instant  of  its  motion  has  such  an  in- 
stantaneous sliding  axis. — Macrodlagonal  axis,  mag- 
netic axis.  See  the  adjectives.— Neural  axis,  in  anat., 
the  cerebrospinal  axis ;  the  axis  or  central  trunk  of  the 
cerebrospinal  system.— Neutral  axis,  in  niech.:  (a)  Of  a 
beam,  the  plane  in  which  the  tensile  and  compressing 
forces  terminate,  and  in  which  the  stress  is  therefore  no- 
thing, (b)  Of  a  deflected  bar,  the  line  along  which  there  is 
neither  extension  nor  compression. — Optic  axis,  the  axis 
of  the  eye  (which  see,  above).— Orthogonal  or  principal 
metatatlc  axes,  three  axes  in  a  body  sucli  tliat,  if  a  cube 
be  cut  out  having  its  faces  normal  to  these  axes,  and  if 
there  be  a  linear  elongation  along  one  of  them  and  an 
equal  linear  compression  along  a  second,  no  tangential 
stress  will  result  round  the  third  axis  on  planes  normal 

to  the  first  two.— Radical  axis  of  two  circles,  the  line 

joining  their  jjoints  of  intersection.  This  line  is  real  even 
when  the  circles  do  not  really  intersect,  the  difference  of 
its  distance  from  the  two  centers  being  proportional  to  the 
difference  of  the  areas  of  the  two  circles. — Spiral  axis, 
in  arch.,  the  axis  of  a  twisted  column  spirally  drawn  in 
order  to  trace  the  circumvolutions  without.— SjTlcllnal 
axis,  in  geol.  See  synclinal. — Tectonic  axes,  in  cry.i- 
tal.,  the  lines  along  which  the  minute  crystals  are  ar- 
ranged in  the  formation  of  a  complex  crystalline  growtli. 
Tlius,  dendritic  crystallizations  of  gold  and  copper  often 
branch  at  angles  of  60°,  their  directions  being  parallel 
to  the  sides  of  an  octahedral  face. — The  principal  axes 
of  inertia  of  a  body,  those  lines  passing  through  its  cen- 
ter of  mass  about  which  its  moments  of  inertia  are  a  maxi- 
nmm  and  a  minimum,  together  with  the  third  line  per- 
pendicular to  these  at  their  intersection.— The  princi- 
pal axes  of  stress  in  a  body,  the  directions  of  the  three 
conjugate  normal  stresses.— Thyroid  axis,  a  short,  thick 
branch  from  the  subclavian  artery,  dividing  almost  im- 
mediately into  the  inferior  thyroid,  suprascapular,  and 
transversalis  colli.— Transverse  or  major  axis,  in  conic 
sections,  the  diameter  which  passes  through  the  foci.  In 
the  ellipse  it  is  the  longest  diameter ;  in  the  hyperbola  it 
is  the  shortest ;  and  in  the  parabola  it  is,  like  all  the  other 
diameters,  infinite  in  length.— Visual  axis,  in  physiol., 
the  straight  line  passing  through  the  center  of  the  pupil 
and  the  middle  of  the  macula  lutea.  It  does  not  coincide 
with  the  optic  axis.  Also  called  visual  line,  or  axis  of 
iimoM.- Zone  axis.   See  zone. 

axis^  (ak'sis),  n.  [L.  axis  (Pliny) ;  perhaps  of 
E.  Ind.  origin.]  1.  A  kind  of  East  Indian 
deer,  Cervus  axis,  of  which  there  are  several 
varieties,  perhaps  species.  The  body  is  spotted 
with  white.  Also  called  axis-deer,  spotted  deer, 
and  hog-deer. —  2.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of 
such  deer.    Ham.  Smith,  1827. 

axis-cylinder  (ak'sis-sir'in-der),  n.  In  anat., 
the  central  part  of  a  nerve-fiber;  the  core  of 
white  nerve-tissue  in  a  nerve-fiber,  it  is  the  es- 
sential part  of  the  nerve,  and  is  the  only  part  found  at 
its  origin  and  termination.  In  cross-section,  a  bundle  of 
nerve-fibers  appears  like  a  bunch  of  lead  pencils,  the  axis- 
cylinder  corresponding  to  the  lead.  Also  called  band-axis 
and  axis-band. 

axis-deer  (ak'sis-der),  n.    Same  as  axis"^,  1. 

axisymmetric  (ak"si-si-met'rik),  a.  Symmetri- 
cal with  reference  to  an  axis. 

axle  (ak'sl),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  axel,  axell, 
axile,  <  ME.  axel,  axil  (chiefly  in  comp.  axel- 
tree,  q.  V. ;  not  in  AS.,  where  only  the  primitive 
wx,  eax  occurs:  see  ax^)  =  Icel.  oxull,  m.,  = 
Sw.  Dan.  axel,  axle ;  not  found  in  this  sense  in 
the  other  languages,  where  its  place  is  supplied 
by  the  primitive  ax^,  but  ult.  =  ME.  cexl,  exl,  < 
AS.  eaxl,  exel  =  OHG.  ahsala,  MHG.  ahsel,  G. 
achsel  =  Icel.  dxl,  f.,  =  Sw.  Dan.  axel  =  Norw. 
oJc^l,  alcsl,  axel,  the  shoulder,  =  L.  dla  (for  *  ax- 
la),  shoulder-joint,  wing  (see  ala,  aisle,  and  ef. 
axilla);  with  formative  -I,  <  ax2  (L.  axis,  etc.), 
axle  (the  shoulder-joint  being  the  axle  or  axis 
on  which  the  arm  turns) :  see  ax2.]  1 .  The  pin 
or  spindle  on  which  a  wheel  revolves,  or  which 
forms  the  axis  of  the  wheel  and  revolves  with  it. 
Properly,  the  axle  of  a  carriage-,  cart-,  or  wagon-wheel  is 
the  round  arm  of  the  axletree  or  axle-bar  which  is  inserted 
in  the  hub  or  nave,  but  the  name  is  sometimes  extended  to 
the  whole  axletree. 
2t.  An  axis,  as  of  the  earth. 
Whether  .  .  . 

He  [the  sun]  from  the  east  his  flaming  road  begin, 

Or  she  [the  earth]  from  west  her  silent  course  advance, 

With  inoflfensive  pace  that  spinning  sleeps 

On  her  soft  axle.  Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  165. 

Axle  stop-key,  a  plate  upon  the  end  of  the  axle  of  a  rail- 
road-car, intended  to  prevent  excessive  lateral  motion  and 
to  take  the  wear. — Blind  axle,  an  axle  that  doesnoteom- 
municate  power  ;  a  dead  axle. —  Colllnge  axle,  in  coach- 
building,  an  axle  the  box  of  which  is  secured  upon  the 
arm  by  two  nuts  screwed  right  and  left.— Compound 
axle,  an  axle  having  two  parts  connected  by  a  sleeve  or 
some  other  locking  arrangement. —  Dead  axle,  one  which 
does  not  impart  motion  ;  a  blind  axle  :  opposed  to  a  live  axle 
or  rfrtDin/z-as^e.- Dipping  the  axle,  in  coach-building, 
bending  the  end  of  tlie  axle  so  that  tlie  wheel  shall  strike 
squarely  upon  the  ground.—  Driving-axle,  in  locomotive 
engines,  the  axle  which  receives  the  power  from  the 
steam-piston  transmitted  through  the  piston-rod  and  con- 
necting-rod. The  rear  end  of  the  latter  is  connected 
either  with  cranks  formed  in  this  axle,  or  more  generally 
with  crank-pins  upon  the  driving-wheels  at  its  ends. — 


Railroad-car  Axle-box. 
a,  axle  ;  b,  journal :  c,  sad- 
dle, by  means  of  which  the 
weight  of  the  car  rests  on  the 
journal ;  d,  chamber  for  a  lu- 
bricating substance,  having  its 
lid  at  f. 


axle-tootu 

Leading  axle,  in  British  locomotives,  an  axle  of  a  wheel 
in  front  of  the  driving-wheels. —  Mail  axle,  in  cocu:h-buUd- 
ing,  an  axle  which  is  secured  by  a  plate  at  its  back  inatsad 
of  a  nut  on  the  end. 

The  commone.st  kind  pf  oil  axle  is  called  the  mail,  be- 
cause the  peculiar  mode  of  fastening  was  first  used  in 
tlie  mail  coaches.     J.  W.  Burgess,  Coach-Building,  p.  72. 

Telescopic  axle,  an  extension-axle  which  permits  the 
running-wheels  of  a  railroad-car  to  be  slipped  in  or  out, 
thus  making  them  adaptable  to  tracks  of  dirt'erent  gage. 
—  Trailing  axle,  the  rear  axle  of  a  locomotive.  In  Eng- 
lish engines  it  is  usually  placed  under  the  foot-jilate. 

axle-adjuster  (ak'sl-a-jus*ter),  n.  A  machine 
for  straightening  axles;  a  machine  used  in  giv- 
ing to  the  spindle  its  proper  line  of  direction 
relatively  to  the  axletree. 

axle-arm  (ak'sl-iirm),  n.  The  spindle  on  the 
end  of  an  axle  on  which  the  box  of  the  wheel 
slips,  or  one  of  the  two  pivots  on  which  the 
axle  itself  turns.  See  second  cut  under  axle- 
hox. 

axle-bar  (ak'sl-bar),  n.  The  bar  of  an  axle- 
tree. 

axle-block  (ak'sl-blok),  n.  The  block  placed 
upon  the  axle  of  a  vehicle  to  form  a  seat  for 
the  spring  when  it  is  depressed, 
axle-box  (ak'sl-boks),  n.  The  box  which  con- 
tains the  bearings  for  the  spindle  of  an  axle,  or 
the  journal  of  an  axle, 
as  of  a  carriage-wheel,  a 
railroad-car  wheel,  etc. ; 
the  bushing  or  metal 
lining  of  the  hub  which 
forms  the  rotatory  bear- 
ing of  the  axle  of  a  ve- 
hicle—  Axle-box  guides, 
the  guides  for  the  brasses  of 
an  axle-box.  — Radial  axle- 
box,  in  a  railroad-car,  a  slid- 
ing axle-box,  so  arranged  that, 
with  its  fellow,  it  maintains 
the  axle  in  a  position  radial  to 
the  curve  of  the  track,  how- 
ever its  direction 
may  change. 

axle-clip  (ak'sl- 

klip),  n.  A 
clevis  or  bow 
which  unites 
some  other  part 
of  a  vehicle  to 
the  axle  Axle- 
clip  tie,  the  cross- 
bar which  joins 
and  secures  the 
ends  of  the  bow- 
clip  (which  see). 

axle-collar 

(ak'sl-kol*ar), 
w.     The  collar 

on  an  axle  which  receives  the  lateral  pressure 
from  the  wheel  or  bearing, 
axled  (ak'sld),  a.    Furnished  with  an  axle  or 
with  axles. 

axle-gage  (ak'sl-gaj),  n.  A  wheelwright's  in- 
strument for  giving  to  the  spindle  of  an  axle  its 
proper  swing  and  gather. 

axle-guard  (ak'sl-gard),  m.  Those  parts  of  a 
railroad-ear  in  which  the  axle-box  plays  verti- 
cally under  the  yield  and  reaction  of  the  car- 
springs —  Axle-guard  stays,  the  iron  rods  or  straps 
which  are  bolted  to  the  frame  and  to  all  the  ends  of  the 
a.xle-guards,  to  strengthen  them. 

axle-hook  (ak'sl-huk),  «.  A  hook  in  front  of 
the  axle  of  a  carriage,  to  which  is  attached  the 
stay-chain  connecting  the  axle  and  the  double- 
tree. 

axle-nut  (ak'sl-nut),  n.  A  screw-nut  fitted  to 
the  end  of  the  arm  of  an  axle  to  keep  the  wheel 
in  place. 

axle-packing  (ak'sl-pak"ing),  «.  The  guard 
or  material  placed  about  an  axle  to  exclude 
dust. 

axle-pin  (ak'sl-pin),  n.    Same  as  linch-pin. 
axle-saddle  (ak'sl-sad'a),  n.    A  saddle-shaped 
clip,  used  in  securing  a  spring  to  an  axle, 
axle-seat  (ak'sl-set),  n.     The  hole  in  a  rail- 
road-car wheel  which  receives  the  arm  of  the 
axle. 

axle-skein  (ak'sl-skan),  n.  A  band,  strip,  or 
thimble  of  metal  placed  on  a  wooden  axle-arm 
to  prevent  the  wood  from  wearing  rapidly, 
axle-sleeve  (ak'sl-slev),  ».  A  sleeve  placed 
round  a  railroad-car  axle  in  order  to  hold  up 
the  ends  should  the  axle  be  broken, 
axle-tooth  (ak'sl-toth),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  assle-, 
azzle-,  assal-tooth,  early  mod.  E.  axel-,  axill- 
tooth,  <  late  ME.  axyltothe  (=  Dan.  axcl-tand); 
<  *axel  (Shetland  i/aclle)  (<  Iceh  jaxl  —  Norw. 
jaksle,  jakie  =  Sw.  dial,  jdkkel,  jdksl  '=  Dan. 
axel),  a  jaw-tooth,  grinder,  -f-  tooth.]  A  grind- 
er ;  a  molar.    [Prov.  Eng.] 


Miller's  Rubber-cushioned  Axle-box. 
A,  hub  ;  B,  axle-box  ;  C,  axle-arm  :  D, 
rubber  cushions  :  £,  compression-nut :  F, 
cavities  in  compression-nut  admitting  points 
of  the  wrench  when  compressing  cushions  : 
G,  slotted  retaining-sleeve  :  H,  spur  on  axle- 
box  ;  y,  space  between  axle-box  and  hub. 


axletree 

axletree  (ak'sl-tre),  n.  [<  ME.  axel-tree,  axil- 
tre,  etc.  (=Icel.  dxiil-tre),  <  axel  +  tree.  Cf.  ax- 
tree.l  1.  A  bar  or  beam  fixed  crosswise  under 
the  body  of  a  carriage,  having  rounded  axles  at 
the  ends  for  a  pair  of  wheels  to  revolve  on. 

Be  hem  tunietlie  alle  the  flvmament,  right  as  dotlie  a 
wheel,  that  tui'neth  be  his  axille  tree. 

Maundeville  (ed.  Halliwell),  p.  182. 

2t.  An  axis. 

axle-yoke  (ak'sl-yok),  w.  A  plate  beneath  an 
axle  through  which  the  ends  of  the  saddle-clip 
pass.  It  serves  as  a  washer-plate  for  the  nuts 
upon  the  ends  of  the  saddle-eUp. 

axman,  axeman  (aks'man),  n. ;  pi.  axmen,  axe- 
men (-men).  1.  One  who  wields  an  ax;  one  em- 
ployed in  chopping ;  a  woodman. 

Axemenviere  put  to  work  getting  out  timber  for  bridges, 
and  cutting  fuel  for  the  locomotives  when  the  road  was 
completed.        U.  S.  Grant,  in  The  Century,  XXXI.  136. 

2.  Formerly,  a  soldier  whose  weapon  was  an  ax. 

We  hear  nothing  of  any  prisoners  being  taken,  nothing 
of  any  of  the  axemen  taking  to  flight. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Old  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  336. 

ax-master  (aks'mas'''ter),  n.  A  name  given  in 
Honduras  to  a  tree  with  very  hard  wood.  Its 
genus  is  not  known. 

Axminster  carpet.   See  carpet. 

axoid  (ak'soid),  a.  [<  axis^  +  -oid.']  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  axis :  used  in  anatomical  terms, 
chiefly  in  composition:  as,  the  occijnto-axoid 
ligament.    See  axis'^,  3. 

Axolotes  (ak-so-lo'tez),  «.  A  Latinized  form 
of  axolotl,  used  as  a  generic  name.  See  Sire- 
don. 

axolotl  (ak'so-lotl),  11.  [Mex.]  A  urodele  or 
tailed  amphibian  found  in  Mexico,  which  is 
supposed  not  to  undergo  metamorphosis,  but 


Axolotl  l^Amblystoma). 


to  retain  its  gills  throughout  life,  breeding  in 
the  larval  state.  From  this  circumstance  the  ani- 
mal was  made  the  type  of  a  distinct  genus,  Siredon, 
and  wiis  placed  with  Proteus,  Siren,  etc.,  in  the  family 
Proteidce,  under  the  name  of  Siredon  pisciforme.  An- 
other species  has  been  named  Siredon  lichenoides.  Later 
observations,  however,  have  shown  that  the  axolotl,  or 
siredon,  is  simply  a  prolonged,  sometimes  permanent, 
stage  like  that  which  all  the  species  of  salaniandrines 
of  the  family  Amhhistomidce  pass  through,  and  that  the 
animal  is  referable  to  the  genus  Ambhjstoma.  Axolotls 
are  common  in  lakes  and  lagoons  in  Mexico,  like  the  vari- 
ous species  of  Ambtystoma  known  in  the  United  States 
as  mud-puppies,  water-dogs,  etc.  They  have  the  appear- 
ance of  gigantic  tadpoles  about  to  turn  into  frogs,  being 
from  6  to  9  inches  long,  with  a  large  compressed  tail,  4 
legs,  gill-tufts  on  each  side  of  the  neck,  and  obtuse  flat- 
tened head.  They  are  marketable  in  Mexico,  where  they 
are  said  to  be  deemed  a  luxury  as  an  article  of  food. 

axometer  (ak-som'e-ter),  n.  [<  L.  axis  (Gr. 
a^uv),  axis,  -I-  metrum  (Gr.  iierpov),  measure.] 
An  instrument  used  in  adjusting  the  height  of 
the  bridge  of  a  pair  of  spectacles,  to  bring  the 
centers  of  the  lenses  in  line  horizontally  with 
the  centers  of  the  pupils  of  the  eyes. 

axon  (ak'son),  n. ;  pi.  axones  (-ez).  [<  Gr.  dfov, 
axis:  see  axis^,  aj;2.]  In  anat.,  the  body-axis; 
the  mesal,  longitudinal,  skeletal  axis  of  the 
body,  represented  in  Branchiostovia  and  em- 
bryos by  a  membranogelatinous  notoehord,  and 
in  most  adult  vertebrates  by  the  cartilaginous 
or  osseous  centra  of  the  yertebrse  and  the  base 
of  the  skull.  Wilder,  N.  Y.  Med.  Jour.,  Aug. 
2,  1884,  p.  113.    Also  called  axis. 

Axonia  (ak-s6'ni-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dfwv, 
axis.]  Organic  forms,  animal  or  vegetable, 
having  definite  axes :  the  opposite  of  Anaxonia. 

The  Azonia  are  divided  into  Hoinaxonia,  having  all  axes 
equal,  as  spherical  and  polyhedral  forms,  and  Protaxonia, 
having  one  main  axis  about  which  other  axes  are  arranged. 
The  latter  are  agiiin  subdivided  into  Monaxonia  and  Stau- 
raxouia.    See  these  words. 

axonometry  (ak-so-nom'e-tri),  n.   [Irreg.  <  Gr. 

a^ijv,  axis,  +  ficTpov,  measure.]  The  art  of 
making  a  perspective  representation  of  figures 
when  the  coordinates  of  points  in  them  are 
given.    Also  written  axinometry . 

axospermous  ^ak-so-sper'mus),  a.  [<  L.  axis, 
axis,  +  Gr.  anepfia,  seed.]  In  hot.,  an  epithet 
descriptive  of  compound  fruits  which  have  an 
axile  plaeentation,  the  attachment  of  the  seeds 
being  toward  the  axis. 

axotomous  (ak-sot'o-mus),  a.  [<  L.  axis  (Gr. 
a^uv),  axis,  +  Gr.  rofiaq,  <  refivtLv,  Tafielv,  cut.] 
In  mineral.,  cleavable  in  a  direction  perpendic- 
ular to  the  axis. 

axseedt,  n.    [<  ax^  +  seed.^    Same  as  axfitch. 


404 

ax-shaped  (aks'shapt),  a.  In  hot.,  shaped  like 
an  ax  or  a  hatchet ;  dolabrif orm. 
ax-stone  (aks'ston),  n.  A  mineral  foimd  chiefly 
in  New  Zealand  and  the  South  Sea  islands,  and 
used  by  the  natives  for  axes  and  other  cutting 
instruments,  whence  the  name.  Also  called 
nephrite  and  jade. 

axtree  (aks'tre),  n.    [Sc.,  also  aixtree,  extree,  < 
ME.  axtre,  extre,  axtreo,  <  AS.  *eaxtre6w,  <  eax, 
E.  «a-2,  -\-  treow,  E.  tree,  beam.    Cf.  axletree.'] 
An  axletree.    [Obsolete,  except  in  Scotland.] 
A  large  pyn  in  nianer  of  an  extre. 

Chaucer,  Astrolabe,  p.  8. 
Thunder  and  earthquakes  raging,  and  the  rocks 
Tumbling  from  down  their  seyts  like  mighty  blocks 
Rowl'd  from  huge  mountains,  such  a  noise  they  make, 
As  though  in  sunder  heav'ns  huge  axtree  brake. 

Drayton,  Poems  (ed.  Halliwell),  p.  219. 

axunge  (ak'sunj),  n.    [<  F.  axunge,  now  axonge, 

<  L.  aximgia,  grease,  fat,  wagon-grease,  <  axis, 
axle,  +  nngcre,  grease:  see  unguent.]  The  in- 
ternal fat  of  the  body,  especially  of  pigs  and 
geese;  fat;  lard. 

axungious  (ak-sun' ji-us),  a.   [<  axunge  +  -ious.] 
Lard-like  ;  fat ;  greasy.    Sir  T.  Browne. 
axvitcht,  axwortt,  n.    Same  as  axfitch. 
ayl.ayel  (:x),  adv.    [<  ME.  ay,  aye,  ai.ei  (in 
Ormulum  ags),  prop,  a  northern  form  (<  Icel.  ei, 
ey),  the  native  form  being  ME.  oo,  o,  earlier  a, 

<  AS.  a  (orig.  *dw,  with  added  adv.  formative 
awa,  dwo)  =  OS.  eo,  io,  gio  =  OFries.  «-,  e-  (in 
comp.),  =  OHG.  io,  co,  MHG.  'ie,je,  G.  je  =  Icel. 
ei,  ey  (as  above)  =  Goth.  aiw  =  Gv.  ad,  Ionic  ahi, 
poet,  or  dial,  a'lig,  a'lev,  aig,  aU,  ae,  atv,  ait/,  ai, 
ah,  aliv,  aiv,  orig.  a'lFd,  ever,  always,  prop, 
acc.  (in  Gr.  locative)  of  a  noun,  AS.  <r,  aiw  (orig. 
*«»'),  existence,  law,  marriage,  =  OS.  co,  law,  = 
OFries.  d,  e,  ewe,  ewa,  law,  =  OHG.  ewa,  MHG. 
ewe,  e,  eternity,  law,  marriage,  -  -  G.  che,  mar- 
riage, =  Goth,  aims,  an  age,  a  long  period,  eter- 
nity, =  L.  (cvum,  OL.  aevom  (whence  idt.  E.  age, 
eternal,  q.  v.) ;  cf .  Gr.  a'luv,  *aiFuv  (withimorig. 
formative  v),  an  age,  an  eon  (see  eon);  orig. 
appar.  a  going,  a  course,  with  formative  -va, 

<  \/  *i,  Skt.  i,  Gr.  l-hai  =  L.  i-re,  go :  see  iter 
and  go.  This  adv.  was  much  used  as  a  general- 
izing prefix  (somewhat  like  the  related  suffix 
ewr  in  ivhoever,  whatever,  etc.),  and,  fused  with 
ge-,  exists  unrecognized  in  each,  either.  With 
the  negative  it  exists  in  and  woi,  which  are 
related  to  each  other  as  the  simple  ay  and 
(obs.)  o.  The  spelling  ay,  like  nay,  is  histor- 
ically and  analogically  the  proper  one.]  1. 
Ever;  always;  for  ever;  continually;  for  an 
indefinite  time.  [Now  only  poetical  and  North. 
E.  dial.] 

Care  for  the  Conscience,  &  kepe  it  ai  clene. 
The  ABC  of  Aristotle  (E.  E.  T.  S.,  extra  ser.,  VIII.  i.  65). 
Let  this  pernicious  hour 
Stand  aye  accursed  in  the  calendar ! 

Shale,  Macbeth,  iv.  1. 
2t.  Ever :  indefinitely,  after  if. 

Behold  the  man  !  and  tell  me,  Britomart, 
If  ay  more  goodly  creature  thou  didst  see? 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  iii.  32. 

For  ay,  for  ever :  sometimes  strengthened  by  combination 
— /or  eoer  and  ay. 

The  soul,  though  made  in  time,  survives  for  ay; 
And  though  it  hath  beginning,  sees  no  end. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  xxix. 
ay2  (a),  interj.  [Also  aye,  eigh  (and,  in  this  use, 
eh),  <  ME.  ey,  ei  ;  a  mere  interj.,  of  no  definite 
history,  but  it  may  be  regarded,  formally,  as  a 
variant  of  ME.  a,  E.  ah,  oh.  In  the  poetical 
ay  me,  prob.  in  imitation  of  OF.  aymi,  Sp.  ay 
de  mi.  It.  ahime;  cf.  F.  ahi,  ai,  Sp.  ay.  It.  ahi, 
ah:  see  ah,  O,  oh,  and  cf.  ch.]  Ah!  O!  oh! 
an  exclamation  expressing  surprise,  interest, 
regret,  etc.,  according  to  the  manner  of  utter- 
ance. [North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] —Ay  me!  ah 
me!  an  expression  of  regret  or  sorrow.  [Poetical.] 
Ay  me  !  that  thankes  so  much  should  faile  of  meed. 

Spenser,  Virgil's  Gnat,  1.  353. 
ay3,  adv.  or  interj.    See  aye^. 
ay3,  n.    See  aye^. 
ay*t,  n.    See  eyi. 

Ay5  (a),  n.  A  sparkling  wine  taking  its  name 
from  the  town  of  Ay  in  the  department  of 
Marne,  France.    See  cham2>agne.  . 

ayS.  _  [(1)  <  ME.  ay,  ai,  ey,  ei,  eg,  etc.,  <  AS.  a;g, 
eg,  (eg,  eg,  etc. ;  (2)  of  other  origin :  see  under 
ai.]  A  common  English  digraph  (pron.  a), 
formerly  interchangeable  in  most  instances 
with  ai,  but  now  the  regular  form  when  final, 
occurring  medially  only  in  certain  positions. 

Historically  it  represents,  (1)  in  words  of  Anglo-Saxon  ori- 
gin, a  (cp)  or  e  with  an  absorbed  guttural,  as  in  clai/,  day'i, 
layl.mayl,say'^,stayl,  etc.;  (2)  in  words  of  Scandinavian, 
Romanic,  Latin,  or  other  origin,  various  diphthongs,  ai, 
ei,  etc.,  as  iu  ayi,  my,  ray^,  ray^,  stay'i,  etc.   In  recent 


ayen 

words  it  is  the  ordinary  representative  of  the  sound  a 
when  final.    See  further  under  ai. 

ayah  (ay'a),  ».  [Anglo-Ind.,  <  Hind.,  etc.,  aya, 
dyd,  <  Pg,  aia{=  Sp.  aya z=lt.  aja),  nurse,  gov- 
erness, fem.  of  aio  (=  Sp.  ayo  =  It.  ajo),  tutor; 
of  uncertain  origin.]  In  the  East  Indies,  a 
native  waiting-woman  or  lady's-maid;  a  nurse. 

ayapana  (ii-ya-pa'na),  «.  [Braz.]  The  native 
name  of  Eupatoriiim  triplinerve,  a  Brazilian 
plant,  natural  order  Compositm,  at  one  time  be- 
lieved to  be  a  panacea.  It  is  still  considered 
to  have  some  valuable  medicinal  properties. 

ayaya,  «.    See  aiaia. 

ayei(a),  adu.    See  oy^. 

aye2  (a),  interj.    See  a?/2. 

aye^,  ay^  (iii  or  i),  adv.  "or  interj.  [Formerly  also 
ai,  ey,  but  at  its  first  appearance,  in  the  Eliza- 
bethan period,  invariably  printed  /  (often  asso- 
ciated in  puns  with  the  pronoun  /).  Earlier 
history  unknown;  possibly  orig.  a  dial,  form 
of  ay,  ever,  always,  worn  down  to  a  mere  parti- 
cle of  assent.  Hardly,  as  commonly  supposed, 
a  corruption  of  yea.  The  spelling  aye  is  pre- 
ferred, as  making  a  distinction  like  that  in  eye 
from  words  in  -ay,  -ey  with  the  reg.  pron.  a,  as  in 
hay,  hey,  gray,  grey,  etc.]  1.  Yes;  yea:  a  word 
expressing  assent,  or  an  affirmative  answer  to 
a  question:  opposed  to  no.  it  is  common  in  dia- 
lectal and  nautical  language,  and  is  the  regular  word  used 
in  voting  "yes"  in  Congress,  the  House  of  Commons,  and 
other  legislative  bodies.  In  Congress  the  ofticial  terms, 
as  in  the  Constitution,  are  ;/ra  and  nay;  but  the  more 
sonorous  aye  and  no  are  preferred  in  making  response. 

2.  Yes ;  yea ;  even  so ;  truly :  indicating  as- 
sent to  what  has  been  said,  and  introducing  a 
further  or  stronger  statement. 

What !  am  I  not  your  king? 
If  ay,  then  am  I  not  to  be  obey'd? 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Philaster,  iv.  2. 
The  champions,  ay,  and  exemplars  too,  of  classical 
learning.  Story,  Speech,  Cambridge,  Aug.  31,  1826. 

3.  Indeed :  suggesting  slight  surprise,  inteiTo- 
gation,  anger,  or  reproach,  or  simple  atten- 
tion, according  to  the  mode  of  pronunciation. 
—Aye,  aye,  naut. :  (a)  The  phrase  by  which  comprehen- 
sion of  an  order  is  expressed  on  board  ship.  (6)  An  answer 
to  a  sentry's  hail  or  to  a  call. 

aye^,  ay^  (ai  or  i),  n.  [<  aye,  adv.  or  interj.]  An 
affirmative  answer  or  vote  in  deliberative  bod- 
ies— The  ayes  and  noes,  the  yeas  and  nays,  (a)  The 
affirmative  and  negative  votes,  (b)  Those  who  so  vote. 
Hence  — The  ayes  have  it,  in  deliberative  bodies,  the 
jihrase  employed  by  the  presiding  officer  in  declaring 
that  the  affirmative  votes  are  in  a  majority. 

Another  was  the  late  Speaker  Trevor,  who  had,  from  the 
chair,  put  the  question,  whether  he  was  or  was  not  a  rogue, 
and  had  been  forced  to  pronounce  that  the  Ayes  had  it. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxiiL 

aye^t,  n.  See 

aye-aye  (I'i),  n.  [<  F.  aye-aye,  <  Malagasy  aiay, 
also  dial,  ahay,  haihay,  prob.  of  imitative  origin 
(cf .  ai  and  ai-ai).  Eeduplication  is  characteris- 
tic of  imitative  names,  particularly  in  native 
languages.]    A  name  of  a  remarkable  lemuriue 


Aye-aye  {Daubentonia  maaai^ascarienszs). 


quadruped  of  Madagascar,  of  the  suborder  Fro- 
simice,  family  JJauhentoniidce  (or  Chiromyidce), 
the  Dauhentonia  (or  Cliiromys)  madagascari- 
ensis,  which  combines  a  rodent-like  dentition 
with  the  general  characters  of  the  lemurs. 
It  was  originally  referred  to  the  Modentia,  and  was  de- 
scribed as  a  species  of  Sciurus,  or  squirrel.  It  is  a  small 
squirrel-like  animal  (so  far  as  its  long  bushy  tail,  general 
configuration,  and  arboreal  habits  may  warrant  the  com- 
parison), with  large  thin  ears  opening  forward,  great  eyes 
looking  forward,  a  very  peculiar  physiognomy,  and  an 
atteiniated  middle  finger,  which  seems  as  if  withered. 
The  thumb  is  not  apposable,  in  which  respect  it  is  unlike 
the  inner  digit  of  the  foot.  The  animal  is  nocturnal,  arbo- 
real, and  peculiar  to  Madagascar.  Its  economy  is  still 
imperfectly  known.  The  meaningless  name  aye-aye  was 
in  1802  or  1803  made  a  barbarous  generic  name  by  Lac6- 
pede.  The  genus  is  usually  called  by  the  name  Chiromys, 
given  by  Cuvier  in,  1800,  but  this  is  antedated  hy  Dau- 
bentonia,  applied  by  Etienne  Geoffrey  St.  Hilaire  iu  1798. 
See  Dauhentonia. 

ayeint,  adv.  and  prep.    An  old  form  of  again. 
ayelt,  n.    See  ayle. 

ayelp  (a-yelp'),  i)rep.  phr.  as  adv.   [<  a3  -I-  yelj).'] 
On  the  yelp ;  yelping.  Browning. 
ayeut,  adv.  and  prep.    An  old  form  of  again. 


ayenbite 

ayenbitet,  ».  [ME.,  <  ayen,  again,  +  hite  (a 
translation  of  LL.  remorsus,  remorse) :  see  again 

and  hite.']  Remorse.  [The  "Ayenbite  of  Inwyt" 
(Remorse  of  Conscience)  is  the  title  of  a  well-known  old 
EngUsh  religious  work  adapted  from  the  French.] 

ayenee  (a-ye-ne'),  n.    [E.  Ind.]  Angili-wood 

(which  see), 
ayenst,   ayenstt,  prep.     Obsolete  forms  of 

against. 

ayenwardt,  adv.  An  obsolete  form  of  again- 
war  d. 

ayenyeftef,  n.  [ME.,  <  atjen,  again,  back,  + 
yefie,gilt:  see  again  und  gift.]  A  recompense. 
Ayenbite  of  Inivyt. 

ay-green,  aye-green  (a'gren),  n.   [<  ayi  -t- 

green.  Li.  evergreen  and  sempervivent.]  The 
houseleek,  Sempervivum  tectorum. 

aygulett,  n.    An.  obsolete  form  of  aglet. 

aylet,  ayelt,  «.  [<  ME.  aid,  ayel,  <  AF.  ayle, 
OF.  aiel,  aiol,  F.  a'ieid  =  Pr.  aviol  =  Sp.  abue- 
lo  =  It.  avolo,  <  LL.  *aviolus,  dim.  of  avius,  for 
L.  avus,  grandfather.]  A  grandfather.  See 
besayle. 

I  am  thin  ayel,  ready  at  thy  wille. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  I.  1619. 

aylet  (a'let),  n.  [Cf.  ailette.]  In  her.,  a  bird 
represented  as  sable,  beaked  and  legged  gules. 
Also  known  as  the  sea-swallow  and  as  the 
Cornish  chough. 

aymantt,  aymontt,  n.  [<  OF.  aijmant,  a'imant 
=  Pr.  ayman,  aziman,  adiman,  <  ML.  *adimas 
{adimant-),  var.  of  L.  adamas  {adamant-),  ada- 
mant, diamond :  see  adamant,  diamond,']  Ada- 
mant ;  a  diamond. 

aymet,  interj.    See  ay  me!  under  ay^. 

Aymees  and  hearty  heigh -hoes 
Are  sallads  fit  for  soldiers. 

Fletcher,  Bonduca,  i.  2. 

aymerst,  n,  pi.    Obsolete  form  of  embers. 
aymontt,  «•    See  aymant. 
ayni-wood  (i'ni-wud),  «.    The  timber  of  the 
Terminalia  tomentosa,  a  combretaeeous  tree  of 
southern  India, 
ayont  (a-yonf),  prep.    [Sc.,  =  E.  beyond,  with 
prefix  a-  instead  of  he- :  see  beyond.]  Beyond. 
Some  wee  short  hour  ayont  the  twal. 

Burns,  Death  and  Doctor  Hornbook, 
ayr  (ar),  n.  [Sc.,  also  air,  <  Icel.  eyrr,  mod. 
eyri,  the  gravelly  bank  of  a  river,  a  small  tongue 
of  land  running  into  the  sea  (=  Sw.  or  r=  Dan. 
ore,  seen  in  place-names,  as  in  Elsinore,  Dan. 
JSelsingdr,  Icel.  as  if  *Helsingja-eyrr),  <  aiirr, 
clay,  mud,  =  Norw.  aur  =  AS.  ear,  earth. 


405 


azotized' 


thol-azo-dichlor-phenol  and  ammonium  bisulphite.  It  dyes 
a  brilliant  red  inclining  to  crimson. 

azarole  (az'a-rol),  n 


role,  azerole  =zlt.  azzeruolo  =  Sp.  acerolo,  azarolo 
=  Pg.  azarola  (NL.  azarolus),  <  Ar.  az-zu'rUr,  < 
al,  the,  -f-  zu'rur,  azarole.]  The  Neapolitan 
medlar,  a  species  of  thorn,  Cratagus  Azarolus, 
which  beai-s  a  rather  large,  pleasant  fruit. 

azedarach  (a-zed'a-rak),  n.  [<  F.  azedarac  = 
Sp.  acedaraque,  prob.  through  Ar.,  <  Pers.  dzdd 
dirakht,  lit.  free  (noble)  tree:  dzdd,  free;  di- 
raJcht,  tree.]  1.  An  ornamental  East  Indian 
tree,  Mclia  Azedarach,  cultivated  in  southern 
Europe  and  America,  and  also  know^l  as  bead- 
tree,  pride  of  India,  etc.  See  Mclia.— 2.  A 
drug,  consisting  of  the  bark  of  the  root  of  the 
azedarach.  It  is  an  emetic  and  a  cathartic, 
and  is  used  as  a  vermifuge. 

aziam  (az'iam),  n.  [Russ.  azyamO..]  A  full 
long  outside  garment,  without  plaits,  made  of 


All  the  different  kinds  of  silver  are  called  [in  Mexico) 
azogues,  or  quicksilvers.        Sci.  Amer.  (N.  .S.),  LVI.  260. 

[Also  azerole  ;  <  F .  aza-  azoic  (a-z6'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  afcjof,  lifeless,  <  a- 


priv.  -I-  Ctw/,  life,  <  i;dciv,  fr/v,  live.]  Destitute 
of  organic  life:  in  geol,  applied  to  rocks  which 
are  destitute  of  any  fossil  remains  or  other 
evidence  of  the  existence  of  life  at  the  period 
of  their  deposition.  The  "  azoic  system  "  or  series  of 
loster  and  Whitney  includes  the  stratified  rocks,  together 
with  the  associated  unstratified  or  massive  ones,  which 
underlie  uncomformably,  or  are  otherwise  shown  to  be 
older  than,  the  Potsdam  sandstone,  or  the  lowest  group 
of  rocks  which  has  up  to  the  present  time  been  proved  to 
contain  traces  of  a  former  organic  life. 

The  dredge  was  sent  down  at  each  successive  station, 
but  with  very  poor  resul*, ;  and  Dr.  Carpenter  was  driven 
to  the  conclusion  that  the  bottom  of  the  Mediterranean  at 
depths  beyond  a  few  hundred  fathoms  is  nearly  azoic. 

Sir  C.  W.  Thoinnun,  Depths  of  the  Sea,  p.  192. 
The  enormously  thick  azoic  slaty  and  other  rocks,  which 
constitute  the  Laurentian  and  Cambrian  formations,  may 
be  to  a  great  extent  the  metunioi-phosed  products  of  Kora- 
miniferal  life.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  82. 


a  coarse  gray  cloth;  at  Astrakhan,  a  sheep-  „_«ij+rr„-r,       -  t<.'   ■  \ 

skin  Pnnt  nnvoT-ori  w^tV  „i^fi,     n?,.oJl;„„  T     ^   azolltmin  (az-p-lit'min),  n.    [<  azo{te)  +  litmus 

+  -j«2.]  A  deep  blood-red  coloring  matter  ob- 
tained from  litmus. 

confined  to 
„     ,        ^  .<^v'/,  a  zone.] 

Not  confined  to  any  particular  zone  or  region ; 
not  local.  Emerson. 

tween  the  meridian  of  a  place  and  "he'^'vertieal"        S^^^J^^  /see 

circle  passing  through  the  center  of  a  celestial    +:tmS  Same  is  a -.Sn,^^^^^  ' 

azodspermatism.]  liipathol.,  loss  or  diminution 
of  vitality  of  the  spermatozoa,  or  their  absence 
from  the  semen, 
azor  (a'zor),  n.  A  kind  of  beaver  cloth,  made 
in  Styria,  Austria. 
Azorian  (a-zo'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Sp.  Azores, 
Pg.  Azores,  so  named  from  the  abimdance  of 
hawks  or  buzzards  there,  <  Sp.  azor,  Pg.  acor, 
a  hawk:  see  Astur  and  austringer.]  I.  a.  Be- 
longing or  relating  to  the  Azores,  or  to  their 
inhabitants. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  the  Azores, 
a  group  of  islands  situated  in  the  Atlantic  ocean 
about  800  miles  west  of  Portugal,  to  which 
country  they  belong. 

-     ,     .  .  .   The  shadow  marks  azoritc  (az'6-rit),  n.    A  mineral  crvstallizinff 

the  sun  s  azimuth.-Azimuth  or  vertical  circles,  great    in  tetragonal  crvstals  found  in  a  erl^\t\ovZ^ 
circles  intersecting  one  another  in  the  zenith  and  nadir,         It):  K^^^tt  ^y/'^^^'  10M.na  in  a  granitic  rock 
and  cutting  the  horizon  at  right  angles.— Magnetic  azi-^    ?      ®  Azores.  Its  chemical  nature  is  doubtful ; 
muth,  an  arc  of  the  horizon  intercepted  between  the    it  may  be  identical  with  zircon. 
^nv™p'I\-°niJ'l'!^H'l^^^^^  ^^^^y      azotatet  (az'o-tat),  n.    [<  azoUc  -f  -ate^.]  A 


skin  coat  covered  with  cloth.  [Russian.] 
azimuth  (az'i-muth),  n.  [<  ME.  azymuth,  azimut, 
<0F. azimi(tz=Hp. azimut  =  Pg.azi7nuth  =  lt.  az-  a'rnnif  fa  ■7^-n'ih\  ^     r/ r<„  •>■ 
zimutto,  <  Ar.  as-sumut,  <  al,  the,  +  sumut,  pi.  of  ^no  ltne  ov  vl  J'n^'  <  ,  .     ° +7' 
sawf,wayorpath,pointorquarterofthehorizon.    ^^V°„'i''«°L^^P?°Ll":^"X-  +  ^"""'^ 
From  the  same  word  is  derived  zenith,  q.  v.]  In 
astron.,  an  arc  of  the  horizon  intercepted  be- 
tween the  meridian  of  a  place  and  the  vertical 
circle  passing  through  the  center  of  a  celestial 
ob;'  - 
its    exact  posi 
tion  in  the  sky. 
—Altitude  and 
azimuth  circle. 
See      circle. —  Azi- 
muth compass, 

a  compass  placed 
in  some  convenient 
part  of  a  ship  on  the 
midship  line,  and 
provided  with  vanes, 
screws,  and  other 
apparatus  for  ob- 
serving the  bearings 
of  heavenly  and  ter- 
restrial objects. — 
Azimuth  dial,  a 
dial  whose  style  or 
gnomon  is  at  right 
angles  to  the  plane  of  the  horizon 


Azimuth  Compass. 


ground,  used  also  as  the  name  of  the  runic  azimuthal  (az'i-muth-al),  a 
character  for  e«.]     An  open  sea-beach;   a    Pertaining  to  the  azimuth ;  used  in  taking  azi- 
sand-bank.    Also  spelled  air.    [Scotch.]  muths. 
ayrant  (ar'ant),  a,    '  " 


^InilTo^JZt^tZcZ^^^^  compound  fo-rmed  by  the  union  of  nitric  or 

p.     .      ,  ,    „7  -,    azotic  acid  with  a  base;  nitrate. 

IL™.  J_-«y  azote  (az'ot),  n.    [_=  F.  azote,  <  NL.  azotum,  < 
Gr.  a-  priv.  +  ^-    '  -       -   -  -- 


[Also  eyrant,  a  ppr.  form,  <  azimuthally  (az'i-muth-al-i),  adv.  In  the  man- 


ME.  *aire,  eyre,  etc.,  aery:  see  aery'^^sind  -ant^.] 
In  her.,  seated  on  its  nest  or  aery:  said  of  a 
bird  of  prey  when  thus  represented  as  a  bearing. 
Ayr  stone.   See  stone. 

ayuntamiento  (a-yon"ta-mi-en't6),  n.    [Sp.,  < 
OSp.  ayuntar,  <  ML.  *adjunctare,  <  ad,  to,  + 
*jiinctare  (>  Sp.  jiintar,  join),  <  L.  jungere,  pp. 
junctiis,  join:  see  join.    Ci.  junta.]    In  Spain 
and  Spanish  America,  a  corporation  or  body  of 
magistrates  in  a  city  or  town ;  a  town  coimcil, 
usually  composed  of  alcaldes,  regidors,  and 
other  municipal  olEcers. 
ay-wordt  (a'werd),  n.  [A  form,  appar.  an  error, 
appearing  in  some  editions  of  Shakspere,  spe- 
cifically in  "  Twelfth  Night,"  ii.  3,  where  others 
give  nayword,  q.  v.]    A  byword, 
az.    In  her.,  an  abbreviation  of  azure. 
azale  (a-zal'),  n.  [Appar.  <  azalea.  Cf.  azalein.] 
A  coloring  matter   obtained  by  extracting 
"madder-flowers"  with  wood-naphtha  at  a  boil- 
ing temperature.    It  is  no  longer  used. 
Azalea  (a-za'le-a),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  dfaAtof,  dry 
(in  allusion  to  "the  dry  habitat  of  the  plant),  < 
dry  up,  parch.]    1.  ' 


priv.  -I-  *?urdf,  assumed  verbal  adj.  of 
l^uuv,  var.  of  fdwv,  live.]  A  name  formerly 
given  to  nitrogen,  because  it  is  unfit  for  respi- 
ration. 


ai,£iv,  dry  up,  parch.]    1.  A  genus  of  erica 
ceous  plants,  now  referred  to  Bhododendron.—  „^  

2.  [l.  c]  A  plant  or  flower  belonging  to  this  azobenzol  (az-o-ben'z61),  n 
genus.  See  Bhododendron.— S.  [I.  c]  A  na.me    zoL]    Same  asazobenzene. 
of  a  species  of  plants  of  the  genus  Loiseleuria,  azo-blue  (az'6-bl6)  n 
the  Alpine  azalea,  L,  procumbens.  '    ■  '       -'  ' 


ner  of  an  azimuth ;  in  the  direction  of  the  azi- 
muth. 

Lavoisier  suggested  the  propriety  of  giving  to  this  foul 
kind  of  air  [air  robbed  of  its  o.xygen]  the  name  of  Azote, 
...  a  name  which  it  still  retains  in  France,  but  which 
has  been  superseded  elsewhere  by  the  term  Xitrogen. 

Huxley,  Physiog.,  p.  79. 

azoted  (az'o-ted),  a.    [<  azote  +  -ed^.]  Nitro- 
genized. 

As  animals  are  fed  on  animal  diet  or  on  azoted  sub- 
stances. Aitkin,  Med.  Diet.  (6th  ed.),  II.  106L 

[Also  azot  and  azook;  a  cor- 
ruption of  the  Ar.  original  of  azogue,  q.  v.]  1. 
In  alchemy,  mercury,  as  the  assumed  fii-st  prin- 
ciple of  all  metals.— 2.  The  universal  specific 
or  panacea  of  Paracelsus, 
azotic  (a-zot'ik),  a.  [<  azote  +  -ic]  Pertain- 
ing to  azote;  fatal  to  animal  life  Azotic  acid 

Same  as  nitric  acid.  See  nitric— AzotiC  gas  nitrogen' 
or  nitrogen  gas.  '  ' 

azotide  (az'o-tid  or  -tid),  n.    [<  azote  +  -ide^.] 
An  azotized  body.    See  azotized. 
azotin  (az'o-tin),  n.    [<  azote  +  -in^.]    An  ex- 
plosive compound  consisting  of  15.23  parts  of 
carbon,  11.43  of  sulphur,  69.05  of  saltpeter,  and 
4.29  of  xietroleum. 
r-        X  ,  ,      azotise,  azotised.   See  azotize,  azotized. 
[<  azo{fe)  +  hen-  azotite  (az'o-tit),  n.    [<  azote  +  -ite^.]    A  salt 
,      ,  ,       ,         ,  „      formed  by  a  combination  of  nitrous  acid  with  a 
A  coal-tar  color  used  for  ' 


Turning  azimuthally  in  either  direction. 

Nature,  XXX.  525. 

azo-.  A  curt  form  of  azote  in  compounds. — 
Azo-COmpound,  a  compound  intermediate  between  a 
nitro-  and  an  amido-compound,  made  from  the  former 
by  partial  reduction,  or  from  the  latter  by  partial  oxida- 
tion :  as,  azobenzene,  CgHo  —  N  =  N  —  CgHs.— Azo-dyes, 
a  well-defined  group  of  the  coal-tar  colors,  all  containin"' 

the  diatomic  group  -X  =  N-,  bound  on  either  side  to  aZOtht  faz'oth')  n 
a  benzene  radical.    They  may  be  prepared  by  reduction  of  •        -  •  ' 

the  nitro-conipounds  in  alkaline  solutions  or  by  acting  on 
diazo-compounds  with  phenols  or  amines  of  the  aromatic 
series.  Simple  azo-compounds  are  for  the  most  part 
brightly  colored  bodies ;  but  they  are  not  coloring  mat- 
ters, since  they  do  not  possess  the  property  of  combining 
with  either  acids  or  bases.  The  azo-dyes  are  the  amido- 
or  hydroxyl-derivatives  of  simple  azo-compounds,  and  are 
distinguished  as  amidoazo-  and  oxyazo-dyes.  In  dyeing, 
the  amidoazo-dyes  can  either  be  used  as  such  or  in  the 
form  of  their  sulphonic  acids,  while  the  oxyazo-dyes 
nearly  always  contain  sulpho-groups. 

azobenzene  (az-o-ben'zen),  n.  [<  azo(te)  + 
benzene.]  A  crystalline  substance,  (C6H5)2No, 
obtained  by  the  action  of  reducing  agents  upon 
nitrobenzene.  Also  called  azobenzol  and  azo- 
benzide. 


.         ,,   ■  ,  .   base:  svnom-mous  with  }«7/7'te. 

azaleiri(a-za'le-in),n.^[<«.aZm-^-^•«2.]  game    a^dark-f iSfpt^^^^ottl^^^^^  ^ZOtize  (_az'6-tiz),^r.  t.;  pret.  ^nd _^p._azotized, 

as  rosaniline.  action  of  tetraza-ditolyl  chlorid  on  beta-naphthol-suipho- 

azan(a-zan'),  w.   [Ar.]   In  Mohammedan  coun-    "^te  of  potash^ 

tries,  the  call  to  public  prayers,  proclaimed  bv  azodipnenyl  (az'-'p-di-fen'il),  n.    Same  as  Cou 


-ize.]    To  nitro- 


the  crier  from  the  minaret  of  the  mosque. 

When  their  crier,  a  small  wizen-faced  man,  began  the 
Azan,  we  received  it  with  a  shout  of  derision,  and  some, 
hastily  snatching  up  their  weapons,  offered  him  an  oppor- 
tunity of  niaityrdoni.    M.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  133. 

azarin  (az'a-rin),  n.  A  coal-tar  color  of  the 
azo-group  used  in  dyeing,  it  is  applied  only  to  cot- 
ton, and  is  fairly  fast  to  light.    It  is  a  compound  of  naph- 


p>iefs  blue  (which  see,  under  blue). 
azo-erythrin  (az'-'o-e-rith'rin),  n.  [<  azo{te)  + 
erythrin.']  A  coloring  principle  obtained  from 
the  archil  of  commerce, 
azogue  (Sp.  pron.  ii-tho'ga),  n.  [Sp.,  =  Pg. 
azougue,  quicksilver,  <  Sp.  Ar.  azaouga,  <  Ar. 
azzdug,  <  al,  the,  -I-  zaug,  <  Pers.  zhiwah,  quick- 
silver.   Cf.  assogue.]  Quicksilver. 


ppr.  azotizing.     [<  azote  + 
genize.    Also  spelled  azotise. 
azotized  (az'o-tizd),  j9.  a.    Imbued  with  azote 
or  nitrogen.    Also  spelled  azotised. 

It  has  been  maintained,  on  the  basis  of  carefully-con- 
ducted experiments,  .  .  .  that  the  amount  of  work  done 
by  an  animal  may  be  gi  eater  than  can  be  accounted  for  by 
the  ultimate  metamorphosis  of  the  azotized  constituents 
of  its  food. 

IT.  B.  Carpenter,  in  Corr.  and  Conserv.  of  Forces,  p.  431. 

Organic  compounds  which  contain  nitrogen  are  fre- 
quently termed  azotised  substances. 

W.  A.  Miller,  Elem.  of  Chem.,  §  339. 


azotometer 

azotometer  (az-6-tom'e-ter),  n.  [<  azote  +  Gr. 
fierpov,  measure.]    Same  as  nitrometer. 

An  azotometer  containing  a  concentrated  solution  of  po- 
tassium^hydroxide  where  the  nitrogen  was  measured. 

Ajner.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  XXX.  57. 

azotous  (a-z6'tus),a.  [^i  azote  +  -ous.']  Nitrous: 
as,  azotous  (=  nitrous)  acid. 

azoturia  (az-o-tii'ri-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  azote  +  L. 
ur-ina,  urine :  see  urea."]  hxpathol.,  a  condition 
in  which  there  is  an  excess  of  urea  excreted. 

Azrael,  Azrail  (az'ra-el,  -il), «.  [Heb.  Asrael, 
lit.  help  of  God.]  In  Mohammedanism,  the  an- 
gel of  death,  whose  function  it  is  to  separate 
men's  souls  from  their  bodies. 

The  second  trumpet  blast  will  be  that  of  "Extermina- 
tion," at  the  sound  of  which  the  lives  of  aU  creatures  .  .  . 
will  In  an  instant  be  extinguished,  the  last  to  die  being 
Azrael,  the  angel  of  death.    Meligions  of  the  World,  p.  364. 

Aztec  (az'tek),  n.  and  a.  [<  Azteca,  the  native 
name.  Cf .  Aztlan,  the  legendary  but  unknown 
region  from  which  the  Aztecs  came ;  said  to  be 

<  aztatl,  heron,  +  tlan  or  titlan,  place.]  I.  n. 
A  member  of  one  of  the  leading  aboriginal 
tribes  of  Mexico,  which  was  dominant  on  the 
central  table-land  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish 
invasion  under  Cortes  in  1519. 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Aztecs. 
Aztecan  (az'tek-an),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Aztecs;  Aztec. 

Specimens  of  Aztecan  aboriginal  workmanship. 

Science,  VIII.  403. 

azulejo  (Sp.  pron.  a-tho-la'ho),  n.  [Sp.,  <  azul, 
blue :  see  azure.^  An  earthenware  tile  of  Span- 
ish manufacture,  painted  and  enameled  in  rich 
colors,  especially  one  having  a  metallic  luster. 
[This  use  of  the  word,  which  is  general  among  English  col- 
lectors and  writers  on  decoration,  is  apparently  founded 
on  the  assumption  that  the  word  in  the  original  Spanish 
means  a  tile  of  any  liind.] 

azulene  (az'u-len),  n.  [<  Sp.  Pg.  azul,  blue, 
azure,  +  -ewe.]  A  vegetable  principle  which 
imparts  a  blue  color  to  many  of  the  volatile  oils. 
It  is  a  volatile  liquid,  with  an  intensely  blue  vapor.  Tlie 
formula  C16H26O  has  been  given  to  it.  Also  caUed  ceru- 
lein. 

azulin  (az'u-lin),  n.  [<  Sp.  Pg.  azzd,  blue, 
azure,  +  -i«2.]  A  coal-tar  color  formerly  used 
in  dyeing,  it  was  prepared  by  heating  coralline  and 
aniline  together,  and  produced  blue  colors. 

azulmin  (az-ul'min),  n.  [<  az{ure)  +  ul»i  (ic)  + 
-Ui2.]  A  name  given  to  the  brown  ulmic  ni- 
trogenous substance  which  is  formed  by  the 
spontaneous  decomposition  of  hydrocyanic 
acid. 

azumbre  (Sp.  pron.  a-thom'bra),  n.  [Sp.]  A 
Spanish  liquid  measure,  equal  to  about  half  a 
gallon. 

azure  (azh'ur  or  a'zhur),  n.  and  a.    [<  ME. 

azure,  asure,  asur,  <  OF.  azur,  asur,  F.  azur  = 
Pr.  azur  =  OSp.  azur,  Sp.  Pg.  azul  =  It.  azzurro, 
azzuolo,  <  ML.  aznra,  azurum,  etc.,  also  lazur, 
lazurius,  lazulus,  an  azure-colored  stone,  lapis 
lazuli,  also  azure,  MGr.  XaC,ovpiov,  <  Ar.  Idzward, 

<  Pers.  lazhward,  lapis  lazuli,  azure :  said  to  be 
named  from  the  mines  of  Lajwurd.  The  initial 
I  is  supposed  to  have  been  lost  in  the  Romanic 
forms  thi-ough  confusion  with  the  definite  arti- 
cle, F,  le,  I',  etc.]    I.  n.  If.  Lapis  lazuli. 

But  natheles  this  markis  hath  doon  make 
Of  gemmes  set  in  gold  and  in  asure, 
Broches  and  ringes,  for  Grisildis  sake. 

Chaucer,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  254. 

2.  The  fine  blue  color  of  the  sky:  as,  "her 
eyes  a  bashful  azure,"  Tennyson,  The  Brook. 

If  .  .  .  the  air  were  absolutely  pure  and  devoid  of  mat- 
ter foreign  to  it,  the  azure  of  the  sky  would  no  longer  be 
seen  and  the  heaven  would  appear  black. 

Sputtiswoode,  Polarisation,  p.  82. 

A  little  speck  of  azure  has  widened  in  the  western  heav- 
ens. Mawthome,  Twice-Told  Tales,  I. 


Azure  (heraldic 
tincture). 


406 

3.  A  name  formerly  applied  to  several  sky- 
colored  or  blue  pigments,  but  now  used  for 
cobalt  blue  (which  see,  under  blue),  it  has  been 
applied  to— (n)  that  made  from  lapis  lazuli,  called  genu- 
ine ultramarine  ;  (6)  that  made  by  fusing  glass  with  oxid 
of  cobalt,  and  reducing  this  to  a  powder :  in  grains  the 
size  of  sand,  this  is  called  smalt ;  (c)  an  artificially  pre- 
pared carbonate  of  copper. 

4.  The  sky,  or  blue  vault  of  heaven. 

Not  like  those  steps 
On  heaven's  azure.  Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  297. 

5.  In  her.,  the  tincture  blue,  which  in  uncol- 
ored  drawings  or  engra-vings  is 
represented  by  shading  in  hori- 
zontal lines.  Often  abbreviated 
to  az. 

II.  a.  Eesembling  the  clear 
blue  color  of  the  sky ;  sky-blue. 
—Azure  blue.     See  6«i«e.— Azure 
copper  ore.  See  azurite,  1. 
azure  (azh'ur  or  a'zhur),  v.  t.) 
pret.  and  pp.  azured,  ppr.  azur- 
ing.    [<  azure,  a.]    To  color  blue. 
Who  azur'd  the  firmament?  Gentleman  Instructed,  p.  394. 
'Twixt  the  green  sea  and  the  azur'd  vault. 

Shale,  Tempest,  v.  1. 
azure-stone  (azh'ur-ston),  n.    Same  as  azu- 
rite, 1. 

azurine  (azh'u-rhi),  a.  and  n.  [<  ML.  azuri- 
nus,  <  azura,  a'ziu-e :  see  azure.']  I.f  a.  Azure. 
Sahluyt. 

II.  H.  1.  An  English  book-name  of  a  fish 
which  is  a  variety  of  the  rudd ;  the  blue  roach. 
—  2.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Malurus  (which  see). 
—3,  A  bluish-black  shade  produced  in  print- 
ing with  aniline  black,  formed  by  treating  the 
fabric  with  ammonia  after  the  black  is  com- 
pletely developed. 

azurite  (azh'u-rit),  n.  [<  azure  +  -ite^.]  1. 
A  blue  mineral,  a  hydrous  carbonate  of  copper. 

It  has  been  used  as  a  pigment,  under  tlie  name  of  moun- 
tain-blue. Azurite  occurs  finely  crystallized  at  Chessy, 
near  Lyons,  France,  whence  it  has  been  called  chessylite 
and  Chessy  copper;  it  is  also  obtained  in  fine  crystals  at 
several  mines  in  Arizona  and  Utah.  Also  called  azure  cop- 
per ore,  azure-stone,  blue  copper  ore,  and  blue  malachite. 
2.  Same  as  lazulite. 
azurnt  (azh'urn  or  a'zhurn),  a.  [<  azure  +  -e»2. 
Cf.  golden.']    Of  a  blue  color. 

The  azurn  sheen  of  turkis  blue. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  893. 

azury  (azh'u-ri  or  a'zhu-ri),  a.  [<  azure  +  -yl.] 
Of  an  azure  or  bluish  color;  blue. 

Azygobranchia  (az-'-'i-go-brang'ki-a),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  ai^vyoc,  not  joined  (see  azygous),  + 
PpayxM,  giUs.]  A  division  of  streptoneurous 
gastropods,  by  which  the  Scut  'tbranchia,  the  Cte- 
nobranchia,  and  the  Heteropoda  are  collectively 
contrasted  with  the  Zygohranchia.  See  extract. 

All  tlie  remaining  Gasteropoda  contrast  with  the  Zygo- 
hranchia in  the  fact  that  the  torsion  of  tlie  body  has 
caused  the  obsolescence  or  abortion  of  one  of  the  true 
gills,  and  for  this  reason  Dr.  Lankester  has  arranged  them 
under  one  ordinal  head,  Azygobranchia. 

Stand.  Nat.  Hist,  I.  322. 

azygobranchiate  (az'^'i-go-brang'ki-at),  a.  [< 
Azygobranchia  +  -aie'^.]  Pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  the  Azygobranchia. 

azygomatOUS  (az-i-gom'a-tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a- 
priv.  (rt-18)  -f  zygomatic.]  Having  no  zygo- 
mata ;  destitute  of  zygomatic  arches,  as  the 
skull  of  a  shrew.  Coues. 

azygOS  (az'i-gos),  n.  [<  Gr.  ai^vyog,  unpaired: 
see  azygous.]  An  azygous  part,  as  a  muscle, 
vein,  etc —  AzygOS  pharjrngis,  a  small  muscle  arising 
from  the  pharyngeal  spine  of  tlie  basilar  iirocess  of  the 
occipital  bone,  and  lying  along  the  middle  line  of  the 
back  of  the  phai-ynx  and  inserted  into  the  raphe. — Azy- 
gOS uvulae,  the  fleshy  substance  of  the  uvula,  supposed 
to  be  a  single  symmetrical  muscle,  but  really  composed 
of  paired  halves. 

azygospore  (a-zi'go-sp6r),  n.    [<  Gr.  d-  priv. 

(a-T8)  +  zygospore.]    A  spore  exactly  resem- 


azzy 

bling  a  zygospore,  but  produced  parthenoge- 
netically  by  an  isolated  reproductive  organ  in 
some  members  of  the  order  Zygomycetes  of  the 
lower  fimgi. 

azygous  (az'i-gus),  a.    [<  Gr.  afuyof,  impaired, 

<  d-  priv.  +  i;vy6v  =  E.  yoke.]  Having  no  fel- 
low ;  not  being  one  of  a  pair ;  single  :  in  anat. 
applied  to  several  parts,  as  muscles,  veins, 
bones,  etc.,  that  are  apparently  single,  or 
have  no  symmetrical  fellow.— Azygous  artery 
an  artery  of  the  knee-joint,  usually  coming  from  the 
popliteal,  but  sometimes  from  one  of  the  superior  articu- 
lar arteries.— Azygous  veins,  three  veins  of  the  trunk, 
one  on  the  right  side  and  two  on  the  left.  The  right  or 
large  azygous  vein  arises  in  small  branches  from  the  up- 
per lumbar  vertebraj,  passes  up  into  the  thorax  to  the 
right  of  the  aorta,  and,  receiving  the  eight  inferior  right 
intercostal  veins,  the  lesser  azygous  veins,  the  left  supe- 
rior intercostal  vein,  the  right  bronchial  vein,  and  some 
esophageal  and  mediastinal  branches,  empties  into  the 
superior  vena  cava  just  above  the  pericardium.  The  left 
lower  or  small  azygous  vein  begins  in  the  upper  lumbar 
veins,  enters  the  thorax,  receives  the  four  or  five  lower 
left  intercostal  veins  and  some  esophageal  and  medias- 
tinal branches,  and  empties  usually  into  the  right  azygous 
vein,  but  sometimes  into  the  left  innominate  vein.  The 
left  upper  azygous  vein  is  derived  from  the  left  intercostal 
veins,  which  lie  between  those  that  empty  into  the  left 
superior  intercostal  trunk  and  those  that  empty  into  the 
left  lower  azygos.  They  are  usually  two  or  three  in  num- 
ber. It  communicates  above  with  the  left  superior  inter- 
costal vein  and  below  with  the  right  azygous  vein. 

azym,  azyme  (az'im),  n.  [<  LL.  azymus,  also 
azymon,  unleavened  bread,  <  Gr.  a(v/iog,  neut. 
a^v/iov,  imleavened,  <  d-  priv.  +  leaven, 

<  ^elv,  boil,  bubble,  ferment.]  Unleavencsd 
bread,  or  a  loaf  of  unleavened  bread;  espe- 
cially, the  bread  eaten  among  the  Jews  at  the 
time  of  the  Passover,  or  that  used  in  part  of 
the  Christian  church  for  consecration  in  the 
eucharist :  generally  in  the  plural,  in  the  West- 
ern Cliiu'ch  azyms  seem  to  have  been  used  as  far  back  as 
positive  testimony  goes,  but  the  evidence  either  for  or 
against  their  use  in  the  earlier  centuries  is  very  scanty. 
In  the  Eastern  Church  consecration  of  leavened  bread 
seems  to  have  been  the  universal  rule  since  the  earliest 
times,  but  some  early  Oriental  sects  used  azyms.  The 
Latin  Church  does  not  hold  that  the  use  of  leavened 
bread  invalidates  consecration.  The  controversy  between 
the  Eastern  and  Western  churches  as  to  azyms  turns 
mainly  on  the  question  wliether  the  Last  Supper  was  with- 
in the  period  of  unleavened  bread,  and  whether  therefore 
the  holy  communion  was  instituted  with  azyms  or  not. 

We  have  shunned  the  obscurity  of  the  papists  in  their 
azymes,  tmiick,  &c. 

The  Translators  of  the  Bible  to  the  Reader. 
Rome  prescribes  nothing  to  other  nations  on  the  point, 
merely  laying  down  that  the  blessed  Sacrament  may  more 
conveniently  be  consecrated  in  Azymes. 

J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  1055. 

azymic  (a-zim'ik),  a.  [<  azym  +  -ic]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  unleavened  bread;  tmleavened; 
azymous. 

Azymite  (az'i-mit),  w.  [<  ML.  azymita,  <  MGr. 
a(vfttTT/g,  <  aCvfioc,  unleavened:  see  azym  and 
-ite^.]  A  member  of  a  church  which  uses  im- 
leavened  bread  for  consecration  in  the  eucha- 
rist ;  especially,  a  designation  applied  by  con- 
troversialists of  the  Greek  Church  to  a  member 
of  the  Latin  or  Western  Church,  or  to  an  ad- 
herent of  the  Armenian  or  of  the  Maronite 
Church,  which  also  use  azyms.   See  azym.  The 

terms  Fermentarians  and  Prozymites  have  sometimes 
been  applied  in  return  to  members  of  the  Greek  Church  by 
Latin  controversialists. 

azymous  (az'i-mus),  a.  [<  Gr.  al^vfioQ,  unleav- 
ened :  see  azym.]  Unleavened ;  unfermented : 
as,  sea-biscuit  is  azymous.  [Rare.] 

azzimina  (at-si-me'na),  n.  [It.]  Decoration 
by  damaskeening  of  the  finer  sort,  especially 
in  gold  or  silver  and  in  elaborate  designs.  .Also 
called  agemina. 

azzle-tooth  (az'l-toth),  n.  [See  axle-tooth.] 
Same  as  axle-tooth.  Halliwell ;  Dunglison. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

azzy,  n.  [E.  dial.]  A  wayward  child.  Halli- 
well.   [Prov.  Eng.  (Yorkshire).] 


1.  The  second  letter  in 
order  in  the  English  al- 
phabet, as  it  was  in  the 
Phenician,  and  has  been 
in  most  other  alphabets 
derived  from  the  Pheni- 
cian. (See  A.)  The  name 
of  the  Phenician  character  was 
beth,  meaning  house ;  from  this 
comes  the  Greek  name,  beta. 
The  Phenician  beth,  with  some 
«arly  Greek  and  Latin  forms  of  b,  and  with  the  ancient 
Egyptian  characters,  hieratic  and  hieroglyphic,  from  which 
the  others  are  by  many  authorities  supposed  to  be  ulti- 
mately derived,  are  given  below : 


4 


t  B 


Egyptian. 
Hieroglyphic.  Hieratic. 


Early 
Greek  and  Latin. 


The  value  of  the  character  is  the  same  in  all  these  alpha- 
bets. It  is  a  labial  sonant  (or  voiced)  mute  (or  stop,  or 
check) ;  that  is,  it  is  made  with  the  lips  alone,  by  a  com- 
plete closure  cutting  off  all  exit  of  breath  from  the  mouth, 
but  with  accompanying  sonant  vibrations  of  the  vocal 
chords,  the  current  of  air  necessary  to  produce  this  being 
driven  from  the  lungs  into  the  closed  cavity  of  the  mouth. 
The  corresponding  surd  (or  voiceless)  mute  is  p.  (See  P.) 
-B  has  nothing  of  tliat  variety  of  pronunciation  shown  by 
most  English  letters  ;  but  it  is  sometimes  silent,  as  when 
final  after  m,  in  lamb,  limb,  tomb,  thumb,  and  in  a  few 
other  cases,  as  debt,  doubt.  In  most  of  these  cases  6  is  a 
modern  graphic  insertion,  and  was  never  pronounced  (in 
the  English  forms) ;  e.  g.,  limb,  thumb,  debt,  doubt.  In  the 
fundamental  or  Germanic  part  of  our  language  a  6  comes 
from  a  more  original  aspirate  found  in  Sanskrit  as  bh,  in 
■Greek  as  il>  (ph),  in  Latin  usually  as  /.  Examples  are : 
E.  brother  =  Skt.  bhratar  =  Gr.  (ttpd-njp  =  L.  /rater;  E. 
bearl  (v.)  =  Skt.  y  bhar  =  Gr.  <t>epeLv  =  L.  ferre.  With  the 
English  b  corresponds  that  of  most  of  the  other  Germanic 
dialects.  In  the  original  Indo-European  or  Aryan  lan- 
guage b  was  nearly  or  altogether  wanting. 

2.  As  a  numeral,  B  was  used  by  the  Hebrews 
and  Greeks,  as  now  by  the  Arabians,  for  2. — 

3.  As  a  symbol :  (a)  In  music,  the  seventh  tone, 
or  "leading  tone,"  of  the  model  diatonic  scale, 
or  scale  of  C.  B  was  the  last  tone  to  be  adopted  into 
the  modern  major  scale.  It  was  the  first  note  to  be  modi- 
lied  by  lowering  its  pitch  a  semitone  ;  its  two  forms,  the 
6  rotundum  or  E  flat  (b)  and  the  b  quadratum  or  B  natu- 
ral (U)  (see  below),  afterward  became  conventional  signs 
which  were  applied  as  accidentals  to  all  the  notes  of  the 
■scale.  See  accidental,  n.,  1.  In  Italian  and  French  the 
same  note  is  called  si.  In  German  use  B  denotes  B  flat, 
while  B  natural  is  represented  by  H,  and  is  called  ha. 
{!))  In  cliem.,  the  symbol  of  boron,  (c)  In  ornith., 
"the  accessory  femorocaudal  muscle,  one  of  the 
chief  classificatoiy  muscles  of  the  leg.  A.  H. 
Garrod.  (d)  In  math.,  see  A,  2  (e).  (e)  In  ab- 
stract reasoning,  suppositions,  etc.,  the  second 
or  other  person  or  thing  mentioned :  as,  if  A 
■strike  B.  (/)  In  general,  the  second  in  any  se- 
ries :  as.  Company  B  (of  a  regiment),  schedule 
B,  etc. ;  in  the  form  6,  or  b,  the  second  column 
of  a  page,  in  a  book  printed  in  columns. — 4.  As 
an  abbreviation,  B.  stands  for — {a)  Bachelor 
(or  Middle  Latin  Baccalaureus),  in  B.  A.  or  A. 
B.,  B.  C.  E.,  B.  D.,  B.  L.,  B.  M.,  etc.  See  these 
abbreviations.  (&)  In  dates,  before,  as  in  B.  C. 
or  B.  c,  and  horn,  as  in  h.  1813.  (c)  In  a  ship's 
log-book,  in  the  form  h.,  blue  sky.  (d)  In  hy- 
drometric measurements,  Baume:  as,  8°  B.  See 
£aume's  hydrometer,  under  hydrometer.  Also  Be. 

— B,  or  B  flat,  an  English  humorous  euphemism  for  bug 
(Cimex  iccfuteriM-s).— B  cancellatuni,  in  music,  the  sharp : 
so  called  because  it  was  originally  indicated  by  crossing  or 
canceling  the  symbol  of  B  quadratum. — B  quadratum, 
in  music,  literally  square  B,  a  modified  form  (Ij)  of  the 
black-letter  6  used  before  the  invention  of  accidentals 
to  denote  B  natural  in  distinction  from  B  fiat :  now  used 
as  the  natural.  See  accidental,  n.,  1.— B  rotundum,  in 
music,  literally  round  B,  a  modified  form  (l>)  of  the  Roman 
letter  b  first  used  to  denote  B  flat,  as  distinguished  from 
B  quadratum :  it  is  now  the  conventional  sign  of  the  flat. 
See  accidental,  n.,  1.— Not  to  know  B  from  a  bull's 
foot,  or  a  broomstick,  or  a  battledore,  to  be  very  il- 
literate or  very  ignorant:  popular  alliterative  compari- 
sons, the  first  dating  from  the  Middle  English  period. 

ba^t,  v.  t.  [Perhaps  a  humorous  imitation  of  a 
smack ;  but  cf .  OF.  haer,  beer,  open  the  mouth, 
gape  (see  bay^),  and  bass^,  kiss.]    To  kiss. 

Let  me  ba  thy  cheke. 
Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  433. 


ba2  (ba),  V.  t.  [Imitative  of  the  sound.  ]  To  lull 
asleep  by  a  continuous,  inarticulate,  musical 
hum.  [Scotch.] 

I'U  ba  the  bairns  wi'  an  unkenned  tune. 

W.  Nicholson. 

Ba.    The  chemical  symbol  of  barium. 

ba'  (ba),  n.    [Sc.,  =  E.  ballK    Cf.  a8.]   A  ball. 

[Scotch.] 

B.  A.  An  abbreviation  of — (a)  Bachelor  of  Arts. 
See  A.  B.  and  bachelor,  (b)  Bachelor  of  Agri- 
ctdture:  same  as  B.  Agr.  (c)  British  Associa- 
tion (for  the  Advancement  of  Science) :  used  in 
such  phrases  as  B.  A.  unit.    See  unit. 

baa  (ba),  V.  i.  [Imitative  of  the  sound.  Cf.  L. 
bee,  the  sound  made  by  a  sheep  (Varro),  L. 
balare,  bleat,  Gr.  P^nxht  Doric  /3/ia;);d,  a  bleat- 
ing; (j.  ba,  bleating,  (iJat.  be,  a  sheep,  with  simi- 
lar forms  in  many  languages.]  To  cry  or  bleat 
as  a  sheep. 

Like  a  lamb  whose  dam  away  is  set 

He  treble  baas  for  help.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

baa  (ba),  n.  [<  baa,  v.]  The  cry  or  bleating  of 
a  sheep  or  lamb. 

baag-nouk,  n.  A  weapon  for  secret  attack  used 
among  the  Mahrattas  in  India,  consisting  of 
short,  sharp,  curving  steel  blades,  secured  to  a 
strap  or  plate  passing  across  the  palm  of  the 
hand,  and  so  arranged  as  not  to  wound  the 
user.  An  apparently  friendly  movement  of 
the  hand  inflicts  a  terrible  wound. 

Baal  (ba'al),  n.  [LL.  Baal,  Gr.  Bda/l,  'Baal,  < 
Heb.  Ba'al,  orig.  'lord,'  or  'owner,'  applied  to 
any  deity,  then  to  a  particular  deity;  pi. 
ba'altm.']  The  name  of  a  Semitic  solar  deity 
worshiped,  especially  by  the  Phenieians  and 
their  descendants  the  Carthaginians,  with  much 
license  and  sensuality.  Baal  was  derived  from  the 
Babylonian  Bel,  a  deity  of  a  much  higher  type,  and  was 
merged  in  the  Tyrian  Melkarth.  In  its  original  generic 
sense  of  '  lord,'  the  name  was  applied  to  many  different 
divinities,  or,  with  qualifying  epithets,  to  the  same  divin- 
ity regarded  in  different  aspects  and  as  exercising  differ- 
ent functions.  Thus  in  Hos.  ii.  16  it  is  applied  to  Jehovah 
himself,  while  Baal-berith  (the  covenant-lord)  was  the  god 
of  the  Shechemites,  and  Baal-zebub  (the  fly-god)  the  idol  of 
the  Philistines  at  Ekron.  Baal-peor  (lord  of  the  opening) 
was  a  god  of  Moab  and  Midian,  probably  the  same  as  Che- 
mosh.  The  word  enters  into  the  composition  of  many  He- 
brew, Phenician,  and  Carthaginian  names  of  persons  and 
places,  as  Jerubbaal,  Hasdrubal  (help  of  Baal),  Hannibal 
(grace  of  Baal),  Baal-Hammon,  Baal-Thamar,  etc. 

Baalism  (ba'al-izm),  n.  [<  Baal  +  -ism.']  The 
worship  of  Baal ;  gross  idolatry  of  any  kind. 

His  seven  thousand  whose  knees  were  not  suppled  with 
the  Baalism  of  that  age.  Fuller. 

Baalist  (ba'al-ist),  n.  [<  Baal  +  -ist.']  A  wor- 
shiper of  Baal ;  a  Baalite. 

Baalite  (ba'al-it),  n.  [<  Baal  +  -ite2.]  A  wor- 
shiper of  Baal ;  hence,  a  worshiper  of  heathen 
gods  in  general;  an  idolater,  or  idolatrous 
worshiper. 

These  Baalites  of  pelf.  Keats,  Isabel. 

Baanite  (ba'an-it),  n.    [<  Baanes  +  -ite^.']  A 

follower  of  Baanes,  a  Paulician  of  the  eighth 

century, 
baar,  n.    See  bahar. 

babi  (bab),  n.  [Sc.  and  E.  dial.,  =  E.  6o6l,  q. 
v.]    1.  A  bunch;  tassel;  cockade.  [Scotch.] 

A  cockit  hat  with  a  bab  of  blue  ribbands  at  it.  Scott. 
2.  A  bob,  as  used  in  fishing. 

Besides  these  eel-sets,  however,  the  Norfolk  Broadmen 
also  fish  for  eels  with  babs,  which  can  hardly  be  called 
sport  in  any  sense  of  the  term.   Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXIX.  258. 

babi  (bab),  v.  i.  [E.  dial.,  =  bob^,  v.]  To  fish 
with  a  bob.    See  6o6l. 

bab2  (bab),  n.  [E.  dial.,  =  babe,  q.  v.]  A  babe. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

Bab^  (bab),  n.  [Ar.  Pers.  bab,  a  gate  or  door; 
forming  part  of  many  eastern  place-names,  as 
Bah-el-mandeb.']  1.  The  title  assumed  by  the 
founder  of  Babism. —  2.  ABabist;  an  adherent 
of  or  a  believer  in  Babism. 

babal  (ba'ba'),  n.    A  child's  variant  otpapa. 

baba^  (ba-ba'),  w.  [F.]  A  light  kind  of  fruit- 
cake, of  PoUsh  origin. 

407 


Baba^  (ba'ba),  n.  [Turk,  and  Ar.  bahd, 
father.  Cf .  babu.']  An  Oriental  title  of  resiject 
applied  (a)  by  tributary  Arabs  to  the  Turks, 
{h)  to  the  ushers  of  the  seraglio,  and  (c)  to 
the  Patriarch  of  Alexandria. 

babacoote,  «.    Same  as  habakoto. 

babakoto  (ba-ba-ko'to),  w.  [Native  name.]  A 
name  of  the  indri  or  short-tailed  woolly  lemur 
of  Madagascar,  Indris  or  lAchanutus  brevicau- 
datus. 

babber  (bab'er),  M.  [E.  dial.,  =  6o66eri.]  One 
who  fishes  with  a  bob ;  a  bobber. 

Norfolk  babbers  frequently  catch  four  stone  weight  of 
eels  to  a  boat  per  night,  especially  in  the  spawning- 
grounds.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXIX.  259. 

babbint,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  bavin^. 

babbitting  (bab'it-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  *bab- 
bitt,  v.,  <  Babbitt  {metal).']  1.  The  operation  of 
lining  shells  or  bushings  for  a  bearing  "with 
Babbitt  metal ;  hence,  commonly,  the  similar 
use  of  any  antifriction  alloy. —  2.  Babbitt  metal. 

—  Babbitting  jig,  a  tool  used  to  hold  bearing-boxes  in 
position  about  the  journals  of  shafts,  etc.,  while  any  box- 
lining  metal,  as  the  Babbitt,  is  being  poured  in. — Bab- 
bitting ladle,  an  iron  ladle  used  to  pour  the  Babbitt 
metal  or  any  antifriction  alloy  upon  the  bearings  of  ma- 
cliinery. 

Babbitt  metal.   See  metal. 
babblative  (bab'la-tiv),  a.  [Formerly  also  hab- 
lative;  <  babble  +  -ative.    Cf.  talkative.]  Given 
to  babbling. 
Argumentative,  babblative,  and  unpleasant  to  nie. 

Carlyle,  in  Froude,  I.  119. 

babble  (bab'l),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  babbled,  ppr. 
babbling.  [<  ME.  babelen,  bablen  =  D.  babbe- 
len  =  'LG.  babbeleti  =  Ice\.  babbla  = 'Dan.  bable 
=  G.  bappeln,  bappern,  babble  (cf.  F.  babiller, 
chatter) ;  all  perhaps  imitative,  with  freq.  suf- 
fixfrom  the  redupl.  syllable  6a  .•  see  6a2.]  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  utter  words  imperfectly  or  in- 
distinctly, as  children  do ;  prattle ;  jabber. 
I  babbled  for  you,  as  babies  for  the  moon. 
Vague  brightness.  Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

2.  To  talk  idly,  irrationally,  or  thoughtlessly; 
chatter  or  prate  heedlessly  or  mischievously. 

A  babbled  of  green  fields.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  3. 

The  people,  when  they  met,  .  .  . 
Began  to  scoff  and  jeer  and  babble  of  him. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

3.  To  make  a  continuous  murmuring  sound, 
as  a  stream ;  repeat  a  sound  frequently  and  in- 
distinctly. 

The  babbling  echo  mocks  the  hounds. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  ii.  3. 
The  babbling  runnel  crispeth.  Tennyson,  Claribel. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  utter  incoherently  or  with 
meaningless  iteration ;  repeat ;  prate. 

These  [words]  he  used  to  babble  indifferently  in  all  com- 
panies. Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  utter  foolishly  or  thoughtlessly ;  let  out 
by  babbling  or  prating:  as,  to  babble  a  plot  or 
a  secret. 

babble  (bab'l),  n.  [<  babble,  v.]  Inarticulate 
speech,  such  as  that  of  an  infant;  idle  talk; 
senseless  prattle ;  murmur,  as  of  a  stream. 

Maldng  merry  in  odd  tones,  and  a  babble  of  outlandish 
words.  Hawthorne,  Old  llanse,  II. 

An  extraordinary  incessant  babble  of  rapid  prayer  from 
the  priests  in  the  stalls.  Lathrop,  Spanish  Vistas,  p.  64. 
=  Syn.  See  prattle,  n. 

babblement  (bab'l-ment),  n.  [<  babble  + 
-7nent.]  Idle  talk;  senseless  prafe;  unmean- 
ing words. 

Deluded  all  this  while  with  ragged  notions  and  babble- 
ments. Milton.  Education. 

babbler  (bab'ler),  n.  1.  One  who  babbles;  an 
idle  talker;  an  irrational  prater;  one  who  says 
things  heedlessly  or  mischievously. 

Cunn.  No  blabbing,  as  you  love  me. 
Sir  Greg.  None  of  our  blood 
Were  ever  babblers. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Wit  at  Several  Weapons,  iv.  1. 
Great  babblers,  or  talkers,  are  not  fit  for  trust. 

Sir  11.  L' Estrange. 

2.  In  ornith.:  (a)  A  name  of  various  old-world 
dentirostral  oscine  passerine  birds  more  or  less 
nearly  related  to  thrushes.    (6)  pi.  The  family 


babbler 

Timaliidxp  or  subfamily  Timaliiiice  of  Turdid(r, 
an  uncertain  group  of  generally  short-winged 
and  short-tailed  birds,  definable  by  no  common 
characters,  it  contains  a  great  number  of  birds  not 
satisfactorily  located  elsewhere,  and  has  been  called  "the 
ornithological  waste-basket." 

3.  In  hunting,  a  dog  that  yelps  or  gives  tongue 
too  much  when  in  the  field. 

After  a  fox  has  been  found,  the  labbler  announces  the 
fact  for  the  next  ten  minutes,  and  repeats  his  refrain 
whenever  the  least  opportunity  presents  itself. 

Eiicijc.  Brit.,  XII.  315. 

babbleryif,  w.  [<  habbic  +  -ry.  Cf.  F.  babil- 
lerie  (Cotgrave),  babble.]  Babbling;  chatter- 
ing ;  idle  talk.  Stubbcs. 

babblery^t,  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  babblerie,  lab- 
lerie,  appar.  for  babery  or  baublery.']  Some- 
thing worthless ;  worthless  things  collectively. 
Nares. 

Other  toyes,  fantasies,  and  bableries,  whereof  the  world 
is  ful,  are  suffered  to  be  printed.  Stubbes,  Anat.  of  Abuses. 

babbling  (bab'ling),  II.  [Verbal  n.  of  babble, 
v.~i    Foolish  talk. 

Avoiding  profane  and  vain  babblings.        1  Tim.  vi.  20. 

babblingly  (bab'ling-li),  adv.  In  a  babbling 
manner ;  with  babblement ;  pratingly. 

babblishlyt  (bab'lish-li),  adr.  Babblinglv. 

babbly  (bab'li),  a.  [<  babble  +  -y.]  Full  of 
babble;  chattering. 

babby  (bab'i),  «.  [E.  dial.,  =  baby,  q.  v.]  A 
baby.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

babe  (bab),  n.  [<  ME.  babe,  prob.  abbr.  of 
earlier  baban  ;  origin  obscure,  perhaps  ult.  imi- 
tative; cf.  ba'^.  The  Celtic  words  (W.  Gael. 
Jr.  Corn,  baban  =  Manx  baban,  bab,  a  babe, 
child ;  regarded  by  Skeat  after  Williams  (Lex. 
Comu-Brit.)  as  a  mutation  of  *maban,  dim.  of 
W.  mab,  a  son,  =  Gael.  Ir.  Manx  mac,  a  son, 
=  Goth,  magus,  a  boy,  =  AS.  magu,  a  son, 
related  to  may^,  may^,  might)  are  late,  and 
may  be  from  E.]  1.  An  infant;  a  young  child 
of  either  sex. —  Sf.  A  child's  doll. 

All  as  a  poore  pedler  he  did  wend, 
Bearing  a  trusse  of  tryfles  at  hys  backe, 
As  bells,  and  babes,  and  glasses,  in  hys  packe. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  May. 

3.  One  who  is  like  a  babe  in  any  respect;  a 
person  of  infantine  or  childish  character  or 
ability:  as,  he  is  a  mere  bale  in  that  man's 
hands —  Babe  in  arms.  See  anni.— Babe  in  Christ, 

a  recent  convert  to  Cliristianity  (1  Cor.  iii,  1). 

babellOOd(bab'hud), «.  [<babe  +  -hood.'i  Same 

as  babyhood.  Udall. 
Babel  (ba'bel),  n.  [LL.  Babel,  <  Heb.  Babel,  re- 
ferred in  Genesis  to  the  notion  of  'confusion'; 
but  perhaps  <  Assyrian  bdb-ilu,  lit.  gate  of  God, 
or  bdb-ili,  gate  of  the  gods,  <  bab,  gate,  +  ilu 
=  Heb.  el,  God:  see  Elohim  and  Allah.']  1. 
The  Semitic  name  of  the  city  (Babylon)  where, 
according  to  Gen.  xi.,  the  construction  of  a  tower 
that  would  reach  to  heaven  was  attempted,  and 
where  the  confusion  of  tongues  took  place.  See 
Babylonian.  Hence  —  2.  A  lofty  structure. — 
3.  A  visionary  scheme. —  4.  A  scene  of  noise 
and  confusion,  as  a  great  city  or  a  riotous  as- 
semblage. 

'Tis  pleasant,  through  the  loopholes  of  retreat, 
To  peep  at  such  a  world  —  to  see  the  stir 
Of  the  great  Babel,  and  not  feel  the  crowd. 

Cowper,  The  Task,  iv.  90. 

5.  [cap.  or  I.  c]  A  confused  mixture  of  soimds ; 
confusion;  disorder. 
That  babel  of  strange  heathen  languages. 

Hammond,  Sermons,  p.  508. 

Babel  quartz.  See  quartz. 
baberyt  (ba'ber-i),  n.  [<  ME.  habery,  earlier 
babeurie,  babeuwrie,  etc.,  appar.  corrupt  forms 
of  babwynrie,  baboonery  (see  baboonery) ;  but 
in  later  use  <  babe  +  -ery.]  1.  Grotesque  or- 
namentation in  art  or  architecture,  as  carved 
human  figures  or  other  decorations. 

Many  subtile  corapassinges, 

As  babeuwryes  and  pynacles, 

Ymagerles  and  tabernacles, 

I  saugh.    Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  1189. 

2.  Finery  to  please  a  child ;  any  trifling  toy  for 
children:  as,  "painted  babery,"  Sir  P.  Sidney, 
Arcadia,  x.  181. 

babiant,  babiont,  n.  [Also  baboyne,  etc.,  vari- 
ant forms  of  baboon,  q.  v.]  A  baboon.  B. 
Jonson;  Massinger. 

babillard  (bab'i-lard),  n.  [F.,  <  babiller,  chat- 
ter: see  babble.]  The  chatterer:  a  name  bor- 
rowed from  the  French  by  Rennie  for  the  lesser 
white-throat,  Sylvia  curruca  of  Europe,  lafau- 
vette  babillarde  of  BufEon.  [Bare.] 

babingtonite  (bab'ing-ton-it),  «.  [After  the 
mineralogist  William  Babington  (1756-1833).] 
A  vitreous  dark-green  or  black  mineral  of  the 
pyroxene  group,  occurring  in  small  brilliant 


408 

triclinic  crystals  in  beds  of  magnetic  iron  ore 
and  in  veins  of  quartz  and  feldspar.  It  is  a 
silicate  of  iron,  manganese,  and  calcium. 

Bablngton's-curse  (bab'ing-tonz-kers),?!.  The 
water-weed,  Elodta  Canadensis:  so  called  in 
England  from  the  false  supposition  that  it  was 
introduced  there  by  the  botanist  Charles  Bab- 
ington (born  about  1808). 

babiont,       See  babian. 

babir  (bil'ber),  n.  A  Syrian  name  for  the  papy- 
rus. 

babirussa,  babiroussa  (bab-i-r6'sa),  «.  [Also 
formerly  babirusa,  barbirousa,  etc.  (NL.  babirus- 
sa), <  Malay  bdbi,  hog,  +  rtisa,  deer.]  1.  The 
East  Indian  wild  hog  or  horned  hog.   The  upper 


East  Inaian  wim  Hog  (  Hadirussa  at/urns'). 


canines  of  the  boar  are  sometimes  12  inches  in  length,  and 
nearly  reach  the  forehead ;  the  lower  pair  partake  of  the 
same  unusual  development  and  direction,  but  not  to  the 
same  extent,  nor  do  they  pierce  the  lips.  The  tusks  of  the 
sow  are  nmch  smaller.  The  general  appearance  of  the  ani- 
inal  is  that  of  a  hog,  but  the  legs  are  longer  and  the  pelage 
is  less  bristly.  The  babirussa  is  gregarious  and  herbivo- 
rous, like  the  rest  of  the  pig  tribe,  and  its  flesh  is  used  for 
food  ;  it  is  sometimes  domesticated. 
2.  [cap.]  A  genus  of  setiferous  pachyderma- 
tous ungulate  quadrupeds,  of  the  order  ^rfiorfac- 
tyla,  or  even-toed  ungulates,  and  family  Suidw, 
containing  only  the  babirussa. 
Also  spelled  babyrussa,  babyroussa. 
babisht  (ba'bish),  a.  [<  babe  +  -is/A.]  Like  a 
babe ;  babyish. 

If  he  be  bashful  and  will  soon  blush,  they  call  liira  a 
babish  and  ill  brought  up  thing. 

Ascham,  Tlie  Scholemaster,  i. 

babishlyt  (ba'bish-li),  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a 

babe ;  babyishly. 
babishnesst  (ba'bish-nes).  n.  Babyishness; 
childishness. 
Babism  (biib'ism),  «.  [<  Pers.  Bdbl,  Babism  (< 
bab,  a  gate,  the  name  assumed  by  the  founder 
of  the  sect,  who  claimed  that  no  one  could  come 
to  know  God  except  through  him :  see  Bah^), 
+  -ism.]  A  religious,  political,  and  social  sys- 
tem founded  in  Persia  about  1843  by  Seyd  Mo- 
hammed Ali,  a  native  of  Shiraz,  who  pretended 
to  be  descended  from  Mohammed,  it  is  a  pan- 
theistic offshoot  of  ilohammedanism,  tinctured  with  Gnos- 
tic, Buddhistic,  and  Jewish  ideas.  It  inculcates  a  high  mo- 
rality ;  discountenances  polygamy ;  forbids  concubinage, 
asceticism,  and  mendicancy  ;  recognizes  the  e(|uality  of 
tlie  sexes  ;  and  encourages  the  practice  of  charity,  hospi- 
tality, and  abstinence  from  intoxicants  of  all  kinds. 

Babist  (bab'ist),  n.    [<  Pers.  Bdbi  (see  Babism) 

+  -ist.]  A  believer  in  Babism. 
bablah  (bab'ia),  «.  [See  babid.]  The  pod  of 
several  species  of  Acacia,  especially  of  A.  Ara- 
bica,  which  comes  from  the  East  and  from  Sene- 
gal under  the  name  of  neb-ncb.  it  contains  gallic 
acid  and  tannin,  and  has  been  used  in  dyeing  cotton  for 
producing  various  shades  of  drab.  The  seeds  are  said  to 
contain  a  red  coloring  matter,  and  to  be  used  in  India  and 
Egypt  for  dyeing  morocco.  Also  called  babool,  babul,  and 
babulah.    See  cut  under  acacia. 

bablativet,  «.    See  babblative. 
bable^t,  bable^t,  n.    See  bauble'^-,  bauble^. 
Bable^  (ba'bla),  n.    A  dialect  of  Spanish,  spo- 
ken in  Asturias.    Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  824. 
baboo,  n.    See  babu. 
babool,  fi.    Same  as  bablah. 
baboon  (ba-bon'),  «.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  ba- 
boone,  baboune,  babound  (also  babion,  babian  (< 


Baboon  {Cynocephalus  maimon). 


baby 

F.  babion),  and  bavian,  after  D.  baviaan,  LG. 
baviun,  >  Dan.  bavian,  G.  j>avian),  <  ME.  babc- 
wyne,  babicyn,  babwcn,  baboyne,  etc.,  <  OF.  ba- 
huin,  baboin,  babouin,  babion,  mod.  F.  babottin 
=  Sp.  Pg.  babuino  =  It.  babhuino ;  ML.  bahe- 
wynus,  babervymcs,  babuynus,  babouiniis.  The 
OF.  forms  appear  to  be  the  oldest.  The  origin 
of  the  name  is  imknown.  The  Ar.  maiiniin  is 
prob.  from  the  European  word.]  A  quadruma- 
nous  animal  of  the  old  world,  of  the  subfamily 
Cynopithecinw,  and  especially  of  either  of  the 
genera  Cynocephalus  (or  Papio)  and  Mandrilla 
(or  Mormon).  The  baboon  has  a  large  prominent  muz- 
zle and  a  low  facial  angle,  constituting  a  physiognomy 
to  which  the  term  "dog-faced"  has  been  applied.  It 
has  cheek-pouches,  large  canine  teeth,  tail  usually  short 
(whence  the  term  "  pig-tailed  "  applied  to  some),  and  large 
bare  ischial  callosities,  often  gayly  colored.  Its  fore  and 
hind  limbs  are  proportionate,  so  that  the  animal  can  go 
upon  all-fours  like  ordinary  quadrupeds,  or  sit  upright  like 
most  other  monkeys.  Baboons  are  generally  large,  heavy 
animals,  some  equaling  a  mastiff"  in  size  and  weight,  and 
are  among  the  most  sullen,  intractable,  ferocious,  and  filthy 
brutes  of  the  order  to  which  they  belong.  Most  of  them 
are  African,  and  they  are  usually  gregarious,  going  in  large 
troops,  and  feeding  on  fruits,  roots,  birds'  eggs,  insects, 
etc.  Among  those  which  have  special  names  are  the  anu- 
bis,  chacma,  mandrill,  drill,  etc.  Some  of  the  Quadru- 
mana  which  belong  technically  to  the  same  group  as  the 
baboons  do  not  usually  take  the  name,  as  the  black  ape 
of  Celebes,  Cynopithecus  niger,  and  the  Barbary  ape,  Inu- 
us  ecaudatns;  while  some  monkeys  of  other  groups  are 
occasionally  called  baboons, 
baboonery  (ba-bon 'e-ri),  «. ;  pi.  babooneries 
(-riz).  [<  baboon  +  -cry.]  If.  Same  as  babery, 
1. —  2.  A  collection  of  baboons. —  3.  Baboonish 
conduct  or  condition, 
baboonish  (ba-bon'ish),  a.  [<  baboon  +  -ish^.] 
Like  a  baboon ;  characteristic  of  baboons. 

A  series  of  baboonish  chuckles  and  grins. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXIX.  660. 

baboosh  (ba-bosh'),  n.  [Also  babouche,  after  F. 
babouche  (usually  pi.,  baboiiches)  =  Sp.  babiicha 
(pi.  babuchas),  <  Ar.  bdbt'tsh,  <  Pers.  pdposh,  a 
slipper,  <  pa,  =  'E.  foot,  +  j>6sh,  covering;  cf. 
poshidan,  cover.]  A  kind  of  slipper  without 
quarters  or  heel,  worn  in  Turkey  and  the  East. 

Babouvism  (ba-bo'vizm),  n.  [<  F.  babouvisme, 
<  Babeuf  (Babwuf)  +  -isme.]  The  communistic 
system  promulgated  by  the  French  socialist 
Francois  Noel  Babeuf  during  the  revolution. 
Its  fundamental  principles  were  summed  up  in  the  sen- 
tence :  "  The  aim  of  society  is  the  happiness  of  all,  and 
happiness  consists  in  equality."  By  "equality  "  was  meant 
absolute  uniformity  in  dress,  food,  elementary  education, 
etc.  Tlie  property  of  corporations  was  to  be  seized  at  once, 
and  that  of  individuals  at  their  death.  Officers  chosen  by 
the  people  were  to  have  unlimited  powers  to  divide  the 
product  of  the  industry  of  all,  according  to  the  needs  and 
requirements  of  each.  A  great  conspiracy  was  organized 
by  Babeuf  and  his  followers  for  the  estalilishment  of  anew 
government  based  on  these  principles,  but  it  was  betrayed 
to  the  Directory  in  May,  1796,  and  Babeuf  was  executed 
in  May,  1797.    Also  Bamuism. 

Babouvist  (ba-bo'vist),w.  [<  F.  babouviste :  see 
Babouvism.]  A  follower  of  the  French  social- 
ist Babeuf,  or  an  adherent  of  Babouvism. 

babu  (ba-bo'),  w.  [Also  (as  E.)  baboo;  <  Hind. 
babn,  a  title  of  respect ;  in  Canarese  it  means 
father.  Cf.  baba.]  A  Hindu  title  of  address, 
equivalent  to  sir  or  Mr.,  given  to  gentlemen, 
clerks,  etc.:  formerly  applied  in  some  parts  of 
Hindustan  to  certain  persons  of  distinction. 

"In  Bengal  and  elsewhere,  among  Anglo-Indians,  it  is  of- 
ten used  with  a  slight  savor  of  disparagement,  as  charac- 
terizing a  superficially  cultivated  but  too  often  effemi- 
nate Bengali ;  and  from  the  extensive  employment  of  the 
class  to  which  the  term  was  applied  as  a  title  in  the  ca- 
pacity of  clerks  in  English  offices,  the  word  has  come  often 
to  signify  '  a  native  clerk  who  writes  English.'"  Yule  and 
Bvrnell,  Anglo-Ind.  Gloss. 

babuina  (bab-u-i'na),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  of  babui- 
nus:  see  baboon.]    A  female  baboon. 

The  depravity  of  an  old  babuina,  or  female  Bhunder 
baboon.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XX.  398. 

babul  (ba-bol'),  n.  [Also  written  babool,  babu- 
lah, repr.  Hind,  babul,  a  species  of  Acacia.] 
Same  as  bablah. 
baby  (ba'bi),  n.  and  a.  [Also  dial,  babby ;  early 
mod.  E.  also  babie,  <  ME.  babee,  babi,  dim.  of 
babe.]  I.  n. ;  pi.  babies  (-biz).  1.  An  infant  or 
young  child  of  either  sex ;  a  babe. 
I  knew  them  all  as  babies,  and  now  they're  elderly  men. 

Tennyson,  The  Grandmother. 

2t.  A  doll. 

The  archduke  saw  that  Perkin  would  prove  a  runagate  ; 
and  it  was  the  part  of  children  to  fall  out  about  babies. 

Bacon. 

These  [boxes]  are  to  have  Folding-Doors,  which  being 
open'd,  you  are  to  behold  a  Baby  dress'd  out  in  some 
Fashion  which  has  flourish'd,  and  standing  upon  a  Pedes- 
tal, where  the  Time  of  its  Eeign  is  mark'd  down. 

Spectator,  No.  478. 

3t.  [Cf.  E.  pupiil,  <  L.  pupilla,  a  girl,  the  pupil 
of  the  eye.]  The  minute  reflection  which  a 
person  sees  of  himself  in  the  pupil  of  another's 
eye.    There  are  many  allusions  to  this  in  our  older  poets ; 


baby 

hence  sucli  phrases  as  to  look  babies  in  one's  eyes,  used  with 
regard  to  a  lover. 

No  more  fool, 
To  look  gay  babies  in  your  eyes,  young  Roland, 
And  hang  about  your  pretty  neck. 

Fletcher,  Woman's  Prize,  v.  1. 
But  wee  cannot  so  passe  the  centre  of  the  Eye,  which 
wee  call  Fupilla,  quasi  Puppa,  the  babie  in  the  eye,  the 
Sight.  Purchas,  Microcos.  (1619),  p.  90. 

4.  One  who  is  like  a  baby;  a  childish  person. 

Though  he  be  gi-ave  with  years,  he's  a  gi-eat  baby. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Elder  Brother,  iii.  5. 
Baby  act,  a  colloquial  name  for  the  legal  defense  of  in- 
fancy. Hence  — To  plead  the  baby  act.  (a)  To  plead 
that  a  contract  is  void  because  made  during  one's  minor- 
ity, (b)  To  attempt  to  excuse  excessive  or  feigned  igno- 
rance or  stupidity  on  the  ground  of  professed  inexperience. 
[Colloquial  in  both  uses.]— Bartholomew  baby,  a  kind 
of  doll  sold  originally  at  Bartholomew  fair  in  London,  and 
celebrated  as  the  best  then  known. 

It  also  tells  farmers  what  manner  of  wife  they  shall 
choose ;  not  one  trickt  up  with  ribbens  and  knots  like  a 
Bartholoineio  baby.  Poor  Robin's  A  Irnanac,  1695. 

II.  a.  1.  Babyish;  infantine;  pertaining  to 
an  infant. 

Ye  conscience-stricken  cravens,  rock  to  rest 
Your  baby  hearts.  Shelley,  The  Cenci,  Iv.  2. 

Moulded  thy  baby  thought.  Tennyson,  Eleanore. 

2.  Small,  or  comparatively  small:  as,  a  baby 
engine.  [Colloq.] 
baby  (ba'bi),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  babied,  ppr. 
babying.    [<  baby,  m.]    To  treat  like  a  young 
child. 

At  best  it  babies  us  with  endless  toys. 
And  keeps  us  children  till  we  drop  to  dust. 

Young,  Night  Thoughts,  vi.  521. 

baby-farm  (ba'bi-farm),  n.  A  place  where  chil- 
dren are  received  and  cared  for. 

baby-farmer  (ba'bi-far"mer),  n.  One  who  re- 
ceives and  contracts  to  care  for  the  infants  of 
those  who,  for  any  reason,  may  be  unable  or 
unwilling  to  bring  up  their  own  children. 

baby  farming  (bl'bi-far"ming),  n.  The  busi- 
ness carried  on  by  a  baby-farmer. 

babyhood  (ba'bi-hud),  n.  [<  baby  +  -hood.'] 
The  state  of  being  a  baby ;  infancy, 

baby-house  (ba'bi-hous),  w 
children's  dolls, 


409 


bacchante 


see,  under  9i(ar(z), 

scale  of  numeration,  whicTi  originated  in'Babylonia. 


ter's  art  produced  cylinders  or  seals  in  great  plenty  and  of    claim  the  amount  of  their  bets,  and  the  banker  takes  the 
much  merit,  and  pottery,  metal-work,  and  textile  fabrics    stakes  of  the  others.    In  America  tlie  game  is  slightly 
attained  great  perfection.  SeeMesopotaui  ianart,  and  com-     ditti  rent,  court-cards  and  tens  not  counting, 
pare  C/iaWpa?(  art  and  ^sst/rian  art,  under  the  adjectives.  baCCaret,  intcrj.     See  baclcarc. 
-Babylonian  baccarinine  (ba-kar'i-nin),  n.    [<  Baccharis  + 

Babylonian  scale.u.e  sexagesimal  alkaloid  obtained  from  BuccUari.'i 

cordifolia. 

baccate  (bak'at),  a.  [<  L.  baccatus,  bacatm,  set 
with  i^earls,  lit.  berried,  <  bacca,  bdca,  a  berry, 
a  pearl:  see  bay'^.'}  In  bot.:  (a)  Pulpy  and 
berry-like:  applied  to  fruits.  See  herry^.  (b) 
Bearing  berries;  berried. 

baccatedt  (bak'a-ted),  a.  [<  baccate  +  -«/2.] 
1.  Set  or  adorned  with  i)earls.  Bailey. — 2. 
Having  many  Vjerries.  Bailey. 
Baccha  (bak'ji),  n.  [NL. ;  cf.  Gr.  ^aKxn,  a  kind 
of  pear.]  A  genus  of  tetrachaetous  braehyce- 
rous  dipterous  insects,  of  the  family  Syrphidw. 
bacchanal  (bak'a-nal),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  baccha- 
valifi,  pertaining  to  Bacchus:   see  Bacchus.] 

1.  a.  1.  Characterized  by  intemperate  drink- 
ing; riotous;  noisy:  as,  bacchanal  feasts," 
Crowley,  Deliberate  Answer,  fol.  26  (1587). — 

2.  Relating  to  or  resembling  a  bacchanal  or 
the  bacchanalia. 

II.  )i.  1.  One  who  celebrated  the  bacchanalia; 
a  votary  of  Bacchus.  Hence  —  2.  One  who  in- 
dulges in  drunken  revels ;  one  who  is  noisy  and 
riotous;  a  drunkard:  as,  "each  bold  baccha- 
nal," Byron,  Don  Juan,  iii.  86. 

Each  with  the  merry  wink  of  a  practiced  bacchanal. 

T.  Winthrop,  Cecil  Dreenie,  x. 

3.  ^)Z.  Same  as  bacchanalia. 

In  this  masquerade  of  mirth  and  love, 
Mistook  the  bliss  of  heaven  for  bacchanals  al)Ove. 

Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  1.  387. 
Also  bacchanalian. 


Babylonian  Art, 

(Fron 


—  Design  m  enameled  brickwork,  from  a  palace-wall. 
Clark-Reber  s  ■'History  of  Ancient  Art.  ") 


II.  «.  1.  An  inhabitant  of  Babylonia;  a 
Chaldean. — 2.  An  astrologer:  so  used  from 
the  fact  that  the  Chaldeans  were  remarkable 
for  the  study  of  astrology. —  Sf.  A  Papist.  See 
I.,  3. 

Babylonic  (bab-i-lon'ik),  a.  [<  L.  Babyjonicus, 
(.Babylon:  see  Babylonian.']  1.  Pertaining  to 
Babylon,  or  made  there :  as,  Babylonic  gar- 
ments, carpets,  or  hangings. — 2.  Tumultuous; 
disorderly.    Sir  J.  Harington. 

Babylonicalt  (bab-i-lon'i-kal),  a.  Same  as 
Babylonic. 

Babylonish  (bab-i-16'ni.sh),  rt.    [<  Babylon  + 
-ish.]    1.  Belonging  to  or  made  at  Babylon. — 
2.  Babel-like;  confused. 
Words  which  were  a  perfect  bacchanalia  (bak-a-na'lia),  n.  pi.     [L.  (OL. 

bewildered  Van  VVmkle.       Irmny,  Sketch-Book,  p.  59.    j^acanalia),  neut.  pi.  of  bacchanalis,  pertaining 


babyish  (ba'bi-ish),  a. 
a  baby;  childish, 
babyishness  (ba'bi-ish-nes),  n. 


3f.  Popish.    See  Babylonian,  a.,  3. 
Babylonite  (bab'i-lon-it),  n.    [<  Babylon  + 
-ite^.]    The  arrow-shaped  Babylonish  charac- 
ter.   See  arrow-headed  and  cuneiform. 
A  toy  house  for  baby-pin  (ba'bi-pin),  n.    A  safety-pin. 

babyrussa,  babyroussa,  n.   See  babirussa. 


[<  baby  +  -ish^.]   Like  babyship  (ba'bi-ship),  n.    [<  baby  + 
The  state  of  being  a  baby ;  babyhood 
The  quality  of  baby-'walker  (ba'bi- wa"ker),  n.  A  frame,  mov- 


ing on  casters,  in  which  a  child  may  be  sup- 
ported while  learning  to  walk, 
bac^t,  n.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  back^. 
bac^,  n.    See  back^. 

bacaba-palm  (ba-ka'ba-pam),  n.  [<  S.  Amer. 
bacaba  +  E.  palm.]    A  palm  of  northern  Bra- 


being  like  a  baby ;  extreme  childishness 
babyism  (ba'bi-izm),  n.    [<  baby  +  -ism.]  1. 
The  state  of  being  a  baby ;  babyhood.  Jeffrey. 
—  2,  A  childish  mode  of  speech ;  childishness. 
Babyisms  and  dear  diminutives. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 
The  egotism,  the  babyism,  and  the  inconsistency  of  this 
transaction  have  no  parallel.      The  Century,  XXIV.  148.    widely  spreading  pinnate  leaves.    The  drupaceous 
baby-jumper  (ba'bi-jum''''per),  n.     [<  baby  +    fruits  are  used  by  the  natives  for  making  a  pleasant  drink, 
jumper.]    A  basket  or  sling  in  which  a  small    <™'l  the  kernels  f  urnish  an  oil  resembling  that  of  the  olive, 
child  may  be  fastened,  having  an  adiustable  bacbakiri  (bak-ba-ke  ri),  n.     [Native  name.] 
„ — A   _  J  A  name  of  an  Alrican  shrike,  Tetejji/fonMS g'a<<M- 


to  Bacchus:  ^ee  bacchanal.]  1.  [ca]>.]  In  Bom. 
antiq.,  a  festival  in  honor  of  Bacchus.  These 
festivals  became  the  occasion  of  gi-eat  excesses, 
and  were  forbidden  by  the  senate  in  186  b.  c. 
—  2.  Any  festivities  characterized  by  jollity 
and  good-fellowship,  particularly  if  somewhat 
boisterous,  and  accompanied  by  much  wine- 
drinking. 

The  morning  after  the  bacchanalia  in  the  saloon  of  the 
palace.  L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  283. 

3.  Drunken  orgies ;  riotous  disorders ;  ruthless 
and  shameless  excesses;  unbounded  license. 

Plunging  without  restraint  or  shame  into  the  Baccha- 
nalia of  despotism,  the  king  [John]  continued  to  pillage, 
to  banish,  and  to  slay.    Sir  E.  Creasy,  Eng.  Const.,  p.  110. 


?il'^5?!'?f?r^"L'!fl^f!f/T^*^.^^  ^'^'^  bacchanalian  (bak-a-na'lian),  a.  and  n.  [< 

bacchanalia  +  -an.]  Same  as  bacchanal.  [The 
more  common  form  of  the  adjective.] 

Ev'n  bacchanalian  madness  has  its  charms 


elastic  cord  which  permits  a  dancing  motion 
when  the  child's  feet  touch  the  floor. 
Babylonian  (bab-i-16'ni-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
Babylon,  <  Gr.  Bafiv'Aav  (the  city),  or  L.  Baby- 
lonia,  <  Gr.  Bapv'Auvia  (the  province),  the  Gr. 
form  of  the  Semitic  name  Babel  or  Bdbilu 
(Heb.  Babel).    See  Bahel.    The  original  Acea- 

dian  name  of  the  city  was  Ca-dimirra.]    I,  a.  ,        ■,         j.    /-u  i 

1.  Pertaining  to  Babylon,  the  capital  of  the  ^tjf^}^^^f,^rrJj!',n^',^^^ 
ancient  kingdom  of  Babylonia,  or  to  the  king-        '      '   uirra  nuion  im 
dom  itself.     Ruins  of  the  city,  in  the  form  of  three 
large  mounds,  exist  near  Hilbih  on  the  Euphrates,  about 
64  miles  south  of  Bagdad  on  the  Tigris. 

2.  Like  the  confusion  of  tongues  at  Babel  (= 
Babylon) ;  nuxed ;  confused. 

This  formal  error  [of  applying  the  word  "  force  "  to  all 
kinds  of  power,  living  or  dead]  has  become  a  Pandora's 
box,  whence  has  sprung  a  Babylonian  confusion  of  tongues. 

Quoted  in  W.  R.  Grove's  Corr.  of  Forces,  p.  333. 


ralis. 

baccalaurean  (bak-a-la'rf-an),  a.  [<  ML.  bac- 
calaureus  :  see  baccalaureate.]  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  befitting  a  bachelor. 

That  quiet,  comfortable,  baccalaurian  habitation,  over 
against  the  entrance  into  Bishopsgate  Street. 

Dr.  J.  Brown,  Spare  Hours,  3d  ser. ,  p.  52. 

n.  and  a.  [< 

ML.  NL.  baccalaureaius,  <  baccalaureus,  a  cor- 
ruption (simulating  L.  bacca,  berry,  and  laurus, 
laurel)  of  ML.  baccalarius,  a  bachelor,  one 
who  has  attained  the  lowest  degree  in  a  uni- 
versity: see  bachelor.]  I,  n.  1.  The  university 
degree  of  bachelor. —  2.  A  baccalaureate  ser- 
mon (which  see,  below). 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  university  degree  of 
bachelor. 


Baccalaureate  sermon,  a  farewell  sermon 

emu  ■ .-n     ,.'    -,        delivered  in  some  American  colleges  to  a  graduating  class. 

3t.  [From  a  former  common  identification  by  Baccanarist  (bak-a-nar'ist),  n.  In  the  Bom. 
Prr,+,««ts.nf«  «f        <<c.a.iof  w^^o,,  »  (jj^^^  ^  member  of  a  society  founded  in 


Protestants  of  the  "scarlet  woman,"  "Baby- 
lon the  great,  the  mother  of  harlots  and  abomi- 
nations "  (Rev.  xvii.  5),  with  the  Papacy.]  (a) 
Popish.  (6)  Scarlet — Babylonian  art,  a  subdivi- 
sion of  Mesopotamian  art ;  the  later  development  of  Chal- 
dean art  as  practised  at  Babylon,  both  prior  to  the  Assyrian 
domination,  which  began  in  the  eleventh  century  B.  c.  and 


Italy  by  one  Baccanari  after  the  suppression 
of  the  Jesuits  in  1773,  with  the  object  of  restor- 
ing that  order  under  a  new  name  and  form. 
The  society  was  merged  in  the  reestablished 
order  of  Jesuits  in  1814, 


Cou'per,  Progress  of  Error,  1.  ,56. 
Sculptures  of  the  bacchanalians.  Stukeley. 

bacchanalianism  (bak-a-na'lian-izm),  n.  [< 
bacchanalian  +  -ism.]  The  practice  of  baccha- 
nalian rites ;  drunken  revelry ;  riotous  festivitj'. 

bacchanalianly  (bak-a-na'lian-li),  adv.  In  a 
bacchanalian  manner.  ' 

bacchant  (bak'ant),  a.  and?i.  [<  L.  bacchan(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  bacchari,  celebrate  the  feast  of  Bacchus, 
<  Bacchus,  Bacchus.  Cf.  bacchante.]  I.  a. 
Worshiping  Bacchus ;  reveling. 

Over  his  shoulder  with  a  bacchant  air 
Presented  the  o'erflowing  cup. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  iii.  43. 

II.  w.  1.  A  priest,  priestess,  or  votary  of 
Bacchus;  a  bacchanal. 

They  appear  in  a  state  of  intoxication,  and  are  the  bac- 
chants in  a  delirium.  Rees,  Cyc,  under  Alme. 

2.  One  addicted  to  intemperance  or  riotous 
revelry. —  3.  A  name  given  in  Germany,  in  the 
fourteenth,  fifteenth,  and  sixteenth  centuries, 
to  wandering  scholars  who  traveled  from  one 
institution  of  learning  to  another.  These  bac- 
chants frequently  had  younger  students  under  their  pro- 
tection and  instruction,  wlio  waited  upon  them,  begged 
for  them,  etc. 


culminated  in  the  ninth  century,  and  after  the  restoration  baccara,  baccarat  (bak-a-ra'),  n.    [F.;  origin  baccnante  ( bak  ant,  ba-kant  ,orba-kan  te),  h 


of  the  Babylonian  kingdom,  under  Nabopolassar,  about 
600  B.  c.  The  architecture  of  Babylon,  like  that  of  As- 
syria, of  which  it  was  the  model,  employed  as  its  chief 
material  of  construction  the  sun-dried  brick,  and  held  in 
general  to  the  thick  walls  and  massive  forms  which  were 
imposed  by  this  friable  material.  Stone  was  much  more 
scarce  in  Babylonia  than  in  Assyria;  hence  Babylonian 
decoration  adhered  in  the  main  to  painting  on  a  surface 
of  plaster  for  interiors,  and  to  brilliantly  enameled  tiles, 
often  forming  pictorial  subjects  of  great  size  and  variety, 
for  exteriors.  In  Babylonia,  contrary  to  Assyi-ian  prac- 
tice, the  temple,  rising  pyramidally  in  stages,  each  as- 
cended by  broad  flights  of  steps,  and  each  of  a  distinct 
color,  was  the  most  important  development  of  architec- 
ture, the  royal  palace  being  subordinated  to  it.  The  scar- 
city of  stone  rendered  sculpture  scanty ;  but  the  gem-cut- 


unknown.]  A  French  game  of  cards  played  by 
any  number  of  betters  and  a  banker,  and  with 
one  or  more  packs  of  cards,  according  to  the 
number  of  players.  Each  better  deposits  a  stake, 
and  all  stakes  are  duplicated  by  the  banker,  after  which 
the  latter  deals  two  cards  to  each  player,  including  him- 
self. The  aim  is  to  decide  each  individual  bet  by  com- 
parison of  the  total  count  held  by  each  better  with  that 
held  by  the  banker.  The  court-cards  each  count  10,  and 
the  others  according  to  the  spots.  The  counts  range  in 
value  by  series  of  9,  19,  29,  8,  18,  28,  etc.,  9  beating  any 
other  count.  A  player  may  call  for  more  cards,  but  at 
the  risk  of  exceeding  29  in  count,  which  excess  forfeits 
his  bet.  If  a  player's  cards  comit  9  he  declares  it,  when 
all  who  hold  hands  superior  to  that  of  the  banker  may 


pi.  bacchantes  (bak'antz;  usually,  as  if  L.,  ba- 
kan'tez).  [<  F.  bacchante  =  Sp.  bacante  =  Pg. 
bacchante  =  It.  baccante,  <  L.  bacchan{t-)s  (acc. 
bacchantem),  pi.  bacchantes,  used,  as  a  noun, 
only  in  fem.  (equiv.  to  Bacchw),  prop.  ppr.  of 
bacchari,  celebrate  the  feast  of  Bacchus.  In 
mod.  use  also  masc:  seebacchant.  The  E. form, 
prop,  bacchant,  usually  follows  the  F.  spelling, 
and  often  the  F.  accent  (ba-kant')-  The  pi. 
is  usually  in  the  L.  form,  whence  the  irreg. 
sing,  in  3  syllables  (ba-kan'te).]  1.  In  antiq., 
a  priestess  of  Bacchus,  or  a  woman  who  joined 
in  the  celebration  of  the  festivals  of  Bacchus ; 


bacchante 

a  woman  inspired  with  the  bacchic  frenzy. 
See  mwnad. 

Guide  the  revel  of  frenzied  Bacchantes. 

Longfellow,  Evangeline,  ii.  2. 


Bacchantes. 


-  Mytholoipcal  festival  of  Bacchus,  from  an  ancient 

sarcophagus  in  the  Vatican  Museum. 


2.  A  woman  addicted  to  intemperance  or  riot- 
ous revelry ;  a  female  bacchanal, 
bacchantic  (ba-kan'tik),  a.    [<  bacchant  +  -/c] 
Of  or  resembling  a  bacchant  or  bacchanal ;  bac- 
chanalian ;  riotous ;  jovial. 

It  is  the  feeblest  band  [of  music] ;  and  yet  it  is  subject 
to  spurts  of  bacchantic  fervor. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Winter  on  the  Nile,  p.  103. 
I  hardly  know  what  of  bacchantic  joyousness  I  had  not 
attributed  to  them  [the  Italians]  on  their  holidays. 

Ho  wells,  Venetian  Life,  xviii. 
baccharict,  n.    A  corrupt  form  of  Bacharach. 
Baccharis  (bak'a-ris),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  bacchar,  bet- 
ter spelled  baccaris,  baccar,  <  Gr.  /?<i«:/cap;f  (some- 
times spelled  (iaKxapi^,  as  if  related  to  Bax^of, 
Bacchus),  an  unknown  plant  with  an  aromatic 

root  yielding 
an  oil :  said 
to  be  a  Lydi- 
an  word.]  A 
very  large  ge- 
nus of  plants 
of  the  natural 
order  Com- 
positce,  some- 
what nearly 
allied  to  JEri- 
geron,  but 
with  dioe- 
cious whitish 
or  yellowish 


410 

pes),  a  metrical  foot :  so  named,  it  is  said,  from 
its  use  in  hymns  in  honor  of  Bacchus.]  In 
pros.,  a  foot  composed  of  one  short  and  two 
long  syllables,  vrith  the  ictus  on  the  first  long, 
as  in  ava'ri,  above'board.  See  antibacchius 
and  hemioUc.    [Before  the  Alexandrine  period  Baxxeros 

meant  the  "Iiunico?  (  w  ^  or  w  w  )  ^see  Ionic)  or  the 

Xopidfi^os  w  _)  (see  choriamb).  Begmning  with  that 
period,  the  Baicxeiot  was  v,  and  iiroiSi/CYe'O?  (am- 

^oKXeios,  TraAifi^aicxeios)  ^  .    Hephffistion,  Quiutilian, 

and  other  writers  invert  this,  and  nialce  the  Ba/cxe ^os  ^  , 

and  T7a\Lfji^aK\€io^  (etc.)  w.] 

Bacchus  (bak'us),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr,  BaKxo^,  an- 
other name  of  Dionysus,  the  god  of  wine ;  also 
one  of  his  followers  or  priests.  Also  called 
'laKxog,  prob,  related  to  iaxeiv,  shout,  with  allu- 
sion to  the  noisy  manner  in  which  the  festival 
of  Dionysus  was  celebrated.]  In  classical  myth., 
a  name  of  Diony- 
sus, the  son  of 
Zeus  (Jupiter)  and 
Semele,  and  the 
god  of  wine,  per- 
sonifying both  its 
good  and  its  bad 
qualities.  It  was  the 
current  name  of  this 
god  among  the  Ro- 
mans. The  orgiastic 
Avorship  of  Bacchus 
was  especially  charac- 
teristic of  BcBotia, 
where  his  festivals 
were  celebrated  on  the 
slopes  of  Mount  Cithae- 
ron,  and  extended  to 
those  of  the  neiglibor- 
ing  Parnassus.  In  At- 
tica the  rural  and 
somewhat  savage  cult 
of  Bacchus  underwent 
a  metamorphosis,  and 
reached  its  highest  ex- 
pression in  the  cho- 
ragic  literary  contests 
in  which  originated 
both  tragedy  and  com- 
edy, andforwhich  were 
written  most  of  the 
masterpieces  of  Greek 
literature.  Bacclms 


Bacchus  and  Eros  {Love).- 
Nazionale,  Naples. 


was  held  to  have  taught 

the  cultivation  of  the  grape  and  the  preparation  of  wine. 
In  early  art,  and  less  commonly  after  the  age  of  Phidias, 
Bacclms  is  represented  as  a  bearded  man  of  full  age,  usu- 
ally completely  draped.  After  the  time  of  Praxiteles  he 
appears  almost  universally,  except  in  arcliaistic  examples, 
in  the  type  of  a  beardless  youth,  of  graceful  and  rounded 
form,  often  entirely  undraped  or  very  liglitly  draped. 
Among  his  usual  attriliutes  are  tlie  vine,  tlie  ivy,  the  thyr- 
sus, the  wine-cup,  and  the  panther.  See  Diunysia,  moenad, 
„     -  and  thiasxiK. 

flowers,  and  hacciferous  (bak-sif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L,  baecifer, 
the  leaves  bdcifer,  <  bacca,  baca,  berry  (of.  baccate),  + 
otten  coated  ferre  =  E.  bear^.'\  Bearing  or  producing  ber- 
vvitii  £1  rGsin-  rics. 

oussecretion.  bacciform  (bak'si-form),  a.  [<  L.  bacca,  bdca, 
ly  shrubl  s"ome-  ^  bepy,  -I-  forma,  shape.]  Shaped  like  a  berry, 
times  '  small  baccivorous  (bak-siv'o-rus),  a.  [<  L.  hacca, 
trees,  chiefly  ftacrt,  berry, -l- tiorare,  eat,  devour.]  Eating  or 
South**  Am^r?  Subsisting  on  berries :  as,  baccivorous  birds, 
can.  Abo\S'^20  bacct,  n.  An  obsolete  form  of  base,  in  various 
species      occur  senses. 

in  the  United  Bacharach  (bak'a-rak),  n.    A  brand  of  Ehine 
s"ud'o  *^    wine  made  at  Bacharach,  a  small  town  in  Rhe- 
'  "        nish  Prussia,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  23 
miles  south  of  Coblentz.   Formerly  also  bacha- 
rach, backrack,  backrag,  baccharic,  etc.   [In  the 
old  forms  generally  without  a  capital.] 
I'm  for  no  tongues  but  dry'd  ones,  such  as  will 
Give  a  fine  relish  to  ray  backrag. 

Jasper  Mayne,  City  Itfatch. 
Good  backrack  ...  to  drink  down  in  healths  to  this 
/I,    i'-/  1  \  r^      n  ,       i        '^'^y-  -Pteic/icr,  Beggar's  Bush,  V.  2. 

bacchiac  (ba-ki'ak),  a.    [<  Gr.  BaKxiaKdg,  also  ,u  ^  '  t\       ro    i.    -i  -i    t  • 

PaKxecaKdc,  <  paKxcoc,  BaKxelog,  a  bacchius:  see  O^chel  (bak  el),  «.  [See  Sacite.]  A  gram-mea- 
bacchius.:\  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  bac-  !i;ire  used  m  parts  of  Greece,  varj^ng  in  capacity 
plili  trom  J  ot  a  bushel  to  1^  bushels,  accordmg  to 

Bacchic  (bak'ik),  a.    [<  L.  Bacchicus,  <  Gr,  Ban-  -      locality.    Also  bacile. 


Groundsel-tree  {Bact^haris kalimi/htt'a). 

States. 

Andes  extensive  plateaus  are  covered  with  them, 
ifle  and  tonic  properties  are  ascribed  to  several  of  the  more 
resinous  species.  A  decoction  from  the  groundsel-tree 
of  the  West  Indies  and  Atlantic  coast  of  North  America, 
B.  halimi/olia,  is  occasionally  used  as  a  remedy  in  diseases 
of  the  lungs  and  as  a  demulcent, 

baccharoid  (bak'a-roid),  a.  [<  Baccharis  + 
-Old.}  Resembling  in  some  respect  the  group 
of  composite  plants  of  which  the  genus  Bac- 
charis is  the  type. 


XiKog,  <  BdKxoc,  Bacchus:  see  Bacchus.']    1.  Re-  bachelert,  »• 
lating  to  or  in  honor  of  Bacchus  ;  connected  T^Z^T?™"  n  ' 
with  bacchanalian  rites  or  revelries.  [Often 
without  a  capital.] 

The  bacchic  orgia  were  celebrated  on  the  tops  of  hills 
and  desolate  wild  places. 

Stukeley,  Palseographia  Sacra,  p.  39. 
2.  Jovial;  drunken;  mad  with  intoxication :  as, 
a  i?acc7MC  reveler. — 3.  [I.e.']  Same  as  6acc/j«ac. 

—  Bacchic  amphora  or  vase,  in  archceol.,  a  Greek  or 
Eoman  amphora  or  vase  decorated  with  scenes  relating  to 
the  myths  or  the  festivals  of  Bacchus.  Also  called  Diony- 
siac  amphora  or  vase.  An  example  is  shown  in  the  cut  of 
a  decorated  amphora,  under  amphora. 
Bacchicalf  (bak'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  Bacchic: 
as,  "  bacchical  enthusiasm,"  J.  Spencer,  Vul- 
gar Prophecies,  p.  78, 

bacchius  (ba-ki'us),  w.;  pi.  bacchii  (-i).  [L. 
(sc.  pes  =  E,  foot),  <  Gr.  BaKxeioi  (sc,  ttoiic  =  L. 


An  obsolete  form  of  bachelor. 
[ML.,  also  bacelleria,  etc. :  see 
bachelery.]   In  old  records,  the  commonalty  or 
yeomanry,  in  contradistinction  to  the  baron- 
age. 

bachelery t,  «•    [ME.,  also  bachelerie,  bachelry, 
-rie,  etc.,  <  OF.  bachelerie  (ML.  bacheleria,  etc.), 
<  bacheler:  see  bachelor  and  -y.]  1. 
of  young  aspirants  for  knighthood. 

And  of  his  retenue  the  bachelrye. 

Chaucer,  Clerk's  Tale,  H  214. 

2.  The  whole  body  of  knights. 

Tills  Phebus  that  was  flour  of  bachilrie. 

Chaucer,  Manciple's  Tale,  1.  21. 


bachelorism 

<  ML,  baccalaris;  (6)  later  OP.  bachelier,  ba- 
chilier,  etc.,  F.  bachelier  =  Pr.  bachallier  =  Sp. 
hachiller  =  It.  baccallicre,  <  ML.  baccalarius, 
bacchalarius,  etc.  (later  baccalaureus :  see  bac- 
calaureate), a  bachelor.  Origin  uncertain; 
supposed  by  some  to  be  orig.  connected  with 
ML.  baccalarius,  the  holder,  as  vassal  of  a 
superior  vassal,  of  a  farm  called  baccalaria, 
perhaps  <  bacca,  for  L.  vacca,  a  cow.  By 
others  the  OF.  bacheler,  in  the  assumed  orig. 
sense  of  'a  yoimg  man,'  is  connected  with 
OF.  bacele,  bacelle,  bachele,  bachelle  (with  dim. 
bacelette,  bachelote),  a  yoimg  woman,  a  female 
servant,  bachelerie,  youth,  bacelage,  appren- 
ticeship, courtship,  etc.,  words  erroneously  re- 
ferred to  a  Celtic  origin  ("W.  bach,  little,  bechan, 
a  little  girl,  bachgen,  a  boy,  a  child).  The  his- 
tory of  the  forms  mentioned  above  is  not  clear. 
Perhaps  several  independent  words  have  be- 
I'ome  confused  in  form.]  1.  Formerly,  a  per- 
son in  the  first  or  probationary  stage  of  knight- 
liood;  a  knight  not  powerful  enough  to  display 
Ills  banner  in  the  field,  and  who  therefore  fol- 
lowed the  banner  of  another;  a  knight  of  low 
rank.  See  knight  bachelor,  under  knight. 
I  seke  after  a  segge  [man]  that  I  seigh  ons, 
A  ful  bolde  bacheler  I  knew  him  by  his  blasen. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  xvi.  179. 
■With  him  ther  was  his  sone,  a  yong  Squyer, 
A  lovyere,  and  a  lusty  bacheler. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  79. 
"Community  of  the  bachelors  of  England,"  that  is,  no 
doubt,  the  body  of  knights  —  the  tenants  in  chivalry,  the 
landowners  below  the  rank  of  the  baronage, 

Stiibbs,  Const,  Hist,,  §  176. 

2.  In  universities  and  colleges :  (a)  Before  the 
fifteenth  century,  a  yoimg  man  in  apprentice- 
ship for  the  degree  of  master  in  one  of  the 
higher  faculties,  that  is,  of  theology,  law,  or 
medicine,  (b)  In  modern  use,  a  person  who 
has  taken  the  first  degree  (baccalaureate)  in  the 
liberal  arts  and  sciences,  or  in  divinity,  law, 
medicine,  etc.,  at  a  college  or  university:  as, 
a  bachelor  of  arts;  a  bachelor  of  science.  See 
baccalaureate.  Originally,  a  bachelor  had  not  neces- 
sarily taken  any  degree  wliatever ;  but  after  tlie  fourteenth 
century  the  word,  without  ceasing  to  carry  this  significa- 
tion, was  also  applied  to  a  determinant,  or  young  man  who 
had  taken  the  lowest  degree  in  the  faculty  of  arts.  This 
degi-ee  seems  to  have  been  conferred  not  by  the  chancel- 
lor nor  by  the  faculty,  but  only  by  the  "nation."  It  was 
not  accompanied  by  any  regular  diploma,  but  testimonial 
letters  were  furnished  if  desired.  In  order  to  be  admitted 
to  the  degree,  it  was  requisite  for  the  candidate  to  be  four- 
teen years  of  age,  to  liave  followed  a  three  years'  course  in 
logic  in  the  university,  and  also  to  sustain  a  disputation, 
called  the  determinance.  There  were  in  the  middle  ages 
three  orders  of  bachelors  of  theology.  The  lower  order 
consisted  of  the  ordinary  biblics  and  ct(rsors,  the  duty  of 
the  former  being  to  read  and  expound  the  Bible  from  be- 
ginning to  end,  and  that  of  the  latter  to  give  one  course 
of  lectures  upon  a  book  of  the  Old  and  another  upon  a 
book  of  the  New  Testament,  which  books  they  cliose  at 
pleasure.  Baclielors  of  the  second  order  of  theology  were 
called  sent.e7iti.ary  bachelors,  because  they  publicly  read 
and  expounded  the  Book  of  the  Sentences  of  Peter  the 
Lombard.  It  was  not,  however,  till  late  in  the  thirteenth 
century  that  any  baclielor  was  permitted  to  lecture  on  the 
Sentences.  According  to  the  law,  the  lectures  of  the  sen- 
tentiary  bachelors  had  to  include  the  reading  of  the  text  of 
the  author,  and  the  explanation  of  it  phrase  by  phrase ; 
and  they  were  forbidden  to  trench  upon  questions  of  logic 
and  rnetaphysics.  They  also  made  certain  acts  called 
principia.  See  principium.  As  soon  as  the  sententiary 
had  completely  finished  the  exposition  of  Uie  Sentences, 
he  became  a  formed  bachelor  (baccala.rius  formatus),  and 
had  still  to  continue  his  theological  studies  for  three  years 
longer  before  he  could  be  licensed  to  preach  and  to  teach 
as  a  master. 

3.  A  man  of  any  age  who  has  not  been  married. 
It  was  my  turquoise  :  I  had  it  of  Leah  when  I  was  a 

bachelor:  I  would  not  have  given  it  for  a  wilderness  of 
monkeys.  Shak.,  M,  of  V.,  iii.  1. 

4t.  A  woman  who  has  not  been  married. 

He  would  keep  you 
A  bachelor  still,  by  keeping  of  your  portion  ; 
And  keep  you  not  alone  without  a  husband. 
But  in  a  sickness,  B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  ii.  1. 

5.  In  London  livery  companies,  a  person  not 
yet  admitted  to  the  livery. — 6.  A  local  name 
in  the  United  States  of  a  fish,  Pomoxis  annu- 
laris, of  the  Mississippi  valley ;  a  crappie. 

Sometimes  incorrectly  spelled  batchelor. 
Budge  bachelors.    See  budgeS.— Knight  bachelor. 

See  knight. 

The  body  bachelorhood  (bach'e-lor-hiid),  «.  [<  bachelor 
+  -hood.]  The  state  or  condition  of  being  a 
bachelor  or  unmarried  man. 

I  can  fancy  nothing  more  cruel  after  a  long  easy  life  of 
bachelorhood  than  to  have  to  sit  day  after  day  with  a  dull 
handsome  woman  opposite.   Thackeray,  Newcomes,  II.  ii. 

Keeping  in  bachelorhood  those  least  likely  to  be  long- 
lived,  //.  Spencer,  Study  of  Sociol.,  p,  95. 


bachelor  (bach'e-lgr),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bachelorism  (bach'e-lor-izm),  n.  [<  bachelor 
bacheler,  batcheler,  batchelor,  -ar,  -our,batchler,  +  4sm.]  1.  The  state  of  being  a  bachelor; 
etc.;  <  ME.  bacheler,  bachiler,  bachler,  etc.,  <  bachelorhood. —  2,  A  trait  or  habit  peculiar  to 
(a)  OF.  bacheler  =  It,  baccalare  =  Pr.  bacalar,    a  bachelor. 


bachelor's-buttons 

bachelor's-buttons  (baeh'e-lorz-but'nz),  rt.  pi. 
[Said  to  be  so  named  because  country  youths 
used  to  carry  the  flower  in  their  pockets  to 
divine  their  success  with  their  sweethearts.] 

1.  The  popular  name  of  several  plants,  as  the 
double-flowered  variety  of  Lychnis  diurna  (the 
red  campion),  Centaurea  nigra  (knapweed), 
but  chiefly  the  double-flowered  varieties  of 
Ranunculus  aconitifolius  (white  bachelor's-but- 
tons) and  Ranunculus  acris  (yellow  bachelor's- 
buttons).  The  name  is  also  given  to  the  ragged-robin 
(Lychnis  Flos-cuculi),  to  the  globe-amaranth  {Gomphrena 
globosa),  to  the  Scabiosa  succisa,  and  in  some  parts  of  the 
United  States  to  Polygala  lutea  and  to  other  plants. 

2.  A  name  for  the  seeds  of  Strychnos  Nux- 
vomica,  formerly  used  for  poisoning  rats.  Dun- 
glison. 

bachelorship  (bach'e-lor-ship),  n.  [<  bachelor 
+  -s/iip.]  The  state  or  condition  of  being  a 
bachelor  in  any  sense ;  the  rank  or  degree  of  a 
bachelor ;  the  unmarried  state  of  a  man. 

bachle^,  n.    See  bauchle^. 

bachle4,  'v.  t.  An  obsolete  Scotch  form  of  baffle. 

bacile  (ba-che'le),  n. ;  pi.  bacili  (-le).  [It.,  < 
ML.  bacile,  baccile,  bachile,  a  basin,  a  dry  mea- 
sure ;  cf .  bacinus,  baccinus,  bacchinus,  bachinus, 
a  basin,  a  dry  measure:  see  basin."]  1.  In 
ceratn.,  a  basin  or  deep  dish:  in  use  ia  English 
for  an  ornamental  vessel  of  Italian  make  and 
of  that  shape,  especially  for  a  vessel  of  enam- 
eled and  lustered  pottery. —  2.  In  metrology, 
same  as  bachel. 

bacillar  (bas'i-lar),  a.  [<  L.  bacillum  or  NL.  ba- 
cillus, q.  v.,  +  -aV.]  1.  Belonging  or  pertaining 
to  the  genus  Bacillus. —  2.  Eesembling  in  form 
a  short  rod  or  bacillus;  baeilliform.  As  applied 
to  the  valves  of  diatoms,  it  indicates  that  their  greatest 
dimension  is  in  a  direction  parallel  to  the  line  of  juncture 
of  the  two  valves  ;  that  is,  they  are  longer  than  broad,  and 
therefore  rod-like.    See  cut  under  bacillus. 

Bacillaria  (bas-i-la'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  bacillus  + 
-aria.]  A  genus  of  microscopic  algse,  belong- 
ing to  the  class  Diatomaceee.  They  consist  of  slen- 
der rectangular  segments,  arranged  in  tabular  or  oblique 
series.  The  compound  segments  of  frustules  are  inces- 
santly slipping  backward  and  forward  over  each  other. 
They  are  frequent  on  the  coasts  of  Great  Britain. 

Bacillariacese  (bas-i-la-ri-a'sf-e),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Bacillaria  +  -acece.]    Same  as  Diatomaceee. 

bacillary  (bas'i-la-ri),  a.  [<  bacillus  +  -ary.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  bacilli;  char- 
acterized by  the  presence  or  agency  of  baciUi. 

—  2.  Having  the  form  of  small  rods  Bacillary 

layer,  the  layer  of  rods  and  cones  of  the  retina.  See  retina. 

bacilli,       Plural  of  bacillus. 

bacillian  (ba-sil'i-an),  a.  [<  bacillus  +  -ian.] 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  bacillus: 
as,  "bacillian  parasites,"  B.  W.  Richardson. 

bacillicide  (ba-sil'i-sid),  n.  [<  NL.  bacillus  + 
L.  -cida,  <  ccedere,  kill.]  A  substance  em- 
ployed to  kill  bacilli  or  infectious  germs;  a 
germicide. 

A  combination  of  lime  with  chlorine,  perhaps  the  best 
of  all  the  bacillicides,  is  very  generally  employed. 

Disinfectants,  p.  19. 

bacillicidic  (ba-sil-i-sid'ik),  a.  [<  bacillicide  + 
-ic]    Destructive  to  bacilli. 

bacilliculture  (ba-sil'i-kul-tur),  «.  [<  NL.  ba- 
cillus +  L.  cultura,  cultureT]  The  cultivation 
of  bacteria  in  vegetable  or  animal  infusions  or 
otherwise,  for  purposes  of  investigation. 

baeilliform  (ba-sil'i-form),  a.  [<  NL.  bacillus 
+  L.  forma,  fonn.]  Of  the  form  of  a  small 
rod ;  rod-shaped ;  bacillar  in  form. 

bacillus  (ba-sil'us),  «. ;  pi.  bacilli  (-i).  [NL., 
a  particular  use  of  LL.  bacillus,  L.  bacillum,  a 
little  rod  or  staff,  dim.  of  L.  baculus,  baculum, 
a  stick,  staff;  cf.  Gr.  panrpov,  a  staff,  perhaps 
akin  to  (ia'iveiv,  go,  = 
L.  venire  =  E.  cotne.] 
1.  In  anat.,  a  little 
rod  or  rod-like  body, 
as  one  of  the  rods  of 
the  retina. — 2.  An 
individual  of  the 
genus  Bacillus. —  3. 
[cop.]  A  so-called 
genus  of  the  micro- 
scopical vegetable 
organisms  knovm  as 
bacteria,  having  the 
form  of  very  slender 
straight  filaments, 
short  or  of  moderate 
length,  and  consist- 
ing of  one  or  more 
elongated  cylindri- 
cal  joints.      Several      „    .,,     . .  , ,  j 

f  "  .      ^^^^^^^       Bacillus,  highly  magnified.— Up- 

lorms,  or  species,  are  rec-  per  figure.  B.  anthracts  ;  lower  fig- 
Ogmzed.  Of  these,  B.  sub-    ure,  comma  bacillus. 


411 

tUis  is  found  in  rennet,  and  is  the  agent  in  butyric  fer- 
mentation ;  B.  anthrads  causes  the  disease  known  as  an- 
thrax or  charbon  ;  and  B.  amylobacter  is  one  of  the  species 
which  produce  putrefaction.  Other  species  are  believed 
to  cause  tuberculosis,  leprosy,  and  cholera.  The  comma 
bacillus,  which  is  asserted  to  be  always  present  in  the 
course  of  the  last-named  disease,  is  peculiar  in  having  a 
more  or  less  curved  form.  See  Bacterium  and  Schizo- 
mycetes. 

4.  [cap.]  In  entom.,  a  genus  of  orthopterous 
gressorial  insects,  of  the  family  Phasmidce  ;  the 
walking-sticks. —  5t.  Medicine  made  up  into  a 
long  round  figure  like  a  stick.    Kersey  (1708). 

bacint,  »•    An  obsolete  form  of  basin. 

bacinett,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  basinet. 

bacino  (ba-che'no),  «.;  pi.  bacini  (-ne).  [It.,  a 
basin :  see  basin.]  In  coram.,  one  of  the  dishes 
of  richly  colored  pottery  which  are  found  built 
into  the  walls  of  certain  medieval  buildings  in 
Italy,  especially  at  Pesaro,  Pisa,  Eome,  and 


backi  (bak),  n.  [<  ME.  bale,  <  AS.  bwc  =  OS. 
baJc  =  OFries.  bek  =  MD.  bak  (D.  bak-  in 
comp.)  —  LG.  bak  (also  in  comp.,  bak-,  >  G. 
back-  in  comp.,  also  separately,  back,  fore- 
castle) =  Icel.  Sw.  bak  =  Dan.  bag,  back. 
Cf.  AS.  hrycg,  back,  E.  ridge.]  1.  The  whole 
hinder  part  of  the  human  body,  opposite  the 
front  and  between  the  sides,  or  the  upper  part 
of  the  body  of  most  animals;  technically, 
the  spinal,  dorsal,  or  tergal  portion,  surface, 
or  aspect  of  the  trunk,  extending  from  the 
scruff  of  the  neck  between  the  shoulders  to  the 
buttocks,  hams,  or  bifurcation  of  the  body  at 
the  legs;  the  tergum;  the  dorsum;  the  notae- 
um. —  2.  The  coi-responding  or  related  portion 
of  any  part  or  organ  of  the  body ;  the  posterior 
aspect  of  a  thing ;  the  part  opposite  to  or  fur- 
thest from  the  front,  or  in  any, way  correlated 
with  the  back  of  the  trunk :  as,  the  back  of  the 
head,  neck,  arm,  leg;  the  back  of  the  hand; 
the  back  of  the  mouth. —  3.  Anything  resem- 
bling the  back  in  position,  (a)  As  being  behind 
or  furthest  from  the  face  or  front,  like  the  back  in  man : 
as,  the  back  of  a  house. 

Trees  set  upon  the  backs  of  chimneys  do  ripen  fruits 
sooner.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

(6)  As  being  behind,  or  in  the  furthest  distance,  with  ref- 
erence to  the  spectator,  speaker,  scene  of  action,  etc. :  as, 
the  back  of  an  island  ;  the  back  of  a  wood ;  the  back  of  a 
village,  (c)  As  being  the  part  which  comes  behind  in  the 
ordinary  movements  of  a  thing,  or  when  it  is  used :  as, 
the  back  of  a  knife,  saw,  etc.  (d)  As  forming  the  upper, 
and  especially  the  outer  and  upper,  portion  of  a  thing, 
like  the  back  of  one  of  the  lower  animals :  as,  the  back  of 
a  hand-rail ;  the  back  of  a  rafter,    (e)  The  ridge  of  a  hill. 

The  mountains  huge  appear 
Emergent,  and  their  broad  bare  backs  upheave. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  286. 

O'er  the  long  backs  of  the  bushless  downs. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
(/)  As  being  that  which  supports  the  ribs  :  as,  the  back  of 
a  ship  (namely,  the  keel  and  keelson).  See  broken-backed, 
(g)  The  upright  hind  part  of  a  chair,  serving  as  a  support 
for  the  back,  (h)  In  bot.,  the  outer  side  of  an  organ,  or 
,  the  side  turned  away  from  the  axis  :  as,  the  back  of  a  leaf 
or  of  a  carpel. 

4.  By  synecdoche,  the  whole  body,  with  refer- 
ence to  clothing,  because  the  back  is  usually 
most  fully  covered:  as,  he  has  not  clothes  to 
his  back. 

I  bought  you  a  dozen  of  shirts  to  your  back. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  3. 

5t.  Clothing ;  a  garment  to  cover  the  back. 

And  owre  bakkes  that  moth-eaten  be. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  x.  362. 

6.  pi.  In  the  leather  trade,  the  thickest  and 
best-tanned  hides. —  7t.  The  address  of  a  let- 
ter, formerly  vrritten  on  the  back  of  the  letter 
itself.  Scott. —  8t.  A  reserve  or  secondary  re- 
source. 

This  project 
Should  have  a  back,  or  second,  that  might  hold. 
If  this  should  blast  in  proof.      Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  7. 

9.  In  ship-building,  a  timber  bolted  on  the 
after  end  of  the  nidder,  to  complete  its  form. 
— 10.  In  metal-mining,  the  poi-tion  of  the  lode 
which  lies  between  any  level  or  stope  and  the 
one  next  above  it,  or  the  surface.  Generally, 
the  backs  are  the  unstoped  portions  of  the  lode, 
as  far  as  laid  open,  and  ready  to  be  mined  or 
stoped. — 11.  In  coal-mining :  (a)  Same  as /ace. 
(6)  The  inner  end  of  a  heading  where  work  is 
going  on. — 12.  lu  foot-ball,  a  position  behind 
the  line  of  rushers,  or  a  player  in  this  position : 
called  quarter-back,  half-back,  three-quarters- 
back,  or  full-back,  according  to  the  distance 
from  the  rushers — Back  and  belly,  (a)  Before  and 
behind  ;  all  over  :  as,  to  beat  a  person  back  and  belly,  (b) 
With  clothes  and  food :  as,  to  keep  a  person  back  and  belly 
(to  keep  him  in  clothes  and  food).  [Vulgar.  ]  —  Back  and 
breast,  the  usual  term  in  the  seventeenth  century  for 
the  body-armor  of  the  period.  It  consisted  of  a  solid 
breastplate  in  one  piece,  generally  considered  bullet- 


back  - 

proof,  and  a  lighter  backpiece,  the  two  secured  together 
under  the  arms,  usually  by  straps  and  buckles. 
Armed  with  back  and  breast,  head  piece  and  bracelets. 

6'co(t  Legend  of  Montrose. 
Back  and  edget,  wholly  ;  compleftly. 
They  have  engaged  themselves  ours  back  and  edge. 

Lady  Alimony,  iiL 

Back  of  a  book,  that  part  of  the  cover  to  which  the  two 
sides  are  attached  and  on  which  the  title  is  usually  printed. 

—  Back  of  a  bow,  in  archery,  the  exterior  side  of  a  bow, 
which  is  convex  when  the  bow  is  bent.  In  modern  Euro- 
pean bows  tills  part  is  Hat.  See  belly,  8  (;)). — Back  Of  a 
band-rail,  the  upper  surface :  the  under  side  is  the  breast. 

—  Back  of  a  hip-rafter,  the  upper  edge  of  the  rafter 
shaped  to  ttie  angle  which  the  adjoining  sides  make  with 
each  other.  See  cut  under  At/x— Back  Of  an  arch  or 
vault,  the  extrados,  or  outer  curve  or  face.  See  first 
cut  under  accA.— Back  Of  a  roof-rafter,  its  upper  sur- 
face.—  Back  of  a  slate,  in  roofinn,  the  upper  or  weather 
side.— Back  of  a  window,  the  wainscoting  below  the 
sash-frame,  extending  to  the  floor. — Backs  and  Gutters, 
a  miners'  name  for  jointed  rock-structures,  the  backs  run- 
ning in  lines  more  or  less  parallel  to  the  strike  of  the 
strata,  and  forming  the  "back"  of  the  quarry,  and  the 
cutters  crossing  them  at  right  angles. — Behind  one's 
back,  in  secret,  or  when  one  is  absent. 

I  confess,  Mr.  Surface,  I  cannot  bear  to  hear  people  at- 
tacked behind  their  backs ;  and  when  ugly  circumstances 
come  out  against  our  acquaintance,  I  own  I  always  love 
to  think  the  best.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  i.  1. 

Lazy-back,  a  high  back-bar  in  a  carriage-seat.  It  is  some- 
times made  so  as  to  be  removable  at  will.    E.  II.  Knight. 

—  Mitered  back,  in  bookbinding,  a  back  having  lines, 
usually  in  gold,  connected  and  mitered  in  square  panels 
by  means  of  cross-lines  between  the  bands.. —  Run-up 
back,  in  bookbinding,  a  back  having  two  lines,  usually  in 
gold,  on  its  outer  edges,  running  off  at  top  and  bottom. 
Distinguished  from  the  mitered  back  (which  see). —  Small 

of  the  back,  the  loins ;  the  reins.-  The  back  of  beyond. 

See  beyond, — To  be  On  another's  back,  to  be  severe  on 
one  for  any  fault  or  foolisli  act ;  chide  ;  ridicule.  [Colloq.] 

—  To  be  on  one's  (own)  back,  to  be  at  the  end  of  one's 
resources;  be  aground.  [Colloq.]  —  To  bow  down  the 
back,  to  submit  to  oppression.   Eom.  xi.  10. — To  break 

the  back.  See  break.— To  cast  behind  the  back,  in 

Scrip. :  (a)  To  forget  and  forgive.  Is.  xxxviii.  17.  (b)  To 
treat  with  contempt.  Ezek.  xxiii.  35;  Neh.  ix.  26. — TO 
get  one's  back  up,  to  resist ;  be  obstinate.  See  to  put 
one's  back  up,  below.  [Colloq.]  —  To  give  a  back,  to  bend 
the  back  and  keep  it  firm  so  as  to  allow  another  to  leap 
over  one  by  placing  his  hands  upon  the  back,  or  to  mount 
up  to  anything.  [Colloq.]— To  make  a  back.  Same  as 
to  give  a  back. — To  put  or  get  one's  back  up,  to  show 
antipathy  or  aversion ;  resist ;  be  angry  or  indignant :  a 
metaphor  probably  taken  from  the  habits  of  frightened  or 
angry  cats.  [Colloq.]  —  TO  see  the  back  Of,  to  get  rid  of. 

—  To  turn  the  back  on  one,  to  forsake  or^neglect  him. 

back^  (bak),  a.  [<  back^,  n.,  and  back^,  adv.,  the 
attributive  use  of  the  noun,  as  in  backbone, 
mingling  with  that  of  the  adv.,  as  in  back  yard, 
the  yard  which  is  back,  back  spring,  a  spring 
backward,  etc.  As  with /ore,  hind,  after,  etc., 
there  is  no  definite  dividing  line  between  the 
separate  adj.  use  and  the  use  in  composition.] 

1.  Lying  or  being  behind ;  opposite  to  the  front; 
hinder ;  rear :  as,  the  back  part  of  anything ;  a 
back  door  or  window ;  back  stairs ;  the  back  side 
of  a  field. 

I  will  take  away  mine  hand,  and  thou  shalt  see  my  bach 
parts  :  but  my  face  shall  not  be  seen.         Ex.  xxxiii.  23. 

Hence  —  2.  Away  from  the  front  position  or 
rank ;  remote  in  place  or  condition;  far  in  the 
rear,  literally  or  figuratively :  as,  the  back  set- 
tlements of  a  country. 

In  December  we  had  two  insurrections  of  the  back  in- 
habitants of  our  province.       Franklin,  Autobiog.,  p.  315. 

3.  In  a  backward  direction ;  returning  in  the 
direction  whence  it  came:  as,  a  back  stroke; 
back  water.  [In  this  sense  properly  with  a 
hyphen.] — 4.  InaiTear;  overdue :  as,  6acA: pay 
or  rents — Back  action.  See  action.—  Back  cylinder- 
head,  that  head  of  a  cylinder  through  which  the  piston- 
rod  passes  in  locomotives  :  the  opposite  head  in  stationary 
engines. 

backi  (bak),  adv.  [By  apheresis  for  aback,  < 
ME.  abak,  <  AS.  on  bcec :  see  aback  and  backi-, 
n.]  1.  To  or  toward  the  rear;  backward;  in 
the  reverse  direction:  as,  to  step  or  shrink 
back;  the  tide  flowed  back. 

All  shrank  back  aghast,  and  left  the  denouncer  of  woe 
standing  alone  In  the  centre  of  the  hall. 

Irving,  Granada,  p.  23. 

2.  From  forward  motion  or  progress;  from  ad- 
vancing or  advancement ;  in  a  state  of  restraint, 
hindrance,  or  retardation :  with  such  verbs  as 
keep  and  hold :  as,  he  was  held  back  -with  diflfi- 
culty ;  the  police  kept  back  the  crowd. 

The  Lord  hath  kept  thee  back  from  honour. 

Num.  .\xiv.  11. 

3.  To  or  toward  one's  (its  or  their)  original 
starting-point,  place,  or  condition:  as,  to  go 
back  to  the  city,  to  one's  old  occupation,  to 
one's  former  belief. 

I  must  bear  answer  back 
How  you  excuse  my  brother.    Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iv.  3. 

Each  successive  wave  rushes  forward,  breaks,  and  rolls 
tacit.  J/acau/di/,  Sir  J.  Mackintosh. 

4.  From  a  present,  usual,  or  natural  position ; 
in  a  direction  opposite  to  some  other,  expressed 


back 

or  understood;  backward:  as,  to  bend  laclc 
one's  linger ;  to  force  back  the  bolt  of  a  door. 

The  angel  of  the  Lord  .  .  .  came  and  rolled  back  the 
stone  from  tlie  door.  jiat.  xxviii.  2. 

5.  To  or  toward  times  or  things  past:  back- 
ward m  time :  as,  to  look  hack  on  former  ages. 

, ,  ,   ,  that  constant  Time 

Would  but  go  hack  a  week  .' 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Love's  Cui-e,  v.  3. 
Volumes  of  this  form  dated  back  two  hundred  years  or 
Hawthunie,  Old  Manse. 
The  existence  of  this  language  [Singhalese]  has  been  taken 
back  at  least  two  thousand  yeareby  the  inscriptions  found 
by  Goldschmidt  of  the  Archajological  Survey. 

R.  N.  Oust,  Mod.  Lang.  E.  Indies,  p.  02. 

6.  From  the  proper  destination  or  purpose: 
as,  to  keep  hack  despatches. 

A  certain  man  named  Ananias,  with  Sapphira  his  wife 
sold  a  possession,  and  kept  back  part  of  the  price. 

Acts  V.  1,  2. 

7.  Away  from  an  undertaking,  engagement,  or 
promise. 

I've  been  surprised  in  an  unguarded  hour, 
But  umst  not  now  go  back.  AddisoUr 


412 

That  snug  and  comfortable  retreat  which  generally  back 
the  warerooms  of  an  English  tradesman.  %il,ver 


backbone 

back-balance  (bak'bal"ans),  n. 


8.  In  a  position  of  retirement  or  withdrawal : 
off;  aloof:  absolutely  or  with  from:  as,  the 

.    house  stands  a  little  hack  from  the  road. 

Somewhat  back  from  the  village  street 
Stands  the  old-fashioned  country-seat. 

Longfellow,  Old  Clock. 

9.  Behind  in  position,  literally  or  figuratively 

or  as  regards  progress  made :  absolutely  or 

witho/;  as,  the  hills  hack  of  the  town ;  the  feel- 

uig  Mck  of  his  words ;  a  few  pages  hack.— 

rJ?-,,  since:  as,  a  little  &acfc. 

[CoUoq.  ] 

This  precaution,  still  more  salutary  than  offensive,  has 
for  some  years  back  been  omitted. 

Quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  106. 
11.  Again;  in  return:  as,  to  answer  hack:  to 
pay  hack  a  loan. 

"Ruth  —  daughter  Ruth  !  "  the  outlaw  shrieks 
But  no  sound  comes  6aci— he  is  standing  alone. 

Whittier,  Mogg  Megone,  i. 
To  and  backt,  forward  and  backward  ;  to  and  fro. 

This  common  body. 
Like  to  a  vagabond  flag  upon  the  stream, 
Goes  to  and  back,  lackeying  the  varying  tide. 

Shak.,  A.  andC,  i.  4. 
To  beat,  draw.  faU,  hang,  etc.,  back.  See  the  verbs, 
backi  (bak),  V.  [In  senses  I.,  1-8,  <  hack'i-,  n. : 
in  senses  I.,  9-11,  and  II.,  <  hack'^,  adv.J  I 
trans.  1.  To  furnish  with  a  back  or  backing; 
strengthen  or  support  at  the  back:  as,  to  back 
a  book ;  to  hack  an  electrotype-plate ;  to  hack 
the  armor-plates  of  a  war-vessel  with  teak.— 
2t.  To  cover  the  back  of;  clothe. 
To  breke  beggeris  bred  and  bakken  hem  with  clothis. 

Piers  Plowman  (A),  xi.  185. 

3.  To  support  or  aid,  as  with  practical  assist- 
ance, money,  authority,  influence,  etc. ;  second 
or  strengthen ;  reinforce  :  often  with  up :  as, 
in  his  efforts  he  was  backed  by  many  influen- 
tial men ;  he  hacked  up  his  argument  with  a  bet. 
Success  still  follows  him  and  backs  his  crimes. 

Addison. 

The  men  of  the  northern  Danelaw  found  themselves 
backed,  not  only  by  their  brethren  from  Ireland  but  bv 
the  mass  of  states  around  them. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  243. 

Hence— 4.  In  sporting,  to  recognize  and  sup- 
port by  standing  or  dropping:  said  of  dogs 
which  foUow  the  lead  of  a  dog  on  point. 

Both  dogs  went  off  finely;  soon  after  being  put  down 
Foreman  pointed  and  was  backed  by  Gath. 

Forest  and  Stream,  XXI.  418. 

5.  To  act  or  wager  in  favor  of ;  express  con- 
fidence m  the  success  or  superiority  of :  as,  to 
back  a  horse  in  a  race,  or  one  of  the  parties  in 
an  argument. 

I  back  him  at  a  rebus  or  a  charade  against  the  best 
rhymer  in  the  kingdom. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  i.  1. 

They  [Bedouins]  are  fond  of  backing  themselves  with 
wagers,  and  will  shoot  for  a  sheep,  the  loser  inviting  his 
friends  to  a  feast.         R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,-p.  336. 

6.  To  get  upon  the  back  of;  mount:  as,  to 
back  a  horse. 

,    ,  ^  We  both  will  back  the  winds, 

And  hunt  the  phoenix  through  the  Arabian  deserts. 

Shirley,  Grateful  Servant,  iv.  5. 
And  he  has  reached  the  northern  plain, 
And  backed  his  fire-fly  steed  again. 

J.  R.  Drake,  Culprit  Fay,  p.  59. 

7.  To  write  something  on  the  back  of;  address, 
as  a  letter;  indorse.— 8.  To  lie  at  the  back 
of;  adjoin  in  the  rear;  form  aback  or  back- 
ground to. 

That  length  of  cloistral  roof. 
Peering  in  air  and  backed  by  azure  sky. 

Wordsworth,  Near  Aquapendente. 


9.  To  carry  on  the  back.  [Colloq.] 

If  tlie  men  are  expected  to  back  the  traps  for  any  consid- 
erable distance,  the  only  admissible  articles  are,  etc. 

R.  li.  Roosevelt,  Game-Fish,  p.  306. 

10.  To  cause  to  move  backward ;  propel  back- 
ward: as,  to  hack  a  horse ;  to  back  a  boat.— 

11.  lo  reverse  the  action  of:  as,  to  back 
a  stationary  engine.  — 12.  In  coal-mininq,  to 
throw  back  into  the  gob  or  waste,  as  the  small 
slack  made  m  holing  or  undercutting  the 
coal,  aresleij.  [Leicestershire,  Eng."l_To  back 
a  chain  or  rope,  to  attach  a  preventer  to  it  so  af  to 

f  %     '''S'"  i'^'","  "--To  back  an  anchor.  See 

anchor^  «.-To  back  a  SaU,  to  brace  the  yanls  so 
that  the  \vmd  will  press  on  tlie  forward  surface  of  the 
sail.  — To  back  a  warrant,  to  sign  or  indorse  a  warrant 
issued  in  another  county  to  apprehend  an  offender— To 
back  (a  spllulIe^  off,  in  cottua-spinning,  to  reverse  the 
motion  of  inule-spiiKlles  at  the  end  of  a  stretch,  in  un- 
winding the  last  few  coils  of  the  thread  about  the  con  in 
order  to  prepare  for  its  proper  distribution  upon  the  con 
when  the  mule-carriage  returns.— To  back  the  oar^  to 
row  backwanl  so  as  to  check  the  boat%  hea!l«.,v  c.i  hf';, 

sternway  -  To  back  the  worming,  in  nv„  to 
fill  the  interstices  between  the  strands  of  a  rope,  thus  mak- 
ing the  surface  even. -To  back  up.  (a)  To  lend  support, 
aid  or  assistance  to ;  stand  by  ;  give  countenance  to :  as 
to  backup  one  s  friends.  (6)  To  move  or  force  backward ' 
as,  to  back  up  a  carriage,  (c)  To  reverse,  as  an  engine  or 
a  press,  (d)  In  electrotyping,  to  strengthen,  as  the  tliin 
shell  or  electroplate  obtained  from  a  wax  mold  of  a  form 
of  type,  an  engraved  plate,  etc.,  by  depositing  upon  its 
back  type-metal  to  a  certain  thickness,  (e)  In  base-ball 
and  similar  games,  to  stand  behind,  as  another  player  in 
order  to  stop  and  return  any  balls  that  may  pass  him :  'as 
the  center-field  backs  up  the  second-base.— To  back 
water,  to  propel  a  boat  in  the  opposite  direction  to  that 
m  which  the  prow  is  pointed,  by  reversing  the  action  of 
the  rowing  in  the  case  of  a  rowboat,  or  of  the  machinery 
in  the  case  of  a  steamboat. 

II.  iHtrans.  [_(.  hack^,  adv."]  1.  To  move  or 
go  backward:  as,  the  horse  backed;  the  train 
hacked. —  2.  To  move  in  the  reverse  direction: 
said  specifically  of  the  wind,  in  contradistinc- 
tion to  haul  (which  see),  when  it  changes  in  a 
manner  contrary  to  the  usual  circuit.  •  in  the 
northern  hemisphere,  on  the  polarsideof  the  trade-winds 
the  usual  circuit  of  changes  in  the  wind  is  from  east  bv 
the  south  to  west,  and  so  on  to  the  north.  In  the  same 
latitudes  in  the  southern  hemisphere  the  reverse  usuallv 
takes  place.  The  backing  of  tlie  wind  is  regarded  as  an 
indication  of  bad  weather.— To  back  and  flU.  (a)  To  get 
a  square-rigged  vessel  to  windward  in  a  narrow  channel 
when  the  wind  is  against  the  tide  and  there  is  no  room  for 
tacking,  by  alternately  filling  and  backing  the  sails  so  as 
to  make  the  slup  shoot  from  one  side  of  the  channel  to 
the  other  while  being  carried  on  by  the  tide.  Hence  - 
(b)  io  be  vacillating  or  irresolute ;  shilly-shally.— To  back 
astern.  See  astern.— Ho  back  dO'VTO,  to  recede  from  a 
position ;  abandon  an  argument  or  opinion  ;  give  in  —  To 
back  out,  to  retreat  from  a  difficulty  or  withdraw  from 
an  engagement. 

backet,  w.  The  earlier  form  of  bat^. 
back3  (bak),  n.  [<  D.  bak,  a  bowl,  tray,  = 
Dan.  bakke,  a  tray,  <  F.  bac,  a  trough,  basin, 
a  brewer's  or  distiller's  back,  also  a  ferry- 
boat; cf.  Bret,  bak,  bag,  a  boat,  ML.  hacus, 
baccus,  a  ferry-boat,  hacca,  a  bowl  ('vas  aqua- 
rium'); origin  uncertain.  Cf.  basin,  from  the 
same  source.]  1.  A  large  flat-bottomed  fer- 
ry-boat, especially  one  adapted  for  caiTying 
vehicles,  and  worked  by  a  chain  or  rope  fas- 
tened on  each  side  of  the  stream.— 2.  A  large 
cistern  or  vat  used  by  brewers,  distillers,  dyers, 
etc.,  for  holding  liquids;  a  large  tub  or  trough. 
—  3.  A  kind  of  wooden  trough  for  holding  or 
caiTying  fuel,  ashes,  etc. ;  a  coal-scuttle :  com- 
monly m  the  diminutive  form  hakey.  [Scotch.] 
Narrowly  escaping  breaking  my  shins  on  a  turf  back. 

Scott,  Rob  Roy,  III.  13. 

backache  (bak'ak),  n.    Any  dull  or  continuous 
pain  in  the  back. 

backache-brake  (bak'ak-brak),  n.   A  name  of 

the  lady-fern,  Asplenium  Filix-fcemina. 
backache-root  (bak'ak-rot),  n.    The  button 

snakeroot,  Liatris  spicata. 
back-action  (bak'ak"shon),  a.  In  marine  engin., 
having  the  connections  between  the  piston-rod 
and  crank  reversed:  as,  a  hack-action  steam- 
engine.    See  action. 
backarack,  n.    See  Bacharach. 
backaret,  interj.    [Perhaps  for  back  there.  The 
.spelling  haccare,  orig.  hacare,  in  the  passage  of 
Shakspere  has  led  to  the  fancy  that  the  word 
IS  dog-Latin,  based  on  E.  hack.']    Stand  back! 
go  back! 

Ah,  backare,  quod  Mortimer  to  his  sowe. 

Udall,  Roister  Doister. 
Backare,  quoth  Mortimer  to  his  sow,  see 
Mortimer's  sow  speaketh  as  good  Latyn  as  hee. 

Heywood. 

[A  proverbial  saying,  derived  apparently  from  some  local 
anecdote.] 

Baccare  !  you  are  marvellous  forward. 

Shak.,  1.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 


— N —  — "  Aweightused 
as  a  counterbalance  for  an  eccentric,  or  an  ec- 
centric pulley  or  gear, 
back-band  (bak'band),  «.    a  broad  strap  or 
chain  passing  over  the  saddle  of  a  cart-  or  ear- 
riage-horse,  and  used  to  suiiport  the  shafts. 
Called  in  Scotland  a  rigividdic. 
back-bar  (bak'biir),  «.    The  horizontal  bar  in 
the  old  English  open  fireplace,  on  which  the 
heavy  kettle  was  hung  over  the  fire, 
backbeart  (bak'bar),  «.    in  old  Eng.  forest  latv, 
tiie  act  ot  cariyiug  on  the  back  venison  killed 
illegally.    See  backcarrij. 
backbite  (bak'bit),  v. ;  pret.  backbit,  pp.  hack- 
bitten,  backbit,  ppr.  backbiting.     [<  ME.  huk- 
hiten,  earlier  bacbiten  (=  Icel.  hakhlta  (Haldor- 
sen),  appar.  from  E.),  <  bac,  bak,  n.,  the  back, 
or,  more  prob.,  <  bak,  adv.  (though  this,  the 
apheretic  form  of  ahak,  aback,  is  not  found  in 
ML.  except  m  eomp.  and  deriv.),  -t-  biten,  bite- 
see  hack^  and  bite.]    I.  trans.  To  injure  moral- 
ly in  a  manner  comparable  to  biting  from  be- 
hind ;  attack  the  character  or  reputation  of  se- 
cretly; censure,  slander,  or  speak  evil  of  in 
absence:  rarely  with  a  thing  as  object. 
And  eke  the  verse  of  famous  Poets  witt 
He  does  backcbite.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  iv.  32. 

Most  untruelye  and  maliciously  doe  these  evill  tonges 
backbite  and  slaunder  the  sacred  ashes  of  that  personage. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

II.  intrans.  To  slander  or  speak  evil  of  the 
absent. 

To  be  prynces  in  pryde  and  pouerte  to  dispise, 
lo  bakbite,  and  to  bosten  and  here  fals  witnesse. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  ii.  80. 
He  that  backbiteth  not  with  his  tongue.  Ps.  xv.  3. 

They  are  arrant  knaves,  and  will  backbite. 

Sliak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  i. 
backbiter  (bak'bl'ter),  n.    One  who  slanders, 
calumniates,  or  speaks  ill  of  the  absent. 

Satirists  describe  the  age,  and  backbiters  assign  their  de- 
scriptions to  private  men.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  242. 

Nine  tithes  of  times 
lace-fiatterers  and  backbiters  are  the  same. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien, 
backbiting  (bak'bi'ting),  «.    [ME.  bachiting, 
bachitung;  verbal  n.  of  backhite.]    The  act  of 
slandering  the  absent;  secret  calumny. 

Envyings,  wraths,  strifes,  backbitings,  whisperings. 

2  Cor.  xii.  20. 

backbitingly  (bak'bi'ting-li),  adv.  With  back- 
biting. 

back-block  (bak'blok),  n.  In piano-makinq,  see 

iiTest-hlock. 

backboard  (bak'bord),  n.  [<  hack^,  n.,  +  board. 
The  AS.  ba-cbord  (=  D.  LG.  bakhoord  (>  G.  back- 
hord,  P.  hahord)  =  Dan.  bagbord  =  Icel.  hak- 
hordh,  also  bakbordhi)  means  'larboard.']  A 
board  for  the  back ;  a  board  placed  at  the  back 
or  serving  as  the  back  of  something.  Speciflcaiiy- 
(a)  A  board  placed  across  the  stern-sheets  of  a  boat  to  sup- 
port the  backs  of  the  occupants,  (b)  A  small  strip  of  wood 
used  to  support  the  back  and  give  erectness  to  the  figure. 

A  careful  and  undeviating  use  of  the  backboard  .  .  is 
recommended  as  necessary  to  the  acquirement  of  that 
dignified  deportment  and  carriage  so  requisite  for  every 
young  lady  of  fashion.  Thackeray. 
(c)  A  board  used  in  a  lathe  to  sustain  the  pillars  support- 
ing the  puppet-bar.  (rf)  In  English  [Yorkshire]  coal-min- 
ing,  a  thirl  or  cross-hole  communicating  with  the  return 
air-course.  Gresley. 

back-bond  (bak'bond),  n.  In  Scots  law,  a  deed 
attaching  a  qualification  or  condition  to  the 
terms  of  a  conveyance  or  other 
instrument, 
backbone  (bak'bon'),  n.  [ME. 
bakhone,  hakhon,bacbon  ;  <back^ 
+  bonei.]  1.  The  bone  of  the 
middle  line  of  the  back;  the 
spine;  the  vertebral  column; 
the  vertebra  collectively. —  2. 
Something  resembling  a  back- 
bone in  appearance,  position, 
or  oflSce :  as,  the  Apennines  are 
the  backbone  of  Italy. 

The  plutocrats,  shippers,  merchants 
and  others  who  are  the  backbone  of  the 
Conservative  party. 

R.  J.  Hinton,  Eng.  Rad.  Leaders, 
[p.  202. 

3.  Figuratively,  firmness ;  sta- 
bility of  purpose;  decision  of 
character;  resolution;  moral 
principle. 

The  civilization  is  cheap  and  weak 
which  has  not  the  backbone  of  con- 
science in  it. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  p.  202. 


Backbone  of  an  awning,  a  rope 
sewed  to  the  middle  of  a  shifTs  awning, 
and  extendingfore  and  aft,  to  strength- 
en it  and  afl'ord  it  support.— To  the 


Colt 

Human  Backbone. 
Cr,  first  cervical 
vertebra  ;  D.i.  first 
dorsal  vertebra;  L.T, 
first  lumbar  vertebra; 
S.i,  first  sacral  ver- 
tebra :  Co.i,  first  COC' 
cygeal  vertebra. 


backbone 

backbone,  to  the  utmost  extent  of  one's  power  or  nature ; 
out  and  out ;  thoroughly ;  entirely. 

Jolly  old  Burbo,  staunch  to  the  backbone. 

Bulwer,  Last  Days  of  Pompeii,  ii.  1. 

A  true-blue  Tory  to  the  backbone.  T.  Hughes. 

Game  to  the  backbone.  Trollope. 

backboned  (bak'bond'),  «•  Vertebrated ;  fur- 
nished with  a  backbone. 

backcap  (bak'kap),  v.  t.  To  depreciate  or  dis- 
parage.   [U.  S.  slang.] 

backcarryt  (bak'kar"i),  n.  In  old  Eng.  forest 
law,  the  crime  of  having  game  on  the  back,  as 
deer  unlawfully  killed.    See  backbear. 

back-casing  (bak'ka"sing),  w.  In  mining,  a 
wall  or  lining  of  dry  bricks,  used  in  sinking 
through  sand  or  gravel,  within  it  the  permanent 
wall  of  the  shaft  is  built  up,  after  the  bed-rock  or  stone- 
head  has  been  reached. 

back-cast  (bak'kast),  n.  [<  bacJc^,  adv.,  + 
ca.st,  n.}  1.  A  east  or  throw  back. —  2.  A 
backward  stroke,  or  a  stroke  driving  one  back ; 
hence,  figuratively,  any  discouragement  or 
cause  of  relapse  or  failure.  [Scotch.] 

back-cast  (bak'kast),  a.  [<  fcacfci,  adv.,  + 
cast,  pp.]  Cast  or  thrown  back:  as,  "back- 
cast  thoughts,"  Joanna  Baillie. 

back-center  (bak'sen"ter),  n.  In  a  lathe,  the 
point  of  the  back  or  dead  spindle  of  the  tail- 
stock. 

tiuned.  The  front  center  is  that  part  of  the  live  spindle 
which  is  in  the  headstock.— Back-center  screw,  in  a 
lathe,  the  screw  which  gives  longitudinal  motion  to  the 
back-center. 

back-chain  (bak'ehan),  n.  A  chain  that  passes 
over  the  saddle  of  a  horse's  harness  to  support 
the  shafts  of  a  cart  or  wagon. 

back-cloth  (bak'kloth),  n.  1.  In  calico-print- 
ing, a  reinforcing  cloth  used  to  support  a  fab- 


413 

one  for  carrying  ashes  or  cinders;  a  hod  or 
coal-scuttle.  [Scotch.] 
backfall  (bak'fal),  n.  1.  In  wrestling,  a  fall  or 
trip-up  in  which  a  wrestler  is  thrown  upon  his 
back. — 2.  In  music,  an  obsolete  melodic  deco- 
ration, nearly  like  the  modern  long  appoggia- 
tura :  called  a  double  backfall  when  prolonged. 


— -t-0  — j'^=^->,  

 1 — *-#  

:  b^t  t=: 

3=± 


3= 


3: 


Played. 


backing-boards 

trated :  as,  a  portrait  with  a  landscape  background ;  a 
group  of  figures  with  buildings  in  the  background.  In 
landscapes,  when  nu  such  evident  opposition  is  intended, 
or  when  the  chief  interest  lies  in  the  background,  the  term 
dik-tance  is  properly  used  to  denote  the  more  distant  planes 
in  the  picture,  as  distinguished  from  the  foreground  and 
the  middle  distance. 

Here  we  see  the  rude  and  simple  expedient  by  which, 
to  atone  for  the  want  of  aerial  i)crspective,  the  vase- 
painters  indicated  the  background  of  their  compositions, 
i'igui-es  more  distant  from  the  eye  are  always  representt'd 
seated  or  standing  on  a  higher  level  than  figures  in  the 
foregi-ound.         C.  T.  Newton,  Art  and  Archieol.,  p.  3»8. 

Tlie  leafless  trees  become  spires  of  flame  in  the  sunset, 
with  the  blue  east  for  their  background. 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  2,3. 


3.  Inphotog.,  the  plain  or  decorated  screens, 
properties,  etc.,  placed  behind  the  subject  in 
taking  portraits,  especially  in  regular  gallery- 
work,  in  order  to  form  an  apjjropriate  setting 
in  the  finished  picture. 

In  organ-building,  a  lever  whose  front  end  backhand  (bak'hand), «.  and  a.    I.  n.  1.  Writ- 


Double  Backfall. 


is  raised  by  the  motion  of  a  digital  or  pedal 
transmitted  through  a  sticker  (which  see),  its 
back  end  being  correspondingly  depressed ;  a 
device  for  transforming  upward  motion  into 
downward. 

backfallert  (bak'fa'ler),  n.    [<  back!,  adv.,  + 
fuller.    Ct.  backslider.']    A  backslider;  a  rene- 
gade.   Joije,  Expos,  of  Daniel,  xi. 
It^supports  that  end  of  the  piece  which  is  to  be  backfill  (bak-fil'),  V.  i.  and  t.  In  engin.,  to  fill  (a 
.  ....„^  .,    ,  ,.     depression)  with  material  taken  froma  cutting. 

back-fillet  (bak'fir'et),  n.    The  return  of  the 


ric  which  is  being  printed. —  2.  Naut.,  a  tri- 
angular piece  of  canvas  fastened  in  the  middle 
of  a  topsail-yard  to  facilitate  the  stowing  of 
the  bunt  of  the  topsail. 

back-down  (bak'doun),  n.  The  act  of  backing 
down.    See  back^,  v. 

backed  (bakt),  p.  a.    [<  back^,  n.  or  v.,  +  -ed2.] 

In  composition,  having  a  back  (vnth  the  qual- 
ity or  characteristic  noted  in  the  first  part 
of  the  word):  as,  a  high-backed  chair;  hump- 
backed;  hToad-backed. 
Old  rickety  tables  and  chairs  hvoken-back'd.  Thackeray. 
backen  (bak'n),  t  [<  ftacfcl,  a«Zv.,  + -e»i.]  To 
hold  back ;  retard.  Halliwell.  [Local  in  Ens:, 
and  U.  S.] 

back-end  (bak'end),  n.  The  latter  end  or  part ; 
especially  (Scotch),  the  latter  part  of  autumn. 

The  hedges  will  do,  I  clipped  them  wi'  my  ain  hands 
last  back-md.  j.  Wilson. 

backer!  (bak'er),  n.  [<  hack'^,  v.,  +  -erl.]  1. 
One  who  backs  or  gets  on  the  back :  as,  a  backer 


of  untamed  horses^— 2.  One  who  backs  or  siip-  gammon  is  played 
or  who  aids  and  abets,  another  in  an  back' 


n. 

margin  of  a  groin,  or  of  a  door-  or  window-jamb, 
when  it  projects  beyond  the  face  of  the  wall. 
Such  margins  are  said  to  be  back-filleted. 
back-flap  (bak'flap),  n.  That  part  of  a  window- 
shutter  which  folds  into  a  recess  made  for  it 
in  the  window-casing, 
back-frame  (bak'fram),  n.  An  internally  gear- 
ed wheel  supporting  the  twisting  pinions  or 
whirlers  of  a  rope-making  machine, 
back-friend  (bak'frend),  n.     [<  back'^,  a.,  + 
friend.']    If.  A  false  or  pretended  friend;  a 
secret  enemy. 

Let  him  take  heed  I  prove  not  his  hack-friend. 

Massinger,  Virgin-Martyr,  ii.  1. 
Far  is  our  church  from  incroaching  upon  the  civil  pow- 
ers, as  some  who  are  backfriends  to  both  would  mali- 
ciously insinuate.  South. 
2.  A  friend  at  one's  back;  a  backer.  [Eare.] 
back-game  (bak'gam),  n.   [<  back'^,  a. ,  +  game.  ] 

1.  A  game  at  backgammon  or  chess. —  2.  A 
return-game. 

backgammon  (bak-gam'on),  n.  [Also  formerly 
baggammon ;  <  back^,  a'.',  +  gammon'^,  game  J'''^^^'         i  /i,  j 
(see  gammon'^  andgramei);  appar.  so  called  be-  backhead  (bak  hed),  w 
cause  in  certain  circumstances  the  pieces  are 
obliged  to  go  back  and  reenter.    The  reason  of  , 

the  name  is  not  certain,  but  the  formation  is  T  n  J -i  "v^'ll-^'^i 
clear.    Gt.  back-game.']    1.  A  game  played  by  ~  ^ 

two  persons  upon  a  table  or  board  made  for 
the  purpose,  with  pieces  or  men,  dice-boxes, 

and  dice.  The  board  is  in  two  parts,  usually  hinged  to- 
gether, on  which  twenty-four  spaces,  called  points,  are 
marked.  Each  player  has  fifteen  men,  with  which  move- 
ments are  made  in  accordance  with  the  numbers  turned 
up  by  the  dice,  the  object  of  each  player  being  to  advance 
his  men  to  the  last  six  points,  and  then  "  tlu'ow  them  off," 
or  remove  them  entirely  from  the  board. 

2.  A  single  bout  at  backgammon  won  by  a 
player  before  his  opponent  has  advanced  all  of 
his  men  from  the  first  six  points. 

backgammon  (bak-gam'on),  v.  t.  To  beat  by 
winning  a  backgammon.  See  backgammon, 
«.,  2. 

backgammon-board  (bak-gam'qn-bord),  w. 
The  board  or  table  on  which  the  game  of  back- 


ports, 

nndertaking,  especially  in  any  trial  of  skill, 
agility,  or  strength;  also,  one  who  bets  or 
"lays"  his  money  in  favor  of  a  particular  per- 
son, horse,  etc.,  in  a  contest;  one  who  indorses 
the  notes  or  sustains  the  credit  of  another. — 
3.  In  arcli.,  a  narrow  slate  laid  on  the  back  of 
a  broad  square-headed  one,  where  the  slates 
begin  to  diminish  in  width. — 4.  Naut.,  a  strap 
of  rope  or  sennit  fastened  to  a  yard-arm  to  se- 
cure the  head-earings  of  a  sail, 
backer^t,  ad?;.  [<  ftacA-i,  ady.,  + -erS]  Same  as 
backermore. 

backermoret,  adv.  [ME.,  a  double  compar.,  < 
backer^  +  -more.  Cf.  furthermore,  hindermost, 
etc.]    More  or  further  back. 

With  that  anon  I  went  me  backirmore. 
La  Belle  Dame  sans  Mercie,  1.  85.  (Halliwell.) 

backermostt,  «■  superl.  [<  backer"^  +  -most.] 
Backmost. 

backet  (bak'et),  n.  [<  F.  baquet,  trough,  dim. 
of  bac :  see  back^.]    A  trough  or  box,  especially 


gear  (bak'ger),  n.  The  variable  speed- 
gear  in  the  headstock  of  a  power-lathe, 
background  (bak'ground),  n.  1.  The  ground 
at  the  back  or  behind,  as  opposed  to  the  front ; 
situation  in  the  rear  of  those  objects,  considera- 
tions, etc.,  which  engage  the  attention  ;  subordi- 
nate or  secondary  position  in  contradistinction 
to  principal  or  important  position ;  place  out  of 
sight:  used  both  literally  (of  physical  objects) 
and  figuratively :  as,  there  were  mountains  in 
the  background ;  the  true  reasons  for  this  action 
were  kept  in  the  background. 

A  husband  somewhere  in  the  background.  Thackeray. 
Forbearance  and  mercy  to  enemies  are  not  unknown 
to  the  Old  Testament  ;  but  they  are  in  the  background. 

G.  P.  Fisher,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.  22. 

Specifically — 2.  The  part  of  a  picture  repre- 
sented as  furthest  from  the  spectator's  eye: 
opposed  to  foreground,    in  pictures  of  which  the  

foreground  possesses  the  chief  interest,  the  backgi-ound  is  backinsr-boaTdq   ("bak  '  inf-bordzl  n 


so  designed  as  to  enhance  the  effect  of  objects  in  the  fore 
ground,  to  which  it  is  kept  subordinate  in  color,  etc.,  often 
serving  no  other  purpose  than  tliat  of  a  mere  screen  or 
setting  behind  the  objects  iu  which  the  interest  is  concen- 


ing  which  slopes  backward  or  to  the  left:  as, 
he  writes  backhand. —  2t.  In  tennis,  the  posi- 
tion behind  the  principal  player. 

No,  faith,  that's  odds  at  tennis,  my  lord ;  not  but  if 
your  ladyship  pleases,  I'll  endeavour  to  keep  your  back- 
liand  a  little,  tho'  upon  my  soul  you  may  safely  set  me  up 
at  the  line.  Cibber,  Careless  Husband,  iv. 

II.  a.  Backhanded;  unfavorable;  unfair:  as, 
a  backhand  influence, 
backhanded  (bak'han'ded),  a.  1.  With  the 
back  of  the  hand:  as,  a  backhanded 'blow. —  2. 
Done  or  effected  with  the  hand  turned  back- 
ward, crosswise,  or  in  any  oblique  direction; 
marked  by  a  backward  slope,  direction,  or  ef- 
fect: as,  backhanded  writing;  a  backhanded 
stroke  in  sword-play  or  lawn-tennis,  in  the  lat- 
ter game  a  backhanded  stroke  is  one  that  causes  the  ball 
to  rotate  so  as  to  have  a  tendency  on  striking  the  ground 
to  bound  backward  in  the  direction  of  the  striker. 

Hence  —  3.  Figuratively,  oblique  in  meaning; 
indirect;  equivocal;  ambiguous;  sarcastic:  as, 
a  backhanded  compliment. — 4.  Twisted  in  the 
opposite  way  from  the  usual  method :  said  of  a 
rope. 

One  part  plain-laid  and  the  other  backhanded  rope. 

Luce,  Seamanship,  p.  252. 

backhandedly  (bak'han'''ded-li),  adv.  With  the 
hand  directed  backward:  as,  to  strike  back- 
handedly. 

backhandedness  (bak'han'ded-nes),  n.  The 

state  of  being  backhanded ;  unfairness, 
backhander  (bak'han'''der),  n.    A  blow  with 
the  back  of  the  hand :  as,  to  strike  one  a  back- 
hander. 

1.  The  back  part  of 
the  head:  opposed  to  forehead. —  2t.  False  hair 
worn  on  the  back  of  the  head. 

[<  back^,  a.,  + 
house.]  A  building  behind  or  back  from  the 
main  or  front  building;  hence,  in  country 
places,  especially  in  New  England,  a  privy, 
backhouse^t,  n.  Same  as  bakehouse. 
backing  (bak'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  backl,  v.] 
■  1.  Support,  physical  or  moral;  supporters  or 
backers  collectively. —  2t.  The  address  of  a  let- 
ter.— 3.  Something  placed  at  or  attached  to 
the  back  of  something  else  to  support,  strength- 
en, or  finish  it ;  the  act  of  providing  anything 
with  such  a  support.  Especially  — (a)  A  layer  or  lay- 
ers of  timber,  generally  teak,  on  which  the  iron  plates  of 
armor-clad  ships  are  bolted.  (6)  A  heavy  plating  of  wood, 
or  wood  and  iron,  supporting  the  armor-plates  of  fortifica- 
tions or  of  targets  from  behind ;  a  thick  bed  of  rammed 
sand  or  concrete  placed  behind  armored  works  or  targets. 

The  concrete  might  be  faced  with  a  comparatively  thin 
steel  plate  which  would  e.xplode  the  shell,  and  so  save  the 
backing.  London  Engineer. 

(c)  In  bookbinding,  the  curving  of  the  back  of  sewed  sheets 
intended  for  a  book,  with  intent  (1)  to  spread  the  thread 
so  that  the  book  will  not  be  thicker  at  the  back  than  at  the 
fore  edge  ;  (2)  to  make  a  secure  rest  in  the  arched  groove 
at  either  side  for  the  cover ;  (3)  to  make  the  back  flexible, 
so  that  the  leaves  of  the  book  shall  be  flat  when  open. 
Backing  is  done  by  beating  with  a  hammer  or  rolling  with 
a  machine,  {d)  In  wea  ving,  the  web  of  coarser  or  stronger 
material  at  the  back  of  such  piled  fabrics  as  velvet,  plush, 
satin,  Brussels  carpet,  etc.  (e)  In  photog.,  a  coating  of  a 
dull,  dark  pigment,  placed  on  the  back  of  the  sensitized 
plate  in  'some  classes  of  work  to  absorb  light  that  might 
otherwise  pass  through  the  film,  be  reflected  again  upon 
it  from  the  back  of  the  glass,  and  cause  an  effect  of  blur- 
ring. Such  a  backing  is  useful  in  taking  pictures  in  the 
direction  of  the  chief  light,  or  thnse  in  which  some  por- 
tions of  the  field  are  very  highly  illuminated  while  others 
adjoining  them  are  dark,  (f)  In  printing,  the  printing  of 
the  second  side  of  a  sheet.  (,'/)  In  deetrutiiping,  the  metal 
used  to  back  up  or  strengthen  an  clectnitype.  (A)  In 
theat.,  that  portion  of  a  scene  (in  a  stage  wliicli  is  revealed 
through  an  open  door  or  window. — Backing  Of  an  arch, 
the  course  of  masonry  which  rests  upon  the  extrados  of 
an  arch. 

2)1.  In 


bookbinding,  boards  of  hard  wood,  faced  with 
steel,  which  are  used  in  pairs  for  the  purpose 
of  clamping  together  the  sewed  sheets  of  an 


backing-boards  414  backstay 

^    |:^of™T^irtrio°,!LKe.^V^^LT^^^^^^^^^  back-Slang  (bak'slang),«    l<  iaclc\a.oradv., 

chamber  to  which  the  fluid  is  supplied  -\- slang,    (^t.  pahndrome.]    A  species  of  slang 

Ush  coal-mining,  boards  or  planks  plaeed^be-  ]>ackragt,  n.  See  Bacharach.  }^  which  the  words  are  pronounced  or  wi-itten 
"  ■   '    ■         -      "      ,    .   f   .   »  l''^^'-"  "t^  back-rackett  (bak'rak"et),  w.    The  return  of  a 

ball  in  tennis;  hence,  figuratively,  a  counter- 
charge. 


unbound  book  while  the  back  is  being  rounded 
with  a  hammer. 

backing-deals  (bak'ing-delz),  n.  pi.  In  Eng- 
lish coal-mining,  boards  or  planks  placed  be- 
hind the  curbs  of  a  shaft,  to  keep  the  earth 
behind  in  place. 

backing-hammer  (bak'ing-ham'er), «.  A  ham- 
mer used  in  beating  into  shape  the  backs  of 
books. 

backing-iron  (bak'ing-i'-'em),  i>.  An  iron  block 
hav-ing  upon  four  sides  longitudinal  grooves  of 

differentwidthsanddepths,  suitable  to  different  back-raking  (bak'ra"king),  n.    hx  farriery' 
hZv^^i  "'^^l'^-'^'^  «Pei-ation  by  which  hardened  faeces  Lre  -^th: 

backmg-metal  (bak  ing-met"al),  n.    A  compo-    di-awn  from  the  rectum, 
sitiou  of  type-metal,  in  which  lead  is  the  chief  back-rent  (bak'rent),  n.    1.  Arrears  of  rent.- 
3rnf^°  '"^^f ^^i-^'^^Hl™*^®-    2.  In  Scots  laic,  a  rent  paid  subsequently  to 
shell  of  copper  to  form  the  backing  of  the  elec-    reaping.    Thus.  ;hen  a  tenant  entering  with  a  lease 


Hoa.  Why,  are  not  debts  better  than  words,  sir? 
Wit.  Are  not  words  promises,  and  are  not  promises 
debts,  sir? 
Hoa.  He  plays  at  hack-racket  with  me. 

Middleton,  Trick  to  Catch  the  Old  One,  iv.  4. 


backward,  or  as  nearly  so  as  the  skill  of  the 
speaker  or  writer,  or  the  possibility  of  pro- 
nouncing the  word,  will  permit :  thus,  penny- 
becomes  yennep ;  woman,  namow,  and  so  on. 
backslide  (bak-slid'),  v.  i. ;  pret.  backslid  (some- 
times backslided),  pp.  backslid,  backslidden. 
(sometimes  backslided),  ppr.  backsliding.  [< 
back^,  adv.,  +  slide.'\  To  slide  back,  in  a  figu- 
rative sense;  apostatize;  turn  from  the  faith; 
depart  from  or  abandon  religious  principles  or 
practices. 


trot\jpe-plate. 
backing-pan  (bak'ing-pan),  «.   A  pan  in  which 
electrotype-shells  are  placed  face  downward, 
while  the  molten  metal  with  which  they  are 
backed  is  poured  over  them, 
backings  (bak'ingz),  )>.  pi.    The  refuse  of  wool 
or  flax  after  it  is  di-essed ;  the  tow  thrown  off 
by  the  second  hackling  of  flax, 
back-joint  (bak'joint),  n.   Inmasonry,  a  rebate 
such  as  that  made  on  the  inner  side  of  a  ehim- 
neypiece  to  receive  a  slip, 
backlash  (bak'lash),  91.    1.  In  mecli.,  the  jar- 
ring reaction  of  each  of  a  pair  of  wheels  upon  backrope  (bak'rop) 


is  allowed  to  reap  and  sell  his  first  crop  liefore  paying  his 
rent,  the  rent  in  this  case  is  termed  a  back-rent,  in  con- 
tradistinction to  fore-rent,  a  rent  payable  before  the  first 
crop  is  reaped. 

back-rest  (bak'rest),  n.   A  guide  attached  to 
the  slide-rest  of  a  lathe  and  placed  in  contact 
with  the  work  to  steady  it  in  tui-ning. 
back-returnt  (bak're-tem*),   n.  A 
coming  back ;  return! 

Harry's  hack-return  again  to  France. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V. 
The  hack-return  of  Charon's  boat. 


I  have  fallen  back  to  my  carnal  temper,  from  the  holy 
ways  of  God,  and  have  again  backslided. 

Bp.  Hopkins,  Works,  p.  535. 
When  persons  have  been  professors  of  religion,  and 
have  for  various  reasons  backslidden  and  declined  into  a 
carnal  and  secular  life.  //.  w.  Beecher. 

backslider  (bak-sli'der),  n.  One  who  back- 
slides, (a)  An  apostate ;  one  who  falls  from  the  faith 
and  practice  of  religion.  Prov.  .\iv.  14.  (6)  One  wha 
neglects  his  religious  vows  and  falls  into  habits  of  sin. 
going  or  backsliding  (bak-sli'ding),  n.  A  falling  back 
in  principle  or  practice ;  a  lapse  in  or  abandon- 
ment of  religious  obligation ;  apostasy. 


the  other,  produced  by  iiTegularities  of  velocity 
when  the  load  is  not  constant  or  the  moving 
power  is  not  uniform. — 2.  In  coal-mining,  the 
backward  suction  of  the  air-current  after  an  ex- 
plosion of  fire-damp._Backlash  of  a  screw,  the 

play  between  a  screw  and  its  nut  when  the  latter  is  loosely 
fitted.— Backlash-spring,  a  spring  fitted  to  a  machine  to 
keep  the  moving  parts  in  contact  and  prevent  backlash. 

backless  (bak'les),  a.  [<  back\  n.,  +  -less.} 
Without  a  back :  as,  backless  benches. 

backling,  backlings  (bak'ling,  -lingz),  adv. 


n.   Naut.:  (a) 


(cho). 

Marlowe. 

The  rope 


Our  hackslidings  are  many :  we  have  sinned  against 

Jer.  xiv.  7. 


backslidingness  (bak -sU' ding -nes),  n. 
state  of  backsliding. 


The 


[Sc.  backlins,  <  A%rba;cUn<i,  in  "adv.  phrase  on  carcass-saw 

bwcling,  back,  behind ;  <  bcec,  back,  -I-  -Una,  adv   oack-scraper  (bak  skra'per),  n.    Same  as  bach 


suffix.    Cf.  darkling,  headlong.}  Backward. 

back-lining  (bak'li"ning),  w.  In  windows,  a 
piece  of  sash-frame  parallel  to  the  pulley- 
piece  and  next  to  the  jamb  on  each  side. 

back-link  (bak'lingk),  H.  In  engines,  one  of 
the  links  in  a  parallel  motion  which  connect 
the  air-pump  rod  to  the  beam. 

backlog  (bak'log),  «.  A  large  log  placed  at  the 
back  of  an  open  wood-fire  to  sustain  combus- 
tion and  concentrate  the  heat. 

You  want,  first,  a  large  backloij,  which  does  not  rest  on 
the  andirons.  C.  D.  Warner,  Backlog  Studies,  p.  6. 

backlook  (bak'luk),  n.  Retroi 
as,  to  take  a  backlook.  [Rare.] 

back-lye  (bak'li),  n.  [<  back'^  +  lye  for  Ziel.] 
In  coal-mining,  a  siding  or  shunt  on  an  under- 
ground railway.    Gresley.    [North.  Eng.] 

back-mill  (bak'mil),  n.  A  fulling-mill.  Ure, 
Diet. 

back-mold  (bak'mold),  n.  In  reversing  mold- 
ing, that  part  of  the  mold  which  conforms  to 
the  back  of  the  pattern  or  model. 

backmost  (bak'most),  a.  superl.  [<  back\adv., 
+  -most.  Cf.  backermore.}  Hindmost.  [Rare.] 

back-overman  (bak'6"ver-man),  n.  In  coal- 
mining, a  man  whose  duty  it"  is  to  see  to  the 
safety  of  a  district  of  underground  workings, 
and  of  the  men  working  in  it,  during  the  back- 
shift.    Gresley.    [North.  Eng.] 

back-painting  (bak'pan'ting),  n.  A  method 
of  applying  varnish  colors  to  mezzotint  prints 


or  chain-stay  extending  from  the  lower  end  of   ^  „^  

the  dolphin-striker  to  each  side  of  the  bows  of  back-spear,  v.  t.    See  back-speer. 
a  ship.    {b)^A  small  rope  attached  to  the  hook  back-speed  (bak'sped),  n.    In  mech.,  a  second 
+  i.i„„u  „„.c_i,  .L-  j,^  -M-x^.^  ,1      speed-gear  of  a  lathe,  which  can  be  brought 

into  action  on  the  fore-speed,  so  that  second 
series  of  speeds  of  the  spindle  are  thereby- 
obtained. 

back-speer  (bak'sper),  ».  t.  [Sc.,  also  written 
back-spear,  -speir,  <  back^,  adv.,  -\-  speer,  ask, 
question.]  To  reexamine  or  cross-examine. 
[Scotch.] 

back-splinting  (bak '  splin  *  ting),  n.  In  coal- 
mining,  a  system  of  working  coal  over  the  goaf 
and  across  the  packs  of  a  lower  one  got  in  ad- 
vance upon  the  long-wall  method.  Gresley. 


of  the  cat-block  or  fish-hook,  to  facilitate  hook 
ing  it  on  the  anchor. -Martingale  backropes. 

see  martingale. 

back-saw  (bak'sa),  n.  A  saw  the  web  of  which 
is  stiffened  by  a  metallic  back  of  greater  sub- 
stance. Such  saws  have  specific  names  ac- 
cording to  their  use,  as  tenon-saw,  dovetail- 
etc. 


icra  teller. 

back-scratcher  (bak'skraeh'-'er),  M. 
plement  for  scratching  the  back. 


1.  An  im- 

generally 


made  of  bone  or  ivory,  in  the  form  of  a  small  back- 


hand fixed  to  a  long  slender  handle 

A  back-scratcher  of  which  the  hand  was  ivory  and  the 
handle  black.  Southey,  The  Doctor,  iv. 

2.  A  toy  of  wood  or  bone  having  a  thin  tongue 
which  presses  upon  a  toothed  wheel,  on  the 
principle  of  a  watchman's  rattle:  when  it  is 
rubbed  on  the  back  of  a  person,  it  produces  a 
„  .         -  .        .  -        sound  like  the  tearing  of  cloth. 

^''^^^  backset  (bak'set),  v.    [<  back^^,  adv.,  +  set\ 
t'.]    I.t  trans.  To  set  upon  in  the  rear. 

The  Israelites  .  .  .  [were]  backset  with  Pharaoh's  whole 
power.      Anderson,  Expos,  of  Benedictus,  fol.  71  b  (1573). 

II,  intrans.  To  plow  again,  in  the  autumn, 
prairie-land  which  has  been  plowed  for  the 
first  time  in  the  preceding  spring.  [Western 

backset  (bak'set),  n.  [<  ftacfcl,  a.  or  adv.,  +  set^, 
V.  or  ?(.]  1.  A  setting  back  or  backward,  as  the 
result  of  some  untoward  circumstance  or  op- 
posing agency;  a  check  to  progress;  retarda- 
tion, or  the  losing  of  ground ;  a  relapse :  as,  he 
suffered  more  than  one  serious  backset;  a  bank- 
set  which  appeared  to  be  fatal. — 2.  An  eddy 
or  counter-current  in  flowing  water. 

Of  course  much  of  this  was  slack  water,  or  the  backset 
caused  by  the  overflow. 


spring  (bak'spring),   w.     1.    A  .spring- 


formed  in  the  bolt  of  a  lock  by  cutting  a  longi- 
tudinal slit  near  its  upper  edge,  thus  leaving  a. 
strip  of  unsupported  metal  which  by  elastic 
pressure  springs  the  bolt  into  its  place  when  it 
is  left  by  the  key. —  2.  The  spring  at  the  rear 
of  the  body  of  a  vehicle ;  specifically,  a  C-spring- 
which  rides  up  at  the  back  of  the  carriage,  the 
body  of  the  latter  being  suspended  from  the 
forward  end.  — 3.  A  spring  backward. 

back-staff  (bak'staf),  n.  An  instrument  for- 
merly used  for  measuring  the  sun's  altitude  at 
sea :  so  called  because  in  using  it  the  observer 
turned  his  back  to  the  sun. 

backstair,  backstairs  (bak'star,  -starz),  «. 
and  a.  I.  n.  A  stair  or  stairs  in  the  back 
part  of  a  house ;  private  stairs.  [Properly  two- 
words.    See  back^,  a.,  1.] 

II,  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  stairs  in  the  back 
part  of  a  house:  as,  a  backstair  entrance. —  2. 
Indirect;  underhand;  unfair;  intriguing:  as^ 
backstair  influence. 

He's  like  a  backstair  minister  at  court,  who,  whilst  the 
reputed  favourites  are  sauntering  in  the  bed-chamber,  is- 
ruling  the  roast  in  the  closet.     Vanbrugh,  Relapse,  ii.  1. 

Is  he  not  a  back-stairs  favoirrite  —  one  that  can  do  what 
he  pleases  with  those  that  do  what  they  please? 

Goldsmith,  Good-Natured  Man,  ii. 


-  -        _  1-   -  Harper's  Mag.,  LXV.  612. 

nnrfp.r.  1«  f}^^^''  1''/'"'^^  manner  that  they  back-settler  (bak'sef'ler),  n.    One  inhabiting  back-stall  (bak'st^l),  w.    The  thief  who  walks 
1  .1?  1      f '"fs       •^^''f  •  .      ,  tlie  back  settlements  of  a  country.  behind  the  chief  operator  in  a  garrote-robbery 

baciipeaal  (bak-ped  al),     J.  .In  &(C(/dj/ifir,  to  backsheesh,  «.    See  bakshish.  to  conceal  him  when  at  work  and  make  off  with. 

Fn  P  wHiVr.''       If  dal  as  it  rises,  in  order  back-shift  (bak'shift),  n.  [<  bacJc\  a.,  +  shift.}  ,  t^e  booty.    [Thieves'  slang.]    See  garrote. 
tocheckthemovementof  the  wheel.  In  coaZ-mi«i«^,  a  second  shift  or  relay  of  hewers  ^ackstandt  (bak'stand),  n.     Support;  some- 

backpiece  (bak  pes)        A  piece  at  the  back   ^yho  begin  cutting  the  coal  after  another  set    tiling  to  fall  back  upon, 
of  somethmg;  specificaUy,  a  piece  of  armor   have  begun  to  draw  it,  at  the  same  place. 
1^1?  .ViTi!Il„iiL?l°  backside  (bak'sid'),  «.  [<  ME.  bakside;  <  back\ 

a.,  +  side.}  1.  The  back  part  or  aspect  of  any- 
thing ;  the  part  opposite  to  the  front,  or  behind 
that  which  is  presented  to  a  spectator.  [Prop- 
erly two  words  in  this  use.  See  back,  a.,  1.] 
Specifically  — 2.  The  hind  part  of  an  animal; 
the  rump:  often  (vulgarly)  in  the  plural. —  3. 
The  back  premises,  back  yard,  or  out-buildings 
attached  to  a  dwelling ;  also,  the  privy.  [Obso- 
lete or  dialectal.]  N.  E.  J). 
back-sight  (bak'sit),  n.  1.  In  surveying,  the 
reading  of  a  leveling-rod,  taken  when  looking 
back  to  a  station  which  has  been  passed.  All 
other  readings  are  called  foresights.—  2.  The 
rear  sight  of  a  gun. 
back-skin  (bak'skin),  n.  A  leather  dress  used 
by  miners  when  at  work  in  wet  places. 


with  the  breastplate  by  straps  and  buckles, 
hooks,  and  the  like.  See  back  and  breast,  un- 
der back^,  n. 

backplate  (bak'plat),  n.    Same  as  backpiece. 

back-pressure  (bak'presh"ur),  71.  Pressure 
backward  or  in  the  reverse  of  the  normal  direc- 
tion ;  specifically, 
the  resistance  of 
the  atmosphere  or 
of  waste  steam  to 
the  action  of  the 
piston  of  a  steam- 
engine.  -  Back-pres- 
sure valve,  in  mach.,  a 
valve  placed  within  a 
supply-pipe  or  over  an 
inlet-oriflce,  to  prevent 


Back-pressure  Valve. 


A  sure  staye  and  a  stedfast  backstande  at  home. 

Hall,  Hen.  VII. 

backstay  (bak'sta),  «.  1.  in  printing,  a  strap- 
of  leather  used  to  check  the  carriage  of  a 
printing-press. —  2.  In  coal-mining,  a  forked  bar 
of  wrought-iron  attached  to  the  back  of  the 
mine-car  when  ascending  an  inclined  plane, 
for  the  purpose  of  stopping  the  car  in  case  of 
accident.  [Yorkshire,  Eng.  ]  —  3.  A  rod  extend- 
ing from  the  perch  to  the  outer  end  of  the  rear 
axle  of  a  cairiage. —  4.  One  of  the  flaps  of  a 
carriage-top. —  5.  In  purchase-shears,  a  power- 
ful spring  placed  at  the  back  of  the  moving- 
blade  to  keep  the  two  cutting  edges  in  contact. 
— 6.  la.  metal-turning,  an  adjustable  support  for 
any  very  long  or  slender  article. —  7.  i>l.  Naut, 
long  ropes  extending  backward  from  the  heads 
of  all  masts  above  the  lower  mast  and  fastened 


backstay 

on  each  side  of  the  ship  to  the  chain-plates, 
serving  to  support  the  masts — Backstay-stools, 

planking  or  pieces  of  iron  projecting  from  the  side  of  a 
ship,  to  which  the  backstays  are  made  fast.  They  serve  the 
same  purpose  for  the  backstays  that  the  channels  do  for  the 
shrouds.— Traveling  backstays,  backstays  fitted  with 
a  traveler  which  slides  up  and  down  with  the  topsail-yard. 
The  principal  support  for  the  mast  is  thus  kept  at  that 
part  which  is  just  above  the  yard.   [Not  now  in  use.] 
back-step  (bak'step),  w.  A  rearward  movement 
of  a  squad  or  body  of  troops,  without  change 
of  front, 
backsterif,  «•    See  baxter. 
backster^  (bak'ster),  n.     [Etym.  uncertain.] 
A  flat  piece  of  wood  or  cork  fastened  on  the 
feet  for  walking  over  loose  beach.    N.  E.  D. 

backstitch  (bak'stich),  n.  A  method  of  sewing 
in  which  each  stitch  overlaps  or  doubles  back 
on  the  preceding  one,  the  needle  entering  be- 
hind the  thread  at  the  end  of  the  stitch  already 
made  and  coming  out  in  front  of  it. 

backstitch  (bak'stich),  v.  t.  and  i.  To  sew 
with  stitches  which  overlap  each  other.  See 
backstitch,  n. 

backstone  (bak'ston),  n.  [E.  dial.,  =  lalcestone, 
<  hake  +  stone.'\  The  heated  stone  on  which 
oat-cake  is  baked.    [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

back-stop  (bak'stop),  n.  In  hose-ball,  a  fence 
placed  a  short  distance  behind  the  catcher  to 
stop  the  ball  if  he  fails  to  catch  it. 

back-strap  (bak'strap),  n.  A  broad  strap  pass- 
ing along  the  middle  of  a  horse's  back  from  the 
upper  hame-strap  to  the  crupper  or  a  point  of 
junction  with  the  hip-straps  in  a  wagon-har- 
ness, and  in  a  carriage-harness  from  the  gig- 
saddle  to  the  crupper.    E.  H.  Knigh  t. 

back-strapped  (bak'strapt),  p-  «•  Carried  by 
head- winds  to  the  back  of  a  cape  or  promontory : 
said  of  a  ship. 

back-stream  (bak'strem),  n.  A  current  run- 
ning against  the  regular  course  of  the  stream ; 
an  up-stream. 

back-string  (bak'string),  n.  A  leading-string 
by  which  a  child  is  supported  or  guided  from 
behind.    Cowper,  Task,  iv.  228. 

back-stroke  (bak'strok),  n.  1.  A  blow  or 
stroke  in  return.—  2.  A  backhanded  stroke ; 
a  backhander. 

My  uncle  Toby  never  took  this  backstroke  of  my  father's 
at  his  hobby-horse  kindly. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  vi.  31. 
3.  In  teleg.,  the  return-stroke  of  the  lever  in  a 
telegraph-sounder.    Standard  Elect.  Diet. 

back-swimmer  (bak '  swim  ^  er),  n.  Same  as 
boat-fly. 

back-sword  (bak'sord),  n.  1.  A  sword  with 
one  sharp  edge,  used  for  cutting  rather  than 
thrusting,  sometimes  curved,  and  frequently 
straight,  it  usually  had  a  basket-hilt,  and  was  the 
common  weapon  of  citizens  and  country  people  when  the 
rapier  and  afterward  the  small-sword  were  worn  by 
gentlemen. 

2.  A  cudgel  fitted  with  a  basket-hilt,  used  for 
a  particular  kind  of  single-stick  play. — 3.  A 
cudgel-play  in  which  the  back-sword  (in  sense 
2)  is  used,  pecidiar  to  certain  counties  of  Eng- 
land, and  still  kept  up  at  festivals  and  the  like 
in  the  attempt  to  preserve  old  customs.  The 
guard  is  with  the  left  arm,  and  the  object  of  each  player 
is  to  break  the  skin  of  his  adversary's  forehead  so  as  to 
draw  blood. 

back-tack  (bak'tak),  n.  In  Scots  law,  a  tack 
or  lease  connected  with  wadsets  or  mortgages, 
by  which  the  possession  of  the  land  is  returned 
to  the  proprietor  on  payment  of  a  rent  corre- 
sponding to  the  interest  of  the  money  advanced. 
See  wadset. 

back-tool  (bak'tol),  n.    Any  tool,  either  fillet 


415 

5.  In  or  by  reflection ;  reflexively. 

The  mind  can  backward  cast 
Upon  herself  her  understanding  light. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Introd.  to  Immortal,  of  Soul. 

6.  In  time  past;  ago. 
Some  reigns  backward.  Locke. 

7.  In  an  opposite  or  contrary  direction. 

For  every  two  steps  they  made  forwards  and  upwards 
they  slipped  one  backwards. 

Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  ii. 

8.  In  an  opposite  or  reverse  order ;  from  the 
end  toward  the  beginning ;  in  an  order  contrary 
to  the  natural  order :  as,  to  read  or  spell  back- 
ward;  hence,  perversely;  in  a  wrong  or  per- 
verse manner. 

I  never  yet  saw  man, 
How  wise,  how  noble,  young,  how  rarely  featur'd, 
But  she  would  spell  him  backward. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  iii.  1. 
The  gospel  of  Christ  is  read  backwards,  when  that  world 
which  he  came  to  save  is  regarded  as  a  world  which  it  is 
a  merit  to  abandon. 

C.  E.  Norton,  Travel  and  Study  in  Italy,  p.  47. 

9.  From  a  better  to  a  worse  state;  retrogres- 
sively. 

The  work  went  backward  ;  and  the  more  he  strove 
T'  advance  the  suit,  the  farther  from  her  love.  Dryden. 

Backward  and  forward,  to  and  fro.— To  ring  bells 
backward,  to  give  an  alarm  by  ringing  the  bells  of  a 
chime  in  the  wrong  order,  beginning  with  the  bass  bell. 
The  bells  they  ring  backward,  the  drums  they  are  beat. 


Baconian , 

wardness  of  the  spring.  (6)  Unwillingness 
dilatoriness  or  dullness  in  action. 


reluctance ; 
Bp.  Atterbury. 


backward  (back'ward),  a.  _ 
1.  Directed  to  the  back  or  rear:  as,  "a  hack- 
ward  look,"  Shak.,  Sonnets,  lix. —  2.  Reversed; 
returning;  directed  to  or  toward  the  original 
starting-point:  as,  a  backward  movement  or 
journey. 

And  now  they  do  re-stem 
Their  backward  course.  Shak.,  Othello,  i.  3. 

3.  Done  in  reverse  order;  done  in  an  order 
contrary  to  the  natural  order,  as  in  repeating 
a  sentence  from  the  end  to  the  beginning. 

Without  his  rod  reversed, 
And  backward  mutters  of  dissevering  power, 
We  cannot  free  the  lady.         Milton,  Comus,  1,  817. 

4.  Being  in,  or  placed  at,  the  back. 
Four  legs  and  two  voices.  .  .  .  His  forward  voice  now 


Our  backwardness  to  good  works, 
(c)  Bashfulness ;  shyness. 

backwards,  adv.  See  backward. 
back-washed  (bak'wosht),  a.  Cleansed  from 
oil,  as  wool  after  combing, 
back-water  (bak'wa*ter),  n.  If.  Water  flow- 
ing in  from  behind.— 2.  Water  thrown  back  by 
the  turning  of  a  water-wheel  or  the  paddles  of 
steamboats,  etc. — 3.  Water  held  or  forced 
back,  as  in  a  mill-race  or  in  a  tributary  stream, 
in  consequence  of  some  obstruction,  as  a  dam 
or  flood. — 4.  An  artificial  accumulation  of  wa- 
ter obtained  at  high  tide  and  reserved  in  reser- 
voirs, to  be  discharged  at  low  tide  for  clearing 
off  deposits  in  channel-beds  and  tideways. —  5. 
A  creek  or  arm  of  the  sea  which  runs  parallel 
to  the  coast,  having  only  a  narrow  slip  of  land 
between  it  and  the  sea,  and  communicating 
with  the  latter  by  barred  entrances. 

Entering  tJie  mouth  of  the  Moredab,  an  extensive  back- 
water into  which  fall  the  Piri-Bazaar  and  other  streams, 
we  come  alongside  a  fairly  constructed  quay. 

O'Donovan,  Merv,  viiL 
backwood  (bak'wiid),  n.    That  portion  of  a 
carpenter's  plane  which  is  immediately  behind 
the  plane-iron.- To  drive  the  backwood  up,  to 

drive  the  wedge  of  a  plane  too  tightly.    When  this  is  done 
the  pressure  of  the  plane-iron  raises  a  bur  or  slight  ridge 
v..        v..^.  angle  of  the  mouth  and  sole. 

Scott,  Bonnie  Dundee,  backwoods  (bak'wudz'),  w.  p?.  Wooded  or  par- 
[<  backward  adv.2    ti^^ly  uncleared  and  imsettled  districts  in  the 
■  '  -    -     remote  parts  of  a  new  country ;  hence,  in  the 
United  States  and  Canada,  any  rough  or  thin- 
ly settled  region  far  from  the  centers  of  popu- 
lation. 


The  very  ease  with  which  books  containing  the  world's 
best  literature  were  obtainable  in  the  backwoods  made  our 
early  writers  Qopyists.    Stedman,  Poets  of  America,  p.  14. 

He  [Count  Tolstoi]  put  into  my  hands  a  letter  from  some 
man  living  in  a  village  in  the  backwoods  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  Century,  XXXIV.  261. 

backwoodsman  (bak'wudz'man),  n. ;  pi.  hack- 
woodsmen  (-men).  An  inhabitant  of  the  back- 
woods. 

The  General  Boone,  backivoodsman  of  Kentucky, 
Was  happiest  among  mortals  anywhere. 


Byron,  Don  Juan,  viii.  61. 

'l^i     ""'^  f"^"?  ■      ''S^'^f'^^J  '°  backworm  (bak'werm),  n.    A  small  worm  gen- 

utter  foul  speefches,  and  to  detract.    Shak.,  Tempest,  ii.  2.    „„„ii„  f„„„  j  i„  4t,„         „i  ■  ""•^"^  „ 

_  1-1  .  -,  ■.     erally  tound  m  the  thin  skin  about  the  reins  of 

5.  blow ;  sluggish ;  unprogressive ;  unadvanced ;    hawks.    See  filanderi. 
behind  m  progress:  as,  a  6acA;ward  learner.       backwort  (bak'wert),  w.    The  comfrey, 

Brigandage  survives  only  in  out-of-the-way  corners  of    phytum  officinale. 
tZiT^^A  st'nv'"''*  s"ch  as  back-wounding  (bak'won'-'ding),  a.  Wounding 

hpam  and  Sicily.  J^.  i^isfe.  Evolutionist,  p.  229.     „t  j-i,„  t,„„i,  „    \.\\.-   j        i  i  i  C^L-  ^ 

' at  the  back  or  behind  one's  back;  backbiting; 
injui'ing  surreptitiously:  as,  "backwounding 
calumny,"  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  2. 
bacon  (ba'kon  or  -kn),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bakon,  baken,_<  ME.  hacon,  bacoun,  bakouh,  < 


6.  Late ;  behind  in  time ;  coming  after  some- 
thing else,  or  after  the  usual  time :  as,  backward 
fruits ;  the  season  is  backward. 

A  dry,  cold,  backward  spring,  easterly  winds. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  April  15,  1688. 

7.  Holding  back ;  averse ;  reluctant ;  hesitat- 
ing. 

The  mind  is  backward  to  imdergo  the  fatigue  of  weigh- 
ing every  argument.  Watts. 
For  wiser  brutes  were  backward  to  be  slaves. 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  50. 

8.  Timid;  bashful;  retiring  in  disposition; 
modest. — 9.  Reaching  back  into  the  past; 
already  past. 

Flies  unconscious  o'er  each  backward  year. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  ii.  24. 

backward!  (bak'ward),  «.  [<  backward,  «.] 
The  things  or  state  behind  or  past. 

What  see'st  thou  else 
In  the  dark  backward  and  abysm  of  time  ? 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2, 


OP.  hacon  =  Pr.  bacon,  <  ML.  baco(n-),  bacon, 
side  of  bacon,  shoulder,  ham,  also  a  swine,  < 
OHG.  bahho,  bacho,  MHG.  bache,  side  of  bacon, 
ham,  G.  bache,  a  wild  sow  (obs.  or  dial.,  a  ham), 
=  MD.  bake,  bacon,  ham,  a  swine,  <  OHG.  *bah, 
etc.,  =  AS.  ba;c,  E.  back^ :  see  ftacfcl.]  1.  Hog's 
flesh,  especially  the  back  and  sides,  salted  or 
pickled  and  dried,  usually  in  smoke. —  2t.  Pork. 
—  3t.  A  hog;  hence,  a  grossly  fat  person. — 4t. 
A  rustic  ;  a  clown :  in  allusion  to  the  fact  that 
swine's  flesh  was  the  meat  chiefly  eaten  by  the 
rural  population.    N.  E.  D. 

On,  bacons,  on !  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  2. 

To  save  one's  bacon,  to  preserve  one's  self  from  harm. 
But  here  I  say  the  Turks  were  much  mistaken. 
Who,  hating  hogs,  yet  wished  to  save  their  bacon. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  vii.  42. 


Z^h  ^':i^I^°r^^\^^rJl  .'rr*'"^  ''''  backwardt  (bak-ward),,     t.  .  ^backward,  adv.^  ^^v.'^^e.^.t*^^^^^^^^ 


curved  surface  of  the  back  of  a  book, 
back-trickt  (bak'trik),  n.  A  caper  backward  in 
dancing. 

I  have  the  back-trick  simply  as  strong  as  any  man  in 
Ulyria.  Shak.,  T.N.,i.  3. 

backward,  backwards  (bak'ward,  -wardz), 
adv.  i<  ME.  bakward,  bacward,  adv.,  by  apher- 
esis  for  ahackward,  <  ahak,  adv.,  back,  + 
-ward,  -wards.  ]    1 .  In  the  direction  of  the  back : 

as,  to  throw  the  arms  backicard.—  2.  With  the  backwardly  (bak'wiird-li),  adv 
back  first  in  the  direction  of  motion :  as,  to    ward  direction, 
walk  backward;  to  fall  backward. 

He  [Eli]  fell  from  off  the  seat  backward,  .  .  .  and  his 
neck  brake.  1  Sam.  iv.  18. 

Thou  wilt  fall  backward.  Shak.,  E.  and  J.,  i.  3. 

3.  In  the  direction  from  which  one  has  come ; 
toward  that  which  is  or  has  been  left  behind : 
as,  he  glanced  backward. — 4.  Toward  bygone 
times  or  events ;  toward  that  which  is  past  in 
time        .    1    .  ^     .       ,  .    . ,  , 


To  obstruct;  keep  back;  retard;  delay. 
Doth  clog  and  backward  us.  Hammond,  Sermons,  xv. 
backwardation  (bak-war-da'shon),  n.  [<  hack- 
ward,  v.,  +  -ation.']  Oii  the  London  Stock  Ex- 
change, the  premium  paid  by  a  seller  of  stock 
for  the  privilege  of  postponing  its  delivery  to 
the  buyer  until  the  next  fortnightly  settling- 
day.    See  contango. 

1.  In  a  back- 

The  mandible  is  extremely  massive  and  has  a  backwardly 
produced  angle.  Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  320. 

2.  Unwillingly;  reluctantly;  aversely;  per- 
versely; ill. 

I  was  the  first  man 
That  e'er  receiv'd  gift  from  him ; 
And  does  he  think  so  backwardly  of  me  now. 
That  I'll  requite  it  last?        —   -  - 


fi'Aafc,  T.  of  A.,  iii.  3. 

as,  to  look  backward  to  the  last  century,  backwardness  (bak'ward-nes),  n.  The  state 
The  lights  of  memory  backward  stream.  Or  quality  of  being  backward,   (a)  Backward  state 

Whittier,  Memories,    as  regards  progress ;  slowness ;  tardiness :  as,  the  fcaci- 


the  genus  Dermestes,  D.  lardariits,  family  Ber- 
mestidce,  order  Cole- 
optera,  whose  larvae 
are  very  destructive 
to  stuffed  animals 
in  museums.  The 
larvee  are  hairy,  and 
whitish-brown  in 
color. 

Baconian  (ba-ko'ni- 
an),  a.  and  «.  [< 
Francis  Bacon,  born 
1561,diedl626.]  I.a. 
Pertaining  to  Fran- 
cis Bacon,  Baron 
Verulam,  commonly 
called  Lord  Bacon: 
as,  the  Baconian  phi- 

losophy.  -  Baconian  ij,,r^^sTstrl%.us,. 

method,  a  term  often,  ,        .        r  .  ^  v.  j  ^  • 

thAnffh   inf.r,rT-e,.tK-     nn  a,  larva   *,  one  of  Its  barb«d  hairs  ; 

tnougn  incorrecUj,   ap-  beetle.    (Hair-lines  show  naturai 

phed  to  the  method  of  sizes.) 


Baconian 

induction  (which  see)  as  developed  by  modern  science,  on 
the  supposition  that  Bacon  was  mainly  instrumental  in 
bringing  tliis  method  into  general  use. 

II.  «.  1.  An  adherent  of  the  Baconian 
philosophy.— 2.   One  who  holds  the  theory 


416 

stroyed  the  Bacillus  tuberculosis  which  is  characteristic  of 
the  disease. 

bacteritic  (bak-te-rit'ik),  a.  [<  bacterium  +  -it- 
ic:  see-ifis.]  Characterized  or  caused  by  the 
presence  of  bacteria. 


t^4aksnerr''**'  ^^"^  plays  usually  attributed  bacterium  (bak-te'ri- urn),  n.;  pi.  bacteria  (-a). 


to  Shakspere 
Baconism  (ba'kon-izm),  n.    [<  Bacon  +  -ism.'] 

The  philosophy  of  Francis  Bacon,  or  the  gen- 
eral spirit  of  his  Mritings. 
These  societies  are  schools  of  Baconism,  designed  to 

embody  all  that  was  of  value  in  the  thought  and  spirit  of 

Bacon  —  namely,  a  protest  against  traditional  authority 

in  science,  with,  of  course,  a  recommendation  of  induction 

and  of  the  inductive  sciences  for  their  value  in  the  arts  of 

life.  Wright. 
baconize  (ba'kon-iz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bacon- 

ized,  ppr.  baconi-ing.  [<  bacon  +  -ize.']  To  make 

into  or  like  bacon ;  smoke,  as  bacon, 
baconweed  (ba'kon-wed),  n.     The  pigweed, 

Chenopodium  album. 
bacony  (ba'kpn-i),  a.    [<  bacon  +  -^i.]  Like 

bacon;  lardaceous. 
bacteria  (bak-te'ri-a),  11.  [NL. :  see  bacterium.'] 

1.  Plural  of  ZJrtc^er/M/M,  1.— 2.  [cap.]  A  genus 

of  gi-essorial  orthopterous  insects,  of  the  family 

Phasmida: ;  the  stick-insects  or  walking-sticks. 

B.  sarmentosa  is  about  10  inches  long.  See 

Phasmidce. 

Bacteriaceae  (bak-te-ri-a'sf-e),  «.  pi.   [NL.,  < 

Bacterium  +  -acece.]  A  gi-oup  of  the  simplest 
microscopic  fungi,  more  usually  called  Schizo- 
mycetes,  the  achlorophyllous  division  of  the 
Schizosporece  of  Cohn,  or  of  the  Schizophyia  of 
more  recent  authorities.  They  exhibit  a  great  va- 
riety of  forms,  and  are  subdivided  acconlingly  into— (1) 
Sphcerobacteria,  which  are  spherical,  as  in  Micrococcus; 
(2)  Microbacteria,  which  are  elliptical  or  shortly  cylindri- 
cal, as  in  Bacterium;  the  only  genus ;  (8)  Desrnobacteria, 
which  consist  of  straight  filaments,  as  in  Bacillus;  (4) 
Spirobacteria,  in  which  tlie  filaments  aue  more  or  less 
coiled,  as  in  Spirilluni. 

bacterial  (bak-te'ri-al),  a.  [<  bacterium  +  -«/.] 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  bacteria;  of  the 

nature  of  or  caused  by  bacteria :  as,  a  bacterial   

parasite  in  the  blood ;  bacterial  ovganisms;  bac-  Bactrian  (bak'tri-an),  a.  and  « 
terial  infusions.  "  ••.  .    .  - 

The  issue  of  a  bacterial  affection  is  either  the  death  of 
the  patient,  or  the  death  and  elimination  of  the  bacteria. 

Ziegler,  Pathol.  Anat.  (trans.),  I.  287. 

bacterian  (bak-te'ri-an),  a.    Same  as  bacterial. 

bactericidal  (bak-te'ri-si-dal),  a.  [<  bacteri- 
cide +  -ah]    Destructive  to  bacteria. 

bactericide  (bak-te'ri-sid),  n.    [<  NL.  bacterium 
+  L.  -cida,  <  cmdcre,  kill.]    A  substance  that 
has  the  property  of  destroying  bacteria. 
A  bactericide  of  great  activity. 

Therapeutic  Gaz.,  VIII.  561. 

Bacterides  (bak-ter'i-dez),  «.  [NL.,  prop. 
*Bacteridce,  <  Bacterium  +  -ides,  -idee.]  A  name 
sometimes  given  indefinitely  to  a  group  of  mi- 
crobes referable  to  the  genera  Bacillus  and  Bac- 
terium (which  see). 

bacteriform  (bak-te'ri-form),  a.  [<  NL.  bac- 
terium +  L.  forma,  form.]  Of  the  form  of 
bacteria ;  resembling  bacteria. 

bacterioid  (bak-te'ri-oid),  a.  [<  bacterium  + 
-oid.]  Resembling  or  closely  allied  to  bac- 
teria. 

bacteriological  (bak-te  ''''ri-o-loj'i-kal),  (z.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  bacteriology. 

bacteriologist  (bak-te-ri-ol'o-jist),  n.  [<  bac- 
teriolofiii  +  -ist.]    One  skilled  in  bacteriology. 

bacteriology  (bak-te-ri-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  NL.  bacte- 
rium +  Gr.  -loyia,  <  leyetv,  speak:  see  -ology.] 
That  department  of  biology  which  investigates 
bacteria  and  other  microbes,  especially  their 
life-history  and  agency  in  disease;  the  scien- 
tific study  of  bacteria. 

Bacteriology  is  now  a  natural  science  of  sufficient  im- 
portance and  completeness  to  take  its  proper  place  in 
hygiene,  etiology,  and  pathological  anatomy. 

Science,  VI.  77. 

bacterioscopic  (bak-te'ri-o-skop'ik),  a.  [<  bac- 
ter'ioscopy  +  -  'ic]  Relating  or  pertaining  to  the 
discovery  or  observation  of  bacteria. 

bacterioscopy  (bak-te-ri-os'ko-pi),  n.  [<  NL. 
bacterium  +  Gr.  -cjKoirta,  <  CKoneiv,  view.]  Mi- 
croscopic investigation  of  bacteria. 

bacteriotherapeutic  (bak-te'ri-o-ther-a-pu'- 
tik),  a.  [<  bacterium  +  therapeutic]  Pertain- 
ing to  baeteriotherapy. 

Dr.  Ballagi  has  carefully  followed  the  bacteriotherapeutic 
details  advised  by  Cantani  in  eight  cases  of  advanced  phthi- 
sis with  moderate  fever.  Medical  News,  XLIX.  41, 


[NL.,  <  Gr.  fiaKTjjpiov,  a  little  stick,  dim.  of  jia.K- 
TTipca,  a  staff,  stick,  <  (idnTpov,  a  staff,  stick,  akin 
to  L.  bacuhm,  a  staff:  see  baculus.]  1.  One 
of  the  micro-organisms  which  are  concerned  in 
the  putrefactive  processes,  and  are  known  as 
Schizomycetes,  or  fission  fungi,  in  distinction 
from  Saccharomycetes,  or  budding  fungi,  which 
produce  alcoholic  fei-mentation.  Their  true  charac- 
ter was  long  in  doubt,  but  they  are  now  generally  regarded 
as  the  lowest  forms  of  vegetable  life,  and  are  known  to  mul- 
tiply, in  some  species  at  least,  by  the  formation  of  spores 
and  even  of  true  sporangia.  Tliey  consist  of  exceed- 
ingly minute  spherical,  oblong,  or  cylindrical  cells,  with- 
out chlorophyl,  multiply  by  transverse  division,  and  may 
be  found  anywhere.  Their  origin  and  the  part  they  take 
in  putrefaction,  fermentation,  and  disease  have  been  the 
subject  in  recent  years  of  much  study  and  discussion, 
v  ery  much  remains  in  doubt,  but  there  is  no  question  of 
the  importance  of  these  investigations  from  a  sanitary 
point  of  view.  It  also  appears  to  have  been  demonstrated 
that  the  bacteria  which  exist  in  the  soil  are  active  in 
changmg  otherwise  inert  substances  into  matter  suitable 
for  the  food  of  plants,  converting  the  nitrogenous  matter 
of  organic  origin  into  soluble  nitrates.  The  genera  and 
species  have  been  variously  defined,  and  are  necessarily 
based  on  slight  characters.  The  groups  ami  principal 
genera  usually  recognized  are  Micrococcus,  with  spherical 
cells,  concerned  in  certain  fermentations  and  found  in 
connection  with  special  contagious  diseases ;  the  rod-bac- 
teria, Bacterium ;  the  straight  filiform  bacteria,  Bacillus, 
etc. ;  and  the  spiral  filiform  bacteria.  Vibrio,  Spiriliuin, 
etc.  Of  the  genus  Micrococcus,  M.  diphtheritictis  is  con- 
sidered to  be  the  special  cause  of  diphtheria,  and  M.  vac- 
cina; of  smallpox.  See  Bacteriacem,  and  cut  under  bacillus. 
2.  [cap.]  A  genus  of  microscopic  fungi,  con- 
sisting of  a  single  short  cylindrical  or  ellipti- 
cal cell,  or  of  two  such  cells  united  end  to  end, 
and  capable  of  spontaneous  movement.  The 
best-known  species,  B.  termo,  is  the  prime  cause  of  putre- 
faction, occurring  early  in  all  infusions  of  animal  and  vege- 
table substances  and  multiplying  with  great  rapidity. 
The  individuals  of  this  species  are  about  one  ten-thou- 
san<lth  of  an  inch  in  length. 

[<  L.  Bactri- 

anus  (Gr.  'BaKrpiavdg),  <  Bnctria,  <  Gr.  BaKTpia 
(also  BdKTpa,  <  Pers.  Bdkhtar),  a  province  so 
called.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Bactria  or 
Bactriana,  an  ancient  country  of  central  Asia, 
with  its  capital,  Bactra,  on  the  site  of  the  mod- 
ern Balkh.  It  became  a  province  of  the  Persian  empire 
under  Cyrus,  ami  horn  about  255  to  about  12U  B.  c.  was 
a  separate  kingdom  under  a  Greek  dynasty.— Bactrian 
camel.    See  camel. 

II.  n.  A  native  ot  an  inhabitant  of  Bactria. 
Bactris  (bak'tris),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  f^mrpov,  a 
staff:  see  bacterium.]  A  genus  of  slender 
palms,  consisting  of  about  40  species,  found 
about  rivers  and  in  marshy  places  in  America 
within  the  tropics.   The  stems  are  generally  covered 


Baclris  acanthocarpa,  with  fruit,  and  nut  deprived  of  its  husk, 
the  dots  upon  the  latter  showing  position  of  embryos. 


with  spines,  and  the  leaves  are  pinnate,  though  occasion- 
ally simple  or  2-lobed.    The  fruit  is  small,  with  a  thin 
fibrous  pulp  inclosing  a  hard  black  nut.    The  kernel  of  B. 
major  is  eaten  in  Cartagena.    The  stems  of  B.  minor  are 
used  for  walking-sticks,  under  the  name  of  Tobago  canes, 
baculi,  n.    Plural  of  baculus. 
baeteriotherapy  (bak-te"ri-6-ther'a-pi),  n.    [<  baculine  (bak'ii-lin),  a.    [<  L.  baculum,  a  rod, 
NL.  bacterium  +  Gr.  fepaTrf/a,  medical  treat-    + -»«ei.]    Of  or  pertainmg  to  the  rod,  or  to  its 
ment.]    In  med.,  the  introduction  of  bacteria         in  punishment  by  flogging, 
into  the  system  for  the  cure  of  disease.  Thus  in  bacullte  (bak  u-lit),  n.  and  a.  [<  NL.  Baculites, 

phthisis  inhalations  containing  Bacterium  termo  have  I-  ^-i  I.  A  fossil  cephalopod  of  the  genus 
been  employed,  with  the  idea  that  the  bacterium  de-    BacuUtes ;  staff-stone. 


Portion  of  Baculiees 
/aiijasii. 


bad 

II,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  containing  baculites. 
Also  6acM«<!:c.- Baculite  limestone,  a  name  given  to 
the  Chalk  of  Normandy,  from  the  abundance  of  baculites 
which  it  contains. 

Baculites  (bak-u-li'tez),  n.  [NL. ,  <  L.  baculum, 
a  staff,  +  -ites:  see  -ite^.]  A  genus  of  poly- 
thalamous  or  many-chambered 
cephalopods,  belonging  to  the 
family  Ammonitidai.  The  species 
are  known  only  in  a  fossil  state,  having 
become  extinct  at  the  close  of  the  Cre- 
taceous period.  The  shell  is  straight, 
more  or  less  compressed,  conical,  and 
very  much  elongated.  The  chambers 
are  sinuous  and  pierced  by  a  marginal 
siphon.  The  external  chamber  is  con- 
siderably larger  than  the  rest.  There 
are  about  20  species,  found  from  the 
Neocomian  to  the  Chalk  formation. 

baculitic  (bak-u-lit'ik),  a.  Same 
as  baculite. 

baculometry  (bak-u-lom'e-tri), 
n.    [<  L.  baculum,  a  staff,  +  Gr.  -/lerpia,  <  /nerpov, 
a  measure.]    The  measurement  of  heights  or 
distances  by  means  of  staves.  Phillips. 

baculus  (bak'u-lus),  w.;  pi.  baculi  (-li).  [L., 
more  commonly  neut.  baculum,  a  stick,  staff, 
scepter,  etc. ;  cf.  LL.  dim.  bacillus  (see  bacil- 
lus) ;  akin  to  Gr.  pdKTpov,  a  rod,  staff :  see  bac- 
terium.] 1.  A  divining-rod.— 2.  A  long  staff 
or  crutch  upon  which  worshipers  were  formerly 
allowed  to  lean  during  long  offices,  such  as  the 
psalms.— 3.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  crusta- 
ceans. 

badi  (bad),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  bad,  badde,  bad, 
worthless,  wicked,  prob.  a  generalized  adj. 
use  (with  loss  of  as  in  ME.  wnche  for  muchel, 
<  AS.  mycel,  much ;  ME.  lyte  for  lytel,  <  AS. 
lytcl,  little ;  ME.  wenche  for  ■wenchcl,  <  AS.  wen- 
ccl:  see  much,micMe,  lite,  lyte,  little,  and  wewc/t) 
of  a  noun,  *baddcl,  <  AS.  baddel  (twice,  in  gloss- 
es), with  equiv.  deriv.  badling  (suffix  -ing'^), 
an  effeminate  person,  a  hermaphrodite,  with 
formative  -el,  <  "^beed  =  OHG.  *bad,  pad,  a 
hermaphrodite  (Leo).  This  word  appears  to 
exist  also  in  some  AS.  local  names,  but  traces 
elsewhere  are  slight;  cf.  AS.  *bede,  '^pede, 
immatura,"  negative  '"or-bede,  "  or-jjede,  adul- 
tus,"  in  glosses.  This  etymology,  first  sug- 
gested by  Leo,  is  uncertain,  but  it  is  the  only 
one  that  fairly  satisfies  the  phonetic  and  his- 
torical conditions;  the  word  can  have  no  con- 
nection, as  suggested,  with  Goth,  bauths,  deaf 
and  dumb,  with  G.  bosc,  bad,  or  with  Corn. 
bad,  Ir.  Gael,  baodh,  foolish,  etc.  The  orig. 
word,  AS.  baddel,  ME.  *baddcl,  on  account  of 
its  sinister  import,  is  scarcely  found  in  litera- 
ture, but,  like  other  words  of  similar  sense,  it 
prob.  flourished  in  vulgar  speech  as  an  indefi- 
nite term  of  abuse,  and  at  length,  divested  of 
its  original  meaning,  emerged  in  literary  use 
as  a  mere  adj.,  badde,  equiv.  to  the  older  evil. 
(Cf.  the  similar  development  of  the  adj.  wicked, 
ME.  wicked,  wikked,  earlier  wicke,  wikke,  from 
the  noun  AS.  wicca,  m.,  a  witch,  wizard,  hence 
an  evil  person :  see  wicked"^.)  The  adj.  first  ap- 
pears at  the  end  of  the  13th  century,  and  does 
not  become  common  till  the  15th  century.  In 
high  literary  use  it  is  comparatively  rare,  as 
against  evil,  till  the  18th  century.  In  the  Eng- 
lish Bible  bad  occurs  but  rarely,  and  only  in  the 
familiar  antithesis  with  good.  Bad  was  former- 
ly compared  reg.  badder,  baddest,  but  has  now 
taken  from  evU  the  irreg.  comparison  worse, 
worst.]  I.  a.;  compar.  worse,  superl.  worst 
(formerly  badder,  baddest).  1.  Evil;  ill;  vi- 
cious ;  wicked ;  depraved :  applied  to  persons, 
conduct,  character,  influence,  etc. :  as,  a  bad 
man;  bad  conduct;  a  bad  life;  a  bad  heart; 
had  influence,  etc. 

Wisest  men 
Have  err'd,  and  by  bad  women  been  deceived. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  211. 

2.  Offensive ;  disagreeable ;  troublesome ;  pain- 
ful; grievous:  as,  bad  treatment;  a  bad  tem- 
per ;  it  is  too  bad  that  you  had  to  wait  so  long. 

The  old  soldiers  of  James  were  generally  in  a  very  bad 
temper.  Macaiday. 

3.  Hurtful ;  noxious ;  having  an  injurious  or 
unfavorable  tendency  or  effect:  with /or.-  as, 
bad  air  or  bad  food ;  late  hours  are  bad  for  the 
health ;  this  step  would  be  bad  for  your  reputa- 
tion or  prospects. 

Reading  was  bad  for  his  eyes  ;  writing  made  his  head 
ache.  Addison. 

4.  Ill;  in  ill  health;  sick;  in  unsound  condi- 
tion :  as,  to  feel  bad ;  to  be  bad  with  rheuma- 
tism ;  a  bad  hand  or  leg.    [Colloq.  ] 

I  have  been,  three  days  ago,  bad  again  with  a  spitting 
of  blood.  Sterne,  Letters,  cvi. 


bad 

6.  Not  good  ;  defective ;  worthless ;  poor ;  of 
no  value  :  as,  lad  coin ;  had  debts ;  a  bad  soil ; 
a  lad  crop ;  a  had  piece  of  work ;  had  health. 
Perjuries  are  common  as  bad  pence. 

Cowper,  Expostulation. 

6.  Incorrect;  faulty:  as,  &  had  aim.;  6ac?  Eng- 
lish ;  a  lad  pronunciation. 

Call,  if  you  will,  bad  rhyming  a  disease. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  II.  ii.  182. 

7.  Not  valid ;  not  sound :  as,  a  had  claim ;  a 
bad  plea. 

"  You  had  better  get  a  porter's  knot,  and  carry  trunks." 
Nor  was  the  advice  bad ;  for  a  porter  was  likely  to  be  as 
plentifully  fed,  and  as  comfortably  lodged,  as  a  poet. 

Macaulay,  Samuel  Johnson. 

8.  Unfavorable;  unfortunate:  as,  had  news; 
bad  success. 


417 


Perplex'd  and  troubled  at  his  bad  success 
The  tempter  stood,  nor  had  what  to  reply. 

Milton,  P.  B.,  iv.  1. 

{Bad  is  the  ordinary  antithesis  of  good,  in  all  its  senses, 
whether  positively,  'evil,'  'harmful,'  or  negatively,  'not 
good,"not  satisfactory,'  and  whether  substantively, '  being 
evil,'  or  causally,  'causing  harm.'  The  senses  run  into 
one  another,  the  precise  application  being  determined  by 
the  context.]— Bad  blood,  bad  conscience,  etc.  See  the 
nouns. — Bad  form,  conduct  not  in  accordance  with  good 
taste  or  propriety,  or  not  in  keeping  with  the  present 
conventional  usage  ;  slightly  vulgar :  not  very  refined. 
(Slang.] 

They  are  taught  that  to  become  emotional  or  enthusi- 
astic over  anything  is  bad  form.  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXLII.  621. 
In  bad  odor.  See  odor.— With  a  bad  grace.  See  grace. 

II.  n.  That  which  is  bad.  (a)  A  bad  condi- 
tion: as,  to  go  to  the  had  (see  below).  (6)  A 
bad  thing :  as,  there  are  hads  and  goods  among 
them — To  the  bad.  (a)  To  ruin,  financial  or  moral :  as, 
he  and  his  afi'airs  soon  went  to  the  bad.  (b)  To  the  wrong 
side  of  tlie  account ;  in  arrear  or  deficit :  as,  I  am  now  §100 
to  the  bad. 

I)ad2  (bad).    Preterit  of  lid. 

badak-tapa  (bad'ak-tap'a),  n.  [Malay.]  The 
Malay  name  of  the  rhinoceros  of  Sumatra. 

badaneh  (ba-da'ne),  «.  The  tunic  worn  by  the 
Egyptian  califs,  made  of  the  very  finest  quality 
of  linen.  The  weight  of  the  garment  was  only  2  ounces, 
and  it  is  said  to  have  cost  1,000  dinars  (about  S2,600). 

baddam  (bad'am),  n.  A  species  of  bitter  al- 
mond importecl  into  some  parts  of  India  from 
Persia,  and  used  as  money,  with  a  value  of 
about  half  a  cent. 

badderf  (bad'er),  a.  Old  comparative  of  had. 
See  lad^. 


2.  A  mark,  token,  or  device  worn  by  servants, 
retainers,  partizans,  or  followers,  as  a  sign  of 
their  allegiance,  or  a  similar  token  worn  by 
members  of  an  association  to  indicate  their 
membership. 

On  his  breast  a  bloodie  Crosse  he  bore, 
The  deare  remembrance  of  his  dying  Lord ; 
For  whose  sweete  sake  that  glorious  badge  he  wore. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  i.  2. 

3.  The  mark  or  token  of  anything. 

Sweet  mercy  is  nobility's  true  badge. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  i.  2. 
Zeal  for  orthodoxy  became  a  badge  of  Spanish  patriot- 
ism after  the  long  struggle,  first  witli  Arians,  and  then 
with  Moors.  //.  N.  Oxenham,  Short  Studies,  p.  387. 

4.  Naut.:  (a)  A  carved  ornament  formerly 
placed  on  ships,  near  the  stern,  and  often  con- 
taining the  representa- 
tion of  a  window,  (b)  A 
mark  of  good  conduct 
awarded  in  the  United 
States  naval  service  to 
seamen  distinguished 
for  sobriety  and  obedi- 
ence.—Badge  of  Ulster,  in 
her.,  the  ancient  distinctive 
ensign  of  the  order  of  baro- 
nets. (See  baronet.)  It  is  the 
ancient  badge  of  the  Irish 
kingdom  of  Ulster,  and  is  thus 
blazoned:  arg.,  a  sinister  hand 
appaum^e,  couped  at  the 
wrist,  gules.  This  may  be 
borne  upon  a  canton  or  an  in- 
escutcheon,  and  on  that  part 
of  the  bearer's  armorial  shield 
which  is  most  convenient. 
Sometimes  called  the  bloody 
hand  of  Ulster. —  Corps 
badges,  tokens  worn  by  the 
different  United  States  army- 
corps  during  the  civil  war  of 
1861-65,  to  distinguish  them 
one  from  another. 

badgei  (baj),  t;.  t;  pret. 
and  pp.  hadged,  ppr. 
Ixidging.    [<  hadge^,  «.] 


Lewed  peple  .  .  .  demen  gladly  to  the  badder  ende. 

Chaucer,  Squire's  Tale,  1.  216. 
Were  it  badder,  it  is  not  the  worst.       Lyly,  Euphues. 
badderlocks  (bad'er-loks),  n.  [Supposed,  with- 
out evidence,  to  stand  for  Balder's  locks.  Cf. 
lalder-lrae.']    A  name  given  in  Scotland  to 
the  edible  seaweed  Alaria  esculenta.  The  plant  is 
olive-green,  belonging  to  the  order  Laminariacece,  and  has 
a  lanceolate  frond  borne  upon  a  stipe  which  is  continued 
into  a  midrib.    The  stipe  bears  ribless  leaflets  along  its 
sides.    Also  called  henware,  and  in  the  Orkney  Islands 
honey-ware;  In  parts  of  Ireland,  murlins. 
baddestt  (bad'est),  a.    Old  superlative  of  had. 
See  lad^. 

The  baddest  among  the  cardinals  is  chosen  pope. 

Sir  E.  Sandys,  State  of  Religion. 

baddish  (bad'ish),  a.  l<had^  +  -ish^.']  Some- 
what bad ;  of  inferior  character  or  quality. 

He  wrote  baddish  verses.  Jeffrey. 
A  snuffy,  babbling,  baddish  fellow. 

Carlyle,  The  Century,  XXIV.  24. 

baddock  (bad'ok),  M.  [E.  dial.  Gt.hadoclc.']  A 
local  English  name  of  the  eoalfish. 

bade  (bad).    Preterit  of  hid. 

badelaire  (ba-de-lar'),  n.  [P.,  formerly  haude- 
laire:  see  badelar.2  In  her.,  a  curved  sword 
or  cutlas  used  as  a  bearing. 

badelart,  n.  [<  p.  hadelaire  (ML.  badelare, 
hadarellus).  Cf.  laselard,  haslard.']  A  short 
cui'ved  sword.    Urquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais. 

badgei  (baj),  n.  [<  ME.  hadge,  lagge,  bage 
(also  lagij,  early  mod.  Sc.  bagie,  badgie,  baiogy), 
later  in  ML.  bagea,  bagia,  OF.  hage  (rare). 
Origin  unknown;  perhaps  <  ML.  haga,  a  ring, 
<  OS.  bag,  hog  =  AS.  bedg,  bedh,  a  ring,  orna- 
ment, ME.  beg,  beigli,  etc.,  mod.  E.  hee^,  q.  v.] 
1.  A  token  or  cognizance  worn  in  allusion  to 
the  wearer's  occupation,  position,  preferences, 
or  achievements.  The  badge  in  the  middle  ages  was 
not  necessarily  heraldic,  though  in  many  cases  it  was  se- 
lected from  one  or  more  of  the  heraldic  bearings,  and  it  is 
»ot  "Ottid  by  heralds'  rules.  Thus,  the  white  hart  of 
Kichard  II.  is  represented  in  different  attitudes,  and  is  not 
described  in  the  language  of  blazon.  A  figure  for  a  badge 
might  also  be  chosen  arbitrarily,  as  the  boar  of  Richard 
111.  Badges  selected  as  personal  tokens  have  often  become 
fieraldic  bearings,  as  the  three  feathers  of  the  Prince  of 
Wales. 

His  gorgeous  collar  hung  adown, 

Wrought  with  the  badge  of  Scotland's  crown. 

Scott,  Marmion,  v.  8. 


Good-conduct  Badge,  U.  S. 
Navy.— Pendant  of  silk  :  outer 
edges,   blue ;    second  stripes, 
white:  center,  red.    Medal  of 
m     "     ■'i         '  ^. '  r  V     bronze.  A  clasp  with  name  of 
i  O  mark  or  dlStmglUSh    ^hip  given  for  each  succeeding 

With  a  badge  or  as  with    dr.'o  betoro^thfp°enda™i 

a  badge.    [Rare.]  asm  the  cut 

Their  hands  and  faces  were  all  badg'd  with  blood. 

Shah.,  Macbeth,  ii.  3. 
badge2t  (baj),  v.  i.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bagge; 
appar.  the  source  of  badger^  as  a  noun  of  agent 
(<  hadge"^  -f  -eri),  but  the  verb  appears  later 
than  the  noun  and  is  prob.  a  reverse  deriv.  of 
it,  peddle  from  peddler  or  pedler,  etc. :  see 
6adgrer3.]  To  hawk  for  sale ;  buy  up,  as  pro- 
visions, for  the  purpose  of  selling  again;  re- 
grate. 

badgeer,  n.    See  hadgir. 

badgeless (baj'les),  a.  [<  hadge'^  +  -less.']  Hav- 
ing no  badge. 

Some  badgeless  blue  upon  his  back. 

£p.  Hall,  Satires,  iv.  5. 
badgeman  (baj'man),  n. ;  pi.  badgemen  (-men). 
[<  badge^  +  man.']  A  man  who  wears  a  badge ; 
specifically,  in  England,  an  almshouseman :  so 
called  because  a  special  dress  or  badge  is  worn 
to  indicate  that  the  wearer  belongs  to  a  par- 
ticular foundation. 

He  quits  the  gay  and  rich,  the  young  and  free. 
Among  the  badgemen  with  a  badge  to  be.  Crabbe. 

badgerl  (baj'er),  n.  [<  badge'^,  n.,  +  -eri.]  A 
badgeman ;  one  entitled  or  required  by  law  to 
wear  a  badge,  as  the  police,  licensed  porters, 
and  others. 

badger2  (baj'er),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bad- 
gerd,  hageard  (mod.  dial,  also  budget,  q.  v. ),  prob. 
<  hadge^  (in  allusion  to  the  white  stripes  on  its 
forehead)  -I-  -ard  (reduced  to  -er)  or  -erl  (ex- 


European  Badger  {Meles  vulgaris). 

tended  to  -ard,  as  in  braggard,  braggart,  for 
bragger,  standard,  a  tree,  for  slander,  etc.), 
being  thus  identical  with  badger^.  Cf.  F.  blai- 
reau,  a  badger,  OF.  hlariau,  a  badger,  <  OFlem. 


badget 

CD.  Uaer,  bald,  blare,  hlaere,  D.  blaar,  a  white 
spot  on  the  forehead;  cf.  also  the  equiv.  name 
bauson.]  1.  A  fossorial  plantigrade  carnivo- 
rous mammal,  of  the  family  Mustclidw  and  sub- 
family Melinw.  (For  its  tecli  iiical  characters,  see  Meli- 
nee.)  The  common  European  species,  to  which  the  name 
was  first  applied,  is  Meles  vulgaris  or  Meles  taxus ;  it  la 
about  2  feet  long,  of  heavy  and  clumsy  sliape,  low  on  the 
legs,  with  a  short  thick  tail,  a  long  snout,  and  long  claws 
fitted  for  digging.  Tlie  general  color  is  grizzled  gray,  with 
dark  limbs,  and  black  and  white  stripes  on  the  liead.  This 
animal  inhaliits  temperate  and  northerly  portions  of  Eu- 
rope and  Asia.  Its  flesh  is  used  as  food,  its  pelt  in  furri- 
ery, and  its  hair  for  making  shaving-brushes  and  the  kind 
of  artists'  brushes  called  badgers.  In  a  state  of  nature 
the  animal  is  less  fetid  than  some  of  the  other  species. 
The  American  badger,  Taxidea  americana,  resembles  the 
foregoing,  but  differs  in  the  dental  formula  and  some  other 
technical  characters ;  it  is  a  common  animal  in  the  western 
States  and  Territories,  and  in  some  regions,  as  the  Missouri 
watershed,  it  is  very  abundant.  The  Indian  liadger  is 
Arctonyx  collar  is  ;  it  is  also  called  sand-hear  and  bear-pig. 
The  J avanese  skunk  (so  called  from  its  extreme  fetidness), 
the  teledu  or  telego,  Mydaus  ineliceps,  is  a  true  badger. 
See  cut  under  teledu.  'I'he  ratel,  honey-badger,  or  (,'ape 
badger,  ilellivora  capensis,  is  nearly  related,  though  be- 
longing to  a  different  subfamily,  the  i\l ellivorinoe.  The 
wombat  is  often  called  badger  in  Australia.  It  is  a  wide- 
spread vulgar  error  that  the  legs  of  the  badger  are  shorter 
on  one  side  than  on  the  other;  hence,  "the  uneven-leggd. 
badger,"  Drayton. 

We  are  not  badgers. 
For  our  legs  are  one  as  long  as  the  other. 

Lyly,  Midas,  i.  2. 

2.  (a)  An  artists'  brush  made  of  badgers'  hair, 
used  for  blending  or  causing  the  pigments  to 
melt  or  shade  into  one  another  and  for  impart- 
ing smoothness.  (&)  A  flat  brush  used  for  re- 
moving dust  from  a  polished  surface  in  some 
photogi-aphic  and  other  chemical  operations, 
etc. — 3.  The  Lutraria  vidgaris,  a  common  eon- 
chiferous  or  bivalve  mollusk  of  northern  Eu- 
rope. It  is  especially  used  as  bait  for  the  cod. 
— 4.  A  sobriquet  of  a  resident  of  Wisconsin, 
called  the  Badger  State,  in  allusion  to  the  abim- 
dance  of  badgers  in  it.— Drawing  the  badger. 

Same  as  badger-baiting. 

badger2  (baj'er),  v.  t.  [<  badger^,  it.]  1.  To 
attack,  as  the  badger  is  attacked  when  being 
drawn  or  baited ;  bait ;  worry ;  pester. 

Inconsistent  professors,  who  seemed  to  have  badgered 
him  [Thomas  Cooper]  out  of  Methodism  into  scepticism. 

Caroline  Fox,  Journal,  p.  542. 
Wlien  one  has  to  be  badgered  like  this,  one  wants  a  drop 
of  something  more  than  ordinary.    Trollope,  Orley  Farm. 

2.  To  beat  down  in  a  bargain.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

Halliwell.^Syn.  Pester,  Worry,  etc.  See  tease. 
badger^  (baj'er),  n.  [<  late  ME.  bager,  of  ob- 
scure origin,  perhaps  an  assibilated  foi-m  (aris- 
ing from  its  legal  use,  in  an  AF.  or  L.  form)  of 
bagger  (which  does  not  occur  in  the  lit.  sense 
till  much  later),  in  allusion  to  the  hawker's  bag, 
<  bag'^  +  -erl.  Cf .  pedder,  pedler,  peddler,  <  ped, 
a  basket,  pannier.]  One  who  buys  com  and 
other  provisions  to  sell  them  elsewhere;  a 

hawker  ;  a  huckster ;  a  cadger.  Badgers  weje  re- 
quired to  take  out  a  license,  and  were  under  certain  let'al 
restrictions  as  to  regrating  or  forestalling  the  market 
[Now  only  prov.  Eng.] 

badger-baiting  (baj'er-ba*ting),  n.  A  barba- 
rous sport  formerly  common,  and  still  practised 
to  some  extent,  generally  as  an  attraction  to 
public  houses  of  the  lowest  sort,  a  badger  is  put 
into  a  barrel,  and  one  or  more  dogs  are  put  in  to  drag  him 
out.  When  this  is  effected  he  is  returned  to  his  barrel 
to  be  similarly  assailed  by  a  fresh  set  of  dogs.  The  badger 
usually  makes  a  most  determined  and  savage  resistance. 
Also  called  drawing  the  badger. 

badgering  (baj'er-ing),  n.  [<  badger^  +  -ing'^.] 
In  England,  the  practice  of  buying  corn  or  vict- 
uals in  one  place  and  selling  them  in  another 
for  profit :  once  restricted  by  statute, 
badger-legged  (baj'er-legd),  a.  [<  badger^  -^■ 
leg  +  -ed2.]  Having  one  leg  shorter  than  the 
other :  in  allusion  to  the  common  but  erroneous 
supposition  that  the  badger's  legs  on  one  side 
are  shorter  than  those  on  the  other. 

His  body  crooked  all  over,  big-bellied,  badaer-legged,  and 
his  complexion  swarthy.  Sir  'R.  L'Estrange. 

badgerly  (baj'er-li),  a.  [<  badger^  +  -lyl.] 
Badger-like  ;  grizzled  or  gray  in  color, 
badger-plane  (baj'er-plan),  w.  [<  badger"^  (ap- 
par. in  allusion  to  its  snout)  +  plane.]  In  Join- 
ery, a  hand-plane  the  mouth  of  which  is  cut 
obliquely  from  side  to  side,  so  that  it  can  work 
close  up  to  a  corner  in  making  a  rabbet  or 
sinking. 

badger  S-bane  (baj'erz-ban),  w.    A  variety  of 

wolf's-bane,  Aconitiim  lycoctonum. 
badget  (baj'et),  n.  [E.  dial. ;  appar.,  like  bad- 
ger^, <  hadge'^,  in  allusion  to  the  white  stripes 
on  the  badger's  forehead.  The  same  allusion 
holds  for  a  eart-horso  ;  cf.  hall^.]  1.  Same  as 
badger^,  1. —  2.  A  common  name  for  a  cart- 
horse.   HalUwell.    [Prov.  Eng.] 


badgir 

t)adgir  (bad'ger),  n.  [Pers.  badgir,  <  bad,  wind, 
+  <jir,  seizing,  eatehing.]  A  wind-catcher  or 
wind-tower  projecting  above  tlie  roof  of  a 
dwelling,  used  in  Persia  and  northwestern  In- 
dia. The  badgirs  are  built  like  large  chimneys,  of  wicker- 
work  and  plaster,  with  openings  toward  the  quarter  of  the 
prevailing  wind  ;  they  are  sometimes  also  made  movable 
or  adjustable.    See  niiui-sail.    Also  written  badgeer. 

badiaga  (bad-i-a'ga),  «.  [Euss.  hadyaga,  also 
iodyaga.^  A  small  sponge  (Spougilla)  com- 
mon in  the  north  of  Europe,  the  powder  of 
which  is  used  in  removing  the  Uvid  marks  of 
bruises. 

badian,  badiane  (ba'di-an,  -an),  n.  [<  F.  ba- 
di<uu;  said  to  be  so  named  from  the  color  of  the 
capsiiles,  <  L.  ladius,  bav: 
seebaye.;\  The  fruit  of 
cium  anisatum,  the  Chinese 
anise-tree,  it  abounds  in  a  vol- 
atile oil  which  gives  it  an  aro- 
matic flavor  aud  odpr.  On  this 
account  it  is  much  used  in  China 
and  India  as  a  condiment,  and  is 
imported  into  France  for  flavor-  „  j. 

jjjo-  Badian. 

badigeon  (ba-dij'on),  n.  [F.:  origin  unknown.] 
1.  A  mixture  of  plaster  and  freestone,  ground 
together  and  sifted,  used  by  sculptors  to  fill  the 
small  holes  and  repair  the  defects  of  the  stones 
used  by  them.— 2.  A  mixtm-e  of  sawdust  and 
glue,  or  of  whiting  and  glue,  used  by  joiners  to 
fill  up  defects  in  their  work. —  3.  A  prepara- 
tion or  wash  for  coloring  houses,  or  for  giving 
plaster  the  appearance  of  stone,  consisting  of 
powdered  stone,  sawdust,  slaked  lime,  alum, 
and  other  iugredients.— 4.  A  preparation  of 
tallow  and  chalk  used  by  coopers. 

badinage  (bad-i-nazh'  or  bad'i-naj),  w.  [F., 

<  badiner,  jest,  make  men-y,  <  bddin,  jesting, 
frivolous,  <  Pr.  badar  (=  F.  baijer),  gape,  <  ML. 
badare,  gape  :  see  bayi.']  Light  playful  banter 
or  raillery. 

He  seems  most  to  have  indulged  himself  only  in  an  ele- 
gant badinage.  Warburton. 
=  Syn.  Raillery,  banter, 
badinerie  (ba-de'ne-re),  «.  [F.,  <  badiner,  jest: 
see  badinage.']  Light  or  playful  discourse; 
nonsense;  badinage.  [Rare.] 

The  fund  of  sensible  discourse  is  limited ;  that  of  jest 
and  badinerie  is  infinite.  Shenstone,  Works,  II.  240. 

badineurt  (bad-i  -ner'),  n.  [F.,  (.  badiner,  jest ; 
see  badinage.']  One  who  indulges  in  badinage  ; 
a  trifler. 

Eebuke  him  for  it,  as  a  divine,  if  you  like  it,  or  as  a 
hadineur,  if  you  think  that  more  effectual. 

Pope,  To  Swift  (Ord  MS.). 

badious  (ba'di-us),  a.  [<  L.  badius,  bay :  see 
bay^.]  Of  a  bay  color;  reddish-brown;  chest- 
nut. [Rare.] 

badling  (bad'ling),  n.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  <  bad'^ 
+  -ling^,  and  not  connected  directly  with  AS. 
bcedling  :  see  bad^.]  If.  An  effeminate  or  wo- 
manish man.  N.  E.  D.—  2.  A  worthless  per- 
son. HalUwell.    [North.  Eng.] 

badly  (bad'li),  adv.    [ME.  badly,  baddeliche; 

<  ftarfl  + -?y2.]  In  a  bad  manner,  (a)  wickedly; 
wrongly;  in  an  evil  or  an  improper  manner:  as,  the  boys 
behaved  badly,  (b)  Grievously  ;  dangerously ;  severely : 
as,  badly  wounded,  (c)  In  a  manner  which  falls  below  a 
recognized  standard  or  fair  average  of  excellence ;  unskil- 
fully; imperfectly;  defectively;  poorly;  not  well:  as,  the 
work  was  badly  done,  (d)  Incorrectly ;  faultily :  as,  to 
speak  French  badly,  (e)  Unfortunately ;  unsuccessfully : 
as,  the  army  fared  badb/.~Ba.61y  off.   See  off. 

badmash,  n.    Same  as  budmasli. 

badminton  (bad'min-ton),  n.  [<  Badminton, 
in  Gloucestershire,  England,  a  seat  of  the  duke 
of  Beaufort.]  1.  An  English  outdoor  game, 
similar  to  lawn-tennis,  but  played  with  shuttle- 
cocks.—  2.  A  summer  beverage,  properly  a 
claret-cup  made  with  soda-water  instead  of 
plaiQ  water  and  flavored  with  cucumber. 
[Eng.] 

Soothed  or  stimulated  by  fragrant  cheroots  or  beakers 
of  Badminton.  Disraeli,  Lothair,  xxx.  {N.  E.  D.) 

[With  or  without  a  capital  in  either  sense.] 
badness  (bad'nes),  n.  [<  bad^  +  -ness.]  The 
state  of  being  bad,  evil,  vicious,  depraved, 
wrong,  improper,  erroneotis,  etc. ;  want  or  de- 
ficiency of  good  qualities,  physical  or  moral: 
as,  the  badness  of  the  heart,  of  the  season,  of 
the  roads,  etc.    See  bad^. 

"  The  badness  of  men,"  a  Jewish  writer  emphatically  de- 
clared, "is  better  than  the  goodness  of  women." 

Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  357. 

badoch  (bad'och),  n.  [Sc.  Cf.  baddoclc]  A 
Scotch  and  local  English  name  of  one  of  the 
jaegers  or  skua  gulls,  Stercorarius  parasiticus,  a 
predatory  marine  bird  of  the  family  Laridce. 


418 

bads  (badz),  M.  pi.    [E.  dial.]    The  husks  of 
walnuts.    HalUwell.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
bael,  n.   See  bd'^. 

baeta  (ba-a'ta),  «.  [Pg.  baeta,  baieta  =  Sp.  ba- 
ycta,  baize :  see  baize.]  A  plain  woolen  stuff 
mantifactiu-ed  in  Spain  and  Portugal.  Sim- 
monds. 

Baetis  (be'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  Bmtis,  Gr.  Bamf, 
a  river  in  Spain,  now  called  Guadalquivir.]  A 


bag 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  practise  deceit;  shuffle; 
qiubble. 

Do  we  not  palpably  baffle  when,  in  respect  to  God,  we 
pretend  to  deny  omselves,  yet,  upon  urgent  occasion,  al- 
low him  nothing?  Barrow,  Works,  I.  437. 
2.  To  struggle  ineffectually;  strive  in  vain: 
as,  the  ship  baffled  with  the  gale. — 3.  In  coal- 
mining, to  brush  out  or  mLx  fire-damp  with  air, 
to  such  an  extent  as  to  render  it  non-explosive. 


genus  of  agnathous  neuropterous  insects,  of  the  baffle  (baf'l),  n.    [<  baffle,  v.]    If  Disgrace- 
family  i;j)/(mr)-((?rt',  or  giving  name  to  a  group    affront.— 2t.  Defeat^'  &  > 
Ba'tida,  containing  nimierous  species  with  4 
wings  and  2  setae, 
bsetyl  (be'til),  n.    Same  as  bwtylus. 
baetylus  (be'ti-lus),  n.    [L.,  also  bcetnlus,  betu- 
lus,  <  Gr.  jiahvlo^,  also  pairbAwv,  a  meteoric 
stone.]    In  classical  antiq.,  a  stone,  whether 
meteoric  or  artificially  shaped,   which  was 
venerated  as  of  divine  origin,  or  honored  as  a 
symbol  of  divinity.    Such  stones  were  preferably  of 
conical  form,  and  sometimes  bore  certain  natural  symbols, 
as  at  Emesa;  but,  especially  when  meteoric,  the  form  was 
not  considered  material.   Thus,  the  stone  preserved  on  the 
omphalos  at  Delphi,  reputed  to  be  the  one  swallowed  by 
Kronos  (Saturn)  through  Rhea's  stratagem  in  place  of  the 
infant  Zeus  (Jove),  was  of  spherical  shape.    Among  the 

most  celebrated  of  these  sacred  stones  were  those  of  Pa-  i,»ffl__  /Ko#'1a«\  i 

phos  in  Cyprus,  of  Zeus  Kasios  at  Seleucia,  and  of  Zeus  ^    ^    k''  n.  I   

Teleios  at  Tegea  in  Arcadia.  See  abadir.  Also  written  baffles.— 2.  A  partition  in  a  furnace  SO  placed 
fe-M«s,  bcftyl,  and  fcm7i/to  as  to  aid  the  convection  of  heat ;  a  bafiSe-plate. 

»affih  V.  I.    [<  ME.  baffen=-D.  andLG.  baffen=   RanMne,  Steam  Engine,  6  304.    Also  baifle  — 
MHG.  bafflen  beffen  G  baffen,  bdfien  =  Dan.    3.  In  coal-mining,  the  lever  with  which  the 
bja'ffe=hw.  bjebba,  bark;  appar.  imitative.   Cf.    throttle-valve  of  a  winding-engine  is  worked. 
d\a\.  buff,  ha.1%  and  yaff.]    To  bark;  yelp.—   [North  Staffordshire,  Eng.] 
To  say  neither  baff  nor  bum,  to  say  nothing.  T,„ffl4„„  /i,  tn-    ^  -rT  . 

baff-i  (baf),  i'.  i.  [Sc.,  also  bef.  Cf.  OF.  baffe,  raffling  (baf  hng),  p.  a.  Frustrating;  discon- 
a  blow  with  the  back  of  the  hand:  see  baffle.]  ^^^.^'^ff!  confusing ;  perplexing :  as,  a  baffling 
To  beat;  strike;  specifically,  in  the  game  of.  *liat  is,  one  which  frequently  shifts  from 

golf,  to  hit  the  ground  with  the  club  whin  strik-        .P°\^*  ^^i.^??,*^^^- , . ,      ,  , 
ing  at  the  ball.    [Scotch.]  bafflingly  (baf  Img-li),  adv.    In  a  baffling 

bafP  (baf),  »i.    [Sc. :  see  the  verb.]   A  blow;  J^^"."^^^'-  ,^ 
a  heavy  thump.  bafflingness  (baf'lmg-nes),  n.    The  quality  of 

baff-ends  (baf 'endz),  w.  2>;.    [<  6fl#  (dial.),  per- .^'if^'g-,  tt.  i 

haps  for  baft,  behind  (see  bajU),  +  end.]  In  baff-week  (baf  wek)  w.  [E.  dial.,  <  baff,  per- 
coal-mining,  long  wooden  wedges  for  adjusting   "^^P^      ''^J^'  ,behind  (see  baft^),  +  week.]  In 


discomfiture. 
It  is  the  skill  of  the  disputant  that  keeps  off  a  baffle. 
o   o  Soidk. 
o.  same  as  baffler,  2. 
bafflement  (baf'l-ment),  «.    [<  baffle  +  -ment.] 
The  state  of  being  baffled,  frustrated,  or 
thwarted  in  one's  endeavors ;  want  of  success 
after  repeated  attempts.  [Rare.] 
Associated  in  his  mind  with  bafflement  and  defeat. 

J.  S.  BlacHe,  Self-Culture,  p.  99. 
baffle-plate  (baf'l-plat),  n.  A  metal  plate  used 
to  direct  the  flames  and  gas  of  a  furnace  to 
different  parts  of  a  steam-boiler,  so  that  all 
portions  of  it  will  be  evenly  heated;  a  de- 
flector. 

One  who  or  that  which 


tubbing-plates,  or  cribs,  in  sinking  shafts  dur- 
ing the  operation  of  fixing  the  tubbing.  Gres- 
ley.  [Eng.] 
baffert,  n.    [<  baff'^  +  -eri.]    A  barker, 

Houndes  for  the  hauk  beth  fljters  and  grete  baffers. 

Bodl.  MS.,  540.  {HalUwell.) 

baflfeta  (baf 'e-ta),  n.    Same  as  baff^. 

baffle  (baf'l),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  baffled,  ppr. 
baffling.  [First  in  the  16th  century,  also  written 
bafful,  baffol;  origin  uncertain.  The  senses 
point  to  two  or  more  independent  sources :  cf . 
(1)  Sc.  bauchle,  bachle,  disgrace,  treat  with  eon- 
tempt  (see  bauchle^) ;  (2)  F.  bafouer,  earlier  baf- 
foucr,  disgrace,  revile,  scoff  at,  deceive,  befler, 
also  beffer,  deceive,  mock,  =  Pr.  bafar  =  Sp.  be- 
far  =  It.  beffare,  mock,  deride  ;  cf.  OF.  befe, 
beffe  =  Pr.  bafa  =  OSp.  bafa,  Sp.  befa  =  It. 
beffa,  beffe,  mockery;  ef.  Pr.  baf,  an  interj.  of 
disdain ;  cf.  Sc.  baffle,  a  trifle,  nonsense,  appar. 
<  OF.  beffe,  trifling,  mockery  (see  above).  Cf. 
MHG.  beffen,  bark:  see  baff^.]  I.  trans.  If. 
To  disgrace ;  treat  with  mockery  or  contumely ; 
hold  up  as  an  object  of  scorn  or  contempt; 
insult;  specifically,  to  subject  to  indignities, 
as  a  recreant  knight  or  traitor. 

The  whole  kingdom  took  notice  of  me  for  a  baffled, 
whipped  fellow.    Beau,  and  PL,  King  and  No  King,  iii.  2. 

You  on  your  knees  have  curs'd  that  virtuous  maiden. 
And  me  for  loving  her ;  yet  do  you  now 
Thus  baffle  me  to  my  face. 

Middleton  and  Dekker,  Roaring  Girl,  i.  1. 

Justice  [in  "  Measure  for  Measure"]  is  not  merely  evad- 
ed or  ignored  or  even  defied :  she  is  both  in  the  older  and 
the  newer  sense  of  the  word  directly  and  deliberately 
baffled  ;  buffeted,  outraged,  insulted,  struck  in  the  face. 

Swinburne,  Shakespeare,  p.  203. 

2t.  To  hoodwink ;  cheat. 


Alas,  poor  fool !  how  have  they  baffled  thee ! 

Shak.,  T.  N., 


V.  1. 


3.  To  circumvent  by  interposing  obstacles  or 
difficulties ;  defeat  the  efforts,  purpose,  or  suc- 
cess of;  frustrate;  cheek;  foil;  thwart;  dis- 
concert ;  confound :  as,  the  fox  baffled  his  pur- 
suers ;  to  baffle  curiosity  or  endeavor. 

To  paint  lightning,  and  to  give  it  no  motion,  is  the 
doom  of  the  baffled  artist. 

/.  D' Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  239. 
Calculations  so  difficult  as  to  have  baffled  .  .  .  the  most 
enlightened  nations.  Prescott. 

I  never  watched  Robert  in  my  life  but  my  scrutiny  was 
presently  baffled  by  finding  he  was  watching  me. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xv. 

4.  To  beat  about,  as  the  wind  or  stray  cattle 
do  standing  grain  or  grass;  twist  irregularly 
together.  =  Syn.  3.  Foil,  Thwart,  etc.    See  frustrate. 


coal-mining,  the  week  next  after  pay-week, 
when  wages  are  paid  once  a  fortnight.  [Eng.] 
baffy-spoon  (baf'i-spon),  ».  A  wooden  club 
with  a  short  shaft  aud  very  much  lofted  in  the 
face,  formerly  used  in  golf  for  playing  ap- 
proaches.   JF.  Park,  Jr. 

bafti  (baft),  adv.  and  prep.  [<  ME.  baft,  bafte, 
baften,  biafien,  <  AS.  bafian,  beceftan,  be  ceftan, 
<  be,  by,  +  a;ftan,  aft :  see  and  aft,  and  cf . 
abaft.]  I.  adv.  Behind;  in  the  rear;  naut., 
abaft.  [Ajchaic] 
II. t  prep.  Behind. 

baft2,  bafta  (baft,  baf'ta),  n,  [Formerly  also 
baf  tab,  baffeta,  boffeta;  <  Hind,  bdfta.a  kind  of 
cotton  cloth,  baft,  weaving,  a  web,  <  Pers.  baft, 
wrotight,  woven.]  A  fine  cotton  fabric  of  Ori- 
ental.manufacture;  especially,  a  plain  muslin, 
of  which  the  Surat  manufacture  is  said  to  be- 
the  best.  The  bafts  of  Dacca  in  British  India  are  an 
inferior  quality  of  the  muslins  made  in  that  district,  and 
are  said  to  be  manufactured  from  European  thread.  The' 
name  is  also  given  to  similar  fabrics  made  in  Great  Britain. 
Also  baffeta. 

bagi  (bag),  n.  [<  ME.  bag,  bagge,  of  uncertain 
origin,  perhaps  <  Icel.  baggi,  a  bag,  pack,  bun- 
dle (cf.  the  older  boggr,  a  bag),  appar.,  with 
assimilation,  <  *balgr,  belgr,  skin,  bellows,  = 
Goth,  balgs,  a  wine-skin,  =  OHG.  balg,  MHG. 
bale,  G.  balg,  a  skin,  =  D.  balg,  skin,  belly,  = 
AS.  balg,  belg,  balig,  belig,  a  bag,  >  mod.  E.  belly 
and  bellows:  see  belly,  where  other  forms  are 
given,  and  bellows.  Cf.  OF.  bague  =  Pr.  bagua 
—  It.  dial,  baga,  a  bundle,  baggage,  ML.  baga, 
a  bag,  chest,  baggage,  belongings,  appar.  from 
the  Teut.  or  the  similar  Celtic  forms.]  1.  A 
small  sack;  a  portable  receptacle  or  reposi- 
tory of  leather,  cloth,  paper,  or  other  flexible 
material,  capable  of  being  closed  at  the  mouth ; 
a  wallet;  a  pouch:  as,  a  &oui-bag;  a  carpet-bag 
or  travelrng-&a(jr ;  a.  mail-&a^.  Specifically — 2, 
A  purse  or  money-bag. 

He  was  a  thief,  and  had  the  bag.  John  xii.  6. 

3t.  A  small  silken  pouch  in  which  the  back  haip- 
of  the  wig  was  curled  away. 

A  bob  wig  and  a  black  silken  bag  tied  to  it.  Addison. 

4.  What  is  contained  in  a  bag;  in  hunting,  the 
animals  bagged  or  obtained  in  an  expedition 
or  a  day's  sport. 

The  bag  is  not  the  sole  aim  of  a  day  afield. 

Forest  and  Stream,  XXI.  2. 

5.  A  sac  or  receptacle  in  animal  bodies  con- 
taining some  fluid  or  other  substance  :  as,  the- 
honey-6«gf  of  a  bee. — 6.  An  udder. 

The  cow  is  sacrificed  to  her  bag,  the  ox  to  his  sirloin. 

Enierson,  Eng.  Traits,  p.  99. 


bag 

7.  pi.  The  stomach.  [Scotch  and  north.  Eng.] 
—8.  pi.  Trousers.  [Vulgar.]  — 9.  The  middle 
part  of  a  large  haul-seine :  the  two  parts  on  the 
sides  are  called  wings. — 10.  A  flue  in  a  porce- 
lain-oven which  ascends  on  the  inner  side,  and 
enters  the  oven  high  up,  so  as  to  heat  the  upper 
part. — 11.  A  customary  measure  of  capacity, 
generally  from  2  to  4  bushels. — 12.  In  coal- 
mining, a  quantity  of  fire-damp  suddenly  given 
off  from  the  coal ;  also,  the  cavity  from  which 
the  gas  is  emitted:  formerly  used  to  include 
cavities  containing  a  large  amount  of  water. 
— Bag  and  baggage,  all  one's  belongings  or  pi  operty : 
originally  a  military  phrase. 

Come,  shepherd,  let  us  make  an  honourable  retreat: 


419 

(It.  dial,  baga,  OF.  bague),  a  bundle :  see  bag'i^ 
and  baggage^.;]  1.  A  trifle;  a  thing  of  no  im- 
portance. 

Heaps  of  hair  rings  and  cypher'd  seals  ; 

Rich  trifles,  serious  bagatelles.  Prior. 

There  is  a  pleasure  arising  from  the  perusal  of  the  very 
bagatelles  of  men  renowned  for  their  knowledge  and  ge- 
nius. Goldsttdth,  Criticisms. 

The  [cremation]  furnace  can  not  be  erected  in  this  coun- 
try for  less  than  from  three  to  five  thousand  dollars  — a 
mere  bagatelle  compared  with  the  cost  of  some  of  our 
cemeteries.  Po^j.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXII.  802. 

2.  A  game  played  on  a  table  having  at  one 
end  nine  holes,  into  which  balls  are  to  be 
struck  with  a  billiard-cue. 


though  not  with  bag  and  baggage,  yet  with  scrip  and  Bagatelle- DOarfl  (bag-a-tel  borcl),  n,  A  porta- 
scrippage.  s'hak..  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  2.    ble  board  on  which  bagatelle  is  played. 

Bag  and  spoon,  an  arrangement  used  in  dredging  for  bagatelle-table  (bag-a-terta"bl),  n.    A  table 
nver-sand.    It  consists  of  a  bag  attached  by  the  mouth    on  which  bagatelle  is  plaved 
to  an  n;on  hoop  which  is  fastened  to  a  long  pole  by  ^^^^^^     bagatinet,  «.    [<  It.  bagattino :  ^ee  bagattino.^ 

Same  as  bagattino. 


ascertained.]   A  name  of  the  female  lumpfish, 
Cyclopterus  lumpus. 
bagazo  (Sp.  pron.  ba-ga'tho),  n.    [Sp.,  =  Pg. 

bagaco:  see  bagasse.^    Same  as  bagasse. 
bag-clasp  (bag'klasp),  n.    A  clasp  for  closing 
the  mouth  of  a  bag ;  a  bag-fastener, 
bag-fastener  (bag'fas"ner),  n.    A  device  made 


of  which  it  is  sunk  to  the  bottom  of  the  river  

along  so  that  the  bag  is  filled.— Bag  of  bones,  a  very 
lean  person  or  animal.  [Humorous.] 

Such  a  limping  bag  of  bones  as  I  was !  Dickens. 
Bag  Of  foulness,  in  a  coal-seam,  a  cavity  filled  with  fire- 
damp.—To  bear  the  bag,  to  carry  the  purse  ;  have  com- 
mand of  the  money. 

These  are  court-admirers, 
And  ever  echo  him  that  bears  the  bag. 

Fletcher  (and  another).  Elder  Brother,  i.  2. 
To  bring  to  bag.  See  bring.— To  give  one  the  bag. 
See  to  give  one  the  sack,  under  sack,  (at)  To  leave  one  with- 
out warning.  (6)  To  dismiss  one  from  one's  service.  Buii- 
yan.  [CoUoq.  or  dial.]  (ct)  To  cheat.  (I'etefcr.— To  leave 
or  give  one  the  bag  to  hold,  to  leave  one  in  the  lurch.— 
To  let  the  cat  out  of  the  bag.  See  cati. 
bagi  (bag),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bagged,  ppr.  bag- 
ging. [<  ME.  baggen,  intrans. ;  from  the  noun.] 
I.  intrans.  1.  To  swell  or  bulge. —  2.  To  hang 
loosely  like  a  bag. 

His  frill  and  neck-cloth  hung  Ump  under  his  bagging 
waistcoat.  • 

3t.  To  grow  big  with  child. 

Then  Venus  shortly  bagged,  and 
Ere  long  was  Cut)id  bred. 

Warner,  Albion's  England,  vi.  148. 
II.  trans.  1,  To  put  into  a  bag:  as,  to  bag  juice 
hops.— 2.  To  distend  like  a  bag;  swell.  bag-fox 
How  doth  an  unwelcome  dropsy  bag  up  his*  eyes. 

Bp.  Hall,  Works,  II.  408. 

3.  To  secure  as  game ;  shoot,  entrap,  or  other- 
wise lay  hold  of:  as,  to  bag  thirty  brace  of 
grouse. 

The  disputes  of  Italians  are  very  droll  things,  and  I  will 
accordingly  bag  the  one  which  is  now  imminent  as  a 
specimen.  Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  245. 

4.  To  make  off  with;  steal.  [Colloq.] 
bag2  (bag),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bagged,  ppr. 

bagging.    [E.  dial.,  also  bagge,  badge;  origin 

obscure.]  To  cut  with  a  reaping-hook  or  scythe : 

used  especially  of  cutting  pease.  Ealliwell. 
bagana    (ba-ga'na),    «.    [Abyssinian.]  An 

Abyssinian  lyi-e  with  ten  strings,  sounding 

five  notes  and  their  octaves, 
bagara  (bag'a-ra),  n.    [Cf.  Bagarius.']    A  sciaB- 

noid  fish  of  'California,  Menticirrus  undulatus, 

related  to  the  kingfish  of  the  eastern  United 

States. 

Bagariinae  (ba-ga-ri-i'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Baga- 
rius +  -inw.']  A  subfamily  of  Siluridce,  having 
the  head  naked  above,  and  the  anterior  and 
posterior  nostrils  close  together  with  a  barbel 
between  them,  it  contains  about  20  species  of  Asiatic 
and  East  Indian  catfishes,  mostly  of  small  size,  some  of 
which  are  provided  with  a  sucking-disk.  Also  written 
Bagarina. 

Bagarius  (ba-ga'ri-us),  «.  [NL.  Ct.  Bagrus.'] 
A  genus  of  catfishes,  typical  of  the  subfamily 
Bagariince. 

The  first  appeara'nce  of  Siluroids  is  indicated  by  some 
fossil  remains  in  the  tertiary  deposits  of  the  highlands 
of  Padang,  in  Sumatra,  where  Pseudotropius  and  Bagarius, 
types  well  represented  in  the  living  fauna,  have  been  found. 

Dr.  A.  Gdnther,  Study  of  Fishes, 
bagasse  (ba-gas'),  «•  [=  F.  bagasse,  also  bagace, 
<  Sp.  bagazo  (=  Pg.  bagago),  #he  refuse  of  sugar- 
cane, grapes,  olives,  etc.,  which  have  been 
pressed,  prob.  a  dial.  var.  of  bagage,  trash, 
lumber,  baggage :  see  baggage^  and  baggage'^.'] 
The  sugar-cane  after  it  has  been  crushed  and 

the  juice  extracted ;  cane-trash,  it  is  used  as  fuel  baggage2  (bae'li),  n.  and  "a 

in  heatmg  the  boilers  and  pans  in  the  sugar-manufactory,  "-""SSasc    v.e  .j;,  ".diiua. 
and  sometimes  as  manure.   Also  called  bagazo,  megass, 
and  megasse. 

When  they  have  finished  grinding  the  cane,  they  form 
the  refuse  of  the  stalks  (which  they  call  taaasse)  into  great 
piles  and  set  fire  to  them. 

S.  L.  Clemens,  Life  on  the  Mississippi,  p.  136. 
bagatelle  (bag-a-tel'),  w.   [Formerly  also  baga- 
tel,  baggatelle  (also  bagatello),  <  F,  bagatelle  = 
Sp.  bagatela  =  Pg.  bagatella,  <  It.  bagattella,  dim. 
of  dial,  bagatta,  bagata,  a  trifle,  prob.  <  ML.  baga 


Expect  no  lower  price,  for  by  the  banner  of  my  front,  I 
will  not  bate  a  bagatine.  B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  ii.  1. 

bagattino  (bag-at-te'no),  n. ;  pi.  baggatini  (-ne). 

[It.,  dim.of  dial.  6«r/a«'a,  atrifle:  see  &a£/afeH<?.]         .  .  .  ^ 

A  copper  coin  of  Venice,  worth  about  half  a  baggaged  (bag'ajdX  a.   [E.  dial 

gnge^ -\- -ed'^.']  Mad;  bewitched.  l-'"--""6-j 
bagaty  (bag'a-ti),  n.    [Also  baggety ;  origin  not  baggageman  (bag'aj-man),  w.;  pi.  bnqgagemcn 


baggie  ' 

1,  n.  1.  A  worthless  person,  especially  a  worth- 
less woman;  a  strumpet. 

A  spark  of  indignation  did  rise  in  her  not  to  suffer  such 
a  baggage  to  win  away  anything  of  hers.     Sir  I'.  Sidney. 
You  are  a  baggage,  and  not  worthy  of  a  man. 

Shirley,  Love  lYicks,  i.  1. 

2.  A  playful,  saucy  young  woman;  a  flirt: 
usually  in  conjunction  with  such  qualifying 
words  as  cunning,  sly,  saucy,  etc.  [Familiar.] 

Tell  them  they  are  two  arrant  little  baggages,  and  that 
I  am  this  moment  in  a  most  violent  passion  with  them. 

Goldsmith,  Vicar,  xxviii. 

II. t  a.  Worthless;  vile:  said  of  persons:  as, 
a  baggage  fellow, 
baggage-car  (taag'aj-kar),  n.  A  railroad-car 
built  for  heavy  loads  and  high  speed,  and  used 
for  can-ying  the  baggage  of  the  passengers  on 
a  train.  [U.  S.  and  Canada.] 
baggage-check  (bag'aj-chek),  n.  A  tag  or  label 
to  be  attached  to  each  article  of  a  traveler's 
baggage,  •  indicating  its  destination,  and  also 
usually  the  point  of  departure  and  the  company 

which  issues  it.  a  duplicate  is  given  to  the  traveler, 
on  the  presentation  of  which  the  baggage  can  be  reclaim- 
ed.   [U.  S.  and  Canada.]  _ 

appar.  <  bag- 
[Prov.  Eng.] 


(-men).  A  man  who  handles  baggage;  espe- 
cially, one  who  carries  or  throws  it  into  a  bag- 
gage-car. 

baggage-master  (bag'aj-mas*ter),  n.  An  offi- 
cer of  an  express,  railroad,  or  steamship  com- 
pany whose  duty  is  to  look  after  the  baggage 
intrusted  to  the  company's  care. 


of  wire,  twine,  rope,  etc.,  for  closing  the  mouths  baggagert  (bag'aj-er),  [<  baggage^  +  -erl.] 
of  hags.  One  who  carries 'baggage ;  specifieaily,  one  who 

Dag-filler  (bag'fil''''er),  n.    A  funnel  used  in  fill-    assists  in  carrying  the  baggage  of  an  army. 

Thackeran           ^iP^'                     ^             .    „,  The  whole  camp  fled  amain,  the  victuallers  and  tef?- 

inacKeray.  'bag-filter  (bag'fil'^'ter),  n.     A  filter  used  in  i/a^ers  forsaking  their  camps. 

sugar-refining  to  clear  saccharine  solutions  of  Raleigh,  Hist,  of  World,  III.  x.  §  3. 

feculencies  and  impurities  suspended  in  them,  baggage-truck  (bag'aj-truk),  n.  A  hand-truck 


It  consists  of  a  series  of  sieves  or  strainers  through  which 
the  solutions  pass  into  one  or  more  flannel  bags,  whence 
the  juice  drips  into  a  receiver. 

(bag'foks),  n.  A  fox  kept  in  confine- 
ment, and  slipped  from  a  bag  when  no  other 
game  for  a  himt  can  be  had. 

To  have  a  sort  of  bag-fox  to  turn  out,  when  fresh  game 
cannot  be  had.  Miss  Ferrier,  Inheritance,  I.  x. 

bagful  (bag'fid),  n.  [<  ftflfiri  +  full.-]  As  much 
as  a  bag  will  hold,  of  whatever  size :  as,  three 
bagfuls  of  wool, 
baggage^  (bag'aj), «.  and  a.  [<  ME.  baggage,  bag- 
age,  <  OF.  bagage,  baggage,  esp.  of  an  army,  also 
the  baggage-train,  including  the  attendants, 
mod.  F.  bagage,  baggage  (r=  Pr.  bagatge  =  Sp. 
bagage,  baggage,  esp.  of  an  army,  a  beast  of 
burden,  formerly  also  refuse,  lumber,  trash,  = 
Pg.  bagagem,  baggage,  carriage ;  cf.  It.  bagaglia, 
bagaglie,  baggage),  <  OF.  baguer,  tie  up,  pack 
up,  truss  up  (mod.  F.  baguer,  baste),  <  bague,  a 
bundle,  pack,  usually  in  pi.  bagues,  baggage,  be- 
longings: see  6afirl  and -aj/e.  Gt.baggage'^.']  l.n. 
1.  The  bags,  trunks,  valises,  satchels,  packages, 
etc.,  and  their  contents,  which  a  traveler  re- 
quires or  takes  with  him  on  a  journey :  now  usu- 
ally called  luggage  in  Great  Britain,  in  law,  bag- 
gage includes  whatever  the  passenger  takes  with  him  for 
his  personal  use  or  convenience,  according  to  the  habits  or 
wants  of  the  particular  class  to  which  he  belongs,  with 
reference  either  to  the  immediate  necessities  or  to  the  ulti- 
mate purpose  of  the  journey.   (Chief  Justice  Cockburn.) 

Mounting  the  baronet's  baggage  on  the  roof  of  the 
coach.  Thackeray. 
Having  dispatched  my  baggage  by  water  to  Altdorf. 

Coxe. 

We  were  told  to  get  our  baggage  in  order  and  embark 
for  quarantine.     B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  18. 

Specifically— 2.  The  portable  equipment,  in- 
cluding the  tents,  clothing,  utensils,  and  other 
necessaries,  of  an  army  or  other  moving  body 
of  men;  impedimenta.— 3t.  Trash;  rubbish; 
refuse. 

In  the  stomacke  is  engendered  great  abundance  of 
naughty  baggage  and  hurtfuU  phlegme. 

I'ouchstone  of  Complexions,  p.  118. 
Ba«  and  baggage.  See  ftay^- 
Il.t      Trashy;  rubbishy;  refuse;  worthless. 
_     '    _      ,  [Prob.  a  particu- 

lar use  of  baggage-^  in  sense  3 ;  but  the  form 
and  sense  agree  closely  with  F.  bagasse,  strum- 
pet, also  bajasse,  baiasse  =  Pr.  baguassa,  prob. 
<  Sp.  bagasa  (obs.)  =  Pg.  bagaxa  =  It.  bagascia, 
a  strumpet;  of  uncertain  origin;  associated 
with,  and  perhaps  a  particular  use  of,  OF.  ba- 
gasse, Sp.  bagazo,  etc.,  refuse,  trash,  which  is, 
again,  prob.  a  var.  (in  Sp.)  of  bagage,  baggage: 
see  baggage'^  and  bagasse.  But  there  are  indi- 
cations of  two  or  more  independent  sources.] 


for  transferring  baggage  at  a  railroad  station, 
passenger  wharf,  etc. 

baggala,  baglo  (bag'a-la,  bag'16),  n.  [Ar.]  A 
two-masted  Arab  boat  used  for  trading  in  the 


Baggala.— From  model  in  South  Kensington  Museum,  London. 

Indian  ocean,  between  the  Malabar  coast  and 
the  Red  Sea.  Large  numbers  of  baggalas  trade  between 
Muscat,  the  Red  Sea,  and  India,  making  one  voyage  each 
way  annually  with  the  monsoons.  They  are  generally  of 
from  200  to  250  tons  burden,  are  exceedingly  weatherly, 
and  are  remarkable  for  the  elevation  of  the  stern,  which 
is  highly  ornamented.    Also  bagla  and  buggaloiv. 

bagget,  V.  i.  [ME.,  found  only  twice,  in  the  ap- 
parent sense  of  '  squint,'  or  '  look  aside ' ;  adv. 
bagginghj,  q.  v.  Origin  obscure.]  A  word  of 
doubtful  meaning,  probably,  to  squint  or  look 
aside. 

False  fortune  .  .  .  that  baggeth  foule,  and  looketh  faire. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  G21. 

bagged  (bagd),  p.  a.    1.  Hanging  in  bags  or 
slack  folds. 
In  a  robe  of  russet  and  white  mixt,  full  and  bagged. 

B.  Jonson,  Masque  of  Beauty. 

2.  Provided  with  bags. —  3.  Retained  in  the 

bags  after  filtration:  applied  to  crude  spei-m 

or  other  matter  remaining  in  the  filtering-bags 

after  the  process  of  bagging, 
bagger  (bag'er),  n.    [<  bagi,  v.,  +  -erl.  Only 

modern:  see  etj-m.  of  beggar,  and  cf.  badger'^.} 

One  who  bags  or  incloses  in  a  bag. 
baggety  (bag'e-ti),  n.  See  bagaty. 
baggie  (bag'i),  n.  [Sc.,  dim.of  &aal.  Ctbelly.'} 

The  belly. 

A  guid  New-year  I  wish  thee,  Maggie  ! 
Hae,  there's  a  ripp  to  thy  aiiUI  baggie. 

Burns,  Faimer  to  his  Auld  Mare  Maggie. 


baggily 

baggily  (bag'i-li),  adv.  In  a  loose  or  baggy  way. 
bagginess  (bag'i-nes),  n.    [<  baggy  +  -ncss.^ 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  baggy. 

There  was  a  baijginess  about  the  trousers  whicli  indi- 
cated tlie  worlc-a-day  costume  of  a  man  of  iiiiglit. 

A'atioiial  Baptist,  XVIII.  6. 

baggingi  (bag'ing),  n,  [Verbal  n.  of  bag^.']  1. 
The  act  of  putting  into  bags. —  2,  Filtration 
through  canvas  bags. 

Separation  of  "  browu  paraffin  scale  "  is  effected  by  6(117- 
ging  and  pressing.  lire,  Diet.,  III.  5U. 

Tlie  first  operation  needed  to  fit  spermaceti  for  use  is 
teclmioally  termed  bagging.  The  crude  sperm  oil,  as 
brouglit  in  by  tlie  wlialers,  is  placed  in  a  reservoir,  at  the 
bottom  of  whicli  are  a  number  of  pipes  leading  into  long 
bags  lined  with  linen,  and  temporarily  closed  at  the  bot- 
tom by  tying  conU  round  the  mouths. 

ir.  L.  Carpenter,  Soap  and  Candles,  p.  241. 

3.  Any  coarse  woven  fabric  of  hemp,  etc.,  out 
of  which  bags  are  made,  or  which  is  used  for 
covering  cotton-bales  and  for  similar  purposes. 
— 4.  In  the  northern  counties  of  England,  food 
eaten  between  regular  meals;  now,  especially 
in  Lancashire,  an  afternoon  meal,  "afternoon 
tea  "  in  a  substantial  form.    N.  E.  D. 

bagging'-^  (bag'ing),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  hag^.']  A 
method  of  reaping  corn  or  pulse  by  chopping 
it  with  a  hook. 

bagginglyt,  adv.  [ME.,  <  hagge,  q.v.]  With  a 
leering  expression.    Rom.  of  the  Rose. 

bagging-time  (bag'ing-tim),  n.  [E.  dial.,  < 
bugging  +  time.']  Lunch-time. 

baggit  (bag'it),  11.  [Sc.,  prop.  p.  a.,  =  E. 
bagged.]    A  female  salmon  after  spawning. 

l>aggy  (bag'i),  a.  [<  bag^-  +  -yi.]  Having  the 
appearance  of  a  bag;  bulging  out  loosely  like  a 
bag;  puffy:  as,  a  baggy  -ambveWiL;  a  baggy  face. 

We  untwisted  our  turbans,  kicked  off  our  baggy  trow- 
sers.  JS.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saraceii,'  p.  106. 

He  looked  like  a  Hindoo  idol,  with  his  heavy-lidded  orbs 
and  baggy  cheeks. 

T.  B.  Aldrich,  Ponkapog  to  Pesth,  p.  204. 

bag-bolder  (bag'h61'''der),  w.  A  contrivance 
for  supporting  a  bag  and  holding  it  open  dur- 
ing the  process  of  filling  it. 

Bagimont's  Roll.   See  roll. 

baglo,  bagla,  ».    See  baggala. 

bag-machine  (bag'ma-shen"),  w.  A  machine 
for  making  paper  bags. 

bagman  (bag'man),  n. ;  pi.  bagmen  (-men). 
One  who  carries  a  bag;  especially,  one  who 
travels  on  horseback  carrying  samples  or  wares 
in  saddle-bags :  a  name  formerly  given  to  com- 
mercial travelers,  but  now  used  only  as  a  term 
of  moderate  contempt. 

bagne  (F.  pron.  bany),  w.  [F.]  Same  as 
bagnio,  3. 

bag-net  (bag'net),  n.  An  interwoven  net  in 
the  form  of  a  bag  for  catching  or  landing  fish. 

bagnet  (bag'net),  n.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal 
form  of  bayonet. 

bagnio  (ban'yo),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bagno, 
banio,  <  It.  bagno  (>  F.  bagne  in  sense  3)  =  Sp. 
bauo  =  ¥.  bain  (see  bain^),  <  L.  balneum,  a  bath: 
see  balneum.']  1 .  A  bath ;  a  house  for  bathing, 
cupping,  sweating,  and  otherwise  cleansing  the 
body. — 2.  A  brothel;  a  stew. —  3.  In  the  Turk- 
ish empire,  a  prison  in  general;  in  France,  for- 
merly, one  of  the  great  prisons  (bagnes)  substi- 
tuted for  the  galleys,  now  superseded  by  trans- 
portation :  perhaps  so  called  from  the  former  use 
of  ancient  baths  in  Constantinople  as  prisons. 

Bagnolian  (bag-no'li-an),  71.  [From  Bagnols, 
in  the  department  of  Gard,  France,  where  the 
heresy  had  its  rise.]  One  of  a  sect  of  French 
heretics  of  the  eighth  century,  who  rejected 
the  whole  of  the  Old  and  part  of  the  New  Tes- 
tament, and  generally  held  the  doctrines  of  the 
Manicheans.  The  name  was  again  applied  in 
the  thirteenth  century  to  some  of  the  Cathari. 
They  were  also  called 
Bagnolenses. 

bag-<iut  (bag'nut),  n. 
The  bladder-nut  of  Eu- 
rope, Stapliylea  pin- 
nata. 

bagonet  (bag'o-net),  w. 
[Cf.  bagnet.]  An  ob- 
solete or  dialectal  form 
of  bayonet. 

bagpipe  (bag'pip),  n. 
[ME.  baggepipe ;  <  bag^ 
+  inpe.]  A  musical 
wind-instrument  con- 
sisting of  a  leathern 
bag,  which  receives  the 
air  from  the  mouth,  or 
from  bellows,  and  of 
pipes,  into  which  the        oid  English  Bagpipe. 


420 

air  is  pressed  from  the  bag  by  the  performer's 

elbow.  It  originated  in  the  East,  was  known  to  the 
(ireeks  and  Romans,  was  popular  in  Europe  throughout 
tlie  middle  ages,  and  is  still  used  in  many  eastern  coun- 
tries, as  well  as  among  the  country  people  of  Poland, 
Italy,  the  south  of  France,  and  in  Scotland  and  Ireland. 
Though  now  often  regarded  as  the  national  instruivient  of 
Scotland,  especially  Celtic  Scotland,  its  origin  and  use 
seem  to  belong  to  the  Celtic  race  in  general.  In  its  best- 
known  form  it  has  four  pipes.  One  of  these,  called  the 
chanter,  has  a  double  reed  and  eight  finger-holes,  so  tliat 
melodies  may  be  played  upon  it.  Its  compass  may  be  ap- 
proximately indicated  thus : 


bahut 

tection,  and  moves  with  it  hanging  downward ;  it  has 

also  received  the  names  basket-worm  ,  drop-ivorm,  etc.  The 
male  insect  has  well-developed  wings,  but  tlie  female  is 
apterous,  and  lays  her  eggs  within  the  puparium. 


There  are  three  other  pipes,  called  drones,  with  a  single 
reed,  which  give  a  continuous  sound,  and  are  tuned  in 
various  ways.  There  are  several  kinds  of  bagpipes,  as 
the  Scotch  (Highland  and  Lowland),  which  is  the  most 
important,  most  characteristic,  best  known,  and  perhaps 
the  oldest;  the  English, or  perhaps  more  properly  North- 
umbrian, a  feelile  instrument,  no  longer  in  use  ;  and  the 
Irish,  which  is  the  most  elaborate  and  most  in  accoi  dance 
with  modern  ideas  of  musical  accuracy.  The  word  is  now 
used  chiefly  in  the  plural,  especially  in  Scotland. 

bagpipe  (bag'pip),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bagpipcd, 
ppr.  bagpiping.  [<  bagpipe,  n.]  To  cause  to 
resemble  a  bagpipe.— To  bagpipe  the  mizzen 

(naut.),  to  lay  it  aback  by  bringing  the  sheet  to  the  miz- 
zen-shrouds. 

bagpiper  (bag'pi'per),  «.  [ME.  baggejnpere  ;  < 
bagpipe  -t-  -eri.]    One  who  plays  on  a  bagpipe. 

Laugh,  like  parrots,  at  a  bagpiper.    Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  1. 

bag-press  (bag'pres),  n.  A  press 
in  which  the  materials  to  be 
pressed  are  inclosed  in  sacks  or 
bags  of  linen  or  hair,  it  is  used  in 
various  manufacturing  processes,  as  in 
the  expressing  of  oil  from  seeds. 

bag-pudding  (bag'pud"ing),  «.  A 
pudding  boiled  in  a  bag. 

bag-pump  (bag'pump),  n.  A  form 
of  bellows-pimip  in  which  there 
is  an  elastic  bag,  distended  at  in- 
tervals by  rings,  fastened  at  one 
end  to  the  bottom  of  the  piston-  ^  ^4Tv''e7disk 
chamber,  and  at  the  other  to  the  which  takes  the 
valve-disk.  tucket  ""^ 

B.  Agr.    An  abbreviation  of  Bach- 
elor of  Agriculture,  a  title  conferred  by  agricul- 
tural colleges.    See  bachelor. 

bagrationite  (ba-gra'shon-it),  ».  [After  P.  R. 
BagratioH:  see  -ite^.]  '  A  mineral  from  the 
Ural,  resembling  some  forms  of  allanite,  of 
which  it  is  probably  a  variety. 

bag-reef  (bag'ref),  «.  The  lowest  reef  of  a 
fore-and-aft  sail,  or  the  first  reef  of  a  topsail. 

Bagrinae  (ba-gri'ne),  n.  1)1.  [NL.,  <  Bagrus  + 
-inec.]  A  subfamily  of  catfishes,  of  the  family 
Siluridw.  They  have  the  anterior  and  posterior  nos- 
trils remote  from  one  another,  the  latter  being  provided 
with  barbels ;  palatal  teeth ;  gill-membranes  free  from  the 
isthmus  ;  a  short  anal  flu  ;  a  long  adipose  fin  ;  and  a  short 
dorsal  fin  in  front  of  the  ventral  Hns.  There  are  many 
species,  mostly  Asiatic  .and  East  Indian. 

bag-room  (bag'rom),  n.  A  room  on  a  man-of- 
war  where  the  clothing-bags  of  the  crew  are 
stored.  Luce. 

Bagrus  (bag'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Sp.  Pg.  bagre, 
a  fish,  Silurus  bagre.]  The  typical  genus  of 
catfishes  of  the  subfamily  Bagrince.  Two  spe- 
cies, attaining  a  length  of  5  or  6  feet,  are  found 
in  the  Nile. 

Bagshot  beds.    See  bed^. 

bag-trousers  (bag'trou'^zerz),  n.  pi.  The  cover- 
ing for  the  legs  worn  by  men  in  the  Levant,  and 
to  a  certain  extent  by  all  Mohammedan  peoples. 

It  consists  of  an  undivided  bag  witli  two  holes  in  tlie  bot- 
tom, through  which  the  feet  are  passed.  It  is  drawn  up 
with  a  cord,  and  tied  around  the  waist  and  around  the 
ankles,  or  above  them,  and  is  commonly  so  full  as  nearly 
to  reach  the  ground  in  falling  over  the  feet.  The  trousei's 
of  the  women  are  more  commonly  made  with  two  legs, 
like  Ein'o])eau  drawers  or  trousers.  See  petticoat-trousers 
and  xliinti-iinn. 

baguet,  baguette  (ba-gef),  n.  [<  F.  baguette, 
a  wand,  rod,  stick,  <  It.  bacchetta,  a  rod,  stick, 
dim.  of  bncchio,  a  rod,  pole,  <  L.  baculum,  a 
rod,  stick:  see  baculus.]  In  arch.,  a  small 
convex  semicircular  molding:  usually  called 
when  plain  a  bead,  when  enriched  with  foliage 
a  chaplet. 

bag-wig  (bag'wig),  n.  A  wig  the  back  hair  of 
which  was  inclosed  in  a  bag.    See  ftafl'i,  3. 

Expect  at  every  turn  to  come  upon  intriguing  spectres 
in  bag-wigs,  immense  hoops  and  patches. 

Howells,  Venetian  Life,  xxi. 

bagwigged  (bag'wigd),  a.    Wearing  a  bag-wig. 

bag-worm  (bag'werm),  n.  The  larva  of  a 
lepidopterous  insect,  Thyridopteryx  ephemera- 
formis  (Harris),  common  throughout  the  more 
northern  part  of  the  United  States.  The  larva  is 
called  bag-worm  because  it  spins  a  silken  bag  for  its  pro- 


Bag-worm  (  Thyridopteryx  ephetnemfo* 
natural  size. 


nis),  larva  and  moths, 


a,  larva  :  b,  male  chrysalis ;  c,  female  moth  ;  d,  male  moth  ;  e,  fe- 
male chrysalis  in  bag  (sectional  view);/,  caterpillar  and  bag;^, 
very  young  caterpillars  in  their  bags. 

bagwynt,  n.  In  her.,  a  fabtdous  beast,  like  an 
antelope  with  a  horse's  tail.  Cussans. 

bah  (ba),  interj.  [<  F.  bah,  interj.  of  contempt.] 
An  exclamation  expressing  contempt,  disgust, 
or  incredulity. 

Twenty-five  years  ago  the  vile  ejaculation  bah .'  was  ut- 
terly unknown  to  the  English  public.  De  Quincey. 

bahadur  (ba-ha'dor),  «.  [Hind,  bdhaduf,  brave, 
gallant;  as  a  noun,  a  hero,  champion.]  A 
title  of  respect  commonly  affixed  to  the 
names  of  European  officers  in  Indian  docu- 
ments, or  used  in  ceremonious  mention  by  na- 
tives :  as,  Jones  Sahib  Bahadur,  it  may  be  com- 
pared to  the  phrase  "gallant  ofBcer"  of  parliamentary 
courtesy,  or  the  "  illustrissimo  signore  "  of  the  Italians. 
It  was  conferred  as  a  title  of  honor  by  the  Great  Mogul, 
and  by  other  native  princes.  Yule  and  Burnell,  Anglo- 
Ind.  (Jlossary. 

Bahama  grass,  sponge,  etc.  See  the  nouns. 

bahar  (ba-hilr' ),  ■/;.  [Also  baar,  barr,  ban  e ;  <  Ar. 
bahdr.]  An  Eastern  measure  of  weight,  vary- 
ing considerably  in  different  localities  and  ac- 
cording to  the  substances  weighed,  in  Mozam- 
bique it  is  about  250  pounds,  in  Mocha  450  pounds,  in  Su- 
matra and  Ceylon  440  pounds.  It  is  also  used  as  a  mea- 
sure of  capacity. 

bahrainga  (bii-ring'ga),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  name 
of  an  East  Indian  deer ;  the  spotted  deer  of  the 
Sunderbunds  or  swampy  parts  of  the  Ganges 
delta ;  the  Rucervus  duvaucelli. 

bahutl  (ba-hof),  n.  [P.,  formerly  also  bahu, 
bahus,  bahuce  (=  Pr.  banc  =  Pg.  bahu,  bahul  = 
Sp.  baid  =  li.  baule),  a  chest,  trunk,  with  arched 
top,  prob.  <  MHG.  behuot,  bchut,  a  keeping, 
guarding,  a  magazine,  <  behuoten,  behiieten,  G. 
behiiten,  keep,  guard,  <  be-  (=E.  6c-i)  -I-  OHG. 
huoten,  MHG.  hiieten,  G.  hiiten,  keep,  =  E.  heed, 
q.  v.]  1.  A  chest,  often  with  an  arched  or  con- 
vex top,  and  frequently  covered  vsrith  leather, 
richly  carved,  or  otherwise  ornamented.  Such 


Bahut. —  French  r6th  century  work.    (From  "  L'Art  pour  Tous.") 

chests  were  a  universal  and  very  important  article  of  fur- 
niture during  the  medieval  and  Renaissance  periods. 
2.  An  ornamental  cabinet,  especially  one  hav- 
ing doors.  See  cabinet. —  3.  In  arch. :  (a)  The 
convex  crowning  course  of  a  wall  or  parapet. 
Victor  Gay,  (b)  In  great  medieval  buildings, 
a  low  wall  supporting  the  roof  behind  the  gut- 


"bahut 

ter  and  balustrade  or  parapet  crowning  the 
main  walls.  Tliis  wall  serves  both  to  pieveiit  infiltra- 
tion of  water  from  heavy  storms  and  to  protect  the  lower 
part  of  the  roof-covering  from  damage  which  the  use  of 
the  gutters  as  passages  would  be  likely  to  cause.  VioUet- 
le-Duc. 

bahut2f,  w.  i<¥.halmtte.  Ct.halmn.-]  Adi-ess 
for  masquerading ;  a  domino.  N.  E.  I). 
Baianism  (ba'yau-izm),  J).  [From  Michel  Bains, 
or  de  Bay,  its  author.]  A  system  of  religious 
opinions,  regarded  as  an  anticipation  of  Jan- 
senism, found  in  part  or  constructively  in  the 
writings  of  Baius  (Michel  de  Bay,  1513-1589) 
of  the  University  of  Louvain.  As  condemned  by 
Pius  V.  and  Gregory  XIII.,  its  chief  points  are :  that  ori- 
ginal righteousness  was  an  integral  part  of  human  nature 
before  the  tall,  not  an  additional  gift  of  God  ;  that  Adam 
could  have  merited  eternal  life  as  a  matter  of  strict  jus- 
tice ;  tliat  man  as  fallen  was  mutilated  in  nature  and  capa- 
ble of  sin  oidy ;  and  that  all  worlis  are  sinful  unless  done 
from  pure  love  of  God.  Baius  submitted  to  the  condem- 
nation of  his  doctrines. 

baichf,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  batcJi^.  Ran 
(Halliwell). 

baid  (bad).  [North.  Eng.  and  Sc.,  =  E.  hodc^.'] 
A  preterit  of  hide. 

baidak  (bi'dak),  ».  [Russ.  haidaM.']  A  river- 
boat  used  on  the  Dnieper  and  its  affluents,  it 

is  from  100  to  150  feet  long,  and  will  carry  from  175  to  250 
tons.  It  has  generally  one  mast  and  one  large  sail, 
baidar  (bi'diir),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  canoe 
used  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  Aleutian  and 
Kurile  islands  in  the  pursuit  of  otters  and 
whales.  It  is  from  18  to  25  feet  long,  covered  with  hides 
and  propelled  by  from  6  to  12  paddles. 

baiet,  n.  and  a.  Obsolete  form  of  6a?/l,  hav'^ 
etc.  '     •'  ' 

baierine  (bi'e-rin),  n.  [<  G.  Baier  n,  Bavaria, 
+  -i?ie2.]  A  name  given  by  Beudant  to  colum- 
bite  obtained  in  Bavaria. 

baiest,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  baize. 

baignet,  n.  and  v.    See  hain^. 

baignoire  (ba-nwor'),  n.  [F.,  a  bath-tub,  a  box 
m  a  theater,  <  haigner,  bathe :  see  hain'^.']  A 
box  in  a  theater  on  the  same  level  as  the  stalls. 
Sometimes  written  haignoir. 

The  twelve  baigmirs  and  the  thirty-six  boxes  of  the 
second  tier  are  left  at  the  disposal  of  the  manager. 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXVII.  884. 


421 


baikallte  (bi'kal-it),  n.  [<  Baikal  (Batakhal, 
said  to  mean  '  abundant  water '),  a  lake  in  south- 
ern Siberia,  +  -ite2.]  a  dark-green  variety  of 
pyroxene,  occurring  in  crystals  with  a  lamellar 
structure  like  that  of  salite  near  Lake  Baikal 
in  southern  Siberia, 
baili  (bal),  n.  [Sometimes  improp.  bale;  early 
mod.  E.  bail,  bayle,  <  ME.  bayle,  beyl,  prob.  <  AS 
*begel,  "bygel  (not  recorded;  cf.  byge,  a  bend, 
turn,  bedh  ( >E.  bee^),  a  ring)  (=  D.  beugel,  a  hoop, 
nng  bow,  stirrup,  handle,  =  MLG.  bogel,  bog- 
gel,  LG.  bdgel,  a  bow,  ring,  =  G.  biegel,  biigel,  a 
bow,  bent  piece  of  wood  or  metal,  stirrup,  = 
Dan.  hqjle,  a  bow,  bar,  boom-iron,  =  Sw.  bdgel, 
bygel,  a  bow,  hoop,  ring,  stirrup,  =  Icel.  bygill,  a 
stuTup) ;  with  formative  -el,  <  bagan  (pp.  bogen) 
(=  G.  biegen  =  Icel.  bjiiga,  etc.),  bow,  bend,  in 
part  from  the  causative  hygan,  began,  ME.  bei- 
gen,  beien,  etc.,  mod.  E.  dial,  bay  {z=  G.  beugen 
=  Icel.  beygja,  etc.:  see  bay^),  bend:  see  bowT-, 
v.,  and  cf.  bow^,  m.]  1.  A  hoop  or  ring;  a  piece 
of  wood,  metal,  or  other  material  bent  into  the 
form  of  a  circle  or  half -circle,  as  a  hoop  for  sup- 
porting the  tilt  of  a  boat,  the  cover  of  a  wagon 
or  cradle,  etc.  Specifically — 2.  The  hoop  form- 
ing the  handle  of  a  kettle  or  bucket.— 3.  One 
of  the  iron  yokes  which  serve  to  suspend  a  life- 
car  from  the  hawser  on  which  it  runs. — 4.  A 
stout  iron  yoke  placed  over  heavy  guns  and'fit- 
tmg  closely  over  the  ends  of  the  trunnions,  to 
which  it  is  attached  by  pins  in  the  axis  of  the 
trunnions:  used  to  raise  the  gun  by  means  of 
the  gin.  Farrow,  Mil.  Encyc— 5.  An  arched 
support  of  a  millstone.— 6t.  A  wooden  canopy 
formed  of  bows.  Halliwell. 

baill  (bal),  V.  t.  [<  baiV-,  w,]  To  provide  with 
a  bail ;  hoop. 

baiP  (bal),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  ""baylen,  <  OF.  bailler, 
baillier,  bailier  =  7v.  bailar,  carry,  conduct,  con- 
trol, receive,  keep  in  custody,  give,  deliver,  < 
L.  hajulare,  bear  a  burden,  cany,  ML.  also 
conduct,  control,  rule,  <  bajulus,  a  bearer,  car- 
rier, porter,  in  ML.  ( >  It.  bailo,  halio  =  Pg.  bailio 
=  Sp.  Pr.  baile  =  OF.  bail,  with  ML.  reflex 
baillus,  balius,  etc.)  a  governor,  administrator, 
tutor,  guardian,  fem.  bajula  (>  OF.  bailie,  etc., 
ML.  reflex  baila),  a  governess,  nurse.  In  E.  the 
verb,  m  its  customary  senses,  is  rather  from 
the  noun:  see  bail^,  w.]  1.  In  law :  (a)  To  de- 
liver, as  goods,  without  transference  of  owner- 
ship, on  an  agreement,  expressed  or  implied. 


that  they  shall  be  returned  or  accounted  for. 

See  bailment. 

If  cloth  be  delivered  (or  in  our  legal  dialect,  hailed)  to  a 
tailor  to  make  a  suit  of  clothes.  Blackstone,  Com.,  II.  452. 
(J))  To  set  free,  deliver,  or  liberate  from  aiTest 
and  imprisonment,  upon  security  given  that  the 
person  bailed  shall  appear  and  answer  in  court 
or  satisfy  the  judgment  given :  applied  to  the 
action  of  the  magistrate  or  the  surety.  The  ma- 
gistrate is  said  to  bail  a  person  (or  to  admit  him  to  bail) 
when  he  liberates  him  from  arrest  or  imprisonment  upon 
bond  given  with  sureties.  The  surety  is  also  said  to  bail 
the  person  whose  release  he  procures  by  giving  the  bond. 
Tit.  Let  me  be  their  bail.  .  .  . 

Sat.  Thou  Shalt  not  bail  them. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  ii.  4. 
WTien  they  [the  judges]  had  bailed  the  twelve  bisliops 
the  House  of  Conmions,  in  great  indignation,  caused  them 
immediately  to  lie  recommitted.  Clarendon. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  release ;  liberate. 
Ne  none  there  was  to  reskue  her,  ne  none  to  baile. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  ix.  7. 

3.  To  be  security  for;  secure;  protect. 
^.    .  We  can  bail  him  from  the  cruelty 
Of  misconstruction.  Ford,  Fancies,  v.  2. 

To  bail  out,  to  procure  the  release  of  (a  person)  by  acting 
as  his  baii.-To  bail  over  to  keep  the  peace,  to  require 

security  from  (a  person)  that  he  will  keep  the  peace. 

y}frS^^^^'  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bayle,  bale, 
<  ML.  bayle,  baill  (ML.  ballium,  balium),  <  OF. 
bail,  power,  control,  custody,  charge,  jurisdic- 
tion, also  delivery,  <  bailler,  bailier,  conduct, 
control,  etc.,  deliver.  The  noun  is  thus  his- 
torically from  the  verb,  though  in  E.  the  verb 
m  some  of  its  senses  depends  on  the  noun:  see 
bail^,  v.]  If.  Power;  custody;  jurisdiction. 
So  did  Diana  and  her  maydens  all 
Use  silly  Faunus,  now  within  their  baile. 

_  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VII.  vi.  49. 

2.  The  keeping  of  a  person  in  nominal  custody 
on  security  that  he  shall  appear  in  court  at  a 

specified  time.  The  person  is  said  to  be  admitted  to 
bail,  in  which  phrase,  however,  bail  is  now  commonly 
thought  of  as  the  security  given.    See  3. 

3.  Security  given  to  obtain  the  release  of  a 
prisoner  from  custody,  pending  final  dechsion 
m  the  action  against  him.  in  civil  cases  a  person 
arrested  has  always  tlie  right  to  give  sufficient  bail,  and 
thereupon  be  released  from  custody.  In  criminal  cases 
the  defendant  has  also  this  right,  as  a  rule,  when  the 
crime  charged  is  a  mere  misdemeanor.  Whether  to  bail 
one  charged  with  treason  or  felony  is  usually  in  the  dis- 
cretion of  the  judge,  and  in  some  states  bail  is  always  de- 
nied to  one  held  for  a  crime  punishable  with  death  Tlie 
security  is  in  the  form  of  a  bond  executed  by  responsible 
sureties,  providing  that  the  defendant  shall  appear  at  the 
order  of  the  court  under  penalty  of  forfeiture  of  the  sum 
named  in  the  bond.  The  person  bailed  is  regarded  as  but 
transferred  from  the  custody  of  the  law  to  that  of  his 
sureties,  who  may  therefore  seize  and  surrender  him  at 
any  time.  In  civil  cases  there  are  several  kinds  of  bail  at 
common  law  the  chief  being  common  bail  and  special  bail 
tommon  bail,  or  bail  below,  which  is  now  disused,  was  given 
to  the  sheriff  on  a  bail-bond  entered  into  by  two  persons 
on  condition  that  the  defendant  appear  at  the  day  and  in 
such  place  as  the  arresting  process  commands.  Special 
bail,  bail  above,  or  bail  to  the  action,  is  given  by  persons 
who  undertake  generally,  after  appearance  of  a  defen- 
dant, that  if  he  be  condemned  in  the  action  he  shall  satisfy 
the  debt,  costs,  and  damages,  or  render  himself  to  the 
proper  person,  or  that  they  will  do  so  for  him.  (Wharton  ) 
In  Sctjtland,  bail  in  civil  cases  is  called  caution  (which  see). 

4.  Figuratively,  security;  guaranty. 
Doubtless  this  man  hath  bail  enough  to  be  no  Adulterer 

Milton,  Tetrachordon,  Works  (1738),  I.  25l! 

5.  Liberation  on  bail:  as,  to  grant  bail.— 6. 
The  person  or  persons  who  provide  bail,  and 
thus  obtain  the  temporary  release  of  a  prisoner. 

Persons  who  make  a  business  of  furnishing  bail  on  pay- 
ment of  a  fee  often  frequent  law-courts.  Formerly  such 
persons  wore  straws  in  their  shoes  as  a  sign  of  their  occu- 
pation ;  hence  the  terra  straw  bail,  used  to  designate  fic- 
titious or  irresponsible  professional  bail. 
The  bail  must  be  real  substantial  bondsmen. 

BlacJcsto7ie. 

The  attorney  whispered  to  Mr.  Pickwick  that  he  was 
only  a  bail.  "  A  baiir'  "  Yes,  my  dear  sir,  half.a-dozen 
of  era  here.  Bail  you  to  any  amount  and  only  char'>e 
half-a-crown."  Dickens,  Pickwick  Papers. 

Where  those  mysterious  personages  who  were  wout  in 
the  old  times  to  perambulate  the  great  saloon  of  the  futile 
footsteps,  Westminster  Hall,  with  straws  in  their  shoes 
and  whose  occupation  is  not  by  any  means  gone  now-a- 
days,  are  always  in  attendance  in  a  philanthropic  eager- 
ness to  render  service  to  suftering  humanity  — or  in  other 
words,  to  become  bail  where  bail  is  wanted,  for  a  gratuity 
of  half-a-crown  to  twelve  and  sixpence.  G.  A.  Sala. 

[Bail,  being  an  abstract  noun  applicable  to  persons  only 
by  ellipsis,  is  not  used  in  the  plural.)— Bail  a  longues 
annees,  in  Canadian  law,  a  lease  for  more  than  nine 
years,  termed  also  an  emphyteutic  lease,  whereby  the  les- 
see enjoys  for  the  terra  iill  the  rights  attached  to  the  qual- 
ity of  proprietor,  and  can  dispose  of  the  property  subject 
to  the  rights  of  the  lessor.— On  bail,  on  guaranties  duly 
given  for  the  appearance  or  production  of  a  prisoner  in 
court  at  the  proper  time :  as,  he  was  liberated  on  bail. 

His  [Somerset's]  friends  attempted  to  obtain  his  release 
°"  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  672. 

To  admit  to  bail,  or  to  take  bail  for,  to  release  upon 

security  given.  See  above,  2.— To  find  bail,  to  procure 
persons  to  act  as  bail.— To  go  bail,  (a)  To  act  as  bail  or 


bailed 

surety.  (/;)  To  vouch  (for  a  thing):  m,  111  go  bail  for 
that.-To  hold  to  bail,  to  oblige  to  fin.l  i.ail  o^go  to  jail 
-To  perfect  oi'  justify  baU,  to  prove  by  the  oath  <.f  the 
person  furmshmg  l,ail  tliat,  over  and  above  his  debts  he 
IS  worth  tlie  sum  for  which  he  is  about  to  become  Bcciir'ity 

bail-5  (bal),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  hayle  (still 
sometimes  used  archaically  in  def.  6),  <  ME 
bayle,  baile,  hail,  a  barrier,  palisade,  prob.  also 
a  bar  (=  D.  Flem.  balic,  a  bar,  rail),  <  OF.  bail 
haile,  bmlte,  a  bamer,  palisade,  prob.  also  (as 
in  mod.  F.  dial,  bail)  a  bar,  cross-bar  (cf.  Icel. 
hagall,  an  episcopal  staff,  crozier),  prob.  <  L 
baculum,  bacuhis,  a  stick,  rod,  staff  (see  bacu- 
lus,  and  cf.  bail^,  <  ML,  *bacula) :  see  bails,  v., 
and  cf.  deriv.  bailci/i.   The  noun  bail^  in  some 
senses  may  be  from  the  verb,  but  all  senses  ap- 
pear to  depend  ult.  on  that  of  a  bar,  or  cross- 
bar.]   If.  A  bar;  a  cross-bar. 

Set  them  uppon  some  pearclie  or  hayle  of  wood  that 
they  maye  by  that  meanes  the  better  keepe  their  feathers 
unbroken  and  eschue  the  dragging  of  their  traines  upon 
the  ground. 

Turberville,  Booke  of  Falconrie,  p.  358.  (iV.  E.  D.) 

2.  In  cricket,  one  of  the  two  little  bars  or  sticks, 
about  4  inches  long,  which  are  laid  on  the  tops 
of  the  stumps,  one  end  resting  in  the  groove  of 
one  stump,  and  the  other  in  tliat  of  the  next. 

Since  they  fall  with  the  lightest  blow,  they  serve  to  indi- 
cate when  the  stumps  have  been  struck. 

Old  Bailey  gravely  sets  up  the  middle  stump  again,  and 
puts  the  bails  on.  i    &  . 

T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Rugby,  ii.  8. 

3.  A  bar  or  pole  to  separate  horses  in  a  stable. 
— 4.  A  framework  for  securing  the  head  of  a 
cow  while  she  is  being  milked.  [Australia.]— 
5.  [The  earliest  use  in  E.]  JiJilit.:  (a)  pi. 
The  outer  wall  or  line  of  defenses,  originally 
often  made  of  stakes;  barriers;  palisades.  See 
pahsade.  Hence  — (i)  The  space  inclosed  by 
the  outer  wall ;  the  outer  court  of  a  castle  or  a 
fortified  post :  in  this  sense  usually  called  bailey. 
See  bailey'^.— 6.  A  certain  limit  in  a  forest. 

bails  (bal),  V.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hale;  appar. 
<  OF.  baillier,  inclose,  shut  in,  bar,  appar.  < 
haille,  a  bar,  cross-bar,  ban-ier;  in  the  second 
sense,  directly  <  bails,  5.]  1.  To  bar  in; 
confine.    [Rare.]  — 2.  To  provide  with  a  bail. 

"~i  •,°  ,  ^P-  '^"^  secure  the  head  (of  a  cow)  in  a  bail 
wlnle  she  is  being  milked.  Hence  — (i)  To  disarm  prepar- 
atory to  robbing ;  order  to  throw  up  the  arms.  [Australia  1 

baiFf  (bal),  w.  [<  ME.  beyle,  *bayle  =  D.  halie 
=  MLG.  balge,  hallige,  balleie,  LG.  balje,  a  tub, 
bucket,  =  G.  Dan.  halje  =  Sw.  balja,  a  tub,  = 
It.  bagha,  a  tub,  bucket,  <  F.  haille,  naut.  a  tub, 
bucket,  pail,  prob.  <  ML.  *hacula,  a  bucket  or 
tub  (cf.  hacula,  a  small  boat),  dim.  of  baca, 
bacca,  a  tub :  see  hack^.  Cf.  bails,  prob.  <  L. 
baculum.']  A  bucket ;  a  pail ;  especially,  a 
bucket  or  other  small  vessel  used  to  dip  water 
out  of  a  boat, 
bail*  (bal),  [Also  less  prop.  &«fe;  early  mod. 
E.  baile,  bayle  {=  D.  halien,  uit-halien) ;  from 
the  noun.]  I.  trans.  To  remove  (water),  or  free 
(a  boat,  etc.)  from  water,  with  a  bail,  bucket, 
basin,  or  other  small  vessel:  usually  with  out. 

II.  intrans.  To  remove  water,  as  from  a  boat 
or  the  like,  with  a  bail  or  bucket. 
baiFf,  etc.    Obsolete  and  less  proper  SDeUinff 
of  6a?ei,  etc.  r   r      f  s 

bailable  (ba'la-bl),  a.     [Early  mod.  E.  also 
baleable,  haileahle ;  <  60272,  v.  and  «.,  +  -able.'] 

1.  Capable  of  being  delivered;  deliverable.— 

2.  Capable  of  being  set  free  upon  giving  bond 
with  sureties ;  capable  of  being  admitted  to 
bail:  used  of  persons.— 3.  Admitting  of  bail  • 
as,  a  bailable  ofi'euse. 

Tj.ailage  Cba'laj),  n.  [Also  bailiage,  halliage,  as 
it  <  AF.  *hailiage,  ML.  halliagium :  see  bair^^ 
v.,  and  -age.]  A  duty  imposed  upon  the  de- 
livery of  goods  ;  an  ancient  duty  received  by 
the  city  of  London  for  all  goods  and  merchan- 
dise brought  into  or  carried  out  of  the  port. 
Chambers. 

bail-bond  (bal 'bond),  n.  A  bond  or  obliga- 
tion given  by  a  prisoner  and  his  surety  to  in- 
sure the  appearance  of  the  former  in  court  at 
the  return  of  the  writ, 
bail-dockt  (bal 'dok),  n.  [Prob.  <  hail^  +  dock^.] 
Formerly,  at  the  Old  Bailev  in  London,  a  small 
room  taken  from  one  of 'the  corners  of  the 
court,  and  left  open  at  the  top,  in  which  cer- 
tain malefactors  were  placed  during  trial.  Also 
spelled  bale-dock. 

Penn  and  Mead,  for  their  stout  defence  iit  their  trial 
were  dragged  into  the  bale-dock,  and  tlie  Kecorder  pro- 
ceeded to  charge  the  jury  during  tlieir  detention  there 
urging  for  an  excuse,  that  they  were  still  within  hearing 
of  the  Court.  A',  and  Q.,  Cth  ser.,  XI.  87. 

bailedt  (bald),  p.  a.  [<  bain  +  -ed^.]  Pro- 
vided with,  a  bail ;  hooped  and  covered,  as  a 
wagon. 


bailee 

bailee  (ba-le'),  «•  [<  baU^,  v.,  +  -cel.]  In  law, 
the  person  to  whom  goods  are  committed  in 
bailment.  He  has  a  temporary  possession  of 
them  and  a  qualified  property  in  them  for  such 
purpose  only. 

bailer^,  «.    [<  bail^  +  -eri.]    See  bailor. 

bailer^  (ba'16r),  n.  [<  &at«4  + i.  One 
who  bails  out  water,  or  frees  a  boat  from  water. 
—  2.  A  vessel  used  for  bailing  water. 

For  river  or  lake  work  a  sponge  and  baley'  may  be  suf- 
ficient, but  for  sea  cruising  an  effective  pump  should  be 
fitted.  Qualtrough,  Boat  Sailer's  Manual,  p.  194. 

Also  baler. 

baileyi  (ba'li),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  baily, 
fcrt*/ie',<  ME.  bailtj,  bailie,  baillie,  bailly,  baili,  etc., 
an  extended  form  (prob.  after  the  ML.  balium, 
baUium,  a  reflex  of  the  OF.  bail)  of  bayle,  bail, 
mod.  E.  bail,  a  barrier,  etc. :  see  bail'^.']  1.  The 
external  wall  of  defense  about  a  feudal  castle 
(see  bailS) ;  by  extension,  any  of  the  circuits  of 
wall  other  than  a  keep  or  donjon,  that  is,  any 
line  of  defense  other  than  the  innermost  one. 
— 2.  As  used  by  later  writers,  the  outer  com-t 
or  base-court  of  a  castle ;  by  extension,  any 
court  of  a  defensive  post  used  with  a  distinctive 
epithet.  The  inner  bailey  contained  the  stables  and  often 
the  chapel,  etc.,  and  communicated  directly  with  the  keep ; 
the  outer  bailey ,  when  there  were  only  two,  more  commonly 
contained  the  chapel  and  sometimes  a  tilt-yard,  exercise- 
ground,  or  the  like.  The  entranceway  to  a  castle,  after 
passing  the  defenses  of  the  barbican,  led  first  into  the  outer 
bailey  and  thence  into  the  inner  bailey ;  but  it  was  usual 
for  the  keep  to  have  also  a  separate  communication  with 
the  exterior.  [The  word  is  still  retained  in  some  proper 
names,  as  in  the  Old  Bailey,  the  seat  of  the  central  crimi- 
nal court  of  London,  so  called  from  the  ancient  bailey  of 
the  city  wall  between  Lud  Gate  and  New  Gate,  within 
which  it  was  situated.] 
Also  ballium. 

bailey^t,  n.    See  bailie'^. 

bailiagei,  «.    See  bailage. 

bailiage^,  bailliage  (ba'li-aj),  n.  [Formerly 
also  baillage,  baliage,  and  balliage  (cf.  ML.  bal- 
liagium,  baillagium,  baliaticum),  <  F.  bailliage 
(=Pr.  baiUatge  =  S]).  bailiage),  <  bailli,  abailiff, 
bailie,  +  -age.']  The  jurisdietion  or  district  of 
a  baUiif  or  bailli ;  a  bailiwick :  now  used  chiefly 
(in  the  form  bailliage)  with  reference  to  old 
French  or  to  Swiss  bailiwicks. 

At  first  four  bailliayes  were  created.  Brougham. 

The  several  orders  [in  France]  met  in  their  bailliages  in 
1789,  to  choose  their  representatives  [in  the  Assembly] 
and  draw  up  their  grievances  and  instructions. 

John  Morley,  Burke,  p.  161. 

bailiary,  n.    See  bailiery. 

bailieif,  n.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  bailey'^. 

bailie^  (ba'li),  n.  [Now  only  as  Sc.,  also  spelled 
baillie,  baily,  early  mod.  E.  also  baily,  bailey,  bay- 
ley,  etc.,  <  ME.  baylie,  bayly,  baillie,  baili,  bailli, 

<  OF.  bailli,  earlier  bailUf,  >  E.  bailiff,  of  which 
bailie"^  is  thus  a  doublet:  see  bailiff.']  If.  A 
bailiff. —  2.  In  Scotland :  («t)  The  chief  magis- 
trate of  a  barony  or  part  of  a  county,  having 
functions  equivalent  to  those  of  a  sheriff.  (6) 
Amunicipal  officer  or  magistrate,  corresponding 
to  an  alderman  in  England.  He  possesses  a  certain 
jurisdiction  by  common  law  as  well  as  by  statute.  The 
criminal  jurisdiction  of  the  provost  and  bailies  of  royal 
burghs  extends  to  breaches  of  the  peace,  drunkenness, 
adulteration  of  articles  of  diet,  thefts  not  of  an  aggra- 
vated character,  and  other  offenses  of  a  less  serious  na- 
ture. Formerly,  a  person  appointed  by  precept  of  sasine  to 
give  infeftment  in  land  (a  legal  formality  now  abolished) 
was  also  called  a  bailie. 

bailie^t,  »•    See  baily^. 

bailiery,  bailiary  (ba'li-e-ri.  -a-ri),  n.  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  baillierie,  etc.,  <  F.  as  if  *baillerie, 

<  bailli :  see  bailie^  and  -ery.]  In  Scots  law,  a 
bailie's  jurisdiction.  Also  bailliery,  bailliary. — 

Letter  of  bailiery,  a  commission  by  which  a  heritable 
proprietor,  entitled  to  grant  such  a  commission,  appoints 
a  baron  bailie,  with  the  usual  powers,  to  hold  courts,  ap- 
point officers  under  him,  etc. 

bailiff  (ba'lif ),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bayliff, 
baliffe,  bailive,  etc.,  <  ME.  hailif,  baillif,  balyf, 
etc.  (ML.  balUous),  <  OF.  baillif  (later  bailli, 
E.  bailie'^,  q.  v.),  <  ML.  *bajulivus,  prop,  adj.,  < 
bajulus,  an  administrator,  manager,  guardian, 
tutor,  etc.,  in  L.  a  carrier,  porter:  see  bail^,  v.] 

1.  A  subordinate  civil  oflSeer  or  functionary. 

There  are  in  England  several  kinds  of  bailiffs,  whose  offices 
differ  widely,  but  all  agree  in  this,  that  the  keeping  or  pro- 
tection of  something  belongs  to  them.  The  sheriff  is  the 
sovereign's  bailiff,  and  his  county  is  a  bailiwick.  The 
name  is  also  applied  to  the  chief  magistrates  of  some 
towns,  to  keepers  of  royal  castles,  as  of  Dover,  to  persons 
having  the  conservation  of  the  peace  in  hundreds  and  in 
some  special  jurisdictions,  as  'Westminster,  and  to  the 
returning-offlcers  in  the  same.  But  the  officials  common- 
ly designated  by  this  name  are  the  bailiff-i  of  sheriffs,  or 
sheriffs'  officers,  who  execute  processes,  etc.,  and  bailiffs 
of  liberties,  appointed  by  the  lords  in  their  respective 
jurisdictions  to  perform  similar  functions. 

2.  An  overseer  or  under-steward  on  an  estate, 
appointed  to  manage  forests,  direct  husbandry 
operations,  collect  rents,  etc.    Also  called  a 


422 

bailiff  of  forests,  or  bailiff  in  husbandry. — 3.  An 
officer  of  the  Ejiights  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem. 
—  Bailiff  of  forests,  or  bailiff  in  husbandry.  See 

above,  2.— High  bailiff,  in  England:  (a)  The  chief  offi- 
cer of  certain  corporations.  (Jj)  The  officer  of  a  county 
coui't.  (c)  The  ofWcer  who  serves  writs  and  the  like  in 
certain  franchises  not  subject  to  the  ordinary  jurisiliction 
of  the  sheriff.—  Special  bailiff,  a  person  named  by  a  party 
in  a  civil  suit  for  the  purpose  of  executing  some  particular 
process  therein,  and  appointed  by  the  sheriff  on  the  appli- 
cation of  such  party. — 'Water-bailiff,  in  England,  an 
officer  employed  in  protecting  a  river  from  poachers  and 
from  being  fished  at  other  times  or  in  other  ways  than 
those  permitted  by  law. 

bailiflfryt  (ba'lif-ri),  m.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
baiUvery ;  <  bailiff'  +  -ry.]  The  office  or  juris- 
dietion of  a  bailiff. 

bailififship  (ba'lif-ship),  n.  [<  bailiff  +  -ship.] 
The  office  of  bailiff. 

bailiflfwickt (ba'lif -wik), «.  l<bailiff'+  -wiclc.  Cf. 
bailiwiclc]  The  office  of  a  bailiff  or  a  sheriff,  or 
the  district  under  his  jurisdiction ;  a  baili'wick. 

bailing-machine  (ba'ling-ma-shen"),  n.  A 
form  of  bail-scoop  (which  see). 

bailiwick  (ba'li-'wik),  n.  [<  ME.  bailie-,  bayly-, 
etc.,  +  -wihe,  etc. ;  <  bailie^  +  -wick.]  The  coim- 
ty  mthin  which  a  sheriff  exercises  his  office ; 
the  precincts  in  which  a  bailiff  has  jurisdiction ; 
the  limits  of  a  bailiff's  authority,  as  (in  Eng- 
land) a  hundred,  a  liberty,  or  a  forest  over 
which  a  bailiff  is  appointed. 

There  is  a  proper  officer  allreadye  appoynted  for  these 
turnes,  to  witt  the  sheriff  of  the  shire,  whose  peculiar  office 
it  is  to  walke  continuallye  up  and  downe  his  balywick,  as 
ye  would  have  a  marshal].         Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

bailliage,  n.    [F.]    See  bailiage^. 
baillieH,       See  bailey^. 
baillie-t,  «•    See  bailie'^. 
baillie^t,  n.    See  baily^. 

baillie-brushkie  (ba  li-bmsh'ki),  n.  [Native 
name  in  Alaska.]  The  parrakeet-auklet,  Pha- 
leris  or  Ombria  psittacula.    H.  W.  Elliott. 

bailliery,  bailliary,  n.   See  bailiery. 

baillon  (F.  pron.  ba-lyou'),  n.  [<  F.  baillon,  a 
gag,  of  uncertain  origin;  either  (1)  dim.  (as  if 

<  L.  *baculo,  *baculon-)  of  OF.  bailie,  bail,  a  bar, 
barrier  (see  baiP) ;  or  (2),  -written  bdillon,  <  bdil- 
ler,  OF.  baailler,  baailer  =  Pr.  badaillar  =  Cat. 
badallar  =  It.  sbadigliare,  gape  (cf.  ML.  badal- 
lum,  a  gag),  <  ML.  badare,  gape,  open  the 
mouth:  see  bay^.]  A  gag;  specifically,  a  piece 
of  cork  or  other  material  used  to  keep  the  mouth 
open  during  operations,  dental  or  surgical,  in 
the  mouth. 

baillone  (ba-lyo-na'),  a.  [<  F.  bdillonnS,  pp.  of 
bdillonner,  gag,  <  bdillon,  a  gag:  see  baillon.] 
In  her.,  holding  a  stick  between  the  teeth:  said 
of  an  animal  used  as  a  bearing. 

bailment  (bal'ment),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bailement,  <  OF.  "baillement,  <  bailler,  deliver, 
bail:  see  baiV^,  v.,  and  -ment.]  1.  The  contract 
or  legal  relation  which  is  constituted  by  the 
delivery  of  goods  -without  transference  of  o-wn- 
ership,  on  an  agreement  expressed  or  implied 
that  they  be  returned  or  accounted  for,  as  a 
loan,  a  consignment,  a  delivery  to  a  carrier,  a 
pledge,  a  deposit  for  safe  keeping,  or  a  letting 
on  hire. —  2.  The  act  of  bailing  a  prisoner  or 
an  accused  person ;  also,  the  record  of  or  doc- 
uments relating  to  such  a  bailing. 

bailo  (ba'i-lo),  n.  [It.,  <  ML.  bajulus,  a  mana- 
ger, administrator,  guardian, etc. :  BeebaiV^,  v.] 
The  title  of  the  Venetian  Resident  at  the  Ot- 
toman Porte.    N.  E.  D. 

bailor,  bailer^  (ba'lor,  -ler),  n.  [<  bail^,  v.,  + 
-or,  -erl.]  In  law,  one  who  delivers  goods  to 
another  in  bailment.    See  bailment,  1. 

bail-piece  (bill'pes),  n.  In  law,  a  certificate 
issued  to  a  person  by  a  court  attesting  his  ac- 
ceptance as  a  surety  in  a  case  before  it. 

bail-scoop  (bal'skop),  n.  [<  bail^  +  scoop.]  A 
scoop  pivoted  at  one  end,  fitted  with  valves, 
and  so  arranged  that  a  large  quantity  of  water 
may  be  raised  by  it  through  a  short  distance : 
used  in  draining  and  irrigating. 

bailsman  (balz'man),  n. ;  pi.  bailsmen  (-men). 
[<  baiVs,  poss.  of  baiV^,  n.,  +  man.]  One  who 
gives  bail  for  another;  a  surety  or  bail. 

bailyif  (ba'li),  n.    Obsolete  spelling  of  bailey'^. 

baily^t  (ba'li),  n.  The  regular  English  spell- 
ing of  the  word  now  used  only  in  the  Scotch 
spelling  bailie.    See  bailie^. 

Lausanne  is  under  the  canton  of  Berne,  governed  by  a 
baily,  sent  every  three  years  from  the  senate  of  Berne. 

Addison,  Travels  in  Italy. 

baily^t  (ba'li),  n.  [Also  bailie,  <  ME.  bailie, 
bayly,  baly,  bailly,  baillyc,  baillie,  baili,  <  OF. 
bailie,  baillie  =  Pr.  bailia  =  Sp.  bailia  =  It.  balia 
(ML.  balia,  bailia,  bailia,  baillia,  baylia,  bayllia), 

<  ML.  bajulia,  the  jurisdiction  or  office  of  a  bai- 


bairman 

liff,  <  bajulus,  an  administrator,  governor,  bailiff : 
see  baiP  and  bailiff,  bailie^.]  1.  The  jurisdic- 
tion, authority,  or  office  of  a  bailiff  or  bailie ; 
hence,  jurisdietion  or  authority,  especially  as 
delegated;  stewardship. — 2.  The  district  of  a 
bailiff  or  bailie ;  a  baili'wick. 
Baily's  beads.    See  bead. 

bain^  (ban),  a.  [Now  only  E.  dial.,  also  -written- 
bane,  <  ME.  bayne,  bayn,  beyn,  <  leel.  beinn, 
straight,  direct,  hospitable,  =  Norw.  bein, 
straight,  direct,  easy  to  deal  'with.]  1.  Direct; 
near ;  short :  as,  that  way's  the  bainest  {banest) 
[Prov.  Eng.] — 2\.  Ready;  willing. 

Be  thou  buxom  and  right  bayn. 

Towneley  Mysteries,  p.  168. 

St.  Limber;  pliant;  flexible, 
bain^  (ban),  adv.    [E.  dial.,  also  bane,  <  ME. 
bayn,  bain;  from  the  adj.]    1.  Near  by;  at 
hand.    [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2\.  Readily;  willingly. 

The  berne  besily  and  bane  blenkit  hem  about. 
Gawan  and  Gologras,  i.  6  (in  Pinkerton's  Scottish  Poems). 

bain^t  (ban),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bane,  <  ME. 

bayne,  baine,  <  OF.  and  F.  bain  =  Pr.  banh  =  Sp. 

banc  =  Pg.  banho  =  It.  bagno  (>  F.  bagne,  E. 

bagnio,  q.  v.),  <  L.  balneum,  a  bath,  bath-house : 

see  balneum.]   1.  A  bath,  in  any  of  the  senses 

of  that  word. —  2.  A  bagnio  or  brothel, 
bain^t  (ban),  v.    [<  ME.  baynen,  <  OF.  baigner  = 

Pr.  Pg.  =  Sp.  bafiar  =  It.  bagnare,  <  ML. 

balneare,  bathe,  <  L.  balneum,  a  bath :  see  bain^, 

n.]    I.  trans.  To  bathe ;  wash. 

He  that  in  Eurotas'  silver  glide 
Doth  bain  his  tress.       Greene,  Palmer's  Verses. 

II.  intrans.  To  bathe  one's  self ;  take  a  bath, 
bain^t,  ©tc.  Obsolete  spelling  of  bane,  bone,  etc. 
bainbergt  (ban'berg),  ».  [Appar.  F.,  <  G.  *bein- 

bcrg  (not  found)  =  AS.  bdnbeorg,  bdnberge, 

bdngebeorg,  also  called  scancgebeorg,  lit.  'bone- 

or  leg-guard'  (cf.  cinberge,  'chin-guard';  heals- 

beorh,  'neck-guard,' hauberk: 

see  hauberk),  <  ban,  bone  (= 

G.  bein,  leg),  or  scanca,  shank, 

leg,  +  beorgan,  protect.]  A 

name  given  to  the  plate-armor 

of  the  leg  below  theknee,  when 

first  introduced.  It  was  worn 

over  the  chain-mail,  to  pro- 
tect the  shin. 
Baines's  act.   See  act. 
bainie  (ba'ni),  a.  Scotch  form 

of  bony. 

bain-marie  (P.  pron.  bah- 
ma-re'),  n.  [P.,  formerly  bain 
de  Marie,  <  ML.  balneum 
Mariw,  lit.  bath  of  Mary;  a 
fanciful  name,  perhaps  in  al- 
lusion to  the  'gentle'  heat. 
The  second  element  is  some- 
times erroneously  referred 
to  L.  mare,  sea.]  A  vessel  of  any  kind  contain- 
ing heated  water,  in  which  another  vessel  is 
placed  in  order  to  heat  its  contents  gently,  or 
with  more  regularity  and  evenness  than  if  the 
heat  were  applied  directly  to  the  second  vessel : 
used  in  some  operations  of  cooking,  manufac- 
ture, chemistry,  etc.  Also  called  imter-bath. 
bainst,  n.  pi.  Another  spelling  of  banes,  obso- 
lete form  of  banns.  Spenser. 
baiocco,  bajocco  (ba-yok'ko),  n.;  pi.  baiocchi, 
bajocchi  (-ke).    [Formerly  in  E.  baiock,  byok 

(after  F.  bat- 
ocque,  bai- 
oque),  <  It. 
baiocco,  ba- 
jocco, a  small 
coin,  so  call- 
ed from  its 
color,  <  baio, 
bajo,  bro-wn 
bay :  see 
bay^.]  A 
small  coin  of  the  former  Papal  States,  struck  in 
both  silver  and  copper,  worth  about  a  cent. 
Bairam  (bi-ram',  bi'ram),  n.  [Formerly  bay- 
ram,  beyram,  <  Turk,  bdirdm,  bayram,  beiram,  < 
Pers.  bairam.]  The  name  of  two  festivals  in  the 
Mohammedan  year,  distinguished  as  the  lesser 
and  the  greater.  The  lesser  Bairam  follows  immedi- 
ately after  the  fast  strictly  kept  during  the  ninth  month 
Ramadan,  in  the  first  three  days  of  the  tenth  month,  and 
is  devoted  to  feasting,  rejoicing,  visiting,  and  gifts,  very 
much  as  our  Christmas  holiday  season  is  spent.  The 
greater  Bairam  occurs  on  the  tenth  day  of  the  twelfth 
month,  and  is  everywhere  observed  with  the  slaughter  of 
sheep  and  general  festivity  by  those  at  home,  simultane- 
ously with  the  great  sacrificial  feast  at  Mecca  concluding 
the  ceremonies  of  the  annual  pilgrimage  by  the  hadjis. 
Also  spelled  Beiram. 

bairmant,  «•   See  bareman. 


Bainberg  worn  over 
cflausses  of  cliain-mail. 
( From  ViolIet-fe-Duc*s 
"  Diet,  du  Mobilier 
fran^ais." ) 


Obverse.  Reverse. 
Baiocco  of  Pope  Pius  VI.,  British  Museum. 
( Size  of  tile  original. ) 


bairn 

balm  (barn),  n.  [Sc.  form  of  the  reg.  E.  larrfl 
(uow  only  dial.),  <  ME.  ham,  hern,  <  AS.  hearn 
(=  OS.  barn  =  OFries.  ham  =  OD.  baren  = 
OHG.  MHG.  ham  =  Icel.  Sw.  Dan.  ham  =  Goth. 
lam),  a  child,  <  heran,  E.  6eari.]  A  child;  a 
son  or  daughter.  See  &ar«2.  [North.  Eng. 
and  Scotch.] 
Think,  like  good  Christians,  on  your  bairns  and  wives. 

Dryden. 

As  she  annunciated  to  lier  bairns  the  upshot  of  her 
practical  experience,  she  pulled  from  her  pocket  the  por- 
tions of  tape  which  showed  the  length  and  breadth  of  the 
various  rooms  at  the  hospital  house.  Trollope. 
Balms'  part  of  gear.    In  Scots  law,  same  as  legitim. 

bairnliness  (barn'li-nes),  n.  [<  *hairnly  (<  hairn 
+  -?^^)  +  -ness.']  Childishness;  the  state  of 
being  a  child  or  like  a  child.  [Scotch.] 

bairntime  (bam'tim),  n.  [Sc.,  <  ME.  harn- 
team,  barn-tern,  etc.,<  AS.  bearn-tedm  (=  OFries. 
barn-tarn),  a  family,  <  beam,  child,  bairn,  + 
team,  family:  see  bairn  and  team.']  A  family 
of  children.    [Old  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 


423 


Thae  bonnie  bairntime  Heav'n  has  lent. 

Bums,  A  Dream. 

bairnwort  (bam'wert),  n.    A  name  for  the 
common  English  daisy,  Bellis  perennis. 
baisemaint  (baz'man),  w.    [F.,  <  baiser,  kiss 
(<  L.  hasiare,  kiss,  <  basium,  a  kiss),  +  main, 
<  L.  mantis,  hand.]    A  kissing  of  the  hands;  in 
the  plural,  compliments ;  respects.  Spenser. 
baisementt,  w.    Same  as  baisemain. 
baiti  (bat),  v.    [<  ME.  baiten,  heiten,  bayten, 
beyten  (=  OF.  beter,  bait,  in  comp.  abeter,  m-ge 
on,  abet,  >  E.  abet,  q.  v.),<  Icel.  heita,  feed,  hunt, 
as  with  hounds  or  hawks,  bait,  as  a  hook  (= 
Sw._6eto  =  Dan.  hede,  bait,  =  AS.  bcetan,  also 
gehcetan,  bridle,  curb  (cf.  bdtian,  bait,  <  bat, 
bait),  =  MD.  beeten  =  OHG.  heizen,  heizzen, 
MHG.  G.  heisen,  bait),  lit.  cause  to  bite,  <  bita 
=  AS.  bitan,  E.  bite:  see  bite.    In  senses  5  and 
6  the  verb  is  from  the  noun.    Cf.  hate^.]  I, 
trans.  If.  To  cause  to  bite ;  set  on  (a  dog)  to 
bite  or  worry  (another  animal). — 2.  To  pro- 
voke and  harass  by  setting  on  dogs ;  set  a  dog 
or  dogs  to  worry  or  fight  with  for  sport,  as  an 
animal  that  is  hampered  or  confined :  as,  to  bait 
a  buU  or  a  bear. 
We'll  bait  thj  bears  to  death.     Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1. 

3.  To  set  upon,  as  a  dog  upon  a  captive  animal ; 
hence,  to  harass  in  anyway;  annoy;  nag;  bad- 
ger ;  worry. 

As  chained  beare  whom  cruell  dogs  doe  bait. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  xii.  35. 
How  oft  have  I  been  baited  by  these  peers. 
And  dare  not  be  revenged. 

Marlowe,  Edward  II.,  ii.  2. 
Baited  thus  to  vexation,  I  assum'd 
A  dulness  of  simplicity.     Ford,  Fancies,  iv.  2. 

4.  To  feed ;  give  a  portion  of  food  and  drink  to, 
especially  upon  a  journey:  as,  to  bait  horses. 

The  Sunne,  that  measures  heaven  all  day  long 
At  night  doth  baite  his  steedes  the  Ocean  wave's  emong. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  i.  32. 

5.  To  put  a  bait  on  or  in:  as,  to  bait  a  hook, 
line,  snare,  or  trap. 

Many  sorts  of  fishes  feed  upon  insects,  as  is  well  known 
to  anglers,  who  bait  their  hooks  with  them.  Bay. 

6t.  To  allure  by  a  bait ;  catch ;  captivate :  as, 
"to  bait  fish,"  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  1. 

Do  their  gay  vestments  his  affections  bait? 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  ii.  1. 
But  this  day  she  baited 
A  stranger,  a  grave  knight,  with  her  loose  eyes. 

B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  iv.  2. 
II.  intrans.  If.  To  act  in  a  worrying  or  har- 
assing manner.— 2.  To  take  food;  feed.— 3. 
To  stop  at  an  inn,  while  on  a  journey,  to  feed 
the  horses,  or  for  rest  and  refreshment. 

Thence  baitinrj  at  Newmarket,  stepping  in  at  Audley 
End  to  see  that  house  againe,  I  slept  at  Bishops  Strotford 
and  the  next  day  home.       Evelyn,  Diary,  Sept.  13,  1677.' 
baiti  (bat),  n.    [<  ME.  bait,  bayte,  beite,  beyte, 

<  Icel.  beita,  f.,  bait  (cf.  beit,  neut.,  a  pasture), 
(=  AS.  bat,  bait,  =  MHG.  beiz,  beize,  hunting), 

<  beita,  feed,  bait:  see  the  verb.  The  E.  noun 
is  in  part  directly  from  the  E.  verb.]  1.  Any 
substance,  as  an  attractive  morsel  of  food, 
placed  on  a  hook  or  in  a  trap  to  allure  fish  or 
other  animals  to  swallow  the  hook  or  to  enter 
the  trap,  and  thereby  be  caught;  specifically, 
worms,  small  fishes,  etc.,  used  in  fishing.  Hence 
— 2.  An  allurement ;  enticement;  temptation. 

I  do  not  like  that  ring  from  him  to  her, 
I  mean  to  women  of  her  way;  such  tokens 
Rather  appear  as  baits  than  royal  bounties. 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  ii.  2. 
Their  riper  years  were  knowne  to  be  unmov'd  with  the 
oaits  of  preferment.    Milton,  Apology  for  Smectymnuus. 


The  chief  bait  which  attracted  a  needy  sycophant  to  the 
court  was  tlie  hope  of  obtaining,  as  the  reward  of  servil- 
ity and  flattery,  a  royal  letter  to  an  heiress.  Macaulay. 
3.  A  portion  of  food  and  drink;  a  slight  or 
informal  repast,  (a)  Refreshment  taken  on 
a  journey,  by  man  or  beast. 

If  you  grow  dry  before  you  end  your  business,  pray  take 
a  bait  here  :  I've  a  fresh  hogshead  for  you. 

B.  Jonson,  Scornful  Lady. 
(h)  A  luncheon ;  food  eaten  by  a  laborer  dur- 
ing his  shift.  [Prov.  Eng.]— 4.  A  halt  for  re- 
freshment or  rest  in  the  course  of  a  jom-ney. 

The  tediousness  of  a  two  hours'  bait  at  Petty  France,  in 
which  there  was  nothing  to  be  done  but  to  eat  without 
being  hungry,  and  loiter  about  without  anything  to  see 
next  followed.  Jane  Austen,  Northanger  Abbey,  p.  123. 
5t.  A  refreshment  or  refresher. 
A  pleasaunt  companion  is  a  bait  in  a  joumy. 

Lyly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  198. 

6t.  A  hasty  meal ;  a  snack. 

He  rather  took  a  bait  than  made  a  meal  at  the  inns  of 
court,  whilst  he  studied  the  laws  therein. 

Fuller,  Worthies  (ed.  1840),  II.  607.    (N.  B.  D.) 

7.  Short  for  ivhitehait. 
bait^t,  etc.    An  obsolete  form  of  6afel,  etc. 
bait-box  (bat'boks),  n.    1.  A  small  box  in 
which  anglers  carry  worms  or  small  bait  for 
fish.—  2.  A  tank  in  which  bait  for  fish  is  taken 
to  the  fishing-ground, 
baiter  (ba'ter),  n.    One  who  baits  or  worries 

(animals);  hence,  a  tormentor;  a  tease, 
baitb  (bath),  a.,  pron.,  or  conj.    A  Scotch  form 
of  both. 

baiting  (ba'ting),  n.  [<  ME.  baiting,  bayting, 
etc. :  verbal  n.  of  6a*<i.]  1.  The  act  of  worry- 
ing a  chained  or  confined  animal  with  dogs. 
Hence  —  2.  The  act  of  worrying  and  harassing ; 
persistent  annoyance.— 3.  The  act  of  halting 
on  a  joTu-ney  for  rest  and  food  for  either  man 
or  beast.— 4.  The  act  of  furnishing  a  trap, 
hook,  etc.,  with  bait, 
bait-mill  (bat'mil),  n.  A  mill  used  by  Ameri- 
can fishermen  for  cutting  mackerel,  salted  her- 
rings, etc.,  into  small  pieces  for  bait,  it  consists 
of  a  roller  armed  with  knives  and  inclosed  in  an  upright 
wooden  box,  and  is  worked  by  a  crank  on  the  outside, 
bait-poke  (bat'pok),  n.  In  coal-mining,  the 
bag  in  which  bait  or  luncheon  is  carried  into 
the  mine. 

baittle  (ba'tl),  a.    A  Scotch  form  of  battle^. 
baitylos,  n.    See  hcetylus. 

baize  (baz),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hays,  hayes, 
hease,  baies,  <  OF.  baies  (Godefroy),  pL,  also 
in  sing,  baye  (Cotgrave),  baize  (whence  also  D. 
haai,  LG.  haje  (>  G.  boi)  =  Sw.  hoj  =  Dan.  baj 
=  Russ.  baika,  baize  ;  cf .  dim.  Sp.  bayeta  =  Pg. 
haeta  =  It.  hajetta,  baize),  <  bai  (=  Sp.  hayo  = 
Pg.  haio  =  It.  bajo),  bay-colored.  The  word  is 
thus  prop.  pi.  of  hay%  formerly  used  also  in  the 
singular:  see  ftai/S.]  1.  A  coarse  woolen  stuff 
with  a  nap  on  one  side,  and  dyed  in  plain  colors, 
usually  red  or  gi'een.  Baize  (or  bay)  was  first  manu- 
factured ni  England  m  1561,  under  letters  patent  issued 
to  certam  refugees  from  the  Netherlands,  who  had  settled 
at  Sandwich  and  other  places  and  were  skilled  in  weaving 
Baize  IS  now  chiefly  used  for  linings,  table-covers,  curtains, 
etc. ;  but  when  first  introduced  it  was  a  much  thinner 
and  finer  material,  and  was  used  for  clothing.  See  bayS. 
2.  Any  article,  as  a  table-cover,  a  curtain,  etc., 
made  of  baize;  specifically,  in  theaters,  the 
plain  curtain  lowered  at  the  end  of  a  play, 
baize  (baz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  haized,  ppr. 
batzmg.  [<  haize,  w.]  To  cover  or  Une  with 
baize. 

bajadere,  «.    See  bayadere. 
bajdarka,  n.    Same  as  hidarkee. 
Bajimont's  Roll.   See  Bagimonfs  Roll,  under 
roll. 

b^jerkeit  (baj'er-kit),  n.    [<  Beng.  bajrakit 
(Hunter).]  A  name  ot  the  Manispentadactyla  or 
scaly  ant-eater,  an  edentate  mammal  of  Africa, 
bajocco,  w.    See  haioeco. 
bajrai  (buj'ra),  n.    [Hind,  and  Beng.  bajrd.] 

Same  as  budgero. 
bajra2,  bajri  (baj'ra,  -re),  M.  [Also  written 
bajree,  bajeree,  hajury,  repr.  Hind,  bdjra  or  hdjri, 
also  bdjrd;  hdjri  prop,  denotes  a  smaller  kind, 
which  ripens  earlier.]  A  species  of  millet, 
Pennisetum  typlioideum,  much  used  in  the  East 
Indies,  especially  for  feeding  cattle  and  horses, 
bajulatet  (baj'u-lat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  bajulatus,  pp. 
of  bajulare,  bear  a  burden:  see  bail^.']  To 
carry  to  some  other  place,  as  in  badgering 
(which  see), 
bake  (bak),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  baked,  ppr.  bak- 
ing. [<  ME.  bakeii,  <  AS.  bacan  (pret.  hoc,  pp. 
bacen)  =  D.  bakken  —  LG.  bakken  =  Fries,  hacke 
=  OHG.  hacchan,  MHG.  bachen,  G.  hacken  = 
Icel.  baka  =  Sw.  haka  =  Dan.  hage,  bake,  prob. 
=  Gr.  (p6yeiv,  roast,  parch.]    f.  trans.  1.  To 


bakey  - 

cook  by  dry  heat  in  a  closed  place,  such  as  an 
oven :  primarily  used  of  this  manner  of  cooking 
bread,  but  afterward  applied  to  potatoes,  ap- 
ples, etc.,  and  also  flesh  and  fish:  to  be  distin- 
guished from  roast  (which  see). 

I  have  baked  l)read  upon  the  coals.  Isa.  xliv.  19. 

2.  To  harden  by  heat,  either  in  an  oven,  kiln, 
or  furnace,  or  by  the  sun's  heat:  as,  to  bake 
bricks  or  pottery.— 3t.  To  harden  by  cold. 
They  bake  their  sides  upon  the  cold  hard  stone. 

Spenser. 

The  earth 
When  it  is  bak'd  with  frost. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2. 
II.  intrans.  1.  To  do  the  work  of  baking. 
I  keep  his  house ;  and  I  wash,  wring,  brew,  bake,  .  .  . 
and  do  all  myself.  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  4. 

2.  To  undergo  the  process  of  baking, 
bake  (bak),  n.    [<  bake,  v.  Cf.  batcliX.I  A  bak- 
ing. 

After  this  Esau  finished  the  oven,  and  accomplished  a 
bake  of  bread  therein.  Three  in  Norway,  p.  126. 

bakeboard  (bak'bord),  n.  A  board  on  which 
dough  is  kneaded  and  rolled  out  in  making 
bread. 

baked-apple  (bakt'ap'l),  n.  A  name  given  in 
Labrador  to  the  dried  fruit  of  the  Bubus  Chamw- 
morus,  or  cloudberry. 

baked-meatt,  bake-meatt  (bakt'-,  bak'met),  n. 
[Prop,  baked  meat;  <  baked  +  meat.]  1.  Food 
prepared  by  baking;  a  dish  of  baked  meat  or 
food. 

In  the  uppermost  basket  there  was  of  all  manner  of 
bake-ineats  for  Pharaoh.  Gen.  xl.  17. 

Thrift,  thrift,  Horatio  !  the  funeral  bak'd  meats 
Did  coldly  furnish  forth  the  marriage  tables. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 

2.  A  meat-pie. 

You  speak  as  if  a  man 
Should  know  what  fowl  is  coffln'd  in  a  bak'd-meat 
Afore  you  cut  it  up.        Webster,  White  Devil,  iv.  1. 

bakehouse  (bak'hous),  n.  [E.  dial,  also  hack- 
house;  <  ME.  hak-house,  hachouse  {=  LG.  hack- 
hus),  <  AS.  boechus,<hacan,'bake,  +  has,  house.] 
A  building  or  an  apartment  used  for  the  pre- 
paring and  baking  of  bread,  etc. 
bake-meattt  n.  See  baked-meat. 
bakent  (ba'kn).  An  obsolete  past  participle  of 
bake. 

baker  (ba'ker),  n.  [<  ME.  baker,  bakere,  <  AS. 
bacere  {=  OS.  bakkeri  =  D.  hakker  =  G.  backer, 
hecker  =  Icel.  bakari  =  Sw.  hagare  —  Dan.  ba- 
ger),  <  bacan,  bake :  see  hake  and  -erl.  Hence 
bakester,  backster^,  baxter.]  1.  One  who  bakes ; 
specifically,  one  whose  business  it  is  to  make 
bread,  biscuit,  etc.— 2.  Asmall  portable  tin  oven 
used  in  baking.  [U.  S.]  — 3.  The  popular  name 

of  the  flesh-fly,  Sarcophaga  camaria  Bakers' 

dozen,  thirteen  reckoned  as  a  dozen.  It  was  customary 
for  bakers,  like  some  other  tradesmen,  to  give  13  for  12 
the  extra  piece  being  called  among  bakers  the  in-bread  or 
to-bread.  Brewer  says  the  custom  originated  when  heavy 
penalties  were  inflicted  for  short  weights,  bakers  giving 
the  extra  bread  to  secure  themselves.— Bakers'  itch  a 
species  of  psoriasis,  so  called  when  it  is  coiirtueil  to  the 
back  of  the  hand.  It  often  appears  in  bakers.— Bakers' 
salt,  subcarbonateof  ammonia,  or  smelling-salts,  so  called 
from  its  being  used  by  bakers  as  a  substitute  for  yeast  in 
the  manufacture  of  some  of  the  finer  kinds  of  bread, 
baker-foot  (ba'ker-fut),  n. ;  pi.  baker-feet  (-fet). 
[Cf.  baker-legged.]  An  ill-shaped  or  distorted 
foot:  as,  "bow-legs  and  baker-feet,"  Jer.  Tay- 
lor (?),  Artif.  Handsomeness  (1662),  p.  79. 
baker-kneed  (ba'ker-ned),  a.  Same  as  baker- 
legged. 

baker-legged  (ba'ker-legd),  a.    Disfigured  by 
having  crooked  legs,  or  legs  that  bend  inward 
at  the  knees, 
bakery  (ba'ker-i),  n. ;  pi.  bakeries  (-iz).    [<  bake 
+ -ery.]    1.  The  trade  of  a  baker.    [Rare.]  — 
2.  A  place  used  for  making  bread,  etc.,  or  for 
the  sale  of  bakers'  goods;  a  bakehouse  or  ba- 
ker's establishment;  a  bakei-'s  shop, 
bakestert,  n.    [Also  backster,  baxter  (whence 
the  proper  name  Baxter),  <  ME.  bakestere,  bacster, 
baxter,  usually  masc,  <  AS.  haecestre  (fern,  in 
form,  but  masc.  in  use),  a  baker,  <  bacan,  bake, 
+  -cs-tre,  E.  -ster.]  A  baker ;  properly,  a  female 
baker:  as,  "brewesteres  B.n(\.bakesteres,"  Piers 
Plowman.    In  Scotland  commonly  wi-itten  bax- 
ter :  as,  baxter  wives, 
bakestone  (bak'ston),  w.    [E.  dial.,  also  back- 
sfone.]  A  flat  stone  or  slate  on  which  cakes  are 
baked.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
bakey  (ba'ki),  «.    [Sc.,  also  bakie  and  baikie, 
dim.  of  hack?,  n.]    A  square  wooden  vessel, 
nan-ower  at  the  bottom  than  at  the  top,  and 
with  a  handle  on  each  of  two  opposite  sides, 
used  for  carrying  coals,  ashes,  etc. ;  a  wooden 
coal-scuttle.  Also  spelled  bakie aadbaikie.  See 
hacks,  3.  [Scotch.] 


bakhshish 

bakhshish,  n.    See  bakshish. 

baking  (ba'king),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bake.']  1. 
The  act  of  baking. —  2.  The  quantity  baked  at 
once :  as,  a  baking  of  bread.  Also  called  baJcc 
and  batch. 

baking-powder  (ba'king -pounder),  11.  Any 
powder  used  as  a  substitute  for  yeast  in  raising 

bread,  cakes,  etc.  Baking-powders  are  composed  of 
bicarbonate  of  sodium  or  potassium  mixed  witli  a  dry 
powder  capable  of  setting  carbonic  acid  free  when  tlie 
mixture  is  jnoistened. 

bakshish,  bakhshish  (bak'shesh),  n.  [Also 
backshish,  backsheesh,  bukshish,  etc.,  <  Turk.  Ar. 
Hind,  bakhshish,  <  Pers.  bakhshish,  a  present, 
<  bakhshidan,  give.]  In  the  East,  a  present  or 
gratuity  in  money. 

We  promised  him  backsheesh  for  a  sight  of  the  sacred 
book.  £.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  94. 

"Bakhshish,"  says  a  modern  writer,  "is  afee  or  present 
whicli  the  Arabs  (lie  here  means  the  Egyptians,  who  got 
the  word  from  the  Persians  tlu'ougli  the  Turks)  claim  on 
all  occasions  for  services  you  render  them,  as  well  as  for 
services  they  have  rendered  you.  This  bakhshish,  in  fact, 
is  a  sort  of  alms  or  tribute,  which  the  poor  Arab  believes 
himself  entitled  to  claim  from  every  respectable-looking 
person."  B.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  23. 

bakufu  (bak'u-fo),  11.  [<  Jap.  baku,  curtain,  + 
fa,  office.]  Curtain-government,  that  is,  the 
government  or  council  of  the  former  shoguns  of 
Japan :  so  called  in  allusion  to  the  curtain  used 
in  time  of  war  to  screen  off  that  part  of  the 
camp  occupied  by  the  general  or  shogim.  See 
shogun. 

On  the  3rd  of  June  the  Shogun  had  an  audience  of  the 
Mikado.  His  majesty's  speech  on  the  occasion  was  as 
follows:  "The  duties  of  the  bakiifti  are  on  the  one  hand 
to  govern  the  empire  in  peace,  and  on  the  other  to  subju- 
gate the  barbarians."  F.  0.  Adams,  Japan,  I.  3Si. 

bal  (bal),  n.  [Formerly  also  ball,  <  Com.  baJ,  a 
mine  (Pryce),  a  cluster  of  mines  (Borlase).]  A 
mine.  [Cornwall.] 

bal.    An  abbreviation  of  balance. 

balaam  (ba'lam),  w.  [In  allusion  to  Balaam 
and  his  "  dumb  ass  speaking  with  man's  voice  " 
(Num.  xxii.  28-30;  2  Pet.  ii.  16).]  1.  Matter 
regarding  marvelous  and  incredible  events  in- 
serted in  a  newspaper  to  fill  space.  [English 
printers'  cant.]  ' 

Balaam  is  the  cant  name  for  asinine  paragi-aphs  about 
monstrous  productions  of  natm'e  and  the  like,  kept  stand- 
ing in  type  to  be  used  whenever  the  real  news  of  the  day 
leave  an  awkward  space  that  must  be  filled  up  somehow. 

Lockhart,  Life  of  Scott,  Ixx. 

2.  Same  as  balaam-box. 
Bring  in  Balaam,  and  place  him  on  the  table. 

J.  Wilson,  Xoctes  Ambros.,  II.  xxvi. 

balaam-box,  balaam-basket  (ba 'lam-boks, 

-basket),  n.  An  editor's  depository  for  worth- 
less matter,  rejected  wTitings,  etc. 

Who  can  doubt  that  ...  an  Essay  for  the  Edinburgh 
Review,  in  "the  old  unpolluted  English  language,"  would 
have  been  consigned,  by  the  editor,  to  his  balaam-basket  ? 

F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  17. 

Balaamitet  (ba'lam-it),  n.    [<  Balaam  (Num. 

xxii.)  -t-  -jfe2.  ]    One  who  makes  a  profession  of 

religion  for  the  sake  of  gain :  in  allusion  to  the 

prophet  Balaam. 
Balaamiticalt  (ba-lam-it'i-kal),  a.  Pertaining 

to  or  characteristic  of  a  Balaamite. 
Bala  beds.    See  bed^. 

balachan  (bal'a-chan),  n.    Same  as  balachong. 

balachong  (bai'a-chong),  «.  [<  Malay  bala- 
chan.} A  substance  composed  of  small  fishes 
or  shrimps  pounded  up  with  salt  and  spices, 
and  then  dried.  It  is  much  used  in  the  East 
as  a  condiment 
for  rice.  Also 
balachan,  bala- 
choung,  bala- 
chaun. 

baladine.w.  See 

balladine. 
Balaena  (ba-le'- 
na),  n.  [L.,  < 
Gr.  <paAaLva, 
more  correctly 
<pa7.'Aai.va,  a 
whale.]  The 
typical  genus 
of  whalebone 
whales,  of  the 
family  Balwni- 
dce,  having  the 
cervical  verte- 
brsB  ankylosed, 
the  fore  limbs 
pentadaetyl,the 
head  enormous, 
with  long  black 
elastic  baleen, 

the  throat  with-    ShoebiU  or  Whalehead  (Balauiccps  rex). 


424 

out  furrows,  and  no  dorsal  fin.  it  contains  the 

Greenland  or  arctic  whale,  B.  mysticetus,  and  several 
other  species  found  in  all  seas.  See  cuts  under  ankylosis 
an<i  Balivnidce. 

Balseniceps  (ba-le'ni-seps),  «.    [NL.,  <  L.  ba- 

Urna,  a  whale,  +  -ceps,  <  caput,  head.]  A  genus 
of  grallatorial  altricial  birds,  of  which  the  type 
and  only  known  member  is  the  shoebill  or 
whalehead  of  Africa,  B.  rex,  comparatively 
lately  discovered  on  the  upper  part  of  the 

White  Nile.  The  genus  is  the  type  of  a  family  Bala-- 
7>idpidcf',  of  somewhat  uncertain  position,  probably  near 
the  storks.  The  bird  is  remarkable  for  its  enormous 
vaulted  beak,  which  is  much  longer  than  the  head.  Lit- 
tle is  known  of  its  habits  and  economy.  It  is  a  large 
species,  standing  upward  of  3  feet  high.  The  bill  some- 
what resembles  that  of  the  boat-billed  heron,  Cancroma 
cochlearia.    See  cut  in  preceding  cohmin. 

Balaenicipidse  (ba-le-ni-sip'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 

Balmiiceps  (-cip-)  +  -idw.}  A  family  of  birds, 
of  which  the  genus  Bakeniceps  is  the  type  and 
only  known  representative,  it  belongs  to  the  altri- 
cial or  herodionine  series  of  wading  birds,  and  is  probably 
nearly  related  to  the  Ciconiidoe,  or  storks. 

balsenid  (bal'e-nid),  n.  A  cetacean  of  the  fam- 
ily Bala;nidce;  any  right  whale. 

Balsenidse(ba-le'ni-de),  w.;)/.  [NL.,<  Balwna  + 
-ida.']  A  family  of  right  whales,  or  true  whale- 
bone whales,  typi- 
fied by  the  genera 
Bala'na  and  Ba- 
Iwnoptera,  having 
baleen  instead  of 
teeth.  Teeth  are, 
however,  present  in 
the  fetus,  though  they 
never  cut  the  gum. 
The  Balainidoe  maybe 
divided  into  two  sec- 
tions, the  smooth 
whales,  characterized 
by  smoothness  of  skin 
and  the  absence  of  a 
dorsal  fin,  as  the 
Greenland  or  right 
whale,  Balcena  mysti- 
cetus ;  and  the  fur- 
rowed tchales,  in  which 
the  skin  is  furrowed 
and  the  dorsal  fin  is 
present,  as  the  finners 
(Physalus),  hump- 


Skull  of  Fetal  Whale  {Bali^fta  atisirnlis),  side  and  top  view. 

Eo,  exoccipital  :  Fr,  frontal:  G/,  glenoid  :  mandible ;  Mx, 

maxilla;  Na,  nasal;  iOii,  parietal ;  Pmx,  premaxilla;  .S^,  squamo- 
sal; So,  supra-occipital;  Ty,  tympanic. 

backed  whales  (Megaptera),  and  rorquals  or  piked  whales 
(Balaenoptera).  The  term  is  sometimes  restricted  to  the 
first  of  these  sections,  the  other  whalebone  whales  then 
constituting  a  separate  family,  Balcenopteridce.  See  whale. 

Balseninse  (bal-f-nl'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Balwna 
+  -inw.}  A  subfamily  of  Balcenidw,  typified  by 
the  genus  Balcena,  containing  only  the  smooth 
right  whales.    See  Balanidce. 

Balaenoidea  (bal-f-noi'df-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Balana  +  -oidea.']  One  of  the  three  primary 
groups  into  which  the  Cetacea  are  divisible, 
the  other  two  being  the  Delphinoidea  and  the 
Phocodontia.  It  embraces  the  right  whales 
(Balcena)  and  the  fin-whales  {Balcenoptera, 
etc.). 

Balaenoptera  (bal-e-nop'te-ra),  n.  [NL.,  <  L. 
bala'na,  a  whale,  +  Gr.  nTepov,  a  wing.]  A  ge- 
nus of  whalebone  whales,  containing  the  sev- 
eral species  of  piked  whales,  rorquals,  fumers, 
finbacks,  or  razor-backs,  so  called  from  their 
long,  sharp,  falcate  dorsal  fin.  They  are  found  in 
all  seas.  Some  are  very  large,  as  B.  sibbaldi,  which  attains 
a  length  of  SO  feet.  The  flippers  have  4  digits ;  the  Ijaleen 
is  short  and  coarse ;  the  skin  of  the  throat  is  folded  ;  the 
head  is  small,  fiat,  and  pointed ;  the  body  is  long  and  slen- 
der; and  the  cervical  vertebric  are  free.  Common  Atlan- 
tic species  are  B.  musculus  and  B.  borealis.  The  whale- 
bone is  of  comparatively  little  value. 

balsenopterid  (bal-f-nop'te-rid),  n.  A  cetacean 

of  tlie  family  Bakenopiteridoc. 
Balaenopteridse  (bal*e-nop-ter'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Balcenoptera  +  -I'dcc.]  The  furrowed 
whalebone  whales ;  a  family  of  mysticete  ceta- 
ceans, typified  by  the  genus  Balcenoptera,  hav- 
ing the  throat  plicated,  the  dorsal  fin  developed, 
the  cervical  vertebrae  free  or  incompletely  anky- 
losed, the  flippers  with  only  4  digits,  and  the 
baleen  short  and  coarse.  It  contains.the  humpbacked 
and  the  tinner  whales,  sometimes  respectively  made  types 
of  the  subfamilies  Mei/apterince  and  Balmnopterinoe. 


balance 

Balsenopterinse  (bal-e-nop-te-ri'ne),  w.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Balanoptera  +  -ince.']  "A  subfamily  of 
whalebone  whales,  typified  by  the  genus  Bcdce- 

noptera.  («)  A  subfamily  of  Balcenida;,  including  the 
fiu-rowed  as  distinguished  from  the  smooth  right  whale* 
or  Balcenince.  (6)  A  subfamily  of  ltal(i'iioi>lfrid(V,  in- 
cluding the  tinner  whales  as  ilistiM;^ui.slR-d  froiii  tlie  hump- 
liacked  whales  or  Meriapteriiuc,  having  a  high,  erect,  fal- 
cate dorsal  fin,  and  4  digits  of  not  more  than  0  phalanges. 

balafo  (bal'a-fo),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  musi- 
cal instrument  of  the  Senegambian  negroes, 
consisting  of  graduated  pieces  of  wood  placed 
over  gourds  to  increase  their  resonance.  Its 
compass  is  two  octaves. 

balalaika  (bal-a-li'ka),  n.  [=  P.  balaleika  =  G. 
balalaika,  repr.  Russ.  balalaika.}  A  musical 
instrument  of  very  ancient  Slavic  origin,  com- 
mon among  the  Russians  and  Tatars,  and,  ac- 
cording to  Niebuhr,  also  in  Egypt  and  Arabia. 

It  is  of  the  guitar  kind,  and  has  two,  three,  or  four  strings, 
giving  a  minor  chord.  {Mendel.)  It  is  now  most  used  by 
the  gipsies  of  eastern  Europe. 

The  dances  of  the  gipsies,  accompanied  by  the  music  of 
the  balalaika,  and  clapping  of  hands. 

A.  J.  C.  Hare,  Studies  in  Russia,  vi., 

Bala  limestone.   See  limestone. 

balance  (bal'ans),  n.  [<  ME.  hulance,  balaunce, 
early  mod.  E.  also  ballancc,  belaunce,  etc.,  <  OP. 
balance,  P.  balance  =  Pr.  balansa  =  Sp.  balanza, 
balance  =  Pg.  balanca  =  It.  bilancia,  <  LL.  *bi- 
lancia,  a  balance,  <  bdanx  (aec.  bilancem),  adj., 
in  libra  bilanx,  a  balance  having  two  scales, 
<  L.  bi-,  bis,  twice,  +  lanx,  a  dish,  scale  of  a 
balance.  See  bi-^,  lance^,  launce'^,  and  auncel.} 
1.  An  instrument  for  determining  the  weight 
of  bodies  as  compared  with  an  assumed  unit- 
mass.  In  its  simplest  and  most  scientific  form  it  con- 
sists of  a  horizontal  lever,  having  its  fulcrum  (which  is  a 
knife-edge)  just  above  the  center  of  gravity  of  the  whole 
balance,  and  carrying  two  pans  suspended  as  delicately  a» 
possible  (preferably  from  knife-edges)  at  equal  distances 
on  the  right  find  left  of  the  fulcrum.  It  also  carries  a 
tongue-pointer  or  index  (a  slender  rod)  rigidly  attached  to 
the  middle  of  the  beam  or  lever,  and  extending  vertically 
up  or  down.  Except  in  coarse  balances,  there  is  a  divided 
scale,  over  which  the  end  of  the  tongue  moves  in  the  oscil- 
lations of  the  balance.  All  delicate  balances  are  protected 
from  currents  of  air  by  glass  cases,  and  they  have  contri- 
vances for  steadying  the  pans,  and  often  for  removing  the 
knives  from  their  bearings  and  for  replacing  them.  Ex- 
ceedingly delicate  balances  are  sometimes  inclosed  in 
vacuum-chambers,  and  have  machinery  for  changing  the 
weights.  In  using  the  balance,  the  substance  to  be  weighed 
is  placed  in  one  pan  or  scale  and  the  weights  are  put  in 
the  other,  and  different  combinations  of  weights  are  tried 
until  the  pointer  oscillates  at  equal  distances  to  one  side 
and  the  other  of  the  position  it  has  when  the  scales  are 
empty.  In  chemical  balances  the  last  adjustment  is  ob- 
tained by  moving  a  minute  weight,  or  rider,  to  different 
points  on  the  decimally  graduated  beam.  The  figure  shows 
the  beam  of  a  balance  of  precision.  It  is  so  formed  as  to 
combine  stiffness  with  lightness,  and  there  are  various  ad- 
justments for  moving  the  center  of  gravity,  the  knife-edges, 
etc.   Other  things  being  equal,  the  greater  the  length  of 


Beam  and  neighboring  parts  of  a  Balance  of  Precision. 
A  A,  beam  ;  B,  knife-edge  on  which  it  turns ;  C,  C,  knife-edges  fixed 
to  the  beam  on  which  the  pans  are  hung ;  D,  D,  the  bearing-pieces  of 
the  pans ;  E,  tongue,  the  lower  extremity  of  which  moves  over  a  scale ; 
F,  screw  with  a  nut  for  raising  and  lowering  the  center  of  gravity: 
this  has  no  connection  with  the  horizontal  rod  //,•  C,  screw  with  a 
nut  for  carrying  the  center  of  gravity  toward  one  or  the  other  pan  ;  H, 
a  rider,  or  little  weight,  whose  value  depends  on  its  position  on  the 
beam,  which  it  straddles ;  /  /,  rod  sliding  horizontally,  with  a  hook  to 
take  up  and  set  down  the  rider  ;  K  K,  piece  which  raises  and  lowers 
the  levers,  L,  L  ;  L,  L,  levers  to  take  the  beam  and  pans  simultane- 
ously off  their  bearings  when  the  weights  are  to  be  ctianged  ;  M,  M, 
knobs  supporting  the  beam  when  the  levers,  L,  L,  are  raised ;  N,  N, 
Y's  supporting  the  pans  when  the  levers,  L,  L,  are  raised.  Many  bal- 
ances have  arrangements  for  adjusting  the  relative  positions  of  the 
three  knives,  but  these  are  discarded  in  the  larger  balances. 

the  arms  and  the  smaller  the  distance  of  the  center  of 
gravity  below  the  center  of  suspension,  the  greater  will  be 
the  sensibility  of  the  balance  or  the  angular  amount  of 
the  deviation  produced  with  a  given  slight  addition  to 
either  scale.  The  degree  of  sensibility  to  be  desired  de- 
pends upon  the  use  to  which  the  instrument  is  to  be  put. 
Such  a  balance  as  is  employed  in  accurate  chemical  analy- 
sis will  indicate  a  difference  of  weight  of  a  tenth  or  hun- 
dredth of  a  milligram. 

I  have  in  equal  balance  justly  weigh'd 

What  wrongs  our  arms  may  do,  what  wrongs  we  suffer. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  1. 

2.  Any  apparatus  for  weighing,  as  a  steel- 
yard or  a  spring-balance. —  3.  One  of  the  scales 
of  a  balance ;  in  the  plural,  scales. 

And  I  beheld,  and  lo  a  black  horse  ;  and  he  that  sat  on 
him  had  a  pair  of  balances  in  his  hand.  Rev.  vi.  5. 

Take  a  pinte  of  air ;  and  weigh  it  against  a  pinte  of  wa- 
ter, and  you  will  see  the  ballance  of  the  last  go  down  a 
main.  Dvjby,  Nat.  Bodies,  iii.  19.    (N.  E.  D.) 

4.  The  act  of  weighing  mentally;  the  act  of 
comparing  or  estimating  two  things  as  in  a  bal- 
ance. 


balance 

Upon  a  fair  balance  of  the  advantages  on  either  side. 

Bp.  Atterbury. 

5.  An  equivalent  or  equalizing  weight;  that 
■which  is  put  into  one  scale  to  offset  the  weight 
in  the  other;  the  weight  necessary  to  make  up 
the  difference  between  two  unequal  weights ;  a 
counterpoise,  literally  or  figuratively.  Specifi- 
cally— 6.  In  mining,  a  counterpoise  or  counter- 
weight used  in  such  a  way  as  to  assist  the 
engine  in  lifting  the  load. —  7.  The  part  of  a 
clock  or  watch  which  regulates  the  heats :  for- 
merly, a  pin  oscillating  on  its  center,  and  thus 
resembling  the  beam  of  abalance ;  now,  awheel. 
See  balance-wheel. —  8.  The  arithmetical  differ- 
ence between  the  two  sides  of  an  account :  as, 
to  strike  a  balance. —  9.  The  sum  or  amount 
necessary  to  balance  the  two  sides  of  an  ac- 
coimt,  usually  spoken  of  as  a  debit  or  a  credit 
balance:  as,  I  have  still  a  balance  at  my  bank- 
er's; a  balance  still  due. — 10.  A  sui-plus;  a  re- 
mainder ;  the  rest ;  the  residue  ;  what  remains 
or  is  left  over :  as,  he  bequeathed  the  balance 
of  his  estate  to  A.  B. ;  the  balance  of  a  meal. 
[A  colloquial  use,  of  commercial  origin.]  — 11. 
A  balanced  condition ;  a  state  of  equilibrium 
or  equipoise :  as,  to  lose  one's  balance. 

His  credit  now  in  doubtfuU  ballaunce  hong. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  3. 

12.  Harmonious  arrangement  or  adjustment; 
just  proportion,  especially  in  the  arts  of  design. 
— 13.  [cap.']  In  astron.,  a  sign  of  the  zodiac, 
called  in  Latin  Libra,  which  the  sun  enters  at 
the  equinox  in  September — Aerostatic  balance. 

See  (leTOSfad'c— Automaton  balance.    See  automaton. 

—  Balance  of  power,  in  international  law,  a  distribution 
and  an  opposition  of  forces  among  nations  forming  part  of 
one  system,  such  that  no  state  shall  be  in  a  position,  eitlier 
alone  or  united  with  others,  to  impose  its  own  will  on  any 
other  state  or  interfere  with  its  independence.  (Ortolan.) 
The  leading  rule  by  which  it  has  been  sought  to  effect  this 
in  Em'ope  has  been  to  oppose  every  new  arrangement 
which  threatens  either  materially  to  augment  the  strength 
of  one  of  the  greater  powers  or  to  diminish  that  of  another. 

The  meaning  of  the  balance  of  power  is  this  :  that  any 
European  state  may  be  restrained  from  pursuing  plans  of 
acquisition,  or  making  preparations  looking  towards  fu- 
ture acquisitions,  which  are  judged  to  be  hazardous  to  the 
independence  and  national  existence  of  its  neighbors. 

Woolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  43. 
Balance  of  probabilities,  the  excess  of  reasons  for  be- 
lieving one  of  two  alternatives  over  the  reasons  for  be- 
lieving the  other.  It  is  measured  by  the  logarithm  of  the 
ratio  of  the  chances  in  favor  of  a  proposition  to  the  chances 
against  it,— Balance  of  trade,  the  difference  between 
the  amount  or  value  of  the  commodities  exported  from 
and  imported  into  a  country.  The  balance  is  said  to  be 
Jamrable  for  or  in  favor  of  a  country  when  the  value  of 
its  exports  exceeds  that  of  its  imports,  and  unfavorable 
when  the  value  of  its  imports  exceeds  that  of  its  exports.— 
Bent-lever  balance.    See  tamjent-balance.  —  Cova.'gBll- 

sation  balance.  See  compensation. — Danisb  balance, 

a  weighing  apparatus  somewhat  resembling  the  steelyard, 
but  differing  from  it  in  hav- 
ing the  fulcrum  movable, 
the  weight  being  at  one  end 
and  the  load  at  the  other ; 
the  loop  by  which  it  is  sus- 
pended is  shifted  along  the 
beam  until  equilibrium  is  es- 
tablished. The  weight  of  the 
substance  in  the  scale-pan  is 
indicated  by  the  point  at  which  the  fulcrum  is  placed  when 
the  instrument  is  in  equilibrium.— Electric  balance.  See 
absolute  electrometer,  \xi\Aev electrometer;  differential  galva- 
nometer, under  galvanometer;  induction-balance  ;  Wheat- 
stone's  bridge,  under  resistance.— Expansive  balance,  a 
compensation-balance  in  watches,  consisting  of  a  com- 
pound rim  whose  outer  and  inner  portions  are  made  of 
metals  having  different  rates  of  expansion  by  heat.  This 
arrangement  serves  to  counteract  the  effects  of  variations 
of  temperature  upon  the  speed  of  the  watch.— False  bal- 
ance, a  balance  having  arms  of  unequal  length,  or  of 
equal  length  and  unequal  weight,  so  that  its  positions 
when  empty  and  when  carrying  equal  weights  in  the  two 
pans  are  different.— Hydraulic  balance.  '  See  hydraulic. 

—  Hydrostatic  balance.  See  hydrostatic— ^ygrovaet- 
ric  balance.  See  hygrometric. — Roberval's  balance,  a 
balance  having  two  horizontal  beams  one  over  the  other, 
connected  at  their  extremities  by  joints  to  vertical  pieces, 
so  that  the  whole  forms  a  linked  parallelogram.  The  scales 
are  at  the  top.  The  advantage  of  the  contrivance  is,  that 
it  makes  it  a  matter  of  indifference  at  what  point  on  the 
pan  the  object  to  be  weighed,  or  the  counterpoise,  is 
placed.  An  improved  form  of  this  balance  is  commonly 
used  to  weigli  articles  sold  by  druggists.  — Roman  bal- 
ance, a  steelyard  (which  see).— Spring-balance,  a  con- 
trivance for  deterjuining  the  weight  of  any  article  by  ob- 
serving the  amount  of  deflection  or  compression  which  it 
produces  upon  a  helical  steel  spring  properly  adjusted  and 
fitted  with  an  index  working  against  a  gi-aduated  scale. 
Another  form  of  spring-balance  is  made  in  the  shape  of 
the  letter  C,  the  upper  end  being  suspended  by  a  ring, 
and  the  lower  end  affording  attachment  for  the  hook 
whereby  the  object  is  suspended.  As  the  bow  opens  a  An- 
ger traverses  a  graduated  arc  and  registers  the  weight.— 
Thermic  or  actinic  balance.  Same  as  bolometer.— to 
cast  tne  balance,  to  turn  the  scale ;  cause  one  scale  to 
preponderate:  often  used  figuratively.  South;  Dryden.— 
To  hold  in  balance,  to  keep  in  a  state  of  uncertainty  or 
suspense. 

She  wolde  not  fonde 
To  holde  no  wight  in  balaunce 
By  halfe  worde  ne  by  countenaunce. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  1020. 


425 

To  lay  in  balance,  to  put  up  as  a  pledge  or  security. 

Ye  wolde  nat  forgon  his  aqueyntance 
For  mochel  good,  I  dar  leye  in  balaunce 

Chmwer,''vvo\!t7clnl^f^^^^        Tale,  1.  58. '  ^f}^^^f>'^^^  (bal'ans-biir),  n. 

To  pay  a  balance,  to  p.ay  the  difference  and  make  two  Vvnl'o'J^'«X'-K«««^«4.«-   r\.  m        -u  »  ^ 

accounts  equal.— Torslon-balance,  an  instrument  for  Daiance-Darometer  (Dal  ans-ba-rom"e-t6r),  »!. 

measuring  certain  electrical  forces  and  the  intensity  of  A  barometer  consisting  of  a  beam  balanced  on 

magnets.    It  consists  of  a  magnetic  needle  suspended  l}y  a  pivot,  and  formed,  on  Oltposite  sides  of  the 

a  silk  thread  or  a  very  fine  wire  in  a  glass  cylinder,  of  pj^^t,  of  materials  differing  greatly  in  specific 


balance-plow 

Oh  !  who  would  cast  and  balance  at  a  desk, 

Perch  d  like  a  crow  upon  a  three-legg  d  stool, 

Till  all  his  juice  is  dried  ?    Tennyson,  Audley  Court 

Same  as  balance- 


which  the  circumference  is  graduated.  The  force  or  mag- 
net to  be  measured  is  applied  to  one  side  of  the  cylinder, 
either  inside  or  outside,  and  its  intensity  is  indicated  by 
the  amount  of  deflection  of  the  suspended  needle,  which 
is  caused  to  exert  a  force  of  torsion  on  the  thread  or  wire 
which  supports  it.  (See  also  alloy-balance,  assay-bal- 
ance, coin-balaiwe,  micrometer-balance,  millstone-balance.) 
=  Syil.  10.  See  remainder. 


gravity.  The  bulks  of  the  parts  on  either  side  of  the 
fulcrum,  and  consequently  the  volumes  of  air  displaced 
by  them,  thus  differ  greatly.  If  the  air  increases  in  den- 
sity, its  effective  buoyancy  on  the  more  bulky  arm  con- 
siderably exceeds  its  effect  upon  the  smaller ;  the  former 
therefore  rises.  If  the  air  becomes  lighter,  the  reverse 
happens.    The  vibrations  are  noted  upon  a  scale. 


Danisfi  Balancs. 


balance  (bal'ans),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  Z;aZawccr7,  balance-beain(baraus-bem),n.  1.  The  beam  of 
ppr.  balancing.  [=  F.  balancer  =  Pr.  balansar  a  balance. — 2.  Aloiig  beam  attached  to  a  draw- 
er Sp.  balan::ar  (obs.),  balancear  =  Pg.  balangar  bridge, thegateofaeanal-loek, etc., servingpar- 
=  It.  bilanciare,  balance;  from  the  noun.]  I,  tially  to  counterbalance  its  weight,  and  used  in 
trans.  1.  To  weigh ;  especially,  to  weigh  or  con-  opening  and  closing  it.  Also  called  6a?a)(ct--/*«r. 
sider  in  the  mind ;  ponder  over.  balance-bob  (bal'ans-bob),  n.    A  beam,  bent 

In  the  mean  while  I  will  go  for  the  said  Instrument,  lever,  or  bob,  rocking  or  oscillating  on  an  axis, 
and  till  my  Keturn  you  may  ballance  this  .Matter  in  your  and  having  at  one  end  a  counterpoise,  while 
own  Discretion.  Congreve,  Way  of  the  World,  v.  6.    the  other  is  attached  to  the  rod  of  a  Cornish 

She  balanced  this  a  little,  pumping-engine.    It  is  designed  to  relieve  the  strain 

And  told  me  she  would  answer  us  to-day.  .  ^„  the  engine  and  rod  resulting  fiom  ifti,,^  a  h  avy  liad 

Tennj/son,  Princess,  111.  149.    A\s.o  caWed  oscillating  or  rockimi  bob.    See  toil. 

2.  To  estimate  the  relative  weight  or  impor- balance-book  (bal'ans-biik),  n.  In  com.,  a 
tance  of,  as  two  or  more  things ;  make  a  com-  book  in  which  the  adjusted  debtor  and  credi- 
parison  between  as  to  relative  importance,  tor  accounts  have  been  ported  from  the  ledger, 
force,  value,  etc.  balance-bridge  (bal'ans-brij),  n.    A  bridge  in 

jBateHce  the  good  and  evil  of  things.  Sir  R.  L' Estrange,  which  the  overhang"  beyond  an  abutment  is 

3.  To  bring  into  a  state  of  equipoise  or  equi-  counterbalanced  either  by  means  of  heavy 
librium;  arrange  or  adjust  (the  several  parts  of  weights  connected  with  it  by  chains  running 
a  thing)  symmetrically:  as,  to  balance  the  sev-  "^e"-  pulleys,  or  by  a  portion  of  the  roadway 
eral  parts  of  a  machine  or  a  painting. —  4.  '"''lieh  extends  backward  from  the  abutment. 
To  keep  in  equilibrium  or  equipoise;  poise;  See  bascule-bridge. 

steady:  as,  to  ftaZance  a  pole  on  one's  chin.       balance-chamber (bal'ans-eham"ber),  w.   In  a 

I  cannot  give  due  action  to  my  words.  Whitehead  torpedo,  a  compartment  just  behind 

Except  a  sword  or  sceptre  balance  it.  the  condensed-air  chamber,  containing  the  de- 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  v.  L  vices  which  keep  the  torpedo  at  its  proper  depth 

The  maids  of  Nazareth,  as  they  trooped  to  fill  in  the  water. 

Their  6aia)(c<;d  urns  beside  the  mountain  rill.  balance-CranO  (bal'ans-kran),  n.    A  crane  in 

^    ^  ^-     "'>^""'''  ^'"^  Mother  s  .Secret  ^^.^^^  jj^g  jQ^d  is  Counterbalanced  in  whole  or 

5.  To  serve  as  a  counterpoise  to;  counter-  in  part  by  a  weight,  swinging  with  the  load,  but 
balance;  offset:  as,  the  ups  and  downs  of  placed  upon  the  opposite  side  of  the  pintle  or 
lite  balance  each  other.  post. 
One  expression  in  the  letter  must  check  and  bala/tce  the  balance-dynamOmeter  (bal'ans-di-na-mom'e- 

Kent.  ter),  n.    A  form  of  dynamometer  in  which  the 


other. 

In  the  ease  of  a  precision  steel-yard,  it  is  best  so  to  dis- 
tribute the  mass  of  the  beam  that  the  right  arm  balances 
the  left  one.  Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  262. 

6.  To  bring  into  a  state  of  equality;  make 
equal ;  offset  (one  thing  with  another). 
To  balance  fortune  by  a  just  expense, 
Join  with  economy,  magnificence ; 
With  splendour,  charity ;  with  plenty,  health. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  iii.  223. 
Like  souls  that  balance  joy  and  pain. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Guinevere. 
Weariness  was  balanced  with  delight. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  246. 


principle  of  the  steelyard  is  used  to  estimate 
the  number  of  foot-pounds  of  power.  The  ap- 
paratus is  attached  between  two  pulleys,  of  which  one  re- 
ceives and  the  other  transmits  the  motive  force,  and  is 
operated  by  means  of  loose  pulleys,  upon  which  the  belts 
are  shifted  when  it  is  desired  to  test  the  power.  Also 
called  bevel-gear  transmitting  dynamometer.  See  cut  un- 
der dynamometer. 

balance-electrometer  (bal '  ans-e-lek-trom  'e- 
ter),  n.  A  form  of  absolute  electrometer.  Bee 

electrometer. 

balance-engine  (barans-en"jin),  n.  A  steam- 
engine  which  has  two  pistons  acting  in  oppo- 
site directions  in  the  same  cylinder. 

A  name  of  the 


7.  To  use  as  a  counterpoise  or  set-off. 

Is  it  a  rule  of  oratory  to  balance  the  style  against  the  balance-_fish_  (bal'ans-fish),  n 
subject,  and  to  handle  the  most  sublime  truths  in  the  dull- 
est language  and  the  driest  manner? 

Sydney  Smith,  in  Lady  Holland,  iii. 
The  .  .  .  wisdom  which  balanced  Egypt  against  Assyria. 

Pusey,  Minor  Prophets,  p.  47, 


hammerhead, or  hammer-headed  shark,Sp^j/)7!a 
malleus:  so  called  because  the  sides  of  the  head 
resemble  the  arms  of  a  balance.  Also  called 
liammer-fish.    See  cut  under  hammerhead. 

8.  To  sway  up  and  down,  like  the  arms  of  a  balance-frame  (bai;ans-fram),  n.  One  of  two 
balance  ^  ^  «•  frames  of  a  ship  which  are  of  equal  weight  and 

Henley  stands,  ^^"^1  distances  from  its  center  of  gravity. 

Tuning  his  voice,  and  balancing  his  hands.  Dalance-gate  (bal  ans-gat),  n.    1 .  A  gate  either 

Pope,  Dunciad,  iii.  200.   SO  supported  in  the  middle,  or  so  counter- 

9.  To  settle  by  paying  what  remains  duo  on  an  weighted,  that  its  weight  may  rest  vertically 
account ;  equalize  or  adjust.  upon  the  gate-post  instead  of  hanging  upon  one 

Though  I  am  very  well  satisfied  that  it  is  not  in  my  ^''^^^  °^  it.— 2.  In  hydraulics,  a  gate  having  equal 
power  to  balance  accounts  with  my  Maker,  I  am  resolved,  areas  upon  each  side  of  the  Supporting  post,  SO 
however,  to  turn  all  my  endeavoui-s  that  way.  that  the  action  of  a  current  may  not  impede  its 

Addi.ion,  Spectator,  movement. 

10.  To  examijie  or  compare  by  summations,  balance-level  (bal'ans-lev'el),  n.  A  builders' 
etc.,  so  as  to  show  how  assets  and  liabilities  or  or  surveyors'  instrument,  consisting  of  a  bar 
debits  and  credits  stand:  as,  let  us  balance  our  exactly  balanced  and  suspended  by  a  cord,  and 
accounts.— 11.  A a«^.,  to  steady  (a  ship  m bad  carrying  two  sights  which  show  the  line  of 
r„?.H  f-T^  'T^^  with  a  balance-reef.  Bal-  level  sometimes  the  bar  is  placed  at  right  an.les  to  a 
anced  copula.  See  copula.-To  balance  books,  to  close  rod,  the  whole  being  allowed  to  hang  like  a  pendulum.  A 
or  adjust  each  personal  or  general  account  in  a  ledger.        telescope  is  sometimes  substituted  for  the  bar  and  sights. 

II.  »«/ra;-s.  1    To  have  an  equality  or  equiv-  balancement  (bal'ans-ment),  n.    \:<balance,  v., 
alence  in  weight,  parts,  etc.;  be  m  a  state    -|-  .ment.]    The  act  of  bklaucing,  or  the  state 
of  equipoise  ;  be  evenly  adjusted:  as,  the  two  of  being  balanced.  [Rare.] 
thmgs  exactly  balance;  I  cannot  make  the  ae-  „f  compensation  or  bala,ue,r^'. 

count  balance.—  2.  To  oscillate  like  the  beams  Darwin,  Different  Forms  of  Flowers,  p.  262. 

of  abalance;  waver;  hesitate.    [Rare.]  balance-pit  (bal' an  s-pit),  k.    In  mining,  the 

He  would  not  balance  nor  err  in  the  determination  of  shaft  or  excavation  in  which  the  balance  or 
his  choice.  Loclce  i 

_    -  .  i^uLne.    counterpoise  moves. 

3.  ;n  <7a?!c?W5f,  to  move  forward  and  backward,  balance-plow  (bal'ans-plou),  n.  A  plow  in 
or  m  opposite  directions,  Uke  the  arms  of  a  which  two  sets  of  plow-bodies  and  colters  are 
balance ;  especially,  to  set  to  a  partner.— 4.  To  attached  to  an  iron  frame  moving  on  a  fulei-um, 
be  employed  m  finding  the  balance  or  balances   one  set  at  either  extremity,  and  pointing  in 

different  directions.    The  balance-plow  is  intended 


of  an  account  or  axjcounts. 


balance-plow 

to  be  used  without  turning,  and  is  so  arranged  as  to  cast 
all  the  furrows  in  the  same  direction,  the  one  part  of  the 
frame  being  raised  out  of  the  ground  when  moving  in  one 
direction,  and  the  other  when  moving  in  the  opposite.  It 
is  the  front  part  of  tlie  frame,  or  that  furthest  from  where 
the  driver  sits,  which  is  elevated,  the  plowing  apparatus 
connected  with  the  after  part  being  always  inserted  in  the 
ground  and  doing  the  work.  Balance-plows  are  used  in 
steam-plowing.  Generally  two,  three,  or  four  sets  of  plow- 
bodies  and  colters  are  attached  to  either  extremity,  so 
that  two,  three,  or  four  furrows  are  made  at  once.  See 
plow. 

balancer  (bal'an-sSr),  n.  1.  One  who  balances 
or  weighs ;  a  weigher  of  things  in  or  as  in  a 
balance. 

The  nicest  of  our  modem  critical  balancers. 

Dawson,  Orig.  of  World,  p.  59. 

2.  An  acrobat;  one  who  balances  himself. — 

3.  One  who  or  that  which  keeps  a  thing  or 
things  in  equilibrium;  that  which  maintains 
or  helps  to  maintain  something  in  a  state  of 
balance  or  equipoise. — 4.  Specifically,  in  e«  to7n., 
a  halter  (which  see) ;  a  poiser ;  the  small  organ 
supposed  to  be  useful  in  balancing  the  body ; 
one  of  a  pair  of  slender  processes  with  clubbed 
ends  placed  near  the  insertion  of  the  wings, 
especially  of  dipterous  insects. —  5.  In  herpet., 
an  elongate  cylindrical  rod  protruding  from 
each  side  of  the  head  of  larval  salamanders,  in 
front  of  the  gills :  permanently  retained  in  cer- 
tain forms,  as  the  eeecilias  and  some  sala- 
manders.   E.  D.  Cope. 

balance-reef  (bal'ans-ref),  n.  Naut.,  a  reef- 
baud  crossing  a  sail  diagonally,   a  balance-reef 


Balance-reef. 
<z,  sail  before  reefing  ;  i?,  balance-reefed  sail. 

Is  generally  placed  in  all  gaff-sails,  the  band  running  from 
the  tliroat  to  the  clew.  Either  the  upper  or  the  lower  half 
of  the  sail  may  be  reefed. 

balance-rudder  (barans-rud"er),  n.  A  rudder 

supported  on  a  skeg 

or  projection  from 

the  keel,  about  one 

third  of  its  surface 

being  forward  of  and 

two  thirds  abaft  its 

vertical  axis  of  mo- 
tion. See  rudder. 
balance-rynd  (bal'- 

ans-rindl,  n.  An  iron 
bar  stretched  across 
the  eye  of  a  revolv- 
ing millstone,  to 
support  the  stone 

upon  the  top  of  its  Balance-rudder. 

spindle. 

balance-sections  (barans-sek'shonz),  n.  pil.  In 
ship-building,  a  pair  of  sections,  one  near  each 
end  of  the  vessel,  which  are  not  designed  till 
after  the  midship  section  and  the  water-liae 
are  determined. 

balance-sheet  (bal'ans-shet),  n.  A  statement 
made  by  merchants  and  others  to  show  the 
true  state  of  a  particular  business.  A  balance- 
sheet  sliould  exhibit  all  the  balances  of  debits  and  credits, 
also  the  value  of  the  merchandise,  and  the  result  of  the 
whole.  (Bouvier.)  A  statement  designed  to  show  the  as- 
sets and  liabilities  and  the  profits  and  losses  of  a  com- 
pany.   (Marsh,  Bank  Book-keeping.) 

Many  banks  publish  balance-sheets  professing  to  show 
the  reserve  of  ready  money. 

Jei'oiis,  Money  and  Mech.  of  Exchange,  p.  .320. 

balance-step  (bal'ans-step),  w.  In  milit.  tactics, 
an  exercise  in  squad-drill  intended  to  teach 
the  principles  of  marching. 

balance-thermometer  (bal'ans -ther-mom'-'e - 
ter),  n.  A  device  in  which  mercury  inclosed  in 
a  balanced  tube  is  caused  to  make  one  or  the 
other  of  the  ends  preponderate,  thereby  open- 
ing or  closing  a  window  or  damper,  or  touch- 
ing an  alarm. 

balance-valve  (bal'ans-valv),  n.  A  valve  in 
which  the  fluid  is  admitted  to  both  sides,  and 
acts  with  nearly  equal  pressure  in  opposite 
directions,  but  with  an  excess  in  the  direction 
of  the  seat  sufficient  to  keep  the  valve  in  con- 
tact with  it  when  closed.    It  is  a  construction  de- 


426 

signed  to  permit  the  operation  of  a  valve  by  a  slight 
force.  The  balance  puppet-value  has  two  disks  upon  a 
single  stem,  the  Huid  being  admitted  either  between  the 
two  disks  or  above  tlie  upper  and  below  the  lower.  One 
disk  is  made  larger  than  the  other,  that  there  may  be  a 
slight  excess  of  pressure  tending  to  close  the  valve,  or  to 
keep  it  pressed  to  its  seat. 

balance-vise  (bal'ans-vis),  n.  A  small  tail- 
vise  used  by  watchmakers. 

balance-wheel  (bal'ans-hwel),  n.  1.  A  wheel 
in  a  watch  or  chronometer  which  by  the  regu- 
larity of  its  motion  determines  the  beat  or 
strike. —  2.  Figuratively,  whatever  serves  for 
the  regulation  or  coordination  of  movements. 

These  are  in  themselves  very  objectionable ;  the  true 
regulators,  the  proper  balance-wheels,  are  those  which 
have  been  described.  Brougham. 

Balance-wheel  engine,  a  watchmakers'  instrument, 
used  in  the  construction  of  the  balance-wheel.— Bal- 
ance-Wheel  file,  a  watchmakers'  tile  with  three  sides, 
one  convex  and  cut,  the  others  plane  and  smooth.  It  is 
used  in  working  in  the  sector  openings  of  a  lialance-wheel.— 
Compensation  balance-wheel,  a  balance-wheel  whose 

rim  is  formed  of  two  metals  of  ditt'erent  expansive  powers, 
so  arranged  that  the  change  of  size  of  the  wheel,  as  the 
temperatm'e  rises  or  falls,  is  compensated  for  by  tlie 
change  in  position  of  the  parts  of  the  rim. 

balandra  (ba-lan'di-a),  n.  [Sp.  Pg.  ialandra 
=  F.  belandre,  <  D.  bijlander,  >  E.  hUander :  see 
biJander.']  A  small  coasting  vessel  used  in 
South  America. 

balandrana  (ba-lan'dra-na),  n.  [ML.;  OF. 
halandran,  F.  balandras  ="STp.  halandran  =  It. 
palandrano,  palandrana;  origin  unknown.]  A 
wide  cloak  or  mantle  used  as  an  additional  gar- 
ment by  travelers  and  others  in  the  twelfth 
and  thirteenth  centuries.  Also  called  super- 
totus. 

balanid  (bal'a-nid),  n.  A  cirriped  of  the  family 

Balanidce. 

Balanidse  (ba-lan'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Balanus 
-t-  -irfrt".]  A  family  of  sessile  thoracic  eirripeds, 
of  which  the  genus  Balanus  is  the  type.  The 
peduncle  is  absent  or  rudimentary,  the  operculum  is 
present,  and  the  scuta  and  terga  are  movably  articu- 
lated. The  species  are  commonly  called  acorn-shells  or 
sea-acorns,  and  often  share  tlie  name  barnacle  witli  the 
species  of  Lepas.  They  are  found  all  over  the  world,  ad- 
hering closely  to  submerged  rocks,  timber,  etc.  Also 
Balanoldea.    See  cuts  under  Balanus. 

balaniferous  (bal-a-nif 'e-rus),  a.   [<  L.  balanus 

(<  Gr.  (idXavo^),  an  acorn,  +  ferre  =  E.  bear'^.^ 

Bearing,  yielding,  or  producing  acorns. 
Balaninus  (bal-a-ni'nus),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  balanus 

(<  Gr.  iid/Mvo(),  an  acorn,  -t-  -inus.']    A  genus  of 

rhynchophorous 

beetles,    of  the 

family  Cwrculi- 

onidce  or  weevils ; 

the  nut-weevils. 

B.  nucuni  is  the 

weevil  of  hazels 

and  filberts ;  B. 

glandium  and  B. 

rectus,  of  acorns, 
balanism  (bal'a- 

nizm),  n.    [<  Gr. 

pd?Mvo^,  an  acorn, 

a  suppository,  + 

-ism  ;  at.  Gr.  fiaka- 

vi^eiv,  administer 

a  suppository.] 

In  werf.,  the  application  of  a  suppository  or 

pessary. 

balanite  (bal'a-nit),  n.  [<  L.  balanites:  see 
Balanites.]  If.  A  kind  of  precious  stone. — 2. 
A  fossil  cirriped  of  the  family  Balanidce. 

Balanites  (bal-a-ni'tez),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  fialavtrng, 
a  precious  stone,  prop.  adj.  (sc.  lidog),  acorn- 
shaped,  <  fialavog,  an  acorn.  Cf.  Balanus. 1  1. 
[Z. c]  A  kind  of  precious  stone;  balanite. —  2. 
[NL.]  Asimarubaceous  genus  of  plants,  includ- 
ing two  species,  spiny  shrubs  or  small  trees,  na- 
tives of  the  drier  parts  of  India,  western  Asia, 

and  tropical  Africa.  The  fruit  is  a  one-seeded  drupe, 
the  pulp  of  which  is  sometimes  used  in  India  in  cleaning 
silk.  The  oily  seeds,  as  well  as  the  bark  and  subacid  leaves, 
of  the  Indian  species,  B.  Rnjcburiihii,  are  employed  in  native 
medicine,  and  the  hard  woody  nut  is  made  into  a  kind  of 
fireworks.    The  African  species  is  B.  ^Hgyptiaca. 

3.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  fossil  eirripeds,  of  the 
family  Balanidce. 

balanitis  (bal-a-ni'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  jialavog, 
acorn,  glans  penis,  H-  -ife.]  In  pathol.,  in- 
flammation of  the  glans  penis. 

balanoglossid  (bal'^a-no-glos'ld),  n.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  family  Balanoglossidce. 

Balanoglossidse  (bal*a-no-glos'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Balanoglossus  +  -irffc]  The  family  of 
invertebrates  represented  by  the  genus  Bala- 
noglossus. 

Balanoglossus  (baF'a-no-glos'us),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  (id'Aavog,  an  acorn,  +  y?Maaa,  tongue.]  1.  An 


Balanus 

extraordinary  genus  of  invertebrate  animals, 
the  type  not  only  of  a  family,  Balanoglossidce, 
but  also  of  an  order  or  even  a  distinct  class  of 
animals,  Enteropneusta  {y^hich  see),  it  is  related 
in  its  mode  of  development  to  the  echinoderms,  in  some 
respects  to  the  ascidians,  .and  is  usually  classed  with  the 


Balatwg^lossus. 

I.  The  Tornaria  larva,  about  r-r2  of  an  inch  long,  enlarged,  side 
view,  a,  anus;  b,  vessels  leading  to  the  dorsal  pore,  d,  from  sac  of 
the  water-vascular  system,  w;  iv' ,  prolongation  of  the  sac  ;  h,  heart; 

1,  intestine;  s,  stomach  ;  o,  esophagus;  m,  mouth  ;  u,  u',  lobes  of 
alimentary  canal ;  md,  muscular  band  from  eye-speck,  <?,  to  water-vas- 
cular sac.  II.  Young  balanoglossus.  Letters  as  before,  except  ^,  the 
first-formed  branchial  stigmata.  III.  Balanoglossus,  more  advanced. 
c,  collar  :  proboscis. 

Vermes.  The  members  of  this  genus  are  elongated,  foot- 
less, soft-bodied  worms,  with  the  mouth  at  one  end  of  the 
body  and  the  anus  at  the  other.  The  fore  part  of  the  body 
presents  a  kind  of  collar  surrounding  a  constriction  from 
which  springs  a  long  hollow  prol)oscis-like  organ,  whence 
the  name  Balanoglossus,  this  organ  being  like  a  tongue 
somewhat  acorn-shaped,  proceeding  from  within  the  col- 
lar like  an  acorn  from  its  cup.  On  the  portion  of  the  body 
from  which  the  proboscis  springs  there  is  a  flattened  area 
with  a  longitudinal  series  of  branchial  apertures,  commu- 
nicating with  branchial  sacs  connected  with  the  alimen- 
tary canal;  hence  the  term  Enteropneusta.  In  conseiiuence 
of  this  relation  of  the  respiratory  to  the  alimentary  canal, 
Huxley  associates  Balanoglossus  with  Tunicata  (or  ascidi- 
ans) as  members  of  a  pharyiigopneustal  series.  The  larval 
form  of  Balanoglossus  was  formerly  called  Tornaria,  and 
regarded  as  an  echinodenn  from  its  great  resemblance  to 
the  larva  of  a  starfish. 

2.  [I.  c]  A  member  of  the  genus  Balanoglossus. 
balanoid  (bal'a-noid),  a.  and  n.    [<  Gr.  /3a/la- 

voeidr/^,  like  an  acorn,  <  /SdAawf,  an  acorn,  -1- 
EiMoc,  fonn.]  I,  a.  Resembling  an  acorn :  spe- 
cifically applied  to  the  acorn-shells  of  the  fam- 
ily Balanidw.    See  cut  under  Balanus. 

II.  n.  An  acorn-shell ;  a  cirriped  of  the  fam- 
ily Balanidce. 
Balanoidea  (bal-a-noi'de-a),  M.  ^Z.  [NL.,  <  Ba- 
lanus +  -oidea.    Cf.  balanoid.']    Same  as  Bala- 
nidce. 

Balanophoracese  (bal'a-no-fo-ra'se-e),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  jidXavoi;,  an  acorn,  +  -(p6/jog,  bearing 
(<  0f/o«f  r=E.  bear^),  +  -acece.']  An  order  of  cu- 
rious apetalous  leafless  plants,  related  to  the 
mistletoe,  but  parasitic  upon  the  roots  instead 
of  the  branches  of  otherplants.  From  their  simple 
structure,  they  were  formerly  thought  to  be  allied  to  the 
fungi.  There  are  about  40  known  species,  grouped  into  14 
genera,  natives  of  the  tropics.    They  are  generally  of  a 


Nut-weevil  [Balaninus  rectus.  Say). 
«,  dorsal  view ;  ^,  lateral  view.  (Verti- 
cal line  shows  natural  size,  including  pro- 


i  coccineum,  growing  upon  the  root 

:e  :  a,  inHorescence,^  size. 


BalanophoracciF,  Cyftontoriit 

of  a  salsola,  i-r5  natural  size  :  a,  inHorescence,^^  ! 
(From  Le  Maout  and  Decaisne's  "  Traiteg^n^ral  de  Botanique.") 

bright  yellow  or  red  color.  Their  small  flowers,  in  most 
cases  unisexual,  are  aggregated  into  dense  masses.  The 
fruit  is  one-celled,  with  a  single  seed. 

balantt  (ba'lant),  a.  [<  L.  balan(t-)s,  ppr.  of 
balare,  bleat.    Cf.  baa.]  Bleating. 

The  balant  and  latrant  noises  of  that  sort  of  people. 

C.  Mather,  Mag.  Christ,  (ed.  1852),  App.,  p.  620. 

Balanus  (bal'a-nus),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  jiaXavog,  an 
acorn.  Cf .  L.  glans,  an  acorn :  see  gland.  ]  The 
typical  genus  of  sessile  eir-  _  _ 

ripeds  of  the  family  Bala- 
nidce; the  acorn-shells  or 
sea-aeoms,  called  barna- 
cles, except  in  Great  Bri- 
tain, where  the  peduncu- 
lated LepaclidcB  have  that 

name.  B.  tintinnabulum  is  the 
representative  species.  The  shell 
consists  of  6  plates,  with  an  oper- 
culum of  4  valves.  Colonies  are  to  be  found  on  rocks  left 
dry  at  low  water,  on  ships,  on  timber,  on  lobsters  and  other 
crustaceans,  and  on  the  shells  of  conchifers  and  other  mol- 
lusks.  They  differ  from  the  members  of  the  genus  Lepas 
in  having  a  symmetrical  sliell  and  in  being  destitute  of  a 
flexible  stalk.   They  pass  through  a  larval  stage  of  exis- 


Balanus  porcatus. 


Balanns 


Diagrammatic  section  of  Acorn-shell  {Batan 


a,  cavity  of  the  sac  lying  over  the  labrum  ;  b,  prosoma  ;  c,  carina  : 
elt  carinolateral  compartment;  i,  lateral  compartment;  r,  rostrum  ; 
J,  scutum  ;  tergum  :  /,  penis  ;  ^t-formed  gland  ;  h,  duct  con- 
necting^ with  I,  peduncular  or  ovanan  tubules,  and -ft,  cement-duct 
and  glands ;      antennse ;  m,  ovigerous  fraenum ;  anus. 

tence,  at  which  period  they  are  not  fixed,  but  move  about 
by  means  of  swimming-feet,  and  possess  large  stalked  eyes, 
both  feet  and  eyes  disappearing  when  they  attach  them- 
selves to  their  final  place  of  repose. 

balasi,  balass  (bar as,  ba-las'),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  ballas,  etc.,  <  ME.  balas,  halace,  halays, 
etc.,  <  OF.  halais,  balai  =  Pr.  balays,  balach 
=  Sp.  balax  =  Pg.  balaclie  =  It.  balascio,  < 
ML.  balascius,  balascus,  <  Ar.  balakhsli,  a 
Mnd  of  ruby,  <  Pers.  Badakhshdn,  a  country  in 
central  Asia  north  of  the  Hindu  Kush  moun- 
tains (called  Balasian  by  Marco  Polo),  where 
this  ruby  is  found.]  A  variety  of  spinel  ruby, 
of  a  pale  rose-red  color,  sometimes  inclining  to 
orange.   See  spinel.   Usually  called  balas-ruby. 

William  of  Wykehara  .  .  .  bequeathed  to  his  successor 
ip  the  bishopric  of  Winchester  ...  his  larger  gold  pon- 
tifical ring,  with  a  sapphire  stone,  surrounded  with  four 
balas-rubies,  and  two  small  diamonds  and  eleven  pearls. 

Quoted  in  Bock's  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  171. 

balas^  (bal'as),  n.  [Turk.]  A  long  dagger  in- 
tended for  thrusting  rather  than  cutting,  used 
by  the  Turks ;  a  Turkish  yataghan.  B,  F.  Bur- 
ton. 

"balaseif,  n.    See  balas^. 

"balase^t,  n.    See  ballast. 

balass,  n.    See  balas'^. 

balata  (bal'a-ta),  n.    Same  as  halata-gum. 

balata-gum  (bal'a-ta-gum),  n.  The  inspissated 
juice  of  a  sapotaeeous  tree,  Mimusops  globosa, 
of  tropical  America  from  the  .Antilles  to  Guiana. 
It  is  intermediate  in  character  between  caoutchouc  and 
gutta-percha,  and  from  its  great  strength  is  especially 
suited  for  belting  and  similar  uses. 

"balata-tree  (bal'a-ta-tre),  n.  A  large  sapota- 
eeous tree  of  the  West  Indies,  Bumelia  retusa, 
the  wood  of  which  is  very  hard.  See  bully- 
tree. 

balatront  (bal'a-tron),  n.  [<  L.  balatro(n-),  a 
babbler,  jester,  buffoon,  prob.  for  *blatero(n-),  < 
ftZaterare,  babble.]    A  buffoon.  Cockeram. 

l)alatroiUC  (bal-a-tron'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  buffoons.    Sala.  [Rare.] 

T)alausta  (ba-las'ta),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  balaustium : 
see  Balaustion.']  'A.  fruit  like  the  pomegranate, 
succulent  within  and  many-seeded,  with  a  firm 
rind,  and  tipped  with  the  persistent  lobes  of  the 
calyx. 

"balaustine  (ba-las'tiu),  a.  [<  L.  balaustium  (< 
Gr.  jialavoTiov,  the  flower  of  the  wild  pome- 
granate) +  -Miei.]  Pertaining  to  the  wild  pome- 
granate-tree—  Balaustine  flowers,  the  dried  flowers 
of  the  pomegranate,  used  in  medicine  as  an  astringent. 

Balaustion  (ba-las'ti-on),  n.  [NL. ;  cf.  L. 
balaustium,  <  Gr.  paXavariov,  the  flower  of  the 
wild  pomegranate;  Cf.  baluster.']  A  genus  of 
myrtaceous  plants,  of  a  single  species,  B.  pul- 
cherrimum,  a  shrub  inhabiting  southwestern 
Australia,  it  bears  numerous  flowers  resembling  in 
shape  and  color  those  of  the  dwarf  pomegranate. 

balaustyt  (ba-las'ti),  n.  [<  L.  balaustium:  see 
Balaustion.']    Same  as  balaustine  floivers. 

balayeuse  (bal-a-yez'),  n.  [F.,  fem.  of  balayeur, 
a  sweeper,  <  balayer,  sweep,  <  balai,  OF.  balei, 
baleis,  a  broom,  dial,  the  broom-plant,  >  ME. 
haleis,  a  rod.]  A  strip  of  plaited  muslin  or  lace 
placed  inside  of  the  bottom  of  women's  dresses 
to  protect  them  from  the  floor. 

balaynt,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  baleen. 

balayst,  n.^  An  obsolete  form  of  balas^. 

bal-DOy  (bal'boi),  n.  A  boy  working  in  a  mine. 
,  Ure,  Diet.,  I.  280.  [Cornish.] 

Balbriggan  hosiery.    See  hosiery. 

balbusard  (bal'bu-sard),  n.  [F.,  also  balbu- 
zard.]    A  name  of  the  osprey  or  bald  buzzard, 

FandiOH  haliaetus.  it  was  taken  in  1828  by  Fleming 
as  a  genus  name  in  the  form  Balbusatdus.    [Not  in  use.] 


427 

balbutiatet  (bal-bii'shi-at),  V.  i.     [<  L.  as  if 

*balbutiare  for  balbutire,  stammer,  <  balbus, 

stammering.]    To  stammer  in  speaking, 
balbutientt  (bal-bu'shi-ent),  a.    [<  L.  balbu- 

tien(t-)s,  ppr.  of  balbutire',  stammer:  see  balbu- 

tiate.]  Stammering, 
balbuties  (bal-bii'shi-ez),  n.    [NL.,  <  L.  balbus, 

stammering.    Cf.  balbutiate.]    1.  Stammering. 

—  2.  A  vicious  and  incomplete  pronunciation, 

in  which  almost  all  the  consonants  are  replaced 

by  6  and  I.  Dunglison. 
bal-captain  (barkap'tan),  n.   A  mine-captain. 

[Cornish.] 

balcont,  balconef,  «.  [<  F.  balcon,  <  It.  balcone, 
a  balcony:  see  balcony.]  A  balcony  or  gallery. 

Fejrys. 

balconet  (bal-ko-nef),  n.     [Also  balconette,  < 
balcon,  balcony,' +  -et,  -ctte.    Cf.  It 
conata.]    A  low 


A  Venetian  balcony. 


ornamental  rail- 
ing to'  a  door 
or  window,  pro- 
jecting but 
slightly  beyond 
the  threshold  or 
sill. 

balconied  (bal'- 
ko-nid),  a.  Hav- 
ing a  balcony  or 
balconies. 

The   house  was 
AouhXe-balconied. 
Roger  North,  Ex- 
[amen,  iii.  7. 

balcony  (bal'- 

ko-ni,  imtil  re- 
cently bal-ko'- 
ni),  n.;  pi.  bal- 
conies (-niz). 
[Formerly  also 
balcone,  balco- 
nie,  balcony,  etc. 
(sometimes  bal- 
con, after  F. 
balcon),  <  It.  bal- 
cone, <  balco,  a 
beam,  scaffold, 
<  OHG.  baRo, 
balcJio,  a  scaffold,  =  E.  balk,  a  beam,  etc. :  see 
feaft-i,  n.]  1.  A  stage  or  platform  projecting 
from  the  wall  of  a  building  within  or  without, 
supported  by  columns,  pillars,  or  consoles,  and 
encompassed  with  a  balustrade,  railing,  or 
parapet.  Outer  balconies  are  common  before 
windows,  and  inner  ones  in  ball-rooms,  public 
haUs,  etc. 

The  flourish  of  trumpets  and  kettledrums  from  a  high 
balcony,  which  overlooked  the  hall,  announced  the  en- 
trance of  the  maskers.  Scott,  Kenilworth,  II.  xviii. 

2.  In  theaters,  a  gallery  occupying  various  po- 
sitions. In  some  theaters  it  is  a  raised  tier  of  seats  sur- 
rounding the  parquette ;  in  others  it  takes  tlie  place  of  the 
dress-circle  ;  and  in  others  still  it  is  the  gallery  immedi- 
ately behind  or  above  the  dress-circle. 

baldi  (bald),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
balde,  baulde,  bal'd,  balPd,  <  ME.  balde,  belde, 
earlier  balled,  ballid,  ballede,  bald;  of  uncertain 
origin,  (1)  by  some  regarded  as  identical  with 
the  rare  early  ME.  ballede,  in  the  apparent 
sense  of  rotund,  corpulent,  applied  to  the 
body,  lit.  'balled,'  round  like  a  ball  (<  bain  + 
-ed"^),  and  hence,  perhaps,  of  the  head,  smooth, 
hairless;  otherwise  (2)  perhaps  <  ball,  a  white 
streak  or  spot  (a  word  of  Celtic  origin  not  found 
in  ME.,  but  prob.  then  existent:  see  ball^),  -t- 
-ede,  an  adj.  suf&x  connected  with  -erf2.]  Qt_ 

1,  Wanting  hair,  as  the  head,  in  some  part 
(usually  the  top,  or  front  and  top)  where  it 
naturally  grows ;  partly  or  wholly  deprived  of 
hair  on  the  head,  as  a  person. 

His  heed  was  ballid  and  schon  as  eny  glas. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  198. 

Csesar,  .  .  .  because  his  head  was  bald,  covered  that  de- 
fect with  laurels.  Addison. 

2.  Without  the  natural  or  usual  covering  of 
the  head  or  top ;  bareheaded :  as,  a  bald  oak ;  a 


Balder-brae 

He  [Milton]  could  stoop  to  a  plain  style,  sometimes  even 
to  a  bald  style;  but  false  brilliancy  was  his  utter  aversion. 

Macaulay,  Hilton. 
Ghastly  thro'  the  drizzling  rain 
On  the  bald  street  breaks  the  blank  day. 

Tennyson,  In  ilemoriam,  vii. 

6.  Bare;  open;  undisguised. 
A  bald  egotism  which  is  (piite  above  and  beyond  selfish- 
ness. Lowell,  Among  niy  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  314. 

7.  Having  white  on  the  face  or  head:  specifi- 
cally applied  to  several  birds :  as,  the  bald  buz- 
zard, eagle,  etc. 

II,  n.  A  natural  meadow  or  grassy  plain  oc- 
cuiTing  on  the  rounded  summit  of  a  high  moun- 
tain :  a  term  in  use  in  the  southern  extension 
of  the  Appalachian  ranges,  where  a  number  of 
the  highest  knobs  have  their  dome-shaped  tops 
entirely  bare  of  trees, 
dim.  6a?-  bald^t  (bald),  t'.  [<  ftaZdi,  a.]  To  make  bald; 
deprive  of  hair, 
bald^t,  a.    An  obsolete  and  dialectal  form  of 

bold.  It  is  retained  in  this  spelling  as  an  element  in 
certain  proper  names  of  Anglo-Saxon  or  Old  High  German 
origin:  as,  Baldwin,  Archibald,  Ethelbald,  etc. 
baldachin  (bal'da-kin),  n.  [In  def.  1  also  for- 
merly baldakin,  baldekin,  and  earlier  baudekin, 
q.  V. ;  in  def.  2  also  baldaquin,  and,  as  It.  or 
Sp.,  baldacchino,  baldaquino ;  <  F.  baldaquin  = 
Sp.  baldaquino  =  Pg.  baldaquim,  <  It.  baldac- 
chino (ML.  baldakinus,  etc.),  a  canopy,  < 
Baldacco,  It.  form  of  Bagdad  (Ar.  Baghdad), 
where  a  rich  cloth  used  for  such  canopies  was 
manufactured.]   If.  Same  as  baudekin. —  2.  A 

canopy  of  various  kinds,  (a)  a  portable  decorative 
covering,  borne  in  ceremonial  processions  as  a  sign  of  rank 
or  dignity ;  particularly,  the  dais-like  canopy  carried  over 
the  pope,  which  is  supported  on  eight  poles  and  carried  by 
distinguished  personages,  (b)  In  the  Mom.  Cath.  Ck.,  a 
portable  canopy  borne  over  the  eucharist  carried  proces- 
sionally,  as  on  the  feast  of  C'oipus  Christi.  (c)  A  stationary 
covering,  of  baudekin,  silk,  or  other  rich  stufi^,  stretched 
above  the  seat  of  a  digTiitary  ;  in  general,  the  canopy  of  a 
dais ;  sometimes,  that  of  a  bed  with  cui-tains.   (d)  A  fixed 


Double  Baldachin.— Shrine  of  the  Cro>™  of  Thorns,  high  altar  of 
the  Sainte  Chapelle,  Paris;  13th  century. 
(From  VioUet-le-Duc's  "Diet,  de  r Architecture." ) 

canopy,  oftenof  metal  orstone,  above  the  isolated  high  altar 
in  many  churches,  especially  in  Italy  and  the  East.  From 
its  center,  according  to  the  old  ritual,  usually  hung  by  a 
chain  the  vessel  containing  the  Host ;  but  this  usage  has 
now  been  superseded.  Baldachins  also  occur  in  other  po- 
sitions than  over  altars,  as  over  tombs,  shrines,  etc.  Also 
spelled  baldaquin.    Also  called  ciborium. 

baldachino  (bal-da-ke'no),  n.     [<  It.  baldac- 
chino.]   Same  as  baldachin. 
baldaquin  (bal'da-kin),  n.    See  baldachin. 
baldaret,  «•    [Origin  obscure ;  some  suppose  an 
allusion  to  the  god  Balder  and  his  restoration 
to  life.]    An  old  name  of  the  amaranth,  Ama- 
rantus  caudafus. 
bald-coot  (bald'kot),  n.    See  baldicoot. 
•.ttVZd  Ct^^ht^^     ''"^  °*  but  they  baldekint,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  baldachin. 

stand  bald  befoie  hmi.  Shak..  Cor.,  .v.  5.  ^^-^^^^^  (bll'den),  V.  t.  and  i.     [<  bahU  +  -etll.] 

To  make  or  become  bald.  [Rare.] 
Balder-brae,  Balder's-brae  (bal'der-,  bal'- 
derz-bra),   n.    [North.  E..  <  Icel.  Balders-bra 


bald  mountain. 


Shak.,  Cor.. 
Thy  bald,  awful  head,  0  sowan  Blanc ! 

Coleridge,  Chamouni. 

3.  Destitute  of  beard  or  awn :  as,  bald  wheat. 
— 4.  Wanting  force  or  meaning ;  meager;  pal- 
try: as,  a  6«Zd  sermon;  a  6a W truism. —  5.  Des- 
titute of  appropriate  ornament ;  too  bare,  plain, 
or  literal;  unadorned;  inelegant:  as,  "a  bald 
translation,"  Longfellow,  Hyperion,  iii.  6. 


(Cotula  fetida)  =  Norw.  haldnr-braa,  ballebraa 
(Pyrethrum  inodorum),  that  is,  as  also  in  E., 
Balder's  brow;  also  coiTujitly  bald  eyebrow. 
From  Balder,  a  Norse  divinity,  son  of  Odin.] 
An  old  name  for  the  mayweed,  Anthemis  Cotula. 


balderdash 

balderdash  (bM'der-dash),  )i.  [First  in  sense  1 ; 
of  obsoiu'e  origin,  appai'.  dial,  or  slang:  ac- 
cording to  one  eonjectiu-e,  <  Dan.  hahier,  noise, 
clatter  (from  a  verb  repr.  by  Sw.  dial.  haUru, 
Norw.  baldra,  bellow,  prattle,  =  Icel.  refl.  hal- 
dmst,  ballmst,  clatter;  cf.  D.  LG.  baldereu,  roar, 
thunder),  +  dush,  repr.  Dan.  daske,  slap,  flap: 
see  dash.  But  the  word  may  be  merely  one  of 
the  numerous  popular  formations,  of  no  defi- 
nite elements,  so  freely  made  in  the  Elizabethan 
period.]  If.  A  jumbled  mixtui-e  of  frothy  li- 
quors. 

To  driiik  such  balderdash  or  bonny-clabber. 

B.  Jotison,  New  Inn,  i.  2. 

2.  Senseless  prate ;  an  unmeaning  or  nonsen- 
sical jumble  of  words ;  trashy  talk  or  writing. 

I  heard  liira  charge  this  publication  with  ribaldry,  scur- 
rility, billingsgate,  and  balderdash. 

Home  Tooke,  Trial,  p.  25. 

=  Syn.  2.  See  prattle,  n. 

balderdash  (bal'der-dash),  V.  t.  [<  balderdash, 
To  jumble  and  adulterate  (liquors) ;  hence, 
to  mix  with  inferior  ingredients;  adulterate: 
with  ivith  before  the  adulterant :  as,  to  balder- 
dash wine  jvith  cider.  [Rare.] 

The  wine-merchants  of  Nice  brew  and  balderdash  and 
even  mix  it  witli  pigeon's  dung  and  quicklime. 

Smollett,  Travels,  xix. 

Balder's-brae,  n.    See  Balder-brae. 

bald-faced  (bald'fast),  a.  Having  a  white  face 
or  white  on  the  face:  said  of  animals:  as,  a 
bald-faced  stag. 

baldhead  (bald'hed),  ??.  1.  A  man  bald  on  the 
head.  2  Ki.  ii.  23.-2.  The  name  of  a  breed  of 
domestic  pigeons. — 3.  A  name  of  the  fruit- 
crows  (CotiiKjidw)  of  South  America,  of  the 
genus  Gymnocephalus.  G.  calctts  is  the  capu- 
chin baldhead. 

bald-headed  (bald'hed"ed),  a.  Having  a  bald 
head — Bald-headed  eagle.  See  eaijle. 

baldicoot  (bal'di-kot),  «.  [Also  baldecoot,  bald- 
coot,  <  bald^  +  coot;  the  syllable  -i-  is  mean- 
ingless.] 1.  The  common  coot,  FuJica  atra. 
Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  a  monk,  on  account 
of  his  somber  raiment  and  shaven  crown. 

Princesses  that  .  .  .  demean  themselves  to  hob  and 
nob  with  these  black  baldicoots. 

Kingsley,  Saint's  Tragedy,  iii.  4. 

baldly  (bald'li),  adv.  So  as  to  be  bald,  in  any 
sense  of  that  word. 

baldmoney  (bald'mun*i),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  baldimonic,  baudmoiey,  etc.,  <  ME.  bald- 
monij,  baldemoyn,  baldemoyne,  baldemoin,  an 
early  name  of  gentian;  origin  unknown.]  If. 
A  name  of  various  species  of  gentian. —  2.  A 
name  for  the  mew  or  spignel,  an  umbelliferous 
plant  of  Europe,  Meuni  athamaiiticum. 

baldness  (bald'nes),  w.  [<  ME.  ballednesse;  < 
bald^  +  -ness.']    The  state  or  quality  of  being 

bald,   (a)  Lack  of  hair  or  natural  coveilng  on  tlie  liead 
or  top ;  absence  or  loss  of  hair,    (b)  Deficiency  of  appro- 
priate ornament,  as  in  writing ;  meanness  or  inelegance ; 
want  of  ornament :  as,  baldness  of  style. 
Baldness  of  allusion  and  Ijarbarity  of  versification. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  III.  74. 

baldpate  (bald'pat),  n.  1.  A  person  with  a 
bald  head.  ' 

Come  hither,  goodman  baldpate. 

Shak.,  M.  forM.,  v.  i. 
2.  In  ornith.,  a  kind  of  duck  vrith  white  on  the 
head ;  a  widgeon,  Marcca penelope  and  M.  ameri- 
cana.  See  cut  under  widgeon. 
baldpate,  bald-pated  (bald'pat,  -parted),  a. 
Lacking  hair  on  the  pate ;  shorn  of  hair. 

You  bald-pated,  lying  rascal.       Shak  ,  JI.  for  M.,  v.  1. 

baldrib  (bald'rib),  w.  1.  A  joint  of  pork  cut 
from  nearer  the  rump  than  the  spare-rib,  and 
consisting  of  a  rib  from  which  the  fat  has  been 
removed. 

Baldrib,  griskin,  chine,  or  chop. 

Southey,  To  A.  Cunningham. 

Hence — 2.  Figuratively,  a  lean,  lanky  person. 
[Rare.] 

Faith,  thou  art  such  a  spring  baldrib,  all  the  mistresses 
in  the  town  will  never  get  thee  up.  Middleton. 
baldric  (bal'drik),  n.  [Formerly  also  baudrick, 
etc.,  <  ME.  baudrik,  bawdrik,  bauderik,  etc., 
earlier  baudry,  <  OF.  baudrei,  baldrei,  baldret 
(later  baudroy  and,  with  added  suffix,  baitdrier) 
=  Pr.  baudrut  {ML.  baldrimjus),  appar.  <  MHG. 
balderich,  a  girdle,  perhaps  <  OHG.  balz  =  E. 
belt,  <  L.  balteus:  see  belt.]  1.  A  belt,  or  an 
ornament  resembling  a  belt. 

A  palmer's  amice  wrapt  him  round, 
With  a  wrought  Spanish  baldrick  bound. 

Seott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  ii.  19. 
In  particular — (at)  A  belt  worn  round  the  waist,  as  the 
Roman  cinguluni,  or  military  belt,  (b)  A  jeweled  orna- 
ment worn  round  the  neck  by  both  ladies  and  gentlemen 
in  the  sixteenth  century.    K.  MorrU.   (ct)  Figuratively, 


428 

the  zodiac.  Spenser,  (d)  A  belt  worn  over  the  right  or 
left  slioulder,  crossing  the  body  diagonally  to  the  waist  or 
below  it,  cither  simply  as  an  ornament  or  to  suspend  a 
sworil,  dagger,  or  iiorn.  Such  belts,  in  medieval  and  Re- 
naissance times,  were  sometimes  richly  decorated  and 
garnislicd  witli  bells,  precious  stones,  etc. 

Athwart  his  brest  a  bauldrick  brave  he  ware 
Thatshind,  like  twinkling  stars,  with  stones  most  pretious 
I'are.  Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  I.  vii.  23. 

And  from  his  blazon'd  baldric  slung 
A  mighty  silver  bugle  hung. 

Tennyson,  Lady  of  Shalott,  iii. 

2t.  The  leather  thong  or  gear  by  which  the  clap- 
per of  a  church-bell  was  formerly  suspended. 

In  the  earliest  accounts  the  baldricks  of  the  bells  are 
always  referred  to  eo  nomine,  but  later  on  they  are  called 
"leathers."  Jf.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  495. 

Also  spelled  baldrick. 
baldric--wise  (bal'drik-wiz),  adv.    [<  baldric  + 
ic/se-.]    After  the  manner  of  a  baldric;  over 
one  shoulder  and  hanging  down  to  the  waist, 
balductumt,  «.    [Also  balducktum,  <  ML.  bal- 
ductu,  curd,  hot  milk  curdled  with  ale  or  wine, 
a  posset.]    Balderdash;  trash. 
Bald-win  bit.   See  6/<i. 

baldy  (bal'di),  n.  [<  baUU  +  dim.  -?/.]  A  nick- 
name for  a  bald-headed  person.  [Colloq.] 
balei  (bal),  n.  [<  ME.  bale,  balwc,  balw,  baluw, 
balii,  etc.,  <  AS.  balu,  bealu,  bealo  {bealw-,  bca- 
low-)  — OS.  bal u  =  OFi'ies.  balu-,  bale-  (in  eomp.) 
z=OHG.  balo  =  lce\.  bdl  (not  in  mod.  G.  Sw. 
Dau.),  evil,  calamity;  prop.  neut.  of  the  adj. 
found  only  in  AS.  balu,  bealu  (balw-,  bealw-)  = 
MLG.  bal-  (in  eomp.),  Goth,  lalws  (in  comp. 
and  deriv.),  evil,  dire.]  Evil;  woe;  calamity; 
misery ;  that  which  causes  ruin,  destruction,  or 
sorrow.  [Long  obsolete  until  recently  re-vived 
in  poetry.  It  occurs  especially  in  alliterative 
antithesis  to  boot  or  bliss.] 

For  now  this  day  thou  art  my  bale, 
My  boote  when  thou  shold  bee. 

Jlobin  Hood,  in  Percy's  Reliques. 
Yett  still  he  strove  to  cloke  his  inward  bale. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  I.  ix.  16. 
Brought  hither  from  their  homes  to  work  our  bale. 

Southey. 

A  touch,  and  bliss  is  turned  to  bale. 

C.  Thaxter,  The  Pimpernel. 
bale2  (bal),  «.    [Sc.  also  bcal,  bail;  <  ME.  bale, 
baile,  belle  (chiefly  northern;  the  reg.  southern 
ME.  would  be  *bclc,  *bel,  giving  mod.  E.  *beal  or 
*beel,  like  deal^  or  eel),  <  AS.  bail  -   Icel.  bdl  = 
Sw.  i<5/  =  Dan.  baal,  a  great  fire,  a  blazing  pile, 
funeral  pyre ;  cf .  Skt.  bhulus,  luster,  Gr.  (pcMc, 
shining,  white:  see  baW'^.]    A  large  fire  built 
out  of  doors  and  burning  freely ;  a  bonfire.  Spe- 
cifically—(a)  A  funeral  pile  or  pyre.    (Ol)solete  and  poet- 
ical.] (b)  A  signal-fire ;  a  beacon.   See  beacon  and  bale-fire. 
On  Penchryst  glows  a  bale  of  fire, 
And  three  are  kindling  on  I'riestliaughswire. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  iii.  27. 

bale3  (bal),  n.  [<  ME.  bale,  <  OF.  bale,  balle  = 
Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  bala  =  It.  balla,  <  ML.  bala,  bulla,  a 
ball,  a  round  bundle,  a  package,  <  OHG.  balla, 
palla,  MHG.  balle,  a  ball :  see  baW^,  of  which 
bale  is  a  doublet.]  1.  A  large  bundle  or  pack- 
age of  merchandise  prepared  for  transporta- 
tion, either  in  a  cloth  cover,  corded  or  banded, 
or  without  cover,  but  compressed  and  secured 
by  transverse  bands,  wires,  or  withes  and  lon- 
gitudinal slats.  The  chief  articles  of  merchandise  that 
are  baled  are  cotton,  wool,  and  hay.  The  weight  of  a  bale 
of  American  cotton  is  between  400  and  500  pounds,  vary- 
ing with  the  season  of  production.  A  bale  of  cochineal  is 
1|  hundredweight,  a  bale  of  Spanish  wool  2J-  hundred- 
weight, a  bale  of  caraway-seeds  3  hundredweight,  a  bale 
of  Mocha  coffee  303  pounds,  a  bale  of  thread  100  bolts. 
2t.  A  pair  or  set  of  dice. 
It  is  a  false  die  of  the  same  bale,  but  not  the  same  cut. 

Sir  T.  Ovcrbury,  Characters. 
I  have  a  crew  of  angels  prisoners  in  my  pocket,  and 
none  but  a  good  bale  of  dice  can  fetch  them  out. 

Middleton,  Blurt,  Master-Constable,  ii. 
bale^  (bal),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  baled,  ppr.  baling. 

[<  bale^,  n.~\    To  make  up  into  a  bale  or  bales, 
bale^t,  baleSf,  bale^t,  bale^.  See  baifl,  bail^, 
buil^,  bail'^. 

Balearian  (bal-e-a'ri-an),  a.  Same  as  Balearic. 
Balearic  (bal-e-ar'ik),  a.  [<  L.  Balearicus, 
better  Baliaricus  (Gr.  Bahapuwc,  also  Baleapmog 
and  Ba'AXtapiKo^),  <  Baleares,  better  Baliares, 
Gr.  BaXiapeic,  the  ancient  name  of  the  islands 
and  of  their  inhabitants,  lit.,  according  to  the 
common  tradition,  the  slingers,  <  Gr.  Bdlleiv, 
throw,  sling.]  Pertaining  to  the  islands  Major- 
ca, Minorca,  Iviza,  etc.,  in  the  Mediterranean 
sea,  called  the  Balearic  islands  Balearic  crane. 

See  Baleariea. 

Balearica  (bal-e-ar'i-ka),  n.     [NL.,  fem.  sing. 

of  L.  Balearicus:  see  Balearic]  A  genus  of 
cranes,  family  Gruidw,  including  the  crowned 
cranes,  B.  pavonina  and  B.  regulortim.  They 
have  a  fastigiate  fau-shaped  erect  crest  of  modified  yel- 


balin 

lowish  feathers  resembling  a  miniatnre  wisp-broom.  The 
head  is  also  variegated  with  black  feathers  and  red  naked 
spaces,  and  the  throat  is  wattled ;  the  general  plumage  is 
blackish,  with  much  wliite  on  the  wings.  The  total  length 
is  about  4  feet.  These  cranes  occur  in  various  parts  of 
Africa,  as  well  as  in  the  islands  to  which  they  owe  their 
name,  and  one  species  has  occasionally  been  found  in  Eu- 
rope. The  genus  has  also  been  named  Balearius  (Rafl- 
nes(iue,_1815)  and  Geranarchus  (Gloger,  1842). 

balearican  (bal-e-ar'i-kan),  u.  [<  Balearica.] 
A  crane  of  the  genus  Balearica. 
baleen  (ba-len'),  «.  [<  ME.  balcne,  baleyne,  a 
whale,  <  OF.  balene,  P.  baleiiie,  <  L.  balcena,  a 
whale:  see  Balwna.]  If.  A  whale.— 2t.  The 
sea-bream.— 3.  Whalebone  in  its  natiu'al  state: 
a  name  given  by  whale-fishers. 

The  horny ' '  teeth  "  of  the  Lampreys,  and  of  Ornithorhyn- 
chus,  appear  to  be  ecderonic  structures,  homologous  with 
the  baleen  of  the  Cetacea,  with  the  palatal  plates  of  the 
Sn-enia,  or  the  beaks  of  Birds  and  Reptiles,  and  not  with 
true  teeth.  Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  80. 

baleen-knife  (ba-len'nif ),  n.  A  double-handled 
knife  with  a  cm-ved  blade,  used  for  splitting 
whalebone. 

bale-fire  (bal'flr),  ».  [<  ME.  balefyre,  <  AS. 
bwlfyr,  <  bail,  bale,  +  J'yr,  fire:  see  bale"^  and 
fire.]  1.  A  large  fire  in  the  open  air;  partic- 
ularly, the  fu-e  of  a  funeral  pile. 

The  festival  [of  the  death  of  the  earth  in  winter]  was 
.  .  .  kept  by  the  lighting  of  great  fires,  called  bale-fires. 

Keary,  Prim.  Belief,  p.  227. 

2.  A  beacon-  or  signal-fire. 

Sweet  Teviotl  on  thy  silver  tide 
The  glaring  bale-fires  blaze  no  more. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  iv.  1. 
baleful  (bal'ful),  a.  [<  ME.  baleful,  balnful,  < 
AS.  bealufull,  bealofull,  <  bealu,  bealo,  bale,  + 
-full,  -ful:  see  bale^  and  -fuL]  1.  Full  of 
hurtful  or  malign  influence ;  destructive ;  per- 
nicious; noxious;  direful;  deadly:  as,  "baleful 
hveath,"  Dnjdcn;  "baleful  drugs,"  Milton,  Co- 
mus,  1.  225. 

And  when  he  weeps,  as  you  think  for  his  vices, 
'Tis  but  as  killing  drops  from  baleful  yew-trees, 
That  rot  their  honest  neighbour. 

Fletcher,  Valentinian,  iii.  1. 
This  lustful,  treacherous,  and  baleful  woman. 

Edinburgh  Rev. 

He  reminded  him  tliat  the  baleful  horoscope  of  Abdal- 
lah  had  predicted  the  downfall  of  Granada. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  I.  xiv. 

2.  Fraught  with  bale  ;  full  of  calamity  or  mis- 
fortune; disastrous;  wretched;  miserable. 
Ah  !  lucklesse  babe,  borne  under  cruel  starre, 
And  in  dead  parents  balefull  ashes  bred. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  ii.  2. 
That  baleful  Imrning  night, 
Wlien  subtle  Greeks  surpris'd  King  Priam's  Troy. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  v.  3. 

balefully  (bal'ful-i),  adv.  [ME.  balfidly,  baill- 
fully;  <  baleful  +  -ly"^.]  In  a  baleful  manner. 
(a)  Calamitously;  perniciously ;  noxiously.  (6) 
Miserably ;  unhappily  ;  painfully, 
balefulness  (bal'ful-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  baleful. 

Their  blisse  he  turn'd  to  balefulnesse. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xii.  83. 

bale-hook  (bal'huk),  n.  1.  A  large  hook  sus- 
pended from  the  chain  of  a  crane  or  winch,  for 
use  in  lifting  bales. —  2.  A  smaller  hand-hook 
used  in  handling  unwieldy  bales,  boxes,  and 
packages. 

baleine  (ba-lan'),  «.    [F.,  lit.  a  whale:  see 
baleen.]    A  movable  platform  for  the  support 
of  dumping-wagons,  used  in  France  in  building 
railroad  embankments, 
baleist,  «•    [Early  mod.  E.  bahjs,  <  ME.  baleys, 
balcis,  <  OF.  baleis,  balei,  mod.  F.  balai,  a 
broom,  besom,  dial,  also  broom,  genesta;  cf. 
Bret,  balaen,  a  broom,  besom,  balan,  broom, 
genesta.]    A  rod;  a  twig, 
baleless  (bal'les),  a.  [<  ME.  baleles,  <  AS.  bealu^ 
leas,  bealoleds,  <  bealu,  bealo,  bale,  -f-ferfs, -less: 
see  bale^  and -less.]    Harmless;  innocent, 
balerl  (ba'ler),  n.    [<  bale^,  v.,  -f-  -er^.]  One 
who  bales,  or  makes  up  bales  or  bundles, 
baler^,  n.    See  bailer'^. 

balest,  «•    A  Middle  English  form  of  balas^. 
balestert,       See  balister'^-. 
bale-tie  (bal'ti),  «.    A  contrivance  for  joining 
the  ends  of  the  straps  used  in  baling  cotton, 
hay,  etc. 

baliki  (ba-le'ke),  n.  [Russ.]  The  back-pieces 
of  the  sturgeon,  salted  and  smoked  in  Russia 
for  home  use  and  exportation, 
balint,  n-  [Irreg.  <  L.  balin,  aec.  of  balis,  <  Gr. 
jiaXkir,  an  unknown  plant:  see  def.]  An  un- 
known plant,  supposed  to  have  wonderful  me- 
dicinal virtues.    N.  E.  D. 

Having  th'  herbe  balin  in  his  wounds  infus'd. 

Great  Britaines  Troy  (1609). 


baline 

baline  (ba-len'),  n.  [F.,  packing-cloth ;  cf.  6a- 
lin,  winno wing-cloth.]  A  coarse  kind  of  can- 
vas used  for  packing. 

balingert  (bal'in-jer),  n.  [<  ME.  balinger,  bal- 
eriger,  etc.,  <  OF.  balengier,  ballenjer,  baleinier, 
orig.  a  whale-ship  (=  Pg.  baleeiro,  a  whaler,  a 
whale-ship,  =  It.  haleiiiera,  a  pinnace),  <  baleine, 
a  whale :  see  baleen.']  A  small  sea-going  war- 
vessel  in  use  in  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth 
centm'ies,  and  supposed  to  have  been  a  kind 
of  sloop  without  forecastle. 

In  February,  1417,  the  king  possessed  six  great  ships 
eight  barges,  anil  ten  balingers. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  650. 

baling-press  (ba'ling-pres),  n.  A  power-press 
employed  for  compressing  soft  or  fibrous  ma- 
terials, as  raw  cotton,  hay,  and  cotton  and 
woolen  goods,  into  bales  for  transportation. 

balisaur  (bal'i-sar),  n.  [<  Hind,  bdlusur,  sand- 
hog,  <  balu  (Beng.  bali),  sand,  +  sur,  a  hog  (ef. 
Skt.  sukara,  a  hog).]  Tlie  common  Indian 
badger,  Arctonyx  collaris,  of  the  family  Mustc- 
Ud<e  and  subfamily  Melince.  it  resembles  the  com- 
mon European  badger  of  tlie  genus  Meles,  but  is  larger 
and  is,  from  its  technical  cliaracteristics,  placed  in  a 
different  genus.  It  is  a  true  badger,  one  of  several  mem- 
bers of  the  Melince.  See  badger2.  Also  spelled  balynaur. 

balise,  n.    See  balize. 

balista,  n.    See  ballista. 

balisterif  (bal'is-ter),  n.  [<  ME.  balester,  <  OF. 
balestier,  <  LL.  ballistarms,  one  who  makes 
crossbows,  a  crossbowman,  <  L.  ballista,  a 
crossbow.    Cf .  arciibalister.'],   A  crossbowman. 

balisterSf  (bal'is-ter),  w.  [<  OF.  balestre,  <  ML. 
balistra,  a  var.  of  L.  ballista,  a  crossbow  (ef. 
ML.  balistarius  arcus,  a  crossbow) :  see  ballista.] 
An  arbalist  or  crossbow.  Also  spelled  ballister. 

Balistes  (ba-lis'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  balista,  bet- 
ter balhsta,  the  military  engine ;  so  called  for 
the  same  reason  as  they  are  called  trigger-fish: 


429 


Trigger-fish  {Balistes  cafriscus). 

see  del]  A  genus  of  pleetognath  fishes,  typical 
of  the  family  Balistidw,  containing  such  species 

as  B.  caxmsCUS.  They  are  known  as  trigqer-fish  be- 
cause one  large  and  sharp  fii-st  ray  of  the  dorsal  fin  cannot 
be  pressed  down  until  the  second  ray  is  depressed  when 
the  first  shuts  down  as  does  the  hammer  of  a  gun  when  the 
trigger  is  pulled, 
balistid  (ba-lis'tid),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Balistidw. 

Balistidse  (ba-lis'ti-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Balistes 
+  -idm.']  A  family  of  fishes,  typified  by  the 
genus  Balistes,  adopted  by  different  authors 
with  various  limits.  («)  in  Bonaparte's  early  system, 
1832,  a  family  embracing  the  BaliMdce,  Triacanthidce,  and 
Ostraciontidce,  and  tlius  equivalent  to  the  Sclerodermes  of 
Cuvier.  (6)  In  Bonaparte's  later  systems  (1840,  etc.),  a  fam- 
ily embracing  the  Balistida;  and  Triacanthidce,  thus  equiv- 
alent to  the  suborder  Sclerodermi  of  Gill,  (c)  In  Swain- 
son's  system,  a  family  including  all  the  plectognatli  fishes. 
(«)  In  Gill  s  system,  a  family  of  scleroderm  plectognaths 
with  reduced  rhombiform  or  more  or  less  spiniforni  der- 
mal appendages  ;  a  compressed  body ;  teeth  few  in  number 
and  more  or  less  compressed ;  a  long  pelvis,  compressed 
and  arcuate,  with  the  tip  sometimes  prominent  and  some- 
times concealed  ;  and  no  paired  ventral  fins  or  spines 
Ihe  species  are  numerous  in  tropical  and  subtropical  seas, 
and  are  divided  into  three  subfamilies,  the  Balistina; 
Mo)iacanthi7ice,andPsaocephaUnce.  See  these  words  Sve- 
eies  are  known  as  trigqer-fish,  file-fish,  etc. 

Balistina  (bal-is-ti'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Balistes 
+  -ma.]  In  Giinther's  classification  of  fi.shes, 
the  second  group  of  his  family  Sclerodermi,  iden- 
tical with  the  family  Balistida  of  recent  authors 

Balistinse  (bal-is-ti'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Balistes 
+  -ma;.]  1.  A  subfamily  of  balistoid  fishes 
having  few  vertebraj  (17),  an  anterior  dorsal  fin 
consistmg  of  3  (rarely  2)  spines,  of  which  the 
first  is  enlarged  and  the  second  locks  it  in 
erection,  branchial  apertures  behind  the  eyes, 
a  compressed  ovate  form,  and  rhombiform 

^5^^®/®'^  common  English  names  of  the  species 

&ve  file-fish  and  trigger-fish.  Tlie  flesh  is  generally  but 
utile  esteemed,  and  may  even  be  poisonous ;  but  in  some 
places,  as  m  Bermuda,  one  of  the  species  of  the  genus 
Matisies  IS  highly  esteemed  and  locally  called  tnrbot.  The 
Skin  IS  used  for  filing  and  as  a  substitute  for  sandpaper. 
See  cut  under  Balistes. 

2.  In  early  systems  of  classification,  a  sub- 
family embracing  the  Balistidw  and  Triacan- 


thidce, and  equivalent  to  the  suborder  Sclero- 
dermi of  Gill.— 3.  In  some  systems,,  a  subfam- 
ily equivalent  to  the  family  Balistidw  of  Gill, 
balistine  (ba-Iis'tin),  w.  A  fish  of  the  subfamily 

Baiistime. 

balistoid  (ba-lis'toid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Balistes  + 
-old.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  char- 
acters of  the  Balistidw. 
II.  n.  A  balistid. 
balistraria  (bal-is-tra'ri-ii),  n.  [ML.,  <  balis- 
tra, a  form  of  ballista,  a  crossbow:  see  bal- 
ister^.]  In  old  fort. :  (a)  A  loophole  or  aperture 
in  the  wall  of  a  fortification,  or  in  a  wood- 
en hoarding  temporarily  put  up  for  defense, 
thi-ough  which  crossbowmen  might  discharge 
their  bolts.  See  loophole,  and  compare  archeria. 
(b)  A  room  in  which  balisters  or  crossbows 
were  kept. 

balize,  balise  (ba-lez'),  n.  [<  F.  balise  =  Sp. 
Pg.  baliza,  Sp.  also  balisa,  valiza,  a  beacon, 
buoy,  sea-mark;  origin  unknown.]  A  sea-mark 
or  beacon  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  or  the  en- 
trance to  a  harbor ;  a  barrel-buoy,  a  pole  sur- 
mounted by  a  peculiar  flag  or  other  object,  etc. 
balkl,  baulk  (bak),  n.  [<  ME.  ball;  bailee,  <  AS. 
balca,  a  ridge,  =  OS.  balco  =  OFries.  balka  = 
OD.  ball-e,  D.  &«/^'  =  MLG.  balke,  a  beam,  bal- 
ance, corn-loft,  LG.  balke,  corn-loft,  =  OHG. 
balcho,  balko  (>It.  balco,  a  beam,  >balcone,  >E. 
balcomj,  q.  v.),  MHG.  balke,  G.  balke,  balken,  a 
beam,  bar;  also,  with  diff.  formative,  AS.  bale 
(once),  a  ridge,  =  Icel.  balkr,  bOlkr  =  Sw.  balk 
=  Norw.  balk,  bolk,  beam,  bar,  partition,  divi- 
sion, =  Dan.  balk,  ridge,  partition ;  AS.  bolca, 
gangway,  =  Icel.  bjalki  =  Sw.  bjalJce,  bjelke  = 
Dan.  bjwlke,  aheam;  cf.  AS.  bale,  covering;  per- 
haps akin  to  Gr.  (pd'Aay^,  a  beam,  pole,  log,  trunk, 
Mock:  see  phalanx.]  1.  A  ridge;  especially,  a 
ridge  left  unplowed  in  the  body  of  a  field,  or 
bet-ween  fields ;  an  uncultivated  strip  of  land 
serving  as  a  boundary,  often  between  pieces  of 
ground  held  by  different  tenants.  The  latter  use 
originated  in  the  open-field  system  (which  see,  under  field) 
[Common  in  provincial  English  and  Scotch.] 

Dikeres  and  delueres  digged  vp  the  balkes. 

Piers  floivman  (B),  vi.  109. 
Green  balka  and  furrow'd  lands. 

Comper,  Retirement. 
The  property  consisted  of  2,752  acres,  which  were  di- 
vided into  3,509  strips  of  land  set  at  every  possible  angle, 
from  nine  to  thirty  feet  wide  and  about  nine  or  ten  chains 
long,  with  a  grass  path  called  a  balk  between  each. 

Nineteenth  Century,  XIX.  902. 

2.  A  piece  missed  in  plowing.  Hence  —  Sf. 
An  omission  ;  an  exception. 

The  mad  Steele  about  doth  fiercely  fiy, 
Not  sparing  wight,  iie  leaving  any  balke. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  xi.  16. 

4.  A  blunder ;  a  failure  or  miscaiTiage :  as,  to 
make  a  balk;  you  have  made  a  bad  balk  of  it. 
[Now  chiefly  colloq.]  Hence  — 5.  In  base-ball, 
a  motion  made  by  the  pitcher  as  if  to  pitch  the 
ball,  but  without  actually  doing  so. — 6t.  A 
barrier  in  one's  way ;  an  obstacle  or  stumbling- 
block.— 7.  A  check  or  defeat;  a  disappoint- 
ment. 

A  balk  to  the  confidence  of  the  bold  undertaker.  South. 
8.  In  coal-mining,  a  more  or  less  sudden  thin- 
ning out,  for  a  certain  distance,  of  a  bed  of 
coal ;  a  nip  or  want.—  9.  A  beam  or  piece  of 
timber  of  considerable  length  and  thickness. 

Specifically— (a)  A  cross-beam  in  the  roof  of  ahousewhich 
unites  and  supports  the  rafters ;  a  tie-beam.  In  old-fasli- 
loned  one-story  houses  of  Scotland,  Ireland,  and  the  Nortli 
of  England  these  tie-beams  were  often  exposed,  and  boards 
or  peeled  saplings  called  cabers  were  laid  across  them 
iorniiiig  a  kind  of  loft  often  called  the  balks.  From  these 
exposed  tie-beams  or  from  the  cabers  articles  were  often 
suspended.   [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

Tubbes  hanging  in  the  balkes. 

Chaucer,  lliller's  Tale,  1.  440. 
The  stiffest  balk  bends  more  or  less ;  all  joists  creak. 

Carhjle,  French  Rev.,  II.  i.'l2. 
(6)  Milit.,  one  of  the  beams  connecting  the  successive  sup- 
ports of  a  trestle-bridge  or  bateau-bridge,  (c)  In  carp  a 
squared  timber,  long  or  short ;  a  large  timber  in  a  frame 
floor,  etc.;  a  square  log.  ' 

10.  The  beam  of  a  balance.  [Obsolete,  except 
m  dialectal  usage.]  —  1 1 .  In  billiards,  the  space 
between  the  cushion  of  the  table  and  the  balk- 
line.  A  ball  inside  this  sj^aee  is  said  to  be  in 
balk.— 12.  A  long  wooden  or  iron  table  on 
which  paper  is  laid  in  the  press-room  of  a  print- 
ing-ofifice.— 13.  A  set  of  stout  stakes  siu-- 
rounded  by  netting  or  wickerwork  for  catching 
fish.  N.E.I).  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 14.  The  stout 
rope  at  the  top  of  fishing-nets  by  which  they 
are  fastened  one  to  another  in  a  fleet,  fin 
Cornwall,  batch.]  N.  E.  D. 
balkl,  baulk  (bak),  v.  [<  ME.  balken,  make  a 
balk  in  laud,  that  is,  leave  a  strip  or  ridge  of 


ball 

land  unplowed,  <  balk,  a  ridge :  see  halk^,  n.  Cf. 
Norw.  balka,  do  clumsy  work.]  I.  tram.  If. 
To  make  a  balk  or  ridge  in  jilowing ;  make  a 
ridge  in  by  leaving  a  strip  unplowed. 

To  tille  a  felde  man  must  have  diligence, 

And  balk  it  not. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  a 
Hence  —  2\.  To  leave  untouched  generally: 
omit;  pass  over;  neglect;  shun. 

Balk  logic  with  acquaintance  that  you  have. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  i  1 
By  reason  of  y  contagion  then  in  London,  we  baulked  the 
Hvebjn,  Diary,  Oct.  10,  1641. 

3.  To  place  a  balk  in  the  way  of;  hence,  to 
hinder;  thwart;  frustrate;  disappoint. 

My  Sport  is  always  balkt,  or  cut  sliort  —  I  stumble  over 
the  game  I  would  pursue.    Congreve,  Old  Batelielor,  iv.  5. 

Alike  to  the  citizen  and  to  the  legislator,  home  experi- 
ences daily  supply  proofs  that  the  conduct  of  human  be- 
ings balks  calculation.  //.  Spencer,  Sins  of  Legislators,  ii. 
4t.  To  miss  by  error  or  inadvertence. 

You  cannot  haulkyouv  Road  without  the  hazard  of  drown- 
ing.      Fellhain,  Low  Countries  (1077),  p.  4(i.    (.V.  E.  I).) 

5t.  To  heap  up  so  as  to  foi-m  a  balk  or  ridge. 

[Rare.]  ^ 
Ten  thousand  bold  Scots,  two-and-twenty  knights, 
BaWd  in  their  own  blood,  did  Sir  'Walter  see 
On  Holmedon's  plains.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  XV.,  i.  1. 

[Some  editors  read  baVd  in  this  passage.]  =svii. 

3.  Foil,  Thu-art,  etc.    ^ee  frustrate.  o    J  J". 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  stop  short  in  one's  course, 
as  at  a  balk  or  obstacle:  as,  the  horse  balked; 
he  balked  in  his  speech.  Speriscr.  [Obsolete  in 
England,  but  in  common  use  in  the  United 
States.]  — 2t.  To  quibble;  bandy  words. 


But  to  occasion  him  to  further  talke. 
To  feed  her  liuniour  with  his  pleasing  style, 
Her  list  in  stryfull  ternies  with  him  to  balke. 

Spen.ier,  F.  Q.,  III.  ii.  12. 
They  do  not  divide  and  baulk  with  God. 

Manton,  Works  (1653),  IV.  227.    (N.  E.  D.) 

balk2  (bak),  V.  i.     [Prob.  <  ME.  *balken  (not 
found  in  this  sense,  but  cf.  balken,  var.  of  belken, 
belchen,  belch,  vociferate),  <  AS.  bwlcian,  shout, 
=  Fries,  balckien  =  Plem.  and  D.  balken,  bawl, 
bray;  ef.  Flem.  and  D.  bulken  =  1,G.  bolken, 
low,  bellow,  =  G.  bolken,  bloken,  bleat,  low, 
bellow.    The  AS.  form,  which  occurs  but  once 
in  this  sense,  is  by  some  identified  with  the 
closely  related  bealcan,  or,  with  an  added  foi-m- 
ative,  bealcettan,  belceitan,  >ME.  balken,  belken, 
belchen,  E.  belk,  belch,  used  also,  in  AS.  chiefly, 
like  L.  erucfare,  as  a  transitive  verb,  and  with- 
out offensive  implication,  belch  out,  vociferate, 
utter  (words,  hymns,  etc.);  so  ME.  bolken,  mod. 
dial,  bouk,  boke,  bock,  etc.:  see  belch,  belk,  bolk. 
All  these  words  are  prob.  based  on  the  same 
imitative  root;  cf.  bawl,  bellow,  bleat.]    To  sig- 
nify to  fishing-boats  the  direction  taken  by  the 
shoals  of  herrings  or  pilchards,  as  seen  from 
heights  overlooking  the  sea:  done  at  first  by 
bawling  or  shouting,  subsequently  by  signals. 
N.  E.  D.    [Local,  Eng.] 
Balkan  (bal-kan'  or  bal'kan),  a.  [Formerly 
also  Balcan;  =  F.  Balcan  =  G.  Balkan,  etc.,  a 
name  appar.  of  Sla-vic  origin.]    Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Balkans,  a  mountain-range  crossing 
Bulgaria  from  west  to  east,  or  to  the  peninsula 
embracing  European  Turkey,  Greece,  Bulgaria, 
Rumania,  Sei-via,  and  the  regions  westward  to 
the  Adriatic, 
balkeri  (ba'ker),  n.    [<  balk^-,  v.,  +  -er^.]  One 
who  balks,  in  any  sense  of  the  verb. 
balker2  (ba'ker),  n.    [<  balk^  +  -ej-i.]    A  man 
stationed  on  a  cliff  or  an  eminence  to  look  out 
for  shoals  of  herrings  or  pilchards,  and  signal 
the  direction  taken  by  them.    [Local,  Eng.] 

The  pilchards  are  pursued  by  a  bigger  fish,  called  a 
plusher,  who  leapeth  above  water  and  bewrayeth  tliem  to 
the  balker.  j{_  Carew,  Survey  of  Cornwall, 

balkisht  (ba'kish),  a.     [<  balk^,  n., -k- -ish.] 
FuiTowy;  ridged;  uneven. 

That  craggy  and  balkish  way. 

Stanihurst,  Ded.  of  Holinshed's  Chronicles,  II. 

balk-line  (bak'lin),  n.    In  billiards,  a  diagonal 
line  cutting  off  a  corner,  or  a  straight  line  cut- 
ting off  a  uniform  space  on  each  side  (generally 
14  inches),  from  the  main  field  of  the  table, 
balk-staff  (bak'staf ),  n.    A  quarter-stalT. 
balky  (ba'ki),  a.   [<  bam,  v.,  +  -y.]  Given  to 
balking;  apt  to  stop  abruptlv  and  obstinately 
refuse  to  move:  as,  a  balky  horse.    [U.  S.] 
balll  Obal),  11.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  balle,  some- 
times baule,  bawlc.  <'iIE.  bal,  ball,  balle,  either 
from  Icel.  (see  below)  or  <  AS.  *beallu  or 
*beaUa  (not  found,  but  evidenced  by  the  dim. 
bealluc,  E.  ballock,  lit.  a  little  ball :  see  ballock) 
=  D.  bal  =  Flem.  bal,  MLG.  bal,  LG.  baU,  a 


ball 

■ball,  =  OHGr.  *bal,  m.,  ballo,  pallo,  m.,  halla, 
palla,  f.,  MHG.  baJ,  halle,  m.,  G.  hall,  m.,  a  baU, 
ballen,  m.,  a  bale,  package,  =  Icel.  bdlb-  =  Norw. 
ball,  ball,  =  Sw.  boll,  ball,  bal,  bale,  =  Dan.  bal, 
billiard-ball,  balde,  ball  (iu  anat.),  balte,  bale, 
bold,  playing-ball ;  not  found  in  Goth.  Hence 
(from  OHG.)  ML.  bulla,  palla,  bala,  a  ball,  a 
bale,  yit. bulla, palla,  aball  (now  distinguished: 
ballu,  a  bale,  pulla,  a  ball),  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  bula,  a 
ball,  a  bale,  =  F.  bulle,  OF.  balle,  bale,  a  ball,  a 
bale,  >  D.  baal  =  OFlem.  bale,  Flem.  bal,  MLG. 
bale  =  ME.  bale,  E.  bale,  prop,  a  round  bundle: 
see  bale^.  Appar.  a  native  Teut.  word,  akin  to 
boll^,  bowl'^,  q.  v.,  and  to  Ij.folUs,  a  wind-bag, 
an  inflated  ball  for  playing,  *>  ult.  E.  fool :  see 
/ooA  and  follicle,  etc.  The  Gr.  xd^Aa,  aball,  is 
appar.  a  different  word,  but  it  maybe  the  source 
of  ML.  and  It.  See  balloon,  ballot.^  1. 

A  spherical  or  approximately  spherical  body;  a 
sphere ;  a  globe :  as,  a  buU  of  snow,  of  thread, 
of  twine,  etc.  Specifically — 2.  A  round  or 
nearly  round  body,  of  different  materials  and 
sizes,  for  use  in  various  games,  as  base-ball, 
foot-ball,  cricket,  tennis,  bUliards,  etc. — 3.  A 
game  played  with  a  ball,  especially  base-ball 
or  any  modification  of  it. — 4.  A  toss  or  throw 
of  a  ball  in  a  game :  as,  a  swift  ball;  a  high  or 
low  ball. —  5.  Li  base-bull,  a  pitch  such  that  the 
ball  fails  to  pass  over  the  home-plate  not  high- 
er than  the  shoulder  nor  lower  than  the  knees 
of  the  striker:  as,  the  pitcher  is  allowed  four 
balls  by  the  rules  of  the  game. —  6.  A  small 
spherical  body  of  wood  or  ivory  used  in  voting 
by  ballot.  See  ballot''-  and  blaclcball. —  7.  The 
missile  or  projectile  thrown  from  a  firearm  or 
other  engine  of  war;  a  bullet  or  cannon-baU, 
whether  spherical  (as  originally)  or  conical  or 
cylindrical  (as  now  commonly);  in  artillery,  a 
soUd  projectile,  as  distinguished  from  a  hollow 
one  called  a  shell  (which  see). —  8.  Projectiles, 
and  more  particularly  buUets,  collectively:  as, 
to  supply  a  regiment  with  powder  and  ball;  the 
troops  were  ordered  to  load  with  ball. — 9.  In 
printing,  a  rounded  mass  or  cushion  of  hair  or 
■wool,  covered  with  soft  leather  or  skin,  and  fas- 
tened to  a  stock  called  a  ball-stock,  used  (gen- 
erally in  pairs,  one  for  each  hand)  before  the 
invention  of  the  roller  to  ink  type  on  the  press : 
still  in  use  by  wood-engravers,  but  made  of 
smaller  size,  and  with  a  silk  instead  of  a  lea- 
ther face.  A  similar  ball  is  used  iu  iuking  the  blocks  in 
calico-priuting.  That  used  by  engravers  in  spreading  an 
etching-ground  is  called  a  dabber. 
10.  A  clew  or  cop  of  thread,  twine,  or  yam. — 
lit.  A  spherical  piece  of  soap. 

Then  she  said  to  her  njaids,  bring  me  oil  and  washing 
balls,  and  shut  the  garden  doors,  that  I  may  wash  me. 

Susanna  (Apocrypha),  i.  17. 

For  my  part,  I'll  go  and  get  a  sweet  ball,  and  wash  my 
hands  of  it.        Middleton,  Blurt,  Master-Constable,  ii.  1. 

12.  A  rounded  package;  a  bale. — 13.  In 
metal.,  one  of  the  masses  of  iron,  weighing 
about  80  poimds,  into  which,  in  the  process 
of  converting  pig-iron  into  wrought-iron  by 
puddling,  the  iron  in  the  reverberatory  fur- 
nace is  made  up  as  soon  as  it  begins  to  as- 
sume a  pasty  condition.  As  fast  as  the  iron  is 
balled  it  is  taken  out  of  the  furnace,  and  is  first  ham- 
mered or  squeezed,  and  then  rolled  into  bars  of  any 
desired  form. 

14.  In  med.,  a  bolus ;  a  large  pill :  now  only  in 
veterinary  medicine. — 15.  In  pyrotechnics,  a 
globular  mass  of  combustible  ingredients,  or  a 
ease  filled  with  them,  designed  to  set  fire  to 
something  or  to  give  forth  light,  etc.;  a  fire- 
ball.— 16.  In  cabinet-icork,  the  composition  of 
shoemakers'  wax  used  in  waxing  black-work. 
— 17.  Any  part  of  a  thing,  especially  of  the 
himian  body,  that  is  rounded  or  protuberant : 
as,  the  ball  of  the  eye ;  the  ball  of  the  thumb ; 
the  ball  of  a  dumb-bell ;  the  ball  of  a  pendulum, 
that  is,  the  bob  or  weight  at  the  bottom. 
Is  the  ball  of  his  sight  much  more  dear  to  him  ? 

Lamb,  My  Relations. 

18t.  The  central  hollow  of  the  palm  of  the 
hand. — 19.  The  central  part  of  an  animal's 
foot. — 20.  A  testicle:  generally  in  the  plural. 
[Vulgar.]  —  21.  A  hand-tool  with  a  rounded  end 
arranged  for  cutting  hollow  forms. —  22.  A 
round  valve  in  an  inclosed  chamber,  operated 
by  the  flow  of  the  liquid  through  the  chamber  ; 
a  ball-valve. —  23.  In  lapidary-work,  a  small 
spherical  grinder  of  lead  used  in  hollowing  out 
the  under  side  of  certain  stones,  as  carbxmeles, 
to  make  them  thinner  and  thus  more  transpar- 
ent.—24.  The  globe;  the  earth.    [Now  rare.] 

Julius  and  Anthony,  those  lords  of  all, 
Low  at  her  feet  present  the  conquered  ball. 

Granville. 


Ball-and-Socket 
Joint. 


430 

Ye  gods,  what  justice  rules  the  ball  f 

Freedom  and  arts  together  fall. 

Pope,  Chorus  to  Brutus,  1.  25. 
[A  globe  representing  the  earth  is  a  common  symbol  of 
sovereignty ;  hence  Bacon  has  the  phrase  to  hold  the  ball 
of  a  kingdom,  in  the  sense  of  to  bear  sovereignty  over  it.] 
— A  ball  fired,  in  /le?-.,  a  globe  with  fire  issuing  from  the 
top.  A\  hen  it  is  intended  to  represent  the  fire  issuing  in 
more  places  than  one,  it  is  so  expressed  in  the  blazon  :  as, 
a  ball  fired  in  four  places.— Ball  and  socket,  an  in- 
strument made  of  brass,  witli  a  universal  screw,  to  move 
horizontally,  obliquely,  or  vertically,  used  in  managing 
surveying  and  astronomical  instruments.— Ball-and- 
socket  coupling,  a  ball-and-socket  joint  useil  for  a  re- 
volving rod  or  shalt,  principally  to  change  the  direction  of 
the  line  of  transniissioii  of  motion,  but  sometimes  to  allow 
for  any  yielding  of  tlie  supports  which  would  bring  the 

shafting  out  of  line.— Ball-and-socket  hanger,  a  hanger 

in  which  the  bo.v  or  bearing  is  attached  to  tlie  bracket  or 
pendant  by  a  spherical  segment-joint,  to  allow  for  a  spring 
of  the  shaft  or  rod,  or  otlier  cause  which  may  bring  the 
shaft  out  of  line  and  thus  occasion  excessive  friction  and 
Avear.  —  Ball-and-socket  joint,  a  natural  or  an  artificial 
joint  formed  by  a  ball  or  knob  working  in 
a  socket.  In  anat.  it  is  a  kind  of  articu- 
lation technically  called  eiiarthroins,  ex- 
emplified in  the  hip-joint  and  shoul- 
der-joint.    Also  called  cup-and-ball  joint. 

—Ball-and-socket   pillow-block,  in 

mech.,  a  pillow-block  which,  within  cer- 
tain limits,  can  accommodate  itself  to  the 
line  of  the  shafting.— Ball  of  a  pendu- 
lum, a  bob.  See  ftoftl.- BaU  Of  the  eye.  &ee  eyeball.— 
Ball  of  the  foot,  tlie  protuberant  part  of  the  sole  at 
the  liase  of  the  great  toe,  with  the  smaller  eminences  at 
the  bases  of  the  other  toes,  upon  which  the  body  rests 
when  the  heel  is  elevated.— BaU  Of  the  thumb,  the 
fleshy  mass  at  the  base  of  the  thumb  on  the  side  of  the 
palm  ;  the  volar  or  thenar  eminence. —  Ball  soda,  crude 
soda.— Golden  baUs.  See  ,'/o?rfc?t.— Venetian  baU,  in 
fflass-manitf. ,  a  filigree  work  inclosed  in  a  transparent 
ball.  =  Syn.  Sphere,  etc.    See  globe. 

balli  (bal),  V.  [<  bain,  w.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make 
into  a  ball.  Specifically- (a)  In  the  manufacture  of 
cotton,  to  wind  into  balls.  (6)  In  metal.,  to  heat  in  a  fur- 
nace and  then  form  into  balls  for  rolling. 
2.  To  surround  in  a  compact  cluster,  as  bees 
when  they  surround  the  queen  bee. 

Tills  is  more  apt  to  happen  when  a  strange  queen  is 
introduced  to  a  colony,  but  sometimes  a  colony  will  ball 
their  own  queen  if  unusually  excited  or  disturbed.  ...  If 
not  soon  released,  the  queen  dies  and  is  thrown  out  of 
the  hive.  Dzieron  tells  us  that  bees  sometimes  ball  their 
queen  for  the  purpose  of  protecting  her  from  the  attacks 
of  strange  bees.  Phin,  Diet.  Apiculture,  p.  10. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  form  or  gather  into  a  ball, 
as  snow  on  horses'  hoofs,  or  mud  on  the  feet. — 
2.  To  remain  in  a  solid  mass  instead  of  scat- 
tering: said  of  shot  discharged  from  a  gun. — 
To  ball  up.  (a)  In  a  puddling-  or  balling-furnace,  to 
form  the  ball  preparatory  to  rolling.  (6)  To  fail ;  mis- 
can-y.  [Slang.) 

ball2  (bal),  n.  [First  in  the  17th  century,  = 
D.  Sw.  Dan.  bal  =  G.  ball,  <F.bal  =  Pr.  bal  = 
Sp.  Pg.  baile  =  It.  ballo  (ML.  hallus),  dancing, 
a  dance ;  from  the  verb,  F.  bailer,  OF.  baler  (> 
ME.  balen,  rare)  =  Pr.  ballar  =  Sp.  Pg.  bailar 
=  It.  ballare,  <  LL.  ballare,  dance, <  Gr.  (in  Sicily 
and  Italy)  pa\Xi(,eiv,  dance,  jump  about,  appar. 
<  jSd'AAeiv,  throw.  Hence  ballad,  ballet^.']  If.  A 
dance ;  dancing. 

They  had  got  a  Calf  of  Gold  and  were  Dancing  about  it. 
But  it  was  a  Dismal  Ball,  and  they  paid  dear  for  their 
Junket.  Penn,  Add.  to  Prot.,  p.  19.    (N.  E.  D.) 

2.  A  social  assembly  of  persons  of  both  sexes 
for  the  purpose  of  dancing. 

In  various  talk  th'  instructive  hours  they  pass'd. 
Who  gave  the  ball,  or  paid  the  visit  last. 

Pojie,  R.  of  the  L.,  ill.  12. 
She  began,  for  the  first  time  that  evening,  to  feel  her- 
self at  a  ball :  she  longed  to  dance,  but  she  had  not  an  ac- 
quaintance in  the  room. 

Jane  Austen,  Northanger  Abbey,  p.  8. 

To  open  the  baU,  to  begin  the  dancing ;  hence,  figura- 
tively, to  begin  operations ;  lead  off,  as  in  a  discussion  or 
a  battle. 

ball2  (bal),  V.  i.  [<  ball'^,  «.]  To  take  part  in 
aball;  dance.  [Rare.] 

It  is  the  temperature  that  sets  people  dancing  and  ball- 
ing. Harper's  Mag.,  X.  821. 

balFt  (bal),  n.  [Not  found  in  ME.,  but  per- 
haps existent,  as  the  possible  source  of  the 
adj.  ballede,  balled,  balde,  E.  bald^,  q.  v.,  and  of 
ballard^,  q.  v. ;  <  W.  bal,  having  a  white  streak 
on  the  forehead,  as  a  horse,  hali,  a  white  streak, 
=  Bret,  bal,  a  white  mark  on  an  animal's  face, 
=  Ir.  Gael,  bal,  a  spot,  mark,  freckle.  Cf.  Gr. 
(pakog,  shining,  white,  <paki6g,  white,  (paTutpd^,  (pa- 
Xapoc,  having  a  spot  of  white,  as  a  dog,  <paXaK.p6g, 
bald-headed,  perhaps  ult.  connected  with  E. 
6a?e2,  a  fire.    Hence  prob.  baW^  and  ballard^.'] 

1 .  A  white  streak  or  spot. 

The  ii.  propertyes  of  a  bauson  [badger].  The  fyrste 
is  to  haue  a  whyte  rase  or  a  ball  in  the  foreheed;  the 
seconde,  to  haue  a  whyte  fote. 

Fitzherbert,  Husbandry,  §  73.    (N.  E.  D.) 

2.  A  horse  or  nag  (originally,  white-faced) : 
used  appellatively,  like  dun,  bayard. 

ballot,  I'-    An  obsolete  form  of  bawl^. 


balladry 

ballot,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  bal. 

balla  (bal'la),  n.  [It.,  a  bundle,  package,  baler 
see  bale^.}  In  lace-making,  a  sort  of  cushion 
used  by  the  Maltese  lace-makers. 

ballacet,  n-    An  obsolete  form  of  ballast. 

ballad  (bar ad),  11.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ballade, 
also  (after  It.)  ballat,  ballatt,  ballet,  ballette, 
balette  (with  term,  conformed  to  -et ;  cf.  salad, 
formerly  sallct),  So.  corruptly  ballant ;  <  ME. 
balade,  <  OF.  balade,  mod.  ballade,  a  dancing- 
song,  <  Pr.  Pg.  ballada  =  OSp.  balada  =  It.  bal- 
lata,  a  dance,  a  dancing-song,  <  ballare,  dance: 
see  ball^."]  If.  A  song  intended  as  an  accom- 
paniment to  a  dance. — 2t.  The  tune  to  which 
such  a  song  is  sung. —  3.  A  short  narrative 
poem,  especially  one  adapted  for  singing;  a 
poem  partly  epic  and  partly  lyric.    As  applied  to 

tlie  minstrelsy  of  the  borders  of  England  and  Scotland,  and 
of  Scandinavia  and  Spain,  the  ballad  is  a  sort  of  minor 
epic,  reciting  in  verse  more  or  less  rude  the  exploits  of 
warriors,  the  adventures  of  lovers,  and  the  mysteries  of 
fairyland,  designed  to  be  rehearsed  iu  musical  recitative 
accompanied  by  the  harp. 

Roundel,  balades,  and  virelay.      Gower,  Conf.  Amant. 

The  ballad  ...  is  tlie  lyrically  dramatic  expression  of 
actions  and  events  in  the  lives  of  others. 

W.  Sharp,  D.  G.  Rossetti,  p.  355. 

4.  In  music,  originally,  a  short  and  simple 
vocal  melody,  often  adapted  to  more  than  one 
stanza  of  poetry  and  having  a  simple  instru- 
mental accompaniment.  The  term  is  sometimes 
applied  to  instrumental  melodies  of  a  similar  character, 
and  more  loosely  to  more  elaborate  compositions  in  which 
a  narrative  idea  is  intended  to  be  expressed. 

balladt  (bar ad),  v,  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ballat, 
ballet;  from  the  notm.]  I,  intrans.  To  make 
or  sing  ballads. 

These  envious  libellers  ballad  against  them. 

Donne,  Juvenilia,  i. 

II.  trans.  To  celebrate  in  a  ballad. 
Rhymers  ballad  us  out  o'  tune. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  v.  2. 
She  has  told  all :  I  shall  be  ballated. 
Sung  up  and  downe  by  Minstrells. 

Ueywood,  A  Challenge,  iii.  1. 
I  make  but  repetition 
Of  what  is  ordinary  and  Ryalto  talk. 
And  ballated,  and  would  be  play'd  o'  the  stage. 

Webster,  White  Devil. 

ballade  (ba-lad'), «.  [F. :  see  &aZZad,  w.]  1.  A 
poem  consisting  of  one  or  more  triplets  each 
formed  of  stanzas  of  seven  or  eight  lines,  the 
last  line  being  a  refrain  common  to  all  the 
stanzas. —  2.  A  poem  divided  into  stanzas  hav- 
ing the  same  number  of  lines,  commonly  seven 
or  eight — Ballade  royal,  a  ballade  in  which  each  line 
consists  of  ten  syllaliles. 

ballader  (bal'ad-er),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
ballater,  balletter;  <  ballad,v.,  +  -erl.]  A  writer 
or  singer  of  ballads ;  a  balladist. 

balladic  (ba-lad'ik),  a.  [<  ballad  +  -ic]  Of, 
pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of  ballads. 

balladical  (ba-lad'i-kal),  a.    Same  as  balladic, 

balladiert,  «.  [<  ballad  +  -ier:  see  -eer.]  A 
public  ballad-singer. 

balladine  (bal'a-den),  n.  [Formerly  also  bal- 
ladin,  recently  also  baladine;  <  F.  balladin,  now 
baladin,  m.,  baladine,  f.,  <  ballade,  a  ballad:  see 
ballad.']  If.  A  theatrical  dancer. —  2.  A  fe- 
male public  dancer.  [Rare.] 

The  first  breathing  woman's  cheek. 
First  dancer's,  gipsy's,  or  street  baladine's. 

Browning,  In  a  Balcony. 

3t.  A  ballad-maker, 
balladism  (bal'ad-izm),  n.    [<  ballad  +  -ism.] 

The  characteristic  quality  of  ballads.  N.  E.  D. 
balladist  (bal'ad-ist),  n.    [<  ballad  +  4st.'] 

A  writer  or  singer  of  ballads, 
balladize  (bal'ad-iz),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ballad- 
ized, ppr.  balladizing.    [<  ballad  +  -ize.']  I. 

trans.  To  convert  into  the  form  of  a  ballad ; 

make  a  ballad  of  or  about. 

II.  intrans.  To  make  ballads, 
balladling  (bar ad-ling),  n.    [<  ballad  +  -ling.'\ 

A  little  ballad.  Southey. 
ballad-maker  (bal'ad-ma'ker),  n.    A  writer  of 

ballads.  Shak. 
balladmonger  (bal'ad-mung"ger),  n.   A  dealer 

in  ballads ;  an  inferior  poet ;  a  poetaster. 

I  had  rather  be  a  kitten  and  cry  mew, 

Than  one  of  these  same  metre  ballad-mongers. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  1. 

To  make  herself  the  pipe  and  balladmonger  of  a  circle  ( 
to  soothe  her  light  heart  with  catches  and  glees ! 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  ii.  1. 

ballad-opera  (barad-op'^e-ra),  n.  An  opera  in 
which  ballads  or  popular  songs  are  sung. 

balladry  (bal'ad-ri),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
balletry,  ballntry ;  <  ballad  +  -ry.']  Poetry  of 
the  ballad  kind;  the  style  of  ballads. 


balladry 

What  though  the  greedy  fry 

Be  taken  with  false  baits 
Of  worded  balladry, 
And  think  it  poesy? 

B.  Jonson,  Underwoods,  xli. 
The  villages  also  must  have  their  visitors  to  inquire 
what  lectures  the  bagpipe  and  the  rebec  reads,  even  to  the 
lallatry  and  the  gamut  of  every  municipal  fiddler. 

Milton,  Areopagitica. 

ballad-singer  (bal '  ad  -  sing  "  er),  n .  A  person 
whose  employment  consists  in  singing  ballads 
in  public. 

ballahon  (bal'a-ho),  n.  [Prob.  of  native  origin.] 
1.  A  fast-sailing  two-masted  vessel,  rigged 
with  high  fore-and-aft  sails,  much  used  in  the 
West  Indies.  The  foremast  rakes  forward,  the 
mainmast  aft. — 2.  A  term  of  derision  applied 
to  an  ill-conditioned,  slovenly  ship. 

ballam  (bal'am),  n.  [Native  name,  prob.  same 
as  Malayalamt^aZtojw,  a  large  basket  for  storing 
grain,  a  dam.]  A  sort  of  canoe  hollowed  out 
of  timber,  in  which  Singhalese  pearl-fishers 
wash  out  the  pearls  from  pearl-oysters. 

ballan  (bar an),  n.  [Appar.  <  Gael,  and  Ir.  bal- 
lach,  spotted,  speckled,  <  Gael,  and  Ir.  Ml,  a  spot, 
speck:  see  balls.}    a  fish,  the  ballan-wrasse. 

balland  (bal'and),  n.  [Origin  unknown.]  In 
mining,  pulverized  lead  ore,  after  separation 
from  its  gahgue.    [North.  Eng.] 

ballant  (bal'ant),  n.  [Sc.,  a  corruption  of  bal- 
lad.']   A  ballad. 

They're  dying  to  rhyme  ower  prayers,  and  ballants,  and 
charms.  Scott. 

ballan-wrasse  (bal'an-ras),  «.  The  most  gen- 
eral English  name  of  the  Labrus  maculatus,  a 
fish  of  the  family  Labridw. 

ballaragt,  v.  t.   An  obsolete  form  of  bullyrag. 
You  vainly  thought  to  ballarag  us. 

T.  Warton,  Newsman's  Verses. 

ballardlf,  n.  [ME.,  also  balard;  prob.  <  baW 
+  -ard.]    A  bald-headed  person ;  a  baldhead. 

And  scornede  to  hym  saying,  stye  up,  ballard!  ["Go 
np,  thou  baldliead,"  in  authorized  version.] 

Wyclif,  2  Ki.  ii.  23. 

ballard^t,  n.  [Origin  unknown.]  A  kind  of 
musical  instrument.  Purchas,  Pilgrims.  (iV. 
K  D.)  >      &  \ 

ballast,  ballaset,  n.  and  v.  See  ballast. 
ballast  (bal'ast),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  balast, 
balest,  balist,  and,  with  loss  of  t,  ballas,  ballass, 
ballasse,  ballace,  ballesse,  balase,  etc.  (not  ia 
ME.),  =F.  balast  =G.  ballast  (>  Pol.  balast  = 
Euss.  balastu,  ballastu),<0'LGc.  LG.  Fries.  D.  bal- 
last, Flem.  ballas,  Dan.  ballast,  Sw.  ballast,  bar- 
last,  OSw.  ODan.  harlast,  the  last  being  appar. 
the  orig.  form,  <  bar  =  E.  bare,  mere,  -I-  last  =  E. 
last,  load  or  weight ;  but  the  first  element  is  un- 
certain. The  Dan.  baglast,  'back-load,'  D.  obs. 
balglast,  '  belly-load,'  appear  to  be  due  to  popu- 
lar etymology.  The  explanation  of  ballast  as  < 
MLG.  bal-,  =  AS.  balu,  bad,  evil  (see  bale'^),  -f- 
last,  load,  that  is,  unprofitable  cargo,  is  not 
satisfactory.]  1.  Weight  carried  by  a  ship  or 
boat  for  the  purpose  of  insuring  the  proper  sta- 
bility, both  to  avoid  risk  of  capsizing  and  to  se- 
cure the  greatest  effectiveness  of  the  propel- 
ling power.  A  usual  modern  form  of  ballast  is  water 
wl)ich  IS  pumped  in  or  out  of  compartments  arranged  to 
receive  it ;  lead  is  also  much  used,  especially  for  craft  of 
moderate  size,  and  is  often  run  into  a  space  left  for  it  be- 
tween the  plates  of  the  keel,  or  cast  into  plates  of  appro- 
priate form  and  bolted  to  the  exterior  of  the  keel.  Gravel, 
stones,  pig-iron,  and  other  weighty  materials  are  in  com- 
mon use  as  ballast,  in  cases  where  the  requisite  weight 
cannot  be  found  in  the  regular  cargo  itself. 

So  rich  shall  be  the  rubbish  of  our  barks, 
Ta'en  here  for  ballass  to  the  ports  of  France, 
That  Charles  himself  shall  wonder  at  the  sight. 

Greene,  Orlando  Furioso. 
2.  Bags  of  sand  placed  in  the  car  of  a  balloon 
to  steady  it  and  to  enable  the  aeronaut  to  light- 
en the  balloon,  when  necessary  to  effect  a  rise, 
by  throwing  part  of  the  sand  out.— 3.  Gravel, 
broken  stones,  slag,  or  similar  material  (usually 
called  road-metal),  placed  between  the  sleep- 
ers or  ties  of  a  lailroad,  to  prevent  them  from 
shifting,  and  generally  to  give  solidity  to  the 
Jhe  name  is  also  given  to  the  stones,  burnt  clay, 
etc.,  used  as  a  foundation  in  making  new  roads,  lavins 
concrete  floors,  etc.  •     j  e. 

Depressions  frequently  occur  in  concrete  flooring  when 
the  ballast  has  been  badly  stamped  down. 

Thausing,  Beer  (trans.),  p.  298. 
4.  Figuratively,  that  which  gives  stability  or 
steadiness,  mental,  moral,  or  political. 

ti,'^'i°^f  ^^^^  ^^'^  ^"'■'^  ^"'^  sot'^i'  natures  have  more  of 
tne  ballast  than  of  the  sail.  Bacon,  Vain  Glory. 

These  men  have  not  ballast  enough  of  humility  and  fear. 

Hammond,  Sermons,  p.  612. 
Ballast-plants,  plants  that  grow  upon  the  ballast  of  a 
snip  after  it  has  been  discharged,  from  the  seeds  that  mav 
accidentally  be  brought  with  it.— In  ballast,  without 
cargo :  said  of  a  ship  laden  with  ballast  only. 


431 

ballast  (bal'ast),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
balast,  and,  with  loss  of  t,  ballas  (pret.  and 
pp.  ballased,  sometimes  ballast,  ppr.  hallasing), 
ballasse,  ballace,  balase,  etc.,  =  G.  D.  Flem.  LG. 
ballasten  =  Dan.  ballaste,  baglaste  =  Sw.  bar- 
lasta;  from  the  noun.]  1.  To  place  ballast 
in  or  on ;  furnish  with  ballast :  as,  to  ballast  a 
ship ;  to  ballast  a  balloon ;  to  ballast  the  bed  of 
a  railroad.    See  the  noun. 

The  road  was  so  perfectly  ballasted  with  stone  that  we 
had  no  dust.     C.  D.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  3. 

2.  Figuratively:  (a)  To  give  steadiness  to; 
keep  steady. 
'Tis  charity  must  ballast  the  heart. 

Hammond,  Sermons,  p.  611. 


—   J 

(b)  To  serve  as  a  counterpoise  to ;  keep  down 
by  counteraction. 

Now  you  have  given  me  virtue  for  my  guide, 
And  with  true  honour  ballasted  my  pride.  Dryden. 
3t.  To  load;  freight.— 4.  To  load  or  weigh 
down. 

When  his  belly  is  well  ballaced,  and  his  brain  rigged  a 
little,  he  sails  away  withal. 

B.  Jonson,  Ind.  to  Every  Man  in  his  Humour. 
These  yellow  rascals  [coins]  must  serve  to  ballast  my 
purse  a  little  longer.  Scott,  Old  Mortality,  ix. 

ballastt  (bal'ast),  pp.  Ballasted. 

Who  sent  whole  armadas  of  carracks  to  be  ballast. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iii.  2. 
Hulks  of  burden  great, 
Which  Brandimart  rebated  from  his  coast, 
And  sent  them  home  ballast  with  little  wealth. 

Greene,  Orlando  Furioso. 
ballastage  (bal'as-taj),  n.    [<  ballast  +  -age.'] 
1.  An  old  right  of  the  admiralty  in  all  the 
royal  rivers  of  Great  Britain  to  levy  a  rate 
for  supplying  ships  with  ballast.— 2.  The  toll 
paid  for  the  privilege  of  taking  ballast,  as  from 
a  gravel-bed,  etc. 
ballast-engine  (bal'^st-en'-'jin),  n.    A  steam- 
engine  used  for  dredging  a  river  or  drawing 
earth  and  ballast  on  a  railroad, 
ballast-getter  (bal'ast-gef'er),  n.    One  who  is 
employed  in  procuring  ballast  for  ships. 

I  now  come  to  the  nature  of  the  ballast  labour  itself 
This  IS  divisible  into  three  classes  :  that  performed  by  the 
ballast-getters,  or  those  who  are  engaged  in  raising  it  from 
the  bed  of  the  Thames ;  by  the  ballast-lighters,  or  those 
who  are  engaged  in  carrying  it  from  the  getters  to  the 
ships  requiring  it;  and  by  the  ballast-heavers,  or  those 
who  are  engaged  in  putting  it  on  board  of  such  ships. 

Mayhew,  London  Labour,  III.  278. 
ballast-hammer  (barast-ham''''er),  w.  A  double- 
faced,  long-handled  Hammer  used  in  laying 
railroad-tracks. 

ballast-heaver  (barast-he-'ver),  n.  1.  One 
who  is  employed  in  putting  ballast  on  board 
ships.  See  extract  under  ballast-getter. — 2. 
A  dredging-machine  for  raising  ballast  from  a 
river-bed;  a  ballast-lighter, 
ballast-hole  (bal'ast-hol),  n.  Same  as  ballast- 
port. 

ballasting  (bal'as-ting),  n.  1.  The  act  of  fur- 
nishing with  ballast,  as  a  ship  or  railroad. — 
2.  Ballast ;  that  which  is  used  for  ballast,  as 
gravel  or  broken  stones,  cinders,  or  other  ma- 
terial used  for  the  covering  of  roads  or  to  form 
the  upper  works  or  permanent  way  of  a  rail- 
road. 

ballast-lighter  (bal'ast-li"ter),  n.    [<  ballast  + 
lighter"^.]    1.  A  person  employed  in  convey- 
ing ballast  for  ships.    See  extract  imder  baU 
last-getter.—2.  A  large  flat-bottomed  barge 
for  receiving  and  transporting  ballast,  or  for 
removing  sand,  silt,  ashes,  or  other  deposits 
dredged  from  the  beds  of  rivers  and  the  bot- 
toms of  harbors,  docks,  etc. 
ballast-port  (bal'ast-port),  n.    A  large  square 
port  in  the  side  of  a  merchant-ship  sei-ving  for 
the  reception  and  discharge  of  baUast.  Also 
called  ballast-hole. 
ballast-trim  (bal'ast-trim),  n.    The  state  of  a 
ship  when  she  is  merely  in  ballast  or  has  no 
cargo  on  board :  as,  she  is  in  ballast-trim. 
ballatt,  n.  and  v.    An  obsolete  form  of  ballad. 
ballatoon  (bal-a-ton'),  n.    A  heavy  boat  em- 
ployed in  Russia  in  the  transportation  of  tim- 
ber, especially  from  Astrakhan  to  Moscow, 
ballatorium  (bal-a-to'ri-um),  n. ;  pi.  ballatoria 
(-a).    [ML.,  <  *ballare,  <  Gr.  (idXXeiv,  throw. 
Cf.  balista,  ballista,  etc.]    The  forecastle  or 
the  stern-castle  of  a  medieval  ship  of  war: 
so  called  because  it  was  a  position  of  vantage 
from  which  missiles  were  discharged, 
ballatryt,  n.   An  obsolete  form  of  balladry. 
ball-bearing  (bal'bar'ing),  n.    In  mech.,  a 
method  of  lessening  friction  by  causing  a  shaft 
to  rest  upon  or  to  be  surrounded  by  balls  partly 
contained  in  sockets,  each  ball  being  loose, 
and  turning  with  the  shaft. 


ballimong 

If  necessary,  ball  bearings  can  be  placed  upon  the  crank- 

Pin-  Sci.  Amer.  (N.  S.),  LIV.  105. 

ball-block   (bal'blok),  M.     In  printing  with 

balls,  the  slab  or  plate  which  holds  the  ink. 
ball-blue  (bal'blo),  n.    Same  as  soluble  blue 

(which  see,  under  blue). 
ball-caliber  (bal'kal "i-ber),  n.  A  ring-gage  for 

determining  the  diameter  of  gun-shot, 
ball-cartridge  (bal'kar"trij),  n.    A  cartridge 

containing  a  ball,  in  contradistinction  to  a  shot- 
cartridge  or  a  blanlc  cartridge. 
ball-caster  (bal'kas'ter),  n.   A  caster  for  the 

legs  of  furniture,  etc.,  having  a  ball  instead  of 

an  ordinary  roller, 
ball-cock  (bal'kok),  n.  A  hollow  sjihere  or  ball 

of  metal  attached  to  the  end  of  a  lever,  which 

turns  the  stop-cock 

of  a  water-pipe  and 

regulates  the  supply 

of  water.    The  ball, 

floating  in  the  water  of  a 

tank  or  cistern,  rises  and 

falls  with  it,  shutting  oti 

the  flow  when  the  water 

has  reached  a  certain 

level,  and  letting  it  on 

when  it  falls  below  this 

level. 

balledt,  a.  An  obso- 
lete form  of  bald^. 
balleri  (ba'ler),  n. 
[<  bain,  v.,  +  -ez-i.] 
One  who  or  that 
which  forms  any- 
thing into  balls, 
baller^t  (ba'ler),  n. 


l-iK-  I.  Cistern  with  ball-cock  at- 
tached. Fig.  2,  Section  of  ball-cock 
on  larger  scale  :  a,  valve  shown  open 
so  as  to  admit  water ;  b,  arm  of  the 
lever  which  being  raised  shuts  the 
valve. 


One 


  ,  ,  „  ...    [<  bam,  v.,  +  -er-l.] 

who  takes  part  in  a  ball  for  dancing, 
ballerina  (bal-la-re'na),  n. ;  pi.  ballerinas,  baU 
lerine  (-naz,  -na).  [It.J'fem.  of  ballerina  (pi.  bal- 
lerine),  a  dancer,  <  ballare,  dance :  see  balft.]  A 
female  ballet-dancer. 

balleti  (bal'et),  n.  [<  OF.  balette,  a  little  ball, 
dim.  of  bale,  balle,  a  ball:  see  balV-  and  -et.'] 
A  little  ball :  in  her.,  a  bearing  in  coats  of  arms, 
denominated,  according  to  the  color,  bezants, 
plates,  hurts,  etc. 

ballet^  (bal'a,  formerly  and  still  sometimes 
bal'et),  n.  [First  in  the  17th  century,  also 
ballat,  ballette,  balette,  balet,  <  F.  ballet  (=  It. 
balletto),  dim.  of  bal  =  It.  ballo,  a  dance :  see 
ball^  and  -et]  1.  A  spectacular  dance,  more 
or  less  elaborate  in  steps,  poses,  and  costumes, 
in  which  a  number  of  performers,  chiefly  fe- 
males, take  part,  it  is  led  or  conducted  by  one  or 
more  chief  dancers  or  coryphees,  and  is  usually  incidental 
to  an  operatic  or  other  dramatic  representation. 
2.  A  complete  pantomime  or  theatrical  repre- 
sentation, in  which  a  story  is  told,  and  actions, 
characters,  and  passions  are  represented,  by 
gestures  and  grouping,  accompanied  by  char- 
acteristic or  illustrative  music,  dancing,  and 
often  rich  scenery  and  decorations. —  3.  The 
corps  of  dancers  who  perform  ballets, 
ballet^  (bal'a),  V.  i.  [<  ballet^,  n.]  To  express 
by  dancing  or  in  a  ballet.  [Rare.] 
He  ballets  to  her :  "  Will  you  come  down  here  and  dance?" 

Mayhew,  London  Labour,  III.  155. 

ballet^t,  n.  and  v.   An  obsolete  form  of  ballad. 
balletryt,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  balladry. 
ball-flower  (bal'flou"er),  n.    In  arch.,  an  orna- 
ment resembling  a  ball  placed  in  a  circular 


flower,  the  three  petals  of  which  form  a  cup 
round  it.  This  ornament  is  usually  found  inserted  in  a 
hollow  molding,  and  is  generally  characteristic  in  Eng- 
land of  the  decorated  style  of  the  thirteenth  century. 
Some  variations  of  form  occur,  as  four  petals  instead  of 
three  (York  cathedral),  and  balls  of  different  sizes  and 
shapes. 

ball-grinder  (bal'grin"der),  n.    A  pulverizer 
or  disintegrator  formed  by  balls  of  metal  in- 
closed in  a  rotating  cylinder.    The  material  to 
be  crushed  is  broken  by  the  attrition  of  the 
rolling  balls, 
ball-gudgeon  (barguj-'on),  n.     A  spherical 
gudgeon,  permitting  a  lateral  deflection  of  the 
arbor  or  shaft,  while  still  remaining  itseK  in 
the  socket.    E.  H.  Knight. 
balliage,  n.    See  bailage. 
balliardst,  n.  jA.    Billiards.  Spenser. 
ballimongt  (bal'i-mong),  n.  [Origin unknown.] 
A  dredge.  Holland. 


balling 

balling!  (ta'ling),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  baW^,  r.] 
The  aot  or  process  of  making  iuto  balls  ;  the 
act  of  assuming  the  form  of  a  ball ;  specifically, 
in  the  process  of  puddling,  the  forming  of  the 
iron  into  balls  or  rounded  masses  of  a  size  con- 
venient for  handling. 

balling-  (ba'liug),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  ball^,  v.'] 
The  frequenting  of  balls  ;  dancing.  [Rare.] 

balling-furnace  (ba'ling-fer'nas),  «.  [<  hull- 
ing, verbal  u.  of  baW^,  r.,  +  furnace.']  1.  A 
furnace  in  which  piles  or  fagots  of  metal  are 
placed  to  be  heated  preparatory  to  rolling.  It 
resembles  a  puddliug-furnace. —  2.  A  reverbe- 
ratory  furnace  used  in  alkali-works. 

balling-gun  (bsi'ling-gun),  n.  An  instrument 
for  administering  to  horses  medicine  rolled 
into  balls,  it  consists  of  a  tube  from  wliich  the  air  is 
partially  exhausteil ;  the  ball  is  hekl  on  the  end  of  the 
tube  by  atmospheric  pressure,  and  is  released  by  a  piston 
when  fairly  within  the  e^nplKmus.    E.  II.  Knit/lit. 

balling-iron  (ba'liny-i  ern),  x.  A liook-shaped 
tool  for  removing  snuw  from  the  feet  of  a  horse. 

balling-machine  (bii'ling-ma-shen"),  w.  A  ma- 
chine for  balling  cotton  thread. 

balling-tool  (ba'ling-tol),  n.  The  tool  used  in 
collecting  into  a  mass  the  iron  in  a  puddling- 
f  lu'naee  preparatory  to  taking  it  to  the  hammer 
or  squeezer ;  a  rabble. 

ball-ironstone  (balT'ern-ston),  ».  In  English 
nulling,  nodular  iron  ore.  Also  called  ball-mine 
and  hdll-vcin. 

ballisedt,  «•  [Appar.  for  *2)<illised,  <  F.  palisse, 
pp.  of  jiitli.'iser,  suiToimd  with  pales :  see  pali- 
sade.l  Inclosed  with  a  railing  or  balustrade. 
Wotton.    {X.  E.  I).) 

ballismus  (ba-lis'mus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  l^a/lw- 
fioi;,  a  jumping  about,  dancing,  <  lia'/MCeiv, 
jump  about,  dance:  see  ball'^.']  In  jmtJiol.,  a 
name  which  has  been  given  to  chorea,  to  pa- 
ralysis agitans,  and  to  other  forms  of  tremor. 

ballist  (bal'ist),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bali.st. 
<  ME.  halist,<  L.  baUista,  batistu:  see  ballista.'] 
Same  as  hallista.  [Rare.] 

ballista,  balista  (ba-lis'ta),       pi.  hallista',  ha- 
lista'  (-te).  [L.,  occasionally  (in  gloss. 
appar.  formed  on  a  Greek  model,  <  Gr.  flaO.eiv, 
throw.]    1.  An  ancient  military  engine  used 

for  throwing  missiles.  Tlie  ditterent  references  to 
it  are  contradictory,  as  it  is  described  as  actins  by  means 
of  a  bow,  but  also  as  throwing;  large  stones  ratlier  than 
darts.  An  attempt  has  been  made  to  reconcile  these 
statements  by  representing  the  engine  as  composed  of  a 
strong  shaft,  rotating  on  one  of  its  ends,  and  having  at 
the  ofher  end  a  receptacle  for  the  missile ;  this  shaft  would 
be  thrown  forward  by  tlie  recoil  of  asteelbow,  andstopped 
sudilenly  against  a  transom,  thus  releasing  the  missile. 
Throughout  the  middle  ages  the  term  is  used  in  Latin 
•writings  for  military  engines  of  different  kinds.  See  tre- 
btic/iift,  iiuingoiiel,  caable,  petronel,  pierriire,  and  cataimlt. 
When  used  as  a  bearing  in  heraldry,  the  ballista  is  repre- 
sented so  siuiplifieil  as  to  lie  hardly  recognizable.  It  has 
generally  two  upright  posts  witli  a  movable  bar  between 
them,  shown  loaded  at  one  end. 

2.  [NL.]  In  anat.,  the  astragalus,  a  bone  of 
the  tarsus. 

ballistic  (ba-lis'tik),  a.  [<  hallista  +  -i'c]  Per- 
taining to  ballistics,  or  the  scientifie  construc- 
tion and  use  of  projectiles  Ballistic  curve,  the 

actual  path  of  a  projectile,  as  distinguished  from  the  theo- 
retical or  parabolic  path.— Ballistic  galvanometer. 
See  (laUanometer. —  Ballistic  pendulum^  an  apparatus 
invented  by  Benjamin  Kobins  for  ascertaining  the  velocity 
of  military  projectiles,  and  conseciuently  the  explosive 
force  of  gunpowder.  A  piece  of  ordnance  is  fired  against 
a  cast-iron  case  filled  with  bags  of  sand,  which  forms  the 
ball  of  a  pendulum,  and  the  percussion  causes  the  pendu- 
lum to  vibrate.  The  distance  through  which  it  vibrates 
is  measured  on  a  copper  arc  by  an  index  carrying  a  ver- 
nier, and  the  amount  of  vibration  forms  a  measure  of  the 
force  or  velocity  of  the  ball.  The  ballistic  pendulum  is 
now  nearly  superseded  by  various  forms  of  apparatus  for 
measuring  the  time  occupied  by  the  passage  of  tlie  shot 
from  one  screen  or  wire  to  another.    See  elect roballistic. 

ballistics  (ba-lis'tiks),  w.  [PI.  ot  hallistic:  see 
-ics.}  1.  The  science  or  art  of  discharging 
large  missiles  by  the  use  of  the  ballista  or  other 
engine. —  2.  The  science  of  the  motion  of  x>ro- 
jectiles. 

ballistite  (ba-lis'tit),  n.  A  smokeless  powder 
containing  a  large  percentage  of  nitroglycerin: 
similar  to  cordite. 

ballium  (bal'i-um),  H.  [ML.:  see  hail^  and  bai- 
1.  Same  as  6fl(7J5,  5. —  2.  Same  as  iai7r)/i. 

ball-joint  (bal'joint),  n.  A  jointed  connection 
in  which  one  of  the  connected  pieces  has  a  ball- 
shaped  extremity,  fitting  a  cup-shaped  socket 
in  the  other. 

ball-lever  (bal'lev'^er),  n.  The  lever  of  a  ball- 
cock. 

ball-mine  (bal'min),  n.  Same  as  ball-ironstone. 
ball-mounting  (barmoun''''ting),  n.    A  kind  of 

harness-mounting  having  a  ball  where  a  ring 

is  fastened  to  the  base, 
ballock  ( bal  'ok),  w.    [<  ME.  balloJc,  balluk,  balok. 


432 

<AS.  beallue,  <  *bealluoT  "bealla,  a  ball,+  dim. 
-uc:  see  ball^,  20,  and  -ock.]  A  testicle.  [Ob- 
solete or  vulgar.] 

ballont,  [<  F.  ballon,  halon,  dim.  of  balle, 
bale,  a  bale ;  in  def.  2,  obs.  form  of  balloon  :  see 
baltoon'^.'i  1.  A  bale  of  paper,  etc. —  2.  Same 
as  balloon'^,  1,  2. 

balloon^  (ba-16n'),  »i.  [In  some  senses  also 
ballon,  after  F. ;  early  mod.  E.  baloon,  balounc, 
balonc,  bullone,  <  It.  balloiie,  pallone,  a  large 
ball,  a  foot-ball  (now  distinguished:  ballone,  a 
large  bale,  pallone,  a  foot-ball,  balloon)  (=  Sp. 
halon,  a  foot-ball,  a  large  bale,  =  Pg.  baldo,  a 
balloon,  =  F.  ballon,  a  fardle  or  small  pack, 
halon,  "  a  little  ball  or  pack,  also  a  foot-ball  or 
balloon"  (Cotgrave),  now  ballon  (after  It.),  a 
foot-ball,  balloon,  swelling  hill),  aug.  (in  F. 
prop,  dim.)  of  balla,  etc.,  a  ball,  bale:  see 
bain,  baleS.]  If.  A  large  inflated  ball  of  leather, 
used  in  playing  certain  games;  a  game  played 

with  such  a  ball,  it  was  tossed  to  and  fro  by  either 
Iiand  or  foot,  the  hand  being  defended  by  a  guard  (bal- 
loon-brasser).    See  J'uut-hall. 

'Tis  easier  sport  than  the  baloon.  lieywood. 

It  was  my  envied  lot  to  lead  the  winning  party  at  tliat 
wondrous  match  at  ballon,  made  betwixt  the  divine  As- 
trophel  (our  matchless  Sidney)  and  the  right  honourable 
my  very  gocnl  Lord  of  Oxford.      Scott,  llonastery,  II.  iii. 

2.  In  chcm.,  a  round  vessel  with  a  short  neck, 
used  as  a  receiver  in  distillation;  a  glass  re- 
ceiver of  a  spherical  form. —  3.  In  arch.,  a  ball 
or  globe  on  the  top  of  a  pillar. — 4.  In  pyro- 
tcclinics,  a  ball  of  pasteboard  or  a  kind  of  bomb 
stuffed  with  combustibles,  which,  biu'sting  like 
a  bomb,  exhibits  sparks  of  fire  like  stars. —  5. 
In  n-eaving,  a  cylindrical  reel  on  which  sized 
woolen  yarn  for  warp  is  wound  in  order  to  be 
tU'ied  by  rapid  revolution  in  a  heated  chamber. 

—  6.  A  bag  or  hollow  vessel  filled  with  h)-dro- 
gen  gas  or  heated  air,  or  any  other  gaseous 
fluid  lighter  than  common  air,  and  thus  caused 
to  rise  and  Hoat  in  the  atmosphere,    it  is  made 

of  silk  or  other  light  material,  varnished  with  caoutchouc 
dissolved  in  turpentine.  A  network  of  twine  envelops  the 
balbion,  and  is  tieil  to  a  circular  hooji  a  little  lielow  it,  from 
which  a  car,  usually  consisting  of  a  large  wicker  basket,  is 
suspended.  A  valve  in  the  bottom  of  the  balloon  can  be 
opened  and  closed  at  pleasure  by  means  of  a  string,  and 
the  basket  is  furnished  with  sand-bags  as  ballast.  If  the 
aeronaut  wishes  to  ascend,  he  throws  out  some  of  the  bal- 
last ;  if  to  descend,  he  opens  the  valve.  Balloons  have 
been  successfully  used  for  military  jiurposes  (see  captive 
balloon,  below),  and,  in  the  case  of  besieged  cities,  as  a 
medium  of  coiiiiiiunicatioii  with  the  outside  world. 

7.  In  comic  engravings,  a  figure  shaped  like  a 
balloon  and  inclosing  words  which  are  repre- 
sented as  issuing  from  the  mouth  of  a  speaker. 

—  Captive  balloon,  a  lialloon  anchored  or  attached  to 
the  ground  by  means  of  a  rope,  which  may  be  either  per- 
manently fixed  or  connected  with  an  anchor  which  can 
be  raised  at  pleasure.  Such  balloons  have  been  employed 
for  military  reconnoissance.— Steering  balloon,  a  bal- 
loon capable  of  being  steered.  One  such  was  invented 
by  il.  Uupuy  de  Lome  during  the  siege  of  Taris  in  1871. 
The  rudder  is  said  to  be  able  to  deflect  the  machine  11°  to 
either  side  of  the  direct  line  in  which  the  wind  is  blow- 
ing, so  that  a  balloon  leaving  Paris  with  the  wind  straight 
for  Bi'ussels  could  be  landed  at  either  London  or  Cologne. 

balloon^  (bal'o-on),  n.  [Also  balloen,  baton, 
ballong  =  Sp.  baton  —  Pg.  haldo;  from  the  native 
name.]  A  state  barge  of  Siam,  made  in  fanci- 
ful imitation  of  a  sea-monster,  and  having  70  to 
100  oars  on  a  side. 

balloon-ballt  (ba-16n'bal),  v.  Same  as  bal- 
loon'^, 1.    Middteton,  Game  at  Chess,  ii.  2. 

balloon-boiler  (ba-16n'boi'''ler),  11.  A  steam- 
boiler  having  a  form  somewhat  resembling  that 
of  a  balloon. 

balloon-brassert,  «•  [<  halloon^  +  brasser,  a 
form  of  bracer,  after  F.  brassard,  also  brassal 
(Cotgrave) :  see  def.]  A  brace  or  guard  of 
wood,  used  by  balloon-players  (see  hallooit^,  1) 
to  protect  the  hand  and  arm. 

ballooned  (ba-lond'),  «•  Swelled  out  like  a 
balloon. 

ballooner  (ba-lo'ner),  n,  A  balloonist;  an 
aeronaut. 

balloon-fish  (ba-lon'fish),  n.  A  globefish;  a 
fish  of  the  order  Plcctognathi  and  suborder  Gym- 

nodontes,  as 
the  tropical  Te- 
traodoH  linea- 
tus,  or  striped 
spine-belly,  or 
a  species  of 
one  of  the  gen- 
era Triodon 
and  Diodon.  So 
called  because  it 
has  the  power  of 
swallowing  air, 
,  which  is  retainecl 

in  a  dilatation  of 

Ballooii-tibh  (  Tclraadoii  Itneatus).  the  eSOpliagUS, 


ballot 

and  thus  of  blowing  itself  up  into  a  nearly  spherical  shape 
like  a  balloon.  The  ivory-like  tips  of  the  jawbones  cleft 
above  and  below,  as  in  Tetraoilon,  give  the  Hsh  the  appear- 
ance of  having  four  teeth,  two  above  and  two  below.  See 
GiDiinodontuhr. 
ballooning (ba-lo'ning),»?.  [<  balloon^  -i- 
1.  The  art  or  practice  of  ascending  in  and  of 
managing  balloons. —  2.  In  political  and  stock- 
exchange  slang,  the  operation  of  booming  a 
candidate,  or  of  inflating  the  money-market, 
by  means  of  ficti- 
tious favorable  re- 
ports. 

Ballooning  indeed 
goes  on. 

J effermn,  Correspon- 
[deiice,  I.  323. 

balloonist  (ba-16'- 
nist),  //.  [<  bal- 
loon'^ -f  -ist.']  One 
who  ascends  in  a 
balloon ;  an  aero- 
natit. 

balloon-jib  (ba- 
lon'jib),  n.  A  tri- 
angular sail  made 
of  light  canvas, 
used  only  by  yac  h  ts 


,  Balloon-jib. 


and  iu  light  winds,  set  between  the  foretop- 
mast-head  and  the  end  of  the  jib-boom. 

balloon-net  (ba-l6n'net),  «.  A  kind  of  woven 
lace  iu  which  the  weft-threads  are  twisted  in  a 
peculiar  manner  round  the  warps.  E.  U.  Knight. 

balloonry  (ba-16n'ri),  n.  [<  balloon^  4-  -ry.] 
The  art  or  practice  of  ascending  in  a  balloon. 
Quarterlij  Bev. 

balloon-sail  (ba-16n'sal),  w.  Light  canvas  used 
in  yachts,  as  the  balloon-jib,  the  spinnaker, 
balloon-topsails  and  -foresails,  and  the  shadow- 
sail  and  water-sail. 

balloon-vine  (ba-lon'vin),  v.  A  herbaceous 
climbing  plant,  Vardiospcrmum  Halicacabum, 


Balloon-vine  {Cardtosfiertnum  Halicacabum). 
a,  inflated  capsule  or  pod,  about  one  half  natural  size.    (From  Gray's 
"  Genera  of  the  Plants  of  the  United  States." ) 

natural  order  Sapindacew,  found  in  all  tropical 
countries.  It  bears  a  large,  3-celled,  bladder- 
like pod.  Also  called  hcartseed. 
balloti  (bal'ot),  V.  [First  in  the  16th  century, 
<  It.  ballotta=  P.  hallotte,  balotte,  a  little  ball, 
esp.  as  used  for  voting,  a  vote,  suffrage,  =  Sp. 
balota,  a  ballot  (ML.  bcdlotta),  dim.  of  balla,  a 
ball:  see  hall^  and -of.]  1.  A  little  ball  used 
in  voting.  Hence — 2.  A  ticket  or  slip  of  pa- 
per, sometimes  called  a  voting-paper,  used  for 
the  same  purpose,  on  which  is  printed  or  wi'it- 
ten  an  expression  of  the  elector's  choice  as  be- 
tween candidates  or  propositions  to  be  voted 
for.— 3.  A  method  of  secret  voting  by  means 
of  small  balls,  or  of  printed  or  written  ballots, 
which  are  deposited  in  an  urn  or  a  box  called 

a  ballot-box.  in  the  former  case,  each  person  who  is 
entitled  to  vote,  having  the  choice  of  two  balls,  one  white 
and  one  black,  places  a  white  ball  in  the  box  if  he  is  in 
favor  of  the  resolution  proposed,  as  the  admission  of  a 
person  to  memlicrship  in  a  club,  or  a  black  ball  if  he  is  op- 
posed to  it.  Hence,  to  blackball  a  person  is  to  vote  against 
his  election.  In  the  latter  case,  the  ballots  or  voting- 
papers  are  so  folded  as  to  prevent  the  voter's  prefer- 
ence from  being  disclosed,  and  are  usually  handed  to 
an  authorized  officer  called  an  ins-pector  of  elections, 
to  be  deposited  in  the  box  in  the  voter's  presence.  The 
ballot  is  now  employed  in  all  popular  elections  in  the 
United  States,  throughout  the  United  Kingdom  and  the 
British  colonies,  and  in  the  national  or  parliamentary 
elections  in  Germany,  France,  Belgium,  Italy,  and  most 
other  countries  of  continental  Europe.  See  blanket- 
ballot. 

4.  A  casting  of  ballots;  a  vote  by  ballot ;  also, 
the  whole  number  of  votes  cast  or  recorded: 


ballot 

as,  a  lallot  was  taken  on  the  resolution  j  there  betllow*^, 
was  a  large  5.  A  method  of  drawiii-r  ' 
lots  by  taking  out  small  balls,  or  the  like,  from 
a  box;  hence,  lot-drawing,  N.  E.  D  Austra- 
lian ballot,  a  system  of  balloting  of  which  the  principal 
features  are  tlie  placing  of  the  names  of  all  the  cantlidates 
on  each  ballot,  the  printing  of  the  ballots  by  the  gov- 
ernment, the  arrangement  and  control  of  the  iiolling- 
places,  and  devices  for  securing  secrecy  in  marking  and 


433 

 ..  ,  iu    A  word  used  only  by  Shakspere 

in  the  passage  cited,  in  the  folio  of  1()2:!,  where 
the  <iuarto  editions  have  btittcn)  and  hat  ;  it  is, 
like  battcro,  apparently  a  misprint  for  ballon, 
battoon,  or  battoim,  a  stick,  cudgel.  See  bal- 
lon, batoon,  baton,  and  bal^. 
Keepe  out,  ...  or  ice  try  whitlier  your  Costard  oi'  my 

 ^  .^^  ;,cwici;j'  III  iiiaiiiiiig  aiiu    SdUow  Uti  tile  luudcr.  Slialc,  Lear,  iv.  G  (l(i2:i). 

casting  the  liallots.    The  system,  with  numerous  varia-  Koll  n-rnnf  lu■■,^'n,,;■,f\  „     ri„„,i  i„    e  ■ 
tions,  has  been  extensively  Adopted  in  the  United  States  ("''■i  P^'l)..  «•     Capable  of  resisting 

—Tissue-ballots,  ballots  printed  on  thin  tissue-paper^    ualLs  Iroiu  hrearms;  unpenetrable  by  bullets, 
to  the  end  that  a  large  nundjer  of  fraudulent  votes  folde<i  ball-rack  (bal'rak),  v.     In  jirbiliiKL  the  rack 
together  niay  be  smujjgled  into  the  l>aIlot.box  without  dc-    which  held  the  balls  formerly  used'  in  inkiup- 
tection.-To  cast  a  ballot,  to  deposit  in  a  ballot-bo.x, or  hall  rnnm  H.-.l', ?;,vn  A  7  niKiug. 

present  for  deposit,  a  ballot  or  voting-paper.- To  Cast  ''^^^-^00111  (ba  rom),  ii.  A  room  expressly  de- 
the  ballot,  to  record,  as  if  ascertained  by  ballot,  the  vote  ^^'e'l^'d  tor  balls  or  dancing  parties,  or  a  room 
of  an  assembly  or  meeting.  The  secretary  is  often  in-  in  which  such  entertainments  are  given, 
structed  to  "cast  the  ballot  "  when  for  convenience  the  ball-screw  fbal'skro")  jt  A  «cvf^vv  wliir.li  r.-at, 
actual  process,  as  required  by  rule,  is  dispensed  with.  it  .,n  fclipd  fn  tb« f  1^  f  7  ] 
balloti  (bal'ot),  V.  [Early  mod.  E  also  baltat  r  '^"ached  to  the  end  ot  the  ramrod  ot  a  gun, 
ballet;  <  It.  bulloltareL  F.  L/Zo^^^^^ai^^erX'to!:  extracting  a  bullet  from  the 

ioun^r^-  r'To^i?idi°uLfr        tall-seater   (bal'se-ter),  n.     A  tool  used  in 

lots,  taiie  a  oaUot  or  a  vote  bv  ballot:  often  u«n  „4.„„i_  t  •.- 

with  for  in  the  sense  of  'in  relation  to'-  as  to  ^^"rStO'^k  (bal  stok),       Iu  prmttn,,,  formerly, 
ballot  for  members  of  a  club     See  the  no^'       f  stock  somewhat  ho  low  at  one  end,  to  which 
T,,  :  ,  , ,  ,  the  ball  was  attached,  and  which  served  as  a 

The  convention  did  not  ball.t  until  its  third  day  ball-tram  (ba   tran),  v.     A  set  of  rolls  for  roll- 

G.  S.  Merriam,  S.  Bowles  11  IS".  , puddlers  balls  or  loops  into  bars. 
2.  To  bound,  as  in  the  bore  of  a  cannon-  as  D.all-trimmer  (bal'trim"er),  >i.  A  lathe  for  fin- 
spherical  projectiles  ballot  in  the  bore  of  the  u  iV'l^  '?."®^?^,^f^^t„.x 

piece.— 3.  To  select  by  lot;  draw  lots  (for)  -  oall-troUy  (oal  trol"i),  n.    A  small  iron  truck 
"  '  "      '  \  used  m  conveying  the  balls  of  puddled  iroi 


balneary . 


with  an  odorous  bal.saiii :  also  occasionally  the  balsam-fir, 
Ahir^  ImlMiiii'ii.  « l.icli  yields  the  Canada  balsam.  ((/)  The 
swc'cl  lialiii,  l)iiici,ciiih<iliiiii  CitnarieiiKi'.  (see  above).— 
Balm  of  heaven,  one  of  the  many  names  given  in  t'ali- 
tornia  to  the  I' inlu'll idii rin  Ciili/iinika,  a  lauraeeous  tree 
with  very  strongly  aromatic  foliage. 

balm  (biim),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  huumcn,  hamen,  < 
banmc,  balm.  Cf.  OF.  vtiiba inner,  embalm:  see 
embalm.']    1.  To  embalm. 

SIn-ouded  in  cloth  of  state  ! 
lirdm'd  and  entreasur'd  with  full  bags  of  spires  I 

S/mk.,  I'crii  les,  iii.  2. 

2.  To  anoint  as  with  balm  or  with  anything 
fragrant  or  medicinal. 

Balm  his  foul  head  in  warm  distilled  waters. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Iiid.,  i. 

To  soothe;  mitigate ;  assuaee:  heal. 


as,  to  ballot  for  places. 

Il.t  trans.  1.  To  vote  for  or  against  by  bal- 
lot; choose  or  elect  by  ballot. 

,Xone  of  the  competitors  arriving  at  a  sufficient  number 
of  balls,  they  fell  to  hallot  some  others. 

Si'r  It.  Wiittdii,  Reliqui.'c,  p.  2(i: 


from  the  puddling-furnace  to  the  tilt-hammer 
or  squeezer.    E.  H.  Kniqht. 
.  ballustredt  (bal'us-terd),  a.  Same  as  balustered. 
Drijilen. 

-   ivc.n,uiiu,  1,.       ball-valve  (bal'valv),  )(.    A  valve  fonned  by  a 

2.  To  choose  by  lot;  select  by  di-awing  lots  globe  resting  upon  a  concave  circular  seat. 

for.  "  It  is  lifted  liy  the  upward  pressure  of  the  fluid,  and  de- 

Peasants  .  .  .  who  will  not  be  balloted  for  soldiers.  I'^ssure  is  removed.  See 

ballot^  (bal'ot),  „.    [<  F^baihf^l  hll'e,  prop!  lS7f^£f7'^)^';jT%''^i^^^^^^^^^^^ 
a  small  bale,  (Urn.  of  ballc,  a  bale  :  see  balc^  Jul   i}}^,,  -J^  ^   Ir-  (^ael.  bailc  Manx 

-ot,  and  cf.  the  ult.  identical  ballotn   A  sma  ^T""'  ^'^"'^^^'-.^  .^^""''T'  '"^^ 

bale,  weighing  from  70  to  12(^  pmmds  I!^  "^"^  place-names  in  Ireland:  as,  BallnwaU 

Ballota  (ba-16'ta),  «.    [NL.  (L  S,)  <  Gr        !,  "P?^^'  ^«%eastle,  castle-town; 

^a».r^\  plant\elieUd  to  be  £ck'  ho^:  ''t'"uT!\T''  ,7'''  f"' 

pianth,  or  aOOUt  _'0  species,  mostly  natives  of    of  the  present  townlamis  in  Ireland. 

the  Mediterranean  region.    The  t)lack  hoarhound  Seebohm,  Eng.  Vill.  Communities,  p.  223. 

™t"liu'n;pe''!luu' u\'sH,TVsi  v"^  "•    ^The  spelling  has  been  altered 

ballotade  ballottaHp  Vhal  n  ta^T  m.  tSriM  .         hmig  it  nearer  balsam  ;  early  mod.  E.  also 

[<  R  SoS  baumc,Mn:ml  basme,  bame 

prob.  <  ballotte,  a  little  ball:  see  balloh,  n.] 

In  the  maneeje,  a  leap  of  a  horse  in  which  all 

four  legs  are  bent  without  jerking  out  the  hind 

ones.    Also  spelled  balofadc. 
ballotantt  (bal'ot-ant),  71.   [<  F.  ballottant,  pp. 

of  ballottcr,  ballot:  see  hallofi-,  r.]    A  voter  by 

ballot.    J.  Harrinf/ton.  [Rare.] 
ballotationt  (bal-o-ta'shon),  ».    [<  ballot^  -h 

-tttioH,  after  It.  baUottaziohe.]  A  voting  by  bal- 
lot ;  a  balloting.  Sir  H.  Wotton,  Reliquiae,  p.  260. 

[Rare.] 

ballot-box  (bal'ot-boks).  n.    A  box  for  receiv- 
ing ballots. 

balloter  (bal'ot-er),  n.    1.  One  who  ballots  or 

votes  by  ballot.— 2.  A  mechanical  de\aee  for 

receiving,  counting,  and  recording  ballots, 
ballotint,  n.   [<  ballof^  +  -in,  irreg.  used.]  The 

earner  of  the  ballot-box ;  the  taker  of  the  votes 

by  ballot.    J.  Harrington.  [Rare.] 
balloting  (bal'ot-ing),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  ballof^, 

v.\    1.  The  act  of  casting  or  taking  a  ballot: 

as,  the  ballotiufi  began  at  2  o'clock.- 2.  A  spe- 
cific instance  in  which  a  ballot  is  taken ;  a  vote. 
From  the  result  of  the  ballntinrix  yesterday,  I  deem  it 

highly  improbable  that  I  shall  receive  the  nomination. 

Budianaii,  in  Curtis,  ii.  2. 
ballotist  (bal'qt-ist),  n.    [<  hallof^  +  -ist.']  An 

advocate  of  voting  by  ballot, 
ballottade,  See  ballotade. 
ballottement  (ba-lot'ment),  n.    [F.,  a  tossing, 

<ballotter,  toss:  see  ballotade]    In  obstet.,  a 

method  of  testing  pregnancy. 
ballowH,  a.   [Appar.  <  ME.  balowe,  balwe,  balge, 

batgh,  round,  rounded,  smooth,  appar.  <  AS. 

bcvlg,  bwlig,  a  bag:  see  bellows  2im\'bellij.]  An 

epithet  of  uncertain  meaning,  in  the  following 

passage:    the  apparent   etymology  suggests 

'round,"pot-bellied.'         '  ^ 

The  ballow  nag  outstrips  the  winds  in  cliase. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  iii.  40.    (N.  E.  D.) 

ballow2  (bal'o),  n.  [Etym.  unknown.]  Nant., 
deep  water  inside  a  shoal  or  bar.  Smyth,  Sail- 
or's Word- Book.    (N.  E.  I).) 


<  OF.  hausine,  basme,  mod.  F.  baiimc  =  Pr'.  basme 
=  Sp.  hiilsiimo  =  Pg.  It.  halsamo,  <  L.  balsamnm, 
<Gr.  ,-i<j_/(ja//oj',  balsam:  see  ;;a/s«(».]  1.  An  oily, 
aromatic,  resinous  substance,  exuding  sponta- 
neously from  trees  of  the  genus  Balsamoden- 
dron ;  hence,  by  extension,  any  aromatic  or  odo- 
riferous exudation  from  trees  or  shrubs,  whether 
spontaneous  or  after  incision ;  balsam. 

And  sweetest  breath  of  wcjodland  balm. 

Wliillii'i-,  Flowers  in  Winter. 
2t.  An  aromatic  preparation  used  in  embalm- 
ing the  dead.  See  einbahii. —  3.  Any  aromatic 
or  fragrant  ointment,  whether  for  ceremonial 
or  for  medicinal  use,  as  for  healing  wounds  or 
soothing  pain.  (For  the  ecclesiastical  use,  see 
balsam.) 

Thy  place  is  till'd,  thy  sceptre  wrung  from  thee. 
Thy  halm  wasli'd  olf,  wherewith  thou  wast  anointed. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  i. 

4.  Aromatic  fragi-ance  ;  sweet  odor. —  5.  Any- 
thing which  heals,  soothes,  or  mitigates  pain. 

Sleep,  that  knits  up  the  ravell  d  sleave  of  care. 
The  death  c,f  each  day's  life,  sore  labour  s  bath. 
Balm  of  hurt  minds,  great  nature's  second  course. 

SItak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  2. 
Heal  the  wounded  spirit  with  the  balm 
Of  pity-  Bnjant,  Better  Age. 

6.  A  tree  that  yields  balm  ;  especially,  a  tree 
of  the  genus  Bahamodendron. —  7.  One  of  sev- 
eral aromatic  plants  of  the  natui-al  order  Lubi- 
atce,  particularly  plants  of  the  genus  Melissa. 
The  garden-  or  lemon-balm,  bee-balm,  or  balm-mint  is 
-V.  0J/ici)ialis.  Plants  of  otiier  genera  so  named  ai-e  the 
bastard  balm,  Melittis  melissnjiluilluui ;  the  bee-balm  of 
American  gardens.  Monarda  ilidiima  ;  the  horse-balm  Col- 
Ihnonia  Canadensis;  the  field-balm,  Xepeta  Catarki';  the 
Molucca  l>alin,  Moluccella  bcrls;  and  the  sweet  balm,  some- 
times called  balm  of  (iilead,  iJrnmcephalum  Canariense 
—  Abraham's-balm,  an  old  name  for  an  Italian  willow  — 
Balm  of  Gilead.  («)  Balm  or  balsam  of  Mecca,  orof  Syria, 
an  iileo  resni,  once  of  great  repute  and  still  esteemed  in 
the  East  tor  its  fragrance  and  medicinal  properties  Mi.ved 
with  oil,  it  constitutes  the  chrism  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church.  It  is  the  product  of  a  tree  or  shrub  Comiai- 
ptiora  (Balsamodendniii)  Opnbalsamum,  which  also  yields 
myrrh.  It  is  now  picduced,  s..  far  as  is  known,  only  in 
Arabia,  (b)  A  fragrant  lesin  from  South  America  .See 
carauna.  (c)  In  North  America,  the  balsam-poplar,  Pop- 
■Ulus  balsamifera,  the  buds  of  which  are  coated  in  spring 


mitigate;  assuage 

Oppressed  nature  sleeps :  — 
This  rest  might  yet  have  Imlm'd  thy  broken  senses. 

Sliak.,  Leiir,  iii.  6. 
[Obsolete  or  archaic  in  all  uses.] 
balmaiden  (bal'ma'Mn),  n.    [<  hal  ■¥  maiden.] 
A  girl  or  young  woman  employed  in  the  mines 
of  Cornwall,  England. 

Tlie  smock-frock  is  a  survival  of  a  ploughman's  dress, 
and  the  Cornish  miner  and  mine-girl  (or  balmaiden)  liave 
a  sort  of  peasant  dress.  A',  and  Q.,  IHh  ser.,  IX.  508. 

balm-cricket  (biim'krik'  et),  n.  [Earlier  baum- 
cricket,  appar.  a  half  translation  of  G.  bamn- 
grille,  tree-cricket,  <  baum,  a  tree  (z=E.  beam), 
+  grille,  a  cricket:  see  Gnjllus.]  The  field- 
cricket,  Grylhis  campeslris. 

The  balm-crirket  carols  clear 
In  the  green  that  folds  thy  grave. 

'reiini/siin,  A  Dirge. 

balmert  (ba'mer),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
embalms. 

Blood  must  be  my  body's  only  balmer, 
No  other  balm  will  there  be  given. 

Raleii/h,  The  Pilgrimage, 
balmify  (ba'mi-fi),      t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  balmi- 
fied,  ppr.  bulmifijing.   [<  balm  +  -i-fy :  see  -fy.] 
To  render  balmy.  [Rare.] 

The  fluiils  have  been  entirely  sweetened  and  balmified. 

G.  Clu'ijiie,  Eng.  Malady,  p!  300. 

balmily  (ba'mi-li),  adv.    In  a  balmy  manner, 
balminess  (bii'mi-nes),  n.    The  state  or  quality 

of  being  balmy, 
balm-mint  (bam'mint),  w.  Same  as  garden- 
balm.  (See  balm,  7. 
balmony  (bal'mo-ni),  n.  [Appar.  a  var.  of  bedd- 
money.]  A  name  sometimes  given  iu  the  United 
States  to  the  plant  suakehead,  Clielone  glabra. 
Balmoral  (bal-mor'al),  a.  or  n.  A  name  given 
(usually  with  a  capital  as  an  adjective  and  with- 
out as  a  noun)  to  various  articles  of  dress  pos- 
sessing unnsual  strength  and  weight,  iu  imi- 
tation of  the  materials  or  style  of  those  -worn 
out  of  doors  by  Queen  Victoria,  or  the  mem- 
bers of  her  family,  during  visits  to  the  royal 
residence  at  Balmoral,  in  Aberdeenshire,  Scot- 
land—  Balmoral  boots,  shoes  or  ankle-boots  that  lace 
up  in  front,  worn  by  both  men  and  women.  Also  called 
(vrt^/ziora^s.- Balmoral  petticoat,  a  woolen  petticoat, 
originally  red  with  Idack  stripes,  intended  to  ijc  displayed 
below  the  skirt  of  the  dress,  which  w  as  looped  up. 

balmy  (ba'mi),  a.    [<  balm  +  -//I.]    1.  Having 
the  qualities  of  balm ;  aromatic  ;  fragrant. 
O  balinii  breath,  that  doth  almost  persuade 
Justice  to  break  her  sword  !     Shah.,  Othello,  v.  2. 
And  I  would  be  the  necklace. 
And  all  daylong  to  fall  and  rise 

Upon  her  balmy  bos<mi. 
With  her  laughter  or  her  sighs. 

Teniiiisdii.  .Miller's  Daughter. 
2.  Producing  balm :  as,  "the  6c///h(/ tree,"  Pone, 
Windsor  Forest,  1.  30.— 3.  Soft;  soothing;  as- 
suaging ;  refreshing. 

Now  with  the  drops  of  this  most  balmn  time 
My  love  looks  fresh.  Shak.,  Sonnets,  cvii. 

Tired  nature's  sw^eet  restorer,  balmy  s\eep. 

Y naiit.  Night  Thoughts,  v.  1. 

4.  Of  healing  virtue ;  healing:  as,  balmy  medi- 
cines. 

balnea,  n.  Plural  of  balneum. 
balnealt  (bal'ue-al),  a.  [<  L.  balneum,  a  (warm) 
bath  (see  balneum),  -f  -al.  The  L.  adj.  is  bal- 
nearis  or  balnearius.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a 
bath:  as,  ''balneal  heat,"  Howell,  Letters,  I. 
vi.  35. 

balneary  (bal'ne-a-ri),  a  and  n.  [<  L.  bcdnea- 
r/^^.v,  pertaining  to  a  bath  (neut.  pi.  halnearia,  a 
bathing-room),  <  balneum,  a  bath :  see  balneum.] 
I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  baths  or  bathing. 

The  French  do  not  treat  their  beaches  as  we  do  ours  ~ 
as  places  for  a  glance,  a  dip,  or  a  trot,  places  animated 
simply  during  the  balneary  houi-s. 

//.  James,  Jr.,  Portraits  of  Places,  p.  142. 
II.  n. ;  pi.  balnearies  (-riz).    A  room  or  pro- 
vision of  any  kind  for  bathing. 


The  balnearies  and  bathing 
Sir 


-places. 

y.  Brvwne,  '.'ul;;.  Err.,  n.  7. 


balneation 


434 


balsamy 


balneationt  (bal-ne-a'shon),  n.    [<  ML.  balne- 
are,  pp.  bahiccitus,  bathe,  <  L.  haJneum,  a  bath: 
see  hulneum.'^    The  act  of  bathiug. 
Balneations,  washings,  and  fon\entations. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  ii.  6. 

balneatory  (bal'ue-a-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  habtea- 
toriiis,  <  hulnvator,  a  bath-keeper,  <  balneum,  a 
bath  :  see  babwi<m.~\  Of  or  pertaiuing  to  a  bath 
or  bath-keeper. 

All  the  refinements  of  the  antique  luilneatory  art. 

L.  Ileani,  tr.  of  Gautier's  Cleop.  Nights,  p.  45. 

balneot,  [For  bagnio,  after  L.  bahieum.l 
Same  as  bagnio,  1. 

Then  began  Christian  churches  ...  to  outshine  .  .  . 
the  Balneos  and  Theatres  of  free  Cities. 

Bp.  Gauden,  Tears  of  the  Church,  p.  351. 

balneography  (bal-nf-og'ra-li),  n.  [<  L.  bal- 
■ncum,  a  bath  (see  bulnoiiii),  -\-  Gr.  -ypaipia,  < 
yjid<pciv,  write.]  A  desoriptiou  of  baths.  Dun- 
glison. 

balneological  (bal-nf-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  balneology. 

balneology  (bal-ne-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  L.  balneum, 
abath,  -I-  Gr.  -7oyia,  Oiyeir,  speak:  seebahieum 
and  -ology.']  A  treatise  on  baths  or  bathing  ; 
the  use  of  baths  and  bathing  as  a  department 
of  therapeutics. 

Among  our  medical  schools  balneology  as  a  subject  of 
systematic  study  is  entirely  neglected. 

Harpers  Man.,  LXIX.  438. 

balneotherapeutics  (bar'ne-6-ther-a-pu'tiks), 
n.  [<  L.  balne urn,  hAi\\  (see  balneum),  +  thera- 
peutics.'] Balneotherapy. 

balneotherapia(bal'''ne-6-ther-a-pi'a),  ».  [NL., 

<  L.  balneum,  a  bath  (see  bahieum),  +  Gr.  O^pa- 
ireia,  medical  treatment :  see  therapeutic.']  Same 
as  balneotherapy. 

balneotherapy  (bal"ne-6-ther'a-pi),  n.  [Eng- 
lished from  balneotherapia.]  The  treatment  of 
disease  by  baths ;  water-eure. 

Balneotherapy,  or  bathing,  and  treatment  by  medica- 
ments. Sci.  Amer.  (N.  S.),  LIV.  4. 

balneum  (bal'ne-um),  n. ;  pi.  balnea  (-a).  [L., 
fuller  form  balineum,  <  Gr.  fla'Aavciov,  a  bath,  < 
^iaAavd'Civ,  bathe.  From  L.  balneum  come  bag- 
nio and  bain^,  q.  v.]  In  chem.,  a  vessel  filled 
with  water  or  sand,  in  which  another  vessel  is 
jilaced  to  be  heated  ;  a  bath.    See  bath^,  8. 

balolo  (ba-16'16),  n.  A  sea-worm  found  in  the 
South  Pacific  ocean.    See  palolo. 

The  balolo  is  a  small  sea-womi,  long  and  thin  as  ordi- 
nary vermicelli.  Some  are  fully  a  yanl  long,  others  about 
an  inch.  It  has  a  jointed  body  and  many  legs,  and  lives 
in  the  deep  sea. 

C.  F.  Gordon-Crimming,  At  Home  in  Fiji,  p.  66. 

balont,  balonet,  «.   See  balloon'^. 

balonea  (ba-16'ne-a),  M.  [See  rfltonm.]  A  name 
for  an  oak,  Quercu^  jEgilops,  large  quantities 
of  the  cups  of  which  are  exported  from  the 
Mediterranean  basin  for  tanners'  use.  See 
valonia. 

baloot,  interj.  and  n.    See  baloic. 

balotade,  n.   See  ballotade. 

balowt,  baloot,  interj.  and  n.  [Nurseiy  sylla- 
bles.] I.  interj.  An  utterance  used  in  lulling 
to  sleep. 

Hee  balou .'  my  sweet  wee  Donald.  Bums,  Song. 

II.  71.  1.  A  lullaby. —  2.  A  song  containing 
this  word.    N.  E.  D. 

bals.  An  abbreviation  of  the  Latin  balsamum, 
that  is,  balsam,  used  in  medical  prescriptions. 

balsa,  balza  (bal'sa,  -za),  n.  [<  Sp.  Pg.  balsa  (> 
F.  balse,  balzc),  <  Peruv.  balza,  a  kind  of  light 
porous  wood  used  in  Peru  for  constructing 
rafts.]  1.  The  native  name  of  the  Ochroma 
Lagopus,  a  bombaceous  tree  common  in  the 
forests  upon  the  coasts  of  tropical  America. 
The  wood  is  very  soft  and  light,  and  is  used  for  stopping 
bottleij,  as  well  as  in  the  construction  of  rafts  which  take 
its  name. 

2.  A  kind  of  raft  or  float  much  used  on  the 
west  coast  of  South  America  for  crossing  lakes 
or  rivers,  for  landing  through  the  surf,  and  by 

fishermen,  it  is  there  formed  of  two  inflated  cylinders 
of  seal-skin  or  bullock's  hide,  joined  by  a  sort  of  platfonn 
on  which  the  passengers  or  goods  are  placed.  In  the 
United  States  the  name  is  given  to  two  or  more  inflated 
cylinders  of  india-rubber,  or  long  casks  of  metal  or  wood, 
secured  together  in  pairs  by  a  framework,  and  used  as  a 
life-saving  raft  or  for  crossing  heavy  surf.  See  life-raft. 
balsam  (bal'sam),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bal- 
sem,  balsam,  balsome  (in  ME.  only  as  balm,  q.  v.), 

<  AS.  balsam,  balzam,  <  L.  balsamum,  <  Gr.  jia'A- 
ca/Mv,  the  resin  of  the  balsam-tree,  the  tree  it- 
self; BdAca/ioc,  a  balsam-tree;  prob.  of  Semitic 
ofigin:  se^  balm.]  1 .  An  oily,  aromatic,  resinous 
substance,  exuding  spontaneously  from  trees 
of  the  genus  Balsamodendron ;  hence,  by  ex- 
tension, any  aromatic  or  odoriferous  esiudation 


from  trees  or  shrubs,  whether  spontaneous  or 
after  ijicision  ;  balm.  A  great  variety  of  substances 
pass  under  this  name  ;  h\it  iu  chemistry  the  term  is  con- 
fined to  vegetiibli'  juices,  whether  they  remain  liquid  or 
spontaneously  lifcome  solid,  which  consist  of  resins  mixed 
with  gums  or  volatile  oils,  tlie  resins  being  produced  from 
the  oils  by  uxiilation.  A  balsam  is  thus  intermediate  be- 
tween a  volatile  oil  and  a  resin.  It  is  solul)le  in  alcohol 
and  ether,  and  capable  of  yielding  l)enzoic  acid.  The  bal- 
sams arc  eitlier  li(|uid  or  solid:  of  the  former  are  the  balm 
of  Uilead  and  the  balsams  of  copaiba,  Peru,  and  Tolu  (see 
below);  of  the  latter,  benzoin,  dragon's  blood,  and  storax. 
The  balsam  used  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in  the  con- 
fection of  chrism  is,  liy  the  rubrics,  that  of  Syria  or  ilccca  ; 
but,  from  difficulty  in  obtaining  this,  concessions  have  been 
made  by  the  popes  for  the  use  of  the  balsams  of  Brazil, 
Tolu,  Peru,  etc. 

Many  of  the  resins  occur  in  plants  dissolved  in  ethereal 
oils.  Should  the  vessels  which  contain  this  solution  be 
injured,  it  flows  out,  and  becomes  thick,  or  even  solid, 
on  exposure  to  the  air,  partly  from  evaporation  of  the 
solvent  oil,  and  partly  by  its  oxidation.  Such  mixtures 
of  oils  and  resins  are  termed  balsams. 

Strieker,  Organic  Chemistry,  p.  732. 

2t.  An  aromatic  preparation  used  for  embalm- 
ing the  dead. —  3.  Any  aromatic  fragrant  oint- 
ment, whether  for  ceremonial  or  for  medicinal 
use,  as  for  healing  wounds  or  soothing  pain. — 
4.  Figuratively,  any  healing  or  soothing  agent 
or  agency. 

Is  this  the  balsam  that  the  usuring  senate 
Pom's  into  captains'  wounds'?   Shalc.T.  of  A.,  iii.  5. 
Wasnot  the  people's  blessing  ...  a  balsam  to  thy  blood'? 

Tenni/soii,  Becket,  1.  24. 

5+.  In  alchemy,  a  healthful  preservative  essence, 
of  oily  penetrative  natm'e,  conceived  by  Para- 
celsus to  exist  in  all  organic  bodies.  N.  E.  D. — 

6.  A  tree  yielding  an  aromatic,  oily  resin.  lu 

the  United  States  the  name  is  often  applied  generally  to 
the  firs  (species  of  Abies),  and  sometimes  ignorantly  to  the 
spruces  also.    See  balsam-tree. 

7.  The  Impatiensbalsamina,  a  familiar  flowering 
annual,  of  Eastern  origin,  cultivated  in  many 


Flowering  bmnch  of  Balsam  {impaiims/Utva). 
(From  Gray's  "  Genera  of  the  Plants  of  the  United  States.") 


varieties,  often  called  garden-balsam,  and  in  the 
United  States  lady's-slipper;  also,  the  native  Eu- 
ropean species,  I.Noli-me-tangere,  andthe  Amer- 
ican/./wtea.    See  I mpatiens  SuuA  jewel-weed. 

In  medical  prescriptions  abbreviated  to  bals. 
Balsam  of  Mecca,  balm  of  Giiead.  See  ;;ai»«.— Balsam 

of  Peru,  the  product  of  Myroxylun  Percirce,  a  leguminous 
tree  of  San  Salvador.  It  is  einployed  in  perfumery  and 
the  manufacture  of  soaps,  and  in  medicine  as  a  stimulat- 
ing ointment  and  for  the  relief  of  asthma  and  coughs.— 
Balsam  of  Saturn,  a  solution  of  lead  acetate  in  turpen- 
tine, concentrated  by  evaporation  and  mixed  with  cam- 
phor, formerly  used  to  hasten  the  cicatrization  of  wounds. 
—  Balsam  of  Tolu  (from  Tolu,  a  seaport  in  the  United 
States  of  Colombia),  a  product  of  Myroxylon  Toluifera  of 
Venezuela  and  the  United  States  of  Colombia,  a  species 
closely  allied  to  M.  Pereirce  (see  above)  It  has  an  agree- 
able flavor,  and  is  used  in  medicine  as  an  expectorant  and 
stimulant,  though  its  properties  are  not  iniiiortant, — 
Brazilian  balsam,  the  product  of  MyriLriilmi  jinuifeniin. 
It  closely  resembles  balsam  of  Peru. — Broad-leafed  bal- 
sam, of  the  West  Indies,  a  small  tree  belonging  to  the 
natural  order  Araliaceoe,  Sciadophyllum  capitatum,  yield- 
ing an  aromatic  balsam,  which  is  derived  chiefly  from  the 
berries.— Canada  balsam,  a  transparent  liquid  resin  or 
turpentine  oljtained  by  puncturing  the  vesicles  which  form 
under  the  bark  of  the  lialsam-fir,  Abies  balsamea  of  North 
America.  It  is  much  valued  for  mounting  objects  for  the 
microscope,  as  it  remains  permanently  transparent,  and 
it  is  also  used  in  making  vai'nish.  The  principal  supply  is 
from  Canada.  Other  forms  of  turpentine  from  European 
coniferous  trees  are  sometimes  called  balsams. — Copalm 
balsam,  a  balsam  obtained  from  the  sweet-gum,  Liquid- 
ambar  Styracijlua,  very  similar  to  storax  and  used  for 
similar  purposes. — YellOW  balsam,  of  Jamaica,  Croton 
Jlavens,  an  aromatic  euphorbiaceous  shrub,  covered  with  a 
yellow  wool.  (For  other  kinds  of  balsam,  see  acouchi-resin, 
enjiaiba,  yurjun,  and  layam.) 

balsam  (bal'sam),  v.  t.  [<  balsam,  n.  Of.  ML. 
balsamare.]  1 .  To  apply  balsam  or  balm  to ; 
anoint  with  balm  or  balsam. 

The  gifts  of  our  young  and  flourishing  age  are  very 
sweet  wheu  they  are  balsamed  with  discretion. 

£p.  Hacket,  Abp.  Williama,  i.  57. 


2.  To  embalm.  [Rare.] 

We  had  him  balsamed  and  sent  home. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  222 

balsam-apple  (biirsam-ap'''l),  n.  An  annual 
eucurbitaeeous  plant  of  tropical  regions,  Mo- 
mordica  Balsamina,  bearing  a  small  warty  fruit 
of  a  red  or  orange  color.   p,oth  the  fruit  and  the 

root  .are  actively  purgative.  —  'Wild  balsam-apple,  of  tlui 
United  States,  an  aniuuil  vine,  Jieliiiiveyslis  lobata,  of  tlu' 
order  Cueurbitaeece.,  bearing  numerous  white  flowers  anti 
a  fibrous  fruit  opening  at  the  summit. 

balsamation  (bal-sa-ma'shon),  n.  [<  ML.  bal- 
samaiio{H-),  <  balsamare,  pp.  balsamatus,  to  bal- 
sam, <  L.  balsamum,  balsam.]  The  act  of  ren- 
dering balsamic.  [Rare.] 

balsam-bog  (bal'sam-bog),  n.  A  curious  um- 
belliferous j)lant  of  the  Falkland  islands,  form- 
ing hard  hemispherical  hillocks  often  from  2 
to  4  feet  iu  height.  It  yields  a  gum  which  has 
been  used  in  medicine. 

balsam-herb  (bal'sam-erb),  n.  A  name  given 
in  Jamaica  to  Dianthera  reptans,  an  acantha- 
eeous  plant. 

balsamic  (bal-  or  bal-sam'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  bal- 
sam +  -ic]  I.  a.  1.  Pertainingto  or  of  the  na- 
ture of  balsam :  &s,  balsamic  juiees. —  2.  Yield- 
ing balsam:  as,  balsamic  -pine. —  3.  Having  the 
fragrance  of  balsam  ;  aromatic  ;  balmy. 

The  new-leaved  butternut 
And  quivering  poplar  to  the  roving  breeze 
Gave  a  balsamic  fragrance. 

Bryant,  Old  Man's  Counsel. 
4.  Ha'ving  the  healing  or  soothing  qiialities  of 
balsam ;  healing ;  soothing ;  mild :  as,  balsamic 
remedies. —  Sf.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  balsam 
of  the  alchemists.    See  balsam,  5. 

II.  w.  Any  warm,  stimulating,  demulcent 
medicine,  of  a  smooth  and  oily  consistence, 
balsamicalf  (bal-  or  bal-sam'i-kal),  a.    Same  as 
balsamic. 
The  balsamical  humour  of  my  blood. 

St')'  M.  Hale,  Orig.  of  Mankind,  i.  1. 

balsamically  (bal-  or  bal-sam'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
a  balsamic  manner ;  as  a  balsam. 

balsamiferous  (bal-  or  bal-sa-mif 'e-rus),  a. 
[<  L.  balsamum,  balsam,  +  fcri-c  =  fi.  bear'^.] 
Producing  balm  or  balsam :  said  of  those  trees 
and  shrubs  which  yield  balsam. 

balsamina  (bal-sa-mi'na),  n.  [NL. :  see  bal- 
samine.]    Same  as  balsamine. 

balsamine  (bal'sam-in),  n.  [<  r.  balsamine  = 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  balsamina,  <  NL.  balsamina  (<  Gr. 
PaXaa/iiv!/),  balsam-plant,  prop.  fern,  of  L.  balsa- 
minus,  <  Gr.  *liaXad/iivoc,  pertaining  to  balsam, 

<  (idAaa/iov,  balsam.]  A  name  given  to  the 
garden-balsam  and  to  some  other  species  of 
the  genus  Impaticns  (which  see). 

balsamitict  (bal-sa-mit'ik),  a.  [<  ML.  *balsa- 
mificus  (cf.  ML.  bdlsamaticus),  <  L.  balsamum.] 
Balsamic. 

balsamito  (bal-sa-me'to),  n,.  [In  form  Sp.  or 
Pg. ;  cf.  Sp.  balsdmita  (=  Pg.  balsamita),  tansy, 

<  bdlsamo,  balsam:  see  balm.]  A  liquid  having 
a  bitter  taste,  the  odor  of  the  Tonquin  bean,  apd 
a  light  sherry-color,  produced  by  digesting  the 
fruit  of  the  balsam  of  Peru  in  rum.  it  is  used  as 
a  medicine,  and  also  as  an  application  to  sloughing  sores, 
especially  to  those  caused  by  the  chigoe. 

balsamize  (bal'sam-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  6ai- 

samized,  ppr.  balsamizing.    [<  balsam  +  -ize.] 

To  render  balsamic, 
balsamous  (bal'sam-us),  a.  [<  balsam  -f  -oiis.] 

Having  the  qualities  of  balsam ;  abounding  in 

balsam;  consisting  of  balsam. 

Now  the  radical  moisture  is  not  the  tallow  or  fat  of  ani- 
mals, but  an  oily  and  balsamous  substance. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  v.  36. 
balsam-root  (bal'sam-rot),  n.  A  name  given 
in  California  to  species  of  Balsamorrhiza,  a  ge- 
nus of  low,  coarse,  perennial  composite  plants, 
allied  to  the  sunflower.  They  have  deep  thick  roots 
which  contain  a  terel)inthinate  balsam.  These  roots  are 
eaten  by  the  natives  after  being  peeled  and  baked. 

balsam-tree  (bal'sam-tre),  n.  A  name  given 
to  many  of  the  balsam-bearing  trees  of  the 
tropics  (see  balsam),  and  to  the  mastic-tree, 
Pistacia  LentisCUS.  in  North  America  it  is  applied 
to  Populus  balsamifera,  and  on  the  western  coast  to  P. 
trichocarpa.  It  is  also  given  especially  to  the  balsam- 
bearing  conifers,  Abies  balsamea  and  A.  Fraseri  in  the 
east  (the  latter  tree  being  distinguished  as  the  she-balsam), 
and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  westward  to  A.  concolor 
and  A.  subalpina.  The  balsam-tree  or  balsam-fig  of  Ja- 
maica is  the  Clusia  rosea. 

balsam-'Weed  (bal'sam- wed),  n.  A  name  of  the 
common  everlastings  of  the  United  States, 
Gnaphalium  decurrens  and  G.  polyccphalum. 
They  are  also  called  sweet  balsam,  on  account 
of  their  balsamic  fragrance. 

balsamy  (bal'sam-i),  a.  [<  balsam  -t-  -yi.] 
Balsam-like;  balmy. 


baltei 

baltei,  n.  Plural  of  balteus. 
baiter,  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  baulter,  hotter  (in 
hlood-boltercd,  q.  v.),  now  only  dial,  hauter,  < 
ME.  haltercii,  prob.  of  Seand.  origin;  cf.  Dan. 
baltre,  var.  of  boltre,  roll,  tumble,  gambol.]  I, 
intrans.  If.  To  tumble;  dauce  clumsily. 
So  blythe  of  liis  woclbyne  he  balteres  thei-  vnde[r]. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  iii.  459. 

2.  To  become  tangled  or  matted.   [Prov.  Eng.] 

It  [a  goafs  l)eard]  haltereth  ami  clutteretli  into  knots 
and  balls.  Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xii.  17.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

II.  trans.  1.  To  tread  down  in  a  clumsy  man- 
ner. [Prov.  Eng.]  — 2t.  To  tangle;  clot;  mat, 
as  the  hair. 

balteus  (bal'te-us),  n.;  pi.  baltei  (-i).  [L.,  a 
belt :  according  to  Varro,  a  Tuscan  word,  but 
perhaps  of  Celtic  origin:  see  belt.']  1.  In  Mo- 
man  antiq.,  a  belt :  either  a  girdle,  or  a  baldric 
worn  over  the  shoulder  to  support  a  sword, 
shield,  or  quiver.— 2.  In  arch.:  (a)  A  band 
perpendicular  to  the  axis  in  the  lateral  part  of 
the  volute  of  an  Ionic  pulvinated  capital.  (6) 
One  of  the  passages  dividing  the  auditorium 
of  ancient  Roman  theaters  and  amphitheaters 
horizontally  into  upper  and  lower  zones,  and 
affording  access  to  the  different  eunei,  or  wedge- 
shaped  divisions  of  the  auditorium,  without  dis- 
turbing persons  occupying  seats.  Such  a  pas- 
sage had  usually  the  form  of  a  wide  step. 

Baltic  (bal'tik),  a.  [<  NL.  Balticus,  prob.  < 
Lith.  baltas,  white,  balti,  be  white.]  Appella- 
tive of  or  pertaining  to  the  sea  which  separates 
Sweden  from  Denmark,  Germany,  afid  Russia; 
situated  on  or  bordering  the  Baltic  sea :  as,  the 
Baltic  islands  ;  the  Baltic  coasts. 

Baltimore  bird,  oriole.   See  oriole. 

baltimorite  (bal'ti-mor-it),  n.  [<  Baltimore,  the 
chief  city  in  Maryland,  +  -2fc2.]  A  variety  of 
serpentine  from  Bare  Hills,  Maryland. 

balu  (ba'lo),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  kind  of  wild- 
cat, Felis  sumatrana,  native  in  Sumatra. 

Baluchi  (ba-lo'che),  n.  [Pers.  Baluchi,  Belu- 
chi.']  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Balu- 
chistan, a  coimtry  lying  to  the  east  of  Persia 
and  between  Afghanistan  and  the  Arabian  sea ; 
specifically,  a  member  of  one  of  the  tribes  of 
Baluchistan,  a  distinct  race  from  the  present 
dominant  tribe,  the  Brahoes.— 2.  The  language 
spoken  by  the  Baluchis  and  bv  over  300,000 

British  subjects  inhabiting  Sind  and  the  Pan- 

]ab.  It  belongs  to  the  Iranic  branch  of  the  Aryan  family 
of  languages.  It  lias  no  literature  and  written  characters 
of  its  own,  Arabic  characters  having  been  used  for  sueli 
worlis  in  Baluchi  as  have  recently  appeared. 

Also  written  Beloochee  and  Beloocli. 
baluster  (bal'us-ter),  n.  [Also  balluster,  ballis- 
ter  (and  corruptly  bannister,  banister,  q.  v.), 
formerly  also  ballester;  <  F.  balustre,  <  It.  ba- 
laustro  (=  Sp.  Pg.  balaustre),  a  baluster,  small 
pillar,  so  called  from  a  fancied  resemblance  to 
the  flower  of  the  wild  pomegi-anate,  <  balausto, 
balausta,^  balaustra  =  Sp.  balaustra,  balavstria 
=  Pg.  balaustia  =  F.  balanste,  formerly  also  ba- 
lustre, <  L.  balaustium,  <  Gr.  fia?iavaTtov,  the 
flower  of  the  wild  pomegranate -tree.  Cf.  Ba- 
laustion.']  1.  In  arch,  and  building,  a  small 
upright  member  made  in  a  great  variety  of 


435 

At  the  bottom  is  a  parterre ;  the  upper  terrace  neere 
half  a  myle  in  length,  w'i>  double  declivities,  arclied  and 
baluster'd  w'b  stone,  of  vast  and  royal  cost. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Feb.  27,  1U44. 
baluster-shaft  (bal'us-ter-shaft),  n.    A  form 
of  pillar  occurring  in  so-called  Anglo-Saxon 
architecture,  and 
in  work  influenced 
by  it  as  late  as  the 
twelfth  century. 
It  serves  especially  as 
a  separation  of  win- 
dow-lights and  other 
openings,  and  is  named 
from  its  rude  resem- 
blance in  shape  to  a 
lialuster  of  the  conven- 
tional type. 

baluster-stem 

(bal'us-ter  -  stem), 
n.  The  stem  of  a 
goblet,  chalice,  or 

other  similar  vessel  when  of  the  bulging  shape 
characteristic  of  a  baluster, 
balustrade  (bal-us-trad'j,  «.  [<  F.  balustrade,  < 
It.  balaustrata  (=  Sp.  Pg.  balaustrada),  a  balus- 
trade, prop,  adj.  fem.,  furnished  with  balusters, 
<  balaustra,  a  baluster.]  In  arch.,  strictly,  a 
barrier  or  railing  consisting  of  a  horizontal 


Baluster-shafts. 
St.  Albans  Cathedral,  England. 


Balustrade.— From  the  Villa  d'Este.  Tivoli.  Italy. 


B 

Balusters. 

^,  from  church  of  Santa  Triniti  del  Monte,  Rome ;  B,  from  Duloit- 
stairs,  Duomo  of  Siena:  C  (bronze),  from  Casa  de  Pilatos,  Seville. 

forms,  but  typically  strongly  swelled  outward 
at  some  point  between  the  base  and  the  top  or 
capital,  and  commonly  vase-  or  urn-shaped, 
used  in  series  to  support  the  rail  of  a  railing  or 
balustrade.  The  baluster,  as  distinguished  from  a  small 
column  serving  the  same  purpose,  originated  in  the  archi- 
tecture of  the  Renaissance.    Now  often  called  banister. 

a.  In  arch.,  the  lateral  part  of  the  volute  of  the 
Ionic  capital.    Also  bolster. 
balustered  (bal'us-terd),  a.  [<  baluster  +  -ed2.] 
Furnished  with  balusters. 


member  resting  on  a  series  of  balusters ;  but, 
commonly,  an  ornamental  railing  or  pierced 
parapet  of  any  kind,  whether  serving  as  a  bar- 
rier or  merely  as  a  decorative  feature,  and 
whether  composed  of  balusters  or  not. 

Broad-basfed  flights  of  marble  stairs 
Ran  up  with  golden  balustrade. 

Tennyson,  Arabian  Nights. 

balustraded  (bal-us-tra'ded),  a.  [<  balustrade 
+  -erf2.]  Furnished  with  a  balustrade  or  bal- 
ustrades. 

I  like  the  balustraded  terraces,  the  sun-proof  laurel 
walks,  the  vases  and  statues. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  321. 
balustrading  (bal  -  us  -  tra '  ding) ,  »j.    [  <  balus- 
trade     -ing'^.']    A  balustrade  or  balustrades; 
balustrade-work. 

The  upper  [floor]  was  terraced  and  defended  by  strong 
balustrading.  L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  92. 

balysaur,  n.    See  balisaur. 
balza,  n.    See  balsa. 

balzant,  «•  [F.,  <  It.  balzano,  white-footed, 
white-spotted,  =  OF.  bausan,  bnvsant :  see  bau- 
sond,  bauson.]  A  horse  having  four  white  feet, 
balzarine  (bal-za-ren'),  ».  [Origin  obscure.] 
A  light  mixed  fabric  of  cotton  and  wool  for 
women's  dresses,  commonly  used  for  summer 
gowns  before  the  introduction  of  barege, 
bam  (bam),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  bammed,  ppr. 
bamming.  [A  slang  word,  formerly  also  hamb, 
either  an  abbr.,  or  the  source  of  the  first  syl- 
lable, of  bamboozle,  q.  v.]  I.  trans.  To  bam- 
boozle; cheat;  hoax;  wheedle.  [Slang.] 

This  is  some  conspiracy,  I  suppose,  to  bam,  to  chouse 
me  out  of  ray  money.  Foote. 

II.  intrans.  To  practise  hoaxing  or  imposi- 
tion. [Slang.] 
bam  (bam),  n.    [<  bam,  v.]    A  cheat;  a  hoax; 
an  imposition.  [Slang.] 
It  was  all  a  bam,  madam,  a  scene  we  thought  proper  to 

A.  Murphy. 

To  relieve  the  tedium  he  kept  plying  them  with  all 
manner  of  bams.  ^yilson 
bamalip  (bam'a-lip),  n.  [An  artificial  term.] 
In  logic,  a  mnemonic  word  denoting  a  mood  of 
the  fourth  figure,  containing  syllogisms  with 
universal  affirmative  premises  and  a  particular 
aflarmative  conclusion :  as,  All  greyhounds  are 
dogs ;  but  all  dogs  are  quadi-upeds ;  therefore, 
some  quadrupeds  are  gi-eyhounds.  six  of  the 
seven  letters  composing  the  word  are  significant.  B  shows 
that  the  mood  is  to  be  reduced  to  barbara  (which  see)  •  a 
that  the  major  premise  is  a  universal  affirmative  •  m  that 
the  premises  are  to  be  transposed  in  reducing  it  to  tlie 
first  figure ;  a,  that  the  minor  premise  is  a  universal  af- 


bamboo-brier 

flrmativc ;  i,  that  the  conclusion  is  a  particular  affirmative ; 
and  p,  tliat  tlie  oon(du.sion  of  barbara  liiin  in  tlic  reduction 
to  be  converted  per  accidens  to  give  tlie  oonclu.sion  of 
bamalip.  Tliis  mood  was  originally  callc<l  Itaralipton  by 
Petrus  Hispaims.  English  higicians  more  coinmoiily  call 
tlie  mood  bramantip,  in  order  to  make  the  lie.vameter 

Braniantip,  oanienes,  dimaris,  fcsapo,  fresison. 
.See  mood. 

bamalipton  (bam-a-lip'ton),  n.  [An  artificial 
term.]  A  mood  of  syllogism,  differing  from 
baralipton  only  in  having  the  names  of  the  ma- 
jor and  minor  jn-emises  transposed.  The  name 
was  invented  by  Jodoc  Ti  utfeder  of  Eisenach,  a  teacher  of 
Luther,  wlio  died  in  1519. 
bambara  (bam'ba-rii),  n.  [An  artificial  tei-m.] 
A  mood  of  syllogism,  differing  from  barbara 
only  in  having  the  names  of  the  major  and 
minor  premises  transposed.  The  name  was  in- 
vented by  Jodoc  Trutfedor.  See  bamalipton. 
bambino  (bam-be'no),  M. ;  pi.  bambini  (-ne). 
[It.,  a  child,  dim.  of  bambo,  childisli,  simple; 
cf.  bimbo,  a  child,  Sp.  bambarria,  a  child,  a 
foolish  man,  Austrian  bam.s,  child.  Prob.  of 
imitative  origin,  and  so  far  related  to  Gr.  fla/x- 
jiaivnv,  chatter  with  the  teeth,  also  stammer; 
Pa/jpaKl'Ceiv,  [iafijiaVvl^Eiv,  pa/ijia/.i^eiv,  stammer. 
Cf.  babble.]  A  child  or  baby ;  specifically,  a 
figm-e  of  the  Child  Jesus.  It  is  commonly  repre- 
sented as  in  the  manger  at 
Bethleliem,  and  is  e.xposed 
in  many  Roman  C'atliolic 
churches  tlirougliout  the 
world  from  Cliristmas  to 
Epiphany,  the  effect  being 
often  heiglitened  by  figures 
of  angels,  of  the  shepherds, 
of  tlie  JIagi,  etc.  Tlie  whole 
together  is  commonly  call- 
ed in  English  the  crib.  As 
a  subject  of  popular  devo- 
tion, it  owes  its  origin  to 
St.  Francis  of  Assisi  in  the 
early  part  of  tlie  tliirteeiitli 
century.  The  famous  bam- 
bino in  the  church  of  Ara 
Cceli  at  Rome  is  of  olive- 
wood,  and  was  made  in  Pal- 
estine by  a  Franciscan  lay 
brother  some  time  before 
the  seventeenth  centuiy ; 
it  is  in  repute  for  miracu- 
lous healing,  and  has  been 
riclily  decorated  by  tlie 
faithful.  In  tlie  fine  arts 
this  suliject  has  lieen  often 
treated,  notably  in  the 
glazed  terra-cotta  reliefs  of 
Luca  della  Roljbia. 

bambocciade  (bam-boeh-i-ad'),  n.  [Also  bam- 
bocciate,  and  bambocciata  (attev  It.);  <  F.  bam- 
bochade,  <  It.  bambocciata,  grotesque  painting, 
caricature,  <  bamboccio,  a  little  child,  piq^pet, 
simpleton  (like  bambino,  a  dim.  of  bambo,  child- 
ish, simple :  see  bambino) ;  said  to  have  been  a 
nickname  given  to  Pieter  van  Laer  (17th  cen- 
tury), a  painter  of  such  scenes.]  In  painting, 
a  grotesque  scene  from  common  life,  as  rustic 
games,  a  village  festival,  rollicking  peasants 
di'inking  and  smoking,  and  kindred  subjects. 
Teniers  is  the  great  master  of  this  style,  and  in  British  art 
^\  ilkie  is  proliably  its  best  representative. 

bamboo  (bam-bd'),  n.  [Also  bambu,  and  for- 
merly also  bambou,  bambow,  bambo,  and  (after 
D.)  bamboiise,  bambus;  =  D.  bambocs  =  G.  Dan. 
bambus  =  Sw.  bambu  =  Pol.  Boheni.  bambus  = 
Euss.  bambuku  =  F.  bambou  =  Sp.  bambu  =  Pg. 
bambil  (first  recorded  as  mambu)  =  It.  bambu 
(NL.  bambusa) ;  from  the  native  E.  Ind.  name, 
Malay  and  Jav.  bambu,  Canaresebanbu  ovbamcu. 
The  orig.  language  is  uncertain.]  1.  (a)  The 
common  name  of  the  arborescent  grasses  be- 
longing to  the  genus  Bambusa  (which  see)  and 
its  allies,  (b)  In  the  West  Indies,  a  tall  climb- 
ing gi-ass  of  the  genus  Panicum,  P.  divariea- 
tum.  (c)  In  Queensland,  a  coarse  grass,  Stipa 
micrantha.—  2.  A  stick  or  cane  from  the  stem 
of  the  bamboo. —  3.  In  poffcn/,  a  name  given  to 
a  caue-eolored  biscuit  made"  by  Wedgwood. — 
4.  An  Eastern  measure  of  length,  equal  in 
Pondieherry  to  Sf  meters.— 5.  In  Sumatra,  a 
measure  of  capacity :  in  Bencoolen,  equal  to  the 
United  States  (Winchester)  gallon ;  in  Achin, 

to  5  pints — Bamboo  books,  a  collection  of  ancient 
Cliinese  writings,  chiefly  historical,  said  to  have  been  dis- 
covered 111  the  tomb  of  a  prince  of  Wei,  A.  D.  279.  The 
writings  were  engraved  on  slips  of  bamboo,  as  was  cus- 
tomary in  Cliina  before  tlie  invention  of  paper.— Sacred 
bambpo,  the  Xaudina  doiiiestica,  a  handsome  evergreen 
berberidaceous  shrub,  bearing  red  beri'ies,  and  extensively 
cultivated  in  China  and  Japan.  It  is  cliiefly  used  for  dec- 
oration. 

bamboo  (bam-bo'),  V-  t.  [<  bamboo,  n.]  To 
beat  with  a  bamboo  ;  punish  by  flogging  with 
a  smooth  lath  of  bamboo  ;  bastinado, 
bamboo-brier  (bam-bo'bri'er),  n.  The  green- 
brier  of  the  United  States,  Smilax  rotundifolia, 
a  taU  thorny  climber. 


Bambino,  Church  of  Ara  Coeli, 
Rome. 


bamboo-partridge 

bamboo-partridge  (baiu-l)o'piir"trij),  «.  A 
member  of  the  gemis  Bamhusicola. 

bamboo-rat  (bam-Lo'rat),  n.  A  species  of  ro- 
dent auimal  of  the  size  of  a  rabbit,  belouging 
to  the  genus  rjuzonnjs,  foTind  in  Mabxeca. 

bamboozle  (bam-bo'zl),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ham- 
hooded,  ppr.  hamhoozling.  [Mentioned  by  Swift 
in  1710  among  "  certain  words  invented  by  some 
prettyfellows,  such  as  banter,  humhoodc,  country 
put,.  .  .  some  of  which  are  now  struggling  for 
the  vogue''  (Tatler,  No.  230);  appar.  a  slang 
word,  of  no  detmite  origin,  connected  with 
(prob.  abbreviated  to)  banib,  ham,  which  ap- 
pears a  little  later:  see  ham.  Cf.  Sc.  bombaze, 
iumbacc,  confuse,  stujicfy,  hazed,  based,  basit, 
confused,  stupid.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  hoax;  de- 
ceive ;  trick ;  impose  upon. 

All  the  people  upon  earth,  excepting  these  two  or  three 
worthy  gentlemen,  ai-e  imposed  upon,  cheated,  bnhbled, 
abused,  batnboozli'd  !  Addison,  Drummer,  i.  1. 

Americans  are  neither  to  be  dragooned  nor  hnmhoozlcd 
out  of  theil'  liberty.  Franklin,  Life,  p.  514. 

It's  supposed  by  this  trick 
He  bamboozled  Old  IS'icli. 

Barhani,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  203. 

2.  To  perplex ;  mystify. 

II.  intra  ns.  To  use  trickery ;  practise  cheating, 
bamboozler  (bam-bo'zler),  n.    One  who  bam- 
boozles ;  a  cheat ;  one  who  plays  tricks  upon 
another. 

There  are  a  set  of  feUows  they  call  banterers  and  bam- 
boozlers,  that  play  such  tricks. 

Arbuthnot,  John  Bull  (1755),  p.  58. 

bambosh  (bam'bosh),  n.  [<  bam  +  bosh,  prob. 
with  ref.  to  bamboozle.']  Humbug.  [Slang.] 
N.  E.  I). 

bamboula  (bam-bo'la),  n.  [Creole  F.,  <  F. 
hamhou,  bamboo.]  1'.  A  small  tb-um  consist- 
ing of  a  section  of  bamboo  covered  at  one  end 
with  sheepskin,  formerly  in  use  among  slaves 
in  Louisiana. —  2.  A  dance  performed  to  the 
accompaniment  of  such  a  drum. 
Bambusa  (bam-bu'sij),  n.  [NL.,  through  D. 
hamboes,  G.  hamhus,  etc.,  <  E.  Ind.  bambu:  see 
lamhoo.]  A  genus  of  arborescent  grasses,  of 
the  tribe  Bambusiw  (which  see),  of  about  25  well- 
known  species, 
natives  of  south- 
em  and  eastern 
Asia,  one  species 
only  being  cos- 
mopolitan. This 
species,  tlie  common 
bamboo,  B.  vul- 
rjans,  is  nowhere 
known  as  indige- 
nous, but  is  natural- 
ized in  many  jilaces, 
and  is  cultivateil 
extensively  in  the 
old  world,  the  ^\■est 
Indies,  and  South 
America.  Some  of 
the  species  are  spi- 
nose  at  the  joints, 
others  are  climbers. 
The  stems  attain  a 
height  of  20,  50,  or 
even  120  feet,  witli 
A//!  1  i-r  li'WSHKP'I'ff'hliM  ^  diameter,  in  the 
r  la  I  f  i  KMiPi  M/MM  U  larger  species,  of 
/  \f  I  JaMillfflpHIsi—    f™'"  *  to  8  inches. . 

I  !  I  |fl^A*3SS<^«s8t»?--  xhe  uses  that  are 
'  ^<  '  ^  made  of  the  stems 

and  leaves  of  the 
various  species  of 
bamboo  in  the  East 
Indies  and  eastern 
Asia  are  Innumerable.  Houses  and  their  furniture,  tlie 
masts,  sails,  and  rigging  of  ships,  rafts,  ))ridges,  fences, 
carts,  palanipiins,  water-pipes,  cordage,  paijer,  lioxes,  lias- 
kets,  mats,  pipe-stems,  and  in  fact  nearly  all  in  tit  les  of  or- 
dinary use,  are  made  entirely  or  in  part  from  this  material. 
The  seeds  and  young  shoots  are  used  as  food,  and  the  leaves 
furnish  fodiler  for  cattle. 

bambusaceous  (bam-bu-sa'shius),  a.  [<  Bam- 
busa +  -aceous.']  Resembling  the  bamboo ;  be- 
longing to  the  gramineous  tribe  Bambusece. 

Bambusese(bam-bTi'se-e),  7i.2>l.  [NL.,<  Bambu- 
sa +  -efB.]  A  tribe  of  grasses,  of  great  economic 
importance,  including  nearly  200  species  in 
about  20  genera,  of  which  Bambusa  (which  see) 

may  be  considered  the  type.  They  are  mostly  con- 
fined to  the  warmer  regions  of  tlie  globe,  though  some  are 
there  found  at  an  altitude  of  from  10,000to  15,000  feet  above 
the  sea.  They  are  gregarious  in  habit,  and  have  woody, 
tall,  and  often  arborescent  stems,  liollow  between  the 
joints,  the  taller  species  reaching  an  extreme  height  of  120 
feet,  with  a  diameter  of  6  or  8  inches.  Most  of  tlie  species 
flower  but  rarely,  but  the  flowering  of  any  species,  when 
it  occurs,  is  usually  general,  and  the  consequent  harvest 
of  seed  has  at  times  prevented  famine  in  India.  The 
bamboos  of  tropical  America  belong  to  several  genera 
(chiefly  Arthroslyluliuin,  Chusquea,  and  Ouadua),  some 
species  attaining  nearly  the  size  of  those  of  the  old  world, 
the  genus  ftiMrfwa  scarcely  differing  from  Bambusa.  .Sev- 
eral of  the  Indian  genera  are  ben-y-bearing,  the  species 
moat  remarkable  in  this  respect  being  Melocanna  bambu- 


436 


Clump  of  Gi.int  B:iniboo  i^De^tdrocaL 


gigaiiteiis). 


I,  Bamboo  [Bantbitsa  vulgaris),  show- 
ing its  mode  of  growth  ;  2,  flowers,  leaves, 
and  stem  on  a  larger  scale. 


soides.  which  produces  an  edible,  fleshy,  pear-shaped  fruit 
from  3  to  5  inches  long.  The  same  species,  as  also  some 
others,  yields  the  taliashcer  twhich  see),  a  secretion  in  the 
joints,  mainly  silieious,  which  is  used  as  a  medicine. 

Bambusicola  (bam-bu-sik'o-la),  w.  [NL.,  < 
bambusa,  bamboo,  -f  L.  colerc,  inhabit.]  A  ge- 
nus of  gallinaceous  birds  of  Asia,  the  bamboo- 
partridges.  B.  thorncica  is  a  Chinese  species ; 
B.  sonorirox  is  found  in  Formosa. 

bambusicoline  (bam-bu-sik'o-lin),  a.  [<  NL. 
bainhusicolinus,  <  bambusa,  bamboo,  -t-  Ti.coJcre, 
inhabit:  see  -?«el.]  Inhabiting  cane-brakes; 
living  in  bamboo-grass:  said  of  sundry  animals, 
as  certain  partridges,  rats,  etc. 

bamia  (ba'mi-a),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family  Silu- 
rida;  taken  in" the  Bed  Sea.  In  a  dried  state 
it  is  much  used  as  food  by  sailors. 

bamlite  (bam'lit),  v.  [<  Bainle  +  -t;ei.]  A  va- 
riety of  fibrolito  from  Bamle,  Norway. 

banl  (ban),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  banned,  ppr.  banning. 
[<  ME.  bairncn,  <  AS.  bannan,  bonnan,  summon, 
in  comji.  dhannan,  summon,  gchannan,  summon, 
command,  proclaim,  =  OFries.  banna,  bonna, 
command,  proclaim,  —  OD.  hanncn,  prohibit, 
mod.  D.  banish,  exile,  exorcise,  trump,  =:  OHG. 
bannan,  MHG.  G.  hanncn,  banish,  expel,  exor- 
cise, =  Icel.  hanna,  forbid,  cui'se,  refl.  swear, 
Sw.  banna,  reprove,  chide,  retl.  curse,  swear,  = 
Dan.  handc,  curse,  swear,  —  Goth.  *l)annan  (not 
recorded),  orig.  appar.  'proclaim  or  announce/ 
subsequently 'command  or  forbid  under  a  pen- 
alty,' prob.  akin  to  h.  fari,  say,  speak  (>  ult. 
y..  fable,  fame,  fate,  etc.),  =Gr.  (jx'ivai,  speak,  say 
(>  idt.  E.  aj)hasla,  apliemia,  euphemism,  etc.); 
cf.  Skt.  V  hhan,  speak.  Cf.  also  Gr.  (pa'iveiv, 
make  appear,  show,  shine,  Skt.  V  bha,  appear, 
shine.  The  ML.  verb  bannire,  summon,  pro- 
claim, banish,  is  formally  from  the  noun:  see 
banish.  The  sense  of  '  curse '  is  appar.  due  to 
Seand.use.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  summon;  call  out. 

He  .  .  .  bannede  liis  cnilites.  Layamon,  I.  324. 

Pharaon  bannede  vt  his  here.        Gen.  and  Fx.,  1.  3213. 

2.  To  anathematize;  pronounce  an  ecclesias- 
tical curse  upon ;  place  under  a  ban. 

It  is  hard  to  admire  the  man  (Henry  VIII.]  wlio  was 
burning  and  banniiiij  Lutherans  at  home,  while  lie  was 
trying  to  ally  himself  with  them  abroad. 

R.  W.  Dixo?i,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  iii. 

3.  To  curse;  execrate. 

Here  upon  my  knees,  striking  the  earth, 
I  ban  their  souls  to  everlasting  pains. 

Marlowe,  Jew  of  Malta,  i.  2. 
He  cursed  and  banned  the  Christians.  Knolles. 

4.  To  prohibit ;  interdict ;  proscribe. 

The  religion  of  the  immense  majority  .  .  .  was  banned 
and  proscribed. 

Lccky,  Rationalism  (1878),  II.  41.  {N.  F.  D.) 
Working  liis  best  with  beads  and  cross  to  ban 
The  enemy  that  comes  in  like  a  flood. 

Broioning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  46. 

II.  intrans.  To  curse ;  utter  curses  or  male- 
dictions. 

And  curst,  and  band,  and  blasphemies  forth  threw. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  V.  xi.  12. 

ban!  (ban),  n.  [<  ME.  ban,  banne,  banc;  partly 
identical  with  iban,  <  AS.  gehann,  proclamation, 
decree,  —  (without  pretix)  OS.  ban  —  OPries. 
ban,  ban  —  OD.  ban  =  OHG.  MHG.  ban,  bann, 
G.  hann,  proclamation  (of  command  or  prohibi- 
tion), —  Icel.  bann  —  Sw.  bann  =  Dan.  ban,  band, 
prohibition,  interdict,  excommunication;  and 
partly  (in  the  form  ban,  bane)  <  OF.  ban  =  Pr. 
iflre=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  hando,  <  ML.  bannum,  bannus, 
also  bandum,  proclamation,  summons,  edict, 
proscription,  banishment,  excommunication, 
etc.,  from  the  Teut.  (OHG.)  form,  which  is  from 


banana 

the  verb:  see  v.,  and  cf.  banish.']  1.  In 
feudal  times :  (a)  A  public  proclamation  or 
edict;  especially,  a  proclamation  summoning 
to  arms,  {b)  The  array  or  body  so  summoned. 
See  arrih'e-han,  2. 

The  ban  was  sometimes  convoked,  that  is,  the  possessors 
of  the  fiefs  were  called  upon  for  military  services  in  sub- 
sequent ages.  llallam,  Miildle  Ages,  ii.  2. 

(c)  A  proclamation  made  at  the  head  of  a  body 
of  troops,  or  in  the  cantonments  of  an  army,  by 
beat  of  di'um  or  soimd  of  trumpet,  to  announce 
the  appointment  of  an  officer  or  the  punishment 
of  a  soldier,  to  enforce  discipline,  etc.  in  mod- 
ern times  these  proclamations  are  published  in  the  writ- 
ten orders  oi  the  day. 

2.  A  proclamation  or  notice  given  in  a  church 
of  an  intended  marriage :  generally  used  in  the 
plural,  ?(ans,  usually  spelled  hanns  (which  see). 
—  3.  An  edict  of  interdiction;  a  sentence  of 
outlawry.     Thus,  to  put  a  prince  under  the  ban  of  the 
empire  was  to  divest  hini  of  his  dignities,  anil  to  interdict 
all  intercourse  and  all  offices  of  humanity  with  tlie  ottend- 
er.    Sometimes  whole  cities  have  been  put  under  the  ban, 
that  is,  deprived  of  their  rights  and  privileges. 
4.  Interdiction;  authoritative  prohibition. —  5. 
A  formal  ecclesiastical  denunciation;  curse; 
excommunication;  anathema. — 6.  A  maledic- 
tion ;  expression  of  execration ;  curse. 
Her  fyrie  eyes  with  furious  sparkes  did  stare, 
And  with  blasphemous  bannes  high  God  in  peeces  tare. 

Spenser,  F.  Q„  III.  vii.  39. 

7.  A  pecuniary  mulct  or  penalty  laid  upon  a 
delinquent  for  offending  against  a  ban. —  8.  A 
mulct  paid  to  the  bishop,  in  addition  to  other 
penalties,*for  certain  crimes  connected  with  sa- 
cred things,  chiefly  sacrilege  and  perjury. 

ban^  (ban),  n.  [Croatian  ban  =  Bulg.  Serv.  ban, 
Himg.  ban,  <  Pers.  ban,  a  lord,  master.]  A 
title  formerly  given  to  the  military  chiefs  who 
guarded  the  southern  marches  of  Hungary  (the 
Banat),  but  now  only  to  the  governor  of  Croatia 
and  Slavonia,  who  is  appointed  by  the  emperor 
of  Austria  as  king  of  Hungary,  and  is  respon- 
sible to  the  landtag  of  Croatia  and  Slavonia. 

ban^  (ban),  n.  [Cf.  ba^iana.]  A  fine  sort  of 
muslin  made  in  the  East  Indies  from  the  leaf- 
stalk fibers  of  the  banana. 

banal^  (bau'al),  a.  [Formerly  also  hannal,  < 
F.  hannal  (Cotgrave),  now  banal  =  Pr.  banal, 
<  ML.  bannaUs,  pertaining  to  compulsory  feu- 
dal service :  applied  especially  to  mills,  wells, 
ovens,  etc.,  used  in  common  by  people  of  the 
lower  classes,  upon  the  command  of  a  feudal 
superior ;  hence,  common,  commonplace ;  <  ban- 
num, command,  proclamation:  see  han'^,  n.] 
1.  Subject  to  manorial  rights;  used  in  com- 
mon: as,  a  banal  mill  or  oven.  See  banal- 
ity.—  2.  Common;  commonplace;  hackneyed;, 
trite;  stale. 

Too  much  of  what  lEngland]  gives  us  from  her  painters 
of  modern  life  is  familiar,  tawdry,  banal. 

Fortniffhtly  Rev.  (N.  S.),  XXXIII.  76. 

banal^  (ban'al),  a.  [<  ban"^  -k-  -al.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  a  ban,  or  provincial  governor:  as, 
the  royal  bancd  court  at  Agram.    See  ban^. 

banality  (ba-nal'i-ti),  n.;  pi.  banalities  (-tiz). 
[<  F.  banalite,  <  banal:  see  hanaP-.]  1.  In  old 
French  and  French-Canadian  law,  the  right  by 
which  a  lord  compelled  his  vassals  to  grind  at 
his  mill,  bake  at  his  oven,  etc. :  applied  also  to 
the  regions  within  which  this  right  was  exer- 
cised.—  2.  The  state  of  being  banal,  trite,  or 
stale;  commonplaceness ;  triviality. —  3.  Any- 
thing common,  trite,  or  trivial ;  a  commonplace. 

He  has  a  good  sense  that  enables  him  to  see  through 
the  banalities  of  English  political  life  and  to  shrink  from 
involving  his  own  existence  in  such  littleness. 

Lanier,  The  English  Novel,  p.  253. 

banana  (ba-nan'a),  M.  [Also  formerly  banano 
(tree) ;  =  F.  banane,  <  Sp.  Pg.  banana,  the  fruit 
of  the  banana-tree,  Sp.  banano  (Pg.  bananeira, 
F.  bananier),  the  tree  itself ;  cited  in  the  16th 

century  as  the 
native  name  in 
Guinea,  but  the 
plant  is  prob- 
ably a  native 
of  the  East  In- 
dies.] An  endo- 
genous plant  of 
the  genus  Mu- 
sa,  M.  sapien- 
tum,  now  culti- 
vated for  its  friiit 
everywhere  in 
the  tropics.  The 
stem  -  like  trunk, 
formed  of  the  com- 
pact sheathing  leaf- 
stalks, grows  to  a 
Banana  (Musa  safientum).  height  USUaUy  of  8 


banana 

or  10  feet,  bearing  its  oblong  fruit  in  a  dense  cluster  2  or  3 
feet  long  and  sometimes  weighing  70  or  80  pounds.  The 
fruit  is  soft,  sweetisli,  not  higlily  flavored,  and  without 
seeds.  It  is  eaten  either  raw  or  cooiied.  Several  varieties 
are  cultivated,  differing  in  size,  color,  and  flavor.  After 
fruiting  the  stem  decays,  or  is  cut  down,  and  new  shoots 
spring  from  the  root  and  produce  a  new  crop  in  a  few 
months.  Tlie  fiber  of  the  stem  and  leaves  is  of  little  value. 
The  plantain,  M.  paradisiaca,  is  probably  only  a  variety 
of  the  same  species.  See  Musa  and  ^^ZctntoiK.— Banana 
essence,  an  artificial  fruit-essence  used  for  flavoring  jel- 
lies, ices,  and  confectionery.  It  is  a  mixture  of  amyl 
acetate  and  butyric  ether.— Mexican  banana,  a  name 
sometimes  given  to  a  species  of  Yucca,  Y.  baccata,  of 
northern  Mexico  and  the  adjacent  United  States,  which 
bears  a  large,  juicy,  e<lible  fruit, 
banana-bird  (ba-nan'a-berd), »?.  A  name  given 
by  early  wi-iters  to  several  West  Indian  and 
tropical  American  species  of  the  large  genus 
Icterus,  which  contains  the  American  orioles  or 
hangnests,  more  or  less  nearly  related  to  the 
Baltimore  bird,  Icterus  galbula.  tIius,  under  this 

name,  Edwards  describes  a  species,  afterward  the  Xan- 
thonius  mexicanus  of  Brisson  (1760),  and  the  Oriolus  ba- 
nanauf  Linna;us(17()6).  Tlie  Icterus  lericoptenjxoi  Jamaica 
is  also  one  of  tlie  species  which  have  borne  the  name. 
One  section  of  the  genus  Icterus  has  been  named  Banani- 
vonis  from  the  implied  liabit  (of  banana-eating)  of  the 
birds  composing  it ;  the  type  of  this  is  the  common  or- 
chard-oriole of  the  United  States,  Icterus  spurms. 

banana-eater  (ba-nan'a-e''''ter),  n.  A  plantain- 
eater  ;  a  bird  of  the  genus  Musophaga. 

banana-quit  (ba-nan'ii-kwit),  n.  A  name  of  the 
black  and  yellow  honey-creeper,  Certhiola  fla- 
veola,  and  other  species  of  birds  of  the  same 
genus. 

bananist  (ba-nan'ist),  n.  [<  hanana  +  -ist.'] 
A  banana-bird :  a  name  given  to  various  birds 
besides  those  of  the  genus  Icterus,  as,  for  ex- 
ample, to  Certhiola  hananivora  of  San  Domingo. 

bananivorous  (ban-a-niv'o-rus),  a.  [<  hanana 
+  L.  vorare,  eat.]    Feeding  upon  bananas. 

banat,  banate  (ban'at,  -at),  n.  [Also  hannat; 
<  hcufi  +  -at,  -«fe3.]  1.  In  Hungary,  a  border 
province  ruled  by  a  ban  ;  the  territory  or  juris- 
diction of  a  ban ;  specifically,  the  Temesvar 
banat  in  southeastern  Hungary,  distinctively 
called  the  Banat,  formally  reunited  to  Hungary 
in  I860.— 2.  The  oflace  of  a  ban. 

banatite  (ban'a-tit),  n.  [<  Banat  +  -ite^.'}  A 
name  given  by  Von  Cotta  to  a  variety  of  dio- 
rite  occurring  in  the  Banat,  Hungary. 

banausic  (ba-na'sik),  a.  [<  Gr.  jiavavaiKog,  of 
or  for  mechanics,  <  jiavavoia,  the  practice  of  a 
mechanical  art,  the  habits  of  a  mechanic,  < 
(Sdvavaoc,  mechanical,  <  /Jai'voc,  a  furnace,  forge.] 
Merely  mechanical ;  characteristic  of  mechan- 
ics or  a  mechanic.  [Rare.] 

By  this  terra  [Americanisms]  he  [Du  Bois-Reymond] 
designates  materialistic  and  banausic  tendencies  in  gen- 
eral, which  are  more  specifically  expressed  in  making 
money-getting  the  prime  object  of  life,  in  love  of  display, 
and  in  public  and  private  corruption. 

G.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  149. 

banc  (bangk),  n.  [<  AF.  and  F.  lane  (ML.  han- 
cics),  bench:  see  &rtH^■l.]  In  law,  a  seat  or  bench 
of  justice — A  court  in  banc,  a  court  in  which  the  full 
bench  of  judges  is  present :  as,  before  the  court  in  banc— 
A  sitting  in  banc,  a  session  of  court  held  by  all  the  judges 
or  by  a  quorum  of  them.— Days  in  banc.    See  daj/l. 

bancall  (bang'kal),  n.  [F.,  prop,  adj.,  bandy- 
legged.] A  saber  more  curved  than  usual,  as 
if  in  imitation  of  the  simitar ;  specifically,  the 
saber  of  this  form  worn  by  officers  of  the  first 
French  republic  and  empire,  during  1792-1810. 

bancaP  (bang'kal),  n.    [E.  Ind.]    A  weight 
equal  to  about  1  pound,  used  in  India. 

banco  (bang'ko),  n.  [It.,  a  bank,  bench,  coun- 
ter, <  ML.  baiicus:  see  &««A'i.]  In  com.,  the 
money  in  which  the  banks  of  some  countries 
keep  or  kept  their  accounts,  in  contradistinction 
to  the  current  money  of  the  place.  The  distinc- 
tion was  more  necessary  when  the  currency  consisted,  as 
It  often  did,  of  clipped,  worn,  and  foreign  cdins.— Banco 
mark.    See  mark  banco,  under  mark. 

bandl  (band),  )(.  [<  ME.  hand,  hande,  also 
hand,  honde  (>  mod.  E.  hond,  the  same  word, 
now  partly  discriminated  in  use),  <  AS.  *hand 
=  0S.  &a)!rf  =  OFiies.  hand^T).  hand  =OB.G. 
MHG.  hant,  G.  hand  =  Icel.  Sw.  band  =  Dan. 
haand,  a  band,  a  tie,  a  neut.  noun  (in  D.  and  G. 
also  masc),  developing  in  later  use  a  great 
variety  of  particular  senses,  and  merged  in  ME. 
with  the  synonjTnous  bend,  hende,  hande,  <  AS. 
bend,  rarely  hand,  in  mod.  E.  prop,  bend,  and 
with  the  slightly  different  hande,  E.  hand'2;  a 
strip,  hoop,  etc.,  derived  through  the  F.  from 
the  same  ult.  soui-ee,  namely,  Teut.  (AS.,  etc.) 
Undan  (pret.  hand),  E.  bind:  see  bind,  bendi, 
hend"^,  bend9,  and  cf.  bond^,  band^,  band^.]  1. 
Anything  which  binds  the  person  or  the  limbs, 
and  serves  to  restrain  or  to  deprive  of  liberty; 
a  shackle,  manacle,  or  fetter:  usually  in  the 
plural. 


437 

And  Pharaoh-nechoh  put  him  in  bands  at  Riblah. 

2  Ki.  xxiii. 

And  suddenly  there  was  a  great  cartluiualic,  so  that  the 
foundations  of  the  prison  were  shaken  :  and  immediately 
all  the  doors  were  opened,  and  every  one's  banils  were 
loosed.  Acts  xvi.  20. 

Dol.    In  chains  of  adamant? 
Mam.  Yes,  the  strongest  bands. 

B.Jonsun,  Alchemist,  iv.  1. 

2.  That  by  which  loose  things  of  the  same  or  a 
similar  kind  are  bound  together.  Specifically -(«) 
The  tie  of  straw  used  in  binding  sheaves  of  wheat  or  otlier 
grain,  (b)  In  bookbindin;),  one  of  the  cords,  tapes,  or 
strips  of  parchment  which  Iiold  together  the  several  sec- 
tions of  the  sewed  l)ook.  The  thread  is  drawn  from  with- 
in each  section  around  or  over  the  bands. 

3.  That  which  connects ;  a  connecting  piece, 
or  means  of  connection;  that  which  connects 
or  imites  the  several  parts  of  a  complex  thing. 

The  body,  by  joints  and  baiids  .  .  .  knit  together,  in- 
creaseth  with  the  increase  of  God.  Col.  ii.  19. 

He  [hope]  is  a  flatterer, 
A  parasite,  a  keeper-back  of  death. 
Who  gently  would  dissolve  tlie  bands  of  life. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  2. 
Specifically  — (at)  In  loijic,  the  copula.  [Rare] 
A  simple  Axiome  is  that,  the  band  wliereof  is  a  Verbe. 

T.  Spencer  (1G28),  tugick,  p.  160.  (N.  K  D.) 
(6)  The  metallic  sleeve  which  binds  tlie  liarrel  and  stock 
of  a  musket  together.  (.•)  One  of  two  pieces  of  iron  fas- 
tened to  the  bows  of  a  saddle  to  keep  them  in  place,  (d) 
A  leaden  came.    See  earned,    (ct)  A  hyplien. 

4.  A  binding  or  uniting  power  or  influence:  as, 
a  hand  of  union.    [Now  usually  bond.'] 

I  drew  them  with  cords  of  a  man,  with  bands  of  love. 

Hos.  xi.  4. 

Land  of  my  sires !  what  mortal  liand 
Can  e'er  untie  the  filial  band 
That  knits  me  to  thy  rugged  strand? 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  vi.  2. 

5.  An  obligation  imposing  reciprocal,  legal,  or 
moral  duties:  as,  the  nuptial  bunds.  [Now 
usually  hond.'\ 

Here's  eight  that  must  take  hands. 
To  join  in  Hymen's  bands. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  v.  4. 
6t.  A  binding  promise  or  agreement;  a  bond 
or  security  given. 

Adr.  Tell  me,  was  he  arrested  on  a  band? 
Dro.  S.  Not  on  a  band,  but  on  a  stronger  thing. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iv.  2. 
You  know  my  debts  are  many  more  tlian  means. 
My  bands  not  taken  in,  my  friends  at  home 
Drawn  dry  with  these  expenses. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Noble  Gentleman,  i.  1. 

7t.  A  surety;  a  bondsman. 

Since  faith  could  get  no  credit  at  his  hand, 
I  sent  him  word  to  come  and  sue  my  band. 

Churchyard,  Challenge  (ed.  177s),  p.  152. 

8t.  A  covenant  or  league.    [Scotch.]  -  False 

bands,  in  bookbinding,  strips  of  leather  or  strands  of 
twisted  cord,  pasted  across  the  inner  side  of  the  backs  of 
books,  and  afterward  molded  in  high  relief  to  give  tlie 
appearance  of  bands  of  unusual  thickness  or  strengtli.— 
Raised  bands,  in  bookbinding,  strips  of  leather  or  braided 
cord  of  unusual  thickness,  fastened  on  tlie  outside  of  the 
sewed  sheets  of  a  book-back,  making  a  noticeable  projec- 
tion on  the  back,  and  intended  to  give  increased  strength 
to  sewing. 

band2  (band),  w.  [<  ME.  hande,  <  OF.  hande, 
earlier  bcndc,  mod.  F.  hande  =  'Pt.  bendaz=iip. 
banda,  rcnda  =  Pg.  banda  =  It.  handa  and 
henda,  dial,  binda,  a  band,  strip,  side,  etc., 
in  various  particular  senses,  <  OHG.  binda, 
hinta,  MHG.  G.  binde,  t,  a  band,  fillet,  tie, 
cravat  (cf.  D.  bind,  neut.,  a  crossbeam,  joint, 
=  Dan.  bind,  neut.,  a  band,  tie,  etc.),  <  OHG. 
bintan,  MHG.  G.  hinden,  etc.,  =  AS.  hindan,  E. 
bind.  The  word  is  thus  ult.  cognate  with 
band'^  and  with  hcnd'^,  with  which  it  has  been 
mixed,  but  it  differs  in  its  orig.  formation:  see 
haiuU,  hend'L,  and  the  doulilet  bend'2.}  1.  A 
flat  strip  of  any  material,  but  especially  of  a 
flexible  material,  used  to  bind  round  anything ; 
a  fillet:  as,  a  rubber  &««(/;  a  &«wrf  around  the 
head ;  a  hsbt-band. 

A  single  band  of  gold  about  her  hair. 

Teiini/sun.,  Princess,  v. 
2.  Anything  resembling  a  baud  in  form  or  func- 
tion,   (a)  A  bandage ;  specifically,  a  swaddling -hand. 
Henry  the  Sixth,  in  infant  bands  crown'd  king 
Of  France  and  England.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 

(6)  A  border  or  strip  on  an  article  of  dress  serving  to 
strengthen  it  or  to  confine  it,  as  at  the  waist,  neck,  (U' 
wrist:  as,  a  v/aiatband;  a  wrist6a/i(/ ;  a  iieck-/w;i(/.  '  (;•) 
Naut.  :  (1)  A  strip  of  canvas  sewed  across  a  s:ul  to 
strengthen  it.  (2)  An  iron  hoop  round  a  spar,  (i/)  In 
mach.,  a  belt,  cord,  or  chain  for  transmitting  i>ower.  Such 
bands  generally  pass  over  two  pulleys,  wheels,  or  drums, 
communicating  motion  from  one  to  the  other,  (c)  In 
arch.:  (1)  Any  flat  meinlier  or  molding,  bi  oad  but  of  small 
projection:  also  ca.\\eA  fascia,  face,  or  jilintli.  (2)  A  tali- 
let  or  string-course  carried  around  a  tower  or  other  part 
of  a  building.  (/)  In  decorative  art,  a  horizontal  strip  of 
decoration  separated  from  the  general  wall-surface  liy 
parallel  lines,  (g)  A  more  or  less  broad  space  crossiii"  a 
surface,  and  distinguished  from  it  by  difference  of  color 
or  aspect:  as,  absorption-im^irfs  in  the  spectrum,  (/i)  In 
zool.,  a  transverse  stripe  of  any  color.    Also  called  fascia. 


band 

3.  The  fonn  of  collar  commonly  worn  by  men 
and  women  in  the  seventeentli  century  in  west- 
ern Euro])0.  n  was  originally  starched,  and  fixed  in  a 
half-erect  position,  nearly  like  the  ruff,  which  it  super- 
seded, and  was  often  i>f  lace  anil  of  immense  si/.e.  After- 
n  aid  It  was  turned  down  over  the  shoulders,  and  called  a 
faihmj-band. 

This  band 
Shews  not  my  neck  enough. 

B.  Jonson,  'Volpone,  iii.  2. 
Kissing  your  finger  that  hath  the  ruby,  or  playing  with 
some  string  of  your  band.  B.  .Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revelii,  ii.  1. 

The  next  that  mounted  the  Stage  was  an  Under-Citizen 
of  the  Bath,  a  Person  remarkable  among  the  inferior  I'eo- 
])le  of  that  Place  for  his  great  Wisdom  and  his  Broad 
I^aiid-  Steele,  in  Uobson,  p.  4.')2. 

4.  The  linen  ornament  worn  about  the  neck, 
with  the  ends  hanging  down  in  front,  by  certain 
Protestant  clergymen,  it  was  prescribed  by  (incen 
Ehzalieth  as  a  part  of  tlie  every-day  dress  of  Anglican 
ecclesiastics.    [Now  only  in  the  plural.] 

5.  In  mining,  a  layer  of  rock  interstratified  with 
the  coal;  sometimes,  as  in  Cumberland,  Eng- 
land, the  coal  itself.-Band  of  rock,  a  phrase  some- 
times used  for  bed  of  rock.  Sec  blackband.  —  Gastroparie- 

tal  band,  hypopharyngeal  band,  Uioparietal  band, 

lllOtlbial  band,  etc.  See  the  adjectives, 
band^  (band),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bend,  < 
late  ME.  hande,  also  hende,  <  OF.  and  F.  bandc 
=  Pr.  Sp.  It.  liiindd  (ML.  handum,  handus ;  so 
G.  hande,  D.  hande,  now  hende,  Dan.  hande,  Sw. 
hand,  after  Rom.),  a  band  or  company,  <  OHG. 
bant,  OS.  OFries.,  etc.,  beind,  a  band  or  tie, 
the  sense  of  '  company '  being  developed  first 
in  Eom. :  see  banrfl-,  hand^,  and  cf.  the  doublet 
bend^.']  1.  A  company  of  persons,  especially 
a  body  of  arined  men ;  a  company  of  soldiers, 
or  of  persons  united  for  any  purpose. 

We  few,  we  happy  few,  we  band  of  brothers. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  3. 
My  lord  of  Somerset,  unite 
Your  troops  of  horsemen  with  his  bands  of  foot. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VL,  iv.  1. 
Originally  tliere  were  usually  in  each  considerable  society 
(of  -Methodists]  four  hands,  the  members  of  which  were 
collected  from  the  various  society  classes  — one  band 
composed  of  married  and  another  of  unmarried  men,  one 
of  married  and  another  of  unmarried  women.  All  the 
members  of  society,  however,  were  not  of  necessity  mem- 
bers of  bands.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  188. 

Did  not  Senor  Felipe  tell  you  that  he  had  positively  en- 
gaged the  same  band  of  shearers  we  had  last  autumn 
Alessandro's  hand  from  Temecula  ? 

Mrs.  II.  Jackson,  Rainona,  i. 
2.  In  music,  a  company  of  musicians  playing 
various  instruments  in  combination,  in  the 
manner  of  an  orchestra:  most  frequently  ap- 
plied to  a  company  of  musicians  playing  "such 
instruments  as  may  be  used  in  marching. —  3. 
A  collection  of  animals  of  any  kind,  as  a  drove 
of  cattle  or  horses,  or  a  flock  of  sheep.  [West- 
ern U.  S.] 

In  California  every  collection  of  animals  of  any  sort  is 
called  a  band.  A  herd  of  cattle,  a  flock  of  sheep,  a  party 
of  Indians  — anything  and  everytliijig  tliat  walks  — when 
seen  in  iiuniljers  is  known  as  a  /«</»/,  and  it  is  regarded  as 
a  sure  sign  of  being  a  "tenderfoot "  to  use  any  other  term. 

X.  Y.  Evening  Post  {\Me\),  Dec,  1886. 

Knights  of  the  band.  See  knight.— muitdiry  band, 

a  liody  of  musicians  enlisted  and  attached  to  a  regiment 
or  military  jiost. 

bands  (band),  v.  [<  band^,  «.]  I.  trans.  To 
unite  in  a  troop,  company,  or  confederacy: 
generally  reflexive. 

They  band  themselves  with  the  prevalent  things  of  this 
world  to  overrun  the  weak  tliinus  wliicli  (  hrist  liatli  made 
choice  to  work  by.        Milton,  Chureh.Goveriiraent,  ii.  3. 
Among  the  -sons  of  morn,  what  multitudes 
Were  banded  to  oppose  his  high  decree. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  V.  717. 
Band  them  into  pueblos  ;  make  them  work ;  and,  above 
all,  keep  peace  with  the  whites. 

Mrs.  II.  Jack.'ion,  Raniona,  v. 

II.  inirans.  To  unite;  associate;  confederate 
for  some  common  purpose. 

With  them  great  Asliur  also  bands, 
And  doth  confirm  the  knot. 

Milton,  Ps.  Ixxxiii.  29. 
The  great  lords 
Banded,  and  so  brake  out  in  open  war. 

Tennyson,  Coming  of  Arthur. 
The  weak  will  band  against  her  when  she  becomes  too 
strong.  Ii.  H.  Stoddard,  Guests  of  State. 

band^  (band),  n.  [Local  E.,  perhaps  a  particu- 
lar use  of  hand^,  a  sti-ip,  or  possibly  of  early 
mod.  E.  hande,  <  ME.  hande,  var.  of  honde,  a 
bound,  limit:  see  bound.]  A  ridge  of  a  hill: 
commonly  applied  in  the  English  lake  district 
to  a  long  ridge-like  hill  of  minor  height,  or  to 
a  long  narrow  sloping  offshoot  from  a  higher 
hill  or  mountain.  A"  E.  I). 
band-'t.  An  obsolete  or  Scotch  preterit  of  hind. 
bandit  (baml),  V.  t.  [Same  as  han^,  after  ML. 
and  It.  bandirc,  a  form  of  ML.  bannirc,  banish, 


band 

ban:  see  ban^,  hanish.  Otherwise  taken,  in  the 
passage  quoted,  as  hancU,  for  handtj^.l^  To 
interdict;  banish. 

Sweete  love  such  lewdues  bands  from  liisfaire  companee. 

Spenser,  i\  Q.,  III.  ii.  41. 

band'^t,  f  •    Same  as  handy^. 

band^  (band),  w.  [Native  name.]  A  weight 
equal  to  about  2  ounces  troy,  iu  use  in  western 
Africa  for  weighing  gold-dust.  Sinnnoudi:. 

bandage  (ban'daj),  n.  [<  F.  handa(jc,  <  haiidc, 
a  baud,  strip:  see  baud'^  and  -age]  1.  A 
strip,  band,  or  swathe  of  cotton  cloth,  or  other 
soft  woven  material,  iised  in  dressing  and  bind- 
ing up  wounds,  stopping  hemorrhages,  joining 
fractured  and  dislocated  bones,  etc. —  2.  A 
band  or  ligature  iu  general ;  that  which  is  bound 
over  something  else. 

Zeal  too  had  a  place  among  the  rest,  with  a  bandage 
over  her  eyes.  Addison. 

3.  In  arch.,  an  iron  ling  or  a  chain  bound 
around  the  springing  of  a  dome,  the  circum- 
ference of  a  tower,  or  some  similar  part  of  a 
building,  to  tie  it  together. 

bandage  (ban'daj),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  ban- 
daged, ppr.  bandaging.  [<  bandage,  «.]  To 
bind  up  or  dress,  as  a  wound,  a  fractured  limb, 
etc.,  with  a  roller  or  bandage;  cover  with  a 
bandage  for  the  purpose  of  binding  or  con- 
cealing: as,  to  bandage  the  eyes. 

bandager  (ban'daj-er),  n.  One  who  bandages 
or  binds  up  wounds,  etc. 

bandagist  (ban'daj-ist),  n.  [<  F.  bandagistc,  < 
bandage:  see  bandage  and  -ist.'\  A  maker  of 
bandages,  especially  for  hei'nia. 

bandal,  n.    See  bandied. 

bandala  (ban-da'la),  n.  [Native  name.]  The 
strong  outer  tiber  of  the  abaca  or  Musa  textiUs 
of  Manila,  made  into  cordage,  especially  into 
the  well-known  Manila  white  rope. 

bandalore,  bandelore  (ban'da-lor,  -de-lOr),  n. 

[Origin  obscure.  Cf.  bandore^.}  1.  A  kind  of 
toy  very  much  used  at  the  beginning  of  the 
present  century.  See  quiz. —  2.  Same  as  bati- 
dore^. 

bandana,  bandanna  (ban-dan'a),  n.  [First  in 
form  handanno,  later  bandanna,  prob.  through 
Pg.,  <  Hind,  bdndlinu,  "a  mode  of  dyeing  in 
which  the  cloth  is  tied  in  different  places  to 
prevent  the  parts  from  receiving  the  dye" 
(Shakspear,  Hind.  Diet.),  <  bandit,  or  preferably 
bdndli,  a  cord,  ligature,  tie,  band,  ii\t.  =  E. 
band^.'i  1.  A  large  handkerchief,  dyed  blue, 
yellow,  or  red,  with  small  spots  left  white, 
where  the  stuff  has  been  pressed  to  prevent 
it  from  receiving  the  dye. —  2.  A  style  of 
calico-printing  in  imitation  of  bandana  hand- 
kerchiefs, white  spots  being  produced  on  a 
red  or  dark-colored  ground  by  discharging  the 
color. 

band-axis  (band '  ak "  sis),  «.  Same  as  axia- 
cyUndcr. 

band-bird  (band'berd),  n.  A  name  of  the 
African  collared  finch,  Amadina  fasciata. 

bandbox  (band'boks),  n.  A  light  box  made 
of  pasteboard  or  thin  flexible  pieces  of  wood 
and  paper,  for  holding  caps,  bonnets,  or  other 
light  articles  of  attire :  so  called  because  origi- 
nally made  to  contain  the  starched  bands  com- 
monly worn  in  the  seventeenth  century.  See 
band^,  3. 

She  deposited  by  her  side  a  capacious  bandbox,  in  which, 
as  is  the  custom  among  travelers  of  her  sex,  she  carried  a 
great  deal  of  valuable  property.  Hawthorne. 

bandboxical  (band'hok'si-kal),  a.  [<  bandbox 
+  -ical.~i  Of  the  size  or  appearance  of  a  band- 
box: as,  bandhoxical  rooms.  [Colloq.] 

band-brake  (band'brak),  n.  A  form  of  brake 
used  to  prevent  or  to  control  the  revolution  of 
a  shaft.  It  consists  of  a  pulley  secured  upon  the  sliaft, 
tlie  circumference  of  wliicli  is  embraced  by  a  strap  or 
band,  usually  of  metal,  which  is  capable  of  being  adjusted 
to  any  desired  degree  of  tightness. 

band-coupling  (band'kup*ling),  n.  Any  device 
for  uniting  together  the  ends  of  a  band. 

band-driver  (band'dri"ver),  n.  A  tool  used  for 
correcting  irregularities  in  the  bands  of  ma- 
chinery.   E.  H.  Knight. 

bande  (boh-da'),  a.  [F.,  pp.  of  bander,  band: 
see  band^,  v.~\  In  her.,  bendy  dexter,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  bendy  sinister.    See  barrc. 

bandeau  (ban-do'),  m. ;  pi.  bandeaux  (-doz'). 
[F.,  <  OF.  bandel,  m.,  dim.  of  bande,  band:  see 
band^,  and  cf.  bandore^.'\  1.  A  fillet  worn 
roimd  the  head ;  a  head-band ;  especially,  a 
ribbon  worn  by  girls  and  women  above  the 
forehead. —  2.  A  horizontal  band  or  ring  form- 
ing a  part  of  the  headpiece  of  armor. 


Banded  Structure  ( d). —  Onyx. 


438 

Around  the  edge  of  this  cap  was  a  stiff  bandeau  of 
leather.  Scott,  Ivanhoe. 

banded^  (ban'ded),  p.  a.  [<  band^  +  -cd2.] 
Bound  or  fastened  with  a  band. 

banded-  (ban'ded),  j).  a.  [<  band^  +  -cd2.] 
Having  bands  ;  crossed  or  encircled  by  a  band 
or  bands  ;  specifically,  iu  her.,  encircled  with  a 
band,  often  of  a  different  color  from  the  sheaf 
or  bundle  which  it  surrounds  :  as,  a  bundle  of 

lances  proper,  banded  gules,  or  the  like  Banded 

column.  See  loiui/m.— Banded  mall,  a  kind  of  mail- 
armor  shown  in  worlts  of  art  of  tlie  thirteenth  century,  in 
wliic  li  tlie  rings  are  arranged  in  bands  rnmting  around  the 
arms,  boily,  etc.  Between  the  rows  of  rings  there  are 
ridges  lilce  slender  bars,  having  apparently  tlie  same  thick- 
ness as  the  rings.  This  mail  is  found  represented  not  only 
in  the  miniatures  of  manuscrijits,  but  also  in  life-size 
effigies  in  stone ;  but  it  is  not  definitely  known  how  it 
was  made,  —Banded 
structure.    («)  In 

<jeol.,  the  structure 
of  a  rock  wliicli  is 
more  or  less  dis- 
tinctly divided  into 
layers  of  ditTerent 
color,  texture,  or 
composition.  The 
term  implies,  ordi- 
narily, something 
different  from  true 
stratification,  and  is 
applicalile  chiefly  to 
volcanic  masses.  (6) 
In  mineral.,  the 
structure  of  a  min- 
eral made  up  of  a  series  of  layers,  usually  parallel  and  dif- 
fering in  color  or  texture,  as  onyx. 

banded^  (ban'ded),  J}-  a.    United  as  in  a  band. 
Though  banded  Europe  stood  her  foes — 
The  star  of  Brandenburg  arose. 

Scott,  Marraion,  iii.,  Int. 

bandelt,  bandle^t,  [<  OF.  bandel,  m.,  ban- 
delc,  bundcllr,  f.,  dim.  of  bande,  a  strip:  see 
bantP.    Cf.  bandeau.']    A  swaddling-band. 

bandelet,  n.    Same  as  baiidh  t. 

bandeliert,  n.    See  bandoleer. 

bandelore,  n.   See  bandalore. 

bandert  (ban'der),  n.  One  who  bands  or  as- 
sociates with  others;  a  member  of  a  band  or 
confederacy. 

Yorke  and  his  banders  proudly  pressed  iu 
To  challenge  the  crown  by  title  of  riglit. 

Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  352. 
You  are  to  watch  every  attempt  wliich  is  made  ...  to 
open  any  communication  with  any  of  the  lords  who  may 
have  become  lianders  in  the  west.        Scott,  Abbot,  I.  xx. 

banderet  (ban'de-ret),  v.  [Swiss  F.,  =  F.  ban- 
neret, E.  banneret^,  q.  v.]  A  Swiss  army  com- 
mander. 

banderilla  (ban-de-rel'ya),  n.     [Sp.,  dim.  of 

bandera,  banner:  see  banner.']  A  small  dart- 
like javelin  ornamented  with  a  banderole,  used 
in  biill-fights  to  goad  and  infuriate  the  bull, 
banderillero  (ban-de-rel-ya'ro),  ».  [Sp.,  <  ban- 
derilla :  see  banderilla.]  A  bull-fighter  who 
uses  banderillas. 

banderole,  banderol  (ban'de-rol,  -rol),  «. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  bandrol,  bandroll,  etc., 
bannerol,  banerol,  etc.,  <  F.  banderole  (OF. 
banerolle),  <  It.  bandcruida,  banderola  (=  Sp. 
baudcrola),  a  little  banner,  dim.  of  bandiera 
(z=  Sp.  bandera  =  F.  bannierc),  a  banner:  see 
banner.]  1.  A  small  flag  or  streamer.  Specifi- 
cally—(«)  A  small  ornamental  streamer  carried  on  the 
shaft  of  a  lance,  near  the  liead. 

Then  take  my  banderol  of  red ; 

Mine,  and  none  but  mine,  shall  honour  thee. 

And  safe  conduct  thee.     Greene,  Orlando  Furioso. 


fluttered  a  small  banderole  or 
Scott. 


Heraldic 
Banderole. 


From  the  extremity  . 
streamer  bearing  a  cross. 

(6)  In  her.,  a  streamer  affixed  immediately  beneath  tlie 
crook  on  the  top  of  the  staff  of  a  bishop,  and  folding  over 
the  staff,  (c)  A  long  narrow  streamer  with  cleft 
ends,  carried  at  the  masthead  of  ships,  as  in 
battle,  etc. 

2.  A  band  of  various  form  adapted  to 
receive  an  inscription,  used  in  deco- 
rative sculpture  and  other  decorative 
art,  especially  of  the  Eenaissance  pe- 
riod. 

Also  written  bannerol. 
band-fish  (band'fish),  n.  An  English  name  of 
(«)  the  Ccpola  rnbescens,  a  species  of  the  family 
Cepolidee,  more  specifically  called  red  band-fish; 
(b)  the  oar-fish,  Begalecus  glesne.  Also  called 
snal:e-fish. 

bandful  (band'ful;  by  miners,  bon'tl),  n.  [< 
band^  +  -ful'^.]  In  coal-mining,  a  load  of  men 
carried  up  or  down  in  the  mine  by  sitting  on 
chain-loops  attached  to  the  hoisting-rope,  as 
was  customary  before  the  introduction  of  the 
cage  and  man-engine.    [S.  Staffordshire,  Eng.] 

bandicoot  (ban'di-kot),  n.  [Cf.  G.  bandikut, 
from  E. ;  said  to  be  a  corruption  of  the  Telugu 
name  pandi-kokku,  lit.  pig-rat.]   1 .  The  Anglo- 


bandoleer 

Indian  name  of  the  Mus  giganteus  of  Hard- 
wieke,  a  large  Indian  rat,  upward  of  2  feet 
long  including  the  tail,  and  weighing  2  or  3 
poimds.  It  is  very  aliuiidaiit  in  some  regions,  a  great 
pest  in  the  rice-fields  and  gardens,  and  is  said  to  be  good 
eating. 

2.  The  Anglo-Australian  name  of  any  marsu- 
pial animal  of  the  family  Peramelidai.  Also 
called  bandicoot  rat. 
bandie  (ban'di),  n.  [Local  Sc.]  The  stickle- 
back: a  name  current  around  Moray  Frith, 
Scotland. 

bandikai  (ban'di-ka),  n.  One  of  the  names  of 
the  Abclmoschiix  csculenius.    See  Abelmoschus. 

bandileer  (ban-di-ler'),  «.    Same  as  bandoleer. 

banding-machine  (ban'ding-ma-shen"),  n.  A 
blocking-machine  for  forming  the  band  of  a 
hat. 

banding-plane  (ban'ding-plau),  n.  A  plane 
used  for  cutting  out  grooves  and  inlaying 
strings  and  bands  iu  straight  and  circular  work. 
It  bears  a  general  resemblance  to  the  plane 
called  a,  plow. 

bandinf-ring  (ban'ding-ring),  n.  Iu  hat-mak- 
ing, a  ring  which  passes  over  the  body  of  a  hat, 
keeping  it  pressed  to  the  hat-block.  Its  lower 
edge  is  at  the  band,  or  angle  formed  by  the  body 
and  the  brim. 

bandit  (ban'dit),  n. ;  pi.  bandits,  banditti  (ban'- 
dits,  ban-dit'i).  [Early  mod.  E.  bandetto,  later 
banditio,  bandito,  bandite,  etc.,  pi.  bandetti,  ban- 
ditti, bandifi,  banditti/,  and  with  added  E.  pi.  ban- 
ditties,  etc.;  <  It.  bandito  (pi.  bandiii),  a  bandit, 
pp.  of  bandire,  <  ML.  bandire,  bamiirc,  banish, 
outlaw:  see  ban'^,  banish.]  If.  An  outlaw;  one 
who  is  proscribed.  Hence  —  2.  A  lawless  or 
desperate  fellow ;  a  brigand ;  a  robber ;  espe- 
cially, one  of  an  organized  band  of  lawless  ma- 
rauders. 

The  Kipoii  men  brought  down  the  half-outlawed  bandits 
from  the  Archbishop's  liberty  of  Tynedale. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  695. 
=  Syn.  2.  Brigand,  etc.    See  robber. 

banditt  (ban'dit),  v.  t.  To  outlaw ;  proscribe  ; 
banish. 

banditti,  n.  1.  Plural  of  bandit,  banditio. —  2t. 
[Used  as  a  singular.]  A  band  or  company  of 
bandits.    Sometimes  written  bandittij. 

bandittot  (ban-dit'o),  w. ;  pi.  banditti  (-i).  [It. 
bandito  :  see  bandit.']    A  bandit. 

A  Roman  sworder  and  banditt o  [originally  printed  bandetto'\ 
slave 

Murther'd  sweet  Tully.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  1. 

That  ruthless  hearse  of  her  dear  spouse. 
Slain  by  bandittoes.     Chapman,.Widov/'s  Tears,  iv.  2. 

band-lacing  (band 'la "sing),  n.  strips  of 
leather  used  in  fastening  together  the  ends  of 
a  band  or  belt  used  in  driving  machinery. 

bandleif,       See  bandel. 

handle^  (ban'di),  n.    [Also  sometimes  bandal, 

<  Ir.  and  Gael,  bannlamh,  a  cubit,  <  bann,  a 
measure,  +  lamh,  hand,  arm.]  A  lineal  mea- 
sure or  cloth-measure  somewhat  more  than 
half  a  yard  iu  length,  used  in  the  southern  and 
western  parts  of  Ireland. 

bandle-linen(ban'dl-lin"en),  n.  A  coarse  home- 
made Irish  linen  of  narrow  width. 

bandlet  (band'let),  n.  [<  F.  bandelctte,  dim.  of 
OF.  bandel,  a  band.  Cf.  bandeau.]  1.  In  arch., 
any  little  band  or  flat  molding,  as  that  which 
crowns  the  Doric  architrave ;  a  fillet  or  listel. 
—  2.  A  small  band  for  encircling  anything :  as, 
an  india-rubber  bandlet. 
Also  bandelet. 

band-master  (band'mas'ter),  w.  The  leader  or 
director  of  a  band  of  music. 

band-mounting  (band'moun"ting),  n.  In  har- 
ness-making,  a  style  of  harness-mounting  in 
which  the  rings  are  broad  and  flat  with  square 
edges. 

band-nippers  (band'nip'''erz),  )i.  sing,  and  pi. 
An  instrument  used  in  bookbinding  to  draw  the 
leather  on  the  back  close  to  the  sides  of  the 
bands. 

bandog  (ban'dog),  n.    [ME.  ba7id  dogge,  etc. ; 

<  band^  +  dog.]  A  large,  fierce  kind  of  dog, 
in  England  generally  a  mastiff,  usually  kept 
chained. 

They  pray  us  that  it  would  please  us  to  let  them  still 
hale  us,  and  worry  us  with  their  band-dogs,  and  Pursui- 
vants. Milton,  Ret  in  Eng.,  ii. 

The  keeper  entered  leading  his  bandog,  a  large  blood- 
hound, tied  in  a  leam  or  band,  from  which  he  takes  his 
name.  Scott. 

bandoleer  (ban-do-ler'),  «.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  bandalecr,  bandeleer,  bandileer,  -ier,  etc.,  < 
P.  bandouillere,  now  bandouliere,  <  It.  bandoliera 
(=  Sp.  bandolera),  a  shoulder-belt,  <  *bandola 


bandoleer 

(ef.  bandolo,  head  of  a  skein),  dim.  of  banda 
(=  Sp.  banda  =  F.  bande),  a  band,  sash:  see 
band'^.']  If.  A  broad  belt  or 
baldric  worn  over  the  shoulder 
and  across  the  breast,  and 
used  for  suspending  a  wallet 
by  the  side. 

I  tlu-ew  mine  arms,  like  a  scarf  or 
bandileer,  cross  tlie  lieutenant's  mel- 
anclioly  bosom. 

Middleton,  The  Black  Book. 
The  Baillie  now  came  bustling  in, 
dressed  in  his  Vjlue  coat  and  banda- 
liera,  and  attended  by  two  or  three 
halberdiers.     Scott,  Monastery,  I.  x. 

Specifically — 2.  Such  a  belt 
worn  by  soldiers ;  a  shoulder- 
belt  from  which  cartridges 
are  suspended. 

The  dagger  is  stuck  in  the  sash,  and 
a  bandoleer  slung  over  the  shoulders 
carries  their  cartridge-case,  powder- 
flask,  flint  and  steel,  priming-horn, 
Bandoleer.         and  other  necessaries. 

M.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  151. 

Hence  —  3.  A  nearly  cylindrical  case  of  copper 
or  other  material  formerly  used  to  contain  a 

charge  of  powder,  a  number  of  these  were  slung  to 
a  baldric  or  shoulder-belt,  and  formed  the  common  means 
of  charging  the  harquebuse,  or  in  modern  times  the 
musket. 

And,  as  Sym  Hall  stood  by  the  Are, 
He  lighted  the  match  of  his  bandelier. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  iii.  21. 


439 


Also  spelled  bandileer,  handalier,  bandelier. 

bandoleer-fruit  (ban-do-ler'frot),  «.    The  ber 
ries  of  Zanonia  Iiidica,  an  Indian  cucurbita- 
ceous  vine  bearing  a  fleshy  fruit  with  winged    ^i^erai  is  noistea. 
seeds.  bandsman^^  (bandz  man), 

bandoline  (ban'do-lin),  n.  [Origin  obscure; 
appar.  a  trade-name^  perhaps  based  on  band^.l 
A  gummy  perfumed,  substance,  originally  ob- 
tained mainly  from  quince-seeds,  used  to  im- 
part glossiness  to  the  hair,  or  to  fix  it  in  anv  *ee  .specrrawi. 
particular  form.  bandster  (band  ster), 

bandoline  (ban'do-lin),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bando- 
lined,  ppr.  bandolining.  [<  bandoline,  n.']  I. 
trans.  _  To  apply  bandoline  to,  as  the  hair;  ren- 
der stiff,  as  the  mustache,  by  applying  bando- 
line. 

II.  intrans.  To  apply  bandoline  to  the  hair. 
Dickens. 

bandont,  n.  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  bandon, 
bandoun,  banditn,  etc.,  <  OF.  bandon,  <  ML. 
*bando(n-)  for  bandum,  bannum,  proclamation, 
command,  edict,  ban :  see  ban''-,  «.,  and  cf.  aban- 
don.'i  Jurisdiction;  power  of  disposal;  dis- 
cretion. 

bandont,  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  late  ME.  ban- 
done,  by  apheresis  for  abandon,  q.  v.]  To 
abandon. 

bandore!  (ban-dor'),  M.  [Also  formerly i«/irfom, 
bandurion,  after  Sp.  or  Pg. :  Sp.  bandurria  and  band-work  (band' werk). 


cutting  edge  like  a  plane-iron,  which  is  held  against  the 
wheel  while  the  latter  is  revolving,  thus  scraping  off  its 
surface.  A  narrow  upright  cutter  at  the  same  time  forms 
a  slight  shoulder, 
bandsman!  (bandz'man),  w. ;  pi.  bandsmen 
(-men).  [<  band's,  poss"  of  band^,  +  ?»«w.]  In 
mining,  a  miner  who  works  in  connection  with 
the  band  or  flat  rope  by  which  the  coal  or  other 
mineral  is  hoisted. 

, ,  n.;  pi.  bandsmen 
(-men).  [<  band's,  poss.  of  band^,  +  man.']  A 
musician  who  plays  tu  a  band, 
band-spectrum  (band'spek'-'trum),  n.  A  spec- 
trum consisting  of  a  number  of  bright  bands. 
See  spectrum. 

«.  [<  band'^,  v.,  +  -ster.'] 
In  England,  one  who  binds  sheaves  after  reap- 
ers. N.  E.  D. 
band-string  (band'string),  n.  One  of  the  laces 
used  in  seeming  the  bands  formerly  worn 
round  the  neck.  They  were  usually  tied  in  a  large 
bow  in  front,  and  often  had  rich  tassels  and  even  jewels 
at  the  ends. 


If  he  should  go  into  Fleet  street,  and  sit  upon  a  Stall, 
and  twM  a.  Bandstrinff,  .  .  .  then  all  the  Boys  in  the  Street 
would  laugh  at  him.  Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  86. 

I  went  away,  and  with  Mr.  Creed  to  the  Exchange,  and 
bought  some  things,  as  gloves,  and  bandstrings,  &c. 

Pepys,  Diary,  I.  173. 

band-wheel  (band'hwel),  n.  1,  In  mach.,  same 
as  band-pulley. —  2.  A  small  wheel  with  a 
grooved  face  or  rim,  driven  by  a  round  belt  or 
cord ;  also,  a  wheel  round  which  a  band-saw 
turns. 

Cooperation;  work 


bandola,  tovmerly  jmndurria,  =  Pg.  bandurra  =    ™  bands  or  companies. 

It.  mandora  (>  F.  mandore)  and  mandola  (dim.        The  practice  of  band-work,  or  comradeship,  the  organic 

mandolino,  >  E.  mandoline),  and  pandora,  pan-  society,  has  so  moulded  the  nature  of  man  as  to 

A/r«  •  irQvL.ioUr  /„„  -I?  7,  Create  m  it  two  Specially  liuman  faculties  —  the  conscieuce 

<l2<rfl  ,  variously  corrupted  (as  also  E.  hanjO,  q.     and  the  intellect.  W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  II.  283 

pandura,  pcindurinm,  <  Gv.javSovpa^  ^^j^^yl  (^,an'di),  v.;  i,ret.  and  pp.  bandied, 

ppr.  bandying.    [First  in  Elizabethan  E.,  also 


also  (pdvdovpa,  a  musical  instrument  with  three 
strings.]  An  old  variety  of  the  zither.  Also 
called  bandalore. 

Sound  lute,  bandora,  gittern. 
Viol,  virginals,  and  cittern. 

Middleton,  Your  Five  Gallants,  v.  2. 

bandore2t,  n.  [For  *bando,  i.  e.,  bandeau,  <  F. 
bandeau,  a  band,  in  the  particular  sense  of  a 
widow's  head-dress :  see  bandeau.]  A  widow's 
veil  for  covering  the  head  and  face.  Prior. 

band-pulley  (band'piil'i),  n. 
A  flat  or  slightly  crown-faced 
pulley.  Also  called  band- 
wheel. 

band-robin  (band'rob"in),  n. 
In  hat-making,  a  piece  of  cloth 
saturated  vnth  cement,  bound 
and  ironed  around  the  body 
of  a  hat  to  hold  the  brim  finn- 
ly  in  its  place. 

bandrolt,  n.   An  obsolete  form 
of  banderole. 

band-saw  (band'sa),  n.  An  endless  narrow 
band  or  ribbon  of  steel  with  a  serrated  edge, 
passing  over  two  large  wheels,  which  give  a 
contiauous  uniform  motion  instead  of  the  re- 
ciprocating action  of  the  jig-saw.  It  was  in- 
vented by  William  Newberry  of  London.  Also 
called  belt-saw  and  endless  saw. 

band-setter  (band'sefer),  n.  A  tool  used  for 
shaving  off  the  sui-face  of  a  band-wheel  so  that 
the  band-saw  can  toe  forced  on.  it  has  a  broad 


Two-part  Band- 
pulley. 


written  bandie,  and  less  commonly  but  more 
reg.  band  (the  term,  -ie,  -y  being  irreg.,  and  due 
perhaps  to  the  Sp.  Pg.  bande-ar),  <  F.  bander, 
bandy  at  tennis,  refl.  band  together,  join  in  a 
league  (=  Sp.  Pg.  bandear,  refl.  band  together, 
form  a  party  or  side,  =  It.  bandarc,  "to  side  or 
bandy" — Florio),  appar.  the  same  as  bander, 
tie  with  a  band,  <  bande  {=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  banda),  a 
band,  side,  party,  E.  band^,  mixed  with  bande  = 
Sp.  It.  banda,  a  band,  company,  troop,  E.  bands. 
The  senses  'throw  from  side  to  side'  (from 
band'^)  and  '  band  together' (from  6rt>(rf3)  appear 
to  meet  in  the  sense  'contend,  strive.']  I.  trans. 
1.  To  throw  or  strike  to  and  fro,  or  from  side 
to  side,  as  a  ball  in  play. 

Tennis  balls  bandied  and  struck  upon  us  ...  by  rackets 
from  without.        Cudwortfi,  Intellectual  System,  p.  845. 
To  fly  sublime 
Thro'  the  courts,  the  camps,  the  schools, 

Is  to  be  the  ball  of  Time, 
Bandied  by  the  hands  of  fools. 

Tennyson,  Vision  of  Sin. 

2t.  To  toss  aside ;  drive  or  send  off. 

If  the  Earth  had  been  bandied  out  of  one  Vortex  into 
another.  Dr.  II.  More,  Div.  Dial.,  i.  17.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

3.  To  toss  about,  as  from  man  to  man;  pass 
from  one  to  another,  or  back  and  forth. 

Let  not  .  .  .  known  truth  ...  be  bandied  in  disputa- 
tion. Watts. 

But  now  her  wary  ears  did  hear 
The  new  king's  name  bandied  from  mouth  to  mouth. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  275. 


bane 

4.  To  give  and  take ;  exchange,  especially  con- 

tentiously :  as,  to  bandy  compliments ;  to  bandy 
words,  reproaches,  etc. 

Do  you  bandy  looks  with  me,  you  rascal? 

Shak. ,  Lear,  i.  4. 
I'll  not  bandy 
Words  with  your  mightnicss. 

Massinyer,  Enii)eror  of  the  East,  iv.  3. 
Mischief,  spirit,  and  glee  sparkled  all  over  her  face  a.s 
she  thus  bandied  words  with  the  old  ('ossack,  who  almost 
equally  enjoyed  the  tilt.       Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xii. 

5t.  To  discuss ;  debate. 

O,  what  a  thing  is  man, 
To  bandy  factions  of  distemper'ii  passions 
Against  the  sacred  Providence  abijvc  hhn  ! 

Ford,  Lover's  Melanolioly,  v.  1. 

6f.  To  band  together;  league:  chiefly  reflexive. 

All  the  kings  of  the  earth  bandy  themselves  to  flglit  w  ith 
him.  Hughes,  Saints  Losse  (1632),  p.  .'JS.    {X.  E.  I>.) 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  bound,  as  a  ball  tliat  is 
struck. — 2t.  To  form  a  band  or  league. — 3. 
To  contend;  .strive,  whether  in  emulation  or 
in  enmity. 

One  fit  to  bandy  with  thy  lawless  sons. 

Slmk.,  Tit.  And.,  i.  2. 

bandyl  (ban'di),  n.  [<  bandy'^,  v. ;  appar.  for 
bandy-club,  club  used  at  bandy;  but  see  bandyl, 
a.]  If.  A  particular  manner  of  playing  tennis, 
the  nature  of  which  is  not  now  known. —  2t. 
A  stroke  with  a  racket,  or  a  ball  so  struck ; 
a  return  at  tennis.  X.  E.  B.—  3.  A  game 
played  with  a  bent  elub,  better  known  as 
hockey,  and,  in  the  United  States,  shinny 
(which  see). — 4.  A  club  bent  at  the  end,  used 
in  the  game  of  hockey  or  bandy-ball;  a  shinny 
or  shinty. 

bandy!  (ban'di),  a.  [Appar.  attrib.  use  of 
bandy'^,  n.,  a  bent  club,  but  some  refer  both  to 
F,  bande,  pp.  of  bander,  bend  a  bow,  <  bande,  a 
band.  The  second  sense  seems  to  rest  on 
bend^.]  1.  Having  a  bend  or  crook  outward: 
said  of  a  person's  legs:  as,  his  legs  are  quite 
bandy. 

Nor  make  a  scruple  to  expose 
Your  bandy  leg,  or  crooked  nose. 

Swift,  Furniture  of  a  Woman's  Mind. 

2t.  Limp;  without  sufficient  substance:  said 

of  bad  cloth. 
bandy2  (ban'di),  a.    [<  band'^  -I-  -y ;  but  cf.  F. 

bande,  pp.  of  bander,  bend,  and  bendy.]  Marked 

with  bands  or  stripes. 
bandy3  (ban'di),  n.     [Anglo-Ind.,  <  Telugu  ; 

handi,  Tamil  vandi,  vandil.]    A  kind  of  cart  or  ' 

buggy  much  used  in  India.    See  extracts. 

A  buggy  being  a  one-horse  vehicle  ...  (at  Madras  they 
call  it  a  bandy). 

Stocqueler,  Handbook  of  Brit.  India,  p.  109.    (N.  E.  D.) 

The  framework  of  bandies  is  made  of  light  wood,  but  of 
wood  as  strong  as  possilile.  Above  it  is  spread  a  semicir- 
cular awning  of  bamboos  supporting  mats  of  cloth  or  can- 
vas. The  bandy  is  a  cross-country  vehicle,  and  as  a  rule 
possesses  no  springs  of  any  kind.  The  conveyance  is 
dragged  by  oxen.  Caldwell 

bandy-ball  (ban'di-bal),  n.    [<  bandy^,  n.,  -{- 

ball^.]    1.  The  ball  used  in  the  game  of  bandy 

or  hockey.  —  2.  The  game  itself, 
bandy-jig  (ban'di-jig),  n.  [<  bandy'^,  a.,  +jig^.] 

A  burlesque  dance  performed  with  the  toe's  and 

knees  turned  in.  Mayhew. 
bandy-legged  (ban'di-legd  or  -legged),  a.  [< 

bandy''-,  a.,  +  leg  -(-  -erf2.]    Having  bandy  or 

crooked  legs;  bow-legged, 
bandyman  (ban'di-man),  n.;  pi.  bandymen 

(-men).    [<  bandy^  +  man.]    In  British  India, 

a  man  engaged  in  driving  a  bandy. 

When  also,  as  all  over  India,  our  white  kinsmen  speak 
of  bandymen  and  bandies,  the  word  thus  anglicized  ia 
simply  the  old  Tamilian  one.  Caldwell. 

bane!  (ban), «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also,  less  prop., 
bain,  baine;  <  ME.  bane,  <  AS.  bana,  bona,  a 
slayer,  murderer,  =  OS.  bano  =  OFries.  bona  = 
OB.G.  bano,  MHG.  bane,  ban  z^Icel.  bani  =  Sw. 
Dan.  bane,  death,  murder  (not  in  Goth) ;  akin 
to  AS.  benn  =  Icel.  ben  =  Goth,  banja,  a  woimd, 
Gr.  (povoc,  <povj],  killing,  mm-der,  ipovci  c,  a  slayer, 
murderer,  y'  *<pev  (aor.  e~e(pvov,  7rE(pvifiev),  slay ; 
of.  "v/  *(pa,  slay,  ^aroc,  verbal  adj.  in  comp., 
slain.]  If.  A  slayer  or  murderer;  a  worker 
of  death,  as  a  man  or  an  animal. 

He  overcame  this  beeste  and  was  his  baiie. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  2147. 
Lest  Rome  herself  be  bane  unto  herself, 
And  she  .  .  . 

Do  shameful  execution  on  herself. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  v.  3. 

2.  That  which  causes  death  or  destroys  Ufe; 
especially,  poison  of  a  deadly  quality. 

A  sword  and  a  dagger  he  wore  by  his  side, 

Of  manye  a  man  the  bane. 

Rubin  Hood,  iu  Percy's  fieliques. 


bane 

Hence  —  3.  Any  fatal  cause  of  mischief,  injury, 
or  destruction:  as,  vice  is  the  banc  of  society. 

Bane  of  the  poor  !  it  wouiuis  their  weaker  iiiiiul 
To  miss  one  favour  which  tlieir  neighhours  fiiui. 

Crabbe,  The  Parish  Kegister. 
Thoughts  with  better  thoughts  at  strife, 
The  most  familiar  bane  of  life. 

n'vniswurth,  Sequel  to  Beggars. 
4.  Ruin;  destruction. 

The  cup  of  deception  spiced  and  tempered  to  their  bane. 

Milton. 

5t.  Death :  usually  with  such  verbs  as  catch, 
get,  take:  as,  to  catch  one's  hane. 

She  catch'd  her  bane  o'  th'  water. 

Middlelon,  Cliastc  Maid,  v.  2. 

6.  A  disease  in  sheep,  more  commonly  called 

the  rot  =Syn.  3.  Pest,  curse,  scourge. 

baneH  (ban),  v.  t.  [<  i«Hti,  «.]  l.  To  kill; 
poison. —  2.  To  injure;  ruin. 

For  minors  have  not  only  baned  families  but  ruined 
realms.  Fidler. 

bane^  (ban),  «.    Scotch  form  of  boxe^. 

bane^t,  »■  An  obsolete  form  of  bau'^,  especially 
in  plural  banes,  now  banns  (which  see). 

bane^t,  a.    An  obsolete  form  of  hain^. 

bane^t,     and  v.    An  obsolete  fonn  of  bahfi. 

baneberry  (ban'ber*i),  n.  [<  banc'^  +  bernj'i-.'] 
The  common  name  of  plants  of  the  genus 
Actwa:  so  called  because  of  their  nauseous 
poisonous  berries.  Also  called  herb-christophcr. 
See  Actcca. 

baneful  (bau'ful),  a.  [<  bane^  +  -/«?.]  De- 
structive; pernicious;  poisonous:  as,  baneful 
wrath,"  Chapman.  Iliad,  i.  1;  ^'baneful  hem- 
lock," Garth,  The  Dispensary,  ii. 

Like  baneful  hei  hs  the  gazer  s  eye  they  seize, 
Bush  to  the  head,  and  poison  where  they  please. 

Crabbe,  The  Newspaper. 
=  Syn.  Hurtful,  harmful,  mischievous,  deadly. 

banefully  (ban'ful-i),  adv.  In  a  baneful  man- 
ner ;  perniciously ;  destructively. 

banefulness  (bau'fiil-ues),  «.  The  quality  of 
being  baneful  or  hurtful;  poisonousness. 

banewort  (ban'wert),  n.  A  name  applied  to 
two  plants:  («)  Atropa  Belladonna,  or  deadly 
nightshade ;  {b)  Ranunculus  Flammula,  or  lesser 
spearwort.  from  the  supposition  that  it  is  a 
bane  to  sheep. 

bangl  (bang),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  banffuc; 
not  found  in  ME.,  but  prob.  existent ;  of  native 
or  Scand.  origin,  =  LG.  banc/en,  freq.  bungcln, 
strike,  beat  (cf.  D.  bengel,  a  bell,  bcngclen,  ring 
a  bell,  MHG.  bengel,  a  club,  G.  bengcl,  a  club, 
clown),  =  leel.  banga  =  OSw.  b&nga,  hammer, 
=  Norw.  banka  —  Dan.  bankc,  beat.  In  popu- 
lar apprehension  the  word  is  imitative.]  I, 
trans.  1.  To  beat,  as  with  a  club  or  cudgel; 
thump;  cudgel. 

He  having  got  some  iron  out  of  the  earth,  put  it  into  his 
servants'  hands  to  fence  with,  and  bany  one  another. 

Laeke. 

2.  To  beat  or  handle  roughly  in  any  way; 
treat  with  violence;  knock  about;  drub;  de- 
feat: often  with  about:  as,  to  bang  the  furni- 
ture about. 

The  desperate  tempest  hath  so  bantj'd  the  Turks 
That  their  designment  halts.  Shale,  Othello,  ii.  1. 

What  galleys  have  we  bang'd,  and  sunk,  and  taken, 
Whose  only  fraughts  were  fire  and  stern  defiance. 

Fletcher,  Double  Marriage,  ii.  1. 

3.  To  produce  a  loud  noise  from  or  by,  as  in 
slamming  a  door,  and  the  like :  as,  he  went  out 
and  banged  the  door  behind  him. 

Twa  milucky  redcoats  .  .  .  banr/ed  aff  a  gun  at  him. 

Seott,  Waverley,  II.  xxviii. 

4.  To  beat  in  any  quality  or  action ;  surpass ; 
excel.  [Colloq.] 

The  practical  denial  of  the  common  brotherhood  of  the 
same  family  ba7irrs  heathenism.  J.  Mill, 

That  banr;.s  Banagher,  and  Banagher  bangs  the  world. 

Irish  sailing. 

II.  in  trans.  1.  To  strike  violently  or  noisily ; 
thump:  usually  with  against. 

Now  there  are  certain  particles  or  small  masses  of  mat- 
ter which  we  know  to  bang  against  one  another  according 
to  certain  laws.  \Y.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  177. 

2,  To  resoimd  with  clashing  noises. 

The  maid  and  page  renew'd  their  strife. 
The  palace  bang'd  and  buzz'd  and  clackt. 

Tennyson,  Day-Dreain. 

3.  To  spring  or  move  with  sudden  energy  or 
impetus ;  boimce :  as,  he  banged  up  at  once. 

bangi  (bang),  n.  [=  Icel.  bang  =  Sw.  b&ng,  a 
hammering,  =Norw.  Dan.  bank,  a  beating;  from 
the  verb.]  1.  A  heavy,  resounding  blow;  a 
thump,  as  with  a  club. 

The  very  first  blow  that  the  forester  gave, 
He  made  his  broad  weapon  cry  twaug ; 


440 

'Twas  over  the  head,  he  fell  down  for  dead, 
O,  that  was  a  dannnible  hang ! 
Robin  Hood  and  the  Hanger,  in  Child's  Ballads,  V.  209. 
I  heard  several  bangs  or  buffets  .  .  .  given  to  the  eagle 
that  held  the  ring  of  iuy  box  in  his  beak. 

Swift,  Gidliver's  Travels. 

2.  A  loud,  sudden,  explosive  noise,  as  tlie  dis- 
charge of  a  gun  or  cannon,  the  slamming  of  a 
door,  etc. 

The  steps  of  a  fine-belozenged  carriage  were  let  down 
with  a  bang.  Thackeray,  Newcomes,  II. 

3.  A  sudden,  impetuous  movement;  an  ener- 
getic dash  or  boimce :  as,  he  got  up  with  a  hayig. 
— 4.  A  stick;  a  club.    [North.  Eng.]=syn.  1. 

See  thump. 

bangl  (bang),  adv.    [Adverbial  use  of  bang^,  v. 
or  ».]   With  a  sudden  or  violent  blow  or  clap ; 
all  of  a  sudden ;  abruptly :  especially  with  come 
or  go :  as,  bang  went  the  guns. 
A  3211).  shot  struck  us  bang  on  the  quarter. 

Tom  Cringle's  Log,  Blackwood's  Mag.,  XXXII.  31. 

bang2  (bang),  tK  t.  [<  bang'i-,  adv. ;  to  cut  the 
hair  'bang  off.']    To  cut  across:  used  of  hair. 

(a)  To  cut  (the  hair)  so  as  to  form  a  fringe  over 
the  forehead :  a  common  fashion  with  girls  and 
young  women. 

He  was  bareheaded,  liis  hair  banged  even  with  his  eye- 
brows in  front.  The  Century,  XXV.  192. 

(b)  To  dock  (a  horse's  tail). 

bang2  (bang),  «.  [<  bang^,  r.]  The  front  hair 
cut  so  as  to  hang  evenly  over  the  forehead : 
often  in  the  plural:  as,  to  wear  bangs. 

bang'\  ".    See  bhang. 

bang-beggar  (bang'beg'''ar),  71.  [<  bang''-,  v.,  + 
obj. /«Y/r/«)-.]  1.  A  strong  staff. —  2.  A  consta- 
ble or  beadle.    [Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.] 

banger  (bang'Sr),  n.    One  who  or  that  which 

bangs.  Specifically  —  (n)  Something  \eiy  large;  espe- 
cially,alie.  [Slang.  J  (6)  A  large,  heavy  cane.  [Slang,  U.  S.] 

bangerts  (ban'gerts),  n.  [E.  dial.,  possibly 
connected  with  6«»A-l.]  In  mining,  a  coarse 
kind  of  stopping  used  to  hold  up"  the  earth. 
[Eng.] 

banghy  (bang'i),  n.     [Hind,  banghi.']     1.  In 

the  East  Indies,  a  sort  of  bamboo  pole  or  yoke 
carried  on  a  person's  shoulder  with  a  load  sus- 
pended at  each  end.  Hence — 2.  A  parcel- 
2J0st ;  a  carrier. 

banghy-post  (bang'i-post),  n.  Same  as  bang- 
hi/, '2. 

banghy-'wallah  (bang'i-wal'''a),  n.  [<  Hind. 
banghi.  (see  banghy)  +  -ivdla  (in  comp.),  -man.] 
In  British  India,  one  who  carries  a  banghy. 
banging  (bang'ing),  a.  [Prop.  ppr.  of  bang'^. 
Cf.  thumping,  ichopping.']  Huge;  great;  sur- 
passing in  size.  [Vulgar.] 
bangleH  (bang'gl),  v.  [Prob.  freq.  of  bang^,  i'.] 
I,  trans.  1.  To  beat  about  or  down,  as  corn  by 
the  -wind.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 2.  To  waste  by  lit- 
tle and  little ;  squander  carelessly ;  fritter. 

If  we  bangle  away  the  legacy  of  peace  left  us  by  Christ, 
it  is  a  sign  of  our  want  of  regard  for  him. 

Whole  Duty  of  Man. 
II.  intrans.  1.  In  falconry,  to  beat  about  in 
the  air ;  flutter :  said  of  a  hawk  which  does  not 
rise  steadily  and  then  swoop  down  upon  its 
prey. — 2.  To  flap  or  hang  down  loosely,  as  a 
hat-brim  or  an  animal's  ear. 
bangle'-^  (bang'gl),  n.  [<  Hind,  bangri,  a  brace- 
let of  glass.]     1.  An  ornamental  ring  worn 

upon  the  arms 
and  ankles  in 
India  and  Af- 
rica. Hence  — 
2.  A  bracelet 
without  a  clasp; 
a  ring-bracelet, 
generally  with 
small  ornaments  suspended  from  it. 

We  hear  too  often  of  Bertha's  various  dresses,  and  a 
great  deal  too  much  of  her  bangles. 

The  American,  VI.  124. 

3.  Naut.,  a  hoop  of  a  spar. 

bangle-ear  (bang'gl-er),  n.  [<  bangle^  +  earl.] 
A  loose,  hanging  ear,  as  of  a  dog.  It  is  re- 
garded as  an  imperfection. 

bangle-eared  (bang'gl-erd),  a.  [Also  bangled- 
eared;  as  bangle-ear  +  -ed2.]  Flap-eared,  like 
a  spaniel. 

banglingt  (bang'gling),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  ban- 
gle\  «'.]    Contention;  squabbling. 

Bangorian  (bang-go'ri-an),  a.  [<  Bangor,  a 
bishop's  see.  The  name'is  W.,  lit.  '  high  peak,' 
<  ban,  peak,  prominence,  4-  gor,  high.]  Relat- 
ing to  Bangor,  a  bishop's  see  in  North  Wales. — 

Bangorian  controversy,  a  controversy  stiiTcd  up  by  a 
sermon  preached  before  George  I.  on  March  31,  1717,  by 
Dr.  Hoadly,  bishop  of  Bangor,  from  the  text  "  My  kingdom 
is  not  of  this  world,"  from  which  the  bishop  argued  that 
Christ  had  not  delegated  judicial  and  disciplinary  powers 


banish 

to  the  Christian  ministry.  Convocation  declared  that 
Hoadly's  teaching  tended  to  subvert  all  government  in 
the  church  of  Christ,  reducing  his  kingdom  to  anarchy, 
and  it  was  about  to  proceed  against  him  when  the  king 
saved  him  by  proroguing  Convocation,  and  renewing  the 
prorogation  as  often  as  it  had  to  be  sunnnoned  again. 
&-V  CdiiriH-ntion. 

bang-pitchert  (bang'pieh"er),  n.    [<  bang\  v., 

+  obj.  pitcher.']    A  drunkard, 
bangsring  (bangz'riug),  ».    Same  as  banxring. 
bangster  (baug'ster),  n,.    [<  bang^,  v.,  +  -ster.'] 

A  violent  fellow  who  carries  everything  before 

him;  hence,  a  victor  or  champion.  [Scotch.] 
bang-straw  (bang'stra),  w.  A  thresher.  [Prov. 

Eng.] 

bangue,  n.    See  bhang. 

bang-up  (bang'up),  a.  or  adv.  [<  bang^,  v.  or 
adv.,  implying  energy  or  dash,  +  up,  implying 
completeness.]  In  tine  style ;  in  the  best  man- 
ner; complete;  perfect:  as,  a  bang-up  enter- 
tainment; "task  bang-up,"  Scott,  Diary,  Sept. 
8,  1826  (in  Loekhart's  Life).  [Slang.] 

bangy,  n.    See  banghy. 

banian^,  banyan^  (ban'ian),  n.  [Formerly 

also  bannian,  bannyan,  banianc ;  —  F.  banian,  < 
Pg.  banian,  prob.,  through  Ar.  banyan,  <  Hind. 
banya  (also  banik),  Beng.  baniya,  banya,  benya, 
a  trader,  merchant,  Gujarati  vaniyo,  a  man  of 
the  trading  caste,  <  Skt.  ranij,  a  merchant, 
possibly  <  V  P"i>y  bargain.]  1.  A  Hindu 
trader  or  merchant,  especially  of  the  province 
of  Guzerat;  one  engaged  in  commerce  gener- 
ally, but  more  particularly  one  of  the  great 
traders  of  western  India,  as  in  the  seaports  of 
Bombay,  Kurrachee,  etc.,  who  carry  on  a  large 
trade  with  the  interior  of  Asia  by  means  of  cara- 
vans, and  with  Africa  by  vessels.  They  form  a 

class  of  the  caste  Vaisya,  wear  a  peculiar  dress,  and  are 
strict  in  the  observance  of  fasts  and  in  abstaining  from 
the  use  of  flesh. 

The  Banians  would  eat  nothing  that  had  life.  Their 
priests  were  called  rerteas,  and  wore  white  clothes,  which 
they  never  took  off  until  worn  to  rags.  They  lived  upon 
charity,  and  kept  notliing  till  the  next  day. 

J.  T.  Wheeler,  Hist.  India,  III.  421. 

2.  In  British  India,  originally,  a  cotton  shirt 
worn  by  the  Hindus.  Hence  —  (a)  Any  under- 
garment, even  of  the  elastic  web  made  in  Eng- 
land, (i)  Any  loose  or  easy  dress  worn  in  the 
house,  especially  oue  modeled  on  the  native 
dress  of  the  Hindus — Banian  days,  originally  two 

days  in  the  week,  and  afterward  one,  in  which  sailors  in  the 
British  navy  had  no  flesh-meat  served  out  to  them.  Ban- 
ian days  are  now  abolished,  but  the  term  is  still  applied 
to  d.ays  of  poor  fare. 

banian'-^,  banyan^  (ban'ian),  n.  [For  hanian- 
or  banyan-tree,  that  is,  banians'  tree,  tree  of 
the  banians  or  Hindu  merchants ;  orig.  applied 
to  an  individual  tree  of  this  species  at  Gom- 
broon, a  port  of  the  Persian  gulf,  and  then  ex- 
tended to  all  trees  of  the  species,  from  their 
frequent  use  as  market-places.  The  native 
Hind,  name  for  the  tree  is  bar,  <  Skt.  vata 
(cerebral  t),  the  banian-tree.]  An  East  Indian 


Bangles  from  East  India  Museum,  London. 


Banian  [Ficus  Bengaleitsis). 

fig-tree,  Ficus  Bengalensis,  natural  order  Urti- 
cacew,  remarkable  for  the  area  which  individ- 
ual trees  cover  through  the  development  of 
roots  from  the  branches,  which  descend  to  the 
groimd  and  become  trunks  for  the  support  and 
nourishment  of  the  extending  crown,  it  is  ex- 
tensively planted  throughout  India  as  a  shade-tree,  and  is 
of  rapid  growth,  frequently  covering  a  space  100  yards  in 
diameter  and  reaching  a  height  of  80  or  100  feet.  Tlie 
fruit  is  of  the  size  of  a  cherry.  As  in  some  other  tropical 
species  of  the  genus,  the  seeds  rarely  germinate  in  the 
ground,  but  usually  in  the  crowns  of  palms  or  otiicr  trees, 
where  they  have  been  deposited  by  liirds.  Roots  are  sent 
down  to  tlie  ground,  and  they  endjrace  and  finally  kill  the 
nurse-palm.  The  tree  furnislies  lac,  the  bark  is  made 
into  cordage,  the  milky  juice  yields  a  bird-lime,  and  the 
leaves  are  fashioned  into  platters.  The  wood  is  soft  and 
of  little  value. 

banie  (ba'ni),  a.    A  Scotch  fonn  of  bony. 

banish  (ban'ish),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  banish'en,  baiv- 
ysen,  <  OF.  banir,  bannir  {baniss-),  mod.  F.  bannir 
=  OSp.  Pg.  bandir  —  It.  bandire,  ML.  bannire, 


banish 

bandire,  proclaim,  ban,  banish,  <  bannum,  ban- 
dum,  ban:  see  6a«l,  u.  and  v.]  If.  To  outlaw; 
put  under  ban. 

Wlien  he  had  in  Lough-Ieven  been 
Many  a  month  anil  many  a  day: 
To  tlie  regent  tlie  lord  warden  sent, 
Tliat  ba7inisht  earl  for  to  betray. 

Percy's  Jieliques,  p  150. 
For  I  muste  to  the  grene  wode  goo, 
Alone,  a  hanysshed  man. 

The  Nutbrowne  Maid,  in  Child's  Ballads. 

2.  To  condemn  to  exile  by  political  or  judicial 
authority ;  e.xpel  from  or  relegate  to  a  country 
or  a  place,  either  permanently  or  for  a  time : 
often  with  objectives  of  both  person  and  place : 
as,  he  was  banished  the  kingdom;  Ovid  \t'as 
banished  to  Tomi. 

We, 

From  this  instant,  banish  him  our  city. 

Shale. ,  Cor.,  iii.  3. 

Six  years  we  banish  him.  Shak.,  Eich.  II.,  i.  3. 

Thou  knowest  what  it  is  to  be  banished  thy  native 
country,  to  be  over-ruled,  as  well  as  to  rule  and  sit  upon 
the  throne.  R.  Barclay,  Pref.  to  An  Apology. 

3.  To  send  or  drive  away;  expel;  dismiss: 
with  a  person  or  thing  as  object :  as,  to  banish 
sorrow;  to  banish  an  obnoxious  person  from 
one's  presence  or  thoughts. 

These  evils  thou  repeat'st  upon  thyself 
Have  banish'd  me  from  Scotland. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 
You  have  already  banished  slavery  from  this  common- 
wealth. Sumner,  Arg.  against  Sep.  Colored  Schools. 
=  Syn.  Banish,  Exile,  Expel,  expatriate,  put  away,  are  all 
used  of  removal  by  physical  or  moral  compulsion ;  they 
all  liave  a  figurative  as  well  as  a  literal  use.  To  banish  is, 
literally,  to  put  out  of  a  community  or  country  by  ban  or 
civil  interdict,  and  indicates  a  complete  removal  out  of 
sight,  perhaps  to  a  distance.  To  exile  is  simply  to  cause 
to  leave  one's  place  or  country,  and  is  often  used  reflex- 
ively  ;  it  emphasizes  the  idea  of  leaving  home,  wliile  ban- 
ish emphasizes  ratlier  that  of  being  forced  by  some  au- 
thority to  leave  it:  as,  the  bitterness  of  exile;  baiiished 
to  Siberia.  Expel,  literally,  to  drive  out,  means  prima- 
rily to  cast  out  forcibly  and  violently,  and  secondarily 
with  disgrace  :  as,  to  expel  from  the  chamber,  or  from  col- 
lege ;  he  was  expelled  the  country. 

Banished  from  Eorae  !  what's  banished  but  set  free 
From  daily  contact  with  the  things  I  loathe? 

Croly,  Catiline. 

The  intrigues  of  Richelieu  compelled  her  [Mary  of  Me- 
dicis]  to  exile  herself,  and  live  an  unhappy  fugitive. 

/.  D'Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  I.  256. 

When  the  French  Kevolution  of  February,  1848,  broke 
out,  Marx  was  expelled  without  circumstance  from  Brus- 
sels. Rae,  Contemp.  Socialism,  p.  132. 

banisher  (ban'ish-er),  n.    One  who  banishes. 

To  be  full  quit  of  those  my  banishers 
Stand  I  before  thee  here.         Shale,  Cor.,  iv.  5. 

banishment  (ban'ish-ment),  n.  [<  banish  + 
-ment,  after  F.  bannissement.']  1.  The  act  of 
banishing  or  compelling  a  citizen  to  leave  his 
country  or  place  of  residence  by  political  or 
judicial  authority. 
He  secured  himself  by  the  banishment  of  his  enemies. 

Johnson. 

2.  The  state  of  being  banished;  enforced  ab- 
sence ;  expulsion ;  exile,  in  either  a  legal  or  a 
general  sense :  as,  banishment  from  thy  presence 
is  worse  than  death. 


441 


bank 


stern-post  and  rudder-post,  and  enables  the  screw  to  1)0  hankl  fbanek)  r  [<banH  nl  T  ir/ins  1 
lifted  outof  the  water  when  it  is  desired  to  proceed  under    'f^r-.i^^uyy^LlA       .ut    \    1    ■     \  , 

sail,  and  to  be  lowered  and  '-^  laiso  a  mound  or  diko  about;  inclose,  de- 


Banjo-frame. 
a,  two-bladed  strew;  />,  pur- 
chase for  raising  screw ;  r, 
coupling  connectiug  screw  with 
main  shaft ;  d,  rudder ;  e,  stern- 
post. 


connected  to  the  shaft  wlien 

steaming  is  resumed, 
banjoist  (ban'jo-ist),  n. 

[<  banjo  +  -ist.']  One 

who  plays  the  banjo, 
banki  (bangk),  n.  [< 

ME.  bank,  banc,  banke, 

also  bonk,  bone,  bonkc, 

<  AS.  "banca  (found  only 

once,  in  a  gloss,  in  comp. 

ho-banca,  a  couch,  lit. 

'  heel-bench':  see  hock^), 

the  ME.  being  perhaps 

from  the  cognate  Icel. 

*banki,  assimilated  bak- 

ki,  a  bank  (of  a  river, 

of  a  chasm,  of  clouds, 

etc.),  ridge  or  eminence, 

=  Sw.  bucko  =  Dan. 

bakke,  a  hill,  hillock,  ris- 
ing ground,  eminence; 

with  weak  suffix,  cognate  with  AS.  bene,  etc., 

E.  bench,  with  orig.  strong  suflax:  see  bench. 

Some  senses  of  6rt«fcl  are  due  to  the  F.  bane,  a 

bench,  etc.,  from  Teut. ;  so  the  distinct  bank^, 

ult.  a  doublet  of  bench.']    1.  A  mound,  pile,  or 

ridge  of  earth  raised  above  the  surrounding 

plain ;  an  artificial  embankment,  especially  for 
military  use. 
They  cast  up  a  bank  against  the  city.       2  Sam.  xx.  15. 

2.  Any  steep  acclivity,  as  one  rising  from  a 
river,  a  lake,  or  the  sea,  or  forming  the  side  of 
a  ravine,  or  the  steep  side  of  a  hillock  on  a 
plain. 

Tiber  trembled  underneath  her  banks.  Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  1. 
Moored  against  the  grassy  bank  of  the  brimming  river, 
the  black  ships  were  taking  in  hides  and  furs. 

tr.  W.  Cable,  Creoles  of  Louisiana,  p.  104. 

3.  An  elevation  or  rising  ground  in  the  sea  or 
the  bed  of  a  river,  composed  of  sand  or  other 
soil,  and  either  partly  above  water  or  covered 
everywhere  with  shoal  water;  a  shoal;  a  shal- 
low :  as,  the  banks  of  Newfoundland ;  the  Dog- 
ger bank  in  the  North  Sea. — 4t.  A  bench  or 
long  seat;  also,  a  stage  or  platform  to  speak 
from.    See  mountebank. 


Six  frozen  winters  spent. 
Return  with  welcome  home  from  banishment. 

Shak,  Rich.  II.,  i.  3. 
Fields  whose  thrifty  occupants  abide 
As  in  a  dear  and  chosen  banishment, 
With  every  semblance  of  entire  content. 

Wordsworth,  Sonnets,  iii.  21. 

3.  The  act  of  driving  away  or  dispelling:  as, 
the  banisJiment  of  care  fi-om  the  mind, 
banister,  bannister  (ban'is-ter),  «.  Corrupt 
fonns  of  baluster. 

He  struggled  to  ascend  the  pulpit  stairs,  holding  hard 
on  the  banisters.  Scott,  Woodstock,  I.  i. 

banister-cross  (ban'is-ter-kros),  n.  In  her.,  see 

cross-ba7iister. 

banjert  (ban'jer),  n.    See  banjo. 

banjo  (ban 'jo),  n.  [Negro  proii.  of  banjore,  a 
corruption  (in  another  form  banjer)  of  ban- 
dore^, q.  v.]  1.  A  musical  instrument  of  the 
guitar  class,  having  a  neck  with  or  without 
frets,  and  a  circular  body  covered  in  front  with 
tightly  stretched  parchment,  like  a  tamboui-ine. 
It  has  from  Ave  to  nine  strings,  of  which  tlie  melody- 
string,  the  highest  in  pitch,  but  placed  outside  of  the  low- 
est of  the  othei's,  is  played  by  the  thuml).  As  in  the  gui- 
tar, the  pitch  of  the  strings  is  fixed  by  stopping  them  with 
tlie  left  hand,  while  the  right  hand  produces  the  tone  by 
plucking  or  striking.  It  is  a  favorite  instrument  among 
the  negroes  of  the  southern  United  States,  and  is  much 
used  by  other  persons. 

2.  A  banjo-frame  (which  see), 
banjo-frame  (ban'jo-fram),  n.    A  rectangular 
frame  of  metal,  fitted  in  the  stern  of  a  ship, 
for  carrying  and  hoisting  or  lowering  a  two- 
bladed  screw-propeller,   it  works  in  guides  in  the 


Per.  Who  be  these,  sir?  .  .  . 

Sir  P.  Fellows,  to  mount  a  bank.    Did  your  instructor 
In  the  dear  tongues  never  discourse  to  you 
Of  the  Italian  niomitebanks?       B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  ii.  1. 

The  lieads  of  the  couches  were  towards  the  walls ;  and 
so  far  as  one  can  gather  from  the  vague  descriptions  which 
have  come  down  to  us,  the  ends  of  tliem  towards  the  fire 
served  as  a  bank  to  sit  upon.  ' 

W.  K.  Sullivan,  Int.  to  O'Curry's  Anc.  Irish,  p.  cccxlix. 

5.  A  bench  in  a  galley  for  rowers;  hence,  the 
number  of  rowers  seated  on  one  bench.  A  galley 
was  double-banked  when  there  were  two  tiers  or  rows  of 
benches,  one  above  the  other,  triple-banked  when  there 
were  three  tiers,  and  so  on.  In  modern  phraseology,  a  boat 
is  single-banked  when  the  oars  are  pulled  each  by  one  man, 
the  men  sitting  one  upon  a  seat  and  alternately  on  oppo- 
site sides  of  a  boat ;  it  is  double-banked  when  two  men  sit 
upon  one  seat,  each  man  with  an  oar.  An  oar  is  single- 
banked  when  worked  by  one  man,  and  double-banked 
when  worked  by  two  men. 

Meantime  the  king  with  gifts  a  vessel  stores. 
Supplies  the  banks  with  twenty  chosen  oars.  Dryden. 
6t.  In  law,  the  bench  or  seat  upon  which  the 
judges  sat.  See  banc. — 7.  A  bench  or  row 
of  keys  in  an  organ  or  similar  instrument. — 
8.  In  carp.,  a  long  piece  of  timber,  especially 
of  fir-wood  unslit,  from  4  to  10  inches  square. 
—  9.  In  coal-mining :  (a)  The  surface  around  the 
mouth  of  a  shaft :  in  this  sense  nearly  synony- 
mous with  the  Cornish  grass,  to  bank  being  the 
same  as  to  grass,  (b)  In  England,  the  whole  or 
one  end  or  side  of  a  working-place  under  gi-oimd. 

(c)  In  Pennsylvania,  a  coal-working  opened  by 
water-level  drifts.   Foin.  Gcol.  Sin-v.  Glossary. 

(d)  In  England  (Cumberland),  a  large  heap  or 
stack  of  coal  on  the  surface.  Gresley. — 10. 
The  support  of  the  moving  carriage  of  a  print- 
ing-press.—11.  In  the  fire-chamber  of  a  glass- 
furnace,  one  of  the  banked-up  parts  which  sup- 
port the  melting-pots.— 12.  In  printing:  (a) 
The  table  used  by  a  hand-pressman  for  his  un- 
printed  paper  and  his  printed  sheets,  {b)  A 
frame,  with  sloping  top,  on  which  are  placed 
the  galleys  for  use  in  collecting  and  proving  the 
type  set:  mainly  used  in  newspaper  compos- 
ing-rooms.—13.  In  thread  or  yarn  manufac- 
ture, a  creel  in  which  rows  of  bobbins  are  held. 

—Bank  of  clouds,  a  mass  of  clouds  appearing  as  if  piled 
up  in  the  form  of  a  bank.— Bank  oU,  menhaden-oil.— 
Spoil  Dank,  in  ciM  engineerimj,  eai  tli  olitained  from  dis- 
tant points  in  the  line  of  a  work,  or  purchased  for  use 
where  a  sutticient  quantity  for  the  needed  fillings  is  not 
furnished  by  the  cuttings. 


4t. 


fend,  or  fortify  with  a  bank ;  embank :  as,  to 
hank  a  river.— 2.  To  form  into  a  bank  or  heap ; 
heap  or  pile:  with  up :  as,  to  bank  up  the  snow. 
—  3.  To  lie  around  or  encircle,  as  a  ])aiik;  con- 
stitute a  bank  around ;  f  oi-m  a  bank  or  border 
to;  hem  in  as  a  bank. 

liurning  sands  tliat  bank  the  shrubliy  vales. 

Thomson,  Summer,  1.  660. 

To  pass  by  the  banks  or  fortifications  of. 

Have  I  not  heard  these  islanders  shout  out 
"Vive  le  roy"  as  I  have  bank'd  tliuir  towns? 

Sliak.,  K.  John,  v.  2. 
To  bank  a  fire,  to  cover  up  a  fire  with  ashes,  and  use 
otiicr  means,  as  closing  the  dampers  and  ash-pit  door,  to 
make  it  burn  low  and  at  the  same  time  to  prevent  its  be- 
coming extinguished. 

Towards  the  afternoon  a  nice  breeze  sprang  up,  and  we 
were  alile  to  bank  fires  and  sail. 

jMdy  Bras.iey,  Voyage  of  Sunlieam,  I.  i. 
To  bank  out,  in  eoal-minimt,  to  stack,  as  coal,  on  tlio 
surface,  in  default  of  means  for  removing  it.  |Eng.I 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  border  upon. —  2.  To  im- 
pinge upon  the  banking-pins  of  a  watch :  said 
of  the  escapement. 
bank2  (bangk),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  banke, 
banque,  <  late  ME.  banke,  <  F.  banque,  <  It. 
banca  (=  F.  banclie  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  banca,  <  ML. 
banca,  f.),  a  bench,  esp.  (in  It.  and  thence  in 
other  languages)  a  money-changer's  bench  or 
table,  later  a  bank ;  cf.  It.  Sp.  Pg.  banco  =  Pr. 
F.  banc,  <  ML.  bancus,  m.,  a  bank,  bench,  < 
MHG.  banc,  G.  bank  =  E.  bank^,  a  bench :  seo 
If.  A  money-dealer's  table,  counter, 

or  shop. 

Exchangers  of  Money  made  the  temple  to  be  the  market 
and  the  banke.  Jer.  Taylor,  Great  Exemplar,  ii.  11. 

These  established  their  banks  or  tables  in  tlie  forum, 
like  ordinary  bankers. 

Arnold,  Hist.  Rome,  II.  xxvii.  72.   {N.  E.  D.) 

2t.  A  sum  of  money,  especially  a  sum  to  di-aw 
upon,  as  in  a  loan-bank. —  3.  In  games  of 
chance,  the  amount  or  pile  which  the  proprie- 
tor of  the  gaming-table,  or  the  person  who 
plays  against  all  the  others,  has  before  him; 
the  funds  of  a  gaming  establishment ;  a  fund 
in  certain  games  at  cards :  as,  a  t&vo-bank. — 4. 
An  institution  for  receiving  and  lending  money. 
The  banking  institutions  of  tlie  United  States  may  be 
classed  as  initiiuiid  and  State  banks,  savings-banks,  pri- 
vate banks  or  bankers,  and  loan  and  trust  companies. 
National  banks  were  first  authorized  by  a  law  of  the 
United  States  enacted  in  1863,  for  a  term  of  twenty  years 
In  1864  another  act  was  adopted  (allowing  the  like  term 
of  twenty  years),  which  was  thereafter  known  as  the 
Aatwnal  Bank  Act.  In  1883  they  were  authorized  to 
continue  twenty  years  longer.  They  receive,  lend,  and 
transmit  money,  and  issue  notes  which  are  used  as  money 
and  buy,  sell,  and  collect  bills  of  exchange.  Their  circu- 
lating notes  are  secured  by  United  States  bonds  deposited 
with  the  government,  and  their  operations  are  subject  to 
the  inspection  and  supervision  of  the  Comptroller  of  the 
Currency.  State  banks  perform  the  same  functions  except 
that  of  issuing  notes.  The  notes  of  the  State  banks  were 
taxed  10  per  cent,  by  Congi-ess  in  1865,  in  order  to  cause 
their  retirement,  which  was  speedily  accomplished.  Pri- 
vate banks  and  bankers  carry  on  the  same  business  as 
State  banks.  Sometimes  one  person  constitutes  a  private 
bank,  but  generally  several  persons  associate  together  and 
form  a  partnersliip.  Loan  and  trust  companies  are  incor- 
porated institutions,  and  receive  deposits,  usually  for  a 
fixed  period,  and  loan  tliem  on  the  pledge  of  stocks,  bonds 
and  other  securities,  wliile  national  and  State  lianks  lend 
largely  on  the  promises  of  the  borrowers ;  they  have  also 
a  capital  which  is  subscrilied  and  paid  by  the  stockholders 
Savings-banks  receive  money  and  lend  it  chiefly  on  the 
security  of  real  estate.  See  sai'in<is-bank.  In  Europe 
several  great  national  banks  are  intimately  associated 
witli  the  fiscal  departments  of  the  governments  cf  their 
respective  countries,  as  the  Bank  of  England  and  the  Bank 
of  France.  Banks  of  issue  are  such  as  issue  notes  that  ctr- 
eulate  as  currency.  In  London  and  for  sixty-five  miles 
around  no  bank  having  more  than  ten  partners,  save  the 
Bank  of  England,  is  allowed  to  issue  its  own  notes. 

5.  The  oflSce  in  which  the  transactions  of  a 

banking  company  are  conducted  Bank-charter 

Act,  an  English  statute  of  1844  (7  and  8  Vict.,  c.  32)  definiii" 
tlie  powers  of  the  Bank  of  England  in  respect  to  the  issue 
of  notes  and  the  amount  of  bullion  reserve.  Its  object 
was  to  avoid  the  danger  of  the  over-issue  of  circulating 
notes,  which  it  accomplished  by  fixing  a  limit  to  the 
aniuunt  of  bullion  held  by  tlie  bank.  It  also  retrulated 
the  issue  of  notes  liv  other  banks.  Also  known ''as  the 
Peel  Act,  and  Sir  Robert  Peel's  ^Ic^-Bank  discount. 
See  rfiscoHH^- Bank  men,  in  U.  S.  hist.,  supporters  of 
the  second  United  States  Bank  in  its  contest  with  Presi- 
dent Jackson.  Two  institutions  liavi'  been  chartered  by 
Congress  under  the  title  Bank  of  tlie  Unite. 1  .states,  having 
their  seat  in  Philadelphia,  and  intiniatelv  connected  with 
the  national  finances.  The  charter  of  the  first,  granted 
in  1791,  expired  in  1811,  its  renewal  having  been  refused. 
The  second  lasted  from  1S16  to  1S36  under  the  national 
charter,  and  was  continued  for  a  time  as  a  State  bank. 
The  opposition  of  President  Jackson  to  the  renewal  of  its 
charter,  and  his  removal  of  the  government  deposits  from 
it  in  1833,  led  to  a  violent  political  contest,  in  which  his 
course  was  ultimately  sustained.  — Bank  Of  issue,  a  bank 
or  banking  company  duly  authorized  by  law  to  issue  bank- 
notes of  its  own.— Bank  post-biU.  See  bill-i. —j)a.ys  in 
banc.  See  rfa.yl. —  National  Bank  Act,  an  act  of  Con- 
gress of  1864,  providing  for  the  organization  throughout  the 


bank 

United  States  of  banks  whose  circulating  notes  were  re- 
quired to  be  secured  by  a  deposit  of  United  States  bonds, 
wliich  resnlti'd,  as  was  inteiuieil,  in  providing  a  market 
for  a  Vfry  laiyi'  yoviM  iuiiciit  loan,  and  at  the  same  time  a 
secure  ciui  cnc.v  cc(ually  acceptable  in  all  parts  of  the  coun- 
try.—Penny-banks  Act,  an  Enslish  statute  of  IS&i)  (22 
and  23  Vict.,  c.  .=>;>)  antliorizini;  the  investing;  of  the  funds 
of  peiniy  savinus-hanks,  charitable  societies,  etc.,  in  the 
money  of  established  savings-banks.  — To  break  the 
bank,  to  win,  as  in  faro,  from  the  management  a  certain 
sum  H'hich  has  been  ti.\ed  upon  as  the  limit  which  the 
bank  is  willing  to  lose  in  a  single  day.— To  play  against 
the  bank,  to  take  the  risks  of  a  game,  as  rouge-et-noir  or 
faro,  in  opposition  to  its  manager, 
bank'-  (bangk),  i\  [<  bank^,  «.]  I.  in  trans. 
To  have  an  aecoimt  with  a  banker;  deposit 
money  in  a  bank ;  transact  business  with  a  bank 
or  as  a  bank ;  exercise  the  trade  or  profession 
of  a  banker. 

I  bank  with  one  of  my  sons'  fathers-in-law,  and  the  other 
bankx  with  me.  Thackeray. 

II.  trans.  To  lay  up  on  deposit  in  a  bank : 
as,  he  hanked  |500" 
banka  (bang'ka),  n.    [Native.]    A  passenger- 
boat  without  outrigger,  used  on  the  river  and 
harbor  at  Manila,   it  is  hewn  from  a  single  log  of 

w  1  fii>m  11)  til  23  feet  long,  and  carries  three  or  four 

l>a.-M'iii;frs.     Imp.  Diet. 

bankable  (baug'ka-bl),  a.  [<  bank^,  v.,  +  -able.'] 
Receivable  as  cash  by  a  bank,  as  bank-notes, 
cheeks,  and  other  securities  for  money. 

bank-account  (bangk'a-kount"),  n.  A  sum  de- 
posited in  a  bank  to  be  drawn  out  on  the  writ- 
ten order  of  the  depositor. 

bank-bait  (bangk'biit),  «.  A  name  of  May -flies. 

A  great  many  fall  into  the  water  a  prey  to  fishes,  aud 
at  that  time  [May),  especially  at  Dordrecht,  the  roach  is 
noted  as  being  peculiarly  fat  and  good.  Hence  the  name 
bank-hait  (in  some  jiarts  of  France,  la  maime). 

E.  P.  Wright,  Anim.  Life,  p.  485. 

bank-bill  (bangk'bil),  w.  1.  A  note  or  bill 
cb-awTi  by  one  bank  on  another,  and  payable 
either  on  demand  or  at  some  future  specified 
date. —  2.  In  the  United  States  and  some  parts 
of  England,  a  bank-note  (which  see). 

bank-book  (bangk'buk),  n.  The  pass-book  in 
which  an  officer  of  a  bank  enters  the  debits  and 
credits  of  a  customer.  The  initials  of  the  teller  or 
accountant  of  the  bank  affixed  to  the  sums  entered  in  the 
bank-book  to  the  credit  of  the  customer  constitute  a  valid 
receipt. 

bank-credit  (bangk'kred'''it),  n.  A  credit  with 
a  bank,  by  which,  on  proper  secm-ity  given  to 
the  bank,  a  person  receives  liberty  to  draw  to 
a  certain  extent  agreed  upon:  in  Scotland  also 
called  a  cash-account.  Such  credits  were  long 
a  distinctive  feature  of  Scotch  banking. 

banker^  (bang'ker),  n.  [<  bank^,  n.  or  v.,  in 
various  senses,  +  -«"/•!.]  1.  A  vessel  employed 
in  the  cod-fishery  on  the  banks  of  Newfound- 
laud.  J.  Q.  Adams. — 2.  The  bench  or  table  upon 
which  bricklayers  and  stone-masons  prepare 
and  shape  their  material ;  a  banket. — 3.  In 
sculp.,  a  modeler's  bench  provided  vrith  a  cir- 
cular platform  turning  on  wheels  so  that  the 
work  can  be  revolved  to  expose  any  portion 
to  the  light. — 4.  A  covering  for  a  bench  or 
seat,  made  of  tapestry,  rich  stuff,  or  embroi- 
dered cloth. —  5.  A  hanging  for  a  church  wall 
or  screen;  specifically,  the  curtains  placed  at 
the  ends  of  an  altar. —  6.  A  ditcher;  one  en- 
gaged in  embanking. 

The  discovery  was  made  by  some  bankers  (men  who 
work  in  the  fens)  from  Lincolnshire. 

J.  Freeman,  Life  of  W.  Kirby,  p.  155. 

7.  In  Imn  tinq,  a  horse  which  can  jump  on  and 
off  field-banks  too  large  to  be  cleared.  N.  E. 
D. — 8.  In  Australia,  a  river  full  to  the  brim. 
N.  E.  D. 

banker^  (bang'ker),  n.  [<  bank^,  v.,  +  -cr^.] 
1 .  One  who  keeps  a  bank ;  one  who  traffics  in 
money,  receives  and  remits  money,  negotiates 
bills  of  exchange,  etc. —  2.  The  holder  of  the 
funds  of  a  gaming  establishment ;  in  games  of 
chance,  that  player  who  deposits  a  certain  sum 
of  money  against  which  bets  are  made,  or  that 
jjlayer  who  for  the  sake  of  convenience  receives 
and  pays  out  bets  won  and  lost  Banker's  note, 

a  promissory  note  given  by  a  private  banker  or  an  unin- 
corporated bank, 
bankeress  (bang'ker-es),  n.  [<  banker^  +  -ess.] 
A  female  banker;  a  banker's  wife.  Thackeray. 
[Rare.]  * 

The  late  Countess  of  Jersey  was  only  received  on  suffer- 
ance in  some  houses  in  Vienna,  because  she  was  a  bank- 
fiyf.s.s.  The  American,  V.  200. 

bankerless  (bang'ker-les),  a.    [<  banker^  + 

-less.]    Without  bankers.    Quarterly  Rev. 
bankeroutt,      f  -i  and  v.    An  obsolete  form  of 

b(inkni}it. 

banketif,  n.  and  v.  An  obsolete  form  of  ban- 
quet. 


442 

banket^  (bang'ket),  n.  [<  bank^,  a  bench,  -f- 
dim.  -<■<.]  A  piece  of  wood  on  which  brick- 
layers cut  their  bricks  to  the  size  proper  for 
the  place  into  which  they  are  about  to  lay 
them.  [Eng.] 

bank-fence  (bangk'fens),  w.   A  fence  made  of 

a  bank  of  earth, 
bank-game  (bangk'gam),  n.    In  billiards,  a 

game  in  which  only  bank-shots  count, 
bank-head  (baugk'hed),  n.   In  coal-mining,  the 

upper  level  end  of  an  inclined  plane  next  the 

engine.  [Eng.] 

bank-holiday  (bangk'hol'i-da),  «.  In  Great 
Britain,  a  secular  day  on  which  the  law  ex- 
empts the  parties  to  negotiable  paper  from  the 
obligation  of  presentment,  payment,  etc.,  aud 
consequently  allows  banks  to  be  closed,  its 
elfect  on  such  paper  differs  from  that  (jf  Sniulay  in  the 
fact  that  the  laws  establishing  such  holidays  usually,  if 
not  always,  provide  that  paper  falling  due  on  such  day  is 
payable  on  the  ne.xt  following  secular  day,  while  paper 
entitled  by  commercial  usage  to  days  of  grace,  and  falling 
due  (in  Sunday,  is  payable  on  .Saturday.  By  a  statute  of 
IfSTl,  the  liank-holidays  in  England  and  Ireland  are  Easter 
Miinday,  Whit  Monday,  the  first  Monday  in  August,  and 
the  2Gth  of  December  (boxing-day);  in  Scotland,  New 
Year's  day,  the  first  Monday  in  Jlay,  the  first  Jlonday  in 
August,  ami  Christmas  day.    See  hulitlaii. 

bank-hook  (bangk'h^k),  n.  1.  A  large  form 
of  fish-hook  for  catching  cod,  used  on  the  banks 
of  Newfoimdland. —  2.  In  coal-mining,  the  iron 
hook  with  which  the  banksman  draws  tlie  loaded 
tubs  off  the  cage.  [Eng.] 

banking^  (bang'king),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bank^, 
v.]  1.  The  act  of  raising  a  mound  or  bank,  or 
of  inclosing  with  a  bank. —  2.  The  bank  or 
mound  raised ;  anything  piled  up  to  serve  as  a 
bank,  as  a  raised  edging  of  wax  on  a  plate  that 
is  to  be  treated  with  acids  for  etcliing. — 3.  A 
general  term  for  fishing  as  practised  on  the 
banks  of  Newfoundland. — 4.  In  coal-mining, 
the  sorting  or  loading  of  coals  at  bank,"  or  at 
the  mouth  of  the  shaft.  [Eng.] 

banking^  (bang'king),  n.  and  a.  I.  n.  [Verbal 
n.  of  bank^,  r.]  The  business  or  employment  of 
a  banker;  the  business  carried  on  by  a  bank. 

The  term  baiikinir  was  then  [1742]  applied  oidy  to  the 
issue  of  notes  and  the  taking  up  of  money  on  bills  on  de- 
mand. W.  Baijehot,  Lombard  Street,  p.  98. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  conducted  by  a  bank : 
as,  banking  operations. 

banking-file  (bang'king-fil),  n.  A  file  with 
l^arallel  edges  and  a  triangular  section. 

banking-pin  (bang'king-pin),  n.  In  a  watch, 
one  of  two  pins  serving  to  confine  the  move- 
ments of  the  escapement. 

banking-'wax  (bang'king-waks),  «.  A  compo- 
sition of  beeswax,  common  pitch,  Burgundy 
pitch,  and  sweet  oil,  melted  in  a  crucible  and 
poured  into  cold  water,  used  in  etching  to  form 
a  border  around  the  plate,  to  prevent  the  over- 
flow of  the  acid. 

bankless  (bangk'les),  a.  [<  bank^  +  -less.] 
Without  banks  or  limits:  as,  "the  bankless 
sea,"  Davics. 

bank-le'vel  (bangk'lev'el),  n.  In  coal-mining, 
the  level  headingfrom  which  the  bank  is  worked. 
[Yorkshire,  Eng.] 

bank-martin  (bangk'mar''''tin),  n.  Same  as 
bank-swallow. 

bank-note  (bangk'not),  n.  A  promissory  note 
payable  on  demand,  made  and  issued  by  a 
bank  authorized  by  law,  and  intended  to  cir- 
culate as  money.  In  the  United  States  fre- 
quently called  bank-bill — Bank-note  paper,  paper 
used  for  bank-notes  and  governnjent  bonds.  It  is  made 
in  such  a  way  that  it  is  very  difiicult  to  imitate  it,  and 
such  imitation  is  a  felony.— Bank-note  press,  a  machine 
for  pressing  bank-notes  aud  arranging  them  in  jjackages. 

banko-'ware  (bang'ko-war),  M.  A  Japanese 
unglazed  stoneware  made  near  Kuwana  on 

the  Tokaido.  it  is  very  light  and  durable,  is  made  in 
molds  of  irregular  shapes,  and  decorated  with  figures  in 
relief.   So  called  from  Nunami  Banko,  the  original  maker. 

bank-plate  (bangk'plat),  «.  In  coal-mining, 
one  of  the  cast-iron  plates  with  which  the  sur- 
face at  the  mouth  of  the  shaft  or  the  bank  is 
floored.  [Eng.] 
bank-post  (bangk'post),  n.  [<  bank^  +  post^, 
w.]  A  large  size  of  letter-paper,  ranging  in 
weight  from  5|  to  10  pounds  to  the  ream, 
bankroutt  (bangk'rout),  n.,a.,  and  v.  One  of 
the  older  forms  of  bankrupt. 

Being  bank-rout  both  of  wealth  and  worth. 

Chapman,  Byron's  Tragedy,  v.  1. 
For  these  modern  languages  will  at  one  time  or  other 
play  the  bank-rowtes  with  books ;  and  since  I  have  lost 
much  time  with  this  age,  I  would  be  glad,  as  God  shall 
give  me  leave,  to  recover  it  with  posterity. 

Bacon,  Letter,  .in  Spedding,  VII.  436. 

bankrupt  (bangk'rupt),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod. 
E.  bankrout,  bankcrout,  banqueroute,  etc.,  later 


bankruptcy 

banqueroupt,  and  finally  bankrupt  (in  imitation 
of  L.  ruptus),  <  F.  hanqucroutte,  now  banque- 
route (>  banqucroutticr,  a  bankrupt),  orig.  in  E. 
bankc  rota  (def.  1),  <  It.  hanca  rotta  (ML.  as  if 
*banca  rupta),  bankruptcy,  lit.  broken  bank  or 
bench:  banca,  <  ML.  hanca,  <  MH(jl.  banc,  a 
bank  (see  bank^,  hank'^);  rotta,  fern,  of  rotio, 
broken,  wrecked,  <  L.  ruptus,  broken  (in  ML. 
also  as  a  noun,  a  bankrujjt).  It  is  said  to  have 
been  the  custom  in  Italy  to  break  the  bench  or 
coimter  of  a  money-changer  upon  his  failure ; 
but  the  allusion  is  prob.  figurative,  like  break, 
crasti^,  smash,  similarly  used  in  English.  See 
bankX,  bank"^,  rupture,  rout'^.]  I.  /(.  If.  The 
breaking  up  of  a  trader's  business  due  to  his 
inability  to  meet  his  obligations;  bankruptcy. 

—  2.  An  insolvent  person  whose  property  is 
administered  for,  and  distributed  among,  his 
creditors  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of 
a  system  of  laws  called  bankrupt,  hankruptcn,  or 

insolvent  laws.  .See  ban.kruptci/.  In  particular —  (ot) 
In  old  law,  a  trader  who  secretes  iiiniself,  or  does  certain 
other  acts  tending  to  defraud  his  creditors.  lilaekslone. 
(it)  A  fugitive  from  his  creditors ;  one  who  by  extrava- 
gance and  reckless  expenditure  had  brouglit  himself  into 
a  state  of  insolvency  and  hail  absconded,  or  retired  into 
a  place  of  sanctuary,  (c)  In  mod.  law,  any  person  who 
upon  his  own  petition  or  that  of  his  creditors  is  adjudged 
insolvent  by  a  bankruptcy  court.  His  estate  may  be  ad- 
nninstered  by  an  assignee  or  trustee,  under  the  direction 
of  the  court,  for  the  benefit  of  the  creditors. 

3.  In  popular  language,  a  hopelessly  insolvent 
person ;  one  who  is  notoriously  imable  to  pay 
his  debts;  hence,  one  who  is  unable  to  satisfy 
just  claims  of  any  kind  made  upon  him. 

What  a  bankrupt  I  am  made 
Of  a  full  stock  of  blessings.  Ford. 

Cessionary  bankrupt.  See  cesdonarn. 

II.  a.  1 .  In  the  state  of  one  who  has  committed 
an  act  of  bankruptcy,  or  is  insolvent ;  subject 
to  or  under  legal  process  because  of  insolvency. 

—  2.  Unable  to  pay  just  debts,  or  to  meet  one's 
obligations ;  insolvent. 

Willo.  The  king's  grown  6a  Kir»p^,  like  a  liroken  man.  .  .  . 

lions.  He  hath  not  money  for  these  Irish  wars, 
His  burthenous  taxations  notwithstanding. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  1. 

The  beggared,  the  bankrupt  society,  not  only  proved 
able  to  meet  all  its  obligations,  but  .  .  .  grew  richer  and 
richer.  Maraulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xix. 

3.  Figuratively,  at  the  end  of  one's  resources: 
as,  to  be  bankrupt  in  thanks. 

Do  you  see  ?  he  has  tears 
To  lend  to  him  whom  prodigal  expence 
Of  sorrow  has  made  bankrupt  of  such  treasure. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Thierry  ami  Theodoret,  iv.  2. 
Bankrupt  laws.  Same  as  bankruptcy  laws  (which  see, 
under  bankruptcy). 

bankrupt  (bangk'rupt),  v.  [<  bankrupt,  w,.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  make  insolvent;  render  unable  to 
meet  just  claims. 

We  cast  oft'  the  care  of  all  future  thrift  because  we  are 
already  bankrupted.  Hammoyid. 

Iron-clads,  more  than  anything  else,  bankrupted  Turkey. 

iV.  A.  Rev.,  CXLIIL  214. 

2t.  To  reduce  to  beggary;  exhaust  the  re- 
sources of. 

Fat  paunches  have  lean  pates;  and  dainty  bits 
Make  rich  the  ribs,  but  bankerout  the  wits. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  i.  1. 

Il.t  intravs.  To  become  bankrupt;  fail  or 
become  insolvent, 
bankruptcy  (bangk'rupt-si),  n.    [<  bankrnpt  + 
-67/.]    1.  The  state  of  being  bankrupt  or  in- 
solvent ;  inability  to  pay  all  debts ;  failure  in 

trade,  in  laiv,  specifically,  the  status  of  a  person  or  cor- 
poration that  by  reason  of  insolvency  has  been  adjudi- 
cated a  bankrupt. 

2.  Figuratively,  utter  wreck;  ruin.— Act  of 

bankruptcy,  in  law,  an  act  the  commission  of  which  by 
a  drlitiii-  renders  him  liable  to  he  adjudged  a  bankrupt. 
Amimg  acts  of  bankruptcy  are  the  assigiunent  of  his  prop- 
erty by  a  debtor  to  a  trustee  for  the  benefit  of  his  cred- 
itors ;  the  making  of  a  transfer  of  any  of  his  property  in 
fraud  of  his  creditors,  or  the  concealment  or  removal  of 
it  to  evade  legal  process  ;  departing  from  the  country,  or 
remaining  out  of  it,  in  order  to  defeat  or  dt  hiy  creditors; 
the  filing  in  court  of  a  declaration  of  inaliility  to  pay  debts ; 
non-payment  of  debts  under  certain  other  circumstances 
defined  by  the  law  as  indicating  insolvency.— Assignee 

in  bankruptcy.  See  assiV/ncc- Bankruptcy  commis- 
sioner, or  register  in  bankruptcy,  a  judicial  otticer 

empowered,  subject  to  the  supervision  of  the  court,  to  in- 
vestigate and  adjudicate  upon  the  affairs  of  bankrupts.— 
Bankruptcy  laws,  the  statutory  regulations  under  which 
the  property  of  an  insolvent  may  be  distributed  among 
his  creditors,  with  the  double  object  of  enforcing  a  com- 
plete discovery  and  an  equitable  distribution  of  the  prop- 
erty, and  of  discharging  the  debtor  from  his  obligations 
and  from  future  molestation  by  his  creditors.  Formerly, 
only  a  trader  could  be  made  a  bankrupt  under  the  bank- 
ruptcy laws,  other  persons  who  were  unable  to  meet  their 
obligations  being  insolnents.  The  distinction  was  abolished 
in  the  United  States  in  1841  and  in  Great  Britain  in  1869. 
In  the  United  States,  Congress  has  the  power  of  enacting 
bankruptcy  laws  which  shall  be  uniform  throughout  the 
country.    These  laws  are  administered  by  the  federal 


bankruptcy 

courts.  Laws  having  similar  objects,  liut  less  efficacious 
in  respec-t  of  discharging  the  debtor,  are  maintained  by- 
many  of  the  States,  but  can  operate  to  give  a  discliarge 
irrespective  of  creditors'  assent  only  when  there  is  no  fed- 
eral bankruptcy  law.  These  are  termed  insolvent  laios.  In 
England  bankruptcy  laws  have  existed  from  the  time  of 
Henry  VIII.  The  principal  acts  are :  34  and  35  Hen.  VIII., 
c.  4,  directed  against  fraudulent  debtors,  and  empowering 
the  lord  chancellor  and  other  high  officers  to  seize  their 
estates  and  divide  them  among  the  creditors  ;  13  Eliz.,  c. 
7,  restricting  bankruptcy  to  traders,  and  prescribing  cer- 
tain acts  by  committing  which  a  trader  became  a  bank- 
rupt ;  4  Anne,  c.  17,  and  10  Anne,  c.  15,  removing  the  crim- 
inal character  borne  by  bankruptcy  proceedings  up  to  that 
time,  and  permitting  a  debtor  to  obtain  a  certificate  of 
havnig  conformed  to  the  requirements  of  the  bankrupt 
law ;  6  Geo.  IV.,  c.  16,  allowing  a  debtor  to  procure  his 
own  bankruptcy,  and  introducing  the  principle  of  private 
settlements  between  debtors  and  creditors ;  1  and  2  Wm. 
IV.,  c.  56,  establishing  a  court  of  bankruptcy,  consisting  of 
six  commissioners  along  with  four  judges,  as  a  court  of  re- 
view, and  making  provision  for  official  assignees.  By  the 
Bankrupt  Consolidation  Act  of  1849,  proceedings  might  be 
begun  by  petition  to  the  Court  of  Bankruptcy,  and  the  com- 
missioners were  authorized  to  award  certificates  according 
to  the  merit  of  the  bankruptcy.  The  bankruptcy  act  of 
1861  (24  and  25  Vict.,  c.  134)  abolished  special  legislation 
relating  to  insolvent  debtors,  and  permitted  persons  other 
than  traders  to  avail  themselves  of  the  relief  afi'orded  by 
the  bankruptcy  court.  In  1869  (32  and  33  Vict.,  c.  71)  the 
commissionerships  and  official  assignees  were  abolished, 
a  new  Court  of  Bankruptcy  was  established,  and  provision 
was  made  for  the  appointment  of  trustees  who  should 


443 


Flowering  branch  of  Baytksia  erici/olia. 


of  the  shaft,  who  superintends  the  sorting  and 
loading  of  the  coal.    [Eng.J  tircsley. 
be  creditors.    The  Court  of  Bankruptcy  was  also  stripped  bank-StOCk  (bangk'stok),  11.     The  capital  of  a 


banner-stond 

3.  An  ensign  or  flag  bearing  a  badge  or  em- 
blem, as  of  a  society  or  order,  and  borne  in 
processions.  Banners  were  early  used  in  the  proces- 
sions of  the  Christian  church,  usually  of  the  forui  ailopted 
by  Constantine.  It  consisted  of  a  square  cloth  suspended 
from  a  cro.ss-bar  near  the  top  of  a  gilt  pole,  bearing  or 
surmounted  by  the  sacred  symbol        See  latjaruiii. 

4.  Figuratively,  anything  displayed  as  a  pro- 
fession of  principles. 

Thou  hast  given  a  banner  to  them  that  fear  thee,  that  it 
may  be  displayed  because  of  the  truth.  Ps.  Ix.  4. 

See  ensign,  flag,  pennon,  and  standard. 

5.  In  hot.,  the  vexillum  or  upjjer  petal  of  a 
papilionaceous  flower.  Also 
called  the  standard. —  6.  One 
of  eight  divisions  into  which 
the  Manchus  are  marshaled, 
each  with  distinguishing  flag 
or  banner.  Kour  of  the  flags  are 
plain  (red,  yellow,  white,  or  blue), 
the  other  finn-  having  a  margin  of  a 
diH'erent  color.  Hence,  the  Man- 
chus are  known  collectively  as  the 
Einlit  Bciiinera  and  as  hannerinen.       „.  ... 

Yt         t        t  /•  ,       Fea-Dlossom   with  ex- 

11.  a.  Lieaamg  or  lOremOSt  panded  Uanner.   a,  ban- 
ner  ;      aia  ;  c,  keel. 


bank.  lu  England  the  term  is  applied  chiefiy  to  the 
stock  of  the  Bank  of  England.  The  stock  of  other  English 
oint-stock  banks  is  divided  into  shares. 


or  Cotile  riparia,  a 


ea,  of  the 
family  Hi- 
rundinidw :  so 
called  from 
its  habit  of 


of  its  criminal  jurisdiction,  the  criminal  clauses  be'in 
placed  in  another  statute,  the  Debtors'  Act,  which  abol" 
ished  imprisonment  for  debt  except  in  certain  cases.  In 

1883  (46  and  47  Vict.,  c.  52,  taking  efi'ect  Jan.  1,  1884)  the  WoWv  oTi.rolTA'^""/'-K V  "Vi'-x"' 
English  bankruptcy  acts  were  amended  and  consolidated.  OanK-SWallOW  (bangk  swd'o),  n. 
In  the  United  .States  the  subject  has  been,  except  during 
the  periods  of  the  operation  of  the  United  States  bank- 
ruptcy acts,  left  to  the  imperfect  regulation  of  diverse 
State  laws.  Such  a  law  in  any  particular  State  may,  when 
there  is  no  United  States  act  conflicting,  provide  for  the 
distribution  of  an  insolvent's  property,  may  discharge  him 
from  imprisonment  for  debt,  and  may  discharge  him,  if  a 
citizen  of  such  State,  from  indebtedness  to  another  citi- 
zen thereof  contracted  while  such  State  law  was  in  force, 
so  far  as  to  make  the  discharge  a  protection  in  the  courts 
of  the  same  State.  The  first  United  States  bankrupt  law 
knomi  as  the  act  of  1800  (2  Stat,  at  L,  p.  19),  was  based 
on  a  consolidation  of  then  existing  English  statutes,  and 
was  in  force  from  June  2, 1800,  till  Dec.  19,  1803.  The  sec- 
ond, the  act  of  1841  (5  Stat,  at  L.,  p.  440),  was  in  force 
from  Feb.  1,  1842,  till  March  3,  1843.  The  third,  the  act 
of  1867  (14  Stat,  at  L.,  p.  517),  repeatedly  amended,  and 
finally  revised  in  the  United  States  Revised  Statutes,  tit. 
LXI.,  and  reenacted  with  modifications  in  1874  (18  Stat 
at  L.,  p.  178),  was  in  force  from  June  1,  1867,  till  Sept.  1, 
1878.  A  fourth  was  enacted  in  1898.  In  general,  debts  con- 
tracted by  fraud,  or  in  a  fiduciary  capacity,  are  not  dis- 
charged by  the  bankruptcy  laws.  -  Commission  of  bank- 
ruptcy, a  commission  formerly  issued  by  the  English  lord 
chancellor,  appointing  and  empowering  certain  persons  to 
examine  into  the  facts  relative  to  an  alleged  bankruptcy 
and  to  secure  the.bankrupt's  property  for  the  creditors  — 

Discharge  in  bankruptcy.  See  di'sc/wjv/e.— Fiat  in 
bankruptcy.    See  ./ia^.— Fraudulent  bankruptcy 

Seefratidulent.^lnvolnnta.Ty  bankruptcy,  bankruptcy 
adjudged  on  the  petition  of  creditors,  showing  cause  why 
the  bankrupt  should  not  be  allowed  to  continue  in  posses- 
sion of  his  assets.  — Voltintary  bankruptcy,  bankruptcy 
adjudged  on  the  petition  of  the  debtor,  indicating  his  de- 
sire to  surrender  his  assets  and  be  discharged.  =  Syn.  In- 
solvency, etc.    See  failure. 

bankruptismt  (bangk'rup-tizm),  n.  [<  banTc- 
rupt  +  -ism.']  Bankruptcy. 

bankruptlyt  (bangk'rupt-li),  adv.  Like  a  bank- 
rupt. 

bankruptshipt  (bangk'mpt-ship),  n.    [<  hank- 

rupt  +  -ship.}  Bankruptcy, 
bankrupturet  (bangk'rup-tur),  n.    [<  bankrupt 

+  -lire;  after  nqyture.]  Bankruptcy, 
bankshall  (bangk'shal),  >i.    [Auglo-Ind.,  for- 
merly also  bauksall,  -said,  -soil,  repr.  Malay  bannat^  (ban'at),  n.    Seo'teh  form  of  bonnet 
bangsdl,  Beng.  hanlqal,  bankagdla,  lit.  hall  of  bannat^,  n.    See  banat. 


in  regard  to  some  particular 
cause  or  matter,  such  as  giving  the  largest 
majority  to  a  political  party,  etc. 

I  am  reminded  that  there  is  an  Alleghany  City  as  well 
as  an  Alleghany  County,  the  former  the  banner  town, 
and  the  latter  the  banner  county,  perhajjs,  of  the  world. 
„.       ,  Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  84. 

^c.v^  nr.rr.^r.„  T^i^A^Tv     Ijainieralt,  n.   A  corrupt  form  of  bannerol,  2. 
veiy  common  bird  of  Eu-  bannered  (ban'erd),       [<  banner  +  -ed<]  1. 

ar,7l     A  Furnished  with  or  bearing  a  banner;  display- 

anu    Amen-    jjjg  banners. 

A  hanner'd  host 
Under  spread  ensigns  marching. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  885. 
Bothwell's  bannered  hall.  Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  ii.  8. 

2.  Borne  or  blazoned  on  a  banner, 
burrowing  in  bannerer  (ban'er-er),  )/.    A  standard-bearer; 
banks  tobuild    one  who  carries  a  banner. 

It  is  banneret^  (ban'er-et),  n.     [Also  bannerette,  < 
ME.  ' 


Bank-swallow  [Cottle  ripa 


its  nest, 
a  small  swal- 
low, mouse-gray 
above  and  white 
below,  with  a 
gray  collar.  In 
places  where  it  is 
numerous,  hun- 
dreds or  thou- 
sands gather  to 
breed  in  com- 
pany, and  asand- 

bank  may  be  riddled  with  their  holes,  which  are  exca- 
vated to  the  depth  of  a  foot  or  more.  Also  called  sand- 
swallow  and  bank-martin.  See  Cotile. 
bank-work  (bangk'werk),  n.  In  coal-mining, 
a  method  of  working  coal  in  use  in  South 
Yorkshire,  England,  and  In  some  of  the  North 
Welsh  collieries,  combining  some  of  the  pecu- 
liarities of  the  pillar  system  with  those  of  the 
long-wall  system, 
banky  (bang'ki),  a.    [<  bank^  +  -y.]    Full  of 

banks  or  ridges ;  ridgy ;  hilly.  [Eare.] 
banlieue  (ban'lu),  [P.  (in  ML.  banleuca, 
banniun  leiic(e),  <  ban,  command,  Jurisdiction, 
+  lieuc,  league,  also  an  indefinite  extent  of  ter- 
ritory. Cf.  G.  bann-meilc  in  same  sense:  see 
6a«l  and  league'^.']  The  territory  without  the 
■walls,  but  within  the  legal  limits,  of  a  town  or 
city.  Sometimes  erroneously  spelled  banlieu, 
as  if  from  French  lieu,  a  place. 


trade,  <  Skt.  vanij  (>Beug.  Hind.,  etc.,  banik, 
a  trader:  see  banian'^)  +  gala,  a  hut,  house 
(=  Gr.  Kalta  =  E.  hall :  see  hall) ;  or  perhaps  < 
Skt.  bhandagdla,  a  storehouse,  <  blidnda,  wares, 
ware,  a  vessel,  pot,  +  gala,  as  above.]  1.  In 
the  East  Indies:  («)  A  warehouse.  (6)  The 
oflaee  of  harbor-master  or  other  port  author- 
ity.—  2.  In  Java,  a  large  hall  of  audience  in  a 
princely  residence,  without  regular  walls,  but 
supported  by  wooden  pillars.    Yule  and  Burnell. 

bank-shot  (bangk'shot),  ».  In  billiards,  a  shot 
which  makes  the  cue-ball  touch  the  cushion 
before  hitting  any  other  ball. 

Banksia  (bangk'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  after 
Sir  Joseph  Banks  (1743-1820).]  A  genus  of 
shrubs  or  trees,  for  the  most  part  of  small  size, 
of  the  natural  order  Proteacece,  natives  of  west- 
em  extra-tropical  Australia  and  Tasmania, 
where  with  other  shrubs  of  the  same  order  they 
constitute  most  of  the  so-called  "scrub."  The 
is  hard  and  dry,  and  extremely  variable  in  form, 
and  the  flowers  form  close  cylindrical  heads  resembling 
bottle-brushes.  Many  species  have  been  cultivated  in 
l-uropean  conservatories  and  gardens. 

banksman  (bangks '  man),  M. ;  pi.  banksmen 
(-men).  [<  bank's,  poss.  of  bank'i-,  +  man.]  In 
coal-mining,  a  man  in  attendance  at  the  mouth 


banner  (ban'er),  «.  and  a.    [<  ME.  baner,  ban- 
ere,  <  OF.  banere,  baniere,  F.  banniere,  bandiere 
-  Pr.  bandieira,  bannieira  =  Sp.  bandera  = 


banneret,  banerett,  <  OP.  baneref,  banerette, 
dim.  of  banere,  banner  :  see  banner  and  -et.]  A 
little  banner;  a  banderole. 

The  scarfs  and  the  bannerets  about  thee  did  manifoldly 
dissuade  me  from  believing  thee  a  vessel  of  too  great  a 
tarthen.  Shale,  All's  Well,  ii.  3. 

banneret^  (ban'er-et),  n.  [<  ME.  baneret,  <  OF. 
baneret,  banneret,  <  banere,  a  banner  (see  ban- 
ner), +  -et,  <  L.  -atus  (see  -afel)  =  E.  -ed2;  lit., 
one  bannered:  see  banner  and  -ed'^.]  1.  One 
who  is  bannered  or  entitled  to  a  banner ;  spe- 
cifically, a  knight  of  a  certain  grade  in  the  mili- 
tary hierarchy  of  the  middle  ages.  Originally  the 

right  to  display  a  banner  (as  distinguished  from  a  pennon) 
was  limited  to  those  who  could  bring  a  certain  array  of 
followers  into  the  field,  and  who  had  also  been  dubbed  or 
accoutred  knight.  As  the  military  distinctions  of  earlier 
feudalism  became  confused  by  the  employment  of  paid 
soldiers,  the  right  of  displaying  a  banner  became  more  and 
more  a  reward  for  distinguished  prowess  in  battle.  After 
a  victory  or  a  notable  achievement  a  banneret  elect,  carry- 
ing his  pennon  in  his  hand,  was,  it  is  said,  conducted  be- 
tween two  knights  of  note,  and  presented  to  the  king  or 
general,  who  cut  off  the  point  or  ends  of  his  pennon,  making 
it  square.  He  was  then  called  a  kniyht  of  the  square  flag 
Also  called  knight  banneret. 

Sir  Richard  Croftes,  who  was  made  banneret  at  .  .  . 
Stoke,  was  a  wise  man.  Camden,  Remains  (ed.  1637),  p.  271. 

2.  Formerly,  the  title  of  magistrates  of  the 
second  rank  in  some  Swiss  cantons,  and  also  of 
certain  ofScers  of  some  of  the  Italian  republics. 

Melchior  Sturmthal,  .  .  .  Banneret  of  Berne. 

Scott,  Anne  of  Geiei'stein,  I.  vii. 
[In  Solothurn]  on  the  death  of  an  avoyer,  the  banneret 
succeeds  to  his  place.  J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  335. 


Pg.  bandeira  =  It.  bandiera,  <  ML.  *bandaria  bannerless  (ban'er-les),  a.  [<  banner  +  -less.] 
{banderia  after  Rom.),  <  bandum,  a  standard,    ^  '  -  ^  ^ 

<  Goth,  bandwa,  bandwo,  a  sign,  token,  prob. 
akin  to  E.  bind  and  band^,  q.  v.]  I.  n.  1.  The 
piece  of  cloth,  attached  to  the  upper  part  of 
a  pole  or  staff,  which  in  former  times  served 
as  the  standard  of  a  sovereign,  lord,  or  knight. 


Having  no  banner.  J.  H.  Jesse. 
bannerman  (ban'er-man),  pi.  bannermen 
(-men).  1.  A  standard-bearer;  a  bannerer. — 
2.  A  person  belonging  to  one  of  the  eight  ban- 
ners into  which  the  Manchus  are  marshaled. 
See  banner,  6. 


after  which  he  and  his  followers  marched  to  bannerol  (ban'e-rol),  n.   [See  banderole.  This 


war,  and  which  served  as  a  rallying-point  in 
battle ;  hence,  the  flag  or  standard  of  a  coun- 
try, army,  troop,  etc. ;  a  standard  or  ensign. 

Terrible  as  an  army  with  banners.  Cant.  vi.  4. 

Hang  out  our  banners  on  the  outward  walls ; 

The  cry  is  still,  "  They  come  ! "  Our  castle's  strength 

Will  laugh  a  siege  to  scorn.  ,  Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  5. 
2.  In  her.,  a  square  flag  which  in  the  middle 
ages  was  the  ensign  of  a  knight  banneret. 
Instances  are  related  of  a  knight  companion  being  made 
a  knight  banneret  on  the  field  of  battle,  the  mark  of  his 


is  the  usual  spelling  in  sense  2.]  1.  Same  as 
banderole. —  2.  In  England,  a  banner,  about  a 
yard  square,  borne  at  the  funerals  of  prominent 
men,  and  placed  over  the  tomb.  It  bears  the 
arms  of  the  ancestors  and  alliances  of  the  de- 
ceased, painted  on  silk.  Also  erroneously  writ- 
ten banner-roll  and  banneral. 
banner-plant  (ban'er-plant),  n.  A  name  given 
to  some  cultivated  species  of  Antlinrium,  natural 
order  Aracece,  in  which  the  bright-scarlet  spathe 
is  broadly  expanded  at  right  angles  to  the  spadix. 

An  erroneous  foiin 


promotionbeingthetearingoff  of  the  points  of  his  pennon  .      .  „ 

leaving  the  flag  square.    In  modern  usage,  any  square  flag  bannCr-roll  (ban'er-rol),  n 
IS  termed  a  6a?tHer  when  it  bears  heraldic  devices.    The     oi  bannerol 

most  familiar  instance  is  the  royal  banner  of  England    v,„»,  /•      a-   \  a 

commonly  called  the  royal  standard;  but  other  heraldic  banner-StOnC  (ban  er-ston),  n.  A  name  SOme- 
banners  are  used  in  the  funeral  ceremonies  of  knights  of  times  given,  not  very  aptly,  to  certain  stone 
the  Garter  and  the  higher  nobility.  objects  shaped  like  a  small  two-edged  ax,  which 


banner-stone 


444 


Bantu 


are  supposed  to  have  been  worn  as  ornaments 
in  prohistorie  times,  or  held  in  the  hand  as 
badges;  of  authority.  They  have  an  eye  for 
the  insertion  of  a  handle. 

Some  banner-stones  of  striped  slate  have  l)een  fouiul  in 
Camillus,  and  one  on  Skaueateles  Lake  [New  York]. 

Smithsonian  Hep.,  1S81,  p.  (ift". 

banner-vane  (ban'er-van),  ?!.  A  weather-vane 
having  the  shape  of  a  banner,  balanced  by  a 
weight  on  the  other  side  of  the  staff. 

bannet  (ban'et),  m.  [Sc.,  =  E.  bonnet.'^  A  bon- 
net. Scott. 

bannimust,  «.  [<  ML.  haunimm,  we  banish, 
1st  pers.  pi.  pres.  ind.  of  hunnirv,  banish:  see 
bullish.^    Same  as  bannition. 

banning  (ban'ing),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  banX,  v.] 
The  act  of  uttering  a  ban  or  curse ;  an  execra- 
tion or  cursing  of  another. 

Especially  when  the  names  of  the  infernal  fiends  or  un- 
lucky soules  are  used  ui  such  bannings. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  .\xvii.  2. 

bannitiont  (ba-nish'on),  n.  [<  ML.  bannitio{n-), 
<  bannire,  banish:  see  banigh,  and  cf.  aban- 
nitiou.}  The  act  of  banishing  or  the  state  of 
being  banished;  expulsion,  especially  from  a 
imiversity. 

You  will  take  order,  when  he  conies  out  of  the  castle, 
to  send  him  out  of  the  university  too  by  bannition. 

Abp.  Laud,  Eeniains,  II.  191. 
bannock  (ban'ok),  n.  [Sc.,  <  ME.  bannok,  <  AS. 
baiuiuc,  <  Gael,  bannach,  also  bonnach,  -  -  Ir.  boiii- 
neog,  a  cake.]  A  thick  cake  made  of  oatmeal, 
barley-meal,  orpease-meal,  baked  on  the  embers 
or  on  an  iron  plate  or  griddle  over  the  fire. 
Bannoks  is  better  nor  na  kin  bread. 

May's  Scottish  Proverbs  (1678),  p.  364. 

bannock-fluke  (bau'ok-flok),  «.  [Sc.,  <  ban- 
nock +  flitkc'^.^  A  Scotch  name  of  the  com- 
mon turbot. 

banns  (banz),  n.  pi.  [Formerly  bamies,  often 
bancs,  mod.  more  correctly  bans,  pi.  of  ban^, 
q.  V.  The  spelling  banns  is  now  usual  in  this 
sense.]  1.  The  proclamation  of  intended  mar- 
riage in  order  that  those  who  know  of  any  im- 
pediment thereto  may  state  it  to  the  proper 
authorities.  Banns  were  made  a  part  of  ecclesiastical 
legislation  by  the  fom-th  Council  of  the  Lateran,  A.  D. 
1215,  whose  decrees  were  confirmed  by  the  Council  of 
Trent.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  the  celebration  of 
marriage  without  previous  proclamation  of  the  banns, 
unless  by  special  dispensation,  is  gravely  illicit,  but  not 
invalid.  The  proclamation  is  made  by  the  parish  priest 
of  each  contracting  party,  on  three  ccmsecutive  festivals 
dvning  public  mass.  Tlie  proclamation  of  banns  is  no 
longfr  re(|iiired  in  order  to  a  valid  civil  marriage  in  Eng- 
land, Sriitlaud.  or  the  United  States. 

2t.  The  proclamation  or  prologue  of  a  play. 

Banes  or  Prologue  [to]  the  Fall  of  Lucifer. 

York  Plays,  Int.,  p.  Ixii. 
To  bid  or  ask  the  bannst,  to  publish  the  banns. 

If  all  parties  be  pleased,  ask  their  banns,  'tis  a  match. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  561. 
To  forbid  the  banns,  to  make  fomial  objection  to  an 
intended  marriage. 

A  better  fate  did  Maria  deserve  than  to  have  her  banns 
forbid.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  i.\.  24. 

bannut  (ban'ut),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  written  ban- 
net,  <  late  ME.  bannenotc  (in  eomp.  bannenote- 
tre,  glossed  aretana,  filbert);  <  *ban,  *barme 
(origin  unknown)  +  nut.']  A  walnut,  the  fruit 
of  Juf/lans  regia  (bannut-tree).  [Obsolete  or 
dialectal.] 

banquet  (bang'kwet),  n.  [Earlier  hanlcct,  <  F. 
banquet  {—  It.  banchetto  =  Sp.  bnnquete),  a 
feast,  orig.  a  little  bench  or  table,  dim.  of  banc 
(=  It.  Sp.  banco),  a  bench  or  table :  see  banlc^ 
and  banquette.']  1.  A  feast;  a  rich  entertain- 
ment of  food  and  di-ink. 

A  napkin  of  fine  linen  to  be  laid  on  the  table  at  the 
coronation  banquet.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxiii. 

St.  A  light  entertainment  at  the  end  of  a  feast ; 
a  dessert ;  a  refection  at  which  wine  is  drunk. 

We'll  dine  in  the  great  room  ;  but  let  the  music 
And  banquet  be  prepared  here. 

Massinijer,  Unnatural  Combat,  iii.  1. 
There  were  all  the  dainties,  not  only  of  the  season,  but 
of  what  art  could  add,  venison,  plain  solid  meate,  fowle, 
bak'd  and  boil'd  meats,  banquet  (desert)  in  exceeding 
plenty,  and  exquisitely  dress'd. 

Evelyn,  Diai-y,  Oct.  27,  1685. 

St.  A  slight  repast  between  meals :  sometimes 
called  running  banquet.    N.  E.  D. 
The  running  banquet  of  two  beadles. 

Shak.,  Henry  VIII.,  v.  3. 

4t.  In  fort.,  same  as  banquette,  1. —  5.  A  small 
rod-shaped  part  of  a  horse's  bridle  coming  un- 
der the  eye.=Syn.  1.  Feast,  Festival,  etc.    See  feast. 

banquet  (bang'kwet),  v.    [Earlier  banket,  <  F. 
banqueter;  from  the  noim.]    I,  trans.  To  treat 
with  a  feast  or  rich  entertainment. 
You  exceed  in  entertainment ; 
Banquet  our  eyes  too'?  Shirley,  The  Traitor,  iii.  2. 


.Tust  in  time  to  banquet 
The  illustrious  company  assembled  there.  Coleridge. 

II.  intruns.  1.  To  feast;  regale  one's  self 
\vith  good  eating  and  drinking ;  fare  daintily. 

The  mind  shall  banquet,  though  the  body  pine. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  i.  1. 
Were  it  a  draught  for  Juno  when  she  banquets, 
I  would  not  taste  thy  treasonous  offer. 

Milton,  Conius,  1.  701. 

2t.  To  take  part  in  a  light  refection  after  a 
feast.    See  banquet,  n.,  2. 

Then  was  the  banciueting-chaniber  in  the  tilt-yard  at 
Greenwich  furnished  for  the  entertainment  oi'  these 
strangers,  where  they  did  both  suj)  and  banquet. 

G.  Cavendish. 

banquetantt  (bang'kwet-aut),  w.  [<  F.  ban- 
quctant,  ppr.  of  banqueter:  see  banquet,  v.] 
One  who  banquets ;  a  banqueter. 

Are  there  not  beside 
Other  great  banquetants  ? 

Chapman,  Odyssey,  xx. 

banqueter  (bang'kwet-er),  n.  1.  A  guest  at 
a  banquet ;  a  f easter. 

Great  banqueters  do  seldom  great  exploits.  Cotgrare. 
2t.  One  who  provides  feasts  or  rich  entertain- 
ments. 

banquet-hall  (bang'kwet-hal),  n.  A  hall  in 
which  banquets  are  held.  Also  called  banquet- 
ing-hall. 

The  fair  Peleian  banquet-hall.  Tennyson,  (Enone. 

banquet-house  (bang'kwet-hous),  n.  A  ban- 
quetiug-house. 

A  banquet-house  salutes  the  southern  sky.  Dryden. 

banqueting  (bang'kwet-ing),  n.  The  act  of 
feasting;  luxurious  li'ving;  rich  entertainment ; 
a  feast. 

Excess  of  wine,  revellings,  banquetings.  1  Pet.  iv.  3. 
banqueting-hall  (bang'kwet-ing-hal),  n.  Same 

as  banquct-liall. 
banqueting-house  (bang'kwet-ing-hous),  n.  A 
house  where  banquets  are  given. 

In  a  banquet ing-house,  among  certain  pleasant  trees,  the 
table  was  set.  Sidney. 

banquette  (bong-kef),  «.  [P.,  fem.  dim.  of 
banc,  a  bench:  see  bank"^,  and  cf.  banquet.']  1. 
(rt)  In  fort.,  a  raised  way  or  foot-bank,  run- 
ning along  the  inside  of  a  parapet  breast-high 
above  it,  on  which  riflemen  stand  to  fire  upon 
the  enemy,  (b)  In  mcdieral  fort.,  an  advanced 
earthwork  or  palisaded  defense  outside  of  the 
ditch.  The  space  between  the  ditch  aiul  the  parapet 
was  wide  enough  for  a  line  of  soldiers,  but  too  narrow  to 
allow  of  its  being  fortiticd  if  occupied  by  the  besiegers. 
Formerly  sometimes  written  banquet,  as  English. 

2.  The  footway  of  a  bridge  when  raised  above 
the  carriageway. — 3.  A  bench  for  jjassengers, 
or  the  space  occupied  by  benches,  on  the  top 
of  a  French  diligence,  and  hence  of  any  public 
vehicle. — 4.  A  sidewalk.  [Common  in  the 
southern  and  southwestern  United  States.] 

Standing  outside  on  the  banquette,  he  bowed  —  not  to  Dr. 
Mossy,  but  to  the  balcony  of  the  big  red-brick  front. 

G.  H'.  Cable,  Old  Creole  Days,  p.  144. 
Banquette  slope,  in  fort.,  an  incline  connecting  the 
ban<juette  tread  with  the  terreplein  or  interior  of  the 
work.  —Banquette  tread,  the  lex  el  surface  of  the  ban- 
quette on  which  the  soldiers  stand  while  firing  ove''  the 
crest  of  the  parapet ;  the  tread. 

bans,  n.  2>l.    See  banns. 

banshee  (ban'she),  n.  [<  Gael,  ban-sith,  Ir.  bcan- 
sidhe,  lit.  woman  of  the  fairies,  <  Gael.  6am, 
Ir.  bean,  woman,  -f  sith,  Ir.  sigh,  sighc,  siyhidh 
(the  final  consonant  being  scarcely  sounded), 
fairy.]  A  type  of  female  fairy  believed  in  Ire- 
land and  some  parts  of  Scotland  to  attach  her- 
self to  a  particular  house,  and  to  foretell  by 
each  appearance  the  death  of  one  of  the  family. 
Also  benshie,  bcnslii. 

The  banshee  is  a  species  of  aristocratic  fairy,  who,  in  the 
shape  of  a  little  hideous  old  woman,  has  been  known  to 
appear,  and  heard  to  sing  in  a  mournful  supernatural  voice 
under  the  windows  of  great  houses,  to  warn  the  family 
that  some  of  them  were  soon  to  die.  In  the  last  century 
every  great  family  in  Ireland  had  a  banshee,  who  attended 
regularly,  but  latterly  their  visits  and  songs  have  been  dis- 
continued. Mi.is  Fdi/rwiirth. 

banstickle  (ban'stik-1),  w.  [Sc., <  ME.  banstickle, 
<  bane,  <  AS.  ban,  bone,  q.  v.,  +  stickle,  <  AS. 
sticels,  prickle.  Cf .  stickleback.]  A  name  of  the 
three-spined  stickleback. 

bant  (bant),  V.  i.  [Ludicrously  formed  from  the 
phrase  "  the  Banting  system,"  the  proper  name 
being  taken  as  banting,  ppr.  and  verbal  norm 
of  an  assumed  verb  bant.]  To  practise  bant- 
ingism  (which  see). 

bantam  (ban'tam),  n.  and  a.  [So  named,  prob., 
from -Bwwtam,  in  Java.]  I.  n.  1.  Ageneralname 
for  a  number  of  varieties  of  the  common  hen 
possessing  the  characteristic  of  very  diminu- 


tive size.  Many  of  these  varieties  arc  the  exact  counter. 
l)arts,  except  in  size,  of  the  corresponding  breeds  of  full 
size,  and  were  originally  reduced  in  weight  l)y  careful 
selection  and  breeding  of  small  specimens  from  these 
full-sized  breeds.  There  are  other  varieties,  however,  as 
the  Japanese  and  the  Sebright  bantams,  which  do  not  re- 
semble any  of  the  large  breeds.  The  chief  varieties  arc 
the  African,  game  (in  the  several  colors),  Japanese,  Pekin, 
Polish,  and  Sebright  bantams. 

2.  Same  as  Bantam-work. 

II.  a.  Pertainmg  to  or  resembling  the  ban- 
tam ;  of  the  breed  of  the  bantam ;  hence,  dimin- 
utive ;  puny ;  absurdly  combative,  or  fussy  and 
consequential. 

Bantam-'work  (ban'tam-werk),  n.  An  old  name 
for  carved  work,  painted  in  party-colors,  im- 
ported from  tlie  East  Indies;  ''  a  kind  of  Indian 
painting  and  carving  on  wood,  resembling  Ja- 
pan-work, only  more  gay,"  Chambers's  Cyc, 
Supp.,  1753. 

banteng(ban'teng),  H.  [Native  name;  also  spell- 
ed banting.]  A  species  of  ox.  Bos  banteng  or  B. 
sondaicus,  a  local  race  in  the  Malay  archipelago. 

banter  (bau'ter),  v.  t.  [First  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  17th  century;  regarded  then  as  slang.] 

1.  To  adch'ess  good-humored  raillery  to ;  attack 
with  jokes  or  jests ;  make  fun  of ;  rally. 

The  magistrate  took  it  that  he  bantered  him,  and  bade 
an  otlicer  take  him  into  custody.  Sir  jH.  L'Estrange. 

Not  succeeding  in  bantering  me  out  of  my  epistolary 
proprieties.  Blackwood's  Nag. ,  XXIII.  384. 

So  home  we  went,  and  all  the  livelong  way 
M'ith  solemn  jibe  did  Eustace  banter  me. 

Tennyson,  Gardener's  Daughter. 

2.  To  impose  upon  or  cheat,  originally  in  a  jest- 
ing or  bantering  way ;  bamboozle.  [Archaic] 

Somebody  had  been  bantering  him  with  an  imposition. 

Scott,  Guy  Maimering,  li. 

3.  To  challenge;  invite  to  a  contest.  [South- 
ern and  western  U.  S.]=Syn.  Banter,  Rally,  quiz, 
tease,  joke.  We  banter  another  in  good  humor  cliietly  for 
something  he  or  she  has  done  or  neglected  to  do,  whether 
the  act  or  omission  be  faulty  or  ridiculous  or  not,  if  it 
only  affords  a  subject  fur  a  lannU  or  smile  at  his  or  her 
expense,  or  causes  a  Idusli  not  altogether  painful.  Rally, 
literally  to  rail,  generally  implies  some  degree  of  sarcasm 
or  pungency,  and  is  aimed  at  some  specific  fault,  offense, 
or  weakness. 

The  sort  of  mock-heroic  gigantesque 
With  which  we  banter'd  little  Lilia  first. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  Conclusion. 
Lest  you  think  I  rally  more  than  teach, 
Or  praise  malignly  arts  I  cannot  reach. 

Pope,  Iniit.  of  Horace,  i.  2. 

banter  (ban'ter),  «.  [<,  banter,  v.]  1.  A  joking 
or  jesting;  good-humored  ridicule  or  raillery; 
wit  or  humor;  pleasantry. 

When  wit  has  any  mixture  of  raillery,  it  is  but  calling 
it  banter  and  the  work  is  done. 

Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  Author's  Apol. 

Mr.  Adams  made  his  contribution  to  the  service  of  the 
table  in  the  form  of  that  good-humored,  easy  banter 
which  makes  a  dinner  of  herbs  more  digestible  than  a 
stalled  ox  without  it. 

Josiah  Quincy,  Figures  of  the  Past,  p.  62. 

2.  A  challenge  to  a  match  or  contest ;  the 
match  or  contest  itself.  [Southern  and  west- 
ern U.  S.] 

banterer  (ban'ter-er),  n.  1.  One  who  banters 
or  assails  with  good-humored  jests  or  pleas- 
antry.—  2.  One  who  cheats  or  bamboozles. 
[Archaic] 

His  dress,  his  gait,  his  accent,  .  .  .  marked  him  out  as 
an  excellent  subject  for  the  operations  of  swindlers  and 
banterers.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

bantery  (ban'ter-i),  a.  Full  of  banter  or  good- 
humored  raillery.  Carlijle. 

banting^,       See  banteng. 

banting^  (ban'ting),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bant,  v.] 
The  practice  of  bantingism  (which  see) :  as,  to 
go  through  a  course  of  banting. 

bantingism  (ban'ting-izm),  n.  [Named  after 
William  Banting.]  A  course  of  diet  for  re- 
ducing corpulence,  adopted  and  recommended 
in  1863  by  William  Banting,  a  merchant  of 
London.  The  dietary  recommended  was  the  use  of  lean 
meat  principally,  and  abstinence  from  fats,  starches,  and 
sugars. 

bantling  (bant'ling),  n.  [Perhaps  a  corruption 
of  *bandling,  meaning  a  child  in  swaddling- 
clothes,  <  band^,  a  wi-apping,  +  -ling,  dim.  suffix, 
as  i-a.  foundling,  fondling,  nurseling,  etc. ;  more 
prob.  for  ^bankling,  <  G.  bdnkling,  a  bastard,  < 
bank,  bench,  -I-  -ling;  cf.  equiv.  G.  bankert, 
LG.  bankert,  <  barik,  bench,  +  -ert=  E.  -ard.] 
A  young  child;  an  infant:  a  term  carrying 
■with  it  a  shade  of  contempt. 

It's  a  rickety  sort  of  bantling,  I'm  told. 
That'll  die  of  old  age  when  it's  seven  years  old. 

James  Smith,  Rejected  Addresses. 

Bantu  (ban'to),  n.  [A  native  name,  lit.  '  peo- 
ple.' ]  A  name  sometimes  applied  to  the  South 


Bantu 

African  family  of  tongues.  The  most  marked  pe- 
culiarity of  these  languages  is  their  prevailing  use  of  pre- 
fixes instead  of  suffixes  in  derivation  and  inrteetion. 
Those  of  them  that  border  on  the  Hottentot  employ 
clicks  or  clucks  as  alphabetic  elements.  Also  called  Chu- 
ana  and  Zingian.  Also  used  as  a  racial  name. 

banxring  (bangks'ring),  n.  [Native  name.] 
A  name  of  a  squirrel-like  insectivorous  mam- 
mal of  Java,  the  Titpaia  javanica.  Also  called 
bangsring  and  sinsring.    See  Tupaiidw. 

banyan^,  «.    See  banian''-. 

banyan^,  banyan-tree,  «.   See  banian'^. 

baobab  (ba'o-bab),  n.  [Formerly  also  baho- 
bab  ;  a  native  African  name.]  An  African  tree, 
the  Adansonia  digitata,  belonging  to  the  tribe 
Bombaccce,  natirral  order  Malvacea,  also  called 
the  Ethiopian  sour-gourd,  and  in  South  Africa 
the  cream-of-tartar  tree,    it  is  a  native  of  tropical 

Africa,  and  lias  been  inti'oduced  and  naturalized  in  various 
parts  of  the  East  and  West  Indies.  It  is  one  of  the  largest 
trees  in  the  world,  being  often  found  SO  feet  in  diameter, 
though  it  grows  to  a  height  of  onlv  frnm  m  tn  to  foot  The 
branches  shoot  out  from  CO  to  70  feet,  bearing  a  dense 


Baobab  of  Madagascar  f^Adansonia  MadagascarieKsis). 


mass  of  deciduous  leaves,  somewhat  similar  to  those  of 
the  horse-chestnut.  The  white  flowers  are  from  4  to  6 
inches  broad,  and  the  oblong  gourd-like  fruit,  about  a 
foot  in  length,  is  eaten  by  monkeys,  and  hence  is  called 
monkey-bread  (which  see).  The  juice  of  the  fruit  mixed 
with  sugar  is  much  esteemed  as  a  beverage ;  and  the  pulp, 
which  is  pleasantly  acid,  is  eaten,  and  is  employed  as  a 
remedy  in  Egyptian  dysenteiy.  The  dried  and  powdered 
mucilaginous  bark  and  leaves  are  used  by  the  negi-oes, 
under  the  name  of  lalo,  on  their  food,  like  pepper,  to  dimin- 
ish perspiration ;  and  the  strong  fiber  of  the  bark  is  made 
into  ropes  and  cloth.  The  only  other  known  species  of 
this  genus  are  the  Australian  sour-gourd  or  cream-of-tartar 
tree,  Adansonia  Gregorii,  which  differs  chiefly  in  its 
smaller  fruit,  and  the  Madagascar  baobab,  A.  Madagas- 
carien-ns,  which  has  red  flowers. 

bap  (bap),  n.    [Sc. ;  origin  unknown.]    A  roll 
of  bread  of  various  shapes,  costing  generally  a 
halfpenny  or  a  penny. 
The  young  baker  who  brings  the  6aj?s  in  the  mornings. 

Blackwood's  Mag.,  XXV.  392. 

baphe  (ba'fe),  71.  [<  Gr.  f3a<pT/,  a  dye,  dyeing, 
dipping  in  dye,  a  dipping,  <  pdirr^tv,  dip :  see 
baptize.']  The  brilliant  red  color  used  in  iUu- 
muiating  ancient  manuscripts. 

Baphomet  (baf'o-met),  n.  [F.  Bapliomet;  Pr. 
Bafomet,  OSp.  Mafomat,  regarded  as  a  corrup- 
tion of  Mahomet.  Cf.  Maliound  and  Mammet.] 
The  imaginary  idol  or  symbol  which  the  Tem- 
plars were  accused  of  worshiping.  By  some  mod- 
em writers  the  Templars  are  charged  with  a  depraved 
Gnosticism,  and  the  word  Baphomet  has  had  given  to  it 
the  signification  of  baptism  of  wisdom  (as  if  <  Gr.  ^a<^»), 
baptism,  +  h^tcs,  wisdom),  baptism  of  fire ;  in  other  words, 
the  Gnostic  baptism,  a  species  of  spiritual  illumination. 
But  this  and  the  other  guesses  are  of  no  value.  The  word 
may  be  a  manipulated  form  of  Mahomet,  a  name  which 
took  strange  shapes  in  the  middle  ages. 

Baphometic  (baf-o-met'ik),  a.  [<  Baphomet.'] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  Baphomet,  or  to  the  rites 
in  which  it  was  supposed  to  be  employed. 

It  is  from  this  hour  that  I  incline  to  date  my  spiritual 
new-birth  or  Baphometic  Fire-baptism  ;  perhaps  I  directly 
thereupon  began  to  be  a  man. 

Carlyle,  Sartor  Eesartus,  p.  117. 

Bapta  (bap'tii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  PairTog,  dipped, 
dyed,  verbal  adj.  of  iSaTrmw,  dip.]    A  genus  of 

geometrid  moths.  The  white  pinion-spotted  moth 
IS  B.  htmaculata ;  the  clouded  silver-moth  is  B.  punctata. 

baptise,  v.  t.    See  baptize. 

Baptisia  (bap-tiz'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  panTwtg,  a 
dipping  (dyeing?  ei.  /SaTrrdf,  dyed),  <  PannCeiv, 


445 

dip,  dye.]  A  genus  of  leguminous  plant.s  of 
the  United  States  east  of  the  Mississippi. 

They  are  herb.aceous,  and  turn  black  in  drying.  The 
wild  indigo,  B.  tinctoria,  has  been  used  for  dyeing,  and  its 
root  in  me<licine  as  a  laxative,  and  in  larger  doses  as  a  ca- 
thartic and  emetic.  Some  species,  especially  the  blue-flow- 
ered B.  auxtralix,  arc  occasionally  cultivated  in  gardens, 
baptism  (bap'tizm),  n.  [<  ME.  baptisme  (usu- 
ally and  earlier  baptim,  baptym,  baptcm),  <  OF. 
baptesme,  bapteme,  batcsme,  batemc  (mod.  F. 
bapteme),  <  LL.  baptisma,  <  Gr.  pdnTta/ia,  also 
PaTTTL(7fi6^,  <  f^aTTTiCeip,  dip  or  plunge  in  or  under 
water,  sink  (a  ship),  drench,  soak,  draw  (wine) 
by  dipping  with  a  cup;  in  N.  T.  and  eccl., 
baptize.]  1.  A  sacrament  or  ordinance  of  the 
Christian  church,  instituted  by  Christ  as  an  ini- 
tiatory rite,  consisting  in  the  immersion  of  the 
person  in  water,  or  in  the  application  of  water 
to  the  person  by  affusion  or  by  sprinkling,  by  an 
authorized  administrator,  "in  the  name  of  the 
Father,  and  of  the  Sou,  and  of  the  Holy  Ghost." 
The  proper  signification  of  the  rite,  the  proper  subjects 
of  it,  and  the  proper  methods  of  administering  it,  are  mat- 
ters of  dispute  in  the  Ghristian  church.  In  Protestant 
churches  it  is  generally  regarded  as  a  symbol  of  purifica- 
tion, a  rite  of  initiation  into  the  visible  church  of  Christ, 
and  a  sign  ratifying  God's  covenant  with  his  people.  In  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church  baptism  is  the  sacrament  of  initia- 
tion into  the  church  of  Christ,  consisting  essentially  in  the 
application  of  water  to  the  person  baptized  by  one  having 
the  intention  of  conferring  the  sacrament,  and  who  pro- 
nounces at  the  same  time  the  words,  "N.,  I  baptize  thee 
in  the  name  of  the  Father,  and  of  the  Son,  and  of  the  Holy 
Ghost.  •■  The  Greek  formula, "  The  servant  of  God  is  baptized 
inthename,"etc.,i3alsorecognizedasvalid.  Inmost  brunch- 
esof  theehurch  a  layman  may,  in  caseof  necessity,  adminis- 
ter baptism.  In  the  Roman  Catholic,  Greek,  and  most  Prot- 
estant churches,  infant  children  are  admitted  to  baptism; 
but  among  the  various  Baptist  denominations  only  those 
are  admitted  who  give  credible  evidence  of  possessing  a 
Christian  experience.  Among  them,  also,  it  is  generally  per- 
formed by  immersion,  which  they  regard  as  the  Scriptural 
mode.  This  is  also  the  common  mode  in  the  Eastern 
churches;  in  the  Western  churches  sprinkling  or  pouring 
is  commonly  substituted.  The  Friends  reject  all  baptism 
with  water,  regarding  Christian  baptism  as  spiritual  only. 

Baptism  is  not  only  a  sign  of  profession,  and  mark  of  dif- 
ference, whereby  Christian  men  are  discerned  from  others 
that  be  not  christened,  but  it  is  also  a  sign  of  Regenera- 
tion or  New-Birth,  whereby,  as  by  an  instrument,  they  that 
receive  Baptism  rightly  are  grafted  into  the  Church ;  the 
promises  of  the  forgiveness  of  sin,  and  of  our  adoption  to 
be  the  sons  of  God  by  the  Holy  Ghost,  are  visibly  signed 
and  sealed ;  Faith  is  confirmed,  and  Grace  increased  by 
virtue  of  prayer  unto  God. 

Articles  of  Religion  of  Ch.  of  Eng.  and  Prot.  Epis.  Ch. 
We  believe  in  .  .  .  baptism  to  be  administered  to  be- 
lievers and  their  children,  as  the  sign  of  cleansing  from 
sin,  of  union  to  Christ,  and  of  the  impartation  of  the  Holy 
Spirit.  Congregational  Creed,  Issa. 

2.  Any  ceremonial  ablution  intended  as  a  sign 
of  purification, dedication,  etc.:  as,  the  bapt'ism 
administered  by  John  the  Baptist,  or  that  ad- 
ministered to  proselytes  by  the  ancient  Jews; 
the  baptism  or  christening  of  bells,  ships,  and 
other  objects  in  the  Eoman  Catholic  Church,  etc. 

The  publicans  justified  God,  being  baptized  with  the 
baptism  of  John.  Luke  vii.  29. 

Baptism  for  the  dead,  the  baptism  of  a  living  person 
instead  of  and  for  the  sake  of  one  who  has  died  unbaptized. 
The  performance  of  such  a  ceremony,  although  disapproved 
by  the  church,  is  on  record  in  a  number  of  individual 
cases  among  the  early  Christians,  and  is  also  said  to  have 
been  a  custom  of  several  ancient  sects,  the  Ebionites,  Mar- 
cionites,  and  others.  In  modern  times  it  has  been  revived 
by  the  Mormons.  This  practice  has  been  supposed  by 
many  to  be  alluded  to  in  1  Cor.  xv.  29,  but  other  expla- 
nations of  the  passage  have  been  given.— Baptism  Of 
blood,  martyrdom  for  the  sake  of  Christ,  regarded  as  sup- 
plying the  absence  of  the  sacrament  of  baptism.— Baptism 
of  desire,  the  virtue  or  grace  of  baptism  received  by  a 
person  who  dies  earnestly  desiring  that  sacrament,  but 
unable  to  obtain  it.— Baptism  Of  fire,  (a)  The  gift  or 
gifts  of  the  Holy  Spirit ;  the  grace  of  baptism  considered 
separately  from  the  outer  form.  (6)  Martyrdom.— Clinic 
or  clinical  baptism,  baptism  on  a  sick-bed.  In  the  early 
church  this  was  allowed  only  in  case  of  impending  death, 
and  was  sometimes  refused  even  then,  except  to  persons 
already  candidates.  Such  baptism  was  recognized  as 
valid  ;  but  a  person  so  baptized  was  not  ordinarily  eligible 
to  orders,  perhaps  because  it  was  judged  that  fear  had 
induced  the  reception  of  the  sacrament. — Conditional 
baptism  (also  called  hypothetical  baptism),  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  and  Anglican  churches,  baptism  administered  to 
persons  in  respect  to  whom  it  is  doubtful  whether  they 
have  been  baptized  or  not,  or  whose  known  baptism  is  of 
doubtful  validity.  The  condition  is  then  regularly  insert- 
ed in  the  formula:  "If  thou  art  not  baptized,"  etc.— Pri- 
vate baptism,  baptism  conferred  in  the  home  or  else- 
where, without  the  ceremonies  prescribed  for  the  rite  of 
solemn  baptism  in  the  church.-  Seal  Of  baptism,  (a) 
The  rite  of  unction  in  baptism.  (6)  Same  as  baptismal 
character  (which  see,  under  baptismal). 

baptismal  (bap-tiz'mal),  a.  [<  baptism  +  -al;  = 
'F.  baptismal.]  Pertaining  to  baptism :  as,  "the 
baptismal  vow,"  Hammond.— ■&2,yt\sraal  charac- 
ter, a  spiritual  and  indelible  mark  attaching  to  the  souls 
of  Ijaptized  Christians  from  their  reception  of  the  sacra- 
ment. This  term  is  used  oflicially  by  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic Church,  and  also  by  theologians  of  the  Greek,  Ori- 
ental, and  Anglican  churches,  to  express  the  doctrine  of 
those  churches  that  a  baptized  person  can  for  good  or  for 
evil  never  be  as  one  unbaptized,  and  that  the  sacrament 
cannot  be  repeated  without  sacrilege.    Also  called  the 


baptistic  ' 

seal,  or  the  seal  of  liaplism.  See  6a;;<!»m.— Baptismal 
name,  the  pi  i  .simal  or  Chi  istian  name  given  at  baptism 
—Baptismal  regeneration,  the  doctrine  of  Ww.  n-mis- 
sic.n  cjf  origmal  and  actual  sin,  and  the  new  birth  into  the 
life  of  sanctifying  grace,  in  and  through  the  .sai  ianient 
of  baptism.- Baptismal  shell,  a  real  shell  polished  or 
a  small  metal  vessel  in  the  shaiie  of  a  scallop-shell  used 
to  take  water  from  the  font  and  pour  it  upon  the  head  of 
the  candidate  in  baptism.— Baptismal  vows,  the  prom- 
ises made  at  baptism  by  the  person  baptized,  or  by  the 
sjioiisors  in  his  name, 
baptismally  (bap-tiz'mal-i),  adv.  Inortlirough 
baptism;  by  means  of  baptism, 
baptist  (bap'tist),  n.  [<  ME.  baptist  (only  in 
reference  to  John  the  Baptist),  <  LL.  baptista, 
<  Gr.  jiaTZTiariK,  one  who  baptizes,  <  ftcnrriZetv, 
baptize:  seebaptizc.]  1.  One  who  administers 
baptism:  the  title  (with  a  capital  letter)  of 
John,  the  forerunner  of  Christ. 

Him  the  Baptist  soon  descried.        Milton,  P.  R.,  i.  25. 

2.  [cap.]  A  member  or  an  adherent  of  one  of 
those  Christian  denominations  which  maintain 
that  baptism  can  be  administered  only  upon  a 
jiersonal  xirofession  of  Christian  faith.  Gener- 
ally, though  not  always,  Baptists  are  immeisionists.  Tliis 
doctrine  has  been  held  from  a  very  early  age  of  the  Chris- 
tian church ;  but  the  Baptists  as  a  distinct  denomina- 
tion date  from  the  epoch  of  the  Reformation,  and  were 
originally  called  Anabaptists  by  their  opponents.  In  the 
United  States  the  Baptists  owe  their  origin  to  Roger 
Williams,  who  was  originally  a  minister  of  the  Church  of 
England.  The  principal  Baptist  denominations  are  the 
Baptists,  sometimes  called  Calrinist  Baptists,  from  their 
C'alvinistic  theology  ;  Freewill  Baptists,  who  are  Arminian 
in  theology  and  open  comniunionists  in  practice ;  German 
Baptists,  popularly  called  Bunkers;  General  Baptists,  a 
party  of  English  Baptists  who  are  Arminian  in  theology 
and  hold  to  a  general  atonement  (f.pposed  to  Particular 
Baptists,  who  are  Calvinistic) ;  <M-Sehm,l  Baptists,  some- 
times called  Anti-Mission  or  Ilard-Shell  Baptists,  from 
their  extreme  Calvinism,  which  leads  them  to  oppose  all 
active  measures  for  the  conversion  of  the  world  (a  sect 
numbering  40,000) ;  Seventh-Day  Baptists,  who  keep  the 
seventh  day,  instead  of  the  first,  as  the  sabbath ;  Sioc- 
Principle  Baptists,  so  called  from  the  six  principles  which 
constitute  their  creed  (they  practise  "  laying  on  of  hands," 
and  refuse  communion  to  all  who  do  not);  Disciples  of 
Christ,  also  called  Christians  or  Campbellites,  an  American 
denomination  growing  out  of  the  laliors  of  Alexander 
Campbell,  and  separately  organized  in  1827;  Winebren- 
nenans,  or  Church  of  God  (organized  in  1830  by  John 
Winebrenner),  who  maintain  the  washing  of  feet  as  an 
ordinance  of  perpetual  obligation ;  and  Christians,  or  the 
Christian  Connection,  an  American  sect  of  Unitarian  Bap- 
tists founded  about  1800.  The  Baptists  are  congregational 
in  polity,  and  generally  Calvinistic  or  semi-Calvinistic  in 
theology.  Those  of  Great  Britain  do  not  generally  regard 
baptism  by  immersion  as  a  prerequisite  to  communion,  and 
therefore  commune  with  other  churches :  but  the  opposite 
position  is,  with  few  exceptions,  adopted  by  the  Baptists 
of  the  United  States.  The  former  are  popularly  called  open- 
communionists,  the  latter  close-communionists. 

baptistery,  baptistry  (bap'tis-ter-i,  -tri),  n.  •  pi. 

baptisteries,  baptistries  (-iz,  -triz).  [<  L.  baptis- 
terium,  a  place  for  bathing  (LL.  in  eccl.  sense), 
<  Gr.  liaTTTtari/piov,  <  jianrL^eiv,  baptize :  see  bap- 


i 


Baptistery  of  ti 


tizeJ]  A  building  or  a  portion  of  a  building  in 
which  is  administered  the  rite  of  baptism,  in 

the  early  Christian  church  the  baptistery  was  distinct  from 
the  church-building,  and  was  situated  near  its  west  end ; 
it  was  generally  circular  or  octagonal  in  form,  and  dome- 
roofed.  About  the  end  of  the  sixth  century  the  baptistery 
began  to  be  absorbed  in  the  church,  within  w  liicli  the  font 
was  placed,  not  far  from  the  western  d<)«r.  The  detached 
baptistery  was,  however,  often  preserved,  especially  in 
Italy ;  and  many  such  baptisteries  still  remain  in  use,  as 
that  of  St.  John  Lateran  in  Rome,  and  those  of  tlie  cathe- 
drals of  Pisa,  Florence,  etc.  .^s  a  separate  building  the 
baptistei-y  was  often  of  considerable  size  and  great  archi- 
tectural beauty ;  that  of  Florence  is  108  feet  in  external 
diameter.  In  the  West,  baptisteries  were  in  early  times 
commonly  dedicated  to  St.  John  the  Baptist.  See  fond 
and  baptismal. 

baptistic,  baptistical  (bap-tis'tik,  -ti-kal),  a. 
[s  Gr.  liaTTTiOTiKui;,  <  .ia-TiaTri<:,  baptist:  see  bap- 


baptistlc 

tisfi  Pertaining  to  baptism,  or  (with  a  capital) 
to  the  doctrine  of  the  Baptists. 

This  baptistkal  profession,  which  he  ignorantly  laugheth 
at,  is  attested  by  fatlvers,  by  councils,  by  liturgies. 

Abp.  Bramhall,  Schism  Guarded,  p.  205. 

Baptistically  (bap-tis'ti-kal-i),  adv.  Accord- 
ing to  Baptist  doctrine ;  in  the  manner  of  tlie 
Baptists. 

baptizable  (bap-ti'za-bl),  a.    [<  baptize  + 
That  may  be  baptized.  [Rare.] 

As  for  the  condition  limiting  persons  baptizable,  which 
is  actual  believing,  this  also  tlie  Church  of  Christ  under- 
stood in  a  limited  and  temporary  sense. 

Bp.  Gauden,  Tears  of  the  Church,  p.  284. 
baptizationf  (bap-ti-za'shon),  n,    [<  LL.  bapti- 
catio{H-),  <  bapfhare,  baptize:  see  bapti;;e.1  The 
act  of  baptizing ;  baptism.  [Rare.] 

If  they  had  been  lay  persons,  their  baptizations  were 
null  and  invalid.  Jer.  Taylor,  Clerus  Domini,  iv. 

baptize  (bap-tiz').  t- ;  pret.  and  pp.  baptised, 
ppr.  huptizhiij.  [<  ME.  baptizen,  <  LL.  bap- 
tizarc,  <  Gr.  jiarrTii^eii;  dip  in  or  under  water, 
baptize,  <  jSti-K-rtiv,  dip  in  water.  See  etym.  of 
baptism.^  1.  To  administer  the  rite  of  bap- 
tism to.    See  baptism. 

None  [in  Yucatan]  might  marry  who  had  not  been  bap- 
tUed.  Faiths  of  the  World,  p.  248. 

2.  To  christen ;  name ;  denominate :  with  al- 
lusion to  the  naming  of  infants  at  baptism. 

Call  me  but  love,  and  1  11  be  new  baptiz'd  ; 
Henceforth  I  never  will  be  Romeo. 

Shak.,  K.  and  J.,  ii.  2. 

Sometimes  spelled  baptise. 
baptizement  (bap-tiz'ment),  n.    [<  baptize  + 
-iiicnt.]  Theaetof  baptizing;  baptism.  [Rare.] 
baptizer  (bap-ti'zer),  n.    One  who  baptizes. 
On  the  part  of  the  baptizer,  baptism  was  a  form  of  re- 
ception to  instruction.  Rees,  Cyc,  Baptism. 

baquet  (ba-ka'),  n.  [F. :  see  backet.^  A  small 
tub  or  trough. 

bar!  (bar),  n.  [<  ME.  barr,  barre,  <  OF.  barre, 
F.  barre  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  barra,  <  ML.  barra, 
of  unknown  origin.  The  Celtic  words,  Bret. 
barren,  a  bar,  a  branch,  W.  bar,  a  bar,  rail, 
Gael,  and  Ir.  barra,  a  bar,  spike.  Corn,  bara  (v.), 
bar,  as  well  as  MHG.  bar,  barre,  a  barrier,  G. 
barre,  Dan.  barre,  a  bar,  ingot,  Russ.  Z>ar«,-bar 
(of  a  harbor),  are  from  the  ML.,  Rom.,  or  E. 
Hence  barrier,  barrister,  barricade,  barrace,  em- 
bar,  embarrass,  debar,  debarrass,  etc.]  1.  A 
piece  of  wood,  metal,  or  other  solid  matter, 
long  in  proportion  to  its  thickness,  used  for 
some  meehainieal  purpose;  a  rod:  as,  a  eap- 
st&Ti-bar ;  the  bars  of  a  grate;  the  splinter-bar 
of  a  vehicle ;  especially,  such  a  piece  of  wood 
or  metal  used  as  an  obstruction  or  guard :  as, 
the  burs  of  a  fence  or  gate ;  the  bar  of  a  door 
or  window. — 2.  Anything  which  obstructs, 
hinders,  or  impedes ;  an  obstruction ;  an  ob- 
stacle ;  a  barrier. 
Must  I  new  bars  to  my  own  joy  create?  Dryden. 
The  incapacity  to  breed  under  confinement  is  one  of  the 
commonest  bars  to  domestication. 

Darwin,  Var.  of  Animals  and  Plants,  I.  21. 

3.  A  barrier — (a)  At  the  entrance  to  a  city,  or 
between  the  city  proper  and  its  suburbs ;  hence, 
the  gate  at  which  the  barrier  was  placed  in 
former  times,  as  Temple  Bar  in  London,  now 


446 

mouth  of  a  river  or  harbor,  obstnicting  entrance  or  ren- 
dering it  diflicult. 

He  rose  at  dawn,  and,  fired  with  hope, 
Shot  o'er  the  seething  harbour  bar. 

Tennyson,  The  Sailor  Boy. 

(b)  A  narrow  point  of  land  jutting  out  into  the  water,  (c) 
In  placer-mining,  an  accumulation  of  sand  or  gravel  in  or 
near  the  bed  of  a  stream. 

5.  In  law :  (a)  The  railing  inclosing  the  place 
which  counsel  occupy  in  courts  of  justice. 
[Hence  the  phrase  at  the  bar  of  the  court  signi- 
fies in  open  court.] 

Some  at  the  bar  with  subtlety  defend, 

Or  on  the  bench  the  knotty  laws  untie.  Dryden. 

(6)  The  place  in  court  where  prisoners  are  sta- 
tioned for  aiTaignment,  trial,  or  sentence. 

The  great  duke 
Came  to  the  bar;  where  to  his  accusations 
He  pleaded  still,  not  guilty.  Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  li.  1. 

(c)  The  practising  members  of  the  legal  pro- 
fession in  a  given  community;  all  those  who 
have  the  right  to  plead  in  a  court ;  counsel  or 
barristers  in  general,  or  those  present  in  court. 

It  is  the  bench,  the  magistracy,  the  bar  — the  profession 
as  a  profession  ...  —  a  class,  a  body,  of  which  I  mean 
exclusively  to  speak.  R.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  137. 

The  storm  of  invective  which  burst  upon  him  from  bar, 
bench,  and  witness-bo)y.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iv. 

(d)  A  stoppage  or  defeat  in  an  action  or  STiit 
by  countervailing  the  alleged  right  of  action. — 

6.  In  England,  a  railing  or  barrier  which  sep- 
arates a  space  near  the  door  from  the  body 
of  either  house  of  Parliament,  beyond  which 
none  but  members  and  clerks  are  admitted.  At 

these  bars  counsel  stand  when  pleading  before  the  house, 
and  to  the  same  bar  witnesses  and  such  as  have  been 
ordered  into  custody  for  breaches  of  privilege  are  brought. 
In  the  houses  of  Congress,  the  bar,  for  the  latter  purpose, 
is  the  area  in  front  of  the  presiding  officer. 

7.  Figuratively,  any  tribunal:  as,  the  bar  of 
public  opinion;  the  bar  of  God. —  8.  That  por- 
tion of  a  tavern,  inn,  coffee-house,  or  the  like, 
where  liquors,  etc.,  are  set  out;  the  coimter 
over  which  articles  are  served  in  such  an  es- 
tablishment. 

I  was  under  some  apprehension  that  they  would  appeal 
to  me  ;  and  therefore  laid  down  my  penny  at  the  bar,  .  .  . 
and  made  the  best  of  my  way  to  Cheapside. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  403. 

9.  A  band  or  stripe :  as,  a  bar  of  light. 

The  long,  slender  bars  of  cloud  float  like  fishes  in  the 
sea  of  crimson  light.  Emerson,  Nature. 

10.  IvL  farriery,  the  upper  part  of  the  gums  of 
a  horse  between  the  grinders  and  tusks,  which 
bears  no  teeth,  and  to  which  the  bit  is  fitted. — 

11.  In  music,  a  line  drawn  perpendicularly 
across  the  staff,  dividing  it  into  equal  measures 
of  time  and  marking  the  place  of  the  strong 


Temple  Bar,  London. —  Founded  1670,  demolished  1878. 


removed,  and  the  existing  medieval  bars  of 
York,  {b)  At  a  toll-house;  a  toll-gate.  Also 
called  toll-bar. — 4.  An  accumulation  forming 
a  bank  obstructive  to  navigation  or  to  the  flow 

of  water,  (a)  A  bank  of  sand,  gravel,  or  earth  forming 
a  shoal  in  any  body  of  water ;  a  bank  or  shoal  at  the 


accent;  hence,  the  space  and  notes  included 
between  two  such  lines ;  the  portion  of  music 
represented  by  the  included  notes.  See  also 
double  bar,  below. 

Whistling  a  random  bar  of  Bonny  Doon. 

Tennyson,  The  Brook. 

12.  In  com. :  («)  An  ingot,  a  lump,  or  a  wedge, 
as  of  gold  or  silver,  from  the  mines,  run  in  a 
mold,  and  unwrought.  (6)  A  short  piece  of 
bar-iron  about  half  a  pound  in  weight,  used  as 
a  medium  of  traffic  with  African  negroes. — 13. 
In  printing :  (a)  The  lever  by  which  the  pres- 
sure is  applied  in  a  hand-press.  (6)  The  middle 
cross-piece  of  a  printers'  chase. — 14.  In  her., 
a  horizontal  stripe  crossing  the  field,  narrow- 
er than  the  fesse,  and  occupying 
usually  one  fifth  or  less  of  the 
field :  one  of  the  nine  ordinaries. 
It  is  rare  that  one  bar  only  is  used ; 
bars  may  be  borne  in  any  number,  and 
the  blazon  always  names  the  number; 
but  when  more  than  four,  as  they  are 
smaller,  they  are  called  harrulets.  See 
barry^  and  barwise. 

15.  In  a  bridle,  the  mouthpiece 
connecting  the  checks. — 16.  In  a  rifle-sight,  a 
plate  in  the  form  of  a  segment,  with  its  upper 
or  chord  edge  horizontal,  and  secured  in  a  ring. 
If  the  plate  has  a  vertical  slot  in  it,  it  is  called  a  slit  bar- 
sight  ;  if  it  has  an  annulus  or  smaller  ring  attached  to  it,  it 
is  a  bar-sight  or  open  bead-sight. 

17.  In  saddlery,  one  of  the  side  pieces  connect- 
ing the  pommel  and  cantle  of  a  saddle  Ac- 
cented parts  of  a  bar.    See  accent,  V.  t— Bar  of 

ground,  a  term  used  in  Cornwall,  England,  and  else- 
where to  designate  a  stratum  or  mass  of  rock  coming 
near  to  or  crossing  the  lode,  and  of  a  different  character 
from  that  adjacent  to  it.— Bar  Sinister,  a  phrase  erro- 
neously used  for  bend  tinister.   See  bend^. 


Heraldic  Bar. 


baraket 

Thackeray  falls  into  the  common  error  of  describing  "a 
bar-sinister  "  as  a  mark  of  bastardy.  A  bar  in  heraldry,  be- 
ing horizontal,  cannot  be  dexter  or  sinister  ;  a  bend  may 
l)e  either.  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser..  III.  40. 

Bar  super,  in  apiculture,  a  case  or  crate  in  which  the 
honeycomb  is  hung  from  bars,  instead  of  l)eing  built  in  sec- 
tions or  boxes.  Phi7i,  Diet.  Apiculture,  p.  70.— Bastard 
bar.  Same  as  boston,  1  (c).— Blank  bar,  in  law,  a  pica 
in  bar  which  in  an  action  of  trespass  is  put  in  to  compel 
the  plaintiff  to  assign  the  certain  place  where  the  trespass 
was  committed  ;  a  common  bar.  It  is  most  used  liy  the 
practisers  in  the  Common  Bench,  for  in  the  King's  Bench 
the  place  is  commonly  ascertained  in  the  declaration. 
B2oM)i«.— Branchial  bar.  See  brnnehial.—'DovLble  bar, 
in  music,  two  bars  placed  together  at  the  conclusion  of  a 
movement  or  strain.  If  two  or  four  dots  ai-e  added  to  it, 
the  strain  on  that  side  should  be  repeated.— Equalizing- 
bar,  (a)  In  a  car-truck,  a  wrought-iron  beam  which  bears 
upon  the  top  of  the  journal-boxes  on  the  same  side  of  the 
truck.  The  springs  which  sustain  the  weight  of  the  body 
of  the  car  upon  that  side  rest  upon  the  center  uf  this  bar, 
which  distributes  the  weight  upon  the  two  jo\iriials.  (b) 
In  a  vehicle,  a  bar  to  each  end  of  which  a  wliippletree  is 
attached.  It  is  pivoted  at  the  middle,  and  is  used  to 
equalize  the  draft  of  two  horses  harnessed  abreast.  Also 
called  evener  and  doubletree. — Father  Of  the  bar.  See 
father. — Horizontal  bar,  a  round  bar  placed  horizontal- 
ly at  some  distance  above  the  ground,  on  which  athletes 
exercise.— Landing-bar,  in  lace-making,  a  shuttle-box; 
a  receptacle  for  the  shuttle  at  the  end  of  each  cast.— 
Loosening-bar,  in  molding,  a  pointed  steel  wire  which  is 
driven  into  the  pattern  and  struck  lightly  with  a  hammer 
to  loosen  it  from  its  mold,  so  that  it  can  be  withdrawn. 
—  Parallel  bars,  a  pair  of  bars  raised  about  4  to  C  feet 
above  the  ground  and  placed  about  a  foot  and  a  half  apart, 
used  in  gynmastics  to  develop  the  muscles  of  the  arms, 
chest,  etc. — Plea  in  bar,  in  law,  a  plea  of  matter  of  such 
a  nature  that  if  sustained  it  would  defeat  not  merely  the 
present  action,  but  any  other  for  the  same  cause.  See 
abatement. —  Splinter-bar,  in  coach-building,  the  bar  of 
a  carriage  to  which  the  traces  are  attached. — To  call 
to  the  bar.  See  call.— Tiia.!  at  bar,  a  trial  in  one  of 
the  superior  courts  before  all  the  judges  of  the  court  in 
which  the  action  is  brought,  or  a  quorum  sufficient  to 
make  a  full  court.  =  Syn.  2  and  3.  Barricade,  etc.  See 
barrier. 

bar!  (bar),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  barred,  ppr. 
barring.  [<  ME.  barren,  <  OF.  barrcr  —  Pr.  Sp. 
Pg.  barrar,<  ML.  barrare,  bar;  from  the  noun.] 

1 .  To  fasten  with  a  bar,  or  as  with  a  bar. 
Everydooristerr'ii  with  gold, and  opens  luittogoldenkeys. 

Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 
Now  to  all  hope  lier  heart  is  barred  and  cold. 

Longfellow,  Blind  Girl  of  Castfel-Cuilli:,  ii. 

2.  To  hinder;  obstruct;  prevent;  prohibit; 
restrain'. 

If  you  cannot 
Bar  his  access  to  the  king,  never  attempt 
Anything  on  him.  Shak.,  Ken.  VIII,,  iii.  2. 

The  bouses  of  the  country  were  all  scattered,  and  yet 
not  so  far  off  as  that  it  barreil  mutual  succour. 

Sir  P.  Sidney. 

3.  To  except ;  exclude  by  exception. 

Nay,  but  I  bar  to-night ;  you  shall  not  gage  me 

By  what  we  do  to-night.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  ii.  S, 

4.  To  provide  with  a  bar  or  bars ;  mark  witK 
bars ;  cross  with  one  or  more  stripes  or  lines. 

A  Ceynt  she  wered,  barred  al  of  silke. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  49. 
He  bars  his  surfaces  with  horizontal  lines  of  colour,  the 
expression  of  the  level  of  the  Desert.  Ruskin. 

5.  To  make  into  bars.    [Rare.]— To  bar  a  vein, 

in  farriery,  to  open  the  skin  above  a  vein  in  a  horse's  leg, 
disengaging  it,  tying  it  both  above  and  below,  and  strik- 
ing between  the  two  ligatures :  an  operation  intended 
to  stop  malignant  humors.  Johnson.— To  bar  dOWer. 
See  dower2. —  To  bar  an  entail.  See  entail. 

bari  (bar),  j)rcp.  [Prop.  impv.  of  &arl,  v. ,3;  cf. 
barring.']  Except;  omitting;  but:  as,  to  offer 
to  bet  two  to  one  against  any  horse  bar  one. 

bar2  fbar),  n.  [<  F.  bar,  "the  fish  called  a 
base"  (Cotgrave):  see  6ase5.]  An  acanthopte- 
rygian  European  fish,  Scicena  aquila.  Also 
called  maigre. 

bar^,  a.  An  obsolete  (Middle  English)  or  dia- 
lectal form  of  bare^. 

bar^t,    A  Middle  English  preterit  of  bear^. 

bar^  (bar),  M.  A  dialectal  form  of  bear'^.  [U.  8.] 

bar^^t,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  baron. 

baracan,  n.    See  barracan. 

barad  (ba-rad'),  «•  [<  Gr.  (iapv^,  heavy.  Cf. 
and  farad.']  The  unit  of  pressure  in  the  centi- 
meter-gram-second system,  equal  to  one  dyne 
per  square  centimeter. 

barsesthesiometer,  n.    See  baresthesiometer. 

baragouin  (ba-ra-gwan'  or  -gwin'),  n.  [F., 
said  to  be  <  Bret,  bara,  bread,  4-  gwin,  wine,  or 
gwenn,  white,  "in  reference  to  the  astonish- 
ment of  Breton  soldiers  at  the  sight  of  white 
bread";  but  this  reads  like  a  popular  etymol- 
ogy, with  the  usual  fictitious  anecdote  append- 
ed. The  word  may  be  merely  imitative.]  Un- 
intelligible jargon;  language  so  altered  in  sound 
or  sense  as  not  to  be  generally  understood. 

baraket  (bar'a-ket),  n.  [Heb.]  In  Jewish 
antiq.,  the  third  jewel  in  the  first  row  in  the 
breastplate  of  the  high  priest:  it  is  thought  to 
be  the  garnet. 


l)aralipton 

baralipton  (bar-a-lip'ton),  n.  [An  artificial 
term.]  1.  In  loyic,  a  mnemonic  name  of  an 
indirect  mood  of  the  fii'st  figure  of  syllogism, 
in  which  the  two  premises  are  universal  affir- 
matives and  the  conclusion  is  a  particular 
affirmative :  as,  Every  animal  is  a  substance ; 
every  man  is  an  animal ;  therefore,  some  sub- 
stance is  a  man.  The  name  was  probably  in- 
vented by  Petrus  Hispanus.  See  hamalip  and 
mood2.—2.  [ca/j.]  [NL.]  In  ^oo7.,  a  genus  of 
coleopterous  insects. 

baranco  (ba-rang'_ko),  n.    Same  as  harranca. 

baranee  (bar-a-ne'),  [Anglo-Ind.,  repr. 

Hind,  burum,  Ut.  keeping  off  the  rain,  <  hardn, 
rain.]  A  cloak  made  of  felted  woolen  cloth, 
used  in  India. 

baraniline  (ba-ran'i-lin),  n.  [<  Gr.  paphc, 
heavy,  +  aiiilme.']  A  name  given  by  Eeimann 
to  heavy  aniline  oil,  to  distinguish  it  from  the 
light  aniline  oil  or  kuphaniline. 

barathea-cloth  (bar-a-the'a-kl6th),  n.     1.  A 
woolen  cloth  made  at' Leeds,  England. — 2.  A 
silk,  either  plain  or  twilled,  made  in  England. 
Also  spelled  barrathea-clolh. 

barathrum  (bar'a-thriim),  n. ;  pi.  barathm 
(-thrii).  [L.,  <  Gr.  jiapadpov,  Ionic  (ikpedpov, 
conti'.  jSedpov,  a  gulf,  pit.]  1.  A  rocky  place 
or  pit  outside  the  walls  of  ancient  Athens,  into 
which  criminals  were  thrown. — 2t.  The  abyss  ; 
hell. 


447 

used  in  the  phrase  to  fire  in  barb,  in  barbette,  or 
en  barbe,  that  is,  to  fire  cannon  over  the  para- 
pet instead  of  through  the  embrasures. 
Also  spelled  barbe. 
barbi  (biirb),  v.  [<  OF.  barber,  shave,  <  barbe, 
beard.  In  E.  the  verb  is  now  generally  re- 
garded as  formed  from  barber,  like  peddle  from 
peddler,  and  is  used  only  colloquially.]  I, 
trans.  1.  To  shave;  dress  the  beard.  [Now 
only  eolloq.]  —  2\.  To  pare  or  shave  close  to  the 
sui'face;  mow. 

The  stooping  scytheman,  that  doth  barb  the  field. 

Marston  and  Webster,  Malcontent,  iii.  2. 

3t.  To  clip,  as  gold.    B.  Jonson. — 4.  To  fur- 
nish with  barbs,  as  an  arrow,  fish-hook,  spear, 
or  other  instrument. 
Il.t  intrans.  To  shave. 

To  Sir  G.  Smith's,  it  being  now  night,  and  there  up  to 


barbarianism 

archs (Enoch,  Elijah,  etc.)  are  men;  hence,  all 
patriarchs  are  mortal,  it  is  the  type  of  all  syllo- 
gism. This  name  is  Vjelioved  to  have  been  invented  by 
Petrus  Hispanus  (I'ope  John  XXI.,  died  1277),  although 
Prantl  thinks  the  work  of  William  of  Shyrwode  (died 
1249)  in  which  it  is  found  is  earlier.  See  mmd'i. 
barbaresque  (biir-ba-resk'),  a.  and  n.  [<  P. 
barbaresqiie,  of  Barbary,  Sp.  Pg.  barbare.ico  = 
It.  barbaresco  (obs.),  of  Barbary,  barbarous: 
see  barbar  and -esqrie.  Cf.  barbary.']  I.  a.  1. 
Characteristic  of  or  appropriate  to  barbarians; 
barbarous  in  style.  [Rare.] 

Our  European  and  East  Indian  coins  are  the  ba.se»t  of  all 
base  products  from  rude  barbaremjve  handicraft. 

De  Qummy,  Secret  Societies,  i. 

2.  [cap.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  Barbary  in  north- 
ern Africa. 

II.  «.  [caj;.]  A  native  of  Barbary.  Jefferson. 
[Rare.] 


mor^or''"''       ''''  kp;'Xrn  V'9"  ^^arbari  (bar'ba-ri),  n.    In  logic,  the  mnemornc 

■''         ■    name  of  a  kind  of  syllogism  the  premises  of 
which  are  those  of  a  syllogism  in  barbara 


He  will  eat  a  leg  of  mutton  while  I  am  in  my  porridge, 
.  .  .  his  belly  is  like  Barathrum. 

B.  Joiuon,  Poetaster,  iii.  1. 
Sf.  Anything  that  swallows  up  or  devours ;  the 
belly ;  an  insatiable  glutton  or  extortioner. 

You  come 

To  scour  your  dirty  maw  with  the  good  cheer, 
Which  will  be  daran'd  in  your  lean  barathrum. 
That  kitchen  stutt  devourer. 

Shirley,  The  Wedding,  ii.  3. 
You  barathrum  of  the  shambles ! 
Masninger,  A  New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts,  iii.  2. 

barato  (ba-ra'to),  n.  [Sp.,  as  in  def.,  lit.  cheap- 
ness, low  price,  bargain,  barato,  cheap:  see 
bar  rat.]  A  portion  of  a  gamester's  winnings 
given  "for  luck"  to  the  bystanders.    TV".  E.  D. 

barbl  (barb),  n.  [<  ME.  barbe,  <  OF.  barbe,  F. 
barbe  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  barba,  <  L.  barba,  beard : 
see  beard.]  1.  A  beard;  anything  which  re- 
sembles a  beard  or  grows  in  the  place  of  it. 

The  barbel,  so  called  by  reason  of  his  barbs,  or  wattles 
m  his  mouth.  /.  Walton,  Complete  Angler. 

2.  In  bot,  a  terminal  tuft  of  hairs;  a  beard; 
more  usually,  a  retrorse  tooth  or  double  tooth 
terminating  an  awn  or 
prickle. — 3.  In  ornith., 
one  of  the  processes,  of 
the  first  order,  given  ofl' 
by  the  raehis  of  a  feather. 

The  vane  [of  a  feather]  con- 
sists of  a  series  of  appressed, 
flat,  narrowly  linear  or  lance- 
linear  laminse  or  plates,  set  ob- 


barb^t  (barb),  n.  [A  con-uption  of  bard^,  per- 
haps by  confusion  with  barb^,  a  beard,  or  barb^, 
a  Barbary  horse.]    Same  as  bard"^,  n. 

He  left  his  loftie  steed  with  golden  sell 
And  goodly  gorgeous  barbes. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  II.  ii.  11. 
Their  horses  were  naked,  without  any  barbs,  for  albeit 
many  brought  barbs,  few  regarded  to  put  them  on. 

Sir  J.  Hay  ward,  Edw.  VI.,  p.  32. 

barb^t  (barb),  v.  t.  [<  barb"^,  n.]  Same  as 
bard^,  v. 

A  brave  courser  trapped  and  barbed. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Livy,  p.  1179. 
Barbed  with  frontlet  of  steel,  I  trow, 
And  with  Jedwood-axe  at  saddle-bow. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  i.  5. 

barb3  (biirb),  n.  [<  F.  barbe,  a  Barbary  horse 
(ML.  cavallus  de  barba,  indicating  a  supposed 
connection  with  L.  barba,  a  beard),  <  Barbarie, 
Barbary:  see  barbary.]  1.  A  horse  of  the 
breed  introduced  by  the  Moors  into  Spain  from 
Barbary  and  Morocco,  and  remarkable  for  speed, 
endurance,  and  docility,  in  Spain  this  noble  race 
has  degenerated,  and  true  barbs  are  rare  even  in  their  na- 
tive country. 

The  importance  of  improving  our  studs  by  an  infusion 
of  new  blood  was  strongly  felt ;  and  with  this  view  a  con- 
siderable number  of  barbs  had  lately  been  brought  into 
the  country.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

2.  A  breed  of  domestic  pigeons  having  a  short 
broad  beak,  classed  by  Darwin  with  the  carriers 
and  runts.  Also  called  barb-pigeon,  Barbary 
pigeon,  and  Barbary  carrier. — 3.  A  seieenoid 
fish,  Menticirrus  alburnus,  better  Imown  as  Mng- 
fish.  See  Icing  fish. 
barbacant,  w.  See  barbican^. 
barbacou  (bar'ba-ko),  n.  [<  F.  barbacou,  irreg. 
barbu,  a barbet,  +  (tur)acou  or  (cou)cou,  cuckoo.] 
A  name  given  by  Le  Vaillant  to  the  American 
barbets  of  the  family  Bucconida',  to  distinguish 
them  from  the  barbets  proper  of  the  family 
Capitonidce.  The  South  .American  barbaeous 
are  the  birds  of  the  genera  Monasa  and  Cheli- 


.    doptera. 

liquelyon  the  rhachis  by  their  harhaniP  ri      See  hnrhpf^iP 

bases,  diverging  out  from  it  at  r.  „  , 

Barbadian  (bar-ba  di-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Barba- 
dos, the  Barbados,  a  name  said  to  be  due  to  Pg. 
as  barbadas,  the  bearded,  applied  by  the  Portu- 
guese to  the  Indian  fig-trees  growing  there.] 
I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Barbados  (also  spell- 
ed Barbadoes) . 

II,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  Barbados,  the  most 
eastern  island  of  the  West  Indies,  belonging  to 
Great  Britain. 

See  the 


a  varying  open  angle,  ending 
a  free  poiut ;  each  such  narrow 
a.  a.  Barbs.  acute  plate  is  called  a  barb. 

Coues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  84. 

4.  One  of  the  sharp  points  projecting  backward 
from  the  penetrating  extremity  of  an  arrow, 
fish-hook,  or  other  instrument  for  piercing,  in- 
tended to  fix  it  in  place ;  a  beard. 


Having  two  points  or  barbs.  _  _   

^sc/^am,  To.xophiius  (Arber),  p.  135.  Barbados  cherry,  leg,  nut,  tar,  etc. 
o.  A  linen  covering  for  the  throat  and  breast,  nouns. 

sometimes  also  for  the  lower  part  of  the  face,  Barbados-pride  (biir-ba'doz-prid) 


worn  by  women  through- 
out the  middle  ages  in 
western  Europe.  It  was 
at  times  peculiar  to  nims 
or  women  in  mourning. 
Do  wey  your  barbe  and  shew 
youre  face  bare. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  110. 

6.  A  band  or  small  scarf 
of  lace,  or  other  fine  ma- 
terial, worn  by  women 
at  the  neck  or  as  a  head- 
dress.—7.  Same  as  bar- 
bel, 3.-8.  In  lier.,  one  of 
the  five  leaves  of  the 
calyx  which  project  be- 
yond and  between  the 
petals  of  the  heraldic 
rose.  See6a?-&edi,  3.— 9. 
A  bur  or  roughness  pro- 


.         ^    1.  A 

prickly  leguminous  shrub,  Ccesalpinia  pulcher- 
rima,  of  tropical  regions,  planted  for  hedges  as 
well  as  for  the  beauty  of  its  flowers.  Also 
called  Barbados  fiower-fence. —  2.  In  the  "West 
Indies,  a  handsome  flowering  leguminous  tree, 
Adenanthera  pavonina,  introduced  fi-om  the 
East  Indies. 

barba  His^anica  (bar'ba  his-pan'i-ka),  n. 
[NL.,  lit.  Spanish  beard.]    A  name  given  to 
the  plant  Tillandsia  usneoides.    See  long-moss. 
barbaloln  (bar'ba-16  -in  or  -loin),  n.    A  neu- 
tral substance  (C34H36O14+H2O)  crystallizing 
in  tufts  of  small  yellow  prisms,  extracted  from 
Barbados  aloes, 
barbart  (bar'bar),  a.  and  n.    [Early  mod.  E. 
also  barbare,  <  "ME.  barbar,  OF.  barbare,  <  L. 
barbarus :  see  barbarous.]    I.  a.  Barbarous. 
II.  n.  A  barbarian. 

In  logic,  a  mnemonic 


(which  see),  while  the  conclusion  is  only  a  par- 
ticular instead  of  a  universal  affirmative:  as, 
All  men  are  mortal;  all  kings  are  men;  hence, 
some  kings  are  mortal.  This  kind  of  syllogism  was 
noticed  by  Occam,  and  the  name  was  invented  by  one  of 
his  followers,  Albert  of  Saxony.  See  mood'i. 
barbarian  (biir-ba'ri-an),  n.  and  a.  [<  F.  bar- 
baricn,  <  barbarie,  <  L. "  barbaria,  barbarousness 
(see  barbary),  <  barbarus,  barbarous,  a  barba- 
rian: see  barbarous  and  -ian.]  I.  n.  1.  A  for- 
eigner; one  whose  language  and  customs  differ 
from  those  of  the  speaker  or  writer.  [This  is 
the  uniform  meaning  of  the  word  in  the  New 
Testament.] 

Therefore  if  I  know  not  the  meaning  of  the  voice,  I  shall 
be  unto  him  that  speaketh  a  barbarian,  and  he  that  speak- 
eth  shall  be  a  barbarian  unto  me.  l  Cor.  xiv.  11. 

It  is  well  known  that  many  of  the  Roman  Emperors 
were  barbarians  who  had  been  successful  soldiers  in  the 
Imperial  army.  Stille,  Stud.  Med.  Hist.,  p.  50. 

[With  the  Greeks,  one  not  a  Greek  was  a  barbarian  ;  with 
the  Romans,  one  outside  the  pale  of  the  Roman  empire 
or  its  civilization,  and  especially  a  person  belonging  to 
one  of  the  northern  nations  who  overthrew  the  empire ; 
with  the  Italians  of  the  Renaissance  period,  one  of  a  nation 
outside  of  Italy.  Among  the  Chinese,  one  who  is  not  a 
Chinaman,  and  especially  a  European  or  an  American,  is 
commonly  spoken  of  as  a  we.itern  barbarian.  The  treaties 
with  the  Chinese  government,  however,  stipulate  that  the 
Chinese  term  (ye)  thus  translated  shall  not  be  used  in 
documents  of  any  of  the  treaty  powers,  or  of  their  sulj- 
jects  or  citizens.] 

2.  One  outside  the  pale  of  Christian  civiliza- 
tion.— 3.  A  man  in  a  rude,  savage  state;  an 
uncivilized  person. 

There  were  his  young  barbarians  all  at  play, 
There  was  their  Dacian  mother  —  he,  their  sire, 
Butcher  d  to  make  a  Roman  holiday ! 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iv.  141. 

4.  An  uncultui-ed  person ;  one  who  has  no  sym- 
pathy with  culture;  a  philistine. —  5.  A  cruel, 
savage,  brutal  person ;  one  destitute  of  pity  or 
humanity:  as,  "thon  tell  barbarian,"  Philips. — 
6t.  leap.]  A  native  of  Barbary. =syn.  Heathen, 
etc.   See  gentile,  n. 

II.  a.  1 .  Foreign ;  of  another  or  outside  na- 
tion; hence,  non-Hellenic,  non-Roman,  non- 
Christian,  non-Chinese,  etc. 


Thou  art  bought  and  sold  among 
a  barbarian  slave. 


those  of  any  wit,  like 
Shak.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  1. 


Barb,  middle  of  14th  cen-     „  „  

■■S;ct&Zbmrt'^^^^^^^  barbara  (bar'ba-ra),  n 


duced  in  the°PniVr;«";"f  ,v,.toi  w   T  •     '^T'''       ?  ^y^'ogispi  of  the  first  figure,  aU  barbarianism  (bar-ba'ri-an-izm), 

uucea  m  tne  course  of  metal-working,  as  m    whose  parts  are  universal  afflrmative  pronosi-     •      ■    •     -  ^— 
coming  and  engraving.— 10.  A  military  term    tions:  as,  All  men  are  mortal;  all  the  patri- 


2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  savages ;  rude ;  unci\'il- 
ized. —  3.  Cruel;  inhuman;  barbarous. 
The  stormy  rage  and  hate  of  a  barbarian  tyrant. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  .\xiii. 
4t.  leap.]  Of  or  belonging  to  Barbary.  =  syn. 

Barbarian,  Barbarous,  Barbaric,  unlettered,  uncultivated, 
untutored,  ignorant.  Barbarian  applies  to  whatever  per- 
tains to  the  life  of  an  uncivilized  people,  without  special 
reference  to  its  moral  aspects.  Barbarous  properly  ex- 
presses the  bad  side  of  barbarian  life  and  character,  espe- 
cially its  inhumanity  or  cruelty  :  as,  a  barbarous  act.  Bar- 
baric expresses  the  characteristic  love  of  barljarians  for 
adornment,  magnificence,  noise,  etc.,  but  it  is  not  com- 
monly applied  to  persons ;  it  implies  the  lack  of  culti- 
vated taste  :  as,  barbaric  music ;  barbaric  splendor.  Bar- 
barian and  barbaric  are  now  strictly  confined  to  the 
meanings  named  above. 

This  barbarian  tongue  raises  him  far  above  what  he 
could  have  become  had  he  never  learned  to  speak  at  all. 

Whitney,  Life  and  Growth  of  Lang.,  ii. 
The  boast  of  the  barbarian  freeman  was  that  a  true 
equality,  founded  on  the  supposeii  comiiioii  jiossession  of 
honor,  courage,  devotion,  had  alwaj's  Ijccu  recognized 
among  them  as  their  most  precious  inheritance. 

Stille,  Stud.  Med.  Hist.,  p.  47. 
O  barbarous  and  l>loody  spectacle ! 
His  body  will  I  bear  unto  the  king. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  1. 
Something  of  indescribable  barbaric  magnificence. 

Howells,  Venetian  Life,  ii. 

n.  [<  barba- 
rian +  -ism.]  The  state  or  condition  of  being 
a  barbarian. 


barbarianize 


448 


barbel 


barbarianize  (biir-bii'ri-au-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and 

pp.  barbari(tiii::ed,  ppr.  harbarianizimj.  To  make 
V)arbariau ;  barbarize, 
barbaric  (bar-bar'ik),  a.    [<  L.  barbaricns,  < 
Gr.  fiapfiapiKOi,  foreign,  barbaric,  <  fidpliapo<;, 
barbarous :  see  barbarous.^    If.  Foreign. 
The  gorgeous  east  with  richest  liaiid 
Showers  on  her  kings  Ilarbnric  pearl  and  gold. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  4. 

2.  Uncivilized;  barbarian:  as,  barbaric  or 
Gothic  invaders,"  T.  Wartoii,  On  Milton's 
Smaller  Poems. —  3.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or 
characteristic  of  barbarians  or  their  art ; 
hence,  ornate  without  being  in  accordance  with 
cultivated  taste ;  wildly  rich  or  magnificent. 

We  are  by  no  means  insensible  ...  to  the  wild  and 
barbaric  inelody.  Macaulay. 

His  plans  were  bold  and  fiery,  and  his  conceptions 
glowed  with  barbaric  lustre.  Poe,  Tales,  I.  341. 

=  SjTl.  Barbarian,  Barbarous,  Barbaric.   See  barbarian. 

barbarically  (biir-bar'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  a  bar- 
baric manner;  after  the  fashion  of  barbarians 
or  uncivilized  persons. 

barbaris  (bar'ba-ris),  It.  In  logic,  a  mnemonic 
name  for  the  sylh^gistio  mood  baralipton :  used 
by  some  later  nominalists.    See  viood^. 

barbarisation,  barbarise.  See  barbarization, 
barbarize. 

barbarism  (bar'ba-rizm),  n.  F.  barbarisme, 
<  L.  barbarism  us,  <  Gr.  liapfSapia/juc,  the  use  of 
a  foreign,  or  misuse  of  one's  native,  tongue,  < 
liapiiapiL^civ,  speak  like  a  foreigner  or  barbarian : 
see  barbarize.']  1.  An  offense  against  purity 
of  style  or  language ;  originally,  the  mixing  of 
foreign  words  and  pkrases  in  Latin  or  Greek ; 
hence,  the  use  of  words  or  forms  not  made  ac- 
cording to  the  accepted  usages  of  a  language : 
limited  by  some  modern  writers  on  rhetoric  to 
an  offense  against  the  accepted  rules  of  deri- 
vation or  inflection,  as  Jii.sii  or  hcrii  for  bis  or 
her,  ffooscs  for  geese,  goodest  for  best,  pied  for 
pleaded,  proven  for  proved. —  2.  A  word  or  form 
so  used;  an  expression  not  made  in  accordance 
with  the  proper  usages  of  a  language. 

The  Greeks  were  the  first  that  branded  a  foreign  term 
in  any  of  their  writers  with  the  odious  name  of  barbarism. 

O.  Campbell. 

A  barbarism  may  be  in  one  word ;  a  solecism  must  be 
of  more.  Jnhnsuii. 

3.  An  uncivilized  state  or  condition ;  want  of 
civilization ;  rudeness  of  life  resulting  from 
ignorance  or  want  of  cidture. 

Times  of  barbarism  and  ignorance. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Dufresnoy's  Art  of  Painting,  Pref. 
Divers  great  monarchies  have  risen  from  barbarism  to 
civility,  and  fallen  again  to  ruin. 

Sir  J.  Davics,  State  of  Ireland. 

4t.  An  act  of  barbarity ;  an  outrage. 

A  heinous  barbarism  .  .  .  against  the  honour  of  mar- 
riage. Milton. 
=  Syn.  1.  Barbarism,  Sul''risni,  etc.  Sec  itiipriqiriety. 
barbarity  (bar-bar'i-ti),  n.  ;  pi.  barhiiriiics{-iiz). 
[<  barbarous.']  1.  Br Lital  or  inhuman  conduct; 
barbarousness ;  savageness;  cruelty. 

Another  ground  of  violent  outcry  against  the  Indians  is 
their  barbarity  to  the  vaniiuished. 

Irviny,  Sketch-Book,  p.  348. 

2.  An  act  of  cruelty  or  inhumanity ;  a  barba- 
rous deed:  as,  the  barbarities  of  war  or  of  sav- 
age life. — 3t.  Barbarism. 
The  barbarity  and  narrowness  of  modem  tongues. 

Dryden. 

barbarization  (bar-ba-ri-za'shon),  n.  [<  bar- 
barize -f  -ation.]  Tiie  act  of  rendering  bar- 
barous; a  reduction  to  barbarism,  or  to  a 
barbarous  state :  said  of  language,  and  of  per- 
sons and  communities.  Also  spelled  barbarisa- 
tion. 

barbarize  (bar'ba-riz),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bar- 
barized, ppr.  barbarizing .  [=  F.  barbariser,  < 
LL.  barbarizarc,  <  Gr.  jSapPapiCfiv,  speak  like  a 
foreigner  or  barbarian,  hold  with  the  barbari- 
ans, <  pdppapoc,  foreign,  barbarian.  See  bar- 
barous.] I.  intrans.  1.  To  speak  or  write  like 
a  barbarian  or  foreigner;  use  barbarisms  in 
speech  or  writing. 

The  ill  habit  which  they  got  of  wretched  barbariziny 
against  the  Latin  and  Greek  idiom.       Milton,  Education. 

2.  To  become  barbarous.  [Rare.] 

The  Roman  Empire  was  barbarizing  rapidly. 

De  Quincey,  Philos.  of  Rom.  Hist. 

II.  t7-ans.  1.  To  corrupt  (language,  art,  etc.) 
by  introducing  impurities,  or  by  departing  from 
recognized  classical  standards. 

He  [Inigo  Jones]  barbarised  the  ancient  cathedral  of 
St.  Paul  in  London,  by  repairing  it  according  to  his  notions 
of  Pointed  architecture.  £lncyc.  Brit.,  II.  443. 

2.  To  render  barbarous. 


Hideous  changes  have  barbarized  Franco. 

Burke,  To  a  Noble  Lord. 

To  habitual  l  esidents  among  the  Alps  this  absence  of 
social  duties  and  advantages  may  be  barbarisiny,  even 
brutalising.        J.  A.  Symonds,  Italy  and  Greece^  p.  301. 

Also  spelled  barbarise. 
barbarous  (biir'ba-rus),  a.  [Earlier  barbar, 
q.  V. ;  <  L.  barbarus,  <  Gr.  /3dp/3apof,  foreign,  un- 
civilized :  applied  orig.  to  one  whose  language 
was  unintelligible.  Cf.  Skt.  barbara,  stammer- 
ing, in  pi.  foreigners;  L.  balbus,  stammering: 
see  balbuties  and  booby;  cf.  babble.]  1.  For- 
eign; not  classical  or  pure;  abounding  in  bar- 
barisms ;  of  or  pertaining  to  an  illiterate  peo- 
ple: applied  to  language,  originally  to  lan- 
guages which  wore  not  Greek  or  Latin.  See 
barbarism. 

A  wholly  barbarous  use  of  the  word. 

Buskin,  Pol.  Econ.,  Art.  ix. 

2.  Speaking  a  foreign  language  ;  foreign ;  out- 
landish: applied  to  people.  [Arcliaic]  See 
barbarian,  n.,  1. 

The  island  was  called  Melita.  And  the  barljarous  people 
shewed  us  no  little  kindness  :  for  they  kindled  a  tire  and 
received  us  every  one.  Acts  xxviii.  1,  2. 

3.  Characterized  by  or  showing  ignorance  of 
arts  and  civilization ;  imcivilized ;  rude ;  wild ; 
savage:  as,  barbarous  TpeoTples,  nations,  or  coun- 
tries; barbarous  habits  or  customs. 

Thou  art  a  Roman  ;  be  not  harlianms. 

SJiak..  Tit.  And.,  i.  2. 
What  we  most  require  is  the  actual  cxaiiiination  by 
trained  observers  of  some  barhanni'^  or  scnii -barliarous 
community,  whose  Aryan  pedigm-  is  n  as.malily  imrc, 

Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  2.i:!. 

4.  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  barbari- 
ans ;  adapted  to  the  taste  of  barbarians ;  bar- 
baric; of  outlandish  character. 

Emetrius,  king  of  Inde,  a  mighty  name, 
On  a  bay  courser,  goodly  to  behold. 

The  trappings  of  his  horse  emboss'd  with  barbarous  gold. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  iii.  05. 

Pyrrhus,  seeing  the  Romans  marshal  their  army  with 
some  art  and  skill,  said,  willi  surprise,  "These  barbarians 
have  nothing  barbarous  in  their  discipline." 

Hume,  Keiinement  in  the  Arts. 

5.  Cruel;  ferocious;  inhuman:  as,  barbarous 
treatment. 

By  their  barbnrviis  us.age  he  died  within  a  few  days,  to 
the  grief  of  all  that  knew  liini.  Claremlon. 

6.  Harsh-sounding,  like  the  speech  of  barbari- 
ans: as,  wild  and  ?Jrt*?>«;'Oj<s  music. 

A  barbarous  noise  environs  me.  Milton,  Sonnets,  vii. 
=  Syil.  Barbarian,  Barbarous,  Barbaric  (see  barbarian); 
ruthless,  brutal,  fierce,  bloody,  savage,  truculent. 

barbarously  (bilr'ba-ms-li),  adv.  In  a  barba- 
rous manner;  as  a  barbarian,  (a)  Imperfectly; 
without  regard  to  ptii  ity  of  sjicech  ;  with  admi.\ture  of 
foreign  or  unclassical  words  and  phrases. 

How  barbarously  we  yet  sjicak  and  write,  your  lordship 
knows,  and  I  am  sufticiently  sensible  in  niy  own  English. 

Dryden,  l)ed.  of  Troilus  and  t'ressidii. 
Modern  French,  the  most  jxjlite  of  languages,  is  barba- 
rously vulgar  if  conijiarcd  with  the  Latin  out  of  which  it 
has  been  corrupted,  or  even  with  Italian. 

Lowell,  Biglow  Papers,  2d  ser.,  Int. 

(b)  As  an  uncivilized,  illiterate,  or  uiiciiltared  jierson.  (<■) 
Savagely;  cruelly;  ferociously;  inliuiiianly. 

The  English  law  touching  fori;ery  bcrnme,  at  a  later 
period,  barbarously  s,e\eve.     Miicuuluy,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxiii. 

barbarousness  (bilr'ba-rus-nes),  v.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  barbarous,  (a)  Rudeness  or 
incivility  of  manners.    (Ji)  Im]iurity  of  language. 

It  is  much  degenerateil,  as  touching  the  pureness  of 
speecli ;  being  overgrown  witli  barbarousness.  Brerewood. 

(c)  Cruelty;  inhumanity;  barbarity. 

barbaryt  (biir'ba-ri),  n.  [<  ME.  barbary,  'bar- 
bery, barbaric,  <  OF.  barbaric  =  Sp.  It.  barbaric, 
<  L.  barbaria,  barbarics  (MGr.  fiapfiapia),  a 
foreign  coimtry,  barbarism,  <  barbarus,  <  Gr. 
papl3apoc,  foreign,  barbarous.  Hence,  specifi- 
cally, Barbary,  a  collective  name  for  the  coun- 
tries on  the  north  and  northwest  coasts  of 
Africa,  <  F.  Barbaric,  <  ML.  Barbaria ;  G.  Ber- 
berei;  Ar.  Barbariyan,  <  Barbar,  Berber,  the 
Berbers,  people  of  Barbary  in  northern  Af- 
rica, ult.  <  Gr.  Papftapoc,  foreigner.]  1.  For- 
eign or  barbarous  nationality ;  paganism ;  hea- 
thenism.—  2.  Barbarity;  barbarism. —  3.  Bar- 
barous speech. —  4.  A  Barbary  horse ;  a  barb. 
See  barb^,  1. 

They  are  ill-built, 
Pin-buttocked,  like  your  dainty  barbarics. 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase. 

Barbary  ape,  gum,  etc.    See  the  nouns. 
Barbary  horse.   Same  as  barb^,  1. 
barbastel,  barbastelle  (bar'bas-tel  or  biir-bas- 

tel'),  ?/..    [<  F.  barbastelle  =  It.  barbastello,  <  L. 

barba,  beard.]    A  common  European  species 

of  long-eared  bat,  Barbastellus  communis,  B. 

daubentoni,  or  Plecotus  barbastellus. 


Lon^-caruil  Bat  {  B,,  rluiilf/l  ii  s  lOinmunis). 

barbate  (biir'bat),  a.    [<  L.  barbatus,  bearded, 

<  barba,  beard:  see  barlA.]  1.  Furnished 
with  barbs. — 2.  In  bot.,  bearded;  furnished 
with  long  and  weak  hairs. — 3.  In  .coo/.,  bearded; 
having  a  tuft  of  hair  or  feathers  on  the  chin ; 
in  entom.,  bordered  by  long  hairs. 

barbatedt  (biir'ba-ted),  a.  Barbed  or  bearded; 
barbate:  as,  "a  dart  uncommonly  barbatcd," 
T.  Warton,  Hist,  of  Kiddington,  p.  C3. 

Barbatula  (bar-bat'u-la),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  of  L. 
barbatulus,  dim.  of  barbatus,  bearded :  see  bar- 
bate.] A  genus  of  African  scansorial  barbets, 
the  barbions,  of  the  family  Megalwmida;  or 
Capitonidec. 

barb-bolt  (barb 'bolt),  n.  A  bolt  whose  edges 
are  jagged  to  prevent  it  from  being  withdrawn 
from  that  into  which  it  is  driven;  a  rag-bolt. 

barbe^,  n.    See  barb^. 

barbe-f,  n.    Same  as  bard"^. 

barbe^  (biirb),  n.  [P.,  It.,  and  Rumonsch  barba, 

<  ML.  barba,  barbas,  barbanus,  uncle,  lit.  hav- 
ing a  beard,  <  L.  barba,  beard:  see  barlA.] 
A  superior  teacher  or  ecclesiastic  among  the 
Vaudois. 

barbecue  (bar'be-lm),  n.  [Also  barbacuc,  and 
formerly  barbictt'c,  barbccu,  borbccu  =  Sp.  barba- 
Goa,  <  Haytian  barbacoa,  a  framework  of  sticks 
set  upon  posts.  In  Cuba  barbacoa  designates 
a  platform  or  floor  in  the  top  story  of  country 
houses  where  fruits  and  grain  are  kept.]  1.  A 
wooden  framework  used  for  supporting  over  a 
fire  meat  or  fish  to  be  smoked  or  dried. —  2.  An 
iron  frame  on  which  large  joints  are  placed 
for  broiling,  or  on  which  whole  animals  are 
roasted;  a  largo  gridiron. — 3.  The  carcass  of 
an  ox,  hog,  or  other  animal,  roasted  whole. 

A  kid  that  had  been  cooked  in  a  liole  in  the  ground,  with 
embers  upon  it.  .  .  .  This  is  called  a  "barbacoa"  — a  ta/-- 
becue.  Tylor,  Anahiiac,  iv.  Qh.    {N.  E.  D.) 

4.  A  large  social  or  political  entertainment  in 
the  open  air,  at  which  animals  are  roasted 
whole,  and  feasting  on  a  generous  scale  is  in- 
dulged in.  [U.  S.]  —  5.  An  open  floor  or  ter- 
race smoothly  covered  with  plaster  or  asphalt, 
on  which  to  dry  coffee-beans,  etc. 
barbecue  (bar'be-ku),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bar- 
becued, i)pr.  barbecuing.  [<  barbecue,  n.]  1. 
To  cure  by  smoking  or  drying  on  a  barbecue 
(which  see). —  2.  To  dress  and  roast  whole, 
as  an  ox  or  a  hog,  by  splitting  it  to  the  back- 
bone, and  roasting  it  on  a  gridiron. 

Rich  puddings  and  liig,  and  a  liarbecued  pig. 

Barlium,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  228. 

barbed^  (bilrbd),  p.  a.  [<  barb\  V.  or  %.,  + 
-ecR]  If.  Shaved;  trimmed;  having  the  beard 
dressed. — 2.  Furnished  with  barbs,  as  an  ar- 
row, the  point  of  a  fish-hook,  and  the  like  :  as, 
"arrows  barbed  with  fire,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  vi. 
546;  "  a  Sarfeed  proboscis,"  (Sir  iJ.  Tennent,  Cey- 
lon, ii.  7. 

And,  with  the  same  strong  hand 
That  flung  the  barbid  spear,  he  tilled  the  land. 

Bryant,  Christmas  in  1875. 

3.  In  her. :  (a)  Having  barbs :  said  of  the  rose 
used  as  a  bearing.  The  barbs  are  commonly 
colored  green,  and  the  blazon  is  a  rose  gules 
barbed  proper.  Qj)  Having  gills  or  wattles,  as 
a  cock:  as,  a  cock  sable,  barbed  or  (that  is,  a 
black  cock  having  golden  gills).  Also  called 
wa  ttled,  (c)  Having  the  ends  made  with  barbs 
like  those  of  an  arrow-head:  said  especially  of 
a  cross  of  this  form.  Also  called  bearded.— 
Barbed  bolt.  See  toZd.— Barbed  shot,  a  shot  having 

barbs  or  grapnels.  It  is  fired  from  a  mortar  to  carry  a 
life-line  to  a  wreck.— Barbed  wire,  two  or  more  wires 
twisted  together,  with  spikes,  hooks,  or  points  clinched  or 
woven  into  the  strands,  or  a  single  wire  furnished  with 
sharp  points  or  barbs :  used  for  fences,  and  so  made  for 
the  restraint  of  animals. 

barbed^  (barbd),  ?>.  a.  [<  larb'^,  v.,  +  -ed2.  prop. 
barded,  q.  v.]    Same  as  barded. 

barbel  (bar'bel),  n.  [ME.  barbellc,  barbylle,  < 
OF.  barbel  (F.  barbean),  <  ML.  barbellus,  dim. 
of  barbus,  a  barbel  (fish),  <  barba,  beard :  see 
barb^.  In  the  sense  of  an  appendage,  barbel 
is  rather  <  NL.  barbcUa :  see  barbella,  and  cf. 


barbel 

barbule.']  1 .  The  common  English  name  of  the 
fish  Barbus  vulgaris,  also  extended  to  other  spe- 
cies of  the  genus  Barbus. —  2.  A  small  cyliu- 
drical  vermiform  process.appended  to  the  mouth 
of  certain  fishes,  serving  as  an  organ  of  touch. 
—3.  A  knot  of  superfluous  flesh  growing  in  the 
channel  of  a  horse's  mouth.  Also  barbie  and  barb. 

barbella  (bar-bel'a),  pi.  barbellw  (-e).  [NL., 
dim.  of  L.  barba,  a  beard.  Cf.  barbule  and  bar- 
bel, 2,  3.]    A  small  barb  or  bristle. 

barbellate  (bar-bel'at),  a.  [<  NL.  barbellatus, 
<  NL.  barbella,  q.  v.]  Having  small  bristles  or 
barbules :  used  chiefly  in  botany.  Also  barbu- 
late. 

barbellula  (bar-bel'u-la),  n. ;  pi.  barbellulce 
(-le).  [NL.,  dim.  ot' barbella,  q.  v.]  A  very 
small  barb  or  bristle, 
barbellulate  (bar-bel'u-lat),  a.  [<  NL.  harbel- 
lulalus,  <  barbellula,  q.'v.]  Having  very  small 
bristles  or  barbules. 
barber  (bar'ber),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bar- 
bour,  <  (a)  ME.  barbour,  barbor,  barbur,  <  AP. 
harboiir,  OF.  barbeor  (<  L.  as  if  *barbator,  < 
*barbarc,  shave:  see  barb'^,  v.) ;  mixed  with  (&) 
ME.  barber,  <  OE.  barbier,  F.  barbier  =  It.  bar- 
biere,  <  L.  as  if  *barbarius,  <  L.  barba,  a  beard  : 
see  ft.]    1.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 

shave  the  beard  and  cut  and  dress  the  hair. — 
2.  Same  as  surgeon-fish.— ■Rs,r\)eT's  basin,  a  basin 
or  bowl  formerly  used  in  shaving,  having  a  broad  rim 
with  a  semicircular  opening  to  fit  the  neck  of  the  cus- 
tomer, who  held  it,  while  the  barber  made  the  lather  with 
his  hand  and  applied  it  directly :  still  in  use  in  some  parts 
of  Europe  as  a  barber's  sign.— Barber's  pole,  a  pole 
striped  spirally  with  alternate  bands  of  colors,  generally 
red  or  blacls  and  white,  and  often,  in  Europe,  having  a 
brass  basin  at  the  end,  placed  as  a  sign  at  tlie  door  of  a 
barber's  sliop.  Tlie  striping  is  in  imitation  of  the  rilibon 
with  which  the  arm  of  a  person  who  has  been  bled  is 
bound  up,  and  originally  indicated  that  the  barber  com- 
bined minor  surgical  operations  with  his  other  worlj. 

barber  (bar'ber),  V.  t.  [<  barber,  n.]  To  shave 
and  dress  the  hair  of. 

Our  courteous  Antony,  .  .  . 
Being  harber'd  ten  times  o'er,  goes  to  the  feast. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  2. 

barbera  (bar-ba'ra),  w.  [It.]  An  Italian  red 
wine,  made  in  Piedmont  from  a  variety  of 
grapes  so  called. 

barber-boat  (bar'ber-bot),  n.  A  small  boat 
like  a  canoe,  in  use  at  Canton  in  the  south  of 
China :  probably  so  called  because  in  the  early 
days  of  trade  with  China  native  barbers  used 
such  boats  in  going  about  among  the  shipping. 

barber-chirurgeont  (bar'ber-ki-rer"jon),  n.  A 
barber-surgeon. 

He  put  himself  into  a  harber-chirurgeon' s  hands,  who,  by 
unfit  applications,  rarefied  the  tumoiir. 

Wiseman,  Surgery. 

barberess  (bar'ber-es),  n.  [<  barber  +  -ess.'] 
A  female  barber;  a  barber's  wife. 

barber-fish  (bar'ber-fish),  n.  In  ichtli.,  TeictJiis 
caruleus  or  some  other  fish  of  the  family  Ten- 
th ididce. 

barbermongert  (bar'ber-mung"ger),  n.  A  man 
who  frequents  the  barber's  shop,  or  prides  him- 
self on  being  dressed  by  a  barber:  a  fop.  Shak., 
Lear,  ii.  2.  ' 
barberry  (bar'ber-i),  n. ;  pi.  barberries  (-iz). 
[Also  berberry,  early  mod.  E.  also  barbery,  bar- 
bary,  berbery  (the  term,  simulating  6m-«/l),<  ME. 
barbere  (cf.  F.  berberis,  formerly  berbere)  =  Sp. 
berberis  =  It.  berberi,  <  ML.  berberis,  barbaris, 
•of  uncertain  origin.  The  Ar.  barbaris,  Pers. 
barbdri,  are  from  the  ML.]  1.  A  shrub  of  the 
.genus  Berberis,  B.  vulgaris,  bearing  racemes  of 
yellow  ill-smelling  flowers,  which  produce  red 
elongated  berries  of  a  pleasantly  acid  flavor,  a 
native  of  Europe  and  extensively  naturalized 
in  New  England.  From  the  root  of  the  barberry  a  yel- 
low colormg  matter  is  oljtained,  which  when  rendered 
brown  by  alkalis  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  morocco 
leather.  In  England  also  called  pepperidge  or  piprage. 
See  Berberis. 

2.  The  fruit  of  this  shrub. 

barberry-fungus  (bar'ber-i-fung"gus),  n.  A 
fungus  which  attacks  the  leaves  of  the  common 
barben-y,  formerly  known  as  Mcidium  Ber- 
beridis,  but  now  proved  to  be  the  secidiospore 
stage  of  the  red  and  black  rust  (Puccinia  gra- 
minis)  which  is  found  upon  wheat,  oats,  other 
kinds  of  grain,  and  various  species  of  grass. 
-Also  called  barberry-rust  or  barberry-cluster- 
cups.    See  cut  under  Puccinia. 

barber-surgeon  (bar'ber-ser^jon),  n.  Formerly, 
one  who  imited  the  practice"of  surgery  with 
that  of  a  barber ;  hence,  an  inferior  practitioner 

■  of  surgery. 

Those  deep  and  public  brands, 
That  the  whole  company  of  barber-surgeons 
Should  not  take  off  with  all  their  arts  and  plaisters. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  To  the  Reader. 

29 


449 

barber-surgery  (bar'ber-ser''''jer-i),  n.  The 
occupation  or  practice  of  a  barbor-sui-gcon ; 
hence,  bungling  work,  like  that  of  a  low  prac- 
titioner of  sui-gery. 

Slits  it  into  four,  tliat  he  may  the  better  come  at  it  with 
Ills  barber-surgery.  Milton,  Colastcrion. 

barberyl  (biir'ber-i),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
barbury  (ME.  harborcry),  <  OF.  barbcric,  <  bar- 
bier, a  barber:  see  barber  and  -ery.]  If.  A 
barber's  shop. — 2.  The  occupation  or  craft  of 
a  barber.  [Rare.] 

Tlie  union  of  surgery  and  barbery  was  partially  dissolved 
m  1540  (3-2  Henry  VIII.,  c.  42),  the  barbers  being  confined 
by  that  Act  to  their  own  business,  plus  blood-letting  and 
tooth-drawing.  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  19e. 

barbery^t,  n.  See  barberry. 
barbet't  (bar'bet),  n.  [<  F.  barbette,  OF.  bar- 
betc,  dim.  of  barbe,  <  L.  barba,  a  beard :  see 
6ar&l.]  1.  A  small  beard.— 2.  A  part  of  the 
helmet  in  use  in  the  sixteenth  centmy;  either 
(a)  the  fixed  beaver  or  mentonniere,  or  {b)  the 
lower  part  of  the  -vizor  when  made  in  two  pieces, 
so  that  either  could  be  raised  without  the  other. 
Compare  barbute.  Also  spelled  barbett. 
barbet2  (bar'bet),  n.  [<  F.  barbet  (prob.  for 
barbe),  <  OF.  barbet,  <  L.  barbatus,  bearded. 
Cf.  barbute.']  1,  A  variety  of  dog  having  long 
curly  hair;  a  poodle.— 2.  In  ornith.,  any  bird 
of  the  families  Capitonidw  (or  Megalwmidai)  and 
Bucconidce.  it  is  a  book-name  which  has  followed  the 
generic  names  Capito  and  Bueco  in  their  various  applica- 
tions to  numerous  zygodactyl  birds  with  large  heads,  stout 
bills,  and  prominent  rictal  vibrissa;,  inhabiting  both  tlie  old 
and  the  new  world,  and  has  consequently  no  exact  techiii- 
cal  meaning.— Fissirostral  barbets,  the  puff-liirds ;  the 
birds  of  the  family  Bucconidce  (whicli  see).  They  are  con- 
fined to  America,  belong  to  the  three  leading  genera 
Bucco,  Monasa,  and  Chelidoptera,  and  include  tlie  birds 
known  as  barbacous,  tamatias,  or  monases.  (See  these 
\vt)rds.)  They  are  closely  related  to  the  jacaniars  or  Gal- 
buhdce,  but  have  no  special  affinity  with  the  scansorial 
barbets.— Scansorial  barbets,  the  barbets  proper;  the 
birds  of  the  family  Capitonidce  (which  see).  They  are 
cluefly  birds  of  tlie  old  world,  of  the  leading  genera  Po- 
yonias  (or  Pogonorhynchus),  Megakema,  Calorhamphus 
Trachyphonus,  Psilopogon,  etc.,  including  tlie  African 
birds  known  as  barbions  and  barliicans;  but  they  also 
include  the  South  American  genus  Capito. 

barbettt,  n.  See  barbet^,  2. 
barbette  (bar-bef),  n.  [F.,  fem.  dim.  of  barbe, 
<  L.  iarfta,  beard.  Ct.  barbet^.]  The  platform 
or  breastwork  of  a  fortification,  from  which 
cannon  may  be  fired  over  the  parapet  instead 
of  through  embrasures.-Barbette-carriage,  a  car- 
nage which  elevates  a  gun  sufficiently  to  enable  it  to  be 
fired  over  the  parapet,  and  lowers  it  again  behind  tlie 
parapet  after  the  discharge.  See  gun-carriage.~B3.T- 
bette  gun,  or  battery,  one  gun,  or  several,  mounted  in 
barljette.— Barbette  ship,  a  war-vessel,  generally  an 
ironclad,  carrying  heavy  guns  which  are  fired  over  the 
turret  or  casemate,  and  not  thruugh  port-holes.— To  fire 
m  barbette.    See  barbl-,  10. 

barb-feathers  (barb'feTH'erz),  n.  pi  The 
feathers  under  the  beak  of  a  hawk, 
barbicanl  (bar'bi-kan),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  barbacan,  etc.,  <"ME.  barbican,  berbikan, 
barbygan,  etc.,  <  OF.  barbicane,  barbaquenne, 
mod.  F.  barbicane  =  Pr.  Sp.  barbicana  =  Pg. 
barbicdo  =  It.  barbicane,  <  ML.  barbicana,  bar- 
bacana,  *barbacanus,  a  barbican:  supposed  to  be 


Barbican.—  Plan  of  Castle  of  Carcassonne,  France  ;  I2th  and  13th 
centuries. 

A  C,  barbican  protecting  tbe  approach  on  the  side  of  the  town  ;  B 
sally-port;  Z>,  main  barbican  without  the  walls  i  E.E.Z  F  H  forti- 
fied way  between  the  castle  and  the  barbican;  /,  postern-gate  de- 
fended by  machicolations,  drawbridge,  a  berse,  etc.  ;  L.  interior  court 
of  castle  ;  M,  secondary  court ;  A',  jV,  covered  galleries  affording  ac- 
commodations m  case  of  siege  ;  O,  O,  chief  gate  of  the  casUe  and 
bridge  over  the  moat ;  P,  Q,  Q,  permanent  lodgings,  three  stories  high  ; 
K,  K,  double  donjon,  or  keep;  ^.  watch-tower;  T,  guard-post  be- 
tween the  double  walls  of  the  city ;  l^,  barriers  carried  across  the 
space  intervening  between  the  city  walls;  X.  V.  X,  towers  connected 
by  curtains.   (From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "  Diet,  de  I'Architecture.'' ) 


Barbus 

of  Ar.  or  Pers.  origin,  introduced  into  Europe  by 
tlie  crusaders;  cf.  Ar.  Pers.  bdb-khanah,  a  gate- 
house, gateway  with  a  tower.]  1.  In  medieral 
fort.,  an  outwork  of  a  castle  or  fortified  iilacc. 
(a)  Properly,  a  post  in  wliich  a  force  could  be  shi-ltered  » 
as  to  lie  ready  for  a  sortie  to  protect  communications  etc 
Such  a  work  frequently  supplied  an  advantageous  iiieaiii 
for  taking  ail  a.ssailant  in  tlic  fiank,  and,  while  communi- 
cating with  tlie  main  post,  seldom  contained  tlie  chief 
entrance  to  it.  ((/)  An  outpost  of  any  nature,  as  a  bridge- 
tower,  or  a  defense  outside  of  the  moat  protecting  the  ap- 
proach to  the  drawbridge  ;  also  a  gateway-tower  thruugh 
which  the  main  entiance  was  carried. 

Witliin  the  Barbican  a  Porter  sate. 
Day  and  night  duely  keeping  watch  and  ward. 

Spenser,  F.  (J.,  II.  ix.  25. 
He  leads  a  body  of  men  close  under  the  outer  barrier  of 
the  barbican.  Scott,  Ivanhoe,  II.  vi. 

2.  A  loophole.    [Bare  and  obsolete.] 

He  caused  certain  barbacam  or  loop-holes  to  be  pierced 
through  the  walls.  Uolland,  tr.  of  Livy,  xxiv.  34. 

3.  A  channel  or  scupper  in  a  parapet  for  the 
discharge  of  water. 

barbican^  (bar'bi-kan),  w.  [Appar.  a  made 
word,  based  (like  barbion,  q.  v.)  on  F.  barbe, 
a  beard.]  A  scansorial  barbet  of  the  family 
Capitonidas  and  subfamily  Pogonorhynchinm,  or 
the  genus  Pogonias  in  a  broad  sense.  The  bar- 
bicans are  all  African,  like  the  barbions. 
barbicel  (bar'bi-sel),  n.  [<  NL.  *barbtcella, 
cUm.  of  L.  barba,  a  beard.  Cf.  barbel.]  In 
ornith.,  a  fringing  process  of  the  third  order  of 
a  feather;  a  fringe  of  a  barbule;  one  of  the 
processes  with  which  a  barbule  is  fringed,  dif- 
fering from  a  hamulus  or  booklet  in  not  being 
recurved. 

barbiers  (bar'berz),  w.  [Seedef.]  A  paralytic 
disease  formerly  very  common  in  India,  and 
believed  to  be  identical  with  beriberi  (which 
see),  or  to  be  another  form  of  that  disease, 
barbigerous  (bar-bij'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  barUger 
(<  barba,  beard,  +  gerere,  carry)  -f  -ous.] 
Bearded;  wearing:  a  beard:  in  bot.,  applied  to 
petals  that  are  hairy  all  over, 
barbion  (bar'bi-on),  w.  [<  F.  barbion  (?),  < 
barbe,  a  beard.  Cf.  barbet"^.]  An  African  scan- 
sorial barbet  of  the  genus  Barbatula,  family 
Mcgakmiidce  or  Capitonidce. 

barbiton,  barbitos  (biir'bi-ton,  -tos),  w. ;  pi. 

barbita  (-ta).    [<  Gr.  (iappirov,  earlier  pipjinoc, 
a  word  prob.  of  Eastern  origin.]    An  ancient 
Greek  musical  instrument  of  the  lyre  kind, 
barbie,  «.    See  barbel,  3. 
barbolet,  n.    A  very  heavy  battle-ax. 
barbotine  (bar'bo-tin),  n.    [F.,  wormwood,  se- 
men-contra,  <  bdrboter,  dabble.]    1.  An  East 
Indian  vegetable  product,  the  chief  constituents 
of  which  are  wax,  gum,  and  bitter  extract. 
Simmonds.—  2.  Worm-seed.  Simmonds.—S.  In 
ccram.,  same  as  slij). 
barb-pigeon  (barb'pij"on),  n.  Same  as  barb^,  2. 
barbret,  a.    See  barbar. 

barbu  (bar'bfi),  n.  [F.,  <  barbe:  see  barbl.] 
1.  A  name,  derived  from  Buff  on  and  other 
French  naturalists,  eqmvalent  to  barbet  in  any 
of  the  senses  of  the  latter,  as  applied  to  birds 
either  of  the  family  Bucconidce  or  family  Capi- 
tonidce. See  these  words,  and  barbet^, —  2.  pi. 
The  birds  of  the  family  Capitonidce  alone,  as 
distinguished  from  the  Bucconidce. 
barbula  (biir'bu-la),  n. ;  pi.  barbulce{-\e).  [L.,  a 
little  beard,  a  small  barb:  see  barbule.]  1. 
Same  as  barbule,  1.—  2.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  large 
genus  of  true  mosses  characterized  by  termi- 
nal, erect  finiit,  and  a  peristome  of  long  fili- 
form segments  spirally  twisted  to  the  left.— 
3.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  bivalve  mol- 
lusks. 

barbulate  (bar'bu-lat),  a.  Same  as  barbellate. 
barbule  (bar'biil),  n.    [<  L.  barbula,  dim.  of 

barba,  beard.]    1.  A  small  barb,  as  of  a  plant; 

a  Little  beard.  Also  barhnla. 

— 2.  In  ornith.,  one  of  a 

series  of  pointed,  barb-like 

processes  fringing  the  barbs 

of  a  feather. 

As  the  rhachis  [of  a  feather) 
bears  its  vane  or  series  of  barbs, 
so  does  each  barb  bear  its  vanes  of 
the  second  order,  or  Uttle  vanes 
called  barlndes. 

Coues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  84 

3.  The  part  of  a  helmet  .  

which  protects  the  cheeks  ".a.  Barbs :  *,  6.  Barbules. 
and  chin.  (Highly magnified.) 

Barbus  (bar 'bus),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  barbus,  a  bar- 
bel, <  barba,  beard:  see  barbel.]  An  extensive 
genus  of  cj^irinoid  fishes,  containing  the  bar- 
bels, typified  by  the  common  barbel  of  Europe, 


Barbus 


B.  vulgaris :  used  -with  varying  latitude  by  dif- 
ferent writers. 

barbutet,  [OF.,  orig.  fem.  of  *harhut,  iarhu, 
mod.  F.  barhu,  bearded,  <  barbc,  beard.]  1.  A 
steel  cap  -witliout  vizor,  but  covering  tlie  clieeks 
and  ears,  used  in  the  fifteenth  ceutm-y  and 
later  by  foot-soldiers,  archers,  etc.,  and  by  the 
common  people  in  times  of  danger. —  2.  A  man- 
at-arms  :  fi'om  the  name  of  the  helmet  worn  by 
heavily  armed  men. 

barca^  ibiir'ka),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family  Opliio- 
ccphalidw  {Oj'ihiocejihahis  harca),  living  in  the 
fresh  waters  of  Bengal. 

barca^  (biir'kji),  n.  [It.,  Sp.,  bark:  see  harJc^.l 
A  boat,  skift',"or  barge.    H.  E.  1) — Barca  longa 

(lit.  Ioii»-  boat),  a  fisliing-boat,  common  iu  the  Mediteira- 
iieaii.  Finchain,  iSlup-btiiUiiiig,  iv.  11. 
Barcan  (bar'kan),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Bar- 
ca, a  vilayet  of  the  Turkish  empire,  in  northern 
Africa,  lying  to  the  north  of  the  Libyan  desert, 
and  between  Egypt  and  the  gulf  of  Sidra. 

Take  tlu'  wiiiixs 
Of  morning,  pierce  the  Bairaii  wiliK  imss, 

Bi  uaiit,  Thanatopsis. 

barcarole  (bar'ka-rol),  n.  [<  It.  harca^olo,  har- 
caruolo,  a  boatman  (fem.  iarcaruola,  >  F.  har- 
carolle,  >  E.  barcarole,  a  boatman's  song),  < 
barca,  a,  bark,  barge  :  see  bark^.']  1.  An  Ital- 
ian boatman. — 2:  A  simple  song  or  melody 
sung  by  Venetian  gondoliers. —  3.  A  jMece  of 
instrumental  music  composed  in  imitation  of 
such  a  song. 
Also  spelled  barcarolle. 

barce  (bars),  x.  [Another  spelling  of  barsc, 
q.  v.]  An  English  (Yorkshire)  name  of  the 
stickleback. 

barcelonat  (biir-se-lo'na),  n.  [Named  from  Bar- 
celona, a  city  in  Sixain.]  A  neck-cloth  of  soft 
silk. 

Tlie  author  of  Waverley  entereil ; .  .  .  a  double  hnrcelona 
protected  his  neck.  Scott,  Peveril  of  the  Peak,  Pref. 

barcenite  (bar'se-nit),  «.  [After  Prof.  Mari- 
ano Burcena,  of  Mexico.]  A  hydrous  antimo- 
niate  of  mercui-y  from  Huitzuco,  Mexico,  de- 
rived from  the  alteration  of  livingstonite. 

B.  Arch.  An  abbreviation  of  Bachelor  of  ArcM- 
tecture,  a  degree  granted  by  some  colleges  and 
schools  in  the  United  States. 

Barclayite  (biU-'kla-it),  v.    Same  as  Bcrean,  2. 

barcon,  barcone  (b'ar'kon,  biir-ko'ne),  n.  [<  It. 
barcone,  aug.  of  barca,  a  bark :  see  bark^.']  A 
trading-vessel  used  in  the  Mediterranean. 

bar-cutter  (bar'kuf'er),  n.  A  shearing-machine 
which  cuts  metallic  bars  into  lengths.  J£.  H. 
Kniglit. 

bard^  (bard),  n.  [Formerly  also  bartli,  bardh 
(<  W.),  and  Sc.  baird  (<  Gael.);=  F.  barde 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  bardo,  <  LL.  bardus,  Gr.  (iapSog ; 
of  Celtic  origin:  W.  bardd  =  Ir.  and  Gael. 
bard  =  Corn,  bardh  =  Bret,  barz,  a  poet.] 
1 .  A  poet  and  singer  among  the  ancient  Celts ; 
one  whose  occupation  was  to  compose  and  sing 
verses  in  honor  of  the  heroic  achievements 
of  princes  and  brave  men,  and  on  other  sub- 
jects, generally  to  the  accompaniment  of  the 

harp.  The  Welsh  bards  formed  a  hereditary  oi'der  regu- 
lated by  laws,  and  held  stated  festivals  for  i-ompetition, 
called  eisteddfods,  which  after  a  sn  in  n^ion  were  re- 
vived in  the  eighteenth  century.  (St-L- ( /.W'  i/<//i"/.)  There 
was  also  a  hereditary  gild  of  bards  in  Ireland,  many  of 
whom  attained  great  skill. 

There  is  amongest  the  Irish  a  certayne  kind  of  people 
called  Bards,  which  are  to  them  insteede  of  poetts,  whose 
profession  is  to  sett  foorth  the  prayses  and  disprayses  of 
men  in  theyr  poems  and  rimes.  Si}enser,  State  of  Ireland. 

2t.  Formerly,  in  Scotland,  a  strolling  musician ; 
a  minstrel :  classed  with  vagabonds,  as  an  ob- 
ject of  penal  laws. 

AH  vagabundis,  fulls  [foolsl,  hardis,  scudlaris,  and  siclike 
idill  pepill,  sail  be  brint  in  the  cheek. 
Kenneth's  Stat.,  in  Sir  J.  Balfonr  s  Practick,  680.  (N.  E.  D.) 

3.  In  modern  use,  a  poet:  as,  the  bard  of  Avon 
(Shakspere);  the  Ayrshire  bard  (Burns). 

Bard,  who  with  some  diviner  art 
Hast  touched  the  hard's  true  lyre,  a  nations  heart. 

Lowell,  To  Lamartine. 

4.  [See  def.  2  and  bardij,  and  ef.  skald,  scald, 
a  poet,  as  related  to  scold.']  A  scold :  applied 
only  to  women.  [Shetland.] 


Horse-armor  of  Maximilian  I.  of  Germany. 

a.  cliainfron  ;  d,  crini^re ;  c,  poitrel ;  ^, 
croupi^re,  or  buttock-piece. 


450 

bard^  (bard),  [Also  eori'uptly  barlfi,  formerly 
barde,  <  F.  barde  {=  It.  Sp.  Pg.  barda),  tlie 
trappings  of  a 
horse,  the  de- 
fensive armor 
of  a  war-horse. 
Cf.  OF.  bardclle 
(see  bardclle),  F. 
dial.  aubarde, 
Sp.  Pg.  albarda. 
a  pack-saddle,  < 
Ar.  al-barda'ali, 
<  al,  the,  +  ?)«;•- 
da'ah,  a  pad  of 
wool  placed  un- 
der a  saddle, 
a  pack-saddle. 
But  the  meaning 
seems  to  have 
been  influenced 
by  Icel.  bardh, 

the  beak  or  prow  of  a  ship  of  war,  the  brim  of 
a  helmet,  orig.  a  beard,  =  E.  beard  (see  beard) ; 
hence  the  variations  of  form,  barde  and  barbel 
1 .  Any  one  of  the  pieces  of  defensive  armor  used 
in  medieval  Europe  to  protect  the  horse.  There  is 
no  reconl  of  any  general  use  of  such  armor  in  antii|uity  or 
among  iiiicntal  peoples,  or  in  the  European  middle  ages 
before  the  fifteenth  century.  Ihmsings  of  ditlcreiit  kinds 
of  stutf,  sometimes  {juilted  and  wadded  in  cxposeil  parts, 
the  sa^ldle  with  its  appurtenances,  and  oeeasinnally  a 
chamfroTi,  were  all  the  defense  provided  for  horses  until 
that  time.  Tlie  piece  of  m  inor  nmst  commonly  used  after 
the  eluunfron  (\\  hieh  see)  was  the  liard  of  the  breast.  See 
pvitrel.  Tile  ei  oupiere.  or  part  covering  the  liaiinehes,  was 
added  at  the  close  of  the  tifteenth  century:  but  after  the 
wars  of  tlie  Jtoses  the  bards  reached  their  fullest  develop- 
ment, and  the  upper  part  of  the  body  of  the  horse  was 
covered  as  completely  with  steel  as  tlie  body  of  his  rider. 
See  croirpit're. 

Hence  —  2.  pi.  The  housings  of  a  horse,  used 
in  tourneys,  justs,  and  processions  during  the 
later  middle  ages.  They  were  most  commonly 
of  stuff  woven  or  embroidered  with  the  arms 
of  the  rider. 

The  bases  and  bardes  of  their  horse  were  grcne  sattyii, 
IJall,  Henry  VIII.,  an.  1  (1.S4S). 

3,  j)?.  Armor  of  metal  jdates,  worn  iu  the  six- 
teenth century  and  later.    See  armor. 

A  conipleat  French  man-at-armes  with  all  his  hards. 

Florin,  tr.  of  Montaigne,  II.  i.\.  225.    (N.  F.  D.) 

bard2  (biird),  v.  t.  [<  bard'^,  ii.'\  To  caparison 
with  bards,  as  a  horse  ;  to  furnish  or  accoutre 
with  armor,  as  a  man. 

Fifteen  lunidred  men  .  .  .  larded  and  richly  trapped. 

Stow,  Edw.  IV.,  an.  1474. 

Above  the  foaming  tide,  I  ween. 
Scarce  half  the  eliai'4er  s  neck  was  seen; 
Por  lie  was  l,„r,l,,l  ironi  eoiiiiter  to  tail. 
And  tlic  rider  \sas  armed  complete  in  mail. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  i.  2i). 

bard^  (bilrd),  n.    [<  F.  barde  (=  Pg.  barda  =  Sp. 
albarda),  a  strip  of  bacon;  a  jiarticular  use  of 
barde,  trappings :  see  bard'^.']    A  strip  of  bacon 
used  to  cover  a  fowl  or  meat  in  roasting, 
bard^  (biird),  V.  t.    [<  Z)f»Y?3,  «.]    To  cover  with 
thin  bacon,  as  a  bird  or  meat  to  be  roasted, 
bardasht  (bar'dash),  n.    [<  F.  bardache,  <  Sp. 
burdaia  --  It.  bardascia,  <  Ar.  bardaj,  slave, 
captive.]    A  boy  kept  for  unnattiral  purposes, 
bardei.  barde^,  n.    See  bard'^,  hard". 
barded  (biir'ded),  p.  a.    [<  bard'^  +  -ed'^.  Cf. 
barbed".']    Furnished  with  or  clad  in  armor: 
said  of  a  war-horse, 
bardellet  (biir-del'),  n.    [<  OF.  bardclle  (=  It. 
bardclla),  dim.  of  barde:  see  bard^.]    A  pack- 
saddle  made  of  cloth,  stuffed  with  straw,  and 
tied  down  tightly  with  pack-thread. 
Bardesanism  (bar-des'a-nizm),  n.     [<  Barde- 
saiies  +  -ism.]     The  doctrinal  system  of  the 
Bardesanists. 

Bardesanist  (bar-des'a-nist),  n.  One  of  the 
followers  of  Bardesanes,  of  Edessa,  in  Meso- 
potamia, in  the  second  and  third  centuries. 
He  is  said  to  have  taught  doctrines  resembling  those  of 
the  Gnostic  Valentinus,  namely:  a  self-e.vistent  principle 
of  evil ;  that  the  soul  is  imprisoned  in  the  body  by  way 
of  punishment ;  and  that  therefore  a  body  was  not  assumed 
by  Christ  in  his  incarnation,  and  is  not  to  be  raised  at  the 
resurrection.  Recent  discussions  have  shown,  liowever, 
that  the  true  nature  of  his  doctrines  remains  an  open 
(juestion.  There  are  still  extant  Syriac  hymns  and  prose 
works  ascribed  to  Bardesanes. 

Bardesanite  (biir-des'a-nit),  n.  [<  Bardesanes 
+  -ite'^.]    A  Bardesanist. 

He  [Mani]  looked  upon  what  he  considered  to  he  Chris- 
tianity proper,  that  is,  Christianity  as  it  had  been  devel- 
opeil  among  the  sects  of  the  Basilidians,  Marcionites,  and 
perhaps  Bardesanites,  as  a  comparatively  valuable  and 
sound  religion.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XV.  485. 

bardic  (biir'dik),  a.  [<  bareU  +  -ic]  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or  of  the  character  of  a  bard  or 
bards. 


bare 

Here,  in  the  open  air  —  in  "  the  eye  of  light  and  the  face 
of  the  sun,"  to  tise  the  bardic  style  —  the  decrees  were  pro- 
nounced, and  the  Druids  harangued  the  people. 

J.  1)' Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  I.  20. 

barding  (bilr'ding),  n.      [<  bard^  +  -ing'i-.] 
Horse-armor  in  general :  usually  in  the  plural. 
See  i. 
bardish  (biir'dish),  a.    [<  bard"^  +  -(.s7(l.]  Per- 
taining to  or  characteristic  of  bards:  as,  "bard- 
ish impostures,"  Seldcu,  Drayton's  Polyolbion. 
bardism  (bilr'dizm),  v.    [<  bard'^  +  -ism.]  The 
science  of  bards ;  bardie  principles  or  methods, 
bardlet  (bard'let),  «.    l<  bard^  + -let.]  A  bard- 
ling. 

bardling (biird'ling),  ?<.  [<  bard'^  +  -Uiig'^.]  An 
inferior  bard;  a  mediocre  or  inexperienced 
poet. 

The  forte  of  hardUngs  is  the  foible  of  a  bard. 

Stedman,  Poets  of  America,  p.  169. 

bardocucullus  (bar"do-ku-kurus),  «.;  pi.  bar- 
docncidli  (-1).  [NL.]  '  A' kind  of  cowled  cloak 
anciently  worn  by  some  Gallic  peasants,  and 
adopted  by  Romans  and  monks.  See  cucidlus. 
bards  (biirdz),  [Sc.;  cf.  F.  barbate,  an  eel- 
pout.]  A  local  name  in  Edinburgh  of  the  eel- 
pout,  Zoarces  viriparns. 
hardship  (bard'ship),  n.  [<  bard'^  +  -ship.] 
The  office  of  bard;  position  or  standing  as  a 
bard. 

The  Captain  .  .  .  showed  a  particidar  respect  for  my 
hardship.  /J!(rn.s,  Border  Tour,  p.  6C9.    (N.  E.  D.) 

hardy  (bilr'di),  «.    [<  bard'^,  in  the  depreciative 
senses  (defs.  2  and 4),  +  -)/l.]    Bold-faced;  de- 
fiant; audacious.  [Scotch.] 
barel  (bar),  a.     [<  ME.  bare,  bar,<  AS.  &«>>•  = 

05.  ?)fl/-  =  OFries.  ber  =  'D.  baar  —  OHG.  MHG. 
bar,  G.  bar,  baar  =  loe\.  berr=:Svf.  Dan.  bar 
=  OBulg.  ?w.si(  =  Lith.  basiis,  bostis,  bare;  orig. 
meaning  prob.  'shining';  ef.  Skt.  i/  bhds, 
shine.]  1.  Naked;  without  covering :  as,  bare 
arms ;  the  trees  are  bare. 

'Ihon  wast  naked  and  bare.  Ezek.  xvi.  7. 

Envy  finds 

More  food  in  cities  than  on  mountains  bare. 

Lowell,  Dara. 

2.  With  the  head  uncovered.  In  numi.smatic  de- 
scriptions, said  of  a  head  on  a  coin  or  medal  when  uncov- 
ered or  devoid  of  any  adornment,  such  as  a  diadem  or 
laurel-wreath. 

When  once  thy  foot  enters  the  church,  he  bare. 

Herbert,  Chmxh  Porch. 

Thou  standest  bare  to  him  now,  workest  for  him. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  357. 

3.  Open  to  view ;  unconcealed  ;  undisguised. 

Bare  in  thy  guilt,  how  foul  must  thou  appear ! 

Milton,  S.  A,,  1.  902. 

4.  Lacking  in  appropriate  covering  or  equip- 
ment; unfurnished:  as,  bare  walls. —  5t.  Plain; 
simple;  imadorned  ;  without  polish. 

Yet  was  their  manners  then  but  hare  and  plain. 

Spenser. 

6.  Threadless;  napless. 
It  appears,  by  their  bare  liveries, 

That  they  live  by  your  bare  words. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  ii.  4. 

7.  Poor;  destitute;  indigent;  empty;  unfm*- 
nished;  unprovided  with  what  is  necessary 
or  comfortable :  absolutely  or  with  of. 

I  have  made  Esau  bare.  Jer.  xlix.  10. 

Upon  her  death,  when  her  nearest  friends  thought  her 
very  bare,  her  executors  found  in  her  strong  box  aliout 
£150  in  gold.  Surift,  Death  of  Stella. 

Tho'  your  violence  should  leave  them  bare 
0/gold  and  silver,  swords  and  darts  remain. 

Dryden.,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires. 

8.  Empty;  valueless;  paltry;  worthless. 

Not  what  we  give,  but  what  we  share  — 
Eor  the  gift  without  the  giver  is  hare. 

Lowell,  Sir  Launfal. 

9.  Mere;  scarcely  or  just  sufficient:  as,  the 
bare  necessaries  oiE  life;  a  bare  subsistence. 

Pray  you,  cast  off  these  fellows,  as  unfitting 
For  your  bare  knowledge,  ami  far  more  your  company. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Scornful  Lady,  iv.  2. 

10.  Unaccompanied;  without  addition;  sim- 
ple. 

It  was  a  bare  petition  of  a  state.  Shak.,  Cor.,  v.  1. 

1 1 .  Unadorned ;  without  literary  or  artistic  ef- 
fect; bald;  meager. 

Much  has  yet  to  )je  done  to  make  even  the  bare  minals 
of  the  time  coherent.  Athenceum,  No.  3067,  p.  170. 

12.  In  beer-making,  not  completely  covered  by 
the  bubbles  formed  in  f  ei-mentation :  said  of  the 
surface  of  beer.— 13t.  Raw;  excoriated. 

How  nuiuy  flyes  in  whottest  sommers  day 
Do  seize  upon  some  beast,  whose  flesh  is  hare. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  VI.  xi.  48. 

14t.  Lean;  spare. 


bare 

Fal.    For  their  bareness,  I  am  sure  they  never  learned 
that  of  me. 

Prince  Unlessyou  call  three  fingers  on  the  vibs  bare 

Shale,  1  Uen.  IV.,  iv.  2. 
Bare  contract,  in  laio,  an  unconditional  promise  or  sur- 
render.—Bare  Windt,  naut.,  a  wind  that  is  scant  or  too 
much  ahead  to  fill  the  sails.— The  bare,  (a)  In  art,  tlie 
nude.  IRare.]  (it)  The  uncovered  or  unhidden  surface- 
the  body ;  the  substance.  [Rare.] 

You  have  touched  the  very  bare  of  truth.  Marston. 
To  lay  bare,  to  uncover;  expose  to  view  or  to  luiow- 
ledj^e,  as  sometlung  hidden  or  a  secret  of  any  kind  — 
Under  bare  poles  (naut.),  said  of  a  ship  with  no  sail  set 
in  a  uale  of  wnid.  =Syn.  See  mere.  ' 

barei  (bar),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bared,  ppr. 
barmff.  [<  ME.  barcn,  <  AS.  barimi  (in  eomp 
abarian),  also  berkm  (=  OHG.  baron  =  leel 
bera),  make  bare,  <  bm;  bare:  see  barcl-,  a.j 

1.  To  make  bare;  uncover;  divest  of  covering: 
as,  to  bare  one's  head  or  one's  breast. 

He  bared  an  ancient  oalv  of  all  her  boughs.  Dryden. 
That  cry  .  .  .  that  seemed  to  bare 
A  wretched  life  of  every  softening  veil. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  I'aradise,  II.  159. 

2.  To  disclose  ;  make  manifest ;  lay  bare :  as, 
to  bare  the  secrets  of  the  grave.    [Archaic  ] 

bare2  (bar).    Old  preterit  of  beari. 

Barea  (ba'rf-a),  n.  pi.  [Gr.,  neut.  pi.  of  (^arwa 
iiapta,  heavy.]  An  Aristotelian  group  of  birds, 
corresponding  to  the  Linnean  Gallince,  includ- 
ing the  gallinaceous  or  rasorial  birds. 

bareback  (bar'bak),  a.  and  adv.  I.  a.  Using 
or  performing  on  a  barebacked  horse :  as,  a 
bareback  rider. 

II.  adv.  On  a  barebacked  horse :  as,  to  ride 
bareback. 

barebacked  (bar'bakt),  a.    Having  the  back 

uncovered;  unsaddled,  as  a  horse, 
barebind,  n.    See  bearUne. 
barebone  (bar'bon),  n.    A  very  lean  person. 

[Eare.] 

Here  comes  lean  Jack,  here  comes  bare-bonc. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 
bareboned  (bar'bond),  a.    Having  the  bones 
bare  or  scantily  covered  with  flesh;  so  lean 
that  the  bones  show  their  forms. 

But  now  that  fair  fresh  mirror,  dim  and  old 
Shows  me  a  bareboned  death  by  time  outworn. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1701. 
barefaced  (bar'fast),  a.    1.  With  the  face  un- 
covered ;  not  masked. 
Then  you  will  play  bare-faced.       Shak.,  JI.  N.  D.,  i.  2. 

2.  Undisguised;  unreserved ;  without  conceal- 
ment; open:  in  a  good  or  an  indifferent  sense. 
[Obsolete  or  archaic  in  this  use.] 

It  [Cliristianity]  diil  not  peep  in  dark  corners,  .  but 
with  a  barefaced  confidence  it  openly  proclaimed  itself. 

Barrow,  Works,  II.'  418. 

3.  Undisguised  or  open,  in  a  bad  sense ;  hence, 
shameless;  impudent;  audacious:  as,  a  bare- 
faced falsehood. 

See  ibe  barefaced  villain,  how  he  cheats,  lies,  perjures 
robs,  nmrders !  Sterne,  Tristram  Shakdy,  ii.  \7. 

A  wretch,  .  .  .  guilty  of  .  .  .  barefaced  inconstancy 

Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  xviii. 

barefacedly  (bar'fast-li),  adv.    In  a  barefaced 
manner;  without  disguise  or  reserve;  openlv 
shamelessly;  impudently. 
Some  profligate  wretches  own  it  too  barefacedly.  Locke. 
Barefacedly  unjust.     Carlyle,  Fred,  the  Gt.,  IV.  xii.  11. 
barefacedness  (bar'fast-nes),  M.    l.  Openness. 
,~ 2-  Effrontery;  assurance;  audaciousness, 
barefit  (bar'fit),  a.    Barefoot  or  barefooted, 
[beotch.] 

barefoot  (bar'fiit),  a.  and  adv.  [<  ME.  bare- 
Jote,  barfot,  <  AS.  bwrfot  (=  OFries.  berfot  = 
D.  barrevoet  =  Icel.  berfcettr),  <  bwr,  bare,  + 
Jot,  foot.]  I.  a.  Having  the  feet  bare;  with- 
out shoes  and  stockings. 

Going  to  find  a  barefoot  brother  out 
One  of  our  order.  Shak.,  K.  and  J.,  v.  2. 

Blessings  on  tliee,  little  man. 
Barefoot  boy,  with  cheek  of  tan ! 
_  Whittier,  Barefoot  Boy. 

II.  adv.  With  the  feet  bare. 
I  must  dance  barefoot.  Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  i. 

barefooted  (bar'fut-ed),  «.  [<  barefoot  +  -erfi  ] 
Having  the  feet  bare.- Barefooted  Augustinians 
wfi'rtl^'*  Carmelitel.  i^Car. 

barege  (ba-razh'),  n.  [<  P.  barege,  so  called 
iTom  Bareges,  a  watering-place  in  the  Pyrenees, 
feee  det .  ]  A  thin  gauze-like  fabric  for  women's 
dresses,  usually  made  of  silk  and  worsted,  but, 
in  tHe  inferior  sorts,  with  cotton  in  place  of  silk. 

which  tl  J,,  f '■''^'m  "■"■^  the  village  from 

Lin'\  then- imnie,  the  seat  of  the  manufacture 

uemg  at  Bagjieres-de-Bigon  e  in  the  Pyrenees. 

Daregin,  baregine  (ba-ra'zhiu),  n.  [<  Bar&qes 
(see  barege),  the  springs  of  which  yield  the  siib- 


451 

stance,  +  -«h2  ]  A  transparent,  gelatinous, 
mueus-hke  substance,  the  prodnct  of  certain 
algffi  growing  in  thermal  sulphur-springs,  to 
which  they  impart  the  flavor  and  odor  of  flesh- 
broth.  Bai-egin  is  itself  odorless  and  tasteless.  It  con- 
tain.s  when  dry  from  .'iO  to  80  per  cent,  of  mineral  matter, 
cnieMy  silic-i.  I  he  organic  matter  contain.?  no  sulphur  and 
irom  I)  to  1-2  per  cent,  of  nitrogen. 

bare-gnawnt  (bSr'nan),  a.  Gnawed  or  eaten 
bare.    Shak.,  Lear,  v.  3. 

barehanded  (bar'han'ded),  «.  1.  With  un- 
covered hands.— 2.  Destitute  of  means;  with 
no  aid  but  one's  own  hands :  as,  ho  began  life 
barcliaudcd. 

bareheaded  (bar'hed'-'ed),  a.   Having  the  head 
uncovered,  especially  as  a  token  of  respect. 
First,  you  shall  swear  never  to  name  my  lord 
Or  hear  Inm  nam'd  hereafter,  Init  bare-headed. 

Fletcher  (anil  another'!).  Queen  of  Corinth,  iv.  1. 
On  being  first  brouglit  before  tlie  court,  Ridley  stood 
bareheaded.  Froude,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxxiii. 

bareheadedness  (bar'hed''''ed-nes),  w.  The 
state  of  being  bareheaded. 


Bareheadedness  was  in  Corinth,  as  also  in  all  Greece  and 
Rome,  a  token  of  honour  and  superiority. 

Bp.  Hall,  Remains,  p.  237. 

barely  (bSr'li),  adv.    [<  barc'^  +  i.  Na- 

kedly; openly;  without  disguise  or  eonceal- 
naent.— 2.  Scantily;  poorly:  as,  a  man  barely 
clad,  or  a  room  barely  furnished.— 3.  Only 
just;  no  more  than;  with  nothing  over  or  to 
spare :  as,  she  is  barely  sixteen. 
In  paying  hia  debts  a  man  barely  does  his  duty. 

Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  ,3. 
Fox-  Iiimself  barely  succeeded  in  retaining  his  seat  for 
Westminster.  Le.ky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  xv. 

4.  Merely;  only.  [Archaic] 

U\s  not  barely  a.  man's  abridgment  in  his  external  .ac 
commodations  which  makes  him  miserable.  South. 

baremant  (bar'man),  n.    [Sc.,  also  bait  •man ;  < 

bare^  +  «««.]    A  bankrupt.  [Scotch.] 
bareness  (bar'nes),  n.   The  state  of  being  bare. 

nl^    ?,\  of  clothing  or  covering  T  naked, 

fn.^'it/  ^  Beflciency  of  appropriate  covering,  equipment, 
,    c^"'  o''"''""eiit,  etc.:  as,  "old  Decembers  bareness  - 
Shak.,  Sonnets,  xcvii. 

To  make  old  bareness  picturesque 
And  tuft  with  grass  a  feudal  tower. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  cxxviii. 
(c)  Leanness.    [Rare.]    (d)  Poverty ;  indigence. 

rii^n^h'/**  V  -c P''iveleges,  and  made  like  the  primitive 
Chuich  for  Its  Bareness.  South,  Seniions,  I.  229 

bare-picked    (bar' pikt),    a.     Picked  bare; 
striijped  of  all  flesh,  as  a  bone. 
Tlie  bare-picked  bone  of  majesty.    Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  3. 

bare-pump  (bar'pump),  n.  A  pump  for  drawing 
liquor  from  a  cask:  used  in  vinegar-works' 
wme-  and  beer-eellars,  in  sampling,  etc.  Also 
called  bar-pump. 
bare-ribbed  (bar'ribd),  a.  With  bare  ribs  like 
a  skeleton:  as,  "bare-ribbed  death,"  Shak  K 
John,  V.  2.  '  >  • 

bares,  n.    Plural  of  barU,  1. 
baresark  (bar'sark),  71.    [<  barei-  +  sarJc;  a 
lit.  translation  of  berserker,  leel.  berserkr  in 
the  supposed  sense  of  'bare  shirt';  but  see 
berserker.\    A  berserk  or  berserker. 

Many  of  Harold's  brothers  in  arms  fell,  and  on  his  own 
ship  every  man  before  tlie  mast,  except  his  band  of  Bare- 
sarks, was  eitlier  wounded  or  slain.  Edinburgh  lie  v. 

baresark  (bar'sark),  adv.  In  a  shirt  onlv 
without  armor.  ' 

I  will  go  baresark  to-morrow  to  the  war. 


Kinysley,  Hereward,  p.  169. 

baresthesiometer  (bar-es-the-si-om'e-ter)  « 
[<  Gr.  /iapof,  weight,  -(-  al<jdr]<jLr,  perception,  + 
li^Tpov,  measure.]  An  instrument  for  testino- 
the  sense  of  pressui-e.  Also  spelled  baraisthe- 
stometer. 
baret,  n.    See  barret^. 

bare-worn  (bar'wom),  a.    Worn  bare ;  naked : 
a^s_,^    the  bare-worn  common,"  Goldsmith,  Des. 

barf  (biirf ),  n.    Same  as  bargh. 
bar-fee  (bar'fe),  n.    In  English  law,  a  fee  of  20 
pence,  which  every  prisoner  acquitted  (at  the 
bar)  of  felony  formerly  paid  to  the  jailer, 
bar-fish  (bar'flsh),  n.    Same  as  calico-bass. 
bar-frame  (bar'fram),  n.    The  frame  support- 
ing the  ends  of  the  gi-ate-bars  in  fui-naees: 
barful  (bar'ful),  a.    [<        +  -/«?.]    FuU  of 
obstructions  or  impediments.  [Rare.] 

T,  ,  ,  I'll  do  my  best 

To  woo  your  lady  :  [Aside]  yet,  a  barfnl  strife ! 
Whoe  er  I  woo,  myself  would  be  his  wife. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  i  4 

bargain  (bar'gan),  n.  [<  ME.  bargain,  bar- 
gay  ne,  bargeyn,  bar  gen,  etc.,  <  OF.  barnaine 
bargaigne  =  Pr.  barganh,  barganha  =  Pg  bar- 


bargain-chop 

gnnha  =  It.  bargagna  (Pr.  also  baroanh  =  lt 
bargagno),  <  ML.  "barcania,  *barcanium,  a  bar- 
gam,  traffie;  ef.  bargain,  v.  Origin  unknown  : 
supposed  by  Diez  and  others  to  be  from  ML 
barca,  a  boat,  bark,  or  barge,  but  evidence  is 
wanting.]  If.  The  act  of  discussing  the  terms 
ot  a  proposed  agreement ;  bargaining. 

I'll  give  thrice  so  niucli  land 
To  any  well-deserving  friend  ; 
But  in  the  way  of  baryain,  mark  ye  me, 
I'll  cavil  on  the  ninth  part  of  a  hair. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  Hi.  1. 
2t.  A  contention  or  eonte.st  for  the  mastery  or 
upper  Jiaud ;  a  struggle, 
(m  Brudus  side  the  better  of  that  bloudie  baryaine  went 
Warner,  Albion's  Eng.,  XIV.  xc. ,')(«.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

3.  A  contract  or  an  agreement  between  two  or 
more  parties;  a  compact  settling  that  some- 
thing shall  bo  done ;  specifically,  a  contract  by 
■which  one  party  binds  himself  to  transfer  the 
right  to  some  {iroperty  for  a  consideration,  and 
the  other  party  binds  himself  to  receive  the 
property  and  pay  the  consideration. 

To  clap  this  royal  baryain  up  of  peace. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  1. 
Bos.    But  if  you  do  refuse  to  marry  me 
You'll  give  yourself  to  tliis  most  faithful  shepherd  '' 

Fhe.    tio  is  the  baryain.     .S/joA.,  As  you  Like  it,  v.  4. 
"Our  fathers,"  said  one  orator,  "sold  their  king  for 
southern  gold,  and  we  still  lie  under  the  reproacli  of  that 
foul  baryain.  Macaalay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

4.  The  outcome  of  an  agreement  as  regards 
one  of  the  parties ;  that  which  is  acquired  by 
bargaining  ;  the  thing  purchased  or  stipulated 
tor  :  as,  lookat  my  6a»-f/«m;  a  had  bargain ;  "a 
losing  bargain,"  Jimuis,  Letters,  v. 

She  was  too  fond  of  her  most  filtliy  baryain. 

Shak.,  btheilo,  v.  2. 

5.  Something  bought  or  sold  at  a  low  price  ; 
an  advantageous  purchase. 

^  If  you  have  a  taste  for  paintings,  egad  you  shall  have 
em  a  baryain.  Sheridan,  Scliool  for  Scandal,  iii.  3. 

Bargain  and  sale,  or,  more  fully,  deed  of  baryain  ami 
sale.  111  law,  the  form  of  deed  now  in  common  use  for  the 
conveyance  of  land:  so  called  because  it  is  expressed  as  a 
sale  for  a  pecuniary  consider.itioiL  agree<l  on,  bein..  thus 
distinguished  on  the  one  hand  from  a  quitclaim,  which  is 
a  release,  and  on  the  other  lian.l  from  tlie  old  coiivev.mce 
by  covenant  to  stand  seized  to  uses.-  Dutch  or  wet  bar- 
gain, a  bargain  sealed  by  the  parties  drinking  over  it  - 
into  tne  bargain,  over  and  above  what  is  stipulated  • 
moreover ;  besides.  •»i.>-"  , 

Faith,  Charles  this  is  the  most  convenient  thing  you 
could  have  found  for  the  business,  for 'twill  serve  not  only 
as  a  hammer,  but  a  catalogue  into  the  barr/ain. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal  iv  1 
To  beat  a  bargain,  to  bargain  ;  haggle.— To  buv  at  a 
hfnfv!h.'.,';,v'r/'V?-'''^-~I°  bargain  deart, 

hoi-^Ii        1"^  To  make  the  best  of  a  bad 

Dargam,  to  do  the  best  one  can  in  untoward  circuin- 

SttillCCS. 

I  am  sorry  for  thy  misfortune  ;  however,  we  must  make 
the  best  of  a  bad  baryain..  Arbuthnot,  Hist,  of  John  Bull. 
To  sell  a  bargaint,  to  entrap  one  into  asking  innocent 
questions  so  as  to  give  an  unexpected  answer,  usually  a 
coarse  or  indelicate  one.  '^nan. 

The  boy  hath  sold  him  a  bargain.    Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iii.  1. 
1  see  him  ogle  still,  and  hear  him  chat  • 
Selling  facetious  bargains,  and  ].i-opouiiding 
That  witty  recreation  calld  dumfounding. 

Lryden,  Prol.  to  Prophetess,  I.  46. 
No  maid  at  court  is  less  asham'd, 
Howe'er  for  selling  bargains  fam'd.  Swift. 
To  strike  a  bargain,  to  complete  or  ratify  a  bargain 
or  an  ag'i-eenient,  originally  by  .,7r//f,-»-,  or  shaking  hands. 
=  bJTl.  3.  Covenant,  mutual  eiieagemeiit 

bargain  (bar'gan),  V.  [<  ME.  barqainen,  baraav- 
nen,  etc.,  <  OF.  burgaigner  (F.  barguigner)  =  Pr 
Pg.  barganhar  =  It.  bargagnare,  <  ML.  barca- 
niare,  traffic,  trade,  <  *barcania,  traflie:  see  the 
noun.]  I.  intrans.  1 .  To  treat  about  a  trans- 
action ;  make  terms. 
Tlie  thrifty  state  will  bargain  ere  they  fight.  Dryden. 

2.  To  come  to  or  make  an  agi-eement ;  stipu. 
late;  make  or  strike  a  bargain:  icith  a  person 
for  an  object:  as,  he  bargained  with  the  pro- 
ducers/or  a  daily  supply. 

So  worthless  peasants  bargain  for  their  wives 
As  market-men /or  oxen,  sheep,  or  horse 
-    ,.  .  f^l^'tk..  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  5. 

1  alighted,  and  having  bargained  my  host  for  20 

ci-ownes  a  moneth,  I  caused  a  g..„d  lUv  t„  l,e  made  in  my 
Erelyn,  Kiary,  Nov.  4,  1644 

II.  trans.  1.  To  arrange  beforehand  by  nego- 
tiation and  agreement. 
'Tis  bargain'd  .  .  . 

That  she  shall  still  be  curst  in  company. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  l. 
2t.  To  agree  to  buy  or  sell.- To  bargain  awav 

to  part  with  or  lose  as  the  result  of  a  bargain. 
The  heir  .  .  .  had  somehow  6ar(7ajrt(!d  aicav  the  estate. 

George  Eliot,  Felix  Holt.  Int. 
bargain-chop  (bar'gan-ehop),  n.     A  kind  of 
gambling  "option  "on  opium  to  arrive,  former!  v 
common  among  foreign  traders  in  China. 


bargainee 


452 


bark 


bargainee  (biir-ga-ne'),  »•  [<  bargain,  v.,  +  -ee; 
OF.  burgaigne,  pp.  of  hargaigner.']  In  law,  the 
party  to  whom  a  bargain  and  sale  is  made. 
Wharton. 

bargainer  (bar'gan-^r),  n.  [ME.  harganar; 
<  bargain,  r.,  +  -e/'l.]  One  who  bargains  or 
stipulates;  specifically,  in  law,  the  party  in  a 
contract  who  stipulates  to  sell  and  convey 
property  to  another  by  bargain  and  sale.  In 
the  latter  sense  also  spelled  bargainor. 

Though  a  generous  giver,  she  [Nature]  is  a  liard  bar- 
gaimr.        W.  Mathews,  Getting  on  in  the  World,  p.  339. 

bargainman  (biir'gan-man),  n. ;  pi.  hargaimnen 
(-men).  In  coal-mining,  a  man  who  does  bar- 
gain-work.   [North.  Eng.] 

bargainor  (bar'gan-or),  71.  In  law,  same  as 
bargainer. 

bargain-work  (bar'gan-werk),  n.  In  coal-min- 
ing, any  underground  work  done  by  contract. 
[North.  Eng.] 

bargander  (bar'gan-der),  n.  A  local  (Norfolk, 
England)  form  of  bergander. 

bargarett,  ».    A  variant  of  bergcret. 

bargei  (barj),  n.  [<  ME.  barge,  <  OF.  barge 
(ML.  reflex  bargia)  =  Pr.  barga,  <  ML.  harga, 
appar.  a  var.  of  LL.  barca,  a  bark:  see  hark^.] 

1.  A  sailing  vessel  of  any  sort. 

His  barge  ycleped  was  tlie  Maudeleyne. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  410. 

2.  A  flat-bottomed  vessel  of  burden  used  in 
loading  and  unloading  ships,  and,  on  rivers  and 
canals,  for  conveying  goods  from  one  place  to 
another. 

By  the  margin,  w'illow-veil'd. 
Slide  the  heavy  barges  trail'd 
By  slow  horses.    Tennyson,  Lady  of  Shalott. 

3.  A  long,  double-banked  boat,  spacious  and 
of  elegant  construction,  for  the  use  of  flag- 
officers  of  ships  of  war. — 4.  A  practice-boat 
used  by  crews  in  traijiing  for  a  race.  It  is  eom- 
monlyalong,  narrow,  lap-streak  boat,  somewhat 
wider  and  stronger  than  a  shell,  and  thus  better 
fitted  for  rough  water.  [U.  S.]  —  5.  A  boat  for 
passengers  or  freight,  two-decked,  but  without 
sails  or  power,  and  in  service  towed  by  a  steam- 
boat or  tug:  used  for  pleasure-excursions  and 
for  the  transportation  of  hay  and  other  bulky 
merchandise.  [U.  S.] — 6.  A  pleasure-boat; 
in  former  times,  a  vessel  or  boat  of  state,  often 


State  Bar^e. 

magnificently  adorned,  furnished  with  elegant 
apartments,  canopied  and  cushioned,  decorated 
■with  banners  and  draperies,  and  propelled  by 
a  numerous  body  of  oarsmen :  used  by  sover- 
eigns, oflQcers,  magistrates,  etc.,  and  in  various 
pageants,  as  the  marriage  of  the  Adriatic  at 
Venice  and  the  Lord  Mayor's  parade  at  London. 

The  barge  she  sat  in,  like  a  burnish'd  throne. 
Burnt  on  the  water.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  2. 

7.  In  New  England,  a  large  wagon,  coach,  or 
omnibus  for  carrying  picnic  parties  or  convey- 
ing passengers  to  and  from  hotels,  etc. 

Marcia  watched  him  drive  off  toward  the  station  in  the 
hotel  barge.  Howells,  Modern  Instance. 

bargei  (barj),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  barged,  ppr. 

barging.    [<  barge^,  ?i.]    To  carry  or  transport 

by  means  of  barges, 
barge^  (barzh),  n.    [F.]    A  book-name  of  the 

godwit. 

barge-board  (barj'bord),  n.  [Hardly,  as  has 
been  suggested,  a  corruption  of  verge-hoard, 
which  is  also  used.  Cf.  ML.  bargus,  a  kind  of 
gallows.]  In  arch.,  a  board  placed  in  ad- 
vance of  a  gable  and  underneath  the  barge- 
course,  where  the  roof  extends  over  the  wall, 
either  covering  the  rafter  that  would  otherwise 
be  visible,  or  occupying  its  place.  The  earliest 

barge-boards  date  from  the  fourteenth  century ;  many 
examples  of  this  and  the  fifteenth  century  are  beautifully 


.1  B  C 

bar^e-boards. 

j^,  carved  example  frum  Warwick,  Eng^land;  B,  cusped; 
C,  openwork.  New  York. 


decorated,  being  cusped,  feathered,  paneled,  pierced  with 
a  series  of  trefoils,  quatrcfoils,  etc.,  or  carved  with  foliage. 
After  the  medie\'al  period  barge-boards  gradually  become 
less  bold  and  rich  in  treatment.    Also  called  gable-board. 

barge-couple  (barj'kup"l),  n.  [Cf.  barge-board.'\ 
In  arch.,  one  of  the  rafters  placed  under  the 
barge-course,  which  serve  as  grofinds  for  the 
barge-boards,  and  carry  the  plastering  or 
boarding  of  the  soffits.  Also  called  barge-rafter. 

barge-course  (biirj'kors),  n.  [Cf.  barge-board.'] 
In  bricliai/ing :  (a)  A  part  of  the  tiling  which 
projects  beyond  the  principal  rafters  in  build- 
ings where  there  is  a  gable,  (b)  The  coping  of 
a  wall  formed  by  a  course  of  bricks  set  on  edge. 

bargee  (biir-je'),  «.  [<  barge^  +  -ee.]  One  of 
the  crew  of  a  barge  or  canal-boat. 

bargeman  (barj'man),  n. ;  pi.  bargemen  (-men). 
A  man  employed  on  a  barge  ;  an  oarsman. 
And  backward  yode,  as  Bar<ii'iiu-n  wont  to  fare. 

Speihier,  ¥.  Q.,  VII.  vii.  3ii. 

barge-master  (barj'mas"ter),  )(.    The  master 

or  owner  of  a  barge  convening  goods  for  hire, 
barger  (biir'jer),  n.    A  bargeman.  [Rare.] 
The  London  bargers.       IS.  Varew,  Survey  of  Cornwall. 

barge-rafter  (barj'raf'ter),  n.    Same  as  bargc- 

Colljltc. 

bargerett,       See  bergeret. 

bargh  (barf),  n.  [E.  clial.,  also  written  barf,  < 
ME.  bcrgh,  <  AS.  beorg,  bcorh,  >  mod.  E.  /)«)•- 
ro«'l,  of  which  bargh  is  a  dial,  form:  see  bar- 
roii'l.]  1.  A  low  ridge  or  hill. — 2t.  A  road  up 
a  hill.  Eay. —  3t.  Amine.  [Pro v.  Eng.  in  all 
senses.] 

barghmotet,       See  barmote. 

bar-gown  (bar'goun),  n.  The  gown  or  dress 
of  a  lawyer. 

barguest  (bilr'gest),  n.  [Also  barghest,  bargest, 
Sc.  burghaist;  perhaps  <  G.  berggeist,  moun- 
tain (or  mine)  spirit,  gnome.  Cf.  barghmotc, 
barmote.  Ritson  says  the  ghost  was  so  called 
from  appearing  near  bars  or  stiles.]  A  kind  of 
hobgoblin,  spii'it,  or  ghost  believed  in  in  the 
north  of  England,  whose  appearance  to  any 
one  is  supposed  to  prognosticate  death  or  some 
great  calamity. 

He  understood  Greek,  Latin,  and  Hebrew,  and  there- 
fore, according  to  his  brother  Wilfrid,  needed  not  to  care 
for  ghaist  or  bar-ghaist,  devil  or  dobbie. 

Scott,  Rob  Roy,  I.  223. 

barhal  (bar'hal), «.   [E.  Ind.]  Same  as  burrhel. 

Tlie  barhal,  or  blue  wild  sheep  [inhabits  the  Himalayas). 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  742. 

bari^  (ba're),  n.  [It.]  That  part  of  a  roofing- 
slate  which  is  exposed  to  the  weather.  Weale. 

Bari^  (ba're),  n.  [It.]  A  wine  grown  near  Bari, 
on  the  Adriatic  coast  of  Italy. 

bariat  (ba'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ftapv^,  heavy. 
Cf.  baryta,  barytes.]    Same  as  baryta. 

baric  (bar'ik),  a.  [In  sense  1,  <  Gr.  /iapo?, weighty 
<  (iapvg,  heavy;  in  sense  2,  <  barium  +  -ic]  1. 
Same  as  barometric. —  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
barium;  derived  from  barium:  as,  baric  iodide. 

barilla  (ba-ril'a),  M.  [=  F.  barille,  <  Sp.  barril- 
la  =  Pg.  barrilha,  impure  soda,  also  the  plant 
from  which  it  is  derived.]  The  commercial 
name  of  the  impure  carbonate  and  sulphate  of 
soda  imported  from  Spain  and  the  Levant,  and 
obtained  from  several  fleshy  plants  growing 
by  the  sea  or  in  saline  localities,  mostly  belong- 
ing to  the  chenopodiaeeous  genera  Salsola,  Sali- 
cornia,  and  Chenojwdium.  The  plants  are  dried  and 
burned,  and  the  incinerated  ashes  constitute  barilla.  This 
was  once  the  chief  source  of  carljonate  of  soda,  but  is  now 
used  principally  in  the  manufacture  of  soap  and  glass. 
British  barilla  is  the  crude  soda-ash  left  from  common 
salt  in  the  manufacture  of  carbonate  of  soda. 

barillet  (bar'i-let),  n.  [F.,  dim.  of  baril,  a 
barrel.]  1.  The  barrel  or  ease  containing  the 
mainspring  of  a  watch  or  spring-clock. — 2. 
The  funnel  of  a  sucking-pump. 

baring  (bar'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bare^,  v.] 
In  mining,  soil  or  surface  detritus,  which  has 


been  removed  for  the  purpose  of  getting  at  the 
underlying  rock. 

bar-iron  (biir'i'ern),  n.  Wrought-iron  rolled 
into  the  form  of  bars.    See  iron. 

baris  (bar'is),  w.;  pi.  bares  (-ez).  [<  Gr.  fia/ng, 
a  boat:  see  bark'^.]  1.  In  Egypt,  antiq.:  (a) 
A  flat-bottomed  boat,  used  for  transporting 
merchandise,  etc.,  on  the  Nile:  the  Greek 
term  for  the  Egyptian  makhen.    (b)  The  sacred 


Baris.— Temple  of  Seti  1.,  Abydos. 


boat,  represented  in  art  as  bearing  an  enthroned 
deity  or  some  symbolical  or  venerated  object. 
—  2.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  rhynchophorous 
beetles,  of  the  family  Curcxdionidte,  or  weevils. 
B.  Ugnarius  feeds  upon  the  elm. 
Barita  (ba-ri'tii),  ?i.  [NL.]  In  oniif/i.,  a  generic 
name  variously  used,  (a)  In  Cuvier's  system  of  classi- 
fication (1817),  a  genus  of  shrikes  or  Laniidai:  a  synonym 
of  Craetieiis  (Vieillot),  of  prior  date.  [Disused.)  (6)  Trans- 
ferred by  Tennninck  in  1S20  to  the  Australian  and  Papuan 
manucodes.  See  Manucodia.  [Disused.)  (e)  Transferred 
by  Swainson  in  1837  to,  and  used  by  Vigors  and  others  for, 
the  Australian  and  Papuan  cassicans,  or  corvine  birds  of 
the  modern  genera  Gymnorhina  and  Strepera,  of  which 
the  piping-crow  of  Australia  (Gyiiniorliina  or  Barita 
tiblceii)  is  tlie  best-known  species.  This  is  the  usual  sense 
of  tlie  word,  and  the  aljove-noted  transfers  of  the  name 
account  for  the  common  statement  that  the  genus  Barita 
is  sometimes  classed  with  the  Laniidce,  sometimes  with 
the  Corrida'.    [Not  now  in  use.) 

baritah  (ba-ri'ta),  V.  A  name  of  the  Austra- 
lian birds  of  the  genus  Barita. 

barite  (ba'rit),  n.  [<  bar{iim)  +  -ite^.]  Native 
barium  sulphate :  also  called  barytes  and  heavy- 
spar,  because  of  its  high  specific  gravity,  it  oc- 
curs in  orthorlioiiibic  crystals,  commonly  tabular,  and 
with  perfect  prismatic  and  basal  cleavage.  It  is  often 
transparent,  and  varies  in  color  from  white  to  yellow,  gray, 
red,  blue,  or  brown.  There  are  also  massive  varieties, 
columnar,  granular,  and  compact,  resembling  marble.  It 
is  a  common  mineral  in  metallic  veins  and  beds.  It  is 
sometimes  mined  and  ground  in  a  mill,  and  used  to  adul- 
terate wliite  lead.    Also  baroselenite,  barytine. 

baritone,  n.  and  a.    See  barytone. 

barium  (ba'ri-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  bariijta)  or  6a- 
r{yt.cs)  +  -iiim,  as  in  other  names  of  metals;  so 
named  by  Davy.]  Chemical  symbol,  Ba ;  atomic 
weight,  137.43.  A  chemical  element  belonging 
to  the  group  of  metals  whose  oxids  are  the  alka- 
line earths,  it  is  obtained  as  a  silver-white  powder, 
which  oxidizes  quickly  and  burns  when  heated  in  air.  Its 
melting-point  is  about  that  of  cast-iron.  It  does  not  occur 
native,  but  is  found  abundantly  in  combination  in  the 
minerals  barite,  barium  sulphate,  and  witherite  or  ba- 
rium carbonate,  and  less  commonly  in  several  other  min- 
erals. Barium  combines  with  most  acids  to  form  salts 
which  are  more  or  less  soluble  in  water,  and  these  soluble 
salts,  together  with  the  carbonate,  are  active  poisons. — 
Barium  chromate,  a  yellow,  insoluble  salt,  BaCr04, 
formed  by  precipitating  any  soluble  salt  of  barium  with 
chromate  of  potassium.  It  finds  a  limited  use  5s  a 
pigment  both  for  painting  and  for  calico-printing,  under 
the  name  of  yellow  ultramarine. —  Barium  hydrate, 
Ba(0H)2,  a  caustic  alkaline  powder,  soluble  in  water, 
formerly  used  in  sugar -refining  to  form  an  insoluble  sac- 
charine compound.— Barium  nitrate,  Ba(N03)2,  a  sub- 
stance used  extensively  in  pyrotechny  to  produce  green 
fire,  and  to  some  extent  in  the  manufacture  of  explosives. 

—Barium  oxid.  See  (/an/ta.— Barium  sulphate,  or 

heavy-spar,  BaS04,  the  commonest  of  the  barium  minerals, 
almost  perfectly  insoluble  in  water.  Artiti(  hilly  prepared 
barium  sulphate  is  used  as  a  pigment,  under  the  name  of 
permanent  white.    See  barytes. 

barfcl  (bark),  V.  [<  ME.  barken,  berken,  borken, 
<  AS.  beorcan  (strong  verb,  pp.  borcen,  >  bor- 
cian,  bark,  weak  verb)  =  Icel.  berkja  (weak 
verb),  bark,  bluster.  Supposed  by  some  to  be 
orig.  another  form  of  AS.  brecan  (pp.  broccn), 
break,  snap.  Cf.  Icel.  brcekta,  bleat,  =  Norw. 
brcekta,  braika  =  Sw.  brdka  =  Dan.  bra;ge,  hleat.] 

1.  intrans.  1.  To  utter  an  abrupt  explosive  cry: 
said  of  a  dog,  and  hence  of  other  animals. 

No  dog  shall  rouse  thee,  though  a  thousand  bark. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  240. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  clamor;  pursue  with  un- 
reasonable clamor  or  reproach :  usually  fol- 
lowed by  at. 

Vile  is  the  vengeaunce  on  the  ashes  cold, 
And  envy  base  to  barke  at  sleeping  fame. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  viii.  13. 
The  lank  hungry  belly  barks  for  food. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  i.  1. 

3.  To  cough.    [CoUoq.]— To  bark  at  the  moon, 

to  clamor  or  agitate  to  no  purpose. — To  bark  up  the 
wrong  tree,  to  mistake  one's  object ;  attack  or  pursue 
another  than  the  person  or  thing  inteuded,  as  when  a  dog 


bark 


453 


bark-mill  - 


by  barking  brings  the  hunter  to  a  tree  other  than  that  in 
■which  the  game  has  really  taken  refuge.  [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 
Il.t  trans.  1.  To  utter  ot  give  forth  with  a 
bark. — 2.  To  break  out  with:  as,  to  baric  out 
flame. 

barki  (bark),  n.  [<  harJc^-,  v."]  The  abrupt  ex- 
plosive cry  of  a  dog;  hence,  a  cry  resembling 
that  of  the  dog,  uttered  by  some  other  animals. 
—His  bark  is  worse  than  his  bite,  little  harm  is  por- 
tended by  his  angry  threats,  faulttlndnig,  etc.,  as  by  the 
threatening  bark  of  a  dog  whicli  rarely  or  never  bites. 

bark2  (bark),  n.  [<  ME.  harl-e,  bark,  bare,  <  late 
AS.  bare,  <  Icel.  borkr  (gen.  barkar)  -  Sw.  bark 
=  Dan.  bark  =  MLG.  LG.  borke  (>  G.  borke), 
bark.  Possibly  connected  with  Icel.  bjarfja  = 
AS.  beorgan  —  G.  bergeti,  etc.,  cover,  protect: 
BeeburyS,  TheolderE.  word  for  'bark'  isrind.^ 

1.  Generally,  the  covering  of  the  woody  stems, 
branches,  and  roots  of  plants,  as  distinct  and 
separable  from  the  wood  itself,  in  its  strictest 
scientific  sense  it  is  limited  to  the  dry  and  dead  portion 
of  this  covering,  as  found  on  exogenous  plants,  which 
usually  consists  of  parenchyma  or  soft  cellular  tissue,  cork, 
and  bast,  in  varying  proportions.  See  basti,  corkl,  and 
epidermis.  It  is  very  diverse  and  often  complicated  in 
structure,  varying  in  these  respects  with  the  species  upon 
which  it  is  found ;  but  it  is  usually  aiTanged  in  annular 
concentric  layers.  As  these  become  distended  by  the 
thickening  of  the  stem,  the  outer  layers  often  crack  and 
are  gradually  .cast  off.  In  the  baVk  the  medicinal  and 
other  peculiar  properties  of  the  plant  are  usually  abun- 
dant, especially  tannin  and  many  alkaloids.  The  younger 
and  softer  layer  lying  next  to  the  young  wood  is  called 
inner  bark,  liber,  or  bast.    See  cut  under  bast. 

2.  Specifically  —  (a)  In  pliar.,  Peruvian  or 
Jesuits'  bark  (see  Cinchona),  (b)  In  tanning, 
oak  and  hemlock  barks — Alstonia  bark,  a  bitter 

bark  obtained  from  the  Alstonia  scholaris,  an  apocyna- 
ceous  forest-tree  of  the  tropics  of  the  old  world.  It  is 
used  in  India  as  a  tonic  and  antiperiodic.  The  Alstonia  or 
Queensland  fever-bark  of  Australia  is  the  product  of  Al- 

stonia  constricta.—Aagostnra.  or  Cusparia  bark,  the 

product  of  a  rutaceous  shrub,  Galipea  Cusparia,  of  the 
mountains  of  Venezuela,  a  valuable  tonic  in  dyspepsia, 
dysentery,  and  chronic  diarrhea.  It  was  formerly  prized 
as  a  febrifuge,  and  is  now  much  used  in  making  a  kind 
of  bitters.  Its  use  in  medicine  was  discontinued  for  a 
time,  because  of  the  introduction  into  the  markets  of  a 
false  Angostura  bark,  obtained  from  the  nux-vomica  tree, 
which  produced  fatal  effects.  Also  Angustura  bark.— 
Arica  baxk.  Same  as  Cusco  bark. — Ashy  crown  bark, 
the  bark  of  Cinchona  macrocalyx. — Bebeeru  or  bibiru 
bark.  See  bebeeru.— 'Bitter  bark.  See  Georr/ia  bark.— 
Bogota  bark,  the  bark  of  Cinchona  lancifolia.—BoldO 

bark.  See  toMo.— Bolivian  or  calisaya  bark,  the  bark 

of  Cinchona  Calisaya. — Canella  bark.  See  Caiiellal. — 
Carabaya  bark,  the  bark  of  Cinchona  elHptica. —  Carib- 
bean or  West  Indian  bark,  the  bark  of  a  rubiaceous 
tree,  Exostemnia  Caribbceiim,  nearly  allied  to  the  genus 
Cinchona,  used  in  making  tonic  bitters  and  in  medicine 
as  a  substitute  for  cinchona  bark. — Carolina  bark.  See 
Georgia  bark.— Ca.Tth.a.gena.  bark,  a  general  name  for 
varieties  of  cinchona  bark  brought  from  the  northern  ports 
of  South  America,  generally  of  inferior  quality. —  Cas- 

cara  amarga  or  Honduras  bark,  a  bitter  bark,  said  to  be 

obtained  from  Picramnia  antidesrna,  a  simarubaceous  tree 
of  tropical  America.— Cascara  sagrada  bark,  the  bark  of 
Rhamnus  Purshianus  of  California,  used  as  a  tonic  aperi- 
ent.—Cascaxilla,  sweetwood.or  Eleuthera  bark,  the 
bark  of  Croton  Eleuteria,  a  eupliorbiaceousslirub  of  tlie  Ba- 
hamas. It  is  an  aromatic,  bitter  tonic— Cassia  bark. 
See  Cassia.— China  bark,  Peruvian  bark,  (a)  See  Cin- 
chona, (ft)  The  bark  of  Cascarilla  (Bucna)  hexandra,  a 
rubiaceous  tree  of  the  western  coast  of  Soutli  America, 
which  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  cincliona. —  Clove-bark. 
Same  as  clove-cassia  (which  see,  under  cas.S!a).— Colom- 
bian bark,  the  bark  of  Cinchona  pitayensis,  C.  lancifulia, 
and  C.  cordifolia.—  Conessi  bark,  a  bark  obtained" from 
Holarrhena  antidy  sent  erica,  an  apocynaceous  tree  of  In- 
dia, where  it  is  of  considerable  repute  as  a  remedy  for 
dysentery  and  as  a  tonic  febrifuge.  Sometimes  called 
Tellicherry  6a)*.— Coquetta  bark,  the  bark  of  Cinchona 
lancifolia.—CTOwa  bark.  Same  as  loxa  ftarfc- Culila- 
wan  bark,  a  valuable  aromatic,  pungent  bark,  the  pro- 
duce of  Cinnanwmum  or  Lauras  Culilawan,  a  tree  of  the 
Moluccas,  useful  in  indigestion,  diarrhea,  etc.  Sometimes 
written  ciililawang.—C-a.-pvBZ,  bark,  a  bark  obtained  from 
several  species  of  the  rubiaceous  genus  Reniijia,  of  tropi- 
cal South  America,  largely  imported  into  England  for  the 
manufactui-e  of  quinine.— Cusco  bark,  the  bark  of  Cin- 
chona pubescens,  variant  Pelleteriana.  Also  called  Arica 
iari.- Cusparia  bark.  See  Anyostura  bark.— Doom 
bark,  the  bark  of  Erythrophlceum  Guineense. — Doun- 
dak6  bark,  the  name  of  several  barks  obtained  from  the 
west  coast  of  Africa,  possessing  tonic,  febrifugal,  and  other 
medicinal  properties.  The  best-known  kind  is  the  pro- 
duct of  a  rubiaceous  plant,  Sarcocephalus  esculentus. — 
Eleuthera  bark.  See  cascarilla  bark.—  'El'k.  bark,  the 
bark  ot  Magnolia  glauca.  Also  called  Indian  bark. — 
Essential  salt  of  bark,  an  aqueous  extract  of  cinchona 
bark.— False  loxa  bark,  the  bark  of  Cinchona  Hum- 
fcoZddada.— Florida  bark.  See  Georgia  bark.— Trench 
Guiana  bark,  a  bark  obtained  from  Coutarea  speciosa, 
a  rubiaceous  tree  of  tropical  South  America,  having  feb- 
rifugal properties.— Fusagasuga  bark,  a  variety  of  Car- 
thagena  bark.— Georgia,  bitter,  Carolina,  or  Florida 
bark,  the  bark  of  the  Pinckneua  pubens,  a  small  rubia- 
ceous tree  of  the  southern  United  .'States.  lia;'ing  the  same 
properties  as  French  Guiana  hark.  — Honduras  bark. 
See  cascara  amarga  iari.— Huamilies  bark,  the  bark 
of  Cinchona  purpurea.— VaiXaji  barberry  bark,  the 
root-bark  of  several  East  Indian  species  of  Berberis,  used 
as  a  tonic  and  in  the  treatment  of  fevers,  diarrhea,  etc. — 
Indian  bark,  the  bark  of  Magnolia  glauca.  Also  called 
elk  bark.  —  lTon  bark,  tlie  bark  of  Eucalyptus  resinifera. 
— Jaen  bark,  the  bark  of  cinchona  Hmnboldtiana. — 
Jamaica  bark,  the  bark  of  Cinchona  Caribbcea. —  Jes- 
uits' bark,  Peruvian  bark. — Jesuits'  Bark  Act,  an 


English  statute  of  180S  forl)idding  the  exportation  of 
.Jesuits' (Peruvian)  bark,  e.vcept  to  Ireland.— Lima  bark, 
the  bark  of  Cinchona  Peruviana,  C.  nitida,  and  C.  mi. 
crantha. — Loxa  bark,  the  bark  of  Cinchona  officinalis. 
Also  called  crown  bark. — Malambo  bark,  an  aromatic 
bark  obtained  from  the  Cmlon  Malanilio,  a  euphorljia- 
ceous  shrub  of  V'enezuela  ami  New  (ji  raiiaila.  It  is  employed 
as  a  remedy  for  diarrhea  and  as  a  vermifuge,  and  is  said 
to  be  largely  used  in  tlie  Ignited  States  for  the  adulter- 
ation of  spices.— Mancona  bark,  tlie  bark  of  Erythro- 
phlceum Guineense.— Ma.Ta.ca.ibO  bark,  the  liark  of  Cin- 
chona tucujensis.—Ma.Tgosa  or  Nint  bark,  the  bark  of 
Melia  Indica,  used  in  India  as  a  tonic  and  antiperiodic. — 

—  Mezereon  bark,  tlie  bark  of  Daphne  Mezereum.  It  is 
acrid  and  irritant,  and  is  used  in  liniments  and  as  a  rem- 
edy in  venereal,  rheumatic,  and  scrofulous  complaints. 

—  Neem  bark,  the  bai-k  of  Azadirachta  Intlica. — New 
bark,  tlie  barli  of  Cascarilla  oblong ij'olia. — Nim  bark, 
See  Margosa  ia/*.  —  Oak  bark.  See  Quercasalba,  under 
Qucrcus.— Ordeal  bark,  tlie  bark  of  Erythrophlceum 
Guineense.— Vale  bark,  a  name  applied  to  the  barks  of 
Cinchona  officinalis,  C.  nitida,  C.  micrantha,  C.  purpurea, 
and  C.  Uumboldtiana.—Vdlton  bark,  tlie  bark  of  Cin- 
chona macrocalyx,  variant  PaWo/i.- Peruvian  bark.  See 
china  6arfc  — Pitaya  bark,  the  bark  of  Cinchona  pilagen- 
s/s.— Quebracho  bark,  tlie  bark  of  Aspidospm-ma  Que- 
bracho, an  apocynaceous  tree  of  Brazil.  It  contains  several 
peculiar  alkaloids,  and  is  said  to  be  efficacious  in  the  cure 
of  dyspnoea.- Red  bark,  the  bark  of  Cinchona  succirubra. 
— Red  Cusco  bark,  tlie  liark  of  Cinchona  scrobiculata. — 
Rohun  bark,  a  bitter  astringent  l)ark,  from  Soyrnidafebri- 
fuga,  a  meliaceous  tree  of  India,  where  it  is  u.sed  as  an  as- 
tringent, tonic,  and  antiperiodic— Royal  bark,  the  bark 
of  Cinchona  cordifolia.—St.  Lucia  bark,  the  bark  of  Ex- 
ostemma  jloribunda.—Sa.ma.6.eTa  bark,  the  inner  bark  of 
a  tree  belonging  to  the  Si innrubacca',  growing  in  Ceylon. 
It  is  intensely  liitter.— Santa  Ana  bark,  the  bark  of  Cin- 
chona scrobiculata.— %a,11ta.  Martha  bark,  a  cinchona 
bark  shipped  from  Santa  ilartlia.-  Sassy  bark,  the  bark 
ot  Erythrophlceum  Guineense.— SweetWOOd  bark.  See 
cascarilla  bark.—Vfest  Indian  bark.  See  Caribbean 
6art.  — Wild-Cherry  bark,  the  bark  of  Prunus  sero- 
tma.— Winter's  bark,  an  astringent  pungent  bark  ob- 
tained from  a  magnoliaceous  tree,  Brimys  Winteri,  native 
of  the  mountains  of  western  America  from  Jlexico  to 
Cape  Horn.  It  is  a  stimulating  tonic  and  antiscorbutic. 
Paratudo  bark  is  a  variety  of  it.  Jlost  of  tlie  so-called 
Winter's  bark  of  commerce  is  the  product  of  Cinnamo- 
denilron  corticosum  and  Caiu'lla  alba  of  the  West  Indies. 

bark^  (bark),  v.  t.  [=  Sw.  barka  =  Dan.  barke, 
tan ;  from  the  noun.]  1.  To  strip  oft"  the  bark 
of,  or  remove  a  circle  of  bark  from,  as  a  tree; 
peel;  specifically,  to  scrape  olf  the  outer  or 
dead  bark  of.    See  barking^,  1. 

This  pine  is  barlc'd 
That  overtopp'd  them  all. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  10. 
Hence  —  2.  To  strip  or  rub  oft"  the  outer  cov- 
ering of  (anything,  as  the  skin):  as,  to  bark 
one's  shins. 

So  after  getting  up  [the  tree]  three  or  four  feet,  down 
they  came  slithering  to  the  ground,  barkina  tlieir  arms 
and  faces.  T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at'Rugby,  ii.  4. 

3.  To  cover  or  inclose  with  bark  :  as,  to  bark 
a  house. — 4t.  To  cover,  as  the  bark  does  a 
tree ;  inerust. 

A  most  instant  tetter  bark'd  about. 
Most  lazar-like,  with  vile  and  loathsome  crust. 
All  my  smooth  body.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  5. 

5.  To  apply  bark  to,  as  in  the  j)rocess  of  tan- 
ning; tan. —  6.  To  color  with  an  infusion  or  a 
decoction  of  bark  :  as,  to  bark  sails  or  cordage. 
—  7.  To  kill  (game)  by  the  concussion  of  a 
bullet  which  strikes  the  bark  of  a  limb  at  the 
spot  on  which  the  animal  is  crouched,  or  by 
the  flying  bark. 

Barking  off  squiiTels  is  a  delightful  sport,  and  in  my 
opinion  requires  a  gi'eater  degree  of  accuracy  than  any 
other.  I  first  witnessed  this  near  Frankfort.  The  per- 
former was  the  celebrated  Daniel  Boone. 

J.  J.  Audubon,  Ornith.  Biog.,  I.  293. 

bark^  (bark),  n.  [Also  barque,  after  P. ;  <  late 
ME.  barke,  barque,  <  P.  barque=  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
bare.a  -  -  D.  bark  =  MHG.  G.  barke  =  Dan. 
bark  =  Icel.  barki,  <  LL.  barca  (ML.  also  barga, 
>  OP.  barge,  >  E.  barge^,  q.  v.),  regarded  by 
some  as  a  sjiieopated  form  of  an  asstmied  LL. 
*barica,  a  quasi-adj.  formation,  <  L.  baris,  < 
Gr.  Pdpig,  <  Egypt.  (Coptic)  aflat-bottomed 
boat  used  in  Egypt ;  but  more  prob.  of  Celtic 
or  even  of  Teut.  origin.]  1.  Naiit.,  a  three- 
masted  vessel,  fore-and-aft  rigged  on  the  miz- 
zenmast,  the  other  two  masts  being  square- 
rigged. —  2.  A  vessel  of  any  kind,  especially  a 
sailing  vessel  of  small  size. 

O  steer  my  bark  to  Erin's  isle, 
For  Erin  is  my  home.  Moore. 

ba/rkantine,  barkentine  (biir'kan-ten,  -ken- 
ten),  Ji.  [<  bark'i,  on  type  of  brigaiitineT-.^  A 
three-masted  vessel,  with  the  foremast  square- 
rigged,  and  the  mainmast  and  mizzenmast  fore- 
and-aft  rigged.    Also  barquantine,  barquentine. 

bark-bed  (bark'bed),  w.  In  liort. ,  a  bed  formed 
of  the  spent  bark  that  has  been  used  by  tan- 
ners. The  bark  is  placed  in  a  brick  pit  in  a  glazed  house 
constructed  for  forcing  or  for  the  growth  of  tender  plants. 
Artificial  warmth  and  dampness  are  produced  by  the 
fermentation  of  the  bark.    Also  called  bark-stove. 

bark-bound  (bark' boimd),  a.  Hindered  in 
growth  by  having  the  bark  too  firm  or  close. 


Barkantiiie. 


barkeeper  (bar'ke''''per),  n.  One  who  has  charge 
of  the  bar  of  an  inn  or  other  place  of  public 
entertainment ;  a  bartender, 
barken!  (bar'kenor-kn),  v.  [Sc.;  <  bark"^  +  -en^, 
as  in  harden,  stiffen,  etc.]  I.  intrans.  To  be- 
come hard;  form  a  crust. 

The  best  way's  to  let  the  blood  barken  on  the  cut — 
that  saves  plaisters.  Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  I.  171. 

II.  trans.  To  tan  (or  dye)  with  bark. 
Effie  used  to  help  me  tumble  the  bundles  o'  barkened 
leather  up  and  down.         Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian,  v. 
barken''^  (bar'ken  or  -kn),  «.    [<  bark^  +  -en^.l 
Consisting  or  made  of  bark :  as,  "  barken  knots," 
Whittier.  [Eare.] 
barkentine,  n.    See  barkantine. 
barker^  (bar'ker),  n.    [<  bark^,  v.,  +  -er^.]  1. 
An  animal  that  barks ;  a  person  who  clamors 
unreasonably. 

They  are  rather  enemies  of  my  fame  than  me,  these 
barkers.  B.  Jonson,  Discoveries. 

2.  The  spotted  redshank,  Totanus  fusciis.  Al- 
bin;  Montagu.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  3.  Apersonsta- 
tioned  at  the  door  of  a  house  where  auctions 
of  inferior  goods  are  held,  to  invite  strangers 
to  enter;  atouter;  a  tout.  [Cant.] — 4.  A  pis- 
tol. [Slang.] — 5.  A  lower-deck  gun  in  a  ship, 
barker^  (bar'ker),  n.  [<  bark'^,  v.,  +  -erl.]  1. 
One  who  strips  trees  of  their  bark.  — 2t.  A  tan- 
ner. 

Barker's  mill.   See  miJV-. 
barkery  (bar'ker-i),  n. ;  pi.  barkeries  (-iz).  [< 
hark'^  +  -erij.']    A  tan-house,  or  a  place  where 
bark  is  kept, 
bark-feeder  (bark'fe*der),  n.    A  bark-eating 

insect  or  animal, 
barkingi  (bar'king),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  barkX,  ».] 
Tlie  uttering  of  an  abrupt  explosive  cry,  as  that 
of  a  dog. 

barking^  (bar'king),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bark'^, ».] 
1 .  The  process  of  stripping  bark  from  trees,  of 
removing  a  ring  of  bark  fi-om  a  tree  so  as  to 
kill  it,  or  of  scraping  dead  bark  from  fruit-trees 
to  promote  their  growth.— 2.  The  operation  of 
tanning  leather  -svith  bark  ;  also,  the  operation 
of  dyeing  fabrics  with  an  infusion  of  bark, 
barking-ax  (bar'king-aks),  n.   An  ax  used  in 

scraping  bark  from  trees, 
barking-bill  (bar'king-bil),  n.  A  sharp-point- 
ed instrument  used  to  make  transverse  cuts 
through  the  bark  of  trees,  preparatory  to  the 
process  of  stripping  them, 
barking-bird  (biir'king-berd),  ?(.  [<  barking, 
ppr.  of  bark'^,  +  bird^.l  The  name  of  a  rock- 
wren,  Pteroptochus  or  HyJactes  fari/i,  of  the 
island  of  Chiloe :  also  said  to  be  applied  to  an- 
other and  smaller  species,  P.  riibecula.  The  name 
is  due,  in  either  case,  to  the  similarity  of  the  cry  of  tlie 
birds  to  the  yelping  of  a  puppy.  Daru-in.  Also  called 
guid-guid. 

barking-iron^  (bar'king-i*ern).  n.  [<  barking, 
ppr.  of  iflcA-i,  v.,  +  iron.^  A  pistol.  Marryat. 
[Slang.] 

barking-iron2  (bar'king-i"em),  n.  [<  barkiyig^ 
+  iro)i.'\  An  instrument  for  removing  the  bark 
of  oak  and  other  trees,  for  use  in  tanning, 
barking-mallet  (bar'king-maP'et),  n.  A  ham- 
mer with  a  wedge-shaped  edge,  used  in  bark- 
ing trees. 

barklak  (bar'klak),  »!.  A  myrtaeeous  tree  of 
Venezuela. 

barkless  (bark'les),  a.  [<  bark^  +  -less.}  Des- 
titute of  bark, 
bark-louse  (bark'lous),  ».  A  minute  insect  of 
the  genus  Aphia  that  infests  trees  ;  an  aphid, 
bark-mill  (biirk'mil),  n.  A  mill  for  grinding 
bark  for  tanners'  and  dyers'  uses,  or  for  medi- 
cinal purposes. 


the 


barkometer 

barkometer  (bar-kom'e-ter),  >i 
+  -o-mvtcr 

(liDineter  used  by  tanners  in  asoertaiiiin 
strength  of  infusions  of  bark,  or  ooze, 
bark-paper  (bark'pa"per),  n.  Paper  made  from 
bark ;  specifically,  paper  made  from  the  bark 
of  Broussonetia  papyrifcra,  a  tree  common  in 
southeastern  Asia  and  Oceaniea.    Most  of  the 
pai)er  used  in  Japan  is  of  this  kind, 
bark-pit  (bark'pit),        A  tan-pit,  or  pit  for 
tanning-  or  stoejiing  Icatlier. 


barkstone  (biirk'sti 


Can  sodden  water, 
A  drench  for  sur-rein'd  jades,  their  barleij  broth, 
Decoct  their  cold  blood  to  such  valiant  heat  / 
Shale.,  Uen.  V, 


secretion  taken  iVom  the  castor-glands  of  the 
beaver:  casror;  castoreum. 
bark-stove  (biirk'stov),  n.    Same  as  harl-hed. 
bark-tanned  (bUrk'taml),  a.    Tanned  bv  the 
slow  action  of  oak,  hemlock,  or  other  barks, 
as  leather,  in  contradistinction  to  that  tanned 
wholly  or  in  part  bj'  chemicals, 
barky  (bar'ki),  a.    [<  bark'^  -f-  Consist- 
ing of  bark;  containing  bark;  covered  with 
bark. 

Tlie  hiirkii  fingers  of  the  elm.       Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iv.  1. 
bar-lathe  (bar'laTH),  n.    A  lathe  with  a  single 
beam,  usually  ha\-ing  a  triangular  section,  on 
which  the  heads  or  ptippets  slide, 
barleyi  (bar'li),  «.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  larhi, 
barlj/e.  Sc.  harlick ;  <  ME.  barh/,  berlei/,  bar 


The  concrete  musky  barleycorn  (bar'li-korn),  n.     1.  A 


barnaby 

,  , ,       ,  [Irveg.  <  bark2  barley-bree,  barley-broo  (bar'li-bre,  -bro),  «.  barm-clotht  ».    An  anron  Chaum- 

<  br.  furpor,  a  measttre.]     A  hy-    Lienor  made  from  malt,  whether  b.^  bre^^'ing  Barmecidal\bar4e-ir^^^  a     Same  as  Bar- 

or  distillation ;  ale  or  whisky.    [Scotch.]  mecidc  '  " 

barley-broth  (bar'li-brdth), ,,.   i  Broth  made  Barmecide,  Barmacide  (bar'me-sid,  -ma-sid), 

by  boiling  barley  and  meat  with  vegetables,  n.  and  a.  [<  one  of  the  Barmccidw  (a  Latin! 
[Seotch.]  —  2.  Ale  or  beer :  used  jocosely,  and  ized  form,  with  patronymic  suffix  -uke)  or  Bar- 
also  in  contempt,  as  m  the  extract.  mecidcs,  a  noble  Persian  family  founded  by 

Barmek  or  Barmak,  and  having  great  power 
under  the  Abbasside  califs.]  f.  «.  One  who 
oilers  imaginary  food  or  illusory  benefits :  in  al- 
lusion to  the  story,  told  in  the  Arabian  Nights, 
of  a  member  of  the  Barmecide  family  of  Bag- 
dad, who  on  one  occasion  placed  a  succession  of 
empty  dishes  before  a  beggar,  pretending  that 
they  contained  a  sumptuous  repast,  a  fiction 
which  the  beggar  humorously  accepted. 

II.  a.  Like,  or  like  the  entertainment  of, 
the  Barmecide  of  the  story;  hence,  unreal, 
sham,  illusory,  etc.:  as,  "my  ^ammrfe  friend," 
Thackeray;  a  Barmecide  feast  or  repast. 

It  is  a  Barmecide  Feast ;  a  pleasant  field  for  the  iniagi- 
natum  to  rove  in.  Dickem,  Amer.  Notes. 

barmilian  (bar-mil'yan),  n.  [Origin  unknown.] 
An  old  name  for  akiiid  of  fustian  goods  largely 
exported  from  England,    li.  H.  Knight. 
[<  bariey'i-  (as  bar-mining  (bar'mi"ning),  v.    In  placer-min- 


111.  5. 

.  .  -        grain  of 

barley. —  2.  A  measure  equal  to  the  third  part 
of  an  inch  ;  originally,  the  length  of  a  grain  of 
barley,  a  statute  of  Edward  II.  (A.  D.  1324)  makes 
"three  barley-corns  round  and  dry"  the  definition  of  an 
inch. 

3.  A  measure  equal  to  the  breadth  of  a  fine 

grain  of  barley,  about  0.155  inch  John  or  Sir 

John  Barleycorn,  a  humorous  personification  of  the 
spirit  of  barley,  or  malt  liquor:  a  usage  of  considerable 
antiquity. 

John  Barlei/mni  was  a  hero  bold 

Of  nt)lile  entt  rini^e, 
For,  if  you  do  Imt  taste  his  blood, 
'Twill  malve  your  courage  rise. 

Burns,  John  Barleycorn 
barley-fever  (bar'li-fe"ver),  n 


a  source  of  strong  drink)  +  fever.']  Illness 
caiised  by  intemperance.    [North.  Eng.] 


lk]i,<  late  AS.J)«T?/('^ barley,  appar.  <  bere,  E.  barley-fork  (bar'li-fork)",  v.    A  hand-fork  with 
^    71    -  1  a  guard  at  the  root  of  the  tines,  used  for  gath- 

ering up  stalks  of  barley, 
barleyhood  (bar'li-hiid),  «.    A  fit  of  drunken- 
ness, or  of  ill  humor  brought  on  by  drinking-. 
[Chiefly  Scotch.] 
barley-islandt  (bar'li -inland),  n.     An  ale- 
house. 

barley-meal  (biir'li-mel),  n.    Meal  or  flour 
made  from  barley, 
barley-milkt  (bar'li -milk),  «.     Gruel  made 
with  barley  or  barlej'-meal. 
barley-sick  (bilr'li-sik),  a.    [<  barley^  (see  bar- 

Icy-fever)  +  sick.]    Intoxicated.  [Scotch.] 
barley-sugar  (biir'li-shug*er),  h.   Sugar  boiled 
(formerly  in  a  decoction  of  barley)  till  it  be- 
comes brittle  and  candied, 
barley-water  (bar'li-wa"ter),  n.    A  decoction 
of  barley  used  as  a  demulcent  nutritious  drink 
in  fevers,  and  in  inflammations  of  the  air-pas- 
sages and  of  the  alimentary  canal, 
barley-wine  (biir'li-win),  n.    Ale  or  beer, 
bar-lift  (biir'lift),  n.     A  short  metal  bar  fas- 
tened to  a  heavy  window  as  a  convenience  in 
lifting  it. 

barlingt,  «.    [North.  E.  and  Sc.,  <  Sw.  barling, 

a  pole,  <  bdra  =  E.  bcar'^,  q.  v.]    A  pole, 
bar-loom  (bilr'lom),  ».    A  ribbon-loom, 
barmif,  [ME.  bar  me,  barm,  berm,  <  AS. 

bearm  (ONorth.  barm  =  OS.  OFries.  OHG. 
barm  =  Icel.  barmr  =  Sw.  Dan.  barm  =  Goth. 
banns),  the  bosom,  with  formative  -m,  <  bcran, 
E.  bcar^,  q.  v.]  The  bosom  ;  the  lap. 
barm2  (biirm),  n.  [<  ME.  I)arme,  berme,  <  AS. 
beorma  =  Fries,  berme,  barm  —  MLG.  berm, 
barm,  LG.  borme,  barmc,  barm.  (>  G.  biirme)  - 


bear^,  barley,  +  -Ue,  E.  -/yl ;  the  word  appears 
first  as  an  attrib.,  being  formally  an  adj.  The 
Icel.  barlak,  and  W.  barJys, 
barley  (as  if  <  bara,  bread,  -I- 
llyaiau,  Ilysan,  plants,  herbs), 
Corn,  barli-,  are  from  E.] 
The  name  of  a  grain,  and  of 
the  plant  yielding  it,  belong- 
ing to  the  genus  Hordeum. 
natural  order  Graminca'. 
This  grain  lias  been  cultivated 
from  the  very  earliest  times,  when 
it  formed  an  important  article  of 
food,  as  it  still  does  where  other 
cereals  cannot  lie  raised.  It  is 
largely  tiiiiilny,  ,!  for  feeding  ani- 
mals, but  It-  .  lii.  f  use  is  in  the 
manufacture  of  l.  vinented  liquors, 
as  beer,  ale,  and  porter,  and  of 
whisky.  No  other  grain  can  be 
cultivated  thi-ough  so  great  a  range 
of  climate,  for  it  matures  in  Lap- 
land, Norway,  and  Iceland,  in  65° 
and  70  north  latitude,  and  at  an 
altituiic  of  1 1,000  feet  in  the  Andes 
and  llhiialaja.  The  only  cultivat- 
ed sptcits  that  has  lieeii  found 
■wild  is  the  tw  o-r.  ovi d  or  long-eared 
barley.  //.  di^ilrlnui,  a  native  of 
western  Asia,  ljut  in  cultivation  in 
prehistoric  times,  as  was  also  the 
six.ro«f(ls]iecies,  or  winter  barley, 
//.  Iie.ai-ftichon.  Of  later  origin 
is  the  common  four-rowed  species, 

spring  or  summer  barley,  H.  vulqare.  Fan-shaped  bar- 
ley, also  called  l)attle<Iore-  or  sprat-barley,  //.  zmcridm 
is  pL-rliap-  only  a  mltivatrd  fr.nii  of  the  tw.)-rowe.l  species. 
Seveial  vaiirti.'s  of  tlic.-.e  sjierics  arc  found  in  cultivation 
The  gram  differs  generally  from  wheat  in  rctaiiiinu  closely 
its  husks;  it  is  also  somewhat  less  nutritious  and  jialata- 
ble  as  an  article  of  food.  See  //"!■(/<■ »///.— Caustic  bar- 
ley, an  early  name  for  the  seeds  of  Srha'nnraidua  offici- 
nale, called  in  medicine  .^uhiviniu,  and  used  as  a  source  of 
veratrin.— Mouse,  wall,  way,  oi-  wild  barley,  Hor- 
deum. murumiii,  a  grass  of  little  value.— Patent  barley 
the  farina  obtained  by  grindiu'.'  pearl-harlev.  — Pearl-bar-^ 
ley,  the  grain  deprivedof  husk  and  jjellicleand  conipletely 
rounded  by  grinding.  It  is  used  in  making  broths  anil 
m  soups.— Scotch,  pot,  or  hulled  barley,  the  grain  de- 
prived of  the  husk  in  a  mill. 

barley2 
q.  v.]  A 


B.irley. 
Spike  of  Hordeum  vitl- 
gare. 


ing,  the  washing  of  the  sand  or  gravel  in  the  bed 
of  a  stream,  when  laid  bare  by  the  diminution  of 
the  stream  at  low  water,  or  by  building  a  flume, 
and  thus  carrying  the  water  to  one  side  of  the 
channel.  The  latter  method  is  more  commonly 
called  fliiming.  [California.] 
barmkin  (biirm'kin),  n.  [Also  spelled  barm- 
kyn,  barnekin,  barnkyn  ;  <  ME.  barmeken,  barne- 
kynch;  origin  uncertain;  possibly  <  barm^  = 
berm,  brim,  border,  edge  (the  forms  in  barn- 
beingthencorruptions),  -I-  -kin;  but  more  prob. 
all  corruptions  of  barbican.]  The  rampart  or 
outer  fortification  of  a  castle.  [Lowland  Scotch 
and  North.  Eng.] 

And  broail  and  bloody  rose  the  sun, 
And  on  the  harnikyit  shone. 
Old  ballad,  in  Boucher's  Border  Minstrelsy,  ii.  341. 
Lord  Soulis  he  sat  in  Hermitage  Castle, 

And  Redcap  was  not  by  ; 
And  he  called  on  a  page,  who  was  witty  and  sage, 
To  go  to  the  barmkin  high. 
J.  Leyden,  hord  Soulis,  in  N.  and  Q.,6th  ser.,  XI.  386. 
Battlements  and  barmkins  and  all  the  other  appurte- 
nances of  Strength,  as  such  places  were  called.  Leoer. 
barmote  (biir'mot),  m.    [A  reduction  of  earlier 
bargcmote,  also  barghmote  and  berghmote,  <  G. 
berg,  a  hill,  mine,  +  E.  mote,  meeting.    Cf .  bar- 
master.]  A  court  established  in  the  reign  of  Ed- 
ward III.  and  held  twice  a  year  in  Derbyshire, 
England,  in  which  matters  connected  with 
mining  are  considered.   Also  wi'itten  bergmote. 
barmy  (bar'mi),  a.    [<  barm.'^  +  -y/l.]  Contain- 
ing or  resembling  barm  or  yeast ;"  fi-othy. 
Of  windy  cider  and  of  barmy  beer. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georgics,  iii. 
Why,  thou  bottle-ale, 
Thou  barmie  froth  I 

Marston,  Scourge  of  Villanie,  vi. 
barmy -brained  (bar 'mi -brand),  a.  Light- 
headed ;  giddy. 


Sw.  bar  ma  =  Dan.  bierme;  prob.  akin  to  L.  fcr-  barnl  (barn),  n.    [<  ME.  barn,  bern,  <  AS.  bern, 


mentum,  yeast,  <  fervere,\wi\:  see  ferment,  n.] 
The  scum  or  foam  rising  ujion  beer  or  other 
malt  liquors  when  fermenting ;  yeast,   it  is  used 

as  leaven  ill  luead  to  nuike  it  swell,  causing  it  to  become 
softer,  lighti  r,  and  more  delicate.    It  may  be  used  in 
liquors  to  make  tliem  ferment  or  work.    It  is  a  fungus, 
fbar'li)    n      FA  coiTunfinri   of  «/>.-7*„    ^Saccharoiiiiicex  cerevisia:    Hei^  yrast  ana/ermcntation. 

Uryli\^kVEtilS'rrtat'gaSs  fef^i^ri' 


when  a  triice  or  temporary  stop  is'  de^slred^  Barmacide,  «._and  a.    See  Barmecide. 


[Scotch.] 
barley-bigg  (bar'li-big),  n. 


Same  as  bigg. 


barley-bird  mr'U-bevd),n.  X<barleyi  +  b^rd;  ^^i^m^^; 

iich  appear  about    attends  the  bar  of  an  inn  or  other  place  of  re- 


bar-magnet  (bar'mag"net),  n.  An  artificial 
steel  magnet  made  in  the  form  of  a  straight 
and  rather  slender  bar. 

A  maid  or  woman  who 


ajiplied  to  various  birds  whi' 

the  time  of  sowing  barley.]    1.  A'name  of  the  t,-o«hmPiit 
European  wryneck,    Yunx    torquilla.—2.    A  v„\.^ /-u--  ,  n 
name  of  some  small  bird:  said  to  be  either  ^rman  (bar  man),  ; 
the  siskin  {Cln-ysomitris  spinus)  or  the  nightin- 
gale {Danlias  pl(ih)mela).  [Eng.] 

barley-brake,  barley-break  (biir'H-brak),  n. 
[Sc.  barley-bracks,  barlu-brcikis ;  <  bnrlci/  (un- 
certain whether  barley^  or  barley'^,  or  from  some 
other  source)  -I-  break.]  An  old  game  played 
by  six  persons,  three  of  each  sex,  fonned  into 
couples.  Three  contiguous  plots  of  gronnd  «  riv  i  In, sen, 
and  one  couple,  placeii  in  the  midille  jilot,  alt. mpird  t.i 
catch  the  others  as  they  passed  tln-ough.    'The  middle 


freshment. 

pi.  barmen  (-men).  If. 
A  barrister. —  2.  A  barkeeper  or  bartender, 
barmaster  (biir'mas"ter),  v.    [Reduced  from 
earlier  barghmaster,  barge  master,  prob.  <  G. 


a  contr.  of  berern,  bere-ern,  as  in  ONorth.,  < 
bere,  barley  (E.  hcar^),  +  em,  a  place.]  A 
covered  building  designed  for  the  storage  of 
grain,  hay,  flax,  or  other  farm-produce.  In 
America  barns  also  usually  contain  stabling 
for  horses  and  cattle. 

barnl  (Mrn),  v.  t.  [<  fcarwi,  v.]  To  store  up 
in  a  barn.    iShak.,  Lucrece,  1.  859. 

Men  .  .  .  often  barn  up  the  chaff,  and  burn  up  the 
grain.  Ftdler,  Good  Thouglits,  p.  110. 

barn^t,  n.  [Early  mod.  and  dial.  E.,<  Sc.  bairn, 
q.  v.,  <  ME.  beern,  bern,  <  AS.  beam,  a  child. 
See  bairn.]    A  child. 

Mercy  on 's,  a  barn ;  a  very  pretty  ham !  A  boy  or  a 
child,  I  wonder'?  Shak.,  'W.  T.,  iii.  3. 

barnabee  (bar'na-be),  n.  [E.  dial.  (Suffolk); 
prob.  in  allusion  to  Barnaby  day.  See  Bar- 
naby-bright.]    The  lady-bird. 


bergmeistcr,  a  surveyor  of  mines,  <  berg,  a  hill,  Bamabite  (bar'na-bit),  n.    [=F.  Barnabite,  < 


plot  was  called  hell,  whence  the  allusions  in  old  plays  to 
"  the  last  couple  in  hell." 

She  went  abroad  thereliy 
At  barley-brake  her  sweet  swift  friA  to  ti y. 

Sir  J'.  .Sidni'ii,  Arcadia,  i. 
A  thousand  agues 
Play  at  barley-break  in  my  bones. 

Massinger,  Parliament  of  Love,  iv.  5. 


amine  (=  E.  barrow:  see  barrowl  and  bar<jli)', 
+  mei.ster  =  E.  master.  A  number  of  E.  min- 
ing terms  are  of  G.  origin.  Cf.  barmote.]  In 
mining,  the  title  of  an  ottieer  who  acts  as  man- 
ager, agent,  and  surveyor,  representing  the  in- 
terests of  the  proprietor  or  'lord,'  and  at  the 
same  time  looking  after  those  of  the  miner. 
Also  called  bailiff,  bergmaster,  and  burghmas- 
ter.  [Derbyshire,  Eng.] 
barmbrack"(barm'brak),  v.  [A  corruption  of 
Ir.  bairigcn  breac,  speckled  cake :  bairigen, 
bairghean,  bairin,  a  cake ;  breac,  speckled, 
spotted.]    A  currant-bun.  [Anglo-Irish.] 


LL.  Barnabas,  <  Gr.  Bapvdfiac,  a  Hebrew  name 
translated  "son  of  consolation"  (Acts  iv.  36), 
more  accurately  "  son  of  exhortation"  or  "son 
of  prophecy."]  In  the  Bom.  Catli.  Cli.,  a  mem- 
ber of  a  religious  congregation  properly  stjied 
"Regular  Clerks  of  the  Congregation  of  St. 
Paul,"  but  having  their  popular  designation 
from  the  church  of  St.  Barnabas  in  IMilan,  which 
was  granted  to  them  in  1545,  soon  after  the 
foundation  of  the  congregation.  Their  princi- 
pal house  is  now  in  Rome, 
barnabyt  (bar'na-bi),  n.  [Prob.  connected 
with  the  celebration  of  Barnaby  day,  <  Barna- 


barnaby 

by,  foitnerly  also  Barnubic,  <  P'.  Barnahe,  <  LL. 
Barnabas,  Baruabas:  see  Barnabite.']  Au  old 
dance  to  a  quick  movement. 

Bounce  I  cries  the  port-liole  —  out  they  fly, 
And  make  tlic  woild  dance  Barnaby. 

Cotton,  \'irgil  Travestie. 
Barnaby-bright  (bar'na-bi-brit),  11.  [Also 
Barnaby  hritjlit,  Barnaby  the  bright,  and  (Scott, 
L.  of  L.  M.,  iv.  4)  St.  Bariiabriyht;  also  called 
Lour/  Barnaby,  in  ref.  to  the  coincidence  of 
Barnaby  day  with  the  summer  solstice.]  The 
day  of  St.  Baruabas  the  Apostle,  the  11th  of 
Jime,  which  in  old  style  was  the  day  of  the 
summer  solstice. 

Bariiaby-briyht,  the  longest  day  and  the  shortest  night. 

Old  rime. 

This  day  the  sunne  is  in  his  chiefest  hight, 
With  Barnaby  the  bright. 

Spenser,  Epithalamion,  1.  206. 

Barnaby  day.    Same  as  Barfiaby-bright. 

barnacle^  (bar-na-kl),  n.  [Also  hamicle,  ber- 
nacle;  <  ME.  barnakylle,  bernakill,  bernacle,  ap- 
par.  a  dim.  of  the  earlier  bernake,  bernah,  ber- 
nack,  bentekke;  cf.  OF.  bernaque  (ML.  bernaca, 
berneka),  later  F.  bernache,  mod.  baruache, 
barnacle  =  Sp.  bernache  =  Pg.  bernaca,  berna- 
cha,  bernicha  =  It.  bernacla,  later  ML.  or  NL. 
bernicla,  bernecla,  bernacula;  G.  bernikel-gans, 
Dan.  bernakel-gaas.  Ultimate  origin  unknown. 
The  word  seems  to  have  arisen  in  England. 
The  oldest  ME.  form,  bernekke,  could  be  simply 
'bare-neek,'  with  a  possible  allusion  to  the 
large  white  patches  on  the  bird's  neck  and  head. 
If  this  were  a  popular  designation,  it  could 
•easily,  when  taken  into  book-language  and  Lat- 
inized, assume  the  above  and  the  other  numer- 
ous corrupt  forms  (ML.  bernicha,  bernecha,  ber- 
nescha,  bernesta,  etc.)  in  which  it  apjiears.  The 
loss  of  a  knowledge  of  its  meaning  would  assist 
the  growth,  of  the  fables  connected  with  the 
word.]    1.  A  species  of  wild  goose,  A)iser  ber- 


Barnacle  {L^pas  anatt/ira). 


Barnacle-goose  ^Berntcta  ieucopsts). 

■yiicla  or  Bernicla  Jeiicopsis,  also  called  barnacle- 
goose  or  bernacle-goose.  it  is  one  of  several  species 
of  the  genus  Bernicla,  inhabiting  tlie  northern  parts  of 
Europe,  and  occasionally  appearing  as  a  straggler  in  Korth 
America.  It  is  smaller  than  the  various  wild  geese  of  the 
genus  Anser  proper,  has  dark-brown  or  blackish  npper 
parts,  and  a  Idack  neck  and  head,  with  large  white  patclies. 
It  is  related  to  the  common  wild  goose  of  Nortli  America, 
B.  canaden.iig,  and  still  more  closely  to  the  brent-  or  brant- 
goose,  Bernicla  brenta.  This  bird,  which  was  known  in  the 
British  islands  only  as  a  X'isitor,  Ijecame  the  subject  of  a 
curious  popular  fable,  not  yet  extinct,  Ijeing  believed  to  be 
bred  from  a  tree  gi-owingon  the  sea-shore,  either  from  the 
Iruit  of  the  tree  or  as  itself  the  fruit  (hence  called  tree- 
goose),  or  from  a  shell-flsh  which  grew  on  this  tree  (see 
def.  2),  or  from  rotting  wood  in  the  water. 

So  rotten  planks  of  broken  ships  do  change 

To  Barnacles.  .  .  . 

'Twas  first  a  green  tree,  then  a  broken  hull. 
Lately  a  JIushroom,  now  a  flying  Gull. 

Sijlcester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas,  i.  6. 
2.  A  species  of  stalked  ein-iped,  Lepas  anati- 
fera,  of  the  family  Lepadida,  found  hanging  in 
clusters  by  the  long  peduncle  to  the  bottoms  of 
ships,  to  floating  timber,  or  to  submerged  wood 
of  any  kind;  the  goose-mussel,  fabled  to  fall 
from  its  siipport  and  turn  into  a  goose  (see  def. 
1).  The  name  is  sometimes  extended  or  transferred  to 
various  other  cirripeds,  as  the  sessile  acorn-shells  or  sea- 
acorns  of  the  family  Balanidce,  such  as  Balanus  lintinna- 
hulum.  See  Balanus.  This  is  the  usual  sense  of  the  word, 
except  in  Great  Britain. 

A  barnacle  may  be  said  to  be  a  crustacean  fixed  by  its 
head,  and  kicking  the  food  into  its  mouth  with  its  legs. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  256. 


455 

3.  Anything  resembling  a  barnacle  (in  sense  2). 

(a)  Any  anomalous  growtli  or  extraneous  adhering  matter 
orarrangement  tend- 
ing to  impede  pro- 
gress. 

Compulsory  pilot- 
age, the  three 
months'  e.xtra  pay  to 
crews  discharged  in 
foreign  lands,  and 
the  obligatory  em- 
ployment of  govern- 
ment officials  for  the 
shipment  of  sailors 
in  American  ports, 
.are  all  barnacles  .  .  . 
which  impede  tlie 
progi  ess  of  our  com- 
mercial marine. 
D.A.  irei/s, Merchant 
[Marine,  p.  181. 

(b)  A  person  holding 
on  tenaciously  to  a 
place  or  position ; 
one  who  is  a  useless  or  incompetent  fi.xture  in  an  office 
or  employment ;  a  follower  who  will  not  be  dismissed  or 
shaken  otf. 

4t.  [Cf.  barnarcl.']  A  decoy  swindler.  [Cant.] 
barnacle^  (bar'na-kl),  V.  t. ;  jn-et.  and  pp.  bar- 
nacled, ppr.  barnucling.  [<  barnacle^,  ?i.]  To 
fix  or  attach,  as  a  barnacle  upon  the  bottom 
of  a  ship.  [Rare.] 

He  barnacled  himself  to  Gershon,  now,  and  shipped  with 
him  always.  Mrs.  Whitney,  Gayworthys,  xxlv. 

barnacle^  (bar'na-kl),  n.  [Also  hamicle,  ber- 
nicle;  <  ME.  barnakylle,  byrnacle,  bernacle  (<  OF. 
hernicle,  an  instrument  of  torture),  appar.  adim. 
of  the  earlier  bernake,  bernak,  bernac,<.  OF.  ber- 
nac,  a  barnacle  (def.  1) ;  origin  unknown.  The 
word  branks,  q.  v.,  has  a  similar  meaning,  but 
no  connection  can  be  made  out.  The  sense 
of  '  spectacles '  easily  arises  from  the  original 
sense ;  but  some  connect  barnacles  in  this  sense 
with  OF.  bcricle,  mod.  F.  beside,  eye-glass  (< 
ML.  *bericiilHS,  dim.  of  berillus,  bcryllus,  beryl : 
see  be7-yl  and  brills),  or  with  mod.  F.  dial,  ber- 
niques,  spectacles.]  1.  A  kind  of  bit  or  muzzle 
used  to  restrain  an  unruly  horse  or  ass;  now 
(usually  in  the  plural),  an  instrument  consist- 
ing of  two  branches  joined  at  one  end  with  a 
hinge,  placed  on  a  horse's  nose  to  restrain  him 
while  being  shod,  bled,  or  dressed. 

A  scourge  to  an  hors  and  a  bernacle  [bridle,  A.  V.]  to  an 
asse.  Wycli/,  Prov.  xxvi.  3. 

Hence — 2.  An  instrument  of  torture  appliedin 
a  similar  way  to  persons. —  3.  7)1.  Spectacles. 
[Colloq.] 

WTiat  d'ye  lack?  'What  d'ye  lack?  Clocks,  watches,  bar- 
nacles.i  What  d'ye  lack,  sh-?  What  d'ye  lack,  madam? 

Scott,  Fortunes  of  >'igel. 

barnacle^  (bar'na-kl),  V.  t. ;  -pret.  and  pp.  bar- 
nacled, ppr.  barnucling.  [<  barnacle'^,  «.]  To 
apply  barnacles  to:  as,  to  barnacle  a  horse. 

barnacle-goose  (bar'na-kl-gos),  «.  [Formerly 
also  abbr.  bargoose;  <  barnacle^,  1,  +  goose.'] 
Same  as  barnacle^,  1. 

barnardt  (bar'nard),  n.  [Also  bernard;  per- 
haps for  berner,  q.  v.]  One  of  a  gang  of  swin- 
dlers who  acted  as  a  decoy. 

Barnburner  (bai'n'ber"ner),  n.  [In  reference 
to  the  story  of  a  farmer  who  burned  his  barn 
to  get  rid  of  the  rats.]  A  member  of  the  more 
progressive  of  the  two  factions  into  which  the 
Democratic  party  in  the  State  of  New  York 
was  long  divided,  the  other  faction  being  called 

the  Hunkers.  The  Barnburners  opposed  the  extension 
of  the  canal  system,  and  after  1S46  they  opposed  the  ex- 
tension of  slavery  in  the  Territories.  In  a  few  years  most 
of  them  joined  the  new  Free-soil  party. 

The  internal  reform  of  a  party  cannot  be  carried  out  by 
corrupt  leaders.  One  of  the  main  objects  of  the  reform- 
ers wiis  to  break  the  influence  of  the  latter,  and  to  this 
they  owed  their  appellation  of  barnburners,  their  enemies 
charging  them  with  a  readiness  to  burn  tlie  building  with 
the  vermin,  in  default  of  a  less  radical  means  of  purifica- 
tion. //.  von  Ilolst,  Const.  Hist,  (trans.).  III.  359. 

barncock  (bam'kok),  n.  A  local  Scotch  name 
of  the  turbot :  so  called  on  accoimt  of  its  round 
shape.  Bay. 

barn-door  (biim'dor'),  n.    The  door  of  a  bam. 

—  Barn-door  fowl,  a  mongrel  or  cross-bred  specimen  of 
the  common  hen  ;  a  dunghill  or  barn-yard  fowl. 

bar-net  (Ijar'net),  n.  A  net  placed  across  a 
stream  to  guide  fish  into  a  wing-pond. 

barney  (biir'ni),  n.  [Perhaps  from  the  proper 
name  Barney  for  Barnaby,  formerly  very  com- 
mon as  a  Christian  name,  and  still  common 
among  the  Irish.  But  in  3d  sense  cf.  blarney.'] 
1.  In  mining,  a  small  car  iised  in  the  anthracite 
region  of  Pennsylvania  on  inclined  planes  and 
slopes  to  push  the  mine-car  up  the  slope. —  2. 
A  prize-fight.    [Slang.] — 3.  Humbug. 

barney-pit  (bar'ni-pit),  71.  In  the  anthracite 
mines  of  Pennsylvania,  a  pit  at  the  bottom  of 


baroco 

a  slope  or  plane  into  wliich  the  barney  runs, 
in  order  to  allow  the  mine-car  to  run  in  over 
it  to  the  foot  of  the  plane, 
barn-gallon  (barn'gal"on),  71.  A  measure  con- 
taining two  imperial  gallons  of  milk;  a  double 
gallon. 

barn-grass  (biim'gras),  «.  The  common  cock- 
spur-grass,  Panicum  Crus-gatli. 

barnhardtite  (barn'har-ti't),  n.  [<  Earnhardt, 
name  of  the  owner  of  land  in  North  Carolina 
where  it  is  found,  +  -itc'^.]  A  sulpliid  of  cop- 
per and  iron  occurring  massive  and  of  a  bronze- 
yellow  color  in  North  Carolina  and  elsewhere. 

barnman  (barn'man),  71. ;  pi.  barnmen  (-men). 
A  laborer  in  a  barn ;  a  thresher. 

Barnman,  sower,  hayward,  and  woodward  were  alike 
serfs.  J.  I!.  Green,  .Short  Hist,  of  Eng.,  p.  50. 

barn-O'Wl  (bam'oul),  n.  1.  The  common  white 
owl,  Strix  flanDnea  ov  Aluco  flanwieus:  so  called 
from  being  often  found  in  bams,  where  it  is 
useful  as  a  destroyer  of  mice.  Its  conspecies  or 
varieties  inhabit  nearly  all  temperate  regions  of  the  globe. 
The  variety  found  in  the  United  States  is  Aluco  pratin- 
cola.    Also  called  church-o  wl. 


Barn-ow!  lAtuco  Jiatnvieus), 

2.  pi.  The  owls  of  the  barn-owl  tj^e,  genera 
St7-ix  or  Aluco  and  Phodilus,  which  differ  so 
decidedly  from  all  other  owls  that  naturalists 
now  consider  them  types  of  a  distinct  family. 
See  owl  and  Aluconida: 
barns-breaking  (barnz'bra'king),  V.  [Sc.,  in 
allusion  to  the  act  of  breaking  open  a  barn  to 
steal  grain.]  Any  mischievous  or  injurious 
action ;  an  idle  frolic. 

There  is  blood  on  your  hand,  and  your  clothes  are  torn. 
Vt'hat  barns-breakin;/  have  you  been  at?  You  have  been 
drunk,  Eichard,  and  fighting.  Scott. 

barn-stormer  (bam'st6r'''mer),  n.  A  strolling 
l^layer;  an  actor  who  plays  "in  the  provinces." 
barn-storming  (bam'stor'ming),  n.  [In  allu- 
sion to  "  taking  by  stonn"  the  barns  in  which 
strolling  actors  often  played.]  The  practice  of 
acting  in  barns,  as  strolling  players;  hence, 
the  practice  of  playing  "upon  the  road"  or  "  in 
the  pro'vinces." 
barn-S'Wallo'W  (bam'swol'o),  n.  The  common 
swallow  of  the  United  States,  Hirundo  horreo- 
rum  or  H.  c7-yth)-o- 
gastra:  so  called 
because  it  habit- 
ually  breeds  in 

bams.  The  upper 
parts  are  dark  steel- 
blue,  the  Icjwer  parts 
chestnut  with  an  im-  ' 
perfect  collar,  and  the 
tail  deeply  forked  and 
spatted  with  white. 
It  is  the  American 
representative  of  the 
similar  H.  rustica  of 
Eiu'ope. 

barn-yard  (bam'- 
yard),  n.  A  yard 
surrounding  or  ad- 
joining a  bam. — 

Bam- yard  fowl,  any  Bam-swallow  (.Hiruttdo  erythrogastra ). 
specimen  of  the  com- 
mon domestic  fowl,  including  hens,  geese,  ducks,  guineas, 
and  turkeys  ;  specifically,  a  mongrel  or  cross-bred  speci- 
men of  these  fowls  ;  a  barn-door  fowl, 
bare-.  [<  Gr.  ^apoc,  weight,  <  ^ap'vq,  heavy,  = 
L.  gravis,  heavy:  see  (/rai-e^.]  An  element 
in  certain  compound  scientific  terms,  implying 
heaviness. 

baroco^  (ba-ro'ko),  «.  [An  artificial  name  in- 
vented by  Petrus  Hispanus.]    la  logic,  the 


baroco 

mnemonic  name  of  a  mood  of  syllogism  in  the 
second  figiire,  having  a  universal  affirmative 
major  premise,  a  particular  negative  minor, 
and  a  particular  negative  conclusion:  as, 
Every  true  patriot  is  a  friend  to  religion ;  some 
great  statesmen  are  not  friends  to  religion; 
therefore,  some  great  statesmen  are  not  true 

patriots.  Five  of  the  six  letters  that  compose  tlie  word 
are  significant.  B  means  that  it  is  to  be  reduced  to  bar- 
bara;  a,  that  the  major  premise  is  universal  affirmative  ; 
o,  that  the  minor  premise  is  particular  negative ;  c,  tliat 
the  syllogism  is  to  be  reduced  per  impossibile  (see  reduc- 
tion); and  0,  that  the  conclusion  is  particular  negative. 
See  iiiood'i.    Also  spelled  bamko. 

baroco^,  barocco  (ba-ro'ko),  a.    [It.  harocco.'] 

Same  as  baroque. 

barogram  (bar'o-gram),  n.  The  record  traced 
by  a  barograph. 

barograph  (bar'o-gi-af),  n.  [<  Gr.  fSapoc,  weight, 
+  ypdipeiv,  write.]  A  self -registering  instrtmient 
for  recording  variations  in  the  pressure  of  the 
atmosphere,  it  is  made  by  attaching  to  the  lever  of  a 
counterpoised  barometer  an  arm  with  a  pencil  in  contact 
with  a  sheet  of  paper,  and  moved  uniformly  by  clockwork. 
The  result  is  a  continunus  trace,  xi  liose  changes  of  form 
correspond  to  the  variatiuiis  of  prt-ssure.  In  another  form 
a  ray  of  light  is  made  to  traverse  the  upper  part  of  the 
barometer-tube  and  fall  on  a  moving  ribbon  of  sensitized 
paper,  the  rising  and  falling  of  the  mercury  in  the  barome- 
ter causing  the  beam  of  light  to  be  increased  or  dimin- 
ished in  width,  thus  showing  the  changes  in  the  barometer 
by  the  continuous  photographic  record  of  the  paper.  In 
still  another  form  the  movement  of  the  mercury-colnnni 
is  used  to  close  an  electric  circuit  and  thus  report  its 
movements.    Also  called  barometrograph. 

barographic  (bar-o-graf'ik),  a.  [<  barograph 
+  -ff.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  barograph;  fur- 
nished by  the  barograph :  as,  barographic  rec- 
ords. 

baroko,  n.    See  baroco^. 

barolite  (bar'o-lit),  n.  [<  Gr.  /3apof,  weight,  + 
/(for,  stone.]  Barium  carbonate.  See  ivitherite. 

barqlogy  (ba-rol'o-ji),  w.    [<  Gr.  fSapo^,  weight, 
+  -Aoyia,  <  Ikyeiv,  speak:  see  -ology.]    The  sci- 
ence of  weight  or  of  the  gravity  of 
bodies. 

baromacrometer  (bar'o-mak-rom'- 
e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  jidpog,  weight,  + 
fiaKpo^,  long,  +  fiirpov,  a  measure.] 
An  instrument  invented  by  Pro- 
fessor Stein  for  ascertaining  the 
weight  and  the  length  of  new-bom 
infants. 

barometer  (ba-rom'e-ter), «.  [< 
Gr.  pdpog,  weight,  +  /jerpov,  a  mea- 
sure.] An  instrument  for  measur- 
ing the  weight  or  pressure  of  the 
atmosphere,  invented  by  Evange- 
lista  Ton'icelli,  an  Italian  mathe- 
matician and  physicist,  in  1643. 
The  simplest  form  of  this  instrument  is  a 
glass  tube  over  30  inches  long,  sealed  at  one 
end,  and  then  filled  with  mercury.  When 
the  tube  is  inverted,  with  the  open  end 
dipping  into  a  cuj)  or  cistern  of  mercury, 
the  column  sinks,  leaving  a  vacuum  at  the 
top,  till  the  pressure  of  the  atmo.sphere  on 
each  unit  of  surface  of  the  mercury  in  tlie 
cistern  equals  the  weight  of  the  column  in 
the  tube  over  each  unit  of  surface  of  the 
horizontal  section  at  the  level  of  the  mer- 
ciu'y  outside,  when  the  pressure  of  the 
column  of  mercury  just  balances  that  of 
the  atmosphere. 
The  rise  and  fall 
can  be  measured 
on  a  graduated 
scale.  Barome- 
ters of  this  form 
are  called  cis- 
tern barometers.  Fortin's 

They  are  the  Barometer, 
commonest  of 
rough  mercurial  barometers. 
For  scientific  purposes,  the  most 
frequently  used  is  Fortin's  ba- 
rometer, in  which  the  cistern  is 
adjustable,  the  zero  of  the  scale 
coinciding  with  the  extremity 
of  an  ivory  pointer  (a  in  second 
figxire)  which  projects  down- 
ward from  the  top  of  the  cis- 
tern-box. The  bottom  of  the 
cistern  is  made  of  leather,  and 


456 

phon  barometer  having  a  float  resting  on  tlie  surface  of 
tlie  mercury  in  the  open  branch,  and  a  thread  attached  to 
the  float  passing  over  a  pulley,  and  having  a  weight  at  its 
extremity  as  a  counterpoise  to  the  float.  As  the  mercury 
rises  and  falls  the  thread  turns  the  pulley  which  moves 
the  index  of  the  dial.  The  barometer  is  used  in  many 
physical  and  chemical  determinations,  but  its  most  ordi- 
nary applications  are  (1)  to  the  prediction  of  changes  in 
the  sveather,  and  (2)  to  the  determination  of  the  elevation 
of  stations  above  the  sea-level.— Aneroid  barometer,  a 
portable  instrument,  invented  by  JI.  Vidi  of  Paris,  for  in- 
dicating the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  without  the  use  of 
mercury  orother  fluid.  It  consists  of  a  circular  metallic  box 
which  is  exhausted  of  air,  and  of  which  the  corrugated  dia- 
phragms are  held  in  a  stsfte  of  tension  by  powerful  springs. 
The  varying  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  causes  a  variation  ^  „  ,  ^1^^^.,-^ 
of  the  surface  of  the  diaphragm,  which  variation,  being  ■hnZnmnlny 
multiplied  by  delicate  levers  and  a  fine  chain  wound  around  Odromoior 
a  pinion,  actuates  an  index-pointer  which  moves  over  a 
gi-aduated  scale.  Bourdon's  metallic  barometer  is  an  ane- 
roid barometer  consisting  of  a  flattened,  curved  tube,  ex- 


baronet 

metric  measurements,  experiments,  observa- 
tions, or  the  like. 


Bourdon's  Metallic  Barometer. 
A,  front  view,  showing  liand  or  indicator,  a,  and  the  scale ;  h,  e. 
mercurial  thermometers.  S,  back  view  :  d,  d,  tube  secured  at  its  mid- 
dle,   and  having  its  endsconnected  by  links,  y,  /,  to  two  short  levers, 
^,  ^,  on  the  same  axis  as  the  hand,       A,  open  plate. 

hausted  of  air  and  having  one  end  fixed  and  the  othergeared 
to  an  index-pointer  which  traverses  a  graduated  arc.  Tlie 
curvature  of  the  tube  is  aMecte<l  by  variations  in  tlie 
atmospheric  pressure,  and  the  pointer  is  moved  corre- 
spondingly on  the  dial.— Marine  barometer,  a  cistern 
barometer  a(iapted  to  the  conditions  of  a  shiii's  motion, 
being  suspended  by  gimbals,  and  having  a  stricture  in 
the  tube  to  lessen  the  oscillations  of  the  mercury. — 
Pumping  of  the  barometer,  an  unsteadiness  in  the 
barometric  column,  due  to  a  gusty  wind.  —  Self-reglster- 
ing  barometer,  a  barogTai)h  (which  see).— True  height 
of  the  barometer,  the  lieight  of  the  barometer  corrected 
to  the  standard  density  of  mercury  (that  is,  its  density  at 
tlie  freezing-point  of  water),  for  variations  of  gravity,  for 
the  eflect  of  capillarity,  index-error,  expansion  of  the 
scale,  etc.  The  United  States  Signal  Office  also  corrects 
for  the  elevation  of  the  station  above  the  sea-level.  See 
ittmospherc  and  si/mjiiesomfter. 

barometer-flowers  (ba-rom'e-ter-flou''''6rz),  n. 
2>l.    Artificial  flowers  colored  with  chlorid  of 
cobalt.    In  dry  air  they  are  blue,  and  in  moist 
air  they  ttrni  pink, 
barometer-gage  (ba-rom'e-ter-gaj),  n.  An  appa- 
ratus attached  to  the  boiler  of  a  steam-engine,  to 
a  condenser,  or  to  some  other 
chamber  in  which  a  more  or 
less  perfect  vacuum  is  liable 
to  be  formed,  to  indicate  the 
state  of  the  vacuum,  in  one 

form  a  reversed  U-tube  has  one  end 
plunged  in  a  basin  of  mercury  and 
tlie  other  connected  with  the  vacu- 
nm-chamber.  Another  coniinon 
form  is  a  U-tube  partially  filled 
with  mercury,  and  having  one  end 
open  to  the  air  and  the  other  con- 
nected with  the  vacuum-chamber. 
Any  exhaustion  in  the  chamber 
causes  the  mercury  to  rise  in  the 
leg  connected  with  it  and  to  fall  in 
the  other.  The  fluctuations  are 
noted  upon  a  scale  placed  between 
the  two  legs  of  the  tube, 
barometric  (bar-o-met'rik), 
a.  Pertaining  to,  made  with, 
or  indicated  by  a  barometer : 
as,  barometric  eiTors;  baro- 
metric experiments  or  mea- 
surements ;  barometric  changes.  Also  baric. — 
Barometric  depression.  See  rfc^res.s;ori.— Barometric 

trough,  an  area  of  low  barometer.    See  barometer. 


Tornadoes  are  more  frequent  when  the  major  axes  of 
the  barometric  troughs  trend  north  and  south,  or  north- 
east and  southwest,  than  when  they  trend  east  and  west. 

Science,  III.  707. 

'"^^o^^X!f"fh?^5  barometrical,  (bar-o-met^i-kal),  a. 


cury  can  be  raised 
ered    until   its  surface 


mer- 
low- 
just 


By 


ing  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  barometer ;  baro- 
metric—  Barometrical  aerometer.  See  aerometer. 
touches  the  point  of  the  index;  barometrically  (bar-6-met'ri-kal-i),  adv 

this  operation  must  be  per-  c     -u  i.     '  ..  n 

formed  before  each  observa-    means  of  a  barometer. 

tion.  The  siphon  barometer  con-  barOmetrOgraph  (bar-o-met'ro-graf ),  «.  [< 
sists  of  a  bent  tube,  generally 
of  uniform  bore,  having  two 
unequal  legs.  The  longer  leg, 
which  must  be  more  than  30 
inches  long,  is  closed,  while  the 
shorter  leg  is  open  ;  the  differ- 
ence of  the  levels  in  the  two 
legs  represents  the  pressure  of 
The  wheel  ba- 


A  scrap  of  parchment  hung  by  geometry, 
(A  great  refinement  in  barometry). 
Can,  like  the  stars,  foretell  the  weather. 

Swift,  Grub  Street  Elegy. 

barometz  (bar'o-mets),  n.  [Appar.  an  errone- 
ous transliteration  of  Euss.  baranetsu,  club- 
moss,  connected  with  baranii,  a  ram,  sheep.] 
The  dectunbent  caudex  of  the  fern  Dicksotna 
Barometz,  also  called  Agnus  Scythicus,  the 
Scythian  or  Tatarian  lamb.  See  Agnus  Scythi- 
cus, imder  agnus.    Also  wi-itten  borames. 

(bar'o-mo-tor),  «.  [<  Gr.  papog, 
weight,  +  L.  motor.'}  A  portable  hand-  and 
foot-power  having  two  treadles  connecting 
with  cranks  on  a  fly-shaft.  E.  H.  Knight. 
baron  (bar'on),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  barren, 
<  ME.  baron,  barvn,  baroini,  <  OF.  baron,  barun 
(orig.  acc.  of  ber)  =  Pr.  bar,  acc.  6«row,  baro 
=  Sp.  varo7i  =  Pg.  varao  =  It.  barone,  prop, 
a  man  (It.  now  a  vagabond),  then  specifically 
one  who  was  a  'man'  or  vassal  of  the  king  or 
other  superior,  whence  the  later  use  of  the 
term  as  a  title,  F.  baron,  fern,  baronne,  whence, 
from  F.  or  E.,  in  other  languages,  Sp.  baron, 
Pg.  barao,  It.  barone,  G.  Dan.  Sw.  baron,  leel. 
barun,  Russ.  baronu,  etc. ;  <  ML.  baro(n-),  a  man 
(L.  homo  or  vir),  hence,  in  particular  iises,  vas- 
sal, servant,  freeman,  husband.  Origin  un- 
ce_rtain;  by  some  connected  through  'servant' 
with  L,  baro{n-),  a  simpleton,  blockhead, 
dunce.]  1.  In  Great  Britain,  the  title  of  a  no- 
bleman holding  the  lowest  rank  in  the  peer- 
age ;  a  member  of  the  baronage :  as.  Baron 
Arundell  of  Wardour ;  a  Scotch  baron.  The 
children  of  barons  have  the  title  "Honorable."  Origi- 
nally the  barons,  being  the  feudatories  of  princes,  were 
the  proprietors  of  land  held  by  honorable  service.  Hence 
in  ancient  records  the  word  barons  comprehends  all  the 
nobility.  All  such  in  England  had  in  early  times  a  right; 
to  sit  in  Parliament.  Anciently  barons  were  greater, 
such  as  held  their  lands  of  the  king  in  capite,  or  lesser, 
such  as  held  their  lands  of  the  greater  barons  by  military 
s,e\-VK.e  in  capite.  "The  present  barons  are  — (1)  Barons 
by  prescription,  for  that  they  and  their  ancestors  have 
immetnorially  sat  in  the  Upper  House.  (2)  Barons  by 
patent,  having  obtained  a  patent  of  this  dignity  to  them 
and  their  heirs,  male  or  otherwise.  (3)  Barons  by  tenure, 
holding  the  title  as  annexed  to  land."  (Wharton.)  For- 
luerly,  when  all  barons  were  not  summoned  to  sit  in  Par- 
liament, the  name  of  barons  by  lorit  was  given  to  those 
who  actually  were  so  summoned.  Barons  in  the  peerages 
of  Scotland  and  Ireland  have  seats  in  the  British  Parlia- 
ment only  when  elected  by  their  order. 
See  peer.  The  word  baron  was  not 
known  in  the  British  isles  till  intro- 
duced from  the  continent  under  the 
Norman  princes.  The  coronet  of  a 
baron  of  England  consists  of  a  plain 
gold  circle,  with  six  balls  or  large  pearls 
on  its  edge,  and  with  the  cap,  etc.,  as 
in  a  viscount's. 

2.  A  title  of  the  judges  or  offi- 
cers of  the  English  Court  of  Ex- 
chequer, hence  called  barons  of  the  Exchequer, 
the  president  of  the  court  being  called  chief 
baron. —  3.  In  law  and  her.,  a  husband :  as,  baron 
and  feme,  husband  and  wife. —  4.  On  the  conti- 
nent of  Europe,  especially  in  France  and  Ger- 
many, a  member  of  the  lowest  order  of  heredi- 
tary nobility:  in  Germany,  same  as  Freiherr. — 
Baron  of  beef,  in  cookery,  two  sirloins  not  cut  asunder. 
—Barons  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  members  of  the  British 
House  of  Commons  formerly  elected,  two  for  each  of  the 
seven  (originally  five)  Cinque  Ports  — Dover,  Sandwich, 
Romney,  Hastings,  Hythe,  Winclielsea,  and  Rye. 

baronage  (bar'on-aj),  n.  [<  ME.  baronage^ 
barunage,  barnage,  K  OF.  barnage,  barnaige,  P. 
baronnagc  —  Vv.  barnatge  =  It.  baronaggio,  bar- 
naggio  (ML.  reflex  baronagium),  <  ML.  ^barona- 
ticum,  <.  baro(n-) :  see  baron  and -age.']  1.  The 
whole  body  of  British  barons;  formerly,  the 
nobility  or  peerage  in  general. 

The  baronage  is  divided  so  narrowly  that  the  summons 
or  exclusion  of  half  a  dozen  members  changes  the  fate  of 
a  ministry  or  of  a  dynasty.       Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  686. 

2.  The  dignity  or  rank  of  a  baron. — Sf.  The 
land  which  gives  title  to  a  baron ;  a  barony, 
baron-court  (bar'on-kort),  n.    See  court-baron. 
Pertain-  baroness  (bar'pn-es),  n.     [<  ME.  baronesse,. 


Coronet  of  an  Eng- 
lish Baron. 


Two  forms  of  Barome- 
ter-gage.—a,  bent  glass 
tube ;  l>,  mercury-cis- 
tern ;  c,  c,  points  at 
which  tubes  connect  with 
condensers :  rf,  bend  of 
tube  containing  mercury. 


Cistern  of  Fortin's  Barom- 
eter.—  a,  extremity  of  ivory      -     ^  -  . 
pointer  marking  the  zero  of  the  atmosphere 
the  scale.  rorneter  usually  consists  of  a  si 


baronys,  <  OF.  barnesse,  baronnesse  =  Pr.  It. 
baronessa  (ML.  baronissa) :  see  baron  and  -ess.] 
The  wife  of  a  baron,  or  (in  a  few  cases  in  Eng- 
land) a  lady  holding  a  baronial  title  as  a  peer- 
_    _  .  .  _      ,  ^     ess  in  her  ovro  right. 

Gr.  (iapoc,  weight,  +  phpov,  &  measure  (see  ba-  baronet  (bar'on-et),  n.    [<  ME.  baronet,  baro- 
""""'^    '  '  ^     ^igfg  (]yj;L_  baronettns,  P.  baronnet,  G.  baronet, 

Russ.  baronetu,  after  E.),  <  baron  +  -et.}  If.  -A 
lesser  or  inferior  baron,  in  this  use  the  word  had 
not  the  specific  sense  that  it  received  in  the  time  of  James 
I.  "According  to  Spenser  ('State  of  Ireland  '),  originally 
applied  to  gentlemen,  not  barons  by  tenure,  summoned 
to  the  House  of  Lords  by  Edward  III. ;  perhaps  to  the 
heirs  of  barons  summoned  by  writ  in  their  fathers'  llfe- 


rometer),  +  ypa<peLv,  write.]  Same  as  barograph 
barometrography  (bar'o-met-rog'ra-fi),  n. 
[As  barometrograj)h  +  -?/.]    The  science  of  the 
barometer  ;  also,  the  art  of  making  barometric 
observations, 
barometry  (ba-rom'e-tri),  n.    [As  barometer  + 
The  art  or  operation  of  conducting  baro- 


baronet 

time.  Applied  in  Ireland  to  the  holder  of  a  small  barony. 
Often  synonymous  with  banneret."    N.  E.  D. 

He  had  soe  many  Barrons  in  his  Parliament,  as  were 
able  to  waigh  downe  the  Cleargye  and  tlieyr  frendes ;  the 
which  Barrons,  they  say,  were  not  afterwardes  Lordes,  but 
only  Barronetts,  as  sundrye  of  them  doe  yet  retayne  the 
name.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

2.  A  British  title  of  hereditary  rank  or  degree 
of  honor  next  below  that  of  a  baron,  and  thus 
not  conferringa  peerage,  a  liaronet  is  designated  Sir 
So-and-so,  Bart.  (Christian  name  andsm'namebeinggiven), 
and  ranks  above  all  knights  except  those  of  the  Garter. 
There  is  no  ceremony  of  investiture,  the  title  being  given  by 
patent.  Tlie  order  was  founded  by  James  I.  in  1611,  pro- 
fessedly to  promote  the  English  and  Scotch  colonization 
of  Ulster,  for  which  each  baronet  paid  £1,0S0.  The  ori- 
ginal limitation  of  the  order  to  200  members  was  set  aside 
and  the  payment  remitted  at  an  eai-Iy  date.  (For  the 
badge  of  the  order,  see  badge  of  Ulster,  under  badge^.) 
The  title  is  abbreviated  Bnrt.  after  a  name.— Baronet's 
hand,  the  liloody  hand  of  Ulster.  See  badge  of  Ulster, 
under  badrjei.—  Baronets  Of  Ireland,  an  order  of  knights 
baronets  founded  by  James  I.  of  England,  in  the  seven- 
teenth year  of  his  reign  (1619),  for  the  same  purpose  and 
witii  the  same  privileges  in  Ireland  as  had  been  conferred 
on  the  order  created  in  England  in  1611.— BaronetS  Of 


457 


barrad 


with  rococo ;  but  rococo  is  preferably  reserved  for  ornament 
of  tiie  same  period,  particularly  in  France,  which,  though 
overcharged  and  inorganic,  still  retains  some  beauty  and 
artistic  cpiality ;  baroque  implies  tlie  presence  of  ugly  and 
repellent  inialities. 

Sometimes  written  baroco,  harocco,  harock. 
Baroque  pearl,  a  rough  pearl  of  irregular  or  contorted 
form.    Such  pearls  are  tre(iuently  utilized  to  form  bodies 
of  birds  or  the  like,  the  extremities  being  made  of  gold,  etc. 

II.  n.  1.  An  object  of  irregular  and  peculiar 
form,  especially  in  ornamental  art. 

On  the  scroll  luindle  is  a  pearl  baroque  of  Neptune  rid- 
ing on  a  dolpliin.  S.  K.  Loan  Kxhibition,  1801. 

2.  Ornament,  design,  etc.,  of  the  style  and  pe- 
riod called  baroque.    See  I.,  2. 

The  mad  extravagances  of  the  baroque,  a  style,  if  style 
it  can  be  called,  which  declared  war  against  the  straiglit 
line,  erased  logic  in  construction  from  its  grammar  of  art, 
and  overloaded  buildings  with  meretricious  ornament. 
_  C.  C.  Perkins,  Italian  Sculpture,  p.  3C4. 

Scotland,  an  order  instituted  by  Charles  I.  of  "England  barOSCOpe  (bar'o-skop),  n.  [<  Gr.  /3apoc,  Weight, 
inl62o.  Ihenommalobject  was  the  settlement  of  Nova  +  cKO-elv  view!  1  An  instruTnent  iispd  to 
Scotia,  and  natents  were  rrrant.pH  i.nH»v  tho  c^„i  „f    .     o^""*^'",  View.J_    1.  AJO.  instrument  USea  10 

indicate  changes  m  the  pressure  of  the  atmo 
sphere  without  measuring  its  absolute  weight 


forms,  particularly  in  church  architecture,  and  its  con-  baira^t  (bar'il),  n.     [ML.,  a  bar:  see  haA  1  A 
torted  ornamentation,  made  up  in  great  p.art  of  meaning-    y,„„  r\f  +r>T.ro.'.' ,,i„„„,i  „t  4.t.„  „„,i   „f      i  '■  i 
less  scrolls  and  inorganic  sliell-work.    Also  called,  some-     ^.^^  °'  ^^^^^'^  Placed  at  the  end  of  a  bridge, 
times,  the  Jesuit  style,  from  the  many  and  remarkably  rfCfllC. 

ugly  examples  supplied  by  churches  founded  by  the  baiia^  (bar'il),  11.  [Pg.,  a  particular  use  of 
Jesuit  order.   This  word  is  often  used  intercliaiigcalUy    harm,  a  bar  "(ef.  E.  yard,  rod,  perch,  similarly 

used) :  see  bar^.']  A  Portuguese  linear  measure, 
equal  to  1.25  yards,  used  for  cloths  of  various 
kinds. 


Scotia,  and  patents  were  granted  under  the  great  seal  of 
Scotland,  as  those  of  the  Ulster  baronets  had  been  granted 
under  the  great  seal  of  England.  After  the  union  of  the 
crowns  in  1707  the  baronets  of  Scotland  charged  their 
arms  with  the  badge  of  Ulster,  and  became  baronets  of 
the  United  Kingdom.  The  baronets  of  Scotland  are  often 
called  Nova  Scotia  baronets.  None  have  been  created  since 
the  union. 


See  wcatlier-glass  and  storm-glass. —  2.  A  piece 
of  physical  apparatus  used  to  demonstrate  the 
upward  pressure  of  the  air.    it  consists  of  a  large 

body  of  small  density  attached  to  the  beam  of  a  balance, 
and  exactly  balanced  by  a  small  weight.  When  this  is 
placed  under  the  receiver  of  an  air-pump  and  the  air  is 
exhausted,  the  arm  of  the  balance  to  which  the  large 
body  is  attached  tips  down,  since  the  upward  pressure 
now  taken  from  it  is  gi-eater  than  that  removed  from  the 
small  counterpoise, 
^bar**  (bar-o-skop'ik),  a.    [<  baroscope  + 

-ic]  Pertaining  to  or  determined  by  the  baro- 

baronetcy  (bar'on-et-si),  n.   [<  baronet  + -cv.l  r^'^^^^'    •    i  /-u     -  i        i  ^\  o 
The  title  and  diinity  of  a  baronet.  baroscopical  (bar-o-skop'i-kal),  a.    Same  as 


baronet  (bar'on-et),  V.  t.  To  raise  to  the  rank 
of  baronet:  generally  in  the  passive:  as,  he 
expects  to  be  baroneted. 

baronetage  (bar'on-et-aj),  n.  [<  baronet  + 
-age,  on  type  of  harondge.']  1.  The  baronets 
as  a  body. —  2.  The  dignity  or  rank  of  a 
onet. 


baroscopic. 

baroselenite  (bar-o-sel'e-nit),  n.  [<  Gr.  pdpog, 
weight  (or  fiapi%,  heavy),  +  selenite,  q.  v.] 
Same  as  barite. 


baronial  (ba-ro'ni-al),  a.  [<  baron  +  -ial.  Cf, 
ML.  harondlis.']  Pertaining  to  a  baron  or  a 
barony,  or  to  the  order  of  barons :  as,  baronial 

possessions;  the  baronial  disnitY.  t>  ^-u        r  -  ^       f-ntt      i  -r, 

baronism  (bar'on-izm),_  n.  \<  laron  +  ^^^'X^^^o,:  ^^^^^^ 


Feudalism ;  the  baronial  system. 

The  spirit  of  Norman  baronisin  on  one  side,  and  the 
spirit  of  Anglo-Saxon  freedom  on  the  other. 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXIX.  422. 

baronnette  (bar-on-ef),  n.  [F.,  dim.  of  baronne, 
fem.  of  baron,  baron.]    A  little  baroness;  a 
baron's  daughter :  sometimes  used  for  the  wife 
of  a  baronet.    N.  E.  B. 
baronryt  (bar'on-ri),ji. ;  pi.  baronries  (-riz). 


of  oppressive 

smell,  <  Papvg,  heavy,  oppressive,  +  bciiij,  older 
form  'o6iJ.i],  smell,  odor,  <  bC,£iv,  smell,  akin  to  L. 
odor,  odor.]  A  genus  of  shrubs,  natural  order 
Mutacew,  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  pos- 
sessing a  strong,  heavy  odor.  The  leaves  of  several 
species,  as  B.  crenulata,  B.  serratifolia,  and  B.  betttlina, 
are  largely  used  in  medicine  under  the  name  of  buchu, 
chiefly  in  disorders  of  the  urinogenital  organs.  In  Cape 
Colony  they  are  employed  as  a  stimulant  and  stomachic 


[<  ME.  barunri'e,  <  OP.  baronnerie :  see  baron  barouche  (ba-rosh'),  n.    [Spelled  as  if  F.,but 


and  -ry.']  1 .  A  barony ;  the  domain  of  a  baron. 
— 2.  The  rank  or  dignity  of  a  baron. —  3.  Bar- 
ons collectively, 
barony  (bar'on-i),  n. ;  pi.  baronies  (-iz).  [< 
ME.  baronie,  <  OP.  baronie,  barunie  (F.  baron- 
nie),  <  ML.  baronia,  <  baro(n-),  a  baron.]  1. 
The  rank  or  dignity  of  a  baron. —  2.  The  do- 
main of  a  baron ;  the  territory  or  lordship  of  a 
baron. —  3.  In  Scotland,  a  large  freehold  estate, 
even  though  the  proprietor  is  not  a  baron. — 4. 
In  Ireland,  a  territorial  division  corresponding 
nearly  to  the  English  hundred,  and  supposed  to 
have  been  originally  the  district  of  a  native 
chief.    There  are  316  baronies  in  the  island. 

Whatever  the  regular  troops  spared  was  devoured  by 
bauds  of  marauders  who  overran  almost  every  barony  in 
thejsland.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xii. 

5.  Formerly,  the  tenure  by  which  a  baron  held 
of  his  superior,  namely,  military  or  other  hon- 
orable service. —  6t.  The  body  of  barons  and 
other  peers;  the  baronage — Burgh  of  barony. 

See  burgh. 

baroque  (ba-rok'),  a.  and  n.  [Also  baroco ;■=  G. 
Dan.  barok,  <  F.  baroque,  barroque  =  It.  barocco, 
<  Pg._  barroco  =  Sp.  barrueco,  irregular,  bizarre, 
esp.  in  architecture,  orig.  irregular-shaped,  as 
applied  to  a  pearl.  Origin  uncertain;  perhaps, 
with  some  confusion  with  other  words,  <  L.  ver- 
ruca, a  steep  place,  a  height ;  hence,  a  wart,  an 
excrescence  on  precious  stones.]  I.  a.  1.  Odd; 
bizarre ;  corrupt  and  fantastic  in  style. 

The  Oncidium  leucochilum  is  by  no  means  the  most  ec- 
centric or  baroque  member  of  the  family  of  orchids. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  589. 

Happy  the  artist  whose  women-friends  or  relatives  are 
able  to  help  him  avoid  the  baroque  developments  of  female 


taken  directly  <  G.  dial,  barutsche,  <  It.  baroccio, 
biroccio  (with  term,  assimilated  to  that  of  car- 
roccio,  a  chariot)  =  Sp.  barroclio,  orig.  a  two- 
wheeled  vehicle,  <  LL.  birota,  a  cabriolet,  orig. 


Barouche. 


A,  body;  B.  perch 
F,  thorough-brace 


C.  C-! 


D,  dummy  ;  E,  under-spring ; 
.  rocker ;  H,  hub,  or  nave  ;  /.  spoke ;  y,  rim, 
hen  the  whole  circumference  is  composed  of  two  pieces,  and  felly, 
vvhen  it  is  composed  of  several  pieces. 

fem.  of  the  adj.  birotus,  two-wheeled,  <  L.  bis, 
double,  +  rota,  a  wheel.]  A  large  four-wheeled 
carriage  with  a  falling  or  folding  top  over  the 
back  seat,  and  the  seats  arranged  as  in  a  coach, 
barouchet  (ba-ro-sha'),  n.    [As  if  P.;  dim.  of 

barouche.]  A  small  kind  of  barouche. 
baroxyton_  (ba-rok 'si -ton),  n.  [<  Gv.  ftapix, 
heavy,  -I-  o^vtovoq,  sharp-sounding.]  A  brass 
instrument  of  music  invented  in  1853,  having  a 
compass  of  three  and  a  half  octaves,  beginning 
nearly  three  octaves  below  middle  C :  occasion- 
ally used  iu  military  bands, 
bar-post  (bar'post),  n.  One  of  the  posts  driven 
into  the  ground  to  foi-m  the  sides  of  a  field- 
gate. 


attire  which  characterize  so  many  of  our  native  canvases,  bar-pump  (bar  pump),  n.    Same  as  bare-pump. 

especially  in  genre  subjects.       The  Century,  XXV.  575.  barquantiuo,  barc[uentine,      See  barkantine. 

2.  Specifically,  in  arch.,  applied  to  a  style  of  barque,  n.    See  bark^. 

decoration  which  prevailed  in  Europe  during  a  barret,  w.    Obsolete  spelling  of 

great  part  of  the  eighteenth  centm-y,  and  may  barr'-^  (bar),  v.  i.    [Also  bary ;  <  P.  barrir,  <  L. 

be  considered  to  have  begun  toward  the  close  barrire,  cry  as  an  elephant.]    To  cry  as  an  ele- 

of  the  seventeenth  century,  it  is  nearly  equivalent  pliant, 

to  the  Louis  XV.  style,  and  is  distinguished  by  its  clumsy  barr^,  «.    See  bahar. 


barrable  (biir'a^bl),  a.   [<        v.,  +  -able.']  In 

law,  capable  of  being  barred  or  stayed, 
barra-boat  (bar'ii-bot),  «.    [Named  from  the 
island  of  Barra  in  the  Hebrides.]  A  vessel  car- 
rying ten  or  twelve  men,  used  in  the  Hebrides. 

It  is  extremely  sharp  fore  and  aft,  and  lias  no  Hour,  tlie 
sides  rising  straight  from  the  keel,  so  that  a  cross-section 
represents  the  letter  V. 

barracan  (bar'a-kan),  n.  [<  p.  barracan,  bara- 
can,  now  bouracan  =  Pr.  barracan  =  Sp.  barra- 
gan  (whence  also  E.  harragan)  =  Pg.  barrcgana, 
=  It.  baracanc  =  D.  barkan  =  MHG.  barchant, 
barchat,  G.  harchent,  fustian,  berkan,  barracan, 
=  Pol.  barchan,  barakan  (ML.  barcanits),  <  Turk. 
barrakan,  <  Ar.  barrakdn,  barkan,  a  kind  of 
black  gown,  <  Pers.  barak,  a  stuff  made  of 
camel's  hair.]  A  thick,  strong  stuff  made  in 
the  Levant,  properly  of  camel's  hair.  The  name 

is  use<l  throughout  the  Mediterranean  countries  ;  the  use 
of  it  )iy  Byron  ("the  striped  white  gauze  baracan  that 
bound  her,"  Dun  Juan,  iii.  70)  and  others  to  denote  a  del- 
icate material  is  apparently  an  error.  Also  written  bara- 
can, barrakan,  barragon,  and  barragan. 

barracet,  n.  [ME.,  also  barrais,  barres,  barras, 
<  OF.  barras,  a  barrier,  <  barre,  a  bar :  see  6«rl, 
and  ef.  embarrass,  debarrass.]  1.  A  baixier  or 
outwork  in  front  of  a  fortress. —  2.  The  bar  of 
a  tribunal.  [Rare.]  —  3.  A  hindrance  or  ob- 
struction. [Eare.]  —  4.  The  inelosure  within 
which  knightly  encounters  took  place.  Henc© 
—  5.  Hostility;  contention;  stidfe.     X.  E.  D. 

barrack  (bar'ak),  «.  [=  D.  barak  =  G.  baracke, 
harake  =  Dan"  barakke,  <  P.  baraque,  <  It.  ba- 
racca  ==  Sp.  Pg.  barraca,  a  tent,  soldier's  hut; 
of  uncertain  origin.  Some  compare  Gael.  and. 
Ir.  barrachad,  a  hut  or  booth;  Gael,  barrach, 
top  branches  of  trees;  Bret,  barrel;  full  of 
branches,  <  bar,  a  branch:  see  bar^.]  1.  A 
building  for  lodging  soldiers,  especially  in  gar- 
rison ;  a  permanent  building  or  range  of  build- 
ings in  which  both  officers  and  men  are  lodged, 
in  fortified  towns  or  other  places. 

He  [Bishop  Hall]  lived  to  see  his  cathedral  converted 
into  a  barrack  and  his  palace  into  an  alehouse. 

T.  ^yarton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  IV.  2. 

2.  A  large  building,  or  a  collection  of  huts  or 
cabins,  especially  within  a  common  inelosure, 
in  which  large  numbers  of  men  are  lodged. 

Most  of  the  quarrymen  are  Bretons,  and  live  in  wooden 
barracks.  Ansted,  Channel  Islands,  i.  6. 

The  railway  has  come  close  under  the  walls  of  the  chateau, 
while  an  ugly  barrack  has  sprung  up  on  the  other  side. 

Contemporary  Bei:,  L.  329. 

[In  both  senses  generally  in  the  plural.]  —  3, 
A  straw-thatched  roof  supported  by  four  posts, 
under  which  hay  is  kept,  and  which  is  capa- 
ble of  being  raised  or  lowered  at  pleasure. 

In  Maryland,  and  perhaps  elsewhere,  the  word  is  used  for 
a  building  of  any  kind  intended  for  the  storage  of  straw 
or  hay.  [U.  S.]— Barrack  allowance,  a  specific  quan- 
tity of  bread,  beef,  wood,  coal,  etc.,  issued  by  authority  to 
British  regiments  stationed  in  ban-acks.—  Barrack  case- 
mate, a  Ijomb-proof  casemate  for  shelter  and  supplies. 
Also  called  store  casemate. 

barrack-master  (bar'ak-mas"ter),  n.  The  of- 
ficer who  superintends  the  barracks  of  soldiers. 
-Barrack-master  general,  an  officer  who  superintends 
the  construction  and  repairs  of  barracks,  and  adapts  the 
accommodation  to  the  re(|Uirements.  [Eng.] 

barraclade  (bar'a-klad),  «.  [<  D.  baar,  =  E. 
foftj-ei,  -I-  kleed='E.  '.  cloth.]  A  home-made  woolen 
blanket  without  nap.  [Peculiar  to  those  parts 
of  New  York  originally  settled  by  the  Dutch, 
and  now  little  used,  if  at  all.] 

barracoon  (bar-a-kon'),  n.  [<  Sp.  barracom 
(used  in  the  West  Indies)  =Pg.  *barracao,  aug. 
of  Sp.  Pg.  barraca,  barrack:  see  barrack.]  A 
barrack  or  an  inelosure  containing  sheds  in 
which  negi'o  slaves  were  temporarily  detained ; 

a  slave-pen  or  slave-depot.  Barracoons  fonuerly 
existed  at  various  points  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa,  also 
in  Cuba,  Brazil,  etc.  African  barracoons  were  coinposeil 
of  large  but  low-roofed  wooden  sheds,  and  were  sometimes 
provided  with  defensive  works,  in  order  to  resist  attack 
from  the  British  forces  engaged  in  breaking  up  the  slave- 
trade. 

barracouta  (bar-a-ko'ta),  w.  A  comipt  form 
of  barracuda. 

barracuda  (bar-a-ko'da),  n.  [Native  name.] 
A  large  voracious  fish,  SphyrwHa  picuda,  of  the 
West  Indian  and  neighboring  seas.  It  belongs 
to  the  perch  family,  and  is  from  6  to  10  feet  in 
length. 

barrad,  barraid  (bar'ad,  -ad),  n.  [<  Ir.  bairread, 
baireud,  <  E.  barret^,  q.  v.,  or  from  the  P.  origi- 


barrad 

nal.]  A  conical  cap  of  very  ancient  origin, 
worn  by  the  Irish  till  as  late  as  the  seventeenth 
century. 

"barragant  (bar'a-gan),  h.    Same  as  harracan. 
barrage  (biir'iijj,  n.  a  bar,  barrier,  dam, 

<  barrcr,  bar,  obstruct,  <  harre,  bar,  obstruc- 
tion :  see  haA  and  -(/rye]  1 .  The  act  of  barring ; 
specifically,  the  formntimi  of  an  artificial  ob- 
struction in  a  \vatercoui>i',  in  milerfn  increase 
the  depth  of  the  water,  to  lai  ilitate  irrigation, 
and  for  other  piu'poses. —  2.  The  artiticial  bar 
thus  formed:  especially,  one  of  those  on  the 
river  Xilo  in  Egj^t. 

barragont  (bar'a-gon),  m.    Same  as  harracan. 

Ba  i-rai:uii.i  —  a  genteel  corded  stuff  much  in  vogue  at  that 
thiie  for  sumuK-r  wear.         Gilbert  White,  .Selborne,  v.  14. 

■barragudo  (bar-a-go'do),  n.  [S.  Amer.]  A  na- 
tive Indian  name  of  a  large  South  American 
monkey  of  the  genus  Lagoihrix. 

barraid,  n.    See  barrad. 

"barrakant,  «.   See  barracan. 

barramunda  (bar-a-mim'da),  n.  [Native  Aus- 
tralian.] An  Australian  fish,  CeratodusforsUri, 
of  the  order  Dipnoi,  representative  of  a  sub- 
order Monopneumona.  It  attains  a  length  of  6 
feet,  and  its  flesh  is  esteemed  for  food.  See 
Ccratodiis. 

■barranca  (ba  -rang'ka),  )i.  [Sp.,  also  barranco 
----  Pg.  barranco.']  A  deep  ravine,  mountain- 
gorge,  or  defile:  a  word  frequently  used  by 
wi'iters  on  Mexican  and  South  Amei'iean  geog- 
raphy and  travel. 

Only  in  the  valleys  of  erosion,  true  barancos,  into  which 
til?  fire  cannot  jienetrate.  J.  J.  Rein,  Japan  (trans.),  p.  S3. 

barraslt(bar'as),  ?(.  [Origin obscure.]  Acoarse 
linen  fabric  originally  imported  from  Holland. 
The  word  was  in  use  in  the  seventeenth  century. 

"barras'-  (bar'as;  F.  pron.  ba-ra'),  n.  [F.,  < 
barre,  a  bar,  in  ref.  to  its  appearance  on  the 
tree.]  The  French  name  for  the  turpentine 
obtained  in  the  south  of  France  from  Finiis 
Pinaster.    Also  called  galipot. 

iDarratt,       [<  ^lE.  barmt,  barret,  harat,  baret, 

<  OF.  burat  {z=  Pr.  harat  —  Sp.  barato  (obs.)  = 
It.  baratto),  m.,  also  barate  =  Pr.  harata  =  Sp. 
barata  (obs.),  f.  (ML.  baratus.  baratum,  and  ha- 
rata), of  uncertain  origin;  orig.  appar.  trafSe, 
dealing  (as  in  the  E.  deriv.  barter,  q.  v.),  then 
fraudulent  dealing,  fraud,  etc.  In  sense  3,  ef. 
leel.  baratta,  fight,  strife,  trouble.]  1.  Fraud; 
deception. — 2.  Trouble;  distress. 

How  he  has  in  greate  barett  bene  sithen  lie  was  borne. 

York  Plays,  p.  179. 

3.  Contention;  strife. 

"barratt,  r.  i.  [Also  barret;  <  barrat,  h.]  To 
quarrel;  brawl. 

barrathea-cloth,  «.    See  barathea-cloth. 

l)arrator  (bar'a-tor),  n.  [< ME.  barator,  baritor, 
bareter,  barato'urj  haratur,  etc.,  <  AF.  *baratour, 
OF.  harateor  (=  Pr.  haratador  =  It.  baratlatorc ; 
ML.  bnrr(ttat<ir),  <  harater,  barter,  cheat,  de- 
ceive, <  h<tntt.  etc.,  barter:  see  barrat.']  If.  la 
old  law,  one  who  liuys  or  sells  ecclesiastical  pre- 
ferment; a  simonist. —  2.  In  <S'cote  law,  a  judge 
who  takes  a  bribe. — 3.  One  who  buys  or  sells 
offices  of  state. — 4.  One  who  commits* barratry ; 
one  who,  being  the  master  of  a  ship  or  one  of  its 
officers  or  seamen,  commits  any  fraud  or  frau- 
■dulent  act  in  the  management  of  the  ship  or 
cargo,  by  which  the  owner,  freighters,  or  in- 
surers are  injured,  as  by  running  away  with 
the  ship,  sinking  or  deserting  her,  wilful  devi- 
ation fi-om  the  fixed  course,  or  embezzlement 
of  the  cargo.— 5t.  A  quarrelsome,  brawling 
person;  a  rowdy.— 6.  One  who  frequently  ex- 
•cites  others  to  lawsuits  or  quarrels ;  a  common 
mover  and  maintainer  of  suits  and  controver- 
sies ;  an  encourager  of  litigation  between  other 
persons :  chiefly  in  the  phrase  common  barrator. 
See  barratry,  4. 

AVill  it  not  reflect  as  much  on  thy  character,  Nic,  to  turn 
barrator  in  thy  old  days,  a  stirrer  up  of  (juarrels  amonsst 
thy  neighbours?  Arbuthnut,  Hist,  of  John  Bull. 

Also  spelled  barrater,  and,  especially  in  the 
last  sense,  harrctor. 
liarratoust  (bar'a-tus),  a.    [<  ME.  haratous,  < 
OF.  huratcus,  <  harat:  see  barrat.]  Conten- 
tious; quarrelsome. 

The  world  is  too  full  of  litigious  and  barratous  pennes. 
G.  Harre  If,  Pierces  Supererogation,  p.  97.   (X.  H.  D.) 

"barratrous  (bar'a-trus),  a.  [<  harratnj  +  -ous.] 
Of  the  nature  of  "or  characterized  by  barratry ; 
fraudulent.    Also  spelled  harrctrotis. 

"barratrously  fbar'a-trus-li),  adv.  In  a  barra- 
trous or  fraudulent  manner;  by  barratry.  Also 
spelled  hiirrcl rously. 

barratry  (bar'a-tri),  n.  [<  ME.  ba'rratrie,  < 
OF.  haraterie,  'barterie  =  Pr.  barataria  (ML. 


458 

barataria),  <  harat:  see  barrat  and  ->•!/.]  1. 
The  purchase  or  sale  of  ecclesiastical  prefer- 
ments or  of  oftices  of  slate.  See  barrator,  1,  3. 
—  2.  In  old  iScots  law,  the  taking  of  bribes  bv  a 
judge.— 3.  The  fraud  or  offense  committed 'by 
a  bairator.  See  barrator,  4. —  4.  A  vexatious 
and  persistent  inciting  of  others  to  lawsuits 
and  litigation ;  a  stirring  up  and  maintaining 
of  controversies  and  litigation.  This  is  a  crim- 
inal offense  at  commou  law. 

Also  barrcfri),  especially  in  the  last  sense, 
barre  (ba-ra' ),  a.  [F. ,  pp.  of  barrer,  bar,  <  harre, 
bar:  see  har^.]  1.  In  her.,  divided  by  a  bend 
sinister:  the  reverse  of  bend  wise  or  bandv.  |This 
French  term  is  used  because  Englisli  lieraldry  has  no  single 
term  for  bendwise  in  a  sinister  sense.) 

2.  In  mu.sic  for  the' guitar  or  lute,  barred:  con- 
veying a  direction  to  press  with  the  forefinger 
of  the  left  hand  across  all  the  strings,  iu  order 
to  raise  their  pitch,  and  thus  facilitate  a  tempo- 
rary change  of  key. 

barred  (biird),  j>.  a.  1.  Secured  with  a  bar  or 
bars:  as,  "the  close-?wcm?  portal,"  *"co».  Ab- 
bot, xix. —  2.  Fiu-nished  or  made  with  bars: 
as,  a  ii\e-harred  gate.— 3.  Obstructed  by  a  bar, 
as  a  harbor. — 4.  Striped;  streaked:  xised  espe- 


barrel-organ 

which  the  soiuid  is  produced.  (/)  Tlie  cylindrical  portico 
of  a  lioiler  between  tlie  fire-box  and  the  smoke-box,  con- 
taining the  tubes  or  Hues.  (,(/)  Tlie  liody  or  trunk  of  a 
(luadruped,  especially  of  a  horse,  ox,  etc. 

Lofty  is  his  neck, 
And  elegant  his  head,  his  barrel  sliort. 

Sinijleton,  tr.  of  Virgil,  1. 151. 
(/()  The  cylindrical  case  in  a  watch,  within  which  the 
mainspring  is  coiled,  and  round  which  tlie  cliain  is  wound. 
(0  Ttie  cliamber  of  a  pump,  in  which  the  piston  works. 
(.))  The  tube  in  a  lock  into  whicli  tlio  key  enters,  (h)  Tlie 
vibrating  portion  of  a  bell  between  tlie  lower  thickened 
part  or  sound-bow  and  tlie  top  or  cannon.  (I)  The  hard 
horny,  lioUow  part  of  the  stem  of  a  feather,  the  calamus 
proper,  or  (piill.  See  cut  under  altershajt.  (m)  Tliat 
part  of  the  liiit  of  a  sword  wliich  is  grasped  l)y  the  hand 
(/t)  The  metal  tul)e  of  a  gun.— Barrel  of  the  ear,  the 
tympanum  (u- ear-drum.  See  ''/"V"'"""'-— Rolling-bar- 
rel, tumbling-barrel,  a  tumblinu-ljox,  or  vessel  mounted 
on  a  sliaft  and  made  to  revolve,  for  tlie  purpose  of  polish- 
ing or  cleaning  by  attrition  materials  placed  within  it,  and 
for  cutting  shellac,  etc.— Slack  barrel,  a  coopered  vessel 
shaped  like  a  cask,  lint  not  made  water-tigiit,  being  in- 
tended for  dry  substances. 

barrel  (bar'el),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  barreled  or 
barrelled,  ppr.  barreling  or  barrelling.  [<  barrel, 
n.]  To  put  or  pack  in  a  barrel  or  "barrels:  as, 
to  barrel  beef,  pork,  or  fish. 

stale  .  .  .  butter,  and  such,  I  fear,  it  is  by  the  being 
barrelled  up  so  long.        Jl.  Juiixon,  Staple  of  News,  ii.  1. 


.1"  :;l 


the 


eially  ot  textile  fabrics:  as,  "barred  al  of  silk,"  barrel-bayonet  (bar'^-ba^o-net),  «.    A  bavo- 
(''iaiwer,mnev  s  Tale.— 5.  In  music:  (n)  Mark-    net,  fori«erly  used,  fitted  t6  a  haft  which  was 
edofibybars.  (^^)  Same  as  inrre,  2.-6.  In /(cr.,    inserted  into  the  barrel  of  the  gun.    See  vluo- 
same  as  harry-2.  hai/onet. 
barrel  (bar'el),  n.  [<  ME.  harel,  barele,  barayl,  barrel-bellied  (bar'el-bel"id),  a.    Having  a 
<  Oh  .  bared,  hard,  mod.  F.  haril  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.    round  and  protuberant  or  barrel-shaped  belly 
Mrrd  =  It    harde  =  G.  harel  =  OBulg.  Serv.  barrel-bolt  (bar'el-bolt),  v.    A  door-bolt  mov- 
Kuss.  barilo  -  Pol.  haryla  (barred  0  =  NGr.    ing  in  a  cylindrical  casing. 
iiapth,  <  ML.  harile,  barilhis,  barelhts,  baitrilis,  barrel-bulk  (bar'el-bulk),  n.    ^^ant.,  a  measnre 
a  barrel.   Origin  uncertain ;  perhaps  connected    of  capacity  for  freight,  equal  to  5  cubic  feet, 
with  fcrt^-i    The  Celtic  words,  W.  baril  =  Gael.    Eight  barrel-bulks,  or  40  cubic  feet,  are  equiva- 
baraill  =  Ir.  bairde  =  Manx  barrel  =  Corn,  bal-    lent  to  one  ton  by  measurement. 
bar,  are  of  E.  origin.]    1.  A  vessel  or  cask  of  barrel-curb  (bar'el-kerb),  ii.    An  open  cvlin- 
a  cylindrical  form,  generally  bulging  in  the  mid-   der,  3^  or  4  feet  in  length,  formed  of  strips  of 
die,  usually  made  of  wooden  staves  bound  toge-   wood  nailed  on  horizontal  circular  ribs  of  elm 
ther  with  hoops,  and  having  flat  parallel  heads,    used  as  a  mold  in  well-sinking  to  keep  the  ex- 
—  2.  As  a  measure  of  ea.pa<'ity,  the  quantity  of   cavatiou  cylindrical. 

anything,  liquid  or  solid,  wliicli  a  barrel  should  barrel-drain  (bar '  el-driiu),  «.  A  cylindrical 
contain,     in  Englisli  metrology  there  were  four  prin-    drain  of  masonry. 

cipal  kinds  of  barrels:  the  wiiu--)i,'urel  of  Kl'.  wine  gallons  :  harrplprf  hnrrpl'lo<1 /'V.•lv'ol<1^  n  n  1  X)„„i  „^ 
the  Lonilon  ale.l)aiTel  of  .i^  b.er  u^ilh.iis;  (lie  cuntry  ale-   "^^^lea,  Darreilett  (  Dai  eld),  p.  a.    1.  Packed, 

stowed,  or  stored  away  in  barrels :  as,  barreled 
butter. —  2.  Inclosed  in  a  cylinder  or  barrel: 
as,  barreled  bolts.— 3.  Haying  a  barrel  or  bar- 
rels of  a  kind  or  number  indicated:  used  chief- 
ly in  composition:  as,  a  doiible-barreled  gun. — 
Barreled  crossbow.    See  crossbow. 
barrelet,  «.    See  harridet. 
barrel-filler  (bar'el-fil"er),  n.    An  apparatus 
for  filling  barrels,  provided  -with  an  automatic 
arrangement,  generally  in  the  nature  of  a  float, 
for  cutting  oft  the  supply  of  liquid  in  time  to 
prevent  overflow, 
barrel-fish  (bar'el-fish),  n.    A  name  of  the 
log-fish  or  rudder-fish  (which  see),  lArus  perci- 
formis,  of  the  family  IStroiitateidce. 

They  are  almost  always  found  in  the  vicinity  of  floating 
barrels  and  spars,  and  sometimes  inside  of  the  barrels. 
Hence  the  tisliermeii  call  them  barrel-fish,  though  the  most 
usual  name  is  rudder-Hsli.  StaiuL  Nat.  Hist.,  III.  191. 
gi-eatvarietyc)f  other  barrels  in  ScotIaVrdan'd""ireiru'Kl7^  barrel-gage  (bar '  el -gaj),  7U  An  automatic 
Eiiglaiicl  the  barrel  is  no  longer  ,a  legal  measure.  In  the  device  tO  indicate  when  a  barrel  is  full,  or  to 
United  States  the  barrel  in    iquid  nieasiire  is  commoiilv     „i    j-    ft-  ii  i  i         ""^ioi       -luii,  u'j 

3U  gallons,  ami  lor  sobd  substanees  it  is  gen'TaUy  !i  imit     ""^^^  °^         ^"PPly  prevent  Overflow, 

of  weight,  a  barrel  of  lloui  ,  for  I'xample,  being lUd pounds,  barrel-XlOOKS  (bar  el-hlilcz),  n.  pi.     A  pair  of 
and  a  barrel  of  beef  or  pork  I'dii  pounds.    In  Maine  a  bar-     iron  liooks  for  lifting  bar- 
rel of  fish  is  by  law  aio  pounds.    In  Louisiana  a  barrel  in 
di-y  measure  is  'Si  bushels.    The  bu.sliel 


111. 


and  lieer-liaiivl 
barrel  of      I  in' 
in  the  reign  i.t  i; 
Under  Gem  ue  1 1 
country  \va^  iiiaile  :ii:>  galli 
were  measured  bv  the  wiiu 
of  34  gallons.    A  barrel  <.f 


riie 


Loluliiu  be 
I'l  Has  legalizeil 

I  llieis  nil, in-  Henry  VIII. 

of  nil-  or  lii'er  for  town  and 
I  HI,  spii  it.s,  tar,  and  pork 
ani  l  ;  viiu',g;ir,  by  the  barrel 
■Is  or  herrings  contained  .10 
galliuis  by  a  statute  of  Henry  but  by  anotlier  of  Ed- 
ward IV.  this  was  made  41  uallf>iis.  Salmon  anil  spruce 
beer  were  also  measured  by  barrels  of  41  gallons.  A  bar- 
rel of  beef,  wet  eodlisli,  or  honey  contained  "rl  wine  gal- 
lons; but  honey  was  .sometimes  sold  by  barrels  of  42  gal- 
lons of  12  pounds  each.  By  a  statute"  of  (Jeorge  III.,  a 
barrel  of  lisli  was  made  38  wine  gallons  ;  but  a  barrel  of 
salt  pilrliards  or  mackerel  measured  UO  gallons.  The  bar- 
rel of  apjiles,  coal,  or  nuts  contained  :!  Winehester  bush- 
els, eacli  of  S  gallons,  dry  measure.  The  barrel  of  ancho- 
vies contained  Kipmmils;  of  enn]io\vdrr,  liJU]jounds;  of 
raisins,  1  hundredweight ;  of  (  .inillrs,  I _'o  )iniiiids ;  of  ba- 
rilla, potash,  or  butter,  2  liuiidirdwi  lght  (liiit  only  luO 
pounds  of  Essex  butter,  and  loU  of  .Sussex);  the  bariel  of 
soap,  256  pounds.  A  barrel  of  plates,  by  a  statute  of 
Charles  II.,  contained  300  pounds.    There  were  besides 


rels  by  the  chinos. 


troduction  of  tlie  metric  system,  tliere  were  many  barrels. 


r::^,t\:^'^:t:  barrelled,  i..  a.    See  bar 


reled. 


In  each  state  of  ltal,y  tlie  /jari/.'  for  wine  was  a  little  barrcl-llfter  (bar '  el-lif  *- 


smaller  than  tiiat  for  oil ;  they  were  aliout  30  to  60  liters. 
The  barril  of  Normandy  was  about  (io  Paris  pintes.  The 
baral  of  Jlontpellier  was  2.'"):;  liters  ;  the  barrallon  of  Bar- 
celona, 30-f  liters  ;  the  baril  of  Riga,  137|  liters.  The  bar- 
rique  was  commonly  larger  tlian  the  baril.  The  abbrevi- 
ation is  bbl.,  ]il.  bbls. 

3.  The  contents  of  a  barrel :  sometimes,  like 
bottle,  used  to  signify  intoxicating  drink. — 4. 
The  money  (especially  when  the  sum  is  large) 
supplied  by  a  candidate  in  a  political  cam- 
paign, for  campaign  expenses,  but  especially 
for  corrupt  purposes :  hence,  a  barrel  campaign 
is  one  in  which  money  is  lavishly  employed  to 
bribe  voters:  in  this  sense  often  written  and 


ter),j(.  A  hand-tool  for  lift- 
ing a  barrel  by  the  chines. 

barrel-loom  (bar'el-lom), 

n.  1.  A  loom  in  which, 
the  pattern  of  the  fabric 
to  be  woven  is  determined 
by  a  chain  of  perforated 
cards  passing  over  a  drum 
or  barrel.  See  Jacquard 
loom,  under  loom. — 2.  A  Barrei-hooks. 
loom  in  which  pins  pro- 
jecting from  a  revolving  barrel  detennine  the 
elevation  and  depression  of  the  warp-threads. 


pronounced  &flr7  (barl),  in  humorous  inutation  barrel-organ  (bar 'el-or'gan),  n.    An  organ 


of  vulgar  speech.  [U.  S.  political  slitng.] 
5.  Anything  resembling  a  barrel ;  a  drum  or 
cylinder,  in  j)articular  — (<()  The  drum  or  roller  in  a 
crane,  about  wliirli  the  rope  or  chain  winds.  (Ii)  The  main 
)iortioii  of  a  r  ;ip,,t;in,  aliout  which  the  rojie  winds,  between 
till-  ilrunilii  iid  at  the  toijaiid  tile  iiawl-nm  at  tlie  bottom. 
See  rut  unci,  r  (,■}  ill  the  steering  ap]iaratiis  of 

a  ship,  till-  (  ilinilri-  ,,n  -ivliieli  the  tiller-rn|ies  or  -chains 
are  wound,  (i/)  'He-  l  iui  in  a  drum  or  iiulli-v  about  which 
the  bell  uoii,,..  (/■)  Thr  i  vliniler  studded  with  pins  which 
in  the  l.:iri-el-oi:.;:ui  (i]n-u-,  tlie  Key-valves,  and  iu  the  mu- 
sical box  .sets  ill  vibration  the  teeth  of  the  steel  comb  by 


with  a  cylinder  or  barrel  turned  by  a  crank 
and  furnished  with  pegs  or  stajjles,  which, 
when  the  barrel  revolves,  open  a  series  of 
valves  admitting  currents  of  air  from  a  bellows 
actuated  by  the  same  motion  to  a  set  of  pipes, 
thus  producing  a  tune  either  in  melody  or  in 
harmony,  in  another  form  of  the  instrument  wires  like 
those  of  the  piano  are  acted  on  instead  of  pipes.  Many 
lar,ge  instruments  have  been  made  on  this  principle,  but 
it  is  cbietly  applied  to  the  hand-organs  carried  about  by 
street  musicians. 


barrel-pen 

■barrel-pen  (bar'el-pen),  M.  A  pen  with  a  cy- 
lindrical shank  adapting  it  to  slip  upon  a  round 
holder. 

barrel-pier  (bar'el-per),  n.  A  support  for  a 
military  bridge  formed  of  empty  casks  or  bar- 
rels Joined  together  in  a  raft,  in  the  absence  of 

pontoons  or  boats.  The  rafts  of  b-arrels  for  the  abut- 
ments are  made  fast  to  the  shore  on  eacli  side  of  tlie 
stream  or  hoily  of  water  to  be  crossed,  and  those  fonninj>' 
the  piers  are  ancliored  at  proper  intervals  l)etween  tlie 
two  banks.  These  I'afts  are  connected  liy  sleepers  or  tim- 
bers, wliich  are  lashed  to  them  and  support  the  planks 
foriniim  the  roadway  of  the  bridge. 

barrel-plate  (bar'el-plat),  n.  A  plate  employed 
in  machine-guns  to  assemble  and  hold  the 
barrels  in  place  about  the  axis.  The  Oatlins  gun 
has  a  front  and  a  rear  barrel-plate,  the  barrels  passing 
tlu'ough  both  plates. 

barrel-saw  (bar'el-sa),  «.  A  cylinder  with  a 
serrated  edge,  or  a  band-saw  bent  into  a  circle 
and  fitted  to  a  cylimlrieal  frame,  used  for  cut- 
ting barrel-staves,  fellies,  the  curved  work  in 
furniture,  etc. 

barrel-screw  (bar'el-skro),  n.  A  powerfid  ap- 
paratus consisting  of  two  large  poppets  or 
male  screws,  moved  by  levers  inserted  into 
then'  heads  upon  a  bank  of  plank,  with  a  female 
screw  at  each  end:  of  great  use  in  starting  a 
laimeh.    Also  called  bed-screw. 

barrel-setter  (bar'el-sef'er),  n.  A  cylindrical 
mandrel  used  for  straightening  the  barrel  or 
truing  the  bore  of  a  firearm. 

barrel-shaped  (bar'el-shapt),  a.  Having  the 
form  of  a  barrel,  that  is,  of  a  short  cylinder 
with  bulging  sides :  used  especially  in  describ- 
ing the  eggs  of  certain  insects. 

barrel-vault  (bar'el-valt),  n.  A  plain,  semi- 
cylindrical  vault,  much  used  by  ancient  archi- 
tects, and  employed  generally  by  medieval 
builders  before  the  reappearance  of  groined 
vaulting  at  the  close  of  the  eleventh  century. 

barrel- vise  (bar'el-vis),  u.  A  bench-vise  whose 
jaws  are  grooved  longitudinally,  adapted  for 
holding  a  gun-barrel  or  other  similar  object. 

barrel-work  (bar'el-werk),  n.  In  mining,  pieces 
of  native  copper  large  enough  to  be  sorted  out 
by  hand  and  shipped  in  barrels,  but  not  large 
enough  to  come  under  the  head  of  mass  copper. 
The  latter  is  sent  to  the  smelting-works  after  being  cut,  if 
necessary,  into  pieces  of  manageable  size,  and  is  shipped 
without  being  barreled.    [Lake  Superior.] 

barren  (bar'en),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
larraine,  <  ME.  harein,  harain,  <  OF.  *harain, 
hraliain,  irehaing,  fem.  haraiue,  haraigne,  hre- 
haigne,  mod.  F.  hrehaigne,  barren :  origin  un- 
known.  The  Bret,  hrechagn,  sterile,  is  from  F.] 

1.  a.  1.  Incapable  of  producing  or  that  does  not 
produce  its  kind :  applied  to  animals  and  plants. 

There  shall  not  be  male  or  female  barren  among  you. 

Dent.  vii.  14. 

In  particular— (a)  Sterile;  castrated:  said  of  male  ani- 
mals, (b)  Without  fruit  or  seed :  said  of  trees  or  plants. 

(c)  Bearing  no  children  ;  childless ;  without  issue  :  said  of 
a  woman. 

The  name  of  Abram's  wife  was  Sarai,  .  .  .  but  Sarai  was 
barren  ;  she  had  no  child.  Gen.  xi.  29,  30. 

For  aye  to  be  in  shady  cloister  mew'd, 
To  live  a  barren  sister  all  your  life. 

Shak.,M.  N.  D.,  i.  1. 

(d)  Not  bearing  or  pregnant  at  the  usual  season  :  said  of 
female  animals :  as,  barren  heifers. 

2.  Producing  little  or  no  vegetation;  unpro- 
ductive; unfruitful;  sterile:  applied  to  land. 

Another  rocky  valley  yawned  beneath  us,  and  another 
barren  stony  hill  rose  up  beyond. 

Ji.  Curzon,  Monast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  144. 

3.  In  TOiwMifjf,  improduetive  ;  unprofitable:  ap- 
plied to  rocks. — 4.  Void  of  \'ital  germs. 

It  is  particularly  difficult  to  protect  a  liquid  from  all 
germs,  or  to  destroy  all  those  which  have  penetrated  it ; 
however,  it  is  possible,  and  the  liquid  is  then  said  to  be 
barren.  Science,  III.  128. 

5.  Mentally  unproductive ;  unresponsive;  dull; 
stupid.  [Rare.] 

There  be  of  them,  that  will  themselves  laugh,  to  set  on 
some  quantity  of  barren  spectators  to  laugh  too. 

Shale.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 

6.  Devoid;  lacking;  wanting:  with  of:  as,  a 
Mil  barren  o/ trees;  a  mind  barren  o/ ideas. 

Our  latest  letters  from  America  are  of  the  middle  of 
April,  and  are  extremely  barren  o/news. 

Jefferson,  Correspondence,  I.  242. 

It  is  impossible  to  look  without  amazement  on  a  mind 
so  fertile  in  combinations,  yet  so  barren  of  images. 

Macaulay,  Petrarch. 

7.  Not  producing  or  leading  to  anything ;  prof- 
itless ;  fruitless :  as,  barren  tears  ;  a  barren  at- 
tachment.—  8.  Destitute  of  interest  or  attrac- 
tion ;  imsuggestive ;  uninstructive ;  bald ;  bare : 
as,  a  barren  list  of  names. 


459 

But  it  [Duomo  of  Florence]  is  impressive  within  from 
its  vast  open  si)aces,  and  from  tlie  stately  and  simple, 
though  barren,  grandeur  of  its  piers  and  vaults  and  walls. 
C.  E.  Norton,  Church-building  in  Middle  Ages,  p.  229. 

Barren  flowers,  such  as  for  any  reason  produce  no  seed. 

—  Barren  ground,  unproductive  beds  of  rock:  used, 
especially  with  regard  to  coal,  for  areas  where  there  is  no 
coal-.seam  of  sufficient  thickness  to  be  worked  with  profit. 

—  Barren  measures,  in  gcul.,  those  portions  of  coal- 
measures  which  contain  no  workable  seams  of  coal. — 
Barren  signs,  in  astroL,  Gemini,  Leo,  and  Virgo.  — Bar- 
ren Stamens,  in  but.,  such  as  produce  no  pollen  in  the 
anther. 

II.  «.  A  tract  or  region  of  more  or  less  un- 
productive land,  partly  or  entirely  treeless. 
The  term  is  best  known  in  the  United  .States  as  the  name 
of  a  district  in  Kentucky,  "the  Barrens,"  underlaid  by 
the  subearboniferous  limestone,  but  possessing  a  fertile 
soil,  which  was  nearly  or  quite  treeless  when  that  State 
began  to  be  settled  by  the  whites,  but  which  at  present, 
where  not  cultivated,  is  partly  covered  with  trees.  In 
northeastern  Canada  the  name  barrens  is  given  to  tree- 
less, grass-covered  areas,  once  the  beds  of  lakes,  but  now 
desiccated  and  in  most  cases  the  exact  counterpart  of  va- 
rious trai  ts  existing  in  the  western  United  States,  and 
tliii  e  uenc'i  ally  called  j«'n't/7'e.v,  but  sometimes  holes.  The 
pine-barrens  of  the  southern  Atlantic  States  are  sandy 
plains  on  wliich  is  a  valuable  growth  of  southern  or  long- 
leafed  pine,  Phms  palustris. 

The  "pine  barren"  is  traversed  by  several  excellent 
roads,  and  a  morning  ride  or  drive  while  the  delicate  liaze 
still  lingers  among  the  forest  of  stems,  and  the  air  is  full 
of  the  fresh  scent  of  tlie  pine  woods,  is  not  easily  for- 
gotten. Fortnightly  lieo.  (N.  S.),  XXXIX.  178. 

To  fertilize  especially  the  barrens  of  Surrey  and  Berk- 
shire. Kingsley,  Life,  II.  100. 

barrent  (bar'en),  v.  t.  [<  barren,  a.]  To  ren- 
der barren  or  rmproduetive. 

barrener  (bar'en-er),  ?i.  [<  barren,  a.,  1  (rf)-] 
A  cow  not  in  calf  for  the  year. 

barrenly  (bar'en-li),  adv.  Unfruitfully. 

barrenness  (bar'en-nes),  n.  [<  ME.  ba'reynesse, 
banjnes,  etc. ;  <  barren  +  -ness.'\  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  barren.  («)  incapability  of  pro- 
creation ;  want  of  the  jjower  of  conception. 

I  pray'd  for  children,  and  thought  barrenness 

In  wedlock  a  reproach.  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  352. 

(Jj)  Want  of  fertility  ;  total  or  partial  sterility ;  infertility : 
as,  the  barrenness  of  the  land,  (c)  Want  of  the  jiower  of 
producing  anything ;  want  of  instructiveness,  suggestive- 
ness,  interest,  or  the  like;  want  of  matter:  as,  ^'barren- 
ness of  invention,"  Z)r?/de)i. 

And  this  leads  me  to  wonder  why  Lisidelus  and  many 
others  should  cry  up  the  barrenness  of  the  Frencli  plots, 
above  the  variety  and  copiousness  of  the  English. 

Dryden,  Ess.  on  I)rara.  Poesy. 

The  barrenness  of  his  fellow  students  forced  him  gener- 
ally into  other  company  at  his  hours  of  entertainment. 

Johnson,  Rambler,  No.  19. 
(J)  Defect  of  emotion,  sensibility,  or  fervency. 

The  greatest  saints  sometimes  are  fervent,  and  some- 
times feel  a  barrenness  of  devotion.  Jer.  Taylor. 

barren-spirited  (bar'en-spir'''i-ted),  a.  Of  a 
poor  or  mean  spirit.    Shak.,  J.  C,  iv.  1. 

barrenwort  (bar'en-wert),  n.  [<  barren  + 
jcor^i.]  The  common  name  of  Epimedium,  a 
genus  of  low  herbaceous  plants,  natural  order 
Berbcridacece,  having  creeping  roots  and  many 
stalks,  each  of  which  has  three  flowers.  The 
only  European  species  is  E.  alpiiiuin.    Species  occur  also 

in  central  Asia  and  Japan.— American  barrenwort, 

Vancouveria  liexandra,  a  nearly  allied  species  found  in 
Oregon. 

barret^t,  «•  [<  F-  barrette  {—  Sp.  barreta),  dim. 
of  barre,  a  bar :  see  &arl.]    A  little  bar. 

barret^  (bar'et),  n.  [Also  baret,  <  F.  barrette 
=  Pr.  barreta,  berreta  =  Sp.  birreta  =  It.  bcr- 
retta:  see  biretta  and  birrus.']  1.  Same  as  bi- 
retta. —  2.  A  sort  of  ancient  military  cap  or 
headpiece.    Scott.    Also  called  barret-cap. 

barret^t,  n.    See  barrat. 

barret-cap  (bar'et-kap),  n.  Same  as  barret^,  2. 

Old  England's  sign,  St.  George's  cross. 
His  barret-cap  did  grace. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  iii.  16. 

barretero  (bar-e-ta'ro),  n.  [Sp.,  <  barreta, 
dim.  of  barra,  a  bar,  crowbar :  see  barret^  and 
ia?-!.]  A  miner  who  wields  a  crowbar,  wedge, 
or  pick. 

The  ores  .  .  .  are  so  soft  that  a  smgle  barretero  can 
tluow  down  many  tons  a  day. 

L.  Hamilton,  Jlex.  Handbook,  p.  73. 

barretor,  barretry,  etc.   See  barrator,  etc. 

barr-fish  (bar'tish),  n.  [Cf.  bar'^.J,  A  name  of 
the  crappie,  Ponioiys  aiinidaris,  a  centrarchoid 
fish.    See  cut  under  crapjne. 

barricade  (bar-i-kad'),  ».  [First  in  the  foi-m 
barrieado  (after  Sp.),  <  F.  barricade  =  It.  bar- 
ricata,  <  Sp.  Pg.  barricada,  a  barricade,  lit. 
made  of  barrels,  <  barrica  {—  F-  barrique),  a 
barrel,  prob.  <  barra.  a  bar:  see  oa)-l,  and  cf. 
barrel.']  1.  A  hastily  made  fortification  of 
trees,  earth,  paving-stones,  palisades,  wagons, 
or  anything  that  can  obstruct  the  progress  of 
an  enemy  or  serve  for  defense  or  security. 


barrier  - 

Ev'n  tho'  thrice  again 
The  red  fool-fiiry  of  the  .Seine 
Should  pile  her  liarrieudes  with  dead. 

Tennyson,  In  .Menioriam,  cxxvii. 

2.  A  temporary  baiTier  of  any  kind  designed 
to  obstruct  passage  into  or  tlirougli  a  sjjace  in- 
tended to  bo  kept  free  for  a  particular  use. — 

3.  Any  bar  or  obstruction ;  that  M'hich  defends. 

There  nnist  be  such  a  barricade  asi  would  greatly  annoy 
or  absolutely  stop  the  currents  of  the  atmosphere. 

Derhnm. 

4t.  In  naval  arch.,  a  strong  wooden  rail,  sup- 
ported by  stanchions,  extending  across  the  fore- 
most part  of  the  quarter-dock,  in  ships  of  war, 
and  backed  with  ropes,  mats,  pieces  of  old  cable, 
and  full  hammocks,  as  a  protection  against 
small  shot  in  time  of  action. =syii.  Bar,  etc.  See 

barrier. 

barricade  (bar-i-kad'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bar- 
ricaded, ■ppr.  barricading.  [<  barricade,  «.]  1. 
To  obstruct  or  block  (a  path  or  passage)  with 
a  barricade. —  2.  To  block  or  render  impass- 
able. 

Now  all  the  pavement  sounds  with  trampling  feet, 
And  the  mix'd  hnny  barricades  the  street. 

Gay,  Trivia,  iii. 

8.  To  shut  in  and  defend  with  a  barricade; 
hem  in. 

He  is  so  harricado'd  in  his  house. 
And  arm'd  with  guard  still. 

Chapman,  Revenge  of  Bussy  D'Ambois,  i.  1. 
Also  formerly  barrieado. 
barricader  (bar-i-ka'der),  n.    One  who  barri- 
cades. 

barricadot  (bar-i-ka'do),  n.  and  v.  Same  as 
barricade :  the  older  form  in  English  use. 

Shall  I  have  a  barrieado  ma.de  against  my  friends,  to  be 
barred  of  any  pleasure  they  can  bring  in  to  me  ? 

li.  Jonson,  Epiccene,  iii.  2. 

barricot,  n-  [<  Sp.  Pg.  barrica,  a  cask,  barrel: 
see  barricade.]    A  small  barrel  or  keg. 

barrier  (bar'i-er),  w.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bar- 
ter, haryer  (with  term,  accom.  to  mod.  F.), 
<  ME.  barrere,  barere,  <  AF.  barrere,  OF.  bar- 
ricre,  F.  barriere  =  Pr.  It.  barricra  —  Sp.  bar- 
rera  =  Pg.  barreira  (ML.  reflex  barrera),  <  ML. 

'Harraria,  a,  banner,  <  barra,  a  bar:  see  6ari.] 
1.  In  fort.,  anything,  as  a  palisade  or  stock- 
ade, designed  to  obstruct  entrance  into  a  for- 
tified place. —  2.  pA.  The  palisades  or  railing 
surrounding  the  ground  where  toiu-neys  and 
justs  were  carried  on  ;  hence,  the  sports  them- 
selves (formerly  sometimes  with  the  plural  in  a 
singular  sense). 

Deny  me  not  to  stay 
To  see  a  barriers  prepared  to-night. 

Webster,  White  Devil,  iv.  4. 
The  young  Earl  of  Essex  and  others  among  them  enter- 
tained her  majesty  with  tiltings  and  tourneys,  barriers, 
mock  fights,  and  such  like  arts.      Oldys,  Sir  W.  E,aleigh. 

3.  Any  obstruction;  anything  which  hinders 
approach,  attack,  or  jn-ogress ;  anything  stand- 
ing in  the  way ;  au  obstacle :  as,  to  build  a 
wall  as  a  barrier  against  trespassers ;  consti- 
tutional barriers. 

Constantly  strengthening  the  barriers  opposed  to  our 
passions.  Bp.  Porteous,  Works,  II.  iv. 

A  harrier  to  defend  us  from  popery. 

Bp.  Burnet,  Hist.  Own  Times,  an.  1685. 

4.  A  fortress  or  fortified  town  on  the  frontier 
of  a  country. 

The  queen  is  guarantee  of  the  Dutch,  having  possession 
of  the  barrier,  and  the  revenues  thereof,  before  a  peace. 

Suift. 

5.  A  limit  or  boundary  of  any  kind ;  a  line  of 
separation. 

I  was  persuaded  that  when  once  that  nice  barrier  which 
marked  the  boundaries  of  what  we  owed  to  each  other 
should  be  thrown  down,  it  might  be  propped  again,  but 
could  never  be  restored.         A.  Hamilton,  Works,  I.  213. 

6.  The  gate,  in  towns  on  the  continent  of  Eu- 
rope, at  which  local  revenue  duties  are  collected. 
—  7.  In  China,  a  subordinate  customs  station 
placed  on  an  inland  trade-route  for  the  collec- 
tion of  duties  on  goods  in  transit. —  8.  In  coal- 
mining, a  solid  block  of  coal  left  unworked 
between  two  collieries,  for  security  against  the 
accidents  which  might  oeeiu-  in  consequence  of 
communication  between  them.  [Eng.]— Bar- 
rier Act,  the  name  given  to  an  act  passed  by  the  General 
Assembly  of  the  Church  of  Scotland  in  1697,  providing 
that  no  change  can  be  made  in  the  laws  of  the  church 
without  first  being  submitted  to  all  the  presbyteries  for 
their  judgment,  and  having  received  the  approval  of  at 
least  a  majority  of  them.  The  Barrier  Act  is  held  both 
by  the  Established  and  by  the  Free  Church  as  of  high  im- 
portance, and  analogous  regulations  have  been  adopted 
by  other  Presbyterian  churches. — Barrier  reef.  See 
Jcc/.— Barrier  system,  in  North  of  England  coal-mining, 
a  method  of  working  a  coal-mine  by  pillar  and  stall,  when 
solid  masses  or  barriers  of  coal  are  left  between  the  work- 
ing-places—Barrier  treaty,  a  treaty  fixing  the  frontier 
of  a  country;  especially,  the  treaty  signed  at  Antwerp, 
Nov.  15,  1715,  by  Austria,  Great  Britain,  and  the  Nether- 


barrier 

lands,  determinins  the  relations  of  the  Dutch  and  the 
Austrians  in  the  strategic  towns  of  tlie  Low  Conntries 
=Syn.  3.  Bar,  Harrier,  Barricade.  Bar  is  tlie  most  genl 
eral,  and  takes  ahnost  all  the  many  figurative  meanings. 
Barrier  is  also  full  in  figurative  meaning.  Barricade  is 
confined  strictly  to  obstructions  set  with  the  specific  inten- 
tion of  stopping  passage,  as  in  streets  and  narrow  passes. 
My  spirit  beats  her  mortal  bars. 

Tennyson,  Sir  Galahad. 
The  barriers  which  they  builded  from  the  soil 
To  keep  the  foe  at  bay.  Bryant,  The  Prairies. 

The  Milanese  threw  up  barricades  at  their  leisure,  and 
still  the  Austrian  government  remained  passive  spectators 
of  this  defiance  of  the  Imperial  authority. 

£.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  77. 
barrier  (bar'i-er),  r.  t    [<  barrier, »(.]    To  shut 
ill  or  off  ■with  a  liarrier. 

barrier-gate  (bar'i-er-gat),  n.  A  gate  which 
closes  the  entrance  through  a  stockade  or  bar- 
rier. 

barrigudo  (bar-i-go'do),  «.  [Sp.  Pg.,  big-bel- 
lied, <  burriga,  belly ;  of  uncertain  origin.]  The 
Brazilian  name  for  several  monkeys  of  the  ge- 
nus Lagothrix.  They  are  the  largest  of  South  Amer- 
ican monkeys,  one  measuring  53  inches  in  length,  of  which 
the  tail  constituted  26. 

barringi  (bitr'ing),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  Jarl.]  In 

mining,  timber  used  for  supporting  the  roof  or 
sides  of  shafts.  [Eng.] 
barring^  (biir'ing),  ppr.  as  prep.  [Prop.  ppr.  of 
tari.]  Excepting ;  leaving  out  of  the  account ; 
apart  from:  as,  barring  accidents,  I  shall  be 
there.  [Colloq.] 

little  writing-desks,  constructed  after  the  fashion  of 
those  used  by  the  judges  of  the  land,  barring  the  French 
polish.  Dickens. 

barring-out  (bar'ing-ouf),  n.  Exclusion  from 
a  place  by  means  of  locks  or  bars ;  specifically, 
the  act  of  excluding  a  schoolmaster  from  school 
by  barricading  the  doors  and  windows :  a  boyish 
sport  indulged  in  at  Christmas  in  Great  Britain, 
now  nearly  obsolete,  and  sometimes  practised 
for  mischief  in  parts  of  the  United  States. 
Revolts,  republics,  revolutions,  most 
IN'o  gi-aver  than  a  schoolboys'  barriny-out. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  Conclusion. 

barris  (bar'is),  w.  A  name  given  on  the  Guinea 
coast  to  the  chimpanzee,  and  also  to  the  man- 
drUl. 

barrister  (bar'is-ter),  n.    [First  in  the  16th 


460 


a  sepulchral  mound;  a  tumulus.  Harrows  are 
among  tlie  most  impoitant  monuments  of  primitive  an- 
tiquity.   They  are  fuiind  in  Great  Britain  and  other  dis- 


bars-gemel 

sj^oiies  raised  over  a  grave;  barrow^  (bar'6),  n.    [<  ME.  berirc,  <  AS.  beam, 

  -  a  grove  (=  Icel.  ioJT,  a  kind  of  tree);  perhaps 

orig.  a  fruit-bearing  tree,  <  bcraii  =  Icel.  bera, 
bear.]  A  wood  or  grove:  a  word  surviving 
only  in  English  local  names,  as  Barrow-in- 
Furness,  Barrow&eid.. 
barrowS  (bar'6),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  barry,  bar- 
ric.  Origin  obscure,  perhaps  ult.  <  AS.  beor- 
gan,  cover,  protect.]  Same  as  barrow-coat. 
barrow-coat  (bar'6-kot),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  bar- 
ricoat;  <  barroiv^  +  coat.']  A  square  or  oblong 
piece  of  flannel,  wrapped  round  an  infant's 
body  below  the  arms,  the  part  extending  be- 
yond the  feet  being  turned  up  and  pinned. 
Also  called  barroio  and  barry. 


tricts  of  Europe,  and  in  North  America  and  Asia.  They 
are  distinguished,  according  to  their  peculiarities  of  form 
and  construction,  as  lony,  broad,  bowl,  bell,  cone,  etc.  bar- 


In  the  more  ancient  barrows  tlie  bodies  are  found  barrOWman  (bar'6-man) 


lying  extended  on  the  ground,  w  itli  implements  and  weap- 
ons of  stone  or  bone  beside  them.  In  barrows  of  later 
date  the  implements  are  of  bronze,  and  sometimes,  though 


pi.  barrowmen 


Long  Barrow. 

rarely,  of  iron,  while  the  remains  are  often  inclosed  in  a 
stone  or  earthenware  cist  and  doubled  up.  ^Wxn-e  tlie 
body  -was  burned  the  ashes  were  usually  deposited  in  an 
urn.  Barrow-burial  is  supposed  not  to  have  been  alian- 
doned  in  Great  Britain  until  the  eighth  century.  In  Ens- 
land,  Wilts  and  Dorset  are  the  counties  in  -which  barrows 
most  abound.  Stone  barrows  in  Scotland  are  called  cairns. 
The  numerous  barrows  of  North  America  are  generally 
classed  along  with  other  ancient  earthworks  as  mounds, 
or  distinguished  as  burial-mounds. 


(-men).  A  man  emptoyed  in  wheeling  a  bar- 
row; specifically,  in  coal-mining,  one  who  con- 
veys the  coal  in  a  wheelbarrow"  from  the  point 
where  it  is  mined  to  the  trolleyway  or  tram- 
way on  which  it  is  carried  to  tlie  place  where 
it  is  raised  to  the  surface, 
barrow-pig  (bar'6-pig),  n.    Same  as  barrow^. 

A  barroic-piff,  that  is,  one  which  has  been  gelded. 

Dryden,  Plutarch,  II.  397. 

barrow-pump  (bar'o-pump),  n.  A  combined 
suction-  and  force-pump  motmted  on  a  two- 
wheeled  barrow, 
barrow-tram  (bar'6-tram),  n.  The  tram  or 
shaft  of  a  wheelbarrow;  hence,  jocularly,  a 
raw-boned  fellow. 

Sit  down  there,  and  gather  your  wind  and  your  senses, 
ye  black  barrov>-tram  o'  the  kirk  that  ye  are.  Are  ye  foii 
or  fasting?  Scott,  Guy  Maniiering,  II.  xiii. 


Whilst  the  term  tumulus  is  almost  exclusively  used  in  barrOW-trUCk  (bar'6-truk),  n.  A  two-wheeled 
speaking  of  the  sepulchral  mounds  of  the  ancient  Greeks,  hand-truck-  esneciallv  dufh  n  tviipk  fnr  hoa  lr> 
and  the  conical  mounds  formed  by  the  Koinans,  adjoining    Sng  bag'gSror  fr^^^^^^^^^^ 


their  camps  and  stations,  to  serve  as  land-marks  and  ,  -  ■ — ,       _  ^ 

watching-stations,  it  is  used  indifferently  with  the  word  DarrOWWay  (bar  0-wa),  M, 


barroio  to  designate  the  sepulchral  mounds  of  the  ancient 
inhabitants  of  this  and  other  northern  countries. 

Avdsley,  III.  18. 
A  long  street  climbs  to  one  tall-tower'd  mill ; 
And  high  in  heaven  behind  it  a  gray  down 
With  Danish  barrows.        Tennyson,  Enoch  Ardeii. 

4.  A  burrow  or  warren.    See  burrow'^,  berry"^. 

The  coney-6ct)-roi«  of  Lincoln's  Inn  is  now  covered  by 
smooth  lawns.  Blackwood's  May.,  XXII.  587, 


In  coal-mining,  an 


century,  written  ftrtrresfer,  barcster,  later  bar-  barrow2  (bar'6),  n.  [<  ME.  barrow,  barow 
.n.t.r  hn...of..^^T.  7.„....„,„w,„.x   f,„,g^g^  barcwc,  barwc,  <  AS.  *bcarwe  form 


raster,  barrister  (NL.  barrasterius),  <  burre,  bar 
(bar'i;  n.)  +  -ster,  the  term,  being  appar.  assim- 
ilated to  that  of  sophister,  etc.]  A  counselor 
or  an  advocate  learned  in  the  law,  admitted  to 
plead  at  the  bar  in  protection  and  defense  of 
clients :  called  in  full  a  barrister  at  law.  The  term 

is  more  especially  used  in  England  and  Ireland,  the  cor- 
responding term  in  Scotland  being  advocate  and  in  the 
United  States  counselor  at  law.  In  England  ban'isters 
alone  are  admitted  to  plead  in  the  superior  courts.  They 
must  previously  have  belonged  to  one  of  the  inns  of  court, 
and  are  divided  into  titter  or  outer  barristers,  who  plead 
without  the  bar,  and  queen's  (or  king's)  coumel  or  Ser- 
jeants at  laio,  who  plead  within  the  bar. 

After  applying  himself  to  the  study  of  the  law  Bacon 
was  admitted  in  his  twenty-second  year  (15S2)  as  an  Utter 
Barrister  of  Gray's  Inn.  E.  A.  Abbott,  Bacon,  p.  15. 

Inner  barrister.  Same  as  bencher,  i. 
bar-roll  (bar'rol),  n.  A  bookbinders'  tool,  of 
circular  form,  that  makes  a  broad,  flat  line  on 
the  sides  or  backs  of  books, 
bar-room  (bar'rom),  n.  A  room  in  a  public 
house,  hotel,  restaurant,  or  other  place  of  re- 
sort, containing  a  bar  or  counter  where  liquors 
or  other  refreshments  are  served, 
barrowl  (bar'6),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  barow, 
barrough  (mod.  dial,  bargh,  barf,  q.  v.,  also 
lerry^);  <  ME.  berw,  berug,  berg,  bergh,  beoruh 
(also,  with  vowel  appar.  affected  by  association 
with  other  words,  borw,  borgh,  burgh,  etc., 
whence  the  mod.  form  with  differentiated 
meaning  burrow'^,  q.  v.),  <  AS.  bcorg,  beorh 
=  OS.  berg  =  OFries.  berg,  berch  =  D.  berg  = 
OHG.  berg,  MHG.  berc,  G.  berg  (>E.  berg  in  ice- 
berg) =  Sw.  berg  =  Dan.  bj(Erg  =  Goth.  *bairgs 
(in  deriv.  bairgahei,  a  mountainous  district),  a 
hill,  mountain,  -  Icel.  berg,  bjarg,  a  rock,  preci- 
pice, =  Olr.  brigh,h\  bri=W.  bre  =  Bret,  bre,  a 


imdergroimd  road  on  which  coal  is  transported 
from  the  place  where  it  is  mined  to  the  tram- 
way. [Eng.] 
barrul6e  (bar-6-la'),  a.  In  her.,  same  as  barruly. 
barrulet  (bar'6-let),  n.  [Also  barrulette,  dim. 
of  AF.  *barrule,  dim.  of  OF.  barre,  a  bar :  see 
i«rl.]  In  her.,  a  diminutive  of  the  bar,  gen- 
erally considered  as  being  one  fourth  of  its 
width.  It  is  never  used  alone.  Also  written 
barrclet.    See  barrulctty. 


*bcrewe  is  cited  but  not  authenticated),  a  bar-  barrulet-ty  j;bar'6-let-i),  a.  [<  harrulct.']  In 
row  (cf.  D.  berrie,  MHG.  bere,  a  hand-barrow,     "'"  ' " 

MHG.  radc-ber,  G.  radberge,  radburge,  dial,  rade- 
bcrre,  a  wheelbarrow,  Icel.  barar,  mod.  borur, 
pi.,  a  bier,  Sw.  bdr,  barrow,  bier,  Dan.  baare, 
bier,  AS.  beer,  E.  bier;  also  L.  fcretrum,  <  Gr. 
(peperpov,  a  litter,  bier,  all  from  the  same  ult. 
source),  <  bcran,  bear:  see  6e«rl  and  bier.']  1.  A 
frame  used  by  two  or  more  men  in  carrying  a 
load ;  formerly,  any  such  frame,  as  a  stretcher  or 
bier;  specifically,  a  flat  rectangular  frame  of 
bars  or  boards,  with  projecting  shafts  or  han- 
dles (in  England  called  trams)  at  both  ends,  by 
which  it  is  carried:  usually  called  a  hand-bar- 
row.—  2.  A  similar  frame,  generally  used  in  the 
form  of  a  shallow  box  with  either  flaring  or  up- 
right sides,  and  supported  in  front  formerly  by 
two  wheels,  now  by  a  single  small  wheel  in- 
serted between  the  front  shafts,  and  pushed  by 
one  man,  who  supports  the  end  opposite  to  the 
wheel  by  means  of  the  rear  shafts:  usually 
called  a  wheelbarrow. — 3.  A  frame  or  box  of 
larger  size,  resting  on  an  axle  between  two 
large  wheels,  and  pushed  or  pulled  by  means 
of  shafts  at  one  end;  a  hand-cart:  as,  a  cos- 
termonger's  barrow.  [Local  Eng.  (London)  and 
Scotch.] — 4.  Abarrowful:  the  load  carried  in 
or  on  a  barrow. 


Have  I  lived  to  be  carried  in  a  basket,  like  a  barrow  of 
butcher's  offal ;  and  to  be  thrown  in  the  Tliames  ? 

Shale,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  5. 

5.  In  salt-works,  a  wicker  case  in  which  the 
salt  is  put  to  drain. — 6.  The  egg-case  of  a 
skate  or  a  ray :  so  called  from  its  resemblance 
to  a  hand-barrow. 


her.,  divided  into  barrulets:  said  of  the  heral- 
dic field.  See  barry^  and  barruly. 
barruly  (bar'o-li),  a.  [<  AF.  barrulee,  <  *bar- 
ride,  dim.  of  OF.  barre,  a  bar:  see  6rtri.]  In 
her.,  divided  into  bars  or  barrulets :  said  of  the 
field  when  divided  into  not  less  than  eight  parts ; 
if  the  number  is  much  greater,  it  is  called  bar- 
ruletty.  Also  barruUe. 
barryl  (bar'i),  n.  Same  as  barrow-coat.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

barry2  (ba'ri),  a.  [<  F.  barre,  pp.  of  barrer, 
bar:  see  bari,  v.]  In  her.,  divided  into  bars: 
said  of  the  heraldic  field.  The 
number  of  divisions  is  always  even  and 
is  always  mentioned,  as  barry  of  four 
pieces,  barry  of  six,  etc. ;  if  there  are 
not  less  than  eight  divisions,  the  words 
barruly  and  barrulctty  may  be  em- 
ployed. Also  barred.—  Barry  bendy, 
divided  into  lozenges  by  tlie  intersection 
of  lines  drawn  barwise  and  bendwise. 
Tliis  is  always  sujjposed  to  be  bendy 
dexter ;  when  bendy  sinister,  it  is  writ- 
ten barry  bendy  sinister.  Also  bendy 
inrry.— Barry  paly,  divided  botli  barwise  and  palewise, 
and  therefore  either  cheeky  or  billety.  See  these  words. — 
Barry  pily,  divided  both  barwise  and  diagonally,  the 
division  forming  piles  across  the  field.  It  is  more  prop- 
erly blazoned  as  of  piles  barwise,  the  number  being  men- 
tioned.—Barry  wavy,  divided  into  waving  bands  of  gen- 
erally horizontal  direction :  said  of  the  field.  This  charge 
is  used  to  represent  water  in  cases  where  a  ship  or  the 
like  is  to  be  depicted  as  afloat. 

Barsac  (bar'sak),  w.  [F.]  A  general  name  for 
the  white  wines  made  in  Barsac,  department 

of  Gironde,  France.  All  the  Barsac  wines  are  sweet- 
ish ;  but  they  liave  a  certain  bitterness,  and  sometimes  a 
tarry  or  resinous  flavor,  which  prevents  their  being  lus- 


Barry  of  six. 


mountain  M^^^^  (l3ar'6),'  r.  t.     [<  barrow^  n.]     To  barse  (bars),  w.    [The  original  form  of  the  word 


as,  to  barrow 


=  Serv.  brijeg=  Bohem.  lrch  =  Pol.  br^eg  =    wheel  or  convey  in  a  barrow 
Kuss.  beregu,  shore,  bank ;  ef .  Zend  berezanh,  a    coal  in  a  pit 

S'*:  \ZfS''±}^^}'rfJ}-\-  ^^,"'ant,^^troug,  barrow^  (bar'6),  n.     [<  ME.  barow,  barowe. 

baru,  <  AS.  bearg,  bearh  =  Fries,  baerg  =  D, 


miglity?  lofty,  ppr.  of  brih,  barh,  be  thick,  be 
strong.  The  orig.  notion  is  that  of  a  height, 
and  there  is  no  connection  with  AS.  beorgan, 
etc.,  cover:  see  bury'i-.]  If.  A  hill  or  moun- 
tain :  originally  applied  to  hills  or  mountains 
of  any  height,  even  the  gi-eatest,  but  later  re- 
stricted to  lower  elevations.  In  this  sense  the 
word  survives  only  in  provincial  use  or  as  a 
part  of  local  names  in  England. —  2.  A  mound; 
a  heap.    [Prov.  Eng.]    In  particular — 3.  A 


barg,  berg  =  OHG.  barg,  barug,  MHG.  bare,  G. 
barch  =  Icel.  borgr,  a  castrated  boar.  Not 
connected,  as  sometimes  suggested,  with  L. 


now  corrupted  to  bass  (see  bass^) ;  <  ME.  barse, 
<  AS.  bars,  bears,  perch,  =  D.  baars  =  MHG. 
bars,  G.  barsch,  OHG.  (with  added  formative) 
bersich,  a  perch ;  prob.  akin  to  birse,  bristle,  q.  v. 
Cf.  Sw.  and  Dan.  aborre,  perch.]  The  com- 
mon perch.  [Local  Eng.  (West- 
moreland).] 


verres,  a  boar,  Skt.  vardha,  a  boar.    Cf.  hog,  bars-gemel  (barz'jem''''el),  n.  pi. 


of  the  same  orig.  sense.]  A  castrated  boar'. 
Also  called  barrow-pig  or  barrow-hog.  [Now 
chiefly  prov.  Eng.] 

I  say  "gentle,"  though  this  barrow  grunt  at  the  word. 

Milton,  Colasterion. 


[<  bars  +  gemel,  q.  v.]    In  her. 
two  bars  placed  very  near  to- 
gether, having  more  of  the  field 
above  and  below  them  than  be- 
tween them. 


Bars-gemel. 


bar-shear 

bar-shear  (bar'slier),  n.  A  machine  for  cutting 

metal  bars,  it  consists  of  a  very  strong  frame  having 
a  fixed  lower  blade  and  a  vertically  reciprocating  upper 
blade,  between  which  the  bar  is  cut. 

"bar-shoe  (bar'slio),  n.  A  kind  of  horseshoe 
having  a  bar  across  the  usual  opening  at  the 
heel  to  protect  a  tender  frog  from  injury. 

bar-shooting  (bar'sh6"tiug),  n.  The  practice 
of  shooting  wild  fowl  from  the  bars  of  rivers 
and  bays. 

bar-shot  (biir'shot),  n.  1.  Double-headed  shot, 
consisting  of  a  bar  with  a  half-ball  or  round 
head  at  each  end,  for- 
merly used  for  destroy- 
ing masts  and  rigging  in 
naval  warfare. —  2.  In 
U  er. ,  two  bullets  or  balls 
connected  by  a  short  bar  like  a  dumb-bell. 

bar-sight  (bar'sit),  n.  A  form  of  rifle-sight. 
See  bar^,  16. 

barsowite  (bar'so-wit),  n.  [<  Barsow(skoi)  + 
-ite2.~\  A  mineral  occurring  as  the  gangue  of 
blue  corundum  at  Barsowskoi  or  Barsovskoi  in 
the  Ural.  Its  true  nature  is  uncertain,  but  it 
may  be  identical  with  anorthite. 

Bart.  The  contraction  of  baronet  appended  to 
a  name :  as,  Sir  John  Doe,  Bart. 

bar-tailed  (bar'tald),  a.  Having  the  tail  barred 
crosswise  with  different  colors :  as,  the  bar- 
tailed  godwit,  Limosa  kqt^wnica.  See  cut  un- 
der Lii 


4G1 

to  Hungary,  Poland,  and  Spain,  but,  under  this 
name,  became  extinct  after  1700 


[Not  found  before 


bartizan  (bar'ti-zan), 
Sir  W.  Scott, 
who  uses  the 
word  frequently ; 
prob.  adapted 
from  a  corrupt 
Sc.  spelling  (hcr- 
tiscnc)  of  brctti- 
cin(j,  bratticiiig  : 
see  bratticing  .'\ 
In  arch.,  a  small 
overhanging  tur- 
ret, pierced  with 
loopholes  or  em- 
brasures, or  with 
both,  and  pro- 
jecting general- 
ly from  an  an- 
gle at  the  top  of 
a  tower,  or  from 
the  parapet  of  a 
building  or  medieval  fortification-wall. 
On  battlement  and  bartizan 
Gleamed  axe,  and  spear,  and  partisan. 

SaAt,  L.  of  L.  M.,  iv.  20. 
He  pass'd  the  court-gate,  and  he  ope'd  the  tower-grate, 

And  he  mounted  the  narrow  stair 
To  the  bartizan-seat,  where,  with  maids  that  on  her  wait, 
He  found  his  lady  fair.  Scott,  Eve  of  Saint  John. 


Bartizan. —  C.-ircassonne.  France. 
yl,  merlon  ;  /i,  embrasure  ;  C,  loophole ; 
D,  machicolation.    (From  Viollet-le-Uuc's 
'  Diet,  de  rArchitecture.") 


imosa. 

bartender  (bar'ten-'der),  n.    A  barkeeper;  a  bartizaned  (biir'ti-zand),  a.    Furnished  with 


a  bartizan  or  bartizans.  Scott. 
Bartolist  (bar'to-list),  n.    A  student  of  Bar- 
tolo,  a  famous  Italian  jurist  (1314-57);  one 

   ^    skilled  in  the  law. 

perhaps  to  the  suffix  of  the  OF.  infinitive" or  to  bartont  (biir'ton),  n.  [<  AS.  (ONorth.)  bere-tun, 


waiter  in  a  bar-room  who  serves  out  drinks  and 
refreshments. 

barter  (bar'ter),  V.  [<  late  ME.  bartren  for 
*barten,  *bareten  (the  inserted  r  being:  due 


courtyard,  manor,  threshing-floor,  <  bere,  bar- 
ley, 4-  tun,  inclosure:  see  bear^,  barley^,  and 
toivn,  and  cf.  &ar«l.]  1.  The  demain  lands  of 
a  manor,  not  rented,  but  retained  for  the  use 
of  the  lord  of  the  manor.  Also  called  berwick. 
—  2.  A  farm-yard. 

Spacious  bartons,  clean,  well-wall'd  around, 
Where  all  the  wealth  of  rural  life  was  found, 
modify)  for  another  of  equivalent  of  supposed  v  ;  ^"f""''         ^""""^'se,  iii.  4i. 

equivalent  value :  with  a  person,  for  (formeriy  n    %  -       "V  r^r 

urn)  a  thing:  as,  to  barter  one's  jewels  for  Bartramia  (bar-tra  mi-a),  v.    [NL.   after  the 
'  to       >  J       ^  J       naturalist  William  Bartram  (1739-1823).]  A 

genus  of  sandpipers  the  ty}ie  of  which  is  Tringa 
bartramia  of  Wilson,  now  Bartramia  longicau- 


dependence  on  the  noun  barator,  bareter,  etc. 
see  barrator),  <  OF.  bareter,  barater,  barter, 
truck,  cheat,  <  barat,  barate,  barete,  barter, 
cheating:  see  barrat.\  I.  intrans.  To  traffic 
or  trade  by  exchanging  one  commodity  for  an- 
other, in  distinction  from  buying  and  selling  for 
money. 

II,  trans.  1.  To  give  (one  thing  or  com- 


bread. 

As  ray  faith  has  once  been  given  to  you,  I  never  will 
barter  it  with  another.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  v.  1. 

Rude  people  ivho  were  willing  to  barter  costly  furs  for 
trifles.  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  91. 

2.  To  exchange,  in  general — To  barter  away,  to 

dispose  of  by  Ijarter,  especially  in  an  unwise  or  dishonor- 
able way ;  bargain  away  :  as,  to  barter  away  himiau  rights 
for  the  patronage  of  the  great. 

He  also  a !('«!/ plums  .  .  .  for  nuts.  Locke. 

barter  (bar'ter),  «.  \<  barter,  v.'\  1.  The  act 
of  exchanging ;  specifically,  the  act  or  practice 
of  traflficking  by  exchange  of  commodities. 

All  government,  indeed  every  human  benefit  and  enjoy- 
ment, every  virtue,  and  every  prudent  act,  is  founded  on 
compromise  and  barter. 

Burke,  Conciliation  with  America,  1775. 

Article  is  exchanged  for  article  without  the  use  of  money 
or  credit.    This  is  simple  barter. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Senate,  March  18,  1834. 

2.  The  thing  given  in  exchange. — 3.  An  arith- 


metical rule  by  which  the  values  of  different  yP^    fl  . 

ffoods  are  ascertninerl  nnd  r»f>mnfi.rprl  -Ot™    i  Daril(Da-j 


Bartram's  Sandpiper,  or  Upland  Plover  {Bartramia  longicanda 


da,  a  common  species  of  North  America,  va- 
riously called  Bartram's  sandpiper,  upland 
plover,  prairie  pigeon,  and  quailly.  it  belongs  to 

the  family  Scolopacidce  and  subfamily  Totaninie,  and  is 
peculiar  for  the  length  and  graduation  of  its  tail. 


goods  are  ascertained  and  compared.  =  Syn.  1. 

Dealing,  trade,  traflic,  truck,  interchange. 

barterer  (bar'ter-er),  n.  One  who  barters  or 
traffics  by  exchanging  commodities. 

barteryt  (bar'ter-i),  n.  [<  barter  +  -?/.]  Ex- 
change of  commodities  in  trade ;  barter. 

It  is  a  received  opinion  that,  in  most  ancient  ages,  there 
was  only  bartery  or  exchange  of  .  .  .  commodities  amongst 
most  nations.  Camden,  Remains,  Money. 

barth  (barth),  n.  [E.  dial.,  of  obscure  origin. 
Cf.  berth^.2  A  warm  inclosed  place  of  shelter 
for  young  cattle. 

Bartholomew  baby,  day,  etc^  See  the  nouns. 
Bartholomew-tide  (bar-thor9-mTi-tid),  n.  The 

season  near  St.  Bartholomew's  day  (August 

24).  Seedayi. 

Like  flies  at  Bartholomew-tide,  blind.  _ 

-Stei.,  Hen.  v.,  V.  2.  bar-weir  (bar'wer),  n.    A  weir  which  rises  and 
Bartholomite  (bar-thol'o-mit),  n.    \_<Bartholo-   falls  with  the  tide,  placed  in  a  stream  to  pre- 
7neiD  4- -jfeS.]    1.  A  member  of  the  community    vent  the  return  seaward  of  any  fish  which  may 
of  Basilian  monks  of  the  Armenian  rite  who    have  passed  it. 

took  refuge  in  the  West  and  were  assigned  the  barwin  (bar' win),  n.  [Cf .  Ir.  Gael,  bar,  the 
church  of  St.  Bartholomew,  in  Genoa,  in  1307.  sea.]  A  name  applied  in  County  Antrim, 
The  community  was  finally  suppressed  in  1650.  Ireland,  to  the  common  sea-bream,  Pagellus 
—  2.  One  of  a  congregation  of  secular  priests  centrodontus. 

following  a  rule  di-awn  up  by  Bartholomew  barwise  (bar'wiz),  adv.  [<  &ari  -I-  -iciseS.]  In 
Holzhausen,  in  Germany,  in  1640.  They  spread    her.,  in  the  direction  of  the  bar,  that  is,  hori- 


r6'),».  [Malay  name.]  A  fine  woolly 
substance,  used  for  calking  ships,  stuflSng 
cushions,  etc.,  foimd  at  the  base  of  the  leaves 
of  the  Arenga  saccharifera,  a  sago-palm  of  the 
East  Indies. 

baruria  (ba-ro'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  (Sapic, 
hea\-7,  -t-  ovpov,  urine.]  In  pathol.,  a  morbid 
condition  of  the  body  characterized  by  the 
passage  of  urine  of  a  high  specific  gravity, 
barutine  (bar'o-tin),  n.  [Prob.  of  Pers.  origin.] 
A  kind  of  silk  manufactured  in  Persia.  Sim- 
monds. 

barvel,  barvell  (biir'vel),  n.  [E.  dial.,  per- 
haps a  corruption  of  *barmfell,  <  barm'^,  lap, 
-f-  fell^,  a  skin.]  A  kind  of  leather  apron. 
[Pro v.  Eng.] 
barways  (bar'waz),  adv.  In  her.,  same  as  bar- 
wise. 


barytone 

zontally  across  the  field :  said  of  the  divisions 
of  the  field,  and  also  of  any  bearing ;  thus,  a 
sword  barwise  is  a  sword  boruo  horizontally. 
Also  barways. 

barwood  (biir'wiid),  n.  [Prob.  so  called  be- 
cause exported  in  bars;  c.i.  logwood.']  A  red  dye- 
wood  obtained  from  Sierra  Leone  and  Angola, 

Africa,  it  is  the  product  of  the  tree  Ilaphia  nitida,  and 
is  found  in  commerce  as  a  rough  red  powder,  pi  oduced 
by  rasping  the  logs.  Its  coloring  matter  is  insolulile  in 
water,  but  yields  about  23  per  cent,  to  alcoholic  infusion. 
It  is  used  for  dyeing  cotton  yarns  the  lirilliant  orange-red 
known  as  mock  Turkey  red  or  barwood  rcrf.— Barwood 
spirits.  Same  as  tin  ajnrits  (which  see,  under  tin). 
bary-.  [L.,  etc.,  <  Gr.  ftapbc,  lieavy,  =  L.  gravis, 
heavy,  >  E.  graved,  q.  v.]  An  element  in  many 
words  of  Greek  origin,  meaning  heavy,  dull, 
hard,  difficult,  etc. 

barycentric  (bar-i-sen'trik),  a.  [<  Gr.  paphc, 
heavy,  +  nevrpov,  center.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  center  of  gravity — Barycentric  calculus,  an 

application  to  geometry  of  tlie  mechanical  tlicory  of  the 
center  of  gravity,  executed  in  two  distinct  ways,  according 
as  meti-ical  or  descriptive  geometrical  properties  are  to  be 
investigated.— Barycentric  coordinates.  See  coordi- 
nate. 

baryecoia  (bar-i-e-koi'ii),  [NL.,  <  Gr.  papvjj- 
Koia,  hardness  of  hearing,  <  liapvr/Koot;,  hard  of 
hearing,  <  jiap'v^,  hard,  -f-  aKoljetv,  hear:  see 
acoustic]  In  pathol.,  dullness  of  hearing; 
deafness. 

baryglossia  (bar-i-glos'i-ii),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

jMpix,  heavy,  +  y/uc^nn,  tongue.]  In  pathol., 
difficulty  of  speech  ;  baryphonia.  JJiinglison. 
barylite  (bar'i-lit),  v.  [<  Gr.  ftapir,  heavy,  -f- 
/.iOog,  stone.]  A  silicate  of  aluminium  and 
barium  occurring  in  white  cleavable  masses  in 
Sweden. 

baryphonia  (bar-i-fo'ni-a),  n.    [NL.  (cf.  Gr. 

jjapvcpuvia,  a  deep  voice,  <  tiap'e(poivoc,yvit]x  a  deep 
voice),  <  Gr.  I3apvc,  heavy,  hard,  -t-  ^tjv^,  voice.] 
In  jxithol.,  difficulty  of  speech, 
baryta  (ba-ri'tii),  n.  [NL.,  formerly  also  6a- 
rita,  <  barytcs,  q.  v.]  Barium  oxid,  BaO :  also 
called  heavy  earth,  because  it  is  the  heaviest  of 
the  earths,  its  specific  gravity  being  4.7.  it  is 
a  gray  powder  having  a  sliarp,  caustic,  alkaline  taste,  and 
a  strong  affinity  for  water,  w  ith  which  it  comljines  to  form 
barium  hydrate.  It  forms  salts  with  the  acids,  all  of 
which  are  poisonous,  except  the  siilpluite,  which  is  quite 
insoluble  in  the  juices  of  tlie  stomach.  The  carbonate 
of  baryta  is  much  used  in  the  preparation  of  beet-root 
sugar,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  plate-glass  and  of  colors. 
Formerly  called  Sana.— Baryta-water,  a  solution  of  the 
hydrate  of  barium  in  water,  used  as  a  reagent  in  chemical 
analysis. 

barytes  (ba-ri'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  (SapvTvc, 
weight,  heaviness,  <  ftapic,  heavy;  the  term, 
being  associated  with  that  of  minerals  in  -ites, 
-ite'^.]  It.  Baryta. —  2.  The  native  sulphate  of 
barium,  BaS04,  a  common  name  for  the  min- 
eral barite  or  heavy-spar,  it  is  sometimes  mined 
and  ground  in  a  mill,  and  used  to  adulterate  white  lead, 
to  weight  paper,  etc.    See  barite. 

barytic  (ba-rit'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to,  formed 
of,  or  containing  baryta. 

barytine  (bar'i-tiu),  «.  [<  barytes  -r  Ane"^.] 
Same  as  barite. 

barytocalcite  (ba-ri-to-kal'sit),  n.  [<  baryta 
4-  calcitc.]  A  mineral  consisting  of  the  carbo- 
nates of  barium  and  calcium.  It  occtirs  in 
monoelinic  crystals,  also  massive,  of  a  white, 
grayish,  greenish,  or  yellow  color. 

barytocelestite  (ba-ri*t6-se-les'tit),  n.  [<  ba- 
ryta +  celestite.']  A  variety  of  celestite  con 
taining  some  barium  sulphate. 

barytone  (bar'i-ton),  a.  and  n.  [Also  baritone  • 
<  It.  baritono,  <  Gr.  jiapv-ovog,  deep-toned,  with 
grave  accent,  <  [iaph^,  heavy,  deep,  grave,  -H 
rdwf,  tone:  see  tone.]  I.  a.  1.  Having  the 
quality  of  a  voice  or  instrument  intermediate 
between  a  bass  and  a  tenor:  as,  a  barytone 
voice.    See  II. 

The  voice  [of  tlie  HejaziJ  is  strong  and  clear,  but  rather 
ban/lone  than  bass :  in  anger  it  becomes  a  shrill  chattering 
like  the  cry  of  a  wild  animal. 

Jt.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  318. 

2.  In  Gr.  gram.:  (a)  Pronounced  with  the 
(theoretical)  grave  accent  on  the  last  syllable 
(see  grave,  «.);  having  the  last  syllable  unac- 
cented: as,  a  barytone  vfovd,  such  as  tovoc.  (b) 
Causing  a  word  to  be  without  accent  on  the 
final  syllable:  as,  a  barytone  suffix. 

II.  «.  1.  In  music:  (a)  A  male  voice,  the 
compass  of  which  partakes  of  the  bass  and  the 
tenor,  but  which  does  not  descend  so  low  as  the 
one  nor  rise  so  high  as  the  other,  its  range  is 
from  the  lower  G  of  the  bass  staff  to  the  lower  F  of  the 
treble.  The  quality  is  that  of  a  high  bass  ratlier  than  that 
of  a  low  tenor.  Frequently  applied  to  the  person  possess- 
ing a  voice  of  this  quality :  as,  Signor  S.  is  a  great  baiytone. 

Haunting  harmonies  hover  around  us,  deep  and  eternal 
like  the  undying  barytone  of  the  sea. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  240. 


barytone 

(b)  A  stringed  instrument  played  with  a  bow, 
resembling  the  viola  da  gamba,  called  in  Italian 
riola  di  bardoue  or  bordoiic.  it  had  sometimes  6 
usually  7,  gut  strings,  stomjeii  liy  the  fingers  of  the  left 
haiul,  and  from  9  to  2-1  syiiiiiatliotic  strings  of  brass  or 
steel,  running  under  the  linyer-ljoard.  'I'liese  were  some 
times  plueked  with  the  thuml)  of  tl 
strument  was  a  great  favorite  i 
and  much  niusic  was  composed  esj 
now  obsolete,  (c)  The  name  usually  given  to  the 
smaller  brass  sax-horn  in  Bb  or  C. — 2.  In  Gr. 


4G2 

northeast  coast  of  Ireland,  and  Fingal  s  Cave  in  the  island 
of  Statfa,  Scotland.— Basalt  Ware,  a  kind  of  stoneware 
made  by  Josiali  Wedgwood  and  his  successiors.  It  is  usually 
black,  colored  throughout  the  paste,  and  has  a  dull  gloss': 
hence  also  called  blacic  imre.  Articles  made  of  it  are  mucli 
admired,  and  tliose  made  by  Wedgwood  himself  are 
and  costly. 

+  -/c]  Per- 
or  containing 
basalt ;  of  the  nature  of  or  resembling  basalt 
as,  ba^dtic  lava. 


..^..11...  were  some-      and  Costly. 

u.^!;^''.t!';:;;;l;c;!>lh.jy:  basaltic  (ba-sal'tik),  «.  [<ba.aJf 
d  esiKci:diy  tor  it.   It  is    tainiug  to  basalt ;  formed  of  oi 


gram.,  a  word  which  has  the  last  syllable  nn-  basaltiform  (ba-sal'ti-form),  a.    [<  L.  Ixisal- 


accented 

barytone  (bar'i-ton),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bary- 
toned,  ppr.  barytonhtg.  [<  bdri/toiw,  «.]  In  Or. 
gram.,  to  pronounce  or  write  without  accent  on 
the  last  syllable  :  as,  to  barytone  a  word, 
barytrope  vl-'iir'i-trop),  ».  [<  Gr.  jSapvc,  heavy, 
+  Tpo-oc,  a  turning:  see  trope.']  A  curve  de- 
fined by  the  condition  that,  if  a  heavy  body 


fey,  basalt,  +  forma,  shape.]  Of  the  form  of 
prismatic  basalt ;  columnar, 
basalting  (ba-sal'ting),  n.  [<  basaU  +  -iiigi-.l 
A  process  of  maldng  paving-  and  building- 
blocks  from  the  scori»  of  blast-furnaces, 
basaltoid  (ba-sal'toid),  «.  [<  b(i.mlt  +  -oid.'] 
Allied  in  appearance  or  nature  to  basalt;  re- 
sembling basalt. 


slides  down  an  incline  having  this  form,  the  basan,  basane  (baz'an,  ba-zan'),  v.  [Also 


pressure  on  the  incline  will  follow  a  given  law. 
basal  (ba'sal),  a.  and  ».   [<  base^  +  -a!.]   I.  a. 
1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  base;  constituting 
the  base ;  fundamental. 

The  basal  idea  of  Bishop  Butler's  profound  treatise,  The 
Analogy  of  Religion. 

G.  D.  Boardman,  Creative  Week,  p.  28. 


bazan,  basin,  bazin,  aiid  more  corruptly  basil, 
bazil;  <  F.  basane,  bazanc  (Cotgrave),  <  Sp.  Pg. 
badana  (ML.  bedanc),  a  tamied'sheepskin,  <  Ar. 
bitdnah,  lining.]  Sheepskin  tanned  in  oak-  or 
larch-bark,  and  used  for  bookbinding,  etc.  It 
is  distinguished  from  roan,  which  is  tanned  in 
sumac. 


2.  Pertaining  to  the  base  of  a  part  or  organ,  basanite  (bas'a-nit),  n.  [<  L.  basaiiitcs  (sc. 
(a)  On  or  near  the  base:  as,  a  basal  mark,  (b)  lapis,  stone),  <  &r.  ^iSaaavirr/c  (sc.  ?.ido(,  stone). 
Nearest  the  base :  as,  the  basal  joint,  or  the  foiu-  <  ,iaaaroi;,  a  touchstone,  a  dark-colored  stone  on 
&««(?jomtsofaumsect'sautenna.— 3.  Inicl/tli.,  which  pure  gold  when  rubbed  makes  a  peculiar 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  basalia.  See  basale.  mark  ;  origin  luicertaiu.]  A  silicious  rock  or 
Tlie  Elasmobranchii  possess  three  basal  cartilages,  which  jasper,  of  a  velvety-black  color,  used  as  a  touch- 
articulate  with  the  pectoral  arc'h.  .  ,  , .  ,  stone  for  determining  the  amount  of  alloy  in 
Basal  cell.  («)  A  cell  at  the  bL'^the  se^ment'ed  o^l  f^^'  J^,^  touchstone  was  formerly  extensive- 

of  soine  enibrvos,  as  sponges :  the  opposite  of  apical  cell.  l^^ea,  but  is  now  much  less  common.  See 
(6)  In  the  w  iiiu's  ..f  D!],tera,  one  of  the  elongate  cells  near     touchstone  and  touch-nccdlc. 

theliasi-.if  tlicwinnbrtweenthesecondandflfthorsecond  baS-bleU  (b;i-l)lo'),  //.     []•".,  lllue-stockinff-  bas 

-^^^f  of^.. nother-stock,%tpck: 

age,  in  rr,,.^l.,/...  .  Icava-..  in  the  direcfi.Mi  of  a  basal  plane.  '^'^S  (See  basc^) ;  blei(,  blue  :  a  translation  of  the 

—  Basal  field,  area,  or  space,  a  portion  of  an  insect's  E.  term.]    Same  as  hhic-s/oclini/,  1. 
wing  lying  at  tlie  base,  but  very  diversely  defined  in  the  bas-chevalierf,  n.    [A  iictitions'torm,  based  on 
different  groups.     In  tlie  Lcpuln,,!.  ,;,  it  occupies  the  ^  f.,is.„  otvinnlno-v  nf  liiwhrln,- ■  (   V   I,,,.-  b^w 
wholewidthof  the  winu  for  about. .„e  fourth  of  its  length  ?'  r^^!'*'  '  t.> 'oology  Ot  baclulO),   <.   1?  .  /w.s,  low, 

and  in  the  fore  winus  of  the  x.,rt„;,i,c  is  limited  exter-  Ulterior  (see  base^),  +  chevalier :  See  chevcdier.'] 
naliy  iiy  tlie  anteiioi  or  .Ati a-iia^iar  n .,ss  lin,..  I,,  the  One  of  a  class  of  low  Or  inferior  kniglits,  by 
drauoii-iiies  it  is  a  s.iiaii  ^jiare  at  tiie  extieiiR'  ha^c  of  the    bare  tenure  of  a  niilitarv  fee,  as  distinguished 

wing,  between  tlie  median  and  submeiiiau  veins,  and  v,.,,,,,<.,.,>t  .  .,,,1  !,,,'.„     i,       i,i-ir       i -.v 

bounded  exteriorly  by  the  arc  or  arculus,  a  small  cross-  bamieiyth  an.l  baronets.    I'hdhps,  1,0(,. 

vein.    In  other  groups  it  is  generally  an  indeterniiiiate  spurious  torm,  without  historical  sujiport.] 

portion  occupying  aliout  one  third  of  the  wing.  — Basal  baSCinSt,  II.     See  basinet. 

ganglion.  See  ',»«.///..,».-Basal  half-line,  in  tlie  noc  Bascuencet,  n.    The  Basque  language. 

tiua  iiiotlis,  a  line  extending  trom  the  costa  border  of  the  -Un  „„„i  „4.;„„   /i  „    i  -  i-,  i       s           ry  i 

anterior  w  ing,  near  the  base,  half  way  across  the  surface,  basculation  (bas-ku-la'shon),  «.     [<  F.  bascn- 

-  Basal  plane,  in  c-i/.-ttal.,  a  plane  parallel  to  the  lateral  swing,  see-saw,  <  bascide :  see  bascule.']  In 
or  iioii/oiital  axes.— Basal  valve,  that  valve  in  bivalves  pathol.,  the  movement  by  which  a  retroverted 
by  which  they  adhere  to  other  substances.  _  uterus  is  Swung  back  into  position. 

II.  11.  1  One  ot  the  basal  joints  of  the  bascule  (bas'kiil),  n.  [<  F.  bascule,  swing, 
branches  of  a  crmoid,  bearing  the  radials.- 2.    poi^e,  balance,  see-saw,  formerly  bacnle,  appar 

T.l'loli  V-    -M^f" P              ^;  ^'■'l•■^•■^    r^.T  <  ^"^^''^^  l^^^^t,  bump  (or  bos.  low),  +  c,,/  the 

basale  (ba-sa  le)         pi.  basalia  (-li-a).    [NL.  posteriors.]     1.  An  arrangement  in  bridges 

<  I.,  basal,  q  v  ]    1.  In  ichih.,  one  ot  several  ^.hieh  one  portion  balances  another. -2. 

cartilages  which  may  compose  the  basis  of  the  a  form  of  bailing-scoop. 

pectora  hmb  of  a  fish,  and  to  which  the  series  bascule-bridge  (bas'kiil-brij),  n.  A  drawbridge 

?i  :"^i.°^,^^  f  ^^^^^^  arranged  wiSi  a  counterpoise,  so  that,  as  tL 


the  propterygial  basale  ;  the  mesopterygial  and 
metapterygial  basalia.  Eee pterygium,  and  cut 
under  scapulocoracoid. —  2.  One  of  the  bones 
which  form  the  base  for  the  pectoral  fin ;  an 
actinost. —  3.  In  erinoids,  same  as  basal,  1. 

A  central  piece,  which  probably  represents  the  basalia 
of  other  erinoids.  Ilnxh'ii,  Auat.  Invert.,  p.  500. 

basal-nerved  (ba'sal-nervd),  a.    In  bot,  de- 
scriptive of  leaves"  the  nerves  of  which  all 
proceed  from  the  base, 
basalt  (ba-salf  or  bas'alt),  n.    [First  in  E.  as 
L.,  basaltes ;  =  F.  basalte,  <  L.  busaltes,  a  ^asel 
dark  and  very  hard  species  of  marble  in  Ethi- 
opia; said  to  be  an  African  word  (Pliny).]  A 
volcanic  rock  occurring  widely,  and  consisting 
of  a  trielinic  feldspar,  together  with  augite  and 
magnetite  or  titaniferous  iron. 
Olivin  and  neplielin  are  also  otten 
found  in  the  basalts,  espe(  lallv  tli.-  loi- 
mer.  Apatite,  leucite.  and  bam  u,  ai  e 
occasionally  present.  Iheljasalts  have 
been  variously  classed  )>y  different 
wi-iters.    Basalt  proper  is  the  dark- 
compact  variety,   Iji-eaking  with  a 
splintery  fracture.    I  nder  the  name 
dolerite  are  included  all  the  more 
coarsely  crystallized  varieties  in  wlii(  li 
the  comjionent  minerals  can  be  mad 
out  with  the  naked  eye,  while  aiimii 
esite  is  the  name  given  to  those  varir- 
ties  which  have  a  finely  granular  tex- 
ture.   In  the  modern  eruptive  regions 
basalt  has  almost  always  been  the  last  rock  to  be  emitted 
from  the  volcanic  orifice.    The  cooling  of  lava  often  gives 
rise  to  the  formation  of  hexagonal  prisms  or  columns, 
which  are  occasionally  extremely  regular  in  form  and  of 
great  size.    Basalt  displays  this  structure  more  frequently 
and  in  greater  perfectness  than  any  other  rock  ;  hence 
this  kind  of  structure  is  frequently  called  basaltic.  (See 
cut.)   Remarkable  formations  of  columnar  basalt  exist  in 
Tarious  parts  of  the  world,  as  the  Giant's  Causeway  on  the 


floor  of  the 
bridge  is  raised, 
the  eoimter- 
poise  descends 
into  a  pit  pre- 
pared for  it : 
tlie  commonest 
form  of  me- 
dieval draw- 
bridge. See  bed- 
ance-bridge. 

(bas),  a. 


Columnar  Basalt. 


and  w.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bace;  <  ME.  base, 
bass,  baas,  <  OF.  (and  F.)  bas,  masc,  basse, 
fem.,  —  Pr.  bas  =  Sp.  bajo  z=  Pg.  bai.ro  =  It.  bas- 
.90,  low,  <  LL.  ba.ssus,  low,  short,  thick;  in  clas- 
sical L.  found  only  as  a  cognomen,  Bassiis, 
'  Short.'  Perhaps  of  Celtic  origin ;  ef .  W.  bas,  = 
Corn,  bas  =  Bret,  baz,  shallow ;  W.  basu,  make 
shallow,  lower;  Corn.  Z<«6'.se,  fall,  lower,  abate ; 
but  the  Celtic  terms  may  be  from  the  L.  In  mu- 
sic, now  generally  bass :  see  bass'^.  As  a  noun, 
b/isr  (if  this  origin  (the  lower  part)  is  confused 
witli  /«rsY'-i  (the  supporting  part).]  I.  a.  1.  Low; 
of  small  height :  applied  to  things.  [Archaic] 
The  cedar  stoops  not  to  tlie  base  shrub's  foot. 

iSlialc.,  Lucrece,  1.  6(i4. 
Hence  —  2.  In  60  of  low  or  lowly  growth:  as, 
6a.se  broom;  base  rocket. —  3.  Low  in  place, 
position,  or  degree.  [Archaic] 

By  that  same  hole  an  entraunce,  darke  and  bace, 
With  snioake  and  sulphur  hiding  all  the  place, 
Descends  to  hell.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  v.  31. 

Men  acting  gregariously  are  always  in  extremes;  as 
they  are  one  moment  capable  of  higher  courage,  so  they 
are  liable,  the  next,  to  baser  depression. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  151. 


base 

4.  Of  little  value;  coarse  in  quality;  worth- 
less, absolutely  or  comparatively:  as,  the  ba.st 
metals  (so  called  in  contrast  with  the  noble  or 
precious  metals). 

The  liarvest  white  plumb  is  a  base  plumb. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  509. 
Often  has  the  vein  of  gold  displayed  itself  amid  the 
fta.wrores.       Maiy.  FtUler,  Woman  in  luth  Cent.,  p.  15. 

Hence— -5.  Fraudulently  debased  in  value: 
spm-ious ;  false :  as,  base  coin. 

Tliey  were  compelled  to  accept  base  money  in  exchange 
for  those  commodities  they  were  forced  to  sell. 

Goldsmith,  Hist.  Kng.,  x. 

6.  Low  in  scale  or  rank;  of  humble  origin, 
gi-ade,  or  station ;  wanting  dignity  or  estima- 
tion ;  mean ;  lowly :  as,  base  menials. 

Base  things  of  the  world,  and  things  which  are  despised, 
hath  God  chosen.  1  Cor.  i.  28. 

'Tis  the  plague  of  great  ones ; 
Prerogatived  are  they  less  than  the  base. 

Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  3. 

7.  Suitable  to  or  characteristic  of  a  low  con- 
dition ;  depressed ;  abject :  as,  base  servility. 

I  am  fire  and  air ;  my  other  elements 
I  give  to  baser  life.  .Sliuk.,  A.  and  C,  v.  2. 

8.  Of  mean  spirit ;  morally  low ;  without  dig- 
nity of  sentiment:  said  of  persons. 

Base  is  the  slave  that  pays.  Sliak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  1. 

Tlie  base  and  abject  multitude.  Junius. 

9.  Sho-sving  or  proceeding  /rom  a  mean  spirit : 
said  of  things. 

Ilim  that  utter'd  nothing  base. 

Tennyson,  To  the  Queen. 
The  one  base  thing  in  the  universe  — to  receive  favors 
and  to  render  none.  Hinerson,  Compensation. 

10.  Of  illegitimate  birth ;  born  out  of  wedlock. 

Why  bastard?  wherefore  base.'  Slialc,  Lear,  i.  2. 

I  din'd  with  S'  Rob'  Pastoii,  since  Earle  of  Yarmouth, 
and  saw  the  Duke  of  Verneuille,  base  brother  to  the  Q. 
Mother.  Kerhn,,  Diary,  .Tune  2.'j,  lOOs! 

11.  Deep;  grave:  applied  to  sounds:  as,  the 
base  tones  of  a  viol.    See  bass^. 

The  silver  sounding  instruments  did  meet 
With  the  base  inurniure  of  tlie  waters  fall. 

.Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xii.  71. 

12.  In  old  Eng.  law,  not  held  or  holding  by- 
honorable  tenure:  as,  a  base  estate,  that  is,  an 
estate  held  by  services  not  honorable  nor  in 
capitc,  or  by  villeinage.  Such  a  tenure  is  called 
base  or  low,  and  the  tenant  a  ba.^c  tenant. — 

13.  Not  classical  or  refined:  as,  "base  Latin," 
Fuller. 

No  Muses  aide  me  needes  beretoo  to  call ; 
Base  is  the  style,  and  matter  meane  witliall. 

tSpeiiser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  44. 
Base  bullion.  See  ;<»;/i(oi.  — Base  court.  See  base- 
cuiirt.~Ba.se  fee,  infeftment,  right,  etc.  See  the  nouns. 
—  Base  metals.  See  melal.  =  Syn.  Ignoble,  vulgar,  ple- 
beian, mean,  contemptible,  despicable,  abject,  sordid, 
groveling,  servile,  slavish,  menial,  rascally,  villainous. 

II.  If.  A  plaited  skirt,  reaching  from  the 
waist  to  the  knee,  worn  during  the  first  half  of 
the  sixteenth 
century.  i„  civil 
costume  it  was  ap- 
pended to  the 
doublet,  or  secur- 
ed to  the  girdle  ; 
it  was  also  worn 
over  armor. 
2f.  A  skirt  of 
plate  -  armor, 
corrugated  or 
ribbed  vertical- 
ly, as  if  in  imi- 
tation of  the 
preceding.  See 
lam  boys.  —  Sf. 
The  skirt  of  a 
woman's  outer 
garment.  The 
word  was  used 
throughout  the  seventeenth  and  part  of  the 
eighteenth  century. — 4f.  An  apron. 

With  gauntlets  blue  and  bases  white. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  I.  ii.  7C9. 
Bakers  in  their  linen  bases.  ilarslon. 
5t.  The  housing  of  a  horse :  used  in  the  six- 
teenth and  seventeenth  centuries. 

Tlie  bases  and  bardes  of  their  horse  were  grene  sattyu. 

Hall,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  1. 
Or  to  describe  races  and  games,  .  .  . 
Bxses  and  tinsel  trappings,  gorgeous  knights 
At  joust  and  tournament.        Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  36. 

6.  In  music,  same  as  bass^. 
basest  (bas),  V.  t.     [<  base'^,  a.,  but  in  first 
sense  <  F.  baisser,  lower,  <  bas,  low,  base.  Cf. 
abase.]    1.  To  let  down;  abase;  lower. 

The  great  warrior  .  .  .  based  his  arms  and  ensigns  of 
state.  Holland. 


Base  of  rich  stuff,  the  border  embroidered ; 
beginninf^  of  i6th  <:entury. —  From  tomb  of 
Maximihan  I.  at  Innspruck. 


base 


463 


base-line 


2.  To  lower  in  character,  condition,  or  rank; 
degrade;  debase. —  3.  To  reduce  the  vahie  of 
by  the  admixtiu-e  of  meaner  elements ;  debase. 
[Rare.] 

Metals  which  we  cannot  base.  Bacon. 
base^  (bas),  1!.  [<  ME.  ba.^e,  has,  hcins,  <  OF. 
base,  ¥.  base,  <  L.  basis,  <  Gr.  ftdmc,  a  going,  a 
stepping,  a  step,  pedestal,  foot,  base,  <  */%, 
in  [iaiveiv,  go,  =  L.  venire,  come,  =  E.  comcj] 
1 .  The  bottom  of  anything,  considered  as  its 
siipport,  or  the  part  of  the  thing  itself,  or  a 
separate  feature,  on  which  the  thing  stands  or 
rests :  as,  the  base  of  a  column ;  the  base  of  a 
mountain. 

For  want  like  thine  —  a  bog  without  a  base  — 
Ingulfs  all  gains  I  gather  for  the  place.  Crabbe. 
Against  the  bases  of  the  southern  hills. 

Lowell,  Under  the  Willows. 

Hence  —  2.  A  fundamental  principle  or  ground- 
work; foundation;  basis. 

Antonio  never  yet  was  thief,  or  pirate, 
Though,  I  confess,  on  base  and  ground  enough, 
Orsino's  enemy.  Shale,  T.  N.,  v.  1. 

Hereby  he  undermineth  the  base  of  religion. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

3.  In  arch.,  specifically — (a)  The  lowest  mem- 
ber of  a  wall,  either  projecting  beyond  the 
face  of  the  portion  of  the  wall  above  it,  or  dif- 
fering otherwise  from  it  in  construction,  and 
often  resting  on  a  plinth,  with  or  without  in- 
tervening moldings,  (b)  The  member  on  which 


I,  from  nave  of  Lyons  cathedral,  13th  century ;  2,  from  eastern  porch 
of  Erechtheum,  Athens,  5th  century  B.  C.  ;  3,  from  nave  of  Orvieto 
cathedral,  13th  century.  4,  Attic  base:  ^1,  C,£,  fillets:  B,  upper 
torus;  Z>,  scotia  :  J^,  lower  torus;  G,  plinth,  orstylobate. 

the  shaft  rests  in  columns  of  nearly  all  styles. 
It  appears  in  most  Egyptian  forms,  but  is  not  present  in 
the  Greek  Doric  column,  of  which  the  shaft  rests  directly 
on  the  stylobate.  In  purely  Hellenic  e.'ianiples  of  the 
Ionic  and  Corinthian  the  base  consists  of  various  combina- 
tions of  moldings  on  a  circular  plan,  without  the  awk- 
ward square  plinth  which  was  universally  adopted  by  the 
Romans,  and  was  generally  retained  in  the  elaborately 
molded  bases  of  Byzantine  and  medieval  architecture. 
See  cut  under  column. 

4.  (a)  In  2odl.  and  bot,  the  extremity  opposite 
to  the  apex;  the  point  of  attachment,  or  the 
part  of  an  organ  which  is  nearest  its  point  of  at- 
tachment :  as,  the  base  of  a  leaf ;  the  base  of  a 
shell.  The  point  of  attachment  of  an  anther, 
however,  is  sometimes  at  the  apex.  (&)  In  zooL, 
also,  that  part  or  extremity  of  anything  by 
which  it  is  attached  to  another  of  higher  value 
or  significance. —  5.  In  chem.,  a  compound  sub- 
stance which  unites  with  an  acid  to  form  a  salt. 

The  term  is  applied  to  the  hydroxids  of  the  metals,  to  cer- 
tain metallic  oxids,  and  to  groups  of  atoms  containing  one 
or  more  hydroxyl  groups  (OH)  in  which  hydrogen  is  re- 
placeable by  an  acid  radical. 

6.  In  pilar.,  the  principal  ingredient  of  any 
compound  preparation. —  7.  In  crystal.,  same 
as  basal  plane  (which  see,  under  basal). — 8.  In 
petrog.,  the  amorphous  or  isotropic  portion  of 
the  ground-mass  of  a  rock.  This  may  possess  a  cer- 
tain amount  of  structure,  rendering  it  distinct  from  glass, 
while  not  crystalline,  when  it  is  known  as  a  microfelsitie 
base.  If  a  true  glass,  it  may  be,  according  to  the  amount 
of  devitrification  products  present,  imcrolitic,  globulitk;  or 
glassy.  In  some  recent  andesitic  lavas  it  possesses  a  pe- 
culiar appearance,  so  similar  to  felt  that  it  is  known  as  a 
.felt-like  base.  The  term  magma  (which  see)  has  also  been 
used  by  some  writers  as  equivalent  to  base. 
9.  In  dentistry,  the  setting  for  artificial  teeth. 
— 10.  In  dyeing,  a  substance  that  has  an  affin- 
ity for  both  the  cloth  and  the  coloring  matter ; 
a  mordant. — 11.  In  fort.,  the  exterior  side  of 
the  polygon,  or  that  imaginary  line  which  is 
drawn  from  the  point  or  salient  angle  of  one 
bastion  to  the  point  of  the  next. —  12.  In  geom., 
the  Une  or  surface  forming  that  part  of  a  figure 


on  which  it  is  supposed  to  stand  ;  the  side  op- 
JJOSite  to  the  apex.  The  base  of  a  hyperliola  or  a 
parabola  is  a  line  formed  by  tiic  connnon  inte;'section  of 
tlie  secant  plane  and  the  l)ase  of  the  cone. 
13.  In  arilli.  and  algebra,  a  number  from  the 
different  powers  of  which  all  numbers  are  con- 
ceived as  produced.  The  base  of  a  system  of  arith- 
metical notation  is  a  number  the  multiples  of  whose 
powers  are  addeil  together  to  express  any  numlier;  thus, 
10  is  the  base  of  the  decimal  system  of  arithmetic.  In 
the  tlieovy  of  numliers,  the  base  of  an  index  is  a  number 
which,  Ijeiug  raised  to  tlie  power  represented  liy  the  in- 
dex, gives  a  number  congruent  to  Ihc  numl)or  whoso  index 
is  spoken  of.  The  base  of  a  system  of  logaritlims  is  the 
number  which,  raised  to  the  power  indicated  liy  tlie  log- 
aritlnn,  gives  the  number  to  which  the  logarithm  belongs. 
The  Xnpieriaii  base,  or  base  of  the  Napierian  system  of 
logarithms,  is  the  number  represented  by  the  inlinite 
series, 

l  +  l  +  J  +  j^^  +  ^ir,  +  2-^  +  etc. 
It  is  2.7182S1S28459  + 


J 


14.  In  her.,  the  lower  part  of  the  field,  the 
charges  in  which  are  said  to  be  in  base,  it  is 
sometinies  considered  as  divided  into  dexter,  sinister,  and 
middle  base,  and  the  charges  are  blazoned  accordingly. 
See  dexter  and  sinister. 

15.  Milit.:  (ft)  A  tract  of  country  protected  by 
fortifications,  strong  by  natural  advantages,  or 
for  any  other  reason  comparatively  secure, 
from  which  the  operations  of  an  army  proceed, 
or  from  which  supplies  are  obtained:  called 
distinctively  the  base  of  operations  or  the  base 
of  supply. 

Base,  in  military  operations,  is  simply  a  secure  starting- 
point,  or  rather  tract  of  country  behind,  in  which  an 
army  is  in  comparative  safety,  and  in  which  tlie  stores  aiKl 
reserves  of  men  for  the  force  are  situated.    Saturday  liev. 

(6)  The  rounded  hinder  portion  of  a  gim,  gen- 
erally called  the  base  of  tlie  breech,  (c)  A  small 
light  cannon  used  in  the  sixteenth  and  seven- 
teenth centuries. — 16.  Ins;^;T.,  same  SlH  base- 
line.— 17.  The  place  from  which  racers  or  tilt- 
crs  start ;  a  starting-post. 

To  their  appointed  base  they  went. 

Drijden,  jEneid,  v. 

18.  An  old  game,  played  in  various  ways,  in 
some  of  which  it  is  still  practised,  and  in  all  of 
which  there  are  certain  spaces  marked  out,  be- 
yond or  off  which  any  jjlayer  is  liable  to  be 
touched  with  the  hand  or  struck  vdth  a  ball  by 
a  player  on  the  enemy's  side.  Forms  of  this  game 
are  known  under  the  names  of  prisoners'  base,  rounders, 
and  base-ball,  under  which  last  name  it  has  become  the 
nation.al  game  of  the  United  States. 

After  a  course  at  Barley-break  or  Base. 

B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  i.  2. 

19.  One  of  the  spaces  marked  off  in  the  game  of 
base  or  prisoners'  base.  See  18. —  20.  In  base- 
ball, one  of  the  four  corners  of  the  diamond. 
See  base-ball. —  21.  That  part  of  an  electro- 
magnetic apparatus  wliieh  contains  the  helix, 
switch,  and  first  and  secondary  binding-posts. 
—Altera  hase,  Attic  base,  etc.  See  the  adjectives.— 
Organic  bases.  See  o/  i/fuDc— Prisoners'  base.  See 
prisoner.— lo  bid  the  or  a  baset,  to  challenge  to  a  game 
of  liase,  and  hence,  from  the  popularity  of  the  game,  to 
challenge  to  a  trial  of  dexterity,  skill,  or  strength,  or  to  a 
trial  of  any  kind  ;  challenge  generally. 

To  bid  the  wind  a  base  he  now  prepares. 

Shale,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  303. 
We  will  find  comfort,  money,  men,  and  friends. 
Ere  long  to  bid  the  English  king  a  base. 

Marlowe,  Edw.  II.,  ii. 

base^  (bas),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  based,  ppr.  bas- 
ing. [<  base"^,  «.]  1.  To  form  a  foundation 
for.  [Eare.] — 2.  To  use  as  a  groundwork  or 
foundation  for;  ground;  found;  establish:  witli 
on  or  upon:  as,  all  sound  paper  currency  must 
be  based  on  coin  or  bullion ;  he  bases  his  argu- 
ments upon  false  premises. 

It  is  on  the  understanding,  and  not  on  Ihe  sentiment,  of 
a  nation  that  all  safe  legislation  must  lie  based. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  ICj. 

base^  (bas),  n.  Another  form  of  bass'^  and  barsc. 

[Local  Eng.  (Cumberland).] 
base-bag  (bas' bag),  n.    In  base-ball,  one  of  the 

bags  often  used  to  mark  first,  second,  and  third 

base. 

base-ball  (bas'bal'),  n.  1.  A  game  of  ball 
played  by  eighteen  persons,  nine  on  a  side,  a 

stiuare  plot  of  ground  called  the  diamond,  with  sides  90 
feet  long,  is  marked  off,  at  the  corners  of  which  are  the 
bases,  known  as  hotne  or  home  base  (B),  Jirst  base  (U).  ,'^'■6"- 
ond  base  (E),  and  third  base  (F).  The  players  on  one  side 
take  their  positions  in  the  field,  the  eatclier  (A)  just  behind 
the  home  base,  the  iiitclier(V)  at  a  distance  of  n5  feet  from 
the  home  base  on  tlie  line  from  home  to  second  base,  the 
three  basemen  near  first,  second,  and  third  base,  the  short- 
stop (G)  between  second  and  tliird,  and  three  fielders, 
known  as  right  (H),  center  (I),  and  left  (J),  at  some  dis- 
tance behind  and  on  each  side  of  the'  second  base.  The 
[jitcher  pitches  the  ball  over  the  home  plate  to  the  catcher. 
One  of  the  other  side,  which  is  said  to  be  in,  or  at  tlie  bat, 
takes  a  position  by  the  home  base,  and  tries  to  strike  the 
ball  as  it  passes  him.  If  he  knocks  it  into  the  air,  and  one 


of  the  other  side  catches  it  licfore  it  reaches  the  ground, 
the  striker  is  out  or  caught  out,  that  is,  retires  from  the 
bat,  and  another  takes  his  place.    Shoulil  tlic  ball  pass 
outside  the  line  from 
home  to  first  or  from  J 
home  to  third  base  con- 
tinued indefinitely,  it  is  a 
foal,  and  does  not  count 
at  all,  unless  it  is  caught 
before    it    touches  the 
ground,  in  which  case  the 
striker  is  out.    Should  it 
strike  inside  these  lines, 
the  batter  runs  to  first 
base,  and  then  or  later  to 
second,  third,  and  home 
base.   If  he  reaches  home 
base   he  scores  a  run. 
Shoulil  the  ball  be  thrown 
to  and  caught  by  a  player 
standing  on    first  base 
before  the  batter  suc- 
ceeds in  reaching  it,  or 
should    the    batter  be 
touched  with  the  ball  in 
the  hands  of  any  of  his 
.adversaries  while  running 
from  one  base  to  another, 
he  is  out.  One  player  after  another  of  the  side  which  Is 
"in"  goes  to  the  bat  until  three  men  have  been  put  out. 
This  constitutes  an  inning.    Nine  innings  for  each  side 
make  a  game,  .and  that  side  which  succeeds  in  making  thir 
greater  number  of  runs  wins  the  game. 
2.  The  ball  with  which  this  game  is  played, 
base-board  (bas'bord),  n.    A  line  of  boarding 
around  the  interior  walls  of  a  room,  next  to 
the  floor. 

base-born  (bas'bom),  a.  Of  base  or  low  birth ; 
born  out  of  wedlock ;  of  low  or  mean  parentage 
or  origin ;  spurious. 


Thy  base-born  child,  thy  babe  of  shame. 


Gay. 


It  is  justly  expected  that  they  should  bring  forth  a  base- 
born  issue  of  divinity.     Milton,  Def.  of  Humb.  Kemonst. 

base-bred  (bas'bred),  a.   Of  low  or  base  breed- 
ing ;  mean ;  of  discreditable  origin. 
As  little  souls  their  Ixtse-hred  fancies  feed.      J.  Bnillie. 

base-broom  (bas'brom),  n.  A  name  given  to 
Genista  tinctoria,  with  reference  to  its  low 
stature. 

base-burner  (bas'ber'ner),  n.  A  stove  or  fur- 
nace constructed  on  thebase-burningprineiple. 

base-burning  (bas'l3er"ning),  a.  Burning  at 
the  base — Base-burning  furnace  or  stove,  a  fur- 
nace or  stove  in  which  the  fuel  burns  ,it  the  bottom,  and 
is  renewed  from  a  self-acting  hopper  or  chamber  above. 

base-court  (bas'kort),  «.  1.  A  secondary  or 
inferior  court  or  yard,  generally  at  the  back  of 
a  house,  opposed  to  the  chief  court  or  main 
quadrangle;  a  farm-yard. — 2.  In  Eng.  law,  an 
inferior  court  of  justice,  but  a  court  of  record, 
as  a  court-baron,  eourt-leet,  etc. 

basedt  (bast),  a.  [<  i«sel,  n.,  +  -ed^."}  "Wear- 
ing or  clothed  in  a  base  or  skirt. 

Based  in  lawny  velvet.  Hall,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  U. 

base-dance  (bas'dans),  n.  A  slow  dance  in  f 
time,  resembling  the  minuet. 

When  the  said  ilorris  is  doone,  then  the  gentillmen  to 
com  unto  the  women  and  make  their  obeisaunce,  and 
every  of  them  to  taike  oon  by  thand,  and  daunce  suche 
base  daunces  as  is  apointed  theym. 

Quoted  in  J.  P.  Collier's  Eng.  Dram.  Poetry,  I.,  notes. 

Basedow's  disease.    See  disease. 

base-hearted  (bas'ha,r"ted),  a.  Having  a  base, 
treacherous  heart ;  deceitful. 

baselardt,  n.    Same  as  bastard. 

baseless  (bas'les),  a.  [<  base'^  +  -less.']  With- 
out a  base  ;  having  no  foundation  or  support. 

like  the  baseless  fabric  of  this  vision. 
The  cloud-capp'd  towers,  the  gorgeous  palaces, 
The  solemn  temples,  the  gi-eat  globe  itself, 
Yea,  all  which  it  inherit,  shall  dissolve  ; 
And,  like  this  insubstantial  pageant  faded. 
Leave  not  a  rack  behind.         Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

baselessness  (bas'les-nes),  «.  The  quality  of 
being  baseless,  or  without  foundation  ;  gi'ound- 
lessness. 

base-level  (bas'lev-el),  n.  In  geol.,  the  level  at 
which  the  erosive  action  of  a  stream,  in  a  given 
area,  ceases. 

base-line  (bas'lin),  n.  1.  A  line  adopted  as  a 
base  or  foundation  from  which  future  opera- 
tions are  carried  on,  or  on  which  they  depend 

or  rest.  («)  in  perspect.,  the  bottom  line  of  a  picture, 
in  which  the  foremost  vertical  plane  of  delineation  cuts 
the  ground-plane,  on  which  the  objects  represented  in 
the  picture  stand,  (h)  In  surv.,  any  measured  line  form- 
ing a  side  of  a  triangle,  the  adjacent  angles  of  which  being 
measured,  the  relative  position  of  the  third  vertex  is 
determined ;  especially,  in  geodesy,  a  line  measured  with 
the  utmost  pi-ecisii>u  to  serve  as  the  origin  of  a  system  of 
triangles,  and  as  the  foundation  for  the  computation  of 
the  length  of  their  sides.  In  the  process  of  triangulation, 
the  angles  of  these  triangles  and  the  length  of  a  single  side 
(the  base  or  base-line)  being  known,  the  lengths  of  all  can 
be  comijuted.  In  every  great  survey  a  number  of  base-lines 
are  measured,  each  being  from  3  to  10  miles  in  length. 


base-line 


Base-line. 


(c)  Mint.,  a  line,  as  of  frontier,  sea-coast,  or  forts,  taken 
by  an  army  as  the  base  of  operations,  from  wliicli  move- 
ments have  their  origin,  and  supplies  of  food,  aninmnition, 
and  men  are  sent  to  the  front,  and  to  -which  the  army  may 
retreat  in  case  of  disaster.    Also  called  base. 

2.  A  line  traced  round  a  cannon  behind  the 
vent. —  3.  In  the  game  of  la-wTi-tennis,  the  end 
line  of  the  court;  the  line  from  which  the 
player  serves  the  ball. —  4.  In  base-ball,  the  line 
connecting  one  base  with  the  next, 
basely  (bas'li),  adv.  1.  In  a  base  manner; 
meanly;  dishonorably. 

Warr'd  he  hath  not, 
But  basely  yielded  upon  compromise 
That  which  his  ancestors  achiev'd  with  blows. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  1. 

2.  In  a  base  or  mean  condition ;  illegitimately ; 
in  bastardy. 

Two  Mitylene  brethren,  basely  born.  KnoHes. 

St.  At  a  low  rate  ;  cheaply. 
Them  that  desire  to  look  big,  and  to  live  basely. 

Venner,  Via  Recta,  iii.  52.   (iV.  E.  D.) 

baseman  (bas'man),  «.;  pi.  basemen  (-men). 
Any  one  of  the  three  players  who  in  the  game 
of  base-ball  are  stationed  at  first,  second,  and 
third  bases. 

basement  fbas'ment),  n.  [=  MLG.  basement, 
basiiiiciit,  hasmeni,  base,  pedestal;  cf.  P.  sou- 
basscmcnt,  formerly  sous-hassemeHt,  <  sous,  wn- 
der  (<  L.  suhtus,  <  sub,  under),  +  *bassement  (in 
form  after  It.  bassainento,  abasement) :  see  basi  '^ 
and-wf«f.]  1.  The  lower  or  fundamental  por- 
tion ;  a  base.  [Rare.] 

Up  from  its  deep  reservoirs,  from  the  mysterious  ba.-'e- 
meiUs  of  the  mountain,  wells  the  silent  stream. 

J.  A.  Syiiwnds,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  322. 

.2.  In  arch.:  (a)  The  portion  of  the  elevation 
of  a  structure  which  performs  the  function  in 
the  design  of  constituting  a  support  to  those 
portions  which  come  above  it;  especially,  the 
substructure  of  a  columnar  or  arched  construc- 
tion, but  also  the  lowest  member  in  the  design 
of  a  wall,  etc.    Compare  base^,  3. 

It  [the  tomb]  consisted  of  a  scjuare  basement  surrounded 
by  a  Doric  peristyle  with  engaged  columns,  and  surmounted 
by  a  pyramid,  on  the  apex  of  which  was  placed  tlie  lion  as 
the  epithema,  or  crowning  ornament. 

C.  T.  Sewtoii,  Art  and  Archa;ol.,  p.  83. 

(6)  A  floor  or  story  which  is  wholly  or  in  part 
beneath  the  sui-face  of  the  ground,  but  is  usu- 
ally, as  distinguished  from  a  cellar,  well  lighted, 
and  fitted  up  and  used  for  household  or  other 
usual  purposes. —  3.  The  act  of  basing,  or  the 
state  of  being  based.  [Rare.]  — Basement  mem- 
brane, in  anat.,  a  delicate  membrane,  formed  of  flat- 
tened cells,  which  underlies  the  epithelium  of  mucous 
membranes,  and  covers  that  of  secreting  glands.  Also 
called  mevibrana  ?^™p/-ia.— Basement  tissue,  the  sul)- 
stance  of  basement  membrane.— English  basement,  the 
entrance-story  of  a  city  house  when  it  is  on  the  level  of 
the  street.    [U.  S.]   See  extract. 

But  the  most  conspicuous  importation  from  Britain 
was  the  house  New  Yorkers  call  the  English  basement  — 
the  house  which  has  its  entrance  at  the  level  of  the  street 
and  its  drawing-rooms  upstairs,  as  distinguished  from  the 
Dutch  type  with  its  "high  stoop  "giving  immediate  ac- 
cess to  the  chief  apartments.      2Vie  Century,  XXXI.  549. 

basement-story  (bas'ment-st6''''ri),  n.  Same 

as  basement,  2  (&). 

base-minded  (bas'min"ded),  a.  Of  a  low  spirit 
or  mind;  mean;  dishonorably  inclined. 

base-mindedly  (bas'min'-'ded-li),  adv.  In  a 
base-minded  or  dishonorable  manner. 

base-molding  (bas'mSr'ding),  n.  In  arch.,  an 
ornamental  molding  at  the  base  of  any  archi- 
tectural feature,  as  a  column,  pedestal,  or  espe- 
cially a  wall. 

basent,  [Appar.  one  of  Spenser's  made  words. 
Cf.  Sc.  bazed,  stupefied;  D.verhazen,  astonish.] 
Extended  as  with  astonishment. 


464 

Stare  on  him  with  big  lookes  basen  wide. 

Spenser,  Jlother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  670. 

baseness  (bas'nes),  ?».  [<  base^  +  -ness.'\  1. 
The  state  or  condition  of  being  base  or  low  in 
scale ;  meanness  of  grade ;  lowliness,  as  of  birth 
or  station. 

Baseness  ot  birth  is  a  great  disparagement  to  some  men. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  347. 
He  mixing  with  his  proper  sphere, 
She  finds  the  baseness  of  her  lot. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  Ix. 
2.  That  which  is  base  or  low ;  anything  of  an 
ignoble  grade  or  quality ;  meanness,  as  of  re- 
lation or  employment. 

Some  kinds  of  baseness 
Are  nobly  undergone.       Shale,  Tempest,  iii.  1. 
I  once  did  hold  it  a  baseness  to  write  fair. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 
3t.  Illegitimacy  of  birth ;  bastardy. 

Why  brand  they  us 
With  base?  witli  baseness,  bastardy? 

Shak.,  Lear,  i.  2. 

4.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  morally  mean 
or  vile ;  vileness ;  worthlessness. 

Villains, 

Whose  baseness  all  disgraceful  words  made  one 
Cannot  express ! 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Malta,  iv.  4. 
Equal  baseness  lived  in  sleeker  times. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  v. 

5.  Of  metals:  (a)  Liability  to  rust:  opposed 
to  nobleness,  (b)  Inferior  or  debased  quality, 
the  result  of  having  been  alloyedwith  a  cheaper 
metal;  spuriousness. 

We  alledged  the  fraudulent  obtaininghispatent,  thebase- 
ness  of  his  metal,  and  the  prodigious  sum  to  be  coined. 

Svn/t. 

6t.  Deepness  of  sound. 
The  baseness  or  trebleness  of  tones. 

Baeon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  184. 

basenett,  «•  _Se_e  basinet. 

baseology  (ba-se-ol'o-ji),  w.  [<  Gr.  (idaig,  base, 
-I-  -Ao)ia,  <  Ikytiv,  speak:  see  -okxji/.  Cf.  phrase'- 
ologi/.']    Fundamental  philosojihy.  Krauth. 

base-plate  (bas'plat),  n.  1.  The  foundation- 
plato  of  metal  on  which  a  heavy  piece  of  ma- 
chinery, as  a  steam-engine,  stands ;  the  bed- 
plate.—  2.  In  base-ball,  one  of  the  plates  for- 
merly often  used  to  mark  the  bases;  hence,  by 
extension,  one  of  the  bases. 

base-ring  (bas'ring),  n.  A  projecting  band  of 
inetal  directly  in  front  of  the  base  of  the  breech 
in  old  pieces  of  ordnance,  connected  with  the 
body  of  the  gun  by  a  concave  molding. 

base-rocket  (bas'rok"et),  n.  A  species  of  mi- 
gnonette, Eeseda  lutea :  so  called  from  its 
rocket-like  leaves  and  low  stature. 

base-running  (bas'run"ing),  n.  In  base-ball, 
the  act  of  running  from  base  to  base. 

bases,       Plural  of  basis. 

base-spirited  (bas'spir"i-ted),  a.     Having  a 

l)ase  or  mean  spirit ;  mean ;  cowardly, 
bash^  (bash),  V.    [E.  dial,  or  eolloq. ;  in  poptilar 
apprehension  regarded  as  imitative  (cf.  bang, 
dash,  smash,  etc.),  but  prob.  of  Scand.  origin, 
assibilated  form  of  bask'^  (now  obs. ;  cf.  dial. 
basking,  a  sound  thrashing),  <  Dan.  baske,  slap, 
drub,  Sw.  basa,  whip,  drub,  beat.]    I.  trans. 
To  strike  with  a  heavy  blow ;  beat  violently ; 
knock  out  of  shape.    [Colloq.  and  prov.  Eng.] 
A  woman,  a  whelp,  and  a  walnut-tree, 
The  more  you  bash  'em  the  better  they  be. 

Proverbial  saying. 

[The  above  proverb  refers  to  the  practice  of  beating  wal- 
nut-trees when  in  bud  with  poles,  or  beating  off  the  fruit, 
a  proceeding  wliich  was  thought  to  increase  their  produc- 
tiveness.] 

II.  intrans.  To  strike;  knock.  [Colloq. and 
prov.  Eng.] 

bashi  (bash),  w.  [Cf.  Dan.  bask,  a  blow,  Sw. 
bas,  whipping,  beating;  from  the  verb.]  A 
blow  that  knocks  out  of  shape,  or  leaves  a  dent. 
[Colloq.  and  prov.  Eng.] 

bash^t  (bash),  V.  [<  ME.  basshen,  baschen,  bai- 
sen,  by  apheresis  for  abashen,  etc.,  abash:  see 
abash.']  I.  trans.  To  daunt;  dismay;  abash; 
confound;  confuse. 

She  that  bash'd  the  sun-god  with  her  eyes. 
Greene  ami  Lodge,  Looking  Glass  for  Lond.  and  Eng. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  be  daunted,  dismayed,  or 
confounded. 

His  countenaunce  was  bold,  and  bashed  not 

For  Guyons  lookes,  but  sconiefull  eyeglaunce  at  him  shot. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iv.  37. 
Make  Venus'  leman,  arm'd  in  all  his  pomp. 
Bash  at  tlie  brightness  of  your  hardy  looks. 
Greene  and  Lodge,  Looking  Glass  for  Lond.  and  Eng. 

2.  To  be  abashed  or  ashamed ;  be  put  out  of 
countenance, 
bash^  (bash),  V.  t.    [E.  dial. ;  perhaps  another 
use  of  fcas/tl.]    In  coal-mining,  to  fill  with  rub- 


bashlyk 

bish  (space  from  which  coal  has  been  taken). 
[S.  Wales.] 

bashaw  (ba-sha'),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bas- 
sair,  basha,  barha  (P.  bacha,  It.  bassa,  bascia, 
ML.  bassa),  etc.,  <  Turk,  bdsha  (Pers.  bdshd, 
bddshdh),  another  form  (perhaps  after  bush, 
head,  chief)  of  pasha,  <  Pers.  pddshdh,  a  gov- 
ernor, prince,  king:  see  jj«s/ta.]  1.  Same  as 
pasha.— 2.  A  grandee;  an  important  person- 
age; a  bigwig.  [Colloq.] -Bashaw  of  three 
tails,  a  bashaw  or  pasha  of  the  rank  indicated  by  that 
number  of  hoi'se-tails  borne  upon  his  standard. 
'Tis  a  very  flue  thing  to  be  father-in-law 
To  a  very  magnificent  three-tailed  Bashaio  I 

G.  Caiman  the  Yottnger,  Blue  Beard,  ii.  5. 

bashful  (bash'fiil),  a.  [<  bash^  -h  -ful.']  If. 
Wanting  in  self-possession;  fearful;  dismayed. 

And  bashful  Henry  depos'd,  whose  cowardice 
Hath  made  us  bywords  to  our  enemies. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 

2.  Easily  put  to  confusion ;  modest  to  excess ; 
difiident;  shy;  sheepish.  [Formerly used  also 
in  the  sense  of  modest,  unassuming,  as  a  term 
of  commendation.] 

Come,  you  pernicious  ass  [to  the  page],  you  bashful  fool, 
must  you  be  blushing?  wherefore  blush  you  now? 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  2. 

3.  Indicative  of,  accompanied  with,  or  proceed- 
ing from  bashfulness. 

The  refusal  which  his  cousin  had  steadfastly  given  him 
would  naturally  flow  from  her  bashful  modesty  and  the 
genuine  delicacy  of  her  character. 

Jane  Austen,  Pride  and  Prejudice,  p.  95. 

4t.  Exciting  bashfulness  or  shame. 
A  woman  yet  nnist  blush  when  bashful  is  the  case. 

Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  59. 

bashfully  (bash'fvd-i),  adv.  If.  Without  self- 
possession;  with  misgivings. —  2.  In  a  bashful, 
modest,  or  shy  manner, 
bashfulness  (bash'fid-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  basliful;  excessive  or  extreme  modesty; 
timorous  shyness ;  want  of  confidence.  [For- 
merly, like  bashful,  a  term  of  commendation, 
equivalent  to  modesti/. 

He  full  of  bashfulness  and  truth. 
Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso's  Godfrey  of  Bulloigne,  ii.] 
We  liave  in  England  a  particular  bashfulness  in  every- 
thing that  regards  religion.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  458. 
=  Syn.  Bashfulness,  Modesty,  Diffidence,  Shyness,  Coy- 
7ie.ss,  timidity,  sheepishness.  Bashfulness,  literally  readi- 
ness to  be  abashed,  designates  tiiiiidity  and  a  disturbed 
state  of  feeling  at  meeting  with  others,  or  being  brought 
into  any  prominence.  It  is  natural  and  not  unbecoming 
to  the  young,  but  with  advancing  years  seems  a  detect; 
it  is  often  a  transient  state  of  feeling.  Modesty  goes 
deeper  into  the  character ;  it  is  either  a  proper  and  be- 
coming distrust  of  one  s  self  and  one's  powers,  or  a  high- 
minded  freedom  from  assurance  and  assumption ;  it  ia 
always  an  excellence,  unless  explicitly  said  to  be  excessive. 
Diffidence  is  a  defect ;  it  is  an  undue  distrust  of  self,  with 
fear  of  being  censured  for  failure,  tending  to  unfit  one  for 
duty.  Shyness  is  simply  a  constitutional  shrinking  from 
contact  with  others ;  it  is  the  result  of  sensitiveness. 
Coyness  is  shyness  where  advances  are  made  by  others ;  a 
shrinking  from  familiarity,  perhaps  in  a  coquettish  way. 

Yet  unask'd. 
His  bashfulness  and  tenderness  at  war, 
He  set  himself  beside  her. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 
It  is  to  be  noted  that  modesty  in  a  man  is  never  to  be 
allowed  as  a  good  quality,  but  a  weakness,  if  it  suppresses 
his  virtue,  when  he  has  at  the  same  time  a  mind  to  exert 
himself.  Sir  Ii.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  52. 

As  an  actor,  Mr.  Cunningham  obtained  little  reputa- 
tion, for  his  diffidence  was  too  great  to  be  overcome. 

Johnso7i. 

For  the  very  cause  of  shyness  is  an  over-anxiety  as  to 
what  people  are  thinking  of  you  ;  a  morbid  attention  to 
your  own  appearance. 

Whately,  Bacon's  Essay  of  Discoui'se. 
The  laugh  that  guides  thee  to  the  mark, 
AVhcn  tlie  kind  nymph  would  coyness  feign, 
And  hides  but  to  be  found  again. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Horace,  I.  ix.  36. 

bashi-bazouk  (bash'i-ba-z6k'),  n.  [Turk. 
bashi-bozuq,  one  who  is  in  no  particular  dress 
or  uniform,  an  irregular  soldier  or  civilian, 
<  bashi,  head,  head-dress,  dress  and  appear- 
ance, +  hosuq,  spoilt,  disorderly,  bad,  <  bos, 
spoil,  damage,  destroy.]  A  voltmteer  and  ir- 
regular auxiliary,  serving  in  connection  with 
the  Turkish  army  for  maintenance,  but  with- 
out pay  or  uniform.  Bashi-bazouks  are  generally 
mounted,  and  because  unpaid  frequently  resort  to  pillage. 
They  are  also  at  the  command  of  municipal  governors, 
and  when  detailed  to  accompany  travelers  or  expeditions 
through  the  country  they  expect  not  only  to  be  "found," 
but  to  be  suitably  rewarded  with  bakshish. 

bashlesst  (basb'les),  a.    [<  bash"^  +  -less.  Cf. 

bashful.']  Shameless ;  unblushing.  Spenser. 
bashlyk  (bash'lik),  n.  [Also  bashlik,  repr.  Russ. 
bashluiku,  a  Caucasian  hood  or  cowl.]  A  sort 
of  hood  or  head-covering  with  long  ends,  usu- 
ally made  in  one  piece,  worn  in  Russia.  The 
best  qualities  are  of  a  fine  light-brown  caniel's-hair  cloth 


baslilyk 

ornamented  with  silver  or  silver-gilt  galloon.  A  similar 
article  to  which  this  name  has  been  given  is  worn  by 
women  in  the  United  States  as  a  light  covering  for  the 
head. 

Hanging  between  the  shoulders,  and  knotted  around  the 
neck  [of  the  Daghestani]  is  the  bashlik,  or  hood,  worn  dur- 
ing bad  weather,  this  hood  being  of  a  crimson  color. 

0' Donovan,  Merv,  ii. 

I  considered  that  a  light  fur  and  a  bashlyk  —  a.  cloth 
hood  which  protects  the  ears  — would  l)e  quite  sufficient 
to  keep  out  the  cold.  D.  M.  Wallace,  Russia,  p.  21. 

Bashmuric  (bash-mo'rik),  n.  A  dialect  of  Cop- 
tic, named  from  the  district  Bashmur  of  Lower 
Egypt,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Delta:  as,  the 
Bashmuric  version  of  the  New  Testament.  Also 
Basmuric. 

basi-.  The  combining  form,  in  various  scien- 
tific terms,  of  Latin  basis  (Gr.  piat^),  base.  See 
basis. 

basia  (ba'zi-a),  n.  2)1.  [Lit.  kisses;  pi.  of  L. 
basium,  a  kiss.]  A  name  for  erotic  verses  or 
amorous  writings  of  any  kind;  anacreontics; 
sapphies :  as,  the  basia  of  Bonnefons  and  Se- 
cundus. 

basial  (ba'zi-al),  a.  [<  L.  basium,  a  kiss,  +  -«Z.] 
Relating  to  or  consisting  of  a  kiss.  [Rare.] 

The  innocent  gaiety  of  his  sister-in-law  expressed  itself 
in  the  "funny  answers  "  and  the  basial  salutation. 

Quarterly  Rev. 

basi-alveolar  (ba'si-al-ve'c-lar),  a.  [<  basion  + 
alveolar.']  In  craniom.,  pertaining  to  the  basion 
and  the  alveolar  point.  Also  basio-alveolar. — 
Basi-alveolar  length,  the  distance  between  the  basion 
and  the  alveolar  point.— Basi-alveolar  line,  the  line  join- 
ing  the  basion  and  the  alveolar  point.    See  craniometry. 

basiation  (ba-zi-a'shon),  n.  [<  L.  basiatio{n-), 
<  basiare,  pp.  basiatus,  kiss,  <  basium,  a  kiss.] 
Kissing.  [Rare.] 

basiator  (ba'zi-a-tor),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  hasiator,  a 
kisser,  <  basiare,  kiss:  see  basiation.']  The  or- 
bicular muscle  of  the  mouth.  Also  called  or- 
bicularis oris  and  oscularis. 

basibrachial  (ba-si-bra'ki-al), 
n.  In  some  mollusks,  a  piece 
like  an  inverted  T,  which 
forms  a  support  to  the  base 
of  the  "  arms"  of  the  fore  foot. 

basibracteolate  (ba-si-brak'- 
te-o-lat),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a 
base,  +  NL.  bracteola  + 
-aJgi.]  In  bot.,  having  bracts 
at  the  base :  applied  especially 
to  the  involucre  of  a  compo- 
site   flower    when   it    is   SUr-      Head  of  Dandelion 

rounded  at  the  base  by  a  series  showing-  basibracleol 
of  bracts,  as  in  the  dandelion.  '^"^ 
basibranchial  (ba-si-brang'ki-al),  a.  and  n. 
[<  L.  basis,  a  base,  +  branchial,  gills,  +  -al.] 

1.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  base  or  bony  basis  of 
gills  or  branchiaa,  or  to  the  corresponding  vis- 
ceral arches  of  abranchiate  vertebrates. 

II.  n.  A  bone  or  cartilage  forming  the  base 
of  a  branchia,  gill-arch,  or  visceral  arch,  in 
birds,  the  basibranchial  is  the  single  median  piece  of  the 
hyoid  apparatus  usually  called  urohyal.  In  typical  fishes 
there  are  three  basibranchials  in  a  longitudinal  row,  be- 
neath the  foremost  of  which  is  the  urohyal,  and  in  front 
the  glossohyal. 

basic  (ba'sik),  a.  [<  base'^  +  -ic]  1.  Relat- 
ing to  a  base ;  of  the  nature  of  a  base ;  funda- 
mental. 

This  basic  principle  runs  through  the  literature  of  the 
past  from  the  days  of  the  Zend  A  vesta. 

N.  A.  Rev.,  CXLIII.  373. 

2.  In  chem.:  (a)  Performing  the  ofaeeof  abase 
in  a  salt.  (6)  Having  the  base  in  excess;  hav- 
ing more  than  one  equivalent  of  the  base  for 
each  equivalent  of  acid.— 3.  In  geol.,  contain- 
ing a  relatively  small  amount  of  silica:  ap- 
plied to  crystalline  rocks,  as  basalt :  opposed 
to  acidic— 4:.  In  anat.,  basal;  basilar.— Basic 
alum.  See  aZuTO.— Basic  blue.  See  6i««.— Basle  line 
in  the  spectrum,  a  name  given  by  Lockyer  to  those  lines  in 
the  spectrum  of  an  element  which,  as  the  spectrum  changes 
under  increase  of  temperatui-e,  become  more  conspicuous 
while  the  others  disappear.  Certain  of  these  lines  being 
common  to  the  spectra  of  two  substances (e.  jr.,  cadmium 
and  iron),  it  is  inferred  that  they  may  belong  to  a  common 
element  present  in  both  and  liberated  at  the  highest  tem- 
perature.—Basic  lining,  a  lining  fitted  to  the  interior  of 
a  Bessemer  converter,  having  a  tendency  to  absorb  the 
phosphorus  in  the  melted  metal.— Basic  process,  a  pro- 
cess of  making  steel  or  homogeneous  iron,  consisting  in 
introducing  into  the  lining  composition  of  the  Bessemer 
converter  and  into  the  charges  lime  or  other  earthy  base 
which  absorbs  phosphorus  and  other  impurities  in  tlie 
pig-iron,  and  permits  tlie  use  of  cheap  grades  of  metal  for 
conversion  into  steel.  Also  called  the  Thomas-Oilchrist 
i^rocess.— Basic  water,  water  when,  as  in  some  cases,  it 
appears  to  act  as  a  base. 

basicerite  (ba-sis'e-rit),  n.  [<  Gr.  (iaaig,  base,  + 
«pcif,  horn.]    In  Crustacea,  the  second  joint  of 
the  antenna,  or  long  feeler,  succeeding  the  coxo- 
cente .  in  the  crawfish  (Astacus)  it  bears  the  scaphocerite 
30 


465 


(considered  to  represent  an  exopodite)  and  ischiocerite. 

See  Podophthalmia. 

basicity  (bS-sis'j-ti),  n.  [<  basic  +  My.']  In 
chem. :  (a)  The  state  of  being  a  base,  or  of  play- 
ing the  part  of  a  base  in  combination,  (b)  The 
power  of  an  acid  to  unite  with  one  or  more 
atoms  of  a  base. 

Another  way  in  which  acids  maybe  classified  has  refer- 
ence to  their  basicity:  they  may  be  divided  into  mono- 
basic, dibasic,  and  tribasic  acids. 

//.  Watts,  Diet,  of  Chem.,  I.  46. 

basicranial  (ba-si-kra'ni-al),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a 
base,  +  NL.  cranium  +  -al]  Pertaining  to  the 
base  of  the  skull.-Basicranial  axis.  See  axisi. 
basidia,  n.  Plural  of  basidium. 
basidigital  (ba-si-dij'i-tal),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a 
base,  +  digitus,  finger,  +  -al.]  In  anat,  of  or 
pertammg  to  the  bases  of  the  digits :  applied 
to  the  metacarpal  and  metatarsal  bones. 

Each  digit  has  a  proximal  basi-dirjital  .  .  .  bone,  upon 
which  follows  a  linear  series  of  phalanges. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  31. 

basidigitale  (ba'-'si-dij-i-ta'le),  n. ;  pi.  basidigi- 
taha  (-li-a).  [NL. :  see  basidigital.]  One  of 
the  basidigital  bones;  a  metacarpal  or  meta- 
tarsal bone. 

Basidiomycetes  (ba-sid'/i-o-mi-se'tez),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  basidium  +  Gr.  iivKrjg,  pi.  nvKTjTe<;,  mush- 
room.]   The  group  of  fungi  in  which  the  spores 
are  borne  on  basidia,  including  the  Hymenomy- 
cetes,^  Gasteromycetes,  and  most  of  the  larger 
fungi  known  as  mushrooms  and  toadstools. 
See  cut  under  basidium. 
basidiomycetous  (ba-sid'-'i-o-mi-se'tus),  a.  [< 
Basidiomycetes  +  -oiis.]    Belonging  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  the  Basidiomycetes. 
basidiospore  (ba-sid'i-o-sp6r),  n.    [<  NL.  basi- 
dium +  Gr.  oTTopa,  seed.]    A  spore  borne  on  a 
basidium. 
basidiosporous 
(ba-sid-i-os'po- 
rus),  a.    [<  ba- 
sidiospore + 
-ous.]  Produ- 
cing spores  by 
means  of  ba- 
sidia. 

basidium  (ba- 
sid'i-um),  n. ; 
pi.  basidia  (-a). 
[NL.,  dim.  "of 

Gr.  jiam^,  a  base.]  In  bot.,  an  enlarged  cell  in 
basidiomycetous  fungi,  arising  from  the  hyme- 
nium,  and  producing  by  abstriction  spores  borne 
upon  slender  projections  at  its  summit, 
basifacial  (ba-si-fa'shial),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  base, 
+  fades,  face,  +  -al.]  Relating  to  the  base  of 
the  face,  or  of  the  facial,  as  distinguished  from 
the  proper  cranial,  part  of  the  whole  skull :  ap- 
plied to  an  anterior  evertebral  region  of  the 
base  of  the  primordial  skull,  corresponding  to 
the  situation  of  the  trabeculse  cranii,  and  con- 
sequently in  advance  of  the  notochordal  region 
known  as  the  basicranial.  See  cut  under 
craniofacial. 

This  section  of  the  primordial  skull  may  be  conveniently 
termed  the  basi-facial  region,  the  trabeculae  forming  a 
support  for  the  forebrain. 

Sutton,  Proc.  Zobl.  Soc,  1885,  p.  577. 
Basifacial  axis.  _See  axisi. 
basification  (ba'si-fi-ka'shon),  n.     [<  basify  : 
see  -ation.]    In  chem.,  the  act  of  basifying. 
basifier  (ba'si-fi-er),  n.    In  chem.,  that  which 
basifies,  or  converts  into  a  salifiable  base, 
basifixed  (ba'si-flkst),  a.    [<  L.  basis,  base,  + 
fixus,  fixed,  +  -ed2.]    In  bot.,  attached  by  the 
base  or  lower  end,  as  an 
anther  upon  the  filament, 
basifugal  (ba-sif 'u-gal),  a. 
[<  L.  basis,  "a  base,  +  /«- 
^ere,  flee.]  Receding  from 
the  base:  in  hot.,  said  of 
the  growth  of  leaves  which 
are  developed  from  the 
base  upward. 

Two  extreme  cases  may  there- 
fore be  distinguished  in  leaves, 
although  closely  connected  by  in- 
termediate forms :  the  predom- 
inantly basifugal  or  apical,  and 
the  predominantly  basal  growth. 
Sachs,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  138. 

basify  (ba'si-fi),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  basified, 
ppr.  basifying.  [<  L.  basis,  a  base,  +  facere, 
make:  see  -fy.]  In  chem.,  to  convert  into  a 
salifiable  base, 
basigynium  (ba-si-jin'i-um),  m.  ;  pi.  basi- 
gytiia  (-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  /3dff(f,  a  base,  +  yvvi], 
a  female.]  In  bot,  a  stalk  rising  above  the 
base  of  the  flower,  and  bearing  the  ovary  at  its 


Basidia. 

a,  basidium  of  Clalhrits  cancellatus  ;  b,  of 
Agaricus ;  c,  o( Lycoperdon  cepa/orme. 


Basifixed  Anthers. 
a,  a,  anthers;  b,  b,  fila- 
ments. (  From  Le  Maout  and 
Decaisne's  *'  Traite  general 
de  Botanique." ) 


Basilian  ' 

summit,  as  in  plants  of  the  genus  Clcome.  Also 
called  pndogynium,  or  more  frequently  gyno- 
phore  (which  see), 
basihyal  (ba-si-hi'al),  n.  and  a.  [<  L.  ba^s,  a 
base,  +  hy(oid)  +  -at]  I.  n.  1.  In  vertebrate 
anat,  the  distal  bony  element  of  the  second  post- 
oral  visceral  arch,  or  hyoidean  apparatus,  rep- 
resented in  human  anatomy  by  the  so-called 
body  of  the  hyoid  bone,  bearing  two  pairs  of 
horns  or  cornua  ;  in  general,  the  basis  or  body 
proper  of  the  hyoid  arch  ;  the  basihyoid.  Seo 
cut  under  slcull. — 2.  In  ichth.,  the  segment  of 
the  branchiostegal  arch  next  to  the  basibran- 
chial and  urohyal.  It  is  generally  double,  or 
composed  of  two  pieces  on  each  side. 

IL  «.  Relating  to  the  basis  or  body  of  the 
hyoid  bone  or  hyoid  arch, 
basihyoid  (ba-si-hi'oid),  a.  and  n.    [<  L.  basis, 
a  base,  +  E.  hyoid.]    I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  basihyal. 
II.  n.  Same  as  basihyal. 
basill  (baz'il),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  bazil,  bas- 
set, <  ME.  basilc,  <  OF.  basile,  mod.  E.  basilic  = 
It.  basilica,  <  ML.  basilicum,  basilicon  (cf.  L.  ba- 
silisca,  a  plant,  also  called  regula,  mentioned  as 
an  antidote  for  the  bite  of  the  basilisk:  see 
basilisk),  <  Gr.  fiam'AiKOv  (sc.  Mxavov,  herb), 
basil,  neut.  of  (iauiliKog,  royal,  <  (iamXevr,  king, 
a  word  of  unknown  origin.  ]    A  name  of  several 
labiate  plants,  especially  of  the  genus  Ocymum. 

0.  basilicum,  a  native  of  India,  is  much  used  in  cookery, 
especially  in  France,  and  is  known  as  sweet  or  common 
basil.  Bush  or  lesser  basil  is  0.  minimum.  The  holy  basil 
of  India,  0.  sanctum,  is  considered  sacred  to  Vishnu,  and 
rosaries  are  made  of  its  wood.  For  the  wild,  stone,  or 
field  basil  of  Europe,  see  basil-weed.  In  the  United  States 
the  name  is  given  to  other  aromatic  labiates,  especially 
to  species  of  Pycnanthemum. 

The  ancients  had  a  curious  notion  relative  to  the  plant 
basil  (O.  basilicum),  viz.,  that  there  is  a  property  in  basil 
to  propagate  scorpions,  and  that  by  the  smell  thereof 
they  are  bred  in  the  brains  of  men. 

Quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  1st  ser.,  VIII.  40. 
He  once  called  her  his  ba.nl  plant ;  and  when  she  asked 
for  an  explaniition,  said  that  basil  was  a  plant  which  had 
fiourished  wonderfully  on  a  murdered  man's  brains. 

George  Jiliot,  Sliddlemarch,  Finale. 
Basil-Oil,  an  aromatic  oil  obtained  from  the  roots  of  the 
basil.  McKlrath. 
basiFt,  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  (def.  1)  bas^il,  <  OF. 
basile,  mod.  F.  basilic,  a  basilisk :  see  basilisk.] 

1.  A  large  cannon  throwing  a  heavy  shot.  See 
basilisk,  4.-2.  [Perhaps  in  allusion  to  a  can- 
non-ball.] An  iron  or  fetter  fastened  round  the 
ankle  of  a  prisoner. 

basils  (baz'il),  n.    A  corruption  of  bezel. 
basil*  (baz'il),  n.    A  corruption  of  basan. 
basilad  (bas'i-lad),  adv.    [<  NL.  basil(aris)  (see 
basilar)  +  -ad^.]    To  or  toward  the  base, 
basilar  (bas'i-lar),  a.    [=  P.  basilaire,  <  NL. 
basdaris,  <  L.  basis,  a  base.]  Relating  to  or  sit- 
uated at  the  base,  especially  of  the  skull.  

Basilar  angle.  Seecranio;»e!j  ;/.— Basilar  artery  the 
artery  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  vertebral  «i-te'ries 
and  lying  on  the  basilar  process  of  the  occipital  bone  — 
Basilar  groove,  a  smooth  depression  on  the  upper  side  of 
the  basilar  process.— Basilar  membrane  of  the  cochlea 
a  delicate  membrane  stretching  from  the  lamina  spiralis 
to  the  outer  wall.  It  forms  the  floor  of  the  can«l  of  the 
cochlea,  and  supports  the  organ 
of  Corti.— Basilar  process, 
that  portion  of  the  occipital 
bone  which  lies  in  front  of  the 
foramen  magnum.- Basilar 
segment,  the  compound  and 
otherwise  modified  segment  of 
the  body  of  a  centiped  immedi- 
ately succeeding  the  cephalic 
segment.  It  bears  several  pairs 
of  appendages,  and  has  been 
considered  to  be  composed  of 
four  morphological  somites. — 
BasUar  sinus,  or  basUar 
plexus,  the  transverse  sinus. 

—  BasUar  suture,  in  anat., 

the  suture  between  the  basilar 
process  of  the  occipital  bone 

and  the  body  of  the  sphenoid.— Basilar  vein,  a  vein 
ascending  from  the  base  of  the  brain  on  tlie  outer  side  of 
the  crus  cerebri  and  emptying  into  the  vena  Galeni. 

basilary  (bas'i-la-ri).  a.  Same  as  basilar. 
basilateral  (ba-si-lat'e-ral),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a 
base,  +  latus  (/«ff )•-),"  side,  +  -al.]  Situated 
at  the  side  of  the  base.  Also  basolateral. 
Basileuterus  (bas-i-hi'te-rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
iJaui'/.t  vr[pog,  more  kingly,  compar.  adj.,  <  (3aai- 
/f  king.]  A  large  genus  of  tropical  and  sub- 
tropical American  osciue  passerine  birds,  of  the 
tamily  Muiotilfida'  and  subfamily  Sctophagince ; 
a  group  of  pretty  fly-catching  warblers  related 
to  the  common  American  redstart.  Several  of  the 
Mexican  species  reacli  the  lower  Rio  Grande,  but  most  are 
more  southerly.  B.  ru/ifron)i  is  a  characteristic  example. 
Basilian  (ba-sil'i-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  LL.  Basilius, 
Basil  the  Great  (died  A.  D.  379),  <  Gr.  Paai^xio^, 
lit.  kingly,  <  jiaailev^,  king.]    I.  a.  Relating 


B,  Basilar  Segment  of  a 
rentiped  iScoiofiendra)  :  a. 
intenna  borne  upon  cephalic 
segment. 


to  St.  Basil  the  Great,  a  Greek  father  of  tJie 


Basilian 


466 


basin 


Christian  chui'ch  in  the  foui'th  century,  or  to 
the  monastic  rule  given  by  him  Basilian  lit- 
urgy, the  liturgy  of  St.  Basil.    See  liturgy. 

II.  n.  1.  A  monk  or  nun  belonging  to  one  of 
the  religious  congregations  following  the  rule  of 

St.  Basil.  These  comprise  nearly  all  the  Greek  and 
Oriental  monasteries,  and  are  found  in  connnuiiiou  with 
Rome  in  Sicily,  and  in  the  Greco-Ruthenian  and  Aime- 
nian  rites.  Several  Basilian  monasteries  in  Spain  were 
suppressed  in  1835. 

2.  One  of  a  congregation  of  priests  devoted 
to  the  education  of  yoimg  men  for  the  priest- 
hood, founded  in  1800  by  the  archbishop  of 

Vienne,  France.  Their  name  is  derived  from  their 
first  house,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Basil  in  Vivarais.  They 
have  establishments  in  France,  England,  and  Africa. 

basilic  (ba-sil'ik),  a.  and  n.  [Formerly  also 
basilick,  <  F.  basilique,  <  L.  basilicus,  <  Gr.  /3a- 
criAiKog,  kingly,  royal,  <  f3aGi2.£ix,  king.]  I.  a. 
1.  Kingly;  royal. —  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a 
basilica ;  basiUcan — Basilic  vein,  the  largest  of  tiie 
veins  of  the  arm,  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  ulnar 
veins  with  the  median  basilic  vein,  piercing  the  deep  fascia 
a  little  above  the  elbow  on  the  inner  side  of  the  arm,  as- 
cending in  the  course  of  the  brachial  artery,  and  ending 
in  the  axillary  vein,  before  or  after  receiving  the  venje 
comites  of  the  brachial  artery.— Median  basilic  vein, 
a  short  venous  trunk  at  the  bend  of  the  elbow,  crossing 
the  track  of  the  brachial  artery,  from  which  it  is  separat- 
ed by  the  bicipital  fascia,  and  terminating  in  the  basilic. 
Also  basilical. 

II,  11.  1.  A  basilica  (which  see). —  2,  In 
anat.,  the  basilic  vein.  See  I. 
basilica!  (ba-sil'i-ka),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  paciXiKij, 
a  basilica,  prop.  fem.  (sc.  aroa,  stoa,  or  o'ikm, 
house)  of  jiaailLKog^  royal :  see  basilic.  In  sense 
5  for  basilisl;  4,  &asi7-.]  1.  Originally,  the 
stoa  in  which  the  king-arehon  dispensed  jus- 
tice in  Athens ;  hence,  in  Gr.  aniiq.,  a  frequent 
distinctive  name  for  a  stoa  or  portico. —  2.  In 
Rome,  where  such  buildings  were  introduced 
about  two  centuries  before  Christ,  a  portico  or 
hall  recalling  in  plan  or  use  the  Athenian  royal 
portico.  Many  of  these  halls  of  justice  were  appro- 
priated for  Christian  churches,  and  new  chiu'clies  were 
built  upon  a  similar  plan,  whence  basilica  became  a 
usual  name  for  a  church.  The  typical  plan  of  the  basil- 
ica is  an  oblong  I'ectangle,  with  a  broad  central  nave  sep- 


1  2 
Basilicas. 


I,  S.  Pietro  in  Vincoli,  Rome  :  a  typical  plan  with  the  addition  of 
a  transept  and  of  secondary  apses.  2,  S.  Godehard,  Ilildesheim:  a 
German  form  illustrating  the  western  apse  and  other  important  varia- 
tions from  the  typical  plan.  AD,  apse;  B,  B' ,  secondary  apses;  C, 
high  altar;  Z),  bishop's  throne;  G,  transept;  //,  nave;  /,  /  ,  towers; 
y,  y  ,  aisles ;  western  apse  ;  A',  aisle  surrounding  the  chief  apse ; 
&,  O,  apsidioles. 

arated  from  two  side-aisles  by  rows  of  columns.  Over 
the  aisles  are  galleries.  At  the  extremity  of  the  building 
furthest  from  the  chief  entrance  is  a  raised  tribune,  where 
sat  originally  the  Roman  pretor  or  judge  and  his  assess- 
ors, and  which  naturally  became  the  sanctuaiy  of  the 
Christian  church.  This  tribime  usually  constitutes  an 
apse  of  the  width  of  the  nave,  projecting  from  the  main 
body  of  the  building,  and  covered  with  a  vault  on  a  semi- 
circular plan.  The  Christian  high  altar,  which  has  re- 
placed the  throne  of  the  Roman  pretor,  stands  properly 
in  the  center  of  the  chord  of  this  apse.  Variations  from 
the  typical  plan  are  of  very  common  occurrence,  such  as 
the  absence  of  an  architectural  apse  ;  the  presence  of  an 
apse  at  each  end  —  a  favorite  arrangement,  especially  in 
early  German  churches  of  basUican  plan  ;  the  duplication 
of  the  side-aisles ;  the  carrying  of  an  aisle  around  the 
apse  ;  the  presence  of  a  transept  between  aisles  and  apse, 
or  of  minor  apses  on  each  side  of  the  chief  apse ;  and 
many  others,  often  suggested  either  by  accidents  of  posi- 
tion or  by  the  e.xigencies  of  the  Christian  ritual. 
3.  Liturgieally,  in  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  title 
conferred  by  the  pope  on  a  church  without  ref- 
erence to  its  architectural  arrangement,  and 
carrying  with  it  certain  honors  and  privileges. 
In  addition  to  the  five  major  or  patriarchal  basilicas  and 
the  eight  minor  basilicas  at  Rome,  the  title  is  borne  in 
this  sense  by  other  churches  in  all  parts  of  the  world, 
as  the  cathedrals  of  Pal  is  anil  Rheims  in  France,  and  .the 
cathedi'al  of  Notre  Dame  at  Quebec. 


4t.  In  the  middle  ages,  a  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  elaborate  structures  raised  over  impor- 
tant tombs,  as  that  over  the  tomb  or  shrine  of 
Edward  the  Confessor  in  Westminster  Abbey : 
so  called,  according  to  Ducange,  because  these 
structures  bore  a  resemblance  to  diminutive 
churches. — 5t.  A  large  piece  of  ordnance: 
probably  same  as  basilisk,  4. 

The  breaching  artillery  consisted  of  sixty-tlu-ee  guns, 
the  smallest  of  which  threw  a  ball  of  fifty-six  pounds,  and 
some  few,  termed  basilicas,  carried  marble  bullets  of  a 
hundred  and  twelve  pounds  weight.  Prescott. 

Basilica^  (ba-sil'i-ka),  «.  pi.,  also  used  as  sing. 
[ML.,  <  LGr.  jiaoLkim,  neut.  pi.  of  Gr.  (iaoOuii6g, 
royal  (or,  less  prob.,  relating  to  Basil  I.).]  A 
code  of  laws  of  the  Byzantine  empire,  adapted 
from  the  laws  of  Justinian  in  the  ninth  century, 
by  order  of  the  emperor  Basil  I.  Also  Basilics. 

basilical  (ba-sil'i-kal),  a.  [<  basilica^  +  -aZ.] 
Same  as  basilic. 

basilican  (ba-sil'i-kan),  a.    [<  ML.  hasilicanus, 

<  L.  basilica,  basilica.]  Pertaining  to  or  resem- 
bling a  basilica ;  basilic  Basilican  ointment. 

Same  as  basilican. 

basilicanism  (ba-sil'i-kan-izm),  n.  Adherence 
to  the  basilican  type  of  church. 

basilicokt,  n.  [ME.,  also  basiliscolc,  baselycoc,  < 
OF.  basilicoc  (with  appar.  aug.  term.,  prob.  con- 
fused with  coq,  cock;  cf.  cockatrice),  <  basilic,  a 
basilisk.   Cf.  basilisk.l    A  basilisk.  Chaucer. 

basilicon  (ba-sil'i-kpn),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  jSaaiXiKdv, 
neut.  (sc.  (pap/mKov,  remedy)  of  jSaailcudc,  royal : 
see  basil^  and  basilic.'i  An  ointment  named 
from  its  supposed  "sovereign"  virtues,  it  con- 
sists of  yellow  wax,  black  pitch,  and  resin,  of  each  one 
part,  and  of  olive-oil  four  parts.  Also  called  basUican 
ointment. 

Basilics  (ba-sil'iks),  n.  pi.  [E.  pi.,  equiv.  to 
ML.  basilica :  see  Basilica^.']  Same  as  Basil- 
ica^. 

Basilidian  (bas-i-lid'i-an),  n.    [<  L.  Basilides, 

<  Gr.  Baa iXe  1671^,  a  proper  name,  in  form  a 
patronymic,  <  paoikng,  king.]  A  follower  of 
Basilides,  a  teacher  of  Gnostic  doctrines  at 
Alexandria,  Egypt,  in  the  second  century.  The 
Basilidiaus  discom'aged  martyrdom,  kept  their  doctrines 
as  secret  as  possible,  were  much  given  to  magical  prac- 
tices, and  soon  declined  from  the  asceticism  of  their 
founder  into  gross  immorality.    See  Basilidianism. 

Basilidianism  (bas-i-lid'i-an-izm),  w.  [<  Basi- 
lidian +  -ism  .']  The  doctrines  of  Basilides  and 
the  Basilidians.  Basilides  taught  that  from  a  universal 
seed-mass  containing  the  germs  of  all  things  and  created 
by  non-existent  Deity  (that  is,  the  Absolute)  were  sepa- 
rated a  subtile  sonship  mounting  at  once  to  the  Deity,  and 
a  coarse  sonship  attaining  a  place  near  to  but  short  of  the 
highest  by  aid  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  which  acts  as  the  firma- 
ment separating  supermundane  things  from  mundane. 
A  third  sonship,  that  needing  purification,  remained  in  the 
mass,  from  which  also  emerged  the  archons  of  the  ogdoad 
and  hebdomad,  iieearclimi.  The  gospel  illumination  came 
first  to  the  son  of  the  great  archon,  who  instructed  his 
father.  From  him  it  passed  to  the  archon  of  the  hebdo- 
mad through  his  son,  and  from  the  hebdomad  to  Jesus,  the 
son  of  Mai-y.  The  spirit  of  Jesus  ascended  at  his  death  to 
the  highest  God,  leaving  his  soul  in  the  hebdomad.  When 
the  whole  of  the  sonship  that  remains  in  this  lower  world 
has  mounted  after  Jesus  to  the  highest  place,  the  consum- 
mation of  all  things  will  come,  and  an  oblivion  called  the 
great  ignorance  will  descend  on  the  whole  world,  even 
upon  the  two  great  archons,  that  all  may  remain  in  their 
natural  place  and  not  aspire  after  the  unattainable.  The 
gospel  is  the  knowledge  of  these  doctrines,  and  the  spirit- 
ual are  those  only  who  are  capable  of  understanding  them. 
An  exceedingly  different  system,  known  as  spurious  Basi- 
lidianism, was  developed  among  the  followers  of  Basilides. 
According  to  this  there  are  365  generations  of  angels  occu- 
pying 365  heavens,  each  with  its  own  archon,  the  lowest 
being  the  God  of  the  Jews.  Christ  was  the  first-born,  the 
Nous  or  intellect  of  the  highest  God,  the  unbegotten 
Father.  All  his  work  on  earth  is  mere  appearance  or  out- 
ward show,  a  docetic  feature  found  in  many  earlier  here- 
sies. 

basiliscine  (bas-i-lis'in),  a.  [<  L.  basiliscus,  a 
basilisk,  +  -inc'^.']    Pertaining  to  a  basilisk. 

basiliscus  (bas-i-lis'kus),  n.  [L.,  a  basilisk: 
see  basilisk.']  If.  A  basilisk. — 2t.  [NL.]  In 
ornith.,  an  old  and  disused  name  of  the  small 
crested  or  golden-crowned  wren  of  Europe, 

Regulus  cristatUS.  it  is  known  in  many  languages 
by  names  corresponding  to  "little  king,"  as  kinglet, 
roitelet,  koniglein,  regitlo,  regaliolus,  regillus,  etc.  ;  also 
rex,  senator,  presbys,  trochilus,  orchillus,  calendula,  etc. 
See  Regulus. 

3.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  saurian  reptiles, 
or  Lacertilia,  of  the  family  Iguanidce  (formerly 
held  to  be  of  greater  extent  than  now),  charac- 
terized essentially  by  the  presence  of  a  contin- 
uous median  dorsal  crest  along  the  back  and 

tail,  erectile  at  will.  There  are  no  femoral  pores,  and 
no  gular  sac,  but  a  dilatable  pouch  on  the  head  ;  the  den- 
tition is  pleurodont.  The  mitered  or  hooded  basilisk,  B. 
mitratus,  is  especially  remarkable  for  a  membranous  bag 
at  the  back  of  the  head,  of  the  size  of  a  small  hen's  egg, 
which  can  be  inflated  with  air  at  pleasure,  and  the  func- 
tion of  which  is  analogous  to  that  of  the  air-bladder  of 
fishes.  The  other  species  have  such  hoods  also,  but  of  a 
smaller  size.    To  this  organ  they  owe  their  name,  which 


Hooded  or  Mitered  Basilisk  {BasiWscus  tnttraius). 


recalls  the  basilisk  of  fable,  though  in  reality  they  are 
harmless  and  exceedingly  lively  creatures.  The  species 
are  inhabitants  chiefly  of  Central  America  and  Mexico, 
and  peculiar  to  America,  although  one  of  the  Agamida;  of 
Amboyna  has  been  erroneously  referred  to  the  genus. 

basilisk  (bas'i-lisk),  n.  and  a.  [Also,  until  re- 
cently, as  L.,  basiliscus;  <  ME.  basilisk  (ef.  also 
basilicok  and  F.  basilic),  <  L.  basiliscus,  <  Gr. 
(iaoMaKog,  a  little  king,  a  kinglet  (bird),  also  a 
land  of  serpent,  so  named  from  a  white  spot 
resembling  a  crown  on  the  head ;  dim.  of  (iaGi- 
Aeif,  a  king.]  I.  n.  1.  A  fabulous  creature 
foiTQerly  believed  to  exist,  variously  regarded 
as  a  kind  of  serpent,  lizard,  or  dragon,  and 
sometimes  identified  with  the  cockatrice,  it  in- 
habited the  deserts  of  Africa,  and  its  breath  and  even  its 
look  were  fatal.  In  heraldry  it  is  represented  as  an  ani- 
mal resembling  the  cockatrice,  with  its  tail  terminating  in 
a  dragon's  head;  hence  formerly  also  called  amphisien 
cockatrice,  as  having  two  heads.  See  amphisien. 
Like  as  the  Basiliske,  of  serpents  seede, 
From  pow*refull  eyes  close  veniiu  doth  convay 
Into  the  lookers  hart,  and  killeth  farre  away. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  viii.  39. 
There  is  not  one  that  looketh  upon  his  eyes  buthe  dieth 
presently.  The  like  property  has  the  basiliik.  A  white 
spot  or  star  it  carieth  on  tlie  head  and  settith  it  out  like  a 
coronet  or  diadem.  If  he  but  hiss  no  other  serpent  dare 
come  near.  Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  viii.  21. 

2.  In  'herpet.,  a  lizard  of  the  old  genus  Basilis- 
cus (wMch  see)  in  the  widest  sense. — 3t.  In 
ornith.,  the  golden-crested  wren  or  kinglet. 
See  basiliscus,  2. — 4t.  A  large  piece  of  ord- 
nance: so  called  from  its  destructive  power. 
It  \aried  greatly  in  size  and  style  at  different  times.  In 
the  fifteenth  century  it  is  spoken  of  as  throwing  stone 
balls  of  the  weight  of  200  pounds,  and  was  therefore  of 
prodigious  caliber.  D'Aubign6  in  his  History  speaks  of 
them  as  carrying  stone  balls  of  300  pounds,  but  it  is  not 
certain  which  standard  he  has  in  view.  In  the  seventeenth 
century  it  was  a  smaller  gun,  but  still  one  of  the  largest 
then  in  use.    See  basilica,  5. 

Awake,  ye  men  of  Memphis ! — hear  the  clang 
Of  Scythian  trumpets  !  —  hear  the  basilisks. 
That,  roaring,  shake  Damascus'  turrets  down  ! 

Marlowe,  Tamburlaine,  I.,  iv.  1. 
A  basilisco,  bore  in  inches  5,  weight  in  pounds  4000. 

Capt.  J.  Smith,  Seaman's  Grammar. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  the 
basilisk:  as,  a  basilisk  eye  or  look  (a  sharp, 
penetrating,  malignant  eye  or  look,  like  that 
attributed  to  the  basilisk). 

basilosaurid  (bas'''i-lo-sa'rid),  n.  A  cetacean 
of  the  family  Basilosauridw. 

Basilosauridse  (bas"i-lo-sa'ri-de),  w.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Basilosaurus  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  extinct 
zeuglodont  cetaceans,  typified  by  the  genus 
Basilosaurus  (or  Zeuglodon),  having  the  parie- 
tal, the  frontal,  and  especially  the  nasal  bones 
elongated,  and  the  anterior  nares  opening  for- 
ward. [According  to  the  rules  of  zoological  nomencla- 
ture, the  operation  of  the  law  of  priority  requires  reten- 
tion of  the  name,  though  the  creatures  were  not  saurians.) 

Basilosaurus  (bas"i-lo-sa'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Paaikevg,  king,  +  aavpoc,  lizard.]  A  genus  of 
large  fossil  cetaceans  from  the  Eocene  of  the 
southern  United  States.  The  name  was  given  under 
the  erroneous  impression  that  the  creatures  were  reptiles, 
and  was  afterward  changed  to  Zeuglodon.  Also  called 
Polyptychodon  and  Hydrarchus.    See  Zeuglodontia. 

basil-'thyme  (baz'il-tim),  n,  [<  basiP-  +  thyme.] 
A  Britisn  plant,  the  Calamintlia  Acinos  of  bota- 
nists. It  has  bluish-purple  flowers  and  a  fragrant  aro- 
matic smell,  "so  excellent,"  Parkinson  says,  "that  it  is 
fit  for  a  king's  house." 

basil-weed  (baz'il-wed),  n.  [<  basiU  +  wec^i.] 
Wild  basil,  or  field-basil,  the  common  name  for 
Calamintha  Clinopodium,  a  European  labiate 
plant  common  in  woods  and  copses. 

basin  (ba'sn),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bason, 
basen,  <  ME.  basin,  bacin,  <  OF.  bacin,  mod.  F. 
bassin  =  'Pv.  Sp.  bacin  =  lt.  bacino  (ML.  reflex. 
bacinus,  bassinits)  =  OHG.  becchin,  becchi,  MHG. 
becken,  becke,  G.  hecken  (>  Dan.  bwkken  =  Sw. 
bdcken),  <  ML.  bachimis,  bacchinm,  bacchimnn. 


basm 

appar.  for  *laccinus,  *baccinu'm,  prop,  an  adj. 
form,  <  bacca,  a  bowl  ('vas  aquarium':  see 
backS),  perhaps  of  Celtic  origin;  of.  Gael,  bac, 
a  hollow,  a  hook,  crook,  =  W.  bach,  a  hook,  = 
Bret,  bak,  bag,  a  shallow  boat:  see  back^. 
Hence  basinet.^  1.  A  circular  dish  or  vessel 
of  greater  width  than  depth,  contracting  to- 
ward the  bottom,  and  used  chiefly  to  hold  water 
or  other  liquid,  especially  for  washing,  but  also 
for  various  other  purposes. 

Let  one  attend  him  with  a  silver  bason, 

Fiill  of  rose-water,  and  bestrew'd  with  flowers 

And  say,  Will't  please  your  lordship  cool  your  hand's? 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  i. 

2.  As  much  as  a  basin  will  hold ;  a  basinful.  

3.  In  the  arts  and  manuf. :  (a)  In  hat-making,  a 
vessel  filled  with  boiling  water  in  which  the 
loose  mat  of  felted  fur  formed  on  the  cone  for 
a  hat-body  is  dipped  in  the  process  of  basining 
(see  basin,  v.  t.),  in  order  to  shrink  it  to  the 
proper  size.  Also  called  sizing-kettle.  (6)  A 
concave  piece  of  metal  on  which  glass-grinders 
form  their  convex  glasses,  (c)  The  scale  or 
scale-dish  of  a  balance  when  concave. —  4t.  A 
pair  of  hollow  metal  dishes  clashed  together 
like  cymbals  to  produce  sound:  formerly  beat- 
en when  infamous  persons  were  exposed  in  a 
cart  as  a  punishment. —  5.  A  basin-shaped  ves- 
sel hung  by  chains  from  the  roof  of  a  church, 
with  a  pricket  in  the  middle  for  the  serges.  See 
cerge.  When  of  silver,  such  vessels  usually  had 
a  brass  or  latten  basin  within  to  catch  the  wax- 
droppings.— 6t.  The  hoUow  part  of  a  plate  or 
dish. 

Silver  dishes  and  plates  ...  in  the  edges  and  baidm  of 
which  was  placed  .  .  .  gold  medals. 

Pepys,  Diary,  July  21,  1662.    {N.  E.  D.) 

7.  A  natural,  or  artificial  reservoir  for  water, 
(o)  A  pond ;  a  bay ;  a  dock  for  ships.  \b)  In  a  canal,  a 
space  which  enables  boats  to  turn,  or  to  lie  and  unload 
without  obstructing  the  passage  of  otl^er  boats,  (c)  The 
space  between  the  gates  in  a  dock. 

8.  In  geog. :  (a)  The  area  drained  by  a  river. 
The  term  is  ordinarily  used  only  when  speaking  of  a 
large  river,  and  then  includes  the  entire  area  drained  by 
the  main  stream  and  its  tributaries.    The  line  separating 
two  river-systems  from  each  other  is  the  watershed.  A 
closed  basin  is  an  area  which  has  no  outlet  to  the  sea.  In 
the  United  States,  the  Great  Basin  is  that  portion  of  the 
CordiUeran  region  which  has  no  such  outlet,  comprising 
an  area  of  about  225,000  square  miles.   (J)  A  basin- 
shaped  depression  or  hollow ;  a  circular  or  oval 
yaUey.— 9.  In  geol.,  an  area  over  which  the  strat- 
ified formations  are  so  disposed  as  to  show 
that  they  were  deposited  in  succession  within 
a  basin-shaped  depression  of  the  original  sm-- 
faee,  thus  giving  rise  to  a  series  of  beds  which 
have  a  general  dip  toward  a  common  center, 
especially  near  the  edges  of  the  area,  in  some  in- 
stances the  basin  structure  is  very  marked,  as  in  the  case  of 
the  Forest  of  Dean  and  Inde  coal-fields.  Sometimes,  how- 
ever, a  mere  synclinal  depression  of  the  strata  is  called  a 
basin  ;  and  this  is  especially  the  case  In  the  Appalachian 
coal-field,  where  any  smaller  area,  separated  by  erosion 
from  the  main  body  of  the  coal-bearing  strata,  may  be 
called  a  basin.  The  geological  basins  of  London  and  Paris 
are  especially  known  and  interesting.  The  rocks  of  both  are 
chiefly  Lower  Tertiary,  or  Eocene  and  Oligocene,  the  name 
sometimes  given  to  that  part  of  the  series  which  is  inter- 
mediate in  age  between  Eocene  and  Miocene.  The  impor- 
tant member  of  the  London  basin  —  the  "  London  clay  "— 
IS  absent  from  the  Paris  basin.  The  Middle  Eocene  is  rep- 
resented in  the  Paris  basin  by  an  extremely  fossiliferous 
rock,  the  Calcaire  grassier  (which  see).   The  Tertiary  of 
the  Paris  basin,  like  that  of  the  London  basin,  rests  on  a 
thick  mass  of  white  chalk.  This  has  been  completely  bored 
tlu-ough  at  various  points,  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining 
water,  which  rises  above  the  surface  in  large  quantities  at 
the  wells  of  Grenelle  and  Passy,  and  at  other  points. 
10.  In  anat. :  (a)  The  third  ventricle  of  the 
bram.  (6)  [Cf.  F.  bassin  in  same  sense.]  The 
pelvis. — 11,  In  entom.,  a  large  concavity  in  a 
surface ;  specifically,  a  concave  portion  of  the 
metathoracic  segment  over  the  base  of  the 
abdomen.    The  basin  of  the  antenna  is  a  concavity  in 
which  the  antenna  is  inserted,  often  limited  on  the  inner 
side  by  a  carina,  as  in  the  ants. 

Formerly  also  spelled  bason. 

Barber's  basin.    See  barber. 

basin  (ba'sn),  v.  t.  [<  basin,  m.]  In  hat-making, 
to  harden  or  shrink  to  the  proper  size,  as  a  hat- 
body  iu  the  process  of  felting,  by  dipping  in  the 
basin  of  hot  water,  wrapping  ia  the  basining- 
eloth  (which  see),  and  rolling  on  a  table.  Also 
spelled  bason. 
The  hat  is  basoned,  or  rendered  tolerably  firm. 

Ure,  Diet.,  II.  784. 

basinasal  (ba-si-na'zal),  a.  [<  basion  +  nasion 
+  -al.']  In  cmmioTO., "pertaining  to  the  basion 
and  the  nasion — Basinasal  length,  the  distance  be- 
tween the  basion  and  the  nasion.   See  craniometry. 

basined  (ba'snd),  a.     Inclosed  in  a  basin 
[Rare.] 

Thy  basined  rivers  and  imprisoned  seas. 

Young,  Night  Thoughts,  Ls.  918. 


467 

basinerved  (ba'si-nSrvd),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a 
base,  +  nemis,  nerve,  -I-  -ed2.]  in  hot.,  having 
the  nerves  all  springing  from  the  base :  applied 
to  leaves. 

basinet,  basnet  (bas'i-net,  bas'net),  n.  [Also 
bassimt,  bascinet,  <  ME.  basinet,  basenet,  basnet, 
bacenett,  bacynet,  <  OF.  bacinet  (F.  bassinet  =  Pr. 
bacinet  =  Sp.  Pg.  bacinete  =  It.  bacinctto),  dim. 
of  bacin,  a  basin,  a  helmet  in  the  form  of  a 
basin :  see  basin  and  -et.']  A  steel  cap,  original- 


1.  Basinet  oi  1310.   2,  Italian  Basinet  of  1380. 
(From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "  Diet,  du  Mobilier  fran^ais.' 


ly  of  very  simple  form,  named  from  its  resem- 
blance to  a  little  basin,  it  was  ordinarily  worn 
alone  ;  but  in  battle  the  heavy  helmet  or  heaume  was 
placed  over  it,  resting  upon  the  armor  of  the  neck  and 
shoulders.  When  the  heaume  came  to  be  abandoned  on 
account  of  its  great  weight,  the  basinet  was  furnished 
with  a  vizor.  It  was  the  commonest  form  of  headpiece 
during  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries,  and  so 
continued  until  the  introduction  of  the  armet.  See  hel- 
met, vizor,  aventaile,  camail,  and  armor. 

"  So,  youngster,"  said  he,  looking  at  Glendinning,  and 
seeing  his  military  dress,  "  thou  hast  ta'en  the  basnet  at 
last  I  It  IS  a  better  cap  to  live  in  than  die  in." 

Scott,  Monastery,  II.  213. 

basinful  (ba'sn-ful),  n.  As  much  as  a  basin 
will  hold. 

basining-clotb  (bas'ning-kloth),  71.    [<  basin- 
mg,  verbal  n.  of  basin,  v.,  +  cloth.']    In  hat- 
makmg,  the  cloth  in  which  a  hat-body  as  taken 
from  the  cone  is  wrapped  after  dipping  in  the 
basin,  and  rolled  on  a  table,  to  complete  the 
process  of  felting, 
basin-trap  (ba'sn-trap),  n.    A  seal  or  trap 
placed  in  the  waste-pipe  of  a  set  basin  to  pre- 
vent the  escape  of  sewer-gas. 
basin-wrench  (ba'sn-rench),  n.    A  plumbers' 
vtTcnch,  having  the  jaws  presented  on  one  side, 
for  working  in  contracted  spaces, 
basio-alveolar  (ba"si-6-al-ve'6-lar),  a.    [<  ba- 
sion +  alveolar.]    Same  as  basi-dlveolar. 
basioccipital  (ba,'''si-ok-sip'i-tal),  a.  and  n.  [< 
L.  basis,  a  base,  -I-  occiput  (occipit-),  occiput,  + 
-al.]    I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  base  of  the  occi- 
put, or  to  the  basilar  process  of  the  occipital 

bone — Basioccipital  tooth,  a  tooth  attached  to  a  pro- 
longation downward  of  the  basioccipital  bone,  as  in  the 
carp  and  tench. 

II.  n.  The  centrum  of  the  first  (hindmost) 
cranial  segment,  forming  the  basis  of  the  com- 
pound occipital  bone,  called  in  human  anat- 
omy the  basilar  process  of  the  occipital,  which 
anteriorly  articulates  or  ankyloses  with  the 
basisphenoid,  and  posteriorly  circumscribes  in 
part  the  foramen  magnum,  its  normal  union  with 
two  exoccipitals  and  a  supraoccipital  constitutes  the  thus 
compound  occipital  bone.  See  cuts  under  craniofacial. 
Crotalus,  Esox,  and  GaUince. 

basioglossus  (ba"si-o-glos'us),  n.  [<  L.  basis, 
a  base,  4-  Gr.  ■y?M(yua,  tongue.]  That  portion  of 
the  hyoglossus  muscle  which  arises  from  the 
body  of  the  hyoid  bone, 
basion  (ba'si-on),  w.  [NL.]  In  aMat,  the  mid- 
dle of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  foramen 
magmrm.  See  cut  under  craniometry. 
basiophtlialmite(  ba'^'si-of-thal'mit),  n.  [<  Gr. 
Pdcric,  a  base,  -h  6(pda?^/x6c,  eye.]  The  proximal  or 
basal  joint  of  the  movable  two-jointed  ophthal- 
mite  or  peduncle  of  the  eye  of  a  stalk-eyed 
crustacean,  the  other  joint  being  the  podoph- 
thalmite.  See  cut  under  stalk-eyed. 
basipetal  (ba-sip'e-tal),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a  base 
+  2)etere,  seek,  -f  -al]  Directed  toward  the 
base:  m  bot.,  developing  from  the  apex  down- 
ward: applied  to  growth  in  the  leaf  when  the 
rachis  or  midvein  is  developed  first,  then  the 
leaflets  or  lobes  in  succession  from  the  top 
downwar'd. 

basipodite  (ba-sip'o-dit),  n.  [<  Gr.  f^daic,  a,  base, 
+  novc  (TO'5-)  =  E.  foot]  In  crustaceans :  (a) 
ihe  proximal  joint  of  the  limb  of  an  arthropod 
animal,  by  which  the  limb  is  articulated  with 
the  body.  Dunman.  (b)  The  second  joint  of 
a  developed  endopodite,  between  the  coxopo- 
dite  (protopodite)  and  the  ischiopodite.  Milne- 


basisylvian 

Edwards  ;  Huxley.  See  also  cut  under  endopo- 
dite. 

basipoditic  (ba-sip-o-dit'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  of  the  nature  of  a  basipodite.  Huxley,  Cray- 
fish, p.  164. 

basipterygial  (ba-sip-te-rij'i-al),  a.  [<  L.  basis, 
a  base,  +  jiterygial.]  Situated  at  the  base  of 
the  fin,  as  of  a  cephalopod. 

In  Sepia,  along  the  whole  base-line  of  each  lateral  fin  of 
the  mantle,  is  a  "  hasi-pterynial  cartilage." 

E.  R.  Lankester,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  675. 

basipterygoid  (ba-sip-ter'i-goid),  a.  and  n.  [< 
L.  basis,  a  base,  +  pterygoid.]  I.  a.  Pertain- 
ing or  related  to  the  base  of  the  pterygoid' 
bone,  or  the  sphenoid — Basipterygoid  processes, 

in  the  anatomy  of  hirds,  processes  wliich  an;  m-  may  be 
situated  upon  the  body  or  In-ak  of  tlic  splioiioid,  and  ar- 
ticulate, or  may  articulate,  with  the  pterygoid  bones.  See 
cuts  urjder  ilesiiiii;iiuillii)i(s  and  (Iniinii'oijiiatlinvs. 

II.  n.  A  lateral  bone  or  process  of  bone  at 
the  base  of  the  skull,  developed  in  connection 
or  relation  with  sphenoidal  and  pterygoid  ele- 
ments. 

basirhinal  (ba-si-ri'nal),  a.  [<  Gr.  p&ai^,  abase, 
+  pt'f,  piv,  nose,  +  -ai.]  Situated  at  the  base 
of  the  rhinencephalon :  appUed  to  a  fissure  of 
the  brain  called  by  'Wilder  postrhinal.  Owen. 
basirostral  (ba-si-ros'tral),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a 
base,  -f-  rostrum,  beak,  +  -al.]  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  situated  at  the  base  of  the  beak  or  bill 
of  a  bird:  as,  basirostral  bristles, 
basis  (ba'sis),  n.;  pi.  bases  (-sez).  [L.,  <  Gr. 
pdoL^,  a  going,  step,  foimdation:  see  base^.] 

1.  The  foundation  of  anything;  that  on  which 
a  thing  stands  or  on  which  anything  is  reared ; 
a  foundation,  groundwork,  or  supporting  prin- 
ciple :  now  most  commonly  used  of  immaterial 
things. 

Build  me  thy  fortunes  upon  the  basis  of  valour.  Chal- 
lenge me  the  Count's  youth  to  fight  with  him  ;  hurt  him 
in  eleven  places.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  2. 

Who  builds  a  monument,  the  basis  jasper. 
And  the  main  body  brick? 

Fletcher,  Mad  Lover,  iv.  4. 

Good  health  is  the  basis  of  all  physical,  intellectual, 
moral,  and  spiritual  development. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  ii. 

2,  In  arch.,  same  as  base^,  3. — Sf.  A  pedestal. 

Observing  an  English  inscription  upon  the  basis,  we 
read  it  over  several  times.  Addison. 

4.  The  principal  constituent  of  a  compound ; 
a  fundamental  ingredient. —  5.  Milit.,  same 
as  base'^,  15  (a).— 6.  In  cry.stal.  and  j^etrog., 
same  as  basal  plane  (which  see,  under  basal). 
—  7.  In  bot.  and  conch.,  same  as  brisc^,  4. — 8. 
[NL.]  In  anat,  the  base;  the  fundamental  or 
basilar  part  of  anything:  as,  basis  cranii,  the 
base  of  the  skull.— 9.  In  ^;ros.,  a  trochee 
or  its  substitute  preceding  the  dactyls  of  a 

logacEdic  series.  An  apparent  spondee  or  iambus 
a  long  syllable  of  three  times,  or  even  a  pyrrhic  tri- 
brach, or  anapest,  may  be  used  as  a  basis,  and  an  anacrusis 
may  be  prefixed  to  it.  The  basis  is  sometimes  double 
[This  meaning  of  the  word  is  of  modern  introduction 
(Gottfried  Hermann).  In  ancient  Greek  writers  on  met- 
rics the  meaning  of  /3a<ri9  is :  (a)  That  part  of  the  foot 
which  takes  the  o-Tjuaaia  (ictus) ;  the  fleo-is.  (b)  A  series  of 
syllables  united  under  one  principal  ictus,  whether  con- 
stituting a  single  foot  or  a  dipody  ;  a  measure.  ]  — .^Olic 
basis,  a  basis  at  the  beginning  of  a  dactylic  line 
basiscopic  (ba-si-skop'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  /?d<T;f,  a 
base,  +  OKOTTelv,  view,  +  -ic]  Looking  toward 
the  base;  on  the  side  toward  the  base, 
basisolute  (ba-sis'o-liit),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a  base, 
+  solutus,  free,  loosed:  see  solution.]  In  bot, 
prolonged  at  the  base  below  the  point  of  origin : 
said  of  leaves, 
basisphenoid  (ba-si-sfe'noid),  a.  and  n.  [<  60- 
sis  +  sphenoid.]  I.  a.  In  anat,  pertaining 
to  the  body  or  basis  of  the  compound  sphenoid 
bone. 

II.  n.  In  anat.,  the  centrum  of  the  second 
cranial  segment,  or  basis,  of  the  compound 
sphenoid  bone,  represented  in  human  anatomy 
by  the  greater  part  of  the  body  of  the  sphenoid 
(all  that  part  behind  the  seUa  tui-eiea),  as 
distinguished  from  its  wings  and  pterygoid 
processes,  situated  in  the  basieranial  a.xis  of 
the  skull,  between  the  basioccipital  and  the 
presphenoid.  It  is  always  combined  with  other  sphe- 
noidal elements,  and  freijuently  ankyloses  also  with  the 
basioccipital.  See  cuts  nnder  Crotalu.1,  Esox,  and  sphenoid. 

basisphenoidal  (ba'si-sfe-noi'dal),  a.  Same 

as  basispltenoid. 
basistt  (ba'sist),  n.    [<  base^  +  -ist.]    A  singer 
of  bass. 

basisylvian  (ba-si-sil'vi-an),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a 
base,  +  Sylvius,  an  anatomist  after  whom  the 
aqueduct  of  Sylvius  in  the  brain  is  named.] 
Appellative  of  one  of  the  lateral  fissures  of  the 
brain. 


basi  temporal 

basitemporal  (ba-si-tem'po-ral),  a.  and  n.  [< 
L.  &n.s'(>,  a  base,  +  temporaj  temples.]  I.  a. 
Situated  at  the  base  of  the  temporal  region  of 
the  skull. 

II.  n.  A  membrane-bone  developed  at  the 
base  of  the  skull  of  many  vertebrates,  as  birds, 
opposite  the  temporal  region,  underlying  the 
true  basis  cranii  (which  is  developed  from  car- 
tilage), and  on  the  same  plane  as  the  parasphe- 
noid.    W.  K.  Parley. 

basivertebral  (ba-si-ver'tf-bral),  a.  [<  hasis 
+  vvrtebral.}  Pertaining  to  the  body  or  cen- 
trum of  a  vertebra ;  central  in  a  vertebra:  as, 
basivertebral  veins. 

bask^  (bask),  v.  [<  ME.  baslrn.  <  leel.  *badhasl; 
now  baclhast,  bathe  one's  self,  <  badha,  =  E. 
bathe,  +  sik=G.  sich,  reflex,  pron.,  one's  self; 
less  prob.  <  leel.  *bakask,  now  baJcast,  warm 
one's  seK  at  the  fire,  <  baka,  =  E.  bake,  +  sik, 
as  above.  Cf.  Sw.  dial,  basa  sig  i  solen,  bask  in 
the  sun ;  badfisk,  fishes  basking  in  the  sun ;  LG. 
sicli  baken,  warm  one's  self  in  the  sun,  lit.  bake 
one's  self;  North.  E.  and  Sc.  beak,  bask,  lit. 
bake.  For  the  form,  ef.  i«sA-i.]  1.  intrans.  1\. 
To  bathe,  especially  in  warm  water  (and  hence 
in  blood,  etc.). 

Basked  and  baththeil  in  their  wylde  burblyng  .  .  . 
blode.  Skelton,  Works,  I.  209.    (X  E.  D.) 

2.  To  lie  in  or  be  exposed  to  a  pleasant 
warmth ;  luxuriate  in  the  genial  heat  or  rays 
of  anything:  as,  to  bask  in  the  sunshine. 

She  desires  no  isles  of  the  blest,  no  quiet  seats  of  the  just, 
To  rest  in  a  golden  grove,  or  to  bask  in  a  summer  sky. 

Tennyson,  Wages. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  be  at  ease  and  thriving  under 
benign  or  gratifying  influences :  as,  to  bask  in 
the  favor  of  a  king  or  of  one's  lady-love. 

Merely  to  bask  and  ripen  is  sometimes 
The  student  s  wiser  business. 

Lowell,  Under  the  Willows. 

H.  trans.  To  expose  to  genial  warmth ;  suf- 
fuse with  agreeable  heat. 

As  I  do  live  by  food,  I  met  a  fool, 

Who  laid  him  down,  and  bask'd  him  in  the  sun. 

And  rail  d  on  lady  Fortune. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7. 
Basks  at  the  fire  his  hairy  strength. 

Milton,  L'AUegro,  1.  112. 

"baskl  (bask),  w.  [<  fta^fcl,  i;.]  Emitted  warmth ; 
a  genial  radiation  or  suffusion.  [Kare.] 

MilUjn  and  La  Fontaine  did  not  write  in  the  bask  of 
court  favor.  /.  D' Israeli,  Calam.  of  Auth.,  I.  78. 

basket,  a.  [Sc.,  prop,  baisk,  <  ME.  bask,  baisk, 
<  Icel.  beiskr  z=  Sw.  Dan.  besk,  bitter,  acrid.] 
Bitter.    [Old  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

task^t  (b&sk),  V.  [E.  dial.,  obs.:  see  bash^.'i 
Same  as  bash^. 

basket  (bas'ket),  n.  [<  ME.  basket;  of  un- 
known origin.  "The  Celtic  words,  W.  basged. 
Com.  basced,  It.  basceid,  Gael,  bascaid  (cf.  W. 
basg,  a  netting  or  piece  of  wickerwork),  are 
mod.  and  from  Eng.  The  supposed  original, 
L.  bascauda,  which  is  mentioned  by  Martial  as 
directly  of  Celtic  origin,  is  defined  as  a  wash- 
ing-tub or  brazen  vessel,  and  is  prob.  not  con- 
nected with  basket.']  1.  A  vessel  made  of 
twigs,  rushes,  thin  strips  of  wood,  or  other  flex- 
ible materials,  interwoven  in  a  great  variety  of 
forms,  and  used  for  many  purposes. 

Rude  baskets  .  .  . 
Woven  of  the  flexile  willow.    Dyer,  The  Fleece,  ii. 

2.  The  contents  of  a  basket ;  as  much  as  a  bas- 
ket will  hold :  as,  a  basket  of  fish. 

Do  ye  not  .  .  .  remember  the  five  loaves  of  the  five  thou- 
sand, and  how  many  baskets  ye  took  up  ?        Mat.  xvi.  9. 

3.  A  measure  for  fruit,  equal  in  the  United 
States  to  three  fifths  of  a  bushel,  and  in  Great 
Britain  to  about  two  bushels. — 4.  Figuratively, 
that  which  is  gathered  or  placed  in  a  basket  or 
baskets ;  provision  for  sustenance  or  use. 

Blessed  shall  be  thy  basket  and  thy  store.  Deut.  xxviii.  5. 
Making  baby-clothes  for  a  charitable  basket.  Dickens. 

5.  In  old  stage-coaches,  the  two  outside  seats 
facing  each  other  behind. 

Its  [London's]  fopperies  come  down  not  only  as  inside 
passengei-s,  but  in  the  very  basket. 

Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  i.  1. 

6.  In  hat-making,  a  wickerwork  or  wire  screen 
of  an  oval  shape,  for  receiving  the  filaments  of 
hair  which  are  deposited  on  it  in  the  operation 
of  bowing. —  7.  Milit.,  a  gabion  (which  see). — 
8.  A  protection  of  wickerwork  for  the  handle 
of  a  sword-stick. — 9.  In  arch.,  the  echinus  or 
bell  of  the  Corinthian  capital,  denuded  of  its 
acanthus-leaves. — 10.  In  ichth.,  the  gill-sup- 
port in  the  lamprey  {Petromyzon).  it  consists  of 
cartilaginous  arcs  depending  from  the  soft  representative 


Cartilaginous  Branchial  Basket  of  lam- 
prey \Petrontyzon],  depending  from  verte- 
bral column. 


468 

of  the  backbone  and  connected  by  cross-bars.— Basket- 
handle  arch.  See  arcA i.— Cartilaginous  branchial 

m^^^sss^^^  ^;/ckortL""b^- 

ket,  the  liuest  of 
the  whole  lot  or 
number.  —  To  be 
left  in  the  bas- 
ket, to  remain  nii- 
chosen  or  to  the 
last,  like  the  worst 
apples,  etc. — To  go 
to  the  basket  t,  to 

go  to  prison,  with 
special  reference  to  the  alms-basket  on  which  prisoners  in 
the  public  jails  were  formerly  dependent  for  support. — 
To  pin  the  baskett,  to  conclude  or  settle  the  matter. 

basket  (bas'ket),  V.  <.    1.  To  put  in  a  basket. 

All  that  come  shall  be  basketed  in  time,  and  conveyed 
to  your  door.    Cowper,  Correspondence,  p.  2,'>9  (Ord  MS.). 

2.  To  cover  or  protect  with  basketwork. 

Basketed  bottles  of  Zem  Zem  water  appeared  standing  in 
solid  columns.  It.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  4;'i4. 

basket-ball  (bas'ket-bal),  n.  A  game  played 
with  a  bail  resembling  a  foot-ball,  in  which  the 
object  is  to  throw  the  ball  into  one  of  two  bas- 
kets (the  goals)  placed  at  opposite  ends  of  the 
field.  It  is  played  by  any  number  of  persons  (five  or  nine 
are  preferred  for  ■;hampiunship  games)  upon  a  field  (out 
of  doors  or  within)  of  any  convenient  size.  The  rules  are 
designed  especially  to  eliminate  the  roughness  of  foot-  ball. 
It  was  invented  by  Mr.  James  Naisniith. 

basket-beagle  (bas'ket-be''''gl),  n.  A  beagle 
used  in  hunting  a  hare  that  was  slipped  from 
a  basket  to  be  coursed. 

Gray-headed  sportsmen,  who  had  sunk  from  fox-hoimds 
to  basket-tjeariles  and  coursing.  Scott,  St.  Ronan's  Well,  i. 

basket-button  (bas'ket-but"n),  n.  A  metal 
button  with  a  pattern  resembling  basketwork. 
Dickens. 

basket-carriage  (bas '  ket  -  kar  "  aj),  «.   A  light 
carriage  made  of  wick- 
erwork. 

basket-coucliing(bas  '- 

ket-kou"ching),  n.  A 
kind  of  embroidery;  a 
stitch  used  in  embroi- 
dery. See  couching. 
basket-fern  (bas'ket- 
fern),  n.  The  common 
male  fern,  Aspidinm 
Filix-mas,  fromthe bas- 
ket-like form  of  its 
growth. 

basket-fish  (bas'ket- 
fish),  n.  A  kind  of  Me- 
dusa's-head  or  ophiurian,  Astrophyton  agassizi  ; 
a  euryalean  sand-star  of  the  family  Astrophy- 
tidw,  found  on  the  coast  of  New  England:  so 
named  by  Governor  John  Winthrop  of  Connec- 
ticut, about  1670.  The  name  is  given  to  other  species 
of  the  same  genus,  all  alike  remarkable  for  the  extraordi- 
nary subdivision  of  the  rays  into  minute  tendrils,  which 
have  been  estimated  to  number  80,000.  Astrophyton  scu- 
latum  is  also  called  the  Shetland  argus.  Also  called  iKis- 
ket-urchin  and  sea-basket. 

basketful  (bas'ket-fiil),  n.  As  much  as  a  bas- 
ket will  hold. 

basket-grate  (bas'ket-grat),  TO.  A  grate  with 
bars  at  bottom,  front,  and  sides. 

basket-hare  (bas'ket-har),  n.  A  captive  hare 
slipped  from  a  basket  to  be  coursed  in  the  ab- 
sence of  other  game. 

basket-hilt  (bas'ket-hilt),  n.  A  hilt,  as  of  a 
sword,  which  covers  the  hand,  and  defends  it 
from  injury. 

basket-hilted  (bas'ket-hil'ted),  a.  Furnished 
with  a  basket-hilt. 

basket-hoop  (bas'ket-hop),  TO.  A  name  in  Ja- 
maica of  Croton  lucidus,  an  aromatic  euphorbia- 
ceous  shrub. 

basket-lizard  (bas'ket-liz"ard),  11.  A  book- 
name  of  lizards  of  the  genus  Gerrhosaurus,  hav- 
ing a  coloration  resembling  wickerwork. 

basket-of-gold  (bas'ket-ov-gold'),  n.  The  yel- 
low alyssutn,  Alyssum  saxatile. 

basket-palm  (bas'ket-pam),  n.  The  talipot- 
palm  of  the  East  Indies,  Corypha  umbracuK- 
fcra. 

basketry (bas'ket-ri), m.  [(.basket  + -ry.]  Bas- 
ketwork or  basketware ;  basket-making. 

basket-urchin  (bas'ket-er"chin),  n.  Same  as 
ha.sket-fish. 

basket-withe  (bas'ket-with),  n.  A  twining 
shrub  of  tropical  America,  Tournefortia  volu- 
hilis,  natural  order  Boraginacece. 

basket-wood  (bas'ket-wud),  to.  A  tall  woody 
climber  of  the  West  Indies,  Serjania  polyphylla, 
the  slender,  supple  stems  of  which  are  used 
for  basketwork. 


Basquish 

basketwork  (bas'ket-werk),  n.  Wickerwork; 

anything  luade  in  the  form  or  manner  of  a  bas- 
ket; specifically,  iw  fort.,  work  composed  of 
withes  and  stakes  interwoven,  as  in  wicker  con- 
structions of  gabions,  fascines,  hurdles,  etc. 
basket-worm  (bas'ket-werm),  n.  Same  as 
bug-worm. 

baskingt  (bas'kiug),  n.  [E.  dial.,  verbal  n.  of 
basVi.]    A  soimd  thrashing.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

basking-shark  (bas'king-shlirk),  n.  A  popular 
name  of  the  Cetorhimis  maximus  {ovSelachc  max- 
ima), one  of  the  largest  of  the  sharks,  it  is  an 

iiihiihitant  of  the  northern  seas,  ami  has  been  known  to 
reach  the  length  of  40  feet.  It  frequently  comes  to  the  sur- 
fiu-e  and  liasks  in  the  sunshine.  Its  food  consists  chiefly  of 
small  animals,  which  are  strained  from  the  water  by  a  pe- 


Basket-fish 
[.Astrophyton  agassizi). 


BaskinfT-  or  Bone-shark  [Cetorhinus  maximus). 

culiar  development  of  the  gill -structures.  The  liver  is  very 
large  and  yields  a  great  quantity  of  oil,  as  mucli  as  twelve 
barrels  having  been  obtained  from  a  single  individual. 
Other  popular  names  are  bone-shark  (by  which  it  is  gen- 
erally known  along  the  American  coast),  homer  or  hoe- 
■motlier,  sailfish,  and  sunfish.    See  Cetorhinidm. 

baslard  (bas'lard),  n.  [<  ME.  baselard,  baslard, 
baselarde,  <  AF.  baselard,  <  OF.  basalart  (ML. 
bassilardus,  basalardus),  appar.  <  base,  a  short 
knife  or  saber ;  but  cf .  OF.  baselaire,  baselaire, 
badelaire,  a  short  sword:  see  badelaire.']  An 
ornamental  dagger  worn  in  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury, hanging  at  the  girdle  in  front.  Baslards 
were  considered  indispensable  to  all  having  claim  to  gen- 
tility. In  a  satirical  song  of  the  reign  of  Henry  V.  we  are 
told  that 

There  is  no  man  worth  a  leke. 
Be  he  sturdy,  be  he  meke. 
But  he  here  a  baselard. 

Basmuric,  w.    See  Bashmuric. 
basnet,  n.   See  basinet. 

basolateral  (ba-so-lat'e-ral),  a.    Same  as  hasi- 

latcral. 

The  Baso-lateral  angle  (of  the  scutum].  Darwin. 

Basommatophora  (ba-som-a-tof'o-ra),  w.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  (idaig,  base,  -t-  bfifiaij-),  eye,  -1-  -<j>6poc, 

<  <j>(p£iv  =  E.  fceari.]  A  division  of  pulmonate 
gastropodous  mollusks,  including  those  which 
have  the  eyes  at  the  base  of  the  tentacles,  as 
in  the  families  Auriculidw,  Hmnaiidce,  etc. :  op- 
posed to  Stylommatophora.  See  cut  under  Lim- 
nwidcB. 

basommatophorous  (ba  -  som  -  a  -  tof  '6  -  rus),  a. 
In  conch.,  having  eyes  at  the  base  of  the  ten- 
tacles, as  a  pond-snail ;  specifically,  pertaining 
to  the  Basommatophora. 

bason,  to.  and  V.  t.    Same  as  basin. 

Basque^  (bask),  n.  and  a.  [Also  Bask;  <  P. 
Basque  =  Sp.  Pg.  Basco ;  ult.  =  F.  Gascon  (see 
gasconade),  <  LL.  Vasco{n-),  one  of  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Vasconia,  Gascony.  The  Basques  call 
their  language  Eskiiara.']  I.  w.  1.  One  of  a 
race  of  unknown  origin  inhabiting  the  Basque 
provinces  and  other  parts  of  Spain  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  Pyrenees,  and  part  of  the  de- 
partment of  Basses-Pyren6es,  France. —  2.  The 
language  of  the  Basques,  supposed  to  represent 
the  tongue  of  the  ancient  Iberians,  the  primi- 
tive inhabitants  of  Spain.  No  connection  between 
it  and  any  other  language  has  as  yet  been  made  out.  Like 
the  tongues  of  America,  it  is  highly  polysynthetic.  It  is 
supposed  to  represent  the  tongue  of  a  race  existing  in 
southwestern  Europe  before  the  immigration  of  the  Indo-. 
European  tribes. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Basques  or  their 
language. 

basque^  (bask),  w.  [<  F.  basque,  appar.  with 
ref.  to  the  Basque  people.  Cf.  basqiiine.']  1. 
(af)  The  short  skirt  of  the  body-garment  worn 
by  both  sexes,  {b)  A  kind  of  short-skirted 
jacket  worn  by  women,  forming  the  upper  part 
of  a  dress :  probably  so  called  because  it  was 
worn  by  the  Basques. —  2t.  A  dish  of  minced 
mutton,  mixed  with  bread-crumbs,  eggs,  etc., 
seasoned  and  baked. 

basqued  (baskt),  a.  Furnished  with  or  having 
a  basque,  as  a  woman's  dress. 

basquine  (bas-ken'),  «•  [<  F.  basquine,  <  Sp. 
basquifia,  <  Basco,  Basque.]  An  outer  petti- 
coat worn  by  Basque  and  Spanish  women. 

Basquisht  (bask'ish),  a.  and  n.  [=  G.  Baskisch; 

<  Basque  4-  -is/il.]  Basque ;  the  Basque  lan- 
guage. 


bas-relief 

bas-relief  (ba-re-lef,  bas-re-lef),  n.  [For- 
merly base  relief;  <  F.  bas-relief,  <  It.  hasso- 
rilievo  (also  used  in  E.),  <  basso,  low,  -I-  rilievo, 
relief:  see  6«sei  aud  relief.}  Low  relief*  in 
sctdp.,  a  form  of  relief  in  which  the  figure's  or 


Bas-relief.— Tombstone  of  Hegeso,  daughter  of  Proxenos  from  the 
aacreu  way,  Atnens ;  4th  century  B.  C. 

other  objects  represented  project  very  slightly 
from  the  gl-ound.  The  most  artistic  examples  of  bas- 
relief  often  present  to  the  observer  the  illusion  that  their 
carving  has  considerable  projection.  A  bas-relief,  or  a 
work  in  bas-relief,  is  a  piece  of  sculpture  in  this  form. 
Compare  alto-ritiem  and  mezzo-rilievo.  Also  bans-relief 
basso- rilie 00,  and  basso-relievo.  ' 

bassl  (bas),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  has,  base,  <  ME. 
base,  bace,  a  corruption  of  barse:  see  barse.'] 
Originally,  the  perch,  but  now  restricted  to 
fishes  more  or  less  like  the  true  perch,    (a)  In 


469 

singer  having  such  a  voice. — 4.  A  musical  in- 
strument of  any  class  having  a  deep,  gi-ave 
tone,  excelled  iu  gravity  only  by  the  contra- 
bass.—  5.  tsame  as  bass  clef  {which  see,  under 

clef) — Alberti  bass,  a  bass  consisting  of  arpeggios  or 
brolien  cliorils :  so  called  from  its  reputed  inventor,  Do- 
menico  Alberti  of  Venice,  who  died  in  1739. 

Albert!  Bass. 

Double  bass.  See  double-bass.  -  Drone  bass.  See  drone- 
Sass.- Figured  bass,  a  bass  part  having  the  accompany, 
ing  chords  suggested  by  figures  written  above  or  below 
the  notes:  the  most  successful  sys- 
tem of  shorthand  scoring  at  pres- 
ent in  use  among  organists  and 
pianists.     Also  called  coiilhiucd 

bass  (basso-coiitiiiuo).  —  Funda- 
mental bass.  Sec  fundamental. 
—  Ground  bass,  a  fundamental 
bass  consisting  of  4  or  8  bars, 
which  are  continually  repeated 
during  the  whole  movement.  Also 
called  basso-ostinato.  —  Murky 
bass.    See  mi!f  /f!/.— Supposed 

bass,  m  music,  the  lowest  note  in  an  inverteil  chord,  as  E 
m  the  first  inversion  of  the  major  common  cliord  of  ('  in 
contradistinction  to  C,  which  is  considered  the  real  bass 
root,  or  generator  of  the  chord.  (See  also  thorough-bass  )  ' 
basS'^  (bas),  V.  [<  bass^,  m.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
sing  or  play  the  bass  part  of;  accompany  with 
the  bass.  [Rare.]— 2.  To  sound  in  a  deep 
tone.  [Rare.] 

The  thunder. 
That  deep  and  dreadful  organ-pipe,  pronounc'd 
The  name  of  Prosper;  it  did  bass  my  trespass. 

Shalt.,  Tempest,  iii.  3. 


Bassia 


Ring-tailed  liassaris  (Bassarts  asntia). 


Supposed  Bass. 


Striped-bass,  or  Rockfish  (Roccus  h'neatlis), 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  1884.) 

England,  the  Labrax  lupus,  an  acanthopterygian  fish  with 
a  compressed  fusiform  contour,  two  dorsal  fliis,  the  first 
with  9  spines,  the  second  with  from  12  to  14  rays,  a  general 
grayish  or  greenish  color,  relieved  by  small  black  spots,  and 
a  whitish  belly.  It  is  an  esteemed  food-fish,  (b)  In  other 
English-speaking  countries,  the  name  of  various  fishes 
generally  distinguished  by  a  qualifying  prefi.x,  as  black- 
bass,  brass-bass,  calico-bass,  channel-bass,  grass-bass  Os- 
wego bass,  red-bass,  rock-bass,  sea-bass,  striped-bass,  and 
white-bass.  See  the  compounded  words.  Of  these  the 
nearest  American  relation  of  the  European  bass  is  the 
striped-bass  or  rockfish,  Hoccus  lineatus.  Also  spelled 
basse. 

bass2  (bas),  n.  [A  corruption  of  hast^,  q.  v.] 
1.  Same  as  bast^.—2.  The  American  linden 
or  lime-tree,  Tilia  Americana.  See  basswood. — 
3.  A  mat  made  of  bass  or  bast;  a  bass-mat; 
hence,  any  thick  mat  or  matting;  formerly,  a 
straw  hassock  or  cushion. 

Targets  consist  of  straw  basses  with  painted  canvas 
faces  sewed  on  them.  Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  376. 

bass3  (bas),  a.  and  n.  [Also  and  more  prop. 
base  (the  spelling  bass  being  mod. ,  after  It.  basso, 
and  the  pron.  being  that  of  base),  <  ME.  base, 
bace,  bas,  <  OF.  bas,  fern,  basse,  low:  see  6asei.] 

1.  a.  In  music,  low;  deep;  grave. -Bass  clari- 
net, clef,  cornet.  See  the  nouns.-  Bass  coimter,  the 
lower  or  under  bass  ;  that  part  of  a  composition  havin" 
two  bases  which  is  taken  by  voices  or  instruments  of  the 
lowest  range,  as  the  second-bass  voices  (bassi  profundi) 
and  the  violoncellos.— Bass  or  Turkish  drum.  See 
dTOniL-Bass  horn,  staff.  See  the  nouns.— Bass 
Strmg,  the  name  popularly  given  to  the  lowest  string  in 
stringed  instruments.  — Bass  viol.  See  viol.— BSiSS  voice 
a  voice  adapted  for  singing  bass ;  the  lowest  male  voice,' 
the  extreme  compass  of  which  is  from  D  below  the  bass 
statt  to  D  or  E  above  it,  the  ordinary  compass  being  from 
t  below  the  bass  staff  to  middle  C,  the  note  on  the  first 
ledger-line  above  it. 

II.  w.  1.  In  TOMsic,  the  lowest  part  in  the  har- 
mony of  a  musical  composition,  whether  vocal  or 
instrumental.  According  to  some  it  is  the  fundamen- 
tal or  most  important  part,  while  others  regard  the  mel- 
ody or  highest  part  in  that  light.  Next  to  the  melody,  the 
bass  part  IS  the  most  striking,  the  freest  and  boldest  in  its 
movements,  and  the  richest  in  effect. 

2.  A  male  voice  of  the  lowest  or  gravest  kind, 
having  a  compass  of  about  two  octaves  from 
the  second  F  below  middle  C,  or  lower.— 3  A 


II.  intrans.  To  take  the  bass  part  in  a  concert- 
ed piece  of  music :  as,  he  basses  very  steadily, 
bass*  (bas),  n.    [Origin  uncertain ;  perhaps  for 
base  (formerly  also  bas),  coal.]    In  coal-mining, 
bla,ck  carbonaceous  shale. 

basset  (bas),  V.  t.  [<  late  ME.  basse;  cf.  OF. 
baisier,  mod.  F.  baiser,  <  L.  basiare,  kiss,  <  basi- 
um,  a  kiss.  Cf.  &«i  and  6mss1.]  To  kiss, 
basset  (bas),  n.  [<  ME.  basse,  a  kiss ;  prob.  from 
the  verb;  cf.  L.  basium,  a  kiss.]  A  kiss;  a 
buss.    Court  of  Love. 

Bassalia  (ba-sa'li-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  LL.  bassus, 
low,  deep  (see  base>-),  ■{-  Gr.  alia,  an  assemblage, 
with  an  intended  allusion  to  aAg,  sea.]  In  zoo- 
geog.,  the  deep-sea  realm;  a  zoological  divi- 
sion, in  a  vertical  direction,  of  the  waters  of  the 

globe.  The  deptli  is  not  fixed,  but  depends  upon  temper- 
ature and  consequently  upon  latitude,  Bassalia  being  deep- 
est in  tropical  regions,  and  more  shallow  or  even  super- 
ficial toward  or  at  either  pole. 

Bassalian  (ba-sa'li-an),  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
deep-sea  realm  called  Bassalia. 

The  ichthyological  peculiarities  of  the  Bassalian  realm, 
as  he  has  proposed  to  call  the  deep-sea  region. 

Sciejice,  III.  505. 

Bassano  ware.    See  majolica. 
Bassaricyon  (bas-a-ris'i-on),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

paaoapic,  a  fox  (see'  Bassaris),  +  kvuv,  a  dog.] 
A  genus  of  procyoniform  quadrupeds,  related 
to  Bassaris,  resembling  the  kinkajou  in  exter- 
nal form,  but  having  the  skull  and  teeth  more 
like  those  of  the  racoons  and  coatis.  B.  gabbi 
of  Costa  Rica  is  the  type.  Another  species 
from  Ecuador  is  B.  alleni. 

Bassaricyonidae  (bas-a-ris-i-on'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Bassaricyon  +  -idce.'\  Another  name  of 
the  family  Bassurididce.  Coues. 

Bassarididae(bas-a-rid'i-de),  n.pl.  lKL.,<Bas- 
sari(d-)s  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  American  car- 
nivorous quadrupeds,  of  the  arctoid  series  of 
the  order  Ferw,  suborder  Fis.sipedia,  and  section 
Arctoidea  procyoniform  ia,  most  nearly  related 
to  the  racoons  (Prpcyonidw),  having  some  su- 
perficial resemblance  to  the  civets  and  genets, 
and  therefore  long  supposed  to  represent  in  the 
new  world  the  numerous  viverrine  quadrupeds 
of  the  old.  It  is  constituted  by  the  genera  Bas- 
saris (or  Bas.i-ariscus)  and  Bassaricyon. 

Bassaris  (bas'a-ris),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  paaaapig, 
a  Thracian  bacchanal,  lit.  a  fox,  equiv.  to  paa- 
capa,  a  fox,  a  Thracian  bacchanal.]  1.  The 
typical  genus  of  the  family  Bassaridida  {vfhia'h. 
see).  B.  asfuta  is  the  tyiie-species,  inhabiting  the  south- 
western United  States  ami  Mexico,  where  it  is  called 
7nountain-cat  and  cneoniixl.  It  is  a  pretty  and  intelli- 
gent creature,  about  as  large  as  a  cat,  resembling  the  ra- 
coon in  some  respects,  but  slenderer,  and  with  a  Ion" 
furry  tad  marked  with  black  and  white  rings,  as  in  the 
common  lemur.  It  is  freiiuently  tamed,  and  makes  an 
interesting  pet.    Also  called  Bassariscus. 

2.  [I.  c]  An  animal  of  this  genus:  as,  the 
ring-tailed  bassaris.  Also  called  bas.sari.sk.— 3. 
A  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects.  [The  use  of 
the  word  in  entomology  antedates  that  in  mam- 
malogy.] 


Bassariscus  (bas-a-ris'kus),  n.    [NL.  (Coues, 
1887),  <  Gr.  paacapir,  a  fox  (see  Bassaris),  with 
dim.  suffix.]    Same  as  Bassaris,  1, 
bassarisk  (bas'a-risk),  n.   [<  NL.  Bassariscus.} 

Same  as  ba.ssaris,  2.  Coues. 
basS;bar  (bas'bar),  n.  In  instruments  of  the 
violin  class,  an  oblong  wooden  bar,  running 
lengthwise  within  the  instrument,  designed  to 
strengthen  it  and  enable  it  to  resist  the  pres- 
sure of  the  bridge  and  the  tension  of  the  strings, 
basse,  n.  See 

basselif,  «.    An  obsolete  form  of  basil^. 
bassePt,  n.    Same  as  basan. 
basse-lisse  (bas-les'),  «.  [F.,  low  warp,  <  basse, 
fem.  of  bas,  low  (see  ba.se^),  +  lisse,  also  lice, 
warp,  <  L.  licium,  the  thrum  or  leash,  a  thread 
of  the  web.]    Wrought  with  the  warp  in  the 
usual  horizontal  position,  as  distinguished  from 
that  which  is  wrought  with  the  wai-p  placed  in 
a  perpendicular,  and  described  as  haute-lisse : 
applied  to  tapestry, 
bassenett,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  basinet. 
basseti  (bas'et  or  ba-set'),  n.    [<  F.  bassette,  < 
It.  ba.ssettu,  basset,  orig.  fem.  of  bassetto,  some- 
what low,  dim.  of  bas.so,  low:  see  fcasei.]  A 
game  of  cards  resembling  faro,  invented  in 
Venice,  and  popular  throughout  Europe  during 
the  eighteenth  century  and  the  latter  part  of 
the  seventeenth. 

We  went  to  the  Chetto  de  San  Felice,  to  see  the  noble- 
men and  their  ladies  at  basset,  a  game  at  cards  which  is 
much  used,  but  they  play  not  in  public,  and  all  that  have 
inclination  to  it  are  in  masquerade,  without  speaking  one 
"■"ord.  Evelyn,  Diary,  June,  1645. 

Some  dress,  some  dance,  some  play,  not  to  forget 
Your  piquet  parties,  and  your  deal-  basset. 

Jiowe,  Royal  Convert,  Prol.,  1.  8. 

basset2  (bas'et),  «.  and  a.  [Origin  obscure; 
perhaps  <  OF.  basset  (=  It.  bassetto),  somewhat 
low,  dim.  of  bas,  low:  see  basset^]  I.  «.  In 
geol.  and  mining,  an  outcrop. 

II.  a.  In  geol.  and  mining,  outcropping  Bas- 
set edges,  the  outcrop,  or  outcropping  edges,  of  a  series 
of  stratified  beds. 

The  inside  [ridge  in  St.  Helena]  is  much  steeper,  and  is 
almost  precipitous ;  it  is  formed  of  the  basset  edges  of  the 
strata,  which  gently  decline  outwards. 

Darwin,  Geol.  Observations,  i.  4. 

basset^  (bas'et),  v.  i.  [<  basset^,  «.]  In  geol. 
and  mining,  to  appear  at  the  surface;  crop 
out:  said  of  the  edges  of  strata, 
basset-horn  (bas'et-hom).  n.  [<  basset,  for  It. 
bassetto,  somewhat  low  (see  basset^),  -b  horn; 
tr.  It.  corno  di  bassetto.)  A  musical  instru- 
ment of  the  clarinet  class,  having  a  single  reed 
and  a  long  twice-bent  wooden  tube ;  really  the 
tenor  clarinet,  being  intermediate  between  the 
clarinet  proper  and  the  bass  clarinet.  Its  com- 
pass is  four  octaves  and  two  tones  fi-om  the 
second  F  below  middle  C. 
basseting  (bas'et-ing),  p.  a.  and  n.  [<  basset^ 
+  -i>'{/-l  I.  p.  a.  In  geol.  and  mining,  outcrop- 
ping. 

II,  n.  The  cropping  out  or  appearance  of 
rock  on  the  surface  of  a  stratum,  or  series  of 
strata. 

bassetto,  bassette  (ba-set'o,  ba-set'),  n.  [<  It. 

bassetto,  somewhat  low:  see  basset^.]  A  small 
bass  viol  with  three  strings:  now  obsolete. 
Bassia  (bas'i-a),M.  [NL.,  named  in  honor  of  Fer- 
dinando  Bassi  (died  1774),  an  Italian  physician 
and  writer  on  botany.]  A  genus  of  tropical 
trees  found  in  the  East  Indies  and  Africa,  natu- 
ral order  Sa/iotacea.  Several  species  are  valuable  for 
tlie  oil  yielded  by  the  seeds  and  for  their  fleshy  flowers, 
which  are  largely  used  as  food  in  central  India,  and  yield 
a  coarse  siiirit  by  distillation.  The  mahwa-tree,  B.  lati- 
fnlia.  is  cultivated  throughout  India  for  these  purposes. 
The  mee  or  illupi,  B.  lun;iiriilia,  is  a  large  evergreen  tree 
of  India.  B.  buti/racea  yields  a  solid  white  oil  known  as 
fulwa-butter.    The  bark,  leaves,  and  oil  of  these  trees  are 


Bassia 

used  in  rheumatic  aiul  eutaneims  diseases,  and  the  timber 
is  hard  and  very  durable. — Bassia  Oil,  an  ai  omatiu  oil  or 
butter  obtained  from  tlie  seeds  of  tlie  Basxia  loniiifolia, 
used  for  illumination  and  in  the  manufacture  of  soap. 

bassie  (bas'i),  ».  [Sc.,  prob.  dim.  var.  of  basin.'] 
A  basin-shaped  wooden  vessel  for  holding  meal. 
Hog;/. 

bassinet  (bas'i-net),  n.  [<  OF.  iacinet,  a  basinet ; 
also,  as  in  defs.  2  and  3,  mod.  F.  bassinet,  dim. 
of  6«ss(H,  basin:  see  basin,  basinet.']  If.  Same 
as  basinet. —  2.  A  wicker  basket  with  a  covering 
or  hood  over  one  end,  serving  as  a  cradle  for 
yoimg  children. — 3.  A  name  given  to  several 
common  European  species  of  Banunculus. — 4t. 
The  pan  of  a  harquebuse  or  musket.   See  jmn. 

bass-mat  (bas'mat),  n.  A  mat  made  of  bass 
or  bast ;  specifically,  a  matting  made  of  bast, 
used  for  packing  fiu'niture,  etc.,  and  for  sugar- 
bags  in  sugar-producing  countries :  in  the  lat- 
ter sense,  usually  in  the  plural. 

basso^  (bas'o),  a.  or  n.  [It.,  =  E.  bass^.]  1. 
In  m  usic,  the  Italian  word  for  bass. —  2.  One  who 
sings  bass. 

basso-t,  w-  An  obsolete  form  of  bashaw.  Mar- 
lowe. 

bassockt,  »•  [Cf.  '^bass,  bassoel;"  bracketed 
as  synonyms  in  Bailey,  1731  and  later,  where  in 
earlier  editions,  as  also  in  Phillips  and  Kersey, 
1706  and  1708,  the  second  form  is  printed  has- 
sock. Bassocl;  though  a  possible  dim.  of  bass'^, 
is  prob.  a  mere  misprint  for  hassock.]  A  has- 
sock.   See  etymology. 

basso-continuo  (bas '  o  -  kon  -  te '  no  -  6),  « .  [It. : 
basso  =  E.  bass^;  con'tinuo,  <  L.  continuum,  con- 
tinuous.]   Same  as  figured  bass  (which  see,  im- 

der  bass^). 

basso-di-camera  (bas'o-de-kam'e-ra),  n.  [It. : 
basso  —  E.  buss^;  di,  <  L.  de,  of;  camera,  <  L. 
ca?)ier«,  chamber:  see  camera.]  A  double-bass 
or  contra-basso,  reduced  in  size  and  power, 
but  not  in  compass,  a,nd  thus  adapted  to  small 

or  private  rooms,  it  has  four  strings,  of  the  same 
quality  as  those  of  the  violoncello,  but  all  proportionally 
thicker. 

basson  (ba-s6h'),  n.  The  French  form  of  6as- 
S00»*.  — Basson  quinte  (kant),  a  double-reed  instrument 
of  which  the  pitch  is  one  fifth  higher  than  that  of  a  bassoon. 

bassoon  (ba-son'),  n.  [<  F.  basson,  <  It.  bas- 
sone,  a  bassoon,  aug.  of  basso,  low:  see  base^, 
bass'-^,  basso"^.]  1 .  A  musical  instrument  of  the 
oboe  class,  having  a  double  reed,  a 
long,  curved  metalUe  mouthpiece, 
and  a  doubled  wooden  tube  or  body. 

Its  compass  is  about  tln'ee  octaves  rising 
from  1%  below  the  bass  staff.  Its  diameter 
at  tlie  bottom  is  about  2  inches,  and  for  con- 
venience of  carriage  it  is  divided  into  two  or 
more  parts,  whence  its  Italian  n;mu'  tKi/o/to, 
a  bundle.  It  serves  for  the  liass  among  wood 
wind-instruments,  as  hautboys,  flutes,  etc. 

2.  A  reed-pipe  stop  in  an  organ, 
having  a  quality  of  tone  resembling 
that  of  the  bassoon, 
bassoonist  (ba-son'ist),  n.  [<  bas- 
soon 4-  -ist.]  A  performer  on  the 
bassoon. 

basso-ostinato  (bas'o-os-ti-na'to),  n. 
[It.,  lit.  obstinate  bass:  basso  =  E. 
hass^;  ostinato  =  E.  obstinate,  q.  v.] 
Same  as  ground  bass  (which  see, 
under  bass^). 

basso-profondo  (bas'o-pro-fon'do), 
n.   [It. :  basso  =  E.  bass^  ;  profondo, 

<  L.  profundus,  deep,  profound :  see  profound.] 
In  music:  (a)  The  lowest  bass  voice,  having  a 
compass  of  about  two  octaves  rising  from  D 
below  the  bass-staff.  (6)  One  possessing  a 
voice  of  this  compass. 

Bassora  gum.    See  guni^. 
basso-rilievo  (bas'9-re-lya'vo),  w.   See  bas- 
relief. 

bassbrin  (bas'o-rin),  n.  [<  Bassora,  also  vmtten 
Bassorah,  Bussoruh,  or  Basra,  a  city  in  Asiatic 
Tiu'key.]  A  gum  (CqRiqO^)  insoluble  in  water, 
the  essential  constituent  of  gum  tragaeanth  and 
of  cherry  and  plum  gums.  Also  called  tragari- 
thin  and  adraganthin. 

bass-relief  (bas'rf-lef '),  n.    Same  as  bas-relief. 

bass-rope  (bas'rop),  n.  [<  bass"  +  rope.]  A 
rope  or  cord  made  from  bass  or  bast,  used  for 
tjang  cigars  and  for  other  purposes. 

basswood  (bas'wM),  n.  [<  bass-  +  wood.] 
The  common  name  of  the  American  linden  or 
lime-tree,  Tilia  Americana.  The  white  bass- 
wood  is  T.  lieterophylla.    Also  called  bass. 

bast^  (bast),  n.    [Also  corruptly  bass^,  q.  v. ; 

<  ME.  bast,  <  AS.  bcest  =  D.  MHG.  G.  bast{m.) 
=  Icel.  Sw.  bast  (neut.)  =  Dan.  bast;  origin  un- 
certain; perhaps  connected  with  besom,  q.  v.] 
1.  The  strong  inner  iibrous  bark  of  various 


Portions  of  Bast-fiber,  showing  oblique  and 
transverse  striation  of  the  cell-walls.  (From 
Sachs's  "  Lehrbuch  der  Botanik." ) 


470 

trees,  especially  of  species  of  linden  (Tilia),  of 
which  the  Russia  matting  of  commerce  is  made. 
Cuba  bant,  used  for  tying  up  cigars,  etc.,  is  the  inner  bark 
of  a  malvaceous  tree,  Paritiu  m  elatum. 

2.  In  bot.,  a  tissue,  otherwise  called  the  liber 
or  phloem,  formed  of  or  containing  very 
narrow,  long,  and  tough  flexible  cells,  called 
bast-cells  or  bast-fibers,  and  occurring  most 
abundantly  in  the  inner  bark  of  dicotyledons. 
The  younger  and 

softer  portion  ly- 
ing nearest  to 
the  cambium  Itas 
been  called  soft 
bast.  Bast-ceils 
are  the  essential 
constituents  of  all 
textile  fibers  that 
are  derived  from 
thebark  of  plants, 
as  flax,  hemp, 
jute,  ramie,  etc. 

3.  A  rope  or 
cord  matle  of 
the  inner  bark 

of  the  lime-tree,  or  the  bark  made  into  ropes 
or  mats.    See  bass^,  3. 

bast^t,  w.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  bast, 
baste,  <  OF.  bast,  mod.  F.  bdt  (cf.  bat^,  bat- 
horse,  etc.)  =  Pr.  bast  =  Sp.  It.  basto,  <  ML. 
bastum,  a  pack-saddle  (see  bastard),  prob.  < 
MHG.  bast  =  E.  basf^,  bass^.  Cf.  bass'^,  a  cush- 
ion.] I.  n.  Bastardy — Son  of  bastt,  a  bastard. 
II.  a.  Bastard ;  illegitimate. 

basta^  (bas'ta),  interj.  [It.,  =  Sp.  basta,  orig. 
impv.  of  It.  bastare,  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  hastar,  suf- 
fice, satisfy,  <  Sp.  Pg.  basto,  copious,  thick, 
gross.]  Enough!  stop!  (a  term  not  xmeommon 
in  old  dramatists). 

Basta  ;  content  thee  ;  for  I  have  it  full. 

Stiak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  i.  1. 

basta^  (bas'ta),  n.  [Appar.  afem.  formof  &as- 
t<>,  the  ace  of  clubs:  see  basto.]  In  the  game 
of  solo,  the  queen  of  spades,  which  is  always 
the  third  trump. 

bastantt,  a.  [<  F.  bastant,  <  It.  bastante  {= 
Sp.  Pg.  bastante),  ppr.  of  bastare,  suffice:  see 
basta'^.]    Sufficient;  able  (to  do  something). 

bastard  (bas'tiird),  «.  and  «.  [<  ME.  bastard  {= 
OFries.  basterd  —  G.  bastard  =  Icel.  bastardhr), 
<  OP.  bastard,  bastart(F.  bdtard  =  Pr.  bastard 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  bastardo  ;  ML.  bastardus),  a  bas- 
tard, prob.  <  bast  (F.  bdt  =  Pr.  bast  =  Sp.  It. 
basto:  see  bast'^),  a  pack-saddle,  +  -ard;  equiv. 
to  OF.  fits  de  has,  fils  de  bast,  a»  bastard,  lit. 
son  of  a  pack-saddle  :  see  bast"  and  -ard,  and 
cf.  bantling.  The  first  known  application  of 
the  word  was  to  William  the  Coiuiueror,  who 
was  called  William  the  Bastard  before  the  con- 
quest, and,  indeed,  called  himself  so  ("Ego 
Wilhelmus  cognomine  bastardus")-]  I.  1- 
A  natural  child ;  a  child  begotten  and  born  out 
of  wedlock;  an  illegitimate  or  spurious  child. 
By  the  civil  and  canon  laws  (a  rule  ado])ted  also  in  many 
of  tlie  United  States),  a  bastard  becomes  a  legitimate 
child  by  the  marriage  of  the  parents  at  any  future  time. 
But  by  the  laws  of  England  a  child,  to  be  legitimate, 
must  at  least  be  born  after  the  lawful  nuirriage;  it  does 
not  re(iuire  that  the  child  shall  be  begotten  in  wed- 
lock, but  it  is  indispensable  that  it  should  be  born  after 
maiTiage,  no  matter  how  short  the  time,  the  law  presum- 
ing it  to  be  the  child  of  the  husband.  The  only  legal  in- 
capacity of  a  bastard  is  that  he  cannot  be  heir  or  next  of 
kin  to  anyone  save  his  own  issue.  Inheritance  from  the 
mother  isalloweii  in  some  jurisdictions.  In  England  the 
maintenance  of  a  bastard  in  the  first  instance  devolves  on 
the  mother,  while  in  Scotland  it  is  a  joint  burden  upon 
both  parents.  The  mother  is  entitled  to  the  custody  of 
the  child  in  preference  to  the  father.  In  the  United  States 
the  father  may  be  compelled  to  provide  support. 
2.  In  sugar-refining :  (a)  A  large  mold  into 
which  sugar  is  drained,  (b)  An  impure,  coarse 
brown  sugar  made  from  the  refuse  syrup  of 
previous  boilings. —  Sf.  An  animal  of  inferior 
breed ;  a  mongrel. —  4t.  A  kind  of  woolen 
cloth,  probably  of  inferior  quality,  or  of  unu- 
sual width,  or  both. —  5t.  A  kind  of  war-vessel 
used  in  the  middle  ages,  probably  of  unusual 
size. —  6t.  In  the  seventeenth  century,  a  small 
cannon,  otherwise  known  as  a  bastard  cidrerin 
(which  see,  under  cul.verin). — 7t.  A  sweet  Span- 
ish wine  resembling  muscadel ;  any  kind  of 
sweetened  wine. 

We  shall  have  all  the  world  drink  brown  and  white 
bastard.  Shale,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  2. 

Wliy,  this  now,  which  you  account  so  choice,  were 
counted  but  as  a  cup  of  bastard  at  the  Groyne,  or  at  Port 
St.  Mary's.  Scott,  Kenilworth,  I.  i. 

8.  la  falconry,  a  kind  of  hawk. — -9.  [Sp.  bas- 
tardo, a  bastard,  a  short,  thick-bodied  snake, 
etc]  A  local  name  of  Kemp's  gulf-turtle, 
Thalassochelys  {Colpochelys)  kempi,  of  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico —  Special  bastard,  a  child  born  before  the 
marriage  of  its  parents. 


baste 

II.  a.  1 .  Begotten  and  born  out  of  wedlock ; 
illegitimate:  as,  a/wstorrfchild. —  2t.  Mongi-el; 
hybrid:  as,  a  bastard  brood. —  3t.  Unauthor- 
ized; unrecognized:  as,  '^bastard  officers  be- 
fore God,"  Knox,  First  Blast  (Arber),  p.  48. 
(xV.  E.  D.) — 4.  Spurious ;  not  genuine  ;  false ; 
supposititiotis ;  adulterate:  as,  '^bastard  hope," 
Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  5;  '^bastard  honours," 
Temple. 

IThey]  at  the  best  attain  but  to  some  bastard  piece  of 
fortitude.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Keligio  Medici,  i.  25. 

5.  Having  the  appearance  of  being  genuine ; 
resembling  in  some  degree :  an  epithet  applied 
especially  in  botany,  zoology,  medicine,  etc., 
to  things  which  resemble,  but  are  not  identical 
■with,  the  things  named :  as,  bastard  mahogany, 
bastard  pimpernel,  bastard  caddis,,  bastard  mar- 
ble, bastard  measles,  etc.  See  phrases  below. 
Also  bastardly. —  6.  Of  abnormal  or  irregular 
shape  or  size ;  of  unusual  make  or  propor- 
tions :  applied  to  guns,  ships,  swords :  as,  bas- 
tard culverin,  bastard  galley,  etc.  See  phrases. 
—Bastard  Baltimore t,  bastard  oriole t,  the  orchard- 
oriole.  Icterus  .viJi/)-u(s.— Bastard  bar,  in  her.,  same  as 
baston,  1  (c).— Bastard  branch,  a  shoot  or  sucker  spring- 
ing up  of  its  own  accoi'd  from  the  root  of  a  tree,  or  where 
it  is  not  wanted.  — Bastard  breadnut.  See  breadnut.— 

Bastard  cod.  Siuin  as  f//rr/i-co(/,  2. — Bastard culverint. 

See  culverin.—  Bastard  file,  a  file  of  a  grade  between 
smooth  and  rough.— Bastard  limestone,  an  impure  sili- 
cious  limestone,  incapable  of  being  converted  into  quick- 
lime by  burning.— Bastard  manchineel.  See  mini- 
chineel.  —  'Ba,stax&  musket.  Scc  ;//«.s1-,y,  — Bastard 
plover,  a  name  for  the  lapwing,  Vanellus  cristatus. — 
Bastard  saltie,  a  local  Scotcli  name  (about  Aberdeen)  of 
the  rough  dab,  Hippoglossoides  limandoides. —  Bastard 
senna.  Same  as  bladder-senna. —  Bastard  Sole,  (a)  A 
local  English  name  of  the  smear-dab,  Cynicoglossa  micro- 
cephala.  (b)  A  local  English  name  (in  Weymouth)  of 
the  variegated  sole,  Solea  varieijata.— BSLStaxd  StUCCO, 
in  plastering.  See  .s^hcco.- Bastard  sugar.  Same  as 
bastard,  n.,  2  (6).— Bastard  title,  in  print! nfi,  an  ab- 
breviated title  of  a  book  on  an  otherwise  lilaiik  page 
preceding  the  full  title-page.— Bastard  turbot,  the  brill. 
[Local  Scotch  (about  Moray  Frith).]  — Bastard  type, 
in  printinij,  type  with  a''face  larger  or  smaller  than  that 
proper  to  the  size  of  the  body,  as  bourgeois  on  a  brevier 
body.— Bastard  wheel,  in  mach.,  a  flat  bevel-wheel,  or 
one  which  is  a  near  approach  to  a  spur-wheel. — Bas- 
tard 'Wlnet,  wine  which  is  neither  sweet  nor  sour.— Bas- 
tard wing.    Same  as  ahila. 

bastardt  (bas'tard),  v.  t.  [<  bastard,  n.]  To 
declare  to  be  a  bastard;  stigmatize  as  a  bas- 
tard; bastardize.  [Rare.] 

Have  I  ever  cozened  any  friends  of  youre  of  their  land? 
bought  their  possessions?  .  .  .  bastarded  their  issue? 

B.  Jonson,  Epicoene,  ii.  1. 
To  bastard  our  children.  Bp.  Burnet,  Records,  II.  ii.  3. 

bastardicet  (bas'tar-dis),  n.  [<  F.  bastardise 
(16th  century),  now  bdtardise,  <  OF.  bastard, 
bastard.]    Bastardy.  Chapman. 

bastardise,  v.  t.    See  bastardize. 

bastardismt  (bas'tiir-dizm),  n.  [<  bastard  + 
-/,S(».]  Bastardy. 

bastardize  (bas'tar-diz),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bas- 
tardised, ppr.  bastardizing.  [<  bastard  +  -ize.] 
I.  trans.  1 .  To  declare  or  prove  to  be  a  bas- 
tard ;  stigmatize  as  a  bastard. 

The  law  is  so  indulgent  as  not  to  bastardize  the  child  if 
born,  though  not  begotten,  in  lawful  wedlock. 

Blackstone,  Com.,  I.  xvi. 

2t.  To  beget  out  of  wedlock.  Shak.— 3.  To 
render  mongrel  or  hybrid;  make  degenerate; 
debase:  as,  "a  bastardized  race  of  the  Ro- 
mans," /.  DUsraeU,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  I.  260. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  degenerate. 

Also  spelled  bastardise. 
bastardlyt  (bas'tiird-li),  a.   [<  bastard  +  -ly^.] 

1.  Bastard;  base-born. 

Thou  bastardly  rogue  !  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  1. 

2.  Spurious;  counterfeit. 

A  furtive  sinmlation,  and  a  bastardly  kind  of  adoption. 

Jer.  Taylor  (?),  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  96. 

3.  Degenerate ;  debased. — 4.  Same  as  bas- 
tard, a.,  5. 

bastardy  (bas'tar-di),  n.   [<  bastard  +  -y.  Cf. 
bastardice.]    1.  The  state  of  being  a  bastard, 
or  begotten  and  born  out  of  lawful  wedlock. 
Bom  in  bastardy.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

They  blot  my  name  with  hateful  bastardy. 

Drayton,  Rosamond  to  K.  Henry. 

2.  The  act  of  begetting  a  bastard. —  3.  A  ju- 
dicial proceeding  to  determine  the  paternity 
of  a  bastard  child  and  compel  its  father  to 

support  it — Declarator  of  bastardy,  in  Scots  law,  an 
action  instituted  in  the  Court  of  Session  by  the  donatory 
in  a  gift  of  bastardy,  for  the  purpose  of  having  it  declared 
that  the  land  or  the  effects  which  belonged  to  the  deceased 
bastard  belong  to  the  donatory,  in  virtue  of  the  gift  from 
the  croiyn. —  Gift  of  bastardy,  in  Scots  law,  a  gift  from 
the  crown  of  the  heritable  or  movable  effects  of  a  bastard 
who  has  died  without  lawful  issue,  and  without  having 
disposed  of  his  property  in  liege-poustie. 
baste^  (bast),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  basted,  ppr. 
basting.    [First  kno'wn  in  pret.  or  pp. 


baste 

laist,  bamf,  perhaps  with  orig.  inf.  *base,  <  Sw. 
basa,  strike,  beat,  whip  (cf.  bash\  baskS)- 
some  compare  leel.  beysta,  beyrsta  =  Sw.  bos- 
ta  =  Dan.  boste,  beat,  drub,  generally  associat- 
ed with  horste  (=  Sw.  borsta),  brush,  <  borste, 
a  brush,  bristle,  =  Sw.  borste,  a  brash,  borst,  a 
bristle.  Others  take  baste'^  to  be  a  fig.  use  of 
baste^;  cf.  anoint  in  sense  of  Sastei.]  To  beat 
with  a  stick ;  thrash ;  cudgel. 

Mine  had  struck  down  Creed's  boy  in  the  dirt,  with  his 
new  suit  on,  and  the  boy  .  .  .  was  in  a  pitiful  talcing  and 
pickle,  but  I  basted  my  rogue  soundly. 

Pepys,  Diary,  I.  372. 
Would  now  and  then  seize  .  .  . 
A  stick,  or  stool,  or  anything  that  round  did  lie, 
And  baste  her  lord  and  master  most  confoundedly. 

Barham,  Ingoldshy  Legends,  I.  100. 

baste^  (bast),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  basted,  ppr. 
basting.  [Origin  unknown ;  the  word  first  oc- 
curs in  the  16th  century.  Cf.  baste'^.']  1.  To 
moisten  (meat  that  is  being  roasted  or  baked) 
with  melted  fat,  gi-avy,  etc.,  to  improve  the 
flavor  or  prevent  burning. 

The  fat  of  roasted  mutton  falling  on  the  birds  will  serve 
to  baste  them.  Siirift. 
Down  ran  the  wine  into  the  road, 

Most  piteous  to  be  seen. 
Which  made  his  horse's  flanks  to  smoke 
As  they  had  basted  been.   Cowper,  John  Gilpin. 

2.  To  mark  (sheep)  -with  tar.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
baste^  (bast),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  basted,  ppr. 
basting.  [<  ME.  basieti,  <  OF.  bastir,  F.  bdtir 
=  Sp.  bastear  =  It.  imbastire,  baste,  sew  (cf . 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  basta,  basting),  prob.  <  OHG.  bestan, 
patch  (MHG.  besten,  lace,  tie,  OFries.  besten, 
baste),  <  bast,  bast,  the  fibers  of  which  were 
used  for  thread:  see  ft«5<i.]  To  sew  slightly; 
fasten  together  with  long  stitches,  as  the  parts 
of  a  garment,  for  trying  on  or  fitting,  or  for 
convenience  in  handling  during  the  process  of 
making. 

The  body  of  your  discourse  is  sometime  guarded  [trim- 
med] with  fragments,  and  the  guards  [trimmings]  are  liut 
slightly  basted  on  neither.  Shah.,  Much  Ado,  i.  1. 

"baste^  (bast),  n.  [Another  spelling  of  beast,  re- 
taining the  former  pronunciation  of  that  word.] 
In  card-playing,  same  as  beast,  7. 

bastel-houset,  n.  [<  ME.  bastel,  bastele,  bastile 
(see  bastile)  +  house.']  A  fortified  house,  espe- 
cially one  built  in  an  outlying  and  exposed  po- 
sition.   See  border-tower. 

basterl  (bas'ter),  n.  [<  baste'^-  +  -e»-i.]  1.  One 
who  bastes  or  beats  with  a  stick.— 2.  A  blow 
with  a  stick  or  other  weapon.  [Colloq.] 

baster2  (bas'ter),  n.  [<  hasted  +  -eri.]  One 
who  bastes  meat. 

baster^  (bas'ter),  n.  [<  baste^  +  -eri.]  One 
who  bastes  or  Joins  the  parts  of  a  garment 
loosely  with  long  stitches;  also,  an  attachment 
to  a  sewing-machine  used  for  basting. 

basterna  (bas-ter'na),  M.  [LL.]  1.  A  sort  of 
litter  or  sedan,  borne  by  two  mules,  used  by 
the  Romans. — 2.  An  ox-cart  or  wagon  used 
by  the  early  French  kings. 

bastida  (bas-te'da),  n.  [ML.,  also  bastita:  see 
bastide.]    Same  as  bastide. 

bastide  (bas-ted'),  n.  [F.,  a  farm-house,  a 
fortress,  <  Pr.  bastida,  <  ML.  bastida,  prop,  bas- 
tita, lit.  a  building,  prop.  fern,  of  bastitus,  pp. 
of  bastire,  build,  >  OF.  bastir  =  Pr.  bastir, 
build:  see  bastile,  bastion.'}  If.  A  small  forti- 
fied building,  often  of  timber,  corresponding 
nearly  to  a  modern  blockhouse.— 2t.  A  tem- 
porary or  movable  hut  or  tower  erected  for  be- 
sieging purposes.  See  bastile,  4.-3.  A  small 
farm-house  or  country  dwelling  in  the  south  of 
France,  especially  in  the  neighborhood  of  Mar- 
seilles. 

bastile,  bastille  (bas-tel'),  n.  [In  spelling  and 
pron.  conformed  to  mod.  F.;  <  ME.  bastile,  bas- 
tdle,  bastele,  bastel,  etc.,  <  OF.  (and  mod.  F.) 
bastille,  <  ML.  bastile,  pi.  bastilia,  a  tower,  for- 
tress, <  bastire  (>  OF.  bastir,  F.  bdtir  =  Pr.  OSp. 
bastir  =  It.  bastire),  build,  of  unknown  origin ; 
ref eiTed  by  Diez  to  Gr.  jiaard^eiv,  raise,  support.] 

1.  A  bridge-tower,  gate-tower,  outlying  de- 
fense, or  citadel. 

At  vch  brugge  a  berfray  on  hasteles  wyse, 
That  seuen  sythe  vch  a  day  asayled  the  gates. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Mon-is),  ii.  1187. 

2.  In  French  hist.,  a  fortress  used  as  a  state 
pnson.  Many  French  cities  had  bastiles  of  this  kind  in 
leudal  times,  but  the  one  especially  known  is  that  of 
Paris,  called  specifically  the  Bastille.  It  commanded  the 
±'orte  St.  Antoine,  and  its  erection  was  begun  by  Charles 
V .  in  1369.  This,  being  of  peculiar  strength,  remained 
alter  the  other  medieval  fortifications  of  the  city  had 
been  removed,  and  its  use  as  a  prison  for  persons  con- 
nned  at  the  arbitrary  will  of  the  king  or  his  ministers 
gave  It  celebrity  as  a  reputed  stronghold  of  royal  des- 

^"'^  cruelty.    It  was  stormed  with,  much  blood- 
shed by  the  populace  July  14,  1789.  and  was  demolished 


471 

shortly  afterward.  There  were  delivered  from  the  prison- 
cells  four  forgers,  two  lunatics,  and  a  nobleman  who  had 
been  confined  at  the  demand  of  his  family. 

In  Paris  la  Bastile  is,  as  our  Tower,  the  chief  prison  of 
the  kingdom.  Cotgrave. 

That  rock-fortress,  Tyranny's  stronghold,  which  they 
name  Bastille.  Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  I.  iv.  3. 

Hence  —  3.  By  extension,  any  prison,  espe- 
cially one  conducted  in  an  arbitrary  or  op- 
pressive way. 

The  modern  liospital  for  the  insane,  especially  the  many 
private  and  corporate  homes,  conducted  as  they  are  with 
the  utmost  humanity  and  skill,  are  not  bastiles  or  prisons, 
furnishing  only  restraint  behind  the  liars. 

Alien,  and  Neurol.,  VII.  70C. 

4.  A  movable  tower  used  by  the  besiegers  of 
a  strong  place,  whether  for  approaching  the 
walls  (see  belfry)  or  as  a  defense  and  protec- 
tion for  the  besiegers, 
bastile,  bastille  (bas-tel'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
bastiled  or  hustilled,  ppr.  bastiling  or  bastilliiig. 
[<  bastile,  «.]  To  confine  in  a  bastile;  im- 
prison. 

bastilliont  (bas-til'yon),  n.  [<  OF.  hastillon, 
dim.  of  bastille  :  see  bastile.']  A  small  fortress 
or  castle. 

bastimentt  (bas'ti-ment),  n.  [<  OP.  bastiment 
(F.  hdt'tment  =  Sp.  bastimento),  a  building, 
structure,  ship,  <  bastir, 'build:  see  bastile.]  1. 
Military  supplies.— 2.  A  rampart.— 3,  A  ship 
of  war. 

bastimentot  (bas-ti-men'to),  n.  [Sp.]  Same 
as  bastiment,  3. 

Then  the  bastimentos  never 

Had  our  foul  dishonour  seen, 
Nor  the  sea  the  sad  receiver 
Of  this  gallant  train  had  been. 

Glover,  Hosier's  Ghost,  st.  7. 

bastinade  (bas-ti-nad'),  >?.  and  v.  Same  as 
bastinado. 

bastinado  (bas-ti-na'do),  n.  [Formerly  also 
bastonado  (-ada,  -ade)  F.  bastonnade,  <  Sp. 
bastonada,  also  bastonazo  (=  It.  bastonata),  a 
beating  with  a  stick,  <  Sp.  baston  =  OF.  baston 
=  lt.  bastone,  a  stick,  cudgel :  see  baston,  baton.] 
1 .  A  blow  or  beating  with  a  stick  or  cudgel, 
especially  on  the  soles  of  the  feet  or  on  the 
buttocks ;  a  cudgeling 


basylous 


He  brags  he  willgi'  me  the  bastinado,  as  I  hear.— How? 
he  the  bastinado?  How  came  he  by  that  word,  trow?  — 
Nay,  indeed,  he  said  cudgel  me ;  I  termed  it  so  for  my 
more  grace.  b.  Jonson. 

2.  A  mode  of  pimishment  in  some  Oriental 
countries,  especially  Turkey,  Persia,  and  China, 
in  which  blows  with  a  stick  or  lath  of  bamboo 
are  inflicted  on  the  soles  of  the  feet  or  on  the 
buttocks. —  3.  A  stick  or  cudgel;  the  imple- 
ment used  in  administering  the  bastinado, 
bastinado  (bas-ti-na'do),  v.  t.  [<  bastinado,  «.] 
To  beat  with  a  stick  or  cudgel ;  specifically,  to 
beat  on  the  buttocks  or  the  soles  of  the  feet, 
as  a  judicial  punishment. 

The  Sallee  rover,  who  threatened  to  bastinado  a  Chris- 
tian captive  to  death.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng. 

bastingl  (bas'ting),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  ftosfel.] 
A  cudgeling;  a  beating. 

X  sooA  basting  .  .  .  was  a  sovereign  remedy  for  sea-sick- 
"^ss.  Marryat,  Peter  Simple,  p.  64. 

basting2  (bas'ting),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  baste^.] 
1 .  The  moistening  of  meat  that  is  being  roasted 
with  its  own  fat,  butter,  etc. —  2.  The  gravy, 
melted  fat,  butter,  etc.,  used  in  moistening 
roasting  beef,  etc.— 3.  In  candlc-makinq,  the 
process  of  pouring  melted  wax  over  the  wicks, 
bastings  (bas'ting),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  baste^.] 
1 .  The  act  of  sewing  together  with  long,  loose 
stitches.- 2.  The  stitches  themselves, 
basting-machine  (bas'ting-ma-shen*),''.  A 
sewing-machine  usedforbastingtogetherpieees 
of  fabrics,  to  make  a  continuous  piece  for 
bleaching,  dyeing,  etc. 

bastion  (bas'tion),  n.  [<  F.  bastion,  <  It.  bas- 
tione  (=  Sp.  bastion),  <  bastire  =  OF.  bastir, 

etc.,  build:  see 


the  outworks  and  ground  liefore  the  fortification.  The 
inner  space  between  the  two  Hanks  is  ihcgonje,  or  entrance 
into  the  bastion.  The  use  of  the  bastioii  is  to  bring  every 
point  at  tlie  foot  of  the  rampart  as  much  as  possible  under 
the  guns  of  tlie  place.  Formerly  called  bulwark. 
And  topples  round  the  dreary  west, 
A  looming  bastion  fringed  with  fire. 

Tennyson,  In  Menioriam,  xv. 
To  our  right  was  a  long  embattled  line,  with  many  a 
bastion  square  and  round.  O'Dowjvan,  Merv,  xviii. 

Center  of  a  bastion,  a  point  at  the  middle  of  the  gorge, 
whence  the  capital  line  proceeds.  It  is  in  general  at  the 
angle  of  the  inner  polygon.  — Detached  bastion,  in  fort., 
a  bastion  which  is  separated  from  the  enceinte  by  a  ditch. 
Farriiw,  Mil.  Encyc. 

bastionary  (bas'tion-a-ri),  a.    [<  bastion  + 
-ary^.]    Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  bastions : 
as,  systems  of  hastionanj  fortification, 
bastioned  (bas'tiond),  a.    [<  bastion  +  -ed^.] 
Provided  with  or  defended  by  bastions. 

His  palace  bright, 
Bastion'd  with  pyramids  of  glowing  gold. 

Keats,  Hyperion,  i. 
From  the  bastion'd  walls, 
Like  threaded  spiders,  one  by  one,  we  dropt. 
And  flying  reached  the  frontier:  then  wecrost 
To  a  livelier  land  ;  and  so  by  tilth  and  grange, 
And  vines,  and  blowing  bosks  of  wilderness, 
We  gained  the  mother-city  thick  with  towers, 
And  in  the  imperial  palace  found  the  king. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  i. 
Bastioned  fort,  a  fort  having  two  or  more  liastions  con- 
nected by  curtains :  a  term  commonly  restricted  to  field- 
works.— Bastioned  front.    See  front. 

bastionet  (bas'tion-et),  M.  [<  bastion  +  -et] 
In  fort.,  a  small  bomb-proof  chamber  placed  in 
a  position  flanking  the  ditch  of  a  lunette  or 
redoubt.  Bastionets  are  usually  placed  at  the  salient 
angles  of  redoubts,  and  are  furnished  with  loopholes  for 
small  arms,  and  sometimes  are  pierced  for  one  or  two  guns. 

bastite  (bas'tit),  ?i.  [<  Baste  (see  def.)  +  -ite^.] 
A  serpentinous  mineral  occurring  embedded  in 
serpentine  at  Baste  in  the  Harz  and  elsewhere, 
and  probably  derived  from  the  alteration  of  a 
variety  of  enstatite  (bronzite).  it  often  shows  a 
metallic-pearly  luster,  or  schiller,  in  the  cleavage-face,  and 
is  hence  called  schiller-spar. 

bastnasite  (bast'na-sit),  n.  [<  Bastnds  (see 
def.)  +  -«fe2.]  A  fluocarbonate  of  cerium, 
lanthanum,  and  didymium  from  the  Bastnas 
mine,  Sweden.  It  also  occurs  as  an  alteration 
product  of  tysonite  near  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado, 
basto  (bas'to),  n.  [<  It.  Sp.  Pg.  basto,  ace  of 
clubs  ;  cf .  It.  bastone  =  Sp.  baston  =  Pg.  bastao, 
a  stick,  club  :  see  baston.]  In  card-playing,  the 
ace  of  clubs  in  quadrille  and  ombre. 

In  Spanish  cards  clubs  are  really  represented  by  "clubs," 
for  which  basto  is  the  Spanish  word.  In  certain  games, 
e.  g. ,  Ombre,  the  ace  of  clubs  plays  an  important  part, 
and  is  emphatically  called  basto. 

N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  115. 

bastont  (bas'ton),  n.  [<  ME.  baston,  bastuv,  < 
OF.  baston,  F^'bdton  =  Sp.  baston  =  Pg.  bastao 
=  It.  bastone,  <  ML.  *basto(n-),  a  stick,  club, 
cudgel.  Origin  unknown.  The  word  appears  in 
E.  also  as  baton,  batoon,  batten, 
batten^:  see  these  forms.]  1.  A 
stick,  staff,  or  cudgel;  a  baton. 
Specifically —(a)  A  mace  of  wood  used  in 
a  tourney,  instead  of  the  mace  of  metal 
used  in  war.  It  was  usually  shaped  into 
a  handle,  and  had  a  guard  like  a  sword. 
(b)  A  leading-staff  or  ensign  of  command. 
Baston.  See  baton,  1.  (c)  In  her.,  a  bendlet  sinis- 

ter cut  off  at  each  end,  so  as  not  to 


bastile.]  In 
fort.,  a  mass 
of  earth,  faced 
"vnthsods,  brick, 
or  stones,  stand- 
ing out  from 
a  rampart,  of 
which  it  is  a 
principal  part. 

A  bastion  consists 
of  two  Jianlcs,  eacli 
commanding  anil 
defending  the  adja- 
centcKi-taii),  or  that 
portion  of  the  wall 
,    ^.     ^  ,  extending  from  one 

hastion  to  another,  and  Uvo  faces  making  witli  each  other 
an  acute  angle  called  the  salient  angle,  aud  commanding 


A,  Bastion. 
n,  a,  curtain-angles;  *,  *,  shoulder-an- 
gles ;  c,  salient  angle  ;  ab.ab,  flanks ;  b  c, 
b  c,  faces ;  a  a,  goi^e ;  a  d,  a  d,  parts  of 
curtains. 


reach  the  edge  of  the  field  :  it  is  generally  considered  in 
English  heraldry  a  mark  of  illegitimacy.  [Still  used  in 
tliis  sense.]    Also  baton  and  bastard  bar. 

2.  In  arch.,  a  segmental  molding  used  espe- 
cially in  the  bases  of  columns;  a  torus. — 3.  A 
servant  of  the  warden  of  the  Fleet,  who  attend- 
ed the  king's  courts  as  an  ofiScer,  carrjing  a 
red  truncheon,  it  was  his  duty  to  take  to  ward  such 
prisoners  as  had  been  committed  by  the  court,  and  also  to 
attend  those  suffered  to  go  at  large  by  license.  Hence,  to 
go  out  of  prison  by  baston  was  to  go  at  large  in  the  custody 
of  a  servant  of  the  warden  of  Fleet  prison.  [London,  Eng.] 

bast-palm  (bast'pam),  n.  Two  species  of  Bra- 
zilian palms  which  yield  the  piassaba  fiber,  a 
coarse  fiber  from  the  sheathing-bases  of  the 
leaf-stalks,  used  for  cordage,  brooms,  etc.  The 
Bahia  bast-palm  is  the  Attalea  finn  fera  (see  Attalea);  that 
of  ParA  is  the  Leopoldinia  Piassubn. 

bast-tree  (bast'tre),  «.  [ME.  baste-tre;  <  bast^ 
+  tree.]  A  tree  furnishing  bast,  in  Europe  espe- 
cially the  linden,  Tilia  Europaa.    See  ifK^l. 

basyl,  basyle  (ba'sil),  n.  [<  Gr.  (iaat^,  a  base, 
+  l'At],  substance.]  In  chem.,  a  name  given  by 
Graham  to  the  electropositive  constituent  of  a 
salt. 

basylous  (ba'si-lus),  a.  [<  basyl  +  -ous.]  In 
chem.,  of  the  nature  of  or  relating  to  a  basyl, 
or  electropositive  constituent  of  a  salt. 

The  name  of  the  electro-negative  ingi-edicnt  .  .  .  being 
that  which  is  placed  first  as  the  generic  term,  whilst  that 
of  the  eIectro-i)(isitive  or  6(iav''"i'S  element  follows  as  indi- 
cating the  species.     II'.  A.  Miller,  Eleui.  of  Chem.,  §  331. 


bat 

batl  (bat),  n.  [<  ME.  hat,  hatte,  hotte,  the  ear- 
liest recorded  forms  being  dat.  sing.  hoitt%  nova. 
pi.  hotten  (nom.  sing.  *bat,  *bot  f},  pointing  to 
an  AS.  *bat  (gen.  dat.  *hatte),  given  by  Somner, 
but  not  authenticated,  appar.  <  Ir.  Gael,  hat, 
lata,  a  staff,  cudgel.  But  in  part  at  least  the 
"word  rests  on  OF.  hatte,  F.  hatte,  a  rammer,  a 
"wand,  appar.  <  hattre,  beat:  see  hatter^.  Some 
of  the  noun  senses  are  from  the  verb  (see  hat^, 
r.),  while  others  are  perhaps  from  orig.  diff. 
sources.]  1.  A  heavy  stick  or  club ;  formerly, 
a  walking-stick. 

A  handsome  bat  he  hekl, 
On  which  he  leaned,  as  one  farre  in  elde. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hnb.  Tale,  1.  217. 

2.  The  wooden  club  with  which  the  players  in 
base-ball,  cricket,  and  similar  games  bat  or 
drive  the  ball.  Tlmt  used  in  base-ball  is  a  round  ta- 
pering stick  of  varj'ing  size  and  weight  to  suit  the  strengtli 
of  the  player ;  tliat  used  in  cricljet  is  shaped  somewhat  lilte 
the  broad  end  of  an  oar,  and  is  provided  with  a  round 
handle. 

3.  A  batsman  or  batter. 

W.  is  the  best  bat  left. 

T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown's  School-Days,  ii.  8. 

4.  A  blow  as  with  a  bat  or  baton :  as,  he  re- 
ceived a  bat  in  the  face.  [Colloq.]  —  5,  A  tool 
made  of  beech,  used  by  plumbers  in  dressing 
and  flatting  sheet-lead. —  6.  A  rammer  used 
by  founders. —  7.  A  blade  used  for  beating  or 
scutching  hemp  or  tiax. — 8.  A  piece  of  brick 
having  one  end  entire ;  hence,  any  portion  of 
a  brick;  a  brickbat. — 9.  A  kind  of  sun-dried 
brick.  Soiithey. — 10.  Shale;  hardened  clay, 
but  not  tire-clay:  same  as  bind,  2.  Penn.  Surv. 
Glossary.  Also  spelled  hatt. — 11.  In  hat-mak- 
ing, a  felted  mass  of  fur,  or  of  hair  and  wool. 
Two  such  masses  are  required  to  form  the  body 
of  a  hat.    Also  spelled  hatt. 

One  half  of  the  intended  hat,  called  a  bat,  is  bowed  at  a 
time.  J.  Thomson,  Hats  and  Felting,  p.  39. 

12.  A  continuous  wad  of  cotton  from  the 
batting-machine,  ready  for  carding;  also,  a 
sheet  of  cotton  wadding  or  batting.  See  bat- 
ting.— 13.  In  ceram.:  (a)  A  flexible  sheet  of 
gelatin  used  in  transferring  impressions  to  the 
biscuit. 

Eatt  or  bat  is  ...  a  plate  of  gelatine,  used  in  printing 
on  to  pottery  or  porcelain,  over  tlie  glaze.  In  bat-print- 
ing, the  impression  is  transfeiTed  from  an  engraved  cop- 
per plate  to  a  bat  of  gelatine  or  glue,  whence  it  is  printed 
on  the  glaze,  in  oil  or  tar.  Enamel  powder  being  then 
dusted  over  the  print,  adheres  to  the  oiled  surface,  and 
the  porcelain  is  then  flred  at  a  low  temperature. 

Ure,  Diet.,  I.  298. 

(6)  A  shelf  or  slab  of  baked  clay  used  to  sup- 
port pieces  of  biscuit  which  have  been  painted, 
and  are  being  fired  again.  See  enamel-kiln. — 
14.  Eate ;  speed;  style.  [Scotch  and  prov. 
Eng.] — At  the  bat,  in  the  position  of  the  batter  or 
striker  in  base-ball  and  similar  games ;  having  tlie  riglit 
to  wield  the  bat.  — TO  carry  one's  bat.  See  can  y.— To 
go  on  a  bat,  to  go  off  for  a  drunken  carousal  or  spree. 
[Slang.] 

bat^  (bat),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  hatted,  ppr.  hatting. 
[<  late  ME.  batten,  beat  with  a  stick,  <  hatte,  a 
bat,  stick:  see  hat^,  «.,  and  cf.  hatter^.  In  part 
perhaps  regarded  as  imitative  of  a  heavy,  dull 
blow;  ef.  jjaf.]    I.  trans.  To  beat ;  hit ;  strike. 

Especially — (a)  In  base-ball  and  similar  games,  to  knock 
or  drive  as  the  ball.  (6)  In  ceram.,  to  flatten  out  to  the 
required  thickness,  as  unbaked  clay,  preparatory  to  mold- 
ing on  the  block  or  throwing  on  the  wheel. 

II.  intrans.  In  base-ball  and  similar  games, 

to  strike  the  ball :  as,  he  hats  well  To  bat  at, 

to  attempt  unsuccessfully  to  knock,  as  a  ball ;  strike  at 
but  miss. 

bat^  (bat),  n.  [A  corruption  of  earlier  back, 
bak.  Sc.  back,  hak  (also  hakie-bird,  hawkie-hird), 
a  bat,  <  ME.  hakke,  backe,  <  Dan.  hakke,  in  comp. 
aftenbakke,  evening-bat,  =OSw.  bakka,in  comp. 
natt-hakka,  night-jar,  Sw.  dial,  nattahatta,  natt- 
hlacka,  =  Icel.  hlaka,  in  comp.  ledhr-hlalca,  bat, 
lit.  leather-flapper,  <  hlaka,  flutter,  flap.  The 
orig.  form  is  uncertain.  Cf.  ML.  blatta,  hlacta, 
hatta,  a  bat,  another  application  of  L.  blatta, 
an  insect  that  shuns  the  light,  a  cockroach :  see 
Blatta'^.  For  the  change  of  k  to  t,  cf.  E.  make"^  = 
mate^,  and  E.  crane  =  t)3ji.  trane,  Sw.  trana,  Icel. 
Irani.  The  AS.  name  of  the  bat  is  hreremUs, 
>E.  reremouse.  The  G.  name  is  fledermaus;  cf. 
E.  flitter  mouse. 1  A  wing-handed,  wing-footed 
flying  mammal,  of  the  order  Chiroptera  (which 
see).  The  species  are  upward  of  450  in  number,  nearly 
cosmopolitan,  but  largest,  most  varied  in  character,  and 
most  abundant  in  individu.als  in  tropical  and  subtropical 
countries.  The  species  of  temperate  countries,  as  of  the 
United  States  and  Europe,  are  comparatively  few,  small, 
and  of  such  uniform  characters  that  they  give  little  idea 
of  the  extent  and  diversity  of  the  order  in  warmer  re- 
gions. Bats  are  the  most  aerial  or  volitant  of  all  animals, 
even  more  so  than  birds  or  insects,  for  they  have  scarcely 
any  other  means  of  locomotion  than  flying.    They  are 


472 

nocturnal  and  crepuscular,  passing  most  of  the  daytime 
in  dusky  retreats,  where  they  gather  sometimes  in  almost 
incrediljle  multitudes,  and  generally  repose  hanging  head 
downwaril  by  their  hind  feet.  In  size  they  range  from  less 
than  the  size  of  a  mouse  to  large  forms  with  some  five  feet 
spread  of  wing.  The  body  is  usually  softly  furry ;  the 
wings  are  membranous  and  naked.    The  great  majority 


Hoary  Bat  (  Lasiurus prnittosus). 

■are  insectivorous  and  carnivorous,  and  constitute  the  sub- 
order Aniinalivora  or  Insectivora ;  of  these,  a  few  prey 
upon  other  bats,  and  some,  of  the  genera  Desmvdus  and 
Diphylla,  suck  the  blood  of  large  animals  ;  but  the  great 
bats  of  South  America  called  vampires  are  chiefly  fru- 
givorous.  See  Desmodontes,  Vampyri.  Tlie  old-world 
fruit-bats,  flying-foxes,  or  roussettes  are  mostly  large  spe- 
cies, constituting  the  family  Pteropodidce  and  suborder 
Frugiwra.  Stee  cwt  wnAev  flying-fox.  The  physiognomy 
of  many  of  the  bats  is  grotesque,  owing  to  the  extraordi- 
nary appendages  of  the  snout,  especially  in  the  families 
RhinolophidcB  and  Phyllostoinatidce,  or  horseshoe  biits 
and  leaf-nosed  bats.  The  ears,  too,  are  often  of  great  size 
and  much  complexity  of  detail,  and,  like  the  various  ap- 
pendages of  the  face,  and  the  wing-membranes  themselves, 
serve  as  tactile  organs  of  extreme  delicacy,  even  to  the  ex- 
tent of  sensing  objects  without  actual  contact.  The  wings 
of  bats  are  commonly  given  to  representations  of  evil  ge- 
nii and  demons,  as  those  of  birds  are  attached  to  good 
angels.  The  large  bat  represented  on  Egyptian  monu- 
ments is  one  of  the  fruit-bats,  the  Cynonycteris  cegyptiaca. 
The  Hebrew  name  of  the  bat  of  the  Old  Test.ameiit,  atal- 
leph,  is  now  used  in  the  form  Atalapha  for  a  genus  of 
American  bats.  Tlie  commonest  species  of  the  United 
States  are  tliesniall  brown  bat,  Vespertilio  subtilatus,  and 
the  red  bat,  Lasiurus  noveboracensis.  Among  European 
species  may  be  noted  the  serotine  ( Vespertilio  serotinus), 
the  pipistrelle  ( V.  pipistrellus),  the  barbastel  (Barbastel- 
lus  co)mnunis),  the  oreillard  (Plecotm  auritus),  and  the 
horseshoe  bats  (Hhinolophus  nipposideros  and  R.  ferroe- 
quinum).  In  heraldry  the  bat  is  always  represented  dis- 
played, that  is,  with  the  wings  opened,  an<l  is  often  called 
by  its  older  name  reremou-<ie. — Bat's  Wing,  in  anat.  See 
ala  vespertilionis,  under  ala. — Bat's-Wlng  burner.  See 
fcMrricr.— .Bulldog  bats,  the  niolossoid  chiropterans.  See 
Molossus. — Harlequin  bat.    See  harlequin. 

bat^  (bat),  V.  t.  [Variant  of  hate^,  prob.  now 
taken  in  allusion  to  the  eyes  of  a  bat.]  To  bate 
or  flutter,  as  in  the  phrase  to  hat  the  eyes,  that 
is,  wink.    [Prov.  Eng.  and  U.  S.] 

You  hoi'  your  head  high;  don't  you  bat  your  eyes  to 
please  none  of  'em.  Tlie  Century,  XXVII.  146. 

bat*  (bat  or  ba),  n.  [<  F.  hdt,  <  OF.  hast,  a 
pack-saddle :  see  hast^.']  A  pack-saddle :  only 
in  composition,  as  ftaihorse,  batmsjn,  etc. 

bat^f  (bat),  n.   See  hatz. 

bat**  (bat),  n.    [Hind,  hdt,  a  weight,  a  measure 

of  weight.]    Same  as  tical. 
baf,  n.    A  measure  of  land  formerly  used  in 

South  Wales;  a  perch  of  11  feet  square, 
bat^t,  n.    Same  as  batlfi. 

batablet  (ba'ta-bl),  a.  [Also  bateable;  short  for 
debatable,  as  bate^  for  debate.    See  debatable.'] 
A  shortened  form  of  debatable,  as  in  hatable 
ground,  hatable  land.    See  debatable. 
As  we  crossed  the  Eatable  land.  Border  ballad. 

batailet,  bataillert,  etc.    Obsolete  forms  of 

battle'^,  battler'^,  etc. 
batara  (ba-ta'ra),  n.  [S.  Amer.]  A  name  of 
sundry  bush-shrikes  or  formicaroid  passerine 
birds  of  South  America,  of  the  subfamily  Tham- 
nophilince  and  tamily  Formicariidce;  specifically, 
the  Thamno])Mlus  cinereus  (Vieillot).  it  was  used 
as  a  generic  name  by  Lesson  in  1831,  and  by  Sclater  in  1858, 
to  distinguish  tlie  last-named  species  generically  from 
other  ThamnophilinoB,  under  the  name  Batara  cinerea; 
also  by  Temniinck,  1820,  as  a  generic  name  of  species  of 
Tharnnophilus  proper. 

batardeau  (ba-tar-do'),  «. ;  pi.  hatardeaux 
(-doz').  [F.,  dike,  dam,  coffer-dam,  formerly 
bastardeau,  dim.  of  OF.  bastard,  dike,  perhaps 
connected  with  6as<(r,  build.]  1.  Acoffer-dam; 
a  casing  of  piles  made  water-tight,  fixed  in  the 
bed  of  a  river  to  exclude  the  water  from  the 
site  of  the  pier  or  other  work  while  it  is  being 
constructed. —  2.  In  fort.,  a  wall,  generally  fur- 
nished with  a  sluice-gate,  built  across  a  moat 
or  ditch,  to  retain  the  water  in  those  parts  of 
the  ditch  which  require  to  be  inundated. 

batata  (ba-ta'ta),  M.  [Sp.  Pg.  batata,  <  Haytian 
batata,  the  native  name  of  the  sweet  potato; 
>ult.  E.  potato,  applied  to  a  different  plant :  see 
potato.]    The  sweet  potato. 

The  products  of  both  China  and  Japan  are  here  [Loo- 
choo]  cultivated,  especially  batatas  and  the  sugar-cane. 

J.  J.  Rein,  Japan  (trans.),  p.  532. 


bate 

Bata'7ian  (ba-ta'vi-an),  a.  and  n,  [<  L.  Bata- 
riu,  the  country  of  the  Batavi,  a  people  an- 
ciently inhabiting  an  island  {Batavorum  In- 
sula or  Batavia)  formed  by  the  rivers  Rhine, 
Waal,  and  Maas,  and  the  ocean.]  I,  a.  1. 
Pertaining  to  the  ancient  Batavia,  or  by  ex- 
tension to  the  Netherlands  or  their  inhabi- 
tants, the  Dutch. —  2.  Pertaining  to  Batavia, 
the  chief  city  of  the  island  of  Java,  and  the 
capital  of  the  Dutch  possessions  in  the  East. 

II.  H.  1.  A  native  of  tlie  Netherlands;  a 
Dutchman. —  2.  A  native  of  Batavia  in  Java. 

bat-bolt  (bat'bolt),  11.  [<  -f  bolt^.]  A 
bolt  barbed  or  jagged  at  its  butt  or  tang  to 
give  it  a  finner  hold. 

batchl  (bach),  11.  [<  ME.  hacche,  batche,  <  AS. 
as  if  "ba'cce,  <  bacan,  bake;  cf.  Dan.  hcegt,  G. 
geback,  a  batch:  see  hake.]  1.  A  quantity 
produced  at  one  operation;  specifically,  the 
quantity  of  bread  made  at  one  baking. —  2.  The 
quantity  of  material  prepared  or  required  for 
one  operation.  Specifically  — (n)  In  glass-maldng,  the 
frit  ready  for  the  glass-pot.  See  frit,  (b)  The  quantity  of 
flour  or  dough  to  be  used  at  one  baking,  (c)  The  quantity 
of  grain  sent  at  one  time  to  the  mill  to  be  ground  ;  a  grist. 
3.  An  aggregation  of  individuals  or  articles 
similar  to  each  other ;  especially,  a  number  or 
aggregation  received,  despatched,  etc.,  at  one 
time :  as,  a  hatch  of  letters ;  a  hatch  of  pris- 
oners. 

The  Turkish  troops  are  being  hurried  to  the  front  in 
batches  of  40,000  at  a  time.  Times  (London). 

When  he  had  her  all  to  himself,  .  .  .  he  would  pull  out 
his  last  batch  of  sonnets,  and  read  them  in  a  voice  tremu- 
lous with  emotion.  Charlotte  Brontit,  Shirley,  xxvii. 

4t.  Kind,  sort,  or  lot. 

One  is  a  rimer,  sir,  of  your  own  batch,  your  own  leaven. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  ins  Humour,  i.  1. 

batch^  (bach),  V.  t.  [<  batch^,  n.]  To  mass; 
bring  together  in  a  batch  or  the  quantity  re- 
quired. 

The  white  calico  is  batched.  Encye.  Brit.,  IV!  685. 

batch^  (bach),  n.  [E.  dial. ,  formerly  also  baiche; 
<  ME.  bache,  hacche,  perhaps  for  *hecche,  <  AS. 
hcce,  hcece,  a  brook:  see  heck^.  For  the  trans- 
fer of  sense  from  '  stream '  to  '  bank,  mound, 
vale,'  cf.  dike  and  ditch.]  1.  A  bank;  a  sand- 
bank.— 2.  A  field  or  patch  of  ground  lying 
near  a  stream;  the  valley  in  which  a  stream 
flows :  especially  in  local  English  names.  [Lo- 
cal, Eng.] 

batch^  (bach),  v.  t.  [E.  dial.,  <  batclfi,  n.]  To 
protect  (the  bank  of  a  river)  by  facing  it  with 
stones,  so  as  to  prevent  the  water  from  eating 
into  it.    [Local,  Eng.] 

batch^t,  n.  [Appar.  an  assibilated  form  of 
hack^.]    A  vessel  used  in  brewing.    N.  E.  D. 

batchelor,  n.    See  bachelor. 

bate^  (bat),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bated,  ppr.  bating. 
[Also  bait;  <  ME.  haten  (only  intrans.),  <  OF. 
hatre,  mod.  F.  hattre,  beat,  flap  {hattre  les  ailes, 
beat  the  wings,  flutter ;  reflex.,  se  ha  ttre,  flutter), 
=  Pr.  hatre  =  Sp.  batir  =  Pg.  hater  =  It.  hat- 
tere,  beat,  etc.,  <  ML.  (LL.)  hatere,  hattere,  for 
L.  hatuere,  battuere,  beat,  strike,  whence  also 
ult.  E.  batter\  battle'^,  etc.,  and  prob.  in  part 
the  simple  bat^,  v.:  see  these  words.  The 
orig.  sense  '  beat '  is  covered  by  bate^,  for  abate, 
and  battel-'^.]  I.t  trans.  To  beat:  in  the  phrase 
to  bate  the  tviiigs,  to  flutter,  fly.  [In  the  passage 
quoted,  there  is  an  allusion  to  hate^  for  abate.] 
Till  the  Soule  by  this  meanes  of  overbodying  herselfe 
.  .  .  bated  her  wing  apace  downeward. 

Milton,  Church  Discipline.   (N.  E.  D.} 

11.  intrans.  1.  In /aZcoJiry,  to  beat  the  wings 
impatiently ;  flutter  as  preparing  for  flight,  par- 
ticularly at  the  sight  of  prey ;  flutter  away. 

I  am  like  a  hawk  that  hates  but  cannot  fly,  because  I  am 
ty'd  to  another's  fist.  Bacon. 

These  kites 
That  bate  and  beat  and  will  not  be  obedient. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  1. 

2t.  To  flutter;  be  eager  or  restless. —  3t.  To 
flutter  or  fly  down.  [With  allusion  to  hate'^ 
for  abate.] 

bate^  (bat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  hated,  ppr.  hating. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  bait;  <  ME.  baten,  by 
apheresis  for  abaten,  abate,  which  thus  be- 
comes in  form  and  in  some  senses  identical 
with  the  orig.  simple  form  represented  by 
hate^ :  see  abate  and  bate^.]  I.  trans.  If.  To 
beat  down  or  away ;  remove  by  beating. 

About  autumn  bate  the  earth  from  about  the  roots  of 
olives,  and  lay  them  bare.    Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  II.  521. 

2t.  To  beat  back,  or  blunt. 

Spite  of  cormorant  devouring  Time, 
Th'  endeavour  of  this  present  breath  may  buy 
That  honour  which  shall  bate  his  scythe's  keen  edge. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  i.  1. 


bate 

St.  To  weaken ;  impair  the  strength  of. 
These  griefs  and  losses  have  so  hated  me, 
That  I  shall  hardly  spare  a  pound  of  flesh. 

Shale,  M.  of  v.,  iii.  3. 

4t.  To  lessen  or  decrease  in  amount,  weight, 
estimation,  etc. ;  lower ;  reduce. 

Who  bates  mine  honour,  shall  not  know  my  coin. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iii.  3.  batelesst  (bat'les),  a.    [<  &afc2  +  -less.^   Not  to 
5.  To  strike  off ;  deduct;  abate.  be  abated;  not  to  be  dulled  or  blunted.  [Eare.] 

There  is  twelve  shillings  to  pay,  and,  as  I  am  a  true  Haply  that  name  of  "chaste"  unhappily  set 

kmght,  I  will  not  bate  a  penny.  This  bateless  edge  on  his  keen  appetite. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  iii.  2.  Shak.,  Lucrece,  I.  9. 

I  would  rather  6a(e  him  a  few  strokes  of  his  oar,  than  bateleur  ("bat'e-lerl  «  rAnnar  n  nnT'tioiilnr 
not  employ  an  honest  man  that  has  been  wounded  in  the    n„^ii^,nt;^\;1;f  V  ;  L^ppar.  a  paitlCUiar 

Queen's  service.  Adduon,  Su-  Koger  at  Vaulxhall     application  of  F.  hateleur,  a  juggler,  buffoon.] 

A  name  of  an  African  eagle,  the  llelotarsus 


473 

niis  sour  informer,  this  bate-breeding  spy, 
This  canker  that  cats  up  Love's  tender  spring. 
This  carry-tale,  dissentious  Jealousy. 

Shak.,  V.  and  A.,  1.  C55. 

batefult  (bat'fid),  a.    [<  iafeS  +  ./^Z.]  Con- 
tentious; given  to  strife  ;  exciting  contention. 
It  did  baleful  question  frame.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 


I  bate  no  jot  of  trust  that  this  noljle  trial  of  self-govern- 
ment will  succeed.  W.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  320. 

6.  To  lessen  in  force  or  intensity;  moderate; 
diminish:  as,  to  late  one's  breath,  or  with  bated 
breath  (see  phrases,  below) ;  to  hate  one's  or  a 
person's  curiosity. —  7t.  To  rob  or  deprive  of. 

When  baseness  is  exalted,  do  not  hate 
The  place  its  honour  for  the  person's  sake. 

G.  Herbert,  Church  Porch,  xlv. 

8t.  To  leave  out ;  except ;  bar. 

Bate  me  the  king,  and,  be  he  flesh  and  blood. 

He  lies  who  said  it. 

Beau,  and  PL,  Maid's  Tragedy,  i.  1. 
To  bate  oft,  to  make  a  reduction  in  or  an  abatement  from ; 
lessen  or  moderate. 

Abate  thy  speed,  and  I  will  bate  o/mine. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metamorph.,  i. 
To  bate  one's  breath,  to  check  one's  breathing ;  breathe 
restrainedly,  as  from  fear,  humility,  or  deference.— With 
bated  breath,  with  subdued  or  restrained  breathing,  as 
from  fear  or  awe. 

Shall  I  bend  low,  and  in  a  bond-mans  key, 

With  bated  breath  and  whispring  humbleness. 

Say  this?  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  3  (1623). 

Il.t  intrans.  To  decrease  or  fall  away  in  size, 
amount,  force,  estimate,  etc. 

Bardolph,  am  I  not  fallen  away  vilely  since  this  last 
action?  do  I  not  bate.'  do  I  not  dwindle  ? 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  3. 
I  know  'twas  this  which  made  the  envy  and  pride 
Of  the  great  Roman  blood  hate  and  give  way 
To  my  election.  B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  iii.  1. 

bate^t  (bat),  V.  i.  [<  ME.  baten,  by  apheresis  for 
debaten,  debate:  see  debate''-,  v. ^  To  contend; 
strive;  quarrel 


ecaudatus. 

batellatet,  v.  t.  [<  ML.  as  if  *batellatus,  pp. 
of  *bateUare,  assuined  from  OF.  batailUer,  or 
E.  battel,  battle,  fortify :  see  battle^.']  Milit.,  to 
fortify  or  make  defensible,  as  a  dwelling-house, 
batementt  (bat'ment),  «.  [By  apheresis  for 
abatement :  see  bai'e^  and  -ment.'\  Abatement ; 
diminution;  lessening;  specifically,  among  car- 
penters, the  portion  to  be  cut  off  from  a  piece 
of  timber  to  bring  it  to  a  desired  length, 
batement-light  (bat'ment-lit),  n.  In  arch.,  a 
vertical  light  in  the  upper  part  of  a  window  of 

the  Perpendic- 
ular style,  of 
which  the  nor- 
mal rectangular 
form  at  the  bot- 
tom is  altered 
or  abated  so  as 
to  fit  in  the 
arched  head  of 
a  light  below. 
Compare  angel- 
light. 

batestone  (baf- 

ston),?;.  [<6aif5 
+   stone.}  A 
curved  scour- 
ing-stone  used 
in  bating  hides. 
When  the  hides  have  been  properly  worked  with  the 
batestone,  they  are  placed  in  a  wash-wheel  and  worked 
for  about  twenty  minutes.     C.  T.  Davis,  Leather,  p.  586. 


Head  of  Perpendicular  Window, 
batement-lights ;  a,  a,  angel-lights. 


bate^t  (bat),  n.    [<  ME.  bate,  bat,  by  apheresis  bat-fish  (bat'fish),  n.    [<  bat^  +  fish^A    1.  A 


for  debate,  debat,  debate :  see  debate^,  m.]  Con- 
tention; strife;  debate. 
Breeds  no  bate  with  telling.      Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

bate*t  (bat),  v.  and  n.  Obsolete  and  less  cor- 
rect spelling  of  bait^. 

bate^  (bat),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bated,  ppr.  bat- 
ing. [Prob.  a  particular  use  of  bate^,  properly 
spelled  bait;  cf.  Sw.  beta,  tan,  bait,  =  G.  bei- 
zen,  steep  in  lye,  macerate,  bait,  lit.  cause  to 
bite  :  see  Jaitl.]  1.  To  steep,  as  a  hide,  in  an 
alkaline  lye.  See  bate^,  n. — 2.  Injtite-manuf., 
to  separate  (the  raw  material)  into  layers,  and 
then  soften  by  sprinkling  with  oil  and  water. 

bates  (bat),  ».  [<  6afe5,  v.'\  The  alkaline  solu- 
tion ia  which  hides  are  steeped  after  being 
limed,  in  order  to  remove  or  neutralize  the  lime. 

bate^t.    Obsolete  or  dialectal  preterit  of  bite. 
Yet  there  the  steel  stayd  not,  but  iiily  bate 
Deepe  in  his  flesh,  and  opened  wide  a  red  floodgate.. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  v.  7. 

bate'7  (bat),  n.  [Also  bait;  origin  unkno-wn. 
Hence  cross-bated.']  The  grain  of  wood  or 
stone.  [Scotch.] 

bate^t,  n.  [<  LL.  batus,  <  Gv.  Paroc,  <  Heb. 
bath  :  see  bath^.]    Same  as  bath^. 

batea  (bat'e-a),  m.  [Sp.  Pg.]  A  wooden  ves- 
sel in  the  form  of  a  very  flat  hollow  cone, 
about  20  inches  in  diameter  and  2  or  3  inches 
deep,  used  by  Mexican  and  Californian  nainers 
for  washing  auriferous  sands  and  pulverized 
ores  of  various  kinds. 


fish  of  the  family  Maltheidce  (which  see).  The 
best-known  species  is  Malthe  vespertilio.    It  has  a  heart- 


Lateral  view. 


Dorsal  view. 
Bat-fish  (Matthe  vespertilio). 


In  the  rubbish  which  was  thrown  out  of  the  old  mine,  a 
comfortable  subsistence  is  gained  by  washing  in  bateas. 

Howry,  Ai-izona  and  Sonora,  p.  44. 

bateau,  batteau  (ba-to'). 


teaux  (-toz').  [<  P.  bateati,  <  OF.  batel  =  Pr. 
batelh  =  Sp.  Pg.  batel  =  It.  battello,  <  ML.  ba- 
tellus,  dim.  of  ML.  batm,  battus  (>  It.  batto), 
a  boat,  prob.  <  AS.  bat,  a  boat :  see  boat.]  1. 
A  light  boat  for  river  navigation,  long  in  pro- 
portion to  its  breadth,  and  wider  in  the  middle 
than  at  the  ends. — 2.  A  pontoon  of  a  fioating 
bridge. 

bateau-bridge  (ba-to 'brij),  n. 


shaped  trunk,  produced  anteriorly  in  a  prolonged  snout, 
a  short  coniform  tail,  a  small  inferior  mouth,  and  a  rostrai 
tentacle  under  the  snout.  It  inhabits  the  Atlantic  along 
the  southern  coast  of  the  United  States. 
2.  A  name  of  the  flying-fish  or  flying-robin, 
Cephalacanthus  volita.ns. 
bat-fowler  (bat'fou"ler),  n.  [<  ME.  battfowl- 
ere,  <  battfowlen:  see  bat-fowling.']  1.  One 
who  practises  bat-fowling. — 2i.  A  swindler. 
[Slang.] 

■pl.^bateaux,  bat-  bat-fowling  (baffou^ling),  n.  [<  ME.  battefowl- 


bridge  supported  by  bateaux  or  boats, 
bateaux,  n.    Plural  of  bateau. 
bate-breedingt  (bat'bre*ding),  a.    [<  bate^ 

breeding,  ppr.  of  breed.]    Breeding  strife. 


ynge,  <  battfowlen,  snare  birds,  <  batte,  by  some 
supposed  to  refer  to  the  bat  or  stick  on  which 
the  nets  were  fastened,  +  fowlen,  v. ,  fowl.  The 
first  element  is  now  often  associated  with  baf^.] 
A  mode  of  catching  birds  at  night  by  holding 
a  torch  or  other  light,  and  beating  the  bushes 
or  trees  where  they  roost.  The  birds  fly  toward 
the  light,  and  are  caught  with  nets  or  otherwise. 
Milit.,  a  floating  batfult  (bat'ful),  a.    [<  bat-  in  battle^,  batten^ 


etc.,  +  -ful;  possibly,  like  batwell,  a  perversion 
of  battle  or  battel,  fertile :  see  battle^,  a.]  Rich ; 
fertile,  as  land:  as,  "  batfid-g&stvxes," Drayton, 
Polyolbion,  iii. 


bath  ' 

bathi  (bath,  pi.  baTHz),  n.  [<  ME.  halh,  <  AS. 
bwth,  pi.  baUiu,  =  OS.  hath  =  D.  bad  =  OHG. 
MHG.  G.  bud,  bath,  =  Iccl.  hadh  —  8w.  Dan. 
had;  prob.,  with  formative  -th  (-d),  from  the 
verb  represented  by  OHG.  bajan,  MHG.  ha^jcn, 
boiu,  G.  bdhcti  ---  LG.  hden,  foment,  =  ME.  hw- 
ivcn,  cleanse,  prob.  -----  li.  foverc,  foment:  fo- 
ment.] 1.  A  washing  of  the  body  in,  or  an  ex- 
posure of  it  to  the  action  of,  w-iter  or  other 
fluid  agent,  for  cleansing,  refresliraent,  medi- 
cal treatment,  etc. :  as,  to  take  a  balk;  to  ad- 
minister a  hath  to  a  patient. —  2.  A  provision 
or  aiTangement  for  bathing :  as,  to  prepare  a 
hath;  a  hot  or  cold  bath;  a  vapor-i)««/t;  an 

electric  bath.  There  are  many  kinds  of  baths,  all  of 
which  may  lie  divided  into  four  classes;  (a)  according  to 
the  medium  in  which  the  body  is  immersed,  as  a  ioa<er-,  oil-. 
or  mud-bath,  a  cmnpressed-air  hath,  a  medicated  or  min- 
eral bath,  etc.;  (b)  according  to  manner  of  applicati(jn  or 
use,  as  a  plunge-,  shower-,  vapor-,  douclie-,  spi-ay-,  or  swim- 
ming-bath, etc.;  (c)  according  to  the  parts  bathed,  as  a 
foot-,  sitz-,  or  eye-hath,  etc.;  (d)  according  to  temperature, 
as  a  hot,  tepid,  warm,  or  cold  hatli. 

3.  A  vessel  for  holding  water  in  which  to 
plunge,  wash,  or  bathe  the  body. — 4.  More  gen- 
erally, an  apartment  or  apparatus  by  means  of 
which  the  body,  or  a  part  of  it,  may  bo  bathed 
in  any  medium  differing  in  nature  or  temper- 
atm-e  from  its  natural  medium. —  5.  An  edifice 
containing  apartments  fitted  up  for  bathing;  a 
bath-house ;  particularly,  in  tlie  plural,  one  of 
the  elaborate  bathing  establishments  of  the 


Plan  of  the  Baths  of  Caracalla,  Rome. 

ancients,  as  the  Baths  of  Caracalla  at  Rome. 
See  thermcE. —  6.  In  science  and  the  arts,  any 
■vessel  containing  a  liquid  for  treating  any  ob- 
ject by  immersion,  (a)  in  photog.,  the  vessel  in  which 
a  collodionized  plate  is  submitted  to  the  action  of  a  solu- 
tion of  nitrate  of  silver,  or  the  tray  in  which  an  exposed 
dry  plate  is  immersed  in  the  developing  solution,  (b)  In 
etching,  the  pan  of  acid  into  which  the  plate  is  plunged  to 
be  bitten. 

7.  An  arrangement  or  preparation  for  immers- 
ing anjrthing,  as  the  silver-bath  in  photography. 
—  8.  In  chem.,  an  apparatus  for  modifying  and 
regulating  the  heat  in  various  chemical  pro- 
cesses, by  interposing  a  quantity  of  sand,  wa- 
ter, or  other  substance  between  the  fire  and  the 
vessel  intended  to  be  heated.  When  a  liquid  bath 

of  a  higher  temperature  than  212°  is  required,  saturated 
solutions  are  employed  in  which  the  boiling-point  is 
higher  than  that  of  water.— Companions  Of  the  Bath, 
the  third  or  lowest  class  of  the  members  of  the  order  of 
the  Bath.— Compressed-air  bath,  a  bath  consisting  in 
remaining  for  a  longer  or  shorter  time  in  a  chamber  Hiled 
with  compressed  air.  Such  baths  have  been  recommended 
as  useful  in  certain  diseases,  in  which  an  increased  expan- 
sive force  is  required  to  cause  the  air  to  inflate  the  more 
delicate  air-passages  of  the  lungs.— Dimg-bath,  a  bath 
used  in  calico-printing.  See  dunging.— 'KoXghtS  Of  the 
Bath,  an  order  of  knighthood  supposed  to  have  been  insti- 
tuted at  the  coronation  of  Henry  IV.  in  1399.  It  received 
this  name  from  the  fact  that  the  candidates  for  the  honor 
were  put  into  a  hath  the  preceding  evening,  to  denote  a 
purification  or  absolution  from  all  former  stain,  and  that 
they  were  now  to  begin  a  new  life.  The  present  order  of 
the  Bath,  however,  was  instituted  by  George  I.  in  1725,  as 
a  military  order,  consisting,  exclusive  of  the  sovereign',  of 
a  grand  master  and  thirty-six  companions.  In  1815  the 
order  was  greatly  extended,  and  in  1847  it  was  opened  to 
civilians.  It  is  now  composed  of  three  classes,  viz. :  mili- 
tary and  civil  knights  grand-crosses,  G.  C.  B.  ;  knights 
commanders,  K.  C.  B. ;  and  knights  companions,  C.  B.  The 


I.  Badge  worn  suspended  from  the  collar  of  a  knight  of  the  Bath. 
2.  Star  of  the  Grand  Cross. 

badge  (fig.  1)  is  a  golden  JIaltese  cross  of  eight  points, 
with  the  lion  of  England  in  the  four  principal  angles,  and 
having  in  a  circle  in  the  center  the  rose,  thistle,  and  sham- 
rock (representing  respectively  England,  Scotland,  and  Ire- 
land), between  three  imperial  crowns ;  motto,  Tria  jutxcta 


batli 


474 


That 
eight 
thr 

of  the  order,  while  beneath  is  a  scroll  'inscribeil  Ich  dien 
(I  serve),  the  motto  of  the  Prince  of  Wales.  The  star  of 
the  knights  coniiuanders  differs  chiefly  in  lacking  the 
wavy  rays.— Medicated  bath,  a  bath  of  liqnid  or  vapor 
designed  to  prodnce  a  curative  effect  by  virtue  of  some 
medicine  mixed  in  it.—  Mercurial  bath,  a  bath  used  in 
the  pneumatic  trough  to  collect  such  gases  as  are  readily 
absorbed  by  water.—  Metal-bath,  a  liath  used  in  chemical 
operations  requiring  a  higher  temperature  than  can  be 
produced  by  means  of  a  water-bath.  Mercury,  fusible 
metal,  tin,  and  lead  are  employed  for  such  baths.— Rus- 
sian bath,  a  kind  of  bath  employed  in  Russia,  and  in- 
troduced thence  in  other  countries.  It  resembles  in  prin- 
ciple the  ancient  and  the  Turkish  baths,  but  differs  from 
the  latter  in  that  the  subject,  after  e.xposure  to  the  in- 
fluence of  very  hot  vapor,  with  the  attendant  kneading, 

lathering,  etc.,  is  suddenly  and  violently  cooled  by  means   

of  a  jet  of  ice-cold  water  It  is  saiil  to  be  of  service  in  bathing-dieSS  (ba'THinff-djes), 
alleviating  rheumatism.— Sour  bath,  in  frtH/unr;,  an  acid         '  -  " 

liipiid  made  of  bran  and  refuse  malt.  It  is  employed  to 
remove  the  lime  used  in  a  previous  process,  and  also  to 
soften  the  skin  to  render  it  more  absorbent  of  the  tanning 
materials.— Tin-bath,  molten  tin  covered  with  melted 
tallow  to  prevent  the  o.\idation  of  the  metal.  It  is  used 
in  giving  a  coating  of  tin  to  other  metals,  as  sheet-iron, 
to  form  the  so-called  tin-plate.— Turkish  bath,  a  kind  of 
bath  introduced  from  the  East,  in  which  the  subject,  after 
having  undergone  copious  perspiration  in  a  heated  room, 
is  subjected  to  various  processes,  as  soaping,  washing, 

kneading  (shampooing),  etc.,  and  ultimately  proceeds  to  ,    ...      j.        ,    ,  .   

an  outer  apartment,  where  he  is  placed  on  a  couch  to  DatlUng-tUD  (oa  THmg-tub),  W. 
cool.    Turkish  baths,  or  modifications  of  them,  are  pro-  tub. 

vided  in  all  hydrotherapeutic  establishments,  and  are  to  ha fh -tnl  ChntVi'kr.n  «  rTToli 
be  found  in  most  towns  of  considerable  size.-White  °        Z  ,  J  „.:.r^^  .L^^O- 


[<  bathos,  on  type  of 
Relating  to  or  character- 
_   inking  rhetorically,  or  in  style. 

Coleridge. 

A  fatal  insensibility  to  the  ludicrous  and  the  bathetic. 

The  Academy,  July  3,  1875,  p.  5. 

bath-house  (bath'hous),  n.  1 .  A  house  fitted  up 
with  conveniences  for  bathing,  as  bath-rooms, 
tubs,  sometimes  a  tank  or  swimming-bath,  etc. 
—  2.  A  small  house,  or  a  house  divided  into  a 
number  of  small  rooms,  at  a  bathing-place, 
or  place  for  open-air  bathing,  where  bathers 

change  their  dress.  „     ,   .-       ^ .  .■  

\ST&h  to'T-'^^-r.^^'  "   ^  rir*^  Bath  stoie"'  sL'™ 
ohanrtbt-v" Z.=r  Ttt     1    °P^^-^""  fathers  bath-tub  (bath'tub),  n.    A  tub  to  bathe  in:  in 
tiian^e  rneii  ciress.    Ih^ng.]  .  ,    the  usual  form.  n.nnvmrimfitAW     ih„  }c.r.„^-h 

n.    A  partial 


Bathymaster 

In  his  fifth  sonnet  he  [Petrarch]  may,  1  think,  be  said 
to  have  sounded  the  lowest  chasm  of  the  Bathos. 

Macaulay,  Petrarch. 
=  Syn.  2.  Fustian,  Turgidness,  etc.    See  bomlMst. 
bath-room  (bath'rom),  n.    A  room  for  bathing 
in. 

bath-sponge  (bath'spunj),  n.  A  sponge  used  in 

bathing,  etc.  Sponges  suitable  for  this  use  all  belong 
to  the  genus  Spongia,  of  which  there  are  si.\  commercial 
species  or  varieties,  deriving  their  value  from  the  fineness 
and  elasticity  of  the  skeletal  fibers.  The  bath-sponge  of 
the  Mediterranean  is  S.  equina,  resembling  the  wool- 
sponge,  S.  gossypina,  of  the  United  States.  Other  species 
are  the  zimocca,  S.  zimocca;  the  cup-sponge,  S.  adriatica, 
of  Turkey  and  the  Levant ;  the  American  yellow  sponge. 


or  loose  costume  used  by  open-air  bathers,  as 
on  a  sea-beach, 
bathing-house  (ba'THing-hous),  n.    A  bath- 
house.   [U.  S.] 

bathing-machine  (ba'THing-ma-shen"),  n.  A 
covered  vehicle  used  at  the  seaside  resorts  of 
Great  Britain,  in  which  bathers  dress  and  un 


the  usual  form,  approximately  of  the  length  of 
the  body,  and  often  permanently  fixed  in  a 
bath-room.  Also  called  bathing-tub. 
bathukolpian,  a.  See  bathycolpian. 
bathvillite  (bath'vil-it),  n.  [<  Bathville  (see 
def.)  -I-  -iie^.]  A  brown,  dull,  amorphous  min- 
eral resin,  occiirring  in  torbanite,  or  boghead 
coal,  on  the  estate  of  Bathville,  near  Bathgate, 
Linlithgowshire,  Scotland. 


bath,  a  bath  used  in  dyeing ;  an  emulsion  formed  by  Gal 
lipoli  oil  and  the  carbonates  of  alkalis. 

bathi  (bath),  V.  t.  [Later  form  for  bathe,  di- 
rectly from  the  noun.]  To  put  into  a  bath; 
wash  in  a  bath.  [Rare.] 

bath2  (bath),  n.  [Earlier  in  E.,  as  LL.,  batus,  or 
else  bat,  bate,  <  LL.  batus,  <  Gr.  /?drof,  <  Heb. 
bath.']  A  Hebrew  liquid  measure  =  72  logs  = 
6  hins  =  cor,  and  corresponding  to  the  dry 
measure  the  ephah  =  72  logs  =  18  cabs  =  3 
saths  =  -j'jy  cor.  There  were  two  measures  of  this 
name,  one  equal  to  about  two  thirds  of  the  other,  as  is  seen 
by  comparing  1  Ki.  vii.  26  with  2  Chron.  iv.  5.  The  larger 
bath  seems  to  have  contained  about  36  liters  =  9i  United 
States  gallons  =  8  British  gallons.  The  smaller  bath  seems 
to  have  contained  about  28  liters  =  "i  United  States  gal- 
lons =  6  British  gallons. 

Bath  brick,  bun,  chair.   See  the  nouns. 

bath-chops  (bath'chops),  n.  pi.  The  cheeks  or 
face  of  the  hog  cured  or  smoked. 

bathe  (baTH),  v.-  pret.  and  pp.  bathed,  ppr. 
bathing.  [Also  in  var.  form  (now  only  dial.) 
beath,  q.  v. ;  <  ME.  bathien,  <  AS.  hathian  {=  D. 
baden  =  OHG.  badon,  MHG.  G.  baden  =  Icel. 
badha  =  Sw.  bada  =  Dan.  bade),  <  bceth,  bath : 
see  bath^.'i  I.  trans.  1.  To  place  in  a  bath; 
immerse  in  water  or  other  fluid,  for  cleanli- 
ness, health,  or  pleasure. 

Chancing  to  bathe  himself  in  the  river  Cydnus,  ...  he 
fell  sick,  near  unto  death,  for  three  days.  South. 
Others,  on  silver  lakes  and  rivers,  bathed 
Theij-  downy  breast.  Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  437. 

2.  To  apply  water  or  other  liquid  to  with  a 
sponge,  cloth,  or  the  like,  generally  for  thera- 
peutic purposes.— 3.  To  wash,  moisten,  or  suf- 
fuse with  any  liquid. 

Her  bosom  bathed  in  blood.  Dryden. 

4.  To  immerse  in  or  surround  with  anything 
analogous  to  water:  as,  bathed  in  sunlight. 

One  sip  of  this 
Will  bathe  the  drooping  spirits  in  delight. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  812. 
Thy  rosy  shadows  bathe  me.  Tennyson,  Tithonus. 

The  sun  was  past  the  middle  of  the  day. 
But  bathed  in  flood  of  light  the  world  still  lay. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  221. 

5.  In  zodl.,  to  tint;  tinge  in  a  uniform  man- 
ner, giving  the  appearance  of  one  color  seen 
through  another:  as,  black  bathed  with  purple, 
brown  bathed  with  rosy,  etc. 

II.  intrans.  1,  To  take  a  bath;  be  in  water 


di-ess.  It  is  driven  into  the  water  to  a  suflacieut  hntTimnrt  ninfi.'wc.T.f  \  «  ro,^^„^ti^^  j,A^ti. 
distance  to  suit  the  convenience  of  the  bather.  ^^^JJ^^Tt^eiSlTt^^^  Is  3^0^' 

Same  as  bath-  bathybial  (ba-thib'i-al),  a.  [<  bathybius  +  -a/.] 
/  7  fi  A  I  Of  or  pertaining  to  bathybius  or  the  depths 
tpr  -4-  i-nj  ^r.in^-\  -  i.  v,-,  1  '  1 '  ^'^^W""  whlch  it  is  found ;  bathybian :  as,  "  bathybial 
ter,  +  lot,  voice.]  A  kind  of  oracular  voice  fauna,"  Encyc.  Brit  ,  XXI.  774. 
frequently  refeiTed  to  m  the  Talmud,  the  later  hathvViinn  Chn  tlnW'iTn^  /!  r^-  hr,fi,..hi..^  j- 
Taroninis  nriri  ^„:to„o  „c f^„„fi,  oatny biau  { ba-thib  1-an),  a.     [<  bathybius  + 

an.\    Fertaining  to  bathybius;  composed  of 


or  resembling  bathybius. 

The  use  of  the  dredge  resulted  in  finding  the  usual  ba- 
thybian forms  that  have  been  already  described  in  works 
relating  to  Arctic  voyages. 

Arc.  Cruise  of  the  Corwin,  1881,  p.  14. 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  (iaBvi, 


Targums,  and  rabbinical  writers,  as  the  fourth 
grade  of  revelation,  constituting  an  instrument 
of  divine  communication  throughout  the  early 
history  of  the  Israelites,  and  the  sole  prophetic 
manifestation  which  they  possessed  during  the 
period  of  the  second  temple. 

From  the  death  of  Haggai,  Zechariah,  and  Malachi,  the  bathybjUS  (ba-thib'i-us),  11. 
Holy  Spirit  [which,  according  to  the  Jewish  distinction,  -  ~ 

is  only  the  second  degree  of  the  prophetical  gift]  was 
withdrawn  from  Israel;  but  they  nevertheless  enjoyed 
the  use  of  the  Bath  Kol. 

The  treatise  Sanhedrim,  quoted  in  Kitto's  Bib.  Cyc,  1. 316. 

Bath  metal.    See  metal. 

bathmic  (bath'mik),  a.  [<  Gr.  padfid?  (see  bath- 
mism)  -h  -ic]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature 
of  bathmism. 


I  compared  the  transmission  of  bathmic  force  to  that  of 
the  phenomenon  of  combustion,  which  is  a  force  conver- 
sion transmitted  from  substance  to  substance  by  contact. 

E.  D.  Cope,  Origin  of  the  Fittest,  p.  229. 


deep,  +  [iio^,  life.]  A  name  given  by  Huxley 
to  masses  of  so-called  animal  matter  said  to 
have  been  found  covering  the  sea-bottom  at 
great  depths  (over  2,000  fathoms),  and  in  such 
abundance  as  to  form  in  some  places  deposits 
upward  of  30  feet  in  thickness,  it  was  described 
as  consisting  of  a  tenacious,  viscid,  slimy  substance,  ex- 
hibiting under  the  microscope  a  network  of  granular, 
mucilaginous  matter,  which  expands  and  contracts  spon- 
taneously, forming  a  very  simple  organism,  and  coiTe- 
sponding  in  all  respects  to  protoplasm  (which  see).  Em- 
bedded in  it  were  calcareous  bodies  with  an  organic 
structure,  called  discoliths,  coccoliths,  and  coccospheres, 
which  seemed  to  belong  to  bathybius  as  such.  The  exis- 
tence of  any  such  living 


,  .       ,1    .1  ,    .      V  ^     ^  o  /      ,   ....J  o,.^..  ......s  substance  is  now  generally  denied. 

bathmism  (bath  mizm),  n.    [<  Gr.  Pa0/i6c,  also  bathycolpian  (bath-i-kol'pi-an),  a.   [Also  less 

f^cjfwc,  a  step,  threshold  (<  [iaiveiv  (■/  */Ja),  go),  prop,  bathukolpian;  <  Gr.  jSadvKoTnroc,  <  padvc, 

+ -ism.]    See  extract.  deep,  + /cd/l7rof, breast,  bosom.]  Deep-bosomed: 

It  is  here  left  open  whether  there  be  any  form  of  force  "bathycolpian  Here,"  O.  W.  Holmes. 

which  may  be  especially  designated  as  "vital."   Many  of  Bathyerginse  (bath"i-er-ji'ne),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

the  animal  functions  are  known  to  be  physical  and  chem-  Bathyergus  +  -wio;.]     A  subfamily  of  Ethi- 


ical,  and  if  there  be  any  one  which  appears  to  be  less  ex- 
plicable by  reference  to  these  forces  than  the  others,  it  is 
that  of  nutrition.  Probably  in  this  instance  force  has 
been  so  metamorphosed  through  the  influence  of  the  origi- 
native or  conscious  force  in  evolution,  that  it  is  a  distinct 
species  in  the  category  of  forces.  Assuming  it  to  be  such, 
I  have  given  it  the  name  of  Bathmism. 

E.  D.  Cope,  Meth.  of  Creation,  p.  26. 


Bathmodon  (bath'mo-don),  n. 


[NL.,  <  Gr.  /?a9- 


opian  mole-like  rodents,  of  the  family  Spala- 
cidce,  or  mole-rats,  differing  from  Spalacince  in 
having  the  mandibular  angle  arising  beside  the 
socket  of  the  lower  incisors.  There  are  three 
genera,  Bathyergus,  Georychus,  and  Heliopho- 
bius. 

bathyergue  (bath'i-erg),  n.  A  rodent  quadru- 
ped of  the  genus  Bathyergus. 


fiaUvepyeiv,  plow  deep,  <  padvc,  deep,  +  epyov, 
work.]  A  genus  of  mole-rats,  of  the  subfamily 
BathyergincB,  having  grooved  upper  incisors. 

B.  maritimus  is 


fossU  hoofed  quadrupeds  named  by  Cope  in 
1872,  subsequently  identified  by  him  with  Cory- 
phodon  (which  see), 
bathmodont  (bath'mo-dont),  a.  [<  Bathmo- 
don{t-).'\  In  odontog.,  noting  a  pattern  of  denti- 
tion in  which  the  posterior  pair  of  tubercles  of 
the  upper  molars  are  approximated,  connected 
together,  and  compressed  and  subcrescentic 
in  section,  and  the  anterior  outer  tubercle  is 
connected  with  the  anterior  inner  one  by  an 
oblique  crest  forming  a  V.  Such  dentition  is 
characteristic  of  the  genus  Bathmodon. 


or^other  liquid;  go  into  water  to  bathe  one's  LwfoSSter  (ba-tTom'e-ter),  n.    [<  Gr.  /3d.of, 
'    ,       .  dejjth,  +  jxerpov,  a  measure.]    An  apparatus. 

They  bathe  m  summer,  and  in  winter  slide.       Waller,    consisting  of  a  spring-balance  of  peculiar  con- 
2.  To  be  immersed  or  surrounded  as  if  with    struction,  used  for  ascertaining  the  depth  of 
water.  water, 
bathe  (baTH),  n.    [<  bathe,  v."]    The  act  of  Bath  oolite.   See        stowe,  under  stome. 
bathing;  the  immersion  of  the  body  in  water :  bathorse  (bat'-  or  ba'hors),  w.     [<  ftai*  (F. 


large  species 
burrowing  in 
the  sand-dunes 
of  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  and 
called  coast-rat 
and  Zand-  or 
sand-mole;  it  is 
very  abundant, 
and  in  some 
places  the  sandy 
soil  is  honey- 
combed with  its  extensive  excavations.  The  fur  is  grayish- 
brown,  and  might  possess  commercial  value. 
Bathjonaster  (bath'i-mas-ter),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
jiadh^,  deep,  +  jxaarrip,  a  seeker.]  A  genus  of 
fishes,  typical  of  the  family  Bathymasteridw. 


Coast-rat  t^Bathyergus  tnaritimus). 


as,  to  take  one's  usual  bathe.    Edinburgh  Rev. 

[Confined  almost  entirely  to  Scotland,  where  a  distinction 
is  made  between  a  bathe  and  a  bath,  the  former  being  ap- 
plied to  an  immersion  in  the  sea,  a  river,  or  a  lake,  and 
the  latter  to  a  bath  for  which  artificial  conveniences  are 
used.) 

batheri  (ba'THer),  n.   1.  One  who  bathes;  one 

who  immerses  himself  in  water. —  2.  One  who 

bathes  another, 
bather^  (baTH'er),  V.  i.    [E.  dial.]   To  scratch 

and  rub  in  the  dust,  as  birds  do.  Hallitcell, 

[Prov.  Eng.] 


bdt),  a  pack-saddle,  +  horse.'}  In  the  British 
army,  a  horse  for  carrying  baggage  belonging 
to  an  officer  or  to  the  baggage-train.  Also  writ- 
ten bawhorse. 
bathos  (ba'thos),  w.  [Gr.  pddoc,  depth,  <  padhg, 
deep.  In  def.  2,  orig.  an  antithesis  to  vfoc, 
height,  the  sublime.]  1.  Depth;  lowest  part 
or  stage;  bottom.  [Rare.]  —  2.  A  ludicrous 
descent  from  the  elevated  to  the  commonplace 
or  ridiculous  in  writing  or  speech;  a  sinking; 
anticlimax. 


Ronquil  {Bathymaster  stgnatits). 

The  only  known  species  inhabits  water  of  moderate  depth 
about  rocks  along  the  northern  Pacific  coast  south  to 
Puget  Sound,  and  is  popularly  known  as  the  ronquil  or 
ronchil. 


Bathymasteridse 

Bathsrmasteridae  (bath*i-mas-ter'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Bathymaster  +  -idee.']  A  family  of  acan- 
thopterygian  fishes,  represented  by  the  genus 
Bathymaster,  and  scarcely  distinct  from  Latili- 
d(B  (which  see). 

bathymeter  (ba-thim'e-tSr),  n.  [<  Gr,  padhq, 
deep,  +  fiiTpov,  a  measure.]  An  instrument 
for  taking  soundings  at  sea. 

bathjraietric  (bath-l-met'rlk),  a.  [<  bathyme- 
try +  -«c.]  Pertaining  to  bathymetry  or  the 
measurement  of  depths,  especially  at  sea. — 

Bathymetric  zone,  iu  zougeog.,  one  of  the  horizontal 
belts  of  the  depths  of  the  sea  vertically  separated  by  their 
characteristic  fauna  and  flora.  Five  such  zones  are  reck- 
oned :  (1)  the  littoral,  between  tide-marks ;  (2)  the  lami- 
nanan,  from  low  water  to  about  15  fathoms;  (3)  the 
coralline,  from  that  to  about  50  fathoms ;  (4)  the  deep-sea, 
from  that  to  about  300 ;  (5)  the  abyssal,  from  that  to  the 
lowest  depths. 

bathjrmetrical  (bath-i-met'ri-kal),  a.  Same  as 
hathymetric. 

bathymetrically  (bath-i-met'ri-kal-i),  adv.  As 
regards  bathymetry ;  by  deep-sea  measurement 
or  sounding. 

bathymetry  (ba-thim'e-tri),  n.  [<  Gr.  jiadv^, 
deep,  +  -fiETpia,  <  fiirpov,  a  measure.]  The  art 
of  sounding  or  of  measuring  depths  in  the  sea. 

bathyphon  (bath'i-fon),  n.  A  musical  instru- 
ment of  the  clarinet  class,  having  a  single 
reed  and  a  wooden  tube,  and  a  compass  of 
nearly  three  octaves  from  the  third  D  below 
middle  C.  It  was  invented  in  1829  in  Berlin, 
but  was  soon  supplanted  by  the  tuba. 

Bathjrthrissa  (bath-i-thris'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
fiadv^,  deep,  -I-  dpiaaa,  Attic  dpirra,  a  certain  fish, 
otherwise  called  rpixiag,  <  6pi§  (rpix-),  hair.] 
The  typical  genus  of  the  family  Bathythrissidce, 
containing  one  known  species  (Bathythrissa 
dorsalis)  of  deep-water  fishes  with  some  resem- 
lilanee  to  a  herring  or  whitefish,  found  off  the 
coast  of  Japan. 

Bath3rthrissidae  (bath-i-thris'i-de),  n. pi.  [NL., 
<  Bathythrissa  +  -idee.]  A  famUy  of  malacop- 
terygian  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Bathy- 
thrissa. They  have  an  oblong  body  and  rounded  abdo- 
men, covered  with  cycloid  scales ;  the  margin  of  the  upper 
jaw  formed  by  the  intermaxillaries  mesially  and  by  the 
maxillarles  laterally  ;  complete  opercular  apparatus ;  very 
elongate  dorsal  fin ;  a  short  anal  fin  ;  the  stomach  with  a 
blind  sac;  numerous  pyloric  appendages;  and  ductless 
ovaries. 

batiator-root  (bat'i-a-tor-rot*),  n.  The  root  of 
an  undetermined  Brazilian  plant,  used  as  an 
emetic  and  in  dysentery. 

Batides  (bat'i-dez),  n.pl.  [NL.,  pi.  of  Batis  (a 
genus  of  fishes),  <  Gr.  parig,  a  flat  fish,  perhaps 
the  skate  or  ray.]  The  rays,  as  an  order  of 
selachians.    L.  Agassis.    See  Raice. 

batingl  (ba'ting),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bate^,  v.] 
The  act  of  beating  the  wings ;  fluttering ;  flut- 
tering away. 

bating^  (ba'ting),  prep.  [Orig.  ppr.  of  bate^, 
for  abate;  now  regarded  as  a  prep.]  Abating; 
taking  away ;  deducting ;  excepting. 

Bating  the  outward  respect  due  to  his  birth,  they  treat- 
ed him  [the  Prince  of  Cond^]  very  hardly  in  all  his  preten- 
sions. Bp.  Burnet,  Hist.  Own  Times,  an.  1677. 

bating^  (ba'ting),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  iate^,  v.] 
The  process  of  steeping  hides  and  skins  in 
an  alkaline  bath,  to  separate  the  lime,  oil,  and 
glutinous  matter,  and  render  them  soft  and 
pliable,  and  fit  for  tanning. 

batiste  (ba-tesf),  n.  [<  P.  batiste,  <  OF.  bap- 
tists; so  called,  it  is  said,  from  its  inventor, 
one  Baptiste,  a  linen-weaver  of  Cambrai  (see 
cambric)  in  French  Flanders.]  A  fine  linen 
cloth  made  in  Flanders  and  Picardy,  of  three  dif- 
ferent kinds  or  thicknesses ;  a  kind  of  cambric. 

batlerif  (bat'ler),  n.  [Appar.  for  battler^,  q.  v. 
Found  only  in  Shakspere,  with  a  var.  batlet.']  A 
small  bat  or  beetle  for  beating  clothes  in  wash- 
ing; a  clothes-pounder.  Also  called  batlet,  bat- 
tler, battril. 

I  remember  the  kissing  of  her  iatler  [so  in  early  edi- 
tions, but  in  most  modern  editions  batlet],  and  the  cow's 
dugs  that  her  pretty  chopped  hands  had  milked. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  4. 

batlerSf,    See  batteler. 

batlett  (bat'let),  n.  [<  Bail  +  dim.  -let;  but 
perhaps  an  error  for  batler^,  q.  v.]  Same  as 
batter^. 

batman^  (bat'-  or  ba'man),  «.;  pi.  batmen 
(-men).  [Formerly  also  "bateman ;  <  (F. 
bdt),  a  pack-saddle,  +  wa».]  A  person  al- 
lowed by  the  government  to  every  company  of 
a  regiment  on  foreign  service.  His  duty  is  to  take 
charge  of  the  cooking  utensils,  etc.,  of  the  company. 
There  is  in  the  charge  of  the  batman  a  bathorse  for  each 
company  to  convey  the  cooking  utensils  from  place  to 
place.    Imp.  Diet.    [Greiit  Britain.] 

batman^  (bat'man),  n.  [=  Russ.  latmanH,  < 
Turk,  batman,  batman,  a  weight,  the  same  as 


475 

the  Pers.  man  .*  see  maund^.  ]  A  Turkish  weight 
varying  in  amount  in  different  localities.  The 
batman  formerly  legal  tin-oughout  the  empire,  now  used 
in  Constantinople  and  Smyrna,  is  17  pounds  avoirdupois. 
The  great  batman  of  Constantinople  is  22.5  pounds;  the 
little  batman  is  5.6  pounds.  The  batman  of  Tabriz  is  6.4 
pounds  ;  the  batman  of  Shiraz  is  12.7  pomids  ;  the  batman- 
rei  of  Teheran  is  28.3  pounds. 

bat-money,  baw-money  (bat'-  or  ba'-,  bji'- 
mun"i),  n.  [<  bat^  +  money.]  Money  paid  to 
a  batman. 

batoid  (bat'oid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Batis  (a  genus 
of  fishes)  +  -oid.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Batoidei. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Batoidei. 
Batoidei  (ba-toi'de-i),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Batis  (a 
genus  of  fishes)  +  -oideus,  pi.  -oidei.']  In  Giin- 
ther's  system  of  classification,  a  suborder  of 
plagiostomatous  fishes  having  ventral  gill- 
openings  :  synonymous  with  Baice. 
Batolites  (bat-o-li'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  F.  bdton,  a 
staff  (see  baton),  -t-  Gr.  Xido^,  a  stone.]  A  genus 
of  straight  cylindrical  bivalve  fossil  shells,  al- 
lied to  the  hippurites.  Some  are  of  great  length, 
and  form  masses  of  rock  in  the  high  Alps.  Also 
written  Batolithes  and  Batolithus. 
batologist  (ba-tol'o-jist),  n.  {_<  ""batology  {< 
Gr.  /Sdrof,  a  bramble-bush,  +  -loyia,  <  leyetv, 
speak:  see  -ologij)  +  -ist.]  A  botanist  who  has 
made  a  special  study  of  the  genus  Ruhus,  or  the 
brambles,  the  numerous  European  species  of 
which  are  very  variable  and  exceedingly  diffi- 
cult to  determine, 
baton  (bat'on,  ba-ton',  or,  as  F.,  ba-ton'),  n. 
[This  word  appears  in  E.  in  various  forms ; 
first  as  baston  (<  OP.  basion  =  Sp.  baston  = 
Pg.  bastdo  =  It.  bastone,  <  ML.  basto(n-),  a  stick, 
staff,  of  unknown  origin),  then  baton  (<  F.  bd- 
ton), with  accent  on  first  syllable,  also  spelled 
button  and  batten  (see  batten^),  and  with  P.  ac- 
cent baton',  also  spelled  batoon,  battoon  (see 
batoon),  and  recently,  esp.  in  the  musical  use, 
pronounced  as  P. :  see  baston,  battoon,  batten"^.] 

1.  A  staff  or  club;  a  truncheon:  carried  either 

(a)  for  use  as  a  weapon,  as  a  policeman's  bat- 
on; (&)  as  a  mark  of  authority,  as  the  baton  of 
a  field-marshal;  or  (c)  as  a  warrant  to  do 
something,  as  the  baton  or  staff  carried  in 
Great  Britain  by  the  engineer  of  a  train  on  a 
single-track  railway,  as  his  authority  to  pro- 
ceed.— 2.  In  music:  (a)  The  stick  or  wand  used 
by  the  leader  of  a  chorus  or  an  orchestra  in  di- 
recting the  performance. 

When  I  went  home  I  made  myself  a  baton,  and  went 
about  the  fields  conducting  an  orchestra.  Dickens. 

(b)  A  rest  of  two  or  more  measures. — 3.  In 
her.,  same  as  baston,  1  (c). 

Also  spelled  button. 

To  wield  a  good  baton,  to  conduct  a  musical  perform- 
ance well. 

baton  (bat'on),  V.  t.  [<  baton,  «.]  To  strike 
with  a  baton ;  cudgel, 
baton-cross  (bat'on-kr6s),  M.  In  her.,  same  as 
cross  potent  ("which,  see,  under  cross'^). 
batoont  (ba-ton'),  n.  [An  older  form  of  baton, 
<  P.  bdton :  see  baton.  ]  1 .  A  club  or  truncheon ; 
a  baton. 

Although  his  shoulders  with  batoon 
Be  claw'd  and  cudgell'd  to  some  tune. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  II.  ii.  719. 

2.  A  staff  of  office.  See6ato»,  1. —  3.  In  her., 
same  as  baston,  1  (c). — 4.  In  arch.,  same  as 
baston,  2. 

bat-printing  (bafprin'-'ting),  n.  In  ceram.,  a 
mode  of  printing  patterns  in  color  upon  glazed 
ware.  An  engraving  on  copper  is  made  with  fine  lines, 
from  which  an  impression  is  taken  in  linseed-oil  on  a  thin 
slab  of  gelatin.  This  impression  is  transferred  to  the  glazed 
ware,  and  over  it  is  then  dusted  a  metallic  color,  which 
clings  to  the  oil,  and  is  afterward  melted  and  fixed  by  fir- 
ing. See  ball,  13. 
Batrachia  (ba-tra'ld-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  prop. 
Batrachia,  <  Gr.  parpaxeia,  neut.  pi.  (sc.  (va, 
animals)  of  liarpdxuo^,  fi-og-like,  <  (iarpaxog,  a 
fro^,  with  numerous  dialectic  variants,  fSdpaKoc, 
pparaxoc,  Ppdraxog,  (Sorpaxoc,  (ipvTtxog,  phpdanoc, 
pddpaKog,  etc.,  indicating  an  imitative  origin.] 
1.  Formerly,  as  in  Cuvier's  system  of  classifica- 
tion, an  order  of  reptiles,  containing  the  frogs, 
toads,  newts,  salamanders,  etc.,  and  coexten- 
sive with  the  modem  class  Amphibia;  the  am- 
phibians, or  those  vertebrates  which  breathe 
at  first  by  gills,  and  then,  generally,  lose  the 
gUls  and  breathe  by  lungs.— 2.  Now,  an  order 
of  Amphibia,  synonymous  with  Anura^  (which 
see),  containing  the  frogs  and  toads  only,  or 
those  amphibians  which  lose  the  tail  as  well  as 

the  gills.  The  leading  families  are  the  Pipictce,  or  Suri- 
nam toads ;  the  Ranidce,  frogs ;  the  Bufonidce,  ordinary 
toads ;  and  the  Hylidoe,  tree-frogs.    See  cut  under  Anura 


batster 

batrachian  (ba-tra'ki-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Batra- 
chia +  -an.]  I.  a.  Of  "or  pertaining  to  the  Ba- 
trachia, especially  frogs  and  toads. 

The  batrachian  hymns  from  the  neighboring  swamp. 

0.  W.  Ilolmea,  Autocrat,  ix. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Batrachia. 
batrachid  (bat'ra-kid),  n.    A  fish  of  the  family 

Batrachidce. 

Batrachidse  (ba-trak'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Ba- 
trachus  +  -id(e.]    A  family  of  acanthopterygian 
fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Batrachus,  with  un-  < 
armed  cheeks,  a  dorsal  fin  developed  and  com- 
posed of  a  few  sharp  spines,  and  jugular  and 

imperfect  ventral  fins.  Tlie  species  are  mostly  inhabi- 
tants of  subtropical  or  temperate  sea.s,  and  are  known  in 
Nortli  .America  as  tnad-lislies.    See  cut  under  tnad-Jinh. 

batrachite  (bat'ra-kit),  n.    [<  L.  batrachites,  < 
Gr.  iiaTpax'iTTic,  a  frog-green  stone,  <  fidrpaxor,  a 
frog.]    1.  A  fossil  or  stone  in  color  resembling 
a  frog;  toadstone. — 2.  A  mineral  identical 
with  the  Vesuvian  monticellite  (which  see),  be- 
longing to  the  chrysolite  group, 
batrachoid  (bat'ra-koid),  a.    [<  Gr.  *PaTpaxoet- 
i^g,  contr.  parpaxoiiric,  frog-like,  <  [idrpaxog,  a 
frog,  +  elSog,  form.]    Having  the  form  of  a 
frog  ;  pertaining  to  the  Batrachia. 
batracholite  (ba-trak'o-Ht),  n.    [<  Gr.  ftdrpaxog, 
a  frog,  -f-  Aidoc,  a  stone.]    A  fossil  batrachian. 
batrachomyomachy  (bat'ra-ko-mi-om'a-ki),  n. 
[<  L.  Batrachomyomachia,  <  Gr.  fiarpaxo/ivo/iaxia, 
name  of  a  mock-heroic  poem  traditionally  as- 
cribed to  Homer,  <  ftdrpaxoc,  a  frog,  +  //if,  = 
E.  mouse,  +  pdxn,  a  battle.]    A  battle  between 
the  frogs  and  mice  ;  specifically  (cap.),  the  title 
of  an  ancient  Greek  parody  on  the  Hiad. 
batrachophagous  (bat-ra-kof 'a-gus),  a.    [<  Gr. 
l3dTpaxoQ,  a  frog,  -I-  cjiayelv,  eat.]     Feeding  on 
frogs;  frog-eating;  ranivorous. 
Batrachophidia  (bat"ra-ko-fid'i-a),  n. pi.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  jidrpaxog,  a  frog,"  +  o^iq,  a  serpent :  see 
ophidian.]  An  order  of  Amphibia  represented 
by  the  family  CcBciliidce :  same  as  Ophiomorpha. 
Also  Batrachophidii. 

batrachophobia  (baf'ra-ko-fo'bi-a),  n.    [<  Gr. 
(idTpaxog,  a  frog,  -f  -<j>ojiia,  <  ^oiinv,  fear.] 
Dread  of  batraehians  ;  aversion  to  toads,  frogs, 
etc.  [Rare.] 
Batrachopsida  (bat-ra-kop'si-da), «.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  pdrpaxog,  a  frog,  +  oi/'if,  appearance,  + 
eMof,  form.]  A  primary  group  or  superclass  of 
Fertebrata,  conterminous  with  the  class  Am- 
phibia, contrasted  with  Saiiropsida. 

Batrachospermese (bat"ra-ko-sper'me-e),  n.pl. 
[NL.,  <  Batrachospermum  '+  -ece.]'  A  small 
group  of  fresh-water  algas  classed  with  the  red 
seaweeds,  consisting  of  articulated  filaments 
with  whorls  of  necklace-like  branches.  The 
principal  genus  is  Batrachospermum,  sparingly 
represented  in  the  United  States. 
Batrachospermum  (bat'ra-ko-sper'mum),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  pdrpaxoc,  a  frog,  +  OTripjua,  seed.] 
A  genus  of  alg£e,  belonging  to  the  order  of  red 
seaweeds,  Floridece,  and  family  Batrachosper- 

mece,  Batrachospermum  monili/orme  is  the  commonest 
of  the  few  red  algae  which  are  found  in  fresh  water.  It 
consists  of  necklace-like  branching  filaments  tinged  with 
some  shade  of  red  or  sometimes  only  grass-green,  and 
grows  in  ditches  and  springs. 

batrachostomous  (bat-ra-kos'to-mus),  a.  [< 
Gr.  pdrpaxoc,  a  frog,  +  oTd/ua,  mouth.]  Prog- 
mouthed;  having  a  mouth  like  a  frog:  spe- 
cifically applied  to  birds  of  the  genus  Ba- 
trachostomiis. 
Batrachostomus  (bat-ra-kos'to-mus),  n.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  pdrpaxog,  a  frog,'  +  crifia,  mouth.]  A 
genus  of  East  Indian  fissirostral  piearian  birds, 
of  the  family  Caprimulgidce,  or  goatsuckers, 
sometimes  combined  with  Podargus  in  a  family 
Fodargidw,  the  frogmouths,  or  frog-mouthed 
goatsuckers :  so  called  from  the  enoiTnous  ex- 
tent of  the  mouth.  The  genus  includes  a  number  of 
species  of  India,  Java,  Borneo,  Ceylon,  Malacca,  etc.,  which 
are  among  the  very  largest  and  most  notable  of  the  capri- 
mulgine  series.  B.  javanensis  is  a  leading  species.  Bom- 
bycistoma  and  Bombycistomus  are  synonyms. 

Batrachus  (bat  'ra-kus),  n.  [L. ,  <  Gr.  fidrpaxog,  a 
frog :  see  Batrachia.]    A  genus  of  fishes,  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Batrachida',  containing  the 
toad-fish,  B.  tau,  of  the  North  Atlantic,  and 
several  closely  related  species.    See  toad-fish. 
bat-shell  (bat'shel),  n.    [<  bat^  +  shell.]  A 
mollusk,  a  species  of  Voluta,  V.  vesper tilio,  of  a 
dusky-brown  color, 
batsman  (bats'man),  n.;  pi.  batsmen  (-men). 
[<  bat's,  poss.  of        +  man.]   One  who  wields 
the  bat  in  base-ball,   cricket,   and  similar 
games;  a  batter, 
batster  (bat'ster),  «.    [<  bafi-,  v.,  -t-  -ster.]  A 
batsman  or  batter. 


batt 


476 


batter 


batt,  «■  An  obsolete  spelling  of  haf^,  still  ooca- 
sioiially  used  in  some  senses.   See  Ixit^,  10,  11. 

batta^  (bat'ii),  «.  [Anglo-Ind.,  formerly  also 
battcc  (cf.  baity'^),  Pg.  bata  (later  in  Hind.,  etc., 
bliatci,  blidtci,  allowance  for  maintenance),  per- 
haps <  Cauarese  bhatta,  rice  in  the  husk  (see 
batty'2),  generalized  to  '  subsistence.']  In  Brit- 
ish India:  («)  Subsistence-money  given  to 
soldiers,  witnesses,  prisonei-s,  and  others,  (b) 
An  allowance  in  adtlition  to  their  pay  origi- 
nally made  to  troops  serving  in  the  field. 
"  Military  hatta,  oritciiially  an  occasional  allowance,  as 
detined,  <;ie\v  to  he  a  constant  addition  to  the  pay  of  offi- 
cers in  India,  and  constituted  the  chief  part  of  tlie  excess 
of  Indian  over  English  military  emoluments."  (Vule  and 
liitnifll.)  It  was  reduced  one  half  by  the  governor-gen- 
eral Lord  William  Bentinck  in  1828. 

batta-  (bat'ii),  «.  [Anglo-Ind.  Hind,  battd, 
Beng.  bdttd  (cerebral  t).}  In  British  India, 
agio;  discount;  difference  of  exchange, 
battablet  (bat'a-bl),  o.  [<  bat- in  battle^,  bat- 
tex^,  etc.,  +  -able;  perhaps,  like  batful,  a  per- 
version of  battle^,  a.]  Fattening  ;  serviceable 
as  pasture.    Also  spelled  batable. 

Masinissa  made  many  inward  parts  of  Barbary  and  Nu- 
midia  in  Africk  (before  his  time,  incult  and  horrid)  fruit- 
ful and  battable  by  this  means. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  To  the  Reader, 
battage  (ba-tiizh').  n.  [F.,  <  battrc,  beat:  see 
h(ite^.~\  1.  Beating;  the  operation  of  beating. 
—  2.  In  agri.,  threshing. —  3.  The  operation  of 
pulverizing  or  incorporating  the  ingredients  of 
gunpowder  by  the  old  method  of  stamping  with 
pestles. 

Also  wrongly  spelled  batage. 
battailantt,  «.  and  n.    [Also  bafteilant,  battel- 
lant,  <  F.  bataillant,  ppr.  of  batailler,  combat: 
see  battle^,  v.]  I.  a.  Combatant. 

I  saw  an  Elephant, 
Adorn'd  mth  bells  and  bosses  gorgeouslie, 
That  on  his  backe  did  beare  (as  hatteilant) 
A  gilden  towre,  which  shone  exceedinglie. 

Spenser,  World's  Vanitie,  st.  8. 

II.  ».  A  combatant, 
battailoust  (bat'e-lus),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
battelous,  battellous,  battlous,  etc.,  <  ME.  batai- 
lous,  batelome,  bateUous,  <  OF.  bataillous, 
bateillous,  warlike,  <  bataille,  battle.]  War- 
like ;  bellicose ;  ready  for  battle. 

In  sunbright  arnies,  and  battailous  array. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  v.  2. 
The  French  came  foremost,  battailous  and  bold. 

Fair/ax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  i,  37. 
Thoughts  and  images  like  stately  fleets,  .  .  .  some  deep 
with  silk  and  spicery,  some  brooding  over  the  silent  thun- 
ders of  their  battailous  armaments. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  ii.  241. 

battaliat  (ba-ta'lia),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also6«- 
talia,  batallia,  batiaglio,  etc.,<  It.  battaglia  (= 
Sp.  batalla  =  Pg.  Pr.  batalha  =  OF.  bataille,  > 
E.  battle^),  battle,  squadron:  see  battle'^.']  1. 
Order  of  battle ;  battle  array. 

I  have  made  all  his  troops  and  companies 
Advance,  and  put  themselves  ranged  in  battalia. 

Chapman,  Revenge  of  Bussy  D'Ambois,  iii.  1. 

2.  Milit. :  (a)  A  large  body  of  men  in  order  of 
battle  or  on  the  march,  whether  a  whole  army 
or  one  of  the  great  divisions  of  it;  a  host;  an 
army. 

K.  Rich.  Who  hath  descried  the  number  of  the  traitors? 
Nor.  Six  or  seven  thousand  is  their  utmost  power. 
E.  Rich.  Why,  our  battalia  trebles  that  account. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  v.  3. 
[This  is  the  reading  of  the  folios  ;  the  quarto  editions  read 
battalion.] 

In  three  battalias  does  the  king  dispose 
His  strength,  which  all  in  ready  order  stand, 
And  to  each  other's  rescue  near  at  hand. 

May,  Edward  III. 
(6)  The  main  body  or  center  of  an  army. 

Wee  quickly  plac'd  .Jockey  in  the  right  wing,  Sir  John 
in  the  left  wing,  and  Old  Nick  in  the  Battalia. 

Sacr.  Decretal,  14.    (N.  E.  D.) 

battalion  (ba-tal'yon),  M.  [Formerly  also  ba- 
tallion,  bataillon,  etc.,  <  F.  bataillon,  <  It.  bat- 
taglione,  battalion,  aug.  of  battaglia,  a  battle, 
squadi'on:  see  battalia,  battle^.']  If.  An  army 
in  battle  array. 

He  through  the  armed  files 
Darts  his  experienced  eye,  and  soon  traverse 
The  whole  battalion  views.       Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  669. 

2.  In  general,  any  distinct  portion  of  an  army 
or  minor  body  of  troops  acting  together:  as, 
God  is  on  the  side  of  the  largest  battalions  (a 
saying  attributed  to  Turenne) ;  a  battalion  of 
infantry,  cavalry,  grenadiers,  voltigeurs,  etc.  in 

the  United  States  two  or  more  detached  companies  of  in- 
fantry, squadrons  of  cavalry,  or  liatttries  of  artillery  serv- 
ing together  are  called  a  battalion,  simply  for  convenience. 

3.  Technically,  a  body  of  infantry  composed 
of  two  or  more  companies  forming  part  of  a 
regiment,  or  sometimes  constituting  a  whole 

regiment,  in  European  armies  an  infantry  regiment  is 
usually  divided  into  three  battalions,  sometimes  with  a 


fonrth  in  reser\-e  from  which  losses  in  the  others  are 
tilled.  Formerly  the  regiments  of  the  United  States 
army,  then  consisting  of  twelve  compaiues,  were  divided 
into  three  liattalions ;  but  now  each  regiment  of  ten  com- 
panies constitutes  a  single  battalion. 

battalioned  (ba-tal'j'ond),  a.  [<  battalion  + 
-(  (/-.]    Formed  into  battalions. 

batteau,  n.    See  bateau. 

battel^t,     and  V.    See  battle^. 

battel-t,  V.    See  battle"^. 

batteFt,  «•  and  v.    See  battle^. 

battel^  (bat'l),  n.  [Usually  in  pi.  battels,  also 
battles,  battclls,  first  found  in  the  16th  century, 
Latinized  batilli,  batellw;  a  peculiar  college 
use,  of  uncertain  origin.  The  sense  of  'provi- 
sions' appears  much  later  than  that  of  'charges 
therefor,'  but,  if  original,  suggests  a  connection 
with  battel^,  battle^,  v.,  feed :  see  battle^.']  1.  pi. 
At  the  university  of  Oxford  in  England :  (a)  Col- 
lege accounts  for  board  and  provisions  supplied 
from  the  kitchen  and  buttery.  (6)  The  whole 
of  the  college  aceoimts  for  board  and  lodgings, 
rates,  tuition,  and  contributions  to  various 
funds. —  2.  At  Eton  college,  a  small  allowance 
of  food  which,  in  addition  to  the  college  allow- 
ance, the  collegers  receive  from  their  dames. 
JHchardsoH, 

battel*  (bat'l),  V.  i.  [<  batten,  w.]  To  stand 
indebted  in  the  college-books  at  Oxford  for 
provisions  and  drink  from  tlie  buttery. 

battelert,  [Also  batteller,  battler,  batler ;  < 
buttcli,  battle^,  +  -e)-l.]  1 .  A  student  at  Oxford 
indebted  in  the  college-books  for  provisions 
and  drink  at  the  buttery. —  2.  One  of  a  rank  or 
order  of  students  at  Oxford  below  commoners; 
a  poor  student. 

Pierce  Pennyless,  exceeding  poor  scholar,  that  hath  made 
clean  shoes  in  both  universities,  and  been  a  pitiftd  battler 
all  thy  lifetime.  Middleton,  The  Black  Book. 

battement  (bat'ment;  F.  pron.  bat-e-mou'),  n. 
[F.,<  battre,  beat:  see  bate^,  bat^,  and  -ment.~] 

1.  A  beating;  striking;  impulse. —  2.  Inmusic, 
a  trill-like  ornament,  consisting  of  a  slovsr  shake 
of  a  tone  with  the  next  tone  below,  beginning 
with  the  latter :  common  in  old-fashioned  music. 

batten^  (bat'n),  v.  [Not  found  in  ME.,  but 
prob.  existent  dialectally;  <  Icel.  batna,  grow 
better,  improve,  recover,  =  Goth,  ga-batnan,  be 
bettered,  profit,  avail,  a  neut.  passive  foi'm  from 
the  pp.  *batans  of  a'  lost  strong  verb,  *batan 
(pret.  ^bot),  be  useful,  profit,  boot,  represented 
secondarily  by  D.  MLG.  LG.  batcn,  profit,  avail, 
help,  and  in  E.  by  the  derived  forms  bct^,  bct- 
teri,  and  boot^:  see  bet'^,  better'^,  and  boof^.  A 
noun,  *bat,  improvement,  profit  (cf.  Icel.  bati, 
improvement,  advantage,  D.  baat,  MLG.  LG. 
bate,  advantage,  profit,  gain),  is  implied  as  the 
formal  base  of  the  adjectives  batful,  battable, 
but  these  are  appar.  manipulated  forms  of  the 
orig.  adj.  battle^,  from  the  verbal  root.]  I,  in- 
trans.  1.  To  become  better ;  improve  in  condi- 
tion (especially  by  feeding) ;  grow  fat;  thrive. 

It  makes  her  fat,  you  see ;  she  battens  with  it. 

B.  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  feed  gluttonously;  figuratively,  gratify 
a  morbid  appetite  or  craving ;  gloat :  absolute- 
ly, or  with  on  or  upon. 

Have  you  eyes  ? 
Could  you  on  this  fair  mountain  leave  to  feed. 
And  batten  on  this  moor?         Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 

Her  savage  birds 
O'er  human  carcasses  do  scream  and  batten.  J.  Baillie. 
The  moths,  that  were  then  battening  upon  its  obsolete 
ledgers  and  day-books,  liave  rested  from  their  depreda- 
tions. Lamb,  South-Sea  House. 

Melancholy  sceptics  .  .  .  who  batten  on  the  hideous 
facts  in  history.     Emerson,  Society  and  Solitude,  x.  220. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  thrive ;  prosper ;  live  in 
ease  and  luxury,  especially  at  the  expense  or 
to  the  detriment  of  others :  ■with  on,  formerly 
also  with :  as,  to  batten  on  ill-gotten  gains. 

And  with  these  thoughts  so  battens,  as  if  fate 
Would  be  as  easily  cheated  on  as  he. 

B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  i.  1. 
II.  trans.  1.  To  improve  by  feeding;  fat- 
ten ;  make  fat  or  cause  to  thrive  'with  plenteous 
feeding. 

Battening  o\a  flocks  with  the  fresh  dews  of  night. 

Milton,  Lycidas,  1.  29. 

2f.  To  fertilize  or  enrich  (the  soil), 
batten^  (bat'n),  n.    [A  more  English  spelling 
of  batton,  baton,  prevailing  in  the  non-literary 
uses  of  the  word:  see  baton,  batoon,  baston.'] 
1 .  A  strip  or  scantling  of  wood.  Specifically  — 

(a)  A  bar  nailed  across  parallel  boards  (as  those  forminga 
door,  shutter,  etc.)  to  keep  them  together,  (h)  One  of  tlie 
strips  used  as  supports  for  the  laths  of  a  plastered  wall, 
or  for  nailing  over  the  cracks  between  boards,  (c)  One  of 
the  narrow  strips  nailed  to  a  mast  or  spar,  at  a  place  ex- 
I)osed  to  friction,  to  prevent  chafing,  (d)  A  naiTow  strip 
used  to  nail  down  the  edges  of  a  tarpaulin  over  a  hatch- 


way, to  prevent  leaking  in  stormy  weather,  (e)  A  wooden 
bar  or  cleat  nailed  to  the  beam  of  a  ship,  from  which  the 
seamen's  hanuiiocks  are  slung.  (/)  One  of  the  long  slips 
used  in  the  molding-loft  of  a  ship-yard  in  tracing  lines 
and  setting  fair  the  shear  of  a  ship  in  molding. 

2.  In  com.,  squared  timber  of  6  or  more  feet 
in  length,  7  inches  in  width,  and  2+  inches 
in  thickness,  used  in  cai-pentry  and  house- 
building for  various  purjicses.  Pieces  less 
than  6  feet  long  are  known  as  batten-ends. — 

3.  In  weaving,  the  beam  for  striking  the  weft 
home;  a  lathe — Louvered  or  loovered  battens, 

battens  fitted  ill  frames,  or  between  stambiuns,  in  parti- 
tions, etc.,  at  such  an  angle  as  to  admit  air,  and  yet  to  pre. 
vent  dirt  from  entering.  Fincham,  Ship-building,  iv.  83. 
See  louver. 

batten^  (bat'n),  v.  t.  [<  batten'^,  h.]  To  form 
or  fasten  with  battens  To  batten  down  the 

hatches  of  a  ship,  to  cover  them  with  tarpaulins  and  nail 
battens  over  their  edges,  so  as  to  prevent  water  from  leak- 
ing below  during  bad  weather. 

batten-door  (bat'n-dor),  n.  A  door  made  of 
naiTow  boards  held  together  by  means  of  cross- 
battens  nailed  to  them. 

[He]  stepped  cautiously  up  to  one  of  the  batten  doors 
with  an  auger,  and  succeeded,  without  arousing  any  one, 
in  boring  a  hole.    G.  W.  Cable,  The  Grandissimes,  p.  107. 

battening  (bat'ning),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  bat- 
1.  The  operation  of  fixing  to  a  wall  bat- 
tens, to  which  are  to  be  nailed  laths  to  receive 
plastering. — 2.  The  battens  tixed  to  a  wall  for 
this  purpose, 
batteri  (bat'er),  v.  [<  ME.  bateren,  batren, 
with  freq.  formative  -er,  <  bat-  (repr.  in  ME.  by 
bafeii  (only  intrans.)  in  the  sense  of  bate  or 
flutter  as  a  hawk  (see  bate'^);  in  later  ME. 
and  mod.  E.  regarded  as  freq.  of  bat  (late  ME. 
batten)^  from  the  noun  bat^,  which  may  be  of 
the  same  ult.  origin),  <  OF.  batre,  P.  battre  = 
Pr.  batre  =  Sp.  batir  =  Pg.  batcr  =  It.  battere, 
<  ML.  (LL.)  batcre,  battere  for  L.  batuere,  bat- 
tuere,  beat,  strike:  see  batc^,  battle^,  etc.  Not 
connected  with  E.  ftea/i.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  beat 
upon  or  against ;  strike  with  repeated  blows ; 
pound  violently,  as  with  the  fist,  a  hammer  or 
bludgeon,  a  battering-ram,  cannon-shot,  etc. : 
as,  to  batter  a  door  for  admittance;  to  batter 
the  walls  of  a  city  (-with  or  without  effect). 
The  thunderer,  whose  bolt,  you  know. 
Sky-planted,  batters  all  rebellious  coasts. 

Shak.,  Cyrabeline,  v.  4. 
[The]  whole  artillery  of  the  western  blast. 
Battering  the  Temple's  front,  its  long-drawn  nave, 
Smiting  as  if  each  moment  were  their  last. 

Wordsworth,  Cave  of  Staffa. 

2.  To  bruise,  break,  or  shatter  by  beating ;  in- 
jirre  the  substance  of  by  blows ;  pound  out  of 
form  or  condition:  as,  to  batter  a  person's 
countenance ;  a  battered  wall  or  tower;  to  bat- 
ter type  (that  is,  bruise  the  face  of  it). 

Now  were  the  walls  beaten  with  the  rams,  and  many  parts 
thereof  shaken  and  battered.   Holland,  tr.  of  Livy,  p.  397. 

3.  In  forging,  to  spread  outwardly,  as  the  ends 
of  a  metal  bar  or  rod,  by  hammering ;  upset. 
E.  H.  Knight. 

II.  intrans.  To  act  by  beating  or  striking; 
use  repeated  blows ;  practise  pounding :  as,  to 
batter  away  at  a  door ;  to  batter  upon  a  wall ; 
battering  cannon. 

With  all  her  battering  engines  bent  to  rase 
Some  capital  city.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  923. 

Besiegers  break  ground  at  a  safe  distance,  and  advance 
gradually  till  near  enough  to  batter. 

Abp.  Whately,  Eleni.  of  Rhetoric,  I.  iii.  §  5. 
To  batter  at,  to  make  attacks  upon ;  try  to  overthrow  or 
destroy. 

The  tyrant  has  not  batter'd  at  their  peace? 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 
To  batter  in  breach,  (a)  To  direct  a  heavy  cannonade 
from  a  breaching  battery  against  a  selected  part  of  the 
wall  or  rampart  inclosing  an  enemy's  fortification,  in 
order  to  level  or  destroy  it,  and  make  an  effective  breach 
or  opening  through  which  an  assault  in  force  may  be 
made,  (b)  Specifically,  to  attempt  to  breach  an  enemy's 
works  by  means  of  a  battery  mounted  in  the  third  paral- 
lel. To  batter  in  breach,  a  sufficient  number  of  guns 
should  be  employed  to  maintain  a  practically  continuous 
fire,  so  as  to  prevent  the  enemy  from  repairing  the  dam- 
age, and  to  obtain  the  cumulative  eft'ect  due  to  heavy 
firing  against  a  single  point.  Breaching  is  sometimes  ac- 
complished by  firing  simultaneous  or  alternate  volleys 
from  two  or  more  batteries. 

batter!  (bat'er),  n.  [<  batter'^,  t'.]  1.  A  heavy 
blow. — 2.  In  printing,  a  blur  or  defect  in  a 
sheet  produced  by  battered  type  ;  a  spot  show- 
ing the  broken  state  of  the  type. —  3.  In  ceram., 
a  mallet  used  to  flatten  out  wet  clay  before 
molding.    See  batting-block. 

batter^  (bat'er),  v.  i.  [Origin  unknown;  per- 
haps connected  in  some  way  with  batter^,  or 
with  F.  abattre,  beat  down.]  To  incline  from 
the  perpendicular :  said  of  a  wall  whose  face 
recedes  as  it  rises :  opposed  to  overhang. 
Retaining  and  breast  walls  batter  towards  the  bank. 

E.  II.  Knight,  Amer.  Mech.  Diet.,  I.  247. 


batter 

batter^  (bat'er),  n.  [<  ME.  bater,  batcre,  batour, 
bature,  <  OP.  bature,  a  beating,  metal  beaten 
out  thin,  <  baire,  beat ;  cf.  Sp.  batido,  batter,  < 
batir,  beat:  see  batter'^.  Cf.  batturc.']  1.  A 
mixture  of  several  ingredients,  as  flour,  eggs, 
salt,  etc.,  beaten  together  with  some  liquid, 
used -in  cookery. —  2.  Flour  and  water  made 
into  paste ;  specifically,  the  paste  used  in  sizing 
cloth.  [Scotch.] 

batter 3  (bat'er),  t;.  t  [Sc.,  <  6a«ter3,  m.,  2.]  To 
paste  together;  cover  with  things  pasted  on: 
as,  to  batter  the  walls  with  placards.  [Scotch.] 

batter*  (bat'er),  n.  [<  baf^,  v.,  +  -e>-i.]  One 
who  bats ;  especially,  in  base-ball  and  cricket, 
one  who  wields  the  bat ;  the  batsman. 

He  [the  bowler]  bowls  a  ball  almost  wide  to  the  off ;  the 
batter  steps  out,  and  cuts  it  beautifully  to  where  cover- 
point  is  standing. 

T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown's  School-Days,  ii.  8. 
battered  (bat'erd),  p.  a.    [<  batter'^  +  -etZS.] 
Beaten  down  or  bmised ;  worn  or  impaired,  as 
by  beating  or  long  service :  as,  a  battered  pave- 
ment; battered  typQ ;  &  battered  j&^e. 

The  Tory  party,  according  to  those  perverted  views  of 
Toryism  unhappily  too  long  prevalent  in  this  country, 
was  held  to  be  literally  defunct,  except  by  a  few  old  bat- 
tered crones  of  office.  Disraeli. 

batterer  (bat'er-er),  n.  One  who  batters  or 
beats. 

batterfangt,  v.  t.  [Appar.  <  batter^  +  fang.'] 
To  assail  with  fists  and  nails ;  beat  and  beclaw. 
[Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.]    jV.  E.  D. 

batter-head  (bat'er-hed),  n.  That  head  of  a 
drum  which  is  beaten. 

batteriat  (ba-te'ri-a),  n.  [ML.:  see  battery, 
13.]  Beaten  metal,  or  metal  prepared  for  beat- 
ing: a  term  used  from  the  fourteenth  to  the 
seventeenth  century  for  the  thin  plate-metal  of 
which  vessels  and  utensils  were  made.  See  bat- 
terij,  13. 

batterie  (bat'er-i),  «.  [F.,  a  beating,  etc. :  see 
battery.']  1.  A  roll  upon  the  side-  or  snare- 
drum. —  2.  A  method  of  playing  the  guitar  by 
striking  the  strings  instead  of  plucking  them. — 
3,  An  obsolete  designation  for  a  staccato  arpeg- 
giation  of  the  chords  of  an  accompaniment. 
Compare  Alberti  bass  (under  bass^)  and  arpeggio. 

battering  (bat'er-ing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  batter'^.] 
Sloping  upward  and  inward,  as  a  terrace  or 
bank. 

The  system  of  its  construction  is  that  known  as  pyram- 
idal or  battering.  Athenaeum,  No.  3067,  p.  182. 

battering-charge  (bat'er-ing-charj),  n.  The 
maximum  charge  of  powder  prescribed  for  use 
in  heavy  guns ;  a  charge  used  in  battering  an 
enemy's  works. 

battering-gun  (bat'er-ing -gun),  n.  Same  as 
battering-piece. 

battering-piece  (bat'er-ing-pes),  n.  Milit.,  a 
cannon  of  heavy  caliber  adapted  for  demolish- 
ing defensive  works. 

battering-ram  (bat'er-ing:-ram),  w.  1.  An  an- 
cient military  engine  consisting  of  a  large  beam 
shod  with  metal,  sometimes  vrith  a  head  some- 
what resembling  the  head  of  a  ram  (whence  the 
name),  used  to  batter  or  beat  down  the  defenses 
of  besieged  places,  in  its  simplest  form  it  was  car- 
ried and  forcibly  driven  against  the  wall  by  the  hands"  of 
the  soldiers,  but  more  commonly  it  was  suspended  by  ropes 
from  a  beam  which  was  supported  by  posts,  and  balanced 
so  as  to  swing  backward  and  forward,  being  in  this  way 
impelled  against  the  wall  with  much  more  ease  and  effect. 
It  was  also  often  mounted  on  wheels  and  worked  under 
cover,  the  assailants  being  protected  by  a  movable  shed 
from  the  missiles  of  the  besieged. 

2.  A  heavy  blacksmiths'  hammer,  suspended, 

and  worked  horizontally, 
battering-rule,  n.    See  batter-rule. 
battering-train  (bat'er-ing-tran),  11.    Milit.,  a 

train  of  heavy  ordnance  for  siege  operations, 
batter-level  (bat'er-lev'-'el),  n.    An  instrument 

for  measuring  the  inclination  of  a  slope.  See 

cVmometer. 

batter-rule,  battering-rule  (bat'er-rol,  -ing- 
rol),  An  instrument  for  regulating  the  bat- 
ter or  inclination  in  building  a  sloping  wall. 
It  consists  of  a  plunjb-line  attached  to  a  triangular  frame, 
one  side  of  which  is  fixed  at  the  required  angle  with  the 
line,  the  plummet  hanging  vertically. 

Battersea  enamel.   See  enamel. 

battery  (bat'er-i),  w. ;  pi.  batteries  (-iz).  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  batery,  batterie,  <  P.  batterie  {=  Pr, 
bataria  =  Sp.  Pg.  bateria  =  It.  batteria;  ML. 
hatterid),  a  beating,  battery,  <  battre,  beat:  see 
batter^  -ery .]  If.  The  act  of  battering;  at- 
tack or  assault,  with  the  view  of  beating  down, 
as  by  a  battering-ram  or  by  ordnance. 

At  one  place  above  the  rest,  by  continual  batterie  there 
was  such  a  breach  as  the  towne  lay  open  and  naked  to  the 
enemie.  Uolland,  tr.  of  Livy,  p.  397. 


477 

Bring  therefore  all  the  forces  that  ye  may, 
And  lay  incessant  battery  to  her  heart. 

Spenser,  Sonnets,  xiv. 
Long  time  you  fought,  redoubled  battery  bore, 
But,  after  all,  against  yourself  you  swore. 

Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  1.  626. 

2.  In  law,  the  unlawful  boating  of  another. 

The  least  degree  of  violence,  or  even  the  touching  or  spit- 
ting in  the  face  of  another,  in  anger  or  in.solence,  consti- 
tutes a  battery.  Every  battery  includes  an  assault,  though 
an  iissault  does  not  necessarily  imply  that  it  must  be  such 
as  to  threaten  a  l)attery.    See  axsauLt. 

3.  The  instrument  or  agency  employed  in  bat- 
tering or  attacking:  as,  a  battery  of  guns;  a 
&a«e>7/ of  abuse.  Specifically— 4.  Milit.:  («) 
A  body  of  cannon  for  field  operations,  consist- 
ing generally  of  from  4  to  8  guns,  with  com- 
plement of  wagons,  artillerymen,  etc.  {h)  The 
armament  of  a  ship  of  war:  as,  the  Colorado's 
battery  consists  of  46  nine-inch  guns. —  5.  The 
personnel  or  complement  of  ofiicers  and  men 
attached  to  a  military  battery. —  6.  In  fort.,  a 
parapet  thrown  up  to  cover  the  gunners  and 
others  from  the  enemy's  shot,  with  the  guns 
employed ;  a  fortified  work  mounting  artillery. 

Admiral  Farragut  had  run  the  batteries  at  Port  Hudson 
with  the  flagship  Hartford  and  one  iron-clad  and  visited 
me  from  below  Vicksburg. 

U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I.  464. 

7.  In  base-ball,  the  pitcher  and  catcher  together : 
as,  the  work  of  the  battery  was  excellent. — 

8.  (a)  In  frictional  elect.,  a  number  of  Leyden 


■Leyden-jar  Battery. 

jars  usually  arranged  with  their  inner  coatings 
connected  together,  and  their  outer  coatings 
also  connected,  so  that  they  may  all  be  charged 
and  discharged  at  the  same  time,  if  an-anged  so 
that  the  inner  coating  of  one  is  in  connection  with  the 
outer  coating  of  the  next,  and  so  on,  they  are  said  to  be 
charged  (or  discharged)  in  cascade.    (&)  In  voltaic 


Voltaic  Plunge-battery. 


elect.,  a  voltaic  cell,  or  more  properly  a  num- 
ber of  voltaic  cells  (see  cell)  arranged  together 
so  as  to  give  a  powerful  current  of  electricity. 

The  way  in  wliich  the  cells  are  coupled 
depends  upon  the  nature  of  the  cur- 
rent which  is  desired  and  the  relation 
between  the  external  and  internal  re- 
sistance. (&eeresistajice.)  For  example, 
if  the  cells  are  arranged  in  series,  the 
copper  of  the  first  with  the  zinc  of  the 
next,  and  so  on,  the  result  is  to  give 
the  maximum  electromotive  force ;  on 
the  other  hand,  if  arranged  abreast,  all 
the  zincs  being  connected  together, 
and  all  the  copper  plates  together,  the 
electromotive  force  is  the  same  as  for 
a  single  cell,  but  the  internal  or  bat- 
tery resistance  is  diminished,  and  hence 
the  strength  of  tlie  current  or  the  quan- 
tity of  electricity  may,  under  certain 
conditions,  be  much  increased.  The 
first  method  is  sometimes  spoken  of 
in  popular  language  as  the  arrange- 
ment for  intensity,  the  second  for 
quantity.    An  early  form  of  battery 


Volta's  Pile  or  Bat- 
tery. 

was  Volta's  pile,  and  another  his  cou-  P<  positive  wire ;  n, 
ronne  des  tasses,  or  "crown  of  cups."  negative  wire. 
The  different  kinds  of  battery  are 
named  according  to  the  materials  or  the  form  of  the  cells 
of  which  they  are  composed,  or  the  way  in  which  the  cells 
.are  arranged.  Some  of  the  commoner  kinds  are  the 
Daniell,  Grove,  Bunsen,  Le  Clanche,  (iravity,  bichromate 
etc.    For  a  description  of  these  and  others,  see  cell. 

9.  In  optics,  a  series  of  lenses  or  of  prisms, 
as  in  the  spectroscope,  combined  in  Use. — 10. 


battery- 

In  much.,  an  assemblage  of  similar  construc- 
tions or  parts :  as,  a  battery  of  boilers ;  a  battery 
of  stamps  in  a  stamping-mill;  a  battery  of 
sugar-kettles. 

The  <lark  sugar-house ;  the  battery  of  huge  caldrons,  with 
their  yellow  juice  boiling  like  a  sea,  half-hidden  in  clouds 
of  steam.  G.  W.  Cable,  Creoles  of  Louisiana,  p.  112. 

11.  In  the  manufacture  of  nitric  acid,  a  com- 
bination of  large  bottles  and  carboys  serving 
as  a  condensing  apparatus  for  the  acid  vapors. 
— 12.  In  hat-making,  a  large  open  boiler  con- 
taining water  to  which  some  sulphuric  acid 
has  been  added.  It  is  surrounded  by  planks 
which  .slope  toward  the  center,  and  is  used 
in  felting. — 13.  Metals,  or  articles  of  metal, 
especially  of  brass  or  copper,  wrought  by  ham- 
mering; hammered  metals  or  utensils;  espe- 
cially, apparatus  for  preparing  or  serving  meals ; 
all  metallic  utensils  of  service  for  the  kitchen. 
Compare  batteria. 

Soon  our  tea  battery  came  in,  and  she  [the  maid-servant] 
was  forced  to  suiTcnder  the  table  for  our  use.  The  first 
instruments  of  the  aforesaid  battery  looked  like  prepara- 
tions for  scrubbing  the  floor.    Harjjer  s  Mag.,  LXVI.  695. 

There  are  [in  Middelburg  Town-hall  museum],  among 
other  things,  the  grand  old  feasting  batteries  of  the  vari- 
ous guilds  and  corporations.     Harper's  Mag.,  LXIX.  334. 

14.  An  oblong  box  submerged  to  the  rim  in  the 
water,  used  as  a  boat,  and  for  concealment,  by 
persons  engaged  in  shooting  wild  fowl ;  a  sink- 
boat. 

One  of  the  commonest  and  most  successful  methods  of 
killing  fowl  along  the  seaboard  is  from  batteries. 

Forest  and  Stream,  XXIII.  441. 

15.  In  coal-mining:  (a)  A  structure  built  of 
timber,  to  keep  the  coal  in  the  breast  or  pre- 
vent it  from  sliding  down  the  shute.  (b)  A 
platform  on  which  miners  stand  while  work- 
ing in  thin  and  steeply  pitching  beds  of  coal. 
[Pennsylvania.]— AmbxUant  battery,  a  battery  of 

heavy  siege-guns  provided  with  traveling-carriages  to 
transport  them  from  point  to  point.— Anderson  bat- 
tery, a  galvanic  battery  using  zinc  and  carbon  in  baths 
of  muriate  of  ammonia,  oxalate  of  chromium,  and  po- 
tassium.—Barbette  battery.  See  barbette.— 'Battery 
amalgamation,  in  mining,  amalgamation  effected  by 
placing  mercury  in  the  battery  or  mortars  while  the 
metalliferous  rock  is  being  stamped.  — Blinded  bat- 
tery, a  battery  in  which  the  guns  are  protected  by  an 
armored  parapet,  by  bomb-proof  blinds  or  casemates,  or 
by  embrasure-casings  or  mantelets.— Breaching-bat- 
tery,  a  battery  so  placed  that  its  fire  is  perpendicular,  or 
nearly  so,  to  a  line  of  wall  or  parapet  to  be  breached.  It 
is  used  for  making  an  opening  in  the  enemy's  works 
through  which  an  assaulting  column  may  enter.— Cava- 
lier battery,  a  battery  mounted  in  the  cavalier  (which 
see),  and  arranged  to  deliver  a  plunging  fire  into  the 
works  of  an  assailant.— Clearing -battery,  in  breweries, 
an  arrangement  for  straining  the  wort  from  the  vat.  It 
includes  a  device  for  cutting  off  the  flow  when  the  wort 
has  attained  a  sufflcient  depth.—  Counter-battery.  (a) 
A  battery  intended  to  silence  and  overthrow  guns  of  the 
defense  which  bear  upon  the  breaching-batteries.  Its 
guns  are  generally  so  placed  as  to  fire  along  the  ditches 
of  the  works.  (6)  Any  battery  opposed  to  another.  Tid- 
fcaZZ.— Covered  battery,  a  battery  concealed  from  the 
enemy,  and  intended  to  deliver  a  vertical  Are.  Tidball.— 
Cross-batteries,  two  or  more  batteries  whose  lines  of 
fire  intersect.—  Direct  battery,  a  battery  whose  fire  is 
perpendicular  to  the  line  of  works  attacked.— Enfilading 
battery,  a  battery  which  sweeps  the  length  of  an  enemy's 
line,  or  takes  him  on  the  flank.  — Fascine  battery,  a 
battery  of  which  the  parapet  is  wholly  or  partially  made 

of  fascines :  used  where  the  earth  is  loose  or  sandy.  

Floating  battery,  a  battery  erected  either  on  a  simple 
raft  or  on  a  ships  hull,  for  the  defense  of  the  coast  or 
for  the  bombardment  of  an  enemy's  ports.  The  name  is 
sometimes  given  to  a  type  of  ship  which,  though  it  may  be 
provided  with  independent  propelling  power,  is  designed 
primarily  not  for  navigation,  but  merely  to  afford  support 
and  cover  to  heavy  guns.— Gabion  battery,  a  battery 
with  a  parapet  formed  of  gabions  filled  with  earth  or 
sand.— Galvanic  battery,  a  pile  or  series  of  plates  of 
copper  and  zinc,  or  of  any  materials  susceptible  of  gal- 
vanic action.  See  galvanic— Gvoye's  gas-battery  a 
battery  in  which  the  cell  consists  of  two  glass  tubes  partly 
filled  with  water,  and  the  remainder  with  oxygen  and 
hydrogen  respectively  :  in  these  tubes  two  platinum  elec- 
trodes are  immersed.—  Horizontal  battery,  a  battery 
the  interior  or  terreplein  of  which  is  on  the  natural 

level  of  the  ground.   TirffeaZ?.  — Indented  battery  or 

battery  a  cremaillere,  a  battery  constructed  with  sa- 
lient and  reentrant  angles  for  obtaining  an  oblique  as  well 
as  a  direct  fire,  and  to  afford  shelter  from  the  enfilade  fire 
of  the  enemy.  Tidball.  — 3oiTl\,  batteries,  batteries  «  hose 
fire  is  directed  against  the  same  object.— Latimer-Clark 
battery,  an  electric  battery  intended  as  a  standard,  the 
electromotive  force  being  constant.  It  is  a  combination  of 
zinc  in  sulphate  uf  zinc  and  mercm-y  in  sulphate  of  mercury. 
E.  H.  Knight.— hight  battery,  (a)  A  mounted  field-bat- 
tery, (b)  A  battery  composed  of  guns  of  small  caliber. — 
Magnetic  battery.  See  Hinj/nf^io.- Masked  battery,  a 

battery  artificially  concealed  until  re(|Uired  to  (ipen  upon 
the  enemy.  Tidball.  — m.ortax-ba.tteiy,  a  battery  having 
an  armament  of  mortars.  Such  batteries  are  constructed 
with  a  parapet  without  embrasures,  an  interior  slope  not  re- 
vetted, but  retaining  the  natural  slope  of  the  soil,  and  plat- 
forms horizontal  instead  of  inclining  slightly  toward  the 
front,  as  in  guu-batteries.  See  cut  on  ne.xt  page.— Moun- 
tain battery,  a  battery  of  light  guns,  so  fitted  that  the 
pieces  and  their  carriages  may  be  transported  upon  the 
backs  of  mules  or  jiack  horses.—  Oblique  ba'ttery,  a  bat- 
tery whose  line  of  th  e  makes  an  angle  of  iO'  or  more  with  the 


« 


battery 

perpendicular  to  the  interior  crest  of  the  enemy's  works : 
so  called  in  contradistinction  to  a  direct  battery.— Open 
battery,  a  battery  entirely  exposed,  that  is,  unprotected 
by  a  parapet.— Plunge-battery,  an  electric  battery  so 
arranged  that  the  metals  can  be  removed  from  the  liquid 
when  not  In  use.— Raised  battery,  a  battery  whose  terre- 
plein  is  elevated  considerably  above  tlie  ground.  Tidball. 
—  Redan  battery,  a  battery  giving  a  cross  or  flanking 
fire  from  a  salient  or  reentrant  angle  of  a  fortiflc.ition.  — 
Reverse  battery,  a  battery  whicli  fires  directly  or  ob- 
liquely upon  the  rear  of  a  work  or  line  of  troops.— Rico- 
Cliet  battery,  a  battery  which  fires  horizontally  or  at  a  low 
angle  of  elevation,  so  that  the  projectiles  graze  and  bound 
along  the  surface  of  the  ground  or  water.  Smooth-bore 
giins  firing  spherical  projectiles  are  most  effective  for 
ricochet  fli'e.— Siege-battery,  a  battery  for  siege  opera- 
tions. Such  batteries  are  either  fixed,  comprising  siege- 
guns  and  mortars  of  the  heaviest  caliber  and  largest  size, 
or  movable,  consisting  of  field-guns  and  small  mortars. — 
Storage  battery,  or  secondary  battery,  in  elect. ,  a  com- 
bination of  secondary  cells  or  accumulators  which  when 
once  charged  may  be  used  for  a  considerable  time  after 
as  a  source  of  an  electrical  current.  The  Plants  cell  con- 
sists essentially  of  two  plates  of  metallic  lead  (C,  C  )  rolled 
into  a  spiral  form,  and  in  the  improved  Faure  form  covered 


478 

insect,  of  the  order  Diptera  and  family  Nycteri- 
biidce  (which  see) :  so  called  because  it  infests 
bats.  The  name  is  given  to  all  the  species  of 
the  family. 

battilt,  battillt,  a.  Variant  spellings  of  battle^. 

batting  (bat'ing),  w.  [Verbal  n.  of  6a<l,  1. 
The  act  or  process  of  washing  or  smoothing 
linen  with  a  bat. — 2.  The  process  of  beating 
raw  cotton  with  hazel-  or  holly-twigs,  on  a  frame 
made  of  cords,  for  the  purpose  of  opening  the 
matted  looks,  or  of  beating  out  impurities. —  3. 
Cotton  or  wool  prepared  in  thick  but  light  mat- 
ted sheets  for  quilts  or  bed-covers,  the  quilting 
of  garments,  etc.  Also  called  bat,  baits. — 4. 
The  act  or  manner  of  using  a  bat  in  a  game  of 
ball:  as,  their  batting  was  good. 

batting-block  (bat'ing-blok),  n.  In  ceram.,  a 
block  of  wet  plaster  upon  which  clayis  flattened 
out  by  a  batter  before  it  is  shaped  on  the 
potter's  wheel  or  by  a  mold  and  templet.  See 
batti'A,  3. 

batting-machine  (bafing-ma-shen"),  n.  A 
machine  in  which  cotton  taken  from  the  wil- 
lowing-machine  is  scutched,  blown,  and  lapped 
to  prepare  it  for  the  carding-machine. 

batting-staff  (bat'ing-staf),  «.  [Cf.  battler"^ 
and  batlet.']  A  small  mallet  sometimes  used 
in  laundries  for  beating  linen;  a  beetle. 

battish  (bat'ish),  a.  [<  bat"^  +  -isli^.l  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or  resembling  a  bat.  [Eare.] 

She  clasp'd  his  limbs,  by  impious  labour  tired, 
With  battish  wings. 

Vernon,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metamorph.,  viii. 

battle^  (bat'l),  11.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  battel  (a 
spelling  still  often  used  archaically,  as  in  wager 
of  battel).  <  ME.  batel,  batelle,  batayle,  bataile, 
bataille,  <  OF.  bataille  =  Pr.  Pg.  batalha  =  Sp. 
batalla  =  It.  battaglia,  <LL.  battalia,  battualia, 
the  fighting  and  fencing  exercises  of  soldiers  and 
gladiators,  <  battere,  L.  battuere,  batuere,  beat, 
fight,  fence:  see  6a«eri  and  fiafel.]  1.  A  fight, 
hostile  encounter,  or  engagement  between  op- 
posing forces  on  land  or  sea ;  an  important  and 
systematic  engagement  between  independent 
armies  or  fleets.  Actions  and  (y/atre  are  engagements 
of  less  magnitude  than  battles,  and  are  often  unpremedi- 
tated, the  result  of  surprises,  or  the  meeting  of  armed  re- 
connoitering  parties,  though  the  latter  is  usually  termed 
a  skirmish.  Battles  are  classed  as  parallel  or  oblique,  ac- 
cording to  the  relative  positions  of  the  contending  armies 
in  order  of  battle ;  strategic,  when  fought  upon  an  objec 


battle 

9t.  A  formidable  array  similar  to  an  army  in 
battle  order. 

On  his  bow-back  he  [the  boar)  hath  a  battle  set 
Of  bristly  pikes,  that  ever  threat  his  foes. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  619. 
Battle-range,  the  range  best  suited  to  firing  on  an  ene- 
my's line  of  battle.  Upon  tlie  rear  sights  of  the  latest 
military  rifles  the  elevation  corresponding  to  that  range 
is  designated  by  stamping  the  letter  "B"  opposite  the 
battle-range  elevation.  This  range  is  262  yards,  corre- 
sponding to  a  continuous  dangerous  space  of  337  yards, 
for  the  Springfield  rifle,  caliber  .45,  used  against  foot- 
troops.— Battle  royal,  (a)  A  battle  with  fists  or  cudgels, 
in  which  more  than  two  combatants  are  engaged  ;  a  free 
fight.  (6)  A  fight  of  game-cocks,  in  which  more  than  two 
are  engaged.— Drawn  battle,  a  battle  in  wliicb  neither 
party  gains  the  victory.  —  Order  of  battle.  See  order.— 
Pitched  battle,  a  battle  in  which  the  armies  are  pre- 
viously drawn  up  in  form,  with  a  regular  disposition  of  the 
forces.- To  give  battle,  to  attack  an  enemy.— To  Join 
battle,  properly,  to  meet  the  attack ;  commonly,  to  begin 
a  battle.— Trial  by  battle.  Same  as  imger  of  battle.— 
Wager  of  battle  or  battel,  in  law,  a  species  of  trial  for 
the  decision  of  controversies  used  among  the  rude  mili- 
tary peoples  of  Europe.  It  was  introduced  into  England 
by  William  the  Conqueror,  and  practised  in  three  cases 
only  :  in  the  court  martial,  or  court  of  chivalry  or  honor; 
in  appeals  of  felony  ;  and  in  issues  joined  upon  a  writ  of 
right.  The  contest  was  held  before  the  judges  on  a  piece 
of  ground  inclosed,  and  the  combatants  were  bound  to 
fight  till  the  stars  appeared,  unless  the  death  or  defeat 
of  one  party  sooner  decided  the  contest.  The  weapons 
used  were  batons  or  staves  an  ell  long.  Women,  priests, 
men  above  sixty,  and  lame  and  blind  persons  might  appear 
by  champions.  Though  long  fallen  into  desuetude,  it  was 
a  valid  and  legal  mode  of  trial  in  England  down  to  1818, 
and  was  then  formally  abolished  in  consequence  of  the 
demand  by  the  defendant  in  a  suit  for  this  mode  of  ar- 
bitrament, and  of  the  fact  that  this  demand  could  not 
legally  be  denied  him.  =Syn.  1.  Battle,  Engagement,  Con- 
flict, Fight,  Combat,  Contest,  Actio7i.  Battle  is  a  general 
term,  and  the  most  common.  It  is  the  appropriate  word 
for  great  engagements :  as,  the  battle  of  Waterloo.  A  battle 
may  last  merely  a  few  hours  or  for  days :  as,  the  battle  of 
Gettysburg  lasted  three  days.  Engagement  is  in  techni- 
cal military  usage  practically  eciuivaleiit  to  battle,  but  it  is 
a  less  forcible  word.  Conflict,  literally,  a  clashing  together, 
is  a  strong  word,  implying  fierce  physical  encounter.  Fight 
has  the  energy  of  a  monosyllable  ;  it  denotes  actual  conflict. 
A  man  may  take  part  in  a  battle  without  actually  fighting. 
A  battle  may  include  many  fights  :  as,  the  fight  at  the  flag- 
staff in  the  battle  of  the  Alma ;  or  it  may  itself  be  described 
as  a  fight.  Combat,  like  conflict,  is  a  word  of  more  dignity 
tlian  fight  ;  it  is  by  its  history  suggestive  of  a  struggle  be- 
tween two,  as  persons,  animals,  squadrons,  armies.  Con- 
test is  a  very  general  word,  of  uncertain  strength,  but  often 
joined  with  a  strong  adjective  :  as,  a  stubborn  contest. 
An  action  is  a  minor  or  incidental  act  of  war,  a  single  act 
of  fighting  :  as,  the  whole  action  lasted  but  an  hour.  All 
these  words  apply  equally  to  operations  by  laml  or  by  sea. 
See  encounter  and  strife. 


tive  point  selected  in  planning  a  campaign,  as  were  the  battle^  (bat'l),  V.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  battled,  ppr 


Storage  or  Secondary  Cell,  or  Accumulator,  Plants  form. 

C,  C,  lead  plates  rolled  in  a  spiral  and  separated  by  pieces  of  rub- 
ber; G, //,  wires  from  the  primary  or  charging  battery ;  ..4',  poles 
of  secondary  cell. 

with  red  oxid  of  lead  ;  the  primary  current  with  which  the 
cell  Is  charged  (by  the  wires  6  and  H)  serves  to  peroxi- 
dize  and  reduce  this  coating,  respectively,  on  the  sheets 
connected  with  the  two  poles ;  the  chemical  energy  thus 
stored  up  is  given  back  in  the  form  of  a  continuous  and 
regular  electric  current  when  the  poles  of  the  charged  cell 
(A,  A')  are  connected  and  the  chemical  action  is  reversed. 
— Sunken  battery,  a  battery  in  which  the  sole  of  the 
embrasure  is  on  a  level  with  the  ground,  and  the  platform 
is  consequently  sunk  below  it.  (Tidball.)  The  parapet  is 
formed  from  the  eaith  excavated  from  the  site  constitut- 
ing the  platform.— Half-sunken  battery,  a  battery  of 
which  the  parapet  is  formed  partly  from  earth  taken 
from  the  inside  or  terreplein,  and  partly  from  a  ditch 
outside. — Urticating  batteries,  in  zool. ,  the  nematocysts 
or  thread-ceUs  of  hydroid  polyps.— Water-battery,  an 
electric  battery  in  which  the  liquid  employed  is  water.  It 
is  useless  as  a  source  of  a  current,  because  of  the  high  re- 
sistance of  the  water,  hut,  by  having  a  large  number  of  zinc- 
copper  couples,  a  high  and  constant  difference  of  poten- 
tials is  obtained  at  the  two  poles ;  it  is  thus  valuable  in 
many  electrostatic  experiments. 

battery-box  (bat'er-i-boks),  n.  A  square  chest 
or  box,  filled  with  earth,  used  for  making  para- 
pets for  batteries  where  gabions  or  sand-bags 
are  not  to  be  had.    Farrow,  MU.  Encye. 

battery-gun  (bat'er-i-gun),  n.  A  machine-gun 
(which  see). 

battery-bead  (bat'er-i-hed),  n.  The  extreme 
end  of  a  railroad  embankment-  over  which 
earth  is  tipped  during  the  process  of  construc- 
tion. 

battery-shooting  (bat'er-i-sho''''ting),  n.  The 
shooting  of  wild  fowl  from  a  battery.  See  bat- 
tery, 14. 

It  would  be  far  better,  however,  to  decide  upon  some 
plan  of  action  by  which  battery-shooting  could  be  wholly 
done  away  witli.  Forest  and  Stream,  XXIII.  441. 

battery-wagon  (bat'er-i-wag'^on),  n.  Milit.,  a 
vehicle  accompanying  each  field-battery  to  car- 
ry tools,  paints,  oils,  veterinary  supplies,  etc., 
to  be  used  for  repairs  and  the  service  of  the 
battery. 

Battey's  operation.    See  operation. 
bat-tick  (bat'tik),  n.  A  small  wingless  tick-like 


battling.    [<  ME.  batailen,  bataillen,  <  OF.  ba- 
tailler,  <  bataille,  a  battle:  see  battle^,  n.]  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  Join  or  engage  in  battle;  con- 
tend in  fight ;  fight :  as,  to  battle  with  wolves. 
'Tis  ours  by  craft  and  by  surprise  to  gain  : 
'Tis  yours  to  meet  in  arms  and  battle  in  the  plain.  Prior. 

2.  To  struggle;  contend;  strive  for  mastery: 
either  absolutely  or  with  for,  'with,  or  against.- 
as,  to  battle  with  the  winds ;  to  battle  for  free- 
dom, or  against  adversity ;  to  battle  with  igno- 
rance. 

Who  battled  for  the  True,  the  Just. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  IvL. 

II.  trans.  If.  To  embattle;  put  into  battle 
array. — 2t.  To  fight  for. 

Whom  thei  have  seyn  alwey  batailen  and  defenden 
goode  men.  Chaucer,  Boethius,  i.  prose  4. 

3.  To  give  battle  to;  fight  against;  contend 
with;  fight.  [Rare.] 

He  can  battle  theologians  with  weapons  drawn  from  an- 
tique armories  unknown  to  themselves. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev. ,  1.15. 

battiest  (bat'l),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  battled,  ppr. 
battling.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  battel;  <  ME. 
bataylen,  batailen,  <  OF.  bataillier,  bateillier  (= 
Pr.  batalhar),  fortify  with  battlements,  <  ba- 
taille, battlement,  appar.  identical  with  bataille, 
battle ;  but  in  later  OF.  the  verb  was  merged 
in  batillier,  bastillier,  <  bastille,  a  fortress:  see 
bastile,  battle^,  and  battlement,  and  cf.  embattle'^, 
embattle^.']  To  furnish  or  strengthen  with  bat- 
tlements; embattle. 

Lest  any  tyme  it  were  assayed, 
Ful  wel  aboute  it  was  batayled. 

Mom.  of  the  Base,  1.  4161. 

More  specificaUy— (a)  The  main  or  middle  battleS  (bata),  a.    [Appears  first  in  the  16th 


battles  of  Marengo  and  Nashville  ;  general,  when  the 
whole  or  the  greater  part  of  both  armies  are  engaged ; 
partial,  when  only  brigades,  divisions,  or  army  corps  are 
brought  into  action ;  offensive,  when  an  army  seeks  the 
enemy  and  attacks  him  wherever  he  is  encountered ;  de- 
fensive, when  a  position  is  selected  with  the  design  of 
awaiting  and  repelling  the  enemy ;  mixed  or  defensive- 
offensive,  when  an  army  selects  and  occupies  a  position  in 
advance,  awaits  the  approach  of  the  enemy,  and  at  the 
proper  moment  moves  out  to  engage  him. 
2.  An  encounter  between  two  persons ;  a  duel 
or  single  combat. — 3.  A  fight  or  encounter  be- 
tween animals,  especially  when  pitted  against 
each  other  for  the  amusement  of  spectators. 

If  we  draw  lots,  he  [Caesar]  speeds  : 
His  cocks  do  win  the  battle  still  of  mine. 
When  it  is  all  to  nought ;  and  his  quails  ever 
Beat  mine,  inhoop'd,  at  odds. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  3. 

4.  Warfare ;  hostile  action ;  actual  conflict 
with  enemies:  as,  wounds  received  or  honors 
gained  in  battle. 

Who  is  this  King  of  glory  ?  The  Lord  strong  and  mighty, 
the  Lord  mighty  in  battle.  Ps.  xxiv.  8. 

5.  Any  contest  or  conflict;  struggle  for  mas- 
tery or  victory :  as,  the  battle  of  Life. 

Of  the  six  genera,  Drosera  has  been  incomparably  tlie 
most  successful  in  the  battle  for  life ;  and  a  large  part  of 
its  success  may  be  attributed  to  its  manner  of  catching 
insects.  Darurin,  Insectiv.  Plants,  p.  357. 

6t.  An  army  prepared  for  or  engaged  in  fight. 
Fire  answers  fire,  and  through  their  paly  flames 
Each  battle  sees  the  other's  uraber'd  face. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  (cho.). 
7t.  A  body  of  forces,  or  division  of  an  army; 
a  battalion. 

Then  the  Battels  were  staied,  and  set  In  such  order  as 
they  should  fight. 

J.  Brende,  tr.  of  Quintus  Curtius,  iii.  3: 

8t 


body  of  an  army  or  fleet,  as  distinguished  century,  in  Scotch  and  North.  E.,  also  witten 

from  the  van  and  rear  battel,  battil,  battill,  batttle,  bettle,  batwell,  etc. ; 

,  ,  ,  ■ ,  , .        ,  „      ,    .„  in  form  <  *bat,  a  verbal  root  appearing  in  the 

Angus  led  the  avant-guard,  himself  followed  with  the  „^„y.  hntfpnl   imnrnvfi    fitc     -^  -el   -le  an  adi 

battle  a  good  distance  behind,  and  after  came  the  arrier.  1®"^^"  OaifeJl^,  improve,  etc.,  T  -et,  -le,  an  aaj. 

Sir  J.  Hayward.  formative  suinxed  to  verbal  roots,  as  m  bnttle, 

(b)  That  portion  of  the  army,  wherever  placed  ficJcle,  ete. :  see  batten^,  and  cf.  the  later  adjec- 

and  of  whatever  consisting,  which  is  regarded  ti'^es  battable  a.nd  batfiil,  appar.  modifications 


as  of  main  importance. 

The  cavalry,  by  way  of  distinction,  was  called  the  battle, 
and  on  it  alone  depended  the  fate  of  every  action. 

Bobertson. 


of  battle^.~i  In  agri.:  (a)  Improving;  nutri- 
tious; fattening:  as,  battle  grass;  battle  pas- 
ture, (b)  Fertile;  fruitful:  as,  battle  soil;  battle 
land.   [Now  only  North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 


battle 

A  battel  soil  for  grain,  for  pasture  good.  Fairfax. 
battiest  (bat'l),  v.     [Sc.  and  North.  E.,  also 
written  battel,  battil,  etc.,  from  the  adj.  Cf. 
batten^,  v.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  nourish;  feed.— 2. 
To  render  fertile  or  fruitful,  as  the  soil. 

Ashes  are  marvellous  improvements  to  battel  barren 
^^^i-  Ray's  Proverbs. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  grow  fat;  thrive. 
Sleepe,  they  sayd,  would  make  her  battill  better. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  viii.  38. 

2.  To  become  fertile  or  fruitful,  as  soil, 
battiest,  n.  and  v.    See  battel^. 
battle^  (bat'l),  V.  t.   [Freq.  of  baf^-  (cf,  batter^), 

or  perhaps  a  var.  of 

beetle^,  v.,  simulating 

bat^,  V.  (cf.  6a<l,  v.), 

or  perhaps  from  bat- 
tledore, 1,  q.  v.]  To 

beat  (clothes)  with  a 

battler  or  beetle  in 

washing. 

battle-ax  (bat '  1- 
aks),  n.  An  ax  used 
as  a  weapon  of  war. 
It  was  in  almost  universal 
use  before  the  introduc- 
tion of  firearms,  and  is 
still  employed  among  un- 
civilized peoples.  In  Ijer- 
aldry  it  is  always  repre- 
sented with  a  blade  on  one 
(usually  the  dexter)  side 
and  a  point  on  the  other, 

the  staff  terminating  in  a      Persian  Battle-ax,  iSth  century, 
spear-liead. 

battle-bolt  (bat'l-bolt),  n.  A  bolt  or  missile 
of  any  kind  used  in  battle. 

The  rushing  battle-bolt  sang  from  the  three-declter. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  i.  13. 
battle-brand  (bat'l-brand),  n.   A  sword  used 
in  battle. 

Thy  father's  battle-brand.        Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  ii.  15. 
battle-club  (bat'l-klub),  n.    A  club  used  in 
battle,  especially  by  barbarians,  as  the  South 
Sea  islanders. 

The  cursed  Malayan  crease,  and  battle-clubs 
From  the  isles  of  palm. 

Tennyson,  Prol.  to  Princess, 
battle-cry  (bat'l-kn),  «.    A  cry  or  shout  of 
troops  engaged  in  battle. 

battled!  (bat'ld),  p.  a.  1.  Ranged  in  battle 
array;  disposed  in  order  of  battle. —  2.  Con- 
tested; fought. 

Soldier,  rest !  thy  warfare  o'er. 
Dream  of  battled  fields  no  more. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  i.  31. 
battled^  (bat'ld),  a.   1.  Furnished  or  strength- 
ened with  battlements. 

Batailled  as  it  were  a  castel  wal. 

Chaucer,  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  1.  40. 
The  battled  tower.  Tennyson,  Fair  Women. 

2.  In  her.,  broken  in  the  form  of  battlements: 
said  (a)  of  any  horizontal  line  dividing  the 
field;  (6)  of  a  bar  or  fesse,  when  one  side  only 
is  broken  in  this  way.  Also  embattled.  See 
cut  under  embattled — Battled arrondi,  in /ier.,  hav- 
ing the  heads  of  the  battlements  curved  or  rounded.— 
Battled  counter,  in  her.,  same  as  counter-embattled. — 
Battled  embattled,  in  her.,  doubly  battled,  or  battled 
in  steps.    Also  called  grady  and  battled  grady. 

battledore,  battledoor  (bat'l-dor),  n.  [<  ME. 
batyldore,  -doure,  -dure;  appar.  a  modification 
(simulating  *battle,  as  if  dim.  of  bati- ;  cf .  battle^) 
of  Pr.  hatedor  {=  Sp.  batidor,  a  beater,  formerly 
also  batador,  a  bat  for  beating  clothes — Min- 
sheu),  <  batre  =  Sp.  batir,  beat:  see  batter^. 
For  the  term.,  cf.  stevedore.  Cf.  E.  dial,  battle- 
ton,  in  sense  1.]  1.  A  bat  or  beetle  used  in 
washing  clothes,  or  for  smoothing  them  out 
while  being  laundered.— 2.  An  instrument 
shaped  Uke  a  racket,  but  smaller,  used  in 
playing  the  game  of  battledore  and  shuttle- 
cock.—  3t.  A  paddle  for  a  canoe. — 4.  In  glass- 
maMng,  a  flat  square  piece  of  polished  iron  with 
a  wooden  handle,  used  for  flattening  the  bot- 
toms of  timablers,  or  for  similar  purposes. — 
5.  A  kind  of  paddle  with  a  long  handle,  used 
for  placing  loaves  in  a  baker's  oven.— 6t.  A 
kind  of  horn-book :  so  called  from  its  shape. — 
Battledore-boy t,  an  abecedarian.— Battledore-bar- 
ley, a  species  of  cultivated  barley,  Hordeum  zeocriton,  with 
short,  broad  ears.    Also  called  sprat-barley.    N.  E.  D 

battle-field  (bat'l-feld),  n.    The  scene  of  a 
battle. 

battle-flag  (bat'l-flag),  n.    A  military  flag ;  a 
flag  carried  in  battle. 

battle-ground  (bat'l-ground),  n.  A  battle-field, 
battle-lantern  (bat'l-lan"tern),  w.    A  lantern 
placed  at  each  gun  on  the  gun-deck  of  a  ship  of 


479 

war,  to  light  up  the  deck  during  an  engagement 
at  night. 

battle-mace  (bat'l-mas),  n.  A  mace  designed 
for  use  in  war;  specifically,  a  name  given  to  the 
spiked  heads  for  clubs,  usually  of  bronze,  which 
are  found  among  ancient  remains  in  the  British 
islands  and  elsewhere, 
battlement  (bat'l-ment),  n.  [<  ME.  batelment, 
batijlment,  of  uncertain  origin ;  perhaps  due  to 
an  unrecorded  OF.  *bastUlement,  <  bastiller, 
fortify:  see  hastile  and  bastiment.  The  word 
was  popularly  associated  with  battle^ ;  hence 
ME.  bataylyntjc,  battlement,  and  battle'^,  q.  v.] 
1.  In  fort.,  an  indented  parapet,  formed  by  a 
series  of  rising  . 


battue 


B 

liiini  ,|  -III"  '• 

B 


A 


D 


members  called 
cops  or  mer- 
lons, separated 
by  openings 
called  crenelles 
or  embrasures, 
the  soldier  shel- 
tering himself 
behind  the  mer- 
lon while  he 
fires  through 
the  embrasure 
or   throiigh  a 

loophole  in  the      Battlement.-Fortified  Church  of  Royat 
merlon.      Battle-  Puy-de-Dome,  France. 

mentS,  althougll  ,  "^•■.'1'  "l^rlois;  B,  B,  embrasures;  C,  C, 
orin-inallv  nnrplv  I?.°l?,"°'p=  •  A  machicolations.  (From 
mifitar"'^and'^  used   ^-"^''-^-'^  "  I^-'-  ''Architecture.-, 

from  the  earliest  times  in  Egypt,  Assyria  and  Greece 
were  also  employed  freely,  generally  in  reduced  size  dur- 
ing the  middle  ages,  especially  in  England,  upon  ecclesi- 
astical and  civil  buildings  by  way  of  mere  ornament  on 
both  parapets  and  cornices,  and  on  tabernacle-work  tran- 
soms of  windows,  etc. 

Hence— 2.  -Ajiy  high  wall  for  defense. 

This  was  the  valley  of  the  pools  of  Gihon,  where  Solo- 
mon was  crowned,  and  the  battlements  which  rose  above 
it  were  the  long  looked-for  walls  of  Jerusalem. 

R.  Curzon,  Monast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  144. 

ba-ttlemented  (bat'l-men-ted),  a.  Furnished 
with  battlements,  as  the  ramparts  of  a  city  or 
castle. 


battle-piece  (bat'l-pes),  n.   A  painting  which 
represents  a  battle. 

battlerl  (bat'ler),  n.   [<  battle^  -f-  -erl;  appar. 
not  descended  from  ME.  batelur  (<  OF.  batail- 
leor),  batailler,  <  OF.  batailUer.']  One  who  bat- 
tles or  fights ;  a  warrior  or  contender. 
battlerSf  (bat'ler),  n.    [<  battle^  +  -eri.]  1. 
One  who  beats  with  a  bat  or  battledore. — 2. 
A  bat  or  beetle.— 3.  See  hatler^. 
battler^t,  «.    See  batteler. 
battle-scarred  (bat'l-skard),  a.   Scarred  with 
wounds  received  in  battle, 
battle-ship  (bat'l-ship),  n.    A  ship  of  war; 
specifically,  a  powerful  war-ship  designed  to 
fight  in  the  line  of  battle;  in  recent  use,  a 
heavily  armored  and  armed  sea-going  war-ship 
intended  for  the  line  of  battle.   The  change  from 
the  wooden  war-ship  propelled  by  sail-power  to  the  mod- 
ern armored  iron  and  steel  steam  battle-ship  dates  from 
about  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth  century.   The  first 
war-ship  propelled  by  a  screw  was  the  United  States  ship 
Princeton,  and  the  flist  ironclad  (with  the  exception  of  a 
number  of  floating  batteries  built  by  the  French  for  use 
in  the  Crimean  war,  and  copied  by  the  English)  the 
French  armored  wooden  frigate  La  filoire,  launched  in  1860. 
This  was  followed  liy  the  English  Warrior,  launched  in 
1861.   From  this  date  the  development  of  the  war-ship 
largely  influenced  by  the  success  of  the  Monitor  (which 
see),  has  been  very  rapid,  resulting  in  a  great  diversity 
of  types  (as  regards  arrangement  and  weight  of  protective 
armor,  character  of  armament,  and  adaptation  of  design 
to  special  ends),  and  accompanied  by  an  equally  rapid 
progress  in  the  perfection  of  ordnance  (see  ordnance,  gun), 
armor-plate  (which  see),  and  explosives.  The  Warrior,  an 
iron  vessel,  was  of  9,210  tons'  displacement,  had  4J  inch 
iron  armor,  carried  32  muzzle-loading  guns,  of  which  the 
largest  were  of  8-inch  caliber  and  of  small  power,  and  had 
no  torpedo-ejectors;  the  Lepanto,  of  the  Italian  navy 
launched  in  1S83,  one  of  the  largest  war-ships  yet  con- 
structed, is  of  15,900  tons'  displacement,  has  steel  armor 
19  inches  in  maximum  thickness,  carries  16  guns,  of  which 
4  are  of  17-inch  caliber,  and  has  4  torpedo-ejectors.  Mod- 
ern war-vessels  are  classified,  according  to  the  service  for 
which  they  are  specially  designed,  as  battle-ships,  coast-de- 
fense and  harbor-defense  ships, cruisers(wliich  are  classed 
as  armored,  protected,  orunarmored,  according  to  their  de- 
greeofdefensivepower),lookoutships,gnnboats,despatch- 
vessels.rams, torpedo-boats,  torpedo-boatdestroyers.etc.  Of 
vessels  of  these  classes  the  United  States  possessed  at  the 
beginningofl899fourbattle-ships,  with  five  inoi  e  inprocess 
of  construction  (two,  the  Kearsarge  and  Kentucky  were 
launched  March  24, 1898);  nineteen  coast-defense  and  har- 
bor-defense vessels  (including  a  number  of  obsolete  moni- 
tors) ;  one  ram;  one  dynamite  cruiser;  three  armored  cruis- 
ers (one  of  which,  the  Texas,  has  12  inch  armor  and  is 
also  rated  as  a  second-class  battle-ship);  fifteen  protected 
cruisers  ;  four  unprotected  cruisers;  a  number  of  gunboats 
and  despatch-vessels  ;  twelve  torpedo  craft,  with  thirteen 
in  process  of  construction ;  and  various  transports,  etc  Of 
the  battle-ships  the  Oregon,  Massachusetts,  and  Indiana 
launclied  in  1893,  are  of  10,288  tons'  di.splacement ;  have 


nickel-steel  armor  18  inches  in  maximum  thickness- 
carry  four  13-incli,  eight  8  inch,  four  6  inch,  and  twenty- 
six  quick-Hre  guns;  have  torpedo-ejectors;  and  arc 
capable  of  a  (nominal)  speed  of  15  knots.  The  Iowa 
launclied  in  1896,  is  of  11,410  tons' displacement,  has  15- 
inch  armor,  and  caiTies  four  12-incli  guns  in  place  of  tlie 
13-inch  guns  of  the  otlier  vessels.  The  Kearsarge  and 
Kentucky  are  of  11,525  tons'  displacement,  have  17-incli 
armor,  and  carry  four  13- inch,  four  8-inch,  fourteen  5-inch, 
and  twenty-six  quick-fire  guns.  TheAlaljama,Illinoie,  and 
Wisconsin  are  to  have  tlie  same  displacement  and  armor. 
Of  the  armored  cruisers,  the  Texas,  launched  in  1»92,  is 
of  6,315  tons'  displacement,  carries  12-inch  armor,  and  has 
two  12-inch,  .six  6-inch,  and  eighteen  quick-flre  gnri.s.  The 
NewYork,  launched  in  1891,  is  of  8,200  tons'  displacement, 
is  protected  with  lO-inch  armor,  and  has  six  8-incn  and 
twenty-four  quick-fire  guns.  The  coast-defense  vessels 
are  of  the  monitor  type,  and  several  of  them  are  heavily 
armored  and  powerful  vessels,  mounting  10-inch  and  12- 
inch  guns.  The  effective  vessels  of  the  British  navy  com- 
prise 58  battle-ships,  14  coast-defense  ships,  9  amioi  ed 
ci  uisers,  80  cruisers  of  inferior  classes,  19  lookout  ships, 
34  torpedo  gunboats,  and  171  torpedo  craft  of  all  classes. 
A  large  number  of  vessels  also  are  in  process  of  construc- 
tion. The  effective  French  navy  includes  37  battle-ships, 
16  coast-defense  ships,  11  first-class  cruisers,  16  second- 
and  third-class  cruisers,  12  lookout  ships,  13  torpedo  gun- 
boats, and  242  torpedo  craft  of  all  classes.  Of  the  otiier 
European  navies  the  most  powerful  are  those  of  Russia, 
Italy,  and  Germany.  The  Spanish  navy  includes  1  battle- 
ship, 1  coast-defense  ship,  9  armored  crui.sers,  1  protected 
cruiser,  18  second-  and  third-class  cruisers,  80  irunlroats, 
despatch-vessels,  etc.,  and  27  torpedo  craft  of  all  classes. 

battle-shout  (bat'l-.shout),  n.  A  shout  raised 
in  battle. 

battle-song  (bat'l-s6ng),  n.  A  song  sung  on 
the  battle-field,  or  relating  to  battle ;  a  martial 
song. 

battleton  (bat'l-ton),  «.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  a 
var.  of  battledore.']  Same  as  battledore,  1. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 
battletwig  (bat'l-twig),  n.  [E.  dial.]  An  ear- 
wig. [Prov.  Eng.]  HaUiwell. 
battle-'VP'rithen  (bat'l-riTH"en),  a.  [<  battle^ 
+  umthen,  old  pp.  of  writhe.']  Twisted  or  dis- 
torted by  stress  of  battle.  [Poetic] 

His  battle-writhen  arms  and  mighty  hands. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine, 
battlingt  (bat'ling),  a.  and  «.    [Also  bntteling  : 
ppr.  and  verbal  n.  of  battle^,  v.]  I.  a.  1.  Nour- 
ishing ;  fattening. 

The  meads  environ'd  with  the  silver  streams 
Whose  battling  pastures  fatten  all  my  flocks. 

Greene,  Friar  Bacon  and  Friar  Bungay. 

2.  Fertile. 

II.  n  1.  A  growing  fat,  or  the  process  of 
causing  to  grow  fat;  a  fattening.— 2.  That 
which  nourishes  or  fattens,  as  food,  or  feed  for 
animals,  or  manure  for  soil, 
battological  (bat-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  battology 
+  -ical.]  Given  to  or  of 'the  nature  of  bat- 
tology. 

battologist  (ba-tol'o-jist),  n.  [<  battology  + 
-ist.]  One  who  talks  idly;  one  who  needlessly 
repeats  the  same  thing  in  speaking  or  writing. 

A  truly  dull  battologist. 

Whitlock,  Manners  of  Eng.  People,  p.  209. 

battologize  (ba-tol'6-jiz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp. 
battologized,  ppr.  battologizing.  [<  battology  -t- 
-ize.]  I.  trans.  To  repeat  needlessly ;  iterate. 
Sir  T.  Herbert. 

II.  intrans.  To  repeat  words  or  phrases  with 
needless  iteration. 

battology  (ba-tol'o-ji).  n.  [<  Gr.  paTToXoyia,  < 
paTToXoyng,  a  stammerer,  <  jiaTToc,  a  stammerer 
(used  only  as  a  proper  name),  -I-  '/.eyeiv,  speak: 
see  -ology.]  Idle  talk  or  babbling;  a  needless 
repetition  of  words  in  speaking.  [With  refer- 
ence to  Mat.  vi.  7.] 
That  heathenish  battology  of  multiplying  words. 

Milton,  Def.  of  Hurab.  Remonst. 
battont,  n.   An  obsolete  form  of  baton  and  bat- 
tetfi. 

battoonf,  n.    Same  as  batoon. 
battoryt  (bat'o-ri),  n.  A  factory  or  warehouse 
established  abroad  by  the  Hanse  towns, 
battoule-board  (ba-tol'bord),  «.     A  spring- 
board used  for  jumping— particularly,  in  cir- 
cuses, for  vaulting  over  horses,  elephants,  etc. 
It  consists  of  a  few  planks  fastened  at  one  end  to  a  pole 
supported  by  two  uprights,  the  other  end  resting  upon  a 
floor  or  other  surface, 
battrilt  (bat'ril),  w.    [E.  dial.  Cf.  battler^,  bat- 

fe*'i.]  Same  as  bailer^. 
batts  (bats),  n.  pi.  Same  as  batting,  3. 
battue  (ba-tu'),  n.  [F.  (=  Pr.  batvda  =  It. 
baiiuta),  prop.  fem.  pp.  of  battre,  beat:  see 
bate^,  batter'^.]  1.  A  method  of  hunting  in 
which  the  game  is  driven  from  cover  by 
beaters  toward  a  point  where  the  sportsmen 
are  in  wait. 

He  has  not  a  word  to  say  against  battue  shooting,  though, 
for  his  own  part  he  greatly  prefers  shooting  over  a  well- 
trained  dog  to  liaving  the  game  put  up  in  droves  by  a  ser- 
ried line  of  beaters.  Wcstmimter  Rev.,  UXXV.  300. 


battue 

Hence  —  2.  Any  beat-up  or  thorough  search, 
or  undiseriminating  slaughter,  especially  of  de- 
fenseless or  unresisting  crowds. — 3.  The  game 
driven  from  cover  by  the  battue  method, 
tatture  (ba-ttir'),  ».  [F.,  a  saud-bank,  a  shoal, 
<  hattre,  beat,  beat  as  waves:  see  Imtd,  batter'^, 
and  ef.  hatter'^.'\  An  alluvial  elevation  of  the 
bed  of  a  river;  in  particular,  one  of  those  por- 
tions of  the  bed  of  the  Mississippi  river  which 
are  dry  or  submerged  according  to  the  season. 

In  September,  1807,  occurred  the  "batture  riots."  The 
batture  was  tlie  sandy  deposits  made  by  the  Mississippi 
in  front  of  the  Faubourg  Ste.  Marie  [in  New  Orleans], 
The  noted  jurist,  Edward  Livingston,  representing  private 
claimants,  ti'ok  possession  of  this  ground,  and  was  opposed 
by  tile  public  hi  two  distinct  outbrealis. 

G.  W.  Cable,  Creoles  of  Louisiana,  xxiii. 

battuta  (bat-to'ta),  «.  [It.,  <  battere,  beat.  Cf. 
battue.'i  In  music:  (a)  A  beat  in  keeping  time. 
(b)  A  bar  or  measure.  See  a  battuta  and  a 
tempo,  (c)  In  medieval  music,  a  forbidden  pro- 
gression of  the  outer  voice-parts  of  a  harmony 
from  a  tenth  on  the  up-beat  to  an  octave  on 
the  down-beat. 

battyi  (bat'i),  a.  [<  bat^  +  -^i.]  Of  or  resem- 
bling a  bat ;  battish. 

Till  o'er  their  brows  death-counterfeiting  sleep 
With  leaden  legs  and  batty  wings  doth  creep. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iii.  2. 

Tjatty^  (bat'i),  w. ;  -pi.  battles  (-iz).  [Anglo-Ind., 
used  in  southern  India  for  northern  paddy, 
rice;  <  Canarese  batta,  bhatta,  rice:  see  batta^ 
andpaddy^.  Cf.  6a  i^,  a  weight.]  1.  Rice  while 
growing. — 2.  A  measure  for  rice  in  India, 
equal  to  120  pounds.    McElrath,  Com.  Diet. 

batweed  (bat'wed),  n.  The  biu-doek,  Arctium 
Lappa. 

"batz,  batzen  (bats,  bat'sen),  n.  [Formerly 
also  bats,  taken  as  plural,  with  an  assumed 
sing.,  bat,  <  MHG.  batze,  G.  batzen,  bazen,  the 
coin  so  called,  <  MHG.  betz,  G.  bdtz,  petz,  a 
bear,  the  bear  being  the  arms  of  Bern,  where 
the  coin  was  first  issued.]    A  small  billon  coin 


Fool's  Bauble. 


Childish 


obverse.  Reverse. 
3atz  of  St.  Gall,  Switzerland. —  British  Museum.  (Size  of  original.) 

-worth  four  kreutzers  (about  three  cents),  first 
issued  toward  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century 
Toy  the  canton  of  Bern,  and  afterward  by  other 
Swiss  cantons,  which  placed  their  respective 
arms  upon  it.  The  name  came  to  be  applied 
also  to  certain  small  German  coins, 
baubee,  n.    See  bawbee. 

bauble^  (ba'bl),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod,  E.  bable, 
babel,  <  ME.  bable,  babylle,  babulle,  babel,  <  OF. 
babel,  baubel  (with  dim.  baubelet,  beubelet,  >  early 
ME.  beaubelet),  a  child's  toy,  plaything,  trinket. 
Origin  doubtful;  cf.  mod.  F.  babiolc,  a  toy, 
gewgaw,,  It.  babbola,  a  toy,  appar.  connected 
with  It.  babbeo,  a  fool,  blockhead  {babbano, 
silly),  =  Pr.  baban,  a  fool,  <  ML.  babulus,  a  bab- 
bler, fool.  Cf.  babble.  The  forms,  if  from  the 
same  source,  show  imitative  variation.  Bauble'^ 
in  this  sense  was  early  confused  with  bauble"^, 
appar.  of  different  origin.]  I.  n.  If.  A  child's 
plaything  or  toy, —  2.  A  trifling  piece  of  finery ; 
that  which  is  gay  or  showy  without  real  value  ; 
a  gewgaw, 

0,  trinkets,  sir,  trinkets — a  bauble  for  Lydia ! 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  v.  2, 
Are  all  these  worlds,  that  speed  their  cin-ling  flight, 
Dumb,  vacant,  soulless  —  bawblen  of  the  iii^lit? 

0.  W.  Holmes,  The  Secret  of  the  Stars. 

3.  A  trifle ;  a  thing  of  little  or  no  value ;  a 
childish  or  foolish  matter  or  affair. 

Il.t  a.  Trifling;  insignificant;  contemptible. 

The  sea  being  smooth, 
How  many  shallow,  baiMe  boats  dare  sail 
Upon  her  patient  breast !       Shah.,  T.  and  C,  i,  3, 

Also  spelled  bawble. 

bauble^t,     «•    [<  bauble^,  m,]    To  trifle. 

bauble^  (bj,'bl),  n.  [Early  mod,  E.  bable,  babel, 
<  ME.  bable,  babulle,  babel,  a  fool's  mace,  also 
(appar.  the  same  word)  a  stick  with  a  heavy 
weight  at  the  end,  used  for  weighing,  <  ME, 
babelen,  bablen,  waver,  swing  to  and  fro,  appar, 
a  freq.  form  from  same  source  as  bab^,  bolA. 
Bauble  may  thus  be  regarded  as  for  *bobble. 
But  the  word  was  early  confused  with  bauble^, 


480 

q.  v.]  Primarily,  a  sort  of  scepter  or  staff  of 
oflfiee,  the  attribute  of  Folly  personified,  car- 
ried by  the  jesters  of  kings  and 
great  lords  in  the  middle  ages, 
and  down  to  the  seventeenth  cen- 
turj'.  It  is  generally  represented  as 
crowned  with  the  head  of  a  fool  or  zany, 
wearing  a  party-colored  hood  with  asses' 
ears,  and  with  a  ring  of  little  bells,  like 
sleigli-bells.  At  the  other  end  there  was 
sometimes  a  ball  or  bladder  inflated  with 
air,  with  which  to  belabor  people.  Also 
spelled  bawble. 

The  kynges  foole 
Sate  by  the  fire  upon  a  stoole. 
As  he  that  with  his  ba  uble  plaide, 

Goioer,  Conf.  Aniant.,  vii. 
Fools,  who  only  wanted  a  party-col- 
oured coat,  a  cap,  and  a  bauMe,  to  pass 
for  such  amongst  reasonable  men. 

Dnjden,  Post,  to  Hist,  of  League. 

baubleryt, «.   [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bablerie,  babelry ;  <  bauble^  +  -nj.~\ 
trifling ;  a  trifling  matter, 

baublingt  (ba'bling),  a.  [<  batible'^,  v.,  +  -ing^.'i 
Contemptible ;  paltry. 

A  baubling  vessel  was  he  captain  of,    Shak.,  T.  N,,  v.  1. 

bauch,  baugh  (bach),  a.  [Sc.,  perhaps  <  Icel, 
bdgr,  uneasy,  poor,  hard  up  ;  cf .  bagr,  awkward, 
clumsy.]    Weak;  pithless;  shaky.  [Scotch.] 

bauchee-seed  (ba'che-sed),  n.  Same  as  baw- 
chan-seed. 

bauchlel,  bacMel  (bach'l),  w.  [Sc.;  origin \m- 
known.  Cf.  baucli.l  1.  An  old  shoe  worn 
down  at  the  heel,  or  one  with  the  counter 
turned  dovra  and  worn  as  a  slipper. —  2.  A 
slovenly,  pithless,  or  shiftless  person ;  a  sham- 
bling good-for-nothing.  [Scotch,] 

He'll  be  but  a  bauchle  in  this  world,  and  a  backsitter  in 
the  neist.  Hogg,  Shep.  Cal.,  II,  195.    (N.  E.  D.) 

bauchle^t,  v.  t.  [Sc. :  see  baffle.']  To  maltreat ; 
baffle, 

bauchly  (biich'li),  acto.    [Sc.,  <  bauch  +  -hfi.'] 

Weakly;  indifferently;  poorly.  [Scotch.] 
baud^t,  n.    See  baivd*. 
baud^t,  "v.  t.    See  bawd^. 
baud^t,  n.    See  bawd^. 

baud*  (bad),  n.  [Origin  obscure.  Cf.  bawd^.] 
The  fish  othervnse  called  the  rockling.  [Local 
Eng,  (Cornish).] 

baudet,  a.  [ME.,  <  OF.  baud,  <  OLG.  bald, 
bold,  lusty,  =  E.  bold.  See  bawd^.']  Joyous; 
riotously  gay,    Rom.  of  the  Eose. 

baudekin,  baudkin  (ba'de-kin,  bad'kin),  n. 
[Obsolete,  except  in  historical  use ;  early  mod. 
E.  also  irreg.  bodkin  ;  <  ME.  baudkin,  baudekin, 
etc.,  <  OF.  baudekin,  baudequin  (ML.  baldaki- 
nus),  <  It.  baldacchino,  >  also  E.  baldakin,  bal- 
dachin: see  baldachin.']  A  rich  embroidered 
or  brocaded  silk  fabric  woven  originally  with  a 
warp  of  gold  thread,  and  properly  called  cloth 
of  baudekin.  it  was  used  for  garments,  sacred  vest- 
ments, altar-cloths,  canopies,  etc.,  and  is  first  mentioned 
in  English  history  in  connection  with  the  knighting  of 
William  of  Valence  in  1247  by  Henry  III.  It  was  proba- 
bly known  on  the  continent  before  that  date.  Later  the 
name  was  applied  to  any  rich  brocade,  and  even  to  shot 
silk.  It  is  not  found  in  use  after  the  middle  of  the  six- 
teenth century.    Also  called  baldachin. 

There  were  no  fewer  than  "  Thirty  albs  of  old  cloth  of 
bawdkyn,"  that  is,  cloth  of  gold,  at  Peterborough, 

Quoted  in  Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  1,  431, 

baudekynt,  «•    See  baudekin. 

baudelairet,  «■    See  badelaire. 

baudkin,       See  baudekin. 

baudreyt  (bad'ri),  n.  A  variant  form  of  baldric. 

baudf  ickt,  «•    See  baldric. 

baudrons  (bad'ronz),  «.  [Sc.,  also  badrans, 
bathrons;  of  unknown,  perhaps  Celtic,  origin.] 
A  name  for  the  eat  (like  reynard  for  the  fox, 
bruin  for  the  bear,  etc.).  [Scotch.] 

Auld  baudrons  by  the  ingle  sits, 
An'  wi'  her  loof  her  face  a  washin'. 

Burns,  Willie  Wastle, 
The  neebor's  auld  baudrons. 
T.  Martin,  tr.  of  Heine's  "  Mein  Kind,  wir  waren  Kinder, " 

baudyif,  baudy^t,  a.    See  bawdy'^,  baivdy"^. 

baufreyt,  n.  [Origin  obscure  ;  perhaps  a  form 
of  belfry.]    A  beam. 

bauge  (bozh),  11.  [F.;  of  uncertain  origin.] 
1 .  A  kind  of  coarse  di-ugget  made  in  Burgundy, 
France, —  2.  Mortar  made  of  clay  and  straw. 

baugh,  a.    See  bauch. 

Bauilinia  (ba-hin''i-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  in  hon- 
or of  Jean  and  Gaspard  Bauhin,  eminent  Swiss 
botanists  (died  in  1613  and  1624  respectively), 
because  the  leaves  generally  consist  of  two 
lobes  or  parts,  and  were  thus  taken  as  sym- 
bolic of  the  two  brothers,]  A  genus  of  plants, 
natural  order  Leguminosai.  The  species  are  usually 
twining  plants,  found  in  the  woods  of  hot  countries,  often 


Inflorescence. 


bavardage 

stretching  from  tree  to  tree  like  cables.    The  tough  fibrous 
bark  of  the  Maloo  climber,  B.  Vahlii,  of  India,  is  used  for 
making  ropes  and  bridges,  and  is  suitable  for  paper-mak- 
ing.   'Ihe  wood  of  B. 
variegata  is  one  of  the 
varieties  of  ebony,  and 
its  bark  is  used  in  dye- 
ing and  tanning.  Other 
species  are  equally  use- 
ful. 

Bauhinian  (ba- 
hin'i-an),  a.  Ec- 
lating to  the  Swiss 
anatomist  and  bot- 
anist Gaspard  Bau- 
hin (1560-1624),— 
Bauhinian  valve, 
valvula  Bauhinl,  the 
ileoctecal  valve.  See 
ileoccecal. 

bauk  (bak),  n.  A 

Scotch    form  of 

balk^. 
bauld  (bald),  a.  A 

Scotch  form  of  bold. 
bauldricket,  »•  See 

baldric. 

baulea  (ba'le-a),  n.  [E.  Ind,]  A  round-bot- 
tomed passenger-boat,  having  a  mast  and  sail, 
but  generally  propelled  by  oars,  used  on  the 
shallower  parts  of  the  Ganges. 

baulite  (ba'lit),  ».  [<  Baula,  a  mountain  in 
Iceland,  -I-  -ite'^.  The  mountain  prob.  derives 
its  name  from  Icel,  baida,  a  cow,  an  imitative 
name ;  cf.  mod.  Icel.  baida,  low  as  a  cow :  see 
bawl^.]  A  white  transparent  mineral,  found 
in  the  matter  ejected  by  the  volcano  of  Krabla 
in  Iceland.  It  is  a  variety  of  glassy  feldspar 
or  sauidiue.    Also  called  krablitc. 

baulk,  n.  and  v.    See  balk^. 

baulmet,  «•    See  balm. 

baultert,  f.    See  baiter. 

baumt,  n.    See  balm. 

baunscbeidtism  (boun'shit-izm),  «.  [From 
the  inventor,  Karl  Baunscheidt,  a  German 
mechanician.]  A  form  of  acupuncture,  in 
which  about  25  needles,  set  in  a  metal  disk  and 
dipped  in  an  irritant  oil,  are  thrust  into  the  skin 
by  a  spring.  Its  action  seems  to  be  accordant 
with  that  of  ordinary  counter-irritants. 

bauset,  v.  t.  [Appar.  a  var.  of  bass^,  q.  v.]  To 
kiss.    Marston.    [A  doubtful  sense.] 

bauson  (ba'sn),  11.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bawson,  bauzon,  etc.,  and  corruptly  6osoh,  bore- 
son,  <  ME.  bauson,  bawson,  baucyn,  bausen,  a 
particular  application  of  the  adj.  bauson, 
white-spotted,  in  ME.  bausand,  mod.  bausond, 
etc. :  see  baiisond.  The  adj.  is  rarely  found  in 
ME.,  but  must  have  preceded  the  noun  use. 
The  badger  has  received  other  names  in  allu- 
sion to  the  white  mark  on  its  face :  see  bad- 
ger'^.] I.  n.  An  old  name  of  the  badger :  some- 
times applied  ludicrously  or  in  contempt  to  a 
fat  or  pertinacious  person. 

His  mittens  were  of  bawson's  skin. 

Drayton,  Dowsabell,  st.  10  (1593), 

II.  a.  Same  as  bausond. 
bausond  (ba'snd),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  baw- 
sonde,  bawsand,  mod.  dial,  bawsont,  bawsand, 
also  (erroneously  written  as  if  a  participle) 
bauson'd,  bassen'd,  bawsont,  etc. ;  <  ME.  bausand 
(also,  as  a  noun,  bauson,  bawson,  bausen,  etc.),  < 
OF.  bausant,  baussant,  bausent,  bauzant,  bau^ant, 
balcent,  bauchant,  etc.  (with  appar.  unorig.  -t), 
also  bauzan,  bausen,  bausain  (>  ML,  bausendus, 
bausennus)  =  Pr.  bausan  =  It.  balzano,  white- 
spotted;  cf.  mod.  F.  (from  It.)  balzan,  a  black 
or  bay  horse  with  white  feet.  Origin  un- 
known; possibly  connected  with  the  equiv. 
Celtic  words  mentioned  as  the  source  of  E. 
ball^,  q.  v.]  Having  white  spots  on  a  black  or 
bay  ground;  having  a  white  strip  down  the 
face,  or  a  patch  on  the  forehead :  applied  to 
animals,  [Scotch.] 

His  honest,  sonsie,  baws'nt  face 
Aye  gat  him  friends  in  ilka  place. 

Burns,  The  Twa  Dogs,  1.  31, 

bauson-faced  (ba'sn-fast),  a.  Ha-vdng  a  white 
mark  on  the  face,  like  a  badger ;  bausond. 

bauteroll,  n.    See  boterol. 

bauxite  (bo'zit),  n.  [<  Baux  (see  def.)  +  -ite'^.] 
A  clay  found  at  Les  Baux,  near  Aries  in  France, 
and  elsewhere,  in  concretionary  grains  or  ooUt- 
ic.  It  contains  about  one  half  of  its  weight  of  alumina, 
with  iron  and  water,  and  silica  as  an  impurity.  It  is  used  as 
a  source  of  alum,  of  the  metal  aluminium,  and  to  some  ex- 
tent in  the  preparation  of  crucibles.  Also  spelled  beauxite. 

bavardage  (ba-var-dazh'),  n.  [F.,  <  bavarder, 
chatter,  <  bavard,  talkative,  <  bave,  drivel,  sa- 
liva: see  bavette.]  Idle  talk;  chatter.  [Eare.] 


bavardage 

Replying  only  by  monosyllables  to  the  gay  bavardage 
of  the  knight.  Bulwer,  Rienzi,  II.  133. 

bavarettet  (bav-a-ret'))  n.    Same  as  havette. 

Bavarian  (ba-va'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Bavaria, 
NL.  form  of  SiL.  Boi'aria,  the  eoimtry  of  the  Boii 
(G.  Baievn),  whose  name  is  also  found  in  Bo- 
hemia, the  country  of  the  Boiemi  or  Bohemi 
(G.  Bohnien).']  I,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Ba- 
varia, a  kingdom  of  southern  Germany  Bava- 
rian bronze,  a  bronze  ranging  in  color  from  a  briglit 
yeUow  to  a  copper-red.  The  yellow  bronze  contains  about 
82J  per  cent,  of  copper  to  l"!  per  cent,  of  tin ;  the  red 
about  97  per  cent,  of  copper  to  3  per  cent,  of  tin. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Bavaria, 
bavaroyt  (bav'a-roi),  n.    [<  F.  Bavarois,  Bava- 
rian.]   A  kind  of  cloak. 

Let  the  loop'd  bavaroy  the  fop  embrace. 
^  Gay,  Trivia,  i.  53. 

Bavenotwin.    See  hrin. 
bavert,  »•    An  obsolete  fonn  of  beaver^. 
bavette  (ba-vef),  «.  [F.,  with  dim.  term,  -ctte, 
<  have  z=  Pr.  It.  bava  =  Sp.  Pg.  baba  (ML. 
bava),  drivel,  slaver,  saliva.]     1.  A  bib. —  2. 
The  upper  part  of  a  child's  apron  turned  over 
to  serve  as  a  bib. 
baviant  (ba'vi-an),  n.  A  variant  form  of  baboon. 
baviert,       An' obsolete  form  of  beaver^. 
bavin^^  (bav'in),  n.  and  a.    [E.  dial,  bavin,  bav- 
en,  also  babbiii  ;  of  obscure  origin;  cf.  OF.  baffe, 
a  bundle.]    I.  n.  1.  A  fagot  of  brushwood; 
light  and  combustible  wood  used  for  kindling 
fires.    [Now  rare.] 
The  Bauin,  though  it  burne  bright,  is  but  a  blaze. 

Lyly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  73. 
If  he  outlasts  not  a  hundred  such  crackling  bavins  as 
thou  art,  God  and  men  neglect  industry. 

Marston,  Jonson,  and  Chapman,  Eastward  Ho,  i.  1. 
About  two  in  the  morning  they  felt  themselves  almost 
choked  with  smoke,  and  rising,  did  And  the  fire  coming 
up  stairs :  so  they  rose  to  save  themselves ;  but  that,  at 
that  time,  the  bavins  were  not  on  fire  in  the  yard. 

Pepys,  Diary,  III.  73. 

2t.  Milit.,  a  fascine. 
II.  a.  Eesembling  bavin.  [Poetic] 

Shallow  jesters,  and  rash  bavin  wits. 
Soon  kindled  and  soon  burn'd. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 
bavinif  (bav'in),  v.  t.     [<  bavin,  «.]    To  make 
up  into  fagots. 

Kid  or  bavin  them,  and  pitch  them  upon  their  ends  to 
preserve  them  from  rotting.  Evelyn,  Sylva,  p.  538. 

bavin^  (bav'in),  n.  [E.  dial. ;  origin  obscure.] 
Impure  limestone.    Halliwell.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

bavin^  (bav'in),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  name 
on  the  northeastern  coast  of  Ireland  of  the  bal- 
lan-wrasse. 

Bavouism  (ba-vo'izm),  n.    Same  as  Babouvism. 

Bavouism,  as  Baboeuf's  system  was  called,  was  thus  en- 
abled to  play  a  role  in  French  history  from  1830  to  1839. 

R.  T.  Ely,  Fr.  and  Ger.  Socialism,  p.  34. 

T)awl  (ba),  n.  [E.  dial,  and  Sc.  (Sc.  also  ba'), 
=  bam.'\    A  ball.   [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

baw2  (ba),  V.  i.  [E.  dial.,  r=  bau-n.  In  def.  2, 
cf.  L.  baubari,  bark.]  1.  To  bawl.  [Prov. 
Eng.]  — 2t.  To  bark.  Topsell. 

baw3  (ba),  interj.  [<  ME.  baw,  bawe;  a  natural 
exclamation  of  disgust,  like  &«/«.]  An  ejacu- 
lation of  disgust  or  contempt.  Goldsmith. 

■bawbee,  baubee  (ba-be'),  n.  [Sc.,  formerly 
also  bawbie,  baubie,  rarely  babie :  first  mentioned 
in  pi.  baubeis.  Of  uncertain  origin ;  prob.  an 
abbr.  of  the  name  of  the  laird  of  SiUebawby,  a 
mint-master  mentioned  at  the  date  of  the  issu- 
ance of  the  bawbee,  in  connection  with  ^fc7wso», 
another  mint-master  whose  name  was  applied 
to  the  coin  called  atchisou  ;  cf.  also  bodle,  bod- 
dle,  said  to  be  named  from  a  mint-master  Bod- 
well  or  BotliweU.~\  1.  A  Scotch  billon  coin, 
weighing  about  29  grains  troy,  &vst  issued  in 


481 

bawchan-seed  (ba'chan-sed),  n.  [E.  Ind. ;  also 
written  bauchee-seed.]  The  seed  of  I'soralca 
corylifolia,  a  leguminous  plant  of  the  East  In- 
dies, used  by  the  natives  as  a  tonic  and  in  skin- 
diseases,  and  exported  as  an  oil-seed, 
bawcock  (ba'kok),  n.  [<  F.  beau  coq,  fine  cock : 
see  6ea«  and  coc/fci.]  A  fine  fellow.  [Archaic] 

How  now,  my  bawcock?  Shak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  4. 

bawdl  (bad),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  baud,  < 
ME.  baivdc,  baude,  in  the  earliest  instance 
varying  with  bawdstrot,  of  which  baivd  is  prob. 
an  abbr.,  being  thus  (prob.)  indirectly,  and  not, 
as  commonly  supposed,  directly,  derived  from 
the  OF.  baud,  bold,  lively,  gay.  The  OF.  adj. 
is  not  used  as  a  noun,  and  does  not  have  the 
sense  of  the  E.  word.  See  bawdstrot,  and  cf. 
bawdy^,  bawdij^.']  A  procurer  or  procuress ;  a 
person  who  keeps  a  house  of  prostitution,  and 
conducts  illicit  intrigues :  now  usually  applied 
only  to  women. 

He  [Pandarus]  is  named  Troilus'  bawd. 

Skeltvn,  Poems,  p.  235. 

bawdH  (bad),  V.  i.  [<  bawd^,  w.]  To  pander ; 
act  as  procurer  or  procuress. 

Leucippe  is  agent  for  the  king's  lust,  and  bawds  .  .  . 
for  the  whole  court.  Spectator,  No.  206. 

bawd^t  (bad),  V.  t.  [Also  speUed  baud;  <  bawdy^, 
q.  v.]    To  foul  or  dirty. 

Her  shoone  smered  with  tallow, 
Gresed  upon  dyrt 
That  baiidetfi  her  skyrt. 

Skelton,  Poems,  p.  126. 
bawd^  (bad),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  baud,  per- 
haps abbr.  from  baudrons,  or  perhaps  a  var.  of 
ME.  badde,  a  cat,  the  name  being  transferred 
to  the  hare.]  A  hare.  [In  the  extract  there  is 
a  play  on  bawd  in  this  sense  and  bawd^.] 

Mer.    A  bawd,  a  bajvd  !  so  ho  ! 
Rom.  What  hast  thou  found? 

Mer.    No  hare,  sir.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  4. 

bawd-born  (bad'bom),  a.    Bom  of  a  bawd;  a 
bawd  from  birth.    Shale.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  2. 
bawdekynt,  n.   See  baudeUn. 
bawdily  (ba'di-li),  adv.  In  a  bawdy  manner ; 
obscenely;  lewdly, 
bawdiness  (ba'di-nes),  n.    [<  bawdy''-  +  -ness.'] 
Obscenity;  lewdness, 
bawdmoney,  n.    See  baldmoney. 
bawdrickt  (bad'rik),  n.    See  baldric. 
bawdry  (bad'ri),  n.    [<  ME.  bauderye,  <  baude, 
bawd,  +  -ry.     Cf.  OF.  bauderie,  boldness, 
gayety.    See  ftawrfi.]    1.  The  business  of  a 
bawd  or  procuress. —  2.   Illicit  intercom-se; 
fornication. 


bay 


We  must  be  married,  or  we  must  live  in  bawdry. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  3. 
3.  Obscenity;  lewd  language ;  smuttiness. 

It  is  most  certain  that  barefaced  bawdry  is  the  poorest 
pretence  to  wit  imaginable.  Dryden. 


Obverse.  Reverse. 
Bawbee  of  James  V.—  British  Museum.    ( Size  of  the  original. ) 

1542  by  James  V.  of  Scotland,  and  worth  at 
that  time  IM.  Scotch,  a  half-bawbee,  worth  id. 
bcotch,  was  coined  at  the  same  time  and  had  similar 
types.  In  Scotland  the  name  is  now  given  to  the  bronze 
balfpenny  current  throughout  the  British  islands. 
2.  pi.  Money;  cash.  [Scotch.] 

bawblel,  n.    See  bauble'^. 

bawble2,  n.    See  bauble'^. 


4t.  Bawds  collectively.  Udall. 
bawdship  (bad'ship),  n.    [<  bawdl  +  -ship.'] 

The  office  or  employment  of  a  bawd.  Ford. 
bawdstrott,  «.  [ME.,  also  baudstrot,  baustrot, 
baldestrot,  baldystrot,  <  OF.  "baudestrot,  *bal- 
destrot,  found  only  in  later  form  baudetrot, 
prob.  a  cant  name*  and  as  such  of  obscure  ori- 
gin; possibly  <  OF.  baud,  bald,  bold  (<  OLG. 
bald  =  'E.  bold).  +  *strot,  <  OLG.  strotten,  *strut- 
fe?i  =  Dan.  strutte  =  MHG.  G.  strotzen  =  E.  strut; 
cf.  LG.  G.  strutt,  stiff.]  A  bawd;  a  pander. 
Piers  Plowman. 
bawdyl  (ba'di),  a.   [<  bawd^  +  -j/i.]  Obscene; 

lewd;  indecent;  unchaste, 
bawdy^t  (ba'di),  a.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  baudy, 

<  ME.  baiody,  baudy,  dirty,  appar.  from  a  sim- 
ple form  *baud,  which  is  not  foimd  till  much 
later,  and  only  as  a  verb  (see  bawd^) ;  origin 
unknown;  cf .  W.  bawaidd,  dirty,  <  baw,  dirt, 
mire;  F.  boue,  mud.  Not  connected  with 
bawdy'^,  though  the  two  words  are  commonly 
associated.]    Dirty;  filthy. 

His  oversloppe  .  .  .  is  al  baudy  and  to-tore  also. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  82. 

Slovenly  cooks,  that  .  .  .  never  wash  their  6a hands. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  II.  323. 

bawdy-house  (ba'di-hous),  ??.   A  house  of 
lewdness  and  prostitution ;  a  house  of  ill-fame, 
bawhorse  (ba'hors),  n.    Same  as  bathorse. 
bawli  (bal),  V.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  ball,  baul, 

<  ME.  bawlen,  bark,  prob.  <  ML.  baulare,  bark 
(cf.  L.  baubari,  bark) ;  cf .  mod.  leel.  baula  = 
Sw.  bdla,  low  as  a  cow  (Icel.  baula,  a  cow); 
cf.  also  Sw.  bdla,  roar,  G.  bailen,  bark,  and  see 
beW^,  bellow,  balk^,  etc.,  all  prob.  orig.  imitative.] 
I.  intrans.  If.  To  bark  or  howl,  as  a  dog.— 2. 
To  cry  out  mth  a  loud  full  sound ;  make  vehe- 


ment or  clamorous  outcries,  as  in  pain,  exulta- 
tion, etc. ;  shout. 

That  bawl  for  freedom  in  their  senseless  mood, 
And  still  revolt  when  truth  would  set  them  free. 

.Milton,  .Sonnets,  vii. 
Passing  under  Ludgate  the  other  day,  I  heard  a  voice 
bawling  for  charity.  SteeM-,  .Spectator,  No.  82. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  utter  or  proclaim  by  outcry: 
shout  out. 

still  must  I  hear?— shall  hoarse  Fitzgerald  bawl 
His  creaking  couplets  in  a  tavern  hall  '/ 

Byron,  English  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers. 

2.  To  cry  for  sale,  as  a  hawker. 
I  saw  my  labours,  which  ha<l  cost  me  so  much  thought 

and  watching,  bawled  about  by  the  common  hawkers  of 
Grub  Street.  Swift,  Bickei-stalt  Papers. 

bawll  (bal),  n.    [<  hawU,  v.']    A  shout  at  the 
top  of  one's  voice ;  an  outcry :  as,  the  children 
set  up  a  loud  bawl. 
bawPt,       Obsolete  spelling  of  baW^. 
bawla  (ba'la),  n.    [Native  term.]    A  matting 
made  in  the  islands  of  the  Pacific  from  the 
leaves  of  tlie  coeoanut-palm,  used  for  thatching, 
bawler  (ba'ler),  n.    One  who  bawls, 
bawmet,  w.  .An  ob.solete  form  of  i»a;/K.  Chaucer. 
baw-money,  «.    See  bat-mouny. 
bawn  (ban),  n.    [<  Ir.  babhun  =  Gael,  babhunn 
(pron.  nearly  as  bawn),  an  enclosure  for  cattle, 
a  fortification.]    1.  Formerly,  an  outer  in- 
closure  of  an  Irish  castle  :  nearly  equivalent 
to  bailey  and  outer  bailey,     in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury grants  of  government  land  in  Ireland  were  made  on 
the  condition  tliat  the  grantee  should  build  a  castle  and 
bawn,  the  latter  for  the  protection  of  the  cattle  of  the 
tenants. 

3.  In  modem  times,  in  some  parts  of  Ireland  — 
(a)  The  cattle-yard  near  a  farm-house.  (6)  A 
large  house,  including  all  its  appurtenances, 
as  ofiQces,  courtyard,  etc.  Swift. 

bawn  (ban),  r.  t.    [<  bawn,  ?i.]    In  Ireland,  to 

surround  or  inclose  with  a  bawn. 
ba'Wrelt,  ».    [A  corresponding  masc.  bawret  is 
found;  appar.  of  F.  origin.    Cf.  bockerel,  back- 
er et.']    A  kind  of  hawk.  Phillips. 
bawsin,  n.  and  a.    See  bauson. 
bawsint  (ba'sint),  a.    See  bausond. 
bawson,  n.  and  a.    See  bauson. 
bawtie,  ba-wty  (ba'ti),  n.   [Sc.  Cf.  bawd^.']  In 
Scotland,  a  name  for  a  dog,  especially  one  of 
large  size,  and  also  for  a  hare, 
baxa,  baxea  (bak'sa,  -se-a),  n.    [L.]    In  Rom, 
antiq.,  a  sandal  or 'low  shoe  of  various  forms, 
often  plaited  from  papjTus  or  palm-leaves; 
generally,  an  inexpensive  foot-covering  worn 
by  the  poorer  classes,  but  also  referred  to  as 
occurring  in  rich  materials  and  workmanship, 
and  specifically  as  the  shoe  of  comic  actors,  as 
distinguished  from  the  cothurnus  used  by  tra- 
gedians. 

baxter  (bak'ster),  n.  [Also  backster,  <  ME. 
baxier,  bacster,  bakestre,  <  AS.  bwcestre,  a  baker: 
see  bakester.  Hence  the  proper  name  Baxter, 
equiv.  to  Baker.']  A  baker;  properly,  a  female 
baker.  _  [Old  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

Baxterian  (baks-te'ri-an),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
propounded  by  Eichard  Baxter,  a  celebrated 
English  nonconfoi-mist  di\'ine  (1615-1691):  as, 
Baxterian  doctrines. 

Baxterianism  (baks-te'ri-an-izm),  «.  The 
doctrines  of  Kichard  Baxter,  who  amalgamated 
the  Arminian  doctrine  of  free  grace  with  the 
CaMnistie  doctrine  of  election. 

bayi  (ba),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  baye,  bale,  < 
ME.  bay,  bale,  a  berry,  esp.  that  of  the  laurel- 
or  bay-tree,  perhaps  <  AS.  beg,  berry,  occun-ing 
only  in  pi.  beger,  begir,  glossed  bacciuia,  i.  e. 
vaccinia,  'blueberries'  (see  raccinium),  and  in 
comp.  begbedm,  Ht.  'berrj--tree,'  applied  both  to 
the  mulbeiTj^-tree  (Gr.  fiopta)  and  to  the  bram- 
ble or  blackberry-bush  (Gr.  pa-oc).  But  the 
ME.  form,  like  MD.  beye,  baeye,  a  beiTy,  a  lau- 
rel-berry, agi-ees  also  with,  and  mav  have  come 
directly  from,  OF.  bate,  baye,  mod.  F.  baie  =  PT. 
baia  =  Sp.  baya,  OSp.  baca  =  Pg.  baoa,  baca  = 
It.  bacca,  a  ben-y,  <  L.  baca,  less  con-ectly  bacca, 
a  berry;  cf.  Lith.  bapka,  a  laurel-berry.]  If. 
A  berry,  especially  of  the  laurel-tree. 

The  batjs  or  berries  that  it  beareth. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xv.  30. 

2.  The  laurel-tree,  noble  laurel,  or  sweet-bay, 
Laurus  nobilis.  See  laurel.  The  name  bay  is  also 
given  to  a  number  of  trees  and  shrubs  more  or  less  re- 
sembling the  noble  laurel.  See  phrases  below. 
Hence  (like  laurel,  and  in  reference  to  the  an- 
cient use  of  the  laurel) — 3.  An  honorary  garland 
or  cro^Ti  bestowed  as  a  prize  for  \ictoiy  or  ex- 
cellence ;  also,  fame  or  renown  due  to  achieve- 
ment or  merit :  in  this  sense  used  chiefly  in  the 


bay 

plural,  with  reference  to  the  leaves  or  branches 
of  laurel.    Also  called  bay-leaf. 

Yet  as  you  hope  hereafter  to  see  plays, 
Encoiu'age  us,  ajiii  give  our  poet  bays. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Thierry  and  Theodoret,  EpU. 
I  play'd  to  please  myself,  ou  rustick  reed, 
Nor  sought  for  bay,  tlie  learned  shepherd's  meed. 

W .  Browne,  Britannia's  Pastorals,  i.  1. 
[In  the  following  quotation,  the  office  of  poet  laureate : 
formerly  a  not  uncommon  use. 

If  you  needs  must  write,  write  Cassar's  praise. 
You'll  gain  at  least  a  knighthood,  or  the  bays. 

Pope,  Imlt.  of  Horace,  Satire  i.  22. 
Bays  was  sometimes  used  as  a  singular  (compare  bays, 
baize,  as  singular). 

Do  plant  a  sprig  of  cypress,  not  of  bays. 

Robert  Randolph. 
A  greener  bays  shall  crown  Ben  Jonson's  name. 

Feltham,  Jonsonus  Virbius.] 
4.  [Cf.  6a^2.]  ^  piece  of  low,  marshy  ground 
producing  large  numbers  of  bay-trees.  [N. 
Carolina  and  Florida.]  Bartlett  Bull-bay,  the 

Magnolia  graiuUjiora. — Cherry-bay,  Prunus  Laurocera- 
sus. — Dwarf  bay,  of  Europe,  the  Daphne  Laureola. — In- 
dian or  royal  bay,  Launis  //ii/ica.— Loblolly-bay,  or 

tan-bay,  the  Gordunia  Lasianthus. —  Red  bay,  the  Per- 
sea  Carolinenais. — Rose-bay,  a  name  given  (a)  to  the 
willow-herb,  Epilobiiim  anijastifoUuin  ;  (b)  in  the  United 
States,  to  the  great  laurel.  Rhododendron  maximum. — 

Sweet-bay.  See  above,  2.— Sweet-bay,  or  white  bay, 
of  the  United  States,  the  Magnolia  glauca. 
bay2  (ba),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  iaye,  <  ME. 
haye,  <  OF.  haie,  baye,  mod.  F.  baie  =  Pr.  baia 
=  Sp.  bahia,  formerly  also  baia,  baya  (>  Basque 
baia,  baiya),  =  Pg.  bahia  =  It.  baja  (cf.  G.  bai,  < 
D.  baai,  MD.  baeye  =  Dan.  bai,  <  E.  bay"^),  <  LL. 
baia,  a  bay,  first  mentioned  by  Isidore,  and  said 
to  have  its  gen.  in  -as,  implying  its  existence  at 
a  much  earlier  period;  perhaps  connected  with 
L.  Baice,  pi.,  a  noted  watering-place  on  the 
coast  of  Campania,  hence  applied  also  to  any 
watering-place.  Bay  in  this  sense  has  been 
confused  in  E.  and  Rom.  with  bay^.'\  1.  A  re- 
cess in  the  shore  of  a  sea  or  lake,  differing  from 
a  creek  in  being  less  long  and  narrow;  the  ex- 
panse of  water  between  two  capes  or  head- 
lands. 

The  sea  winding,  and  breaking  in  bays  into  the  land. 

Gray,  Letters,  I.  265. 

Sf.  An  anchorage  or  roadstead  for  ships;  a 
port ;  a  harbor. 
A  bay  or  rode  for  ships.  Cotgrave. 

I  prithee,  good  lago. 
Go  to  the  bay,  and  disembark  my  cotters. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  1. 

3.  A  recess  of  land,  as  in  a  range  of  hills ; 
a  level  space  partly  surrounded  by  heights. 
[Rare.]  —  4.  An  arm  of  a  prairie  extending 
into  woods  and  partly  surrounded  by  them. 
[U.  S.]  Bartlett. —  5.  A  kind  of  mahogany 
obtained  from  Campeachy  Bay  (whence  the 
name). 

bay^  (ba),  71.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  baye,  baie,  < 
ME.  bay,  baye,  <  OF.  baee,  an  opening,  gap, 
mod.  F.  baie,  a  bay  (<  ML.  as  if  *badata),  on 
type  of  fern,  jjp.,  <  baer,  beer,  bayer,  mod.  F. 
bayer,  <  LL.  badare,  gape  (cf.  E.  gap,  n.,  gape, 
v.):  see  baij'^.  This  word  has  been  confused 
with  bay'^.'\  1.  A  principal  compartment  or  di- 
vision in  the  architectural  arrangement  of  a 
building,  marked  by  buttresses  or  pilasters  on 
the  walls,  by  the  disposition  of 
the  main  ribs  (arcs  doubleaux) 
of  the  interior  vaulting,  by 
the  plactrigjof  the  main  arches 
and  pillars  or  of  the  principals 
of  the  roof,  or  by  any  other 
leading  features  that  separate 
the  design  into  corresponding 
parts.  Oxford  Glossary. — 2. 
The  part  of  a  window  included 
between  two  muUions ;  a  light. 
Also  csMed.  window-bay . —  3.  A 
bay-window. 

Some  ladies  walking  with  me,  see- 
ing my  father  sitting  at  his  singular 
writing  establishment  in  the  bay, 
went  in  through  his  glorified  win- 
dows, and  established  themselves 
round  his  table. 

Lady  Holland,  Sydney  Smith,  vii. 

4.  A  compartment  in  a  bam 
for  the  storage  of  hay  or 
grain. — 5.  In  carp.,  a  portion 
of  a  compound  or  framed  floor 
included  between  two  girders, 
or  between  a  girder  and  the 
wall. — 6.  In  plastering,  the 
space  between  two  screeds. 
See  screed. —  7.  Naut.,  that 
part  of  a  ship  between  decks 
which  lies  forward  of  the  bitts, 


Architectural  Bays. 
—  Nave  of  Notre 
Dame,  Dijon. 

F,  C,  .4.  bays;  F,F, 
window-bays ;  C,  tri- 
forium ;  A,  arch  of 
aisle.  ( From  Viollet- 
le-Duc's  "  Diet,  de 
r  Architecture." ) 


482 

on  either  side ;  in  a  ship  of  war,  the  foremost 
messing-place  between  decks.  See  sick-bay. — 
8.  In  bridge-building,  the  portion  between  two 
piers. — 9.  In  coal-mining :  (a)  An  open  space 
for  the  gob  or  waste  in  a  long-wall  working. 
(6)  The  space  between  two  frames  or  sets  in  a 
level:  synonymous  with  board.  [Leicester- 
shire, Eng.]— Bay  of  joists,  the  joists  between  two 
binding-joists,  or  between  two  girders,  in  a  framed  floor. 

—  Bay  of  roofing,  the  small  rafters  and  their  supporting 
purlins  between  two  principal  rafters. 

bay^t  (ba),  v.  i.  [<  OF.  bayer,  beer,  baer,  gape, 
<  LL.  badare,  mod.  F.  bayer,  dial,  bader  =  Pr. 
badar  =  Cat.  badar  =  It.  badare,  <  LL.  6a- 
dare,  gape,  be  open.  Cf.  bay^  and  bay^.'\  To 
open  the  mouth,  as  for  food ;  seek  with  open 
mouth. 

Bayer  A  la  mamclle,  to  seeke  or  baye  for  the  dugge. 

Hollyband,  Treasuile  of  the  French  Tongue. 

bayS  (ba),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  baye,  <  ME. 
bayen,  <  OF.  bayer  =  It.  bajare  (also  in  comp., 
ME.  abayen,  <  OF.  abayer,  abater,  abbaycr,  mod. 
F.  aboyer  =  It.  abbajare),  bark ;  of  uncertain 
origin,  perhaps  imitative  (ef.  E.  bawU,  bark, 
L.  baubari,  ML.  baulare,  G.  bailen,  bark,  and  E. 
baiv'^,  bow-wow),  but  prob.  associated  in  earlier 
use  with  OF,  baer,  beer,  bayer  =  It.  badare,  < 
LL.  badare,  gape :  see  bay^,  and  cf.  bay^,  n.,  in 
which  the  two  notions  unite.  In  some  senses 
the  verb  is  from  the  noun.]  I.  intrans.  To 
bark,  as  a  dog ;  especially,  to  bark  with  a  deep 
prolonged  sound,  as  hounds  in  the  chase. 

The  hounds  at  nearer  distance  hoarsely  bayed. 

Dryden,  Theodore  and  Honoria,  1.  279. 

II.  trans.  1 .  To  bark  at ;  beset  with  deep 
prolonged  barking. 

I  had  rather  be  a  dog,  and  bay  the  moon. 

Than  such  a  Roman.  Shak.,  J.  C,  iv.  3. 

2.  To  express  by  barking. 

"Tis  sweet  to  hear  the  watch-dog's  honest  bark 
Bay  deep-mouthed  welcome  as  we  draw  near  home. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  i.  123. 

3.  To  drive  or  pursue  so  as  to  compel  to  stand 
at  bay ;  chase  or  hunt. 

They  bay'd  the  bear 
With  hounds  of  Sparta. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iv.  1. 

4.  To  hold  at  bay. 

For  we  are  at  the  stake. 
And  bay'd  about  with  many  enemies. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iv.  1. 

bay5  (ba),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  baye,  beye,  < 
ME.  bay,  baie,  of  different  origin,  according  as 
it  stands  («)  for  bay,  a  barking,  (bay,  ME.  bay- 
en,  bark;  (b)  by  apheresis  for  abay,  <  OF.  abai, 
abay,  abbay,  aboy,  mod.  F.  aboi,  a  barking,  < 
abayer,  bark  (see  bay^,  v.),  esp.  in  the  phrase 
to  be  or  stand  at  bay  (or  at  a  bay,  which  is  per- 
haps always  to  be  read  at  abay),  to  bring  to  bay; 
(c)  in  the  phrase  to  hold  at  bay,  repr.  OF.  tetiir 
a  bay.  It.  tcnere  a  bada,  hold  in  suspense  or  ex- 
pectation, lit.  on  the  gape :  OF.  bay  (=  It.  bada), 
suspense,  lit.  gaping,  <  baer  =  It.  badare,  gape,  a 
verb  prob.  in  part  connected  with  bay^,  bark : 
see  above.  ]  1 .  The  deep-toned  barking  of  a  dog 
in  pursuit  of  game ;  especially,  the  barking  of 
a  pack  of  hounds. —  2.  The*  state  of  being  so 
hard  pressed,  as  a  hunted  animal  by  dogs  and 
hunters,  as  to  be  compelled,  from  impossibility 
of  escape,  to  turn  and  face  the  danger:  with  at 
or  to:  as,  to  be  at  bay,  stand  at  bay,  hold  at 
bay  (formerly  also  at  a  bay),  bring  to  bay,  etc.: 
often  used  figuratively,  in  these  and  other  con- 
structions, with  reference  to  persons  beset  by 
enemies  or  held  at  a  disadvantage :  strait ; 
distress. 

Unhappy  Squire  I  what  hard  mishap  thee  brought 
Into  this  bay  of  perill  and  disgrace  ? 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  i.  12. 
Nor  flight  was  left,  nor  hopes  to  force  his  way  : 
Emboldened  by  despair,  he  stood  at  bay.  Dryden. 

3.  The  state  of  being  kept  off  by  the  bold  at- 
titude of  an  opponent ;  the  state  of  being  pre- 
vented by  an  enemy,  or  by  any  kind  of  resist- 
ance, from  making  further  advance :  with  at. 

We  have  now,  for  ten  years  together,  turned  the  whole 
force  and  expense  of  the  war  where  the  enemy  was  best 
able  to  hold  us  at  bay.  Swift. 
The  barriers  which  they  builded  from  the  soil 
To  keep  the  foe  at  bay.  Bryant,  The  Prairies. 

bay6  (ba),  a.  and  n.  [I.  a.  Early  mod.  E.  also 
baye,  baie,  <  ME.  bay,  baye,  <  OF.  bai,  moA.  F.  bai 

—  Pv.  bai  =  Sp.  bayo  =  Pg.  baio=  It.  bajo,  <  L. 
badius  (>  E.  badious),  bay,  in  ref.  to  a  color  of 
horses.  II.  n.  1.  Rarely  in  sing,  bay  (=  D. 
baai  =  MLG.  baie,  LG.  baje  (>  G.  boi)  =  Dan. 
bai  =  Sw.  boi),  usually  in  pi.  bays,  early  mod. 
E.  bayes,  baies,  baize  (whence  the  mod.  sing. 


bayard 

baize,  q.  v.),  <  OF.  baies,  pi.  of  baie,  fem.  of  ba% 
adj.]  I.  a.  Reddish  or  brownish-red,  inclining 
to  chestnut ;  rufous  ;  badious ;  castaneous :  ap- 
plied most  frequently  to  horses,  but  also  to 
other  animals  displaying  the  same  color. 

II.  M.  If.  A  light  woolen  fabric  (originally 
of  a  bay  color),  the  manufacture  of  which  was 
introduced  into  England  in  1561  by  refugees 
from  France  and  the  Netherlands :  usually  in 
plural  bays,  now,  as  singular,  baize  (which  see). 
— 2.  A  bay  horse. 

The  ploughman  stopped  to  gaze 
Whene'er  his  chariot  swept  in  view 
Behind  the  shining  bays. 

0.  IF.  Holmes,  Agnes. 

bay''  (ba),  n.  [Origin uncertain ;  the  ME.  "bay, 
or  withstondynge,  obstaculum,"  may  possibly 
be  a  use  of  bay^  in  to  stand  at  bay,  etc.:  see 
bay'!,  v.]  A  dam;  a  pond-head;  an  embank- 
ment. [Eng.] 

bay7  (ba),  V.  t.  [Perhaps  from  the  related  noun 
{bay'!),  or,  as  the  source  of  that,  <  Icel.  baig- 
ja,  push  back,  hinder,  <  bdgr,  opposition,  colli- 
sion; at.  far  a  i  bag,  come  athwart.]  To  dam: 
as,  to  bay  back  the  water. 

bay^  (ba),  n.  [Short  for  bay-antler.']  The  bay- 
antler  or  bez-antler  of  a  stag. 

bay9  (ba),  v.  t.  [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  beieii,  beighen, 
beigen,  bien,  buyen,  bugen,  <  AS.  began,  Megan, 
bigan,  bygan  (=  OFries.  beja  =  MD.  boghen  = 
MLG.  bogen  =  OHG.  bougen,  MHG.  bougen, 
G.  beugen  =  Icel.  beygja  =  Sw.  bdja  =  Dan.  boje 
=  Goth,  baugjan),  trans,  bend,  causative  of 
bUgan  (=  Goth,  biugan,  etc.),  E.  bow^,  intrans. 
bend:  see  6owl,  andcf.  ftaiil.]  To  bend.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

bayi^t,  I).  [Only  in  Spenser,  who  also  uses  em- 
bay for  embathe,  in  most  instances  for  the  sake 
of  rime.]    A  poetical  perversion  of  bathe. 

Hee  feedes  upon  the  cooling  shade,  and  bayes 
His  sweatie  forehead  in  the  breathing  wynd. 

Spenser,  F.  Q. ,  I.  vli.  3. 

baya  (ba'ya),  n.  [Hind.]  The  weaver-bird, 
Ploceus  philippinus,  an  East  Indian  passerine 
bird,  somewhat  like  the  bulfinch,  remarkable 
for  its  extremely  curious  nest.  See  weaver- 
bird. 

baya-bird,  «.    Same  as  baya. 

bayadere,  bayadeer  (ba-ya-der'),  n.  [Also 
spelled  bajadere  (<  F.  bayaditre);  formerly  bal- 
liadere,  balliadera,  <  Pg.  bailadeira  (fem.  of  bai- 
lador  =  Sp.  bailador),  a  dancer,  <  bailor  =  Sp. 
bailar,  dance:  see  ball^.]  An  East  Indian  dan- 
cing girl. 

bayal  (ba'al),  n.  A  fine  kind  of  cotton.  Sim- 
monds. 

bayamo  (ba-ya'mo),  n.  [Cuban.]  A  violent 
blast  of  wind,  accompanied  by  vivid  lightning, 
blowing  from  the  land  on  the  south  coast  of 
Cuba,  and  especially  from  the  Bight  of  Bayamo. 

bay-antler,  n.    See  bez-antler. 

bayard^  (ba'ard),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  bayerd,  baiard,  bayart,  <  ME.  bayard,  bay- 
art,  <  OF.  bayard,  baiard,  baiart  (=  Pr.  baiart), 
bay,  a  bay  horse,  <  bai,  bay:  see  bay^  and  -ard. 
The  adj.  came  to  be  a  general  appellative  of  a 
bay  horse,  esp.  of  Renaud's  (Rinaldo's)  magic 
steed  in  the  Charlemagne  romances;  later  of 
any  horse,  esp.  in  alliterative  proverbial  use, 
bold  bayard,  blind  bayard,  often  with  reference 
to  reckless  or  stupid  persons,  perhaps  associated 
in  the  latter  sense  with  OF.  bayard,  gaping, 
staring,  one  who  gapes  or  gazes,  <  bayer,  baer, 
gape,  gaze:  see  bay^.]  I.f  a.  Bay;  of  a  bay 
color :  applied  to  a  horse. 

II.  11.  1.  A  bay  horse;  generally,  any  horse : 
formerly  frequent  in  proverbial  use,  especially 
with  the  epithet  blind  or  bold. 
Blind  bayard  moves  the  miU.  Philips. 
Who  so  bold  as  blind  bayard  ?  Proverbial  saying. 

2.  A  person  who  is  self-confident  and  ignorant : 
usually  with  the  epithet  blind  or  bold. 

The  more  we  know,  the  more  we  know  we  want : 
What  Bayard  boulder  then  the  ignorant? 

Marston,  What  you  Will,  Ind. 
Phillip  the  second,  late  king  of  Spain,  perceiving  that 
many  Blind  Bayards  were  overbold  to  undertake  the  work- 
ing of  his  mines  of  silver  in  the  West  Indies,  etc. 

Gerard  Malynes,  Lex  Mercatoria  (1622),  p.  189. 
What  are  most  of  our  papists,  but  stupid,  ignorant  and 
blind  bayards?  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  609. 

[Obsolete  or  archaic  in  all  uses.] 
bayard^t,  «.  [<  OF.  baiard,  bayart,  a  basket 
used  for  the  carrying  of  earth  and  fastened 
about  the  neck ;  perhaps  a  fanciful  application 
of  bayard,  a  horse :  see  bayard^.]  A  kind  of 
hand-barrow  used  for  carrying  heavy  loads, 
especially  of  stones. 


bayardly 

bayardlyt  (ba'ard-li),  a.    [<  hayardX  + 
Blind;  stupid. 

A  blind  credulity,  a  bayardly  confidence,  or  an  imperious 
insolence.        J er.  Taylor  (?),  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  143. 

bayberry  (ba'ber''''i),  n. ;  pi.  layherries  (-iz).  [< 
fca^i  +  berry'^.1  1,  The  fruit  of  the  bay-tree, 
or  Laurus  nohilis. —  2.  The  wax-myrtle,  Myrica 
cerifera,  and  its  fruit.  The  coating  of  wax  upon  the 
ben-ies  is  known  as  bayberry-tallow  or  myrtle-wax.  See 
Myrica.    Also  called  candleberry. 

3.  In  Jamaica,  the  Pimenta  acris,  from  which 
an  oil  is  obtained  which  is  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  bay-rum. 

bay-birds  (ba'berdz),  n.  pi.  A  collective  name 
of  numerous  small  wading  birds  or  shore-birds, 
chiefly  of  the  snipe  and  plover  families,  which 
frequent  the  muddy  shores  of  the  bays  and  es- 
tuaries along  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United 
States. 

bay-bolt  (ba'bolt),  n.  A  kind  of  barbed  bolt. 
See  boUK 

bay-breasted  (ba'bres"ted),  a.  Having  the 
breast  bay  in  color:  as,  the  bay-breastedwavhler, 
Dendrceca  castanea,  one  of  the  commonest  birds 
of  the  United  States. 

bay-cod  (ba'kod),  n.  The  name  of  a  fish  of  the 
family  Ophidiidce,  Genypterus  blacodes,  of  New 
Zealand,_also  called  cloudy  bay-cod  and  ling. 

bayed  (bad),  a.  [<  bay^  + -ed^.']  1.  Having  a 
bay  or  bays,  as  a  building:  as,  "the  large  bay^d 
ham,"  Drayton,  Polyolbion,  iii. — 2,  Formed  as 
a  bay  or  recess. 

A  handsome  and  substantial  mansion,  the  numerous  ga- 
ble-ends and  bayed  windows  of  which  bespoke  the  owner 
a  man  of  worship.      Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  119. 

bayest,  n.   See  bai^e. 

bayeta  (ba-ya'ta),  n.  [Sp.,  baize:  see  baize.2 
A  common  kind  of  coarse  baize  manufactured 
ia  Spain. 

Bayeux  tapestry.  See  tapestry. 

bay-gall  (ba'gal),  n.  A  watercourse  covered 
with  spongy  earth,  mixed  with  matted  fibers, 
and  impregnated  with  acids.    See  gall^,  5. 

bay-leaf  (ba'lef),  n.;  pi.  bay-leaves  (-levz).  1. 
The  leaf  of  the  sweet-bay  or  laurel-tree,  Laurus 
nobilis.  Bay-leaves  are  aromatic,  are  reputed  stimulant 
and  narcotic,  and  are  used  in  medicine,  cookery,  and  con- 
fectionery. 

2.  Same  as  6ayi,  n.,  3. 

baylerbay  (ba'ler-ba),  n.   Same  as  beylerbey. 
baylet  (ba'let),  n.    [<  bay'^  +  -let.']    A  little 
bay. 

bay-mahogany  (ba'ma-hog''''a-ni),  «.  Same  as 
bay-wood. 

baymani  (ba'man),  n. ;  pi.  baymen  (-men).  [< 
man.]    1.  One  who  lives  on  a  bay,  or 
who  fishes,  shoots,  or  pursues  his  occupation  in 
or  on  a  bay. 

When  the  birds  are  traveling  with  the  wind,  or  as  bay- 
men  call  it,  a  "free  wind."  Shore  Birds,  p.  43. 

2.  Specifically,  in  British  Honduras,  a  mahog- 
any-cutter of  the  coast, 
bajrman^  (ba'man),  n. ;  pi.  baymen  (-men).  [< 
hay^  +  man.]  A  sick-bay  attendant ;  a  nurse 
for  sick  or  wounded  men  on  a  vessel  of  war. 
bay-oil  (ba'oil),  «.  An  oil  manufactured  from 
the  ripe  berries  of  the  bay-tree  of  Italy,  used 
in  veterinary  medicine.  McElrath. 
bayonet  (ba'o-net),  n.  [<  F.  bawnnette,  for- 
merly bayonnette,  a  small  flat  pocket-dagger, 
or  a  knife  hung  at  the  girdle,  like  a  dagger, 
now  a  bayonet,  =  Sp.  bayoneta  =  It.  baionetta, 
a  bayonet,  usually  derived  from  Bayonne,  in 
France,  because  bayonets  are  said  to  have 
been  first  made  there  {Bayonne,  Sp.  Bayona,  is 
said  to  mean  'good  harbor,'  <  Basque  baia, 
harbor  (see  bay"^),  +  ona,  good) ;  but  cf .  F. 

bayonnier,  as  arbalestier  [see  arbalister]  •  an 
old  word"  (Cotgrave),  <  bay  on,  baton,  the  arrow 
or  shaft  of  a  crossbow.]  If.  A  short  flat  dag- 
ger.—2.  A  dagger  or  short  stabbing  instru- 
ment of  steel  for  infantry  soldiers,  made  to  be 
attached  to  the  muzzle  of  a  gun.  in  its  original 

form  it  has  a  sharp 
point  and  three 
edges,  but  other 
forms  have  been 
introduced.  (See 
below.)  It  was  at 
fu-st  inserted  in  the 
barrel  of  the  gun, 
after   the  soldier 

„    ,     ,     ,  had    fired,  by  a 

wooden  handle  fitted  to  the  bore ;  but  it  was  aftertvard 
made  with  an  iron  socket  and  ring  passing  over  the  muz- 
zle, and  attached  to  the  blade  by  a  shoulder,  so  tliat  the 
soldier  might  fire  with  his  bayonet  fixed. 
^.  In  mach.,  a  pin  which  plays  in  and  out  of 
holes  made  to  receive  it,  and  which  thus  serves 
to  connect  and  disconnect  parts  of  the  machin- 
ery.  See  bayonet-clutch.— Knite-\)a,yonet,  a  com- 


Bayonet-clutch. 


,  Common  Bayonet ;  2,  Sword-Bayonet. 


483 

^1}^^  '^"•fe  and  bayonet  arranged  to  fit  the  muzzle  of  a 
rifle,  earned  when  not  in  use  in  a  sheath  attached  to  the 
waist-belt.— Rod-bayonet,  a  long  steel  rod  with  triangu- 
lar-shaped end,  used  as  a  bayonet.  It  is  attached  to  the 
nfle  by  a  spring-catch,  and  may  also  be  used  as  a  wiping- 
rod.  It  was  perfected  hy  Lieut. -Col.  A.  K.  Bufflngton, 
U.  S.  A.— Spanish  bayonet,  a  common  name  given  to 
plants  belonging  to  several  species  of  Yucca,  with  narrow 
rigid,  spine-tipped  leaves,  especially  to  Y.  aloifulia,  y' 
canahculata,  and  Y.  6acca<a.— Sword-bayonet,  a  short 
sword  with  a  cutting  edge  and  sharp  point,  made  to  fasten 
by  a  spring-catch  to  the  barrel  of  a  rifle  or  carbine.  It  is 
carried  in  a  scabbard  when  not  fixed  to  the  piece.  Tliis  is 
now  the  usual  form  of  military  bayonet.—  Trowel-bavo- 
net,  a  form  of  bayonet  with  a  short  and  broad  but  sliaip- 
pointed  blade,  intended  to  serve  in  case  of  need,  after  the 
manner  of  a  trowel,  as  an  intrenching  tool.  It  was  invent- 
ed by  Col.  Edmund  Rice,  U.  S.  A.,  and  has  done  good  ser- 
vice in  Indian-fighting. 

bayonet  (ba'o-net),  v.  t.  [<  bayonet,  n.]  To 
stab  with  a  bayonet ;  compel  or  drive  by  the 
bayonet. 

You  send  troops  to  sabre  and  to  bayonet  us  into  a  sub- 
mission. Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

bayonet-clasp  (ba'o-net-klasp),  n.  A  movable 
ring  of  metal  about  the  socket  of  a  bayonet, 
which  serves  to  strengthen  it  and  to  prevent 
its  disengagement. 

bayonet-clutch  (ba'o-net-kluch),  n.  In  macJi., 
a  form  of  clutch  armed  usually  with  two  prongs 
(a  a),  which  when  in  gear  act  on  the  ends  or 
lugs  of  a  friction-strap  (&), 
fitted  on  a  side-boss  of  the 
wheel  to  be  driven,  the  lat- 
ter being  loose  on  the  same 
shaft.  The  clutch  is  attached  to 
the  shaft  by  a  feather-key,  and 
when  drawn  back  or  out  of  gear 
with  the  strap  the  wheel  remains  at 
rest,  and  the  clutch  continues  to  re- 
volve with  the  shaft.  When  it  is 
required  to  set  the  machinery  again 
in  motion,  the  clutch  is  thrown  for- 
ward by  the  fork  c,  and  its  prongs,  engaging  with  the 
strap,  gradually  put  the  wheel  in  motion, 
bayonet-joint  (ba'o-net-joint),  n.  A  form  of 
coupling  or  socket-joint  resembling  the  mode 
of  attachment  commonly  adopted  for  fixing  a 
bayonet  on  a  musket, 
bayou  (bi'6),  n.  [A  corrupt  form  of  F.  boyau, 
a  gut,  a  long,  nan'ow  passage  (cf .  a  similar  use 
of  E.  gut),  <  OF.  boyel,  boel,  a  gut,  >  E.  bowel,  q. 
v.]  In  the  southern  United  States,  the  outlet 
of  a  lake,  or  one  of  the  several  outlets  of  a 
river  through  its  delta ;  a  sluggish  watercourse. 

For  hours,  in  fall  days,  I  watched  the  ducks  cunningly 
tack  and  veer  and  hold  the  middle  of  the  pond,  far  from  the 
sportsman ;  tricks  which  they  will  have  less  need  to  prac- 
tise in  Louisiana  bayous.  Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  254. 
Under  the  shore  his  boat  was  tied, 

And  all  her  listless  crew 
Watched  the  gray  alligator  slide 
Into  the  still  bayou.    Longfellow,  Quadroon  Girl, 
bay-porpoise  (ba'por'-'pus),  n.    A  typical  por- 
poise, as  of  the  genus  Fhoccena;  a  pufSng-pig: 
so  called  from  the  frequent  appearance  of  the 
animals  in  bays  or  estuaries, 
bay-rum  (ba'mm'),  «.    [<  bay'i-  +  rumK]  A 
fragi'ant  spirit  much  used  as  a  cosmetic,  etc., 
especially  by  barbers,  obtained  by  distilling 
the  leaves  of  the  Pimenta  acris  (see  bayberry, 
3),  of  the  natural  order  Myrtacece,  with  rum,  or 
by  mixing  the  volatile  oil  procured  from  the 
leaves  by  distillation  with  alcohol,  water,  and 
acetic  ether.    It  is  the  spiritus  myrcice  of  the 
United  States  Pharmacopoeia, 
baysi  (baz),  w.    [Prop.  pi.  of  bay^.]    See  bay^. 
bays2t,  n.    [Prop.  pi.  of  bay^.]    See  baize. 
bay-salt  (ba'salf),  n.     [Formerly  sometimes 
baisalt,  base-salt,  <  late  ME.  bayesalt;  cf.  Dan. 
baisalt  =  G.  baisalz,  after  E. ;  appar.  <  bay"^  (some 
suppose  orig.  in  ref.  to  the  Bay  of  Biscay)  + 
salti-.]    Coarse-grained  salt:  properly  applied 
to  salt  obtained  by  spontaneous  or  natural 
evaporation  of  sea-water, 
bay-stall  (ba'stal),  n.    In  arch.,  the  bay  of  a 
window;  a  window-seat. 

basrtt,  V.  and  n.    Obsolete  spelling  of  baifi-. 

Spenser. 

bay-tree  (ba'tre),  n.  [<  ME.  laytre  (whence 
appar.  MD.  baeytere);  <  bay^  +  tree.]  1.  The 
laurel-tree,  Laurus  nobilis,  a  native  of  Italy 
and  Greece,  growing  to  the  height  of  30  feet.— 
2.  In  the  eastern  United  States,  a  name  of  the 
Magnolia  glauca,  and  in  California  of  the  JJm- 
bellularia  Californica. 
bayur  (ba-yor'),  w.  Javanese  name  of  the  tree 
Pterospermum  Javanicum. 
bay-window  (ba'win'do),  n.  [<  6a?/3,  a  recess,  + 
windotv.]  In  arch.,  properly,  a  window  foiming 
a  recess  or  bay  in  a  room,  projecting  outward, 
and  rising  from  the  ground  or  basement  on  a 
plan  rectangular,  semi-octagonal,  or  semi-hex 


Bdella 

however,  also  often  applied  to  a  bow-window,  which  prop- 
erly forms  in  plan  tlie  segment  of  a  circle,  or  to  an  oriel- 
window,  which  is  supported 
on  a  console  or  corbeling, 
and  is  usually  on  the  first 
floor. 

bay  -  winged  (ba'- 
wingd),  a.  Having 
chestnut  color  on  the 
wings.  —  Bay  -  winged 
bunting,  the  grass-flncli  or 
vesper-bird,  Poaeceten  rjra- 
mineus,  one  of  the  com- 
monest sparrows  of  North 
America.  —  Bay  -  Winged 
longspur,  Jlhyncliophanes 
maccowni,  a  common  frin- 
gilline  bird  of  the  western 
prairies,  related  to  the 
Lapland  longspur. —  Bay- 
Winged  summer-finch, 
Peuccea  caijiaiis  of  Ari- 
zona. 

bay-wood  (ba'wud),  n. 
{_<bay^  +  woodi-.]  The 
lighter  and  coarser 
kind  of  mahogany, 
coming  especially  from 
British  Honduras.  See 
mahogany. 

bay-yarn  (ba'yam),  n. 
[<  bay^,  a.,  +  yarn.] 


Bay-window,  Sutton-on-Guildford, 
England. 


agonal,  but  always  straight-sided.  The  term  is, 


Woolen  yarn  used  in  the  manufacture  of  baize, 
baza  (ba'za),  n.  [E.  Ind. ;  cf.  Ar.  bdz,  a 
hawk.]  In  ornith.,  the  name  of  an  East  Indian 
kite.  It  is  also  used  as  a  generic  name, 
bazaar,  bazar  (ba-ziir'),  n.  [Formerly  also 
basar,  buszar,  bussar,  also  bazarro  (cf.  It.  baz- 
zarro,  traffic,  Olt.  bazarra,  a  market-place),  <  F. 
bazar,  <  Ar.  bazar,  Turk,  pdzdr,  Hind,  bazar,  < 
Pers.  bazar,  a  market.]  1.  In  the  East,  an  ex- 
change, market-place,  or  place  where  goods  are 
exposed  for  sale,  consisting  either  of  small 
shops  or  stalls  in  a  narrow  street  or  series  of 
streets,  or  of  a  certain  section  in  a  town  under 
one  roof  and  divided  by  narrower  passage- 
ways, in  which  all  or  most  of  the  merchants  aM 
artisans  in  a  certain  material  or  metal,  or  any 
single  class  of  goods,  are  gathered  both  for 
manufacture  and  traffic.  These  bazaar-streets  are 
frequently  shaded  by  a  light  material  laid  from  roof  to 
roof,  and  are  sometimes  arched  over.  Marts  bearing  the 
name  of  bazaars,  for  the  sale  of  miscellaneous  articles 
chiefly  fancy  goods,  are  now  to  be  found  in  most  Euro- 
pean and  American  cities;  and  the  term  has  been  ex- 
tended to  structures  arranged  as  market-places  for  spe- 
cific articles :  as,  a  horse-teaar. 

The  streets  of  the  town  are  narrow,  terribly  rough,  and 
very  dirty,  but  the  bazaars  axe  extensive  and  well  stocked. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  40. 

2.  A  sale  of  miscellaneous  articles  in  further- 
ance of  some  charitable  or  other  purpose;  a 
fancy  fair.    The  articles  there  sold  are  mostly 
of  fancy  work,  and  contributed  gratuitously, 
bazaar-maund  (ba-zar'mand'),  n.    [<  bazaar  + 
maund*,  n.]    An  East  Indian  weight,  differing 
in  different  localities :  equal  in  Calcutta  to  82i 
pounds  avoirdupois.    So  called  in  contradis- 
tinction to  factory-maund.    See  maund^. 
bazan,  «.    Same  as  basan. 
bazar,  «.   See  bazaar. 

bazaras  (ba-za'ras),  n.   [E.  Ind.]  A  large  flat- 
bottomed  pleasure-boat  used  on  the  Ganges, 
propelled  with  sails  and  oars, 
bazet,  V.  t.    [Also  written  baize,  appar.  <  D.  ba- 
zen,  verbazen,  astonish,  stupefy  (cf.  abash) ;  cf . 
G.  (obs.)  basen,  rave.]   To  stupefy ;  frighten, 
baziers  (ba'zerz),  n.  sing,  or  pi.    [Corruption  of 
bear's  ears.]    The  plant  bear's-ears.  Primula 
Auricula :  used  in  some  parts  of  England. 
The  baziers  are  sweet  in  the  morning  of  May. 

Book  of  Days,  i.  547. 

bazil  (baz'il),  n.    Same  as  basan. 

Tanned  with  bark,  .  .  .  [sheep-skins]  constitute  bazils, 
and  are  used  for  making  slippers  and  as  bellows-leather. 

C.  T.  Davis,  Leather,  p.  42. 

B.  B,  A  common  abbreviation  in  mineralogi- 
cal  works  for  before  the  blowpipe:  as,  quartz 
is  infusible  B.  B. 

bbl,,  bbls.   Abbreviations  of  barrel  and  barrels 
respectively:  as,  1,000  bbls.  flour. 
B.  C.    An  abbreviation  of  before  Christ,  used 
in  noting  dates  preceding  the  Christian  era: 
as,  the  battle  of  Thermopylas  was  fought  480 
B.  C. ;  Julius  Caesar  invaded  Britain  55  B.  C. 
B.  C.  15.    An  abbreviation  of  Bachelor  of  Ciml 
Engineering.    See  bachelor. 
B.  D.    -An  abbreviation  of  Bachelor  of  Divinity. 
Bdella  (del'a),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  pm/ji,  a  leech.] 
1.  A  genus  of  leeches,  of  the  family  Hirudi- 
nidw  or  Gnathobdellidce.    Also  written  Bdellia. 
[Not  in  use.]  —  2.  The  tj^jieal  genus  of  the 
tamily  Bdellidw.    B.  longicornis  is  an  example. 


bdellatomy 


484 


beach-birds 


bdellatomy  (de-lat'6-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  (idella,  a 
leech,  +  TOjLi/,  a  cutting.]  1.  The  act  or  oper- 
ation of  incising  a  leech  while  sucking,  so  that 
the  ingested  blood  may  escape,  and  the  leech 
continue  to  suck. —  2.  The  application  of  the 
bdellometer. 

Bdellia  (del'i-a),  n.  [NL. :  see  Bdella.']  Same 
as  Bdella,  1. 

Bdellidce  (del'i-de),  n.  j>l.  [NL.,  <  BiMla  + 
-uliv.']  A  family  of  tracheate  mites,  of  the  or- 
der Acarida,  class  Arachnida,  having  the  head 
distinct  from  the  thorax  and  elongated  into  a 
proboscis,  chelate  ehelieeres,  long  thin  rap- 
torial pedipalps,  cursorial  legs  of  six  or  more 
joints,  stigmate  near  the  rostrum,  and  skeleton 
composed  of  selerites  embedded  in  soft  skin. 
The  animals  are  found  creeping  in  damp  places.  Besides 
Bdi'lla.  the  fumilv  contains  the  genus  Scirus. 

Bdellinae  (de-ii'ue),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bdella  + 
-i)(rt'.]  A  subfamily  of  tracheate  jdcariwa.  See 
Bddlkhe. 

bdellium  (del'i-um),  n.  [In  ME.  bdelytim,  bidel- 
liuiH,  <  LL.  bdellium,  <  Gr.  (idelltov,  a  plant,  a 
fragrant  gum  which  exudes  from  it  (Dioscori- 
des,  Pliny) ;  used  (also  in  the  form  p6e'A'Aa)  to 
translate  Heb.  VdolaM,  a  precious  article  of 
merchandise  mentioned  along  with  gold  and 
precious  stones  (Gen.  ii.  12).  The  opinion  of 
the  rabbins,  which  Bochart  supports,  is  that 
b'ddlakh  signifies  orig.  a  pearl,  and  as  a  collec- 
tive noun  pearls,  which  may  be  compared  to 
grains  of  manna ;  hence  its  secondary  sense  of 
a  gum.]  A  name  given  to  two  aromatic  gum- 
resins,  similar  to  myrrh,  but  weaker.  Indian 

hdellimu  is  believed  to  lie  tlie  product  of  Balsamociendron 
Mukul,  and  African  bilelliuiii  of  B.  AfHcamim.  They  are 
used  for  the  same  purposes  as  myrrh,  but  chiefly  as  an 
ingredient  in  plasters  and  as  a  perfume.  An  Egyptian 
resin  also  called  bdellium  is  obtained  from  the  douni-palm, 
Hvplicene  Thebaicn,  of  tapper  Egypt. 

Bdelloida  (de-loi'da),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  psma,  a 
leech,  -f-  -0)(/fl.]  A  family  of  rotifers  that  swim 
and  creep  like  a  leech,  with  the  foot  retractile, 
jjpinted,  telescopic,  and  forked  at  the  end. 

bdellometer  (de-lom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  pdt?ila, 
a  leech  (<  pdd'^y^.eiv,  milk,  suck),  +  fihpov,  a 
measure.]  An  instrument  used  as  a  substi- 
tute for  the  leech,  it  consists  of  a  cupping-glass,  to 
which  a  scarificator  and  an  exhausting  syringe  are  at- 
tached. Dunrilison. 

Bdellostoma  (de-los'to-ma),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

liiW/  Aa,  a  leech,  -I-  aroua,  mouth.]  A  genus  of 
cyclostomous  or  marsipobranchiate  fishes,  or 
myzonts,  referred  to  the  family  Mijxinidce,  or 
made  the  type  of  a  family  Bdellostomidce :  so 
called  from  the  comparison  of  the  suctorial 
mouth  to  that  of  a  leech.  There  are  7  branchial 
apertures  or  openings  of  the  branchial  sacs.  B.  heptatre- 
rna  is  found  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  The  genus  is  the 
same  as  Ileptatrema. 

bdellostomid  (de-los' to-mid),  n,  A  myzont  of 
the  family  Bdellostomidce. 

Bdellostomidae  (del-os-tom'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Bdellostoma  +  -ida'.l;  A  family  of  hypero- 
tretous  myzonts,  represented  by  the  genus 
Bdellostoma :  synonymous  with  Heptatremidce 
(which  see). 

bds.  An  abbreviation  of  boards,  in  use  among 
bookbinders  and  booksellers. 

be^  (be),  V.  i.,  substantive  verb;  pres.  am,  art 
(sometimes  beest),  is,  are  (sometimes  be) ;  pret. 
teas,  wast,  were;  subj.  be,  were,  wert ;  impv.  be; 
pp.  been;  ppr.  being.  [Under  the  verb  be  are 
classed,  as  identical  in  sense,  the  sfirviving 
forms  of  three  orig.  independent  verbs,  which, 
supplementing  each  other's  defects,  serve  to- 
gether to  make  up  the  substantive  verb  or  cop- 
ula ;  they  are  represented  by  the  forms  he,  am, 
and  was.  1.  Be,  inf.,  early  mod.  E.  also  bee,  < 
ME.  be,  bee,  been,  ben,  beon,  <  AS.  bcon,  bion; 
pres.  ind.  sing.  1st  pers.  be,  early  mod.  E.  also 
bee,  <  ME.  be,  bee,  beo,  <  AS.  bed,  rarely  beom, 
biom  (retaining  the  suflELx  -m,  which  appears 
also  in  am)  =  OS.  bium  =  OFries.  bem  =  OHG. 
pim  {him),  MHG.  G.  bin;  2d  pers.  beest,  bei'st, 
dial,  hist,  <  ME.  beest,  best,  bcost,  hist,  <  AS.  bist 
=  OS.  bist  =  OHG.  pis,  jnst,  MHG.  G.  Ust;  3d 
pers.  be,  dial,  also  heeth,  bes,  <  ME.  betli,  beoth, 
north,  hes,  <  AS.  hith;  pi.  he,  archaic  and  dial. 
been,  ben,  bin,  also  heth,  <  ME.  been,  ben,  bin, 
etc.,  prop,  (as  ind.)  heeth,  heth,  beoth,  <  AS. 
beoth  (in  all  three  persons)  —  OHG.  1st  pers.  pi- 
rumes,  2d 2rirut  (MHG.  birnt,  bint)  (3d  sint) ;  with 
similar  forms  in  subj.,  etc. ;  all  from  a  common 
Teut.  "v/  *beu  =  L.  fu-  in  perf .  fuisse,  have  been 
(ind.  fui,  I  was,  I  have  been),  fut.  part,  fu- 
turus,  about  to  be  (see  future),  fut.  inf. /ore,  be 
about  to  be,  =  Gr.  <p'veaSai,  be,  become,  grow 
(act.  ^vELv,  produce)  (>  ult.  E.  pihysic,  physical, 
etc.),  =  Skt.     bhU,  become,  come  into  being, 


take  place,  exist,  be ;  the  sense  'become'  being 
still  evident  in  AS.,  and  giving  the  present  gen- 
erally a  future  implication.  2.  Am,  etc.,  pres. 
ind.  (without  inf.) :  1st  pers.  am  (often  contr. 
'/K  La  I'm),  <  ME.  am,  amm,  em,  <  ONorth.  cam, 
am,  AS.  com  =  Icel.  cm  (mod.  usually  er)  =  Goth. 
im  (orig.  *ism)  —  L.  sum  (orig.  *esum)  =  Gr.  sl/ii, 
dial,  ifiui  (orig.  *(a/xi),  =  OBulg.  yesmi  =  Bohem. 
jsem,  etc.,  =  Lith.  esmi,  etc.,  =  Skt.  asmi;  2d 
pers.  art,  <  ME.  art,  crt,  <  AS.  cart,  ONorth.  arth 
=  Icel.  crt  —  Goth,  is  =  L.  es  =  Gr.  el,  dial,  eaai, 
=  OBulg.  yesi,  etc.,  =  Skt.  asi ;  3d  pers.  is,  <  ME. 
is,  es,  <  AS.  is  =  OS.  ist  =  OFries.  ist  =  OHG. 
MHG.  G.  ist  =  Icel.  cr,  earlier  cs,  =  Sw.  dr  = 
Dan.  er  (extended  in  Sw.  Dan.  also  to  1st  and 
2d  pers. )  =  Goth,  ist  =1j.  est—  Gr.  f  crri  =  OBulg. 
yestt,  etc.,  =  Skt.  asti;  pi.  arc,  <  ME.  are,  arcn, 
arne,  ere,  cren.  erne,  <  ONorth.  aron,  earon  (in  all 
three  persons)  =  Icel.  1st  crum,  2d  cruth,  3d  cru, 
—  Sw.  1st  ciro,  2d  dren,  3d  dro,  =  Dan.  ere:  a 
new  formation  from  the  stem  as  seen  in  the 
sing,  art,  etc.,  taldng  the  place  in  Scand.  and 
ONorth.,  etc.,  of  the  older  form,  namely,  AS. 
sind,  also  in  double  pi.  sindon  (in  all  three  per- 
sons), =  OS.  sind,  sinden  =  OFries.  send  =  OHG. 
MHG.  3d  pi.  sint,  G.  sind  =  Goth.  3d  pi.  sind  = 
L.  1st  sumus,  2d  estis,  3d  sunt,  =  Gr.  1st  eafttv,  2d 
ea-i,  3d  dal,  dial,  eaai,  =  Skt.  1st  smas,  2d  stlia, 
3d  sand;  also  in  subj.  (lost  since  early  ME.), 
AS.  1st  pers.  si,  pi.  sin,  =  OFries.  se  =  OS.  si  = 
OHG.  MHG.  si,  G.  sei  =  Icel.  se,  earlier  sjci,  = 
Goth,  sijau,  etc.,  =  L.  sim,  OL.  ,^icm  -  Gr.  eir/v  = 
Skt.  sydm,  etc.,  with  similar  (in  AS.  identical) 
forms  for  the  other  persons;  all  from  a  com- 
mon root  represented  by  Skt.  -y/  as,  be,  exist.  3. 
Was,  pret.  ind.  (without  inf.  in  mod.  E.) :  sing., 
1st  and  3d  pers.  was,  <  ME.  was,  ivas,  wes,  <  AS. 
iva's  =  OS.  was  =  OFries.  wrts  =  D.  was  =  OHG. 
was,  MHG.  G.  war  =  Icel.  rar,  earlier  I'as,  =  Sw. 
Dan.  rar  =  Goth,  ivas;  2d  pers.  wert,  earlier 
were,  <  ME.  ivere,  <  AS.  ivwre;  pi.  iverc,  <  ME. 
were,  wcrcn,  <  AS.  wcSron  (so  subj.  were,  <  ME. 
were,  <  AS.  wcere,  etc. ;  AS.  impv.  ices,  of  which 
a  relic  remains  in  E.  u'assail,  q.  v.),  with  similar 
forms  in  the  other  tongues;  pp.,  AS.  gewesen 
(usually  bcon,  E.  been),  etc.:  prop.  pret.  (and 
pp.)  of  the  strong  verb,  AS.  inf.  wcsan  —  OS. 
wesan  =  OFries.  ivcsa  =  D.  icc::cn  =  OHG.  wcsan, 
MHG.  wesen  (G.  wesen,  n.,  being,  a  being)  — 
Icel.  vera,  earlier  vesa,  =  Sw.  vara  =  Dan.  vccre 
=  Goth,  wisan,  be,  =  Skt.  vas,  dwell,  abide, 
live.  To  the  same  root  are  referred  Gr.  aarv,  a 
city,  dwelling-place  (see  astcism),  L.  verna  (for 
*vesna),  a  household  slave  (see  vernacular). — In 
mod.  literary  E.  the  form  he  in  the  ind.  is  only 
archaic  of  poetical,  but  it  still  flourishes  in  dial, 
use.]  1.  To  exist;  have  existence  or  being; 
possess  reality ;  be  the  case ;  be  true  or  real. 

To  be,  or  not  to  be,  that  is  the  question, 

Sliak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 

Creatures  which  only  are,  and  have  a  dull  kind  of  being 
not  yet  privileged  with  life. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  i.  34. 

Time  was.  Time  is,  and  Time  shall  be  no  more. 

Southey. 

2.  To  take  place ;  occur ;  happen ;  come  about : 
as,  the  wedding  vsdll  he  to-morrow ;  his  birth- 
day was  last  week;  it  was  to  be. —  3.  Usually, 
he  is  a  mere  copula,  or  sign  of  predication,  a 
link  between  a  subject  and  a  predicate.  As  such 

it  asserts,  or  expresses  as  fact,  the  inclusion  of  the  subject 
among  the  things  denoted  by  the  predicate,  or  the  posses- 
sion by  the  subject  of  the  characters  signified  by  the  pred- 
icate ;  and  this  it  does  with  temporal  and  modal  modifi- 
cations, while  the  whole  substance  of  the  predication,  or 
all  that  is  predicated,  is  expressed  separately,  in  noun  or 
adjective  form,  or  the  equivalent  of  such  :  thus,  I  am 
good,  he  was  a  hero,  they  ivill  he  there,  we  should  have 
been  beloved.  Hence,  every  other  i)redicating  word  or 
verb  may  be  analyzed  into  a  form  of  be,  expressing  the 
predication,  and  an  adjective  or  noun  expressing  what 
is  predicated  :  thus,  he  loves  into  he  is  loointf,  or  he  is  a 
lover,  and  so  on.  Such  a  copula  is  possessed  by  many 
languages,  being,  as  in  English,  reduced  to  that  value  by 
gradual  attenuation  of  an  originally  substantial  meaning; 
as  in  modern  French,  etait,  '  was,'  from  Latin  stabat,  or 
nearly  as  exist,  literally  '  stand  forth.' 

4.  In  metaph.,  to  subsist  in  a  state  not  neces- 
sarily amounting  to  actual  existence ;  have  the 
rudiments  of  existence.  See  being. —  5.  An 
auxiliary  verb  denoting  subsistence  in  or  sub- 
jection to  the  mode  of  action  or  being  ex- 
pressed by  the  principal  verb,  (a)  Joined  with  a 
IJresent  participle,  it  has  the  grammatical  construction 
of  a  predicate  adjective  qualifying  the  subject,  to  make 
a  continuous  or  progressive  or  imperfect  present :  thus, 
/  am  loving,  etc.,  beside  /  love,  etc. — to  match  which 
the  language  has  rather  recently  acquired  a  correspond- 
ing passive,  /  am  being  loved,  beside  /  am  loved.  (6)  It 
is  joined  with  a  past  participle  (having  the  same  con- 
struction as  above),  to  make  phrases  equivalent  with  the 
passive  verb-forms  or  verb-phrases  of  other  languages : 
thus,  he  is  loved,  Latin  amatur,  German  er  ivird  geliebt. 


Hence  such  phrases  are  ordinarily  viewed  as  making  a 
passive  conjugation  of  the  English  verl).  They  are  un- 
distinguished in  form  from  mere  combinations  of  be. 
with  a  predicate  participle :  thus,  he  is  beaten  is  passive 
when  it  means  'somebody  is  beating  him,'  but  not  when 
it  means  'he  is  a  beaten  man,'  or  'somebody  has  beaten 
him.'  ((0  Formerly,  as  still  to  a  very  limited  extent  (much 
more  in  other  related  languages,  as  German  and  French), 
be  was  the  auxiliary  used  in  making  the  past  tenses  of  in- 
transitive verbs,  as  have  of  transitives :  thus,  he  is  come, 
they  were  gone  (German  er  ist  gekommen,  French  ils  etaient 
alli's),  and  so  on.  At  present,  haiK  has  come  to  be  the 
auxiliary  almost  universally  used  in  this  sense. 

The  heathen  are  perished  out  of  his  land  (that  is,  have 
perished  and  now  no  longer  exist  in  the  land].  Ps.  x.  16. 
((f)  An  infinitive  with  to  after  be  forms  a  sort  of  future, 
often  with  a  certain  implication  of  obligation :  thus,  he 
is  to  come,  they  were  to  appear,  she  would  have  been  to 
blame  or  to  be  blamed.  [Be,  with  to,  in  perfect  tenses 
{have  been,  had  been,  etc.),  is  used  in  the  sense  of  go,  yet 
hardly  except  in  colloquial  style :  thus,  he  lias  been  to 
Paris;  we  had  been  to  see  her.]  —  Been  and,  a  common 
vulgarism  introduced  pleonastically  into  the  perfect  and 
pluperfect  tenses  of  other  verbs :  sometimes  extended  to 
been  and  gone  and. 

Sir  Pitt  has  been  and  proposed  for  to  marry  Miss  Sharp. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  I.  xv. 
Let  be,  to  omit  or  leave  untouched ;  let  alone  ;  cease. 

Let  be,  said  he,  my  prey.  Dryden. 
Let  be  thy  wail  and  help  thy  fellow-men. 

Tennyson,  Ancient  Sage. 
There  is,  etc.    See  there.  A 

he"  (be),  n.    [<  ME.  be,  <  AS.  be  =  D.  G.  Dan.f 

Sw.,  etc.,  he  =  F.  be=Sp.  Pg.  It.  6e,  <  L.  he, 
shortened  from  beta  (<  Gr.  /:J^ro:  see  beta),  or 
formed  from  b  +  e,  the  usual  assistant  vowel 
in  the  names  of  the  letters.]  The  name  of  the 
second  letter  of  the  alphabet,  usually  written 
simply  h  or  B.  See  B.  i 
be^t,  jirep.  Obsolete  form  of  by.  Chaucer.  \ 
Be.  In  cbcm.,  the  symbol  tor  beryllium  (the  same 

as  gluciniim). 
be-l.  [ME.  he-,  in  early  ME.  commonly  hi-,  < 
AS.  be-,  hi-,  =  OS.  hi-  =  OFries.  be-,  hi-,  =  D. 
he-,  MLG.  hi-,  he-,  LG.  he-  =  OHG.  hi-,  be-, 
MHG.  G.  be-  =  Goth,  hi-  (lengthened  under 
stress,  as  in  comp.  with  a  noun,  AS.  hi-,  big-, 
D.  hij-,  OHG.  MHG.  hi-,  G.  bei-),  an  insepa- 
rable prefix,  orig.  the  same  as  the  prep.,  AS. 
be,  hi,  E.  by,  meaning  primarily  'about,' being 
prob.  =  L.  -hi,  Gr.  -(j>/,  in  L.  ambi-,  Gr.  afj^i, 
about  (see  amhi-,  amphi-):  see  fcyi  and  6e-2.] 
An  inseparable  prefix  of  verbs,  and  of  nouns 
thence  derived,  it  means  primarily  '  about,' '  around,' 
as  in  beset,  begird,  whence  the  more  general  sense 
'around,'  'all  over,'  leading  to  a  merely  intensive  use, 
as  in  besmear,  bespatter,  besprinkle,  etc.  It  is  also  used 
to  form  transitive  verbs  from  nouns,  as  begem,  bedew,  be- 
fog, bemire,  etc.,  or  from  intransitive  verbs,  as  belie,  be- 
howl,  besing,  etc.,  verbs  of  either  class  often  conveying 
slight  contempt,  as  bepraise,  beplaster,bepowde.r,  etc.,  and 
are  hence  often  made  for  the  nonce.  In  a  few  verbs,  all 
obsolete  except  behead,  be-  assumed  a  privative  force; 
while  in  many  verbs  this  prefix,  through  loss  of  the  simple 
verb,  or  a  deflection  of  its  sense,  or  by  mere  dilution,  has 
now  no  assignable  force,  as  in  begin,  bequeath,  become,  be- 
hold, etc. 

be-2.  [ME.  and  AS.  be-,  hi-,  or  separately  he, 
hi,  being  the  prep,  vnth  following  adv.  or  noun : 
see  ie-i.]  An  inseparable  prefix  of  adverbs, 
which  may  also  be  used  as  prepositions  or 
conjunctions,  it  is  properly  the  preposition  by.  Mid- 
dle English  be,  bi,  (a)  used  adverbially,  as  in  before,  behind, 
between,  betimxt,  below,  etc.,  contracted  in  above,  aboid; 
or  (b)  merged  with  the  governed  noun,  as  in  because,  be- 
side, that  is,  'by  cause,'  'by  side':  so  also  in  behalf,  origi- 
nally a  prepositional  phrase,  now  taken  as  a  noun.  See 
the  words  cited. 

beach  (bech),  «.  [Formerly  also  beecM,  beatch, 
baich,  baiche,  bache;  first  in  early  mod.  E.,  ap- 
par.  dial.,  with  the  meaning  first  given.  Origin 
imknown.]  1.  The  loose  pebbles  of  the  sea- 
shore; shingle.  [Eng.] — 2.  That  part  of  the 
shore  of  the  sea  or  of  a  lake  which  is  washed 
by  the  tide  and  waves ;  the  strand,  it  may  be 
sometimes  used  for  the  shore  of  large  rivers.  It  usually 
means  the  tract  between  high-  and  low-water  mark. 
Only  the  long  waves  as  they  broke 
In  ripples  on  the  pebbly  beach. 

Longfellow,  Building  of  the  Ship. 

Raised  beach,  in  geoL,  a  shelf  or  terrace  of  shingle, 
gravel,  and  sand,  elevated  above  the  sea-level,  and  indi- 
cating a  pause  in  the  upheaval  of  the  land,  or  a  depression 
and  subsequent  upheaval;  the  margin  of  an  ancient  sea, 
now  inland. 

beach  (bech),  v.  [<  beach,  w.]  I.  trans.  To 
run  or  haul  up  (a  ship  or  boat)  on  the  beach. 

We  rowed  ashore,  dressed  in  our  uniform,  beached  the 
boat,  and  went  up  to  the  fandango. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  281. 

II,  intrans.  To  land  upon  a  beach. 

All  that  afternoon  we  drifted  between  sea  and  shore, 
and  heaclied  at  sunset  in  a  new  land. 

C.  W.  Stoddard,  South-Sea  Idyls,  p.  344. 

beach-birds  (bech'berdz),  n.  pi.  A  collective 
name  of  sundry  sandpipers  or  other  small  wad- 
ing birds  found  in  flocks  on  beaches. 


beach-clam 

beach-clam  (beeh'klam),  v.  A  popular  name 
of  tiie  Aluctra  solidissima.    [Local,  U.  S.] 

beach-comber  (becli'ko'mer),  n.  1.  A  long 
wave  rolling  in  from  the  ocean.  Bartlett. 
[U.  S.]  —  2.  A  seafaring  man,  generally  of 
vagrant  and  drunken  habits,  who  idles  about 
the  wharves  of  seaports  :  used  most  frequently 
in  countries  bordering  on  the  Paeilic  ocean. 

This  is  a  specimen  of  tlie  life  of  half  of  the  Amei-icans 
and  English  who  are  adrift  along  the  coasts  of  the  Pacific 
and  its  islands,  commonly  called  beach-combers. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  291. 

beached  (becht)  p.  a.  1.  Having  a  beach; 
bordered  by  a  beach;  formed  by  or  consisting 
of  a  beach.  [Rare.] 

Timon  hath  made  his  everlasting  mansion 
Upon  the  beached  verge  of  the  salt  flood. 

Shale,  T.  of  A.,  v.  2. 

2.  Run  on  a  beach ;  stranded, 
beach-flea  (bech'fle),  «.    A  name  of  sundry 
small  amphipod  crustaceans.  Also  called  sand- 
hopper,  shore-jumper,  and  sand-flca. 
beach-grass  (-beeh'gras),  n.    The  sand-reed, 
Aiinnophita  nnmdinacea,  a  coarse  grass  with 
stout  ruuning  root-stocks,  gi-owing  on  sandy 
beaches  and  protecting  them  from  the  winds, 
beachman  (beeh'man),  V. ;  pi.  heachmen  (-men). 
A  person  on  the  coast  of  Africa  who  acts  as  in- 
terpreter to  ship-masters,  and  assists  in  con- 
ducting the  trade.    Imp.  Diet. 
beach-master  (beeh'mas'ter),  n.    1.  Naut,  a 
naval  officer  appointed  to  superiatend  the  dis- 
embarkation of  an  attacking  force. — 2.  Aname 
used  in  some  places  for  a  male  seal, 
beach-wagon  (bech'wag  on),  «.    A  light  open 
wagon  with  two  or  more  seats,  used  on  beaches, 
beachyf  (be'cM),  a.  [<  heaeh  +  -yi.]  Covered 
with  beach  or  shingle  ;  pebbly ;  shingly. 
The  beachij  girdle  of  the  ocean.    Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  l. 
beacon  (be'kon  or-kn),  n.  [<  ME.  helcen,  hcl-etie, 
<  AS.  bedcen,  becen,  been,  a  sign,  signal-standard, 
=  OS.  bolcaii  =  OFries.  beken,  bdhcn  =  D.  baak  = 
LG.  bdhe  (>  G.  bake)  =  OHG.  bouhhan,  MHG. 
bouchen  =  leel.  Ml:n  (after  AS.),  a  sign.  Hence 
beckon  and  fiec/.-.]    1.  A  guiding  or  warning 
signal;  anything  fixed  or  set  up  as  a  token; 
especially,  a  signal-fLre,  either  in  a  cresset 
and  placed  on  a  pole,  or  lighted  on  a  tower  or 
an  eminence.     Such  beacons  were  formerly  much  used 
to  signal  the  approach  of  an  enemy  or  to  spread  a  call  or 
warnmg  for  any  purpose,  a  chain  of  them  often  conveyin" 
intelligence  to  great  distances.  ° 

Modest  doubt  is  call'd 
The  beacon  of  the  wise.      Shak.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  2. 
Uncertain,  troubled,  earnest  wonderers  beheld  his  intel- 
lectual hre  as  a  beacon  burning  on  a  hill-top. 

Hawthorne,  Old  Manse,  I. 

2.  A  tower  or  hill  formerly  used  for  such  pui-- 

PiP^^T^".  y''''''0"3  '""s  in  England  and  the  older  parts  of 
the  United  .States  have  the  name  of  Beacon,  from  the  fact 
that  signal-fires  were  formerly  lighted  on  them. 

3.  A  lighthouse  or  other  object  placed  conspic- 
uously on  a  coast,  or  over  a  rock  or  shoal  at 


485 


Beacons. 

sea,  to  give  notice  of  danger,  or  for  the  guid- 
ance of  vessels.— 4.  A  painted  staff  about  9 
feet  long,  carrying  a  small  square  flag  at  the 
top,  used  in  camps  to  indicate  an  angle  of  the 
quarters  assigned  to  a  regiment  or  company. 
— 5t.  In  England,  formerly,  a  division  of  a 
wapentake;  probably  a  district  throughout 
which  a  beacon  could  be  seen,  or  which  was 
bound  to  furnish  one.  N.  E.  D. 
beacon  (be'kon  or  -kn),  v.  [<  beacon,  n.  Cf. 
beckon.']  I.  trans.  1.  To  illumine  or  light  up 
as  a  beacon. 

That  beacons  the  darkness  of  heaven. 

Canijjbell,  Lochiel's  Warning. 
2.  To  afford  light  or  aid  to  ;  lead ;  guide  as  a 
beacon. —  3.  To  furnish  or  mark  with  beacons  : 
as,  to  beacon  a  coast  or  a  boundary :  sometimes 
with  0^.— 4t.  To  use  as  a  beacon;  make  a  bea- 
con of. 

vnil°'  j^otlier  things  as  great  in  the  Church  and  in  the 
luie  ot  life  both  economicall  and  politicall  be  not  lookt 
into  and  reform'd,  we  have  lookt  so  long  upon  the  blaze 
tnat  ^winglius  and  Calvin  hath  beacon'd  up  to  us,  that  we 
aie  stark  blind.  Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  44. 


II.  intrans.  To  serve  or  shine  as  a  beacon. 

The  soul  of  Adonais,  like  a  star, 
Beacons  from  the  abode  where  the  Eternal  are. 

Shellei/,  Adonais,  Iv. 
Where  the  lighthouse  beacons  bright 
li'ar  in  tlie  bay.    M.  Arnold,  A  Southern  Night, 
beaconage  (be'kon-aj),  w.    [<  beacon  +  -affc.] 

Money  paid  for  the  maintenance  of  beacons, 
beacon-blaze  (be'kon-blaz),  «.    A  signal-light 
or  -fire.  Tennyson. 
beaconed  (be'kond),  a.    Having  a  beacon. 
Tlie  foss  that  skirts  the  beaconed  hill. 

T.  Warton,  Odes,  x. 

beacon-fire  (be'kon-fir),  n  A  fire  lighted  up  as 

a  beacon  or  signal;  a  signal-fii-e. 
beacon-tower  (be'kon-tou"er),  n.    A  tower  on 
which  a  beacon  is  raised. 
A  beacon-tower  above  the  waves.  Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

bead  (bed),  n.  [<  ME.  bcdc,  a  prayer,  also  (in 
pcire  oj  bcdes,  a  pair  of  beads)  a  bead  used  in 
counting  prayers,  <  AS.  bedii  (rare,  and  the 
nom.  IS  not  found),  in  eomp.  bed-  (=  OS.  beda 
=  OFries.  bede  =  D.  bede  =  OHG.  beta,  MHG. 
bete,  G.  bitto  r=  Goth,  bida),  fem.  ("also  gebed 
=  OS.  gibed  =  OHG.  f/abef,  MHG.  G.  gcbet, 
neut.),  a  prayer,  <  biddan,  etc.,  pray:  see  bid. 
Beads  are  used  by  Roman  Catholics  to  keep 
them  right  as  to  the  numJier  of  their  prayers, 
one  bead  of  the  rosary  being  dropped  every 
time  a  prayer  is  said  ;  hence  the  transference 
of  the  name  from  that  which  is  counted  (the 
prayers)  to  that  which  is  used  to  count  with 
Cf.  Sp.  cuentas,  Pg.  contas,  the  beads  of  a 
rosary,  <  Sp.  Pg.  contar,  count.]  If.  Prayer;  a 
prayer;  specifically,  a  prayer  of  the  list  or 
bead-roll,  read  at  public  church-services  by  the 
preacher  before  his  sermon,  or  by  the  curate 
(see  bead-roll)  :  usually  in  the  plural.  Hence  in 
tins  sense,  to  bid  (one's)  beads,  to  say  (one's)  prayers.  See 
plirases  below. 

When  holy  and  devout  religious  men 
Are  at  their  beads,  'tis  much  to  draw  them  thence  • 
So  sweet  is  zealous  contemplation.  ' 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  7. 

2.  One  of  the  little  balls,  of  wood,  coeoanut- 
shell,  pearl,  glass,  jewels,  or  other  material, 
strung  m  a  prescribed  order,  which  form  the 
chaplet  or  rosary  in  use  in  the  devotions  of 
Roman  Catholics,  Buddhists,  etc.,  to  keep  count 
of  the  number  of  prayers  said.  See  pair  of 
beads,  below. 

The  commonest,  though  not  the  only,  appliance  for 
reckoning  these  prayers  was,  and  still  is,  a  string  of  bead^ 
so  put  together  that  every  set  of  ten  smaller  ones  for  the 
Hail  Marys"  is  parted  by  a  larger  bead,  to  tell  when  the 
Our  Father  "  must  be  recited. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  i.  320. 

3.  Anything  resembling  a  rosary-bead,  strung 
with  others  for  ornament,  as  in  necklaces  or 
beadwork:  as,  glass,  amber,  metal,  coral,  or 
other  beads. 

With  scarfs,  and  fans,  and  double  cliange  of  bravery 
With  amber  bracelets,  beads,  and  all  tills  knavery. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  3. 

4.  T^y  small  globular,  cylindrical,  or  annular 
body,  as  the  small  projecting  piece  of  metal  at 
the  end  of  a  gun-barrel  used  as  a  sight,  a  drop 
of  liquid,  etc. 

Beads  of  sweat  have  stood  upon  thy  brow 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  3. 
He  raised  his  piece  gradually,  until  the  bead  .    .  of  the 
barrel  was  brought  to  a  line  with  the  spot  which  he  in- 
tended to  hit.  J.  J.  Audubon,  Ornitli.  Biog.,  I.  293. 

5.  One  of  the  circular  markings  of  certain  dia- 
toms.—6.  The  bubble  or  mass  of  bubbles  ris- 
ing to  the  top  or  resting  on  the  surface  of  a 
liquid  when  shaken  or  decanted:  as,  the  bead 
of  wines  or  spirits. 

Give  me  the  wine  of  thought  whose  bead 
Sparkles  along  the  page  I  read. 

Whittier,  Lines  on  a  Fly-Leaf. 
Pleasure,  that  immortal  essence,  the  beauteous  bead 
sparkling  in  the  cup,  effervesces  soon  and  subsides. 

Alcott,  Table-Talk,  p.  75. 

7.  A  glass  globule  for  trying  the  strength  of 
alcoholic  spirits.  Beads  are  numbered  accordin-  to 
their  specific  gravities,  and  tlie  strength  of  the  spirft  is 
denominated  by  the  number  of  tliat  one  which  remains 
suspended  in  it,  and  neither  sinks  to  the  Ijottom  nor  Hoats 
on  the  surface.  Beads,  in  determining  the  strength  of 
spirits,  are  now  for  the  most  part  superseded  by  the 
hydrometer.  ^ 

8.  In  mineral.,  in  the  blowpipe  examination  of 
minerals,  a  globule  of  borax  or  other  flux  which 
IS  supported  on  a  platinum  wire,  and  in  which 
the  substance  under  examination  is  dissolved 
m  the  blowinpe  flame.— 9.  In  arch,  and  join- 
eni,  a  small  convex  molding,  in  section  a  semi- 
circle or  gi-eater  than  a  semicircle;  properly 
a  plain  molding,  but  often  svnonymous  with 
astragal,  which  is  better  reserved  "for  a  small 
convex  molding  cut  into  the  form  of  a  string  of 


bead-furnace 

beads.   The  bead  is  a  very  tretiucnt  ornament,  used  to 
mark  a  junction  or  a  separation,  as  between  the  shaft  and 
the  capital  of  a 
column,  to  dress 
an  angle,  etc.  It 
is  much  u.sed  in 
woodwork  of  all 
kinds,  from  car- 
penters' work  to 
the  finest  kinds  of 
joinery  and  cabi- 
net-work. Among 
joiners  the  bead 
is  variously  in- 
troduced ;  as :  (a) 
bead  and  butt 
1),  framed  work  in 
which  the  panel 
is  flush  with  the 
framing  and  has 
a  bead  run  on  two 
edges  in  the  di- 
rection   of  the 
grain  only,  while 
the  ends  are  left 
plain  ;    (b)  bead 
and  flusli  (fig.  2), 
framed  work  in 
which  a  bead  is 
run  on  the  edge  of 
the  framing ;  (c) 
bead   and  quirk 
(fig.  S),  the  edge  of  a  piece  of  stuff  on  which  a  bead  in 
formed  or  stuck,  as  it  is  called,  flush  witli  the  surface ; 
(il)  bead  and  double  quirk,  or  rettirn  beail  (lig.  4),  the 

angle  of  a  piece 
of  stuff  (ill  which  a 
bead  is  stuck  and 
quirked  orrelieved 
on  both  surfaces  ; 
(e)  bead,  butt,  and 
square  work,  a 
panel  which  has 
beads  on  two  ot  its 
edges  on  one  side 
only,  while  the 
other  side  is  plain. 
(./)  bead,jlush,  and 
square,  framing 
which  is  beaded 
on  one  side  only. 


Bead  as  usetl  beneath  a  capital.— Abbey- 
church  of  Vezelay,  Vonne,  France;  iith 
century.  (  Vrom  Viollet-le-Duc's  "  Diet,  de 
r  Architecture.") 


1  r\    T    7      77  •    T  ^  ftitie  only. 

10.  In  bookbinding,  sJioemaking,  etc.,  any  cord- 
Uke  prominence,  as  the  roll  on  the  head-band 
of  a  book,  the  seam  of  a  shoe,  ete.-Baiiv'a 

beads,  appearances  resembling  a  row  of  bright  beads' seen 
at  the  moon  s  limb  111  a  total  solar  eclipse  about  the  instant 
of  internal  contact.  The  phenomenon  is  due  to  Sc- 
tion  and  iiradiation,  and  is  much  exaggerated  in  case  the 
te  escope  is  imperfect  or  out  of  focus.  So  called  from  the 
English  astronomer  Francis  Baily,  who  observed  these  ob- 
jects in  the  annular  eclipse  of  May  15,  1S36.- Druidical 
^fheH  .^TV^  adder-sto,ie.^Va.ir  of  beads  [ME.  A>e 
0/  bedes],  that  is,  "set  of  beads"  (Shak.,  Rich  II  iii  3) 
a  rosary ;  now  specifically,  a  chaplet  of  five  decades,  that 
is,  a  tliird  part  of  the  rosary.  A  chaplet  or  paii-  of  Ijeads 
as  thus  restricted,  is  the  form  in  conimon  use  under  the 
name  of  the  beads.  The  large  beads  between  the  decades 
were  formerly  called  r/audies  (see  qaud,  gaudy)  ■  each 
separate  bead,  or  grain,  as  it  is  now  termed,  Tyndale  calls 
a  stone. 

Of  smal  coral  aboute  hir  arm  she  bar 
A  peire  of  bedes  gauded  al  with  gi-ene. 

»  Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  159. 

"The  beads  for  saying  the  rosary  went  by  several  names 
—   a.  pair  of  beads";  "a  pair  of  Pater  no^ters":  "aye 
beads  ;  but  never  were  they  called  a  rosary 
Quoted  in  Rock's  Chuich  of  our  Fatliers,  III.  i.  327,  note. 

St.  Cuthberf  s  beads,  or  fairy  beads,  the  smaii'perfo- 

rated  joints  of  the  stems  of  fossil  encrinites  foi'merlv 
much  used  in  rosaries.- To  bid  (one's)  beads  (formerly 
also  III  sing-ular  ^0  bid  a  bead)  [.ME.  bidden  or  beden  a  bede 
or  bedes],  literally,  to  otter  (one  s)  prayers ;  hence  the  later 
eciuivalent  phrases  to  sa;/  or  recite  (one's)  beads  now  with 
reference,  as  literally  in  the  phrase  to  tell  (one's)  bead'!  to 
counting  off  prayers  by  means  of  the  beads  on  the  rosary 
literaiy       <o  count  and  to  number  (one's)  beads  are  merely 

A  peire  of  bedis  eke  she  here 
Upon  a  lace,  alle  of  white  threde. 
On  which  that  she  hir  bedes  bede. 

Rom.  of  the  Ro.ie,  1.  7372. 
To  draw  a  bead  on,  to  take  deliberate  aim  at  with  a 
musket  oi-_otlier  lirearm.  (See  def  4  ) 
bead  (bed),  v.  t.     [<  bead,  «.]    To  ornament 

with  beads ;  raise  beads  upon, 
beaded  (be'ded),  p.  a.    [<  bead  +  -erf2.]    1  in 
the  form  of  a  bead  or  of  a  collection  of  beads. 
With  beaded  bubbles  winking  at  the  brim. 

Keats,  Ode  to  a  Nigiitingale. 
With  woolly  breasts  and  beaded  eyes. 

Tennyson,  In  Jlemoriam,  xcv. 
2.  Provided  with  or  formed  of  beads,  or  of 
small  bodies  having  the  appearance  of  beads : 
as,  a  beaded  necklace  or  bracelet.— 3.  In  bat., 
moniltform:  said  of  vessels  that  are  deeply 
constricted  so  as  to  resemble  strings  of  beads. 
—  4.  Having  a  bead:  as,  beaded  ale. -Beaded 
lace,  lace  through  which  beads  are  woven  in  the  pattern.— 
Bea,ded  wire,  wire  ornamented  with  bead-like  swellings, 
header  (be'der),  n.  A  tool  for  raising  orna- 
mental beadwork  on  metal  boxes, 
bead-furnace  fbed'fer"n!is).  ».  A  furnace  in 
which  the  small  glass  cylinders  from  which 
beads  are  made  are  roiuided.  The  cylinders  are 
placed  in  a  drum  over  a  fire  siifflcieiitlv  hot  to  soften  the 
glass,  and  the  rounding  is  elfected  by  revolving  the  drum. 


beadhook 

beadhookt  (bed'hiik),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also 
beedhook  {n&ni.),  aown^iXj  bidliooh ;  <  fcearf  (un- 
certain) +  hook.']    A  kind  of  boat-hook. 
2d  Le.    Arm'd  men  ?  with  drum  and  colours  ? 
■D^f  x  ■       ■  No,  my  lord, 

But  bright  in  arms,  yet  bear  half  pikes  or  beadhooks. 

Chapman,  Caesar  and  Pompey,  v.  1. 
beadhouse  (bed'hous),  «,  [Also  archaically 
bedehouse,  north,  dial,  beadus  (not  found  in 
ME.),  <  AS.  bedims,  <  bedu,  prayer,  -f-  hus, 
house :  see  bead  and  house.]  Formerly,  a  hos- 
pital or  an  almshouse  for  the  founders  and 
benefactors  of  which  prayers  were  required  to 
be  said  by  the  beneficiaries.  Also  spelled  bede- 
house. 

beadiness  (be'di-nes),  n.  The  quality  of  being 
beady. 

beading  (be'ding),  n.  [<  bead  +  -ing^.]  1.  In 
arch,  and  joinery,  a  bead ;  collectively,  the  beads 
used  in  ornamenting  a  given  structm-e  or  sur- 
face.—  2.  In  bookbinding,  see  bead,  n.,  10. —  3. 
In  com.,  a  preparation  added  to  weak  spiritu- 
ous liquors  to  cause  them  to  carry  a  bead,  and 
to  hang  in  pearly  drops  about  the  sides  of  the 
bottle  or  glass  when  pom-ed  out  or  shaken,  it 
being  a  popular  notion  that  spirit  is  strong  in 
proportion  as  it  shows  such  globules.  A  very 
small  quantity  of  oil  of  vitriol  or  oil  of  almonds  mixed 
with  rectified  spirit  is  often  used  for  this  purpose 

beadle  (be'dl),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bedle, 
beedleiSo.  beddal),  <  ME.  bedel,  bidel,budel  (with 
accent  on  first  syllable),  <  AS.  bydel  (=D.  beul 


486 


beak 


shaking  will  stand  for  some  time  on  the  sur- 
face :  said  of  spii-ituous  liquors,  and  errone- 
ously supposed  to  indicate  strength.— 2.  Of  a  beadwork  (bed'werk),M 


certain  standard  of  strength  as  ascertained  by 
beads.  See  bead,  n.,  7. 
bead-roll  (bed'rol),  n.  [<  bead,  a  prayer,  + 
roll,  a  list.]  1.  A  list  of  prayers;  specifically, 
before  the  Eeformation,  the  list  of  the  persons 
and  objects  for  which  prayers  were  said,  read 
out  by  the  preacher  before  the  sermon,  in  "  an 
order  [of  Henry  VIII.,  a.  d.  1534]  taken  for  preaching  and 
bidding  of  the  beads,  in  all  sermons  to  be  made  within  this 
realm,"  mention  is  made  of  the  church  catholic,  especially 
m  England,  of  the  king  and  royal  family,  of  the  bishops 
aud  clergy,  of  the  nobility  and  entire  temporalty  (laity)  of 
the  kingdom,  particularly  of  such  as  the  preacher's  devo- 
tion may  prompt  him  to  name,  and  of  the  souls  of  the 
faithful  departed.  The  bead-roll  was  prohibited  by  Ed- 
ward VI.  in  1548.  It  has  often  been  supposed  by  later 
wiiters  to  have  had  something  to  do  with  the  recital  of 
the  beads  or  rosary. 

2.  Figuratively,  any  list  or  catalogue  ;  a  long 
series. 

Dan  Chaucer,  well  of  English  undefyled, 

On  Fames  eternall  beadroll  worthie  to  be  fyled. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  ii.  32. 
Neither  is  the  Scriptm-e  without  a  pitiful  beadrow  of 
miserable  torments. 

Bullinger's  Decades,  1587  (trans.  Parker  Soo.). 
The  bead-roll  of  her  vicious  tricks.       Prior,  Alma,  lii. 

3.  A  rosary.— 4.  [<  bead,  a  dot,  +  roll,  a  cyl- 
inder.] In  bookbinding,  a  brass  roll  with  the 
edge  cut  in  dots  or  beads,  used  in  gilding. 

Also  called  bead-row 


7  G.  fiMYfeZ),  a  beadle,  bead-sight  (bed'sit),  n.    A  sight  on  a  firearm 

"   -        ,.1  ,  ,    consisting  of  a  small  round  bead  on  a  thin 

stem,  placed  in  the  line  of  sight  at  the  end  of 
the  barrel.  Sometimes  a  small  ring  or  perfo- 
rated bead  is  used,  forming  an  open  bead-sight. 
beadsman  (bedz'man),  m.  ;  pi.  beadsmen  (-men). 
[Also  bedesman,  earlier  bcdeman,  <  ME.  bede- 
man,  <  bede,  a  prayer  (see  bead),  +  man.']  1.  A 
man  employed  in  praying ;  especially,  one  who 
prays  for  another,  in  this  sense  the  word  was  used 
in  former  times  at  the  conclusion  of  petitions  or  letters  to 
great  men,  as  we  now  use  "servant "  or  "humble  servant." 

Whereby  ye  shall  bind  me  to  be  your  poor  beadsman 
for  ever  unto  almighty  God.  Fuller. 

We  your  most  humble  subjects,  daily  orators,  and  beads- 
■>nen,  of  your  Clergy  of  England. 

Quoted  in  Ji.  W.  Dixon's  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  ii. 

2.  In  England,  a  man  who  resides  in  a  bead- 
house  or  almshouse,  or  is  supported  from  its 
funds. 

In  all  our  old  English  foundations  for  the  sick,  the  old, 
and  destitute,  the  beads  — that  is  to  say,  prayers  for  bene- 
factors living  and  dead  —  were  said  every  day  by  the  in- 
mates, who  were  hence  also  called  beadsmen. 
Quoted  in  Rock's  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  i.  136,  note. 

3.  Formerly,  in  Scotland,  a  public  almsman ; 
one  who  received  alms  from  the  king,  and  was 
expected  in  return  to  pray  for  the  royal  wel- 
fare and  that  of  the  state ;  a  privileged  or  li- 
censed beggar.  In  this  sense  usually  spelled 
bedesman. 

A  long  blue  gown,  with  a  pewter  badge  on  the  right 
arm  ;  two  or  three  wallets  for  holding  the  different  kinds 
of  meal,  when  he  received  his  charity  ;  ...  all  these  at 
once  marked  a  beggar  by  profession,  and  one  of  that  privi- 
leged class  which  are  called  in  Scotland  the  King's  bedes- 
men, or,  vulgarly.  Blue-gowns.       Scott,  Antiquary,  I.  iv. 

4t.  A  petitioner. 

bead-snake  (bed'snak),  n.  [<  bead  (in  allusion 
to  its  coloring)  +  snake.]  A  name  of  the  coral- 
snake,  Elnps  fulmus,  of  the  United  States, 
bead-stuff  (bed'stuf ),  n.  The  thin  wood  out  of 
which  are  formed  the  beadings  for  cabinet- 
work. 

beadswoman  (bedz'wum''''an),  n. ;  pi.  beads- 
women (-wim"en).  [Also  bedeswoman,  earlier 
bedeiooman,  <  ME.  bede,  a  prayer,  +  woman. 
Cf.  beadsman.]  1.  A  praying  woman:  some- 
times used  as  an  equivalent  to  "humble  ser- 
vant."  See  beadsman. 

Honour  done  to  your  poor  beadswoman. 

B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  ii.  6. 
My  humblest  service  to  his  grace, 
I  am  his  beads-woman. 

Shirley,  Grateful  Servant,  iii.  1. 


<  beodan,  announce,  command,  bid :  see  bid. 
The  word  merged  in  ME.  with  bedel,  bedell, 
with  accent  on  the  last  syllable  (whence  the 
mod.  forms  bedel,  bedell),  <  OF.  bedel,  mod.  F. 
bedeau  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  bedel  =  It.  bidello  (ML. 
bedellus,  bidellus),  from  Teut.  The  reg.  mod. 
form  from  ME.  bidel,  <  AS.  bydel,  would  be 
mod.  biddle;  it  so  exists  in  the  proper  name 
Biddle.]  If.  One  who  makes  proclamation; 
a  herald. — 2.  A  crier  or  messenger  of  a  court; 
a  servitor;  one  who  cites  persons  to  appear  and 
answer.  [Rare.] — 3.  In  universities,  a  sub- 
altern official  or  servant,  properly  and  usually 
termed  a  bedel  (which  see). 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  faculty  to  appoint  a  college 
beadle,  who  shall  direct  the  procession  on  Commencement 
day,  and  preserve  order  during  the  exhibitions. 

Laws  of  Yale  College,  1837. 

4.  In  England,  a  parish  ofiicer  having  various 
subordinate  duties,  such  as  keeping  order  in 
church,  punishing  petty  offenders,  waiting  on 
the  clergyman,  attending  meetings  of  vestry  or 
session,  etc. 

And  I,  forsooth,  in  love  I  I,  that  have  been  love's  whip  ; 
A  very  beadle  to  a  humorous  sigh, 
A  critic ;  nay,  a  night-watch  constable. 

Shak.,  L.  Ii.  L.,  iii.  1. 
Bread  and  a  slavish  ease,  with  some  assurance 
From  the  base  beadle's  whip,  crown'd  all  thy  hopes. 

Ford,  Perkin  Warbeck,  v.  3. 

5.  The  apparitor  of  a  trades  guild  or  company. 
Also  spelled  bedell  and  bedel,  in  senses  2 

and  3. 

beadledom  (be'dl-dum),  n.  [<  beadle  +  -dom.] 
Beadles  collectively,  and  their  characteristics 
as  a  class ;  stupid  officiousness. 

beadleism  (be'dl-izm),  n.  [<  beadle  +  4sm.] 
The  character  or  peculiarities  of  beadles ;  bea- 
dledom.   Dickens.  [Rare.] 

beadlery  (be'dl-ri),  n.  [<  beadle  +  -ry.]  The 
office  or  jurisdiction  of  a  beadle. 

beadleship  (be'dl-ship),  n.  [<  beadle  +  -ship.] 
The  office  of  beadle. 

bead-loom  (bed'lom),  n.  A  gauze-loom  for  mak- 
ing beadwork,  the  threads  used  being  strung 
with  beads. 

headman  (bed'man),  «. ;  pi.  beadmen  (-men). 
[<  ME.  bedeman,<  bede, 'bea.d,  a  prayer,  -I-  man.] 
The  original  form  of  beadsman. 

They  lade  the  lips  of  their  beadmen,  or  chaplains,  with 
so  many  masses.  Tyndale. 

Having  thus  owned  the  continuing  sovereignty  of  the 
king,  before  whom  they  presented  themselves  as  bedemen. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  V.  12. 

bead-mold  (bed'mold),  n.    A  name  given  to 


2.  In  England,  a  woman  who  resides  in  an  alms- 

various  species  of  mucedinous  fungi,  in  which  v„„  j  x' „i                   i    a  ^     •     x    i    i  •  , 

the  spores  are  in  necklace-like  chains.    They  A  turnmg-tool  which 

belong  to  PenicilUum,  Aspergillus,  and  similar  genera,  Cutting  face  ground  to  a  COncave  curve, 

and  are  found  on  various  vegetable  kinds  of  food  and  that  it  may  produce  a  convex  molding  when 

other  substances,  causing  decay.  applied  to  the  work. — 2.  In  seal-engraving,  a 

bead-molding  (bed'm61"ding),  n.     In  arch.,  tool  with  an  end  adapted  for  cutting  the  balls 

same  as  bead,  9.  and  beads  of  coronets  and  other  designs. 

bead-plane  (bed'plan),  M.  A  form  of  plane  used  bead-tree  (bed'tre),  n.    1.  The  Melia  Azeda- 

f  or  cutting  a  bead.  The  cutting  edge  of  the  plane-iron  rach,  natural  order  Meliacece.   its  nuts  are  used  for 

is  a  semicircle  with  a  diameter  equal  to  the  diameter  of  the  beads  of  rosaries,  especially  in  Spain  aud  Portugal 

the  required  molding.  See  Melia. 

bead-proof  (bed'prof),  a.  1.  Of  such  a  nature  2.  The  name  in  Jamaica  of  a  leguminous  tim- 
er quality  that  a  crown  of  bubbles  formed  by  ber-tree,  Ormosia  dasycarpa,  with  red  globose 


seeds — Black  bead-tree,  of  Jamaica,  Pithecolobium 

U  nguis-cati. 

,,1.  Ornamental  work 
formed  of  beads  by  embroidering,  crocheting, 
etc. — 2.  In  joinery,  beading  (which  see), 
beady  (be'di),  a.  i<bead-i- -yi.]  1.  Bead-like; 
small,  round,  and  glittering:  applied  especially 
to  eyes. 

Miss  Crawley  could  not  look  without  seeing  Mr.  Bute's 
beady  eyes  eagerly  fixed  on  her. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  I.  xix. 
The  titmouse  turns  his  beady  eye 
Upon  me  as  I  wander  by. 

Joel  Benton,  December  Woods. 
2.  Covered  -with  or  full  of  beads;  having  a 
bead,  as  ale  or  other  liquor, 
beagle  (be'gl),  n.  [Formerly  begele,  begle;  < 
late  ME.  begle;  origin  imknown.  The  F.  bigle 
is  from  the  E.]  1.  A  small  hound,  formerly 
kept  to  himt  hares,  now  almost  superseded  by 
the  harrier,  which  is  sometimes  called  by  this 
name.  The  beagle  is  smaller  than  the  harrier,  compactly 
built,  smooth-haired,  and  has  pendulous  ears.  The  small- 
est beagles  are  little  larger  than  lap-dogs. 

To  plains  with  well-breathed  beagles  we  repair. 
And  trace  the  mazes  of  the  circling  hare. 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  121. 
Hence — 2.  Figuratively,  one  who  makes  a 
business  of  scenting  out  or  hunting  down  (a 
person  or  thing);  a  spy;  a  bailiff  or  sheriff's 
officer. 


There  beagles  flew 
To  baud  the  souter  lads  in  order.      J.  Mayne. 

3.  A  local  name  for  several  species  of  the 
smaller  sharks, 
beaki  (bek),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  beeke,  and, 
preserving  the  orig.  short  vowel,  beck,  becke,  < 
ME.  beeke,  beke,  iek,  bee  =  D.  bek,  <  OF.  bee,  F, 
bee  =  Pr.  bee  =  Sp.  Pg.  bico  =  It.  becco,  <  LL. 
beccus,  a  beak,  of  Old  Celtic  (Gaulish)  origin ; 
but  the  mod.  Celtic  words,  Gael,  beic.  It.  bee, 
Bret,  bek,  are  from  E.  or  F.  The  word  is  no- 
tionally  associated  with  E.  jjeak,  peck,  pike,  and 
pick,  q.  v.]  1.  In  zool.,  the  rostrum,  snout, 
muzzle,  jaws,  mandibles,  or  some  similar  part  of 

an  animal.  Especially  —  (a)  In  ornith.,  the  homy  bill 
or  neb  of  a  bird,  (b)  In  mammal.,  the  horny  jaws  of  the 
duck-billed  members  of  the  genus  Platypus,  (c)  In  her- 
pet.,  the  horny  jaws  of  a  turtle  or  other  chelonian.  (d)  In 
ichth.,  the  prolonged  snout  of  sundry  fishes,  (e)  The  horny 
jaws  of  a  cephalopod.  (/)  In  entom.:  (1)  the  rostrum  or 
snout  of  a  rhynchophorous  beetle,  or  weevil ;  (2)  the  ros- 
trum or  sucking  mouth  of  a  hemipterous  insect ;  (3)  the 
piercing  and  suctorial  mouth  of  a  mosquito,  or  other 
blood-sucking  fly,  consisting  of  lancet-like  mandibles, 
maxillie,  and  lingua  inclosed  in  the  elongated  and  grooved 
labium.  (See  cut  under  mosquito.)  This  term  is  also  ap- 
plied to  any  unusual  prolongation  of  the  anterior  part  of 
the  head,  such  as  that  observed  in  many  Coleoptera  and 
Diptera.  (g)  In  conch. :  (1)  the  umbo  or  apex  of  a  bivalve 
shell ;  (2)  the  prolonged  hp  of  a  univalve  shell,  containing 
the  canal. 

2.  Anything  ending  in  a  point  like  a  beak. 

(a)  Naut.,  a  powerful  construction  of  metal,  as  steel, 
iron,  or  brass,  or  of  timber  sheathed  with  metal,  forming 


Beaks  of  Ships. 

French  ironclad  Magenta;  2,  Amiral  Duperre  (French);  3, 
"      '      ght;  4,  H.  M.  S.  Polyphemus  (torpedo-ram),  a. 


H.  M.  S.  Dread) 
water-hne, 


a  part  of  the  bow  of  many  war-ships,  and  extending  be- 
low the  water-line,  for  the  purpose  of  striking  and  break- 
ing in  the  sides  of  an  enemy's  ship.  Also  called  ram 
(which  see).  For  a  cut  of  the  beak  of  an  ancient  war- 
galley,  see  acrostolium.  (b)  The  horn  of  an  anvil,  (c)  In 
farriery,  a  little  shoe  about  an  inch  long,  turned  up  and 
fastened  in  upon  the  fore  part  of  the  hoof,  (d)  In  arch., 
a  little  pendent  fillet  with  a  channel  behind  it  left  on  the 
edge  of  a  larmier,  to  form  a  drip  and  thus  prevent  the 
water  from  trickling  down  the  faces  of  lower  architectural 
members,  (c)  In  bot.,  a  narrowed  or  prolonged  tip.  (f) 
In  carp.,  the  crooked  end  of  the  holdfast  of  a  carpenter's 
bench,  (g)  The  lip  or  spout  of  a  vessel,  as  a  pitcher, 
through  which  the  contents  are  poured.  (A)  In  chem.,  the 
rostrum  of  an  alembic,  which  conducts  the  vapor  to  the 
worm,  (i)  The  long  point  of  the  peculiar  boot  or  shoe 
worn  from  about  1475  to  1520 ;  also,  the  point  of  the  clog 
worn  at  the  same  period,  which  was  often  longer  than  the 
shoe  itself.    See  soUeret. 

3.  A  gas-burner  having  a  round  smooth  hole 
^  of  an  inch  in  diameter;  a  bird's-mouth. —  4. 
A  beak-iron  (which  see), 
heaki  (bek),  v.  t.  [<  beak^,  n.]  In  cock-fighting, 
to  seize  or  strike  with  the  beak. 


beak 

beak^  (bek),  n.  [Same  as  beckS;  of  obscure 
origin.]  A  magistrate ;  a  judge;  a  policeman. 
[Slang.] 

beaked  (bekt),  a.  [<  beak'^  +  -ed^.]  Having  a 
beak,  or  something  resembling  a  beak;  beak- 
shaped,  (a)  Having  a  long  beak-like  mouth,  as  some  in- 
sects, (i)  In  bot.j  rostrate ;  ending  in  a  beak-like  point, 
(c)  In  her.,  applied  to  birds,  and  used  only  when  the  beak  is 
of  a  different  tincture  from  the  rest  of  the  bird  ;  thus,  an 
eagle  sable,  beaked  or,  means  a  black  eagle  having  a  gold 
beak.  When  beaks  and  claws  are  of  the  same  tincture,  the 
term  anned  (which  see)  is  used,  (d)  Ending  in  a  point, 
like  a  beak. 

Each  beaked  promontory.  Milton,  Lycidas,  1.  94. 

Beaked  helmet,  a  helmet  of  which  the  vizor  was  worked 
to  a  sharp  projecting  point  in  front,  in  use  about  1340-70. 
The  breathing-holes  were  in  the  beaked  part,  or  only  on 
the  right  side  of  it.  The  extremely  pointed  form  gave  to 
the  lance  of  the  assailant  no  hold  and  no  opportunity  of 
entering  the  openings, 
beaker  (be'ker),  n.  [=  Sc.  bicker,  <  ME.  biker, 
byker,  <  Icel.  bikarr,  a  cup,  =  Sw.  bdgare  = 
Dan.  bceger  =  OS.  bikeri  =  D.  beker  =  OHG. 
behhar,  behhdri,  MHG.  G.  becher,  <  ML.  bicd- 
rium  (also  prob.  *biccdrium,  >  It.  bicchiere, 
pecchero  =  OF.  picher,  pichier,  >  ME.  picher, 
E.  pitcher,  which  is  thus  a  doublet  of  beaker), 
a  wine-cup,  <  Gr.  as  if  *fiiKdpiov,  dim.  of  ptKoc, 
an  earthen  wine-vessel;  of  Eastern  origin.] 

1.  A  large  driniing-vessel  with  a  wide  mouth. 

0  for  a  beaker  full  of  the  warm  south. 
Full  of  the  true,  the  blushful  Hippocrene ! 

Keats,  Ode  to  a  Nightingale. 

2.  A  glass  vessel  used  by  chemists,  usually  for 
making  solutions.  It  is  made  of  thin  glass  to  with- 
stand heating,  and  has  a  flat  bottom  and  perpendicular 
sides,  with  a  lip  for  pouring,  and  varies  in  capacity  from 
1  to  30  fluidounces. 

He  used  a  modification  of  Thomson's  electrometer,  and 
connected  it,  witli  suitable  precautions,  with  twelve  large 
beakers  which  were  covered  with  tinfoil  and  were  filled 
with  ice.  Science,  III.  260. 

beak-head  (bek'hed),  n.  1.  An  ornament  re- 
sembling the  head  and  beak  of  a  bird,  or,  often, 
a  grotesque  human  head  terminating  in  a  beak, 


Beak-irons. 


a,  tool  with  lon^  beak  used  for  rounding; 
sections  of  stove-pipe,  etc.  ;  if,  tool  with 
shorter  and  cylindrical  beak  ;  c,  tool  with 
two  beaks  which  act  as  stakes  or  anvils  in 
the  interior  of  ware;  a  conical  beak  in- 
tended to  be  grasped  in  a  vise. 


Beak-heads.—  From  St.  Ebbe's,  Oxford,  England. 

tised  as  an  enrichment  of  moldings  in  Roman- 
esque architecture. —  2.  That  part  of  a  ship 
before  the  forecastle  which  is  fastened  to  the 
stem  and  supported  by  the  main  knee, 
beaking-joint  (be 'king-joint),  w.  [<  beaking, 
verbal  n.  of  beak^,  +  joint.']  A  joint  formed 
by  the  junction  of  several  heading-joints  in  a 
continuous  line, 

as  sometimes  in  a 
folding  doors, 
floors,  etc. 
beak-iron  (bek'- 
i"ern),  n.  [A 
further  corrup- 
tion, simulating 
beak^  +  iron,  of 
bickiron,  a  cor- 
ruption of  bick- 
ern,  q.  v.]  An 
anvil  with  a 
long  beak  or 
horn  adapted  to 
reach  the  interior  surfaces  of  sheet-metal  ware ; 
a  bickem.  Used  in  various  forms  by  blacksmiths,  cop- 
persmiths, and  workers  in  sheet  metal.  Also  called  beak 
and  bickiron. 

beakmentt,  n.  [E.  dial,  also  erroneously  beat- 
ment;  appar.  <  F.  becquer,  peek,  +  -ment:  see 
peck,  a  measure.]  A  measure  of  about  a  quar- 
ter of  a  peek.  Halliicell. 

beak-rush  (bek'rush),  n.  A  common  name  for 
species  of  Ehynchospora,  a  genus  of  cypei-aceous 
plants  with  conspicuously  beaked  achenes  or 
seed-vessels.    Also  called  beak-sedge. 

beak-sheath  (bek'sheth),  «.  In  entom.,  the 
rostral  sheath  or  jointed  extension  of  the  la- 
bium, inclosing  the  mouth-organs  of  a  hemip- 
terous  insect. 

beaky  (be'ki),  a.  [<  beak  +  -?/!.]  Furnished 
with  or  distinguished  by  a  beak. 

beali  (bel),  n.  [<  ME.  beel,  bele,  a  variant  of 
Ule,  bale,  >  E.  bile^,  now  corrupted  into  boiU: 
see  bile'^  and  6oj71.]  A  small  inflammatory  tu- 
mor; a  pustule.    [Obsolete  or  dialectal.] 

heali  (bel),  V.  i.  [<  beal^,  w.]  To  gather  mat- 
ter ;  swell  and  come  to  a  head,  as  a  pimple ; 


487 

fester;  suppurate.  [Obsolete  except  in  Scot- 
land.] 

beal^  (bel),  n.  [Sc.,  also  spelled  hiel,  <  Gael, 
and  Ir.  beul,  earlier  beal,  mouth,  >  Gael,  and  Ir. 
bealach,  a  defile,  a  mountain-pass.]  A  mouth; 
an  opening,  as  between  hills ;  a  narrow  pass. 
[Scotch.] 

Angus  M'Aulay  mumbled  over  a  number  of  hard  Gaelic 
names  descriptive  of  the  different  passes,  precipices,  cor- 
ries,  and  beals,  through  which  he  said  the  road  lay  to  In- 
verary.  Scott,  Legend  of  Montrose,  viii. 

Beale  light.   See  lights. 

Beale's  ganglion-cells.   See  cell. 

bealingt  (be'ling),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  fcea^i.]  A 
boil  or  gathering ;  a  suppuration  or  suppurat- 
ing part. 

be-all  (be'al),  «.  All  that  is  to  be ;  the  whole 
being. 

That  but  this  blow 
Might  be  the  be-all  and  the  end-all  here. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  7. 

beam  (bem),  n.  [<  ME.  beem,  beme,  etc.,  <  AS. 
bed^n,  a  tree,  a  piece  of  timber,  a  ray  of  light. 
=  0S.  6om  =  Orries,  bdm  =  'D.  hoom{^'E.boonfi) 
=  MLG.  bom,  LG.  boom  =  OHG.  MHG.  bourn, 
G.  bauvi,  and  prob.  =  Icel.  badhmr  =  Goth. 
bagms  (the  Icel.  and  Goth,  presenting  unex- 
plained variations  of  form),  a  tree;  perhaps 
akin  to  Gr.  (j>vfja,  a  growth,  and  Skt.  bliuman, 
earth,  <  y'  bhu,  grow,  become :  see  be^^  bower^, 
boor,  bigS  =  bigg^,  etc.,  and  cf.  the  doublet 
boorrfi.  The  sense  of  'ray  of  light'  is  peculiar 
to  AS.  and  E.,  appar.  tr.  L.  columna  (lucis),  a 
column  or  pillar  of  light :  cf .  L.  radius,  a  spoke 
of  a  wheel,  a  rod,  a  ray;  G.  strahl,  an  arrow, 
a  spoke,  a  ray  or  beam.]  1.  In  arch.,  a  long 
piece  of  stone, 
wood,  or  metal,  or 
a  construction  of 
wood  or  metal,  or 
combining  wood 
and  metal,  used  in 
a  horizontal  posi- 
tion, usually  in 
combination  with 
others  like  it,  all 
being  generally 
laid  parallel  to 
one  another,  and 
at  regular  inter- 
vals, to  support 
weight,  or,  as  a  tie-beam  or  a  collar-beam,  to 
resist  two  opposite  forces  either  pulling  or  com- 
pressing it  in  the  direction  of  its  length. —  2. 
A  long  piece  fixed  or  movable  in  a  structure, 
machine,  or  tool:  often  equivalent  to  girder. 
The  word  beam  is  used  in  a  number  of  more  or  less  specific 
senses ;  as :  (a)  Any  large  piece  of  timber  long  in  propor- 
tion to  its  thickness,  prepared  for  use.  (6)  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal horizontal  timbers  in  a  building,  especially  one  con- 
necting two  opposite  rafters ;  a  timber  serving  to  strengthen 
any  piece  of  wooden  frame-work,  (c)  The  part  of  a  balance 
from  the  ends  of  which  the  scales  are  suspended. 

The  doubtful  beam  long  nods  from  side  to  side. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  v.  73. 
(dt)  The  pole  of  a  carriage  which  runs  between  the  horses, 
(e)  A  cylindrical  piece  of  wood,  making  part  of  a  loom, 
on  which  weavers  wind  the  warp  before  weaving ;  also, 
the  cylinder  on  which  the  cloth  is  rolled  as  it  is  woven. 

The  staff  of  his  spear  was  like  a  weaver's  beam. 

1  Sam.  xvii.  7. 

(/)  The  straight  part  or  shank  of  an  anchor,    (g)  One  of 
the  strong  transverse  pieces  of  timber  or  iron  stretching 
across  a  ship  from  one  side  to  the  other,  to  support  the 
decks   and  re- 
tain the  sides  at 
their  proper  dis- 
tance.   (A)  The 
main  piece  of  a 
plow,  in  which 
the  plow-tails 
are  fixed,  and 
by  which  it  is 
drawn.   (0  The 

oscillating  lever  of  a  steam-engine  recip- 
rocating upon  a  center,  and  forming  the 
medium  of  communication  between  the 
piston-rod  and  the  crank-shaft.  Also 
called  working-beam  or  walking-beam. 
See  cut  under  atmospheric. 

3.  The  widest  part  of  a  ship's 
hull;  the  extreme  breadth  of  a 
ship :  from  the  beams  extending  ^'"'^Ifjj^^f ™  ^"'^ 
quite  across  the  vessel  where  it  ''{llZlT'op, 
is  broadest :  as,  a  steamer  of  fifty  outswe  pianking ! 

leei  OeaWJ.  inn;  deck-beam; 

DP,  deck-plank- 
ing ;  5.  shelf  to 
which  the  beam- 
end  is  coaked ;  IV, 
thick  waterway : 
w,  thin  waterway; 


Medieval  Floor-beams. 
(From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "  Diet,  de 
1' Architecture.") 


beamed  . 

antler.  See  antler. —  5.  A  ray  of  light,  or  more 
strictly  a  collection  of  parallel  rays  of  light, 
emitted  from  the  sun  or  other  luminous  body. 
The  middle  ray  is  the  axis.  In  heraldry,  beams  of  the  sun 
are  commonly  represented  as  radiating  from  some  other 
charge,  which  is  then  said  to  be  radiant  or  rayonnant. 

The  existence  of  an  isolated  ray  of  light  Is  inconceivable. 
.  .  .  However  small  a  portion  of  the  wave  surface  may  be 
represented,  it  contains  innumerable  rays,  which  collec- 
tively form  a  beam  or  fasciculus  of  rays. 

Lommel,  Light,  p.  232. 
Yon  silver  beams. 
Sleep  they  less  sweetly  on  the  cottage  thatch 
Than  on  the  dome  of  kings?  Shelley. 

Hence  —  6.  Figuratively,  a  ray  or  emanation 
of  splendor:  as,  "beams  of  majesty,"  Tillotson, 

Works,  I.  iii. — 7.  Same  as  rood-beam  Abaft 

the  beam.  See  abaft— Arched  beam.  See  arcM.— 
Axis  of  a  beam  of  light,   see  oxisi.— Beam  and 

scales,  a  balance.— Beajn-center,  the  fulcrum  or  pin  on 
which  a  working-beam  vibrates.  Also  called  beam-gud- 
geon.—Beam  of  a  car-truck,  a  cross  beam  carrying  the 
weight  of  the  supported  car.—  Before  the  beam.  See 
before. — Built  beam,  a  beam  formed  of  smaller  beams 
notched,  scarfed,  and  bolted  together. — Cellular  beam, 
a  beam  formed  of  wroiight-iron  plates  riveted  with  angle- 
irons  in  the  form  of  longitudinal  cells,  with  occasional 
cross-struts.— Composite  beam,  a  beam  composed  of 
wood  and  metal,  or  of  two  different  metals.— CUTTiers' 
beam,  an  inclined  post  over  which  a  hide  is  stretclied 
to  be  shaved.— Fished  beam.  See  fish,  u.— Kerfed 
beam,  a  beam  with  slits  sawed  in  one  side  to  facilitate 
bending  in  that  direction.  —  On  the  beam,  naut.,  on  a 
line  with  the  beams,  or  at  riglit  angles  with  the  l<eel. — 
On  the  beam-ends,  in  the  position  of  a  sliip  which  in- 
clines so  much  to  one  side  that  her  beams  approach  a 
vertical  position ;  hence,  figuratively,  to  be  on  one's  beam- 
ends,  to  be  thrown  or  lying  on  the  ground ;  be  in  had  cir- 
cimistances  ;  be  at  one's  last  shift.— On  the  weather- 
beam,  on  the  weather  side  of  the  ship.  — To  KICK  or 
strike  the  beam,  to  rise,  as  the  lighter  scale  of  a  bal- 
ance, so  as  to  strike  against  the  beam ;  hence,  to  be  of 
comparatively  light  weight  or  little  consequence. 

In  these  he  put  two  weights, 
The  sequel  each  of  ])artiiig  and  of  fight : 
The  latter  quick  upflew  and  kick'd  the  beam. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  1004. 

beam  (bem),  v.  [<  ME.  beemen,  bemen,  <  AS. 
*bednnan  (Somner),  radiate;  from  the  noun.] 
I.  trans.  If.  To  shed  rays  of  light  upon ;  ir- 
radiate.—  2.  To  shoot  forth  or  emit,  as  or  like 
beams  or  rays :  as,  to  beam  love  upon  a  person. 
God  beams  this  light  into  men's  understandings. 

South,  Sermons,  I.  8. 

3.  To  furnish  or  supply  with  beams ;  give  the 
appearance  of  beams  to. 

The  bell-towers,  again,  are  ribbed  and  beamed  with  black 
lava.  J.  A.  Symonds,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  197. 

4.  In  currying,  to  stretch  on  the  beam,  as  a 
hide. —  5.  In  weaving,  to  put  on  the  beam,  as  a 
chain  or  web. 

II,  intrans.  To  emit  beams  or  rays  of  light ; 
shed  or  give  out  radiance,  literally  or  figura- 
tively; shine. 

A  mighty  light  flew  beaming  every  way. 

Chapman,  Iliad,  xv. 
More  bounteous  aspects  on  me  beam., 
Me  mightier  transports  move  and  thrill. 

Tennyson,  Sir  Galahad. 

beam-bird  (bem'berd),  n.    1.  A  name  some- 
times given  to  the  spotted  flycatcher,  Musci- 
capa  grisola,  because  it  often  builds  its  nest 
on  the  projecting  end  of  a  beam  or  rafter  in  a 
building. —  2.  A  provincial  name  for  the  petty- 
chaps  or  garden-warbler,  Sylvia  hortensis. 
beam-board  (bem'bord),  n.    The  platform  of  a 
steelyard  or  balance.    Also  called  beam-plat- 
form.   E.  H.  Knight. 
beam-caliper  (bem'kal'i-per),  n.    An  instru- 
ment similar  in  construction  to  a  beam-com- 
pass, but  with  the  points  tm-ned  in  so  as  to  be 
used  as  calipers, 
beam-center  (bem'sen'ter),  n.    The  pin  upon 
which  the  working-beam  of  a  marine  engine 
reciprocates, 
beam-compass  (bem'kum'''pas),  n.    An  instru- 
ment consisting  of  a  wooden  or  brass  beam, 


Broad  in  the  beam,  but  sloping  aft, 
With  graceful  curve  and  slow  degrees. 

Longfellow,  Building  of  Ship. 

4.  The  main  stem  of  a  deer's 
horns  bearing  the  snags  or  ant-  fr'^' ''Te«"ng-!dow^ 
lers.  One  of  the  snags  themselves  ^^tf^ke ;  ic.  forked 
is  sometimes  called  the  beam-  une"sshowth?wl^ 


Beam-compass. 

having  sliding  sockets  that  carry  steel  or  pencil 
points,  used  for  describing  large  circles  and 
for  laying  off  distances, 
beamed  (bemd),  a.  Having  beams  or  horns ; 
having  all  its  antlers  put  forth,  as  the  head  of 
a  stag. 

There  were  many  great  beamed  deer  in  it. 

J.  F.  Campbell,  I'op.  Tales  of  West  Highlands. 


beam-engine 

beam-engine  (bem'eu  jin),  ».  a  steam-engine 
in  whieli  the  motion  of  the  piston  is  transmit- 
ted to  the  crank  by  means  of  an  overhead-  or 
■svorking-beam  and  connecting-rod,  as  distinct 
from  a  direct-action  engine  and  a  side-lever 
engine,  in  which  the  motion  is  communicated 
by  two  side-levers  or  beams  below  the  level  of 
the  piston  cross-head— compound  beam-engine, 

:i  beaui-engine  liaving  compound  cyliiuiers,  in  which  tlie 
steam  is  used  first  at  a  higher  and  tlien  at  a  lower  tem- 
perature. 

beamer  (be'mer),  n.  1.  In  iccaving,  a  person 
whose  business  it  is  to  put  warps  on  the  beam. 
—  2.  Same  as  beaming-Machine. 

beam-feather  (bem'f'eTH'er),  n.  One  of  the 
long  feathers  in  a  bii-d's  wing,  particidarly  that 
of  a  hawk ;  one  of  the  remiges  or  tlight-feathers. 

beam-filling  (bem'fil'ing),  «.  l.  Brickwork 
or  masonry  carried  up  from  the  level  of  the 
midev  side  of  a  beam  to  the  level  of  the  top. — 
2.  Xatit.,  that  portion  of  the  cargo  which  is 
stowed  between  the  beams. 

beamful  (bem'ful),  rt.  \_<  beam  + -ful^  Emit- 
ting beams;  beaming;  bright:  as,  ''beamful 
lamps,"  Drayton,  Noah's  Flood  (Ord  MS.). 

beam-gudgeon  (bem'guj"on),  «.  One  of  the 
bearing-studs  on  the  center  of  a  working-beam, 
or  the  central  pivot  upon  which  it  oscillates. 

beamily  (be'mi-li),  adr.  In  a  beamy  or  beam- 
ing manner;  radiantly. 

Thou  tliy  griefs  dost  dress 
With  a  liriglit  lialo,  shining  beatnily. 

Keats,  To  Byron. 

beaming  (be'ming),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  beam,  v.} 
1.  In  doth-manuf.,  the  operation  of  winding 
the  warp-yarn  on  the  beam  of  a  loom. —  2.  In 
leather-making,  the  operation  of  working  hides 
with  a  slicker  over  a  beam,  or  with  a  beam- 
ing-machine. 

beaming  (be'ming),  p.  a.  Characterized  by  ra- 
diance ;  bright ;  cheerful. 

beamingly  (be'ming-li),  adv.  In  a  beaming 
manner;  brightly;  radiantly. 

beaming-machine  (be'ming-ma-shen'O,  1. 

A  machine  for  winding  yarn  upon  the  beams 
of  looms. — 2.  An  apparatus  for  working  hides 
with  a  slieking-tool  or  slicker,  it  consists  of  a 
table  on  which  the  liide  is  placed,  and  an  oscillating  beam 
for  moving  the  tool  over  it. 
Also  called  beamer. 
beam-knife  (bem'nif),M.  A  double-edged  knife 
with  a  straight  handle  at  one  end  of  the  blade, 
and  a  cross-handle  fixed  in  the  plane  of  the 
blade  at  the  other.  It  is  used  in  shaving  oflE 
the  thick,  fleshy  parts  of  a  hide  and  evening  its 
thickness. 

beamless  (bem'les),  a.  [<  beam  +  -less.']  Emit- 
ting no  rays  of  light ;  rayless. 

The  beamless  eye 
No  more  with  ardour  bright. 

Thomson,  Summer,  1.  1045. 

beamlett  (bem'let),  n.  [<  beam  +  -let.}  A  lit- 
tle beam,  as  of  light. 

beam-light  (bem'Ht),  w.  The  light  foi-merly 
kept  burning  in  churches  in  front  of  the  re- 
served sacrament:  so  called  because  suspended 
from  the  rood-beam.  [Eare.] 

beam-line  (bem'lin),  «.  in  ship-building,  a 
line  showing  where  the  tops  of  the  beams  and 
the  frames  intersect. 

beamlingt  (bem'ling),  n.  [<  beam  +  -ling'i^.]  A 
little  beam,  a-s  of  light. 

beam-platform  (bem'plaf'form),  n.  Same  as 
beam-board. 

beam-roll  (bem'rol),  n.  In  cloth-manuf.,  the 
spool-shaped  roll  upon  which  the  warp-threads 
are  wound. 

beam-room  (bem'rom),  n.  The  room  or  shed 
in  a  currier's  establishment  where  the  beaming 
or  slicking  of  hides  is  carried  on. 

But  for  unsavory  odors  a  beam-room  might  pass  for  a 
laundry.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXX.  274. 

beamsomet  (bem'sum),  a.  [<  beam  -f  -some.'] 
Shedding  beams ;  radiant.    JV".  E.  I). 

beamster  (bem'ster),  n.  [<  beam  +  -ster.]  A 
workman  engaged  in  beaming  or  slicking  hides. 

The  beamnters  bending  to  their  tasks. 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXX.  274. 

beam-trawl  (bem'tral),  n.  A  trawl-net  the 
mouth  of  which  is  kept  open  by  a  beam. 

beam-tree  (bem'tre),  n.  [Short  for  whitebeam- 
tree.]  A  tree  of  the  pear  kind,  Pyrus  Aria  of 
Europe  (also  called  ivhitebeam),  and  closely 
alKed  species  of  central  Asia,  it  is  of  moderate 

size,  bearing  an  abundance  of  white  flowers  and  showy 
red  fruit.    The  wood  is  hard  and  tough,  resembling  that 
of  the  apple  and  pear,  and  is  used  for  axletrees. 
beam-truss  (bem'trus),  n.    A  compound  beam, 
formed  generally  by  two  main  parallel  mem- 


488 


Branch  of  Beam-tree  [Pyrus  Aria). 


bers  which  receive  the  stress  of  a  load  and  re- 
sist it,  the  one  by  compression  and  the  other 

by  tension.  They  are  connected  by  braces  and  ties, 
which  serve  to  keep  them  apart,  bind  the  whole  flrnily 
together,  and  transmit  the  stress  due  to  a  load  upon 
any  one  part  to  the  points  of  support.    See  truss. 

beamy  (be'mi),  a.  [<  ME.  bemy ;  <  beam  + 
-.'/I.]  1.  Eesembling  a  beam  in  size  and 
weight;  massy:  as,  "his  .  .  .  beamy  spear," 
Drydcn,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  1756.  — 2.  Having 
horns  or  antlers:  as,  ''beamy  stags,"  Dryden, 
tr.  of  Virgil. —  3.  Naut.,  having  much  beam  or 
breadth;  broad  in  the  beam:  said  of  a  ship 
whose  beam  is  more  than  one  tenth  of  its 
length. 

The  speed  of  beamy  vessels  has  too  often  been  demon- 
strated. The  Centunj,  XXIV.  071. 

4.  Emitting  rays  of  light ;  radiant;  shining. 
The  sun  .  .  . 

Brightening  the  twilight  with  its  beamy  gold. 

Tickell,  Koyal  Progress. 
He  bears 

In  a  field  azure  a  sun  proper,  beamy. 

B.  Junson,  Staple  of  News,  iv.  1. 

5.  Figuratively,  radiant ;  joyous;  gladsome. 

Read  my  pardon  in  one  beamy  smile.  J.  Baillie. 

beanl  (ben),  n.    [<  ME.  bene,  ben,  <  AS.  bedn 

—  D.  boon  =  MLG.  bone  =  OHG.  bona,  MHG. 
hone,  G.  bohne  =  Icel.  baun  =  Sw.  hiina  =  Dan. 
bonne,  bean.  Cf.  W.  ffacn,  pi.  ffa;  'L.  faba  = 
OBulg.  Euss.  bobii  =  OPruss.  babo,  a  bean.] 
1.  Originally  and  properly,  a  smooth  kidney- 
shaped  seed,  flattened  at  the  sides,  borne  in 
long  pods  by  a  leguminous  plant,  Ficia  Faba; 
now  extended  to  include  the  seed  of  the  allied 
genus  Phaseolus,  and,  with  a  specific  epithet, 
of  other  genera.  — 2.  The  plant  producing 

beans.  The  bean  known  to  the  ancients  from  prehistoric 
times  was  the  Vieia  Faba  (or  Ftiba  vulyaris),  a  native  of 
western  Asia,  and  the  same  as  the  field-,  horse-,  or  tick- 
bean,  and  the  broad  or  Windsor  bean,  still  largely  culti- 
vated in  the  fields  and  gardens  of  the  old  world.  It  is 
used  when  green  as  a  table- vegetable,  and  when  dry  as 
feed  for  horses  and  sheep.  Tlie  numerous  other  kinds  of 
cultivated  beans  are  of  American  origin,  and  Ijelong  chiefly 
to  the  gemis  Phaseolus.  To  P.  vulyaris  belong  the  com- 
mon kidney-bean,  and  the  haricot  and  French  beans,  the 
string-bean,  and  the  pole-bean;  to  P.  lunatus,  the  Lima 
and  Carolina  beans,  the  sugar-bean,  and  the  butter-bean ; 
and  to  P.  nanus,  the  dwarf,  field-,  bush-,  navy-,  pea-,  and 
six-weeks  beans.  To  the  same  genus  belong  the  wild  kid- 
ney-bean, P.  perennis  ;  the  scarlet-runner  bean,  P.  multi- 
florus,  cultivated  for  its  scarlet  flowers ;  and  the  prairie- 
bean  of  Texas,  P.  retusus.  The  asparagus-bean,  Dolichos 
sesquipedalls,  with  very  long  cylindrical  pods,  frequently 
cultivated  in  Europe,  is  a  native  of  tropical  America. 
Beans  as  an  article  of  food  are  very  nutritious,  contain- 
ing much  starch  and  a  large  percentage  of  a  nitrogenous 
compound  called  legumin,  analogous  to  the  casein  in 
cheese.  The  name  bean  is  also  given  to  many  leguminous 
seeds  which  are  not  cultivated  or  used  as  food,  such  as 
the  alyarroba,  Calabar,  and  eoral  beans,  and  to  certain 
other  plants  and  their  seeds  which  are  not  leguminous  at 
all,  as  the  cnff'ee-bean. 

3.  A  small  oval  or  roundish  seed,  berry,  nut, 
or  lump :  as,  a  coffee-im».— 4.  pi.  In  coalmin- 
ing, small  coals ;  specifically,  coals  which  will 
pass  through  a  screen  with  half -inch  meshes. 
[North.  Eng.]  — 5.  pi.  Money.  [Slang.]_Algar- 

roba,  carob,  or  locust  bean,  the  fruit  of  the  carob- 
tree,  Ceratonia  siliqua.— Buck.-,  bOg-,  or  brook-bean 
See  to(;-fc(;a?i.— Brazilian  or  Pichurim  bean,  tlic  fruit  of 
a  lauraceous  tree  of  Brazil,  Necfandra  Puclmri/.—Cala,- 
bar  or  ordeal  bean,  the  seed  of  an  African  leguminous 
climber,  Pliysostiyma  venenosum,  a  violent  poison,  used 
as  a  remedy  in  diseases  of  the  eye,  tetanus,  neuralgia, 
and  other  nervous  affections.  In  some  parts  of  Africa  it 
is  administered  to  persons  suspected  of  witchcraft  •  if 
vomitmg  results  and  the  poison  is  thrown  off,  the  inno- 
cence of  the  suspected  person  is  regarded  as  established. 

—  Castor-bean,  the  seed  of  a  euphorbiaceous  plant, 
Ricinnji  rouiiiiiinit,  yielding  castor-oil.— China  bean| 
Dolichijs  xiin'ii.si.s.  The  black-eyed  bean  is  one  of  its  varie- 
ties.—Coffee-bean,  a  name  given  in  commerce  to  the 
cotfee-berry.  — Coral  bean,  of  Jamaica,  the  seed  of  a 
legunnnous  shrul>,  Erylhriiia  ylauea ;  but  the  large  coral 
bean  is  obtained  from  the  bead-  or  necklace-tree,  Ormo- 
sia  dasycarpa.  The  coral  bean  of  Texas  is  Sophora  secun- 
di^ora.— Cujumary  beans,  the  seeds  of  a  lauraceous 
tree  of  Brazil,  Ayderulron  Cujumarv,  an  esteemed  tonic 
and  stimulant.— Egyptian,  hyacinth,  or  black  beans 
the  seeds  of  Doliehos  Lablab,  cultivated  in  India.— Goa 


bean-shot 

beans,  the  seeds  of  Psophocarpus  tetrayonoMms,  culti- 
vated for  food  in  India.— Horse-  or  sword-bean,  of 

Jamaica,  the  Canavalia  yladiata,  a  legume  widely  dis- 
tributed through  the  tropics.— Indian  bean,  a  name 
given  in  the  United  St»vtes  to  Vatulpa  biitnuaioidcs  — 
John  Crow  or  Jequlrity  beans,  of  Jamaica,  the  seeds 
of  Abrus  ;-)WV(/o;v».v.— Malacca  bean,  or  markinq-nut 
the  nut  of  an  East  Indian  tree,  Semfcarpiis  Aiiacar'dium 
— Mesquite  bean,  of  Tc.\as  and  southward  the  fruit  of 
Prosopts  jiihnnni. —  Molucca,  beans,  or  nieker-uuts,  the 
seeds  of  a  tropical  leguminous  climber,  Ca-salpinia  Bondu- 
cella.—'Sot  to  know  beans,  a  colloquial  American  as- 
sertion of  a  persons  ignorance,  equivalent  to  "not  to 
know  B  from  a  bull's  foot."— Oily  bean,  or  bene-plant 
the  Scsamum  indicum.~Ox-eye  or  horse-eye  bean 

the  seed  of  Mucumi  urens,  a  knuininuus  climber  of  the 
tropics.—  Pythagorean  or  sacred  bean,  of  the  Egyptians 
and  Hindus,  tlie  fruit  of  the  lotus,  X.  liiinbium  speciosum 
See  iVe^Hoiiifun,.- Sahuca  or  soy  beans,  the  seeds  of 
Glycine  Soja,  largely  cultivated  in  India  and  China,  from 
which  the  sauce  known  as  soy  is  made—  St.  Ignatius' 
beans,  the  seeds  of  Strychnos  lyiuttii,  containing  strych- 
nine and  highly  poisonous.—  S'crew-bean,  the  twisted 
pod  of  Prosupispubeseens.—  Sea.SiAe  bean,  a  name  given 
to  some  creeping  leguminous  plants  of  the  tropics,  Cona- 
valia  obtusifoha  and  Vitnin.  lutt  nlq,  common  on  rocky  or 
sandy  sea-shores.— To  find  the  bean  in  the  cake,  to 
succeed  in  defeating  one  s  adversaries :  an  allusion  to  the 
old  custom  of  concealing  a  bean  in  the  Twelfth-night 
cake  and  naming  the  person  who  found  it  as  king  of  the 
festival.— Tonquin  or  Tonka  beans,  the  fragrant  seeds 
of  Dlpteryx  odorata,  a  leguminous  tree  of  Guiana,  used 
in  perfumery  and  for  scenting  sniitf.— Vanilla  bean, 
the  fragrant  pod  of  a  climbing  orchid  of  tropical  America' 
Vaiii/lii  pUiiiifdlia,  used  for  flavoring  confectionery,  etc. 
— Wild  bean,  of  the  United  States,  the  Apios  tuberosa. 
—  Yam-bean,  a  leguminous  twiner,  Pachyrrhizus  angu- 
latiis,  with  large  tuberous  roots,  cultivated  throughout 
the  tropics. 

bean^  (ben),  a.    See  bein. 

bean-belly  (ben'bel"i),  n.    A  great  eater  of 
beans :  a  \Tilgar  niclmame  for  a  dweller  in  Lei- 
cestershire, England, 
bean-brush  (ben'brush),  n.     The  stubble  of 
beans. 

bean-cake  (ben'kak),  n.  A  large  cheese-shaped 
compressed  cake  of  beans  after  the  oil  has  been 
expressed,  used  largely  in  northern  China  as 
food  for  cattle,  and  in  the  sugar-plantations 
of  southern  China  as  manure, 
bean-caper  (ben'ka*per),  n.   Zygophyllum  Fa- 
bayo,  a  small  tree,  a  native  of  the  Levant.  The 
flower-buds  are  used  as  capers, 
bean-cod  (ben'kod),  n.   1.  A  bean-pod.— 2.  A 
small  fishing-vessel  or  pilot-boat  used  in  the 
rivers  of  Portugal.    It  is  sharp  forward,  and 
has  its  stem  bent  above  into  a  great  curve  and 
plated  with  iron.    Imp.  Bid. 
beancrake  (ben'krak),  ».     A  bird,  Crex  pra- 
te nsis;  the  corn-crake, 
bean-curd  (ben'kerd),  «.    A  thick  white  jelly 
resembling  blane-mange,  made  of  beans,  much 
eaten  by  the  natives  of  northern  China,  Corea, 
and  Japan. 

bean-dolphin  (beu'dol'-'fin),  n.  The  aphis  or 
plant-louse  which  infests  the  bean, 
bean-feast  (ben'f est),  n.  1 .  A  feast  given  by  an 
employer  to  those  whom  he  employs.  Brewer. 
—  2.  A  social  festival  originally  observed  in 
France,  and  afterward  in  Germany  and  Eng- 
land, on  the  evening  before  Twelfth  day,  or,  as 
the  Germans  call  it,  Three  Kings'  day.  Aitiiough 

confounded  with  the  Christian  festival  of  the  Epiiihaify, 
which  occurs  on  the  same  day,  it  is  supposed  that  this 
custom  can  be  traced  back  to  the  Komau  Saturnalia. 
See  bran-king  and  twelfth-cakc. 

bean-fed  (ben 'fed),  a.   Fed  on  beans.  Shale. 
bean-fly  (beu'fli),  n.   A  beautiful  fly  of  a  pale- 
purple  color,  produced  from  a  maggot  called 
mida,  and  found  on  bean-flowers, 
bean-goose  (ben'gos),  n.     [So  named  from  the 
likeness  of  the  upper  nail  of  the  bill  to  a  horse- 
bean.]    A  species  of  wild  goose,  the  Anser 
segetum,  which  arrives  in  England  in  autumn 
and  retires  to  the  north  in  the  end  of  April. 
Some  consider  it  a  mere  variety  of  the  Euro- 
pean wild  goose,  A.fcrus. 
bean-king  (ben'king),  n.    [So  called  because 
the  honor  fell  to  him  who,  when  the  Twelfth- 
night  cake  was  distributed,  got  the  bean  bm-ied 
in  it.]     The  person  who  presided  as  king  over 
the  Twelfth-night  festivities, 
bean-meal  (ben'mel),  n.     Meal  made  from 
beans,  used  in  some  parts  of  Europe  as  feed 
for  horses,  and  for  fattening  hogs,  etc. 
bean-mill  (ben'mil),  n.    A  mill  for  splitting 

beans  for  cattle-feeding, 
bean-sheller  (ben'shel"er),  n.    A  machine  for 

removing  beans  from  the  pods, 
bean-shooter  (ben 'shorter),  n.  A  toy  for 
shooting  beans,  shot,  or  other  small  missiles; 
a  pea-shooter, 
bean-shot  (ben 'shot),  n.  Copper  grains  formed 
by  pouring  melted  metal  through  a  perforated 
ladle  into  warm  water.  If  cold  water  is  used,, 
flakes  are  formed,  caMedi  feather-shot. 


bean-stalk 

bean-stalk  (ben'stak),  The  stem  of  a  bean, 
or  the  whole  plant:  as,  Jack  aud  the  bean- 
stalk. 

bean-tree  (ben'tre),  «.  A  name  given  to  spe- 
cies of  Bauhinia;  in  Australia,  to  the  Moreton 
Bay  chestnut,  Castanospermuw  aiisirale;  in 
the  United  States,  sometimes,  to  Catalpa  bigno- 
nioides;  and  in  Jamaica,  to  Erythrina  Corr'allo- 
dendrou. 

bean-trefoil  (ben'tre"foil),  n.  1.  The  labur- 
nimi,  Ci/tisus  Laburnum,  a  leguminous  shrub 
with  trijfoliate  leaves.  See  laburnum. —  2.  The 
Anagijris  foetida,  a  similar  shrub  of  southern 
Europe,  whose  violet-colored  seeds  are  said  to 
bo  poisonous  like  those  of  the  laburnum. —  3. 
The  buekbean,  Menyanthes  trifoliata.  [Rare.] 

bean-weevil  (ben'we"vil),  n.  An  American 
species  of  the  genus  Bruclius,  which  attacks 
beans.  it  has 
been  describcil  as 
Bruchus  J'abce  (Ri- 
ley), but  is  keltl 
by  Horn  to  be 
identical  with  the 
B.  obsoletus  (Say). 
The  species  aver- 
ages 3  millimeters 
in  length,  with  the 
general  color,  dark 
and  piceous,  the 
whole  body  being 

covered  with  rath-       ^_  Bean-weevil  lSrucl.„.f„ia^). 
er  dense  cinereous    from  which  the  beetles  have  issued.  (Small 
pubescence,     and    figure  shows  natural  size. ) 
the  elytra  being 

indistinctly  mottled  by  transverse  bands  of  darker  pubes- 
cence. It  infests  stored  beans,  and  there  are  usually  sev- 
eral, sometimes  as  many  as  15,  specimens  in  a  single  bean. 

beany  (be'ni),  a.    [<  bcan'^  +  In  good 

condition  (like  a  bean-fed  horse);  spirited; 
fresh.    [Slang.]    N.  E.  D. 

bear!  (bar),  v. ;  pret.  bore  (formerly,  and  still  in 
the  archaic  style,  hare),  pp.  borne,  born  (now  only 
in  a  single  sense :  see  note  at  end),  ppr.  hearing. 
[<  ME.  heren  (pret.  bar,  hare,  pi.  hare,  here,  be- 
ren,  pp.  boren,  rarely  horn),  <  AS.  beran  (pret. 
beer,  pi.  baron,  pp.  boren)  =  OS.  beran  =  OFries. 
bera  =  D.  baren  =  OHG.  beran  =  leel.  bera  = 
Sw.  bdra  =  Dan.  ba:re  =  Goth,  bairan,  bear 
(also  in  comp.  OS.  giberan  =  AS.  geberan  = 
OHG.  geberen,  MHG.  gebern,  G.  gebdren  —  Goth. 
gabairan,  bear,  in  MHG.  and  G.  bring  forth),  = 
L.  ferre  =  Gr.  (pipeiv  =  Skt.  bltar,  bear,  carry. 
A  very  prolific  root  in  all  the  languages,  both 
in  form  and  senses.  From  the  AS.  come  bar- 
roio^,  bier,  barrn^,  barn"^,  bairn,  birth^,  burthen^, 
burden^,  etc.;  from  the  la.  fertile,  confer,  defer, 
differ,  infer,  etc.,  Lucifer,  conifer,  etc.,  aurifer- 
ous, vociferous,  etc.,  and  other  words  in  -/er, 
-ferous;  from  the  Gr.  semaphore,  hydrophore, 
phosphorous,  electrophorus,  etc.,  and  other  words 
in -phore, -phoi'ous,  etc.']  I.  trans.  1.  To  sup- 
port ;  hold  up ;  sustain :  as,  a  pillar  or  a  girder 
bears  the  superincumbent  weight. 

Sage  he  stood. 
With  Atlantean  shoulders  fit  to  bear 
The  weight  o£  mightiest  monarchies. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  306. 

2.  To  support  in  movement ;  carry ;  convey. 
Whither  do  these  bear  the  ephah  ?  Zech.  v.  10. 

From  the  unshaken  rock  the  torrent  hoarse 
Bears  off  its  broken  waves,  and  seeks  a  devious  courser 
Scott,  Vision  of  Don  Roderick,  Conclusion,  st.  3. 
And  down  a  rocky  pathway  from  the  place 
There  came  a  fair-hair'd  youth,  that  in  his  hand 
Bare  victual  for  the  mowers.         Tennyson,  Geraint. 

3.  To  suffer ;  endure ;  undergo :  as,  to  beg,r  pun- 
ishment, blame,  etc. 

Alas,  how  many  bear  such  shameful  blows, 

Which  not  themselves  but  he  that  gives  them  knows  ! 

Sliak.,  Lucrece,  1.  832. 

4.  To  endure  the  effects  of;  take  the  conse- 
quences of ;  be  answerable  for. 

He  shall  bear  their  iniquities.  Isa.  liii.  11. 

Sir,  let  her  bear  her  sins  on  her  own  head ; 
Yex  not  yourself. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  King  and  No  King,  i.  1. 

5.  To  support  or  sustain  without  sinking, 
yielding,  shrinking,  or  suffering  injiu-y. 

A  wounded  spirit  who  can  bear?  Pro  v.  xviii.  14. 

Console  if  you  will,  I  can  bear  it ; 
'Tis  a  well-meant  alms  of  breath. 

Lowell,  After  the  Burial. 

Anger  and  jealousy  can  no  more  bear  to  lose  sight  of 
their  objects  than  love. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  i.  10. 

6.  To  suffer  or  sustain  without  violence,  in- 
jury, or  change ;  admit  or  be  capable  of. 

In  all  criminal  cases  the  most  favourable  interpreta- 
tion should  be  put  on  words  that  they  can  possibly  bear. 

Suift. 

The  motives  of  the  best  actions  will  not  bear  too  strict 
an  inquiry.  Sm/t,  Thoughts  on  Various  Subjects. 


489 

7.  To  suffer  without  resentment  or  effort  to 
prevent ;  endure  patiently. 

It  was  not  an  enemy  that  reproached  me  ;  then  I  could 
have  borne  it.  Ps.  Iv.  12. 

With  youi'  long-practis'd  patience  bear  afflictions. 

Fletcher,  Spanisli  Curate,  i.  2. 

8.  To  sustain,  as  expense ;  supply  the  means 
of  paying. 

Somewhat  that  will  bear  your  charges.  Dryden. 

9.  To  have,  or  have  a  right  to ;  be  entitled  to ; 
have  the  rightful  use  of,  as  a  name,  a  title,  a 
coat  of  arms,  and  the  like. 

We  are  no  enemies  to  what  are  commonly  called  con- 
ceits, but  authors  bear  them,  as  heralds  say,  witli  a  differ- 
ence. Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  3:iG. 
Who  ill  the  Lord  God's  likeness  bears  the  keys 
To  liiiid  or  loose.  Stcinbnrne,  Laus  Veneris. 

10.  To  carry,  as  in  show ;  exhibit;  show. 
Bear  welcome  in  your  eye.  Shale,  Macbeth,  i.  5. 

Which,  like  a  waxen  image  'gainst  a  fire. 
Bears  no  impression  of  the  thing  it  was. 

Slialc,  T.  G.  of  v.,  ii.  4. 

11.  To  bring  forward;  render;  give;  afford: 
as,  to  bear  testimony. 

Thou  Shalt  not  bear  false  witness  against  thy  neighbour. 

Ex.  XX.  It). 

1 2.  To  carry  in  the  mind ;  entertain  or  cherish, 
as  love,  hatred,  envy,  respect,  etc. 

If  I  can  catch  him  once  upon  the  hip, 

I  will  feed  fat  the  ancient  grudge  I  bear  him. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  3. 
The  reverent  care  I  bear  unto  my  lord 
Made  me  collect  these  dangers  in  the  duke. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1. 
The  great  and  guilty  love  he  bare  the  queen. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

13.  To  possess,  as  a  property,  attribute,  or 
characteristic ;  have  in  or  on  ;  contain :  as,  to 
bear  signs  or  traces ;  to  bear  an  inscription ; 
the  contents  which  the  letter  bears. 

What,  think  you  much  to  pay  two  thousand  crowns. 
And  bear  the  name  and  port  of  gentleman '! 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  1. 

14.  To  possess  and  use,  as  power;  exercise; 
be  charged  with ;  administer:  as,  to  bear  sway. 

Here's  another  letter  to  her  :  she  bears  the  purse  too  ; 
she  is  a  region  in  Guiana,  all  gold  and  bounty. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  3. 

Russia  soon  showed  that  she  was  resolved  to  bear  a 
part  in  the  quarrels  as  well  as  the  negotiations  of  her 
neighbours.  Brougham. 

15t.  To  carry  on;  deal  with. 
This  can  be  no  trick  :  The  conference  was  sadly  borne. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  3. 
Beware 

Of  entrance  to  a  quarrel ;  but,  being  in, 
Bear 't,  that  the  opposed  may  beware  of  thee. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 

16.  To  manage  ;  direct ;  u,se  (what  is  under  the 
immediate  control  of  one's  will). 

Bear  your  body  more  seeming. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  v.  4. 

Hence,  with  a  reflexive  pronoun,  to  behave; 
act  in  any  character:  as,  he  bore  himself  nohly. 
— 17.  To  sustain  by  vital  connection ;  put  forth 
as  an  outgrowth  or  product ;  produce  by  natu- 
ral growth :  as,  plants  bear  leaves,  flowers,  and 
fruit ;  the  heroes  borne  by  ancient  Greece. 
Can  the  fig-tree  .  .  .  bear  olive-berries  ?  Jas.  iii.  12. 
Here  dwelt  the  man  divine  whom  Samos  bore. 

Dryden. 

Life  that  bears  immortal  fruit. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  xl. 

18.  To  bring  forth  in  parturition;  give  birth 
to,  as  young;  figuratively,  give  rise  or  origin 
to.  [The  past  participle  born  is  now  used  only 
in  this  sense.    See  remarks  below.] 

And  she  conceived,  and  bare  Cain,  and  said,  I  have  got- 
ten a  man  from  the  Lord.  Gen.  iv.  1. 

I  can  tell  thee  where  that  saying  was  born. 

Shak.,T.'H.,i.5. 

19.  To  conduct;  guide;  take:  as,  he  tore  him 
off  to  his  quarters. 

Bear  me  forthwith  unto  his  creditor. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iv.  4. 

20.  To  press ;  thrust ;  push ;  drive ;  ui-ge :  with 
some  word  to  denote  the  direction  in  which  the 
object  is  driven:  as,  to  bear  down  a  scale;  to 
hear  back  the  crowd. 

Tlie  residue  were  so  disordered  as  they  could  not  con- 
veniently fight  or  fly,  and  not  only  justled  and  bore  down 
one  another,  but,  in  their  confused  tumbling  back,  brake 
a  part  of  the  avant-guard.  Sir  J.  Ilayward. 

Confidence  then  bore  thee  on ;  secure 
Either  to  meet  no  danger,  or  to  find 
Matter  of  glorious  trial       Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  117.5. 
How  the  rushing  waves 
Bear  all  before  them. 

Bryant,  Flood  of  Years. 

21.  To  gain  or  win  :  now  commonly  with  away 
or  off;  formerly,  sometimes,  with  an  indefinite 
it  for  the  object. 


bear 

Some  think  to  bear  it  by  speaking  a  great  word. 

Bacon,  Of  Seeming  Wise. 

22.  In  the  game  of  backgammon,  to  throw  off  or 
remove,  as  the  men  from  the  board. — 23.  To 
purport;  imply;  import;  state. 

The  letters  bore  that  succour  was  at  hand.  Scott. 
{Bear,  signifying  to  bring  forth,  wlien  used  passively,  espe- 
cially as  an  adjective,  has  the  past  participle  Ixrrn  (born), 
but  when  used  after  the  verb  ham,  or  followe<l  liy  liy,  borne 
(born),  the  latter  having  a  more  direct  reference  to  the  lit- 
eral sense.  Thus,  a  child  was  horn;  but,  she  has  Imrne  \ 
child.  In  all  the  other  senses  both  particiiih's  are  sin  llud 
borne:  as,  I  have  Imrne  the  expenses;  the  e.viiense.s  mii.st 
be  borne.  The  regular  form,  liistorically,  is  liorn.  (Iiorn), 
like  torn,  smirn.    'I'he  distinction  is  artificial  and  recent 

iaftiT  tlie  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century),  ] —  To  bear  a 
land,  to  lend  a  hand  quickly ;  take  hold  ;  give  aid  or  as- 
sistance.   INaut.  and  colloq.  ] 

All  hands  ahoy  !  bear  a  hand  and  make  sail. 

It.  II.  Daiui,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  6!). 

To  bear  arms.  See  or);i'-'.— To  bear  away  the  bell. 

Sec  beUl.^To  bear  (a  iierson)  company.  Sec  roni/iiiini. 
— To  bear  date,  to  have  the  mark  of  time  when  written 
or  executed :  as,  tlie  letter  bears  date  Sept.  30,  1687. 

A  public  letter  which  bears  date  just  a  month  after  the 
admission  of  Francis  Bacon  (to  Trinity  (^dlege). 

Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 
To  bear  down,  to  force  down  ;  figuratively,  to  overcome ; 
vaiuiuisli :  as,  to  bear  down  all  opposition.  — To  bear  in, 
in  coal-mininy,  to  hole,  undercut,  or  kirve.  See  hale,  i\  t. 
[Pennsylvaniii,  anthracite  region.]  — To  bear  in  bandt, 
to  keep  in  hope  or  expectation ;  amuse  with  false  pre- 
tenses ;  deceive. 

A  rascally  yea-torsooth  knave !  to  bear  a  gentleman  in 
hand,  and  then  stand  upon  security ! 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  2. 

Still  bearing  them  in  hand, 
Letting  the  cherry  knock  anaiii^t  tin  ir  lips, 
Antl  draw  it  by  their  mouths,  and  liai  k  again. 

B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  i.  1. 
What  I  take  from  her,  I  spend  upon  other  wenches ; 
bear  her  in  hand  still :  she  has  wit  enough  to  rob  her 
husband,  and  I  ways  enough  to  cniisiiine  tlic  money. 

M iddleton  and  Dekkrr,  l^iariiig  Girl,  ii.  1. 
To  bear  in  mind,  to  keej)  in  rememljrance;  have  fixed 
in  the  memory. 

With  reference  to  the  effects  of  intercrossing  and  of 
competition,  it  should  heborne  in  inindt\\&t  most  animals 
and  plants  keep  to  their  proper  homes,  and  do  not  need- 
lessly wander  about.  Danrin,  Origin  of  .Species,  p.  94. 
To  bear  off.    (nt)  To  sustain;  endure. 

Do  you  suppose  the  state  of  this  realm  to  be  now  so 
feeble  that  it  cannot  bear  ojj'a  greater  Idow  than  this'? 

Sir  J.  Hiiy  ward. 

(b)  Naut.,  to  remove  to  a  distance  ;  keep  clear  from  rub- 
bing against  anything :  as,  to  bear  off  a  boat,  (c)  To  gain 
and  carry  off  ;  as,  he  bore  off  the  prize. — TO  bear  one 
hardt,  to  cherish  a  grudge  toward  a  person. 

Though  he  bear  me  hard, 
I  yet  must  do  him  right.  B.  Jonson. 

To  bear  out.  (")  To  give  support  or  countenance  to. 

Company  only  can  fierer  aman  out  in  an  ill  thing.  South, 
(b)  To  defend  ;  support ;  uphold  ;  second  :  with  a  personal 
oliject. 

If  I  cannot  once  or  twice  in  a  quarter  bear  out  a  knave 
against  an  honest  man,  I  have  but  a  very  little  credit 
with  yom-  worship.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  1. 

I  never  suspected  him  to  be  a  man  of  resolution  or 
coiH'age  sufficient  to  bear  him  nut  in  so  ilespei  ate  an  at- 
tempt. Swift,  Change  in  Queen's  Ministry. 

vEsehines  by  no  means  bears  him  oitt ;  and  Plutarch 
directly  contradicts  him. 

Macaulay,  Mitford's  Hist,  of  Greece. 
(<■)  To  confirm  ;  corroborate ;  establish ;  justify :  with  a 
thing  for  the  object. 

That  such  oscillations  [of  climate]  occurred  during  the 
Tertiary  period  seems  to  be  borne  out  by  the  facts  of  ge- 
ology and  palaeontology. 

J.  Croll,  Climate  and  Cosmology,  p.  160. 

(di)  With  a  more  or  less  indefinite  it  for  the  object :  (1) 
To  last  through ;  endure. 

Love  alters  not  with  his  [Time's]  brief  hours  and  weeks. 

But  bears  it  out  even  to  the  edge  of  doom. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  cxvi. 
If  that  the  Turkish  fleet 

Be  not  enshelter'd  and  embay'd,  they  are  drown'd ; 

It  is  impossible  to  bear  it  out.  Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  1. 
(2)  To  enable  to  endure  ;  render  supportable. 

Many  a  good  hanging  prevents  a  bad  marriage ;  and  for 
turning  away,  let  summer  bear  it  out.     Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  5. 

To  bear  the  bag.  See  fta^i.—Tobearthe  bell.  SeeWii. 
—  To  bear  the  gree.  Seer/rec'-.— Tobearthrought.  (n) 

'To  run  through  with  a  sword  or  rapier.  (/-/)  To  conduct  or 
manage. 

My  hope  is. 
So  to  bear  through,  and  out,  the  consulship. 
As  spight  shall  ne'er  wound  you,  though  it  may  me. 

B.  Joruson,  Catiline,  iii.  1. 
To  bear  up.   (a)  To  support ;  keep  from  sinking. 

A  religious  hope  does  not  only  bear  up  the  mind  under 
her  sufferings,  but  makes  her  rejoice  in  them.  Addison. 
(b\)  To  arrange  ;  contrive  ;  devise. 

Isab.  I  have  made  him  know 

I  have  a  servant  comes  with  me  along. 
That  stays  upon  me,  whose  persuasion  is 
I  come  about  my  brother. 
Dulce.  'Tis  well  borne  up. 

Shak.,  M.  for  il.,  iv.  1. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  be  capable  of  supporting 
or  carrying :  as,  the  floor  would  not  bear. 


bear 

Wyld  roring  Buls  he  would  him  make 
To  tame,  and  ryde  their  backes,  not  made  to  beare. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  vi.  24. 

2.  To  lean;  weigh;  rest  fixedly  or  burden- 
somely:  as,  the  sides  of  two  inclining  objects 
bear  upon  or  against  one  another. 

In  the  important  matter  of  taxation,  the  point  in  which 
the  pressure  of  every  government  bears  the  most  con- 
stantly upon  the  whole  people.     ■  Brougham. 

3.  To  tend;  be  directed  in  a  certain  way, 
whether  with  or  without  violence :  as,  to  bear 
away ;  to  hear  back ;  to  hear  in  ;  to  hear  out  to 
sea;  to  hear  upon;  to  hear  down  upon;  the 
fleet  bore  down  upon  the  enemy. 

Spinola,  with  his  shot,  did  bear  upon  those  within,  who 
appeared  upon  the  walls.  Sir.  J.  Hayward. 

Who's  there  ?  bear  back  there !   Stand  from  the  door ! 

B.  Jomon,  Cynthia's  Bevels,  v.  2. 
The  party  soon  set  saU,  and  bore  for  England. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  89. 
Down  upon  him  bare  the  bandit  three. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

Hence— 4.  To  have  reference  (to) ;  relate  (to) ; 
come  into  practical  contact  (with) ;  have  a  bear- 
ing :  as,  legislation  hearing  on  the  interests  of 
labor. 

There  was  one  broad  principle  which  bore  equally  upon 
every  class,  that  the  lands  of  England  must  provide  for 
the  defense  of  England.  Frotide,  Sketches,  p.  144. 

5.  To  be  situated  as  to  the  point  of  the  com- 
pass, with  respect  to  something  else:  as,  the 
land  6ore  E.  N.  E.  fi-om  the  ship.— 6.  To  suffer 
as  with  pain ;  endure.  ' 

They  bore  as  heroes,  but  they  felt  as  men.  Pope. 

I  can  not,  can  not  bear.  Dryden. 
7.  To  be  patient.  [Rare.]— 8.  To  produce 
fruit;  be  fruitful,  as  opposed  to  being  barren: 
as,  the  tree  still  continues  to  hear. 

Then  Abraham  fell  upon  his  face,  and  laughed,  and  said 
in  his  heart.  Shall  a  child  be  born  unto  him  that  is  an 
hundred  years  old?  and  shall  Sarah,  that  is  ninety  years 
old,  bear?  Gg„  xvii.  17. 

9.  To  take  effect ;  succeed. 

Having  pawned  a  f ul  1  suit  of  clothes  for  a  sum  of  money 
which,  my  operator  assured  me,  was  the  last  he  should 
want  to  bring  all  our  matters  to  bear.  Guardian. 
To  bear  against.  See  above,  2.— To  bear  away  (luiut.) 
to  change  the  course  of  a  ship  more  away  from  the  wind 
—To  pear  m  with,  to  run  or  tend  toward :  as  a  ship 
bears  m  with  the  land  ;  opposed  to  bear  off  or  keep  at  a 
greater  distance.-To  bear  on  or  upon.  See  above,  2,  3 
and  4.-  To  bear  up.  («)  Naut.,  to  put  the  helm  up  so  as 
to  bring  the  vessel  into  the  wind.  (6)  To  be  firm  •  have 
fortitude.  ' 

[If]  we  found  evil  fast  as  we  find  good 
111  our  first  years,  or  think  that  it  is  found 
How  could  the  innocent  heart  bear  up  and  live  [ 

Wordsworth,  Prelude,  viii. 
To  bear  up  for  (naut.),  to  sail  or  proceed  toward  :  as  we 
made  all  sail  and  bore  up  for  Hong  Kong.— To  bear  UP 
•Wltn  or  under,  to  sustain  with  courage ;  endure  without 
succumbing ;  be  firm  under :  as,  to  bear  up  under  affliction. 
.  So  long  as  nature 

wni  bear  up  with  this  exercise,  so  long 
I  daily  vow  to  use  it.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iii.  2. 

„    ,  ,,      ,„  He's  of  a  nature 

Too  bold  and  fierce  to  stoop  so,  but  bears  up 
Presuming  on  his  hopes. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  i.  1. 
To  bear  up  -witht,  to  keep  up  with ;  be  on  the  same  foot- 
ing as. 

■What  shoulde  he  doe?  Fain  he  would  have  the  name 
■  ti!  ^.^"Sious,  fain  he  would  bear  up  with  his  neighbours 
'°  Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  39. 

To  bear  -with,  to  endure;  be  indulgent  to:  forbear  to 
resent,  oppose,  or  punish. 

Reason  would  that  I  should  bear  vnth  you. 

Acts  xviii.  14. 

If  the  matter  be  meane,  and  meanly  handled,  I  pray  you 
htare  both  with  me  and  it.  .    r   /  i^^ 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  22. 
To  bring  to  bear.  See  bring. 
bear2  (bar),  n.  [<  ME.  here,  <  AS.  iera  =  D.  heer 
=  LG.  haar  =  OHG.  hero,  MHG.  her,  G.  bar,  m., 
=  Icel.  hera,  L,  a  bear.  Cf.  Icel.  Sw.  Dan.  bjorn 
a  bear  (appar.  =  AS.  beorn,  a  man,  a  warrior 
orig.  a  bear?— see  6em2)^  an  extended  form 


490 

of  the  same  word.  Perhaps  ult.  =  L.  fertts, 
wild,  fera,  a  -mid  beast:  see  fierce.;}  1.  A 
large  plantigrade  carnivorous  or  omnivorous 
mammal,  of  the  family  TJrsidcB,  especially  of 
the  genus  Ursus.  The  teeth  of  the  true  bears  are  40 
and  none  of  the  molars  are  sectorial.  The  animals  are  less 
truly  carnivorous  than  most  of  the  order  to  which  they 
belong,  feeding  largely  upon  roots,  fruits,  etc.,  as  well  as 
honey  and  insects.  The  tail  is  rudimentary,  and  the  muz- 
zle is  proininent,  with  moljile  lips  and  a  slender  some- 
times very  extensile,  tongue.  The  best-known  species  is 
the  brown  or  black  bear  of  Europe  and  Asia,  Ursus  arctos 
found  chiefly  m  northerly  regions,  of  which  several  varie- 
ties are  described,  differing  much  in  size  and  color  and 
to  some  extent  in  shape  ;  it  is  ordinarily  about  4  feet  long 
and  2i  feet  high ;  its  flesh  is  eaten,  its  pelt  is  used  for 
robes,  and  its  fat  is  in  great  demand  as  an  unguent  known 
as  bear  s  grease.  The  grizzly  bear  of  North  America,  U. 
horribtlt^,  is  as  regards  specific  classification  hardly  sepa- 
rable from  the  last,  and  like  it  runs  into  several  varieties, 
as  the  cinnamon  bear,  etc.  It  is  ordinarily  larger  than  the 
European,  and  is  noted  for  its  ferocity  and  tenacity  of  life. 
It  inhabits  the  mountainous  portions  of  western  North 
America.  The  common  black  bear  of  North  America  is  a 
smaller  and  distinct  species,  IT.  americamis,  usually  black 
with  a  tawny  snout,  but  it  also  runs  into  a  cinnamon  va- 
riety. See  cut  under  Ursus.  The  polar  bear  or  white 
bear,  U rsus  or  Thalassarctos  maritimus,  is  very  distuict. 


bearbine 


Grizzly  Seat  (.Ursus  horribilis). 


Polar  Bear  t6'rj, 

of  great  size,  peculiar  shape,  and  white  or  whitish  color 
niarine  and  maritime,  and  piscivorous  to  some  extent' 
though  seals  constitute  much  of  its  food.  The  Syrian 
bear,  U.  syriacus,  and  the  Himalayan  bear,  U.  himalaya- 
nus,  respectively  inhabit  the  regions  whence  they  take 
their  names.  The  spectacled  bear,  Ursus  or  Tremarctos 
ornatus,  is  the  sole  representative  of  the  Ursidce  in  South 
America :  so  called  from  the  light-colored  rings  around  the 
eyes,  which  have  exactly  the  appearance  of  a  pair  of  spec- 
tacles, the  rest  of  the  face  and  body  being  black.  The 
Malayan  bear  or  bruang,  f .  malayamis,  is  a  small,  black 
close-haired  species,  with  a  white  mark  on  the  throat,  with 
protrusile  lips  and  slender  tongue,  capable  of  being  taught 
a  variety  of  amusing  tricks  in  confinement.  The  sloth-bear 
or  aswail  of  India  is  distinct  froin  the  other  bears,  and  is 
usually  placed  in  a  different  genus,  llelursus  labiatus.  See 
Ursidce,  and  cut  under  asimil. 

2.  The  Anglo-Australian  name  of  a  marsupial 
quadruped,  the  koala,  Phascolarctos  cinereus. 
See  koala.— 3.  [cajx]  The  name  of  two  con- 
stellations in  the  northern  hemisphere,  called 
the  Great  and  the  Little  Bear.  Both  these  figures 

have  long  tails.  The  principal  stars  of  the  Great  Bear 
compose  the  figure  of  Charles's  Wain,  or  the  Dipper.  In 
the  tail  of  the  Little  Bear  is  the  pole-star.   See  Ursa. 

4.  A  rude,  gruff,  or  uncouth  man. 

You  are  a  great  bear,  I'm  sure,  to  abuse  my  relations. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  1. 

5.  [Prob.  in  allusion  to  the  proverb  "  to  sell  a 
bear's  skin  before  one  has  caught  the  bear." 
(There  is  a  similar  proverb  about  the  lion's  skin. ) 
One  who  sold  stocks  in  this  way  was  formerly 
called  a  bear sJcin  jobber,  later  simply  a  bear;  now 
usually  explained,  in  connection  with  its  cor- 
relative bull,  as  in  allusion  to  a  bear,  "which 
pulls  do-sra  -with  its  paws," 
as  opposed  to  a  bull,  ''which 
tosses  with  its  horns."]  In 
exchanges:  (af)  Stock  which 
one  contracts  to  deliver  at  a 
future  date,  though  not  in  the 
possession  of  the  seller  at  the 
time  the  contract  is  made :  in 
the  phrases  to  buy  or  sell  the 
bear.  (&)  One  who  sells  stocks, 
grain,   provisions,   or  other 
commodities  neither  o-wned 
nor  possessed  by  him  at  the 
time   of  selling  them,  but 
which  he  expects  to  buy  at  a 
lower  price  before  the  time 
fixed  for  making  delivery,  (c) 
One  who  endeavors  to  bring 
down  prices,  in  order  that  he 
may  buy  cheap :  opposed  to  a 
bull,  who  tries  to  raise  the 
price,  that  he  may  sell  dear. 

Every  one  who  draws  a  bill  or  is- 
sues a  note  unconsciously  acts  as  a 
bear  upon  the  gold  market. 

Jevons,  Money  and  Mech.  of  Ex-   <  &°?"ZJ''^",5,>f/ 
[change,  p.  316.       ca).  natural  size. 


6.  A  popular  name  for  certain  common  cater- 
pillars of  the  family  Arctiida,  which  are  dense- 
ly covered  with  long  hair  resembling  the  fur 
of  a  bear.  They  undergo  their  transformation  under 
old  boards  or  other  sheltered  places,  forming  a  slicht 
cocoon  composed  chiefly  of  their  own  hair.  Spilosoma 
Virqimca  (labricius)  is  a  common  example;  the  moth  is 
white  with  a  few  black  spots,  the  abdomen  orange-colored 
banded  with  white,  and  ornamented  with  tlu-ee  rows  oi 
black  dots.    See  cut  in  preceding  column. 

7.  In  metal.,  one  of  the  names  given  to  the 
metallic  mass,  consisting  of  more  or  less  mal- 
leable iron,  sometimes  found  in  the  bottom  of 
an  iron  furnace  after  it  has  gone  out  of  blast.— 

8.  Naut.,  a  square  block  of  wood 
weighted  with  iron,  or  a  rough  mat 
filled  -with  sand,  dragged  to  and  fro 
on  a  ship's  decks  instead  of  a  holy- 
stone (which  see).—  9.  In  metal- 
worUng,  a  portable  punching-ma- 
chine  for  iron  plates.  JE.  H.  Knigh  t. 

—  Bear's  grease,  the  fat  of  bears,  exten- 
sively used  to  promote  the  growth  of  hair. 
The  unguents  sold  under  this  name,  how- 
ever, are  in  a  great  measure  made  of  hog's 
lard  or  veal-fat,  or  a  mixtiu-e  of  butli,  Punching-Bear 
scented  and  slightly  colored.— Order  of 

the  Bear,  an  order  of  knights  instituted  by  the  emperor 
Frederick  II.  of  Germany,  and  centered  at  the  abbey  of 
St.  Gall,  in  what  is  now  Switzerland.  It  perished  when 
the  cantons  liecame  independent  of  the  house  of  Austria 

—  WooUybear.    See  woolly. 

bear2  (bar),  v.  t.  [<  bear'^,  n.,  5.]  In  the  stoch 
exchange,  to  attempt  to  lower  the  price  of :  as, 
to  hear  stocks.  _  See  bear'^,  n.,  5. 
bear3,  bere^  (ber),  m.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  beer, 
<  ME.  here,  <  AS.  here,  barley,  =  Icel.  barr  = 
North  Fries,  berre,  bar,  bar  —  Goth.  *baris  (in 
adj.  barizeins),  barley,  =  L.  far,  com.  See  har- 
leyi  and  farina.}  Barley:  a  word  now  used 
chiefly  in  the  north  of  England  and  in  Scotland 
for  the  common  four-rowed  barley,  Hordeum 
vulgare.  The  six-rowed  kind,  H.  hexastichon, 
is  called  big. 

Malt  made  from  bere  or  bigg  only,  in  Scotland  and  Ire- 
land, for  home  consumption. 

G.  Scamell,  Breweries  and  Malting,  p.  136. 
bear*  (ber),  n.    [Also  -written  beer,  and  archai- 
cally here,  <  ME.  bere  =  LG.  hiire,  >  G.  biihre,  a 
pillow-case.]    A  pillow-ease:  usually  in  com- 
position, jrillow-bear.    [Now  only  dialectal.] 
Many  a  pylowe  and  every  bere 
Of  clothe  of  Reynes  to  slepe  softe. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  254. 

bearable  (bSr'a-bl),  a.    [<  hear'^  \-  -able.'}  Ca- 
pable of  being  borne;  tolerable;  endurable; 
supportable, 
bearably  (bar'a-bli),  adv.    In  a  bearable  man- 
ner. 

bearance  (bar'ans),  w,  [<  bear'^  +  -ance.  Cf. 
forbearance.}  1.  Endurance;  patient  suffer- 
ing. [Archaic.]  — 2.  In  mac/;.,  a  bearing, 
bear-animalcule  (bar'an-i-mal"kiil),  n.  A  gen- 
eral name  for  one  of  the  minute  arachnidans  of 
the  order  Arctisca  or  Tardigrada,  and  family 
Macrobiotidce.  Also  called  water-bear.  See  cut 
under  Arctisca. 

bear-baiting  (bar'ba'-'ting),  n.    The  sport  of 
setting  dogs,  usually  mastiffs,  to  fight  -mth 
captive  bears.   The  practice  was  prohibited  in 
Great  Britain  by  Parliament  in  1835. 
Let  him  alone :  I  see  his  vein  lies  only 
For  falling  out  at  wakes  and  bear-baitings, 
That  may  express  him  sturdy. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Captain,  Iv.  3. 
Bear-baiting,  then  a  favourite  diversion  of  high  and  low 
was  tljf  abomination  ...  of  the  austere  sectaries.  The 
Puritans  hated  it,  not  because  it  gave  pain  to  the  bear, 
but  because  it  gave  pleasure  to  the  spectators. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

bearbane  (bar'ban),  n.  A  variety  of  the  wolf's- 
bane,  Aconitum  Lycoctonum. 
bearberry  (bar'ber*i),  n. ;  pi.  hearberries  (-iz). 

1.  A  trailing  evergreen  ericaceous  shrub,  Arc- 
tostaphylos  uva-ursi,  found  throughout  the  arc- 
tic and  mountainous  portions  of  the  north- 
ern hemisphere,  and  bearing  small  bright-red 
drupes.  The  leaves  are  very  astringent  and  slightly  bit- 
ter, and  under  the  name  uva-ursi  are  used  in  medicine  as 
an  astringent  tonic,  chiefly  in  affections  of  the  bladder.  It 
is  the  Icinnihinic  which  the  Indians  of  western  America 
mix  with  their  tobacco  for  smoking.  Also  called  bear's- 
bilberry,  hear's-grape,  and  foxberry. 

2.  In  the  Pacific  States,  a  species  of  Bhamnus, 
B.  Purshiana,  named  from  the  fondness  of  bears 

for  its  berries.    Also  called  bearwood  Alpine 

or  black  bearberry,  a  dwarf  arctic-alpine  species  of  the 
genus  Arctostaphylos,  A.  alpina. 

bearbine,  bearbind  (ber'bin,  -bind),  n.  [<  bear^ 
+  bine,  bind :  see  bine^.}  The  name  in  England 
of  several  common  species  of  Convolvulus,  as  C. 
arvensis,  C.  sepium,  and  C.  Soldanella,  from  their 
t-svining  about  and  binding  together  the  stalks 
of  barley.    Also  incorrectly  written  hareUnd. 


bearbine 

The  bearbine  with  the  lilac  interlaced. 

Hood,  Haunted  House,  i.  24. 

bear-caterpillar  (bar'tat'-'fer-pil-ar),  ».  A  larva 
of  one  of  the  tombycid  moths:  so  called  from 
its  hairiness.    See  cut  under  bear^. 

bear-cloth  (bar'kloth),  n.  Same  as  bearing 
cloth. 

beard  (berd),  «.  [<  ME.  berde,  berd,  <  AS. 
beard  =  D.  baard  =  OFries.  berd  =  OHG. 
MHG.  G.  bart  =  leel.  -bardhr,  in  comp.  (cf. 
neut.  bardh,  brim,  beak  of  a  ship  (see  bard^) : 
the  ordinary  term  for  'beard'  is  skegg  =  E. 
shag)  —  OBulg.  Serv.  Bohem.  brada  =  Pol. 
broda  —  Russ.  boroda  =  Lith.  barzda,  bursa  = 
Lett,  barda  =  OPruss.  bordus,  and  prob.  = 
L.  barba  (>  E.  barb^),  W.  and  Corn,  barf,  a 
beard.  The  agreement  in  spelling  between 
mod.  E.  and  AS.  beard  is  merely  accidental: 
see  ea.]  1.  The  close  growth  of  hair  on  the 
chin  and  parts  of  the  face  normally  character- 
istic of  an  adult  man;  more  specifically,  the 
hair  of  the  face  and  chin  when  allowed  to  re- 
main wholly  or  in  part  unshaved,  that  on  the 
Tipper  lip  being  distinguished  as  the  mustache, 
and  the  remainder  as  the  tvhiskers,  or  the  side- 
whiskers,  chiti-whiskers  or  -beard,  etc.,  according 
as  the  beard  is  trimmed :  as,  to  wear  a  heard, 
or  a  full  beard. — 2.  In  0067.,  some  part  or  ap- 
pendage likened  to  the  human  beard.  («)  in 

mammal.,  long  haii'S  about  the  head,  as  on  a  goat's  chin, 
etc.  (b)  In  ornith.,  a  cluster  of  fine  feathers  at  the  base 
of  the  beak,  as  in  the  bearded  vulture  and  bearded  tit. 
In  some  breeds  of  the  common  hen,  as  the  bearded  Polish, 
the  Houdan,  and  the  Russian,  this  appendage  has  been 
made,  by  selection,  very  full.  The  feathers  are  supported 
by  a  pendulous  fold  of  skin,  and  often  extend  up  to  the 
eyes,  (c)  In  ichth.,  the  barbels  of  a  fish,  as  the  loach  and 
catfish,  (d)  In  conch.  :  (1)  The  byssus  of  some  bivalves, 
as  the  mussel.  (2)  The  gills  of  some  bivalves,  as  the  oyster. 
<e)  In  entom.,  one  of  a  pair  of  small  fleshy  bodies  of  some 
lepidopterous  and  dipterous  insects.    (/)  Whalebone. 

3.  In  bot.:  (a)  A  crest,  tuft,  or  covering  of 
spreading  hairs,  (b)  The  awn  or  bristle-like 
appendage  upon  the  chaff  of  grain  and  other 
grasses.  See  cut  under  barley,  (c)  With  some 
authors,  a  name  given  to  the  lower  lip  of  a 
ringent  corolla. —  4.  A  barb  or  sharp  process 
of  an  arrow,  a  fish-hook,  or  other  instrument, 
bent  backward  from  the  point,  to  prevent  it 
from  being  easily  drawn  out. —  5.  The  hook 
for  retaining  the  yarn  at  the  extremity  of  the 
needle  in  a  knitting-machine. —  6.  In  organ- 
building,  a  spring-piece  on  the  back  of  a  lock- 
bolt  to  hold  it  moderately  firm  and  prevent  it 
from  rattling  in  its  guides. —  7.  The  part  of  a 
liorse  which  bears  the  curb  of  a  bridle,  under- 
neath the  lower  mandible  and  above  the  chin. — 

8.  The  train  of  a  comet  when  the  comet  is  reced- 
ing from  the  sun  (in  which  case 
the  train  precedes  the  head). — 

9.  In  printing,  the  outward-slop- 
ing part  of  a  type  which  con- 
nects the  face  with  the  shoulder 
of  the  body.  It  is  obsolete,  type 
being  now  made  with  high 
square  shoulders,  to  lighten  the 
work  of  the  electro typer. — 10. 
The  sharp  edge  of  a  board. — 

False  beard,  in  Egypt,  antiq.,  a  singu- 
lar artificial  beard,  often  represented 
on  monuments  andmuramy-cases,  held 
under  the  chin  by  bands  attached  to 
the  wearer's  casque  or  head-dress. — To  False  Beard,  as 
mal£e  one's  beardt,  literally,  to  dress  JoS^uf  stame"  of 
one's  beard  ;  hence,  to  play  a  trick  up-  Ramesesil.  at  Abou- 
on  ;  deceive ;  cheat.  Simbel. 

Yet  can  a  miller  make  a  clerkes  berd, 

Tor  al  his  art.      Chaucer,  Beeve  s  Tale,  1.  175. 

Mo  berdes  in  two  houres 

rWithoute  rasour  or  sisoures) 

imode,  then  greynes  be  of  sondes. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  181. 
To  one's  beard,  to  one's  face ;  in  defiance  of  one. 
Kail'd  at  their  covenant,  and  jeer'd 
Their  rev'rend  persons  to  my  beard. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras. 

beard  (berd),  v.  [<  late  ME.  berde;  from  the 
noun.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  take  by  the  beard; 
seize,  pluck,  or  pull  the  beard  of,  in.  contempt 
or  anger.  Hence — 2.  Figuratively,  to  oppose 
to  the  face ;  set  at  defiance. 

It  is  to  them  most  disgracefull,  to  be  bearded  of  such  a 
base  varlett.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

Dar'st  thou  then 
To  beard  the  lion  in  his  den. 
The  Douglas  in  his  hall '? 

Scott,  Marmion,  vi.  14. 

3.  To  furnish  with  a  beard,  in  any  sense  of  the 
word. — 4.  In  carp.,  to  chip,  plane,  or  otherwise 
diminish  from  a  given  line  or  to  a  given  curve : 
as,  to  beard  clamps,  plank-sheers,  etc. ;  in  ship- 
building,  to  round,  as  the  adjacent  parts  of  the 
rudder  and  stern-post,  or  the  dead-wood,  so  as 


491 

to  adapt  them  to  the  shape  of  the  vessel. —  5. 
To  remove  the  beard  or  fringe  from,  as  from 
oysters. 

II,  intrans.  To  grow  a  beard,  or  become 
bearded.  [Rare]. 

Nor  laughing  girl,  nor  bearding  boy. 
Nor  full-pulsed  manhood,  lingering  here, 

Shall  add,  to  life's  abounding  joy, 
The  charmed  repose  to  sulTering  dear. 

Whittier,  Summer  by  Lakeside. 

bearded  (ber'ded),  «.  [<  ME.  berded;  <  beard 
-I- -ed2.]    1.  Having  a  beard. 

Then  a  soldier, 
Full  of  strange  oaths,  and  bearded  like  the  pard. 

Shale,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7. 
It  is  good  to  steal  away  from  the  society  of  bearded  men, 
and  even  of  gentler  woman,  and  spend  an  hour  or  two  with 
children.  Hawthorne.  Twice-Told  Tales,  I. 

2.  In  her. :  (a)  Same  as  barbed'^,  3.  (b)  Having 
a  train  like  that  of  a  comet  or  meteor  (which 
see). —  3.  In  entom. :  (a)  Having  a  tuft  of  hairs 
on  the  clypeus,  overhanging  the  mouth,  (b) 
Covered  on  one  side  with  short  and  thickly  set 
hairs:  said  of  antennae.— Bearded  argali.  See  ar- 
j7«ii.— Bearded  griffin.  See  smi/i/t.— Bearded  tit, 
bearded  titmouse,  the  Panurus  biannicus. — Bearded 
vulture,  the  Gypaetus  barbatus. 

beard-^ass  (ijerd'gras),  n.  The  common  name 
of  (a)  some  species  of  Polypogon,  especially  P. 
Monspeliensis  and  P.  littoralis,  from  the  dense- 
ly bearded  appearance  of  the  close  panicles; 
(6)  some  common  species  of  Andropogon,  as  A. 
nutans,  A.  scoparius,  etc  'WooUy  beard-grass,  a 

name  given  to  species  of  Erianthus. — Naked  beard- 
grass,  a  name  of  species  of  Gymnopogon. 

beardie  (ber'di),  n.    Same  as  beardy,  2. 

bearding  (ber'ding),  n.  [<  beard  +  -ii^g'^.']  1. 
The  line  of  the  intersection  of  the  keel,  dead- 
wood,  stem,  and  stem-post  of  a  ship  with  the 
outer  surface  of  the  frame-timbers.  Also  called 
bearding-line  and  stepping-point. — 2.  The  dimi- 
nution of  the  edge  or  surface  of  a  piece  of  tim- 
ber from  a  given  line,  as  in  the  stem,  dead- 
wood,  etc.,  of  a  ship.  Hamersly. 

bearding-line  (ber'ding-Un),  n.  Same  asbeard- 
ing,  1. 

beardless  (berd'les),  a.  [<  ME.  berdles,  <  AS. 
beardleds,  <  beard,  lieard,  -I-  leas,  -less.]  1. 
Without  a  beard ;  hence,  of  persons  of  the  male 
sex,  immature ;  adolescent :  as,  a  beardless 
youth. — 2.  In  ornith.,  having  no  rictal  vibris- 
seb:  as,  the  beardless  flycatcher,  Ornithium  im- 
berbe. — 3.  In  ichth.,  having  no  barbels. — 4.  In 

hot.,  without  beard  or  awn  Beardless  drum,  the 

redflsh  or  branded  drum,  Scicena  ocellata,  which  has  no 
barbels.    See  cut  under  redfish. 

beardlessness  (berd'les-nes),  n.    The  state  or 

condition  of  being  beardless, 
beardleted  (berd'let-ed),  a.    [<  *beardlet,  dim. 

of  beard  (cf.  harbule),  +  -ed2.]    In  bot.,  having 

little  awns.  Paxton. 

beardling  (berd'ling),  «.  One  who  wears  a 
beard ;  formerly,  in  contrast  with  shaveling,  a 
layman.  [Rare.] 

beard-moss  (berd'mos),  n.  A  name  of  the 
lichen  Usnea  barbata,  which,  often  intermixed 
with  others,   clothes  forest-trees  with  the 

.  shaggy  gray  fleece  of  its  pendulous  thread-like 
branches;  the  "  idle  moss  "  of  Shakspere  (C.  of 
E.,  ii.  2). 

bear-dog  (bar'dog),  n.  A  dog  for  baiting  bears. 

Trim.   You  fought  high  and  fair.  .  .  . 
Daup.  Like  an  excellent  bear-dog. 

B.  Jonson,  Epicoene,  iv.  1. 
beard-tongue  (berd'tung),  n.  A  name  given 
to  plants  of  the  genus  Pentstemon,  with  refer- 
ence to  the  bearded  sterile  stamen, 
beardy  (ber'di),  n.;  pi.  beardies  (-diz).  [Dim.  of 
heard.']  1.  A  name  of  the  white-throat,  <Si/te'« 
cinerea.  Macgillivray.  [Local,  British.] — 2.  In 
Scotland,  a  name  of  the  loach,  Nemachilus  bar- 
batulus,  a  small  fresh-water  malaeopterygian 
fish,  family  Cyprinidce :  so  called  from  the  six 
barbules  that  hang  from  the  mouth.  Also  spell- 
ed beardie. 

bearer  (bar'er),  n.  [ME.  herer,  bcrere ;  <  bear'^  + 
-e?-l.]  1.  One  who  bears,  carries,  or  sustains; 
a  carrier;  specifically,  one  who  carries  any- 
thing as  the  attendant  of  another :  as,  St.  Chris- 
topher, or  the  Christ-bearer  (the  meaning  of 
the  name) ;  a  sword-ftearer,  an  armor-&earer,  a 
palanquin-ftearer,  etc. 

His  armour-iearer  said  unto  him,  Do  all  that  is  in  thine 
heart.  1  Sam.  xiv.  7. 

Forgive  the  bearer  of  unhappy  news : 
Your  alter'd  father  openly  pursues 
Your  ruin.  Dryden. 
2.  One  who  carries  a  body  to  the  grave;  a 
pall-bearer. —  3.  In  India :  (a)  A  palanquin-car- 
rier. (&)  A  domestic  servant  who  has  charge 
of  his  master's  clothes,  fui-niture,  etc. —  4.  In 


bearing 

banking  and  com.,  one  who  holds  or  presents 
for  payment  a  check  or  order  for  money,  pay- 
ment of  which  is  not  limited  by  the  drawer 
to  a  specified  individual  or  firm.  Checks  pay- 
able to  bearer  need  no  indorsement. —  5.  One 
who  wears  anything,  as  a  badge  or  sword;  a 
wearer. 

Thou  [the  crown],  most  fine,  most  honour'd,  most  re- 
nown'd. 

Hast  eat  thy  bearer  up.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  4. 

6.  In  old  law,  one  who  bears  do-wn  or  oppresses 
others  by  vexatiously  assisting  a  third  party  in 
maintaining  a  suit  against  them ;  a  maintainor. 
— 7.  Any  part  of  a  structure  or  machine  that 
serves  as  a  support  to  some  other  part    (a)  A 

support  for  the  fire-bars  of  a  furnace,  (b)  The  support  of 
the  puppets  in  a  lathe,  (c)  pi.  In  a  rolling-mill,  the  hous- 
ings or  standards  in  which  the  roller-gudgeons  turn,  (d) 
One  of  the  strips  which  extend  over  a  molding-trough  and 
serve  to  support  the  Hask. 

8.  In  printing  :  (a)  A  strip  of  wood  or  metal, 
type-high,  put  in  any  exposed  place  in  a  form 
of  type  or  on  a  press,  for  the  purpose  of  bearing 
off  impression  and  preventing  injmy  to  type  or 
woodcuts,  (b)  pi.  Type-high  pieces  of  metal 
placed  in  the  very  open  spaces  and  over  the 
heads  of  pages  to  be  stereotyped,  and  also  type- 
high  strips  of  metal  placed  around  pages  or 
forms  to  be  electrotyped,  to  prevent  injury  to 
the  face  of  the  type  or  the  plates  in  the  subse- 
quent processes,  and  cut  away  from  the  plates 
before  printing. — 9.  In  her.,  a  supporter. — lOf. 
A  roll  of  padding  forming  a  kind  of  bustle,  for- 
merly worn  by  women  to  support  and  distend 
their  skirts  "at  their  setting  on  at  the  bodies." 
Fairholt. — 11.  In  an  organ,  one  of  the  thin 
pieces  of  wood  attached  to  the  upper  side  of  a 
sound-board,  to  form  guides  for  the  register- 
sUdes  which  command  the  openings  in  the  top 
of  a  -wind-chest  leading  to  the  pipes  of  the  sepa- 
rate systems  of  pipes  which  form  the  stops. 
E.  H.  Knight. — 12.  A  tree  or  plant  that  yields 
fruit  or  flowers. 

This  way  of  procuring  autumnal  roses,  in  some  that  are 
good  bearers,  will  succeed.  Boyle. 

bearer-bar  (bar'er-bar),  n.  One  of  the  bars 
which  support  the  grate-bars  in  a  furnace. 

bearer-pin  (bar'er-pin),  n.  A  pin  separating 
the  strings  of  a  piano  at  the  point  where  the 
length  is  determined.    Wor.  Supp. 

bear-garden  (bar'gar''''dn),  n.  1.  A  place  where 
bears  are  kept  for  the  diversion  of  spectators. 
The  bear-garden  in  London  in  Elizabeth's  reign 
was  also  called  Paris-garden  and  bear's-college. 

Hun-ying  me  from  the  playhouse,  and  the  scenes  there, 
to  the  bear-garden,  to  the  apes,  and  asses,  and  tigers. 

Stillingjleet. 

2.  Figuratively,  anyplace  of  tumult  or  disorder. 

Those  days  when  slavery  turned  the  Senate-chamber  into 
a  bear-garden.  N.  A.  Rev.,  (JXXVI.  11. 

bear-grass  (bar'gras),  n.  A  name  given  to  the 
camass,  Camassia  esculenta,  of  Oregon;  also, 
in  Texas,  to  Dasylirion  Texanum,  the  young 
pulpy  stems  of  which  are  much  eaten  by  bears ; 
and  to  species  of  the  genus  Yucca,  for  the  same 
reason. 

bearherd  (bar'herd),  n.  A  man  who  tends 
bears ;  a  bearward. 

Virtue  is  of  so  little  regard  in  these  costermonger  times, 
that  true  valour  is  turned  bearherd. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  2. 

bear-hound  (bar'hound),  n.  A  hound  for  hunt- 
ing or  baiting  the  bear. 

Few  years  more  and  the  'Wolf-hounds  shall  faU  sup- 
pressed, the  Bear-hounds,  the  Falconry. 

Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  I.  iii.  1. 

bearing  (bar'ing),  n.  [<  ME.  bering,  beryng; 
verbal  n.  of  feearl.]  If.  Support,  as  of  a  prin- 
ciple or  an  action  ;  maintenance  ;  defense. 

I  speak  against  the  bearing  of  bloodshed :  this  bearing 
must  be  looked  upon. 

Latimer,  5th  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 

2.  The  act  of  enduring,  especially  of  enduring 
patiently  or  without  complaining ;  endurance. 

The  two  powers  which  constitute  a  wise  woman  are 
those  of  bearing  and  forbearing.  Epictetus  (trans.). 

3.  The  manner  in  which  a  person  bears  or 
comports  himself ;  cai-riage;  mien;  behavior. 

A  man  of  good  repute,  carriage,  beariMi,  and  estimation. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L,,  i.  1. 

I  had  reason  to  dread  a  fair  outside,  to  mistrust  a  pop- 
ular bearing,  to  shudder  before  distinction,  grace,  and 
courtesy.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxiv. 

4.  The  mutual  relation  of  the  parts  of  a  whole ; 
mode  of  connection. 

But  of  this  frame  the  bearings  and  the  ties, 
The  strong  connections,  nice  dependencies, 
Gradations  just,  has  thy  pervading  soul 
liOok'd  through?  Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  1.  29. 


492 

2.  Heavy  and  falling:  applied  on  the  stock- 
excliaugo  to  prices, 
bearishness  (bar'isli-nes),  n.    The  state  or 
quality  of  being  bearish  in  nature,  appearance, 
or  manner. 

bear-leader  (bar'le'-'der),  n.  1.  A  person  who 
leads  about  a  trained  bear  for  exhibition. 
Hence — 2.  A  tutor  or  governor  in  charge  of  a 
youth  of  rank  at  the  university  or  on  his  trav- 
els, or  one  in  a  similar  relation.  [Humorous.] 
Young  geutleinan,  I  am  the  bear-leader,  being  appointed 
your  tutor.  Colman  the  Younger. 

They  pounced  upon  the  stray  nobility,  and  seized  youn^' 
rds  travelling  with  their  bear-leaders. 

Thaekeray,  Book  of  Snobs,  vii. 


bearing 

Transactions  which  have  .  .  .  direct  beannrrs  on  free- 
dom, on  health,  on  morals,  on  the  permanent' well-being 
of  the  nation,  can  never  be  morally  indirterent. 

ifae,  Contemp.  Socialism,  p.  213. 

5.  The  special  meaning  or  application  of  any- 
thing said  or  written. 

To  cliange  the  bearing  of  a  word. 

Tenni/non,  In  Memoriam,  cxxviii. 

6.  The  act  or  capability  of  producing  or  bring- 
ing forth:  as,  a  tree  past  bearing. 

In  travail  of  his  bearing,  his  mother  was  first  dead. 

Robert  of  Gloucester. 

7.  In  arch.,  the  space  between  the  two  fixed 
extremes  of  a  beam  or  timber,  or  between  one 
extreme  and  a  supporter:  that  is,  its  unsup- 
ported span. — 8.  In  mach.,  the  part  iu  eon- 

tact  with  which  a  jom-nal  moves;  that  part  of  bear-moss  (bar'mos),  h.  Same  as  heai-'s-bed. 
a  shaft  or  an  axle  which  is  in  contact  with  its  bear-mouse  (bar'mous), A  book-name  of  a 
supports;  in  general,  the  part  of  any  piece  marmot  or  a  woodchuck,  translating  the  ge- 
where  it  is  supported,  or  the  part  of  another  Ji<?ric  name  Arctomys.  See  cut  unAem  Arctomtjs. 
piece  on  which  it  rests.— 9.  Same  as /w/W;/*;-  °earnt  (barn),  j/.  [=  6ai/-«  =  6arw2,  q.  v.]  An 
note. — 10.  2^f-  lo-ship-hidhhnq,  the  widest  part    obsolete  form  of  bairn. 

of  a  vessel  below  the  plank-sheer ;  the  line  of  bear-pig  (bar'pig),  ».  The  Indian  badger  or 
flotation  which  is  formed  by  the  water  on  her  sand-bear,  Arctonij.v  coUarif:.  See  badger^,  1. 
sideswhenupright,  with  pro\-isions,  stores,  etc.,  bear-pit  ibar'pit),  n.  A  pit  prepared  for  the 
on  board  in  proper  trim. —  1 1.  In  her.,  any  sin-  keeping  of  bears  in  a  zoological  garden,  in  tlie 
gle  charge  of  a  coat  of  arms;  any  one  of  the  i:'""''^''' =^ '*ti.ut  pok-,  witli  cross-bars  or  steps  at  proper  dis- 
ordinaries,  or  any  heraldic  bird,  b4st,  or  other    slim^iv'li^^irilf  dimbl'lf  ''''  "'""'-'^ '"^ 

figure  (see  charge)-  hence  in  the  plural,  the  bearst,  ».    An  obsolete  spelling  of  barse. 

Jlt^  f  7^  ^o'^^^i^^r  ^  P.-""'""  bear's-bed  (barz'bed),  ».    ThI  hair-cap  moss, 

titled.  Seefl)«i",  7.— 12  The  cUrection  or  point  a  species  of  Pohjtrichum  which  grows  in  broad 

of  the  compass  m  which  an  object  is  seen,  or  soft  mats.    Also  called  boar-moss. 

the  direction  of  one  object  from  another,  with  bear's-bilberry  (barz'bil"ber-i),  n.    Same  as 

reference  to  the  points  of  the  compass,   in  qeol.  hiarbrrni  1. 

and  ;?!!;»■/!(/,  used  in  siieaking  eithc" '  "  "     -         ■  - 

strata  or  of  the  dirt'c  timi  of  any  ]ii 

posit,  whether  uinkr  gn.uiid  >n-  at  the  surface:  nearly  sy 
nonymous  with  run,  co«/sf,  and  strike. 

"Before  the  sun  could  go  Ills  own  length,  the  little  wa- 
ter will  be  in  the  big."  .  .  . 

"I  thought  as  much,"  returned  the  scout,  .  .  .  "from 
the  course  it  takes,  and  the  hrnrin.js  of  the  moniitains." 

CiKijirr,  Last  of  tile  Miihicans,  xx\ii. 

Antifriction  bearing.  See  /.v,,,,,.— conical  bear- 
ing, an  end-lieariii-  for  the  spiiidk'  of  a  machine-toul 
formed  by  aliuttiTJu  tlie  spiiidli'-end  a'jaiiist  the  end  of  a 
screw.  One  of  tliesi.  cii.N  is  biuii-lit  to  a  conical  point 
and  the  other  is  c.ii  icsi>.,inliiiL;lv  idimteisunk.  The  screw 
serves  to  adjust  th.-  I.Lariii,-s  fur  wear.  — Continuous 
bearings.  See  oj/(ri/i(!»»x.— Sand-bearings,  i  n  tnold- 
mg.  the  supports  for  the  core  in  the  sand  of  a  mold.— 

Side  bearings  of  a  car-truck,  plates,  blocks,  or  rollers 

placed  on  each  side  of  the  center-pin  to  prevent  a  too  great 

rocking  motion.— To  bring  a  person  to  his  bearings, 

to  put  him  in  his  proper  place :  take  him  down.  — To  lose  bcar's-grape  (barz'eran). 
one  S  bearings,  to  become  uncertain  or  confused  in  re-     bcmi  °     "     ^  a  t-n 

sition;  become  bewildered  or  puzzled.-  bearskin  (bar'skin), 


beast's-bane 

One  deep  cry 
Of  gi'eat  wild  beasts.    Tennyson,  Palace  of  Art, 
Beasts  of  ehase  are  the  buck,  the  doe,  the  fot  the  mar- 
ten, and  the  roe.    Beasts  of  the  forest  are  the  hart,  the 
liiiid,  the  hare,  the  boar,  and  the  wolf.    Beasts  of  warren 
are  the  hare  and  cony.  Cowell,  Law  Dictionary. 

3.  Any  irrational  animal,  as  opposed  to  man, 
as  in  the  phrase  man  and  beast,  where  bcasf 
usually  means  horse. 

O  heaven  !  a  beast,  that  wants  discourse  of  reason 
Would  have  mourn 'd  longer.        Shak.,  Hamlet,  V  2. 

4.  pi.  In  rural  economy,  originally  all  domestic 
animals,  but  now  only  cattle ;  especially,  fat- 
ting cattle  as  distinguished  from  other  animals. 
—  5.  In  a  limited  specific  use,  a  horse :  as,  my 
beast  is  tired  out.  [Local,  Scotland  and  U.  S. 
Compare  creature,  critter,  similarly  used.]  — 6. 
Figuratively,  a  brutal  man;  a  person  rude, 
coarse,  filthy,  or  acting  in  a  manner  unworthy 
of  a  rational  creature. 

Wliat  an  afflicted  conscience  do  I  live  with, 

And  what  a  beast  I  am  grown  ! 

Fletcher,  Valentinian,  iv.  1. 
7t.  [In  this  use  also  spelled  as  orig.  pron.,  baste, 
<  F.  bestc,  now  bete,  in  same  sense.]  (a)  An 
old  game  of  cards  resembling  loo.  (6)  A  pen- 
alty or  forfeit  at  this  game,  and  also  in  ombre 
and  quadrille — Beast  royal,  the  lion:  used  also  of 
the  constellation  Leo. 

And  yet  ascending  was  the  beste  roial, 
The  gentil  Leon  with  his  Aldiran. 

Chaucer,  Squire's  Tale,  1.  256. 
Blatant  beast.   See  blatant. 


■eHn!fpro,;'iiT    T  bear's-breech  (barz'brech),  «.    l.  The  English  ''^^Sted  (bes  ted),  a.    [<  beast,  n.,  7,  +  -ed2.] 

etalhferous  lode  or  de-   e   'I     r,  _  _     .  Beaten  at  ombre  or  nil  ad  r  p 


name  of  Acanthus  spiuosns.    See  Acanthus.- 
2.  The  cow-parsnip,  Heraclcum.  Sphondylium : 
so  called  on  account  of  its  roughness, 
bear's-colleget  (barz'kol'ej),  n.    See  bear-gar- 
den, 1. 

The  students  in  bear's-eollege. 

B.  Jonson,  Mascpie  of  Gypsies, 
bear's-ear  (barz'er),  ».    a  common  name  in 
Englandof  the  auricula,  Primula  Auricula,  from 


Beaten  at  ombre  or  quadrille, 
beastee,  ».    See  bheesty. 

beast-hlde  (best'hid),  n.    Sole-leather  which 
has  not  been  hammered.  It  is  used  for  glaziers' 
polishing-wheels. 
beasthood  (best'hiid),  n.    [<  beast  +  -hood.} 

The  nature  or  condition  of  beasts.  Carhjlo. 
beastiel  (bes'ti),  «.    [Dim.  of  bcast.1    A  little 

animal.  [Scotch.] 
beastie^  (bes'ti),  «.    See  bheesty. 
beastily  (bes'ti-li),  adv.  As  a  beast;  bestially. 
Slid  Icy. 


its  early  Latin  name,  vrsi  auricula,  given  iu  allu 
siou  to  the  shape  of  its  leaf.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
bear's-foot  (bru-z'fut),  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  w  ,     o  , 

Hcllehorus,  K.  fa-tidus.    fiee  HeUeborus.  hea^stmgs  n.  sing  or  pi.    See  beestings. 

bear's-garlic  (barz'gar"lik),  n.    A  species  of  »eastish  (bes  tish)  «.    [<  ME.  6esfe-7»;  < 

^  + -ish'^.]    Like  a  beast;  I 

Same  as  bear- 


onion,  Allium  vrsiuum. 


gard  to  one  s  p.  ,  .    _  _., 

To  take  bearings,  to  ascertain  on  what  point  of  tlie  com- 


n. 


pass  an  object  lies.  The  term  is  also  applied  to  ascertain- 
ing the  situation  or  direction  of  any  oliject  estimated  with 
reference  to  some  part  of  a  sliij),  as  on  the  beam,  before 
the  beam,  abaft  the  beam,  etc.  Hence,  to  determine  one's 
position  ;  make  one  s  self  aeipiainted  with  the  locality  in 
which  one  is ;  discover  how  matters  stand ;  get  rid  of  be- 
wilderment or  misunderstanding. 

The  best  use  that  we  can  now  make  of  this  occasion,  it 
seems  to  me,  is  to  look  about  us,  take  our  bearimis  and 

tell  the  fugitives  .  .  .  what  course,  in  our  opinion,  they  , Joooer.    see  uear-^,  71  b. 
should  pursue.  W.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  70.   Dear  S-paW  Clam,  rOOt.     See  cmm,  root 

bearing  (bar'ing),  «.    l.  Supporting;  sustain-  bear's- weed  (barz'wed),  n.    The  yerba  santa 
ing:  as,  a  bearing  wall  or  partition  (that  is,  " 
a  wall  or  partition  supporting  another). —  2t. 
Solid;  substantial:  as,  "a  good  bearing  din- 
ner," Fletcher,  Women  Pleased,  ii.  2. 


1.  The  skin  of  a  bear. 
—  2.  A  coarse  shaggy  woolen  cloth  for  over- 
coats.— 3.  A  tall  cap  made  of  black  fur  form- 
ing part  of  the  uniform  of  some  military  bodies, 
as  of  the  Guards  in  the  British  army  and  of 
soldiers  of  various  organizations  elsewhere. 

The  bearskins  of  the  French  grenadiers  rose  above  the 
crest  of  the  hill.  Vonge,  Life  of  Wellington,  xxxiii. 

Bearskin  Jobber.  See  beari,  5. 


bearing-cloth  (bar'ing-kloth),  n.  The  cloth 
■with  which  a  child  is  covered  when  carried  to 
church  to  be  baptized.   Also  called  bear-cloth. 

Thy  scarlet  robes,  as  a  child's  bearing-cloth, 
I'll  use  to  carry  thee  out  of  this  place. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  3. 
bearing-feeler  (bar '  ing  -  f  e  "  ler),  «..  An  auto- 
matic alarm  for  signaling  the  overheating  of 
a  joumal-bea-ring.  a  plug  of  fusible  material  con- 
nected with  the  bearing  melts  at  a  given  temperature 
and  by  suitalile  connections  is  made  to  sound  an  alarm 
bearing-neck  (bar'ing-nek),  n.  The  part  which 
turns  within  the  brasses  of  the  pedestal  of  a 


of  California,  Eriodiction  glutinosu'm. 
bear'ward  (bar'ward),  n.    A  keeper  of  bears. 

We'll  bait  thy  bears  to  death. 
And  manacle  the  bearward  in  their  chains. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1. 
Those  who  worke  with  them  co'mand  them  as  our  beare- 
tvards  do  the  beares,  with  a  ring  through  the  nose,  and  a 
cord.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  21,  1044. 

I  entreated  a  beanvard  one  day  to  come  down  with  the 
dogs  of  some  four  parishes  that  way. 

B.  Jonson,  Epicoene,  i.  1. 
bear-'whelp  (bar'hwelp),  n.  [<  ME.  bere-hwelp; 
<  beu)-^  +  tchelp.2    The  whelp  of  a  bear. 

An  uiilicked  bear-whelp.  Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

bear'WOOd  (bar'wud),  m.  The  Bhamnus  Pur- 
shiana,  a  shrub  or  small  tree  of  the  Pacific 
States.    See  bearberry,  2. 


car-truck,  and  sustains  the  strain ;  the  journal  bear'WOrt  (bar'wert),  n.    The  mew  or  bald 


of  a  shaft 

bearing-note  (bar'ing-not),  n.  In  tuning  tem- 
pered instruments,  like  the  pianoforte,  one  of 
the  notes  that  are  first  carefully  tuned  as  a  ba- 
sis in  tuning  the  others._  Also  called  bearinq. 

bearing-rein  (bar'ing-ran),  n.  The  rein  'by 
which  the  head  of  a  horse  is  held  up  in  driving. 

bearing-robe  (bar'ing-rdb),  n.  A  garment  an- 
swering the  same  purpose  as  a  bearing-cloth. 
It  was  formerly  customary  for  the  sponsors  to 
present  such  a  robe  to  the  child. 

bearish  (bar'ish),  a.  [<  bear^  +  -«s7«l.]  1.  Par- 
taking of  the  qualities  of  a  bear;  morose  or  un- 
couth in  manner. 

In  our  own  language  we  seem  to  allude  to  this  degen- 
eracy of  human  nature  when  we  call  men,  by  way  of  re- 
proach, sheepish,  bearish,  etc. 

Harris,  Three  Treatises,  Notes,  p.  344. 


money,  Meum  athamanticum. 


beast  (best),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  becst,  <  v,:,^!I\„:  ^  f'TT '  w  T/i  ,  ^  ,  9 
ME.  beeste,  beste,  <  OF.  beste,  F.  bete  =  Sp.  Pg.  ^eastlyf  (best  li)   adv.    [<  -f  -hj^. 

It.  besUa=  D.  LG.  beest,  <  L  bestia,  an  aAimal,         "^'^^'^''^     ^  abomma 


including  all  animals  except  man.]  1.  A  liv- 
ing being;  an  animal:  in  this  extended  sense 
now  only  in  dialectal  or  colloquial  use. 

These  ben  the  eyryssli  [airish]  bestes,  lo. 

Cliaiicer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  932. 
To  keepe  this  worlde  botlie  more  and  lesse 
A  skylfuU  beeste  [man]  than  will  y  make. 

York  Plays,  p.  15. 

2.  Any  four-footed  animal,  as  distinguished 
from  fowls,  insects,  fishes,  and  man :  as,  beasts 
of  burden;  beasts  of  the  chase;  beasts  of  the 
forest.    It  is  applied  chiefly  to  large  animals. 
The  beasts,  the  fishes,  and  the  winged  fowls. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  ii.  1. 


beast 

brutal. 

It  would  be  but  a  kind  of  animal  or  beast i.sh  meeting. 

Milton,  Divorce,  xiii.  (Ord  MS.). 

beastliness  (best'li-nes),  n.  1.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  beastly;  brutality ;  coarseness ; 
vulgarity;  filthiness. 

Rank  inundation  of  luxuriousness 
Has  tainted  him  with  such  gross  beastliness. 

Marston,  Scourge  of  Villainie,  ii.  7. 
2t.  Absence  of  reason ;  stupidity. 

Beastliness  and  lack  of  consideration.  North. 

beastly  (best'li),  a.    [<  ME.  beesfeh/,  besteli/, 
heastliche;  <  beast  +  -ly^.']    If.  Natural;  ani- 
mal: the  opposite  of  spiritual. 
It  is  sowun  a  beestli  bodi ;  it  shal  ryse  a  spiritual  bodi. 

yyyclif,  1  Cor.  XV.  44. 

2.  Like  a  beast  in  form  or  nature ;  animal. 

Beastly  divinities  and  droves  of  gods.  Prior. 

3.  Like  a  beast  in  conduct  or  instincts ;  brutal; 
filthy;  coarse. 

Thou  art  the  beastliest,  crossest  baggage  that  ever  man 
met  withal !        Middleton  (and  others).  The  'Widow,  i.  2. 

4.  Befitting  a  beast;  unfit  for  human  use;  filthy; 
abominable. 

Lewd,  profane,  and  beastly  phrase.  B.  Jonson. 

Thrown  into  beastly  prisons.   Dickens,  Hist,  of  Eng.,  xvi. 

5.  Nasty;  disagreeable:  as,  beastlii  weather. 
[Slang.] 

By  laying  the  defeat  to  the  account  of  "this  beastly 
English  weather,  you  know."  American,  VI.  245. 

Syn.  Brutal,  Bestial,  etc.    See  brute. 

^    ]  In 
abominably. 

Fie  on  her !  see  how  beastly  she  doth  court  him. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  2. 
I  have  seen  a  handsome  cause  so  foully  lost,  sir. 
So  beastly  cast  away,  for  want  of  witnesses. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  iii.  1. 

beastlyheadt  (best'li-hed),  ??.  [<  beastly  + 
-head  — -hood ;  one  of  Spenser's  artificial  words.] 
The  character  or  quality  of  a  beast ;  beastli- 
ness :  used  by  Spenser  as  a  greeting  to  a  beast. 

Sicke,  sicke,  alas !  and  little  lack  of  dead, 
But  I  be  relieved  by  your  beastlyhead. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  May. 

beast's-bane  (bests'ban),  n.    A  variety  of  the 
wolf's-bane,  Aconituni  Lycoctonum. 


beat 


493 


beat 


beati  (bet),  v. ;  pret.  beat,  pp.  beaten,  beat,  ppr. 
beating.  [<  ME.  beten,  <  AS.  bedtan  (pret.  beot, 
pp.  beaten)  =  OHG.  bosan,  MHG.  bozcn  z=  Icel. 
bauta,  beat.  The  superficial  resemblance  to  F. 
battre,  E.  irt<i,  batter'^,  is  accidental,  but  has 
perhaps  influenced  some  of  the  meanings  of 
beat^.  Hence  beetle'^.']  I.  trans.  1.  To  strike 
repeatedly;  lay  repeated  blows  upon. 

H'as  beat  me  twice,  and  beat  me  to  a  coward. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  ii.  4. 
The  eagles  of  Mexitli  shall  beat  the  air  no  more. 

Whittier,  Tlie  Crisis. 

2.  To  strike  in  order  to  produce  a  sound;  sound 
by  percussion:  as,  to  beat  a  drum  or  a  tam- 
bourine. 

Come,  beat  all  the  drums  up, 

And  all  the  noble  instruments  of  war. 

Fletclier,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  v.  5. 

3.  To  play  (a  particular  call  or  tattoo)  upon 
the  drum:  as,  to  beat  a  charge;  to  beat  a  re- 
treat. [The  last  phrase  often  means  simply 
to  retire  or  retreat.] 

The  enemy  was  driven  back  all  day,  as  we  had  been  the 
day  before,  until  finally  he  beat  a  precipitate  retreat. 

U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I.  350. 

4.  To  break,  bruise,  comminute,  or  pulverize 
by  beating  or  pounding,  as  any  hard  substance. 

Thou  Shalt  beat  some  of  it  very  small.  Ex.  xxx.  36. 
6.  To  extend  by  beating,  as  gold  or  other  mal- 
leable substance,  or  to  hammer  into  any  form ; 
forge. 

They  did  beat  the  gold  into  thin  plates.      Ex.  xxxix.  3. 
The  hammer  which  smote  the  Saracens  at  Tours  was  at 
last  successful  in  beating  the  Netherlands  into  Cliristianity. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  21. 

6.  To  separate  by  concussion ;  strike  apart ; 
remove  by  striking  or  threshing :  with  out. 

So  she  .  .  .  beat  out  that  she  had  gleaned :  and  it  was 
about  an  ephah  of  barley.  Kuth  ii.  17. 

v.  To  mis  by  a  striking  or  beating  motion; 
whip  into  the  desired  condition  :  as,  to  beat  or 
beat  up  eggs  or  batter. —  8.  To  dash  or  strike 
against,  as  water  or  wind. 

Beyond  this  flood  a  frozen  continent 

Lies,  dark  and  wild,  beat  with  perpetual  storm. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.,  588. 

9.  To  strike  with  the  feet  in  moving;  tread  upon. 

Pass  awful  gulfs  and  beat  my  painful  way. 

Sir  R.  Blackinore. 
Along  the  luargin  of  the  moonlight  sea 
We  beat  with  thundering  hoots  the  level  sand. 

Wordsworth,  Prelude,  x. 
Amid  the  sound  of  steps  that  beat 
The  mmmuring  walks  like  autumn  rain. 

Bryant,  The  Crowded  Street. 

10.  To  range  (fields  or  woods)  with  loud  blows 
or  other  noise  in  search  of  game. 

To  beat  the  woods  and  rouse  the  bounding  prey.  Prior. 
Together  let  us  beat  this  simple  field. 
Try  what  the  open,  what  the  covert  yield ! 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  i.  9. 

11.  To  overcome  in  battle,  contest,  or  strife; 
vanquish  or  conquer:  as,  one  beats  another  at 
play. 

Pyrrhus  .  .  .  beat  the  Carthaginians  at  sea.  Arbuthnot. 

12.  To  surpass;  excel;  go  beyond:  as,  he  &eate 
them  all  at  swimming.  [Colloq.] 

Many  ladies  in  Strasburg  were  beautiful,  still 
They  were  beat  all  to  sticks  by  the  lovely  Odille. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  239. 
There  is  something  out  of  common  here  that  beats  any- 
thing that  ever  came  in  my  way.  Dickens. 

13.  To  be  too  difiicult  for,  whether  intellectu- 
ally or  physically;  bafiie:  as,  it  beats  me  to 
make  it  out.  [Colloq.]  — 14.  To  harass;  ex- 
ercise severely;  cudgel  (one's  brains). 

Sirrah,  lay  by  your  foolish  study  there, 
And  beat  your  brains  about  your  own  affairs. 

Fletclier  and  Rowley,  Maid  in  the  Mill,  ii.  1. 
^^^ly  should  any  one  .  .  .  beafh\%  head  about  the  Latin 
grammar  who  does  not  intend  to  be  a  critic?  Locke. 

15.  To  exhaust :  as,  the  long  and  toilsome  jour- 
ney quite  beat  him.  [Colloq.] 

They  had  been  beaten  out  with  the  exposure  and  hard- 
sliip-  R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  365. 

16.  To  flutter;  flap:  as,  to  &ea<  the  wings:  said 
of  a  bird.  See  bate^. — 17.  In  medieval  embroi- 
dery, to  ornament  with  thin  plates  of  gold  or 
silver. 

Hur  clothys  weyth  bestes  and  byrdes  wer  bete. 
All  abowte  for  pryde. 

Quoted  in  Rock's  Textile  Fabrics. 
One  coat  for  my  lord's  body  beat  with  gold. 

Dugdale,  Baronage. 
18.  In  printing :  (a)  To  ink  with  beaters,  (b) 
To  impress  by  repeatedly  striking  with  a  mal- 
let a  proof -planer  pressed  against  the  paper: 
as,  beat  a  proof  of  that  form.— 19.  To  obtain 


an  unfair  advantage  of;  defraud:  as,  to  beat  a 
hotel.    [Slang,  U.  S.] -To  beat  a  bargain.  See 

bargain.— To  beat  a  parley,  to  notify  tlic  enemy  by  a 
drum  or  trumpet  signal  that  conference  is  desired  under  a 
Hag  of  truce.— To  beat  away,  in  milling,  to  excavate: 
usually  applied  to  hard  ground.— To  beat  back,  to  com- 
pel to  retire  or  return.— To  beat  COCk-fighting.  See 
cock-Jighting.—To  beat  down,  (rt)  To  Ijreak,  destroy,  or 
tlirow  down  by  heating  or  battering,  as  a  wall,  (b)  To 
press  down  or  lay  flat  (grass,  grain,  etc.)  by  any  prostrat- 
ing action,  as  that  of  a  violent  wind,  a  current  of  water, 
or  tlie  passage  of  persons  or  animals,  (c)  To  cause  to  lower 
(a  price)  by  importunity  or  argument ;  sink  or  lessen  the 
price  or  value  of;  make  lower,  as  price  or  value. 

It  [usury]  beats  down  the  price  of  land.  Bacon,  Usury. 
(d)  To  depress  or  crush :  as,  to  beat  down  opposition.— To 
beat  into,  to  teach  or  instil  by  repetition  of  instruction. 
—  To  beat  off,  to  repel  ordrive  back.— To  beat  out.  (a) 
To  extend  by  lianunering ;  hence,  figuratively,  to  work  out 
fully ;  ampUfy ;  expand. 

A  man  thinking  on  his  legs  is  obliged  to  beat  out  his 
thought  for  his  own  sake,  if  not  for  the  sake  of  his  hearers. 

Cornhill  Mag. 

(h)  To  perform  or  execute,  as  a  piece  of  music,  by  or  as 
if  by  beats  with  the  hands  or  feet. 

The  child's  feet  were  busy  beating  out  the  tune. 

Cornhill  Mag. 
Perplext  in  faith,  hut  pure  in  deeds. 
At  last  he  beat  his  music  out. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  xcvi. 

(fi)  To  drive  out  or  away. 

Intermediate  varieties,  from  existing  in  lesser  numbers 
than  the  forms  which  they  connect,  will  generally  be 
beaten  out  and  exterminated  during  tlie  course  of  further 
modification  and  improvement. 

Darwin,  Origin  of  Species,  p.  266. 
To  beat  the  air,  to  fight  to  no  purpose,  or  against  no  an- 
tagonist or  opposition. 

I  therefore  so  run,  not  as  uncertainly ;  so  fight  I,  not  as 
one  that  beateth  the  air.  1  Cor.  ix.  26. 

To  beat  the  bounds.  See  ftoanrfi.- To  beat  the  dust, 

in  tlie  mantge:  (a)  To  take  in  too  little  ground  with  the 
fore  legs,  as  a  horse.  (6)  To  curvet  too  precipitately  or 
too  low,  as  a  horse.— To  beat  the  general,  to  sound 
the  roll  of  the  drum  which  calls  the  troops  together. — To 
beat  the  tattoo,  to  sound  the  drum  for  evening  roll-call, 
when  all  soldiers  except  those  absent  with  permission 
are  expected  to  be  present  in  their  quarters.— To  beat 
the  'Wind,  to  make  a  few  flourishes  in  the  air,  and  thus 
be  entitled  to  all  the  advantages  of  a  victor,  as  was  done 
under  the  medieval  system  of  trial  by  battle  when  tlie 
other  combatant  failed  to  appear. — To  beat  time,  to 
measure  or  regulate  time  in  music  by  the  motion  of  tlie 
hand  or  foot.— To  beat  tO  a  mummy.  See  mummy.— 
To  beat  up.  (a)  To  attack  suddenly ;  alarm  or  disturb ; 
hence,  to  come  to  or  upon  unexpectedly :  as,  to  beat  up  an 
enemy's  quarters. 

A  distant  relation  left  him  an  estate  in  Ireland,  where 
he  had  resided  ever  since,  making  occasional  visits  to  the 
Continent  and  beating  up  his  old  quarters,  but  rarely  com- 
ing to  England.  Lawrence, 
(b)  To  summon  or  bring  together  as  by  beat  of  drum :  as, 
to  beat  up  recruits,  (c)  In  hunting,  to  rouse  and  drive 
(game)  by  ranging. 

They  beat  up  a  little  game  peradventure. 

Lamb,  Imperfect  Sympathies. 
{d)  In  engraving,  to  remove  (a  dent  or  mark)  from  the 
face  of  a  plate  by  striking  the  back  with  a  punch  while 
the  face  rests  on  a  sheet  of  tin-foil  on  an  anvil  or  a  stake. 
In  this  way  engravers  can  remove  marks  too  deep  to  be 
obliterated  by  the  scraper  or  burnisher.  =  Syn.  1.  To 
pound,  bang,  buffet,  maul,  drub,  thump,  thwack,  baste, 
thrash,  pommel.— 11.  Discomfit,  Rout,  etc.    See  defeat. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  strike  repeatedly;  knock, 
as  at  a  door. 
The  men  of  the  city  .  .  .  beat  at  the  door.  Judges  xix.  22. 

2.  To  move  -with  pulsation;  throb:  as,  the 
pulse  beats. 

A  thousand  hearts  beat  happily. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iii.  21. 
'With  unused  thoughts  and  sweet 
And  hurrying  hopes,  his  heart  began  to  beat. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  408. 

3.  To  act,  dash,  or  fall  vrith  force  or  violence, 
as  a  storm,  flood,  passion,  etc. :  as,  the  tempest 
beats  against  the  house. 

And  the  sun  beat  upon  the  head  of  Jonah,  that  he 
fainted,  and  wished  in  himself  to  die.  Jonah  iv.  8. 

Rolling  tempests  vainly  beat  below.  Dryden. 
For  the  noon  is  coming  on,  and  the  sunbeams  fiercely  beat. 

Bryant,  Damsel  of  Peru. 

4.  To  be  tossed  so  as  to  strike  the  ground  vio- 
lently or  frequently. 

Floating  corps  lie  beating  on  the  shore.  Addison. 

5.  To  give  notice  by  beating  a  drum ;  also,  to 
sound  on  being  beaten,  as  a  drum. 

But  Linden  saw  another  sight 
When  the  drum  beat  at  dead  of  night. 

Campbell,  Hohenlinden. 

6.  To  contain  beats  or  pulsations  of  sound,  as 
a  tone  formed  by  sounding  together  two  notes 
which  are  nearly  in  unison.  See  beat,  n.,  7. —  7. 
To  ponder;  be  incessantly  engaged;  be  anx- 
iously directed  to  something ;  be  in  agitation 
or  doubt. 

If  you  be  pleas'd,  retire  into  my  cell, 

And  there  repose  ;  a  turn  or  two  I'll  walk, 

To  still  my  beating  mind.     Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 


Thy  heaven  is  on  earth  ;  thine  eyes  and  thoughts 
Beat  on  a  crown,  the  treasure  of  thy  heart. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  1. 

8.  Naut.,  to  make  progress  against  the  wind 
by  alternate  tacks  in  a  zigzag  line,    a  good 

square-rigged  vessel  will  make  a  direct  gain  to  windward 
of  tlirce  tenths  of  tlie  distance  she  has  sailed  wliile  beat- 
ing, while  the  gain  to  windward  of  an  average  fore-and-aft 
ligged  vessel  will  be  equal  to  five  or  six  tentlis  of  the  dis- 
tance sailed. 

We  took  a  pilot  on  lioard,  hove  up  our  anolior,  and  be- 
gan beating  down  the  bay. 

R.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  3. 

Many  yachtsmen  had  pronounced  it  to  be  an  impossi- 
bility for  our  vessel  to  beat  out  in  so  light  a  breeze. 

Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  i. 
To  beat  about,  to  search  by  various  means  or  ways ; 
make  eH'orts  at  discovery. 

To  find  an  honest  man,  I  beat  about. 

Pojie,  Epil.  to  Satires,  ii.  102. 
To  beat  about  the  bush,  to  approach  a  matter  in  a 
roundabout  or  circumlocutory  way.  —  To  beat  to  quar- 
ters, to  summon  tlie  crew  of  a  man-of-war  Ijy  lieat  of  (h-um 
to  their  stations  for  battle.— To  beat  up  and  dOITO,  in 
hunting,  to  run  first  one  way  and  then  anotlier  :  said  of  a 
stag.— To  beat  up  for  recruits  or  soldiers,  to  go  about 
to  enlist  men  into  tlie  army  :  a  jtlu'ase  (jriginating  in  the 
fact  that  a  recruiting  party  was  often  prercilnl  liy  a  ilrum- 
mer  with  his  instrument.— TO  beat  upont,  to  enforce  by 
repetition  ;  reiterate. 

How  frequently  and  fervently  doth  the  Scripture  beat 
ujmn  this  cause.  Ilakeurill. 

beatl  (bet),  n.  [<  beat^,  v."]  1.  A  stroke;  a 
striking ;  a  blow,  whether  with  the  hand  or 
with  a  weapon.  [Rare.] 

The  Smith  Divine,  as  with  a  careless  beat, 
Struck  out  the  mute  creation  at  a  heat. 

Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  i.  253. 
Thus  we  get  but  years  and  beats. 

Fletcher,  Valentinian,  ii.  3. 
2.  A  recurrent  stroke ;  a  pulsation ;  a  throb : 
as,  the  beat  of  the  pulse ;  the  heart  makes  from 
sixty  to  seventy  beats  a  minute. —  3.  The  sotmd 
made  by  the  foot  in  walking  or  running ;  a 
footfall. 

The  beat  of  her  unseen  feet, 
Which  only  the  angels  hear. 

Shelley,  The  Cloud. 

4.  A  round  or  course  which  is  frequently  gone 
over:  as,  a  watchman's  iieai;  a  milkman's 

We  had  to  descend  from  the  sea-wall,  and  walk  under 
it,  until  we  got  beyond  the  sentry's  beat. 

Howells,  Venetian  Life,  xii 
Hence  —  5.  A  course  habitually  traversed,  or 
a  place  to  which  one  habitually  or  frequently 
resorts. —  6.  In  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  the 
principal  subdivision  of  a  county ;  a  voting-pre- 
cinct.—  7.  In  music:  (a)  The  beating  or  jiul- 
sation  arising  from  the  interference  of  two 
musical  notes  differing  but  slightly  in  pitch. 
See  interference.  The  number  of  beats  per  second  is 
e<iual  to  the  difference  between  the  numbers  of  vibrations 
of  the  two  notes.  Thus,  two  notes  having  256  and  255 
vibrations  per  second  respectively,  if  sounded  simultane- 
ously, will  give  rise  to  one  beat  each  second,  because  once 
in  each  second  the  two  wave-systems  (see  sound)  will  coin- 
cide and  produce  a  maximum  sound,  and  once  they  will 
be  half  a  wave-length  apart,  and  the  sound  will  almost 
disappear.    Also  called  beating.    (6)  The  motion  of 

the  hand,  foot,  or  baton  in  marking  the  divi- 
sions of  time  during  the  perf  onnance  of  a  piece 
of  music,  (c)  Used  vaguely  by  various  English 
writers  to  denote  dift'erent  kinds  of  ornamental 
notes  or  graces. —  8.  The  third  operation  in 
paper-making,  in  which  the  pulp  is  still  further 
divided  and  torn  apart  in  the  beating-engine. 
—  9.  The  blow  struck  by  a  valve  when  falling 
into  its  seat. — 10.  The  bearing  part  or  the 
facing  of  a  valve. 

The  inlet  and  outlet  valves  in  the  covers  of  the  air-cyl- 
inders are  of  brass  provided  with  leather  beats. 

(Ire,  Diet.,  IV.  740. 

11.  A  worthless,  dishonest,  shiftless  fellow;  a 
knave.    [Slang.]- Beat  of  a  watch  or  clock,  tlie 

stroke  made  by  tlie  action  of  the  escapement.  A  clock  is 
said  to  be  in  beat  or  out  of  beat  according  as  tlie  stroke  is 
at  equal  or  unequal  intervals.— Beat  or  tUCk  Of  drum 
(milit.),  a  succession  of  strokes  on  a  drum,  varied  in  clitler- 
ent  ways  for  particular  purposes,  as  to  regulate  a  march, 
to  call  soldiers  to  tlieir  arms  or  quarter.s.  to  direct  an  at- 
tack or  a  retreat,  etc.— Dead  beat.  («)  Formerly,  a  person 
without  money  or  resources  ;  now,  one  who  never  pays, 
but  lives  by  evasions  ;  an  utterly  dishonest,  worthless  fel- 
low :  an  intensified  expression  of  beot,  11,  above.  [Slang.] 
(6)  A  stroke  or  blow  without  recoil,  as  in  the  dead-beat 
escapement.  See  escapement. —  Double  beat,  in  music,  a 
beat  repeated. — Out  of  one's  beat,  not  in  one's  sphere 
or  department.  [Colloq.] 

beat^  (bet),  pp.  [Shorter  form  of  beaten,  which 
is  the  only  form  used  attributively.]  Exhaust- 
ed by  exertion,  mentally  or  bodily ;  fatigued ; 
worn  out  by  toil.  [Colloq.] 

Quite  beat  and  very  much  vexed.  Dickens. 
Dead  beat,  completely  exhausted  or  worn  out,  so  as  to 
be  incapable  of  furtlier  exertion ;  .utterly  baflled,  as  by 
the  dirticulty  of  a  task  ;  thoroughly  defeated  in  a  contest 
or  struggle.    [Colloq.  ] 


beat 

beat^  (bet),  n.  [Also  beet,  bait,  <  ME.  bete; 
origin  unknown,  perhaps  <  beat^,  v.,  or  perhaps 
connected  with  bait,  bate,  steep :  see  6ate5.]  A 
bundle  of  flax  or  hemp  made  up  ready  for  steep- 
ing. 

beats  (bet),  «.  [Also  bait,  bate;  origin  un- 
known. Cf.  beet^,  make  a  fire.  Peat  is  appar. 
a  different  word.  ]  The  rough  sod  of  moorland, 
or  the  matted  growth  of  fallow  land,  which  is 
sliced  or  pared  off,  and  burned,  when  the  land 
is  about  to  be  plowed.  See  beat^,  v.  N.  E.  D. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 
beats  (bet),  V.  t.  and  i.  [See  beat^,  «.]  To 
slice  off  (the  beat  or  rough  sod)  from  unculti- 
vated or  fallow  ground  with  a  beat-ax  or  breast- 
plow,  in  order  to  burn  it,  for  the  purpose  at 
once  of  destroying  it  and  of  converting  it  into 
manure  for  the  land.  N.  E.  B.  [Prov.  Eng.  ] 
beatae  memoriae  (be-a'te  me-mo'ri-e).  [L., 
gen.  of  beata  memoria,  blessed  memory:  see 
beatify  and  memory.^  Of  blessed  memory:  said 
of  the  dead. 

beat-ax  (bet'aks),  «.  [E.  dial.,  also  bidax, 
bidix;  <  beats  +  axl.]  The  ax  or  adz  with 
which  the  beat  is  pared  off  in  hand-beating. 
See  beats,  v.    N.  E.  D.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

beaten  (be'tn),  p.  a.  [<  ME.  beten,  <  AS. 
beaten,  pp.  of  bedtan,  beat:  see  ftea^,  v.}  1. 
Wrought  upon  by  beating;  formed  or  affected 
in  any  way  by  blows  or  percussion:  as,  beaten 
work  (which  see,  below). 
This  work  of  the  candlesticks  was  of  beaten  gold. 

Num.  vili.  4. 

Specifically— 2.  Worn  by  beating  or  treading; 

much  trodden ;  hence,  common  from  frequent 

use  or  repetition ;  trite :  as,  to  follow  the  beaten 

course  of  reasoning. 
A  broad  and  beaten  way.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  1026. 

Truth  they  profess'd,  yet  often  left  the  true 
And  beaten  prospect,  for  the  mid  and  new. 

_    „  ,  Crabbe,  Tales. 

B.  Conquered;  vanquished. 
I  suppose  everything  is  right,  even  to  Wooler's  being 

conqueror  and  I  the  beaten  man.  S.  Tytler. 

4.  Exhausted ;  worn  out. —  5.  Baffled,  as  by  the 

difficulty  of  a  task,  intellectual  or  physical. 

—  Beaten  work,  (a)  iletal  shaped  by  being  hammered 
on  an  anvil  or  a  block  of  the  requisite  form.  Hand-made 
vessels  of  metal,  especially  those  of  rounded  form,  are  com- 
monly shaped  by  this  process,  (b)  Repouss6  work.  See 
repotissi. 

beater  (be'ter),  n.  1.  One  who  beats:  as,  a 
carpet-beater ;  a  drum-6eafer. 

Euen  the  wisest  of  your  great  beaters  do  as  oft  punishe 
nature  as  they  do  correcte  faultes. 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  32. 

2.  In  hunting,  one  who  rouses  or  beats  up  game. 
When  the  beater.i  came  up  we  found  that  the  bag  con- 
sisted of  five  red-deer  — namely,  one  small  stag  and  four 
y^mds.  j_  Baker,  Turkey,  p.  369. 

3.  That  which  beats  or  is  used  in  beating. 

Specifically  — (a)  In  basket-making,  a  heavy  iron  used  for 
beating  the  work  close,  or  compacting  it.  (b)  In  cotton 
mamif.,  a  machine  for  cleaning  and  opening  the  cotton 
preparatory  to  carding.  This  is  accomplished  by  beat- 
")g  the  cotton,  a-s  it  is  fed  through  rolls,  by  horizontal 
blades  attached  to  an  a.xle  revolving  with  great  rapid- 
ity, (c)  The  jack  of  a  knitting-machine.  (</)  A  mallet 
used  m  hat-making,  (e)  A  tool  for  packing  powder  in  a 
blast-hole.  (/)  A  scutching-blade  for  breaking  flax  or 
hemp,  (g)  In  weaving,  the  latlie  or  liatten  of  a  loom- 
so  named  because  it  drives  the  weft  into  the  shed,  and 
makes  the  fabric  more  compact. 

beater-press  (be'ter-pres),  n.  A  machine  for 
compacting  materials  for  baling,  by  beating 
them  down  by  a  weight,  and  also  by  direct  and 
continued  pressure. 

beath  (beTH),  v.  t.  [Now  only  E.  dial.,  <  ME. 
bethen,  <  AS.  betJiian,  a  parallel  form  of  bathi- 
an,  >  E.  bathe,  q.  v.]  1.  To  bathe;  foment. 
—  2.  To  heat  (unseasoned  wood)  for  the  pur- 
pose of  straightening  (it). 

A  tall  young  cake  .  .  . 
Beath'd  in  fire  for  Steele  to  be  in  sted. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  TV.  vil.  7. 

beatific  (be-a-tif 'ik),  a.  [<  LL.  beatificus,  <  bea- 
tus,  happy,  -I-  facere,  make;  cf.  beatify. j  1. 
Blessing  or  making  happy;  imparting  bliss. 

The  greatness  and  strangeness  of  the  beatific  vision. 
_  ,    ,  ,.  South. 

2.  Blessed;  blissful;  exaltedly  happy. 
He  arrived  in  the  most  beatific  frame  of  mind. 

Three  in  Norway,  p.  176. 
Beatific  Vision,  in  theol.,  the  direct  vision  of  God  sup- 
posed to  constitute  the  essential  bliss  of  saints  and  angels 
in  heaven. 

beatifical  (be-a-tif'i-kal),  a.    Same  as  beatific. 

[Rare.]  " 
beatifically  (be-a-tif 'i-kal-i),  adv.    In  a  beatific 

manner. 

beatificatet  (be-a-tif 'i-kat),  v.  t.    To  beatify, 
beatification  (bf-at"i-fi-ka'shon),  w.    [=F.  &e'- 
atijication,  <  LL'.  beatificare :  "see  beatify.^  1. 


494 

The  act  of  beatifying  or  of  rendering  or  pro- 
nouncing happy;  the  state  of  being  blessed; 
blessedness. 

The  end  of  a  Christian,  ...  the  rest  of  a  Christian,  and 
the  beatification  of  his  spirit.     Jer.  Taylor,  Sermons,  xx. 

2.  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  the  act  by  which'  a 
deceased  person  is  declared  to  be  beatified,  or 
one  of  the  blessed,  and  therefore  a  proper  sub- 
ject of  a  certain  degree  or  kind  of  public  reli- 
gious honor.  Tliis  is  now  an  exclusive  prerogative  of  the 
pope,  but  for  several  centuries  it  was  also  exercised  by 
local  bishops  or  metropolitans.  It  is  usually  the  second 
step  toward  canonization,  and  cannot  take  place  till  fifty 
years  after  the  death  of  the  person  to  be  beatified,  except 
m  the  case  of  martyrs.  Tlie  process  is  an  elaborate  one 
consisting  of  thirteen  or  fourteen  stages,  and  extending 
over  many  years,  during  whicli  tlie  claims  of  the  reputed 
samt  are  carefully  and  strictly  investigated.  If  tlie  final 
result  is  favorable,  tlie  pope's  decree  is  publicly  read  in 
the  pontifical  church,  the  image  and  relics  of  the  newly 
beatified  ai-e  incensed,  etc.   See  canonization. 

Ximenes  has  always  been  venerated  in  Spain.  Philip 
IV.  endeavored  to  procure  his  beatification. 

G.  Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  424. 

beatify  (be-at'i-fi),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  beati- 
fied, ppr.  beatifying.  [<  F.  beatifier,  <  LL.  beati- 
ficare,  make  happy,  bless,  <  beatificus,  making 
happy,  blessing,  <  L.  beatus,  happy,  blessed  (pp. 
of  beare,  make  happy,  akin  to  bcnus,  bonus,  good, 
bene,  well),  +  facere,  make.]  1.  To  make  su- 
premely happy ;  bless  with  the  completion  of 
celestial  enjoyment :  &s,"  beatified  spirits,"  Dry- 
den. —  2.  To  pronounce  or  regard  as  happy,  or 
as  conferring  happiness.  [Rare.] 

The  common  conceits  and  phrases  which  so  beatify 
vrealth.  Barroiv,  Works  (ed.  1686),  III.  161. 

Specifically— 3.  In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,  to  de- 
cree beatification. 

The  right  of  beatifying,  that  is,  declaring  a  holy  person 
a  saint,  and  decreeing  that  due  honour  might  be  paid  him, 
within  a  particular  diocese,  continued  to  be  exercised  in 
England  and  everywhere  else  by  the  bishops  of  the  church. 

Mock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  i.  495. 
Hence — 4.  To  ascribe  extraordinary  virtue  or 
excellence  to ;  regard  as  saintly  or  exalted. 

His  heroine  is  so  beatified  with  description,  that  she 
loses  all  hold  upon  sympathy. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  128. 


beating  (be'ting),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  beafi-,  v.'] 

1 .  The  act  of  striking,  or  operating  by  blows ; 
any  process  of  working  by  percussion.  Specifi- 
cally—(a)  A  process  in  the  dressing  of  flax  and  hemp  by 
which  they  are  made  soft  and  pliable.  (6)  The  process  of 
hammering  gold  and  silver  into  leaf.  The  sheets  are 
placed  between  pieces  of  parchment,  and  hammered  on  a 
marble  block,  (c)  In  bookbinding,  the  process  of  flatting 
out  with  a  hammer  the  leaves  of  a  book  which  have  been 
badly  pressed,  or  wliicli  have  been  buckled  or  twisted  by 
bad  sewing  or  uneven  dampening. 

2.  Punishment  or  chastisement  by  blows;  a 
flogging.— 3.  The  state  of  being  beaten  or  out- 
done ;  a  defeat. 

Our  American  rifle-team  has  had  its  beating,  but  not  a 
bad  beating.  The  American,  VI.  245. 

4.  Regular  pulsation  or  throbbing. 

The  beatings  of  my  heart.    Wordsworth,  Tintern  Abbey. 

5.  In  music,  same  as  beat,  7  (a):  but  in  this 
form  more  frequently  applied  to  the  beats  of 
the  strings  of  a  piano  or  the  pipes  of  an  organ. 
—  6.  Nuut.,  the  act  of  advancing  in  a  zigzag 
line  against  the  wind. 

beating-bracket  (be'ting-brak'-'et),  n.  The 

batten  of  a  loom, 
beating-engine  (be'ting-en"jin),  w.    1.  A  ma- 
chine with  rotating  cutters  for  preparing  rags 
in  paper-making. —  2.  Same  as  beating-machine. 
beating-hammer  (be'ting-ham'-'er),  n.    A  ham- 
mer having  two  slightly  rounded  faces,  used  in 
shaping  the  backs  of  books, 
beating-machine  (be'ting-ma-shen"),*!.  A  ma- 
chine for  opening  and  beating  cotton,  to  loosen 
it  and  remove  the  dust.    Also  called  loillowing- 
machine,  opener,  beating-engine,  etc. 
beatitude  (be-at'i-tud),  n.     [<  F.  beatitude,  < 
L.  beatitudo,  <  beatus,  happy,  blessed :  see  be- 
atify.']   1.  Supreme  blessedness;  felicity  of 
the  highest  kind;  consummate  bliss;  hence,  in 
a  less  restricted  sense,  any  extreme  pleasure  or 
satisfaction. 
True  beatitude  groweth  not  on  earth. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  iii.  11. 
About  him  all  the  sanctities  of  heaven 
■  Stood  thick  as  stars,  and  from  his  sight  received 
Beatitude  past  utterance.  Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  62. 

Thousands  of  the  Jews  find  a  peculiar  beatitude  in  hav- 
ing themselves  interred  on  the  opposite  slope  of  the  Mount 
of  Olives.  B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  75. 

2.  One  of  the  eight  ascriptions  of  blessed- 
ness to  those  who  possess  particular  virtues, 
pronounced  by  Christ  in  the  Sermon  on  the 
Mount,  Mat.  v.  3-11 :  so  named  from  the  word 


beaupere 

"blessed"  (in  the  Latin,  beati),  with  which 

each  declaration  or  ascription  begins  Formal 

beatitude,  the  possession  of  the  highest  good  —  Ohlpp- 
tlve  beatitude,  the  highest  good.  ' 
beattle  (be-at'l),  v.  t.     [E.  dial.  (Exmoor  and 
Scilly  Gloss.)  and  U.  S. ;  appar.  <  fce-i  +  attle  for 
addle.]  To  addle  the  brain  of;  make  a  fool  of 
[Prov.  U.  S.  (Massachusetts).] 
beau  (bo),  a.  and  n.    [As  an  adj.  long  obsolete ; 
early  mod.  E.  bew,  <  ME.  beu,  bieu,  beau,  <  OF. 
beau,  biau,  earlier  bel,  beat,  bial,  mod.  F.  beau 
bel,  fem.  belle,  <  L.  bellus,  fair,  beautiful,  fine: 
see  bea,  belP.    The  noun  is  mod.,  and  follows 
the  F.  in  pron.;  the  ME.  adj.  if  still  existent 
would  be  pronounced  as  in  its  deriv.  beauty,  q. 
v.]    I.t  a.  Good;  fair:  used  especially  in  ad- 
dress: as,  "beau  sir,"  C/mMcer,  House  of  Fame, 

1.  643.    See  beausire,  beaupere,  etc. 
II.  «. ;  pi.  6eaMS  or  6e««x  (boz).    1.  One  who 

is  very  neat  and  particular  about  his  dress,  and 
fond  of  ornaments  and  jewelry ;  a  fop;  a  dandy: 
DOW  most  often  said  of  a  man  of  middle  age  or 
older :  as,  he  is  an  old  beau. 

Besides  thou  art  a  beau  :  what's  that,  my  child? 
A  fop,  well-dressed,  extravagant,  and  wild. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Persius,  Satires,  iv.  42. 
He  is  represented  on  his  tomb  by  the  figure  of  a  beau 
dressed  in  a  long  periwig,  and  reposing  himself  upon  vel- 
vet cushions  under  a  canopy  of  state. 

Addison,  Thoughts  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

2.  A  man  who  is  suitor  to  or  is  attentive  to  a 
lady ;  a  lover ;  a  swain.  [Now  chiefly  coUoq.  or 
rustic] 

Her  love  was  sought,  I  do  aver, 
By  twenty  beaux  and  more. 

Goldsmith,  Elegy  on  Mrs.  Mary  Blaize. 
The  rural  beaux  their  best  attire  put  on. 
To  win  their  nymphs,  as  other  nymphs  are  won. 

Crabbe,  The  Village. 
=  SyTl.  1.  Dandy,  Exquisite,  etc.   See  coxcomb. 
beau  (bo),  V.  t.    [<  beau,  w.]    To  act  the  beau 

to ;  attend  or  escort  (a  lady). 
beauc6antt,  n.    See  beausSant. 
beauclerkt  (bo'klerk  or  -klark),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  beauclark,  <  ME.  beauclerJc,  <  OP.  beau, 
fine,  +  clerc,  clerk,  scholar.]    A  good  scholar; 
a  learned  man :  known  especially  as  a  surname 
of  Henry  I.  of  England  (Henry  Beauclerk). 
beaufet,  «.    An  erroneous  form  of  buffet^. 
beaufin  (bif 'in),  «.    [A  forced  spelling  of  biffin, 
as  if  <  F.  beau,  beautiful,  +  fin,  fine.]  Same 
as  biffin. 

beaufreyt,  n.    Same  as  baufrey.  Weale. 

beau-ideal  (bo'i-de'al  or  bo'e-da-al'),  n.  [F., 
le  beau  ideal,  the  ideal  beautiful:  le  beau,  the 
beautiful ;  ideal,  adj.,  ideal.  Hence  in  E.  often 
taken  as  beau,  adj.,  qualifying  ideal,  n.,  an  ex- 
cellent (one's  best)  ideal :  see  beau  and  ideal.] 
A  mental  conception  or  image  of  any  object, 
moral  or  physical,  in  its  perfect  typical  form, 
free  from  all  the  deformities,  defects,  and 
blemishes  accompanying  its  actual  existence; 
a  model  of  excellence  in  the  mind  or  fancy; 
ideal  excellence. 

My  ambition  is  to  give  them  a  beau-ideal  of  a  welcome. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Jane  Eyre,  xxxiv. 

beauish  (bo'ish),  a.  [<  beau  +  -is7ti.]  Like 
a  beau;  foppish;  fine:  as,  "a  beauish  young 
spark,"  Byron,  Beau  and  Bedlamite. 

Beaujolais  (bo-zho-la'),  n.  [F.  Beaujolais,  a 
former  division  of  France,  now  chiefly  com- 
prised in  the  department  of  Rhone.]  A  kind 
of  red  wine  made  in  the  department  of  Rhone, 
in  southeastern  Prance. 

beau  monde  (bo  mond).  [F. :  beau,  <  L.  bel- 
lus, fine  ;  monde,  <  L.  mundus,  world.  See  beau 
and  mundane.]  The  fashionable  world ;  people 
of  fashion  and  gayety,  collectively. 

beaumontite  (bo'mon-tit),  «,.  [After  Prof. 
EUe  de  Beaumont,  of  France.]  In  mineral.,  a 
variety  of  heulandite  from  Jones's  Falls  near 
Baltimore,  Maryland. 

beaumont-root  (bo'mont-rot),  «.  Same  as 
botoman's-root. 

Beaune  (bon),  n.  [F.]  A  red  -wine  of  Bur- 
gundy. The  name  is  given  to  wines  produced  in  a  large 
district  around  the  city  of  Beaune,  and  varying  greatly  in 
quality. 

beauperet,  beaupeert,  «•  [Early  mod.  E.,  also 
bewpeer,  etc.  (in  the  sense  of  '  companion,' 
sometimes  spelled  beauphere,  by  confusion  with 
phere,  an  erroneous  spelling  of  ME. /ere,  a  com- 
panion: see /ere),  <ME.  bewpere,  beaupere,  bew- 
pyr,  etc.,  <  (1)  OP.  beaupere,  'good  father '  a 
polite  form  of  pere,  father  (mod.  F.  beau-pere, 
father-in-law,  or  stepfather),  <  beau,  fair,  good, 
+  pere,  F.  pere,  <  L.  pater  =  E.  father;  (2)  OP. 
beau,  fair,  good,  +  per,  peer  (mod.  F.  pair), 


beanpere 


495 


beaver 


peer,  equal.]  1 .  A  term  of  courtesy  for  '  father,' 
used  especially  in  addressing  or  speaking  of 
priests. —  2.  A  companion,  compeer,  or  friend. 
Now  leading  him  into  a  secret  shade 
From  his  Beauperes,  and  from  bright  heavens  vew. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  III.  i.  35. 

beaaperst,  bewperst,  «.  [Also  bowpres;  per- 
haps, like  many  other  fabrics,  named  from  the 
place  of  its  original  manufacture,  conjectured 
in  this  case  to  be  BeauprSau,  a  town  in  France 
with  manufactures  of  linen  and  woolen.]  A 
fabric,  apparently  of  linen,  used  in  the  six- 
teenth and  seventeenth  centuries.  Flags  were 
made  of  it. 

With  my  cozen  Kichard  Pepys  upon  the  'Change,  about 
supplying  us  with  bewpers  from  Norwich,  which  I  should 
be  glad  of,  if  cheap.  Pepys,  Diary,  II.  136. 

beau-peruket,  A  name  given  to  periwigs  of 
exaggerated  length  worn  in  the  reign  of  Wil- 
liam III. 

beau-pot  (bo 'pot),  n.  [An  erroneous  form 
(simulating  F.  iean,  beautiful)  of  howpot  for 
houghpot,  q.  v.]  A  large  ornamental  vase  for 
cut  flowers. 

beauseantt,  beauceantt,  n.  [OF.  hauceant,  a 
flag  (see  def.),  perhaps  <  bmigent,  baucent,  etc. 
(>  E.  bausond,  q.  v.),  orig.  black-and-white  spot- 
ted, but  later  written  beauseant,  beauceant,  as  if 

<  F.  beau,  fine,  handsome,  comely,  4-  seant,  suit- 
able, Ut.  sitting,  ppr.  of  seoir,  sit:  see  seance.'] 
The  flag  of  the  order  of  the  Templars,  half 
black  and  half  white,  and  bearing  the  inscrip- 
tion, "Non  nobis,  DomiQe,  non  nobis,  sed  no- 
mini  tuo  da  gloriam." 

beau-semblantt, «.  [F. :  fteatt,  fair;  semblant, 
appearance:  s&e  semblance.']  Fair  appearance. 
Court  of  Love,  1.  1085. 
beauship  (bo'ship),  n.  [<  beau  +  -ship.]  The 
character  and  quality  of  a  beau ;  the  state  of 
being  a  beau :  used  sometimes,  as  in  the  ex- 
tract, as  a  title. 

You  laugh  not,  gallants,  as  by  proof  appears, 
At  what  his  beauship  says,  but  what  he  wears. 
Congreve,  Prol.  to  Dryden  Jr.  's  Husband  his  own  Cuckold. 

beausiref,  n.    [ME.  also  beausir,  hewsTier,  etc., 

<  OP.  beau  sire,  fair  sir  :  see  heau  and  sir,  and 
cf.  beaupere.  See  also  belsire.]  Fair  sir:  an 
ancient  formal  mode  of  address. 

beauteous  (bii'tf-us),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
beautious,  beuteous,  bewtious,  beuteus,  <  ME. 
bewteous,  etc.,  <  bewte,  beaute,  beauty,  +  -oms.] 
Possessing  beauty ;  sensuously  beautiful. 
[Chiefly  poetical.] 

I  can,  Petruchio,  help  thee  to  a  wife. 

With  wealth  enough,  and  young,  and  beauteous. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  i.  2. 
=  Syn.  Handsome,  Pretty,  etc.    See  beautiful. 

beauteously  (bu'tf-us-li),  adv.  [<  ME.  bewty- 
osely,  <  bewtyose,  bewteous,  beauteous,  +  -ly^.] 
In  a  beauteous  manner ;  in  a  manner  pleasing 
to  the  senses ;  beautifully. 

Look  upon  pleasures  not  upon  that  side  that  is  next 
the  sun,  or  where  they  look  beauteously. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Living,  li.  §  1. 

beauteousness  (bii'te-us-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  beauteous ;  beauty. 

beautification  (bii*ti-fi-ka'shgn),  n.  [<  beauti- 
fy: see  -fication.]  The  act  of  beautifying  or 
rendering  beautiful;  decoration;  adornment; 
embellishment. 

This  thing  and  that  necessary  to  the  beautification  of 
the  room.  Mrs.  Craik. 

beautified  (bii'ti-fid),  p.  a.  Adorned;  made 
beautiful ;  in  lier.,  ornamented  with  jewels, 
feathers,  or  the  like  :  said  of  a  crown,  a  cap,  or 
any  garment  used  as  a  bearing.  The  blazon  should 
state  in  what  way  the  bearing  is  beautified,  as,  for  ex- 
ample, with  jewels. 

beautifier  (bii'ti-fi-er),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  makes  beautiful. 

Semiramis,  the  founder  of  Babylon,  according  to  Justin 
and  Strabo ;  but  the  enlarger  only  and  beautifier  of  it, 
according  to  Herodotus. 

Costard,  Astron.  of  the  Ancients,  p.  102. 

beautiful  (bu'ti-fid),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
beutiful,  bewtiful,  butyful,  etc. ;  <  beauty  +  -fid.] 
Full  of  beauty ;  possessing  qualities  that  de- 
light the  senses,  especially  the  eye  or  the  ear, 
or  awaken  admiration  or  approval  in  the  mind. 
See  beauty,  1. 

It  was  moated  round  after  the  old  manner,  but  it  is  now 
dry,  and  turfed  with  a  beautifull  carpet. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  July  14, 1675. 
Idalian  Aphrodite  beautiful, 
Fresh  as  the  foam,  new-bathed  in  Paphian  wells. 

Tennyson,  (Enone. 

Silence,  beautiful  voice ! 

Be  stiU,  for  you  only  trouble  the  mind 

With  a  joy  in  which  I  cannot  rejoice. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  v.  3. 


It  is  a  beautiful  necessity  of  our  nature  to  love  some- 
thing. D.  Jerrold. 

We  are  clearly  conscious  of  the  propriety  of  applying 
the  epithet  beautiful  to  virtues  such  as  charity,  reverence, 
or  devotion,  but  we  cannot  apply  it  with  the  same  pro- 
priety to  duties  of  perfect  obligation,  such  as  veracity  or 
integrity.  Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  84. 

The  beautiful,  that  which  possesses  beauty  ;  beauty  in 
the  abstract :  as,  the  beautiful  in  nature  or  art;  the  good, 
the  true,  and  the  beautiful. 

Can  we  conceive  of  a  period  of  human  development  at 
which  religion  is  the  worship  of  the  beautiful  ?     J.  Caird, 

It  is  very  old,  this  architecture  [Duomo  at  Murano] ; 
but  the  eternal  youth  of  the  beautiful  belongs  to  it,  and 
there  is  scarce  a  stone  fallen  froni  it  that  I  would  re- 
place. Uowells,  Venetian  Life,  xii. 
=  Syn.  Beautiful,  Beauteous,  Handsome,  Pretty,  Fair, 
Lovely,  Comely,  charming,  all  apply  to  that  which  is  highly 
pleasing,  especially  to  the  eye.  Beautif  ul,  the  most  gen- 
eral of  these  words,  is  also  often  the  noblest  and  most 
spiritual,  expressing  that  which  gives  the  highest  satis- 
faction to  eye,  ear,  mind,  or  soul.  Beauteous  is  chiefly 
poetic,  and  covers  the  less  spiritual  part  of  beautiful. 
Handsome  is  founded  upon  the  notion  of  proportion,  sym- 
metry, as  the  result  of  cultivation  or  work ;  a  handsome 
figure  is  strictly  one  that  has  been  developed  by  atten- 
tion to  physical  laws  into  tlie  right  proportions.  It  is 
less  spiritual  than  beautiful ;  a  handsome  face  is  not 
necessarily  a  beautiful  face.  Handsome  applies  to  larger 
or  more  important  things  than  pretty :  as,  a  handsome 
house  ;  a  pretty  cottage.  It  is  opposed  to  homely.  Pretty 
applies  to  that  which  has  symmetry  and  delicacy,  a  dimin- 
utive beauty,  without  the  higher  qualities  of  graceful- 
ness, dignity,  feeling,  purpose,  etc.  A  thing  not  small  of 
its  kind  may  be  called  pretty  if  it  is  of  little  dignity  or 
consequence :  as,  a  pretty  dress  or  shade  of  color ;  but 
pretty  is  not  used  of  men  or  their  belongings,  except  in 
contempt.  Fair  starts  from  the  notion  of  a  brightness 
that  catches  the  eye ;  it  notes  that  sort  of  beauty  which 
delights  the  eye  by  complexion  and  feature  ;  in  this  sense 
it  is  now  less  common  in  prose.  Lovely  is  a  strong  word 
for  that  which  is  immediately  pleasing  to  the  eye  ;  it  ap- 
plies primarily  to  that  which  excites  admiration  and  love. 
Comely  applies  rather  to  the  human  figure,  chiefly  in  its 
proportions ;  it  is  used  less  commonly  than  handsome  to 
express  the  result  of  care  or  training.  See  elegant. 
The  moon  was  pallid,  but  not  faint ; 
And  beautiful  as  some  fair  saint. 

Longfellow,  Orion. 
And  there  a  vision  caught  my  eye  ; 
The  reflex  of  a  beauteous  form. 

Tennyson,  Miller's  Daughter. 
A  handsome  house,  to  lodge  a  friend  ; 
A  river  at  my  garden's  end. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  Satires,  II.  vi.  3. 
Nothing  more  beaxitiful  —  nothing  prettier,  at  least  — 
was  ever  made  than  Phoebe.  Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  ix. 
The  lamps  shone  o'er  fair  women  and  brave  men. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iii.  21. 
Sweet  Auburn,  loveliest  village  of  the  plain. 

Goldsmith,  Des.  Vil.,  1.  1. 
I  doubt,  indeed,  if  the  shepherds  and  shepherdesses  of 
his  day  were  any  comelier  and  any  cleaner  than  these 
their  descendants. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  114. 

beautifully  (bii'ti-ful-i),  adv.  In  a  beautiful 
manner. 

Fine  by  degrees  and  beautifully  less. 

Prior,  Henry  and  Emma,  1.  323. 
beautifulness  (bii'ti-ful-nes),  «.    The  quality 
of  being  beautiful ;  elegance  of  form ;  beauty, 
beautify  (bu'ti-fi),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  beautified, 
ppr.  beautifying.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  beutify, 
beutyfy,  bewtify,  -fie;  <  beauty  +  -fy.]  I,  trans. 
To  make  or  render  beautiful;  adorn;  deck; 
grace;  decorate;  embellish. 
The  arts  that  beautify  and  polish  life.  Burke. 
Mid  creeping  moss  and  ivy's  darker  green. 
How  much  thy  presence  beautifies  the  ground  ! 

Clare,  The  Primrose. 
=  S3m.  Adorn,  Ornament,  etc.    See  adorn  and  decorate. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  beautiful ;  advance  in 
beauty.  [Rare.] 

It  must  be  a  prospect  pleasing  to  God  himself,  to  see 
his  creation  for  ever  beautifying  in  his  eyes. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  111. 
beautiless  (bii'ti-les),  a.    [<  beauty  +  -less.] 
Destitute  of  beauty. 

Unamiable,  .  .  .  beautiless,  reprobate. 

Hammond,  Works,  IV.  7. 
beauty  (bii'ti),  w. ;  pi.  beauties  (-tiz).  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  beuty,  bewty,  <  ME.  bewfy,  bewte, 
beute,  beaute,  earliest  form  bealte,  <  OF.  biaute, 
bealtet,  beltet,  F.  beaute,  =  Pr.  beltat,  beutat  = 
Sp.  beldad  =  Pg.  beldade  =  It.  belta,  <  ML. 
bellita(t-)s,  beauty,  <  L.  bellus,  beautiful,  fail': 
see  beau  and  bell^.]  1.  That  quality  of  an  ob- 
ject by  virtue  of  which  the  contemplation  of  it 
directly  excites  pleasurable  emotions.  The  word 
denotes  primarily  that  which  pleases  the  eye  or  ear,  but 
it  is  applied  also  to  tliat  quality  in  any  object  of  thouglit 
which  awakens  admirfition  or  approval :  as,  intellectual 
beauty,  moral  beauty,  the  beauty  of  holiness,  the  beauty 
of  utility,  and  so  on. 

He  hath  a  daily  beauty  in  his  life 
That  makes  me  ugly.         Shak.,  Othello,  v.  1. 
A  thing  of  beauty  is  a  joy  for  ever. 

Keats,  Endymion,  1.  1. 
The  homely  beauty  of  the  good  old  cause  is  gone. 

Wordsworth,  National  Independence,  i. 


If  eyes  were  made  for  seeing, 

Then  beauty  is  its  own  excuse  for  being. 

Emerson,  To  the  Rhodora. 
Beauty  results  from  adaptation  to  our  faculties,  and  a 
perfect  state  of  health,  physical,  moral,  and  intellectual. 

C.  E.  Norton. 

Tlie  .sense  of  beauty  and  the  affection  that  follows  it  at- 
tach themselves  ratlier  to  modes  of  enthusiasm  and  feel- 
ing than  to  the  course  of  simple  duty  which  constitutes  a 
merely  truthful  and  upright  man. 

Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  84. 

2.  A  particular  grace  or  charm ;  an  embellish- 
ment or  ornament. —  3.  Any  particular  thing 
which  is  beautiful  and  pleasing ;  a  part  which 
surpasses  in  pleasing  qualities  that  with  which 
it  is  united:  generally  in  the  plural:  as,  the 
beauties  of  an  author;  the  beauties  of  nature. 
Look  in  thy  soul,  and  thou  shalt  beauties  find. 
Like  those  which  drown  d  Narcissus  in  the  flood. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Immortal,  of  .Soul,  xxxiv. 
4.  A  beautiful  person;  specifically,  a  beauti- 
ful woman ;  collectively,  beautiful  women :  as, 
all  the  beauty  of  the  place  was  present. 

This  lady  was  not  onely  a  greate  beauty,  but  a  most 
virtuous  and  excellent  creature. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  July  8,  1675. 
And  I  have  shadow'd  many  a  group 

Of  beauties,  that  were  born 
In  teacup-times  of  hood  and  hoop, 
Or  while  the  patch  was  worn. 

Tennyson,  The  Talking  Oak. 
5f .  Prevailing  style  or  taste ;  rage  ;  fashion. 
.She  stained  her  hair  yellow,  which  was  then  the  beauty, 

Jer.  Taylor. 

Camberwell  beauty,  the  Vanessa  Antiopa,  a  beautiful 
butterfly,  rare  in  Great  Britain,  but  often  found  in  some 
parts  of  the  United  States  :  so  named  from  having  been 
found  sometimes  at  Camberwell,  a  suburb  of  Loudon.  The 
wings  are  deep,  rich,  velvety  brown,  with  a  liand  of  black, 
containing  a  row  of  large  blue  spots  around  the  brown, 
and  an  outer  band  or  margin  of  pale  yellow  dappled  with 
black  spots.  The  caterpillar  feeds  on  the  willow. — Cfurve 
Of  beauty,  line  of  beauty.  See  cwnie.— Dependent 
beauty,  that  beauty  which  does  not  appear  when  the  ob- 
ject is  contemplated  in  itself,  but  only  when  it  is  consid- 
ered in  its  adaptation  to  its  end. 

What  has  been  distinguished  as  dependent  or  relative 
beauty  is  nothing  more  than  a  beautified  utility  or  utilized 
beauty.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

Ideal  beauty,  the  standard  of  esthetic  perfection  which 
the  mind  forms  and  seeks  to  express  in  the  fine  arts  and 
in  the  rules  which  govern  those  arts.— Mixed  beauty, 
the  character  of  an  object  which  is  beautiful  and  at  the 
same  time  affords  pleasure  of  another  kind.  =  Syn.  1. 
Loveliness,  fairness,  comeliness,  attractiveness ;  elegance, 
gracefulness,  adornment. 

beautyt  (bii'ti),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bewtyen,  <  bewty, 
etc.,  beauty:  see  beauty,  n.]  To  render  beau- 
tiful ;  adorn,  beautify,  or  embellish. 

The  harlot's  cheek,  beautied  with  plast'ring  art. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 

beauty-of-tlie-night(ba'ti-ov-the-nit'),  n.  The 

four-o'clock,  Mirabilis  Jalapa. 

beauty-sleep  (bu.'ti-slep),  «.  The  sleep  taken 
before  midnight,  popularly  regarded  as  the 
most  refreshing  portion  of  the  night's  rest. 

beauty-spot  (ba'ti-spot),  n.  1.  A  patch  or 
spot  placed  on  the  face  to  heighten  beauty, 
as  formerly  practised  by  women ;  hence,  some- 
thing that  heightens  beauty  by  contrast;  a 
foil. 

The  filthiness  of  swine  makes  them  the  beauty-spot  of 
the  animal  creation.  Grew. 

The  numberless  absurdities  into  which  this  copyism 
has  led  the  people,  from  nose-rings  to  ear-rings,  from 
painted  faces  to  beauty-spots. 

H.  Spencer,  Universal  Progress,  p.  90. 
2.  An  especially  beautiful  feature  or  thing. 
Bunyan. 

beauty-'washt  (bii'ti-wosh),  n.   A  cosmetic. 

beaux,  n.    Plural  of  beau. 

beauxite,  n.    See  bauxite. 

beaveri  (be'ver),  n.  and  a.    [Eariy  mod.  E. 

also  beavor,  bever,  <  ME.  bever,  <  AS.  bpofer, 
befer  =  D.  LG.  bever  -  OHG.  bibar,  MHG.  G. 
biber  =  leel.  bjorr  -  Sw.  bdfver  =  Dan.  bcever 
=  L.  fiber,  OL.  biber  (>  It.  bevero  =  Sp.  bibaro 
=  Pr.  vibre  =  F.  hievre)  =  Gael,  beabhar  =  Com. 
befr  =  OBulg.  bebrii,  btbrii,  bobrfi,  Bohem.  Pol. 
bobr  =  Russ.  bobru  —  Lith.  bebrus  =  Lett,  bebris, 
OPruss.  bebrus,  a  beaver,  —  Skt.  babhru,  a  large 
ichneumon;  as  adj.,  brown,  tawny;  perhaps  a 
redupl.  of  y  *bhru,  the  ult.  root  "of  AS.  brtln, 
E.  brown:  see  brown.]  I.  n.  1.  A  rodent 
quadruped,  about  two  feet  in  length,  of  the 
family  Castorida  and  genus  Castor,  C.  fiber,  at 
one  time  common  in  the  northern  regions  of 
both  hemispheres,  now  found  in  considerable 
numbers  only  in  North  America,  but  occuiTing 
solitary  in  central  Europe  and  Asia,  it  has  short 
ears,  a  blunt  nose,  small  fore  feet,  large  webbed  hind 
feet,  with  a  flat  ovate  tail  covered  with  scales  on  its  upper 
surface.  It  is  valued  for  its  fur  (which  used  to  be  largely 
employed  in  the  manufacture  of  hats,  but  for  which  silk 
is  now  for  the  most  part  substituted)  and  for  an  odorife- 
rous secretion  named  castor  or  castoreum  (which  see). 


beaver 

Its  food  consists  of  the  bark  of  trees,  leaves,  roots,  and 
berries.  Tlie  favorite  liauiits  of  the  beavers  are  rivers 
and  lalces  which  are  liordered  by  forests.  Wlien  tliey  find 
a  stream  not  sutliciently  deep  for  their  purpose,  tliey  throw 
across  it  a  dam  constructed  with  great  ingenuity  of  wood, 
stones,  and  mud,  gnawing  down  small  trees  for  tlie  pur- 
pose, and  compacting  the  mud  by  blows  of  their  jxiwer- 
f ul  tails.  In  winter  tliey  live  in  houses,  wliicli  are  from  3 
to  i  feet  high,  are  built  on  the  water's  edge  witli  subaque- 
ous entrances,  and  atford  tliem  protection  from  wolves  and 
other  wild  animals.  They  formerly  abounded  througliout 
northern  .America,  but  are  now  found  only  in  unsettled  or 
thinly  populated  regions.  Several  slightly  different  varie- 
ties of  tlie  European  beaver  liave  received  sjiecial  names. 
The  North  American  liea\er  is  sdineHluit  larger  fluui  tlie 
European,  anil  exhibits  sunic  sliiiht  cranial  peculiarities; 


Beaver  ^Cas^er Jiber). 


it  is  commonly  rated  as  a  distinct  species  or  conspecies, 
under  the  name  of  Caatur  canademns.  Tlie  so-called  fossil 
beaver,  Castoroides  ohinemig,  belongs  to  a  different  family, 
Castonihlidi^  (which  see).    See  also  Castorid(«. 

2.  The  fiir  of  the  beaver. — 3.  (a)  A  hat  made 
of  beaver  fur. 

This  day  I  put  on  my  half  cloth  black  stockings  and  my 
new  coate  of  the  fashion,  which  pleases  me  well,  and  witii 
my  bever  I  was,  after  offlce  was  done,  ready  to  go  to  my 
Lord  Mayor's  feast.  Pepys,  Diary,  I.  230. 

Henee — (?))  A  hat  of  the  shape  of  a  beaver  hat, 
but  made  of  silk  or  other  material,  in  imitation 
of  the  fur.  The  modern  stiff  silk  hat  was  com- 
monly called  a  heaver  until  recently. —  4.  A 
glove  made  of  beaver's  fur.  Miss  Austen. —  5. 
A  thick  and  -warm  cloth  used  for  garments  by 
both  sexes.  The  thickest  qiiality  is  used  for 
overcoats. 

II.  a.  Made  of  beaver  or  of  the  fur  of  the  bea- 
ver: as,  a  fteacer  hat ;  feewrer  gloves, 
■faeaver^  (be'ver),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hever, 
beevor,  etc.,  altered,  by  confusion  with  beaver'^-, 
in  "beaver  hat,"  from  earlier  haver,  havier,  < 
late  ME.  haviere,  <  OF.  baviere  (=  Sp.  bahera  - 
It.  haviera),  beaver  of  a  helmet,  prop,  a  bib,  < 
have,  foam,  fi'oth,  saliva:  see  havettc.'i  In  medi- 
eval armor,  origiually  a  protection  for  the  lower 


1  2 


I,  Beaver  fixed  to  the  corselet:  S,  vizor;  C,  beaver.  2,  Beaver 
•working  on  pivots  and  capable  of  being  raised  to  cover  the  face  :  />', 
beaver.  Both  are  examples  of  the  middle  of  the  14th  century,  t^rom 
VioUet-le-Duc's  "  Diet,  du  Mobilier  fran^ais.") 

part  of  the  face  and  cheeks,  fixed  securely  to 
the  armor  of  the  neck  and  breast,  and  suffi- 
ciently large  to  allow  the  head  to  turn  behind  it. 

In  this  form  it  was  worn  throughout  the  fifteenth  century 
with  headpieces  other  than  the  arniet.  In  English  armor 
it  was  the  movable  protection  for  the  lower  part  of  the 
face,  while  the  vizor  covered  the  upper  part ;  it  is  there- 
fore nearly  the  same  as  the  aventaile  (which  see).  In  tlie 
sixteenth  century  the  movable  beaver  was  confounded 
with  the  vizor. 

So  beene  they  both  at  one,  and  doen  upreare 
Their  bevers  bright  each  other  for  to  greet. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  29. 
He  wore  his  beaver  up.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 

Their  armed  staves  in  charge,  their  heavers  down, 
Their  eyes  of  fire  sparkling  through  sights  of  steel. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  1. 

beaver^t,  n.  and  v.    See  bever^. 
■beavered  (be'verd),  a.    [<  heaver^  +  -ed2.] 
Provided  with  or  wearing  a  beaver. 

His  beaver'd  brow  a  birchen  garland  wears. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  iv.  141. 

beaver-poison  (be'ver-poi'^zn),  n.  The  water- 
hemlock,  Cicuta  maculata. 

beaver-rat  (be'ver-rat),  n.  1.  The  name  in 
Australia  of  the  murine  rodents  of  the  family 
MuridcB  and  genus  Hydromys  (which  see).  They 

are  aquatic  animals  of  Australia  and  Tasmania,  inhabiting 
the  banks  bordering  both  salt  and  fresh  water,  swimming 
and  diving  with  ease,  and  in  general  economy  resembling 


496 


Beaver-rat  {Hydrotnys  chryso^^a i :  > 


the  water-vole  of  Europe,  Armeula  ainpliihlus,  or  the  musk- 
rat  of  America. 

2.  A  name  of  the  ondatra,  muskrat,  or  mus- 
quash of  North  America,  Fiber  dbethicus. 
beaver-root  (be'ver-rot),  «.    The  yellow  pond- 
lily,  Nuphar  advena. 

beaverteen  (be'ver-ten),  n.  [<  heaver'^  +  -teen, 
after  rdir«ee».]  1.  A  cotton  twilled  fabric  in 
which  the  warp  is  dravra  up  into  loops,  form- 
ing a  pile,  which  is  left  imcut. —  2.  A  strong 
cotton  twilled  fabric  for  men's  wear,    it  is  a 

kind  of  smooth  fustian,  shorn  after  being  dyed.  If  sliorii 
before  dyeing,  it  is  called  moleskin.    E.  II.  Knight. 

beaver-tongue  (be'ver-tung),  n.  Same  as  cost- 
mar  y. 

beaver-tree  (be'ver-tre),  n.    The  sweet-bay  of 
the  United  States,  Magnolia  glauca. 
beavorif,  beavor'^t,  ».   Obsolete  forms  of  &ea- 
heaver^. 

beballyt,  «.  [Late  ME.,  a  corruption  of  OF. 
(AF.)  *bipaUe,  <  hi-,  two,  twice,  +  ^'palle, 
party  par-pale :  a  term  of  blazon"  (Cotgrave).] 
In  her.,  divided  into  two  parts  by  a  vertical 
line  ;  party  per  pale :  said  of  an  escutcheon. 

bebeastt  (be-besf),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i  -f  beast.']  To 
make  a  beast  of ;  consider  as  a  beast ;  treat  as 
a  beast. 

bebeeric  (be-be'rik),  a.  [<  hebccru  +  -«c.]  Of 
or  derived  from  bebeerin.  Also  written  behiric. 
—  Bebeeric  acid,  a  wliite,  crystalline,  volatile  acid  e.x- 
tracted  from  tlie  seeds  of  Xectniidra  Ilvdicel. 

bebeerin,  bebeerine  (be-be'rin),  «.  [<  bebeeru, 
q.  v.]  The  active  principle  of  the  bark  of  the 
bebeeru  or  greenheart-tree  of  Guiana,  it  is  said 

to  be  identical  with  buxine,  C^gHoNO^,  and  is  used  as  a 
bitter  tonic  and  felirifuge,  ehietly  in  tlie  form  of  tlie  crude 
sulphate.  Also  written  bebearine,  biberine,  bibirine,  be- 
heeria,  etc. 

bebeeru  (bf-be'ro),  n.  [Native  name,  also 
spelled  hebe'aru,  bibiru.]  A  tree  of  British  Gui- 
ana, Ncctandra  Rodim,  natural  order  irtMrocea;, 
the  timber  of  which  is  known  to  wood-mer- 
chants by  the  name  of  grccnhcart,  and  is  large- 
ly imported  into  England  for  the  building  of 
ships  and  submarine  structures,  being  remark- 
ably hard  and  durable,  and  not  subject  to  injury 
from  the  ship-worm  {Teredo  navalis).  Its  bark 
contains  bebeerin,  and  is  used  as  a  febrifuge. 

bebization  (be-bi-za'shon),  n.  In  music,  the 
system  of  indicating  the  tones  of  the  scale,  for 
reference  or  practice,  by  the  syllables  la,  be, 
cc,  de,  me,  fc,  ge,  proposed  in  1C28  by  Daniel 
Hitzler,  and  apparently  applied  not  to  the 
scale  in  the  abstract,  but  to  the  scale  beginning 
on  A.    See  bohization,  solmization,  etc. 

bebleedt  (bf-bled'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  hebleden;  < 
ie-l  +  bleed.]  To  make  bloody.  Chaucer, 
Knight's  Tale,  1.  1144. 

beblott  (be-blof),  V.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  blot^.]  To 
blot  all  over;  stain. 

Beblutte  it  with  thi  teeris  eke  a  lyte. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1027. 

beblubbered  (bf-blub'erd),  a.  [<  6e-i  -f-  blub- 
bered.']   Befouled  or  bleared,  as  with  weeping. 

Her  eyes  all  beblubbered  with  tears. 

Shelton,  tr.  of  Don  Quixote,  I.  iii.  13. 
beblurt,  t-  [<  he-l-  +  blur.]  To  blur  all  over, 
bebung  (ba'bung),  n.  [G.,  a  trembling,  <  be- 
ben,  tremble.]  A  certain  pulsation  or  trembling 
effect  given  to  a  sustained  note,  in  either  vo- 
cal or  instrumental  music,  for  the  sake  of  ex- 
pression. Grove. 

bec^t,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  beeJc^. 

bec^  (bek),  ».  [F.,  beak:  see  ftcc/o*,  &eaP.]  A 
beak ;  in  music,  a  mouthpiece  for  a  musical  in- 
strument. 

becafico,  becafigo  (bek-a-fe'ko,  -go),  n.  Same 
as  heccafico. 

becall  (be-kal').  «.  t.  [<  ME.  bicallen,  bikal- 
len,  <  hi-,  be-,  +  callen,  call :  see  he-'^  and  call.] 
If.  To  accuse. —  2t.  To  call  upon;  call  forth; 
challenge. — 3t.  To  call;  summon. — 4.  To  call 
names;  miscall.    N.  E.  D. 

becalm  (be-kam'),  «•  t.     [<  6e-l  +  calm.]  1. 
To  make  calm  or  still ;  make  quiet ;  calm. 
The  moon  shone  clear  on  the  becalmed  flood.  Dryden. 


beccafico 

Banish  his  sorrows  and  becalm  his  soul  with  easy  dreams. 

Addison. 

2.  Naut.,  to  deprive  (a  ship)  of  wind;  delay  by 
or  subject  to  a  calm. 

A  man  becalmed  at  sea,  out  of  sight  of  land,  in  a  fair 
day,  may  look  on  t!ie  sun,  or  sea,  or  ship,  a  whole  liour, 
and  perceive  no  motion.  Locke. 

becalming  (be-ka'ming),  n.  The  state  of  being 
becalmed;  a  calm  at  sea.    [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

Otlier  unlucky  accidents  oftentimes  happen  in  tliese 
seas,  especially  in  becalmings. 

Sir  T.  lierbert.  Travels  in  Africa,  p.  6. 
becalmment  (bf-kam'meut),  w.    [<  becalm  + 
-ment.]   The  state  of  beiiig 'becalmed.  [Rare.] 
became  (be-kam')-    Preterit  of  become. 
becap  (be-kap'),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  hecapped, 
ppr.  hcca'pping.    [<  6e-l  +  cajpl.]    To  cover 
with  a  cap. 

becard  (bek'ard),  ».  [<  P.  *beeard,  <  bee,  beak: 
see  heak'^-  and  -ard.]  A  name  of  sundry  insec- 
tivorous birds  of  Central  and  South  America, 
such  as  those  of  the  genera  Tityra  and  Fsaris, 
given  on  account  of  their  large  or  hooked  bill. 

becarpeted  (be-kar'pet-ed),  a.  [<  6e-i  -I-  car- 
pet +  -ed^.]  Purnished  or  covered  with  a  car- 
pet or  carpets ;  carpeted.  [Rare.] 

Is  there  another  country  under  the  sun  so  becushioned, 
becarpeted,  and  becurtained  witli  grass? 

The  Centtiry,  XXVII.  110. 

becarve  (be-karv'),  V- 1.  [<  ME.  bekerven,  <  AS. 
heceorfan,  cut  off,  <  be-  priv.  +  ceorfan,  cut.  In 
mod.  use,  <  +  carve.]  If.  To  cut  off. —  2t. 
To  cut  up  or  open  (land). — 3.  To  cut  to  pieces. 
A^.  E.  D. 

becasse  (be-kas'),  n.  [<  P.  becasse,  a  woodcock, 
<6ec,  abeak:  see  &eaA;i.]  The  European  wood- 
cock, Scolopax  rusticula. 

becassine  (be-ka-sen'),  n.  [<  P.  bccassine,  <  be- 
casse: see  becasse.]  The  European  snipe,  Gal- 
linago  media. 

because  (be-kaz'),  adv.  and  co)2j.,  orig.prep. plir. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  by  cause ;  <  ME.  because,  hi- 
cause,  by  cause,  also  and  prop,  written  apart,  be 
cause,  hi  cause,  by  cause,  being  the  prep,  by  with. 
the  governed  noun  cause.  The  phrase  by  cause 
of,  or  because  of  (cf.  the  similar  phrase  by  reason 
of),  was  used  as  equiv.  to  a  prep.,  and  the  phrase 
by  cause  that,  or  hecoMse  that,  afterward  short- 
ened to  because  (eolloq.  and  dial,  cause),  as  a 
conj.]  I.  adv.  1,  By  reason  (of ) ;  on  account 
(of) :  followed  by  of. 

Tlie  spirit  is  life,  because  of  righteousness.  Rom.  viii.  10. 
Let  no  self-reproach  weigh  on  you  because  of  me. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  vii.  3. 

2t.  For  the  sake  (of);  in  order  (to). 
II.  conj,  1.  For  the  reason  (that) ;  since. 
These  wickets  of  the  soule  are  plac'd  on  hie 
Because  all  sounds  doe  lightly  mount  aloft. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Nosce  Teipsum. 
"Why  is  our  food  so  very  sweet? 
Because  we  earn  before  we  eat.  Cotton,  Fables,  i. 
Men  who  could  never  be  taught  to  do  what  was  right  be- 
cause it  was  right,  soon  learned  to  do  right  because  it  was 
a  becoming  thing  in  them,  as  knights  and  nobles,  to  do  so. 

Stille,  Stud.  Med.  Hist.,  xii. 
2t.  To  the  end  that ;  in  order  that. 

And  the  multitude  rebuked  them,  because  they  should 
hold  their  peace.  Mat.  xx.  31. 

[Because  introduces  a  clause  stating  some  particular  cir- 
cumstance, from  which,  (a)  by  virtue  of  a  general  truth 
not  usually  mentioned,  the  trutli  of  the  preceding  clause 
necessarily  follows,  or  (6)  in  consequence  of  a  general 
purpose,  tlie  agent  is  led  to  perform  the  act,  or  bring 
about  tlie  state  of  things,  mentioned  in  tlie  previous  clause. 
Because  is  not  properly  used  to  introduce  a  general  prin- 
ciple or  major  premise.  ]=Syn.  1.  See  since. 

becca(bek'a),  w.;  pi.  &eccfc(-se).  [NL.:  see&ecfc*, 
beak^.]  1.  The  long  point  of  a  hood,  especial- 
ly in  the  fifteenth  century,  when  such  points 
reached  below  the  waist  behind. —  2.  A  long 
scarf  or  streamer  attached  to  a  turban-shaped 
cap  in  the  fifteenth  century.  Fairholt. 

beccabunga  (bek-a-bung'ga),  n.  [NL.  ML.,  < 
LG.  beckebunge  (=  I),  beekbu'nge =G.  bachbunge), 
brooklime,  <  hecke  (=  D.  beek  =  G.  bach  ;=  E. 
beck^ ),  a  brook,  +  bunge  =  OHG.  bungo,  a  bunch, 
bulb.  Cf.  Icel.  bingr,  a  bolster,  a  heap:  see 
bing^.]  The  brooklime,  'Veronica  Beccabunga. 

beccae,  n.    Plural  of  becca. 

beccafico  (bek-a-fe'ko),  n.  [Also  written  beca- 
fico, beccafica,  beccaflgue,  etc.  (cf.  P.  becfigue), 
<  It.  beccafico,  <  beccare  =  F.  becquer  (Cotgrave), 
also  becqueter,  peck  with  the  beak  (<  becco  = 
P.  bee,  >  E.  beck^,  beak'^),  +fico,  a  fig,  <  L.  ficus, 
a  fig:  see  fig  and  fico.]  1.  An  old  and  disused 
name  of  sundry  small  European  birds,  chiefly 
of  the  family  Sylviidw,  or  warblers,  which  peck 
figs,  or  were  supposed  to  do  so.  The  application 
of  the  word  is  indeterminate ;  but  it  has  been,  perhaps, 
most  frequently  used  in  connection  with  the  garden-war- 
bler, Sylvia  hortenm  (Bechstein),  Curruca  /wrtensis  of 
some  authors. 


Becs-de-corbin,  15th  century. 

A,  with  handle  of  wrought-iron ;  S,  with 
wooden  handle  sheathed  with  metal.  ( From 
VioUet-Ie-Duc's  *'  Diet,  du  Mobilier  fran- 
9ais.") 


beccafico 

In  extended  use  —  2.  One  of  sundry  small 
American  birds,  as  some  of  those  formerly  in- 
eluded  in  a  genus  Ficedula. —  3.  The  European 
golden  oriole,  Orioliis  (jalbida. 
faeccot,  ».    [It.,  a  goat.]   A  cuckold. 

Duke,  thou  art  a  Ijpcco,  a  cornuto. 

Marstun  and  Webster,  The  Malcontent,  i.  3. 

bec-de-corbint  (bek'de-kor-ban'),  «•  [F.,  lit. 
crow's  beak:  see  beak^,  de^,  and  corbie.}  1. 
A  name  given 
in  the  middle 
ages  to  the 
pointed  end 
of  the  mar- 
tel-de-fer,  or 
war  -  hammer. 
Hence— 2.  The 
whole  weapon 
having  such 
a  point  or 
beak.  —  3.  A 
name  given  in 
the  eighteenth 
century  to  the 
head  of  a  walk- 
ing-cane hav- 
ing somewhat 
the  form  of  a 
bird's  beak, 
bechamel 
(besh'a-mel), 
M.  [<"F.  be- 
chamel :  see 
definition.]  In 
cookerij,  a  white  sauce  of  elaborate  composi- 
tion, named  from  its  inventor,  Louis  de  Becha- 
mel or  Bechameil,  marquis  of  Nointel,  steward 
to  Louis  XrV. 
bechance^  (be-chans');  v.    [<  6e-l  +  chance,  v.~\ 

1.  intrans.  To  happen ;  chance. 
II.  trans.  To  befall ;  happen  to. 

My  sons  —  God  knows  what  hath  bechanced  them. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  4. 

bechance^t  (be-chans')>  o-dv.  [For  by  chance; 
cf.  because.']    Accidentally ;  by  chance. 

We  bechance  lost  our  sovereign  lord. 

Grafton,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  14. 

becharm  (bf-eharm'),  V.  t.  [<  &e-l  +  charm.2 
To  charm ;  captivate ;  enchain. 

The  lethargy  wherein  niy  reason  long 
Hath  been  becharmed. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Laws  of  Candy,  v.  1. 
Prithee,  interrupt  not 
The  paradise  of  my  becharming  thoughts. 

Ford,  Fancies,  iv.  1. 

biche-de-mer  (bash'de-mar'),  n.  [F.,  lit.  spade 
of  the  sea  (beche,  <  OF.  besche  (ML.  besca;  cf. 
equiv.  becca:  see  beclc^),  spade;  de,  <  L.  de,  of; 
mer,  <  L.  mare,  sea,  =E.  mere),  a  name  explained 
as  having  reference  to  the  shape  of  the  animals 
when  dried  and  pressed,  but  really  an  accom- 
modation of  the  Pg.  name  bicho  do  mar,  lit. 
-woi-m  of  the  sea,  sea-slug :  bicho  =  Sp.  bicho, 
a  worm,  grub,  slug;  do,  of  the ;  7nar,  <  L.  mare, 
sea.]  The  trepang,  a  species  of  the  genus 
Holothuria  (H.  argus),  or  sea-slugs,  much  es- 
teemed by  the  Chinese  as  a  culinary  delicacy. 
See  trepang. 

'bechic  (be'kik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  bechicus,  <  Gr. 
^VXi-K-o^,  pertaining  to  a  cough,  <  (ir/^  (Pv%-),  a 
cough,  <  ISr/aasiv,  cough.]  I.  a.  Having  the 
property  of  curing  coughs. 

II.  n.  A  medicine  for  relieving  coughs;  a 
pectoral. 

beckl  (bek),  n.  [<  ME.  beJc,  becc,  <  AS.  *becc  (Bos- 
worth)  =  Icel.  bekkr  =  Sw.  back  —  Dan.  bcek; 
but  the  ME.  form  may  be  from  the  Seand.,  the 
only  authenticated  AS.  form  being  bece,  bcece, 
dat.  of  bece  (giving  mod.  E.  *betch,  which  prob. 
exists  in  the  dial,  batch :  see  batch^)  =  OS. 
beJci  =  OD.  beke,  D.  beek  =  LG.  beke,  bdk  — 
OHG.  bah,  MHG.  bach,  a  brook.]  1.  A  brook; 
a  small  stream;  especially,  a  brook  with  a 
stony  bed  or  rugged  course. 

The  brooks,  the  becks,  the  rills. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  i. 
The  reflex  of  a  beauteous  form, 

A  glowing  arm,  a  gleaming  neck, 
As  when  a  sunbeam  wavers  warm 
Within  the  dark  and  dimpled  beck. 

Tennyson,  The  Miller's  Daughter. 

2.  The  valley  of  a  beck ;  a  field  or  patch  of 
groimd  adjacent  to  a  brook.    See  batch^. 

beck2  (bek),  V.    [<  ME.  becken,  bekken,  short 
for  6el-we»,  beckon  :  seebeckon.']  I.  intrans.  1. 
To  signal  by  a  nod  or  other  significant  gesture ; 
beckon. 
32 


497 

Who 's  he  but  bowed  if  this  great  prince  but  becked  ? 

Drayton,  Queen  Margaret. 
Let  us  follow 
The  becking  of  our  chance. 
Fletcher  {and  another).  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  i.  2. 

2.  To  recognize  a  person  by  a  slight  bow  or 
nod.  [Scotch.] 

II.  trans.  1.  To  summon  or  intimate  some 
command  or  desire  to  by  a  nod  or  gesture ; 
beckon  to. 

Bell,  book,  and  candle  shall  not  drive  me  back, 
When  gold  and  silver  becks  me  to  come  on. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  3. 
2.  To  express  by  a  gesture  :  as,  to  6ecfc  thanks. 
[Rare.] 

beck^  (bek),  n.  [<  ME.  bek,  <  bekcn,  becken, 
beck:  see  beck^,  v.]  1.  A  nod  of  the  head  or 
other  significant  gesture  intended  to  be  un- 
derstood as  expressive  of  a  desire,  or  as  a  sign 
of  command. 

Nods,  and  becks,  and  >vreathed  smiles. 

Milton,  L' Allegro,  1.  28. 
My  guiltiness  had  need  of  such  a  master. 
That  with  a  beck  can  suppress  nmltitudes. 

Middleton,  The  Witch,  iv.  1. 
I  would  wish  myself  a  little  more  command  and  sove- 
reignty ;  that  all  the  court  were  subject  to  my  absolute 
beck.  B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iv.  1. 

2.  A  gesture  of  sahitation  or  recognition;  a 
bow;  a  com-tesy.  [Scotch.]— At  one's  beck,  at 
one's  beck  and  call,  subject  to  one's  slightest  wish ; 
obliged  or  ready  to  oljey  all  of  one's  orders  or  desires. 

It  was  necessary  for  him  to  have  always  at  his  beck  some 
men  of  letters  from  Paris  to  point  out  the  solecisms  and 
false  rhymes  of  which,  to  the  last,  he  was  frequently 
guilty.  Macaulay,  Frederic  the  Great. 

We  move,  my  friend. 
At  no  man's  beck.        Tennyson,  Princess,  iii. 

beck^  (bek),  n.  [E.  dial., not  foundin  ME.,  <  AS. 
becca,  glossed  Ugo,  a  mattock ;  cf .  ML.  becca  (cf . 
ML.  besca,  >  OF.  besche,  mod.  F.  beche),  a  spade ; 
Pr.  beca,  a  hook,  Ir.  bacc,  a  hook.]  An  agricul- 
tural implement  with  two  hooks,  used  in  dress- 
ing turnips,  etc.;  a  form  of  mattock, 
beck^t  (bek),  n.  [<  ME.  bek,  bee,  <  OF.  bee, 
beak;  the  same  word,  retaining  the  orig.  short 
vowel,  as  the  now  more  common  fteafci.]  1. 
A  beak. —  2.  Any  pointed  or  projecting  part  of 
the  dress,  especially  of  a  head-dxess,  as  of  the 
bycocket. 

beck^  (bek),  n.  [Prob.  another  form  of  back^, 
q.  v.]    A  vat  or  vessel  used  in  a  dye-house ;  a 

back. —  Clearing-beck,  in  calico-printing,  a  vat  in  which 
cottons  printed  with  certain  colors  are  cleansed  or  scoured 
with  soap  and  water, 
beck^t,  n.  [Cf.  beak^."]  Same  as  beck-harman. 
becker  (bek'er),  n.  [E.  dial,  (also  becket^,  q.  v.), 
appar.  <  fiecfc*  +  -erl.  Cf.  F.  beccard,  the 
female  salmon.]  A  name  of  the  fish  Sparus 
pagrus,  otherwise  called  braize  and  king  of  the 
sea-breams. 

beckern  (bek'ern),  n.  Same  as  bickern  and 
beak-iron. 

becketi  (bek'et),  n.    [E.  dial. ;  cf.  OF.  beqiiet, 
bechet,  a  pike  or  pickerel,  dim.  of  bee,  beak:  see 
beak^,  beck'^.l    Same  as  becker. 
becket^  (bek'et), «.    [Origin obscure.]  Naut.: 
(a)  A  short  piece  of  rope,  vsdth  a  knot  at  one 

end  and  an  eye 
in  the  other, 
for  tempora- 
rily confining 
ropes  or  small 
spars.  (6)  A 
handle  made 
of  a  rope  grom- 
met  or  ring, 
(c)  A  wooden 
cleat  or  hook, 
fastened  on 
the  fore-  or 
main-rigging  of 
a  ship,  for 
the  tacks  and 
sheets  to  lie  iu 

when  not  in  use.    {d)  A  rope  grommet  in  the 
bottom  of  a  block  for  securing  the  standing  end 
of  the  fall,  (e)  A  cant  term  for  a  trousers-pocket. 
becket2  (bek'et),  V.  t.    [<  becket^,  w.]   To  fas- 
ten or  provide  with  beekets.  Cooper. 
beck-harmant,   n.     [Also  harman-beck;  old 
slang,  of  obscm-e  origin;  with  beck  cf.  equiv. 
6eoA'2.]    In  old  slang,  a  constable.   B.  Jonson. 
beckingt  (bek'ing),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  beck'^,  v.] 
The  act  of  making  a  beck;  the  act  of  bowing 
or  nodding. 

The  Communion  was  altogether  like  a  popish  mass, 
with  the  old  apish  tricks  of  Antichrist,  bowings  and  beck- 
inr/s,  kneelings  and  knockings,  the  Lord's  Death,  after  St. 
Paul's  doctrine,  neither  preached  nor  spoken  of. 

Bp.  Bale,  in  K,  W,  Dixon's  Hist.  Ch.  of  Eng.,  xxi. 


become  - 

beck-iron  (bek'i"ern),  w.  [<  becki  +  iron.  Cf. 
beak-iron.']  1.  A  contrivance  for  holding  a  piece 
of  wood  firmly  while  it  is  planed,  it  is  made  of 
iron  or  steel  rods  fastened  to  a  bench  and  bent  parallel  to 
tlie  surface  of  the  wood. 

2.  A  small  anvil  with  a  shallow  groove,  for 
rounding  the  inside  of  the  bows  of  scissors, 
beckon  (bek'n),  v.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  becken, 

<  ME.  beknen,  becnen,  beknien,  <  AS.  becnian, 
biecnan,  later  also  hedcnian  (OS.  boknian  - 
OHG.  bouhncH  =  ON.  bdkna),  <  bcdcen,  a  sign, 
beacon:  see  beacon.]  I.  intrans.  To  make  a 
significant  gesture  ■with  the  head  or  hand,  in- 
tended as  a  hint  or  an  intimation,  especially  of  a 
desire  for  approach  or  departure,  or  for  silence. 

Alexander  beckoned  with  the  hand,  and  would  have  made 
his  defence  unto  the  jjeople.  Acts  xix.  33. 

II.  trans.  To  make  a  significant  sign  to ;  sum- 
mon or  direct  by  making  signs. 

I  see  a  hand  you  cannot  see. 
Which  beckons  me  away. 

Tickell,  Colin  and  Lucy. 
Beckoning  the  imagination  with  promises  better  than  any 
fulfilment.  Lowell,  .Study  Windows,  p.  325. 

beckon  (bek'n),  n.  [<  beckon,  v.]  A  signifi- 
cant gesture:  as,  "at  the  first  beckon,"  BoUng- 
broke,  Parties.  [Rare.] 

beckoner  (bek'n-er),  n.  One  who  beckons  or 
calls  by  signs. 

beclapt  (be-klap'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  beclappen;  < 
6e-l  +  clajA.]    To  catch;  grasp;  insnare. 

He  that  with  his  thousand  cordes  slye 
Contiimelly  us  waiteth  to  biclappe. 

Chaucer,  Second  Nun's  Tale,  1.  9. 
beclipt  (be-klip'),  V.  t.    [<  ME.  beclippen;  <  6e-l 
+  clip^.]    To  embrace;  clasp. 

And  sodenly,  ere  she  it  wiste, 
Beclipt  in  armes  he  her  kiste. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  i. 

becloud  (be-kloud'),  V.  t.   [<  6e-i  +  cloud.]  To 
overcloud;  obscure;  dim. 
Storms  of  tears  becloud  his  eyes. 

P.  Fletcher,  Piscatory  Eclogues,  v.  15. 

The  subject  has  been  beclouded  by  the  mass  of  writings. 

The  American,  VIII.  60. 

become  (bf-kum'),  v. ;  pret.  became,  pp.  become, 
ppr.  becotning.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  becttm,  be- 
cume,  <  ME.  becumen,  bicumen,  <  AS.  bccuman, 
bicuman,  come,  happen  (=  D.  bekomen  =  OHG. 
biqueman,  MHG.  bekomen,  G.  bekommen,  reach, 
suit,  =  Goth,  biktviman,  come  upon  one,  befall), 

<  be-  +  cuman,  come:  see  6e-i  and  come.  In 
the  sense  of  befit,  suit,  cf.  AS.  gecweme,  ME. 
icweme,  cweme,  and  OHG.  biqudmi,  MHG.  be- 
qumme,  G.  bequem,  fit,  suitable ;  also  AS.  cym- 
lic,  E.  comely,  and  L.  convenien{t-)s,  E.  conve- 
nient.] I.  intrans.  If.  To  come;  arrive;  betake 
one's  self;  go. 

But  when  they  saw  that  they  shoulde  become  vnder  the 
obedience  of  another  prince,  they  sutfred  the  Greekes  to 
meet  Alexander.       J.  Brende,  tr.  of  Quintus  Curtius,  v. 

You  shall  have  sometimes  fair  houses  so  full  of  glass 
that  one  cannot  tell  where  to  become  to  be  out  of  tlie  sim 
or  cold.  Bacon,  Building. 

I  cannot  joy,  until  I  be  resolv'd 
Where  our  right  valiant  father  is  become. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VL,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  come  about;  come  into  being;  pass  from 
non-existence;  arise.  [Rare.] 

The  only  reals  for  him  [Hume]  were  certain  irrelated  sen- 
sations, and  out  of  these  knowledge  arises  or  becomes. 

Mind,  XI.  3. 

3.  To  change  or  pass  from  one  state  of  exis- 
tence to  another;  come  to  be  something  differ- 
ent; come  or  grow  to  be:  as,  the  boy  rapidly 
becomes  the  man. 

The  Lord  God  .  .  .  breathed  into  his  nostrils  the  breath 
of  life ;  and  man  became  a  living  soul.  Gen.  ii.  7. 

I  rue 

That  errour  now,  which  is  become  my  crime. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  1181. 
If  the  Bank  be  unconstitutional,  when  did  it  become  so? 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Sept.  30,  1834. 

4.  To  be  fit  or  proper ;  be  decorous  or  praise- 
worthy. [Rare.] 

Set  this  diamond  safe 
In  golden  palaces,  as  it  becomes. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  3. 
To  become  of.  (at)  To  come  out  of ;  result  from.  See  1. 
(6)  To  1)6  the  fate  of ;  be  the  end  of ;  be  the  final  or  sub- 
sequent condition :  after  tchat :  as,  what  will  become  of 
our  commerce?  what  will  become  of  us'!  It  applies  to  place 
as  well  as  condition  :  What  has  become  of  my  friend?  that 
is,  where  is  he?  as  well  as,  what  is  his  condition? 

What  is  then  become  of  so  huge  a  multitude?  Raleigh. 

Sneer.  And  pray  what  becomes  o/her? 

Puf.  She  is  gone  to  throw  herself  into  the  sea,  to  be  sure. 

Sheridan,  The  Critic,  iii.  1. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  suit  or  be  suitable  to;  be 
congruous  with ;  befit ;  accord  with  in  charac- 


become 

ter  or  circumstances ;  be  worthy  of  or  proper 
to  :  rarely  said  of  persons. 

If  I  become  not  a  cart  as  well  as  another  man,  a  plague 
on  my  bringing  up  !  I  liope  I  shall  as  soon  be  strangled 
with  a  halter  as  another.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

Nothing  in  his  life 
Became  him  like  the  leaving  it. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  4. 
I  don't  think  so  much  learning  becomes  a  young  woman. 

Sheridan,  The  Ki\als.  i.  "J. 

2.  To  befit  in  appearance;  suit  estlietieally; 
grace  or  adorn. 

I  have  known  persons  so  anxious  to  have  their  dress 
become  them,  as  to  convert  it  at  length  into  their  proper 
self,  and  thus  actually  to  become  the  dress. 

Coleridge,  Aids  to  Reflection,  p.  53. 

[Formerly  hecomed  was  sometimes  used  as  the 
past  participle. 

A  good  rebuke, 
Which  might  have  well  becom'd  the  best  of  men, 
To  taunt  at  slackness.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ill.  7.] 

becomedt,  p-  c.  [Irreg.  and  rare  pp.  of  become.} 
Becoming. 

I  met  tlie  youthful  lord  at  Laurence'  cell. 
And  gave  him  what  hrcomed  love  I  niiglit, 
Not  stepping  o  er  tlie  Iwunds  of  modesty. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iv.  2. 

becomenesst,  »•  [<  become,  pp.,  +  -ness.  Cf.  for- 
givenc.'^s,  similarly  formed.]  Becomingness. 

becoming  (be-kum'ing),  p.  a.  and  n.  [Ppr.  of 
become,  «.]  1.  p.  a.  1.  Fit;  suitable;  congru- 
ous; proper;  belonging  to  the  character,  or 
adapted  to  the  circumstances :  formerly  some- 
times followed  by  of. 

Such  [discourses]  as  are  becominrj  of  them.  Dryden. 
This  condescension,  my  Lord,  is  not  only  becomint)  of 
yoiu-  ancient  family,  but  of  your  personal  character  in 
the  world.  Dryden,  Ded.  of  Love  Triumphant. 

2.  Suitable  to  the  appearance  or  style  of;  be- 
fitting esthetically:  as,  a  6ecowiH(7  dress.  =  Syn. 

Meet,  appropriate,  fitting,  seemly,  comely,  decent. 

II.  n.  If.  Something  worn  as  an  ornament. 

Sir,  forgive  me, 
Since  my  becomings  kill  me,  when  they  do  not 
Eye  well  to  you.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  i.  3. 

2.  That  which  is  suitable,  fit,  or  appropriate. 

Burnet,  among  whose  many  good  qualities  self-com- 
mand and  a  fine  sense  of  the  becoming  cannot  he  reckoned. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ix. 

3.  lametapk.,  the  transition  from  non-existence 
into  existence ;  an  intermediate  state  between 
being  and  not  being ;  a  state  of  flux ;  the  state 
of  that  which  begins  to  be,  but  does  not  endure ; 
change  ;  development :  opposed  to  being. 

becomingly  (be-kum'ing-li),  adv.  After  a  be- 
coming or  proper  manner. 

becomingness  (be-kum'ing-nes),  n.  Suitable- 
ness ;  congruity ;  propriety ;  decency ;  graceful- 
ness arising  from  fitness:  as,  "  becomingness  of 
virtue,"  Delany,  Christmas  Sermon. 

becQLUe  (be-ka'),  a.  [F.,  <  bee  {becqu-),  beak,  + 
-c  =  E.  -ed2.]    In  her.,  same  as  beaked. 

becripple  (bf-krip'l),  v.  t.  [<  +  cripple.} 
To  make  lame  ;  cripple.  [Rare.] 

Those  whom  you  bedwarf  and  becripple  by  your  poison- 
ous medicines.    Sr.  H.  More,  Mystery  of  Godliness,  vi.  19. 

becuiba-nut  (be-kwe'ba-nut),  n.  [<  hccuiba, 
bicuiba,  or  vicuiba,  the  native  name,  +  nut.} 
A  nut  produced  by  a  Brazilian  tree,  Myristica 
Bicuhyba,  from  which  a  balsam  is  drawn  that 
is  considered  of  value  in  rheumatism. 

becuna  (be-ku'na),  n.  [ML.  becima,  F.  becune; 
origin  unknown.]  A  European  fish  of  the  fami- 
ly SphyrmnidcB  {Sphyrcena  spei),  somewhat  re- 


Becuna  [Sphyrc£?ta  spet). 


sembling  a  pike.  From  its  scales  and  air-bladder  is 
obtained  a  substance  useful  in  the  manufact\ire  of  artifi- 
cial pearls.    The  Hesh  is  well  flavored. 

becurl  (bf-kerl'),  V.  t.  [<  &e-i  +  curl.']  To  fur- 
nish or  deck  with  cm-Is :  as,  a  becurled  dandy. 

bed^  (bed),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bedd,  bedde, 
<  ME.  bed,  bedde,  <  AS.  bedd,  bed  =  OS.  bed  = 
OFries.  bed  =  D.  bed  =  OHG.  beti,  betti,  MHG. 
bette,  bet,  G.  belt,  &eei  =  Icel.  bedJtr  =  Sw.  bddd 
=:Dan.  bed  —  Goth,  badi,  a  bed  (the  special 
sense  of  a  plat  of  ground  in  a  garden  occurs  in 
AS.,  MHG.,  etc.,  and  is  the  only  sense  of  Dan. 
bed,  and  of  the  G.  form  beet) ;  perhaps  orig.  a 
^laee  dug  out,  a  lair,  and  thus  akin  to  'L.  fodere, 
dig:  see  foss,  fossil,  etc.]  1.  That  ujjon  or 
within  wliieh  one  reposes  or  sleeps,  (a)  A  large 
flat  bag  filled  with  feathers,  ilown,  hair,  straw,  or  the  like ; 
a  mattress,  (b)  The  mattress  together  with  the  coverings 


498 

intended  for  shelter  and  warmth,  (c)  The  mattress  and 
bedclothes  together  with  the  bedstead,  a  permanent  struc- 
ture of  wood  or  metal,  upon  which  they  are  placed.  ((/) 
The  bedstead  by  itself. 

The  chest  contrived  a  double  debt  to  pay, 
A  bed  by  night,  a  chest  of  drawers  by  day. 

Goldsmith,  Des.  \'il.,  1.  230. 

Hence  —  2.  By  extension,  the  resting-place  of 
an  animal. —  3.  Any  sleeping-place ;  a  lodging; 
accommodation  for  the  night. 

On  my  knees  I  beg 
That  you'll  vouchsafe  me  raiment,  bed,  and  food. 

Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  4. 

4.  Matrimonial  connection;  conjugal  union; 
matrimonial  rights  and  duties. 

George,  the  eldest  son  of  his  second  bed. 

Clarendon,  Hist.  Ref.,  I.  i.  9. 

5.  Offspring;  progeny. —  6.  Anything  resem- 
bling, or  assmned  to  resemble,  a  bed  in  form 
or  position,  (a)  A  plat  or  piece  of  ground  in  a  garden 
in  which  plants,  especially  flowers,  are  grown,  usually 
raised  a  little  above  the  adjoining  ground. 

Beds  of  hyacinths  and  roses.        Milton,  Comus,  1.  998. 

(6)  The  bottom  of  a  river  or  other  stream,  or  of  any  body 
of  water. 

A  narrow  gully,  apparently  the  dry  bed  of  a  mountain 
torrent.  Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  53. 

((')  A  layer;  a  stratum;  an  extended  mass  of  any  tiling, 
whether  upon  the  earth  or  within  it :  as,  a  bed  of  sulphur ;  a 
bed  of  sand  or  clay.  In  geology  a  bed  is  a  layer  of  rock ;  a 
portion  of  a  rock-mass  which  has  so  much  homogeneity, 
and  is  so  separated  from  the  rock  which  lies  over  and  uii- 
der  it,  that  it  has  a  character  of  its  own.  Tliis  distinctness 
of  character  may  be  given  by  peculiarities  of  composition, 
texture,  or  color,  or  simply  by  a  facility  of  separation  from 
the  associated  beds.  Thus,  there  may  be  a  bed  of  marble 
intercalated  in  a  mass  of  shale ;  or  there  may  be  several 
beds  of  marble  associated  together,  each  bed  being  indi- 
viduivlized  by  peculiarities  of  texture  or  color.  In  the 
latter  case  there  would  ordinarily  be  a  distinct  break  or 
solution  of  continuity  between  the  ditlerent  beds,  so  that 
when  ([Uarried  tliey  would  separate  from  each  other  witli- 
out  dirtioilty  along  the  plane  of  contact.  The  Latin  word 
stratum  is  connnonly  employed  in  geological  writings,  and 
is  almost  the  exact  equivalent  of  bed.  Bed,  as  applied  to 
mineral  deposits,  implies  ordinarily  that  the  masses  of 
ore  thus  characterized  lie  flat,  and  have  more  or  less  of 
the  character  of  sedimentary  deposits,  in  distinction  from 
those  of  true  veins,  or  lodes. 

7.  Anything  resembling  a  bed  in  function ;  that 
on  which  anything  lies,  or  in  which  anything 
is  embedded.  Particularly  — (ff)  Inbuilding:  (1)  Either 
of  the  horizontal  surfaces  of  a  building-stone  in  position. 
The  surfaces  are  distinguislied  as  tlie  vpper  and  the  loioer 
bed.  (2)  The  under  surface  of  a  luick,  shingle,  slate,  or 
tile  in  position.  (6)  In  gun.,  the  fuuiulaticui-piece  of  a 
gun-carriage.  The  bed  of  a  mortar  is  a  solid  piece  of  hard 
wood,  hollowed  out  in  the  middle,  to  receive  the  breech 
and  half  the  trunnions,  (c)  In  maeh.,  the  foundation-piece 
on  which  the  machine  is  constructed,  (d)  In  a  grinding- 
mill,  the  lower  grindstone,  (c)  In  printing,  the  table  of  a 
printing-press  on  which  the  form  of  types  is  laid.  It  is  now 
always  of  iron,  but  in  old  hand-presses  it  was  made  of  wood 
orstone.  (/)  In  railway-construction,  the  superficial  earth- 
work with  the  ballasting,  (g)  Naul.,  a  thick,  flat  piece 
of  wood  placed  under  the  quarter  of  casks  in  a  ship's  hold, 
to  relieve  tlie  liilge  or  thickest  part  of  the  cask  from  pres- 
sure, (h)  The  beams  or  shears  which  support  the  puppets 
or  stocks  of  a  lathe.  ((')  In  tna.ionry,  a  layer  of  cement  or 
mortar  in  which  a  stone  is  embedded,  or  against  which  it 
bears,  (j)  In  a  plane,  the  inclined  face  against  which  the 
plane-iron  bears.  (^r)The  lower  die  in  apunching-machine. 
(0  In  ship-bnilding,  the  cradle  of  a  ship  when  on  the 
stocks,  (m)  In  bookbinding,  the  couch  used  in  the  process 
of  marbling  the  edges  of  books.  It  is  a  water-solution  of 
gum  tragacanth. 

8.  A  flock  or  number  of  animals,  as  of  wild 
fowl  on  the  water,  closely  packed  together. — 

9.  A  division  of  the  ground  in  the  game  of 
hop-seotth,  also  called  locally  the  game  of 

"  beds." — AiX  beds,  in  geol.,  thick  fresh-water  Tertiary 
strata,  occurring  near  Aix,  in  Provence,  France,  consist- 
ing of  calcareous  marls,  calcareo-silicious  grits,  and  gyp- 
sum, and  full  of  fossil  fishes,  insects,  and  plants. — Apple- 
pie  bed.  See  apple-pie.— 'Ra.sahot  beds,  in  geol.,  certain 
beds  of  Eocene  Tertiary  age  which  form  outliers  near 
London,  England,  and  occupy  a  considerable  area  around 
Bagshot  in  Surrey,  and  in  the  New  Forest,  Hampshire. 
They  are  chiefly  composed  of  sand,  with  occasional  layers 
of  clay,  as  also  of  brick-earth  and  pebbles.  The  Bagshot 
beds  rest  upon  the  London  clay.  They  are  usually  desti- 
tute of  fossils.  Also  called  Bagshot  sand. —  Bala  beds, 
in  geol.,  certain  beds  of  Lower  Silui'ian  age  whicli  are  par- 
ticularly well  developed  near  the  town  and  lake  of  Bala 
in  Merionethshire,  Wales.— Bed  Of  the  bowsprit,  a  bear- 
ing formed  out  of  the  head  of  the  stem  and  the  apron 
to  support  the  bowsprit. — Bed  of  justice  (F.  lit  de  jus- 
tice), (a)  A  throne  on  which  the  king  oi  France  was  seated 
when  he  attended  parliament.  Hence,  (b)  a  formal  visit 
of  a  king  of  France  to  his  parliament.  These  visits  had 
several  objects,  but  latterly,  when  the  parliament  became 
a  power  in  the  state,  beds  of  justice  were  held  principally 
for  the  purpose  of  compelling  the  iiarliament  of  Paris, 
the  chief  of  the  French  parliaments,  to  register  edicts  of 
tlie  king  when  it  showed  unwillingness  to  do  so.  They 
were  also  held  to  try  a  peer,  to  create  new  taxes,  to  de- 
clare the  majority  of  the  king,  etc.— Bembridge  beds, 
in  geol.,  a  fossiliferous  division  of  the  Upper  Eocene 
strata,  principally  developed  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  Eng- 
land, consisting  of  marls  and  clays,  resting  on  a  com- 
pact pale-yellow  or  cream-colored  limestone  called  Bem- 
bridge limestone.  They  abound  in  the  shells  of  Lymncea 
and  Planorbis,  and  remains  of  two  sj^ecies  of  Chara, 
water-jilants ;  but  their  most  distinctive  feature  is  the 
mammalian  remains  of  the  Palceotherium  and  Anoplo- 


bedag 

therium.  One  layer  is  composed  almost  entirely  of  the  re- 
mains of  a  minute  globular  species  of  Paludina.—  BroTa. 
beds,  in  geol.,  a  series  of  strata  occurring  near  Brora  in 
Sutlierlandshire,  Scotland,  of  the  age  of  the  Lower  Oolite, 
remarkable  for  containing  a  seam  of  good  coal  3J  feet 
thick,  which  is  the  thickest  bed  of  true  coal  found  in  the 
Secondary  strata  of  Great  Britain.— From  bed  and  board 
a  law  phrase  applied  to  a  separation  of  man  and  wife 
without  dissolving  the  bands  of  m.atrimony :  now  called 
a  judicial  .sf  /ifjiTf^'on.- Canister  beds.  See  r/anister.— 
Hydrostatic  bed.  See  water-bed.— maL^stTicht  beds, 
in  gciiL,  a  iiieiiihur  of  the  Cretaceous,  forming  tlie  lower 
division  of  tlie  uppermost  subgroup  of  that  series,  and 
interesting  on  account  of  the  fossils  it  contains.  It  is 
especially  well  dcvclopeil  at  Maestricht  in  the  Nether- 
lands. Tliese  beds  contain  a  mixture  of  true  Cretaceous 
f(U-nis  with  such  as  are  characteristic  of  the  older  'Ter- 
tiary.—Parade  bed,  in  some  ceremonial  funerals,  par- 
ticularly of  great  personages,  a  bed  or  bier  on  which  a 
corpse  or  effigy  is  laid  out  in  state. 

The  effigy  of  the  deceased  with  his  hands  crossed  uponj 
a  book,  lying  upon  a  parade  bed,  placed  on  the  top  of  a. 
lion-footed  sai-cophagns. 

C.  C.  Perkins,  Italian  Sculpture,  p.  120. 
Purbeck  beds,  in  geol.,  a  group  of  rocks  named  from  the 
Isle  of  Purbeck,  Dorsetshire,  England,  resting  on  the  Port- 
landian,  and  forming  the  highest  division  of  the  Jurassic 
series  in  England.  The  fossils  of  the  Purbeck  are  fresh- 
water and  brackish,  and  there  are  in  this  formation  dirt- 
beds  or  layers  of  ancient  soil  containing  stumps  of  trees 
which  grew  in  them.  'The  same  formation  is  also  found  in 
the  Jura,  in  the  valley  of  the  Doubs.— St.  Helen's  beds. 
Same  as  Osborne  series  (which  see,  under  scWes).— To  be 
brought  to  bed,  to  be  confined  in  child-bed :  followed  by 
of:  as,  to  be  brought  to  bed  of  a  son.— To  make  a  bed, 
to  put  it  in  order  after  it  has  been  used. 

bedi  (bed),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bedded,  ppr.  bed- 
ding. [<  ME.  bedden,  beddien,  <  AS.  beddian 
(OHG.  bettoH  =  Sw.  bddda),  prepare  a  bed,  < 
bed,  a  bed.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  place  in  or  as  in. 
a  bed. 

My  son  i'  the  ooze  is  bedded.       Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  3, 

2.  To  go  to  bed  with ;  make  partaker  of  one's 
bed. 

They  have  married  me  : 
I'll  to  the  Tuscan  wars,  and  never  bed  her. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  3. 

3.  To  provide  a  bed  for;  furnish  with  accom- 
modations for  sleeping.— 4.  To  put  to  bed;, 
specifically,  to  put  (a  couple)  to  bed  together, 
as  was  formerly  the  custom  at  weddings. 

The  Dauphin  and  the  Dauphiness  were  bedded. 

London  Gaz.  (1680),  No.  1494.    {N.  E.  D.y 

5.  To  make  a  bed  of,  or  plant  in  beds,  as  a 
mass  of  flowering  plants  or  foliage-plants ;  also, 
to  transplant  into  a  bed  or  beds,  as  from  pots, 
or  a  hothouse:  often  with  out. 

Such  [cuttings]  as  are  too  weak  to  be  put  in  the  nursery 
rows  .  .  .  will  require  to  be  bedded  out ;  that  is,  set 
closely  in  beds  by  themselves,  where  they  can  remain  for 
one  or  two  years,  until  they  are  large  and  strong  enough 
for  root  grafting  or  for  the  nursery  rows. 

P.  Barry,  Fruit  Garden,  p.  139. 

6.  To  embed ;  fix  or  set  in  a  permanent  posi- 
tion ;  furnish  with  a  bed :  as,  to  bed  a  stone. 

Rites  which  attest  that  Man  by  nature  lies 
Bedded  for  good  and  evil  in  a  gulf 
Fearfully  low.  Wordsworth,  Excursion,  v. 

7.  To  lay  in  a  stratum ;  stratify ;  lay  in  order 
or  flat. 

Your  bedded  hair  .  .  . 
Starts  up  and  stands  on  end. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 

8.  To  make  a  bed  for,  as  a  horse :  commonly 
used  with  down. 

After  bedding  down  the  horse  and  fastening  the  barn, 
he  returned  to  the  kitchen. 

J.  T.  Troicbridge,  Coupon  Bonds,  p.  24_ 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  go  to  bed;  retire  to  sleep: 
by  extension  applied  to  animals. —  2.  To  co- 
habit ;  use  the  same  bed  ;  sleep  together. 
If  he  be  married  and  bed  with  his  wife. 

Wiseman,  Surgery. 

They  [the  wasps]  never  molested  me  seriously,  though, 
they  bedded  with  me.  Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  258. 

3.  To  rest  as  in  or  on  a  bed:  with  on. 

The  rail,  therefore,  beds  throughout  on  the  ballast. 

Ure,  Diet.,  III.  692. 

4.  To  flock  closely  together,  as  wild  fowl  on 
the  surface  of  the  water. —  5.  To  sleep;  pass 
the  night,  as  game  in  cover. 

bed^t.  An  occasional  Middle  English  preterit 
of  bid. 

bedabble  (bf-dab'l),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  dabble.}  To 
dabble  with  moisture;  make  wet:  as,  '^bedab- 
bled with  the  dew,"  Shak.,  M.  N.  D._,  iii.  2. 
bedad  (be-dad'),  interj.    An  Irish  minced  oath, 
a  corruption  of  be  gad,  for  by  God  ! 

Bedad,  she'd  come  and  marry  some  of  'em.  Thackeray. 

bedafft  (be-daf),  V.  t.  [ME.  bedaffen  (pp.  by- 
daffed),  <  be-  +  daffe,  a  fool :  see  6e-i  and  dajf^.} 
To  befool;  make  a  fool  of.  Chaucer,  Clerk's. 
Tale,  Envoye,  1.  15. 
bedaftt  (be-daft')) «•  Stupid;  foolish, 
bedagt,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bedaggen;  <  &e-l  +  dag.'}, 
To  bedaggle. 


bedaggle 


499 


putting  to  bed,  especially  of  a  newly  married 
couple.    See  bed,  v.  t,  4. 

A  circumstantial  description  of  the  wedding,  bedding, 
and  throwing  the  stocking.  Scolt,  Nigel,  xxxvii. 

2.  A  bed  and  its  furniture ;  the  materials  of  a 
bed,  whether  for  man  or  beast. 

Pray  God  he  have  not  kept  such  open  house, 
That  he  hath  sold  my  hangings,  and  my  be.ddinr/ .' 


bedaggle  (be-dag'l),  v.  t.  [<  fee-l  +  daggle.  Cf. 
bedag.^  To  soil,  as  clothes,  by  trailing  the 
ends  in  the  mud,  or  spattering  them  with  dirty 
water.    J.  Bichardson,  Notes  on  Milton. 

bed-alet  (bed'al),  v.  Ale  brewed  for  a  confine- 
ment or  a  christening. 

bedaret  (be-dar'),  v.  t.  [<  &e-i  +  rf«rei.]  To 
dare;  defy. 

The  eagle  ...  is  emboldened 
With  eyes  intentive  to  bedare  the  sun. 

Peele,  David  and  Bethsabe. 

bedarkt  (bf-dark'),  v.  t    [<  ME.  bederken;  < 
be-^  +  dark,  v.]    To  darken. 

Whan  the  blacke  winter  night  .  .  . 
Bederked  hath  the  water  stronde, 
Al  prively  they  gone  to  londe. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  i.  81. 

bedarken  (be-dar'kn),  V.  t.   [<  6e-l  +  darken.']  bedding-molding  (bed'ing-mol "ding),  m.  Same 

To  cover  with  darkness ;  darken:  obscure.         as  bcd-mohUiig. 
bedarkened  (be-dar'knd),  y.  a.    1.  Obscured,  bedding-plant  (bed  mg-plant), 


bedight 


mfifl-]    1-  The  act  of  placing  in  a  bed;  a  bedelvet,  v.  t.    [ME.  bcdelven,  <  AS.  bedel  fan. 


<  be-,  about,  4-  delfan,  dig :  see  6e-i  and  delve.] 
1.  To  dig  round  or  about.— 2.  To  bury  iti  the 
earth. 

A  man  dalf  the  erthe  ...  and  fond  tliere  a  gobet  of 
golde  hydoli-en.  Chaucer,  Boethius,  v.  prose  1. 

bedeman,  «.   See  beadsman. 
beden (be'den),  ?j.  [<  Ar.  ftadew.]  Akindofibex. 
bedenet,  adv.    See  bedcen. 


3.  In  geol.,  as  used  by  most  geologists,  the 
exact  equivalent  of  slratificntion,  or  oceun-enee 
in  strata  or  beds.  See  bed,  bedded,  and  himi na- 
tion.— 4.  In  building,  a  foundation  or  bottom 
layer  of  any  kind. —  5.  The  seat  in  which  a 
steam-boiler  rests. 


B.  Joyuon,  Alchemist,  v.  1.  bederollt,  «.    See  bead-roll. 


William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  245. 

The  head-board  or  bedeen  (be-den'),  adv.    [North.  E.  and  Sc.,  < 

U~E.  bedene,  beden,  bidene,  biden;  of  uncertaia  bedewer  rbe-dii'er')  n 
ongm;  appar.  <  bid-,  which  seems  to  be  an  un-    h^fpl;  ^  •  ^' 
explained  substitute  for  bi,  E  '  "  '^^^^wb 

prob.  a  corruption  of  mid, 
ene,  <  AS.  mne,  once,  at  once 

one  and  cf.  anon  ot  somewhat  similar  forma-  Dark  night  from  her  bedewy  wings 

tion.  iierfem  IS  of  ten  a  mere  expletive.]   If.  In  Drops  sleepy  silence  to  the  eyes  of  all. 

a  body;  together :  as,  all  bedeen. — 2\.  In  order ;  ^-  Breu<er  (?),  Lingua,  v.  16. 

one  aft^er  another.— 3.^  Forthwith;  straight-  bedfast  (bed'fast),  a.    [<  bed^  +  /««<.]  Con- 
fined to  bed;' bedridden. 


-  2.  Figuratively,  existing  in  mental  or  moral 
darkness;  simk  in  ignorance :  as,  this  bedark- 
ened race,"  Southey. 

bedash  (be-dash'),'!;.^.  [<  6e-l  +  f7«s7«.]  To  wet 
by  throwing  water  or  other  liquid  upon;  be- 
spatter with  water  or  mud :  as,  "trees bedash' d 
with  rain,"  Shak.,  Eich.  III.,  i.  2. 

So  terrihly  bedash' d  .  .  .  that  you  would  swear 
He  were  lighted  from  a  horse-race. 

Middleton,  Anything  for  a  Quiet  Life,  i.  1. 

bedaub  (be-dab'),  v.  t.    [<  6e-i  4-  daitb.']  To 
daub  over ;  besmear ;  soil. 
Bedaub  fair  designs  with  a  foul  varnish. 

Barrow,  Works,  III.  xv. 

Bedawi  (bed'a-we),  n. ;  pi.  Bedawin  (-wen).  See 
Bedouin,  1. 

bedazzle  (be-daz'l),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  dazzle.']  To 
dazzle  by  too  strong  a  light;  blind  or  render 
incapable  of  seeing  clearly  by  excess  of  light. 

My  mistaking  eyes 
That  have  been  so  bedazzled  with  the  sun, 
That  everything  I  look  on  seemeth  green. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  5. 
Sunrise  threw  a  golden  beam  into  the  study  and  laid  it 
right  across  the  minister's  bedazzled  eyes. 

Haiothorne,  Scarlet  Letter,  xx. 
bedazzlingly  (be-daz'ling-li),  adv.    So  as  to 
bedazzle. 

bed-boardt  (bed'bord),  n 
foot-board  of  a  bedstead. 

bed-bolt  (bed'bolt),  n.  Naut,  a  horizontal  bolt 
passing  through  both  the  brackets  of  a  gun- 
can-iage  on  vrhich  the  forward  end  of  the  stool- 
bed  rests. 

bedbug  (bed 'bug),  n.  The  Cimex  leetidarius  or 
Acanthia  lectularia,  infesting  beds.    See  bug^. 

bed-chair  (bed'chSr),  n.  An  adjustable  frame 
designed  to  enable  invalids  to  sit  up  in  bed. 
Also  called  chaw-bed. 

bedchamber  (bed'cham"ber),  w.  [<  ME.  bed- 
chaumbre  (=  MHG.  bettekammere) ;  <  bed'i-  + 
chamber.']  An  apartment  or  chamber  intended 
or  appropriated  for  a  bed,  or  for  sleep  and  re- 
pose— Lords  of  the  bedchamber,  officers  of  the  Brit- 
ish royal  household  under  the  groom  of  the  stole.  They 
are  twelve  in  number,  and  wait  a  week  each  in  turn. 
The  groom  of  the  stole  does  not  take  his  turn  of  dutyj 
but  attends  the  king  on  all  state  occasions.  There  are 
thirteen  grooms  of  the  bedchamber,  who  wait  likewise 
in  turn.  In  the  case  of  a  queen  regnant  these  posts  are 
occupied  by  women,  called  ladies  of  the  bedchamber.  In 
either  case  they  are  generally  held  by  persons  of  the  high- 
est nobility. 

bed-clip  (bed'klip),  n.  In  coacli-building,  a 
band  of  iron  designed  to  secure  the  wooden 
bed  of  the  vehicle  to  the  spring  or  to  the  axle. 

bedclothes  (bed'kloTHz),  n.pl.  The  coverings 
used  on  beds;  sheets,  blankets,  quilts,  etc.,  col- 
lectively. 

bed-cover  (bed'kuv^er),  n.   A  bedquilt  or  bed- 
spread. 

bedded  (bed'ed),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  6edi,  v.]  1. 
Provided  with  a  bed.— 2.  Laid  in  a  bed;  em- 
bedded.— 3.  Existing  in  beds,  layers,  or  strata; 
stratified,  or  included  between  stratified  masses 

of  rock.    Chiefly  used  in  combination,  as  t\\m-bedded, 
heavy-Sedderf,  etc.   Masses  of  igneous  rock  formed  by  sue-  1,0  J^v^iicn 
cessive  overflows  of  molten  material  are  often  said  to  be  Deaenouse.^w 
bedded,  but  not  ordinarily  stratified. 

4.  Growing  in  or  transplanted  into  beds,  as 
plants. 

Dost  sit  and  hearken 
The  dreary  melody  of  bedded  reeds 
In  desolate  places.      Keats,  Endymion,  i.  239. 

bedder  (bed'er),  n.  1.  One  who  puts  to  bed. 
— 2.  One  who  makes  beds  (mattresses);  an 
upholsterer.  [Local,  Eng.]— 3.  Abed-stone; 
specifically,  the  nether  stone  of  an  oil-mill. 
Phillips  (1706).  Also  bedetter.— 4:.  A  bedding- 
plant  (which  see). 

bedding  (bed'ing),  n.  [<  ME.  bedding,  <  AS. 
bedding  (for  *beddung)  =  G.  bettung;  <  bed^  + 


_ ,  n.    An  orna- 
mental flowering  plant  or  foliage-plant  suited 
by  habit  for  gi-owing  in  beds  or  masses,  and  to 
produce  a  desired  efliect,  generally  of  color, 
by  combination  with  other  plants, 
bedding-stone  (bed'ing-ston),  n.   In  bricklay- 
ing, a  straight  piece  of  marble  applied  to  the 
rubbed  side  of  the  brick  to  prove  whether  the 
surface  is  straight  or  not. 
beddy  (bed'i),  a.    Bold  ;  forward.  [Scotch.] 
But  if  my  puppies  once  were  ready, 
They'l  be  baith  clever,  keen,  and  beddy. 

Watson's  Collection,  I.  70. 

bede^t,  «.    An  obsolete  form  of  bead. 
bede2  (bed),  n.   [Etym.  unknown.]  In  English 

mining,  a  peculiar  kind  of  pickax, 
bedeadt  (be-ded'),  v,  t.    [<  ie-i  +  dead.] 
deaden. 


t.    [<        -f  deafen.] 


Others  that  are  bedeaded  and  stupefied  as  to  their 
morals.  Hallywell,  Melampronoea,  p.  1. 

bedeafen  (bf-def'n), 

To  render  deaf, 
bedeck  (bf-dek'),  v.  t.    [<        +  deck.]  To 
deck  out;  adorn;  grace:  as,  "  bedecking  ovna,- 
ments,"  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  ii.  1 ;  "  bedecked,  or- 
nate, and  gay,"  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  712. 

Such  wonderful  and  priceless  gifts  as  these. 
Fit  to  bedeck  the  limbs  of  goddesses ! 


bedesmant,  «•  See  beadsman. 
bedettert,  «.  Same  as  bedder,  3,  of  which  it  ap- 
pears to  bo  a  eon-uption. 
bedevil  (bf-dev'l),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bedeviled 
or  bedevilled,  ppr.  bedeviling  or  bedevilling.  [< 
6e-l  +  devil.]  1 .  To  treat  with  diabolical  vio- 
lence or  abuse. 

Bedevilled  and  used  worse  than  .St.  Bartholomew. 

Sterne,  Sentimental  Jouniey,  I.  34.' 

2.  To  possess  with  or  as  with  a  devil. 

One  age,  he  is  hagridden,  bewitched;  the  next,  priest- 
ridden,  befooled ;  in  all  ages,  bedenilled. 

Carlyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  iii.  3. 

3.  To  "play  the  devil  with";  transform  or  con- 
fuse as  if  by  the  aid  or  agency  of  evil  spirits; 
confound;  muddl«;  corrupt;  spoil. 

So  bedevil  a  bottle  of  Geisenheim  .  .  .  you  wouldn't 
know  it  from  the  greenest  Tokay. 

.  Disraeli,  Vi\ian  Grey,  vi. 

4.  To  bewilder  with  worry;  torment;  bother; 
confuse. — 5.  To  make  a  devil  or  devils  of; 
bring  into  the  condition  of  a  devil :  as,  to  be- 
devil mankind. 

To  bede-vilment  (bf-dev'l-ment),  n.  [<  bedevil  + 
-ment.]  The  act  of  bedeviling,  or  the  state  of 
being  bedeviled;  especially,  a  state  of  bewil- 
dering or  vexatious  disorder  or  confusion. 

The  lawyers  have  twisted  it  into  such  a  state  of  bedevil- 
ment  that  the  original  merits  of  the  case  have  long  disap- 
peared. Dickens,  Bleak  House,  viii. 

bede'W  (be-du'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bedciven,  bedea- 
uen  (=MHG.  betouwen,  G.  bcthauen);  <  6e-l  -t- 
dew.  ]  To  moisten  with  or  as  with  dew ;  moisten 
in  a  gentle  manner  with  any  liquid. 

The  most  precious  tears  are  those  with  which  heaven 
bedeios  the  unburied  head  of  a  soldier. 

Goldsmith,  Vicar,  xxt 
One  who  or  that  which 


n,  E  by,  prep  (less  bedewyt  (be-dii'i),  a.  [Er 
'  or  of  with),  +  from  bedeiv,'  v. ;  prop,  dewy, 
i,<  an,  one:  see  once,    -vvith  dew.  '  ^ 


way. — 4.  Anon;  by  and  by. 
Bead  on  our  Bibles,  pray  bedeen. 

Blackwood's  Mag.,  XX'VIII.  738. 

bedegar,  bedeguar  (bed'e-gar),  «.   [<  F.  bede- 
gar,  bedeguar,  ult.  <  Ar.  'Pevs.  bdddwar,  a  kind 
of  wliite  thorn  or  this- 
tle, lit.  wind-brought, 

<  bad,  wind,  +  dwar, 

<  dwardan,  bring. 
Later,  in  the  form  bd- 
ddward,  appar.  taken 
as  bad,  wind,  -t-  Ar. 
ward,  rose.]  A  spon- 
gy excrescence  or  gall, 
sometimes  termed 
sweetbrier-sponge,  or 
robin-redbreast's  pin- 
cushion, found  on  va- 
rious species  of  roses, 
especially  the  sweet- 
brier,  produced  by  sev- 
eral insects,  as  Mho- 

dites  rosw  and  B.  bicolor,  as  the  result  of  pimc- 
ture  and  the  deposit  of  their  eggs,  and  contain- 
ing their  larvre  :  once  supposed  to  have  medici- 
nal properties. 

See  beadhouse. 
bedel,  bedell  (be'dl,  be-del'),  n.  [<  LL.  bedellus: 
see  beadle.]  In  the  medieval  universities,  a  ser- 
vant of  a  "nation"  or  faculty  (each  of  which 
companies  elected  two,  an  upper  and  a  lower, 
termed  the  esquire  bedel  and  the  yeoman  bedel. 


rroneously  formed 
<  dew,  n.]  Moist 


My  old  woman  is  bedfast. 

Mrs.  Gaskell,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  ii. 
bedfellow  (bed'fel'6),  n.     [<  ME.  bedfelow, 
-felawe;  <  bed^  +  felloio.]    One  who  shares  a 
bed  with  another. 
Misery  acquaints  a  man  with  strange  bedfelloivs. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  ii.  2. 

bedferet  (bed'fer),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also, 
erroneously,  bedphere,  <  ME.  bed/ere,  bedifere, 
<  bed  +  fere,  companion:  see  fere^.]  A  bed- 
fellow. 


,  Bedegars. 


Her  that  I  mean  to  choose  for  my  bed-phere. 

B.  Jonson,  Epicoene,  ii.  3. 

bed-frame  (bed'fram),  n.  The  frame  of  a  bed : 
a  bedstead. 

bed-gO'Wn  (bed'goim),  n.  1.  A  night-gown  or 
night-dress.— 2.  Akind  of  jacket  like  adressing- 
sack,  usually  of  printed  calico,  worn  in  Scotland 
by  women  of  the  working-class,  generally  to- 
gether with  a  drugget  or  colored  flannel  petti- 
coat.   Also  called  short-gown. 

She  had  wooden  shoes,  a  short  red  petticoat,  a  printed 
cotton  bcd-ffown;  her  face  was  broad,  her  physiognomy 
eminently  stupid.      Charlotte  Bronte,  The  Professor,  vii. 

bed-hangings  (bed'hang"ingz),  n.  pi.  The  val- 
ance and  curtains  of  a  bed. 
bediamonded  (be-di'a-mon-ded),  a.    [<  -f 
dicimond  +  -ed^.]   Covered  or  ornamented  with 
diamonds. 

Astarte's  bediamonded  crescent. 

,  1.-1   '  ^"^1  ^Halume,  ii.  21. 

terms  showing  the  Classes  from  Which  they  were-  bedight  (be-dif),  v.  t.;  generally  or  alwavs  in 
chosen^.  who«.  r1.t.P«  ™  .i,„    p^et^  and  pp.  bedight  ovbediqhted.  [ME-.^only 

in  pp.  bediht,  bydyght;  <  be-^  +  dight.]    To  ar 


chosen),  whoso  duties  were  to  apportion  the 
"schools"  or  lecture-rooms  and  the  chapters  of 
the  colleges  and  halls,  to  cry  the  days  and  hom-s 
of  the  lectures,  to  publish  and  cai-ry  out  the  de- 
crees of  the  company,  to  march  before  the  rec- 
tor, dean,  or  proctor  with  a  silver  mace  on  occa- 
sions of  ceremony,  etc.  See  beadle  Grand  be- 
del, the  upper  bedel  of  the  faculty  of  theology. 


ray;  equip;  dress:  trick  out;  bedeck;  invest. 
[Archaic  and  poetical.] 

A  troope  of  men  the  most  in  armes  bedight. 

Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  270. 
His  head  and  beard  with  sout  were  ill  bedight. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vii.  3. 


bedight 


500 


bed-sore 


Many  a  rare  and  sumptuous  tome 
In  vellum  bound,  with  golil  bedight. 

Longfellow,  Wayside  Inn,  Prelude. 

bedim  (bf-dim'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bedi mined, 
ppr.  hedimming.  [<  +  dim.'\  To  make  tlim ; 
obscure  or  darken ;  becloud. 

I  have  bedimm'd  the  noontide  sun.  Shak.,  Tempest,  v.  1. 

Phoebe,  coinuig  so  suddenly  from  tlie  sunny  dayliglit, 
■Nvas  altogether  bedimined  in  such  density  ot  shadow  as 
lui'ked  in  most  of  the  passages  of  the  old  liouse. 

Hawthonw,  Seven  Gables,  xx. 

bedimple  (be-dim'pl),  v.  t.  [<  +  dimple.} 
To  cover  over  or  mark  with  dimples. 

bedirtt  (be-derf),  c.  t.  [<  bc-^  +  dirt.']  To  defile 
witli  dirt ;  figuratively,  throw  dirt  at ;  vilify. 

bedismal  (be-diz'mal),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  6e- 
disiiiulcd  or  ht  dismd  'Ued,  ppr.  hedisnuding  or  he- 
dismnHii/fi.   [<  ie-i  +  ffewa?.]  To  make  dismal. 

bedizen  il>e-diz'u  or -di'zn),  r.  t.  [Also  some- 
times bvtli:;i  )i ;  <  6e-l  +  fh'rew.]  To  deck  or 
di'ess  out,  especially  in  a  tawdry  manner  or  with 
iTilgar  tinery. 

Remnants  of  tapestried  liangings,  window  curtains,  and 
slireds  of  pictures,  with  which  he  iiad  h:'tl  !';<_■  ned  his  tattei-s. 

Scutt,  \\  averley,  II.  xxvii. 
A  colossal  image  of  the  Virgin,  .  .  .  bedizened  and  efful- 
gent, was  borne  aloft  upon  the  shoulders  of  her  adorers. 

Motley,  Dutch  Bepublic,  I.  556. 
Like  clouds  which  bedizen 
At  sunset  the  western  horizon. 

Browning,  The  Glove. 

bedizenment  (be-diz'n-  or  -di'zn-ment),  n.  [< 
bedizen  +  -meiit.]  The  act  of  bedizening;  the 
state  of  being  bedizened;  that  which  bedizens. 

The  bedizenment  of  the  great  spirit's  sanctuary  with 
.  .  .  skulls.  Kingsley,  Westward  Ho  !  p.  451. 

Strong  Dames  of  the  Market,  .  .  .  witli  oak-branches, 
tricolor  bedizenment.        Carlyle,  B'rench  Eev.,  III.  iv.  4. 

bed-key  (bed'ke),  n.    Same  as  bed-wrench. 

bedlam  (bed'lam),  M.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  bedlem,  bcthlem,  <  ME.  hedlem,  bedleem, 
hetldeni,  a  corruption  of  Bethlehem  (ME.  BetJi- 
Jeem,  Bedlem).  See  def.  1.]  I.  n.  1.  [ca2>.] 
The  hospital  of  St.  Mary  of  Bethlehem  in 
London,  originally  a  priory,  founded  about 
1247,  but  afterward  used  as  an  asylimi  for  lu- 
natics. 

At  my  returne  Istept  into  Bedlame,  where  I  saw  several 
poore  miserable  creatui'es  in  chaines. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  April  21,  1657. 

Hence — 2.  A  madhouse;  a  lunatic  asylum. 

He's  past 

Recovery  ;  a  Bedlam  cannot  cure  him. 

Ford,  Perkin  Warbeck,  v.  3. 

3.  A  scene  of  wild  uproar  and  confusion. 

A  general  division  of  possessions  would  make  tlie  coun- 
try a  scene  of  profligate  extravagance  for  one  year  and  of 
universal  desolation  the  next  —  a  bedlam  for  one  sliort 
season  and  a  charnel-house  ever  after.  Brougham. 

4t.  An  inmate  or  a  patient  of  Bethlehem  Hos- 
pital, or  Bedlam;  specifically,  one  discharged 
as  cured  (though  often  only  partially  cured)  and 

licensed  to  beg.  Such  persons  wore  a  tin  plate  as  a 
badge  on  their  left  arm,  and  were  known  as  bedlam  beggarx, 
bedlamites,  or  bedlamers. 

Let's  follow  the  old  earl,  and  get  the  Bedlam 

To  lead  him  where  he  would ;  his  roguish  madness 

Allows  itself  to  anything.  Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  7. 

Hence — 5t.  In  general,  a  madman ;  a  lunatic. 

—  Jack  or  Tom  O'  Bedlam,  a  madman. 

II,  a.  Belonging  to  or  fit  for  a  bedlam  or 
madhouse ;  mad ;  mentally  deranged. 

The  bedlam  brain-sick  duchess.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1. 
This  which  followes  is  plaine  bedlam  stuffe,  this  is  the 
Deinoniack  legion  indeed. 

Milton,  Apology  for  Smectymnuus. 

Bedlam  beggar.  See  I.,  4. 
bedlamer  (bed'lam-er),  n.    [<  bedlam  +  -eri.] 
If.  A  bedlam  beggar.    See  bedlam,  n.,  4. 

This  couiitry  [the  Border]  was  then  much  troubled  with 
Bedlamers.  Roger  North,  Lord  Guilford,  I.  271. 

2.  The  name  given  by  seal-himters  to  the 
hooded  seal,  Cystophora  cristata,  when  a  year 
old,  from  its  frantic  cries  and  actions  when  it 
cannot  escape  its  pursuers. 

bedlamism  (bed'lam-izm),  n.  [<  bedlam  + 
-ism.']  A  word  or  act  which  is  characteristic 
of  madness  or  of  mad  people ;  a  trait  of  mad- 
ness. Carli/le. 

bedlamite  (bed'lam-it),  n.    [<  bedlam  +  -ite^.] 
A  madman.    See  bedlam,  n.,  4. 
Wliat  means  the  Bedlamite  by  tliis  freak? 

Hawthorne,  Twice-Told  Tales,  II. 

bedlamitish  (bed'lam-it-ish),  a.     [<  bedlamite 
+  -ish.]    Resembling  or  characteristic  of  a 
bedlamite  or  madman. 
Their  Bedlamitish  creation  of  needless  noises. 

Carlyle,  in  Froude,  II.  236. 

bedlamize  (bed'lam-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bed- 
lamised,  ppr.  bedlamizing.    To  make  mad. 


The  Germans,  on  their  part,  calmly  conscious  of  their 
irresistible  strength,  proceeded  to  fasten  ever  more  com- 
pulsive bonds  and  sobering  straps  on  the  Bedlamixed 
country.  Loioe,  Bismarck,  I.  599. 

bedlart,  bedla'wert,       [<  ME.  bedlawere  (=  G. 

hcttluger),  <  bed  +  *lawer,  appar.  <  Icel.  lag,  a 

Ijing;  cf.  lair.]    A  bedridden  person.  [Old 

English  and  Scotch.] 
bedless  (bed'les),  a.   [<  6edi  +  -less.]  "Without 

a  bed. 

bed-linen  (bed'lin*en),  n.  Sheets,  pillow-cases, 
etc.,  originally  always  of  linen,  now  sometimes 
of  cotton. 

bed-lounge  (bed'lounj),  n.  A  combined  bed 
and  lounge ;  a  loimge  or  plain  sofa  made  so  as 
to  open  and  form  a  bed. 

bedmaker  (bed'ma"ker),  n.   [<  ME.  bedmalcer.] 

1.  One  who  manidlactui'es  beds  or  bedsteads. 
—  2.  One  who  prepares  beds  for  use;  espe- 
cially, in  English  universities,  a  man  or  woman 
whose  duty  it  is  to  take  care  of  the  rooms  and 
make  the  beds  in  college.  Female  bedmakers 
were  forbidden  in  Cambridge  in  1625,  but  are 
now  usual. 

The  bed-makers  are  the  women  who  take  care  of  the 
rooms ;  there  is  about  one  to  each  staircase,  that  is  to 
say,  to  every  eight  rooms. 

C.  A.  Bristed,  Englisli  University,  p.  30. 

bedmate  (bed'mat),  n.    A  bedfellow.  Shak. 

bed-molding  (bed'm61''''ding),  n.  In  arch.,  a 
molding  of  the  cornice  of  an  entablature,  situ- 
ated beneath  the  corona  and  immediately  above 
the  frieze.    Also  called  bedding-molding. 

bedotet  (be-dof),  v.  t.  [ME.,  <  &e-i  +  dote.] 
To  make  to  dote  ;  befool ;  deceive. 

For  to  bedote  tliis  queene  was  her  entent. 

Chancer,  Good  Women,  1.  1547. 

Bedouin  (bed'6-in),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
Bcdwin,  or  as  ML.  Baduini,  Beduini,  pi.  (ME. 
rarely  Bedoijnes) ;  mod.  E.  also  f req.  Bcdoween, 
and  more  exactly  Bedawi,  sing.,  Bedawin,  pi., 
after  Ai'.,  the  form  Bedouin  being  <  P.  Bedouin 
(OF.  Beduin  =  It.  Beduino,  ML.  Beduinus,  etc.), 
<  At.  badawin,  pi.  of  badawii/,  a  dweller  in  the 
desert  (cf.  baddwi,  rural,  rustic),  <  badw,  desert, 
open  country.]  I.  n.  1.  An  Arab  of  the  desert ; 
one  of  the  nomadic  Arabs,  divided  into  many 
tribes,  who  live  in  tents,  rear  flocks  and  herds, 
especially  of  camels,  and  are  scattered  over 
Arabia,  parts  of  Syria,  and  Egypt  and  other 
parts  of  Africa.   Also  Bedatoi,  plural  Bedawin. 

Professionally,  and  in  the  ordinary  course  of  tlieir  lives. 
Bedouins  are  only  shepherds  and  herdsmen  :  their  raids 
on  each  other,  or  their  exploits  in  despoiling  travellers 
and  caravans,  are  but  occasional,  though  welcome  and 
even  exciting,  exceptions  to  tlie  common  routine. 

Ermye.  Brit.,  II.  246. 

2.  A  vagabond  boy;  a  street  Arab. 
II.  a.  Relating  to  the  Bedouins. 

bed-pan  (bed'pan),  n.  1.  A  pan  for  warming 
beds;  a  warming-pan. —  2.  A  necessary  utensil 
for  the  use  of  persons  confined  to  bed. 

bedpheert,  bedpheret,  «.  Erroneous  spellings 
of  bed/ere. 

bed-plate,  bed-piece  (bed'plat,  -pes),  n.  In 
mcch.,  the  sole-plate  or  foundation-plate  of  an 
engine,  etc. 

bedpost  (bed'post),  n.  If.  Same  as  bedstaff. — 
2.  A  post  forming  an  angle  of  a  bedstead,  in 
old  bedsteads  often  rising  high  enough  to  sup- 
port the  canopy  and  rods  for  the  curtain  in 

the  twinkling  of  a  bedpost,  witli  the  utmost  rapidity. 
See  bedstaff. 

bed-presser  (bed'pres'''er),  n.  A  lazy  fellow ; 
one  who  loves  his  bed. 

Tliis  sanguine  coward,  this  bed-prcsser,  this  horse-back 
breaker,  this  Imge  hill  of  flesh.      Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

bedquilt  (bed'kwilt),  n.  A  wadded  and  quilted 
covering  for  a  bed.  Also  used  for  bedspread 
and  comforter. 

The  king  [in  a  Sicilian  fairy-story]  issues  a  proclamation 
promising  a  large  reward  to  whoever  shall  steal  the  bed- 
quilt  of  a  certain  ogre.  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXIII.  34. 

bedrabble  (bf-drab'l),  v.  t.  [<  +  drabble.] 
To  make  wet  and  dirty  with  rain  and  mud. 
K'tngsley. 

bedraggle  (be-drag'l),  v.  t.  [<  6c-i  +  draggle.] 
To  soil  or  wet  by  dragging  in  dirt,  mud,  moist 
places,  etc.,  as  the  bottom  of  a  garment  in 
walking ;  cause  to  appear  wet  and  limp,  as  a 
flag  when  rained  upon. 

bedral^  (bed'ral),  n.  [Also  bethral,  betherel ; 
appar.  a  corruption  of  beadle,  var.  beddel,  Sc. 
beddal,  etc.]    A  beadle.  [Scotch.] 

I'll  hae  her  before  presbytery  and  synod ;  I'm  half  a 
minister  myseV,  now  tliat  I'm  bedral  in  an  inhabited  par- 
isli.  Scott,  Bride  of  Lammermoor,  xxxiv. 

bedral^t  (bed'ral),  n.  [Also  bcdrel,  a  corrup- 
tion of  bedred,  for  bedrid:  see  bedrid.]    A  per- 


son who  is  bedridden.  Knox.  Also  bed-thrall. 
[Scotch.] 

His  fatlier — who  as  Bedrel  lay 

Before  liis  gate.  Douglas,  tr.  of  Virgil. 

bedreintt.  Obsolete  past  participle  of  bedrench. 
bedrench  (be-drench'),  V.  t.    [<  ME.  bedrenchen 
(pp.  bcdreint);  <  fte-i  -I-  drench.]    To  drench 
thoroughly;  soak;  saturate  with  moisture. 
Receyve  our  biUes  with  teres  al  bedrcynt. 

Court  of  Love,  1.  577. 
Such  crimson  tempest  should  bedrench 
Tlie  fiesli  green  lap  of  fair  King  Richard's  land. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  iii.  3. 

bedress  (be-dres'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  dress.]  To 
dress  up. 

The  Bride  whose  tonish  inclination 
Attended  to  tlie  ruling  fashion, 
To  make  her  entry  liad  bedress'd 
Her  upriglit  form  in  all  her  best. 
)!'.  Combe,  Dr.  Syntax  in  Search  of  a  Wife,  v. 

bedridden,  bedrid  (bed'rid'n,  -rid),  a.  [<  ME. 
bedred,  bedrede,  bedreden,  hedredden,  adj.  and 
n.,  <  AS.  bedreda,  bedrida,  bedryda,  beddredda, 
n.,  one  bedridden,  lit.  a  bed-rider  (<  bed,  bed, 
+  rida,  ridda,  a  rider,  a  knight,  <  ridan,  ride). 
Cf .  LG.  bedderede,  bedderedig,  bedi-idden ;  OHG. 
pettiriso,  G.  bettrise,  of  same  sense.  The  second 
element  came  to  be  regarded  as  the  pp.  of  ride; 
hence  the  now  usual  form  bedridden,  ME.  bed- 
reden.] Confined  to  bed  by  age,  infirmity,  or 
sickness. 

Is  not  your  father  grown  incapable 
Of  reasonable  affairs?  .  .  . 
Lies  he  not  bed-rid  ?  Shak.,  'W.  T.,  iv.  3. 

■What  an  over-worne  and  bedrid  Argument  is  this  I 

Milton,  Def.  of  Humb.  Renionst. 
Old  bedridden  palsy.  Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

bed-rightt,  bed-ritet  (bed'rit),  «.  [<  bed^  + 
right,  rite.]    The  privilege  of  the  marriage-bed. 

No  bed-right  [in  some  eds.  bed-rite]  shall  be  paid 
Till  Hymen's  torch  lie  lighted.    Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

bedript,  «•     [ME.,  also  bcdripe,  bedrepe,  etc., 

<  AS.  bedrip,  <  bedu,  prayer,  -I-  rip,  a  reaping : 
see  bead  and  reap.    Also  called  in  AS.  benrip, 

<  ben,  prayer,  -I-  rip.]  Boon-work  at  harvest- 
time  :  a  service  which  some  tenants  had  to  per- 
form at  the  bidding  or  request  of  their  lord. 

bed-ritet,  n.    See  bed-right. 

bed-rock  (bed'rok),m.  '[ibed^  +  rock.]  1.  In 
mining,  the  older  crystalline  and  slaty  rocks 
which  underlie  the  unconsolidated  gravelly  and 
volcanic  beds  of  Tertiary  and  Post-tertiary 
ages,  along  the  flanks  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Tlie  term  is  beginning  to  be  used  elsewhere  to  designate 
solid  rock  lying  under  loose  detrital  masses,  such  as  sand 
and  gravel. 

Hence — 2.  That  which  underlies  anything  else, 
as  a  foundation ;  bottom  layer ;  lowest  stratum. 

Everywhere  life  and  energy,  working  on  a  gigantic  scale, 
have  plowed  furrows  into  the  institutional  bed  rock  of 
Western  Society. 

C.  II.  Shinn,  Land  Laws  of  Mining  Districts,  p.  44. 

bedroom  (bed'rom),  n.  1.  Room  in  a  bed; 
sleeping-room  in  bed.  [In  this  sense  properly 
with  a  hyphen.] 

Then  by  your  side  no  bed-room  me  deny. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  3. 

2.  A  room  or  apartment  containing  or  intended 
to  contain  a  bed ;  a  sleeping-apartment, 
bedrop  (be-drop'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bedropped 
(sometimes  bedropt),  ppr.  bedropping.  [<  ME. 
bedroppen ;  <  6e-i  -1-  drop.]  1.  To  drop  upon; 
fall  upon  in  drops. 

As  men  sene  the  dew  bedroppe 
The  leves  and  the  flowers  eke. 

Oower,  Conf.  Aniant.,  iii.  254. 

2.  To  cover,  strew,  or  sprinkle  with  drops,  or 
as  if -with  drops ;  bespatter;  bespangle. 
The  yellow  carp,  in  scales  bedropp'd  with  gold. 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  144. 
Rueful  cheek, 

Pale  and  bedropped  with  ever-flowing  tears. 

Wordsworth,  Prelude,  ix. 

bed-sacking  (bed'sak*ing),  n.  Canvas  designed 
to  be  stretched  on  the  framework  of  a  bed- 
stead to  support  the  mattresses  and  bedclothes. 

bed-Scre'W  (bed'skro),  n.  1.  A  bed-key  or  bed- 
wrench. —  2.  Same  as  barrel-screw. 

bedside  (bed'sid),  «.  [<  ME.  bedsyde,  orig. 
beddes  side,  i.  e.,  bed's  side.]  The  side  of  a 
bed;  position  by  a  bed:  usually  with  reference 
to  attendance  on  one  confined  to  bed:  as,  she 
watched  by  his  bedside  till  dawn. 

bedsistert  (bed'sis-'ter),  n.  [<  ME.  bedsuster 
(Robert  of  Gloucester),  <  bed^  +  suster,  sister.] 
A  concubine. 

It  is  not  much  to  be  wondered  at  that  we  lost  bed-sister 
for  concubine.  F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  165,  note. 

bed-sore  (bed'sor),  n.  A  very  troublesome  kind 
of  ulcer,  liable  to  appear  on  patients  long  con- 
fined in  bed  and  either  unable  or  not  allowed 


bed-sore 


501 


to  change  their  position.    Bed-sores  occur  at  the  bedung  (be-dung'),  v.  t.    [<        +  (Zmwo.I  To 

parts  pressed  by  the  weight  of  the  body,  chiefly  over  tlie  cover  or  befoul  with  dima- 

sacrum  and  trochanters,  and  on  the  elbows  and  heels.  ^^^^^       u«j.oui  wnn  aung, 
Also  called  decubitus. 

bedspread  (bed'spred),  n.  The  uppermost  quilt 

or  covering  of  a  bed,  generally  ornamental, 
bed-spring  (bed'spring),  n.    A  spring,  usually 

of  spiral  form,  used  in  making  spring-beds, 
bedstaflft  (bed'staf ),  n.  A  stafif  or  stick  foi-mer- 


Beclunged  with  calumny  and  filth. 

T.  Fuller,  Mod.  of  Churcli  of  Eng.,  p.  485. 

bedusk  (be-dusk'),  V.  t.    [<  6e-i  4-  dusk.^  To 

smutch.  Cotgrave. 
bedust  (be-dusf),  v.  t.    [<  6e-i  +  dusf]  To 
sprinkle,  soil,  or  cover  with  dust, 
ly  used  in  some  way  about  a  bed,  and  frequent-  bed- vein  (bed'van),  n.   A  teim  occasionally 

ly   serving    as    usedinj/eoL  and  (as  the  equivalent  of  the 

German  Lagergang)  to  denote  a  flat  mass  of  ore 
having  characters  intermediate  between  those 
of  a  vein  and  those  of  a  sedimentary  depo.sit. 
bedward  (bed'ward),  adv.    [<  6edl  +  -loard.'] 
Toward  bed. 

In  lieart 

As  merry  as  when  our  nuptial  day  was  done. 
And  tapers  burn'd  to  bedward.       Shale,  Cor.,  i.  6. 
Meantime  the  two  young  Glendinnings  were  each 
wrapped  up  in  his  own  reflections,  and  only  interrupted 
in  them  by  the  signal  to  move  bedward. 

Seott,  Monastery,  I.  xiv. 
bedwarf  (bf-dwarf),  v.  t.    [<        +  dwarf.'] 
To  make  little ;  stunt  or  hinder  the  growth  of, 


a  weapon,  m 
which  sense  the 
word  most  com- 
monly occurs. 
Specifically— (a)  A 
bed-slat.  (6)  The 
stick  or  stair  used 
to  spread  out  the 
bedclothes  in  malc- 
ing  a  bed  placed  in 
a  recess,  (c)  A  bar 
or  post  placed  at 
each  side  of  a  bed 
to  keep  the  bed- 
clothes from  falling 
ofi^.  (d)  One  of  th( 
rods  used  in  form 
ing  the  "  tent"  in 
old-fashioned  tent- 
beds. 

Now  do  I  feel  the  calf  of  my  right  leg 
Tingle,  and  dwindle  to  th'  smallness  of  a  bed-staff. 

T.  Tomkis  (?),  Albumazar,  ii.  3. 
He  gives  out 
He'll  take  a  Bedstaff,  or  an  holy  Wand 
And  baste  you  lustily  two  or  three  hours 
Before  you  go  to  Bed,  to  make  you  limber. 

Cartwright,  Love's  Convert,  iv.  1. 
His  [the  bewitched  boy's]  bed  cloathes  would  be  pulled 
from  him,  his  bed  shaken,  and  his  bed-staff  leap  forward 
and  backward.  C.  Mather,  Mag.  Christ.,  vi.  7. 


Bedstaff. — From  a  French  manuscript 
of  the  15th  century. 


f.h.  '^l^Z  t^Z  bedway  (bed'wa),  n.  A  line  of  indistinct  marks 
ot  stratification  or  pseudo-stratification  in  the 
granitic  rocks, 
bed-wind  (bed'wind),  n.    [Cf.  withwind.']  An 
English  name  for  Convolvulus  .septum. 
bedwork  (bed'werk),  n.    Work  done  in  bed,  or 
as  in  bed,  that  is,  without  toil.  [Eare.] 
Bedwork,  mappery,  closet-war.     Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  3. 
bed-wrench  (bed'rench),  «.    A  wrench,  some- 
times ha-vdng  sockets  of  different  sizes,  used  in 
setting  up  bedsteads  and  in  taking  them  apart : 
little  used  with  modern  bedsteads.  Also  called 
hed-key. 

In  her  hand  she  grasped  the  bed-staff,  a  weapon  of  bedve  Cbe-di")  v  t  r<  hp.l  +  tl^iP  ^  Tr>  • 
ickle  misht.  as  her  husband's  Wnndvnnv.f.nmh  Pn„i,i  ^"V  ^      v.  I.     \  \  oe-J-  -|-  aye.\     io  dye, 


mickle  might,  as  her  husband's  bloody  cox-comb  could 
now  weU  testify.  Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  266. 
[Used  in  the  colloquial  phrase  in  the  twinkling  of  a  bed- 
staff,  in  which,  when  tedsto/ became  obsolete,  bedpost  was 
substituted,  depriving  the  phrase  of  its  literal  force  in 
modern  use. 

I'll  do  it  instantly,  in  the  twinkling  of  a  bed-staff. 

Shadwell,  Virtuoso,  i.  1.] 

bedstead  (bed'sted),  «.  [<  ME.  hedstede  (=D. 
LG.  hedstede  =  MHG.  hettestat),  <  bed,  bed,  -f 
stede,  place,  stead.]  A  frame  or  framework, 
more  or  less  elaborate,  for  supporting  a  bed : 
most  commonly  made  of  wood,  but  now  often 
of  iron,  and  sometimes  of  brass. 

bed-steps  (bed'steps),  n.  jJl.  Steps  for  ascend- 
ing an  old-fashioned  high  bed. 

bedstock  (bed'stok),  n.  One  of  the  two  side- 
pieces  or  bars  of  a  bedstead  on  which  the  rungs 
or  slats  are  laid.  [Now  chiefly  used  in  Scot- 
land, the  north  of  England,  and  Ireland.] 

bedstone  (bed'ston),  n.  The  lower  or  station- 
ary millstone. 

bedstra-VV  (bed'stra),  n.  [<  ME.  heddestrawe, 
ledstre  {=  OHG.  bettistro,  G.  hettstroh),  bed- 
straw,  bed;  <  feerfi  +  straw.']  1.  Straw  used  in 
stuiiing  a  mattress  or  bed.  [In  this  literal  sense 
properly  with  a  hyphen.]  — 2.  (a)  A  popular 
name  of  the  different  species  of  the  genus  Ga- 
lium, from  the  old  practice  of  using  it  in  beds. 
Our  Lady's  or  yellow  hedstraw  is  G.  verum;  ivhite 
bedstraw  is  G.  Mollugo.  See  Galium,  (b)  A 
name  given  to  Desmodium  Aparines. 

bed-swervert  (bed'swer'''ver),  n.  One  who  is 
false  and  unfaithful  to  the  marriage-vow. 

She's 

A  bed-swerver,  even  as  bad  as  those 
That  vulgars  give  bold'st  titles. 

Shak.,W.  T.,  ii.  1. 

bed-thrallt  (bed'thral),  n.    [A  modification  of 

bedral^,  as  if  <  bed^  +  thrall.]  Same  as  bedral^. 
bedtick  (bed'tlk),  n.  A  case  of  strong  Unen 

or  cotton  cloth  for  containing  the  feathers  or 

other  materials  of  a  bed. 
bedticking  (bed '  tik  "  ing),  n.    The  material 

from  which  bedticks  are  made, 
bedtime  (bed'tlm),  «.    [<  ME.  bedtime  ;  <  bed^ 

+  time.]    The  time  to  go  to  rest;  the  usual 

hour  of  going  to  bed. 

bed-tool  (bed'tol),  n.  A  block  with  openings 
or  holes  corresponding  to  the  shape  of  a  die 
or  punch,  in  connection  with  which  it  is  used. 

bedub  (be-dub'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bedubbed, 
ppr.  bedubbing.  [<  6e-i  -t-  d«6l.]  If.  To  adorn. 
— 2.  To  designate;  dub. 

beduck  (be-duk'),  V.  t.  [<  &e-i  -I-  duck^.]  To 
duck  or  immerse  thoroughly ;  submerge. 

To  the  flood  he  came,  .  .  . 
And  deepe  him  selfe  beducked  in  the  same. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vi.  42. 

beduke  (bf-diik'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  beduked, 
ppr.  beduking.  [ <  6e-i  -I-  duke.]  To  make  a  duke 
of;  style  or  dub  with  the  title  of  duke.  Sxvift. 


beech 

mon  bee,  A.  melli/ica,  tliere  are  the  A.  famicata,  domeg-- 
ticated  in  Egypt;  the  A.  ligustica,  or  Ligurian  bee  of  Italy 
and  Greece,  introduced  generally  into  apiaries  in  other 
lands;  the  A.  uniailm  of  Madagascar;  the  A.  indica,  etc. 

2.  Any  aculeate  hymenopterous  insect  of  the 
division  Mellifcra  or  Anthophila,  comprising 
the  families  Ajndw  and  Andrenidee,  and  in- 
cluding, besides  the  hive-bees  of  the  genus 
Ajns,  the  mason-bees,  carpenter-bees,  bumlile- 
bees,  etc.  See  cuts  under  Anthophora,  car- 
penter-bee, and  Uymcnoptera. — 3.  An  assem- 
blage of  persons  who  meet  to  engage  in  united 
labor  for  the  benefit  of  an  individual  or  a  fam- 
ily, or  in  some  joint  amusement:  so  called 
from  the  combined  labor  of  the  bees  of  a  hive : 
as,  a  quilting-6ee,  a  husking-6ee,  a  spelling-6ee, 
etc.   [U.  S.] 

Now  were  instituted  "quilting  tecs,"  and  " husking  ()cc«," 
and  other  rural  assemblages,  where,  under  the  inspiring 
influence  of  the  fiddle,  toil  was  enlivened  by  gayety  and 
followed  up  Ijy  the  dance.  Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  40.5. 
To  have  a  bee  in  one's  bonnet,  to  be  a  little  crack- 
brained  or  crazy ;  be  flighty  or  full  of  whims  or  uneasy 
notions.  [Originally  .Scotch.)  Sometimes  used  specifically : 
as,  to  ham  the  presidential  bee  in  one's  bonnet,  to  clierish 
the  hope  of  becoming  President.  (U.  .S.)  — To  have  a 
bee  (or  bees)  in  one's  head,  (a)  To  be  choleric,  (b)  To  be 
restless  or  uneasy.  B.  Junson.    (c)  To  be  somewhat  crazy. 

She's  whiles  crack-brained  and  has  a  bee  in  her  head. 

Scott. 

bee2  (be),  n.  [Prop.  North.  E.  dial.,  for  reg.  E. 
*by  or  *bigh  (cf.  high,  nigh,  of  like  phonetic  re- 
lations), <  ME.  by,  bye,  bic,  beghe,  behg,  beg,  beh, 

<  AS.  bedh,  bedg  {=  OS.  bog,  hag  =  OHG.  bouc 
=  Icel.  baugr),  a  ring,  esp.  as  an  ornament, 

<  bugan  (pret.  bedh),  E.  boio,  bend;  cf.  bow'^,  a 
bend,  an  arch,  and  bail^,  a  hoop,  from  the 
same  source  :  see  bow^.]  If.  A  ring  of  metal, 
usually  an  ornament  for  the  arm  or  neck ;  a 
collar  or  brooch;  sometimes,  a  finger-ring. 

Bee  or  collar  of  gold  or  syluer,  torques.  Huloet. 

2.  Naui.,  a  ring  or  hoop  of  metal  through 
which  to  reeve  stays.    See  bee-block. 


stain 

Fieldes  with  Sarazin  blood  bedyde. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  xi.  7. 

beel  (be),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  be,  pi.  bees   

and  been,  <  ME.  bee,  pi.  been,  <  AS.  bed,  also  hi,  beebee  (be'be),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  <  Hind,  hibt, 
^^  r^T^  T...  X..  <Pers.,  orig.  Turk.,        a  lady,  a  lawful  wife.] 

1.  A  lady. —  2.  A  Hindu  mistress  or  concu- 
bine. [India.] 

The  society  of  the  station  does  interfere  in  such  cases ; 
and  though  it  does  not  mind  beebees  or  their  friends,  it 
rightly  taboos  him  who  entertains  their  rivals. 

W.  H.  Russell. 


pi.  beon,  =  OD.  hie,  D.  bij,  bije  =  LG.  higge  = 
OHG.  bia,  G.  dial,  heie  =  Icel.  by,  generally  in 
comp.  by-fly gi,  by-fluga  ('bee-fly'),  =  Sw.  Dan. 
hi;  also  with  added  -«,  OHG.  bina,  MHG.  bin, 
f.,  OB.G.  bini,  neut.,  MHG.  bine,  bin,  G.  biene, 

f.  (cf.  Lith.  bitis,  a  bee);  supposed  to  come,  „r  „ 

through  the  notions  'fear,  tremble,  quiver  .  „  -f^- 

buzz,  hum'  (cf.  bumblebee  and  droke),  from  oee-bird  (be  herd),  n.    The  small  spotted  fly- 

 ^  -7  -  ,     ^,  ,     .         —  .     - /'  catcher,  Muscicapa  gnsola,  a  European  bird 

of  the  family  Muscicapid(e :  so  called  because 
it  catches  bees.    [Local,  Eng.] 
bee-block  (be'blok),  «.  [<  bee'^  +  block.]  Naut., 
a  piece  of  hard  wood,  bolted  to  each  side  of  the 


Honey-bee  {Apis  melti- 
jfica.).  Queen. 


the  root  *hi  (=  Skt.  ^/  hhi,  OBulg.  bojati  = 
Russ.  hojati  =  Lith.  bijotl,  etc.),  fear,  which 
appears  redupl.  in  AS.  beofian  =  OS.  bibhon 
=  OHG.  bihen,  MHG.  biben,  G.  behen  =  Icel. 
hifa,  tremble.]  1.  An  insect  of  the  genus 
Apis;  a  hive-bee  or  honey-bee.  See  Apis^. 
The  common  honey-bee,  A.  riullifica,  has  from  the  ear- 
liest periods  been  kept  in  hives  for  its  wax  and  honey. 
It  IS  also  found  wild  in  great  numbers  (now  especially 
m  North  America,  where  the  bee  was  introduced  by  the 
European  colonists),  storing  honey  in  hollow  trees  or  in 
other  suitable  situations.  It  lives 
in  swarms  or  societies  of  from 
10,000  to  50,000  individuals.  These 
swarms  contain  three  classes  of 
bees — the  perfect  females  or 
queen  bees,  the  males  or  drones, 
and  the  imperfect  or  undeveloped 
females,  called  neuters,  constitut- 
ing the  working  bees.  In  each 
hive  or  swarm  there  is  only  one 
female  or  queen,  whose  sole  office 
is  to  propagate  the  species.  The 
queen  is  much  larger  than  the 
other  bees.  Wlien  she  dies,  a 
young  working  bee  three  days  old  is  selected,  its  cell  is 
enlarged  by  breaking  down  the  partitions,  its  food  is 
changed  to  royal  jelly  or  paste,  and  it  grows  into  a  queen. 
The  queen  lays  2,000  eggs  a  day.  The  drones  serve  merely 
fur  impregnating  the  queen,  after 
which  they  are  destroyed  by  the 
neuters.  These  last  are  the  laljorers 
of  the  hive.  They  collect  the  honey, 
form  the  cells,  and  feed  the  other 
bees  and  the  young.  They  are  fur- 
nished with  a  proboscis  by  which 
they  suck  the  honey  from  flowers, 
and  a  mouth  by  which  tliey  swallow 
it,  conveying  it  then  to  the  hive  in 
their  stomachs,  whence  they  dis- 
gorge it  into  the  cells.  The  pollen  of  flowers  settles  on  the 
hairs  with  which  their  body  is  covered,  whence  it  is  col- 
lected into  pellets  by  a  brush  on  their  second  pair  of 
legs,  and  deposited  in  a  hollow  in  the  third  pair.  It  is 
called  bee-bread,  and  is  the  food 
of  the  larv<e  or  young.  The 
adult  bees  feed  on  honey.  The 
wax  was  at  one  time  supposed 
to  be  formed  from  pollen  by  a 
digestive  process,  but  it  is  now 
ascertained  that  it  is  formed 
by  secretion  from  the  honey. 
The  females  and  neuters  have 
a  barbed  sting  attached  to  a 
bag  of  poison,  which  flows  into 

the  wound  inflicted  by  the  stin„    ^„ 

overstocked  a  new  colony  is  seiit  out  under  tlie  directioii 
of  a  queen  bee.  This  is  called  swarming.  Besides  the  com- 


V 

stays. 


Bowsprit  Bee-blocks, 
bee-blocks ;  6,  b,  foretopraast- 


Neuter,  or  Worker. 


When  a  hive  becomes 


bowsprit,  through 
which  the  fore- 
topmast-stays  are 
rove. 

bee -bread  (be'- 
bred),  n.  [Not 
found  in  ME. ;  AS. 
hed-hredd,  bibredd 
=  MHG.  hie  brot, 
G.  bienen-brot=  " 
Sw.  bibrdt,  orig.  (in 
AS.)  the  honey- 
comb with  the 
honey,  <  bed,  bee, 
+  bread  J  bread.] 
1.  A  variously  col- 
ored substance, the 
pollen  of  flowers, 
collected  by  bees  as  food  for  their  young.  See 
fteei. —  2.  A  plant  much  -vdsited  by  bees  or  cul- 
tivated for  their  use,  as  red  clover,  Trifolium 
pratense,  or  borage,  Borago  officinalis. 
beechljbech),  n.  [<  ME.  beche,  <  AS.  bece,  ear- 
lier hwce,  by  umlaut  for  *b6ce  (=  OLG.  boke, 
boke,  LG.  haike),  a  deriv.  of  hoc  (>  mod.  E.  buck 
in  comp.  huckmast  and  buckwheat)  —  OD.  boeke, 
D.  beuk  =  Flem.  boek  =  OHG.  Icel.  bok  =  Sw. 
6o7.-  =  Dan.  60(7=  OHG.  buohha,  iIHG.  buoche, 
G.  buche  (>  OBulg.  bukui,  bukuve,  Bulg.  buk, 
Serv.  bukva,  Pol.  Bohem.  buk,  Russ.  bukii, 
Lith.  buka,  Hung,  hiik,  bik.  beech)  =  Goth. 
*b6ka  (not  recorded),  beech,  =  L.  fdgus  (see 
Fagus),  "beech,  =  Gt.  <l>Tr/6^,  (pHyoc;,  an  esculent 
oak,  perhaps  orig.  a  tree  with  esculent  fruit, 
from  the  root  seen  in  Gr.  (paydv,  eat,  Skt. 
■v/  hhaj,  share.  For  the  connection  with  book, 
see  hook.]    A  tree  of  the  genus  Fagus,  natural 

order  Cnpulifene.  The  common  or  European  beech, 
F.  si/lvatica,  grows  to  a  liirge  size,  with  branches  forming 
a  beautiful  head  with  thick  foliage.  The  liark  is  snuioth 
and  of  a  silvery  cast.  The  nuts  or  mast  are  eaten  by 
swine,  poultry,  oxen,  and  other  animals,  and  yield  a  good, 
oil  for  lamps.  The  timber  is  not  much  used  in  building, 
as  it  soon  rots  in  damp  places,  but  it  is  used  for  piles  ia 


beech 

places  where  it  is  constantly  wet.  It  is  nianufactmed 
into  a  great  variety  of  tools,  for  which  it  is  tlttcil  on  ac- 
count of  its  great  liardncss,  toughness,  and  close,  uniform 
textui'e,  and  is  also  used  to  some  extent  in  making  fur- 
niture, taking  a  beautiful  jiolish  and  varying  much  in 
color.  Several  ornamental  \  arieties  are  frequently  seen, 
as  the  red  beech  and  copjier  lieecli  witli  colored  leaves, 
and  the  fern-leafed  beech  with  divided  leaves.  The  Ameri- 
can beech,  F./eri  tipinea,  is  a  very  similar  tree,  sometimes 
100  feet  in  heiglit  and  'A  or  4  feet  in  diameter.— Austra- 
lian beech,  Tn-tona  atist rails,  a  species  of  teak.  —  Beech- 
Cherry.  See  chemj. — Blue  beech.  Same  as  irtttcr-ticn-li. 
—  Seaside  beech,  of  tlie  West  In<lies,  JixosteinniaCarib- 
ba-uiii.  a  tree  lielonging  to  tlie  natural  order  Jitibiaceai.  It 
is  allied  to  cinchona,  and  its  liark  is  used  as  a  febrifuge. 

beech-t,  «.    Obsolete  spelliug  of  beach. 
beech-coal  (bech'kol),  n.  Charcoal  from  beech- 
wood. 

beech-drops  (bech'drops),  v.  A  low  annual 
plant,  Epiphegus  Tirginiana,  without  gi-een  foli- 
age, parasitic  upon  the  roots  of  the  beech  in 

the  United  States,  it  belongs  to  the  natural  order 
Orobancliacece.  Albanij  befch-drops,  or  pine-drops,  Ptero- 
spora  andi-oinedea,  and  false  beech-drops,  or  pine-sap, 
Nonotrupa  Ilypopitys,  are"  similar  parasitic  plants  of  the 
natural  order  Ericaceoe. 

beechen  (be'chen),  a.  [<  ME.  hecJien,  <  AS. 
hecen  {—  D.  hctifceii  =  OHG.  buocMn,  MHG.  G. 
huchen  —  L.  fdgiiius  =  Gr.  (pr/yivoc;),  <  boc,  beech, 
+  -ch:  see  icecIA  and -e».]  1.  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  derived  from  the  beech:  as,  beechen 
boughs ;  beechen  shade. 

His  aged  head,  crowned  with  beechen  wreath, 

Seemed  like  a  poU  of  ivy  in  the  teeth 

Of  winter  hoar.  Keats. 

2.  Made  of  the  wood  of  the  beech :  as,  beechen 
vessels. 

A  beechen  bowl, 
A  maple  dish,  my  furniture  should  be  ; 
Crisp,  yellow  leaves  niy  bed. 

^yurdsu'^^rlh,  Eccles.  Sonnets,  i.  22. 

beech-fern  (bech'fern),  «.  A  fern  belonging 
to  the  gentis  Phegopteris  (which  see). 

beech-finch  (beeh'tLneh),  w.  The  chaffinch, 
Fringilla  cwlebs.  Macgillivray. 

beech-fungus  (bech'fung"gus),  n.  An  edible 
fungus,  Cyttaria  Banoinii,  allied  to  the  morel. 
It  is  abundant  in  Terra  del  Fuego  upon  the  branches  of 
evergreen  beeches,  and  is  at  times  the  principal  food  of 
the  natives. 

beech-gall  (beeh'gal),  n.  A  gall  or  excrescence 
formed  on  the  beech  by  insects. 

beech-hopper  (beeh'hop*er),  n.  A  coleopter- 
ous insect,  Orchcstes  fagi,  family  Curculionidce, 
or  weevils,  injurious  to  beech-trees,  between 
the  two  surfaces  of  the  leaves  of  which  they 
lay  their  eggs. 

beech-marten  (bech'mar"ten),  n.  Mustela foina, 
one  of  two  species  or  varieties  of  the  European 
marten,  usually  distinguished  from  the  common 
pine-marten,  M.  martes,  by  the  white  throat 
and  some  other  external  features,  as  well  as  by 
some  differences  in  habits.  Also  called  stone- 
marten. 

beech-mast  (bech'mast),  n.  [<  heech^  +  mast^; 
buck-mast.~\  The  mast  or  nuts  of  the  beech- 
tree,  from  which  an  oil  is  obtained.  Tlie  cake 
which  remains  after  the  oil  has  been  expressed  is  a  good 
fattening  food  for  oxen,  swine,  and  poultry,  but  is  inju- 
rious to  liorses.    S6e  beech-oil. 

beechnut  (beeh'nut),  n.  One  of  the  nuts  or 
fruits  of  the  beech.  The  nuts  are  triangular, 
and  inclosed  in  a  spiny  capsule  or  husk. 

beech-oil  (bech'oil),  n.  A  bland  fixed  oil  ex- 
pressed from  the  mast  or  nuts  of  the  beech- 
tree.  It  is  used  in  Picardy  and  in  other  parts  of  France 
instead  of  butter ;  but  it  is  said  to  occasion  heaviness  and 
I)ains  in  the  stomach. 

beech-owl  (bech'owl),  n.    A  name  of  the  tawny 

owl  or  wood-owl  of  Europe,  Si/rnhim  nJvm. 
beech-wheatt 

(bech'hwet),  n. 
Same  as  6mcA- 
icheat. 

beechy  (be'chi), 

a.    [<  beech^  4- 

-2/1.]  Of,  per- 
taining   to,  or 

abounding  in 

beeches:  as,  "a 

beechy  garland," 

Fletcher,  Purple 

Island,  vi. 
bee-culture 

(be'kul'''ttir),  n. 

The  rearing  of 

bees  in  a  state 

of  domestica- 
tion; apiculture. 

bee-eater  (be'- 

e"ter),  n.  That 
which  eats  bees, 
as  a  bird;  an 

apiaster,   specifl-     European  Bee-eater  {Merops  apiaster). 


502 


beehive 


cally— (n)  Ihe  European  Merops  apmster.    {h)  pi  The  bee-flower  (be'flou"6r),  71.    Same  as  bec-orchis. 

birds  of  the  family  jV('™;()m?op,  of  which  there  are  several  Vipp.flv  fhp'fli^    n     A  diT^tRrmis  itisApf  Phmwi 

genera  and  numerous  species,  chiefly  African.  SeeMerops,  »ee  ny  (,oe  m;,  w.  A  dipterous  msecl,  7 /fO>a 
Mervjiidti'.              t-      >                             ^>    ?»c>'«i'srt?«,  which  IS  a  formidable  pest  of  thebee- 

beef  (bef),  «.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  becfe,  beafe,  bive,  formerly  considered  capable  of  producing 

bicfe,  etc.,  <  ME.  beef,  befe,  beof,  bouf,  boef,  <  OF.  tbe  disease  called  foul-brood.    See  Fhoridw. 

boef,  buef,  bociif=FT.  bov  =}ip.buey  =  Fg.  boi  beef-measle  (bef'me'zl),  w.  Themeasleof  beef ; 
r=  It.  bove  (cf.  Sw.  biff,  Dan.  bof,  beef,  from  E. ;    the  hydatid  or  scoleciforra  stage  of  the  unarmed 

and  see  beefsteak),  <"L.  bovem,  acc.  of  bos  (see  tapeworm  of  the  ox,  Tccnia  mediocanellata. 

Bos  and  bovine),  =  Gr.  ftov^,  an  ox,  =  Ir.  and  beefsteak  (bef'stak'),  «.  [<  beef  +  steak. 
Gael,  bo,  a  cow,  -  W.  bmo  =  Skt.  qo,  a  cow,  Adopted  m  other  languages,  D.  biejstuh  (assim- 
=  AS.  cn,  E.  coici:  see  ooh-i,  which  is  thus  ilated  to  s<hA-,  piece),  G.  beefsteak,'Dan.bofsteg, 
ult.  identical  with  beef]  1.  An  animal  of  the  ^w.  biffstck,  F.  biftcck,  Sp.  (Cuban)  bifteq,  It. 
bovine  genus,  whether  ox,  bull,  or  cow,  in  the    Uftecco,  Euss.  bijsteksu^  etc.]    A  steak  or  slice 


full-grown  state,  [in  this,  which  is  the  original  sense, 
the  word  has  a  plural,  beeves,  formerly  sometimes  beefs. 
The  singular  is  nearly  obsolete.] 

These  are  the  beasts  which  ye  shall  eat :  the  beef,  the 
sheei),  and  the  goat.  Deut.  xiv.  4  (ed.  1578). 

A  pound  of  man's  flesh,  taken  from  a  man. 
Is  not  so  estimable,  profitable  neither, 
As  flesh  of  muttons,  beefs,  or  goats. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  3. 
A  herd  of  beeves,  fair  oxen,  and  fair  kine. 

Milton,  r.  L.,  xi.  647. 

2.  The  flesh  of  an  ox,  bull,  or  cow  when  killed.  ,     _  -     .        ,        ,  x 
[In  this  sense  the  word  has  no  plural.]— 3.  A  beefsuet-tree  (bef  su  et-tre) 
name  given  by  quarrymen  to  certain  beds  of  .  berry,  Shepherdia  argentea 
fibrous  carbonate  of  lime  occurring  in  England 
in  the  middle  division  of  the  Purbeck  series, 
the  highest  part  of  the  Jurassic. — 4.  Brawn; 
muscularity;  weight  and  strength  combined: 
as,  the  crew  is  lacking  in  beef.   [Colloq.]— Ala- 
mode  beef.  See      mode. — Baron  Of  beef.  Heebaron. 
—  Collared  beef,  beef  rolled,  boned,  slightly  salted  or 
corned,  and  seasoned  with  herbs  and  spices. — Hung  beef, 
beef  cured  by  being  liung  up  to  dry ;  dried  beef. — Jerked 
beef.   See  jerk. 


of  beef,  cut  from  the  hind  quarter,  suitable  for 
broiling  or  frying. 

beefsteak-fungus  (bef 'stak'fung'-'gus),  n.  An 
edible  hymenomycetous  fungus,  Fistulina  he- 
patica,  belonging  to  the  family  Polyporei.  it 
sometimes  attains  a  large  size,  and  is  thought  to  resemble 
beefsteak  somewhat  in  appearance. 

beefsteak-plant  (bef 'stak'plant),  n.  1.  A  spe- 
cies of  Saxifraga,  S.  sarmentosa,  with  fleshy 
purplish  leaves. — 2.  A  name  applied  to  species 
of  Begonia. 

'  "  n.    The  buffalo- 


beef-tea  (bef'te'),  w.  An  aqueous  extract  of 
beef  obtained  by  soaking  and  heating  chopped 
beef  in  water,  straining  it,  and  seasoning  to 
taste.  It  contains  salts  and  extractives,  a  little  gelatin, 
and  fat.  It  is  useful  as  a  stimulant,  and  forms  an  appro- 
priate introduction  to  a  meal. 

beef-witted  (bef 'wifed),  a.   Having  the  wit  of 
an  ox;  dull  in  intellect;  heavy-headed;  stupid. 
Thou  mongrel,  beef-witted  lord  1    Shak.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  1. 


beef-brainedt  (bef 'brand),  o.  Having  the  brain  beefwood  (bef 'wild),  n.    [<  beef  (in  allusion  to 


or  wit  of  an  ox;  beef-witted:  as,  "the  most 
heef-braiiicd  sensualist,"  Turnicrs,  Cure  of  Mis- 
prision, p.  29  (Ord  MS.). 

beef-cattle  (bef 'kat"l),  n.  pi.  Bovine  animals 
adapted  or  intended  for  conversion  into  beef ; 
bo\'iiie  animals  for  slaughter. 

beef-eater  (bef'e"ter),  n.  [<  beef  -t-  cater.  In 
sense  2,  merely  a  particular  use  of  the  same 
word;  cf.  AS.  hlaf-wta,  a  domestic  servant,  lit. 


its  grain  and  color)  +  loood.']  1.  The  timber  of 
some  species  of  Australian  trees  belonging  to 
the  genus  Casuarina  (which  see),  it  is  of  a  red- 
dish color,  hard  and  close-gi'ained,  witli  dark  and  whitish 
streaks.  It  is  used  chiefly  for  fine  ornamental  work. 
2.  In  the  West  Indies,  a  name  given  to  Fisonia 
obtusata,  with  soft  coarse-grained  wood — Red 

beefwood,  of  Janmira,  Ardisia  conacea,  a,  myrsinaceous 
shrub.— White  beefwood,  Schoepjia  chrysophylloides, 
natural  order  Olae ' 


'loaf-eater,'  contrasting  with  hlaford,  master,  beefy  (bef'i),  a.  [<  beef  +  -y^.]  1.  Ox-like; 
lit.  'loaf -keeper.'    Servants  are  often  thought    hence,  fleshy;  obese;  solid. 


of  as  eaters ;  Ben  Jonson  uses  eaters  in  the 
sense  of  'servants'  ("Epicoene,"  iii.  2).  The 
oft-quoted  etymology  from  a  supj^osed  *buffc- 
tier,  <  buffet,  a  sideboard,  is  mere  fiction.]  1. 
One  who  eats  beef ;  hence,  a  well-fed  fellow ; 
a  stout  fleshy  man. —  2.  One  of  the  yeomen  of 


He  [Carlyle]  was  at  dinner  when  a  beefy  Tory  was  de- 
claiming to  this  effect.  The  American,  VIII.  390. 

2.  Brawny;  muscular;  hardy.  [Colloq.] 
bee-garden  (be'gar"dn),  n.   A  garden  or  inclo- 
sure  to  set  beehives  in;  an  apiary.  Morti- 

the  English  royal  guard  who,  since ^the  acees-  beegerite  (be '  ger-it),  n.  [After  H.  Beeger  of 
sion  of  Henry  VII  m  1485,  have  attended  the  Colorado.]    A  sulphid  of  bismuth  and 

sovereign  at  state  banquets  and  on  other  lead  occurring  in  dark-gray  masses  with  bril- 
ceremonial  occasions.  The  name  is  also  given  ^^^^^  metallic  luster,  rarely  crystallized,  found 
to  the  warders  of  the  Tower  of  London,  who    -^^  Colorado 

wear  a  similar  uniform.  [In  this  sense  com-  i,ee.glue  (b'e'glo),  n.  A  resinous  substance 
monly  without  a  hyphen.  ]  ^j^^      -^j^  y^^^^  cement  the  combs  to  the  hives 

Charles  had  begun  to  form  a  small  stamhng  army     He       ^    j  ^-^  propolis. 

felt  that  without  some  better  protection  than  that  of  the  ^'""^   j.i,„„„ -tt^;+«;i 

train-l)ands  and  beef-eaters  his  palace  and  person  would  bee-gUm  (be  gum),  W.  In  the  southern  United 
scarcely  be  secure  in  the  vicinity  of  a  great  city  swarming     States,  a  hoUowed  section  of  a  gum-tree  used 


with  warlike  Fifth  Monarchy  men  who  had  been  just  dis- 
banded. Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

3.  An  African  insessorial  bird,  of  the  genus  Bu- 
})haga,  which  feeds  on  the  larvae  that  infest  the 
hides  of  oxen,  it  is  a  mere  book-name,  translating  Bii- 
phaya  ;  the  more  frequent  term  is  oxpecker.  See  Buphaya. 

4.  Same  as  bluebottle,  2. 

bee-feed  (be'fed),  n.    A  name  given  in  Cali-  beeheadt  (be'hed),  n. 
fornia  to  an  abundant  free-flowering  species  of  son. 

Eriogonum,  E.  fasciculatum,  much  visited  by  beeheaded  (be'hed''''ed),  a. 
bees.  Crazy;  flighty. 

bee-feeder  (be'fe"der),  n.  An  arrangement  bee-herd  (be'herd),  n.  A  person  who  takes 
used  for  feeding  bees  in  bad  weather  or  very    care  of  bees ;  a  bee-keeper.    Fhin,  Diet.  Api- 


as  a  beehive, 
bee-hawk  (be'hak),  n.    A  name  of  the  honey- 
buzzard  of  Europe,  Fernis  apivorus :  so  called 
because  it  preys  upon  bees,  wasps,  and  other 

insects  Bee-hawk  moth,  a  name  of  various  lepidop- 

terous  insects  of  the  families  Sphingidce  and  Sesiidce,  and 
especially  of  the  genera  Macroglossa  and  Sesia. 

A  crazy  or  flighty  per- 

[=Sc.  bee-headit.'] 


long  winters. 

beefen  (bef 'en),  n.    A  form  of  biffin. 

beef-herd  (bef 'herd),  n.  A  drove  of  cattle  in- 
tended for  slaughter.    [Western  U.  S.] 

Following  the  dusty  trails  made  by  the  beef-herds  that 
liad  been  driven  toward  one  of  the  Montana  shipping 
towns.  T.  Roosevelt,  Hunting  Trips,  p.  132. 

beefiness  (bef 'i-nes),  M.    1.  Beef y  quality. — 2, 

Brawniness  ;  muscularity  ;  hardiness. 

beefingi  (bef 'ing),  n.  [<  beef  ■¥  -ing'^.']  A  bul- 
lock lit  for  slaughter.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

beefing^  (bef'ing),  n.  The  original  but  later 
recorded  and  less  usual  form  of  biffin.  [Eng.] 

beefish  (bef'ish),  a.  1.  Stupid;  thick-headed; 
having  the  brain  or  sense  of  an  ox. —  2.  Obese ; 
solid;  beefy. 

This  degeneracy  has  turned  him  into  that  "beefish,  por- 
terish,"  bellowing  sort  of  a  John  Bull,  hardly  endured  by 
his  own  kind.  Andover  Rev.,  VII.  32. 

beef-kid  (bef 'kid),  n.  A  mess  utensil  used  by 
the  crew  of  a  merchant  ship  for  holding  cooked 
beef. 


culture,  p.  13. 
beehive  (be'Mv),  n.  [<  ME.beehyve ;  <  bee\  + 
hive.']  1 .  A  case  or  box  serving  as  a  habitation 
for  bees.  See  hive. —  2.  The  common  name  of 
a  species  of  medic,  Medicago  scutcllata,  from 
the  shape  of  its  spirally  coiled  pod — Beehive 
house,  the  popular  name  of  a  class  of  very  ancient  coni- 


Beeliive  Houses  at  Caliernarnacturech,  County  Kerry,  Ireland. 


♦ 


beehive 

cal  buildings  in  Ireland,  of  small  size,  formed  of  long 
stones,  so  laid,  on  a  circular  plan,  tliat  each  course  is  over- 
lapped by  that  resting  upon  it.  No  cement  is  used,  and 
tlie  stones  remain  for  tlie  most  part  in  their  natural 
state.  These  houses  occur  alone  or  in  clusters,  often  be- 
side oratories,  in  whicli  case  it  is  believed  that  they  served 
as  dwellings  of  priests,  or,  when  in  groups,  sometimes  en- 
circled by  a  stone  wall,  for  defense.  Occasionally  they 
i  contain  more  than  one  apartment.    Houses  of  this  kind 

occur  also  in  the  Western  Isles  of  Scotland ;  and  the 
"Picts'  houses"  on  the  east  coast,  though  differing  in  be- 
ing under  ground,  resemble  tliem  in  their  mode  of  con- 
struction. They  are  referred  to  a  period  between  tlie 
seventh  and  twelftli  centuries.— Beehive  oven,  a  low, 
syuare  furnace  witli  a  dome-shaped  top.  It  has  an  open- 
ing at  the  top  for  the  escape  of  gases,  and  a  door  in  the 
side  tlirough  wliich  to  admit  air,  to  charge  with  coal,  and 
to  discliarge  tlie  coke.    Science,  III.  358. 

beehouse  (be'hous),  «.    A  house  or  repository 

for  bees ;  an  apiary.  Goldsmith. 
beekt  (bek),  v.    [E.  dial.  (North.)  and  Sc.,  also 

written  beak,  beiJc,  beke,  <  ME.  beken,  warm  one's 

self,  perhaps  akin  to  6aA;e.  Cf.  6«sfei.]  1,  trans. 

To  warm ;  bask. 

Go  home  now,  and  .  .  .  beek  thy  pampered  limbs  at  the 
flre.  Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  II.  9. 

II.  intrans.  To  bask;  aprieate.  [Scotch, 
colloq.] 

bee-killer  (be'kil*er),  n.  A  kind  of  robber-fly, 
Irupanea  apivora,  a  dipterous  insect  of  the 
family  Asilidce,  which  attacks  honey-bees  on 
the  wing  and  kills  them. 

bee-king  (be'king),  n.  A  kind  of  di'ongo-shrike, 
Dissemurus  paradisens,  with  deeply  forked  tail. 
-Also  called  Indian  bee-king. 

beeldf  (beld),  n.  and  v.    See  bield. 

beelei  (bel),  «.  [Prob.  a  form  of  bill,  a  mat- 
tock (cf.  E.  dial,  beat,  the  bill  of  a  bird) :  see 
bill^.1  A  kind  of  pickax  used  by  miners  for 
separating  the  ores  from  the  rocks  in  which 
they  lie. 

beele^t,  n.  [Perhaps  a  var.  of  bilP  in  sense  of 
billet\  q.  v.]    A  cross-bar;  a  yoke.    N.  E.  D. 

bee-line  (be'lin),  n.  The  most  direct  or  straight 
way  from  one  point  to  another,  as  that  of  bees 
in  returning  loaded  with  honey  to  theii-  hives. 

Our  footmarks,  seen  afterward,  showed  that  we  had 
■steered  a  bee-line  for  the  brig. 

Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  I.  198. 

bee-louse  (be'lous),  n.  A  pupiparous  dipterous 
insect,  of  the  family  Braulidm,  parasitic  upon 
bees.  Braula  caca  is  a  parasite  of  the  Italian 
bee,  Apis  Ugustica. 

Beelzebub  (be-el'zf-bub),  n.  [Formerly  also, 
and  still  in  popular  speech,  Belzebub,  ME.  Bel- 
sebub,  <  L.  Beelzebub,  <  Gr.  BEEXl^ejiohp,  <  Heb. 
Ba'al-zebTib,  a  god  of  the  Philistines,  the  avert- 
■er  of  insects,  <  ba'al,  lord,  -f-  zebUb,  z'bub,  a 
fly ;  cf.  Ar.  dliubdb,  >  Pers.  zubdb,  a  fly.  See 
Beelzebul  and  Baal.'\  1.  A  god  of  the  Philis- 
tines, who  had  a  famous  temple  at  Ekron.  He 
was  worshiped  as  the  destroyer  of  flies. — 2.  A 
name  of  the  Mycetes  ursinus,  a  howling  monkey 
of  South  America.    See  cut  under  howler. 

Beelzebul  (be-el'ze-bul),  n.  [<  L.  Beelzebul,  < 
Gr.'BeeAff/JowA,  <  Heb.  Ba'al-zebUl,  a  name  given 
by  the  Jews  to  the  prince  of  demons;  com- 
monly explained  as  either  '  lord  of  the  (heaven- 
ly) dwelling,'  or  'lord  of  dung'  (Heb.  zebel 
=  Ar.  zibl,  dung),  but  prob.  a  mere  variant  of 
Ba'al-zebub,  Beelzebub,  the  name  of  the  Philis- 
tine god,  which  came  to  be  applied  to  the  prince 
of  demons.  The  best  Gr.  manuscripts  have 
BecX^cfSovX  in  the  Gospels.  See  Beelzebub.}  A 
name  given  by  the  Jews  to  the  prince  of  demons, 
being  an  opprobrious  alteration  of  the  name 
Beelzebub. 

beemt,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  beam. 

bee-martin  (b^'mar'tin),  ?«.  A  common  name 
in  the  United  States  of  the  king-bird,  Tyrannus 
carolinensis.    See  cut  under  king-bird. 

bee-master  (be'mas"ter),  n.  One  who  keeps 
bees. 

bee  molt  (be  mol),  n.  [For  B  mol,  ML.  B  molle, 
that  is,  'B  soft' :  opposed  to  B  durum,  'B  hard.' 
See  moll.~\    Same  as  bemol. 

bee-moth  (be'moth),  n.  A  pyralid  moth  of  the 
genus  Galeria,  G.  cereana  (Fabricius).  it  lays 
its  eggs  in  beehives,  and  the  larvse  when  hatched  feed 
upon  the  wax.  Also  called  wax-moth  (whence  its  specific 
name).   See  cut  in  next  column. 

been!  (ben  or  bin).  Past  participle,  and  ob- 
solete present  plural  and  infinitive,  of  &ei. 

been^t,  n.    Obsolete  plui-alof  fteei. 

been^,  a.    See  bein. 

been^  (ben),  n.  [Hind,  bin,  a  lute,  guitar,  fid- 
dle.] A  fretted  stringed  instrument  of  music 
of  the  guitar  kind,  having  nineteen  frets,  used 
in  India. 

bee-nettle  (be'nef'l),  n.  A  species  of  hemp- 
nettle,  Galeopsis  versicolor.    See  Galeopsis. 


503 


Bee-moth  {.Cateria  f^r^awa),  natural  size. 
a,  larva :  b,  cocoon ;  c,  pupa  :  d,  moth  with  wings  spread  ;  e,  moth 
with  wings  closed. 

beent  (be'ent),  a.    [A  forced  translation  by  J. 

H.  Stirling  of  G.  seiend.']  In  metaph.,  having 
being  as  opposed  to  existence.  [Rare.] 

If  the  Eleatics  persist  in  the  dilemma,  the  world  is 
either  beint  or  non-beeiit,  Heraclitus  answers.  It  is  neither 
of  them,  because  it  is  both  of  them. 

J.  H.  Stirling,  tr.  of  Schwegler's  Hist.  Philos.,  p.  20. 

bee-orchis  (be'6r*kis),  n.  A  European  orchid, 
Ophrys  apifera,  with  a  bee-like  flower.  Also 
called  bee-flower  and  gnat-flower.  See  Ophrys. 
bee-parasite  (be'par''a-sit),  «.  1.  A  stylops; 
an  insect  of  the  order  Sti-epsiptera,  the  species 
of  which  are  parasitic  upon  bees.  Bees  so  in- 
fested are  said  to  be  stylopized.  See  Styloids. — 
2.  Some  other  insect  parasitic  upon  bees,  as  a 
bee-louse  or  bee-wolf, 
beerl  (ber),  n.  [<  ME.  bere,  ber,  <  AS.  bear  = 
OFries.  biar,  bier  =  D.  bier  -  LG.  ber,  beer  -  - 
OHG.  bior,  MHG.  G.  bier  (>  It.  birra  =  F.  bierc)  • 
cf.  leel.  bjorr,  Ir.  Gael,  beoir,  from  AS.  or  E. 
(the  Scand.  word  is  that  cognate  with  E.  ale). 
Origin  uncertain ;  some  assume  a  loss  of  r  from 
orig.  *bredr,  <  AS.  breowan,  etc.,  brew:  see  brew.'\ 

I.  An  alcoholic  liquor  made  from  any  farina- 
ceous grain,  but  generally  from  barley,  which 
is  first  malted  and  ground,  and  its  fermentable 
substance  extracted  by  hot  water.  To  this  extract 

or  infusion  hops  or  some  otlier  vegetable  product  of  an 
agreeable  bitterness  is  added,  and  it  is  thereupon  boiled 
for  some  time,  both  to  concentrate  it  and  to  extract  the 
useful  matters  from  the  hops.  The  liquor  is  then  suffered 
to  ferment  in  vats,  the  time  allowed  for  fermentation  de- 
pending upon  the  quality  and  kind  of  beer,  and  after  it 
has  become  clear  it  is  stored  away  or  sent  to  the  market. 
The  beers  of  England  and  France,  and  for  the  most  part 
tliose  of  Germany,  become  gradually  sour  by  exposure  to 
air.  Ale  and  beer  were  formerly  synonymous  terms,  ale 
being  the  earlier  in  use ;  at  present,  beer  is  the  common 
name  for  all  malt  liquors,  and  ale  is  used  specifically  for 
a  carefully  made  beer  of  a  certain  strength,  and  rather 
liglit  than  dark:  thus,  small  beer,  ginger  beer,  and  the 
like,  are  not  ale,  nor  are  stout  and  porter.  A  distinction 
drawn  by  Andrew  Boorde,  in  1542,  is  that  ale  is  made  of 
malt  and  water,  and  should  contain  no  otlier  ingredients, 
while  beer  is  made  of  malt,  hops,  and  water. 

2.  A  fermented  extract  of  the  roots  and  other 
parts  or  products  of  various  plants,  as  ginger, 
spruce,  molasses,  beet,  etc — Beer  process,  in 
photog.,  a  collodion  dry-plate  process  in  whicli  the  sensi- 
tized plate,  after  being  washed,  is  treated  with  an  infu- 
sion of  malt  or  beer.  Tlie  process  is  of  no  practical  value, 
and  is  disused.  — Beer  vinegar,  a  vinegar  prepared  from 
beerwort.— Bitter  beer.  See  aZe.— Black  beer,  a  kind 
of  beer  manufactured  at  Dantzic.  It  is  of  a  black  color 
and  a  syrupy  consistence.  Also  called  Dantzic  beer.— 
Broken  beer,  remnants  or  leavings  of  beer:  as,  "a  bum- 
bard  of  broken  beer,"  B.  Jojuon.- Condensed,  beer,  beer 
which  has  been  reduced  in  a  copper  vacuum-pan  to  one 
eighteenth  its  bulk  in  solids,  added  to  an  equal  quantity 
of  alcohol.— Dantzic  beer.  Same  as  black  beer.— Green 
beer,  beer  which  is  just  made.— Lager-beer,  or  stock- 
beer,  a  light  German  beer  so  called  because  it  is  stored  for 
ripening  before  being  used.  It  is  extensively  manufactui-ed 
in  tlie  United  States.— Schenk,  young,  or  winter  beer, 

a  German  beer  brewed  for  immediate  use.  (See  lager-beer.) 
It  was  formerly  brewed  only  between  October  and  April, 
but  now  is  manufactured  at  all  seasons.— Small  beer, 
weak  beer;  hence,  figuratively,  a  trifling  matter;  a  small 
or  unimportant  thing  or  person.— StOCk-beer.  See  lager- 
beer.—  To  think  small  beer  of,  to  have  a  low  opinion  of ; 
hold  in  slight  esteem.  [Colloq.] 

She  thinks  small  beer  of  painters,  J.  J.— well,  well,  we 
don't  think  small  beer  of  ourselves,  my  noble  friend.  ' 

Thackeray,  The  Newcomes,  xxxix. 
Yeast-beer,  new  lieer  witli  which  a  small  quantity  of 
fermenting  wort  has  been  mixed  in  the  cask  in  order  to 
make  it  lively. 

beerl  (^gr),  v.  i.    [<  beer^,  w.]    To  drink  beer; 
tipple.  [Colloq.] 
beer2  (be'er),  n.    [<  ME.  beere ;  <  6ei -f- -e>-i. 
Cf.  forebear.']    One  who  is  or  exists.  [Rare.] 
beer^t,  «.    An  obsolete  form  of  bier. 
beer*t,  n.    [<  D.  beer,  a  mole,  pier.]    A  mole  or 
pier.    N.  E.  D. 

beer^t.    Obsolete  present  and  preterit  of  bear'^. 
Chaucer, 


beestings ' 

beer«t,       An  obsolete  form  of  bear^. 
beeregart,  «.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  bcereagcr, 
bcurcger,  etc.,  <  hcer^  -I-  eager,  sour.    Cf.  alegar, 
vinegar.]    Sour  beer;  vinegar  formed  by  the 
acetous  fermentation  of  beer, 
beer-engine  (ber'en"jin),  «.    A  hydraulic  ma- 
chine for  raising  beer  and  other  liquors  out  of 
a  cask  in  a  cellar, 
beer-faucet  (ber'ta'set),  n.    A  faucet  fitted 
with  a  STnall  air-pump,  for  mixing  air  with  beer 
as  it  is  drawn, 
beer-float  (ber'flot),  n.    In  distilling,  an  areom- 
eter or  hydrometer  designed  to  ascertain  from 
the  observed  density  of  a  grain-mash  the  pos- 
sible yield  of  spirit  therefrom.    The  scale  of  the 
instrument  is  graduated  to  indicate  directly,  at  tlie  stand- 
ard temperature,  tlie  percentage  by  volume  of  proof  spirits 
that  the  niasli  will  yield,  provided  the  fermentation  pro- 
ceeds to  a  point  where  the  density  is  equal  to  that  of 
water.    E.  II.  Knight. 

beer-garden  (ber'gar"dn),  n.    A  garden  at- 
tached to  a  brewery,  tavern,  or  saloon,  in  which 
beer  is  sei-ved. 
beer-house  (ber'hous),  w.    A  house  where  malt 

liquors  are  sold;  an  ale-house, 
beeriness  (ber'i-nes),  n.  [<  beery  +  -ness.]  The 
state  of  being  beery  or  partially  intoxicated; 
slight  intoxication  from  beer, 
beer-measure  (ber'mezh"ur),  «.    An  old  Eng- 
lish system  of  measures  of  capacity.  The  gallon 

contained  282  culiic  inches,  being  10  pounds  3  ounces 
avoirdupois  of  water,  but  was  adopted  as  containing  8 
pounds  of  wlieat. 

beer-money  (ber'mun''''i),  n.    An  allowance  of 
Id.  per  day  granted  ia  1800  to  the  British 
soldier  in  addition  to  his  pay,  as  a  substitute 
for  an  allowance  of  beer  or  spirits;  also,  an 
allowance  given  to  domestic  servants  in  Eng- 
land in  lieu  of  beer,  to  save  trouble  in  serving 
it  out,  or  waste  by  leaving  the  cask  open, 
beerocracy  (ber-ok'ra-si),  n.  [<  beer  +  -o-crarii, 
as  in  aristocracy.]    The  brewing  and  beer-sell- 
ing interest ;  brewers  and  beer-sellers  collec- 
tively. [Ludicrous.] 
beer-preserver  (ber'pre-zer'ver),  n.    A  device 
for  keeping  the  space  above  the  beer  in  a  cask 
or  barrel  filled  with  carbonic-acid  gas,  which  is 
supplied  from  a  reservoir, 
beer-pull  (ber'pul),  n.    The  handle  of  a  beer- 
pump  ;  also,  the  piunp  itself, 
beer-pump  (ber'pump),  n.    A  pump  for  beer, 
especially  for  raising  beer  from  the  ceUar  to 
the  bar  in  a  saloon  or  public  house, 
beer-saloon  (ber'sa-lon"),  «•    A  place  where 

beer  is  sold  and  drunk, 
beer-shop  (ber'shop),  n.    A  beer-saloon;  an 
ale-house. 

beerstone  (ber'ston),  n.  [<  6ee/-i  -f  stone.]  In 
brewing,  a  hard  incrustation  like  stone  on  the 
interior  of  the  wort-coolers. 

In  time  a  greenish,  or  brownish,  shining,  thin  crust  is 
formed  on  the  sides  of  the  coolers— no  matter  what  ma- 
terial they  may  be  constructed  of — which  adheres  to  them 
like  varnish,  and  cannot  be  removed  by  the  usual  wash- 
ing.   This  substance  is  called  beer-stone. 

Thausing,  Beer  (trans.),  p.  473. 
Beer  stone.    See  stone. 

beer-swilling  (ber'swil'-'ing),  a.  Drinking  beer 
immoderately. 

In  beer-swilling  Copenhagen  I  have  drunk  your  Danesman 
blind.  Theo.  Martin,  Dirge  of  the  Drinker. 

beery  (ber'i),  a.  [<  fteerl  -I-  -?/i.]  1.  Pertaining 
to  or  resembling  beer. — 2.  Stained  or  soiled 
with  beer. 

The  sloppy,  beery  tables.  Thackeray. 
3.  Addicted  to  beer;  affected  by  beer;  partial- 
ly intoxicated  fi-om  drinking  beer;  maudlin. 

There  was  a  fair  proportion  of  kindness  in  Raveloe,  but 
it  was  of  a  beery  and  bungling  sort. 

George  Eliot,  Silas  Marner,  ix. 
Hathorn  was  not  averse  to  ale,  especially  at  anotlier 
man's  expense,  and,  thought  he,  "  Farmer  is  getting  beery  ; 
looks  pretty  red  in  the  face." 

C.  Reade,  Clouds  and  Sunshine,  p.  10. 

bee-skep,  bee-scap  (be'skep,  -skap),  n.  [<  bee^ 
+  skep,  scap,  a  beehive,  a  basket :  see  skej).] 
A  beehive.  [Scotch.] 
beest  (best),  n.  [Found  in  ME.  only  in  deriv. 
beestings,  q.  v.;  <  AS.  beost  (also  byst,  after 
bysting,  beestings)  =  D.  biest  =  LG.  best  = 
North.  Fries,  bjast,  bjiist  =  OHG.  biost,  JIHG. 
G.  biest,  beest.  Origin  xuiknown ;  some  sup- 
pose, from  the  G.  dial.  (Swiss)  briest,  leel. 
d-brystur,  pi.,  beestings,  a  connection  with  AS. 
breosf,  etc.,  E.  breast.]  Same  as  beestings. 
beestie,  n.    See  bhccsty. 

beestings  (bes'tingz),  «.  sing,  or  pi.  [Also  writ- 
ten heastings,  hicstings,  etc.,  dial,  bcastin.  bistins, 
biskins,  etc.,  <  ME.  bcestyngc,  also  bestninge, 
hestynge,  <  AS.  bysting,  <  bcdst,  beest,  +  -ing : 


beestings 

see  beest  and  -ingj]  1.  The  first  milk  given  by 
a  cow  after  calving. 

So  may  the  first  of  all  ovir  fells  be  thine, 
And  both  the  beesting  of  our  goats  and  kine. 

B.  Jonson,  I'an's  Anniversary. 

2t.  A  disease  caused  by  drinking  beestings. 
N.  E.  D. 

beeswax  (bez'waks),  n.  [<  bee's,  poss.  of  tee, 
+  icax.']  The  wax  secreted  by  bees,  of  which 
their  cells  are  constructed.    See  icax. 

beeswing  (bez'wing),  n.  [<  hee's,  poss.  of  hee, 
+  wing ;  fi'om  its  appearance.]  A  gauzy  film 
in  port  and  some  other  wines,  indicative  of  age; 
hence,  sometimes,  the  wine  itseK.  Also  writ- 
ten hee's-wing. 

Fetch'd 

His  richest  heeswing  from  a  binn  reserved 
For  banquets,  praised  the  waning  red,  and  told 
The  vintage.  Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

Scott,  from  under  bushy  eyebrows,  winked  at  the  ap- 
parition of  a  bees-wing.  Thackeray. 

beeswinged  (bez'wingd),  a.  So  old  as  to  be 
covered  with  beeswing:  said  of  wine,  especial- 
ly port. 

His  port  is  not  presentable,  unless  bees' -ivinged. 

F.  Hall,  Mod. "Eng.,  p.  32. 

beeti  (bet),  «.  [<  ME.  lete,  <  AS.  hete  (not 
*heta)  =  OFries.  bete  =  D.  beet,  biet  =  LG. 
bete  =  OHG.  bieza,  MHG.  bieze  (G.  beete,  after 
LG.  or  L.)  =  Sw.  beta  =  Dan.  bede  =  F.  bette 
=  It.  bieta,  <  L.  beta,  beet.]  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Beta,  natural  order  Chenopodiacece.  The 
various  forms  are  generally-referred  to  a  single  species, 
B.  vulgaris,  the  slender-rooted  variety  of  which,  known 
as  the  sea-beet,  is  found  wild  in  Europe  and  western  Asia, 
and  is  occasionally  used  for  greens.  The  common  beet  is 
extensively  cultivated  in  many  varieties  for  the  use  of  its 
sweetish  succulent  root  as  a  vegetable  and  as  feed  for  cat- 
tle. The  mangel-wurzel  is  a  large  coarse  form  raised  ex- 
clusively for  cattle.  The  sugar-beet  is  a  large,  white,  and 
very  sweet  variety,  from  the  root  of  which  large  (juanti- 
ties  of  sugar  (called  beet-root  sugar)  are  manufactured  in 
France,  Germany,  etc.  The  white  or  Sicilian  beet  and  the 
chard-beet  are  cultivated  for  their  leaves  only. 

beet^  (bet),  V.  t.  [E.  dial,  beet,  beat,  Sc.  beet, 
beit,  <  ME.  beten,  <  AS.  betan  (=  OS.  botian  = 
OFries.  beta  =  D.  boeten  =  LG.  biiten  =  OHG. 
buozzen,  MHG.  biiezzen,  G.  biissen  =  Icel.  bceta 
—  Sw.  bota  =  Dan.  bode),  mend,  improve,  make 
good,  <  bot,  improvement,  reparation,  boot : 
see  fcoo^i,  which  is  related  to  beet  as  food  to 
feed,  brood  to  breed,  etc.  The  word  was  par- 
ticularly used  in  reference  to  mending,  and 
hence  by  extension  to  kindling,  fires:  ME.  beten 
fyr,  <  AS.  betan  ff/r  =  D.  boeten  vimr  =  LG. 
boten  viier;  cf.  Sw.  bota  eld,  etc.  Cf.  beat^.l 
If.  To  make  better;  improve;  alleviate  or  re- 
lieve (hunger,  thirst,  grief,  the  needs  of  a  per- 
son, etc.). 

All  his  craft  ne  coud  his  sorrow  bete. 

Chaucer,  T.  and  C,  i.  666. 

2t.  To  mend;  repair;  put  to  rights. 

Pipen  he  coude,  and  flshe,  and  nettes  bete. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  i.  7. 

Daily  wearing  neids  yearly  belting.         Scotch  proverb. 

3.  To  make  or  kindle  (a  fire) ;  hence,  to  fire 
or  rouse. 

Two  fyres  on  the  auter  gan  she  heete. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1434. 
It  warms  me,  it  charms  me, 
To  mention  but  her  name ; 
It  heats  me,  it  beets  me. 
And  sets  me  a'  on  flame ! 

Burns,  Ep.  to  Davie,  i.  8. 
And  stiren  folk  to  love  and  beten  fire 
On  Venus  awter.  Court  of  Love,  1.  323. 

4.  To  mend  or  replenish  (a  fire) ;  add  fuel  to. 

Picking  up  peats  to  beet  his  ingle. 
Allan  Ramsay,  To  Robert  Yarde  of  Devonshire. 

[Obsolete  or  dialectal  in  all  senses.] 

beet^,  n.    Same  as  beat^. 

beet*,  n.    Same  as  beat^. 

beet-fly  (bet'fli),  n.  A  two-winged  insect,  An- 
thomyia  betw,  smaller  than  the  house-fly,  in- 
festing crops  of  mangel-wurzel  and  other  va- 
rieties of  beet,  on  whose  leaves  it  deposits  its 
eggs,  the  larvae  afterward  devouring  the  soft 
parts. 

beetlei  (be'tl),  n.  [_=  Sc.  Utile,  bittill,  <  ME. 
betel,  betylle,  bitel,  bittill,  hytylle,  <  AS.  bietel, 
betel,  bitel,  bytel  (bytl-)  (=  LG.  betel,  bdtel  = 
MHG.  bozel),  with  formative  -el,  <  bedtan,  beat : 
see  &ea<i.]  1.  A  heavy  wooden  mallet,  used  to 
drive  wedges,  consolidate  earth,  etc.  it  is  made 

either  for  swinging,  with  the  handle  set  in  the  middle  of 
the  iron-bound  head,  or  for  ramming,  with  thi;  handle 
(provided  in  heavy  beetles  with  projecting  cross-pieces  for 
the  hands)  set  in  one  end  of  the  head.  In  the  latter  form, 
as  for  the  use  of  pavers,  it  is  sometimes  heavy  enough  to 
require  two  or  more  men  to  operate  it.  Also  called  a 
maul,  and  in  the  second  fonii  a  rammer. 


504 

It  I  do,  fillip  me  with  a  three-man  beetle. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  2. 

2.  A  wooden  pestle-shaped  utensil  used  for 
mashing  potatoes,  for  beating  linen,  etc. 

Aroint  ye,  ye  limmer,  out  of  an  honest  house,  or  shame 
fa'  me,  but  I'll  take  the  bittle  to  you.  Scott,  Pirate. 

3.  Same  as  beetling-machine — Between  the  beetle 
and  the  block,  in  an  awkward  or  dangerous  position. 

beetle!  (be'tl),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  beetled,  ppr. 
beetling.  l<  beetle,  n.']  1.  To  use  a  beetle  on ; 
beat  with  a  heavy  wooden  mallet,  as  linen  or 
cotton  cloth,  as  a  substitute  for  mangling. — 2. 
To  finish  cloth  by  means  of  a  beetling-machine. 

beetle^  (be'tl),  n.  [The  form  seems  to  have  been 
influenced  by  that  of  beetle''- ;  it  would  reg.  be  as 
in  mod.  dial,  bittle,  early  mod.  E.  also  betd,  bittle, 
bittil,  ete.,<  ME.  bitle,  bityl,  betylle,  bytylle,  <  AS. 
bitela,  bitula  (also  *betel,  once  in  pi.  betlas),  a 
beetle,  appar.<  *bitia,  *bitol,*bitel,  ME.  bitel,  bit- 
ing (cf.  etui,  etol,  eating:  with  suffix  -ol,  forming 
adjectives  from  verbs),  <  bitan  (pp.  biten),  bite: 
seebite.  CL  bitter  and  beetlc-brotved.'}  Any  insect 
belonging  to  the  order  Coleoptera  (which  see). 
Sometimes,  however,  the  term  is  used  in  a  more  restricted 
sense,  as  equivalent  in  the  plural  to  Scarabmidce,  a  tribe  of 
this  order  embracing  more  than  3,000  species,  characterized 
by  clavated  antennse,  fissile  longitudinally,  legs  frequent- 
ly dentated,  and  wings  which  have  hard  cases  or  sheaths 
called  elytra.  Beetles  vary  in  size  from  tliat  of  a  pin's  head 
to  nearly  that  of  a  man's  fist,  the  largest  being  the  elephant- 
beetle  of  South  America,  4  inches  long.  The  "  black  beetles" 
of  kitchens  and  cellars  are  cockroaches,  and  belong  to  the 
order  Orthoptera.—'BlOO&y-TlOSB  beetle,  a  large  species 
of  beetle  of  the  genus  Timarcha,  T.  laevigata:  so  named 
because  when  disturbed  it  emits  a  red  fluid  from  the  joints. 
—  Colorado  beetle,  a  coleopterous  insect,  Doryphora, 
Chrysomela,  or  J'olygramma  deceinlineata,  family  Chrij- 


Colorado  Beetle  {Doryphora  decemlineata,  Say). 
^,  eggs  ;  b,  larva,  advanced  stage  ;  c,  pupa  :  d,  beetle  :  e,  wing-cover, 

enlarged  ;  /,  leg.  enlarged. 
somelidae,  belonging  to  tlie  tetramerous  section  of  the  or- 
der. In  size  it  is  somewliat  larger  tlian  a  pea,  nearly  oval, 
convex,  of  a  yellowisli  or  ocher-yellow  color,  marked  with 
black  spots  and  blotches,  and  on  the  elytra  with  ten  black 
longitudinal  stripes.  The  wings,  which  are  folded  under 
the  elytra,  are  of  a  blood-red  color.  This  insect  works 
great  havoc  upon  the  leaves  and  flowers  of  the  potato, 
and  is  also  destructive  to  the  tomato  and  the  egg-plant. 
It  was  first  observed  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  almnt 
1859,  and  has  since  spread  from  Colorado  over  the  wliole 
of  tlie  United  States  and  Canada.  Also  called  potato-hug. 
^  Elm-leaf  beetle,  a  Eui  opean  chryaomi  lid  hectle,  Gale- 
rHcaxanthomdieiin.  See  Cr«i('r»fa.— Harlequin  beetle. 
See  Af(rie5Ht;i.— Horned  beetle,  a  lamcUicorn  beetle  of 
the  genus  .Mei/alosoynii  and  some  related  genera,  belong- 
ing to  the  cetoriian  group  of  Scarahceidce. 

beetle^  (be'tl),  a.  [Separate  use  of  beetle-  in 
beetle-browed.'}  Shaggy;  prominent:  used  in 
beetle  brow  (also  written  bectlc-brow). 

Here  are  the  beetle  brows  shall  blush  for  me. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  4. 
Bent  hollow  beetle  browes,  sharpe  staring  eyes, 
That  mad  or  foolish  seemd.   Spenser,  F.  Q,,  II.  ix.  52. 

beetle^  (be'tl),  v.i.;  pret.  and  pp.  beetled,  ppr. 
beetling.  [<  beetle^,  a.  First  used  by  Shak- 
spere.]  To  be  prominent;  extend  out;  over- 
hang; jut. 

Wiiat,  if  it  tempt  you  toward  the  flood,  my  lord, 
Or  to  the  dreadful  summit  of  the  cliff. 
That  beetles  o'er  his  base  into  the  sea? 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  4. 
Each  beetling  rampart  and  each  tower  su))lime. 

^yordsworth. 

beetle-brow  (be'tl-brou),  n.    See  beetle^,  a. 

beetle-browed  (be'tl-broud),  a.  [<  ME.  bUel- 
browed,  bytelbrowed,  etc.  (used  in  "Piers  Plow- 
man" with  variants  bittur  browed  and  bytter 
browid),  as  if  lit.  'having  biting  eyebrows,' 
that  is,  projecting  eyebrows,  <  ME.  bitel,  adj., 
sharp,  biting,  <  AS.  *bitel  (see  beetle"^) ;  but 
more  prob.  'with  eyebrows  like  a  beetle's,'  that 
is,  projecting  like  the  tufted  antennae  of  some 
beetles.    See  beetle'^  and  brow.l    1.  Having 


befall 

shaggy,  bushy,  prominent,  or  overhanging  eye- 
brows; hence,  often,  sullen;  scowling. 

A  beetle-browed  sullen  face.         Howell,  Letters,  ii.  2a 

Its  beetle-browed  and  gloomy  front. 

Hawthorne,  Scarlet  Letter,  i. 

2.  Figuratively,  having  an  overhanging  or  pro- 
jecting top. 

beetle-head  (be'tl-hed),  n.  1.  The  monkey  or 
weight  of  a  pile-driver.— 2.  A  beetle-headed 
or  stupid  fellow. — 3.  A  name  of  the  Swiss  or 
black-bellied  plover,  Squatarola  helvetica.  [Lo- 
cal, U.  S.] 

beetle-headed  (be'tl -hedged),  a.  [Cf.  beetle- 
head.}  Having  a  head  like  a  beetle  or  mallet ; 
dull;  stupid. 

Beetle-headed,  flap-ear'd  knave.    Shak. ,  T.  of  the  S. ,  iv.  1. 

beetle-mite  (be'tl-mit),  n.  [<  beetle"^  +  mite^.'] 
A  mite  of  the  family  Gamasidce  (which  see). 

beetle-stock  (be'tl-stok),  n.  [<  beetle^  -f- 
.s'toc/,-.]    The  handle  of  a  beetle. 

beetle-stone  (be'tl-ston),  n.  [<  beetle"^  ■¥  stone.'] 
A  nodule  of  eoprolitic  ironstone,  so  named  from 
the  resemblance  of  the  inclosed  coprolite  to 
the  body  and  limbs  of  a  beetle. 

beetling  (bet'ling),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  beetle^,  v.") 
A  beating  with  a  beetle. 

When  the  desired  shade  is  obtained,  nothing  remains 
but  to  wash  the  silk,  and  give  it  two  beetlings  at  the 
river,  in  order  to  free  it  from  the  redundant  arn'atto. 

Ure,  Diet.,  I.  209. 

beetling-machine  (bet'ling-ma  shen"),  n.  A 
machine  for  finishing  linen  or  cotton  cloth  by 
hammering  it:  for  this  purpose  stamps  are 
used,  which  are  raised  in  succession  and  per- 
mitted to  fall  by  their  own  weight.  Also  called 
beetle. 

beet-master  (befmas'tfer),  n.  An  erroneous 
form  of  beet-mister. 

beet-mister  (befmis'ter),  n.  [Sc.,  <  beet,  beit, 
mend,  supply,  -f  mister,  want;  beet  a  mister, 
supply  a  want :  see  beet^  and  mister^.  Cf .  E. 
dial.  (North.)  beet-need,  assistance  in  the  hour 
of  distress.]  Whatever  supplies  a  want; 
hence,  a  substitute.  [Scotch.] 

Next  she  enlarged  on  the  advantage  of  saving  old 
clothes  to  be  what  slie  called  beet-masters  to  the  new. 

Scott. 

beet-press  (bet'pres),  n.  A  hydraulic  or  steam- 
power  machine  for  expressing  the  juice  from 
beet-roots  in  the  process  of  making  beet-root 
sugar. 

beet-radish  (befrad'-'ish),  n.  A  name  some- 
times given  to  red  beets  {Beta  vtdgaris)  when 
raised  or  used  for  salad.    See  beet^. 

beet-rave  (bet'rav),  n.  [<  beet^  -f  rave,  after 
F.  bette-rave,  beet-root,  <  bette,  beet  (see  beei^}, 
+  rave,  <  L.  rapa,  a  turnip.]  Same  as  beet- 
radish.    In  Scotland  also  beetraiv  and  beetrie. 

bee-tree  (be'tre),  n.  1.  A  name  of  the  bass- 
wood  or  American  linden,  Tilia  Americana, 
from  the  richness  of  its  flowers  in  honey. — 2. 
A  hollow  tree  occupied  by  wild  bees. 

beet-root  (bet'rot),  n.  The  root  of  the  beet- 
plant.    See  beet^ — Beet-root  sugar,  sugar  made 

from  beet-roots.  Tlie  roots  are  rasped  to  a  pulp,  and  tlie 
juice  is  separated  by  pressure,  maceration,  or  other  means, 
and  is  then  filtered  and  concentrated  by  evaporation  in  a 
vacuum-pan.  See  beetl. — Beet-root  Vinegar,  vinegar 
prepared  from  the  juice  of  tlie  sugar-beet. 
bee'Ve  (bev),  n.  [A  rare  singular,  erroneously 
formed  from  beeves,  pi.  of  beef.}  An  animal  of 
the  bovine  genus,  as  a  cow,  bull,  or  ox. 

They  would  knock  down  the  first  beeve  they  met  with. 

Jrving. 

Each  stately  beeve  bespeaks  the  hand 
That  fed  him  unrepining. 

Whittier,  The  Drovers. 

bee'Ves,  n.    Plural  of  beef. 

bee'vort,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  beaver^. 

bee- wolf  (be'wulf),  n.  1.  An  African  bee- 
eater,  Mellitotheres  nubicus,  one  of  the  Mero- 
pidce. — 2.  A  parasite  of  the  bee,  Trichodes  api- 
arius. 

bee-worm  (be'werm),  n.  An  old  name  for  th© 
larva  of  the  bee.  Eay. 

befall,  befal  (bf-fal'),  v.:  pret.  befell,  pp.  be- 
fallen, ppr.  befalling.  [<  ME.  befallen,  fall, 
happen,  belong,  <  AS.  befeallan,  fall  (=  OS.  bi- 
fallan  —  OFries.  bifalla  —  D.  bevallen,  please,  = 
"OHG.  bifallan,  MHG.  G.  befallen,  please),  <  be- 
+  feallan,  fall:  see  6e-i  and /aZZ.j  I.  trans. 
To  fall  or  happen  to ;  occur  to. 

But  I  beseech  your  grace  that  I  may  know 
The  worst  that  may  befall  me. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  i.  1. 

The  worst  that  can  he/all  thee,  measured  right, 
Is  a  sound  slumber,  and  a  long  good  night. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Lucretius,  iii.  95. 


befall 

II,  intrans.  1.  To  happen;  come  to  pass. 

I  have  reveal'd  .  .  . 
The  discord  which  befell.    Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  897. 
The  ground  in  many  a  little  dell 
Was  broken,  up  and  down  whose  steeps  befell 
Alternate  victory  and  defeat. 

Shelley,  Revolt  of  Islam,  vi.  16. 

2t.  To  fall  in  the  way ;  come  to  hand. 

His  little  Goats  gan  drive  out  of  their  stalls, 
To  feede  abroad,  wliere  pasture  best  befalls. 

Spenser,  Virgil's  Gnat,  I.  72. 

To  befall  oft,  to  be  the  fate  of;  become  of. 
Do  me  the  favour  to  dilate,  at  full 
What  hath  befalin  of  them,  and  thee,  till  now. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,i.  1. 

befana  (be-fa'na),  «.  [It.,  <  befania,  epiphany, 
<  LL.  eyjjp/taMia,  epiphany :  see  Epiphany.']  1. 
Primarily,  in  Italy,  an  Epiphany  present  or 
gift. — 2.  [cap.]  The  witch  or  fairy  said  to 
bring  children  the  sweetmeats  and  other  re- 
wards given  them  on  the  eve  of  Epiphany,  or 
to  neglect  and  punish  them. 

In  nursery  parlance  the  Befana  has  two  aspects ;  she 
not  only  brings  gifts  to  good  children,  but  is  the  terror  of 
the  naughty.  N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  IX.  422. 

3.  A  large  rag  doll,  representing  the  Befana, 
placed  on  the  chimneys  of  cottages,  etc.,  or 
displayed  in  shops,  in  Italy,  where  Epiphany 
gifts  are  sold,  for  the  terror  or  amusement  of 

children.  [The  above  meanings  and  customs  have  ref- 
erence to  the  gifts  of  gold,  frankincense,  and  myrrh  (Mat. 
ii.  11)  brought  by  the  Magi  to  the  child  Jesus,  which  the 
feast  of  the  Epiphany  commemorates.  The  grotesque 
blackened  figures  often  exhibited  are  explained  by  the 
tradition  that  one  of  the  three  wise  kings  was  an  Ethi- 
opian.] 

befeather  (bf-feTH'er), ».      [<  6e-i  +  feather.] 
To  deck  with  feathers, 
befell  (be-fel').    Preterit  of  befall. 
befetter  (bf-fet'er),  v.  t.   [<  6e-i  +  fetter.]  To 
confine  witii  fetters ;  restrain  as  if  by  fetters. 
Tongue-tied,  befettered,  heavy-laden  nations. 

Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  II.  i.  10. 

beflfroit,  «•    [F.]    See  belfry. 

beffroyt,  w-    In  her.,  same  as  vair. 

befilet,  f  •  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  befyle,  <  ME. 
befylen,  befilen  (mixed  with  befulen,  befoulen, 
which  rest  directly  upon  fid,  foul,  foul),  <  AS. 
befylan,  <  be-  +fylan,  file,  foul,  Kfiil,  foul:  see 
file^,  fouV^,  and  befoul,  and  ef.  defile^.]  To 
make  filthy ;  befoul ;  soil. 

befit  (be-fif),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  befitted,  ppr. 
befitting.  [<  6e-l  +  fit.]  1.  To  suit;  be  suit- 
able to ;  become. 

Dry  up  your  tears, 
Whicli  ill  befit  the  beauty  of  that  face. 
Beau,  and  FL,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  ii.  3. 
Out  of  my  sight,  thou  serpent !  That  name  best 
B^ts  thee.  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  868. 

Robes  befitting  his  degree.  Drayton,  Barons'  Wars,  iv. 
2t.  To  fit;  furnish  with  something  fit.  [Rare.] 

He  .  .  .  had  seriously  befitted  him  with  just  such  a 
bridle  and  such  a  saddle.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy. 

befitting  (be-flt'ing),  p.  a.  Of  a  suitable  kind 
or  character ;  fit ;  proper ;  becoming :  as,  befit- 
tiiig  words ;  a  befitting  dress  or  manner. 

befittingly  (be-fit'ing-U),  adv.  In  a  befitting  or 
appropriate  inanner;  becomingly. 

beflatter  (be-flat'er),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  flatter.] 
To  flatter;  cajole. 

beflea  (be-fle'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  -I-  flea^.]  To  pes- 
ter, as  fleas  do. 

One  of  those  bores 
Who  beflea'd  with  bad  verses  poor  Louis  Quatorze. 

Lowell,  Fable  for  Critics. 

beflecked  (bf-flekf),  a.  [<  &e-i  -f  flecked.] 
Flecked;  spotted  or  streaked;  variegated.  Also 
spelled  befleckt. 

Dark  billows  of  an  earthquake  storm 
Beflecked  with  clouds  like  foam. 

Whittier,  The  Hill-top. 

beflower  (bf-flou'er),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  flower.] 
To  cover  or  besprinkle  with  flowers. 

Beside  a  beflowered  and  garlanded  precipice. 

S.  L.  Clemens,  Life  on  the  Mississippi,  p.  274. 

beflum  (be-flum'),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  beflummed, 
ppr.  befiumming.  [Sc. ;  also  in  the  appar.  per- 
verted forms  bleflum,  blaflum,  blephum,  v.  and 
w.,  perhaps  <  6e-l  +  *flum,  as  in  flummery,  or 
a  variant  of  flam.  Words  of  this  kind  are  very 
unstable.]  To  befool  by  cajoling  language; 
flatter.    Scott.  [Scotch.] 

befoam  (be-fom'),  v.  t.  [<  &e-i  +  foam.]  To 
cover  with  foam.  Dryden. 

befog  (be-fog'),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  befogged, 
ppr.  befogging.  [<  be-i+  fog-]  To  involve  in 
fog;  hence,  figuratively,  to  confuse;  make  ob- 
scure or  uncertain ;  bewilder :  as,  to  befog  the 
mind  with  sophistry. 


505 

Intentional  and  persistent  efforts  have  been  .  .  .  made 
to  befog  the  whole  subject. 

D.  A.  Wells,  Merchant  Marine,  p.  120. 

befool  (be-fol'),  v-  t.    [<  ME.  befolen;  <  6e-l  + 
fooU-.]    1.  To  make  a  fool  of;  delude;  dupe. 
I  could  burst  with  rage. 
To  think  I  have  a  brother  so  befool'd. 

Ford,  Love's  .Sacrifice,  iv.  1. 

2.  To  treat  as  a  fool ;  call  (a  person)  "fool." 
before  (bf-for'),  adv.,  prep.,  and  conj.  [<  ME. 
beforen,  beforn,  biforen,  biforn,  etc.,  adv.  and 
prep.,  <  AS.  beforan,  biforan,  adv.  and  prep.,  be- 
fore (in  place  or  time :  in  the  latter  use  rare, 
the  ordinary  word  being  cer,  ere)  (=  OS.  bi- 
foran =  D.  bevoren  =  OHG.  bifora,  MHG.  bevor, 
bevorn,  G.  bevor),  <  be,  by,  about,  +  for  an,  adv., 
before,  <  for,  for,  lit.  before :  see  fore  and  for, 
and  cf.  afore.]  I,  adv.  1.  In  front;  on  the 
anterior  or  fore  side ;  on  the  side  opposite  the 
back ;  in  a  position  or  at  a  point  in  advance ; 
ahead. 

The  battle  was  befr.re  and  behind.  2  Chron.  xiii.  14. 
Reaching  forth  unto  those  things  which  are  before. 

Phil.  iii.  13. 

Had  hp  his  hurts  before?  Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  7. 

I  am  sent  with  broom  before. 
To  sweep  the  dust  behind  the  door. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  v.  2. 
If  you  will  walk  before,  sir,  I  will  overtake  you  in- 
stantly. Beau,  and  Fl.,  Woman-Hater,  i.  3. 

2.  In  time  preceding;  previously;  formerly; 
already. 

You  tell  me  what  I  knew  before.  Dryden. 
A  flatterer  is  a  dunce  to  him,  for  he  can  tell  him  nothing 
but  what  hee  knowes  before. 

Bp.  Farle,  Micro-cosmographie,  A  Selfe-conceited  Man. 

[The  adverb  is  frequently  used  in  self -explain- 
ing compounds,  as  before-cited,  before-going, 
before-mentioned,  etc.] 

II.  prep.  1.  In  front  of,  in  time  or  position; 
on  the  anterior  or  fore  side  of ;  in  a  position  or 
at  a  point  in  advance  of :  as,  a  happy  future  lies 
before  you ;  before  the  house  ;  before  the  fire. 

The  golden  age,  which  a  blind  tradition  has  hitherto 
placed  in  the  Past,  is  before  us. 

Carlyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  iii.  5. 
Before  them  went  the  priest  reading  the  burial  service. 

Hawthorne,  Twice-Told  Tales,  I. 

2.  In  presence  of ;  in  sight  of;  under  the  cog- 
nizance, jurisdiction,  or  consideration  of. 

Abraham  bowed  down  himself  before  the  people  of  the 
land.  Gen.  xxiii.  12. 

They  tell  me,  if  they  might  be  brought  before  you. 
They  would  reveal  things  of  strange  consequence. 

Fletcher  (and  another).  Sea  Voyage,  iv.  2. 

If  my  lady  die, 
I'll  be  sworn  before  a  jury,  thou  art  the  cause  on 't. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Scornful  Lady,  v.  1. 

3.  In  precedence  of ;  in  advance  of,  as  regards 
rank,  condition,  development,  etc. 

He  that  cometli  after  me  is  preferred  before  me. 

John  i.  15. 

I  can  shew  one  almost  of  the  same  nature,  but  much  be- 
fore it.  B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iv.  1. 
The  eldest  son  is  before  the  younger  in  succession. 

Johnson. 

4.  In  preference  to ;  rather  than. 

One  joyous  howre  in  blisfuU  happines, 
I  chose  before  a  life  of  wretchednes. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  984. 
I  love  my  friend  before  myself. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  ii.  6. 
We  think  poverty  to  be  infinitely  desirable  before  the 
torments  of  covetousness.  Jer.  Taylor. 

5.  Anterior  to  in  time;  pre'vious  to:  as,  I 
shall  return  before  six  o'clock. 

Temple  sprang  from  a  family  which,  though  ancient  and 
honourable,  had  before  his  time  been  scarcely  mentioned 
in  our  history.  Macaulay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

They  arrived  close  to  Albania  about  two  hours  before 
daybreak.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  30. 

6.  Under  the  action,  influence,  or  power  of. 
Mordecai,  .  .  .  before  whom  thou  hast  begun  to  fall. 

Esther  vi.  13. 

Tower  and  town,  as  he  advanced,  went  down  before  him. 

Preseott,  Ferd.  and  lsa.,  ii.  2. 
Before  all.  See  a??.— Before  the  beam  (naut.\  in  a  po- 
sition or  direction  which  lies  before  a  line  drawn  at  right 
angles  to  the  keel  at  the  midship  section  of  the  ship.—  Be- 
fore (or  afore)  the  mast,  as  a  common  sailor,  the  crew 
of  a  ship  being  berthed  in  the  forecastle  or  forward  of  the 
foremast.— Before  the  Wind,  (a)  Naut.,  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  wind :  as,  to  sail  before  the  wind,  that  is,  in  the 
direction  in  which  the  wind  blows  :  said  of  a  ship. 

We  continued  running  dead  before  the  wind,  knowing 
that  we  sailed  better  so. 

B.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  20. 
(6)  Figuratively  and  colloquially,  in  prosperous  circum- 
stances ;  out  of  debt  or  difficulty. 

III.  conj.  1 .  Previous  to  the  time  when : 
formerly  sometimes  followed  by  that. 

Before  I  was  afflicted,  I  went  astray.  Ps.  cxix.  67. 


beg 

.Tesus  answered  and  said  unto  him,  Before  that  Philip 
called  thee  ...  I  saw  thee.  John  i.  48. 

Before  this  treatise  can  be  of  use,  two  points  are  neces- 
sary. Swift. 

Seventy  of  the  Moors  made  their  way  into  the  streets 
before  an  alarm  was  given.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  54. 

2.  Sooner  than ;  rather  than. 

Then  take  my  soul ;  my  body,  soul,  and  all. 
Before  that  England  give  the  French  the  foil. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  3. 

beforehand  (be-for'hand),  adv.  [<  ME.  before- 
hand, bifornhand,  bivorenhond,  before,  previous- 
ly, <  beforen,  before,  +  hand,  hand,  hand.]  1, 
In  anticipation ;  in  advance. 

So  that  they  .  .  ,  may  be  taught  beforehand  the  skill  of 
speaking.  Hooker. 

2f.  Before  there  is  time  for  anything  to  b© 
done ;  before  anything  is  done. 

What  is  a  man's  contending  with  insuperable  difficul- 
ties but  the  rolling  of  Sisyphus's  stone  up  the  hill,  which 
is  soon  beforehand  to  return  upon  him  again? 

Sir  R.  L'Estrange. 

To  be  beforehand  with,  to  anticipate  ;  be  in  advance 
of ;  be  prepared  or  ready  for. 
Agi  icola  .  .  .  resolves  to  be  beforehand  with  the  danger. 

Milton. 

The  last-cited  author  has  been  beforehand  with  me. 

Addison. 

beforehand  (be-for'hand),  a.  [<  beforehand, 
adv.  Cf .  forehanded.]  In  good  pecuniary  cir- 
cumstances ;  having  enough  to  meet  one's  obli- 
gations and  something  over ;  forehanded :  as, 
"rich  and  much  beforehand,"  Bacon.  [Archaic] 

I  now  began  to  think  of  getting  a  little  beforehand. 

Franklin,  Autobiog.,  p.  77. 

beforesaid  (bf-for'sed),  a.  Aforesaid.  Chaucer. 

beforetime  (be-for'tim),  adv.  [<  ME.  before- 
tyme;  <  before  +  time.  Cf.  aforetime.]  For- 
merly; of  old  time;  aforetime.  [Obsolescent.] 

Beforetiyne  in  Israel,  when  a  man  went  to  enquire  of  God, 
thus  he  spake.  1  Sam.  ix.  9. 

befortunet  (be-for'tun),  v.  t,  [<  fte-i  +  fortune.'] 
To  happen ;  betide. 

I  wish  all  good  befortune  you.     Shak.,  T.  G.  of  'V.,  iv.  3. 

befoul  (be-foul'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  befoulen,  befulen 
(mixed  with  befylen,  etc. :  see  beflle),  <  be-  + 
foiden,  foul:  see  6e-i  and  fouU,  v.]  To  make 
foul ;  cover  with  filth ;  soil ;  tarnish. 

Lawyers  can  live  without  befouling  each  other's  names. 

Trollope,  Barchester  Towers,  xxi. 
Birds  of  prey  winged  their  way  to  the  stately  tree,  be- 
fouling its  purity.  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVI.  263. 

befreckle  (be-frek'l),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  freckle.'] 
To  freckle ;  spot ;  color  with  various  spots ;  va- 
riegate. 

Her  s,tav-befreckled  face.  Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xxii.  910. 
befret  (be-fref),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  befretted, 
ppr.  befr'etting.    [<  be-*  +  fret^.]    To  fret  or 
gnaw  away. 

Accept  this  ring,  wherein  my  heart  is  set, 
A  constant  heart  with  burning  flames  befret. 

Greene,  James  IV.,  iv. 

befriend  (bf-frend'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  friend.]  To 
act  as  a  friend  to ;  countenance,  aid,  or  benefit ; 
assist ;  favor :  as,  fortune  befriended  me. 
That  you  were  once  unkind,  befriends  me  now. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  cxx. 
The  climate  [of  Chaeronea]  is  not  much  befriended  by  the 
heavens,  for  the  air  is  thick  and  fogg)'. 

Dryden,  Life  of  Plutarch. 
Every  little  pine  needle  expanded  and  swelled  with  sym- 
pathy and  befriended  me.  Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  143. 

befriendment  (be-frend'ment),  n.  [<  befriend 
+  -ment.]  The  act  of  befriending.  Foster. 
[Rare.] 

befrill  (be-fril'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  frill]  To  fur- 
nish or  deck  with  a  frill  or  frills. 

The  vicar's  white-haired  mother,  bef  rilled  .  .  .  with  dain- 
ty cleanliness.  George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  xvii. 

befringe  (be-frinj'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  fringe.]  To 
furnish  with  a  fringe;  adorn  as  with  fringe. 

Let  my  dirty  leaves  .  .  . 
Befringe  the  rails  of  Bedlam  and  Soho. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  II.  i.  419. 

befriz  (be-friz'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  befrizzed, 
ppr.  befrizzing.  [<  6e-l  -{-friz.]  To  euii  the 
hair  of;  friz. 

Befrizzed  and  bepowdered  courtiers.  Contemporary  Rev. 

befuddle  (be-fud'l),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  fuddle.]  To 
stupefy  or  muddle  ■with  intoxicants ;  make  stu- 
pidly drunk. 

befur  (be-fer'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  befurred, 
ppr.  befiirring.  [<  6e-i  -¥  fur.]  1.  To  cover  or 
supply  vnth  fur. —  2\.  To  fur  over;  incrust. 
N.  E.  D. 

begi  (beg),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  begged,  ppr.  beg- 
ging. [Early  mod.  E.  also  begg,  begge.  <  ME. 
beggen,  first  found  in  the  early  part  oi'  the  13th 
century  (in  the  "Ancren  Riwle");  origin  un- 


beg 

certain.  Various  explauations  have  been  of- 
fered: (1)  <  ME.  haggc,  a  bag  (because  beggars 
carry  bags:  see  first  quotation  under  beggar, 
n.);  but  this  is  certainly  wrong.  It  would  im- 
ply the  forms  *beggcn,  *begge,  as  variants  of 
haggeii,  bagge,  but  no  such  variants  are  found 
or  are  probable,  and  no  such  sense  as  'put 
into  a  bag,'  or  'carry  a  bag,'  which  might 
connect  the  notion  of  'bag'  with  that  of  'beg,' 
belongs  to  the  ME.  verb  baggen,  which  is 
found  only  in  the  sense  of  'swell  out  like  a 
bag' ;  the  sense  of  'put  into  a  bag'  is  modern, 
and  that  of  'carry  a  bag'  does  not  exist;  bag- 
ger, moreover,  the  supposed  antecedent  of  beg- 
gar, is  only  modern.  (2)  <  AS.  bedeciaii,  beg 
(connected  with  Goth,  bidagwa,  a  beggar,  ap- 
par.  <  bidjan  =  AS.  biddaii,  E.  bid,  ask;  cf.  D. 
bedelen  =  ORG.  beialdn,  MHG.  betelen,  G.  bet- 
teln,  beg,  freq.  of  D.  bidden  =  G.  bitten  =  AS. 
biddan,  E.  bid,  ask);  but  the  AS.  bedecian  oc- 
cirrs  but  once,  in  the  9th  century,  and  there 
are  no  intermediate  forms  to  connect  it  with 
ME.  beggen.  (3)  <  OFlem.  *beggen,  beg;  but 
there  is  no  such  word.  (4)  <  OF.  beg-,  the  com- 
mon radical  of  hegard,  begart,  beguard,  begar 
(ML.  begardus,  beggardus,  beghardus,  etc.),  and 
ieguin  (ML.  beginus,  begginus,  beglnnns,  begui- 
mis,  etc. ),  names  given  to  the  members  of  a  men- 
dicant lay  brotherhood  (see  Begliard  and  Be- 
guin ) ;  also  applied  to  any  begging  friar  or  other 
beggar.  Such  mendicants  were  very  numerous 
at  the  time  of  the  first  appearance  of  the  E. 
verb,  and  the  derived  OF.  verb  beguiner,  be- 
guigner  (<  begiiin),  with  AF.  bcgger,  is  actually 
found  in  the  sense  of  '  beg.'  The  E.  verb  may 
be  a  back  formation  from  the  noun  beggar  (ME. 
begger,  beggere,  beggar,  beggare),  which  is,  in 
this  view,  an  adapted  form  (as  if  a  noun  of 
agent  in  -er^)  of  the  OF.  begar,  begard, 
etc.,  a  Beghard.  Begliard  is  otherwise  not  found 
in  ME.,  though  the  precise  form  begger  is  found 
in  Wyclif  and  later  as  a  designation  of  the 
mendicant  friars  (Beghards),  appar.  without 
direct  reference  to  their  begging.]  1.  trans.  1. 
To  ask  for  or  supplicate  i^  charity;  ask  as 
alms. 

Yet  have  I  not  seen  the  righteous  forsaken,  nor  his  seed 
begging  bread.  Ps.  xxxvii.  25. 

For  all  thy  blessed  youth 
Becomes  as  aged,  and  dotli  beg  the  alms 
Of  palsied  eld.  Shak.,  JI.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 

■  2.  To  ask  for  earnestly ;  crave. 

He  [Joseph]  .  .  .  begged  the  body  of  Jesus. 

Mat.  xxvii.  58. 

3.  To  ask  as  a  favor;  hence,  to  beseech;  en- 
treat or  supplicate  with  humility  or  earnest- 
ness :  as,  I  begged  him  to  use  his  influence  in 
favor  of  my  friend. 

And  on  our  knees  we  beg 
(As  recompense  of  our  dear  services. 
Past  and  to  come)  that  you  do  change  this  purpose. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  ii.  3. 

To  beg  a  person  for  a  fOOlt,  to  take  him  for,  or  regard 
him  as,  a  fool. 

In  the  old  common  law  was  a  writ  .  .  .  under  which  it 
a  man  was  legally  proved  an  idiot,  the  profit  of  his  lands 
.  .  .  might  be  granted  by  the  king  to  any  subject.  .  .  . 
Such  a  person,  when  this  grant  was  asked,  was  said  to  be 
begged  fur  a  fool.  Nares. 

To  beg  the  question,  in  logic,  to  assume  or  take  as 
granted  that  which  is  not  more  certain  than  the  proposi- 
tion to  be  proved,  or  which  obviously  involves  the  point 
in  question ;  assume  as  a  premise  what  no  one  who  takes 
the  opposite  view  of  the  question  will  admit. 

The  sophism  of  begging  tlie.  question  is,  then,  when  any 
thing  is  proved  either  by  itself  or  something  that  is  equal- 
ly unknown  with  itself. 

Burgersdicius,  tr.  by  a  Gentleman  (1697). 

The  attempt  to  infer  his  [Shakspere's]  classical  educa- 
tion from  the  internal  evidence  of  his  works  is  simply  a 
begging  of  the  question. 

G.  P.  Marsh,  Lects.  on  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  82. 

To  maintain,  as  Sir  Wyville  Thomson  does,  that  32°  is 
the  temperature  of  the  floor  on  which  the  Antarctic  ice- 
sheet  rests,  is  virtually  to  beg^  the  question. 

J.  Croll,  climate  and  Cosmology,  p.  226. 
=  Syn.  Ask,  Request,  Beg,  etc.  (see  askl);  to  pray  (for), 
conjure,  petition  (for). 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  ask  alms  or  charity ;  prac- 
tise begging;  live  by  asking  alms. 

I  caimot  dig;  to  beg  I  am  ashamed.  Luke  xvi.  3. 

2.  In  the  game  of  all-fours,  to  ask  of  the  dealer 
a  concession  of  one  point  to  be  added  to  one's 

count.  Tlie  dealer  must  either  concede  the  point  or  deal 
out  three  additional  cards  to  each  player.  Should  the 
suit  originally  turned  as  trump  appear  after  this  new  deal, 
three,  or  fewer  if  so  agreed,  must  be  dealt  to  each  until 
a  different  trump  appears. — To  beg  off,  to  obtain  release 
from  a  penalty,  obligation,  etc.,  by  entreaty  or  excuses. 

beg2  (beg),  M.    Same  as  bey\ 

bega,  biggah  (be'ga,  big'a),  «.  [Also  written 
bcega,  beegah,  beegha,  etc.,  repr.  Hind,  bighd. 


506 

Mariithi  bighd.}  A  Hindu  land-measure,  locally 
varying  in  extent,  but  usually  regarded  as  equal 
to  from  one  third  to  two  thirds  of  an  English 
acre.  The  bega  of  Calcutta  is  1,600  square 
yards,  or  about  a  third  of  an  acre, 
begad  (be-gad'),  intcrj.  [A  minced  oath,  a  cor- 
ruption of  by  God !  Cf.  egad,  bedad.}  A  sort 
of  exclamatory  oath,  employed  to  give  weight 
to  a  statement. 

Begad,  madam,  .  .  .  'tis  the  very  same  I  met. 

Fielding,  Joseph  Andrews. 

began  (be-gal'),  v.  t.  [<       +  gall^.}  To  gall ; 
fret;  chafe;  rub  sore.    Bp.  Hall. 
began  (be-gan').    Preterit  of  begin. 
begat  (bf-gaf).     Old  preterit  of  beget,  still 

sometimes  used  poetically, 
begaudt  (be-gad'),  v.   t.     [Also  written  be- 
gawd;  <  6e-i  +  gaud:  see  gand^.}    To  bedeck 
with  gaudy  things.  North. 
begaum,       See  beguni^. 
begeckt  (be-gek'),  v.  t.    [Sc.,  also  begeeJc  (=  D. 
begekken);  <  &e-l  +  geek.    Cf.  begunk.}    To  be- 
fool;  gull;  jilt.    N.  E.  D. 
begem  (be-jem'),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  begemmed, 
ppr.  begemming.    [<  6e-l  +  gem.}    To  adorn 
with  gems,  or  as  with  gems ;  stud  with  gems, 
or  anything  suggesting  them. 

The  lawn 
Begemmed  with  dew-drops. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  iii.  2. 

beget  (be-gef),  V.  t. ;  pret.  begot,  formerly  be- 
gat, pp.  begotten,  begot,  ppr.  begetting.  [<  ME. 
begeten,  begiten,  bigiten,  etc.,  <  AS.  begitan, 
bigitan  {=  OS.  bigitan  =  OHG.  bigezan),  get,  ac- 
quire, <  be-  +  gitan,  getan,  get :  see  be-^  and 
gct^.}  1.  To  procreate ;  generate:  chiefly  used 
of  the  father  alone,  but  sometimes  of  both 
parents. 

Abraham  begat  Isaac  ;  and  Isaac  begat  Jacob ;  and  Jacob 
begat  Judas  and  his  brethren.  Mat.  i.  2. 

Yet  they  a  beauteous  offspring  shall  beget. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  613. 
Become  stout  Mai'ses,  and  beget  young  Cupids. 

B.  Jomon,  Alchemist,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  produce  as  an  effect;  cause  to  exist; 
generate ;  occasion :  as,  luxury  begets  vice ; 
"love  is  begot  by  fancy,"  Glanville. 

Intellectual  science  has  been  observed  to  beget  invaria- 
bly a  doubt  of  the  existence  of  matter.  Einerson,  Nature. 

Thought  is  essentially  independent  of  language,  and 
speech  could  never  have  begotten  reason. 

Mivart,  Nature  and  Thought,  p.  167. 
=  Syn.  To  breed,  engender, 
begetter  (be-get'er),  n.  One  who  begets  or  pro- 
creates; a  father, 
begetting  (be-get'ing),  n.    1.  The  act  of  pro- 
creating or  producing. —  2.  That  which  is  be- 
gotten ;  progeny, 
beggable  (beg'a-bl),  a.    [<  beg''-  +  -able.}  Ca- 
pable of  being  begged. 

Things  disposed  of  or  not  beggable.  Butler,  Characters. 

beggar  (beg'ar),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  more  com- 
monly begger,  <  ME.  begger,  beggere,  also  beg- 
gar, beggare,  a  beggar:  for  theetym.,  see  fte^/i. 
The  reg.  mod.  spelling  is  begger  ;  the  ME.  vari- 
ant spelling  beggar,  beggare,  has  not  neces- 
sarily a  bearing  upon  the  conjectured  derivation 
from  OF.  begard,  the  suffix  -er  being  in  ME. 
often  variable  to  -ar ;  cf.  mod.  E.  liar.}  1. 
One  who  begs  or  asks  alms;  especially,  one 
who  lives  by  asking  alms  or  makes  it  his  busi- 
ness to  beg. 

Bidderes  and  beggeres  fast  about  yede. 
With  hire  belies  and  here  bagges  of  brede  full  ycrammed. 

Piers  Plowman. 

2.  One  who  is  in  indigent  circumstances ;  one 
who  has  been  beggared. — 3t.  One  who  asks  a 
favor ;  one  who  entreats ;  a  petitioner. 

Count.  Wilt  thou  needs  be  a  beggar  ? 
Clo.  I  do  beg  your  good-will  in  this  case. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  i.  3. 
What  subjects  will  precarious  kings  regard? 
A  beggar  speaks  too  softly  to  be  heard.  Dryden. 

4.  One  who  assumes  in  argument  what  he 
does  not  prove. 

These  shameful  beggars  of  principles.  TiUotson. 

5.  A  fellow;  a  rogue:  used  (a)  in  contempt 
for  a  low  fellow;  (b)  as  a  term  of  playful 
familiarity :  as,  he  is  a  good-hearted  little  beg- 
gar—  Masterful  beggar.  See  masterful.— To  go  or 
go  home  by  beggar's  bush,  to  go  to  ruin.  Brewer. 

beggar  (beg'ar),  V.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  beg- 
ger; <  beggar,  n.}  1.  To  make  a  beggar  of; 
reduce  to  beggary ;  impoverish. 

Whose  heavy  hand  hath  bow'd  you  to  the  grave, 
And  beggar' d  yours  for  ever.      Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  1. 


beggary 

Beggar'd  by  fools,  whom  still  he  found  too  late ; 
He  had  his  jest,  and  tliey  had  his  estate. 

Dryden,  Abs.  and  Achit.,  i.  561. 
A  rapacious  government,  and  a  beggared  exche(|uer. 

Buckle,  Civilization,  I.  653. 
2.  To  exhaust  the  resources  of;  exceed  the 
means  or  capacity  of ;  outdo. 

When  the  two  heroes  met,  then  began  a  scene  of  war- 
like parade  that  beggars  all  description. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  328. 
Shakespeare  carries  us  to  such  a  lofty  strain  o(  intel- 
ligent activity  as  to  suggest  a  wealth  which  beggars  his 
own.  Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  262. 

beggardom  (beg'iir-dum),  w.    The  state  of  beg- 
gary ;  the  body  or  fraternity  of  beggars, 
beggarhood  (beg' ar- hud),  n.     [<  beggar  + 
-liood.}   The  character  or  state  of  being  a  beg- 
gar; beggars  collectively, 
beggarism  (beg'ar-izm),  n.    [<  beggar  +  -ism.} 

The  state  or  conciition  of  beggary, 
beggarliness  (beg'ar-li-nes),  n.  [<  beggarly 
+  -ntss.}  The  state  of  being  beggarly;  ex- 
treme poverty ;  meanness, 
beggarly  (beg'ar-li),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
beggerly  ;  <  beggar  +  -ly^.}  1 .  In  the  condition 
of  or  becoming  a  beggar ;  extremely  indigent ; 
poor  ;  mean ;  contemptible :  used  of  persons 
and  things. 

A  beggarly  account  of  empty  boxes. 

Sliak.,  R.  and  J.,  v.  1. 
Beggarly  sins,  that  is,  those  sins  which  idleness  and 
beggary  usually  betray  men  to,  such  as  lying,  flattery, 
stealing,  and  dissimulation.  Jer.  Taylor. 

He  was  an  idle,  beggarly  fellow,  and  of  no  use  to  the 
public.  Addison,  Trial  of  Punctilios. 

2.  Of  or  for  beggars.  [Rare.] 

But  moralists,  sociologists,  political  economists,  and  taxes 
have  slowly  convinced  me  that  my  beggarly  sympathies 
were  a  sin  against  society.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  59. 

beggarlyt  (beg'ar-li),  adv.   Meanly;  indigent- 
ly ;  desijieably. 
It  is  his  delight  to  dwell  beggarly. 

Hooker,  Eocles.  Pol.,  v.  §  16. 

beggar-my-neigbbor  (beg'iir-mi-na'bor),  n. 
[In  allusion  to  the  continued  loss  of  cards.]  A 
children's  game  at  cards,  in  one  variety  of  it  the 
players  hold  the  cards  with  the  backs  upward,  and  alter- 
nately lay  one  down  till  an  honor  is  turned  up,  which 
has  to  be  paid  for  at  the  rate  of  four  cards  for  an  ace, 
three  for  a  king,  etc.  ;  and  the  game  goes  on  thus  till  one 
has  gained  all  the  other's  cards. 

beggar's-basket  (beg'arz-bas'ket),  n.  The 

European  lungwort,  Fulmonaria  officinalis. 
beggar's-lice  (beg'iirz-lis),  n.    1.  An  English 
name  of  Galium  Aparine,  or  goose-grass,  given 
to  it  because  its  burs  stick  to  the  clothes,  and 
somewhat  resemble  lice. —  2.  The  name  given 
in  the  United  States  to  species  of  Bidens  and  to 
Echinospermum  Virginicum,  the  seeds  of  which 
have  barbed  awns  which  cling  persistently  to 
clothing.    Also  called  beggar'' s-ticks. 
beggar's-needle  (beg'arz-ne''''dl),  n.   An  Eng- 
lish popular  name  for  the  Scandix  Pecten,  from 
its  long-beaked  fronds, 
beggar's-ticks  (beg'arz-tiks),  n.    Same  as  beg- 
gar's-lice, 2.    Also  wi'itten  beggarticks. 

It  [the  garden]  was  over-run  with  Roman  wormwood 
and  beggarticks,  which  last  stuck  to  my  clothes. 

Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  282. 

beggar-'Weed  (beg'iir-wed),  n.  [Cf.  beggary'^, 
2.]  A  name  sometimes  given  in  England  to 
the  common  door-weed,  Folygotium  aviculare, 
to  Cuscuta  Trifolii,  and  to  some  other  plants, 
beggaryi  (beg'ar-i),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
beggery,  <  ME.  beggerie,  <  beggere,  beggar.]  1. 
The  state  of  a  beggar;  a  condition  of  extreme 
indigence. 

'Tis  the  narrowness  of  human  nature, 
Our  poverty  and  beggary  of  spirit, 
To  take  exception  at  these  things. 

B.  Jonson,  The  New  Inn,  iv.  3. 
His  vessel  with  an  inestimable  cargo  has  just  gone 
down,  and  he  is  reduced  in  a  moment  from  opulence  to 
beggary.  Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

2t.  The  act  or  practice  of  begging ;  the  occu- 
pation of  a  beggar ;  begging. 

We  must  be  careful  that  our  charity  do  not  minister  to 
idleness  and  the  love  of  beggary. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Great  Exemplar. 

3.  Beggars  collectively;  beggardom;  beggar- 
hood. 

The  Piazza  is  invaded  by  the  legions  of  beggary,  and 
held  in  overpowering  numbers  against  all  comers. 

Howclls,  'Venetian  Life,  xviii. 

4.  A  state  of  bareness  or  deficiency. 

The  freedom  and  the  beggary  of  the  old  studio. 

Thackeray. 

beggary^  (beg'ar-i),  a.  [<  beggar  +  -i/i.]  1. 
Beggarly;  poor;  mean.  [Rare.] — 2.  Full  of 
weeds.    [Local,  Eng.] 


begger 

"beggert,  beggeryf.    Foi-mer  and  more  regular 

spelliugs  of  beggar,  beggary. 
begging  (beg'iiig),  n.    [<  ME.  beggi/nge;  verbal 

n.  of  beg'^.'\    The  act  of  asking  or  soliciting ; 

the  occupation  of  a  beggar, 
beggyt  (beg'i),  M.    Same  as  bey^. 

Tliere  used  to  be  .a  still  more  powerful  personage  at  the 

head  of  tlie  Ourf,  called  the  Uivau  Beggy.  Brougham. 

Seghard  (beg'ard),  M.  [<  ML.  Begliardus,  be- 
gardus,  beggardus,  hegeliardus,  begihardus  (cf. 
It.  Sp.  Pg.  begardo,  MHG.  beghart,  begehard,  G. 
beghart,  Flem.  beggaert,  OF.  begard,  begart, 
begar,  with  a  later  equiv.  ML.  beghimis,  begi- 
nus,  etc.,  OF.  beguin,  etc.,  E.  Beguin),  formed, 
-with  the  suffix  -ardus,  -ard  (and  later  -inus, 
-in,  after  the  fern.  ML.  beghina,  begina,  etc., 
OF.  beguine,  etc.,  E.  Beguin,  Beguine),  from  the 
name  of  the  founder  of  the  sisterhood  of  Be- 
guins,  namely,  Lambert  Begue  or  le  Begtie  :  see 
Beguin,  Beguine.']  One  of  a  body  of  religious 
enthusiasts  which  arose  in  Flanders  in  the  thir- 
teenth century;  a  Beguin  (which  see).  Also 
written  Beguard.    [Often  without  a  capital.] 

begild  (be-gild'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  begilded, 
begilt,  ppr.  begiJding.  [<  6e-t  +  gild^.]  To  gild: 
as,  "bride-laces  begilt,"  B.  Jonson,  King's  En- 
tertainment. 

The  lightning-flash  from  swords,  casks,  courtilaces, 
With  quiv  ring  beams  begilds  the  neighbour  grasses. 

Sylvester,  Battaile  of  Yvry  (trans.),  p.  102. 

begin  (be-gin'),  v.;  pret.  began,  sometimes  be- 
gun, -p-p.  begun,  ppr.  beginning.  [<  ME.  begin- 
nen,  biginnen  (pret.  began,  begon,  pi.  begunne, 
begunnen,  begonne,  etc.,  pp.  begunnen,  begonnen, 
begunne,  etc.),  <  AS.  beginnan,  biginnan  (pret.  be- 
gan, pi.  begunnon,  pp.  begunnen)  —  OS.  biginnan 
—  OFries.  beginna,  bejenna  =  D.  beginnen  = 
OHG.  biginnan,  MHG.  G.  beginnen,  begin;  AS. 
more  commonly  onginnan,  varely  dginnan,  ME. 
<iginnen,  and  by  apheresis  ginnen,  mod.  E.  obs. 
•or  poet,  gin  ;  also  with  still  different  prefixes, 
OHG.  inginnan,  enginnen,  and  Goth,  duginnan, 
"begin ;  <be-  (E.  &e-i)  or  on-,  d-  (E.  a-2),  -f  dgin- 
nan, not  found  in  the  simple  form,  prob.  orig. 
'open,  open  up'  (a  sense  retained  also  by  the 
OHG.  inginnan,  MHG.  enginnen),  being  prob. 
connected  with  (a)  AS.  ginian  =  OS.(j:.  ginen, 
MHG.  ginen,  genen,  G.  gdhnen,  gape,  yawn,  (6) 
A.S.  ginan  =  Icel.  gina,  gape,  yawn,  (c)  AS. 
gdnian,  E.  yawn  =  OHG.  geinon,  MHG.  geinen, 
^ape,  yawn  (cf.  Gr.  ;i;a('vf(i',  gape,  yawn) ;  all 
variously  with  n-  formative  from  the  root  *gi, 
seen  also  in  OHG.  gien  and  giwen,  geicon,  MHG. 
giwen,  gewen  =  L.  hiare  =  OBulg.  zijati  —  Russ. 
^ijati  =  Bo\iem..  0U'a<j  =  Lith.  zhioti,  etc.,  gape, 
yawn  (cf.  Gr.  ;ifd(T/£fii',  yawn,  ;taof,  chaos,  ;td(7/ia, 
<;hasm,  etc. :  see  chaos,  chasm) :  see  yaicn  and 
hiatus.  Cf.  ojjen  as  equiv.  to  begin,  and  close  as 
equiv.  to  end.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  take  the  first 
step  in ;  set  about  the  performance  or  accom- 
plishment of ;  enter  upon ;  commence. 

Ye  nymphs  of  Solyma,  begin  the  song. 

Pope,  Messiah,  I.  1. 

2.  To  originate;  be  the  originator  of:  as,  to 
iegin  a  dynasty. 

Proud  Nimrod  first  the  savage  chase  began. 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  61. 

3.  To  trace  from  anything  as  the  first  grotmd; 
date  the  beginning  of. 

The  apostle  begins  our  knowledge  in  the  creatures 
which  leads  us  to  the  knowledge  of  God.  Locke. 
=  Syn.  1.  To  set  about,  institute,  undertake,  originate, 
initiate. 

II,  intrans.  1.  To  come  into  existence ;  arise; 
originate:  as,  the  present  German  empire  be- 
gan with  William  I. 

Made  a  seMsh  war  begin. 

Tennyson,  To  F.  D.  Maurice. 

2,  To  take  a  first  step ;  commence  in  any  course 
or  operation ;  make  a  start  or  commencement. 

No  change  of  disposition  begins  yet  to  show  itself  in 
England.        Jefferson,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  436. 

The  contest  raged  from  morning  until  night,  when  the 
Moors  began  to  yield.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  35. 

To  begin  the  board.  See  board.— begin  with.  («) 

To  enter  upon  first ;  use  or  employ  first :  as,  to  begin  with 
the  Latin  grammar ;  to  begin  with  prayer.  (i>)  At  the  out- 
set ;  as  the  first  thing  to  be  considered  ;  first  of  all :  as,  to 
begin  with,  I  do  not  like  its  color. 

Animals  can  be  trained  to  behave  in  a  way  in  which,  to 
begin  with,  they  are  incapable  of  beharing. 

T.  U.  Green,  Prolegomena  to  Ethics,  §  113. 

beginf  (be-gin'),  «.    [<  begin,  v.]  A  beginning. 

Let  no  whit  thee  dismay 
The  hard  beginne  that  meetes  thee  in  the  dore. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  iii.  21. 

beginner  (be-gin'er),  «.    [ME.  begynner;  <  be- 
gin +  -ej-l.]   1,  One  who  begins  or  originates; 


507 

one  who  starts  or  first  leads  off ;  an  author  or 
originator. 

Where  are  the  vile  beginners  of  this  fray  ? 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  1. 

2.  One  beginning  to  learn  or  practise  ;  a  novice ; 
a  tyro:  as,  "a  sermon  of  a  new  beginner," 
Swift. 

There  are  noble  passages  in  it,  but  they  are  for  the  adept 
and  not  for  the  beginner. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  R.  W.  Emerson,  xiv. 

beginning  (be-gin'ing),  w.    [<  ME.  beginninge, 
bcgintiunge  {=  MHG.  beginnunge) ;  verbal  n.  of 
begin.]    1.  The  origin;  source;  first  cause. 
I  am  .  .  .  the  beginning  and  the  ending.         Rev.  i.  8. 

2.  The  point  of  time  or  epoch  at  which  any- 
thing begins ;  specifically,  the  time  when  the 
universe  began  to  be. 

In  the  beginning  God  created  the  heaven  and  the  earth. 

Gen.  i.  1. 

It  was  reserved  for  Hutton  to  declare  for  the  first  time 
that  the  rocks  around  us  reveal  no  trace  of  the  beginning 
of  things.  Geikie,  Geol.  Sketches,  ii. 

3.  The  initial  stage  or  first  part  of  any  pro- 
cess or  proceeding;  the  starting-point:  as,  a 
small  beginning. 

He  was  come  to  that  height  of  honour  out  of  base  be- 
ginnings. Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  564. 

The  beginning  of  writing  is  the  hieroglyphic  or  symbol- 
ical picture,  the  beginning  of  worship  is  fetishism  or  idol- 
atry, the  beginning  of  eloquence  is  pictorial,  sensuous, 
and  metaphorical,  the  beginning  of  philosupliy  is  the 
myth.  Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  142. 

beginningless  (bf-gin'ing-les),  a.  [<  beginning 
+ -less.]  Having  no  beginning:  correlative  to 
endless.  [Rare.] 
begird  (bf-gerd'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  begirt, 
begirded,  ppr.  begirding.  [<  ME.  begirden, 
only  in  pret.  or  pp.  begurt,  <  AS.  begyrdan 
(z^'OHG.  bigurtjan  ;  cf.  Goth,  bigairdan,  strong 
verb),  <  be-  +  gyrdan,  gird :  see  &e-i  and  gi7-d^.] 
1.  To  bind  with  a  band  or  girdle. —  2.  To  sur- 
round; inclose;  encompass. 

Uther's  son 
Begirt  with  British  and  Armoric  knights. 

J/!7(o?!,  P.  L.,  i.  581. 

begirdle  (be-ger'dl),  V.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  girdle.] 
To  surround  or  encircle  as  with  a  girdle. 

Like  a  ring  of  lightning  they  .  .  .  begirdle  her  from 
shore  to  shore.  Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  III.  vii.  3. 

begirtt  (bf-gert'),  v.  t.  [A  form  of  begird,  inf., 
due  to  the  frequent  pp.  begirt,  pret.  and  pp. 
being  the  same  as  those  of  begird.]  To  be- 
gird; encompass. 

Begirt  the  wood,  and  fire  it. 

Massinger,  Bashful  Lover,  iii.  5. 
To  begirt  the  almighty  throne. 
Beseeching  or  besieging.         Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  868. 

beglare  (bf-glar'),  v.  t.  [<  &e-i  +  glare.]  To 
glare  at  or  on.    [A  himiorous  coinage.] 

So  that  a  bystander,  without  beholding  Mrs.  Wilfer  at 
all,  must  have  known  at  whom  she  was  glaring  by  seeing 
her  refracted  from  the  countenance  of  the  beglared  one. 

Dickens,  Our  ilutual  Friend,  I.  wi. 

beglerbeg  (beg'ler-beg'),  n.  Same  as  beylerbey. 
beglerbeglic  (beg'ler-beg'lik),  n.    Same  as 
beylerbeylik. 

begloom  (be-gl6m'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  gloom.]  To 
make  gloomy;  darken.  [Rare.] 
begnaw  (be-na'),  V.  t.  [ME.  not  found;  <  AS. 
begnagan,  gnaw,  <  be-  +  gnagan,  gnaw:  see 
6e-i  and  gnaw.]  To  bite  or  gnaw;  eat  away; 
corrode  ;  nibble  at.  [Rare.] 

The  worm  of  conscience  still  be-(jnaw  thy  souL 

Shak.,  Rich.  IIL,  i.  3. 

begot  (be-go'),  v.  t.;  pret.  beicent,  pp.  begone. 
[<  ME.  began,  bigon,  <  AS.  began  (=  D.  begaan 
=  OHG.  bigdn,  MHG.  began,  begen,G.  begehen), 
<  be-,  by,  about,  +  gdn,  go:  see  6e-i  and  go.] 
1.  To  go  about;  encompass;  sun'ound. —  2. 
To  clothe;  attire. —  3.  To  sun-ound  or  beset; 
affect  as  a  circumstance  or  influence :  now 
only  in  the  perfect  participle  begone,  in  woebe- 
gone, beset  vsdth  woe  (originally  in  the  con- 
struction him  ivas  tco  begon,  in  which  ico  is  the 
subject  and  him  the  dative  object,  subsequent- 
ly made  the  subject). 

So  was  I  glad  and  wel  begon. 

Chaucer,  Parliament  of  Fowls,  1.  171. 

begodt  (be-god'),  V.  t.  [<  be-^  +  god.]  To  dei- 
fy: as,  "begodded  saints,"  South,  Sermons,  V. 
xcvii. 

begone^  (bf-gon').    [Prop,  two  words,  be  gone 
(be,  inf.  or'impv. ;  gone,  pp.),  irreg.  united,  as 
also  in  beware.]    Begone;  go  away;  depai't. 
Begone !  you  are  my  brother ;  that's  your  safety. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iv.  1. 
"  You  must  begone,"  said  Death  ;  "  these  walks  are  mine." 

Tennyson,  Love  and  Death. 

begone^t  (bf-gon').    Past  participle  of  bego. 


Beguard  - 

Begonia  (be-go'ni-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  after 
Michel  Begon  (1638-1710),  a  French  promoter 
of  science.]  A  very  large  genus  of  polypeta-  > 
lous  exogenous  plants,  the  type  of  tlie  nat- 
ural order  Bcgoniacece.  They  are  mostly  herbaceous, 
natives  of  the  warmer  regions  of  the  globe,  and  are  fre- 


Begonia  pannosa. 
a,  branch  with  male  flowers  ;  b,  c,  two  forms  of  styles  and  stigmas ; 
d.  fruit.   (From  Le  Maout  and  Decaisne's  "  Traite  general  de  Bota- 
nique." ) 

quent  in  cultivation  as  foliage-plants  and  for  their  showy 
or  singular  flowers.  A  very  great  diversity  in  the  often 
brilliant  coloring  of  the  leaves  has  been  reached  by  skilful 
crossing.  From  the  shape  of  their  large,  oblique,  Heshy 
leaves  some  species  are  known  by  tlie  name  of  elephant's- 
ear.  Tlie  succulent  acid  stalks  of  several  species  are  used 
as  pot-herbs. 

Begoniacese  (bf-go-ni-a'se-e),  «.  i^l.  [NL.,  <  Be- 
gonia +  -acece.]  A  natural  order  of  plants,  al- 
lied to  the  Cucurbitacece  and  Cactacece,  of  which 

Begonia  is  the  typical  genus.  The  only  other  genera 
are  HiUebrandia  of  the  Sandwich  Islands,  monotypio,  and 
Begoniella  of  the  United  States  of  Colombia,  of  only  two 
species, 

begoniaceous  (be-go-ni-a'shius),  a.  Belonging 
to  or  resembling  the  Begoniacece. 

begore  (be-gor'),  v.  t.  [<  be-^  +  gore^.]  To  be- 
smear with  gore.  Spenser. 

begot  (be-gof).  Preterit  and  past  participle  of 
beget. 

begotten  (bf-got'n).    Past  participle  of  beget. 

begrace  (bf-gras'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i  -1-  grace.]  To 
say  "your  grace"  to;  address  by  the  title  of  a 
duke  or  bishop.  Holinshed.  [Rare.] 

begra'Vet  (be-grav'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  begraven,  <  AS. 
begrafan,  hmy  (=  OS.  bigrabhan  —  D.  begraven 
=  OHG.  bigraban  =  Sw.  begrafva  =  Dan.  be- 
grave,  bury,  =  Goth,  bigraban,  dig  around),  <  be- 
+  grafan,  grave,  dig:  see  6e-l  and  graved,  v.] 
1.  To  bury.    Gower. — 2.  To  engrave. 

With  great  sleight 
Of  workmanship  it  was  begra  ve. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  i. 

begrease  (be-gres'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  grease.]  To 
soil  or  daub  with  grease  or  other  oily  matter. 

begrime  (be-grim'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  grime.]  To 
make  grimy ;  cover  or  impress  as  with  dJrt  or 
grime. 

The  justice-room  begrimed  with  ashes. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  x. 

=  Syn.  Tarnish,  etc.    See  soil. 
begrudge  (be-gruj'),  v.  t.    [Early  mod.  E.  also 
begrutch,<.  jNH].  begrucchen :  see       and  grudge.] 
To  gi'udge ;  envy  the  possession  of. 

There  wants  no  teacher  to  make  a  poor  man  begrudge 
his  powerful  and  wealthy  neighbour  both  his  actual  share 
in  the  government,  and  his  disproportionate  share  of  the 
good  things  of  this  life.  Brougham. 

begrnntlet  (bf-grun'tl),  i'.  t.    [<  6e-l  +  gruntle. 
Ct.  disgruntle.]   To  render  uneasy ;  disconcert. 
The  Spaniards  were  begruntled  with  these  scruples. 

Bp.  Uacket,  Life  of  Abp.  WiUiams,  i.  131. 

begrutcht,  t-  Obsolete  form  of  begrudge. 
begrutten  (be-gmt'n),  a.  [<  +  grutten, 
pp.  of  greit,  greet,  cry:  see  greet"^.]  Sho'wing 
the  effects  of  much  weeping ;  marred  or  swollen 
in  face  through  sore  or  continued  weeping. 
[Scotch.] 
Poor  things,  .  .  .  they  are  sae  begrutten. 

Scott,  Monastery,  viii. 

begstert,  »•    A  Mijidle  English  form  of  beggar, 

Chaucer. 

BegtasM  (beg-ta'she).  n.  [Turk.]  A  secret 
religious  order  in  Tiu-key  resembUng  the  order 
of  Freemasons,  employing  passwords  and  signs 
of  recognition  very  similar  to,  and  in  some 
cases  identical  with,  those  of  the  latter  order, 
and  including  many  thousands  of  influential 
members.    Imp.  Diet. 

beguan  (beg'wiin),  «.  [Prob.  a  native  name.] 
A  bezoar  or  concretion  found  in  the  intestines 
of  the  i^ana. 

Beguard,  «.    See  Beghard. 


beguile 

■beguile  (be-gil'),  v.  t.    [<  me.  hegilen,  legijlen 
(=  MD.  beghijleti),  <  be-  +  gilen,  gylen,  gilile, 
deceive :  see  6t'-i  and  guile.']   1.  To  delude  with 
guile ;  deceive ;  impose  on  by  artifice  or  craft. 
The  serpent  beguiled  me,  and  I  did  eat.       Gen.  iii.  13. 

By  e.\pectation  every  day  begiUl'd, 
Dupe  of  to-morrow  even  from  a  child. 

Cou'per,  My  Motlier's  Picture. 

2.  To  elude  or  cheek  by  artifice  or  craft;  foil. 

'Twas  yet  some  comfort, 
WTien  misery  could  beguile  the  tyrant's  rage. 
And  frustrate  his  proud  will.       Shak.,  Leai',  iv.  6. 

3.  To  deprive  of  irksomeness  or  unpleasant- 
ness by  diverting  the  mind;  render  unfelt; 
cause  to  pass  insensibly  and  pleasantly;  while 
away. 

I  would  beguile 
The  tedious  day  with  sleep.    Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 
Chiefs  of  elder  Art ! 
Teachers  of  wisdom  !  who  could  once  beguile 
My  tedious  hours.  Roscoe,  To  my  Books. 

4.  To  transform  as  if  by  charm  or  grille ;  charm. 

Till  to  a  smile 
The  goodwife's  tearful  face  he  did  beguile. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  225. 

5.  To  entertain  as  with  pastimes ;  amuse. 

The  tales 

With  which  this  day  the  children  she  beguiled 
She  glean'd  from  Breton  grandames  when  a  child. 

M.  Arnold,  Tristram  and  Iseult,  iii. 
To  beguile  of,  to  deprive  of  by  guile  or  pleasing  artifice. 
(     The  writer  who  beguiles  of  their  tediousness  the  dull 
hours  of  life.  Everett,  Orations,  I.  302. 

=  SyTl.  1.  Cheat,  mislead,  inveigle.— 3-5.  Amuse,  Divert, 
etc.  (see  amuse);  cheer,  solace. 

beguilement  (be-^l'ment),  n.  [<  begxiJe  + 
-ment.'i  The  act  of  beguiling;  the  state  of  be- 
ing beguiled. 

beguiler  (be-gi'ler),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
beguiles  or  deceives. 

beguilingly  (bf-gi'Ling-li),  adv.  In  a  manner 
to  beguile  or  deceive. 

beguiltyt  (be-gil'ti),  r.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  guilty.]  To 
render  guilty ;  burden  with  a  sense  of  guilt. 

By  easy  commutations  of  public  penance  for  a  private 
pecuniary  mulct  [thou]  dost  at  once  beguilty  thine  own 
conscience  with  sordid  bribery. 

Bp.  Sanderson,  Sermons,  p.  275. 

Beguin,  Beguine  (beg'in;  sometimes,  as  mod. 
F.,  ba-gah',  m.,  -gen',  f.),  n.  1(1)  Beguin,  Be- 
guine, fern.:  early  mod.  E.  also  begin,  begine, 
beghine,  beggin,  bigin,  biggayne,  <  ME.  begyne, 
bygynne,  <  OF.  beguine,  inod.  F.  beguine  =  Sp. 
Pg.  beguina  =  It.  beghina,  bighina  (MD.  beghijne, 
D.  begijn,  LG.  and  G.  begine),  <  ML.  beghina, 
begina,  beggina,  beguina,  bigina,  etc.  (cf.  E.  big- 
gin^, from  the  same  source).  (2)  Beguin,  masc, 
<  OF.  beguin,  mod.  F.  beguin  =  Sp.  Pg.  beguino 
—  It.  beghino,  bighino,  <  ML.  beghinus,  beginus, 
begginus,  beguinus,  biginus,  etc. :  formed,  first  as 
fem.,  with  suffix  -in,  ML.  -ina,  -inus,  from  the 
name  of  Lambert  Begue  or  le  Begue  (i.  e.,  the 
stammerer:  OF.  begue,  mod.  F.  begue,  dial. 
beique,  bieque,  stammering ;  of  unknown  origin), 
a  priest  of  Liege,  who  founded  the  sisterhood. 
See  also  Beghard.  The  origin  of  the  name  was 
not  generally  known,  and  the  forms  varied, 
leading  to  many  etymological  conjectures. 
The  connection  with  E.  beggar  and  beg^  is  per- 
haps real;  in  the  sense  of  'hypocrite'  and 
'bigot'  (as  in  It.  beghino),  the  word  was  later 
confused  with  bigot,  q.  v.]  1.  A  name  given 
to  the  members  of  various  religious  communi- 
ties of  women  who,  professing  a  life  of  poverty 
and  self-denial,  went  about  in  coarse  gray 
clothing  (of  imdyed  wool),  reading  the  Scrip- 
tures and  exhorting  the  people.  They  originated 

in  the  twelfth  or  thirteenth  century,  and  formerly  flour- 
ished in  Germany,  the  Netherlands,  France,  and  Italy;  and 
communities  of  the  name  still  exist  in  Belgium.    See  be- 
guinage.    [Now  generally  written  Beguine.] 
And  Dame  Abstinence  streyned, 
Toke  on  a  robe  of  karaelyne, 
And  gan  her  graithe  [dress]  as  a  bygynne. 

Bom.  of  the  Base,  I.  7366. 
Wanton  wenches  and  beguins.  World  of  Wonders,  1608. 
The  wife  of  one  of  the  ex-burgomasters  and  his  daugh- 
ter, who  was  a  beguin,  went  by  his  side  as  he  was  led  to 
execution.  Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  442. 

2.  [Only  Beguin.]  A  member  of  a  community 
of  men  founded  on  the  same  general  principle 
of  life  as  that  of  the  Beguines  (see  1).  They  be- 
came infected  with  various  heresies,  especially  with  sys- 
tems of  illuminism,  which  were  afterward  propagated 
among  the  communities  of  women.  Tliey  were  condemned 
by  Pope  John  XXII.  in  the  early  part  of  the  fourteenth 
century.  The  faithful  Beguins  joined  themselves  in  num- 
bers with  the  different  orders  of  friars.  The  sect,  gener- 
ally obnoxious  and  the  object  of  severe  measures,  had 
greatly  diminished  by  the  following  century,  but  con- 
tinued to  exist  till  about  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth.  Also 
called  Beghard.  [These  names  have  been  frequently  used 
as  common  nouns,  without  capitals.] 


508 

beguinage  (beg'in-aj,  or,  as  mod.  F.,  ba-ge- 
nazh'),  n.  [F.  beguinage,  OF.  beguinage  (>  ML. 
beghinagium),  <  beguine,  a  Beguine.  See  Be- 
guin and  -age.]  A  community  of  Beguines. 
A  beguinage  usually  consists  of  a  large  walled  inclosure, 
containing  a  number  of  small  detached  houses,  each  in- 
habited by  one  or  two  Beguines ;  there  are  also  some  com- 
mon houses,  especially  for  the  novices  and  younger  mem- 
bers of  the  community.  In  the  center  is  the  church,  where 
certain  religious  offices  are  performed  in  common.  Each 
Beguine  keeps  possession  of  her  own  property,  and  may 
support  herself  from  it,  or  from  the  work  of  her  hands, 
or  by  serving  others  in  their  houses.  They  are  free  to 
leave  at  any  time,  and  take  only  simple  vows  of  chastity 
and  obedience  during  residence.  Pious  women  may  also, 
under  certain  restrictions,  rent  houses  and  live  inside  the 
inclosure  without  formally  joining  the  commuiuty.  Such 
establishments  are  now  chiefly  met  with  in  Belgium ;  the 
immense  one  near  Ghent,  built  by  the  Duke  of  Aremberg 
in  1874,  is  the  finest  example,  and  one  of  the  most  recent. 

Beguine,  «.    See  Beguin. 

begumi  (be-gum'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  begummed, 
ppr.  begumming.  [<  &e-i  -f-  gtim'^.]  To  daub 
or  cover  with  gum.  Swift. 

begum^  (be 'gum),  «.  [Anglo-Ind.,  also  bee- 
gum,  begaum,  <  Hind,  begam  (cf.  Pers.  baigim, 
a  lady),  <  Turki  bigim,  a  princess,  fem.  of  big, 
bik  =  Turk,  beg,  bey,  a  prince :  see  beij'^.]  The 
title  of  a  Hindu  princess  or  lady  of  high  rank. 

begun  (be-gun').  Past  participle  and  some- 
times preterit  of  begin. 

begunk  (be-guugk'),  v.  t.    [Also  spelled  be- 
gink,  perhaps  a  nasalized  variation  of  equiv. 
Sc.  begeck,  q.  v.  See  also  remark  under  beflum.] 
To  befool;  deceive;  balk;  jilt.  [Scotch.] 
Whose  sweetheart  has  begunked  him. 

Blackwood's  Mag.,  VIII.  426. 

begunk  (be-gungk'),  n.  [<  begunk,  v.]  An 
illusion;  a  trick;  a  cheat.  [Scotch.] 

If  I  havena'  gien  Inchgrabbit  and  Jamie  Howie  abonnie 
begunk,  they  ken  themsel's.       Scott,  Waverley,  II.  xxxv. 

behad  (be-hiid'),  a.  [Contr.  of  Sc.  *behald  = 
E.  beholden.]   Beholden;  indebted.  [Scotch.] 

behalf  (be-haf),  M.  [<  ME.  behalve,  bihalve,  in 
the  phrase  on  (or  upon,  or  in)  behalve,  in  be- 
half, incorrectly  used  for  on  halve  (<  AS.  on 
healfe.  on  the  side  or  part  of),  owing  to  confu- 
sion with  ME.  behalve,  behalven,  behalves,  adv. 
and  prep.,  by  the  side  of,  near,  <  AS.  be  healfe, 
by  the  side:  see  be-^,  by^,  and  half,  n.  Cf.  be- 
hoof.] 1.  Advantage,  benefit,  interest,  or  de- 
fense (of  somebody  or  something). 

In  the  behalf  of  his  mistress's  beauty.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 
I  was  moved  to  speak  in  behalf  of  the  absent. 

Sumner,  Prison  Discipline. 
2t.  Affair;  cause;  matter. 

In  an  unjust  behalf.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  3. 

[Always  governed  by  the  preposition  in,  on, 
or  upon.  See  note  under  behoof.]— in  this  or 
that  behalf,  in  respect  of,  or  with  regard  to,  this  or  that 
matter. 

behapt  (be-hap'),  v.  i.  [<  fte-l  +  hap^.]  To  hap- 
pen. 

behappent  (be-hap'n),  v.  i.    [<  &e-i  -I-  happen, 
appar.  suggested  by  befall.]    To  happen. 
That  is  the  gi'eatest  shame,  and  foulest  scorne, 
Which  unto  any  knight  behappen  may. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  V.  xi.  52. 

behatet,  v.  t.    [ME. ;  <  6e-l  -t-  hate.]    To  hate ; 

detest.  Chaucer. 
beha've  (bf-hav'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  behaved, 
ppr.  behaving.    [<  late  ME.  behaven,  restrain, 
refl.  behave  (see  first  quot.),  <  &e-i  +  have 
(which  thus  compounded  took  the  full  inflec- 
tions (pret.  rarely  behad  and  irreg.  beheft)  and 
developed  reg.  into  the  mod.  pron.  hav).  The 
word  is  formally  identical  with  AS.  behabban, 
hold,  surround,  restrain  (=  OS.  bihebbian,  hold, 
surround,  =  OHG.  bihaben,  MHG.  behaben,  hold, 
take  possession  of),  <  be,  about,  +  habban,  have, 
hold:  see  be-^  and  have.]    I.  trans.  If.  To  gov- 
ern; manage;  conduct;  regulate. 
To  Florence  they  can  hur  kenne. 
To  lerne  hur  to  behave  hur  among  men. 

Le  Bone  Florence,  I.  1567. 
He  did  behave  his  anger  ere  'twas  spent. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iii.  5. 

[The  old  editions  read  behoove  in  this  passage.] 
— 2.  With  a  reflexive  pronoun,  to  conduct, 
comport,  acquit,  or  demean,  (a)  In  some  speci- 
fied way. 

Those  that  behaved  themselves  manfully.  2  Mac.  ii.  21. 
We  behaved  not  ourselves  disorderly  among  you. 

2  Thes.  iii.  7. 

(b)  Absolutely,  in  a  commendable  or  proper 
way;  well  or  properly :  as,  behave  yourself;  they 
wdll  not  behave  themselves. — Sf.  To  employ  or 
occupy. 

Where  ease  abownds  yt's  eath  to  doe  amis  : 
But  who  his  limbs  with  labours,  and  his  mynd 
Behaves  with  cares,  cannot  so  easy  mis. 

Spenser,  l\  Q.,  II.  iii.  40. 


behavior 

II.  intrans.  [The  reflexive  pronoun  omitted.] 
To  act  in  any  relation ;  have  or  exhibit  a  mode 
of  action  or  conduct :  used  of  persons,  and  also 
of  things  having  motion  or  operation.  («)  In 
a  particular  manner,  as  specified:  as,  to  behave 
well  or  ill ;  the  ship  behaves  well. 

But  he  was  wiser  and  well  beheft. 

B.  Jonson,  Love's  Welcome  at  Welbeck. 
Electricity  behaves  like  an  incompressible  fluid. 

Atkinson,  tr.  of  Mascart  and  Joubert,  I.  110. 

(6)  Absolutely,  in  a  proper  manner:  as,  why 
do  you  not  behave'^ 
behaved  (be-havd'),  p.  a.   Mannered;  conduct- 
ed :  usually  with  some  qualifying  adverb  ■.  as, 
a  well-6e/ia«;e(i  person. 

Gather  by  him,  as  he  is  bchav'd, 
If 't  be  the  affliction  of  his  love,  or  no. 
That  thus  he  suffers  for.       Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 
Why,  I  take  the  French-6e/i(t!Jerf  gentleman. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  2. 
A  very  pretty  behaved  gentleman. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  v.  1. 

behavior,  behaviour  (be-hiiv'yor),  n.  [The 
latter  spelling  is  usual  iii  England;  early  mod. 
E.  behavourc,  behavior,  behavier,  behaviour,  be- 
haver,  behavor,  behavour,  <  behave  +  -oure,  -dour, 
-ior,  appar.  in  simulation  of  havior,  haviour, 
havour,  var.  of  haver  for  aver,  possession,  hav- 
ing (see  aver^),  of  F.  origin.  In  poetry  some- 
times havior,  which  may  be  taken  as  formed 
directly  from  have;  cf.  Sc.  have,  behave,  hav- 
ings, behavior.]  1,  Manner  of  beha-ving,  whe- 
ther good  or  bad;  conduct;  mode  of  acting; 
manners;  deportment:  sometimes,  when  used 
absolutely,  implying  good  breeding  or  proper 
deportment. 

Some  men's  behaviour  is  like  a  verse  wherein  every  syl- 
lable is  measured. 

Bacon,  Essays,  Of  Ceremonies  and  Respects. 
A  gentleman  that  is  very  singular  in  his  behaviour. 

Steele. 

2.  Figuratively,  the  manner  in  which  anything 
acts  or  operates. 

The  behaviour  of  the  nitrous  salts  of  the  amines  is 
worthy  of  attention.     Austen- Pinner,  Org.  Chem.,  p.  46. 

The  phenomena  of  electricity  and  magnetism  were  re- 
duced to  the  same  category;  and  the  behaviour  of  the 
magnetic  needle  was  assimilated  to  that  of  a  needle  sub- 
jected to  the  influence  of  artificial  electric  currents. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol. 

3f.  The  act  of  representing  another  person; 
the  manner  in  which  one  personates  the  char- 
acter of  another;  representative  character. 
[Very  rare,  possibly  unique.  Knight,  however,  believes 
that  the  word  is  used  here  in  its  natural  sense,  that  is, 
the  manner  of  having  or  conducting  one's  self.] 
King  John.  Now,  say,  Chatillon,  what  would  France 
with  us? 

Chat.    Thus,  after  greeting,  speaks  the  king  of  France, 
In  my  behaviour,  to  the  majesty. 
The  borrow'd  majesty,  of  England  here. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  i.  1. 
Behavior  as  heir  (law  Latin,  gestiopro  hcerede),  in  Scots 
law,  apassive  title,  by  which  an  heir,  by  intromission  with 
his  ancestor's  heritage,  incurs  a  universal  liability  for  his 
debts  and  obligations.— During  good  behavior,  as  long 
as  one  remains  blameless  in  the  discharge  of  one  s  duties 
or  the  conduct  of  one's  life :  as,  an  office  litld  during  good 
behavior;  a  convict  is  given  certain  privileges  iluriiig'good 
behavior.— Oa  one's  behavior  or  good  behavior,  (a) 
Behaving  or  bound  to  behave  with  a  regard  to  conven- 
tional decorum  and  propriety.  [Colloq.]  (6)  In  a  state  of 
probation ;  liable  to  be  called  to  account  in  case  of  mis- 
conduct. 

Tyrants  themselves  are  upon  their  behaviour  to  a  su- 
perior power.  Sir  M.  L'Estrange,  Fables. 
=  Syn.  1.  Carriage,  Behavior,  Conduct,  Deportment,  De- 
meanor, bearing,  manner,  manners,  all  denote  primaiily 
outward  manner  or  conduct,  but  naturally  are  freely  ex- 
tended to  internal  states  or  activities.  Carriage,  the  way 
of  carrying  one's  self,  may  be  mere  physical  attitude,  or  it 
may  be  persotial  manners,  as  expressing  states  of  mind  : 
we  speak  of  a  haughty  or  noble  carriage,  but  not  ordi- 
narily of  an  ignoble,  cringing,  or  base  carriage.  Behavior 
is  the  most  general  expression  of  one's  mode  of  acting ;  it 
also  refers  particularly  to  comparatively  conspicuous  ac- 
tions and  conduct.  Conduct  is  more  applicable  to  actions 
viewed  as  connected  into  a  course  of  life,  especially  to  ac- 
tions considered  with  reference  to  morality.  Deportment 
is  especially  behavior  in  the  line  of  the  proprieties  or  duties 
of  life:  as,  Mr.  Turveydrop  was  &  model  of  deportment ; 
the  scholars'  rank  depends  partly  upon  their  deportment. 
Demeanor  is  most  used  for  manners  as  expressing  charac- 
ter ;  it  is  a  more  delicate  word  than  the  others,  and  is 
generally  used  in  a  good  sense.  We  may  speak  of  lofty 
or  gracious  carriage;  good,  bad,  wise,  foolish,  modest,  con- 
ceited behavior;  exemplary  conduct;  grand,  modest,  i:ov- 
vent  deportment ;  quiet,  refined  demeanor. 

Notliing  can  be  more  delicate  without  being  fantasti- 
cal, nothing  more  firm  and  based  in  nature  and  sentiment, 
than  the  courtship  and  mutual  carriage  of  the  sexes  [in 
England].  Emerson,  Eng.  Traits,  p.  112. 

Men's  behaviour  should  be  like  their  apparel,  not  too 
strait  or  point-device,  but  free  for  exercise  or  motion. 

Bacon,  Essays,  liii. 

It  is  both  more  satisfactory  and  more  safe  to  trust  to 
the  conduct  of  a  jjarty  than  their  professions. 

Ames,  Works,  II.  214. 


behavior 

Even  at  dancing  parties,  where  it  would  seem  tiiat  the 
poetry  of  motion  might  do  something  to  soften  tlie  rigid 
hosoni  of  Venetian  deportment,  the  poor  young  people 
separate  after  each  dance.     Howells,  Venetian  Life,  xxi. 

An  elderly  gentleman,  large  and  portly  and  of  remark- 
ably dignified  demeanor,  passing  slowly  along. 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  iv. 

behead  (be-hed'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bcheden,  Wief- 
(Icn,  biheveden,  <  AS.  hehedfdian  (=  MHG.  be- 
hoiibeten  ;  cf.  G.  ent-hawpten  =  D.  on-thoofden), 
behead,  <  be-,  here  priv.,  +  liedfod,  head:  see 
and  head.}  1.  To  cut  off  the  head  of;  kill 
or  execute  by  decapitation. 

Kussell  and  Sidney  were  beheaded  in  defiance  of  law 
and  justice.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  deprive  of  the  head,  top,  or 
foremost  part  of:  as,  to  behead  a  statue  or  a 
word. 

beheading  (bf-hed'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  be- 
head.]  The  act  of  cutting  off  the  head;  spe- 
cifically, execution  by  decapitation. 

In  Dahomey  there  are  frequent  beheadings  that  the  vic- 
tims, going  to  the  other  world  to  serve  the  dead  king,  may 
carry  messages  from  his  living  descendant. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  141. 

beheld  (be-held').  Preterit  and  past  participle 
of  behold. 

behellt  (bf-hel'),  v.  t.  [<  &e-l  +  hell.']  To  tor- 
ture as  with  pains  of  hell. 
Did  behell  and  rack  him.  Hewyt. 
behemoth  (be-he'moth),  11.  [<  Heb.  b'hemoth, 
appar.  pi.  of  excellence,  'great  beast,'  sing. 
b'heinah,  a  beast,  but  supposed  to  be  an  adap- 
tation of  Egypt.  2)-ehe-mau,  lit.  water-ox.]  An 
animal  mentioned  in  Job  xl.  15-24 ;  probably, 
from  the  details  given,  a  hippopotamus,  but 
sometimes  taken  for  some  other  animal,  or  for 
a  type  of  the  largest  land-animals  generally. 

Behold  now  behemoth,  which  I  made  with  thee,  he  eat- 
eth  grass  as  an  ox.  Job  xl.  15. 

Behold  in  plaited  mail 
Behemoth  rears  his  head. 

ThoiHSon,  Summer,  1.  710. 

behen,  ben^  (be'hen,  ben),  n.  [Also  written  be- 
ken,  been,  appar.  a  corruption  of  Ar.  bahman, 
behmen,  a  kind  of  root,  also  the  flower  Rosa  ca- 
nina.']  An  old  name  of  the  bladder-campion, 
Silene  inflata.  The  behen-root  of  old  pharmacists  is  said 
to  have  been  the  root  of  Centaurea  Behen  and  of  Statice 
Limonium,  distinguished  as  white  and  red  behen. 

behest  (be-hesf),  n.  [<  ME.  behest,  bihest,  be- 
heste,  etc.,  with  excrescent  t,  earlier  behese,  < 
late  AS.  behcBS,  a  promise,  vow  (equiv.  to  behdt 
=  OHG.  &*/iej^,  a  promise ;  cf.  behight,  «.),  <  be- 
hdtan,  promise :  see  behight,  v.,  and  hest.]  If.  A 
vow;  a  promise.  Chaucer ;  Gower ;  Holland. — 
2,  A  command ;  precept ;  mandate. 

Where  I  have  learn'd  me  to  repent  the  sin 
Of  disobedient  opposition 

To  you  and  your  behests.      Shak.,  K.  and  J.,  iv.  2. 
He  did  not  pause  to  parley  nor  protest. 
But  hastened  to  obey  the  Lord's  behest. 

Longfellow,  Torquemada. 
behestt  (be-hesf),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  behesten,  prom- 
ise, <  beheste,  a  promise:  see  behest,  m.]  To 
promise ;  vow. 
behetet,  v.    A  Middle  English  form  of  behight. 
behewf,  v.  t.    [<  ME.  behewen,  hew  about,  carve, 

<  AS.  behedwan,  hew  off,  <  be-  (in  AS.  priv.) 
+  hedivan,  cut,  hew.]  To  carve;  adorn;  embel- 
lish. 

Al  with  gold  behewe.  Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  1306. 
behightt  (bf-hif),  v.  [The  common  spelling 
in  Spenser  and  his  contemporaries  of  both 
present  and  preterit  of  ME.  pres.  inf.  beheten, 
regularly  behoten,  earlier  behaten  (pret.  behight, 
behighte,  earlier  beheht,  belief,  pp.  behoten,  later 
behight),  <  AS.  behdtan  (pret.  behet,  pp.  behaten) 
(=  OHG.  bihaisan,  MHG.  beheizen),  promise, 

<  be-  +  hdtan,  command,  call :  see  &e-l  and 
hight^.  The  forms  in  ME.  were  confused,  like 
those  of  the  simple  verb.  The  proper  sense  of 
behight  is  'promise';  the  other  senses  (found 
only  in  Spenser  and  contemporary  arehaists) 
are  forced,  being  in  part  taken  from  Mght^.]  I, 
trans.  1.  To  promise;  vow. 

The  trayteresse  fals  and  ful  of  gyle, 
That  al  behoteth  and  nothing  halt. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  621. 
Behight  by  vow  unto  the  chaste  Miiierve. 

Surrey,  J5neid,  ii. 

2.  To  call ;  name. 

That  Geauntesse  Argante  is  behight. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  III.  vii.  47. 

3.  To  address. 
Wliom  soone  as  he  beheld  he  knew,  and  thus  behight. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  iv.  25. 

4.  To  pronounce ;  declare  to  be. 

Why  of  late 
Didst  thou  behight  me  borne  of  English  blood  ? 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  x.  64. 


509 

5.  To  mean ;  intend. 

Words  sometimes  mean  more  than  the  heart  behiieth. 

Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  461. 

6.  To  commit ;  intrust. 

Tlie  keies  are  to  thy  hand  behight. 

Spenser,  K.  Q.,  I.  x.  50. 

7.  To  adjudge. 
There  was  it  judged,  by  those  worthie  wights, 
That  Satyrane  the  first  day  l)est  had  donne  :  .  .  . 
The  second  was  to  Triamond  behight. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  v.  7. 

8.  To  command ;  ordain. 

So,  taking  courteous  cong^,  he  behight 
Those  gates  to  be  unbar'd,  and  forth  he  went. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xi.  17. 

II,  intrans.  To  address  one's  self. 

And  lowly  to  her  lowting  thus  behight. 

Spenser,  F.  CJ.,  IV.  ii.  23. 

behightt  (be-hif),  n.   [<  behight,  v.   Cf.  ME.  be- 
het, bchot,  bchat,  <  AS.  behdt,  a  promise.  See 
behest.]    A  promise  ;  vow;  pledge.  Surrey. 
behind  (bf-hind'),  adv.  and  prep.    [<  ME.  be- 
hinde,  behi'nden,  <  AS.  behindan  (=  OS.  bihindan), 
adv.  and  prep.,  behind,  <  be,  by,  +  hindan,  adv., 
behind,  from  behind,  at  the  back :  see  be-^  and 
hind^.]    I.  adv.  1.  At  the  back  of  some  person 
or  thing ;  in  the  rear :  opposed  to  before. 
So  runn'st  thou  after  that  which  flies  from  thee, 
Wliilst  I  thy  babe  chase  thee  afar  behind. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  cxiiii. 

2.  Toward  the  back  part;  backward:  as,  to 
look  behind. 

She  that  could  think,  and  ne'er  disclose  her  mind, 
See  suitors  following,  and  not  look  behind. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  1. 
Worse  things,  unheard,  unseen,  remain  behind. 

Shelley,  Prometheus  Unbound,  i.  1. 

3.  Out  of  sight ;  not  produced  or  exhibited  to 
view;  in  abeyance  or  reserve. 

And  fill  up  that  which  is  behind  of  the  afflictions  of 
Christ  in  my  flesh.  Col.  i.  24. 

We  cannot  be  sure  that  there  is  no  evidence  behind. 

Locke. 

4.  Remaining  after  some  occurrence,  action, 
or  operation :  as,  he  departed  and  left  us  be- 
hind. 

Thou  Shalt  live  in  this  fair  world  behind. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 
Where  the  bee  can  suck  no  honey,  she  leaves  her  sting 
behind.    Beau,  and  Fl.,  Prol.  to  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle. 

5.  Past  in  the  progress  of  time. 

Forgetting  those  things  which  are  behind.     Phil.  iii.  13. 

6.  In  arrear;  behindhand:  as,  he  is  behind  in 
his  rent. 

So  that  ye  come  behind  in  no  gift.  1  Cor.  i.  7. 

II.  prep.  1.  At  the  back  or  in  the  rear  of,  as 
regards  either  the  actual  or  the  assumed  front : 
the  opposite  of  before :  as,  the  valet  stood  be- 
hind his  master ;  crouching  behind  a  tree. 
Behind  yon  hills  where  Lugar  flows. 

Burns,  My  Nannie,  0. 
A  tall  Brabanter  behind  whom  I  stood. 

Bp.  Hall,  Account  of  Himself, 
The  lion  walk'd  along 
Behind  some  hedge. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  1094. 

2.  Figuratively,  in  a  position  or  at  a  point  not 
so  far  advanced  as ;  in  the  rear  of,  as  regards 
progress,  knowledge,  development,  etc.;  not  on 
an  equality  with:  as,  behind  the  age;  he  is 
behind  the  others  in  mathematics. 

For  I  suppose  I  was  not  a  whit  behind  the  very  chiefest 
apostles.  2  Cor.  xi.  5. 

In  my  devotion  to  the  Union  I  hope  I  am  behind  no  man 
in  the  nation.  Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  99. 

3.  In  existence  or  remaining  after  the  removal 
or  disappearance  of :  as,  he  left  a  large  family 
behind  him. 

What  he  gave  me  to  publish  was  but  a  small  part  of 
what  he  left  behind  him.  Pope. 

Behind  one's  back.  See  fcacii.— Behind  the  curtain. 

See  c!t?  (ai ft.— Behind  the  scenes.  See  scene— Behind 

the  times,  not  well  informed  as  to  current  events  ;  hold- 
ing to  older  ideas  and  ways.— Behind  time,  later  than 
the  proper  or  appointed  time  in  doing  anything.  =SjTl.  Be- 
hind, After.  Behind  relates  primarily  to  position;  after, 
to  time.  When  after  notes  position,  it  is  less  close  or  ex- 
act than  behind,  and  it  means  position  in  motion.  To  say 
that  men  stood  one  after  anotlier  in  a  line  was  once  cor- 
rect (see  Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  901,  "kneeled  .  .  . 
each  after  other"),  but  is  not  so  now.  They  may  come  one 
after  another,  that  is,  somewhat  irregularly  and  apart; 
they  came  one  behind  another,  that  is,  close  togetlier, 
one  covering  another.  The  distinction  is  similar  to  that 
between  beneath  and  below. 

Out  bounced  a  splendidly  spotted  creature  of  the  cat 
kind.  Immediately  behind  him  crept  out  his  mate  ;  and 
there  they  stood.       P.  Jiobinson,  Under  the  Sun,  p.  144. 

On  him  they  laid  the  cross,  that  lie  might  bear  it  after 
Jesus.  Luke  xxiii.'  26. 

behindhand  (bf-hind'hand),  prep.  phr.  as  adv. 
or  a.  [<  behind  +  hand;  ef.  beforehand.]  1. 
In  the  rear ;  in  a  backward  state  ';  not  suflScient- 


beholding 

ly  advanced ;  not  equally  advanced  with  some 
other  person  or  thing :  as,  behindhand  in  studies 
or  work. 

And  these  thy  offices, 
So  rarely  kind,  are  as  interpreters 
Of  my  behind-hand  slackness. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  v.  1. 

Up,  and  all  the  morning  within  doors,  beginning  to  set 
my  accounts  in  order  from  before  this  Are,  I  being  behind- 
hand with  them  ever  since.  I'e2>ys,  Diary,  II.  480. 

Nothing  can  exceed  the  evils  of  this  .spring.  All  agri- 
cultural operations  are  at  least  a  month  behindhaml. 

Sydney  Smith,  'I'o  Lady  Holland. 

2.  Late ;  delayed  beyond  the  proper  time ;  be- 
hind the  time  set  or  expected. 

Government  expeditions  are  generally  behindhand. 

Carnhill  Mag.,  March,  1862. 

3.  In  a  state  in  which  expenditure  has  gone 
beyond  income  ;  in  a  state  in  which  means  are 
not  adequate  to  the  supply  of  wants ;  in  aiTear : 
as,  to  be  behindhand  in  one's  circumstances ; 
you  are  behindhand  with  your  payments. 

Having  run  something  behindhand  in  the  world,  he  ob- 
tained the  favour  of  a  certain  lord  to  receive  him  into  his 
house.  Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  ii. 

4.  Underhand;  secret;  clandestine.  [Rare.] 

Those  behindhand  and  palti  y  manoeuvres  which  destroy 
confidence  between  human  beings  and  degrade  the  char- 
acter of  the  statesman  and  the  man. 

Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  xv. 

behithert  (be-hiTH'er),  prep.    [<  &e-2  as  in  be- 
yond, behind,' eid.,  -(-  hither.]    On  this  side  of. 
Two  miles  behither  Clifden. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  July  23,  1679. 
behold  (be-hold'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  beheld,  ppr. 
beholding'.  [<  ME.  beholden,  biholdan,  bihntden, 
hold,  bind  by  obligation  (in  this  sense  only  in 
pp.  beholden,  beholde:  see  beholden),  commonly 
observe,  see,  <  AS.  behealdan,  hold,  keep,  ob- 
serve, see  (=  OS.  bihaldan  =  OFries.  bihalda 
=  D.  behouden  =  OHG.  bihaltan,  MHG.  G.  be- 
halten,  keep),  <  be-  +  healdan,  hold,  keep :  see 
6e-l  and  hokU.  Other  words  combining  the 
senses  '  keep '  and  '  look  at '  are  observe  and 
regard.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  hold  by;  keep;  re- 
tain.— 2t.  To  hold;  keep;  observe  (a  com- 
mand).—  3.  To  hold  in  view;  fix  the  eyes 
upon;  look  at;  see  with  attention;  observe 
with  care. 

When  he  beheld  the  serpent  of  brass,  he  lived. 

Num.  xxi.  9. 

Behold  the  Lamb  of  God,  which  taketh  away  the  sin  of 
the  world.  John  i.  29. 

=  Syn.  Observe,  Witness,  etc.  (see  see);  look  upon,  con- 
sider, eye,  view,  survey,  contemplate,  regard. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  look;  direct  the  eyes  to 
an  object;  view;  see:  in  a  physical  sense. 
Virginius  gan  upon  the  chei-1  beholde. 

Chaucer,  Doctor's  Tale,  I.  191. 

And  I  beheld,  and  lo,  in  the  midst  of  the  throne  .  .  . 
stood  a  Lamb  as  it  had  been  slain.  Kev.  v.  6. 

2.  To  fix  the  attention  upon  an  object;  at- 
tend; direct  or  fix  the  mind  :  in  this  sense  used 
chiefly  in  the  imperative,  being  frequently  little 
more  than  an  exclamation  calling  attention,  or 
expressive  of  wonder,  admiration,  and  the  like. 
Behold,  I  stand  at  the  door  and  knock.  Rev.  ui.  20. 
Prithee,  see  there !  behold  !  look  !  lo ! 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4. 
3t.  To  feel  obliged  or  bound. 

For  who  would  behold  to  geue  counsell,  if  in  counselling 
there  should  be  any  perill  ? 

J.  Brende,  tr.  of  Quintus  Curtius,  iii. 

beholden  (bf-hol'dn),  p.  a.  [Formerly  often 
erroneously  beholding ;  <  ME.  beholden,  beholde, 
prop.  ppr.  of  behold,  v.]  Obliged;  bound  in 
gratitude ;  indebted ;  held  by  obligation. 

Little  are  we  beholden  to  your  love. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  iv.  1. 
We  had  classics  of  our  own,  without  being  beholden  to 
"insolent  Greece  or  haughty  Rome." 

Lamb,  Christ's  Hospital. 

beholder  (bf-hol'der),  «.  [<  ME.  beholder, 
biholder,  -ere ;  <  behold  +  -er^.]  One  who  be- 
holds; a  spectator;  one  who  looks  upon  or 
sees. 

Was  this  the  face 
That,  like  the  sun,  did  make  beholilerx  wink? 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  iv.  1. 

beholdingl  (bf-hol'ding),  n.  [<  ME.  behold- 
ynge,  bihaldiinge  ;  <  beholden,  behold.]  The  act 
of  looking  at ;  gaze  ;  view ;  sight. 

The  revenges  we  are  bound  to  take  upon  your  traitor- 
ous father  are  not  lit  for  your  beholding. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  7. 

beholding-t  (be-hol'ding),  a.    [CoiTupt  form  of 
beholden.]    1.  Under  obligation ;  obliged. 
The  stage  is  more  beholding  to  love  than  the  life  of  man. 

Bacon,  Love. 


beholding 

Oh,  I  thank  you,  I  am  much  beholding  to  you. 

Chapinan,  Blind  Beggar. 
It  is  in  the  power  of  every  hand  to  destroy  us,  and  we 
are  beholding  unto  every  one  we  meet,  lie  doth  not  kill  us. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  i.  U. 

2.  Attractive;  fascinating. 

When  he  saw  me,  I  assure  you,  my  beauty  was  not  more 
beholding  to  him  than  my  harmony. 

Sir  P.  Sidnoj.  Arcadia,  i.  50. 

■beholdingness  (be-hol'ding-nes),  The  state 
of  being  beholden  or  under  obligation  to  any 
one. 

Thank  me,  ye  gods,  ^vlth  much  beholdingnesse.  For 
marke,  I  doe  not  curse  you.     Marston,  Sophonisba,  v.  2. 

behoney  (be-hun'i),  v.  t.  [<  +  honey.']  To 
cover  or  smear  with  honey ;  sweeten  with  honey, 
or  with  honeyed  words. 

behoof  (be-hSf),  n.  [<  ME.  helidf  (chiefly  in 
the  dat.  behove,  with  prep,  to,  til,  or  for),  <  AS. 
*hehdf,  advantage  (in  deriv.  behoflic,  advantage- 
ous, behefe,  useful,  necessary,  hchofinn,  behoove : 
see  behoove)  (=r  OFries.  bvhof,  bihof  -  D.  be- 
■  hoef  =  MLG.  behof  =  MHa.' bihiiof,  G.  behuf, 
advantage,  =  Sw.  behof  =  Dan.  behov,  need, 
necessity;  ef.  leel.  hof,  moderation,  measure, 
Goth,  ga-hobains,  self-restraint),  <  *bchebban 
(pret.  *behdf)  =  MHG.  beheben,  take,  hold,  < 
he-  +  hebban,  heave,  raise,  orig.  take  up,  take  : 
see  and  heave.  In  the  phrase  in  or  on  be- 
hoof of  the  word  is  confused  with  behalf] 
That  wliich  is  advantageous  to  a  person ;  be- 
half; interest;  advantage;  profit;  benefit. 

Accordeth  nought  to  the  behove 
Of  resouable  mannes  use. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  i.  15. 
No  mean  recompense  it  brings 
To  your  behoof.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  982. 

Who  wants  the  finer  politic  sense 
To  mask,  tho'  but  in  his  own  behoof, 
With  a  glassy  smile  his  brutal  scorn. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  vi. 
Is  not,  indeed,  every  man  a  student,  and  do  not  all  things 
exist  for  the  student's  behoof?  Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  73. 
[This  word  is  probably  never  used  as  a  nominative,  lieing 
regularly  governed  by  one  of  the  prepositions  to,  for,  in, 
or  on,  and  limited  by  a  possessive  word  or  phrase.  Behalf 
is  used  similarly.] 

behooflfult,  a.    The  more  correct  form  of  be- 

hooveful. 

behoovable  (be-ho'va-bl),  a.    {_<  behoove  + 
-able.]   Useful;'  profitable;  needful;  fit.  Also 
spelled  behovable  and  belioveable.  [Eare.] 
All  spiritual  graces  behoveable  for  our  soul. 

Book  of  Homilies,  ii. 

behoove  (bf-hov'),  pret.  and  pp.  behooved, 
ppr.  behooving.  [Also  spelled,  against  analogy, 
behove;  <  ME.  behoven,  behofen,  AS.  behofian, 
need,  be  necessary  (=  OFries.  bihovia  =  D.  be- 
hoeven  =  MLG.  behoven,  LG.  behoben,  behoben  = 
G.  behufen  (obs.)  =  Sw.  behof va  =  Dan.  behove) ; 
from  the  noun :  see  behoof.  Of.  Icel.  hcefa,  aim 
at,  hit,  behoove,  =  Sw.  hofvas,  beseem.  The 
pret.  behooved  is  worn  down  in  Sc.  to  bud,  bid  : 
see  bid.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  be  fit  or  meet  for, 
with  respect  to  necessity,  duty,  or  convenience ; 
be  necessary  for ;  become :  now  used  only  in 
the  third  person  singular  with  it  as  subject. 

It  behoves  the  high, 
For  their  own  sakes,  to  do  things  worthily. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 
Indeed,  it  behoved  him  to  keep  on  good  terras  with  his 
pupils.  Irving,  Sketch-Book. 

He  is  sure  of  himself,  and  never  needs  to  ask  another 
what  in  any  crisis  it  behooves  him  to  do.     Emerson,  War. 

2t.  To  relate  to  the  advantage  of;  concern  the 
well-being  of:  formerly  used  with  a  regular 
nominative. 

If  you  know  aught  which  does  behove  my  knowledge 

Thereof  to  be  inform'd,  imprison  it  not 

In  ignorant  concealment.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  1.  2. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  be  necessary,  suitable,  or  fit. 
Sometime  behooveth  it  to  be  counselled. 

Chaucer,  Melibeus. 
He  had  all  those  endowments  mightily  at  command 
which  are  behoved  in  a  scholar. 

Bp.  Racket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  I.  39. 

Also  spelled  behove. 

behoo'vet,  n.  An  obsolete  form  (properly  da- 
tive) of  behoof. 

behoo'vefult  (be-hov'ful),  a.  [Prop.,  as  in  early 
mod.  E.,  behoofful,  <  ME.  behoveful,  <  behof,  be- 
hoof, +  -ful.]  Needfid;  useful;  fit;  profitable; 
advantageous. 

Madam,  we  have  cuU'd  such  necessaries 
As  are  behoveful  for  our  state  to-morrow. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iv.  3. 
It  may  be  most  behooveful  for  princes,  in  matters  of 
grace,  to  transact  the  same  publicly.  Clarendon. 

behoovefullyt  (be-hov'ful-i),  adv.  Usefully; 
profitably;  necessarily. 


510 

behornt  (be-hom'),  v.  t.  [<  +  horn.]  To 
put  hoi'ns  on;  cuckold. 

behotet,  v.    Same  as  behight. 

behourd,  ».  [OF.,  also  written  behourt,  behour, 
bihour,  bohourd,  etc.,  "a  juste  or  tourney  of 
many  together  with  launces  and  batteaxes; 
also  a  bustling  or  blustering  noise  "  (Cotgrave) ; 
<  behorirder,  bchourdir,  ''to  just  together  with 
launces,"  <  behourt,  a  lance.]  A  variety  of  the 
just  practised  in  the  thirteenth  century,  or,  in 
some  cases,  a  variety  of  the  tourney. 

behovable,  behoveable,  a.   See  behoovable. 

behove,  r.    Less  correct  spelling  of  behoove. 

behovelyt,  a.  [ME.  (mod.  as  if  *beliooJli/) :  see 
beho(f  and  -?</!.]  Necessary;  advantageous. 
Chaucer. 

beho-wl  (be-houl'),  [<  6e-i  +  7(oirf.]  To 

howl  at. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  v.  2. 

[Pp.  of  *behang,  not 
Draped ;  ornamented 


bekiss 

Spectator,  No.  544.  [Obsolete  or  Prov.Eng.]  _ 

Accidental  being,  the  being  of  an  accident,  mark  or 
quality.— Actual  being,  complete  being;  lieing  really 
brought  to  pass ;  actuality.— Being  in  itself,  being  apart 
from  the  sentient  consciousness ;  being  per  se.— Being  of 
existence,  historical  being ;  existence.—  Being  per  accl- 
dens,  being  through  something  extraneous.— Being  per 
se,  essential  and  necessary  being.— Connotative  being 
a  mode  of  being  relative  to  something  else  — Diminute 
being.  See  diminute. — Intentional  or  spiritual  being 
tlie  being  of  that  which  is  in  the  miiul.—  Material  being 
what  belongs  to  material  bodies.— Natural  being,  tliat 
which  belongs  to  things  and  persons.— Objective  being 
an  expression  formerly  .applied  to  the  mode  ol  l)eing  of  an' 
immediate  object  of  thought,  but  in  a  modern  writing  it 
would  be  understood  to  mean  the  being  of  a  real  thing, 
existing  independently  of  the  mind.  See  objective.— Vo- 
tential  being,  that  which  belongs  to  something  which 
satisfies  the  prerequisite  conditions  of  existence,  but  is. 
not  yet  complete  or  an  actual  fact.— Pure  being,  in 
metaph.,  the  conception  of  being  as  such,  that  i.s,  devoid 
of  all  predicates  ;  being  of  which  nothing  can  be  affirmed 

except  that  it  is.— Quidditative  being,  or  being  of  es- 
sence, that  being  that  belongs  to  things  before  they  exist, 
in  the  bosom  of  the  eternal.— Substantial  being,  the 
being  of  a  substance.— To  differ  by  the  Whole  of  be- 
ing.  See  differ. 


The  wolf  beholds  the  moon, 
behung  (be-hung'),  2).  a. 
used,  <  be-i-  +  hang.] 

with  something  hanging:  as,  a  horse  behung 
with  trappings.    [Rare.]  being-placet  (be'ing-plas),  n.    A  place  to  exist 

beid-el;Sar(bad-el-sar'),  «.  [Ar.]  A  plant  used  in  ;  a  state  of  existence, 
in  Africa  as  a  remedy  for  various  cutaneous        Before  tliis  worlds  great  frame,  in  which  al  things 
affections,    it  is  the  Calotropis  procera,  an  asclepiada-         Are  now  containd,  found  any  being-place. 
ceous  shrub  of  tropical  Africa  and  southern  Asia.    The  Spenser,  Heavenly  Love,  I.  23. 

bS'oJizh):^  ^"[f:v^is   see  bice.] 

Having  its  nattiral  color:  said  of  a  woolen  fab-  oiy,  a  buiulantly,  Happily,  well.  Also  spellea 
Tie  made  of  undyed  wool.  ,  L^s^'oteh.J 

beild,       and  ».  t.     Seebield.  The  children  were  likewise  teinZr/ apparelled. 

beildy,  a.    See  bieldy.  Gilhai.ze,  iii.  104. 

bein  (ben),  a.    [Also  bee7i,  bene,  Sc.  also  bien,  beinness  (ben'nes),  ».    [Also  spelled  hienne.ts. 

<  ME.  been,  beene,  bene;  origin  unknown.   The  ^bein,  bien, -i- -ness.]   Plenty;  affluence;  pros- 

Icel.  betnn,  hospitable,  lit.  straight,  is  a  different  porousness ;  the  state  of  being  well  off  or  well 

word,  the  source  of  E.  bainl,  ready,  willing,  to  do.  [Scotch.] 

etc. :  see  6«i»l.]    1.  Wealthy ;  well  to  do  :  as,  „, 

a  bein  farmer;  abein  body.-2.  Well  provided;  '"''^     prevailing  air  of 
comfortable;  cozy. 


This  is 


prevailing  air  of  comfort  and  biennest 
about  the  people  and  their  houses. 

W.  Black,  Princess  of  Thule,  ii. 


is  a  gey  bein  place,  and  it's  a  comfort' to  hae  sic  a  Beiram  n      See  Bairam 
corner  to  sit  in  in  a  bad  day.     Scott,  Antiquary,  II.  xxiv.  beistingS,  «.  sing,  or  J>1.     See  beestings. 

[Now  only  Scotch.]  belt  (bet),  v.  t.    [Sc.]    Same  as  6ce<2. 

bein  (ben),  (idv.    [Also  bien;  <  bein,  a.]    Com-  bejadet  (be-jad'),  v.  t.    [<  6e-l  +  jade^.] 


fortably.    [Scotch.]  tire. 
I  grudge  a  wee  the  great  folks'  gift, 
That  live  sae  bien  and  snug. 

i?i(ms,  Ep.  to  Davie,  i.  ■    ■       fu-'-  \ 
being  (be'ing),  n.    [<  ME.  beynge,  byinge,  verbal   ^i;?,„L  J"!!;!!,^!! 
n.  of  been,  be.]    1.  Existence  in  its  most  com- 
prehensive sense,  as  opposed  to  non-existence; 
existence,  whether  real  or  only  in  thought. —  2 


To 


Lest  you  bejade  the  good  galloway. 

Milton,  Def.  of  Humb.  Kemonst. 


[Sc.,  <  F.  bcjaune,  <  OF. 
becjamic,  a  no-vice,  lit.  a  yellow-beak,  i.  e.,  a- 
young  bird,  <  bee,  beak,  +  jaune,  yellow,  a 
yellow  beak  being  characteristic  of  young  birds. 
See  teafcl  and  jaundice.]     A  student  of  the 


In  metaph.,  subsistence  in  a  state  not  necessa-  „i„„„  •    +1,       •  <■  oj. 

^}^^^f^:^^^^^StZ^^^^^^^^^  XnrewsandAberleen,  Scotland. 

tence.  But  the  word  is  used  in  different  senses  by  bpinTiP+  fbe  inn")  v  t  XMV.  •  <  hf  1  4-  •tnr^f  1, 
rent  philosophers.    Hegel  defines  it  as  immediacy,  Oejapet  (,_Oe-jap      V.  t.  ^  OC-^  -t"  jape.i 

is,  the  abstract  character  of  the  present.    In  its  most  1 0  triCk  ;  deceive. 

Thou 


existence, 
differe: 

that  is,  me  aostract  cnaracter  01  tne  presen 
proper  acceptation,  it  is  the  name  given  by  pliilosopliical 
reflection  to  that  which  is  revealed  in  immediate  con- 
sciousness independently  of  the  distinction  of  subject  and 
object.  It  may  also  be  defined,  but  with  less  precision,  as 
the  abstract  noun  corresponding  to  the  concrete  class  em- 
bracing every  object.  Being  is  also  used  in  ])liil(isopliy  in- 
fluenced by  Aristotle  to  signify  the  rudiment  or  germ  of 
existence,  consisting  in  a  nature,  or  principle  of  growth, 

before  actual  existence.   It  is  al.so  frequently  used  to  mean  bejaundice  (be-jan'dis),  V 


hast  byjaped  here  duk  Theseus. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  727.. 

To  laugh  at ;  make  a  mock  of. 

I  shal  byjaped.  ben  a  thousand  tyme 
More  than  that  fool  of  wlios  folye  men  ryme. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  532. 

t.    [<  6e-l  +  jaun- 


actual  existence,  the  complete  preparation  to  produce  ef-    dice.]     To  infect  with  the  jaundice, 
fects  on  the  senses  and  on  other  objects.    Psychologically,!^  :  Hie  iey'fi  iti    1)   t  hp  \  4-  Tevtiif] 

6e£n7  may  be  defined  as  the  objectification  of  consciousness,  OejeSUlT;  ( De-jez  U-lt;,  V.  T.  Ue-'-  f  jeSUlt.i 


though  the  distinction  of  subject  from  object  logically 
presupposes  being. 

Wee  may  well  reject  a  Liturgie  which  had  no  being  that 
wee  can  know  of,  but  from  the  corruptest  times. 

Milton,  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 
First,  Thou  madest  things  which  should  have  being  with- 
out life.  Bp.  Hall,  Contemplations,  The  Creation. 

Consider  everything  as  not  yet  in  being  ;  then  consider 
if  it  must  needs  have  been  at  all.  Bentley. 
Our  noisy  years  seem  moments  in  the  being 
Of  the  eternal  Silence. 

Wordsworth,  Ode  to  Immortality. 

3.  That  which  exists;  anything  that  is:  as, 
inanimate  beings. 

What  a  sweet  being  is  an  honest  mind  ! 

Middleton  (and  others).  The  Widow,  v.  1. 

4.  Life;  conscious  existence. 

I  will  sing  praises  unto  my  God  while  I  have  any  being. 

Ps.  cxlvi.  2. 
I  fetch  my  life  and  being 
From  men  of  royal  siege.     Shak.,  Othello,  i.  2. 
I  felt  and  feel,  tho'  left  alone, 
His  being  working  in  mine  own. 

Tennyson,  In  Meraoriam,  Ixxx' 

5.  Lifetime;  mortal  existence. 

Claudius,  thou 
Wast  follower  of  his  fortunes  in  his  being. 

Webster. 


To  infect  or  influence  with  Jesuitry. 

Who  hath  so  bejesuited  us  that  we  should  trouble  that 
man  with  asking  license  to  doe  so  worthy  a  deed  ? 

Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  54. 

bejewel  (be-jo'el),  v.  t.  [<  Zic-i  +  jewel.]  To 
provide  or  adorn  with  jewels. 

Her  bejewelled  hands  lay  sprawling  in  her  amber  satin 
lap.  Thaclceray,  Vanity  Fair,  I.  xxi. 

bejuco  (Sp.  pron.  ba-ho'ko),  n.  [Sp.]  A  Span- 
ish name  for  several  species  of  the  lianes  or 
tall  climbing  plants  of  the  tropics,  such  as  Hip- 
pocratea  scandens,  etc. 

The  serpent-like  bejtico  winds  his  spiral  fold  on  fold 
Round  the  tall  and  stately  ceiba  till  it  withers  in  his  hold. 

Whittier,  Slaves  of  Martinique. 

bejumble  (be-jum'bl),  v.  t.    [<  fte-i  +  jumble.] 

To  throw  into  confusion ;  jumble.  Ash. 
bekah  (be'ka),  M.    [Heb.]   An  ancient  Hebrew 

unit  of  weight,  equal  to  half  a  shekel,  7.08  , 
'grams,  or  109i  grains.    Ex.  xxxviii.  26. 
beken^t,  'o.  t.    [ME.  bekennen,  bikennen ;  <  &e-i 

+  ken'^.]    1.  To  make  known. —  2.  To  deliver. 

—  3.  To  commit  or  commend  to  the  care  of. 


The  devil  I  bykenne  him. 
Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Pardoner's  Tale,  I.  6  (Harleian  MS.). 
It  is,  as  far  as  it  relates  to  our  present  being,  the  gi-eat  i,q1___2j,         Qomo  qo  h^h^n 
end  of  education  to  raise  ourselves  above  the  vulgar.         peKOn  T,  «•    oame  as  oenen. 


vulgar, 
Steele,  Tatler,  No.  69. 

6.  Thatwhichhaslife;alivingexistence,in  con- 
tradistinction to  what  is  without  life ;  acreature. 
—  7.  Allying:  livelihood;  means  of  subsistence. 


bekiss  (be-kis'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  kiss.]  To  kiss 
repeatedly  ;  cover  with  kisses.  [Rare.] 

She's  sick  of  the  young  shepherd  that  bekissed  her. 

B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  L  2. 


bekko-ware 

Tjekko-Ware  Cbek'o-war),  n.  [<  Jap.  beJcIco,  tor- 
toise-shell (<  Chinese  kwei,  tortoise,  +  kia,  ar- 
mor), +  tcare^.]  A  kind  of  pottery  anciently 
made  in  Japan,  imitating  tortoise-shell,  or 
veined  with  green,  yellow,  and  brown. 

beknave  (be-nav'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  he- 
knaved,  ppr.  hekuaving.  [<  fce-i  -1-  knave.^  To 
call  (one)  a  knave.  [Rare.] 

The  lawyer  beknaves  the  divine.     Gay,  Beggar's  Opera. 

beknight  (be-nif),  t  \_<  be-^  +  knight.^  1. 
To  make  a  knight  of.  [Rare.] 

The  last  be/cnighted  booby.  T.  Hook. 

2.  To  address  as  a  knight,  or  by  the  title  Sir. 
beknit  (be-nif),  V.  t.   [<  &e-i  +  knit.]  To  knit ; 
girdle  or  encircle. 

Her  filthy  arms  beknit  with  snakes  about. 

Golding,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metamorph.  (Ord  MS.). 

beknotted  (be-not'ed),  a.  [<  -I-  knotted.] 
Knotted  again  and  again  ;  covered  with  knots. 

beknottedness  (be-not' ed-nes),  n.  In  ynath., 
the  degree  of  complication  of  a  knot ;  the  num- 
ber of  times  that  it  is  necessary  to  pass  one 
part  of  the  curve  of  the  knot  projected  upon 
a  plane  through  another  in  order  to  untie  the  ^^{^^^  (be-laf),  v. 

beknowt  (be-no'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  beknowen,  M- 
knowen,  <  AS.  becndwan,  know,  <  be-  +  cnaw- 
an,  know:  see  &e-i  and  know.']  1.  To  know; 
recognize. —  2.  To  acknowledge ;  own  ;  con- 
fess.   Ayenbyte  of  Inwyt  (1340,  ed.  Morris). 

For  I  dare  not  beknowe  mm  owen  name. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  698. 

bellf,  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bell;  <  ME.  bele, 
bel-,  <  OF.  (and  mod.  F.)  bel,  beau,  fern,  belle,  < 
L.  bellus,  fair,  fine,  beautiful:  see  beau,  beauty, 
bell5,ei<i.]  1.  Fair;  fine;  beautiful. —  2.  [Lit. 
fair,  good,  as  in  beausire,  fair  sir,  beaupere,  good 


511 


beleave 


belamourt  (bel'a-mor),  n.     [Also  bellamour,  <  belch  (belch),  v.    [Early  mod.  E.,  also  belche,. 


see  bcl^  and  amour.] 


F.  bel  amour,  lit.  fair  love 

1.  A  gallant;  a  consort. 

Loe,  loe  !  how  brave  she  decks  her  bounteous  boure 
With  silkin  curtens  and  gold  coverletts, 
Therein  to  shrowd  lier  sumptuous  Ilelamoure. 

Spenser,  F.  Q. ,  II.  vi.  IC. 

2.  An  old  name  for  a  flower  which  cannot  now 
be  identified. 

Her  snowy  browes,  lyke  budded  Bellamoures. 

Speimer,  Sonnets,  Ixiv. 

belamyt  (bel'a-mi),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.,  also 
bellamy,  <  ME.  belamy,  belami,  <  OF.  bel  ami, 
fair  friend:  see  bel^  and  amy.]  Good  friend; 
fair  friend :  used  principally  in  address. 

Thou  belamy,  thou  pardoner,  he  seyde. 

Cliaucer,  Prol.  to  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  32. 
Nay,  bellamy,  thou  bus  [must]  be  smytte. 

York  Plays,  p.  391. 
His  dearest  Belamy.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vii.  52. 

belandre  (be-lan'der;  F,  pron.  ba-loiidr'),  »i. 
[F.,<  D.  Ujlarider,  whence  also  E.  bilander,  q.  v.] 
A  small  flat-bottomed  craft,  used  principally  on 
the  rivers,  canals,  and  roadsteads  of  France. 

t.    [<        -I-  late.]    To  re- 


tard; make  late;  benight. 

The  morn  is  young,  quoth  he, 
A  little  time  to  old  remembrance  given 
Will  not  belate  us.  Southey,  Madoc,  i.  10. 

belated  (bf-la'ted),  p.  a.  Coming  or  staying 
too  late ;  overtaken  by  lateness,  especially  at 
night;  benighted;  delayed. 

Faery  elves, 
Whose  midnight  revels,  by  a  forest  side, 
Or  fountain,  some  belated  peasant  sees. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  783. 
■Who  were  the  parties?  who  inspected?  who  contested 
this  belated  account?        Burke,  Nabob  of  Arcot's  Debts. 


father,  used  in  F.  and  ME.  to  indicate  indirect  belatedness  (be-la'ted-nes),  n. 


or  adopted  secondary  relationship ;  so  in  mod 
F.  beau-  as  a  formative  in  relation-names, 
.  'step-',  '-in-law';  ME.  bel-,  'grand-',  as  in  bel- 
dame, grandmother,  belsire,  grandfather,  also 
■with  purely  E.  names,  belmoder,  belfader,  and 
later  belchild.  Cf.  Sc.  and  North.  B.  goodmother, 
goodfather,  etc.,  mother-in-law,  father-in-law, 
etc.]  Grand- :  a  formative  in  relation-names, 
as  belsire,  grandfather,  beldam,  grandmother, 
etc.    See  etymology. 

BeF  (bel),  n.    Same  as  Belus. 

beF  (bel),  n.  [Also  written,  less  prop.,  bhel, 
bael,  repr.  Hind,  bel.]    The  East  Indian  name 


of  belate,  -ness.]  The  state  of  being  belated, 
or  of  being  too  late ;  slowness;  backwardness! 

That  you  may  see  I  am  sometimes  suspicious  of  myself, 
and  do  take  notice  of  a  certain  belatedness  in  me,  I  am 
the  bolder  to  send  you  some  of  my  nightward  thoughts. 

Milton,  Letter  in  Birch's  Life. 

belaud  (be-lad'),  v.  t.  [<  +  laud.]  To 
load  with  praise ;  laud  highly. 

[■Volumes]  which  were  commended  by  divines  from  pul- 
pits, and  belauded  all  Europe  over. 

Thackeray,  Virginians,  x.xvi. 

belave  (be-lav'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bilaven,  bathe,  < 
bi-,  be-  +  laven,  lave:  see  6e-l  and  towel.]  To 
lave  about ;  wash  all  over ;  wash. 


baclic,  <  ME.  bclchen,  a.ssibilated  form  of  early 
mod.  E.  and  E.dial.  (north.)  bclk,  <  ME.  belkoi, 
<  AS.  bwlciau,  bcalcian,  also  with  added  fonna- 
tive,  bealccttnn,  belch,  ejaculate;  allied  to  balk- 
and  bolk,  all  prob.  ult.  imitative:  see  belk,  balk'^, 
bolk.]  I,  intrans.  1.  To  eject  wind  noisily  from 
the  stomach  through  the  mouth;  eructate. 

All  radishes  breed  wind,  .  .  .  and  provoke  a  man  tliat 
eateth  them  to  belch.  Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xix.  5. 

2.  To  issue  out,  as  with  eri/ctation :  as,  "  belch- 
ing flames,"  JJryden. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  throw  or  eject  from  the 
stomach  with  violence ;  eructate. 

Belching  raw  gobbets  from  his  maw. 

Addison,  JSneid,  iii. 

2.  To  eject  violently  from  ■svithin ;  east  forth. 
The  gates,  that  now 

Stood  open  wide,  belching  outrageous  flame. 

Milton.,  v.  L.,  X.  232. 
Though  heaven  drop  sulphur,  and  liell  belch  out  fire. 

B.  Jonson,  Sejanus,  ii.  2. 

3.  To  ejaculate;  vent  with  vehemence :  often 
■without:  as,  to  om<  blasphemies ;  tobclch 
out  one's  fury. 

belch  (belch),  n.  belch,  v.]  1.  The  act  of 
throwing  out  from  the  stomach  or  from  within ; 
eructation. —  2t.  A  cant  name  for  malt  liquor, 
from  its  causing  belching. 

A  sudden  reformation  would  follow  among  all  sorts  of 
people  ;  porters  would  no  longer  be  drunk  with  belch. 

Dennis. 

belcherl  (bel'cher),  n.  One  who  belches, 
belcher^  (bel'cher),  n.  [So  called  from  an 
English  pugilist  named  Jim  Belcher.]  A  neck- 
erchief with  darkish-blue  gi-ound  and  large 
white  spots  with  a  dark-blue  spot  in  the  center 
of  each.  [Slang.] 
[<  belated,  pp.  belchildt  (bel'child),  n. ;  pL  helchildren  (-chill- 


is often  cultivated  for  its  very  fragrant  flowers. 

belabor,  belabour  (be-la'bor),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i 
+  labor.]  It.  To  work  hard  upon;  ply  dili- 
gently. 

If  the  earth  is  belaboured  with  culture,  it  yieldeth  corn. 

Barrow,  Works,  III.  xviii. 
2.  To  beat  soundly ;  thump. 

They  so  cudgelled  and  belabored  him  bodily  that  he 
might  perhaps  have  lost  his  life  in  the  encounter  had  he 
not  been  protected  by  the  more  respectable  portion  of  the 
assembly.  Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  545. 

bel-accoilt,  bel-accoylet  (bel-a-koil'),  n.  [<  OF. 

bel  acoil,  fair  welcome:  see  bel'^  and  accoil.] 

Kindly  greeting  or  reception.  Spenser. 
belacel  (he-las'),  v.  t.    [<        -I-  lace.]    1.  To 

fasten  as  with  a  lace  or  cord. —  2.  To  adorn 

with  lace. 

When  thou  in  thy  bravest 
And  most  belaeed  servitude  dost  strut. 
Some  newer  fashion  doth  usurp. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  xvi.  10. 
3+.  To  beat ;  whip.  Wright. 
belace^t,  v.  t.    An  error  (by  misprint  or  con- 
fusion ■with  belace^)  in  Bailey  and  subsequent 
dictionaries  for  belage  or  belay.    See  belage. 
belacedness  (be-la'sed-nes),  71.    In  math.,  the 
number  of  time's  one  branch  of  a  lacing  must 
be  passed  through  another  to  undo  it. 
beladle  (be-la'dl),  v.  t.    [<  6e-i  -I-  ladle.]  To 
potir  out  with  a  ladle ;  ladle  out. 
The  honest  masters  of  the  roast  beladling  the  dripping. 

Thackeray. 

belady  (be-la'di),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  beladied, 
ppr.  beladying.  [<  &e-l  -|-  lady;  cf.  belord,  le- 
grace,  beknigh  t.]  To  address  by  the  title  Lady, 
or  the  phrase  "  my  lady." 
belaget,  v.  [Either  a  misprint  for  belaye,  belay, 
or  less  prob.  a  phonetic  variant  of  that  word 
(ME.  beleggen,  etc.):  see  belay.]  Naut.,  to  be- 
lay. Phillijjs  (1678) ;  Eersey. 
belam  (be-lam'),  v.  t.  [<  &e-i  -H  lam.]  To  beat; 
Sherwood.    [North.  Eng.] 


The  Holy  One  of  Israel  hath  belawgiven  his  own  people 
with  this  very  allowance.  Milton,  Divorce. 

belay  (be-la'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  beleggen,  bileggen,  < 
AS.  belecgan,  lay  upon,  cover,  charge  (z=  D.  be- 
leggen, cover,  overlay ;  as  a  naut.  term,  belay ; 
=  OHG.  bilegen,  MHG.  G.  belegen),  <  be-,  about, 
around,  by,  -1-  lecgan,  lay.  The  naut.  use  is 
perhaps  due  to  the  D.  In  the  sense  of  'sur- 
round,' cf.  beleaguer.]  If.  To  surround;  en- 
■viron;  inclose. —  2\.  To  overlay;  adorn. 

All  in  a  woodman's  jacket  he  was  clad 

Of  Lincolne  greene,  belayd  with  silver  lace. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  ii.  5. 

3t.  To  besiege;  invest;  surround. 

Gaynst  such  strong  castles  needeth  greater  might 
Then  those  small  forts  which  ye  were  wont  belay. 

Spenser,  Sonnets,  xiv. 

So  when  Arabian  thieves  belayed  us  round. 

Sandys,  Hymn  to  God. 

4t.  To  lie  in  wait  for  in  order  to  attack;  hence, 
to  block  up  or  obstruct. 

The  speedy  horse  all  passages  belay. 

Hryden,  JEneid,  ix. 

5.  Naut.,  to  fasten,  or  make  fast,  by  winding 
round  a  belaying- 
pin,  cleat,  or  eavel : 
applied   chiefly  to 
running  rigging. 

When  we  belayed  the 
halyards,  there  was  no- 
thing left  but  the  bolt- 
rope. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before 
(the  Mast,  p.  256. 

belaying-bitt  (be- 

la'ing-bit),  n.  Any 
bitt  to  which  a  rope 
can  be  belayed, 
belaying-pin  (be-la 'ing-pin),  n.  Naut.,  a 
wooden  or  iron  pin  to  which  running  rigging 
may  be  belayed. 


Belaying-pins  in  rail,  with  ropes  be- 
layed on  them. 


dren).  [<  bel-,  grand-,'  as  in  beldam,  belsire, 
etc.  (see  beV-),  +  child.]    A  grandchild. 

To  Thomas  Doubledaye  and  Katherine  his  wife,  my 
daughter,  a  cowe.    To  their  children,  my  helchildren,  etc. 
Will  0/1564,  quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser..  III.  77. 

beldam,  beldame  (bel'dam,  -dam),  n.  [<  ME. 
beldam,  beldame,  only  in  sense  of  grandmother 
(correlative  to  belsire,  grandfather),  <  ME.  bel-, 
grand-,  as  in  belsire,  etc.  (see  fieA),  +  dame, 
mother.  The  word  was  thus  in  E.  use  lit.  'good 
mother^'  used  distinctively  for  grandmother, 
not  as  m  F.  belle  dame,  lit.  fair  lady :  see  bel^, 
belle,  and  dame.]  If.  Grandmother:  corre- 
sponding to  belsire,  grandfather:  sometimes 
applied  to  a  great-grandmother. 

To  show  the  beldame  daughters  of  her  daughter. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  953. 

2.  An  old  woman  in  general,  especially  an  ugly 
old  woman ;  a  hag. 
Around  the  beldam  all  erect  they  hang.  Akenside. 
Our  witches  are  no  longer  old 
And  wrinkled  beldames,  Satan-sold. 

Whittier,  New-England  Legend. 

3t.  [A  forced  use  of  the  F.  belle  dame.]  Fair 
dame  or  lady.  Spenser. 

beleadt,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  beJeden,  <  AS.  belwdan,  <  be- 
+  Imlan,  lead:  see  6e-iand  lead^.]  1,  To  lead- 
away. —  2.  To  lead;  conduct, 
beleaguer  (be-le'ger),  v.  t.  [<  D.  belegeren,  be- 
siege ( =  G.  belagern  =  Sw.  beldgra  =  Dan.  be- 
Iwgre,  also  belejre,  perhaps  <  D.  belegeren),  < 
be-  +  leger,  a  camp,  encamping  army,  place  to 
lie  do^wn,  a  bed  (=  E.  lair  and  layer  =  G.  lager, 
a  camp,  =  Sw.  lager,  a  bed,  etc.):  see  6e-i  and 
leaguer,  ledger,  lair,  layer,  lager.]  To  besiege; 
surround  ■with  an  army  so  as  to  preclude  es- 
cape ;  blockade. 

The  Trojan  camp,  then  beleagvered  by  Turnus  and  the- 
I'atins.  Dryden,  tr.  of  Dufresnoy. 

=  Syn.  To  invest,  lay  siege  to,  beset, 
beleaguerer  (be-le'ger-er),  n.    One  who  be- 
leaguers or  besieges ;  a  besieger. 

O'er  the  walls 
The  wild  beleaguerers  broke,  and,  one  by  one. 
The  strongholds  of  the  plain  were  forced. 

Bryant,  The  Prairies. 

beleaguerment  (be-le'ger-ment),  «.   [<  6c- 
leaguer  -t-  -ment.]  'The  act  of  beleaguering,  or 
the  state  of  being  beleaguered. 
Fair,  fickle,  courtly  France,  .  .  . 
Shattered  by  hard  beleaguerment,  and  wild  ire, 
Tliat  sacked  and  set  her  palaces  on  fire. 

R.  H.  Stoddard,  Guests  of  State, 
beleavet  (be-lev'),  v.  [<  ME.  beleven,  bileren, 
etc.,  also  by  syncope  bleven,  leave,  intrans. 
remain,  <  AS.  belwfan,  leave,  <  be-  +  hvfan, 
leave ;  prop,  the  causal  of  belive'^-,  q.  v.  See 
and  Zeacci.]    I.  To  leave  behind ;  aban- 

don ;  let  go. 
There  was  nothyuge  belefte.      Gouer,  Conf.  Amant.,  iL 


beleave 

H,  intrans.  To  remain ;  eontinue ;  stay. 

Bot  the  lettres  bileued  ful  large  upon  plaster. 

Alliterative  Poeinx  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  1549. 

belection  (be-lek'shon),  n.    Same  as  holcction. 
faelecture  (bf-lek'tur),  v.  t.    [<  hc-^  +  lecture.'] 
To  vex  with  lectures:  admonish  persistently. 

She  now  had  sonieboily,  or  rather  somethniK,  to  lecture 
ami  belecture  as  before.    Savage,  Keubeii  Medlioott,  I.  xvi. 

beleel  (be-le'),  [<       +  led.']    To  place 

on  the  lee,  or  in  a  position  unfavorable  to  the 
wind.  [Rare.] 

I  .  .  .  must  be  belee'd  and  calm'd 

By  debitor  and  creditor.     Shah:,  Othello,  i.  1. 

belee-t,  r.  t.  An  apocopated  fonn  of  beleevc,  now 
written  believe. 

Fool.    Belee  me,  sir. 

Chi.    I  would  I  could,  sir!    f  ^efcAer,  Mad  Lover,  v.  4. 

beleftt-   Preterit  and  past  participle  of  beleave. 

belemnite  (be-lem'nit),  «.  I—  F.  belemnite,  < 
NL.  btlt'iJiiiitr.s,  <  Gr.  ^iltfivoi',  poet,  for  iSeXog, 

a  dart,  missile   ( <  (idTi'ksiv,   

thi-ow,  cast),  4-  -ites.']  1.  A 
straight,  solid,  tapering,  dart- 
shaped  fossil,  the  internal 
bone  or  shell  of  a  molluscous 
animal  of  the  extinct  family 
Belemnitida;  common  in  the 
■Chalk  and  Jurassic  limestone. 

Belenmites  are  popularly  known  as 
arrow-heads  or  jiiirier-ntones,  from 
their  shape ;  also  as  thunderbolts 
and  thuruler-stoms,  from  a  belief  as 
to  their  origin.    See  Belemnitida. 

2.  The  animal  to  which  such 

a  bone  belonged. 
Also  called  ceraunite. 
Belenmitella    (be  -  lem  -  ni  - 

tel'ii),  n.    [NL.,  dim.  of  Be- 

leinnitcs.]    A  genus  of  the 

family  Belemnitida:,  charac- 
terized by  having  a  straight 

fissui'e  at  the  upper  end  of 

the  guard,  on  the  ventral  side 

of  the  alveolus.    The  species 

are  all  Cretaceous. 
Selemnites  (bel-em-ni'tez), 

n.  [NL. :  see  foete»«»ife.]  The  Beiemnue, 

typical  genus  of  the  family  ""■-^I'^.^rZt, 

BeleiUllitidW.  *,  head;  c,  ink-bag; 

belemnitic  (bel-em-nit'ik),  a.  ^^^Jl'^fTolS'Z: 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  belem- 
nite, or  to  the  family  to  which  it  belongs:  as,  a 
6e?e/«)ijWc  animal;  a.  belemnitic  shell;  belemnitic 
deposits. 

belemnitid  (be-lem'ni-tid),  n.  A  cephalopod 
of  the  family  Belemnitidw. 

Belemnitidae  (bel-em-nit'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Belenmites  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  extinct  di- 
branehiate  cephalopods,  having  10  arms  near- 


512 

belemnite.  Some  specimens  have  been  found  exhibiting 
other  points  of  their  anatomy.  Tims  we  learn  that  the 
organs  were  inclosed  in  a  mantle ;  that  there  were  10  arm- 
like processes,  8  of  them  hooked  at  the  end,  called  the  i(/t- 
cinated  arms,  and  2  not  uncinated,  called  the  teiitacula; 
that  the  animal  was  furnished  with  an  ink-bag,  ami  that 
its  mouth  was  armed  with  mandibles.  There  are  four 
known  genera,  Belenmites,  Belemnoteuthis,  Belemnitella, 
and  X (jihtiti'iithis. 

belemnoid  (be-lcm'noid),  a.  [<  belemn-itc  + 
-old.']    Like  a  belemnite. 

beleper  (be-lep'er),  r.  t.  [<  be-'^  +  lejier.']  To 
infect  vritli  or  as  with  leprosy. 

Belepercd  all  the  clergy  with  a  worse  infection  than  Ge- 
hazi's.  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xiv. 

bel  esprit  (bel  es-pre') ;  pi.  beaux  esprits  (boz 
es-pre').  [F.-,  a  fine  spirit :  see  bel^  and  esprit.] 
A  tine  genius  or  man  of  wit. 

Wen  who  look  up  to  me  as  a  man  of  letters  and  a  bel 
esprit.  Irviwi. 

belfried  (bel'frid),  a.  [<  belfry  +  -ed"^.]  Hav- 
ing a  belfry:  as,  a  belfried  tower. 

belfry  (bel'fri),  n. ;  pi.  belfries  (-friz).  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  belfreij,  bclfery,  belfrie,  etc.,  <  ME. 
bel  fray,  earlier  berfruy,  berfrey,  berfreid,  ber- 
freit,  <  OF.  berfrai,  berfray,  berfrei,  berefreit, 
berfroi,  later  belfrci,  belefrcit,  belefroi,  belfroi, 
befroi,  baffray,  etc.,  mod.  F.  bcffroi  =  It.  battifre- 
do,  <  ML.  berefredus,  bercfridus,  berfredus,  with 
numerous  variations,  bel-,  bil-,  bah,  bcrte-, 
balte-,  bati-,butifrediis,  <MHG.  bcrcvrit,  bcrcfrit, 
berclifrit,  berhfride,  MD.  bergfert,  bcrgfrede  (in 
sense  1),  lit.  'protecting  shelter,'  <  OHG.  ber- 
qan,  MHG.  G.  bergcn  {=AS.  beorgan),  cover, 
protect,  +  OHG.  fridu,  MHG.  fride,  G.  friede 
—  AS.  frithu,  frith,  E.  ohs.  frith,  peace,  secu- 
rity, shelter.  The  origin  of  the  word  was  not 
known,  or  felt,  in  Eom.,  and  the  forms  varied ; 
the  It.  battifredo  (after  ML.  batifredus)  simu- 
lates batterc,  beat,  strike  (as  an  alarm-bell  or 
a  clock),  and  the  E.  form  (after  ML.  belfredus) 
simulates  bell,  whence  the  restriction  in  mod. 
E.  to  a  bell-tower.  The  same  first  element 
also  occurs  in  bainbcrg  and  hanbcrk;  the 
second,  with  ac- 
cent, in  affray.] 
If.  A  movable 
wooden  tower 
used  in  the  mid- 
dle ages  in  at- 
tacking fortified 

places.  It  consist- 
ed of  several  stages, 
was  mounted  on 
wheels,  and  was  gen- 
erally covered  with 
raw  liides  to  protect 
those  under  it  from 
fire,  boiling  oil,  etc. 
The  lowermost  story 
sometimes  sheltered 
a  battering-ram  ;  the 
stories  intermediate 
between  it  and  the 
uppermost  were  fill- 
ed with  bowmen, 
arbalisters  etc.,  to 
gall  the  defenders ; 
while  the  uppermost 
story  was  furni.shed 

with  a  drawbridge  to  let  down  on  the  wall,  over  which 
the  storming  party  rushed  to  the  assault. 
2f.  A  stationary  tower  near  a  fortified  place, 
in  which  were  stationed  sentinels  to  watch  the 
surrounding  country  and  give  notice  of  the 
approach  of  an  enemy,    it  was  furnished  with  a 


Belemnites. 

I,  BeUtnttotetttht's  antiquics,  ventral  side.  2,  Belemnites  Owcnii 
{restored} :  A,  guard  ;  C,  phragniacone  ;  D,  muscular  tissue  of  man- 
tle; iiifundibuluni  :  /./,  uncmated  arras;  A',  A",  tentacula  ;  iV,  ink- 
bag.    3,  Belemnite,  British  Museum. 

ly  equally  developed  and  provided  with  hooks, 
an  internal  shell  terminated  behind  by  a  ros- 
trum of  variable  form,  and  a  well-developed 
straight  phragmaeone.  The  species  are  numerous 
in  the  Secondary  geological  formations,  and  especially  in 
the  Cretaceous,  and  their  remains  are  the  cigar-like  shells 
familiar  to  most  persons  living  in  regions  wliere  the  Cre- 
taceous seas  once  existed.  Tlie  skeleton  consists  of  a  sub- 
cylindrical  flljrous  body  called  t\\<irostrumov guard,  which 
is  holhjwed  into  a  conical  excavation  called  the  alveolus, 
in  which  is  lodged  the  phragmaeone.  This  consists  of 
a  series  of  chambers,  separated  by  septa  perforated  by 
apertures  for  the  passage  of  the  siphv7icle  or  infwidibu- 
lum.  The  pen  of  the  common  squid  is  the  modern  rep- 
resentative, though  on  au  inferior  scale,  of  the  ancient 


Belfry  used  m  the  assault  of  a  medieval 
fortress.  (From  VioUet-le-Duc  s  •  Diet,  de 
1' Architecture.") 


Belfry  of  the  Duonio  in  Pisa,  Ltaly;  commonly  called  the 
Leaning  Tower. 


belie 

bell  to  give  the  alarm  to  the  garrison,  and  also  to  sum- 
mon the  vassals  of  a  feudal  lord  to  his  defense.  'J'hia 
circumstance  helped  the  belief  that  the  word  was  con- 
nected with  bell. 

3.  A  bell-tower,  generally  attached  to  a  church 
or  other  building,  but  sometimes  standing  apart 
as  an  independent  structm-e. 

The  same  dusky  walls 
Of  cold,  gray  stone. 

The  same  cloisters  and  belfry  and  spire. 

Longfellow,  Golden  Legend,  ii. 

4.  That  part  of  a  steeple  or  other  structure  in 
which  a  bell  is  hung;  particularly,  the  frame 
of  timberwork  which  sustains  the  bell.  See 
cut  under  bell-gable. —  5.  Naut.,  the  ornamen- 
tal frame  in  which  the  ship's  bell  is  hung. 
[Eng.]  — 6.  A  shed  used  as  a  shelter  for  cattle 
or  for  farm  implements  or  produce.  [Local, 
Eng.] 

belfry-owl  (bel'fri-owl),  w.  A  name  of  the 
barn-owl  (which  see),  from  its  frequently  nest- 
ing in  a  belfry. 

belfry-turret  (berfri-tur'^et),  n,  A  turret  at- 
tached to  an  angle  of  a  tower  or  belfry,  to  re- 
ceive the  stairs  which  give  access  to  its  upper 
stories.  Belfry-turrets  are  polygonal,  square,  or  round 
in  external  plan,  Init  always  round  within  for  convenient 
adaptation  to  winding  stairs. 

belgardt  (bel-gard' ),  n.  [<  It.  bel  guardo,  lovely 
look:  see  bel'^  and  guard,  regard.]  A  kind  look 
or  glance. 

Upon  her  eyelids  many  Graces  sate. 
Under  the  shadow  of  her  even  browes, 
Working  belgardes,  and  amorous  retrate. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iii.  25. 

Belgian  (bel'jian),  a.  and  ».  [See  Belgic]  I, 
a.  Belonging  to  Belgium,  a  small  country  of 
Europe,  between  Prance  and  Germany,  for- 
merly part  of  the  Netherlands,  erected  into 

an  independent  kingdom  in  1830-31  Belgian 

blocks,  nearly  culjical  blocks  of  granite,  trap,  or  other 
suitable  stone  used  for  pavements. — Belgian  syllables, 
syllables  applied  to  the  musical  scale  by  the  Belgian  Wael- 
raiit  about  155U.    See  bobization  and  bocedization. 

II.  M.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  the  king- 
dom of  Belgium. 

Belgic  (bel' jik),  a.  [f.'L.  Belgicus,<,Belga:.]  1, 
Pertaining  to  the  Belgse,  who  in  Caesar's  time 
possessed  the  country  bounded  by  the  Ehine, 
the  Seine,  the  North  Sea,  the  Strait  of  Dover 
and  the  English  Channel.  They  were  probably  of 
mixed  Teutonic  and  Celtic  origin.  At  the  time  of  Caesar's 
invasion  tribes  of  Belgoe  were  found  in  southern  Britain, 
whose  connection  with  the  continental  Belgse  is  disputed. 
2.  Pertaining  to  Belgium. 

Belgravian  (bel-gra'vi-an),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Be- 
longing to  Belgravia,  an  aristocratic  district  of 
London  around  Pimlico  ;  hence,  aristocratic  ; 
fashionable.  Thackeray. 

II,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  Belgravia ;  an  aris- 
tocrat ;  a  member  of  the  upper  classes.  Thack- 
eray. 

Belial  (be'lial),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  Belyall, 
ME.  Belial,  '<  LL.  (in  Vulgate)  Belial,  <  Gr.  Bf- 
7da'A,  <  Heb.  b'Uya'al,  used  in  the  Old  Testament 
usually  in  phrases  translated,  in  the  English 
version,  " man  of  Belial,"  "son  of  Belial," as  if 
Belial  were  a  proper  name  equiv.  to  Satan; 
hence  once  in  New  Testament  (Gr.  'BeXiap)  as 
an  appellative  of  Satan  (2  Cor.  vi.  15).  But  the 
Heb.  b'Uya'al  is  a  common  noun,  meaning  worth- 
lessness  or  wickedness ;  <  b'li,  without,  +  ya'al, 
use,  profit.]  The  spirit  of  evil  personified; 
the  devil ;  Satan ;  in  Milton,  one  of  the  fallen 
angels,  distinct  from  Satan. 
What  concord  hath  Christ  with  Belial?      2  Cor.  vi.  If-. 

Belial  came  last,  than  whom  a  spirit  more  lewd 
Fell  not  from  heaven.  Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  490. 

belibel  (be-li'bel),  v.  t.  [<  6c-i  +  libel]  To 
libel  or  traduce. 

Belideus  (be-lid'e-us),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of 
small  flying'phalangers,  of  the  family  P)iate?(g'ts- 
fidw;  the  sugar-squirrels.  These  little  marsupi:ils 
resemble  tlying-sciuirrels  in  superficial  appearance,  having' 
a  large  parachute,  large  naked  ears,  long  bushy  tail,  and 
very  soft  fur.  There  are  several  species,  such  as  B.  scin. 
reus,  B.  ariel,  and  B.  flam'venter,  inhaljiting  Australia, 
New  Guinea,  and  some  of  the  neighboring  islands. 

belielf  (be-li'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  belay,  pp.  belain, 
ppr.  belying.  [<  ME.  belyen,  beliggen,  <  AS.  bi- 
licgan,  bilicgan  (=  OHG.  biligan,  MHG.  biligcn, 
G.  beliegen),  <  be-,  about,  by,  +  licgan,  lie :  seo 
and  lie'^,  and  cf.  belay.]  To  lie  around; 
encompass ;  especially,  to  lie  around,  as  an 
army;  beleaguer. 

belie^  (be-li'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  belied,  ppr. 
belying.  '[<  ME.  belyen,  beleogen,  <  AS.  bcleogun 
(=  OFries.  biliaga  =  OHG.  biliugan,  MHG.  be- 
liegen, G.  beliif/en),  <  be-,  about,  by,  +  leogan, 
lie:  see  ie-i  aiid  lie'^.]  1.  To  tell  lies  concern- 
ing;  calumniate  by  false  reports. 


belie 

Thou  dost  belie  him,  Percy,  thou  clost  belie  him  : 
He  never  did  encounter  witli  Glendower. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  3. 
Who  is  he  that  belies  the  blood  and  libels  the  fame  of 
liis  own  ancestors  ? 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Senate,  May  7,  1834. 
The  clamor  of  liars  belied  in  the  hubbub  of  lies. 

Tennysoii,  Maud,  iv.  !). 

2.  To  give  the  lie  to ;  show  to  be  false ;  eon- 
tradict. 

Theii-  trembling  hearts  belie  their  boastful  tongues. 

Dryden. 

Novels  (witness  ev'ry  month's  review) 
Belie  their  name,  and  offer  nothing  new. 

Cowper,  Ketirement. 

3.  To  act  tmworthily  of ;  fail  to  equal  or  come 
up  to ;  disappoint :  as,  to  belie  one's  hopes  or 
expectations. 

Shall  Hector,  born  to  war,  his  birthright  yield, 
Belie  his  coiu-age,  and  forsake  the  field  ? 

Dryden,  Hector  and  Androm.,  1.  109. 
Tuscan  Valerius  by  force  o'ercame. 
And  not  bely'd  his  mighty  father's  name. 

Dryden,  ^neid. 

4.  To  give  a  false  representation  of ;  conceal 
the  true  character  of. 

Queen.    For  heaven's  sake,  speak  comfortable  words. 
York.    Should  I  do  so,  I  should  belie  my  thoughts. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  2. 

5t.  To  fill  with  lies. 

'Tis  slander,  .  .  .  whose  breath 
Rides  on  the  posting  winds,  and  doth  belie 
All  corners  of  the  world.  Shak.,  Cyrabeline,  iii.  4. 

6t.  To  counterfeit ;  mimic ;  feign  resemblance 
to. 

With  dust,  with  horses'  hoofs,  that  beat  the  ground. 
And  martial  brass,  belie  the  tlmnder's  sound. 

Dryden,  Astraea  Kedu.x. 

belief  (be-lef'),  «.    [Early  mod.  E.  heleef,  he- 


513 

In  the  cathedrals,  the  popular  beliefs,  hopes,  fears,  fan- 
cies, and  aspirations  found  expression  and  were  perpet- 
uated in  a  language  intelligible  to  all. 

C.  K.  Norton,  Travel  and  Study  in  Italy,  p.  lO.";. 

5.  The  whole  body  of  tenets  held  by  the  pro- 
fessors of  any  faith. 

In  the  heat  of  persecution,  to  which  the  Christian  belief 
was  subject,  upon  its  first  promulgation.  Hooker. 

The  belief  oi  Christianity  is  a  belief  in  the  beauty  of  holi- 
ness ;  the  creed  of  Hellas  was  a  belief  in  tlie  beauty  of  the 
world  and  of  mankind.  Keary,  I'rim.  Belief,  iv. 

6.  A  creed ;  a  formula  embodying  the  essential 
doctrines  of  a  religion  or  a  church. 

Ye  ought  to  see  them  have  their  belief,  to  know  the  com- 
mandments of  God,  to  keep  their  holy-days,  and  not  to 
lose  their  time  in  idleness.  Latimer,  Sermons,  p.  14. 
=  Syn.  1  and  2.  Opinion,  Conrietion,  etc.  (see  persuasion) ; 
credence,  trust,  credit,  conflilence.  — 4.  Doctrine. 

belieflful  (be-lef 'ful),  a.    [<  ME.  hilefful,  <  Mlef, 
belere,  belief,  +  -fid.    Cf.  AS.  gcledjful.}  Hav- 
ing belief  or  faith.    Udall.  [Kare.] 
belieffulness  (be-lef'ful-nes),  V.    [<  beliefful  + 
-wess.]    The  state  of  being  beliefful.  [Rare.] 
The  godly  belieffulness  of  the  heathen. 

ifdall,  On  Luke  iv. 

There  is  a  hopefulness  and  a  belieffulness,  so  to  say,  on 
your  side,  which  is  a  great  compensation.  Clouyh. 

belier  (be-li'er),  n.  [<  helie"^,  v.,  +  -crl.]  One 
who  belies. 

Foul-mouthed  beliers  of  the  Christian  faith. 

Coleridge,  Aids  to  Reflection,  i.  89. 

believability  (bf-le-va-bil'i-ti),  n.    [<  heliev- 
ahle:  see  -Ulitij.^    Credibility;  capability  of 
being  believed.    J.  S.  Mill. 
believable  (be-le'va-bl),  a.    [<  believe  +  -able.'] 
Capable  of  being  believed ;  credible. 

That  he  sinn'd,  is  not  believable. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 


leeve,  <  ME.  heleve,  beleafe,  with  prefix  6e- (as  i,»n„„„t.i /i.-  i-/      -u,       x  ^ 
in  believe,  q.  v.),  parallel  with  the  earlier  leve,  oelievableness  (be-le  va-bl-nes),  n.  Credi 

believe  (be-lev') 


by  apheresis  for  ileve,  <  AS.  geledfa  =  OS.  gi- 
lobho  =  D.  geloof=  MLG.  gelove,  geldf  =  OHG. 
giloubo,  MHG.  gelouhe,  G.  glaube,  masc,  =z  Goth. 
galaubeins,  fem.,  belief,  <  galaubs,  dear,  valu- 
able: see  believe.']  1.  Confidence  reposed  in 
any  person  or  thing ;  faith ;  trust :  as,  a  child's 
belief  in  his  parents. 

To  make  the  worthy  Leonatus  mad. 
By  wounding  his  belief  in  her  renown. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  v.  5. 

2.  A  conviction  of  the  truth  of  a  given  proposi- 
tion or  an  alleged  fact,  resting  upon  gi'ounds 
insufificient  to  constitute  positive  knowledge. 
Knowledge  is  a  state  of  mind  which  necessarily  implies  a 
con-esponding  state  of  things ;  belief  is  a  state  of  mind 
merely,  and  does  not  necessarily  involve  a  corresponding 
state  of  things.  But  belief  is  sometimes  used  to  include 
the  absolute  conviction  or  certainty  which  accompanies 
knowledge. 

Keither  do  I  labor  for  a  greater  esteem  than  may  in 
some  little  measure  draw  a  belief  from  you,  to  do  yotn-self 
good,  and  not  to  grace  me.       Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  v.  2. 

Belief  admits  of  all  degrees,  from  the  slightest  suspicion 
to  the  fullest  assurance.  Reid. 

He  [James  Mill]  uses  the  word  belief  as  the  most  gen- 
eral term  for  every  species  of  conviction  or  assurance  ;  the 
assurance  of  what  is  before  our  eyes,  as  well  as  of  that 
which  we  only  remember  or  expect ;  of  what  we  know  by 
direct  perception,  as  well  as  of  what  we  accept  on  the 
evidence  of  testimony  or  of  reasoning.  J.  S.  Mill. 

By  a  singular  freak  of  language  we  use  the  word  belief 
to  designate  both  the  least  persistent  and  the  most  per- 
sistent coherence  among  our  states  of  consciousness  —  to 
describe  our  state  of  mind  with  reference  both  to  those 
propositions  of  the  truth  of  which  we  are  least  certain 
and  to  those  of  the  truth  of  which  we  are  most  certain.  ' 

J.  Fiske,  Cosmic  Philos.,  I.  61. 

3.  Persuasion  of  the  .  truth  of  a  proposition, 
but  with  the  consciousness  that  the  positive 
evidence  for  it  is  insufficient  or  wanting;  espe- 
cially, assurance  of  the  truth  of  what  rests 
chiefly  or  solely  upon  authority.  («)  i,-.  this  sense, 
the  word  sometimes  implies  that  the  proposition  is  ad- 
mitted as  only  probable,  (b)  It  sometimes  implies  tliat 
the  proposition  is  admitted  as  being  so  reasonable  that  it 
needs  no  proof,   (c)  Sometimes  used  for  religious  faith. 

Knowledge  and  belief  differ  not  only  in  degree  but  in 
Kind.    Knowledge  is  a  certainty  founded  upon  insight; 
belief  \s  a  certainty  founded  upon  feeling.    The  one  is 
perspicuous  and  objective :  the  other  is  obscure  and  sub- 
jective. Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Lectures  on  Logic,  xxvii. 
One  in  whom  persuasion  and  belief 
Had  ripened  into  faith,  and  faith  become 
A  passionate  intuition,  \yordsworth,  E.xcursion,  iv. 
They  [women]  persuade  rather  than  convince,  and  value 
mief  rather  as  a  source  of  consolation  than  as  a  faithful 
e.xpression  of  the  reality  of  things. 

Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  381. 

4.  That  which  is  believed ;  an  object  of  belief. 
Superstitious  prophecies  are  the  belief  of  fools.  Bacon. 
We  have  but  to  read  the  accounts  of  the  early  beliefs  of 

mankind,  or  the  present  belief.^  of  savages  and  semi-cul- 
tivated nations,  to  see  how  large  a  field  pure  fiction  occu- 
pies.     G.  U.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  II.  iii.  §  7. 
33 


,,v.;  pret.  and  pp.  believed,  ppr. 
believing.  [Early  mod.  E.  beleeve,  <  ME.  beleven, 
bileven,  bilefen,  with  prefix  he-  (as  in  belief,  q. 
v.),  parallel  with  the  earlier  leven,  by  apheresis 
for  ileven,  <  AS.  geliefan,  gehjfan,  qelefan  =  OS. 
gilobhian  =  D.  gelooven  =  MLG.  geloven  =  OHG. 

gilouhen,  MHG.  gelouben,  glouben,  G.  gleuben,   

now  glauben,  =  Goth,  galaubjan,  believe,  lit.  •hpHPTriTn^l'tr  rhs  is 

hold  dear  or  valuable  or  satisfactory,  be  pleased    inTmlS^-  wrtl?  h^lipf-       t-^  .  i„ 

with  <Goth,^atei.,dear,valuable'^^^  Zl^l^uZnglJ^  ^'e^^^^e  a doc- 

m  the  special  sense  of  'costly'),  <  ga-  (AS.,  beliffht  fbe-lit")  v  t     U  he  i 
etc.,  ge-),  a  generalizing  prefix,  +  -lauh,  a  form    lIKp  •  niumiiiate  cLSe, 
(pret.)  of  the  common  Teut.  root  *luh,  Whence  '        ""R '- V.'.^H"'^^*®-  ^J'^'^y- 
also  Goth 


belive 

2.  To  give  credence  to  (a  person  making  a 
statement,  anything  said,  etc.). 

Lo,  I  come  unto  thee  in  a  thick  cloud,  that  the  people 
may  hear  when  I  speak  with  thee,  and  believe  thee  for  ever. 

Ex.  xix.  9. 

You  are  now  bound  to  6e;tei;ehim.    Skak.,  C.  of  E.,  v.  1. 

3.  To  expect  or  hope  with  confidence ;  trust. 

[Archaic] 

I  hail  fainted  unless  I  had  believed  to  see  the  goodness 
of  the  Lord  in  the  land  of  the  living.  Ps.  xxvii.  13. 

4.  To  be  of  opinion ;  think ;  understand :  as, 

I  believe  he  has  left  the  city. 
They  are,  I  believe,  as  high  as  most  steeples  in  England. 

Addison,  Travels  in  Italy. 

believer  (be-le'ver),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  beleever, 
belevcr  (not  in  ME.  or  AS.);  <  believe  +  -erl.] 

1.  Ono  who  believes;  one  who  gives  credit  to 
other  evidence  than  that  of  personal  know- 
ledge ;  one  who  is  firmly  persuaded  in  his  own 
mind  of  the  truth  or  existence  of  something : 
as,  a  believer  in  ghosts. 

Johnson,  incredulous  on  all  other  points,  was  a  ready 
believer  in  miracles  and  apparitions. 

Macatday,  Von  Ranke. 

2.  An  adherent  of  a  religious  faith;  in  a  more 
restricted  sense,  a  Christian  ;  one  who  exercises 
faith  in  Christ. 

And  believers  were  the  more  added  to  the  Lord. 

Acts  v.  14. 

3.  In  the  early  church,  a  baptized  layman,  in 
contradistinction  to  the  clergy  on  the  one  hand, 
and  to  the  catechumens,  who  were  preparing 
for  baptism,  on  the  other. 

The  name  believer  is  here  taken  in  a  more  strict  sense 
only  for  one  order  of  Christians,  the  believing  or  bap- 
tized laity.  Binyham,  Antiquities,  I.  iii.  1. 

believing  (bf-le'ving),  2).  a.  1.  Having  faith; 
ready  or  disposed  to  believe  or  to  exercise 
faith. 

Be  not  faithless,  but  believing.  John  xx.  27. 

Now,  God  be  prais'd !  that  to  believing  souls 
Gives  light  in  darkness,  comfort  in  despair. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  1. 

2.  Of  the  number  of  those  who  are  disciples. 

And  they  that  have  believing  masters,  let  them  not  de- 
spise them,  because  they  are  Ijrethren.  1  Tim.  vi.  2. 

■dng-li),  adv.    In  a  believ- 


To 


Hubs  =  AS.  leof,  E.  lief,  dear,  AS. 
lufii,  E.  love,  etc. :  see  lief,  leave^,  love,  liberal, 
etc.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  have  faith  or  confi- 
dence, (d)  As  to  a  person,  to  have  confidence  in  his 
honesty,  integrity,  virtue,  powers,  ability,  etc. ;  trust,  {b) 
As  to  a  thing,  to  have  faith  in  its  existence,  or  in  its  genu- 
ineness, efficacy,  virtue,  usefulness,  soundness,  and  the 
like  ;  credit  its  reality  :  as,  to  believe  in  ghosts  ;  to  believe 
in  the  Bible,  in  manhood  suffrage,  in  the  ballot,  in  repub- 
licanism, in  education,  etc. :  usually  with  in  or  on  (for- 
merly also  with  to),  rarely  absolutely. 

He  saith  unto  the  ruler  of  the  synagogue.  Be  not  afraid 
only  believe.  jjark  v.  36. 

2.  To  exercise  trust  or  confidence 
faith :  generally  with  on. 


rely  through 


And  they  said,  Believe  on  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  and  belikelvt  (be-lik'li) 
thou  Shalt  be  saved,  and  thy  house.  Acts  xvi.  31.  ably. 

And  many  believed  on  him  there.  John  x.  42. 


4-  ligJifl.] 

,   ,  ,     -  .  .,-  [Rare.] 

belike  (be-lik'),  adv.  [First  in  early  mod.  E., 
also  written  heli/ke,  bylyke  ;  also  helikely,  q.  v. ; 
appar.  of  dial,  origin,  <  be,  by,  prep.,  +  like, 
likely,  i.  e.,  by  what  is  likely;  but  perhaps  a 
reduction  of  an  introductory  phrase  it  may  be 
(or  tvill  be)  like  or  likely.  Cf.  maybe  and  likely, 
as  similarly  used.]  Perhaps;  probably.  [Now 
chiefiy  poetical.] 

Then  you,  belike,  suspect  these  noblemen 

As  guilty  of  Duke  Huniphrev's  timeless  death. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 
Belike  this  is  some  new  kind  of  subscription  the  gallants 
use.         B.  Jonson,  Every  JIan  out  of  his  Humour,  iii.  2. 

If  he  came  in  for  a  reckoning,  belike  it  was  for  better 
treat  than  mine.  Scott. 

adv.   [See  belike.]  Prob- 


To  them  gave  he  power  to  become  the  sons  of  God,  even 
to  them  that  believe  on  his  name.  John  i.  12. 

3.  To  be  persuaded  of  the  truth  of  anything; 
accept  a  doctrine,  principle,  system,  etc.,  as 
true,  or  as  an  object  of  faith:  with  in:  ,as,  "I 
believe  in  the  Holy  Ghost,  the  holy  Catholic 
Church,  the  communion  of  saints,"  etc.,  Apos- 
tles' Creed;  to  believe  in  Buddhism.    See  belief. 


Having  belikely  heard  some  better  words  of  me  than  I 
could  deserve.  Bp.  Hall,  Account  of  Himself, 

belime  (bf-lim'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  lime'':]  To 
besmear  or  entangle  with  or  as  with  bird-lime 
Bp.  Hall. 

belinkedness  (bf-lingkt'nes),  w.  [<  6e-i  + 

link'^  +  -ed'^  +  -n'ess.]  In  math.,  the  number  of 
times  one  branch  of  a  link  must  be  passed 
through  the  other  in  order  to  undo  it. 


If  you  will  consider  the  nature  of  man,  you  will  find  that  belittle  (be-llt'l),  v.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  belittled 
with  lain  It  always  has  been  and  still  is  true,  that  that  nm:  belMlina  FFirst  in  TI  S  •  <  hfl  4-  liffl^  l 
thing  in  all  his  inward  or  outward  world  which  he  sees     1     Tr""!"^'    ^fl  ii      '     a         ■  ^^'^'^ 

worthy  of  worship  is  essentially  the  thing  iu  which  he  6e-       *   -"-O  ™als.e  Small  or  smaller;  reduce  in  pro- 

A'eai)/,  Prim.  Belief,  i.    portion  or  extent.     [Rare.] — 2.  To  cause  to 
To  make  believe.  fieemakeK  appearsmall;  depreciate;  lower  in  character  or 

II.  trans.  1.  To  credit  upon  the  ground  of  importance;  speak  lightly  or  disparagingly  of. 
authority,  testimony,  argument,  or  any  other  bellttlement  (be-lit'l-ment),  «.  [<  belittle  + 
ground  than  complete  demonstration:*  accent    -""'»^.]  The 


ground  than  complete  demonstration;*  accept 
as  true ;  give  credence  to.    See  belief. 

We  know  what  rests  upon  reason  ;  we  believe  what  rests 
upon  authority.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

Our  senses  are  sceptics,  and  believe  only  the  impression 
of  the  moment.  Emerson,  Farming. 

We  may  believe  what  goes  beyond  our  experience  only 
when  It  IS  inferred  from  that  experience  by  the  assump- 
tion tnat  what  we  do  not  know  is  like  what  we  know. 

ir.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  II.  210. 
Who  knows  not  what  to  believe 
Since  he  sees  nothing  clear. 

M.  Arnold,  Empedocles. 


act  of  belittling,  or  detracting 
from  the  character  or  importance  of  a  person 
or  thing. 

A  systematic  belittlement  of  the  essential,  and  exaggera- 
tion of  the  non-essential,  in  the  story. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XX.  370. 
beliveH,  v.  i.  [ME.  (rare),  <  AS.  helifan  (pret. 
bclaf,  pi.  hclifon,  pp.  belifen)  (=  OS.  hiUbhan  = 
OFries.  biliva,  bliva  =  D.hlijven  =  OH.G.  biliban, 
MHG.  heliben,  hliben,  G.  blciben  =  Goth,  bilci- 
ban),  remain,  <  be-  4-  *lifan  (pret.  laf),  remain. 
Hence  the  causal  belearc,  q.  v.,  now  also  obso- 
lete :  see  leave'-.]    To  remain. 


bclive 

belive^t,  adv.,  orig.  j>rep.  phr.  [Now  only  E. 
dial.,  also  written  hehjre,  Sc.  helife,  bclyre, 
Miff,  <  ME.  bcUvc,  hchjve,  hcUfc,  hilife,  hli/c, 
Hire,  also  bilifes,  liUrcs,  etc. ;  sometimes  used 
expletively ;  prop,  two  words,  be  lice,  be  life, 
lit.  by  life,  i.  e.,  with  life  or  activity;  cf.  alive 
&nd  lively.)   1.  With  speed;  quickly;  eagerly. 

Rise,  rise  hjiUve^ 
And  unto  batteil  doe  your  selves  addresse. 

Spenser,  F.  (}.,  II.  viii.  18. 
Thou  schalte  haue  delyueraunce 
Be-lyue  at  tlii  list.       '       York  Plays,  p.  231. 

2.  Presently;  ere  long;  by  and  by;  anon: 
sometimes  merely  expletive. 

Twenty  swarm  of  bees, 
Whilk  all  the  summer  hum  about  the  hive. 
And  bring  me  wax  and  honey  in  biliw. 

B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  ii.  1. 
Belyve  the  elder  bairns  come  drapping  in. 

Burns,  Cottar's  Sat.  Night. 

[Obsolete  in  both  senses,  except  in  Scotch.] 
belkt  (belk),  V.  t.    [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  belKen,  the 
unassibilated  form  of  helchen,  belch  :  see  belch, 
and  ef.  balk^,  bolk.'}    To  belch ;  give  vent  to. 

Till  I  might  beike  revenge  upon  his  eyes. 

Marston,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  II.  i.  1. 

belli  (bel),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bel,  <  ME. 
bel,  belk.  <  AS.  belle  (=D.  bcl  =  MLG.  LG.  belle; 
cf .  Icel.  bjalla,  <  AS.  belle),  a  bell.  Perhaps  con- 
nected with  bell^,  v.,  roar.]  1.  A  hollow  metal- 
lic instrument  which  gives  forth  a  ringing 
sound,  generally  of  a  musical  quality,  when 
struck  with  a  clapper,  hammer,  or  other  appli- 
ance. Its  usual  shape  resembles  that  of  an  inverted  cup 
with  a  flaring  rim.  If  tlie  bell  is  sta- 
tionary, it  is  often  made  saucer- 
shaped,  and  in  this  case  is  commonly 
termed  a  gong.  Bells  of  this  form  are 
generally  used  as  call-bells  or  signal- 
bells.  Bells  are  made  for  many  pur- 
poses and  in  a  great  variety  of  forms 
and  sizes.  They  usually  consist  of  an 
aUoy  of  copper  and  tin,  called  bell- 
metal  (which  see).  Church-bells  are 
known  to  have  been  in  use  in  Italy 
about  A.  D.  400,  and  in  France  in  the 
sixth  century.  The  earlier  bells  were 
often  four-sided,  made  of  thin  plates 
of  iron  riveted  together.  The  manu- 
facture of  the  largest  and  finest 
bells  has  been  developed  since  the 
fifteenth  century.  The  largest  ever  made  is  the  great 
bell  of  Moscow,  called  the  Czar  Kolokol,  cast  in  1733, 
and  computed  to  weigh  about  440,000  pounds.  It  is  about 
19  feet  in  diameter  and  the  same  in  height.  It  is  sup- 
posed never  to  have  been  hung,  and  is  now  used  as  a 
chapel,  having  been  raised  in  1S36  after  lying  half  buried 
since  1737,  when  a  piece  was  broken  out  of  its  side  in  a  fire. 
The  largest  bell  in  actual  use  weighs  128  tons,  and  is  also 
in  Moscow.  The  bell  of  the  Buddhist  monastery  Chi-on,  in 
Kioto,  Japan,  was  east  in  1633,  and  weighs  125,000  catties, 
or  over  74  tons  of  2,240  pounds  each.   Among  the  great 


Bell  (section). 
B,  clapper,  or  tongue  : 
C,  clapper-bolt ;  Ii. 
yoke  :  F,  cinnon,  or 
ear  :  .V,  mouth  :  P  P, 
sound-bow  ;  .S.  shoul- 
der ;  T  T.  barrel. 


Bell  called  Czar  Kolokol.  m  the  Kremlin,  Moscow. 

French  bells,  the  bourdon  of  Notre  Dame,  Paris,  weighs 
about  17  tons  ;  the  largest  bell  of  Sens  cathedral,  16  tons ; 
and  that  of  Amiens  cathedral,  11  tons.  In  England,  the 
"Big  Ben"  of  Westminster  weighs  over  13  tons,  but  is 
cracked;  the  "Great  Peter,"  at  York,  10  tons;  and 
the  "  Great  Tom,"  at  Oxford,  7  tons.  The  new  "Kaiser- 
glocke  "  of  Cologne  cathedral  weighs  2,')  tons.  For  church- 
bells  made  to  be  rung  in  unison,  see  cliime.  In  heraldry, 
the  bells  generally  represented  are  hawks'  bells,  in  shape 
like  a  small  sleigh-bell ;  a  hawk  represented  with  these 
liells  attached  is  said  to  be  belled.  When  a  bell  of  ordi- 
nary form  is  used  as  a  bearing,  it  is  called  church-bell  for 
distinction. 

But  what  art  thou  that  seyst  this  tale. 

That  werest  on  thyn  hose  a  pale. 

And  on  tliy  tipet  such  a  belle? 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  1841. 

2.  Anything  in  the  form  of  a  bell  or  compared 
to  a  bell.  Specifically  — (o)  A  bell-shaped  corolla  of  a 
flower. 


514 

'Where  the  bee  sucks,  there  suck  I ; 

In  a  cowslip  s  bell  I  lie.  Shak.,  Tempest,  v.  1. 
(b)  In  arch.,  the  plain  echinus  of  a  Corinthian  or  compo- 
site capital,  around  which  the  foliage  and  volutes  are  ar- 
langed.  Also  called  basket,  (c)  The  large  end  of  a  fun- 
nel, or  the  end  of  a  i)ipe,  tube,  or  any  nmsical  instrument, 
when  its  edge  is  turned  out  and  enlarged  so  as  to  resem- 
ble a  bell.  ((/)  The  strobile,  cone,  or  catkin  containing  the 
seed  of  the  hop.  (c)  The  pendulous  dermal  appendage 
under  the  throat  of  the  male  moose.  (/)  In  hydroid 
polyps,  the  umbrella  or  gelatinous  disk. 


belladonna 

II.  trans.  1.  To  put  a  bell  on.— 2.  To  swell 
or  puff  out  into  the  shape  of  a  bell. 

Devices  for  belling  out  dresses.  Mrs.  RUldell. 

To  bell  the  cat,  to  grapple  or  cope  with  an  adversai-y  of 
greatly  superior  power:  a  plirase  derived  from  a  well- 
known  fable,  according  to  which  the  mice  at  one  time  re- 
solved to  put  a  bell  on  the  cat  to  warn  them  of  its  ap- 
proach ;  but  after  the  resolution  was  passed,  on  inquiry 
being  made,  "Who  will  imdertake  it?  '  none  was  found 
7    A  1  ,    ■■,    .     .,     »  daring  enough  to  do  so. 

iiu.X"Jf";„fj'?.!  Ln"!/„!i3?/?T„«^  [Early  mod,  E.  also  bel  (dial. 


hawks'  bells  or  sleigh-bells,  fastened  to  a  han- 
dle and  constituting  a  toy  for  amusing  an  in- 
fant.— 4.  pi.  Naut.,ihe  term  employed  on  ship- 
board, as  o'clock  is  on  shore,  to  denote  the 
di\isions  of  daily  time,  from  their  being  mark- 
ed by  bells,  which  are  struck  every  half-hour. 

The  day,  beginning  at  midnight,  is  divided  into  watches 
of  four  hours  each,  except  the  watch  from  4  to  8  P.  M., 
which  is  subdivided  into  two  dog-watches.  A  full  watch 
thus  consists  of  eight  half-hours,  and  its  progress  is  noted 
by  the  number  of  strokes  on  the  bell.  For  instance,  1 
o'clock  P.  M.  is  equivalent  to  two  bells  in  the  afternoon 
watch ;  3  o'clock,  to  six  bells ;  4  o'clock,  to  eiglit  bells,  etc. 
—  Angelas  bell,  Gabriel  bellt  Lady  bell,  a  church- 
bell  rung  to  remind  those  within  hearing  to  recite  the 
angelus.  See  angelus.— Aye  bell,  Ave  Maria  bell,  or 
Ave  Mary  bell.    Same  as  a  ngcl  us  bell. 

I  could  never  hear  the  Ace  Mary  bell  without  an  eleva- 
tion, or  think  it  a  sufticient  warrant  because  they  erred 
in  one  circumstance  for  me  to  err  in  all  —  that  is,  in  si- 
lence and  dumb  contempt. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  i.  3. 
Bell,  book,  and  candle,  a  phrase  popularly  used  in  con- 
nection with  a  mode  of  solemn  exconnnunication  for- 
merly practised  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  After 
the  formula  had  been  read  and  the  book  closed,  the  assis- 
tants cast  the  lighted  candles  they  held  in  their  hands 
to  the  ground  so  as  to  extinguish  them,  and  the  bells 
were  rung  together  without  order;  the  last  two  cere- 
monies symbolized  the  disorder  and  going  out  of  grace 
in  the  souls  of  the  persons  excommunicated.— Blessed 
or  hallowed  bell,  in  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,a  bell  which  has 
received  the  solemn  blessing  of  the  church,  in  which  the 
bishop  prays  that  its  sound  may  avail  to  summon  the 
faithful,  to  excite  their  devotion,  to  drive  away  storms, 
and  that  the  powers  of  the  air,  hearing  it,  may  tremble 
and  flee  before  the  standard  of  the  holy  cross  of  the 
Son  of  God  engraved  upon  it,  etc.— Elevation  or  Sanc- 
tUS  bell,  in  the  Itom.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  bell  rung  during  the 
celebration  of  mass  to  give  notification  of  the  more  solemn 
portions :  now  usually  a  small  hand  bell,  but  in  pre- 
Keforniation  English  churches  a  large  bell  often  hung 
in  a  bell-gable  erected  over  the  nave,  immediately  above 
the  entrance  of  the  chancel,  from  which  it  was  rung  by 
one  of  the  acolytes.  Oxford  Glossary,  p.  74.— In  the 
bell,  (a)  In  flower.  [Scotch.]  (b)  In  seed,  or  having  the 
seed-capsules  formed,  as  lu)ps.— Mass  bell.  Same  as 
«acn'H(/ 6eZ/.—  Kecording  bell,  a  bell  attached  to  a  hand- 
punch,  or  to  an  instrument  of  similar  purpose,  with  which  bCll*  (bel), 


also  beal),  <  ME.  belle,  <  AS.  bellan,  roar,  bellow, 
grunt,  =  OHG.  bellan,  MHG.  G.  bellen,  bark,  = 
leel.  beljn,  bellow;  perhaps  connected,  as  the 
orig.  verb  (cf.  D.  bellen,  ring,  MLG.  bellen,  pro- 
claim loudly),  with  AS.  belle,  E.  bcia,  q.  v.  Cf. 
bellow,  a  later  form  parallel  to  bell^,  v.,  and 
see  belk,  belch,  balk^,  bolk,  etc.,  a  series  of  verbs- 
of  similar  form,  assumed  to  be  ult.  imitative. 
Hence  prob.  6mH1.]  I.  intrans.  If.  To  bellow; 
roar. 

As  loud  as  belleth  wind  in  hell. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  1803. 

Specifically — 2.  To  bellow  like  a  deer  in  rut- 
ting-time. 

The  wild  buck  bells  from  ferny  brake. 

Scott,  Marmion,  iv.  15. 
Enjoining  perfect  silence,  we  crept  from  tree  to  tree  with 
stealthy  pace  and  occasionally  sweeping  the  opposite 
brow  of  Hangerton  with  a  deer  glass  to  discover  some  of 
the  numerous  harts  which  were  belling  and  calling. 

Forest  and  Stream,  XXIV.  449. 

II.  trans.  To  bellow  forth.  [Rare.] 
bell2  (bel),  n.    [<  bem,  i-.]    The  bellow  of  the 
wild  deer  iu  rutting-time. 

In  Ireland  the  deer-stalker  has  to  put  aside  his  rifle  in 
October.  The  first  bell  of  the  hart  is  a  notice  for  him  to- 
quit,  so  that  these  wild  denizens  of  the  woods  may  carry 
on  their  courting  at  their  leisure. 

Forest  and  Stream,  XXIV.  449. 

belPt,  V.  i.  [<  ME.  bellen  (pp.  bollen),  perhaps- 
(with  loss  of  orig.  guttural)  <  AS.  belgan  (pp. 
bolgen)  =  OHG.  belgan,  MHG.  belgen  =  IceL 
*belgja,  in  pp.  bole/inn,  swell  (in  AS.  and  OHG. 
and  MHG.  also  be  angry).  Cf.  bem  and  bel- 
low, repr.  parallel  forms  -without  and  with  an 
orig.  guttural.  See  boln^.)  To  swell  up,  like  a. 
boil  or  beal. 

Jesus  .  .  .  was  pricked  both  with  nail  and  thorn.  It 
neither  wealed  nor  belled,  rankled  nor  boned. 

Pepys,  Diary,  III.  96.    (iV.  E.  D.y 


fares  collected,  as  by  a  conductor,  etc.,  or  moneys  taken 
in,  as  at  a  bar,  are  recorded. — Sacring  bell,  a  bell  rung 
during  the  celebration  of  the  Roman  Catholic  mass,  at 
the  elevation  of  the  host,  at  the  Sanctus,  and  at  other 
solemn  services.  'Wlien  rung  at  the  consecration  it  is 
also  called  the  Agnus  bell;  at  the  time  of  the  Sanctus, 
the  Sanctus  bell,  etc.  Also  called  saints'  6pH.— Saints' 
bell.  Same  as  sacring  bell.  The  term  is  a  corrupted  form 
of  Sanctus  bell,  but  is  no  longer  specifically  restricted  to 
the  bell  rung  at  the  Sanctus.  The  saints'  bell  is  now  a 
small  hand-bell  rung  within  the  church,  but  formerly  it 
■was  sometimes  a  small  church-bell  suspended  in  a  turret 
outside  the  church  and  rung  by  a  rope  from  within. 

And  it  is  said  that  his  people  would  let  their  plough 
rest  when  George  Herbert's  saints' -bell  rang  to  prayers. 

Walcott,  Sacred  Archieology,  p.  527. 


11.  [<  late  ME.  belle  =I>.  bel,  a. 
bubble;  cf.  OD.  (MD.)  bellen,  bubble:  origin 
uncertain,  perhaps  connected  with  E.  beW,  or 
with  L.  bulla,  a  bubble :  see  bell^.']  A  bubble 
formed  in  a  liquid. 

The  twinkling  of  a  fin,  the  rising  of  an  n'lr-bell. 

Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  xxvi. 

Certain  qualities  of  coloured  glass  are  cast  by  ladling 
the  molten  metal  from  huge  pots.  ...  By  this  ladling 
numerous  air  bells  are  enclosed  in  the  glass,  but  the  cir- 
cumstance does  not  affect  the  durability  and  usefulness, 
of  the  glass.  Encyc.  Brit.,  X.  663. 


bell4  (bel), 
[Scotch.] 


V.  i.    [<  belli,  „.]     To  bubble. 


Sanctus  bell.  See  elevation  bell— To  bear  away  (or  belFt.a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bel,  <  ME.  bel,  bele, 

...  .  ,    .  <  -p^^  j^^^  j^^^^^  ^^^^^^       ^  p^^ 

It.  bello,  <  L.  bellus,  fair,  beautiful,  fine.  This- 
adj.,  the  nearest  representative  of  the  L.,  ob- 
tained a  hold  in  E.  chiefly  in  its  deriv.  beautij 
(>  beautiful,  etc.),  and  some  half-French  uses: 
see  beU,  belle,  beau,  etc.]  Fair  ;  beautiful, 
bellacityf  (be-las'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *bellaci- 
ia{t-)s,  <  bellax  (bellac-),  warlike,  <  bellum,  war.] 
Tendency  to  war ;  warlikeness.  [Rare.] 
belladonna  (bel-a-don'a),  71.  [NL.,  <  bella 
donna,  lit.  beautiful  lady  (the  berries  of  the 
plant  having  been  used  by  the  Italian  ladies  as 
a  cosmetic) :  bella,  fern,  of  bello,  beautiful  (see 
belle) ;  donna,  <  L.  domina,  lady,  fem.  of  domi- 


galn,  etc.)  the  bell,  to  win  the  prize  at  a  race.  Iii  for 
mer  times  a  bell  was  a  usual  prize  at  a  horse-race. 

Here  lyes  the  man  whose  horse  did  gaine 

The  bell  in  race  on  Salisbury  plain. 

Camden,  Epitaphes. 
To  bear  the  bell,  to  be  the  first  or  leader :  in  allusion 
to  the  bell-wether  of  a  flock,  or  the  leading  horse  of  a 
team  or  drove,  that  wears  a  bell  or  bells  on  its  collar. 

Lat  se  which  of  you  shal  here  the  belle 

To  speke  of  love.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  198. 

In  memory  of  the  man  but  for  whom  had  gone  to  wrack 
-All  that  France  saved  from  the  fight  whence  England  bore 
the  bell.  Brou'uing,  Herv^  Riel. 

To  Clamor  bellst.  See  clamx>r.— To  lose  the  bell,  to 
be  worsted  in  contest. 

In  single  fight  he  lost  the  bell. 

Fair/ax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  xvii.  69. 
To  ring  the  bells  backward.    See  backward.— To 

ring  the  hallowed  bell,  to  ring  a  bell  consecrated  by  a 
priest,  as  was  formerly  dune  in  the  belief  that  its  sound 
had  virtue  to  disperse  storms,  drive  away  a  pestilence  or 
devils,  and  extinguish  fire.— To  shake  the  bellst,  to 
move,  or  give  notice  or  alarm :  in  allusion  to  the  bells  on 
a  falcon's  neck,  which  when  sounded  alarmeil  its  prey. 
Neither  the  king,  nor  he  that  loves  him  best, 
The  proudest  he  that  holds  up  Lancaster, 
Dares  stir  a  wing,  if  Warwick  shake  his  bells. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 
To  take  one's  bells,  to  take  one's  departure  :  from  the 
custom  in  falconry  of  attaching  bells  to  a  hawk's  leg  be- 
fore letting  it  fly. 

If  ever  for  the  Spring  you  do  but  sigh, 
I  take  mi/  bells. 

Dekker  and  Ford,  Sun's  Darling,  iii.  2. 
belli  (bel),  V.    [<  beWi-,  «.]    I.  intrans.  To  pro- 
duce bells ;  be  in  bell :  said  of  hops  when  the 
seed-vessels  are  forming.    See  beW^,  «.,  2  (d). 
Hops  in  the  beginning  of  August  bell.  Mortimer. 


Belladonna  l^Atropa  Belladottita  ]. 
a,  flowering  branch,  with  fruit :  b,  fruit,  on  larger  scale. 

nus,  lord.  Ult.  a  doublet  of  beldam,  q.  v.]  A 
plant,  Atropa  Belladonna,  or  deadly  nightshade, 


belladonna 


515 


natural  order  Solanacca,  a  native  of  central  bell-COte  (bel'kot),  n.    In  arc7«.,  an  ornamental 


and  southern  Europe.  All  parts  ot  the  plant  are 
poisonous,  and  depend  for  their  pliarmacodynaniic  prop- 
erties on  the  alkaloid  atropin.  The  plant  and  its  alkaloid  prnwriprl  Vi-u- 
are  largely  used  in  medicine  to  relieve  pain,  to  check  spasm  *-iovyiieu  oy  a, 
and  excessive  perspiration,  and  especially  in  surgery  to  di-  Small  Spire.  The 
late  the  pupil  and  paralyze  the  accommodation  of  the  eye.  bell-cote  rests  upon 

bell-and-hopper  (bel'and-hop'er),,..  A  eharg-  supp^S'lfy 
mg  device  on  top  of  a  blast-furnace.    The  hot-    corbels ;    but  no 

tom  of  the  hopper  is  closed  from  beneath  by  a  bell-shaped  change  is  made  on 

piece,  which,  when  lowered,  permits  the  ore  to  fall  into  account  of  its  pres- 

the  stock.  ence  in  the  archi- 

bellandme  (bel'an-din),  n.    [Sc. ;  cf.  hallan,  tecturai  disposition 

a  fight,  combat.]  "A  quarrel;  asquabble.  Hogg.  P'^^'** 

bell-animal  (bel'an"i-mal),  n.    Same  as  bell-  Jlf*  J«f  A^sT, 

animalcule.  written  bell-cot. 

bell-animalcule  (bel'an-i-mal"kul),  n.  The  bell-crank(bel'- 

usual  English  name  of  a  peritriehous  ciliated    krangk),  n.  In 
infusorian,  of  the  family  Vorticellidce  (which 
see).    See  cut  under  Vorticella.    Also  called 
hell-polyp. 

bellarmine  (bel'ar-min),  n.  [See  def.]  A  large 
stoneware  jug  with  a  capacious  belly  and  nar- 
row neck,  decorated  with  the  face  of  a  bearded 
man,  originally  designed  as  a  caricature  of  Car- 
dinal Bellarmin,  who  made  himself  obnoxious 
to  the  Protestant  party  in  the  Netherlands  as 
an  opponent  of  the  Reformation,  in  the  end  of 
the  sixteenth  century  and  the  early  part  of  the 
seventeenth. 


construction  designed  to  contain  one  or  two 
bells,  and  often 


mack.,  a  rectan- 
gular lever  by 
which  the  di- 
rection of  mo- 
tion is  changed 
through  an  an- 


bellied  ' 

•  Reviews  of  publioations  tiot  purely  lidMrinlic  nr  exMem- 
eral  in  their  iiatuie  arc  generally  written  by  professors. 

J.  M.  Ilarl,  (Jerman  Universities,  p.  2".i. 

bell-flower  (bel'flou"6r),  n.  1.  A  common  name 
for  the  species  of  Campanula,  from  the  shape 
of  the  flower,  which  resembles  a  bell.  See  cut 
under  Campanula. —  2.  In  some  parts  of  Eng- 
land, the  daffodil,  Narcisms  Pseudo-Narcissus . 
—  Autumn  bell-flower,  a  species  of  gentian,  GeiUiana 
PfU'vinnnantliP. 

bell-founder  (bel'foun"der),  n.  A  man  whose 
occupation  is  to  found  or  cast  bells. 

bell-foundry  (berfouu"dri),  n.  A  place  where 
bells  are  founded  or  cast. 

bell-gable  (berga"bl),  w.  1.  The  continuation 
upward  of  a  portion  of  a  wall  terminated  by  a 
small  gable,  and  pierced  to  receive  one  or  more 
bells.   Such  a  feature  sometimes  surmounts  the 


Bell-cote. 
Darn^tal,  near  Rouen,  Normandy. 


Or  like  a  larger  jug  that  some  men  call 
A  Bellarmine.        W.  Cartwright,  The  Ordinary. 

Large  globular  jugs,  stamped  in  relief  with  a  grotesque 


gle  of  90°,  and  by  which  its  velo- 
city-ratio and  range  maybe  altered 
at  pleasure  by  making  the  arms 

of  different  lengths,    it  is  much  em- 
ployed in  machinery,  and  is  named  from 
the  fact  that  it  is  the  form  of  crank  em- 
Bell-crank.      ployed  in  changing  the  direction  of  the 
wires  of  house-bells.    F  in  the  cut  is  the 
center  of  motion  about  which  the  arms  oscillate.  See 
also  cut  under  crank. 


bearded  face  and  Other  ornaments,  were  one  of  the  favour-  Deiie  (Del;,  a.  ana  ».     [<  h.  belle,  fem.  of  Oeau, 


ite  forms  [in  stoneware].    Such  were  called  "greybeards 
or  bellarmines,  from  the  unpopular  cardinal  of  that  name, 
of  whom  the  bearded  face  was  supposed  to  be  a  caricature. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  631. 

bellasombra-tree  (bel-a-som'bra-tre),  n.  [< 

Sp.  hella,  beautiful,  4-  sombra,  shade.]  A  South 

Ajnerican  tree,  Phytolacca  dioica,  cultivated  as 

a  shade-tree  in  Spain,  Malta,  and  some  of  the 

cities  of  India. 
Bellatrix  (be-la'triks),  n.    [L.,  fem.  of  bellator, 

a  warrior,  <  bellare,  wage  war,  <  helium,  war: 

see  bellicose,  belligerent.  In  1  it  is  the  trans- 
lation by  the  authors  of  the  Alphonsine  Tables 

of  the  Ar.  name  Alnddshid,  the  real  meaning  of 

which  is  doubtful  ]  1.  A  very  white  glittering  belled  (held),  p.  a.  Hung  with  bells:  in  her., 
star  of  the  second  magnitude,  m  the  left  shoul-   having  hawk-bells  attached  '  " 

der  of  Orion.   It  is  7  Ononis.— 2.  In  ornith.,  a   ^hen  used  as  a  bearing. 

i,^i?'i.^-°^^H^^-''?"^^'^^-*^''ff'^^^^-       .  ,    bellelettrist,  n.    See  Mletrist. 
^^^'"^^'^i  ^  /iiotjier  name  of  the  belleric  (be-ler'ik),  n.    [<  F.  belleric,  ult.  <  Ar. 

hedge-bells  or  hedge-bmdweed  of  Europe,  Con-  j>alilaj,  <  Pers.  halilah.-]  The  astringent  fruit  of 
vojvulus  septum.  Terminalia  Bellerica,  one  of  the  fruits  imported 


OF.  hel,  <  L.  hellus,  beautiful :  see  beU,  feeZ^S.] 
I,  a.  Beautiful;  charming;  fair  Belle  cheret. 

[ME,,  <  OF.  belle  chere  :  see  belle  and  cheer.]  Good  enter- 
tainment; good  cheer. 

Bele  chere 
That  he  hath  had  f ul  ofte  tymes  here. 

Chaucer,  Shipman's  Tale,  1.  409. 
II.  n.  A  fair  lady ;  a  handsome  woman  of 
society;  a  recognized  or  reigning  beauty. 
Where  none  admire,  'tis  useless  to  excel ; 
Where  none  are  beaux,  'tis  vain  to  be  a  belle. 

Lord  Lyttelton,  Beauty  in  the  Country. 
Beauty  alone  will  not  make  the  helle;  the  beauty  must 
be  lit  up  by  esprit. 

Arch.  Forbes,  Souvenirs  of  some  Continents,  p.  148. 


Bell-gable,  Church  of  S.  S.  Annunziata,  Florence. 


bell-bird  (bel'berd),  n.    1.  The  arapunga.— 2. 
An  Australian  bird  of  the  family  Meliphagidw,    the  use  of  calico-printers, 
the  ilfa»orW(orJ/2/^a««;fa)j«eZano/>/(rj/s, whose  Bellerophon  (be-ler'6-fon), 


apex  of  a  church-gable. —  2.  Any  gable  when 
the  wall  composing  it  is  pierced  for  bells. 
[Bell-gables  of  both  varieties  are  not  uncom- 

 ^  ^    mon  in  medieval  architecture.] 

said  of'  a  hawk  bell-gamba  (bergam"ba),  n.    Same  as  cone- 
gamba  (which  see). 

bell-gastrula  (bel'gas''''tr6-la),  n.  In  hiol.,  the 
original,  primary  palingehetie  form  of  gas- 
trula,  according  to  the  views  of  Haeckel :  same 

 us  archigastrida.    See  cut  under  gastrida. 

from  India,  under  the  name  of  myrobalans,  for  bell-glass  (bel'glas),  n.  A  bell-shaped  glass 
i.1  J!   •  i_  vessel  used  to  cover  objects  which  require  pro- 


notes  resemble  the  sound  of  a  bell. — 3.  An  Aus- 
tralian piping  crow,  of  the  genus  Strepera,  as  S. 
graculina.    Also  called  hell-magpie. 
bell-bloomt,  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  helle-blome.']  An 
old  name  of  the  daffodil. 

bell-bottle  (bel'bot"l),  n.  Another  name  of  one 
of  the  two  European  plants  called  bluebell, 
Scilla  nutans.    See  bluebell. 

bell-boy  (bel'boi),  n.  A  boy  who  answers  a 
bell ;  specifically,  an  employee  in  a  hotel  who 
attends  to  the  wants  of  guests  in  their  rooms 
when  summoned  by  bell. 

bell-buoy  (bel'boi),  n.    See  buoy. 

bell-cage  (bel'kaj),  n.    A  belfry. 

bell-call  (bel'kal),  n.    Same  as  call-hell. 

bell-canopy  (berkan'o-pi),  n.  A  canopy-like 
construction  of  wood  or  stone,  designed  to  pro- 
tect a  bell  and  its  fittings 
from  the  weather. 

bell-chamber  (bel'cham'''- 
ber),  w.  The  portion  of 
a  tower,  usually  near  its 
summit,  in  which  bells 
are  hung,  it  is  conmionly 
constructed  with  large  open- 
ings on  all  sides,  to  permit  the 
sound  of  the  bells  to  diffuse 
itself  without  impediment. 

bell-chuck  (bel'chuk),  n. 
A  bell-shaped  lathe- 
chuck,  which,  by  means 
of  set-screws,  holds  the 
piece  to  be  turned. 

bell-cord  (bel'kord),  n.  A 
cord  attached  to  a  bell; 
specifically,  a  cord  at- 
tached to  a  bell  on  a 
locomotive  and  running 
thi'ough  the  cars  of  a 
train,  used  by  conductors 
or  brakemen  in  the  United  States  and  Canada 
to  Signal  the  engineer. 


[L.,  <  Gr.  BeA- 


2.epo(puv,  also  HAlEpofovrrig,  a  local  he^o  of  Cor- 
inth, in  Greek  myth,  the 
slayer  of  the  monster 

Chimffira;  <  ^htXAepo^,  ^-J/Z/i^^^^^^^v^ww 
supposed  to  mean  'mon-  /]^^Sl^^^K\^Vl 

ster,'   -I-   -<pC)v,   -(i)6vT7!(,  fe^^H^^^HB r'^i III 

slayer,  <  *(j)av,  kill,  akin 
to  E.  bane^,  q.  v.]  An 
extinct  genus  of  gastro- 
pods, typical  of  the  fam-  ■S'""-"/^"".  'xfansus,  upper 

T>  77  7       ,  -  7  Silurian,  Britain. 

ily  Bellerophontidw.  it  is 


teetion  from  variations  of  the  atmosphere,  dust, 
and  influences  of  like  character,  as  delicate 
plants,  bric-a-brac,  small  works  of  art,  clocks, 
etc.,  or  to  hold  gases  in  chemical  operations, 
bell-hanger  (bel'hang"er),  n.    One  who  hangs 

and  repairs  bells, 
bell-harp  (bel'harp),  n.  An  old  stringed  in- 
strument, consisting  of  a  wooden  box  about 
two  feet  long,  containing  a  harp  or  lyre  with 
eight  or  more  steel  strings.  Tlie  player  twanged  the 
strings  with  the  thumbs  of  both  hands  inserted  through 
holes  in  the  box,  meanwhile  swinging  the  box  from  side 
to  side,  like  a  bell. 


one  of  the  genera  whose  shells  largely  enter  mto  the  com-  hellibonet  n  fOne  of  Snenser's  wnvHs  prvT^a,. 
position  of  limestone  beds  of  the  Silurian,  Devonian,  and  '  ,  L'Jne  or  bpenser  s  WOldS,  appar. 

Carboniferous  epochs.  <  -T  •  oelle  ct  bonne,  beautiful  and  good.  See 

bellerophontid(be-ler-6-fon'tid),w.  [<Bellero-    ^elle,  bonne,  and  boon^.'\    A  bonny  lass. 
phontidw.^   A  gastropod  of  the  family  Bellero-  bellict,  bellicalt  (bel'ik.  -i-kal),  «.    [Also  bel- 
phontidw.  lique,  <  F.  bellique,  <  L.  bellicus,  warlike,  < 

Bellerophontidae  (be-ler-6-fon'ti-de),  w.  7;?.    bellum,war.']   Pertaining  to  war ;  warlike:  as, 
[NL.,  <  Bellerophon(t-)  +  '-ida;.']    An  extinct    "  bejlique  Csssar,"  Feltham,  Resolves,  ii.  52. 
family  of  gastropods,  typified  by  the  genus  Bel-  bellicose  (bel'i-kos),  a.    [<  L.  bellicosus,  <  bel- 
lerophon.  The  shell  was  symmetrically  involute  and  P^^-  (fuelllun,  war,  orig.  a  combat  between 


nautiliform,  with  the  periphery  carinated  or  sulcated  and 
notched  or  incised  at  the  lip.  The  species  flourished  and 
were  numerous  in  the  Paleozoic  age.  Their  affinities  are 
uncertain.  Formerly  they  were  associated  by  most  au- 
thors with  the  heteropod  Atlantidce,  but  they  are  now 
generally  approximated  to  the  PieurotomariidcE,  of  the 
order  liliipidoglossa. 

belles-lettres  (bel'let'r),  n.  pi.    [F.,  lit.  'fine 

letters'  (like  beaux-arts,  fine  arts):  belle,  fine, 
beautiful;  letft-e,  letter,  pi.  lettres,  literature: 
see  belle  and  letter.~\  Polite  or  elegant  litera- 
tui-e:  a  word  of  somewhat  indefinite  applica- 
tion, including  poetry,  fiction,  and  other  imagi- 
native literature,  and  the  studies  and  criticism 
connected  therewith 
form  of  fine  art. 


two,  <  duo  =  E.  tu-o.    Cf.  duel.l    Inclined  or 
tending  to  war;  warlike;  pugnacious:  as,  bel- 
licose sentiments. 
Arnold  was  in  a  bellicose  vein. 


Bell-canopy.  Harvard  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  Mass. 


frvinij. 

I  saw  the  bull  always  alert  and  bellicose,  charging  the 
footmen,  who  pricked  ami  baited,  and  enraged  him  with 
their  scarlet  mantles. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  271. 

bellicosely  (bel'i-kos-li),  adv.    In  a  bellicose 
or  warlike  manner ;  pugnaciously. 

Anything  like  rallying  the  more  bellicn.ielii  inclined  of 
the  pilgrims  would,  under  the  circumstances,  be  out  of 
the  question.  O'Donovan.  .Merv,  .\. 

literature  regarded  as  a  bellicoust  (bel'i-kus),  a.  [As  hellicose,  <  L.  bel- 
licosus; or  <  L.  bellicus:  see  hellicose,  hcllic.l 
Bellicose:  as,  "  bellicous  nations,"  Sir  T.  Smith, 
Commonwealth  of  Eng. 
bellied  (bel'id),  a.  [<  bell))  -t-  -ed^.']  1.  Having 
a  belly  (of  the  kind  indicated  in  composition) : 
as,  hig-bellied ;  -pot-beUicd. —  2.  In  hot.,  ventri- 
cose;  swelling  out  in  the  middle. — 3.  In  anat., 


belletrist,  bellelettrist  (be-let'rist),  n.  [< 
belles-lettres  +  -ist]  One  devoted  to  belles- 
lettres. 

bellettristic  (bel-et-ris'tik),  a.  [<  belle(s)- 
lettr(es)  +  -ist  +  -ic ;  G.  helletristisch.'^  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or  of  the  nature  of  belles-lettres. 


bellied 

having  a  swelling  fleshy  part,  or  belly,  as  a 
muscle. — 4.  Koimded  ;  bulging. 

AVhen  a  raised  handle  ...  is  used,  the  most  rounded 
or  bellied  side  of  the  tile  should  be  applied  to  the  work. 

J.  Jiose,  I'ract.  Machinist,  p.  270. 

belligeratet  (be-lij'e-rat),  r.  i.  [<  L.  helUge- 
ratus,  pp.  of  hclligerarc,  wage  war,  <  belliger, 
waging  war,  <  helium,  war,  +  gercre,  carry : 
see  gest,  jest.  Cf.  hclligerent.']  To  make  war. 
Cocieram. 

belligerence  (be-lij'e-rens),  n.  [<  heUigerent : 
see -(/(ce.j  The  act  of  carrying  on  war;  war- 
fare. 

Merely  diplomatic  peace,  which  is  honeycombed  with 
suspicion,  .  .  .  bristles  with  the  apparatus  and  establish- 
ments of  war  on  a  scale  far  beyond  what  was  formerly 
required  for  actual  bellirjerence. 

Gladstone,  Gleanings,  I.  C7. 

belligerency  (be-lij'e-ren-si),  n.  [<  hclligerent : 
see  -encij.']  Position  or  status  as  a  belligerent ; 
the  state  of  being  actually  engaged  in  war. 

They  were  acting  for  a  Government  whose  helligerencn 
had  been  recognized.  Soley,  Blockade  and  Cruisers,  p.  'iii. 

I  cannot  conceive  of  the  existence  of  any  neutral  duties 
when  no  war  exists.  Neutrality  ex  vi  termini  implies 
belligerency ;  and  a  breach  of  neutrality  can  only  occur 
with  regard  to  a  matter  arising  during  a  war. 

N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVII.  39. 

belligerent  (be-lij'e-rent),  a.  and  w.  [Earlier 
helligerant,  <  F.  helUgerant,  <  L.  helligeran{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  helligerare,  wage  war:  see  helligerate.'] 

1.  rt.  1 .  Warlike ;  given  to  waging  war ;  char- 
acterized by  a  tendency  to  wage  or  carry  on  war. 

History  teaches  that  the  nations  possessing  the  greatest 
armaments  have  always  been  the  most  bellirierent. 

Sumner,  Orations,  I.  97. 

2.  Of  warlike  character ;  constituting  or  tend- 
ing to  an  infraction  of  peace :  as,  a  belligerent 
tone  of  debate. 

Justice  requires  that  we  should  commit  no  belligerent 
act  not  founded  in  strict  Hglit  as  sanctioned  by  public 
law.  Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  167. 

3.  Actually  engaged  in  war:  as,  the  hclligerent 
powers. —  4.  Pertaining  to  war,  or  to  those  en- 
gaged in  war:  as,  heUigerent  xighis,  etc. 

II,  n.  A  nation,  power,  or  state  carrjang  on 
war ;  also,  a  person  engaged  in  fighting. 

The  position  of  neutrals  in  relation  to  belligerents  is  ex- 
actly ascertained.  London  Times. 

The  possibility  of  intercourse  in  war  depends  on  the 
confidence  which  the  belligerents  repose  in  each  other's 
good  faith ;  and  this  confidence,  on  the  unchangeable  sa- 
credness  of  truth.     Woolsey,  Introd,  to  Inter.  Law,  §  249. 

The  rebel  Poles  had  never  risen  to  the  rank  of  bellige- 
rents. Lowe,  Bismarck,  I.  aby. 

belligeroust  (be-lij'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  helliger, 
waging  war,  <  helium,  war,  +  gercre,  carry  on.] 
Same  as  belligerent.  Bailey. 

belling^  (bel'ing),  11.  [Verbal  n.  of  beW^,  v.]  In 
submarine  operations,  the  use  of  the  diving- 
bell. 

belling^  (bel'ing),  M.  [<  ME.  belhjngc  ;  verbal 
n.  of  helV^,  r.]  Formerly,  bellowing ;  in  modern 
use,  the  noise  made  by  a  deer  in  rutting-time. 

bellipotent  (be-lip'o-tent),  a.  [<  L.  hclHpo- 
ten(t-)s,  <  helium,  war,  +  ])oten{t-)s,  powerful: 
seepotent.']  Powerful  or  mighty  in  war.  Blount. 
[Rare.] 

Bellis  (bel'is),  n.  [L.,  <  bellus,  beautiful:  see 
belt^.'i  The  daisy,  a  small  genus  of  annual  or 
perennial  herbs,  natiu-al  order  Compositcc,  in- 
digenous to  the  temperate  and  cold  regions  of 

the  northern  hemisphere.  The  daisy,  B.  perennis,  is 
abundant  in  pastures  and  meadows  of  Europe,  and  is  Very 
connnon  in  cultivation.  See  daisy.  Only  one  species  is 
found  in  Jforth  America,  B.  integrii'olia,  the  western  daisy. 

bellitudet  (beri-tud),  «.  [<  L.  belUtudo,  <  bel- 
lus, beautiful :  see  &eH5.]  Beauty  of  person ; 
loveliness;  elegance;  neatness.  Cockeram. 

bell-jar  (bel'jar),  n.  A  bell-shaped  glass  jar, 
used  by  chemists,  in  physical  laboratories,  etc., 
for  receiving  a  gas  lighter  than  the  atmosphere 
or  other  medium  in  which  it  is  plunged,  and 
for  similar  uses.    It  is  a  form  of  bell-glass. 

bell-less  (bel'les),  a.  [<  bell^  +  -/ess.]  Having 
no  bell.  Scott. 

bell-magnet  (bel'mag'''net),  n.  An  alarm  in 
which  a  clapper  is  made  to  strike  a  bell  by  the 
completion  of  an  electric  circuit. 

bell-magpie  (bermag"pi),  n.  Same  as  bell- 
bird,  3. 

bellman  (bel'man),  n. ;  pi.  bellmen  (-men). 
[Also  written  belman ;  <  &c/A  +  >»««.]  1.  A 
man  who  rings  a  bell;  specifically,  one  em- 
ployed to  cry  public  notices  and  call  attention 
by  ringing  a  bell;  a  tovra  crier. —  2.  Formerly, 
a  night-watchman,  part  of  whose  duty  it  was 
to  call  out  the  hours,  the  state  of  the  weather, 
and  other  information,  as  he  passed. 


516 

I  staid  up  till  the  bell-man  came  by  with  his  bell  just 
under  my  wiiulow  as  I  was  writing  of  this  very  line,  and 
cried,  "  Past  one  of  the  clock,  and  a  cold,  frosty,  windy 
morning."  Pepys,  Diary,  I.  8. 

bell-mare  (bel'mar),  n.  A  mare  used  by  mule- 
herders  as  an  aid  in  keeping  their  herds  to- 
gether. The  mules  follow  the  bell-mare  wher- 
ever she  goes.  Also  called  madrina  in  the 
originally  Spanish  parts  of  the  United  States. 

bell-metal  (bol'met'-'al),  n.  A  variety  of  bronze, 
an  alloy  of  copper  and  tin,  of  which  bells  are 
made.  The  proportions  in  which  the  two  metals  are 
employed  are  variable.  In  some  very  large  Eiiglisli  bells 
there  is  from  22  to  24  per  cent,  of  tin  and  from  7(i  to  78  of 
copper.  Fo\n-  parts  of  the  latter  metal  to  one  of  the  for- 
mer is  said  to  be  the  proportion  used  in  many  of  the  lar- 
gest bells.  See  frroHZe.— Bell-metal  ore,  a  name  by  which 
the  mineral  stannite,  or  sulphid  of  tin,  cDpiicr,  and  iron, 
found  in  Cornwall,  is  frequently  known,  owing  to  its  re- 
semblance in  appearance  to  beli-metal  or  bronze. 

bell-metronome  (bel'mefro-nom),  w.  A  met- 
ronome provided  with  a  bell  that  may  be  set  to 
strike  after  a  given  number  of  oscillations  of 
the  pendulum,  thus  marking  the  beginning  of 
measures  as  well  as  the  pulses  within  measures. 

bell-mouth  (bel'mouth),  n.  A  mouthpiece  ex- 
panding like  a  bell. 

A  bcllmouth  may  also  have  the  form  of  the  contracted 
jet.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  463. 

bellmouth  (bel'mouth),  v.  t.    [<  bell-mouth,  ».] 
To  provide  with  a  bell-shaped  mouthpiece; 
shape  like  the  mouth  of  a  bell. 
It  is  often  desirable  to  bellmouth  the  ends  of  pipes. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  463. 

bell-mouthed  (bel'moutht),  a.  1.  Gradually 
expanded  at  the  mouth  in  the  form  of  a  bell. 

His  bell-mouth'd  goblet  makes  me  feel  quite  Danish, 
Or  Dutch,  with  thirst.  Byron,  Don  Juan,  xiii.  72. 

2.  Having  a  clear,  ringing  voice :  said  of  a 
hotmd. 

bell-nosed  (bel'nozd),  a.  Expanded  at  the 
muzzle  in  the  shape  of  a  bell:  said  of  firearms. 

Ill  blunderbusses  the  barrels  are  generally  bell-nosed. 

W.  W.  Greener,  Gun  and  its  Development,  p.  77. 

bellon  (bel'on),  n.  [Origin  unknown.]  Lead- 
colic,  or  painters'  colic. 

Bellona  (be-lo'nii), «.  [L.,  OL.  Duellona,  <  bel- 
lum,  OL.  duellum,  1.  In  Bom.  myth.,  the 

goddess  of  war.  Her  temple  stood  in  the  Campus 
JIartius,  without  the  walls,  and  was  held  to  symbolize 
enemies'  territory.  In  it  the  Senate  received  foreign  am- 
bassadors and  victorious  generals  entitled  to  a  triumph. 
2.  [NL.]  In  or»i</(.,  a  genus  of  humming-birds. 
Mulsant  and  Ferrenux,  1865.— 3.  [/.  c]  [NL.] 
In  hcrpet.,  the  specific  name  of  a  snake,  I'ityo- 
jihis  hcllona. 

bellonion  (be-16'ni-on),  n.  A  musical  instru- 
ment, invented  at  Dresden  in  1812,  consisting 
of  twenty-four  trumpets  and  two  drums,  which 
were  played  by  machinery. 

bello'W  (bel'o),  1).  [<  ME.  belovien,  hcllewen, 
bchccn,  bellow,  low,  <  AS.  hylgean  (occm'ring 
only  once),  bellow  (as  a  bull),  appar.  with 
added  formative  and  umlaut  from  the  same 
root  as  hellan,  low,  bellow,  E.  bell :  see  belP.'] 

1.  intrans.  1.  To  roar;  make  a  hollow,  loud 
noise,  as  a  bull,  cow,  or  deer. 

Jupiter 

Became  a  bull,  and  bellow' d.     Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 

2.  Of  persons,  to  make  any  violent  outcry ;  vo- 
ciferate; clamor:  used  in  ridicule  or  contempt. 

This  gentleman  ...  is  accustomed  to  roar  and  bellow 
so  terribly  loud  .  .  .  that  he  frightens  us.    Tatler,  No.  .54. 

3.  To  roar,  as  the  sea  in  a  tempest,  or  as  the 
wind  when  violent ;  make  a  loud,  hollow,  con- 
tinued sound. 

Ever  overhead 
Bellow'd  the  tempest. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

II.  trans.  To  utter  in  a  loud  deep  voice ;  vo- 
ciferate: generally  with  out  or  forth. 
To  bellow  out  "  Green  pease  "  mider  my  window. 

Smollett,  Humphrey  Clinker. 

bello'W  (bel'o),  n.  [<  belloio,  v.  «.]  A  roar,  as 
of  a  bull;  a  loud  outcry. 

bello'wer  (bel'6-er),  w.    One  who  bellows. 

bellO'WS  (bel'oz  or  -us),  7i.  sing,  and  pi.  [Also, 
colloquially,  bellowses,  a  double  plural;  <  ME. 
helowes,  belwes,  also  belies,  a  bellows,  prop, 
pi.  of  helowe,  hclu,  also  hely,  beli,  a  bellows,  a 
bag,  the  belly  (same  word  as  belly),  <  AS.  bwlg, 
badig,  helg,  bclig,  a  bag,  a  bellows  (earlier  spe- 
cifically blcEsthclig  =r  Icel.  bldstrhelgr;  ef .  D.  blaas- 
hnlg  =  Dan.  hlcesebcelg  =  Sw.  bldsbalg  =  OHG. 
blusbalg,  G.  blasebalg,  lit.  blast-bag :  see  blast) : 
see  beily,  of  which  bellows  is  a  differentiated 
plural.]  An  instrument  or  machine  for  pro- 
ducing a  current  of  air:  principally  used  for 
blowing  fire,  either  in  i^rivate  dwellings  or  in 
forges,  furnaces,  mines,  etc. ;  also  used  in  or- 


Bellows.—  French,  17th  century. 
(From  "L'Art  pour  Tous.") 


bell-roof 

gans  for  producing  the  current  of  air  by  which 
the  pipes  and  reeds  are  sounded,  it  consists  es- 
sentially of  an  air-cliamber 
which  can  be  alternately 
expanded  and  contracted, 
and  a  nozle  by  which  the 
current  of  air  can  be 
directed.  When  the  air- 
chamlier  is  expanded,  air  is 
admitted  tluNnigh  a  valve 
opening  inward.  The  pres- 
sure produced  by  the  con- 
traction of  the  air-cham- 
ber closes  this  valve,  and 
leaves  the  nozle  the  ordy 
available  avenue  of  escape 
for  the  air  in  the  chamber. 
Bellows  are  made  in  many 
different  forms,  a  usual  one 
being  the  small  hand-bel- 
lows, an  ornamented  ex- 
ample of  which  is  sliown  in 
the  cut,  used  for  promoting 
tlie  combustion  of  a  liouse- 
flre.  Bellows  of  great  pow- 
er are  called  blowing-ma- 
chines,  and  are  operated  by 
machinery  driven  by  steam. 

— Blindman's  beUows. 

See  blindninn.  —  Hydro- 
Static  bellows.    See  Aj/- 

drostatic. 

bello'ws-camera  (bel'- 

6z-kam"e-ra),  n.  In 
photog.,  a  form  of  ex- 
tensible camera  in  which  the  front  and  after 
bodies  are  connected,  for  the  sake  of  lightness 
and  economy  of  space  when  the  camera  is  not 
in  use,  by  a  folding  tube  or  chamber  made  of 
leather,  rubber,  or  a  similar  light-proof  mate- 
rial. The  tube  is  made  to  fold  upon  itself  in  the  same 
way  as  the  air-chamber  of  an  accordion  or  of  bellows  of 
the  usual  form ;  that  is,  it  is  made  in  a  series  of  small 
folds,  each  carried  entirely  around  it  in  a  direction  per- 
pendicular to  its  axis,  and  having  their  edges  turned  alter- 
nately inward  and  outward.  The  edges  of  those  folds  which 
are  turned  outward  are  usually  stiffened  by  a  wire  frame. 
■VVIien  the  tube  is  pulled  out  to  its  full  extent,  its  walls  are 
flat ;  when  it  is  contracted,  it  requires  merely  the  space 
taken  up  by  the  folds  of  its  material.  In  use,  the  back  of 
a  camera  of  this  form  can  be  fixed,  by  a  screw  or  other 
device,  at  any  distance  from  the  front  or  lens  end,  within 
the  limits  of  the  contracted  or  expanded  tube,  that  the  fo- 
cus of  the  lens  or  the  particular  work  in  hand  may  require. 

bello'WS-fish  (bel'oz-fish),  n.  1.  A  local  name 
in  England  of  the  trumpet-fish,  Centriscus  scolo- 
pax. —  2.  A  local  name  of  sundry  plectognath 
fishes,  of  the  suborder  Gymnodontes  and  family 
TetrodovticUe. —  3.  A  local  name  in  Rhode  Is- 
land of  the  angler,  LopUius piscatorius.  See  cut 
under  angler. 

bellows-pump  (bel'oz -pump),  n.  A  sort  of 
atmospheric  pump,  in  which  the  valve  is  in 
the  lower  side  of  a  bellows-chamber,  while  the 
upper  side  performs  the  function  of  the  piston. 

bellows-sound  (bel'oz-sound),  n.  In  pathol., 
an  abnormal  sound  of  the  heart,  resembling 
the  puffing  of  a  small  bellows. 

bell-pepper  (berpep"er),  ».  The  fruit  of  Cap- 
sicum grossum,  much  used  for  pickling  and  as  a 
vegetable;  Guinea  pepper. 

bell-polyp  (berpol"ip),  n.  Same  as  bell-ani- 
malcule. 

bell-pull  (bel'pul),  n.  The  handle  or  knob  by 
which  a  bell  attached  to  a  wire  or  rope  is  rung, 
as  a  door-bell. 

bell-pump  (bel'pump),  n.  A  bell-shaped  pump 
used  in  cleaning  gas-  and  ser'vice-pipes. 

bell-punch  (bel'punch),  n.  A  hand-ptmch  con- 
taining a  signal-bell,  used  for  punching  a  hole 
in  a  ticket,  trip- 
slip,  etc.,  in  or- 
der to  record 
and  call  atten- 
tion to  the  num- 
ber of  fares 
taken. 

bell-ringer 
(bel'ring"er),  n. 
1.  One  whose 
business  is  to 
ring  a  bell,  espe- 
cially a  church- 
bell  or  one  of  a 
chime  of  bells;  also,  a  performer  with  musical 
hand-beUs. —  2.  An  automatic  device  upon  a 
locomotive  for  ringing  the  bell. — 3.  Mechanism 
for  ringing  chimes  by  hand,  by  means  of  lever- 
handles  which  are  connected  by  wires  with  the 
clappers  or  the  axes  of  the  bells,  or  by  water- 
power,  compressed  air,  or  steam  operating  in 
various  ways  to  accomplish  the  same  object. 

bell-roof  (bel'rof),  M.  A  roof  shaped  some- 
what like  a  bell.  Its  figure  is  generated  by 
the  revolution  of  an  ogee  curve  about  the 
apex.    See  cut  on  next  page.  * 


Bell-punrh 
combination   lock  ;   B,   aperture  in 
whicli  trip-slip  or  ticket  is  inserted  ;  C.  door 
inclosing  bell :  /?.  receptacle  for  counters. 


bell-rope 

(bel'rop), 


bell-rope 

11.  1.  A  rope  for 
ringing  a  bell. — 2. 
A  bell-cord, 
bell-rose  (bel'roz), 
n.  A  name  some- 
times used  for  the 
daffodil,  Narcissus 
Pseudo-Narcissus. 

bell-screw  (bel'- 

ski'6),  n.  A  rod  or 
bar  of  iron  with  an 
internally  threaded 
bell-shaped  end,  for 
recovering  broken 
or  lost  tools  in  a 
deep  bore-hole. 
Bell  s  disease,  finch. 


517 

bell-wether  (berweTH'''er),  v.  [<  ME.  hrJ- 
wcthcr,  bcllctvcdcr ;  <  hcll^  +  trrUicr.)  A  wcflier 
or  sheep  which  leads  the  Hock,  usually  carry- 
ing a  bell  on  its  neck. 

[As|  a  liell-tvet/icr  [will]  form  tlie  (lock's  coiinectioTi 
By  tinkling  sounds,  when  tlicy  go  forth  to  victual ; 
Such  is  the  sway  of  our  great  men  o'er  little. 

liyrun,  Don  Juan,  vii.  48. 

bell-work  (bcl'wcrk),  n.  In  mining,  a  system 
of  working  flat  ironstone-beds  by  imderground 
excavations  in  the  form  of  a  bell  around  the 
pits  or  shafts;  also  used  on  a  grand  scale  in 
working  the  salt-mines  of  Transylvania. 


belly-timber 

To  belly  out,  in  j/u'/i /«,</,  to  increase  rapidly  in  diniun  - 

siiins  :  .saiil  of  a  lode. 

belly-ache  (b(>l'i-ak),  w.  Pain  in  tho  bowels; 
the  colic. 

The  hHlji-ucha, 
Caused  by  an  inundation  of  pea-se-porridge. 

Ihau.  and  Fl.,  Mons.  Tlionias. 
belly-band  (bel'i-band),  »i.  1.  A  band  that  goes 
round  tho  belly;  specifically,  a  saddlo-girtli ; 
also,  a  band  fastened  to  the  shafts  of  a  vehicle, 
and  passing  imder  tho  belly  of  tho  animal  draw- 
ing it. — 2.  Naut.,  a  band  of  canvas  placed 
across  a  sail  to  strengthen  it. 


Bell-roof. 
Contemporaneous  American. 

See  disease,  finch 


plants  of  the  natural  order  Campanulacew. —  2. 
In  the  United  States,  a  common  name  for  spe- 
cies of  tho  genus  Uvularia,  spring  flowers  of  the 
natural  order  Liliacew. 


bell-shaped  (bel'shapt),  a.    Having  the  form  belly  (bel'i),  «. ;  pi.  bellies  (-iz).    [Early  mod. 
"    ■   "'         '  '      '  E.  and  E.  dial,  also  &a?/y/,<  ME.  Z»eZ(/,  &e?(,  belly, 

stomach,  womb  (in  early  ME.  the  body),  also 
a  bellows  (see  bellows),  <  AS.  belr/,  ba'lg,  biclg, 
bylg  (also  ha'lig,  belig,  bylig,  with  intrusive  <) 
also  bwlgc,  hijlge,  a  bag,  bell,  pouch,  purse,  hull, 
bellow.s,  a  bag  of  any  kind,  esp.  of  skin  (= 
OFries.  balga  =  D.  balg,  skin,  belly,  =  OHG. 
halg,  MKG.  balc,  G.  balg,  skin,  case,  bellows, 


of  a  bell,  or  of  a  somewhat  deep  vessel  whose 
lip  turns  out  and  then  begins  to  turn  in  again ; 
specifically,  in  bot,  campanulate.     See  cut 
under  Campanula —  Bell-shaped  pa- 
rabola, a  divei'gent  parahola  having  nei- 
ther crnnode  nor  cusp.    .Some  geometri- 
cians, without  sufficient  reason  or  author- 
ity, restrict  the  name  to  those  divergent 
parabolas  to  which  from  some  points  of 
the  plane  six  real  tangents  can  be  drawn.— 

Pure  bell-shaped  parabola,  one  which 

constitutes  the  entire  real  part  of  a  cubic 
curve  of  the  sixth  class, 
bell-sound  (bel'sound),  n.  In  aus- 
cultation, a  peculiar  sound  indica- 
tive of  pneumothorax,  it  may  be 
observed  by  applying  a  small  piece  of 
metal,  as  a  coin,  to  the  affected  part  of  the 
chest,  and  striking  it  with  a  second  piece, 
■when  a  clear,  bell-like  sound  is  heard 
through  the  stethoscope  applied  in  the 
vicinity. 

bell-telegraph  (bel'ter'f-giaf),  n. 
1.  A  telegraphic  apparatus  in  which  two  dif-< 
ferently  toned  bells  take  the  place  of  a  vibrat- 
ing needle  in  giving  the  signals. — 2.  An  an- 
nunciator ;  a  fire-  or  burglar-alarm. 

bell-tower  (bertou*er),  n.  A  tower  of  any 
kind  built  to  contain  one  or  more  bells.  See  cut 
Tinder  campanile. 

The  unsurpassed  bell- 
tower  of  the  Duomo, 
known  and  admired  by 
all  men  as  the  Campa- 
nile of  Giotto,  [is]  the 
most  splendid  memorial 
of  the  arts  of  Florence. 

C.  E.  Norton,  Church- 
[building  in  Middle 
[Ages,  p.  222. 

bell-trap  (bel'trap), 
n.  A  small  stench- 
trap,  usually  fixed 
over  the  waste-pipe 
of  a  sink  or  other  in- 
let to  a  drain.  The 
foul  air  is  prevented 
from  rising  by  an  invert- 
ed cup  or  bell,  the  lips  of 
which  dip  into  a  cham- 
ber filled  with  water  sur- 
rounding the  top  of  the 
pipe. 

bell-turret  (bel'- 

tur"et),  w.  A  turret 
containing  a  bell- 
chamber,  and  iisu- 
ally  crowned  with 
a  spire  or  other  ornamental  feature,  in  medie- 
val architecture  tlie  lower  part  of  such  turrets  is  often 
used  as  a  staircase.  A  bell-turret  is  distinguished  from 
a  bell-cote  in  that  the  fomier  always  appears  upon  the 
ground-plan  of  the  building  to  which  it  belongs. 
Belluae  (bel'ii-e),  n.  jjI  [NL.,  fem.  pi.  of  L. 
bellua,  prop,  belua,  a  beast,  particularly  a  large 
beast.]  In  the  Linnean  system  of  classification 
(1766),  the  fifth  of  the  six  orders  of  the  class 
Mammalia,  containing  hoofed  quadrupeds  with 
incisors  in  both  jaws,  and  consisting  of  the  four 
genera  Equus,  Hippopotamus,  Sus,  and  Rhino- 
ceros. It  is  occasionally  used  in  a  modified  sense,  cor- 
responding to  some  extent  with  the  Pachi/dermata  of 
Cuvier,  for  the  perissodactyl  as  distinguished  from  the 
artiodactyl  ungulates,  though  the  Linnean  Belluce  in- 
cluded representatives  of  both  these  suborders  of  l/ngu- 
lata. 

belluine  (bel'u-in),  a.  [<  L.  helluinus,  prop,  be- 
luinus,  <  belhid,  prop,  belua,  a  beast.]  If.  Beast- 
ly; pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  beasts; 
brutal:  as,  "animal  and  belluine  life,"  Bp.  At- 
terbury. —  2.  In  zodl.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Belluce. 

bellum  internecinum  (bel'um  in-ter-nf-si'- 

num).  [L. :  bellum,  war;  internecinum,  interne- 
cine.] A  murderous  war ;  a  war  of  mutual  ex- 
termination ;  war  to  the  death. 


bellwort  (bcl'wert),  «.    1.  A  general  name  for  belly-boards  (bel'i-bordz),  n   pi.    A  kind  of 
-      -  iir  and  pmo  boards  produced  in  Switzerland, 

used  for  the  sounding-boards  of  musical  instru- 
ments. 

belly-bound  (bel'i -bound),  a.  Constipated; 

costive.  [Vulgar.] 
belly-brace  (bel'i-bras),  n.    A  cross-brace  be- 
tween the  frames  of  a  locomotive,  stayed  to  the 
boiler. 

belly-button  (beri-bufn),  v.  The  navel. 
[Colloq.] 

belly-cheatt  (bel'i-chet),  n.  [<  belly  +  cheat, 
also  spelled  chete,  a  thing:  see  cheat^.']  An 
apron  or  covering  for  tho  front  of  the  person. 

paunch,  =  Icel.  Wf/r  (whence  perhaps  fooW/r,  a  i-^f^^^  J-,9*'^i  ^H^^'-'  ^     ,  , 

bag,  baggi,  a  bag,  whence  perhaps  E.  batA)  =  belly-cheert  (bel  i-cher),  n  Good  cheer;  meat 
t!„  7,,v;,._  T->  7,r.7„  „i,;„   _f:j  1  _n_r  i'  n      and  dmik :  food.     Khint.  Tttct  l.'i.'iO 


and  drink;  food.    Ehjoi,  Diet.,  1.559. 
Bald-pate  friars,  whose  summuni  bonum  is  in  belly-cheer. 

M  arlowe. 

Loaves  and  belly-cheer.    Milton,  Def .  of  Humb.  Remonst. 

belly-cheert  (bel'i-cher),  v.  i.  To  indulge  in 
belly-cheer;  feast;  revel. 

Let  them  assemble  in  consistory,  .  .  .  and  not  .  .  .  by 
themselves  to  belly-cheer  ...  or  to  promote  designs  to 
abuse  and  gull  the  simple  laity. 

Milton,  Tenure  of  Kings  and  Magistrates  (Ord  MS.). 

n.  Feasting; 


Sw.  Z;c%  =  Dan.  bailg,  skin,  ease,  pod,  belly,  bel 
lows,  =  Goth,  halgs,  a  wine-skin,  orig.  a  bag, 
esp.  of  skin),  <  belgan  (pret.  bealg)  (=  OHG. 
belgan),  swell,  swell  iip,  be  inflated.  Cf.  belli 
and  boln.  Doublet  (orig.  pi.)  bellows,  q.  v. 
Similar  forms  are  Gael,  balg,  holg  =  Ir.  balg, 
bolg,  bag,  belly,  =  W.  bol,  bola,  holy,  belly, 
appar.  an  old  Celtic  word,  >LL.  bulga,  bag:  see 
bulge,  bouge'^,  budget,  etc.~\    1.  That  part  of  the 

human  body  which  extends  from  the  breast  to  belly-cheeringr(bei'i-ehir*in^^^^^ 
the  grom,  and  contains  the  bowels;  the  part  revelry 

of  the  trunk  between  the  diaphragm  and  the       Riotous  banqueting  and  bellyicheeHnr,. 

pelvis,  considered  as  to  its  front  and  side  walls  i/dall,  Prol.  to  Ephesians 

and  its  cavity  and  contents;  the  abdomen.  See  belly-churlf  (bel'i-cherl),  ».  A  rustic  glutton. 
cut  unaev  abdomen. —  2.  The  part  of  any  animal  Vraytoti. 

I?i!L^°/!7*'^^°'^^^  human  belly ;  the  ab-  belly-doiibletf  (bel'i-dub'aet),  n.     A  doublet 

""""^  made  very  long  in  front,  and  stuffed  or  bom- 

basted  so  as  to  project  somewhat,  as  in  the 
representation  of  Punch  in  English  puppet- 
shows.    This  fashion  prevailed  about  1585  and 


domen  in  general. 

Underneath  the  belly  of  their  steeds. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  3. 

3.  The  stomach  with  its  adjuncts :  as,  a  hungry 
belly. 

lie  would  fain  have  filled  his  belly  with  the  husks. 

Luke  XV.  16. 

4t.  The  womb. —  5.  The  fleshy  part  of  a  muscle, 
as  distinguished  from  its  tendinous  portion :  as, 
the  anterior  belly  of  the  digastrieus  muscle. — 

6.  The  hollow  or  interior  of  an  inclosed  place. 
Out  of  the  belly  of  hell  cried  I.  Jonah  ii.  2. 

7.  The  part  of  anything  which  resembles  the 
belly  in  protuberance  or  cavity,  as  of  a  bottle, 
a  tool,  a  sail  filled  by  the  wdnd,  a  blast-furnace, 
etc. 


after.    See  doublet. 

Your  arms  crossed  on  your  thin  belly -doublet. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iii.  1. 

belly-fretting  (bel 'i -fret '■'ing),  n.  1.  The 
chafing  of  a  horse's  belly  with  a  fore-girth. — 2. 
A  violent  pain  in  a  horse's  belly,  caused  by 
worms. 

bellyful  (bel'i-ful),  n.  As  much  as  fills  the  belly 
(stomach)  or  satisfies  the  appetite;  hence,  a 
great  abundance ;  more  than  enough. 

Every  jack-slave  has  his  belly-full  of  fighting,  and  I  must 
go  up  and  down  like  a  cock  that  no  body  can  match. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  1. 


Bell-turret. —  Abbaye-aux-Hommes, 
Caen,  Normandy. 


If  you  were  to  fall  from  aloft  and  be  caught  in  the  belly  bclly-god  (bel'i-god),  W.    One  who  makes  a  god 

ot  his  belly,  that  is,  whose  great  business  or 
pleasure  is  to  gratify  his  appetite ;  a  glutton ; 
an  epicure:  as,  "Apieius,  a  famous  belly-god," 
Hnlcewill,  Apology,  p.  378. 
belly-guy  (bel'i-gi),  «.    Naut,  a  tackle  or  guy, 
attached  half-way  up  a  sheer-leg  or  spar  need- 
ing support  in  the  middle.    See  belly-stay. 
belly-piece  (bel'i-pes),  «.    it.  The  flesh  cover- 
ing the  belly;  hence,  an  apron. —  2.  The  piece 
forming  the  belly  of  a  violin,  etc. 
belly-pinched  (bel'i-pineht),  a.    Pinched  with 
hunger;  starved:  as,  "the  belly-jnhched  yfoU," 
Shale,  Lear,  iii.  1. 
belly-pipe  (bel'i-pip),  n.    A  flaring  nozle  for  a 
blast-pipe  in  a  blast-furnace. 


of  a  sail,  and  thus  saved  from  instant  death,  it  would  not 
do  to  look  at  all  disturbed. 

E.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  35. 
Neither  hollow  nor  swelling,  called  a  belly,  is  made  on 
the  flat  part  of  the  brick.    C.  T.  Davis,  Bricks,  etc.,  p.  124. 

8.  In  technol.,  the  inner,  lower,  or  front  sur- 
face or  edge  of  anything.  («)  in  engraving,  the 
lower  edge  of  a  gi-aver.  (b)  In  locks,  the  lower  edge  of  a 
tumbler  against  which  the  bit  of  the  key  plays,  (c)  In 
masonry,  the  batter  of  a  wall,  (rf)  In  saddlery,  a  piece  of 
leather  sometimes  attached  to  the  cantle  or  hind  ponunel 
of  a  saddle  to  serve  as  a  point  of  attachment  for  valise- 
straps,  (e)  In  ship-car]).,  the  inside  or  concave  side  of  a 
piece  of  curved  timber,  the  outside  being  termed  the  back. 
(/)  In  carriage-making,  the  wooden  covering  of  an  iron 
axle,  (g)  In  archery,  the  interior  side  of  a  bow,  which  is 
concave  when  the  bow  is  bent.  See  back  of  a  bow,  under 
fiacfcl.  (ft)  The  widest  part  of  the  shaft  of  a  blast-furnace. 


(i)  The  middle  or  bulging  part  of  a  cask.    Also  called  the  belly-rail  (bel'i-ral),  n.     1.  In  ft  pianoforte,  a 

transverse  rail  tormmg  a  portion  of  the  mam 
body  of  the  framing. — 2.  In  raihvay  cngin.,  a 
rail  with  a  fin  or  web  descending  between  the 
flanges  which  rest  on  the  ties, 
belly-roll  (bel'i-rol),  n.  A  roller  of  greater 
diameter  in  the  middle  than  at  the  ends,  used 
for  rolling  land  between  ridges  or  in  hollows, 
belly-slave  (bel'i-slav),  n.  A  person  who  is  a 
slave  to  his  appetite. 

Beastly  belly-slaves,  which,  .  .  .  not  once,  but  continu- 
ally, day  and  night,  give  themselves  wholly  to  bibbing 
and  banqueting.  Homily  against  Gluttony. 

west  wind  6e%  the  homew-ard  sa'ii,  and  tiieu  turn'unre-  belly-Stay  (bel'i-sta),  V.    Naut.,  a  tackle  ap 


bulge,  (j)  Theunburntsideof  aslabof  cork,  (i-)  A  swell 
on  the  under  side  of  an  iron  bearer  or  girder.  (I)  The 
upper  plate  of  that  part  of  a  musical  instrument,  as  a 
violin,  which  is  designed  to  increase  its  resonance;  the 
sounding-board  of  a  piano.  In  instruments  of  the  violin 
class  the  bridge  rests  upon  the  belly.  ()«)  In  viininn,  a 
m.ass  of  ore  swelling  out  and  occupying  a  large  part  of  the 
breadth  of  the  lode.— Back  and  belly.  See  back\. 
belly  (bel'i),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bellied,  ppr.  belly- 
ing.   [<  belly,  «.]    I.  trans.  To  fill ;  swell  out. 

Your  breath  of  full  consent  bellied  his  sails. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  il.  2. 
Nor  were  they  [the  Pilgrim  fathers]  so  wanting  to  them- 
selves in  faith  as  to  burn  their  ship,  but  could  see  the  fair 


pining  to  grapple  with  the  terrilile  Unknown 

Lowell,  Introd.  to  Biglow  Papers,  1st  ser. 

II.  intrans.  To  swell  and  become  protuber- 
ant, like  the  belly ;  bulge  out. 

The  bellying  canvas  strutted  mth  the  gale. 

Drydeyi,  Iliad,  j.  654. 


plied  from  above  half-mast  down  when  the 
mast  requires  support,  as  the  belly-guy  is  ap- 
plied from  below.  See  belly-guy. 
belly-timber  (bel'i-tim"ber\'n.  Pood;  that 
which  supports  the  belly.  [Formerly  in  serious 
use,  but  now  only  humorous.] 


belly-timber 

Throush  deserts  vast 
And  regions  desolate  they  pass'd, 
W'liere  belly-timber,  above  ground 
Or  imiler,  was  not  to  be  found. 

S.  Butler,  Iludibras,  I.  i.  331. 
belly-vengeance  (beri-ven"jens),  n.    A  name 
given  in  some  parts  of  England  to  weak  or  sour 
beer. 

belly-wash  (beri-wosh),  n.  Any  kind  of  drink 
of  poor  qualit}'.  [Vulgar.] 

belly-worm  (bel'i-werm),  )).  A  worm  that 
breeds  in  the  belly  or  stomach.  Itaij. 

belock  (be-lok'),  v.  t.  [<  +  locl-'^;  not  di- 
rectly <  SlE.  hcloukcn,  pp.  heloken,  <  AS.  belu- 
can,  pp.  hdocen,  <  he-  +  lucan,  lock.]  To  lock, 
or  fasten  as  with  a  lock. 

This  is  the  hand  which,  with  a  vow'd  contract, 
Was  fast  beluck'd  in  tliine.      Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1. 

Belodon  (bel'o-don),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  /Si^of .  a  dart, 
+  bdoi  g  (c"5oi'--)  z=  E.  tooth.']  The  typical  genus 
of  crocodiles  of  the  i&mi\y  Beli>(loiitid(r,  belong- 
ing to  the  Triassie  age,  and  including  the  oldest 
known  croeodilians,  remains  of  wliieh  occur 
both  in  European  and  American  formations.  B. 
Jejyturiis,  the  largest  species,  attained  a  length 
of  10  feet. 

belodontid  (bel-o-don'tid),  n.    [<  £elodontidce.'\ 
A  crocodilian  reptile  of  the  iamily  Belodontidcc. 
Belodontidse  (bel-o-dou'ti-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Belodon{t-)  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  fossil  pre-Cre- 
taceous  crocodiles,  order  Crocodilia.  They  have 
amphicoelous  vertebne,  pterygoids  separate  below,  pos- 
terior nares  bounded  by  the  palatines,  and  external  nos- 
trils near  the  orbits  on  the  upper  part  of  the  base  of  the 
snout. 

belomancy  (bel'o-man-si),  11.  [<  LGr.  (ie'kojj.av- 
Tia,  <  Gr.  fStMc,  dart,  arrow,  +  fiavreia,  divina- 
tion.] A  kind  of  divination  by  means  of  arrows, 
practised  by  the  Scythians,  Babylonians,  Ara- 
bians, and  other  ancient  peoples.  A  number  of 
pointless  arrows  were  variously  marked  and  put  into  a  bag 
or  quiver,  and  then  drawn  out  at  random  ;  ttie  marks  or 
words  on  the  arrow  drawn  were  taken  as  indications  of 
what  was  to  happen.  Thus,  Ezek.  xxi.  21  (revised  version) : 
"For  the  king  of  Babylon  stood  at  the  parting  of  the  way, 
at  the  head  of  the  two  ways,  to  use  divination  :  he  shook 
the  arrows  to  and  fro." 

The  arrow-divination  or  belomancy  here  mentioned 
[Ezek.  xxi.  21]  was  done  with  pointless  arrows  marked 
and  drawn  as  lots.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XV.  201. 

Eelone  (bel'o-ne),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  (ieUvrj,  any 
sharp  point,  a  needle,  <  ,itv\of,  an  arrow,  dart, 
any  missile,  <  jia'A'Aeiv,  throw.]  A  genus  of 
fishes  remarkable  for  their  slender  and  elon- 
gated jaws,  representing  in  some  systems  a 
family  i?t'?o«if?(c,  in  others  refeiTed  to  the  Scom- 
teresocidic ;  the  garfishes, 
belong  (be-long'),  V.  i.  [<  ME.  helongen  (=  D. 
belaitgen,  concern,  =  OHG.  belangen,  MHG.  G. 
helangen,  reach  to,  attain,  concern,  affect ;  asso- 
ciated with  the  adj.,  early  ME.  belong  (=  OS. 
bildiig  =  MD.  helungh),  equiv.  to  AS.  gelang, 
ME.  ylong,  ilong,  along,  long,  mod.  E.  along"^, 
loiig^,  belonging,  along),  <  6e-l  +  longen,  be- 
long (there  is  no  AS.  *belangian  or  *belang) : 
see  along'2,  long^,  long^.}  1.  To  go  along  with 
anything,  or  accompany  it  as  an  adjunct  or  at- 
tribute ;  pertain ;  appertain ;  be  a  property  (of) ; 
be  in  the  power  or  at  the  disposal  (of).  [In  all 
senses  except  7  followed  by  to,  or  in  the  older 
English  by  unto.] 

Iler  hap  was  to  light  on  a  part  of  the  field  belonginrj 
unto  Boaz.  Ruth  ii.  3. 

And  David  said  unto  him,  To  whom  belongest  thou? 

1  Sam.  XXX.  13. 

To  tile  Lord  our  God  belong  mercies  and  forgivenesses. 

Dan.  ix.  9. 

He  .  .  ,  careth  for  the  things  that  belong  to  the  Lord. 

1  Cor.  vii.  32. 

Most  of  the  males  subject  to  him  [the  father  of  the 
family]  are  really  his  children,  but,  even  if  they  have  not 
sprung;  from  him,  they  are  subject  to  him,  they  form  part 
of  his  liuusehokl,  they  (if  a  word  coloured  by  later  notions 
be  used)  belong  to  him. 

Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  87. 

2.  To  be  the  concern  or  proper  business  (of) ; 
appertain  (to) :  as,  it  belongs  to  John  Doe  to 
prove  the  title. 

To  you  it  doth  belong 
Yourself  to  pardon  of  self-doing  crime. 

Shak.,  .Sonnets,  Iviii. 

3.  To  be  appendant  (to) ;  be  connected  (with) ; 
be  a  special  relation  (to) :  as,  a  beam  or  rafter 
belongs  to  such  a  frame,  or  to  such  a  place  in 
the  building. 

He  took  them,  and  went  aside  privately  into  a  desert 
place  belonging  to  the  city  called  Bethsaida.    Luke  ix.  10. 

4.  To  be  suitable ;  be  due. 

Strong  meat  belongeth  to  them  that  are  of  full  age. 

Heb.  V.  14. 

Hearing  .  .  .  thy  beauty  sounded, 
(Yet  not  so  deeply  as  to  thee  belongs,) 
Myself  am  mov'd  to  woo  thee  for  my  wife. 

ahak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 


518 

Sir,  monuments  and  eiilogy  belong  to  the  dead. 

D.  Webstei;  Speech,  Hunker  Hill. 

5.  To  have  a  settled  residence  (in);  be  domi- 
ciled (in) ;  siieciflcally,  have  a  legal  residence, 
settlement,  or  inhabitancy  (in),  whether  by 
birth  or  operation  of  law,  so  as  to  be  charge- 
able upon  the  parish  or  town :  said  of  a  pau- 
per, or  one  likely  to  become  such. 

Bastards  also  are  settled  in  the  parishes  to  which  the 
mothers  belong.  Blaekntone,  Com.,  I.  xvi, 

6.  To  be  a  native  (of) ;  have  original  residence 
(in). 

There  is  no  other  country  in  the  world  to  which  the 
gipsies  could  belong.  M.  Raper. 

7.  To  have  its  (or  one's)  proper  place ;  be  resi- 
dent :  as,  this  book  belongs  on  the  top  shelf ;  I 
belong  here  (in  this  house  or  town).    [U.  S.] 

belonging  (be-16ng'iug),  «.  [<  belong  +  -««(/l.] 
That  which  belongs  to  one  :  used  generally,  if 
not  always,  in  the  plural,  (a)  Qualities;  endow- 
ments ;  faculties. 

Thyself  and  thy  belongings 
Are  not  thine  own  so  proper,  as  to  waste 
Thyself  upon  thy  virtues,  they  on  thee. 
»  SAaJ-.,  M.  forM.,  i.  1. 

(6)  Pi'operty ;  possessions  :  as,  "I  carry  all  my  belongings 
with  me,"  Trollope.  (c)  Members  of  one's  family  or  liouse- 
hold;  relations  or  dependants.  [Humorous.] 

When  Lady  Kew  said,  "sic  volo,  sic  jubeo,"  I  promise 
you  few  persons  of  her  ladyship's  belongings  stopped,  be- 
fore they  did  her  biddings,  to  ask  her  reasons. 

Thackeray,  Newcomes,  xxxiii. 
I  have  been  trouble  enough  to  my  belongings  in  my  day. 

Dickens,  Bleak  House,  II.  103. 

(d)  Appendages. 
The  belongings  to  this  Indian-looking  robe. 

Cornhill  Mag. 

belonid  (bel'o-nid),  11.  [<  Belonidcc.']  A  fish 
of  the  family  Belonidie. 

Belonidae  (be-lon'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Belone  + 
-idw.li  A  family  of  fishes,  represented  by  the 
genus  Belone,  containing  Synentognathi  with  an 


Silver  Garfish  {  Tylosunts  longirostris). 

elongate  stout  body,  oblong  wide  head  flat- 
tened above  and  terminating  in  long  stout 
jaws,  the  upper  of  which  is  composed  of  the 
coalesced  intermaxillaries,  supramaxillaries, 
and  facial  bones,  while  the  lower  has  an  addi- 
tional bone  behind.  The  vertebne  have  zygapophyses, 
and  the  bones  are  generally  green.  The  species  are  called 
garpikes,  garfish,  or  gars.  The  English  species  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  genus  Belone,  B.  vulgaris,  but  those  of  the 
I'nited  States  belong  to  the  genus  Tylosurus,  of  which 
there  are  nine  species,  as  2'.  marinus,  T.  crassus,  T.  exilis, 
T.  longirostris,  etc. 

belonite  (bel'o-nit),  n.  [<  Gr.  jielovrj,  any  sharp 
point,  a  needle  (see  Belone),  +  -ite2.]  A  kind 
of  minute  imperfect  crystals,  usually  acicular  in 
form,  sometimes  dendritic,  observed  in  glassy 
volcanic  rocks.  The  term  is  now  limited  to 
such  as  exert  no  action  on  polarized  light. 

belonoid  (bel'o-noid),  a.  [<  Gr.  fieXovosidi/g, 
needle-shaped,  <  jW^vn,  a  needle  (see  Belone), 
■\-  eWof,  form.]  Eesembling  a  bodkin  or  nee- 
dle; styloid:  applied  to  processes  of  bone. 

Beloochee  (be-16'che),  n.    Same  as  Baluchi. 

Beloptera  (be-lop'te-ra),  w.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  (ieXoQ, 
dart,  +  TTTipov,  wing.]  1.  A  genus  of  dibranchi- 
ate  cephalopods,  with  a  wing-like  expansion  of 
the  sides  of  the  shells. —  2.  [I.  c]  Plural  of 
bclojiteron. 

belopterid  (bo-lop'te-rid),  n.    [<  Belopteridce.'] 

A  cephalopod  of  the  family  Belopteridce. 
Belopteridse  (bel-op-ter'i-de),  11.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Beloptera  +  -idee.']    A  family  of  dibranchiate 

cephalopods,  typified  by  the  genus  Beloptera, 

closely  related  to  the  Belemnitidw,  and  by  some 

authors  combined  in  the  same  family.  The 

species  are  extinct, 
belopteron  (be-lop'te-ron),  w. ;  pi.  beloptera 

(-ra).    [NL.,  <  Gr.  fteXog,  a  dart  (see  Belone), 

+  nrepov,  a  wing.]    The  fossil 

internal  bone  of  an  extinct 

cephalopod,  somewhat  like  a 

belemnite,   but   blunter  and 

having  a  wing-like  projection 

on  each  side, 
b^lord  (be-16rd'),  v.  t.    [<  &e-l 

+  loi'd.']    1.  To  apply  the  title 

Lord  to ;  address  by  the  phrase 

"my  lord." — 2.  To  domineer 

over.  [Rare.] 

Belostoma  (be-los'to-ma),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  f3i'Aog,  a  dart,  + 
CTo/ja,  mouth.]  The  typical 
genus  of  heteropterous  insects 
of  the  family  Belostomidce,  for- 


Great  Water-bug 
{Belostoma  gran- 


below 

merly  referred  to  the  Ncpidw.  The  largest  species 

is  granilis  of  .South  America,  the  great  water-hug,  at- 
taining a  length  of  4  inches.  JS.  americana  and  B,  r/risea 
inliabit  tlic  Atlantic  States  of  North  America.  A  Chinese 
and  Indian  .species  is  JS.  indiea. 

Belostomidae  (bel-os-tom'i-de),  >?..  2)1.  [NL.,  < 
Belostoma  +  -idw.'i  A  family  of  heteropterous 
insects,  containing  the  largest  li-ving  members 
of  the  order  Hetcroptera.  They  are  large,  broad, 
Hat-bodied  acpiatic  insects,  with  powerful  swimming-legs 
and  ciu'ved  fore  tibiai,  able  to  prey  upon  fish  and  other 
atpiatic  animals  of  considerable  size.  There  are  about  12 
genera,  generally  distributed  in  temperate  and  torrid  re- 
gions. The  head  is  nnich  narrower  than  the  prothorax, 
with  prominent  eyes,  short  3-jointed  rostrum,  and  short 
4-jointed  antenna; ;  the  prothorax  is  wide  and  trapezoi- 
dal ;  tlie  scutellum  is  large  and  triangular ;  the  elytra  are 
distinguished  into  corium  and  membrane;  and  the  body 
ends  in  a  pair  of  ligulate  extensile  appendages. 

beloutt  (be-louf),  V.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  lout.]  To 
call  (a  person)  a  "lout";  addi'ess  or  speak  of 
with  contemptuous  language. 

Sieur  Gaulani,  when  he  heard  a  gentleman  report  that 
at  supper  they  had  not  only  good  cheer  but  also  savoury 
epigrams  and  fine  anagrams,  retm-ning  home,  rated  and 
belou'ted  his  cook  as  an  ignorant  scullion,  that  never 
dressed  .  .  .  him  eitlier  epigrams  or  anagrams. 

Camden,  Remains. 

belo'vet  (Itie-luv'),  v.  [<  ME.  beloven,  biluven  (= 
D.  believen,  please,  gratify,  =  G.  belieben,  like, 
wish,  impers.  please),  love,  <  be-,  hi-,  +  loven, 
luven:  see  6e-l  and  love.]  I.  intrans.  To  please. 
[Early  Middle  English.] 

II.  trans.  1.  To  be  pleased  with ;  like. —  2. 
To  love.  [Little  used  except  in  the  past  parti- 
ciple.] 

If  beauty  were  a  string  of  silke,  I  would  wear  it  about 
my  neck  for  a  certain  testimony  that  I  belove  it  nmch. 

Wodroephe,  French  and  Eng.  Grammar,  p.  322. 

beloved  (be-luv'ed  or  -luvd'),  p.  a.  and  n.  [< 

ME.  beloved,  beluved,  biluved,  pp. :  see  love.]  I. 
J),  a.  Loved;  gi-eatly  loved;  dear  to  the  heart. 
,   This  is  my  beloved  Son.  Mat.  iii.  17. 

Beloved  of  all,  and  dying  ne'er  forgot. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  307. 

II.  n.  One  who  is  greatly  loved;  one  very 
dear. 

He  giveth  his  beloved  sleep.  Ps.  cxxvii.  2. 

below  (be-16'),  adv.  and  prep.  [<  ME.  Ulooghe 
(found  only  once),  adv.,  <  bi,  be,  prep.,  by,  + 
loogh,  logh,  adv.,  low:  see  be-^  and  low^.  The 
older  form  was  alow;  cf.  afore,  before,  ahind, 
behind.]  I.  adv.  1.  In  or  to  a  lower  place  or 
level ;  beneath ;  downward  from  a  higher  point : 
as,  look  below  ;  in  the  valley  below. 
Hear  the  rattling  thunder  far  belorv.  Wordsworth. 

2.  On  the  earth,  as  opposed  to  in  the  heavens. 
The  blessed  spirits  above  rejoice  at  our  happiness  below. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  iii.  5. 

3.  In  hell,  or  the  regions  of  the  dead :  as,  "the 
realms  below,"  Dry  den. — 4,  On  a  lower  floor; 
downstairs. 

Sir  Anthony  Absolute  is  below,  inquiring  for  the  captain. 

Slieridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  1. 

Hence — 5.  iVa^^^.,  off  duty :  as,  the  watch  &e?ow, 
in  contradistinction  to  the  watch  on  deck. —  6. 
At  a  later  point  in  a  page  or  writing ;  further 
on  in  the  same  part  or  division :  as,  particulars 
are  given  below ;  see  the  statistics  below. —  7. 
Lower  down  in  a  course  or  direction,  as  toward 
the  mouth  of  a  river  or  harbor,  etc. :  as,  the 
vessel  has  just  arrived  from  below. — 8.  In  a 
lower  rank  or  grade :  as,  at  the  trial  below,  or 
in  the  court  below. 

II.  prej).  1 .  Under  in  place ;  beneath ;  not 
so  high  as  :  as,  below  the  knee. 

The  .  .  .  dust  belotv  thy  feet.  Shak.,  Lear,  v.  3. 

All  the  abhorred  births  below  crisp  heaven 
Whereon  Hyperion's  quickening  fire  doth  shine. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  3. 

2.  Lower  than  in  position  or  direction ;  lower 
down :  as,  he  lives  a  little  below  our  house,  that 
is,  a  little  lower  down  the  street,  road,  hill,  etc. 

The  castle  was  now  taken  ;  but  the  town  below  it  «  as  in 
arms.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  32. 

3.  Lower  than  in  degree,  amount,  weight,  price, 
value,  etc. —  4.  Later  in  time  than.  [Rare.] 

The  more  eminent  scholars  which  England  produced  be- 
fore and  even  below  the  twelfth  century,  were  educated  in 
our  religious  houses.    T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  I.  iii. 

5.  Inferior  in  rank,  excellence,  or  dignity:  as, 
"  one  degree  beloiv  kings,"  Acldison,  Remarks 
on  Italy,  Venice. —  6.  Too  low  to  be  worthy  of ; 
inferior  to. 

They  beheld,  with  a  just  loathing  and  disdain,  .  .  .  how 
below  all  history  the  persons  and  their  actions  were. 

Milton. 

The  works  of  Petrarch  were  below  both  his  genius  anil 
his  celebrity.  Macaulay,  Dante. 

Below  the  salt.  See  salt.  =  Sya..  Below,  Under,  Beneath. 
Below,  lower  than  the  plane  of  ;  under,  lower  in  the  per- 


below 

peiidicular  line  of ;  beneath,  close  iintler :  as,  the  sun  sinks 
below  the  horizon ;  a  thins  is  under  a  chair  or  tree,  be- 
neath a  pile  of  rubbish.  Under  has  often  the  sense  of 
beneath:  as,  "MJirfec  wliose  wings,"  Ruth  ii.  12.  Compare 
the  old  use  of  beneath  in  Ex.  .\xxii.  19  —  "Beneath  the 
mount." 

[A  sail]  that  sinks  with  all  we  love  beloic  the  verge. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 
Whereon  a  hundred  stately  beeches  grew, 
And  here  and  there  great  hollies  under  them. 

Tennyson,  Pelleas  and  Ettare. 


519 

a  belt  connecting  two  pulleys  and  crossed  between  them 
so  as  to  cause  them  to  revolve  in  opposite  ilirection.s.  Koll 
ers  are  placed  between  tlic  belts, 
if  ncL-cssai-y,  to  prevent  rubbing.— 
Endless  belt.  Sue  endlrnx.-  Hy- 
draulic  belt.     See  hiidnliillr.— 

Quarter-turn  belt,  a  belt  liavijig 

a  twist  of  DO  ,  used   to   transmit       Quarter-turn  Belt, 
motion  )ietween  pulleys  on  sliafts 

placed  at  riglit  angles  to  each  other;  a  (luartering-belt.— 
To  hold  the  belt,  to  hold  the  championship  in  pugilism 
or  some  other  atldetic  exercise. 


&'(if;a</i  the  milk-white  thorn  that  scents  the  ev'ning  gale,  belt  (belt),  t'.  ^.    [<  ie^i,  ?t.]     1.  To  gird  with  a 

Cottar's  Sat.  Night,    belt;  specifically,  to  invest  with  a  distinctive 


belsiret  (bel'sir),  n.    [<  ME.  lelsire,  lit.  good 
sire,  <  bel,  fair,  good,  as  a  x'>reflx,  grand-  (as  in 
beldam,  q.  v.),  +  sire.     Cf.  heausirc.']    1.  A 
grandfather:    correlative  to   beldam,  grand- 
mother.—  2.  An  ancestor.  Drayton. 
belswaggert  (bel'svvag"er),  n.    [Perhaps  for 
hellij-swugger,  a  form  given  by  Ash,  <  belly  + 
swag,  sway.]    A  bully  ;  a  pimp, 
belt  (belt),  n.    [<  ME.  belt,  <  AS.  belt  =  OHG. 
bah  =  Icel.  belli  =  Sw.  bdlte  —  Dan.  bwlte  = 
Ir.  and  Gael,  bait,  a 
belt,  a  border ;  prob. 
<  L.  balteus,  a  belt.] 
1.  A  broad  flat  strip 
or  strap  of  leather  or 
other  flexible  mate- 
rial, used  to  encircle 
the   waist;    a  gir- 
dle ;  cincture ;  zone ; 
band.    Ordinarily  it  is 
worn  buckled  or  hookeii 
tight  to  the  waist,  and  in 
all  ages  it  has  been  a  com- 
mon article  of  apparel, 
both  to  keep  the  gar- 
ments hi  place  and  to 
support  weapons,  or  a 
purse,  a  writing-case,  or 
the  like  :  it  may  be  made 
of  any  material.  The  mil- 
itary belt  of  the  middle 
ages  was  sometimes  com- 
posed of  small  plates  of 
metal  held  to  each  other 
Ijy  rings,  was  attached  to 
-the  armor,  and,  accord- 
ing to  the  fashion  of  the 
latter,  was  worn  more 
■or  Ie.ss  low,  sometimes 
Testing  below  the  hips 
'Upon  the  skirt  of  plate- 


Military  Belt,  end  of  14th  century. 


belt,  as  in  knighting  some  one. — 2.  To  fasten 
or  secure  with  a  belt;  gird:  as,  to  belt  on  a 
sword. —  3.  To  encircle;  surround  as  if  with  a 
belt  or  girdle. 

Belted  with  yoinig  children.  De  Quincey. 

The  general  college  of  civilization  that  now  belted  the 
Mediterranean.  De  Quineey,  Herodotus. 

Come  from  the  woods  that  belt  the  gray  hill-side. 

Tennyson,  Ode  to  Memory. 

4.  To  strike  with  or  as  with  a  belt ;  strap ;  flos. 
[Colloq.]  " 
Beltane  (bel'tan),  n.  [Also  written  Belt(}iH  and 
Belteii :  <  Gael.  Bealltainit,  Beilteine  =  Ir.  Beal- 
teine,  Bealltaine,  Olr.  Belltaine,  Beltene ;  usual- 
ly explained  as  Beal's  fire,  <  *Beal,  *Bial,  an 
alleged  Celtic  deity  (by  some  writers  patrioti- 
cally identified  with  the  Oriental  Belus  or  Baal), 
+  teine,  fire.  But  the  origin  is  quite  unknown.  ] 
1.  The  first  day  of  May  (old  style);  old  May- 
day, one  of  the  four  quarter-days  (the  others 
being  Lammas,  Hallow-mass,  and  Candlemas) 
anciently  observed  in  Scotland. —  2.  An  ancient 
Celtic  festival  or  anniversary  formerly  observed 
on  Beltane  or  May-day  in  Scotland,  and  in  Ire- 
laud  on  Jime  21st.  Bonfires  were  kindled  on  the  hills, 
all  domestic  fires  having  been  previously  extinguished,  only 
to  be  relighted  from  the  embers  of  the  Beltane  fires.  This 
custom  is  supposed  to  derive  its  origin  from  the  worship 
of  the  sun,  or  fire  in  general,  wliich  was  formerly  in  vogue 
among  the  Celts  as  well  as  among  many  other  heathen 
nations.  The  practice  still  survives  in  some  remote  local- 
ities.   [Sometimes  without  a  capital.] 

belt-armor  (belfar'^mor),  n.  In  a  war-ship, 
armor  placed  upon  the  sides  along  the  water- 
line 


A,  the  belt,  consisting  of  plates  of 
metal  held  together  by  rings  or  links 
and  supporting  the  su'ord  by  chains 

secured  to  the  scabbard;  the  dagger     ""^1""  1  /n     li/i  is. 

is  secured  to  the  right  side  and  be-   Delt-Claillp  (belt  kiamp),  11.      An  apparatus  for 

iea^1>er'giX'Lckfi"g  arordWh^'e  bringing  together  and  holding  in  position  the 
channel-shaped  steel  belt  to  which    euds  of  bclts  whilc  they  are  being:  cemented. 

the  braconni^re  is  attached ;  C,  brig-  1„„„J  ni-  nrvm-vlorl 
antine,  buckled  at  the  left  side;  D,     JaCeu,  01  COUpleCl. 

.•armor.    Sometimes  the   braconni^re  of  plates  slidingone  over  belt-ClaSP  (belt'klaspi,  w.    A  clasp  for  a  belt ; 

.•sword  was   not  secured     another;   E,  a   ring  secured  to  the   i„   7^         ,      .        ^  _  » 

■to  the  belt,  which  was   ?"Sf."h''''       .'h'"'"'' ^'ifll^.P'''"" 

.,     '  ,       .    to  the  barrel  of  the  sword-hilt  to  pre- 

•tlien  rather  a  mark  of  vent  it  from  falling  if  the  hand  lets  it 
rank  and  dignity  than  a  go  during  combat,  i  From  Viollet-le- 
necessary  part  of  the  Due's  ■•  diet,  du  Mobilier  frangais.") 
dress.  (Sees)«0)-d-6e?iand 

baldric.)  The  broad  bands  supporting  the  bayonet-sheath 
and  cartridge-box,  worn  by  infantry  in  Europe  during  the 
century  ending  about  1850,  were  also  called  belts  or  cross- 
Melts.   See  girdle. 

The  shining  belt  with  gold  inlaid.  Dryden. 


specifically,  in  mach.,  a  device  for  connecting 
the  ends  of  belting  so  as  to  make  a  continuous 
band. 

belt-coupling  (belfkup^ling),  n.  In  mach.,  a 
device  for  connecting  the  ends  of  a  belt.  It  is 
a  substitute  for  the  ordinary  method  of  lacing 
them  together  with  thongs  of  leather, 
belt-cutter  (belt'kuf'er),  ».  A  tool  or  machine 
for  slitting  tanned  hides  into  strips  for  belting. 
'2.  Any  broad  band  or  strip  of  leather  or  other  belted  (bel'ted),  j).  a.  [<  belt  +  -efR]  1. 
flexible  material,  designed  to  pass  round  any-  Wearing  a  belt ;  specifically,  wearing  a  dis- 
thing,  with  its  ends  joined,  (a)  In  mach.,  a  flexible  tinctive  belt,  as  a  knight, 
•cord  or  band  passing  about  the  peripliery  of  wheels,  drums, 
■or  pulleys,  for  the  purpose  of  transmitting  motion  from 
-one  to  another.  Belts  are  usually  made  of  leather,  but 
india-rubber  and  gutta-percha  are  occasionally  used  ;  also 
liempen  cord,  wire  rope,  and  cords  for  small  pulleys.  See 
beltiny.  (b)  In  surrj.,  a  bandage  or  band  used  by  surgeons 
for  various  purposes. 

3.  Any  broad  baud  or  stripe  or  continuous 
broad  line  distinguished  in  color  or  otherwise 
from  adjacent  objects,  and  encircling  or  ap- 
jsearing  to  encircle  something.  Specifically  — (n) 
111  astroii.,  one  of  cei^tain  girdles  or  rings  which  surrounil 
the  planet  Jupiter.  (6)  A  broad  band  or  stripe  on  the 
earth's  surface  extending  over  or  along  a  surface  or  re- 
gion, and  distinguished  from  it  by  ditference  of  color,  as- 
pect, etc. ;  a  tract  or  district  long  in  proportion  to  its 
breadth,  and  characterized  liy  the  presence,  occurrence, 
or  absence  of  some  marked  physical  or  other  peculiarity 
or  phenomenon :  as,  the  oil  belt ;  a  belt  of  vegetation ;  the 
corn  belt,  wheat  belt,  etc. ;  a  belt  of  trees. 


belvedered ' 

belt-screw  (belt'skro),  ».  A  double  clamping- 
screw  with  broad,  flat  heads,  used  for  joining 
the  (Mills  of  a  belt. 

belt-shifter  (belt'sliif  "tor),  «.  A  contrivance 
lor  shifting  a  niJiehine-belt  from  one  pulley 
to  another,  in  order  to  stop  or  set  in  motion 
certain  parts  of  the  machine,  or  to  change  the 
motion.    JJ.  11.  Knight. 

belt-shipper  (belt'ship"er),  n.    A  belt-shifter. 

belt-speeder  (bclt'spe'der),  «.  A  contrivance 
in  a  machine  for  transmitting  varying  rates 
of  motion  by  means  of  a  belt,  it  is  much  used 
ill  spiiiiiing-]i];u  liines  to  vary  the  rate  of  rotation  of  the 
spool  as  tlic  cup  inci'eases  in  size. 

belt-tightener  (belt'tit'ner),  n.  An  idle  or 
inde])endent  pulley  resting  on  a  machine-belt, 
and  tending  by  its  weiglit  to  keep  the  belt 
stretched,  thus  securing  better  adhesion. 

belt-tool  (belt'tol),  «.  A  combined  cutter, 
launch,  awl,  and  nippers,  used  in  making  belts. 

beluga  (be-lo'gii),  n.  [<  Russ.  bielnga.i  hieluit, 
white  ;  cf.  Lith.  balti,  be  white.]  1.  The  large 
white  sturgeon,  Acipctiscr  huso,  from  the  roe  of 
which,  sometimes  weighing  800  i)ounds,  caviar 
or  botargo  is  prepared.  The  fish  is  from  12  to  15  feet 
in  length,  weighing  in  some  cases  2,000  pounds  or  more. 
Isinglass  is  prepared  from  its  swim-bladder. 
2.  [c«/).]  [NL.]  A  generic  name  of  the  white 
whales:  a.  Hynonym  of  Delphijiajtterits.  The  only 
species  found  in  northern  seas  is  B.  nrrtica,  teiicas,  or 
albicans,  whicli  from  its  color  is  commonly  called  u'liite 
whale  or  wliitejish.  It  is  from  VI  to  18  feet  in  length. 
The  tail  is  divided  into  two  lobes,  lying  horizontally,  and 
there  is  no  dorsal  fin.  In  swimming,  tlie  animal  bends  its 
tail  under  its  body  like  a  lobster,  and  tlirusts  itself  along 
with  the  rapidity  of  an  arrow.  It  is  found  in  the  arctic 
seas  and  rivers,  and  is  caught  for  its  oil  and  its  skin. 

Belus  (be'lus),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  B?;/of,  the  tradi- 
tional founder  of  Babylon ;  the  Greek  form  of 
Baal,  q.  v.]  1.  The  chief  deity  of  the  Baby- 
lonians and  Assyrians ;  Baal  (which  see).  Also 
Bel. —  2.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  weevils,  of  the 
family  CurcuUonidee. 

belute  (be-luf),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  beluted,  ppr. 
beluting.     [<  &e-i  +  lute'^,  <  L.  httum,  mud.] 

1.  To  cover  or  bespatter  with  mud.  [Rare.] 

Never  was  a  Dr.  Slop  so  beluted. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  ii.  9. 

2.  To  coat  with  lute  or  cement  of  any  kind, 
belvedere  (bel-ve-der'.  It.  pron.  bel-ve-da're), 

n.  [Also  less  correctly  belvidcre,  <  It.  belvedere, 
lit.  a  beautifid  view,  <  bel,  bello,  beautiful,  + 
vedere,  a  view,  <  L.  videre,  see:  see  vision,  riew.l 
1.  In  Italian  arch.,  an  upper  story  of  a  build- 
ing, or  a  portion  of  such  a  story,  open  to  the 


Pinks  were  gleaming  in  every  direction  through  tlie 
clmnps  and  belts  of  the  plantation.  Lawrence. 

You  see  green  trees  rising  above  the  belt  of  sand. 

ir.  H.  Russell. 

The  proposed  Nicaragua  Canal  has  proved  to  lie  within 
the  earthquake  belt.  Sci.  Amer.,  N.  S.,  LV.  64. 

The  manufacturers  of  this  favored  region  have  decidedly 
the  advantage  of  their  less  fortunate  competitors  away 
from  the  gas  belt.  Jour.  Franklin  Inst.,  CXXI.  310. 

(c)  In  masonry,  a  band  or  string-course. 

4.  That  which  restrains  or  confines  like  a  gir- 
dle. ^ 

He  cannot  buckle  his  distemper'd  cause 

Within  the  belt  of  rule.  Shak..  Macbeth,  v.  2. 

5.  A  disease  among  sheep. —Angular  chain- 

helt.  See  o)i';H?(//-.  —  Belt  of  Orion.  >iee  Orinn  and  ell- 
«•«  11(7.— Black  belt.  See  WocA:.— Chain-belt,  a  cliain 
iormingabandor  belt  for  conveying  or  ti;insmit  tin-  power. 
It  is  sometimes  covered  with  piping,  or  ovci  laid  «  illi  sti  i 


A  prince  can  mak  a  belted  knight, 
A  marquis,  duke,  and  a'  that. 

Burns,  For  A'  That. 
The  melodramatic  attitude  of  a  general,  belted  and 
plumed,  with  a  glittering  staff  of  officers  at  his  orders. 

De  Quincey,  Essenes,  ii. 
With  puff'd  cheek  the  belted  hunter  l)lew. 

Tennyson,  Palace  of  Art. 

2.  Marked  or  adorned  with  a  band  or  circle : 
as,  a  belted  stalk;  the  helled  kingfisher. —  3. 
Worn  in  the  belt,  or  hanging  from  the  belt: 
said  especially  of  a  sword  the  sheath  of  which 
is  seem-ed  permanently  to  the  belt. 

Three  men  with  belted  brands.  Scott. 
He  was  dressed  in  his  pontifical  robes,  with  a  belted 
sword  at  his  side.  Prescott,  Kerd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  21. 

Belted  plaid,  the  plaid  worn  by  the  Higlilandeis  of  Scot- 
land in  full  military  dress:  so  called  from  being  kept  tiglit 
to  the  body  by  a  belt :  as,  "  wi'  belted  plaids  and  glitterTng 
blailes."  Alex.  Lning. 

Beltein,  Belten,       See  Beltane. 

belting  (bel'ting),  [<  belt  +  -ing.']  Belts 
collectively  or  in  general ;  the  material  of  which 
belts  are  made.    See  ?irff.- Angular  belting.  See 

annular.— 'RonnA  belting,  belting,  usually  made  from  a 
flat  strap,  whicli  is  rolled  into  a  tubular  fi inn.— Scandi- 
navian belting,  a  cotton  cloth  woven  solid  and  treated 
with  Storkboliii  tar.    A'.  //.  Knight. 

belt-lacing  (belt'la"sing),  ' ».    Leather  thongs 
for  lacing  together  the  ends  of  a  machine-belt 
to  make  it  continuous, 
belt-pipe  (belt'pip),  n.    In  a  steam-engine,  a 

steam-pipe  surrounding  the  cylinder, 
belt-rail  (belt'ral),  ».  A  longitudinal  strip  or 
guard  of  wood  along  the  outside  of  a  street- 
car, beneath  the  windows — Belt-rail  cap,  a  strip 
of  wiiuil  fastened  to  tlie  top  of  a  belt-rail  and  forming  the 
f  tlie  window  -sill. 


ofvariousmaterialstoform  around  belt.  — Crossed  belt,  belt-saw  (belt'sa),  n.    Same  as  band-saw. 


Belvedere.—  Palazzo  Durazzo,  Via  Balbi,  Genoa,  Italy. 


air,  at  least  on  one  side,  and  frequently  on  all, 
for  the  purpose  of  affording  a  view  of  the  coun- 
try and  providing  a  place  for  enjoying  tlie  cool 
evening  breeze.  The  belvedere  is  sometimes  a 
sort  of  lantern  or  kiosk  erected  on  the  roof. 

Here  ami  there  among  the  low  roofs  a  lofty  one  with 
round-topped  tlormer  windows  and  a  breezy  Ijelridere 
looking  out  upon  the  plantations  of  cotfee  and  indigo  be- 
yond the  town.       G.  11'.  Cable,  The  Crandissimes,  p.  220. 

2.  In  France,  a  summer-house  on  an  eminence 
in  a  park  or  garden . 

They  liuild  their  palaces  and  belvederes 

With  musical  water  works. 

Wetister,  Devil's  Law-Case,  i.  L 

bel'Vedered  (bel-ve-derd'),  a.  Pro\'ided  \vith  a 
belvedere. 

Gardened  aiul  belredered  villas. 

G.  \y.  Cable,  The  Graudissimes,  p.  U. 


Belvoisia 

Belvoisia  (bel-voi'si-a),  )i.  [NL.,  named  after 
M.  £ea(wo(S,  a  French  scientist.]    A  genus  of 


520 

With  intellects  bemaz'd  in  endless  doubt. 

Cow/iei;  The  Task,  v. 


ben 


llow  can  that  judge  walk 

waN  ? 


l  ight  tliat  is  hemisted  in  his 
Felthaiii,  Kesolves,  ii.  4. 


family  Tachhiiilw,  com 
prising  numerous  gen- 
era, parasitic  on  other 

insects.  They  are  most  dilft- 
cult  to  distin'-;nisli  on  account 
of  tile  iiiiifi'iimty  i.f  tlicir 
somber  colors  ami  the  simi- 
larity of  tlicir  structural 
characters,  'J  lu-  ( mly  species 
of  Behnrisia  in  the  I'nited 
States  is  e-\cei»tinii:]l  by  the 
beauty  of  its  coloratiiin,  tlie  tliird  and  fourtli  abiloiuinal 
joints  being  briglit  mil.k  n  yellow,  w  ith  only  the  hind  bor- 
ders black.  It  has  I'een  described  as  />',  tri/ttfciata  (Fa- 
brieius),  and  is  parasitic  on  the  green-striped  maple-worm, 
Anisota  ruhicunda,  and  allied  species. 

belyet,  v.  t.    An  old  spelling  of  helie^. 
belyvet,  adv.    An  old  spelling  of  belitr'^. 
Belzebub  (bel'ze-bub),  n.    See  Beclzehuh. 
bema  (be'mii),  h. ;  pi.  hcmata  (-ma-tsi).  [Gr 


two--winged  tlies,  of  the  Bembecidas  (bem-bes'i-de),  [NL.,  prop,  bemitered,  bemitred  (be-mi'terd),  a.    [<  6e-i 

" ^(:iiibjcid(v,  <.  Bnnbcx,\tro]i.Bemhix{Ikmhic-)  +    +  miter  + -cd'^^.^   Crowned  with  or  wearing  a 


idiv.']    A  familj'  of  solitary,  aculeate  or  sting-    miter.  Carlijlc. 
bearing   hymenopterous  insects,  resembling  bemoan  (be-'ui6u'), 


Belvoisia  trifasciafa,  natu- 
ral size. 


wasps  or  bees,  and,  along  with  the  Sphajidiii 
and  other  kindred  families,  known  as  iand- 
WClsps.  The  female  excavates  cells  in  the  sand,  in  which 
she  deposits,  together  with  her  eggs,  various  larva;  or  per- 
fect insects  stung  into  insensibility,  as  suppiu  t  for  her 
progeny  when  liatclied.  They  are  Vei  v  active,  fond  of  the 
nectar  of  llowcrs,  inhabitants  of  warm  c(.nntries,  and  de- 
light in  sunshine.  Some  species  emit  an  odor  like  that 
of  roses.  Bembex  is  the  typical  genus.  See  cut  under 
Bembcx.    Also  Beinbindce. 

Bembecinae  (bem-be-si'ne),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Bem- 
bex {Bcmbcc-)  +  -?■»«■.]  A  subfamily  of  digger- 
wasps,  of  the  family  Sphegida;  typified  by  the 


[<  ME.  (with  change 


of  \^wel;  cf.  moan)  bcmcnoi,  himmcn,  <  AB. 
hcnuvtiau,  bemoan,  <  be-  +  mwnan,  moan :  see 
it'-l  and  moan.']  1.  To  lament;  bewail;  ex- 
press sorrow  for:  as,  to  bemoan  the  loss  of  a 
son. —  2.  Reflexively,  to  bewail  one's  lot. 

People  grieve  and  bemoan  thcmsdven,  hut  it  is  not  half 
so  bad  with  them  as  they  say.         Ememon,  Experience. 

3t.  To  pity ;  feel  or  express  sympathy  with  or 
pity  for. 

Bastards,  ...  if  proving  eminent,  are  much  bemoaned, 
because  merely  passive  in  the  blemish  of  their  birth. 

Fuller. 


Ctfe'wi  llZ^'t  i^K  ^T^'""  ^'''^  bemoanable  (be-mo'na-bl),  «.    [<  bemoan  + 

long,  the  head  large,  the  labrum  long,  triangu-  Capable  or  worthy  of  being  lamented. 

Sherwood. 


lar,  and  exserted,  and  the  legs  are  short. 


pfjua,  a  step,  a  stage,  platform,  <  j3an'uv\y/  */3a),  Bembex  (bem'beks),  n.    [NL.,  prop.  Bcmbix,  <  r>^5  ,v,r;',,^..^  „     a^o  ^1,  i 

so.  =E.  come.  a.  V.-]    1.  In  n,  statro    (>.  /^/,,;^,>  (-/^.-z/^,.-.-;    o  1  tit.  „  pemoaner  (be-mo  ner),  w.    One  who  bemoans 


go,  -  E.  come,  q.  v.]  1.  In  Gr.  antiq.,  a  stage 
or  kind  of  pulpit  on  which  speakers  stood  when 
addressing  an  assembly. 

If  a  man  could  be  admitted  as  an  orator,  as  a  regular 
demagogus,  from  the  popular  bema,  or  hustings,  in  that 
case  he  obtained  a  heaiing.  De  Quiticey,  Style,  iv. 

2.  In  the  Gr.  Church,  the  sanctuary  or  chan- 
cel; the  inclosed  space  surrounding  the  altar. 

It  is  the  part  of  an  Oriental  church  furthest  from  the  front 
or  main  entrance,  originally  and  usually  raised  above  the 
level  of  the  nave.  The  holy  table  (the  altar)  stands  in  its 
center,  and  behind  this,  near  or  skirting  the  rear  w  all  of  the 
apse,  is  the  synthroiius,  or  seat  for  the  bishop  and  clergy. 


a  spinning-top,  a  whirl-  fcemock  (be-inok'), 
To  mock  repeatedly 


Gr.  /3f,u/3<f  (i^EfificK-), 
pool,  a  buzzing  insect 
prob.  imitative.]  The 
typical  genus  of  digger- 
wasps  of  the  subfamily 
Bembecinec.  B.  rostrata 
and  the  American  B. 
fasciata  (Fabricius)  are 
examples.  Also  Bembix. 
Bembicidse  (bem-bis'i- 
de),  H.ji);.  Sameasi?em- 
becidoi. 

Bembidiidse  (bem-bi-di'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Bembidiiim  +  -idw.]    A  family  of  adephagous 
beetles,  typified  by  the  genus  Bembidium 
usually  merged  in  Carabidw. 


l^igger-wasp  {Bembex  fasci- 
ata). natural  size. 


t.    [<        +  mock.] 
flout. 

Have  we  not  seen  him  disappointed,  bemocked  of  Des- 
tiny, through  long  years  ? 

Carlyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  p.  111. 

2.  To  cause  to  appear  mock  or  unreal;  excel 
or  surpass,  as  the  genuine  surpasses  th©' 
counterfeit. 

Her  beams  bemocked  the  sultry  main 
Like  April  hoar-frost  spread. 

Coleridge.,  Anc.  JIariner,  iv. 
A  laugh  which  in  the  woodland  rang, 
Bemocking  April's  gladdest  bird. 

Whittier,  Bridal  of  Pennacook,  iii. 

now  bemoilt  (be-moil'),  v.  t.    [<  fte-l  +  moiP-.]  To- 
bedraggle;  bemire ;   soil  or  encumber  with 


.  how  she  was  bemoiled. 
Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  1. 


1876 

Bembridge  beds.   See  6edi. 
bemet,  «•    [ME.,  <  AS.  bemc,  byme,  a  trumpet; 
supposed  to  be  ult.  imitative.    Cf.  boom''-,  bum- 
ble, bomb^,  Bembex,  etc.]    A  trumpet. 

Of  brass  they  broughten  beines. 

Chaucer,  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  1.  577. 
bemet,  v.    [<  ME.  bemen,  <  AS.  bymian,  <  byme, 
a  trumpet:  see  beme,  «.]    I.  intrans.  To  sound 
a  trumpet. 

bemata,  called  respectively  the  prothesu  and  the  didconi-  ,  T°  ^^^"^  trumpet. 

con.    These  regularly  communicate  with  the  bema,  and  Demean^t,  V.         [Early  mod.  K  bemene,  <  ME. 


Bembidium  (bem-bid'i-um),  «.    [NL.,  <  Bem-   mire  and  dirt. 
bex  +  dim.  -idium.']   A  genus  of  minute  preda-      Thou  shouldst  have  heard  . 
tory  earaboid  beetles,  sometimes  forming  the 

type  of  a  family  Bembidiida;  sometimes  placed  bemoisten  (be-moi'sn),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  moisten.']\ 
in  Carabida;.    The  species  are  characterized    To  moisten;  wet. 

by  an  ovate  body  and  large  eyes.  Also  Bern-  bemol  (ba'mol),  n.  [<  F.  bemol,  <  ML.  B  molle, 
bidioH.  soft  B.]    In  music,  B  flat,  a  half  step  below  B- 

Bembix  (bem'biks),  n.  [NL.]  1.  Same  as  natural:  the  general  term  in  French  for  a  flat 
Bembex. —  2.  A  genus  of  gastropods.   Watson,    on  any  note. 


bemonster  (be-mon'ster),  v. 
stcr.]    To  make  monstrous. 


Bema.— Typical  plan  of  Byzantine  Church,  St.  Theodore,  Athens. 
A  D,  bema;  B  £  and  B  E  .  parabemata  [B  E,  prothesis ;  B'  E  , 
diaconicon )  :  C,  altar  ;  D,  apse  :  E.  E  .  secondary  apses  ;  E  E,  icono- 
stasis ;  G,  dome  and  choir  ;  H,  nave  :  /  /  .  antiparabemata  \  J  J  J, 
narthex;  A',  chief  entrance  :  south  porch  ;  yt/,  holy  doors,  or  dwarf 
folding  doors,  with  amphithyra. 

An  architectural  screen  (iconostasis)  with  a  curtain  (ampin- 
thyra)  at  its  doors,  or,  as  was  the  case  especially  in  early 
times,  a  curtain  only,  separates  the  bema  from  the  body 
of  the  church.    On  either  side  of  the  bema  are  the  para- 


t.    [<  &e-i  +  moil- 
[Rare.] 

Thou  changed  and  sdf-cover'd  thing,  for  shame, 
Shak.,  Lear,  : 


2. 

t.  [<  + 
moral  purpose. 


bemenen  (=  OHG.  bimeinan,__MB.G.  bemeinen), 
mean;  <  6e-l  +  meaii^.] 
inform. 

The  croune  of  thorne  that  garte  me  blede, 
Itt  be-menes  my  dignite.  York  Plays,  p.  424 


in  poor  churches  often  have  little  more  than  an  indication 
of  separation  from  it.  Rubrically  they  are  often  counted 
as  part  of  the  bema. 

The  Jewish  type,  which,  if  anywhere,  prevails  in  the 
Eastern  Church,  requires  a  fourfold  division  ;  the  Holy 

of  Holies  answering  to  the  bema,  the  Holy  Place  to  the  i,  o  /■.  -      -   /\  j 

choir,  the  Court  of  the  Jews  to  the  nave,  and  that  of  the  Demean^  (  De-men  ),  V.  t. 
Gentiles  to  the  narthex. 

J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  177. 

3.  A  step ;  a  rough  measure  of  length  employed 
by  the  Greeks  and  Macedonians  when  stadia 
were  paced  off,  and  not  merely  estimated  by 

shouting.  It  was  considered  to  be  2r5  feet,  which  for  this 
purpose  are  practically  identical  with  English  feet.  In  a 
late  form  of  the  Philetsereian  (i.  e.,  Pergamenian)  system 
it  became  as  exact  measure  24  feet ;  but  these  feet  were 
of  the  Babylonian  cubit,  so  tha't  the  bema  was  0.888  meter, 
according  to  Lepsius.  In  the  later  Jewish  system,  the 
bema  appears  as  two  royal  cubits,  or  1.054  meters, 

bemadt  (be-mad'),  v.  t.    [<  &e-l  + 
make  mad. 


The  patriarch  herein  did  bewitch  and  bemad  Godfrey. 

Fuller,  Holy  War,  ii.  5. 


make  mean  ;  debase ; 

one's  self  by  low  associations;  to  bemean  hu 
man  nature.  [Bemean  is  commonly  but  incor- 
rectly used  in  this  sense.    See  demean^.] 

It  is  a  pity  that  men  should  .  .  .  bemean  themselves  by 
defending  themselves  against  charges  of  which  the  grand- 
jury  of  their  own  heart  finds  them  innocent. 

Max  Miillcr,  Biograph,  Essays,  p.  67. 
I  felt  quite  ashamed  that  a  pal  of  mine  should  have 
so  bemeaned  himself  for  a  few  ounces  of  silver. 

J  amen  Payn,  Canon's  'Ward. 

'"'^"'Tn  m  bemercyt  (be-mer'si),  V.  t.  [<  &e-l  -I-  mercy.'] 
mad.]    io    To  treat  witii  mercy. 

bemetet  (be-mef),  v.  t.  [ME.  wanting;  <  AS. 
bemetan,  measyre,  compare,  consider;  <  6e-l  + 
vietc.]    To  measure.    "  ' 


Be-monsler  not  thy  feature. 

bemoralize  (bf-mor'al-iz),  v. 
7)ioralire.]  To  apply  to  a 
EcJcctic  Bcv.  [Rare.] 
bemourn  (be-morn'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  bemornen, 
bcmurnen,  <  AS.  bemiirnan  (=  OS.  bemornian), 
<  be-  +  viurnan,  mourn:  see  &e-i  and  mourn.J 
To  weep  or  mourn  over:  as,  "women  that 
.  .  .  hemourned  him,"  Wiiclif,  Luke  xxiii.  27. 
•  [Rare.] 

To  mean;  signify;  bemuddle  (be-mud'l),  v.  t.    [<  6e-i  -f  muddle.'} 
To  confuse ;  stupefy. 

The  whole  subject  of  the  statistics  of  pauperism  is  in  a 
P ,  ,    ,    ,  2  1   T       hopelessly  iemurfdicrf  condition.     JV.  yl.  iJco.,  CXX.  320. 

liweV;  VX\Lal''l^^^^^''^-'^f'^^'-^   iibe.i  + muffle.] 
wrap  up  as  with  a  muffler. 


To 


Shak.    [Rare.  ] 

bemangle  (be-mang  gl)  v.  t.  [<  6c-i  +  mangle^.]  bemingle  (be-ming'gl),  v.  t.  [<  be-i  +  mingle.] 
To  mangle  ;  tear  asunder,  ^mwrnowt  [Rare.]    To  mingle; 'mix.    Mir.  for  Mags.  [Rare.] 


Beaumont. 

bemartyr  (be-mar'ter),  V.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  martyr.] 
To  put  to  death  as  a  martyr.  Ftdler. 

bemask  (be-mask'),  v.  t.  [<  &e-i  +  mas'k.]  To 
mask;  conceal.  Shelton. 

bemata,  n.    Plural  of  bema. 

bematist  (be'ma-tist),  n.  [<  Gr.  p7;/iaTiaTr/g, 
one  who  measures  by  paces,  <  pT/fiari^eiv,  mea- 
sure by  paces,  <  (ififia{T-),  a  step,  pace.]  .An 
otficial  road-measurer  under  Alexander  the 
Great  and  the  Ptolemies.    See  bema,  3. 

bematter  (be-mat'er),  V.  t.  [<  &e-i  +  matter.] 
To  smear  or  cover  with  matter.  Swift. 

bemaul  (be-mal'),  v.  t.  [<  &e-i  +  maul.]  To 
maul  or  beat  severely.  Sterne. 

bemaze  (be-maz'),  v.  t.  [ME.  bemasen;  <  &e-l 
+  maze.]    To  bewilder.    See  ma^e. 


bemire  (be-mir'),  v.  t.'  [<  6e-l  +  mire.]  1 
To  soil  or  befoul  with  mire,  as  in  passing 
through  muddy  or  miry  places. 
His  clothes  were  somewhat  torn  and  much  bemired. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  149. 

2.  [Chiefly  in  the  passive.]    To  sink  or  stick 
in  the  mire ;  be  or  become  bogged. 
Bemired  and  benighted  in  the  bog. 

Burke,  A  Regicide  Peace. 
Bemired  in  the  deeply  rutted  roads. 

The  Century,  XXV.  377. 
bemirement  (be-mir'ment),  n.    [<  bemire  + 
-ment.]    The  state  of  being  defiled  -with  mud. 
[Rare.] 

bemist  (bf-misf),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  mist.]  To 
cover  or  involve  in  or  as  in  mist. 


Bemuffied  with  the  externals  of  religion. 

Sterne,  Sermons,  xvii. 
bemuse  (be  -muz'),  V.  t.    [<        +  viuse^;  in 
sense  perhaps  affected  by  hemase.    Cf.  amuse.'] 
To  put  into  a  muse  or  reverie ;  confuse  ;  mud- 
dle; stupefy. 

We  almost  despair  of  convincing  a  Cabinet  bemused  with 
the  notion  that  danger  can  only  come  from  France. 

Spectator. 

The  archdeacon  must  have  been  slightly  bemused  when 
he  defined  aristarchy  as  we  have  seen. 

F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  143,  note. 

benl  (ben),  prep,  and  adv.  [<  ME.  ben,  bene, 
var.  of  bin,  binne,  <  AS.  binnan,  within:  see 
biifi.]  In,  into,  or  toward  the  inner  apartment 
of  a  house;  in  or  into  the  parlor.  See  ben^,  n. 
[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

Wi'  kindly  welcome  Jenny  brings  him  beji. 

Burns,  Cottar's  Sat.  Night. 
Ben  the  house,  into  the  inner  apartment,  or  into  the 
apartment  or  dwelling  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  hall  or 
passage. 

That  she  might  run  ben  the  house. 

Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  I.  xxiii. 
To  be  far  ben  with  one,  to  be  on  terms  of  intimacy  or 
familiarity  with  one;  be  in  great  honor  with  one, — To 
bring  far  ben,  to  treat  with  great  respect  and  hospitality, 
ben^  (ben),  n.  [<  ben'^,  adv.]  The  inner  apart- 
ment of  a  house;  the  parlor  or  "room"  of  a 
dwelling  consisting  of  a  but  or  outer  room, 
used  as  a  kitchen,  and  a  ben  or  inner  room, 
used  as  a  parlor  or  chamber,  access  to  the  ben 
being  originally  through  the  but  or  kitchen. 


ben 

Sometimes  from  the  ben  another  apartment,  called  the 
far-ben,  is  reached.  The  terms  but  and  ben  are  now  fre- 
quently applied  to  kitchen  and  parlor  (or  bedroom)  of  a 
two-roomed  dwelling,  even  when  tiiey  are  on  opposite  sides 
of  a  little  liall  or  passage.  Hence,  to  line  but  mid  ben  with 
any  one  is  to  occupy  an  apartment  or  series  of  apartments 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  hall  or  passage  from  that  occu- 
pied liy  him. 

ben^t,  bene^t,  »•  [ME.,  also  lene,  <  AS.  hen,  a 
prayer,  =  Icel.  h(eii,  a  prayer,  parallel  with  hou, 
>  E.  q.  v.]   Ai^rayer;  a  petition. 

ben-'t-    Obsolete  or  dialectal  form  of  bceii^. 

ben*  (ben),  n.  [<  Gael,  and  Ir.  beiitn,  peak,  sum- 
mit, mountain,  =  W.  j;e»,  top,  summit,  head.] 
A  mountain-peak :  a  word  occurring  chiefly  in 
the  names  of  many  of  the  highest  summits  of  the 
moimtain-ranges  which  traverse  Scotland  north 
of  the  friths  of  Clyde  and  Forth :  as,  Ben  Nevis, 
Be7i  Mac-Dhui,  Ben  Lawers,  etc. 

Sweet  was  the  red-blooming  heather 
And  the  river  that  flowed  from  the  Ben. 

Jacobite  So7ig. 

ben^  (ben),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  benn,  <  Ar. 
ban,  the  tree  which  produces  the  ben-nut :  see 
ben-nut.']  The  ben-nut,  properly  the  ben-nut 
tree. 

ben^,  «.    See  behen. 

benamet,  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  benamed,  bencmpt, 
ppr.  henaniing.  [<  ME.  benemnen,  <  AS.  benem- 
nan  {=  G.  beiiennen  =  Sw.  bendmna),  <  6e-l  + 
nemnan,  name:  see  fce-i  and  name,  v.]  1,  To 
name;  denominate. 

He  that  is  so  oft  bynempt.  Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  July. 
And  therefore  he  a  courtier  was  benamed.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

2.  To  promise;  give. 

Much  greater  gyfts  for  guerdon  thou  shalt  gayne, 
Than  Kidde  or  Cosset,  which  I  thee  bynempt. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  November. 

bench  (bench),  n.  [E.  dial,  and  Sc.  also  benk, 
bink,  <  ME.  bench,  benk,  bynk,  <  AS.  bene  (orig. 
*hanki)  =  OS.  bank,  benki  -  D.  bank  =  OHG. 
banch,  MHG.  G.  bajik  =  Icel.  bekkr  =  Sw.  bank 
=  Dan.  bcenk,  a  bench:  see  bank^,  bank^.]  1. 
A  long  seat,  usually  of  board  or  plank,  or  of 
stone,  differing  from  a  stool  in  its  greater 
length. 

He  took  his  place  once  more  on  the  bench  at  the  inn  door. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  64. 

2.  The  seat  where  judges  sit  in  court ;  the  seat 
of  justice. 

To  pluck  down  justice  from  your  awful  bench. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  2. 

Hence — 3.  The  body  of  persons  who  sit  as 
judges ;  the  court :  as,  the  case  is  to  go  before 
the  full  bench. — 4.  A  strong  table  on  which 
carpenters  or  other  mechanics  do  their  work ; 
a  work-bench,  in  this  sense  bench  forms  an  element 
in  a  number  of  compound  words  denoting  tools  used  on 
a  bench,  such  as  bench-drill,  bench-hammer,  bench-plane. 

5.  The  floor  or  ledge  which  supports  muffles 
and  retorts. —  6.  A  platform  or  a  series  of  ele- 
vated stalls  or  boxes  on  which  animals  are 
placed  for  exhibition,  as  at  a  dog-show. 

Excellence  on  the  bench  and  excellence  in  the  field  may 
be  two  utterly  diverse  things. 

Forest  and  Stream,  XXII.  361. 

7.  In  engin.,  a  ledge  left  on  the  edge  of  a  cutting 
in  earthwork  to  strengthen  it. — 8.  In  geol.  and 
mining :  (a)  A  natural  terrace,  marking  the 
outcrop  of  a  harder  seam  or  stratum,  and  thus 
indicating  a  change  in  the  character  of  the  rock. 

On  this  rest  argillaceous,  splendent,  siliceous  talc  schists, 
sometimes  containing  chiastolite ;  and  on  these,  three 
benches  of  conglomerates,  tuffs,  and  argillaceous  schists 
and  lime-stones,  which  he  refers  to  the  Potsdam  sand- 
stones. Science,  III.  729. 

(6)  In  coal-mining,  a  division  of  a  coal-seam 
separated  from  the  remainder  of  the  bed  by  a 
parting  of  shale  or  any  other  kind  of  rock  or 
mineral.  [Pennsylvania.] — 9.  A  small  area 
of  nearly  level  or  gently  sloping  land,  rising 
above  the  adjacent  low  region,  and  forming  a 
part  of  a  teiTace  or  wash,  disunited  from  the 
remainder  by  erosion.  Sometimes,  though  rare- 
ly, used  as  synonymous  with  terrace. 

After  a  few  smooth,  grassy  benches  and  rounded  hills, 
here  come  precipitous  ranges  of  real  mountains,  scarcely 
less  imposing  than  those  of  the  central  mass. 

Science,  VII.  243. 

The  wide  level  benches  that  lay  between  the  foot-hills 
and  the  prairies  .  .  .  were  neglected. 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXIX.  502. 

10.  The  driver's  seat  on  a  coach  Bench  of 

bishops,  or  episcopal  bench,  a  ciillective  designation  of 
the  bishops  who  have  seats  in  the  English  House  of  Lords. — 
Courtof King's orQueen's Bench.  See ooiirt.— Edging- 
and-divldingbench,  a  machine  for  cutting  wooden  blocks 
into  voussoir  shapes,  such  as  are  used  in  making  a  certain 
kind  of  car-wheels.  It  consists  of  a  circular  saw  with  a 
traveling  bed  which  is  moved  by  a  screw,  and  by  means  of 
a  system  of  levers  actuated  by  projecting  and  adjustable 
pins  throws  the  belt  automatically  from  one  to  another  of 
three  pulleys,  causing  the  action  to  be  direct  or  reversed, 


521 

or  to  stop,  as  the  work  requires.— Free  bench.  See  /r^e- 
fccncA..— Front  bench,  in  Britisli  parliamentary  usage,  the 
leaders  of  a  party :  so  called  because  they  occupy  tlie  front 
benches  on  their  respective  sides  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. 

It  is  an  old  and  honourable  practice  that  in  any  changes 
affecting  the  House  itself,  an  understanding  should  be 
come  to  between  tlie  two  /runt  benches. 

Fortnightly  Rev.,  XXXIX.  260. 

Ministerial  benches,  opposition  benches,  in  the  Brit- 

isli  Parliament,  tlic  Ih  hcIrs  occujiicil  rcsiicctively  by  the 
supporters  and  the  opponents  of  tile  administration. 

bench  (bench),  v.    [<  bench,  h.]    I.  trans.  1. 
To  fui-nish  with  benches. —  2t.  To  bank  up. 
'Twas  benched  with  turf.  Vryden. 

3t.  To  seat  on  a  bench ;  place  on  a  seat  of 
honor. 

His  cup-bearer,  whom  I  fi'om  meaner  form 
Have  bench'd,  and  rear  d  to  worship. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  i.  2. 

4.  To  place  on  a  show-bench  for  exhibition,  as 
a  dog. —  5.  In  mining:  (a)  To  undercut,  kirve, 
or  hole  (the  coal).  [Eng.]  (b)  To  wedge  up 
the  bottoms  below  the  holing  when  this  is  done 
in  the  middle  of  the  seam.  [Leicestershire, 
Eng.] 

II.  intrans.  To  sit  on  a  seat  of  justice. 
[Kare.] 

Thou  robed  man  of  justice,  take  thy  place ; 

And  thou,  his  yoke-fellow  of  equity, 

Bench  by  his  side.  Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  6. 

bench-clamp  (bench 'klamp),  «.  A  clamp  at- 
tached to  a  work-bench  for  holding  firm  an 
article  on  which  the  mechanic  is  working. 

bench-drill  (bench'dril),  V.  A  hand-  or  ma- 
chine-drill so  made  that  it  can  be  attached  to 
a  bench. 

bencher  (ben'eher),  n.  [<  bench,  n.,  +  -erl.]  1. 
In  England,  one  of  the  senior  members  of  an 
inn  of  court,  who  have  the  government  of  the 
society.  Benchers  have  been  readers,  and,  being  ad- 
mitted to  plead  within  the  bar,  are  called  inner  barristers. 

These  were  followed  by  a  great  crowd  of  superannuated 
benchers  of  the  inns  of  court,  senior  fellows  of  colleges, 
and  defunct  statesmen. 

Addison,  Trial  of  the  Dead  in  Reason. 

2.  One  who  occupies  an  official  bench  ;  a  judge ; 
sometimes,  specifically,  a  municipal  or  local 
magistrate;  an  alderman  or  justice.  [Rare.] 

You  are  well  understood  to  be  a  perfecter  giber  for  the 
table,  than  a  necessary  bencher  in  tlie  Capitol. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  ii.  1. 

This  coi'poration  [New  'Windsor]  consists  of  a  mayor, 
two  bailiffs,  and  twenty-eight  other  persons,  .  .  .  thirteen 
of  which  are  called  fellows,  and  ten  of  them  aldermen  or 
chief  benchers.  Ashmole,  Berkshire,  iii.  58. 

Each  town  [of  colonial  Virginia]  was  to  be  a  free  bor- 
ough with  markets  and  an  annual  fair.  For  their  gov- 
ernment, whenever  the  number  of  inhabitants  should 
have  become  thirty  families,  they  were,  upon  summons 
from  the  Governor,  to  elect  eight  benchers  of  the  guild 
hall,  who  should  annually  elect  one  of  their  number  di- 
rector. Johns  Hopkins  Hist.  Studies,  3d  ser.,  p.  106. 

3t.  One  who  frequents  the  benches  of  a  tav- 
ern ;  an  idler, 
benchership  (ben'cher-ship),  n.    [<  bencher  + 
-s/ii/j.]    The  ofiice  or  condition  of  a  bencher. 

They  [two  benchers  of  the  Inner  Temple]  were  coevals, 
and  had  nothing  but  that  and  their  benchership  in  com- 
mon. Lamb,  Old  Benchers. 

bench-forge  (bench'forj),  n.  A  small  hearth 
and  blower  adapted  for  use  on  a  workman's 
bench. 

bench-hammer  (bench'ham'er),  n.  A  finish- 
ers' or  blacksmiths'  hammer. 

bench-hook  (bench'hiik),  «.  A  hook  with  pro- 
jecting teeth  used  on  a  carpenter's  bench  to 
keep  the  work  from  moving  sidewise.  It  is  fitted 
in  amortise,  so  that  it  can  be  placed  at  any  required  height. 
It  is  also  made  in  various  clasp-shapes,  and  called  a  bench- 
clamp. 

benching  (ben'ching),  n.   [<  bench  +  -iwr/l.]  1. 

Benches;  seats  generally. —  2.  In  coal-mining, 
one  of  the  many  names  given  to  the  process  of 
getting  the  coal  after  it  has  been  holed.  See 
hole^  and  kirve. 

bench-lathe  (bench'laTH),  n.  A  small  lathe 
which  can  be  mounted  on  a  post  placed  in  a 
socket  in  a  bench. 

bench-level  (bench'lev'''el),  m.  a  level  used  in 
setting  up  a  machine,  to  bring  its  bed  into  an 
exactly  horizontal  position. 

bench-mark  (bench'mark),  n.  [<  bench  + 
mark'^ :  in  reference  to  the  angle-iron  which  in 
taking  a  reading  is  inserted  in  the  horizontal 
cut  so  as  to  form  a  support  or  bench  for  the 
leveling-staff.]  In  surv.,  a  mark  cut  in  stone 
or  some  durable  material  as  a  starting-point  in 
a  line  of  levels  for  the  determination  of  alti- 
tudes over  any  region,  or  one  of  a  number  of 
similar  marks  made  at  siutable  distances  as 
the  survey  advances. 


Bench-table. —  Church  of  Notre  Dame,  ChA- 
lons-sur-Marne.  France. 

A  vise  which  may 


bend  , 

They  [places  of  the  stars]  are  the  reference-points  and 

bciirli-Diarks  of  the  universe.  Science,  IV.  202. 

bench-master  (beneh'mas*ter),  n.  In  England, 
a  governor  of  an  inn  of  court;  an  alderman. 
Jmj).  Dirt. 

bench-plane  (bench'plfm),  n.  Any  form  of  plane 
used  on  flat  surfaces,  as  tlie  block-plane,  the 
compass-piano,  the  jack-plane,  the  jointer,  the 
long  plane,  the  smoothiug-plane,  and  the  try- 
ing-plane. 

bencn-reel  (bench'rel),  n.  A  spinning-wheel 
on  tlie  pirn  or  bobbin  of  which  a  sailmaker 
winds  the  yarn.    Ji.  H.  Knight. 

bench-screw  (beneh'skro),  n.  The  screw  which 
secures  the  vise-jaw  of  a  carpenter's  bench. 

bench-shears  (beneh'sherz),  n.  pi.  Large  hand- 
shears  for  cutting  metal. 

bench-show  (bench'sho),  n.  An  exhibition  of 
animals,  as  of  dogs  or  cats,  which  are  arranged 
on  benches  for  a  comparison  of  their  physical 
merits  according  to  a  fixed  scale  of  points:  in. 
contradistinction  to  a  field-show,  or  field-trial, 
where  awards  are  made  for  performance. 

Bench-shuws  and  field  trials  in  America  .  .  .  have  be- 
come permanent  institutions.    Forest  aiui  Stream,  XXI.  3. 

bench-stop  (bench'stop),  n.  Abcnch-hookmade 
to  be  fastened  down  on  a  piece  of  work,  some- 
times by  means  of  a  screw, 
bench-strip  (bench'strip),  n.  A  strip  of  wood 
or  metal  capable  of  being  fixed  on  a  work- 
bench at  any 


required  dis- 
tance from  the 
edge,  to  assist 
in  steadying 
the  article  or 
material  being 
worked  on. 

bench-table 
(bench'ta'bl), 
n.  A  low  stone 
seat  carried 
around  the  in- 
terior walls  of 
many  medie- 
val churches. 

bench-vise  (bench'vis),  n. 
be  attached  to  a  bench. 

bench-warrant  (bench'wor"ant),  n.  In  law, 
a  warrant  issued  by  a  judge  or  court,  or  by  order 
of  a  judge  or  court,  for  the  apprehension  of  an 
offender:  so  called  in  opposition  to  ^,  Justice's 
warrant,  issued  by  an  ordinary  justice  of  the 
peace  or  police  magistrate.  Modeijand  Whiteley. 

bendl  (bend),  n.  [<  ME.  bend,  <  AS.  bend, 
rarely  Imnd,  fem.  and  masc.  (=  OS.  bendi  = 
OFries.  bende  =  OD.  bende  =  Goth,  bandi),  a 
band,  bond,  fetter ;  cognate  with  *band,  E. 
band'-,  <  bindan  (pret.  band),  bind :  see  band^. 
Bend^  is  practically  identical  with  band'^,  the 
two  being  partly  merged  in  use  with  the  closely 
related  pair  band'^,  hend"^.  In  senses  4-11  bend 
is  modern,  from  the  corresjjonding  verb :  see 
bend^,  f.]  If.  A  band ;  a  bond ;  a  fetter ;  in 
plural,  bands;  bonds;  confinement. —  2t.  A 
band  or  clamp  of  metal  or  other  material  used 
to  strengthen  or  hold  together  a  box  or  frame. 

In  all  that  rowme  was  nothing  to  he  scene 
But  huge  great  yron  chests,  and  coffers  strong, 
AU  bard  with  double  bends. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vii.  30, 

3.  Naut. :  (a)  That  part  of  a  rope  which  is 
fastened  to  another  or  to  an  anchor.  (6)  A 
knot  by  which  a  rope  is  fastened  to  another 
rope  or  to  something  else.  The  different  sorts 
are  distinguished  as  fisherman's  bend,  carrick- 
bend,  etc.  See  cut  under  carrick-hend.  (e)  One 
of  the  small  ropes  used  to  confine  the  clinch  of 
a  cable,  {d)  pi.  The  thick  planks  in  a  ship's 
side  below  the  waterways  or  the  gun-deck  port- 
sills.  More  properly  called  wales.  They  are  reck- 
oned from  the  water  21s,  first,  second,  or  third  bend.  They 
have  the  beams,  knees,  and  foot-hooks  bolted  to  them, 
and  are  the  cliief  strength  of  the  ship's  sides. 

4.  [See  etym.]  The  action  of  bending,  or  state 
of  being  bent  or  curved ;  incurvation ;  flexure : 
as,  to  give  a  bend  to  anything ;  to  have  a  bend 
of  the  back. —  5.  An  inclination  of  the  body;  a 
bow. — 6t.  An  inclination  of  the  eye;  a  turn 
or  glance  of  the  eye. 

And  that  same  eye,  whose  bend  doth  awe  the  world. 
Did  lose  his  lustre.  Shak.,  3.  C,  i.  2. 

7t.  Inclination  of  the  mind ;  disposition ;  bent. 

Farewell,  poor  swain  ;  thou  ai't  not  for  my  bend, 
I  must  have  quicker  souls. 

Fletcher,  Faitliful  Shepherdess,  i.  3. 

8.  A  part  that  is  bent ;  a  cui-ve  or  flexure ;  a 
crook;  a  tm-n  in  a  road  or  river,  etc.:  as,  the 
bend  of  a  bow,  or  of  a  range  of  hills. 


bend 

Just  ahead  of  us  is  a  great  bend  in  the  river,  beyond 
-whicli  the  wind  drops  dca<l  and  the  current  hurls  us  up  un- 
der a  beetling  cjag.     C.  W.  Stodtlani,  Mashallah,  p.  137. 
9.  A  curved  or  elbow-shaped  pipe  used  to 
change  direction,  us  in  a  drain.— 10.  A  spring ; 
a  leap ;  a  bound.    Jamicson.    [Scotch.]  — 11 
A  "puU"  of  liquor.    Jumieson.  [Scotch.] 
Come,  gie's  tlie  other  bend. 
We'll  di-ink  their  health,  whatever  way  it  end. 

Allan  Jiainsatj,  Gentle  Shepherd,  iii.  2. 

12.  In  mining,  indurated  clay,  or  any  indurated 
argillaceous  substance.  _  close-return  bend,  a 

short  U-shaped  tube  joining  the  extremities  of  two 
wTought-iron  pipes.  —  Grecian  bend,  a  mode  of  walking 
with  a  slight  stoop  forward,  at  one  time  jUfected  by  some 
women. 

bendi  (bend),  V.  ■  pret.  and  pp.  hcnt,  rarely  bend- 
ed, ppr.  htiidini).  [<  ME.  benden,  <  AS.  bendan, 
bind,  fetter,  restrain,  bend  a  bow  (=  MHG. 
benden,  fetter,  =  Icel.  benda  =  Sw.  bdnda  =  Dan! 
bande,  hend;  cf.  OF.  bender,  mod.  F.  bander, 
tie,  bind,  bend,  hoodwink,  =  Pr.  benda r  =  Sp! 
Pg.  vender,  bind,  hoodwink.  =  It.  bendare,  hood- 
wink), prop,  fasten  with  a  bend  or  band,  <  bend, 
E.  a  band,  the  noun  being  practically 

identical  with  band'^,  n.  The  nouns  and  verbs 
of  these  groups  (band''-,  bcnd^,  band^,  bend^, 
etc.)  reacted  on  each  other  both  in  Teut.  and 
Eom.,  developing  a  variety  of  senses  which 
have  a  double  reference.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
bring  or  strain  into  a  state  of  tension  by  cur- 
vature, as  a  bow  preparatory  to  launching  an 
arrow. 

What,  are  the  hounds  before  and  all  the  woodmen, 
Our  horses  ready  and  our  bows  bent.i 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Philaster,  iv.  1. 


522 

2.  To  incline;  lean  or  turn;  be  directed:  as, 
the  road  bends  to  the  west. 

To  whom  our  vows  and  wislies  bend.  • 

Milton,  Arcades,  I.  6. 
Our  states  daily 
Bending  to  bad,  our  hopes  to  woi-se. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  i.  1. 


Descend  where  alleys  bend 
Into  the  sparry  hollows  of  the  world. 


3.  To  jut  over ;  overhang. 


Keats. 


4. 


There  is  a  cliff  whose  high  and  bending  head 
Looks  fearfully  in  the  confined  deep. 

Sliak.,  Lear,  iv.  1, 

To  bow  or  be  submissive :  as,  to  bend  to 


fate. 

Most  humbly  therefore  bending  to  your  state. 

Shak.,  Othello,  i.  3. 
Must  we  bend  to  the  artist,  who  considers  us  as  nothing 
uffless  we  are  canvas  or  marble  under  his  hands? 

/.  D' Israeli,  Lit.  Char.  Men  of  Genius,  p.  145. 

£■       ^P^.i^,g;,  ^ound.^  Jawiesort.    [Scotch.]  — 

a     rri.   J...   ,_  ,       ,       ^      .  [Scotch.]— To 


Our  English  archers  bent  tlieir  bowes, 
Their  liarts  were  good  and  trew  ; 

Att  the  first  flight  of  arrowes  sent. 
Full  four-score  Scots  they  slew. 

Percy's  Reliques,  p.  142. 

Hence  —2.  Figuratively,  to  brace  up  or  bring 
into  tension,  like  a  strong  bow :  generally  with 
-up.    [Obsolete  or  archaic] 

Now  set  the  teeth,  and  stretch  the  nostril  wide  ; 
Hold  hard  the  breath,  and  bend  up  every  spirit 
To  his  full  height !  Shale,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  l. 

Her  whole  mind  apparently  bent  up  to  the  solemn  in- 
terview. Scott,  Old  Mortality,  vii. 

3.  To  curve  or  make  crooked ;  deflect  from  a 
normal  condition  of  straightness ;  flex :  as,  to 
bend  a  stick ;  to  bend  the  arm. 

In  duty  bend  thy  knee  tome.      Sliak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1. 
A  kindly  old  man,  .  .  .  somewhat  bent  by  his  legal  eru- 
dition, as  a  shelf  is  by  the  weight  of  the  books  upon  it. 

Longfellow,  Kavanagh,  xvi. 

4.  To  direct  to  a  certain  point :  as,  to  bend  one's 
course,  way,  or  steps;  to  bend  one's  looks  or 
eyes. 

Towards  Coventry  bend  we  our  course. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  8. 
Southwards,  you  may  be  sure,  they  bent  their  flight 
And  harbour'd  in  a  hollow  rock  at  night. 

Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  I.  1747. 
How  sweet  are  looks  that  ladies  bend 
On  whom  their  favors  fall ! 

Tennyson,  Sir  Galahad. 

5.  Figuratively,  to  apply  closely:  said  of  the 
mind. 

It  must  needs  be  they  should  bend  all  their  intentions 
and  services  to  no  other  ends  but  to  his. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  ii. 
To  bend  his  mind  to  any  public  business. 

Sir  W.  Temple. 

6.  To  incline;  determine:  said  of  a  person 
or  of  his  disposition:  as,  to  be  bent  on  mis- 
chief. 

Where  will  inclineth  to  goodnes,  the  mynde  is  bent  to 
'•■oth.  Aschani,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  79. 

One  great  design  on  which  the  king's  whole  soul  was 
Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 
Still  bent  to  make  some  port  he  knows  not  where. 

M.  Arnold,  A  Summer  Night. 

7.  To  cause  to  bow  or  yield;  subdue;  make 
submissive :  as,  to  bend  a  man  to  one's  will. 

Except  she  bend  her  humour. 

Shak.,  CymbeUne,  i.  6. 
Oh  there  are  words  and  looks 
To  bend  the  sternest  purpose ! 

Shelley,  The  Cenci,  v.  4. 

8.  Xaut.,  to  fasten  by  means  of  a  bend  or  knot, 
as  one  rope  to  another,  or  to  an  anchor;  to 

shackle,  as  a  chain-cable  to  an  anchor  Bent 

lever,  trimmer,  graver,  etc.  See  the  nouns.— To  bend 
a  sail  (naat.),  to  make  it  fast  to  its  proper  yard  gaff  or 
stay,  ready  for  setting.— To  bend  the  brOW  or  brows 
to  knit  the  brow;  scowl;  frown. 

II,  intrans.  1.  To  be  or  become  curved  or 
crooked. 

Then  was  I  as  a  tree 
Whose  boughs  did  bend  with  fruit. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iii.  3. 


A  Bend  azure. 


6.  To  drink  hard.  Jamieson. 
bend  to  the  oars,  to  row  vigorously. 
bend2  (bend),  n.  [<  ME.  bend,  bende,  partly 
<  AS.  bend,  a  band  used  as  an  ornament  (a 
sense  of  bend,  E.  bend^) ;  partly  <  OF.  bende, 
mod.  F.  bande  =  Pr.  benda  =  Sp.  Pg.  venda 
and  banda  =  It.  benda,  banda,  <  ML.  benda, 
binda,  <  OHG.  binda,  a  band,  fillet,  tie,  mixed 
with  ML.  (etc.)  banda,  <  OHG.  bend,  etc.:  see 
band^.  Bend'2  is  thus  in  part  historically  iden- 
tical with  6e«di,  but  in  part  with  band'-^.  The 
separation  is  now  merely  formal.]  If.  A  band 
or  strip  used  to  bind  around  anything ;  a  strip, 
whether  as  a  fastening  or  as  an  ornament ;  a 
fillet,  strap,  bandage,  etc. ;  specifically,  a  rib- 
bon or  bandeau  for  the  head,  used  by  ladies  in 
the  fifteenth  century. 

And  on  her  legs  she  painted  buskins  wore. 
Basted  with  bends  of  gold  on  every  side. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  v.  3. 

2.  Aname  in  the  leathertrade  for  a  butt  or  round- 
ed crop  cut  in  two ;  the  half  of  a  hide  of  sole- 
leather  that  was  trimmed  and  divided  before 
tanning.—  3.  In  her.,  one  of  the  nine  ordinaries, 
consisting  of  a  diagonal  band  drawn  from  the 
dexter  chief  to  the  sinister  base :  when  charged, 
it  occupies  a  third  of  the  field ;  when  uncharged, 
a  fifth.   Bearings  are  said  to  be  in 
bend  wlien  they  are  placed  upon  the 
field  obliquely  in  the  direction  of  the 
bend  ;  the  field  is  said  to  be  divided  per 
bend  when  divided  diagonally  in  that 
direction,  usually  by  a  straight  line,  but 
sometimes  a  broken  line,  battled,  un- 
<i6,  or  the  like,  or  by  a  still  more  com- 
plicated mark  of  division.    See  be7id- 
wise.    Also  applied  to  a  row  of  charges 
arranged  in  bend.     In  bend  sinister 
and  per  bend  sinister  are  used  in  a 
similar  way.— Bend  archy,  in  /((■)•.,  a  band  differing  from 
the  bend  iii  that  it  is  curved  toward  the  sinister  chief. 
Also  called  bend  enarched  or  bowed.— ^eud.  archv  cor- 
Onetty  on  the  top,  in  her.,  a  bend  archy  havin'c  the 
points  or  ornaments  of  a  crown  on  the  ujiper  side.  This 
^  the  well-known  bearing  of  Saxony,  which  occurs  in  some 
English  royal  arms,  notably  in  those  of  the  present  Prince 
of     ale.?.— Bend  arrondi,  in  her.,  a  bend  having  one  or 
both  sides  broken  into  concave  curves.     See  gored  — 
Bend  COttised,  in  her.,  a  bend  having  on  each  side  a 
cottise,  separated  from  the  bend  by  its  own  width  A 
bend  may  be  double  cottised  or  treble  cottised ;  that  is 
It  may  have  two  or  three  cottises  on  each  side.  —  Bend 
Simster,  in  }uir.    Same  as  bend,  3,  except  that  it  is  drawn 
from  the  sinister  chief  to  the  de.xter  base 

bend^t  (bend),  n.  [<  late  ME.  bende,  < 
bende,  var.  of  batide,  a  band :  see  band^.l 
obsolete  form  of  band^. 

A  fayre  flocke  of  faeries,  and  a  fresh  bend 
Of  lovely  Nymphs.         Spenser,  Shep.  Cat 
The  Duke  of  Gloucester  .  .  .  and  other  Lords,  the  chief 
of  his  berul.  Speed,  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.,  IX.  xviii.  15. 

bendable  (ben'da-bl),  a.     [<  bend^  +  -able.'] 

Capable  of  being  bent ;  flexible.  Sherwood. 
bende  (bend),  ?i.    [Origin  unknown.]  A  variety 
of  the  abelmoschus,  used  in  cookery.  McElrath 
bendelt,  n.    [ME.,  <  OF.  bendel,  bandel,  dim. 
of  bende,  bande,  a  band;  doublet  of  bandel, 
bandeau.']    1.  A  little  band  or  fillet.— 2.  In 
her.,  a  little  bend, 
bender  (ben'der),  n.     1.  One  who  or  that 
which  bends.— 2.  A  sixpence.    [Eng.  slane.] 
—  3.  A  leg.    [U.S.  slang.]  ^ 

The  prospectus  [of  a  new  fashionable  boardinf-schooll 
has  been  sent  to  our  house.  One  of  the  regulations  is 
"  \oung  ladies  are  not  allowed  to  cross  their  benders  iii 
school ! "  Longfellow,  Kavanagh,  xii. 

4.  A  spree;  a  frolic.    [U.  S.  slang.]  — 5.  [Cf. 
bend^,  n.,  11.]    A  hard  drinker.  [Scotch.] 
Now  lend  your  lungs,  ye  benders  fine, 
Wha  ken  the  benefit  of  wine. 

Allan  Ramsay,  Poems,  III.  162  (1848). 

Bendigo  ware.   See  pottery. 


A  Bend  between  two 
Bendlets  gules. 


OF. 

An 


,  May. 


beneath 

bendingl  (ben'ding),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bendi, 
r.J  The  act  of  causing  to  bend,  or  the  state 
of  being  bent  or  deflected;  a  deflection. 

If  matter  that  will  not  yield  at  each  bend  is  deposited 
while  the  bendings  are  continually  taking  place,  the  bend- 
ings  will  maintain  certain  places  of  discontinuity  in  the 
'"^P"^"-  fJ-  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  257. 

bendingSf,  w.  [<  bend^,  -t-  -ing.]  Decoration 
(ot  clothes)  with  stripes  or  horizontal  bands. 
Chaucer. 

bending-machine  (ben'ding-ma-shen"),  w.  An 
apparatus  for  bending  to  shape  timber,  rails, 
iron  beams  for  ships,  plates  for  boilers,  etc. 
bending-strake  (ben'drng-strak),  n.  In  ship- 
building, one  of  two  strakes  wrought  near  the 
deck-coverings,  worked  all  fore  and  aft.  They 
are  about  an  inch  or  an  inch  and  a  half  thicker  than  the 
remainder  of  the  deck,  but  are  lowered  between  the  beams 
and  ledges  to  make  the  upper  side  even  with  the  rest 
Iheir  use  is  to  make  a  more  complete  tie  between  the 
deck-fr.mie  and  deck-plank, 
bend-leather  (bend'leTH"6r),  n.  [<  bend^  + 
leather.']  The  strongest  kind  of  sole-leather 
for  shoes.    See  bend^,  2. 

bendlet  (bend'let),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bendelet,  appar.  <  bendel  +  -et ;  but  cf.  OF. 

bendelette,  dim.  of  bende,  band! 
Doublet  bandlet.]    1.  In  her., 
a  bearing  of  the  nature  of  the 
bend,  but  half  as  wide.  Also 
called  garter.— 2.  A  name  of 
the  common  British  sea-ane- 
mone, Actinia  mesembryanthe- 
mum — Bendlet  sinister,  in  her.,  a 
bendlet  drawn  from  the  sinister  chief 
to  the  dexter  base, 
bendsome  (bend 'sum),  a.    [<  6e«dl  +  -some. 
Cf.  buxom.]    Flexible;  pliable.  [Rare.] 
bend-ways  (bend'waz),  adv.   Same  as  bendwise. 
bendwise  (bend'wiz),  adv.    [<  6e«ri2  -|-  mse^.] 
In  her.,  lying  in  the  direction  of  the  bend : 
said  of  any  bearing:  as,  a  sword 
bendivise. 
bend-witht,  «.    [ME.  bemvyt-tre 
(later  var.  benewith  tre — Prompt. 
Parv.) ;  perhaps  <  bend^  +  with^ 
(cf.  bindwith) ;  but  cf.  Sw.  ben- 
ved,  dogberry-tree,   Icel.  bein- 
Vidhr,  beinvidhi,  ebony  (lit.  bone- 
wood);  also  Icel.  beinvidhir,  a 
willow  {Salix  arbuscula),  lit.  bone-withy.]  An 
old  name  of  a  shrub  not  identified.    Its  twigs 
were  used  to  tie  up  fagots, 
bendy  (ben'di),  a.    [<  OF.  bende,  F.  bande,  pp. 
of  bander,  cross  with  bands:  see  bend'^.]  In 
her.,  divided  into  four  or  more  diagonal  parts 
in  the  direction  of  the  bend :  said  of  the  field. 
This  word  is  used,  no  matter  how  great  the  number  of 
the  divisions,  as  bendlety  and  cottisy,  which  would  be  the 
regular  forms,  are  awkward  in  use.— Bendy  barry  in 
her.    See  barry  bendy,  under  6ai-fi/2.— Bendy  paly  in 
her.,  divided  by  lines  bendwise  and  palewise,  and  there- 
fore divided  into  lozenges. 

bendy-tree  (ben'di-tre),  n.    The  Thespesia  po- 
pulnea,  an  ornamental  tree  of  rapid  growth, 
often  planted  in  gardens  and  avenues  in  India 
beneH,       See  ben^. 
bene^t,  a.    See  bein. 
bene^,  n.    See  benne. 

bene-.  [L.  bene-,  sometimes  beni-,  combining 
form  of  bene,  adv.,  well,  <  bonus,  good:  see 
boon^,  bonus.]  An  element  of  some  words  of 
Latin  origin,  meaning  well,  good,  as  in  bene- 
diction, benefit,  benevolence,  etc.:  opposed  to 
male-,  ?nal-. 

beneaped  (bf-nepf),  a.  [<  6e-i  4-  neap  +  -ed^.] 
Naut.,  same  as  neaped. 
beneath  (be-neth'),  adv.  and  prep.  [<  ME.  be- 
nethe,  binethe,  binethen,  adv.  and  prep.,  <  AS. 
beneothan,  binithan,  prep.  (=  OFries.  binetha  = 
D.  beneden  =  LG.  benedden  =  G.  benieden),  <  be, 
by,  +  neothan,  nithan,  neothane  (=  OS.  nithana 
=  OHG.  nidana,  MHG.  nidene,  niden,  G.  nieden), 
below,  orig.,  like  nithe,  below,  from  compar. 
nither,  nether:  see  nether.  Hence  by  apheresis 
neath,  'neath.]  I.  adv.  1.  In  a  lower  place, 
position,  or  state,  literally  or  figuratively. 
Thou  Shalt  be  above  ynly,  and  thou  shalt  not  be  beneath. 

Deut.  xxviii.  13. 

Every  brain 
That  looks  so  many  fathoms  to  the  sea, 
And  hears  it  roar  beneath.        Sliak.,  Hamlet,  i.  4. 

The  general's  disdain'd 
By  him  one  step  below;  he,  by  the  next; 
That  next,  by  him  beneath.     Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  3. 

2.  Below,  as  opposed  to  on  high,  or  in  heaven 
or  other  superior  region. 

Thou  Shalt  not  make  .  .  .  any  likeness  of  anything  that 
is  in  heaven  above,  or  that  is  in  the  earth  beneath. 

Ex.  xz.  i. 


A  Sword  Bendwise. 


beneath 


523 


benefic 


II.  prep.  1.  Below;  under:  with,  reference 
to  what  is  overhead  or  towers  aloft :  as,  beneath 
the  same  roof. 

For  all  beneath  the  moon 
Would  I  not  leap  upright.  Slialc,  Lear,  iv.  6. 

As  I  lay  beneath  the  woodland  tree. 

Whittier,  Mogg  Megone. 
They  sat 

Beneath  a  world-old  yew-tree,  darkening  half 

The  cloisters.  Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 

2.  Underneath,  whether  in  immediate  contact 
with  the  under  side  of,  or  further  down  than ; 
lower  in  place  than :  as,  to  place  a  cushion  be- 
neath one;  beneath  one's  teet;  beneath  the  snv- 
face:  sometimes  with  verbs  of  motion:  as, 
he  sank  beneath  the  wave. 

As  he  was  raising  his  arm  to  malve  a  blow,  an  arrow 
pierced  him,  just  beneath  the  shoulder,  at  the  open  part 
of  the  corselet.  Irviny,  Granada,  p.  C'J. 

3.  Under  the  weight  or  pressure  of;  under  the 
action  or  influence  of :  as,  to  sink  beneath  a 
burden. 

Our  countiy  sinks  beneath  the  yoke. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 
It  is  my  fate 
To  bear  and  bow  beneath  a  thousand  griefs. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iii.  1. 
Wherever  lights  appeared,  the  flashing  scimetar  was  at 
its  deadly  work,  and  all  who  attempted  resistance  fell 
beneath  its  edge.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  21. 

4.  Lower  than,  in  rank,  dignity,  degree,  or  ex- 
cellence; below:  as,  brutes  are  beneath  man; 
man  is  beneath  the  angels. 

Maintain 

Thy  father's  soul :  thou  hast  no  blood  to  mix 

With  any  beneath  prince.    Shirley,  Bird  in  a  Cage,  i.  1. 

Beyond  the  limits  of  a  vulgar  fate. 

Beneath  the  Good  how  far  —  but  far  above  the  Great. 

Gray,  Prog,  of  Poetry,  iii.  3. 

6.  Unworthy  of;  unbecoming;  not  equal  to; 
below  the  level  of :  as,  beneath  contempt. 

He  will  do  nothing  that  is  beneath  his  high  station. 

Atterbury. 

He  had  never  sullied  himself  with  business,  but  had 
chosen  to  starve  like  a  man  of  honour,  than  do  anything 
beneath  his  quality.  Addison,  Trial  of  Punctilios. 

Beneath  the  saltt,  in  a  subordinate  or  inferior  position. 

My  proud  lady 
Admits  him  to  her  table  ;  marry,  ever 
Beneath  the  salt,  and  there  he  sits  the  subject 
Of  her  contempt  and  scorn. 

Massinger,  The  City  Madam,  i.  1. 

=Syil.  Under,  etc.    See  below. 

beneatht  (be-neth'),  a.  Lower. 

This  beneath  world.  Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  i.  1. 

Benedic  (ben'e-dik),  n.  [LL.,  prop.  2d  pers. 
sing.  pres.  impv.  of  benedicere,  bless :  see  bene- 
dict.'] 1.  The  canticle  beginning  in  Latin 
"Benedic,  anima mea," and  in  English  "Praise 
the  Lord,  O  my  soul,"  from  Psalm  ciii.  in  the 

.  American  Prayer-Book  it  is  an  alternative  of  the  Deus 
■misereatur  (as  ordered  in  1886,  either  of  the  Nutic  dimit- 
tis  or  betis  misereatur)  at  Evening  Prayer. 

2.  A  musical  setting  of  this  canticle. 
Benedicite  (ben-e-dis'i-te),  n.  [LL.,  prop.  2d 
pers.  pi.  pres.  impv.  of  benedicere,  bless:  see 
benedict.']  1.  The  canticle  or  hymn  beginning 
in  Latin  ' '  Benedicite  omnia  opera  Domini,"  and 
in  English  ' '  O  all  ye  works  of  the  Lord,  bless  ye 
the  Lord,"  taken  from  "  The  Song  of  the  Three 
Holy  Children  "  forming  part  of  the  Apocrypha 

in  the  English  Bible,  it  is  essentially  an  e.xpansion 
of  Psalm  cxlviii.,  and  lias  been  used  from  a  very  early 
period  in  the  Christian  church.  In  the  Anglican  service 
it  is  used  as  an  alternate  to  the  Te  Deum. 

2.  A  musical  setting  of  this  canticle. —  3. 
[L  c]  An  invocation  of  a  blessing,  especially  a 
blessing  before  a  repast,  as  said  in  religious 
communities,  etc.,  answering  to  the  grace  or 
thanksgiving  after  it. —  4t.  L-'^  common  use  in 
ME.,  where  the  word  was  often  contracted  ben- 
dicite,  benstc.]  Used  interjectionally :  (a)  Bless 
you!  expressing  a  wish.  (5)  Bless  us!  blessme! 
expressing  surprise. 

benedick  (ben'e-dik),  n.    See  benedict. 

benedict  (ben'f-dikt),  a.  and  n.  [In  ME.  bene- 
diyht,  <  LL.  bened'ictus,  blessed  (in  ML.  often  as 
a  proper  name  Benedictus,  whence  in  E.  Bene- 
dict, Benedick,  and  (through  F.)  Bennet,  Ben- 
nett; cf.  also  benet^,  bennet^),  pp.  of  benedicere, 
bless,  use  words  of  good  omen,  in  class.  L.  al- 
ways as  two  words,  bene  dicere :  bene,  well ; 
dicere,  say,  speak.]  I.f  a.  Blessed ;  benign ; 
salutary;  especially,  in  med.,  having  mild  and 
salubrious  qualities :  as,  "medicines  that  are 
benedict,"  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  19. 

II.  M.  [In  allusion  to  Benedick,  one  of  the 
characters  in  Shakspere's  play  of  "Much  Ado 
about  Nothing  " ;  esp.  to  the  phrase,  "  Benedick, 
the  maiTied  man"  (i.  1.).  Benedick  is  an  easy 
form  of  Benedict.]    A  sportive  name  for  a 


newly  married  man,  especially  one  who  has 
been  long  a  bachelor,  or  who  has  been  in  the 
habit  of  ridiculing  mamage. 

Having  abandoned  all  his  old  misogyny,  and  his  pro- 
fessions of  single  independence,  ('(elelis  has  become  a 
benedick.  G.  J'.  Jt.  JanicK,  Henry  Masterton. 

Benedictine  (ben-e-dik'tin),  ft.  and  n.    [<  ML. 

Benedictittus,  <  Beiiedictu.s  :  see  benedict.]  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  St.  Benedict,  or  to  the  order  of 
monks  or  the  monastic  rule  originating  from 
him. 

II.  n.  1.  A  member  of  an  order  of  monks 
founded  at  Monte  Cassino,  between  Rome  and 
Naples,  by  St.  Benedict  of  Nursia,  about  A.  D. 
530.  The  rules  of  the  order  (which  was  open  to  persons 
of  all  age.s,  conditions,  and  callings)  enjoined  silence  ami 
some  useful  employment  when  not  engaged  in  divine  .ser- 
vice. Every  monastery  had  a  library,  every  monk  a  i>en 
and  tablets,  and  study  and  the  copying  of  manuscripts 
were  encouraged.  The  monasteries  became  centers  of 
learning  and  the  liberal  arts,  and  the  name  of  the  order 
synonymous  with  scholarship  and  erudition.  The  order 
was  introduced  into  England  about  A.  D.  (JOO,  by  St.  Au- 
gustine of  Canterbury.  The  oldest  establishment  in  the 
United  States  is  that  of  St.  Vincent's  .\bl)ey  in  Westmore- 
land county,  Pennsylvania,  founded  by  a  colony  of  monks 
from  Bavaria  in  1846.  There  are  also  ditt'erent  congrega- 
tions of  nuns  known  as  Benedictines,  and  following  the 
rule  of  St.  Benedict ;  they  date  from  the  same  time,  owing 
their  foundation  to  his  sister,  St.  Scholastica. 

2.  A  cordial  or  liqueur,  resembling  chartreuse, 
distilled  at  Fecamp  in  Normandy,  it  was  ori- 
ginally prepared  by  the  Benedictine  monks,  but  since  the 
French  revolution  has  been  made  by  a  secular  company, 
benediction  (ben-f-dik'shon),  n.  [<  LL.  bene- 
dictio{n-),  blessing,  <  benedicere,  bless,  use  words 
of  good  omen :  see  benedict.  Benison  is  a  shorter 
form  of  the  same  word.]  1.  The  act  of  speak- 
ing well  to  or  of;  blessing. — 2.  (a)  An  invo- 
cation of  divine  blessing,  either  by  a  private 
individual  or  a  church  official;  specifically,  in 
the  Christian  church  generally,  the  form  of 
blessing  pronounced  by  the  person  officiating, 
at  the  close  of  divine  service  and  on  several 
other  occasions,  as  marriages,  the  visitation  of 
the  sick,  etc. 

The  benedictions  of  the  good  Franciscans  accompanied 
us  as  we  rode  away  from  the  convent. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  103. 

The  benediction  ...  is  given  in  a  different  manner  by 
the  Oriental  Church  from  that  used  by  the  Latins.  The 
Priest  joins  his  thumb  and  tliird  finger,  and  erects  and 
joins  the  other  three :  and  is  thus  supposed  to  symbolise 
the  procession  of  the  Holy  Ghost  from  the  Father  alone ; 
and,  according  to  others,  to  form  the  sacred  letters  I  H  C 
by  the  position  of  his  fingers. 

J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  352,  note. 
When  the  benediction  is  pronounced  officially  by  a  priest 
or  clergyman,  he  usually  stands  with  hands  uplifted,  and 
the  congregation  receive  it  with  bowed  heads.  Illustra- 
tions of  ancient  benedictions  are  afforded  by  Gen.  xxiv.  60 
(a  nuptial  blessing) ;  Gen.  xxvii.  27-29  (a  death-bed  bless- 
ing); Num.  vi.  24-27  (a  priestly  blessing).  The  apostolic 
benedictioyi  is  that  proceeding  from  the  pope,  and  is  either 
given  personally,  as  at  Rome,  or  by  delegation  in  other 
parts  of  the  world.  See  blessing.  (J)  The  rite  of  in- 
stituting an  abbot  or  an  abbess,  and  of  receiving 
the  profession  of  a  nun  or  of  a  religious  knight. 

The  action  of  the  archbishops  was  excluded,  and  the 
abbots  elect  sought  confirmation,  if  not  benediction  also, 
at  Rome.  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  710. 

(c)  An  additional  ceremony  performed  by  a 
priest  after  the  regular  celebration  of  matri- 
mony: caAled  the  nuptial  benediction,  (d)  The 
ceremony  by  which  things  are  set  aside  for 
sacred  uses,  as  a  church  or  vestments,  bells, 
etc.,  or  things  for  ordinary  use  are  hallowed, 
as  houses,  etc. —  3.  The  advantage  conferred 
by  blessing  or  the  invocation  of  blessings. 

Prosperity  is  the  blessing  of  the  Old  Testament ;  adver- 
sity is  the  blessing  of  tlie  New,  whicli  carrieil  the  greater 
benediction,  and  the  clearer  i-evelation  of  God's  favour. 

Bacon,  Of  Adversity. 

Over  and  above  this  [sense  for  light  and  shade]  we  have 
received  yet  one  more  gift,  something  not  quite  necessary, 
a  benediction,  as  it  were,  in  our  sense  fur  and  enjoyment 
of  colour.  0.  iV.  Mood,  Modern  C'luomatics,  p.  304. 

Benediction  of  the  Blessed  Sacrament,  one  of  the 

more  connuon  religious  services  of  the  Pumian  Catholic 
Church,  in  which,  after  the  solenm  exjjosition,  incensing, 
and  adoration  of  the  eucharist,  which  is  inclosed  in  a 
monstrance  and  placed  under  a  canopy  on  the  altar,  the 
officiating  priest,  taking  the  monstrance  in  his  hands, 
makes  the  sign  of  tlie  cross  with  it  in  blessing  over  the 
kneeling  faithful.— The  apostolic  benediction,  a  bene- 
diction in  the  words  of  2  Cor.  xiii.  14. 

benedictional,  benedictionale  (ben-e-dik'- 

shon-al,  ben-e-dik-sho-na'le),  n.  [<  ML.  bene- 
dictioiialis  (sc.  liber,  book),<  LL.  benedictio{n-): 
see  benediction .']  In  the  Boni.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  book 
containing  a  collection  of  benedictions  or  bless- 
ings used  in  its  religious  services. 

Psalters,  books  of  Gospels,  Benedictionals,  Canons,  and 
other  treatises  relating  to  the  discipline  and  ceremonial 
of  the  Church.  Edinburgh  Rev.,  CLXIII.  53. 

The  Sarnm,  like  the  Anglo-Saxon  Benedictional,  con- 
tained the  forms  for  blessing  the  people,  by  the  bishop,  at 
high  mass.         Bock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  ii.  213. 


benedictionary(bcn-(i-dik'shon-a-ri),  n.  [< 

ML.  as  if  '  l)(  IK  dictionarium,<.  LL.  henndictio{n-) : 
see  bencdicdiin.]  A  collection  of  benedictions 
or  blessings ;  a  benedictional. 

The  benedict ionary  of  Bishop  Atlielwood.         Bp.  Still. 

benedicti'Ve  (ben-e-dik'tiv),  fl.  [<  LL.  bene- 
d'ictus (see  benedict)  +  -ivc.]  Tending  to  bless; 
giving  a  blessing. 

His  paternal  prayers  and  lienedictive  comprecations. 

Bp.  Gaudni,  .Mem.  of  Bp.  Brownrigg,  p.  201. 

benedictory  (ben-o-dik'to-ri),  a.  [<  LL.  as 
if  *bcnedictorius,  <.  benedictm :  see  benedict.] 
Blessing;  expressing  a  benediction  or  wishes 
for  good:  as,  "a  benedictory  prayer,"  Thack- 
eray. 

Benedictus  (ben-e-dik'tus),  w.  [LL.,  blessed: 
see  benedict.]  1.'  The  short  canticle  or  hymn, 
also  distinctively  called  the  Benedictus  qui  ve- 
nit,  beginning  in  Latin  "Benedictus  qui  venit 
in  nomine  Domini,"  and  in  English  "Blessed 
is  He  that  cometh  in  the  name  of  the  Lord," 
preceded  and  followed  by  "Hosanna  in  Excel- 
sis,"  that  is,  "Hosanna  in  the  highest,"  which 
is  usually  appended  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
mass  to  the  Sanctus,  from  Psalm  exviii.  26, 

Luke  xix.  38,  etc.  The  Benedictus  qui  venit  was  re- 
tained in  the  Prayer-Book  of  1549,  and  is  sung  in  some 
Anglican  churches  at  choral  or  solemn  celebrations  of  the 
holy  comnmnion,  just  before  the  prayer  of  consecration. 
2.  A  musical  setting  of  this  canticle,  forming 
a  separate  movement  in  a  mass. — 3.  The  can- 
ticle or  hymn  beginning  in  Latin  "Benedictus 
Dominus  Deus  Israel,"  and  in  English  "Blessed 
be  the  Lord  God  of  Israel";  the  song  of  Zach- 

arias,  Luke  i.  68-71.  in  the  English  Prayer-Book  it 
is  the  canticle  following  the  second  lesson  with  the  Jubi- 
late as  its  alternate.  In  the  American  Prayer-Book  only 
the  first  four  verses  are  given ;  alterations  made  in  1886 
direct  the  use  of  the  whole  canticle  on  Sundays  in  Advent, 
but  pernut  the  omission  at  other  times  of  the  portion  fol- 
lowing the  fourth  verse. 

4.  A  musical  setting  of  this  canticle, 
benedightt  (ben'f-dit),  a.    [ME.  benedyght,  ben- 
edight,  <  LL.  benedictus :  see  benedict.]  Blessed. 

And  soul  more  white 
Never  through  martyrdom  of  fire  was  led 
To  its  repose  ;  nor  can  in  books  be  read 
The  legend  of  a  life  more  benedight. 

Longfellow,  The  Cross  of  Snow. 

bene  discessit  (be'ne  di-ses'it).  [L.,  he  has  de- 
parted honorably.]  In  English  universities, 
a  permission  by  tlie  master  and  fellows  of  a 
college  to  a  student  to  leave  that  college  and 
enter  another. 

Mr.  Pope,  being  about  to  remove  from  Trinity  to  Em- 
manuel by  bene  discessit,  was  desirous  of  taking  my  rooms. 

Alma  Mater,  i.  167. 

bene  exeat  (be'ne  ek'sf-at).  [L.,  let  him  depart 
honorably.]  A  certificate  of  good  character 
given  by  a  bishop  to  one  of  his  clergy  removing 
to  another  diocese :  as,  he  brought  a  bene  exeat 
from  his  last  bishop. 

benefaction  (ben-e-fak'shon),  n.  [<  LL.  bene- 
factio{n-),  <  bene/actus,  pp.  of  benefacere,  in 
class.  L.  always  wi-itten  as  two  words,  be7ie 
facere,  do  good  to,  benefit :  bene,  well ;  facere, 
do.  Cf.  benefit.]  1.  The  act  of  conferring  a 
benefit;  a  doing  of  good;  beneficence. 

Worshipping  God  and  the  Lan>b  in  the  temple :  God,  for 
his  benefaction  in  creating  all  things,  and  the  Lamb,  for 
his  benefaction  in  redeeming  us  witli  his  blood.  Xewton. 

2.  A  benefit  conferred;  especially,  a  charitable 
donation. 

A  man  of  true  generosity  will  study  in  what  manner  to 
render  his  benefaction  most  advantageous. 

Melmoth,  tr.  of  Pliny,  vii.  18. 

=  Syn.  1.  Kindness.— 2.  Gift,  contribution,  alms,  charity, 
benefactor  (ben-e-fak'tor),  n.  [<  LL.  benefactor, 
<  benefacere,  do  good  to:  see  benefaction.]  1. 
Literally,  a  well-doer;  one  who  does  good. 
[Rare.] 

Benefactors  ?  Well ;  what  benefactors  are  {hey  ?  are  they 
not  malefactors'?  Shak.,  .\1.  for  M.,  ii.  1. 

2.  One  who  confers  a  benefit ;  a  kindly  helper: 
as,  "  the  great  benefactor  of  mankind,"  Milton, 
P.  R.,  iii.  82. 

He  is  the  true  benefactor  and  alone  worthy  of  Honor 
who  brings  comfort  where  before  was  wTetchedness,  who 
dries  the  tear  of  sorrow. 

Sumner,  True  Grandeur  of  Nations. 

3.  One  who  makes  a  benefaction  to  or  endows 
a  charitable  or  other  institution ;  one  who 
makes  a  bequest. 

benefactress  (beu-e-fak'tres),  n.    [<  benefactor 

+  -ess.]    A  female  benefactor, 
benefic  (bf-uef 'ik),  a.  and  n.    [Formerly  bene- 

fiquc  ;  <  L.  beneficus,  <  bene,  well,  +  facere,  do.] 

I.  a.  1.  Beneficent.  [Rare.] 


benefic 

He  being  equally  neeic  to  his  whole  Creation  of  Man- 
kiiul,  and  of  frcr  \nn\  vv  to  tuiii  his  henefick  and  fatlierly 
regard  to  what  llL';ifm  or  Ivingdonie  he  pleases,  hath  yet 
ever  had  tliis  Hand  luuler  the  speeiall  indulgent  eye  of 
liis  providence.  Milton,  Dei.  of  Umnb.  Remonst. 

2.  In  astroL,  of  good  or  favorable  influence. 

The  kind  and  truly  beneftijue  Eucolos. 

11.  JoH.K>n,  Cynthia's  Eevels,  v.  3. 

II.  n.  In  as^roZ.,  a  favorable  planet;  Jupiter 
or  Vemis. 

benefice  (ben'e-fis),  n.  [<  ME.  hcnefice,  henc- 
Jise,  <  OF.  benefice,  P.  benefice,  <  LL.  bcneficium, 
estate  granted,  L.  bcneficium,  a  favor,  kind- 
ness, <  benefictis,  kind,  liberal:  see  benefic.']  1. 
In  feudal  law,  originally,  a  fee  or  an  estate  in 
lands  granted  for  life  only,  and  held  ex  mero 
beneficio  (on  tlie  mere  good  pleasiu-e)  of  the 
donor.  Such  estates  afterward  becoming  hereditary, 
the  Mord  fewl  was  used  for  grants  to  individuals,  aiid 
benefice  lieoanie  restricted  to  church  livings. 

The  Beneticium,  or  Benefice,  an  assignment  of  land  by  a 
conquering  Teutonic  king  as  the  reward  or  price  of  mili- 
tary service,  is  allowed  on  all  sides  to  have  had  much  to 
do  with  this  great  change  [from  allodial  to  feudal]  in  the 
legal  point  of  view.  Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  345. 

The  kings  gave  their  leading  chiefs  portions  of  con- 
quered land  or  of  the  royal  domains,  under  the  name  of 
benefices.  Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  286. 

2.  An  ecclesiastical  living;  a  church  office 
endowed  with  a  revenue  for  its  proper  fulfil- 
ment; the  revenue  itself.  The  following  terms 
of  canon  law  are  frequently  found  associated  with  this 
word,  which  is  of  liistorical  importance  :  A  benefice  in- 
volving no  other  obligation  than  service  in  the  public 
offices  of  the  church  is  simple ;  if  the  cure  of  souls  is  at- 
tached to  it,  double ;  if  with  a  certain  rank  attached,  rfi'</- 
nitary  or  major;  the  two  former  without  rank,  minor. 
Thus,  a  chantry  wai  a  simple  benefice;  a  prebend  gives 
the  right  to  only  a  part  of  the  income  of  a  canonry  at- 
tached to  a  collegiate  or  cathedral  church  ;  while  the  bene- 
fice is  perpetual  and  has  a  charge,  though  there  are  some 
(called  wanuat.  from  their  being  in  the  hands  of  the  one 
conferring  them)  revocable.  The  benefice  is  said  to  be  regu- 
lar if  belli  by  one  qualified  to  fulfil  the  duties  of  tlie  office ; 
secular  if  held  by  a  laymair;  and  in  cummendntii  when 
in  tlie  cliarge  of  one  connnended  by  the  proper  authori- 
ties until  one  duly  qualified  to  fulfil"  its  duties  is  appoint- 
ed. In  the  last-named  case  the  discharge  of  the  ottice  is 
provided  for  at  the  expense  of  the  holder.  (See  abbi.)  A 
benefice  is  received  by  election,  for  example,  liy  a  chapter, 
or  from  a  patron,  who  is  properly  said  to  present  to  it, 
or  is  conferred  by  the  proper  ecclesiastical  superior ;  these 
nominations,  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Clmrch,  regularly 
need  confirmation  from  the  pope.  His  action  may  cause 
a  benefice  to  be  reserved  or  affected  (which  see);  or  the 
collation  is  made  alternative,  that  is,  to  the  pope  and 
regular  patron  or  superior,  according  to  the  months  in 
which  the  benefice  falls  vacant,  by  definite  system. 
Ful  thredbare  was  his  overeste  courtepy, 
For  he  hadde  geten  him  yet  no  benefice. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  '291. 

The  estates  of  a  bishop  or  abbot  came  now  to  be  looked 
on  as  a  fief,  a  benefice,  held  personally  of  the  King. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Norm.  Conq.,  V.  87. 

One  priest,  being  little  learned,  would  hold  ten  or 
twelve  benefices,  and  reside  on  none. 

}i.  W.  Dixun,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  i. 

3t.  Benefit. 

Verely,  this  thyng  by  the  benefice  of  philosophie  was 
roted  in  hym,  that  he  stode  in  dredeof  no  man  liuying. 

U dull,  tr.  of  Erasmus's  Apophthegmes,  p.  70. 
B^ndflce  de  discussion,  in  French  law,  the  legal  right 
of  a  debtor  who  is  secondarily  liable  to  demand  that  the 
creditor  should  be  required  first  to  reach  and  compel 
application  of  the  property  of  the  principal  debtor  before 
discussing  his  property, 
beneficed  (ben'e-fist),  a.  [<  benefice  +  -eeP.'] 
Possessed  of  a  benefice  or  church  preferment. 

All  manner  persons  of  holy  chui'ch  .  .  .  beneficed  in  the 
realm  of  France.  Hall,  Hen.  V.,  an.  8. 

My  Father  sent  me  thither  to  one  Mr.  George  Bradshaw 
(nomen  invisum  1  yet  the  son  of  an  excellent  father,  bene- 
ficed in  Surrey).  Evelyn,  Diary,  May  10,  1C37. 

Beneficed  men,  Instead  of  residing,  were  found  lying  at 
the  Court  in  lords'  houses ;  they  took  all  from  their  parish- 
ioners, and  did  nothing  for  them. 

R.  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  i. 
beneficeless  (ben'e-fis-les),  a.     [<  benefice  + 
-leas.']    Having  no 'benefice:   as,  "beneficeless 
precisians,"  Sheldon,  Miracles,  p.  190. 
beneficence  (be-nef'i-sens),  n.    [<  L.  beneficen- 
tia,<  *beneficen(t-)s, 'bene&cent:  see  beneficent.'] 

1.  The  practice  of  doing  good;  active  good- 
ness, kindness,  or  charity. 

To  spread  abundance  in  the  land,  he  [Stuy  vesant]  obliged 
the  bakers  to  give  thirteen  loaves  to  the  dozen  —  a  golden 
rule  which  remains  a  monument  of  his  beneficence. 

Irviny,  Knickerbocker,  p.  403. 
True  beneficence  is  that  which  helps  a  man  to  do  the 
work  which  he  is  most  fitted  for,  not  that  which  keeps  and 
encourages  him  in  idleness. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  II.  202. 

2.  A  benefaction ;  a  beneficent  act  or  gift. 

=Syn.  Benevolence,  Beneficence,  Bounty,  Liberality, 
Generosity,  Munificence,  Charity.  Benevolence,  literally 
well-wishing,  is  expressive  of  tlie  disposition  to  do  good ; 
hence  it  easily  came  to  be  applied  to  charitable  gifts. 
Beneficence,  literally  well-doing,  is  the  outcome  and  visi- 
ble  expression  of  benevolence.  It  is  a  strong  though 
general  word  for  active  and  abundant  helpfulness  to  those 


524 

who  are  in  need.  Benevolence  may  exist  without  the 
means  or  opportunity  for  beneficence,  but  beneficence  al- 
ways presupposes  benevolence.  Bountii  is  expressive  of 
kind  feeling,  but  more  expressive  of'  abundant  giving. 
Liberality  is  giving  which  is  large  in  proiioitinn  to  the 
means  of  the  giver.  Generosity  adds  to  tlie  nolicm  of 
liberality  that  of  largeness  or  nobleness  of  spirit  in  con- 
nection with  the  gift.  Munificence  is  giving  on  a  hum 
scale,  not  restricting  itself  to  necessary  thiim's,  hut  uiving 
lavishly;  it  is  the  ojie  of  these  words  most  likely' to  be 
applied  to  ostentatious  or  self-seeking  liberality,  but  not 
necessarily  so.  Charity,  while  having  the  best  original 
meaning,  has  come  to  he  a  general  word  ;  as  to  gifts,  it  is 
what  is  bestowed  upon  the  jioor  or  needy,  but  not  always 
with  warm  or  kindly  feelings  ;  as,  official  charity. 

With  a  bow  to  Hepzibah,  and  a  degree  of  paternal  benev- 
olence in  his  parting  nod  to  Phreb'e,  the  Judge  left  the 
shop,  and  went  smiling  along  the  street. 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  ix. 
Few  men  have  used  the  influence  of  a  grand  seigneur 
with  such  enlightened  beneficence,  with  such  lasting  re- 
sults on  human  culture  and  civilization,  with  such  genu- 
ine simplicity  and  cordial  loyalty  [as  M.cconas]. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XV.  195. 
Deserted  at  Iiis  utmost  need 
By  those  his  former  bounty  fed. 

Dryden,  Alexander's  Feast,  st.  4. 
Over  and  beside 
Signior  Baptista's  liberality, 
I'll  raend  it  with  a  largess.' 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  i.  2. 
"With  disinterested  generosity,  [Byron]  resolved  to  de- 
vote his  fortune,  his  pen,  and  his  sword  to  the  [Greek] 
cause.  Godwin's  Bioy.  Cyc. 

Such  were  his  temperance  anil  moderation,  such  the 
excellence  of  his  breeding,  the  purity  of  his  life,  his  lib- 
erality and  munificence,  and  such  the  sweetness  of  his 
demeanor,  that  no  one  thing  seemed  wanting  in  him 
which  belongs  to  a  true  and  perfect  prince. 

Quoted  by  Prescott,  in  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  2. 

Charity  finds  an  extended  scope  for  action  only  where 
there  exists  a  large  class  of  men  at  once  independent  and 
impoverished.  Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  78. 

beneficency  (be-nef 'i-sen-si),  n.  The  quality  of 

being  beneficent, 
beneficent  (be-nef'i-sent),  a.  [<  L.  *benefi- 
ccn{t-)s,  compar.  benefi'centior,  assumed  from  the 
noun  bencficentia,  but  the  L.  adj.  is  beneficus  : 
see  benefic  and  beneficence.]  Doing  or  eft'eeting 
good ;  performing  acts  of  kindness  and  charity ; 
marked  by  or  resulting  from  good  will. 

The  beneficent  truths  of  Christianity.  Prescott. 

She  longed  for  work  which  would  be  directly  beneficent, 
like  the  sunshine  and  the  rain. 

George  Eliot,  Middleniarch,  II.  55. 
The  worship  of  the  beneficent  powers  of  nature  so  per- 
vades Teutonic  and  Scandinavian  religion,  that  it  may 
almost  be  said  to  constitute  that  religion. 

Faiths  of  the  World,  p.  232. 
=Syn.  Beneficent,  Beneficial,  boinitiful,  bounteous,  liberal, 
munificent,  generous,  kind.  Beneficent  always  implies  a 
kind  and  worthy  pin  pose  back  of  that  to  which  the  adjec- 
tive applies  ;  beneficial  does  not. 

Power  of  any  kind  readily  appears  in  the  manners ;  and 
beneficent  power  .  .  .  gives  a  majesty  which  cannot  be 
concealed  or  resisted.  Emerson,  Eng.  Traits,  p.  187. 

That  such  a  beech  can  with  his  very  bulk 
Take  up  the  rays  o'  the  beneficial  sun. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  1. 
Iodide  of  potassium  has  been  tried  in  large  doses  [in 
chyluria],  and  in  some  cases  appears  to  have"  been  bene- 
ficial.  Quain,  Med.  Diet.,  p.  253. 

beneficential  (be-nef-i-sen'shal),  a.    [<  L.  bc- 
neficentia  (see  beneficence)  +  -al.]    Of  or  per- 
taining to  beneficence;  concerned  with  what 
is  most  beneficial  to  mankind.    N.  E.  D. 
beneficently  (be-nef'i-sent-li),  adv.    In  a  be- 
neficent manner, 
beneficia,  n.    Plural  of  bcneficium. 
beneficial  (ben-e-fish'al),  a.  and  n.    [<  LL. 
beneficialis,  <  L.  'beneficium,  a  benefit :  see  bene- 
fice.]  I.  a.  1.  Contributing  to  a  valuable  end; 
conferring  benefit;  advantageous;  profitable; 
useful ;  helpful. 

The  war  which  would  have  been  most  beneficial  to  us. 

Swift. 

That  which  is  beneficial  to  the  community  as  a  whole,  it 
will  become  the  private  interest  of  some  part  of  the  com- 
munity to  accomplish.   //.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  443. 

2.  Having  or  conferring  the  right  to  the  use  or 
benefit,  as  of  property;  pertaining  or  entitled 
to  the  usufruct :  as,  a  beneficial  owner  (which 
see,  below) ;  a  beneficial  interest  in  an  estate. — 
3t.  Pertaining  to  or  having  a  benefice ;  bene- 
ficed. 

An  engagement  was  tendered  to  all  civil  officers  and 
beneficial  clergy.  Hallam. 

4t.  Kind;  generous:  as,  a  "  beneficial  toe,"  B. 
•Tonson — Beneficial  owner,  one  who,  though  not  hav- 
ing apparent  legal  title,  is  in  equity  entitled  to  enjoy  the 
advantage  of  ownership.  =Syn.  1.  Beneficent,  Beneficial 
(see  beneficent),  good,  salutary. 
Il.t  n.  A  benefice ;  a  church  living. 

For  that  the  gi'ound-worke  is,  and  end  of  all, 
How  to  obtaine  a  Beneficiall. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  486. 


benefit 

[A  license  for  tlie  sake  of  the  rhyme,  benefice 
being  also  used  several  times  in  the  same  pas- 
sage of  tlic  poem.] 
beneficially  (beu-e-fish'al-i),  adv.  If.  Liber- 
ally; bountifidly;  with  open  hand.  Cotffrave. 
—  2.  In  a  beneficial  manner;  advantageously; 
profitably;  helpfully, 
beneficialness  (ben-e-fish'al-nes),  )(.  [<  bene- 
ficial +  -ncss.]  If.  B'eneficenee.— 2.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  beneficial;  usefulness;  profitable- 
ness. 

Usefulness  and  beneficialness. 

Sir  M.  Hale,  Grig,  of  M.inkind,  p.  5. 
For  the  eternal  and  inevitable  law  in  this  matter  is,  that 
the  beneficialness  of  the  inequality  depends,  first,  on  the 
methods  by  which  it  was  accomplished. 

liusMn,  Unto  this  Last,  ii. 
beneficiary  (ben-e-fish'i-a-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
bcncficiarius,  <  beneficium  ':  see  benefice]  I.  «.  1. 
Arising  from  feudal  tenure;  feudatory;  hold- 
ing under  a  feudal  or  other  superior;  subor- 
dinate: as,  "beneficiary  services,"  Spelman, 
Feuds  and  Tenures,  xxv. ;  "a  feudatory  or 
beneficiary  king,"  Bacon. —  2.  Connected  with 
the  receipt  of  benefits,  profits,  or  advantages ; 
freely  bestowed:  as,  beneficiary  gifts  or  privi- 
leges. 

There  is  no  reason  whatever  to  suppose  that  Beneficiary 
grants  and  Commendation  arose  suddenly  in  the  world  at 
the  disruption  of  the  Roman  Empire. 

Maine,  Early  Hist  of  lusts.,  p.  158. 

II.  n. ;  pi.  beneficiaries  (ben-e-fish'i-a-riz). 

1.  One  who  holds  a  benefice. 

The  beneficiary  is  obliged  to  serve  the  parish  church  in 
his  own  proper  person.  Ayliffe,  Parergon,  p.  112. 

2.  In  feudal  law,  a  feudatory  or  vassal. —  3. 
One  who  is  in  the  receipt  of  benefits,  profits, 
or  advantages ;  one  who  receives  something  as 

a  free  gift.  Specifically  —  (a)  In  American  colleges,  a 
student  supported  from  a  fund  or  by  a  religious  or  edu- 
cational society,  (b)  One  in  receipt  of  the  profits  arising 
from  an  estate  held  in  trust;  one  for  whose  benefit  a  trust 
exists. 

The  fathers  and  the  children,  the  benefactors  and  the 
beneficiar;/,  shall  .  .  .  bind  each  other  in  the  eternal  in- 
closures  and  circlings  of  immortality. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works,  II.  xiii. 

beneficiate  (ben-e-fish'i-at),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

benificidtvd,  ppr.  beneficiating.  [<  NL.  *bene- 
ficiutun,  pp.  of  bencficiare,  after  Sp.  beneficiar, 
benefit,  improve,  cultivate  the  ground,  work 
and  improve  mines,  <  L.  beneficium  (>  Sp.  bene- 
ficio), benefit,  improvement  (in  Sp.  of  ground, 
mines,  etc.).]  1.  To  work  and  improve,  as  a 
mine;  turn  to  good  account;  utilize.— 2.  To 
reduce  (ores);  treat  metallurgically.  Also 
called  benefit.  [Little  used  except  by  writers 
on  Mexican  mining  and  metallurgy.] 

There  are  a  great  number  of  mines  located  and  owned 
by  natives,  some  of  whom  have  arrastras,  and  others  not 
even  those,  to  beneficiate  their  minerals  extracted. 

Quoted  in  Hamilton's  iMex.  Handbook,  p.  230. 

beneficiation  (ben-e-fish-i-a'shon),  n.    [<  bene- 
ficiate +  -ion.]   The  reduction  or  metallurgical 
treatment  of  the  metalliferous  ores, 
beneficience,  beneficient.  Erroneous  forms  of 

beneficence,  beneficent. 
beneficioust  (ben-e-fish'us),  a.  [<  L.  beneficium, 
benefit  (see  benefice),  +  -ous.']  Beneficent, 
beneficium  (ben-e-fish'i-um),  n. ;  pi.  beneficia 
(-a).  [<  LL.,  L. :  see  benefice.]  1.  A  right  or 
privilege :  a  term  more  especially  of  the  civil 
law:  as,  beneficium  abstinendi,  that  is,  right  of 
abstaining,  the  power  of  an  heir  to  abstain  from 
accepting  the  inheritance. — 2.  In  feudal  law,  a 
benefice. 

The  beneficium  originated  partly  in  gifts  of  land  made 
by  the  kings  out  of  their  own  estates  to  their  own  kins- 
men and  servants,  with  a  special  undertaking  to  be  faith- 
ful ;  partly  in  the  surrender  by  landowners  of  their  es- 
tates to  churches  or  powerful  men,  to  be  received  back 
again  and  held  by  them  as  tenants  torrent  or  service.  By 
the  latter  .arrangement  the  weaker  man  obtained  the  pro- 
tection of  the  stronger,  and  he  who  felt  himself  insecure 
placed  his  title  under  the  defence  of  the  church. 

Stiibbs,  Const.  Hist.,  I.  275. 

benefit  (ben'e-fit),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  6m- 
fit,  benyfit,  etc.  (also  benefact,  after  L.) ;  <  ME. 
benefet,  benfcet,  benfet,  benfait,  benfeyte,  etc.,  < 
AF.  benfet,  bienfet,  OF.  bievfait,  F.  Inenfait  = 
It.  benefatto,  <  LL.  benefactum,  a  kindness, 
benefit,  neut.  of  benefactus,  pp.  of  benefacere,  do 
good  to:  see  benefaction.  The  same  terminal 
element  occurs  in  counterfeit,  forfeit,  and  sur- 
feit.]   If.  A  thing  well  done ;  a  good  deed. — 

2.  An  act  of  kindness ;  a  favor  conferred ;  good 
done  to  a  person. 

Bless  the  Lord,  O  my  soul,  and  forget  not  all  his  benefits. 

Ps.  ciii.  2. 

3.  Advantage ;  profit ;  concretely,  anything 
that  is  for  the  good  or  advantage  of  a  person 


benefit 

or  thing ;  a  particular  kind  of  good  receivable 
or  received. 
Men  have  no  right  to  what  is  not  for  their  benefit. 

Burke. 

The  benefits  of  affection  are  immense. 

Emerson,  Society  and  Solitude. 

Certain  benefits  arise  [to  herbivorous  animals]  from  liv- 
ing together.  '  H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  503. 

4t.  Bestowal,  as  of  property,  oflQee,  etc.,  out  of 
good  Trill,  grace,  or  favor;  liberality;  gene- 
rosity. 

Either  accept  the  title  thou  usurp'st, 

Of  benefit  proceeding  from  our  king, 

And  not  of  any  challenge  of  desert, 

Or  we  will  plague  thee  with  incessant  wars. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  4. 

6.  A  performance  at  a  theater  or  other  place 
of  public  entertainment,  the  proceeds  of  which 
go  to  one  or  more  of  the  actors,  some  indigent 
or  deserving  person,  some  charitable  institu- 
tion, or  the  like.  In  Great  Britain  also  called 
a  hespeal-. — 6.  A  natural  advantage;  endow- 
ment; accomplishment.  [Bare.] 

Look  you  lisp  and  wear  strange  suits ;  disable  [under- 
value] all  the  benefits  of  your  own  country. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iv.  1. 
Wlien  these  so  noble  benefits  shall  prove 
Not  well  dispos'd,  the  mind  growing  once  corrupt. 
They  turn  to  vicious  forms.      S/iak.,  Hen.  VIIL,  i.  2. 

Benefit  of  clergy,  in  law.  See  c/eri?;/.— Benefit  of  dis- 
cussion. See  rf(sc!<s^!0)!.— Benefit  of  inventory.  See 

inventory. — Benefit  play,  a  play  acted  for  some  one's 
benefit  or  advantage. — Benefit  society,  a  friendly  so- 
ciety. See  friendly. — Benefit  ticket,  a  winning  ticket 
at  a  lottery. — By  the  benefit  oft,  by  the  kindness  or 
favor  of;  by  the  help  of.  =  Syn.  2  and  3.  Advantage, 
Benefit,  etc.  (see  advantage),  service,  gain,  good,  avail,  use. 

benefit  (ben'e-fit),  V.    [<  benefit,  n.]    I.  trans. 

1.  To  do  good  to;  be  of  service  to;  advantage: 
as,  exercise  benefits  health;  trade  benefits  a  na- 
tion. 

What  course  I  mean  to  hold 
Shall  nothing  benefit  your  knowledge. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 

2.  Same  as  beneficiate,  2. 

These  ores  [silvei']  on  account  of  the  scarcity  of  water 
cannot  be  benefited  in  Catorce. 

U.  S.  Cons.  Rep.,  No.  Ixvii.  (1886),  p.  519. 

II.  intrans.  To  gain  advantage;  make  im- 
provement: as,  he  has  benefited  by  good  ad- 
vice. 

To  tell  you  what  I  have  benefited  herein. 

Milton,  Education. 

Each,  therefore,  benefits  egoistically  by  such  altruism 
as  aids  in  raising  the  average  intelligence. 

H.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  78. 

benegrOf  (be-ue'gro),  v.  t.    [<  6e-i  +  negro.'] 

1.  To  render  dark;  blacken. 

The  sun  shall  be  benegroed  in  darkness. 

Hewyt,  Sermons,  p.  79. 

2.  To  people  with  negroes.    Sir  T.  Browne. 
benemptt.    Obsolete  preterit  and  past  partici- 
ple of  bename. 

beneplacitt, «.  and  n.  [<  LL.  beneplacitus,  pleas- 
ing, acceptable,  pp.  of  beneplacere,  please,  < 
bene,  well,  +  placere,  please:  ^ee please.]  I.  a. 
Well  pleased ;  satisfied. 

God's  Beneplacite  wil,  commonly  stiled  his  wil  of  good 
pleasure,  ...  is  that  whereby  he  decrees,  effects  or  per- 
mits al  events  &  effects.    Gale,  'Works,  III.  18.  (iV.  E.  D.) 

II.  n.  [<  LL.  beneplacitum,  good  pleasure, 
vdll,  decree,  neut.  of  beneplacitus,  pleasing,  ac- 
ceptable :  see  I.  Cf.  placitum,  pleasure,  what  is 
decreed,  neut.  otplacitus,  pp.  otplacere,  please.] 
Good  pleasiu-e  ;  will ;  choice.    Sir  T.  Broiune. 

bene  placitO  (ba'ne  pla'che-to).  [It. :  bene,  < 
L.  bene  (see  bene-) ;  placito,  <  L.  placitum :  see 
beneplacit.]    In  music,  at  pleasiu'e. 

beneplacituret,  «•  \_<beneplacit  + -ure.]  Same 
as  benepjlacit. 

Hath  he  by  his  holy  penmen  told  us,  that  either  of  the 
other  ways  was  more  suitable  to  his  beneplaciture  1 

Glanville,  Preexistence  of  Souls,  iv. 

benetif'  (be-nef  ),  v.  t.  [<  &e-i  +  ?ie«i.]  To 
catch  in  a  net ;  insnare. 

Being  thus  benetted  round  with  villains. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

benet^t  (ben'et),  n.  [<  ME.  benet,<  OF.  beneif, 
mod.  F.  beni,  <  LL.  benedictus,  blessed:  see 
benedict.]  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  an  exorcist, 
the  third  of  the  four  lesser  orders. 

bene'VOlence  (be-nev'o-lens),  n.  [<  ME.  boiev- 
olence,  beiiivolence,  <  OF.  benivolence  (vernacu- 
larly bienvoillance,  bienvouillance,  mod.  F.  bien- 
veillance),  <  L.  henevolentia,  <  benevolen{t-)s,, 
vrell-'wishing :  seQ  benevolent.]  1.  The  disposi- 
tion to  do  good ;  the  love  of  mankind,  accom- 
panied with,  a  desire  to  promote  their  happi- 
ness ;  good  vrill ;  kindness ;  charitableness. 


525 

The  man  whom  benevolence  warms 
Is  an  angel  who  lives  but  to  bless. 

Bloomfield,  Banks  of  Wye. 
Of  another  saint  it  is  recorded  that  his  benevolence  was 
such  that  he  was  never  known  to  be  hard  or  inhuman  to 
any  one  except  liis  relations.  Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  144. 

2.  An  act  of  kindness;  good  done;  charity 
given. 

The  Com-tier  needes  must  recompenced  bee 
With  a  Benevolence. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  516. 
That  which  we  distribute  to  the  poor,  St.  Paul  calleth  a 
blessing  or  a  benevolence. 

Outred,  tr.  of  Cope  on  Proverbs,  fol.  151  b. 

3.  In  England,  an  arbitrary  contribution  or  tax 
illegally  exacted  in  the  guise  of  a  gratuity  to 
the  sovereign,  from  the  time  of  Edward  IV., 
and  forbidden  by  act  of  Parliament  under  Wil- 
liam and  Mary :  sometimes  used  of  similar  ex- 
actioas  elsewhere. 

The  same  year  [1473|  Edward  began  to  collect  the  con- 
tributions which  were  so  long  and  painfully  familiar  un- 
der the  inappropriate  name  of  Benevolences :  a  method  of 
extortion  worse  than  even  the  forced  loans  and  black 
charters  of  Richard  II.  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  682. 

Love  of  benevolence,  in  New  England  theol.,  that  af- 
fection or  propensity  of  the  heart  to  any  being  which 
causes  it  to  incline  to  its  well-being,  or  disposes  it  to 
desire  and  take  pleasure  in  its  happiness :  distinguished 
from  the  luve  of  complacency,  or  the  disposition  to  take  de- 
light in  a  person  for  his  moral  excellence.  =  Syn.  1.  Boun- 
ty, Charity,  etc.  (see  beneficence),  benignity,  humanity. 

benevolencyt  (be-nev'o-len-si),  n.  The  quality 

of  being  benevolent;  benevolence, 
benevolent  (be-nev'o-lent),  a.  [<  late  ME. 
benevolent,  benijrolcnt,  <  OF.  benivolent,  <  L.  be- 
nevolen{t-)s  (usually  benevolus),  well-wishing,  < 
bene,  well,  +  volens,  ppr.  of  velle,  wish,  =  E. 
xvill.]  1.  Having  or  manifesting  a  desire  to 
do  good ;  possessing  or  characterized  by  love 
toward  mankind,  and  a  desire  to  promote  their 
prosperity  and  happiness ;  kind :  as,  a  benevo- 
lent disposition  or  action. 

Beloved  old  man  !  benevolent  as  wise. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  iii.  456. 
The  benevolent  affections  are  independent  springs  of  ac- 
tion equally  with  the  self-regarding  affections. 

Fowler,  Shaftesbury  and  Hutcheson,  p.  77. 

2.  Intended  for  the  conferring  of  benefits,  as 
distinguished  from  the  making  of  profit :  as,  a 
benevolent  enterprise;  a  benevolent  institution. 
=  Syn.  Kind-hearted,  humane,  charitable,  generous. 

benevolently  (be-nev'o-lent-li),  adv.  In  a 
benevolent  manner ;  -with  good 'will ;  kindly. 

benevolentness  (be-nev'o-lent-nes),  n.  Benev- 
olence. [Kare.] 

benevoloust  (be-nev'o-lus),  a.  [<  L.  benevolus, 
well-wishing:  iee  benevolent.]  Kind;  benevo- 
lent. 

A  benevolous  inclination  is  implanted  into  the  very  frame 
and  temper  of  our  church's  constitution. 

T.  Puller,  Mod.  of  Church  of  Eng.,  p.  509. 

beng  (beng),  n.    Same  as  bhang. 

bengal  (ben-gal'),  n.  [From  the  province  of 
Bengal,  Hind,  and  Beng.  Bangdl:  said  to  be 
named  from  a  city  called  Bdngdld;  in  Skt., 
Banga.]  1.  A  thin  stuff  made  of  silk  and  hair, 
used  for  women's  apparel:  formerly  made  in 
Bengal. — 2.  An  imitation  of  striped  muslin. 
Also  called  Bengal  stripe. 

Bengalee,  «.  and  n.    See  Bengali. 

Bengalese  (ben-ga-les'  or  -lez'),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Bengal  +  -e.se.]  1'.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Ben- 
gal, a  province  of  British  India,  and  also  a  lieu- 
tenant-governorship comprising  several  other 
pro'vinces. 

II.  11.  sing,  and  pi.  A  native  or  natives  of 
Bengal ;  a  Bengali  or  the  Bengalis. 
Bengal  grass,  light,  quince,  root,  etc.  See  the 
nouns. 

Bengali,  Bengalee  (ben-ga'le  or  -ga'le),  a.  and 
n.  [<  Hind,  and  Beng.  Bangali.]  I.  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  Bengal,  its  inhabitants,  or  their 
language ;  Bengalese. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Ben- 
gal ;  a  Bengalese. 

The  wretched  Bengalis  fled  in  shoals  across  the  Ganges. 

J.  T.  Wheeler,  Short  Hist.  India,  p.  267. 

2.  The  language  of  the  Bengalis. 

benic  (ben'ik),  «.  [<  ben^  -t-  -ic]  Obtained 
from  oil  of  ben:  as,  benic  acid. 

Beni  Carlos  (ba'ni  kar'los),  n.  [Formerly  beni- 
carlo,  benecarlo,  <  Benicarlo,  a  seaport  in  the 
pro-vince  of  Castellon,  Spain.]  A  red  wine  of 
dark  color  and  considerable  strength,  made  on 
the  shores  of  the  MediteiTanean,  in  eastern 
Spain.  Much  of  it  is  exported  to  France,  where 
it  is  mixed  with  lighter  wine  for  table  use. 

benight  (be-nif),  V.  t.  [<  6e-l  -t-  night.]  1. 
To  overtake  with  night.  [Rare  in  this  sense, 
except  in  the  past  participle.] 


benignity- 

.Some  virgin,  sure,  .  .  . 
Benighted  in  these  woods.     Milton,  Conius,  1.  150. 

2.  To  involve  in  darkness,  as  with  the  shades 
of  night ;    shroud   in  gloom ;    overshadow ; 
eclipse ;  figuratively,  to  involve  in  moral  dark- 
ness or  ignorance. 
And  let  ourselves  benight  our  happiest  (\fiy. 

bonne.  The  Expiration. 
Her  visage  was  benighted  with  a  talfeta  inask,  to  fray 
away  the  naughty  wimi  from  her  face. 

Middleton,  Father  Hubbard's  Tales. 
But  oh  !  alas  !  what  sudden  cloud  is  spread 
About  this  glorious  king's  eclipsed  head? 
It  all  his  fame  benights.  Cowley,  Davideis,  ii. 

Shall  we  to  men  benighted 
The  lamp  of  life  deny'? 

Bp.  Ileber,  Missionary  Hymn, 
benighten  (be-ni'tn),  v.  t.    [<  benight  +  -e«i, 

a.itQv  enlighten,  Qic]  To  benight.  [Rare.] 
benighter  (be-ni'ter),  «.  [<  benight  +  -erl.] 
(Jne  who  benights  or  keeps  others  in  darkness, 
benightment  (be-nit'ment),  n.  [<  benight  + 
-ineiit.]  The  state  or  condition  of  being  be- 
nighted. 

benign  (be-nin'),  a.  [<  ME.  benigne,  <  OF.  he- 
nigne,  benin,  F.  beniu  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  henigno,  <  L. 
benignus,  kind,  <  benus,  old  form  of  bonus,  good, 
+  -genus,  born,  <  gignere,  OL.  genere,  beget :  see 
-genou.s,et(;.  Ct.  malign.]  1.  Of  a  kind  disposi- 
tion; gracious;  kind;  benignant;  favorable. 

Thou  hast  fultill'd 
Thy  words.  Creator  Ijounteous  and  benign, 
Giver  of  all  things  fair  !       Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  492. 

2.  Proceeding  from  or  expressive  of  gentle- 
ness, kindness,  ^>r  benignity. 

To  whom  thus  Michael,  with  regard  benign. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  334. 
■What  did  the  benign  lips  seem  to  say? 

Hawthorne,  Great  Stone  Face. 

3.  Favorable;  propitious:  as,  ftexiV/n  planets. 

Godlike  exercise 
Of  influence  benign  on  planets  pale. 

Keats,  Hyperion,  1. 

4.  Genial;  mild;  salubrious:  applied  to  weather, 
etc. —  5.  Mild;  not  severe;  not  violent;  not  ma- 
lignant: used  especially  in  medicine:  as,  a  be- 
nign medicine;  a  benign  disease.  =S3m.  Gracious, 
etc.    See  benignant. 

benignancy  (be-nig'nan-si),  n.  [<  benignant: 
see  -ancy.]    Benignant  quality  or  manner. 

benignant  (be-nig'naut),  a.  [In  sense  like 
benign;  in  form  <  LL.  benignan(t-)s,  ppr.  of 
benignari,  rejoice,  ML.  benignare,  appease,  <  L. 
benignus,  benign,  kind:  see  benign.  Cf.  malig- 
nant, malign.]  1.  Kind;  gracious;  favorable: 
as,  a  benignant  sovereign. 

And  thank  benignant  nature  most  for  thee. 

Lowell,  Cathedral. 

2.  Exerting  a  good,  kindly,  or  softening  influ- 
ence ;  salutary;  beneficial:  as,  the  benignant 
influences  of  Christianity  on  the  mind. — 3.  In 
med.,  not  malignant;  not  dangerous:  said  of 

diseases.  =  Syn.  1.  Benignant,  Gracious,  Benign,  Kind, 
Good-natured.  Benignant  and  gracious  are  generally  ap- 
plied to  superiors,  and  imply  especially  a  certain  manner 
of  kindness  or  favor.  Benignant  is  more  tender  or  gentle ; 
gracious  is  more  civil  or  condescending ;  both  are  winning. 
Benign  has  largely  given  up  to  benignant  the  associations 
with  activity  or  manner,  and  is  applied  especially  to  looks 
and  influences:  as,  a  benign  smile.  Kind  often  implies 
some  superiority  of  circumstances  on  the  part  of  the  per- 
son acting  :  thus,  we  do  not  speak  of  a  servant  as  being  kiiwL 
to  his  master,  unless  the  latter  is  ill  or  otherwise  made  de- 
pendent on  his  servant  for  aid.  A  good-natured  person  is 
one  who  is  not  only  willing  to  oblige,  but  will  put  up  with 
a  good  deal  of  annoyance.  Kind  implies  discrimination 
in  benevolence  ;  good-natured  does  not,  but  often  implies 
a  weakness  for  indiscriminate  giving  to  those  who  solicit 
help  or  favors. 

Stern  lawgiver  !  yet  thou  dost  wear 

The  Godhead's  most  benignant  grace; 
Nor  know  we  anything  so  fair 
As  is  the  smile  upon  thy  face. 

Wordsxcorth,  Ode  to  Duty. 
She,  having  the  truth  of  honour  in  her,  hath  made  him 
that  gracious  denial  which  he  is  most  glad  to  receive. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 
There  she  lost  a  noble  and  renowned  brother,  in  his  love 
toward  her  ever  most  kind  and  natural. 

Shak..  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 
An  entertainment  throughout  with  which  everybody  was 
pleased,  and  the  good-natured  fathers  seemed  to  be  moved 
with  a  delight  no  less  hearty  than  that  of  the  boys  them- 
selves. Howells,  Venetian  Life,  xiii. 

benignantly  (bf-nig'nant-li),  adv.  In  a  be- 
nignant manner;  with  kindly  or  gracious 
manner  or  intent. 

benignity  (be-nig'ni-ti),  n. :  pi.  benignities  (-tiz). 
[<  L.  benignita{t-)s,  <  benignus,  benign:  see  be- 
nign.] 1.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  benign; 
goodness  of  disposition;  kindness  of  nature; 
graeiousness ;  beneficence. 

The  benignity  of  Providence  is  nowhere  more  clearly  to 
be  seen  than  in  its  compensations. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  349. 


benignity 

2.  Mildness ;  want  of  severity. 

Like  the  mildness,  the  serenity,  the  continuing  benignitv 
of  a  summer  s  day.         D.  Webster,  Adams  and  Jefferson". 

3.  A  benign  or  beneficent  deed ;  a  kindness, 
benignly  (be-uin'li),  adv.   In  a  benign  manner ; 

favorably  ;  kinilly ;  graeiousl}'. 
benimt,  r.  t.  [<  "ME.  henimcn,  hinimen,  <  AS. 
heniman  (=  OS.  hiniman  =  OFries.  binima  =  D. 
lenemen  =  OHG.  Uneman,  MHG.  hencmen,  G. 
beuehmen=  Goth,  hiniman),  take  away,  <  be-  + 
niman,  take:  see  be-^  and  nim,  and  cf.  pp.  and 
deriv.  verb  beniim,  benumb.^  To  take  away; 
deprive. 

All  togider  he  is  benome 

The  power  both  of  honde  and  fote. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  iii.  2. 
Ire  .  .  .  benimeth  the  man  from  God. 

Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale, 
benincasa  (ben-in-ka'sa),  71.  [NL.,  named  af- 
ter Giuseppe  Benincasa,  an  early  patron  of  bot- 
any, and  founder  of  the  garden  at  Pisa.]  The 
white  goui'd-melon,  Benincasa  hispida,  resem- 
bling the  pumpkin,  but  covered  with  a  waxy 
pulverulent  coat.  It  is  very  generally  culti- 
vated in  tropical  countries, 
benish  (be-nesh'),  n.  [Ar.  benish.']  A  kind  of 
pelisse  worn  by  Arabs. 

A  beneesh,  or  benixh ;  which  is  a  robe  of  cloth,  with 
long  sleeves.  E.  )('.  Lane,  Modern  Egyptians,  I.  3-1. 

benison  (ben'i-zn),  n.  [<  ME.  benisoitn,  bene- 
son,  benesun,  beneysun,  <  OF.  beneison,  benei^nn, 
beneigon,  <  LL.  benedictio{n-),  a  blessing:  see 
benediction,  and  ef.  malediction,  matison.~\  Bless- 
ing; benediction.  [Chiefly  in  poetry.] 
God's  benison  go  with  you.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  4. 

More  precious  than  the  benison  of  friends. 

Talfourd,  Ion,  i.  2. 

Ben-Israel  (ben'iz''''ra-el),  n.  An  Abyssinian 
pygmy  antelope  of  the  genus  Neotragus. 

b^nitier  (F.  pron.  ba-ne'tia),  n.  [F.,  <  ML. 
benedictarium,  holy-water  font,  <  LL.  benedic- 
tus,  blessed :  see 
boiedict.^  A  font 
or  vase  for  holy 
water,  placed  in 
a  niche  in  the 
chief  porch  or 
entrance  of  a 
Roman  Catholic 
church,  or,  com- 
monly, against 
one  of  the  in- 
terior pillars 
close  to  the 
door,  into  which 
the  members  of 
the  congrega- 
tion on  entering 
dip  the  fingers  of 
the  right  hand, 
blessing  them- 
selves by  mak- 
ing the  sign  of 
the  cross.  Also 
called  asperso- 
rium,  stoup,  and 
hohj-ivater  font 
(which  see,  un- 
der/o«0- 

benj"aniini(ben'- 
ja-min),  n.  [Appar.  from  the  proper  name  Ben- 
jamin.^ A  kind  of  top  coat  or  overcoat  for- 
merly worn  by  men. 

Sir  Telegraph  proceeded  to  peel,  and  emerge  from  his 
four  benjamins,  like  a  butterfly  from  its  chrysalis. 

Peacock,  Melincourt,  xxi. 
benjamin^  (ben'ja-min),  n.    [=  G.  benjamin; 
a  corruption  of  berijoin,  an  earlier  form  of  ben- 
zoin, q.  v.]    1.  Gum  benjamin.   See  benzoin. 
—  2.  An  essence  made  from  benzoin. 

Pure  benjamin,  the  only  spirited  scent  that  ever  awaked 
a  Neapolitan  nostril.      B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  2. 

benjamin-bush  (ben'ja-min-biish),  n.  An  aro- 
matic shrub  of  North  America,  Lindera  Ben- 
zoin, natural  order  Lauracece.  Also  called  spice- 
busli. 

benjamin-tree  (ben'ja-min-tre),  n.  A  popu- 
lar name  (a)  of  the  "tree  Styrax  Benzoin,  of 
Sumatra  (see  benzoin),  and  {b)  of  Ficus  Ben- 
jaminea,  an  East  Indian  tree. 

benjoint  (ben'jo-in),  n.  An  earlier  form  of  ben- 
coin. 

benjy  (ben'ji),  n.  [Origin  obscure ;  perhaps 
from  Benjy,  dim.  of  Benjamin,  a  proper  name.] 
A  low-crowned  straw  hat  ha'ving  a  very  broad 
brim. 

ben-kit  (ben'kit),  n.  A  large  wooden  vessel 
■with  a  cover  to  it.    Thoresby.    [Local,  Eng.] 


Benitier.—  Villeneuve-Ie-Roi,  France : 
13th  century.  (From  Viollet-Ie-Duc's 
*'  Diet,  de  r  Architecture."  J 


526 

benmost  (ben'most),  a.  [<  ben'^  +  -most.  Cf. 
inmost.}    Innermost.    See  ben^-.  [Scotch.] 

benne,  bene-^  (ben'o),  w,  [Of  Malay  origin.]  An 
annual  plant,  JScsamum  Indicuni,  natural  order 
redaliaceiv,  a  native  of  India,  but  largely  cul- 
tivated in  most  tropi- 
cal and  subtropical 
countries  for^the  sake 
of  the  seeds*  and  the 
oil  expressed  from  it. 

The  leaves  are  very  nuioi- 
laiihioiis,  and  readily  im- 
part this  quality  to  water. 
The  seeds  have  from  an- 
cient times  been  classed 
with  the  most  nutritious 
grains,  and  are  still  exten- 
sively used  for  food  in  Asia 
and  Africa.  They  yield 
about  half  their  weight 
of  oil  (known  as  benne-, 
gingili-,  teel-,  or  sesame- 
oil),  which  is  inodorous, 

not  readily  turned  rancid  Benne-plant(.yMa»iK»i /«</;'<■;< 
by  exposure,  and  in  uni- 
versal use  in  India  in  cooking  and  anointing,  for  soaps, 
etc.  Large  quantities  of  both  oil  and  seeds  are  imported 
into  France,  England,  and  the  United  States,  and  are  used 
chiefly  in  the  manufacture  of  soap  and  for  the  adultera- 
tion of  olive-oil,  or  as  a  substitute  for  it. 

benneti  (ben'et),  w.  [Var.  of  benf^,  ult.  <  AS. 
*beonct :  see  bcnt'^.']  A  grass-stalk ;  an  old  stalk 
of  grass.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

bennet^  (ben'et),  w.  [<  ME.  bcnet,  beneit,  in 
hcrbc  beneit,  <  OF.  *herbe  beneite  (mod.  F.  be- 
noite)  =  It.  erba  henedetta,  <  ML.  hcrba  benc- 
dicta,  i.  e.,  'blessed  herb':  see  herb  and  bene- 
dict.} The  herb-bennet,  or  common  avens, 
Geum  urbanum. 

bennick,  binnick  (ben'ik,  bin'ik),  n.  [E.  dial. 
(Somerset);  origin  obscure.]  A  local  English 
name  of  the  minnow. 

ben-nut  (ben'nut),  «.  [<  ben^  -\-  nut.}  The 
winged  seed  of  the  horseradish-tree,  Moringa 
pterygosperma,  yielding  oil  of  ben,  or  ben-oil. 
See  horseradish-tree. 

ben-oil  (ben'oil),  n.  [<  hen^  +  oil.}  The  ex- 
pressed oil  of  the  ben-nut,  bland  and  inodorous, 
and  remarkable  for  remaining  many  years 
without  becoming  rancid.  At  a  temperature  near 
the  freezing-point  it  deposits  its  solid  fats,  and  the  re- 
maining liquid  portion  is  used  in  extracting  the  perfumes 
of  flowers,  and  by  watchmakers  for  the  lubrication  of  deli- 
cate machinery.  The  true  ben-oil,  however,  is  said  to  be 
derived  from  the  seeds  of  Moringa  aptera  of  Abyssinia 
and  Arabia.    Also  called  oil  of  ben. 

benomeif,  i'-  «•    See  benumb. 

benome^t,  benoment.  [See  benumb,  benim.} 
Earlier  forms  of  benum,  past  participle  of  benim. 

benorth  (be-north'),  prep.  [<  ME.  be  (bi,  by) 
northe,  <  AS.  be-northan  (=  MLG.  benorden), 
<  be,  prep.,  +  northan,  from  the  north:  see  bc-^ 
and  north,  and  cf.  besouth,  etc.]  North  of:  as, 
benorth  the  Tweed.  [Scotch.] 

benote  (be-not'),  v.  t.    [<  fce-l 
annotate  or  make  notes  upon. 

benotbing  (bf-nuth 'ing),  v.  t. 
thing.}    To  reduce  to  nothing ;  annihilate. 

bensel  (ben'sel),  n.  [Also  bensall,  bensil,  ben- 
sail,  and  bentsail  (simulating  bent  +  sail),  < 
Icel.  benzl,  bending,  tension,  <  henda,  bend : 
see  fcewdi.]  1.  Force ;  ■violence ;  impetus. —  2. 
A  severe  stroke  or  blow,  properly  that  re- 
ceived from  a  push  or  shove.  [Scotch  and 
prov.  Eng.] 

bensel  (ben'sel),  V.  t.    [<  bensel,  n.}    To  beat ; 
bang.    Jamieson.  [Scotch.] 
bensuie  (ben'she),  n.    Same  as  banshee. 
bent^  (bent),  a.    [Pret.  and  pp.  of  bend^.}  1. 
Curved;  deflected;  crooked:  as,  a  bent  stick. 
—  2t.  Determined;  set. 
The  bent  enemie  against  God  and  good  order. 

Ascham,  The  Scliolemaster,  p.  87. 

bentl  (bent),  n.  [Var.  of  bcnd'^,  n.,  perhaps 
after  bent'^,  pret.  and  pp.;  but  ef.  descent,  <  de- 
scend; ascent,  <  ascend,  etc.]  1.  The  state  of 
being  bent ;  curved  form  or  position ;  flexure ; 
curvature.    [Now  rare.] 

With  reverence  and  lowly  be7it  of  knee. 

Greene,  Menaphon's  Eclogue. 
Hold  your  rod  at  a  bent  a  little. 

/.  Walton,  Complete  Angler. 
2t.  A  curved  part;  a  crook  or  bend. — 3.  De- 
gree of  flexure  or  curvature  ;  tension  ;  strain- 
ing ;  utmost  force  or  power :  an  archery  expres- 
sion, but  used  figuratively  of  mental  disposi- 
tion. 

Her  affections  have  their  full  bent. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  3. 
Then  let  thy  love  be  younger  than  thyself, 
Or  thy  affection  cannot  hold  the  bent. 

Shak.,  T.  N, 


+  note.}  To 
[<        -I-  no- 


ben-teak 

the  discharge  according  to  the  several  bents,  and  the 
strength  reiinired  to  be  in  the  string  of  them.  lip.  Wilkine. 

4.  Declivity;  slope.  [Rare.] 

.\nd  downward  on  an  hill  under  a  bente 
Ther  stood  the  temple  of  Marz  armipotent. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  H23. 
Tlie  free  hours  that  we  have  spent. 
Together,  on  the  brown  hill's  bent. 

Scott,  Marmion,  Int.,  ii. 

5.  Inclination;  disposition;  a  leaning  or  bias 
of  mind;  propensity:  as,  the  bent  of  the  mind 
or  will ;  the  bent  of  a  people  toward  an  object. 

It  is  his  |the  legislator's]  best  policy  to  comply  with  the 
connnon  bent  of  mankind.        Hume,  Essays,  Commerce. 

My  smiling  at  this  observation  gave  her  spirits  to  pur- 
sue the  bent  of  her  inclination.   Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  2. 

The  strong  bent  of  nature  is  seen  in  the  proportion 
wliich  this  topic  of  personal  relations  usurps  in  the  con- 
versation of  society.  Emerson,  Love. 

6.  Direction  taken ;  turn  or  winding. 

For  souls  already  warp'd  receive  an  easy  bent. 

Dnjden,  Hind  and  Panther,  iii.  399. 
If  your  thoughts  should  assume  so  unhappy  a  bent,  you 
will  the  more  want  some  mild  and  affectionate  spirit  to 
watch  over  and  console  you.     Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  v.  1. 

7.  In  carp.,  a  segment  or  section  of  a  framed 
building,  as  of  a  long  barn  or  warehouse. — 

8.  A  framed  portion  of  a  wooden  seafEoldiug 
or  trestlework,  usually  put  together  on  the 
groimd  and  then  raised  to  its  place. — 9.  A 
large  piece  of  timber. — 10+.  A  cast,  as  of  the 
eye ;  direction. 

Who  neither  looks  on  heaven,  nor  on  earth, 
But  gives  all  gaze  and  bent  of  amorous  view 
On  the  fair  Cressid.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  6. 

=  Syil.  5.  Bent,  Propensity,  Bias,  Inclination,  Tendency, 
Proneness,  Disposition,  all  keep  more  or  less  of  their  ori- 
ginal flgurativeness.  Bent  is  the  general  and  natural  state 
of  the  mind  as  disposed  toward  something ;  a  decided  and 
fixed  turning  of  the  mind  toward  a  particular  object  or 
mode  of  action.  Propensity  is  less  deep  than  bent,  less  a. 
matter  of  the  whole  nature,  and  is  often  applied  to  a  strong 
appetency  toward  that  which  is  evil.  Bias  has  often  the 
same  meaning  as  bent,  but  tends  specially  to  denote  a 
sort  of  external  and  continued  action  upon  the  mind: 
as,  "morality  influences  men's  minds  and  gives  a  bias  to 
all  their  actions,"  Locke.  Bias  is  often  little  more  than 
prejudice.  Inclination  is  a  sort  of  bent;  a  leaning,  more 
or  less  decided,  in  some  direction.  Tendency  is  a  little 
more  than  inclination,  stronger  and  more  permanent. 
Proneness  is  by  derivation  a  downward  tendency,  a  strong 
natural  inclination  toward  that  which  is  in  some  degree 
evil:  as,  proneness  to  err,  to  self-justification,  to  vice; 
but  it  is  also  used  in  a  good  sense.  Disposition  is  often  a 
matter  of  character,  with  more  of  choice  in  it  than  in  the 
others,  but  it  is  used  with  freedom  in  lighter  senses  :  as, 
the  dispositioji  to  work ;  the  disposition  of  a  plant  to  climb. 
They  fool  me  to  the  top  of  my  beiit. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 
Without  the  least  propensity  to  jeer. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  x.  42. 
The  bias  of  human  nature  to  be  slow  in  correspondence 
triumphs  even  over  the  present  (|Uickening  in  the  general 
pace  of  things.  George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  II.  263. 

It  is  so  much  your  inclination  to  do  good,  that  you  stay 
not  to  be  asked ;  which  is  an  approach  so  nigh  to  the 
Deity,  that  human  nature  is  not  capable  of  a  nearer. 

Dryden,  Ded.  to  Indian  Emperor. 

Everywhere  the  history  of  religion  betrays  a  tendency  ta 
enthusiasm.  Einerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  256. 

Actions  that  promote  society  and  mutual  fellowship 
seem  reducible  to  a  proneness  to  do  good  to  others  and  a 
ready  sense  of  any  good  done  by  others.  South. 

It  cannot  be  denied  that  there  is  now  a  greater  disposi- 
tion amongst  men  toward  the  assertion  of  individual  lib- 
erty than  existed  during  the  feudal  ages. 

H.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  187. 

bent2  (bent),  n.  [Also  dial,  bennet;  <  ME.  bent, 
<  AS.  *beonet  (found  only  in  eomp.,  in  local 
names,  as  in  Beonetledh,  >  E.  Bentley)  ;  OS. 
*binet  (not  authenticated)  z=  LG.  behnd  (Brem. 
Worterb.)  -  OHG.  binuz,  binez,  MHG.  hinz,  G. 
binse,  a  bent,  rush;  origin  unknown. ]  1.  Any 
stiff  or  wiry  grass,  such  as  grows  on  commons 
or  neglected  ground.  The  name  is  given  to  many  spe- 
cies, as  Agrostis  vulgaris,  Agropynim  ju7iceuin,  species  of 
Aira,  etc. ;  in  America  it  is  applied  exclusively  to  Agrostis 
vulgaris  and  A.  canina.    Also  bent-grass. 

2.  The  culm  or  stalk  of  bent;  a  stalk  of  coarse 
withered  grass;  a  dead  stem  of  grass  which 
has  borne  seed. 

His  spear  a  bent  both  stiff  and  strong. 

Drayton,  Nymphidia. 

3.  A  place  covered  -with  grass ;  a  field ;  unin- 
closed  pasture-land;  a  heath. 

■Vche  beste  to  the  he7it  that  that  bytes  on  erbej. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  532. 

Black  bent,  Alopecurus  agrestis. —  Vog  or  brown  bent, 
Agrostis  canina.— Maxsh,  creeping,  fine,  or  white 

bent,  Agrostis  vulgaris. —  Keed  bent,  Aninwphila  arun- 
dinacea.  —  Wire  bent,  Nardiis  stricta.  —  TO  take  th© 
bent,  to  take  to  the  bent;  run  away.  [Scotch.] 


Take  the  bent,  Mr.  Rashleigh. 
worth  twa  pair  o'  hands. 


Make  ae  pair  o'  legs 
Scott,  Rob  Roy,  II.  4. 


There  are  divers  subtle  inquiries  concerning  the  strength  bCU-teak  (ben'tek),  M.  A  close-grained,  infe- 
required  to  the  bending  of  bows ;  the  force  they  have  in    rior  kind  of  teak,  used  in  India  for  buildings 


ben-teak 

and  other  ordinary  purposes.  It  is  the  wood  of 

Lagerstroemia  microcarpa. 
bent-grass  (bent'gras),  n.    Same  as  henf^,  1. 
benthal  (ben'thal),  a.   [<  Gr.  phdo^,  the  depths 

of  the  sea,  -I-  -al.'\    Of  or  pertaining  to  depths 

of  the  sea  of  a  thousand  fathoms  and  more. 

See  extract. 

In  his  presidential  address  to  tlie  biological  section  of 
the  British  Association  at  Plymouth  in  1877,  Mr.  Gvvyn 
Jeffreys  suggested  the  use  of  the  name  "  benthal  .  .  .  for 
depths  of  one  thousand  fathoms  and  more,"  while  retain- 
ing the  term  "abyssal"  for  depths  down  to  one  thousand 
fathoms.  P.  II.  Carpenter,  in  Science,  IV.  22.3. 

Benthamic  (ben-tham'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Jeremy  Bentham  or  to  his  system.  See  Ben- 
thamism. 

The  Benthamic  standard  of  the  greatest  happiness  was 
that  which  I  had  always  been  taught  to  apply. 

J.  S.  Mill,  Autobiog.,  p.  64. 

Benthamism  (ben'tham-izm),  n.  [<  Bentham 
+  -ism.']  The  political  and  ethical  system 
taught  by  Jeremy  Bentham  (1748-1832),  who 
held  that  the  greatest  happiness  of  the  great- 
est number  is  the  rational  end  of  moral  rules, 
and  ought  to  be  the  aim  of  governments  and 
individuals  alike;  utilitarianism  (which  see). 

My  previous  education  (that  is,  before  1821-2]  had  been, 
in  a  certain  sense,  already  a  course  of  Benthamism. 

J.  S.  Mill,  Autobiog.,  p.  64. 

Is  Benthamism  so  absolutely  the  truth,  that  the  Pope  is 
to  be  denounced  because  he  has  not  yet  become  a  convert 
to  it?  J.  H.  Newmaii,  Letters  (1875),  p.  114. 

Benthamite  (ben'tham-It),  n.  [<  Bentham  -\- 
-ite^.']  A  follower  of  Bentham ;  a  believer  in 
Benthamism;  an  adherent  of  the  Benthamic 
philosophy. 

A  faithful  Benthamite  traversing  an  age  still  dimmed  by 
the  mists  of  transcendentalism. 

M.  Arnold,  Essays  in  Criticism,  p.  13. 

bentinck  (ben'tingk),  M.  [From  Captain  Ben- 
tinck  (1737-75),  the  inventor.]  Naut.,  a  trian- 
gular course,  used  as  a  trysail :  now  generally 
superseded  by  the  storm-staysail.  —  Bentinck 
boom,  a  small  boom  on  the  foot  of  a  square  foresail.— 
Bentinck  shrouds,  ropes  extending  from  the  weather 
futtock-stafT  to  the  lee-channels,  to  support  the  mast  when 
the  ship  is  rolling  heavily.    [No  longer  used.] 

bentiness  (ben'ti-nes),  n.  The  state  of  being 
benty. 

benting  (ben'ting),  n.  [<  henf^  +  -ing.']  The 
act  of  seeking  or  collecting  bents  or  bent-stalks. 

'  The  pigeon  never  knoweth  woe 

Until  she  doth  a  henting  go.    Ray's  Proverbs. 

benting-time  (ben'ting-tim),  n.  The  time  when 
pigeons  feed  on  bents  before  peas  are  ripe :  as, 
"rare  henting-times,"  Dry  den,  Hind  and  Pan- 
ther, iii.  1283. 

bentivi,  bentiveo  (ben-te've,  -te-va'o),  n. 
[Said  to  be  Braz.]  A  name,  said  to  be  used  in 
Brazil,  of  a  elamatorial  passerine  bird  of  the 
family  Tijrannidce,  the  Pitangus  sulphuratus  of 
authors  in  general,  Tyrannus  sulphuratus  (Vieil- 
lot),  Lanius  sulphuratus  (Linneeus),  originally 
described  in  1760  by  Brisson  as  la  pie-griesche 
jaune  de  Cayenne,  and  hence  long  supposed  to 
be  a  shrike. 

ben  trovato  (ban  tro-va'to).  [It.:  hen,  <  L.  bene, 
well;  trovato  (pi.  trovati),  pp.  of  trovare,  find, 
invent:  see  trove.']  Well  feigned;  well  in- 
vented :  a  part  of  a  familiar  Italian  saying,  Se 
non  i  vera,  e  ben  trovato  (If  it  is  not  true,  it 
is  well  imagined),  sometimes  introduced,  in 
various  relations,  in  English. 

Various  anecdotes  of  him  [Dante]  are  related  by  Boccac- 
cio, Sacchetti,  and  others,  none  of  them  verisimilar,  and 
some  of  them  at  least  fifteen  centuries  old  when  revamped. 
Most  of  them  are  neither  veri  nor  ben  trovati. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  19. 

benty  (ben'ti),  a.  [<  6e»«2  +  .yi.]  i.  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or  of  the  nature  of  bent  or  bent- 
grass. —  2.  Covered  with  or  abounding  in  bent. 

bemirnt,  p.  a.  and  V.  t.  An  earlier  form  of  he- 
numb. 

benumbt,  benomeif,  i^.  «•  [Early  mod.  E.,  < 
ME.  henome,  benomen,  <  AS.  henumen,  pp.  of  be- 
niman,  deprive:  see  benim.]  Benumbed. 

benumb  (bf-num'),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  henum, 
benombe,  henome,  <  benumb,  henum,  benonie,  p.  a.: 
see  benumb,  p.  a.]  1.  To  make  torpid ;  deprive 
of  sensation :  as,  a  hand  or  foot  benumbed  by 
cold. —  2.  To  stupefy;  render  inactive. 
It  seizes  upon  the  vitals,  and  benumbs  the  senses.  South. 

My  mind  revolts  at  the  reverence  for  foreign  authors, 
"Which  stifles  inquiry,  restrains  investigation,  benumbs  the 
vigor  of  the  intellectual  faculties,  subdues  and  debases 
the  mind.  N.  Webster,  in  Scudder,  p.  230. 

benumbed  (be-numd'),  p.  a.  Numb  or  torpid, 
either  physically  or  morally:  as,  benumbed 
limbs;  benumbed  tzifh. 


527 

benumbedness  (be-numd'nes),  n.  [<  benumbed, 
pp.  of  benumb,  +  -«c.9.s.]  The  state  of  being 
benumbed  ;  absence  of  sensation  or  feeling. 

benumbment  (be-num'meut),  n.  [<  benumb  + 
-mcnt.]  The  act  of  benumbing;  the  state  of 
being  benumbed  ;  torpor. 

benweed  (beu'wed),  n.  [Also  bin-,  hind-,  bun- 
weed;  <  hen  (uncertain)  -I-  weed^.  Cf.  hendwith, 
bindweed.']  Ragwort.  [Scotland  and  North. 
Ireland.] 

benzaldehyde  (ben-zarde-hid),i(.  [<  bem(oiG) 
+  aldehyde.]  The  oil  of  bitter  almonds,  Cg 
H5COH,  a  colorless  liquid  having  a  pleasant 
odor  and  soluble  in  water.  It  is  prepared  artifi- 
cially on  a  large  scale,  and  used  in  making  benzoic  acid 
as  well  as  various  pigments. 

benzamide  (ben'za-mid  or  -mid),  n.  [<  ben- 
2{oio)  +  amide.]  A  white  crystalline  .substance, 
C'eHK.CO.NHg,  which  may  be  regarded  as  the 
amide  of  benzoyl. 

benzene  (ben'zen),  M.  {<  bem{oic)  + -ene.]  1. 
A  hydrocarbon  (CgHg)  formed  whenever  or- 
ganic bodies  are  subjected  to  destructive  dis- 
tillation at  a  high  temperature,  and  obtained 
commercially  from  coal-tar.  it  is  a  clear,  colorless 
liquid,  of  a  peculiar  ethereal,  agreeable  odor,  used  in  the 
arts  as  a  solvent  for  gums,  resins,  fats,  etc.,  and  as  the 
material  from  which  aniline  and  the  aniline  colors  are 
derived.    Also  called  benzol,  henzolin. 

2.  Same  as  benzin  or  benzine. 

benzil  (ben'zil),  n.  [<  henz{oin)  +  -il.]  A  com- 
pound (C14H1QO2)  obtained  by  the  oxidation 
of  benzoin,  and  also  by  heating  bromotoluylene 
with  water  at  150°  C. 

benzilic  (ben-zil'ik),  a.  [<  benzil  +  -ic.]  Of, 
pertaining  to,  or  formed  from  benzil :  as,  ben- 
zilic acid. 

benzimide  (ben 'zi -mid  or  -mid),  n.  [<  ben- 
zi{ne)  •¥  (a)mide.]  A  compoimd  (C23H18N2O2) 
formed  by  the  action  of  hydrocyanic  acid  on 
hydrid  of  benzoyl,  it  occurs  also  i  n  the  resinous  resi- 
due of  the  rectification  of  the  oil  of  bitter  almonds. 

benzin,  benzine  (ben'zin,  ben-zen'),  n.  [<  hen- 
z(oic)  +  -in^,  -ine^.]  A  colorless  limpid  liquid 
consisting  of  a  mixture  of  volatile  hydrocarbons 
and  having  a  specific  gravity  of  between  62° 
and  65°  B.  It  is  obtained  by  the  fractional  distillation  of 
petroleum.  It  is  essentially  different  from  benzene,  being 
a  mi.fture  of  hydrocarbons,  while  benzene  is  a  single  hy- 
drocarbon of  constant  composition.  Its  chief  use  in  the 
arts  is  as  a  solvent  for  fats,  resins,  caoutchouc,  and  certain 
alkaloids.    Also  improperly  written  benzene. 

benzoate  (ben'zo-at),  n.  [<  benzo{ic)  +  -afel.] 
A  salt  of  benzoic  acid. 

benzoated  (ben'zo-a-ted),  a.  Mixed  with  ben- 
zoin or  benzoic  acid. 

benzoic  (ben-zo'ik),  a.  [<  benzo{in)  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  or  obtained  from  benzoin  Ben- 
zoic acid,  CgHoCOOH,  a  peculiar  vegetable  acid,  ob- 
tained from  benzoin  and  other  balsams  by  sublimation  or 
decoction.  It  forms  light  feathery  needles ;  its  taste  is 
pungent  and  bitterish,  and  its  odor  slightly  aromatic  ;  it 
is  used  in  making  incense  and  pastils. —  Benzoic  ether,  a 
substance  obtained  by  distilling  together  4  parts  of  alco- 
hol, 2  parts  of  crystallized  benzoic  acid,  and  1  part  of  con- 
centrated hydrochloric  acid.  It  is  a  colorless  oily  liquid, 
having  a  feeble  aromatic  smell  like  that  of  fruits,  and  a 
pungent  aromatic  taste. —  Benzoic  fermentation.  See 

fertnentation. 

benzoin  (ben'zo-in  or  -zoin),  n.  [First  in  16th 
century;  also  written  benjoin,  hengewyne,  hen- 
gwin,  later  benzion,  etc.  (also  coiTuptly  benja- 
min'^, q.  v.),  —  D.  benjuin  =  G.  benzoe,  benzoin  = 
Dan.  benzoe,  <  F.  benjoin,  <  Pg.  heijoim  =  Sp. 
benjui,  menjui  =  It.  benzoi,  <  Ar.  lubdn  jdwa, 
lit.  'incense  of  Java'  (Sumatra).  The  omission 
in  Rom.  of  the  syllable  lu-  was  prob.  due  to  its 
being  mistaken  for  the  def.  art.]  Gum  benja- 
min ;  the  concrete  resinous  juice  of  Styrax 
Benzoin,  a  tree  of  Sumatra,  Java,  and  the  Ma- 
lay peninsula,  obtained  by  incisions  into  the 
bark.  The  benzoin  of  commerce  is  obtained  from  both 
Sumatra  and  Siam,  that  from  Siam  being  nmch  superior 
to  the  other  in  quality.  When  rubbed  or  heated,  it  has 
a  fragrant  and  agreeable  odor.  It  is  chiefly  used  in  cos- 
metics and  perfumes,  and  in  incense  in  Roman  Catholic 
and  Greek  churches,  and  is  the  base  of  the  tincture  called 
friars'  or  Turlington's  balsam,  long  famous  as  a  remedy 
for  bronchitis  and  an  effective  application  to  indolent 
sores,  etc.  It  forms  the  medicinal  ingredient  of  court- 
plaster.    See  Styrax. 

benzol  (ben'zol),  n.  [Less  prop,  benzole;  <  ben- 
z(oic)  +  -ol.]    Same  as  benzene,  1. 

benzolin  (ben'zo-lin),  n.  [<  benzol  +  -in-.] 
Same  as  benzene,  1. 

benzolize  (ben'zo-liz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  ben- 
zolized,  Tppr.  benzolizing.  [<.  benzol  + -izc.]  To 
treat,  impregnate,  or  cause  to  combine  with 
benzene  or  a  benzene  derivative. 

benzoyl  (ben'zo-il  or  -zoil),  n.  [<  benzo{ic)  + 
-yl.]  The  radical  (C7H5O)  of  benzoic  acid,  of  oil 
of  bitter  almonds,  and  of  an  extensive  series  of 
compounds  derived  from  this  oil,  or  connected 
with  it  by  certain  relations. 


bequeath  . 

benzyl  (ben'zil),  n.  [<  henz(oic)  h  -yl.]  An 
organic  radical  (CgH5CH2)  which  does  not  ex- 
ist in  the  free  state,  but  in  combination  forms 
a  considerable  number  of  compounds. 

benzylation  (ben-zi-la'shon),  n.  [<  benzyl  + 
-ation.]  The  act  of  adding  benzene  to  rosani- 
lino  or  some  similar  substance. 

The  tendency  of  the  benzylation  being  to  give  the  colour 
a  bluer  shade. 

Crace-Calvert,  Dyeing  and  Calico-printing,  p.  :i99. 
benzylic  (ben-zil'ik),  a.    [<  benzyl  +  -ic]  Re- 
lated to  or  containing  the  radical  benzyl, 
bepaint  (be-i)ant'),  i;.  ^.    l<  hc-^ -i- jyaint.]  To 
paint;  cover  with  paint,  or  as  with  paint. 

Else  would  a  maiden  Ijlush  bepaint  my  cheek. 

Shak.,  K.  and  .1.,  ii.  2. 

bepale  (bf-pal'),  v.  t.  [<  &e-i  -1-  pale^.]  To- 
make  pale. 

Those  perjur'd  lips  of  thine,  bepaled  with  blasting  sighs. 

Carew,  To  an  Inconstant  Servant, 
bepat  (be-paf),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bepatled, 
\)\n-.  hcpdtt'ing.    [i  be-^  +  pat.]    To  beat  upon; 
patter  upon. 

As  timing  well  tlie  eciual  sound 
Thy  clutching  teetbepat  the  ground. 

J.  llttillie.  The  Kitten. 

bepearl  (be-p6rl'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i  -f  pearl.]  To 
cover  with'  pearls,  or  with  shining  drops  like 
pearls. 

This  primrose  all  bepearled  with  dew. 

Carew,  The  Piimrose. 

bepelt  (be-pelf),  r.  t.  [<  be-^  +  2>elt^-]  To  pelt 
soundly. 

bepepper  (be-pep'er),  V.  t.  [<  7;e-l  -f-  pepper.'] 
To  pepper ;  pelt  with  thickly  falling  blows. 

bepester  (be-pes'ter),  v.  t.  [<  6c-i  -I-  ^^e.sipr.] 
To  pester  greatly ;  plague ;  harass. 

bepinch  (be-pinch'),  r.  f.  [ibe-^  +  piinch.]  Ta 
pinch  or  bruise  all  over. 

In  their  sides,  arms,  shoulders,  all  bepincht. 

Ran  thick  the  weals.  Chapman,  Iliad,  xxiii. 

bepinkt  (bf-pingk'),  v.  t.  [<  6c-l  +  pini;.]  To 
pmk ;  cut  in  scallops  or  pierce  with  small  holes. 

bepiss  (he-pis'),  V.  t.  [<  ie-i  +  piss.]  To  piss 
upon;  wet  with  lu'ine. 

bepitcht  (be-pich'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i  -1-  pitclfi.]  To 
cover  or  stain  with  pitch ;  hence,  to  blacken  or 
darken.  Sylvester. 

bepity  (be-pit'i),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  hepitied, 
ppr.  bepiiying.  [<  &e-l  -I-  7«"<2/.]  To  pity  ex- 
ceedingly. 

Mercy  on  him,  poor  heart  1    I  bepitied  him,  so  I  did. 

Fielding,  Tom  Jones,  x.  9. 

beplait  (be-plaf),  r.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  plait]  To- 
plait. 

beplaster  (be-plas'ter),  v.  t.  [<  +  j)laster. } 
To  cover  with  plaster;  cover  or  smear  over 
thickly;  bedaub. 

Beplaster'd  with  rouge.  Goldsmith,  P^etaliation. 

beplume  (bf-plom'),  r.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  plume.] 
To  furnish  or  adorn  with  feathers;  plume. 

bepommel  (be-pum'el),  v.  t.  [<  fce-l  -I-  pom- 
mel.]   To  pommel  soimdly;  drub. 

bepowder  (be-pou'der),  r.  t.  [<  &e-i  +  powder. 1 
To  powder ; '  sprinkle  or  cover  all  over  with 
powder,  as  the  hair. 

Is  the  beau  compelled  against  his  will  to  .  .  .  employ 
...  all  the  thought  withinside  his  noddle  to  bepowder 
and  becurl  the  outside? 

A.  Tucker,  Freewill,  Foreknowledge,  etc.,  p.  98. 

bepraise  (be-praz'),  v.  t.  [<  &e-i  -i- p)raise.]  T» 
praise  greatly  or  extravagantly ;  puff. 

Bepraised  by  newspapers  and  magazines. 

Guhlsmith,  Essays,  viii. 
Hardly  any  man,  and  certainly  no  politician,  has  beeit 
so  bepraised  as  Burke.  Cvntemjiorary  Rev.,  L.  27. 

bepray  (bf-pra'),  v.  t.    [<  fce-i  -t-  pray.]  To 

pray;  beseech.  Shak. 
bepfose  (bf-proz'),  v.  t.    [<        +  prose.]  To 

reduce  to  prose. 

To  beprose  all  rhyme.  Mallet,  Verbal  Criticism, 

bepucker  (be-puk'er),  r.  t.    [<  6e-l  -I-  pucker.] 

To  pucker. 

bepuff  (be-puf '),  r.  t  [<  4- jwj.]  To  puff; 
bepraise. 

Doggeries  never  so  diplomaed,  bepuffed,  gaslighted,  con- 
tinue doggeries.  Carlyle,  Past  and  Present,  p.  392. 

bepurple  (be-per'pl),  V.  t.  [<  -f-  purple.] 
To  tiii^e  or  dye  with  a  purple  color.  Digges. 

bepuzzle  (be-puz'l),  v.  t.  [<  +  puzzle.]  To 
puzzle  greatly ;  perplex. 

bepuzzlement  (be-puz'l-meut),  n.  [<  bepuzzle 
+  -ment.]  Perplexity. 

bequeath  (be-kweTH'"),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bequethen, 
biquethen,  earUer  hicwethcn,  <  AS.  hccwethan, 
declare,  aflBrm,  give  by  will,  <  be-  +  cwethan, 
say.  The  simple  verb  became  obsolete  in  the 
ME.  period,  except  in  the  pret.  quoth,  which 


bequeath 

remains  archaically  in  an  idiomatic  construc- 
tion (see  quoth).  The  compound  has  been  pre- 
served through  its  technical  use  in  wills.]  If. 
To  give  away;  transfer  the  possession  of;  as- 
sign as  a  gift. 

Wilt  thou  forsake  thy  fortune, 
Bequeath  thy  land  to  him,  anel  follow  me? 

Shak.,  K.  John,  i.  1. 

2.  To  give  or  leave  by  will;  assign  as  a  legacy: 
more  commonly,  but  not  necessarily,  used  of 
personal  property,  in  contradistinction  to  real 
property,  which  is  said  to  be  devised. 

Mine  heritage. 
Which  my  dead  father  did  bemieath  to  me. 

Shale,  Pericles,  ii.  1. 

3.  To  hand  down ;  transmit. 

One  generation  has  bequeathed  its  religious  gloom  and 
the  counterfeit  of  its  religious  ardor  to  the  next. 

Hawthorne,  Main  Street. 
Greece  has  bequeathed  to  us  her  ever  living  tongue,  and 
the  immortal  productions  of  her  intellect. 

Gladstone,  Might  of  Eight,  p.  16. 

4t.  To  commit;  commend;  intrust. 

We  to  flames  our  slaughtered  friends  bequeath. 

Pope,  Iliad,  vii.  399. 

5t.  To  give  or  yield ;  furnish ;  impart. 

A  niggards  purse  shall  scarce  bequeath  his  master  a 
good  dinner. 

Pennijless  Pari.,  in  Harl.  Misc.  (Malh.),  III.  72.  (iV.  E.  D.) 
That  which  bequeaths  it  this  slow  pace. 

N.  Fairfax,  Bulk  and  Selv.,  p.  122.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

6t.  Reflexively,  to  commit ;  dedicate ;  devote. 

Orpheus  .  .  .  bequeaths  himself  to  a  solitary  life  in  the 
deserts.  Ji.  Z)i(76!/,  Broad  Stone  of  Honour,  1. 1G6.  (A'.i'.Z).) 

"bequeatht  (be-kweTH'),  n.  [<  bequeath,  r.]  A 
bequest. 

"bequeathable  (bf-kwe'THa-bl),  a.  [<  bequeath 
+  -able.  ]    Capable  of  being  bequeathed. 

"bequeathal  (be-kwe'THal),  n.  [<  bequeath  + 
-«?.]    The  act  of  bequeathing;  bequest. 

The  heqxirnthnl  of  their  savings  may  be  a  means  of  giv- 
ing nnalloyt'd  happiness.  The  American,  VI.  324. 

"bequeather  (be-kwe'THer),  n.  One  who  be- 
queaths. 

"bequeathment  (be-kwe^n'ment),  n.  [<  le- 
queath  +  -»tenf.'\  The  act  of  bequeathing;  a 
bequest. 

Tiequest  (be-kwesf),  n.  [<  ME.  bequests,  by- 
quijste,  prob.  (with  excrescent  -t,  as  in  be- 
hest, and  shifted  accent,  after  the  verb)  <  AS. 
*blcicis  (equiv.  to  bicwide,  ME.  bequide,  after 
becwethan,  ME.  bequethen),<.  bi-,  accented  form, 
in  nouns,  of  bi-,  be-,  +  cwis  (cwiss-),  saying,  < 
cwethan,  say:  see  bequeath.^  1.  The  act  of 
liequeathing  or  leaving  by  will. 

He  claimed  the  crown  to  Iiiniself,  pretending  an  adop- 
tion, or  beqjieat  of  the  kingdom  unto  him,  by  the  Confes- 
sor. Sir  M.  Hale. 

Possession,  with  the  right  of  bequest  and  inheritance,  is 
the  stimulant  which  raises  property  to  its  highest  value. 

JV.  A.  Pen.,  CXLIII.  58. 

2.  That  which  is  left  by  will;  a  legacy. —  3. 
That  which  is  or  has  been  handed  down  or 
transmitted. 

Our  cathedrals,  our  creeds,  our  litin-gies,  our  varied 
ministries  of  compassion  for  every  form  of  human  suffer- 
ing, are  a  bequest  from  the  age  of  faith. 

H.  N.  Oxenham,  Short  Studies,  p.  263. 

"bequestt  (bf-kwesf),  v.  t.    [<  bequest,  w.]  To 

give  as  a  bequest ;  bequeath, 
"bequethef,  v.  t.    An  obsolete  form  of  bequeath. 

Chaucer. 

hequia-sweet  (ba-ke'a-swet),  n.  [See  quot.] 
An  oseine  passerine  bird,  of  the  family  Icteridce 
and  subfamily  Quiscalinw ;  the  Quiscalus  lumi- 
nosus,  a  gi'akle  found  in  the  Caribbees :  so  named 
from  its  note. 

In  Betiuia  [in  the  Caribbees),  and  extending  through- 
out the  chain  [of  islands],  is  a  blackbij-d,  a  new  species 
named  tlie  Quiscalus  luminosus,  which  makes  the  air  re- 
sound with  its  joyous  cry  :  "Bequia  sweet,  sweet,  Bequia 
su'eet."  Ober,  Camps  in  the  Caribbees,  p.  246. 

"bequote  (be-kwof),  v.  t.   [<  ie-l  -I-  quote.']  To 

quote  frequently  or  much, 
"beraftt,  pp.    A  Middle  English  past  participle 

of  bereave. 

"beraint  (bf-ran'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  beraynen,  berei- 
iien  (=  OHG.  bireganon,  G.  beregnen),  <  be-  + 
reinen,  rain :  see  be-^  and  rain^.'\  To  rain  upon. 

With  his  teris  salt  hire  breest  byreyned. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iv.  1172. 

Berardius  (be-rar'di-us),  n.  [NL.,  named  after 
M.  Berard.']  A  genus  of  odontoeete  whales, 
of  the  family  Physeteridce  and  subfamily  Ziphii- 
nce,  having  two  ftinctional  teeth  on  each  side  of 

the  mandibular  Sjonphysis.  it  is  related  in  general 
characters  to  Ziphius  and  Mesoplodon.  The  only  species, 
B.  arnouxi,  attaining  a  length  of  about  30  feet,  is  found  in 
New  Zealand  waters. 

Berard  steel.    See  steel. 


528 

berat  (be-raf),  n.     [Armen.]    A  warrant  or 
patent  of  dignity  or  privilege  given  by  an  Ori- 
ental monarch, 
berate  (be-raf),  v.  t.  [<  &e-i  -1-  rate^.]  To  chide 
vehemently;  scold. 

Zopyrus  berated  Socrates  as  if  he  had  caught  a  pick- 
pocket. Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXII.  65. 

berattlet  (be-rat'l),  v.  t.  [<  ie-i  +  rattlc.~\  To 
cry  down;  abuse  ;  run  down.  Shah.  [Rare.] 
beraunite  (be-ra'uit),  n.  [<  Beraun  (see  def.) 
+  -(<c2.]  A.  hydrous  phosphate  of  iron  of  a 
reddish-brown  color,  found  at  St.  Benigna  near 
Beraun  in  Bohemia. 

berayt  (be-ra'),  v.  t.  [<  &e-i  -f  7-a?/3.]  l.  To 
make  foul;  defile;  soil. 

Berayinr/  the  font  and  water  while  the  bishop  was  bap- 
tizing him.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

2.  To  scent. 

How  comes  your  handkercher 
So  sweetly  thus  beraq'd  ? 

Middleton,  The  Witch,  i.  2. 

berbe  (berb),  n.   The  name  of  an  African  genet, 

Genetta  pardina. 
Berber  (ber'ber),  n.  and  a.  [<  Ar.  Berber,  Bar- 
bar,  the  Berbers  :  see  barbary  and  barb^.]  I,  n. 
1 .  A  person  belonging  to  any  one  of  a  group 
of  tribes  inhabiting  the  mountainous  parts  of 
Barbary  and  portions  of  the  Sahara,  descended 
from  the  primitive  race  of  those  regions. —  2. 
The  language  spoken  by  the  Berbers.  It  is 
one  of  the  Hamitie  languages. 

II,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Berbers  or 
their  language. 
Berberidacese  (ber'-'be-ri-da'sf-e),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Berberis  (Bcrberid-)  +  -acea'.']  A  natural 
order  of  plants,  belonging  to  the  thalamitloral 
dicotyledons,  distinguished  from  allied  orders 
by  having  the  few  stamens  in  two  or  three 
whorls  and  the  anthers  opening  by  valves.  The 

genera  are  widely  distributed,  but  are  small,  with  the 
exception  of  Berberis.  Of  the  smaller  genera,  the  blue 
cohosh  (Caulnphylluin),  thema.ndnike(Podo/ilnilluni),  and 
the  twin-leaf  (Jeffersniiia)  are  of  more  or  less  repute  in 
medicine,  and  the  Akcbia  is  an  ornamental  climber.  See 
cut  under  Berberis. 

berberidaceous  (ber'-'be-ri-da'shius),  a.    Of  or 

pertaining  to  the  Berberidaccw. 
berberine  (ber'be-rin),  n.    [<  NL.  berberina: 
see  Berberis  and  -ine^.]    An  alkaloid  (C20H17 
NO4)  widely  distributed  in  the  vegetable  king- 
dom, being  found  in  the  barberry  and  a  con- 
siderable nimiber  of  plants,  or  parts  of  plants, 
whose  extracts  combine  a  yellow  color  and  bit- 
ter taste.    It  forms  fine  yellow  acicular  crystals,  spar- 
ingly soluble  in  water,  having  a  bitter  taste.   Tlie  sul- 
phate and  hydrochlorate  are  soluble,  but  with  difficulty. 
Berberis  (ber'be-ris),  n.    [NL. :  see  barberry.] 
The  principal  genus  of  the  natural  ordei*7?er- 
beridacetc,  including  the  common  barberry. 
It  contains  about  50 
species    of  shrubby 
plants,  mostly  Ameri- 
can, and  ranging  from 
Oregon  to  Tierra  del 
Fuego.    The  common 
barberry,  B.  vulgaris, 
the  only  European  spe- 
cies and  extensively  na- 
turalized in  the  United 
States,  is  well  known 
for  its  red  acid  berries, 
which  make  a  pleasant 
preserve.    The  leaves 
also  are  acid,  and  the 
bark  and  root,  as  in 
many  other  species,  are 
astringent  and  yield  a 
yellow  dye.    The  bark 
of  the  root  of  this  and 
of  several  Asiatic  spe- 
cies, as  B.  Lycium,  B. 
Asiatica,  and  B.  aris- 

tata,  is  used  as  a  bitter  tonic  and  for  the  extraction  of 
berberine  (which  see).  Some  of  the  Mahonia  group  of 
species,  distinguished  by  pinnate  evergreen  leaves,  and 
including  the  Oregon  grape  of  the  Pacific  coast,  B.  Aqui- 
folium,  are  frequently  cultivated  for  ornament.  The 
stamens  in  this  genus  are  curiously  irritable,  springing 
forward  upon  the  pistil  when  the  iimer  side  of  tlie  fila- 
ment is  touched. 

berberry  (ber'ber-i),  n.    Same  as  barberry. 
berbine  (ber'bin),  n.    [<  Berb{eris)  +  -ine^.] 
An  alkaloid  extracted  from  the  root  and  inner 
bark  of  the  barberry.    It  is  an  amorphous 
white  powder,  bitter  to  the  taste, 
berceuse  (bar-sez'),  v.  [F.,  a  rocker,  a  lullaby. 
Cf.  bereeau,  a  cradle,  <  bcrcer,  rock,  lull  to 
sleep.]    A  cradle-song;  especially,  a  vocal  or 
instrumental  composition  of  a  tender,  quiet, 
and  soothing  character, 
bercheroot  (ber 'che-rot),  n.    The  Russian 
pound,  the  unit  of  weight  in  Russia.  The 
standard  of  1835  equals  409.5174  gi'ams,  or 
0.9028,307  of  a  pound  avoirdupois, 
bercowetz,  «.   See  berlcovets. 


Barberry  {Berderis  vulgaris),  with 
fruit,  flower,  and  anther  (a  a)  in  the 
act  of  dehiscence. 


berg 

berdasht,  «.    See  bur  dash. 

berdet,  "•    An  obsolete  form  of  beard. 

bere't,  '    bereft,  n.,  etc.   An  obsolete  form  of 

bcar^,  6frt/-2,  etc.,  berry^,  etc. 
Berean  (be-re'an),  a.  and  n.  [Also  written  Be- 
ra-an,  <  L'.  Bcrwus,  <  Bercea,  <  Gr.  Bipoia,  Bep- 
puia.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  ancient  town 
of  Berea  (Beroea,  now  Verria)  in  Macedonia; 
in  religious  use,  resembling  the  people  of  Berea 
as  described  in  the  Acts.    See  II.,  2. 

II,  M.  1.  An  inhabitant  of  ancient  Berea. — 
2.  One  of  a  sect  of  dissenters  from  the  Church 
of  Scotland,  who  took  their  name  from  and 
profess  to  follow  the  ancient  Bereans  men- 
tioned in  Acts  xvii.  11,  in  building  their  sys- 
tem of  faith  and  practice  upon  the  Scriptures 
alone,  without  regard  to  human  authority. 
Also  called  Barclayites,  from  their  founder, 
John  Barclay  (1734-98),  of  Muthill,  Perthshire. 
Berea  sandstone.  See  sandstone. 
bereave  (be-rev'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  bereaved  or 
bereft,  ppr.  bereaving.  [<  ME.  bereven,  bireven 
(pret.  berevede,  berefte,  bereft,  berafte,  pp.  be- 
reved,  bereft,  bernft),  <  AS.  beredfian  (=  OPries. 
birava  =  OS.  birobhon  =  D.  berooven  =  OHG. 
biroubon,  MHG.  berouben,  G.  berauben  =  Goth. 
biraubon),  rob,  bereave,  <  be-  +  redfian,  plun- 
der, rob:  see  6e-l  and  rcrti'e.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
deprive  by  or  as  if  by  violence;  rob;  strip: 
with  of  before  the  thing  taken  away. 
Me  have  ye  bereaved  of  my  children.         Gen.  xlii.  36. 

Fate  had  weaven 
The  twist  of  life,  and  her  of  life  bereaven. 

Ford,  Fame's  Memorial. 
Wilt  thou  die  e'en  thus, 
Ruined  'midst  ruin,  ruining,  bereft 
Of  name  and  honor 't 

William  Moms,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  18. 
[It  is  sometimes  used  without  of,  more  especially  in  the 
passive,  the  subject  of  the  verb  being  either  the  person 
deprived  or  the  thing  taken  away. 

And  'tis  your  fault  I  am  bereft  him  so. 

Shale,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  381. 
All  your  interest  in  those  territories 
Is  utterly  bereft  you.    Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1.] 

2t.  To  take  away  by  destroying,  impairing,  or 
spoiling;  take  away  by  violence. 
Shall  move  you  to  bereave  my  life.  Marlowe. 
I  think  his  understanding  is  bereft. 

Shak.,3Uen.  VI.,  ii.  6. 

Sf.  To  deprive  of  power;  prevent. 

No  thing  may  bireve 
A  man  to  love,  til  that  him  list  to  leve. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  685. 

II.  intrans.  To  destroy  life  ;  cut  off.  [Rare.] 
berea'Vement  (be-rev'ment),  n.    [<  bereave  + 
-inent.]  1.  The  act  of  bereaving. — 2.  The  state 
of  being  bereaved ;  grievous  loss ;  particularly, 
the  loss  of  a  relative  or  friend  by  death. 
He  bore  his  bereaveme7it  with  stoical  fortitude. 

H.  Smith,  Tor  Hill. 

berea'ver  (be-re'ver),  n.  One  who  Jsereaves  or 
deprives  another  of  something  valued. 

bereft  (be-reff).  Preterit  and  past  participle 
of  bereave. 

Berengarian  (ber-en-ga'ri-an),  n.  and  a.  [< 
ML.  Bcrengarius,  Berengar,"a  theologian,  bom 
about  A.  D.  998,  died  about  1088.]  I.  n.  One  of 
a  sect  which  followed  Berengarius  or  Berengar 
of  Tours,  archdeacon  of  Angers  in  the  eleventh 
century,  who  denied  the  doctrine  of  transub- 
stantiation. 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Berengarians 
or  their  opinions. 

Berengarianism  (ber-en-ga'ri-an-izm),  n.  [< 
Berengarian  4-  -ism.']  The  opinions  or  doctrines 
of  Berengarius  and  his  followers.  See  Beren- 
garian. 

Berenice's  hair.    See  Coma  Berenices. 

beresite  (ber'e-sit),  «.  [<  Beres(ovslc)  +  -ite^.] 
A  fine-grained  granite  found  near  Beresovsk, 
Russia,  in  the  Ural,  associated  with  gold-bear- 
ing quartz. 

beret,  berret^  (ber'et),  n.  [F.  be7-et,  <  ML.  be- 
retta,  biretia,  a  cap:  see  barret"^  and  biretta.] 
1 .  A  round  flat  woolen  cap  worn  by  the  Basque 
peasantry.    'N.  E.  D. —  2.  Same  as  biretta. 

beretta,  n.    See  biretta. 

berettina,  n.    See  berrettina. 

bere'wickt,  n.    See  berivick. 

bergi  (berg),  n.  [<  leel.  Sw.  Norw.  berg  =  'Da,n. 
bjerg,  a  rock,  G.  berg  =  E.  barrow'^,  a  hill.]  A 
rock.  [Shetland.] 

berg^  (berg),  n.  [Prom  -berg  in  iceberg,  <  G. 
eisberg :  see  iceberg.  Not  from  AS.  beorg,  a  hill, 
which  gives  E.  barrow'^,  a  mound  (but  ef.  bergh) : 
see  barrow'^.]  A  large  floating  mass  or  moim- 
tain  of  ice ;  an  iceberg. 
Like  glittering  bergs  of  ice,        Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 


bergall 


529 


Bernicla . 


bergall  (bfer'gal),  «.  [Also  written  burgall,  var. 
of  bergell,  bergle,  q.  v.]  The  cunner  or  blue- 
perch,  a  very  common  New  England  fish,  Cteno- 
labrus  adsjjersus.  See  burgall,  and  cut  under 
dinner. 

Bergamask  (ber 'ga- mask),  a.  and  m.    [<  It. 

Bergamasco,  adj.,  <^  Bergamo,  a  town  in  Italy. 
Cf.  bergamofl.']  I,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
city  or  province  of  Bergamo  in  northern  Italy, 
or  the  district  of  Bergamasca:  as,  Bergamask 
traditions;  the  j5er(7ff?Mas&  Alps;  a.  Bergamask 
dance,"  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  v.  1. 

II.  n.  1 .  All  inhabitant  of  Bergamo  or  Ber- 
gamasca. 

A  gibe  at  the  poverty  of  the  Bergainasks,  among  whom, 
moreover,  the  extremes  of  stupidity  and  cunning  are 
most  usually  found,  according  to  the  popular  notion  in 
Italy.  Hoioells,  Venetian  Life,  v. 

2.  [=  F.  bergamasqiie.']  A  rustic  dance  in  im- 
itation of  the  people  of  Bergamasca,  who  were 
ridiculed  as  clownish  in  manners  and  speech, 
bergamot^  (ber'ga-mot),  n.  [Formerly  also 
burgamot,  burgemott,  bourgamot,  appar.  <  ^er- 
giamo,  a  town  in  Italy.  Ct.  bergamofi.']  1.  A 
variety  of  the  lime  or  lemon,  Citrus  medica,  with 
a  very  aromatic  rind,  from  which,  either  by  me- 
chanical means  or  by  distillation,  the  volatile  oil 
of  bergamot  (known  in  trade  as  essence  of  ber- 
gamot)  is  obtained.  The  essence  is  a  product 
chiefly  of  southern  Italy,  and  is  much  em- 
ployed in  perfumery. —  2.  The  popular  name 
of  several  labiate  plants,  as  in  England  of 
Mentha  citrata,  and  in  the  United  States  of 
Monarda  fistulosa  and  M.  didyma. —  3.  A  kind 
of  snuff  perfumed  with  bergamot. 

Gives  the  nose  its  bergamot.  Cowper,  Task,  ii. 

4.  A  coarse  tapestry  manufactured  fi-om  flocks 
of  wool,  silk,  cotton,  hemp,  and  from  the  hair 
of  oxen  and  goats,  said  to  have  been  made  origi- 
nally at  Bergamo. 

bergamot^  (ber'ga-mot),  n.  [<  F.  bergamote,  < 
It.  bergamotto,  appar.  a  perversion,  simulating 
a  connection  with  Bergamo,  a  town  in  Italy  (ef. 
bergamot"^),  of  Turk,  begarmudi,  lit.  (like  the  G. 
name  furstenbirne)  prince's  pear,  <  beg,  a  prince 
(see  &e?/2),  -I-  armud,  a  pear.]  A  variety  of  pear. 

bergander  (ber'gan-der),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
birgander,  burgander,  appar.  <  ME.  ber^e,  a  bur- 
row (see  berrij'^,  burrow"^),  -f-  gander  (i.  e.,  burrow- 
gander;  cf .  its  other  name,  burrow-duck).  Cf .  D. 
bergeend  =  NFries.  bargaand  =  MLG.  berchant 
=  &.  bergente,  lit.  'hill-duck,'  G.  erdgans,  lit. 
'earth-goose.']  A  name  of  the  sheldrake  or 
burrow-duck,  Tadornavulpanser.  See  sheldrake. 

bergell,  n.    See  bergle. 

bergert,  n.  [Appar.  <  F.  bergere,  a  neglig^  style 
of  dressing  the  hair.]  A  loci?;  of  hair  worn 
long,  and  with  the  end  cui-led,  by  ladies  in  the 
time  of  Charles  II. 

Bergerac  (ber'je-rak ;  F.  pron.  berzh-rak'),  n. 

1.  A  red  wine  of  good  quality,  made  in  the 
department  of  Dordogne  in  southwestern 
France,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  town  of  Bergerac. 
It  is  seldom  in  the  market  under  its  own  name,  but  is  ex- 
ported from  Bordeaux,  and  confounded  with  claret.  It  is 
very  popular  throughout  central  France. 

2.  A  white  wine  from  the  same  district,  gen- 
erally very  sweet  and  of  a  high  flavor. —  3.  A 
dry  wine  not  unlike  Barsae. 

bergerett,  «.  [OF.,  <  berger,  a  shepherd,  <  ML. 
berbicarius,  a  shepherd,  <  berbex,  L.  vervex,  a 
wether.]  A  pastoral  or  rustic  song  or  dance. 
Also  bargeret,  bargaret. 

There  began  anon 
A  lady  for  to  singe  right  womanly 
A  bargaret  in  praising  the  daisie. 

Flower  and  Leaf,  1.  348. 

berght,  n.  [Cf.  bargh;  obsolete  form  (after 
Scand.)  of  barrow'^,  a  hill.]    A  hill. 

berglax  (berg'laks),  n.  [Norw.  berglax,  berg- 
laks,  lit.  rock-salmon  (=  Dan.  bjerglax,  the 
common  hake),  <  berg  =  Sw.  berg,  Dan.  bjerg, 
a  hill,  rock,  -1-  Norw.  Sw.  Dan.  lax  =  AS.  leax  = 
G.  lacks,  salmon.]  The  Norwegian  name  of  a 
gadoid  fish,  Coryphcenoides  norvegicus,  of  the 
family  Macruridce. 

bergle  (ber'gl),  n.  [Also  written  bergell,  ber- 
gill  (and  bergall,  burgall,  q.  v.),  appar.  a  var.  of 
bergylt,  q.  v.]  A  name  in  the  Shetland  islands 
of  the  ballan-wrasse,  Labrus  macidatus. 

bergmanite  (berg'man-it),  n.  [<  T.  O.  Bergman, 
a  Swedish  mineralogist  (1735-84),  -t-  -jfe2.]  A 
variety  of  the  zeolite  natrolite.  it  occurs  massive 

and  fibrous  in  the  zirconsyenite  of  Brevig  in  Norway.  Its 
colors  are  greenish,  grayish-white,  and  red. 

bergmaster  (berg'mas'ter),  n.  [After  G.  berg- 
meister:  see  barmaster.'\    Same  as  barmaster. 

bergmehl  (berg'mal),  n.  [G.,  <  berg  =  E.  bar- 
row^, a  mountain,  +  mehl  =  E.  meal^,']  Moun- 


tain-meal or  fossil  farina,  a  geological  deposit 
in  the  form  of  an  extremely  fine  powder,  con- 
sisting almost  entirely  of  the  silicious  frustules 
or  cell-walls  of  diatoms.  It  has  been  eaten  in  Lap- 
land in  seasons  of  gieat  scarcity,  mixed  with  gi-ound  corn 
and  bark. 

bergmote  (berg'mot),  n.    Same  as  barmote. 
bergy  (ber'gi),  a.    [<  berg"^  -\-  -yl.]     1.  Full  of 
bergs  or  icebergs. —  2.  Resembling  or  of  the 
nature  of  a  berg. 

A  considerable  bergxj  mass  of  ice. 

C.  F.  Hall,  Polar  Expedition,  p.  266. 

bergylt  (ber'gilt),  n.  [Also  written  berguylt 
(see  also  bergle,  bergall,  burgall) ;  <  Norw.  bcrg- 
gylta,  dial,  berggalt,  appar.  <  berg,  cliff,  preci- 
pice, hill,  +  gylta  =  Icel.  gylta  and  gyltr,  a  sow.] 
A  name  in  Shetland  of  the  rose-fish,  Sebastes 
marinus,  a  fish  of  the  family  Scorpcenidce.  Also 
called  Norwegian  haddock.  See  cut  under  iSe- 
bastes. 

berhyme,  v.  t.  See  berime. 
beriberi  (ber'i-ber-i),  n.  [Singhalese;  an  in- 
tensive redupl.  of  beri,  weakness.]  A  disease 
characterized  by  anemia,  muscular  and  sen- 
sory paralysis,  more  or  less  pain,  general  drop- 
sical symptoms,  effusion  into  the  serous  cavi- 
ties, and  dyspnoea  on  exertion.  Hydropic  and  dry 
forms  are  distinguished  by  the  presence  or  abssnce  of 
dropsy.  It  may  be  acute,  or  subacute,  or  chronic.  It 
does  not  appear  to  be  contagious,  though  it  infects  local- 
ities. Beriberi  occurs  in  India  and  adjacent  countries, 
is  frequent  in  Japan  under  the  name  of  kaklee,  and  seems 
to  be  identical  with  the  "sleeping  sickness"  of  the  west 
coast  of  Africa.  It  is  said  to  occur  in  South  America 
also. 

Beridse  (ber'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Beri(d-)s  + 
-idee.]    A  family  of  tetrachastous  or  tanysto- 
matous  brachycerous  Biptera,  represented  by 
such  genera  as  Beris,  Xylophagus,  etc.  Also 
called  Xylop)hagid(e. 
beridelt,  n.    [Origin  obscure.]    A  garment  of 
linen,  worn  in  Ireland  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
VIII.  Planche. 
berigora  (ber-i-go'ra),  n.    A  name  of  an  Aus- 
tralian falcon,  the  berigora  hawk,  Hieracidea 
(or  leracidea)  berigora. 
berime  (be-rim'),  v.  t.    [<  &e-l  +  rime^.'l  To 
celebrate  in  rime  or  verse.    Also  berhyme. 

She  had  a  better  love  to  berime  [as  in  old  editions]  her. 

Shak.,  E.  and  J.,  ii.  4. 

beringed  (bf-ringd'),  a.    [<  &e-l  -t-  ringed.'] 
Supplied  or  surrounded  with  rings. 
A  curiously  beringed  disc  [Saturn]. 

E.  F.  Burr,  Ecce  Coelum,  p.  99. 

Beris  (ber 'is),  w.  [NL.]  The  typical  genus  of 
the  family  Beridce,  or  Xylophagidce.  B.  clavipes 
is  an  example. 
Berkeleian  (berk'lf-an),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining or  relating  to' George  Berkeley,  bishop 
of  Cloyne,  Ireland  (born  1684,  died  1753),  or  to 
Berkeleianism. 

The  Berkeleian  idealism  is  little  moi'e  than  the  easy 
demonstration  that  this  view  [that  the  world  of  reality 
exists  quite  independently  of  being  known  by  any  know- 
ing beings  in  it],  from  a  philosophical  standing  point,  is 
untenable.       J.  C.  Shairp,  Culture  and  Religion,  p.  185. 

II.  n.  One  who  holds  Bishop  Berkeley's  sys- 
tem of  idealism ;  one  who  denies  the  existence 
of  a  material  world. 
Berkeleianism  (berk'le-an-izm),  n.  The  phi- 
losophy of  Bishop  Berkeley.  See  Berkeleian. 
He  holds  that  material  things  exist  only  in  so  far  as 
thay  are  perceived ;  their  esse  is  percipi.  It  is  by  think- 
ing them,  and  making  us  think  them,  that  the  Divine 
Being  creates  the  material  universe.  But  Berkeley  gives 
to  souls  a  substantive  existence,  so  they  must  be  created 
otherwise.  The  Berkeleian  idealism  is  intimately  inter- 
woven with  an  extreme  nominalism,  which  denies  the  exis- 
tence of  general  conceptions.  Berkeley's  theory  of  vision, 
which  in  a  modified  form  is  now  generally  adopted  by 
scientific  men,  is  that  while  we  see  two  dimensions  of 
space,  the  third  is  recognized  by  touch  (that  is,  by  the  mus- 
cular sense),  until  the  eyes  become  educated  to  associat- 
ing certain  appearances  with  certain  feelings  of  touch. 

Berkeley's  Act.  See  act. 
berkovets  (ber'ko-vets),  n.  [Euss.  berkovetsH.'] 
A  Eussian  weight,  legally  equal  to  400  Eussian 
pounds,  or  361  pounds  2  ounces  avoirdupois. 
In  other  parts  of  Eussia,  where  older  pounds 
have  not  gone  out  of  use,  the  value  of  this  unit 
is  somewhat  greater.  Also  bercowets. 
berkowitz  (ber'ko-vitz),  n.  [G.  berkowitz,  repr. 

Euss.  hcrkovetsii.i  S&me  as  bei'kovets. 
berlinl  (ber'lin  orber-lin'),  n.  [In  first  sense, 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  bcrlina  =  G.  berline,  <  F.  berime; 
<  Berlin,  the  capital  of  Prussia.]  1.  A  large 
four-wheeled  eaniage  with  a  suspended  body, 
two  interior  seats,  and  a  top  or  hood  that  can 
be  raised  or  lowered :  so  called  because  first 
made  in  Berlin,  in  the  seventeenth  century, 
from  the  designs  of  an  architect  of  the  elector 
of  Brandenburg. — 2.  A  knitted  glove. 


A  tat  man  in  black  tights  and  cloudy  Berlins. 

Dickens,  Tuggses  at  Ramsgate. 

berlin^  berling,  n.   See  birlin. 
Berlin  blue,  iron,  etc.    See  the  nouns, 
berloque  (ber-lok'),  n.    [F.]    Milit.,  the  tattoo 

upon  a  drum  announcing  a  meal-time, 
berm  (berm),  n.  [Also  written  berme,  rarely 
hirm,  barm;  at.  F.  berme,  =  Euss.  berma,  etc., 
<  MD.  berme,  D.  berm,  berme,  =  MLG.  berme, 
barm,  =  G.  berme,  a  bonn,  prob.  =  Icel.  barmr, 
edge,  border,  brim,  as  of  a  river  or  the  sea,  etc.: 
see  6n?«i.]  1.  A  narrow  ledge ;  specifically, 
in  fort.,  a  space  of  ground  or  a  terrace  from  3  to 
5  feet  in  width,  left  between  the  ramjjart  and 
the  moat  or  foss,  designed  to  receive  the  ruins 
of  the  rampart  in  the  event  of  a  bombardment, 
and  to  prevent  the  earth  from  filling  the  foss. 
Sometimes  it  is  palisaded,  and  in  the  Netherlands  it  ia 
generally  planted  with  a  quickset  hedge. 

If  we  accept  the  Hindu  Kush  as  our  mountain  fortress, 
then,  to  use  a  technical  phrase,  Afghan  Turkistan  is  our. 
benn  and  the  Oxus  our  ditch. 

J.  T.  Wheeler,  Short  Hist.  India,  p.  668. 

2.  The  bank  or  side  of  a  canal  which  is  oppo- 
site to  the  towing-path.  Also  called  berm-bank. 
bermelf,  «.    A  Middle  English  form  of  barnfi. 
berme^,  «.    See  berm. 

bermillians  (ber-mil'yanz),  n.  pi.    [Origin  un- 
known.]   Pieces  of  linen  or  fustian. 
Bermuda  grass,  fan-palm,  etc.  See  the  nouns. 
Bermudian  (ber-mu'di-an),  a.  and  n.    I.  a. 

Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  Bermudas  or  to 
their  inhabitants. 

II.  M.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Bermuda 
or  the  Bermudas,  a  group  of  islands  in  the  At- 
lantic, about  600  miles  east  of  Cape  Hatteras  in 
North  CaroHna,  belonging  to  Great  Britain, 
bernif,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  barn^. 
bernet,  bernet,  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  (Sc.),  <  ME. 
berne,  bern,  burne,  burn,  etc.,  <  AS.  beorn,  biorn, 
a  warrior,  hero,  a  word  used  only  in  poetry,  and 
prob.  =  Icel.  bjorn,  a  bear,  appar.  a  deriv.  of 
*beri,  m.  (bera,  f.),  =  AS.  bera,  a  bear,  E.  bear"^. 
It  was  a  common  poetical  practice  to  give  the 
names  of  fierce  animals  to  warriors;  cf.  AS. 
cofor,  a  boar,  ="Ieel.  jofurr,  a  warrior,  hero.] 
A  warrior;  a  hero;  a  man  of  valor;  in  later 
use,  a  poetic  term  for  man. 
bernaclel  (ber'na-kl),  «.    Same  as  barnacle^. 
bernacle^t,  n.    Same  as  barnacle'^. 
Bernardino  (ber'nar-din),  n.  and  a.    [F.  Ber- 
nardin,  <  ML.  Bernardinus,  <  Bernardus,  Ber- 
nard.]   I.  n.  The  name  given  in  France  to  the 
members  of  the  Cistercian  order  of  monks,  it 

is  derived  from  St.  Bernard  (1091-115a),  who  was  the  most 
distinguished  member  of  the  order  and  was  regarded  as  its 
second  founder.    See  Cistercian. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  St.  Bernard  or  the  Ber- 
nardines. 

Bernard's  canal.   See  canal. 
bernet,  n.    See  berti^. 

bernert,  «.  [<  ME.  bemer,  <  OF.  berner,  bernier, 
brenier  (ML.  bernarius),  a  feeder  of  hounds,  < 
bren,  bran,  bran:  see  bran.]  An  attendant  in 
charge  of  a  pack  of  hounds.  N.  E.  D. 
Bernese  (ber-nes'  or  -nez'),  a.  and  «.  [<  G. 
Bern,  F.  Ber  ne,  in  Switzerland,  -f-  -ese.]  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  Bern  or  its  inhabitants. 

II.  n.  sing,  and  A  citizen  or  citizens  of 
Bern,  the  capital  of  Switzerland,  or  of  the  can- 
ton of  the  same  name, 
bernesque  (ber-nesk'),  a.  [<  It.  Bernesco,  < 
Berni:  see  -esque.]  In  the  humorous  and  bur- 
lesque style  of  the  writings  of  Francesco  Berni, 
an  Italian  poet,  who  died  in  1536. 

Bernesque  poetry  is  the  clearest  reflexion  of  that  reli- 
gious and  moral  scepticism  which  was  one  of  the  charac- 
teristics of  Italian  social  life  in  the  16th  century,  and 
which  showed  itself  more  or  less  in  all  the  works  of  that 
period,  that  scepticism  which  stopped  the  religious  Refor- 
mation in  Italy,  and  which  in  its  turn  was  an  effect  of  his- 
torical conditions.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  510. 

Bernicla  (ber'ni-kla),  n.  [NL.  (adopted  as  a 
genus  name  by  Stephens,  1824),  <  ML.  bernicla, 


Canada  Goose  [Bernicla  canadeitsts]. 


Bernicla 

the  barnacle :  seebanuicle'^.'i  A  genus  of  geese, 
containing  the  barnaele-goose,  brent-goose,  and 
related  species,  which  have  black  bills,  black 
head  and  neck  with  white  markings,  and  the 
general  color  dark,  with  white  or  light  tail-cov- 
erts. The  type-species  is  Anser  bernicla,  now  B.  le.ucopais; 
the  brent-goose  is  B.  brenta ;  the  black  brent  of  North 
America  is  B.  nirirk-ans ;  the  common  wild  goose  of  North 
America,  or  Canada  soose,  is  i'.  caiiademtis- ;  Hutchins's 
goose  is.a  similar  but  snuiller  species,  J!,  hiitt-liinsi;  there 
are  others  also.    See  cuts  uudcr  barnacle  and  brent-goose. 

bernicle,  bernicle-goose  (ber'ni-kl,  -gos),  w. 

[A  form  of  barnacle^,  historically  obsolete,  but 
now  occasionally  used  with  ref.  to  the  NL. 
generic  name  Bernicla.']  The  barnacle  or  bar- 
nacle-goose.   See  harnadc^,  1. 

Bernissartia  (ber-ni-siir'ti-a),  11.  [NL.,  <  Ber- 
nissart.  name  of  a  quarry  iii  Belgium.]  A  ge- 
nus of  extinct  Wealden  crocodiles,  typical  of 
the  family  Bernissartiid(v,  whose  remains  have 
been  found  in  a  quarry  in  Beruissart,  Belgium. 

Bernissartiidse  (ber'ni-sar-ti'i-de), «. j;/.  [NL., 
<  Bti-nimu-tia  +  -idee.']  A  family  of  extinct 
crocodiliaus.  The  technical  characteristics  are:  the 
choan,-B  comparatively  approximated  :  the  snpratemporal 
fossae  smaller  than  the  orbits ;  a  well-detined  orliitolatero- 
temporal  sinus  ;  the  dorsal  plates  imbricated  and  formini;- 
more  than  two  longitudinal  rows  ;  and  the  \  entral  arma- 
ture reduced  to  one  buckler  of  imbricated  plates.  The 
family  occurs  in  the  Wealden  and  Purbeck  formations. 

Bernoullian  (ber-no'lian),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  discovered  by  one  of  several  famous  mathe- 
maticians belonging  to  the  Basle  family  Ber- 
noulli, which  originated  in  Antwerp  Bernoul- 
lian fxmction,  a  function  defined  by  an  eiiuation  of  the 
form  A  F  (J-)  =  x».— BemouUian  numbers,  a  certain 
series  of  mnnbers  discovered  by  Jacob  Bernoulli  (1654- 
1705),  of  which  the  first  members  are  : 

B2  =  4   B4  =  ^   Be  =  3^   Bg  =        Bio  =  -h- 
BemotiUlan  series,  in  math.,  the  series /o  =fx  —  xf'x 

bernouse,  n.   See  hurnoose. 
berob  (be-rob'),     t.    [<  ME.  berobben;  <  6e-i 
+  rob.}    To  rob ;  plunder. 

What  evill  starre 
On  you  hath  frownd,  and  pourd  his  influence  bad, 
That  of  your  selfe  ye  thus  berobbed  arre  ? 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  viii.  42. 

Beroe  (ber'o-e),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  'Bepoi],  one  of  the 
ocean  nymphs.]  The  typical  genus  of  cteno- 
phorans  of  the  family  Beroidcc.  b.  .forskali  is  an 
example.  The  species  are  of  the  size  and  shape  of  a  small 
lemon.  The  genus  was  formerly  of  much  greater  extent 
than  now,  including  species  now  referred  to  other  fami- 
lies, as  Cijil ipjir.  etc. 

beroid  (ber'o-id),  n.  A  etenophoran  of  the 
family  Beroidce. 

Beroidae  (be-ro'i-de),  w.  pJ.  [NL.,  <  Beroe  + 
-idw.']  A  family  of  the  class  Ctenophora,  sub- 
kingdom  Ccelentcrata,  having  the  body  globular 
or  oval,  without  oral  lobes  or  tentacles,  and 
with  fringed  appendages  of  the  periphery  of 
the  polar  spaces.  They  are  transparent  jelly-like  ma- 
rine organisms,  differing  from  most  of  the  ctenophorans 
in  having  a  large  mouth  and  digestive  cavity.  Represen- 
tative genera  are  Beroe,  /(/.i/Za,  "and  Pandora. 

beroon  (be-ron'),  n.  [Pers.  binln,  without,  ex- 
terior.] The  chief  court  of  a  Persian  dwelling- 
house.  S.  G.  W.  Benjamin,  Persia  and  the  Per- 
sians. 

berreti,  n.    See  beret. 

berret^  (ber'et),  n.  A  kind  of  opal  bead  of  the 
size  of  a  marble. 

It  was  most  amusing  to  witness  his  [the  chief  of  Latoo- 
ka's]  delight  at  a  string  of  fifty  little  berrets  .  .  .  which 
I  had  brought  into  the  country  for  the  first  time. 

Sir  S.  W.  Baker,  Heart  of  Africa,  xvi. 

berretta,  ».   See  Uretta. 

berrettina  (ber-e-te'na),  n.  [It.,  dim.  of  ber- 
retta :  see  Uretta.']  A  scarlet  skull-cap  worn 
by  cardinals.    Also  bercttina. 

berri,  n.  The  Turkish  mile,  of  which  there  are 
said  to  be  66f  to  a  degree. 

berried  (ber'id),  a.  [<  berry'i-  +  -ed^.]  1. 
Furnished  with  berries:  as,  "the  6emed  holly," 
Keats. —  2.  Of  the  form  or  nature  of  a  berry; 
baccate. —  3.  Having  eggs  or  spawn,  as  a  fe- 
male lobster  or  other  crustacean. 

berryi  (ber'i),  n. ;  pi.  berries  (-iz).  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  berrie,  <  ME.  bery,  berie,  <  AS.  berie, 
berif/e  =  OS.  beri  (in  winberi,  grape)  =  MD. 
6ere,  also  beze,  D.  bezie,  bes  =  MLG.  bere  =  OHG. 
beri,  MHG.  bere,  ber,  G.  beere  =  Icel.  her  =  Sw. 
bar  —  Dan.  beer  =  Goth,  basi  (in  weinabasi  = 
OS.  tcinberi  =  AS.  winberie,  '  wine-berry,'  grape) 
(neut.  and  fem.  forms  mixed),  a  berry.  Origin 
unknown ;  by  some  referred  to  the  root  of  bare, 
as  if  the  'bare'  or  'uncovered'  fruit.]  1.  In 
bot. :  (a)  In  ordinary  use,  any  small  pulpy 
fruit,  as  the  huckleberry,  strawberry,  black- 
berry, mulberry,  checker&erry,  etc.,  of  which 


530 

only  the  first  is  a  berry  in  the  technical  sense, 
(ft)  Technically,  a  simple  fruit  in  which  the 
entire  pericarp  is  fleshy,  excepting  the  outer 
skin  or  epicarp,  as  the  bananfe,  tomato,  grape, 
currant,  etc.  (c)  The  dry  kernel  of  certain 
kinds  of  grain,  etc.,  as  the  berry  of  wheat  and 
barley,  or  the  coSee-berry.  See  cut  under 
'Wheat. —  2.  Something  resembling  a  berry,  as 
one  of  the  ova  or  eggs  of  lobsters,  crabs,  or 
other  crustaceans,  or  the  drupe  of  Bhaninus 
iiifcctoriiis,  used  in  dyeing.- Avignon  berry,  the 

drupe  of  Rhamnus  alaternus,  used  in  dyeing  yellow. 
Also  called  French  berri/, 

berryl  (ber'i),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  berried,  ppr. 
berry ititj.  [<  berryi,  «.]  1.  To  bear  or  pro- 
duce berries. —  2.  To  gather  berries:  as,  to  go 
berrying. 

berry2  (ber'i),  «. ;  pi.  berries  (-iz).  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  berye,  berie,  <  ME.  bertjhe,  berge  (prop, 
dat.),  a  barrow:  see  barrow^.]  A  mound;  a 
barrow.    [Obsolete  or  dialectal.] 

This  little  ben'y  some  ycleep 
An  hillock. 

W.  Browne,  Britannia's  Pastorals,  i.  2. 
The  theatres  are  berries  for  the  fair  : 
Like  ants  on  mole-hills  thither  they  repair. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Art  of  Love,  i.  103. 

berrySf  (ber'i),  n.  [E.  dial.,  <  late  ME.  bery: 
see  burrow^.]  1.  A  biuTow,  especially  a  rab- 
bit's burrow. —  2.  An  excavation;  a  military 
mine. 

berry*  (ber'i),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  berried,  ppr. 
berrying.  [E.  dial,  and  Se.,<  ME.  beryen,  berien, 
<  AS.  *berian  (only  in  pp.  gebered)  =  OHG. 
berja,  MHG.  berren,  beren  =  Icel.  be7-ja  =  L. 
ferire  (>  ult.  E.  fertde,  interfere),  strike.]  1. 
To  beat ;  give  a  beating  to. 

Here  this  boy  is,  ge  bade  vs  go  bary 

With  battis. 
We  are  combered  his  corpus  for  to  carry. 

York  Plays,  p.  334. 

2.  To  thresh  (grain,  etc.). 

I'll  berry  your  crap  by  the  light  o'  the  moon. 

W.  Nicholson. 

berry^t,  "■     [Also  berrie;  a  corrupt  form  of 

perrie,  jyirrie :  see  pirrie.  ]  A  gust  of  wind, 
bersaglieri  (bar-sa-lya'ri),  11.  pi.  [It.,  pi.  of  ber- 
sagliere,  a  sharpshooter,  <  bersaglio  (=  OP.  ber- 
sail,  berseil),  a  mark,  butt,  <  *berciare,  in  im- 
berciare,  aim  at  {—  OF.  bercer,  herser) ;  cf.  ML. 
bersare,  shoot  with  the  bow,  hunt.  Cf .  ML.  ber- 
cellum  (var.  barbizelhm),  a  battering-ram ;  per- 
haps <  berbex,  L.  vervex,  a  wether,  ram.]  The 
name  for  riflemen  or  sharpshooters  in  the  Ital- 
ian army. 

berserk  (ber'serk),  V.  [<  Icel.  berserkr  (omit- 
ting, as  usual,  the  nom.  suffix  -r) :  see  berser- 
ker.] Same  as  berserker. 
berserker  (ber'ser-ker),  n.  [Also  berserhir  and 
berserk,  <  Icel.  berserkr  (the  E.  retaining  the 
nom.  suffix  -r),  pi.  berserkir;  commonly  ex- 
plained as  'bare-sark,'  <  berr,  =  E.  barc^,  + 
serkr,  >  E.  sark,  coat,  shirt ;  but  prob.  rather 
' bear-sark,' <  *beri,m.  (only  in  comp.)  (bera,L), 
=  AS.  bcra,  E.  bear'^,  +  serkr.  "  In  olden  ages 
athletes  and  champions  used  to  wear  hides  of 
bears,  wolves,  and  reindeer  "  (Vigfusson).  The 
"berserker's  rage"  is  expressed  by  Icel.  ber- 
serksgangr,  <  berserkr  +  gangr,  a  going,  esp.  a 
rapid  going,  furious  rush :  see  gang.]  1.  A  wild 
warrior  or  champion  of  heathen  times  in  Scan- 
dinavia. In  battle  the  berserkers  are  said  to  have  been 
subject  to  fits  of  fury,  when  they  howled  like  wild  beasts, 
foamed  at  the  mouth,  gnawed  the  rim  of  their  shields, 
etc. ;  and  on  such  occasions  they  were  popularly  believed 
to  be  proof  against  fire  and  steel.  [Commonly  written 
with  a  capital.] 

Out  of  unhandseled  savage  nature,  out  of  terrible  Druids 
and  Berserkirs,  come  at  last  Alfred  and  Shakspere. 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  85. 
The  wild  pirates  of  the  North  Sea  have  become  con- 
verted into  warriors  of  order  and  champions  of  peaceful 
freedom,  exhausting  what  still  remains  of  the  old  Ber- 
serk spirit  in  subduing  nature,  and  turning  the  wilderness 
into  a  garden.  Huxley,  Amer.  Addresses,  p.  124. 

Hence  —  2.  A  person  of  extreme  violence  and 
fury. 

berstlet,  n.  A  variant  of  bristle.  Chaucer. 
berth^t,  w-  An  obsolete  spelling  of  birth^. 
berths  (berth),  n.  [First  found  at  the  end  of 
the  16th  century ;  also  written  byrth,  birth  (the 
latter  spelling  being  but  recently  obsolete) ;  ori- 
gin unknown  (the  E.  dial,  birth,  a  place,  sta- 
tion, is  but  a  later  use  of  the  same  word) ;  per- 
haps ult.  derived  (like  the  earlier  berth''-  =  birtliX) 
from  bear'^.]  1.  Naut.:  (a)  Sea-room;  space 
kept  or  to  be  kept  for  safety  or  convenience 
between  a  vessel  under  sail  and  other  vessels 
or  the  shore,  rocks,  etc. :  especially  in  the 
phrases,  also  used  figuratively,  to  give  a  good, 
clear,  or  wide  berth  to,  keep  a  wide  berth  of 


berwick 

(to  keep  clear  of,  keep  well  away  from).  (6) 
Room  for  a  vessel  to  turn  around"  or  to  ride  at 
anchor,  (c)  A  station  in  which  a  ship  lies  or 
can  lie,  whether  at  anchor  or  at  a  wharf,  (rf) 
A  room  or  an  apartment  in  a  ship  where  a 
number  of  officers  or  men  mess  and  reside, 
(e)  The  shelf-like  space  allotted  to  a  passen- 
ger in  a  vessel  (and  hence  in  a  railroad  sleep- 
ing-car) as  a  sleeping-place;  a  sailor's  bunk 
on  board  ship;  a  place  for  a  hammock,  or 
a  repository  for  chests. —  2.  A  post  or  an 
appointment ;  situation  ;  employment :  as,-  he 
has  got  a  good  berth  at  last.—Berth  and  space,  in 

sliip-biuldini/,  the  distance  between  the  nioldiug-cdge  of 
one  timber  and  the  molding-edge  of  the  one  next  to  it. 
berth^  (berth),  v.  t.  [<  berth^,  «.]  Xaut.:  (a) 
To  assign  or  allot  anchoring-ground  to;  give 
space  to  lie  in,  as  a  ship  in  a  dock.  (&)  To  al- 
lot a  berth  or  berths  to:  as,  to  berth  a  ship's 
company. 

The  special  object  of  these  [changes  on  the  approach  of 
winter]  was  the  economy  of  fuel  and  the  berthing  of  the 
whole  crew  below  deck.      C.  P.  Hall,  Polar  Exp.,  p.  122. 

berths  (berth),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  byrth,  per- 
haps <  *berth,  n.  (not  found),  <  Icel.  byrdhi, 
board  or  side  of  a  ship,  <  bordh,  board:  see 
board.]  To  board ;  cover  with  boards :  chiefly 
in  ship-building, 
bertha  (ber'tha),  11.  [Also  berthe,  after  F. ;  from 
the  proper  nahie  Bertha.]  1 .  A  small  cape  worn 
by  women  over  the  shoulders,  usually  crossed 
in  front  and  open  at  the  throat. —  2.  A  trim- 
ming of  lace  or  of  other  material  in  the  shape 
of  a  small  cape  worn  round  the  upper  edge  of  a 
low-necked  waist,  or  in  a  corresponding  posi- 
tion on  the  body  in  the  ease  of  a  high-necked 
waist. 

berthage  (ber'thaj),  n.    [<  berth^  +  -age.]  1. 
The  dues  paid  by  a  vessel  anchored  in  a  harbor 
or  dock,  or  berthed  at  a  wharf. —  2.  Accommo- 
dation for  anchoring;  harborage, 
berth-brace  (berth'bras),  «.    A  metal  rod, 
rope,  or  chain  for  supporting  the  upper  berths 
of  a  sleeping-car. 
berth-deck  (berth'dek),  w.    in  a  man-of-war, 
the  deck  next  below  the  gun-deck.    See  deck. 
berths  (berth),  n.    [F.]    Same  as  bertha. 
berthierite  (ber'thi-er-it),  n.     [After  Pierre 
Berthicr,  a  French  mineralogist,  died  1861.]  A 
sulphid  of  antimony  and  iron  occurring  in  dark 
steel-gray  prismatic  crystals  or  fibrous  masses, 
berthing!  (ber'thing),  11.    [<  berth"^  +  -ingi.] 
The  arrangement  of  berths  in  a  ship;  the 
berths  collectively. 

Berthing  requires  the  earliest  attention,  and  the  opera- 
tion may  be  facilitated  by  having  a  plan  of  the  decks. 

Luce,  .Seamanship,  p.  294. 
berthing^  (ber'thing),  11.  [<  berth3  +  -ingi.] 
1.  The  exterior  planking  of  a  ship's  side  above 
the  sheer-strake,  designated  as  the  berthing  of 
the  quarter-deck,  of  the  poop,  or  of  the  forecas- 
tle, as  the  case  may  be;  the  bulwark.  [Eng.] 
—  2.  The  rising  or  working  up  of  the  planks  of  a 
ship's  side.  Uamersly. 
berthing-rail  (ber'thing-ral),  n.  In  ship-builds 
ing.    See  extract. 

The  berthing-rail,  which  was  the  uppermost  rail  in  the 
ship,  was  let  into  the  lace  piece,  and  had  an  iron  knee  at 
the  foie  end  embracing  the  rails  on  each  side.  It  also 
abutted  against  the  cathead,  and  an  iron  knee  connected 
it  with  the  cathead  and  ship's  side. 

Thearle,  Naval  Arch.,  §  232. 

berth-latch  (berth'lach),  n.  A  spring-catch 
for  keeping  the  upper  berth  of  a  sleeping-car 
in  place  when  closed. 
.Bertholletia  (ber-tho-le'shi-a),  11.  [NL., named 
after  Claude  Louis  Berthollet,  a  French  chem- 
ist, 1748-1822.]  A  genus  of  Myrtaceee,  of  which 
only  one  species,  B.  excelsa,  is  known,  it  is  a 

tree  of  large  dimensions,  and  forms  vast  forests  on  the 
banks  of  the  Amazon,  Bio  Negro,  and  Orinoco.  It  giows 
to  a  height  of  150  feet,  and  its  stem  is  from  3  to  4  feet  in 
diameter.  The  fruit  is  known  as  the  Brazil-nut  (which 
see). 

bertram,  bartram  (ber'-,  bar'tram),  n.  [A  cor- 
ruption of  L.  pyrethrum :  see  Pyrethrum.]  An 
old  name  of  the  plant  Pyrethrum  Parthenium, 
bastard  pellitory  or  feverfew, 
bertrandite  (ber'trand-it),  n.  [After  E.  Ber- 
trand,  a  French  crystallographer.]  A  hydrous 
silicate  of  glucinum,  occurring  in  minute  ortho- 
rhombic  crystals  in  pegmatite  near  Nantes  in 
France. 

berwickt,  berewickt,  «•  [Used  only  as  a  his- 
torical term,  <  ME.  berewike,  <  AS.  berewic,  < 
bere,  barley,  +  ivic,  dwelling,  village :  see  bear^ 
and  ivick^,  and  cf.  barton.]    Same  as  barton,  1. 

In  the  courts  of  the  Forest  of  Knaresborough  each  of 
the  townships  or  berewics  which  form  the  manor  of  the 
forest  is  represented  by  the  constable  and  four  men ;  from 


berwick 

these  the  jurors  of  the  leet  are  chosen  ;  and  by  them  the 
praepositus  or  grave,  and  the  bedel. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  I.  120. 

berycid  (ber'i-sid),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family  Bery- 
cidce.    Also  berycoid. 
Berycidse  (be-ri_s'i-de),  n.         [NL.,  <  Beryx 


531 ,  beset 

honey-yellow  masses,  also  less  frequently  in 
isometric  crystals, 
berzeline  (ber'z^-lin),  w.    [<  BerselUis  (see  her- 

zelianite)  +  -ine^.']  1.  The  copper  selenide  bescutcneon  (be-skuch'on), 
usually  called  berselianite. — 2.  A  name  early  "  - 

given  to  the  mineral  haiiyne 


fishes,  of  which  Beryx  is  the  typical  genus.  Vary 
ing  limits  have  been  assigned  to  it.    («)  In  Giinther  s  sy's- 


Cattlolefis  totigidens. 

tern  it  is  the  only  family  of  the  Beniciformes.  (b)  In  Gill's 
system  it  is  limited  to  Berycoidea,  with  a  single  dorsal  fin 
having  few  spines  in  front,  and  ventral  fins  with  many  soft 
rays  and  moderate  spines.  It  includes  the  genera  Benjx, 
Anoplonaster,  Caulolcpis,  and  others. 

beryciform  (be-ris'i-foi-m),  a.  Having  the 
characters  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Beryciformes. 

Beryciformes  (be-ris-i-for'mez),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Beryx  (Beryc-)  +  h.  forma,  shape.]    In  ichth. 


+  as  (ass-),  as, unit:  see  as^.y  In  Bom.  mctroi- 
ogy,  two  thirds  of  a  unit  or  eight  twelfths  of  an 
as;  especially,  eight  cyathi  or  two  thirds  of 
a  sextarius;  also,  the  name  of  a  small  copper 
coin.  Also  hcssis. 
besa  (be'sa),  H.  [Heb.]  A  measure  of  capacity 
mentioned  in  rabbinical  writings,  equal  to  about 
one  sixth  of  a  United  States  pint, 
besabol  (bes'a-bol),  n.  [Ar.]  A  fragrant  res- 
inous balsam  obtained  from  a  burseraceous 
tree,  Commiphora  Icataf,  of  the  Somali  coimtry 

in  eastern  Africa,  it  was  formerly  called  East  Indian 
mi/rrh,  and  differs  from  true  myrrh  chiefly  in  its  odor. 
Also  bissabol, 

besagne  (be-san'),  «.  [OF.  besange  (Roque- 
fort), a  piece,  bit;  perhaps  same  as  OF.  besant, 
bezant:  see  bezant.']  In  medieval  armor,  a 
round  plate  protecting  the  interval  between 
two  pieces  of  plate-armor,  as  at  the  knee-joint 
or  elbow-joint.  During  the  period  from  the  first  in- 
troduction of  plate  in  the  earliest  rerebrace  to  the  com- 
plete suit  of  steel  (nearly  a  century  and  a  half),  the  protec- 
tion of  these  joints  was  one  of  the  most  difBcult  problems, 
and  the  use  of  the  roundel  of  steel  (easy  to  furge  and  to 
attach),  to  protect  the  outer  side  of  the  elbow  or  knee,  was 
almost  universal;  if  it  disappeared  for  a  few  years,  it  was 
only  to  come  into  use  again.    See  roundel. 


m  Gunther^s  system  of  classification,  the  second  besague  (bes'a-gu),  n.    [OF.,  also  bisaigue,  F. 


division  of  the  OTdeTAcanthopterygii,  character 

ized  by  a  compressed  oblong  body,  a  head  with 

large  muctferous  canities  covered  with  thin 

skin  only,  and  the  ventral  fins  thoracic  with 

one  spine  and  more  than  five  soft  rays  (in  Mo- 

nocentris  with  only  two), 
berycoid  (ber'i-koid),  a.  and  n.    I,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  superfanuly  Berycoidea  or  family 

Berycidce. 
II.  n.  Same  as  berycid. 
Berycoidea  (ber-i-koi'de-a),  n.  pJ.    [NL.,  <  Be- 
ryx {Beryc-)  +  -oidea. ]  'A'  superfamily  of  acan- 

thopterygian  fishes  having  nearly  the  same 

limits  as  the  group  Beryciformes,  and  including 

the  families  Berycidce,  Monocentridw,  Stephano- 

berycidce,  and  Molocentrida'. 
beryl  (ber'il),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  beril,  level,  ber- 

rel,  etc.,  <  ME.  beryl,  beril,  berel,  <  OF.  beril,  < 

L.  beryllus,  berillus,  <  Gr.  pf/pvATuog,  beryl,  per- 
haps <  Skt.  vaidiirya  (with  lingual  d),  beryl.  Cf. 

Ar.  Pers.  ballur,  hellaur,  crystal.]    A  colorless, 

bluish,  pinkish,  yellow,  "or  more  commonly 

green  mineral,  occurring  in  hexagonal  prisms. 

The  precious  emerald  is  a  variety  which  owes  its  beauty  bcsaut,  H.    See  bezant. 
of  color  to  the  presence  of  a  small  amount  of  chromium.  beS-antler,  «.     See  bez-antler 


besaigue  =  Pr.  bezagudo, 
acuta,  acutus, 
pointed,  sharp : 
see  bis-  and 
acute,  and  cf. 
E.  twibill.']  In 
medieval  antiq.: 
(a)  A  two- 
edged  or  two- 
pointed  wea- 
pon, especial- 
ly a  sort  of 
pick  having 
one  short  point 
and  one  blunt 


<  L.  bis,  double,  -t- 


Besagues.  (  From  Viollet-le-Duc's  ' 
Mobilier  fran^ais." ) 


A  critic  that  all  the  world  bescumbers 
With  satirical  humours  and  lyrical  nunil)er8. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  v.  1, 

t.    [<  + 

scutcheon.']  To  ornament  with  a  scutcheon: 
as,  "  besciitchconcd  and  be  tagged,"  Churchill, 
The  Ghost,  iv. 
beseet  (be-se'),  r.  [<  ME.  besen,  heseon,  biseon, 
<  AS.  besedn,  look,  look  about  (=  OS.  bisehav, 
OFries.  bi.sia  =  Goth.  Usaihwan),  <  he-  +  sedn, 
see:  see  ie-l  and  seel.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  look 
at;  see. — 2.  To  look  to;  see  to;  attend  to;  ar- 
range.— 3.  Reflexively,  to  look  about  one's  self ; 
look  to  one's  self. 
II.  intrans.  To  look  about;  look, 
beseech  (be-sech'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  besought, 
ppr.  beseeching.  [Early  mod.  E.  (north.)  also 
beseek,  <  ME.  besechen,  bisechen,  also  besekcn 
(not  in  AS.)  (=  OFries.  biseka  =  D.  bezoehen  = 
OHG.  hisuochaii,  MHG.  besuochen,  G.  besucheit 
=  Sw.  besiika  =  Dan.  bescige,  visit,  go  to  see),  < 
be-  +  seken,  seek:  see  &e-i  and  seek.]  1.  To 
entreat ;  supplicate ;  implore ;  ask  or  pray  with 
urgency:  followed  by  a  personal  object. 

I  Paul  myseli  beseech  you  by  the  meekness  and  gentle- 
ness of  Christ.  2  Cor.  x.  1. 

I  do  beseech  you 
(Chiefly,  that  I  might  set  it  in  my  prayers). 
What  is  your  name?  Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  1. 

2.  To  beg  eagerly  for;  solicit:  followed  by 
the  thing  solicited. 

But  Eve  ...  at  his  feet 
Fell  Iiumble  ;  and,  embracing  them,  bexought 
His  peace.  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  912. 

His  sad  eyes  did  beseech 
Some  look  from  hers,  so  blind  to  him,  so  blind  ! 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  297. 
=  S5TL  Ask,  Request,  Beg,  etc.  (see  ask),  plead  for  or  with, 
petition,  conjure,  appeal  to. 

beseecht  (be-sech'),  n.     [<  beseech,  v.]    A  re- 
quest: as,  "such  submiss  beseeches,"  Fletcher 
(and  others),  BlooOij  Brother,  iv.  2. 
beseecher  (bf-se'cher),  n.    One  who  beseeches, 
beseecbingly  (be-se'ching-li),  adv.    In  a  be- 
seeching manner, 
beseechingness  (be-se'ching-nes),  «.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  beseeching  or  earnestly  so- 
licitous.   George  Eliot. 
beseechment  (bf-sech'ment),  n.    [<  beseech  + 
ment/]    The  act  of  beseeching. 


orfoui^pointed  head ;  a  variety  of  the  martel-  be'seekt  (be-sek')7«^.  Obsollte  var£of  be- 
de-fer  (which  see).  (6)  A  carpenter's  tool  with    seech.  Chaucer. 

There  with  prayers  meeke 
And  myld  entreaty  lodging  did  for  her  beseeke. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  iii.  37. 

beseem  (be-sem'),  r.    [<  ME.  besemen,  hisemen, 
<  he-  +  semen,  seem :  see  &e-i  and  seem.]  I.f 


perhaps  an  ax-blade  on  one  side  and  an  adz 
blade  on  the  other, 
besaint  (be-sanf),  v.  t.    [<  6e-l  -f  saint.]  To 
make  a  saint  of. 

Their  canonizing  .  .  .  and  besainting  themselves. 

Hammond,  Works,  IV.  ix. 


See  emerald.  Aquamarine  is  a  pale-green  transparent  va- 
riety, also  used  as  a  gem,  though  not  higlily  prized.  Beryl 
is  a  silicate  of  aluminium  and  beryllium  (glucinuni).  The 
best  beryls  are  found  in  Brazil  and  Ceylon,  and  iu  Transbai- 
kalia and  elsewhere  in  Siberia.  Bery  ls  occur  also  in  many 
parts  of  the  United  States,  especially  in  the  New  Eng- 
land States  and  Xorth  Carolina;  the  latter  State  has  af- 
forded some  good  emeralds,  c  ate  11  I 
beryllia(be-ril'i-a),  ;,.  [■NU,<beryllium.]  Same  bescatter^bLS'er),  z;^ 


as  gJucina. 

Beryllian  (be-ril'ian),  n.  One  of  a  sect  fotmd- 

ed  in  the  third  century  by  Beryllus,  bishop  of 

Bostra  in  Arabia,  who  taught  that  Christ  was 

non-existent  previous  to  his  incarnation,  and 

that  at  his  birth  a  portion  of  the  divine  nature 

entered  into  him. 
berylline  (ber'i-lin),  a.  [<  beryl  +  -ine^.]  Like 

a  beryl ;  of  a  light-  or  bluish-gi-een  color, 
beryllium  (be-ril'i-um),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  jSTipvUiov, 

dim.  of  jiijpvXAa^,  beryl.]    Same  as  glucinum. 
berylloid  (ber'i-Ioid),  «.    [<  beryl  -I-  -aid.]  A 

solid  consisting  of  two  twelve-sided  pyramids 

placed  base  to  base:  so  called  because  the 

planes  of  this  form  are  common  in  crystals  of 

beryl. 

Berytidae  (be-rit'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Berytus 
+  -idee.]  A  family  of  heteropterous  insects, 
containing  the  most  aberrant  bugs  of  the  series 
Coreoidea. 

Berytus  (be-ri'tus),  n.    [NL.]    A  genus  of  he- 

mipterous  insects,  typical  of  the  family  Be-  ,    '"'''ZZT        ,  „^ 
rytida:.  bescnbble  (be-skrib'l),  f 

Beryx  (ber'iks),  «.    [NL.]   A  genus  of  percoid    To  scribble  over, 
fishes,  typical  of  the  family  Berycidce. 
berzelianite  (ber-ze'lian-it),  n.    [<  Berzelian  (< 


besaylet,  [ME.,  <  OF.  besayel,  hesaiol  (F. 
bisaieul),  a  great-grandfather,  <  hes-,  bis-  (<  L. 
bis,  twice)  +  ayel,  aiol,  a'ieul,  grandfather:  see 
bis-  and  ayle.]  A  great-gi-andfather.-Writ  of 
besayle,  in  old  law,  a  writ  by  which  a  great-grandchild, 
wrongfully  excluded  from  an  ancestor's  property,  vindi- 
cated his  or  her  claim  to  it. 

[<  6e-l  +  scatter.] 

To  scatter  over. 

With  flowres  bescattered.        Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I\".  xi.  46. 

The  battlemented  pine-6esca«ered  ridges  on  the  further  beseemingly  (be-se'mmg-li) 
side.  The  Century,  XXVII.  39. 

bescorn  (be-skorn'),  V.  t.    [<  &e-i  -f  scorn.] 
treat  with  scorn ;  mock  at. 

Then  was  he  bescorned  thatonely  should  have  been  hon- 
oured in  all  things.  Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 

bescratch  (bf-skraeh'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  -I-  scratch.] 
To  scratch;  tear  with  the  nails.  Spenser,  F. 
Q.,  III.  V.  3. 

bescra-wl  (bf-skral'),  v.  t.  [<  ie-i  -I-  scrawl.] 
To  scrawl;  scribble  over. 

So  far  is  it  from  the  kenne  of  these  wretched  projectors 
of  ours  that  bescraull  their  Pamflets  every  day  with  new 
formes  of  government  for  our  Church. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  i.  1. 
bescreen  (bf-skren'),  v.  t.    [<  6e-l  +  screen.] 
To  cover  with  a  screen,  or  as  -with  a  screen ; 
shelter;  conceal. 

Bescreened  in  night.  Shak.,  R.  and  J. 


be  fit  for  or  wor- 


ii.  2. 

[<  6e-l  +  scribble.] 


Bescribbled  with  a  thousand  trifling  iiuperMiiences. 

Milton,  Divorce,  ii. 


Berzelius,  a  celebrated'  Swedish  chemist,  1779-  bescumberf  (be-skum'ber),  v.  t.    [Also  bescum 
1848) -t- -<fe2.]  A  rare  selenide  of  copper,  found 
in  thin  incrustations  of  a  silver-white  color, 
berzeliite  (ber-ze'li-it),  n.    [<  Berzelius  (see 
berzelianite)  +  -ite^.]     An  arseniate  of  calci- 
um, magnesium,  and  manganese  occurring  in 


mer,  <  &e-i  +  scumher  or  scummer.]  To  dis- 
charge ordure  upon;  befoul;  besmear.  Mar- 
ston. 

Did  Block  hescumber 
Statute's  white  suit  with  the  parchment  lace  there? 

B.  Jojison,  Staple  of  News,  v.  2. 


intrans.  1.  To  seem. 

As  beseemed  right.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  ix.  26. 

2.  To  be  seemly;  be  meet. 
II.  trans.  1.  To  become; 

thy  of. 

Grave,  beseeming  ornament.         Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  1. 
In  general,  it  has  a  quiet,  didactic  tone,  such  as  beseems 
its  subject  and  its  age.  Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  91. 

2t.  To  seem  fit  for. 

But  f  o\u  e  of  them  the  battell  best  beseemed. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  ix.  20. 

beseeming!  (be-se'ming),  n.  Comeliness. 

adr.     In  a  be- 
seeming manner. 
To  beseemingness  (be-se'ming-nes),  «.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  beseeming. 

beseemlyt  (bf-sem'li),  a.  [<  beseem,  confused 
with  seemly.]  Seemly;  fit;  suitable:  as,  "6e- 
seemly  order,"  Shenstone,  Schoolmistress, 
beseent  (be  -sen'),  [<  ME.  beseyn,  besein, 
beseye,  byseyn,  etc.,  provided,  arrayed,  having 
a  certain  appearance,  pp.  of  beseii,  hereon,  he- 
see:  seehesee.]  1.  Seen;  viewed;  with  refer- 
ence to  appearance,  looking :  as,  a  vreii-beseen 
man. 

Aj-ayd  in  .  .  .  sad  habiliments  right  well  beseem. 

Spenser,  F.  (J.,  I.  xii.  5. 

Hence — 2.  Clad;  arrayed;  equipped. 

The  Curate  in  his  best  beseem  solemnly  received  him  at 
the  Churchyard  stile. 

R.  Carew,  Survey  of  Cornwall,  p.  137  b. 

3.  Provided  with  as  accomplishments;  fur- 
nished. 

beseket,  v.  t.    A  Middle  English  spelling  of  be- 
seech. 

besenna  (be-sen'ii),  «.  Same  as  mesenna. 
beset  (be-sef),  i'.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  beset,  ppr. 
besetting.  [<  JIE.  besctten,  hisctten,  <  AS.  be- 
settan  (=  OFries.  bisetta  =  D.  hczetten  =  LG. 
hesetten  =  OHG.  bisezan,  iIHG.  G.  besetzen  = 
Sw.  bcsdtta  =  D.  bes(ette  =  Goth,  hisatjan),  sur- 
round, <  be-,  about,  -I-  sctlan,  set ;  see  6e-l  and 


beset 

set.l  It.  To  set  or  place.— 2.  To  set  or  place 
upon ;  distribute  over ;  bestud ;  besprinkle :  now 
only  in  the  perfect  participle. 

The  garden  is  so  beset  with  all  manner  of  sweete  shrubbs, 
that  it  perfumes  the  aire.      Ecelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  22,  ie85. 
A  robe  of  aziire  beset  with  drops  of  gold. 

Spectator,  No.  425. 
Beset  on  its  external  surface  with  spines. 

W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  .'i32. 

3.  To  come  upon  or  against ;  set  upon  in  at- 
tack, or  so  as  to  perplex,  endanger,  or  hem  in ; 
press  upon  severely,  vigorously,  or  from  all 
sides :  as,  to  heset  one  with  blows  or  with  en- 
treaties. 

Let  us  lay  aside  .  .  .  the  sin  which  doth  so  easily  beset  us. 

Heb.  xii.  1. 

We  are  beset  with  thieves.       Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  2. 

Adam  sore  beset  replied.  Milton,  P.  X.,  x.  124. 

Let  thy  troops  beset  our  gates.  Addison,  Cato. 

We  had  been  beset  [with  ice]  fifteen  days,  and  had 
drifted  twenty-two  miles  to  the  southward. 

A.  W.  Greely,  Arctic  Service,  xxxviii. 

The  main  difficulty  besetting  the  theory  of  the  excava- 
tion of  the  rock  basins  by  ice  is  to  explain  how  the  ice 
after  entering  the  basin  manages  to  get  out  again. 

J.  Croll,  Climate  and  Cosmology,  p.  254. 

4t.  To  employ;  spend;  use  up.  Chaucer. —  5t. 
To  become ;  suit ;  look  well  on — To  be  beset  ont, 

to  be  occupied  with  ;  have  one  s  mind  lixed  on. 

God  wolde, 

Syn  thou  most  love  thurgh  thy  destenee 
That  thou  beset  were  on  swich  on  that  sholde 
Know  al  thi  wo,  al  lakkede  here  pitee. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  521. 

besetment  (be-set'ment),  n.  [<  hesct  +  -ment.'] 

1.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  beset. 

The  breeze  freshened  off  shore,  breaking  up  and  send- 
ing out  the  floes,  the  leads  rapidly  closing.  Fearing  a  be- 
setment, I  determined  to  fasten  to  an  iceberg. 

Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  I.  33. 

2.  The  sin  or  failing  to  which  one  is  most  li- 
able ;  a  besetting  sin  or  tendency.  [From  the 
expression  in  Heb.  xii.  1.] 

It's  my  besetment  to  forget  where  I  am,  and  everything 
around  me.  George  Eliot. 

besetting  (bf-set'ing),  p.  a.  Habitually  at- 
tacking or  waylaying. 

We  have  all  of  us  our  besetting  sins,  our  special  moral 
danger,  and  our  special  moral  strength. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  Ix. 

besewt  (be-so'),  v- 1.  [<  ME.  heseioen,  <  6e-  +  sew- 
e«,  sew:  see  6e-l  and  sew^.]   To  sew.  Gower. 

beseyet,  PP-    A  Middle  English  form  of  heseen. 

besha  (lae'sha),  n.  An  ancient  Egyptian  mea- 
sure of  capacity,  said  to  be  equal  to  4.5  liters, 
or  one  imperial  gallon. 

beshetf,  pp.  A  past  participle  of  heshut.  Chau- 
cer. 

beshinet  (bf-shin'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  beshone, 
ppr.  beshining.  [<  ME.  beshinen,  bischinen,  < 
AS.  bescinan  {=:  OFvies.  bischlna  beschijnen 
=  OHG.  bisceinaii,  MHG.  beschinen,  G.  bescheinen 
=  Goth,  biskeinan),  shine  upon,  <  be-  +  scinan, 
shine :  see  6e-l  and  shine.']  To  shine  about  or 
upon.  Chaucer. 

[She]  was  as  fair  a  creature  as  the  sun  might  beshine. 

Beryn,  1.  381. 

beshlik  (besh'lik),  w.  A  Turkish  silver  coin,  of 
the  value  of  21  United  States  cents.  Also  beslik. 

beshmet  (besh'met),  n.  [Native  term.]  An 
article  of  food  consisting  of  grapes  made  into 
the  consistence  of  honey,  used  among  the  tribes 
of  the  mountainous  districts  of  Asia  Minor. 

beshonet  (be-shon').  Preterit  and  past  partici- 
ple of  beshine. 

beshow  (be-sho'),  n.  A  name  given  by  the  In- 
dians of  the  strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca  to  the  can- 
dle-fish, Anoplopoma  fimbria.  See  cut  under 
candle-fish. 

beshrew  (be-shro'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  beshrewen, 
curse,  pervert,  <  be-  -{-  shrew  :  see  and 
shrew^.']    If.  To  wish  a  curse  to ;  execrate. 

Alle  suche  freendis  I  beshrewe.  Bom.  of  the  Rose. 

See,  a  blossom  from  the  bough  ; 
But  beshrew  his  heart  that  pull'd  it. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  iv.  2. 
Nay,  quoth  the  cock  ;  but  I  beshrew  us  both. 
If  I  believe  a  saint  upon  his  oath. 

Dryden,  Cock  and  Fox, 

2.  In  modern  use,  a  mildly  imprecatory  or 
merely  expletive  introductory  exclamation,  in 
the  form  of  the  imperative. 

Beshrew  your  heart. 
Fair  daughter  !  you  do  draw  ray  spirits  from  me. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  3. 
Beshrew  me,  but  it  was  an  absolute  good  jest. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  iii.  2. 
Beshrew  the  sombre  pencil !  said  I  vauntingly. 

Sterne,  Sentimental  Journey. 


532 

It  was  an  idle  bolt  I  sent,  against  the  villain  crow; 

Fair  sir,  I  fear  it  harmed  thy  hand ;  beshrew  niy  erring  bow ! 

Bryant,  Strange  Lady. 

beshroud  (be-shroud'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i  -1-  shroud.] 
To  cover  with  or  as  with  a  shroud;  hide  in 
darkness,  as  with  a  cloak, 

beshutt  (be-shuf),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  beshutten,  bi- 
shetten,  <  be-  +  shntteii,  shut :  see  6e-l  smdshut.] 
To  shut  in  or  inclose;  shut  up  or  confine. 

besiclometer  (bes-i-klom'e-ter),  n.  [<  F.  besi- 
des, spectacles  (modified  (as  if  <  bos,  L.  bis, 
twice,  +  L.  ocidiis,  eye)  <  OF.  bcriclc,  crystal, 
spectacles,  dim.  <  L.  berijllus:  see  beryl  and 
brills),  +  Gr.  /jerpov,  a  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  distance  between  the 
hinges  of  a  pair  of  spectacles ;  a  forehead-mea- 
sure. 

beside  (bf-sid'),  adv.  and  prep.,  prop,  prep.phr. 

[<  ME.  beside,  biside,  byside,  besiden,  bisiden, 
etc.,  also  (with  adv.  gen.  suliix  -es)  besides,  bi- 
sides,  adv.  and  prep.,  <  AS.  be  sidan  (=  MHG. 
besiten,  besite),  by  (the)  side:  be,  prep.,  E.  by ; 
sidan,  dat.  of  side,  side.]  I,  adv.  Same  as  be- 
sides, which  is  now  the  common  form. 

II.  prep.  1 .  At  the  side  of ;  near :  as,  sit  down 
beside  me,  or  beside  the  stream. 

Beside  him  hung  his  bow.  Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  763. 

I  walking  to  and  fro  beside  a  stream. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 

2.  Over  and  above ;  distinct  from.  [In  this 
sense  now  rare,  besides  being  used  instead.] 

A  woollen  shirt  is  generally  the  only  article  of  dress 
worn  by  the  monks,  beside  the  turban. 

E.  W.  Lane,  Modern  Egyptians,  II.  316. 

3t.  Out  of ;  away  from. 

One  of  them  taking  displeasure  with  his  father  .  .  .  step- 
ped to  him,  and  plucking  her  [a  falcon]  beside  [out  of]  his 
fist,  wrong  her  neck. 

Holinshed,  Chron.,  Scotland  (ed.  1806),  II.  60. 

Neleus,  Son  of  Codrus,  being  put  beside  [out  of]  the  King- 
dom of  Athens  by  his  younger  Brother  Medon. 

Stanley,  Hist.  Philos.  (ed.  1701).    (J^.  E.  D.) 

4.  Apart  from;  not  connected  vidth;  not  ac- 
cording to. 

It  is  beside  my  present  business  to  enlarge  upon  this 
speculation.  Locke. 

5t.  Contrary  to. 
At  Durham,  beside  all  expectation,  I  met  an  old  friend. 

Johnson,  Letters  (ed.  1788),  I.  Ixxiii.  106. 

6.  Out  of;  in  a  state  deviating  from. 

Enough 

To  put  him  quite  beside  his  patience. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  1. 

7t.  "Without. 

Execut  was  al  byside  hire  leve. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  622. 
Beside  the  mark,  away  from  the  mark  aimed  at ;  not  to 
the  point;  irrelevant  or  irrelevantly:  as,  to  shoot  or  to 
argue  beside  the  mark. 

To  reason  with  such  a  writer  is  like  talking  to  a  deaf 
man  wlio  catches  at  a  stray  word,  makes  answer  beside  the 
mark,  and  is  led  further  and  further  into  error  by  every 
attempt  to  explain. 

Macaulay,  Utilitarian  Theory  of  Government. 

To  be  beside  one's  self,  to  be  out  of  one's  wits  or  senses ; 
be  in  a  high  state  of  mental  exaltation  or  excitement ;  lose 
one's  self-command  through  strong  feeling. 

Paul,  thou  art  beside  thyself;  much  learning  doth  make 
thee  mad.  Acts  xxvi.  24. 

He  came  down  with  a  huge  long  naked  weapon  in  both 
his  hands,  and  looked  so  dreadfully !  sure  he's  beside  him- 
self. B.  Jonson,  Epicoene,  iv.  2. 

To  go  besidet,  to  pass  by ;  pass  over.— To  look  besidet, 

to  overlook ;  fail  to  see ;  jniss  seeing. 

Let  vs  but  open  our  eyes,  we  cannot  looke  beside  a  lesson. 

Bp.  Hall  (1627),  Epistles,  iv.  341. 
=  Syn.  Beside,  Besides.  Beside,  by  the  side  of ;  besides,  in 
addition  to. 

Then  went  Sir  Bedivere  the  second  time 
Across  the  ridge,  and  paced  beside  the  mere. 

Tennyson,  Passing  of  Arthur. 
His  [Muley  Abul  Hassan's]  kingdom  now  contained  four- 
teen cities,  ninety-seven  fortified  places,  besides  numerous 
imwalled  towns  and  villages  defended  by  formidable  cas- 
tles. Irving,  Granada,  p.  13. 

besideryt  (he-si'de-ri),  n.  [Origin  unknown.] 
A  species  of  pear.  Johnson. 

besides  (be-sidz'),  adv.  and  prep.  [<  ME.  be- 
sides, bisides,  <  beside  +  adv.  gen.  suffix  -es ;  see 
beside.]  I.  adv.  1.  Moreover;  more  than  that; 
further. 

The  match 

Were  rich  and  honourable  ;  besides,  the  gentleman 
Is  full  of  virtue,  bounty,  worth,  and  qualities 
Beseeming  such  a  wife  as  your  fair  daughter. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  iii.  1. 

2.  In  addition ;  over  and  above ;  as  well. 

The  men  said  unto  Lot,  Hast  thou  here  any  besides? 

Gen.  xix.  12. 

There  are  iesidcs  many  pompous  volumes,  soraeemboss'd 
with  gold,  and  intaglias  on  achats,  raedailes,  etc. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Sept.  2,  1680. 


besmear 

3.  Not  included  in  that  mentioned;  otherwise; 
else. 

She  does  write  to  me 
As  if  her  heart  were  mines  of  adamant 
To  all  the  world  besides. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Philaster,  iii.  1. 

4t.  On  one  side ;  aside. 

To  gon  besydes  in  the  weye. 

Chaucer,  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  405. 
Thou  canst  not  fight :  the  blows  thou  mak'st  at  me 
Are  quite  besides.  Beau,  and  FL,  Maid's  Tragedy,  v.  4. 
Sometimes  beside. 

11.  prep.  If.  By  the  side  of;  near.  Spenser. — 
2.  Over  and  above;  separate  or  distinct  from; 
in  addition  to:  as,  besides  these  honors  he  re- 
ceived much  money. — 3.  Other  than;  except; 
bating. 

No  living  creatui'e  ever  walks  in  it  besides  the  chaplain. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  110. 
4t.  Beyond ;  away  from :  as,  quite  besides  the 
subject — Besides  himselft,  beside  himself.  Holland, 
tr.  of  Livy,  p.  456.  =  Syn.  Beside,  Besides.    See  beside,  II. 

besiege  (be-sej'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  besieged, 
ppr.  besieging.  [<  ME.  besegen,  bisegen,  <  be-  + 
segen,  besiege:  see  be-^  and  siege,  v.]  1.  To  lay 
siege  to;  beleaguer;  beset  or  surround  with 
armed  forces  for  the  purpose  of  compelling  to 
surrender,  either  by  famine  or  by  violent  at- 
tacks :  as,  to  besiege  a  castle  or  city. 

Till  Paris  was  besieg'd,  famish'd,  and  lost. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VL,  i.  3. 
2.  To  beset ;  throng  around ;  harass. 

All  frailties  that  besiege  all  kinds  of  blood. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  cix. 
The  arras,  rich  with  horseman,  hawk,  and  hound, 
Flutter'd  in  the  besieging  wind's  uproar, 
And  the  long  carpets  rose  along  the  gusty  floor. 

Keats,  Eve  of  St.  Agnes,  xl. 
=  Syn.  1.  To  beset,  hem  in,  invest,  blockade, 
besieged  (be-sejd'),  p.  a.  In  astrol.,  said  of  a 
planet  which  is  between  two  others, 
besiegement  (be-sej 'ment),  n.  [<  besiege  + 
-ment.]  1.  The  act  of  besieging. —  2.  A  state 
of  siege ;  beleaguerment. 

It  is  not  probable,  however,  that  Pemberton  would  have 
permitted  a  close  besiegement. 

U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I.  495. 
besieger  (be-se'jer),  n.    One  who  besieges. 

On  the  27th  of  November,  the  besiegers  made  a  despe- 
rate thougli  ineffectual  assault  on  the  city. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  23. 

besieging  (bf-se'jing),  p.  a.  Surrounding  in  a 
hostile  manner ;  employed  in  a  siege :  as,  a 
besieging  army. 

besiegingly  (be-se'jing-li),  adv.  In  a  besieging 
manner.  [Eare.] 

besilver  (be-sil'ver),  V.  t.  [<  -1-  silver.] 
To  cover  with  or  as  with  silver.    G.  Fletcher. 

besing  (be-sing'),  v.  t.  [<  ?)e-l  +  sing.]  To  sing 
about ;  celebrate  in  song.  Carlyle. 

besitt  (be-sif),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  besitten,  <  AS.  be- 
sittan,  sit  about,  <  be-,  about,  -1-  sittan,  sit :  see 
6e-l  and  sit,  and  cf.  the  causal  form  beset.]  1. 
To  sit  about;  besiege. —  2.  To  sit  upon. —  3. 
To  sit  properly  upon,  as  clothes ;  suit ;  be- 
come. 

That  which  is  for  Ladies  most  besitting. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  ii.  19. 

beslabbert  (be-slab'er),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  beslaber- 
en,  also  beslolieren  (=  LG.  beslabbern),  <  be-  + 
slaberen,  slabber,  slobber ;  see  6e-l  and  slabber, 
slobber.]  To  beslaver ;  beslobber.  Piers  Plow- 
man. 

besla've  (be-slav'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  slave.]  To 
make  a  slave  of;  enslave. 

[Covetousness]  beslaves  the  affections. 

Quarles,  Judgment  and  Mercy, 
beslaver  (be-slav'er),  v.  t.    [<  6e-i  -I-  slaver'^. 
Cf.  bcslabber.]    To  cover  with  slaver,  or  any- 
thing suggesting  slaver ;  hence,  to  cover  with 
fulsome  flattery, 
beslik  (bes'lik),  n.    Same  as  beshlik. 
beslime  (be-slim'),  v.  t.    [<  &e-i  +  slime.]  To 
daub  with  or  as  with  slime ;  soil. 

Our  fry  of  writers  may  beslime  his  fame. 

B.  Jonson,  Prol.  to  Poetaster. 

beslobber  (bf-slob'er),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  besloberen, 
same  as  beslaberen :  see  beslobber.]  To  besmear 
or  befoul  with  spittle  or  anything  running  from 
the  mouth ;  slobber  over  with  effusive  Msses ; 
hence,  to  flatter  in  a  fulsome  manner  or  to  a 
fulsome  degree. 

beslubber  (bf-slub'er),  v.  t.  [Var.  of  beslobber.] 
To  besmear  or  befoul. 

Beslubber  our  garments  with  it  [blood]. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

beslurry  (be-slur'i),  v.  t.  [<  &e-l  -I-  E.  dial,  slurry, 
soil:  see  star.]    To  soil.    Drayton.  [Rare.] 

besmear  (be-smer'),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
besmeer,  besmere,  besmire,  etc.,  <  ME.  bismeor- 


besmear 

wen,  <  AS.  *bis7nerwian,  hesmyrian  {=  MHG.  he- 
smirwen),  besmear,  <  he-  +  smyrwan,  sinierwan, 
smear :  see  6e-i  and  smear.']  To  smear  over  or 
about ;  bedaub ;  overspread  with  any  viscous 
matter,  or  with  any  soft  substance  that  adheres ; 
hence,  to  foul ;  soil ;  sully. 

Jly  honour  would  not  let  ingratitude 
So  niucii  besmear  it.  Shah.,  M.  of  V.,  v.  i. 

His  dear  friends  Acates  and  Acanthes 
Lie  in  the  field  besmired  in  their  bloods. 

Chapman,  Blind  Beggar. 
Her  gushing  blood  the  pavement  all  besmear'd. 

Dryden. 

besmearer  (be-smer'er),  n.  One  who  besmears, 
besmirch  (be-smereh'),  v.  t.    [<  6e-l  +  smirch.] 
To  soil ;  discolor,  as  with  soot  or  mud ;  hence, 
to  sully ;  obscure.    [The  figui-ative  use  Is  now 
the  more  common  one.] 

Our  gayness,  and  our  gilt,  are  all  hesmirch'd 
With  rainy  marching  in  the  painful  field. 

Shale,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  3. 
The  dishonor  that  besmirches  the  husband  of  a  faithless 
■^o™an.  Hawthorm:,  Scarlet  Letter,  p.  87. 

besmoke  (be-smok'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  hesmohen,  < 
6e-i  +  smoken,  smoke:  see  and  smoke.] 
1.  To  befoul  or  fill  with  smoke. —  2.  To  harden 
or  dry  in  smoke.  Johnson.— 3.  To  fumigate. 
[Rare.] 

besmooth  (bf-smoTH'),  v.  t.    [<       +  smooth.] 

To  make  smooth.  Chapman. 
besmoteredf,  pp.    [ME.,  pp.  of  "hesmoteren 

appar.  freq.  of  hesmut,  which,  however,  does 

not  appear  in  ME.]    Smutted;  spotted;  made 

dirty, 

A  gepoun 
Al  bysmotered  with  his  habergeoun. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  76. 

besmut  (be-smuf),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  hesmut- 

ted,  ppr.  hesmutting.    [<  +  smut]  To 

blacken  with  smut ;  foul  with  soot, 
besmutch  (be-smuch'),  v.  t.    [<  6e-i  +  smutch.] 

To  besmirch.  Carlyle. 
besnow  (be-sno'),  v.  t.     [With  altered  vowel 

(after  snoiv),  for  earlier  besnew,  <  ME.  besnewen, 

<  AS.  6es)M>a»(=MHG.  besnien,  G.  beschneien), 

<  be-  +  sniwan,  snow:  see  &e-l  and  snoiv.]  To 
cover  with  or  as  with  snow ;  whiten. 

A  third  thy  white  and  small  hand  shall  besnow. 

Carew,  To  Lady  Anne  Hay. 

besnuff  (be-snuf'),  V.  f.    [<  &e-l  +  snuff.]  To 
befoul  with  snuff.  [Rare.] 

Unwashed  her  hands,  and  much  besnuffed  her  face. 

.  Young,  Satires,  vi. 

besogmot,  n.    See  Usognio. 
besoil  (be-soil'),  v.  t.    [<  ME.  besoylen,  <  Je-l  + 
soilen,  soil :  see  &e-l  and  soil.]    To  soil ;  stain  • 
sully. 

Venerable  too  is  the  rugged  face,  all  weather-tanned 
besoiled,  with  its  rude  intelligence. 

Carlyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  iii.  4. 

besom  (be'zum),  n.  [<  ME.  besiim,  hesem,  besme, 
a  broom,  a  rod,  <  AS.  besema,  besma,  a  rod,  in  pi. 
a  bundle  of  twigs  or  rods  used  as  a  broom,  also 
as  an  instrument  of  punishment,  =  OFries. 
bes7na  =  OD.  bessem,  D.  bezem  =  LG.  bessen  = 
OHG.  besamo,  MHG.  beseme,  G.  besen,  a  broom, 
a  rod;  orig.  perhaps  a  twig,  hence  a  bundle 
of  twigs,  a  broom.]  1.  A  brush  of  twigs  for 
sweepmg;  hence,  a  broom  of  any  kind. 

I  will  sweep  it  with  the  besom  of  destruction,  saith  the 
Lord  of  hosts.  Is.  xiv.  23. 

The  Lord  Bacon  was  wont  to  commend  the  advice  of 
the  plam  old  man  at  Buxton,  that  sold  besoms. 

Bacon's  Apophthegms,  p.  190. 

There  is  little  to  the  rake  to  get  after  the  bissome. 

Scotch  proverb,  in  Kay  (1678),  p.  390. 

2.  A  name  given  to  the  common  bi-oom  of  Eu- 
rope, Cytisus  scoparius,  and  to  the  heather,  Cal- 
luna  vulgaris,  because  both  are  used  for  besoms. 
—3.  [Pron.  biz'um.]  A  contemptuous  epithet 
for  a  low,_  worthless  woman.  [Scotch.] 
besom  (be'zum),  v.  t.   [<  besom,  %.]   To  sweep 
as  with  a  besom.    Coivper.  [Rare.] 
besomer  (be '  zum-er ),  n .  One  who  uses  a  besom, 
besoothment  (be-soTH'ment),  11.    [<  *besoothe 
(not  in  use)  (<  &e-i  +  soothe)  +  -ment.]  That 
which  yields  consolation ;  solace ;  comfort. 
Quarterly  Rev.  [Rare.] 
besortt  (be-s6rt'),  V.  t.    [<  &e-l  +  sort.]  To 
suit;  fit;  become. 
Such  men  as  may  besort  your  age.        Shah.,  Lear,  i.  4. 
besortt  (be-s6rt'),  n.    [<  besort,  v.]  Something 
nttmg  or  appropriate ;  suitable  company. 


5.33 

A  fellow  sincerely  besotted  on  his  own  wife. 

IS.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  Pref 


Bessel's  function 


I  crave  fit  disposition  for  my  wife,  .  .  . 
With  such  accommodation  and  liesort 
As  levels  with  her  breeding.     Shak.,  Othello,  i.  3. 

besot  (be-sof),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  besotted, 
ppr.  besotting.  [<  &e-i  +  sot.]  1.  To  infat- 
uate ;  make  a  dotard  of. 


2.  To  stupefy;  affect  with  mental  or  moral 
stupidity  or  blindness. 

A  weak  and  besotted  prince  — who  had  .  .  .  produced 
a  revolt  in  which  six  thousand  lives  were  lost— is  per- 
mitted, unmolested  and  in  safety,  to  leave  the  city. 

Everett,  Orations,  I.  517. 

3.  To  make  sottish,  as  with  drink;  make  a 
sot  of. 

Permitted  ...  to  besot  themselves  in  the  company  of 
theu-  favourite  revellers.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

besotment  (be-sot'ment),  n.  [<  besot  +  -ment.] 
The  act  of  making  one's  self  sottish  by  drink ; 
the  state  of  being  besotted. 

The  debasing  habit  of  unsocial  besotment  is  not  brought 
under  the  eyes  of  his  superior.  Bulwer. 

besotted  (bf-sot'ed),  p.  a.  1.  Characterized  by 
or  indicative  of  stupidity;  stupid;  infatuated. 

Besotted,  base  ingratitude.  Milton,  Comus,  1.  778. 

Historical  painting  had  sunk  .  .  .  on  the  north  into  the 
patient  devotion  of  besotted  lives  to  delineations  of  bricks 
and  fogs,  fat  cattle  and  ditch  water.  Ruskin. 

2.  Made  sottish  by  diink ;  stupefied  by  habit- 
ual intoxication, 
besottedly  (be-sot'ed-li),  adv.    In  a  besotted 

or  foolish  manner, 
besottedness  (be-sot'ed-nes),  n.    The  state  of 
being  besotted ;  stupidity;  arrant  folly;  infat- 
uation. 

besottingly  (bf-sot'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  besotting 
manner. 

besought  (be-sof).  Preterit  and  past  participle 
of  beseech. 

besour  (bf-sour'),  v.  t.    [<  &e-i  +  sour.]  To 
make  sour.  Hammond. 
besouth  (be-south'),  j;?-ep.    [<  ME.be-soivth ;  < 
&e-2  -f  south.    Cf.  benorth.]    To  the  south  of. 
[Scotch.] 

bespangle  (be-spang'gl),  v.  t.  [<  &e-l  +  span- 
gle.] To  adorn  with  spangles;  dot  or  sprinkle 
with  small  glittering  objects. 

Not  Berenice's  lock  first  rose  so  bright, 
The  heav'ns  bespangling  with  dishevell'd  light. 

Po2)e,  R.  of  the  L.,  v.  130. 

bespat  (be-spaf).    Preterit  of  bespit. 
bespatter  (be-spat'er),  V.  t.    [<       +  spatter.] 
1.  To  soil  by  spattering;  sprinkle  with  any- 
thing liquid,  or  with  any  wet  or  adhesive 
substance.— 2.  Figuratively,  to  asperse  with 
calumny  or  reproach. 
Wiom  never  faction  could  bespatter.    Su'ift,  On  Poetry, 
bespattlet  (be-spat'l),  v.  t.    [<  &e-l  -I-  snattle.] 

To  spit  on.    Bp.  Bale. 
bespawlt  (bf-spal'),  v.  t.    [<         -f-  spawl.] 
To  soil  or  make  foul  with  or  as  with  spittle. 

.  Bespawls 
The  conscious  time  with  humorous  foam  and  brawls. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  v.  1. 
Tills  remonstrant  would  invest  himself  conditionally 
with  all  the  rheum  of  the  town,  that  he  might  have  suffi- 
cient to  bespau'l  his  brethren. 

Milton,  Def.  of  Humb.  Eemonst. 
bespeak  (be-spek'),  v. ;  pret.  bespoke  (formerly 
bespake),  pp.  bespoken,  bespoke,  ppr.  bespeak- 
ing. [<  ME.  bespeken,  bispeken,  speak,  agree 
upon,  complain,  <  AS.  besprecan,  complain  (= 
OS.  bisprekan  =  OFries.  bispreka  =  D.  besj>reken 
=  OHG.  bisprehhan,  MHG.  G.  besprechen,  be- 
speak), <  be-  +  sprecan,  speak:  see  6e-l  and 
sjjeak.]  I,  trans.  1.  To  speak  for  beforehand; 
engage  m  advance;  make  aiTangements  for: 
as,  to  bespeak  a  place  in  a  theater. 

Staying  in  Paul's  Churchyard,  to  bespeak  Ogilby's  ^son's 
Fables  and  Tully's  Officys  to  be  bound  for  me. 

Pepys,  Diary,  I.  138. 
"Tis  very  true,  ma'am ;  every  thing  is  fixed,  and  the  wed- 
ding hveries  bespoke.     Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  i.  1. 

2.  To  stipulate,  solicit,  or  ask  for,  as  a  favor: 
as,  to  bespeak  a  calm  hearing. 

This  is  a  sinister  and  politic  kind  of  charity  whereby 
we  seem  to  bespeak  the  pities  of  men  in  the  like  occasions. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Keligio  iMedici,  ii.  2. 

3t.  To  forebode ;  foretell. 

They  started  fears,  bespoke  dangers,  and  formed  omi- 
nous progiiosticks,  to  scare  the  allies.  Sicift. 

4.  To  speak  to;  address.  [In  this  sense  mostly 
poetical.] 

He  thus  the  queen  bespoke.  .  Dryden. 

5.  To  betoken;  show;  indicate,  as  by  sigiis. 

When  the  abbot  of  St.  Martin  was  born,  he  had  so  little 
the  figure  of  a  man  that  it  bespoke  him  rather  a  monster. 

Locke. 

His  face  bespeaks 
A  deep  and  simple  meekness. 

Wordsworth,  The  Borderers,  i. 
The  object,  alike  paltry  and  impossible,  of  this  ambi- 
tion, bespoke  the  narrow  mind. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  613. 


Il.t  intrans.  To  speak  up  or  out;  exclaim; 
speak. 

Until  their  Lord  himself  bespake,  and  bid  them  go. 

Milton,  Nativity,  vi. 
And  thus  the  chief  bespake.  Cowper,  Iliad,  ii.  201. 

bespeak  (be-spek'),  w.  [<  bespeak,  v.,  l.]  Among 
actors  in  Great  Britain,  a  benefit :  so  called 
from  the  bespeaking  of  patronage  by  the  actors 
or  of  the  play  by  the  patrons.  See  benefit,  5.  ' 
bespeaker  (be-spe'ker),  n.  One  who  bespeaks, 
bespeaking  (bf-spe'king),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  be- 
speak.] The  act  of  speaking  for  or  soliciting ; 
solicitation. 

A  preface,  therefore,  which  is  but  a  bespeaking  of  favour 
IS  altogether  useless.      Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  Pref.' 

bespeckle  (be-spek'l),  v.  t.    [<        -4-  speckle.] 
To  mark  with  speckles,  spots,  or  bright  patches. 
Despeckled  her  with  .  .  .  gaudy  allurements. 

Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  i. 
bespendt  (bf-spend'),  v.  t.    [<       +  spend.] 
To  expend;  bestow;  employ. 

All  his  craft 
Bespent  about  the  bed. 

Chajmian,  Odyssey,  viii. 
bespetf,  V.  t.    [ME.  bespeten  (weak  verb.  pp. 
bespet,  bespat),  <         -f  .^peten,  <  AS.  spietan, 
spit:  see  spit,  and  cf.  bespit.]    To  bespit, 
bespew  (be-spu'),  v.  t.    [<  6e-l  -t-  spjexo.]  To 

spew  or  vomit  on. 
bespice  (be-spis'),  v.  t.    [<  6e-l  -1-  .spice.]  To 
season  with  spices  or  drugs;  hence,  to  drug; 
poison. 

Ay,  and  thou. 
His  cup-bearer,  .  .  .  mightst  bespice  a  cup 
To  give  mine  enemy  a  lasting  wink. 
,        .  ,  Shak.,  W.  T.,  i.  2. 

bespirtt,  V.  t.  See  bespurt. 
bespit  (be-spif),  V.  t.;  pret.  bespit,  bespat,  pp. 
bespit,  bespitten,  bespitted,  ppr.  bespitting.  [< 
ME.  bispitten,  <  hi-  -I-  spitten,  spit:  see  6e-i  and 
spit,  and  cf.  bespet.]  To  spit  upon;  soil  with 
spittle. 

bespoke  (be-spok').  Preterit  and  past  partici- 
ple of  bespeak. 
bespot  (be-spof),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  bispotten,  <  bi- 
+  sjwtten,  spot:  see  be-i  and  spot.]  To  make 
spots  on ;  mark  with  spots ;  cover  with  or  as 
with  blots  or  blemishes. 

Bespotted  so  with  sin.       Drayton,  Matilda  to  K.  John. 

bespread  (bf-spred'),  v.  t.    [<  ie-i  +  spread.] 
io  spread  over;  cover  with. 

.  „  His  nuptial  bed, 

With  curious  needles  wrought,  and  painted  flowers  6c- 
_  Dryden. 
bespreng  (be-spreng'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  besprengen, 
bisprengen  (pp.  besprenged,  bespreynt,  etc.),  < 
AS.  besprengan  (=  D.  and  G.  besprengen).  be- 
sprinkle, <  be-  +  sprengan,  sprinkle :  see  &e-i 
and  spreng,  and  cf.  besprinkle.]  1.  To  sprinkle 
over;  besprinkle:  as,  ''besprent  vfifh  teares," 
Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  26. 

The  floor  with  tassels  of  fir  was  besprent. 

Longfellow,  Wayside  Inn,  King  Olaf,  iv. 
2.  To  spread;  scatter. 

His  silver  tresses  thin  besprent. 

T.  Warton,  Grave  of  King  Arthur. 


[Obsolete  except  in  the  perfect  participle  be- 
sprent.] 

besprent  (be-sprenf),  p.  a.    [Pp.  of  hesprenq.] 
Besprinkled. 
In  the  RoweT-besprent  meadows  his  genius  we  trace. 

Wordsworth,  At  Vallombr'osa. 
besprinkle  (be- spring 'kl),  v.  t.    [<  -f- 
sprinkle.    Cf.  bespreng.]    To  sprinkle  over; 
scatter  over :  as,  to  besprinkle  with  dust. 

Herodotus  .  .  .  hath  besprinkled  his  work  with  many 
fabulosities.  gir  T.  Browne 

Besprinkles  with  Cimmerian  dew.  Pope,  Dunciad,  iii.  4. 

besprinkler  (be-spring'kler),  n.    One  who  be- 
sprinkles. 

bespurt,  bespirtt  (be-sperf),  v.  t.    [<  6e-l  -t- 
spurt.]    To  spurt  out  or  over;  thi-ow  out  in  a 
stream  or  streams. 
Well  bespurted  with  his  own  holy  water. 

Milton,  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 
bespurtlet  (bf-sper'tl),  v.  t.    [  <       +  spurtle.] 
To  bespatter,  as  with  contumely;  asperse. 

I  give  thy  dogged  sulleniiesfree  libertie :  trot  about,  and 
bespurtle  whom  thou  pleasest. 

Marston  and  Webster,  The  Malcontent,  i.  2. 

besputter  (be-sput'er),  V.  t.    [<       +  sputter.] 

To  sputter  over. 
Besselian  (be-sel'yan),  a.   Pertaining  to  or  oi-i- 
gmated  by  the  German  astronomer  Friedrich 

WilhelmBessel(1784-1846).-Besselian  function. 

.Same  as  Ili-xsrl  .s  riinctwn  (whicli  see,  uuder  Junction). 

Bessel  s  function.   See  function. 


Bessemer  converter 
Bessemer  converter,  iron,  process,  steel,  etc. 

See  the  noims. 

Bessera  (bes'e-rii,),  n.  [NL.,  uamed  after  the 
Kussian  naturalist  Bcsser.^  A  genus  of  Mexi- 
can bulbous  liliaceous  plants,  consisting  of  a 
single  species,  B.  elcgans,  frequently  cultivated. 
Its  showy  crimson  flowers  are  borne  in  a  termi- 
nal umbel. 

bessis  (bes'is),  «.    Same  as  bes. 

bessognet,  »■   See  hisogno. 

best  (best),  a.  and  w.  (superlative  of  good). 
[See  better,  a.,  a.ndgood.']  I.  a.  1.  Of  the  highest 
quality,  excellence,  or  standing:  said  of  both 
persons  and  things  in  regard  to  mental,  moral, 
or  physical  qualities,  whether  inherent  or  ac- 
quired: as,  the  best  wi-iteTS  and  speakers;  the 
bent  families ;  the  best  judgment ;  the  best  years 
of  one's  life ;  a  house  built  of  the  best  materials. 

AVhen  he  is  bent,  he  is  a  little  worse  than  a  man ;  and 
when  he  is  worst,  he  is  little  better  than  a  beast. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  2. 
What  she  wills  to  do  or  say 
Seems  wisest,  virtuousest,  discreetest,  best. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  550. 

2.  Of  greatest  advantage,  usefiilness,  or  suita- 
bility for  the  purpose  intended ;  most  advan- 
tageous, suitable,  appropriate,  or  desirable: 
as,  the  best  man  for  the  place ;  the  best  way  to 
do  anything. 

His  best  companions,  innocence  and  health, 
And  his  best  riches,  ignorance  of  wealth. 

Goldsmith,  Des.  Vil.,  1.  61. 

3.  Most  kind,  beneficent,  or  good :  applied  to 
persons:  as,  the  be.st  husband  imaginable ;  which 
of  your  brothers  is  best  to  you  ?  —  4.  Largest ; 
greatest ;  most :  as,  we  spent  the  best  part  of 

three  days  in  getting  there  Best  man,  the 

groomsman  or  chief  attendant  on  the  bridegroom  at  a 
wedding. 

I  acted  in  the  capacity  of  backer  or  best  man  to  the 
bridegroom.  Dickens. 

In  our  own  marriages  the  best  man  seems  originally 
to  have  been  the  chief  abettor  of  the  bridegroom  in  the 
act  of  capture.  Daririn,  Des.  of  Man,  II.  xx. 

Best  work,  in  mininij,  the  richest  class  of  ore. — To  put 

one's  best  foot  foremost.  See  font. 

II,  ».  1.  The  highest  possible  state  of  ex- 
cellence; the  best  quality  or  property  of  a 
person  or  thing. 

Yf  thou  wylte  leve  in  peas  &  Reste, 
Here,  &  see,  &  sey  the  beste. 

Proc.  of  Good  Counsel,  52. 
But  you,  0  you, 
So  perfect,  and  so  peerless,  are  created 
Of  every  creature's  best.     SItah:,  Tempest,  iii.  1. 

2.  All  that  one  can  do,  or  show  in  one's  self: 
often  used  in  this  sense  with  the  possessive 
pronouns  iny,  thy,  Ms,  their,  etc. :  as,  I  will  do 
my  best  to  advance  your  interests;  she  is  bent 
on  looking  her  best ;  he  did  all  he  could  to  ap- 
pear at  his  best  in  that  performance. 

Then  gan  I  him  to  comfort  all  my  best. 

Spenser,  Daphuaida,  1.  190. 
■yVin  shall  I  not,  but  do  my  best  to  win. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
At  best,  in  the  utmost  degree  or  extent  applicable  to  the 
case :  as,  life  is  at  best  very  short. 

The  Law  of  England  is  at  best  but  the  reason  of  Parlia- 
ment. Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  x. 
For  bestt,  finally ;  for  good  and  all. 

Those  constitutions  .  .  .  are  now  established  for  best, 
and  not  to  be  mended.  Milton. 
For  the  best,  so  as  to  secure  the  most  advantageous  re- 
sult; with  the  best  intentions. —  The  best,  (a)  The  best 
people  collectively  ;  those  of  the  higliest  standing  in  any 
respect,  but  especially  socially  or  intellectually. 

Throng,  their  rags  and  they. 
The  basest,  far  into  that  council-hall 
Where  sit  the  best  and  stateliest  of  the  land. 

Tennyson,  Lucretius. 
(6)  The  best  things,  or  a  thing  of  the  best  quality :  as,  he 
always  buys  the  best ;  dressed  in  one's  best. 

The  lads  and  lassies  in  their  best 
Were  dressed  from  top  to  toe. 

E.  Ransford,  Gypsying. 

The  best  of,  the  advantage  in  (a  contest  or  proceeding) 
or  over  (a  person) :  as,  from  the  start  A.  B.  had  the  best  of  it. 

As  far  as  dignity  is  concerned,  Steele  has  certainly  the 
best  of  the  quarrel.  A.  Dobson,  Introd.  to  Steele,  p.  xxxix. 
To  make  the  best  of,  to  use  to  the  best  advantage  ;  get 
all  that  one  can  out  of. 

Let  there  be  freedom  to  carry  their  commodities  where 
they  may  make  the  best  of  them.  Bacon. 
Often  used  in  speaking  of  thing.s  or  events  that  are  not 
so  good  or  favorable  as  was  expected  or  was  to  be  wished  : 
as,  to  make  the  best  of  ill  fortune  or  a  bad  bargain. — TO 
make  the  best  of  one's  way,  to  travel  or  proceed  with 
all  possible  .speed. 

best  (best),  adv.  (superlative  of  well).  [See 
better,  adv.']  1.  In  the  most  excellent  or  most 
suitable  manner ;  with  most  advantage  or  suc- 
cess: as,  he  who  runs  best  gets  the  prize;  the 


534 

i!)es^-behaved  boy  in  the  school ;  the  ?)es<-culti- 
vated  tields. 

Speak  ye,  who  best  can  tell. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  V.  160. 
Most  solicitous  how  best 
He  may  compensate  for  a  day  of  sloth. 

Cowper,  Task,  iv. 
He  prayeth  best  who  loveth  best 
All  things  both  great  and  small. 

Coleridge,  Ancient  JIariner,  vii.  23. 

2.  In  or  to  the  highest  degree;  to  the  fullest 
extent;  most  fully:  as,  those  who  know  him 
best  speak  higlily  of  him ;  those  best  informed 
say  so;  the  i)es?-abused  man  in  town. 

Old  fashions  please  me  best.  Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  1. 
Tell  whom  thou  lovest  best.  Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 
I  relish  best  the  free  gifts  of  Providence. 

Hati'thorne,  Old  Manse,  I. 

best  (best),  V.  t.  [<  best,  a.  or  «.]  1.  To  get 
the  better  of ;  outdo  ;  surpass. 

I  cannot  stand  quiet  and  see  the  dissenters  be.\'t  the  es- 
tablishment.    Trafford,  World  in  Ch.,  ii.  77.   (iV.  E.  D.) 

2.  To  overreach  or  outwit :  as,  to  best  a  client. 

—  3.  To  defeat  in  a  contest;  do  better  than; 

beat ;  hence,  in  pugilism,  to  thi-ash  soundly ; 

drub ;  defeat  at  fisticuffs, 
bestadf.  An  obsolete  preterit  corresponding  to 

the  past  participle  bestead^. 
bestain  (bf-stan'),  v.  t.    [<  ie-i  +  stain.']  To 

mark  with  stains ;  discolor ;  spot. 

All  with  blood  bestain  his  cheeks. 

Percy's  Reliques,  p.  134. 

bestand  (be-stand'),  v.  t.  [<  &e-i  +  stand.]  To 
serve ;  be  of  service  to ;  be  ready  to  serve  or 
aid.  [Rare.] 

To  such  practical  lessons  as  would  always  bestand  them 
well.  D.  G.  Mitchell,  Bound  Together. 

best-best  (best'best),  a.  The  very  best:  some- 
times used  in  trade  to  indicate  the  very  best 
quality. 

bestead^  (bf-sted'),  »■  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bestead- 
ed, bested,  p'pr.  besteading.  [<  be-^  +  stead,  v., 
support,  help.]  1.  To  help;  assist. —  2.  To 
profit ;  benefit ;  serve ;  avail. 

Remember  this,  Gil  Bias,  .  .  .  pay  your  court  to  Signior 
Rodriguez,  .  .  .  his  friendship  will  bestead  you  much. 

Smollett,  tr.  of  Gil  Bias,  iii.  3, 
In  this  ship  was  great  store  of  dry  Newfoundland  fish, 
.  .  .  the  same  being  so  new  and  good  as  it  did  very  greatly 
bestead  us  in  the  whole  course  of  our  voyage. 

Sir  F.  Drake,  West  India  Voyage. 
Hence,  vain  deluding  Joys, 
The  brood  of  Folly  without  father  bred  ! 
How  little  you  bested 
Or  (111  the  fixed  mind  with  all  your  toys  ! 

Milton,  II  Penseroso,  1.  3. 

bestead^t  (be-sted'),  v.  t.  [<  +  stead,  place.] 
To  take  the  place  of. 

Hys  missing  of  the  Vniuersitie  Oratorship,  wherein  Doc- 
tor I'erne  besteaded  him. 

Nash,  Haue  with  you  to  Saffronwalden. 

bestead^,  ]>■  a.    See  bested. 

bested,  bestead  (be-sted'),  p.  a.  [Prop,  only 
as  a  pp.  or  p.  a. ;  but  Spenser  uses  a  pret. 
bestad  and  pp.  bestedded,  and  other  authors 
have  adopted  present  forms;  <  ME.  bested, 
bisted,  commonly  bestad,  bistad,  earliest  forms 
bistathed,  bisteathet,  pp.,  without  pres.  or  pret. 
(=  Dan.  bestedt),  <  be-  +  stad,  stadd,  later 
sted,  etc.,  <  Icel.  staddr  —  Sw.  stadd,  circum- 
stanced, pp.  oistedhja,  fix,  appoint,  =  AS.  sta'th- 
than,  set,  set  fast,  plant,  <  stwth,  a  place,  re- 
lated to  stcde,  a  place,  stead:  see  stead  and 
steady.]  1.  Placed;  situated:  of  things. —  2. 
Placed  or  circumstanced  as  to  condition,  con- 
venience, benefit,  and  the  like ;  situated :  of 
persons. 

She  saith  that  she  shall  not  be  glad, 
Till  that  she  se  hym  so  bestad. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  i. 
Many  far  worse  bestead  than  ourselves.  Harrow. 
In  old  Bassora's  schools  I  seemed 
Hermit  vowed  to  books  and  gloom, — 
111  bested  for  gay  bridegroom. 

Emerson,  Hermione. 

3t.  Disposed  mentally ;  affected :  as,  "sorrow- 
fully bestad,"  Chaucer, —  4t.  Provided;  fur- 
nished. 

The  Ladie,  ill  of  friends  bestedded. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  Vf.  i.  3. 

[This  word  is  scarcely  if  at  all  used  now,  ex- 
cept in  such  phrases  as  ill  or  sore  bested.  ] 
Bestise  (bes'ti-e),  n.pl.  [NL.,  pi.  of  L.  bestia, 
a  beast :  see  beast.]  A  suborder  of  the  mam- 
malian order  Insectivora,  including  the  true  in- 
sectivores  as  distinguished  from  the  frugivo- 
rous  GaleopithecidiE,  having  the  limbs  fitted  for 
walking,  but  not  for  flying  (being  devoid  of  a 
parachute),  and  the  lower  incisors  not  pecti- 
nate. The  group  contains  the  whole  of  the  or- 
der, excepting  the  family  just  named. 


bestorm 

bestial  (bes'tial),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  bestialis,  < 
bestia,  beast:  see  beast.]  I.  a,  1.  Belonging 
to  a  beast  or  to  the  class  of  beasts;  animal. 

Of  shape  part  human,  part  bestial.  Tatler,  No.  4!). 

2.  Having  the  qualities  of  a  beast ;  brutal ;  be- 
low the  dignity  of  reason  or  humanity ;  carnal : 
as,  a  bestial  appetite. 

I  have  lost  the  immortal  part  of  myself,  an<l  what  re- 
mains is  bestial.  Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  3. 

Bestial  automaton.  See  automaton.  —  Bestial  sign, 

in  astrol.,a  zodiacal  sign  denoted  by  a  quadruped,  Aries, 
Taurus,  Leo,  Sagittarius,  or  Capricornus.  =Syn.  Brutish, 
Bestial,  etc.  (see  hrtite) ;  vile,  depraved,  sensual.  ' 

II.  n.  [<  LL.  bestialc,  cattle,  neut.  of  L.  bcs- 
tialis  :  see  above.]  1.  In  Scots  law,  the  cattle 
on  a  farm  taken  collectively. —  2\.  A  work  on 
zoology.  Breiocr. 
bestiality  (bes-tial'i-ti),  w.  [<  LL.  bestialitas,  < 
bestialis :  see  bestial.]  1.  The  qualities  or  na- 
ture of  a  beast ;  conduct  or  mental  condition 
unworthy  of  human  natui'e  ;  beastliness. 

What  can  be  a  greater  absurdity  than  to  affirm  bestial- 
ity to  be  tlie  essence  of  humanity,  and  darkness  the  centre 
of  light  ?  Martinus  Scriblerus. 

2.  Unnatural  connection  with  a  beast, 
bestialize  (bes'tial-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bes- 
tialized,  ppr.  best'ializnig .  [<  bestial,  a.,  +  -ise.] 
To  make  like  a  beast ;  bring  or  reduce  to  the 
state  or  condition  of  a  beast. 

The  process  of  bestializing  humanity.  Hare. 

bestially  (bes'tial-i),  adv.  In  a  bestial  man- 
ner j  brutally  ;  as  a  brute  beast. 

bestianf  (bes'tian),  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  the 
beast  spoken  of  in  the  Apocalypse  (Rev.  xiii. 

XX.). 

bestianismt  (bes'tian-izm),  n.  [<  bestian  + 
-ism.]    The  power  of  the  beast.    See  bestian. 

bestiarian  (bes-ti-a'ri-an),  n.  [<  L.  bestia,  a 
beast,  +  -arian ;  suggested  "bj  humanitarian.] 
One  who  is  an  advocate  of  the  kind  treatment 
of  animals ;  specifically,  in  Great  Britain,  an 
antivaviseetionist. 

bestiary  (bes'ti-a-ri),  n.  [<  ML.  bestiarium, 
neut.  of  L.  bestiarius,  pertaining  to  wild  beasts 
(as  a  n.,  a  beast-fighter),  <  bestia,  a  wild  beast.] 
if.  A  fighter  with  wild  beasts  in  the  ancient 
Roman  amphitheater. —  2.  A  name  formerly 
sometimes  given  to  a  book  treating  of  animals. 

Mr.  Watkins  has,  however,  gone  further  back,  and  com- 
mences with  Homer  and  Hesiod.  His  opening  chapter, 
"A  Homeric  Bestiary,"  is  one  of  the  most  characteristic 
and  satisfactory  portions  of  his  work. 

N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  XI.  260. 

bestiate  (bes'ti-at),  v.  t, ;  pret.  and  pp.  besti- 
atcd,  ppr.  bestiating.  [<  L.  bestia,  a  beast,  + 
-ate"^.]    To  make  beastly;  bestialize.  [Rare.] 

Drunkenness  bestiates  the  heart. 

B.  Junius,  Sinne  Stigmatized,  p.  235. 

bestick  (be-stik'),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bes  tuck, 
]i\3r.besticMng.  [<  6e-l  +  stick^.]  1.  To  stick 
on  the  surface  of ;  cover  over. —  2.  To  pierce 
in  various  places ;  pierce  through  and  through. 

Truth  shall  retire, 
Bestuck  with  slanderous  darts. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  536. 
In  these  little  visual  interpretations  [valentines]  no 
emblem  is  so  common  as  the  heart,  .  .  .  the  bestuck  and 
bleeding  heart.  Lamb,  Valentine's  Day. 

bestill  (be-stil'),  V.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  stilfl.]  To 
make  quiet  or  still. 

Commerce  bestilled  her  many-nationed  tongue. 

J.  Cunningham,  Elegiac  Ode. 
[In  the  following  passage  uncertain  : 

They,  bestiU'd 
Almost  to  jelly  with  the  act  of  fear, 
Stand  dumb,  and  speak  not  to  him. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 
This  is  the  reading  of  the  folios ;  the  quartos  and  mod- 
ern editions  read  distilled.] 

bestir  (be-ster'),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bestirred, 
ppr.  bestirring.  [<  ME.  bestyrien,  bestirien,  be- 
sterien,  bestir,  <  AS.  bestyrian,  heap  up,  pile  up, 
<  be-  +  styrian,  stir:  see  be-^  and  stir.]  To  put 
into  brisk  or  vigorous  action ;  reflexively,  move 
with  life  and  vigor :  as,  bestir  yourself. 

You  have  .  .  .  bestirred  your  valour. 

Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  2. 

Come  on,  clowns,  forsake  your  dumps. 
And  bestir  your  hobnailed  stumps. 

B.  Jonson,  The  Satyr. 
Rouse  and  bestir  themselves  ere  well  awake. 

.    Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  334. 

bestness  (best'nes),  w.  [<  best  +  -ness.]  The 
quality  of  being  best.  [Rare.] 

The  bestness  of  a  thing. 

Bp.  Morton,  Episcopacy  Asserted,  §  4. 

bestorm  (be-stonn' ),  v.  t.  [<  be-  +  storm  ;  not 
descended  from  AS.  bestyrman  —  G.  bestiirmen 
=  Sw.  bestorma  =  Dan.  bestorme,  attack  with 


bestorm 

storm,  agitate.]  To  overtake  with  a  storm; 
assail  with  storms:  as,  "boats  bestormed,"  Sir 
JV.  Davenunt,  Gondibert,  iii.  6. 

All  is  sea  besides, 
Sinks  under  us,  bcstorms,  and  then  devours. 

Young,  Niglit  Tiiougiits,  iv. 
bestow  (be-sto'),  V.  t.    [<  ME.  bestowen,  bistow- 
en  ;  <  6e-i  +  stow,  place :  see  stow.}    1.  To  lay 
up  in  store;  deposit  for  safe  keeping;  stow; 
place. 

I  have  no  room  wliere  to  bestoiv  my  fruits.  Luke  xii.  17. 
He  bestowed  it  in  a  pouch  lined  with  perfumed  leather. 

Scott. 

To  all  appearance  I  must  be  (engaged)  for  many  months 
to  come  m  turning  out,  examining,  sorting,  and  bestoivina 
tliese  materials. 

Dr.  J.  A.  H.  Murray,  8th  Ann.  Add.  to  Philol.  Soc. 

2.  To  lodge,  or  find  quarters  for;  provide  with 
accommodation. 

Well,  my  masters,  I'll  leave  him  with  you ;  now  I  see 
him  bestowed,  I'll  go  look  for  my  goods. 

B.  Jonsoii,  Bartholomew  Fair,  iv.  1. 

3.  To  dispose  of. 

Give  me  but  the  name  and  nature  of  your  malefactor, 
and  I'll  bestow  him  according  to  his  merits. 

Middleton  (and  others),  The  Widow,  i.  1. 

4.  To  give ;  confer ;  impart  gratuitously :  fol- 
lowed by  071  or  upon  before  the  recipient:  as, 
to  bestow  praise  or  blame  impartially. 

Consecrate  yourselves  .  .  .  to  the  Lord,  .  .  .  that  he  may 
bestow  upon  you  a  blessing.  Ex.  xxxii.  29. 

Though  I  bestow  all  my  goods  to  feed  the  poor  .  .  .  and 
have  not  charity,  it  proflteth  me  nothing.     1  Cor.  xiii.  3. 
Around  its  entry  nodding  poppies  grow, 
And  all  cool  simples  that  sweet  rest  bestow. 

Dryden,  Ceyx  and  Alcyone,  1.  287. 
Did  you  bestow  your  fortune,  or  did  you  only  lend  it? 

Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  Ixvi. 

5.  To  give  in  marriage. 

I  could  have  bestowed  her  upon  a  fine  gentleman.  Taller. 

6.  To  apply ;  make  use  of ;  use ;  employ. 

I  determine  to  bestow 
Some  time  in  learning  languages  abroad. 

Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  i.  1. 
Otherwise  the  whole  force  of  the  war  would  have  been 
infallibly  bestowed  there.  Stvt'/t. 

7t.  To  behave  or  deport. 

The  boy  .  .  .  bestows  himself 
Like  a  ripe  sister.    Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iv.  3. 
=  Syn.  4.  Confer,  Grant,  etc.    See  give. 

besto-wable  (be-sto'a-bl),  a.  [<  bestow  +  -able.} 

Capable  of  being  bestowed. 
bestO'waget,  »■    [<  bestow  +  -age.}  Stowage. 
bestO'Wal  (be-sto'al),  n.   [<  bestow  +  -al.}  Be- 

stowment. 

The  one  did  himself  honour  in  the  bestowal,  the  other 
in  the  acceptance,  of  such  a  gratuity. 

Milman,  Latin  Christianity,  iv.  3. 

bestO'wer  (be-sto'er),  n.    One  who  bestows; 

a  giver ;  a  disposer, 
besto'wment  (be-sto'ment),  «.    [<  bestow  + 

-ment.}    1.  The  act  of  "giving  gratuitously;  a 

conferring.— 2.  That  which  is  conferred  or 

given ;  a  donation. 

They  almost  refuse  to  give  due  praise  and  credit  to 
God  s  own  bestoioments.  Is.  Taylor. 


535 

bestride  (be-strid'),  v.  t.-  pret.  bestrode  or  be- 
strid,  pp.  bestridden,  bestrid,  improperly  be- 
strided\  (Sterne),  ppr.  bestriding.  [<  ME.  be- 
striden  (pret.  bestrood,  bestrode,  pp.  wanting), 
<  AS.  bestridan  Qiors  bestridan  —  Lye),  <  be-  + 
stridan,  stride.]  1.  To  straddle  over;  mount 
astride  of;  stretch  the  legs  or  corresponding 
parts  across  so  as  to  embrace  :  as,  to  bestride  a 
horse  ;  spectacles  bestriding  the  nose. 

Why,  man,  he  doth  bestride  the  narrow  world 
Like  a  Colossus.  Shale,  J.  C,  i.  2. 

The  animal  he  bestrode  was  a  broken-down  plough-horse. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  436. 

2.  To  step  over ;  cross  by  stepping. 

When  I  first  my  wedded  mistress  saw 
Bestride  my  threshold.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  5. 

bestrode  (be-strod').    Preterit  of  bestride. 
bestrow,  i>.J.    See  bestrew. 
bestrutt  (be-struf),  v.  t.    [<       -f  strut.}  To 
distend. 
Her  paps  bestrut  with  milk. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  519. 


bestraddle  (be-strad'l),  v.  t.  [<  &e-l  +  straddle.} 
To  bestride.    See  straddle. 

bestraughtt  (be-strat'),iyj.  [A  modification  of 
distraught,  with  prefix  be-  for  dis-:  see  dis- 
traught.} Distracted;  mad:  as,  "I  am  not 
bestraught,"  Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  ii. 

bestraughtedt  (be-stra'ted),  a.  [Irreg.  <  be- 
straught.}    Distracted.    Norden.  [Rare.] 

bestra-wt  (be-stra'),  v..  t.  [<  +  straw  for 
strew.}    An  obsolete  form  of  bestrew. 

bestreak  (bf-strek'),  r.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  streak.} 
To  mark  or  cover  with  streaks. 

bestre-w,  bestro'W  (be-stro',  -stro'),  v.  t;  pret. 
bestrewed,  bestrowed,  pp.  bestrewed,  bestrewn,  be- 
strowed,  bestrown,  ppr.  bestrewing,  bestrowing. 
[<  ME.  bistrewen,  <  AS.  bestrcowian  {=  D.  be- 
strooijen  =  MHG.  bestrduwen,  G.  bestreuen  =  Sw. 
bestro  =  Dan.  bestro),  <  be-  +  streowian,  strew: 
see  &e-i  and  strew,  strow.}  1.  To  strew  or  scat- 
ter about ;  throw  or  drop  here  and  there. 
Those  blossoms  also,  and  those  dropping  gums, 
That  lie  bestroicn.  Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  631. 

2.  To  strew  anything  upon ;  cover  or  partially 
cover  with  things  strewn  or  scattered. 

Discord  shall  bestrew 
The  union  of  your  bed  with  weeds  so  loathly. 
That  you  shall  hate  it  both.    Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 
Strip  the  bough  whose  mellow  fruit  bestrews 
The  ripening  corn  beneath  it. 

Wordsworth,  Between  Namur  and  Liege. 

bestrid  (be-strid' ).  Preterit  and  past  participle 
of  bestride.  r      r  f 


bestuck  (be-stuk').    Preterit  and  past  parti- 
ciple of  bestick. 
bestud  (be-stud'),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bestudded, 
ppr.  bestudding.    [<  6e-i  -I-  stud"^.}  To  set  with 
or  as  with  studs ;  adorn  -with  bosses. 

The  unsought  diamonds 
Would  so  imblaze  the  forehead  of  the  deep. 
And  so  bestud  with  stars,  that  they  below 
Would  grow  inured  to  light.    Milton,  Comus,  1.  734. 

beswaddle  (bf-swod'l),  v.  t.  [<  -t-  swad- 
dle.} To  envelop  in  swaddling-clothes.  TV. 
Whitehead. 

bes'Wiket,  v.  t.  [ME.  beswiken,  <  AS.  beswican 
(=  OS.  biswikan  =  D.  bezwijken  =  OHG.  beswih- 
ha7i  =  Sw.  besvika  =  Dan.  besviqe),  deceive,  be- 
tray, <  be-  +  swican  {=  OS.  swikan  =  OFries. 
swika  =  OHG.  sivihhan  =  Icel.  svikja  =  Sw. 
■svika  =  Dan.  svige),  deceive,  weaken.]  To  al- 
lui'e.  Gower. 
beswinget  (be-swinj'),  v.  t.  [ME.  not  found; 
AS.  beswingan,  only  in  pp.  beswungen,  scourge, 
beat,  <  be-  +  swingan,  scourge,  s-mnge.]  To 
scourge;  beat. 

You  had  best  to  use  your  sword  better,  lest  I  beswinge 
you-  Greene,  Orlando  Furioso. 

beswinkt,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  besicinken,  <  AS.  beswin- 
can,  earn  by  toil,  <  be-  +  sivincan,  swiak,  toil : 
see  &e-i  and  swink.}    To  earn. 

That  of  a  poision  which  they  drunke 
They  hadden  that  they  have  besivunke. 

Goiver,  Conf.  Amant.,  i.  131. 

besyt,  a.  A  Middle  English  form  of  busy. 
betif  (bet),  adv.  [<  ME.  bet,  <  AS.  bet  =  OFries. 
bet  =  OS.  bat,  bet  —  OD.  bat,  bet  =  OHG.  MHG. 
bag,  G.  bass  =  Icel.  betr  =  Goth.  *batis  (in  adj. 
batiza),  better,  orig.  adj.  in  the  neut.  acc.  with 
reg.  compar.  suffix  (lost  in  AS.,  etc.;  hence  the 
later  form  betere,  betre,  E.  better,  adv.,  prop, 
neut.  of  the  inflected  adj.  betera:  see  better^, 
<  *bat,  a  positive  not  used,  from  the  root  which 
appears  also  in  Icel.  batna,  E.  batten^,  become 
or  make  better,  improve,  AS.  bot,  E.  boot\  ad- 
vantage, improvement,  AS.  betan,  E.  beet^,  im- 
prove, etc.:  see  batten^,  battle^,  boot^,  beet^, 
etc.]  Obsolete  and  earlier  Middle  English  foi-m 
of  better'^. 

"Go  bet,"  quod  he,  "and  axe  redily 
What  cors  is  this  that  passeth  heer  forby." 

Chaucer,  Pardoner's  Tale,  I.  205 


beteach ' 

to  another  who  pledges  a  forfeit  in  return  on 
the  opposite  contingency.— 2.  That  which  i.s 
wagered;  also,  that  about  which  a  wager  is 
made. 

But,  on  :  Six  Barbary  horses  against  six  French  swords, 
their  assigns,  and  three  liberal  conceited  carriages:  that's 
the  French  bet  against  the  Danish.     Slialc,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

bet^t.    An  obsolete  preterit  of  beat^. 

Betai  (be'ta),  n.  [L.,  a  beet:  see  6ec<l.]  A 
genus  of  apetalous  plants,  natural  order  Che- 
nopodiacew.    See  bed'^. 

beta2  (be'ta),  n.  [L.,  repr.  Gr.  /3^ra,  name  of  the 
character  B,  /i.]  1.  The  second  letter  of  the 
Greek  alphabet,  corresponding  to  English  B  or 
b. —  2.  As  a  classifier  in  astronomy,  chemistry, 
etc.,  the  second  in  any  series.    See  alpha,  3. 

betacism  (be'ta-sizm),  v.  [<  NL.  betacismus, 
<  L.  beta,  the  (Greek)  letter  ji,  b.  Cf.  iotacism, 
rhotacis7n.}  Conversion  of  other  sounds  to,  or 
their  confusion  -with,  a  ?*-sound. 

Even  these  forms  were  threatened  with  destruction  by 
the  spread  of  Betacismus,  whereby  amavit  was  pronounced 
like  aniabit,  and  vice  versa.    Ainer.  Jour.  Philol.,  VI.  501. 

betag  (be-tag'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  betagged, 
ppr.  betagging.  [<  6e-i  -I-  tag.}  To  furnish  with 
a  tag;  deck  with  tags. 

Betagged  with  verse.  Churchill,  The  Ghost,  iv. 

betail  (be-tal'),  v.  t.  [<  -f  taifl.}  1.  To 
furnish  with  a  tail:  as,  "betailed  and  bepow- 
dered,"  Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  iii.— 
2.  To  take  the  tail  oft':  a  word  jocularly  form- 
ed on  the  analogy  of  behead. 

[The  sportsman]  puts  his  heavy  boot  on  the  beast's  body 
and  there  both  beheads  and  betails  him.  Trollops 


It  had  been  bet  for  me  still  to  have  kept  my  quiet  chair. 

Gascoigne. 

bet2  (bet),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bet  or  betted,  ppr. 
betting.  [First  in  early  mod.  E.;  prob.  short 
for  abet  (ef.  bate'^,  short  for  abate);  if  so,  prob. 
first  as  a  noun,  instigation,  encoui-agement, 
support,  backing,  whence  the  verb,  to  give  sup- 
port, etc.]  I.  trans.  To  pledge  as  a  forfeit  to 
another  who  makes  a  similar  pledge  in  return, 
on  a  future  contingency,  in  support  of  an  affir- 
mation or  opinion ;  stake ;  wager. 

John  of  Gaunt  loved  him  well,  and  betted  much  money 
on  his  head.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 

II.  intrans.  To  lay  a  wager;  stake  money  or 

anything  of  value  upon  a  contingency  -you 

bet,  certainly;  of  course.  [U.  S.,  originally  California, 
slang.]  ' 

"Friend,"  said  I  to  a  Jehu,  whose  breath  suggested  gin, 
"  Can  thee  convey  me  straightway  to  a  reputable  inn  '> "' 
His  answer  s  gross  irrelevance  I  shall  not  soon  forget- 
Instead  of  simply  yea  or  nay,  he  gruffly  said,  "You  bet'" 
The  Century,  XI.  142. 

bet2  (bet),  n.  [See  the  verb.]  1.  The  pledging 
of  some  valuable  thing,  as  money  (or  of  the  do- 
ing of  some  onerous  act),  to  be  forfeited,  in  case 
some  future  event  happens  contrary  to  the  as- 
sertion or  belief  of  the  one  making  the  pledge, 


betain  (be  ta-in),  n.  [Irreg.  <  L.  beta  +  -in^.} 
A  chemical  base  found  in  the  common  beet  and 
mangel-wurzel, 
betakei  (be-tak'),  ti.  [_<  be-^  +  take.  The  corre- 
sponding ME.  form  betaken,  bitaken  (pret.  betok, 
pp.  betaken)  seems  to  have  been  used  only  in 
the  senses  of  betake"^  or  beteach,  with  which  it 
was  confused.  There  is  no  AS.  *betacan ;  but 
ef.  Sw.  betaka  =  Dan.  betage,  take,  deprive, 
cutoff.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  seize;  take  hold  of; 
take. 

Then  to  his  handes  that  writt  he  did  betake. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  xii.  25. 

2.  Reflexively,  to  take  one's  self  (to);  repair: 
resort ;  have  recoiu-se. 

I'he  rest,  in  imitation,  to  like  arms 
Betook  them.  Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  663. 

Betake  you  to  your  silence,  and  your  sleep. 

B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  i.  l. 
They  betook  themselves  to  treaty  and  submission. 

Burke,  Abridg.  of  Eng.  Hist.,  i.  1. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  take  one's  self. 

But  here  ly  downe,  and  to  thy  rest  betake. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  ix.  44. 
betake^t,  v.  t. ;  pret.  betook,  betaugh  t,  pp.  betaugh  t, 
ppr.  betaking.    [ME.  betaken,  etc.,  with  forms 
prop,  belonging  to  betake^,  q.  v.,  but  with  va- 
rious senses  of  betcecen,  betechen,  beteach:  see 
beteach.}    Same  as  beteach. 
betalkt  (bf-tak'),  v.  i.    [<  6e-l  -I-  talk.}   To  talk 
repeatedly.  _  Drayton. 
betallow  (be-tal'6),  v.  t.    [<       -(-  tallow.}  To 
cover  with  tallow.  Ford. 
betaughtt  (be-taf).   Preterit  of  betake^  and  be- 
teach. 

beteH,  v.,  beteSf,  n.,  bete^t,  v.,  etc.  Obsolete 

form  ot  beat^,  beet^,  beet^,  etc. 
b§te  (bat),  n.    [F.,  <  OF.  beste,  a  beast :  see 

bea.st.}    In  the  game  of  solo,  a  forfeit.-B6te 

noire  (F.  proii.  bat  nwor).  [F.,  literally  black  beast  ]  \ 
bugbear  ;  a  person  or  thing  regarded  with  special  dislike 
or  aversion. 

The  newspapers  have  some  words  of  this  sort  dear  to 
them,  but  the  betes  iwires  of  all  lovers  of  straightforward 
Enghsh,  such  as  "peruse"  and  "replete." 

The  Atlantic,  LVII.  425. 
beteacbt  (bf-teeh'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  betechen,  bitech- 
en,  between  (pret._betauhte,  betahte,  pp.  betuuhf, 
betaht),  <  AS.  betwcan  (pret.  betcehte,  pp.  betceht), 
show,  assign,  give  over,  deliver,  commit,  <  be- 
+  taican,  show,  teach:  see  ie-i  and  teach.  Ow- 
ing to  a  similarity  of  form,  the  ME.  betaken 
(pret.  betook,  betok,  pp.  betaken),  <  be-  +  taken, 
take  (see  betake^),  was  confused  -with  betechen, 
and  used  in  the  same  senses.]  1.  To  give; 
hand  over ;  deliver  up. 

Judas  Iscariot  wente  forth  to  the  princis  of  prestis  and 
said  to  hem,  Wliat  wolen  ye  give  to  me  and  I  sohal  Intrae 
him  to  you?  Wyclif,  Mat.  xxvi.  14,  15. 

2.  To  inti-ust;   commit;  recommend  to  the 
care  of. 

Such  a  rym  the  devel  I  byteche. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Tale  of  Melibeus,  1.  6. 


beteach 

And  hem  she  yaf  hire  raoebles  and  hire  thing, 
And  to  the  pope  Urban  bitook  lieni  tho. 

Chaucer,  Second  Nun's  Tale,  1.  541. 

Dame  Phcebe  to  a  Nymphe  her  babe  betooke. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  vi.  28. 

3.  To  impart  or  teach. 

Wliereof  that  lie  was  fully  taught 
Of  wisdom  which  was  him  betaught. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  vii. 

betear  (be-ter'),  v.  t.    [<  6e-l  +  ieff)-2.]   To  wet 

with  tears.    Sir  P.  Sidney. 
betechet,  v.  t.    Same  as  beteach. 
beteemlf  (be-tem'),  v.  t.    [<  Z>e-i  +  tee?wl.]  To 

bring  forth;  produce;  shed. 

Lys.  \yhy  is  your  cheek  so  pale? 

How  chance  the  roses  there  do  fade  so  fast? 

Her.  Belike  for  want  of  rain  ;  which  1  could  well 
Beteem  them  from  tlie  tempest  of  mine  eyes. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  i.  1. 

beteem^t  (be-tem'),  v.  t.  [Appar.  <  &e-i  + 
?em2.]    1.  to  allow;  permit;  suffer. 

So  loving  to  my  mother, 
That  he  might  not  beteem  the  ivlnds  of  heaven 
Visit  her  face  too  roughly.         Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 

2.  To  vouchsafe;  accord;  give. 

"So  would  I,"  said  the  Enchanter,  "glad  and  faine 
Beteeme  to  you  this  sword."  Spe)iser,  F.  Q.,  II.  viii.  19. 
Although  hee  could  have  well  beteem'd  to  have  thankt 
him  of  the  ease  hee  profer'd,  yet  loving  his  owne  handi- 
worke,  modestly  refus  e!  hini. 

Milton,  Def.  of  Humb.  Kemonst. 

betel  (be'tl),  n.  [Also  written  hetle,  and  for- 
merly also  hetele,  bettel,  etc. ;  =  F.  betel  =  Sp. 
betel,  hetle,  <  Pg.  betel,  bethel,  betelhc,  formerly 
also  betle,  vitele,  <  Malayalam  vettila  =  Tamil 
vettilei  (cerebral  /)i  betel;  ef.  Hind,  bird  or  biri; 
<  Skt.  ritika  (cerebral  t),  betel.]  1.  A  species 
of  pepper,  Fiper  betle,  a  creeping  or  climbing 
plant,  a  native  of  the  East  Indies,  natural  order 
Piperacece,  The  leaves  are  used  as  a  wrapper  for  the 
little  pellets  of  areca-nut  and  lime  which  are  extensively 
chewed  in  the  East.  The  pellet  is  hot  and  acrid,  but  has 
aromatic  and  astringent  properties.  It  tinges  the  saliva 
red  and  blackens  the  teetli.    Also  called  betel-pepper. 

2.  A  piece  of  betel-nut. 

betel-box  (be'tl-boks),  n.  A  box  for  carrying 
pellets  prepared  of  betel-leaves,  lime,  and 
areca-nuts.  Such  boxes  are  commonly  made 
of  silver  filigree. 

betel-nut  (be'tl-nut), 

n.    [<  betel  +  nut.'] 

The  nut  of  the  areca- 

palm,  Areca  Catechu, 

of  the  East  Indies, 

highly  esteemed 

among  the  Asiatics 

as    a  masticatory. 

See  areca-nut. 
betel-pepper  (be'tl- 

pep"er),  n.   Same  as 

betel,  1. 
betht,    "v.    i.  impv. 

[ME.,  <  AS.  bedth,  2d 

pers.  pi.  of  beon,  be: 

Kf.A?)/>1  "RftVP    Chnii.    Areca-palm  (.4w<i  Ca/^cA«).  with 

seeoe.j  rseye.  K^nau-  iu fruit,  the  Betei-nut. 

cer. 

bethankit  (bf-thang'kit),  «.  [Sc.,  himiorously 
adapted  from  the  formula  God  be  thankit,  where 
thanlcit  =  'E.  thanked, 'pTp.'}  Grace  after  meat. 
Burns. 

bethel  (beth'el),  n.  [Heb.  beth-el,  house  of 
God,  <  beth,  house,  +  el,  God ;  hence  Bethel 
{Beth-el),  name  of  a  place  :  see  Elohim.']  1. 
A  hallowed  spot. — 2.  A  name  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  a  place  of  worship  in  England,  espe- 
cially to  a  dissenting  chapel. — 3.  A  church  or 
chapel  for  seamen,  whether  located  on  shore 
or,  as  is  often  the  case,  afloat  in  a  harbor. 

Bethell  process.   See  process. 

bethink  (be-thingk'),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  be- 
thought, ppr".  bethinking.  [<  ME.  bethenken,  bi- 
thinken,  commonly  bethenchen,  <  AS.  bethencan, 
bithencan  {=  D.  bedenken  =  OHG.  bidenchan, 
MHG.  G.  bedenken  =  Sw.  betdnka  =  Dan.  be- 
tcenke),  consider,  think  about,  <  be-  -1-  thencan, 
think:  see  fte-l  and  think.]  I.  trans.  If.  To 
think;  imagine. 

He  spak  more  harm  than  herte  may  bethinke. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  772. 

2t.  To  think  about ;  reflect  upon  ;  consider. 

With  patience  calm  the  storm, 
While  we  bethink  a  means  to  break  it  off. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  3. 

3.  Reflexively:  («)  To  call  to  mind ;  take  into 
consideration;  remind  one's  self:  with  o/ (for- 
merly also  on  or  upon)  before  the  name  of  the 
object  of  thought. 

Bethink  yourselves  beforehand  what  mercies  you  want. 

Bp.  Beveridge,  Sermons,  II.  cxlv. 


536 

Bethink  thee  o/  thy  Lord, 
Who  healed  again  the  smitten  ear, 
And  sheathed  his  follower's  sword. 

Whittier,  The  Exiles. 

(b)  To  reflect ;  deliberate ;  commune  with  one's 
self. 

Rip  bethought  himself  a.  moment  and  inquired. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  60. 

II.  intrans.  To  deliberate ;  consider. 

Bethink  ere  thou  dismiss  us.         Byron,  Manfred,  i.  1. 

Bethlehem  (beth'lf-em),  n.    See  bedlam. 

Bethlehemite  (beth'le-em-it),  n.  [<  Bethle- 
hem -I-  -ite^.  See  bedtam.]  1.  An  inhabitant 
of  Bethlehem  of  Judea  (2  Sam.  xxi.  19).— 2. 
An  inmate  of  Bethlehem  hospital  or  other  luna- 
tic asylum;  a  bedlamite.  See  bedlam  and  bed- 
lamite.—S.  Eccles.:  (a)  One  of  an  order  of 
monks  introduced  into  England  in  the  year 
1257,  who  were  habited  like  the  Dominicans, 
except  that  they  wore  a  star  with  five  rays, 
in  memory  of  the  comet  or  star  which  appeared 
over  Bethlehem  at  the  birth  of  Chi-ist.  (b)  One 
of  an  order  foimded  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury for  the  service  of  the  hospitals  in  Spanish 
America. 

Bethlemitet  (beth'lem-it),  n.  Same  as  Beth- 
lehemite. 

bethought  (be-th6 1 ' ) .    Preterit  and  past  parti- 

ciple  of  bethink. 
bethrall  (bf-thral'),  v.  t.    [<  ie-i  +  thrall.] 

To  enslave ;  reduce  to  bondage ;  bring  into 

subjection. 

She  it  is  that  did  my  Lord  bethrall. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  viii.  28. 
bethroot  (beth'rot),  M.    Same  as  birthroot. 
bethule  (beth'iil),  n.    [<  Bethylus.]    A  bird  of 

the  genus  Bethylus  (Cuvier),  or  Cissopis  (Vieil- 

lot). 

bethump  (be-thump'),  V.  t.  [<  -f-  thump.] 
To  beat  soimdly. 

I  was  never  so  bethump'd  with  words 
Since  I  first  call'd  my  brother's  father  dad. 

Sliak.,  K.  John,  ii.  2. 

beth'Wack  (be-thwak'),  t".  t.  [<  be-^  +  thivack.] 
To  thrash  soundly. 

Bethylus  (beth'i-lus),  n.  [NL.]  1.  A  genus 
of  pupivorous  hymenopterous  insects,  of  the 
family  Proctotrypidce,  having  an  elongated  and 
somewhat  triangular  prothorax,  a  flattened 
head,  and  13-jointed  antennfe. —  2.  In  ornith., 
a  genus  of  South  American  tanagroid  Passcres, 
based  on  the  Lanius  leverianus  of  Shaw,  sup- 
posed to  be  a  shrike.  Antedated  by  Cissopis  of 
Vieillot,  1816,  based  upon  the  same  bird,  and  also  in  en- 
tomology.   Also  spelled  Bethyllus.    [Not  in  use.] 

betide  (bf-tid'),  v.  [<  ME.  bitiden,  <  bi-,  be-,  + 
tiden,  happen:  see  fcf-l  and  tide,  v.]    I.  trans. 

1 .  To  happen ;  befall ;  come  to. 

What  will  betide  the  few?  Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  480. 

"  111  luck  betide  them  all" — he  cried. 

Whittier,  The  Exiles. 

2.  To  betoken ;  signify.  [Rare.] 

How  could  I  but  muse 
At  what  such  a  dream  should  betide  ? 

Cowi>er,  The  Morning  Dream. 

II.  intrans.  To  come  to  pass;  happen  To 

betide  ont,  to  become  of. 

If  he  were  dead,  what  would  betide  on  me  ? 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 

betidet  (bf-tid'),  «.  [<  betide,  v.]  Hap ;  fortune. 
— Bad  betidet,  ill  hap ;  misfortune  :  a  forced  use. 
My  wretched  heart  wounded  with  bad  betide. 

Greene,  Francesco's  Sonnet. 

betightt  (be-tif).  An  erroneously  formed  past 
participle  of  betide:  one  of  Spenser's  forced 
forms. 

Why  wayle  we  then  ?  why  weary  we  the  Gods  with  playnts, 
As  if  some  evill  were  to  her  betight  ? 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  November, 
betimet  (be-tim'),  adv.,  ovig.prep.  phr.  [<  ME. 
beti/me,  bitime,  prop,  separate,  bi  time,  by  time.] 
Older  form  of  betimes. 

Loke  thou  go  to  bede  by  tyme. 
How  the  Goode  Wyfe  Taught  hyr  Daughter,  1.  165. 
All  in  the  morning  betime.    Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  5  (song). 
I  went  one  day  myself  betime  in  the  morning  to  a  great 
man's  house  to  speak  with  him. 

Latimer,  Serra.  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1550. 

betimes  (be-timz'),  adv.  [<  ME.  betymes,  bi- 
tymes,  <  betime  +  adv.  gen.  suffix  -s.]  1.  Sea- 
sonably ;  in  good  season  or  time ;  before  it  is 
too  late ;  early. 

Not  to  be  a-bed  after  midnight  is  to  be  up  betimes. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  3. 
To  measure  life  learn  thou  betimes. 

Milton,  Sonnets,  xvi. 
Partake  we  their  blithe  cheer 
Who  gathered  in  betimes  the  imshorn  flock 
To  wash  the  fleece.  Wordsworth,  River  Duddon,  xxiii. 


betrap 

Having  engaged  our  guide  and  horses  the  night  before, 
we  set  out  betimes  this  morning  for  Orlevano. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  240. 

2.  Soon  ;  in  a  short  time. 

He  tires  betimes,  that  spurs  too  fast  betimes. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  1. 

3.  Occasionally ;  at  times.     [Scotch.]  =  syn. 

Eoj'ly,  Soon,  Betimes.    See  early. 

betinet,  v.  t.    [<  6e-l  +  tine  for  tind,  kindle.] 

To  set  fire  to. 
betitt,  V.    Obsolete  shortened  form  of  betideth. 

Chaucer. 

betitle  (bf-ti'tl),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  title.]  To 
give  a  title  or  titles  to;  entitle:  as,  a  betitled 
man;  a  "picture  .  .  .  betitled.  Glorious  Revo- 
lution," Carlyle,  Misc.,  III.  82. 

betle,  n.    See  betel. 

betoilf  (be-toil'),  V.  t.  [<  6e-l  -1-  toiV-.]  To 
worry  witli  toil. 

betokt.    Middle  English  preterit  of  betake'^. 

betoken  (be-to'kn),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  betokenen,  bi- 
tocnen,  <  AS.  *betacnian  (not  found ;  equiv.  to 
getdcnian,  with  diff.  prefix;  cf.  believe)  (= 
OFries.  bitekna  =  D.  beteekenen  =  IjG.  beteik- 
en  =  OHG.  bizeichanon,  G.  bezeichnen  =  Sw. 
beteckna  =  Dan.  betegne),  <  be-  +  tdcn,  tdcen, 
token:  see  6e-i  and  token.]  If.  To  signify; 
mean ;  denote  in  words. —  2.  To  be  a  token  of ; 
be  a  visible  sign  of;  give  promise  of. 

A  dewy  cloud,  and  in  the  cloud  a  bow,  .  .  . 
Betokening  peace  from  God.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  867. 

3.  To  foreshow  by  signs ;  be  or  furnish  a  pre- 
monition of;  indicate  the  probability  of:  as, 
this  fact  betokens  a  good  result. 

The  morning  betokened  foul  weather. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  Const.,  II.  261. 

4.  To  give  evidence  of ;  show. 

This  doth  betoken 
The  corse  they  follow  did  with  desperate  hand 
Fordo  its  own  life.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  1. 

=  SyTl.  To  signify;  presage,  portend,  augur,  bode, 
beton  (bet'on;  P.  pron.  ba-ton'),  n.  [<  F. 
beton,  <  OF.  betun,  rubble,  of  disputed  origin, 
but  prob.  <  Pr.  beton  =  Sp.  betun,  <  L.  bitumen, 
bitumen :  see  bitumen.  Some  compare  F.  be- 
ton, beestings,  cm-ded  milk,  <  OF.  beter,  co- 
agulate.] A  mixture  of  lime,  sand,  and  grav- 
el, forming  a  kind  of  concrete,  it  is  much  used 
as  a  hydraulic  cement  in  submarine  works,  and  whole 
buildings  have  been  constructed  of  it. 

betongue  (bf-tung'),  v.  t.    [<  6e-i  -I-  tongue.] 
To  scold ;  attack  with  the  tongue  ;  rail  at. 
How  Ben  Jonson  and  Shakspere  betongued  each  other. 

North  British  Rev. 

betonica  (be-ton'i-ka),  w.    Same  as  betony. 

betony  (bet'o-ni),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
betonie,  bettony,  etc.,  <  ME.  betony,  betany, 
earlier  betone,  betan  (cf.  ML.  betonia),  <  OF. 
beteine,  F.  bStoine  —  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  betonica  = 
G.  betonie  =  AS.  betonica,  <  L.  betonica,  a  cor- 
rupt form  of  vettonica,  so  named,  according  to 
Pliny,  from  the  Vettones,  otherwise  Fectones,  a 
people  of  Lusitania  in  the  Spanish  peninsu- 
la.] The  popular  name  of  Stachys  Betonica  or 
Betonica  officinalis,  a  European  labiate  plant, 

growing  in  woods,  it  is  sometimes  used  to  dye  wool, 
producing  a  dark-yellow  color.  It  is  usually  distinguished 
from  water-betony  (an  aquatic  plant,  Scrophularia  aquati- 
ca)  as  wood-betony,  which  name  is  also  given  in  the  United 
States  to  Pedioularis  Canadensis,  and  sometimes  to  Ly- 
copus  Virginicus.  The  Veronica  serpyllifolia  is  called 
Paul's  betony,  because  described  as  a  betony  by  an  old 
herbalist,  Paulus  ^gineta. 

betook  (be-tuk').  Preterit  of  betake'^  and  6e- 
take'^. 

betornt  (be-tom'),  p.  a.    [Pp.  of  verb  *betear^ 
(not  used),  <  &e-l  +  tear'^.]    1.  Torn. 
Whose  heart  betorn  out  of  his  panting  breast. 

Norton  and  Sackville,  Gorboduc,  iv.  1. 
2.  Torn  in  pieces, 
betoss  (be-tos'),  V.  t.    [<  6c-i  +  toss.]   To  toss  ; 
agitate ;  disturb ;  put  in  violent  motion. 
The  miserable  betossed  squire. 

Shelton,  tr.  of  Don  Quixote,  I.  iii.  3. 
My  betossed  soul.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  v.  3. 

betraiset,  betrasht,  v.  t.  [ME.  betraisen,  betray- 
sen,  bitraisshen,  bitrasshen,  <  be-  +  OF.  traiss-, 
stem  of  certain  parts  of  tra'ir,  F.  trahir,  betray: 
see  betray  and  -ish'^.]    To  betray. 

They  have  betraised  thee.  Robert  of  Brunne. 

betrap^t  (be-trap'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  be- 
trapped,  ppr.  betrapping.  [<  ME.  betrappen,  < 
AS.  hetrwppan,  betreppan,  insnare,  <  be-  + 
trceppan,  treppan,  trap :  see  be-^  and  trap^.] 
To  entrap ;  insnare.  Gower. 

betrap^t  (be-trap'),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  be- 
trajjpcd,  ppr.  betrappijig.  [<  be-'^  +  trap^.]  To 
put  trappings  on ;  clothe ;  deck. 

After  them  toUowed  two  other  chariots  covered  with 
red  satin,  and  the  horses  betrapped  with  the  same. 

Stow,  Queen  Mary,  an.  1553. 


betrash 


537 


betterment 


betrasht,  v.  t.    See  betraise. 

betray  (be-tra'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  tetrayen,  hetrain, 
<  be-  +  traien,  betray,  <  OF.  trair,  F.  trahir,  < 
L.  tradere,  deliver,  give  over :  see  traitor,  trea- 
son, tradition.  The  form  of  betray  was  influ- 
enced by  that  of  bewray,  a  quite  different  word.] 

1.  To  deliver  to,  or  expose  to  the  power  of,  an 
enemy  by  treachery  or  disloyalty:  as,  an  officer 
betrayed  the  city. 

The  Son  of  man  shall  be  betrayed  into  the  liands  of 
men.  Mat.  xvii.  22. 

2.  To  violate  by  fraud  or  unfaithfulness;  be 
unfaithful  in  keeping  or  upholding :  as,  to  be- 
tray a  trust. 

Betray'd  her  cause  and  mine.      Tennyson,  Princess,  v. 

3.  To  act  treacherously  to ;  be  disloyal  to ; 
disappoint  the  hopes  or  expectations  of. 

Do  not  betray  me,  sir.    I  fear  you  love  Mistress  Page. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  3. 
I  will  betray 

Tawny-finn'd  fishes  ;  my  bended  liook  sliall  pierce 
Their  slimy  jaws.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  5. 

But  when  I  rise,  I  shall  find  my  legs  betraying  me. 

Boswell. 

Men  of  unquiet  minds  and  violent  ambition  followed  a 
fearfully  eccentric  course,  .  .  .  served  and  betrayed  all 
parties  in  tui'n.  Maeaulay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

4.  To  deceive ;  beguile ;  mislead ;  seduce. 

Far,  far  beneath  tlie  shallow  maid 
He  left  believing  and  betrayed. 

Byron,  The  Giaour. 
Our  impatience  betrays  us  into  rash  and  foolisli  alli- 
ances which  no  God  attends. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser. ,  p.  195. 

5.  To  reveal  or  disclose  in  violation  of  confi- 
dence ;  make  known  througli  breach  of  faith  or 
obligation:  as,  to  betray  a  person's  secrets  or 
designs. 

Secrets  are  rarely  betrayed  or  discovered  according  to 
any  programme  our  fear  has  slsetched  out. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  v.  5. 

6.  To  show  in  true  character;  allow  to  be  seen; 
permit  to  appear  in  spite  of  will  or  desii-e. 

Be  swift  to  hear,  but  cautious  of  your  tongue,  lest  you 
betray  your  ignorance.  Watts. 
And  scarcely  look  or  tone  betrays 
How  the  heart  strives  beneath  its  chain. 

Whittier,  Mogg  Megone,  i. 
My  own  too-fearful  guilt. 
Simpler  than  any  child,  betrays  itself. 

Tennyson,  Guinevere. 

7.  To  indicate ;  give  indication  or  evidence  of : 
said  of  something  not  obvious  at  first  view,  or 
that  would  otherwise  be  concealed. 

Yon  azure  smoke  betrays  the  lurking  town. 

Wordsivorth,  Prelude,  iv. 
All  the  names  in  the  country  betray  great  antiquity. 

Bryant. 

A  turned  leaf,  a  broken  twig,  the  faintest  film  of  smoke 
against  the  sky,  betrayed  to  him  the  passage  or  presence  of 
an  enemy.  J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  v. 

betrayal  (be-tra'al),  n.  [<  betray  +  -aZ.]  The 
act  of  betraying. 

Gained  his  freedom  by  the  betrayal  of  his  country's 
cause.  S.  Sharpe,  Hist,  of  Egypt,  xii. 

He  seldom  lost  his  self-control,  and  shrank  witli  the 
most  sensitive  pride  from  any  noticeable  betrayal  of  emo- 
tion. George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  vi.  7. 

betrayer  (bf-tra'er),  n.  One  who  betrays;  a 
traitor ;  a  seducer. 

betraymentt  (be-tra'ment),  n.  [<  betray  + 
-ment.']    Betrayal;  the  state  of  being  betrayed. 

Confessing  him  to  be  innocent  whose  betrayment  tliey 
had  sought.  Udall,  Com.  on  JIat.  xxvii. 

betrendt  (be-trend'),  v.  t.  [ME.  betrenden;  < 
6e-i  +  trend.']  To  wind  about;  twist;  turn 
round. 

Aboute  a  tre  with  many  a  twiste 
Bytrent  and  wrythe  the  soote  wodebynde. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  1231. 

betrim  (be-trim'),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  betrimmed, 
ppr.  betrimming.  [<  &e-l  +  trim.]  To  trim; 
set  in  order ;  decorate ;  beautify. 

Thy  banks  witli  pioned  and  twilled  brims, 
Which  spongy  April  at  tliy  best  betrims. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

betroth  (be-troth'  or  -troth'),  v.  t.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  be'trothe,  betroath,  betrouth,  <  ME.  be- 
trouthen,  betreuthen,  bitreuthien,  betroth,  <  bi-, 
be-,  +  treuthe,  treowfhe,  <  AS.  treowtli,  troth, 
truth:  see  &e-l  and  troth,  truth.']  1.  To  con- 
tract to  give  in  marriage  to  another;  promise 
or  pledge  one's  troth  for  the  marriage  of ;  affi- 
ance. 

You,  to  remove  that  siege  of  grief  from  her, 
Betroth'd  and  would  have  married  her  perforce 
To  County  Paris.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  v.  3. 

2.  To  engage  to  take  in  marriage  ;  pledge  one's 
troth  to  marry. 


What  man  is  there  that  hath  betrothed  a  wife  and  liath 
not  taken  her?  Deut.  xx.  7. 

To  her,  my  lord, 
Was  I  betroth'd  ere  I  saw  Hermia. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iv.  1. 

3t.  To  nominate  to  a  bishopric  in  order  to  con- 
secration. 

If  any  person  be  consecrated  a  bishop  to  that  church 
whereunto  he  was  not  before  betrothed.    Ayliffe,  Parergon. 

betrothal  (be-troth'-  or  be-troth'al),  n.  [<  be- 
troth +  -al.]  The  act  of  betrothing;  betroth- 
ment. 

Tlie  feast  of  betrothal.  Longfellow,  Evangeline,  iv. 
betrothment  (be-troth'-  or  be-troth'ment),  n. 
[<  betroth  +  -ment.]  A  mutual  and  formal 
promise  or  contract  made  for  or  by  a  man  and 
a  woman  with  a  view  to  their  marriage ;  be- 
trothal ;  the  act  or  state  of  being  betrothed,  or 
promised  in  marriage. 

How  the  strange  betrothrrient  was  to  end. 

Tennyson,  Princess, 
betrust  (be-trusf),  v.  t.    [<  6e-i  +  trust.]  1. 
To  intrust;  commit  to  another  in  confidence 
of  fidelity. 

Wliatsoever  you  would  betrust  to  your  memory,  let  it 
be  disposed  in  a  proper  method.  Watts. 

2.  To  confide  in. 

To  esteem  themselves  Maisters,  botli  of  that  great  tmst 
wliicli  tliey  serve,  and  of  tlie  People  that  betrusted  them. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xiii. 

[Eare  in  both  senses.] 
betrustment  (be-trust'ment),  n.    [<  betrust  + 
-ment]    The  act  of  intrusting;  the  thing  in- 
trusted. [Rare.] 

betsot,  betsat  (bet'so,  -sa),  n.  [<  It.  bezzo  (pron. 
bet'so),  farthing,  piece  of  money;  appar.  same 
as  It.  pezzo,  a  piece,  bit  (see  piece);  but  cf.  G. 
betz,  batz,  also  batzen,  a  small  Swiss  coin :  see 
batz.]  A  small  copper  coin  of  Venice,  current 
in  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries,  in 

tlie  system  establislied  in  1750  it  was  equal  to  a  quarter 
of  a  United  States  cent,  being  the  fortieth  part  of  a  lira 
piccola ;  a  bagattino. 

The  last  and  least  [coin]  is  tlie  betsa,  wliich  is  lialf  a  sol ; 
that  is,  almost  a  farthing. 

Coryat,  Crudities  (ed.  1776),  II.  69. 

bettt,  bettet,  adv.  Middle  English  forms  of  &e<l. 

better^  (bet'er),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  bettere,  be- 
tere,  <  AS.  betera,  betra  =  OFries.  betere,  betre  = 
OS.  betara,  betera  =  D.  beter  z=  OHG.  bezziro, 
MHG.  bezzer,  G.  besser  =  Icel.  betri  =  Sw.  bdt- 
tre  =  'Da,n.  bedre  =  Goth.,  batiza;  compar.  with 
weak  inflection;  with  superl.  best,  <  ME.  beste, 
<  AS.  betst,  betest  =  OFries.  beste  =  OS.  betsto 
=  D.  best  =  OHG.  bezzisto,  MHG.  bezzist,  best, 
G.  best  =  Icel.  beztr,  older  baztr,  =  Sw.  bast  = 
Dan.  bedst  =  Goth,  batists;  with  regular  com- 
par. and  superl.  suffixes  from  a  positive  not  in 
use,  Teut.  *bat,  of  which  the  compar.,  with  loss 
of  the  suffix,  appears  in  the  AS.,  ME.,  and 
early  mod.  E.  adv.  6e<;  see  bet^.]  I.  a.  1.  As 
comparative  of  f/ood :  (a)  Of  superior  quality  or 
excellence,  whether  personal,  physical,  mental, 
moral,  or  social,  essential  or  acquired:  as,  he 
is  a  better  man  than  his  brother;  better  times 
are  at  hand ;  a  better  position. 

Man's  better  nature  triumphed  then. 

Bryant,  The  Prairies. 
Our  institutions  had  been  so  good  that  they  had  edu- 
cated us  into  a  capacity  for  better  institutions. 

Maeaulay,  Mirabeau. 
(6)  Of  superior  value,  use,  fitness,  acceptable- 
ness,  etc. ;  more  profitable  or  suitable  for  a 
purpose ;  more  useful,  eligible,  or  desirable : 
as,  copper  is  a  better  conductor  than  iron. 

Better  is  a  dinner  of  herbs  wliere  love  is,  than  a  stalled 
ox  and  hatred  therewith.  Prov.  xv.  17. 

Sleep 

Doth,  in  my  estimate  of  good,  appear 

A  better  state  than  waking  ;  death  than  sleep. 

Wordsworth,  Excursion,  ui. 

(c)  Larger;  greater:  as,  the  better  part  of  a 
day  was  spent  in  shopping. 

You  are  as  a  candle,  the  better  part  burnt  out. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  2. 
How  have  we  wander'd,  that  the  better  part 
Of  this  good  night  is  perish'd  ! 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Sliepherdess,  ii.  4. 

2.  As  comparative  of  «<;eZL-  (a)  More  in  accor- 
dance with  one's  wish  or  desire ;  more  satis- 
factory,   (b)  More  healthy ;  having  sounder 

health,  (c)  More  just,  right,  or  proper  Better 

arm.  See  arm l.— Better  half,  a  wife.  [Colloq.]— Tobe 
better,  (a)  To  be  improved,  as  in  health,  estate,  etc. : 
as,  tlie  patient  is  better,  (h)  To  be  (juite  well  again ;  be 
fully  recovered.  [Scotland.] 

II.  n.  1 .  That  which  has  superior  excellence ; 
that  which  is  better. 

Tliat  ideal  better,  towards  which  both  men  and  institu- 
tions must  progress,  if  they  would  not  retrogi-ade. 

Huxley,  Universities. 


2.  A  superior ;  one  who  has  a  claim  to  prece- 
dence on  account  of  rank,  age,  merit,  skill, 
power,  or  office :  as,  give  place  to  your  betters. 
[In  this  sense  generally  used  in  the  plural,  and 
with  a  possessive  pronoun.] 

In  al  Ynglelond  was  non  liys  heler. 

Rich.  C.  de  L. 

Their  betters  would  hardly  be  found.  Hooker. 

Thou  poor  shadow  of  a  soldier,  I  will  make  thee  know 
my  master  keeps  servants  thy  betters  in  quality  and  i)er 
forniance.  Ford,  'Tis  Pity,  i,  2. 

The  better,  (a)  Improvement;  generally  in  the  adver- 
bial phrase  for  the  better,  that  is,  in  the  direction  of  im- 
provement. 

If  I  have  altered  liimanywliere/or  the  better. 

Dryden,  Preface  to  Fables. 
(b)  Advantage ;  superiority  ;  victory :  chiefly  in  the  phrases 
to  get,  gain,  or  have  tlie  better  o/(a  person  or  thing). 

Dionysius,  his  countryman,  in  an  epistle  to  Pompey, 
after  an  express  comparison,  affords  liim  Die  better  of 
Thucydides.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

She  took  her  leave,  charmed  witli  tlie  prospect  of  finally 
getting  the  better  of  the  only  woman  in  London  whom  she 
acknowledged  as  her  equal  in  subtlety  and  intrigue. 

J.  Hawthorne,  Dust,  p.  334. 

better  1  (bet'er),  adv.  (comparative  of  iccll,  adv.). 
[<  ME.  better,  beter,  betre,  <  AS.  betere,  betre; 
with  superl.  best,  <  ME.  best,  <  AS.  bctst,  betost  ; 
prop.  neut.  acc.  of  the  adj. :  see  better^,  a.  The 
older  adv.  was  bet:  see  bet^.]  1.  In  a  more 
excellent  way  or  manner:  as,  to  behave  better; 
the  land  is  better  cultivated  and  the  govern- 
ment better  administered. 

The  plays  of  Shakspeare  were  better  acted,  better  edited, 
and  better  known  tliaii  they  had  ever  been. 

Macaiday,  Moore's  Byron. 

2.  In  a  superior  degree:  as,  to  know  a  man 
better  than  some  one  else  knows  him. 

Which  is  the  better  able  to  defend  himself :  a  strong  man 
witli  nothing  but  his  fists,  or  a  paralytic  cripple  encum- 
bered with  a  sword  whicli  lie  cannot  lift'? 

Maeaulay,  Utilitarian  Theory  of  Government. 

3.  More,  without  any  idea  of  superior  excel- 
lence: as,  it  is  better  than  a  mile  to  the  town. 
[Colloq.] 

Dorlcote  Mill  has  been  in  our  family  a  liundred  year  and 
better.  George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss. 

To  be  better  off,  to  be  in  improved  circumstances. 

The  mechanic  teaches  us  liow  we  may  in  a  small  degree 
be  better  off  than  we  were.  The  Utilitarian  advises  us  with 
great  pomp  to  be  as  well  off  as  we  can. 

Maeaulay,  West.  Reviewer's  Def.  of  Jlill. 
Men  had  become  Romans  ;  they  were  proud  of  the  Ro- 
man name  ;  .  .  .  they  felt  that  they  ioej-e  ie(fe;-o/ as  mem- 
bers of  a  civilized  community  ordered  by  law  than  they 
could  be  under  tlie  dominion  of  any  barbarian. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  126. 

To  go  one  better.  See  go,  v.  t. 
better!  (bet'er),  V.  [<  ME.  bettren,  betren,  <  AS. 
beterian,  betrian,  intr.,  be  better,  (je-beterian, 
ge-betrian,  trans.,  make  better  (=  OFries.  be- 
teria  =  Icel.  betra  =  Sw.  bcittra  =  Dan.  bedre 
=  OHG.  bezziron,  MHG.  G.  bessern ;  ef.  OS. 
betian,  <  bet,  the  older  compar.  adv.),  <  betera, 
better:  see  better'^,  a.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make 
better ;  improve ;  ameliorate  ;  increase  the 
good  qualities  of;  as,  manure  betters  land;  dis- 
cipline may  better  the  morals. 

The  cause  of  his  taking  upon  him  our  nature  was  to  bet- 
ter the  (luality,  and  to  advance  tlie  condition  thereof. 

Hooker. 

2.  To  improve  upon ;  surpass;  exceed;  outdo. 

He  hath  borne  himself  beyond  the  promise  of  his  age ; 
...  he  hath,  indeed,  better  bettered  expectation  than  you 
must  expect  of  me  to  tell  you  how.    Shak.,  Much  Ado,  i.  1. 
What  you  do 
Still  betters  what  is  done.      Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 

3.  To  advance  the  interest  of ;  support ;  give 
advantage  to. 

Weapons  more  violent,  when  next  we  meet. 
May  serve  to  better  us  and  worse  our  foes. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  440. 
=  Syn.  1.  Amend,  Improve,  Better,  etc.  (see  amend),  meli- 
orate, promote. 

II.  intrans.  To  grow  better ;  become  better; 
improve  :  as,  his  condition  is  bettering.  [Rare.*] 
better^  (bet'er),  11.    [<  &c<2  -I-  .e,  l.]    One  who 
lays  bets  or  wagers.    Also  bettor. 

Be  al)le  to  give  tliem  the  character  of  every  bowler  or 
better  on  the  green.  B.  Jonson,  Epicoene,  i.  1. 

bettering-houset  (bet'er-ing-hous),  n.  A  refor- 
matory. 

Soldiers  buried  in  this  ground,  from  the  hospital  and 
the  bettering-house.      Annals  of  Phil,  and  Penn.,  I.  406. 

betterment  (bet'er-ment).  n.  [<  better'^,  v.,  + 
-incut.]  1.  A  making' better;  improvement. — 
2.  In  American  law,  an  improvement  of  real 
property  which  adds  to  its  value  otherwise 
than  by  mere  repairs :  generally  used  in  the 
plural. 


bettermost 

bettermost  (bet'er-most),  a.  ami  «.  [<  hctterl^ 
+ -most.}  I.  (/.  Best;  liighest  in  any  respect, 
as  m  social  rank  or  mental  qualities. 

It  first  became  operative  in  tjie  liiftusiou  of  knowledse 
among  tlie  people,  at  least  among  tliu  bettermost  classes'; 

Ilr()ii;!hH»i. 

II.  )i.  That  which  is  best ;  especially,  one's 
best  clothes.  [Local  in  England  and'Uuited 
States.] 

So  Hepzibah  and  her  brother  made  themselves  readv 
...  in  their  faded  bettermost,  to  so  to  church. 

Hawthorne.  Seven  Gables,  .\i. 

betterness  (bet'er-nes),  n.  [<  ME.  hetternes  ■  < 
better  +  -)iess.']  1.  The  quality  of  being  better; 
superiority.  Sir  P.  Sidney.— 2.  Li  mintinq,  the 
amount  by  which  a  precious  metal  exceeds  the 
standard  of  fineness. 

bettet  (bet'et),  «.  [Native  name.]  A  name 
ot  an  Indian  parrot,  Pahvoniis  i>oii,licerianm. 

bettong  (bet'ong),  H.  [Native  natue.]  A  spe- 
cies of  the  genus  Bcttoixjia,  a  gToup  of  small 
brush-tailed  kangaroos. 

bettor  (bet 'or),  ((.    Another  form  of  better'^. 

betty  (bet'i),  I). :  pi.  hctties  (-iz).  [From  the  fern 
name  Bettij,  dim.  of  Bet  (ef.  equiv.  OF.  Beti 
Bette.  also  Betiaine,  Betion,  Betionette),  abbr.  of 
Eh^abet.  Elizabeth.']    1.  A  man  who  interferes 
with  the  domestic  duties  of  women,  or  engages 
m  female  occupations.    Also  called  cot-bettii 
[Used  m  contempt.]  — 2t.  A  short  bar  used 
by  thieves  to  wrench  doors  open.    Also  called 
^  bess,  a  jenny,  and  now  a  jimmy  or  iemmti 
LThieves'  slang.]  j  .< 

The  powerful  betty  or  the  artful  picklock. 

Arbuthnot,  Hist.  John  Bull. 

3.  A  pear-shaped  bottle,  covered  with  maize- 
leaves  or  the  like,  in  which  olive-oil  is  exported 
from  Italy:  a  Florence  flask—Brown  betty,  abaked 
pudding  niadeof  sliced  apples,  bread  crumbs,  and  molasses. 

Betula  (bet  'u-la),  n.  [L.,  the  birch,  also  spelled 
betuUa  (>  It.  betula,  betulla,  also  hedello,  =  Pg 
hetuUa  =  Sp.  abedtd  =  >  & 

F.  dim.  bonleau)  ;  ef. 
Corn,  betho.  /;eco=Bret. 


538 


bevel 


to.  the  eyes;  Washington  and  Phila-  betwixet,  betwixent,  prep.    [Now  only  dial 

delnhia:  the  prisoner  wns  i-.  nr.o.l  ;./././,/./...  „..„i         /  ^Tf;  ^  .   U^""'  ""ly  "lai 


bezo  =  W.  bedw  =zGael. 
beth  —  It.  beth.  l)cit, 
the  birch.]  A  genus  of 
hardy  trees  or  shrubs, 
natives  of  the  north 
temperate  and  arctic 
regions;  the  bii-ehes. 
It  is  the  type  of  the  order 
Betulaeem.  and  is  distin- 
guished from  the  accom- 
panying genus  Alnits  by  a 
difference  of  habit  and  by  its 
Avinged  nutlet.  There  are 
about  30  species  of  Betula, 
of  which  10  are  North  Amer- 
ican. 

Betulaceae  (bet-ii-la'- 

se-e),  pi.  "[NL.,  < 
Betula  ■¥  -aceee.']  A  nat- 
ural order  of  apetalous 
dicotyledonous  trees  '"aie 
and  shrubs,  of  which 
Betula  is  the  typical 
genus,  and  containing 

besides  this  only  the  genus  Alnus,  with  60  spe- 
cies belonging  to  the  two  genera.  See  cut  un- 
der aider. 

betulin,  betuline  (bet'ti-lin),  n.  [<  Betula 
birch,  +   '  "        "  "     ■  ■   "        -  - 


delphia;  the  prisoner  was  placed  between  two 
policemen. 

c    ,,       ,  .      .  The  sea 

bwallows  him  with  his  host,  but  them  lets  pass 
As  on  dry  land,  between  two  crystal  walls. 

Milton,  v.  L.,  xii.  197. 

2.  In  intermediate  relation  to,  as  regards  time, 
quantity,  or  degi-ee :  as,  it  occurred  between  his 
mcoming  and  outgoing;  a  baronet  is  between 
a  knight  and  a  baron ;  they  cost  between  |5  and 
$6  each ;  between  12  and  1  o'clock. 

Bolus  arrived,  and  gave  a  doubtful  tap. 
Between  a  single  and  a  doulile  rap. 

Ciilnitin.  Broad  Grins. 
Her  lips  to  mine  how  often  hath  slie  joined, 
Betzveen  each  kiss  her  oaths  of  true  love  swearing ! 

Shak.,  Pass.  Pilgrim,  vii. 

3.  In  the  mutual  relations  of:  as,  discord  ex- 
ists between  the  two  families. 

Friendship  requires  that  it  be  between  two  at  least. 

South. 

An  intestine  struggle,  open  or  secret,  between  authority 
and  liberty.  //,„„f_  Essays,  v. 

The  war  between  Castile  and  Portugal  had  come  to  a 
close:  tlie  factions  of  the  Spanish  nobles  were  for  the 
most  part  quelled.  Iroimj,  Granada,  p.  26. 

Differences  of  relative  position  can  be  known  only 
through  differences  between  the  states  of  consciousness 
accompanying  the  disclosure  of  the  positions. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  93. 

4.  From  one  to  another  of,  as  in  the  exchange 
of  actions  or  intercourse. 

If  things  should  go  so  between  them. 

£«co/(.  Hist,  of  Hen.  VII. 
Thus  graceless  holds  he  disputation 
'Tween  frozen  conscience  and  hot-burning  will. 

.S/(o/i. ,  Lucrece,  1.  247. 

France  ha; 
mankind. 

5.  In  the  joint  interest  or  possession  of:  as, 
they  own  the  property  between  them. 

There  is  between  us  one  common  name  and  appellation. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Keligio  Medici,  i.  3. 
Castor  and  Pollu.x  with  only  one  soul  between  them. 

Locke. 


or  archaic;  <  ME.  hetwixe,  betwixen,  hetwexen 
bUwuxen,  etc.,  bitwixe,  bitwixen,  etc.,  <  AS.  *he- 
twcoxan  (occurs  once  spelled  bctweoxn),  prob 
for  earlier  *betweoxum  (=  OFries.  bitwiskum,  bi- 
twischa),  <  be,  prep.,  by,  -f-  *tweoxum  for  *twili- 
sum,  *twi.scum,  dat.  pi.  of  *twisc  =  OS.  twi.sic  = 
OHG.  swisl;  zwiski,  MHG.  swisc,  twofold,  < 
twa  {twi-),  two,  4-  -sc,  -ise,  E.  -isltX.  Forms 
with  other  prepositions  appear  in  OS.  %tndar 
twisk,  OFries.  cntwiska,  ontwiska,  atwiska,  abbr. 
twiska,  twisk,  twischa,  NFries.  twissche,  D.  tus- 
schen,  OHG.  in  zwisken,  unter  zwisken,  MHG.  in 
zivtschcH,  unter  zwischcn,  G.  abbr.  zwischen,  be- 
tween. This  form  was  early  mixed  with  betwix, 
betwixt.']  Betwixt;  between, 
betwixt  (be-twiksf),  and  adv.  [Also  by 
apheresis  twixt,  'twixt,  Sc.  betwisht,  betweenht,  < 
late  ME.  betwixt,  bytwyxte,  earlier  betwix,  betuxt, 
betuixte,  betwex,  betuix,  bitwix,  etc.,  <  AS.  bc- 
twyxt,  betwuxt  (with  excrescent  -t),  betwyx,  he- 
tweox,  betweohs,  betwux,  betux,  appar.  shortened 
from  the  dat.  form  (or  perhaps  tepr.  an  orig. 
aec.  form)  *betweoxum,  >  ME.  betwixen,  hetwixe, 
q.  V.  In  ME.  the  words  were  mixed.]  I.  prep. 
Between ;  in  the  space  that  separates ;  in  inter- 
mediate relation  to  as  regards  time,  quantity, 
or  degree;  passing  between;  from  one  to  an- 
other, etc.,  in  most  of  the  uses  of  betioeen 
(which  see). 

Betwixt  two  aged  oaks.  Milton,  LAUegro,  1.  82. 

The  morning  light,  however,  soon  stole  into  the  aper- 
ture at  the  foot  of  the  bed,  betwixt  those  faded  curtains. 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  v. 


been  the  interpreter  between  England  and 
Macaulnii,  Horace  Walpole. 


There  was  some  speech  of  marriage 
Betwixt  myself  and  her.    Shak.,  M.  for  M. 


v.  1. 


branch  of  /i.  pttntila,  with 
and  female  anients:  b,  a 
single  scale  of  fertile  amsnt. 
with  fruit-  i  From  Le  Maout  and 
Decaisne's  "Traite  general  de 
Botanique." ) 


»'i,.ine'^.]  An  alkaloid  (CgeHfioOqj 
obtained  from  the  bark  of  the  white  birch.  It 
crystallizes  in  the  form  of  long  needles,  which 
are  fusible  and  volatile, 
betumble  (be-tum'bl),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  tumble.] 
lo  tumble;  disarrange  the  parts  of. 

From  her  be-tumbled  couch  she  starteth. 

T.  i  i      /n  -  .  .S/iai.,  Lucrece,  1.  1037. 

betutor  (be-tu'tor),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i  -I-  tutor.]  To 
instruct;  tutor.  Coleridge. 

between  (be-twen'),  prep,  and  adv.  [<  (1)  ME. 
betwenc,  bitwenen,  etc.,  <  AS.  betweonum,  be- 
twyninn,  betwinun,  betwednan,  betwlnan,  bitweon- 
um,  etc.  (orig.  separate,  as  in  be  seem  tweonmn, 
between  the  seas,  lit.  'by  seas  twain'),  <  be, 
prep.,  by,  -f  tweonum,  dat.  pi.  of  *twe6n;  (2) 
ME.  betwen,  betwene,  bitwene,  etc.  (mixed  with 
preceding),  <  AS.  (ONorth.)  betweon,  betwen, 
b'ltwen,  etc.,  <  be,  prep.,  by,  4-  *twe6n,  ace.  of 
*twecm,  pi.  *twc-ne  (=  OS.  OFries.  twene  = 
OHG.  MHG.  .rireue,  G.  zween),  two,  twain,  orig. 
distrib.  (=Goth^  tweihnai  =  h.  bini,  OL.  *dnini), 
two  each,  <  twd  {twi-),  two:  see  two,  and  cf. 
twin,  twain.  The  forms  of  between  have  always 
interchanged  with  those  of  betwixt  (which  see).] 
I.  prep.  1.  In  the  .space  which  separates  (two 
points,  places,  objects,  or  lines) ;  at  any  point 
of  the  distance  from  one  to  the  other  of :  as,  be- 


6.  By  the  action,  power,  or  effort  of  one  or 
both  of. 

Unless  you  send  some  present  help. 
Between  them  they  will  kill  the  conjurer. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  v.  1. 

7.  In  regard  to  the  respective  natures  or  qual- 
ities of:  as,  to  distinguish  between  right  and 
wrong. 

There  is  an  essential  difference  between  aland  of  which 
we  can  trace  the  gradual  formation  from  the  sixth  century 
onwards  and  a  land  whose  name  is  not  heard  of  till  the 
eleventh  century.       E.  A.  Freeman,  Eng.  Towns,  p.  120. 

8.  In  regard  to  one  or  the  other  of:  as,  to 
choose  between  two  things. 

Betioeen  two  dogs,  which  liath  the  deeper  mouth  ? 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  4. 
[Between  is  literally  applicable  only  to  two  objects ;  but  it 
may  be  and  commonly  is  used  of  more  than  two  where 
they  are  spoken  of  distrihutively,  or  .so  that  they  can  be 
thouglit  of  as  divided  into  two  parts  or  categories,  or  with 
reference  to  the  action  or  being  of  each  individually  as 
compared  with  that  of  any  other  or  all  the  others.  When 
more  than  two  objects  are  spoken  of  collectively  or  in- 

divisibiy,  anivnr/  is  tlie  proper  word.]  —  Between  Our- 
selves, not  to  be  coMiiiuinicated  to  others  ;  in  confidence 
—  Between  the  beetle  and  the  block.  See  beetiei  — 

To  go  between.  .See  yy.  =Syn.  Amidst,  In  the  midst  of 
etc.    See  aniung. 

II.  adiK  In  the  intermediate  space ;  in  inter- 
mediate relation  as  regards  time,  etc.:  with  an 
object  understood. 

Your  lady  seeks  my  life  ;— come  vou  between, 
And  save  poor  me.  Shak.,  Pericles,  iv.  1. 

between  (be-twen'),  w.    l<between,prep.]  One 
of  a  gi'ade  of  needles  between  sharps  and  blunts. 
between-decks  (be-twen'deks),  adv.  and  n.  I. 
adr.  In  the  space  between  two  decks  of  a  ship  • 
on  any  deck  but  the  upper  one. 

II.  n.  The  space  between  two 'decks  of  a  ship, 
or  the  whole  space  between  the  upper  and  the 
lowest  deck, 
betweenity  (be-twen'i-ti),  n.  [<  between  +  -ity, 
as  in  extremity.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
between ;  intermediate  condition ;  anything  in- 
termediate. [Colloq.] 

To  rejoin  heads,  tails,  and  betweenities. 

Southey,  Letters,  III.  448. 
The  house  is  not  Gothic,  but  of  that  betweenity  that  in- 
tervened when  Gothic  declined  and  Palladian  was  creep- 
ii'S  in-  //.  Walpole,  Letters  (ed.  1820),  II.  174. 

betweenwhiles  (be-twen'hwilz),  adv.,  prop. 

]>rep.  phr.    At  intervals, 
betwit  (be-twif),  v.  t.  [<       +  twit^.]  To  twit. 

strange  how  these  men,  who  at  other  times  are  all  wise 
men,  do  now,  in  their  drink,  betwitt  and  reproach  one  an- 
other with  their  former  conditions.     Pepys,  Diary,  I.  104 
betwixt,  prep,  and  adv.    See  betwixt. 


=  Syn.  See  comparison  under  among. 

II.  adv.  Between,  in  either  space  or  time. 
—Betwixt  and  between,  in  an  intermediate  position  ■ 
neither  the  one  nor  the  other :  a  colloquial  intensive  of 
betwixt  or  of  between. 

betylus,  «.    See  ba:tylus. 

beudantite  (bu'dan-tit),  «.  [After  the  French 
mineralogist  Beudant  (1787-1850).]  A  hydrous 
phosphate  and  arseniate  of  iron,  occumng  in 
small,  closely  aggi-egated  crystals  in  Nassau, 
Prussia,  and  also  near  Cork,  Ireland, 
benk  (biik),  n.    A  Scotch  form  of  book. 

My  grannie  she  bought  me  a  beiik. 
And  I  held  awa'  to  the  school. 

Burns,  The  Jolly  Beggars. 

bevel  (bev'el),  n.  and  a.  [Formerly  also  bevell, 
as  a  term  of  heraldry  bevil,_  bevile,  <  OF.  *bevel 
or  *bu\^el  (not  recorded),  mod.  F.  biveav,  also 
spelled  bereau,  buveau,  beuveau,  beauveau,  etc. 
(cf.  Sp.  baivel),  bevel;  origin  unknown.]  I.  w. 
1.  The  obliquity  or  inclination  of  a  particular 
surface  of  a  solid  body  to  another  surface  of 
the  same  body;  the  angle  contained  by  two 
adjacent  sides  of  anything,  as  of  a  timber  used 
in  ship-building.  When  this  angle  is  acute  it 
is  called  an  under  bevel  (or  beveling),  and  when 
.<-— N  _  obtuse  a  standing 

f  «JN  rw^r      -^g^i^^e-^    bevel. —  2.   An  in- 
strument used  by 
mechanics  for 
drawing  angles  and 
for  adjusting  the 
abutting  surfaces 
of    work    to  the 
same  inclination. 
It  consists  of  two  limbs 
jointed   together,  one 
called    the    stock  or 
handle  and  the  otlver 
the  blade ;  the  latter  is 
movable  on  a  pivot  at 
the  joint,  and  can  be 
adjusted  so  as  to  include 
any  angle  between  it 
and  the  stock.    The  blade  is  often  curved  on  the  edge  to 
suit  the  sweep  of  an  arch  or  vault.    See  bevel-square. 
3.  A  piece  of  type-metal  nearly  type-high,  with 
a  beveled  edge,  used  by  stereo- 
typers  to  form  the  flange  on  the 
sides  of  the  plates.  Worcester. 
—  4.  Same  as  bevel-angle. —  5. 
In  her. ,  an  angular  break  in  any 
right  line. 

II.  a.  Having  the  form  of  a 
bevel;  aslant;  sloping;  out  of 
the  perpendicular ;  not  upright : 
used  figuratively  by  Shakspere. 

I  may  l)e  straight  though  they  themselves  be  bevel. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  cxxi. 
Their  houses  are  very  ill  built,  the  walls  bevel,  without 
one  right  angle  in  any  apartment. 

Swift,  Gulliver's  Travels,  iii.  2. 
bevel  (bev'el),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  beveled  or  bev- 
elled, ppr.  beveling  or  bevelling.    [<  bevel,  n.]  I. 


Mechanics'  Bevels. 


Heraldic  Bevel. 
(See  be-veled,  3. ) 


bevel 

titans.  To  cut  to  a  bevel-angle:  as,  to  bevel  a 
piece  of  wood. 

II,  intmns.  To  incline  toward  a  point  or 
from  a  direct  line ;  slant  or  incline  off  to  a 
bevel-angle. 

bevel-angle  (bev'el-ang'-'gl),  n.  Any  angle  ex- 
cept a  right  angle,  whether  it  be  acute  or  ob- 
tuse.   Also  called  hevel. 

beveled,  bevelled  (bev'eld),  jj.  fl.  1.  Having 
a  bevel;  formed  vsdth  a  bevel-angle. —  2.  In 
mineral. ,  replaced  by  two  planes  inclining  equal- 
ly upon  the  adjacent  planes,  as  an  edge ;  hav- 
ing its  edges  replaced  as  above,  as  a  cube  or 
other  solid. —  3.  In  her.,  broken  by  an  acute 
angle :  thus,  in  the  cut  under  herel,  the  blazon 

would  be  a  chief  vert,  beveled  Beveled  bushing, 

a  bushing  in  wliicli  the  sides  are  inclined  to  the  ends. — 
Beveled  double,  in  her.,  beveled  on  either  side.— Bev- 
eled furniture,  in  printing :  (a)  The  tapering  side-sticks 
and  foot-sticks  used  in  imposing  forms  or  locking  up  gal- 
leys. (6)  Beveled  pieces  of  wood  less  than  type-liigh. — 
Beveled  gearing.  See  (7ea7inr/.— Beveled  washer,  a 
washer  having  its  two  faces  not  parallel  to  each  other, 
used  to  give  a  proper  bearing  to  a  head  or  nut  when  the 
rod  or  bolt  is  not  perpendicular  to  the  surface  against 
which  the  washer  presses. 

bevel-gear  (bev'el-ger),  «.  In  much.,  a  species 
of  wheelwork  in  which  the  axis  or  shaft  of  the 
leader  or-  driver 
forms  an  angle 
with  the  axis  or 
shaft  of  the  fol- 
lower or  the  wheel 
diiveu. 

bevel-hub  (bev'el- 
hub),  n.  A  hub 
or  short  connect- 
ing-pipe having  a 
bend. 

beveling,  bevel- 
ling (bev'el-ing), 
)>.  Same  as  bev- 
el, 1. 

It  is  evident  from 


Bevel-gear. 


the  preceding,  that  by  applying  the  bevel  in  the  work- 
man's usual  manner,  viz.,  with  the  stock  against  the  left- 
hand  side  of  the  board  and  directed  towards  his  body,  all 
the  bevelings  will  he  under,  that  is,  less  than  a  right  angle. 
.  .  .  We  thus  find  that  when  the  first  futtock  frames  are 
on  the  amidship  side  of  the  joint,  their  bevelings  are  always 
standing,  or  greater  than  a  right  angle. 

Thearle,  Naval  Architecture,  p.  53. 

beveling-board  (bev'el-ing-bord),  n.  1.  A 
board  cut  to  any  required  bevel.  It  is  used  in 
adjusting  frames  or  the  parts  of  an  angular 
construction,  as  in  a  ship. — 2.  A  flat  board 
upon  which  the  bevelings  of  the  various  por- 
tions of  a  construction,  as  the  framework  of  a 
ship,  are  marked. 

beveling-frame  (bev'el-ing-fram), «.  Awooden 
frame  in  which  a  beveling-board  is  placed  to 

be  marked,  it  consists  of  a  wide  board,  on  one  edge  of 
which  is  placed  a  fixed,  and  on  the  opposite  a  movable, 
batten.    Across  botli  battens  parallel  lines  are  marked. 

beveling-machine  (bev'el-ing-ma-shen"),  n.  A 
machine  for  beveling  or  angling  the  outer  edges 
of  a  book-cover,  or  of  an  electrotyped  plate  for 
printing. 

bevel-jack  (bev'el-jak),  «.  A  device  used  in 
transmitting  motion  from  a  motor  to  a  machine. 
It  consists  of  a  pair  of  bevel-gears,  one  of  which  is  con- 
nected with  a  tumbling-shaft  turned  by  the  motor,  while 
the  other  has  a  pulley  which  by  a  belt  drives  the  machine. 

bevel-joint  (bev'el-joint),  n.  A  miter  or  slop- 
ing joint  having  its  faces  pressed  to  an  angle, 
generally  of  45°. 

bevelled,  bevelling.   See  beveled,  beveling. 
bevelment  (bev'el-ment),  11. 

[<  bevel  +  -ment.']  In  ynineral., 

the  replacement  of  an  edge  by 

two  similar  planes,  equally 

inclined  to  the  including  faces 

or  adjacent  planes, 
bevel-plater  (bev'el-pla'ter), 

11.  A  machine  for  rolling  the 

bevel-edged  plates  of  shin- 
gling and  veneering  saws, 
bevel-protractor  (bev'el-pro-trak'tor),  11.  A 

drafting  instrument  with  a  pivoted  arm  sliding 

upon  a  graduated  sector, 

used  in  laying  off  angles, 
bevel-rest  (bev'el-rest),  n. 

A  clamp  for  holding  wood 

to  a  saw  in  making  a  bevel- 
ed cut. 

bevel-square  (bev'el-skwar),  w.  A  try-square 
the  blade  of  which  can  be  adjusted  to  any 
angle  with  the  stock,  and  held  at  such  an  angle 

by  a  set-screw,  it  is  an  artisan's  Instrument  for  try- 
ing his  work  to  see  if  it  has  been  made  with  the  proper 
angle.   Also  called  angle-bevel. 


Bevelnient  of  the  edges 
of  a  cube  by  planes  of  a 
tetrahexahedron. 


Bevel-protractor. 


539 

bevel-ways  (bev'el-waz),  adv.  Same  as  hevcl- 
ivise. 

bevel-'wheel  (bev'el-hwel),  n.  In  macli.,  a 
cog-wheel  of  which  the  working-face  is  oblique 
to  the  axis,  such  a  wheel  is  commonly  used  in  con- 
nection with  another  revolving  with  a  shaft  at  right 
angles  to  that  of  the  first.  These  wheels  are  often  called 
conical  wheels,  as  their  general  form  is  that  of  frusta  of 
cones.    See  bevel-gear. 

bevel-wise  (bev'el-'wiz),  adv.  In  her.,  in  the 
form  or  direction  of  a  bevel :  said  of  a  ribbon 
or  pennon  charged  thus  upon  the  field.  Also 
bevel-ways. 

beverif,  n.  An  obsolete  form  of  beaver'^. 
bever-t,  An  obsolete  fonn  of  beaver'^. 
bever^t  (be'ver),  n.  [Now chiefly E.  dial.;  also 
written  beaver,  <  ME.  bever,  later  also  bevoir, 
boever,  <  OF.  bevrc,  boirre,  mod.  P.  boire  =  It. 
bevere,  bere  (ML.  biber),  a  drink,  prop,  inf., 
drink,  <  L.  bibere,  drink:  see  bib^,  bibber. 
Hence  beverage.']  1.  A  collation  or  slight  re- 
past between  meals. 

Are.  Wliat,  at  your  bever,  gallants? 

Mor.  Will 't  please  your  ladyship  to  drink  ? 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iv.  1. 
Some  twenty  mark  a-year  !  will  that  maintain 
Scarlet  and  gold  lace,  play  at  th'  ordinary. 
And  bevers  at  the  tavern? 

Middleton,  Anything  for  a  Quiet  Life,  i.  1. 

2.  Formerly,  at  some  colleges  and  schools,  a 
slight  meal  which  the  students  received  at  the 
buttery-hatch  and  took  to  their  rooms. 

No  scholar  shall  be  absent  above  an  hour  at  morning 
bever  and  half  an  hour  at  evening  bever. 

Quincy,  Hist.  Harv.  Univ.,  I.  517. 

When  I  was  at  Eton  —  now  more  than  thirty  years  ago 
—  the  boys  on  the  foundation  were  supplied  in  the  dining- 
hall  with  an  intermediate  meal  (if  meal  it  could  be  called), 
which  went  under  the  name  of  beaver.  According  to  my 
recollection  it  consisted  of  beer  only,  and  the  hour  was 
4  P.  M.  JV.  and  Q.,  7th  sen,  II.  454. 

bever^t  (be'ver),  V.  i.  [<  bever^,  w.]  To  take  a 
bever  or  slight  repast  between  meals. 

Your  gallants  never  sup,  breakfast,  nor  bever  without 
me.  A.  Brewer  (?),  Lingua,  ii.  1. 

beverage  (bev'e-raj),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
beveridge,  beuvfage,  etc.,  <  ME.  beverage,  bev- 
erege,  beverache,  beurage,  etc.  (cf.  ML.  bevera- 
gium),  <  OF.  bevrage,  beuvrage,  breuvraige,  mod. 
F.  breuoage  (=  Pr.  beurage  =  Sp.  beurage  = 
Pg.  beberagem  =  It.  beveraggio ;  ML.  as  if  *bi- 
beratieum),  <  bevre,  boivre  -  It.  bevere,  <  L.  bi- 
bere, drink:  see  bever^,  n.,  and  -age.]  1.  Drink 
of  any  kind ;  liquor  for  drinking :  as,  water  is 
the  common  beverage;  intoxicating  beverages. 

A  pleasant  beverage  he  prepared  before 

Of  wine  and  honey  mixed. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  ii. 

2.  A  name  given  specifically  to  various  kinds 
of  refreshing  drinks,  (a)  In  Devonshire,  England, 
water-cider ;  a  drink  made  by  passing  water  through  the 
crushed  apples  from  which  cider  has  been  made.  (6)  A 
liquor  made  by  passing  water  through  the  pressed  grapes 
after  the  wine  has  been  expressed. 

Touching  price  and  quality  of  a  liquor  or  drink  called 
in  England  "  bevaradge  "  and  in  France  "  pimpeene." 

Record  Soc.  Lancashire  arid  Cheshire,  xi.  117. 
(c)  In  the  West  Indies,  a  drink  made  of  sugar-cane  juice 
and  water. 

3.  In  Great  Britain,  drink-money,  or  a  treat 
provided  with  drink-money,  as  on  wearing  a 
new  suit  of  clothes,  or  on  receiving  a  suit  from 
the  tailor;  a  treat  on  first  coming  into  prison ; 
a  garnish.    [Obsolete  or  dialectal.] 

bevewt,  «•    See  bevue. 

bevil,  be'Vile,  n.    In  her.,  same  as  bevel,  5. 

bevort,  n.    See  beaver^. 

bevue  (be-'vii'),  n.  [Formerly  also  bevew,  <  F. 
bevue,  OF.  besvue,  <  be-,  bes-  (<  L.  bis-,  double), 
4-  vue,view:  see  vieiv.^  An  error  of  inadver- 
tence ;  a  slip.  [Rare.] 

be'Vy  (bev'i),  M. ;  pi.  femes  (-iz).   [Early  mod.  E. 

also  heavy,  beavie,  <  ME.  bevy,  bevey,  beve,  <  OF. 
beveye  ("  beueye  [printed  deueye]  des  heronez," 
in  a  poem  cited  by  Leo,  Rect.  Sing.  Perso- 
narimi,  p.  40);  ef.  It.  "beva,  a  bea'vie,"  Florio: 
applied  esp.  to  a  flock  of  birds  and  thence  to  a 
company  of  ladies;  orig.,  perhaps,  a  drinking 
company,  or  a  number  of  animals  at  a  water- 
ing-place, being  thus  a  particular  use  of  OF. 
bevee,  buvee,  drink,  drinking  (ef.  It.  heva,  a 
drink),  <  bevre  =  It.  bevere,  drink :  see  bever^, 
n.,  and  beverage.]  1.  A  flock  of  birds,  espe- 
cially of  larks  or  quails. — 2.  A  small  company 
or  troop,  as  of  roebucks,  heifers,  etc. —  3.  A 
group  or  small  company  of  persons,  especially 
of  girls  or  women,  but  also  used  of  the  male 
bevy  of  powdered  coxcombs,"  Gold- 
smith; "a  bevy  of  renegades,"  Macaulay,  Hist. 
Eng. 

A  lovely  bevg  of  faire  Ladies  sate. 
Courted  of  many  a  jolly  Paramoure. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  ix.  34. 


bewest  - 

4.  A  small  collection  of  objects ;  an  assem- 
blage of  things.    [Rare  or  obsolete.]  =Syn.  1. 

Covey,  etc.    See  Jlork. 

bewail  (bf-wal'),  v.  [<  ME.  hewailen,  bcweilen, 
biwailen,  etc.,  <  be-  +  wailen,  wail:  see  fec-i  and 
wail.]  I,  trans.  To  mourn  aloud  for ;  bemoan; 
lament ;  expres.s  deep  sorrow  for :  as,  to  bewail 
the  loss  of  a  child. 

Go,  give  your  tears  to  those  that  lose  their  worths. 
Bewail  their  miseries.       Fletcher,  Valentinian,  iv.  4. 

The  nightingale 
Her  ancient,  hapless  soitow  must  bewail. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  394. 

II.  intrans.  To  express  grief. 

Mourning  and  bewailing  exceedingly. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Livy,  p.  70. 

bewailable  (bf-wa'la-bl),  a.  [<  bewail  -t-  -able.] 
Capable  or  worthy  of  being  bewailed. 

bewailer  (be-wa'ler),  n.  One  who  bewails  or 
laments. 

bewailing  (be-wa'ling),  n.  Lamentation, 
bewailingly  (be-wa'ling-li),  adv.    In  a  bewail- 
ing manner. 

bewailment  (bf-wal'ment),  n.  [<  bewail  + 
-ment.]    The  act  of  bewailing;  a  lamentation. 

bewaket  (be-wak' ),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bewaken,  watch, 
"wake"  a  iiead  body,  watch  through  (=  D.  be- 
waken =  G.  bewachen  =  Sw.  bevaka),  <  be-  4- 
waken,  wake:  see  6c-i  and  wake^,  and  cf.  bi- 
vouac. ]  To  watch,  especially  a  dead  body ;  ob- 
serve funeral  rites  for.  Gower. 

beware  (be-war'),  v.,  -prop. 2>hr.  [Formerly  and 
prop,  written  separately,  be  ware,  a  phrase  com- 
posed of  the  impv.  or  inf.  of  the  verb  be  and  the 
adj.  ware  ;  as  in  AS.  bed  wter  {bed,  2dpers.  sing, 
impv.  of  beon),  bed  the  weer  (the,  thee,  reflexive 
dative),  be  ware,  just  like  E.  be  careful.  So 
ME.  "6e  war  therf or"  (Chaucer);  "A  ha!  fel- 
awes !  beth  war  of  such  a  lape ! "  (Chaucer),  where 
beth  is  2d  pers.  pi.  impv.,  <  AS.  beoth.  (See 
other  ME.  examples  below.)  Like  be  gone,  now 
begone,  be  ware  came  to  be  written  as  one  word, 
beware,  and  then  was  classed  by  some  authors 
with  the  numerous  verbs  in  6e-i,  and  inflected 
accordingly;  hence  the  erroneous  forms  be- 
wares in  Ben  Jonson,  and  bewared  in  Dryden. 
This  confusion  may  have  been  promoted  by  the 
existence  of  a  ME.  verb  bewaren,  show,  exhibit, 
descended,  with  some  change  of  sense,  from 
AS.  beivarian,  guard,  keep,  preserve  (=OFries. 
biwaria  =  D.  bewaren  =  OHG.  biwaron,  MHG. 
bewaren,  G.  bewahren  =  Sw.  bcvara  =  Dan.  be- 
vare,  keep,  guard),  <  be-  -f-  icarian,  guard,  <  ivoer, 
cautious,  observant,  E.  warel,  as  in  be  ware 
above.  In  the  quotation  from  Chaucer,  below, 
both  forms  appear.  See  ivare'^.]  To  be  wary 
or  cautious ;  be  on  one's  guard ;  exercise  care 
or  vigilance :  properly  two  words,  be  ware,  con- 
sisting of  the  infinitive  or  imperative  of  be  ■with 
the  adjective  ivare :  followed  by  of,  expressed 
or  understood,  with  the  force  of  'against,'  'in 
regard  to':  as,  6ewa7'e  o/ evil  associations ;  he- 
ware  how  you  step;  "beware  the  bear,"  Scott. 

Thus  oughte  wise  men  ben  ware  of  foils ; 

If  thou  do  so  thi  witte  is  wele  bywared  [shown]. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  1.  635. 

Be  ye  war  o/ false  prophets.  Wyclif,  Mat.  vii.  15. 

That  no  man  no  scholde  .  .  .  war  of  him  ben. 

Life  of  Thomas  Beket  (ed.  Black),  1150. 
Beware  o/all,  but  most  beware  of  man. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  i.  114. 

Every  one  ought  to  be  very  careful  to  beware  what  he 
admits  for  a  principle.  Locke. 

Beware  the  pine-tree's  withered  branch. 

Beware  the  awful  avalanche.    Longfellow,  Excelsior. 

bewash  (be-wosh'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i  4-  wash.]  To 
drench  with  water.  [Rare.] 

Let  the  maids  bewash  the  men. 

Herrick,  St.  Distaff's  Day. 

beweep  (bf-wep''),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bewept,  ppr. 
beweeping.  [<  ME.  bewepen,  biwepen,  <  AS.  be- 
wepan  (=  OFries.  biwepa  =  OS.  biwopian),  <  bc- 
+  wepan,  weep :  see         and  iveep.]    I.  trans. 

1 .  To  weep  over ;  deplore. 

Old  fond  eyes, 
Beweep  this  cause  again,  I'll  pluck  ye  out. 

Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 

2.  To  bedew  or  wet  vnth  tears ;  disfigure  or 
mark  with  the  signs  of  weeping. 

Fast  by  her  syde  doth  wery  labo\ir  stand. 
Pale  fere  also,  and  sorrow  all  bewept. 

Sir  T.  More,  To  Them  that  Trust  in  Fortune. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  weep  ;  make  lamentation, 
bewest  (be-wesf),  jjrej;.    [<  ME.  be  west,  bi- 
westcn,  <  As.  be  westan  :  be,  prep.,  by;  westan, 
adv.,  west,  from  the  west.    Cf.  be-east,  benorth, 
besouth.]    To  the  west  of.  [Scotch.] 


bewet 

bewetl  (be-wef),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  beivetted, 
bewet,  ppr.  bewetting.    [<  ME.  beweteu,  <  be-  + 
weten,  wet :  see  6c-i  and  wet.']  To  wet ;  moisten. 
His  napkin  with  his  true  tears  all  bewet. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iii.  1. 

bewet2,  bewit  (bu'et,  -it),  n.  [<  late  ME.  hno- 
ettc,  dim.  of  OF.  bene,  hue,  earlier  iuic,  bote,  a 
collar,  chain,  fetter,  <  L.  hoia',  a  collar  for  the 
neck,  whence  also  ult.  E.  buoy,  q.  v.]  In  fal- 
conry, the  leather  with  which  the  bell  was  at- 
tached to  a  hawk's  leg.  [Commonly  in  the 
plural.] 

bewhisper  (be-hwis'per),  v.  t.  [<  -H  whis- 
per.']   To  whisper.    Fairfn.T.  [Kare.] 

bewhoret  (bf-hor'),  r.  t.  "[<  6e-i  -I-  whore.]  1. 
To  make  a  whore  of.  Beau,  and  Fl. —  2.  To 
call  or  pronounce  a  whore.  Shale. 

bewield  (bf-weld'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  hewelden,  < 
be-  +  weld'en,  wield :  see  6e-i  and  icieJd.]  To 
wield,  handle,  or  control ;  manage.  J.  Harri- 
son. [Rare.] 

bewigged  (be-wigd'),  p.  a.  [<  6e-i  -1-  wigged.] 
Wearing  a  wig. 

Ancient  ladies  and  bewigged  gentlemen  seemed  hurry- 
ing to  enjoy  a  social  cup  of  tea. 

L.  M.  Alcott,  Hospital  Sketches,  p.  20. 
bewilder  (bf-wil'der),  v.  t.    [<  &e-i  -f  wilder: 
see  wilder.]    1.  To  confuse  as  to  dii-ection  or 
situation;  cause  to  lose  the  proper  road  or 
course:  as,  the  intricacy  of  the  streets  bewil- 
dered him;  to  be  bewildered  in  the  woods. 
Can  this  be  the  bird,  to  man  so  good, 
That,  after  their  bewildering, 
Covered  with  leaves  the  little  children, 
So  painfully  in  the  wood? 
Wordswurth,  Redbreast  Chasing  the  Butterfly. 

2.  To  lead  into  perplexity  or  confusion ;  per- 
plex; puzzle;  confuse. 

Bewildering  odors  floating,  dulled  her  sense, 
And  killed  her  fear. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  259. 
We  have  elementary  disturbances  of  consciousness  in 
diseases  of  the  mind,  such  as  epileptic  states,  ecstacy, 
.  .  .  and  the  be-ivildered  state  of  the  mind  in  paralytic  de- 
mentia. E.  C.  Mann,  Psychol.  Med.,  p.  35. 
=  Syn.  To  confound,  confuse,  mystify,  nonplus. 

bewilderedness  (be-wil'derd-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  bewildered;  bewilderment. 

bewilderingly  (be-wil'der-ing-li),  adv.  In  a 
bewildering  manner  ;  so  as  to  bewilder. 

bewilderment  (be-wil'der-ment),  n.    [<  bewil- 
der -\-  -ment.]    The  state  of  being  bewildered. 
Thought  was  arrested  by  utter  bewilderment. 

George  Eliot,  Silas  Marner,  ii. 

bewimple  (bf-wim'pl),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bewimplen 
(=  D.  bewimpelen),  <  be-  +  wimpelen,  wimple : 
see  6e-i  and  wimple.]  To  cover  with  a  wimple ; 
veil.  Gower. 

bewlnter  (be-win'ter),  v.  t.  [<  &e-l  +  winter.] 
To  make  like  winter. 

Tears  that  bevnnter  all  my  year. 

Cowley,  Sleep. 

bewit,  w.    See  bewet^. 

bewitch  (be-wich'),  V.  t.  [<ME.  bewicchen,  bi- 
wicchen,  <  be-  +  wicchen,  witch:  see  6e-l  and 
witch,  v.]  1.  To  subject  to  the  influence  of 
witchcraft;  affect  by  witchcraft  or  sorcery; 
throw  a  charm  or  spell  over. 

Look  how  I  am  bewitch'd ;  behold,  mine  arm 
Is,  like  a  blasted  sapling,  wither'd  up. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  4. 

2.  To  charm ;  fascinate ;  please  to  such  a  de- 
gree as  to  take  away  the  power  of  resistance. 

Love  doth  bewitch  and  strangely  change  us. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  468. 
The  charms  of  poetry  our  souls  bewitch. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires. 
His  [Tennyson's]  verses  still  bewitch  youths  and  artists 
by  their  sentiments  and  beauty,  but  their  thought  takes 
hold  of  thinkers  and  men  of  the  world. 

Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  160. 
be'witcbedness  (be-wicht'nes),M.  [ihewitched, 
pp.  of  bewitch,  +  -ness.]    The  state  of  being  be- 
witched. 

be'writcher  (be--wich'er),  w.    One  who  bewitches 

or  fascinates, 
bewitchery  (be-wich 'er-i),  n.    [<  bewitch,  in 

imitation  of  wjte/ier;/.]  Witchery;  fascination; 

charm.  [Rare.] 

There  is  a  certain  bewitchery  or  fascination  in  words. 

South,  Works,  II.  ix. 

bewitchful  (be-wich'ful),  a.    [<  bewitch  +  -ful 
(irregularly  sufSxed  to  a  verb).]  Alluring; 
fascinating.  [Rare.] 
Ill,  more  bewitchful  to  entice  away.      Milton,  Letters. 

bewitching  (be-wieh'ing),  a.  [Ppr.  of  bewitch.] 
Haying  power  to  bewitch  or  fascinate  ;  fasci- 
nating; charming:  as,  " bewitching  tenderness," 
Addison,  Spectator,  No.  223. 


540 

The  more  he  considered  it,  the  more  bewitching  the 
scene  appeared  to  hira.       Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  ii. 

be-witchingly  (bf-wich'ing-li),  adv.    In  a  be- 
witching manner, 
bewitchingness  (be-wich 'ing-nes),  n.  The 
quality  which  makes  a  person  or  thing  be- 
witching. 

bewitchment  (be-'svich'ment),  n.  [<  bewitch  + 
-ment.]  Fascination;  power  of  charming ;  the 
effects  of  witchcraft. 

I  will  counterfeit  the  bewitchment  of  some  popular  man, 
and  give  it  bountifully  to  the  desu-ers.    Shak.,  Cor.,  ii.  3. 
To  wash  in  May  dew  guards  against  bewitchment. 

Keary,  Prim,  Belief,  p.  378. 

bewith  (be'wiTH),  «.  [<  iel  +  with^:  what  one 
can  be  with  or  do  with.]  A  makeshift;  a  sub- 
stitute. [Scotch.] 
bewonder  (bf-wim'der),  v.  t.  [<  4-  wonder; 
=  D.  bewond'eren  =  G.  bewundern,  admire.]  1. 
To  fill  with  wonder ;  amaze. 

Seeing  his  astonishment, 
How  he  bewondered  was. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  x.  17. 

2.  To  wonder  at ;  admire, 
beworkt  (be-werk'),  v.  t.    [<  ME.  bewurchen,  < 

AS.  bewyrcan  {—  D.  bcwerlen  =  G.  beicir'ken  = 
Dan.  bevirkc),  work,  work  in,  adorn,  <  be-  + 
icyrcan,  work:  see  6e-i  and  toork.]  To  work, 
as  with  thread  ;  embroider. 

The  mantelle  and  the  gyrdylle  both 
That  rychely  was  beim-oght.    Sir  Eglamour,  1. 1152. 
Smocks  all  bem-ought.        B.  Jomon,  Masque  of  Owls, 
bewpers,  n.    See  beaupers. 
bewrap  (bf-rap'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bewrapped, 
beivrapt,  ppr.  bewrapping.    [<  ME.  bewrappen, 
also  hewrabben  (with  var.  bewlappen),  <  be-  + 
wrappen,  wrap:  see  be-^  and  wrap.]    To  wrap 
up;  clothe;  envelop. 

His  sword,  .  .  . 
Bewrapt  with  flowers,  hung  idlie  by  his  side. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  xvi.  30. 
bewrayt  (be-ra' ),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bewraicn,  biwreyen, 
disclose,  reveal  (=  OFries.  biwrogia  =  OHG. 
biruogan,  MHG.  beriigen),  <  be-  +  wraien,  wrey- 
en,  obs.  E.  ivray,  disclose,  reveal,  <  AS.  wre- 
gan,  accuse  (=  OFries.  wrogia,  wreia  =  OS.  wro- 
gian  =  D.  wroegen,  accuse,  =  OHG.  ruogen, 
MHG.  ruegen,  G.  rilgen,  censure,  =  leel.  rcegja, 
slander,  =  Sw.  rdja,  betray,  =  Goth,  wrohjan, 
accuse),  from  a  noim  repr.  by  Goth,  wrohs,  an 
accusation,  =  leel.  rog,  a  slander.  Somewhat 
affected  in  sense  by  betray,  a  quite  different 
word.]  1.  To  accuse;  malign. —  2.  To  re- 
veal ;  divulge ;  make  known ;  declare. 

Write  down  thy  mind,  bewray  thy  meaning. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  ii.  5. 
Whoso  is  partner  with  a  thief  hateth  his  own  soul:  he 
heareth  cursing  and  beivraycth  it  not.         Prov.  xxix.  24. 

3.  To  disclose  or  reveal  (the  identity  or  the 
secrets  of  a  person)  perfidiously  or  prejudi- 
cially; betray;  expose. 

Thou  beivreiest  alle  secrenesse. 

Chaucer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  675. 
For  feare  to  be  enforced  by  torments  to  bewraii\ns,  con- 
federates. Knolles,  Hist.  Turks,  p.  7.    (N.  E.  D.) 
Like  slaves  you  sold  your  souls  for  golden  dross, 
Bewraying  her  to  death. 

Massinger,  Virgin-Martyr,  ii.  3. 
Hide  the  outcast,  bewray  not  him  that  wandereth,  is 
the  simplest  lesson  of  common  humanity. 

W.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  97. 

4.  To  reveal  or  disclose  unintentionally  or  in- 
cidentally ;  show  the  presence  or  true  character 
of;  show  or  make  visible. 

The  ointment  of  his  right  hand  which  bewrayeth  itself. 

Prov.  xxvii.  16. 

Thy  speech  bewrayeth  thee.  Mat.  xxvi.  73. 

IBewray  is  still  sometimes  used,  especially  in 
poetry,  as  an  archaic  word.] 
bewrayert  (be-ra'er),  n.    A  betrayer  or  di- 
vulger. 

A  bewrayer  of  secrets.       Addiaon,  Spectator,  No.  225. 
bewrayinglyt  (be-ra'ing-li),  adv.   In  a  manner 
to  bewi'ay. 

bewraymentt  (be-ra'ment),  n.    [<  bewray  + 

-ment.]    The  act  of  bewraying, 
be'wreakt  (be-rek'),  v.  t.    [<  ME.  bewreken,  < 
be-  +  wreken,  wreak.    Cf.  AS.  bewrecan,  exile, 
send  forth:  see  &e-i  and  wreak.]    To  avenge; 
revenge. 

Thus  much  am  X  bewreke. 
Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale  (ed.  Speght),  1.  809. 

bewreckt  (bf-rek'),  v.  t.    [<  &c-i  +  wreck.  Cf. 
AS.  beicrecan,  drive  or  bring  to,  of  ships:  see 
6e-l  and  wreck.  ]    To  ruin ;  destroy. 
Yet  was  I,  or  I  parted  thence,  bewreckt.  Mir.  for  Mags. 

bewroughtt  (be-r6t').  Obsolete  past  participle 
of  bework. 


beyond 

beyl  (ba),  n.  [=  F.  Sp.  bey,  <  Turk,  bey,  begt= 
Pers.  baig,  a  lord :  see  beg^,  beglerbeg,  and  be- 
gum.] 1.  The  governor  of  a  ininor  province 
or  sanjak  of  the  Turkish  empire.— 2.  A  title 
of  respect  given  in  Turkey  to  members  of 
princely  families,  sons  of  pashas,  military  offi- 
cers above  the  rank  of  major,  the  wealthy  gen- 
try, and,  by  courtesy,  to  eminent  foreigners. 

We  therefore  rode  out  of  Bcyrout  as  a  pair  of  Syrian 
^<"J^-  B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  33. 

3.  The  title  usually  given  by  foreigners  to  the 
former  Mohammedan  rulers  of  Tunis. 
Frequently  written  beg. 
bey2f,  V.    A  Middle  English  form  of  buy. 
beyetet,  v.  t.    A  Middle  English  form  of  beget. 
beylerbey  (ba'ler-ba'),  n.    [<  Turk,  heylerbey, 
beglerbeg,  prince  of  princes,  lit.  'bey  of  beys.'] 
The  title  of  the  governor-general  of  a  province 
of  the  Turkish  empire,  ranking  next  to  the 
grand  vizir,  and  so  called  because  he  has  under 
him  the  beys  at  the  head  of  the  several  san- 
jaks  or  districts  composing  his  province.  Also 
written  beglerbeg. 
beylerbeylik  (ba'ler-ba'lik),  n.    [Turk.,  <  bey- 
lerbey -f-  -Uk,  a  common  noun  formative;  cf. 
bcylik.]    The  territory  governed  by  a  beyler- 
bey.   Also  beglerbeglik  or  beglcrheglic. 
beylik  (ba'lik),  n.    [Turk.,  <  bey,  a  bey,  +  -lik; 
cf.  beylerbeylik.]    The  district  ruled  by  a  bey. 
beyond  (be-yond'),  jn-ep.  and  adv.    [<  ME.  be- 
yonde,  heyendc,  etc.,  <  AS.  begeondan,  <  be,  by, 
+  geondan,  from  the  further  side,  <  geond, 
prep.,  across,  over,  beyond  (=  Goth,  jdins, 
yonder),  +  -an,  adv.  suffix:  see  bc-^  and  yow, 
yonder.]    I.  jjrep.  1 .  On  or  to  the  other  side  of : 
as,  beyond  the  river;  beyond  the  horizon;  "be- 
yond that  flaming  hill,"  G.  Fletcher,  Christ's 
Victory  and  Triumph. 

We  send  our  best  commodities  beyond  the  seas. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  To  the  Reader,  p.  59. 

2.  Further  on  than;  more  distant  than:  as,  a 
mile  beyond  the  river;  a  hundred  miles  be- 
yond Omaha ;  he  never  could  get  beyond  simple 
equations. 

So  far  your  knowledge  all  their  power  transcends, 
As  what  should  be  beyond  what  is  extends. 

Dryden,  Prol.  to  Univ.  of  Oxford,  1.  39, 
It  is  not  necessary  to  look  beyond  Nature  or  beyond  ex- 
perience in  order  to  find  that  unique  Object  of  which  the- 
ology speaks.  J.  R.  Seeley,  Nat.  Religion,  p.  52. 

3.  Past  in  time ;  later  than :  as,  a  day  beyond 
the  proper  time. — 4.  At  a  place  or  time  not 
yet  reached  by;  before ;  ahead  or  in  advance  of. 

What's  fame?  A  fancied  life  in  others'  breath ; 
A  thing  beyond  us,  even  before  our  death. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iv.  238. 

5.  Out  of  reach  of;  outside  of  the  capacity, 
limits,  or  sphere  of;  past :  as,  beyond  our  power; 
beyond  comprehension ;  that  is  beyond  me. 

We  bring  a  welcome  to  the  highest  lessons  of  religion 
and  of  poetry  out  of  all  proportion  beyond  our  skill  to 
teach.  Emerson,  Success. 

That  the  Antarctic  continent  has  a  flat  and  even  sur- 
face, the  character  of  the  icebergs  shows  beyond  dispute. 

J.  Croll,  Climate  and  Cosmology,  p.  74. 

6.  Above ;  superior  to ;  in  or  to  a  degree 
which  rivals,  exceeds,  or  surpasses,  as  in  dig- 
nity, excellence,  or  quality  of  any  kind. 

Beyond  any  of  the  great  men  of  my  country. 

Sir  P.  Sidney. 

Dangle.  Egad,  we  wefe  just  speaking  of  your  tragedy. — 
Admirable,  Sir  Fretful,  admirable ! 

Sneer.  You  never  did  anything  beyond  it.  Sir  Fretful— 
never  in  your  life.  Sheridan,  The  Critic,  i.  1. 

She  is  beautiful  beyond  the  race  of  women. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  113. 

7.  More  than;  in  excess  of;  over  and  above. 

O,  I've  been  vexed 
And  tortured  with  him  beyond  forty  fevers. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  iii.  1. 
He  [Pitt]  refused  to  accept  one  farthing  beyond  the  sal- 
ary which  the  law  had  annexed  to  his  ofBce. 

Macaulay,  William  Pitt. 
Beyond  all.  See  aH.— Beyond  seas,  out  of  the  country; 

abroad.— To  go  beyond,  to  exceed  in  operation,  ability, 
attainment,  or  the  like  ;  hence,  in  a  bad  sense,  to  deceive 
or  circumvent. 

That  no  man  go  beyond  and  defraud  his  brother  in  any 
matter.  l  Tlies.  iv.  6. 

The  king  has  gone  beyond  me ;  all  my  glories 
In  that  one  woman  I  have  lost  for  ever. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iii.  2. 

To  go  beyond  one's  self,  to  be  much  excited  by  any- 
thing ;  be  beside  one's  self.  Nares. 

II.  adv.  At  a  distance;  yonder. 

Beyond  he  lyeth,  languishing.    Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  i.  38. 
beyond  (bf-yond'),  «•     That  place  or  state 
which  lies  on  the  other  side ;  an  experience  or 


as, 


beyond 

life  beyond  out  present  life  or  experience 
the  great  beyond. 
They  are  the  All,  with  no  beyond. 

J.  Martineau,  Eth.  Theory,  I.  281.   (JV.  E.  D.) 

The  back  of  beyond,  a  very  distant  or  out-of-the-way 
place.  [CoUoq.] 

beyond-sea  (be-yond'se),  a.  From  beyond  the 
sea;  foreign;  outlandish:  as,  beyond-sea  yvords. 

Nay,  my  heiiond-sea  sir,  we  will  proclaim  you  : 
You  would  be  king  !    Beau,  and  FL,  Philaster,  V.  4. 
beyship  (ba'ship),  n.    [<  fteyl  +  -ship.'i  The 
office  of  a  bey ;  incumbency  of  such  office. 

Those  small  political  offences,  which  in  the  days  of  the 
Mamelukes  would  have  led  to  a  beyship  or  a  bowstring, 
receive  four-fold  punishment  by  deportation  to  Faizoghli, 
the  local  Cayenne.  Jl.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  31. 
bezan  (bez'an),  M.  [=  F.  bemn,  prob.  of  E.  Ind. 
origin.]  A.  white  or  striped  cotton  cloth  from 
Bengal. 

bezant  (bez'ant  or  be-zant'),  n.  [<  ME.  besant, 
besant,  besari',  <  OP.  hesant,  bezan,  besan  =  Pr. 
bezan  =  Sp.  bezante  =  Pg.  besante  =  lt.  bisante, 
<  ML.  Bezantius,  L.  Byzantius  (sc.  nummus),  a 
Byzantine  coin,  <  Byzantium,  <  Gr.  'Rv(,avTLov, 
older  name  of  Constantinople.  Cf.  florin.']  1. 
A  gold  coin  (the  proper  name  of  which  was 


541 


Bhutanese ' 

3.  In  jewelry :  (a)  That  part  of  the  setting  of  bezoutoid  (be-zo'toid),  n.  [<  Bczout  (see  Be- 
a  precious  stone  which  incloses  it  and  by  which  zoutian)  +  -oid.]  In  matli.,  the  bezoutiant  to 
it  is  held  in  place,  (b)  A  flat  surface  of  gold  two  homogeneous  functions  obtained  by  differ- 
engraved  with  any  device  to  serve  as  a  seal,  entiation  from  one  homogeneous  function  of 
when  a  stone  is  not  used.   Seechatoit.   [Rare.]    two  variables. 

.-4.  In  ivatch-making,  the  grooved  flange  or  rim  bezzle  (bez'l),  ?•. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bezzlcd, -ppr.  bez- 
m  which  the  crystal  of  a  watch  is  set.  zling.    [Now  only  E.  dial. ;  early  mod.  E.  also 

bezel  (bez'el),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bezeled  or    bezzel,  bezel,  bizlc,  bisscl,  <  late  ME.  besile,  <  OF. 


Obverse.  Reverse. 
Bezant  (Solidus)  of  Romanus  III.— British  Museum. 
( Size  of  the  original. ) 

solidus)  issued  by  the  emperors  at  Constanti- 
nople in  the  middle  ages.  Bezants  had  a  wide 
circulation  in  Europe  till  the  fall  of  the  Eastern  Empire, 
more  especially  during  the  period  from  about  A.  D.  800  to 
the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century,  when  European 


bezelled,  ppr.  bezeUng  or  bezelling^  "  [Also  basil; 
<  bezel,  w.]  To  grind  to  an  edge ;  cut  to  a  slop- 
ing edge ;  bevel. 

bezesteen  (bez'es-ten),  n.  [Also  written  bezes- 
tein,  bezestan,  <  Turk,  bazistdn,  orig.  Pers.,  a 
clothes-market.]  An  exchange,  bazaar,  or  mar- 
ket-place in  the  East.    N.  E.  D. 

bezetta  (be-zet'a),  n.     [A  coi-ruption  of  It. 
pezzetta,  red  paint,  prop,  a  piece  of  cloth  dyed      xx.  miruns.  jl  c 
red  used  for  rouging,  lit.  a  little  piece,  dim.  of  bezzlef  (bez'l),  n 
^e^^a,  apiece,  esp.  of  cloth:  see  ^iece.]    Coarse    a  sot.  J^ash. 
linen  rags  or  sacking  soaked  in  certain  pig- 
ments, which  are  prepared  thus  for  exporta- 
tion; the  pigment  itself.    Red  bezetta  Is  colored 
with  cochineal,  and  the  pigment  is  used  as  a  cosmetic. 
Blue  bezetta  is  prepared  from  the  juice  of  some  euphor- 
biaceous  plants,  treated  with  dung  and  urine,  and  is  used 
to  color  the  rind  of  Dutch,  cheese. 

Beziers  (ba  -zia'),  n.  A  sweet  wine,  named 
from  the  town  of  B6ziers  in  the  department  of 
Herault,  France. 

bezique  (be-zek'),  w.  [Also  bazique  ;  <  F.  be- 
sigue,  bezigue,  besy ;  of  obscure  origin.  Some  bhadoee  (ba'do-e) 
compare  Pers.  bdzichi,  sport,  a  game,  <  bdzi, 
play,  sport;  but  the  resemblance  is  appar.  ac- 
cidental.] 1.  A  game  of  cards  played  by  two, 
three,  or  fom-  persons,  with  two  packs  from 
which  the  cards  having  from  two  to  six  spots 
have  been  removed.  The  object  of  the  game  is  to 
win  the  aces  and  tens,  and  to  secure  various  combinations 
of  cards,  which  when  shown  or  "declared"  entitle  the 
player  to  score  a  certain  number  of  points. 
2.  The  queen  of  spades  and  knave  of  diamonds, 
one  of  the  counting  combinations  in  the  game 


„  ,  „.~v„,  „vuui,„,    ^  niv,^^  i/t^.tii,,,  X  Wi- 

besiler,  bcziller,  bcsillier,  by  apheresis  for  cmbe- 
sillier,  waste,  embezzle  :  see  embezzle]  I.  trans. 

1.  To  pui-loin  or  make  away  with ;  embezzle. 

I  must  be  shut  up  and  my  substance  bezel'd. 

Fletcher,  Woman's  Prize,  iv.  1. 

2.  To  consume  a  large  quantity  of,  as  food  or 
drink;  waste  or  squander,  as  money.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

II.  intrans.  To  drink  to  excess.  Deklcer. 

[<  bezzle,  v.]  A  debauchee; 

bezzlert  (bez'ler),  n.    Same  as  bezzle,  n. 
bezzlingt  (bez'ling),  n.    [<  bezzle,  v.]  Dissipa- 
tion ;  excessive  drinking. 

From  haughty  Spayne,  what  brought'st  thou  els  beside 
But  lofty  lookes  and  their  Lucifrian  pride? 
From  Belgia,  what  but  their  deep  bezelinrj. 
Their  boote-carouse,  and  their  beere-buttering? 

Margton,  Satyres,  ii. 
I  have  proposed  and  determined  with  myself  to  leave 
the  bezelings  of  these  knights  and  return  to  my  village. 

Shelton,  tr.  of  Don  Quixote,  fol.  158. 

 — \  „  v.),  n.   [<  Hind,  bhudui  or  bha- 

douwi,  adj.,  relative  to  the  month  Bliddou,  the 
fifth  month  of  the  Hindu  year,  answering  to 
the  last  half  of  August  and  the  first  of  Septem- 
ber.] The  earliest  of  the  three  annual  crops 
in  Hindustan,  consisting  of  rice,  maize,  etc.  it 
is  laid  down  during  the  rainfall  in  April  and  ilay,  and  is 
reaped  in  August  and  September.  It  furnishes  about  one 
fourth  of  the  food-supply  in  a  normal  year. 

bhainsa  (bin'sa),  n.  [Hind,  bhainsd  (masc), 
bliains  (fem.).]  A  name  of  the  domestic  Indian 
buffalo.  Bos  bubalis. 


of  bezique — Double  bezique,  the  two  queens  of  bhang,  bang^  (bang),  n.     [Also  bhtina,  and 


1   i.'wiiMic    uc^i^uc,   tiic   uvu  queens  oi 

spades  and  two  knaves  of  diamonds,  the  highest  counting 
combination  in  bezique 


—  wc.iLuij.,  „r,cii  r^uiopean     combniation  in  bezique. 

countries,  except  Spam,  had  no  gold  currencies  of  their  'ha>7naf  /'V,s'„;^^^  \,  rAi„„  j,  j  i  j 
own.  Also  called  byzant,byzantine.  '  DCZOar  (be  zor),  w.    [Also  fte^oart?,  early  mod. 


own.   Also  called  byzant,  byzantine. 

And  who  that  did  best  should  have  a  rich  circlet  of  gold 
worth  a  thousand  bezants.  Sir  T.  Malory,  Morte  d'Arthur. 

2.  In  her.,  a  small  circle  or;  a  gold  roundel,  it 
is  a  common  bearing,  and  is  supposed  to  have  originated 
from  the  coins  of  Constantinople,  assumed  as  bearings  by 
crusaders. 

Also  spelled  besant. 
White  bezant,  a  silver  coin  of  Byzantium,  worth  about 
70  cents. 


E.  bezor,  beazor,  beazer,  bezar,  bezer=F.  bezoard, 
formerly  bezar,  bezahar,  =  Sp.  bezoar,  bezaar, 
bezar,  =  Pg.  bezoar  =_NL.  bezoar,  bezaar,  be- 
zahar, <  Ar.  bazahr,  badizahr,  <  Pers.  bddzahr, 
padzahr,  the  bezoar-stone,  <  i)dd,  expelling,  -t- 
zahr,  poison :  so  called  because  it  was  consid- 
ered an  antidote  to  poison.]  A  name  for  certain 
calculi  or  concretions  found  in  the  stomach  or 
intestines  of  some  animals  (especially  rumi 


preventing  the  fatal  effects  of  poison,  and  still 
held  in  estimation  in  some  eastern  countries. 
They  are  used  in  China  Ijoth  as  a  pigment  and  as  a  drug. 
Such  calculi  are  generally  formed  around  some  foreign 
suljstance,  as  a  bit  of  wood,  straw,  hair,  etc.  Many  vari- 
eties have  been  mentioned,  but  most  value  was  put  on  the 
bezoar  from  the  East  Indies  and  that  from  Peru.— Be 
zoar  mineral,  an  oxid  of  antimony,  or  antinionic  acid 

Pcncr-i  n  1 1  >7  tli o f    t-.r-i-iim ^^^,-1   _r  i.t.  t  .i 


isocir  mineral,  an  oxm  ot  antimony,  or  antinionic  acid      ursiiaxus  inaurims  or  noagson. 
especially  that  prepared  from  butter  of  antimony  by  tlie  bhat  (bat),  W.     [Hind,  bhdt,  also  bhdrata.^ 
action  of  nitric  acid.— Fosisil  he7nnr  a  formation  t„,i:.    _  l'       .fe  _  ^  .  """'"'".J 


bezante,  bezantee, 
bezanted  (bez-an- 
ta',  be-zan'ted),  a. 
In  her.,  same  as  be- 
zanty. 

bezantee  (bez-an-ta'), 
n.     [OF.,  prop.  fem. 

of  bezante,  besante: 
see  bezanty.]  A  mold- 
ing ornamented  with 
roundels  or  small 
disks  resembling  be- 
zants, of  frequent  oc- 
currence in  Norman 
architecture.  Encyc. 
Brit.,  II.  461. 

bez-antler  (bez-anf- 
ler),  n.  [Also  bes-ant- 
ler  and  bay-antler ;  < 
OF.  bez-,  bes-,  secon- 
dary, inferior  (prob.  < 
L.  bis,  twice),  +  E.  antler.] 
deer's  horn  next  above 

„ ,     ,         ,  ,  —  -  i,xuuuc««  tat,  uezoar.    cee  wgagrus. 

bezanty(b|-zan  ti),  a.    [A\so  bezante,  bezantee,  bezoartict,  bezoarticalt  (bez-6-ar'tik,  -ti-kal), 
1  ffl^'^'  .<,»f«««*'  bezant.]    In  her.,  strewn    a.  [<  NL.  bezoarticus :  see  bezoardic]  Same  as 
or  studded  with  bezants :  said  of  the  field,  or  of  bezoardic. 

any  charge.     Also  bezanted.  The  healing  bezoartical  virtue  of  grace. 

bezel  (bezel),  n.    [Also  bezil,  basil,  and  for-  ChiiUnr/worth,  Works,  p.  378. 

merly  beazel,  bazil,  bezle,  etc.,  <  OF.  *besel,  bisel  bezonian  (be-z6'ni-an),  n.  [Also  besonian,  bi- 
(D .  biseau),  sloping  edge,  a  bevel,  =  Sp.  Pg.    sonian,  <  besonio,  besognio,  bisogno,  etc.,  a  beg- 


formerly  bangue,  also  (after  Ar.)  benj ;  <  Hind, 
etc.  bhang,  bhang,  bhimg  (=  Pers.  bang,  >  Ar. 
banj,  benj),  bhang,  <  Skt.  bhangd,  hemp.]  The 
dried  leaves  of  the  hemp-plant.  Cannabis  Indica, 
which  as  grown  in  India  contain  a  powerfully 
narcotic  resin  and  a  volatile  oil.  in  India  bhang  is 

used  for  smoking,  either  with  or  without  tobacco,  and  is 
also  made  up  with  flour,  sugar,  etc.,  into  a  kind  of  sweet- 
meat called  majun  (majuii).  An  intoxicating  drink  is 
prepared  by  infusing  the  pounded  leaves  in  cold  water 
As  prepared  and  used  by  the  Arabs,  it  is  known  as  hashixh. 
<See  hempl.)  It  is  also  employed  in  medicine  for  its  ano- 
dyne, hypnotic,  and  antispasmodic  qualities. 


muebumeb  oi  some  animals  (^especially  rumi-    dyne,  hypnotic,  and  antispasmodic  qualities. 

nants),  formerly  supposed  to  be  efficacious  in  bharadar  (bar'a-dar),  n.  [Hind,  bharaddr.] 
nreventino*  tliA  fatal  t^ffc^M^  nf  ■r,^;^^-,-,   ^.^a  r,+:ii    Ona  rtf  tlio  rinr-lrY^o  ^in'ri-Pc  tttX^^  ^.^-.^^a^a  -nt — -i 


action  of  nitric  acid.— Fossil  bezoar,  a  formation  like 
animal  bezoar,  consisting  of  several  layers  around  some 
extraneous  body  which  serves  as  a  nucleus.— Vegetable 
bezoar.  Same  as  calapitte. 
bezoardic  (bez-o-ar'dik),  a.  and  n.  [<  F.  bezo- 
ardique  (NL.  b'ezoardicus,  bezoarticus),  <  bezo- 
ard, bezoar.]    I.  a.  Of  the  nature  of  or  per- 


One  of  the  Gorkha  chiefs  who  invaded  Nepal  in 
1768,  and  parceled  out  the  land  among  them- 
selves. The  bharadars  form  a  kind  of  feudal  aristoc- 
racy, and  in  times  of  emergency  act  as  a  council  of  state 
bharsiah  (bar'se-a),  M.  [E.  Ind.]  The  native 
name  of  an  East  Indian  badger-Like  quadi-uped, 
Ursitaxus  inauritus  of  Hodgson, 
-hat  (bat),  n.  [Hind,  bhdt,  also  bhdrata.]  In 
India,  a  man  of  a  tribe  of  mixed  descent,  the 
members  of  which  are  professed  genealogists 

and  poets;  a  bard.  These  men  in  Rajputana  and 
Guzerat  had  also  extraordinary  privileges  as  the  guaran- 
tors of  travelers,  whom  they  accompanied,  against  attack 
or  robbery.    Yule  and  Burnell,  Gloss. 

Bheel,  n.    See  Bhil. 


Bezantee.—  Tower  of  Church  of  La 

Charite-sur-Loire,  France. 
(From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "Diet,  de 
r  Architecture.") 


taining  to  bezoar;  compounded  Of  or  possess-  bhPP<?tv'bb^^^^^^  pa    ,   ti  , 

I—  ing  the  supposed  antidotal  properties  Of  bezoar:  ''S*^' ?i??®.^H®!^f.^  [fnglo-Ind.  also 


mg  the  supposed  antidotal  properties  of  bezoar 
serving  as  an  antidote.- Bezoardic  acid.  Same  as 

ellamc  acid  (which  see,  under  ellagic). 

II.  n.  A  medicine  having  the  properties  of 
bezoar;  an  antidote. 
The  branch  of  a  bezoar-goat  (be'zor-got),  n.    A  name  given  to 
the  brow-antler;  the    the  wild  goat,  Capra  wgagrus,  from  the  fact 
that  it  produces  the  bezoar.    See  agagrus. 


bisel;  origin  unknown ;  perhaps  (a)  <  L.  bis,  dou- 
ble, -I-  dim.  suffix  -el,  or  (6)  <  ML.  bisalus,  a  stone 
with  two  angles  or  slopes,  <  L.  bis,  twice,  -I- 
ala,  a  wing.  Cf.  axil  and  aisle.]  1.  The  slope 
at  the  edge  of  a  cutting-tool,  as  a  chisel  or 
plane.  It  is  generally  single,  but  sometimes 
double.    [In  this  sense  commonly  basil.]  —  2. 

The  oblique  side  or  face  of  a  gem ;  specifically,    pui^iisiieu  by  Bezout  in  1765. 
one  of  four  similarly  situated  four-sided  facets  bezoutiant  (be-zo'ti-an 
on  the  top  or  crown  of  a  brilliant,  which  are    Bezoutian)  +  -i-ant.]  '. 
sometimes  caUed  templets.   See  cut  under  bril- 
liant.  Bezel  is  also  sometimes  used  to  denote  the  space 
between  the  table  and  the  girdle,  that  is,  the  "crown  " 
with  the  exception  of  the  table. 


-An  indigent  wretch;  a 


gar:  see  bisogno.] 
beggar  or  scoundrel 

Under  which  king,  Bezonian?  Speak  or  die. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  3. 

Bezoutian  (be-z6'ti-an),  a.  Belonging  to  the 
French  mathematician  Etienne  Bezout  (1730- 
83) — Bezoutian  method  of  elimination,  a 

publislied  by  Bezout  in  1765. 


written  becsty,  bcestie,  beasty,  beastie,  <  Hind. 
bhisti,  bihisti,  Pers.  bihisti,  a  water-caiTier,  lit. 
heavenly,  <  bihist  (>  Hind,  bihist),  paradise, 
heaven.]  An  Indian  water-earner,  who  sup- 
plies domestic  establishments  with  water  from 
the  nearest  river  or  reservoir,  carrying  it  in  a 
sheepskin  bucket  or  bag. 

In  particular  there  is  a  queer  creature,  like  what  I  fancy 
a  brownie  should  be,  called  a  beestie  or  bhestie  whose 
special  calling  is  to  fill  the  baths  in  that  refreshing  apart- 
ment .  .  .  attached  to  every  Indian  bedroom.  N.  Macleod 
bhel  (bel),  n.    See  bel^. 

Bhil  (bel),  n.  [Also  spelled  Bheel,  repr.  Hind. 
Bhil]  1.  A  member  of  the  aboriginal  tribes 
of  India  which  occupy  the  valleys  of  the  Ner- 
budda  and  Tapti,  and  the  slopes  of  the  Vind- 
hya  and  Satpura  mountains. 

The  language  of  the  Bhils  in  the  Bombay  province, 
Rajpootana,  and  Central  India,  is  understood 'to  be  a  dia- 
lect of  Hindi.        R.  N.  Cust,  Mod.  Langs.  E.  Ind.,  p.  49. 

2.  The  language  of  the  Bhils. 
ethod  bhogai  (bo'gi),  n.    [E.  Ind.]    An  inferior  cot- 
ton made  in  India. 


it),  n.    [<  -Be.so«f*  (see  Bhotanese  (bo-ta-nes' or-nez'),  ff.  and  «.  See 

-   J    lu  math.:  (a)  The  ho-  Bhutanese. 

mogeneous  quadratic  function  of  «  variables.  Bhutanese  (bo-ta-nes'  or  -nez'),  a.  and  n.  K 

whose  discriminant  IS  the  resultant  of  two  -B/(«ta-»,  the  country  (iJ/uf^/a,  a  native  of  Bhu- 

equations  each  of  the  wth  degi-ee.   (Z.)  Ineor-  Un).  + -ese.]    I.  «.  Pertaining  to  Bhutan,  its 

rectly  used  for  bezoutoid.  people,  or  their  language. 


Bhutanese  542 

ceivVrSimf  aTau'""*"'  biarritz  (biar'its),  V.    [Named  from  Biarrits,  a 

r.  iKAeeier,  Short  Hist.  India,  p  074    t^*"'"  department  of  Basses-Pyren6es, 

II.  n.  1.  or  pi.    A  native  or  the  na-  J^^X^iltf  ^hl^^rni^' ^  a. 

fives  of  Bhutan,  a  mountainous  state  in  the  ^^^^^  •    '       f,^  ^'  ."^ 

—     -         -  -  tiCKlatc]    Having  two  jomts,  as  the  antennse 

of  some  insects. 


Himalayas,  having  Tibet  on  the  north,  Bengal 


and  Assam  on  the  south,  and  Sikhim  on  the  ^0^/1^'==^       ^  1  j.- 

wpst    Ti,oBi,„>„      I,     „\,  Bias  (Di  as),      rt.,  and  rtrtc. :  pi.  0«(ises,  improp. 

west.    The  Bhutanese  have  Hat  fates,  luKh  cheek-bones,     fiiV/^cfs  flpz')      fRarlv  mod  V  ol^r. 
brown  comp  exion,  ahnond  eves,  and  black  hair.    They  I  •    /  u  /  Vi'  '  ^  ' 


profess  a  corrupt  form  of  Bmldhisui.  and  are  subjects  of 

a  dual  government  under  a  puutitf  and  a  prince. 

2.  The  language  of  Bhutan. 
Also  written  Bhotaiiese  and  Bootanese  (Bho- 

tan,  Bootan). 
bhyree  (M're),  n.    [E.  Ind.]    A  kind  of  falcon 

used  in  hawking  in  India.    Also  hehree. 
bit,  prep.    [ME.,  <  AS.  he.  in  eomp.  with  nouns 

hi:  see  A  common  Middle  English 

form  of  the  preposition  htj. 
Bi.    The  chemical  symbol  of  hismuth. 
bi-lf.  A  Middle  English  and  Anglo-Saxon  form 

of  6e-l  or 

bi-^.  [L.  bi-,  combining  form  of  bis  (=  Gr.  6tg-, 
St-  =  Skt.  dvl-  =  OHG.  MHG.  cku-,  G.  cwie-  = 
AS.  twi-,  E.  twi-),  orig.  *duis,  twice,  doubly, 
two-,  <  duo  =  E.  two :  see  tiro,  twi-,  dj-2.]  A 
prefix  of  Latin  origin,  cognate  with  di-  and 
twi-,  meaning  two,  two-,  twice,  double,  twofold, 
as  in  biaxial,  hicornous,  bimanous,  biped,  bifur- 
cate, etc. :  especially  in  chemical  tenns,  where 


biace,  biais,  <  F.  (and  OF.)  hiais,  a  slant,  a  slope, 
=  Pr.  biais  =  OCat.  biais.  Cat.  hiax  =  It.  s-biescio, 
dial,  hiasciii,  sbias,  bias  (cf.  also  It.  hicco,  squint- 
ing, oblique,  bias) ;  origin  unknown ;  hardly  < 
LL.  bifacem,  acc.  of  hifax,  squinting  (cf.  ML. 
bifacius,  two-faced),  <'  L.  hi-,  two-,  -I-  facies, 
face.]  I,  n.  1.  An  oblique  or  diagonal  line; 
especially,  a  cut  which  is  oblique  to  the  tex- 
ture of  a  fabric ;  hence,  in  dressmaking,  a  seam 
formed  by  bringing  together  two  pieces  thus 
cut ;  specifically,  one  of  the  front  seams  of  a 
close-fitting  waist :  sometimes  called  a  dart. — 
2.  In  bowling,  a  bulge  or  greater  weight  on  one 
side  of  a  bowl;  a  difference  in  the  shape  and 
weight  of  the  two  sides  or  poles  of  a  bowl, 
causing  it  to  curve  in  its  course  toward  the 
lighter  and  less  bulged  side ;  hence,  the  curved 
course  of  such  a  bowl. —  3.  A  one-sided  ten- 
dency of  the  mind;  undue  propensity  toward 
an  object;  a  particular  leaning  or  inclination; 
bent;  specifically,  in  law,  prejudice,  as  of  a 


it  denotes  two  parts  or  equivalents  of  the  in-  witness  :  used  most  frequently  to  denote  preju- 
gredient  referred  to,  as  in  hicarbonate,  bichro-   dice  and  habits  of  thought  which  prevent  the 

j-»  nA-n         ci  i_   >  -1.       ..  .  -P.-i   '  J  .i»  1 


mate,  etc.  Such  words  are  properly  adjectives,  to  be 
analyzed  as  bi-  +  noun  +  adjective  suffix  (for  example, 
bi-axi-al,  bi-furc-ate,  two-fork-ed,  bi-inan-ous,  two-hand- 
ed, etc.),  but  may  also  be  briefly  treated  as  bi-  -f  adjective 
(bi-axial,  bi-furcate,  etc.).  Words  in  bi-  rest  actually  or 
theoretically  upon  Latin  or  New  Latin  forms,  *biaxialis, 
^biacuminatus,  *biaiii;ulatus,  *biarticiilatus,  etc.;  but  it 
is  often  convenient  to  refer  them  to  English  elements. 

biacid  (bl-as'id),  a.  [<  68-2  -(-  acid.'\  In  chem., 
capable  of  combining  with  an  acid  in  two  dif- 
ferent proportions :  said  of  a  base. 

biacuminate  (bi-a-kii'mi-nat),  fl.  [<  bi-^  +  acu- 
minate.'] In  hot.,  having  two  diverging  points, 
as  the  hairs  on  the  leaves  of  some  Malpighiacea', 
which  are  attached  by  the  middle  and  taper  to- 
ward the  ends. 

bialar  (bi-a'lar),  a.  [<  6<-2  -f  alar.]  Having 
two  wings — Bialar  determinant,  in  math.,  one  in 
which  the  constituents  of  the  principal  diagonal  are  all 
zeros. 

bialate  (bi-a'lat),  a.   [<  6«-2  -f  alate'^.']  Having 
two  aire  or  wings ;  two-winged, 
bianco  secco  (biang'ko  sek'6).    [It.,  lit.  dry 

white :  bianco  =  F.  blanc,  white,  <  OHG.  blanch, 
shining  (see  blank);  secco,  <  L.  siccus,  dry:  see 
sec,  sack^.]    A  white  pigment  used  in  fresco- 

pamtmg.  it  consists  of  lime  and  pulverized  marble, 
the  former  before  mixing  being  macerated  in  water  un- 
til its  causticity  is  removed. 

Lomazzo  observes  (Trattato,  p.  194)  tliat  Perino  del 
Vaga  invented  a  colour  formed  of  Verdetto  and  bianco 
secco,  that  is,  limevvhite  in  powder. 

Mrs.  Merrijield,  Art  of  Fresco  Painting,  lii. 

biangular  (bi-ang'gu-lar),  a.  [<  6i-2  -(-  angu- 
lar.]   Having  two  angles  or  corners.  [Rare.] 

biangulate,  biangulated  (bi-ang'gu-lat,  -la- 
ted),  a.  [<  6j-2  -f-  ungulate.]  Same  as  biangu- 
lar. 

biangulous  (bi-ang'gu-lus),  a.  [<  6i-2  -f  angu- 
lous.]    Same  as  biangidar. 

biannual  (bi-an'u-al),  a.  [<  &i-2  +  annual.  Cf. 
biennial.]  OccuiTing  twice  a  year:  arbitrarily 
distinguished  from  biennial  (which  see). 

biannually  (bl-an'u-al-i),  adv.    Twice  a  year. 

Not  even  an  aspiration  toward  a  change  in  the  fashion 
of  her  clothes  bi-annually,  at  least. 

The  Centun/,  XXIII.  647. 

biannulate  (bl-an'u-lat),  a.  [<  &i-2  -l-  annulate.] 
In  sool.,  having  two  encircling  rings,  generally 
of  color. 

biantheriferous  (bi-an-the-rif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  bi-2 
+  antherifcrous.]    In  hot'.',  having  two  anthers. 


fair  or  dispassionate  consideration  of  any  sub 
ject  or  question. 

Morality  influences  men's  lives,  and  gives  a  bias  to  all 
their  actions.  Locke. 
Alas  !  what  years  you  thus  consume  in  vain, 
Ruled  by  this  wretched  bias  of  the  brain  ! 

Crabbe,  The  Newspaper. 
One  cannot  mistake  the  prevailing  bias  of  her  mind. 

Barhain,  Inyolilsby  Legends,  I.  202. 
The  bias  of  education,  the  bias  of  class-relationships, 
the  bias  of  nationality,  the  political  bias,  the  theological 
im.v  — these,  added  to  the  constitutional  sympathies  and 
antipathies,  have  much  more  influence  in  determining 
beliefs  on  social  questions  than  has  the  small  amount  of 
evidence  collected.  H.  Spencer,  Study  of  Socio].,  p.  11. 
On  the  bias,  diagonally  ;  slantingly.  =  Syn.  3.  Propensity, 
Inclination,  etc.  (.see  bentl),  prepo.ssession,  predisposition, 
predilection,  partiality. 

II,  a.  1.  Oblique;  slanting;  diagonal  to  the 
outline  or  to  the  texture :  now  used  only  or 
chiefly  of  fabrics  or  dress:  as,  a  bias  line  (in 
former  use)  in  a  drawing;  a  bias  piece  in  a  gar- 
ment.—  2f.  Loaded  or  swelled  on  one  side, 
like  a  biased  bowl. 

Blow,  villain,  till  thy  sphered  bias  cheek 
Out-swell  the  colic  of  pulf  'd  Aquilon. 

Shak.^  T.  and  C,  iv.  5. 

III.  adv.  [<  bias,  a.]  In  a  slanting  man- 
ner; obliquely. 

Trial  did  draw 
Bias  and  thwart,  not  answering  tlie  aim. 

Shale.,  T.  and  C,  i.  3. 
bias  (bi'as),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  biased  or  biassed, 
ppr.  biasing  or  Massing.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
biass,  biace,  byas  (cf.  F.  hiaiscr  =  Pr.  biaisar) ; 
from  the  noun.]  1.  To  give  a  bias  to,  as  a 
bowl ;  furnish  with  a  bias.    See  bias,  n.,  2. 

To  giue  you  the  Morall  of  it  [game  of  bowls] :  It  is  the 
Embleme  of  the  world  or  the  world's  ambition  ;  where 
most  are  short,  or  over,  or  wide,  or  wrong  Byas't,  and 
some  few  justle  in  to  the  Mistris  Fortune. 

Bp.  Earle,  Micro-Cosmograpbie,  xli. 

2.  To  incline  to  one  side;  give  a  particular 
direction  to  the  mind  of;  prejudice;  warp; 
prepossess:  as,  the  judgment  is  often  biased 
by  interest. 

My  judgment  of  desert  hath  not  been  biassed  by  per- 
sons being  of  my  own  particular  judgment,  in  matters  of 
disputation,  among  the  Churches  of  God. 

C.  Mather,  Mag.  Chris.,  Int. 
No  man  is  allowed  to  be  a  judge  in  his  own  cause  ;  lje- 
cause  his  interest  will  certainly  bias  his  judgment,  and, 
not  improbably,  corrupt  his  integ:'ity. 

Madison,  Federalist,  No.  10. 


biarchy  (bi^iir-ki),  ». ;  pi.  hiarchies  (-kiz).  [<  bias-dra^wing  (bi'as -drawing),  n.  A  turning 
6j-2  -1-  Gr.  apxia,  <  apxtj,  rule;  after  monarchi/,  awry;  hence,  partiality;  prepossession.  iShak. 
etc.  Ct.  diarchy.]  Dual  government  or  sever-  biasness  (bi'as-nes),  m.  {_<  bias  + -ness.]  The 
eignty.  state  of  being  biased ;  inclination  to  a  particu- 

biarcuate,  biarcuated  (bi-ar'kiVat,  -a-ted),  «.    lar  side ;  partiality.  Sherwood. 
[<  bi-'i  +  arcuate.]   Twice  curved:  as,  a  Wam^-  Biatora  (bi-a-to'rii),  w.    [NL.]    An  extensive 
ate  margin,  one  having  a  convex  curve  passing    genus  of  licliens  M^liich  have  a  erustaceous  thal- 
into  a  concave  one.  lus  adhering  closely  to  the  substance  on  which 

Biar  glass.    Hee  glass.  it  grows,  and  .sessile  apothecia,  of  which  the  ex- 

Biarmian  (biar'mi-an),  n.  and  a.  [<  Biarmia,  eiple  is  colored  or  blackening. 
Latinized  from  Icel'.  Bjarmaland,  the  land  of  biatorine  (bi-a-to'rin),  a.  [<  Biatora  +  -ine^.] 
the  Bjarmar,  =  AS.  Beormas,  now  called  Per-  In  lichens,  pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  ge- 
mians:  see  Permian.]  I.  «.  One  of  the  Fin-  nus  Biatora;  having  a  proper  exeiple,  which 
nish  inhabitants  of  Perm  in  Russia;  a  Per-  is  not  coal-black,  but  colored  or  blackening, 
mian  (which  see).  as  in  many  species  of  the  tribe  Leoideacei. 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Biai-mians  or  biatoroid  (bi-a-to'roid),  a.  [<  Biatora  +  -oid.] 
Permians.  Same  as  biatorine. 


bibble 

biauriculate  (bi-a-rik'u-lat),  a.  [<  ?)i-2  +  auric- 
vlatc]  1.  In  cool,  and  wiat.,  having  two  au- 
ricles, in  any  sense  of  that  word:  especially 
applied  to  the  heart  of  the  higher  vertebrates. 
—  2.  In  hot.,  having  two  ear-like  projections, 
as  a  leaf. 
Also  biaurite. 
biaxal  (bi-ak'sal),  a.    Same  as  biaxial. 

The  great  majority  of  non-isotropic  substances  are  doub- 
ly refracting,  and  in  general  are  biaxal,  i.  e.,  have  two 
e<iually  important  optic  axes,  whose  mutual  inclination 
may  have  any  value  from  0°  to  90°.        Tait,  Light,  §  290. 

biaxial  (bi-ak'si-al),  a.    [<  6i-2  -f  axial.]  Hav- 
ing two  axes :  as,  a  biaxial  crystal.    See  optic. 
biaxiality  (bi-ak-si-al'i-ti),  n.  [<  biaxial  +  -ity.] 
The  quality  of  beiug  biaxial ;  biaxial  character, 
biaxially  (bi-ak'si-al-i),  adr.    With  two  axes, 
biaz  (be'az),  n.     [Native  name.]    A  cotton 
cloth  resembling  linen,  manufactured  in  cen- 
tral Asia  for  home  use  and  for  export  to  Rus- 
sia.   McElrath,  Com.  Diet, 
bib^t  (bib),  r.  t.  and  /. ;  pret.  and  pp.  hihbed, 
ppr.  bibbing.    [=  North.  E.  beb,  <  ME.  bibben, 
tipple,  drink ;  cf .  freq.  bibble,  nearly  =  OD.  bib- 
ercn,  drink  frequently.  ME.  bibben  "must  have 
been  borrowed  directly  from  L.  hihere,  to  drink, 
and  may  be  imagined  to  have  been  .  .  .  used 
jociilarly  by  those  familiar  with  a  little  monkish 
Latin"  (Skeat);  but  perhaps  of  natural  origin. 
See  imbibe,  hihulous,  hever^,  and  beverage.]  To 
sip;  tipple;  drink  frequently. 

This  meller  [miller]  hath  so  wysly  bibbed  ale. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  242f. 
He  was  constantly  bibbing,  and  drank  more  in  twenty- 
four  hours  than  I  did.  Loclce,  Education,  §  18. 

bib2  (bib),  n.  [Supposed  to  be  derived  from 
the  verb  bib^,  because  it  absorbs  moisture. 
Cf.  bavette  and  beaver'^.]  1.  A  cloth  worn  by 
children  under  the  chin  to  keep  the  front  of 
the  dress  clean,  especially  when  eating. —  2. 
A  similar  article  worn  by  adults,  especially  as 
forming  the  upper  part  of  an  apron. 

We'll  have  a  bib,  for  spoiling  of  thy  doublet. 

Beait.  and  Ft.,  Captain,  iii.  5. 

3.  A  curved  vent  or  nozle  used  to  alter  the 
direction  of  the  flow  of  liquids. —  4.  Naut., 
same  as  bibb,  the  usual  spelling  in  this  sense. 

bib''  (bib),  n.  [So  called  from  a  membrane 
which  covers  the  eyes  and  other  parts  about 
the  head,  and  which,  when  inflated,  may  be 
compared  to  a  bib;  <  6*62.]  The  most  com- 
mon name  of  the  whiting-pout,  Gadus  luscus,  a 
fish  of  the  family  Gadidw.    See  blens,  2. 

bibacious  (bi-ba'slms),  a.  [<  L.  bibax  (bibaci-), 
given  to  drink  (<  bibere,  drink),  +  -ous.]  Ad- 
dicted to  drinking ;  disposed  to  imbibe.  [Rare.] 

bibacity  (bi-bas'i-ti),  n.    [Formerly  bihacitie, 

<  L.  as  if  *biba'citas,  <  bibax:  see  bibacious.] 
The  quality  of  being  bibacious,  or  addicted  to 
drink.    Blount.  [Rare.] 

bibasic  (bi-ba'sik),  a.  [<  6*-2  -I-  basic]  Liter- 
ally, having  two  bases :  in  chem.,  applied  to  acids 
(such  as  sulphuric  acid,  H2SO4)  which  have  two 
hydrogen  atoms  replaceable  by  a  base  or  bases. 
See  monobasic,  tribasic,  dibasic,  and  polybasic. 

bibation  (bi-ba'shon),  n.    [IiTeg.  for  *bibition, 

<  ML.  bibitio(n-).  Cf.  imbibition,  and  see  bib^.] 
The  act  of  drinking ;  a  drink  or  draught. 

Royal  cheer  and  deep  bibation. 

S.  Nayler,  Reynard  the  Fox,  4. 

bibativeness  (bib'a-tiv-nes),  n.  [<  6i6i  -I-  -ative 
+  -ncss.]  Fondness  for  liquor;  tendency  to 
drink :  a  term  used  in  phrenology. 

bibb  (bib),  n.    [A  particular  use  of  6*62.  A 
somewhat  similar  comparison  appears  in  the 
case  of  heaver'^,  originally  a  bib.]     Naut.,  a 
bracket  of  timber  bolt- 
ed to  the  hound  of  a 
lower  mast  for  the  pur- 
pose of  supporting  the 
trestletree. 

bibber  (bib'er),  n.  [< 
6i6l  +  -erl.  Cf.  01). 
hiberer,  a  bibber.  See 
6i61.]  A  tippler;  a 
person  given  to  drink- 
ing: chiefly  used  in 
composition :  as,  a 
wine-6*66er. 
Ah  !  Zephyrus  !  art  here, 

and  Flora  too  ? 
Ye  tender  bibbers  of  the 

rain  and  dew. 
Keats,  Endymion,  iv. 

bibblet,  v.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  bible,  hihil  (cf. 
equiv.  OD.  biberen),  freq.  of  6*61.]        trans.  To 
diink ;  drink  of  or  from. 
II.  intrans.  1.  To  drink  often. —  2.  To  sip. 


Bibb  on  starboard  side  of  mast 
a,  mast;  ^, bibb;  c,  trestletree. 


bibble-babble 

bibble-babble  (bib'l-bab*l),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  bible-bable,  a  varied  redupl.  of  babble. 
Cf.  tittle-tattle,  shilly-shally,  etc.]  Idle  talk; 
prating  to  no  purpose. 

Thy  wits  the  heavens  restore !  endeavour  thyself  to  sleep, 
and  leave  thy  vain  bibble-babble.  Shah.,  T.  N.,  iv.  2. 

bibblert  (bib'ler),  n.  One  who  bibbles ;  a  bib- 
ber. 

Fare  ye  well,  bibbler.         Udall,  Roister  Bolster,  iii.  5. 
bib-cock  (bib'kok),  n.    [<  6j62  (in  reference  to 
the  bent-down  nozle)  -I-  cocfcl,  3.]    A  cock  or 
faucet  having  a  bent-down  nozle.     E.  H. 
Knight. 

bibelot  (bib'16),  n.  [F.]  A  small  object  of 
cm-iosity,  beauty,  or  rarity ;  especially,  an  ob- 
ject of  this  kind  which  can  be  kept  in  a  cabinet 
or  on  a  shelf.    See  curio. 

biberon  (bib'ron),  m.    [F.,  artificially  formed, 

<  L.  bibere,  drink,  and  P.  suffix  -o?i.]  1.  A  ves- 
sel having  a  spout 
through  which  to 
drink,  designed  for 
the  use  of  sick  per- 
sons and  children. — 
2.  An  infant's  nm-s- 
ing-bottle. 

Bibio  (bib'i-6),  n. 
[NL.,  <  LL.  bibio,  a 
small  insect  said  to 
be  generated  in  wine, 
<L.6i6ere,  di-ink.]  A 
genus  of  dipterous 
insects,  typical  of 
the  family  Bibioni- 
dce.  The  sexes  are  col- 
ored differently.  B.  hor- 
tulanus  is  an  example  ; 
the  male  is  black,  the 
female  brick-red  witli  a 
black  head. 

Bibionidae(bib-i-on'- 

i-de),  11.  pi.  [NL., 

<  Bibio(n-)  -h  -idee.'] 
A  family  of  nemo- 
cerous  dipterous  in- 


Biberon. —  Oiron  faience  (France), 
in  South  Kensington  Museum,  Lon- 
don.   (From  "  L* Art  pour  Tous.") 

sects,  typified  by  the  genus  Bibio,  having  the 
prothorax  much  developed,  no  transverse  tho- 
racic suture,  7  abdominal  segments,  6  to  11 
antennal  joints,  3  ocelli,  wings  without  a  discal 
cell,  and  the  coxee  not  prolonged.    There  are 

about  300  described  species.  The  family  formerly  in- 
cluded the  genus  Simulium,  now  separated  as  the  type 
of  another  family. 

bibiru  (bi-be'roX  n.  See  bebeeru. 
bibitory  (bib'i-to-ri),  a.  [<  NL.  Ubitorius,  <  LL. 
bibitor,  a  drinker,  toper,  <  L.  bibere,  drink.]  Per- 
taining to  drinking  or  tippling.  [Rare.] 
Bible  (bi'bl),  ?i.  [<  ME.  bible,  bibel,  <  OF.  bi- 
ble (F.  bible  =  Pr.  bibla  =  Sp.  Pg.  biblia  =  It. 
bibbia  =  D.  bijbel  =  MHG.  and  G.  bibel  =  Icel. 
biblia,  old  form  bibla  =  Sw.  Dan.  bibel),  <  LL. 
biblia  (usually  biblia  sacra)  (prop.  neut.  pi., 
but  in  ML.  taken  also  as  fem.  sing.),  <  Gr. 
^iP?Ja  (to.  (3cf]'Aia  ra  ayia,  i.  e.,  biblia  sacra,  the 
holy  books),  pi.  of  jiLiiXiov,  often  spelled  fiv- 
pXiov,  a  little  book,  a  book  as  a  division  of  a 
large  work,  dim.  of  (iip'Aog,  also  (iv'^M,  a  book, 
wntmg,  scroll,  lit.  paper,  same  as  (ivjiTio^,  the 
Egyptian  papyi-us,  of  the  inner  bark  of  which 
paper  was  made.  Cf.  L.  liber,  a  book,  <  liber, 
the  inner  bark  of  a  tree ;  E.  booTc,  <  AS.  boc,  a 
book,  as  related  to  boc,  a  beech-tree ;  and  cf. 
paper.  The  orig.  sense  of  LL.  biblia,  the  books, 
is  made  prominent  in  ML.  bibliotheca,  the  Bi- 
ble, Ht.  a  library:  see  bibliotheca.]  1.  The 
Book,  or  rather  the  Books  (see  etym. ),  by  way 
of  eminence ;  the  Scriptures  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testaments.  The  word  bible  Is  not  found  in  the 
English  version,  but  the  Greek  word  occurs  frequently 
being  always  translated  "  book  "  or  "  books,"  sometimes  in- 
dicating the  books  of  the  Old  Testament.  The  Bible  con- 
sists of  two  parts  :  the  Old  Testament,  written  in  Hebrew 
containing  the  Law,  the  Prophets,  and  the  sacred  writings' 
or  Hagiographa ;  and  the  New  Testament,  written  in  Greek 
consisting  of  the  four  Gospels,  the  Book  of  Acts  the 
Epistles  of  Paul  and  other  apostolic  writers,  and  the  Apoc- 
alypse or  Book  of  Revelation,  the  only  strictly  prophetic 
book  which  it  contains.  Roman  Catholic  writers  accept 
m  addition  to  tliese,  most  of  the  books  contained  in  the 
Apocrypha  of  the  King  James  version,  which  occur  in  the 
Septuagint  (see  below)  and  Vulgate,  distributed  among 
the  other  books  of  the  Old  Testament.  Tlie  principal  an- 
cient versions  of  the  Bible,  or  of  portions  of  it,  are  the 
l  argums,  a  Chaldee  or  Aramaic  paraphrase  or  interpreta- 
tion of  the  more  ancient  Hebrew  Scriptures  ;  the  Samar- 
^tan  Pentateuch,  a  Hebrew  version  of  the  first  five  books 
of  the  Old  Testament,  ancient  in  its  character,  and  pre- 
served with  jealous  care  among  the  Samaritans ;  the  .5™- 
tuagint,  a  Greek  version  of  the  Old  Testament  prepared 
by  Jewish  scholars  at  Alexandria  under  the  Ptolemies 
pnncipally  in  the  third  century  B.  c. ;  the  Vulgate,  a  tatin 
version  of  both  Old  Testament  and  New  Testament,  pre- 
pared by  Jerome  at  the  close  of  the  fourth  century  a.  d  • 
and  the  Peshito,  a  Syriac  version  of  the  Old  TeSitament 


543  bibliolatrous' 

or  to  the  sacred  writings:  as,  biblical  learning; 
biblical  criticism. — 2.  In  accord  with  the  teach- 
ings of  the  Bible;  scriptural.  Hence  —  3.  Au- 
thoritative; true. 

First  and  last,  eloquence  must  still  Ije  at  bottom  a  bibli- 
cal statement  of  fact.  Kmersou,  Eloquence. 

[Often  written  with  a  capital,  as  a  proper 
adjective.] 

Biblical  geography.  .See  j/eo^ra/V/y.— Biblical  her- 

— ..„..  ....,,  meneutiCS.    see  lienrieneutics.=Sya.  Heu  scriptural. 

un:;;^  al'^R^^n4a5«2);1,';^  biblicality  (bib-li-kal'i,ti),  n.  [<  bihlical  + 
King  James  Bible  prepared     ""^-J     1-   Ihe  quality  ot  being  biblical. — 2. 

1  Amprirni.  TvntBstnnf  ,r,.    That  which  has  the  quality  of  being  biblical. 


and  the  major  part  of  the  New  Testament,  probably  pre- 
pared in  the  second  century  A.  D.  Translations  were  early 
made  into  the  principal  languages  of  Christendom.  Tlie 
first  complete  translation  into  English  was  that  ofM'yi  lif 
and  Nicholas  Hereford,  about  l;i82  ;  and  the  first  printed 
English  version.s  were  those  of  Tyndale  and  (;overclaie,l.'',24- 
lf)35.  Other  important  Versions  are  theZ,H//(eiYm,in  the  Ger- 
man, by  Martin  Lutlier,  1521-;i4  —the  basis  of  the  Swedish, 
Danish.Icelandic,  Dutch, and  Finnish  versions;  the  Authw- 
ized  or  King  J  amen,  prepared  by  a  special  commission  of 
scholars  in  England  under  James  I.,  1604-11 ;  the  Douay, 
a  popular  name  given  to  a  translation  into  English  pre- 
pared by  Roman  Catholic  divines 
nouay  (1609-10),  the  New  Testame 

the  Revised,  a  recension  of  the  Kir ,,  

by  a  committee  of  British  and  American  Protestant  di- 
vines, the  New  Testament  appearing  in  1881,  and  the  Old 

Testament  in  1885.    The  number  of  minor  versions  is  ■u?i,ij„„fi„ i,„i  ■\  t  i 

indicated  by  the  fact  that,  since  1804,  translations  of  the  DlOHCally  (bib  U-kal-l),  adv.  In  a  biblical  man- 
Bible  or  portions  of  it  have  been  published  in  upward  of    ner;  according  to  the  Bible. 

225  languages.  Roman  Catholics  and  Protestants  differ  Biblicism  (bib'li-sizm),  n.  [<  ML.  biblicus,  bib 
in  the  degree  of  authority  which  they  attach  to  the  Bible.  i     ■     •  -      •  "  -  ' 

The  Roman  Catholic  Church  "receives  with  piety  and 
reverence  all  the  books  of  the  Old  and  New  Testaments 


[Rare.] 


Since  one  God  is  the  Author  of  each  "  (Council  of  Trent) ; 
but  "at  the  same  time  it  maintains  that  there  is  an  un- 
written word  of  God  over  and  above  Scripture"  (Catli. 
Diet.).  Protestants  generally  hold  that  "the  Supreme 


termined,  and  all  decrees  of  counci..^,  a„u,ciiu 
writers,  and  private  spirits  are  to  be  examined,  and  in 
whose  sentence  we  are  to  rest,  can  be  no  other  but  the 
Holy  Spirit  speaking  in  Scripture"  (Westminster  Conf. 
of  Faith). 

Hence  —  2.  Any  book  or  collection  of  religious 
writings  received  by  its  adherents  as  a  divine 
revelation :  as,  the 
Koran  is  the  Bible  of 
the  Mohammedans ; 
the  Mormon  Bible. — 
3t,  [Z.  c]  Any  great 
book. 

To  tellen  all  wold  passen 

any  bible, 
That  owher  [anywhere]  is. 
Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Canon's 
[Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  354. 

4.  [I.  c]  A  medie- 
val military  engine 
for  throwing  large 

stones.  G-rose  Bible 

Christian,  one  of  a  re- 
ligious sect  in  England 
and  Wales,  sometimes 
called  Bryanites  from 
their  founder,  William 
Bryan,  a  Wesleyan  local 
preacher,  who  separated 


Heal,  -f-  -ism.']  1.  Adherence  to  the  letter  of 
the  Bible. —  2.  Biblical  doctrine,  learning,  or 
literature.  Eclectic  Rev. 
Biblicist  (bib'li-sist),  n.  [<  ML.  biblicus,  bibli- 
cal, 4-  -ist.]  1.  A  professed  adherent  of  the 
letter  of  the  Bible ;  specifically,  in  the  twelfth 


Judge,  by  which  all  controversies  of  religion  are  to  be  de-  OJ-  i-^e  niuw  ;  specincauy,  in  tne  tweiim 

""  '  ^ils,  opinions  of  ancient    century,  one  who  adhered  to  the  Bible  as  the 

o  be  examined,  nnd  in     or^l/i  T'ul^i       foi"fl,  o*..!  ^^^^r,^A  4-^  „ 


Bible  for  hurling  missiles. 
(From  a  drawing  dated  1472.) 


 7   .."v^     «v...^iv^vi      uv#      t^iiv^    J^l.^AVJ     t*.J  liivy 

sole  rule  of  faith  and  practice,  as  opposed  to  a 
scholastic,  who  professed  to  bring  all  the  doc- 
trines of  faith  to  the  test  of  i^hilosophy. — 2. 
A  biblical  scholar. 
Also  Biblist. 
bibliochresis  (bib"li-o-kre'sis),  w.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
jiijiXiov,  a  book,  +  xpV'f,  use,  <  xpw^ot,  use.] 
The  use  of  books. 

The  public  librarian  may  soon  deserve  the  additional 
title  of  Master  of  Bibliochresis.   The  Nation,  XXXVI.  297. 

bibliognost  (bib'li-og-nost),  n.  [<  F.  biblio- 
gnoste,<  Gr.  (3t3Mov,  a  book,  -1-  yvucryr,  one  who 
knows:  see  gnosis,  gnostic]  One  versed  in 
bibliogi'aphy  or  the  history  of  books.  I.  D'ls- 
r-aeli.  Curios,  of  Lit.,  IV.  251. 

bibliognostic  (bib*li-og-nos'tik),  a.  [<  bibli- 
ognost +  -ic]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  bibliog- 
nost, or  to  a  knowledge  of  bibliography. 

bibliogony  (bib-li-og'o-ni),  n.  [<  Gr.  pijiliov, 
book,  -H  -yovta,  production:  see  -gony.]  The 
production  of  books.  Southey. 

bibliograph  (bib'li-o-graf),  n.  [<  Gr.  /3(/3?ao- 
ypa<i>o^:  see  bibliographer.]  Same  as  bibliog- 
rapher. 

A  thorough  librarian  must  be  a  combination  of  the  trio, 
—  bibliographe,  bibliognoste,  and  bibliophile. 

J.  C.  Van  Dyke,  Books  and  How  to  Use  Them,  p.  132. 


from  the  Wesleyans  in  1815.    In  doctrines  and  forms  of 

worship  they  do  not  differ  widely  from  the  Arminian  .   ^, 

Methodists.— Bible  Communist.  &ame  s&  Perfectionist  ■Wi-WXintrra-nyii^-r  Chih  li   f^cr'fo   fovN    ^,      r/  n,. 

(which  see).-Bible  Society,  an  association  for  the  pur-  OlOllOgrapner  (blb-ll-og  ra-fer)   M.    [<  Gr. 

pose  of  printing  and  circulating  the  Bible.— Breeches  nU^oypaipo^ :  see  bibhograjyhi/.]    If.  One  who 

Bible.    See  Geneva  Bible.— Geneva.  Bible,  an  English  writes  or  copies  books. —  2.  One  who  writes 

translation  of  the  Bible  issued  from  Geneva  in  i560bysev-  about  books,  especially  in  regard  to  their  au- 

eral  English  divines  who  had  fled  thither  to  escape  the  tlini-«l.in  rlnto   t,r,^«o^.QT^I,-,r                  17^  . 

persecution  of  the  reign  of  Mary.  It  was  the  first  complete  ?,^,^^^P'            typography,  editions,  etc. ;  one 

Bible  to  appear  in  Roman  type,  the  first  to  omit  the  Apoc-  skilled  in  bibliography. 

rypha,  and  the  first  to  recognize  the  division  into  verses,  bibliographic,  bibliographical  (bib^li-o-graf '- 

This  translation  was  m  common  use  in  England  till  the  ik.  -i-kaD  a     TAs  biblioarnnhii  -I-  -ic   ienl  ^T>^T 

ye_rsio,i,made  by  order  of  King  James  was  introduced  in  tahlLf  to  biblfograph^^^  ' 


1611.    The  Geneva  Bible  has  afso  been  called  the  Breeches  ,  ^tV"""^  ^^iT- 

Bible,  because  Gen.  iii.  7  is  translated,  "Then  the  eyes  of  DlDllOgrapillCally  (blb"ll-0-graf  1-kal-i),  adv. 
them  both  were  opened,  and  they  knew  that  they  were    In  a  bibliographical  manner. 

naked,  and  they  sewed  fig  leaves  together  and  made  them-  bibliOffrauhv  Cbib-li-Off'ra-fi )  «  T— F  hihlin 
seUes  breeches."  "Breeches "  occurs  in  previous  transla-  /r^  )?  }5,  ^v,'        <.^~  i,' t-J  I 

giaphie,  K  Gr.  lii,iAioyfM(pia,  the  act  or  habit  of 

writing  books,  <  j3L[}'Aioyf)a<po<;,  a  writer  of  books, 
<  fiipliov,  a  book,  4-  ypd<p£iv,  write :  see  Bible.] 
It.  The  writing  of  books. — 2.  The  science 
which  treats  of  books,  their  materials,  authors, 
typography,  editions,  dates,  subjects,  classifica- 
tion, history,  etc. 

Bibliography  .  .  .  being  the  knowledge  of  books,  which 
now  is  not  confined  to  an  "erudition  of  title-pages,"  but 
embraces  the  subject-division  of  all  the  branches  of  hu- 
man learning. 

J.  C.  Van  Dyke,  Books  and  How  to  Use  Them,  p.  113. 
3.  A  classified  list  of  authorities  or  books  on 
any  theme:  as,  the  bibliography  of  political 


_       »w^>^.iv,,j  V^^jviin     iJl     JJX\^  J  X\J\.li}  UltVll^ltli- 

tions,  though  the  name  is  given  especially  to  this  one.— Ma- 
zarin  Bible,  an  edition  of  the  Bible  printed  by  Gutenberg 
at  Mentz  in  1450-55,  being  the  first  book  ever  printed  with 
movable  types.  It  was  so  called  because  the  first  known 
copy  of  it  was  discovered  in  the  Mazarin  library  at  Paris 
in  1760.— Vinegar  Bible,  an  edition  printed  at  the  Claren- 
don press,  Oxford,  in  1717,  with  the  heading  to  Luke  xx.  as 
the  "Parable  of  the  Vinegar,"  instead  of  the  "Parable  of 
the  Vineyard."— Wic'ked  Bible,  an  edition  printed  in  1632 
in  which  the  word  7iot  is  omitted  from  the  seventh  com- 
mandment. 

Bible-clerk  (bi'bl-klerk),  w.  1.  In  English  uni- 
versities, a  student  whose  duty  it  originally 
was  to  read  the  Bible  during  meals :  now  often 
required  to  note  absences  from  chapel. —  2.    a,xiy  men 
The  holder  of  a  certain  scholarship  in  Corpus  economy 

T?^Wnl^^+''>!n^'{.F-^^l^'^'^^^i^^*^^i!''^t^'^  biblioklept  (bib'U-6-klept),  n.    [<  Gr.  fic^rtov, 

Bible-oath  (bi  bl-oth),  n.  An  oath  on  the  Bible ;  book,  +  kUttttk,  a  thief.]    A  book-thief T  one 

a  sacred  obligation.  who  purloins  or  steals  books.  [Rare.] 

So  long  as  it  was  not  a  Bible-Oath  we  may  break  it  with  bibliokleptomaniac   (bib  *  li  -  6  -  klep  '  to  -ma  '- 

a  safe  conscience.         Co»i7'-.«..  Way  of  the  World,  v.  2.  ^i.^k)^  /    [;<  Gr.  ^iov,  bo6k,  JdSptoma- 

niac]  One  affected  by  a  mania  for  stealing 
books.  [Rare.] 
bibliolater  (bib-li-ol'a-ter),  w.  [See  bibliolatry  ; 
cf.  idolater.]  1.  A  book-worshiper;  one  who 
pays  undue  regard  to  books.  Specifically  —  2. 
One  who  is  supposed  to  regard  the  mere  letter 
of  the  Bible  with  undue  or  extravagant  respect ; 
a  worshiper  of  the  Bible.  Be  Quincey. 
The  mistaken  zeal  of  Bibliolaters. 

Huxley,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  278. 

 »   ...  .... .....  bibliolatrist  (bib-U-ol'a-trist),  «.   [<  bibliola. 

nary  lectures ;  the  cursory  biblic  did  so  in  extraordinaiy     "'2/  +  ->st.]     Same  as  bdutolatcr. 
courses.    See  bachelor,  2.  bibliolatrOUS  (bib-li-ol'a-tl-us),  a.    [<  bibliolo- 

iiblinal  (bib'h-kfliv  fl.    r<'  MT.  hihUn,,^-  <■  T  .1 .         -t.  .,.,0  n    Given  to  or  characterized  by  bib- 


I  doubted  the  correctness  of  your  statement,  though 
backed  by  your  lordship's  Bible-oath. 

Thackeray,ViTgini3.ns,  xcii. 

bible-press  (bi'bl-pres),  n.  [<  bible,  appar. 
with  thought  of  '  a  large  book  bound  in  heavy 
boards,'  +  press.]  Naut.,  a  hand-rolling  board 
for  cartridges,  and  for  rocket-  and  port-fire 
cases.  [Eng.] 
biblic  (bib'lik),  n.  [<  ]\IL.  biblicus,  <  LL.  biblia, 
Bible.  ]  In  the  medieval  universities,  the  lowest 
grade  of  bachelor  of  theology.  The  ordinati/  bib- 
lic read  and  expounded  the  Bil>le  on  the  days  of  the  ordi 


biblical  (bib'li-kal),  a.  [<  ML.  biblicus,  <  LL.  try^+  -ous.] 
biblia,  Bible,  +  -dl.]   1.  Pertaining  to  the  Bible  Uolatry. 


bibliolatry 

bibliolatry  (bib-li-ol'a-tri),  71.  [<  Gr.  pifiliov, 
book,  +  Aarpf/a,  worship.  Ci.  idolatry.']  1.  Wor- 
ship or  homage  paid  to  books. — 2.  Specifi- 
cally, excessive  reverence  for  the  letter  of  the 
Bible. 

It  was  on  account  of  this  exclusive  reference  to  Scrip- 
ture that  tlie  Protestant  divines  laid  more  stress  on  the  in- 
spiration of  the  holy  writings  than  the  theologians  of  the 
Church  of  Rome  ;  and  that  the  Protestants  were  accused 
of  bibliolatry. 

Sir  G.  C.  Leicis,  Authority  in  Matters  of  Opinion,  v. 

bibliolite  (bib'li-o-lit),  71.  [<  Gr.  f)i(i?iiov,  book, 
+  Atdog,  stone.]  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
certain  laminated  schistose  rocks,  otherwise 
called  book'Stoties. 

bibliological  (bib  li-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  hibliol- 
0(J!i  +  -((•-«/.]    Relating  to  bibliology. 

bibliologist  (bib-li-ol'o-jist),  n.  [<  bibliology  + 
-ist.~}    One  versed  in  bibliology. 

After  so  much  careful  investigation  by  the  most  emi- 
nent bibliolojists. 

Southey,  The  Doctor,  Interchapter  xvlii. 

bibliology  (bib-li-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  pifHiov, 
book,  +  -7.oyia,  <  liyuv,  speak:  see-ology.]  1. 
Biblical  literature,  doctrine,  or  theology. —  2. 
A  treatise  on  books  ;  bibliography. 

bibliomancy  (bib'li-o-man-si),  n.  [<  Gr.  ^t^Mov, 
book,  +  fiavrda,  divination.]  A  kind  of  divi- 
nation performed  by  means  of  a  book ;  specifi- 
cally, divination  by  means  of  the  Bible,  con- 
sisting in  selecting  passages  of  Scripture  at 
hazard  and  drawing  from  them  indications 
concerning  the  future. 

Another  kind  of  bibliomancy  .  .  .  consisted  in  appeal- 
ing to  the  very  first  words  heard  from  any  one  when  read- 
ing the  Scriptures.  Encyc.  Metropolitana. 

bibliomane  (bib'li-o-man),  n.  Same  as  biblio- 
maniac.   I.  D' Israeli;  De  Quincey. 

bibliomania  (bib"li-o-ma'ni-a),  n.  [NL.  (>  F. 
bibliomanie),  <  Gr.  1)iI3Awv,  book,  -f-  /aavia,  mad- 
ness, mania.]  Book-madness;  a  rage  for  col- 
lecting and  possessing  books,  especially  rare 
and  curious  ones.    Also  bibliomany. 

bibliomaniac  (bib"li-9-ma'ni-ak),  n.  and  a.  [< 
bibliomania,  after  maniac.']  I.  n.  One  affected 
with  bibliomania. 

I  found,  in  the  osvner  of  a  choice  collection  of  books,  a 
well-bred  gentleman  and  a  most  hearty  bibliomaniac. 

Dibdin,  Bibliographical  Tour,  i.  155. 

II.  a.  Affected  by  or  pertaining  to  biblio- 
mania ;  book-mad. 
Also  bibliomanian. 
bibliomaniacal  (bib"li-o-ma-ni'a-kal),  a.  [< 
bibliomania,  after  maniacat.]    Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  bibliomania  or  bibliomaniacs, 
bibliomanian  (bib"li-o-ma'ni-an),  n.  and  a.  [< 
bibliomania  +  -an.]     Same  as  bibliomaniac. 
[Rare.] 

bibliomanianism  (bib''''li-6-ma'ni-an-izm),  n.  [< 
bibliomanian  + -ism.]  Book-madness;  biblio- 
mania. [Rare.] 

bibliomanist  (bib-li-om'a-nist),  n.  [As  bibliom- 
any +  -ist.]    A  bibliomaniac. 
Not  bibliomanist  enough  to  like  black-letter. 

Lamb,  Letter  to  Ainsworth. 

bibliomany  (bib-li-om'a-ni),  ».  [<  P.  biblio- 
manie, <  NL.  bibliomania:  see  bibliomania.] 
Same  as  bibliomania.    Imp.  Diet. 

bibliopegic  (bib"li-o-pej'ik),  a.  [<  bibliopegy  + 
-ic]  Of  or  pertaining  to  bookbinding.  [Rare.] 

A  magnificent  specimen  of  bibliopegic  art. 

Jf.  Y.  Tribune,  April  21,  1884. 

bibliopegist  (bib-li-op'e-jist),  w.  [<  bibliopegy 
+  -ist.]    A  bookbinder.  [Rare.] 

bibliopegistic  (bib"li-o-pe-jis'tik),  a.  [<  bib- 
liopegist +  -ic]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  bibliope- 
gist or  to  bibliopegy :  as,  bibliojjegistic  skill. 

bibliopegy  (bib-li-op'e-ji),  71.  [<  Gr.  jiiiiXiov, 
book,  +  -nriyia,  <  Tzriyvvvai,  fasten,  fix,  bind :  see 
pact.]    The  art  of  binding  books.  [Rare.] 

During  the  16th  and  17th  centuries  bindings  were  pro- 
duced in  England  which  suffer  no  disgrace  by  comparison 
with  contemporary  masterpieces  of  French,  Italian,  and 
German  bibliopegy.  Encyc.  Brit.,  IV.  42. 

bibliophile  (bib'li-o-fll),  n.  [<  F.  bibliophile,  < 
Gr.  fiip'Aiov,  book,  +  ^dof,  loving.]  A  lover  of 
books.    Sometimes  written  bibliophil. 

bibliophilic  (bib"li-9-firik),  a.  [<  bibliopMle  + 
-ic.  ]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  bibliophile  or  book- 
fancier. 

A  bibliophilic  curiosity  is  a  copy  of  the  first  American 
play,  "The  Contrast,"  from  the  library  of  George  Washing- 
ton. Art  Age,  III.  200. 

bibliophilism  (bib-li-o£'i-lizm),  n.  [<  biblio- 
phile +  -ism.]    Love  of  books. 

bibliophilist  (bib-li-of'i-list),  «.  [<  bibliophile 
+  -ist.]    A  lover  of  books;  a  bibliophile. 

bibliopbily  (bib-li-of'i-li),  w.  [=  F.  bibliophi- 
lic ;  as  bibliophile  +  -y.  ]    Love  of  books. 


644 

bibliophobia  (bib"  11-6 -fo'bi-a),  n.    [<  Gr. 

iSifi'Aiov,  book,  +  -(popia,  fear:  see  -phobia.]  A 

dread  or  hatred  of  books, 
bibliopoesy  (bib"li-9-p6'e-zi),  n.  [<  Gr.  pipiiov, 

a  book,  -t-  noir/aia,  making:  see  poesy.]  The 

making  of  books.  Carlyle. 
bibliopolar  (bib-li-o-p6'iar),  a.    [<  bibliopole  + 

-ar.]    Bibliopolic. '  [Rare.] 
bibliopole  (bib'li-o-p61),  n.    [<  L.  bibliopdla,  < 

Gr.  /i;/iA;o7r(j^7/f,  a  bookseller,  <  (iipXiov,  book, 

-I-  TTulelv,  sell.]    A  bookseller;  now,  especially, 

a  dealer  in  rare  and  curious  books, 
bibliopolic,  bibliopolical  (bib " li - 6 -pol '  ik, 

-i-kal),  a.    [<  bibliopole  +  -ic,  -ical.]  Relating 

to  bookselling  or  booksellers, 
bibliopolically  (bib"li-o-pori-kal-i),  adv.  By 

bibliopoles ;  as  a  bibliopole, 
bibliopolism  (bib-li-op'o-lizm),  n.    [<  bibliopole 
-ism.]    Bookselling;  the  business  of  a  bibli- 

opolist.    Dibdin.  [Rare.] 
bibliopolist  (bib-li-op'o-list),  n.    [<  bibliopole 

+  -ist.]    A  bookseller ;"  a  bibliopole. 

If  civility,  quickness,  and  intelligence  be  the  chief  requi- 
sites of  a  bibliopolist,  the  young  I'rere  stands  not  in  need 
of  parental  aid  for  the  prosperity  of  his  business. 

Dibdin,  Bibliographical  Tour,  i.  149. 

bibliopolistic  (bib-li-op-o-lis'tik),  a.  [<  bibli- 
opolist +  -ic]  Relating  to  a  bookseller  or  to 
bookselling.  [Rare.] 

bibliotai)h  (bib'li-6-taf),  n.  [<  F.  bibliotaphe,  < 
Gr.  jiifi'/.iov,  a  booW,  -I-  rd^of,  a  tomb  (ef.  Ta<pe.vi, 
a  burier),  <  Oanretv,  bury.]  One  who  hides  or 
buries  books,  or  keeps  them  under  lock  and  key. 

A  bibliotaphe  buries  his  books  by  keeping  them  under 
lock,  or  framing  them  in  glass  cases. 

/.     Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  IV.  252. 

bibliotaphistf  (bib-li-ot'a-fist),  m.  [As  biblio- 
taph  -1-  -ist.]    A  bibliotaph.  Crabbe. 

bibliothec  (bib'li-o-thek),  n.  [<  L.  bibliotheca  : 
see  bibliotheke,  bibliotheca.]    A  library. 

bibliotheca  (bib"li-o-the'ka),  71.  [Cf.  AS.  bib- 
liothece,  the  Bible ;  '=  P.  bibliotheque  -  Pg.  bib- 
liotheca =  Sp.  It.  biblioteca  =  G.  Dan.  bibliothek, 
a  library,  <  L.  bibliotheca,  a  library,  collection 
of  books,  in  LL.  and  ML.  esp.  the  Bible,  <  Gr. 
jiiP'XwQijKri,  a  library,  a  bookcase,  <  pijiXtov,  book, 
-t-  d?iKri,  case,  place  to  put  things,  <  Tidivat,  put : 
see  Bible  and  theca.]  1.  A  library;  a  place  to 
keep  books ;  a  collection  of  books. 

Cairo  was  once  celebrated  for  its  magnificent  collection 
of  books.  Besides  private  libraries,  each  large  mosque 
had  its  bibliotheca.         i2.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  79. 

2t.  The  Bible. 

From  the  circumstance  of  the  Bible  filling  many  rolls  it 
acquired  sucli  titles  as  pandectes  and  bibliotheca,  the  lat- 
ter of  which  remained  in  use  down  to  the  14th  century. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  144. 
It  is  a  bibliotheca,  or  a  copy  of  the  Bible  of  the  large 
folio  size,  and  now  bound  up  into  several  Large  volumes. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  i.  284. 

bibliothecal  (bib'''li-o-the'kal),  a.  [<  L.  biblio- 
thecalis,  <  bibliotheca:  see  bibliotheca.]  Belong- 
ing to  a  library. 

bibliothecarian  (bib'''li-6-the-ka'ri-an),  a.  [< 
bibliothecary  -i-  -an.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  bib- 
liotheeary  or  librarian. 

We  confess  a  bibliothecarian  avarice  that  gives  all  books 
a  value  in  our  eyes.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  292. 

bibliothecary  (bib-li-oth'e-ka-ri),  n.  and  a.  [< 
LL.  bibliothccarius,  a  librarian,  prop,  adj.,  <  L. 
bibliotheca:  see  bibliotheca,  and  ef.  apothecary.] 
I.  n.  1.  A  librarian. — 2.  [<. 'L'L.  *bibliothecari- 
um.]    A  library. 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  library  or  libra- 
rian. 

bibliotheket  (bib'li-o-thek),  n.  [Also  written 
bibliothek,  -thee,  -theque,  <  F.  bibliotheque,  <  L. 
bibliotheca:  see  bibliotheca.]  A  place  for  books. 

The  king  asked  him  how  many  thousand  volumes  he 
had  gotten  together  in  his  bibliotheke.  Donne. 

Biblist  (bib'list),  n.  [=  P.  hibliste,  <  ML.  bib- 
lista :  see  Bible  and  -ist.]   Same  as  Biblicist. 

biblus  (bib'lus),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  /^//^Aof,  also  ph- 
p'Aoc,  papyrus :  see  Bible.]    Same  as  papyrus. 

Bibos  (bi'bos),  n.  [NL.,  <  bi-  (either  for  bi-^, 
twice,  here  in  sense  of  secondary,  or  short  for 
bison)  +  Bos,  q.  v.]  A  genus  or  subgenus  of 
bovine  ruminants,  of  the  family  Bovidw  and 
subfamily  Bovinm,  with  prominent  front  and 
depressed  horns  directed  outward.  It  contains 
the  Indian  gayal  or  gaur  and  the  banteng  or 
Sondaic  ox.    See  cut  under  gayal. 

bibracteate  (bi-brak'te-at),  a.  [<  +  brac- 
tcate.]    In  bot.,  having  two  bracts. 

bibracteolate  (bi-brak'tf-o-lat),  «.  [<  bi-^  + 
braeteolate.]    In  bot.,  having  two  bractlets. 

bibulose  (bib'u-16s),  a.    Same  as  bibulous,  1. 

bibulous  (bib'ii-lus),  a.  [<  L.  bibulus,  <  bibere, 
drink:  see  Ub^.]     1.  Having  the  quality  of 


bice 

absorbing  or  imbibing  fluids  or  moisture;  ab- 
sorbent; spongy. 

Tlie  soul  that  ascends  to  worship  the  great  God  is  plain 
and  true,  .  .  .  having  become  porous  to  thouglit  and  bib- 
ulous of  the  sea  of  light.    Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  264. 

The  carbon  is  replaced  by  bibulous  paper. 

G.  B.  Prescott,  Elect.  Invent.,  p.  527. 

2.  Fond  of  drinking  intoxicating  liquors;  ad- 
dicted to  drink ;  proceeding  from  or  character- 
ized by  such  tendency :  as,  bibulous  propensities. 
—  3.  Relating  to  drink  or  drinking:  a,s,bibtdous 
lore.  [Rare.] 

bibulously  (bib'u-lus-li),  adv.    In  a  bibulous 

manner  ;  by  drinking  in  or  absorbing, 
bicalcarate  (bi-kal'ka-rat),  fl.   [<  6j-2  -f-  calca- 
rate.]    Armed  with  or  having  two  spurs,  as  the 
limbs  of  some  animals  and  the  anthers  of  some 
plants. 

bicallose  (bi-kal'os),  a.  [<  6i-2  -I-  callose.]  In 
bot.,  having  two  callosities  or  hard  protuber- 
ances. 

bicallous  (bi-kal'us),  a.    Same  as  bicallose. 

bicameral  (bi-kam'e-ral),  a.  [<  6i-2  -l-  L.  ca- 
mera,  a  chamber:  see  camera.]  Two-cham- 
bered ;  pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  two  cham- 
bers: as,  a  bicameral  legislature. 

An  increase  of  the  number  of  Houses  beyond  two  gives 
no  advantage  which  the  bicameral  plan  does  not  afford. 

Sir  E.  Creasy,  Eng.  Const.,  p.  179. 

bicamerist  (bi-kam'e-rist),  n.  [As  bicamer-al 
4-  -ist.]  One  who  advocates  the  bicameral 
system  of  legislation. 

Not  only  as  to  the  mode  in  which  their  senate  ia  to  be 
elected  are  the  Bicamerists  at  fault. 

Contemporary  Rev.,  XLVII.  323. 

bicapitate  (bi-kap'i-tat),  a.  [<  &i-2  -t-  capitate.'] 

Having  two  heads  ;  two-headed, 
bicapitated  ( bi  -  kap '  i  -  ta  -  ted),  a.  Furnished 

with  two  heads. 

bicapsular  (bi-kap'gu-lar),  a.  [<  6i-2  -1-  cap- 
sular.]   In  hot.,  having  two  capsules. 

bicarbonate  (bi-kar'bo-nat),  n.  [<  6i-2  -1-  car- 
bonate.] A  carbonate  containing  two  equiva- 
lents of  carbonic  acid  to  one  of  a  base ;  one  of 
the  supercarbonates. 

bicarbureted,  bicarburetted  (bi-kar'bii-ret- 
-ed),  a.  [<  fci'-2  -f  ca7'bweted,  carburetted.]  Com- 
bined with  or  containing  two  atoms  of  carbon : 
as,  biearbtireted  hydrogen,  C2H4. 

bicarinate  (bi-kar'i-nat),  a.  [<  6i-2  -1-  cari7iate.] 
1.  In  bot.  and  zool.,  two-keeled;  doubly  c an- 
nate; having  two  keel-like  projections,  as  the 
upper  palea  of  grasses. — 2.  In  e7itom.,  having 
two  cariniB  or  sharp  longitudinal  raised  lines. 

bicarpellary  (bi-kiir'pe-la-ri),  a.  [<  6i-2  Jr  car- 
pellary.]  In  bot.,  formed  of  two  carpels  or 
seed-ves.sels,  whether  distinct  or  imited;  di- 
carpellary  (the  more  common  word). 

bicaudal  (bi-ka'dal),  a.  [<  ?)i-2  -f  caudal.  Cf. 
LL.  bicodulus,  having  two  tails.  ]  Double-tailed ; 
terminating  in  two  tails  or  prolonged  extremi- 
ties. 

bicaudate  (bi-ka'dat),  a.  [<  6i-2  +  caudate.] 
In  entom.,  having  two  circi  or  jointed  appen- 
dages at  the  end  of  the  abdomen,  or  two  tail- 
like posterior  processes,  as  the  posterior  wings 
of  some  insects. 

bicavitary  (bi-kav'i-ta-ri),  a.  [<  6i-2  -f-  cav- 
ity +  -a7-y.]  Consisting  of  or  possessing  two 
cavities. 

bicchedt,  a.  [ME.,  also  written  bicehid,  byched, 
becehed,  bicche,  a  word  of  uncertain  meaning, 
applied  to  the  basilisk,  to  a  body,  to  dice,  and 
later  to  the  conscience,  a  burden,  etc.,  in  a 
vaguely  opprobrious  sense,  appar.  'cursed,'  and 
hence  taken  by  some  to  be  a  contraction  of  ME. 
biwieched,  bewitched ;  but  biwicched  is  not  found 
in  such  a  sense,  and  the  contraction  is  improba- 
ble. Prob.  at  first  bicche,  being,  in  this  view,  an 
attrib.  use  (and  hence  soon  with  added  pp.  adj. 
formative  -ed^ :  both  readings  occur  in  differ- 
ent MSS.  in  the  first  instance  quoted)  of  bicche, 
a  bitch,  used  opprobriously.  Cf .  shrewd,  earlier 
shrewed,  in  sense  of  'cursed,'  'curst,'  similarly 
formed  (but  supported  by  a  verb)  from  the 
earlier  attrib.  shrewe:  see  shi-ew.  In  the  allit- 
erative phrase  bicchcd  bones,  dice,  the  word  has 
evidently  the  same  sense  (the  'cursed bones'); 
there  is  no  connection  with  D.  bikkel  =  G. 
bickel,  astragalus,  ankle,  ankle-bone,  a  die.] 
Cursed :  an  opprobrious  word  of  uncertain 
meaning. 

This  fruyt  cometh  of  the  bicched  bones  two, 
Forswering,  ire,  falsnesse,  and  homicide. 

Chaucer,  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  194. 

bice  (bis),  71.  [Also  written  bise,  <  ME.  bise, 
bys,  bis,  <  OF.  (and  P.)  bis,  fern.  Use,  brown, 


bice 

formerly  dusky,  dark  (ef.  OF.  azur  bis,  dark 
blue,  vert  bis,  dark  green,  F.  bis  blanc,  whity 
■brown),  =Pr.  bis  =  lt.  bigio,  grayish,  prob.  =Pg. 
buzio,  brown,  dusky;  cf.  ML.  "  busius,  fealu," 
i.  e.,  fallow,  in  an  AS.  glossary.  The  same 
word  (F.  bise  =  Pr.  bisa  =lt.  dial,  bisa  -  Bret. 
bis  =  Swiss  bise,  beise)  was  applied  to  the 
north  or  northeast  wind,  from  the  accompany- 
ing darkness,  like  L.  aquilo,  <  aquilus,  dark, 
dusky:  see  bise.  The  origin  of  the  word  is 
uncertain.]  A  name  given  to  two  colors  used 
in  paintiag,  one  blue,  the  other  green,  both 
native  carbonates  of  copper,    inferior  kinds  of 

ttiera  are  also  prepared  artificially.  The  former  is  often 
called  mountain-blue,  the  latter  mountain-green,  mala- 
chite-green, etc.    Also  called  biadetto. 

Ground  smalts,  blue  verditer,  and  other  pigments  have 
passed  unde(  the  name  of  bice  ;  which  has  therefore  be- 
come a  very  equivocal  pigment,  and  its  name  nearly  obso- 
lete :  nor  IS  it  at  present  to  be  found  in  the  shops,  although 
much  commended  by  old  writers  on  the  art. 
Field's  Grammar  of  Colouring  (Davidson's  ed.,  1877),  p.  63. 

Bicellaria  (bi-se-la'ri-a),  n.    [NL.,  <  L.  bi-, 
two-,  +  cella,  cell,  +  -aria.]   A  genus  of  ehilo- 
stomatous  gymnotematous  polyzoans,  typical 
of  the  family  BiceUariidce. 
Bicellariidse  (bi"sel-a-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Bicellaria  +  -idw.']   A  family  of  Chilostomata. 
bicellular  (bi-sel'u-lar),  a.    [<  6j-2  -f-  cellular.'] 

Having  two  cells ;  consisting  of  two  cells. 
Bicelluli  (bi-sel'u-ll),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  L.  bi-,  two-, 
+  NL.  cellula,  dim.  of  L.  cella,  cell.]    A  group 
of  heteropterous  hemipterous  insects  eontain- 
uig  bugs  of  the  division  Geocorisa  or  Auro- 
corisa,  which  have  two  basal  cells  of  the  mem- 
branous hemielytra.    [Not  in  use.] 
Mcensal  (bi-sen'sal),  a.   [<  6j-2  -(-  census  +  -al.] 
In  geom.,  consisting  of  two  ovals,  real  or  imagi- 
nary, finite  or  infinite, 
bicentenary  (bi-sen'te-na-ri),  a.  and  «.  [<  6i-2 
+  centenary.']    I.  a.  Eelatiag  to  or  consisting 
of  two  hundred,  especially  two  hundred  years ; 
bicentennial:  as,  a  6^'ce^^^enar^/ celebration. 

II.  n.  1.  That  which  consists  of  or  compre- 
hends two  hundred  (commonly  the  space  of 
two  hundred  years).— 2.  A  two  hundredth  an- 
niversary 


545 

the  most  interesting  features  in  connection  with  the  fish 
is  that,  in  the  young,  external  gills  are  present.  Two 
other  species,  P.  senegalensis  and  P.  endlicheri,  are 
known.  All  live  in  the  deeper  pools,  and  apparently 
bury  themselves  in  the  slime  and  ooze  on  the  bottom, 
where  they  feed  on  fishes  and  other  aquatic  animals. 

Stand.  Nat.  Jli.st.,  III.  95. 


bickerer 


Part  of  the  enthusiasm  of  a  bi-centenary. 

The  American,  VI.  23. 

bicentennial  (bi-sen-ten'i-al),  a.  and  n.  [<  6i-2 
+  centennial.]  1,  a.  1.  Consisting  of  or  last- 
ing two  hundred  years:  as,  a  bicentennial  pe- 
riod.—  2.  Occurring  every  two  hundred  years. 

II.  n.  The  two  hundredth  anniversary  of 
an  event ;  a  bicentenary, 
bicephalic  (bi-se-fal'ik  or  bi-sef'a-lik),  a.  [< 
L.  bi-,  two-,  +  Gr.  Kie<iia\rj,  head:  see  cephalic] 
Having  two  heads  ;  bicephalous  ;  specifically, 
ornamented  with  two  heads  or  busts,  as  an 
engraved  gem  or  the  like.  Jour.  Archwol., 
XXLK.  311.  ' 
bicephalous  (bi-sef'a-lus),  a.    [As  bicephalic 

+  -ous.]    Having  two  heads, 
biceps  (bi'seps),  a.  and  n.   [<  L.  biceps  (bicipit-), 
<  bi-,  two-,  +  caput,  head.]   I.  a.  Two-headed, 
or  having  two  distinct  origins :  specifically,  in 
anat.,  applied  to  certain  muscles. 

II.  w.  1.  In  awaf.,  a  muscle  having  two  heads 
or  origins;  specifically,  the  biceps  brachii. — 2. 
Figuratively,  strength  or  muscular  develop- 
ment.—3.  Muscular  strength  of  the  arm; 
ability  to  use  the  arm  effectively :  from  such 
strength  or  ability  depending  on  the  devel- 
opment of  the  biceps  muscle. -Biceps  brachii 

or  biceps  humeri,  the  two-headed  muscle  of  the  arm 
arising  by  its  long  head  from  the  glenoid  fossa,  and  by  its 
short  head  from  the  coracoid  process  of  the  scapula  and 
inserted  into  the  tuberosity  of  the  radius.  It  is  a  strong 
flexor  and  supinator  of  the  forearm,  and  a  guide  to  the 
brachial  artery  in  surgical  operations  upon  that  vessel, 
bee  cut  under  muscle.  -  Biceps  femoris,  the  two-headed 
muscle  of  the  thigh,  arising  by  its  long  head  from  the  tube- 
rosity of  the  ischium,  and  by  its  short  head  from  the  shaft 
Of  the  femur,  and  inserted  into  the  head  of  the  fibula  its 
tendon  forming  the  outer  hamstring.  Its  action  is  to  flex 
the  leg  upon  the  thigh. 

bicessis  (bi-ses'is),  n.  [L.,  <  bie-,  a  reduced 
form  of  viginti,  =  E.  twenty,  +  as  (ass-),  an  as,  a 
unit :  see  as*.]  In  Rom.  metrology,  twenty  asses. 

bichet,  n.  [<  F.  biche,  OF.  also  bisse  =  Wal- 
loon bih  =  mod.  Pr.  bicho  =  It.  dial,  becia,  a 
hind  or  roe ;  of  uncertain  origin.]  A  kind  of 
fur ;  the  skin  of  the  female  deer. 

bichir  (bich'er),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  re- 
markable living  ganoid  fish,  Polypterus  bichir, 
of  the  family  Polypteridm  and  order  Crosso- 
pterygii,  inhabiting  the  Nile  and  other  African 
nvers,  attaining  a  length  of  18  inches,  and 
esteemed  as  food.    See  Polypterus. 

+1,^°."*^  system  of  Cuvier,  the  bichir  was  placed  among 
ine  bony  fishes,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  herrings.    One  of 
35 


bichlorid,  bichloride  (bi-kl6'rid,  -rid  or  -rid),  n. 
A  compound  in  which  two  equivalents  of  chlo- 
rine are  combined  with  a  base :  as,  a  bichlorid 
of  mercury. 

bicho-do-mar  (be'cho-do-miir'),  n.  [Pg.,  lit. 
worm  of  the  sea,  sea-slug.]  Same  as  beche- 
de-mer. 

bichord  (bi'kord),  a.  and  n.  [<  W-2  -|-  chord.] 
I.  a.  Having  two  chords. 

II.  n.  In  music,  a  general  name  for  an  in- 
strument having  two  strings  tuned  in  unison 
for  each  note,  as  the  mandolin  and  several 
other  instruments  of  the  lute  or  guitar  class, 
bichromate  (bi-kro'mat),  «.  [<  6i-2  -I-  cUro- 
mate.]  A  compound  containing  twice  as  much 
chromic  acid,  combined  with  the  same  amount 
of  base,  as  the  normal  chromate  contains. — 
Bichromate  or  bichromlc  battery.  -See  cell,  a 
bichromate  (bi-kro'mat),  V.  <. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
bichromated,  ppr.  bichromating.  [<  bichromate, 
n.]    Same  as  bichromatize. 

The  gelatine  mass  may  be  bichromated  after  it  is  set  by 
soaking  it  in  a  solution  of  bichromate  of  potassium  or 
ammonium.  Sci.  Amer.  (N.  S.),  LVI.  161. 

bichromatic  (bi-kro-mat'ik),  a.    [<.6i-2  + 
chromatic]    Same  as  dichromatic. 
bichromatize  (bi-kro'ma-tiz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and 

pp.  bichromatized,  ppr.  bichromatizing.  [<  bi- 
chromate, n.,  -h  -ize.]  To  treat  with  a  bichro- 
mate, especially  bichromate  of  potassium. 
Also  bichromate. 

The  film  of  a  bichromatised  gelatine,  used  as  a  photo- 
graphic negative.  Ure,  Diet.,  II.  299. 

bichromic  (bi-kro'mik),  a.  [<  bichrom(ate)  + 
-ic]    Pertaining  to  or  using  a  bichromate. 

In  the  construction  of  the  induction  balance  a  bichro- 
mic battery  is  used.  Science,  IX.  190. 

bichy  (bich'i),  n.  [Appar.  a  native  name.]  A 
name  sometimes  given  to  the  Cola  acuminata, 
a  tree  of  the  natural  order  Sterculiacew.  See 
cola-nut. 

biciliate  (bi-sil'i-at),  a.  [<  6i-2  -^  ciliate.]  Hav- 
ing two  cilia. 

The  biciliate  swarmspores  that  escaped  were  observed 
for  some  hours  under  the  microscope. 

Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  of  Edinburgh,  XXXII.  597. 

bicipital  (bi-sip'i-tal),  a.  [<  L.  biceps  (bicipit-), 
two-headed  (see  i'iceps),  +  -al.]  1.  Having 
two  heads;  two-headed.  [Eare.]  — 2.  In  anat: 
(a)  Having  two  heads  or  origins,  as  a  muscle. 
See  biceps,  (b)  Pertaining  to  the  biceps  mus- 
cles.— 3.  In  hot.,  dividing  into  two  parts  at  the 
top  or  bottom. 

Also  bicipitous. 
Bicipital  fascia,  an  expansion  of  the  tendon  of  the  bi- 
ceps brachii  into  the  deep  fascia  of  the  forearm.— Bicipi- 
tal groove,  a  furrow  along  the  upper  part  of  the  humerus, 
in  which  the  tendon  of  the  long  head  of  the  biceps  muscle 
lies.  See  cut  under  Am me™s.— Bicipital  ridges,  the  lips 
of  the  bicipital  groove. 

bicipitosus  (bi-sip-i-to'sus),  n. ;  pi.  bicipitosi 
(-si).  [NL.,  <  L.  biceps  (bicijnt-),  two-headed : 
see  bicejis.]  The  bicipital  muscle  of  the  thigh ; 
the  biceps  femoris. 

bicipitous  (bi-sip'i-tus),  a.    Same  as  bicipital. 
Bicipitous  serpents.    Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iii.  15. 

bicircloid  (bi-ser'kloid),  n.  [<  bi-^  -h  circle  + 
-aid.]  A  curve  generated  by  the  uniform  mo- 
tion of  a  point  around  the  circumference  of  a 
circle  the  center  of  which  itself  uniformly  de- 
scribes a  circle. 

bicircular  (bi-ser'ku-lar),  a.  [<  bi-^  +  circu- 
lar.]   Composed  of  of  similar  to  two  circles. 

—  Bicircular  oval,  a  real  branch  of  a  bicircular  quartic. 
— Bicircular  quartic,  a  quartic  curve  which  passes  twice 
througli  each  of  the  circular  points  at  infinity,  having  thus 


bola,  and  cutting  a  fixed  circle  orthogonally.  This  circle  ia 
called  the  focal  circle,  becau.se  its  intersections  with  the 

  fixed  conic  are  foci  of  the  quartic. 

/  \  'I'lie  latter  has,  liesides,  two  double 

/  ^  ~.      foci,  which  are  the  ftjci  of  the  conic. 

I  f\       1    '^'"^  perpendiculars  from  the  center 

I  I         /    of  the  focal  circle  to  the  asymptotes 

\  '^""''^        liitaiigents  of  the 

\  y  (luartic.    (.See  fig.  1.)    The  intersec- 

Pi  tions  of  the  focal  circle  with  the 

riK.  z.  quartic  are  cycUc  points  of  the  lat- 

di^i'^^o'nf  "o=ne"?c"a1  ter.  There  a^-e  th?ee  genera  of  bi- 
oval.  circular  quartics.    The  first  embraces 

all  the  bicursal  forms,  and  these  are 
curves  of  the  eighth  class.  For  these  there  are  two  real 
focal  circles  and  two  imaginary  ones.  The  two  real  conies 
of  centers  are  an  ellipse  and  a  confocal  hyperbola.  There 
are  four  real  foci  and  four  real  cyclic  points.  This  genus 
has  two  divisions.  In  the  first,  the  four  real  foci  are  con- 
cyclic,  and  the  real  curve  consists  of  two  ovals,  one  of  which 
lies  without  or  within  the  other,  accord- 
ing as  the  four  real  foci  are  on  a  central 
ellipse  or  hyperbola.  Fig.  1  shows  the 
latter  case,  and  fig.  2,  modified  so  as  to 
make  the  upper  part  like  the  lower, 
would  show  the  former.  Bicircular 
quartics  of  this  division  have  the  prop- 
erty that  three  points  can  be  taken  so  F<g-  3- 
that  the  distances  rj ,  j-o,  r^^,  of  any  point  Second  genus,  no- 
of  the  curve  therefrom  shall  be  express-  dal  curve, 
able  by  an  equation  arj  +  br2  +  erg  =  0. 
The  second  division  of  the  first  'genus  embraces  curves 
whose  four  real  foci  lie  in  two  pairs  or  two  focal  circles. 
These  real  curves  consist  of  single  ovals,  as  in  fig.  2.  The 
second  genus  comprises  unicursal  curves  with  one  node 
(besides  those  at  the  circular  points). 
They  are  of  the  sixth  class.  There  is 
one  real  and  one  imaginary  focal  circle. 
The  node  may  be  a  crunode  with  an 
outloop  (shown  by  slightly  modifying 
fig.  2  in  the  upper  part)  or  with  an  in- 
loop,  as  in  fig.  3 ;  or  it  may  be  an  ac- 
node  without  or  within  the  oval.  The 
Fie  4  genus  contains  curves  with  an 
ordinary  cusp.  These  are  of  the  fourth 
class.  There  is  but  one  focal  circle  and 
but  one  focus.  The  cusp  may  point  out- 
ward, as  in  fig.  4,  or  inward,  as  in  a  modification  of  fig  3 

bicker  1  (bik'er),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  becker, 
<  ME.  bicheren,  biklceren,  bekeren,  bikeren,  appar. 
a  freq.  in  -er ;  origin  unknown.  The  W.  bicra, 
fight,  is  appar.  from  the  E.]  I.  intrans.  If. 
To  exchange  blows ;  skirmish;  fight  off  and  on: 
said  particularly  of  the  skirmishing  of  archers 
and  slingers. 

Two  eagles  had  a  confiict  and  bickered  together. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Suetonius,  p.  243. 

2.  To  quarrel ;  contend  in  words ;  engage  in 
petulant  altercation ;  wrangle. 
Those  petty  things  about  which  men  cark  and  bicker. 

Barrow. 

Tho'  men  may  bicker  with  the  things  they  love. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

Hence  —  3.  To  make  a  brawling  sound ;  make 
any  repeated  noisy  action ;  clatter. 

Meantime  unnumber'd  glittering  streamlets  played,  . 
That,  as  they  bickered  through  the  sunny  shade. 
Though  restless,  still  themselves  a  lulling  murmur  made. 

Thomson,  Castle  of  Indolence,  iii.  26. 


Third  genus,  cuspi- 
dal curve. 


Fig.  I. 
Bicircular  Quartic. 
Curve  of  first  genus,  first  division  ;  two  real  ovals  with  focal  circle 
and  central  hyperbola. 

an  essential  analytical  similarity  to  a  pair  of  circles,  which 
it  also  somewhat  resembles  to  the  eye.  For  the  purpose 
of  tracing  it,  it  may  be  defined  as  the  envelop  of  all  the 
circles  having  their  centers  on  a  fixed  ellipse  or  hyper- 


4.  To  run  rapidly ;  move  quickly ;  quiver;  be 
tremulous,  like  flame  or  water. 

I  make  a  sudden  sally 
And  sparkle  out  among  the  fern, 
To  bicker  down  a  valley. 

Tennyson,  The  Brook. 
There  is  a  keen  relish  of  contrast  about  the  bickering 
fiame  as  it  gives  an  emphasis  beyond  Gherardo  della  Xotte 
to  loved  faces.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  38. 

5.  To  make  a  short  rapid  run.  [Middle  Enff 
and  Scotch.]  ^ 

II.  trans.  To  strike  repeatedly, 
bickerl  (bik'er),  n.    [<  ME.  biker,  beker:  see 
bicker^,  v.]    1.  A  fight,  especially  a  confused 
fight. 

Bickers  were  held  on  the  Calton  Hill.  Campbell. 

2.  A  quarrel ;  an  angry  dispute ;  an  alterca- 
tion. 

If  thou  say  nay,  we  two  shal  make  a  bycker. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  I.  2660. 

3.  A  confused  or  rapid  succession  of  sounds; 
a  rattling  or  clattering  noise. 

A  bicker  of  musketry -fire  rattled  down  in  the  valley  in- 
termingled with  the  wild  yells  and  defiances  of  the  iiill- 
men,  who  were  making  a  chapao  or  night  attack  on  the 
camp.    Arch.  Forbes,  Souvenirs  of  some  Continents,  p.  194. 

4.  A  short  rapid  run  or  race ;  a  staggering  run, 
as  from  loss  of  equilibrium.  [Middle  Eng.  and 
Scotch.] 

Leeward  whiles,  against  my  will, 
I  took  a  bicker. 

Burns,  Death  and  Dr.  Hornbook. 
bicker2  (bik'er),  n.  [Var.  of  beaker,  q.  v.]  A 
bowl  or  dish  for  containing  liquor,  properly  one 
made  of  wood;  a  drinking-cup ;  also,  specifi- 
cally, in  many  parts  of  Scotland,  a  wooden  dish 
made  of  staves  and  hoops,  like  a  tub,  for  hold- 
ing food.  [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
bickerer  (bik'er-er),  n.  One  who  bickers,  or 
engages  in  petty  quarrels. 


bickering 

bickering  (bik'er-ing),  n.  [<  ME.  hikering, 
verbal  n.  of  bikeren  :  see  bicker'^,  r.]  If.  A  skir- 
mish. 

Then  was  the  war  shivered,  as  it  were,  into  small  frays 
aiul  bickerint)s.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.  (ed.  1S51),  ii.  55. 

2.  Petulant  contention;  altercation. 

There  reinaineii  bicki'riwrs,  not  always  carried  on  with 
the  best  taste  or  with  the  best  temper,  between  the  man- 
agers of  the  impeachment  and  the  counsel  fortlie  defence. 

Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

bickermentf  (bik'er-ment),  ».  [<  bicker^,  v.,  + 
-mcHt.^    Contention;  conflict.  Spenaer. 

bickern  (bik'ern),  n.  [Also  by  popular  etym. 
bickhoni,  and  bickiron,  becik-irou,  q.  v.,  also  pik- 
iron ;  prop,  bicorn,  early  mod.  E.  bi/ckornc,  by- 
corne,  <  F.  bigor  ttCj  a  bickern  (cf.  OF.  bicorue,  ^ 
ML.  bicorna,  bicornus,  a  two-handled  cup),  z=Sp. 
Pg.  bigornia  =  It.  bicornia,  a  bickern,  <  L.  bi- 
curnia,  neut.  pi.  of  bicornis,  two-horned:  see  bi- 
corn.'] 1.  An  anvil  with  two  projecting,  taper- 
ing ends;  hence,  one  such  end;  a  beak-iron. — 

2.  Medieval  milit.,  a  name  for  the  martel-de- 
fer,  in  allusion  to  its  double  head,  of  which  one 
side  was  made  pointed  and  the  other  blunt; 
any  similar  double-headed  weapon  or  tool. — 

3.  Any  iron  implement  ending  in  a  beak :  as 
if  a  contracted  form  of  beak-iron  (which  see). 

Also  beckern. 
bickiron  (bik'i"ern),  n.  Same  as  bickern,  beak- 
iron. 

biclavate  (bi-kla'vat),  a.  [<  bi-^  +  clavate.'] 
Doubly  clavate ;  consisting  of  two  club-shaped 
bodies. 

Bicoeca  (bi-se'ka),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  /3/KOf,  a  drink- 
ing-bowl  (see  beaker),  +  oiKOf, house.]  A  genus 
of  infusorians,  tjrpical  of  the  family  Bicacida: 
Previously  written  Bicoswca. 

Biccecidse  (bi-se'si-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bicoeca 
+  -if/fc.]    A  family  of  sedentary  animalcules. 

bicoUateral  (bi-ko-lat'e-ral),  a.  [<  +  col- 
laieral.]  In  bot.,  having  the  two  sides  alike: 
applied  to  a  fibrovascular  bundle  in  which  the 
woody  portion  lies  between  two  layers  of  li- 
ber, or  vice  versa. 

In  Cucurbita,  Solanum,  and  others  the  bundles  are  bi- 
coUateral. Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  18. 

bicolligate  (M-kol'i-gat),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  col- 
ligatus,  bound  togeth- 
er :  see  bi-"^  and  colli- 
gate, v.]  In  ornith., 
palmate,  but  not  toti- 
palmate;  having  the 
three  front  toes  unit- 
ed by  two  webs. 

bicolor  (bi'kul-or),  a. 
[<  L.  bicolor,  of  two 
colors,  <  bi-,  two-,  +  color,  color.]    Same  as  bi- 
colored. 

bicolored  (bi'kul-ord),  a.  [<  -f-  colored. 
Cf.  L.  bicolor,  of  two  colors.]  Of  two  colors,  as 
a  flower. 

bicolorous  (bi-kul'o-rus),  a.   Same  as  bicolored. 

biconcave  (bi-kon'kav),  a.  [<  bi-^  +  coyicave.] 
Hollow  or  concave  on  both  sides;  doubly  con- 
cave, as  a  lens.    See  lens. 

biconic,  biconical  (bi-kon'ik,  -i-kal),  a.  [<  bi-^ 
+  conic,  conical.]  Doubly  conical;  resembling 
two  cones  placed  base  to  base. 

[The]  eggs  of  the  Grebes,  .  .  .  which  also  have  both 
ends  nearly  alike  but  pointed,  are  so  wide  in  the  middle 
as  to  present  a  biconical  appearance. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  775. 

biconjugate  (bi-kon'jo-gat),  a.  [<  6i-2  -I-  con- 
jugate.] 1.  In  pairs;  placed  side  by  side. — 
2.  In  bot.,  twice  paired,  as  when  each  of  the 
divisions  of  a  forked  petiole  bears  a  pair  of 
leaflets. 

biconsonantal  (bi-kon-s6-nan'tal),  a.  Com- 
posed of  or  containing  two  consonants. 

biconvex  (bi-kon'veks),  a.  [<  W-2  -I-  convex.] 
Convex  on  both  sides;  doubly  convex,  as  a 
lens.    See  lens. 

Of  the  various  forms  of  lenses  we  need  only  consider 

the  hi-convex  and  bi-concave.  Lommel,  Light,  p.  89. 

bicoquett,  n.    Same  as  bycocket.  Fairholt. 
bicorn  (bi'korn),  a.    [<  L.  bicornis,  two-homed, 

<  bi-,  two-,  +  cornu  =  E.  horn.    Cf.  bickern.] 

Having  two  horns ;  bicomous. 
bicorned  (bi'komd),  a.    [<  bicorn  +  -ed^.]  Bi- 

cornute. 

bicomous  (bi-kor'nus),  a.    [<  bicorn  +  -ous.] 
Having  two  horns  or  antlers ;  crescent-shaped ; 
especially,  in  anat.,  having  two  prolongations 
likened  to  horns. 
The  letter  Y,  or  bicomous  element  of  Pythagoras. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  v.  19. 

bicornuate  (bi-kor'nii-at),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
cornu,  =  E.  horn,  +  -ate^.]  Same  as  bicornous. 


Bicorporate. 


Bicolligate. — Foot  J 


546 

bicornueus  (bi-kor'nu-us),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
coniii  =  E.  horn,  +  -ous.]    Same  as  bicornous. 

bicornute  (bi-k6r'nut),  a.  [<  i/-2  -|-  cornnte. 
a.  bicorn.]  Two-horned;  bicornous;  specifi- 
cally, in  bot.,  having  two  horn-like  processes, 
as  the  fruit  of  Trapa  bicornis. 

bicorporal  (bi-kor'po-ral),  a.  [<  L.  bicorpor, 
later  bicorporcus,  double-bodied,  <  bi-,  two-,  + 
corpus  (corpor-),  body.]  In  her.,  same  as  bicor- 
porate—  Bicorporal  sign,  in  antral.,  a  zodiacal  sign 
whose  figure  represents  two  animals,  namely,  Pisces,  Gem- 
ini, or  Sagittarius. 

bicorporate  (bi-k6r'p6-rat),  a. 
[<  bi-'^  +  corporate,  a.]  lix  her., 
having  two  bodies:  said  of  a 
beast  or  bird  used  as  a  bearing. 

Bicosoeca  (bi-ko-se'ka),  ».  [NL., 
irreg.  <  Gr.  /3(/tof,  a  wine-jar,  a 
bowl,  +  oi/cof,  a  house.]  Same 
as  Bicceca. 

bicrenate  (bi-kre'nat),  a.  [<  bi-"^ 
+  crenate.]  In  bot.,  doubly  erenate :  applied  to 
crenate  leaves  when  the  crenatures  are  them- 
selves crenate. 

bicrescentic  (bi-kre-sen'tik),  a.  [<  bi-"^  + 
crescentic]  Having  the  form  of  a  double  cres- 
cent. 

bicrural  (bi-kro'ral),  a.  [<  i»-2  -f  crural.] 
Ha\'ing  two  legs,  or  two  elongations  resem- 
bling legs. 

bicuspid  (bi-kus'pid),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  bicm- 
pis  {-pid-),  <  L.  6/-,  two-,  +  cuspis  (cuspid-),  a 
point.]  I,  a.  Having  two  points,  fangs,  or 
cusps.  Specifically  applied  — (n)  In  ijeom.,  to  a  curve 
having  two  cusps.  ('))  In  human  anat.,  (1)  to  the  premo- 
lar teeth  or  false  molars,  of  which  there  are  two  on  each 
side  above  and  below,  replacing  tlie  niilk-niolars ;  (2)  to  the 
mitral  valve  guarding  the  left  auricnloventricular  orifice 
of  the  heart,  the  corresponding  right  cuiHce  being  guarded 
by  the  tricuspid  valve,  (c)  In  entuin.,  to  a  claw  or  mandible 
having  two  pointed  processes  or  teeth.  Also  bicttspidal, 
bicnspidati: — Bicuspid  forceps,  dentists'  forceps  with 
curved  beaks  for  extracting  bicuspid  teeth. 

II.  w.  One  of  the  premolars  or  false  molars 
in  man,  of  which  there  are  in  the  adult  two  on 
each  side,  above  and  below,  between  the  canines 

and  the  true  molars.  They  are  the  teeth  which  suc- 
ceed and  replace  the  milk-molars  of  the  child.  Also  bi- 
cnxpi.i. 

bicuspidal  (bi-kus'pi-dal),  a.  Same  as  bicus- 
pid:  the  usual  form  of  the  word  in  geometry. 

bicuspidate  (bi-kus'pi-dat),  a.  [<  bi-^  +  cus- 
pidate.   Cf.  bicuspid.]    Same  as  bicuspid. 

bicuspis  (bi-ktis'pis),«. :  pi.  bicuspides  (-pi-dez). 
[NL. :  see  bicuspid.]    Same  as  bicuspid. 

bicycle  (bi'si-kl),  «.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  cyclus,  < 
Gr.  KvK'Aor,  a  circle,  a  wheel:  see  cycle.]  A 
modification  of  the  two-wheeled  velocipede 
(which  see).  The  velocipede  of  1869  was  worked  by 
treadles  operating  cranks  on  the  axle  of  the  front  wheel. 
This  was  modified  in  the  earliest  form  of  the  bicycle  by 


a,  man's  bicycle ;  d,  tandem  bicycle ;  c,  woman's  bicycle ; 
Sprocket-wheel  with  pedal-crank  shaft. 

greatly  increasing  the  relative  size  of  the  driving-wheel 
and  bringing  the  rider  directly  over  it.  Later  the  "safety" 
bicycle  was  introduced,  in  which  the  wheels  were  made  of 
equal  or  nearly  equal  size,  and  for  the  direct  action  upon  the 
front  wheel  was  substituted  indirect  action  upon  the  rear 
wheel,  by  means  of  a  chain  and  sprocket-wheels,  the  diam- 
eters of  the  sprocket-wheels  being  so  proportioned  as  to 
compensate  the  decrease  in  size  of  the  driving-wheel.  Bicy- 
cles having  seats  and  driving-gear  for  several  riders  placed 
one  behind  the  other  are  called  tandemn  —  a,  name  often 
restricted  to  such  a  bicycle  for  two  riders.  A  bicycle  for 
three  riders  is  called  a  triplet,  one  for  four  a  quadru- 
plet, one  for  five  a  quintuplet,  one  for  six  a  sextet  or 
sextuplet,  etc.— Chainless  bicycle,  a  bicycle  in  which 
the  power  is  transmitted  to  the  rear  wheel  by  beveled 
gears  instead  of  by  a  chain  and  sprocket-wheels.— Du- 
plex bicycle,  a  bicycle  designed  for  two  riders  sitting 
side  by  side. 

bicycle  (bi'si-kl),  v.  i. ;  pret.  andpp.  bicycled,  ppr. 

bicycling.  [<  bicycle,  n.]  To  ride  on  a  bicycle, 
bicycler  (bi'si-kl6r),  n.    [<  bicycle  +  -er.]  One 

who  rides  a  bicycle. 

bicyclic^  (bi-sik'lik),  a.    [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  cy- 


bid 

clus  (see  cycle)  +  -ic]  Consisting  of  or  having 
two  circles;  specifically,  in  bot.,  in  two  whorls, 
as  the  stamens  of  a  flower  Blcyclic  chuck.  See 

chucki. 

bicyclic2  (bi-sik'lik),  a.  [<  bicycle  +  -ic]  Re- 
lating to  or  connected  with  bicycles. 

bicycling  (bi'si-kling),  «.  [<  bicycle  +  -ing.] 
The  art  or  practice  of  riding  on  a  bicycle. 

bicyclism  (bi'si-klizm),  n.  [<  bicycle' -ism.] 
Tlie  habit  or  art  of  ritling  the  bicycle.  N.  and 
Q.,  7th  ser.,  I.  290. 

bicyclist  (bi'si-klist),w.  \_<  bicycle  + -i.'^t.]  One 
who  rides  on  a  bicycle.  The  Century,  XXVIII.  44. 

bid  (bid),  V. ;  pret.  bade,  bad,  or  bid,  pp.  bidden 
or  bid,  ppr.  bidding.  [Under  this  form  two 
verbs,  orig.  distinct  in  form  and  sense,  have 
been  confounded  from  the  12tli  ceijtury  or  ear- 
lier: (1)  jBidi,  ask,  pray,  <  ME.  bidden  (pret. 
bad,  pi.  beden,  baden,  pp.  beden,  biden),  ask, 
pray,  invite,  wish,  and  also  (by  confusion  with 
bid^)  command,  <  AS.  biddan  (pret.  ba'd,  pi. 
bwdon,  pp.  beden),  ask,  pray,  invite,  in  some 
eases  equiv.  to  command,  =  OS.  biddian  = 
OFries.  bidda  =  D.  bidden  =  OHG.  bittan,  MHG. 
G.  bitten  =Icel.  bidhja  —  Sw.  bcdjn  =  Dan.  bede 
=  Goth,  bidjan  (pret.  bath,  pi.  bedum,  pp.  bi- 
dans)  (cf .  Goth,  bidagwa,  a  beggar,  and  AS.  bede- 
cian,  beg:  see  beg^),  perhaps  —  Gr.  *TCid  (orig. 
*0i6)  in  TTEcdeiv,  ntdeiv,  persuade,  move  by  en- 
treaty, mid.  Treideadai,  Tvideadai,  be  persuaded, 
obey,  trust,  =  Li.Jidere,  trust.  Hence,  from  the 
AS.,  E.  bead;  from  the  L.,  E.  faith,  fidelity, 
affy,  affidavit,  confide,  confident,  infideJ, perfidy, 
etc.  (2)  Bid'^,  command,  order,  direct,  pro- 
pose, offer,  etc.,  <  ME.  beden,  beoden  (which 
would  regularly  give  E.  *beed  or  *bead),  com- 
mand, order,  offer,  annoimce,  also  invite  (pret. 
bead,  bed,  bead,  pi.  beden,  boden,  pp.  boden), 
<  AS.  beodan  (pret.  bead,  pi.  budon,  pp.  boden), 
command,  order,  offer,  announce,  threaten, 
etc.,  =0S.  biodan  =  OFries.  biada  =  D.  bieden 

—  OHG.  biotan.  MHG.  G.  bietcn  =  Icel.  bjodha 

—  Sw.  bjuda  =  Dan.  byde  =  Goth,  biudan  (pret. 
bauth,  pi.  budum,  pp.  budans;  only  in  comp., 
anabiudan,  command,  faurbiudun  =  'E.  forbid), 
command,  offer,  annoimce,  etc.,  —  Gr.  y  *iTvd 
(orig.  *<pv6),  in  nvvdaveadai,  TrvdtoOai,  learn  by 
asking,  ask,  z=  Skt.  ■\f  budh  (orig.  *bhudli),  be 
awake,  understand  (see  Buddha);  cf.  OBulg. 
budeti,  be  awake.  From  AS.  beodan  come  hoda, 
E.  bode,  a  messenger,  bodian,  E.  bode,  announce, 
portend,  AS.  bydel,  E.  beadle,  etc. :  see  bode^, 
bode^,  beadle.  While  some  senses  of  bid.  are 
obviously  those  of  AS.  biddan,  and  others  ob- 
viously those  of  AS.  beodan,  no  formal  sepa- 
ration can  conveniently  be  made.  The  mod. 
forms  correspond  to  those  of  AS.  biddan,  the 
senses  chiefly  to  those  of  AS.  beodan.]  I.  trans. 

1.  To  ask;  request;  invite. 

Go  ye  therefore  into  the  highways,  and  as  many  as  ye 
shall  find  bid  to  the  marriage.  Mat.  xxii.  9. 

Provide  the  feast,  father,  and  bid  the  guests. 

Sliak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  pray;  wish  earnestly  or  devoutly ;  hence, 
to  say  by  way  of  greeting  or  benediction :  as, 
to  bid  good-day,  farewell,  etc. 

Neither  bid  him  God  speed.  '2  John  10. 

3.  To  command ;  order  or  direct ;  enjoin. 
And  Peter  answered  him  and  said,  Lord,  if  it  be  thou, 

bid  me  come  unto  thee  on  the  water.  Mat.  xiv.  28. 

I  was  bid  to  come  for  you.     Shak. ,  As  you  Like  it,  i.  2. 

Because  God  his  Father  had  not  bidden  him  to  do  it, 
and  therefore  He  would  not  tempt  the  Lord  his  God. 

Kingsley 

[Occasionally  a  simple  infinitive  follows:  as,  "the  lady 
bade  take  away  the  fool,"  Shak.,  T  N.,  i.  5.] 

4.  To  offer ;  propose :  as,  to  bid  a  price  at  an 
auction. 

The  king  will  bid  you  battle  presently. 

Shak.,  1  Hen  IV.,  v.  2. 

Four  guineas  !  Gad's  life,  you  don't  bid  me  the  price  of 
his  wig.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  1. 

In  buying  Books  or  other  Commodities,  'tis  not  always 
the  best  way  to  bid  half  so  much  as  the  seller  asks. 

Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  30. 

5.  To  raise  the  price  of  in  bidding;  increase 
the  amount  offered  for :  with  up  :  as,  to  bid  up 
a  thing  beyond  its  value. — 6.  To  proclaim; 
make  known  by  a  public  announcement ;  de- 
clare: as,  "our  bans  thrice  bid,"  Gay,  Wha,t 
d'ye  Call  it?— To  bid  beads,  to  pray  with  beads.  See 
bead. 

All  night  she  spent  in  bidding  of  her  bedes. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  x.  3. 

To  bid  defiance  to.  See  defianee.— To  bid  the  banns. 

See  baiins.— To  bid  the  or  a  baSBt.  See  base2.  =  Sya. 
1.  Invite,  Summon,  etc.    fiee  call. 

II.  intrans.  To  make  an  offer ;  offer  a  price: 
as,  to  bid  at  an  auction. 


Did 

Antagonisms  between  different  powers  in  the  State,  or 
different  factions,  have  caused  one  or  other  of  them  to  bill 
for  popular  support,  with  tlie  result  of  increasing  popular 
power.  //.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  498. 

To  bid  fair,  to  open  or  offer  a  good  prospect ;  seem  likely. 

bid  (bid),  n.  An  offer  of  a  price;  specifically, 
an  offer  made  or  the  price  offered  at  an  auction : 
as,  to  increase  another's  bid. 

bidactyl  (bi-dak'til),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  Gr. 
dciKTvAoi;  finger,  toe.]    Same  as  didacUjl. 

bidagova  (bid-a-go'va),  n.  [Braz.]  The  name 
given  in  Brazil  to  a  substitute  for  eoft'ee  pre- 
pared from  the  seeds  of  the  Cassia  occidentalis. 
McElrath. 

bidale  (bid'al),  n.  [<  bid,  invite,  +  ale.~\  An 
entertainment  to  which  persons  were  invited 
for  the  purpose  of  contributing  to  the  relief  of 
some  one  in  distress.  [Prov.  Eng.]  Also  writ- 
ten bidall. 

There  was  an  antient  Custom  called  a  Bid-Ale  or  Bid- 
der-Ale, from  the  Sa.\on  Bidden  [biddan],  to  pray  or  sup- 
plicate, when  any  honest  Man  decayed  in  his  Estate,  was 
set  up  again  by  the  liberal  Benevolence  and  Contributions 
of  Friends  at  a  Feast,  to  which  those  Friends  were  bid  or 
invited.  It  was  most  used  in  the  West  of  England,  and 
in  some  Counties  called  a  Help  Ale. 

Brand's  Pop.  Antiq.  (1777),  p.  339,  note. 

bidarkee  (bi-dar'ke),  n.  [Also  written  bidarka  ; 
native  name.]  A  boat  of  skins  used  by  the 
Aleutian  Islanders. 

There  are  three  miles  to  traverse  to  reach  the  nearest 
river,  and  here  I  trusted  myself  to  one  of  the  far-famed 
bidarkies.  Fortnightly  Rev.,  XLI.  399. 

biddable  (bid'a-bl),  a.  [<  bid  +  -able.']  Obe- 
dient to  a  bidding  or  command ;  willing  to  do 
what  is  bidden ;  complying;  docile. 

She  is  exceedingly  attentive  and  useful ;  .  .  .  indeed, 
I  never  saw  a  more  biddable  woman. 

Diekens,  Dombey  and  Son,  viii. 
A  more  gentle,  biddable  invalid  than  the  poor  fellow 
made  can  hardly  be  conceived. 

H.  Kingsley,  Kavenshoe,  xliv. 

biddance  (bid'ans),  w.  [<  bid  +  -ance.']  Bid- 
ding; invitation.  [Rare.] 

bidder  (bid'er),  n.  [<  ME.  bidder,  biddere ; 
<  bid,  ask,  offer,  +  -eri.]  One  who  bids ;  spe- 
cifically, (a)  one  who  begs;  (&)  one  who  com- 
mands or  orders  ;  (c)  one  who  asks  or  invites ; 
{d)  one  who  offers  to  pay  a  specified  price  for 
an  article,  as  at  a  public  auction. 

Bidders  at  the  auction  of  popularity.  Burke. 

biddery-ware  (bid'e-ri-war),  n.  Same  as  bidri. 
bidding  (bid'ing),  «.    [ME.  Uddincj,  biddinge ; 
verbal  n.  of  bid  in  both  the  original  senses.] 

1.  Invitation;  command;  order;  a  proclama- 
tion or  notifying. 

At  his  second  bidding  darkness  fled. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  712. 
They  had  chalked  upon  a  slate  the  psalraes  that  were  to 
be  sung,  so  that  all  the  congregation  might  see  it  without 
the  bidding  of  a  Cleark.        Evelyn,  Diary,  Aug.  19,  1641. 

Henry  .  .  .  nominated  Richard  Henry  Lee  and  Gray- 
son for  the  two  senators  from  Virginia,  and  they  were 
chosen  at  his  bidding.        Bancroft,  Hist.  Const.,  II.  354. 

2.  The  act  of  making  an  offer  at  an  auction: 
as,  the  bidding  was  lively. 

bidding-prayer  (bid'ing-prar),  n.  [See  be- 
low.] La  England,  the  prayer  before  the  ser- 
mon. As  directed  in  the  55th  canon  of  the  Church  of 
England,  this  is  a  form  in  which  the  preacher  calls  on  the 
congregation  to  pray  for  the  church  catholic,  the  sover- 
eign, and  different  estates  of  men.  A  similar  form  of 
prayer  preceding  the  sermon  has  been  in  use  since  long 
before  the  Reformation.  At  first  it  was  called  bidding  of 
the  beads  (literally,  praying  of  the  prayers),  after  the 
Reformation  bidding  of  the  common  prayers,  biddinq  (of) 
prayers  or  prayer  (the  last  word  being  oijject  of  the  first)  • 
but  after  the  sixteenth  century  the  word  bidding  came 
to  be  popularly  regarded  as  an  adjective,  or  the  phrase  bid- 
ding prayer  as  a  quasi-compound,  a  prayer  which  bids  or 
directs  what  is  to  be  prayed  for.  A  collect  is  now  generally 
substituted  for  the  bidding-prayer  (and  sometimes  called 
by  the  same  name),  but  on  special  occasions  and  in 
cathedrals  and  at  university  sermons,  the  bidding-prayer 
IS  always  used.  Liturgiologists  often  designate  the  dea- 
con s  htanies  of  the  primitive  and  the  Greek  Church  as 
bidding-prayers.    See  ectene  and  litany. 

Our  people,  as  of  yore,  may  all  join  their  priest  and 
say  along  with  him,  before  he  begins  his  sermon  the 
truly  Catholic  petitions  of  the  bidding-prayer. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  354. 

biddyl  (bid'i),  w.;  pi.  biddies  (-iz).  [E.  dial,  and 
U.  S.,  perhaps  of  imitative  origin.  Cf.  chicka- 
biddy.']   A  familiar  name  for  a  hen. 

Biddy2  (bid'i),  n.  [Dim.  of  Bridget,  a  fem. 
proper  name,  usually  given  in  honor  of  St. 
Bridget  (Ir.  and  Gael.  Brigliid  (gen.  Briqhide, 
Bride,  whence  the  form  St.  Bride),  <  brigli, 
strength),  who  lived  in  Ireland  in  the  5th  and 
bth  centuries.]  An  Irish  female  domestic;  a 
servant-girl.    [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 

bide  (bid),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bode,  ppr.  biding. 
[<  ME.  biden,  <  AS.  Mdan  (pret.  bad,  pi.  bidon, 
pp.  biden)  =  OS.  btdan  =  OFTies.  bida=  D,  bei- 


547 

den  =  OB.G.  bitan,  MHG.  biten,  G.  dial.  beiten  = 
Icel.  bidha  =  Sw.  bida  z=  Dan.  bie  =  Goth,  bei- 
dan,  wait.  Cf.  Ir.  feitlmn,  I  wait,  =:  Gael,  feith, 
wait.  See  abide'^  and  abode.]  I.  intrans.  If. 
To  remain  in  expectation  ;  wait. —  2.  To  be  or 
remain  in  a  place  or  state ;  wait. 

In  whose  cold  blood  no  spark  of  honour  hides. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 
Safe  in  a  ditch  he  hides. 
With  twenty  trenched  gashes  on  his  head. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4. 

3.  To  dwell ;  reside. 

All  knees  to  thee  shall  bow,  of  them  that  bide 
In  heaven,  or  earth,  or  under  earth  in  hell. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  321. 
And  Lancelot  saw  that  she  withheld  her  wish. 
And  bode  among  them  yet  a  little  space 
Till  he  should  learn  it. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  wait  for;  await. 
He  has  the  elements  of  greatness  within  him,  and  he 
patiently  bides  his  time.  Prescott. 
I  will  bide  you  at  King  Tryggve's  hill 
Outside  the  city  gates. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  9. 

2.  To  endure;  suffer;  bear. 

Poor  naked  wretches,  wlieresoe'er  you  are, 
That  hide  the  pelting  of  this  pitiless  storm. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  4. 
Oh,  humble  me  !  I  cannot  hide  the  joy 
That  in  my  Saviour's  presence  ever  flows. 

J  ones  Very,  Poems,  p.  58. 
Bidens  (bi'denz),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  bidens,  having 
two  teeth:  see  bident.]  1.  A  genus  of  herba- 
ceous composite  plants,  closely  related  to  Dah- 
lia and  to  Coreopsis,  having  achenes  armed 
with  two  or  more  rigid,  persistent,  retrorsely 
barbed  awns.  They  are  coarse,  useless  weeds,  but 
some  of  the  species  have  conspicuous  yellow  flowers  and 
are  known  as  bur-marigolds.  The  persistency  with  which 
the  achenes  adhere  to  clothing  and  the  coats  of  animals 
has  given  rise  to  the  common  name  of  beqiiar's-ticks  or 
beggar  s-lice.  The  root  and  seeds  of  B.  hipinnata,  known 
as  Spanish  needles,  have  had  an  ill-founded  reputation  as 
emmenagogues  and  as  a  remedy  for  acute  bronchial  affec- 
tions. 

2.  In  ^-007.,  a  genus  of  hawks  with  two-toothed 
beak ;  same  as  Diodon  ov  Harpaqus  (which  see). 
Spix,  1834. 

bident  (bi'dent),  «.  [<  L.  biden(t-)s,  OL.  dui- 
den{t-)s,  with  two  teeth,  <  bi-,  did-,  =  E.  twi-, 
two-,  +  (ie»(i-)s  =  E.  tooth.  Cf.  trident.]  1. 
In  archaol.,  an  instrument  or  a  weapon  with 
two  prongs.  Hence  — 2.  Any  two-pronged  in- 
strument. 

The  conversion  of  the  bident  into  a  trident,  by  which 
instead  of  two,  you  chalk  three  for  one.  ' 

Foote,  in  Jon  Bee's  Samuel  Foote,  cv. 
bidental  (bi-den'tal),  a.  [<  L.  biden(t-)s,  with 
two  teeth  (see  bident),  +  -al.]  Same  as  bidentate. 
bidental  (bi-den'tal),  n.  [L.,  so  called  from 
the  animal  sacrificed  at  its  consecration  (<  bi- 
dcn(t-)s,  an  animal  for  sacrifice  whose  two  rows 
of  teeth  are  complete),  or  from  the  forked  light- 
ning (a  sense  of  bidental  in  Ml,.),  <  biden{t-)s, 
with  two  teeth  or  prongs :  see  bident.]  In  Rom. 
antiq.,  a  monument  marking  a  place  that  had 
been  struck  by  lightning,  it  consisted  of  a  wall,  not 
roofed,  carried  around  the  site,  which  was  considered 
to  be  sacred  and  neither  to  be  trodden  nor  looked  upon, 
and  often  resembled  a  raised  well-curb.  Such  monuments 
were  consecrated  by  the  pontiffs,  or,  later,  by  the  harus- 
pices,  by  the  sacrifice  of  a  sheep  or  other  victim,  and 
were  probably  given  in  charge  of  guardians,  themselves 
called  bidentales. 

bidentate  (bl-den'tat),  a.  [<  L.  biden{t-)s,  hav- 
ing two  teeth  (see  bident),  +  -afei.]  Having 
two  teeth  or  processes  like  teeth ;  two-toothed. 
Other  forms  are  bidentated,  bidental,  bidential, 
and  (rai'ely)  bidented. 
bidential  (bi-den'shal),  a.    Same  as  bidentate. 
bidenticulate  (bi-den-tik'ii-lat),  a.    [<  6i-2  -f 
denticulate.    Cf.  bidentate^]    Having  two  mi- 
nute teeth, 
bidery  (bid'e-ri),  n.    See  bidri. 
bidet  (bi-det';  F.  pron.  be-da'),  n.    [<  F.  bi- 
det (>  prob.  It.  bidetto),  a  small  horse;  of  un- 
known origin.]    1.  A  small  horse;  formerly, 
in  the  British  army,  a  horse  allowed  to  each 
trooper  or  dragoon  for  carrying  his  baggage. 

For  joy  of  which  I  will  .  .  .  mount  my  hidet  in  a  dance 
and  curvet  upon  my  curtal.  B.  Jonson,  Chloridia.' 

2.  The  basin  of  a  water-closet  so  made  that, 
in  addition  to  the  ordinary  places  of  entrance 
of  water-  and  discharge-pipe,  there  is  a  contri- 
vance for  washing  or  administering  injections : 
sometimes  made  as  a  separate  article  of  bed- 
room furniture, 
bid-hook  (bid'hiik),  n.  [A  variant  of  bead- 
hook.]  Naut.,  a  small  kind  of  boat-hook, 
bidigitate  (bi-dij'i-tat),  a.  [<  ii-2  -l-  digitate.] 
Having  two  digits,  or  two  finger-like  processes. 


biens6ance 

biding  (M'ding),  m.  [<  ME.  biding,  bydi/ng ;  ver- 
bal n.  of  hide.]  1.  An  awaiting;  expectation. 
—  2.  Residence;  habitation. 

At  Antwerp  has  my  constant  biding  been. 

Rowe,  jane  Shore,  i.  2. 

bidiri,  n.    See  bidri. 

bidogyn  (bi-do'gin),  n.  [W.,  a  dagger:  see  un- 
der bodkin.]  In  Celtic  antiq.,  a  dagger, 
bidri,  bidry,  bidree  (bid'ri,  bid-re'),  n.  [An- 
glo-Ind.,  also  bidery,  bidiri,  <  Hind,  bidri,  < 
Bidar,  a  town  in  the  state  of  Hyderabad,  In- 
dia.] A  kind  of  ornamental  metal-work  of  In- 
dia, consisting  essentially  of  damascening  of 
silver  ujjon  some  metal  ground  which  is  made 
black  by  coating  it  with  certain  chemicals.  The 
alloy  used  as  the  basis  of  the  damascene  work  varies  in 
composition  in  different  localities  ;  it  may  lie  either  bronze 
or  brass,  in  the  latter  case  sometimes  containing  a  very 
large  percentage  of  zinc.    Also  called  hidderg-irnre. 

bidri- ware,  bidri-work,  »•   Same  as  bidri. 
bid-standt  (bid'stand),  w.    A  cant  term  for  a 
highwayman. 

Why,  I  tell  you,  sir:  he  has  been  the  only  Bid-stand 
that  ever  kept  Xewmarkct,  Salisbury-plain,  Hockley  i' 
the  Hole,  Gads-hill,  and  all  the  high  places  of  any  request. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  iv.  4. 

biduous  (bid'u-us),  a.  [<  L.  bidnus,  <  bi-,  two-, 
+  dies,  day.]  Lasting  two  days  only,  as  some 
flowers. 

bieberite  (be'ber-it),  n.    [<  Bieher  (see  def.)  + 
Native  cobalt  sulphate  or  cobalt  vitriol : 
a  decomposition-product  of  other  cobalt  min- 
erals found  at  Bieber,  near  Frankfort-on-the- 
Main. 

bielaga,_M.  The  Russian  sturgeon,.4ci;)enser  huso. 
bield  (held),  n.  [Now  only  North.  E.  and  Sc., 
in  Sc.  also  written  beild,  biel ;  early  mod.  E. 
bield,  beeld,  etc.,  <  ME.  beeld,  beld,  belde,  <  AS. 
byldo  (=  OHG.  baldi,  MHG.  belde  =  Goth,  hal- 
thei),  boldness,  courage,  <  beald,  bold:  see  bold.] 
If.  Boldness;  courage;  confidence;  feeling  of 
security. — 2t.  Resource;  help;  relief;  means 
of  help  or  relief ;  support ;  sustenance. 

For  fuid  thou  gettis  nane  uther  beild. 
But  eit  the  herliis  upon  the  field. 

Sir  D.  Lyndsay,  The  -\Ionarchie,  h  1087. 

3.  Shelter;  refuge;  protection. 
This  bosom  soft  shall  be  thy  beeld. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  xvi.  49. 
The  random  beild  o'  clod  or  stane.  Burns. 
Folk  maun  bow  to  the  bush  that  they  seek  beild  frae. 

Hogg,  Brownie,  ii.  197. 

4.  A  place  of  shelter. 
These  evil  showers  make  the  low  bush  better  than  no 

beild.  Scott,  Monastery,  I.  iii. 

bield  (beld),  v.  [Now  only  North.  E.  and  Sc., 
in  Sc.  also  written  beild,  biel,  etc. ;  early  mod. 
E.  bield,  beeld,  etc.,  <  ME.  beelden,  belden,  <  AS. 
bieldan,  byldan  OS.  beldjan  =  OHG.  balden, 
MHG.  belden  =  Goth.  baWijan,  intr.),  mak& 
bold,  <  beald,  bold:  see  bold,  a.,  and  cf.  bold, 
v.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  make  bold;  give  courage 
or  confidence  to. —  2.  To  defend;  protect;  shel- 
ter. 

Scorn  not  the  bush  that  heilds  you. 

Scott,  Monastery,  I.  xiv. 
Il.t  intrans.  To  be  bold  or  confident;  grow 
bold  or  strong, 
bieldy  (bel'di),  a.    [Sc.,  also  written  beildy,  < 
bield  +  -(/.]    Sheltered  from  the  weather;  af- 
fording shelter. 

His  honour  being  under  hiding  lies  a'  day,  and  whiles 
a'  night,  iri  the  cove  in  the  dern  hag ;  .  .  .  it's  a  beildy 
enough  bit.  Scott,  Waverley,  II.  xxviii. 

biemarginate  (bi-f-mar'ji-nat),  a.  [<  + 
emarginate.]  In  entom.,  ha-vang  two  emargina- 
tions  or  conea'vities  in  the  margin, 
bien,  bienly,  bienness.  See  bein,  etc. 
biennial  (bi-en'i-al),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  hiennium, 
a  space  of  two  years,  <  bieimis,  lasting  two  years 
(>  biennalis,  adj.),  <  bi-  +  annus,  year:  see  6i-2 
and  annual.]  I,  a.  1.  Happening  or  taking 
place  once  in  two  years:  as,  biennial  games. 

I  consider  biennial  elections  as  a  security  that  the  sober 
second  thought  of  the  people  shall  be  law.     Ames  (1788). 

2.  Continuing  or  lasting  for  two  years;  changed 
or  renewed  every  two  years :  said  especially  of 
plants. 

II.  n.  1.  A  plant  which  requires  two  seasons 
of  gro-svth  to  produce  its  flowers  and  fruit, 
gi-owing  one  year  and  flowering,  fi'uiting,  and 
dying  the  next. —  2.  An  exercise,  as  a  college 
examination,  occurring  once  in  two  years. 
Sometimes  also  bisannital. 
biennially  (bi-en'i-al-i),  adr.    Once  in  two 
years ;  at  the  retm-n  of  two  years, 
bienseance  (F.  pron.  byah-sa-ons'),  n.     [F.,  < 
bienseant,  becoming,  seemly,  <  bien  (<  L.  bene), 
well,  +  seant,  becoming,  seemly,  lit.  sitting, 


biens^ance 

ppr.  of  seoir,  sit,  befit,  <  L.  scdere  =  E.  sif] 
Decency;  decorum;  propriety;  seemliness. 

The  rule  of  observing  what  the  Frencli  call  the  bien- 
seance  in  im  allusion  has  been  found  out  of  later  years, 
and  in  the  colder  regions  of  the  world. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  160. 

He  [Sir  Robert  Peel]  scarcely  ever  offended  against 
either  the  conventional  or  the  essential  hiemeances  of  so- 
ciety, ir.  R.  Greg,  Misc.  Essays,  2d  ser.,  p.  219. 

bienvenuet  (F.  pron.  byau-ve-nu'),  n.  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  henvenuc,  ME.  hienvenu,  <  OF. 
(and  F.)  hienveniic,  <  bicn,  well,  4-  vemi,  com- 
ing, pp.  ot  venir,  <  L.  venire,  come.]  1.  Wel- 
come. 

They  by  this  have  met  him. 
And  given  him  the  bienvenu. 

Massingei;  The  Picture,  ii.  2. 

2.  A  fee  exacted  from  a  new  workman  by  his 
fellows,  especially  in  printing-offices. 

A  new  bien  venu,  or  sum  for  drink,  was  demanded  ot 
me  by  the  compositors.  I  thought  it  an  imposition,  as  I 
had  paid  it  below  [to  the  pressmen]. 

Franklin,  Autobiography. 

bier  (ber),  H.  [The  present  spelling  is  perhaps 
in  imitation  of  the  F.  biere  ;  early  mod.  E.  reg. 
beer,  <  ME.  beere,  beer,  bere,  <  AS.  bwr  (= 
OFries.  bere  =  OS.  bdra  =  D.  baar  =  OHG. 
bdra,  MHGr.  bare,  G.  balire  (>  Pr.  bera  =  F. 
biere)  =  Icel.  barar,  mod.  boriir,  pi.,  =  Sw. 
bdr  =  Dan.  baare),  a  bier,  <  beran  (pret.  bwr, 
pi.  bwron),  bear.  Cf.  L.  feretrum,  <  Gr.  (peperpov, 
and  E.  barrow''^,  from  the  same  ult.  root.  See 
feearl.]  If.  A  frame,  usually  of  wood,  on  which 
to  carry  a  load ;  a  barrow ;  a  litter ;  a  stretch- 
er. Specifically  —  2.  A  framework  on  which  a 
corpse,  or  the  coffin  containing  it,  is  laid  be- 
fore burial ;  also,  one  on  which  it  is  carried  to 
the  grave  by  hand. 

After  Mass  was  done,  the  priest  walked  doivn  and  stood 
by  the  bier  whereon  lay  stretched  the  corpse. 

Bock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  il.  306. 

3.  A  count  of  forty  threads  in  the  warp  or 
chain  of  woolen  cloth.    Imj).  Diet. 

bier-balkt  (ber'bak),  «.    [<  bier  +  balk'^,  a 
ridge,  a  path.]    A  balk  left  in  a  field  for  the 
passage  of  funerals. 
A  broad  and  sufficient  bier-balk. 

Homily  for  Rogation  Week,  iv. 

bier-right  (ber'rit),  w.  An  ancient  ordeal,  in 
which  those  who  were  suspected  or  accused  of 
murder  were  required  to  approach  and  touch 
the  corpse  of  the  murdered  person  as  it  lay  on 

the  bier,  if  when  touched  the  corpse  bled,  this  was 
supposed  to  indicate  the  guilt  of  the  person  touching  it. 

biest,  biestingS,  n.    See  beestings. 

bietle  (be'tl),  «.  [Amer.  Ind.]  A  kind  of 
jacket,  made  of  an  entire  deer-skin,  worn  by 
the  women  of  the  Apaches,  i.  Hamilton,  Mex. 
Handbook,  p.  49. 

bifacial  (bi-fa'shial),  a.  l<.  bi-'^  +  facial.'j  1. 
Having  the  opposite  surfaces  alike. —  2.  In  bot., 
having  the  opposite  faces  unlike :  as,  the  bi- 
facial arrangement  of  the  parenchyma  or  gi'een 
pulp  upon  the  two  faces  of  a  leaf.  Also  dorsi- 
ventral. —  3.  Having  two  fronts  or  principal 
faces ;  specifically,  having  two  human  faces 
turned  in  opposite  directions,  as  a  medal  or  an 
image. 

bifara  (bif'a-ra),  n.  [It.,  also  biffara,  pifara, 
jji^'ero,  a  pipe :  seejpipe.]  In  organ-building,  & 
stop  the  pipes  of  which  are  either  two-mouthed 
or  sounded  in  pairs,  and  are  so  tuned  that  the 
two  tones  emitted  differ  slightly  in  pitch,  thus 
producing  a  wavy  tone.  Also  called  piffero, 
unda  maris,  celestina,  etc. 

bifariOUS  (bi-fa'ri-us),  a.  [<  L.  bifarius  (= 
Gr.  6i(j)d(7iog),  twofold,  <  bi-  +  -farius,  <  fa-ri 
(—  Gr.  <pd-vai),  speak.  Cf.  multifarious.']  Di- 
vided into  two  parts  ;  double  ;  twofold.  Specifi- 
cally— (a)  In  bot.,  pointing  in  two  ways,  or  arranged  in  two 
opposite  rows,  as  leaves  that  grow  only  on  opposite  sides 
of  a  branch.  (6)  In  zool.,  two-rowed;  two-ranked;  dis- 
tichous or  dichotomous,  as  the  hairs  of  a  squirrel's  tail, 
or  the  webs  of  a  feather. 

bifariously  (bi-fa'ri-us-li),  adv.  In  a  bifarious 
manner. 

bifasciate  (hi-fas'i-at),  a.  [ihi-'^  +  fasciate.] 
In  zool.,  having  two  transverse  or  encircling 
bands  of  color. 

Bifaxaria  (bi-fak-sa'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <LL.  bifax, 
two-faced,  <  bi-,  two-,  +  facies,  face.]  A  genus 
of  polyzoans  with  two  rows  of  cells  facing  in 
opposite  directions,  typical  of  the  family  Bifax- 
ariidm. 

Bifaxariidae  (bi-fak-sa-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Bifaxaria  -h  -idee.']  A  family  of  chilostomatous 
polyzoans,  typified  by  the  genus  Bifaxaria.  The 

cilary  or  zoariuni  is  rigid,  biserial,  and  variously  branched  ; 
the  cells  or  zocecia  are  alternate,  closely  connate  back  to 
back,  and  facing  in  opposite  directions.  Eleven  existing 
species  are  known. 


548 

biferous  (bif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  bifer,  bearingtwioe 
(<  /)/'-,  twice,  +  fcrre  =  E.  ?)(■«>•!),  +  -o?/s.]  In 
hot.,  bearing  flowers  or  fruit  twice  a  year,  as 
some  plants  in  warm  climates. 

biffin  (bif'in),  w.  [Also  spelled  beefln,  beefen 
(and,  by  a  false  etym.,  beaufin,  as  if  <  F.  beau, 
beautiful,  +  fin,  tine);  a  dial,  corruption  of 
beefing,  <  beef  +  -ing :  so  called  from  tlio  red 
color  of  the  apple.]  1.  An  excellent  eookiiig- 
apple  cultivated  in  England,  especially  in  tlie 
county  of  Norfolk.  It  is  often  sold  in  a  dried 
and  flattened  condition.  Hence  —  2.  Abaked 
apple  crushed  into  a  flat  round  cake. 

bifid  (bi'fid),  a.  [<  L.  bifidus,  forked,  <  bi-,  two-, 
-f-  findere  {fid-),  cleave,  divide,  =  E.  hite,  q.  v.] 
Cleft  or  di\aded  into  two  parts ;  forked,  as 
the  tongue  of  a  snake;  specifically,  in  bot., 
divided  half-way  down  into  two  parts;  open- 
ing with  a  cleft ;  divided  by  a  linear  sinus,  with 
straight  margins. 

It  will  be  observed  that  each  of  the  simple  cells  has 
a  bifid  wart-like  projection  of  the  cellulose  wall  on  either 
side.  W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  263. 

Bifid  circle,  a  circle  cut  at  the  extremities  of  a  diameter 
by  another  circle,  in  regard  to  which  it  is  said  to  be  bifid. 
—  Bifid  substitution,  in  math.,  a  substitution  relating 
to  pairs  of  8  letters  as  elements,  and  proceeding  by  the 
rule  that  the  whole  8  are  to  be  distinguished  into  2  sets 
of  4,  and  that  every  pair  both  members  of  which  belong 
to  the  same  set  of  4  is  to  be  replaced  by  the  other  pair 
of  the  same  set  of  4,  while  the  rest  of  the  pairs  remain 
unchanged. 

bifidate,  bifidated  (bif 'i-dat,  -da-ted),  a.  [<  L. 
bifidatus,  equiv.  to  bifidus:  see  bifid.']  Same 
as  bifid.  [Rare.] 

bifidity  (bi-fid'i-ti),  n.  [<  bifid  +  -ity.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  bifid. 

bifilar  (bi-fi'lar),  a.  and  n.  [<  6}-2  -f-  filar,  < 
L.  ^7M»i,  thread :  see^Ze^.]  I.  a.  Two-thread- 
ed; having  two  threads — Bifilar  magnetometer, 
an  instrument  invented  in  1837  by  the  mathematician 
Gauss,  depending  on  the  use  of  the  bifilar  suspension. — 
Bifilar  suspension,  an  important  contrivance  for  mea- 
suring horizontal  couples  or  forces  of  rotation,  first  used 
in  the  bifilar  magnetometer.  The  needle,  bar,  disk,  or 
other  body  which  the  couple  to  be  measured  is  to  turn  is 
suspended  at  equal  distances  from  and  on  opposite  sides 
of  its  center  of  gravity  by  two  equally  long  threads  from 
two  fi.ved  points  on  one  higher  level.  Thus,  under  the 
influence  of  gravity  alone,  the  suspended  body  comes  to 
equilibrium  with  the  two  threads  in  a  vertical  plane. 
When  it  is  turned  through  any  angle  about  a  vertical 
axis  through  its  center,  its  weight  tends  to  restore  it  to 
its  original  position  ;  and  the  moment  of  this  force  of 
restitution  can  be  accurately  calculated  from  the  lengths 
of  the  threads,  the  distances  of  their  attachments,  and 
the  weight  of  the  suspended  body.  This  moment  in- 
creases with  the  angle  of  displacement  up  to  90° ;  conse- 
quently, if  the  force  to  be  measured  is  not  too  great,  it 
will,  when  it  is  applied,  bring  the  suspended  body  to  equi- 
librium in  a  new  position,  the  inclination  of  which  from 
the  old  position  being  observed  affords  the  means  of  calcu- 
lating the  magnitude  of  the  force. 
II.  n.  A  micrometer  fitted  with  two  threads. 

bifilarly  (bi-fi'lar-li),  adv.  In  a  bifilar  man- 
ner ;  by  means  of  two  threads :  as,  "  supported 
bifilarly,'"  S.  P.  Thompson,  Elect,  and  Mag.,  p. 
298. 

bifistular,  bifistulous  (bi-fis'tu-liir,  -lus),  a. 
[<  4-  fistular,  fistulous.]  Having  two  tubes 
or  channels. 

biflabellate  (bi-fla-bel'at),  a.  [<  bi-"^  +  flabel- 
late.]  In  entom.,  having  short  joints,  as  an 
antenna,  each  provided  on  two  opposite  sides 
with  a  very  long,  somewhat  flattened  process, 
the  processes  lying  close  together,  so  that  the 
whole  organ  is  somewhat  fan-like.  It  is  an 
extreme  modification  of  the  bipectinate  type. 

biflagellate  (bi-fla-jel'at),  a.  [<  6i-2  -f  flagel- 
lum  +  -afci.]  Having  two  whip-like  appen- 
dages or  flagella :  as,  a  bifiagellate  infusorian. 

The  "  hooked  Monad  "  is  another  bi-fiagellate  form. 

K'.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  420. 

biflecnode  (bi-flek'nod),  n.  [Irreg.<  L.  bi-,  twice, 
+  fiec(tere),  bend,  +  nodus,  node.]  In  math.,  a 
node  or  point  at  which  a  curve  crosses  itself, 
and  which  is  at  the  same 
time  a  point  of  inflection,  or 
a  point  where  the  direction 
of  the   bending  changes. 
This  is  a  singularity  found 
among  quartic  and  higher 

C^'^'es.  „   ,       ,  Biflecnode. 

biflorate  (bi-flo'rat),  a.  [< 

-1-  florate.]    In  bot.,  bearing  two  flowers, 
bifiorous  (bi-flo'rus),  a.   [<  NL.  bifiorus,  <  L.  bi-, 

two-,  +  fios  (flor-),  flower.]  Same  as  bifiorate. 
bifocal  (bi-fo'kal),  a.   [<       -F/ocaL]  Having 

two  foci. 

bifoil  (bi'foil),  n.  [<  6j-2  4-  foil^,  leaf.]  An 
old  and  synonymous  name  of  the  British  plant 
twayblade,  Listera  ovata. 

bifold  (bi'fold),  a.  [<  bi-^  +  -fold.]  Twofold ; 
double ;  of  two  Mnds,  degrees,  etc. 


big 

O  madness  of  discourse. 
That  cause  sets  up  with  and  against  thyself  I 
lU-fold  authority  !  SItak.,  T.  and  C,  v.  2. 

bifolia,  n.    Plural  of  bifolium. 
bifoliate  (bi-fo'li-at),  a.    [<  bi-'^  +  foliate.]  In 

hot.,  having  two  leaves, 
bifoliolate  (bi-fo'li-o-lat),  a.    [<  bi-^  +  folio- 
late.]    In  hot.,  having  two  leaflets:  applied  to 
a  compound  leaf, 
bifolium  (bi-fo'li-um),  n.;  pi.  bifolia  (-a).  [NL., 

<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  folium,  leaf.]  In  math.,  a  plane 
curve  having  two  folia  or  depressions.  See  cut 
under  bitangcnt. 

bifollicular  (bi-fo-lik'u-lar),  a.  [<  bi-"^  -f  fol- 
licular.] In  bot.,  having  a  double  follicle,  as 
apocynaceous  plants. 

biforate  (bi-fo'rat),  a.  [<  L.  bi-  +  foratus,  per- 
forated, pp.  of  forare  -  E.  ?)o/el.]  In  bot., 
having  two  pores  or  perforations,  as  the  an- 
thers of  a  rhododendron.    Also  biforous. 

biforine  (bif'o-rin),  n.  [<  L.  biforis,  two- 
doored,  <  hi-,  two-,  -t- /(w-ts  =  E.  door.]  In  bat., 
a  minute  oval  sac  found  in  the  interior  of  the 
green  pulpy  part  of  the  leaves  of  some  arace- 
ous  plants,  with  an  aperture  at  each  end  through 
which  raphides  are  expelled. 

Biforipalla  (bi-fo-ri-pal'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  bi-, 
two-,  +  foris  =  E.  door,  +  palla,  mantle.] 
An  order  of  bivalve  mollusks,  supposed  to  be 
distinguished  by  having  two  openings  in  the 
mantle,  one  for  the  foot  and  the  other  for  ex- 
crement. It  was  thus  based  on  a  misconception. 
Its  constituents  were  the  Mytilacea  and  Naya- 
des.  Latreillc. 

biforked  (bi'forkt),  a.  [<  6i-2  +  forked.  Cf. 
bifurcate.]  Having  two  forks  or  prongs  ;  two- 
forked:  as,  "a  biforked  beam,"  Southey. 

biform,  biformed  (bi'form,  -formd),  a.  [<  L. 
biformis,  <  bi-,  two-,  +  forma,  shape.]  Having 
two  forms,  bodies,  or  shapes ;  double-bodied. 

biformity  (bi-for'mi-ti),  n.  [<  biform  +  -ity.] 
The  state  of  being  biform;  a  doubleness  of 
form. 

biforous  (bi-fo'rus),  a.    Same  as  biforate. 

bifoveolate.  bifoveolated  (bi-fo've-o-lat,  -la- 
ted),  a.  [<  foveolate.]  In  ewtoOT.,  hav- 
ing two  round  shallow  pits  or  fovese  on  the 
surface. 

bifrons  (bi'fronz),  a.  [L. :  see  hifront.]  Same 
as  bifront. 

bifront  (bi'frunt),  a.  [<  L.  bifron(t-)s,  having 
two  foreheads  (an  epithet  of  Janus),  <  bi-,  two-, 
+  fron(t-)s,  forehead,  front.]  Having  two 
fronts  or  faces,  as  the  god  Janus. 

bifronted  (bi-frun'ted),  a.  [As  bifront  +  -ed^.] 
Same  as  bifront. 

bifurcate  (bi-fer'kat),  V.  i.:  pret.  and  pp.  bifur- 
cated, ppr.  bifurcating.  [<  ML.  bifurcatus,  pp. 
adj.,  two-forked  (cf.  L.  bifurcus,  two-forked), 

<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  furcatus,  forked:  see  furcate.] 
To  divide  into  two  forks  or  branches. 

The  central  trunk  which  runs  up  the  foot-stalk  bifur- 
cates near  the  centre  of  the  leaf. 

Darwin,  Insectiv.  Plants,  p.  247. 

bifurcate,  bifurcated  (bi-fer'kat,  -ka-ted),  a. 

[<  ML.  bifurcatus:  see  the  verb.]  Two-forked; 

divided  into  two  brandies, 
bifurcately  (bi-fer'kat-li),  adv.   In  a  bifurcate 

manner. 

bifurcation  (bi-fer-ka'shon),  n.  [<  bifurcate 
+  -ion.]  1.  A  forking  or  division  into  two 
branches;  separation  into  two  parts  or  things; 
in  optics,  same  as  double  refraction.  See  refrac- 
tion.— 2.  A  point  at  which  forking  occurs;  one 
or  both  of  the  bifurcating  parts. — 3.  Specifi- 
cally, in  geog.,  the  division  of  a  sti'eam  into  two 
parts,  each  of  which  connects  with  a  different 
river  system :  as,  the  bifurcation  of  the  upper 
Orinoco. 

bifurcous  (bi-fer'kus),  a.  [<  L.  bifurcus,  two- 
forked,  <  bi-,  two-,  +  furca,  a  fork.]  Same  as 
bifurcate. 

bigi  (big),  a.  [<  ME.  big,  bigg,  bigge,  byg,  etc., 
powerful,  strong,  large ;  origin  unknown.  The 
E.  dial,  bug,  bog,  proud,  important,  self-suffi- 
cient, agrees  partly  in  sense,  but  appears  to 
be  unrelated:  see  bog^,  bug^.]  If.  Of  great 
strength  or  power. — 2.  Having  great  size  ;  large 
in  bulk  or  magnitude,  absolutely  or  relatively. 
Methinks  he  seems  no  bigger  than  his  head. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  6. 

The  world  wagged  on  in  its  accustomed  way,  bringing 
all  manner  of  changes  big  and  little.  W.  Black. 

3.  Great  with  young;  pregnant;  ready  to  give 
birth ;  hence,  figuratively,  full  of  something  im- 
portant ;  ready  to  produce ;  teeming. 

At  length  the  momentous  hour  arrives,  as  big  with  con- 
sequences to  man  as  any  that  ever  struck  in  his  history. 

Everett,  Orations,  p.  81. 


big 

4.  Distended ;  full,  as  of  grief,  passion,  cour- 
age, determination,  goodness,  etc. 

Thy  heart  is  big;  get  thee  apart  and  weep. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iii.  1. 

For  myself,  I  find  my  heart  too  big;  I  feel  I  have  not  pa- 
tience to  looii  on,  wliilst  you  run  these  forbidden  courses. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  King  and  Xo  King,  iii.  3.' 

5.  Tumid;  inflated,  as  with  pride;  hence, 
haughty  in  air  or  mien,  or  indicating  haughtil 
ness;  pompous;  proud;  boastful:  as,  lig  looks; 
big  words. 

He  began  to  look  big,  and  take  mightily  upon  him. 

Sti'i/t,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  iv. 

6.  Great  as  regards  influence,  standing,  wealth, 
etc.    [Colloq.] —Big  game.  See  gamei.— Big  tree 

the  mammoth  tree,  Sequoia  gigantea,  found  on  the  slopes 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  central  California,  particularly  in 
the  • '  big-tree  grove  "  in  Calaveras  county.  =  Syn.  2  Large 
etc.  (see  great),  bulky,  huge,  massive.— 5.  Lofty,  pompous' 
arrogant,  important. 
big2,  bigg2  (big),  V.  [<  ]ME.  higgen,  hijggen,  < 
Icel.  hijggja,  older  form  hyggva  (=  Sw.  htjgga 
=  Dan.  bygge  =  AS.  biaan),  build,  dwell  in,  in- 
habit, a  secondary  form  of  bua  (pret.  pi.  bjoggu) 
=  AS.  buan,  dwell:  see  be^,  bower,  boor.]  I. 
trans.  If.  To  inhabit;  occupy.— 2t.  Eeflex- 
ively,  to  locate  one's  self.— 3.  to  build;  erect; 
fashion.    [Scotch  and  North.  Eng.] 

O  bigged  hae  they  a  bigly  bom- 
Fast  by  the  roaring  strond. 
Itose  the  Red,  and  White  Lilly,  in  Child's  Ballads,  V.  174. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  dwell;  have  a  dwelUng. 
big3,  biggS  (big),  n.  [Sc.  and  North.  E.,  more 
commonly  bigg,  early  mod.  E.  also  bijgg,  bijqge, 
late  JIE.  byge,  <  Icel.  hijqg  =  Sw.  hjagg  =  Dan. 
byg,  barley,  =  AS.  beow,  grain,  ult.,  like  the 
remotely  related  big^,  bigg^,  <  ■/  bti,  grow,  be, 
Skt.  ■/  bhu,  be,  Gr.  dveadat,  grow:  see  6el.]  A 
kind  of  winter  barley  cultivated  in  northern 
Em-ope,  especially  in  Scotland ;  properly,  four- 
rowed  barley,  Hordeum  vidgare,  inferior  to  but 
hardier  than  H.  hcxasticlion,  of  which  it  is  some- 
times called  a  variety.    See  bear^. 

biga  (bi'ga),  n.  [L.,  sing,  from  earlier  pi. 
big(e,  a  pair  of  horses,  a  chariot  or  car  drawn 
by  them,  contr.  of  bijiigoe,  fem.  pi.  of  bijugus, 
yoked  two  together,  <  bi-,  two-,  -I-  jugum  =  E. 
yoke.']  In  Rom.  antiq.,  a  chariot  or  car  drawn 
by  two  horses  abreast. 

bigamt  (big'am),  n.  [<  ME.  bigavi,  <  OF.  Ug- 
ame,  <  LL.  bigamus,  twice  married:  see  big- 
amy.]   A  bigamist. 

Some  parts  thereof  teach  us  ordinances  of  some  apostle 
as  the  law  of  bigamy,  or  St.  Paul's  ordaining  that  a  bigam 
should  not  be  a  deacon  or  priest. 

Bp.  Pecock,  in  his  Life  by  J.  Lewis,  p.  286. 

bigamist  (big'a-mist),  n.    [<  bigamy  +  -ist.] 
One  who  has  committed  bigamy,  or  had  two 
or  more  wives  or  husbands  at  once. 
Lamech  the  prime  bigamist  and  corrupter  of  maniage. 

Donne,  Hist,  of  the  Septuagint,  p.  202. 

bigamous  (big'a-mus),  a.  [<  LL.  bigamus: 
see  bigamy.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  bigamy; 
guilty  of  bigamy;  involving  bigamy:  as,  a  big- 
amous marriage. 

And  very  good  reading  they  [the  novels  of  our  grand- 
mothers] were  too  in  their  way,  though  it  was  not  the 
way  of  the  bigamous  and  murderous  school  that  has  come 
after  them.  A",  a.  Rev.,  CXXUL  223. 

bigamy  (big'a-mi),  n.  [<  JIE.  bigamie,  <  OF. 
bigamie,  <  ML.  bigamia,  bigamv,  <  LL.  bigamus, 
twice  married,  a  bigamist  (equiv.  to  Gr.  diyaaoc, 
>  6iyafiia,  bigamy),  <  L.  bi-  (=  Gr.  6i-),  twice,  + 
yafioc,  marriage.]  1.  Literally,  double  mar- 
riage; remamage  during  the  existence  of  a 
former  marriage ;  in  law,  the  offense  of  having 
two  or  more  wives  or  husbands  at  the  same 
tame.  To  constitute  the  offense,  which  by  statute  law 
IS  a  felony,  it  is  necessary,  by  the  law  of  many  jurisdic- 
tions, that  the  accused  should  have  actual  or  constructive 
knowledge  that  the  first  wife  or  husband  was  still  liviii" 
when  the  second  one  was  taken,  and  that  the  second  mar- 
riage should  have  been  one  solemnized  under  the  forms  of 
law,  and  not  merely  an  informal  marriage  resting  on  the 
contract  of  the  parties,  or  their  holding  out  each  other  to 
toe  world  as  husband  and  wife.  Where  these  elements  of 
imowledge  and  of  fonnality  are  wanting,  the  second  mar- 
riage IS  still  generally  invalid,  but  not  bigamous  in  the 
criminal  sense. 

2t.  Second  marriage ;  reman-iage  of  a  widow 
or  widower,  in  the  early  church,  before  the  establish- 
ment  of  clerical  celibacy,  such  remarriage  on  the  part  of 
a  man  was  generally  regarded  as  an  impediment  to  holy 
orders  Jlarnage  with  a  widow  is  called  bigamv  by  Shak- 
spere  m  Richard  III.,  iii.  7.  J     a   J  •^ 

bigarade  (big'a-rad),  n.  [F.]  The  bitter  or 
beyille  orange,  Citrus  Aurantiicm,  variety  Biqa- 
radta.  •' 

bigaroon  (big-a-ron'),  n.  [With  tei-m.  altered 
ui  E.,  <  F.  bigarreau,  white-heart  cherry  (cf. 
bigarrure,  motley,  medley,  mixture),  <  bigarrer, 
streak,  checker,  variegate;  of  disputed  origin.] 


549 

The  large  white-heart  cherry,  red  on  one  side 
and  white  on  the  other, 
bigaster  (bi-gas'ter),  n.    [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  Gr. 
yaorijp,  belly.]    Same  as  biventer. 
big-bellied  (big'bel'id),  «.    1.  Having  a  large 
or  protuberant  belly. 

He  (William  Ruf us]  was  in  stature  somewhat  below  the 
usual  size,  and  big-bellied.  Swift,  Hist.  Eng. 


2.  Advanced  in  pregnancy.  [Vulgar.] 
big-boned  (big'bond),  a.    Having  large  bones; 
stout ;  very  strong. 

Big-boned,  and  large  of  limb,  with  sinews  strong. 

Dnjden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  iii.  45. 

big-cornedt  (big'komd),  a.  Having  large  grains. 

The  strength  of  big-corn'd  powder. 

Dryden,  Annus  llirabilis,  ii.  149. 

Bigelovia  (big-e-16'vi-a), )(.  [NL.,  named  after 
Dr.  Jacob  Bigelow  (1787-1879),  a  physician  and 
botanist  of  Boston,  U.  S.  A.]  A  genus  of  Com- 
positw,  nearly  related  to  Solidago,  containing 
over  30  species,  natives  of  western  North  Amer- 
ica. They  are  mostly  suffrutescent  or  shrubby,  witli  nai'- 
row  and  entire  leaves,  and  small  rayless  heads  of  yellow 
flowers.  B.  veneta,  from  the  bordere  of  Me.xico,  is  one 
of  the  sources  of  a  drug  called  da)niana. 

bigemina,  Plm-al  of  bigeminum. 
bigeminate,  bigeminated  (bi-jem'i-nat,  -na- 
ted),  a.  [<  6i-2  +  geminate.  Cf.  L.  bigeminus, 
doubled.]  Twin-forked;  doubly  paired;  bi- 
conjugate:  in  bot.,  said  of  a  decompound  leaf 
ha\ing  a  forked  petiole,  with  a  pair  of  leaflets 
at  the  end  of  each  di\'ision. 
bigeminum  (bi-Jem'i-num),  «.;  pi.  bigemina 
(-na).  [XL.,  neut.  of  L.  bigeminus,  doubled,  < 
bi-,  twice,  4-  geminus,  twin.]  One  of  the  cor- 
pora bigemina  or  twin  bodies  of  the  brain;  one 
of  the  anterior  pair  (nates  cerebri)  of  the  cor- 
pora quadrigemina ;  one  of  the  optic  lobes, 
when  there  are  only  two,  instead  of  four  as  in 
the  higher  mammals.  Wilder. 
big-endian  (big-en'di-an),  n.  and  a.  I.  n.  A 
member  of  the  Lilliputian  party  in  Swift's 
"Gulliver's  Travels"  who  maintained,  in  op- 
position to  the  little-endians,  that  boiled  eggs 
should  be  cracked  at  the  big  end ;  hence,  one  of 
any  corresponding  set  of  disputers  about  trifles. 

II,  a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  big  end 
of  an  egg,  or  any  equally  foolish  matter,  as  a 
subject  of  controversy, 
bigener  (bi'je-ner),  n.  [L.,  hybrid,  mongrel,  < 
bi-,  two-,  +  genus  {gener-),  kind:  see  genus.]  A 
cross  between  two  species  of  different  genera ; 
a  mule. 

bigeneric  (bi-jf-ner'ik),  a.    [As  bigener -\- -ic : 
see  6i-2  and  generic]    Ha-\-ing  the  characters 
of  two  different  genera ;  ha-vdng  the  character 
of  a  bigener. 
bigential  (bi-jen'shal),  a.    [<  ML.  bigen(t-)s,  of 
two  nations,  <  bi-,  two-,  +  gen(t-)s,  a  nation.] 
Comprising  two  tribes  or  peoples, 
big-eye  (big'i),  n.    A  fish  of  the  genus  Priacan- 
thus  and  family  Priacantkidce :  so  eaUed  from 
its  very  large  rotmd  eyes, 
big-foot  (big'fiit),  n.  '[Tr.  of  the  generic  name 
Megapodius.]    A  book-name  of  a  mound-bird 
of  the  genus  Megapodius. 
biggif,  a.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  big'^. 
bigg2,  V.    See  big^. 
bigg^,  n.    See  big^. 
biggah,  n.    See  bega. 

biggen  (big'n),  v.    [<  %l  -l-  -<;„l.]    I.t  trans. 
To  make  big ;  increase. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  grow  big;  become  larger. 
[Dialectal.]— 2.  To  gain  strength  after  con- 
finement.   [North.  Eng.] 

The  gossips  regularly  wish  the  lady  a  good  biggening. 

Broekett,  North  Country  Words,  p.  16. 
bigger  (big'er),  n.  [<  %2  Ugg2^  -f.  .g^l.]  a 
builder.  [Scotch.] 
biggin^  (big'in),  n.  [Also  written  biggen,  big- 
gon,  early  mod.  E.  also  byggen,  begin,  <  OF.  be- 
guin,  mod.  F.  beguin  —  It.  beghino,  a  cap,  so 
named  from  that  worn  by  the  nuns  called  Be- 
guines,  ME.  begine,  beggin  (early  mod.  E.  bigin, 
biggayne,  etc.) :  see  Beguin.]  1.  A  child's  cap. 
—  2.  A  nightcap. 

Brow  with  homely  biggin  bound. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  4. 
An  old  woman's  biggin  for  a  nightcap. 

Massinger,  The  Picture,  iv.  2. 

3.  In  England,  the  coif  of  a  serjeant  at  law. — 

4.  A  head-dress  worn  in  the  later  middle  ages, 
and  throughout  the  seventeenth  century,  bv 
both  men  and  women.    That  worn  by  women 
was  broad  at  the  top,  with  projecting  comers 
like  ears.  ' 

biggin^  (big'in),  n.    [Another  form  of  piggin, 
q.  v.]    A  small  wooden  vessel ;  a  can. 


biglandular 

biggin^  (big'in),  n.  [Named  from  the  inventor, 
Mr.  Biggin,  about  1800.]  A  kind  of  coffee-pot 
containmg  a  strainer  for  the  infusion  of  the 
coffee,  without  allowing  the  grounds  to  mix 
with  the  infusion.    ^Y.  E.  D. 

bigging  (big'ing),  n.  [Also  biggin,  <  ME.  big- 
gmg,  a  bmlding,  <  biggen,  build:  see  %2.]  a 
building;  a  habitation;  a  home.  [Scotch  and 
North.  Eng.] 

biggonf,  n.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  biqginX. 

biggonet  (big'o-net),  n.  [Also  bigoiict,  after 
equiv.  OF.  heguinet;  dim.  of  biggon,  biggin^,  q. 
v.]  A  cap  or  head-dress;  a  biggin.  [Scotch 
and  North.  Eng.] 

And  gi'e  to  me  my  biggonet. 

My  bisliop's  satin  gou-n, 
For  I  maun  tell  the  bailie's  wife 
That  Colin's  come  to  town. 

Jean  Adaniji,  There's  nae  Luck, 
bigha  (big'a),  n.    Same  as  bega. 
bighead  (bi'g'hed),  n.    A  local  name  of  a  Cali- 
fornian  species  of  sculpin,  Scorpwnichthys  mar- 
moratus,  a  fish  of  the  family  Cottida.  Also  call- 
ed cabezon. 

bighorn  (big'hom),  «.  l.  The  Rocky  Moun-^ 
tain  sheep,  Ovis  montana:  so  called  from  the 
immense  size  of  the  horns,  which  resemble  those 
of  the  argali,  but  are  shorter  and  comparatively 
stouter  and  not  so  spiral.  The  animal  in  other  re- 
spects resembles  and  is  closely  related  to  the  argali,  of 


Bighorn  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  (Ot/is  monlana). 

which  it  is  the  American  representative.    In  color  it  is 
grayish-brown,  with  whitish  buttocks,  like  the  other  wild 
sheep.    It  stands  about  Z\  feet  high  at  the  withers,  and 
IS  very  stoutly  built.    It  inhabits  the  higher  mountain 
ranges  of  the  western  United  States  from  New  Mexico 
and  southern  California  northward,  down  nearly  or  quite 
to  sea-level  in  the  higher  latitudes,  and  is  abundant  in 
suitable  localities  in  Colorado,  Wyoming,  .Montana  Idaho 
etc.    It  is  much  hunted  for  its  flesh,  which  makes  excel- 
lent mutton.    Like  other  wild  sheep,  it  is  gregarious 
2.  The  great  fossil  Irish  elk  of  the  peat-bogs, 
Cervus  megaceros.  [Rare.] 
bight  (bit),  n.    [<  ME.  bycht,  bi/gt,  <  AS.  byht, 
a  bend,  a  comer  (=D.  bocht^G.  bucht,  a  bay, 
bight,  =  Sw.  Dan.  bugt,  bend,  bight  of  a  rope, 
a  bay) ;  cf.  byge,  a  bend,  angle,  <  bugan  (pp. 
bogen),  bend,  bow:  see  bowi,  and  cf.  the  ult. 
identical  E.  bougbtl-,  bout^,  and  the  related  baia 
a  ring,  hoop:  see  bout^.]    If.  Abend  or  bend- 
ing; an  angle,  especially  in  a  living  body,  as 
of  the  elbow,  or  the  inward  bend  of  a  horse's 
chambrel,  or  the  bend  of  the  fore  knees.— 2 
A  loop  of  a  rope,  in  distinction  from  the  ends; 
any  bent  part  or  turn  of  a  rope  between  the 
ends. 

They  put  the  bightot  a  rope  round  Ben's  neck  andslunc 
him  right  up  to  the  yard-arm. 

S.  0.  Jeivett,  Deephaven,  p.  95. 

3.  A  narrow  bay  or  recess  in  a  sea-coast  be- 
tween comparatively  distant  headlands ;  a  long 
and  gradual  bend  of  a  coast-Une :  used  especial- 
ly m  the  names  Bight  of  Benin  and  of  Biafra 
in  Africa,  and  the  Great  Australian  Biqht  (on 
the  south  coast). 

The  spangle  dances  in  bight  and  bay. 

Tennyson,  Sea-Fairies. 
On  the  warm  bights  of  the  Florida  shores. 

D.  G.  Mitchell,  Bound  Together,  iii. 

4.  A  similar  bend  in  the  shore  of  a  river  or  a 
bay,  or  recess  in  a  mountain ;  a  bay-like  inden- 
tation. [Rare.] 

In  the  very  6i«e  or  nook  of  the  bay  there  was  a  (treat 
inlet  of  water. 

De  Foe,  Voyage  around  the  World,  (.y.  B.  D.) 
Bowline  on  a  bight.  See  bowline. 
bight  (bit),  r.      [<  bight,  n.]  To  fold  or  double 

so  as  to  make  one  or  more  bights, 
biglandular  (bi-glan 'du-lar),  a.     [<  bi-2  H- 
glandular.]    Having  two  glands. 


biglot 

biglot  (bi'glot),  fl.  [<  L.  hi-,  two-,  +  Gr.  yAwrra, 
tongue.]  In  two  languages;  bilingual.  N.E.D. 
[Eare.] 

biglyt  (big'li),  adv.  [<  IVIE.  Ugly,  powerfully, 
bravely ;  <  big'^  +  -?«/2.]  in  a  tumid,  swelling, 
blustering  manner;  haughtily;  arrogantly. 

He  brawleth  bighi.  Sir  T.  More,  Works,  p.  701. 

bigmouth  (big'mouth),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Coitrarchida:  CluruohnjUiisgulosus.  Also  called 
irarwonth.  See  cut  under  Centrarchida'. 
bigness  (big'nes),  n.  [<  hig'^  +  -ness.']  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  big;  largeness  of  propor- 
tions ;  size,  whether  large  or  small ;  bulk,  ab- 
solute or  relative. 

Hayle  of  suche  bygnesse  that  it  slewe  both  men  and 
beestys.  Fabyan,  I.  238. 

Their  legs  are  both  of  a  bigness.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 
The  bigness  and  uncouth  deformity  of  the  camel. 

Sir  R.  L'Estrange. 

Large  oak,  walnut,  hickory,  ash,  beech,  poplar,  and 
many  other  sorts  of  timber,  of  surprising  bigness. 

Beverley,  Virginia,  ii.  1[  2. 

Bignonia  (big-no'ni-a),  w.  [NL.,  named  after 
.Bignon.  librarian  to  Louis  XV.]  A  genus  of 
plants  of  many  species,  natural  order  Bigno- 
niacece,  natives  of  the  warmer  portions  of  the 
new  world.  The  species  are  characterized  by  a  twin- 
ing or  climbing  stem,  frequently  in  the  tropics  reaching 
the  tops  of  the  highest  trees,  with  divided  leaves  and  often 
magnificent  trumpet-shaped  flowers.  In  the  stems  of 
some  species  the  wood  is  so  arranged  as  to  have  a  cross- 
like  appearance  in  section.  The  most  northern  species, 
B.  capreolata  of  the  southern  United  States,  is  frequent- 
ly cultivated  in  gardens,  and  others  are  ornaments  of 
greenhouses.  B.  Chica  of  South  America  yields  an  orange- 
red  coloring  matter  called  chico  (which  see). 
Bignoniaceae  (big-no-ni-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Bignonia  +  -ace(e.~\  A  natural  order  of  mono- 
petalous  dicotyledonous  plants  with  irregular 


Flowering  Branch  of  Trumpet-creeper  (  Tecoma  radicans).  a, 
opened  follicle  of  same,  showinfj  seeds  ;  b,  seed  of  Catalpa  bignoni- 
oides.  '  From  Le  Maout  and  Decaisne's  "  Traite  general  de  Bota- 
nique." ) 

flowers,  a  pod-like  fruit,  and  winged  seeds 

without  albumen.  They  are  trees  or  shrubby  climb- 
ers or  twiners,  natives  chiefly  of  warm  regions,  and  are 
especially  abundant  in  South  America.  Of  the  many 
genera,  the  best  known  are  Bignonia,  Tecorna  (the  trum- 
pet-creeper), including  some  trees  that  furnish  hard  and 
close-grained  woods,  Crescentia  (the  calabash-tree),  and 
Catalpa  of  the  United  States. 

bignoniaceous  (big-no-ni-a'shius),  a.  In  bot., 
pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Bignoniacece. 

bigoldt  (bi'gold),  n.  The  yellow  oxeye  or  com- 
marigold,  Chrysanthemum  segetuni.  Gei-ard. 

bigot  (big'ot),  M.  and  a.  [First  at  end  of  16th 
century,  <  F.  bigot,  a  bigot,  a  hypocrite,  <  OF. 
bigot;  of  disputed  origin.  Under  this  form  two 
or  more  independent  words  appear  to  have 
been  confused,  involving  the  etym.  in  a  mass 
of  fable  and  conjecture.  Whatever  its  origin, 
bigot,  as  a  vague  term  of  contempt,  came  to  be 
confused  with  Beguin  and  Beghard.  This  con- 
fusion appears  in  ML.  Bigutti,  Biguttm,  used  in 
the  15th  century  as  equivalents  of  Begkardi  and 
Beguinw.  See  Beghard  and  Beguin.']  I.  n.  If. 
A  hypocritical  professor  of  religion;  a  hypo- 
crite ;  also,  a  superstitious  adherent  of  reli- 
gion. N.  E.  D. —  2.  A  person  who  is  obstinate- 


550 

ly  and  unreasonably  wedded  to  a  particular 
religious  or  other  creed,  opinion,  practice,  or 
ritual ;  a  person  who  is  illiberally  attached  to 
any  opinion,  system  of  belief,  or  party  organi- 
zation ;  an  intolerant  dogmatist. 

In  philosophy  and  religion  the  bigots  of  all  parties  are 
generally  the  most  positive.  Watts. 
The  bigots  of  the  iron  time 
Had  called  his  harmless  art  a  crime. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  Int. 

The  existence  of  genuine  piety  amid  serious  errors  is 
forgotten,  or  rather  rejected,  by  certain  illiberal  minds, 
the  bigots  of  exclusive  ecclesiastical  hypotheses,  who,  in 
maintaining  that  "  out  of  the  church  there  can  be  no  salva- 
tion," would  have  us  believe  that  there  is  none  out  of  their 
own.  Js.  Taylor,  Spiritual  Despotism,  §  10. 

Il.t  a.  Same  as  bigoted. 

In  a  country  more  bigot  than  oui's. 

Dryden,  Ded.  of  Limberham. 

bigoted  (big'ot-ed),  a.  [<  bigot  +  -ed2.]  Having 
the  character  of  a  bigot ;  obstinately  and  blind- 
ly wedded  to  a  particular  creed,  opinion,  prac- 
tice, or  ritual ;  unreasonably  and  intolerantly 
devoted  to  a  system  of  belief,  an  opinion,  or  a 
party.    Also  rarely  spelled  bigotted. 

A  more  abject,  slavish,  and  fii'^oied  generation.  Steele. 

So  nursed  and  bigoted  to  strife.  Byron. 

A  bigoted  Tory  and  High  Churchman. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,xvii. 

bigotedly  (big'ot-ed-li),  adv.    In  a  bigoted 

manner ;  with  irrational  zeal, 
bigoticalt  (bi-got'i-kal),  a.    [<  bigot  +  -ical.'] 

Bigoted. 

Some  bigotical  religionists. 

Cudworth,  Intellectual  System,  p.  18. 

bigotry  (big'ot-ri),  n. ;  pi.  bigotries  (-riz).  [<  F. 
higoterie,  <  iigot.]  The  character  or  mode  of 
thought  of  a  bigot ;  obstinate  and  unreasona- 
ble attachment  to  a  particular  creed,  opinion, 
practice,  ritual,  or  party  organization;  e.xces- 
sive  zeal  or  warmth  in  favor  of  a  party,  sect, 
or  opinion;  intolerance  of  the  opinions  of 
others. 

Those  bigotries  which  all  good  and  sensible  men  despise. 

Pope. 

Were  it  not  for  a  bigotry  to  our  own  tenets,  we  could 
hardly  imagine  that  so  many  absurd,  wicked,  and  bloody 
principles  should  pretend  to  support  themselves  by  the 
gospel.  Watts. 

James  was  now  a  Koman  Catholic.  Religious  bigotry 
had  become  the  dominant  sentiment  of  his  narrow  and 
stubborn  mind.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

=  S3^.  Credulity,  Fanaticism,  etc.  (see  superstition),  nar- 
row-mindedness, prejudice,  intolerance. 

bigroot  (big'rot),  M.  The  name  in  California 
of  species  of  Megarrhiza,  a  cucurbitaceous  vine 
the  roots  of  which  gi'ow  to  an  immense  size. 

big-sounding  (big '  soun  *  ding),  a.  Having  a 
pompous  sound. 

Big-sounding  sentences  and  words  of  state. 

Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  i.  3. 

big-swollen,  big-swoln  (big'swo'len,  -swolu), 
a.  Greatly  inflated;  swelled  to  great  bulk; 
turgid ;  ready  to  burst. 

My  big-swoln  heart.  Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  2. 

biguttate  (bi  -  gut '  at),  a.  [<  +  guttate.'] 
In  sooL,  marked  with  two  small  spots. 

bigwig  (big'wig),  n.  [<  ftiV/l  -I-  ivig,  in  refer- 
ence to  the  large  wigs  worn  in  Great  Britain 
by  judges  and  others  in  authority.]  A  great 
man ;  a  person  of  consequence ;  one  high  in  au- 
thority or  rank.  [Slang.] 

Her  husband  was  a  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies, 
a  Conseiller  d'Etat,  or  other  French  big-wig. 

Thackeray,  Newcomes,  xlvi. 

bigwigged  (big'wigd),  a.  Pompous;  solemnly 
authoritative. 

Towards  nightfall  comes  the  chariot  of  a  physician  and 
deposits  its  bigwigged  and  solemn  burden. 

Hawthorne,  Twice-Told  Tales,  I. 

bihamate  (bi-ha'mat),  a.  [<  6j-2  -f-  hamate.'] 
Doubly  hooked;  having  two  hooks. 

The  bihamate  "spicules  of  the  sarcode"  so  character- 
istic of  the  genus  Esperia  and  its  allies. 

Sir  C.  W.  Thomson,  Depths  of  the  Sea,  p.  113. 

bihourly  (bi-our'li),  a.  and  adv.  [<  hi-^  + 
hourly.]  Every  two  hours;  once  every  two 
hours:  as,  ^w/io^ir??/ observations. 

bihydroguret  (bi-hi-drog'u-ret),  n.  [<  &j-2  -f 
hydrog{en)  -h  -uret.]  A  compoimd  of  hydrogen 
with  a  non-metallic  or  negative  element  or 
radical,  in  the  proportion  of  two  atoms  of  hy- 
drogen to  one  atom  or  group  of  the  other  mem- 
ber of  the  compound. 

bijou  (be-zho'))  n.  [F. ;  of  imknown  origin.] 
1 .  A  jewel ;  specifically,  a  jewel  of  gold  richly 
wrought  in  the  metal  itself  without  the  aid  of 
precious  stones.    See  bijouterie.    Hence  —  2. 


bilander 

An  object  of  beauty  of  small  size ;  something 
delicately  pretty  ;  any  relatively  small  charm- 
ing object. 

bijouterie  (be-zho'tre),  n.  [F.,  <  bijou.]  Jew- 
elry ;  small  ornaments  for  personal  decoration; 
specifically,  jewelry  of  gold  richly  adorned  in 
the  metal  itself,  with  little  or  no  use  of  precious 
stones. 

bijoutry  (be-zho'tri),  «.    Same  as  bijouterie. 

bijugate  (bi-jo'gat),  a.  [<  68-2  -ir  jugate.]  1, 
lu  nninis.,  bearing  two  profile  heads,  one  of 
them  overlapping  the  other.  See  cut  under  ac- 
colated. — 2.  In  bot.,  having  two  pairs  of  leaf- 
lets or  pinnro:  used  of  pinnated  leaves. 

bijugOUS  (bi-jo'gus),  rt.  [<  L.  hijugns,  yoked 
two  together:  see  biga.]    Same  as  bijugate. 

bijugue  (bi'jog),  71.  '[<  L.  bijitgns,  yoked  two  to- 
gether :  see  bijugous.]  A  double  bottle  consist- 
ing of  two  complete  vessels  attached  to  each 
other  by  strips  of  the  same  material,  so  that 
they  form  one  piece. 

bikei  (bik),  n.  [Sc.,  also  written  hjke,  <  ME. 
bike,  hykc,  a  hive.]  A  nest  of  wild  bees,  hor- 
nets, or  wasps. 

A  feld  with  flouris,  or  hony  byke. 

Toumeley  Mysteries,  p.  43. 

bike2  (bik),  n.  and  v.    A  corruption  of  bicycle. 

bikh  (bik),  n.  The  name  given  by  the  natives 
of  Nepal  to  a  most  virulent  poison  derived 
from  the  roots  of  Aconitum  ferox  and  proba- 
bly other  species  of,  aconite,  and  to  the  roots 
themselves;  Nepal  aconite.  Also  called  bisk, 
bishma,  or  bisk. 

bikos  (bi'kos),  v.;  pi.  bikoi  (-koi).  [Gr.  P'ckoc: 
see  beaker.]  In  Gr.  antiq.,  a  form  of  earthen- 
ware vase,  usually  of  large  size,  used,  like  other 
large  vases  of  similar  character,  for  storing  pro- 
visions, liquids,  etc.  it  was  shaped  like  a  stamnos 
with  handles,  and  is  mentioned  also  as  made  of  small 
size,  sometimes  in  glass,  to  serve  as  a  drinking-vessel  or 
a  perfume-jar. 

bikshu  (bik'sho),  n.  [Skt.  bhikshu.]  A  Bud- 
dhist mendicant  monk. 

bikshuni  (bik'sho-ne),  n.  [Skt.  bhikshuni.]  A 
Buddhist  nun. 

bil  (bil),  n.  [Also  called  billard  and  billet;  ori- 
gin obscure ;  perhaps  connected  with  billet'^,  a 
stick  or  club.]  A  local  English  name  of  the 
coal-fish,  Follaehius  rircns. 

bilabe  (bi'lab),  n.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  labimn,  lip.] 
In  surg.,  an  instrument  for  removing  small  for- 
eign bodies  from  the  bladder  through  the  ure- 
thra. 

bilabiate  (bi-la'bi-at),  a.    [<  6i-2  labiate.'] 

1.  Possessing,  or  having  the  appearance  of 
possessing,  two  lips:  in  bot., 
applied  to  an  irregular  corolla 
or  calyx  whose  lobes  are  so 
arranged  as  to  form  an  upper 
and  a  lower  lip.  This  character 
prevails  in  the  natural  order  Labiatce, 
and  is  frequent  in  some  other  orders. 

2.  In  conch.,  having  the  outer 
lip  doubled  by  a  thickening 
behind  the  margin  or  true  lip. 

bilabiation  (bl-la-bi-a'shon), 

n.    [<  bilabiate  +  -ion.]  The 

quality  or  condition  of  being 

two-lipped,  or  having  two  lips ; 

a  bilabiate  formation.  Amer. 

Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  XXIX.  319. 
bilaciniate  (bi-la-sin'i-at),  a. 

iate.]    In  bot.,  doubly  laciniate. 
bilalo  (bi-la'16),  n.    [Also  written  guilala;  a 

native  name.]    A  two-masted  passenger-boat, 

about  65  feet  long  and  10  feet  broad,  peculiar 

to  Manila  bay.    it  carries  an  outrigger  for  use  when 

the  wind  blows  fresh,  and  has  a  large  cabin  behind  the 

mainmast. 

bilamellate  (bi-lam'e-lat),  a.  [<  6i-2  -I-  lamel- 
late.] Doubly  lamellate  ;  having  two  lamellas ; 
specifically,  in  hot.,  composed  of  two  plates  and 
as  many  stigmas  and  placentas,  or  bearing  two 
plates,  as  the  lip  of  some  orchids. 

bilamellated  (bi-lam'e-la-ted),  a.  Same  as  bi- 
lamellate. 

bilaminar  (bi-lam'i-nar),  a.  [<  &i-2  -I-  laminar.] 
Consisting  of  two  thiii  plates  or  laminte  ;  two- 
layered. 

bilaminate  (bi-lam'i-nat),  rt.  [<  Z)«-2  -f  lami- 
nate.]   Having  two  plates  or  laminse. 

bilan  (F.  pron.  be-lou'),  n.  [F.,  <  LL.  bilanx 
(sc.  ?»6ra),  a  balance :  see  balance.]  A  balance- 
sheet  :  the  name  given  in  Louisiana  to  a  book 
in  which  merchants  keep  account  of  their  assets 
and  liabilities. 

bilandt,  n.    See  byland. 

bilander  (bil'an-der  or  bi'lan-der),  n.  [Also  by- 
lander  (ef.  F.  belandre),  <  t).  bijlander,  <  bij,  = 


Bilabiate  Calyx  and 
Corolla    of  Salvia 

(sage). 

[<  &i-2  -I-  lacin- 


if 


bilander 

E.  +  land  =  E.  Za«d.]  A  small  merchant 
vessel  with  two  masts,  and  the  mainsail  bent 

to  the  whole 


551 


bilifulvin 


length  of  a 
yard,  hanging 
fore  and  aft, 
and  inclined 
to  the  horizon 
at  an  angle 
of  about  45 
degrees,  the 
foremost  low- 
er comer, 
called  the 
tack,  being 
seem'ed  to  a 
ring-bolt  in 
the  deck,  and 
the  after- 
most, or  sheet, 

Few  vessels  are  now  rigged  in  this 


Spai^  such  swords  being,  like  those  of  Toledo  bileveH,  v.   See  bcleave. 
(see  Toledo),  held  m  high  esteem  for  their  tem-  bileve'-^t,  f.    See  hdicre 
per.]    1   Formerly,  a  sword  or  sword-blade,  bilge  (bilj),  «.    [In  17th  century  also  Mldae 
famous  for  extreme  elasticity,  made  in  Bilbao    and  ;  var.  of  bu!ffc:  see  bich,e  ]    I  The 

in  bpain  ^^jgr  part  or  belly  of  a  cask,  which  is  usually 

pecrE'poh,t!i?:eUot^^^^^^^  ^^^^  middle.- 2.  The  breadth  of  a  ship's 

Shale,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  5.  , 

Hence  — 2.  Any  sword.  [Poetical.] 

At  Poitiers  batli'd  their  bilboea  in  French  tilood. 

Drayton,  Polyolljion,  xvi.  72. 
bilbo2  (bil'bo),  n.;  pi.  bilboes  or  -bos  (-boz). 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  bilbow,  hilboc,  usually  in 
pi.;  prob.  so  named,  like  bilbo'^,  from  Bilbao 
in  Spain;  but  direct  evidence  is  lacking.]  A 


to  the  ta£frail.        ..ss^..  ... 

manner.  The  bilander  is  a  kind  of  hoy,  manageable  by 
four  or  five  men,  and  used  chiefly  in  the  canals  of  the  low 
Countries. 

Why  choose  we,  then,  like  bilanders  to  creep 
Along  the  coast,  and  land  in  view  to  keep  ? 

Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  i.  128. 

bilateral  (bi-lat'e-ral),  a.  [<  NL.  bilateralis,  < 
L.  U-  +  latus  {later-),  side:  see  lateral.'^  1. 
Having  two  sides;  of  or  pertaining  to  two 
sides ;  two-sided. 

The  bilateral  movements  escape  in  cases  of  hemiplegia 
in  spite  of  destruction  of  some  of  the  nervous  arrange- 
ments representing  them.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXV.  175. 

2.  In  bot,  having  the  sides  different. 

The  vegetation  in  all  Hepatica;  is  bilateral,  that  is  dif- 
ferently developed  on  the  uppei'  and  under  sides. 

Bull,  of  III.  State  Laboratory,  II.  6. 

3.  In  feioL,  ha\dngthe  sides  symmetrical  Bilat- 
eral contract,  in  law,  a  contract  which  binds  the  parties 
to  perform  reciprocal  obligations  each  toward  the  other 
Rapalje  and  ia«i/-eHc<?.— Bilateral  restriction,  in  loyic, 
the  restriction  of  a  proposition  at  once  in  its  subject  and 
in  Its  predicate,  as  in  the  following  e.xample :  All  triangle 
IS  all  trilateral  ;  some  triangle  is  some  trilateral.— Bilat- 
eral symmetry,  the  symmetry  of  right  and  left  halves 
or  other  parts  of  the  body ;  sinistrodextral  symmetry  • 
transverse  antitypy.    Also  called  lateritypy. 

In  both  the  foregoing  cases  it  is  the  bilateral  symmetry 
which  IS  so  peculiarly  characteristic  of  locomotive  power. 

W.  B.  Carpenter,  Prin.  of  Physiol. 

Bilateralia  (bi-lat-e-ra'li-a),  M. pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  bilateralis:  see  bilateral.^  1.  A  collec- 
tive name  of  those  animals  which  exhibit  bilat- 
erality  or  bilateral  symmetry,  as  of  right  and 
left  sides.  J.  A.  Ryder.— 2.  A  division  of  ^/j;- 
bulacraria  represented  by  Balanoglossus  alone, 
contrasted  with  other  echinoderms  which  are 
called  Badiata.  Metschnikoff. 

bilateralism  (bi-lat'e-ral-izm),  n.  [<  bilateral 
+  -ism.']  The  state  or  quality  of  being  bilate- 
ral; bilateral  symmetry. 

bilaterality  (bi-lat-e-ral'i-ti),  n.  [<  bilateral 
+  -iti/.']    Same  as  bilateralism. 

bilaterally  (bi-lat'e-ral-i),  adv.  In  a  bilateral 
manner;  on  both  sides:  as,  a  bilaterally  sym- 
metrical larva. 

bilateralness  (bi-lat'e-ral-nes),  n.  [<  bilateral 
+  -ness.}  The  state  or  quality  of  being  bilat- 
eral ;  bilateralism ;  in  sool.,  bilateral  symmetry. 

In  the  Sycamore  and  the  Vine  we  have  a  cleft  type  of 
leaf  in  which  a  decided  bilateralness  of  form  co-exists 
with  a  decided  bilateralness  of  conditions. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  229. 

bilberry  (bil'ber''''i),  n.;  pi.  bilberries  (-iz). 
[Formerly  also  spelled  bill-berry  and  bull-berry. 
The  last  form,  if  not  simulated,  is  prob.  right, 
<  buin  +  fcrn-yi.  Another  species,  the  red 
whortleberry,  is  named  cowberry,  and  the  NL. 
name  of  the  genus,  Vaccinium,  means  'cow- 
berry.' The  word  bull  enters  into  the  nam^s 
of  several  other  plants,  as  bullweed,  bullwort, 
bulrush.  Cf.  hartberry,  another  name  for  bil- 
berry. But  the  relation  of  the  equiv.  Dan.  bolle- 
bcer,  also  simply  bdlle,  whortleberry,  to  Dan. 
boll,  a  castrated  bull  (cf.  leel.  boli  =  Norw.  bol 
=  E.  6kH1),  is  not  clear.  The  usual  Dan.  term 
for  bull  is  tyr  =  Sw.  tjur  =  Icel.  stjorr  =  E. 
steer.  The  name  blaeberry  is  of  different  origin : 
see  blaeberry.]  1.  A  shrub  and  its  fruit,  Vac- 
Cmtum  Myrtilhis.  in  Scotland  the  bilberry  is  usually 
called  blaeberry,  from  its  blae  or  dark-blue  color.  See 
vaccinnim  and  ichortleberry. 

2.  A  name  sometimes  given  in  the  United 
States  to  the  fi-uit  of  the  shad-bush,  Amelan- 
chier  Canadensis. ~-Bog-m\)eTTy,  Vaccinium  ulini- 

nosum  of  the  United  States  and  Europe.— Dwarf  bU- 

nah^'  Jamaica  bilberry,  V.  meridio- 

bilboi  (bil'bo),  «.;  pi.  bilboes  or  -bos  (-boz). 
Ll!.arly  mod.  E.  also  bilbow,  bilboe,  bilboa,  prop, 
a  sword  of  Bilbao  (in  E.  formerly  Bilboa)  in 


Bilboes,  from  the  Tower  of  London. 


long  bar  or  bolt  of  iron  having  sliding  shackles 
and  a  lock,  formerly  used  to  coniine  the  feet 
of  prisoners  or  offenders,  especially  on  board 
ship :  usually  in  the  plural. 

Methought  I  lay 
Worse  than  the  mutines  in  the  bilboes. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

bilbo-mant  (bil'b6-ma,n),  n.    A  swordsman. 

You  are  much  bound  to  your  bilbo-men ; 
I  am  glad  you  are  straight  again,  captain. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  King  and  No  King,  v.  3. 

bilbOQUet  (bil-bo-kef),  n.    [Also  dial.,  in  def. 

2,  bilboketch,  bilbocatch,  bilverketcho,  etc.,  <  F. 
bilboquet,  OF.  billeboquet,  billebauquet ;  origin 
obscure.]    If.  A  gardener's  measuring-cord  or 
-line.  Cotgrave.—  2.  The  toy  called  cup-and- 
ball. — 3t.  An  8-inch  mortar  for  throwing  shells. 
—  4.  An  implement  for  curling  hair.  Fairholt. 
bilcock  (bil'kok),  n.    [Also  called  bidcock,  < 
bil-  or  bid-  (origin  unknown)  +  cocfcl.]  The 
water-rail  of  Europe,  Balliis  aquaticus. 
bildt,  bildert.    Old  spellings  of  build,  builder. 
bildstein  (bild'stin),  «.   [G.,  <  bild,  image,  fig- 
ui-e  (<  MHG.  bilde,  <  OHG.  bilidi  (=  OS  bilithi 
=  OFries.  *bilethe,  byld  =  D.  beeld  =  Sw.  be- 
Idte  (also  bild,  prob.  borrowed)  =  Dan.  billede, 
billed),  prob.  <  bi-  =  E.  AS.  bi-,  by-,  +  lid  =  OS. 
lith  =  Goth,  lithus  =  E.  lith,  a  limb,  member: 
see  by-,  6e-i,  and  lith),  -t-  stein  =  E.  stone.]  Same 
as  agalmatolite. 
bileif  (hil),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  byle,  <  ME. 
bile,  byle  (occasionally  biel,  beel,  >  E.  beat,  prop, 
a  dial,  form:  see  beal^),  <  AS.  byle  =  OFries. 
beil,  bel  =  MD.  bule,  D.  buil  =  LG.  bule.  Mile  = 
MHG.  bilde,  G.  beide,  bile,  =  Icel.  beyla  =  Sw. 
bula  =  Dan.  bule,  bugle,  a  swelling;  cf.  Icel. 
bola  =  Sw.  bold  =  Dan.  byld,  a  blain,  a  blister ; 
<  Teut.     *bul,  seen  in  causal  form  in  the  Goth. 
ufbaidjan,  puff  up :  cf .  boll'^-.    Bile  is  the  true  E. 
form,  still  retained  in  the  vernacular  speech ; 
but,  owing  to  a  confusion  with  the  verb  boili 
(or  perhaps  with  the  D.  form  btiil,  pron.  nearly 
as  E.  boil),  the  word  has  taken  in  mod.  literary 
E.  the  corrupt  form  boil.    See  boil^.]    An  in- 
flamed tumor ;  a  boil.    See  boiU. 
bile2  (bil),  n.    [<  F.  bile,  <  L.  bilis,  bile,  anger ; 
atra  (or  nigra)  bilis,  equiv.  to  Gr.  /ieXayxo/iia, 
black  bile:  see  atrabile,  melancholy.]    1.  A 
yellow  bitter  liquid  secreted  by  the  liver  and 
collected  by  the  biliary  duets  to  be  conveyed 

into  the  duodenum,  its  most  important  constituents 
are  the  bile-salts,  sodium  glycocholate  and  sodium  tauro- 
cholate,  and  the  bile-pigments,  bilirubin  and  biliverdin 
with  cholesterin.  The  bile  renders  the  contents  of  the 
duodenum  alkaline.  It  aids  the  eniulsionizing  of  the 
fats,  apparently  by  increasing  the  solubility  of  soaps 
assists  the  passage  of  the  fats  through  the  intestinal 
walls,  and  stimulates  peristalsis.  Also  called  gall. 
2.  Figuratively,  ill  nature ;  peevishness ;  bit- 
terness of  feeling :  because  the  bile  was  fancied 
to  be  the  seat  of  ill  humor. 

Nothing  appears  to  have  stirred  his  bile  so  much  at 
Yuste  as  the  proceedings  of  some  members  of  the  board 
of  trade  at  Seville.  Prescott. 
Black  bile.    See  atrabile. 
bile^f,  ".    An  obsolete  form  of  biW^-. 
bilection  (bi-lek'shon),  n.    Same  as  bolection. 
bile-cyst  (bil'sist),  n.  In  anat,  the  gall-bladder, 
bile-duct  (bil'dukt),  n.    A  duct  or  canal  con- 
veying bile;  a  gall-duct, 
bile-pigment  (bil'pig"ment),  n.     One  of  the 
coloring  matters  in  the  bile.   Bilirubin  is  the  chief 
coloring  matter  in  the  bile  of  carnivorous  animals  and  of 
man;  biliverdin  is  the  greenish  pigment  in  the  bile  of 
herbivorous  animals.    A  considerable  number  of  other 
bile-pigments  have  been  described,  some  of  which  are  prob- 
ably mixtures  of  pigments,  and  others  oxidation  or  reduc- 
tion products  not  existing  in  the  living  body. 

bilestone  (bil'ston),  n,   A  biliary  calculus  or 
gallstone. 


Hard  Bilge. 


Easy  Bilge. 


A,  A,  Bilge-keels. 


bottom,  or  that  part  of  her  floor  which  ap- 
proaches a  horizontal  direction,  and  on  which 
she  would  rest  if  agroimd. 
bilge  (bilj),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  bilged,  ppr.  bilg- 
ing. [<bilge,n.]  I.  intrans.  1.  Naut.,  to  suf- 
fer a  fracture  in  the  bilge ;  spring  a  leak  by  a 
fracture  in  the  bilge.— 2.  To  bulge  or  swell  out. 

II.  trans.  To  break  or  stave  in  (the  bilge  or 
bottom  of  a  ship), 
bilge-board  (bilj'bord),  n.    In  ship-building, 
one  of  the  boards  used  to  cover  the  timbers 
where  the  bilge-water  collects, 
bilge-coad  (bilj'kod),  n.    Same  as  bilgeways. 
bilge-free  (bilj'fre),  «.    Naut.,  so  stowed  on 
beds  that  no  weight  rests  on  the  bilge :  said  of 
a  cask. 

bilge-keel  (bilj'kel),w.  [<6%e  +  tee^l.]  Naitt., 
a  piece  of  timber  fastened  edgewise  under 
the  bottom  of  a  ship,  for 
the  pui-pose  of  keeping 
her  from  rolling  heavily 
and  from  drifting  to  lee- 
ward. Also  called  bilge- 
piece. 

bilge-keelson  (bilj'kel"- 

son),  n.     A  timber  ex- 
tending fore  and  aft  in  a 
ship,  inside  the  bilge,  to 
strengthen  the  frame, 
bilge-piece  (bilj 'pes),       Same  as  bilge-keel. 
bllge-plank  (bilj'plangk),   n.     Naut.,  one  of 
the  thick  planks  which  ran  round  the  bilge  of 
a  ship,  both  inside  and  outside, 
bilge-pump  (bilj'pump),  n.   Naut.,  a  pump  for 
removing  bilge-water  from  a  ship, 
bilge-water  (bilj'wa"ter),   n.     Naut.,  water 
which  enters  a  ship  and  lies  upon  her  bilge  or 
bottom.    If  allowed  to  remain,  it  acquires  an 
offensive  penetrating  smell. -Bilge-water  dis- 
charge, a  device  for  discharging  bilge-water  automati- 
cally. 

bilgeways  (bilj'waz),  n.  pi.  Naut.,  a  series  of 
timbers  placed  on  each  side  of  a  vessel  on  the 
launehing-ways,  to  assist  in  supporting  her 
hull  in  launching.  Also  called  bidgeways  and 
bilge-coad.  See  cut  under  launchinq-wuys. 
bilgy  (bil'ji),  a.  [<  bilge  +  -yi.]  Having  the 
properties  (as  the  smell,  etc.)  of  bilge-water. 
Bilharzia  (bil-har'zi-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  after 
Theodor  Bilharz,  an  bid  helminthologist.]  A 
genus  of  the  order  Trematoidea,  or  fluke-worms, 
endoparasitic  in  the  blood-vessels  of  man,  espe- 
cially in  the  urinary  organs,  the  ova  escaping 
through  an  ulceration  which  the  presence  of 
the  parent  causes.  The  animal  is  dioecious,  the  male 
being  the  larger  and  retaining  the  female  in  a  gynaco- 
phore  or  canal  formed  by  an  involution  of  the  edges  of 
the  concave  side  of  the  body, 
biliary  (bil'i-a-ri),  a.  [=  F.  biliaire,  <  NL. 
bdiaris,  <  L.  bilis,  bile.]  1.  Belonging  to  the 
bile;  conveying  the  bile:  as,  a  bilian/  duct.— 
2.  Bilious.  [Rare.]- Biliary  calculus,  a  concre- 
tion which  forms  in  the  gall-bladder  or  bile-ducts;  gall- 
stone. These  calculi  are  usuallv  composed  for  the  most 
part  of  cholesterin.— Biliary  colic.  See  colic—  Biliary 
duct.    See  dnct.  ' 

biliation  (bil-i-a'shon),  w.  [<  NL.  *biliatio{n-), 
<  L.  bUis,  bile.]    The  excretion  of  bile.  Z)un- 

glison . 

bilicyanin  (bil-i-si'a-niu),  n.  [<  L.  bilis,  bile, 
+  E.  cyanin.]  A  product  of  the  oxidation  of 
bilirubin  which  appears  blue  in  an  acid  and 
violet  in  a  neutral  solution.  See  bilirubin. 
bilifulvin  (bil-i-ful'vin),  n.  [<  L.  bilis,  bile,  + 
full-US,  fulvous.]  An  old  name  for  more  or  less 
impure  bilirubin. 


bilifuscin 

bilifuscin  (bil-i-fus'in),  n.  [<  L.  hilis,  bile,  + 
fiwcKS,  fuscous,  +  -i«2.]  A  substance  described 
as  existing  in  very  small  quantities  in  gall- 
stones. It  is  of  a  dark-green  color,  insoluble  in  water, 
chloroform,  and  ether,  soluble  in  alcohol  and  alkalis, 
and  reacts  with  nitric  acid  like  bilirubin.    Its  formula  is 

Cu!H20N2O4. 

bilihumin  (bil-i-hu'min),  )i.  [<  L.  hilis,  bile,  + 
hitmui),  ground,  +  The  insoluble  black- 

ish residue  left  after  bile  or  gallstones  have 
been  exhausted  by  ether,  water,  chloroform, 
alcohol,  and  dilute  acids. 

bilimbi,  bilimbing  (bi-lim'bi,  -bing),  n.  [Also 
bilimbi/,  l>U)»hi)ig,  repr.  Tamil  bilimbi,  Malay  bi- 
limbing, Singhalese  biUn.^  The  native  name  of 
the  fruit  of  an  East  Indian  tree-sorrel,  Aver- 
rhoa  Bilimbi.  It  is  very  acid,  but  is  much 
esteemed  when  made  into  syrup,  candied,  or 
pickled.    See  Averrhoa. 

bilimentt,  n.  [Also  bHUment,  beUiment,  etc.,  by 
apheresis  for  liahiliment,']  An  ornamental  part 
of  a  woman's  dress;  especially,  the  attire  of 
the  head  or  neck. 

Then  beganne  aUe  the  gentylwomen  of  Yngland  to  were 
Frenche  whoodes  with  bellementtes  of  golde. 

Chron.  of  Grey  Friars  (1556),  ed.  Camden  Soc. 

Blliment  lace,  an  ornamental  lace  used  in  the  sixteenth 
century  for  trimming. 

bilin  (bil'in),  n.    [<  L.  Ulis,  bile,  +  -«w2.]  The 

mixture  of  sodium  glycocholate  and  taurocho- 
late  isolated  from  the  bile,  constituting  a  gum- 
my mass  of  a  pale-yellow  color. 

bilinear  (bi-lin'e-ar),  a.  [<  6i-2  -I-  linea,  line,  + 
-ar.l  Consisting  of  or  having  reference  to  two 
lines  :  as,  bilinear  coordinates. 

bilineate  (bi-lin'e-at),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
linea,  line,  +  -afel.]  In  zodl.,  marked  with  two 
lines,  generally  parallel. 

bilineated  (bi-iin'e-a-ted),  a.  Same  as  bilineate. 

bilingual  (bi-ling'gwal),  a.  [<  L.  bilinguis, 
speaking  two  languages,  <  bi-,  two-,  +  lingua 
=  E.  tongue,  language.]  1.  Containing  or  ex- 
pressed in  two  languages ;  recorded  in  two  ver- 
sions of  different  language. 

I  endeavored  by  the  help  of  a  bilingual  inscription  to 
determine  the  values  of  certain  of  the  Hittite  characters. 
A.  H.  Sayce,  Pref.  to  Schliemann's  Troja,  p.  xxiii. 

2.  Speaking  two  languages  or  a  mixture  of  two. 
[Rare.] 

Large  numbers  of  Chinese,  Arabs,  and  Africans,  who 
come  to  India  for  a  short  or  long  time,  and  become  prac- 
tically bilingual.     R.  N.  Cust,  Mod.  Langs.  E.  Ind.,  p.  16. 

bilinguar  (bi-ling'gwar),  a.    Same  as  bilingual. 

bilinguist  (bi-ling'gwist),  n.  [<  L.  bilinguis 
(see  bilingual),  after  linguist.}  One  who  speaks 
two  languages.  Hamiltoti. 

bilingUOUS  (bi-ling'gwus),  a.  [<  L.  bilinguis: 
see  bilingual.]  Having  two  tongues,  or  speak- 
ing two  languages.  Johnson. 

bilious  (bil'yus),  a.  [<  L.  biliosus,  full  of  bile,  < 
bilis,  bile :  see  bile^.]  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to,  or 
partaking  of  the  nature  of,  bile. —  2.  In  pathol., 
noting,  subject  to,  or  characterized  by  a  dis- 
ordered condition  of  the  system,  once  supposed 
to  depend  on  a  derangement  of  the  secretion  of 
bile,  marked  by  anorexia,  furred  tongue,  a  bad 
taste  in  the  mouth,  dull  headache,  drowsiness, 
disturbed  sleep,  with  general  malaise  and  de- 
pression. It  is  peculiarly  amenable  to  mercurial  ca- 
thartics. This  state  seems  to  depend  on  a  subacute  dys- 
pepsia, with  possibly  a  derangement  of  the  elaborative 
functions  of  the  liver. 

3.  Suffering  from  biliousness. — 4.  Figurative- 
iy,  choleric ;  testy ;  cross. 

Controversy  seems  altogether  to  have  been  the  very 
breath  of  his  nostrils  ;  he  was  called,  and  not  without  rea- 
son, "  bilious  Bale."     A.  W.  Ward,  Eng.  Dram.  Lit.,  1. 105. 

At  constant  quarrel  with  the  angry  and  bilious  island 
legislature.  Emerson,  West  Indian  Emancipation. 

Bargain  struck, 
They  straight  grew  bilious,  wished  their  money  back, 
Kepented  them,  no  doubt. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  216. 

biliousness  (bil'yus-nes),  n.  [<  bilious  +  -ness.'] 
The  condition  of  being  bilious. 

biliphsein  (bil-i-fe'in),  w.  [Also  written  bili- 
phein,  biliphain,  <  L.  bilis,  bile,  +  Gr.  (paiog, 
dusky,  dun-gray,  +  -i/i^.]  A  name  formerly 
given  to  an  impure  bilirubin.   Also  cholophcein. 

biliprasin  (bil-i-pra'sin),  n.  [<  L.  bilis,  bile,  + 
prasum,  a  leek  (see  prase,  prason),  +  -in^.']  A 
bile-pigment  found  in  human  gallstones  and 
in  the  bile  of  neat  cattle,  and  regarded  by  some 
authorities  as  identical  with  biliverdin. 

bilipurpin  (bil-i-per'pin),  n.  [<  L.  bilis,  bile, 
+  purp{ura),  purple  color,  +  -m^.]  a  purple 
compound  obtained  from  biliverdin.  See  bile- 
pigment. 

bilirubin  (bil-i-ro'bin),  n.  [<  L.  bilis,  bile,  + 
rubber),  red,  +  -i«2.]    A  red  bile-pigment,  the 


552 

chief  coloring  matter  of  human  bile  and  that 
of  carnivorous  animals,  to  which  the  formula 
C16H18N2O3  has  been  given,   when  isolated  it 

forms  an  orange-red  powder  or  red  rhombic  prisms.  It  is 
insoluble  in  water,  little  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  but 
readily  soluble  in  chloroform  or  alkalis. 

biliteral  (bi-lit'e-ral),  a.  and  w.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-, 
-I-  litera,  littera,  l^Xiev:  see  literal.l  I.  a.  Con- 
sisting of  two  letters:  as,  a  biliteral  root  in 
language.    Sir  W.  Jones. 

Although  we  may  call  all  these  verbal  bases  roots,  they 
stand  to  the  first  class  in  about  the  same  relation  as  the 
triliteral  Semitic  roots  to  the  more  primitive  biliteral. 

Max  Muller,  .Sci.  of  Lang.,  p.  263. 

II.  n.  A  word,  root,  or  syllable  formed  of 
two  letters. 

-bility.  [F.  -bilite  =  Sp.  -bilidad  =  Pg.  -bilidade 
=  It.  -bilitd,  also  in  older  form  F.  -blete,  OF. 
-blete  (>  ME.  -blete),  etc.,  <  L.  -bilita{t-)s  (acc. 
-bilitatem),  <  -bili-s  (E.  -ble)  +  -ta{t-)s  (E.  -ty), 
being  the  termination  of  nouns  from  adjectives 
in -bilis:  see  -ble.']  A  termination  of  English 
nouns  from  adjectives  in  -ble,  as  in  nobility, 
capability,  credibility,  etc.,  from  noble,  capable, 
credible,  etc.    See  -able. 

bilive^t,  bilive^t.   See  belive'^,  belive^. 

biliverdin  (bil-i-ver'din),  n.  [<  L.  bilis,  bile,  4- 
F.  verd  (see  vert),  green,  -I-  -in2.]  The  green 
pigment  found  in  the  bile  of  herbivorous  ani- 
mals, to  which  the  formula  C16H20N2O5  has 
been  given.  It  is  produced  artificially  by  the 
oxidation  of  bilirubin.    See  biliprasin. 

bilk  (bilk),  V.  t.  [Origin  obscure;  appar.  slang; 
by  some  supposed  to  be  a  minced  form  of  balk^. 
Cf.  the  senses  of  bilk,  n.]  1.  In  cribhage,  to 
balk  or  spoil  any  one's  score  in  his  crib. —  2. 
To  frustrate  or  disappoint. —  3.  To  deceive  or 
defraud ;  leave  in  the  lurch ;  cheat :  often  with 
of:  as,  to  bilk  one  of  his  due;  to  bilk  a  credi- 
tor; "don't  you  bilk  me,"  Spectator. —  4.  To 
evade  or  escape  from  ;  dodge ;  elude. 
I  don't  intend  to  bilk  my  lodgings.  Fielding. 

He  cannot  drink  five  bottles,  bilk  the  score. 
Then  kill  a  constable,  and  drink  five  more. 

Cowper,  Progress  of  Error,  1.  193. 

bilk  (bilk),  n.  [See  the  verb.]  1.  In  cribhage, 
the  spoiling  of  one's  score  in  the  crib. —  2\. 
Nothing;  vain  words. 

Tub.  He  will  have  the  last  word,  though  he  talk  bilk 
fort. 

Hugh.  what's  that? 

Tut).  Why,  nothing ;  a  word  signifying  nothing,  and 
borrowed  here  to  express  nothing. 

B.  Jonson,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  i.  1. 

Bilk  is  said  to  be  an  Arabick  word,  and  signifies  no- 
thing ;  cribbidge  players  understand  it  best. 

Blount,  Glossographia  (ed.  1681),  p.  85. 

[To  call  a  word  "Arabic"  or  "Hebrew"  was  and  still  is 

a  way  of  dignifying  slang  or  jargon.] 

3.  A  trick;  a  fraud.    [Rare.] — 4.  A  cheat;  a 

swindler. 

bilkt  (bilk),  a.  [See  the  verb.]  Fallacious;  un- 
reliable. 

To  that  [Oates's  plot)  and  the  author's  bilk  account  of  it 
I  am  approaching.  Roger  North,  Examen,  p.  129. 

billl  (bil),  n.  [<  ME.  bill,  bil,  bille,  bile,  <  AS. 
bile,  beak,  also  used  of  an  elephant's  proboscis ; 

not  found  in  other 
Teut.  languages;  prob. 
connected  with  biW^. 
The  Ir.  Gael,  hil,  beak, 
mouth,  is  appar.  of  E. 
origin.]  1.  The  beak  or 
neb  of  a  bird,  it  consists 
of  the  upper  and  lower  man- 
dibles, so  far  as  these  are 
sheathed  in  horn.  The  ap- 
posed edges  of  the  mandibles 
are  the  tomia;  the  line  of 
apposition,  the  cominissure; 
the  highest  middle  length- 
wise line  of  the  upper  mandi- 
ble, the  culmen  or  ridge ;  and 
the  corresponding  line  of  the 
lower  mandible,  the  gonys  or 
keel.  The  nasal  fossa  is  a 
pit,  usually  close  to  the  base 
of  the  upper  mandible,  in 
which  the  nostrils  open ;  a 
sheath  at  the  base  of  the 
bill  is  the  cere.  The  leading  shapes  of  the  bill  among 
birds  are  technically  expressed  by  derivatives  and  com- 
pounds of  rostrum  (which  see),  as  conirostral,  dentiros- 
tral,  tenuirostral,  flsslrostral,  curvirostral,  pressirostral, 
longirostral,  cultrirostral,  lamellirostral,  etc.;  and  many 
other  descriptive  terms  are  equally  technical  in  this  ap- 
plication. 

The  bill  is  hand  and  mouth  in  one ;  the  instrument  of 
prehension.  As  hand,  it  takes,  holds,  and  carries  food  or 
other  substances,  and  in  many  instances  feels ;  as  mouth,  it 
tears,  cuts,  or  crushes,  according  to  the  nature  of  the  sub- 
stances taken ;  assuming  the  functions  of  both  lips  and 
teeth,  neither  of  which  do  any  recent  birds  possess. 

Coues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  100. 


bill 


J 


Diagram  of  Bill. 
a,  upper  mandible ;  6,  culmen  ; 
c,  nasal  fossa  ;  (/,  nostril :  e,  com- 
missural point :  ^,  upper  tomi- 
um  ;  ^,  rictus ;  h,  forehead  ;  t, 
ramus ;  lower  tomium ;  A, 
gonys :  /,  lower  mandible. 


Birds'  Bills. 

a,  conirostral ;  ^,  dentirostral ;     tenuirostral ;  (/,  fissirostral ;  ^,  longi- 
rostral; /,  pressirostral;     cultrirostral:  h,  lamellirostral. 

2.  The  beak,  snout,  rostrum,  or  jaws  of  sundry 
other  animals,  as  turtles,  cephalopods,  many 
fishes,  etc. 

bill!  (bil),  V.  i.  [<  ME.  billen,  peck  as  birds,  < 
bil,  6i/e,  beak:  seebiW^,  n.]  1.  To  join  bills  or 
beaks,  as  doves ;  caress  in  fondness. 

Doves,  they  say,  will  bill. 
After  their  pecking  and  their  murmuring. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  11.  1. 

2t.  To  rub  the  bill.  [Rare.] 

Thanne  geth  he  [the  eagle]  to  a  ston, 

And  he  billeth  ther  on, 

Billeth  til  his  bee  biforn 

Haveth  the  wrengthe  [crookedness]  forloren. 

Bestiary,  in  Old  Eng.  Jlisc.  (ed.  Morris),  p.  82. 
Bill  and  coo,  to  kiss  and  caress  and  talk  nonsense,  as 
lovers  :  a  phrase  derived  from  the  habits  of  doves. 
Come,  we  must  interrupt  your  billing  and  cooing  awhile. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  2. 

bilP  (bil),  n.  [<  ME.  bill,  bille,  bil,  a  pick  or 
mattock,  poet,  a  sword,  <  AS.  hil,  bill  (only 
poet.)  =0S.  hil,  a  sword,  =  MD.  bille  =  OHG. 
bill,  fern.,  MHG.  bil,  neut.,  G.  bille,  a  pick  to 
sharpen  millstones,  =  Sw.  bill,  a 
plowshare;  prob.  connected  with 
bilft,  a  beak,  and  perhaps  ult.  with 
Skt.  \^  hliid,  split,  cleave.  Associ- 
ated in  sense  with  these  words  and 
somewhat  confused  with  them,  but 
etymol.  distinct,  are  OHG.  bihal,  bi- 
al,  bil,  MHG.  bihel,  bil,  G.  heil  = 
MD.  bijl,  an  ax,  hatchet,  =  Dan.  hil 
=  Sw.  bila;  prob.  =  leel.  bildr,  hUda, 

Van  ax ;  cf .  Ir.  Gael,  biail,  ax,  hatchet. 
In  sense  5,  bill^  may  be  an  applica- 
tion of  6iWi.]  If.  In  the  earliest 
use,  a  kind  of  broadsword. —  2.  An 
obsolete  military  weapon,  consist- 
ing of  a  broad  hook-shaped  blade, 
having  a  short  pike  at  the  back 
and  another  at  the  summit,  fixed 

to  a  long  handle,  it  was  used  until  the 
fifteenth  century  by  the  English  infantry,  especially  in 
•defending  themselves  against  cavalry,  and  to  the  end  of 
the  seventeenth  century  by  civic  guards  or  watchmen,  etc. 
They  were  formerly  sometimes  called  broivn-bills  or  black- 
bills,  probably  because  not  brightened,  but  colored  like 
the  modern  rifle-barrel. 

I  cannot  see  how  sleeping  should  offend,  only  have  a 
care  that  your  bills  be  not  stolen.    Shak. ,  Much  Ado,  iii.  3. 

Make  us  a  round  ring  with  your  bills,  my  Hectors, 
And  let  us  see  what  this  trim  man  dares  do. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Philaster,  v.  4. 

3.  A  cutting  instrument  with  a  blade  hook- 
shaped  toward  the  point,  or  having  a  concave 
cutting  edge,  used  by  plumbers,  basket-mak- 
ers, gardeners,  and  others.  Such  instruments,  when 
used  by  gardeners  for  pruning  hedges,  trees,  etc.,  are  called 
hedge-bills  or  bill-hooks.    See  bill-hook. 

The  shomaker  must  not  goe  aboue  his  latchet,  nor  the 
hedger  meddle  with  any  thing  but  his  bil. 

Lyly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  203. 

4r.  A  pickax ;  a  mattock. —  5.  Naut. :  (a)  The 
point  or  extremity  of  the  fluke  of  an  anchor. 

(h)  The  end  of  compass-  or  knee-timber  Bows 

and  bills.  See  bow^. 
bilF  (bil),  n.  [<  ME.  Mile,  a  letter,  writing, 
<  AF.  bille,  <  ML.  (Anglo-L.)  billa,  a  writing, 
also  a  seal,  another  form  of  bulla,  a  writing,  an 
edict,  prop,  a  sealed  writing,  a  particular  use 
of  bulla,  a  seal,  stamp,  same  as  L.  bidla,  a  boss, 
knob,  stud,  bubble ;  hence  huW^,  of  which  bill^ 
is  a  doublet.]  If.  A  writing  of  any  kind,  as  a 
will,  a  medical  prescription,  etc. ;  a  billet. 

His  bill 

In  which  that  he  iwriten  had  his  will. 

Chaucer,  Merchant's  Tale,  1.  693. 
The  Patient  sendeth  for  a  Physician,  who  feeleth  his 
Pulse  and  .  .  .  then  prescribeth  a  Receipt  in  a  Bill. 

Comenius,  Visible  World,  p.  183. 

2t.  A  written  petition ;  a  prayer. 

And  thanne  come  Pees  into  parlement  and  put  forth  a  bille. 
How  Wronge  ajeines  his  wille  had  his  wyf  taken. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  iv.  47. 


Old  English 
Bill,  time  of 
Elizabeth. 


bill 

3.  In  law,  a  name  given  to  several  papers  in 
lawsuits  ;  particularly,  when  used  alone,  to  the 
hill  in  equity  or  bill  of  indictment  (see  below). 
It  is  a  statement  of  complaint,  and  contains  tlie  fact  com- 
plained of,  tlie  damage  sustained,  and  a  petition  or  process 
against  the  defendant  for  redress.  It  is  used  botli  in  equity 
and  in  criminal  cases.  In  Scots  law,  every  summary  appli- 
cation in  writing,  by  way  of  petition  to  the  Coiu-t  of  .Ses- 
sion, is  called  a  billi, 

4.  In  com.,  a  written  statement  of  the  names, 
quantities,  and  prices  of  articles  sold  by  one 
person  to  another,  with  the  date  of  sale,  or  a 
statement  of  work  done,  with  the  amount 
charged ;  an  account  of  money  claimed  for 
goods  supplied  or  services  rendered. 

Why,  please,  ma'am,  it  is  only  thy  little  bill,  a  very 
small  account;  I  wanted  thee  to  settle. 

Quoted  in  Lady  Holland's  Sydney  Smith,  vii. 

5.  An  acknowledgment  of  debt ;  a  promissory 
note :  now  obsolete  except  as  sometimes  used, 
especially  in  the  United  States,  for  hanlc-note. 
See  10. — 6.  A  bill  of  exchange  (which  see, 
below). —  7.  Any  written  paper  containing  a 
stateMent  of  particulars  :  as,  a  hill  of  charges 
or  expenditures ;  a  hill  of  fare  or  provisions, 
etc. — 8.  A  form  or  draft  of  a  proposed  statute 
presented  to  a  legislature,  but  not  yet  enacted 

or  passed  and  made  law.  in  some  cases  statutes  are 
called  bills,  but  usually  they  are  qualified  by  some  de- 
scription :  as,  a  bill  of  attainder. 
9.  A  paper  written  or  printed,  and  intended 
to  give  public  notice  of  something,  especially 
by  being  exhibited  in  some  public  place ;  an  ad- 
vertisement posted ;  a  placard. — 10.  A  bank- 
note :  usually  with  its  amount :  as,  a  five-dollar 
hill.    [U.  S.]— Accommodation  bill.  See  accoiomo- 

dafiore.  — Appropriation  bill.  See  apprrqniation.  —  Ap- 

proved  blU  or  note.   See  a^pTOoei.— Bank  post-bill, 

a  bill  for  a  sum  not  less  than  £10  issued  by  the  Banli 
of  England  without  charge,  payable  at  seven  days'  sight 
and  accepted  at  time  of  drawing,  for  convenience  in  re- 
mitting by  post.  Bills  of  this  kind  originated  in  1738, 
when  mail-robberies  were  frequent  in  England,  and  are 
not  now  in  use.— Bill  in  equity,  in  an  equity  suit,  the 
pleading  in  which  the  plaintiff  sets  forth  the  circum- 
stances on  which  he  bases  his  claim  for  relief.  It  corre- 
sponds to  the  complaint  or  declaration  at  common  law. 
— Bill  of  adventure,  a  writing  signed  by  a  merchant, 
ship-owner,  or  master  to  show  that  goods  shipped  on  board 
a  certain  vessel  are  at  the  ventui'e  of  another  person,  he 
himself  being  answerable  only  for  their  delivery. — Bill  of 
credit,  (a)  A  letter  sent  by  an  agent  or  othei  person  to 
a  merchant  requesting  him  to  give  credit  to  the  bearer  for 
goods  or  money.  (6)  Paper  issued  by  the  authority  and 
on  the  faith  of  a  State  to  be  circulated  as  money.  The 
Constitution  of  the  United  States  (Art.  I.  §  10)  provides 
that  no  State  shall  emit  bills  of  credit,  or  make  anything 
but  gold  and  silver  coin  a  tender  in  payment  of  debts. 

ill.  Bancroft  shows  by  a  careful  upturning  of  the  colo- 
nial records  that  bills  of  credit  were  nothing  else  than 
Government  legal-tender  notes.  The  Century,  XXXII.  160. 
Bill  of  debt,  an  old  term  including  promissory  notes  and 
bonds  for  the  payment  of  money.— Bill  of  entry,  a  writ- 
ten account  of  goods  entered  at  the  custom-house,  whether 
imported  or  intended  for  export.— Bill  of  exceptions. 
See  exception.—  Bill  of  exchange,  an  order  in  writing, 
addressed  by  one  person  to  another,  to  pay  on  demand  or 
at  a  fixed  or  determinable  future  time  a  certain  sum  in 
money  to  a  specified  person  or  to  his  order.  Every  com- 
pleted bill  of  exchange  should  bear  on  its  face  the  follow- 
ing :  (a)  three  names,  namely,  those  of  the  drawer,  the 
drawee,  and  the  payee ;  (b)  the  sum  to  be  paid ;  (c)  two 
dates,  namely,  the  date  of  drawing  and  a  time  for  pay- 
ment or  the  means  of  determining  the  time,  as  where  the 
bill  is  payable  at  sight  or  a  certain  time  after  sight,  that 
is,  presentment ;  (d)  the  place  where  it  is  drawn.  If  the 
drawer  and  drawee  are  the  same  person,  even  in  legal 
effect  of  name,  as  where  a  corporation  by  one  officer 
draws  on  itself  by  naming  another  officer,  as  such,  as  the 
payee,  the  paper  is  not  a  bill  of  exchange,  but  a  mere 
draft  or  promissory  note.  The  drawer  and  the  payee, 
however,  may  be  the  same,  as  where  one  draws  to  his  o>vn 
order  and  indorses  to  a  third  person.  If  the  paper  is  not 
payable  absolutely,  as  where  it  is  expressed  to  be  paya- 
ble only  out  of  a  particular  fund,  it  is  not  a  bill  of  ex- 
change; but  a  payment  absolutely  ordered  may  be  di- 
rected to  be  charged  to  a  particular  account  of  the  drawer. 
The  words  "value  received  "  are  usually  inserted,  but  are 
not  essential  to  validity.  The  drawee  of  a  bill  becomes 
liable  by  accepting  it,  usually  done  by  writing  his  name 
across  its  face,  and  he  is  thereafter  called  the  accepter;  but 
a  bill  is  negotiable  before  acceptance.  In  a  foreign  bill 
of  exchange,  the  drawer  and  drawee  are  residents  of  differ- 
ent countries.  In  this  respect,  in  the  United  States,  the 
residents  of  the  different  States  are  foreign  to  one  another. 
—  Bills  of  exchange  acts,  a  short  name  by  which  are 
known  several  British  statutes  (1871,  1878,  and  1882),  the 
last  of  which  codifies  the  whole  body  of  British  law  re- 
lating to  negotiable  paper.— Bill  of  fare,  in  a  hotel  or 
restaurant,  a  list  of  dishes  to  be  served  in  due  course  at  a 
regular  meal,  or  which  may  be  ordered.- Bill  Of  health, 
a  certificate  signed  by  a  consul  or  other  authority  as  to 
the  health  of  a  ship's  company  at  the  time  of  her  clear- 
ing any  port  or  place.  A  clean  bill  imports  that  the  ship 
sailed  at  a  time  when  no  infectious  disorder  was  supposed 
to  exist ;  a  suspected  or  touched  bill  imports  that  there 
were  rumors  of  such  a  disorder,  but  that  it  had  not  ap- 
peared ;  afoul  bill,  or  the  absence  of  a  clean  bill,  imports 
that  the  place  of  departure  was  infected  when  the  vessel 
left.— Bill  Of  indictment.  See  itidictment. —BiU.  of 
lading,  a  receipt  for  goods  delivered  to  a  carrier  for 
transportation.  It  is  usually  of  goods  shipped  on  board 
of  a  vessel  and  signed  by  the  master  of  the  vessel,  ac- 
knowledging the  receipt  of  the  goods,  and  usually  prom- 
ising to  deUver  them  in  good  condition  at  the  place  di- 


553 

rected,  dangers  of  the  sea,  the  act  of  God,  perils  of  war, 
etc.,  excepted.  In  foreign  trade  they  are  usually  drawn 
up  in  triplicates,  one  of  which  goes  to  the  shipper,  one  to 
the  consignee,  and  one  is  retained  by  the  master.  Often 
abbreviated  B.  i.— Bills  of  Lading  Act,  a  British  stat- 
ute of  1855,  vesting  rights  under  bills  of  lading  in  the 
consignee  or  indorsee,  but  reserving  right  of  stojipage  in 
transitu  and  claims  for  freight.  Similar  statutes  in  other 
jui'isdictions  are  variously  known. —  Bill  Of  mortality. 
See  mortality.— BUI  of  parcels,  an  account  given  by  the 
seller  to  the  buyer,  containing  particulars  of  the  goods 
bought  and  of  their  prices  ;  an  invoice. — Bill  of  partiCU- 


billet  ' 

and  attorney,  the  jurisdiction  of  the  courts,  the  impanel- 
ing of  juries,  appeals,  etc.— Private  bill,  an  act  of  a  legis- 
lature which  deals  with  the  rights  of  a  single  individual 
or  .association,  or  of  a  group  of  individuals,  as  distinguish- 
ed from  one  affecting  the  cuinniunity  generally,  or  all  per- 
sons of  a  specified  class  or  locality.  It  is  regarded  rather 
as  in  the  nature  of  a  judicial  award  or  decree  than  as  a 
statute  or  law.  —  To  enter  a  bill  short.  See  enter.— To 
note  a  bill  of  exchange.  Si  c  note,  v.  t.  [For  other 

noted  liills  on  particular  subjects,  such  as  Jle.form  Hill,  see 
the  word  characterizing  the  bill.  For  others  better  known 
by  the  term  act,  statute,  etc^,  .see  those  words.] 


lars,  a  writing  setting  forth  in  detail  the  particulars  of  a  bjllS  (bil),  v.  t.  [<  billS,  «.]  1.  To  enter  in  a 
matter  stated  in  a  more  general  form  in  a  pleading.-  Bill  .  ^^ke  a  bill  or  list  of ;  charge  or  enter  in 

an  account  for  future  payment :  as,  to  bill  goods 
or  freight  to  a  consignee ;  to  bill  passenger.s  in  a 


of  Rights,  (a)  An  English  statute  of  1689  (1  Wra.  and 
Mary,  Sess.  2,  c.  2)  declaring  the  rights  and  liberties  of  the 
subject,  and  settling  the  succession  of  the  crown  in  William 
of  Orange  and  Mary,  and  to  the  rightful  heirs  of  the  lat- 
ter, but  excluding  any  being  Roman  Catholics ;  it  also 
provided  that  Protestants  might  have  in  their  possession 
arms  for  defense  suitable  to  their  conditions.  (6)  A  simi- 
lar statement  or  declaration  of  personal  rights  in  the 
constitution  of  a  State  of  the  American  Union,  and  incor- 
porated in  the  amendments  to  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States.— BIU  of  sale,  a  formal  instrument  for 
the  conveyance  or  transfer  of  personal  chattels,  as  house- 
hold furniture,  stock  in  a  shop,  shares  of  a  ship,  or  the  like. 
It  is  often  given  to  a  creditor  in  security  for  money  bor- 


stage-coach;  to  6*7/  a  customer's  purchases. 
See  book,  v.  t. 

Parties  in  the  United  States  having  goods  to  ship  to 
Corea  may,  as  heretofore,  have  them  billed  to  Yokohama 
by  American  or  other  lines  and  then  rebilled  to  Corea. 

U.  S.  Cons.  Rep.,  No.  I'i,  p.  cxii. 

2.  To  advertise  by  bill  or  public  notice ;  an- 
nounce on  a  play-bill:  as,  he  was  billed  to 
appear  as  Othello. 


rowed,  or  an  obligation  otherwise  incurred.  When  it  ex-  'bill*  (bil),  w.  [Var.  of  E.  dial,  heel,  heal,  <  heal, 
pressly  empowers  the  receiver  to  sell  the  goods  if  the    y.,  var.  of  6d?2.]    A  bellow  or  roar:  applied  to 

the  boom  of  the  bittern. 


money  is  not  repaid  with  interest  at  the  appointed  time, 
or  the  obligation  not  otherwise  discharged,  the  contract 
is  commonly  called  in  the  United  States  a  chattel  mort- 
gage, not  a_bill  of  sale.—  Bills  of  sale  acts,  a  name  given 


to  several  English  statutes  (1878, 1879, 1882,  and  1883),  regu-  'hi-lloirol  C■h^l'5^^  r, 
lating  bills  of  sale,  especially  when  given  without  trans-     ,  .  *°   _  _\  " 


The  bittern's  hollow  bill  was  heard. 

Wordsworth,  Evening  Walk. 

[E.  dial.,  prob.  <  ML.  6z>- 

ferrihg  possession  of  the  property,  and"requiring  a  schedule  legia  :  see  by-law.']  A  method  of  settling  dis- 
and  registration,  for  the  prevention  of  fraud  on  creditors,  putes  about  boundaries  by  arbitration.  [Local, 
-rBill  of  sight,  a  form  of  entry  at  a  custom-house  by    Eng  (Kent)  1 

which  goods  respecting  which  the  importer  has  not  the  ■uiiiS'r.lox  „  „      \  „„^„„i.-  c  i  i^^ 

full  particulars  may  be  provisionally  landed  for  examina-  5^^26-1,  n.  and  v.     A  corruption  ot  bilge. 
tion.— Bill  of  stores,  a  license  granted  at  a  custom-house  Dlllara  (bil  ard),  jj.     [See  bil.]    A  local  Eng- 
to  merchant-ships  to  cai-ry  stores  and  provisions  for  their    lish  name  of  the  coalfish. 

Billbergia  (bil-ber'ji-a),  n.    [NL.,  named  after 
J.  G.  Billberg,  a  Swedish  botanist.]    A  genus 


voyage  duty-free.— BUI  Of  sufferance,  a  coasting  license 
to  trade  from  port  to  port  without  paying  customs  duty, 
the  dutiable  goods  being  loaded  and  landed  at  sufferance 

wharfs.— BiU  payable,  biU  receivable,  a  bill  of  ex- 
change, promissory  note,  or  other  commercial  paper.  It 
is  called  a  bill  payable  by  the  person  who  is  to  pay  it,  and 
a  bill  receivable  by  the  person  who  holds  it.  Separate  ac- 
counts under  these  names  are  usually  kept  in  mercantile 


of  epiphytic  plants,  natural  order  Bromeliacea. 
There  are  20  species,  with  crowded  spinosely  serrate  leaves 
and  panicled  or  racemose  flowers.  They  grow  on  trees  in 
tropical  America,  and  have  been  introduced  into  hothouses 
for  the  sake  of  their  beautiful  and  fragrant  flowers. 


''?°H-T;?l^???.*°'^?T^T^^.^'^*''°^^i^'^"^"siishstat-  bill-boardi  (bil'bord),  n.     [<  Um  +  board.'] 


ute  of  1779  (19  Geo.  III.,  c.  74)  relating  to  the  transporta- 
tion, imprisonment,  and  punishment  of  convicts.  It  es- 
tablished "penitentiary  houses,"  required  that  prisoners 
should  be  put  to  severe  work  according  to  their  ability 
and  be  separately  confined  when  at  rest,  and  prescribed 
minute  regulations  for  their  care  and  control. —  Bland 

SUver  BiU,  a  United  States  statute  of  1878  (20  Stat.,  25) :  ,  .„  ,         ,„  -        -  ... 
so  called  from  its  author,  Richard  P.  Bland,  a  member  of  Dlll-DOara''         (bu  - 
the  House  from  Missouri.    It  reestablished  the  silver  dol-    bord),  M.     [<  bill^  + 
lar  containing  412|  grains  troy  of  standard  silver  as  a  legal     '  .  - 

tender ;  but  its  special  feature  was  a  clause  requiring  the 
Treasury  to  purchase  every  month  not  less  than  two  mil- 
lion nor  more  than  four  million  dollars'  worth  of  silver 

bullion  and  to  coin  it  into  dollars. — Boston  Port  BUI,  an   

English  statute  of  1774  (14  Geo.  III.,  c.  19)  incited  by 'the  bill-book'' 
destruction  of  tea  inTJoston  harbor.    It  closed  the  port  of  "^'^      .  v 

Boston  to  trade,  allowing  the  admission  only  of  food  and  DOOK  in  wnich 

fuel  brought  from  other  parts  of  America.— Creditor's  ^  merchant  keeps  a 
biU.  See  creditor.— -Decesiaea  'Wife's  Sister  BiU,  a  bill  record  of  the  details  of  his  bills  of  exchange 
repeatedly  introduced  mto  the  British  Parliament  to  ab-  Bromissorv  notes  etc  T>avablp  and  rP(>pivahlA 
rogate  the  rule  of  English  law  which  forbids  a  widower  to  ,  V,,  v  i  ^  .^m  /t!  eic  PayaDie  ana  receivable, 
marry  the  sister  of  his  deceased  wife.  In  the  summer  of  Dlll-DrOKer  (bil  Dro"ker),  ji.  One  whose  busi- 
1896  it  passed  its  third  reading  in  the  House  of  Lords.—  ness  it  is  to  negotiate  the  discount  of  bills  of 
Deficiency  bUL  (a)  A  short  loan  or  advance  niade  to  the  exchange,  either  simply  as  agent  or  by  buying 
British  government  by  the  Bank  of  England  whenever  the    „„^i  „^„4„  ^^i, 

taxes  received  are  insufficient  to  pay  the  dividends  due  on  5®!"?^  again,  with  or  Without  a  guaranty, 

government  stocks.    (6)  A  legislative  bill  appropriating  [British.] 

an  amount  of  money  required  to  make  up  a  deficiency.—  bill-Chamber  (bircham"ber),  n.     [<  biW  + 


Naut.,  a  projection  sheathed  with  iron  placed 

abaft  the  cathead,  ^  

for  the  bill  of  the  an- 
chor to  rest  on.  See 
anchor-lining. 


board.]  A  board  or 
tablet  on  which  ad- 
vertising bills  or  pla- 
cards may  be  posted. 
  (bil'buk). 


,  Bill-board  :  2,  Bill-port. 


Exchequer  bill.  See  exchequer.— Geneial  Deficiency 

BiU,  the  name  of  that  one  of  the  appropriation  bills  passed 
by  Congress  which  covers  the  deficiencies  of  previous  ap- 
propriation bills.—  Home-Rule  BUL  («)  A  bill  intro- 
duced into  the  British  Parliament  by  Mr.  Gladstone,  in 
1886,  to  provide  a  separate  parliament  for  Ireland.  It  was 
defeated  in  its  sesond  reading,  June  7, 1886.  (6)  A  simi- 
lar bill  introduced  by  Mr.  Gladstone  on  Feb.  13, 1893,  and 
defeated  In  the  House  of  Lords  on  Sept.  8. — Jew  Bill,  an 


chamber.]  A  department  of  the  Court  of  Ses- 
sion in  Scotland  in  which  one  of  the  judges 
officiates  at  all  times  during  session  and  vaca- 
tion. All  proceedings  for  summary  remedies  or  for  pro- 
tection against  some  threatened  action,  as,  for  example, 
interdicts,  begin  in  the  bill-chamber.  The  process  of  se- 
questration or  bankruptcy  issues  from  this  department  of 
the  court. 


Englishstatuteof  1753(repealedinl764)enablingJewswho  ViiiaH  Chilil^  n  TWV  hilli^ .  /  hilll  -i-  ^^2  1 
wereforeignerstobenaturalizedwithoutflrstpartakingof  L"']'^-''.,,'*-     K      :  """f'  <  ""'^  +  -e"^-J 

the  sacrament.— Kansas-Nebraska  BiU,  an  act  of  the      urnished  with  or  having  a  bill  or  beak :  used 
United  States  Congress  of  1854  for  the  organization  of  the    chiefly  in  composition  :  as,  a  short-billed  bird. 
Territories  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska.  It  abrogated  that  pro.  'hillpTTiPTif.t  n     9,i^p,  hilimpnt 

vision  of  the  Missouri  mmnrnmisp  of  1«9n  wliinh  fnrh^.lo   "ii^cmeUfcT,  «•      i^eO  UlUmem. 

[<  ME.  billette,  <  AF.  billette 
(ML.  billeta,  F.  billet,  billette),  dim.  of  biUe,  a 
writing:  see  bill^.]  1.  A  small  paper  or  note  in 
writing ;  a  short  letter  or  document. 

I  got  your  melancholy  billet  before  we  sat  down  to  din- 
ner. Ster7ie,  Letters,  Ixxxiv. 

2.  A  ticket  given  by  a  biUet-master  or  other 
officer  directing  the  person  to  whom  it  is  ad- 
dressed to  provide  board  and  lodging  for  the 
soldier  bearing  it. 

The  soldiers  distributed  themselves  among  the  houses 
of  the  most  opulent  citizens,  no  one  escaping  a  billet  who 
was  rich  enough  to  receive  such  company. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  547. 

Hence — 3.  The  place  where  a  soldier  is  lodged; 
lodging;  accommodation. — 4.  The  place  (mark- 
ed by  a  numbered  hammock-hook)  assigned  to 
each  of  the  crew  of  a  man-of-war  for  slinging 
his  hammock.  Hence  —  5.  A  place,  situation, 
position,  or  appointment:  as,  he  is  looking 
for  a  billet.  [Vulgar.] — 6t.  A  ballot  or  vot- 
ing-paper—  Act  of  BiUetS  (Scotch  Parliament,  1662), 
a  measure  by  which  the  twelve  persons  exempted  from 


vision  of  the  Missouri  compromise  of  1820  which  forljade  ••■■<■•  ii  /-k-i/  +\ 
slavery  north  of  latitude  36°  30'  (the  southern  boundary  of  "y-l?"  et) 
Missouri),  left  the  decision  of  all  questions  as  to  slavery 
in  the  Territories  or  States  formed  from  them  to  the  rep- 
resentatives of  the  people  residing  there,  extended  the 
fugitive-slave  law  to  these  Territories,  and  allowed  appeal 
in  cases  affecting  the  title  to  slaves  from  the  local  courts 
to  the  United  States  Supreme  Court.  The  political  conse- 
quences of  the  bill  were  most  important,  causing  the  de- 
struction of  the  Whig  party  and  the  struggle  between  the 
proslavery  and  antislavery  parties  for  the  control  of  the 
Territories,  which  culminated  in  the  war  of  secession  and 
the  total  abolition  of  slavery. —  Original  bUl  in  equity, 
in  law,  a  bill  of  complaint  originating  a  litigation ;  one 
not  connected  with  a  previous  bill,  as  distinguished  from 
one  growing  out  of  a  matter  before  litigated  in  the  court 
by  the  same  person  standing  in  the  same  interests. — Pen- 
dleton BUI,  a  United  States  statute  of  1883  (22  Stat.,  403) 
regulating  and  improving  the  civil  service  :  so  called  after 
its  promoter.  Senator  George  H.  Pendleton  of  Ohio.  It 
provides  for  the  competitive  examination  of  applicants  for 
office,  and  their  appointment  to  vacancies  according  to 
their  grade  as  established  by  the  examining  commission. 
—  Poland  BiU,  a  United  States  statute  of  1874  (18  Stat., 
253),  so  called  after  its  author,  Luke  P.  Poland,  a  member  of 
the  House  of  Representatives  from  Vermont,  the  design  of 
which  was  to  render  effective  the  authority  of  the  officers 
and  courts  of  the  United  States  in  the  Territory  of  Utah, 
by  prescribing  the  duties  of  the  United  States  raarshai 


billet 

the  King  s  Iiidemnity  were  to  be  chosen  by  secret  voting, 
if.  £.  Billet  de  Change.  IF.]  in  Zaic,  a  contratt  to 
furnisli  a  bill  uf  exchange ;  a  contract  to  pay  tlie  vahie  of 
a  bill  of  exchaiiye  already  furnished.  Bouviei:— Every 
bullet  has  its  billet,  every  bullet  has  its  destination  as- 
signed ;  tliat  is,  only  those  are  killed  in  battle  whose  death 
has  been  <irdained  by  I'rovidence  :  a  saying  attributed  to 
King  William  III.  of  England, 
billetl  (bil'et),  !'.  [<  billen,  «.]  I.  trans.  To 
direct  (a  soldier)  by  a  ticket  or  note  where  to 
lodge;  hence,  to  quarter  or  place  in  lodgings, 
as  soldiers  in  private  houses. 

Retire  thee  ;  go  where  thou  art  billeted. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  3. 

If  at  home  any  peace  were  intended  us,  what  meant 
those  billeted  !<olditrs  in  all  parts  i^f  the  Kingdom,  and 
the  design  of  German  Horse,  to  subdue  ns  in  our  peace- 
ful! Houses?  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  ix. 

The  rude,  insolent,  unpaid  and  therefore  insubordinate 
soldiery  were  billeted  in  every  house  in  tlie  city. 


554 

field.  Also  called  Ullety  connter-billety.  (b) 
Strewed  all  over  with  billets.  It  is  usual  to 
arrange  the  billets  alternately,  each  coming 
under  a  space,  and  the  reverse, 
bill-fish  (bil'fish),  n.  [<  Min  (cf.  its  L.  name, 
beloHc,  <  Gr.  jitUv?/,  a  sharp  point)  +  fish.']  1. 
The  long-nosed  gar,  or  common  garpike,  Lepi- 
dosteus  osscits,  a  fish  of  the  family  Lcpidosteidtc. 
See  garpike.— 2.  The  skiTpipei;  Sco»ibereso.v  sau- 
rns,  a  synentognathous  fish  of  the  family  Scom- 
bcresocidw  or  family  Exocwtidw.  Also  called 
saury.— 3.  The  spear-fish,  Tctrapturus  albidus, 
of  the  family  Histiophorida;.  it  has  a  prolonged 
beak  like  a  swordtish,  and  occurs  along  the  eastern  coast 
of  the  I'nited  States  and  in  tlie  Caribbean  sea. 

4.  One  of  the  garfishes,  Tylosurus  longirostris, 
of  the  family  BcJonidw.    See  garfish,  and  cut 
If        T,  »  1  Tj     .V    TT  XLW&e^  Bclonidw. 

jWo«(;i/,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  289.  vjn  v„„i.  /i  -i/i  »i  \  »   j  , 

e  Quartered:  lod.^:  «ne-  ^^^1-^^^  ^  form  of  saw-tooth, 

so  called  trom  a  certain  resemblance  to  a  hawk's 
bill. 

bill-head  (bil'hed),  n.  [<  Um  -f-  head.]  A 
printed  paper  containing  the  name,  address, 
and  business  of  a  person  or  firm,  etc.,  with 


II.  in  trans.  To  be  quartered;  lodge:  spe 
cifically  applied  to  soldiers. 

He  hilhis  in  my  lodgings.  Dr.  Prideaux,  To  Abp.  I'ssher. 
billet-  (bil'et),  n.    [Also  billot,  <  ME.  billette, 
bylet,  <  OF.  billete,  F.  billette,  also  billot,  a  block 
or  log  of  wood,  diminutives  of  bille,  <  ML.  billus 


billiis,    space  below  for  adding  an  account  in  writing, 
f-.l^g'  5^  I'^^'i^      ^        !  .op^ii  ^^kpo^-   .Cf-  bill-hook  (bil'huk),  «.    [<  6(7/2  +  Jiook.]  A 


billiards.]  1.  A  small  stick  of  wood;  especial 
ly,  a  stick  of  wood  cut  for  fuel,  a  billet  of  fire- 
wood must,  by  a  statute  of  Elizabeth,  measure  3  feet  4 
inches  in  length.  Bundles  of  billets  are  called  billet-ivood. 

What  shall  these  billets  do?  be  pil'd  in  my  wood-yard? 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  King  and  No  King,  v.  3. 

He  slept  on  the  ground,  or  on  the  hard  floor,  with  a  ?)i7- 
Zet  of  wood  for  his  pillow.      Prescoff,  Ferd.  and  Isa, 


form  of  small  hatchet  curved  inward 
at  the  point  of  the  cutting  edge,  used 
for  pruning  trees,  hedges,  and  the 
like,  and  by  sappers  and  miners  to  cut 
pickets,  rods,  and  withes  for  gabions, 
fascines,  hurdles,  saproUers,  etc. 
billiard,  ».    See  billiards. 


2.  In  her.,  a  bearing  in  the  form' of  a  small  Wlliard-ball  (bil'yard-bal),  ».  A 


rectangle,  usually  set  with  the  long  sides  verti- 
cal. The  number,  position,  and  tincture  must  always  be 
specified  :  thus,  the  illustration  shows 
three  billets  azure  in  chief.  Billets 
should  always  be  represented  flat,  witlt- 
out  shadow  or  relief.  See  brick'2,  4. 
3.  In  arch.:  (a)  An  ornament 
much  used  in  early  medieval 
work,  consisting  of  an  imitation 
of  a  wooden  billet,  or  a  small 
section  of  a  rod,  of  which  a  se- 
ries are  placed  at  regular  inter- 
vals in  or  upon  a  molding,  usu- 
ally a  concave  molding.  See  cut  under  billet- 
molding,  (b)  A  checker. — 4.  A  short  strap 
used  for  connecting  various  straps  and  portions 
of  a  harness. —  5.  A  pocket  or  loop  into  which 


small  round  ivory  ball  used  in  play- 
ing billiards, 
billiard-cloth  (bil'yard-kloth),  n.  A 
fine  green  woolen  cloth,  piece-dyed, 
from  72  to  81  inches  wide,  manufactured  to 
cover  billiard-tables, 
billiard-cue  (bil'yard-kii),  n.     The  tapering 
stick  with  which  billiard-players  strike  the 
balls. 

billiardist  (bil'yar-dist),  [<  billiards  +  -ist.] 
One  skilled  in  the  game  of  billiards  ;  a  profes- 
sional billiard-player, 
billiard-marker  (biryard-^mar'ker),  n.  1.  One 
who  attends  on  players  at  billiards  and  records 
the  progress  of  the  game. —  2.  An  apparatus 
for  registering  the  points  and  games  scored  at 
billiards. 


Zou^i  :i:Jrii'rZVXZ  bUhards  (biryardz),.  [Formerly  alsospened 


through  a  buckle.— 6.  A  small  bloom;  a  short 
bar  of  iron  or  steel,  with  a  square  section,  and 
of  smaller  size  than  an  ordinary  ''pile."  a  billet 

is  rolled  of  the  size  and  weight  required  for  the  finished 
article  which  is  to  be  produced  from  it.  — Billet  and  zig- 
zag, a  frequent  molding  in  medieval  architecture,  consist- 
ing of  a  torus  ornamented  by  alternate  checkers.  — Cast 
billet,  a  moilerate-sized  billet,  formerly,  by  law,  10  inches 
in  circumference.- Single  billet,  a  small  billet,  former- 
ly, by  law,  7i  inches  in  circumference. — Two-cast  billet, 
a  large  billet,  formerly,  by  law,  14  inches  in  circumfer- 
ence. 

billets  (bil'et),  n.  [Cf.  billard  and  bil.]  A 
local  English  name  of  the  coal-fish,  especially 
when  one  year  old. 

billet-cable  (bil'et-ka"bl),  n.  [<  billet^  +  cable.] 
A  molding  occurring  in  early  medieval  archi- 
tecture, consisting  of  a  torus  or  cable  orna- 
mented with  billets. 

billet-doux  (bil-e-do'),  «.;  pi.  billets-doux.  [F. ; 
lit.,  sweet  letter:  billet,  see  billet^,  n. ;  doux,  <  L. 
dulcis,  sweet.]   A  love-note  or  short  love-letter. 

Valentine's  Day  kept  courting  pretty  May,  wiio  sate  next 
him,  slipping  amorous  billets-doux  under  the  table. 

Lamb,  New  Year's  Coming  of  Age. 

billetee  (bil-e-ta'),  a.  [F.  billete,  -ie,  <  billette: 
see  billet^.]    In  her.,  same  as  billety. 

billet-head  (bil'et-hed),  «.  [<  billef^  +  head.] 
1.  Naut. :  (a)  A  cylindrical  piece  of  timber  fixed 
in  the  bow  or  stern  of  a  whaling-boat,  round 
which  the  line  is  run  out  when  the  whale  darts 
off  after  being  harpooned.  Also  called  bollard, 
(b)  Same  as  scroll-head. —  2.  A  loggerhead. 

billeting-roll  (bil'et-ing-rol),  M.  [<  billeting 
(<  billet^,  a  stick,  +  -ing^  -I-  roll.]    A  set  of 


billiard,  biUyards  {-Hi-,  -lly-,  to  indicate  the  for 
mer  pronunciation  of  F.  -11-),  billards,  etc. ;  <  F. 
billard,  billiards,  billiard-table,  formerly  a  bil- 
liard-cue, orig.  a  stick  with  a  curved  end,  <  bille, 
a  log  of  wood,  a  young  stock  of  a  tree  (see  bil- 
let'^); a  different  word  from  bille,  a  ball,  a  bil- 
liard-ball, =:Sp.  billa  =  bilia,  biglia;  ML.  billa, 
a  ball,  same  as  billa,  a  seal,  a  writing,  a  bill :  see 
bill^.]  A  game  played  by  two  or  more  persons, 
on  a  rectangular  table  of  special  construction 
(see  billiard-table),  with  ivory  balls,  which  the 
players,  by  means  of  cues,  cause  to  strike 
against  each  other.  Formerly  in  the  United  States 
the  game  was  played  with  four  balls  on  a  table  Iiaving  six 
pockets,  the  players  scoring  both  for  caroms  and  for  driv- 
ing the  balls  into  the  pockets.  (See  carom.)  This  is  nearly 
the  present  Eiujlish  game.  Since,  however,  expert  players 
could  continue  an  inning  at  the  game  thus  played  almost 
without  limit,  the  pockets  were  dispensed  with  and  count- 
ing was  made  to  depend  entirely  upon  caroms.  Later,  pro- 
fessional players  adopted  what  is  known  as  the  French 
game.,  in  which  only  three  balls  are  used,  and  this  was  mod- 
ified to  the  champions'  game,  in  which  a  line,  called  a  balk- 
line,  is  drawn  crossing  each  corner  of  the  table  diagonally, 
within  which  two  counts  only  can  be  made.  Experts  now 
play  also  cushion-caroms,  in  which  the  cue-ball  must  touch 
the  cushion  before  hitting  the  second  object-ball,  or  hit  the 
second  ball  again  on  a  return  from  the  cushion  ;  the  balk- 
line  game,  which  is  the  same  as  the  champions'  game,  but 
with  balk-lines  14  inches  from  the  cushion  all  round  the 
table  ;  and  the  bank-game,  in  which  the  cue-ball  must  hit 
the  cushion  before  touching  any  other  ball.  [The  singular 
form,  billiard,  is  occasionally  used,  and  is  always  employed 
in  composition. 

With  aching  heart,  and  discontented  looks. 
Returns  at  noon  to  billiard  or  to  books. 

Cowper,  Retirement.] 


rollers  having  flattening  and  edging  grooves,  billiard-table  (biryard-ta'''bl),  n.    A  table  on 
used  in  rolling  iron  into  merchantable  bars, 
billet-master  (biret-mas'ter),  V.    One  whose 

duty  is  to  issue  billets  to  soldiers, 
billet-molding  (bil'et-moFding),  n.    In  arch., 
any  molding  ornamented 
with  billets.  :  ;  '    \,     '  i, 

billets-doux,  n.  Plural 

of  billet-doitx. 
"billety  (bil'e-ti),  a.  [See 
billetee.]  In  her.:  (a)  Di- 
vided into  billets :  same 
as  barrypaly :  said  of  the  BiUet-moiding. 


which  the  game  of  billiards  is  played,  it  is  made 

of  mahogany  or  other  hard  wood,  of  strong  and  heavy 
construction,  and  has  a  raised  cushioned  ledge  all  round, 
the  area  thus  formed  consisting  of  a  bed  of  slate  or  marble 
covered  with  line  green  cloth.  The  size  varies,  the  smallest 
common  size  being  10  by  5  feet,  and  the  largest  12  by  C  feet. 
Some  tables  are  provided  with  six  pockets,  one  at  each  cor- 
ner and  one  in  the  middle  of  each  of  the  long  sides  ;  others 
have  four  pockets ;  but  billiard-tables  are  now,  except  in 
F.ngland,  commonly  made  without  pockets. 

billicock,  n.    See  billycock. 

billing  (bil'ing),  n.  [Ppr.  of  bill^,  v.]  A  caress- 
ing after  the  fashion  of  doves ;  love-making : 
as,  "  your  billings  and  cooings,"  Leigh  Hunt. 


billowy 

billingsgate  (bil'ingz-gat),  n.    [Formerly  also 

Billiiisgatc,  Beelingsgate,  <  ME.  Belliix/es  gate, 

1.  e..  Billing's  gate  (cf.  AS.  Billing,  a  patro- 
nymic name),  the  name  of  one  of  the  ancient 
gates  of  the  city  of  London,  and  of  a  fish- 
market  near  it,  noted  for  the  foulness  of  the 
language  used  there.]  Profane  or  sciuTiloua 
language  or  abuse ;  blackguardism. 

Satire  is  nothing  liut  ribaldry  and  billingsgate. 

Addison,  Papers. 

billion  (bil'yon),  n.  [F.,  contracted  from  *bi- 
million,  <  L.  bi-,  twice  (second  power),  -I-  F.  mil- 
lion, mWlion.]  1.  In  Great' Britain,  a  million 
of  millions ;  as  many  millions  as  there  are  units 
in  a  million  (1,000,000,000,000).— 2.  In  France 
and  the  United  States,  a  thousand  millions 
(1,000,000,000).  [The  word  billion  was  introduced  into 
French  in  the  sixteenth  century,  in  the  sense  of  a  million 
to  the  second  power,  as  a  trillion  was  a  million  to  the  third 
power.  At  that  time  numbers  were  usually  pointed  off 
in  periods  of  six  figures.  In  the  seventeenth  century  the 
custom  prevailed  of  pointing  off  numbers  in  periods  of 
three,  and  this  led  to  the  change  in  the  meaning  of  the 
word  billion  in  French.  The  words  billion,  trillion,  etc., 
did  not  apparently  come  into  use  in  English  until  a  later 
date,  for  Locke  ("Essay  on  the  Human  Understanding," 
ii.  16,  §  6, 1690)  speaks  of  the  use  of  billion  as  a  novelty. 
The  English  meaning  of  the  word  is  thus  the  original  and 
most  systematic.  The  word  billion  is  not  used  in  the 
French  of  every-day  life,  one  thousand  millions  being 
called  a  milliard.] 

billionaire  (bil'yon-ar),  n.  [<  billion  +  -aire, 
as  in  millionaire.]  One  who  possesses  property 
worth  a  billion  reckoned  in  standard  coin  of 
the  eoimtry.  [Bare.] 

One  would  like  to  give  a  party  now  and  then,  if  one 
could  be  a  billionaire.     0.  W.  Holmes,  Elsie  Venner,  vii. 

billman  (bil'man),  w.;  pi.  billmen  (-men).  [<  bilV^ 
+  man.]    1.  A  soldier  or  civic  guardsman  of 
former  times  armed  with  a  bill. 
In  rushed  his  bill-men.  Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  427. 

A  billman  of  the  guard.       Saville,  tr.  of  Tacitus,  i.  24. 
When  the  bill-men  saw  that  the  fire  was  overaw'd,  and 
could  not  doe  the  deed  [burn  the  martyr],  one  of  them 
steps  to  him,  and  stabs  him  with  a  sword. 

Milton,  Prelatical  Episcopacy. 

2.  A  laborer  who  uses  a  bill  for  cutting. 
[Rare.] 

billon  (bil'on),  n.  [F.,  copper  coin,  base  coin, 
a  mint  for  such  coin  (=  Pr.  billo  =  Sp.  vellon  = 
Pg.  bilhao  =  It.  biglione;  ML.  biUio(n-),  bil- 
lon), orig.  a  'mass'  of  metal,  <  bille,  a  log:  see 
billet^,  billot.  In  older  E.  form  (by  confusion) 
bullion:  seebullio7i^.]  1.  Gold  or  silver  alloyed 
with  copper  in  large  proportions,  so  as  to  make 
a  base  metal. 

In  many  continental  countries  the  smaller  currency  has 
been  made  of  a  very  low  alloy  of  silver  and  copper,  called 
billon.  .  .  .  According  to  an  analysis  performed  at  the 
Owen's  College  chemical  laboratory,  one  part  of  silver  and 
three  of  copper.    Billon  is  still  being  coined  in  Austria. 

Jevons,  IVIoney  and  Mech.  of  Exchange,  p.  125. 

2.  Coin  struck  from  an  alloy  over  half  copper. 

billot  (bil'ot),  n.  [¥.,  dim.  of  bille  :  see  billet^.] 
Same  as  billet'^. 

billo'W  (bil'o),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bellow; 
prob.  <  Icel.  bylgja  (through  an  unrecorded 
ME.  *bylqe)  =  Sw.  bolja  =  Dan.  bdlge,  a  billow, 
—  OD.  bolghc,  bulghe  =  LG.  bidge  =  OHG. 
*bulga,  MHG.  G.  bulge,  a  billow,  prob.  related 
to  OHG.  bidgd,  MHG.  G.  bulge,  a  bag;  ult.  < 
AS.  (etc.)  belgan,  swell,  swell  up,  whence  also 
bellows,  belly,  etc.  Cf.  bulge.]  A  great  wave 
or  surge  of  the  sea,  occasioned  usually  by  a 
violent  wind :  much  used  in  figurative  applica- 
tions, and  often,  especially  in  the  plural,  as 
merely  equivalent  to  wave :  as,  the  billows  of 
sorrow  rolled  over  him. 

You  stand  upon  the  rivage  and  behold 
A  city  on  the  inconstant  billows  dancing. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  (cho.). 
Strongly  it  bears  us  along,  in  swelling  and  limitless  bil- 
lows.   Coleridge,  tr.  of  Schiller,  Homeric  Hexameter. 
=  SjTl.    See  wave. 

billow  (bil'o),  V.  [<  billoxo,  n.]  I.  intrans.  To 
swell ;  rise  and  roll  in  large  waves  or  surges. 

The  black-browed  Marseillese  .  .  .  do  iiHoio  on  towards 
the  Tuileries,  where  their  errand  is. 

Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  II.  iv.  7. 

II.  trans.  To  raise  in  waves  or  billows. 
Young. 

billowed  (bil'od),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  billow,  v.] 
Swelled  like  a  billow. 

billowy  (bil'o-i),  a.  [<  billotv  +  -?/i.]  Swell- 
ing or  swelled  into  large  waves ;  full  of  bil- 
lows or  surges ;  having  an  appearance  or  effect 
as  of  billows:  as,  "the  billotvie  ocean,"  Chap- 
man, Odyssey,  v.;  billowy  fiames. 

We  had  glimpses  of  the  billowy  Campagna,  with  the 
great  dome  bulging  from  its  rim. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  205. 


bill-poster 

bill-poster  (birp6s"ter),  n.    One  -whose  busi 


555 


ness  it  is  to  post  up  bills  and  advertisements. 
Also  called  hiU-sticker. 
bill-scale  (bil'skal),  n.  The  hard  scale  or  nib 
on  the  tip  of  the  beak  of  a  chick,  aiding  it  to 
peck  the  shell  in  order  to  make  its  escape  from 
the  egg. 

bill-sticker  (bil'stik"er),  n.  Same  as  bill-poster. 

billyi  (bil'i),  )(. ;  pi.  billies  (-iz).  [Also  spelled 
billie  ;  of  unknown  origin.  The  sense  is  rather 
too  definite  to  be  considered  an  application 
(like  "Jack,"  "Jill,"  "Tom,  Dick,  and  Harry") 
of  the  familiar  proper  name  Billi/,  dim.  of  Bill,  a 
corruption  of  Will,  which  is  short  for  William.'] 
A  comrade  ;  a  companion  ;  a  brother  in  arms, 
trade,  and  the  like;  a  fellow;  a  young  man. 
[Scotch  and  North.  Eng.] 

When  chapman  billies  leave  the  street. 

Burns,  Tarn  o'  Shanter. 

billy2  (bil'i),  n. ;  pi.  billies  (-iz).  [A  slang  word, 
perhaps  a  particular  application  of  the  familiar 
proper  name  Billy  :  see  billy''-,  and  of.  betty  and 
jimmy.  Cf .  also  F.  bille,  a  stick  or  stock,  under 
billet^  and  billiards.}  1.  Stolen  metal  of  any 
kind.  [Slang.]  — 2;  A  small  metal  bludgeon 
that  may  be  carried  in  the  pocket ;  hence,  a 
policeman's  club.  [Slang.]  — 3.  A  slubbing- 
machine.    See  slubber. 

billy-biter  (bil'i-bi"ter),  n.  [<  Billy,  a  familiar 
name,  +  biter.]  A  name  for  the  blue  titmouse, 
Farus  cceruleus.  Macgillivray.  [Local,  Brit- 
ish.] 

Billy-blind  (bil'i-blind),  n.  1.  In  ballads,  the 
name  of  a  benevolent  household  demon  or  fa- 
miliar spirit.  Also  written  Billy  Blind.— 2. 
[I.  c]  The  game  of  blind-man's  buff.  N.  E.  D. 

billyboy  (bil'i-boi),  «.  [Appar.  a  humorous 
application  of  Billy  boy  (<  billy'^  +  boy),  a  fa- 
miliar phrase  of  address  ;  but  prob.  an  aecom. 
to  this  form 

of         some  / 
other  name.]  \\  - 

A  flat-bot-  ""^ 
tomed,  blxiff- 
bowed  barge, 
of  very  light 
draft,  espe- 
cially built 
for  the  navi- 
gation of  the 
river  Humber 
in  England 
and  its  tribu- 
taries. Sea-go- 
iug  billyboys  are 

generally  clincher-built  and  sloop-rigged,  but  some  are 
carvel-bmlt  and  schooner-rigged.  Many  carry  a  square 
topsail  and  lee-boards.  The  mast  is  fitted  to  the  deck  by 
a  hmge,  so  that  it  can  be  lowered  when  passing  under 
a  bndge.  ® 

You  look  at  the  clustered  houses,  and  at  the  wharves 
with  the  black  old  billyboys  squattering  alongside. 

\y.  C.  Russell,  Sailor's  Sweetheart,  ii. 

billycock  (bil'i-kok),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A 
stiff,  round,  low-crowned  felt  hat:  often  called 
&  bdlycock  hat.  Also  swelled  billicocJc.  [Colloq.] 

billy-gate  (bil'i-gat),  n.  The  moving  carriage 
in  a  slubbing-machine. 

billy-goat  (bil'i-got),  n.  A  familiar  name  for 
a  he-goat,  as  nanny-goat  is  for  a  she-goat. 

bllly-piecer  (bil'l-pe'ser),  n.  In  woolen-manuf., 
a  child  who  pieces  or  joins  together  roving  on 
a  carding-engine  called  a  billy  or  slubbins- 
billy.    [Not  used  in  U.  S.] 

billy-roller  (bil'i-r6"ler),  n.  In  woolen  -manuf., 
a  wooden  roller  in  the  slubbing-machine,  under 
which  cardings  are  passed,  and  by  which  they 
are  slightly  compressed. 

billy-web  (bil'i-web),  n.  A  name  given  in 
Honduras  to  the  wood  of  a  little-known  timber- 
tree. 

bilobate  (bi-16'bat),  a.  [<  6t-2  -)-  lobate.]  Hav- 
ing or  divided  into  two  lobes:  as,  a  bilobate 
leaf. 

bilobed  (bi'lobd),  a.    Same  as  bilobate. 
bilobular  (bi-lob'u-lar),  a.    Same  as  bilobate. 
Round  or  bilvbular  structures  of  very  variable  size. 

Frey,  Histol.  and  Histo-chem.  (trans.),  p.  29. 

bilocation  (bi-lo-ka'shpn),  n.  [<  &j-2  -h  loca- 
tion.] The  power  of  being  in  two  places  at 
the  same  time.    See  extract. 

The  word  bilocation  has  been  invented  to  express  the 
miraculous  faculty  possessed  by  certain  saints  of  the 
-Koman  Church,  of  being  in  two  places  at  once. 

-fi".  B.  Tylor,  Prim.  Culture,  I.  404. 

bUocellate  (bi-lo-sel'at),  a.  [<  6j-2  -f-  Ucellus 
+  -a<ei.]  In  bot.,  divided  into  two  locelli  or 
secondary  cells.    See  cut  in  next  column. 


Bilocellate. —  Enlarged  section  of 
a  bilocellate  anther,  in  which  each 
of  the  two  cells  is  also  bilocellate. 


Billyboy. 


bilocular  (bi-lok'u-lar),  a.     [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
loculus,  a  cell  (<  locus,  a  place),  +  -«r3.]  Divid- 
ed into  two  cells,  or 
containing  two  cells 
internally :  as,  a  bilo- 
cular jjericarp. 
biloculate  (bi-lok'ii- 
lat),  a.  [As  bilocul-dr 
+  -ate^.]     Same  as 
bilocular. 

bilophodont  (M-lof- 

o-dont),  a.  [<  L.  bi-, 
two-,  4-  Gr.  Aoi/iof,  a 
crest,  -I-  odoif  (bdovT-) 
=  E.  tooth.]  Having 

two  transverse  crests  on  a  molar  tooth,  as  the 
tapirs,  dinotheriids,  and  kangaroos. 

Tlie  bilophodont  sub-type  becomes  more  marked  in  Di- 
notherium  and  in  the  anterior  small  molar  of  Mastodon. 

Owen,  Anat.  Vert.,  III.  343. 

biloquial  (bi-16'kwi-al),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  -f- 
loqui,  speak;  alter  colloquial]  Speaking  with 
two  different  voices.  N.  E.  D. 
biloquist  (bil'o-kwist),  n.  [As  biloquial  +  -ist.] 
One  who  can  speak  with  two  different  voices. 
N.  E.  D. 

bilsah  (bil'sii),  M.  [E.  Ind.]  A  fine  kind  of 
tobacco  grown  in  the  district  of  Malwa  in  cen- 
tral India. 

bilsted  (bil'sted),  n.  [Appar.  a  native  name.] 
Another  name  of  the  American  sweet-gum  tree, 
Liquidambar  Styraciflua. 

biltong,  biltongue  (bil'tong,  -tung),  n.  [S. 

African  D.  biltong,  <  D.  bil,  buttock,  pi.  rump, 
-I-  tong  =  E.  tongue.]  A  South  African  name 
for  lean  meat  cut  into  thin  strips  and  dried  in 
the  sun. 

bimaculate,  bimaculated  (bi-mak'ti-lat,  -la- 
ted),  a.  [<  -f-  maculate.]  Having  two 
spots;  marked  with  two  spots.- Bimaculated 

duck,  Anas  fflocitans  or  Querquedula  bimaculata,  a  Euro- 
pean species  of  teal. 

Bimana  (bim'a-na),  n.  2)1.    [NL.,  neut.  pi.  (sc. 

animalia)  of  bimdnus,  two-handed :  see  bima- 
710US.]  An  order  of  Mammalia,  including  man 
alone,  established  by  Blumenbach,  and  retained 
by  Cuvier  and  most  naturalists  until  quite  re- 
cently. The  order  is  now  practically  abolished,  since  it 
has  been  shown  that,  zoologically  and  morphologically, 
man  differs  less  from  the  anthropoid  apes  than  these  ape.s 
do  from  most  monkeys.  The  custom  is  now  to  revert  in 
this  particular  to  the  classification  of  Linna;us,  who  in- 
cluded man  with  the  apes,  monkeys,  and  lemurs  in  one 
order,  Primates.  The  zoological  rank  now  usually  assigned 
to  the  genus  Homo  is  that  of  the  type  of  a  family  Homi- 
nidce  or  Anthropidce,  the  term  Bimana  being  used,  if  at 
all,  as  the  name  of  a  superfamily  or  suborder,  by  means  of 
which  man  alone  is  thus  contrasted  with  Simiae. 

bimanet  (bi'man),  a.    [<  E.  bimane,  <  NL.  bi- 

manus  :  see  bimanous.]    Same  as  bimanous. 
bimanous  (bi'ma-nus),  a.    [<  NL.  bimanus, 
two-handed,  <  L.  bi-,  two-,  -\-  manus,  hand. 
a.  Bimana.]    1.  Having  two  hands. 

Two-handed  and  two-footed,  or  bimanous  and  biped. 

Lawrence,  Lectures,  p.  159  (Ord  MS.). 

Specifically— 2.  In  zool.,  belonging  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  the  Bimana. 
bimanual  (bi-man'ii-al),  a.    [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
manus  {manu-),  hand,"-l-  -al.   Cf.  manual.]  In- 
volving the  employment  of  both  hands, 
bimarginate  (bi-mar' ji-nat),  a.    [<  6j-2  -f 
marginate.]    In  conch.,  furnished  with  a  dou- 
ble margin  as  far  as  the  tip. 
bimbo  (bim'bo),  n.    A  kind  of  punch,  drunk  as 
a  liqueur,  made  with  six  lemons  and  a  pound 
of  sugar  to  a  quart  of  brandy  and  a  quart  of 
water. 

bimedial  (bi-me'di-al),  «.  [<  &i-2  +  medial; 
tr.  of  Gr.  £/c  6vo  fiLauv,  from  two  medials.]  In 
anc.  math.,  a  line  compounded  of  two  medials. 

If  these  latter  make  a  rational  rectangle,  the  compound 
is  called  a  first  bimedial ;  if  they  make  a  medial  rec- 
tangle, the  compound  is  termed  a  second  bimedial.  In 
modern  language  this  would  be  e.xpressed  by  saying  that 
a  bimedial  is  a  quantity  of  the  form  (-/o  -f  yb)  Yc,  where 
a,  b,  and  c  are  commensurable.    It  is  a  first  or  a  second 
bimedial  according  as  a  6  c  is  or  is  not  a  perfect  square 
bimembral  (bi-mem'bral),  a.    [<  L.  bimembris, 
<  bi-,  two-,  -I-  membrum,  member.]  Consisting 
of  two  members,  as  a  sentence.  Gibbs. 
bimenet,  v.  t.  A  Middle  EngUsh  form  of  bemoan. 
bimensal  (bi-men'sal),  a.    [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  -f 
mcnsis,  a  month.    Cf.  bimestrial.]  Occurring 
once  in  two  months ;  bimonthly. 
Bimeria  (bi-me'ri-a),  n.    [NL.,  <  L.  bi-,  two-, 
+  Gr.  //fpof,  part.]    A  genus  of  hydrozoans, 
typical  of  the  family  Bimeriida: 
Bimeriidse  (bi-me-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Bi- 
meria -1-  -idee]    A  family  of  tubularian  hydro- 
zoans, typified  by  the  genus  Bimeria.  The  polyp- 
stock  is  covered  with  a  perisarc,  tlie  generative  buds  are 
sessile,  and  the  tentacles  of  tlie  polyps  are  simple. 


bin 


bimestrial  (bi-mes'tri-al),  a.  [<  L.  bimcstris, 
of  two  months'  duration,  <  hi-,  two-,  +  mensis,  a 
month.]  Happening  every  two  months ;  con- 
tinuing two  months. 

Dante  became  one  of  the  six  priors  (.7une,  1.300),  an 
office  which  tlie  Florentines  liad  made  bimentrial  in  its 
tenure,  in  order  apparently  to  secure  at  least  six  constitu- 
tional chances  of  revohition  in  the  year. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Hooks,  2d  ser.,  p.  11. 
bimetallic  (bi-me-tal'ik),  a.  [<  V.  bimetal  I  iquc, 
<  bi-  (<  L.  bi-,  two-)  -f  meiallique;  or  <  bi-^  -f- 
metallic.  This  word  and  its  derivatives  are  of 
recent  origin,  M.  Cernuschi  having  been  the 
first  to  use  bimdtalUque  in  1869,  and  bimetallic  in 
1876.  N.  E.  />.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  two  met- 
als; specifically,  pertaining  to  the  use  of  a 
double  metallic  standard  in  eun'ency.  See  bi- 
metallism. 

The  fallacy  that  prices  depend  directly  on  the  volume 
of  currency,  that  a  bi-metallic  standard  is  practicable  etc 
A'.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVII.  352. 

bimetallism  (bi-met'al-izm),  n.  [<  bimetall-ic 
+  -ism.]  The  use  of  two  metals  as  money  at 
relative  values  set  by  legislative  enactment; 
the  union  of  two  metals  in  circulation  as  money 
at  a  fixed  rate.  Specifically,  tliat  system  of  coinage 
which  recognizes  botli  coins  of  silver  and  coins  of  gold 
as  legal  tender  to  any  amount,  or  the  concurrent  use  of 
coins  of  two  metals  as  a  circulating  medium  at  a  fixed 
relative  value. 

This  coinage  was  superseded  by  the  bimetallic  (gold  and 
silver)  coinage  of  Crojsus,  and  bimetallism  was  the  rule  in 
Asia  down  to  Alexander's  time  in  the  fixed  ratio  of  one  to 
thirteen  and  a  half  between  the  two  metals.  Academy. 

bimetallist  (bi-met'al-ist),  M.    [<  bimetall-ic  -f- 
-ist.    Ci.  bimetallism.]    One  who  advocates  the 
use  of  a  double  metallic  standard  in  currency, 
bimetallistic  (bi-met-a-lis'tik),  a.    [<  bimetal- 
list  -I-  -ic]    Pertaining  or  relating  to  bimetal- 
lism.   Contemporary  Rev. 
bimodular  (bi-mod'u-lar),  a.    [<  bimodulus  + 
-rtr3.]    1.   Pertaining  to  the  bimodulus. — 2. 
Ha^ving  two  moduli, 
bimodulus  (bl-mod'u-lus),  n. ;  pi.  bimoduli  (-li). 
[NL.,  <  6i-2  -I-  moduius.]    In  math.,  the  double 
of  the  modulus  of  a  system  of  logarithms, 
bimonthly  (bi-munth'li),  a.  [<  Z*«-2  +  monthly.] 
Occurring  every  two  months.  Sometimes  errone- 
ously used  for  semi-munthly,  as  applied  to  periodicals  ap- 
pearing twice  a  month, 
bimucronate  (bi-mu'kro-nat),  a.    [<  6i-2  -I-  mu- 
cronate.]   In  zool.,  having  two  mucros  or  angu- 
lar projections :  as,  bim ucroJiate  elyira. 
bimuscular  (bi  -mus'ku-lar),  a.  [^  Z>/-2  -f-  muscu- 
lar.]   In  conch.,  having  two  adductor  muscles, 
as  some  bivalves;  dimyarian. 
Bimusculosa  (bi-mus-ku-16'sa),  «.  pi.  [NL., 
<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  musculosus,  muscular,  <  mus- 
culus,  muscle.]    In  conch.,  an  order  of  bivalve 
mollusks:  synonymous  with  D/myana.  Gould, 
1841. 

bini  (bin),  n.  [<  ME.  binne,  bynne,  byn,  a  re- 
pository for  grain  or  bread,  usually  a  manger, 
<AS.  binn,  a  manger.  Origin  uncertain;  per- 
haps, like  D.  benne,  ben,  =  G.  benne,  a  basket- 
wagon,  =  It.  benna,  a  sleigh,  cart,  =  F.  banne, 
benne,  a  basket,  creel,  pannier,  basket-wagon,  < 
ML.  benna,  a  basket,  a  hamper,  appar.  the  same 
as  L.  bemia,  quoted  as  an  old  Gaulish  name  for 
a  kind  of  vehicle;  ef.  W.  ben,  a  cart,  wagon.] 
1.  A  box  or  inclosed  place  used  as  a  repository 
for  any  commodity :  as,  a  corn-6jw  ;  a  coal-6i«. 

—  2.  One  of  the  open  subdi\isions  of  a  cellar 
for  the  reception  of  wine-bottles. 

Also  spelled  binn. 
bini  (bin),  V.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  binned,  ppr.  bin- 
ning.  [<        n.]  To  put  into  or  store  in  a  bin: 
as,  to  bin  liquor, 
bin^t  (bin),  adv.  And  prep.    [=E.  dial,  and  Sc. 
ben  (see  ben^),  <  ME.  binne,  binnen,  binnon,  < 
AS.  binnan,  ONorth.  binna  (=  OS.  *binnan  = 
OFries.  bintia  =  D.  bin?ien  =  MHG.  G.  binnen), 
within,  <  be-,  by,  +  innan,  within;  see  6e-2  and 
i«l;  cf.  6m*i.]  I.  adv.  Within;  inside. 
II.  2»'ep-  1.  Of  place,  within;  inside  of;  in. 

—  2.  Of  time,  within  ;  during, 
bin^t,  V.  A  shortened  form  of  been,  past  partici- 
ple, and  obsolete  infinitive  and  present  indica- 
tive plural,  of  be.  Bin  is  the  ordinary  pronun- 
ciation in  the  United  States  of  the  past  partici- 
ple been. 

Out  of  whom  [Beda]  cheifly  hath  bin  gatherd  since  the 
Saxons  arrival,  sucli  as  hath  bin  deliverd,  a  scatterd  story 
pickt  out  heer  and  there.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  iv. 

With  ev  ry  thing  that  pretty  bin 
My  lady  sweet  arise. 

SItak.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  3  (song). 
Blushes  that  bin 
The  burnish  of  no  sin. 
Crashan;  \\  ishes  to  his  supposed  Mistress. 
As  fresh  as  bin  the  flowers  in  May.  Peele. 


bina 

bina  (be'na),  n.  [<  Hind.  bin.  Cf.  fteew*.]  An 
East  Indian  guitar  with  seven  strings.  Also 
called  rina. 

binacle,  «.    See  bmnacle. 

binal  (bi'nal),  a.  [<  ML.  Unalis,  double,  <  L. 
hini,  two  by  two:  see  binary.'j  Twofold; 
double;  binary:  as,  binal  revenge,"  Ford, 
Witch  of  Edmonton,  iii.  2. 

The  attempt  of  the  Freiicli  to  compel  the  use  of  the 
decimal  system  shows  the  dltttculty  of  such  an  undertak- 
ing. Popular  necessities  compelled  the  introduction  of 
binal  divisions.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIII.  423. 

binariant  (bi-na'ri-ant),  n.  A  solution  of  the 
differential  equation,  hDa  +  cDb  +,  etc.,  =  0. 

binary  (bi'na-ri),  «.  and  n.  [<  L.  binarius, 
consisting  of  two  things,  <  bini,  pi.  (rarely 
sing,  binus),  two  by  two,  two,  <  bis,  double : 
see  &(-2.  Cf.  between.^  I.  a.  1.  Twofold; 
dual ;  double  ;  twain ;  twin ;  paired :  said  of 
anything  which  is  composed  of  two  things  or 
considered  as  divided  into  two  things. —  2.  In 
bot.,  having  the  organs  in  twos:  applied  to 
flowers  :  equivalent  to  dimerous  Binary  arith- 
metic, that  system,  invented  by  Leibnitz,  in  whicli  two 
figures  only,  0  and  1,  are  used  in  lieu  of  ten,  the  cipher 
being  placed  as  in  common  arithmetic,  but  denoting  mul- 
tiplication by  2  instead  of  by  10.  Thus,  1  is  one ;  10  is 
two ;  11  is  three  ;  100  is  four  ;  101  is  five ;  110  is  six  ;  111  is 
seven:  1000  is  eight;  1001  is  nine;  1010  is  ten.— Binary 
Classification,  binary  system,  in  zooi.,  one  which  di- 
vides a  group  of  objects  into  two  series,  as  the  class  of 
birds  into  two  subclasses,  Alt  rices  and  Prcecoces  ;  a  dichot- 
onious  arrangement:  opposed  to  quinary,  etc. —  Binary 
compound,  in  chem.,  a  compound  of  two  elements,  or  of 
an  element  and  a  compound  performing  the  function  of 
an  element,  or  of  two  compounds  performing  the  functions 
of  elements,  according  to  the  laws  of  combination.  Fara- 
day assigns  as  the  distinctive  character  of  a  binary  com- 
pound tliat  it  admits  of  electrolysis. — Binary  CUbiC.  See 
ctifcic— Binary  engine,  an  engine  having  the  piston  of 
one  cylinder  impelled  by  steam  which,  being  exhausted 
into  another  part  of  the  apparatus,  communicates  its  un- 
utilized heat  to  some  volatile  liquid  at  a  lower  tempera- 
ture ;  the  vapor  of  this  second  liquid,  by  its  expansion  in  a 
second  cylinder,  yields  additional  force. — Binary  enun- 
ciation, in  logic,  a  categorical  proposition  whose  verb  is 
not  to  be :  as,  Socrates  dies.    Usually  called  a  proposition 

0/ second  adjacent.— Binaxy  form,  or  binary  quantic, 
in  alg.,  a  homogeneous  function  of  two  variables ;  as : 
ax  +  by, 
ax'i  +  bxy  +  cy^, 
ax3  +  bx2y  +  cxy^  +  dy3,  etc. 

So  binary  cubic,  quartic,  etc. —  Binary  form,  in  music, 
a  movement  based  upon  two  subjects  or  divided  into  two 
distinct  or  contrasted  sections. — Binary  logarithms,  a 
system  of  logarithms  contrived  and  calculated  by  Euler 
for  facilitating  musical  calculations.  In  this  system  1  is 
the  logarithm  of  2,  2  of  4,  etc.,  and  the  modulus  is  1.442- 
695  ;  whereas  in  the  kind  conmionly  used  1  is  the  loga- 
rithm of  10,  2  of  100,  etc.,  and  the  modulus  is  .43429448. 
—  Binary  measure,  in  music,  the  measure  used  in  com- 
mon time,  in  which  the  time  of  rising  in  beating  is  equal 

to  the  time  of  falling.— Binary  nomenclature,  binary 

name,  in  zool.  and  bot,,  a  binomial  nomenclature  or  bino- 
mial name.  See  binomial. —  Binary  number,  a  number 
which  is  composed  of  two  units. —  Binary  scale,  tlie  scale 
of  notation  used  in  binary  arithmetic. — Binary  star,  a 
double  star  whose  members  have  a  revolution  around 
their  common  center  of  gravity. — Binary  theory  Of 
salts,  the  theory  which  regards  salts  as  consisting  of  two 
elements,  a  basic  or  electropositive,  which  may  be  a  metal 
or  a  radical,  and  an  acid  or  electronegative  element  or  rad- 
ical :  as,  potassium  nitrate,  K-NO3 ;  potassium  acetate, 
K-C2H3O0. 

II.  n. ;  pi.  binaries  (-riz).  A 
whole  composed  of  two ;  a  dyad.  ^S^^K^B 

To  make  two,  or  a  binary,  .  .  .  add  "^^V^^^^ 

but  one  unto  one.  / 

Fotherby,  Atheomastix,  p.  307.  g ..^H^ 
binate  (bi'nat),  a.    [<  NL.  bina- 

tuS,  <   L.  bini,  two  and  two  :  see      Binate  Leaves 

binary.']  In  &oi.,  beiag  double  or  '"""^  ' 
in  couples ;  having  only  two  leaflets  to  a  peti- 
ole ;  growing  in  pairs, 
binaural  (bin-a'ral),  a.  [<  L.  hini,  two  and 
two,  +  auris  =  E.  earl.]  J_  Having  two  ears. 
— 2.  Pertaining  to  or  involving  the  use  of  both 
ears ;  fitted  for  being  simultaneously  used  by 
two  ears :  as,  a  binaural  stethoscope,  which 
has  two  connected  tubes  capped  by  small  ear- 
pieces. 

There  is  even  a  kind  of  binaural  audition,  by  means  of 
which  we  judge  imperfectly  of  direction  of  sound. 

Le  Conte,  Sight,  p.  265. 

binching  (bin'ching),  n.  [Appar.  a  dial,  form 
of  benching.  Cf.  dial.  binJc,  benk  =  bench.']  In 
coal-mining,  the  bed  or  rock  on  which  a  layer  of 
coal  rests.    [Somersetshire,  Eng.] 

bind  (bind),  f. ;  pret.  bound,  pp.  bound  (for- 
merly bounden,  now  only  attrib.),  ppr.  binding. 
[<  ME.  binden  (pret.  band,  bond,  later  bounde, 
pi.  bounden,  bounde,  pp.  bounden),  <  AS.  bindan 
(pret.  band,  pi.  bundon,  pp.  bunden)  =  OS.  bin- 
dan  —  OFries.  hinda  =  D.  binden  =  OHG.  6m- 
tan,  MHG.  G.  binden  =  Icel.  binda  —  Sw.  binda 
=  Dan.  binde  =  Goth,  bindan,  bind,  tie,  =  Skt. 
•v/ bandh,  orig.  *bhandh,  bind,  tie.  The  same  root 
prob.  appears  in  L.  of-fend-ix,  of-fendr-imentum, 


556 

the  knot  of  a  band,  Gr.  mlajia  (for  ^mvG/ia, 
*^ev6^a),  a  rope.  See  band''-,  band^,  bend^, 
bend^,  etc.,  bond^,  bundle,  etc.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
make  fast  (to,  on,  or  upon)  with  a  band  or  bond 
of  any  kind. 
Thou  Shalt  bind  them  for  a  sign  upon  thine  hand. 

Deut.  vi.  8. 

Bind  the  chariot  to  the  swift  beast.  Micali  i.  13. 

2.  To  unite  by  any  legal  or  moral  tie ;  attach  by 
considerations  of  love,  duty,  interest,  obliga- 
tion, etc.:  as,  bound  in  the  bonds  of  matrimony ; 
bound  by  gratitude,  duty,  debt,  etc. 

Distrust  and  grief 
Will  bind  to  us  each  Western  chief. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L. ,  ii.  30. 

3.  To  put  in  bonds  or  fetters  ;  deprive  of  lib- 
erty or  of  the  use  of  the  limbs  by  making  fast 
physically. 

Bind  him  hand  and  foot,  and  take  him  away. 

Slat.  xxii.  13. 

He  took  Paul's  girdle,  and  bound  his  own  hands  and 
feet,  and  said,  ...  So  shall  the  Jews  at  Jerusalem  bind 
the  man  that  owneth  this  girdle.  Acts  xxi.  11. 

4.  To  restrain ;  hold  to  a  particular  state, 
place,  employment,  etc. 

He  bindeth  the  floods  from  overflowiiyg.  Job  xxviii.  11. 
I  have  no  official  business  to  bind  me. 

Macaulay,  in  Trevelyan,  II.  vii. 

5.  To  hinder  or  restrain  (the  bowels)  from 
their  natural  operations ;  make  costive ;  con- 
stipate.—  6.  To  fasten  around  anything ;  fix  in 
place  by  girding  or  tying :  as,  to  bind  a  cord 
round  the  arm. 

I,  maiden,  round  thee,  maiden,  bind  my  belt. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 

7.  To  encircle  with  a  band  or  ligature ;  gird ; 
confine  or  restrain  by  girding:  as,  "  6iwd  up 
those  tresses,"  Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  4. 

A  fillet  binds  her  hair.       Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  178. 

8.  To  swathe  or  bandage ;  cover  and  swathe 
with  dressings :  with  uj). 

He  healeth  the  broken  in  heart,  and  bindeth  up  their 
wounds.  Ps.  clxvii.  3. 

Give  me  another  horse,  bind  tip  my  wounds. 

Shak.,  Rich  III,,  v.  3. 

9.  To  form  a  border  or  edge  on,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  strengthening  or  ornamenting  ;  edge : 
as,  to  bind  a  wheel  with  a  tire  ;  to  bind  a  gar- 
ment or  a  carpet. 

Her  mantle  rich,  whose  borders  round 
A  deep  and  fretted  broidery  bound. 

Scott,  Marmion,  vi.  3. 
Black  cliffs  and  high. 
With  green  grass  growing  on  the  tops  of  them. 
Binding  them  round  as  gold  a  garment's  hem. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  172. 

10.  To  tie  or  fasten  (loose  things)  together 
with  a  band,  cord,  or  tie ;  tie  up  into  one  bun- 
dle or  mass:  as,  to  bind  sheaves  of  grain. — 11. 
To  fasten  or  secure  within  a  cover,  as  a  book 
or  pamphlet.  See  bookbinding. — 12.  In  fen- 
cing, to  secure  (the  sword  of  an  adversary). 
See  binding,  ».,  3. — 13.  To  cause  to  cohere; 
cement;  knit;  unite  firmly:  as,  to  bind  the 
loose  sand. 

The  sooner  to  effect, 
And  surer  birid,  this  knot  of  amity, — 
The  Earl  of  Armagnac  .  .  . 
Proffers  his  only  daughter  to  your  grace 
In  marriage.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1. 

God  has  so  bound  society  together  that  if  one  member 
suffer,  all  suffer.  J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  p.  60. 

Have  enough  oil  in  the  colours  to  bind  them. 

Workshop  Receipts,  1st  ser.,  p.  423. 
Binding  the  ink  to  prevent  its  smearing. 

Workshop  Receipts,  2d  ser.,  p.  343. 

14.  To  place  under  obligation  or  compulsion: 
as,  all  are  bound  to  obey  the  laws. 

This  ring  I  gave  him,  when  he  parted  from  me. 
To  bind  him  to  remember  my  good-will. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  iv.  4. 
'Tis  true,  by  my  father's  will,  I  am  for  a  short  period 
bound  to  regard  you  as  his  substitute. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  1. 

15.  To  put  under  legal  obligation:  often  with 
over :  as,  to  bind  a  man  over  to  keep  the  peace. 
Specifically — 16.  To  indenture  as  an  appren- 
tice :  often  with  out. 

My  mother  she  wanted  to  bind  me  out  to  a  blacksmith. 

Mrs.  Stowe,  Oldtown,  p.  83. 

To  bind  hand  and  foot.  See  hand.—  To  bind  in,  to 

inclose ;  surround. 

Bound  in  with  the  triumphant  sea. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  1. 
A  costly  jewel  .  .  .  bound  in  with  diamonds. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 
To  bind  up  in,  to  cause  to  be  wholly  engrossed  with  ;  ab- 
sorb in ;  connect  intimately  with  :  chiefly  in  the  passive. 
Seeing  that  his  life  Is  bound  up  in  the  lad's  life. 

Gen.  xliv.  30. 


^  binding 

II.  intrans.  1 .  To  cohere ;  stick  together. — 

2.  To  become  indurated,  hard,  or  stiff:  as, 
clay  binds  by  heat.— 3.  To  be  obligatory  or  of 
force. 

Those  canons  or  imperial  constitutions  which  have  not 
been  received  here  do  not  bind.  Sir  M.  Hale. 

4.  To  tie  up  anything;  specifically,  to  tie  up 
sheaves. 

They  that  reap  must  sheaf  and  bind. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  2. 

5.  In  falconry,  to  seize  a  bird  in  the  air  and 
cling  to  it :  said  of  a  hawk. 

bind  (bind),  «.  [<  bind,  v.  In  third  sense,  cf. 
bundle,  and  see  tie,  n.  In  the  botanical  sense, 
<  ME.  bynde,  a  climbing  stem,  esp.  woodbine, 
ivy ;  chiefly  in  comp.  as  tvudebinde,  woodbind. 
The  word,  by  its  use  in  comp.,  has  suffered  cor- 
ruption to  bine.  Sc.  bin-,  ben-:  seebine'^,  ivoodbine, 
bearbine,  etc.,  and  the  compounds  of  bind  be- 
low.] 1.  A  tie  or  band;  anything  that  binds. 
Specifically  —  («)  A  connecting  timber  in  a 
ship,  {b)  In  music,  a  tie,  slur,  or  brace. — 2. 
In  coal-mining,  indurated,  argillaceous  shale 
or  clay,  such  as  frequently  forms  the  roof  of 
a  coal-seam:  same  as  bend''-,  12,  and  6ail,  10. 
[Eng.]— 3.  A  unit  of  tale.  A  bind  of  eels  is 
250.  A  bind  of  skins  is  32,  or  of  some  kinds  40. 
w[Eng.] — 4.  Bounds;  limit;  stint:  as,  I  am  at 
my  bind.  [Scotch.] 

Their  bind  was  just  a  Scots  pint  overhead,  and  a  tappit- 
hen  to  the  bill,  and  no  man  ever  saw  them  the  waur  o't. 

Scott,  St.  Ronan's  Well,  I.  i. 
5.  A  climbing  stem;  a  bine;  specifically,  a 
stalk  of  hops.    See  bine^. 

The  whyle  God  of  his  grace  ded  growe  of  that  soyle 

The  fayrest  bynde  hym  IJonah]  abof  that  ever  burne  wyste. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  iii.  444. 

binder  (bin'der),  n.  [<  ME.  bynderc,  <  AS.  Un- 
dere,  <  bindan,  bind:  see  bind,  v.,  and  -e»-i.]  1. 
A  person  who  binds.  Specifically — {a)  One 
who  binds  books ;  a  bookbindei".  (ft)  One  who 
binds  sheaves. —  2.  Anything  that  binds,  in  any 
sense  of  that  verb. — 3.  In  bricklaying,  a  header 
which  extends  partly  through  a  wall ;  a  bonder. 
— 4.  In  carp.,  a  tie-beam;  a  binding-joist  serv- 
ing as  a  transverse  support  for  the  bridging- 
joists  above  and  the  ceiling-joists  below. — 5. 
An  attachment  to  a  sewing-machine  for  folding 
an  edge  or  a  binding. — 6.  In  agri.:  (a)  An  at- 
tachment to  a  reaper  for  tying  the  bundles  of 
grain.  (6)  A  separate  horse-power  machine  for 
gathering  up  and  binding  grain  already  cut. — 
7.  An  arrester  or  stop  for  the  shuttle  of  a  loom. 
— 8.  A  temporary  cover  for  loose  sheets  of  mu- 
sic, papers,  etc. —  9.  2'^-  Same  as  binding,  4. 
— Binders' board,  thick,  smooth,  calendered  pasteboard 
used  for  the  covers  of  books. 

binder-frame  (bin'der-fram),  n.  In  mach.,  a 
hanger  supporting  shafting,  and  having  adjust- 
able bearings  by  which  the  position  of  the  pul- 
leys can  be  regulated  to  suit  the  direction  of 
the  motion  of  the  belts. 

bindery  (bin'der-i),  n.;  pi.  binderies  (-iz).  [< 
bind,  v.,  +  -ery.]  A  place  where  books  are 
bound. 

bindheimite  (bind'hi-mit),  n.  [<  Bindheim  (a 
German  chemist)  +  -ite^.]  An  amorphous  an- 
timoniate  of  lead  produced  by  the  decomposi- 
tion of  antimonial  minerals,  especially  jame- 
sonite. 

binding  (bin'ding),^.  a.  [Ppr.  of  bind,  v.]  1. 
Serving  to  bind,  fasten,  or  connect;  making 
fast. — 2.  Having  power  to  bind  or  oblige ;  obli- 
gatory: as,  a  binding  engagement. 

Civil  contracts  may  be  held  binding  although  made  by 
lunatics.  E.  C.  Mann,  Psychol.  Med.,  p.  87. 

3.  Astringent. — 4.  Causing  constipation ;  con- 
stipating. [Colloq.] 

binding  (bin'ding),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bind,  v.]  1. 
The  act  or  action  of  making  fast,  securing,  unit- 
ing, etc.,  in  any  sense  of  the  verb  bind:  as,  the 
binding  of  prisoners;  wire  that  serves  for  bind- 
ing.—  2.  Anything  that  binds;  a  bandage;  the 
cover  of  a  book,  with  the  sewing  and  accom- 
panying work;  something  that  secures  the  edges 
of  cloth  or  of  a  garment. —  3.  In  fencing,  a 
method  of  securing  the  adversary's  sword,  con- 
sisting in  crossing  it  with  a  pressure,  accom- 
panied with  a  spring  of  the  wrist. — 4.  pi.  In 
ship-building,  the  beams,  transoms,  knees,  wales, 
keelson,  and  other  chief  timbers  used  for  con- 
necting and  strengthening  the  various  parts  of 
a  vessel.  Also  called  Wwricrs. —  5.  The  condi- 
tion assumed  by  adhesive  soils  in  hot  dry  sea- 
sons ;  a  similar  condition  in  the  soil  of  flower- 
pots in  which  plants  have  been  kept  too  long  or 
too  dry ;  closeness,  dryness,  or  hardness  of  tex- 
ture.—  6.  In  mach.,  the  prevention  of  free  mo- 


binding 


55: 


tion  in  one  part  of  a  machine  by  the  sagging  or 
any  deviation  from  a  straight  line  of  another 
portion. —  7.  A  projection  of  a  part  of  a  strue- 
tui-e  or  machine  by  which  parts  intended  to 


binomialism 


hy  fusmg  bend  und  cringe.'}    1.  To  malce  a  low    genus  of  neuropterous  insects,  of  the  family 
obeisance;  courtesy.— 2.  To  cringe;  fawn.       Epheynerida:     Latrcitle,  1802.— 3.    [/.  c]  iVn 
bing-ore  (biug'or),  n.   Lead  ore  in  small  lumps.    X-shaped  bandage  for  maintaining  dressings 
...  [Eng.] 

on  both  eyes.    Also  called  diojihthabnus. 
touch  are  prevented  ti-om  coming  into  perfect  bingstead  (bing'sted),  w.    In  the  place  binodal(bi-n6'dal),  a.  ■' 

contact.— 8.  Aa;<i.,  a  wi-ought-iron  ring  around    where  bing-ore  is  stored  ready  to  go  to  the    "  "  " " 

a  dead-eye — Binding-cloth,  .a  dyed  and  stamped    smelter.    [North.  Eng.] 

fabric  used  for  the  biiidiiij;  of  books.— Binding-joists,  bink  fbinelc^    n      fSc    and  North    V.  •  (  MV 
which  support  the  bridsiiiK  joilts  above         ;.  V/"^'^-''         L^5t  -  anu  iNortn.  Jji. ,  <.  Mil, 
•  -       -         "         t=a  ove    j,,,/^.  yar.  of  henk,  henke,  unassibilated 


beams  in  liooriii 

and  the  ceiling-joists  below.— Binding-piece,  a  piece 
nailed  between  two  opposite  beams  or  joists,  to  prevent 
lateral  deflection;  a  strutting- or  straining-piece.— Bind- 
ing-rafter, a  longitudinal  timber  which  supports  the  roof- 
rafters  between  the  ridge  and  the  eaves  or  the  comb  and 
the  cave.  See  fiiH-iiH.  — Btnding-Strake,  in  ship-build- 
ing,  a  thick  straking-wale,  placed  where  it  can  be  bolted 
to  knees,  etc.— Binding- wire,  a  wire  made  of  very  soft 
iron,  used  to  connect  pieces  which  are  to  be  soldered  to- 
gether.—Extra  binding.  See  bound  extra,  under  bounds. 
—Half  binding,  in  bookbinding,  a  leather  back  and  pa- 
pered-board  sides.— Quarter  binding,  in  bookbindim/, 


 v-...'Y^..v.v>.'vi-r.»LV(7. 

[<  L.  hi-,  two-,  +  nodus, 
knot,  node,  +  -al.']  Having  two  nodes  or  joints, 
binode  (bi'nod),  w.    [<  L.  hi-,  two-,  +  nodus, 
knot.]    1.  In  math.,  a  singularity  of  a  surface 


form  of  bench,  q.  v.  Gt.  bank'^,'  bunk'^.}  1.  A 
bench:  a  seat. — 2.  A  wooden  frame,  fixed  to 
the  wall  of  a  house,  for  holding  dishes. —  3. 
A  bank;  an  acclivity.— 4.  In  cotton-mannf.,  a 
stock  of  cotton  composed  of  successive  layers 
fi'om  different  bales;  a  bunker,  in  supplying 
cotton  to  the  machinery,  the  stock  is  raked  down  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  mix  the  material  thoroughly. 

binn, »».   See  6mi. 


a  cheap  leather  or  cloth  back  with  board  sides  cut  flush  Dmna  (Din  a).    [bC.,  =  06  ua,  be  not:  na  =  E. 


with  the  leaves.— Three-quarter  binding,  in  bookbind 
infj,  a  leather  back  of  extra  width  with  leather  corners 
and  papered  board  sides. 

bindingly  (bln'ding-li),  adv.  In  a  binding  man- 
ner; so  as  to  bind. 

bindingness  (bin'ding-nes),  n.  [<  binding,  p.  a., 
+  -wess.]  The  quality  of  being  binding  or  ob- 
ligatory. 


The  unconditional  bindingness  of  the  practical  reason. 

Coleridge. 

binding-post  (bin'ding-post),  ».  In  an  elec- 
trical apparatus,  a  small  post  having  a  hole 
into  which  a  wire  is  inserted,  or  through  which 
it  passes  and  is  held  by  a  screw, 
binding-screw  (bin'ding-skro),  n.  1.  A  screw 
designed  to  bind  and  fasten  two  parts  of  any 
adjustable  tool  or  apparatus,  as  the  lalade  of 
a  bevel;  a  set-screw;  espe- 
cially, a  screw  set  in  at  right 
angles  to  another,  either 
abutting  against  it  or  tight- 
ening the  female,  so  as  to 
prevent  the  male  from  turn- 
ing.—  2.  In  elect.,  a  simple 
arrangement  by  which  two  _. 

electrical  conductors  maybe  Bmneya  (bin'e-ya),  w, 
brought  into  metallic  con-    American  natui-alist.] 
nection.    (See  cut.)  A  sim- 
ilar stationary  aiTangement 
is  called  a  binding-post— ^m&iag-scTew  clamp,  a 
combined  clamp  and  set-screw  used  to  connect  a  wire  with 
the  elements  of  a  galvanic  battery, 
bind-rail  (bind'ral),  n.    l.  In  engin.,  a  piece  binnick,"«.    See  bennick. 
A  fT^il.  .L^'liPi??  ^^J^'.^^f  binnite  (bin'it),  n.    [<  Binn  (see  def.)  +  -zfe2.] 


Binding-screw. 


adv.  Cf.  dinna,  do  not,  winna,  will  not.] 
Be  not. 

binnacle  (bin'a-kl),  «.  [Also  written  binacle,  a 
corruption  of  earlier  bittacle,  hitticle,  <  Pg.  bita- 
cola  —  Sp.  bitdcora  =  F.  liabita- 
cle,  a  binnacle,  orig.  an  abode, 
<  L.  habitaculum,  a  little  dwell- 
ing, <  habitare,  dwell :  see  habi- 
tation.} A  framework  or  case 
on  the  deck  of  a  ship,  in  front 
of  the  steersman,  and  also  in 
various  other  positions,  con- 
taining a  nautical  compass, 
and  fitted  vrith  lights  by  which 
the  compass  can  be  read  at 
night.  Men-of-war  generally  carry 
two  steering-binnacles,  one  on  each 
side  of  the  steering-wheel,  for  the 
steering-compasses,  and  an  azimuth 
binnacle  in  a  convenient  place  to 
hold  the  azimuth  compass. 

binnacle-list  (bin'a-kl-list), 

Binnacle.  A  list  of  the  sick  men  on 

board  a  man-of-war,  placed  in 
the  binnacle  for  the  information  of  the  offlcer 
of  the  deck, 

[NL.,  after  Binney,  an 
^  A  genus  of  land-snails, 
family  Helicidw,  peculiar  to  Mexico  and  Cali- 
fornia. The  shell  is  too  small  to  contain  the  whole  body, 
so  that  when  the  animals  retreat,  as  they  do  at  the  ap- 
proach of  the  dry  season,  the  parts  of  the  body  which 
would  otherwise  be  exposed  are  covered  and  protected  by 
the  greatly  enlarged  epiphragm. 


Fig.  2.  Fig.  3. 

Binode  and  Neighboring  Parts  of  the  Surface  z3  =  xy. 
Fig.  I.  View  in  the  direction  of  the  axis  of  z.    Fig.  z.  Sections 
parallel  to  the  axis  of  x.   Fig.  3.  Sections  inclined  45°  to  the  axes  of 

consisting  of  a  point  at  which  there  are  two 
tangent  planes.  In  the  surface  shown  in  fig. 
1  each  of  these  planes  is  tangent 
along  the  whole  length  of  a  line ;  but 
this  circumstance  is  not  a  necessary 
concomitant  of  the  singularity. — 2. 
A  crunode  formed  by  the  crossing  of 
two  branches  of  a  curve, 
binodose,  binodous  ( bi-no '  dos,  -dus), 
a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  nodus,  knot, 
+  -o.se,  -OMS.]  In  sodl.,  having  two  knot-like 
swellings. 

binomial  (bi-no'mi-al),  a.  and  n.    [<  ML.  hi- 

nomius,  tr.  of  Gr.  ck  6vo  bvofidruv,  having  two 


Binode  of  a 
curve  (xix  — 

1)2  =j.2). 


ti'7^ei:  Xll  tetltZiZ^^rCl    t:::^:^,^!  ^iVhl^:t^,  +  non>en,  name),  4-_-a/; 


o„„„„,.f  1,  -  isometric  crystals  in  the  dolomite  of  the  Bin- 

Wn^^^li  rK-   r"""  Kf""'-  T         ,  V         ^enthal,  or  valley  of  Binn,  in  the  canton  of 

bindweb  (bind  web),  «.    In  anat.,  neuroglia.      Valais,  Switzerland. 

1  T         7^^^^°  bineweed;  early  binnogue  (bin'nog),  n.    A  head-dress  formerlv 

mod.  E.  byndeweed;  <  bind  +  iceed^.}    The  com-    worn  by  the  worn 


mon  name  for  plants  of  the  genus  Convolvulus, 
especially  of  C.  arvensis,  C.  (or  Calystegia)  se- 
pium,  and  C.  (or  Calystegia)  Soldanella  Black 

bindweed,  (a)  Polygonum  Convolvulus,  {b)  Tamus  com- 
munis ot  Europe.— Blue  bindweed,  the  bittersweet,  Sola- 
num  Dulcamara.— 'Rough  bindweed,  a  species  ofsmilax, 
Smilax  aspera. 

bindwith  (bind'with),  n.  [<  bind  +  ivitlfi.}  A 
name  given  to  the  plant  Clematis  Vitalba  (the 
traveler's  joy),  from  its  stems  being  used  to  bind 
up  fagots. 


by  the  women  of  the  Irish  peasantry, 
described  as  a  kind  of  kerchief.  Blanche. 
binny  (bin'i),  «.;  pi.  binnies  (-iz).  [Appar.  of 
native  origin.]  A  fish  (Barbus  hynni)  of  the 
family  Cyprinidce,  related  to  the  barbel.  It  in- 
habits the  Nile, 
binocle  (bin'o-kl),  n.  [z=  F.  binode  =  Sp.  hino- 
colo,  <  L.  bini,  two  and  two,  double,  +  oculus, 
eye :  see  ocular.}  A  dioptric  telescope,  fitted 
with  two  tubes  for  the  use  of  both  eyes  at  once : 
also  used  for  opera-glass. 


bindwood  (bind'wnd),  n.  [<  bind  +  leood^.}  binocular  (bi-nok'-  or  bin-ok'ii-lar),  a.  [<  L 
A  Scotch  name  for  ivy,  from  its  entwining  or    '  "  '  -  -^  ■  — 

binding  itself  around  stronger  plants,  etc. 
binel  (bin),  n.    [A  dial,  foi-m  of  bind,  n.,  now 
accepted  in  the  botanical  use,  esp.  in  com- 
pounds, as  woodbine,  hopbine,  bearbine :  see  bind, 
«.]    The  slender  stem  of  a  climbing  plant. 


WTien  burr  and  bine  were  gathered. 
,  .  Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field 

bine-^  (bin),  n.    See  boyn. 


bini,  double,  +  ocuhis,  eye,  +  -ar^."  Cf.  binocle.} 
1.  Having  two  eyes:  as,  "most  animals  are 
binocular,"  Derham.  Also  binoculate.  [Eare.] 
—  2.  Referring  to  both  eyes;  suited  for  the 
simultaneous  use  of  both  eyes :  as,  a  binocular 
telescope  or  microscope. 

The  want  of  binocular  perspective  in  paintings  interferes 
seriously  with  the  completeness  of  the  illusion. 

Le  Conte,  .Sight,  p.  144. 
Binocular  microscope.  See  microscojx. 


longitudinal  ribs:  applied  to  certain  leaves. — 
2.  In  entom.,  having  two  nervures  or  veins,  as 
an  insect's  wing. 

Binef  s  function.  See  function. 
bingi  (bing),  n.  [<  ME.  bing,  binge,  benge,  < 
leel.  bingr =Sw.  binge,  aheap;  also,  withtrans- 
fen-ed  sense,  Dan.  bing,  a  bin.  Cf.  binT-,  with 
which  ftingrhasprob.  been  confused.]  1.  Aheap 
or  pile  of  anything :  as,  a  bing  of  corn,  potatoes, 
coal,  ore,  etc.— 2.  A  definite  quantity  of  lead 


[<  binocidar  +  -ity.}  Binocular  quality  or  con- 
dition ;  the  simultaneous  employment  of  both 
eyes.  Le  Conte. 
binocularly  (bi-nok'-  or  bin-ok'u-liir-li),  adv. 
By  means  of  two  eyes;  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
be  viewed  by  both  eyes. 

The  reticulation  presents  itself  in  clear  relief,  when 
viewed  binocularly  with  a  sufticiently  high  power. 

W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  276. 
If  these  two  photographs  be  binocularly  combined,  .  .  . 
they  ought  to  and  must  produce  a  visual  eft'ect  exactly  like 


ore,  equal  to  8  hundredweight.  ^  [North.  Eno^  T  v^"         f^'''^'  ^'='i't,  p.  i 

glan?  1  binoculate  (bi-nok'-  or  biu-ok'u-lat),  a 

bini,  double,  +  oculus,  eye,  +  -ate^.} 
binocular,  1. 


bing2  (bing),  V.  i.    To  go.  '[Old  slang.] 
Bing  out  and  tour,  ye  auld  devil. 

Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  I.  .\xviii. 
binge  (binj),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  binged,  ppr. 
m,ngeing.  [Sc.,  also  beenge,  beenje,  appar.  formed 


the  fuller  form  would  be  binominal,  q.  v.]  I.  a. 
1.  In  alg.,  consisting  of  two  terms  connected 
by  the  sign  +  or  — ;  pertaining  to  binomials. 
—  2.  In  sodl.  and  bot. :  (a)  Using  or  having  two 
names:  applied  to  the  system  of  nomencla- 
ture introduced  by  Linnaeus,  in  which  every 
plant  and  animal  receives  two  names,  one  in- 
dicating the  genus,  the  other  the  species:  as, 
Felis  leo,  the  lion;  Bellis  perennis,  the  daisy. 
The  generic  word  is  always  written  first,  and  with  a  capital 
initial  letter;  it  is,  or  is  taken  as,  a  noun.  The  specific 
word  follows,  and  is  usually  an  adjective,  or  used  adjec- 
tively,  though  it  may  be  a  noun.  In  zoology  the  practice 
is  now  to  write  all  specific  words  with  a  lower-case  (or 
small)  initial,  though  substantive  and  personal  and  geo- 
graphical words  are  often  written  with  a  capital,  which 
is  the  common  practice  in  botany.  Hence  {h)  Con- 
sisting of  two  names :  as,  binomial  terms.  Also 
binominal — Binomial  coefficient,  the  numerical  co- 
efficient of  any  term  in  the  development  of  (x  -+-  v)",  where 
n  is  any  whole  number.— Binomial  development, 
a  development  by  the  binomial  theorem.— Binomial 
equation,  an  algebraical  equation  consisting  of  two 
terms:  as,  aar- -|- ftx- =0.— Binomial  theorem,  the  the- 
orem invented  by  Sir  Isaac  Newton  for  raising  a  binomial 
to  any  power,  or  for  extracting  any  root  of  it  by  an  ap- 
proximating infinite  series.  According  to  this  theorem, 
we  have : 

(x+yyi  =  x3  +  ix'2y+Zxy2+y3 

(:x+y)i=xi+ixiy+6x2y'i+ixy3+yi-^  or,  in  general, 

ix  +  yy      +„^-iy+ZL(|=2)^.-2^2+"  <"-^_>f 

a!"-3y3+,eto. 
II.  n.  1.  In  alg.,  an  expression  or  quantity 
consisting  of  two  terms  connected  by  the  sign 
+  or  — ,  denoting  the  sum  or  the  difference  of 
the  two  terms:  as,  a  +  h,  3a  —  2c,  +  b,  x'^  — 
2  -v/  )/. —  2.  In  sodl.  and  bot.,  a  name  consisting 
of  two  terms,  generic  and  specific,  as  the  proper 
name  of  a  species,  the  generic  always  preced- 
ing the  specific  word :  as,  FcHs  leo,  the  lion. 
Same  as  binomialism (bi-no'mi-al-izm),  ».  [(.binomial  + 
-ism.}    1.  The  binomial  method  of  nomenela- 


[<L. 


Bmoculus  (bi-nok'u-lus),  n.     [NL.,  <  L.  bini,    ture,  especially  in  zoology  and  botany.— 2, 
two  and  two,  +  oculus,  eye.]    1.  A  genus  of    The  doctrine  or  use  of  that  method, 
branchiopod  crustaceans.   See  Jjjms,  2.— 2.  A      Also  binomiality. 


binomialist  658 

binomialist  (bi-no'mi-al-ist),  H.  [<  Unomial,  v.,  biodynamical  (bi'-'o-di-nam'i-kal),  a 

+  -i'i^.]    One  who  uses  the  binomial  system  of  biodyiuuiiic. 

nomeuclatui-e  in  zoology  and  botany.    See  U-  Tiie  biostatical  and  the  bwdvnamical~\.  e.,  the  consid- 

nomial,  a.,  2.  eration  of  the  structure  ready  to  act,  and  the  considera- 

binomiality  (bi-no-mi-al'i-ti),  n.    [<  binomial  tton  of  the  structure  acting. 
+  -itij.']    Same  as  biiioDiialism 


G.  II.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  119. 

binomially  (bi-no'mi-al-i),  adr.    In  a  binomial  biodynamics  (bi  "o-(U-nam'iks),  n.    [<  Gr.  fiiog, 
-        •■  of  nomen-    ^         (>!/>i(t»>ics-l    The  doctrine  of  vital  force 

or  energy,  or  the  action  of  living  organisms: 
opposed  to  hiostatics. 
biogen  (bi'o-jen),  n.  [<  Gr.  piog,  life,  + 
producing:  see  -gen.']  A  hypothetical  soul- 
stuff;  the  substance  of  a  supposed  spiritual 
body  ;  the  od  of  organic  life.  Coitcs. 
biogenation  (bi"o-je-na'shon),  71.  [<  bio(/e7i  + 
-atioii.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being  affected 
by  biogen;  animation;  vitalization. 

All  animals  are  probably  also  susceptible  of  hioijenation, 
which  is  the  atfection  resulting  from  the  influence  of  bio- 
gen. Coues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  192. 

n.    [<  Gr.  /^('of,  life, 


manner ;  after  the  binomial  method 
clature  in  zoology  and  botany, 
binominal  (bi-nom'i-nal),  a.    [<  L.  hinominis, 
having  two  names  (<  hi-,  two-,  +  nomen,  name), 
+  -«/.]    Same  as  binomial,  2. 
binominated  (bi-nom'i-na-ted),  «.    [<  L.  hi-, 
two-,  +  xominatiig,  named  (see  nominate),  + 
-f'rf-.]    Having  two  personal  names, 
binominoust  (bi-nom'i-nus),  a.    [<  L.  hinomi- 
nis :  see  binominal.']    Having  or  bearing  two 
names. 

binormal  (bi-n6r'mal),  n.    [<  6t-2  normal.] 
In  math.,  a  normal  to  two  consecutive  elements  biogenesis  (bi-o-ien'e-sis) 
of  a  curve  in  space ;  a  nor-  ■  •  J  . 


biomagnetic 

Same  as  biography  (bi-og'ra-fi),  n.;  pi.  biographies  (-fiz). 

I—  F.  biographic,  <  LGr.  j)mypa<pia,  biography,  < 
*^iioypaipoi;  (>  ML.  biographus,  >  F.  hio(iraphe,  a 
biographer),  <  Gr.  /i/of,  life,  -f-  yiia^av,  write.] 

1.  The  history  of  the  life  of  a  particular  person. 
There  is  no  heroic  poem  in  the  world  l)nt  is  at  bottom 

a  bw(jraphii,  the  life  of  a  man.  Carbjle,  Essays. 

2.  Biographical  writing  in  general,  or  as  a  de- 
partment of  literatui'e. 


mal  perpendicular  to  the 
osculating  plane. 

binotate,  binotated  (bi- 
no'tat,  -ta-ted),  a.  [<  L. 
M-,  two,  +  nota,  mark,  + 
-ate'^,-ated.]  In  rod'/., mark- 
ed with  two  dots. 

binotonous  (bi-not'o-nus), 
a.  [<  L.  bini,  two  by 
two  (see  binary),  +  tonus, 
note,  tone  (see  tone) ;  after 


This,  then,  was  the  first  great  merit  of  Montes(iuieu, 
that  he  effected  a  complete  separation  between  biography 
and  history,  and  taught  historians  to  study,  not  the  pecu- 
liarities of  individual  character,  but  the  general  aspect  of 
the  society  in  which  the  peculiarities  appeared. 

Buckle,  Civilization,  I.  xiii. 
3.  In  nat.  hist.,  the  life-history  of  an  animal  or 
a  plant.  =  Syn.  1.  Biography,  Memoir.  When  there  is 
a  difference  between  these  words,  it  may  be  that  memoir 
indicates  a  less  complete  or  minute  account  of  a  person's 
life,  or  it  may  be  that  the  person  himself  records  his  own 
recollections  of  the  past,  especially  as  comiected  with  his 
own  life ;  in  the  latter  case  WiewoiV  should  be  in  the  plural. 


trpii  Prfltinr,  •    aoo   /t/.«^mc.  T     1      Tb^     ^ ""^  ""'''''"^^''^'^  """«<"'^"<'""' M  ui  tne  plural. 

^SfnH.     #1?  ■  S'T*  ^"^  f       r     biokinetics  (bi"6-ki-net'iks),  n.    [<  Gr.  Bior, 

L^'°irll°.- °i  !7?f  ^HfEll^^^i::  +  l-metics.]  That  part  of  biological  science 


Binomial. — The  full  lines 
show  a  cylinder  with  a  helix 
drawn  upon  it  and  two  bi- 
norinals.  The  dotted  lines 
show  the  tangents  and  prin- 
cipal normals  at  the  same 
two  points  of  the  helix  and 
the  axis  of  the  cylinder. 


as,  a  biogenetic  process;  a  biogenetic  law  or 
principle. 

This  fundamental  biogenetic  law.  Ilaechel  (trans.). 
2.  Consisting  of  biogen;  done  by  means  of  bio- 
gen ;  relating  to  the  theory  of  biogen.  Coues. 
biogenetically  (bi"o-je-net'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  a 
biogenetic  manner;  by  means  of  or  according 
to  the  principles  of  biogenesis  or  biogeny. 

[<  biogeny  +  -ist.] 


biogeny  (bi-oj'e-ni),  n.    [<  Gr.  (iiog,  life, 


monotonous.]  Consisting 
of  two  tones  or  notes :  as, 
a  binotonous  sound, 
binous  (bi'nus),  a.    [<  L. 
binns,  usually  in  pi.  bini, 
two  and  two,  double  :  see  binary  and  between.] 
Double  ;  in  a  pair  ;  binate. 
binoxalate  (bi-nok'sa-lat),  n.    [<  L.  bini,  two 
and  two  (see  binary),  -\-  oxalate.]    In  chcm., 
an  oxalate  in  which  only  one  of  the  hydrogen 
atoms  of  the  acid  is  replaced  by  a  metal, 
binoxid,  binoxide  (bi-nok'sid,  -sid  or-sid),  n. 
[<  L.  bini,  two  and  two  (see  binary),  +  oxid.] 
In  chem.,  same  as  dioxid. 
binoxyde,  w.    See  binoxid. 

bintt.   A  Middle  English  and  Anglo-Saxon  con-  biogenist  (bi-oj'e-nist)P)t 
traeted  form  of  bindeth,  the  third  person  singu-  .  Same  as  biogenesist. 
lar  of  bind. 

binturong  (bin'tu-rong),  n.  The  native  name, 
and  now  the  usual  book-name,  of  Arctictis  bin- 
turong, an  Indian  prehensile-tailed  carnivorous 
mammal  of  the  family  Viverridw  and  subfamily 
Arctictidinw.  Also  called  Ictides  ater  or  /.  al- 
bifrons,  and  fornierly  Viverra  binturong.  See 
Arctictis. 

binuclear  (bl-nu'klf-ar),  a.    [<  bi-^  +  nuclear.] 

Ha\'ing  two  nuclei  or  central  points, 
binucleate  (bi-nu'kle-at),  a.    [<  &i-2  -|-  tiucle- 

atc.]    Having  two  nuclei,  as  a  cell, 
binucleolate  (bi-nu'kle-o-lat),  a.     [<  6i-2  -1- 

nucleolate.]    In  biol.,  having  two  nucleoli :  ap- 
plied to  cells, 
bio-.    [NL.  etc.  bio-,  <  Gr.  [3iog,  life,  akin  to  L. 

rivus,  living  (>  vita,  life:  see  vivid,  vital),  = 

Goth,  kwius  =  AS.  cwicu,  E.  (juick,  living :  see 

quick.]  An  element  in  many  compound  words, 

chiefly  scientific,  meaning  life. 


genesis  or  _ 

ing  beings ;  generation  in  an  ordinary  sense : 
the  converse  of  spontaneous  generation,  or  abio- 
genesiS.  Various  methods  in  which  biogenesis  is  known 
to  occur  give  rise  to  special  terms,  as  gamogenesis,  parthe- 
nogenesis, etc. 

2.  The  doctrine  which  holds  that  the  genesis 
of  living  beings  from  living  beings  is  the  only 
one  of  which  we  have  any  knowledge,  and 

which  investigates  or  speculates  upon  the  facts  V.  ,  .  . 

in  the  case  upon  such  premises:  the  opposite  OlOlOglC  (bi-o-loj  ik),  o.  [_<biology¥ -ic]  Same 
of  abiogencsis. — 3.  Same  as  biogeny,  1.  biological. 
biogenesist  (bi-6-jen'e-sist),  n.    [<  hioqenesis      The  interpretation  of  structure  ...  is  aided  by  two 
+  -ist  1     One  wlio  favors  the  flipnrv  nf  hino-on      subsidiary  divisions  of  biologic  inquiry,  named  Compara- 
Z;l      s^y^   T^  Ai  ,     tneory  ot  biogen-    tj^e  Anatomy  (properly  Comparative  Morphology)  and 

esiS.     Also  called  biogenist.  Comparative  Embiyology.  //  Spencer 

taming  to  biogenesis  or  biogeny  in  any  way : 


part  (  _^  

which  treats  of  the  successive  changes  through 
which  organisms  pass  diu-ing  the  different 
stages  of  their  development, 
biologian  (bi-o-lo'jian),  n.    [<  biology  +  -ian.] 
A  biologist. 

Those  great  classes  into  which  systeraatists  and  biolo- 
gianshsi\e  divided  existing  vertebrate  forms. 

The  Centurrj,  XXXI.  352. 


They  [the  discoveries  of  Cuvier]  contain  a  far  larger  por- 
tion of  important  anatomical  ami  biological  truth  than  it 
ever  before  fell  to  the  lot  of  one  man  to  contribute. 

Whewell,  Hist.  Induct.  .Sciences,  I.  629. 


The  prick  of  a  needle  will  yield,  in  a  drop  of  one's  blood, 
material  for  microscopic  observation  of  phenomena  which 
lie  at  the  foundation  of  all  biological  conceptions. 

Ilnxieg,  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XI.  670. 

2.  In  ::odl.,  illustrating  the  whole  life-history 
of  a  group  or  species  of  animals :  as,  a  biologi- 
cal collection  of  insects. 
+  biologically  (bi-o-loj'i-kal-i),  adi'.  Inabiologi- 


evma,  generation:  see  -gcny.    Cf.  biogenesis.] 

1.  The  genesis  or  evolution  of  the  forms  of 
matter  which  manifest  the  phenomena  of  life. 
It  is  divided  into  two  main  branches :  ontogen;/,  or  the 
genesis  of  the  individual  organism,  and  jilri/logeiuj,  or  the 
genesis  of  the  species,  race,  stock,  or  tribe  to  w'hich  the 
individual  belongs.    Also  biogenesis. 

2.  The  science  or  doctrine  of  biogenesis;  the 
history  of  organic  evolution.    As  in  the  preced- 
ing sense,  it  is  divided  into  ontogeny,  or  germ-history,  or  biologist  (bl-ol'o-jist),  71. 
the  history  of  the  embryological  development  of  the  indi-     (One  skilled  in   or  a  qfiidpnt  nf  hinlno-v 
vidual  organism,  and  phylogeny,  or  tribal  history,  or  the  vVii!,„fiiwv      V-  ^.-^V^^'^T'  ^^^J'^^^- 
history  of  the  paleontological  evolution  of  organic  species.  DlOlOglZet  (  Dl-ol  0-jlzJ,  v.  t. 


The  first  of  these  studies  [biology]  gives  rise  to  the 


cal  manner ;  according  to  the  doctrines  or  prm- 
ciples  of  biology. 

That  which  was  physically  defined  as  a  moving  equilib- 
rium we  define  biologically  as  a  balance  of  functions. 

//.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  39. 
Ethics,  if  positive,  must  rest  on  some  empirical  data. 
These  data  are  furnished  partly  by  history,  partly  by  hu- 
man nature,  either  biologically  or  psychologically  consid- 
ered. X,  A.  Rev.,  CXX.  255. 

[<  biology  +  -ist] 
if,  biology. 
[<  biology  +  -ize.] 

One  who  prac- 


To  mesmerize. 


biOgraph  (bi'6-graf ),  n.  [Gr.  /3/of ,  life,  +  ypa^eiv, 
write.]  A  mechanical  device  invented  by  Her- 
man Casler,  for  projecting  upon  a  screen  pic- 

v.;...  i,-i,T         V-    1    .T--/r- v,-v,,/T  -      a,-,   ,x     tures  of  moving  objects  taken  by  a  mutograph. 
bio-biblio^aphical    (bi'  o-bib''li-9-graf 'i-kal  ,  biographer  (bi-og'ra-fer),  n.    [<  ML.  biocjra- 
a.  [<  Gr.  /ijof  life,      bihhographiccil  ]    Treat-   phus  (see  biography)  4-  -er^.    Ci.  philosopher.] 
ing  of  or  dealing  with  both  the  life  and  the    One  who  writes  a  biography,  or  an  account  of 
jmtings  of  an  author.  the  life  and  actions  of  a  particular  person ;  a 

DlOblast  (bi  o -blast),  n.    [<  Gr.  (iiog,  Me,  +    writer  of  lives. 

PAaarog,  a  germ,  yiAaaraveiv,  bud,  sprout,  grow.]  biographic  (bi-6-graf 'ik),  a.  [<  biography  +-ic.] 
In  biol..  a  formative  ppII  of  ainv  Vinrl  •  a.  Tr,„i,,tfi    Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  biography. 


sciences  of  anatomy  and  physiology ','as  well  as  to  the  sub-  blOlOglZert  (bi-ol'o-ji-zer) 
sidiary  science  of  pathology.    On  the  other  hand,  Biof/env    tises  mesmerism. 

comprisesembryology,morphology,andquestionsrelating  bioloffV  Cbi-oro-iil  m  f— F  hiolnaip  <  dr  ftinr 
to  the  origin  of  species.      J.  /-Vste,  Cosmic  Philos.,  I.  22L  ■     ^  f-''        V- ^  ■  Owiogie,  \  i^T.JIioc, 

lite,  +  -Aoyia,  <  Aeyeiv,  speak  (see  -ologij) ;  cf.  Gr. 
jiio'A6yoQ,  a  player,  one  who  represents  to  the 
life.]    1.  The  science  of  life  and  living  things 


In  biol.,  a  formative  cell  of  any  kind ;  a  minute 
mass  of  bioplasm  or  protoplasm  about  to  be- 
come a  definite  cell  of  any  kind.  Thus,  osteoblasts, 
white  blood-corpuscles  or  leucocytes,  lymph-corpuscles, 
etc.,  are  all  bioblasts. 

bioblastic  (bi-o-blas'tik),  a.    [<  biohlast  +  -ic] 
Of,  pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of  bioblasts. 
biocellate  (bi-o-sel'at),  a.    [<  6i-2  -t-  ocellate.] 


To  all  which  questions,  not  unessential  in  a  biographic 
work,  mere  conjecture  must  foi'  most  part  return  answer. 

Carlyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  p.  95. 
biographical  (bi-o-giaf'i-kal),  a.    Relating  or 
pertaining  to  the  life  of  an  individual ;  dealing 
with  or  containing  biographies :  as,  biogt-aphi- 
cal  details;  a  biographical  diatiojia.ry. 
Marked  with  two  eye-like  spots,  as  the  wings  biographically  (bi-o-graf'i -kal-i),  arfv.  In  a  .„ 

of  some  insects.  biographical  sense  or  manner;  with  reference  biolysis  (bi-ol'i-sis)'  n  [NL 

biocentric  (bi-o-sen'trik),  a.    [<  Gr.  ^/o?,  life,    to  biography.        ,     ,    ,  ,  +  Xvoic,  loosening,  solution,  < 

-t  KevTpov,  center.]    Treating  life  as  a  central  biographist  (bi-og'ra-fist),  w.    [<  biography  +  - 
fact.  -ist.]    A  biographer!'  [Rare.] 

biochemic  (bi-6-kem'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  /S/of,  life,  -t-       Want  of  honest  heart  in  the  BiograjMsts  of  these  Saints 
chemic]    Of  or  pertaining  to  the  chemistrv  of    ■  ■  •  I'etrayed  their  pens  to  such  abominable  untruths. 
jy!g       -■  i  D  J  Fuller,  Worthies,  iii 

biod  (bi'od),  n 


r<  Gr.  /?/of,  life,  +  od,  q.  v.]  biographize  (bi-og'ra-fiz)  v.  t. ;  pret  and  pp 
The  od  of  animal  life;  biogen;  animal  mag-    ''.'ographized,  ppr.  bwgmphizing .    [<  I 


netism,  so  called.    Von  Eeichenbach. 
biodynamic  (bi  o-di-nam'ik),  a.    [<  Gr.  /j/of, 
life,  +  dynamic]    Of  or  pertaining  to  the  doc- 
trine of  vital  force  or  energy ;  biophysiological. 


biography 

+  -ize.  ]  To  write  the  biography  or  a  history  of 
the  life  of.  [Bare.] 

Now  do  I  bless  the  man  who  undertook 
These  monks  and  martyrs  to  biographize. 

Southey,  St.  Gualberto,  st.  25. 


in  the  widest  sense ;  the  body  of  doctrine  re- 
specting living  beings ;  the  knowledge  of  vital 
phenomena. 

It  is  remarkable  that  each  of  these  writers  [Treviranus 
and  Lamarck)  seems  to  have  been  led,  independently  and 
contemporaneously,  to  invent  the  same  name  of  Biology 
for  the  science  of  the  phenomena  of  life.  .  .  .  And  it  is 
hard  to  say  whether  Lamarck  or  Treviranus  has  the  pri- 
ority. .  .  .  Though  the  first  volume  of  Treviranus' "  Bio- 
logie  "  appeared  only  in  1802,  he  says  .  .  .  that  he  wrote 
the  first  volume  .  .  .  about  1796.  The  "  Recherches," 
etc.,  in  which  the  outlines  of  Lamarck's  doctrines  ai'e 
given,  was  published  in  1802. 

Huxley,  Science  and  Culture  (Am.  ed.,  1882),  p.  302. 

2.  In  a  more  special  sense,  physiology ;  bio- 
physiology  ;  biotics. —  3.  In  a  technical  sense, 
the  life-history  of  an  animal :  esjDCcially  used 

in  entomology. — 4t.  Animal  magnetism. 
 ^  jj^g^ 

/  veiv,  loose,  dis- 
solve.] Dissolution  of  a  living  being;  death, 
as  the  resolution  of  an  organism  into  its  constit- 
uent parts,  and  consequently  the  destruction 
of  the  phenomena  of  life, 
biolytic  (bi-o-lit'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  /3/of,  life,  + 
'AvTiKoc,  able  to  loose,  <  ?lvt6c,  verbal  adj.  of 
Xveiv,  loose.]  In  med.,  tending  to  the  destruc- 
tion of  life :  as,  a  biolytic  agent, 
biomagnetic  (bi'''6-mag-net'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  ,5(0f, 
life,  +  Magnetic]  Pertaining  or  relating  to 
biomagnetism. 


biomagnetism 

biomagnetism  (bi-6-mag'ne-tizm),  n.  [<  Gr. 
/3(0f,  life,  +  magnetism/]  Animal  magnetism. 
See  magnetism.  Kruuth. 
biometry  (bi-om'e-tri),  n.  [<  Gr.  (i'toQ,  life,  + 
-fie-pia,  <  fihpov,  a  measure.]  The  measure- 
ment of  life;  specifically,  the  calculation  of 
the  probable  diu'atiou  of  human  life, 
biomorphotic  (bi"9-m6r-fot'ik),  a.  [<  NL.  hio- 
morphoticus,  <  Gr.  ftio^,  life,  +  MGr.  /uop^uri- 
k6c,  fit  for  shaping,  <  Gr.  ^/lopipuTog,  verbal  adj.  of 
fiopipovv,  shape,  <  fJop<j>r/,  form,  shape.]  In  en- 
tom.,  having  an  active  pupa.  Westwuod. 
Biomorphotica  (bi"«-m6r-fot'i-ka),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  hiomorphoticus  :  see'biomorphotic.'] 
In  eiitom.,  a  name  proposed  by  Westwood  for 
those  insects  of  the  old  order  Neuroptera  hav- 
ing an  active  pupa.  They  are  now  generally 
known  as  Pseudoneuroptera. 
bionomy  (bi-on'o-mi),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  (iiog,  life, 
+  vo/zof,  law :  see  nome.']  1.  The  science  of  the 
laws  of  life,  or  of  living  fimctions;  dynamic 
biology. 

He  [Conite)  also  employs  the  term  bionomy  as  embra- 
cing the  general  science  of  the  laws  of  living  functions,  or 
dynamic  biology.        L.  F.  Ward,  Dyuam.  Sociol.,  I.  120. 

2.  In  anthropology,  the  third  and  final  or  deduc- 
tive and  predictive  stage  of  anthropobiology. 
0.  T.  Mason. 

biophagOUS  (bi-of 'a-gus),  a.  [<  Gr.  /3(0f,  life,  + 
(payeiv,  eat.]  Feeding  on  living  organisms  :  ap- 
plied especially  to  insectivorous  plants. 

biophysiography  (bi"6-fiz-i-og'ra-fi),  n.  [<  Gr. 
/3/of,  life,  +  physiography.]  The  physical  nat- 
ural history  of  organized  beiugs;  descriptive 
and  systematic  zoology  and  botany,  as  distin- 
guished from  physiological  zoology  and  botany, 
or  biotics ;  organography :  distinguished  from 
hiophysiology. 

biophysiological  (bi'''o-flz'''i-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  [< 
hiophysiology  +  -icah]  Of  or  pertaining  to  bio- 
physiology. 

biophysioiogist  (bi''''6-flz-i-ol'9-jist),  n.  [<  hio- 
physiology +  -ist.]  A  student  of  biophysiology  ; 
a  student  of  biology,  or  an  expert  in  the  science 
of  biotics.    Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXII.  169. 

biophysiology  (bi"6-fiz-i-ol'o-ji),  ».  [<  Gr.  pioc, 
life,  4-  physiology.]  The  science  of  organized 
beings,  embracing  organogeny,  morphology, 
and  physiological  zoology  and  botany:  distin- 
guished from  biophysiographij. 

bipplasm  (bi'o-plazm),  n.  ['<  Gr.  ftiog,  life,  + 
■a'Aaafia,  anything  foiTued,  <  ivXaarjeLv,  form.] 
Living  and  germinal  matter ;  formative,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  formed,  matter.  The  term  was 
introduced  by  Prof.  L.  S.  Beale,  about  1872,  for  the  state 
or  condition  of  protoplasm  in  which  it  is  living  and  "er- 
minatiug. 

Bioplasm  .  .  .  moves  and  gi-ows.  ...  It  may  be  cor- 
rectly called  living  or  forming  matter,  for  by  its  Agency 
every  kind  of  living  thing  is  made,  and  without  It  as  far 
as  IS  known,  no  living  thing  ever  has  been  made ;  .  .  but 
the  most  convenient  and  least  objectionable  name  for  it  is 
living  plasma  or  bioplasm  (/Sios,  life,  irAdo-jaa,  plasm  that 
which  is  capable  of  being  fashioned). 

Beale,  Bioplasm,  §  14. 
bioplasmic  (bi-o-plaz'mik),  a.  [<  bioplasm  + 
-ic]  Consisting  of  or  pertaining  to  bioplasm, 
bioplast  (bi'o-plast),  M.  [<  Gr.  pio<;,  life,  + 
-AaoTOi;,  verbal  adj.  of  TvldGaeiv,  mold,  form.] 
A  particle  of  bioplasm ;  a  living  germinal  cell, 
such  as  a  white  blood-corpuscle  or  a  lymph- 
corpuscle;  anamosboid;  a  plastidule. 

In  many  diseases  these  bioplasts  of  the  capillary  walls 
are  much  altered,  and  in  cholera  I  have  found  that  num- 
bers  of  them  have  been  completely  destroyed. 

Beale,  Bioplasm,  §  298. 

bioplastic  (bi-o-plas'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  /J/o?,  life, 
+  TTAaa-LKog:  see  plastic]  Pertaining  to  or  of 
the  nature  of  a  bioplast 


559 

morphological  cnaracters ;  a  biological  system ; 
taxonomy. 

biotic  (bi-ot'ik),  a.    Same  as  blotical. 
biotical  (bi-ot'i-kal),  a.    [<  Gr.  ftturiKoi;,  relat- 
ing to  life  (<  [kuT6(;,  verbal  adj.  of  ftuwv,  live, 
<  jiioQ,  life),  +  -al]    Of  or  pertaining  to  life, 
or  to  biotics ;  biophysiological. 

The  biotical  activities  of  matter.  T.  Sterry  Hunt. 

Organization  and  biotical  functions  arise  from  the  nat- 
ural operations  of  forces  inherent  in  elemental  matter. 

W.  B.  Carpenter,  Cyc.  of  Anat.  and  Pliys.,  III.  151. 
biotics  (bi-ot'iks),  w.  [<  Gr.  BturiKot;,  pertaining 
to  life :  see  biotical.]  The  science  of  vital  func- 
tions and  manifestations  ;  the  powers,  proper- 
ties, and  qualities  peculiar  to  living  organisms  ; 
vital  activities  proper,  as  distinguished  from  the 
chemical  and  phy.sical  attributes  of  vitality. 

These  activities  are  often  designated  as  vital ;  but  since 
this  word  is  generally  made  to  include  at  the  same  time 
other  manifestations  which  are  simply  dynamical  or 
chemical,  I  have  .  .  .  proposed  for  the  activities  charac- 
teristic of  the  organism  the  term  biotics.   T.  Sterry  limit. 

biotite  (bi'o-tit),  n.  [<  J.  B.  Biot  (1774-1862),  a 
French  physicist,  +  -ite^.]  An  important  mem- 
ber of  the  mica  group  of  minerals.    See  mica. 

It  occurs  in  hexagonal  prisms,  sometimes  tabular,  of  a 
black  or  dark-green  color.  It  is  a  silicate  of  aluminium 
and  iron  with  magnesium  and  potassium,  and  is  often 
called  inagnesia  mica,  in  distinction  from  muscovite  or 
potash  mica.  It  is  sometimes  divided  into  two  varieties, 
called  anomite  and  meroxene,  which  are  distinguished  by 
optical  cliaracteristics. 
biotome  (bi'o-tom),  «.  [<  Gr.  /3/of,  life,  +  TOfllj, 
a  cutting,  section:  %ee  anatomy.]  A  term  ap- 
plied by  Cobbold  to  a  life-epoch  in  the  develop- 
ment of  some  of  the  lower  animals,  as  Entozoa. 
biovulate  (bi-6'vu-lat),  a.   [<  W-S  +  ovulate.] 

In  hot.,  having  two  ovules, 
bipaleolate  (bi-pa'le-o-lat),  a.    [<  &j-2  -f  jmleo- 
late.]   Having  two  paieolffi  or  dimintitive  scales 
(lodicules),  as  the  flowers  of  some  grasses, 
bipalmate  (bi-pal'mat),  «.    [<  SZ-S  +  jmlmate.] 

In  hot.,  doubly  or  subordinately  palmate, 
biparietal  (bi-pa-ri'e-tal),  a.  [<  &t-2  -1-  jHirietal.] 

Pertaining  to  both  parietal  bones  Biparietal 

diameter,  the  diameter  of  the  skull  from  one  parietal 
eminence  to  the  other. 

biparous  (bip'a-rus),  a.  [<  L.  U-,  two-.  +  jja- 
rerc,  bring  forth.]  1.  Bringing  forth  two  at 
a  birth. —  2.  In  hot.,  having  two  branches  or 
axes :  applied  to  a  cyme, 
biparted  (bi-par'ted),  ff.  [<  +  parted.  Cf. 
bipartite.]  1.  In  her.,  bipartite :  applied  to  any- 
thing cut  off  in  the  form  of  an  indent,  showing 
two  projecting  pieces.— 2.  In  sooL,  diWded  in- 
to two  parts ;  bipartite, 
bipartible  (bi-par'ti-bl),  a.  [<  bi-^  +  partible.] 
Divisible  into  two  parts.  Also  bipartile. 
bipartient  (bi-par'ti-ent),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  bipar- 
tien{t-)s,  ppr.  of  bipartire :  see  bipartite.]  I.  a. 
Dividing  into  two  parts ;  serving  to  divide  into 
two — Bipartient  factor,  a  number  whose  square  di- 
vides a  given  numl)er  without  remainder. 

II.  n.  In  math.,  a  number  that  divides  an- 
other into  two  equal  parts  without  remainder: 
thus,  2  is  the  bipartient  of  4. 
bipartile  (bi-par'til),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  LL. 
partilis,  <  L.  partire,  part :  see  part,  v.]  Same 
as  bipartible. 

bipartite  (bi-par'tit),  a.    [<  L.  bipartitus,  pp. 
of  bipartire,  divide  into  two  parts,  <  hi-,  two-, 
+  partire,  divide :  see 


Blpinnaria 

a  period  containing  only  two  passover  anni- 
versaries. 

About  the  length  .  .  .  (of  Christ's  public  mini.stry)  there 
are  (besides  tlie  isolated  and  decidedly  erroneous  view  of 
Irenicus)  three  theories,  allowing  l  esjiectively  one,  two  or 
three  years  and  a  few  months,  and  designated  as  tlic'w- 
paschal,  tripasehal,  and  quadripaschal  schemes,  accord- 
ing to  tlie  number  of  Passovers. 

Schaff,  Hist.  Christ.  Cliurcli,  I.  §  16,  iv. 
bipectinate  (bi-pek'ti-nat),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  per,- 
tinatc]  Having  two  margins  toothed  like  a 
comb :  used  esjiecially  in  botany  and  zoology.— 
Bipectinate  antennae,  in  entom.,  antcnn;e  in  which  the 
bo(hcs  of  the  joints  are  short,  but  with  lioth  sides  pro- 
longed into  more  or  less  slender  processes,  which  are 
turned  obliijuely  outward,  giving  the  whole  organ  a 
feather-liko  appearance,  as  in  many  moths.  I'liis  form  is 
often  called  pectinate;  but  this  word  is  projierly  used 
where  the  processes  are  on  one  side  of  the  j(jint  only. 

biped  (bi'ped),  «.  and  n.  [<  L.  hipes  {biped'-)  {— 
Gr.  (J/VoDf  {6mofi-):  see  dipodi/),  two-footed, <  hi-, 
two-,  +  pes  (ped-)  =  E.  foot.  Cf.  qnadrnped, 
centiped,  fnilliped.]    I.  a.  1.  Having  two  feet. 

An  helpless,  naked_,  biped  beast.  Byrotn,  An  Epistle. 
2.  In  herpct.,  having  hind  limbs  only. 
II.  «.  An  animal  having  two  feet,  as  man. 
bipedal  (bi'ped-al),  a.  [<  L.  hijyedalis,  measur- 
ing two  feet,  <  hi-,  two-,  +  pes  (ped-),  foot.  Cf. 
biped.]  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  biped;  hav- 
ing or  walking  upon  two  feet. 

The  erect  or  bipedal  mode  of  progression. 

K  D.  Cope,  Origin  of  the  Fittest,  p.  33^. 

2t.  Measuring  two  feet  in  length, 
bipedality  (bi-pf-dal'i-ti),  n.  [<  bij)edal  +  -ity.] 

The  quality  of  being  two-footed. 
Bipeltata  (bi-pel-ta'ta),  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  hipeltatus:  see  bipcltatc.]  A  term  adopted 
by  Cuvier  from  Latreille  as  a  family  name  for 
simdry  organisms  known  as  glass-crabs,  of  a 
certain  genus  called  Phyllosoma  by  Leach. 
The  forms  in  question  are  larv:cof  scyllaroid  crustaceans 
See  glass-erab,  Phyllosomata.    [Not  in  use.] 

bipeltate  (bi-pel'tat),  «.  [<  NL.  hipeltatus,  <  L. 
bi-,  two-,  +  pelta,  shield:  see  6/-2  and  peltate.] 
1.  In  zooL,  having  a  defense  like  a  double 
shield. —  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Bipeltata. 
bipennate,  bipennated  (bi-pen'at,  -a-ted),  a. 
[<  L.  hipennis,  bipinnis,  two-winged,  <  hi-  -f 


penna,  pinna,  wing:  see  pe«l.]  1.  Having 
two  wings:  as,  "  bipennated  insects,"  Lerhttm, 
Phys.  TheoL,  viii.  4,  note.— 2.  In  hot.,  same 
as  bipinnate,  (a). 
bipennatifid,  a.  See  bipimmtifid. 
bipennis  (bi-pen'is),  «. ;  pi."  bipennes  (-ez). 
[L.,  prop.  adj.  (sc.  securis,  ax),  two-edged ; 

confused  with  bipen- 
nis, bipinnis,  two- 
winged,  but  accord- 
ing to  Quintilian 
and  other  Latin 
writers  a  different 
word,  <  bi-,  two-,  + 
*pemnis  or  *pinnus, 
sharp.  Cf.  pin'^  and 
2>enl.]  An  ancient 
ax  with  two  blades, 
one  on  each  side  of 
the  handle,  in  art  it  is 
a  characteristic  weapon 
often  depicted  in  the 
hands  of  the  Amazons, 


Bipennis. 
{From  a  Greek  red-figured  vase.) 


biordinai  (bi-6r'di-nal),  a.  and  n.  [<  6i-2  -f 
ordinal.]    I.  a.  Of  the  second  order. 

II.  n.  In  7nath.,  a  differential  equation  of 
the  second  order. 

biostatical  (bi-o-stat'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  piog, 
life,  +  araTiKog,  causing  to  stand:  see  static.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  biostaties. 

No  philosophic  biologist  now  tries  to  reach  and  modify 
a  vital  force,  but  only  to  reach  and  modify  those  bio- 
statKal  conditions  which,  when  considering  them  as  causes 
and  condensing  them  all  into  a  single  expression,  he  calls 
vitality,  or  the  Vital  Forces. 

G.  H.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  ii.  §  2. 

biostaties  (bi-o-stat'iks),  n.  [PI.  of  biostatic  : 
see  -ics.]  That  branch  of  biology  which  deals 
with  the  statical  and  coexistent  relations  of 
structure  and  function :  opposed  to  biodynam- 
tcs  and  hiokinetics. 

biotaxy  (bi'o-tak-si),  w.  [<  Gr.  /?/of,  life,  + 
-rof/a,  <  rdf/f,  arrangement:  see  tactic]  The 
classification,  arrangement,  or  coordination  of 
hving  organisms,  according  to  the  sum  of  their 


y2 


Bipartite  Curve. 

=  ->r(jr  — I)  (a:-2). 


part,  v.]  1.  In  two 
parts  ;  having  two 
correspondent  parts, 
as  a  legal  contract  or 

O/  writing,  one  for  each 

I  party;  duplicate. 

The  divine  fate  is  also 
bipartite. 

Cudwortk,  Intellectual 
(System,  Pref.,  p.  1. 

2.   In  bot.,  divided 
into  two  parts  near- 
ly to  the  base,  as 
„  the  leaves  of  many 

passion-flowers. -Bipartite  curve,  in  „eow.,  a  curve 

consisting  of  two  distinct  continuous  series  of  points 

Bipartiti  (bi-par-ti'ti),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  pi.  of  L. 

bipartitus:  see  bipartite.]  In  Latreille's  system 
of  classification,  a  group  of  carnivorous  Colcojj- 
tera  containing  fossorial  caraboid  beetles, 
bipartition  (bi-par-tish'on),  n.  [<  L.  bipartire 
(see  bipartite),  after  partition.]  The  act  of  di- 
x-iding  into  two  parts,  or  of  making  two  cor- 
respondent parts. 

bipaschal  (bi-pas'kal),  a.  [<  L.  hi-,  two-,  + 
LL.jjasc/ifl,  passover  :'  see  paschal.]  Including 
or  relating  to  two  consecutive  passover  feasts : 
applied  by  theologians  to  the  scheme  of  chro- 
nology which  limits  Christ's  public  ministry  to 


and  also  attributed  to  Hepha;stus  or  Vulcan. 

Bipes  (bi'pez),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  bipe.s,  two-foot- 
ed: see  bijjed.]  1.  A  genus  of  lizards,  of  the 
family  Anguidw  or  Gerrhonotidce  :  by  some 
united  with  Ophisaurus.  Oppel,  1811.— 2.  A 
genus  of  lizards,  of  the  family  Scincida-:  now 
called  Scelotes.  The  species  are  African ;  the 
S.  bipes  inhabits  South  Afi-ica.  Mcr  rem,  1820. 
bipetalous(bi-pet'a-lus),  ff.  [< 
6?-2  -f  petalous.]  Having  two 
flower-leaves  or  petals. 
Biphora  (bi'fo-ra),  n. pi.  [NL., 
<  L.  hi-,  two-,  +  Gr.  -<t>6poc,  < 
(pipetv  =  E.hear'>-.]  A  group  of 
ascidians,  such  as  the  Saljjida'. 

The  term  is  sometimes  used  as  the 

name  of  an  order  of  the  class  Tunica- 

ta  or  Ascidia,  containing  the  families 

Salpidce  and  Doliolidce,  characterized 

by  their  single  ribbon-like  branchia. 

They  are  free-swimming  forms  with 

the  sexes  distinct, 
biphore  (bi'for),  n.  [<  Biphora.  ] 

One  of  the  Biphora. 
Bipinnaria   (bi-pi-na'ri-ii),  /(. 

[NL.,  <  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  pinna, 

penna,  wing:  see  pen\]     A  ^ 

generic  name  given  to  th6  bi-  u.ent  of  a  iar»  ai  astel 

lateral  larval  form  of  some  ^,t."Tppf/'fi'^'"re 

echinoderms,    as   a    starfish,  ■ 

under  the  impression  that  it 


later  Pluteits:  lowerj 
earlier  Echinopadi- 
Jtfn. 


Bipinnaria 

■was  a  distinct  animal :  nearly  the  same  as 
Brachiolaria.  The  tei-m  is  retained  to  designate 
such  larvae  or  stage  of  development.  See  also 
cut  under  Asteroidva. 

bipinnate,  bipinnated  (bi-pin'at,  -a-ted),  a. 

[<  bi-^  +  jnnnatc.  Cf.  bipennatc.']  Doubly  pin- 
nate. («)  In  hot.,  applied  to  a  pinnate  leaf  when  its  divi- 
sions are  themselves  again  pin- 
nate. Also  bipennatc  and  bipen- 
natcd.  (b)  In  206I.,  having  op- 
posite piniiiB ;  feathered  on  two 
opposite  sides  of  a  main  or  axial 
line  :  in  entom.,  specifically  ap- 
plied to  certain  feathery  forms 
of  antennae.  See  antenna,  (e)  In 
anat.,  having  the  fleshy  fibers 
inserted  on  opposite  sides  of  a 
tendinous  intereection  :  said  of 
a  muscle.  The  rectus  femoris 
muscle  is  an  example. 

bipinnately  (bi-pin'at-li), 
ativ.    In  a  bipinnate  man-     .  .  , 

Bipinnate  Leaf. 

ner. 

bipinnatifid,  bipennatifid  (bi-pi-,  bi-pe-nat'i- 
fid),  a.  [<  +  pinnatifid,  pennatifid.']  In 
tot.,  doubly  pinnatifid ;  ha\'ing  the  primary  and 
secondary  divisions  of  the  leaves  pinnatifid. 

bipinnatiform  (bi-pi-nat'i-f6rm),  a.  [As  bi- 
pinnate +  -/o(VH.]  Doubly  pinnate  in  form  ; 
bipinnate  :  as,  a  hipinnatiforrn  muscle. 

bipinnatipartite  (bi-pi-nat-i-par'tit),  a.  [As 
bipinnate  +  Li.partitus,  divided:  see  piartition.^ 
Bipinnatifid,  but  having  the  divisions  extend- 
ing to  near  the  midrib. 

bipinnatisect,  bipinnatisected  (bi-pi-nat'i- 
sekt,  -sek-ted),  a.  [As  bipinnate  +  L.  sectus, 
cut:  see  section.'\  In  bot.,  twice  divided  pin- 
nately. 

The  leaf  is  said  to  be  bipinnatifid,  bipinnatipartite,  or 
bipinnatisected.  Bentley,  Botany,  p.  153. 

biplanar  (bi-pla'nar),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
planus,  plane.]  Lying  or  situated  in  two  planes. 

biplane  (bi'plan),  m.  In  math.,  the  pair  of  co- 
incident planes  to  which  the  tangent  cone  of  a 
node  reduces,  when  that  node  is  a  binode. 

biplicate  (bi'pli-kat),  a.  [<  6i-2  4-  plicate.'] 
Doubly  folded;  twice  folded  together,  trans- 
versely, as  the  cotyledons  of  some  plants. 
Henslow. 

biplicity  (bi-plis'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  biplex  (biplic-) 
(equiv.  to  duplex,  in  a  glossary)  (<  twice,  + 
plicare,  fold)  +  -ity.  Cf.  duplicity.']  The  state 
of  being  biplicate  or  twice  folded  ;  the  quality 
of  being  twofold  ;  doubling.    Roget.  [Rare.] 

bipolar  (bi-p6'lar),  a.  [<  bi-"^  +  polar.]  1. 
Doubly  polar ;  having  two  poles. 

The  best  modern  metaphysicians,  with  rare  exceptions, 
are  now  agreed  that,  whatever  may  be  the  case  with  ulti- 
mate existences,  the  phenomena  we  deal  with  are  bipolar, 
on  the  one  side  objective  and  on  the  other  subjective ;  and 
these  are  the  twofold  aspects  of  reality. 

G.  II.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  II.  ii.  §  29. 

Specifically — 2.  In  anat.,  having  two  process- 
es from  opposite  poles :  said  of  certain  nerve- 
cells. 

bipolarity  (bi-po-lar'i-ti),  n.  [<  bipolar  +  -ity.] 
The  state  of  being  bipolar  ;  double  polarity. 

Bipont,  Bipontine  (bi'pont,  bi-pon'tin),  a.  [< 
NL.  Bipontinus,  <  Bipontium  (a  tr.  of  German 
ZiceibrUcken,  F.  Deux-Ponts,  lit.  two  bridges), 
<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  pon(t-)s,  bridge.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  Bipontium  (the  Latin  name  of  Zwei- 
briicken  or  Deux-Ponts)  in  Rhenish  Bavaria : 
applied  to  editions  of  the  classics  the  printing 
of  which  was  begun  there  in  1779. 

biporose  (bi-po'ros),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
porus,  a  pore.]  Having  two  pores;  opening 
by  two  pores,  as  the  anthers  in  the  genus  Cas- 
sia and  most  Ericacece. 

Bipositores  (bi-poz-i-to'rez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
L.  bi-,  two-,  +  pnjsitor,  layer.]  In  ornith.,  an- 
other name  for  the  Columbw,  an  order  of  birds 
including  all  the  pigeons  and  doves:  so  called 
because  these  birds  for  the  most  part  lay  only 
two  eggs.    [Not  in  use.] 

biprism  (bi'prizm),  n.  [<  &i-2  -I-  prism.]  A 
prism  with  two  refractive  edges  each  of  small 
angle,  its  cross-section  being  an  obtuse-angled 
isosceles  triangle. 

bipulmonary  (M-puI'mo-na-ri),  a.  [<  6j-2  -1- 
jnilmonary.]  In  Arachnida,  having  only  one 
pair  of  pulmonary  sacs :  opposed  to  quadripul- 
monary. 

bipunctate  (bi-pungk'tat),  a.  [<  &«-2  -1-  punc- 
tate.]   Having  two  punctures  or  spots. 

bipunctual  (bi-pungk'tii-al),  a.  [<  6j-2  -t- 
punctual,  in  the  literal  sense.]  Having  two 
points. —  Bipunctual  coordinates.  Hee  coordinate. 

bipupillate  (bi-pu'pi-lat),  a.  [<  6i-2  -I-  pupil- 
late.]  Having  a  double  pupil:  in  entom.,  said 
of  an  eye-like  spot  on  the  wing  of  a  butterfly 


560 

when  it  has  within  it  two  dots  or  pupils  of  a 
different  color. 

bipyramidal  (bi-pi-ram'i-dal),  a.  [<  6i-2  4- 
pyramidal.]  In  crystal.,  having  the  form  of 
two  pyramids  joined  base  to  base,  as  quartz 
crystals. 

biquadrate  (bi-kwod'rat),  n.  [<  6»-2  -f  quad- 
rate.]   Same  as  biquadratic. 

biquadratic  (bi-kwod-rat'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  ?«-2 
+  quadratic.]  I.  a.  Containing  or  referring 
to  a  fourth  power,  or  the  square  of  a  square  ; 
quartlC.  The  word  quartic  lias  now  completely  super- 
seded biquadratic,  except  in  the  following  phrases.—  Bi- 
quadratic equation,  an  equation  with  one  unknown 
quantity  the  highest  power  of  which  contained  in  the 
equation  is  the  fourth.  Biquadratic  equations  are  always 
susceptible  of  algebraic  solution ;  equations  of  higher 
degrees  are  generally  capable  only  of  numerical  solution. 

—  Biquadratic  function,  involution.  See  the  nouns. 

—  Biquadratic  parabola,  in  geom.,  a  curve  line  of  the 
third  order,  having  two  infinite  legs  tending  the  same 
way. — Biquadratic  root  of  a  number,  the  square  root 
of  the  square  root  of  that  number.  Thus,  the  square  root 
of  81  is  9,  and  the  square  root  of  9  is  3,  which  is  the  bi- 
quadratic root  of  81. 

II.  n.  In  math.,  the  fourth  power,  arising 
from  the  multiplication  of  a  square  number 
or  quantity  by  itself.  Thus,  4  x  4  =  16,  which  is  the 
square  of  4,  and  16  X  16  =  256,  the  biquadratic  of  4. 

biquarterly  (bi-kwar 'ter-li),  a.  [<  6j-2  -f 
quarterly.]  Properly,  happening  or  appearing 
once  every  two  quarters,  or  semi-annually, 
but  sometimes  used  in  the  sense  of  semi-quar- 
terly, twice  in  each  quarter.  [Rare.] 

biquartz  (bi'kwartz),  n.  [<  6i-2  +  quartz.]  A 
double  quartz  plate  used  in  a  form  of  saccha- 
rimeter  (which  see),  it  consists  of  two  semicircular 
plates  of  quartz  joined  in  a  vertical  line  ;  the  two  halves 
are  so  taken  that  they  respectively  deviate  the  plane  of 
polarization  of  incident  plane-polarized  light  through  90° 
in  opposite  directions. 

biquaternion  (bi"kwa-ter'ni-on),  n.  [<  bi  (see 
def.)  +  quaternion.]  1.  In  math.,  an  imaginary 
quaternion ;  a  quantity  expressible  in  the  form 
a  +  bi  +  cj  +  dk,  where  *,  j,  k  are  three  mu- 
tually perpendicidar  vectors,  and  a,  b,  c,  d  are 
real  or  imaginary  numbers.  This  is  the  sense  in 
which  Sir  \V.  R.  Hamilton  used  the  word.  He  distin- 
guished such  a  quantity  from  a  real  quaternion,  because 
the  whole  algebraic  procedure  with  imaginary  quaternions 
is  dift'erent  from  and  more  difficult  than  that  with  real 
quaternions,  instead  of  being  essentially  the  same  but 
more  easy,  as  is  the  case  with  ordinary  imaginary  alge- 
bra as  compared  with  real  algebra. 

2.  The  ratio  of  two  rotors.  This  meaning  was  given 
to  the  word  by  W.  K.  Clifford,  who  conceived  that  Hamil- 
ton's biquaternions  did  not  deserve  a  separate  name.  In 
this  sense  a  biquaternion  is  the  sum  of  two  quaternions 
belonging  to  different  systems,  so  that  their  product  van- 
ishes. 

biqulntile  (bi-kwin'til),  v.  [<  bi-"^  +  quintilc.] 
In  astral.,  an  aspect  of  the  planets  when  they 
are  distant  from  each  other  by  twice  the  fifth 
part  of  a  great  circle,  that  is,  144°  or  twice  72°. 

biradiate,  biradiated  (bi-ra'di-at,  -a-ted),  a. 
[<  6i-2  -I-  radiate.]  Having  two  rays:  as,  a  bi- 
radiate fin. 

birambi  (bi-ram'bi),  n.  [Native  name.]  The 
fruit  of  the  Averrhoa  Bilimbi,  a  plant  of  British 
Guiana,  from  which  an  excellent  preserve  is 
made. 

biramose  (bi-ra'mos),  a.    Same  as  biramous. 

Six  pairs  of  powerful  biramose  natatory  feet. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  VI.  652. 

biramous  (bi-ra'mus),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
ramus,  a  branch.]  Possessing  or  consisting  of 
two  branches ;  dividing  into  two  branches,  as 
the  limbs  of  cirripeds.    H.  A.  Nicholson. 

birch  (berch),  n.  [=  Sc.  and  North.  E.  birk,  < 
ME.  birch,  birche,  birke,  <  AS.  birce,  bierce, 
byrce  (=  OHG.  bircha,  piricha,  MHG.  G.  birke), 
weak  fem.,  parallel  with  berc,  beorc  (=  MD. 
berck,  D.  berk  (berken-boom)  =  Icel.  bjork  (in 
comp.  birki-)  =  Sw.  bjork  =  Dan.  birk),  strong 
fem.,  =  OBulg.  breza  =  Buss,  bereza  =  Lith. 
bershas,  birch,  =  Skt.  bhUrja,  a  kind  of  birch. 
Root  unknown ;  connected  by  some  with  AS. 
beorht,  OHG.  beraht,  etc.,  bright,  white,  shin- 
ing, in  allusion  to  the  color  of  the  bark.  Not 
connected  with  L.  betula,  birch:  see  Betula.] 
1.  A  tree  or  shrub  belonging  to  the  genus  Be- 
tula (which  see).  The  birches  have  smooth,  lami- 
nated outer  bark  and  close-grained  wood,  which  in  some 
species  is  hard  and  tough,  taking  a  fine  polish,  and  is  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  furniture  and  for  many  other  pur- 
poses. The  white,  gray,  or  poplar  birch,  Betula  alba,  the 
principal  European  sjiecies,  is  a  small  tree,  but  is  put 
to  many  uses,  especially  in  the  old  world.  The  bark  is 
used  for  tanning  and  thatching,  and  yields  an  oil  which 
is  said  to  be  used  to  give  Russia  leather  its  peculiar  odor; 
spruce-oil  is  also  used  for  this  purpose.  The  leaves,  as 
well  as  the  sap  and  oil,  are  used  in  the  treatment  of  vari- 
ous chronic  diseases,  and  the  wood  is  used  for  fuel  and 
many  other  purposes.  Several  varieties  of  this  species,  as 
the  weeping,  cut-leafed,  and  purple  birches,  are  much 
cultivated  for  ornament.    The  canoe-  or  paper-birch  of 


bird 

North  America,  B.  papyrifera,  is  a  large  tree  with  a  vei-y 
tough,  durable  bai'k,  which  is  largely  used  by  the  Indians 
in  the  manufacture  of  canoes  and  tents.  The  timber  is 
valuable.  The  yellow  or  gray  birch,  B.  lutea,  is  one  of 
the  most  important  deciduous  trees  of  the  northern  At- 
lantic forests,  growing  to  a  very  large  size;  its  wood  is 
lieavy,  very  strong,  and  hard.  The  black,  sweet,  cherry-, 
or  mahogany-birch,  B.  lenta,  has  a  very  spicy,  aromatic 
bark,  yielding  a  volatile  oil  identical  with  oil  of  winter- 
green,  and  its  heavy,  dark-colored  wood  is  largely  used 
for  making  furniture  and  in  ship-building.  Other  promi- 
nent species  are  the  red  or  river-birch,  B.  nigra,  of  the 
Southern  States,  and  the  black  birch,  B.  occidentalis,  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains  and  westward.  Several  shrubby 
species  are  widely  distributed  in  mountainous  and  arctic 
regions,  reaching  a  higher  latitude  than  any  other  deciilu- 
ous  tree,  as  the  alpine  birch  {B.  nana),  the  low  or  dwarf 
birch  (B.  pumila),  and  the  scrub  birch  (£.  glandulosa). 
2.  A  birch  rod,  or  a  number  of  birch-twigs 
bound  together,  sometimes  used  for  punishing 
children. —  3.  A  birch-bark  canoe.  Lowell. — 
Jamaica  or  West  Indian  birch,  or  gumbo-limbo,  a 

species  of  Bursera,  B.  guiiunifera,  a  small  tree  with  ex- 
ceedingly soft,  light,  and  spongy  wood,  yielding  a  kind  of 
gum  elemi,  which  is  used  as  a  remedy  for  gout  and  as  the 
chief  ingredient  of  a  valuable  varnish, 
birch  (berch),  V.  t.  [<  birch,  ».]  To  beat  or 
punish  with  a  birch  rod ;  flog. 

From  the  child  sentenced  to  be  birched,  to  the  assassin 
doomed  to  lose  his  life.   Higginson,  Eng.  Statesmen,  p. 270. 
There  I  was  birched,  there  I  was  bred, 
There  like  a  little  Adam  fed 
From  Learning's  woeful  tree ! 

Hood,  Clapham  Academy, 
birch-broom  (bferch'brom'),  n.  A  coarse  broom 
made  of  the  twigs  and  small  branches  of  the 
birch-tree,  used  for  sweeping  stables,  streets, 
etc. 

birch-camphor  (berch'kam*for),  n.  A  resin- 
ous substance  obtained  from  the  bark  of  the 
black  birch. 

birchen  (ber'chen),  a.  [=  Sc.  birken,  birkin,  < 
ME.  birchen,  birliin,  <  AS.  *bircen  (Somner)  (= 
D.  LG.  fterfcew  =  OHG.  Urchin,  MHG.  G.  birken), 
<  birce,  birch  :  see  birch.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
birch;  consisting  or  made  of  birch:  as,  "■birchen 
brooms,"  Beau,  and  FL,  Loyal  Subject. 

We  say  of  a  wanton  child,  ...  he  must  be  annoynted 
with  byrchin  salve. 

Tyndale,  Works  (1573),  p.  166.   (N.  E.  D.) 
His  beaver'd  brow  a  birchen  garland  wears. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  iv.  141. 

birch-oil  (berch'oil),  n.  An  oil  extracted  from 
birch-bark,  said  to  be  used  in  preparing  Russia 
leather. 

birch-'water  (berch'wa"ter),  n.  The  sap  of  the 
birch.    See  birch-ivine. 

birch-wine  (berch 'win),  n.  A  fermented  li- 
quor made  from  the  sap  of  the  birch-tree,  which 
is  collected  in  the  spring  throughout  the  moun- 
tainous and  wooded  districts  of  Germany  and 

Scandinavia,  it  is  called  by  names  which  signify  birch- 
water  or  birch-wine  in  the  ditterent  languages.  It  is  said 
to  be  possessed  of  diuretic  and  antiscorbutic  properties. 

bird^  (berd),  n.  [<  ME.  bird,  berd,  byrde,  a  me- 
tathesis of  the  usual  form  brid,  bred,  bryd,  pi. 
briddes,  a  bird,  also,  as  orig.,  the  young  of  any 
bird,  <  AS.  brid,  pi.  briddas  (ONorth.  bird,  bird- 
as),  the  young  of  any  bird.  Origin  unknown ;  it 
can  hardly  be  connected  with  brood,  as  usually 
stated.  Possibly  the  form  bird  is  the  more 
orig.  form,  standing  for  *byrd,  <  boren,  born, 
pp.  of  beran,  bear;  cf.  byrde,  (well-)  born,  ge- 
byrd,  birth,  of  same  origin :  see  birth^.  For  the 
metathesis,  cf.  that  of  bird^.  For  the  devel- 
opment of  sense,  cf.  the  history  of  pullet  and 
pigeon.  The  common  Teut.  word  for  '  bird ' 
(def.  2)  is  fowl,  now  restricted  in  English:  see 
fowl.]  If.  The  young  of  any  fowl. 
Being  fed  by  us,  you  used  us  so 
As  that  ungentle  gull  the  cuckoo's  bird 
Useth  tlie  sparrow.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  v.  1. 

2.  A  feathered  vertebrate  animal  of  the  class 
Aves,  frequently  included  with  reptiles  in  a  su- 
perclass Sauropsida,  but  distinguished  by  hav- 
ing warm  blood,  by  being  covered  with  fea- 
thers, and  by  having  the  fore  limbs  so  modified 
as  to  form  wings.  See  Aves. —  3.  Any  small 
feathered  game,  as  a  partridge,  quail,  snipe,  or 
woodcock,  as  distinguished  from  water-fowl, 
etc  Aerial  birds.  See  aiirial.—A  little  bird  told 

me,  I  heard  in  a  way  I  will  not  reveal. 

Imagine  any  one  explaining  the  trivial  saying,  "A  little 
bird  told  me,"  without  knowing  of  the  old  belief  in  the 
language  of  birds  and  beasts. 

E.  B.  Tylor,  Prim.  Culture,  I.  i. 
Aquatic  birds.  See  afjMattc.— Arabian  bird,  the  fab- 
ulous phenix.  See  ^ra6ia?i.— Baltimore  bird.  See  ori- 
ole.— Bird-conjurer.  See  conjurer. —  Bird  of  freedom, 
the  American  bald  eagle.  fAn  Americanism.]  — Bird  01 
Jove,  the  eagle.— Bird  of  Juno,  the  peacock.— Bird  of 
Minerva,  the  owl.— Bird  of  night,  the  owl.— Bird  of 
paradise,  (a)  One  of  the  Faradiseidce,  oscine  passerine 
birds,  related  to  the  corvine  and  sturnoid  passerines, 
confined  to  the  Papuan  region,  and  long  famous  for  mag- 
nificence of  plumage  and  for  the  extraordinary  devel- 


bird 


When  the  heart  is  thus  hird-litned,  then  it  cleaves  to 
everything  it  meets  with. 

Guodwin,  A  Christian's  Growth,  U.  3. 

bird-louse  (berd'lous),  n.  One  of  a  kind  of  lice 
which  infest  the  plumage  of  birds.  ti,u  genera 
and  species  are  numerous.  Tliey  are  nuistly  dcKi-aded 
parasitic  insects  of  the  aviXiv  Mallophaija,  and  constitute 
most  of  tliat  order. 

birdman  (berd'man),  »?. ;  pi.  hirdmen  (-men). 
[<  hird^  +  man.~i  1.  A  bird-catcher;  a  fowl- 
er.—  2.  An  ornithologist. — 3.  One  who  stuffs 
birds. 

birdnest  (berd'nest),  v.  i.  To  hunt  or  search 
for  the  nests  of  birds. 

11.    A  net  used  for  catch- 


Topography  of  a  Bird.  (From  Coues's  "  Key  to  North  American  Birds.") 
I,  forehead  (yrfKj) :  2,  lore:  3,  circumociilar  region:  4,  crown  [-vertexY,  5,  eye : 
6.  hind  \i(ta.A  [occiput);  7,  nape  {nucha);  8,  hind  neck  {f^rzrjr) ;  9,  side  of  neck  : 
ID,  interscapular  region  :  11,  dorsum,  or  back  proper,  including  10  :  12.  notasiuu,  or 
upper  part  of  body  proper,  including  10,  11,  and  13  :  13,  rump  {uropygium) ;  14,  up- 
per tail-coverts;  15,  tail;  16,  under  tail-coverts  (crjssum);  17,  tarsus:  18,  abdo- 
men; 19,  hind  toe  (/zrt//«.r)  ;  20, gastrtsum,  including  18  and  24  ;  21,  outer  or  fourth 
toe ;  22,  middle  or  third  toe ;  23,  side  of  body;  24,  breast  ( pectus) ;  25,  pri 
_^  (^^f-      -     -         .  .      ,       _  . 


inclosure  for  birds 
bird-call  (berd'kal),  n.    An  instru- 
ment for  imitating  the  cry  of  birds 
in  order  to  attract  or  decoy  them. 

It  is  generally  a  short  metal  pipe,  liaving  a 
circular  plate  at  each  end  pierced  with  a 
small  hole. 

bird-catcher  (berd'kach"er),  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  catches  birds,  as  a  person,  a 

  ^  ^  „,>v>.„^io„j^„u,^  laaisu  uuc  uc»L    ^i^''^l>  or  an  insect. 

known;  it  was"caiied  ap'orfe  frrar th^^  bird-catching  (berd'kach"ing),  n.    The  act  of 


crts  ;  29,  atula,-OT  bastard  wing  ;  30.  greater  coverts :  3r.  median  coverts  ;  32,  lesse 
coverts;  33,  the  throat,  includmg  34,  37,  and  38;  34,  Jugulu?n,  or  lower  throat; 
35,  auriculars ;  36,  malar  region  ;  37,  gula,  or  middle  throat :  38,  jnentum,  or  chin  ; 
39.  ^tijjls  of  commissure,  or  corner  of  mouth  ;  40,  ramus  of  under  mandible;  41,  side 
of  under  mandible:  42.  sonys ;  43,  apex,  or  tip  of  bill ;  44,  tomia,  or  cutting  edges 
of  the  bill ;  45,  cultneft,  or  ridge  of  upper  mandible,  corresponding  to  gonys ;  46,  side 
of  upper  mandible  ;  47,  nostril ;  48  passes  across  the  bill  a  little  in  front  of  its  base. 

opment  of  some  of  the  feathers  in  most  species.  There 
are  about  forty  species  of  birds  of  paradise,  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  of  which,  Paradisea  apoda,  is  also  the  best 


always  on  the  wing  and  had  no  feet,  a  notion  which  was 


661  bird's-nest 

thets  iright,  comely,  etc. :  see  bride^.^ 
A  maiden;  a  girl ;  a  .young  woman. 

Ther  nis  no  biiyrde  so  lirilit  in  boure  .  .  . 
That  heo  (she)  ne  schal  fade  as  a  Hour. 

Early  Enij,  Pociiix  (ed.  i'urnivall),  p.  V.H. 
Hire  cheere  was  simple,  as  birde  in  boure. 

Horn,  of  the  Roue,  1.  1014. 
And  by  my  word  the  bonnie  bird 
In  danger  shall  not  tarry. 

Campbell,  Lord  I'Uin's  Daughter. 
[In  this,  as  in  other  modern  instances,  the 
word  is  archaic,  and  is  prolialily  associated 
witli  birdl  as  a  term  of  endearment.] 

bird-baiting  (berd'ba*ting),  n.  The 
catching  of  birds  with  clap-nets,  bird-net  (b6rd"'uer)!^ 
I'lekhng.  y^^^.^^^ 
bpd-boltl  (berd'bolt),  «.  \:<birdl  +  bird-organ  (berd' or "gan),  «.  A  small  bamd- 
6o«i.]  A  blunt-headed  arrow  for  the  organ  used  in  teaching  birds  to  whistle  tunes, 
longbow  or  crossbow  formerly  used  bird-plant  (berd '  plant),  w.  A  lobeliaeeous 
tor  shooting  birds.  It  was  intended  plant,  Hctcrotoma  lobclioidcs,  from  Mexico,  with 
to  stun  without  piercing.  yellow  irregular  flowers  somewhat  resembling 

bird-bolt^  (berd  bolt),  n.   [A  corrup-    a  bird.    Also  calleil  cunary-bird  Jloicer. 
tion  ot  burbot.-\    A  local  English  bird's-bread  (berdz'bred),  n.    A  name  of  the 
name  of  the  burbot  Molva  lota.  common  stoneerop,  .Scdum  acre. 

bird-cage  (berd  kaj),  n.    A  portable  bird-seed  (berd'sed),  n.    Small  seeds  used  for 

feeding  birds,  as  those  of  hemp  or  millet ;  more 
specifically,  the  seed  of  Fkalaris  Canarieiisis,  or 
canary-grass, 
bird's-eye  (berdz'i),  n.  and  a.  I.  n.  1.  In  bot. : 
(a)  The  pheasant's-eye,  Adonis  autuwnalin.  (b) 
The  speedwell,  Veronica  Chamwdrys :  so  named 
from  its  bright-blue  flower,  (c)  A  species  of 
pi'imrose.  Primula  farinosa. —  2.  A  fine  kind 
of  tobacco,  partly  manufactured  from  the  leaf- 
stalks of  the  plant,  and  forming,  when  ready 
for  use,  a  loose  fibrous  mass  with  thin  slices 
of  stalk  interspersed,  the  latter  marked  some- 
what like  a  bird's  eye.-Red  bird's-eye,  the  herb- 

robert.  Geranium  Robertiamnn. 

II.  a.  1.  Seen  from  above,  as  if  by  a  flying 
bird;  embraced  at  a  glance;  hence,  general; 
not  minute  or  entering  into  details:  as,  a 
bird's-eye  landscape ;  a  bird's-eye  view  of  a  sub- 
ject. 

Thereupon  she  took 
A  bird's-eye  view  of  all  the  ungracious  past. 

Tennyson,  I'rincess,  ii. 

2.  Eesembling  a  bird's  eye;  having  spots  or 
markings  somewhat  resembling  birds'  eyes. 

He  wore  a  blue  bird's-eye  handkerchief  round  his  neck. 

Hiighes,  Tom  Brown  at  O.xford,  .wiii. 


Bird  of  Paradise  {Paradisea 


strengthened  by  the  fact  that  the  specimens  which  used 

to  reach  naturalists  were  without  feet,  these  having  been  vi-j  /-ua^/I'^^  ii  ■  ■  \ 

removed  in  preparing  the  skins.  The  packets  of  beautiful  Dira-lanCier  (berd  f  an»si-er),  n 
orange  and  yellow  plumes  worn  as  ornaments  are  from 
this  species  and  a  near  relative,  P.  minor.  P.  sanguinea 
is  a  still  more  gorgeous  bird.  The  king  bird  of  paradise, 
CiTicinnurus  regius,  is  one  of  the  most  magnificeut.  Schle- 
gelia  wilsoni,  Diphyllodes  speciosa,  Parotia  sexpennis,  and 


catching  birds  or  wild  fowls,  either  for  food  or 
pleasure,  or  for  their  destruction  when  perni- 
cious to  the  husbandman, 
bird-dog  (berd'dog),  n.  A  dog  used  by  sports- 
men in  the  field  in  hunting  game-birds, 
bird-duflfer  (berd'duf'er),  n.  A  dishonest  deal- 
er in  birds,  who  "makes  up"  his  wares,  either 
by  painting  the  plumage  of  live  birds,  or  by 
fabricating  bird-skins,  affixing  false  labels, 
etc. 

birdet,  ».    A  Middle  English  form  of  bird. 
birder  (ber'der),  n.    [<  late  ME.  byrder;  <  bird'^, 

V.  i.,  +  -erl.]    If.  A  bird-catcher;  a  fowler. 
As  the  byrder  beguyleth  the  byrdes.  Vines. 

2.  One  who  breeds  birds. —  3.  A  local  English 

name  of  the  wild  cat.    N.  E.  D. 
bird-eye  (berd'i),  a.    See  bird's-eye. 
bird-eyed  (berd'id),  a.  Having  eyes  like  those 

of  a  bird ;  quick-sighted ;  catching  a  glimpse  as 

one  goes. 

Where  was  your  dear  sight. 
When  it  did  so,  forsooth  I  what  now  1  bird-eyed  ? 

B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  iii.  2. 

1.  One  who 

takes  pleasure  in  rearing  or  collecting  birds, 
especially  such  as  are  rare  or  curious. —  2.  A 
dealer  in  the  various  kinds  of  birds  which  are 

kept  in  cages 


Lophorhina  atra  are  other  leading  species.  The  name  is  bird-fauna  (berd'fa'na),  n.  Same  as  avifauna. 
f^T^JS.^J^T''^3'±^^.^i^^'^?A!'"V}}^'  bird-foot  (berd'fut),  a.    Divided  like  a  bird's 

toot;  pedate,  as  the  leaves  of  the  bird-foot 


technical  definition  of  Paradiseidce  (which  see),  (ft)  In 
astroii.,  a  southern  constellation.  See  Apics,  1.— Bird  of 
passage,  a  migratory  bird ;  a  migrant ;  a  bird  which  regu- 
larly passes  in  the  spring  from  a  warmer  to  a  colder  cli- 
mate, and  back  in  tlie  fall.  See  migration  and  isepipteses. 
—  Bird  Of  peace,  the  dove,  with  reference  to  the  story  of 
Noah.— Bird  of  prey,  any  member  of  the  order  Raptores 
or  Aecipitres,  as  the  hawk,  eagle,  owl,  etc. — Bird  Of  the 
year,  a  bird  less  than  a  year  old. — Bird  Of  wonder,  the 
phenix-.— Birds  of  a  feather,  persons  of  similar  tastes  and 
habits :  chiefly  in  the  saying,  "  Birds  of  a  feather  flock 
together,"  indicating  the  usual  association  with  one  an- 


violet,  Viola  pedata. 
birdgazer  (berd'ga'zer),  n.    [<  bird'^  +  gazer  ; 
a  tr.  of  L.  auspex :  see  anspex.^    An  augur  or 
haruspex. 
Accius  Navius,  the  great  birdgazer  of  Kome. 

Trewnesse  of  the  Christian  Religion,  p.  401. 
bird-house  (berd'hous),  n.  A  box,  pen,  or  small 
house  for  birds;  a  place  in  which  birds  are 


Of-war  bird.    Same  as  frigate-bird.— Sea,-COW  ToilA.'ihe 

treble-collared  plover  of  Africa,  yEgialites  tricollaiis :  so 


called  by  Chapman,  a  traveler  in  southern  Africa.— To  birdie^  (ber'di),  n.    A  name  about  Aberdeen 


[<  bird''-  +  dim.  -ie.]    1.  A 
iminutive  of  birdX. —  2.  A  term  of 
endearment  for  a  child  or  a  young  woman. 


hear  a  bird  sing,  to  receive  private  communication ;  be 
informed  privately  or  secretly. 

I  heard  a  bird  so  sing.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  5. 

I  heard  a  bird  sing,  they  mean  him  no  good  ofiice. 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  iv.  2. 

birdi  (berd),  V.  i.    [<  bird^,  h.]    1.  To  catch 
birds ;  go  bird-shooting  or  fowling. 

I  do  invite  you  to-morrow  morning  to  my  house  to  break- 
fast :  after,  we'll  a.-birding  together. 

Shak.,  M.  "W.  of  W.,  iii.  3. 
Hence  —  2t.  To  look  for  plunder ;  thieve. 

Mam.  These  day  owls  

Sur.  That  are  birding  in  men's  purses. 

B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  v.  3. 
birdet  (berd),  n.    [Sc.  bird,  burd,  etc. ;  <  ME. 
bird,  berd,  burd,  byrd,  etc.,  a  transposition  of 
the  somewhat  less  common  brid,  bride,  etc., 

prop,  a  bride,  but  much  used  in  poetry  in  the  birdlime  (b6rd'lim) 
general  sense  of  'maiden,'  'girl,'  with  the  epi-  Ume. 
36 


A  fowling- 


Scotland,_  of  the  young  halibut, 
birding-piecet  (ber'dmg-pes),  n. 
piece.    Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  2. 

My  Lord  Hinchingbroke,  I  am  told,  hath  had  a  mis- 
chance to  kill  his  boy  by  his  birding-piece  going  off  as  he 
was  a-fowling.  Pepy^,  Diary,  I.  420. 

bird-lime  (berd'lim),  n.  A  viscous  substance 
prepared  from  the  inner  bark  of  the  holly,  Ilex 
Aquifolium,  used  for  entangling  small  birds  in 
order  to  capture  them,  twigs  being  smeared 
with  it  at  places  where  birds  resort  or  are  like- 
ly to  alight. 

Holly  is  of  so  viscous  a  juice,  as  they  make  birdlime  of 
the  bark  of  it.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  592. 

Not  bird-lime  or  Idean  pitch  produce 
A  more  tenacious  mass  of  clammy  juice. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georgics,  iv.  57. 

V.  t.    To  smear  with  bird- 


Bird's-eye  crape, diaper,  limestone,  maple,  etc.  See 

the  nouns.— Bird's-eye  view,  a  mode  of  perspective 
representation  in  which  portions  of  country,  towns,  etc., 
appear  as  they  would  if  viewed  from  a  considerable  ele- 
vation. 

bird's-foot  (berdz'fut),  n.  1.  A  common  name 
for  several  plants,  especially  papilionaceous 
plants  of  the  genus  Ornithopus,  their  legumes 
being  articulated,  cylindi-ical,  and  bent  in  like 
claws. —  2.  The  name  of  a  spurge.  Euphorbia 
Ornithopus,  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  Bird's- 
foot  trefoil,  the  popular  name  of  Lotus  cornictilatus :  so 
called  because  its  legumes  spread  like  a  crow's  foot.  See 
Lotus. 

bird's-mouth  (berdz'mouth),  ».  In  carp.,  an 
interior  angle  or  notch  cut  across  the  grain  at 
the  extremity  of  a  piece  of  timber,  for  its  re- 
ception on  the  edge  of  another  piece, 
bird's-nest  (berdz'nest),  n.  1.  A  name  popu- 
larly given  to  several  plants,  from  some  sug- 
gestion of  a  bird's  nest  in  their  form  or  manner 
of  growth,  {a)  Neottia  Nidusavis,  a  British  orchid  found 
in  beech  woods  :  so  called  because  of  the  mass  of  stout  in- 
terlaced fibers  which  form  its  roots.  (6)  Monotropa  Hxipo- 
pitys,  a  parasitic  ericaceous  plant  growing  on  tlie  roofs  of 
trees  in  fir  woods,  the  leafless  stalks  of  which  resemble  a 
nest  of  sticks,  (c)  As- 
plenium  Xidus,  from 
the  manner  in  which 
the  fronds  giow,  leav- 
ing a  nest-like  hollow- 
in  the  center,  (i/)  The 
wild  carrot,  Dntiriis 
Cariita,  from  tlie  form 
of  the  umliel  in  fruit. 

2.  Same  as  crow's- 
nest. —  3.  pi.  An 
article  of  com- 
merce between 
Java  and  China, 
consisting  of  the 
gelatinous  brack- 
ets which  the 
swifts  of  the  fam- 
ily Cypselida;  and 
genus  CoUocalia 
attach  to  cliffs, 
and  on  which  they 
build  their  nests. 

These  so-called  bird's- 
nests  consist  principal- 

Biid-siiidtT  [Avtcularia  avicularta).     ly  Of  the  inspissated 


bird's-nest 

saliva  of  the  birds,  ami  are  much  esteemed  by  the  Chinese, 
who  use  tlieni  in  niakiiij;  tlie  well-liiiowii  birds-nest  soup' 
—  Bird's-nest  fungus,  any  species  of  fungus  belonging 
to  the  urouj)  yidalariacece,  wliich  resemble  small  nests 
containni''  eggs.    Also  called  bird's-nest  pezCza. 

bird-spider  (berd'spi'der),  n.  A  large  hairy 
spider  of  the  family  Theraphosidw  and  genus 
Avicularia  (often  called  Mygalc).  A.  aricitldria, 
a  native  of  tropical  America,  is  able  to  capture 
and  kill  small  birds.  See  cut  on  preceding  page. 

bird's-tares,  bird's-tongue  (berdz'tarz,  -timg), 

n.  Names  of  the  species  of  Oniithoglossum,  a 
genus  of  bulbous  plants  from  the  Cape  of  Good 

Hope.    The  name  bird's-Umgue  is  also  applied  to 
door-weed,  Polijiionum  avinilare,  from  the  shape  of 
leaves,  and  sometimes  to  tlie  keys  of  the  European  ash 
Fmxin  us  excelsior. 

•bird-tick  (berd'tik),  n.  A  name  of  some  pupip- 
arous  dipterous  insects  which  infest  the  plu- 
mage of  birds,  creeping  quickly  about  among 
the  feathers.  A  good  example  is  Olfersia  ameri- 
cana,  which  is  found  ou  many  species  of  birds. 

bird-witted  (berd'wit  'ed),  a.'  Having  only  the 
wit  of  a  bird ;  passing  rapidly  from  one  subject 
to  another ;  flighty. 

If  a  child  be  bird-u'itted,  that  is,  hath  not  the  faculty  of 
attention,  the  matheniaticks  giveth  a  remedy  thereunto. 

Baco/i,  Works,  I.  161. 

birectangular  (bl-rek-tang'gu-lsr),  a.   [<  6j-2 
+  rectait(/>ilar.}    Having  two  right  angles  :  as, 
a  hirectungular  spherical  triangle, 
birefractive  (bi-rf-frak'tiv),  a.    [<  6j-2  -f. 
fractive.}    Same  as  hirefringent. 
birefringent  (bi-re-frin'jent),  «.    [<  hi-^  +  rc- 
fringcnt.']    Doubly  refractive  ;  possessing  the 


562 

II.  «.  1.  A  lively  young  fellow;  a  self-as- 
sertive fellow. 

Ye  see  yon  birkie  ca'd  a  lord, 
Wha  struts,  an'  stares,  an'  a'  that. 

Burns,  For  A'  That. 

2.  Beggar-pay-neighbor:  a  gameat  cards.-Auld 
birkie,  old  boy.  [ColUxi,] 
birli  (berl),  v.  [Sc.  and  E.  dial.,  also  hurl,  < 
ME.  Urleii.  hyrlen,  <  AS.  bi/relian,  hyrlian,  bir- 
Uan  (>  leel.  hyrla),  pour  out  drink,  <  hyrde  (> 
leel.  hyrli),  a  cupbearer,  butler  (perhaps  con- 
nected with  OS.  Uril  =  OHG.  hiril  a  basket). 


birth-hour 

older  TTVfjrySc,  red,  flame-colored;  cf.  nvpaSc,  » 
fire-brand,  usually  referi'ed  to  nvp  =  E.  fire 
Hence  ult.  hirctta,  hcrrctta,  etc.  (see  birctta), 
burrel,  bureau,  etc.]  1.  Under  the  Eoman  em- 
pire, and  later,  a  cloak  with  a  hood  worn  as 
an  outer  garment  for  protection  from  the  wea- 
ther. It  was  strictly  a  heavy  and  rough  garment,  woven 
of  coarse  wool  in  its  natural  color ;  but  after  a  time  cloaks 
of  the  same  form  and  name  came  to  be  made  of  fine  qual- 
ity also. 

2.  A  species  of  coarse  thick  woolen  cloth  used 
by  the  poorer  classes  in  the  middle  ages  for 


the    W*^^-  ^  earner,  bearer,  <  heran,  bear :  see  6ea»-l.]    cloaks  and  external  clothing, 
its    I.  trans.  1.  To  pour  out  (wine,  etc.)  for.  birse  (bers),  «.    [Sc.,  also  birs,  <  ME. 


Dame  Elynour  entrete 
To  byrle  them  of  the  best. 

Skelton,  Elynour  Eumniyng,  1.  269. 

2.  To  supply  or  ply  with  drink. 

II.  intrans.  To  di-ink  in  company;  carouse. 
[A  modern  forced  use.] 
birl2  (berl),  [Appar.  imitative;  cf.  6?n-2, 
6((/-2,  icMrl,  whir,  tirl,  etc.]  I.  intrans.  To 
move  or  rotate  rapidly ;  make  a  noise  like  that 
made  by  wheels  moving  rapidly  over  stones  or 
gravel. 

II.  trans.  To  cause  to  rotate;  twirl  or  spin 
(as  a  coin)  in  the  air  or  on  a  table,  as  in  pitch- 
and-toss;  hence,  to  toss  out  (a  coin  orceins) 
on  the  table  as  one's  contribution ;  contribute 
as  one's  share  in  paying  for  drinks:  as,  "I'll 
birl  my  bawbee,"  Scotch  song. 
birlaw,  birley,  birlie,  n.  See  bi/rlaw. 
birlawman,  birlieman,  birlyman,  n.  See  byr- 
lawinan 


'%f.  (ber'Hn), .  [Also  birlinn,  Urling,  berlin, 


rays  by  double  refraction.    See  refraction. 

bireme  (bi'rem),  n.  [<  L.  biremis,  <  bi-,  two-, 
+  remus,  an  oar.]  An  ancient  galley  having 
two  banks  or  tiers  of  oars. 

A  few  were  biremes,  the  rest  stout  triremes. 

L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  149. 

biretta  (bi-ret'a),  n.  [Also  birretta,  berreita; 
<  It.  berretta  ="Sp.  birreta  =  Pr.  berreta,  har- 
reta  =  F.  barette  (>  E.  barret-),  fem. ;  in  masc. 
form,  Pr.  hirret  = 
Cat.  buret  =  F.  beret 
(see  beret), <Mli.bir- 
rettum,  birretum,  al- 
so bereta,  etc.,  dim. 
of  birrus,  a  hood  or 
cape,  LL.  a  cloak: 
see6»T;(s.]  1. Origi- 
nally, any  small  cap 
worn  as  distinctive 
of  a  trade  or  pro- 
fession; afterward, 
a  scholastic  cap,  or 
such  as  was  worn 
indoors  by  mem- 
bers of  the  learned 


bcrling ;  <  Gael,  birlinn,  bioirUnn,  a  barge  or 
pleasure-boat.]  A  kind  of  boat  iised  in  the 
Hebrides,  rowed  with  from  four  to  eight  long 
oars,  but  seldom  furnished  with  sails. 

There's  a  place  where  their  berlim  and  gallies,  as  they 
ca'd  them,  used  to  lie  in  lang  syne. 

Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  xl. 
Sailing  from  Ireland  in  a  birlinn  or  galley. 

Quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  XII.  79. 
birlingl  (ber'ling),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  birn,  v.] 
A  drinking-match. 

The  Tod  s-hole,  an  house  of  entertainment  where  there 
has  been  mony  a  blithe  birling.  Scott. 
birling2  (ber'ling),  n.    Same  as  birlin. 
birn^  (bem),  n.    [Sc. :  see  burn'^.']    A  stem  of 
dry  heather;  specifically,  one  of  the  stems  of 
burnt  heath  which  remain  after  the  smaller 
twigs  have  been  consumed,  as  in  moor-burning. 
birn2  (bern),  n.    [<  G.  birne,  a  pear,  dial.  Mr,  < 
MHG.  bir,  pi.  birn,  <  OHG.  bira  z=  L.  jnrvm.,  pi. 
])ira,  whence  also  ult.  E.  pern-,  q.  v.]   That  part 
of  an  instrument  of  the  clarinet  class  into  which 
the  mouthpiece  fits :  so  called  from  its  shape, 
birny  (ber'ni),  a.   [<  bim^  +  -j/i.]  Abounding 
in  birns.  [Scotch.] 


professions;  now,  in  the  Horn.  Cath.  Ch.,  the  bkostfate,  birostrated  (bi-ros'trat,  -tra-ted), 

ecclesiastical  cap.    This  last  is  square,  and  has  three  a     [<  bi-'^  +  rottrafe  1    HaviTio-  n  HmiWo  V.^.Qt 

and  sometimes  four  horns  or  projections  on  top,  crossing  [\        -r  lostnite.]    llaving  a  double  beak. 

It  at  equal  angles,  and  frequently  having  a  tuft  or  tassel  ,  ?^  process  resembling  a  beak, 

where  the  horns  meet  in  the  middle.   For  priests  and  the  birOtatlOn  (bi-ro-ta'shon),  n.     [<  hi-'^  +  rottt- 

lower  orders  its  color  is  black,  and  for  bishops  also,  at  tion.^    Double  rotation  or  rotatory  power.  The 


least  in  Rome,  though  elsewhere  they  comnionly  wear 
one  of  violet,  corresponding  with  the  color  of  the  cassock  ; 
for  cardinals  it  is  red.  It  seems  to  have  been  introduced 
in  offices  of  the  church  when  the  amice  ceased  to  be  worn 
over  the  head  in  proceeding  to  and  from  the  altar  at  mass. 

2.  By  extension,  a  Tunis  cap ;  a  smoking-eap. 
birgandert,  »•    See  bergander. 
birhomboidal  (bi-rom-boi'dal),  a.    [<  6i-2  + 
rhomboidal.~\    Having  a  surface  composed  of 
twelve  rhombic  faces,  which,  being  taken  six  birotine  (bir'o-tin) 


and  six,  and  prolonged  in  idea  till  they  intercept 

each  other,  would  form  two  rhombohedrons. 
birimose  (bi-ii'mos),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  rima, 

a  chink.]   Opening  by  two  slits,  as  the  anthers 

of  most  plants, 
birkl  (berk),  n.    Northern  English  and  Scotch 

form  of  birch. 

Shadows  of  the  silver  birk 

Sweep  the  green  that  folds  thy  grave. 

Tennyson,  A  Dirge,  i. 

birk2  (berk),  V.  i.  [Sc. ;  origin  obscure ;  cf. 
Icel.  berkja,  bark,  bluster.]  To  give  a  tart  an- 
swer; converse  in  a  sharp  and  cutting  way. 
Jamieson. 

birken  (ber'ken),  a.    Northern  English  and 

Scotch  form  of  birchen. 
birkent  (ber'ken),  V.  t.    [<  birJcen,  a.,  or  birk^ 
+  -e?ii.]    To  beat  with  a  birch  or  rod. 


name  was  given  by  Dubrunfaut  to  a  phenomenon  exhibited 
by  some  sugar,  which  possesses  a  rotatory  power  that  is  at 
first  nearly  equal  to  twice  the  normal  amount,  but  gradu- 
ally diminishes  and  remains  constant  when  the  normal 
power  is  reached.  The  sugar  having  this  property  is  called 
birotatory  dextrose. 

birotatory  (bi-ro'ta-to-ri),  n.  [<  Ji-2  -f  rota- 
tory.'] Possessing  double  rotatory  power.  See 
birotation. 

[Origin  uncertain.]  A 


kind  of  silk  from  the  Levant 

birotulate  (M-ro'tu-lat),  a.    [<  L.  hi-,  two-,  -r  ,  •      k\.i^AJ.^\.■  +1,'  ^,-^A^ 

rotula,  a  little  wheel:  see  roll.-]    Having  two  birth-chlldt (berth  child), 

wheels  or  disks  connected  by  a  common  axis.  ^^'^ 
birri  (ber;  Sc.  pron.  ber),  71.  [Sc.,  also  bir,  ber, 

heir,  bere,  bur,  burr,  etc.,  <  ME.  bir,  byr,  byrre, 

burre,  bur,  <  Icel.  byrr  (=  Sw.  Dan.  bor),  a  fa- 
voring wind,  <  bera  (=  AS.  beran),  bear:  see 

6eari.]    If.  A  strong  wind.— 2.  The  force  of 

the  wind;  impetus;  momentum.  — 3.  A  thrust 

or  push.— 4.  Force;  vigor;  energy.  [Scotch 

and  North.  Eng.] 
birr2  (ber),  v.  i.  [Sc.,  also  bir,  her,  etc.,  appar. 

imitative,  like  bur"^,  burr^,  and  birl'^,  q.  v.]  To 

make  a  whirring  noise;  make  a  noise  like  that 

of  revolving  wheels,  or  of  millstones  at  work. 

[Scotch.] 


-     ,  ,  — .  hrust,  < 

AS.  byrst  =  OHG.  burst,  hursta,  MHG.  borst, 
hiirst,  borste,  G.  borste  =  Icel.  hurst  =  Sw. 
borst  =  Dan.  borste,  bristle;  the  primitive  of 
bristle,  q.  v.]  A  bristle ;  collectively,  bristles. 
[Scotch.]  —To  set  up  one's  birse,  to  put  one  on  his 
mettle  ;  put  one  in  a  towering  passion, 
birsle  (ber'sl),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  birslcd,  ppr. 
hirsling.  [Sc.,  also  hrisslc,  brusle  =  E.  brustle, 
make  a  crackling  noise:  see  brustle^.]  1.  To 
scorch  or  toast,  as  before  a  fire:  as,  to  hirsle 
one's  self  or  one's  shanks  before  the  fire.— 2. 
To  parch  or  broil :  as,  to  birsle  peas  or  potatoes. 
[Scotch.]  ' 
birt  (bert),  11.  [Also  written  hurt,  and  formerly 
bert,  hyrt;  also  brit,  hret,  q.  v.]  A  local  Eng- 
lish name  of  the  turbot,  Psetta  maxima. 
birt-fish  (bert'fish),  n.  Same  as  hirt. 
birthi  (berth),  M.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  berth, 
<  ME.  birth,  berth,  hyrth,  hirthe,  burthe,  hyrthe 
(appar.  assimilated  to  Icel.  *byrdhr,  later  burdhr 
=  OSw.  byrth,  Sw.  bord  —  Dan.  byrd),  reg.  ME. 
hyrde,  burde,  <  AS.  gehyrd  (=  OFries.  herd,  berth 
=  OS.  giburd = D.  geboorte  =  OHG.  giburt,  MHG. 
G.  gehurt  =  Goth,  gabaurths,  birth,  nativity; 
cf.  Ir.  brith  =  Gael,  breith,  birth ;  Skt.  bhriti), 
witli  formative  -d  (and  prefix  ge-),  <  beran, 
bear:  see  bear^.]  1.  The  fact  of  being  born ; 
nativity. 

Had  our  prince 
(Jewel  of  children)  seen  this  hour,  he  had  pair'd 
Well  with  this  lord  ;  there  was  not  full  a  month 
Between  their  births.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  v.  1. 

2.  By  extension,  any  act  or  fact  of  coming  into 
existence;  beginning;  origination:  as,  the  birth 
of  Protestantism. 

After  an  hour's  strict  search  we  discover  the  cause  of 
the  reports.    They  announce  the  birth  of  a  crevasse. 

Tyndall,  Forms  of  Water,  p.  98. 

3.  The  act  of  bearing  or  bringing  forth ;  par- 
turition: as,  "at  her  next  birth,'"  Milton,  Ep. 
M.  of  Win.,  1.  67.-4.  The  condition  into  which 
a  person  is  born ;  lineage ;  extraction ;  descent: 
as,  Grecian  birtli ;  noble  birth  :  sometimes,  ab- 
solutely, descent  from  noble  or  honorable  pa- 
rents and  ancestors :  as,  a  man  of  birth. 

He  [James]  had  an  obvious  interest  in  inculcating  the 
superstitious  notion  that  birth  confers  rights  anterior  to 
law  and  unalterable  by  law.  Macaulay. 

5.  That  which  is  born ;  that  which  is  produced. 

Poets  are  far  rarer  births  than  kings. 

B.  Jo7ison,  Epigrams. 
Others  hatch  their  eggs  and  tend  the  tyirth  till  it  is  able 
to  shift  for  itself.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  120. 

Lines,  the  birth  of  some  chance  morning  or  evening  at 
an  Ionian  festival,  or  among  the  Sabine  hills,  have  lasted 
generation  after  generation. 

J.  H.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  75. 
6t.  Nature;  kind;  sex;  natural  character. 
N.  E.  D. —  7t.  In  astrol.,  nativity;  fortune. 

A  cunning  man  did  calculate  my  birth. 
And  told  me  that  by  water  I  should  die. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  1. 
New  birth,  regeneration  (which  see). 
birth2,_M._  _See  6er«t2. 

'  _  '  ,,n.  A  child  ascribed  to 
the  domain  of  its  birth,  or  to  the  ruler  of  it :  as, 
"Thetis'  birth-child"  (Mafc., Pericles, iv. 4),  that 
is,  one  born  on  the  sea,  the  domain  of  Thetis, 
birthday  (berth'da),  11.  and  a.  [ME.  hirthdai, 
birtheday  (cf .  AS.  gebyrd-da;g) ;  <  birth^  +  day.] 
I.  71.  The  day  on  which  a  person  is  born,  or  the 
anniversary  of  the  day ;  hence,  day  or  time  of 
origin  or  commencement. 

This  is  my  birth-day,  as  this  very  day 
Was  Cassius  born.  Shak.,  J.  C,  v.  1. 


II. 


Those  barbarous  ages  past,  succeeded  next 
The  birth-day  of  invention.  Coioper,  Task,  i. 


-en 

T'hey  ran  up  and  down  like  furies,  and  birkened  those    — 2.  Strong  trilling  pronunciation 
they  met  with.  [Scotch.] 

Christian  Religion's  Appeal,  p,  91    birretta  M.     See  biretta. 
birkie  (bto'ki),  a.  and  n.   [Sc.,  also  spelled  bir-  birrus  (b'ir'us),  n. ;  pi.  birri  (-i).  [LL.,  a  cloak  of 
ky;  cf.  birk^.]    I.  a.  Lively;  spirited;  tart  in    wool  or  silk,  orig.  of  a  reddish  color,  worn  to 
sP®6ch.  keep  oif  rain,  <  OL.  burrus,  red  (?),  <  Gr.  Trvppo^, 


a.  Relating  or  pertaining  to  the  day  of 
a  person's  birth,  or  to  its  anniversary:  as,  a 
V.T-..1.2  ^,    r/ 7,™9  „  T  1    A    I,-    ■         •        birthday  ode  or  sitt;  birthday  festivities. 

birr2(ber),M.  l<  Urr2,v.]  1.  A  whirring  noise,  birthdomt  (berth'dum),  «.    [<  hirthl  + -dam.] 

n  '"'I    bee  bur  .    Privilege  of  birth;  that  which  belongs  to  one 


by  birth ;  birthright.  Shak. 
birth-hour  (berth'our),  n.    The  hour  at  which 
one  is  born. 

Worse  than  a  slavish  wipe  or  a  birth-hour's  blot. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  537. 


birthing 

birthing,        See  berthing. 
birthland  (berth'l.md), The  land  of  one's 
birth,  or  where  one  was  born. 
In  the  direction  of  tlieir  birthland. 

Carlyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  p.  104. 


563 


So  may  the  dead  return  to  their  birthland. 

The  Century,  XXVI.  47. 

birthless  (berth'les),  a.  [<  hirth^  +  -less.'] 
Not  of  good  or  honorable  birth ;  of  low  or  com- 
mon lineage.  Scott. 

birth-mark  (berth'mark),  n.  Some  congenital 
mark  or  blemish  on  a  person's  body ;  a  straw- 
berry-mark ;  a  mole  ;  a  nsevus. 

Most  part  of  this  noble  lineage  carried  upon  their  body 
even  for  a  naturall  birth-mark,  from  their  mother's  womb 
a  snake.  North,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  917.' 

birthnight  (berth'nit),  n.  The  night  of  the  day 
on  which  a  person  is  born ;  the  anniversary  of 
that  night. 

birthplace  (berth'plas),  n.  The  place  of  one's 
birth ;  the  town,  city,  or  country  where  a  per- 
son is  born ;  more  generally,  place  of  origin. 

birth-rate  (berth'rat),  n.  The  proportion  of 
births  to  the  number  of  inhabitants  of  a  town, 
district,  country,  etc.,  generally  stated  as  so 
many  per  thousand  of  the  population. 

An  increase  in  prosperity,  as  measured  by  the  birth- 
rate, IS  accompanied  by  a  decrease  in  the  ratio  of  boy- 
births,  and  vice  versa.  Pop.  Set.  Mo.,  XXVI.  327. 

birthright  (berth'rit),  n.  Any  right  or  privi- 
lege to  which  a  person  is  entitled  by  birth, 
such  as  an  estate  descendible  by  law  to  an 
heir,  or  civil  liberty  under  a  free  constitution; 
specifically,  the  right  of  primogeniture. 

And  they  sat  before  him,  the  first-born  according  to  his 
birthright,  and  the  youngest  according  to  his  youth. 

Gen.  xliii.  33. 
For  Titan  (as  ye  all  acknowledge  must) 
Was  Saturnes  elder  brother  by  birthright. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VII.  vi.  27. 
We  were  very  nearly  dead,  ...  and  my  idea  of  happi- 
ness was  an  English  beefsteak  and  a  bottle  of  pale  ale  ■ 
for  such  a  luxury  I  would  most  willingly  have  sold  my 
birthright  at  that  hungry  moment. 

Sir  S.  W.  Baker,  Heart  of  Africa,  p.  264. 

birthroot  (berth'rot),  n.  In  hot.,  a  name  given 
to  various  species  of  Trillium,  especially  T. 
pendulum,  the  roots  of  which  are  reputed  to  be 
astringent,  tonic,  and  alterative,  and  to  have 
a  special  effect  upon  the  uterus  and  connected 
organs.  Also  called  Urthwort,  and  corruptly 
bethroot  and  bathwort. 

birth-sin  (berth'sin),  n.  Sin  from  birth;  origi- 
nal sin.  [Rare.] 

Original  or  birth  sin.  Book  of  Common  Prayer. 

birth-song  (berth'sdng),  w.  A  song  sung  at  a 
birth,  or  in  celebration  of  a  birth  or  birthday. 

A  joyful  birth-song.  Fitz-Geoffry,  Blessed  Birthday,  p.  45. 

birth-strangled  (berth'strang'-'gld),  a.  Stran- 
gled or  suffocated  at  birth. 

Finger  of  birth-strangled  babe.     Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  1. 

birthwort  (berth'wert),  n.  [<  birth''-  +  worf^.] 
In  bot. :  (a)  The  common  name  of  the  European 
species  of  Aristolochia,  A.  Clematitis,  from  its 
supposed  remedial  powers  in  parturition,  and 
from  it  transferred  to  some  American  species, 
which  are  more  usually  known  as  snakeroot. 
(b)  Same  as  birthroot. 

bis  (bis),  adv.  [L.,  twice,  for  *duis,  <  duo  =  E. 
too;  in  compounds,  see  6i-2.]  Twice.  («) 
In  accounts,  tabular  statements,  books,  etc.,  used  to  de- 
note a  duplicate  or  repetition  of  an  item  or  number  or 
page  :  as,  p.  lo  bis.  (h)  In  music,  a  term  indicating  that  a 
passage  or  section  is  to  be  repeated,  (c)  An  exclamation 
used  like  encore,  as  a  request  for  the  repetition  of  a  mu- 
sical performance,  etc.  (d)  As  a  prefix,  twofold,  twice,  two  : 
m  this  sense  it  generally  becomes  bi-.    See  bi-2. 

Msa,  biza  (be'za),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  coin 
used  in  Pegu  in  British  Burma,  worth  about 
27i  cents. 

bisaccate  (bi-sak'at),  a.  [<  6i-2  +  saccate;  of. 
L.  ftjsaccmm,  a  saddle-bag:  see  bisaccia.]  Hav- 
ing two  little  bags  or  pouches  attached :  used 
especially  in  botany. 

bisaccia  (be-zach'a),  n.  [It.  bisacda,  a  saddle- 
bag, <  L.  bisaccium,  pi.  bisaccia,  saddle-bag, 
<  bi-,  two-,  -I-  saccus,  a  bag :  see  sacfci.]  A 
Sicilian  measure  of  capacity,  equal  to  1.94 
bushels. 

bisannualf  (bis-an'ii-al),  a.  [=  F.  bisannuel;  < 
L.  bts,  twice,  +  E.  annual,  F.  annuel.']  Same  as 
biennial. 

biscacha  (bis-kach'a),  n.    Same  as  viscacha. 

biscalloped  (bi-skoi'upt),  a.  [<  &i-2  -f-  scal- 
loped.] Finished  in  or  ornamented  with  two 
scallops;  bilobate. 

Biscayan  (bis'ka-an),  a.  and  n.  [Formerly 
also  Biscan,  Biskdine;  <  Biscay,  Sp.  Vizcaya. 
See  Basque^.]    I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Biscay,  one 


of  the  three  Basque  provinces  of  Spain,  or  to  its 
people. 

II.  ».  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Biscay. 
—  2.  il.c]  Milit.:  (a)  A  long  and  heavy  mus- 
ket, usually  carried  on  a  permanent  pivot,  for 
use  on  fortifications  or  the  like.  [Obsolete.] 
(&)  A  heavy  bullet,  usually  of  the  size  of  an 
egg;  one  of  the  separate  balls  of  grape-  or 
case-shot. 

biscoctiform  (bis-kok'ti-f6rm),  a.    [<  L.  as  if 

*biscoctus,  biscuit  (<  bis,  twice,  +  coctu.'^,  cooked: 
see  biscuit),  +  forma,  fonn.]  In  hot.,  biscuit- 
shaped*:  as,  biscoctiform  spores.  Tuckerman. 
biscornet,  «•  Same  as  bickcm. 
biscotin  (bis'ko-tin),  71.  [F.,  <  It.  biscottino, 
dim.  of  bisGotto  =  F.  biscuit:  see  biscuit.]  A 
confection  made  of  flour,  sugar,  marmalade, 
and  eggs;  sweet  biscuit, 
biscroma  (bis'kro-ma),  n.  [It.,  <  bis-,  twice-, 
+  croma,  a  quaver:  see  croma.]  In  music,  a 
semiquaver;  a  sixteenth-note, 
biscuit  (bis'kit),  w.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bisket; 
<  ME.  bijsket,  biscute,  bysqw/te,  besquite  (=  D. 
beschtiit,  >  Dan.  bcskojt),  <  OF.  bcscoit,  bescuit, 
later  biscut,  F.  biscuit  =  Pr.  bescueit  =  Sp.  biz- 
cocho  =  Pg.  biscouto  =  It.  biscotto,  lit.  twice 
cooked,  <  L.  bis,  twice,  +  coctus,  pp.  of  coquere, 
cook.]  1.  A  kind  of  hard,  dry  bread,  consist- 
ing of  flour,  water  or  milk,  and  salt,  and  baked 
in  thin  flat  cakes.  The  name  is  also  extended 
to  similar  articles  very  variously  made  and  fla- 
vored.   See  cracker. 

As  dry  as  the  remainder  biscuit 
After  a  voyage.  Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7. 

2.  A  small,  round,  soft  cake  made  from  dough 
raised  with  yeast  or  soda,  sometimes  shortened 
with  lard,  etc.  [U.  S.]  — 3.  In  ceram.,  porce- 
lain, stoneware,  or  pottery  after  the  first  bak- 
ing, and  before  the  application  of  the  glaze. 

Formerly  &«'2»e.-]VIeat  biscuit,  a  preparation  con- 
sisting of  the  matter  extracted  from  meat  by  boiling  com- 
bined with  flour,  and  liaked  in  the  form  of  biscuits 

blSCUlt-Oven  (bis'kit-uv*n),  n.    In  ceram.,  the 
oven  used  for  the  first  baking  of  porcelain, 
bringing  it  to  the  state  known  as  biscuit, 
biscuit-root  (bis 'kit-rot),  n.    A  name  given  to 
several  kinds  of  wild  esculent  roots  which  are 
extensively  used  for  food  by  the  Indians  of  the 
Columbia  river  region,  especially  to  species  of 
Camassia  and  Peucedanum. 
biscutate  (bi-skii'tat),  a.    [<  6i-2  -f  scutate.] 
In  bot.,  resembling  two  shields  or  bucklers 
placed  side  by  side ;  having  parts 
of  such  a  character, 
bisdiapason  (bis*di-a-pa'zon),  n. 
[<  bis  +  diapason.]  "In  miisic,  an 
interval  of  two  octaves,  or  a  fif- 
teenth. 

bise  (bez),  n.  [F. :  see  bice.]  A 
dry  cold  north  and  northeast 
wind,  prevailing  especially  in 
Provence  and  the  Ehone  valley, 
and  very  destructive  to  vegeta- 
tion, so  that  "  to  be  struck  by  the 
bise"  has  become  a  proverb  in 
Provence,  meaning  to  be  over- 
taken by  misfortune:  nearly  the 
same  as  mistral. 
bisect  (bi-sekf),  V.  t.  [<  L.  bi-, 
two-,  -t-  sectus,  pp.  of  secare,  cut : 
see  section.]  To  cut  or  divide  into  two  parts ; 
specifically,  in  geom.,  to  cut  or  divide  into  two 

equal  parts.  One  line  bisects  another  when  it  crosses 
It,  leaving  an  equal  part  of  the  line  on  each  side  of  the 
point  of  intersection. 

He  exactly  bisects  the  effect  of  our  proposal.  Gladstone. 
An  inevitable  dualism  bisects  nature,  so  that  each  thing 
IS  a  half,  and  suggests  another  thing  to  make  it  whole  :  as 
spirit,  matter;  man,  woman.      Emerson,  Compensation.' 

Bisecting  dividers.    See  dioider.— Bisecting  eage 

See  gage. 

bisection  (bi-sek'shon),  n.  [<  bisect,  after  sec- 
tion.]  1.  The  act  of  bisecting,  or  cutting  or 
dividing  into  two  parts ;  specifically,  the  act  of 
cutting  into  two  equal  parts;  the  division  of 
any  line,  angle,  figure,  or  quantity  into  two  equal 
parts. —  2.  One  of  two  sections  composing  any- 
thing, or  into  which  it  maybe  divided:  as, 
"  one  whole  bisection  of  literature,"  De  Quincey, 
Herodotus.- Bisection  of  the  eccentricity,  in  as- 

tron.,  a  contrivance  of  the  Ptolemaic  system  of  astronomy 
by  which  the  center  of  the  orbit  of  every  superior  planet 
and  of  Venus  is  placed  midway  between  the  earth  and  the 
center  of  the  equant. 

bisectional  (bi-sek'shon-al),  a.    Pertaining  to 

or  of  the  natiu-e  of  bis'ection. 
bisectionally  (bi-sek'shon-al-i),  adv.  By  bisec- 
tion ;  so  as  to  bisect,  or" divide  into  two  parts, 
especially  equal  parts. 


Biscutate  Leaf 
{Dionaa  musci- 
fula). 


bishop 

bisector  (bi-sek'tpr),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  hi-,  two-, 
+  .sector  (see  sector);  E.  as  if  <  bisect  +  -or.] 
A  hue  drawn  through  the  vertex  of  a  triangle 
so  as  to  bisect 
either  the  oppo- 
site side  {bisec- 
tor of  the  .side) 
or  the  angle  {bi- 
sector of  the  an- 
gle, or  internal 
bisector),  or  to 
bisect  the  exter- 
nal angle  form- 
ed by  the  adja- 
cent sides  {ex- 
ternal bisector).  Bisector 
Thus,  in  the  figure, 

ABC  being  the  triangle,  AD  is  the  bisector  of  the  side 
BC ;  AE  is  the  internal  bisector,  and  AF  the  external  bi- 
.sector,  of  the  angle  A. 

bisectrix  (bi-sek'triks),  n. ;  pi.  bisectrices  (bi- 
sek-tri'sez).  [NL.,  fem.  of  bisector:  see  bisec- 
tor.] 1.  In  c/'ystoL,  the  line  which  bisects  the 
angle  of  the  optic  axes.  That  bisecting  the  acute 
angle  is  called  the  acute  hixectrix,  the  other  is  the  obtuse 
bisectrix.  These  are  also  called  the  first  mean  line  (or  me- 
dian line)  and  the  .lecond  mean  line  respectively.  The 
bisectrix,  or  mean  line,  is  said  to  be  positine  or  negative 
according  to  the  character  of  the  double  refraction.  See 
refraction. 

2.  In  geom.,  same  as  bisector  Dispersion  of 

the  bisectrices.    See  disjiersion. 

bisegment  (bi-seg'ment),  n.     [<  Z)i-2  -f-  seg- 
ment.]   One  of  the  parts  of  a  line  which  has 
been  bisected,  or  divided  into  two  equal  parts, 
bisegmental  (bi-seg-men'tal),  a.     [<  &i-2  -I- 
segmcnt  +  -al.]    Consisting  of  two  segments. 

The  bisegmental  constitution  of  the  region  in  question 

B.  G.  Wilder. 

biseptate  (bi-sep'tat),  a.    [<  bi-^  +  septum  + 

-rtfel.]    Having  two  septa  or  partitions, 
biserial  (bi-se'ri-al),  a.    [<  bi-2  +  serial.]  Con- 
sisting of  or  arranged  in  two  series  or  rows ;  bi- 
farious  ;  distichous.    Also  biseriate. 

Thus  we  are  led  to  the  biserial  arrangement  of  the 
chambers,  which  is  characteristic  of  the  Textularian  group. 

W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  457. 
Biserial  perianth,  in  bot,  a  perianth  consisting  of  both 
calyx  and  corolla. 

biserially  (bi-se'ri-al-i),  adv.  In  a  biserial 
manner  or  order;  in  a  double  row.  Also  bi- 
seriately. 

The  chambers  are  arranged  biserially  along  a  straiglit 
W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  482. 

biseriate  (bi-se'ri-at),  a.    [<  bi-2  +  seriate.] 

Same  as  biserial. 
biseriately  (bi-se'ri-at-li),  adv.    Same  as  bi- 
serially. 

The  anterior  tarsi  of  the  males  are  dilated  and  biseri- 
ately squaiiiulose.  Unrn 

biserrate  (bi-ser'at),  a.  [<  6j-2  -|-  serrate.]  1. 
In  bot.,  doubly  serrate:  said  of  leaves  the  ser- 
ratures  of  which  are  themselves  serrate.— 2. 
In  entom.,  having  two  small  triangular  teeth 
placed  close  together,  like  the  teeth  of  a  saw. 
[Rare.]  — Biserrate  antennae,  antenna;  in  which  the 

joints  are  compressed  and  triangular,  each  attached  to  the 
center  of  the  base  of  the  preceding  one  by  one  of  its  points 
.so  that  both  sides  of  the  organ  present  a  serrate  outline 

bisetlgerous  (bi-sf-tij'e-ms),  a.    [<  6«-2  -I-  se- 
tigerous.]  In  entom.,  having  two  terminal  setaj 
or  bristles;  bisetose. 
bisetose  (bi-se'tos),  a.    [<  Jj-2  -t-  setose.]  In 
zool.  and  hot.,  furni.shed  with  two  setae  or  bris- 
tle-like appendages, 
bisetous  (bi-se'tus),  a.    Same  as  bisetose. 
bisette  (bi-zef),  ».  [F.  (ef.  masc.  biset,  a  rock- 
dove),  coarse  brown  stuff,  dim.  of  OF.  bise 
dark-brown  or  gray.]     A  narrow  French  lace', 
bisexed  (bi'sekst),  a.    [<  6i-2  -f  gex  +  -cd'^.] 

Same  as  bisexual. 
bisexoust  (bi-sek'sus),  a.    [<  L.  hi-,  two-  + 
sexus,  sex.    Cf.  bisexual]    Same  as  bisexual. 

Thus  may  we  also  concede  that  hares  have  been  of  both 
sexes,  and  some  have  ocularly  confirmed  it,  but  that  the 
whole  species  or  kind  should  be  bisexous  we  cannot  af- 
Sir  T.  Brou-ne,  'S'ulg.  Err.,  iii.  17. 

bisexual  (bi-sek'su-all,  ff.  [<  i(-2  -f  sexual] 
Having  the  organs  of  both  sexes  in  one  indi- 
vidual; of  two  sexes;  hermaphrodite,  in  bot 
said  of  flowers  wliich  contain  lioth  stamen  and  pistil  wivix- 
in  the  same  perianth,  and  of  mosses  having  antheridia 
and  arehegonia  in  the  same  involucre  ;  syna-eious.  Also 
tiisexed. 

bish,  bishma  (bish,  bish'ma),  n.  Same  as  hikh. 
bishop  (bish'up),  n.  [<  KlE.  bishop,  bisshop, 
bischop,  bishup,  hyshop,  etc.,  <  AS.  biscop,  bis- 
ceop  =  OFries.  biskop  =  OS.  biskop  =  D.  bis- 
schop  =  OHG.  biscof,  MHG.  G.  bischof=  Icel. 
biskup  =  Sw.  biskop  =  Dan.  biskop,  bisp  =  It. 
vescovo  —  Sp.  obispo  =  Pg.  bispo  =  Pr.  veskes  = 
OF,  cvesque,  vesque,  F.  ev^que  =  Gael,  casbuig 


bishop 


564 


bishop's-weed 


=  Ir.  easbog  =  W.  esgob  =  Bret,  cskop  =  (prob. 
<  Teut.)  OBulg.  hisk  i(j)H  =  Serv.  Bohem.  Pol. 
binkuj)  =  Sloven,  slikoj  =  Litb.  riskiipas  =  Lett. 
hisla2)s  -  Alb.  upa:hlx  =  Finn,  jiiispa,  <  LL. 
cpiscojiiis,  coiTuptly  "hiscopus,  =  Goth,  aipiskau- 
jnis  =  Kuss.  cpiskopii,  <  Gr.  (-iaKO~o<;,  a  bishop, 
an  overseer,  <  i-i,  upon  (see  epi-),  +  aKOTreiv, 
look  at,  view  (>  CKOTrog,  a  watcher),  < 
r-  L.  spcccre,  look  at:  see  scope,  sj^ecies,  specta- 
cle, spu,  etc.]  1.  Au  overseer:  once  applied 
to  Christ  in  the  New  Testament. 

For  ye  were  as  slieep  going  astray ;  but  are  now  return- 
ed unto  the  Shepherd  and  Bishop  of  your  souls. 

1  Pet.  ii.  25. 

2.  In  the  earliest  usage  of  the  Christian  ehui-eh, 
a  spiritual  overseer,  whether  of  a  local  church 
or  of  a  number  of  churches ;  a  ruler  or  director 
in  the  church.    See  elder  and  presbyter. 

Paul  and  Tiniotheus  ...  to  all  the  saints  in  Christ 
Jesus  which  are  at  Philippi,  with  the  binhops  and  deacons. 

Philip,  i.  1. 

The  English  version  has  hardly  dealt  fairly  in  this  case 
with  the  sacred  text,  in  rendering  eiricr/coTrou;,  verse  28 
(Acts  XX.),  "overseers";  whereas  it  ought  there,  as  in 
all  other  places,  to  have  been  "binhops"  ;  that  the  fact 
of  elders  and  bishops  having  been  originally  and  apostoli- 
cally  synonymous  might  lie  apparent  to  the  ordinary  Eng- 
lish reader,  which  now  it  is  not. 

Dean  Al/ord,  Greek  Test.,  Acts  xx.  17. 

Bishops  and  Presbyters,  literally  overseers  and  elders, 
are  universally  admitted  to  be  terms  equivalent  to  a  con- 
siderable extent,  and  often,  at  least,  applied  to  the  same 
otticers.  Smith,  Student's  Eccles.  Hist.,  p.  176. 

3.  From  an  early  time,  an  overseer  over  a 
number  of  local  churches ;  particularly,  in  the 
Greek,  Oriental,  Eoman  Catholic,  and  Angli- 
can churches,  the  title  of  the  highest  order  in 
the  ministry.  See  episcopacj/.  The  origin  of  the 
office  of  bishop  in  the  Christian  church  is  a  matter  of 
dispute.  The  terms  bishop  and  presbyter  appear  to  be 
used  interchangeably  in  the  New  Testament ;  but  those 
who  support  the  episcopal  form  of  government  maintain 
that  while  these  terms  were  not  yet  limited  to  their  later 
meanings  a  difference  of  rank  was  indicated  by  them,  that 
the  office  of  the  apostles,  as  overseers  over  the  local 
churches  and  their  pastors,  was  episcopal  in  its  nature,  and 
that  the  term  bishop  is  appropriately  used  to  designate 
those  whom  they  ordained  as  their  successors  in  an  office 
which  was  intended  to  be  permanent;  while  those  who 
reject  the  episcopal  form  of  government  hold  that  the 
apostolic  office  was  purely  personal,  and  that  the  apostles 
had  not  and  could  not  have  successors.  The  Roman  Cath- 
olic Church,  the  Greek  and  other  Oriental  churches,  and 
the  Anglican  Church  claim  an  unbroken  succession  of 
bishops  from  apostolic  times.  Moravian  bishops  also  claim 
an  unbroken  episcopal  succession,  but  exercise  jurisdic- 
tion not  as  diocesans,  but  jointly.  The  first  Methodist 
superintendent,  the  title  afterward  superseded  by  bishop, 
was  ordained  by  Wesley  in  1784.  (See  itinerant  bishop.) 
In  the  Greek,  Oriental,  and  Roman  Catholic  churches,  the 
different  grades  of  the  office,  besides  simple  or  ordinary 
bishop,  are  archbishop,  metroitolitan,  primate,  exarch,  and 
■patriarch;  thesewere  ecclesiastically  instituted  for  conve- 
nience of  government.  (See  pope.)  The  Anglican  Church 
also  has  archbishops  and  metropolitans.  By  virtue  of  con- 
cordats, the  nomination  of  Roman  Catholic  bishops  is  some- 
times m.ide  by  the  temporal  power;  the  former  election 
by  the  clergy  remains  in  some  cathedral  chapters,  but 
more  commonly  names  are  proposed  by  the  fellow  suH'ra- 
gans  and  metropolitan,  and  by  the  clergy  of  the  diocese 
to  be  provided  for,  to  the  Pope,  who  directly  appoints  and 
in  any  case  confirms  the  new  bishop.  In  England  bish- 
ops are  nominated  by  the  sovereign,  who,  upon  request 
of  the  dean  and  chapter  for  leave  to  elect  a  bishop, 
sends  a  cong6  d'elire,  or  license  to  elect,  with  a  letter 
missive,  nominating  the  person  whom  he  would  have 
chosen.  The  election,  by  the  chapter,  must  be  made  with- 
in twelve  days,  or  the  sovereign  has  a  right  to  appoint 
whom  he  pleases.  In  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in 
the  United  States  the  bishops  are  elected  by  the  clergy 
and  laity.  Bishops  are  said  to  be  consecrated  rather  than 
ordained.  Enthronization  is  the  solemn  installation  fol- 
lowing the  consecration.  A  bishop  changed  from  one  see 
to  another  is  said  to  be  translated ;  the  church  contain- 
ing his  cathedra  or  episcopal  throne  is  called  cathedral, 
and  the  local  jurisdiction  indicated  by  this  throne,  and 
the  city  or  locality  in  which  this  stands,  together  with  the 
diocese  or  territory  attached  to  it,  his  see,  to  which  he  is 
said  to  be  roedded,  and  which  is  widowed  when  deprived 
of  him.  This  relation  is  symbolized  by  the  bishop's  ring, 
which  in  the  Western  Church  is  a  part  of  the  insignia  of 
his  office,  together  with  the  miter,  staff,  and  cross.  To 
this  office  also  are  applied  the  term  pontiff  a.nA  its  deriva- 
tives. Twenty-four  of  the  English  bishops  and  the  two 
archbishops  are  peers  of  the  realm,  with  seats  in  the  House 
of  Lords,  and  certain  political  and  judicial  or  quasi-judi- 
cial functions.  In  the  Mormon  Church  the  bishop  is  an 
officer  of  the  Aaronic  or  lesser  priesthood,  presides  over  it, 
ministers  in  outward  ordinances,  conducts  the  temporal 
business  of  the  church,  and  acts  as  judge  on  transgress- 
ors. Often  abbreviated  Bp.  See  chorepiscopus  and  vicar 
apostolic. 

4t.  A  name  formerly  given  to  a  chief  priest  of 
any  religion. —  5.  A  name  given  in  the  United 
States  about  1850  to  a  woman's  bustle. —  6.  A 
hot  drink  made  with  bitter  oranges,  cloves,  and 
port  wine. 

He  and  the  landlord  were  drinking  a  bowl  of  bishop  to- 
gether. Dickens. 

7.  In  entom. :  (a)  A  name  of  various  heterop- 
terous  hemipterous  insects,  also  called  bishopPs- 
miters.  They  injure  fruit  by  piercing  it,  and 
emit  an  intolerable  odor.    (&)  A  name  of  the 


lady-birds,  the  small  beetles  of  the  family  Coc- 
rhiellidcr. — 8.  One  of  the  pieces  orinen  in  chess, 
having  its  upper  part  cawed  into  the  shape  of 
a  miter.  Formerly  called  archrr.  See  c//pw.— 
Assistant  bishop,  a  bishop  who  assists  a  diocesan  bishop. 
—Bench  of  bishops,  see  fic/icA.— Bishop's  court,  a  name 
soiuctinit's  ixiwn  in  England  to  an  ecclosiastioal  court  held 
in  the  cathedral  of  each  diocese,  the  judge  whereof  is  the 
bishop's  chancellor,  who  judges  by  the  civil  canon  law. 
The  proper  name  is  the  consisl<n-y  court.  —  Bishop's 
cross.  Same  as  pastoral  .sYir//  (wliich  see,  under  staff). — 
Bishop's  cross-Staff,  a  statf  liearing  a  simple  cross.'  See 
episcopal  ■■<taff,  under  staff'.—  Bishop's  la'wm,  a  variety  of 
fine  lawn,  used  for  the  sleeves  of  the  vestments  of  Anglican 
bishops  (whence  the  name),  and  also  by  women  .for  many 
purposes.— Bishop's  ring,  a  part  of  the  pontificals  or  in- 
signia of  office  of  a  bishop  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 
It  is  a  massive  ring  of  gold,  set  with  a  sapphire,  cmer.ald, 
or  ruby,  worn  on  the  third  finger  of  the  right  liand.— 
Bishop's  staff.  See  crozier.  —  Bishop's  throne,  the  offi- 
cial or  ceremonial  seat  of  the  bishop  in  the  chancel  or  choir 


Bishop's  Throne  and  Synthronus.—  Basilica  of  Torcello,  near  Venice. 

of  the  principal  or  cathedr.al  church  of  his  diocese.  In  the 
early  church,  as  still  in  the  Greek  Church  and  in  some 
Roman  Catholic  churches,  it  stood  behind  the  altar  in  the 
apse,  and  formed  the  central  and  highest  seat  of  the  syn- 
thronus (which  see).  According  to  a  later  arrangement, 
which  contiiuies  to  be  the  general  rule  in  Roman  Catholic 
iind  Anglican  cathedrals,  it  is  placed  at  the  extreme  east 
end  of  the  stalls  on  either  (preferably  the  northern  or  gos- 
pel) side,  and  is  generally  separate,  but  sometimes  forms 
part  of  the  stalls.  It  is  usually  of  wood,  but  often  of  mar- 
ble or  bronze.    Also  called  cathedra. — Boy-bishop.  See 

6o,i/i.— Cardinal  bishop.  Sre  cardinal. --Case  of  the 

seven  bishops,  a  famous  Englisli  trial,  in  1GS8,  of  the  pri- 
mate and  six  bishops  on  a  cliarge  of  libel  in  protesting,  in  a 
petition  to  James  II.,  against  liis  order  that  his  "declara- 
tions for  liberty  of  conscience"  be  read  in  the  churches. 

—  Chancellor  of  a  bishop.  See  c//n7iccHor.— Coadju- 
tor bishop,  a  bishop  who  assists  the  bishop  of  the  dio- 
cese in  discharging  the  duties  of  his  bishopric. — Dio- 
cesan bishop,  a  bishop  having  jurisdiction  over  the 
churches  and  clergy  in  a  regularly  organized  diocese,  and 
having  his  canonical  place  of  residence  and  his  cathedral 
church  in  a  city  (called  his  sec-city  or  cathedral  city),  from 
which  he  usually  takes  his  title,  and  from  which  he  governs 
and  visits  his  diocese  :  opposed  to  an  assistant,  coadjutor, 
missionari/,  or  itinerant  ifsAop.— Ecumenical  biShop. 
See  ecumenical—  Itinerant  bishop,  a  bishop  not  having 
a  separate  territorial  jurisdiction,  but  possessing  joint 
authority  with  others  over  all  the  churches  of  the  same 
organization.  The  bishops  of  the  Methodist  and  Moravian 
churches  are  itinerant  bishops.—  Suffragan  bishop,  (a) 
A  bishop  consecrated  to  assist  another  bishop  who  is  dis- 
abled by  age,  illness,  or  other  cause ;  an  auxiliary  bishop. 
He  differs  from  a  coadjutor  bishop  in  having  no  power  to 
exercise  jurisdiction,  (b)  A  bishop  in  relation  to  his  com- 
provincial bishops  and  their  archbishop  or  metropolitan. 
This  title  is  used  of  the  other  bishops  of  the  Church  of 
England  in  relation  to  the  archbishops. 

bishop  (bish'up),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bishoped  or 
bishopped,  ppr.  bishoping  or  bishopping.  [<  ME. 
bischopen,  <  AS.  biscopian,  <  biscop ;  from  the 
noun.  In  the  last  two  senses,  from  the  proper 
name  BisJiop.']  1.  To  administer  the  rite 
of  confirmation  to;  admit  solemnly  into  the 
church;  confirm.  [Archaic] 

They  are  prophane,  imperfect,  oh  !  too  bad  .  .  . 
Except  conflrm'd  and  bishopped  by  thee. 

Donne,  Poems,  p.  172. 

2.  To  confirm  (anything)  formally.  [Jocular.] 

And  chose  to  bear 
The  name  of  fool  confirmed  and  bishoped  by  the  fair. 

,  Dryden,  Cym.  and  Iphig.,  1.  243. 

3t.  To  appoint  to  the  office  of  bishop. 

This  tradition  of  Bishojnni}  Timotliy  over  Ephesus  was 
but  taken  for  granted  out  of  that  place  in  St.  Paul,  which 
was  only  an  intreating  him  to  tarry  at  Ephesus,  to  do 
something  left  him  in  charge. 

Milton,  Prelatical  Episcopacy. 

4.  To  let  (milk,  etc.)  burn  while  cooking :  in 
allusion  to  the  proverb,  "  The  bishop  has  put 
his  foot  in  it."    Broclett.    [North.  Eng.  dial.] 

—  5.  [Supposed  to  be  from  Bishop,  the  name 
of  a  horse-dealer.  ]  In  farriery,  to  make  (an 
old  horse)  look  like  a  young  one,  or  to  give  a 
good  appearance  to  (a  bad  horse)  in  order  to 
deceive  purchasers. — 6.  [From  a  man  named 
Bishop),  who  in  1831  drowned  a  boy  in  order  to 
sell  his  body  for  dissection.  Cf.  burJce.]  To 
murder  by  drowning. 

bishop-bird  (bish'up-berd),  n.  A  name  of  sun- 
dry African  weaver-birds  of  the  family  Plocei- 


dce,  especially  of  the  restricted  genus  Euplec- 
tcs  (Swainson)  or  Pyromelana  (Bonaparte), 
bishopdom  (bish'up-dum),  II.  [<  bishop  + 
-dom  ;  not  found  in  ME. ;  cf.  AS.  bisceopd6m  = 
OHG.  biscojtuom,  biscetiioiii,  MHG.  bischtuom, 
G.  bistiim  —  D.  bispdom  =  Icel.  biskups-domr  = 
Dan.  bispeddnme  =  Sw.  bishopdome.']  1.  The 
jurisdiction  of  a  bishop ;  episcopate ;  episco- 
pacy.   Also  bishopship. 

He  would  persuade  us  that  the  succession  and  divine 
right  of  bishopdom  hath  been  unquestionable  through  all 
ages.  Milton,  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 

2.  Bishops  collectively. 

bishopess  (bish'up-es),  J!.  [<  bishop  +  -ess.] 
The  wife  of  a  bishop.    Thackeray.  [Rare.] 

bishophood  (bish'up-hud),  n.  [<  ME.  bischop- 
hood,  <  AS.  bisceophdd,  <  bisceop,  bishop,  + 
had,  condition:  see  bishop  and  -hood.'\  The  of- 
fice, dignity,  or  rank  of  bishop. 

bishoplyt  (bish'up-li),  a.  [<  ME.  bisshoply,  etc., 
<  AS.  bisceoplic:  see  bishop  and  -ly^.'\  Bishop- 
like ;  episcopal. 

If  he  pi'each  .  .  .  before  a  bishop,  then  let  him  treat 
of  bishoply  duties  and  orders. 

Latimer,  1st  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.  (1549). 
Episcopal,  which  has  supplanted  bishoply,  is  only  a  Latin 
word  in  an  English  dress.   Trench,  Study  of  Words,  p.  164. 

bishoplyt  (bish'up-li),  adv.  [<  bishop  +  -Zy^.] 
In  the  manner  of  a  bishop. 

bishop-ray  (bish'up-ra),  «.  1.  A  raioid  sela- 
chian of  the  family  Myliobatida',  JEiobatis  (or 
Stoasodon)  narinaii,  of  tropical  and  subtropical 
seas,  sometimes  wandering  in  summer  north- 
ward along  the  coast  of  the  United  States  to 
Virginia.  Its  disk  is  twice  as  wide  as  long,  and  is 
brownish  diversified  with  small  rouiul  pale  spots. 
2.  Any  fish  of  the  genus  JEtobatis. 

bishopric  (bish'up-rik),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bishopriche,  bishoprick ;  <  ME.  bisshvprike,  bis- 
schoprichc,  also  contracted  bispriche,  <  AS.  bis- 
ceoprice  (=  Icel.  biskupsriki),  <  bisceop,  bishop, 
+  rice,  jurisdiction,  kingdom,  =Icel.  riki  —  G. 
reich,  kingdom ;  connected  with  AS.  rice,  pow- 
erful, rich:  see  -ric,  nc7i.]  1.  The  office  or 
dignity  of  a  bishop. 

A  virtuous  woman  should  reject  marriage  as  a  good 
man  does  a  bishojirick ;  but  I  would  advise  neither  to  per- 
sist in  refusing.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  89. 
2.  The  district  over  which  the  jurisdiction  of  a 
bishop  extends ;  a  diocese. 

On  the  17th  of  April,  1429,  a  question  was  raised  in 
council  which  involved  his  right  to  retain  the  bishopric  of 
Winchester.  Stttbbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  657. 

Sf.  The  charge  of  instructing  and  governing 
in  spiritual  concerns ;  overseership. 

His  bishopric  let  another  take.  Acts  i.  20. 

bishop's-cap  (bish'ups-kap),  11.  A  name  of  two 
species  of  Mitetla  {M.  diphyVa  a.nd  M.  inida), 
natural  order  Saxifragacea',  which  are  natives 
of  the  United  States :  so  called  from  the  form 
of  the  pod.    Also  called  miterwort. 

And  bishop's-caps  have  golden  rings. 

Longfellow,  Prel.  to  Voices  of  the  Night. 

bishop' s-elder  (bish'ups-el'der),  w.  Same  as 
bisho))'s-weed,  1. 

bishop's-hat  (bish'ups-hat),  n.  Another  name 
of  the  barrenwort,  Ejnmedium  alpinum. 

bishopship  (bish '  up  -  ship),  n.  [<  bishop  + 
-ship.']    Same  as  bisliopdom,  1.  Milton. 

bishop's-leaves  (bish'ups-levz),  n.  A  species 
of  figwort,  Scrop)h.ularia  aquatica. 

bishop-slee've  (bish'up-slev),  n.  A  peculiar 
wide  form  of  sleeve  formerly  worn  by  women: 
so  named  from  its  resemblance  to  the  full 
sleeve,  drawn  in  at  the  -wrist,  worn  by  Angli- 
can bishops. 

bishop's-length  (bish'ups-length),  n.  In  paint- 
ing, canvas  measuring  58  inches  by  94.  The 
half -bishop  measures  45  inches  by  56. 

bishop's-miter  (bish'ups-mi"ter),  n.  1.  Same 
as  bishop,  7  (a). — 2.  A  name  of  the  miter- 
shell,  Mitra  episcopaJis,  of  the  family  Mitridai. 

bishop-stoolt  (bish'up-stol),  n.  [<  ME.  bisscop- 
stol,  <  AS.  bisceopstol  (=  Icel.  biskupsstoll  =  Sw. 
biskopstol  =  Dan.  bispestol),  <  bisceop,  bishop,  + 
stol,  seat,  stool.]   A  bishop's  see  or  seat. 

According  to  a  custom  in  which  we  differed  from  con- 
tinental churches  and  strangely  agreed  with  our  Celtic 
neighbours,  .  .  .  the  temporal  capital  was  not  in  early 
times  the  seat  of  the  bishop-stool.  E.  A.  Freeman. 

bishop's-weed,  bishop--weed  (bish'ups-,  bish'- 
up-wed),  n.  1.  JEgopodium  podagraria.  See 
goutwort.  in  Scotland  it  is  popularly  believed  to  have 
received  this  name  from  the  great  difficulty  of  extirpat- 
ing it.    Also  called  bishop' s-elder. 

2.  A  name  given  to  the  plants  of  the  genus 
Jmmi,  and  in  the  United  States  to  a  somewhat 
similar  umbelliferous  plant,  Discopletira  capil- 
lacea.—  Ts:\xe  bishop's-weed,  the  ajowai-  CarumCop- 
ticum. 


bishop's-wort 

bishop's-wort  (bish'ups-wert),  n.  A  name 
given  to  the  devil-iu-a-bush,  Nigella  Damascena, 
and  to  betony,  Stachijs  Betonica. 

bishop- weed,  «.    See  bishop' s-iveed. 

bisilicate  (bi-sil'i-kat),  n.  [<  6(-2  +  silicate.'] 
1.  A  salt  formed  by  the  union  of  a  base  and  a 
silicic  acid  containing  two  atoms  of  silicon.  It 
may  be  a  bibasie  or  a  polybasie  acid. —  2.  A 
salt  of  metasilicic  acid,  H2Si03,  in  which  the 
ratio  of  oxygen  atoms  combined  with  the  base 
and  silicon  respectively  is  as  1 : 2 :  for  example, 
calcium  metasilieate  (the  mineral  wollaston- 
ite).  CaSiOg  or  CaO.SiOa. 

bisiliquous  (bi-sil'i-kwus),  a.  [<  6«-2  +  sili- 
quous.']    In  iot.,  having  two  pods. 

bisinuate  (bi-sin'u-at),  a.  [<  +  simiate.'] 
In  zooL,  having  two  concave  cm-ves  meeting  in 
a  convex  curve  :  as,  ^  bisinuate  margin. 

bisinuation  (bi-sin-u-a'shon),  /(.  [<  bisinuate, 
after  sinuation.']  In  entoiii.,  the  state  of  being 
bisinuate  ;  a  double  curve  on  a  margin. 

biski,       See  bisque^. 

bisk2,  bisque^  (bisk),  «.  [<  F.  bisque,  odds  at 
play,  a  fault  at  tennis ;  cf .  It.  bisca,  a  gaming- 
house; origin  unknown.]  Odds  at  tennis-play ; 
specifically,  a  stroke  allowed  to  the  weaker 
player  to  equalize  the  parties. 

bisk^  (bisk),  n.    Same  as  bikh. 

biskett  (bis'ket),  n.  A  former  spelling  of  bis- 
cuit. 

Biskra  bouton,  Biskra  button.  Same  as  Alejj- 
po  ulcer  (which  see,  under  ulcer). 

bismar,  n.    See  bismer'^. 

Bismarck  brown.   See  brown. 

bismet,       Au  apheretic  form  of  abisme. 

bismerif,  ».  [ME.,  also  bismar,  bisemer,  etc.;  < 
AS.  hismer,  bismar  {—  OS.  bismer  =  OHG.  bi- 
smer,  reproach,  opprobrium,  derision,  abuse), 
<  hi-  (accented),  by,  -f-  -smer,  perhaps  con- 
nected with  MHG.  sinieren,  smile,  AB.smercian, 
E.  smirk,  and  ult.  with  E.  smile,  hence  orig.  a 
laughing  at,  ridicule.  Hence  the  verb  bismeri- 
an,  bismrian,  reproach,  deride,  abuse.]  1.  Abu- 
sive speech:  as,  "bakbitynge  and  bismer," 
Piers  Plowman  (B),  v.  89. 

Ful  of  lioker,  and  of  hissemare. 

Chaucer,  Keeve's  Tale,  1.  45. 

2.  A  person  worthy  of  scorn. 

bismer^,  bismar  (bis'mer,  -mar),  n.  [Also  writ- 
ten bijsmer,  bismore,  sometimes  bissimar;  <  leel. 
bismari  -  OSw.  bismare,  Sw.  besman  =  Dan.  bis- 
mer =  MD.  besemer  =  MLG.  besemer,  bisemer,  a 
steelyard,  balance;  <  Lett,  besmens,  besmers, 
Lith.  bezmenas,  Russ.  bezmenu,  Pol.  bezmian,  a 
balance.]  A  balance  or  steelyard  used  in  the 
northeast  of  Scotland,  and  in  the  Orkney  and 
Shetland  islands. 

bismer^  (bis'mer),  11.  [Origin  uncertain.]  The 
name  in  the  Orkney  islands  of  the  sea-stickle- 
back, Spinachia  vulgaris. 

bismerpund  (bis'mer-pond),  w.  [Dan.,  <  bis- 
mer, a  steelyard,  -t-  pund  '=  E.  jyound.]  A 
weight  used  in  Denmark,  equal  to  6  kilograms 
precisely,  or  13  pounds  3|  ounces  avoirdu- 
pois. It  was  formerly  one  three-hundredth  part 
less. 

bismillah  (bis -mil 'a),  interj.  [Turk.  Ar.  bi- 
'sm-illali,  in  the  name  of  Allah:  see  Allah.']  In 
God's  name :  an  adjuration  or  exclamation 
common  among  Moslems.  Sometimes  wi-itten 
hizmellah. 

bismite  (biz'mit),  ».  [<  bism(uth)  -h  -ite^.] 
Native  oxid  of  bismuth,  or  bismuth  ocher. 

bismore  (bis'mor),  n.    Same  as  bismer^. 

bismuth  (biz'muth),  71.  [z=  F.  bismuth,  <  G. 
bismuth,  now  commonly  ivisniut,  wistnuth,  orig. 
wissmuth;  of  mod.  (17th  centiuy)  but  imknown 
origin.]  Chemical  symbol,  Bi ;  atomic  weight, 
208  ;  specific  gravity,  9.6  to  9.8.  A  metal  of  a 
peculiar  light-reddish  color,  highly  crystalline, 
and  so  brittle  that  it  can  be  pulverized,  its  ciys- 
talline  form  is  ihombohedral,  closely  approximating  tliat 
of  tlie  cube.  It  occurs  native  in  imperfect  crystallizations, 
filiform  shapes,  and  disseminated  particles,  in  the  crystal- 
line rocks  ;  also  as  a  sulphuret,  and  in  combination  with 
tellurium  and  some  otlier  metals,  and  in  various  oxidized 
conibmations.  Tlie  native  metal  and  the  carbonate  (bis- 
mutite)  are  the  cliief  important  sources  of  the  bismutli  of 
commerce.  Until  recently,  almost  the  entire  supply  of 
the  metal  came  from  Schneeberg  in  Saxony,  where  it  oc- 
curs m  combination  with  ores  of  cobalt,  arsenic,  and  sil- 
ver. Nearly  all  the  bismuth  of  commerce  contains  at 
least  a  trace  of  silver.  Bismuth  is  a  remarkable  metal  in 
that  its  specific  gravity  is  diminished,  instead  of  being  in- 
creased, by  pressure.  It  is  the  most  diamagnetic  of  the 
metals.  It  fuses  at  a  comparati\ely  low  temperature 
(507°),  and  is  volatilized  at  a  white  heat.  Alloys  of  bis- 
muth witli  tin  and  lead  fuse  at  a  temperature  considerably 
less  than  that  of  boiling  water.  (See  Newton's  and  Boxes 
metals,  under  metal.)  Alloys  of  the  same  metals  with 
the  addition  of  cadmium  fuse  at  still  lower  temperatuies ; 


565 

one  prepared  by  Lipowitz  remains  perfectly  fluid  at  140°. 
These  alloys  have  been  used  to  some  extent  for  cliches  and 
for  stereotypmg,  but  are  now  of  little  i)ractical  impor- 
tance. The  chief  uses  of  bismuth  are  as  a  medichie  and  as  a 
cosmetic.  For  these  purposes  it  is  prepared  in  the  f(jrm  of 
the  subnitrate  called  in  the  old  pliarmaceulic  al  laiciiage 
magisterium  Idsiiiuthi.  The  cosmetic,  in  preparing  wliich 
tlie  basic  cldorid  lias  also  been  employed,  is  known  as 
pearl-powder  or  blanc  d'Espagne.  Uismutli  has  of  late 
years  been  nuicli  experimented  with  as  a  possible  compo- 
nent of  useful  alloys,  for  several  of  whicli  patents  have 
been  is.sued  ;  liut  no  one  of  tliese  alloys  Is  known  to  have 
come  into  general  use.  Bismuth  has  also  licen  used  to  a 
limited  extent  in  tlie  manufacture  of  highly  refractive 
glass,  and  of  strass  (which  see).  It  is  used  with  antimony 
in  the  tliermo-electric  pile  or  battery.  (See  thermo-elec- 
tricity.) It  has  also  begun  to  be  used  to  some  extent  in 
the  manufacture  of  porcelain,  for  the  purpose  of  giving  to 
its  surface  a  peculiar  colorless,  irised  luster,  which  can 
also  be  had  of  various  colors  wlieii  other  metals  are  used 
in  combination  with  the  bisiiiuth.  This  metal  is  one  for 
which  the  demand  is  extremely  fluctuating,  but  on  the 
whole  increasing;  and,  as  its  ores  liave  nowhere  been  dis- 
covered in  large  quantity,  its  price  has  been  more  variable 
than  that  of  any  other  metal,  with  the  possible  exception 
of  nickel,  running  between  5.5  cents  and  .*5  a  pound.  The 
total  consumption  of  the  metal  is  probably  between  25 
and  50  tons  a  year,  and  it  conies  cliiefly  from  the  Erz- 
gebirge  (between  Saxony  and  Bohemia),  France,  South 
America,  and  New  Soutli  Wales.  It  was  called  by  the  al- 
chemists, while  in  their  uncertain  condition  of  knowledge 
as  to  its  nature,  by  various  names,  as  marcasita  anjentea, 
plumbum  cinereum,  staniium  citiereum,  etc. ;  also  called 
formerly  in  French  etaiii  da  f/lace,  corrupted  in  English 
into  <i/t-;7?o.«'?.— Bismuth-blende,  tlie  mineral  eulytite 
(winch  see).— Bismuth-glance,  an  ore  of  bismuth,  /"m-- 
matic  bismuth-nlanee  is  a  sulpliid  of  liismuth  or  bismuth- 
inite,  and  acicular  bistnuth-fdain-e  is  tlie  same  as  jieedlc- 
ore  or  «(7,-i>i(((>.— Bismuth  ocher,  the  mineral  Ijismite  — 
Bismuth  silver.  See  ar^ientobixm  H'lYff.— Butter  of  bis- 
muth, an  old  name  for  the  chlorid  of  liismuth.— Flowers 
Of  bismuth,  a  yellow-colored  oxid  funned  by  the  subli- 
mation of  bismuth.— Magistery  of  bismuth,  the  subni- 
trate or  basic  nitrate  of  bismutli.— Telluric  bismuth 
the  mineral  tetradyniite.  ' 
bismuthal  (biz'muth-al),  a.    [<  bismuth  +  -al.] 

Pertaining  to  or  composed  of  bismuth, 
bismuthic  (biz'muth-ik),  a.    [<  bismuth  -ic] 
Of  bismuth:  as,  bismuthic  oxid  and  bismuthic 
acid. 

bismuthid  (biz'muth-id), «.   [<  bismuth  -)-  -id^.] 

An  alloy  of  bismuth  with  another  metal, 
bismuthiferous  (biz-muth-if'e-rus),  a.    [<  bis- 
muth -(-  -i-ferous.]  Containing  bismuth. 

Bismuthiferous  calcium  carbonate  yields  only  a  violet 
fluorescence,  differing  little  from  that  produced  without 
the  bismuth.  Sci.  Amer.  Supp.,  XXII.  9121. 

bismuthin,  bismuthine  (biz'muth-in),  «.  [< 

bismuth  -I-  -in"^,  -ine'^.]    See  bismuthinite. 
bismuthinite  (biz-muth'i-nit),  n.    [<  bismuth- 
ill  -I-  -itc'^.]    Native  bismuth  sulphid,  a  mine- 
ral of  a  lead-gTay  color  and  metallic  luster  oc- 
curring in  acicular  crystals,  also  massive,  with 
a  foliated  or  fibrous  structure.    It  resembles 
stibnite,  with  which  it  is  isomorphous. 
bismuthite,  «.    See  bismutite. 
bismuthous  (biz'muth-us),  a.    [<  bismuth  + 
-ous.]    Ill  chem.,  combined  with  bismuth  as  a 
triad:  as,  bismuthous  oxid,  B'l^Og. 

bismutite,  bismuthite  (biz'mut-it,  -muth-it), 
n.  [<  bismuth  +  -ite^.]  A  hydrous  carbonate 
of  bismuth. 

bismutosphaerite  (biz"mut-o-.sfe'rit),  n.  [_<bis- 
muth  +  Gr.  atpaipa,  sphere,  +-ite'^.]  Anhydrous 
bismuth  carbonate  (312065),  sometimes  oeciu-- 
ruig  in  spherical  forms  with  radiated  structm-e. 
bisogniot,  bisognot  (bi-s6'ny6),  n.  [Also  writ- 
ten besognio,  bessogne,  bessogno,  bezonian,  etc. ; 
<  It.  bisogno,  need,  a  needy  fellow,  beggar.]  A 
person  of  low  rank;  a  beggar. 
Spurn'd  out  by  grooms  like  a  base  bisogno. 

Chapman,  Widow's  Tears,  i.  4. 
Beat  the  bessognes  that  lie  hid  in  the  carriages.  Brome. 
He  that  would  refuse  to  swallow  a  dozen  healths  on 
such  au  evening,  is  a  base  besognio,  and  a  puckfoist,  and 
shall  swallow  six  inches  of  my  dagger. 

Scott,  Kenihvorth,  I.  xviii. 
bison  (bi'son),  w.  [=  D.  bison  =  G.  bison  =  Sw. 
bison  =  Dan.  bison  (-oxe),  <  F.  bison  =  Pr.  bizon 
=  Sp.  bison te  =  Pg.  bisao  =  It.  bissonte,  <  L. 
bison(t-)  (first  in  Pliny  and  Seneca),  >  Gr. 
ftiauv  (in  Pausanias) ;  prob.  from  OTeut. :  cf. 
OHG.  tvisunt,  wisant,  ivisint,  MHG.  G.  iciseiit 
=  Icel.  (perhaps  borrowed)  risundr,  bison,  = 
AS.  ivesend,  a  wild  ox;  origin  uncertain.]  1. 
The  aiu-ochs,  or  bonasus,  a  European  wild  ox : 
hence  api^lied  to  several  similar  animals,  re- 
cent and  e.xtinct.— 2.  Bison  or  Bos  americanus, 
improperly  called  the  buffalo,  an  animal  which 
formerly  ranged  over  most  of  the  United  States 
and  much  of  British  America  in  countless  num- 
bers, now  reduced  to  probably  a  few  thousands, 
and  apparently  soon  to  become  extinct  as  a  wild 

animal,  it  formerly  extended  into  some  of  the  Atlantic 
States,  as  Virginia ;  the  contraction  of  the  area  of  its  habi- 
tat and  the  reduction  of  its  numbers  have  gone  on  steaiiily 
with  the  advance  of  European  occupation  ;  the  construc- 
tion of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad  cut  the  great  herd  in 


bissextile  ' 

two,  leaving  a  southern  or  Texan  lierd,  chiefly  in  the  re- 
gion of  the  Staked  Plains,  and  a  northern  or  Yellowstone 
or  Saskatchewan  herd,  in  the  region  of  the  upper  .Missouri 
and  northward.  The  animal  resembles  the  auroch.s  (which 
see),  but  is  considerably  smaller ;  the  hump  is  very  high 
and  large ;  the  hind  tjuarters  are  light ;  the  tail  is  about 


American  hmon  {Bison  americanus). 

20  inches  long,  ending  in  a  wisp  of  hairs  of  about  6  inches 
additional ;  the  horns,  especially  in  the  male,  are  short, 
tliick,  and  much  curved  ;  the  head  is  carried  very  low ;  the 
long  shaggy  hair  of  the  fore  parts  sometimes  sweeps  the 
ground ;  the  color  is  blackish  in  fresh  pelages,  more  brown 
or  gray  in  worn  ones  and  in  aged  individuals ;  the  calves 
are  reddish.  Formerly  the  hair-covered  skins  were  much 
used  as  robes,  but  only  the  cows  were  killed  for  them, 
the  hides  of  the  bulls  being  not  easily  manageable.  In 
summer,  after  shedding  its  hair,  the  animal  is  nearly 
naked. 

3.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  or  subgenus  of  the 
family  Bovidw,  including  the  aurochs,  B.  bona- 
sus (see  cut  under  aurochs),  the  American  bi- 
son, B.  americanus,  and  several  related  fossil 
species,  as  B.  latifrons. 
bisonant  (bi'so-nant),  a.    [<  6?-2  +  sonant.  Cf. 
LL.  bisonus,  sounding  twice.]    Having  two 
sounds,  as  an  alphabetical  letter, 
bisontine  (M'son-tin),  a.  [<  NL.  bisontinus,  <  L. 
bisoii(t-),  bisoti.]    Bison-like;  related  to  or  re- 
sembling a  bison ;  belonging  to  the  genus  Bison. 
bispherical  (bi-sfer'i-kal),  a.    [<        -f-  spheri- 
cal.]   Composed  of  two  spheres. 

The  second  fonn  [of  Schizophytm]  is  bispherical:  the 
spherical  cell  has  grown  and  become  contracted,  or  in- 
dented in  the  middle,  forming  two  united  grannies. 

Science,  III.  157. 

bispinose  (bi-spi'nos),  a.    [<  6j-2  +  spinose.] 
In  zool.  and  hot.,  having  two  spines  Bispinose 

elytra,  in  entom.,  those  having  each  two  apical,  spine-like 
processes. 

bispinous  (bi-spi'nus),  a.    [<  6i-2  +  sjnnous.] 

Same  as  bispinose. 
bispiral  (bi-spi'ral),  a.  l<bi-'i  -\-  spiral.]  Con- 
tammg  two  spiral  fibers  ;  doubly  spiral :  ap- 
plied to  the  elaters  of  some  Hepaticce. 
bispore  (bi'spor),  ».  [<  bi-~  +  .spore.]  One  of 
a  pair  of  spores  formed  by  the  division  of  a 
vegetative  cell  in  red  algae,  Floridew.  It  is  the 
same  as  a  tetraspore,  except  as  regards  num- 
ber.   See  tetraspore. 

bisporous  (bi-sp6'rus),  a.    [<  6(-2  +  sporous.] 
Containing  or  bearing  two  spores, 
bisquel  (bisk),  ?(.   l&ee  biscuit.]  'hx  ceram.:  {a) 
Formerly,  same  as  biscuit,  3.    (6)  A  variety  of 
unglazed  white  porcelain  used  for  statuettes 
and  other  small  figures. 
bisciue2  (bisk),         [F.,  crawfish  soup;  origin 
unknown.]    In  cookery,  a  soup  made  of  meat  or 
fish  slowly  stewed  until  all  the  strength  is  ex- 
tracted, and  thickened  with  finely  minced  or 
shredded  forcemeat ;  specifically,  such  a  soup 
made  from  crabs,  crawfish,  shrimps,  and  the 
like.    Also  .spelled  bisk. 
bisque^  n.    See  bisk'^. 
bissabol  (bis'a-bol),  n.    Same  as  besabol. 
bissei  (bis),  n.    [<  OF.  bi.sse,  an  adder.]  In 
her.,  a  snake  borne  as  a  charge. 
bisse2  (bis),  11.    [E.  lud.]    A  weight  used  in 
Pondicheny,  a  French  possession  in  India.  It 
is  exactly  2y  French  pounds,  or  about  3  pounds 
2  oimces  avoirdupois, 
bisselt,  r.    A  variant  of  bezzle. 
bissemaret,         An  unusual  Middle  English 
form  of  bismer'^. 
bissett,  n.    Same  as  bisette.  [Scotch.] 
bissex  (bis'seks),  II.    [<  L.  bis,  twice,  -I-  sex  = 
E.  six.]    A  musical  instrument  of  the  giutar 
kind  having  twelve  strings,  the  pitch  of  the  up- 
per six  of  which  could  be  altered  by  stopping 
on  frets.    It  was  invented  in  1770,  "but  never 
extensively  used, 
bissextt,  n.    [<  ME.  bisexf,  <  L.  hisextus,  bissex- 
tus  (sc.  dies,  day),  an  intercalary  day,  <  bi-,  bis, 
twice,  -\-  sextns  =  E.  sixth  :  so  "called  because 
the  sixth  day  before  the  calends  of  March  was 
reckoned  twice  in  every  fourth  year.    See  bis- 
sextus.]    The  intercalai-y  day  in" leap-year, 
bissextile  (bi-seks'til),  a.  and  n.    [<"ML.  bis- 
sextitis,  hiscrtili^  (sc.  annus,  year),  leap-year,  s 
L.  bisextus,  hissextus :  see  bisscrt.]    I.  a.  Con- 
taining the  bissextus  or  intercalary  day:  ap- 


bissextile 

plied  to  those  years  -whieli  have  366  days,  the 
extra  day  beiug  inserted  in  the  month  of  Febru- 
ary. See  bis>!extus.  Xliis  occurs  every  fourth  year, 
taken  as  each  year  of  which  tlic  number  is  divisible  by  4 
without  remainder.  Inasnuicli,  however,  as  a  year  of  36oi 
days  exceeds  the  true  lengtli  of  a  solar  astronomical  year 
by  11  minutes  and  14  seconds,  amounting  to  an  error  of  a 
day  in  128  years,  it  was  provided  in  the  Gregorian  calendar 
that  the  intercalary  day  should  be  omitted  in  all  cente- 
nary years  except  those  wliich  are  multiples  of  400. 

II.  n.  A  leap-year  (which  see), 
bissextus  (bi-seks'tus),  II.  [L. :  see  hisscxf,  and 
ef.  hisse.rtile.'i  The  extra  or  intercalary  day  in- 
serted by  the  Julian  calendar  in  the  month  of 
February  every  foiu'th  year,  in  order  to  make 
Tip  the  six  hours  by  which  (it  was  reckoned)  the 
natural  or  solar  year  exceeds  the  common  year 

of  365  days.  This  extra  day  was  provided  for  by  reckon- 
ing twice  the  sixth  day  before  the  calends  (or  first)  of  March 
(or  the  sixtli  day  from  the  calends  of  ilarch,  both  days  in- 
cluded, recl<oiiiny  liackward  from  the  succeeding  month, 
as  was  the  custom  of  the  Romans),  the  "sixth"  (or  first 
sixth)  day  proper  thus  corresponding  to  February  25th, 
according  to  our  reckoning,  and  the  extra  sixth,  or  "second 
sixth,"  to  our  February  24th.  Since  1602,  when  the  Angli- 
can liturgy  was  revised,  the  29th  day  of  February  has  been, 
more  conveniently,  regarded  as  tlie  intercalated  day  in  all 
English-speaking  countries.  In  the  ecclesiastical  calen- 
dars of  the  countries  of  continental  Europe,  however,  the 
24th  day  of  February  is  still  reckoned  as  the  bissextus  or 
intercalary  day. 

bissont  (bis'on),  a.  [Also  E.  dial,  heesen,  bee- 
zen  ;  <  ME.  bi.sen,  bisiie,  ONorth.  bisene,  blind,  of 
uncertain  origin ;  perhaps  <  AS.  bi,  be,  by,  + 
*sen€,  *sjjne,  as  in  gesyne,  adj.,  seen,  visible,  < 
seon,  see.  Cf.  D.  bijsiend,  short-sighted,  <  bij, 
=  E.  bij,  +  zioid,  ppr.  of  cien,  -  -  E.  see ;  G.  bei- 
sichtiff,  short-sighted,  <  bei,  —  E.  bi/,  +  sicht  = 
E.  siglit.'\  Blind  or  purblind;  blinding:  as, 
"bisson  rheum,"  SJiak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

What  harm  can  your  bisson  conspectuities  glean  out  of 
this  character?  Shak.,  Cor.,  ii.  1. 

bistephanic  (bi-ste-fan'ik),  a.  [<  bi-"  +  stepha- 
iiion  +  -/(•.]  In  craniom.,  pertaining  to  both 
stephauions:  as,  bistephanic  di&meter. 

bister,  bistre  (bis'ter),  ?i.  and  «.  [=  G.  biester 
=  Sw.  bister,  bister,  <  F.  bistre,  a  dark-brown 
color.  Origin  uncertain ;  prob.  not  connected 
with  G.  dial,  biester,  dark,  gloomy,  -  D.  bijster, 
confused,  troubled,  =  Icel.  bistr  =  Sw.  bister 
=  Dan.  bister,  angry,  fierce.]  I,  «.  In  paint- 
ing, a  brown  pigment  extracted  from  the  soot 

of  wood.  To  prepare  it,  soot  (that  of  beech  is  the  best) 
is  put  into  water  in  the  proportion  of  two  pounds  to  a  gal- 
lon, and  boiled  half  an  hour  ;  after  standing  to  settle,  and 
while  hot,  the  clearer  part  of  the  fluid  must  be  poured  off 
to  remove  the  salts,  and  the  sediment  (which  is  bister) 
evaporated  to  dryness.  It  has  been  much  used  as  a  water- 
color,  particularly  by  the  old  masters,  for  tinting  drawings 
and  shading  sketches,  before  India  ink  came  into  general 
use  for  such  work.    In  oil  it  dries  very  slowly. 

II.  a.  Of  the  color  of  bister;  blackish-brown, 
bistered,  bistred  (bis'terd),  a.    [<  bister,  bis- 
tre, +  -erf2.]    Of  the  color  of  bister;  swarthy; 
browned. 

The  beak  that  crowned  the  bistred  face 
Betrayed  the  mould  of  Abraham's  race. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  At  the  Pantomime. 

bistipulate  (bi-stip'u-lat),  a.  [<  &i-2  -f-  stipu- 
late.l    Same  as  bistipnled. 

bistipuled  (bi-stip'fild),  a.  [<  bi-"^  +  stijmled.'] 
In  bot.,  having  two  stipules. 

bistort  (bis'tort),  n.  [=  F.  bistorts  =  It.  bis- 
torta,  <  NL.  bistorta,  <  L.  bis,  twice,  +  torta, 
fem.  of  tortus,  pp.  of  torquere,  twist:  see  tort.'] 
A  plant.  Polygonum  Bistorta,  so  called  because 
of  its  twisted  roots :  jjopularly  called  snakeweed 
and  adder's-wort.  Alpini-  bistort  is  a  dwarf  allied  spe- 
cies, alpine  and  arctic,  P.  viviparum. 

bistournage  (bis'tor-naj),  n.  [F.,  <  bistourner 
(=  It.  bistornare),  twist,  deform  by  twisting,  < 
bis-,  bes-,  a  pejorative  prefix  (prob.  ult.  <  L. 
bis,  twice),  +  toiirner,  turn.]  In  vet.  surg.,  an 
operation  which  consists  in  twisting  the  testi- 
cles of  bulls  and  other  male  animals  round  the 
cord,  so  as  to  produce  atrophy,  but  leave  the 
scrotum  intact :  a  form  of  castration  or  gelding. 

bistoury  (bis'to-ri),  ?(.;  pi.  bistouries  (-riz).  [< 
P.  bistouri,  a  bistoury,  <  OF.  bistorie,  a  dagger,  a 
bistoury.  Origin  uncertain  ;  commonly  conjec- 
tured to  be  so  called  from  Pistoriunt,  It.  Pistoja, 
a  town  in  Tuscany,  whence  also  the  E.  words 
pistol  and  pistole.^  A  small,  narrow  surgical 
knife,  with  a  straight,  convex,  or  concave  edge, 
and  a  sharp  or  blunt  point,  used  for  making 
incisions  and  for  other  purposes. 

bistre,  bistred.    See  bister,  bistered. 

bistriate  (bi-stri'at),  a.  [<  bi-'^  +  striate.']  In 
bot.  and  entom.,  marked  with  two  parallel  striae 
or  grooves. 

bisturris  (bis-tur' is),  n.;  pi.  bisturres  (-ez). 
[ML.,  <  L.  bis,  twice,  +  turris,  a  tower:  see  tur- 
ret, tower.']    One  of  a  series  of  small  towers 


566 

upon  a  medieval  fortification-wall ;  a  bartizan : 
sometimes  equivalent  to  barbican'^.  See  cut 
under  bartican. 

bisulct  (bi'sulk),  a.  [<  L.  bisulcus,  two-fur- 
rowed: »{^e  bisulc.ous.]    Same  a,s  bisulcate. 

bisulcate  (bi-sul'kat),  a.  [<  6<-2  -i-  sulcate.] 
1.  Having  two  furrows  or  grooves. —  2.  In 
cool.,  cloven-footed,  as  oxen,  or  having  two 
hoofed  digits,  as  swine — Bisulcate  antennse,  an- 
tenna; in  which  the  joints  are  longitudinally  grooved  on 
each  side. 

bisulcoust  (bi-sul'kus),  a.  [<  L.  bisulcus,  two- 
fuiTOwed,  <  bi-,  two-,  +  sulcus,  furrow.]  Same 
as  bisulcate. 

Swine,  .  .  .  being  bisulcous,  .  .  .  are  farrowed  with 
open  eyes,  as  otlier  bisulcous  animals. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  vi.  6. 

bisulphate  (bi-sul'fat),  [<  ?)(-2  +  sulphate.] 
In  chein.,  a  salt  of  sulphuric  acid,  in  which  one 
half  of  the  hydrogen  of  the  acid  is  replaced  by 
a  metal. 

bisulphid  (bi-sul'fid),  v.  [<  bi-^  +  snlphid.]  A 
compound  of  sulphur  with  another  element  or 
radical,  forming  a  snlphid  which  contains  two 
atoms  of  sulphur  to  one  atom  of  tlie  other  mem- 
ber of  the  compound:  as,  carbon  bisulphid,  CS2. 
—  Bisulphid  of  carbon  (OSj),  a  compound  of  carbon  and 
sulphur  which  forms  a  colorless  mobile  liquid,  having  usu- 
ally a  fetid  odor,  due  to  im])urities,  and  a  sharp  aromatic 
taste.  It  is  insoluble  in  water,  hut  soluble  in  alcoliol  and 
ether.  It  is  used  in  the  arts  as  a  solvent  for  vegetable 
oils  and  for  caoutchouc.  Taken  internally,  it  is  a  violent 
poison.  Externally  it  is  used  as  a  counter-irritant  and 
local  anesthetic. — Bisulphid  prism,  a  prism  filled  with 
carl)on  bisulphid. 

bisulphite  (bi-sul'fit),  n.  [<  6/-2  4-  sulphite.'] 
In  chem.,  a  salt  of  sulphurous  acid,  in  which 
one  half  of  the  hydrogen  of  the  acid  is  replaced 
by  a  metal. 

bisulphuret  (bi-sul'fu-ret),  n.  [<  6j-2  -f-  suh 
jihuret.]  In  chem.,  a  compound  of  sulphur  and 
another  element,  containing  two  atoms  of  sul- 
phur. 

bisuniO[Ue  (bis-u-nek'),  n.    [<  bis  +  uniqxie.]  A 
name  given  about  1850  to  a  reversible  jacket, 
coat,  or  the  like,  made  with  two  faces, 
bisyllabic  (bi-si-lab'ik),  a.    [<  bi-'^  +  syllabic] 
Composed  of  two  syllables;  dissyllabic. 

The  verba!  stems  exhibit  bisyllaljism  with  such  re- 
markable uniformity  that  it  would  lead  to  the  impression 
that  the  roots  also  must  have  been  bisyllabic. 

Smith's  Bible  Diet.,  art.  Contusion  of  Tongues. 

bisyllabism  (bl-sil'a-bizm),  n.  [<  bisyllab-ic  + 
-ism.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being  bisyllabic, 
or  of  having  two  syllables, 
bisymmetrical  (bi-si-met'ri-kal),  a.  [<  6i-2  -(- 
symmetrical.]  Bilaterally  symmetrical;  having 
bisymmetry. 
bisymiaetry  (bi-sim'e-tri),  n.  [<  &*-2  -f-  sym- 
metry.] The  state  of  being  bilaterally  sym- 
metrical ;  correspondence  of  right  and  left 
parts,  or  of  the  two  equal  sections  of  anything, 
bit^  (bit),  11.  [Also  in  some  senses  occasionally 
bitt;  early  mod.  E.  bit,  bitt,  bitte,  byttc,  <  ME. 
byt,  byte,  bite,  <  AS.  bite  (=  OFries.  biti,  bite,  bit 
=  OS.  biti  =  MD.  bete,  D.  beet  =  LG.  bet  =  OHG. 
MHG.  biz,  G.  biss,  strong  masc,  =  Icel.  bit  = 
Sw.  6e<<  =  Dan.  bid,  neut.),  a  bite,  act  of  biting, 
<  bitan  (pp.  biten),  bite:  see  bite.  In  ME.  and 
mod.  E.  (as  well  as  in  some  other  languages) 
confused  in  spelling  and  sense  with  bit^,  which 
is  from  the  same  verb,  but  with  an  orig.  differ- 
ent formative.  In  the  general  sense,  now  rep- 
resented by  bite,  n.,  directly  from  the  mod. 
verb:  see  bite,  v.  The  concrete  senses  are 
later,  and  are  expressed  in  part  by  forms  with 
other  suffixes:  cf.  ME.  bitte,  bytte,  bytt  =  MLG. 
bete,  bet,  bitte,  bit,  LG.  bit,  neut.,  —  Sw.  bett, 
neut.,  bridle-bit,  =  G.  gebiss,  neut.,  bridle-bit 
(=  AS.  gebit,  biting);  cf.  Icel.  bitill,  bridle-bit; 
AS.  gebcetel,  bridle-bit,  <  AS.  bwtan,  gebcetan, 
hit,  curb:  see  bait^,  and 
cf.  bitt.  The  other  con- 
crete senses  are  recent.] 
If.  The  act  of  biting;  a 
bite. 

You  may,  if  you  stand  close, 
be  sure  of  a  bit,  but  not  sure 
to  catch  him. 
/.  Walton.  Complete  Angler, 
[p.  55. 


Spiral  Bits. 


a.  Countersink  Bit;  b,  Expanding 
Center-bit. 


bit 

2f .  The  action  of  biting  food;  eating;  grazing, — 
3t.  The  biting,  cutting,  or  penetrating  action  of 
an  edged  weapon  or  tool. —  4.  The  biting,  catch- 
ing, holding,  cutting,  or  boring  part  of  a  tool. 
Specifically  —  (a)  The  cutting  blade  of^  an  ax,  hatchet, 
I)lane,  drill,  etc.  (6)  pi.  The  blades  of  tlie  cutter-head  of  a 
molding-machine.  ((■)  pi.  The  jaws  of  a  pair  of  tongs,  (d) 
The  part  of  a  key  which  enters  the  lock  and  acts  on  the 
bolts  and  ttimblers. 

5.  A  boring-tool  tised  in  a  carpenter's  brace. 

Bits  are  of  various  kinds,  and  are  applied  in  a  variety  of 
ways.  The  similar  tool  used  for  metal,  and  applied  by 
the  drill-bow,  ratchet,  brace,  lathe,  or  drilling-machine,  is 
termed  a  drill,  or  drill-bit.  See  aurjer,  borer,  drill,  center- 
bit,  gouge-bit,  quill-bit,  rose-bit,  shell-bit,  spoon-bit,  and 
phrases  below. 

6.  The  metal  part  of  a  bridle  which  is  inserted 
in  the  mouth  of  a  horse,  with  the  appendages 
(rings,  etc.)  to  which  the  reins  are  fastened. 

Those  that  tame  wild  horses  .  .  . 
Stop  their  mouths  with  stubborn  bits,  and  spur  them 
Till  they  obey  the  manage.        Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  v.  2. 

7.  The  joint  of  an  umbrella.— 8.  Ahammerused 
by  masons  for  dressing  granite'  and  for  rough 
picking. — 9.  In  music,  a  short  piece  of  tube 
used  to  alter  slightly  the  pitch  of  such  wind-in- 
struments as  the  trumpet,  cornet-a-pistons,  etc. 
—Annular  bit.  See  o/unfifo-.— Baldwin  bit,  a  bit  liav- 

ing  two  mouthpieces,  used  for  controlling  vicious  horses. 
— Brace-bit,  a  bit  intended  to  be  used  with  a  brace.— 
Chifney  bit,  a  curb-bit  having  a  short  movable  arm  con- 
nected with  the  cheek-piece,  just  above  the  mouthpiece, 
for  receiving  tlie  check-straps  of  the  bridle,  while  the 
strap  or  gag-rein  is  attached  to  the  short  arm  of  the 
cheek-piece.  E.  H.  Knight.—  Coal-boring  bit,  a  boring- 
bit  having  an  entering  point  and  a  succession  of  cutting 
edges  of  increasing  radius.—  Copper  bit  or  bolt,  a  name 
given  to  a  soldering-iron.— Cornish  bit,  a  lathe-drill  in 
which  the  cutter  is  inserted  diametrically  in  a  mortise  at 
the  end  of  the  drill-stock.— Ducknose  bit,  a  boring-bit 
the  end  of  which  is  bent  horizontally  into  a  semicircular 
foini.— Duck's-bill  bit,  a  wood-boring  tool  which  has 
no  lip,  the  screw  cylinder  forming  the  barrel  of  the  tool 
ending  in  a  sharp-edged  rounding  part  which  forms  the 
cutter:  used  in  a  brace.— Expanding  bit,  a  boring-tool 
of  which  the  cutting  diameter  is  ad- 
justable.—German  bit,  a  wood-boring 
tool  with  a  long  elliptical  pod  and  a 
screw-point.  It  is  used  in  a  brace,  and 
makes  a  taper  toward  the  end  of  the  hole 
when  not  driven  entirely  through  the 

wood.— Half-round  bit,  or  cylinder- 
bit,  a  drill  used  for  hard  woods  and  met- 
als. Its  section  is  a  semicircle,  the  cut- 
ting edges  at  end  and  side  making  an 

angle  of  85°  or  86°.— Hanoverian  bit,  a 

cheek-bit  for  horses  having  on  the  long 
or  lower  arm  two  or  more  loops  for  reins, 
and  at  the  extremity  of  the  short  cheek 
a  loop  which  receives  tlie  leather  cheek ; 
there  is  a  rein-ring  at  the  cheek-piece.  — Hessian  bit,  a 
peculiar  kind  of  jointed  bit  for  bridles.— Plug-center 
bit,  a  boring-tool  having  a  cylinder  of  metal  in  the  center 
instead  of  a  point.  The  cylinder  fits  a  hole  ready  made, 
and  the  bit  countersinks  or  removes  the  metal  above  it.— 
Slit-nose  bit.  Same  as  nose-bit.^To  take  the  bit  in 

the  teeth,  to  hold  the  bit  between  the  teeth,  so  that  it 
cannot  hurt  the  mouth  when  pulled  upon,  and  run ;  be- 
come unmanagealde  :  said  of  a  horse,  and,  figuratively,  of 
persons.— Twisted  bit,  a  boring- tool  formed  of  a  bar  hent 
into  a  spiral,  as  in  the  auger. 

bit!  (bit),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bitted,  ppr.  bitting. 
[<  M.]  To  put  a  bridle  upon ;  put  the  bit 
in  the  mouth  of  (a  horse) ;  accustom  to  the  bit ; 
hence,  to  curb ;  restrain. 

bit2  (bit),  n.  [<  ME.  bite,  a  bit,  morsel,  <  AS. 
bita,  a  bit,  piece  bitten  off  (=  OFries.  bita  = 
D.  beet,  a  morsel,  beetje,  a  small  portion,  = 
MLG.  bete,  bet,  LG.  beteji  =  OHG.  bizzo,  MHG. 
bisze,  G.  bisse,  bissen  =  Icel.  biti  =  Sw.  bit  = 
Dan.  bid,  a  morsel),  weak  masc,  <  bitan  (pp. 
biten),  bite :  see  bite,  v.,  bite,  n.,  and  bit^,  with 
which  6j<2  jias  been  in  part  confused.]  If.  A 
portion  of  food  bitten  off  ;  a  mouthful ;  a  bite. 
—  2.  A  morsel  or  a  little  piece  of  food. 
Follow  your  function,  go  I  and  batten  on  cold  bits. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  5. 
Dainty  bits 

Make  rich  the  ribs,  but  bankerout  the  wits. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  i.  1. 

Hence  —  3.  A  small  quantity  of  food;  a  modi- 
cum or  moderate  supply  of  provisions:  as,  to 
take  a  bit  and  a  sup.  [Dialectal.] 

He  desires  no  more  in  this  world  but  a  bit  and  a  brat; 
that  is,  only  as  much  food  and  raiment  as  nature  craves. 

Scotch  Presbyterian  Eloquence,  p.  36. 

4.  A  small  piece  or  fragment  of  anything ;  a 
small  portion  or  quantity  ;  a  little  :  as,  a  bit  of 
glass ;  2ibit  ot  land ;  a  bit  of  one's  mind.  The 
word  is  often  used  in  certain  phrases  expressive  of  ex- 
tent or  degree  ;  thus,  "a  bit  older"  means  somewhat  old- 
er, older  to  some  extent ;  "  not  a  bit,"  not  a  whit,  not  in 
any  degree  ;  "  a  good  bit  older,"  a  good  deal  older  ;  "  a  6ii 
of  a  humorist,"  somewhat  of  a  humorist,  etc.  It  is  used 
depreciatingly  or  compassionately  :  as,  a  little  bit  of  a 
man  ;  bits  of  children,  that  is,  poor  little  children. 

His  majesty  has  power  to  grant  a  patent  for  stamping 
round  bits  of  copper,  Sioift. 

There  are  several  bits  at  Valniontone  to  delight  an  artist, 
especially  at  the  entrance  of  the  town,  where  a  magnifi- 
cent fragment  of  the  ancient  wall  forms  the  foreground 
to  some  picturesque  houses.  A.  G.  C.  Hare. 


Expanding  Bit. 


Bitan^ent  to  Cas- 
sinian  Oval. 


[<  hitangent 


bit 

Your  case  is  not  a  bit  clearer  than  it  was  seven  years 

Arbuthnot. 

My  young  companion  was  a  bit  of  a  poet,  a  bit  of  an  ar- 
tist, a  bit  of  a  musician,  and  ...  a  bit  of  an  actor. 

T.  Hook,  Gilbert  Gurney,  I.  i. 

5.  Crisis ;  nick  of  time.  [Scotch.]  —6.  A  small 
piece  of  ground;  a  spot.  [Scotch.] 

It's  a  bieldy  enough  bit.  Scott,  Waverley,  II.  xxiii, 
7.  Any  small  coin  :  as,  a  towcpenny-bit ;  a  six- 
■penny-bit.  Specifically,  the  name  of  a  small  West  In- 
dian coin  worth  about  10  cents ;  also,  in  parts  of  the 
United  States,  of  a  silver  coin  formerly  current  (in  some 
States  called  a  Mexican  shillinq),  of  the  value  of  12i  cents  ■ 
now,  chiefly  in  the  West,  the  sum  of  12J  cents. 

With  six  bits  in  his  pocket  and  an  axe  upon  his  shoul- 
o^r.  The  Century,  XXVII.  29. 

4,,^^?  Of  Wood.  See  blood.-^A.  long  bit,  fifteen  cents. 
[Western  U.  S.J— A  short  bit,  ten  cents.  (Western  U  S  1 
—  Bit  by  bit,  little  by  little  ;  imperceptibly. 

And,  bit  by  bit, 
The  cunning  years  steal  all  from  us  but  woe. 

Lowell,  Comm.  Ode. 
To  give  a  bit  of  one's  mind,  to  speak  out  frankly  what 
one  thinks  of  a  person  or  a  transaction  ;  express  one's  can- 
did conviction  unrestrained  by  reserve  or  delicacy  •  gener- 
ally to  the  person  himself,  and  in  unflattering  terms. 

He  had  given  the  house  what  was  called  a  bit  of  his  mind 
on  the  subject,  and  he  wished  very  much  that  he  would 
give  them  the  whole. 

Lord  Campbell,  London  Times,  April  12,  1864. 
=  Syn.  4.  Scrap,  fragment,  morsel,  particle,  atom. 
•  bits  (bit).  Preterit  and  occasional  past  partici- 
ple of  hite. 

bit*t.  A  Middle  English  and  Anglo-Saxon  con- 
traction of  biddeth,  third  person  singular  indi- 
cative present  of  bid. 

bit^t,  n.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  bitt. 

bift,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  butt^. 

bitangent  (bi-tan'jent),  n.  [<  6«-2  -f  tangent.'] 
In  math.,  a  double  tangent;  a  straight  line 
which  touches  a  given  curve  at 
two  points.  If  m  denotes  the  degree 
and  n  the  class  of  a  curve,  then  (n—m) 
(n  +  — 9)  is  the  excess  of  the  number 
of  its  bitangents  over  the  number  of  its 

double  points.— Isolated  bitangent,  a 

real  line  tangent  to  a  curve  at  two  ima- 
ginary points. 

bitangential  (bi-tan-jen'shal),  a.    ^ ,  .y^,. 

+  -ial.]    In  math.,  pertaining  to  a  bitangent. 

—  Bitangential  curve,  a  curve  which  passes  through  the 
points  of  contact  of  the  bitangents  of  a  given  curve. 

bitartrate  (bi-tar'trat),  n.  [<  6t-2  -f-  tartrate.'] 
A  tartrate  which  contains  one  hydrogen  atom 
replaceable  by  a  base. -Potassium  bitartrate. 

Same  as  cream  qf  tartar,  or  argol  (which  see), 
bit-brace  (bit'bras),  n.     A  tool  for  holding 
and  turning  a  boring-bit ;  a  brace;  a  bit-stock. 

—  Bit-brace  die,  a  small  screw-cutting  die  used  with  a 
brace. 

bitch  (bieh),  n.  [<  ME.  Ucche,  biche,  <  AS. 
licce,  also  bicge,  —  Icel.  bikkja  =  Norw.  bikkje, 
a  bitch.  Cf.  G.  betse,  petze,  a  bitch,  and  F.  biche, 
a  bitch,  also  a  fawn.  The  relations  of  these 
forms  are  undetermined.]  1.  The  female  of 
the  dog;  also,  by  extension,  the  female  of  other 
canine  animals,  as  of  the  wolf  and  fox.— 2.  A 
coarse  name  of  reproach  for  a  woman. 

John  had  not  run  a-madding  so  long  had  it  not  been 
for  an  extravagant  bitch  of  a  wife. 

Arbuthnot,  John  Buil,  p.  9. 
bitcheryt  (bieh'e-ri),  n.    [<  bitch  +  -enj.]  Vile- 
ness  or  coarseness  in  a  woman ;  unchastity  or 
lewdness  in  general, 
bitch-wood  (bich'wud),  n.     The  wood  of  a  le- 
guminous tree,  Lonchocarpus  latifolius,  of  the 
West  Indies  and  tropical  South  America, 
bite  (bit),  v.;  pret.  hit,  pp.  bitten,  sometimes  bit, 
ppr.  biting.  [<  ME.  biten  (pret.  bot,  boot,  pi.  biten 
pp.  biten),  <  AS.  bitan  (pret.  hat,  pi.  biton,  pp. 
hiten)  =  0^.  bita II  =  OFvies.        =  D.  bijten  = 
MLG.  hiten,  LG.  biten  =  OHG.  Msan,  MHG.  M- 
zen,  G.  beissen  =  Icel.  bita  =  Sw.  bita  =  Dan. 
bide  =  Goth,  beitan,  bite,  =  L.  findere  (V*fid), 
cleave,  z=  Skt.  ■/  bhid,  divide.    From  the  AS. 
come  bite,  n.,  bit^,  bit^,  bitter^,  beetle^,  beetle^; 
to  the  Icel.  are  due  baii^,  and  prob.  bitt;  from 
L.  findere  come  fissile,  fissure,  bifid,  etc.]  I 
trans.  1.  To  cut,  pierce,  or  divide  with  the 
teeth:  as,  to  bite  an  apple. 
The  fish  that  once  was  caught  new  bait  wil  hardly  byte. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  i. 

2.  To  remove  with  the  teeth;  cut  away  by  bit- 
mg:  with  off,  out,  etc. :  as,  to  bite  of  a  piece  of 
an  apple,  or  bite  a  piece  out  of  it;  to  bite  off 
one's  nose  to  spite  one's  face. 

I'll  bite  my  tongue  out,  ere  it  prove  a  traitor. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Wit  at  Several  Weapons,  iv.  1. 

3.  To  grasp  or  grip  with  the  teeth ;  press  the 
teeth  strongly  upon :  as,  to  hite  the  thumb  or 
up.    (See  phrases  below.) 

There  Faction  roar,  Rebellion  bite  her  chain. 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  421. 


567 

4.  To  sting,  as  an  insect:  as,  to  be  bitten  by  a 
flea. —  5.  To  cause  a  sharp  or  smarting  pain  in ; 
cause  to  smart :  as,  pepper  bites  the  mouth.— 

6.  To  nip,  as  with  frost ;  blast,  blight,  or  injure. 

Like  an  envious  sneapiug  frost. 
That  bites  the  first-born  infants  of  the  spring. 

Shale,  L.  L.  L.,  i.  1. 
All  three  of  them  are  desperate  ;  their  great  guilt. 
Like  poison  given  to  work  a  great  time  after 
Now  gins  to  bite  the  spirits.      Sliak.,  Tempest,  iii.  3. 

7.  To  take  fast  hold  of ;  grip  or  catch  into  or 
on,  so  as  to  act  with  effect ;  get  purchase  from, 
as  by  friction:  as,  the  anchor  bites  the  ground; 
the  file  bites  the  iron ;  the  wheels  bite  the  rails. 

The  last  screw  of  the  rack  having  been  turned  so  often 
that  its  purchase  crumbled,  and  it  now  turned  and  turned 
with  nothing  to  bite.  Dickens 

8.  In  etching,  to  corrode  or  eat  into  with  aqua- 
fortis or  other  mordant,  as  a  metal  surface 
that  has  been  laid  bare  with  an  etching-needle : 
often  with  in :  as,  the  plate  is  now  bitten  in.~ 

9.  To  cheat;  trick;  deceive;  overreach:  now 
only  in  the  past  participle :  as,  the  biter  was  hit. 

The  rogue  was  bit.  Pope,  Moral  Essays,  iii.  364. 

At  last  she  played  for  her  left  eye  ;  .  .  .  this  too  she  lost : 
however,  she  had  the  consolation  of  bitijig  the  sharper 
for  he  never  perceived  that  it  was  made  of  glass  till  it  be- 
came his  own.  Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  cii. 
To  bite  the  dust  or  the  ground,  to  fall ;  be  thrown  or 
struck  down  ;  be  vanquished  or  humbled. 
His  vanquished  rival  was  to  bite  the  dust  before  him. 

Disraeli, 


bitnoben 

roughness  or  power  of  abrasion :  as,  the  bite  of 
an  anchor  on  the  ground ;  the  bite  of  the  wheels 
of  a  locomotive  on  the  rails. 

The  shorter  the  bite  of  a  crowbar,  the  greater  is  tlie 
power  gained. 

W.  Matthews,  Getting  on  in  the  World,  p.  119. 
7.  In  etching,  the  corrosion  effected  by  the  acid. 
—  8.  In  printing,  an  imperfection  in  a  printed 
sheet  caused  by  part  of  the  impres.sion  being 
received  on  the  frisket  or  paper  mask.— 9f.  A 
cheat;  a  trick;  a  fraud. 

I'll  teach  you  a  way  to  outwit  Mrs.  Johnson;  it  is  a 
new-fangled  way  of  being  witty,  and  they  call  it  a  bite. 

Su'l/t,  To  a  Frieiiil  of  Mrs.  Johnson,  1703. 

lOf.  A  sharper;  one  who  cheats.  Johnson.— 
His  bark  is  worse  than  his  bite.  .See  bark^ . 
blteless  (bit'les),  a.   [<  bite,  n.,  + -less.]  With- 
out bite ;  wanting  in  ability  or  desire  to  bite  ; 
harmless. 
Chilled  them  [midges]  speechless  and  hiteless. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  780. 


To  bite  the  glove.  See  glove.  -  To  bite  the  Up,  to  press 
the  hp  between  the  teeth  in  order  to  repress  signs  of  an- 
ger^ mirth,  or  otiier  emotion.  (Compare  to  bite  the  tonque  ) 
—  To  bite  the  thumb  att,  to  insult  or  defy  by  putting 
the  thumb-nail  into  the  mouth,  and  with  a  jerk  making 

It  Kn3,CK. 

I  will  bite  my  thumb  at  them,  which  is  a  disgrace  to 
them,  if  they  bear  it.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  1. 

To  bite  the  tongue,  to  hold  one's  tongue  ;  repress  (an- 
gry) speech  ;  maintain  fixed  silence.  (Compare  to  bite  the 
lip,  and  to  hold  one's  tongue.) 

So  York  must  sit,  and  fret,  and  bite  his  tongue 
■While  his  own  lands  are  bargained  for  and  sold. 

Shak.,2Uen.  YI.,  i.  1. 

=  Syn.  See  eat. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  have  a  habit  of  biting  or 
snapping  at  persons  or  things :  as,  a  dog  that 
bites;  a  biting  horse.— 2.  To  pierce,  sting,  or 
inflict  injury  by  biting,  literally  or  figuratively. 


It  [wine]  biteth  like  a  serpent  and  stiugeth  like  an  adder. 

Prov.  xxiii.  32. 
Look,  when  he  fawns  he  bites;  and  when  he  bites 
His  venom  tooth  will  rankle  to  the  death. 

Shak.,  Rich.  IIL,  i.  3. 
Smiling  and  careless,  casting  words  that  bit 
Like  poisoned  darts. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  327. 

3.  To  take  a  bait,  as  a  fish:  either  literally  or 
figuratively. 

Bait  the  hook  well :  this  fish  will  bite. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  3. 
We'll  bait  that  men  may  bite  fair. 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase. 

4.  To  take  and  keep  hold ;  grip  or  catch  into 
another  object,  so  as  to  act  on  it  with  effect, 
obtain  purchase  or  leverage-power  from  it,  and 
the  like:  as,  the  anchor  bites;  cog-wheels  bite 
when  the  teeth  of  one  enter  into  the  notches 
of  the  other  and  cause  it  to  revolve. 

In  dry  weather  the  roads  require  to  be  watered  before 
being  swept,  so  that  the  brushes  may  bite.  Mayhew. 
To  bite  at,  to  snap  at  with  the  teeth ;  hence,  figuratively 
to  snarl  or  carp  at ;  inveigh  against. 

No  marvel,  though  you  bite  so  sharp  at  reasons 
You  are  so  empty  of  them.      Shak.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  2. 
To  bite  in.   (a)  To  corrode,  as  the  acid  used  in  etching 
(0)  To  repress  one's  thoughts,  or  restrain  one's  feelings 

bite  (bit),  n.  [<  late  ME.  byte,  bite  (hite),  tak- 
ing the  place  of  earlier  bite  (bite),  in  mod.  E. 
bit  (see  bit^;  from  the  verb.]  1.  The  act  of 
cutting,  piercing,  or  wounding  with  the  teeth 
or  as  with  the  teeth:  as,  the  bite  of  a  dog;  the 
bite  of  a  crab.— 2.  The  seizing  of  bait  by  a 
fish:  as,  waiting  for  a  bite. 

I  have  known  a  very  good  fisher  angle  diligently  four 
or  SIX  horns  for  a  river  carp,  and  not  have  a  bite. 

I.  'Walton,  Complete  Angler. 

3.  A  wound  made  by  the  teeth  of  an  animal  or 
by  any  of  the  biting,  piercing,  or  stinging  or- 
gans of  the  lower  animals:  as,  a  dog's  bite;  a 
mosquito-feife,"  a  flea-6/<e. 

Their  venom'd  bite.       Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georgics. 

4.  As  much  as  is  taken  at  once  by  biting ;  a 
mouthful:  as,  a  bite  of  bread. 
Better  one  bite  at  forty,  of  Truth's  bitter  rind. 
Than  the  hot  wine  that  gushed  from  the  vintage  of  twenty ! 

Lowell,  Life  of  Blondel. 

5.  Food;  victuals:  as,  three  days  without 
either  bite  or  sup.— 6.  The  catch  or  hold  that 
one  object  or  one  part  of  a  mechanical  appa- 
ratus has  on  another;  specifically,  Ln  a  file,  the 


bitentaculate  (bi-ten-tak'u-lat),  a.  [<  6j-2  + 
tentacutate.]  Having  two  tentacles,  or  a  pair 
of  organs  likened  to  tentacles. 

The  gonophore  contained  in  a  gonangium,  somewhat 
like  that  of  Laoniedea,  is  set  free  as  a  ciliated  bitentacu- 
late body.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  120. 
biter  (bi'ter),  n.  [ME.  biter,  bitere;  <  bite  + 
-erl.]  1.  One  who  or  that  which  bites;  an 
animal  given  to  biting;  a  fish  apt  to  take  bait. 

Great  barkers  are  no  biters.  Camden.' 
A  bold  biter.  I.  Walton,  Complete  Angler. 

2.  One  who  cheats  or  defrauds ;  also,  formerly, 
one  who  deceives  by  way  of  joke. 

A  biter  is  one  who  tells  you  a  thing  you  have  no  reason 
to  disbelieve  in  itself,  and,  if  you  give  him  credit,  laughs 
in  your  face,  and  triumphs  that  he  has  deceived  you. 

Spectator,  \o.  504. 

biterminal  (bi-ter'mi-nal),  n.   [Tr.  of  Gr.  ck  dlo 

oi'ofidToiv.]  A  binomial  line  ;  a  line  that  is  the 
sum  of  two  incommensurable  lines, 
biternate  (bi-ter'nat),  a.  [<  6(-2  -f.  ternate.] 
In  bot.,  doubly  ternate,  as  when  each  of  the 
partial  petioles  of  a  ternate  leaf  bears  three 
leaflets. 

bite-sheept  (bit'shep),  «.    [So  MLG.  hiteschdp, 
G.  biss-schaf,  with  the  same  allusion.]    A  once 
favorite  pun  upon  bishop,  as  if  one  who  bites 
the  sheep  which  he  ought  to  feed.    N.  E.  D. 
bitheism  (bi'the-izm),  n.    [<  bi-^  +  theism.] 
Belief  in  two  gods,  specifically  a  good  and  an 
evil  one;  dualism.  [Rare.] 
biti  (be'te),  ti.  [E.  Ind.]  An  East  Indian  name 
for  species  of  Balhergia,  especially  B.  latifolia, 
one  of  the  East  Indian  rosewoods, 
biting  (bi'ting),  n.    [<  ME.  biting;  verbal  n.  of 
bite,  i'.]  1.  The  action  of  cutting,  piercing,  etc. 
in  any  sense  of  hite.— 2.  The  corroding  action 
of  a  mordant  upon  a  metal  plate,  wherever 
the  lines  of  a  design,  drawn  upon  a  prepared 
ground,  have  been  laid  bare  with  a  needle,  as 
in  etching,  or  the  surface  is  alternately  stopped 
out  and  exposed,  as  in  aquatint, 
biting  (bi'ting),     a.   [Ppr.  of  bite,  v.]   1.  Nip- 
ping; keen:  as,  biting  cold;  biting  wea,ther. 

The  western  breeze. 
And  years  of  biting  frost  and  biting  rain, 
Had  made  the  carver's  labor  wellrligh  vain. 

William  .Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  325. 

2.  Severe;  sharp;  bitter;  painful:  as,  a  "bit- 
ing affliction,"  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  v.  5.-3. 
Acrid;  hot;  pungent:  as,  a  biting  taste.  Hence 
—4.  Sharp;  severe;  cutting;  sarcastic:  as,  a 
biting  remark. 

This  was  a  nipping  sermon,  a  pinching  sermon,  a  bitinn 
sermon.  Latimer,  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1550. 

Pope's  provocation  was  too  often  the  mere  opportunity 
to  say  a  bitmg  thing,  where  he  could  do  it  safely. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  70. 
biting-dragon  (bi'ting -drag "on),  n.    An  old 

name  for  tarragon,  Artemisia  Braciinculiis. 
bitingly  (bi'ting-li),  adv.    In  a  biting  manner; 

sarcastically ;  sneeringly. 
bitingness(i3i'ting-nes),  w.  Pungency;  acridity, 
bit-key  (bit'ke),  n.    A  key  designed  to  fit  r. 
permutation-lock,  the  steps  of  which  are  form- 
od  by  movable  bits.    See  lock. 
bitless  (bit'les),  a.    [<  bit^,  n.,  4-  -less.]  With 
out  bit  or  bridle. 

Bitless  Numidian  horse.  Fanshaive,  .Eneid,  iv. 


bitlingt  (bit'ling),  n.    [<  hit^  +  dim.  -ling.]  A 

■very  small  bit  or  piece, 
bitmoutht  (bit'mouth),  n.    The  bit  or  iron  put 

into  a  horse's  mouth.  Bailey. 
bitnoben  (bit-u6'ben),  n.     [A  corruption  of 
the  Hind,  name  bit  luvan,  or  bid  laran  :  bit,  bid 
(cerebral  t  or  d)  is  of  imcertain  meaning ;  lavan, 
dial,  laban,  Ion,  lun,  etc.,  <  Skt.  lavana,  salt.]  A 


bitnoben 

white  saline  substauee  obtained  from  India,  a 
ohlorid  of  sodium  or  common  salt  fused  with 
myrobalan  and  a  portion  of  iron.   Bitnoben  lias 

been  used  in  India  from  times  of  higli  anti(inity,  and  is 
applied  to  an  infinite  variety  of  purposes.  It  is  regarded 
there  as  a  speeiftc  for  almost  every  disorder. 

bito-tree  (be'to-tre),  n.    Same  as  hajilij. 
bitouret,  "•     A  Middle  English  form  of  hit- 
ter n^. 

bit-pincers  (bifpin'serz),  n.  pi. 
Pincers  with  curved  jaws,  used 
by  locksmiths. 

bit-stock  (bit'stok),  ».  The  han- 
dle or  stock  by  which  a  boring- 
bit  is  held  and  rotated;  a  car- 
penter's brace. 

bit-strap  (bit'strap),  n.  A  short 
strap  connecting  the  bit  to  a  short 
check-bridle  or  to  a  halter.  E.  H. 
Knight. 

bitt  (bit),  n.  [Formerly,  and  still 
occasionally,  written  bit,  but  usu- 
ally in  pi.  hitts,  bits,  early  mod.  E. 
beetes;  hence  F.  bittcs,  formei-ly 
bites,  pL,  =  Sp.  bitas,  pi.,  =  Pg. 
abitas,  pi.,  =  It.  bitte,  pi.,  bitts.  Origin  uncer- 
tain ;  connected  in  sense,  and,  in  the  early 
mod.  E.  spelling  beetes,  in  form,  with  Sw.  be- 
ting =  Dan.  beding,  a  bitt,  bitts,  >  D.  beting  = 
G.  bating,  a  bitt ;  with  compoimds,  Sw.  beting- 
bult  —  Dan.  bedingsboU,  a  bitt-bolt ;  D.  beting- 
lioutcn,  pi.,  =  G.  batingliol-er,  pi.,  bitts  (D.  hont 
—  G.  hob,  wood).  Sw.  bi  ting,  =  Dan.  beding, 
means  lit.  'baiting,  pasturing,'  as  a  horse,  by 
tethering  it  (=  AS.  bd'ting,  beting,  a  rope,  a 
cable),  <  Sw.  beta  =  Dan.  bede  =  leel.  beita, 
bait,  pasture,  =  AS.  bwtan,  bridle,  rein  in,  curb, 
orig.  causal  of  Sw.  hita  =  Dan.  bide  —  leel.  bita 
=  AS.  bitan,  bite :  see  bait\  bite,  bit^.  The  ML. 
bitus,  a  whipping-post,  and  Icel.  biti,  a  cross- 
beam in  a  house,  a  thwart  in  a  boat,  are,  for 
different  reasons,  prob.  neither  of  them  the 
source  of  the  E.  word.]  Naut.,  a  strong  post 
of  wood  or  iron  to  which  cables  are  made  fast. 
Bitts  are  fastetied  to  the  deck,  generally  in  pairs,  and  are 
named  according  to  their  uses :  as,  riding-iii».<,  towing- 
bittx,  \vindlass-(;rt(s,  etc. 

bitt  (bit),  V.  t.  [<  bitt, »).]  Naut.,  to  put  round 
the  bitts :  as,  to  hitt  the  cable,  in  order  to  fasten 
it  or  to  let  it  out  gradually.  The  latter  process 
is  called  veering  away. 

The  chain  is  then  passed  through  the  hawse-hole  and 
round  the  windlass,  and  bitted. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  73. 

bittaclet  (bit'a-kl),  n.    The  earlier  form  of  bin- 

nacle. 

bitter^  (bit'er),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  bitter,  biter, 
<  AS.  biter,  bitor  (=  OS.  bittar  =  D.  MLG.  LG. 
bitter  =  OHG.  bittar,  MHG.  G.  bitter  =  Icel. 
hitr  =  Sw.  Dan.  bitter  =  Goth,  (with  irreg.  ai 
for  i)  baitrs),  bitter,  <  bitan,  bite  :  see  bite.]  I. 
a.  1 .  Having  a  harsh  taste,  like  that  of  worm- 
wood or  quinine.  Formerly  the  word  was  applied  to 
pungent  and  to  salt  things,  as  well  as  to  those  to  \vhich  it 
is  now  nearly  always  restricted. 

All  men  are  agreed  to  call  vinegar  sour,  honey  sweet, 
and  aloes  bitter.  Burke,  Snldime  and  Beautiful. 

Hence  —  2.  Unpalatable;  hard  to  swallow,  lit- 
erally or  figuratively:  as,  a  bitter  pill;  a  hitter 
lesson. 

But  thou  art  man,  and  canst  abide  a  truth, 

Tho'  bitter.  Tennijsuii,  Baliii  and  Balan. 

3.  Hard  to  be  borne ;  grievous ;  distressful ; 
calamitous :  as,  a  hitter  moment ;  bitter  fate. 

Nailed 

For  our  advantage  on  the  bitter  cross. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1. 

4.  Causing  pain  or  smart  to  the  sense  of  feel- 
ing; piercing  ;  painful ;  biting:  as,  hitter  cold; 
' '  the  Sifter  blast, "  Dry  den.  —  5 .  Harsh,  as  words ; 
reproachful ;  sarcastic ;  cutting ;  sharp :  as, hit- 
ter taunts,"  Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  6. 

Hastings  complained  in  bitter  terms  of  the  way  in  which 
he  was  treated.  Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

6.  Cherishing  or  exhibiting  animosity,  hate, 
anger,  or  severity ;  cruel ;  severe ;  harsh  ; 
stern  :  as,  "  bitterest  enmity,"  Shale,  Cor.,  iv.  4; 
^'bitter  enemies,"  Watts,  Logic. —  7.  Evincing 
or  betokening  intense  pain  or  suffering :  as,  a 
bitter  cry. 

Our  bitter  tears 
Stream,  as  the  eyes  of  those  that  love  us  close. 

Bryant,  The  Ages,  i. 

Bitter  ale,  bitter  beer.  See  aZc— Bitter-almond  oil. 

See  almond-oil. — Bitter  ash,  bark,  cucumber,  etc.  See 
the  nouns.— Bitter  principles,  a  term  applied  to  certain 
products  arising  from  the  action  of  nitric  acid  upon  ani- 
mal and  vegetable  matters,  and  having  an  intensely  bitter 
taste.  Very  many  plants  contain  peculiar,  often  crystal- 
lizable,  conipoinids,  having  a  bitter  taste,  which  are  often 
doubtless  the  active  medicinal  principle  of  the  vegetable 


568 

in  which  they  occur.  The  term  is  now  restricted  to  the 
lirowii  amorphous  bitter  extract,  generally  not  of  definite 
composition,  obtained  from  many  plants  by  Irailing  in  wa- 
ter, evaporating  to  dryness,  and  treating  with  alcohol  to 
remove  resin,  etc.— To  the  bitter  end,  to  the  last  and 
direst  extremity  ;  to  death  itself.  =Syn.  3.  Grievous,  dis- 
tressing, afflictive,  poignant. 
II,  n.  1.  That  which  is  bitter;  bitterness. 

Hi  no  conne  deme  [judge]  betuene  zuete  [sweet]  and 
hyter.  Ayenbitc  of  Inwit,  p.  82. 

The  sick  man  hath  been  offended  at  the  wholesome  bit- 
ter of  the  medicine.  Scott,  Abbot,  I.  55. 

Some  bitter  o'er  the  flowers  its  bubbling  venom  flings. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  i.  82. 

Specifically —  2.  A  bitter  medicine,  as  a  bitter 
bark  or  root,  or  an  infusion  made  from  it.  See 
bitters. 

bitterl  (bit'er),  i:  t.  [<  ME.  bitercn,  <  AS.  bi- 
terian  {—  OHG.  bittaren,  MHG.  G.  bittern),  < 
biter,  bitter:  see  bitter^,  a.]  To  make  bitter; 
give  a  bitter  taste  to  ;  embitter.  [Rare.] 

Would  not  horse-aloes  bitter  it  [beer]  as  well? 

Wolcot  (P.  Pindar). 

bitter^  (bit'er),  n.  [<  bitt  +  -rrl.]  JSfaut.,  a 
turn  of  a  cable  round  the  bitts. 

bitter^t  (bit'er),  n.    An  old  form  of  bittern'^. 

bitter-blain  (bit'er-blan),  n.  A  name  given  in 
Guiana  to  a  scrophulariaceous  herb,  Vandellia 
diffusa,  which  is  used  as  a  remedy  in  fever  and 
liver-complaints. 

bitter-bloom  (bit'er-blom),  n.  The  American 
centaury,  Sahbatia  angularis,  a  gentianaceous 
herb,  used  as  a  simple  bitter  in  the  treatment 
of  fevers,  etc. 

bitter-bush,  (bit'er-biish),  n.  The  name  in  Ja- 
maica for  Eupatorium  nervosum,  which  is  em- 
ployed as  a  remedy  in  cholera,  smallpox,  and 
other  diseases. 

bitter-earth  (bit'er-erth),  n.  [<  bitter  +  earth; 
=  G.  bittcr-erde.l    Calcined  magnesia. 

bitter-end  (bit'er-end),  w.  [<  hitter^  +  end.'] 
Naut.,  that  part  of  a  cable  which  is  abaft  the 
bitts,  and  therefore  within  board,  when  the  ship 
rides  at  anchor. 

bitter-grass  (bit'er-gras),  n.    The  colic-root  of 

the  United  States,  Aletris  farinosa. 
bitter-head  (bit'er-hed),  w.    A  local  name  in 

parts  of  Ohio  for  the  calico-bass,  Pomoxys  spa- 

r  aides. 

bitter-herb  (bit'er-erb),  n.  1.  The  European 
eentam-y,  Erythraa  centaurium. —  2.  The  bal- 
mony  of  the  United  States,  Chclonc  glabra. 

bittering  (bit'er-ing),  11.  [Verbal  n.  of  bitter'^, 
?'.]  1.  Same  as  bittern^,  2. —  2.  The  acquiring 
by  wine  of  a  bitter  ilavor,  due  to  the  formation 
of  brown  aldehyde  resin  or  other  bitter  sub- 
stance, from  age  or  high  temperatiu-e. 

bitterish  (bit'er-ish),  a.  [<  bitter'^  +  -is/ti.] 
Somewhat  bitter;  moderately  bitter. 

bitter-king  (bit'er-king),  n.  [<  bitter'^  +  king.] 
A  shrub  or  small  tree  of  the  Moluccas,  Soula- 
mea  amara,  natural  order  Polygalacem,  all  parts 
of  which  are  intensely  bitter  and  are  reputed 
to  possess  antiperiodic  properties. 

bitterling  (bit'er-ling),  n.  [<  bitter  +  -ling'^-.'] 
A  cyprinoid  fish,  lihodeus  amarus,  of  the  fresh 
waters  of  central  Europe,  it  resembles  a  bream  in 
form,  but  the  anal  fin  is  comparatively  short  (with  12  rays), 
the  lateral  line  is  imperfect,  and  the  female  has  a  long  ex- 
ternal urogenital  tube. 

bitterly  (bit'er-li),  adv.  [<  ME.  bitterly,  hitter- 
liche,  <  AS.  biterlice,  adv.  (<  *biterlic,  adj.,  = 
D.  bittcrlijk  =  leel.  bitrligr  =  Dan.  bitterlig  = 
G.  bitterlich,  adj.),  <  biter  +  -lice:  see  bitter"^,  a., 
and  -?2/2.]  In  a  bitter  manner,  {a)  Mournfully, 
sorrowfully  ;  in  a  manner  expressing  poignant  grief  or  re- 
morse. 

And  he  went  out  and  wept  bitterly.  Mat.  xxvi.  75. 

Everybody  knows  how  bitterly  Louis  the  Fourteenth, 
towards  the  close  of  his  life,  lamented  his  former  ex- 
travagance. Macaulay,  Mill  on  Government. 

(b)  In  a  severe  or  harsh  manner  ;  sharply  ;  severely ;  an- 
grily :  as,  to  censure  bitterly. 
The  Almighty  hath  dealt  very  bitterly  with  me. 

Ruth  i.  20. 

bittern^  (bit'ern),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hit- 
torn,  bitturn,  with  irreg.  suffixed  -n ;  earlier 
bitter,  hittor,  hittour,  bytter,  bitoure,  huttour, 
hewter,  hoter,  buture,  etc.  (E.  dial,  bitter-hump, 
butter-hump.  Sc.  buter,  butter) ;  <  ME.  bitter, 
bitoure,  byttoure,  butturre,  butor,  botor,  hotore, 
etc.,  =  D.  Flem.  butoor,  formerly  also  j^Mtoor,  < 
OF.  butor,  mod.  F.  butor,  =  It.  bittore  (Florio), 
a  bittern,  =  Sp.  bitor,  a  bittern,  also  a  rail 
(bird),  <  ML.  hiitorius,  a  bittern:  (1)  errone- 
ously supposed  by  some  to  be  a  coiTuption  of 
a  L.  *botaurus  (whence  the  NL.  Botaurus,  as- 
sumed as  the  name  of  the  genus),  as  if  <  60s,  ox, 
-H  taurus,  a  bull,  applied  by  Pliny  to  a  bird  that 


bitters 

bellows  like  a  bull;  (2)  also  erroneously  iden- 
tified by  some  with  ML.  bitorius,  biturius, 


var.  jiin  fonts,  is  explained 


which,  with  a 
AS.  glosses  by 
wrenna,  wrcen- 
na  (>  E.  wren), 
and  once  by 
erdling  (>  E. 
arling) ;  but 
(3)  prob.  a  var. 
of  L.  butio(n-) 
(>  Pg.  Initio), 
a  bittern  —  a 
word  supposed 
to  be  of  imita- 
tive origin,  re- 
lated to  buhere, 
cry  like  a  bit- 
tern, bubo,  an 
owl,  etc.  Cf, 
the  equiv.  E. 
dial.  butter- 
bump.  Sc.  7nire- 
drum,  E.  dial. 
bog-bull,F.  tau- 
reau  d'etang, 
♦bull  of  the 
swamp,'  ba-uf 
de  marais,  G. 
moosochse,  '  ox 

of  the  marsh,'  etc. ;  and  see  boom^,  bump^,  bull^, 
haivl'^,  bellow,  etc.]  1.  A  European  wading  bird, 
of  the  family  Ardeidw  and  subfamily  Botauri- 
nee  ;  the  Botaurus  stellaris,  a  kind  of  heron,  it 

is  about  2  feet  long,  is  speckled,  mottled,  and  freckled 
with  several  shades  of  blackish-brown,  buff,  etc.,  lives 
solitary  in  bogs  and  morasses,  has  a  hollow  guttural  cry, 
and  nests  usually  on  the  ground. 

As  a  iitore  burableth  in  the  mire. 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  116. 
Where  hawks,  sea-owls,  and  long-tongued  bittours  bred. 

Ctiapman. 

2.  Any  heron  of  the  subfamily  Botaurinw.  The 

American  bittern  is  Botaurus  mugitans  or  B.  lentigino- 
sus.  The  very  small  rail-like  herons  of  the  genera  Ar- 
delta,  Ardeola,  etc.,  are  called  little  or  least  bitterns;  the 
European  species  is  Ardetta  minuta,;  the  North  American, 
A.  exills  ;  and  there  are  others.  The  twer  bitterns  are 
beautifully  striped  species  of  the  genus  Tigrisoma,  as  T. 
brasiliensis. 

bittern^  (bit'ern),  n.    [Appar.  a  dial,  form 

(through  *hitterin)  of  bittering,  <  bitter'^  + 
-ijfgfi.]  1.  In  salt-works,  the  brine  remaining 
after  the  salt  is  concreted.  This,  after  being  ladled 
off  and  the  salt  taken  out  of  the  pan,  is  returned,  and, 
being  again  boiled,  yields  more  salt.  It  is  used  in  the 
preparation  of  Epsom  salt  (the  sulphate  of  magnesia)  and 
Glauber  salt  (the  sulphate  of  soda),  and  contains  also 
chlorid  of  magnesium,  and  iodine  and  bromine. 
2.  A  very  bitter  compound  of  quassia,  coeculus 
indicus,  licorice,  tobacco,  etc.,  used  for  adul- 
terating beer.  Also  called  bittering. 
bitterness  (bit'er-nes),  11.  [<  ME.  hitternesse, 
hiternesse,  <  AS.  hiternys,  <  biter  +  -nys:  see  bit- 
ter^,  a.,  and  -ness.]  The  state  or  qviality  of  be- 
ing bitter,  in  any  of  the  senses  of  that  word. 

She  was  in  bitterness  of  soul.  1  Sam.  i.  10. 

Shall  we  be  thus  aftlicted  in  his  wreaks, 
His  fits,  his  frenzy,  and  his  bitterness? 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  i. 
The  bitterness  and  animosity  between  the  commanders 
was  such  that  a  great  part  of  the  army  was  marched. 

Clarendon. 

The  bitterness  of  anger.  Longfellow. 

In  the  gall  of  bitterness,  in  a  state  of  extreme  impiety 
or  enmity  to  God.  Acts  viii.  23.— Root  of  bitterness, 
a  dangerous  error  or  schism  tending  to  draw  persons  to 
apostasy.  Heb.  xii.  15.  =  Syn.  Acrimony,  Asperity,  Harsh- 
ness, etc.  (see  aeritnony),  spite,  ill  will,  malignity,  heart- 
burning ;  grief,  distress,  heaviness, 
bitternut  (bit'er-nut),  n.  The  swamp-hickory 
of  the  United  States,  Carya  amara.  Its  nuts 
are  very  thin-shelled,  with  an  intensely  bitter 
kernel. 

bitter-root  (bit'er-rot),  n.  1.  The  big-root,  Me- 
garrhiza  Californica. —  2.  The  Lewisia  rediviva, 
a  plant  which  gives  its  name  to  the  Bitter  Root 
mountains  lying  between  Idaho  and  Montana. 
— 3.  Dogbane,  Apocynum  androsceniifolium. 

bitters  (bit'erz),  n.  pi.  [PI.  of  hitter'^,  rt.]  1. 
Bitter  medicines  generally,  as  cinchona,  qui- 
nine, etc. —  2.  Specifically,  a  liquor  (general- 
ly a  spirituous  liquor)  in  which  bitter  herbs 
or  roots  are  steeped.  Bitters  are  employed 
as  stomachics,  anthelminthics,  and  in  vari- 
ous other  ways.— Angostura  bitters,  a  bitter  tonic, 

much  used  in  the  West  Indies  as  a  preventive  against  ma- 
larial fevers  and  the  like.  Originally  made  at  Angostura 
or  Ciudad  Bolivar,  a  city  in  Venezuela,  it  is  now  made 
also  at  Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad.— Prairie  bitters,  a 
beverage  common  among  the  hunters  and  mountaineers 
of  western  America,  made  with  a  pint  of  water  and  a 
quarter  of  a  gill  of  buffalo-gall.  It  is  considered  by  them 
an  excellent  medicine. 


bitter-salt 

bitter-salt  (bit'er-salt),  n.  [<  hitter^  +  salt,  n. ; 

=  G.  hittersaJz  =  D.  bittersout.^    Epsom  salt; 

magnesium  sulphate, 
bittersgall  (bit'erz-gal),  71..    An  old  English 

name  for  the  fruit  of  the  wild  crab,  Pyrus 

mains. 

bitter-spar  (bit'er-spar),  n.  Rhomb-spar,  a 
mineral  crystallizing  in  rhombohedrons.  It  is 
the  same  as  dolomite,  or  carbonate  of  calcium 
and  magnesium. 

bitter-stem,  bitter-stick  (bit'er-stem,  -stick), 
H.  The  ehiretta  of  India,  Ophelia  Chirata,  a 
gentianaceous  plant  furnishing  a  valuable  bit- 
ter tonic. 

bitter-sweet  (bit'er-swet),  a.  and  n.    I.  «. 

Uniting  bitterness  and  sweetness;  pleasant 
and  painful  at  the  same  time. 

One  by  one  the  fresh-stirred  memories, 
So  bitter-sweet,  flickered  and  died  away. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  139. 

II.  n.  That  which  is  both  bitter  and  sweet : 
as,  the  hitter-sweet  of  life. 

I  have  known  some  few, 
And  read  of  more,  who  liave  liad  their  dose,  and  deep, 
Of  those  sharp  bitter-sweets. 

B.  Jonson,  .Sad  .Shepherd,  i.  2. 

bittersweet  (bit'er-swet),  n.  1.  The  woody 
nightshade,  Solanum  Dulcamara,  a  trailing 
plant,  native  of  Europe  and  Asia,  and  natural- 
ized in  the  United  States,     its  root  and  branches 


569 

vent  the  chain  from  jumping  off  while  veering. 
See  cut  under  hitt-stopper. 
bitt-stopper  (bit'stop"er),  n.    Naut.,  a  rope  or 


Flowering  branch  nf  the  Climbing  Bittersweet  {Celastrus  scan- 
dens),  with  fruit  and  flower  on  larger  scale.  (From  Gray's  "  Genera 
of  the  Plants  of  the  United  States." ) 

when  chewed  produce  first  a  bitter,  then  a  sweet  taste ; 
they  have  long  been  used  as  a  remedy  in  various  skin-dis- 
eases. Its  small  scarlet  berries,  resembling  red  currants, 
though  not  absolutely  poisonous,  are  not  wholesome.  The 
shruhhy,  false,  or  climbing  bittersweet  of  the  Ifnited  .States 
is  the  Celastrus  scandens,  also  known  as  the  staff-tree. 
2.  Same  as  hitter-sweeting. 
bitter-sweetingt  (bit'er-swe'ting),?).  A  variety 
of  apple. 

Thy  wit  is  a  very  bitter  sweeting.    Sfiak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  4. 

bitter-vetch  (bit'er-vech),  n.  A  name  popu- 
larly applied  to  two  kinds  of  leguminous  plants : 
(«)  to  Ervum  Ervilia,  a  lentil  cultivated  for 
fodder;  and  (&)  to  all  the  species  of  the  genus 
Orohiis,  now  included  in  the  genus  Lathyrus. 
Common  bitter-vetch  is  L.  macrorrliizus. 

bitter-weed  (bit'er-wed),  n.  A  name  given  to 
American  species  of  ragweed,  Amhrosia  arte- 
misiwfolia  and  A.  trifida. 

bitter-wood  (bit'er-wM),  n.  1.  The  timber  of 
Xylopia  glabra,  and  other  species  of  the  same 
genus.  All  of  them  are  noted  for  the  extreme 
bitterness  of  their  wood. — 2.  Aname  applied  to 
the  quassia  woods  of  commerce,  the  West  Indian 
Picrcena  excelsa  and  the  Surinam  Quassia  ama- 
ra.    See  quassia — White  bitter-wood,  of  Jamaica, 

a  meliaceous  tree,  Trichilia  spondioides. 

bitterwort  (bit'er-wert),  n.  Yellow  gentian, 
Gentiana  lutea,  and  some  other  species:  so 
called  from  their  remarkably  bitter  taste. 

bitt-head  (bit'hed),  71.  Naut.,  the  iipper  part 
of  a  bitt. 

bitting-harness  (bifing-har'nes),  w.  A  har- 
ness used  in  training  colts. 

bitting-rigging  (bit'ing-rig"ing),  71.  A  bridle, 
surcingle,  back-strap,  and  crupper  placed  on 
young  horses  to  give  them  a  good  carriage. 

bittle  (bit'l),  n.  A  Scotch  and  English  dia- 
lectal form  of  beetle^. 

bittlin  (bit'lin),  71.  [E.  dial. ;  perhaps  for  *bit- 
tling,  <  bitt,  bifi  (-  bntt^)  +  dim.  -Ii7ig.']  A 
milk-bowl.  G7-ose. 

bittock  (bit'ok),  M.  [<  bif^  +  dim.  -ocfc.]  A 
little  bit;  a  short  distance.  Scott;  Mrs.  Gore. 
[Scotch.] 

bittort,  bittourt,  n.  Obsolete  ft>rms  of  hitternA. 
bitt-pin  (bit'pin),  n.    Naut.,  a  large  iron  pin 
placed  in  the  head  of  the  cable-bitts  to  pre- 


Bitt  and  Bitt-stopper  on  Chaln-cable.   a,  bitt-pin. 

chain  stopper  made  fast  to  the  bitts,  and  used 
to  hold  a  cable  while  bitting  or  unbitting  it. 
bituberculate,  bituberculated  (bi-tii-ber'ku- 
lat,  -la-ted),  a.  [<  bi-'^  +  tuberctilatc.']  In  eii- 
t'om.,  having  two  tubercles  or  small  blunt  ele- 
vations. 

bitumet  (bi-tiim'),  «.  [<  F.  hitumc,  <  L.  bi- 
tumen :  see  bitumen.']  Bitumen:  as,  "hellebore 
and  black  bitume,"  May. 
bitume  (bi-tiim'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bitumed, 
-p-pr.  bituming.  [<  hitume,7i.']  To  cover  or  be- 
smear with  bitumen ;  bituminate. 

We  have  a  chest  beneath  the  hatches,  caulked  and  bi- 
tumed. Shak.,  Pericles,  iii.  1. 

The  basket  of  bulrushes  for  the  infant  Moses,  when 
thoroughly  bitumed,  was  well  adapted  to  the  purpose  for 
which  it  was  made.        W.  M.  Thomson,  Land  and  Book. 

bitumen  (bi-tii'men),  «.    [Early  mod.  E.  also 

bitUonen,  betu7nen  (also  hitumc,  bettunc,  betune  : 

see  bitume)  F.  bitume  =  Pr.  befu7u  =  Sp.  betun 

=  Pg.  bctume  =  It.  bitume,  <  L.  bitu7)ie7i.]  The 
name  given  by  Latin  writers,  especially  by 
Pliny,  to  various  forms  of  hydrocarbons  now 
included  under  the  names  of  asjihaltum,  7naltha, 
and  petroleu7n  (see  these  words).  Bitumen,  as  used 

by  artists,  is  a  mixture  of  asplialtum  with  a  drying-oil.  It 
produces  a  rich  brown  transparent  surface,  but  is  liable  to 
crack  and  blacken.— Bitumen  process,  in  photog.,  an 
early  method  of  producing  pictures  resting  upon  the' prop- 
erty of  sensitiveness  to  light  possessed  by  asphaltuin  or 
bitumen  of  Judaea.  The  process  has  received  a  modern 
application  in  some  systems  of  photo-engraving.  .See 
2>hotography,  and  Gillet  process,  under  photo-engravimi, 
—Elastic  bitumen.    See  elaterite. 

bituminate  (bi-tu'mi-nat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

bitumiuated,  ppr.  biUmiitiating.  [<  L.  bitumi- 
natus,  pp.  of  bitumitiare,  impregnate  with  bitu- 
men, <  hitume7i  {hitumin-),  bitumen.]  1.  To 
cement  with  bitumen. 

Bituminat'ed  walls  of  Babylon.  Feltham,  Resolves,  i.  46. 
2.  To  impregnate  with  bitumen, 
bituminiferous  (bi-tti-mi-nif'e-rus),  a.    [<  L. 
bitumen,  bitumen,  -f-  fer7-e  =  E.  &e«?'l.]  Pro- 
ducing bitumen. 

The  bituminiferous  substance  known  as  boghead  Can- 
nel  [coal].  W.  A.  Miller,  Elem.  of  Chem.,  §  1537. 

bituminization  (bi-tii"mi-ni-za'shon),  n.  [<  bi- 
tunmiize  +  -aiion.']  The  transformation  of  or- 
ganic matters  into  bitumen,  as  the  conversion 
of  wood  by  natiu'al  processes  into  several  va- 
rieties of  coal.    Also  spelled  hitu7ninisation. 

bituminize  (bi-tii'mi-niz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
hitumi)iised,  ppr.  bitu7ninizi7ig.  [<  bitumen  (hi- 
tumin-) +  -ize.]  To  form  into  or  impregnate 
with  bitumen.    Also  spelled  bituminise. 

bituminous  (bi-tii'mi-nus),  a.  [=  F.  hitU7ni- 
7ieux,  <  L.  hituminosus,  <  bitumen  {hitumin-),  bitu- 
men.] 1.  Of  the  nature  of  or  resembling  bitu- 
men.— 2.  Containing  bitumen,  or  made  iip  in 
part  of  the  hydrocarbons  which  form  asphal- 
tum,  maltha,  and  petroleum.    9>ee  petroleum. 

Near  that  bituminous  lake  where  Sodom  flamed. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  X.  562. 

Bituminous  cement,  or  bituminous  mastic,  a  cement 

or  mastic  in  which  bitumen,  especially  in  the  form  of  as- 
phalt, is  the  most  important  ingredient :  it  is  used  for  roofs, 
pavements,  cisterns,  etc. — Bituminous  COal,  soft  coal,  or 
coal  which  burns  with  a  bright-yellow  flame.  Soft  coal, 
semibituminous  coal,  and  hard  coal,  or  anthracite,  are  the 
three  most  important  varieties  of  coal.  See  coal. — Bitu- 
minous limestone,  limestone  containing  bituminous 
matter.  It  is  of  a  brown  or  black  color,  and  when  rubbed 
emits  an  unpleasant  odor.  That  of  Dalmatia  is  so  charged 
with  bitumen  that  it  maybe  cut  like  soap.— Bituminous 
Shale,  or  bituminous  schist,  an  argillaceous  shale  much 
impregnated  with  bitumen,  and  very  common  in  various 
geological  formations,  especially  in  the  Devonian  and 
Lower  Silurian.  Before  the  discovery  of  petroleum  in 
Pennsylvania  it  was  worked  to  some  extent  for  the  pm- 
duction  of  paraffin  and  other  useful  products. — Bitumi- 
nous springs,  springs  impregnated  with  petroleum, 
naphtha,  etc. 

biunguiculate  (bi-ung-gwik'u-lat),  a.  [<  &i-2 
-I-  unguiculate.]  Having  two  claws,  or  two 
parts  likened  to  claws;  doublv  hooked. 

biunity  (bi-ti'ni-ti),  n.  [<  6(-2  -f  miity.']  The 
state  or  mode  of  being  two  in  one,  as  trinity 
is  the  state  of  being  three  in  one. 


Bivalve  Shell  of  Cyiherea  chtotie. 
.4,  right  valve ;  5,  left  valve  ;  C,  dorsal  mar- 
gin :  D,  ventral  margin ;  £.  anterior  side  or 
front  margin  ;  F.  posterior  side  or  hinder  mar- 
gin ;  G,  umbo  ;  H .  hmge  and  hinge-teeth  :  o, 
cardinal  tooth  ;  x,  x,  lateral  teeth  ;  /,  ligament, 
ligament  pit  or  groove  :  y,  lunule  ;  K,  anterior 
muscular  impression  ;  Z,  posterior  muscular  im- 
pression ;  M,  pallial  impression  :  N.  abdominal 
impression  ;  O,  pallial  sinus. 


bivious 

biuret  (bi'u-ret),  ??.  [<  hi-'^  -f  urea  :  see  -uret.'\ 
A  compound  (C2H5N3O2  +  H2O)  forme<l  by 
exposing  urea  to  a  liigli  temperature  for  a  long 
time.  It  forms  crystals  readily  soluble  in  water 
and  alcohol, 
bivalence  (bi'va-  or  biv'a-lens),  n.  In  chem., 
a  valence  or  saturating  power  which  is  double 
that  of  the  hydrogen  atom, 
bivalency  (bi'va-  or  biv'a-len-si),  n.  Same 
as  hivatcuce. 

bivalent  (bi'va-  or  biv'a-lent),  a.  [<  L.  hi-,  two-, 
-f-  valcn{t-)s,  having  power.  Cf.  cqttivalcnt.] 
In  chem.,  applied  to  an  element  an  atom  of 
which  can  replace  two  atoms  of  hydrogen  or 
other  univalent  element,  or  to  a  radical  which 
has  the  same  valence  as  a  bivalent  atom.  Thu.s, 
calcium  in  its  chlorid,  CaClg,  replaces  two  atoms  of  hyilro- 
gen  in  hydrochloric  acid,  lif'l  ;  the  bivalent  radical  metliy- 
len,  ('H2,  in  its  chlorid,  V.U2^'^2t  shows  the  .same  valence. 

bivalve  (bi'valv),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  bivalve,  <  L. 
hi-,  two-,  +  ralvd,  door,  in  mod.  sense  'valve.'] 
I,  a.  1.  Having  two  leaves  or  folding  parts: 
as,  a  bivalve  speculum. — 2.  In  rooV.,  having 
two  shells  imited  by  a  hinge. — 3.  In  hot.,  hav- 
ing two  valves,  as  a  seed-case. 

II.  If.  ])l.  Folding  doors. —  2.  In  zoeil.,  a 
headless  lamellibranch  mollusk  whose  shell  has 
two  hinged  valves,  which  are  opened  and  shut 

by  appropri- 
ate muscles: 
opposed  to 
univalve.  in 
rare  cases,  as 
Pliolas,  tliere  are 
also  accessory 
valves  besides 
the  two  principal 
ones.  See  cut 
under  accessory. 
Familiar  exam- 
ples are  the 
oyster,  scallop, 
mussel,  etc. 
These  belong  to 
the  asiphonate 
division  of  bi- 
valves ;  the  clam, 
cob,  cockle,  ra- 
zor-shell, and 
many  otliers  are 
siphonate.  The 
piddock  belongs  to  the  genus  Pholas.  The  ship-worm, 
Teredo,  is  also  technically  a  bivalve.  See  lamellibranch. 
3.  In  hot.,  a  pericarp  in  which  the  seed-case 
opens  or  splits  into  two  parts —  Equilateral  bi- 
valve. See  equilateral. 
bivalved  (bi'valvd),  a.     [<  &j-2  -1-  valved.  Cf. 

bivalve.']  Having  two  valves.  Also  bivalvous. 
Bivalvia  (bi-val'vi-ii),  71.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
hivalvius,  <  L.  hi-,  two-,  -t-  valva,  door,  in  mod. 
sense  'valve.'  Cf.  bivalve.]  A  term  formerly 
used  for  all  the  bivalve  shells  or  lamelUbran- 
ehiate  mollusks,  but  now  superseded  by  the 
class  names  Acephcda,  Co7ichife7-a,  and  Lamelli- 
bi-ancliiata. 

bivalvous  (bi-val'vus),  a,  [<  bivalve  +  -ous.] 
Same  as  bivalved. 

bivalvular  (bi-val'vu-lar),  a.  [<  bivalve,  after 
valvular.]  Having  two  valves:  said  especial- 
ly of  the  shells  of  certain  mollusks  and  of  the 
seed-vessels  of  certain  plants.    See  bivalve. 

bivascular  (bi-vas'kii-lar),  a.  [<  L.  hi-,  two-, 
+  rasculutn,  a  small  vessel;  after  vascular.] 
Having  two  cells,  compartments,  or  vessels. 

bivaulted  (bi'val-ted),  a.  [<  6/-2  -I-  vaulted.] 
Ha\ing  two  vaults  or  arches. 

biventer  (bi-ven'tcr),  71.  [NL.,  <  L.  hi-,  two-, 
+  venter,  belly.]  A  muscle  of  the  back  of  the 
neck,  so  called  from  having  two  fleshy  bellies, 
with  an  intervening  tendinous  portion,  it  is  com- 
monly distinguished  from  other  biventral  or  digastric  mus- 
cles as  the  biventer  cerricis.  It  occurs  in  man,  various 
mammals,  birds,  etc.    Also  called  bigaster. 

biventral  (bi-ven'tral),  a.  [<  -f  ventral.'] 
Digastric ;  having  two  bellies,  as  a  muscle. 
See  biventer. 

biverb  (bi'verb),  «.  [<  L.  hi-,  two-,  -t-  verhum, 
word.]    A  name  composed  of  two  words. 

biverbal  (bi-ver'bal),  a.  [<  hi-^  +  verbal.  Cf. 
bivo'b.]    Relating  to  two  words ;  punning. 

As  some  stories  are  said  to  be  too  good  to  be  true,  it  may 
with  equal  truth  be  asserted  of  this  biverbal  allusion,  that 
it  is  too  good  to  be  natural.        Lamb,  Popular  Fallacies. 

bivial  (biv'i-al),  o.  [<  L.  bivius  (see  birious) 
+  -al.  Cf.  trivial.]  1.  Going  in  two  direc- 
tions.—  2.  In  eehinoderms.  of  or  pertaining  to 
the  bivium:  as,  the  bivial  (posterior)  ambu- 
lacra. Huxley. 

bivioust  (biv'i-us),  a.  [<  L.  6u'n<.s,  having  two 
ways,  <  hi-,  two-,  +  via  —  E.  way.]  Having 
two  ways,  or  leading  two  ways. 

Bivious  theorems,  and  Janus-faced  doctrines. 

Sir  T.  Broume,  Christ.  Mor.,  ii  3. 


bivittate 

bivittatc  (bi-v-it'at),  a.  [<       +  i,itta  +  -afe^.'] 

I.  In  hot.,  having  two  vitto  or  oil-tubes:  ap- 
plied to  the  fruit  of  some  UmbeUifera:~2.  In 
sooL,  marked  with  two  longitudinal  stripes. 

bivium  (biv'i-um),  «.  [NL.,  neut.  of  L.  biviiis  : 
see  bivious.'i  In  eehinoderms,  the  ambulacra  of 
the  two  posterior  arms  or  rays  taken  together 
and  distinguished  from  the  three  anterior  rays 
collectively.  See  trivium,  and  cut  under  Spa- 
tangoida. 

In  the  fossil  genus  Dysaster  tliis  separation  of  tlie  am- 
bulacra into  trivium  and  bivium  exists  naturally. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  488. 

bivocalized  (bi-v6'kal-izd),  a.  Placed  between 
two  vowels. 

bivouac  (biv'o-ak),  n.  [Also  bivouack,  in  18th 
centmy  occasionally  biouac,  biovac,  biliovac,  < 

F.  bivouac,  formerly  biouac,  orig.  birac,  prob.  < 

G.  dial.  (Swiss)  beiwacht,  a  patrol  of  citizens 
added  in  time  of  alarm  or  commotion  to  the 
regular  town  watch  (cf.  G.  bciwache,  a  keep- 
ing watch),  <  bei,  =E.  by,  +  *wacht,  G.  ivache  = 
E.  icatch,  An  encampment  of  soldiers  in  the 
open  air  without  tents,  each  soldier  remaining 
dressed  and  with  his  weapons  by  him ;  hence, 
figuratively,  a  position  or  situation  of  readi- 
ness for  emergencies,  or  a  situation  demanding 
extreme  watchfulness. 

We  followed  up  our  victory  until  night  overtook  us 
about  two  miles  from  Port  Gibson  ;  then  the  troops  went 
into  bivouac  for  the  night. 

U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I.  484. 
In  the  world's  broad  field  of  battle. 

In  the  bivouac  of  Life, 
Be  not  like  dumb,  driven  cattle  ! 
Be  a  hero  in  the  strife ! 

Longfellow,  Psalm  of  Life. 

bivouac  (biv'o-ak),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bivou- 
acked,-p-pr.  bivouacking.  [<  bivouac,  7)  .~\  To  en- 
camp in  the  open  air  without  tents  or  cover- 
ing, as  soldiers  on  a  march  or  in  expectation 
of  an  engagement. 

We  passed  on  for  about  half  a  mile  in  advance,  and 
bivouacked  on  some  rising  ground. 

Sir  S.  W.  Baker,  Heart  of  Africa,  p.  180. 
The  Chasseurs  Normandie  arrive  dusty,  thirsty,  after  a 
hard  day's  ride,  but  can  find  no  billet-master.  .  .  .  Nor- 
mandie  must  even  bivouac  there  in  its  dust  and  thirst. 

Carlyle,  J'rench  Rev. 

biwai  (be'wa),  n.  [Jap.,  =  Chinese  pi-2)a,  the 
Chinese  medlar.]  The  loquat;  the  fruit  of  the 
Photinia  Japonica. 

bi'wa^  (be'wa),  n.  [Jap.,  =  Chinese  pi-pa,  a 
guitar.]  A  Japanese  musical  instrument  with 
four  strings,  resembling  a  flat  mandolin. 

bi'Weekly  (bi-wek'li),  «.  and  adv.  [<  bi-^  -\- 
weeklij.^  I,  a.  Occurring  or  appearing  every 
two  weeks:  as,  a  biweekly  magazine.  Sometimes 

erroneously  used  in  place  of  semiweekly,  for  or  occurring 
twice  in  a  week. 

II.  adv.  Fortnightly, 
bi'wepet,  v.    An  obsolete  form  of  beweep. 
Bixaceae  (bik-sa'sf-e),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Bixa,  the 

typical  genus,  +  -acew.']  A  natural  order  of 
polypetalous  exogenous  plants,  nearly  related 

to  the  Violacece.  They  are  mostly  shrubs  or  trees, 
natives  of  the  warmer  regions  of  the  globe,  and  of  little 
economic  importance.  There  are  about  30  genera,  mostly 
small.  The  most  prominent  species  is  Bixa  Orellana, 
yielding  arnotto.    See  cut  under  arnotto. 

bixin  (bik'sin),  w.  [<  Biia  + -in^.']  1.  The  or- 
ange-coloring principle  (C16H26O2)  of  arnotto, 
a  vermilion-red  powder,  insoluble  in  water  or 
ether,  but  soluble  in  alcohol  and  benzol.— 2. 
A  variety  of  arnotto,  having  from  six  to  ten 
times  the  coloring  power  of  common  arnotto, 
from  quicker  extraction. 

biza,  n.    See  bisa. 

bizardt  (biz'ard),  w.    Same  as  bizarre. 

bizarre  (bi-zar'),  a.  and  n.  [F.  (formerly  also 
bigearre,  bijarre),  strange,  capricious,  formerly 
headlong,  angry,  orig.  valiant,  =  It.  bizzarro, 
irascible,  choleric,  <  Sp.  Pg.  bizarro,  gallant, 
brave,  valiant,  perhaps  <  Basque  bizarra,  a 
beard;  cf.  Sp.  liombre  de  bigote,  a  man  of  spirit 
ibigote,  mustache).]  I.  a.  Odd;  fanciful;  fan- 
tastical; whimsical;  grotesque. 

Although  he  was  very  grave  in  his  own  person,  he  loved 
the  most  bizarr  and  irregular  wits. 

Roger  North,  Life  of  Lord  Guilford,  i.  117. 
Matter  and  Motions  are  bizarr  things,  humoursome  and 
capricious  to  excess.  Gentleman  Instructed,  p.  559. 

These  paintings  .  .  .  depended  from  the  walls  not  only 
in  their  main  surfaces,  but  in  very  many  nooks  which  the 
bizarre  architecture  of  the  chateau  rendered  necessary. 

Poe,  Tales,  I.  366. 

II.  n.  A  variety  of  carnation  in  which  the 
white  ground-color  is  striped  -with  two  colors, 
one  darker  than  the  other, 
bizarrerie  (bi-za're-ri),  ».    [<  F.  bizarrerie,  < 
bizarre.']    Bizarre  quality. 


570 

bizcacha  (bith-ka'cha),  n.    Same  as  viscacha. 
bizelt,       An  obsolete  form  of  bezel. 
Bizen  ware.   See  pottery. 
bizlet,  V.    Same  as  bezzle. 

bizmellaht  (biz-mel'a),  interj.   Same  as  bismil- 
lah. 

bizygomatic  (bi-zi-go-mat'ik),  a.    [<  &i-2  -|- 
zygomatic.']    Pertaining  to  the  two  zygomatic 
arches  :  as,  the  bizygomatic  breadth, 
bjelkite  (biel'kit),  «.    [<  Bjelke  (see  def.)  + 
-ite2.]    A  variety  of  the  mineral  cosalite  from 
the  Bjelke  mine,  Nordmark,  Sweden, 
bk.,  bks.    Abbreviations  of  book,  books. 
B.  L.   An  abbreviation  (a)  of  Bachelor  of  Law  ; 

(b)  in  com.,  of  bdl  of  lading. 
blabi  (blab),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  blabbed,  ppr. 
blabbing.     [In  ME.  only  in  the  freq.  form 
(which  is  preferred  for  such  words ;  cf.  babble, 
gabble,  gabber,  jabber,  etc.),  but  the  derived 
noun  blabbe,  a  blab,  telltale,  occurs:  see  blab^, 
n.,  and  blabber'^,  v.]    I,  trans.  To  utter  or  tell 
in  a  thoughtless  or  unnecessary  manner  (what 
ought  to  be  kept  secret) ;  let  out  (secrets). 
Oh,  that  delightful  engine  of  her  thoughts, 
That  blabb'd  them  with  such  pleasing  eloquence. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iii.  1. 
Yonder  a  vile  physician,  blabbing 
The  case  of  his  patient. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  xxvii.  3. 
II.  intrans.  To  talk  indiscreetly ;  tattle  ;  tell 
tales. 

■you're  sure  the  little  milliner  won't  blab  ? 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  3. 
But  letters,  however  carefully  drilled  to  be  circumspect, 
are  sure  to  blab,  and  those  of  Pope  leave  in  the  reader's 
mind  an  unpleasant  feeling  of  circumspection. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  427. 

blabi  (blab),  n.  [<  ME.  blabbe :  see  blab'i-,  v.'] 
A  babbler ;  a  telltale ;  one  who  betrays  secrets, 
or  tells  things  which  ought  to  be  kept  secret. 

Good  merchant,  lay  your  fingers  on  your  moutli ; 
Be  not  a  blab.  Greene,  James  IV.,  v. 

Excluded 

All  friendship,  and  avoided  as  a  blab, 
The  mark  of  fool  set  on  his  front ! 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  495. 
Show  me  a  very  inquisitive  body,  I'll  show  you  a  Uab. 

Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 

blabSf  (blab),  n.  [Another  form  of  bleh,  blob.'] 
A  bubble  ;  a  blister ;  a  swelling, 
blab^t  (blab),  v.  i.  or  t.  [<  blab'^,  «.]  To  swell 
out  or  up ;  make  swollen,  as  the  cheeks. 
blabberH  (blab'er),  v.  i.  [<  ME.  blaberen,  stam- 
mer, talk  without  reason,  blabber,  blab,  =  LG. 
blabbern  =  G.  plappern,  blab,  babble,  =  Dan. 
blabbre,  blabber,  gabble :  imitative  words,  prob. 
in  part  of  independent  origin.  Similar  forms 
of  imitative  origin  are  Sw.  dial,  bladdra,  blaf- 
fra,  prattle,  D.  LG.  G.  blaffen  (>  E.  blaff), 
yelp;  OHG.  blabbizon,  MHG.  blepzen,  babble; 
ML.  blaberare,  for  L.  blaterare,  babble ;  Gael. 
blabarun,  a  stammerer,  hlabhdach,  babbling, 
plahair,  a  babbler;  E.  blather,  blether'^,  bab- 
ble, etc.]  1.  To  speak  inarticulately;  babble; 
mumble. 

Now  you  may  see  how  easie  it  is  to  speak  right,  and  not 
to  blabber  like  boors  in  any  speecli. 

Wodroephe,  Fr.  and  Eng.  Gram.  (1623),  p.  126. 

2.  To  tell  tales;  blab;  talk  idly.— 3.  To  fib; 
falter.  Skinner. —  4.  To  whistle  to  a  horse. 
Skinner. 

blabberi  (blab'er),  n.  [<  blabber^,  v.]  A  tat- 
tler; a  telltale. 

'Tis  fairies'  treasure, 
Which  but  reveal'd,  brings  on  the  blabber's  ruin. 

Massinger  and  Field,  Fatal  Dowry,  iv.  1. 

blabber2  (blab'er),  «.  [<  ME.  blaber,  blabyr. 
Cf.  blab'^,  bleb,  blob,  blabber,  blubber,  etc.] 
Swollen;  protruding:  as,  blabber-lipped;  blab- 
ber cheeks. 

blabberingt  (blab'er-ing),  a.  Inarticulate; 
babbling. 

blabber-lippedt  (blab'er-lipt),  a.  [<  ME.  bla- 
l'!/>'^!/Pl>ed,  also  blabberlipped :  see  blabber"^  And 
hlitbber-lipped.]  Having  swollen  or  protruding 
lips;  blubber-lipped, 
blabbing  (blab'ing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  6?a6l,  v.] 
Having  the  character  of  a  blab ;  talking  indis- 
creetly; tattling:  as,  "the  blabbing  eastern 
scout,"  Milton,  Comus,  1.  138. 
black  (blak),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  blak,  blek,  bleke, 
<  AS.  blcBC  (in  def.  infiection  blaca,  blace,  some- 
times with  long  vowel  bldca,  bldce,  and  thus 
confused  with  bide,  blcec,  ME.  blake,  etc.,  shin- 
ing, white  (see  ftfeafci),  =OHG.  (in  comp.)  blah, 
blach),  black,  =  (with  appar.  diff.  orig.  suffix) 
Icel.  blakkr,  dark,  dusky,  =  Sw.  black,  grayish, 
dark,  =  Dan.  blak,  dark  (whence  the  noun, 
AS.  &tec  =  MLG.  blackyluQ.  Wafc  =  MHG.  black 


black 

=  Icel.  blck  r=  Sw.  black  =  Dan  hla'k,  ink:  see 
block) ;  prob.  from  a  verb  repr.  secondarily  by 
D.  hlaken,  burn,  scorch,  freq.  blakeren,  scorch, 
MLG.  {>G.)blakcn,  burn  with  much  smoke,  LG. 
verblckken,  scorch  as  the  sun  scorches  grain ; 
perhaps  akin  to  h.flagrarc,  Gr.  (ji'Xiyav,  burn :  see 
flagrant,  flame,  phlegm.  Hence  blatch,  block, 
bletch,  bleach^;  but  not  connected,  unless  re- 
motely, with  hleak^,  bleach^,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  1. 
Possessing  in  the  highest  degree  the  property 
of  absorbing  light;  reflecting  and  transmitting 
httle  or  no  light ;  of  the  color  of  soot  or  coal ; 
of  the  darkest  possible  hue ;  sable ;  optically, 
wholly  destitute  of  color,  or  absolutely  dark, 
whether  from  the  absence  or  from  the  total  ab- 
sorption of  light:  opposed  to  tvhite. 

I  spy  a  black,  suspicious,  threat'ning  cloud. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  v.  3. 
On  either  hand,  as  far  as  eye  could  see, 
A  great  black  swamp  and  of  an  evil  smell. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 
A  black  body  is  one  which  absorbs  every  ray  which  falls 
on  it.    It  can,  therefore,  neither  reflect  nor  transmit.  A 
mass  of  coke  suggests  the  conception  of  such  a  body. 

Tail,  Light,' §  307. 

Hence— 3.  Characterized  by  the  absence  of 
light;  involved  or  enveloped  in  darkness. 

In  the  twilight,  in  the  evening,  in  the  black  and  dark 
night.  prov.  vii.  9. 

And,  beauty  dead,  black  chaos  comes  again. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  1020. 

3.  Dismal;  gloomy;  sullen  and  forbidding:  as, 
a  black  prospect.— 4.  Destitute  of  moral  light 
or  goodness;  evil;  wicked;  atrocious:  as,  black 
deeds. 

"  Thou  art,"  quoth  she,  "  a  sea,  a  sovereign  king, 
And,  lo,  there  falls  into  thy  boundless  flood 
Black  lust,  dishonour,  shame,  misgoverning." 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  654. 
During  stages  in  which  maintenance  of  authority  is 
most  imperative,  direct  disloyalty  is  considered  the  black- 
est of  crimes.  //.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  532. 

5.  Calamitous;  disastrous;  bringing  ruin  or 
desolation:  as,  fttocfc  tidings ;  fttocA:  Friday. 

Black  tidings  these,  .  .  .  blacker  never  came  to  New 
England.  Hau'thorne,  Twice-Told  Tales,  II. 

6.  Deadly;  malignant;  baneful:  as,  a  black 
augury. 

Taking  thy  part,  hath  rush'd  aside  the  law. 
And  turned  that  black  word  death  to  banishment. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  3. 

7.  Clouded  with  anger;  frowning;  threaten- 
ing; boding  ill:  as,  black  looks. 

She  hath  abated  me  of  half  my  train  ; 
Look'd  black  upon  me ;  struck  me  witli  her  tongue. 

Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  4. 

8.  Wearing  black  or  dark  clothing,  armor,  etc. : 
as,  Edward  the  Black  Prince;  hhick  friars.— 

9.  Stained  with  dirt;  soiled;  dirty:  as,  black 
hands.  [Colloq.]-Black  Act,  Black  acts.  See  act. 
—Black  amber.  Same  as  je^.— Black  and  blue,  having 
the  dark  livid  color  of  a  bruise  in  the  flesli,  which  is  ac- 
companied with  a  mixture  of  blue.    See  blue  and  blae. 

Mistress  Ford  ...  is  beaten  black  and  blue,  that  you 
cannot  see  a  white  spot  about  her. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  5. 
Black  and  tan,  having  black  hair  upon  the  back,  and 
tan  or  yellowish-brown  upon  the  face,  flanks,  and  legs  as 
some  dogs  :  said  specifically  of  a  kind  of  terrier  dog,  and 
sometimes  used  elliptically  as  a  substantive. 

Consider  the  St.  Bernards  and  the  mastiffs,  the  pugs 
and  the  bull-dogs,  the  black-and-tans  and  the  King  Char- 
I'es-  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVIIL  599. 

Black  antimony,  art,  assembly,  bead-tree,  bear- 
berry,  etc.  See  under  the  nouns.— Black  belt,  that  region 
of  the  southern  United  States,  comprising  portions  of 
South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  and  Loui- 
siana, in  which  the  ratio  of  tlie  colored  population  to  the 
white  is  greatest.  —  Black  bile.    See  atrabile. -^Bl&Cii 

bindweed,  book,  canker,  chalk,  death,  etc.  See  the 

nouns.—  Black  drink,  a  decoction  of  tlie  leaves  of  Ilex 
cassme,  used  by  the  Indians  of  the  soutliern  United  States 
as  a  medicine  and  as  a  drink  of  ceremony.  — Black  earth 
See  eor(/i.— Black  Flags,  bands  of  irregular  soldiers  in- 
festing the  upper  valley  of  the  Red  River  in  Tonquin. 
They  were  originally  survivors  of  the  Taiping  rebellion  in 
China;  increased  by  the  accession  of  various  adventurers, 
they  fought  against  the  French  in  their  wars  with  Annam, 
about  1873-85.— Black  Friday,  frost,  etc.  See  the  nouns. 
—Black  glass,  a  glass  made  in  Venice  of  sand,  sulphur,  and 
peroxid  of  manganese.  It  is  of  a  deep-black  color.--Black 
hagden.  See  hagden.— Black  Hand,  an  anarchistic 
society  in  Spain  composed  of  members  of  tlie  laboring 
classes.  Many  of  its  members  in  southern  Spain  were 
arrested  and  imprisoned  in  1883.  — Black  Harry,  Black 
■Will,  local  names  in  the  United  States  of  the  sea-bass, 
Centropristes  ./'MriiMs.— Black  herring.    See  herring.— 

Black  in  the  flesh,  and  waxed  and  black  in  the  grain, 

terms  applied  to  skins  curried  on  the  inner  and  outer  sides 
respectively.  The  former  is  applied  to  the  uppers  of 
men's  shoes,  and  the  latter  of  women's.  — Black  japan. 
See  japan.— Black  Maria,  a  closely  covered  vehicle,  usu- 
ally painted  black,  used  in  conveying  prisoners  to  and 
from  jail.— Black  martin,  Monday,  naphtha,  ocher, 
etc.  See  the  nouns.— Black  rent,  exactions  formerly 
levied  by  native  chieftains  in  Ireland,  particularly  upon 
districts  where  English  were  settled. 


black 

Besides  the  payment  of  black  rent,  the  commons  of  Ire- 
land were  oppressed  by  innumerable  exactions. 

Bagwell,  Ireland  under  the  Tudors. 

Black  rot,  rust.   See  the  nouns.— Black  silver.  See 

«?<;/(Aartift'.  — Black-spot,  a  disease  of  rose-buslies,  charac- 
terized by  diffuse,  dark-colored  spots  on  the  upper  surface 
of  the  leaves.  It  is  caused  by  a  parasitic  fungus,  Asteroma 
iJosfjp.— Black  sugar,  Spanish  licorice.  [Scotch.]— Black 
tin.   See       — Black  ware.   Same  as  basalt  ware  (whicli 


571 

blacking  and  brushing  them. —  3.  To  blacken; 
stain;  sully;  defame.  [Rare.] 

Thou  blacked' St  no  man's  character,  devoured'st  no  man's 
biead.  Stcriie,  Tristram  Shandy,  iii.  34. 

To  black  down  to  tar  and  ljlack(a  ship  s  rigging). 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  become  black;  take  on  a 
black  color.— 2t.  To  poach.    See  iZacA', 


see,  under  i.«.«i?0.- Black -Britch.  See  ani.  (For  a  num-  blackamOOI  (blak'a-mor),  )).     FAlso  formerly 

blachmoor,  blackamore,  Wachemore,  -moor,  etc., 
Sc.  hlackijmorc ;  orig.  and  prop,  hlackmoor, 
blade  Moor,  <  black  +  Moor.  The  inserted  a 
is  meaningless;  cf.  hlackavised.']  A  negro;  a 
black  man  or  woman. 


I  care  not  an  she  were  a  hlack-a-moor. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  1. 
I  am  sure  I  hated  your  poor  dear  uncle  before  marriage 


age,  +  -ed2.  The  inserted  a  is  meaningless  ; 
cf.  blackamoor.']  Dark-complexioned. 

I  would  advise  her  blacka viced  suitor  to  look  out;  if 
another  comes  with  a  longer  or  clearer  rent-roll,  he's 
dished.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Jane  EjTe,  .\i.v. 

blackback  (blak'bak),  n.  1.  The  great  black- 
backed  gull,  Zarus  marinns.  Eingsleij.  Also 
called  saddle-back,  coffin-carrier,  and  cob.— 2 


ber  of  compounds  with  black  as  their  first  member,  see 
below ;  in  many  of  these  cases  it  is  generally  printed  as  a 
separate  word.] 

II.  n.  1.  Black  color;  the  darkest  color, 
properly  the  negation  of  all  color:  the  opposite 
of  white.  The  darkness  of  this  color  arises  from  the 
circumstance  that  the  substances  composing  oi-  producing 
it,  as  in  a  pigment  or  dye,  absorb  all  the  rays  of  liglit  and 
reflect  none.  In  heraldry  this  hue  or  tincture  is  termed 
sable. 

2.  A  black  dye 
grays. — 3.  A  black 
of  the  eye ;  spec 

the  pupil:  in  opposition  to  the  white 

The  black  or  sight  of  the  eye.  Sir  K.  Digby. 

4.  Black  clothing,  especially  when  -worn  as  a 
sign  of  mourning :  as,  to  be  in  black :  sometimes 
used  in  the  plural. 

He  has  now  put  off 
The  funeral  black  your  rich  heir  wears  with  joy. 
When  he  pretends  to  weep  for  Ms  dead  father. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Cui-ate,  i.  1. 
Should  I  not  put  on  blacks  when  each  one  here 
Comes  \vith  his  cypress  and  devotes  a  tear? 

Herrick,  Death  of  H.  Laives. 

5.  pi.  Funeral  drapery,  consisting  of  hangings 
of  black  cloth.  — 6t.  A  mute;  one  of  the  hired 
mom-ners  at  a  funeral. 

I  do  pray  ye 
To  give  me  leave  to  live  a  little  longer. 
You  stand  about  me  like  my  Blacks. 

Fletcher,  Mons.  Thomas,  iii.  1. 

7.  A  member  of  one  of  the  dark-colored  races ; 
a  negro  or  other  dark-skinned  person. — Sf.  One 
with  the  face  blacked  or  disguised;  specifi- 
cally, a  deer-stealer ;  a  poacher. 

The  Waltham  blacks  at  length  committed  such  enormi- 
ties, that  government  was  forced  to  interfere,  with  that 
severe  and  sanguinary  act,  called  the  "Black  Act." 

Gilbert  White,  Hist,  of  Selborne,  vii. 

9.  A  small  flake  of  soot ;  smut:  usually  plural. 

A  fog  out  of  doors  that  tastes  of  blacks  and  smells  of  de- 
composed frost.  Sir  C.  Young. 

Can  I  help  it  if  the  blacks  will  fly,  and  the  things  must 
be  rinsed  agam  ?  D.  Jerrold,  Caudle  Lectures,  xvii. 

10.  A  dark  stain  or  smear. — 11.  jjl-  Ink  used 
in  copperplate  printing,  prepared  from  the 
charred  husks  of  the  grape  and  the  residue  of 
the  wine-press. — 12.  lu  printing,  any  mark  on 
the  paper  between  the  lines  or  letters  caused  „„„„  ironstone 
by  the  nsmg  of  the  leads,  etc.,  to  the  level  of  black-bass  (blak'bas'), 

the  type:  commonly  in  the  plural  Aniline     '       '       -  -    -  -  " 

black,  a  color  produced  by  dyers  directly  upon  the  fiber 
itself,  by  the  oxidation  of  the  hydrochlorid  of  aniline  with 
bichroinate  of  potash.  It  is  a  very  permanent  dye.— 
Animal  black.  Same  as  ioiie-ftZacA-.- Brunswick  black 
Same  as  japan  lacquer  {which  see,  under  jap«;i).—  Chem-^ 
ical  black,  a  color  formerly  obtained  in  dyeing  cotton  by 
boihng  gallnuts  in  pyroligneous  acid,  adding  "nitrate  of 
iron  ■  and  flour.—  Chrome-black,  a  color  produced  in 
dyemg  cotton  or  wool  by  mordanting  with  bichromate  of 
potash  and  dyeing  with  logwood.— Common  black  a 
color  produced  by  dyeing  with  logwood,  sumac,  fustic 
and  a  mixture  of  green  and  blue  vitriol.— Copperas- 
black,  a  color  produced  in  dyeing  inferior  carpets,  etc 
by  mordanting  with  a  mixture  of  ferrous  sulphate  and 
copper  sulphate  and  dyeing  with  logwood.— Cork-black 
a  black  obtained  by  burning  cork  in  closed  vessels.— 
Drop-black,  a  better  grade  of  bone-black  ground  in  w  a- 
ter, and  m  tliis  pasty  state  formed  into  drops  and  dried. 
—Frankfort  black,  a  pigment  formerly  made  by  burn- 
ing the  lees  of  wine,  but  now  merely  a  better  grade  of 
bone-black.  Also  called  German  fcMcit.— Gas-black  a 
species  of  lampblack  obtained  by  burning  natural  gas'in 
small  jets  against  a  revolving  iron  cylinder.— German 
black.  Same  as  Frankfort  black.— Sa.Tt'S  black  a 
black  made  from  harts'  horns.  —  Hydrocarbon  black. 
Same  as  gas-black.— In.  black  and  white,  (a)  In  writ- 
ing or  print:  as,  to  put  a  statement  in  black  and  white, 
(h)  In  the  fine  arts,  with  no  colors  but  black  and  white. 
The  term  is  often  extended  to  include  (as  in  exhibitions 
of  "works  in  black  and  white")  monochromes  of  any 
sort,  as  sepia  drawings.— Iron-black,  a  powder  consist- 
ing of  finely  divided  antimony  obtained  by  precipitating 
It  from  its  solution  in  an  acid  by  means  of  metallic  zinc. 
—  Logwood-black,  in  dyeinrj,  a  black  obtained  by  mor- 
danting the  cotton  with  a  salt  of  iron  and  then  dyeing 
with  a  decoction  of  logwood.— Mineral  black.  See 
)7u?UTa?.— Plate-black,  a  combination  of  lampblack  and 
bone-black  m  various  proportions,  used  in  plate-printing. 
—Sedan  black,  an  intense  black  color  produced  by  first 
dyeing  cloth  blue  with  woad,  then  washing  it  in  water 
containing  logwood  and  sumac,  and  boiling~it  for  several 

^Slf^'"  S  "■'"'-■'^  ^  solution  of  iron  sulphate  is  black-bectle  fblak'be  tl)^  )7 

added.- Spanish  black,  a  black  pigment  obtained  from     ^  -  weetie  (  uidK  oe  ll),  n. 
bm-nt  cork. —Vine-black.  Same  as  blue-black,  n.,  2.  (See 
bone-black,  ivory-black,  lampblack,  peach-black,  and  plati- 
num-black.) 

black  (blak),  V.  [<  ME.  blacken,  Uaken ;  <  black,    cut  under  Blattidw. 
«.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make  black;  blacken  or  put  blackbelly  (blak'tael'-'i),  n. 


black-brush' 

blackberry  (blak'bcr  i;,  n.;  pi.  blackberries 
(-1Z),  [<  ME.  Makberije,  blakebcrie,  <  AS.  bla-c- 
beric,  prop,  written  apart,  blcec  berie,  pi.  blace 
berian:  see  black  and  terri/l.]  1.  The  fruit  of 
those  species  of  liubus  in  which  the  recepta- 
cle becomes  juicy  and  falls  oil  with  the  drupe- 
lets, in  distinction  from  the  raspbeny.  ihe 
principal  European  species  is  H.  Jruticosus.  In  the 
I  nited  States  there  are  several  kinds,  as  the  high  black- 
beny,  B.  villosun,  some  varieties  of  whicli  are  extensively 
cultivated;  the  low  blackberry  or  <lewberry.  It.  Canaden- 
sis; the  bush-blackberry,  B.  trivitdis,  of  the  Southern 
States;  the  running  swamp-blackberry,  Jt.  hinpidits ;  and 
the  sand-blackberry,  /{.  cunei.foliiis.  In  Scotland  generally 
called  bramble,  and  in  the  west  of  .Scotland  Olack-boi/d  or 
black-bide. 

2.  In  some  parts  of  England,  the  black  currant, 
liibes  nigrum. 


blackberries —  Go  a  blakeberyedt,  a  iloubtf  ul  phrase 
occurring  once  in  Chaucer  in  llie  Pardoner's  Tale: 
1  rekke  never,  «  han  that  lien  beryed, 
Though  that  her  soules  gon  a  blakeberyed. 
(Skeat  explains  blakeberyed,  apparently  a  past  participle, 
as  a  verbal  substantive,  and  the  whole  phrase  as  meaning 
■'go  a  blackberrying,  "  that  is,  go  where  theyplease.  The 
grammatical  explanation  is  doubtless  correct ;  but  the 
context  seems  to  show  that  the  phrase  is  a  humorous  eu- 
phemism for  "go  to  hell." 


Al  1T*1  X    I  IT-.-.    —  piiciiiisiii  loi  L<1  Jieii. 

A  local  Irish  name  (about  Belfast)  of  the  com-  blackbird  (blak'berd),  n.    1.  The  English 


mon  flounder, 
blackball  (blak'bal),  n.  1.  A  blacking  com- 
position used  by  shoemakers,  etc.  Also  called 
heel-ball. —  2.  A  name  applied  to  both  the  smut 
and  the  bunt  of  wheat. —  3.  An  adverse  vote. 
See  blackball,  v.  t. 
•blackball  (blak'bal),  v.  t.  To  reject  (as  a  can- 
didate for  election  to  membership  or  oflBce  in 
any  club,  society,  etc.)  by  placing  black  balls 
in  the  ballot-box;  exclude  or  defeat  by  ad- 
verse vote ;  also,  simply  to  vote  against.  See 
ballot''-,  71.,  3. 

If  you  do  not  teU  me  who  she  is  directly,  you  shall  never 
get  into  'Wliite's.    I  will  blackball  you  regularly. 

Disraeli,  Young  Duke,  II.  ii. 
blackballing  (blak'bal-ing),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of 
blackball,  r.]    The  act  of  rejecting  or  voting 
against  a  candidate  by  the  use  of  black  balls. 

Y'our  story  of  the  blackballing  amused  me. 

Lamb,  Letter  to  B.Barton. 

blackband  (blak'band),  n.  In  mining  and 
metal.,  a  kind  of  iron  ore,  which  consists  essen- 
tially of  carbonate  of  iron  intimately  mixed 
with  coal.  It  is  a  very  important  ore  of  iron,  especially 
in  Scotland,  w^here  its  true  nature  was  discovered  about 
the  beginning  of  the  present  century.  Often  called  black- 
band  ironstone. 

,,  n.  1.  A  eentrarchoid 
American  fish  of  the  genus  Micropterus.  The  body 
is  oblong ;  tlie  dorsal  fin  is  low,  especially  the  spinous  por- 
tion of  it,  which  is  separated  from  the  soft  part  bv  an  emar- 
gination ;  the  anal  fin  is  shorter  than  the  soft  part  of  the 
dorsal,  with  three  small  spines ;  and  the  caudal  fin  is  eniar- 
ginate.  The  color  is  dark,  and  the  cheeks  and  opereules 
are  crossed  by  three  dark  oblique  stripes.  Two  species  are 
known,  the  large-mouthed  black-bass,  ilicropterus  salmo- 
ides,  extending  from  Canada  and  the  great  lakes  south- 
west into  Texas  and  southeast  into  Florida,  and  the  small- 
mouthed  black-bass,  Micropterus  dolomieu,  ranging  from 


name  of  a  species  of  thrush,  Morula  merula, 
Turdns  merula,  or  Merula  vulgaris,  common 
throughout  Eui-ope.   it  is  larger  than  the  common  or 


Small-mouthed  Black-bass  {Micropterus  dolomieu). 


European  Blackbird  [.Merula  merula). 

song  thnish  ;  the  male  is  wholly  black,  except  the  bill  and 
the  orbits  of  the  eyes,  which  are  yellow ;  the  female  is  dark 
rusty-brown.  The  male  has  a  fine,  rich,  mellow  note,  but 
its  song  has  little  compass  or  varietv.  Also  called  merle 
and  ouzel. 

2.  In  America,  a  bird  of  the  family  Icieridce 

(which  see).  These  birds  have  no  relation  to  the  Euro- 
pean blackbird,  but  are  nearer  the  old-world  starlings 
There  are  very  many  species  of  the  familv,  to  several  of 
which,  as  the  bobolink,  the  oriole,  and  the  meadow-lark, 
the  term  blackbird  is  not  specifically  applied.  The  lead- 
ing species  are  the  several  crow-blackbirds,  of  the  genera 
Quiscalus  and  Scolecophagus,  and  the  marsh-blackbirds, 
Agelceus  and  Xanthocephalus.  The  common  crow-black- 
bird is  Q.  purpureus ;  the  common  red-winged  marsh- 
blackbird,  A.  phoeniceus;  the  yellow-headed  blackbird,  X. 
icteroce phallus.    See  cut  under  Agela-inoe. 

3.  In  the  West  Indies,  the  ani,  Crotophaqa  ani, 
of  the  family  Cuculidw,  or  cuckoos;  the  sa- 
vanna-blackbird. See  cut  under  ani. — 4.  A 
cant  term  on  the  coast  of  Africa  for  a  slave. 

blackboard  (blak'bord),  n.  1.  A  board  painted 
black,  used  in  schools,  lecture-rooms,  etc., 
for  writing,  drawing,  or  ciphering  with  chalk. 
Hence  — 2.  Any  prepared  surface,  as  6f  plaster 


a  black  color  on;  soil;  stain:  as,  to  Wact  one's  Massachusetts  of  a  variety  of'The  alewife" 
hands.— 2.  To  clean  and  polish  (shoes,  etc.)  by    Clupea  vernalis. 


or  slate,  used  for  the  same  pui-pose. 
the  great  lakes  southward  to  South  Carolina  and  Arkansas,  blackbonnet    (blak'bon'et),   n.     One  of  the 

names  of  the  reed-buntmg.    [Local,  Scotland.] 

.    .  ,,         _he  eomn 

of  the  Australian  grass-tree.  Xanthorrha-a  ar- 
borea,  etc.,  a  juneaceous  plant  with  a  thick 
blackened  ti-unk  and  a  terminal  tuft  of  wirv, 
grass-like  leaves.  The  different  species  vield  an 
abundance  of  fragrant  resin,  either  red,  known  "as  black- 
hoy  gum,  or  yellow,  called  acaroid  (lum. 

blackbreast  (blak'brest),  1.  Anameof  the 
red-backed  sandpiper,  Tringa  alpina,  variety 
americana.—  2.  A  local  name  in  the  United 
States  of  the  black-bellied  plover,  Squatarola 
helvetica. 

„  ,       ,     An  English  name  black-browed  (blak'broud),  a.    Having  black 

R7  ^^i"' ^p™™,*"^  cocki-oach  of  Great  Britain,    eyebrows;  gloomy;  dismal;  threatening:  as, 
Bkma  (PerqAaneta)  orientahs,  a.  large  hlack    " a.  bkick-bron  ed  g^ist,""  Dniden 
orthopterous  insect,  of  the  family  ^/flmfte.  See  black-brush  (blak'brush),"«.    A  term  used  only 

in  the  phrase  black-brush  iron  ore,  a  brown 
name  in    hematite  or  limonite,  found  in  the  Forest  of 
Dean,  England,  and  used  chiefly  for  making 
tin-plate. 


Both  are  highly  esteemed  for  their  game  qualities,  but  the     ..^.^^  ,  „^  ^^^^  i^cu  uuuliu" 
small-mouthed  is  regarded  by  most  anglers  as  superior.  ■Mafti^nTr  n^l€.L-'K^i\    „  °"m 

The  se.xes  during  the  breeding  season  consort  in  paii-s,  "-laCKDOy  (OlaK.  boi),  n.  ihe  common  name 
clear  a  subcircular  spot  near  the  shore  for  a  nest,  and 
guard  the  eggs  till  hatched.  Both  species,  but  especially 
the  small-mouthed,  have  received  the  attention  of  pisci- 
culturists and  been  introduced  into  foreign  countries  In 
some  parts  of  the  State  of  New  York  the  small-mouthed  is 
specifically  called  the  black-bass  and  the  large-mouthed 
the  Oswego  or  green  bass.  Other  names  given  to  one  or 
both  species  are  trout,  in  the  south,  and,  locally,  chub 
jumper,  mast-bass,  and  Welshman. 

2.  A  local  name,  along  portions  of  the  Pacific 
coast  of  the  United  States,  of  a  scorpsnoid 
fish,  Sebastichthtjs  melanops,  or  black  rock-fish. 


A  local 


blackbur 

blackbur  (blak'ber),  n.  A  local  name  in  the 
United  States  of  the  plant  (iciim  sfrictum. 

black-burning  (blak'ber'''ning),  a.  Scandal- 
ous: used  only  in  the  phrase  black-burning 
shame.  [Scotch.] 

blackcap  (blak'kap),  «.  1.  One  who  wears  a 
black  cap. —  2.  A  name  given  to  various  birds 
having  the  top  of  the  head  black,  (m)  The 
European  black-capped  warbler,  S'lh'ia  atricapilla.  (b) 
The  European  titmouse,  Pants  major,  (o)  The  American 
black-capped  fly-catching  warbler,  Min'odioctex  jiksHIks, 
also  called  yVilsvii's  hlai-kcap.  (d)  Tlie  chickadee,  Panis 
atrica{/illus.  (c)  Tlie  l>lack-headcd  gull,  Laras  ridibiiniliis. 

3.  The  cattail  reed,  Ti/plia  latifolia. —  4.  A  pop- 
ular name  of  the  plant  and  fruit  of  the  black- 
fi-uited  raspberry,  Enbiis  occidciitalis,  occurring 
wild  in  many  portions  of  the  United  States,  and 
also  cultivated  in  several  varieties.  Also  called 
thimbleberry. —  5.  An  apple  roasted  until  it  is 
black. 

black-capped  (blak'kapt),  a.  Haxang  black 
on  the  top  of  the  head :  applied  to  sundry  birds. 
See  blacl-cap,  2. 

black-cat  (blak'kat),  n.  A  name  of  the  fisher, 
pekan,  or  Pennant's  marten,  Mustcla  pennanti,  a 
large  blackish  marten  peculiar  to  the  northerly 
parts  of  North  America.  Also  called  black-fox. 
See  cut  under  fisher. 

black-cattle  (blak'kat"l),  n.  Cattle  reared 
for  slaughter,  in  distinction  from  dairy-cattle: 
used  without  reference  to  color.  [Great  Britain.] 

blackcoat  (blak'kot),  n.  1.  One  who  wears  a 
black  coat :  a  common  and  familiar  name  for  a 
clergyman,  as  redcoat  is,  in  England,  for  a  sol- 
dier.—  2.  pi.  A  name  given  to  the  German 
reiters,  or  mercenary  troops,  in  the  sixteenth 
and  seventeenth  centuries,  from  their  black 
armor  and  dress. 

blackcock  (blak'kok),  w.  The  male  black- 
grouse  or  black-game ;  the  heath-cock ;  a 
grouse,  Tetruo  tetrix,  or  Lyrurus  tetrix,  of  the 


Blackcock  ;  Lyrurus  tetrix). 

family  Tetraonidw,  found  in  many  parts  of  Eu- 
rope. It  is  mostly  black,  with  a  lyrate  tail.  The  female 
is  called  a  gray  hen,  ami  the  young  are  called  -poults. 

black-dainp  (blak'damp),  n.  Carbon  dioxid 
gas,  which  is  found  in  greater  or  less  quantity 
in  all  collieries,  being  given  off  by  many  coals, 
either  mixed  with  fire-damp,  or  separately,  or 
produced  in  various  other  ways,  as  by  the  ex- 
halations of  the  men,  by  fires,  and  by  explo- 
sions of  fire-damp.    Also  called  choke-damp. 

black-dog  (blak'dog), )(.  If.  A  bad  shilling  or 
other  baise  silver  coin. —  2.  Hypochondria;  the 
blues.    [Slang  in  both  senses.] 

black-draught  (blak' draft),  n.  A  popular  pur- 
gative medicine,  consisting  of  an  infusion  of 
senna  with  Epsom  salts. 

black-drop  (blak'drop),  n.  A  liquid  prepara- 
tion of  opium  in  vinegar  or  verjuice.  Also 
called  vinegar  of  opium — Lancaster  black-drop, 

a  solution  of  opium  in  verjuice  with  sugar  and  nutmeg. 
Also  called  Quaker  black-drop.  The  black-drop  of  the 
United  iStates  Pharmacopoeia,  Acetum  opil,  is  similar,  ex- 
cept that  dilute  acetic  acid  is  used. 

black-duck  (blak'duk),  n.  1.  The  black  sco- 
ter, CEdemia  7ngra,  one  of  the  sea-ducks  or 
Fuligulinw.  See  cut  under  scoter. — 2.  The 
dusky  duck  of  North  America,  Aims  obscura, 
one  of  the  Anatina;,  or  river-ducks,  and  a  near 
relative  of  the  mallard.  The  male  is  mostly  black- 
ish, with  white  lining  of  the  wings  and  a  violet  speculum  ; 
the  female  is  not  so  dark. 

black-dye  (blak'di),  ?(.  A  compound  of  oxid 
of  iron  with  gallic  acid  and  tannin. 

blacken  (blak'n),  v.  [ME.  blaknen,  blackonen;  < 
black,  a.,  +  -e?ji.]  I,  intrans.  To  grow  black 
or  dark. 


572 

Air  blackened,  rolled  the  thunder.  Dryden. 
II,  trans.  1.  To  make  black  ;  darken. 

The  little  cloud  .  .  .  grew  and  spread,  and  blackened 
the  face  of  the  whole  heaven.  South. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  sully ;  make  infamous ;  de- 
fame ;  cause  to  appear  immoral  or  vile :  as, 
vice  blackens  the  character. 

To  this  system  of  literary  monopoly  was  joined  an  un- 
remitting industry  to  blacken  and  discredit  in  every  way 
...  all  those  who  did  not  hold  to  their  faction. 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

blackener  (blak'ner),  n.    One  who  blackens. 

blackening  (blak'ning),  »?.  Any  preparation 
used  to  render  the  surface  of  iron,  leather,  etc., 
black.    See  blacking. 

blackening  (blak'ning),  rt.  Blackish;  approach- 
ing black :  as,  in  lichens,  a  biatorine  exciple  is 
colored  or  blackening,  but  not  coal-black. 

blacker  (blak'er),  n.  One  who  blacks  or 
blackens. 

black-extract  (blak'eks'''trakt),  A  prepara- 
tion from  eocculus  indicus,  used  in  adulterat- 
ing beer. 

blackey,      See  blacky. 

blackfin  (blak'fin),  n.  1.  A  local  name  of  the 
smolt  or  yoimg  salmon  of  the  first  year. —  2.  A 
local  English  name  of  the  little  weever. —  3.  A 
whiteflsh,  Coregonus  nigripinnis,  of  the  deep 
waters  of  Lake  Michigan,  conspicuous  by  its 
blackish  fins,  but  otherwise  resembling  a  cisco. 

blackfish  (blak'fish),  n.  [<  black  +  fish.  Of. 
MLG.  blackcisch,  LG.  blakfish,  >  G.  blackfisch, 
inkfish.]  1.  A  name  of  several  fishes,  (a)  A 
local  English  name  of  the  female  salmon  about  the  time  of 
spawning.  (6)  A  name  of  the  tautog,  Tautoija  onitis.  See 
cut  under  tautoij.  (c)  A  local  Alaskan  name  of  Dallia 
pectoralis,  a  fish  which  alone  represents  the  suborder 
Xeiwmi.  See  Dallia.  (rf)  A  local  name  in  New  England  of 
the  common  sea-bass,  Centropristis  furviis :  also  applied  to 
other  species  of  the  same  genus,  (e)  A  name  of  a  Euro- 
pean scombroid  flsh,  Centrolophus  pompilun.  (/)  A  lo- 
cal name  in  the  Frith  of  Forth,  Scotland,  of  the  tadpole- 

,  fish,  Raniccps  trifurcatus.  Pamell,  Mag.  Zobl.  and  Bot., 

1.  104. 

2.  A  name  of  several  delphinoid  cetaceans, 
especially  of  the  genus  Globicephalus.  Also 
called  black-whale. 

black-fisher  (blak'fish"er),  n.  [<  blackfish,  1 
(rt),  4-  -eel.]  A  poacher;  one  who  kills  salmon 
in  close  time.  [Scotch.] 

By  recruiting  one  or  two  latitudinarian  poachers  and 
black-fishers,  Mr.  H.  completed  the  quota  of  men  which 
fell  to  the  share  of  Lady  B.  Seott. 

black-flea  (blak'fle),  n.  A  coleopterous  insect 
injurious  to  turnips;  the  Haltica  nemorum  of 
naturalists.    Also  called  turnip-flea. 

black-fly  (blak'fli),  n.  1.  A  small  dipterous  in- 
sect, Simulium  molestum,  with  a  black  body 
and  transparent  wings,  abounding  in  moun- 
tainous and  wooded  parts  of  New  York,  New 
England,  and  northward,  and  exceedingly  an- 
noying to  both  man  and  beast.  It  is  closely 
related  to  the  buffalo-gnat.  See  Simulium. — 
2.  The  bean-plant  louse,  Aphis  fabce. 

blackfoot  (blak'fiit),  n.  1.  A  kind  of  matri- 
monial go-between,  who  in  a  friendly  way  acts 
as  introducer,  and  generally  facilitates  the  ear- 
lier stages  of  courtship.  [Scotch.]  —  2.  [_cap.'] 
One  of  a  certain  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians, the  most  western  division  of  the  Algon- 
kin  stock.  [In  this  sense  the  plural  is  properly 
Blackfoots,  but  commonly  Blackfeet.'] 

black-fox  (blak'foks),  V.    Same  as  black-cat. 

black-friar  (blak'fri"ar),  n.  [So  called  from  the 
distinctive  black  gown.  Cf.  gray-friar,  white- 
friar.~\    A  friar  of  the  Dominican  order.  Also 

called  a,  predicant  or  preachinij  .friar,  and  in  France  Jaco- 
bin.  See  Dominican.   [Properly  written  as  two  words.] 

black-game  (blak'gam),  n.  See  blackcock  and 
grouse. 

black-grass  (blak'gras),  w.  1.  A  dark-colored 
rush  (Juncus  Gerardi)  of  salt-marshes.  [U.  S.] 
— 2.  A  species  of  foxtail  grass,  Alopecurus 
agrcstis.  [Eng.] 

blackguard  (blag'ard),  n.  and  a.  [<  black  + 
guard.  See  def.]  I.  n.  If.  In  collective  senses 
(properly  as  two  words) :  (a)  The  scullions  and 
lowest  menials  connected  with  a  great  house- 
hold, who  attended  to  the  pots,  coals,  etc.,  and 
looked  after  them  when  the  household  moved 
from  one  place  to  another. 

A  lousy  slave,  that  within  this  twenty  years  rode  with 
the  black  guard  in  the  duke's  carriage  'mongst  spits  and 
dripping-pans  !  Webster,  White  Devil,  i.  2. 

(&)  A  guard  of  attendants,  black  in  color  of 
the  skin  or  dress,  or  in  character. 

Pelagius,  Celestius,  and  other  like  heretics  of  the  devils 
black  guard.       Fulke,  Defence  (1583),  x.  386.    (N.  E.  D.) 

(c)  The  idle  criminal  class ;  vagabonds  gener- 
ally. 


blacking 

How  prevent  your  sons  from  consorting  with  the  black- 
guard f 

A.  Tucker,  Light  of  Nature  (1768),  II.  143.    (N.  E.  D.) 

(d)  The  vagabond  childi'en  of  great  tovras; 
"city  Arabs,"  who  run  errands,  black  shoes, 
or  do  odd  jobs. — 2.  A  man  of  coarse  and  offen- 
sive manners  and  speech ;  a  fellow  of  low  char- 
acter; a  scamp ;  a  scoundrel. 

The  troops  which  he  commanded  were  the  greatest 
blackguards  on  the  face  of  the  earth. 

C.  D.  Yonge,  Life  of  Wellington,  xxvi. 

II.  a.  If.  Belonging  to  the  menials  of  a 
household;  serving;  waiting. 

Let  a  blackguard  boy  be  always  about  the  house  to  send 
on  your  errands,  and  go  to  market  for  you  on  rainy  days. 

Swift,  Directions  to  Servants,  Cook. 

2.  Of  bad  character ;  vicious ;  vile ;  low ;  worth- 
less :  said  of  persons  and  things. 

Marking  certain  tilings  as  low  anil  blackguard,  and  cer- 
tain others  as  lawful  and  right.  T.  Hughes. 

3.  Scurrilous;  abusive;  befitting  a  blackguard: 
as,  blackguard  language. 

blackguard  (blag'iird),  v.    [<  blackguard,  ».] 

1.  trans.  To  revile  in  scm-rilous  language. 

I  have  been  called  names  and  blackguarded  quite  suffi- 
ciently for  one  sitting.         Thackeray,  Newcomes,  xxix. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  be,  act,  or  talk  like  a  black- 
guard ;  behave  riotously. 

And  there  a  batch  o'  wabster  lads. 
Blackguarding  frae  Kilnuirnock, 

For  fun  this  day.         Burns,  Holy  Fair. 

blackguardism  (blag'iird-izm),  n.  [<  black- 
guard +  -ism.']  The  conduct  or  language  of  a 
blackguard ;  ruffianism. 

This  ignominious  dissoluteness,  or  rather,  if  we  may 
venture  to  designate  it  by  the  only  proper  word,  black- 
guardism,  of  feeling  and  manners,  could  not  but  spread 
from  public  to  private  life. 

Macaulay,  Hallam's  Const.  Hist. 

blackguardly  (blag'ard-li),  a.  [<  blackguard 
+  -ly^.]  Characteristic  of  a  blackgviard;  ras- 
cally ;  villainous :  as,  a  blackgiiardly  business. 

blackguardry  (blag'ard-ri),  'v.  [<  blackguard 
+  -»■?/.]  Blackguards  or  scoundrels  collectively. 
[Rare.] 

black-gum  (blak'gum),  «.  A  North  American 
tree,  Nyssa  multiflora,  40  to  70  feet  high,  bearing 
a  dark-blue  berry.  The  wood  is  strong,  tough,  and 
unwedgeable,  and  is  largely  used  for  the  hubs  of  wheels, 
for  yokes,  etc.    Also  called  pepperidge  and  sour-gum. 

blackhead  (blak'hed),  «.  1.  A  popular  name 
of  the  scaups  or  sea-ducks  of  the  genus  Aithyia  : 
as,  the  greater  and  lesser  blackheads,  A.  marila 
and  J.  affinis.  See  scaup. —  2.  A  local  name 
in  the  United  States  of  the  black-headed  min- 
now, or  fathead,  Piviphales promelas. 

blackheart  (blak'hart),  n.  1.  A  species  of 
cherry  of  many  varieties :  so  called  from  the 
fruit  being  somewhat  heart-shaped  and  having 
a  skin  nearly  black. 

The  unnetted  black-hearts  ripen  dark. 
All  thine,  against  the  garden  wall. 

Tennyson,  The  Blackbird. 

2.  A  wood  obtained  from  British  Guiana,  suit- 
able for  use  in  building  and  in  furniture-mak- 
ing. 

black-hearted  (blak'har*ted),  a.  Having  a 
black  or  malignant  heart. 

black-helmet  (blak'hel'^met),  n.  A  shell  ob- 
tained from  a  species  of  moUusk,  and  used  by 
cameo-cutters.    McElrath,  Com.  Diet. 

black-hole  (blak'hol),  n.  A  dungeon  or  dark 
cell  in  a  prison ;  a  place  of  confinement  for  sol- 
diers ;  any  dismal  place  for  confinement  by 
way  of  punishment. 

There  grew  up  .  .  .  [an  academic]  discipline  of  unlim- 
ited autocracy  upheld  by  rods,  and  ferules,  and  the  black- 
hole.  H.  Spencer,  Education,  p.  98. 

The  black-hole  of  Calcutta,  the  garrison  strong-room 
or  black-hole  at  Calcutta,  measuring  about  18  feet  sciuare, 
into  which  146  British  prisoners  were  thrust  at  the  point 
of  the  sword,  by  the  Nawab  Siraj-ud-Daula,  on  June  20, 
ly.'ie.  The  next  morning  all  but  23  were  dead  from  suffo- 
cation. 

black-horse  (blak'hors),  n.  A  local  name  of 
the  Missouri  sucker,  Cycleptus  elongatus,  of  the 
family  Catostomidce. 

blacking  (blak'ing),  w.    [Verbal  n.  of  blacl{,  v.] 

1 .  A  preparation  for  blacking  boots  and  shoes, 
usually  made  of  powdered  bone-black,  sperm- 
or  linseed-oil,  molasses,  sour  beer  or  vinegar, 
oil  of  vitriol,  and  copperas.  Throughout  the  mid- 
dle ages  boots  were  worn  of  the  brown  color  natural  to 
the  leather,  or  of  a  dark-red  color,  not  unlike  the  modern 
Russia  leather.  There  is  mention  of  blacking  as  early  as 
the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

2.  In  leather-working,  any  one  of  a  number  of 
preparations  used  in  dyeing  or  staining  leather 
black. — 3.  The  name  given  by  founders  to  a 
black  wash,  composed  of  clay,  water,  and  pow- 


A  capacious  drink- 


Leathern  Black-jacks. 


blacking 

dered  charcoal,  with  which  cores  and  loam- 
molds  are  coated,  to  give  the  requisite  smooth- 
ness to  the  surfaces  which  come  into  contact 
with  the  melted  metal.- Brass  blacking,  a  dead- 

black  ornamental  surface  forniuil  on  bra.ss-work.  It  is 
made  by  plunging  the  brass  into  a  mixture  of  a  strong  so- 
lution of  nitrate  of  silver  with  a  solution  of  nitrate  of  cop- 
per, and  heating  it,  after  withdrawal,  until  the  desired 
depth  of  color  is  obtained, 
blackish  (blak'ish),  a.  [<  hlack  +  -Ml.]  Some- 
what black ;  moderately  black  or  dark. 

Begin  to  be  blackish.  f/ollnnd,  tr.  of  I'liny,  vi.  19 

black-jack  (blak'jak),  n 
ing-cup  or  can  formerly 
made  of  waxed  leather, 
but  now  of  thin  metal, 
the  outside  being  Ja- 
panned black,  except 
the  edge,  which  is  left 
bright,  in  imitation  of 
the  ancient  leathern 
black-jacks  with  silver 
rims. 

There's  a  Dead-sea  of 
drink  in  the  cellar,  in  which 
goodly  vessels  lie  wrecked  ; 
and  in  the  middle  of  this 
deluge  appear  the  tops  of 
flagons  and  black-jacks,  like  churches  drowned  in  the 
marshes.  Beau,  and  FL,  Scornful  Lady,  ii.  2. 

2.  The  ensign  of  a  pirate. —  3.  A  Cornish  miners' 
term  for  the  common  ferruginous  zinc  sulphid, 
of  which  the  mineralogical  name  is  sphalerite, 
and  the  common  name  blende.  Also  called /a?se 
galena. —  4.  Caramel  or  burnt  sugar  used  for 
coloring  spirits,  vinegar,  coffee,  etc. —  5.  A 
trade-name  for  adulterated  butter. —  6.  A  local 
English  name  of  the  coalfish,  PollacMus  virens. 
—  7.  A  common  name  in  the  United  States  for 
a  species  of  oak,  Quercus  nigra,  and  also,  in  the 
Gulf  States,  for  Q.  Cateshm,  small  trees  of  little 
value  except  for  fuel.—  8.  The  larva  of  a  saw- 
fly,  Athalia  centifolia  or  A.  spinarum,  one  of  the 
TenthredinidcB,  destructive  to  turnips.  Also 
called  nigger.  J.  O.  Westwood.  [Local  British.] 
— 9.  A  kind  of  hand-weapon  consisting  of  a 
short  elastic  shaft  having  at  one  end  a  heavy 
metal  head  cased  in  netting,  leather,  etc. 

black-knot  (blak'not),  n.  1.  A  fast  knot:  op- 
posed to  running-knot. —  2.  A  species  of  pyre- 
nomyeetous  fungus,  Splueria  morhosa,  which  at- 
tacks plum-trees  and  some  varieties  of  cherry, 
forming  large,  black,  knot-like  masses  upon 
the  branches. 

black-lead  (blak'led'),  n.  1.  Amorphous  gra- 
phite ;  plumbago.   See  graphite.    [Black-lead  is  a 

misnomer,  as  the  mineral  contains  no  lead.] 

2.  A  pencil  made  of  graphite. 

Sir,  I  have  ben  bold  to  note  places  with  my  black-leade, 
.  .  .  and  peradventure  some  expressions  may  be  advan- 
tageously altered  at  your  leasure. 

Evelyn,  Letter  to  Mr.  E.  Thurland. 

blacklead  (blak'led'),  v.  t.  [<  black-lead,  w.] 
To  cover  with  plumbago  or  black-lead ;  apply 
black-lead  to. 

The  deposit  would  not  spread  over  a  black-leaded  surface 
m  the  liquid.  G.  Gore,  Electro-Metall.,  p.  112. 

Blackleading-macMne,  an  apparatus  for  applying  pow- 
dered graphite  to  the  surface  of  wax-molds  previous  to 
coating  them  with  copper. 

blackleg  (blak'leg),  n.  [<  black  +  leg.  The 
allusion  in  def.  3  is  not  clear;  some  suppose 
the  term  was  orig.  applied  to  racing  men  who 
wore  black  top-boots.  The  term  black  is  now 
understood  in  an  opprobrious  sense ;  cf .  black- 
guard.'] 1.  A  disease  in  cattle  and  sheep  which 
affects  the  legs;  symptomatic  anthrax.  See 
anthrax. —  2.  A  severe  fonn  of  purpura. —  3. 
One  who  systematically  tries  to  gain  money 
fraudulently  in  connection  with  races,  or  with 
cards,  billiards,  or  other  games;  a  rook;  a 
swindler.  The  term  implies  the  habitual  frequenting 
of  places  where  wagers  are  made  and  games  of  chance  are 
played,  and  the  seeking  of  subsistence  by  dishonorable  bet- 
ting, but  does  not  always  imply  direct  cheating.  Some- 
times contracted  to  leg. 

4.  Same  as  black-nob. 

The  police  were  used  to  watch  the  strikers  or  to  protect 
the  black-legs,  as  those  are  called  who  work  outside  the 
Union  movement.  R.  .J.  Hinton,  Eng.  Rad.  Leaders,  p.  333. 

blacklegism  (blak'leg-izm),  n.  [<  blackleg  + 
-ism.]  The  profession  or  practices  of  a  black- 
leg; cheating;  swindling.  Bentleifs  Mag. 
black-letter  (blak'let'er),  n.  and  a.  I.  w.  A 
name  now  given  to  the  Gothic  or  Old  English 
letter,  which  was  introduced  into  England  about 
the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  century,  and  was 
the  character  generally  used  in  manuscripts  and 
m  the  first  printed  books.   It  is  still,  with  vari 


573 

II.  a.  Written  or  printed  in  black-letter: 
as,  a  hlack-letter  manuscript  or  book  Black- 
latter  day,  any  day  inscribed  in  the  ancient  calendars  in 
Ijlack-letter  type,  as  distinguished  from  the  more  impor- 
tant, which  were  entered  in  red-letter;  hence,  a  holy  day 
of  an  inferior  character  and  dignity  ;  an  inauspicious  day, 
as  opposed  to  a  red-letter  or  ausi)icioHS  day. 

black-liquor  (blak'lik"or),  n.  A  crude  acetate 
of  iron  prepared  froni'  scrap-iron  and  crude 
acetic  acid,  very  generally  used  in  dyeing  as  a 
mordant  instead  of  gi-een  copperas. 

black-list  (blak'list),  n.  1.  A  list  of  default- 
ers :  specifically  applied  to  printed  lists  of  in- 
solvents and  bankrupts,  published  officially. 

Private  lists,  however,  of  a  more  searching  character,  are 
furnished  by  certain  societies  and  private  individuals  to 
subscribers,  with  the  view  of  affording  protection  against 
bad  debts,  frauds,  etc. 

2.  Any  list  of  persons  who  are  for  any  reason 
deemed  objectionable  by  the  makers  or  users 
of  the  list,  as  for  political  or  social  miscon- 
duct^ for  joining  in  or  assisting  a  strike,  etc. — 

3.  Naut.,  a  list  kept  on  board  a  man-of-war  of 
delinquents  to  whom  extra  duty  is  assigned  as 
a  punishment. 

blacklist  (blak'list),  v.  t.  [<  black-list,  w.]  To 
place  on  a  black-list. 

blackly  (blak'li),  adv.  With  a  black  or  dark 
appearance;  darkly;  atrociously. 

Lastly  stood  Warre,  in  glittering  arms  yclad, 
With  visage  grim,  sterne  looks,  and  blackely  hewed. 

Saekville,  Ind.  to  Mir.  for  Mags. 
Deeds  so  blackly  grim  and  horrid. 

Feltham,  Resolves,  ii.  31. 


black-snake 


ous  modifications,  in  common  use  in  Germany. 
ijS  tlacfe-jEttet. 


black-mackt,  n.  [Early  mod.  E. ;  <  black 
mack  (uncertain).] _  A  blackbird, 
blackmail  (blak'mal),  n.  [Lit.  black  rent  (cf. 
black  rent,  under  black);  <  black  +  mail,  rent: 
see  mail^.]  1.  A  tribute  of  money,  corn,  cat- 
tle, or  the  like,  anciently  paid,  in  the  north  of 
England  and  in  Scotland,  to  men  who  were  al- 
lied with  robbers,  to  secure  protection  from 
pillage.  Blackmail  was  levied  in  the  districts  bordering 
the  Highlands  of  Scotland  till  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth 
century. 

Hence  —  2.  Extortion  in  any  mode  by  means 
of  intimidation,  as  the  extortion  of  money  by 
threats  of  accusation  or  exposure,  or  of  unfa- 
vorable criticism  in  the  press,  it  usually  implies 
that  the  payment  is  involuntary,  and  the  ground  for  de- 
manding it  unlawful  or  pretended  and  fraudulent. 

3t.  Rent  paid  in  produce,  or  in  baser  money, 
in  opposition  to  rent  paid  in  silver, 
blackmail  (blak'mal),  v.  t.    [<  blackmail,  w.] 
To  extort  money  or  goods  from,  by  means  of 
intimidation  or  threats  of  injury  of  any  kind, 
as  exposure  of  actual  or  supposed  wrong-doing, 
etc.    See  the  noun, 
black-match  (blak'mach),  n.  Same  as  amadou. 
blackmoort  (blak'mor),  n.    Same  as  blacka- 
moor.   Beau,  and  Fl. 
black-moss  (blak'mos),  n.    The  Spanish  moss, 
Tillandsia  usneoides,  of  the  southern  United 
States :  so  called  from  the  black  fiber  that  re- 
mains after  the  outer  covering  of  the  stem  is 
removed.    It  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  horse- 
hair in  mattresses,  etc. 
blackmouth  (blak'mouth),  n.    A  foul-mouthed 
person  ;  a  slanderer.  [Rare.] 
blackmouthed  (blak'moutht),  a.   Slanderous ; 
calumnious ;  foul-mouthed. 

Whatever  else  the  most  black-mouth'd  atheists  charged 
it  with.  Killingbeck,  Sermons,  p.  118. 

black-mullet  (blak'muF'et),  n.  A  local  name 
about  Chesapeake  Bay  of  a  seisenoid  fish,  Men- 
ticirrus  nebulosus.  See  cut  under  kingfish. 
black-neb  (blak'neb),  n.  1.  A  name  of  the 
carrion-crow.— 2t.  A  person  accused  of  S3Tnpa- 
thy  with  the  principles  of  the  French  Revolu- 
tion; a  democrat.  [Scotch.] 

Little  did  I  imagine  that  I  was  giving  cause  for  many  to 
think  me  an  enemy  to  the  king  and  government.  But  so 
it  was.  Many  of  the  heritors  considered  me  a  black-neb, 
though  I  knew  it  not.    Gait,  Annals  of  the  Parish,  p.  269. 

blackness  (blak'nes),  n.    [<  black  -t-  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  black;  black  color; 
darkness. 

His  faults,  in  him,  seem  as  the  spots  of  heaven, 
More  fiery  by  night's  blackness.    Shak.,  A.  andC,  i.  i. 
Blackness  as  a  solid  wall.         Tennyson,  Palace  of  Art. 

2.  Moral  darkness;  atrocity  or  enormity  in 
wickedness. 

O'er  a  world  of  light  and  beauty 
Fell  the  blackness  of  his  crime. 

Whittier,  Slave  Ship. 

black-nob  (blak'nob),  n.  An  opprobrious  name 
given  in  England  by  trades-unionists  to  a  work- 
man who  is  not  a  member  of  a  trades-union ;  a 
knobstick.    Also  called  blackleg. 


Reports  were  submitted  from  the  various  works,  which 
showed  that  all  the  men  employed  by  the  iron  companies 
were  on  strike,  with  the  exception  of  six  blark-nohs. 

.Scotsman  (newsjiapcr). 

black-peopled  (blak'pe'-'pld),  a.    Inhabited  by 

bhick  persons :  as,  " l)lack-j)eopted empire,"  San- 
dys, Clirist's  I'assion. 
black-pigment  (blak'pig'ment),  n.  A  fine, 
light,  carbonaceous  substance,  or  larnjiblack, 
prepared  chiefly  for  the  manufacture  of  printers-' 
ink.  It  is  obtained  by  burning  common  coal-tar. 
black-plate  (blak'plat),  »t.    Sheet-iron  plate 

before  it  is  tinned, 
black-pot  (blak'pot),  n.  If.  A  beer-mug; 
hence,  a  toper. —  2.  The  name  given  in  Eng- 
lish to  a  variety  of  crockery  made  in  Denmark. 
It  is  exposed  while  burning  to  a  very  strong  and  dense 
smoke,  which  penetrates  its  substance  and  answers  the 
purpose  of  glazing.  Such  pots  are  cheap  and  wholesome 
cooking-vessels,  having  none  of  the  inconveniences  of 
lead-glazed  ware, 
black-pudding  (blak'pud"ing),  n.  A  kind  of 
sausage  made  of  blood  and  suet,  seasoned  with 
salt,  pepper,  onions,  etc.,  sometimes  with  the 
addition  of  a  little  oatmeal.  Also  called  blood- 
pudding. 

black-quarter  (blak'kwar-'ter),  n.  [<  Mack  + 
quarter,  the  shoulder.]  A  disease  in  animals; 
symptomatic  anthrax.  See  anthrax. 
black-rod  (blak'rod),  n.  In  England,  the  usher 
belonging  to  the  order  of  the  Garter,  more 
fully  styled  gentleman  nsher  of  the  black  rod: 
so  called  from  the  black  rod  which  he  carries. 

He  is  of  the  king's  chamber  and  u.sher  of  Parliament.  His 
deputy  is  styled  the  yeoman  usher.  They  are  the  official 
messengers  of  the  House  of  Lords  ;  and  either  the  gentle- 
man or  the  yeoman  usher  summons  the  Commons  to  the 
House  of  Lords  when  the  royal  assent  is  given  to  bills, 
and  also  executes  orders  for  the  commitment  of  persons 
guilty  of  breach  of  privilege  and  contempt.  The  name  is 
also  given  to  similar  functionaries  in  the  legislatures  of 
the  Dominion  of  Canada  and  other  British  colonies. 

black-root  (blak'rot),  n.  1.  Culver's  root  or 
Culver's  physic,  Veronica  Firginica. —  2.  Ptero- 
caulon  pycnostachyum,  a  perennial  herbaceous 
composite  plant  of  the  pine-barrens  of  the 
southern  United  States, 
black-salter  (blak'sal*ter),  n.  One  who  makes 
black-salts. 

black-salts  (blak'salts),  n.  j)l.  Wood-ashes 
after  they  have  been  lixi-viated  and  the  so- 
lution has  been  evaporated  until  the  mass  has 
become  black.  [U.  S.] 
black-sampson  (blak'samp'son),  n.  A  popu- 
lar name  in  the  United  States'  for  the  species 
of  Echinacea,  the  thick  black  roots  of  which 
were  formerly  supposed  to  have  powerful  me- 
dicinal virtues, 
blackseed  (blak'sed),  n.  The  nonesuch,  Medi- 
cago  hipuJina :  so  called  from  its  black,  seed- 
like pods. 

black-shell  (blak'shel),  n.  A  univalve  shell 
of  the  family  Haliotida,  inhabiting  the  Pacific 
ocean.    See  extract. 

The  black-shell  ...  is  so  called  because,  when  polished, 
it  throws  out  a  very  dark  shade,  full,  however,  of  beauti- 
ful rainbow  tints  exquisitely  blended. 

M.  S.  Lowell,  British  Edible  Mollusca,  p.  182. 

blacksize  (blak'siz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  black- 
sized,  ppr.  blacksizing.  In  leather-working,  to 
cover  with  a  coat  of  stiff  size  and  tallow.  The 
size  is  laid  on  with  a  soft  brush  or  sponge,  and  the  leather 
is  then  well  rubbed  with  a  glass  slicker,  after  which  it 
receives  a  final  gloss  from  a  little  thin  size  applied  with  a 
sponge. 

blacksmith  (blak'smith),  n.  [<  late  ME.  black- 
smith, <  black  (in  ref.  to  iron  or  black  metal) 
+  smith.  Cf.  whitesmith.]  1.  A  smith  who 
works  in  iron  and  makes  iron  utensils;  an 
ironsmith ;  especially,  in  the  United  States,  one 
who  makes  horseshoes  and  shoes  horses. —  2. 
[A  translation  of  a  native  name.]  In  ornith., 
a  name  of  the  bare-necked  bell-bird  of  Bra- 
zil, Chasmorhynchus  nudicollis.—3.  In  ichth.,  a 
pomacentroid  fish,  Chromis  punctipinnis,  hav- 
ing conical  teeth  in  two  or  more  rows  in  each 
jaw,  a  blackish  color  with  violet  luster  above 
relieved  by  greenish  edgings  of  some  of  the 
scales,  and  bluish-black  fins  with  small  brown 
spots.  It  is  not  uncommon  along  the  southern 
coast  of  California, 
blacksmithing  (blak'smith"ing),  «.  [<  black- 
smith +  -ing'^.]  The  trade  or  process  of  work- 
ing in  iron. 

black-snake  (blak'snak'),  n.  1.  A  name  of 
various  serpents  of  a  more  or  less  black  color. 

The  most  noteworthy  are  :  («)  A  serpent,  Bascanion  con- 
strictor, of  the  family  Coli!brid(V,  of  black  color,  not  ven- 
omous, but  attaining  a  large  size,  and  possessing  great 
strength  and  agility,  so  that  it  is  capable  of  exerting  much 
constrictive  force.  It  climbs  trees  ea.sily,  is  often  (i  feet 
in  length,  and  is  common  in  the  Vnited  States  cast  of  the 
Jlississippi.  Some  other  related  species  receive  the  same 
name.   (6)  A  colubroid  snake.  Coluber  obsoUtxis,  diSeriiig 


black-snake 


574 


from  the  former  l)y  having  keeleil  instead  of  smooth  black-worlc  fhlak'wprlf „ 
scales,  and  preferring  highlands:  also  known  as  the /;<«?(;».  "}^^^  ^^^l^  ^'^^^^  !Y^rk;,  ii. 
tain  black-make  and  racer,    (c)  A  colubroid  snake,  Ocyo- 
phu  ater,  of  active  habits,  peculiar  to  the  island  of  Jamai- 


Iron  wrought  by 
blacksmiths:  so  called  iu  distinction  from  that 
wrought  by  whitesmiths, 
blackwort  (blak'wert),  ».  1.  The  eomfrey, 
SyiiipliytHni  officinale.— 2.  An  English  name  of 
the  whortlebeiTy,  the  fruit  of  Vaceininm  Miir- 
tilhis. 

blacky  (blak'i),  «. ;  pi.  blackies  (-iz).  [Also  less 
prop,  hlackey;  dim.  of  hlacl:  Cf.  darky. ^  1. 
A  black  person;  a  negro.— 2.  A  name  used 
colloquially  for  any  black  bird  or  animal,  as  a 
rook. 


T.  Hughes. 


Black-snake  {Sascanion  constrictor). 


I  wonder  if  the  old  blackies  do  talk. 

blacky-top  (blak'i-top),  n.     A  name  of  the 
stonechat,  Saxicola  or  Pratincola  rubicola.  Mac- 
(lilUvraij.    [Local  British.] 
ca.    It  reaches  a  length  of  about  5  feet,    (rf)  A  poisonous 

bladi  (blad),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blaclded,  ppr. 
snake  of  the  family  Xajid(«,  Pseudechis  porphyHactis,  hhlddini).  [Also  hJaud;  perhaps  imitative.  Cf. 
inhabitiiva- low  marshy  places  in  nearly  ever^  f/((r/2,  beat,  thump.]     1.  To  slap;  Strike  with 

traha.  It  is  l.lai  k  above,  with  each  scale  of  the  outer  violence-  heat —9  Tn  maltvoof  rQ««+<.r>  1 
lateral  scries  mostly  red,  and  with  ventral  shields  mar-  -KT'  ii  fx    '^•     7;  A'^j?'^   ,     .  L'^'^Otch.J 

gined  with  l.lark.  (e)  A  venomous  snake  of  the  family  Diaa^  (Dlaa),  n.  [<  blad'-,  V.]  A  slap;  a  flat 
>'<r//./.r,  ll,:/,/n,;'j,halus  curtus  or  //.  fttscKS,  inhabiting    blow.  [Scotch.] 

of  TasmanK''  "     ""^  common  black-snake  blad^  (blad),  «.    [Also  Maud;  prob.  <  bhuU,  V. ; 

2.  A  kind  of 

out  distinction      stuc».  auu  laso,  uraiaeu  ana    [Scotch  ] 

.    [Appar.  =  E.  blade  =  Sw.  Dan. 
A  portfolio;  a  blotting-book  or 
especially  by  the  class  who  are  known     "'"i-iiiig-piiu.  [Scotch.] 
as  '■mule-skinners  '  from  their  use  of  the  instrument.        bladder  (blad'er),  n.    [Sc.  also  blather,  blether; 
black-spaul  (blak'spal),  II.    Symptomatic  an-    <  ME.  bladder,  Nader,  hledder,  bleder,  bladdre 


blade 

bladder-ketmia  (V)lad'^>r-ket"mi-a),  u.  A  cul- 
tivated annual  species  of  plants,  "of  the  genus 
Hibiscus,  H.  Triouum,  with  a  bladdery  calyx. 

bladder-nose  (blad'er-noz),  u.  A  name  of  the 
hooded  seal,  Cusiophora  cristata.  Enciic.  Brit.. 
XXI.  582. 

bladder-nosed  (blad'er-nozd),  «.  Having  an 
inflatable  bladdery  appendage  on  the  snout: 
applied  to  the  so-called  hooded  seal,  Vijstophora 
cristata. 

bladder-nut  (blad'er-nnt),  ».  1.  The  popular 
name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Staphylea,  natu- 


  " ..^ ^   uiciu-  vwiau;,  H.     L-fiiso  W!(r««  ,  prou.  \  DKIU^,  V.  , 

Of  cowhide  or  horsewhip  made  with-  A\'!i'I'!!'.''i%'"^^  P'^'^^  ^^^^  ^^^^P-^ 
tion  of  stock  and  lash,  braided  and  '-,  ^  ^'-^Sment;  a  large  piece  or  lump. 


thrax.    See  anthrax. 

Blackstone's  Hard-labor  Bill.   See  bill^. 

black-strap  (blak'strap),  n.  A  name  of  vari- 
ous beverages,  (a)  in  the  United  States,  a  mixture  of 
spirituous  liquor,  generally  rum  or  whisky,  with  molasses 
and  vinegar. 

A  mug  of  the  right  black-strap  goes  round  from  lip  to 
lip-  Hawtliorne,  Twice-Told  Tales,  II. 

(6)  A  sailors'  term  for  any  strong,  dark-colored  liquor : 
hence  applied  to  the  dark-red  wines  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean coasts. 

black-stripe  (blak' strip),  n.  Same  as  black- 
straji. 

blacktail  (blak'tal),  n.  1.  A  percoid  fish,  the 
Acerina  cernua.  More  generally  called  ruf  or 
pope.  See  ruff. —  2.  A  common  name  among 
hunters  {a)  of  the  black-tailed  deer  or  mule- 
deer,  Cariacus  macrotis  (see  mule-deer);  (b)  of 
the  Columbian  deer,  C.  columhianus :  in  both 
cases  in  distinction  from  the  common  or 
white-tailed  deer,  C.  virgimaiius. — 3.  In  India, 
a  name  of  the  ehikara  or  ravine-deer,  Tragops 
bennetti. 

blackthorn  (blak'thorn),  n.  1.  The  sloe,  Pru- 
HHS  spinosa.  See  sloe. —  2.  A  walking-stick 
made  of  the  stem  of  this  shrub. 

black-tongue  (blak'ttmg),  n.  A  form  of  an- 
thrax exhibiting  dark  bloody  vesicles  and  ul- 
cerating spots  on  the  tongue,  affecting  horses 
and  cattle.    See  anthrax. 


hlcddre,  blcdrc,  <  AS.  bUeddre,  prop,  with  long 
vowel  and  single  d,  biwdre,  bledrc,  a  blister,  a 
bladder  (=  MD.  blwdei;  D.  blaar  =  MLG.  bld- 
dere,  LG.  bladere,  bledder,  blare  =  OHG.  bldUira, 
blattara,  bldtra,  MHG.  bldtere,  blatter,  G.  blatter 
=  Icel.  bladhra  =  Sw.  bldddra  =  Dan.  blwre, 
bladder),  with  suffix  -dre,  <  bldwan,  blow:  see 
blow^.'i  1.  A  thin,  elastic,  highly  distensible 
and  contractile  muscular  and  membranous  sac 
forming  that  portion  of  the  urinary  passages  in 
which  urine,  constantly  secreted  by  the  kid- 
neys, is  retained  until  it  is  discharged  from  the 
body.  .Such  a  vesicle  is  specially  characteristic  of  mam- 
mals, its  size  and  shape  varying  with  the  species.  Its  cavity 
is  primitively  that  of  the  allantois.  It  is  lined  with  mu- 
cous membrane,  is  more  or  less  invested  with  peritoneum, 
and  is  supplied  with  vessels  and  nerves. 
2.  Any  similar  receptacle,  sac,  or  vesicle,  com- 
monly distinguished  by  a  qualifying  prefix.  See 
air-bladder,  brain-bladder,  (/all-bladder,  swim- 
bladder. —  3.  Any  vesicle,  blister,  bleb,  blain, 
or  pustule  containing  fluid  or  air. —  4.  In  bat. : 
(a)  A  hoUow  membranous  appendage  on  the 
leaves  of  Utricularia,  filled  with  air  and  float- 
ing the  plant,  (b)  A  cellular  expansion  of  the 
substance  of  many  algse  filled  with  air.  See 
cut  under  air-cell. —  5.  Anything  inflated,  emp- 
ty, or  unsound:  as,  bladders  of  philosophy," 
Rochester,  Sat.  against  Mankind  Atony  of  the 

bladder,   see  atony. 


black-turpeth  (blak'ter  'peth),  /(.  Mereiu-y  di-  bladder  (blad'er),  v.  t.    [<  bladder,  «.] 


o.xid  or  suboxid,  Hg20:  commonly  called'  the 
(iray,  ash,  or  black  oxid. 

black- varnish  tree.  Melanorrhcea  usitata.  See 
A[elanorrha;a. 

black-wad  (blak'wod),  n.  An  ore  of  manga- 
nese used  as  a  drying  ingredient  in  paints. 

Blackwall  hitch.   See  hitch. 

black-ward  (Wak'ward),  )i.    Under  the  feudal 


1. 

■2. 


Ijut  up  in  a  bladder :  as,  bladdered  lard, 
pufli  up;  fill,  as  with  wind.  [Rare.] 

A  hollow  globe  of  glass  that  long  before 
She  full  of  emptiness  had  hladdered. 

G.  Fletcher,  Christ's  Victory  and  Triumph. 

bladder-blight  (blad'er-blit),  n.    See  blight. 
bladder-brand  (blad'er-brand),  n.    Same  as 
bunti,  1 


system,  a  subvassal  who  held  ward  of  the  bladder-campion  (blad'er-kam"pi-on),  n.  The 
kmgs  vassal.  popular  name  of  the  plant  Silene  inflata :  so 

black-wash  (blak'wosh),  w.   1.  A  lotion  com-    called  from  its  inflated  calyx, 
posed  of  calomel  and  lime-water.  —  2.  Any  bladdered  (blad'erd),^;.  a.   Swelled  like  a  blad 
wash  that  blackens.  "  ' 

Remove  ...  the  modern  layers  of  black-wash,  and  let 
the  man  himself  ...  be  seen.  .  Kingsley. 

3.  In  molding,  a  clay  wash  to  which  powdered 
charcoal  has  been  added.    See  blacking,  3. 
black-water  (blak'wa"ter),  n.    A  disease  of 
sheep. 

black-whale  (blak'hwal),  n.  A  delphinoid  ce- 
tacean, Globicephalus  svitieval,  more  generally 
called  hlackHsh. 

blackwood  (blak'wud),  n.  1.  The  wood  of  a 
large  leguminous  tree  of  the  East  Indies,  Dal- 
bergia  latifolia 


der;  puft'edup;  vain. 

A  bladdered  greatness.  Drydeii,  Epic  Poetry. 

bladder-fern  (blad'er-fem),  n.  The  common 
name  of  Cystoptcris,  a  genus  of  ferns:  so  called 
from  the  bladder-like  indusium. 

I'ive  species  are  known ;  Great  Britain 
and  North  America  have  three  each, 
and  of  these  two  are  common  to  both 
countries ;  the  fifth  occurs  in  Silesia 
and  the  Carpathian  mountains. 

bladder-gastrula  (blad '  er  - 
gas"tro-la),  n.  Same  as  peri- 
gastrula.' 


,.  Itisextremelylwd,mostlyofadark-  -Ui-jj--  rblnd'er  otpti^ 
purple  color,  and  is  very  valuable  for  furniture  and  carv-  "^"l^Ucr-green  (,oiaa  er-gren;, 
ing,  as  well  as  for  cart-wheels,  gun-carriages,  etc.  Also  "■  Same  as  sap-green. 
cMeA  East  Indian  rosewood.  bladder-herb  (blad'er-erb),  «. 
2.  The  wood  of  the  Acacia  Melanoxylon,  the  The  winter-cherry,  P%,saijA"  .in- 
most valuable  timber  of  Australia,  noted  for  kekengi :  so  called  from  its  in- 
its  hardness  and  durability. —  3.  In  the  West  flated  calyx. 
Indies,  the  name  given  to  the  black  mangrove,  bladder-kelp  (blad'er-kelp),  n.  1.  Same  as 
Aricennia  nitida,  a  small  tree  of  sea-coast  marsh-  bladder-wrack.— 2.  A  seaweed  of  the  California 
es,  -nith  very  heavy,  hard,  and  dark-brown  or  coast,  of  the  genus  Nereocystis,  having  an  ex- 
nearly  black  wood.  The  tree  is  also  found  in  eeedingly  long  stem  which  dilates  above  into 
southern  Florida.  a  bladder  several  feet  in  length. 


Bladder-fern.—  Pin- 
nule of  Cystoptcris 
fra^itis,  with  hood- 
shaped  indusia. 


Bladder-nut.—  Flowering  node  of  Staphylea  tri/olia. 
a,  fruit :  b.  section  of  same.    ( From  Gray's  "  Genera  of  the  Plants 
of  the  United  States.") 

ral  order  Sapindacea>,  given  on  account  of  their 
inflated  fruit-capsule.  The  European  S.  pinnata  and 
the  S.  Irifiiha  of  the  Atlantic  States  are  occasionally  cul- 
tivated as  oriianiciital  shrubs.  Central  Asia,  Japan,  and 
California  have  also  each  a  peculiar  species. 

2.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  pistachio, 
Pistacia  vera. 

bladder-pod  (blad'er-pod),  n.  1.  A  name  of  a 
leguminous  plant  of  southern  Africa,  Physolo- 
biiini,  with  bladdery  pods.  — 2.  In  the  United 
States,  Fesicaria  S'hortH,  a  cruciferous  plant 
with  globose  capsules. 

bladder-senna  (blad '  er-sen  "  a),  n.  A  species 
of  Colittea,  ('.  arboresceiis,  natural  order  Legu- 
minosw,  frequently  cultivated,  it  is  a  shrub  with 
yellow  flowers  and  bladder-like  pods,  a  native  of  southern 
Europe.  It  derives  its  name  of  senna  from  its  popular 
use  as  a  purgative.    Also  called  bastard  senna. 

bladder-snout  (blad'er-snout),  n.  The  common 
bladderwort,  Utricularia  vulgaris:  so  named 
from  the  shape  of  the  corolla. 

bladder-worm  (blad'er-werm),  n.  A  tape- 
worm in  its  cystic  stage ;  a  hydatid  or  scolex. 
See  cystic,  and  cut  imder  Teenia. 

bladderwort  (blad'er-wert),  n.  The  common 
name  of  members  of  the  genus  Utricularia, 
slender  aquatic  plants,  the  leaves  of  which  are 
fui-nished  with  floating-bladders.  See  Utricu- 
laria. 

bladder-wrack  (blad'er-rak),  M.  A  seaweed, 
Fucus  vesiculosus :  so  named  from  the  floating- 
vesicles  in  its  fronds.  Also  called  bladder-kelp, 
sea-oak,  and  sea-wrack.    See  Fucus. 

bladdery  (blad'er-i),  a.  [<  bladder  +  -yi.] 
Thin,  membranous,  and  inflated  or  distended, 
like  a  bladder ;  vesicular ;  blistered ;  pustular. 

—  Bladdery  fever,  i^ame  as  pemphiqits. 
blade  (blad),  h.  [<  ME.  blad,  'blade,  hladde,  a 
leaf  of  grass  or  corn  (not  found  in  the  general 
sense  of  '  leaf),  commonly  the  cutting  part  of 
a  knife  or  sword,  the  sword  itself,  <  AS.  bleed 
(pi.  bladu,  blado),  a  leaf,  broad  part  of  a  thing, 
as  of  an  oar  (=  OS.  blad  =  OFries.  bled  z=  D. 
blad  =  MLG.  blat,  LG.  blad  =  OHG.  MHG.  blat, 
G.  blatt  —  Icel.  bladh  =  Sw.  Dan.  blad,  a  leaf), 
perhaps,  with  orig.  pp.  suffix  -d  (as  in  sad,  cold, 
old,  loud,  etc.),  <  bldwan  {y/ *bla,  *blo),  blow, 
bloom,  whence  also  E.  bloomX,  blossom,  akin 
to  L.  flos  {flor-),  >  E.  flower.  To  the  same  ult. 
root  belongs  perhaps  L.  folimn  =  Gr.  fvXXov, 
leaf:  see  folio,  foil'^.  The  reg.  mod.  E.  form 
would  be  blad  (like  sad,  glad,  etc.);  the  long 
vowel  is  due  to  the  ME.  inflected  forms,  blade, 
etc.]  1.  The  leaf  of  a  plant,  particularly  (now 
perhaps  exclusively)  of  gi-amineous  plants;  also, 
the  yoimg  stalk  or  spire  of  gramineous  plants. 

But  when  the  blade  was  sprung  up  and  brought  forth 
fruit,  then  appeared  the  tares  also.  Mat.  xiii.  26. 

Whoever  could  make  .  .  .  two  blades  of  grass  to  grow 
.  .  .  where  only  one  grew  before,  would  deserve  better  of 
mankind  .  .  .  than  the  whole  race  of  politicians. 

Swift,  Gulliver's  Travels,  ii.  7. 
The  varying  year  with  blade  and  sheaf. 

Tennyson,  Day-Dream. 

2.  In  hot.,  the  lamina  or  broad  part  of  a  leai, 
petal,  sepal,  etc.,  as  distinguished  from  the 
petiole  or  footstalk.  See  cut  imder  leaf. —  3. 
Anything  resembling  a  blade,  (a)  A  sword  ;  also, 
the  tlat,  thin,  cutting  part  of  a  knife  or  other  cutting-tooL 


blade 

•  .  If  ere  your  blades 

Had  point  or  prowess,  prove  them  now. 

Moure,  Lalla  Rookli. 
The  famous  Damascus  blades,  so  renowned  in  the  time 
of  the  Crusaders,  are  made  here  no  longer. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  130. 
(6)  The  broad,  flattened  part  of  certain  instruments  and 
utensils,  as  of  an  oar,  a  paddle,  a  spade,  etc. 
The  blade  of  her  light  oar  threw  off  its  shower  of  spray. 

Whittier,  Bridal  of  Pennacook. 

(c)  A  broad  flattened  part  of  a  bone :  as,  a  \a.v/-blade  ■ 
specifically,  the  scapula  or  shoulder-blade. 

^  ,  Atrides'  lance  did  gore 

Pytemen  s  shoulder  in  the  blade. 

Chapman,  Iliad,  v. 

(d)  The  front  flat  part  of  the  tongue.  H.  Sweet,  Hand- 
book of  Phonetics,  (e)  A  commercial  name  for  the  four 
large  plates  on  tlie  sides,  and  the  five  large  plates  in  the 
middle,  of  the  upper  shell  of  the  sea-turtle,  which  yield 
the  best  tortoise-shell.  (/)  That  limb  of  a  level  which  is 
movable  on  a  pivot  at  tlie  joint,  in  order  that  it  may  be 
?  '°  include  any  angle  between  it  and  the  stock 
(g)  Ihe  float  or  vane  of  a  propeller  or  paddle-wheel,  (h) 
The  web  or  plate  of  a  saw.  (i)  The  edge  of  a  sectorial 
tooth.  (/)  In  entom.,  one  of  the  flat,  two-edged  plates 
forming  the  sword-like  ovipositor  of  certain  Orthoptera 
ana  Homoptera  ;  m  a  wider  sense,  the  ovipositor  itself. 

4.  A  swordsman. 

The  short  man  I  felt  quite  confident  Hugh  could  handle 
and  was  surprised,  seeing  his  build,  that  Pike  should  have 
declared  him  a  good  blade. 

S.  Weir  Mitchell,  Hugh  Wynne,  I  214 

5.  A  dashing  or  rollicking  fellow;  a  swaggerer 
a  rakish  fellow;  strictly,  perhaps,  one  who  is 
sharp  and  wide  awake :  as,  "jolly  blades,"  Eve- 
lyn, Memoirs,  i. 

A  brisk  young  fellow,  with  his  hat  cocked  like  a  fool 
behind,  as  the  present  fashion  among  the  blades  is. 
«   n        t4.-u       •     ■     •,     „  Pepys,  Diary,  III.  142. 

b.  One  of  the  principal  rafters  of  a  roof.  Gwilt. 
blade  (blad),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  bladed,  ppr. 
blading.  [<  ME.  bladen  (=  MLG.  bladen  =  Sw. 
blada,  thin  out  plants);  from  the  noun.l  I 
tram.  1.  To  take  off  the  blades  of  (herbs)' 
[Now  only  prov.  Eng.]  — 3.  To  furnish  with  a 
Ss  lr^t<^i^"**'  "t.  to  fight  with 

II.  ititrans.  To  come  into  blade;  produce 
blades. 


576 

blady  (bla'di),  a.    [<  blade  +  -yi.]  Consisting 
ot  blades;  provided  with  blades  or  leaves: 
as,  "the  bladij  grass,"  Drayton,  Polyolbion, 
XIX.  73.  ' 
blae  (bla  or  ble),  a.  and  w.    [Sc.  and  North.  E. ; 
also  written  blea,  bley,  blay;<  ME.  bla,  blaa, 
the  north,  dial,  form  (after  Icel.  bldr,  dark- 
blue,  hvid,  =  Sw.  bid  =  Dan.  blaa,  blue)  con-e- 
sponding  to  the  reg.  southern  bio,  bloo,  bloc 
blowe,  mod.  E.  dial,  blow,  <  AS.  *bldw  (in  deriv 
blmwen,  bluish)  =  OFries.  bldw,  bldu  =  MD.  bid 
blau,  later  blaeuw,  D.  blaauiv  =  MLG.  bldw  Lg' 
blau  =  OHG.  bldo  (bldw-),  MHG.  bid  (bldw-)', 
G.  blau  (whence  (from  OHG.)  ML.  bldvus,  >It. 
btavo  =  OSp.  blavo  =  Pr.  blau,  fern,  blava,  =  OF. 
and  mod.  F.  bleu,  >  ME.  bleu,  blewe  (perhaps  in 
part  <  AS.  *bl(BW  (as  in  blcewen)  for  *bldw),  mod 
E.  blue,  q.  v.),  blue,  prob.  =  L.  ndvus,  yellow 
(color-names  are  unstable  in  application) :  see 
blue.^     I,  a.  1.  Blue;  blackish-blue;  livid; 
also,  bluish-gray;  lead-colored:  a  color-name 
apphed  to  various  shades  of  blue.— 2.  Livid- 
pale-blue  :  applied  to  a  person's  complexion,  as 
affected  by  cold,  terror,  or  contusion. 

Oh !  sirs,  some  of  you  will  stand  with  a  blae  countenance 
before  the  tribunal  of  God.  m.  Bruce. 


As  sweet  a  plant,  as  fair  a  fiower  is  faded 
As  ever  in  the  Muse's  garden  bladed. 

P.  Fletcher,  Eliza,  an  Elegy, 
blade-bone  (blad'bon),  w.  The  scapula  or  shoul- 
der-blade. 

bladed  (bla'ded),  7;.  a.    [<  blade  +  -ed2.]  1 
Having  a  blade  or  blades,  as  a  plant,  a  knife, 
etc.:  as,  ''bladed  grass,"  Shale.,  M.  N.  D  i 
1;  ''bladed  field,"  Thomson,  Summer,  1.  57.— 
2.  Stnppedof  blades  or  leaves.— 3.  Inmineral., 
composed  of  long  and  narrow  plates  like  the 


Bladed  Structure,  Cyanite. 

blade  of  a  knife :  as,  bladed  structure.-  4  In 
her.  used  when  the  stalk  or  the  blade  of  any 
told  of  gram  is  borne  of  a  color  different  from 
the  ear  or  fruit:  as,  an  ear  of  corn  or,  bladed 
vert.  ' 

blade-fish  (blad'fish),  n.  A  name  in  England 
of  the  hairtail,  Trichiurus  lepturus. 

blade-metal  (blad'mef'al), «.  Metal  for  sword- 
blades.  Milton. 

blade-mill  (blad'mil),  ».  a  mill  for  grinding 
off  the  rough  surfaces  of  tools  preparatory  to 
pohshmg  them.  ^ 

blade-ore  (blad'or),  n.  A  general  name  for 
the  species  of  seaweed  belonging  to  the  genus 
Laminaria  (which  see). 

blader  (bla'der),  n.     it.   One  who  makes 
swords.-- 2t.  A  swordsman.— 3.  In  composi- 
*  ^I'^i*'^  numerals,  a  tool  having  the  number 
ot  blades  indicated  by  the  prefix :  as,  thvee-bla- 
uer.  [Colloq.] 

''^^f (blad'smith),  n.  [<  ME.  bladsmyth, 
\blad,  blade,  +  smith.-]  A  sword-cutler.  York 
inlays. 

^l^^tPl^'^SOa^^^'svr^T^g),  n.  A  form  of  spring 
used  to  hold  piston-rings  in  place. 

theXss^'v^Jh'fh^'f  serve  a  double  purpose,  connecting 
in^  »t  tl  "  ''"^  bottom  of  the  piston,  and  carry 

uig  at  their  extremities  the  fifarfe-sjumij/J.  "'-■"Jy 
Campin,  Mech.  Engineering,  p.  142. 


II.  w.  [Commonly  in  pi.  blaes ;  also  written 
blatze,  blaze.}  In  coal-mining,  indurated  argil- 
laceous shale  or  clay,  sometimes  containing 
nodules  of  iron  ore.  The  same  term  is  also 
applied  to  beds  of  hard  sandstone, 
blaeberry  (bl^'ber'-'i),  n. ;  pi.  blaeberries  (-iz). 
[oe. ;  also  spelled  bleaberry,  blayberry ;  <  blae 
+  berry,  after  Icel.  bldber  =  Sw.  bldbdr  =  Dan. 
blaabmr :  see  bilberry.]  The  Scotch  name  of  the 
bilberry. 

blae-llnen   (blS'lin'^en),  n.    A  slate-colored 
linen  beetled  in  the  manufacture.    Also  blav- 
Unen.  ^ 
blaesitas  (ble'si-tas),  n.    [NL.,  <  L.  Mcbsus, 
lispmg,  stammering;  cf.  Gr.  [ilaiGog,  crooked 
bandy-legged.]    1.  Stuttering  or  stammering. 
—  2.  An  imperfection  of  speech  consisting  in 
the  substitution  of  d  for  t,  b  for  p,  etc.  See  psel- 
iismus.  [Rare.] 
blaflft,  V.  i.    [Prob.  <  D.  blaffen  =  MLG.  LG. 
blaften,  bark ;  cf.  ME.  wlaffen,  and  baffen,  E. 
oaffi-,  bark:  all  appar.  imitative.]    To  bark. 

Seals  which  would  rise  out  of  the  water,  and  blaff  like  a 
dog.  Capt.  Cowley,  Voy.  (1729),  p.  6.    (N.  E.  D.) 

blaflfert  (blaf'ert),  n.    [<  MHG.  blajihart,  pla- 
phart,  ])lappert  =  MLG.  blaffert  =  MD.  blaf- 
Jerd,  blaffaert  (ML.  blaffardus),  a  silver  coin 
with  a  blank  face,  <  blaffaert,  having  a  blank 
or  plane  face,  <  blaf,  having  a  blank  or  broad 
face :  see  bluff -^.^  An  old  silver  coin  of  Cologne 
worth  about  4  cents, 
blaflum  (blaf'lum),  n.   [Also  bleflum.   Cf.  be- 
flum.]  Deception;  imposition;  hoax.  [Scotch.] 
blague  (blag),  n.    [F.]   Humbug;  vain  boast- 
ing ;  pretentious  falsehood, 
blague  (blag),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blagued,  ppr. 
blagmng.    [<  P.  blaguer,  humbug,  hoax;  from 
tlie  noun.]    To  humbug;  boast;  Ue  jestingly. 
She  [a  Belgian  shopkeeper]  laughed,  and  said  I  blagued. 

The  Bread-Winners,  vi. 
blain  (blan),  n.  [<  ME.  blane,  blayn,  blevn, 
Mem,<  AS.  blegen  (=  D.  blein  =  LG.  bleien  = 
Dan.  blegn),  perhaps,  like  bladder,  ult.  from  the 
root  ot  bldivan,  blow,  puff:  see  fttowi  ]  1  A 
pustule ;  a  blotch  ;  a  blister. 

Botches  and  blains  must  all  his  flesh  emboss. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  180. 

2.  A  bubble  of  water.— 3.  In  farriery,  a  blad- 
der growing  on  the  root  of  the  tongue  against 
the  windpipe,  and  tending  to  cause  suffocation, 
Dlaize,  n.  pi.    See  blae,  n. 

blakt,  blaket,  «•  Middle  EngUsh  forms  of  blaclc. 
blake  (blak),  a.  [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  blake,  blaJc, 
the  northern  form  corresponding  to  the  res 
southern  early  ME.  bloke,  bloc,  <  AS.  bide  (var.' 
blcec,  >  ME.  bleche,  mod.  E.  bleach^,  adi.,  also 
prob  without  assibilation  ME.  *bleke,  mod  E 
bleak^t  see  bleach\  a.,  and  bleak^)  (=  OS.  blek 
=  D  Meek  =  MLG.  blek  =  OHG.  bleih,  MHG. 
G.  bletch  =  lce\.bleikr),  shining,  white,  pale,  < 
bhcan  (pret.  Mac),  shine,  gleam:  see  blicn.]  1 
-t'ale;  pallid;  wan;  of  a  sickly  hue,  as  the  com- 
plexion ;  of  a  pale-green  or  yellow  hue,  as  vege- 
tation.-2  Yellow,  as  butter,  cheese,  ete.-3. 
^leak;  cold;  bare;  naked.  Halliwell.  [North 
Eng.] 

blaket,  v.  i  [ME.  blaken,  the  northern  form 
corresponding  to  the  reg.  southern  early  ME 
Oloken,<.  AS.  blacian,  become  pale,  <  bide,  pale: 
see  blake,  a.]    To  become  'lale. 


blamelessly 
blakeling  (blak'ling),  n.  [E.  dial.,  <  blake,  yel- 
low, -f-  -lingi.]  The  yellow  bunting.  Halli- 
well. [North.  Eng.] 
blamable,  blameable  (bla'ma-bl),  a.  [<  blame 
+  -able.]  Deserving  of  blame  or  censure; 
faulty;  culpable;  reprehensible;  censurable. 

Such  feelings  though  blamable,  were  natural  and  not 
wliolly  inexcusable.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

blamableness,  blameableness  (bla'ma-bl- 

nes),  H..  The  state  or  quality  of  being  blama- 
ble; culpability;  faultiness. 

If  we  are  to  measure  degrees  of  blameableness.  one 
wrong  must  Ije  set  off  against  the  other. 

Jidinburyh  Rev.,  CLXIV.  450. 

blamably,  blameably  (bla'ma-bli),  adv.  t 
a  blamable  manner ;  culpably.  " 

I  .  .  .  took  occasion  to  observe,  that  the  world  in 
eral  began  to  be  blameably  indifferent  as  to  doc 
""'"ers.  Goldsmith,  Vica., 

blame  (blam),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blarncd,  ppi 
blaming.  [<  ME.  blamen  =  MD.  blamen  (also 
Uamercn,  D.  blameren),  <  OF.  blasmer,  blamer 
F.  bldmer  =  Pr.  bla.wiar  =  OSp.  bla.wiar  = 
It.  btasimare,  <  LL.  blasphcmare,  speak  ill  of, 
blame,  also  blaspheme,  <  Gr.  p'Aac  (brjiieiv,  speak 
ill,  whence  the  full  E.  form  blaspheme,  q.  v  ]  1 
To  express  disapprobation  of ;  find  fault  with  - 
censure:  otd^obqA  to  praise  ov  commend.  ' 

No  lesse  is  to  be  blam'd  their  odd  pronouncing  of  Latine 
so  that  out  of  England  none  were  able  to  understand  or 
endure  it.  Evelyn,  Diary,  May  13,  1661. 

We  blamed  him,  and  with  perfect  justice  and  propriety 
for  saying  what  he  did  not  mean.  e^^^'-y. 

Macaulay,  Sadler's  Ref.  Refuted. 
Formerly  it  might  be  followed  by  of. 
Tomoreus  he  blam'd  of  inconsiderate  rashness. 

Knolles,  Hist.  Turks. 

2.  To  charge ;  impute  as  a  fault ;  lay  the  re- 
sponsibihty  of:  as,  he  blames  the  failure  on 
you.  [Colloq.]— 3t.  To  bring  reproach  upon; 
blemish;  injure. 

,  •  ,    ,  ^^'^  i"  which  she  stood  : 

To  which  she  for  his  sake  had  weetingly 
Now  brought  herselfe,  and  blam'd  her  noble  blood. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  iii.  11. 
[In  such  phrases  as  he  is  to  blame,  to  blame,  bv  an  old 
h?Man'^?Kl  «°"st™ction,  has  the  passive  meaning  'to 
be  blamed,  blamable.  Compare  a  house  to  let,  hire  build  ■ 
gram  ready  to  cut,  etc.  ^, 

You  were  to  blame,  I  must  be  plain  with  you. 

Shale.,  M.  of  v.,  V.  1. 
I  was  to  blame  to  be  so  rash  ;  I  am  sorry. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  iii  4 
InnUi^''^^  ?.!  Elizabethan  period  it  was  often  written 
Hvp^^^'^f  '"'''"K  mistaken  for  an  adjec 

Jrprihen^-s'eel''^'^'''''^'  "P'^™"' 

blame  (blam),  «.  [<  me.  blame  =  MD.  blame, 
^■blaam  <  OF.  blasme,  F.  bldme  (=  Pr.  blasme 
=  <Jop-  i^g-  blasmo  =  It.  biasimo),  <  blasmer,  v 
blame:  see  blame,  v.]  1.  An  expression  of  dis- 
approval of  something  deemed  to  be  wrong- 
imputation  of  a  fault ;  censure ;  reprehension.' 
Let  me  bear  the  blame  for  ever.  Gen.  xliii.  9. 

2.  -That  which  is  deserving  of  censure  or  dis- 
approbation; fault;  crime;  sin. 

That  we  should  be  holy  and  without  blame  before  him. 

Eph-  i-  4. 

3.  Culpability;  responsibility  for  something 
that  is  wrong:  as,  the  blame  is  yours— 4+ 
Hui-t ;  injury. 

And  [the  blow]  glauncing  downe  his  shield  from  blame  him 
lairly  blest.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  ii.  ig 

blameable,  blameableness,  blameably.  See 

blamable,  blamableness,  blamably. 
blameful  (blam'ful),  a.    [<  blame,  n.,  -f  -ful  1 

1.  Meriting  blame;  reprehensible;  faulty 
^  ^s,  "blameful  thinges,"  Chati- 
cer,  Melibeus. 

Thy  mother  took  into  her  blameful  bed 
Some  stern  untutor'd  churl. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

2.  Faultfinding;  blaming:  as,  a  blameful  look 
or  word.  Buskin. 

blamefully  (blam'fld-i),  adv.    In  a  blameful 
manner. 

blamefulness  (blam'fiil-nes),  «.    [<  blameful 

+  -ness.]    The  state  of  being  blameful, 
blameless   (blam'les),  a.     [ME.   blameles ;  < 
blaine  +  -less.]  Not  meriting  blame  or  censure ; 
without  fault ;  undeserving  of  reproof ;  inno- 
cent; guiltless:  as.  "the  blameless  Indians," 
Thomson,  Memory  of  Lord  Talbot. 
We  will  be  blameless  of  this  thine  oath.       Josh.  ii.  17. 
Wearing  the  white  flower  of  a  blameless  life. 

Tennyson,  Ded.  of  Idylls. 
=  Syn.  Faultless,  ureproachable,  unimpeachable  unsul- 
lied,  spotless,  stainless,  unblemished 

blamelessly  (blam'les-li),  adv.   In  a  blameless 
manner;  without  fault  or  crime ;  innocently 


blamelessness 

blamelessness  (blam'les-nes),  «.  The  state  or 
(lualityof  beiug  blameless ;  inuooenee;  purity. 
'I'hj-  white  blameletisiiess  accounted  blame. 

Ti'imyson,  Merlin  anil  Vivien. 

blamer  (bla'mer),  n.  One  who  blames,  fiiids 
fault,  or  censures:  as,  '■^hlamcrs  of  the  times," 
Donne,  To  Countess  of  Bedford,  iii. 

blameworthiness  (blam '  wer "  thI  - nes) , «.  [< 
bhnnncortln/  +  -ness.'\  The  quality  of  being 
blameworthy;  blamableness. 

Praise  and  lilanie  express  wliat  actually  are,  praisewor- 
thiness  ami  blamfinii-tliiiwxs  what  naturally  ought  to  be, 
the  sentiments  of  other  people  with  regard  to  our  charac- 
ter and  conduct. 

Adam  Smith,  Theory  of  Moral  Sentiments,  m.  3. 
Blame  I  can  bear,  tliMuuh  ii'>t  blameworthiness. 

Ihnivnl i,<i.  Ring  and  Book,  I.  140. 

meworthy  (blam' wer"  thI),  a.     [<  ME. 
Diewortin/,  <  bhune  +  worthi/.l  Deserving 
olame ;  censurable  ;  culpable ;  reprehensible. 

That  the  sending  of  a  divorce  to  her  husband  was  not 
blameu'orthy,  he  affirms,  because  the  man  was  heinously 
vicious.  Milton,  Divorce,  ii.  22. 

blanc  (blangk;  F.  pron.  blon),  «.  [OP.  blanc, 
a  silver  coin  (see  def.  2),  <  bla)ic,  a.,  white :  see 
Uank.'i    1.  A  silver  coin,  weighing  about  47 


576 

Blanch  lion,  anciently,  the  title  of  one  of  the  pursiiivants 

iif  arms. 

II.  II.  It.  Same  as  blanc,  3.— 2t.  A  white 
spot  on  tlie  skin. —  3.  In  mining,  a  piece  of  ore 
found  isolated  in  the  hard  rock.  It.  Hunt. 
[Eng.] 

blanch^  (blanch),  V.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
blaunch;  <  ME.  blaunchen,  hlanchen,  <  OF.  hlan- 
chir  (F.  blanchir),  <  blanc  (>  ME.  blank,  blanch), 
white:  see  bUmk.'\  I.  trans.  1.  To  make  white; 
whiten  by  depriving  of  color ;  render  colorless : 


blandiloquence 

/am.]  Rent  paid  in  silver  instead  of  in  ser- 
vice or  produce ;  also,  a  kind  of  nominal  (juit- 
rent,  paid  witli  a  small  piece  of  silver  or  other- 
wise. Also  written  blcnch-farm,  blench-fcrm, 
and  blench-firm. 
blanch-holding  (blanch 'hoi "ding),  11.  A 
Scotch  tenure  by  which  the  tenant  is  bouud  to 
pay  only  a  nominal  or  tritling  yearly  duty  to 
his  superior,  as  an  acknowledgment  of  his 
right,  and  only  if  demanded.  Also  written 
blcnch-holding. 


as,  to  blanch  linen.— 2.  In  hort.,  to  whiten  or  blanchimeter  (blan-chim' e-t6r),  «.  [Irreg. 


prevent  from  becoming  green  by  excluding  the 
light :  a  process  applied  to  the  stems  or  leaves 
of  plants,  such  as  celery,  lettuce,  sea-kale,  etc. 
It  is  done  by  banking  up  earth  about  the  stems  of  the 
plants,  tying  the  leaves  together  to  keep  the  inner  ones 
from  the  light,  or  covering  with  pots,  boxes,  or  the  like. 
3.  To  make  pale,  as  with  sickness,  fear,  cold, 
etc. 

Keep  the  natural  ruby  of  your  cheeks. 
When  mine  are  blanch' d  with  fear. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4. 


<  blanch  +  meter.  Cf.  altimeter.}  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  bleaching  power  of 
oxymuriate  (ehlorid)  of  lime  and  potash, 
blanching  (bliiu'ehing),  v.  The  act  of  render- 
ing blanched  or  white;  specifically,  any  pro- 
cess applied  to  silver  or  other  metals  to  impart 
whiteness  and  luster, 
blanching-liciuor  (blan'ching-lik"or),  n.  The 
solution  of  ehlorid  of  lime  used  for  bleaching. 


Also  called  bleaching-liq%ii(i. 
4t.  Figuratively,  to  give  a  fair  appearance  to,  ijiancjjt  A.andw.  An  obsolete  spelling  of  ft^awfc. 
as  an  immoral  act;  palliate;  slui-;  pass  over,    bianc-mange,   blanc-manger  (bla-monzh', 


Obverse. 
Blanc  of  Henry  VI., 


British  Museum. 


Reverse. 
( Size  of  the  original. ) 


They  extoll  Constantine  because  he  extol'd  them ;  as 
our  homebred  Monks  in  their  Histories  blanch  the  Kings 
their  Benefactors,  and  brand  those  that  went  about  to  be 
their  Correctors.  Milton,  Kef.  in  Eng.,  i. 

Blanch  over  the  blackest  and  most  absurd  things. 

Tillotson,  Works,  I.  30. 

5.  In  cookery,  to  soak  (as  meat  or  vegetables) 
in  hot  water,  or  to  scald  by  a  short,  rapid  boil- 
ing, for  the  purpose  of  producing  firmness  or 
whiteness. —  6.  In  the  arts,  to  whiten  or  make 
lustrous  (as  metals)  by  acids  or  other  means ; 
also,  to  cover  with  a  thin  coating  of  tin — To 
blanch  almonds,  to  deprive  them  of  their  skins  by  im- 
mersion in  hot  water  and  a  little  friction,  after  their  shells 
have  been  removed. 

One  word  more,  and  1  11  blanch  thee  like  an  almond. 

Fletcher,  Wife  for  a  Month,  i.  2. 

=  Syn.  1  and  2.  Etiolate,  etc.    See  whiten. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  white ;  turn  pale. 

The  ripple  would  hardly  blanch  into  spray 
At  the  feet  of  the  cliff.       Teniuj.wn,  The  Wreck. 
Drew  his  toil-worn  sleeve  across 

To  brush  the  manly  tear 
From  cheeks  that  never  changed  in  woe, 
And  never  blanched  in  fear. 

0.  ir.  Holmes,  Pilgrim's  Vision. 

blanch^t  (blanch),  r.  [A  corruption  of  blench^-, 
simulating  blanch^,  turn  pale :  see  blench'':'] 
I.  trans.  To  shun  or  avoid,  as  from  fear;  evade. 

The  judges  .  .  .  thought  it  .  .  .  dangerous  ...  to  ad- 
mit ifs  and  ands  to  qualifle  the  words  of  treason,  whereby 
every  man  might  expresse  his  malice  and  blanch  his  dan- 
ger. Bacoji,  Hen.  VII.,  p.  134. 

By  whose  importunitie  was  the  saile  slacken'd  in  the 
first  encounter  with  the  Dutch,  or  whether  I  am  to  blanch 
this  particular?  Evelyn,  To  my  Lord  Treasurer. 

II.  intrans.  To  shrink;  shift;  equivocate. 

Books  will  speak  plain  when  counsellors  blanch. 

Bacon,  Of  Counsel. 

bis  successors  the  blanc  was  worth  10  deniers,  and  the  blanched  (blancht),  p.  a.  Whitened ;  deprived 
demi-blanc  5  deniers.    From  Louis  XI.  to  Francis  I.  a        ^,,1^^.  TjJeached. 


grains,  struck  by  Heni-y  VI.  of  England  (1422- 
1461)  for  his  French  dominions.  Sometimes 
spelled  blank  or  blanck. 
Have  you  any  money  ?  he  answered.  Not  a  blanch. 

B.  Jonson,  Gayton's  Fest.  Night. 

2.  A  French  silver  coin,  first  issued  by  Philip  of 
Valois  (1328-1350)  at  the  value  of  10  deniers, 

or  rf  livre.  Under  King  John  the  Good  (1350-1364) 
the  blanc  was  coined  at  5  deniers.  Under  Charles  VI.  and 


Blanc  of  Charles  VI.  of  France,  British  Museum.  (Size  of  the  original. 


grand  blanc  was  issued  worth  12  deniers,  or  ^  livre,  and 
a  petit  blanc  of  one  half  that  value.  After  the  time  of 
Francis  I.  the  grand  blanc  was  no  longer  coined ;  but  the 
petit  blanc  was  retained  as  a  money  of  account,  and  was 
reckoned  at  5  deniers,  or  -jV  livi-e ;  it  was  commonly  called 
simply  blanc.  The  blanc  was  coined  according  to  both  the 
tournois  and  the  parisis  systems,  the  latter  coins,  like 
others  of  the  same  system,  being  worth  one  quarter  more 
than  those  of  the  same  name  in  the  former  system. 

3.  A  white  paint,  especially  for  the  face. — 4. 
A  piece  of  ware  such  as  is  generally  decorated, 
sold  or  delivered  without  its  decoration.  At  the 
Sewes  and  other  porcelain-factories  pieces  not  quite  per- 


of  color 

And  still  she  slept  an  azure-lidded  sleep, 
In  blanched  linen,  smooth,  and  lavender'd. 

Keats,  Eve  of  St.  Agnes,  xxx. 
Specifically  applied  to  coins  and  silver  articles  contain- 
ing copper  which  have  been  submitted  to  the  action  of  hot 


mon-zha' ),  «.  [The  present  spelling  and  pron. 
imitate  the  mod.  F.  Also  written  blamange,  blo- 
mange,  bliimangc,  bhiemange,  according  to  the 
current  pronunciation ;  early  mod.  E.  also  blawe- 
manger,  bloivmanger,  etc.,<  ME.  blamanger,  blaw- 
manger,  blammanger,  blanmanger,  blankmanger, 
blan'cmangcr,  etc.,  a  preparation  of  different 
kinds;  <  OF.  (and  F.)  blanc-manger  (=  Sp. 
inanjar  bianco),  lit.  white  food,  <  blanc,  white, 
+  manger,  eating,  prop,  inf.,  eat:  see  blank 
and  manger.]  In  cookery,  a  name  of  different 
preparations  of  the  consistency  of  jelly,  vari- 
ously composed  of  dissolved  isinglass,  arrow- 
root, corn-starch,  etc.,  with  milk  and  flavoring 
substances,  it  is  frequently  made  from  a  marine  alga, 
Chondrus  crisptts,  called  Irish  moss,  which  is  common  on 
the  coasts  of  Europe  and  North  America.  The  blanc- 
manqer  mentioned  by  Chaucer  in  the  General  Prologue  to 
the  Canterbury  Tales,  1.  387,  was  apparently  a  compound 
made  of  capon  minced  with  flour,  sugar,  and  cream, 
bianco  (blang'ko),  n.  [Sp.,  <  bianco,  a.,  white : 
see  blank.']  A  grade  of  cochineal-bugs,  often 
called  silver-whites,  from  their  peculiar  lus- 
trous appearance,  in  distinction  from  the  black 
bugs  or  zacatillas.  They  are  picked  into  bags  and 
innnediately  dried  in  a  stove,  while  the  others  are  first 
thrown  into  hot  water. 

blandif,  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  (Sc.),  <  ME.  blan- 
den,  blondcn,  <  AS.  blandan  (pret.  blednd,  pp. 
blanden)=OS.  blandan  =  OHG.  blantan  =  Icel. 
blanda  =  Sw.  blanda  =  Dan.  hlande  =  Goth,  blan- 
dan (redupl.  verb,  pret.  baibland,  pp.  blandans), 
mix;  rare  in  AS.,  and  in  later  use  superseded 
by  WcHdi,  q.  v.]    To  mix;  blend. 

blandi  (bland),  «.  [(1)  ME.,  <  AS.  bland  (= 
Icel.  bland),  mixture  (Icel.  i  bland,  m  union,  to- 
gether), <  blandan,  mix;  (2)  <  Icel.  blanda,  a 
mixture  of  liquids,  esp.  of  hot  whey  with  water, 
<  blanda  =  AS.  blandan,  mix,  blend :  see  bland^, 
v.]  It.  Mixture;  union.~2.  -Aji  agreeable 
summer  beverage  prepared  from  the  whey  of 
churned  milk,  common  among  the  inhabitants 
of  the  Shetland  islands — In  blandt,  together; 

blended. 


dilute  sulphuric  acid,  to  dissolve  a  part  of  the  copper  of  the  hland^  (bland),  a.  [<  L.  blandus,  caressing, 
alloy  on  the  surface,  and  leave  a  film  or  coating  richer  m        „    „  '  ^oWo  flntWincr.  rierhans  oriff.  *mZaw- 


fect  in  shape  are  sold  undecorated,  but  bearing  a  special  ,  i"  "Tl^'fi  /■WAr, '«Tlor^  m  rFnT-lv  mod  F 
ineffaceable  mark,  which  distinguishes  them  from  those  blancher^  (blan  Cher),  n.  [^'arly  moa.  1!. 
finished  in  the  factory.  blannchcr,  <  ME.  blancher ;  <  blanch^  + 


5.  A  rich  stock  or  gravy  in  which  made  dishes 
or  entrees  are  sometimes  served — Blanc  d'ar- 
gent,  a  pigment,  the  carbonate  of  lead,  or  white  lead,  usu- 
ally f'ound  in  commerce  in  small  drops.— Blanc  fixe,  an 
ai  tiflcially  prepared  sulphate  of  barium,  made  liy  dissolv- 
ing witherite  (carbonate  of  barium)  in  hydrochloric  acid, 
and  precipitating  this  solution  with  sulphuric  acid.  It  is 
met  with  in  commerce  in  a  pulpy  state  in  water,  and  is  used 
as  an  adulterant  of  paper,  pigments,  etc. 
blancard  (blang'kard),  n.  [F.,  <  blanc,  white 
(see  blank),  +  -ard.]  A  kind  of  linen  cloth 
manufactured  in  Normandy :  so  called  because 
the  thread  is  half  blanched  before  it  is  woven, 
blanch^  (blanch),  a.  and  n.  [Also  written 
blench;  <  ME.  blanche,  blaunehe,  <  OF.  blanche, 
fern,  of  blanc,  white:  see  blatik,  a.]  I.  a.  If. 
White;  pale. —  2t.  Same  as  blench'^ — Blanch 

farm.  See  blanch-fann.—ma,nch  fevert  IF.  "fievres 
blanches,  the  agues  wherewith  maidens  that  have  the 
green-sickness  be  troubled,"  Cotgrave],  literally,  pale 
fever;  hence,  to  have  the  blanch  fever  is  either  to  be  in 
love  or  to  be  sick  with  wantonness. 

And  som,  thou  seydest  hadde  a  blanche  fevere, 
And  preyedest  God  he  sholde  nevere  kevere. 

Chaucer,  Truilus,  i.  016. 


alloy   -  -        ,  - 

silver.— Blanched  copper,  an  alloy  of  copper  and  arse 
nic,  in  about  the  proportion  of  10  of  the  former  to  1  of  the 
latter.  It  is  used  for  clock-dials  and  thermometer-  and 
barometer-scales.  It  is  prepared  by  heating  copper  clip- 
pings with  white  arsenic  (arsenious  acid),  arranged  in  al- 
ternate layers  and  covered  with  common  salt,  in  an  earth- 
en crucible.    _ 

also 
eri.] 

One  who  blanches  or  whitens,  in  any  sense  of 
the  verb  blanch'^. 
blancher^t  (blan'cher),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
blauncher,  blaunshcr,  etc. ;  <  blanch^  (=  blench'^) 
4-  -«•!.]  1.  One  who  turns  aside  or  causes 
to  turn  aside ;  a  perverter. 

These  blanchers  will  lie  ready  to  whisper  the  king  in  the 
ear  and  to  tell  him  that  this  abuse  is  but  a  small  matter. 

Latimer,  Sermon  of  the  Plough. 

2.  One  stationed  for  the  purpose  of  turning 
game  in  some  direction;  a  sewel  (which  see). 

Zelmane  was  like  one  that  stood  in  a  tree  waiting  a 
good  occasion  to  shoot,  and  Gynecia  a  blancher  which 
kept  the  dearest  deer  from  her.    Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  i. 

And  there  we  found  one  Mr.  Greenfield,  a  gentleman  of 
Buckinghamshire,  gathering  up  part  of  the  said  books' 


soft,  agreeable,  flattering,  perhaps  orig.  *mlan- 
dus,  akin  to  mollis,  mild,  Skt.  mridu,  Gv.  /xEtAi- 
Xoc'E.  mild,  etc.:  see  mild,  moll.]  1.  Mild; 
soft;  gentle;  balmy. 
Exhilarating  vapour  bland.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  1047. 
The  weather  .  .  .  being  for  the  most  part  of  a  iZand  and 
equal  temperature.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  14. 

2.  Affable ;  suave ;  soothing;  kindly:  as,"6Zowd 

words,"  Milton,  P.  L.,ix.  855. 

His  manners  were  gentle,  complying,  and  bland. 

Goldsmith,  Ketaliation,  1.  140. 

Bland  the  smile  that  like  a  wrinkling  wind 
On  glassy  water  drove  his  cheek  in  lines. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  i. 

3.  Mild;  free  from  irritating  qualities:  said 
of  certain  medicines:  as,  bland  oils. — 4.  Not 
stimulating:  said  of  food.=Syn.  Mild,  etc.  See 
gentle.  ,,-r-, 

bland2t,  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  (Sc.),  <  ME. 
blanden,  blonden,  blaunden  =  MD.  blanden,  < 
OF.  Mandir  (>  also  E.  blandish,  q.  v.),  <  L.  blan- 
diri,  flatter,  caress:  see  blandish.]    To  flatter; 


„  -,  o         ...  , .  ,  blandish. 

leaves  (as  he  said  ,  therewith  to  make  him  sewels  or  l>la„-1ation+  (blan-da'shon),  M.  [<  L.  as  if 
STaTe"tL:bl"tt^reV'wHlfir^ho[i'^'d\*"^"°^  ^Sfo^ ),  equiv.  to' iLiditi^  <  blan^ 

Laytnn  in  R.  w.  Dixons  Hist.  Ch.  of  Eng.,  iv.    pp.  blanditus,  flatter:  see  blandish.]    A  piece 
3.  One  who  starts  or  balks  at  anything.  N.  E.  D.    of  flattery ;  blandishment.  _  Camden. 
blanch-farm,  blanch-ferm,  «.  [<  OF.  blanche  blandiloquence  plan-dil  o-kwens),  n. 
/erme,  lit.  wMtr^        see  blanch^  a.,  and    blandUoquentia,  <   blandtloquen{t-)s,  " 


[<  L. 

speaking 


blandlloquence 

flatteiingly,  <  hlandus,  flattering,  +  loquen(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  loqui,  speak.]  Fair,  mild,  or  flatter- 
ing speech ;  coizrteous  language ;  compliment. 
[Rare.] 

blandimentt  (Wan'di-ment),  «.    [=  Sp.  blan- 
tlimiento  =  It.  blatulimeni'o,  <  L.  Mandimentum,< 
hlandiri,  flatter:  see  blandish.']  Blandishment; 
allurement;  enticement. 
Allure  uo  man  with  suasions  and  blandiments. 

Bp.  Burnet,  Injunctions  to  the  Monasteries 
(temp.  Hen.  VIII.,  I.,  App. 

blandiset,  v.  A  Middle  English  form  of  blandish. 
blandish  (blan'dish),  v.  [<  ME.  blaundishen, 
blandisen,  <  OF.  blandiss-,  stem  of  certain  parts 
of  Uandir  =  Pr.  Sp.  blaiidir  =  It.  blandire,  <  L. 
blandiri,  flatter,  caress,  <  blandus,  caressing, 
gentle,  bland :  see  bland^,  a.]  I,  trans.  1.  To 
flatter;  caress;  coax  or  cajole  with  complai- 
sant speech  or  caressing  act. —  2.  To  render 
pleasing,  alluring,  or  enticing. 

In  former  days  a  country-life, 

For  so  time-lionoiu'ed  poets  sing, 
Free  from  anxiety  and  strife, 
Was  Uandisli'd  by  perpetual  spring. 

J .  G.  Cooper,  Retreat  of  Aristippus,  Ep.  i. 

3.  To  offer  or  bestow  blandly  or  caressingly : 
as,  to  blandish  words  or  favors.  [Rare  and 
archaic  in  all  uses.] 

II,t  intrans.  To  assume  a  caressing  or  blan- 
dishing manner. 

How  she  blandishing 
By  Dunsraore  drives  along. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xiii.  318. 

blandished  (blan'disht),  p.  a.  Invested  with 
flattery,  cajolery,  or  blandishment. 

Mustering  all  her  wiles, 
With  blandish'd  parlies,  feminine  assaults. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  403. 

blandisher  (blan'dish-er),  n.  One  who  blan- 
dishes ;  a  flatterer. 

blandishing  (blan'dish-ing),  n.  [<  ME.  blan- 
disinge;  verbal  n.  of  blandish.]  Blandishment. 

Double-hearted  friends,  whose  blandishings 
Tickle  our  ears,  but  sting  our  bosoms. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  vi.  3. 
blandishing  (blan'dish-ing),  a.    [<  ME.  hlaun- 
dyshing ;  j>pr.      blandish.]    Mild;  soothing. 

The  see  hath  eke  his  ryght  to  be  somtime  calm  and 
olaundyshing  with  sniothe  water. 

Chaucer,  Boethius,  ii.,  prose  2. 
blandishment  (blan'dish-meut),  n.  [<  OF.  blan- 
dissement,  <  blandir :  see  blandish  and  -ment.] 

1.  Speech  or  action  expressive  of  affection  or 
kindness,  and  tending  to  win  the  heart ;  an  art- 
ful caress ;  flattering  attention  ;  cajolery ;  en- 
dearment. 

As  tlius  he  spake,  eacli  bird  and  beast  behold 
Approaching  two  and  two  ;  these  cowering  low 
With  blandishment :  each  bird  stoop'd  on  his  wing. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  351. 
Blandishments  will  not  fascinate  us. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Bunker  Hill. 

2.  Something  bland  or  pleasing;  that  which 
pleases  or  allures. 

The  rose  yields  Iier  sweete  blandishment. 

Habington,  Castara,  ii. 
The  blandishments  of  early  friendships. 

Longfelloiv,  Hyperion,  iv.  5. 

blandly  (bland'li),  adv.    In  a  bland  manner; 
with  suavity ;  mildly ;  gently, 
blandness  (bland'nes),  n.    [<  bland  +  -ness.] 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  bland;  mildness; 
gentleness ;  soothingness. 

Envy  was  disarmed  by  the  blandness  of  Albemarle's 
temper.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxiii. 

blandurilla  (blan-du-ril'a),w.  [Sp., dim.  of  Uan- 
dura,  softness,  a  white  paint  used  by  women, 
<  blando,  soft,  bland,  <  L.  blandus :  see  bland^, 
a.]  A  fine  soft  pomatum  made  in  Spain, 
blank  (blangk),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
blanc,  blanck;  <  ME.  Manic,  fem.  blanche  (see 
blanda,  a.),  <  OF.  bla)ic,  fem.  blanche,  white 
(=  Pr.  blanc  =  Sp.  bianco  =  Pg.  branco  =  It 
Uanco;  ML.  blancus),  <  OHG.  blanch,  MHG 
blanc,  G.  blank,  shining,  bright  (=  MLG.  blank 
=  D.  blank  =  Sw.  Dan.  blank,  shining,  =  AS. 
*blanc,  only  in  poet,  deriv.  blanca,  a  white  or 
gi-ay  horse,  ME.  blanke,  blonke.  Sc.  Monk;  cf. 
leel.  Makkr,  poet.,  a  horse,  steed ; ;  u.-ually  re- 
ferred to  a  Teut.  verb  *Minkan  (piet  *blank), 
shme,  which,  however,  is  not  foui.d  in  the 
older  tongues :  see  blink.  In  the  sense  of  a 
com  (H.,  7,  8),  OF.  blanc,  MLG.  blank,  MD. 
blancke  (ML.  blanca),  orig.  with  ref.  to  the  color 
of  silver.]  I.  a.  1.  White  or  pale:  as,  "the 
blanc  moon,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  65C. 

Blank  as  death  in  marble.  Tenni/son,  Princess,  i. 

2.  Pale  from  fear  or  terror;  hence,  dispirited; 
dejected;  confounded;  confused. 
37  ' 


577 


Adam,  soon  as  he  hoard 
The  fatal  trespass  done  by  Eve,  amazed, 
Astonied  stood  and  blank.    Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  890. 
Th'  old  woman  wox  Iialf  blanck  those  wordes  to  heare. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  III.  iii.  17. 

3.  Empty  or  unoccupied ;  void ;  bare. 

So  blacken'd  all  her  world  in  secret,  blank 
And  waste  it  seem  d  and  vain. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  vii. 
Now  slowly  falls  the  dull  blank  night. 

Bryant,  Rain- Dream. 
Specifically  — (a)  Free  from  written  or  printed  cliaracters- 
not  written  upon  :  as,  a  blank  book  ;  blank  paper  ;  blank 
spaces,  (b)  Not  filled  up  :  applied  to  legal,  banking,  com- 
mercial, or  other  forms  :  as,  a  blank  check  or  order  •  a 
blfink  ballot ;  a  blank  bond,  (c)  Of  uniform  surface  ;  un- 
relieved or  unbroken  by  ornament  or  opening  :  as,  a  blank 
wall,  (d)  Empty  of  results,  of  interest,  etc. :  as,  a  blank 
outlook  for  the  future. 

4.  Without  contents ;  especially,  wanting  some 
part  necessary  to  completeness :  as,  blank  car- 
tridges, that  is,  cartridges  containing  powder 
but  no  ball. — 5.  Vacant  in  expression;  exhib- 
iting pei-plexity,  real  or  feigned;  nonplussed; 
disconcerted. 

Never  be  blank,  Alonzo, 
Because  this  fellow  has  outstript  thy  fortune. 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  ii.  2. 
The  Damsell  of  Burgundie,  at  sight  of  her  own  letter, 
was  soon  blank,  and  more  ingenuous  then  to  stand  out- 
pacing. Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxi. 

6.  Complete;  utter;  unmitigated:  as,  blank 
stupidity,"  Percival. 

All  but  the  suffering  heart  was  dead 
For  him  abandoned  to  blank  awe. 
To  vacancy,  and  horror  strong. 

Wordsworth,  White  Doe  of  Rylstone,  vi. 

7.  Unrimed:  applied  to  verse,  particularly  to 
the  heroic  verse  of  five  feet  without  rime,  such 
as  that  commonly  adopted  in  English  dramatic 
and  epic  poetry.-Blank  bar,  bond,  cartridge, 
cnarter,  door,  flange,  indorsement,  wheel,  etc.  See 

the  nouns. 

II.  n.  1.  Any  void  space  or  vacant  surface; 
a  space  from  which  something  is  absent  or 
omitted;  a  void;  a  vacancy:  as,  a  blank  in 
one's  memory;  to  leave  blanks  in  writing. 

I  cannot  write  a  paper  full  as  I  used  to  do,  and  yet  I 
will  not  forgive  a  blank  of  half  an  inch  from  you.  Swifi. 
From  the  cheerful  ways  of  men 
Cut  off,  and  for  the  book  of  knowledge  fair 
Presented  with  a  universal  blank 
Of  nature's  works,  to  me  expunged  and  rased. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  48. 

2.  A  piece  of  paper  prepared  for  some  spe- 
cial use,  but  -syithout  writing  or  printed  matter 
on  it. 

The  freemen  signified  their  approbation  by  an  inscribed 
vote,  and  their  dissent  by  a  blank.  Palfrey. 

3.  A  form  or  document  containing  blank  spaces ; 
a  document  remaining  incomplete  till  some- 
thing essential  is  filled  in. 

And  daily  new  e.xactions  are  devis'd  — 
As  blanks,  benevolences,  and  I  wot  not  what 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  1. 

4.  In  parliamentaiy  usage,  provisional  words 
priated  in  italics  in  a  bill,  the  final  form  of 
which  is  to  be  settled  in  committee.— 5.  A 
ticket  in  a  lottery  on  which  no  prize  is  indi- 
cated ;  a  lot  by  which  nothing  is  gained. 

In  a  lottery  where  there  are  (at  the  lowest  computation) 
ten  thousand  blanks  to  a  prize,  it  is  the  most  prudent 
chpice  not  to  venture. 

Lady  M.  W.  Montagu,  Letters,  Jan.  28,  1753. 

6.  In  archery,  the  white  mark  in  the  center  of 
a  butt  or  target  at  which  an  arrow  is  aimed ; 
hence  (archaically),  the  object  toward  which 
anything  is  directed ;  aim ;  target. 

As  level  as  the  cannon  to  his  blank. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  1. 
Let  me  still  remain 
The  true  blaiik  of  thine  eye. 

Shak.,  Lear,  i.  1. 
Quite  beyond  my  arm,  out  of  the  blank 
And  level  of  my  brain.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  ii.  3. 

7.  Same  as  blanc,  1.— 8.  A  small  copper  coin 
formerly  current  in  France. 

Refuse  not  a  marvedi,  a  blank. 

Middleton  and  Rowley,  Spanish  Gypsy,  ii.  1. 
9.  A  piece  of  metal  prepared  to  be  formed'into 
some  finished  object  by  a  further  operation: 
as,  a  blank  for  a  file  or  a  screw;  specifically,  in 
coining,  a  plate  or  piece  of  gold  or  silver,  cut 
and  shaped,  but  not  stamped. — 10.  A  blank 
verse. 

Five  lines  of  that  number, 
Such  pretty,  begging  blanks. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Philaster,  ii.  2. 
i}^^--,  4;  yeig^t'  equal  to  5-3 0^4 tm  of  a  gi-ain. 
blank  (blangk),  v.  t.   [<  blank,  a.]   If.  To  make 
blank;  make  white  or  pale;  blanch. 

Blount  arose  and  left  the  hall,  wliile  Raleigh  looked 
after  him  with  an  expression  that  blanked  for  a  moment 
ms  bold  and  animated  countenance. 

Scoit,  KenUworth,  I.  xvii. 


blanketing ' 

2\.  To  confuse;  put  out  of  countenanoe;  dis- 
concert; nonplus.- 
Despoil  him,  .  .  . 

And  with  confusion  blank  his  worshippers. 

Milton,  a.  A.,  1.  471. 

3t.  To  frustrate ;  make  void ;  bring  to  naught. 
All  former  purposes  were  blancked. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 
4.  A  common  euphemistic  substitute  for  damn, 
referring  to  the  blank  or  dash  whieli  is  common- 
ly substituted  in  printing  for  that  word  when  it 
is  used  as  a  profane  expression.  [Slang.] 
blank-book  (blangk'buk),  n.  A  book  of  ruled 
or  unruled  writing-paper  for  accounts,  memo- 
randa, etc. 

blanket  (blang'ket),  n.  [<  ME.  blanket,  blon- 
kcl,  <  OF.  blanket  (F.  blanchct,  ML.  blanketns, 
hlanchetus),  also  fem.  blankete,  blanquette,  dim. 
of  blanc,  white:  see  blank,  a.]  If.  A  eoar.se 
woolen  fabric,  white  or  undyed,  used  for  cloth- 
ing.—2.  A  large  oblong  piece  of  soft,  loosely 
woven  woolen  cloth,  used  for  the  sake  of  its 
warmth  as  a  bed-covering,  or  (usually  made 
of  coarser  material  and  closer  texture)  as  a 
covering  for  a  horse  when  standing  or  exposed 
to  cold,  and  sometimes  worn  as  a  garment,  es- 
pecially among  mde  or  unei-vilized  people. — 
3.  In  printing,  a  sheet  of  woolen  cloth,  white 
baize,  or  rubber,  laid  between  the  outer  and 
inner  tympans  of  a  hand-press,  or  on  a  ma- 
chine-cylinder, to  moderate  and  equalize  the 
pressure  on  the  type.— 4.  In  cloth-printinq,  the 
cover  of  the  printing-table.— 5.  Same  as  blan- 
quette, 4.-6.  In  paper-making,  an  endless  felt 
upon  which  the  pulp  is  laid. -A  wet  blanket,  one 

who  or  tliat  wluch  damps,  depresses,  or  ilisuppoints  any 
hope,  expectation,  or  enjoyment. 

"But,"  said  the  chairman,  and  that  "but"  was  the 
usual  wet  blanket.  Dickens. 

Bom  on  the  -wrong  side  of  the  blanket,  of  iiiegiti- 

niate  liirth. 

blanket  (blang'ket),  v.  t.    [<  blanket,  «.]  1. 
To  cover  -ndth  a  blanket  or  as  -with  a  blanket: 
as,  to  blanket  a  horse. 
I'll  .  .  .  blanket  my  loins.  Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  3. 

Bla7iketted  like  a  dog. 
And  like  a  cut-purse  whipt. 

Massinger,  Parliament  of  Love,  iv.  5. 
The  importance  of  the  blanketing  action  of  our  atmo- 
spheric constituents  has  been  in  no  way  over-stated. 

Science,  V.  450. 

2.  To  toss  in  a  blanket  by  way  of  punishment 
or  practical  joke. 

M'e  ll  have  our  men  blanket  'em  i'  the  hall. 

B.  Jo7ison,  Epiccene,  v.  4. 

3.  To  take  the  -wind  out  of  the  sails  of,  as  the 
sails  of  one  vessel  when  it  is  passing  close  to 
■windward  of  another. 

B's  helmsman  will  be  apt  to  sail  his  boat  as  close  to  the 
wind  as  possible,  and  try  to  "claw  to  windward  "  and 
prevent  A  from  blanketing  him. 

Qualtrough,  Boat  Sailer's  Manual,  p.  135. 

blanket-bar  (blang'ket-biir),  n.  An  iron  bar 
used  to  keep  the  blanket  of  a  printing-press  in 
place. 

blanket-clause  (blang'ket-klaz),  n.  A  general 
or  iadefinite  clause  framed  so  as  to  provide  for 
a  number  of  contingencies. 

Suitable  annual  appropriations  .  .  .  require  no  blan- 
ket-clause to  justify  or  cover  them. 

Report  of  See.  U.  S.  Treasury,  1886,  I.  xli. 

blanket-deposit  (blang'ket-de-poz"it),  w.  The 
name  given  in  some  parts  of  the  Cordilleran 
mining  region,  especially  in  Colorado  and  Utah, 
to  deposits  of  ore  occurring  in  a  form  ha-ving 
some  of  the  characters  of  those  elsewhere  des- 
ignated as  flat  sheets,  bedded  veins,  beds,  or  flat 

ma.S.ses.  They  are  frequently  intercalated  between  rocks 
of  different  litliological  cliaracter  and  origin,  in  which 
case  they  partake  of  the  nature  of  contact-deposits.  The 
occurrences  of  ore  at  Leadville  are  of  this  nature, 
blanketeer  (blang-ket-er'),  n.  [<  blanket  + 
-cer.]  If.  One  who  tosses  in  a  blanket.— 2. 
One  of  the  radical  reformers  of  Lancashire 
who,  on  March  10th,  1817,  at  a  meeting  in  St. 
Peter's  Fields,  Manchester,  decided  to  march 
to  London  with  a  petition  for  pailiamentary  re- 
form, each  man  having  a  rug  or  blanket  strapped 
on  his  shoulder,  so  that  he  might  bivouac  on  the 
road  if  necessary. 

blanketeer  (blang-ket-er'),  v.  i.  [<  blanketeer, 
n.]    To  act  as  a  blanketeer. 

This  epistle  awaited  lier  at  Beamish's  inn  on  returning 
from  her  blanketeering  adventure. 

The  Husband  Hunter  (1830),  iii.  230.    (.V.  and  Q., 
[7th  ser.,  II.  S.) 

blanketing  (blang'ket-ing),  n.  1.  Coarse 
woolen  cloth  of  which  blankets  are  made. — 


2.  A  supply  or  quantity  of  blankets. —  3.  The 


blanketing 

process  of  obtaining  gold  by  collecting  it  as 
it  comes  from  the  stamps  on  a  blanket  or  in  a 
blanket-sluice. —  4.  pi.  The  gold  so  obtained. — 
5.  The  operation  of  tossing  in  a  blanket  as  a 
punishment  or  a  joke. 

Tliat  affair  of  the  blanketing  happened  to  thee  for  the 
fault  thoii  wast  guilty  of. 

Smollett,  tr.  of  Don  Quixote,  iii.  5. 

blanket-leaf  (blang'ket-lef),  n.    The  common 

muUeu,  Verbascitm  Tliajjsiis. 

blanket-mortgage  (blaug'ket-m6r'''gaj),  m.  A 
mortgage  intended  to  cover  an  aggregation  of 
property,  or  secirre  or  provide  for  indebtedness 
previously  existing  in  various  forms. 

blanket-slieet  (blang'ket-sliet),  n.  A  large 
newspaper  in  folio  form.    Ainer.  Bookmaker. 

blanket-sluice  (blang'ket-slos),  «.  In  mining 
and  metal.,  a  long  trough  or  sluice  in  which 
blankets  are  laid  for  the  purpose  of  collecting 
the  particles  of  gold  or  amalgam  which  pass 
over  them  as  the  material  flows  from  under  the 
stamps. 

blankillo  (blang-kil'6),  n.  Same asblanquiUo,  1. 
blanking-press  (blang'king-pres),  «.  A  stamp- 
ing-press used  to  cut  out  blanks, 
blankly  (blangk'li),  rt(?i'.    1.  In  a  blank  or  va- 
cant manner ;  vacuously ;  aimlessly. —  2.  Di- 
rectly ;  point-blank ;  flatly ;  utterly. 
We  iu  short  blankly  deny  the  possiliility  of  loss. 

Furtnlghtly  Rci\,  N.  .S.,  XL.  540. 

blankness  (blaugk'nes),  n.  [<  blank  -t-  -ness.'] 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  blank. 

There  was  nothing  external  by  which  he  [Casaubon] 
could  account  for  a  certain  blankness  of  sensibility  which 
came  over  him  just  when  his  expected  gladness  should 
have  been  most  lively.     Geair/e  Eliot,  iliddlemarch,  I.  94. 

Blanq.uefort  (blohk'fort),  n.  [F.  Blanquefort, 
a  town  in  Gironde,  France.]  A  red  wine  grown 
in  the  department  of  Gironde  in  France. 

blanquette  (blon-kef),  v.  [F.,  dim.  of  blanc, 
white.  Cf.  blanket.']  1.  In  cookerij,  a  white 
fricassee ;  also,  a  minced  dish,  as  of  cold  veal. 
—  2.  A  kind  of  crude  soda,  obtained  at  Aigues- 
Mortes,  in  France,  by  the  incineration  of  iS'rt?- 
sola  Tragus  and  S.  Kali. —  3.  A  kind  of  white 
sparkUng  wine  made  in  southern  France,  often 
called  blanquettc  de  Limoux. — 4.  A  large  va- 
riety of  pear.    Also  written  blanket. 

blancfuil  (blang-kel'),  n.    Same  as  blanqiiillo. 

blanquillo  (bliing-ke'lyo),  n.  [Sp.,  a  small 
coin,  <  blanquillo,  whitish,  dim.  of  bianco,  white : 
see  blank,  «.]  1.  A  small  copper  coin  equiva- 
lent to  about  6  centimes,  or  a  little  over  1  cent, 
current  in  Morocco  and  on  the  Barbarj'  coast. 
Also  blankillo. —  2.  A  name  of  a  fish  of  the 


578 

MHG.  bleren,  blerren,  cry  aloud,  bleat,  G.  hlar- 
ren,  bldrren,  pldrren,  roar,  bellow,  bleat,  blare; 
prob.  an  imitative  word.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To 
roar  ;  bellow ;  cry ;  low.  [Now  chiefly  prov. 
Eng.]  —  2.  To  give  forth  a  loud  sound  like  a 
trumpet ;  give  out  a  brazen  sound ;  bellow. 
Warble,  O  bugle,  and  trumpet  blare. 

Tennyson,  Welcome  to  Alexandra. 
II.  trans.  To  soimd  loudly ;  proclaim  noisily. 

And  such  a  tongue 
To  blare  its  own  interpretation. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine, 
blarel  (blar),  n.    [<  blare^,  «.]   1.  A  roaring; 
loud  or  bellowing  noise. 

Whitman  .  .  .  sang  the  blare  and  brawn  that  he  found 
in  the  streets.  Stedman,  Poets  of  America,  p.  356. 

2.  Sound  like  that  of  a  trmnpet. 

And  his  ears  are  stunned  with  the  thunder's  blare. 

J.  R.  Drake,  Culprit  Fay. 
With  blare  of  bugle,  clamor  of  men, 
Roll  of  cannon  and  clash  of  arms. 

Tennyson,  Duke  of  Wellington. 

3.  The  bleat  of  a  sheep,  the  bellowing  of  a 
calf,  or  the  weeping  of  a  child.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

blare'-^  (blar),  H.  [Origin  unknown.]  Naut.,  a 
paste  of  hair  and  tar  used  for  calking  the  seams 
of  boats. 

blare^  (blar),  w.  [Swiss.]  A  petty  copper 
coin,  of  about  the  value  of  2  cents,  struck  at 
Bern,  Switzerland. 

Blarina  (bla-ri'na),  «.  [NL. ;  a  nonsense- 
name.]  A  genus  of  American  shrews,  with  32 
or  30  colored  teeth,  concealed  ears,  and  short 
tail.   It  is  the  short-tailed  mole-shrew  of  North  America, 


Blanquillo  {Caitlolattlits  microps). 

genus  Caulolatilus  and  family  Latilidm,  such 
as  C.  chrysops,  C.  microps,  or  C.  princeps.  c.  mi- 
crops  is  of  moderately  elongate  form,  and  has  7  dorsal 
spines  and  25  rays,  is  of  a  reddish  color  marked  with  yellow, 
and  has  a  yellow  band  below  the  eyes  and  a  dark  axillary 
blotch.  It  inhabits  the  Caribbean  sea  and  the  southern 
coasts  of  Florida,  and  is  esteemed  for  the  table.  C.  prin- 
ceps is  a  closely  related  species,  olivaceous  with  bluish  re- 
flections, occurring  along  the  southern  Californian  coast, 
where  it  is  known  as  blanijuillo  and  ichitefish. 

Blaps  (blaps),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  beetles, 
generally  referred  to  the  family  Tenebrionida, 
but  by  some  taken  as  the  type  of  a  family 

Blapsida'.  Blnps  mortisaya  is  a  connnon  European  spe- 
cies, called  churchyard  beetle  in 
Great  Britain  ;  B.  miicronata  is 
found  in  kitchens  and  cellars ;  B. 
sulcata  is  dressed  with  butter  and 
eaten  by  Egyptian  women  to  make 
them  grow  fat. 


Blapsidse  (blap'si-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Bla2>s  +  -idee.]  A 
family  of  atracheliate  hete- 
romerous  beetles,  generally 
merged     in  Tenebrionidce, 

comprising  nocturnal  black-        churchyard  Beetle 

beetles  of  moderate  size,  the  iit{Ltur"lTA''.''^'''- 
wings  of  which  are  gener- 
ally obsolete  and  the  elytra  fused  together. 
They  frequent  damp  places,  and  when  seized  discharge  in 
self-defense  a  liquid  of  a  peculiar  and  penetrating  odor. 

blare^  (blar),  v. ;  pret.  blared,  ppr.  blaring.  [Sc. 
also  blair,  early  mod.  E.  blear  (Sc.  bleir);  <  late 
ME.  bleren,  earlier  bloren  (see  blore'^),  and  prob. 
*blaren,  cry,  weep,  =  MD.  blaren,  blaeren,  low, 
bleat,  —  MLG.  blarren,  LG.  blarren,  blaren  = 


Mole-shrew  {.Blarina  drevtcauda). 

of  which  there  are  several  species,  of  two  subgenera,  Bla- 
nna  proper,  with  32  teeth,  and  Soriciscus,  with  30  teeth. 
The  best-known  is  B.  breeicauda,  the  common  mole- 
shrew  of  the  United  States,  one  of  the  largest  of  the  fam- 
ily Soricidce. 

blarney  (blilr'ni),  w.  [Popularly  referred  to 
Castle  Blarney,  near  Cork  in  Ireland,  in  the 
wall  of  which  is  a  stone  (the  "Blarney  stone") 
said  to  endow  those  who  kiss  it  with  unusual 
facility  and  unscrupulousness  in  the  use  of  flat- 
tery and  compliment.]  Exceedingly  compli- 
mentary langTiage;  flattery;  smooth,  wheedling 
talk ;  pleasing  cajolery. 

The  blarney 's  so  great  a  deceiver.  S.  Lover. 

Madame  de  Stael  "was  regretting  to  Lord  Castlereagh 
that  there  was  no  word  in  the  English  language  which 
answered  to  their  "Sentiment."  "No,"  he  said,  "there 
is  no  English  word,  but  the  Irish  have  one  that  corre- 
sponds exactly, —  blarney !"  Caroline  Fox,  Journal,  p.  121. 

blarney  (blilr'ni),  v.  t.  [<  hlamey,  w.]  To  talk 
over  or  beguile  by  wheedling  speeches;  flatter; 
humbug  with  agreeable  talk. 

The  General  has  yet  to  learn  that  my  father's  country- 
men (I  have  ever  felt  proud  of  my  descent  from  an  Irish- 
man), though  they  sometimes  do  blarney  others,  are  yet 
hard  to  be  blarneyed  themselves. 

J.  Buchanan,  in  Curtis,  II.  63. 

blast,  [Invented  by  Van  Helmont  (1577- 
1644  .  Cf.  gas.]  A  subtle  kind  of  matter  sup- 
posed by  Van  Helmont,  a  Dutch  mystic  philos- 
opher, to  be  radiated  from  the  stars  and  to 
produce  effects  opposite  to  those  of  heat. 

blase  (bla-za'),  a.  [F.,pp.  of  blaser,  cloy,  satiate, 
blunt,  of  uncertain  origin.]  Exhausted  by  en- 
joyment, especially  by  sensuous  pleasures; 
having  the  healthy  energies  exhausted ;  weary 
and  disgusted  with  life. 

blash  (Wash),  v.  t.  [An  imitative  word,  assimi- 
lated to  pZas7i,  splasli,  dash,  flash,  etc.]  1.  To 
dash  or  splash  ■with  a  quantity  of  liquid ;  drench . 
—  2.  To  pour  in  suddenly  and  in  great  quantity. 
[Scotch  and  North.  Eng.] 

blash  (blash),  n.  [<  Mash,  v.]  1.  A  dash  or 
plash,  as  of  rain  falling  in  sheets. 

A  snaw  storm  came  down  frae  the  mountains,  .  .  .  noo 
a  whirl,  and  noo  a  blash.         J.  Wilson,  Noctes  Ambros. 

2.  A  quantity  of  thin,  watery  stuff,  especially 
an  excessive  quantity :  as,  a  fitesfe  of  tea. —  3.  A 
broad  blaze  or  flare. 

[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
Blash-boggart,  a  goblin  who  appears  and  disappears  in 
a  flash.    .See  bogyard^.  [Scotch.] 

blashy  (blash'i),  a.  l<  blash  + -y'^.]  1.  Char- 
acterized by  sudden  drenching  showers ;  delug- 


blaspbemy 

ing;  wet:  as,  blashy  weather;  hlashywalkmg. 
— 2.  Thin;  weak;  watery;  of  poor  quality:  ap- 
plied to  food  or  drink. 
[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
blasphematoryt  (blas-fe'ma-to-ri),  a.  [<  blas- 
phenic  +  -atory.  Cf.  LL.  blasphemator,  a  blas- 
phemer.] Blasphemous. 

blasphemet  (blas'fem),  a.  and  «.i    [ME.,  also 

blasfeme,  <  OF.  blasfemc  (mod.  F.  blaspheme), 

<  ML.  blasfcmus,  LL.  blasplicmm,  <  Gr.  Pm- 
of/j/wg,  evil-speaking,  <  lilaa-,  prob.  for  /iAai/;- 
(cf.  liMipig,  damage,  injury,  harm)  (<  /iAaTrrew, 
damage,  harm,  injm-e),  -i-  <p)//i7i,  speech  (=  L. 
fama,  fame),  <  <pdvai  =  L.  fari,  speak.]  I.  a. 
Blasphemous. 

II.  n.  A  blasphemer.  Wyclif. 
blasphemet  (blas'fem),  «.2  [ME.  blaspheme, 
blasfeme,  blafeme,  <  OF.  blafeme,  blaspheme, 
mod.  F.  blaspheme  =  Pr.  blaspheme,  <  LL.  blas- 
phcmia  (ML.  also  blasfemia),  <  Gr.  fi^aa(p?}/j.ta, 
evil-speaking,  <  jiTiac^ijfiog,  evil-speaking :  see 
blaspheme,  a.  From  the  same  source,  through 
the  vernacular  OF.  hlasme,  comes  E.  blame,  n., 
q.  v.]  Blasphemy. 

In  blasfeme  of  this  goddis. 

Chaucer,  Envoy  to  Scogan,  1.  15. 

blaspheme  (blas-fem'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  blas- 
phemed, ppr.  blaspheming.    [<  ME.  blasfemen, 

<  OF.  blasfemer,  mod.  F.  blasphemer  =  Pr.  Sp. 
blasfemar  =  Pg.  blasphemar  =  Olt.  blasfemare 
(mod.  It.  blastcmiarc,  bestemmiare),  <  LL.  blas- 
phemare,  <  Gr.  pXacs(f>7]fiElv,  speak  evil  of,  <  jiM- 
c!(j>t//joc,  e'vil-speaking :  see  blaspheme,  a.  From 
the  same  verb,  through  the  vernacular  OF.  blas- 
mer,  comes  E.  blame,  v.,  q.  v.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
speak  impiously  or  irreverently  of  (God  or  sa- 
cred things).    See  blasphemy. 

Thou  didst  blaspheme  God  and  the  king.    1  Ki.  xxi.  10. 
0  God,  how  long  shall  the  adversary  reproach  ?  shall  the 
enemy  blaspheme  thy  name  for  ever?  Ps.  Ixxiv.  10. 

So  should  thy  goodness  and  thy  greatness  both 
Be  question'd  and  blasphemed  without  defence. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  166. 

2.  To  speak  evil  of ;  utter  abuse  or  calumny 
against ;  speak  reproachfully  of. 

You  do  blaspheme  the  good,  in  mocking  me. 

Shah.,  M.  for  M.,  1.  5. 

TL.  intrans.  1.  To  utter  blasphemy ;  use  pro- 
fane or  impious  words ;  talk  profanely  or  dis- 
respectfully of  God  or  of  sacred  things :  follow- 
ed by  against. 

He  that  shall  blaspheme  against  the  Holy  Ghost  hath 
never  forgiveness.  Mark  iii.  29. 

2t.  To  rail;  utter  abusive  words.  Greene. 
[Rare.] 

blasphemer  (blas-fe'mer),  M.  [<  ME.  blasfe- 
mcrc,  <  blasfemen,  blaspheme.]  One  who  blas- 
phemes ;  one  who  speaks  of  God  or  of  religion 
in  impious  and  irreverent  terms. 

Must  .  .  .  each  blasphemer  quite  escape  the  rod. 
Because  the  insult's  not  on  man  but  God? 

Pope,  Epil.  to  Satires,  ii.  195. 

blasphemeress  (blas-fe'mer-es),  n.     [<  blas- 
phemer +  -ess.]  A  female  blasphemer.  [Bare.] 

A  diabolical  blasphemeresse  of  God. 

Hall,  Hen.  VL,  an.  9. 

blasphemous  (blas'fe-mus),  a.  [<  LL.  blasphe- 
mus  (ML.  also  blasfemus,  >  ME.  blasfeme,  blas- 
pheming, a  blasphemer),  <  Gr.  pMa<p7/fJoc,  evil- 
speaking:  see  blaspheme,  a.]  ,  1.  Uttering,  con- 
taining, or  exhibiting  iDlasphemy ;  impiously 
irreverent  toward  God  or  sacred  things :  as, 
"  blasphemous  publications,"  Bp.  Forteus,  Lec- 
tures, I.  i. 

We  have  heard  him  speak  blasphemous  words  ag.ainst 
Moses  and  against  God.  Acts  vi.  11. 

Mythologies  ill  understood  at  first,  then  perverted  into 
feeble  sensualities,  take  the  place  of  representations  of 
Christian  subjects,  wliich  had  become  blasphemous  under 
the  treatment  of  men  like  the  Caracci.  Buskin. 
[Formerly  accented  on  the  second  syllable,  as  below. 
Oh  argument  blasphemous,  false,  and  proud  ! 

Milton,  P.  L.,  V.  809.] 

2t.  Abusive;  defamatory;  railing, 
blasphemously  (bias '  f f  -  mus  -  li),  adv.  Impi- 
ously; profanely. 

Terribly  curseth  and  blasphemously  sweareth  he  never 
committed  any  such  act.       Stow,  Queen  Mary,  an.  1557. 

blasphemy  (bias 'fe -mi),  «.. ;  pi.  blasphemies 
(-miz).  [<  ME.  blasfemie  =  Sp.  blasfemia  =  Pg. 
blasphemia  =  Olt.  blasfemia, <  LL.  blasphetnia,< 
Gr.  ^Tiaacpr/fila,  <  jiTiac^jjfLog :  see  blaspheme,  a.,  blas- 
pheme, M.2]  1.  In  Old  Testament  usage,  any 
attempt  to  diminish  the  reverence  with  which 
Jehovah's  name  was  invested  as  the  Sovereign 
King  of  the  Jews,  or  to  turn  the  hearts  of  the 
people  from  their  complete  allegiance  to  him. 


blasphemy 


It  was  a  crime  answering  to  treason  in  our  own  time  and 
was  carefully  defined  and  rigorously  punished  by  the' Mo- 
saic laws.  It  was  of  tills  crime  that  Jesus  was  accused 
and  for  it  condemned,  because  he  assumed  the  divine 
character  and  accepted  divine  honors. 

For  a  good  work  we  stone  thee  not,  but  for  hlaaphemy ; 
and  because  that  thou,  being  a  man,  makest  thyself  God! 

John  X.  33. 

Hence — 2.  Any  impious  or  profane  speaking 
of  God  or  of  sacred  tkLngs ;  reproachful,  con- 
temptuous, or  ii-reverent  words  uttered  impi- 
ously against  God  or  religion. 

Blasphemy  is  an  injury  offered  to  God,  by  denying  that 
which  is  due  and  belonging  to  him,  or  attributing  to  him 
that  which  is  not  agreeable  to  his  nature.  Linwood. 
Blasphemy  cognizable  by  common  law  is  described  by 
Blackstone  to  be  "  denying  the  being  or  providence  of 
God,  contumelious  reproaches  of  our  Saviour  Christ  pro- 
fane scoffing  at  the  Holy  Scripture,  or  exposing  it  to  con- 
tempt or  ridicule";  by  Kent  as  "maliciously  reviling 
God  or  religion  " ;  and  by  Chief  Justice  Lemuel  Shaw  as 
"  speaking  evil  of  the  Deity  with  an  impious  purpose  to 
derogate  from  the  Divine  JIajesty,  and  to  alienate  the 
mmds  of  others  from  the  love  and  reverence  of  God  ■' 
Blasphemy  is  punished  as  a  crime  or  a  misdemeanor  by 
the  laws  of  many  nations.  In  the  Boinan  Catholic  Church 
language  irreverent  toward  the  Virgin  Mary  and  the 
saints  is  also  held  to  be  blasphemy. 
3.  Evil  speaking  or  abusive  language  against 
anything  held. sacred:  as,  "Uasphemtj  against 
learning,"  Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  i. 
{Latham.) — 4.  An  indecent  or  scurrilous  ut- 
terance, as  distinguished  from  fair  and  respect- 
ful discussion;  grossly  irreverent  or  outrage- 
ous language. 

That  in  the  captain's  but  a  choleric  word, 
Which  in  the  soldier  is  flat  blasphemy. 

Shak.,  M.  forM.,  ii.  2. 

5t.  A  blasphemer;    a  blasphemous  person. 

[Rare.] 

l^ovf,- blasphemy. 
That  swear  st  grace  o'erboard,  not  an  oath  on  shore. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  v.  1. 
=Syil.  Blasphemy,  Profanity,  agree  in  expressing  the  ir- 
reverent use  of  words,  but  the  former  is  the  stronger  and 
the  latter  the  wider.  Profanity  is  language  irreverent  to- 
ward God  or  holy  tilings,  covering  especially  all  oaths  that 
literally  interpreted,  treat  lightly  the  attributes  or  acts  of 
tod.  Blasphemy  is  generally  more  direct,  intentional  and 
defiant  in  its  impiety,  and  is  directed  toward  the  most  sa- 
cred things  in  religion. 

And  he  [the  dragon]  opened  his  mouth  in  blasphemy 
against  God,  to  blaspheme  liis  name,  and  his  tabernacle 
and  them  that  dwell  in  heaven.  Rev.  xiii.  6.' 

If  indecency  and  profanity,  inspired  by  "potations  pot- 
tle-deep," were  heard  anywhere  with  peculiar  emphasis 
and  shameless  vociferation,  it  was  at  the  board  of  Eng- 
land's prime  minister  [Sir  Robert  Walpole]. 

Whipple,  H.  Fielding, 
blast  (blast),  w.    [<  ME.  blast,  West,  <  AS.  blw.tt 
(=OHG.  Mast,  MHG.  G.  Mast=  Icel.  bldstr=  Sw. 
blast  =  Dan.  bkest),  a  gust  of  wind,  a  blowing 
<  *blaisan  (=  D.  blazeri  =  MLG.  blasen  =  OHG' 
blasan,  MHG.  blasen,  G.  blasen  =  Icel.  bldsa  = 
Sw.  bldsa  =  'Da.n.  &tese  =  Goth.  blesan  (in  comp  ) 
blow,  breathe,  >  E.  blaze^,  q.  v.),  akin  to  bid- 
wan,  blow:  see  blow\  v.  Perhaps  ult.  connect- 
ed with  AS.  blaist,  a  flame,  blwse,  a  flame,  >  E. 
blazed,  q.  v.]    1.  A  blowing ;  a  gust  or  puff  of 
wmd;  especially,  a  strong  and  sudden  gust. 
Rede  that  boweth  downe  at  every  blast. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii 
Blasts  that  blow  the  poplar  white. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  Ixxii. 

2.  A  forcible  stream  of  air  from  the  mouth, 
from  bellows,  or  the  like. 

At  the  blast  of  his  mouth  were  the  rest  of  the  creatures 
made,  and  at  his  bare  word  they  started  out  of  nothing. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  i.  36. 

Hence  — 3.  A  jet  of  exhaust-steam  thrown  into 
a  smoke-stack  to  assist  the  draft.—  4.  In  metal., 
the  au-  forced  into  a  furnace  for  the  purpose  of 
accelerating  combustion,  a  furnace  is  said  to  be  in 
blast  when  it  is  in  operation,  out  of  blast  when  stopped 
^"hei-  temporarily  or  permanently. 

5.  The  sound  made  by  blowing  a  wind-instru- 
ment, as  a  horn  or  trumpet;  strictly,  the  sound 
produced  by  one  breath. 

One  blast  upon  his  bugle-horn 
■Were  worth  a  thousand  men. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  vi.  18. 

6.  Any  sudden,  pernicious,  or  destructive  in- 
fluence upon  animals  or  plants;  the  infection 
ot  anything  pestilential ;  a  blight. 

Blasts  and  fogs  upon  thee !  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 

Of  no  distemper,  of  no  blast  he  died. 
iJut  fell  like  autumn  fruit  that  mellowed  long. 

Dryden,  CEdipus,  iv.  1 

Hence- 7.  Any  withering  or  destructive  in- 
fluence; a  curse. 

By  the  blast  of  God  they  perish.  Job  iv.  9. 

8.  The  product  of  a  blast  or  blight ;  a  bud  which 
never  blossoms. 


579 

As  in  all  gardeins,  some  flowers,  some  weedes,  and  as  in 
al  trees,  some  blossoms,  some  blasts. 

Lyly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  196. 

9.  The  charge  of  gunpowder  or  other  explosive 
used  at  one  firing  in  blasting  operations.— 

10.  The  explosion  of  inflammable  air  in  a 
mine.— 11.  A  flatulent  disease  in  sheep.— 12 
A  smoke  of  tobacco.  [Scotch.]  -  At  one  blast,  at 
on  t-e.— For  a  blast t  for  once.  —  Hot  blast,  air  raised  to  a 
high  temperatiu-e  and  forced  into  a  blast-furnace  in  smelt- 
ing, and  especially  in  the  manufacture  of  pig-iron  The 
plan  of  heating  the  blast  originated  with  Mr.  James  Beau- 
niont  Neilson  of  Glasgow,  and  a  patent  was  issued  to  him 
in  1828.  The  introduction  of  the  hot  blast  has  had  an  im- 
portant influence  on  the  development  of  the  iron  busi- 
ness, since  by  this  method  the  amount  of  fuel  required  is 
considerably  lessened.— In  full  blast,  in  full  operation  • 
referring  to  a  blast-furnace  when  worked  to  its  fullest  ex- 
tent or  capacity. 

The  business  of  the  day  was  in  full  blast. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  155. 
=  Syn.  Gust,  etc.  See  vrind,  n. 
blast  (blast),  V.  [<  ME.  blasten,  blow,  breathe 
hard ;  tran  s. ,  blow,  as  a  trumpet ;  <  blast,  a  blow- 
ing: see  blast,  «.]  I,  intrans.  1.  To  blow;  puff; 
breathe  hard ;  pant.  [Scotch  and  Middle  Ene- 
lish.] 

Dragouns  .  .  . 
That  grisely  whistleden  and  blasten 
And  of  her  mouthe  fyre  outcasten. 

King  Alisaunder,  1.  5348. 


blasting 

tent  animals,  as  the  Norwegian  flimmer-baU 
which  permanently  resemble  a  blastula  or  pla- 
num. ' 

blastaeid  (blas-te'id),  «.  One  of  the  hypotheti- 
cal Blastceid(e. 

Blastseidae  (blas-te'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  hlas- 
tmi  +  -idw.l  A  hypothetical  group  of  animals 
having  permanently  the  form  of  a  blastula, 
planula,  or  vesicular  morula.  Less  correctly 
written  Blastmadm. 

blast-box  (blast'boks),  11.  A  chamber  into 
or  through  which  the  air  of  a  blowing-engine 
passes. 

These  bearers  may  connect  at  their  front  ends  in  any 
desired  manner  with  the  blast-pipe,  and  at  their  rear  ends 
with  a  blast-box.  (Jre,  Diet.,  IV.  458. 

blasted  (blas'ted),     a.    1.  Confounded;  exe- 
crable ;  detestable :  used  as  a  milder  form  of 
imprecation  than  damned. 
Some  of  her  own  blasted  gypsies. 

Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  II.  13. 


To  puffen  and  to  blaste. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  1866, 


2.  To  smoke  tobacco.  [Scotch.]— 3.  To  boast; 
brag;  speak  ostentatiously.  Scott.  [Scotch.]— 

4.  To  wither;  be  blighted. 
Blasting  in  the  bud, 

Losing  his  verdure,  even  in  the  prime. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  i.  1. 

5.  To  burst  as  by  an  explosion ;  blow  up. 

cu    ,j  ,         ,    ,  This  project 

Should  have  a  back,  or  second,  that  might  hold, 
If  this  should  blast  in  proof.      Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  7. 

II.  trans.  If.  To  blow  forth  or  abroad; 
hence,  to  utter  loudly;  proclaim.— 2.  To  break 
or  tear  to  pieces  (rocks  or  similar  materials)  by 
the  agency  of  gunpowder  or  other  explosive. 
In  the  ordinary  operations  of  mining  the  rocks  are  at- 
tacked, or  broken  into  fragments  of  manageable  size  by 
blasting.  ' 

He  spoke  ;  and,  high  above,  I  heard  them  blast 
The  steep  slate-quarry.        Tennyson,  Golden  Year. 

3.  To  confound  or  stun  by  a  loud  blast  or  din ; 
spUt;  burst.  [Rare.] 

Trumpeters, 
With  brazen  din  blast  you  the  city's  ear. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  8. 
I  have  seen  you  stand 
As  you  were  blasted  'midst  of  all  your  mirth. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iii.  2. 

4.  To  blow  or  breathe  on  so  as  to  injure,  as 
a  sudden  gust  or  destructive  wind;  cause  to 
fade,  shrivel,  or  wither;  check  the  growth  of 
and  prevent  from  coming  to  maturity  and  pro- 
ducing fiTiit;  blight,  as  trees  or  plants. 

Seven  thin  ears,  and  blasted  with  the  east  wind. 

Gen.  xli.  6. 

Say  .  .  .  why 
Upon  this  blasted  heath  you  stbp  our  way? 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  3. 
Since  this  I  live  to  see. 
Some  bitter  north  wind  blast  my  flocks  and  me  ! 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  iii.  1. 

5.  To  blight  or  cause  to  come  to  nothing,  as  by 
some  pernicious  influence ;  bring  destruction, 
calamity,  or  infamy  upon ;  ruin :  as,  to  blast 
pride,  hopes,  reputation,  happiness. 

With  Hecate's  ban  thrice  blasted.    Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 
The  prosecutor  urged  that  this  might  blast  her  reputa- 
tion, and  that  it  was  m  effect  a  boasting  of  favours  which 
he  had  never  received.    Addison,  Cases  of  False  Delicacy. 

He  shows  himself  .  .  .  malicious  if  he  knows  I  deserve 
credit  and  yet  goes  about  to  blast  it.  StUlingfleet. 

6.  To  curse ;  strike  with  the  wrath  of  heaven. 

His  name  be  ever  blasted ! 
For  his  accursed  shadow  has  betray'd 
The  sweetness  of  all  youth. 

Fletcher,  Double  Marriage,  v.  2. 
Calling  on  their  Maker  to  curse  them,  .  .  .  blast  them 
and  damn  them.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

blast-,  -blast.  See  blasto-. 
Blastactinota  (blas-tak-ti-no'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  pXanTog,  a  germ  (see  blasius),  +  aKTivurog, 
furnished  with  rays :  see  actinote.]  A  class  of 
radiate  animals:  same  as  Blastoidea.  Bronn, 
1860. 

blastsea  (blas-te'a),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  plaoToa  a 
germ:  see  bla&tus.^    The  hypothetical  parent 
form  of  the  Blastasidw. 
We  call  this  the  Plansea  or  Blastcea. 

Haeckel,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  II.  61. 
blastaead  (blas-te'ad),  n.    [<  blastwa  +  -ad^  ] 
1.  Same  as  blast(eid.—  2.  One  of  certain  exis- 


2.  In  her.,  deprived  of  leaves:  said  of  a  tree 
or  a  branch. 

blastelasma  (blas-te-las'ma),  w. ;  pi.  blastelas- 
mata  (-ma-ta).   [NL.,  <  Gr.  'jilaaroi:,  a  germ  (see 
blastus),  +  llao/ia,  a  (metal)  plate,  <  t'Aaivetv 
(fA«-),  drive,  strike,  beat  out.]    In  embryol.,  a 
secondary  germ-layer;  a  germ-layer,  as  the 
mesoderm,  appearing,  if  at  all,  after  the  for- 
mation of  the  two  primary  layers  called  en- 
doderm  and  ectodei-m,  or  blastophylla. 
blastema  (blas-te'ma),  n. ;  pi.  blastemata  (-ma- 
ta).     [NL.,  <  Gr.  BMaTTj/ia,  a  shoot,  sprout, 
<  liAaoTeiv,  jUaaravuv,  sprout,  bud,  shoot.]  1. 
In  bot.  :  (a)  Originally,  the  axis  of  an  embryo, 
consisting  of  the  radicle  and  the  growing- 
point  at  its  summit,    (b)  In  later  use,  the  ini- 
tial point  of  growth  from  which  any  organ  or 
part  of  an  organ  is  developed,    (c)  Sometimes, 
the  thallus  of  cryptogamous  plants.— 2.  In 
anat.  and  phys.,  the  bioplasm  or  protoplasm  of 
a  germinating  ovum;   the  substance  of  the 
blastomeres,  blastoderm,  etc. ;  granular  forma- 
tive material.    [The  term  is  now  being  super- 
seded by  more  special  names  of  substances 
and  stages  of  germination.] 
blastemal  (blas-te'mal),  a.   [<  blastema  +  -al.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  blastema;  rudimentary:  as, 
blastemal  foi-mations. 
blastematic  (blas-te-mat'ik),  a.  Blastemic. 
blastemic  (blas-tem'ik),  a.    [<  blastema  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  blastema;  consisting  of  blas- 
tema; bioplasmic;  bioplastie. 
blast-engine  (blast'en'jin),  n.    1.  A  ventilat- 
mg-machme  used,  especially  on  shipboard,  to 
draw  off  foul  air.— 2.  A  machine  for  producing 
a  blast  by  compressing  air  for  use  in  ureins 
the  fire  of  a  furnace, 
blaster  (blas'ter),  n.    One  who  or  that  which 
blasts,  in  any  sense  of  the  verb. 

I  am  no  blaster  of  a  lady's  beauty. 
Nor  bold  intruder  on  her  special  favours. 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  i.  1. 

Blasteroidea  (blas-te-roi'de-a),  n.  nl.    [NL  ] 

Same  as  Blastoidea. 
blastful  (blast'ful),  a.    [<  blast  +  -ful.']  Full 
of  blasts ;  exposed  to  blasts  ;  windy, 
blast-furnace  (blasffer-^'nas),  M.    A  furnace, 
usually  vertical,  or  a  so-called  shaft-furnace, 
in  which  ores  are  smelted  by  the  aid  of  a  blast 
of  air.    See  furnace. 
blast-gate  (blast'gat),  n.    The  valved  nozle  or 

stop-cock  of  a  blast-pipe, 
blast-hearth  (blast'harth),  «,.    The  Scotch  ore- 
hearth  for  reducing  lead  ores, 
blast-hole  (blast'hol),  ».     l.  in  mining,  the 
hole  through  which  water  enters  the  bottom  or 
wiud-bore  of  a  pump.—  2.  The  hole  into  which 
a  cartridge  is  inserted  in  blasting, 
blasti,  ".    Plural  of  blastus. 
blastide  (blas'tid  or  -tid),  n.    [<  Gr.  p-aaroc, 
a  germ,  +  -ide^.]    In  biol,  a  minute  clear 
space  on  the  segments  of  the  fecundated  ovum 
of  an  organism,  which  is  the  primary  indica- 
tion of  the  cytoblast  or  nucleus, 
blastie  (blas'ti),  «.    [<  blast  +  dim.  -le.]  A 
blasted  or  shriveled  dwarf ;  a  wicked  or  trouble- 
some creature.    Burns.  [Scotch.] 
blasting  (blas'ting),  «.  [<  ME.  blastynge;  verbal 
n.  of  blast,  v.]    1.  A  blast;  destruction  by  a 
pernicious  cause;  blight. 

I  have  smitten  you  with  blasting  and  mildew. 

Amos  iv.  9. 

2.  The  operation  of  splitting  rocks  by  gun- 
powder or  other  expl  osive .  -  Blasting-compoundB, 

substances  used  in  blasting.    The  more  important  are 


blasting 

guncotton,  blasting-gelatin,  blasting-powder,  dualin,  dyita- 
mite,  gunpowder,  luiloxylin,  and  lithofracteur.  See  these 
Winds. 

blasting  (blas'ting),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  Mast,  r.] 
Aliecting  with  injury  or  blight ;  destructive. 

A  Uaittinii  and  a  scandalous  breath. 

Shak.,  M.  forM.,  v.  1, 

blasting-cartridge  (blas'ting-kar 'trij),  n.  A 
cartridge  containing  a  substance  to  be  iised  in 

blasting.  ,Suih  ciutridyes  are  made  with  various  de- 
vices to  prevent  premature  e\plosion,  and  are  commonly 
exploded  by  means  of  electricity. 

blasting-fuse  (blas'ting-Mz),  n.  A  fuse  con- 
sisting of  a  cord  the  axis  of  which  has  been 
filled  with  fine  powder  during  the  manufactiu-e. 
This  biu'ns  slowly  and  gives  the  workmen  time 
to  get  to  a  safe  distance  before  the  explosion. 

blasting-gelatin  (bias' ting- jel"a-tin),  n.  A 
blasting-compoiuid  consisting  of  7  parts  of  gun- 
cotton  and  4  of  camphor  dissolved  in  89  parts 
of  nitroglycerin.  Also  called  nitrogeJathi  and 
explosirc  gelatin. 

blasting-needle  (blas'ting-ne"dl),  «.  A  slen- 
der, tapering  rod  which  is  inserted  into  the 
powder  and  kept  in  its  place  during  the  opera- 
tion of  tamping,  in  preparing  a  blast,  its  object 

is  to  preserve  a  cliannel  tln-ouyli  wincli  tlie  match  may 
reach  tlie  powder  or  other  e.»;plusive.  At  the  present  day 
the  use  of  tlie  needle  is  almost  entirely  done  away  with, 
the  so-called  safety-tuse,  or  simply  fuse,  being  used  in  its 
place.    Also  called,  in  England,  a  steminer. 

blasting-oil  (blas'ting-oil),  n.  Same  as  7iitro- 
gh/cerin. 

blasting-tube  (blas'ting-tiib),  n.  India-rubber 
tubing  employed  to  hold  a  charge  of  nitro- 
glycerin. 

blast-lamp  (blast'lamp),  n.  A  lamp  in  which 
combustion  is  assisted  by  an  artificially  pro- 
duced draft  of  air. 

blastmentt  (blast'ment),  n.  [<  blast,  v.,  + 
-mtnt.']  Blast;  a  sudden  stroke  of  some  de- 
structive cause. 

In  the  morn  and  liquid  dew  of  youth 
Contagious  blastmentu  are  must  innuinent. 

Shale,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 

blast-meter  (blasfme'ter),  n.  An  anemome- 
ter placed  at  the  nozle  of  a  blowing-engine. 

blast-nozle,  blast-orifice  (blast'noz"l,  -or'^i- 
fis),  H.  The  fixed  or  variable  orifice  in  the 
delivery  end  of  a  blast-pipe. 

blasto-.  [<  Gr.  fiAaarog,  a  germ,  sprout,  shoot : 
see  hlastus.']  An  element  in  technical  terms 
meaning  germ:  written  before  a  vowel  blast-, 
also  terminally  -blast. 

blastocarpous  (blas-to-kar'pus),  a.  [<  Gr.  fi'Aa- 
OTog,  a  germ,  sprout,  shoot,  sucker,  equiv.  to 
fi'Aaarrifia  (see  blastema),  •¥  KapiTog,  fruit.]  In 
bot.,  germinating  inside  the  pericarp:  applied 
to  certain  fruits,  such  as  the  mangrove. 

blastocheme  (blas'to-kem),  n.  [<  Gr.  ji'Aaarog, 
germ,  +  ox>iua,  vehicle,  <  bxs'ip,  carry,  hold, 
sustain,  freq.  of  ix^iv,  hold,  have.]  In  zodl., 
one  of  the  special  generative  buds  of  the  Me- 
dusce;  a  medusiform  planoblast  which  gives 
origin  to  the  generative  elements,  not  directly, 
but  through  the  medium  of  special  sexual  buds 
which  are  developed  from  it.  Allman. 

blastocoele  (blas'to-sel),  n.  [<  Gr.  pkaarog,  a 
germ,  -I-  koVIoc,  hollow.]  In  embryol.,  the  cavity 


■-//If  ■ 

Free-swimming  Ciliated  Embryo  (Planula)  of  Ascetla  utirabitis, 
one  of  the  Calcispongia,  outside  and  in  optical  longitudinal  section, 
tf,  epiblast;     hypoblast ;  t/,  blastoctele. 

of  a  vesictilar  morula;  the  hollow  interior  of 
a  blastula  or  blastosphere.  See  gastrulation. 
Also  blastoccelom,  blastocwloina. 

The  ovum,  after  impregnation,  becomes  a  morula,  with 

a  central  cleavage-cavity,  or  blastoccsle. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  lOB. 
blastocoelic  (blas-to-se'lik),  a.    [<  blastoccele  -{- 

-ic]    In  embryol.,  pertaining  to  a  blastoccele; 

contained  in  a  blastocoele:  as,  a  blastoccelic  fluid, 
blastoccelom,  blastocoeloma  (blas-to-se'lom, 

blas"t9-se-16'ma),  n.    [NL.  blastocoeloma,  &s 

blastocaile  +  -oma.'\    Same  as  blastoccele. 
blastoCoUa  (blas-to-kol'a),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

P'AaoTog,  a  germ,  +  ndATui,  glue.]    The  balsam 

covering  the  leaf-buds  of  some  plants,  as  of 

Populus  balsamifera. 


580 

blastocyst  (blas'to-sist),  n.  [<  Gr.  pXaordc,  a 
germ,  +  Kvarig,  bladder  (cyst).]  The  germinal 
vesicle.    N.  E.  D.    See  blastoderm. 

blastoderm  (blas'to-derm),  n.  [<  Gr.  (ilaarog, 
a  germ,  -I-  fiipfia,  skin  :  see  f?ec»t.]  In  embryol., 
the  primitive  membrane  or  layer  of  cells  re- 
sulting from  the  subdivision  of  the  germ  (the 
segmentation  of  the  vitellus  or  yolk),  it  Is  furtlier 
ditferentiated  in  all  Metazoa  into  at  least  two  membranes 
or  cell-layers,  an  inner  and  an  outer,  the  endoderm  and 
the  ectoderm ;  and  still  further  modified  in  most  Metazoa 
by  the  production  of  a  third  layer,  the  mesoderm,  between 
the  other  two.  The  outer  layer  is  also  called  epiblast ;  the 
inner,  hypoblast ;  the  middle,  mesoblast.  See  extract  un- 
der Metazoa,  and  cut  under  cyathozodid. 

blastoderma  (blas-to-der'ma),  n. ;  pi.  blastoder- 
mata  (-ma-ta).    [Nil.]    Saine  as  blastoderm. 

blastodefinal  (blas-to-der'mal),  a.  [<  blasto- 
derm. +  -fl/.]    Same  as  blastodermic. 

blastodermata,  n.    Plural  of  blastoderma. 

blastodermatic  (blas"to-der-mat'ik),  a.  [<  blas- 
todcrma{t-)  +  -/c]    Saine  as  blastodermic. 

blastodermic  (blas-to-der'mik),  a.  [<  blasto- 
derm +  -('c]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  blastoderm. 
Also  blastodcrmal,  blastodermatic  Blastodermic 

disk,  in  embryol.,  the  germ-disk  of  an  impregnated  mero- 
blastic  egg  which  has  undergone  segmentation  of  the  vitel- 
lus :  a  flattened  morula  capping  a  portion  of  the  food-yolk. 

— Blastodermic  membrane,  the  blastoderm.— Blasto- 
dermic vesicle,  the  vesicular  blastoderm  in  mammalian 
embryos. 

blastodisc  (bias  '  to -disk),  n.  [<  Gr.  [ilaarog,  a 
germ,  -I-  dlamg,  a  disk :  see  dislc.'\  An  aggrega- 
tion of  formative  protoplasm  at  one  pole  of  the 
fertilized  ovum. 

The  fertilised  ovum  .  .  .  consists  of  a  .  .  .  yolk,  at 
one  pole  of  which  is  a  mass  of  protoplasm  forming  the 
blastodisc. 

J.  T.  Cunningham,  Microscopical  Science,  No.  ci.  5. 

blastogenesis  (blas-to-jen'e-sis),  n.    [<  Gr. 

ft'/iaarug,  a  germ,  +  yeveatg,  generation.]  In  biol., 
reproduction  by  gemmation  or  budding. 

blastogeny  (blas-toj'e-ni),  n.  [<  Gr.  pAaar^g,  a 
germ,  4-  -yiveta,  generation:  see  -gcny.']  The 
germ-history  of  an  individual  living  organism ; 
the  history  of  the  evolution  of  a  body  as  a 
whole,  as  distinguished  from  histogeny  and  or- 
ganogeny, which  relate  to  the  special  germ-his- 
tory of  the  tissues  and  organs,  it  is  a  term  used 
by  Haeckel  for  one  of  the  subdivisions  of  morphogeny,  it- 
self a  division  of  ontogeny. 

blastoid  (blas'toid),  fl.  and  n.  [See  Blastoidea.'] 
I.  a.  Having  the  characters  of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Blastoidea :  as,  a  blastoid  crinoid. 

II.  )(.  An  eehinoderm  of  the  group  Blas- 
toidea. 

Blastoidea  (blas-toi'de-ii),  n.  jjl.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
jiAaoTog,  a  germ,  -f  eZiiof,  form.]  A  group  of 
fossil  pelmatozoan  echinoderms  without  arms, 
with  ambulacra  fringed  on  each  side  by  pointed 
appendages  in  close  relation  with  side-plates, 
which  rest  on  or  against  a  subambulacral  lan- 
cet-plate pierced  by  a  canal  which  lodges  a 
water-vessel,  and  with  hydrospires  aiTanged  in 
10  or  8  groups  limited  to  the  radial  and  inter- 
radial  plates.  The  group  was  (a)  originally  proposed 
by  Say  in  1825  as  a  family  ;.  (6)  accepted  by  Leuckart  in  1848 
as  an  order ;  (c)  by  Roemer  in  18.'i2  as  a  suborder  ;  (d)  by 
Brown  in  1860  as  a  class ;  (e)  by  others  as  a  subclass ;  and 
(f)  modified  by  Etheridge  and  Carpenter  in  1886  as  a 
class  divided  into  two  orders,  Regulares  and  Irregulares. 
The  species  range  from  the  Upper  Silurian  to  the  Car- 
boniferous.   Also  Blasteroidea. 

blastomere  (blas'to-mer),  «.  [<  Gr.  piaardg, 
a  germ,  +  /Jtpoc,  a  part.]  In  embryol.,  one  of 
the  segments  #r  derivative  cells  into  which  the 
vitellus  or  yolk  of  an  ovum  of  one  of  the  Meta- 
zoa divides  after  fecundation.  See  cut  under 
gastrulation. 

blastomeric  (blas-to-mer'ik),  a.  [<  blastomere 
+  -ic]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a 
blastomere ;  characterized  by  segmentation  of 
the  yolk  or  vitellus. 

blastoneuropore  (blas-to-na'ro-por),  n.  [< 

blasto{pore)  neuropore.']  A  transient  ori- 
fice in  the  embryo  of  some  animals,  resulting 
from  the  fusion  of  a  neuropore  with  the  blasto- 
pore.   See  neuropore. 

blastophore  (blas'to-for),  n.  [<  Gr.  j3?MOT6c,  a 
germ,  -f-  -fopog,  -bearing,  <  (pspeiv  =  E.  bear^.~\ 
The  passive  portion  of  a  sperm-cell  or  spermo- 
spore  which  does  not  give  rise  to  spermatozoa. 

blastophyllum  (blas-to-fil'um),  w. ;  pi.  blasto- 
phylla  (-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  pAaarog,  a  germ,  -f 
(pvAAov=:  L.  folium,  a  leaf.]  In  embryol.,  either 
one  of  the  two  primary  germ-layers  of  a  gas- 
trula  of  the  Metazoa ;  an  endoderm  or  an  ecto- 
derm. 

blastophyly  (blas-tof'i-li),  n.  [<  Gr.  (iAaardg, 
a  germ,  -f-  (fivX?],  tribe.]  The  tribal  history  of 
persons  or  of  individual  living  organisms. 
Haeckel. 


brastus 

Blastopolypidae  (bias " to -po- lip'  i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  * Blastopolypus  {<.'G\\  pAaardg,  a  germ,  + 
■Kolhnovg,  polyp)  -I-  -idee."]  A  family  of  Hydro- 
polypinw,  forming  colonies  of  zooids,  which  at- 
tain different  shapes,  adapting  themselves  to 
different  parts  of  the  work  that  has  to  be  per- 
formed by  the  whole.  There  are  always  alimentary 
zooids  or  trophosomes  and  generative  zooids  or  polypo- 
styles  in  one  colony.  The  alimentary  zooids  never  matui-e 
the  genital  prodticts,  this  duty  devolving  exclusively  on 
the  polypostyles. 

blastoporal  (blas-to-po'ral),  a.  [<  blastopore 
+  -al.'\  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  blastopore ;  blas- 
toporic. 

blastopore  (blas'to-por),  n.  [<  Gr.  jUaard^, 
germ,  -I-  Trdpog,  passage,  pore.]  In  embryol., 
the  aperture  of  invagination  of  a  blastula  or 
vesicular  morula  which  has  become  agastrula; 
the  orifice  of  an  archenterou;  the  primitive 
combined  mouth  and  anus  of  a  gastrsea-f  orm ; 
an  archoeostoma.    See  cut  xmder  gastrtdation. 

As  this  unfolding,  or  invagination  of  the  blastoderm, 
goes  on,  the  pouch  thus  produced  increases,  while  its  ex- 
ternal opening,  termed  the  blastoj>ore,  .  .  .  diminishes  in 
size.  Huxley,  Crayfish,  p.  209. 

blastoporic  (blas-to-por'ik),  a.  [<  blastopore 
+  -ic.  ]  Pertaining  to  a  blastopore :  as,  a  blas- 
toporic  area.    A.  Hyatt. 

blast-orifice,  n.    See  blast-nozle. 

blastosphsera  (blas-to-sfe'ra),  m. ;  pi.  blasto- 
spharee  (-re).    [NL.]    Same  as  blastosphere. 

blastosphere  (blas'to-sfer),  n.  [<  NL.  blasio- 
S2}]ia;ra,<.  Gr.  pXaaTog,  germ,  -f-  o<paipa,  sphere.] 
In  embryol. :  (a)  A  hollow  sphere  (vesicular 
morula)  composed  of  a  single  layer  of  blasto- 
meres  or  derivative  cells,  inclosing  a  central 
cavity  or  blastoccele.  The  blastomeres  of  one  hemi- 
sphere of  the  vesicle  may  have  proceeded  from  the  macro- 
mere  ;  of  the  other,  from  a  micromere.   See  these  woi'ds. 

The  blastomeres  arrange  themselves  into  a  hollow 
sphere,  the  blastosphere.      Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  415. 

(6)  By  Haeckel  restricted  to  the  germ-vesicle, 
vesicular  embryo,  or  blastodermic  vesicle  of 
the  Mammalia,  which  follows  after  gastrula- 
tion, and  is  called  by  him  a  gastrocystis,  or  in- 
testinal germ-vesicle.    Also  called  blastula. 

blastospheric  (blas-to-sfer'ik),  a.  [<  blasto- 
sphere +  -ic.']  Pertaining  to  a  blastosphere: 
as,  blastospheric  cells. 

blastostylar  (blas-to-sti'lar),  a.  [<  blastostyle 
+  -«)•.]    Pertaining  to  a  blastostyle. 

blastostyle  (blas'to-stil),  n.  [<  Gr.  [iAaardg,  a 
germ,  +  arvAog,  a  pillar:  see  stylc^.]  In  zodl., 
a  columniform  zooid  destined  to  give  origin  to 
generative  buds ;  a  long  simple  zooid,  without 
mouth  or'tentacles.  Also  called  gonoblastidinm. 

In  some  blastostylcs,  during  the  development  of  the 
buds  of  the  gonophores,  the  ectoderm  splits  into  two 
layers.  .  .  .  Into  the  interspace  between  these  two,  the 
budding  gonophores  project,  and  may  emerge  from  the 
summit  of  the  gonangium  thus  formed. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  119. 

blast-pipe  (blast'pip),  n.  The  exhaust-pipe  of 
a  steam-engine,  in  locomotives  and  in  some  station- 
iiry  steam-engines  it  is  directed  into  the  smoke-stack, 
with  the  effect  of  inducing  a  strong  draft. 

blast-recorder  (blast're-k6r'''der),  n.  A  con- 
trivance for  recording  automatically  the  time 
during  which  a  hot-blast  stove  is  in  blast  or 
out  of  blast.  It  is  operated  by  clockwork,  and  is  de- 
signed to  give  an  uninterrupted  record  of  the  work  and 
rest  of  a  mnnber  of  stoves  for  a  week. 

blast-regulator  (blast 'reg"u-la-tor),  n.  In 
milling,  a  governor  for  controlling  the  blast  of 
a  grain-separator. 

blastula  (blas'tu-lii),  «. ;  pi.  blastidce  (-le). 
[NL.,  dim.  of  6r.  pAacTdg,  a  germ:  see  blas- 
tns.]  In  embryol. :  (a)  An  embryo  of  one  of  the 
Metazoa,  in  the  stage  in  which  it  consists  of 
a  sac  formed  of  a  single  layer  of  cells,  (b)  In 
Haeckel's  vocabulary  of  embryology,  same  as 
blastosphere,  (b). 

blastulapore  (blas'tu-la-p6r),  n.  [Prop.  *blas- 
tulopore,  <  NL.  blastxda',\.\.,  -t-  li.porus,  pore.] 
The  pore  or  orifice  of  a  blastula. 

blastulation  (blas-tu-la'shon),  n.  [<  blastula  + 
-ation.']  In  embryol.,  the  process  by  which  a 
germ  becomes  a  blastula ;  the  conversion  of  a 
germ  into  a  blastula.  See  blastula.  in  most  ani- 
mals it  precedes  the  process  of  gastrulation  (which  see), 
and  consists  in  the  conversion  of  a  solid  nuilberry-mass  of 
cleavage-cells  (morula  proper)  into  a  lioUow  sphere  or 
blastosphere  (vesicular  morula).  In  case  it  follows  gas- 
trulation, as  in  a  mammal,  it  consists  in  the  conversion  of 
what  is  called  a  kinogenetic  metagastrula  (which  see)  into 
a  physiologically  similar  but  morphologically  different 
hollow  ball,  commonly  known  as  the  blastodermic  vesicle. 

blastus  (blas'tus),  n.;  pi.  blasti  (-ti).    [NL.,  < 
Gr.  (ilaardg,  a  germ,  bud,  sprout,  shoot,  < 
uravetv  {pMar-),  bud,  sprout,  grow,  prop,  of 
plants,  but  also  of  animals.]    In  bot.,  the 
plumide  of  grasses. 


blasty 


581 


[<  blatant:  see  -ancij.} 


hie,  prattle,  etc.,  all  more  or  less  imitative.]  1. 
To  give  forth  or  produce  a  quick  succession  of 
slight  sounds  J  patter:  as,  "the  rain  blattered," 
Jeffrey. —  2.  To  speak  or  prate  volubly;  rail  or 
rage.  [Rare.] 

However  envy  list  to  blatter 
against  liini. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 


tering  noise  (as  of  boards 
falling). — 2.  A  volley  of 
clattering  words. 


blasty  (blas'ti),  a.  [<  blast  +  -(/!.]  1.  Stormy ; 
gusty:  as,  a  blasty  day.  [Prov.  Eng.  and 
Scotch.] — 2.  Causing  a  blast  or  blight  upon 
vegetation:  as,  "a  blasty  noon,"  Boyle,  Works, 
m.  154.  '       J  i  » 

blatancy  (bla'tan-si). 
Blatant  quaUty. 

blatant  (bla'tant),  a.    [Also  written  blattant; 

one  of  Spenser's  words,  in  blatant  beast,  per-  blatter  (Wafer),  ».  {iblat- 
haps  a  mere  alliterative  invention;  otherwise    ter,  c]  1.  ArattUngorela 
intended  for  *hlatand,  Sc.  blaitand,  archaic    '    '  ' 
ppr.  of  blate^,  var.  of  bleat.']    Bellowing ;  bawl- 
ing; noisy;  loud-talking  or  loud-sounding. 

Glory,  that  blatant  word,  which  haunts  some  military  blatterei    (blat '  er-er),  n. 
minds  like  the  bray  of  the  trumpet.  Irmng.    One  who  blatters;  a  noisy 

Blatant  (or  blattant)  beast,  calumny  ;  scandal :  sym- 
bolized  by  Spenser  as  a  dreadful  fiend,  with  a  thousand 
tongues,  begotten  of  Cerberus  and  Cliimsera.  Spenser 
F.  Q.,  VI.  i.  7. 

The  Isle  of  Dogges  where  the  blatant  beast  doth  rule 
and  raigne.  Return  from  Parnassus  (1606),  v.  4. 

blatantly  (bla'tant-li),  adv.   In  a  blatant  man- 
ner. 

blatcht,  n.  [<  ME.  blacclie,  appar.  <  AS.  *blcBcce 
(not  found),  <  hlwc,  black:  see  black,  and  cf. 
bletcli.~\  Blacking. 

blatcht,  V.  t.  [<  ME.  *blacchen,  blmcchen ;  from 
the  noun.  Cf.  black,  v.,  and  bletcli,  v.  Not  con- 
nected with  blotch,  q.  v.]  To  smear  with  black- 
ing; black. 


blaze 


No  man  can  like  to  be  smutted  and  Hatched  in  his  face. 

Uarmar,  tr.  of  Beza's  Sermons,  p.  195. 

blatel  (blat),  a.  [Formerly  also  written  blait, 
bleat;  appar.  <  ME.  (Sc.)  Mate,  <  AS.  blat, 
pale,  ghastly;  cf.  OHG.  bleizza,  lividness.] 
It.  Pale;  ghastly.— 2t.  Dull;  spiritless;  stu- 
pid.—Sf.  Blunt;  cui-t.— 4.  Bashful;  diffident. 
[North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.]. 

The  youngster's  artless  heart  o'erflows  wi'  joy, 
But  blate  and  laithfu',  scarce  can  weel  behave. 

Burns,  Cottar's  Saturday  Night. 
Says  Lord  Mark  Car,  "Ye  are  na  blate 
To  bring  us  the  news  o'  your  aiu  defeat  — 
Get  out  o'  my  sight  this  morning." 

Jacobite  Ballad,  Johnnie  Cope. 
blate2  (blat),  a.  [Also  written  blait;  appar. 
<  ME.  blete,  naked,  bare,  <  AS.  bleat,  miserable 
(naked?),  =  OFries.  blat,  NFries.  bleat,  naked, 
miserable,  =  MD.  blot,  D.  bloot,  naked,  bare,  = 
MLG.  blot,  naked,  bare,  miserable,  mere,  = 
OHG.  MHG.  bios,  G.  bloss,  naked,  bare,  mere. 
Cf.  6to«2.]  Naked;  bare.  [Scotch.] 
blate^  (blat),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Mated,  ppr.  Mat- 


blustering  boaster, 
blattering  (blat'er-ing),  n. 
[Verbal  n.  of  blatter,  v.] 
Senseless  blustering, 
blatteroont  (blat-e-ron'),  n. 
[<  L.  blatero{n-),  a  babbler, 
<  blaterare,  babble :  see  blat- 
ter.']   A  senseless  babbler. 

I  trusted  T.  P.  with  a  weighty  se- 
cret, conjuring  him  that  it  should 
not  take  air  and  go  abroad,  .  .  . 
but  it  went  out  of  him  the  very 
next  day.  ...  I  hate  such  Mat- 
teroons.       Howell,  Letters,  ii.  75. 

Blattldse  (blat'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Blatta^  +  -ida.]  A 
family  of  cursorial  orthop- 
terous  insects,  the  cock- 
roaches, coextensive  ■with 
the  division  Blattina  or  sub- 
order Cursoria,  or  even  the 
order  Dictyoptera.  They  have  a 
flattened,  lengthened,  ovate  body, 
with  head  retracted  into  the  large 
shield-like  prothorax;  long,  fila- 
mentous, mauy-jointed  antennae; 
long,  strong  cursorial  legs,  with 
setose  tibi* ;  5-jointed  tarsi,  with 
an  accessory  joint  or  plautula  be- 
tween the  claws ;  large  coriaceous 
fore  wings  which  overlap,  and 
longitudinal  folded  hind  wings, 
both  sometimes  undeveloped  in 

females.  The  genera,  species,  and  individuals  are  numer- 
ous, and  are  found  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  Some  attain 
a  very  large  size  in  the  tropics.  They  are  mostly  noc- 
turnal, or  live  in  dark  places,  and  most  of  them  are 
omnivorous.  When  numerous  they  cause  much  annoy 
aiice  and  injury,  as  in  bakeries,  granaries,  etc.  ' 
cut  under  Insecta 


Anatomy  of  the  Cock- 
roach {Blatta  {Peripla- 
neta)  orietitatis). —  Fe- 
male, in  longitudinal  sec- 
tion. I'XX,  somites  of  the 
body;  i-ii,  abdominal  so- 
mites :  A,  antenna ;  H,  po- 
sition of  heart :  N,  thoracic 
ganglia  ;  a,  mouth  :  b,  eso- 
phagus :  c,  ingluvies  or 
crop;  d,  proventriculus ; 
I,  pyloric  caca  ;  /,  chylific 
ventricle ;  g,  insertion  of 
Malpighian  Cieca ;  ii,  in- 
testme  ;  i,  rectuui  ;  sali- 
vary receptacle  :  I,  sali- 
vary gland  ;  lb,  labrum  ; 
m,  cerebral  ganglia;  v, 
vulva ;  X,  cerci. 


ing.    [Appar.  a  dial,  var.  of  Meat  (foitnerly  blattlform  (blat'i-foi-m),  a.    [<  L.  blatta,  a 


Cf.  blatant.]    I.  intrans.  To 


pron.  as  blate) 
babble ;  prate. 
II,  t,  'ans.  To  babble  or  prate  about. 
He  Mates  to  me  what  has  passed  between  other  people 
and  him.  Pepys,  Diary  (ed.  1879),  IV.  46. 

blateratet,  v.  i.    [<  L.  Materatus,  pp.  of  blate- 
rare, babble.    Cf.  blatter.]    To  babble, 
blateration  (blat-e-ra'shon),  11.    [<  LL.  blate- 
ratio(n-),  <  1j.  blaterare,  h'ihhle:  see  blaterate.] 
Senseless  babble.  [Rare.] 
blather  (bla'JH'er),  v.  i.    [Sc.  also  blether,  = 
Icel.  bladhra,  talk  inarticulately,  talk  nonsense 
(bladhr,  nonsense),  =G.  dial.  Maddern,  talk  non- 
sense ;  partly  imitative,  and  the  same  as  blat- 
ter, q.  v.]    To  talk  nonsense, 
blather  (blaTH'er),  n. 
Icel.  bladhr,  nonsense 


Having  the  form 


eoeki-oach,  +  forma,  formi.] 
of  a  blatta  or  cockroach. 
Blattina  (bla-ti'na),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Blatta^  + 
-iua^.]    A  group  of  ciu-sorial  orthopterous  in- 
sects, including  only  the  family  Blattidce :  same 
as  Cursoria,  2. 
blattoid  (blat'oid),  a.    [<  Blatta''^  +  -oid.]  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characteristics  of  the 
Blattidce ;  like  a  cockroach, 
blaubok,  n.    See  blauwbok. 
blaud  (blad),  ».    [Sc.,  also  Mad,  perhaps  same 
as  Made  (see  blad^  and  blade):  but  cf.  Gael. 
Uadh  =  Jr.  bladh,  a  part.]    1.  A  large  piece  of 
anything;  a  considerable  portion;  a  flat  piece 
of  anything. —  2.  A  slap ;  a  blow  or  stroke. 
[Sc.  also  blether;  cf.  blaufish  (bla'fish),  n.    [<  *Mau,  prob.  same  as 
from  the  verb.]    1.    Sc.       Wae,  dark,  livid  (see  6toe), +jfs/i.]  Ac- 


Nonsense;  foolish  talk.— 2.  A  person  who  cording  to  Pennant,  a  name  of' the'blaekfish 
talks  nonsense.  Centrolophus  pompilus.   See  cut  xmder  Centro- 

blatherskite  (blai'H'er-skit),  n.    [Also  in  Sc.  lophus. 
bletherskite,  bletherskate;  <  blather,  blether,  +  blauncht,  a.    An  obsolete  form  of  blanch''-, 
skate,  a  term  of  contempt.]    1.  One  who  talks  blauwbok  (blou'bok),  n.    [D.,  lit.  blue  buck, 
nonsense  in  a  blustering  way;  a  blusterer.    <  blauio  j^blaauw),  = 'E.  bhie,  +  bok  =  'E.  buck''-.] 


Hence  —  2.    A   good-for-nothing  fellow; 

"beat."    [Scotch  and  Amer.] 
blathery  (blaTH'e-ri),  a.  and  n.    [Sc.,  <  blather 

+  -y^-]    I,  a.  Unsubstantial;  trashy. 
II.  n.  That  which  is  unsubstantial,  trashy, 

or  deceptive. 
Blattal  (blat'a),  n.  [L.,  an  insect  that  shuns  the 

Ught,  a  cockroach,  etc.]    1,  The  typical  genus 

of  the  family  Blattidw :  formerly  coextensive 

with  the  family,  but  now  greatly  restricted. 


1.  The  Dutch  colonial  name  of  a  South  African 
antelope,  Hippotragus  {or Mgoceros)  leiicophwus, 
given  on  account  of  its  bluish  appearance, 
caused  by  the  dark  hide  showing  through  light 
hair,  it  is  related  to  the  oryx,  addax,  etc.,  and  has 
rather  large  horns  curving  backward.  Also  called  blue- 
buck,  blue  antelope,  and  etaac. 

2.  A  small  South  African  antelope  with  very 
short  straight  horns  and  heavy  hind  quarters. 

Also  spelled  blaubok. 


Thus,  the  cockroach  or  common  black-beetle,  introduced  Ojaver,  Dlavert  (bla  ver,  -vert),  M.  Con-upt 
from  the  East  into  Europe  and  America,  \b  Blatta  {Peri-  "*  ro^.^.,  -, 

planeta)  orientalis.    See  cut  under  Blattidce. 

2.  [L  c]  A  member  of  this  genus, 
blatta^  (blat'a),  w.  [ML.]  A  purple  silk  inter- 
woven with  gold,  used  in  the  early  middle  ages. 
Bock,  Textile  Fabrics. 

blatteant  (blat'e-an),  a.    [<  blatta^  +  -ean.] 

Purple ;  of  a  purple  color, 
blatter  (Wafer),  V.  i.    [=  G.  dial,  blattern, 

Maddern,  prate;  ef.  L.  blaterare,  blacterare,  talk 

nonsense,  Matire,  babble  (ef.  blaterate);  cf. 

blather,  blate3,  bleat,  blab,  blabber,  babble,  brab- 


forms  of  Mawort.  [Scotch.] 

Your  gloves  shall  be  o'  the  green  clover 

Come  lockerin'  to  your  hand. 
Well  dropper  o'er  wi'  blue  blavers, 
That  grow  amang  white  land. 

Gardener  Lad  (Anon.). 
bla-W  (bla),  V. ;  pret.  blew,  pp.  Mawn,  ppr.  Maw- 
ing.  [Sc.,  =  E.  Moic'^.]  I.  intrans.  To  blow; 
breathe ;  publish ;  brag  ;  boast ;  magnify  in  nar- 
rative— To  Waw  in  one's  lug,  to  cajole;  flatter  a 
person.  Hence,  blaw-in-my-lug,  a  flatterer ;  a  wheedler 
Scott. 

II.  trans.  To  flatter;  coax. 


bla-WOrt  (bla'wert),  n.  [Sc.,  also  bluvert,  bla. 
ver,  (I.  v.,  <  Ma,  blae,  blue,  +  wort^:  see  Mae 
and  wort''.]  1.  The  blue  corn-flower;  the 
bluebottle. —  2.  Tlic  round-leafed  bell-flower. 

Jamieson. 

blayl  (bla),  ri.    [Also  written  hUy ;  <  ME.  "blaye, 
*Meye,  <  AS.  bkvge  =  D.  bid  =  G.  bleihe,  a  blay,] 
A  local  English  name  of  the  bleak, 
blay-,  a.  and  n.    Same  as  blae. 
blayberry,  n.    Same  as  blaeberry. 
blay-linen,  n.    Same  as  Mae-linen. 
blaze^  (blaz),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  Mase  (Sc. 
blecze,  earlier  blese) ;  <  ME.  blase,  a  flame,  <  AS, 
bkcsc,  blase,  a  flame,  torch,  =  MLG.  LG.  bias  = 
MHG.  Mas,  a  torch  (cf.  AS.  blwst,  a  flame) ;  akin 
to  biased,  q.  v.,  but  only  remotely,  if  at  all,  to 
blaze^,  q.  V.  The  AS.  forms  hlysa,  blysige,  a  torch, 
etc.,  belong  to  another  root:  see  Mnish.]   If.  A 
torch;  a  fii-e-brand. —  2.  A  flame;  a  flaming 
fire ;  a  conflagration. 

To  heaven  tlie  blaze  uprolled.  Croly, 
What  heaps  of  hooks  and  pamphlets  !  now  we  shall 
have  a  glorious  blaze.  Uawtltorne,  Old  Manse,  I. 

3.  Figuratively,  biilliant  sunlight;  effulgence;- 
brilliance :  as,  the  Maze  of  day. 

As  thy  beautie  hath  made  thee  the  blaze  of  Italy,  so  wil 
thy  lightnesse  make  thee  the  bye  word  of  the  worlde. 

Lyly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  102. 
0,  dark,  dark,  dark,  amid  the  blaze  of  noon  ! 

Milton,  S.  A.,  I.  80. 

4.  A  sudden  kindling  up  or  bursting  out,  as  of 
fire,  passion,  etc. ;  an  active  or  violent  display; 
wide  diffusion. 

In  his  blaze  of  \vrath.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  5. 

The  main  blaze  of  it  is  past,  but  a  small  thing  would 
make  it  flame  again.  .Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  3. 

5.  In  the  game  of  poker,  a  hand  (now  seldom 
or  never  used)  consisting  of  five  coiu't-cards, 
ranldng  between  two  pairs  and  three  of  a  kind: 
so  called  in  allusion  to  the  blaze  of  color  dis- 
played—  In  a  blaze,  on  lire  ;  in  flames.— Like  blazes, 
furiously;  in  ur  to  an  excessive  degree.  [Low.] 

The  other  little  ones  used  to  cry  like  blazes.  Mayhew. 

The  horse  was  so  maddened  by  the  wound,  and  the 
road  so  steep,  that  he  went  like  blazes. 

De  Quinceij,  Spanish  Nun,  p.  24. 
The  blazes,  hell ;  perdition.  Hence,  to  <io  to  blazes,  to 
go  to  perdition,  or  to  the  deuce.  [Slang.]  =  Syn.  2.  Glare, 
''''•'■    ^ee  flame,  n. 

See  also  blaze^  (blaz),  v. ;  pret.  blazed,  ppr.  blazing. 

[Early  mod.  E.  also  Mase  (=  Sc.  bleeze,  blese); 
<  ME.  blasen,  blaze ;  from  the  noun.]  I.  in- 
trans. 1.  To  bm-st  into  flame;  bm-n  with  a 
bright  flame  or  fervent  heat;  flame:  either 
literally  or  figuratively. 

Two  red  flres  in  both  their  faces  blazed. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1353. 
Starry  lamps  and  blazing  cressets.    Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  728. 

2.  To  send  forth  a  bright  light;  shine  like 
flame  or  fire  :  as,  a  Mazing  diamond. 

I  lift  mine  eyes,  and  all  the  windows  blaze 
With  forms  of  saints  and  holy  men  who  died. 

Longfellow,  Sonnets  on  the  Divina  Commedia,  iv. 

The  cupola  blazes  with  gigantic  archangels,  stationed 
in  a  ring  beneath  the  supreme  figure  and  face  of  Christ. 

J.  A.  Si/nwnds,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  169. 

3.  To  be  conspicuous  ;  shine  brightly  with  the 
brilliancy  of  talents,  heroic  deeds,  etc'  [Poetic.] 

Mighty  names 
Have  blazed  upon  the  world  and  passed  away. 

Bryant,  Fifty  Years. 
To  blaze  away,  to  fire  away;  keej)  on  firing  (with  guns 
or  artillery) ;  work  vigoronslv  or  with  enthusiasm.  See 
atvay,  12.— To  blaze  out.  (</)  To  throw  nut  Hame  or 
light;  shine  forth,  (b)  To  go  out  with  a  Hare,  (c)  To 
break  out  with  passion  or  excitement;  speak  or  act  vio- 
lently.—To  blaze  up,  to  burst  into  flame,  and  hence  into 
passion,  anger,  etc. 

II.  trans.  1,  To  set  in  a  blaze.  [Rare.] 

Take  him  in  and  blaze  the  oak.  Hood. 

2.  To  temper  (steel)  by  covering  it  while  liot 
•with  tallow  or  oil,  which  is  then  burned  off. — 

3,  To  cause  to  shine  forth  ;  exhibit  vividly. 

Fiery  eyes  blaze  forth  her  wrong. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  I.  219. 
So  spake  the  Father;  and,  unfolding  bright 
Toward  the  right  hand  his  glory,  on  the  Son 
Blazed  forth  iniclouded  deity.   Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  65. 

To  blaze  outt,  to  burn  out ;  figuratively,  exhaust  in  a 

blaze  of  passion  or  excess. 

blaze2  (blaz),  v.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Mazed,  ppr. 
Mazing. _  [<  ME.  blasen,  blow,  as  a  trumpet,  < 
AS.  *Mcc.irn>,  blow  (=  MD.  Maesen.  D.  Mazcn. 
blow,  sound  a  trumpet,  =  MLG.  blasen  =  OHG. 
bldsan,  ifflG.  Mdsen,  G.  blasen  =  Icel.  bldsa  = 
Sw.  bldsa  =  Dan.  bkese,  blow,  -  Goth,  blesan, 
in  eomp.  ufMesan,  puff  up);  prob.,  with  forma- 
tive -s,  fi'om  the  root  *bld  of  Mdnan,  blow, 
breathe :  see  ftioipi,  and  cf.  blast.    In  the  later 


blaze 

senses  confused  with  blazon,  q.  v.]  If.  To 
blow,  as  from  a  trumpet. 

With  his  blake  clarioun 

He  gan  to  blasen  out  a  soun 

As  lowde  as  belowetli  wynde  in  helle. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  1802. 

Hence — 2.  To  publish;  make  well  known; 
announce  in  a  public  manner. 

Till  we  can  find  a  time 
To  blaze  your  mai-riage.     Shak.,  K.  and  J.,  iii.  3. 
To  tell  you  truth,  lady,  his  conceit  was  far  better  than 
I  have  blazed  it  yet. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Wit  at  Several  Weapons,  ii.  2. 
Such  musick  worthiest  were  to  blaze 
The  peerless  highth  of  her  immortal  pi-aise. 

Milton,  Arcades,  i.  74. 

Sf.  To  disclose  ;  betray ;  defame. 

To  cover  shame,  I  took  thee ;  never  fear 
That  I  would  blaze  myself. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Maid's  Tragedy,  ii.  1. 

4.  In  her.,  to  blazon.    See  blazon,  n.,  1  and  2. 

You  should  have  blazed  it  thus  :  he  bears  a  tierce  sable 
between  two  tierces  or.  Peacham. 
Braggadochio  .  .  .  did  shew  his  shield, 
■Wliich  bore  the  Sunne  brode  blazed  in  a  golden  field. 

Spetiser,  F.  Q.,  \'.  iii.  14. 

blaze^  (blaz),  «.  l<blaze^,  v.'\  Publication ;  the 
act  of  spreading  widely  by  report.  [Poetic] 
For  what  is  glory  but  the  blaze  of  fame  ? 

Milton,  V.  K.,  iii.  47. 

blaze^  (blaz),  n.  [=.D.  bles  =  MhG.  blesse  = 
MHG.  blastie,  G.  bldsse  =  leel.  blesi  =  Sw.  bids 
and  bldsa  =  Dan.  blis,  a  white  spot  or  streak  on 
the  forehead  (G.  bldtise  also  paleness) ;  from  the 
adj.  represented  by  OHG.  bla^,  whitish,  MHG. 
tlas,  bald,  pale,  weak,  G.  blass,  pale,  wan,  orig. 
*  shining ' ;  connected  with  blaze^,  a  torch,  flame : 
see  blazed- ;  cf .  leel.  blasa,  lie  open  to  view.]  1. 
A  white  spot  on  the  face  of  a  horse,  cow,  ox, 
etc.    See  cut  under  blesbok. 

A  square  blaze  in  his  (a  sacred  o.\'s]  forehead. 

Cowley,  Plagues  of  Egypt,  note  to  st.  16. 

2.  A  white  mark  made  on  a  tree,  as  by  remov- 
ing a  piece  of  the  bark,  to  indicate  a  boundary, 
or  a  path  or  trail  in  a  forest.  [Orig.  American.] 
—  3.  A  local  English  name  of  the  bleak, 
blaze^  (blaz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blazed,  ppr. 
blazing.    [=  MLG.  blesset,  pp.;  <  blazed,  /(.] 

1.  To  mark  with  a  white  spot  on  the  face,  as 
a  horse :  only  in  the  perfect  participle  blazed. — 

2.  To  set  a  mark  on,  as  a  tree,  usually  by  cut- 
ting off  a  piece  of  its  bark,  so  as  to  show  a 
white  spot. 

As  for  me,  the  son  and  the  father  of  Uucas,  I  am  a  blazed 
pine  in  the  clearing  of  the  pale-faces. 

Cooper,  Last  of  Mohicans,  .xxxiii. 

3.  To  indicate  or  mark  out,  as  by  cutting  off 
pieces  of  the  bark  of  a  number  of  trees  in  suc- 
cession: as,  to  blaze  a  path  through  a  forest. 

Champollion  died  in  1832,  having  done  little  more  than 
hlaze  out  the  road  to  be  traveled  by  others.  Nott. 

blaze*  (blaz),  n.  [E.  dial,  (not  found  in  ME. 
or  AS.),  =  MLG.  blase,  a  bladder,  =  OHG.  bld- 
sa, MHG.  blase,  G.  blasen,  a  bladder,  bubble, 
blister,  pimple;  from  the  verb  blaze^  (=  OHG. 
bldsan,  MHG.  G.  blasen),  blow :  see  blaze^,  and 
cf.  blast  and  blister.']   A  pimple.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

blaze^  (blaz),  n.  [Origin  imcertain.]  Same  as 
braslt^,  4  (a). 

blaze^  (blaz),  n.  pi.  Irregular  spelling  of  blacs, 
plural  of  blae.    See  blae,  n. 

blazer^  (bla'zer),  n.  [<  blaze'^  +  -ej'l.]  1.  Any- 
thing that  blazes,  or  is  intensely  luminous  or 
hot :  as,  the  day  was  a  blazer. —  2.  A  dish  under 
which  there  is  a  receptacle  for  coals  to  keep  it 
hot. — 3.  A  bright-colored  loose  coat,  usually  of 
flannel,  worn  by  tennis-  and  cricket-players. 

The  origin  of  the  word  is  as  follows  :  The  uniform  of 
the  Lady  Margaret  Boat  Club  of  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, is  bright  red,  and  the  Johnian  jackets  have  for 
many  years  been  called  blazers.  Up  to  a  few  years  ago 
the  inaccurate  modern  use  of  blazer  for  a  jacket  of  any 
other  colour  than  red  was  unknown. 

N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  III.  436. 

blazer^  (bla'zer),  w.  [<  6?rt0e2 -f- -e?-!.]  1.  One 
who  blazes ;  one  who  publishes  and  spreads  re- 
ports: as,  "blazers  of  aryme,"  Spenser,  F.  Q., 
II.  ix.  25. —  2t.  A  blazoner. 

blazer^  (bla'zer),  n.  [<  blaze^  +  -eri.]  One 
who  blazes  a  tree. 

blazingly  (bla'zing-li),  adv.  In  a  blazing  man- 
ner. 

blazing-star  (bla'zing-star'),  n.  1.  In  her.,  a 
comet  used  as  a  bearing,  it  is  represented  bend- 
wise  as  a  star  of  six  points  with  a  tail  streaming  from  it. 

2.  A  name  in  the  United  States  for  several 
very  different  plants.  («.)  The  AletHn  farinosa,  a 
low  herbaceous  plant,  natural  order  Ilcemodoraeem,  with 
whitish  mealy  flowers.  The  roots  are  Ijitter,  and  have 
some  repute  in  medicine.    Also  called  colic-root,    (b)  The 


582 

starwort  (Chamcelirium  Carolinianum),  natural  order  Li- 
liacece,  the  roots  of  which  yield  a  bitter  tonic,  (c)  A  spe- 
cies of  Liatrin,  L.  .^<]uarro.ia,  natural  order  Co7nposit(ie,  one 
of  the  many  popular  remedies  for  rattlesnake-bites. 

3.  A  stampede  of  pack-mules  or  other  animals 
from  a  central  point.    [Western  U.  S.  slang.] 

blazon  (bla'zn),  n.  [<  ME.  blason,  blasoun,  a 
shield,  =MD.  blasoen,  D.  blazoen,  <  OF.  blason, 
blazon  {=  Pr.  blezo,  blizo  =  Sp.  blason  =  Pg.  bla- 
sao,  brasao  =  It.  blasone),  a  shield  -with  a  coat  of 
arms  painted  on  it,  the  coat  of  arms  itself  (the 
Pi',  and  Sp.  terms  mean  also  honor,  glory,  fame) ; 
usually  referred  to  MHG.  blasen,  OHG.  bldsan, 
blow,  hence  sound  a  trumpet,  proclaim,  blaze 
(see  blaze^) ;  by  some  to  blaze^ ;  but  the  orig. 
sense  'shield,'  with  other  facts,  is  against  such 
derivation.  In  ME.  and  mod.  E.  blaze"^  and 
blazon  are  of  course  associated  in  thought.]  1. 
In/(  er.,  a  shield  with  arms  on  it ;  armorial  bear- 
ings; a  coat  of  arms;  a  banner  bearing  arms. 

The  chief  functionaries  of  city  and  province,  ...  all 
marching  under  emblematical  standards  or  time-honored 
blazons.  Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  III.  533. 

2.  A  description  in  technical  language  of  ar- 
morial bearings.  Peculiar  and  fantastic  changes  in- 
troduced by  certain  heralds  are  chiefly  in  the  blazon,  and 
not  in  the  graphic  representation  :  thus,  when  the  arms  of 
nobles  are  described  by  precious  stones  (sapphire  instead 
of  azure,  topaz  instead  of  or,  and  the  like),  or  when  the 
arms  of  sovereigns  are  described  by  the  planets,  the 
description  only  is  peculiar,  the  drawing  and  coloring  of 
the  achievement  being  of  the  same  character  as  those  of 
ordinary  bearings. 

3t.  Interpretation;  explanation. 
I  think  your  blazon  to  be  true.   Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  1. 

4.  Publication;  show;  celebration;  pompous 
display,  either  by  words  or  by  other  means. 

But  this  eternal  blazon  must  not  be 

To  ears  of  flesh  and  blood.    Shak. ,  Hamlet,  i.  5. 

blazon  (bla'zn),  V.  t.  [=  MD.  blasocnen  =  G. 
blasoniren,  <  F.  blnsonner,  blazon,  =  Sp.  blaso- 
nar,  blazon,  brag,  boast,  =  It.  blasonare,  blazon 
(ML.  blazonare) ;  from  the  noun.  Cf.  blaze'^  in 
similar  senses.]  1.  To  explain  in  proper  her- 
aldic terms  (the  arms  or  bearings  on  a  shield). 

King  Edward  gave  to  them  the  coat  of  arms  which  I  am 
not  herald  enough  to  blazon  into  English.  Addison. 

2.  To  depict  (armorial  bearings)  according  to 
the  rules  of  heraldry.  [An  incorrect  use  of 
the  word,  not  recognized  by  heralds.]  —  3.  To 
inscribe  with  arms,  or  some  ornament ;  adorn 
with  blazonry. 

The  blood-red  flag  of  the  Sacred  Office  .  .  .  blazoned 
upon  either  side  with  the  portraits  of  Alexander  and  of 
Ferdinand.  Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  iii.  166. 

What  matter  whose  the  hillside  grave, 
Or  whose  the  blazoned  stone? 

Whittier,  The  Countess. 

4.  To  deck;  embellish;  adorn  as  -with  bla- 
zonry. 

Then  blazons  in  dread  smiles  her  hideous  form. 

Garth,  The  Dispensary,  ii. 
The  bottom  of  the  valley  was  a  bed  of  glorious  grass, 
blazoned  with  flowers. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  280. 

5.  To  display;  exhibit  conspicuously;  make 
known;  publish. 

F'or  better  farre  it  were  to  hide  their  names, 
Than  telling  them  to  blazon  out  their  blames. 

Spenser,  Teares  of  the  Muses. 
Blazoning  our  injustice  everywhere. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  4. 
And  blazon  o'er  the  door  their  names  in  brass. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  xi.  31. 

6.  To  proclaim  or  publish  boastingly ;  boast  of. 

My  friend  Lancelot  is  not  a  man  to  blazon  anything. 

Irviny,  Salmagundi,  p.  124. 

blazoner  (bla'zn-er),  w.  1.  One  who  blazons ; 
a  herald. —  2.  One  who  publishes  or  proclaims 
with  strong  or  extravagant  praise. 

blazoning  (bla'zn-ing),  n.  In  her.,  the  art  of 
describing  armorial  bearings.    See  blazon,  n. 

blazonment  (bla'zn-ment),  n.  [<  blazon  + 
-meiit.1    The  act  of  blazoning;  emblazonment. 

blazonry  (bla'zn-ri), »).  [<  blazon  + -ry.']  1. 
The  art  of  describing  or  explaining  coats  of 
arms  in  proper  heraldic  terms  and  method. 

Bob  has  done  more  to  set  the  public  right  on  this  im- 
portant point  of  blazonry  than  the  whole  College  of  Her- 
alds. Lamb,  Newspapers  Thirty-five  Years  ago. 

2.  Emblazonry;  decoration  in  color,  as  with 
heraldic  devices;  brilliant  decoration;  splen- 
dor. 

The  gorgeous  building  and  wild  blazonry  of  that  shrine 
of  St.  Mark's.  Buskin. 

So  much  subtler  is  a  human  mind  than  the  outside 
tissues  which  make  a  sort  of  blazonry  or  clockface  for  it. 

George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  I,  12. 

3.  Figiu-atively,  display. 


bleach-field 

blazy  (bla'zi),  a.  [<  blnzc'^  +  -//I.]  Burning 
brightly ;  blazing :  as,  a  blazii  fire.  [Eare.] 

blet,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  blcc. 

-ble.  [ME.  -ble  i-bel,  -bil,  -bijl,  -bid),  <  OF.  -ble, 
mod.  F.  -ble  =  Pr.  Sp.  -ble  —  Pg.  -vcl  =  It.  -bile, 
<  L.  -bilis,  acc.  -bilcm,  a  suffix  (<  -bi-  -t-  -li-s), 
forming  adjectives,  usually  with  a  passive  sig- 
nitieation_,  from  verbs  ending  with  one  of  the 
vowels  -d,  -e,  -i,  4,  -6,  -u,  being  the  root-  or 
stem-vowel  or  (as  usually  -l)  a  mere  insertion, 
as  in  admird-bilis,  dele-bilis,  scpeli-bilis,  cred-i- 
bilis,  igno-bilis,  mo-bilis,  volu-bilis,  etc. ;  rarely 
from  perfect  participles,  as  in  flex-t-bilis,  plaus- 
i-bilis,  etc.  See  further  imder  -able.  Adjec- 
tives in  -ble  are  accompanied  by  adverbs  in 
-bly,  contr.  from  -ble-ly,  and  noims  in  -ble-ness 
or,  according  to  the  L.,  in  -bil-ity,  as  credi-hle, 
credi-bleness,  credi-bility.  In  many  words  the 
term,  -ble  is  of  different  origin,  as  in  nimble, 
hamble,  humble,  marble,  parable,  syllable,  etc., 
divided  etymologically  nimb-le,  humb-le,  etc., 
the  real  term,  being  -le,  of  various  origin.] 
A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  occurring  in  adjectives 
having  originally  a  passive  signification,  which, 
is  retained  more  or  less  fully  in  adjectives  ac- 
companied by  verbs  derived  from  the  infinitive 
or  perfect  participle  (English  -ate  or  -it)  of  the 
same  Latin  verb,  as  in  commendable,  admirable, 
dissoluble,  etc.,  habitable,  imitable,  tolerable,  navi- 
gable, etc.,  credible,  etc.,  but  is  not  obvious  in 
adjectives  not  accompanied  by  such  verbs,  as 
in  equable,  delectable,  horrible,  terrible,  ignoble, 
voluble,  feeble,  etc.  In  English  it  is  felt  aiid  used 
as  a  suffix  only  with  the  preceding  vowel,  -able 
or  -ible.    See  -able,  -ible. 

blea^,  a.  and  n.    See  blae. 

blea'-^  (t>le),  n.  [Oiigin  uncertain;  perhaps  < 
blca^  =  blae,  pale  (see  blae).  Cf.  Sc.  Mac,  blay, 
rough  parts  of  wood  left  in  sawing  or  boring.] 
The  part  of  a  tree  immediately  under  the  bark; 
the  alburnum  or  white  wood.  [Rare.] 

bleaberry,  n.    Same  as  blaeberry. 

bleach^  (blech),  v.  [<  ME.  blechen,  <  AS.  blaican 
{=  D.  bleeken  =  OHG.  bleichen,  MHG.  G.  blci- 
chen  -  Icel.  bleilja  =  Sw.  bleka  =  Dan.  blege), 
make  white,  cause  to  fade  (cf.  bldcian,  become 
white  or  pale),  <  bide,  pale,  bleak:  see  blcak^, 
blake.']  I.  trans.  To  make  white  or  whiter  by 
removing  color;  whiten;  blanch;  make  pale; 
specifically,  to  whiten  (as  linen,  etc.)  by  wash- 
ing and  exposure  to  the  action  of  the  air  and 
sunlight,  or  by  chemical  preparations.  See 
bleaching. 

Immortal  liberty,  whose  look  sublime 

Hath  bleached  the  tyrant's  cheek  in  every  varying  clime. 

Smollett,  Ode  to  Independence.  | 
The  bones  of  men. 
In  some  forgotten  battle  slain. 
And  bleached  by  drifting  wind  and  rain. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  iii.  5. 
The  robed  and  mitred  apostles,  bleached  and  rain-washed 
by  the  ages,  rose  into  the  blue  air  like  huge  snow  figures. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  210. 
=  %Ya..  Blanch,  etc.    See  whiten. 

II.  in  trans.  1.  To  become  white  in  any  man- 
ner; become  pale  or  colorless. 

Along  the  snows  a  stifl'ened  corse, 
Stretched  out  and  bleaching  in  the  northern  blast. 

Thomson,  Winter,  1.  321. 

2.  To  become  morally  pure.  [Rare.] 
bleachlf,  «•    [<  ME.  bleche  (bleche),  <  AS.  blcec, 
var.  of  bide,  pale:  see  bleak^,  blake,  and  cf. 
bleach^,  v.]    1.  Pale.— 2.  Bleak, 
bleachi  (blech),  n.    [<  ME.  bleche,  <  AS.  blmco,  j 
paleness,  <  6Zac,  pale:  see  blcak'^.]    If.  A  dis- 
ease of  the  skin.    Holland,  iv.  of  Pliny. —  2. 
[<  bleach^,  v.]  An  act  of  bleaching;  exposure 
to  the  sun  or  other  bleaching  agency  or  influ- 
ence. 

Wliat  is  known  as  "the  three-quarter  bleach  "  with  flax. 

Sci.  Amer.,  N.  S.,  LVI.  249.  j 

bleach^t  (blech),  n.    [A  var.  of  bletch,  q.  v.]  ( 
Blacking;  any  substance  used  for  blacking. 
Cotgrave. 

bleacher  (ble'cher),  91.  1.  One  who  bleaches ; 
one  whose  occupation  is  to  whiten  cloth. —  2. 
A  vessel  used  in  bleaching. — 3.  A  large  shal- 
low wooden  tub,  lined  with  metal,  used  in  dis- 
tilling petroleum ;  a  settling-tub. 

bleachery  (ble'cher-i),  «. ;  pi.  bleacheries  (-iz). 
[<  bleach^,  v.,  +  -ery.]  A  place  for  bleaching; 
an  establishment  where  the  bleaching  of  tex- 
tile fabrics,  etc.,  is  carried  on. 

Young  reprobates  dyed  in  the  wool  with  perversity  are 
taken  into  a  kind  of  moral  bleachery  and  come  out  white 
as  lambs.  0.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  354. 

bleach-field  (blech'f  eld), «.  A  field  where  cloth 
or  yarn  is  bleached. 


583 


bleaching 

bleaching  (ble'ehing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bleach^.} 
The  art  or  process  of  freeing  textile  fibers  and 
fabrics,  and  various  other  substances  (such  as 
materials  for  paper,  ivory,  wax,  oils),  from 
their  natm-al  color,  and  rendering  them  white, 
or  nearly  so.  The  ancient  method  o£  bleaching  by 
exposing  to  the  action  of  tlie  sun's  rays,  and  frequent 
wetting,  has  been  nearly  superseded,  at  least  where  the 
business  is  prosecuted  on.  a  large  scale,  by  more  compli- 
cated processes  in  connection  with  powerful  chemical 
preparations.  Among  these  preparations,  the  chief  are 
chlorin  and  sulphurous  acid,  the  latter  being  employed 
more  especially  in  the  case  of  animal  fibers  (silli  and  wool), 
while  cotton,  flax,  and  other  vegetable  fibers  are  operated 
upon  with  chlorin,  the  bleaching  in  both  cases  being  pre- 
ceded by  certain  cleansing  piocesses.  Glass  is  bleached 
by  the  use  of  chemical  agents,  usually  braunite,  saltpeter, 
arsenious  acid,  and  minium  or  red  lead. 

bleaching-liquid  (ble'ching-lik" wid),  n.  A 
liquid  for  bleaching;  specifically,  blanching- 
liquor. 

bleaching-powder  (ble'ching-pou'-'der),  n.  A 
powder  made  by  exposing  slaked  lime  to  the 
action  of  chlorin ;  chlorid  of  lime,  it  may  be 
regarded  as  a  mixture  of  slaked  lime  and  a  double  salt  of 
calcium  chlorid  and  calcium  hypochlorite.  It  is  the  prin- 
cipal agent  used  in  bleaching  textile  fabrics,  and  is  also  a 
powerful  disinfectant. 

bleaki  (blek),  a.  [Also  assibilated  bleach 
(obs.),  dial-.  blaJce,  q.  v. ;  <  ME.  bleJce  (assibilated 
Heche)  (also  bleike,  prob.  due  to  Icel.),  earlier 
Uake,  blaJc  (i.e.,  bldlc,  different  from  bldk,  black, 
though  to  some  extent  confused  with  it),  pale, 
wan,  <  AS.  blac  (var.  bWc,  whence  prob.  ult.  E. 
vleach^,  a.,  q.  v.),  pale,  wan,  also  bright,  shining 
(=  OS.  blek,  pale,  shining,  =  D.  bleek  =  MLG. 
Mek,  LG.  blek  =  OHG.  bleih,  MHG.  G.  bleich  = 
Icel.  bleikr  —  S_w.  blek  =  Dan.  Meg,  pale,  wan),  < 
bUcau  (pret.  blac,  pp.  blicen),  shine,  =  OS.  blikan 
=  OFries.  blika,  shine,  =  D.  blijken  (pret.  bleek), 
appear,  =  leel.  blikja,  bUka,  shine,  =  OHG.  blih- 
han,  shine  (MHG.  blican,  G.  bleichen,  grow  pale, 
mixed  with  weak  verb  bleichen,  bleach:  see 
bleach^,  v.),  akin  to  Skt.  ■/  bhrdj,  shine,  and 
perhaps  to  Gr.  (plkyeiv,  burn,  blaze,  <j>?.6^,  flame, 
li.flamma,  flame,  fulgere,  shine,  etc. :  see  flame, 
fulgent,  jmlegm,  phlox,  etc.  Belated  E.  words 
are  blank,  blink,  bleach^,  perhaps  black,  and 
bright^.']  If.  Pale ;  pallid ;  wan ;  of  a  sickly  hue. 

With  a  face  dedly,  bleyk,  and  pale.  Lydgate. 

She  looked  as  pale  and  as  bleak  as  one  laid  out  dead. 

Foxe,  Martyrs  (Agnes  Wardall). 
.  2.  Exposed  to  cold  and  winds ;  desolate  ;  bare 
of  vegetation. 

Say,  will  ye  bless  the  bleak  Atlantic  shore  ? 

Pope,  Cho.  to  Brutus. 

Wastes  too  bleak  to  rear  the  common  growth  of  earth. 

Wordsioorth. 

It  is  rich  land,  but  upon  a  clay,  and  in  a  very  bleak 
high,  exposed  situation.  Gray,  Letters,  I.  258. 

3.  Cheerless ;  dreary. 
Her  desolation  presents  us  with  nothing  but  bleak  and 

barren  prospects.  Addison. 

4.  Cold ;  chill ;  piercing  ;  desolating. 

Entreat  the  north 
To  make  his  bleak  winds  kiss  my  parched  lips. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  7. 
The  night  was  bleak  ;  the  rain  fell ;  the  wind  roared. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ix. 
bleak^t,  v.    [<  bleakl,  a. ;  var.  of  bleach^.']  I. 
trans.  To  make  white  or  pale ;  bleach. 
II.  intrans.  To  become  white  or  pale. 
bleak2  (blek),  w.    [Early  mod.  E.  bleke,  dial. 
Uick;  =  Icel.  bleikja  =  OHG.  bleicha,  MHG. 
blicke;  from  the  adj.  bleak  (Icel.  bleikr,  OHG. 
bleih),  from  the  pale  color  of  its  scales  (see 
bleak'-).    The  synonymous  term  blay'^,  <  AS. 
hlwge  =  D.  blei  =  G.  bleihe,  is  not  directly  con- 
nected with  6Zeafc2.]    An  English  name  of  a 
small  eyprinoid  fish,  Alburnus  lucidus.  Other 
forms  of  the  name  are  bleik,  blick.    Also  called 
blay. 

bleakSf,  v.  t.    [Var.  of  bleach^  and  black,  v.] 

To  blacken ;  darken.  Cotgrave. 
bleakish  (ble'kish),  a.     [<  bleak^  +  -is/tl.] 
Moderately  bleak;  somewhat  bleak. 
A  northerly  or  bleakish  easterly  wind. 

Dr.  G.  Cheyne,  Ess.  on  Health, 
bleakly  (blek'li),  adv.    In  a  bleak  manner  or 
situation :  as,  the  wind  howls  bleakly. 
Neere  the  sea-coast  they  bleakely  seated  are. 

May,  tr.  of  Lucan,  Lx. 
bleakness  (blek'nes),  n.    [<  bleak'i-  +  -ness.'] 
The  quality  of  being  bleak;  coldness;  desola- 
tion: as,  "the  bleakness  of  the  air,"  Addison. 

The  landscape  will  lose  its  melancholy  bleakness  and 
acquire  a  beauty  of  its  own. 

Hawthorne,  Twice-Told  Tales,  II.  _    _  _ 

bleaky(ble'ki),  a  [Extended form  of  iZeffi-i,«.]  blear-witted  (bler'^t"ed), 
Jileak;  open;  unsheltered;  cold;  chill.  [Rare.] 


bleed 


blearl  (bier),  v.    [<  ME.  bkrcn,  make  dim  or  bleary^  (bler'i),  r/.  [<Wwri + 


rheumy,  in  reference  to  the  eyes,  esp.  in  the 
phrase  blear  one's  eyes,  i.  e.,  deceive,  hood- 
wink one;  rarely  intrans.,  blink;  cf.  Dan. 
blire,  also  jylirc,  blink,  =  Sw.  plira,  dial,  blira, 
and  blura,  blink  (ef.  dial,  blirra  fojr  aiigu, 
quiver  before  the  eyes,  of  summer  heat),  — 
LG.  iMren,  plyrcn,  pliren  (also  bleer-  in  bleer- 
ogcd  =  E.  blear-eyed,  q.  v.),  blink;  ef.  G.  dial. 
?'te?T,  an  ailment  of  the  eyes.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
affect  (the  eyes)  with  flowing  tears  or  rheum 
so  that  the  sight  is  dimmed  and  indistinct; 
make  rheumy  and  dim:  as,  "blered  her  eyes," 
Piers  Plowman. 

To  his  bleared  and  offended  sense. 
There  seems  a  hideous  fault  blazed  in  the  object. 

B.  JoTison,  Poetaster,  v.  1. 
Tease  the  lungs  and  blear  the  sight.    Cowpcr,  Task,  iii. 
2.  To  blur,  as  the  face  with  weeping ;  obscure ; 
obfuscate. 

.stern  faces  bleared  with  immemorial  watch. 

Lowell,  Cathedral. 

To  blear  one's  eyest,  figuratively,  to  deceive;  hood- 
wink; blind. 

They  wenen  that  no  man  may  hem  bigile, 
But  by  my  thrift,  yet  shal  I  blere  her  eye. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1. 129. 
Entising  dames  my  patience  still  did  proue, 
And  blear'd  mine  eyes. 

Oascoigne,  The  Fruits  of  Fetters. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  have  bleared  or  iniamed 
eyes ;  be  blear-eyed, 
bleari  (bier),  «.  and  n.  [Not  an  orig.  adj.,  but 
assumed  from  blear-eyed,  where  blear  is  directly 
frora  the  verb.  See  fifefw-e^/erf.]  I.  a.  1.  Sore 
or  dim  from  a  watery  discharge  or  other  super- 
ficial affection :  applied  only  to  the  eyes. 

A  wit  that  can  make  your  perfections  so  transparent, 
that  every  blear  eye  may  look  through  them. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  iv.  1. 
Half  blind  he  peered  at  me  through  his  blear  eyes. 

Layard,  Nineveh  and  Babylon,  i. 

2.  Producing  dimness  of  vision;  blinding. 
[Obsolete  or  poetical.] 

Power  to  cheat  the  eye  with  blear  illusion. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  155. 

3.  Dim;  indistinct;  confused  in  outlines. 
[Rare.] 

II.  n.  Something  that  obscures  the  sight. 
[Scotch.] 

Nor  is  the  blear  drawn  easy  o'er  her  e'e. 

A.  Ross,  Helenore,  p.  91. 

blear^t  (bier),  v.  [<  ME.  bleren;  origin  ob- 
scure.] I.  tram.  To  thrust  (out);  protrude: 
with  out. 


Bleared ; 
Blurred ; 


rheumy  ;  dim  :  as,  bleary  red  eyes.— 2 
confused;  cloudy;  misty. 

Oh  give  me  liack  my  native  hills. 
If  bleak  or  Idenry,  gi-im  or  gray. 

,  ,         „         „  Cumberland  Ballad. 

bleary^,  n.    See  bleery. 

bleat  (blet),  V.  i.  [<  ME.  blcten,  <  AS.  IMtan 
=  D.  hlatvn,  bleeten  =  MLG.  LG.  blcten  =  OHG. 
bldMH,  MHG.  bluzen,  (j.  dial,  bldssen,  bldtzen, 
bleat ;  cf.  G.  bloken,  bleat,  bellow  (see  balk'^^, 
bolk),  L.  balarc,  bleat  (see  balaiit),  Gr,  ji'/Ji- 
XaaOat,  bleat,  ftlrixv,  Dor.  p.axa,  a  bleating :  all 
perhaps  ult.  of  imitative  origin,  like  baa,  q.  v.] 
To  cry  as  a  sheep,  goat,  or  calf ;  also,  as  a  snipe. 
Then  suddenly  was  heard  along  the  main 
To  low  the  ox,  to  bleat  the  woolly  train. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  xii. 

bleat  (blet),  n.  [<  bleat,  v.']  The  cry  of  a 
sheep,  goat,  or  calf ;  also,  of  a  snipe. 

The  bleat  of  flocks,  the  breath  of  flowers. 

Moir,  Harebell. 

And  got  a  calf  .  .  . 

Much  like  to  you,  for  you  have  just  his  bleat. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  4. 

bleater  (ble'ter),  n.   An  animal  that  bleats  j 

specifically,  a  sheep. 

In  cold,  stiff  soils  the  bleaters  oft  complain 
Of  gouty  ails.  John  Dyer,  Fleece,  i. 


intrans.  To  thrust  out  the  tongue  in  mock- 


[They]  stood  staring  and  gaping  upon  Him,  wagging 
their  heads,  writhing  their  mouths,  yea  blearing  out  their 
tongues.  Bp.  Andrews,  Sermons,  ii.  173, 

II 

ery. 

He  baltyrde,  he  bleryde,  he  braundyschte  ther-after. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  782. 

blearedness  (bler'ed-nes),  n.  [<  bleared,  pp. 
of  blear'^,  +  -ness.']  The  state  of  being  bleared 
or  blurred  with  rheum.  Holland. 
blear-eye  (bler'i),  «,  [Rather  from  blear-eyed, 
a.,  than  from  fcZeari,  a.,  +  eye.  Cf.  LG.  bleer-oge, 
pliir-oge,  blear-eye,  from  the  adj.  See  blear- 
eyed.']  In  med.,  a  disease  of  the  eyelids,  con-  ■ui'^Xr  rKin 
sistmg  in  chronic  inflammation  of  the  margins,  if-  ,  ^ 
with  a  gummy  secretion  from  the  Meibomian 
glands;  lippitude.  Also  called  blear-eyedness. 
blear-eyed  (bler'id),  a.  [<  ME.  blereyed,  bier- 
eigked,  etc.,  <  bleren,  blear,  +  eye,  eighe,  eye ; 
ef.  Dan.  plir-ojet  =  LG.  bleer-oged,  also  jMr- 
oged,  blear-eyed,  of  similar  formation.  Cf .  also 
LG.  blarr-oged,  with  noun  blarr-oge,  due  to  con- 
fusion with  blarren,  cry,  howl,  weep,  =  G.  blar- 
ren,  blerren,  \isua,Uj  jildrren,  roar,  bellow,  =  E 


bleauntt,  n.  [ME.,  also  written  bleeaunt,  btc- 
hand,  bliand,  blihand ;  =MLG.  6/ia)i<(withterm. 
varied  from  orig.)  =  MHG.  blialt,  bliat,  <  OF. 
bliaut,  bliaud,  bliat,  earlier  blialt  (mod.  F.  dial. 
blaude,  Maude:  see  blouse)  —  Pr.  blial,  bliau, 
bliaut,  blizaut  -  Sp.  Pg.  brial;  ML.  blialdus, 
bliaudus,  blisaudus,  a  kind  of  tunic ;  origta  un- 
known.] A  garment  common  to  both  sexes 
in  the  eleventh,  twelfth,  and  thirteenth  cen- 
turies. As  worn  by  women,  it  was  a  tunic  placed  over 
the  chemise,  usually  with  long  and  loose  sleeves,  and  held 
by  a  girdle,  except  perhaps  when  a  gai-ment  was  worn 
above  it.  That  for  men  was  worn  as  an  outer  garment, 
and  especially  over  the  armor,  in  which  case  it  is  hard 
to  distinguish  it  from  the  tabard,  which  afterward  re- 
placed it.  For  mounted  men  it  was  divided  nearly  to  the 
girdle,  to  enable  the  rider  to  sit  in  the  saddle. 
A  blewe  bleaunt  obofe  brade  him  al  ovir. 

King  Alisaunder,  p.  167. 
Blysnande  whyt  watg  hyr  bleaunt. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  i.  163. 

bleb  (bleb),  n.  [Another  form  of  blob,  q.  v.] 
1.  A  blister  or  pustule.— 2.  A  bubble,  as  in 
water  or  other  fluid,  or  in  a  substance  that  has 
been  fluid,  as  glass. 

Arsenic  abounds  with  air  blebs.  Kirwan. 

blebby  (bleb'i),  «.    [<  bleb  +  -yl.]    FuU  of 

blebs,  blisters,  or  bubbles. 

[Meionite]  fuses  ...  to  a  white  blebby  glass. 

Daw,  System  of  Mineral.  (1868),  p.  318. 

bleck  (blek),  n.    [Also  (in  def.  1)  assibilated 
bletch;  <  ME.  blek,  bleke,  appar.  <  AS.  blcec  (= 
Icel.  blek  =  Sw.  black  =  Dan.  blwk,  ink),  prop, 
neut.  of  the  adj.  blcec,  black:  see  black,  n.]  1. 
Any  black  fluid  substance,  as  black  ink,  black- 
ing for  leather,  or  black  gi-ease.— 2.  Soot; 
smut.— 3t.  A  black  man.— 4.  A  local  English 
name  of  the  coalfish,  Pollachius  virens. 
[Now  only  prov.  Eng.  or  Scotch.] 
bleckbok  (b'lek'bok),  n.    Same  as  bleekbok. 
bled  (bled).     Preterit  and  past  participle  of 
bleed. 

n.  [<  ME.  blee,  ble,  bleo,  <  AS.  bleoh, 
usually  contr.  blco,  blid,  color,  hue,  com- 
plexion, —  OS.  bli  =  OFries.  bli,  blie.  North 
Fries,  blay,  color.]    Color;  hue;  complexion. 
Thou  art  l)ryght  of  blee.  Eglamour,  1.  933. 

I  have  a  lemman 
As  bright  of  blee  as  is  the  silver  moon. 

Greene,  George-a-Green. 
White  of  Ijlee  with  waiting  for  me 
Is  the  corse  in  the  next  chambere. 

Mr.'i.  Browning,  Roniaunt  of  the  Pijge. 


The  bleaky  top  of  rugged  hills. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georgics,  iii. 


6?arei;  but  there  is  no  etymological  connection,  bleed  (bled),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bled,  ppr.  ftfeed- 
See  &?e«ri.]    1.  Having  sore  eyes;  having  the     '  '     "^^  ""^^    "  "  -  - 

eyes  dimmed  or  inflamed  by  flowing  tears  or 
rheum;  dim-sighted. 

Crook-back'd  he  was,  tooth-shaken,  and  blear-ey'd. 

Sackville,  Ind.  to  Mir.  for  Mags. 
2.  Wanting  in  perception  or  understanding; 
short-sighted, 
blear-eyedness  (bler'id-nes),  «.  Same  as  blear- 
eye. 

bleariness  (bler'i-nes),  n.    [<  bleary  +  -ness.'] 
Blearedness. 
blearnesst  (bler'nes),  n.    [<  blear^,  a.,  +  -ness.l 
The  state  of  being  blear.    Udall,  Mark  x. 

Dull;  stupid. 
They  were  very  blear-wiUed,  i'  faith,  that  could  not  dis- 


cern the  gentleman  in  him. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  v.  2. 


ing.  [<  ME.  hleden,  <  AS".  6?erfff»,* bleed  (= 
OFries.  bleda  —  D.  bloeden  =  LG.  bWden  = 
OHG.  bluotan,  MHG.  G.  bhtten,  =  Icel.  bladha 
=  Sw.  bloda  =  Dan.  blode),  <  blod,  blood:  see 
blood,  a.ndctbless^.']  I.  intrans.  1.  To  void  or 
emit  blood ;  drop,  or  nm  with,  blood :  as,  the 
wound  bled  profusely ;  his  nose  bleeds. 

Many  upon  the  seeing  of  others  bleed  .  .  .  themselves 
are  ready  to  faint,  as  if  they  bled.  Bacon. 

2.  Figm-atively,  to  feel  pity,  sorrow,  or  an- 
guish; be  filled  with  sympathy  or  grief:  with 
for:  as,  my  heart  bleeds  for  him. 

Take  your  own  will ;  my  very  heart  bleeds /or  thee. 

Fletcher  (and  anottier).  Queen  of  Corinth,  ii.  3. 
I  bleed  inwardly /oc  my  lord.  Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  j.  2. 

3t.  To  come  to  light:  in  allusion  to  the  old 
superstitious  belief  that  the  body  of  a  murdered 


bleed 

person  would  begin  to  bleed  if  the  murderer 
approached  it. 

The  uuu-dering  of  lier  Marquis  of  Ancre  will  yet  bleed, 
as  some  fear.  Howell,  Letters,  I.  i.  19. 

4.  To  shed  one's  blood ;  be  severely  wounded 
or  die,  as  in  battle  or  the  like. 

Csesar  must  bleed  for  it.  Shak.,  J.  C,  ii.  1. 

5.  To  lose  sap,  gum,  or  juice,  as  a  tree  or  a  vine. 

For  me  the  balm  shall  bleed,  and  amber  flow. 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  393. 

6.  To  pay  or  lose  money  fi'eely ;  be  subjected 
to  extortion  of  money :  as,  they  made  him  bleed 
freely  for  that  whim.  [Slang.]  —  7.  In  dyeing, 
to  be  washed  out :  said  of  the  color  of  a  dyed 
fabric  when  it  stains  water  in  which  it  is  im- 
mersed. O'Xeill,  Dyeing  and  Cal.  Printing,  p. 
105. —  8.  To  leak;  become  leaky. 

The  defects  in  the  plates,  whose  presence  may  not  even 
be  suspected,  become  exposed,  and  being  attacked  anew 
by  the  acids  in  the  water  used  for  washing  out  the  boiler, 
whicli  are  not  neutralized  by  the  soda,  are  caused  to 
bleed.  M.  Wilson,  Steam  Boilers,  p.  17-t. 

9.  To  yield;  produce:  applied  to  grain. 
[Scotch.] 

II.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  lose  blood,  as  by 
wounding ;  take  blood  from  by  opening  a  vein, 
as  in  phlebotomy. —  2.  To  lose,  as  blood;  emit 
or  distil,  as  juice,  sap,  or  gum. 

A  decaying  pine  of  stately  size  bleeding  amber.  Miller. 

3.  To  extort  or  exact  money  from;  sponge 
on:  as,  the  sharpers  bled  him  freely.  [Slang.] 

He  [Shaykh  Masud]  returned  in  a  depressed  state,  hav- 
ing been  bled  by  the  soldiery  at  the  well  to  the  extent  of 
forty  piastres,  or  about  eiaht  shillings. 

Ii.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  350. 

4.  In  dyeing,  to  extract  the  coloring  matter 
from  (a  dye-drug).  Napier. —  5.  In  bookbind- 
ing, to  trim  the  margin  of  (a  book)  so  closely 

as  to  mutilate  the  print  To  bleed  a  buoy 

(naut.),  to  let  out  of  a  buoy  water  which  has  leaked  into 
It.— To  bleed  the  brakes,  in  a  locomotive,  to  relieve  the 
pressure  on  the  air-brakes  by  opening  the  bleeding-valve 
or  release-cock  of  the  brake-cylinder. 

bleeder  (ble'der),  «.  l.  One  who  lets  blood. 
—  2.  A  person  who  is  naturally  predisposed  to 
bleed.    See  hemophilia. 

bleed-hearts  (bled'harts),  n.  The  scarlet  lych- 
nis. Lychnis  Chalcedouica. 

bleeding  (ble'ding),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bleed,  r.] 
1 .  A  running  or  issuing  of  blood,  as  from  the 
nose ;  a  hemorrhage ;  the  operation  of  letting 
blood,  as  in  surgery. —  2.  The  drawing  of  sap 
from  a  tree  or  plant. —  3.  In  bookbinding,  an 
excessive  trimming  down  of  the  margins  of  a 
book,  which  cuts  into  and  mutilates  the  print. 

bleeding-heart  (ble'ding-hart),  ?«.  1.  In  Eng- 
land, a  name  of  the  wall-flower,  Cheiranthus 
Cheiri. —  2.  A  common  name  of  some  species 
of  Dicentra,  especially  D.  spectabiUs  from 
China,  from  the  shape  of  the  flowers. —  3.  A 
name  sometimes  applied  to  cultivated  forms  of 
Colocasia  with  colored  leaves. 

bleeding-tooth  (ble'ding-toth),  n.  A  common 
name  of  a  shell  of  the  family  Neritidxe,  Nerita 
peloronta,  the  toothed  columella  of  which  has 
a  red  blotch  suggesting  the  name.    See  Nerita. 

bleekbok  (blek'bok),  n.  [D.,  <  bleelc,  =  E. 
bleaJc^,  pale,  +  bok  =  E.  buck^,  a  goat.]  The 
Dutch  colonial  name  of  the  ourebi,  Scopophorns 
ourebi,  a  small  pale-colored  antelope  of  South 
-Africa,  related  to  the  steinboks.  Another  form 
is  bleekbok. 

bleery  (bler'i),  n.  A  burning  brand;  a  fagot. 
Also  spelled  bleary.  [Scotch.] 

Scowder  their  harigals  de'ils  wi'  a  bleary.  Hogg. 

bleezel  (blez),  n.  and  v.  A  Scotch  form  of  blase'^. 
bleeze^,  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bleezed,  ppr.  bleez- 
ing.  To  become  slightly  sour,  as  milk.  [Scotch.] 
bleikH,  a.    See  bleak^. 
bleik'-t,  n.    See  bleak"^. 
bleint,  «.    A  Middle  English  form  of  blain. 
bleis,  n.  pi.    See  blae,  n. 

bleit^,  bleit^  (blat),  a.  Same  as  blate'^,  blate"^. 
[Scotch.] 

blellum  (blel'um),  n.  [Appar.  imitative  of 
senseless  babble.  Gi.  blether'^.']  An  idle,  sense- 
less, talking,  or  noisy  fellow.  [Scotch.] 

A  blethering,  blustering,  drunken  blellam. 

Burm,  Tarn  o'  Shanter. 

blemish  (blem'ish),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  blemisshen, 
blemissen  (see  -ish^),  wound,  injure,  spoil,  <  OF. 
blemiss-,  stem  of  certain  parts  of  blemir,  blesmir 
(P.  blemir,  grow  pale,  =  Pr.  blesmar,  strike,  soil), 
<  bleme,  blcsme,  pale,  wan;  origin  imcertain.] 
1.  To  damage  or  impair  (especially  something 
that  is  well  formed,  or  in  other  respects  excel- 


B84 

lent) ;  mar  or  make  defective ;  destroy  the  per- 
fection of ;  deface ;  sully. 

Vanish  ;  or  I  shall  give  thee  thy  deserving, 

And  blemish  Cfesar's  triumph.    Shale.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  10. 

Sin  is  a  soil  which  blemisheth  the  beauty  of  thy  soul. 

a.  Brathwaite. 

2.  To  impair  morally;  tarnish,  as  reputation 
or  character ;  defame ;  stain :  as,  to  blemish 
one's  fair  fame. 

On  a  general  review  of  the  long  administration  of  Has- 
tings, it  is  impossible  to  deny  that,  against  the  great  crimes 
by  which  it  is  blemished,  we  have  to  set  off  great  public 
services.  Macaulay,  M'arren  Hastings. 

blemish  (blem'ish),  n.  [<  blemish,  v.']  1.  A 
defect,  flaw,  or  imperfection ;  something  that 
mars  beauty,  completeness,  or  perfection. 

As  he  hath  caused  a  blemish  in  a  man,  so  shall  it  be  done 
to  him  again.  Lev.  x.\iv.  20. 

Naught  had  blemish  there  or  spot, 
For  in  that  place  decay  was  not. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  358. 

2.  A  moral  defect  or  injury;  reproach;  dis- 
grace ;  that  which  impairs  reputation ;  imputa- 
tion. 

That  cleare  she  dide  from  blemish  criminall. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  37. 
That  you  have  been  earnest  should  be  no  blemish  or 
discredit  at  all  unto  you.  Hooker. 

blemished  (blem'isht),  p.  a.  Having  a  fault  or 
blemish;  specifically,  in  her.,  broken  or  cut 
short:  said  of  a  cross,  weapon,  or  the  like, 
used  as  a  bearing. 

blemishless  (blem'ish-les),  a.    [<  blemish,  n., 
+ -?m.]    Without  blemish ;  spotless ;  perfect; 
without  defect. 
A  life  in  all  so  blemishless.      Feltham,  Lusoria,  xxxvii. 

blemishment  (blem'ish-ment),  11.  [<  blemish, 
n.,  + -ment.']    Damage;  flaw;  impairment. 

For  dread  of  blame  and  honours  blemishment. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  ii.  36. 

blemmatrope  (blem'a-trop),  n.  [<  Gr.  pMfifia, 
look,  glance,  eye  (<  (iMiTciv,  look),  -I-  rpenuv, 
turn.]  An  apparatus  for  illustrating  the  va- 
rious positions  of  the  eye. 

blench!  (blench),  V.  [In  early  mod.  E.  some- 
times spelled  blanch  by  confusion  with  blanch, 
make  white  (see  blanclO-  and  blanch'^) ;  <  ME. 
blenchen,  also  blenken,  occasionally  blinchen, 
turn  aside,  evade,  disconcert,  usually  intrans., 
shrink  back,  give  way,  <  AS.  blencan  (=  Icel. 
blekkja),  deceive,  supposed  to  be  a  causal  form 
of  *bUncan,  blink  (cf.  drench^,  causal  of  drink), 
but  the  latter  verb  does  not  occur  in  the  older 
language:  see  blink.  For  the  sense  'deceive,' 
cf.  blear  one's  eyes,  deceive,  under  6/eari.]  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  shrink ;  start  back;  give  way; 
flinch ;  turn  aside  or  fly  off. 

Though  sometimes  you  do  blench  from  this  to  that. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iv.  5. 
I'll  tent  him  to  the  quick ;  if  he  but  blench, 
I  know  my  course.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

I  know  his  people 
Are  of  his  own  choice,  men  that  will  not  totter 
Nor  blench  nmch  at  a  bullet. 

Fletcher,  The  Pilgrim,  v.  3. 

2.  To  quail :  said  of  the  eye. 

Il.t  trans.  1.  To  deceive;  cheat. —  2.  To 
draw  back  from;  shirk;  avoid;'  elude;  deny 
from  fear. 

He  now  blenched  what  before  ...  he  afflrmed.  Evelyn. 

3.  To  hinder  or  obstruct ;  disconcert;  foil. 
The  rebels  besieged  them,  winning  tlie  even  ground  on 

the  top,  ))y  carrying  up  great  trusses  of  hay  before  them 
to  blench  the  defendants'  sight  and  dead  their  shot. 

G.  Carew. 

blenchH  (blench),  w.  [<  6fewc7ji,  d.]  1.  A  deceit; 
a  trick. — 2.  A  sidelong  glance. 

These  blenches  gave  my  heart  another  youth. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  ex. 

blench^  (blench),  a.  or  adv.  [A  variant  form 
of  blanch^,  a.:  see  blanch^  and  blank.']  Upon 
or  based  upon  the  payment  of  a  nominal  or 
trifling  yearly  duty :  applied  to  a  sort  of  tenure 
of  land:  as,  the  estate  isheld6te)ic7iof  the  crown. 
See  blanch-holding . 

blench^  (blench),  V.  [Var.  of  blanch^,  partly- 
phonetic  and  partly  by  notional  confusion  with 
blench'^.']  I.  intrans.  To  become  pale;  blanch. 
II.  trans.  To  make  white ;  blanch. 

blencher  (blen'cher),  M.  [<  blench^,  v. :  see 
blancher^.']  If.  A  scarecrow,  or  whatever 
frightens  or  turns  aside  or  away.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 
—  2f.  In  hunting,^  one  placed  where  he  can  tm-n 
the  deer  from  going  in  a  particular  direction ;  a 
blancher. 

I  feel  the  old  man's  master'd  by  nmch  passion, 
And  too  liigh-rack'd,  which  makes  him  overshoot  all 
His  valour  should  direct  at,  and  hurt  those 
That  stand  but  by  as  blenchers. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Love's  Pilgrimage,  ii.  1. 


blend-'water 

3.  One  who  blenches  or  flinches, 
blench-firmt  (blench'ferm),  n.  Same  as  blanch- 
farm. 

blench-holding  (blench'h61'''ding),  n.  Same  as 
blanch-holding. 

blendi  (blend),  v.;  pret.  blended,  pp.  blended 
or  blent,  ppr.  blending.  [<  ME.  blenden,  mix, 
sometimes  intrans.,  a  secondary  form  of  blan- 
den,<  AS.  blandan,  a  strong  verb  (=  OS.  blandan 
=  Icel.  blanda  =  Sw.  blanda  =  Dan.  blande  = 
OHG.  blantan,  MHG.  blanden  =  Goth,  blandan), 
mix:  see  bland^.'i  I,  trans.  1.  To  mix  to- 
gether in  such  a  way  that  the  things  mixed  be- 
come inseparable,  or  cannot  easily  be  separated. 
In  particular  :  (a)  To  mix  (different  sorts  or  qualities  of 
a  commodity)  in  order  to  produce  a  particular  brand,  kind, 
or  quality :  as,  to  blend  teas ;  to  blend  tobacco,  (b)  To  mix 
so  intimately  or  harmoniously  that  the  identity  or  individ- 
uality of  the  things  mixed  is  lost  or  obscured  in  a  new 
product :  as,  many  races  are  blended  in  the  modem  Eng- 
lishman. 

Rider  and  horse,— friend,  foe,— in  one  red  burial  blent. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iii.  29. 
Blended  and  intertwisted  in  this  life  are  the  sources  of 
joys  and  tears.  De  Quincey. 

I  blend  in  song  thy  flowers  and  thee. 

Whittier,  First  Flowers, 
(c)  To  cause  to  pass  imperceptibly  into  one  another; 
unite  so  that  there  shall  be  no  perceptible  line  of  division  : 
as,  to  blend  the  colors  of  a  painting. 
2t.  To  mix  up  in  the  mind;  confound  (one 
thing  with  another). —  Sf.  To  stir  up  (a  liquid); 
hence,  to  render  tm'bid ;  figuratively,  disturb. 
—  4t.  To  pollute  by  mixtm-e ;  spoil  or  corrupt. 

And  all  these  stornies,  which  now  his  beauty  ftZoid. 

Spemer,  Sonnets,  Ixil. 
And  thy  throne  royall  with  dishonour  blent. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  I.  1330. 
=  Syn.  ^frx,  etc.    ?>ee  mingle. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  mix  or  mingle;  unite  in- 
timately so  as  to  form  a  harmonious  whole; 
unite  so  as  to  be  indistinguishable. 

And  Rupert's  oath,  and  Cromwell's  prayer, 
With  battle  thunder  blended.     Whittier,  The  Exiles. 
Clianged  seemed  all  the  fashion  of  the  world, 
And  past  and  future  into  one  did  blend. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  349. 

2.  To  pass  imperceptibly  into  each  other :  as, 
sea  and  sky  seemed  to  blend. 

Tlie  distant  peaks  gradually  blended  with  the  white  at- 
mosphere above  them.  Tyndall,  Glaciers,  p.  196. 

It  would  clearly  be  advantageous  to  two  varieties  or 
incipient  species  if  they  could  be  kept  from  blending,  on 
the  same  principle  that,  when  man  is  selecting  at  the 
same  time  two  varieties,  it  is  necessary  that  he  should 
keep  them  separate.      Darwin,  Origin  of  Species,  p.  246. 

blendl  (blend),  n.  [<  blend^,  v.']  1.  A  mixing 
or  mixture,  as  of  liquids,  colors,  etc. :  as,  tea 
of  our  own  blend. —  2.  The  brand,  kind,  or 
quality  produced  by  mixing  together  different 
sorts  or  qualities  of  a  commodity:  as,  a  fine 
blend  of  tea ;  the  finest  blend  of  whisky. 

blend^t,  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blended,  blent,  ppr. 
blending.  [<  ME.  blenden,  <  AS.  blendan  (= 
OFries.  blenda,  blinda  =  Dan.  blwnde  =  LG. 
blennen  =  OIlG.  blentjan,  blenden,  MHG.  G.  blen- 
den), make  blind;  factitive  verb  of  blind,  blind: 
see  blind^,  a.  and  v.]    To  blind;  deceive. 

This  multiplying  blent  [blindeth]  so  many  oon. 

Chaucer,  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  380. 
Reason  blent  through  passion.   Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iv.  7. 

blendcorn  (blend'kom),  n.  [<  ble^id^  +  corn. 
Cf.  Dan.  dial,  blandekorn.']  Wheat  and  rye 
sown  and  grown  together.   N.  E.  D. 

blende  (blend),  n.  [Also  blend,  blind,  blinde;  < 
G.  blende,  blende,  <  blenden,  blind,  dazzle :  see 
blend^."]  An  ore  of  zinc ;  a  native  sulphid  of  zinc, 
but  commonly  containing  more  or  less  iron, 
also  a  little  cadmium,  and  sometimes  rarer  ele- 
ments (gallium,  indium).  Its  color  is  mostly  brown 
and  black,  but  when  pure  it  is  yellow  or  even  white.  The 
word  blende  is  also  employed  in  such  compound  terms  as 
manganese-blende,  zinc-blende,  ruby-blende,  to  designate 
certain  minerals  (sulphids  of  the  metals)  characterized  by  a 
brilliant  non-metallic  luster.  Also  called  sphalerite,  false 
galena,  and  by  English  miners  mock  lead  and  black-jack. 

blender  (blen'der),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
blends ;  specifically,  a  brush  made  of  badgers' 
hair,  used  by  grainers  and  artists  in  blending. 
See  blending. 

blending  (blen'ding),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  blend^, 
v."]  The  act  or  process  of  combining  or  min- 
gling. Specifically,  in  painting :  (a)  A  method  of  laying 
on  different  tints  so  that  they  niay  mingle  together  while 
wet  and  fuse  into  each  other  insensibly,  (b)  The  process 
of  causing  pigments  to  melt  or  blend  together  by  passing  a 
soft  brush  of  fitch  or  badgers'  hair,  called  a  blender  or  soft- 
ener, over  them  witli  a  delicate,  feathery  touch. 

blendous  (blen'dus),  a.  [<  blende  +  -ous.'i  In 
mineral.,  pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  blende. 

blend-'water  (blend'wa''''ter),  n.  A  distemper 
of  cattle.    Also  called  more-hough. 


Blenheim 

Blenheim  (blen'em),  n.  [From  Blenheim  House, 
erected  by  the  English  Parliament  for  the  Duke 
of  Marlborough  in  recognition  of  his  military 
services,  and  especially  of  his  great  victory  at 
Blenheim,  G.  BUndheim,  in  Bavaria,  Aug.  13, 
1704.]  One  of  a  breed  of  dogs  of  the  spaniel 
kind,  preserved  in  perfection  at  Blenheim 
House,  near  Oxford,  England,  since  the  begin- 
ning of  the  eighteenth  centiuy. 

Blenheim  orange,  wig.   See  the  nouns. 

blenkt,  v.  i.  [A  var.  of  Uinlc,  q.  v. ;  partly  con- 
fiised  with  We?ic7»l.]  1.  To  shine;  gleam;  glit- 
ter.—2.  To  glance ;  give  a  look. 


685 


.  .  .  having  the  leisure  to  blenk  upon  any 
James  /.,  in  D'Israeli's  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  147. 


Scarslie 
paper. 

blennadenitis  (blen'-'ad-e-ni'tis),  w.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  jSMvvoc,  jiMvva,  mucus,  +  adijv,  a  gland,  + 
-itis.  Cf.  adenitis.']  In  pathol.,  inflammation 
of  the  mucous  glands. 

blennelytria  (blen-e-lit'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
pUvvog,  mucus,  +  eAurpov,"  sheath  (vagina).] 
Same  as  leucorrhea. 

blennenteria  (blen-en-te'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
f)livvog,  mucus,  +  hrepov,  intestine.]  hxpathol., 
a  mucous  flow  from  the  intestines. 

blennentery  (blen'en-te-ri),  n.  Same  as  blen- 
nenteria. 

blenniid  (blen'i-id),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Blenniidce. 

Blenniidse  (ble-ni'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Blennius 
+  -idai.]  A  family  of  fishes,  typified  by  the 
genus  Blennius,  adopted  by  various  authors 
with  different  limits,   in  Gunther's  system  of  classi- 


Blenny  [B/rnnius  gattcritgine). 

flcation  it  is  a  family  of  Acanthoptcrygii  blenniiformes 
havmg  the  ventral  fins  jugular  and  composed  of  a  few 
rays  (sometimes  absent),  a  prominent  anal  papilla  and 
few  or  no  anal  spines. 

blenniiform  (blen'i-i-form),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  having  the  characters  of  the  Blenniiformes; 
having  the  form  of  a  blenny. 
Blenniiformes  (blen"i-i-f6r'mez),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  L.  blennius,  blenny,  +  forma,  form.]  In 
Gunther's  classification  of  fishes,  a  division 
of  Acanthopterygii,  having  the  body  low,  sub- 
cylindrical  or  compressed,  and  elongate  (rare- 
ly oblong);  the  dorsal  fin  long;  the  spinous 
portion  of  the  dorsal,  if  distinct,  very  long,  as 
well  developed  as  the  soft  portion,  or  more  so ; 
the  whole  fin  sometimes  composed  of  spines 
only;  the  anal  more  or  less  lengthened;  the 
caudal  subtruncate  or  rounded,  and  the  ven- 
trals  thoracic  or  jugular,  if  present. 
Blenniinse  (blen-i-i'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Blennius 
+  -«rt(E.]  A  subfamily  of  Blenniidw,  typified  by 
the  genus  Blennius,  to  which  various  limits  have 
been  assigned. 

blennioid  (blen'i-oid),  «.  and  n.  [<  L.  blennius, 
Ueuny,  + -oid.']  I.  a.  Like  a  blenny;  blennii- 
form.   Also  blennoid. 

II.  n.  A  fish  of  the  family  Blenniidce;  a  blen- 
niid.   Sir  J.  Richardson. 

Blennioidea  (blen-i-oi'de-a),  w.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Blennius  +  -oidea.  ]  A  superf amily  of  acanthop- 
terygian  fishes,  nearly  equivalent  to  Blenniidce. 
The  principal  families  are  the  Blemiiida;,  Clini- 
dce,  Murcenoidiclce,  Stichceidai,  and  Anarrhicha- 
didce. 

Blennioidei  (blen-i-oi'df-i),  ti.  pi.   [NL.]  A 

family  of  acanthopterygian  fishes :  synony- 
mous with  Blenniidce.  Agassiz. 
Blennius  (blen'i-us),  n.  [L.,  also  Uendius  and 
olendea,  <  Gr.  [iMvvo^,  a  blenny,  <  (iXevvo^,  also 
^Mvva,  mucus,  slime :  in  reference  to  the  mucous 
coating  of  its  skin.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Blenniidw,  originally  containing  numer- 
ous species  now  dispersed  in  many  different 
genera:  the  term  is  at  present  restricted  to 
those  species  which  are  closely  related  to  the 
common  blenny  of  Europe.  See  cut  under 
Blenniidce. 

blennogenic  (blen-o-jen'ik),  a.  [As  blennogen- 
oiis  +  -ic]   Generating  mucus ;  muciparous. 

Dlennogenous  (ble-noj'e-nus), «.  [<  Gr.  /jZfwof, 
mucus,  -I-  -yevTig,  producing:  see  -genous.']  In 
med.,  producing  or  generating  mucus. 

blennoid  (blen'oid),  a.  [<  Gr.  (iUvvoq,  mucus, 
+  £(dof,  form.]    Eesembling  mucus. 


blennometritis  (blen'-'o-me-tri'tis),  n.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  (iUvvog,  mucus,  +  metritis,  q.  v.]  In  pa- 
thol., mucous  flow  accompanying  metritis. 

blennophthalmia  (blen-of-thal'mi-a),  n.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  Ji'Aivvoc,  mucus,  +  NL.  ophthalmia.]  In 
pathol.,  inflammation  of  the  mucous  membrane 
of  the  eye;  conjunctivitis. 

blennorrhagia  (blen-o-ra'ji-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
jilhvoQ,  mucus,  -I-  -payia,  <  pTiyvhvw,  burst, 
break.]  In  j;a</(oL,  a  discharge  of  mucus;  spe- 
cifically, gonorrhea, 
blennorrhagic  (blen-o-raj'ik),  a.  [<  blennor- 
rhagia +  -ic]  Pertaining  to,  characterized  by, 
or  suffering  from  blennon-hagia. 
blennorrhea  (blen-o-re'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  piev- 
vog,  mucus,  +  poi'a,  a  "iiow,  <  ptiv,  flow.]  In 
pathol.,  a  flow  of  mucus.  The  term  is  applicable  to 
an  increased  discharge  from  any  of  the  mucous  surfaces, 
but  is  usually  restricted  to  that  from  the  urethra  and  va- 
gina, gonorrhea.    Also  spelled  hlcnnorrhata. 

blennorrheal  (blen-o-re'al),  a.  [<  blennorhea 
+  -«/.]  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by 
blennorrhea.  Also  spelled  blennorrhaicd. 
blenny(blen'i),  ?j. ;  ^\.blennies{-\z).  [<L.  blen- 
nius :  see  Blennius.']  A  fish  of  the  genus  Blen- 
nius, of  the  family  Blenniidce,  and  especially  of 
the  subfamily  Blenniince. 
blennymenitis  (blen^i-me-ni'tis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  jTA£vvo(;,  mucus,  -I-  vfirjv,  membrane,  +  -itis.] 
In  pathol.,  inflammation  of  a  mucous  mem- 
brane. 

blens  (blenz),  M.  [E.  dial.,  also  blinds:  see 
def.  2.]  1.  A  local  English  name  of  the  com- 
mon cod.-- 2.  A  Cornish  name  of  the  bib,  a 

fish  of  the  cod  family.  The  fish  is  said  to  have  been 
so  named  from  a  sort  of  loose  bag  capable  of  inflation  and 
resemblmg  a  bleb  or  blain,  which  is  formed  of  an  outer 
layer  passing  from  the  cheeks  over  the  eye,  and  a  second 
layer  passing  over  the  eyeball.  Day. 

blenti  (blent).    Past  participle  of  blend^. 
blent2t.  Preterit  and  past  participle  of  blend^. 
Chaucer. 

blephara,denitis  (blef-a-rad-e-ni'tis),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  /iAt'^apof,  eyelid,  +  aSr/v  (adcv-),  gland,  -I- 
-itis.]    la  pathol.,  inflammation  of  the  Meibo- 
mian glands.    Also  written  blejjharoadenitis. 
blepharal  (blef'a-ral),  a.    [<  Gr.  f3M<j>apov,  eye- 
lid, -1-  -«/.]    Pertaining  to  the  eyelids, 
blepharedema  (blef-a-re-de'ma),  n.    [NL.,  < 
Gr.  fi'Aeipapov,  eyelid,  "+  'oidr/ua','  swelling :  see 
edema.]    In  pathol,  edema  of  the  eyelids, 
blepharitis  (blef-a-ri'tis),  w.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  (37ii. 
<j>apov,  eyelid,  -I-  -i'tis.    Cf.  Gr.  (i'An^aplra:,  adj.,  of 
or  on  the  eyelids.]    In  pathol.,  inflammation  of 
the  eyelids. 

blepharoadenitis  (blef  "a-ro-ad-e-ni 'tis),  n. 

[NL.]  Same  as  blephardclenitis. 
biepharophimosis  (blef "a-ro-fi-mo'sis),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  ff/J(papov,  eyelid,  +  (pl/nuaic,  a  muz- 
zling, shutting  up  of  an  orifice,  <  (pc/uoiiv,  muz- 
zle, shut  up,  <  ^/y^of,  a  muzzle.]  In  pathol, 
congenital  diminution  of  the  space  between  the 
eyelids.  Dunglison. 

blepharophthalmia  (blef'a-rof-thal'mi-a),  n. 
[NL.,_<  Gr.  I^Mcpapov,  eyelid,  +  b<j)daAfilaj'  oph- 
thalmia,.] In  pathol.,  conjunctivitis  accom- 
panied by  blepharitis. 

blepharophthalmic  (blef'a-rof-thal'mik),  a. 
Pertaining  to  blepharophthalmia. 
blepharoplastic  (blef'a-ro-plas'tik),  a.  Per- 
taining to  blepharoplasty-' 
blepharoplasty  (blef'a-r6-plas"ti),  n.    [<  Gr. 
P/J(papov,   eyelid,  +  TrAacrrdf,  verbal  adj.  of 
ir'Aaoaeiv,  form,  mold.]    In  surg.,  the  operation 
of  making  a  new  eyelid  from  a  piece  of  skin 
transplanted  from  an  adjacent  part, 
blepharoplegia  (blef'a-ro-ple'ji-a),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  p'Ac<j>apov,  eyelid,  '+  Trltry'ri,  a  stroke.] 
Same  us  ptosis. 
blepharoptosis  (blefa-rop-to'sis),  n.  [NL 


bless 


Blesbok  {Alcelafhus  atbifrons). 


■KTuGiq,  a  fall.]  Same 


Gr.  l3Ae<f>apov,  eyelid, 
a,s  ptosis. 

blepharorhaphy  (blef 'a-ro-raf'i),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  li'Ae(papov,  eyelid,  +  pa^>/,  a  sewing,  seam,  < 
parrrtiv,  sew.]  The  surgical  operation  of  imit- 
mg  the  edges  of  the  eyelids  to  each  other,  as 
after  enucleation, 
blepharospasm  (blef'a-ro-spazm),  «.  [<  Gr. 
l3'AE<papov,  eyelid,  -f  onicfw^,  a  spasm.]  Spasm 
of  the  orbicular  muscle  of  the  eyelid, 
blepharostenosis  (blef  "a-ro-ste-no'sis),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  ji'kecjiapov,  eyelid,  +  arhuGK;,  a  nar- 
rowing, <  arevovv,  contract,  narrow,  <  orevog, 
narrow.]  In  pathol,  a  diminution  of  the  space 
between  the  eyelids,  not  of  congenital  origin. 
See  biepharophimosis. 
blesbok,  blessbok  (bles'bok),  n.  [Also  Eng- 
lished blessbuck  :  <  D.  blesbok,  <  bles,  =E.  blazeS, 


+  boh  =  E.  buck^.]  A  largo  bubaline  or  alcela- 
phine  antelope  of  South  Afi-iea,  Damalis  or 
Alcelapims  albifrons,  with  a  white  face  or  blaze, 
bleschef,  v.  t.    See  blcsh. 

blesht,  V.  t.  [ME.  blesshen,  bleschen,  blessen, 
bhsscn,  prob.  of  LG.  origin:  MD.  blesschen, 
blusschcn,  D.  blusschen  =  LG.  bluschen,  quench, 
extinguish,  appar.  contr.  of  *beleschen,  <  be-  + 
MLG.  Icschen  =  MD.  lesschen  =  OHG.  lesken, 
MHG.  leschen,  G.  loschen,  put  out,  causal  of 
OHG.  leskan,  MHG.  leschen  (G.  loschen),  go  out, 
as  fii-e;  prob.,  with  present-formative  -sk  (= 
AS.  -sc,  E.  -sh,  as  in  thresh,  wash,  etc.),  from 
the  root  of  AS.  leccjan,  OHG.  legen,  etc.,  lay : 
see  layi.]  To  quench  ;  extinguish ;  put  out  (a 
fiui-e). 

Bh'schyn  [var.  hlesshyn],  or  qwenchyn,  extinguo. 

Prompt.  Pan.,  p.  39. 

blessi  (bles),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blessed  or  blest, 
ppr.  blessing.  [<  ME.  Ijlcsseu,  blc.men,  blcsccn, 
bletsien  (also  hlissen,  etc.),<  AS.  bletsian,  bledsian 
=  ONorth.  blcedsia,  gi-blmdsia,  bless  (>  Icel. 
ifefca,  bleza,  mod.  blessa,  bless),  originally 
*bl6dis6n,  which  may  have  meant  'consecrate 
the  altar  by  sprinkling  it  with  the  blood  of  the 
sacrifice^  (Sweet),  lit.  make  bloody,  <  bldd, 
blood,  with  verb-formative  -s,  as  in  clwusian, 
cleanse,  minsian,  grow  small  (see  cleanse  and 
mmce).  Confused  in  ME.  and  since  with  the 
unrelated  bliss  ;  hence  the  ME.  parallel  forms 
Wssen,  blissien,  bliscen;  and  see  bless fulbj,  Mess- 
fulness.]  1.  To  consecrate  or  set  apart  to 
holy  or  sacred  purposes ;  make  or  pronoimce 
holy:  formerly  occasionally  used  of  persons. 
And  God  Uesaed  the  seventh  day,  and  sanctified  it. 

Gen.  ii.  3. 

2.  To  consecrate  (a  thing)  by  a  religious  rite, 
as  with  prayer  and  thanksgiving;  consecrate 
or  hallow  by  asking  God's  blessing  on :  as,  to 
bless  food. 

^^■here  tlie  master  is  too  resty  or  too  rich  ...  to  bless 
his  own  table.  Milton,  Eikonoklastes. 

And  now  the  bishop  had  blest  the  meat. 

Sout/tey,  Bishop  Bruno. 

3.  To  sanctify  (one's  self)  by  making  the  sign 
of  the  cross,  especially  as  a  defense  against 
evil  influences  or  agencies :  used  reflexively. 

Aryse  be  tyme  oute  of  thi  bedde, 
And  blysse  thi  brest  A  thi  forhede. 

Bahees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  17. 
When  they  heard  these  words,  some  .  .  .  ble.^t  them- 
selves  with  both  hands,  thinking  .  .  .  that  he  had  been  a 
devil  disguised.       Urquhart,  Rabelais,  i.  35.    (X  H.  D.) 
I  fancy  I  see  you  bless  yourself  at  this  terrible  relation 
Lady  M.  W.  Montayu,  Letters,  II.  47.    (..V.  E.  D.) 

4t.  To  defend;  preserve;  protect  or  guard 
from  evil ;  reflexively,  to  guard  one's  self  from ; 
avoid;  eschew. 

And  were  not  hevenly  grace  that  did  him  blcsse, 
He  had  beene  pouldred  all,  as  thin  as  fiowre. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  I.  vii.  12. 
Bless  me  from  this  woman  !  I  would  stand  the  cannon 
Before  ten  words  of  hers. 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Cliase,  i.  3. 
And  therefore  God  bless  us  from  that  [separation  bv 
death],  and  I  will  hope  well  of  the  rest. 

Arabella  Stuart,  in  Disraeli  s  Curios,  of  Lit.,  II.  277. 

5.  To  invoke  or  pronounce  a  blessing  upon 
(another  or  others);  commend  to  God's  favor 
or  protection. 

A'nd  Isaac  called  Jacob,  and  blessed  him.  Gen.  xxviii.  l. 
A  thousand  times  I  blest  him,  as  he  knelt  beside  my  bed. 

Tenny.son,  May  Queen. 

6.  To  confer  well-being  upon;  bestow  happi- 
ness, prosperity,  or  good  of  any  kind  upon; 
make  happy,  prosperous,  or  fortunate ;  prosper 
with  temporal  or  spiritual  benefits :  as,  a  nation 
blessed  with  peace  and  plenty. 

The  Lord  thy  God  shall  bless  thee  in  all  that  thoudoest. 

Leut.  XV.  18. 

Heaven  bless  your  expedition.     Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  L  2. 


bless 

If  I  do  well  I  shall  be  blessed,  whether  any  bless  me  or 
not.  Seldcn,  Table-Talk,  \>.  17. 

7.  To  favor  (with);  make  happy  or  fortunate 
by  some  specified  means:  as,  bli'sscd  with  a 
good  constitution ;  hlensed  with  filial  children. 

You  will  to  your  lute,  I  heard  you  could  touch  it  cun- 
ningly ;  pray  bless  my  ears  a  little. 

Shirley,  Witty  Fair  One,  i.  3. 
Mrs.  Bull  .  .  .  blessed  John  with  three  daughters. 

Arhulhnot,  John  Bull  (1755),  p.  30.    (N.  E.  D.) 

8.  To  praise  or  extol  («)  as  holy  or  worthy  of 
reverence,  or  {h)  as  the  giver  of  benefits  ;  ex- 
tol or  glorify  with  thankful  acknowledgment 
of  benefits  received. 

Bless  the  Lord,  O  my  soul :  and  all  that  is  within  me, 
bless  His  holy  name.  Ps.  ciii.  1. 

I  am  content  with  this,  and  hless  my  fortune. 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  iii.  1. 

9.  To  esteem  or  account  happy ;  congratulate ; 
felicitate :  used  reflexively. 

The  nations  shall  bless  themselves  in  him.       Jer.  iv.  2. 

Bless  not  thyself  only  that  thou  wert  born  in  Athens. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  i.  35. 
[Often  used  in  exclamations  with  various  shades  of  mean- 
ing departing  more  or  less  widely  from  the  literal  sense  : 
as,  God  bles.i  me!  hless  you!  bless  the  mark!  etc.] — God 

bless  the  mark,  i^ee  mark.— Not  to  have  a  penny  to 

bless  one's  self  with,  to  lie  iienniless  :  in  allusion  to  the 
cross  OH  tlie  silvur  penny  (cf.  tier.  Kreiizer),  or  to  the  prac- 
tice of  tru.s>iii:4  the  jialm  with  a  pie<'e  of  silver.  N.  E.  D. 
— To  be  blessed,  a  eupliemism  for  to  be  damned:  as,  I'm 
blessed  if  he  didn  t  run  away ;  blessed  if  I  know.  [Slang.] 
I'?)i  blessed  if  I  don't  e.xpect  the  cur  back  to-morrow 
morning.  Marryat,  Snarlejyow,  II.  xi. 

An  emphatic  and  earnest  desire  to  be  blessed  if  she 
would.  Dickens,  Oliver  Twist,  xiii. 

To  bless  one's  self,  (a)  To  felicitate  one's  self ;  exult, 
(if)  To  ejaculate  "  iiless  me,"  "God  liless  me,"  or  the  like. 
— To  bless  one's  stars,  to  congratulate  or  felicitate  one's 
self. 

bless^t  (bles),  V.  t.  and  i.  [<  ME.  hlessen,  Myssen, 
hlechen,  strike,  womid,  <  OF.  blecier,  hiechier, 
F.  hlesscr,  wound,  injure;  of  uncertain  origin, 
perhaps  <  MHG.  zc-hletzen,  cut  to  pieces,  <  re-, 
Gr.  zer-  (=  AS.  to-,  E.  to-'^),  apart,  +  hletz,  hlez, 
OHG.  hietz,  a  patch,  a  piece.]  1.  To  wound; 
hurt;  beat;  thump.  Skelton. —  2.  [Appar.  a  de- 
flection of  sense  1.  Some  fancy  that  it  refers 
to  "the  old  rite  of  blessing  a  field  by  directing 
the  hands  to  all  parts  of  it"  (see  hless'^-).^  To 
wave;  brandish. 

He  priked  in  formest 
&  blessed  so  with  his  brijt  bront  aboute  in  eche  side 
That  what  rink  so  he  raust  he  ros  never  after. 

William  of  Pale  me,  1.  1191. 
His  sparkling  blade  about  his  head  he  blest. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  viii.  22. 

blessbok,  n.    See  Nesbol: 

blessed  (bles'ed  or  blest;  as  pret.  and  pp.  com- 
monly pronounced  blest,  and  often  so  written), 
p.  a.  [Pp.  of  ^^Zcssi.]  1.  Consecrated;  holy:  as, 
the  blessed  sacrament. 

I  .  .  .  dipped  my  finger  in  the  blessed  water. 

Marryat,  Phantom  Ship,  i.   (iV.  E.  D.) 

2.  Worthy  of  adoration :  as,  the  blessed  Trinity. 

O  run,  prevent  them  with  thy  humble  ode, 
Afld  lay  it  lowly  at  his  blessed  feet. 

Milton,  Nativity,  1.  25. 
Jesus,  the  Christ  of  God, 
The  Father's  blessed  Son. 

Bonar,  Hymns  of  Faith  and  Hope. 

3.  Enjoying  supreme  happiness  or  felicity; 
favored  with  blessings ;  highly  favored ;  happy ; 
fortunate:  as,  "England's  ftfcsserf shore,"  Shak., 
2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2;  the  blessedest  of  mortals. 

The  days  are  coming  in  the  which  they  shall  say.  Blessed 
are  the  barren.  Luke  xxiii.  29. 

Farewell,  lady; 
Happy  and  blessed  lady,  goodness  keep  you ! 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  iv.  1. 
Man  never  Is,  but  always  To  be,  blest. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  i.  96. 

Specifically — 4.  Enjoying  spiritual  blessings 
and  the  favor  of  God;  enjoying  heavenly  feli- 
city; beatified. 
Blessed  are  the  merciful :  for  they  shall  obtain  mercy. 

Mat.  v.  7. 

Heverenc'd  like  a  blessed  saint.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  3. 

5.  Fraught  with  or  imparting  blessings;  be- 
stowing happiness,  health,  or  prosperity. 

The  quality  of  mercy  .  .  .  is  twice  bless' d ; 
It  blesseth  him  that  gives,  and  him  that  takes. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iv.  1. 
Thou  blessed  star,  I  thank  thee  for  thy  light. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  ii.  2. 

6.  Bringing  happiness;  pleasurable;  joyful: 
as,  a  most  blessed  time;  "a  blessed  sight  to 
see,"  Pepi/s,  Diary,  May  23,  1660.— 7.  Endowed 
with  or  possessing  healing  virtues. 

I  have  .  .  .  made  familiar 
To  me  and  to  my  aid  the  bless'd  infusions 
That  dwell  in  vegetives,  in  metals,  stones. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  iii.  2. 


586 

8.  By  euphemism :  Cursed ;  damned ;  con- 
f oundo(i :  a  terra  of  mitigated  objurgation,  and 
often  merely  emphatic  without  objurgation: 
as,  the  blessed  thing  gave  way ;  our  blessed  sys- 
tem of  caucusing ;  he  lost  every  blessed  cent  he 
had — Blessed  bell.  See  beHi.— Blessed  thistle.  See 
thistle.—The  blessed,  the  saints  in  heaven  ;  the  beatitied 
saints. 

The  state  also  of  the  blessed  in  Pai'adise,  though  never 
so  perfect,  is  not  therefore  left  without  discipline. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  i.  1. 

blessed-herb  (bles '  ed-erb),  «.    [A  tr.  of  ML. 

herba  beiiedicta,  >  E.  herb-bennet.}    The  com- 
mon European  avens,  Gemn  urbanuni. 
blessedly  (bles'ed-li),  adr.    In  a  blessed  man- 
ner; happily;  inafortimate  manner;  joyfully. 
One  day  we  shall  blessedly  meet  again  never  to  depart. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  iii. 

blessedness  (bles'ed-nes),  w.  [<  blessed  +  -ness.'i 
The  state  of  being  blessed;  happiness;  felicity; 
heavenly  joys ;  the  favor  of  God. 

His  [Wolsey's]  overthrow  heap'd  happiness  upon  him  ; 
For  then,  and  not  till  then,  he  felt  himself, 
And  found  the  blessedness  of  being  little. 

Sliak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iv.  2. 

Nor  lily,  nor  no  glorious  hyacinth. 

Are  of  that  sweetness,  whiteness,  tenderness. 

Softness,  and  satisfying  blessedness. 

As  my  Evanthe.      Fletcher,  Wife  for  a  Jlonth,  i.  1. 
It  is  such  an  one  as,  being  begun  in  grace,  passes  into 
glory,  blessed7iess,  and  inmiortality.  South. 

Single  blessedness,  the  unmarried  state ;  celibacy. 

Grows,  lives,  and  dies,  in  single  blessedness. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  i.  1. 
=  Syil.  Felicity,  Bliss,  etc.  (see  happiness),  joy,  beatitude, 
blesser  (bles'er),  n.    One  who  bestows  a  bless- 
ing; one  who  blesses  or  causes  to  prosper. 

God,  the  giver  of  the  gift,  or  blesser  of  the  action. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Living,  §  4. 

blessfully  (bles'fvd-i),  adv.  [For  blissftdhj,  by 
confusion  of  bless^  with  bliss;  so  ME.  blesful, 
and  even  blessedftd,  as  variations  of  blissfid. 
See  bless^  and  hliss.\    Blissfully.  [Rare.] 

Of  these  many  are  blessf  ully  incognizant  of  the  opinion, 
its  import,  its  history,  and  even  its  name. 

Sir  W.  Haynilton. 

blessfulness  (bles'ful-nes),  n.  [For  blissfulness. 
Cf.  blessfully.'}   Blissfulness.   Drant.  [Rare.] 

blessing  (bles'ing),  11.  [<  ME.  blessinge,  bles- 
sunge,  etc.,  <  AS.  bletsung,  blcdsiing,  yerhul  n.  of 
bletsian,  bless:  see  bless'^.']  1.  The  act  of  in- 
voking or  pronouncing  happiness  upon  another 
or  others;  benediction.  Specifically,  in  the  Latin 
and  Greek  chui'ches,  the  act  of  pronouncing  a  benediction 
on  the  laity  or  inferior  clergy,  performed  by  a  bishop  or 
other  priest.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  the  blessing 
is  now  given  with  all  the  fingers  joined  and  extended,  but 
formerly  with 
the  thumb  and 
the  first  two  fin- 
gers of  the  right 
hand  extended 
and  the  two 
remaining  fin- 
gers turned 
down.  In  the 
Greek  Church, 
the  thumb  and 
the  third  finger 
of  the  same  hand 
are  joined,  the 
other  fingers  be- 
ing extended. 
Some  Eastern 
writers  see  in 
this  position  a 
symbol  of  the  Greek  sacred  monogram  of  the  name  of 
Christ.  In  either  case  the  three  fingers  (or  two  fingers 
and  thumb)  extended  symbolize  the  Trinity.  In  the  An- 
glican Church,  either  the  former  or  the  present  Latin  ges- 
ture is  used. 

2.  The  form  of  words  used  in  this  invocation 
or  declaration ;  a  (or  the)  benediction. —  3.  The 
bestowal  of  divine  favor,  or  of  hallowing,  pro- 
tecting, or  prospering  influences:  as,  to  ask 
God's  blessing  on  any  undertaking. — 4.  A  tem- 
poral or  spiritual  benefit ;  anything  which  makes 
happy  or  prosperous ;  something  to  be  thank- 
ful for ;  a  boon  or  mercy :  as,  the  blessings  of 
life,  of  health,  or  of  civilization ;  it  is  a  bless- 
ing we  fared  so  well. 

Nature's  full  blessings  would  be  well  dispensed. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  772. 

5.  Euphemistically,  a  curse  ;  a  scolding ;  a  cas- 
tigation  with  words.— To  ask  a  blessing,  to  say  grace 
before  a  meal. 

blest  (blest),  pret,  pp.,  and  j>.  a.  A  contracted 
form  of  blessed. 

blet  (blet),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bletted,  ppr.  blet- 
ting.  [<  F.  blettir,  become  'sleepy,'  <  blette, 
'sleepy,'  applied  to  a  pear  (Mwe  poire  blette), 
fern,  of  a  disused  mase.  *blet,  <  OF.  blet,  fem. 
blette,  soft,  mellow,  overripe;  cf.  equiv.  bleclie, 
bleque,  applied  also  to  an  overripe  apple  (Cot- 


blight 

grave),  also  bicsse,  blossc,  Mot  (Roquefort).  The 
relations  of  these  forms,  and  their  origin,  are 
uncertain.]  To  become  "sleepy"  or  internally 
decayed,  as  a  pear  which  ripens  after  being 
picked. 

Its  [the  medlar's]  fruit  is  hard,  acid,  and  unfit  for  eating 
till  it  loses  its  green  colour  and  becomes  bletted. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  271. 

bletcht,  V.  t.  [The  assibilated  form  of  blcck, 
V.  Cf.  blatcli,  blacli.1  To  black;  make  black. 
Lerins. 

bletcht,       [The  assibilated  form  of  bleck,  n, 

Cf.  blctch,  V.']    Blacking.  Levins. 
blether^  (ble'PH'er),  v.  i.    Same  as  blather. 
bletheri  (bleTH'er),  n.    Same  as  blather. 


Stringin'  blethers  up  in  rhyme. 


Burns,  The  Vision. 


Latin  Church  (old  use).  Greek  Church. 

Position  of  Hand  in  Blessing. 


blether^  (bloTH'er),  n.  A  Scotch  form  of  blad- 
der. 

bletherskate  (bleTH'er-skat),  n.  Same  as 
blatherskite. 

bletonism  (blet'on-izm),  n.  [So  called  from  M. 
Bleton,  a  Frenchman  living  at  the  end  of  the 
18th  century,  who  was  said  to  have  this  fac- 
ulty.] The  pretended  faculty  of  perceiving 
and  indicating  subterraneous  springs  and  cur- 
rents by  peculiar  sensations. 

bletonist(blet'on-ist),  «.  ISee  bletonism.^  One 
who  possesses  or  pretends  to  possess  the  fac- 
ulty of  bletonism. 

bletting  (blet'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  blet,  v.'\ 
The  slow  internal  decay  or  "sleepiness"  that 
takes  place  in  some  fruits,  as  apples  and  pears, 
after  they  are  gathered.  Lindlcy. 

bleu-de-roi  (ble'de-rwo'),  [F.,  king's  blue: 
bleu  (see  blue);  de,  <  L.  de,  of;  roi,  king:  see 
roy,']  In  ceram.,  the  name  given  to  the  cobalt- 
blue  color  in  European  porcelain,  first  pro- 
duced in  Se'Vres.  it  is  sometimes  uniform,  and  some- 
times mottled  or  marbled.  It  was  one  of  the  first  colors 
used  in  European  porcelain  decoration. 

blevet,  V.  t.  A  Middle  English  contraction  of 
beleave. 

blewi,  ble'W^  (bio).    Preterit  of  blow^,  bloiv^. 
blew^t,  «•    See  blve. 

blewart  (ble'wart),  n.  [Sc.  Cf.  hiawort.'i  In 
Scotland,  the  germander  speedwell,  Veronica 
Chamadrys. 

ble'wits  (blo'its),  11.  [Prob.  same  as  bluets,  pi. 
of  bluet,  a  name  applied  to  several  different 
flowers.]  The  popular  name  ot  Agaricus perso- 
iiatus,  an  edible  purplish  mushroom  common  in 
meadows  in  autumn. 

bleymet,  «•  [<  F.  bleime,  of  same  sense,  re- 
ferred by  some  to  bleme,  formerly  blaime,  OF. 
bleme,  blesme,  pale:  see  blemish.']  An  inflam- 
mation in  the  foot  of  a  horse,  between  the  sole 
and  the  bone.  Bradley. 

bleynt,       -Aji  obsolete  spelling  of  blain. 

bleyntef.   An  obsolete  preterit  of  blench^. 

Therwithal  he  blcynte  and  cryede,  A I 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  220. 

bliandt,       See  bleaunt. 

bliaust,  bliautt,  n.    See  bleaunt. 

blick^t,  V-  i-  [In  mod.  E.  appar.  only  in  dial. 
blickent,  shining,  bright,  orig.  (as  in  2d  extract 
below)  ppr.  of  blick;  (a)  <  ME.  blikken,  blikien, 
l)liken,<.  AB.*bUcian  =  MD.  blicken,  shine,  gleam, 
D.  blikken,  twinkle,  turn  pale,  —  MLG.  blicken, 
shine,  gleam,  =  G.  blicken,  glance,  look,  —  Icel. 
blika,  shine,  gleam,  =  Sw.  blicka,  glance,  look ; 
a  weak  verb,  in  ME.  mixed  with  the  orig.  strong 
verb  (6)  bliken,  <  AS.  blicaii  (pret.  bide,  pp.  bli- 
cen)  =  OS.  blikan,  shine,  gleam,  —  OFries.  blika 
(pp.  bliken),  appear,  =:  MD.  bliken,  D.  blijken, 
look,  appear,  =  OHG.  blihhan  (in  comp.),  MHG. 
blichen,  shine,  gleam ;  perhaps  =  OBulg.  blis- 
kati,  sparkle,  =  L.  fulgere,  shine,  lighten,  = 
Gr.  (pieyciv,  bm-n:  fiee  fulgent,  iMegin,  x)hlox. 
Hence  ult.  (from  AS.  blican)  E.  bleak^,  bleach^, 
q.  V.    Cf.  blink,  blank.']    To  shine ;  gleam. 

Brygt  blykked  the  bem  of  the  brode  heuen. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  603. 

The  blykkande  belt  he  here  theraboute. 
Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (ed.  Morris),  1.  2485. 

blicfcl  (bUk),  n.  [<  G.  blick  =  D.  Dan.  blik,  a 
look,  glance,  twinkle,  flash,  =  MLG.  blick, 
gleam,  sheen;  from  the  verb:  see  blick'^,  v.] 
The  brightening  or  iridescence  appearing  on 
sUver  or  gold  at  the  end  of  the  cupeling  or  re- 
fining process.    Raymond,  Mining  Glossary. 

blick^  (blik),  w.  [E.  dial.  var.  of  6Zea&2.]  Seme 
as  bleak^. 

blickey,  blickie  (bUk'i),-  n.  A  small  pail  or 
bucket.    [New  Jersey.] 

blight  (blit),  n.  [First  certain  instances  in  Cot- 
grave  and  Sherwood,  17th  century ;  later  also 


blight 

spelled  blitc.  Origin  unlinown ;  the  various  ex- 
planations offered  all  fail  for  lack  of  evidence.] 

1.  Some  influence,  usually  hidden  or  not  con- 
spicuous, that  nips,  blasts,  or  destroys  plants ; 
a  diseased  state  of  plants  caused  by  the  condi- 
tion of  the  soil,  atmospheric  influences,  insects, 
parasitic  plants,  etc. ;  smut,  mildew,  or  the  like. 
In  botany  it  is  sometimes  restricted  to  a  class  of  minute 
parasitic  fungi,  tlie  Erysiphaceoe,  which  grow  upon  the 
surface  of  leaves  or  stems  without  entering  the  tissues,  and 
produce  a  whitish  appearance,  but  is  frequently  applied  also 
to  those  of  other  groups  which  are  destructive  to  crops. 

The  garden  fears  no  Uight,  and  needs  no  fence. 

Cowper,  Task,  vi.  772. 

2.  Figuratively,  any  malignant  or  mysterious 
influence  that  nips,  blasts,  destroys,  or  brings 
to  naught ;  anything  which  withers  hope,  blasts 
one's  prospects,  or  checks  prosperity. 

A  blight  seemed  to  have  fallen  over  our  fortunes. 

Disraeli. 

The  biting  presence  of  a  petty  degrading  care,  such  as 
casts  the  blight  of  irony  over  all  higher  effort. 

George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  II.  178. 

3.  In  med. :  (a)  A  slight  facial  paralysis  in- 
duced by  sudden  cold  or  damp,  (b)  See  blights. 
—  Bladder-blight,  a  disease  of  peach-trees  caused  by  the 
parasitic  fungus  Exoascus  deformans,  which  produces  in- 
flated distortions  in  the  leaves.  See  Exoascus. — Pear- 
blight,  an  ■  epidemic  disease  attacking  pear-trees,  also 
known  as  fire-blight,  and  when  affecting  the  apple  and 
quince  as  twig-blight,  caused  by  a  microscopic  fungus, 
Micrococcus  amylovorus,  one  of  the  bacteria.  Also  called 
anthrax  and  sun-scald. 

blight  (bHt),  V.  t.    [<  blight,  m.]    1.  To  affect 
with  blight;  cause  to  wither  or  decay;  nip, 
blast,  or  destroy. 
A  cold  and  wet  summer  blighted  the  corn. 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  68. 

2.  To  exert  a  malignant  or  baleful  influence 
on;  blast  or  mar  the  beauty,  hopes,  or  pros- 
pects of ;  frustrate. 

The  standard  of  police  is  the  measure  of  political  justice. 
The  atmosphere  will  blight  it,  it  cannot  live  here. 

Lamb,  Artificial  Comedy  of  Last  Century, 
blight-bird  (blit'berd),  n.    A  bird,  as  a  species 
of  Zosterops,  useful  in  clearing  trees  of  blight 
and  of  insects, 
blighted  (bli'ted),  J),  a.    Smitten  with  blight; 
blasted. 

blighting  (bli'ting),  p.  a.  Producing  the  ef- 
fects of  blight. 

I  found  it  (Tintoretto's  house]  had  nothing  to  offer  me 
but  the  usual  number  of  commonplace  rooms  in  the  usual 
blighting  state  of  restoration.    Howells,  Venetian  Life,  xv. 

blightingly  (bH'ting-li),  adv.  By  blighting; 
with  blighting  influence  or  effect. 

blights  (blits),  M.  pi.  [See  blight,  m.]  A  name 
given  in  some  parts  of  the  United  States  to  cer- 
tain forms  of  urticaria  or  nettle-rash. 

bliket,  V.  i.  [ME.  bliken  and  bliken :  see  blich'^.'] 
To  shine;  gleam. 

blikent,  v.  i.  [ME.  bUknen  (=  leel.  blikna),  < 
bliken,  shine:  see  blike,  blick^.']  1.  To  become 
pale. —  2.  To  shine. 

blimbing  (blim'bing),  ».    Same  as  bilimbi. 

blin^t  (blin),  V.  [<  ME.  blinnen,  rarely  bilinnen, 
usually  intrans.,  <  AS.  Uinnan,  in  trans.,  cease, 
contr.  of  *helinnan  (=  OHG.  bilinnan),  <  be-  + 
linnan,  ME.  linnen,  mod.  dial,  lin.  Sc.  lin,  linn, 
leen,  cease,  =  Icel.  linna  =  Dan.  linne,  Unde  = 
OHG.  *linnan,  in  bi-linnan  above,  and  MHG. 
ge-linnen  =  Goth.  *linnan,  in  af-Unnan,  leave 
off.]    I.  intrans.  To  cease;  leave  off. 

I  'gan  cry  ere  I  blin, 
0,  her  eyes  are  paths  to  sin  ! 

Greene,  Penitent  Palmer's  Ode. 
II.  trans.  To  put  a  stop  to. 
For  nathemore  for  that  spectacle  bad 
Did  th'  other  two  their  cruell  vengeaunce  blin, 
But  both  attonce  on  both  sides  him  bestad. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  v.  22. 

blinlf  (Win),  n.  [<  ME.  hlin,  <  AS.  blinn,  cessa- 
tion, <  blinnan,  cease:  see  the  verb.]  End; 
cessation.    B.  Jonson. 

blin2  (blin),  a.    A  Scotch  form  of  blind. 

blindi  (bHnd),  a.  [<  ME.  blind,  blynd,  <  AS. 
bhnd  =  OS.  blind  =  OFries.  blind  =  D.  blind  = 
OHG.  MHG.  Mint,  G.  blind  =  Icel.  blindr  =  Sw. 
blind  =  Dan.  blind  =  Goth,  blinds,  blind ;  cf . 
Lith.  blendzas,  blind,  Lett,  blenst,  see  dimly, 
OBulg.  bledH,  pale,  dim;  with  factitive  verb 
AS.  blendan,  etc.,  make  blind  (see  blend^).  The 
supposed  connection  with  AS.  blandan,  etc.,  E. 
bland^,  as  if  'with  confused  sight,'  is  doubtful.] 
1.  Destitute  of  the  sense  of  sight,  whether  by 
natural  defect  or  by  deprivation,  permanently 
or  temporarily ;  not  having  sight. 

They  be  blind  leaders  of  the  blind.  Mat.  xv.  14. 

Hence — 2.  Figuratively,  lacking  in  the  fac- 
ulty of  discernment;  destitute  of  intellectual, 


587 

moral,  or  spiritual  sight;  unable  to  understand 
or  judge. 

I  am  full  blynde  iu  Poets  Arte, 

thereof  I  can  no  skill : 
All  elloquence  I  put  apart, 

following  myne  owne  wyll. 
Rhodes,  Boke  of  Nurture  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  71. 
At  a  solemn  procession  I  have  wept  abundantly,  while 
my  consorts,  blind  with  opposition  and  prejudice,  have 
fallen  into  an  access  of  scorn  and  laughter. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  i.  3. 
He  fought  his  doubts  and  gather'd  strength, 
He  would  not  make  his  judgment  Mind. 

Tennyson,  In  Menioriam,  xcvi. 

3.  Not  directed  or  governed  by  sight,  physical 
or  mental;  not  proceeding  from  or  controlled 
by  reason:  as,  Wiwd  groping;  tenacity. 

That  which  is  thought  to  have  done  the  Bishops  hurt, 
IS  their  going  about  to  bring  men  to  a  blind  obedience. 

Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  23. 

Specifically— 4.  Undiscriminating  ;  heedless; 
inconsiderate;  unreflecting;  headlong. 
His  feare  of  God  may  be  as  faulty  as  a  blind  zeale. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  ix. 
This  plan  is  recommended  neither  to  blind  approbation 
nor  to  blind  reprobation.  Jay. 

5.  Not  possessing  or  proceeding  from  intelli- 
gence or  consciousness ;  without  direction  or 
control ;  irrational ;  fortuitous :  as,  a  blind  force 
or  agency;  ft^iwrf  chance.— 6.  Filled  with  or  en- 
veloped in  darkness ;  dark ;  obscure ;  not  easily 
discernible:  as,  a  blind  corner.  [Ai-chaic] 
The  blind  cave  of  eternal  night.  Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  v.  3. 
The  blind  mazes  of  this  tangled  wood. 

Milton,  Comus,  I.  181. 
Mr.  Pierce  hath  let  his  wife's  closet,  and  the  little  blind 
bedchamber,  and  a  garret,  to  a  silk-man  for  bOl.  fine,  and 
30/.  per  annum.  Pepys,  Diary,  II.  459. 

Hence  — 7.  Difficult  to  see,  literally  or  figura- 
tively ;  hard  to  understand;  hard  to  make  out; 
unintelligible:  as,  &?md outlines ;  feWwd writing; 
blind  reasoning. 
Written  in  such  a  queer  blind  .  .  .  hand. 

Hawthorne,  Grandfather's  Chair. 
8t.  Unlighted:  as,  candles. — 9.  Covered; 
concealed  from  sight ;  hidden. 

On  the  blind  rocks  are  lost.  Dryden. 
lOf.  Out  of  sight  or  public  view;  out  of  the 
way ;  private  ;  secret. 
A  blind  place  where  Mr.  Goldsborough  was  to  meet  me. 

Pepys,  Diary,  Oct.  15,  1661. 
I  was  forced  to  go  to  a  blind  chophouse,  and  dine  for 
tenpence.  Swift,  Journal  to  Stella,  Letter  5. 

11.  Without  openings  for  admitting  light  or 
seeing  through:  as,  a  window;  "blind 

walls,"  Tennyson,  Godiva.— 12.  Not  serving 
any  apparent  purpose  ;  wanting  something  or- 
dinarily essential  to  completeness ;  not  fulfil- 
ling its  purpose :  as,  a  blind  shell,  one  that 
from  a  bad  fuse  or  other  reason  has  fallen  with- 
out exploding.— 13.  Closed  at  one  end ;  having 
no  outlet ;  caeeal :  as,  a  blind  alley. 

Blind  processes  .  .  .  from  both  the  sides  and  ends  of 
the  air-bladder.  Owen,  Anat.  Vert. 

Offenders  were  supposed  to  be  incarcerated  behind  an 
iron-plated  door,  closing  up  a  second  prison,  consisting  of 
a  strong  cell  or  two  and  a  blind  alley  some  yard  and  a 
half  wide.  Dickens,  Little  Dorrit,  vi. 

Blind  arcade.   See  arcade.— Blind  arch.    See  archl. 

—  BUnd  area,  a  space  about  the  basement  of  a  house 
designed  to  prevent  moisture  from  reaching  the  walls  of 
the  building  ;  an  ambit.- BUnd  axle.  See  axU.—SimCi 
beetle,  a  name  given  to  two  insects :  (a)  the  cockchafer 
(Melolontha  vulgaris),  so  called  because  it  flies  against 
persons  as  if  it  were  blind ;  (6)  a  small  chestnut-colored 
beetle  destitute  of  eyes,  found  in  rice.— Blind  blocldiig 
See  blocking.— "BMiiCi  buckler,  the  stopper  of  a  hawse- 
hole.— BUnd  bud,  an  abortive  bud;  a  bud  that  bears 
no  bloom  or  fruit.  Hence  plants  are  said  by  florists  to 
go  blind  when  they  fail  to  form  flower-buds.— Blind 
coal,  coal  altered  by  the  passage  of  a  trap  dike  through 
or  near  it.  [Eng.]  — Blind  copy,  in  printing,  obscurely 
written  copy ;  any  copy  hard  to  read.— BUnd  dOor  See 
blind  window,  below.— Blind  fire,  fuel  arranged  on  the 
grate  or  fireplace  in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  easily  ignited 
on  the  apphcation  of  a  lighted  match.— Blind  holes 
holes,  as  in  plates  to  be  riveted,  which  are  not  coincident' 

—  Blind  lantern,  a  dark  or  unlighted  lantern.— Blind 
level,  m  mining,  a  level  or  drainage  gallery  which  has  a 
vertical  shaft  at  each  end  and  acts  as  an  inverted  siphon.— 
Blmd  plants,  abortive  plants  ;  plants,  as  of  the  cabbage 
and  other  members  of  the  genus  Brassica,  which  have 
failed  to  produce  central  buds.— Blind  Side,  the  weak 
or  unguarded  side  of  a  person  or  thing. 

All  people  have  their  blind  side— their  superstitions. 

Lamb,  Opinions  on  Whist. 
Blind  spot,  the  point  in  the  retina,  not  sensitive  to  light 
at  which  the  optic  nerve  enters  the  eye.— Blind  StitCh' 
(a)  A  stitch  taken  on  the  under  side  of  any  fabric  in  such  a 
way  that  it  is  not  seen.  (6)  Ornamental  sewing  on  leather 
designed  to  be  seen  on  only  one  side  of  the  material  — 
BUnd  story,  (a)  A  pointless  tale,  (ft)  Same  as  bliml- 
story.— Blind  tooling.  See  ioo;jn(7.— Blind  vessel  in 
chem.,  a  vessel  with  an  opening  on  one  side  only.— BUnd 
Window,  door,  in  arch.,  a  feature  of  design  introduced 
for  the  sake  of  symmetry  or  harmony,  identical  in  treat- 
ment and  ornament  with  a  true  window  or  door  but 
closed  with  a  wall.  ' 


blind-born 

blind'  (blind),  V.  [<  ME.  hiindcn,  become  blind, 
make  blind,  deceive  (=  D.  blindcn  =  OFries. 
hliuda  =  OHG.  blinden,  become  blind,  =  Dan. 
blinde  =  Goth,  ga-blindjan,  make  blind),  <  blind, 
a.,  blind.  The  more  common  ME.  verb  is  that 
represented  by  blcnd^,  q.  v.]  I,  trans.  1.  To 
make  blind ;  deprive  of  sight ;  render  incapable 
of  seeing,  wholly  or  partially. 

The  curtain  drawn,  his  eyes  begun 
To  wink,  being  biiruled  with  a  greater  light. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  375. 

2.  To  dim  the  perception  or  discernment  of; 
make  morally  or  intellectually  blind. 

And  thou  shalt  take  no  gift :  for  the  gift  blindeth  the 
wise,  and  perverteth  the  words  of  the  righteous. 

Ex.  xxiii.  8. 
Superstition  hath  blinded  the  hearts  of  men. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  599. 
Whom  passion  hath  not  blinded. 

I'ennyson,  Ode  to  Memory,  v. 

3.  To  render  dark,  literally  or  figuratively; 
obscure  to  the  eye  or  to  the  mind ;  conceal. 

Such  darkness  blinds  the  sky.  Dryden. 
The  state  of  the  controversy  between  us  he  endeavoured, 
with  all  his  art,  to  blind  and  confound.  Slillingfleet. 

4.  To  dim  or  obscure  by  excess  of  light ;  out- 
shine; eclipse.  [Rare.] 

Thirsil,  her  beauty  all  the  rest  did  blind. 
That  she  alone  seem'd  worthy  of  my  love. 

P.  Fletcher,  Piscatory  Eclogues,  vi. 
Thy  sweet  eyes  brighten  slowly  close  to  mine, 
Ere  yet  they  blind  the  stars.     Tennyson,  Tithonua. 

5.  In  road-making,  to  fill  with  gravel,  as  inter- 
stices between  stones;  cover  with  gravel  or 
earth:  as,  to  road-metal. —  6.  In  gunnery, 
to  provide  with  blindages.— Blinded  battery. 

See  battery. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  blind  or  dim. 

That  ho  [she,  a  pearl]  blyndes  of  ble  in  hour  ther  ho  lygges, 
No-bot  wasch  hir  wyth  wourchyp  in  wyn  as  ho  askes. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  1126. 

blindi  (bHnd),  n.  [<  blind^,  v.^  1.  Anything 
which  obstructs  the  sight,  intercepts  the  view, 
or  keeps  out  light. 

If  I  have  an  ancient  window  overlooking  my  neighbour's 
ground,  he  may  not  erect  any  blind  to  obstruct  the  light. 

Blackstone,  Com.,  II.  26. 
Specifically —(a)  A  screen  of  some  sort  to  prevent  too 
strong  a  light  from  shining  in  at  a  window,  or  to  keep 
people  from  seeing  in  ;  a  sun-screen  or  shade  for  a  win- 
dow, made  of  cloth,  laths,  etc.,  and  used  either  inside  or 
outside,  (ft)  One  of  a  pair  of  pieces  of  leather,  generally 
square,  attached  to  a  horse's  bridle  on  either  side  of  his 
head  to  prevent  him  from  seeing  sidewise  or  backward;  a 
blinder  or  blinker,  (c)  A  strong  plank  shutter  placed  in 
front  of  a  port-hole  as  soon  as  the  gun  has  been  discharged. 

2.  Something  intended  to  mislead  the  eye  or 
the  understanding  by  concealing,  or  diverting 
attention  from,  the  principal  object  or  true  de- 
sign ;  a  pretense  or  pretext. 

Making  the  one  a  blind  for  the  execution  of  the  other. 

Decay  of  Christ.  Piety. 

3.  A  hiding-place ;  an  ambush  or  covert,  es- 
pecially one  prepared  for  concealing  a  hunter 
or  fowler  from  his  game. 

So  when  the  watchful  shepherd,  from  the  blind. 
Wounds  with  a  random  shaft  the  careless  hind. 

Dryden,  ^neid,  iv. 

4.  Mint.,  a  kind  of  bomb-proof  shelter  for  men 
or  material ;  a  blindage,  a  single  blind  is  commonly 
made  of  three  strong  perpendicular  posts  with  planks  lie- 
tween  them,  covered  with  plates  of  iron  on  the  outside 
rendering  them  shot-proof.  It  is  used  as  a  protection  to 
laborers  in  the  trenches.  A  double  blind  is  made  by  filling 
large  wooden  chests  with  earth  or  bags  of  sand. 

5.  In  the  game  of  poker,  the  stake  deposited 

in  the  pool  previous  to  the  deal  Stamped  in 

the  blind,  in  bookbinding,  said  of  ornaments  to  be  printed 
in  ink  when  the  pattern  is  first  stamped  with  a  heated  die, 
preparatory  to  a  second  stamping  in  ink  of  the  same  de- 
sign over  the  first.— Venetian  blinds,  window-blinds  or 
-shades  made  of  thin  light  laths  or  strips  of  wood  fixed  on 
strips  of  webbing. 

blind2  (blind),  w.    Same  as  bleiide. 
blindage  (blin'daj),  n.    [<  blind'i-  +  -age.']  1. 
Milit.,  a  blind;  a  screen  made  of  timber  and 
earth,  used  to  protect  men  in  a  trench  or  cov- 
ered way;  also,  a  mantelet. 

When  a  trench  has  to  be  pushed  forward  in  a  position 
where  the  command  of  the  dangerous  point  is  so  great 
that  it  cannot  be  sheltered  from  the  plunging  fire  by 
traverses,  it  is  covered  on  the  top  and  on  the  sides  by  fas- 
cines and  earth  supported  by  a  framework,  and  is  termed 
a  blindage.  Farrow,  Jlil.  Encyc. 

2.  A  hood  so  arranged  that  it  can  be  made 
to  cover  the  eyes  of  a  horse  if  he  essays  to  run 
away. 

blindage-frame  (blin'daj-fram),  n.    A  wooden 
frame  used  iu  the  construction  of  a  blindage 
to  support  fascines,  earth,  etc. 
blind-ball  (blind'bal),  w.    Same  as  bUndman's- 

buff,  2. 

blind-born  (blind'bom),  a.    Bom  blind:  con- 
genitally  blind.    [Bare.  ] 


blind-born 

A  person  ...  is  apt  to  attribute  to  the  blind-born  .  .  . 
such  habits  of  thought  ...  as  iiis  own. 

Whately,  Rhetoric, 
blinde  (blind),  w.    Same  as  blende. 
blinded  (bliu'ded),  «.    1.  Provided  with  blinds, 
blinders,  or  blindages :  as,  a  Minded  house ; 
hlinded  batteries. — 2.   Having  the  window- 
shades  drawn  down ;  with  the  blinds  closed. 

I  found  tlie  windows  were  blinded. 

Ad,l,^,u,.  Tatk-r,  No.  120. 
He  paced  under  the  blinded  houses  and  ah  mi;-  the  vacant 
streets.  R.  L.  Stevenson,  Tlie  iiyiianiiter,  p.  13. 

blindedly  (blin'ded-li),  adv.    As  if  blinded. 

blinder  (blin'der),  n.  1 .  One  who  or  that  which 
blinds. — 2.  A  blind  or  blinker  on  a  horse's  bri- 
dle. 

blind-fast  (blind 'fast),  n.    The  catch  or  fas- 
tening of  a  blind  or  shutter, 
blind-fish  (blind 'lish).  )).    1.  A  cave-fish,  one  of 

the  Aiiihhjii[isiii(i\  ha  ving  eyes  rudimentary  and 

useless  for  vision.  I  hc  iH  St-knuwn  is  the  Atnhbiopais 
spelcexis,  or  lil  i  imI-Ii-Im  if  tlie  Mainuinth  Cave  of  Iveiituekv  ; 
another  is  TuijI-nrhtlnK  ,^til,t,  r,,in,-iix.  Ainh/,/uii.sis  *■/«•- 
Iceus  attains  easii.ually  a  length  of  o  to  Ti  ineiies  ;  it  lias 
rudimentary  ami  fiiiu  timiless  eyes,  and  ventral  lins  small 
and  of  4  r^ys  earli.  tlie  enlor  is  pale  as  if  bleached.  It 
inhabits  the  suiitei  laneau  streams  of  Kentucky  and  Indi- 
ana, especially  flmse  in  the  ilamraoth  Cave.  Typldichthys 
stibterranciii:  is  a  imieli  smaller  species  and  destitute  of 
ventral  fins.  It  is  an  occasional  associate  of  the  Amhly- 
opsis.    .See  cut  under  Ainblyopsis. 

2.  A  myzont  of  the  family  Myxinidce,  Myxine 
ijlitthiosii :  the  hag.  [Local,  Eng.] 
blindfold  (blind'fold),  a.  [Earlymod.  E.  Mind- 
fold,  Mhidfeld,  MyndJieJd,  etc.,  <  ME.  Mind- 
'felk'd,  -f'ld,  -fidd,  pp.  of  Mind/cUcn,  blindfold: 
see  Mindfold,  c]  1.  Having  the  eyes  covered 
or  bandaged,  so  as  to  be  unable  to  see. 

To  be  spit  in  the  face  and  be  bofet  and  bbjndfidd,  alas  ! 

Andelay,  p.  00. 

2.  Having  the  mental  eye  darkened;  hence, 
rash ;  inconsiderate ;  without  foresight :  as, 
"Mindfold  fury,"  Shak.,  V.  and  A.,  1.  554. 

Fate's  blind/old  reign  the  atheist  loudly  owns. 

Di-yden,  Suum  Cuique. 

St.  Obscure;  dark. 

If  execution  be  remisse  or  blindfold  now  and  in  this  par- 
ticular, what  will  it  be  hereafter  and  in  other  bi»)ks? 

Milton,  Areopagitiea,  p.  27. 

blindfold  (blind'fold),  r.  f.  [Early  mod.  E.  Mind- 
fold, bliiidfild,  bluitljicld,  hlindfiil  (the  second 
element  being  altered  by  confusion  with  fold, 
wrap  up),  <ME.  blindfellcn,  blin  fvUeu,  bhjitdfi  Ucit 
(pret.  blindfcldc,  pp.  bUndfellrd,  -fcld,  -folde),  < 
blind,  blind,  -t-  fcllen,  fell,  .'^triko:  see  blind  and 
/eHl.]  If.  To  strike  blind ;  to  blind.— 2.  To 
cover  the  eyes  of ;  hinder  from  seeing  by  cov- 
ering the  eyes. 

Thauh  thu  thin  eien  vor  his  luv  .  .  .  blindfcllie  on 
eorthe.  Ancrcn  Eiwle,  p.  100. 

When  they  had  blindfolded  him,  they  struck  him  on  the 
face.  Luke  x.\ii.  04. 

blindfold  (blind'fold),  n.  [<  blindfold,  v.]  A 
disguise;  a  ruse;  a  blind.    See  blind^,  n.,  2. 

Tlie  egotism  of  a  Roman  is  a  blindfold,  impenetrable  as 
his  breastplate.  L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  100. 

blindfolded  (blind'foF'ded),  2h  a.  [Pp.  of  blind- 
fold, I'.]  Having  the  eyes  covered;  hindered 
from  seeing. 

blind-Harry  (blind'har'-'i),  n.  1.  A  name  for 
blindman's-buft'. — 2.  A  name  for  a  puff-ball. 

blinding  (bliu'ding),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  blind'^,  v.'] 
1.  Tho  act  of  making  blind. —  2.  A  layer  of 
sand  and  fime  gravel  laid  over  a  road  which 
has  been  recently  paved,  to  fill  the  interstices 
between  the  stones. 

blinding  (bliu'ding),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  blind^,  v.'] 
Making  blind ;  depriving  of  sight  or  of  under- 
standing: as,  a  Minding  storm  of  rain. 

Sorrow's  eye  glazed  with  blindiny  tears. 

Shak'.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  2. 

blindingly  (blin'ding-li),  adv.  In  a  blinding 
manner ;  so  as  to  blind. 

blind-ink  (blind'ink),  «.  A  writing-ink  de- 
signed for  the  use  of  blind  persons.  On  being 
applied  to  the  paper,  it  swells,  forming  raised  characters 
which  can  be  read  by  the  touch. 

blindless  (blind'les),  «.  [<  blind^,  n.,  +  -fe.ss.] 
Without  a  blind  or  shade. 

The  new  sun 
Beat  thro'  the  blindless  casement  of  the  room. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

blind-lift  (blind'lift),  w.  A  metal  hook  or  catch 
on  a  sliding  window-blind,  by  means  of  which  it 
can  be  raised  or  lowered.  Also  called  blind-pull. 

blindly  (blind'li),  adv.  [<  ME.  blyndly,  <  AS. 
Mindlice,  <  Mind,  blind.]  1 .  In  a  blind  manner ; 
as  a  blind  person  ;  without  sight. —  2.  Without 
reasoning;  without  discernment;  without  re- 
qidring  reasons ;  without  examination ;  reck- 
lessly ;  as,  to  be  led  blindly  by  another. 


588 

England  hath  long  been  mad  and  scarr'd  herself ; 
The  brother  blindly  shed  the  brother's  blood. 
The  fatlier  raslily  slauglitcr'd  his  own  son. 

Shak.,  Ricli.  III.,  v.  4. 
How  ready  zeal  for  interest  and  party  is  to  charge 
atheism  on  those  who  will  not,  without  examining,  sub- 
mit, and  blindly  swallow  their  nonsense.  Locke. 

blindman  (blind'man),  w. ;  pi.  Mindmen  (-men). 

1.  A  clerk  in  a  post-office  whose  duty  it  is  to 
decipher  obscure  or  illegible  addresses  on  let- 
ters.  [Eng.]  Called  6///«/-re«de>- in  the  United 
States. —  2.  A  blind  or  blinded  person :  used  as 
a  single  word  in  certain  phrases  and  names. — 
Blindman's  ball,  blindman's  bellows.  See  blimiman's- 
buff,  2.— BUndman's  holiday,  the  time,  just  before  the 
lamps  are  lighted,  when  it  is  too  dark  to  work,  and  one  is 
obliged  to  rest ;  twilight ;  gloaming. 

What  will  not  blind  Cupid  doe  in  the  night,  which  is 
his  blindman's  holiday?  ' 

Nashe,  Lenten  Stuffe  (Harl.  Misc.,  VI.  107). 

Indeed,  madam,  it  is  blindman's  holiday ;  we  shall  soon 
be  all  of  a  colour.  Swift,  Polite  Conversation,  iii. 

blindman's-buff  (bliud'manz-buf),  ??.  [<  blind- 
nian's  -I-  bi(Jf,  a  buffet,  blow.]  1.  A  game  in 
which  one  person  is  blindfolded  and  tries  to 
catch  and  identify  some  one  of  the  company. 
Sometimes  called  Mindman-buff. 

My  light's  out. 
And  I  grope  up  and  down  like  blind-nmn-buff. 

Fletcher  and  Shirley,  Night- Walker,  ii.  2. 
As  once  I  play'd  at  Blind-man's  Buff,  it  hapt 
About  my  Eyes  the  Towel  thick  was  wrapt ; 
I  miss'd  the  Swains,  and  seiz'd  on  Blouzalind, 
True  speaks  that  ancient  Proverb,  "Love  is  Blind." 

Gay,  Shepherd's  Week,  i,  95. 

2.  A  name  of  certain  puff-balls  of  the  genera 
Bori.'ita  and  Lycoperdoii .  Also  bUndman's  ball 
or  bellows,  and  Mind-ball. 

blindness  (blind'nes),  n.  [ME.  Mindnes,  -nesse, 
<  AS.  hlindnyssc ;  <  Mind  +  -ness.']  1.  The  state 
of  being  blind.  («)  Want  of  sight.  (6)  Want 
of  intellectual  discernment;  mental  darkness; 
ignorance ;  heedlessness. 

Whensoever  we  would  proceed  beyond  these  simple 
ideas,  we  fall  presently  into  darkness  and  diftioulties,  and 
can  discover  nothing  farther  but  our  own  blindness  and 
ignorance.  Locke. 

2t.  Concealment. 

Muffle  your  false  love  with  some  show  of  blindness. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iii.  2. 

blind-officer  (blind'of''''i-ser),  n.  Same  as  blind- 
man,  1.  [Eng.] 

blind-pull  (blind'piil),  n.    Same  as  blind-Uft. 

blind-reader  (blind're'der),  n.  In  the  United 
States  postal  service,  a  clerk  whose  duty  it  is  to 
decipher  obscure  or  illegible  addresses  on  mail- 
matter. 

blinds,       See  Mens. 

blind-snake  (blind'snak),  «.   A  snake  of  the 

family  Typldopidte. 
blind-stile  (blind'stil),  n.    The  stile  of  a  blind. 

—  Blind-Stlle  machine,  a  machine  for  making  the  mor- 
tises and  tenons  in 
blinds,  and  for  bor- 
ing the  holes  for 
the  slats. 

blindstitch 

(blind'stich),  v. 
i.  To  sew  or 
take  stitches  in 
(anything)  in 
such  a  way  that 
they  will  show 
only  on  one  side 
of  the  thing 
sewed  or  stitch- 
ed, or  not  at  all. 

blind-story 
(blind '  sto  ri), 
n.  In  medieval 
church- arch., 
the  trif  orium : 
properly  re- 
stricted to  such 
examples  as 
possess  no  ex- 
terior windows, 
as  opposed  to 
the  clerestory, 
from  which  the 
chief  lighting  of  the  interior  is  derived. 

blindworm  (blind'werm),  n.  [ME.  blyndworme, 
-wurmc  (=z  Sw.  Dan.  blindorm) ;  <  blind  +  worm.'] 
A  small  European  lizard,  Anguis  fragilis,  of  the 
family  An guidce,  ha-ving  a  slender  limbless  body 
and  tail,  like  a  snake,  rudimentary  shoulder- 
girdle,  breast-bone,  and  pelvis,  a  scaly  skin, 
concealed  ears,  and  small  eyes  furnished  with 
movable  lids :  so  called  because  supposed  to  be 
a  sightless  worm,  a  notion  as  erroneous  as  is  the 
supposition  that  it  is  poisonous,  Also  called 
orvet  and  slow-%corm. 


blinkard 


Blind-story- — Triforium  of  Lincoln 
Cathedral. 


Blindworm  {Attgttis/ragilis'). 

blink  (blingk),  r.  '  [=  Sc.  blinl;,,  blenlc ;  <  ME. 
blynken,  rare  and  appar.  only  as  var.  of  Menk- 
en (see  blenk,  blench);  not  found  earlier  (though 
an  AS.  *Mincan  appears  to  be  indicated  by  the 
causal  verb  blencan,  deceive,  >  E.  blench'^) ;  =  D. 
Minkcn  =  G.  blinken  =  Sw.  blinka  —  Dan.  blinke, 
shine,  twinkle,  blink,  nasalized  forrns  parallel 
with  D.  blikken  --  G.  Micken  =  Sw.  blicka  = 
Dan.  blikke,  look,  glance,  from  a  strong  verb 
repr.  by  AS.  blican,  shine  :  see  Mick^,  blike, 
Meak^;  and  cf.  blench^  and  bUnk,  w.]  I,  in- 
trans.  1.  To  wink  rapidly  and  repeatedly; 
nictitate. 

A  snake's  small  eye  blinks  dull  and  sly. 

Coleridge,  Christabel,  ii. 
He  blinked  with  his  yellow  eyes,  that  seemed 
All  sightless  and  blank  to  be. 

C.  Thaxter,  Great  White  Owl. 

2.  To  see  with  the  eyes  half  shut  or  with  fre- 
quent winking,  as  a  person  with  weak  eyes; 
hence,  to  get  a  glimpse ;  peep. 

Show  me  thy  chink,  to  blink  through  with  mine  eyne. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  v.  1. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  look  askance  or  indiffer- 
ently. 

Why  then  ignore  or  blink  at  moral  purpose  ? 

Mag.  of  Art,  March,  1884. 

4.  To  intermit  light ;  glimmer:  as  " a,  blinking 
lamp,"  Cotton,  An  Epigram. —  5.  To  gleam  tran- 
siently but  cheerfully ;  smile  ;  look  kindly. 
[Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.]  — 6.  To  become  a  lit- 
tle stale  or  sour :  said  of  milk  or  beer.  [Prov. 
Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

II.  trans.  If.  To  deceive;  elude;  shun. — 2. 
To  see  or  catch  sight  of  with  half-shut  eyes ; 
dimly  see  ;  wink  at. 

I  heard  the  imp  brushing  over  the  dry  leaves  like  a 
black  snake,  and,  blinking  a  glimpse  of  him,  just  over 
ag'in  yon  big  pine,  I  pulled  as  it  might  be  on  the  scent. 

Cooper,  Last  of  the  Mohicans,  v. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  shut  one's  eyes  to;  avoid 
or  purposely  evade  ;  shirk :  as,  to  blink  a  ques- 
tion. 

How  can  I  blink  the  fact? 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  214. 

Understand  us.  We  blink  no  fair  issue.  .  .  .  We  have 
counted  the  cost.  W.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  34. 

4.  To  balk  at ;  pass  by ;  shirk :  as,  a  dog  that 
never  blinked  a  bird. 

In  fear  he  conies  there,  and  consequently  "blinks  his 
birds."  Dogs  of  Great  Brit,  and  America,  p.  240. 

5t.  To  blindfold;  hoodwink.  Landor. 
blink  (blingk),  n.    [<  ME.  blink,  a  glance,  =  Sw. 
blink  =  Dan.  Mink;  from  the  verb.]  1 .  A  glance 
of  the  eye ;  a  glimpse. 

Lo,  this  is  the  first  blinke  that  ever  I  had  of  him. 

Bp.  Hall,  Works,  II.  108. 

2.  A  gleam ;  a  glimmer ;  specifically,  the  gleam 
or  glimmer  reflected  from  ice  in  the  polar  re- 
gions: hence  the  term  ice-blink  (which  see). 

Not  a  blink  of  light  was  there.    Wordsworth,  Sonnets,  vii. 

After  breakfast  this  morning,  I  ascended  to  the  crow's 
nest,  and  saw  to  my  sorrow  the  ominous  blink  of  ice 
ahead.  Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  I.  49. 

And  where  north  and  south  the  coast-lines  run. 
The  blink  of  the  sea  in  breeze  and  sun. 

Whittier,  Prophecy  of  Samuel  Sewall. 

3.  A  very  short  time ;  a  twinkling:  as,  bide  a 
blink.   [Scotch.] — 4t.  A  trick;  a  scheme. — 5. 

Boughs  thrown  to  turn  aside  deer  from  their 
course;  also,  feathers,  etc.,  on  a  thread  to  scare  . 
birds.   N.  E.  B. —  6.  A  fishermen's  name  for 
the  mackerel  when  about  a  year  old.  See  spike 
and  tinker. 

blinkardf  (bling'kard),  n.  [<  Mink  +  -ard,  as 
in  drunkard,  dotard.']  1.  A  person  who  blinks 
or  sees  imperfectly ;  one  who  squints. 

Among  the  blind  the  one-eyed  blinkard  reigns. 

Char,  of  Holland,  in  Harl.  Misc.  (ed.  1810),  V.  613. 

For  I  was  of  Christ's  choosing,  I  God's  knight, 
No  blinkard  heathen  stumbling  for  scant  light. 

Swinburne,  Laus  Veneris. 

2.  That  which  twinkles  or  glances,  as  a  dim 
star  which  appears  and  disappears. 


blinkard 

In  some  parts  we  see  many  glorious  and  eminent  stars, 
m  others  few  of  any  remarkable  gi  eatness,  and,  in  some 
none  but  hlinkards  and  obscure  ones. 

Hakeivill,  Apology,  p.  237. 

3.  One  who  lacks  intellectual  perception.  Shel- 
ton.—  '^.  One  who  wilfully  shuts  his  eyes  to 
what  is  happening;  one  who  Winks  facts. 
[Sometimes  used  attributively.] 

blink-beer  (blingk'ber),  n.  [<  Uinl-.,  v.,  I.,  6,  + 
heer.']    Beer  kept  unbroaehed  till  it  is  shai-p. 

blinker  (blrng'ker),  n.  1.  One  who  blinks.— 2. 
One  of  two  leather  flaps  placed  on  the  sides  of 
a  horse's  head  to  prevent  him  from  seeing 
sidewise  or  backward;  a  blind  or  blinder; 
hence,  figm-atively,  any  obstruction  to  sight  or 
discernment. 


589 


To  be  in  heat,  as  a  ewe.  [Prov. 


Nor  bigots  who  but  one  way  see. 
Through  blinkers  of  authority. 

M.  Green,  The  Grotto. 
Horses  splashed  to  their  very  blinkers.  Dickens. 
blink-eyed  (blingk'id),  a.    Having  blinking  or 
winking  eyes. 
The  foolisli  blink-eyed  boy.  Gascoigne,  Hearbes. 

blinking  (bling'king),  n.  In  sporting,  the  fault 
in  dogs  of  leaving  the  game  as  soon  as  it  is 
found. 

The  vice  of  blinking  has  been  caused  by  over-severity  in 
pumshment  for  chasing  poultry,  etc. 

Dogs  of  Great  Britain  a7id  America,  p.  240. 
blinking-chickweed  (bling'king-chik'wed),  w. 
The  Montia  fontana,  a  small  marsh-herb,  natu- 
ral order  Portiilacacem :  so  called  from  its  small 
half-closed  flowers  looking  out  from  the  axils 
of  the  leaves.  Also  called  MinJcs. 
,  blinkingly  (bling'king-H),  adv.  In  a  blinking 
or  winking  manner ;  evasively. 

Death,  that  fatal  necessity  which  so  many  woiild  over- 
loo](,  oT  bhnkmgly  survey,  the  old  Egyptians  held  con- 
tniually  before  their  eyes.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Mummies, 
blinks  (blingks),  n.  [<  hlinlc,  n. ;  a  quasi-plural 
form.]  Same  as  bUnking-chickweed. 
blinky  (bling'ki),  a.  [<  blink  +  -mI.]  Prone  to 
blink. 

We  were  just  within  range,  and  one's  eyes  became  quite 
bhnky  watchmg  for  the  flash  from  the  bow. 

W.  H.  Russell,  London  Times,  June  11,  1861. 

blirt  (blert),  n.   [A  var.  of  blurt.']  An  outburst 
of -wind,  rain,  or  tears;  specifically,  naut.,  a 
gust  of  wind  and  rain.  [Scotch.] 
blirty,  blirtie  (bler'ti),  «.   [<  Uirt  +  -,A  ] 
Characterized  by  blirts  or  gusts  of  wind  and 
rain:  as,  a  blirty  day.  [Scotch.] 
bliss  (bUs),  n.  [<  ME.  Mis,  blisse,  <  AS.  blis,  bliss, 
eontr.  of  the  unusual  blids,  bliths  (=  OS.  blidsea 
bhtzea,  bli2za),  joy,  <  blithe,  joyful,  blithe :  see 
blithe,  and  cf.  bless\  with  which  the  word  has 
been  notionally  associated.]    1.  Blitheness- 
gladness;  lightness  of  heart.— 2.  The  highest 
degree  of  happiness,  especially  spiritual  joy; 
perfect  felicity ;  supreme  delight;  blessedness: 
often,  specifically,  the  joy  of  heaven. 

How  sweet  a  thing  it  is  to  wear  a  crown 
Within  whose  circuit  is  Elysium,  ' 
And  all  that  poets  feign  of  bliss  and  joy. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  2. 
All  my  redeem'd  may  dwell  in  joy  and  bliss. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  43. 
=  S3T1.  Felicity,  Blessedness,  etc.  (see  happiness)  trans- 
port, rapture,  ecstasy,  blissfulness. 
blissful  (blis'ful),  a.  [<  ME.  blisful;  <  bliss  + 
-ful.\  1.  Pull  of,  abounding  in,  enjojdng,  or 
conferring  bliss;  full  of  felicity:  as,  ''blissful 
]oy,"  Spenser,  P.  Q. ;  "  blissful  solitude,"  Milton, 
P.  L.,  iii.  69.  >  , 

The  blissful  shore  of  rural  ease. 

Thomson,  Liberty,  v. 
Ever  as  those  blissful  creatures  do  I  fare. 
r>.  r/-ij!  7  7  ^  ^  Wordsworth. 
2t.  [Cf.  blessful]  Blessed;  holy, 
blissfully  (blis'fiil-i),  adv.  [<  ME.  bUssfuUche, 
etc.,  <  blisful  +  -liche,  -ly2.]  In  a  blissful  manl 
ner;  happily. 

blissfulness  (blis'ful-nes),  n.  [<  ME.  blisful- 
nes,  -nesse,  <  blisful  +  -nes,  -ness.]  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  blissful ;  exalted  happiness ; 
supreme  felicity;  fullness  of  joy. 

God  is  all-sufficient  and  incapable  of  admitting  any  ac- 
cession to  his  perfect  blissfulness.   Barrow,  Works,  I.  viii. 

Blissinae  (bli-si'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Blissus  + 
-mce  ]  A  subfamily  of  heteropterous  insects, 
ot  the  family  Lygwidw,  typified  by  the  genus 
Missus.    See  cut  under  chinch-bug. 

blissless  (blis'les),  a.  [<  bliss  +  -less.-]  Desti- 
tute ot  bliss;  wretched  ;  hapless:  as,  "my  bliss- 
less  lot,"  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  iii. 

blisspm  (bhs'um),  a.  [<  Icel.  blcesma,  in  heat 
(said  of  a  ewe  or  goat),  =  OD.  blesme.']  In 
neat,  as  a  ewe.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

bhssom  (blis'um),  V.  [<  blissom,  a.]  I.  trans. 
lo  couple  with  a  ewe:  said  of  a  ram. 


n.  intrans 
Eng.] 

Blissus  (blis'us),  w.   [NL.]   A  genus  of  het- 
eropterous insects,  the  type  of  the  subfamily 
Blissinw.    B.  leucoptcrus  is  the  common  chinch- 
bug.    See  cut  under  chinch-bug. 
blistt.    Obsolete  preterit  of  bless'^  and  Uess^. 
And  with  his  club  him  all  about  so  blist. 
That  he  which  way  to  turne  him  scarcely  wist. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  viii.  13. 

blister  (blis'ter),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  blys- 
ter,  bluster;  <  ME.  blister,  and  perhaps  "blysier, 
<  AS.  *blyster  =  MD.  bluystcr,  a  blister  (but  the 
Ab.  form  is  not  found,  and  the  ME.  may  be 
taken  from  OF.  blc.strc,  blostre,  a  swelling  (cf. 
bloustrc,  bloutre,  blotte,  a  clod,  blosse,  a  swelling 
due  to  a  bruise),  of  MD.  or  Scand.  origin);  cf. 
Icel.  blastr,  a  swelling  (in  the  medical  sense), 
lit.  a  blast,  a  blowing,  =  AS.  blcest,  a  blovsdng, 
blast;  cf.  blaidre,  a  blister,  bladder,  etc.,  D. 
blaas,  G.  blase,  a  blister,  etc.,  E.  dial,  biased, 
11.,  a  pimple,  etc.;  ult.  from  the  root  of  AS. 
blaican,  etc.,  blow:  see  bladder,  blast,  blaze"^, 
blowK']    1.  A  thin  vesicle  on  the  skin,  con- 
taining watery  matter  or  serum,  whether  oc- 
casioned by  a  burn  or  other  injui-y,  by  a  vesi- 
catory, or  by  disease ;  a  pustule,  it  is  formed  («) 
by  disintegration  and  etfusion  of  serum  into  some  of  the 
softer  epidermal  layers,  or  (b)  by  an  effusion  of  serum  be- 
tween the  epidermis  and  corium. 
2.  An  elevation  made  by  the  lifting  up  of  an 
external  film  or  skin  by  confined  air  or  fluid, 
as  on  plants,  or  by  the  swelling  of  the  sub- 
stance at  the  surface,  as  on  steel.— 3.  Some- 
thing applied  to  the  skin  to  raise  a  blister,  as 
a  plaster  of  Spanish  flies,  mustard,  etc.,  as  a 
means  of  counter-irritation;  a  vesicatory.— 4. 
In  castings  of  different  materials,  an  effect 
caused  by  the  presence  of  confined  bubbles  of 
air  or  gas.— 5.  A  distortion  of  peach-leaves 
causedby  the  fungus  Exoascus deformans ;  blad- 
der-bhght.    See  Exoascus.  Also  called  blister- 
ing.—Flyiag  blister,  a  blister  applied  for  a  time  too 
short  to  cause  vesication, 
blister  (blis'ter),  v.    [<  blister,  m.]    I.  trans.  1. 
To  raise  a  blister  or  blisters  on,  as  by  a  bui-n, 
medical  application,  or  friction:  as,  to  blister 
one's  hands.— 2.  To  raise  filmy  vesicles  on  by 
heat:  as,  too  high  a  temperature  will  blister 
pamt;  blistered  steel.  See  blister-steel— 3.  Fig- 
uratively, to  cause  to  suffer  as  if  from  blisters ; 
subject  to  burning  shame  or  disgrace. 

Look,  here  comes  one  :  a  gentlewoman  of  mine. 
Who,  falling  in  the  flaws  of  her  own  youth 
Hath  blister'd  her  report.        Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  ii.  3. 

II.  intrans.  To  rise  in  blisters,  or  become 
blistered. 

If  I  prove  honey-mouth'd,  let  my  tongue  blister 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  ii.  2. 
The  house  walls  seemed 
Blistering  in  the  sun,  without  a  tree  or  vine 
To  cast  the  tremulous  shadow  of  its  leaves. 

Whittier,  Prel.  to  Among  the  Hills 

blister-beetle  (bUs '  ter-be "  tl),  ».  A  popular 
name  of  beetles  of  the  family  Meloidw,  de- 
rived from  the  pecu- 
liar poison  (canthar- 
idin)  which  is  con- 
tained in  their  tis- 
sues. This  poison,  when 
broughtinto contact  with 
the  skin,  produces  blis- 
ters, and  on  account  of 
this  vesicatory  property 
the  dried  beetles  are 
largely  used  in  medicine. 
In  their  earlier  states  the 
blister-beetles  are  para- 
sitic on  grasshopper-eggs 
or  in  the  cells  of  mason- 
bees.  The  imagosof  many 
American  species  are  of- 
ten very  injurious  to  field- 
and  garden-crops.  The 
development  of  the  larva, 

which  assumes  successively  several  forms,  is  very  remark- 
able.   See  hypermetamorphosis  and  Epicauta. 

blistered  (blis'terd),  p.  a.    Having  the  disease 

called  blister.    See  blister,  n.,  5. 
blister-fly  (blis'ter-fli),  n.  A  beetle,  also  known 
as  the  Spanish  fly,  used  in  blistering ;  one  of 
the  blister-beetles.    See  Cantharis. 
blistering  (blis'ter-ing),  a.  and  n.    I.  a.  Caus- 
ing or  tending  to  cause  bUsters.-BUstering  flv 
Same  as  blister-fly.  ^ 
II,  n.  Same  as  blister,  5. 
blister-plaster  (blis'ter-plas"ter),  «.  A  plaster 
of  Spanish  flies,,  designed  to  raise  a  bUster. 
blister-Steel  (blis'ter-stel),  n.    Steel  made  by 
the  carbiu-ization  of  bar-iron  in  a  converting- 
furnace,  the  iron  being  heated  in  contact  with 
charcoal.    See  cementation.  After  the  conversion 
into  steel,  the  bars  become  coyered  with  blisters,  some  not 


Ash-gray  Blister-beetle  [Macroba- 
sts  cmfrea).  (Vertical  line  shows 
natural  size.)  a.  «, male  and  female 
antennae,  enlarged. 


blithesome 

larger  than  peas,  others  as  much  as  an  inch  in  diameter 
According  to  Percy,  these  blisters  are  probably  due  to  the 
reduction  of  a  part  of  the  protoxid  of  iron  cxi-sting  in 
the  mass  in  the  form  of  a  silicate  of  the  protoxid,  and  the 
consequent  evolution  of  carbonic  oxid.  The  process  is  a 
very  old  one. 

blistery  (blis'ter-i),  a.   [<  blister  -f-  -yi.]  Full 
of  blisters.  Hooker. 
blitt,  n.    Sec  &?jfc2. 
blite^t,  n.    See  blight. 

blite^  (but),  n.  [Also  but  and  early  mod.  E. 
l^ntte,  blcit,  hlele;  <  F.  blctfe  =  Pr.  bleda  =  Cat. 
&/c<=  Sp.  bledo,<  L.  blittm :  see  Blitum.]  A  com- 
mon name  of  several  succulent-leafed  plants, 
chiefly  of  the  genus  Cheiiopodium  (or  Blitum), 
sometimes  used  as  pot-herbs.  The  name  is  specifi- 
cally given  to  good-King-Henry  (C.  Bomts-Henricus)  and 
to  Aviarantus  Blitum.  The  stravvberry-lilite,  Chenopodi- 
um  capitatum,  is  so  called  from  its  red  fleshy  clusters  of 
fruit.  The  coast-blite,  C.  maritimum,  is  found  in  saline 
localities.  The  sea-blite,  Suceda  rnaritima,  is  a  cheno- 
podiacoous  coast-plant  with  nearly  terete  or  cylinilrical 
fleshy  leaves. 

blithe  (bliTH  or  blith),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  blithe, 
blythe,  <  AS.  blithe,  joyful,  glad,  kind,  gentle, 
peaceful,  =  OS.  hlithi  =  OFries.  *bltdc  (in 
composition  blid-skip,  joy),  North  Fries,  blid 
=  D.  blijde,  blij  =  OH(i.  bUdi,  MHO.  btide  =» 
Icel.  bhdhr  =  Sw.  blid  =  Dan.  blid  =  Goth. 
bleithSf  merciful,  kind;  root  uncertain:  see 
bliss.]  I.  a.  It.  Kind;  kindly.  Levins  (1570). 
—  2.  Glad;  merry;  joyous;  sprightly;  mirth- 
ful;  gay:  in  colloquial  use  only  in  Scotland: 
as,  "I'm  blithe  to  see  you." 

i'ul  blithe  .  .  .  was  every  wight. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  846. 
No  lark  more  blithe  than  he. 

Bickerstaff,  Love  in  a  Village,  i.  2. 
Hail  to  thee,  blithe  spiiit ! 
Bird  thou  never  wert. 

Shelley,  Ode  to  a  Skylark. 

3.  Characterized  by  or  full  of  enjoyment ; 
gladsome :  said  of  things. 

0  !  how  changed  since  yon  blithe  night !  Scott. 
Blithe  would  her  Ijrother's  acceptance  be. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  x.  2. 
In  June  'tis  good  to  lie  beneath  a  tree 
While  the  blithe  season  comforts  every  sense. 

Lowell,  Under  the  WlUows. 
=  Syn.  Cheerful,  light-hearted,  elated,  buoyant. 

Il.t  n.  1.  A  blithe   one.— 2.  Kindness; 
i^oodwill;  favor.— 3.  Gladness;  delight, 
blithet  (bliTH  or  bHth),  v.    [ME.  hlithen  (= 
OHG.  bhden,  rejoice,  be  blithe,  =  Goth.  Ueith- 
jan,  gableithjan,  be  merciful,  pity);  from  the 
adj.]    I.  intrans.  To  be  blithe  or  merry. 
II.  trans.  To  make  blithe  ;  gladden. 
The  prince  of  planetis  that  proudely  is  pight 
Sail  brace  furth  his  hemes  that  oure  belde  blithes. 

York  Plays,  p.  123. 

blithe  (bHTH  or  blith),  adv.  [<  ME.  blithe, 
blythe,  <  AS.  blithe,  adv.,  <  blithe,  a.:  see 
^Mhe,  a.]  It.  Kindly.- 2.  Gladly;  blithelv. 
blltheful  (bliTH'-  or  blith'fiil),  a.  [<  ME 
bhtheful,  blithful,  <  blithe,  n.,  kindness,  favor  (= 
Icel.  blidha),  -f  -ful.]  If.  Kindly.— 2.  Glad; 
joyous;  joyful.  [Poetic] 

The  seas  witli  blitheful  western  blasts 
We  sail  d  amain. 
Greene  and  Lodge,  Looking  Glass  for  Lond.  and  Eng. 
[Samuel]  Lover,  a  versatile  artist,  blitheful  humorist 
POf^'-  Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  258. 

blithely  (bliTn'-  or  blith'li),  adv.  [<  ME 
bhthehche,  blcthely,  -liche,  etc.,  <  AS.  blithelice 
(=  OHG.  bhdlicho),  <  blithe  +  -lice:  see  blithe, 
a.,  and  -?2/2.]  if.  Kindly.— 2.  Gladly;  joyful 
ly ;  gaily. 

blithemeat  (bliTH'-  or  blith'met)  w     [Sc  < 
W(^/;e,  glad,  -f  meat.]    The  entertainment'or 
refreshment  provided  at  the  birth  or  christen- 
ing of  a  child.  [Scotch.] 
blithen  (Wi'THen  or  -then),  v.  t.    [<  blithe,  a., 
^.tzi"  ■  Ci.  blithe,  v.]  To  make  blithe.  [Rare.] 
blitheness  (With'-  or  blith'nes),  n.    [<  ME 
bhthenesse,  <  AS.  blithnes,  <  blithe  +  -nes:  see 
blithe,  a.,  and  -ness.]  The  state  of  being  blithe  • 
gaiety;  sprightliness. 

The  delightfulness  and  blitheness  of  their  fpoets'l  com- 
Pos't'o°s.  Sir  K.  Digby,  On  the  Soul,  iii. 

Legend  told  of  his  [Ead ward's]  pious  simplicity,  his 
W)«enes6- and  gentleness  of  mood. 

J.  H.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  467. 

blithesome  (bliTH'-  or  blith'sum),  a.    [<  blithe 
+  -some.]    Full  of  blitheness  or  gaiety:  gay; 
merry;  cheerful;  causing  joy  or  gladness. 
On  blithesome  frolics  bent.  Thomson,  Winter. 

The  rising  sun,  emerging  from  amidst  golden  and  pur- 
ple clouds,  shed  his  blithe.9ome  rays  on  the  tin  weatlier- 
cocks  of  Communipaw.      Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  109. 

Charmed  by  the  spirit,  altcnrately  tender  and  blithe- 
some, of  Procter  s  songs.       Stfdman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  110. 


blithesomeness 


590 


block 


blithesomeness  (bllTH'-  or  blith'sum-nes),  71. 
[<  blithesome  +  -ness.^  The  quality  of  being 
blithesome ;  gaiety. 

A  glad  blithesomeness  belonged  to  her,  potent  to  conquer 
even  ill  health  and  suffering."  iVcw  Princeton  Rev.,  II.  78. 

Blitnm  (bli'tiun),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  plirov,  a  cer- 
tain plant  used  as  a  salad.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
natural  order  Cheiiopodiaccw,  now  included  in 
Chenopodium.    See  hlite'^. 

blivef,  A  Middle  English  contraction  of 

hclive^.  Chaucer. 

blizzard  (bliz'ard),  w.  [An  expressive  word, 
originating  in  the  United  States,  appar.  at  first 
locally  on  the  Atlantic  coast  (see  first  quot.), 
and  carried  thence  to  the  West,  where,  in  a 
new  application,  it  came  into  general  notice 
and  use  in  the  winter  of  1880-81.  The  word 
is  evidently  a  popular  formation,  and  is  prob. 
based,  with  the  usual  imitative  variation  ob- 
servable in  such  formations,  on  what  to  the 
popidar  consciousness  is  the  common  root  of 
Maze,  blast,  blow  (the  latter  notions  at  least  be- 
ing appar.  present  in  the  familiar  third  sense). 
In  the  orig.  sense  a  blizzard  is  essentially  a 
"  blazer,"  of  which  word,  indeed,  it  may  be  con- 
sidered a  manipulated  fonn :  see  blase\  and  of. 
Maze^,  blast,  bluster.'^  1.  [Appar.  the  earliest 
sense,  but  not  recorded,  except  in  the  figura- 
tive use,  imtil  recently.]  A  general  discharge 
of  guns  ;  a  rattling  volley  ;  a  general  "blazing 
away."    See  extract. 

Along  the  Atlantic  coast,  among  the  gunners  who  often 
hunt  in  parties  stationed  near  together  behind  blinds, 
waiting  for  the  flocks  of  migratory  birds,  the  word  bliz- 
zard means  a  general  discharge  of  all  the  guns,  nearly  but 
not  quite  together  —  a  rattling  volley,  dilfeiing  from  a 
broadside  in  not  being  quite  sinmltaneous.  Tiiis  use  of 
the  word  is  familiar  to  every  'longshore  man  from  Sandy 
Hook  to  Currituck,  and  goes  back  at  least  forty  years,  as 
my  own  memory  attests.  .  .  .  The  'longshore  men  of 
forty  years  ago  were  all  sailors,  and  many  of  them  had 
served  in  the  navy.  Tliat  they  may  have  learned  the  word 
there  is  rendered  probable  by  the  rather  notable  accuracy 
with  which  they  always  distinguished  between  a  blizzard 
and  a  broadside.  This  points  to  a  nautical  origin  of  the 
word,  though  it  made  no  progress  in  general  use  till  it 
struck  the  Western  imagination  as  a  term  for  that  con- 
vulsion of  the  elements  for  which  "snow-storm,"  with 
whatever  descriptive  epithet,  was  no  adequate  name,  and 
the  keen  ear  of  the  newspaper  reporter  caught  it  and  gave 
it  currency  as  "  reportorial "  English. 

N.  Y.  Eveninfi  Post,  March  24, 1887. 

Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  a  volley;  a  sudden 
(oratorical)  attack;  an  overwhelming  retort. 
[This  seems  to  be  the  sense  in  the  following  passage,  where 
Bartlett  explains  the  word  ("  not  known  in  the  Eastern 
States,"  he  says)  as  "a  poser."] 

A  gentleman  at  dinner  asked  me  for  a  toast ;  and  sup- 
posing he  meant  to  have  some  fun  at  my  expense,  I  con- 
cluded to  go  ahead,  and  give  him  and  his  likes  a  blizzard. 

David  Crockett,  Tour  Down  East,  p.  16. 

3.  A  gale  or  hurricane  accompanied  by  intense 
cold  and  dry,  driving  snow,  common  in  winter 
on  the  •great  plains  of  the  States  and  Territories 
of  the  northwestern  United  States  east  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  especially  Dakota,  and  in 
Manitoba  in  British  America,  it  is  described  in 
the  "American  Meteorological  Journal"  as  "a  mad  rush- 
ing combination  of  wind  and  snow  which  neither  man  nor 
beast  could  face." 

Whew  !  how  the  wind  howls ;  there  must  be  a  terrible 
blizzard  west  of  us,  and  how  ill-prepared  are  most  frontier 
homes  for  such  severe  cold.  Chicago  Advance,  Jan.  8, 1880. 

blizzardly  (bliz'ard-li),  a.    Blizzard-like;  re- 
sembling a  blizzard.  [Rare.] 
bloak,  11.    See  bloJce. 

bloati  (blot),  a.  [Formerly  also  Mote,  <  ME. 
Note  (uncertain),  possibly  <  AS.  bldt,  pale,  livid 
(see  hlate^),  but  prob.  a  var.  or  parallel  form 
of  bloute  (see  bloaf^)  =  Icel.  blautr,  soaked,  = 
Sw.  blot  —  Dan.  blod,  soft,  =  Norw.  blaut,  soft, 
wet;  cf.  Icel.  blautr  fishr,  fresh  (soft)  fish,  op- 
posed to  hardhr  fisTcr,  dried  (hard)  fish,  =  Sw. 
blotfish,  soaked  fish,  =  Norw.  blotfisk;  Icel. 
blotna  =  Sw.  blotna  =  Norw.  blotna,  to  soften. 
See  blate'^  and  bloater,  and  cf.  6toa<2.]  Cured 
by  smoking :  as,  a  bloat  herring.    See  bloater. 

Lay  you  an  old  courtier  on  the  coals  like  a  sausage,  or  a 
bloat  herring.  B.  Jonson,  Mercury  Vindicated. 

bloati  (blot),  V.  t.  [Appar.  <  bloat^,  «.]  To  cure 
by  smoking,  as  herrings.  Formerly  spelled  hlote. 

I  have  more  smoke  in  my  mouth  than  would  blote 
A  hundred  herrings.     Fletcher,  Island  Princess,  ii.  6. 

bloat^  (blot),  a.  [Earlier  blowt  (as  orig.  in  the 
passage  cited  from  Shakspere,  where  bloat  is 
an  18th  century  emendation,  though  it  occurs 
elsewhere  in  17th  century),  blowte,  bloute,  prob. 
<  Icel.  blautr  =  Sw.  blot,  soft,  etc. :  see  bloat^, 
and  cf.  blate^.  The  word  is  now  regarded  as 
pp.  of  &?oaf2,  t'.]  Puffed;  swollen;  turgid:  as, 
"the  bloat  king,"  Shale,  Hamlet,  iii.  4.  [Now 
only  in  rare  literary  use,] 


bloat2  (blot),  V.  [<  bloafi,  a.']  I.  trans.  To 
make  turgid  or  swollen,  as  with  air,  water,  etc. ; 
cause  to  swell,  as  with  a  dropsical  humor ;  in- 
flate ;  puff  up ;  hence,  make  vain,  conceited,  etc. 

His  rude  essays 
Encourage  him,  and  bloat  him  up  with  praise. 

Di-yden,  Prol.  to  Circe. 
And  then  began  to  bloat  himself,  and  ooze 
All  over  with  the  fat  atfectionate  smile 
That  makes  the  widow  lean.  Tennyson,  Sea  Dreams. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  swollen;  be  puffed 
out  or  dilated ;  dilate. 
If  a  person  of  firm  constitution  begins  to  bloat. 

Arbuthnot. 

bloated  (blo'ted),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  bloat^,  v.'\  1. 
Swollen;  puffed  up;  inflated;  overgi'own,  so 
as  to  be  unwieldy,  especially  from  over-indul- 
gence in  eating  and  drinking;  pampered:  as, 
"a  bloated  mass,"  Goldsmith. 

Grotesque  monsters,  half  bestial,  half  human,  dropping 
with  wine,  bloated  with  gluttony,  and  reeling  in  obscene 
dances.  Macaulay,  Milton. 

2.  Connected  vrith  or  arising  from  self-indul- 
gence :  as,  '■^bloated  slumber,"  Mickle,  A  Sonnet. 
— 3.  Inordinately  swollen  in  amount,  posses- 
sions, self-esteem,  etc.;  puffed  up  with  pride 
or  wealth:  as,  a  bloated  estate;  bloated  capi- 
talists ;  a  bloated  pretender. 

bloatedness  (blo'ted-nes),  n.  [<  bloated  + 
-ncss.']  The  state  of  being  bloated;  turgidity; 
an  inflated  state  of  the  tissues  of  the  body; 
dilatation  from  any  morbid  cause.  Arbuthnot. 

bloater  (blo'ter),  n.  [<  bloat^  +  -erl.]  An 
English  name  for  a  herring  which  has  been 
steeped  for  a  short  time,  slightly  salted,  and 
partially  smoke-dried,  but  not  split  open. 

blob  (blob),  n.  [Also  hleb,  Sc.  bleb,  bleib,  blab, 
blob;  cf.  blobber,  blubber.']  1.  A  small  globe  of 
liquid ;  a  dewdrop ;  a  blister ;  a  bubble ;  a  small 
lump,  splotch,  or  daub. 

Flawed  rubies  and  emeralds,  which  have  no  value  as 
precious  stones,  but  only  as  barbaric  blobs  of  colour. 

Birdwood,  Indian  Arts,  II.  9. 

2.  The  bag  of  a  honey-bee.  [Prov.Eng.]  —  Sf. 
The  under  lip.  Halliwell.  [Rare.]  —  4.  Acot- 
toid  fish,  Uranidea  richardsoni,  a  kind  of  mill- 
er's-thumb —  On  the  blob,  by  word  of  mouth.  [Slang.] 

blobber  (blob'er),  n.    Same  as  blubber. 

blobber-lip  (blob'er-lip),  n.  Same  as  blubber-lip. 

His  blobber-lips  and  beetle-brows  conunend. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires,  iii. 

blobber-lipped  (blob'er-lipt),  a.  Same  as  blub- 
ber-lippcd. 

blobby  (blob'i),  a.    [<  blob  +  -!/i.]    Like  a 

blob ;  abounding  in  blobs. 
blob-Kite  (blob'Mt),  n.    A  local  English  name 

of  the  burbot, 
blob-lipped  (blob'lipt),  a.    [See  blob.]  Same 

as  blubber-lipped. 
blob-talet  (blob'tal),  n.   A  telltale;  a  blabber. 
These  blob-tales  could  find  no  other  news  to  keep  their 

tongues  in  motion.        Bp.  Hacket,  Abp.  Williams,  ii.  67. 

blocki  (blok),  «.  [<  ME.  bloh,  a  block  (of  wood); 
not  in  AS.,  but  borrowed  from  LG.  or  OF. :  MD. 
bloc,  Mode,  D.  bloh  =  MLG.  block,  LG.  blok  = 
OHG.  bloh,  MHG.  blocli,  G.  block  =  Sw.  block  = 
Norw.  blokk  =  Dan.  blok  (=  Icel.  blokk,  Haldor- 
sen),  >  ML.  blocus,  OF.  and  F.  bloc;  all  in  the 
general  sense  of  '  block,  log,  lump,  mass,'  but 
confused  more  or  less  with  the  forms  cited  un- 
der bloek^.  There  are  similar  Celtic  forms :  W. 
jAoc,  a  block,  =  Gael.  p>loc,  a  round  mass,  blud- 
geon, block,  stump  of  a  tree,  =  Ir.  ploc,  a  plug, 
bung,  blocan,  a  little  block,  perhaps  akin  to  Ir. 
blogh,  Olr.  blog,  a  fragment,  from  same  root  as 
E.  break  and  fragment  {see  plug);  but  the  rela- 
tion of  these  to  the  Teut.  forms  is  uncertain. 
The  senses  of  block^  and  block'^  run  into  each 
other,  and  some  identify  the  words.]  1.  Any 
solid  mass  of  matter,  usually  with  one  or  more 
plane  or  approximately  plane  faces :  as,  a  block 
of  wood,  stone,  or  ice ;  sometimes,  specifically, 
a  log  of  wood. 

Now  all  our  neighbours'  chimneys  smoke. 
And  Christmas  blocks  are  burning.  Wither. 
What  sculpture  is  to  a  block  of  marble,  education  is  to 
an  human  soul.  Spectator,  No.  215. 

2.  A  solid  mass  of  wood  the  upper  surface  of 
which  is  used  for  some  specific  pui-pose.  in 
particular  —  (a)  The  large  piece  of  wood  on  which  a  butcher 
chops  meat,  or  on  which  fire-wood  is  split. 
Hard  by,  a  flesher  on  a  block  had  laid  his  whittle  down. 

Macaulay,  Virginia. 
(b)  The  piece  of  wood  on  which  is  placed  the  neck  of  a  per- 
son condemned  to  be  decapitated. 
The  noble  heads  which  have  been  brought  to  the  block. 

Everett. 

Slave !  to  the  block  .'  —  or  I,  or  they , 
Shall  face  the  judgment-seat  this  day  ! 

Scott,  Kokeby,  vi,  31. 


(c)  A  piece  of  hard  wood  prepared  for  cutting  by  an  en- 
graver, (d)  The  stand  on  which  a  slave  was  placed  when 
being  sold  by  auction,  (e)  li\  falconry,  the  perch  whereon 
a  liird  of  prey  is  kept. 

3.  A  mass  of  wood  or  stone  used  in  mounting 
and  dismounting ;  a  horse-block. —  4.  A  mold 
or  piece  on  which  something  is  shaped,  or  placed 
to  make  it  keep  in  shape,  in  particular— («)  The 

wooden  mold  on  which  a  hat  is  formed ;  hence,  some- 
times, the  shape  or  style  of  a  hat,  or  the  hat  itself. 

He  wears  his  faith  but  as  the  fashion  of  his  hat ;  it  ever 
changes  with  the  next  block.  Shak.,  Mucli  Ado,  i.  1. 

The  blocke  for  his  heade  alters  faster  than  the  Feltmaker 
can  fltte  him,  and  thereupon  we  are  called  in  scorne  Block- 
heades.  Dekker,  Seven  Deadly  Sins,  p.  37. 

(6)  A  wooden  head  for  a  wig  ;  a  barber's  block ;  hence, 
sometimes,  the  wig  itself. 

A  beautiful  golden  wig  (the  Duchess  never  liked  me  to 
play  with  her  hair)  was  on  a  block  close  by. 

Bulwer,  Pelham,  xxiii. 

5.  A  person  with  no  more  sense  or  life  than  a 
block ;  a  blockhead ;  a  stupid  fellow. 

What  tongueless  blocks  were  they  ! 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  7. 

6.  In  ship-building,  one  of  the  pieces  of  timber, 
or  supports  constructed  from  such  pieces,  upon 
which  the  keel  is  laid. 

"Thus,"  said  he,  "will  we  build  this  ship! 
Lay  square  the  blocks  upon  the  slip." 

Longfellow,  Building  of  the  Ship. 

7.  The  solid  metal  stamp  used  by  bookbinders 
for  impressing  a  design  on  a  book-cover. —  8. 
A  piece  of  wood  fitted  into  the  angle  formed  by 
the  meeting  edges  of  two  other  pieces. — 9.  A 
wooden  rubber  covered  with  thick  felt,  used 
in  polishing  marble. — 10.  A  piece  of  wood  or 
metal  serving  as  a  support,  (a)  In  a  sawmill,  one 
of  the  frames  supporting  and  feeding  the  log  to  the  saw. 
(b)  In  vehicles,  a  piece,  generally  carved  or  ornamented, 
placed  over  or  under  the  springs  of  a  carriage,  (c)  In 
printing,  the  piece  on  which  a  stereotype  plate  is  fastened 
to  make  it  type-high. 

11.  A  mechanical  contrivance  consisting  of 
one  or  more  grooved  pulleys  mounted  in  a  cas- 
ing or  shell,  which  is  furnished  vnth  a  hook, 
eye,  or  strap  by  which  it  may  be  attached :  it  is 


I,  2,  single  and  double  blocks  with  rope  strap ;  3,  4.  double  and 
single  blocks  with  iron  strap  ;  5,  metallic  block  ;  6,  snatch-block  :  7, 
secret  block  ;  8,  clump-block  ;  g,  tail-block  ;  10,  fiddle-block. 

used  to  transmit  power,  or  change  the  direction 
of  motion,  by  means  of  a  rope  or  chain  passing 
round  the  movable  pulleys.  Blocks  are  single, 
double,  treble,  or  fourfold,  according  as  the  number  of 
sheaves  or  pulleys  is  one,  two,  three,  or  four.  A  running 
block  is  attached  to  the  object  to  be  raised  or  moved ;  a 
standing  block  is  fixed  to  some  permanent  support.  Blocks 
also  receive  different  names  from  their  shape,  purpose, 
or  mode  of  application.  Those  to  which  the  name  dead- 
eyes  has  been  given  are  not  pulleys,  being  unprovided  with 
sheaves.  Many  of  the  blocks  used  in  ships  are  named  after 
the  ropes  or  chains  which  are  rove  through  them :  as,  bow- 
line blocks,  clue-line  and  clue-garnet  blocks.  They  are  made 
of  either  wood  or  metal.  See  clue-garnet,  and  cut  under 
cat-block. 

12.  A  connected  mass  of  buildings:  as,  a  block 
of  houses. — 13.  A  portion  of  a  city  inclosed 
by  streets,  whether  occupied  by  buildings  or 
consisting  of  vacant  lots. 

The  new  city  was  laid  out  in  rectangular  blocks,  each 
block  containing  thirty  building  lots.  Such  an  average 
block,  comprising  282  houses  and  covering  9  acres  of 
ground,  exists  in  Oxford  Street.  It  forms  a  compact 
square  mass.  Quarterly  Rev. 

14.  On  the  stock-exchange,  a  large  number  of 
shares  massed  together  and  bought  or  sold  in 
a  lump  Antifriction  block.  See  an(?;/ni;fi(j)i.— Be- 
tween the  beetle  and  the  block.  See  beetlei.^ Block 
and  block,  the  position  of  two  blocks  of  a  tackle  when 
drawn  close  to  each  other.  Also  called  two  blocks.  The 
act  of  drawing  the  blocks  apart  is  called  fleeting  the 

purchase— Block-and-cross  bond.  See  6o?icii.— Block 
and  tackle,  the  pulley-blocks  and  ropes  used  for  hoist- 
ing.— Block  brake.  See  braked. —  Block  cornices  and 
entablatures,  ornamental  features,  corresponding  in 
position  to  classical  cornices  and  entablatures,  in  archi- 
tectural elevations  not  composed  of  the  regular  orders.— 


block 

Center-plate  block,  a  piece  of  wood  placed  beneath  the 
center-plate  of  a  car-truck  to  bring  it  to  the  required 

height.— Chip  of  the  old  block.  See  cfopi  —  Dead 
block,  one  of  the  pair  of  Ijlocks  placed,  one  on  each  side 
of  the  draw-bar  of  a  railroad-car,  to  lessen  the  concussion 
when  two  cars  come  togetlier  after  the  liuffer-sprin"s  are 
compressed.— Differential  block,  a  double  block  hav- 
ing sheaves  of  different  sizes.  E.  II.  Knight.— 'EnaXic 
block.  See  ecrafsc— Fly-block,  naut.,  a  movable  block 
in  a  purchase  or  compound  tackle  like  a  Spanish  burton  — 

Hydraulic  block.  See  /'i/rf'««ii(;.— Long-tackle  block 

a  pulley-block  having  two  sheaves  in  the  same  plane  one 
above  the  other.— Made  block,  a  pulley-block  formed  of 
several  pieces.— Ninepin  block,  a  block  shaped  some- 
what like  a  ninepin,  with  a  single  sheave  pivoted  at  the 
top  and  bottom  that  it  may  accommodate  itself  to  the 
motion  of  the  rope  for  which  it  serves  as  a  guide  It 
IS  placed  under  the  cross-pieces  of  the  bitts  on  a  vessel  — 
Purchase  block,  a  double-strapped  block  with  two  scores 
m  the  shell,  used  for  moving  heavy  weights  on  shipboard 
—  Rouse-about  block,  a  large  snatch-block  —  Thlck- 
and-thtn  block,  a  fiddle-block, 
blocki  (blok),  V.  t.    [<  hlocU,  n.    Cf.  hlock'^, 
V.  t]    1.  To  strengthen  or  support  by  blocks  ; 
make  firm,  as  two  boards  at  their  inferior  angle 
of  intersection,  by  pieces  of  wood  glued  to- 
gether.—2.  To  form  into  blocks.— 3.  To  mold, 
shape,  or  stretch  on  a  block:  as,  to  block  a  hat. 
— 4.  In  hoolcUnding,  to  ornament  by  means  of 
brass  stamps ;  stamp :  as,  to  Mock  the  boards 
of  a  book.    [Eng.]— 5.  In  calico-printing,  to 
press  up  or  apply  to  the  blocks  containing  the 
colors.— 6.  To  straighten  and  toughen  by  lay- 
ing on  a  block  of  wood  and  striking  with  a 
nan-ow,  flat-faced  hammer;  planish:  said  of 
saw-blades. -To  block  down,  to  force  sheet-metal 
without  breaking  it,  into  a  die,  in  cases  where  the  irregu- 
larities of  the  mold  are  so  great  that  the  metal  is  likely  to 
be  torn  by  covering  it  with  a  block  of  lead,  which  is  then 
carefully  hammered.     The  yielding  of  the  lead  gives  a 
slow  drawing  action  to  the  metal  beneath  it,  enabling  it 
to  be  gradually  brought  to  its  bed.— To  block  in  in  stat- 
uary or  painting,  to  outline  roughly  or  brini^  appro.vi- 
mately  to  the  desired  shape ;  form  the  outlines,  founda- 
tion, or  general  plan  of  any  work,  disregarding  the  details  • 
execute  roughly.—  To  block  OUt,  to  form  the  plan  or  out- 
lines  of ;  sketch. 

But  Washington  had  some  hand  in  blocking  out  this  re- 
public S.  Lanier,  The  English' Kovel,  p.  50. 

block2  (blok),  n.  [In  this  sense  the  noun,  in 
E.,  IS  in  most  senses  due  rather  to  the  verb: 
see  hloch'^,  v.  The  orig.  noun  is  found  once  in 
ME.  Uok,  an  inclosed  space ;  cf .  OF.  Uoc,  bar- 
rier, post,  wall  (>  OF.  Uoquer,  F.  Uoquer,  stop, 
block :  see  the  verb;  the  mod.  F.  hloc  goes  with 
Mock^) ;  MD.  block,  post,  stocks  (cf.  blocklands, 
an  melosed  piece  of  ground,  ditch,  swamp, 
MLG.  block,  post,  stocks,  LG.  blokland,  an  iri- 
elosed  swamp),  =  OFries.  ""Uokk,  in  comp. 

^  sluice;  OHG.  biloli,  confinement 
{MSG.  block,  a  kind  of  trap,  G.  block,  stocks, 
\V^°r^K^        =  he-\  +  loll, 

MMOr.  (x.  loch,  a  confined  space,  hole,  dun- 
geon, z=  AS.  loc,  E.  lock,  a  place  shut  in,  etc. : 
see  tocfci.  Confused  more  or  less  with  the  forms 
cited  under  blockX,  with  which  it  is  by  some 
identified.  See  the  verb  following.]  1.  Any 
obstruction  or  cause  of  obstruction;  a  stop; 
a  hindrance ;  an  obstacle. 

The  good  gods  assuage  thy  wath,  and  turn  the  dregs  of 
It  upon  this  varlet  here  ;  this,  who,  like  a  block,  hath  de- 
nied my  access  to  thee.  Shak.  Cor  v 


591 


Hence  — 2.  The  state  of  being  blocked  or 
stopped  up  ;  a  stoppage,  as  of  carriages :  as,  a 
block  on  a  railway ;  a  block  in  the  street.-  Block 

system,  a  system  of  working  railway  traffic,  according  to 
Which  the  line  is  divided  into  sections  of  a  mile  or  more 
with  a  signal  and  telegraphic  connection  at  the  end  of 
each  section ;  the  principle  of  the  system  being  that  no 
tram  is  allowed  to  leave  any  one  section  till  the  next 
succeeding  section  is  entirely  clear,  so  that  between  two 
successive  trains  there  is  preserved  not  merely  a  definite 
interval  of  time,  but  also  a  definite  interval  of  sDace  The 
system  thus  defined  is  called  the  "absolute."  In  the  so- 
called  "permissive"  system,  a  second  train  is  allowed  to 
enter  a  section  that  is  not  clear  with  orders  to  proceed 
cautiously. 

^iP'^^o  (jlo^)'  '>^-  t-  [Associated  with  the  noun 
blocks,  but  orig.  (as  an  E.  word)  <  OF.  Uoquer, 
t.  Uoquer  (>  also  Pr.  blocar  =  Sp.  Pg.  bloquear 
=  It.  bloccare),  block,  blockade,  stop  up,  <  OF. 
Woe,  block,  barrier,  obstruction  :  see  block'^,  n. 
t-i.  D.  blokkeren  =  Sw.  Uockera  =  Dan.  blok- 
kere  =  G.  blockieren,  blockade;  D.  blokken  = 
tr.  blocken,  study  hard,  plod,  =  LG.  blokken, 
stay  at  home  and  study  or  work,  orig.,  it  seems, 
lock  one's  self  in;  MLG.  blocken,  put  into  the 
stocks.]  1.  To  hinder  passage  from  or  to; 
prevent  ingress  or  egress;  stop  up;  obstruct 
"JPiacmg  obstacles  in  the  way:  often  follow- 
ed by  up :  as,  to  block  up  a  town  or  a  road. 
With  moles  would  block  the  port. 

Rowe,  tr.  of  Lucan's  Pharsalia,  ii. 
^re  is  no  small  despair,  sir,  of  their  safety 
Whose  ears  are  blocked  up  against  the  truth. 

Fletcher  {and  others),  Bloody  Brother,  iv.  1 


Weak  safnts  being  as  formidable  impediments  as  the 
strong  sinners,  both  blocking  the  ways  of  amendment. 

Alcott,  Tablets,  p.  143. 

2.  In  base-hall  and  cricket,  to  stop  (a  ball)  with 
the  bat  without  knocking  it  to  a  distance.— 3. 
In  foot-ball,  to  stop  (a  player)  when  running 
with  the  ball, 
blockade  (blo-kad'),  n.  [Cf.  D.  Uokkade  =  G. 
blockade  =  Sw.  blockad  =  Dan.  Uokkade,  from 
the  E. ;  from  the  verb  block"^  (F.  Uoquer)  +  -ade^ ; 
cf.  stockade,  barricade,  palisade,  etc.  Cf.  Sp. 
bloqueo,  Pg.  Uoqueio,  It.  blocco,  also  bloccatura, 
blockade,  from  the  verbs  corresponding  to 
block^,  q.  v.]  1.  The  shutting  up  of  a  place, 
particularly  a  port,  harbor,  or  line  of  coast,  by 
hostile  ships  or  troops,  so  as  to  stop  all  ingress 
or  egress,  and  to  hinder  the  entrance  of  sup- 
plies of  provisions,  ammunition,  or  reinforce- 
ments. 

The  word  blockade  properly  denotes  obstructing  the  pas- 
sage into  or  from  a  place  on  either  element,  but  is  more 
especially  applied  to  naval  forces  preventing  communi- 
cation by  water.       Woolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  180. 

Hence  — 2.  A  hindrance  to  progress  or  action 
caused  by  obstructions  of  any  kind.- paper 
blockade,  a  constructive  blockade;  a  blockade  estab- 
lished by  proclamation,  without  tlie  actual  presence  of  a 
force  adequate  to  make  it  effectual.  — To  break  a  block- 
ade. See  break.—To  raise  a  blockade,  to  remove  or 
break  up  a  blockade,  either  by  withdrawing  the  ships  or 
troops  that  keep  the  place  blocked  up,  or  by  drivin"- 
them  away  from  their  respective  stations.— To  run  a 
blockade,  to  pass  through  a  blockading  squadron  and 
enter  the  port  blockaded  by  it. 

blockade  (blo-kad'),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  block- 
aded, ppr.  blockading.  [<  blockade,  w.]  1. 
To  subject  to  a  blockade ;  prevent  ingress  or 
egress  from  by  warlike  means. 

The  building  .  .  .  was  on  every  side  blockaded  by  the 
insurgents.  Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

Hence — 2.  To  shut  in  by  obstacles  of  any  kind ; 
block;  obstruct. 

Every  avenue  to  the  hall  was  blockaded. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  19. 
blockader  (blo-ka'der),  11.    One  who  or  that 
which  blockades;  especially,  a  vessel  employed 
in  blockading. 

Having  a  good  pilot  and  little  depth,  she  could  general- 
ly run  well  inside  of  the  blockaders. 

J.  R.  Soley,  Blockade  and  Cruisers,  p.  160. 
blockade-runner  (blo-kad'run'''er),  «.  A  per- 
son or  a  vessel  engaged  in  the  business  of  run- 
ning a  blockade, 
blockage  (blok'aj),  n.  [<  Uock^  +  -age.']  Ob- 
struction ;  the  state  of  being  blocked  up  or  ob- 
structed. 

blockan  (blok'an),  n.  [Appar.  due  to  E.  black. 
Cf .  bleck.  Ir.  blocan  means  '  a  little  lump.']  A 
local  Irish  (County  Down)  name  of  the  youne' 
eoalfish.  ■'  ^ 

block-and-block  (blok'and-blok'),  a.  See  block 
and  block,  under  block^,  n. 
block-bond  (blok'bond),  n.  In  bricklaying,  an 
arrangement  in  which  headers  and  stretchers, 
or  bricks  laid  lengthwise  and  across,  succeed 
each  other  alternately.  Also  called  qarden- 
bond. 

block-book  (blok'biik),  n.  A  book  printed  from 
blocks  of  wood  having  the  letters  or  flgiu-es  cut 
on  them  in  reHef .  Specifically,  a  kind  of  small  book 
so  printed  in  Europe  before  the  invention  of  movable 
types,  consisting  generally  of  coarsely  cut  religious  or 
histoncal  pictures,  with  illustrative  texts  or  descriptions 
in  (Jothic  letters. 

The  ne.xt  step  in  the  progress  of  wood  engraving,  subse- 
quent to  the  production  of  single  cuts,  .  .  .  was  the  appli- 
cation of  the  art  to  the  production  of  those  works  which 
are  known  to  bibliographers  by  the  name  of  block-books. 

Chatto,  Wood  Engraving,  p.  58. 

block-coal  (blok'kol),  «.  a  peculiar  kind  of 
coal,  found  m  the  Indiana  coal-fields,  which 
breaks  readily  into  large  square  blocks,  and  is 
used  raw,  or  without  coking,  in  the  smelting  of 
iron. 

block-colors  (blok'kul'orz),  «.  pi.  Colors  laid 
on  with  blocks,  as  in  block-printing. 

blocker  (blok'er),  «.  l.  One  who  blocks:  used 
specifically  in  hat-making,  shoemaking,  book- 
binding, etc.—  2.  A  blocking-tool  or  -machine. 

block-furnace  (blok'fer'^nas),  n.  Same  as 
bloomcry. 

blockhead  (blok'hed),  w.  [<  Uock^  +  head;  cf. 
WocA.1,  w.,5.]   It.  A  head-shaped  piece  of  wood 

used  as  a  block  for  hats  or  wigs.    Hence  2t. 

A  head  containing  no  more  intelligence  or 
sense  than  a  block;  a  blockish  head. 
Your  wit  .  .  .  is  strongly  wedged  up  in  a  block  head. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  ii.  3. 

Are  not  you  a  Portuguese  born,  descended  o'  the  Moors 
and  came  hither  into  Seville  with  your  master,  an  arrant 
tailor  m  your  red  bonnet  and  your  blue  jacket,  lousy 
though  now  youT  block-head  be  covered  with  the  Spanish 
block  I  tletcher  (and  another),  Love's  Cure,  ii.  1. 


blockish 

That  I  could  not  think  of  this  as  well  as  he  ' 
O,  I  could  beat  my  infinite  blockhead. 

B.  Jonsim,  The  Devil  is  an  Ass,  iii.  I. 
3.  A  person  possessing  such  a  head ;  a  stupid 
fellow;  a  dolt;  a  person  deficient  in  under- 
standing. 

Madam,  'twere  dulness  past  the  ignorance 
Of  common  blockheads  not  to  understand 
Whereto  this  favour  tends. 

Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  i.  2. 
The  bookful  blockhead,  ignorantly  read. 
With  loads  of  learned  lumber  in  his  head. 

I'ope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  612. 

blockheaded  (blok'hed-ed),  a.  [<  Uock^  + 
head  +  -crf2.]  stupid;  dull:  as,  blockheaded 
boy,"  Sir  E.  L'Estranqe.  [Eare.] 

blockheadism  (blok'hed-izm),  n.  [<  blockhead 
+  -ism.']  The  character  of  a  blockhead;  stu- 
pidity. [Rare.] 

Reduced  to  tliat  state  of  blockheadism  which  is  so  con- 
spicuous in  his  master.  c.  Smart. 

blockheadly  (blok'hed-li),  a.  [<  blockhead  + 
-ly^.~\  Acting  like  a  blockhead;  densely  stupid : 
as,  "some  blockheadly  hero,"  Bryden,  Amphi- 
tryon, i.  2.  [Rare.] 
blockhouse  (blok'hous),  «.  [<  Uock"^  +  house; 
--  D.  blokhuis,  OD.  blockhuys  =  MLG.  hlockhus 
=  G.  Uockhaiis  (>  F.  hlockhaus)  =  Dan.  hlokhus 
=  Sw.  hlockhus,  blockhouse,  older  foi-m  hlocus; 
ong.  a  house  that  blocks  a  passage,  though 
later  taken  as  a  house  made  of  logs  (<  block^ 
+  house).']  Originally,  a  detached  fort  block- 
ing the  access  to  a  landing,  a  moxmtain 
pass,  narrow  channel,  etc. ;  in  later  use,  an  edi- 
fice of  one  or  more  stories,  constructed  chiefly 
of  hewn  timber,  and  supplied  with  loopholes 

for  musketry 
and  sometimes 
with  embra- 
sures for  can- 
non. When  of 
more  than  one 
story,  the  upper  is 
made  to  overhang 
the  lower,  and  is 
furnished  with 
machicolations  or 
loopholes  in  the 
overhung  floor,  so 
that  a  lunging  fire 
can  be  directed 
against  the  enemy 


Blockhouse. 
a,  a,  loopholes  for  musketry. 


in  close  attack.  When  a  blockhouse  stands  alone,  it  con"- 
stitutes  an  independent  fort,  a  form  which  is  often  very 
useful  m  a  rough  country ;  when  it  is  erected  in  the  in- 
terior of  a  fleldwork,  it  becomes  a  retrenchment  or  re- 
doubt. Stockades  are  sometimes  called  blockhouses, 
blockiness  (blok'i-nes),  n.  In  photog.,  the  state 
of  being  blocky;  indistinctness  and  uneven- 
ness  of  shading, 
blocking  (blok'ing),  «.    [Verbal  n.  of  Uock\  v.] 

1.  The  act  of  blocking,  or  the  state  of  being 
blocked,  in  any  sense  of  the  verb  block'i-.  specifl- 

cally— (a)  The  impressing,  either  in  gold  or  ink  or  with- 
out color,  of  a  design  on  the  covers  of  a  book :  in  the 
United  States  usually  called  stamping.  (6)  The  process  of 
bending  leather  into  shapes  for  the  fronts  or  soles  of  boots. 

2.  Blocks  used  to  support  anything  temporarily. 
—3.  A  small  rough  piece  of  wood  fitted  in 
and  glued  to  the  interior  angle  formed  by  two 
boards,  in  order  to  strengthen  the  joint  be- 
tween them. -Blind  blocking, 

in  bookbinding,  blind  stamping ;  the 
process  of  decorating  a  book  by  pres- 
sure, usually  with  heat,  but  without 
the  use  of  ink  or  gold-leaf. 

blocking-course    (blok '  ing- 

kors),  n.  In  arch.,  a  plain 
inember  of  square  profile, 
either  a  single  course  of  stone, 
or  built  up  of  bricks  or  the 
like  to  the  required  height, 
surmounting  a  cornice  in  the 
Roman  and  Renaissance  styles.  Its  vertical 
face  is  usually  in  the  plane  of  the  wall  or  frieze 
below  the  cornice. 

blocking-hammer  (blok'ing-ham"'er),  n.  A 
hammer  used  in  straightening  saw-blades, 
blocking-kettle  (blok'ing-ket"l),  n.    in  hat- 
making,  the  hot  bath  in  which  felts  are  soften- 
ed before  being  blocked, 
blocking-machine  (blok'ing-ma-shen*), ».  An 
apparatus  for  pulling,  foi-ming,  pressing,  and 
blocking  the  bodies  of  hats ;  a  blocker, 
blocking-press  (blok'ing-pres),  n.     A  press 
used  for  stamping  designs  on  book-covers: 
known  in  the  United  States  as  a  stampinq-press. 
blockish  (blok'ish),  rt.  l<blocl:'^  +  -ish'i:)  Like 
a  block;  stupid;  dull ;  deficient  in  understand- 
ing: as,  "blockish  Ajax,"  Shak.,  T.  andC.,i.  3. 

Beauty,  say  we.  is  the  inaintainer  of  valour.  Who  is  so 
blunt  as  knows  it  not  ?  who  is  so  blockish  as  will  not— and 
may  with  justice  — defend  it  ? 

Furd,  Uunoui  Triuiupliant,  ii 


blocking-course; 
cornice  ;  c,  face  of 
wall. 


blockish 

Destitute  of  Beda :  left  only  to  obscure  and  blockish 
Chronicles.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  iv. 

blockishly  (blok'ish-li),  adv.  In  a  blockish  or 
stupid  manner:  as,  "so  hlockiahly  ignorant," 
Huklinjt,  Voyages,  II.  ii.  174. 

blockishness  (Wok'ish-nes),  )(.  stupidity; 
dullness:  as,  "incurable  hlockishncss,"  Whit- 
lock,  Manners  of  English.  People,  p.  140. 

block-like  (blok'Uk),  a.   Like  a  block;  stupid. 

Am  I  sand-blind  ?  twice  so  near  the  blessing 
1  would  arrive  at,  and  blockiike  never  know  it. 

Fletcher,  rilgrim,  iv.  1. 

block-machine  (blok'ma-shen"),  n.  A  machine, 
or  an  assemblage  of  machines,  for  making  the 
shells  and  sheaves  of  the  wood  blocks  used  for 
ship-tackle. 

block-plane  (blok'plan),  n.  A  plane  the  iron 
of  which  is  set  very  obliquely  to  the  direction 
in  which  it  i-<  imived,  so  that  it  can  plane  across 
the  gi'ain  of  the  wood. 

block-printed  (blok'prin'ted),  a.  Printed  from 
blocks.    See  block-printing. 

block-printing  (blok'prin'''ting),  n.  1.  The 
act,  process,  or  art  of  printing  fi-om  blocks  of 
wood  on  which  the  letters  or  characters  have 
been  carved  in  relief;  speeifieally,  the  Chinese 
method  of  printing  books,  and  that  employed 
to  some  extent  in  Em-ope  before  the  invention 
of  movable  t\T3es.  See  block-hook. —  2.  The  pro- 
cess of  impressing  patterns  on  textile  fabrics, 
especially  calicos,  by  means  of  wooden  blocks 
having  the  pattern  cut  in  relief  on  their  sur- 
face and  charged  with  color.  A  similar  method 
is  frequently  used  in  printing  paper-hangings. 

block-ship  (blok'ship),  n.  1.  A  ship  iised  to 
block  the  entrance  to  a  harbor  or  port. —  2.  An 
old  man-of-war,  unfit  for  operations  in  the  open 
sea,  used  as  a  store-ship  or  receiving-vessel, 
etc. ;  a  hulk. 

block-tin  (blok'tin),  n.  [<  hlock'i-  -f-  tin;  =D. 
hloktin  =  Sw.  blocktcnn.]  Metallic  tin  after 
being  refined  and  cast  in  molds. 

block-trail  (blok'tral),  n.  The  solid  trail  of  a 
gun-carriage.  Tlie  stock  is  made  either  of  a  single 
pieci'  'if  tiiiiiK  T  or  of  two  longitudinal  pieces  properly 
Secill  i-il  t<  i:;rtln'r.     I  i;il'.^.  J 

block-truck  (blok'truk),  n.  A  three-  or  four- 
wheeled  hand-truck  for  moving  heavy  boxes, 
without  handles  or  shafts. 

blocky  (blok'i),  a.  [< 
bloclA  -\-  In photog., 

having  the  appearance  of 
being  printed  in  blocks, 
from  an  unequal  distribu- 
tion of  light  and  shade. 

blodbendet,  In  pldcbotomy.  a  tape  or  narrow 
bandage,  usually  of  silk,  used  to  bind  the  ai-m 
before  or  after  blood-letting. 

blodite  (bled'it),  11.  [<  liUkle  (name  of  a  chem- 
ist) -I-  -i'fc2.]  A  hydrous  sulphate  of  magne- 
sium and  sodium,  foimd  in  the  salt-mines  of 
Isehl  in  Upper  Austria,  and  elsewhere. 

bloke  (blok),  /(.  [Also  spelled  blouk ;  a  word 
of  obscure  origin.]  Man;  fellow:  a  term  of 
disrespect  or  contumely.  [Slang.] 

blomary,  " .    Same  as  bloomery. 

blond  (blond),  a.  and  m.  [=  D.  G.  Dan.  blond 
(MHG.  hhtnt),  <  OF.  P.  blond,  fem.  Monde,  light, 

fair,         Pr.  l)lon  =  Sp.  blondo  —  It.  biondo,  < 

ML.  blonihis,  bJundns  (glossed  flams),  yellow. 
Origin  unknown.  The  supposed  connection 
with  AS.  blondcn-feax,  gray-haired,  lit.  having 
mixed  hair,  <  blonden,  blanden,  pp.  of  blandan, 
mix  (see  blend^),  -f-  feax,  hair,  is  hardly  prob- 
able.] I,  a.  Of  a  light  golden-brown  or  golden 
color:  applied  to  hair;  hence,  light-colored; 
fair :  applied  to  complexion,  and  by  extension 
to  persons  having  light  hair  or  a  fair  complex- 
ion: as,  "Godfrey's  Wowrf  countenance,"  George 
Eliot,  Silas  Marner,  iii.  =Syn.  Fair,  etc.   See  white. 

II.  II.  1.  A  person  vsdth  blond  hair  and  fair 
complexion. —  2.  Blond-lace  (which  see). 
Lydia.  Heigh-ho  ! — What  are  those  books  by  the  glass? 
Lticy.  The  great  one  is  only  "  The  Wliole  Duty  of  Man," 
where  I  press  a  few  blonds,  ma'am. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  i.  2. 

blonde  (blond),  a.  and  n.  The  feminine  of  blond. 
She  was  a  fine  and  somewhat  full-blown  blonde. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  xiv.  42. 

blonde-cendree  (blond-son-dra'),  «•  [F-,  < 
blond,  fem.  blonde,  blond,  -t-  cendre,  fem.  cen- 
dree,  ash-colored,  ashy,  <  cendre,  <  L.  cinis 
(ciner-),  ashes.]  Ash-colored:  applied  to  hair 
which  is  light-brown  in  color,  and  without  red 
or  yellow  tints. 

blond-lace  (blond'las),  n.  Lace  made  of  silk, 
originally  of  unbleached  silk  (from  the  yellow- 
ish color  of  which  the  name  arose),  now  of 


Human  Blood-corpus- 
cles, magnified  225  diam- 
eters. 


592 

white,  black,  or  colored  silk,  manufactured  at 
Chantilly  and  other  places  in  France.  The 
name  has  also  been  giveu  to  a  kind  of  thread- 
laee. 

blond-metal  (blond' met ''al),  n.  A  peculiar 
variety  of  clay-ironstone  of  the  coal-measures 
occm'ring  near  Wednesbury  in  Staffordshire, 
England. 

blondness  (blond'nes),  n.  [<  blond  +  -ness.'i 
The  state  of  being  blond;  fairness  of  com- 
plexion. 

With  this  infantine  blondness  showing  so  much  ready, 
self-i)Ossessed  grace.        George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  xvi. 

blonkett,  «•  and  n.    A  variant  of  blunket. 

blood  (blud),  n.  [=  Sc.  blitid,  blude ;  <  ME. 
blood,  bloud,  bind,  Mod,  <  AS.  Mod  {=  OS.  Mod 
=  OFries.  Mod  D.  bloed  =  MLG.  blot,  LG. 
blood  =  OHG.  bluot,  MHG.  bliiot,  G.  Mitt  =  Icel. 
blodh  =  Sw.  Mod  =  Dan.  Mod  =  Goth.  Moth), 
blood ;  perhaps,  with  formative  -d  {-th),  from 
the  root  of  Moican,  E.  hlow^,  bloom,  flourish, 
vrith  reference  to  either  life  or  color.]  1.  The 
fluid  which  circulates  in  the  arteries  and  veins. 
From  it  the  solid  tissues  take  their  food  and  o.xygen,  and 
into  it  they  discharge  their  waste  jjroducts.  The  blood 
is  red  in  vertebrates,  except  amjiliioxus,  and  colorless, 
red,  blnisli,  greenish,  or  milky  in  other  animals.  In  pass- 
ing through  the  lungs  (see  circulatiun)  it  is  o.xygenated 
and  gives  up  carbon  dioxid ;  then,  after  passing  through 
the  lieart,  it  is  carried  as  arterial  blood  l>y  the  arteries 
to  the  tissues  ;  from  the  tissues  it  is  returned  to  the  heart 
through  the  veins,  depriveil  of  its  nutrient  properties,  as 
eenous  blood.  The  venous  blood  of  the  C ran  iota  is  dark- 
red,  the  arterial  bright-scarlet.  Tlie  specific  gravity  of 
human  blood  in  health  is  about  1.055.  Tlie  blood  con- 
sists of  a  fluid  pale-yellow  plasma  and  semi-solid  corpus- 
cles; the  latter  constitute  between 
one  third  and  one  half  of  it ;  they 
are  of  two  kinds,  red  and  white. 
In  a  cubic  millimeter  of  healthy  hu- 
man blood  there  are  about  5,000,- 
000  corpuscles,  the  red  being  to  the 
white  on  the  average  al.)out  as  350 
to  1.  The  red  corpuscl  es  are  flat  bi- 
concave disks,  non-nucleated  and 
almost  always  round  in  mammals, 
and  nucleated  and  almost  always 
oval  in  other  Cnuiiola.  Their  di- 
ameter averages  in  man  about  7.5 
micromillimeters  (•n'-.Tiy  incli),  while  in  Amphiuma  tridac- 
tylum  the  longer  diameter  is  67.2  micromillimeters  (  ,Jv, 
inch).  Their  color  is  due  to  hemoglobin,  which  constitutes 
about  90  per  cent,  of  tlieir  dried  substance.  Tlie  white 
corpuscles  are  nucleated,  slightly  larger  than  tlie  red  in 
man,  and  exhibit  active  anncboid  movements.  Animal 
blood  is  used  in  claiitying  sugar,  in  making  animal  char- 
coal, as  a  manure,  and  in  many  other  ways. 

2.  Blood  that  is  shed;  bloodshed;  slaughter; 
murder. 

I  will  avenge  the  blood  of  Jezreel  upon  the  house  of 
Jehu.'  Hos.  i.  4. 

So  wills  the  fierce  avenging  sprite. 
Till  blood  for  blood,  atones. 

Hood,  Dream  of  Eugene  Aram. 

3.  The  responsibility  or  guilt  of  shedding  the 
blood  of  others. 

His  blood  be  on  us,  and  on  our  children.    Mat.  xxvii.  25. 

4.  From  being  j)opularly  regarded  as  the  fluid 
in  which  more  especially  the  life  resides,  as 
the  seat  of  feelings,  passions,  hereditary  quali- 
ties, etc.,  the  word  Mood  has  come  to  be  used 
typically,  or  with  certain  associated  ideas,  in  a 
number  of  diflferent  ways.  Thus  — (at)  The  vital 
principle ;  life. 

Romeo  slew  him,  he  slew  Mercutio  ; 

Who  now  the  price  of  his  dear  blood  doth  owe  ? 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  1. 

(b)  I'leslily  nature  ;  the  carnal  part  of  man,  as  opposed  to 
the  spiritual  nature  or  divine  life. 

All  frailties  that  besiege  all  kinds  of  blood. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  cix. 
For  beauty  is  a  witch, 
Against  whose  charms  faitl.'melteth  into  blood. 

Shak.,  MucH  Ado,  ii.  1. 

(c)  Temper  of  mind;  natural  disposition;  high  spirit; 
mettle  ;  passion ;  anger  :  in  this  sense  often  accompanied 
with  mid  or  warm,  or  otlier  qualifying  word.  Thus,  to 
commit  an  act  in  cold  blood  is  to  do  it  deliberately  and 
without  sudden  passion.  Hot  or  warm  blood  denotes  a 
temper  inflamed  or  irritated ;  to  warm  or  heat  the  blood 
is  to  excite  the  passions. 

Our  bloods 
No  more  obey  the  heavens. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  i.  1. 
Strange,  unusual  blood, 
When  man's  worst  sin  is,  he  does  too  much  good  ! 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  2. 
Blest  gods. 

Make  all  their  actions  answer  to  their  bloods. 

B.  Jonson,  Sejanus,  iii.  1. 

The  words  "coercion"  and  "invasion  "  are  much  used 
in  these  days,  and  often  with  some  temper  and  hot  blood. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  80. 

(d)  A  man  of  fire  or  spirit ;  a  hot  spark ;  a  rake. 

The  gallants  of  these  times  pretty  much  resembled  the 
bloods  of  ours.    Goldsmith ,  Reverie  at  Boar's  Head  Tavern. 

(e)  Persons  of  any  specified  race,  nationality,  or  family, 
considered  collectively. 


blood 

Indian  blood,  thus  far  in  the  history  of  this  country,  haa 
tended  decidedly  toward  extinction. 

Quoted  in  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVI.  233. 
(/)  Birth  ;  extraction  ;  pai'entage  ;  breed  ;  absolutely,  high 
birth ;  good  extraction  :  often  qualified  by  such  adjectives 
as  good,  base,  etc. 

A  prince  of  blood,  a  son  of  Priam. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iii.  3. 

Oood  blood  was  indeed  held  in  high  respect,  but  be- 
tween good  blood  and  the  privileges  of  peerage  there  was 
no  necessary  connection.  Pedigrees  as  long,  and  scutch- 
eons as  old,  were  to  be  found  out  of  the  House  of  Lords 
as  in  it.  Macaulay. 
[In  this  sense  tlie  word  is  often  used  of  the  pedigree  ol 
horses. 

She's  a  line  mare,  and  a  thing  of  shape  and  blood. 

Colman,  Jealous  Wife,  ii.  1.] 

(g)  One  who  inherits  the  blood  of  another;  child;  col- 
lectively, offspring ;  progeny. 

The  world  will  say  —  He  is  not  Talbot's  blood 
That  basely  fled,  when  noble  Talbot  stood. 

Shak.,  men.  VI.,  iv.  6. 

(h)  Relationsliip  by  descent  from  a  common  ancestor ; 
consanguinity  ;  lineage  ;  kindred  ;  family. 

I  hope  I  do  not  break  the  fifth  commandment,  if  I  con- 
ceive I  may  love  my  friend  before  the  nearest  of  my 
blood.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  ii.  5. 

And  politicians  have  ever,  with  great  reason,  considered 
the  ties  of  blood  as  feeble  and  precarious  links  of  political 
connection.  A.  Hamilton,  Federalist,  No.  24. 

Nearer  in  blood  to  the  Spanish  throne  than  his  grand- 
father the  Emperor.  Macanlay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxiil. 

It  is  a  maxim  that  none  shall  claim  as  lieir  who  is  not 
of  the  blood  (i.  e.,  kindred)  of  the  purchaser. 

Wharton,  Law  Lex. 

5.  That  which  resembles  blood;  the  juice  of 
anything,  especially  if  red:  as,  "the  Mood  of 
grapes,"  Gen.  xlix.  11. —  6t.  Adisease  in  cattle. 

—  7.  A  commercial  name  for  red  coral  A  bit 

of  blood,  an  animal  of  good  pedigree ;  a  thorouglibred. 

—  Bad  blood,  ill  blood,  disagreement ;  disunion  ;  strife; 
angry  feeling ;  unfriendliness. 

Partly  to  make  tad  Stood,  .  .  .  they  instituted  a  method 
of  petitioning  the  king  that  the  parliament  might  meet 
and  sit.  Roger  North,  Life  of  Lord  Guilford,  ii.  25. 

Hot  words  passed  on  both  sides,  and  ill  blood  was  plen- 
tifully bred.  Sioift,  Battle  of  Books. 

Baptism  of  blood.  See  6a^i(ts?n.— Blood  on  bread. 

See  bloody  bread,  under  bloody. — Blue  blood,  aristocratic 
blood  ;  blood  flowing  in  the  veins  of  old  and  aristocratic 
families.  Tlie  phrase  is  said  to  have  originated  in  Spain, 
from  a  notion  that  the  blood  of  some  of  the  oldest  and 
proudest  families,  having  never  lieen  tainted  by  intermix- 
ture with  that  of  the  Moorish  invaders,  was  of  a  bluer 
tint  than  that  of  the  common  people. 

The  very  anxiety  shown  by  the  modern  Spaniard  to 
prove  that  only  the  sangre  azul,  blue-blood,  flows  through 
his  veins,  uncontaminated  by  any  Moorish  or  Jewish 
taint,  may  be  thouglit  to  afford  some  evidence  of  the  in- 
timacy wliicli  once  existed  between  his  forefathers  and 
the  triliBS  of  eastern  origin.  Prcscott. 
Corruption  of  blood.  See  attainder,  1.— Dissolution 
of  the  bloodt.  See  dmoZuftow.— Doctrine  of  blood- 
atonement.  See  afonem  cnt— Flesh  and  blood,  (a)  The 
body  as  the  seat  of  human  passions  and  desires ;  human 
nature  :  as,  it  was  too  much  iov  flesh  and  blood  to  endure. 
(b)  ()fts]iriiiu  ;  pi'ogeny  ;  child  or  children  :  as,  one's  own 
fle.'ili  mid  hliHiil  .sliould  he  preferred  to  strangers.— FlOWer 
Of  blood,  froth  of  blood,  names  used  in  commerce  to 
denote  coral  of  certain  degrees  of  l)ardness  and  brilliancy 
of  color.— For  the  blood  of  himt,  for  the  life  of  him.— 
Fresh  blood,  lilood  of  anotiier  strain  ;  hence,  new  mem- 
bers, or  new  elements  of  vigor  or  strength ;  pei'sons  of  new 
or  fresh  ideas  and  ways  of  thinking :  as,  fresh  blood  is 
needed  in  the  management  of  the  party. — Half  blood, 
relationship  tlirough  one  parent  only,  as  that  of  half 
brothers  or  sisters,  or  of  persons  of  the  same  race  on  one 
side  and  different  races  on  the  other. —  In  blood,  in  a 
state  of  perfect  health  and  vigor :  properly  a  term  of  the 
chase. 

But  wlien  they  shall  see,  sir,  his  crest  up  again,  and  tlie 
man  in  blood,  they  will  out  of  their  burrows  like  conies 
after  rain.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  5. 

In  cold  blood,  in  hot  blood.  See  4  (c),  above.— Man 
of  blood,  a  murderous  or  bloodthirsty  man  ;  a  murderer. 

The  secret'st  man,  of  blood.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4. 
Out  of  blood,  in  bad  condition  ;  without  vigor  ;  lifeless: 
said  of  hounds. — The  blood,  royal  family  or  lineage  :  as, 
princes  of  the  blood.— To  be  let  bloodt.  (a)  To  have  a 
vein  opened  for  tlie  withdrawal  of  blood  as  a  remedy  in 
sickness. 

You  look  as  you  were  not  well,  sir,  and  would  be 
Shortly  let  blood.  Fletcher,  Beggars'  Bush,  v.  2. 

(b)  To  be  put  to  death. 

Commend  me  to  Lord  William  :  tell  him  .  .  . 
His  ancient  knot  of  dangerous  adversaries 
To-morrow  are  let  blood  at  Ponifret-castle. 

Shak.,  Rich.  IIL,  iii.  1. 
To  let  blood,  in  surg.,  to  draw  blood  from  (any  one)  by 
opening  a  vein. 

He  is  feverish,  and  hath  sent  for  Mr.  Pearce  to  let  him 
blood.  Pepys,  Diary,  I.  374. 

To  restore  to  or  in  blood,  to  free  from  the  conse- 
quences of  attainder ;  readmit  to  the  privileges  of  one's 
birth  and  rank,— To  run  in  the  blood,  to  be  hereditary 
in  the  family,  nationality,  or  race, —  To  the  blOOdt,  to 
the  quick  ;  through  the  skin. 

I  could  not  get  on  my  boots,  which  vexed  me  to  the 
blood.  Pepys,  Diary,  I.  332. 

Whole  blood,  relationship  through  both  father  and 
mother.  See  half  blood,  above.— Young  blood,  young 
people  generally ;  the  younger  members  of  a  community, 
party,  etc. 


blood 

[<  Uood,  «.]    It.  To  let 


blood  from ;  bleed  by  opening  a  vein.  John- 
son.—2\.  To  stain  with  blood. 

J.;   jii,  ■      ■  ^  X    I^^ach  out  their  spears  afar, 
And  blood  their  points  to  prove  their  partnersliip  in  war. 

Drxjden,  fables. 

Henee— 3   To  give  a  taste  of  blood:  inure  to 
the  sight  of  blood. 
It  was  most  important  too  that  his  troops  should  be 
Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ix. 
He  [the  deerhound]  must  be  made  steady  from  all 
t/Jht'H^'H'      Pf*»^'«.  should  be  taken  up  in  couples 
to  the  death  of  a  deer  once  or  twice  and  blooded,  so  as  to 
malte  him  understand  the  nature  of  the  scent. 

Doffs  of  Great  Britain  and  America,  p.  221. 

4f.  To  heat  the  blood  of;  excite  ;  exasperate. 

»,7l!i^f' "'"'^'■^■^"r'^'^'  ^''^'"'^  ='"'1  English  were  much 
blooded  one  against  another.  £«co)i,  Hist.  Hen.  VII. 

5t.  To  victimize ;  extract  money  from  (a  per- 
son); bleed.    [Slang.]  ^  ^ 

blood-baptism  (blud'bap'^'tizm),  n.  A  term 
applied  by  the  early  Christians  to  the  martyr- 
dom of  those  converts  who  had  not  been  bap- 
tized,   bee  baptis4n  of  blood,  under  baptism. 

blopd-bespotted  (blud'be-spot^ed;,  a.  Spot- 
ted with  blood.  ■ 

0  blood-bespotted  Neapolitan.     Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1. 
blood-bolteredf  (blud'hoF'terd),  a.  [<  blood  + 
boltered,  pp.  of  Z'o?^?-,  a  rare  word:  see  bolter^:  1 
Clotted  or  clogged  with  blood 


593 


The  blood-bolter' d  Banquo  smiles  upon  me. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  1. 
In  Warwickshire,  when  a  horse,  sheep,  or  other  animal 
perepires  mncli,  and  any  of  the  hair  or  wool  becomes 
ma  ted  into  tufts  with  grime  and  sweat,  he  is  said  to  be 
boltered  :  and  whenever  the  blood  issues  out  and  coagu 
lates  forming  the  locks  into  hard  clotted  bunches  the 
beast  IS  said  to  be  hlood-boltered.  ouucnes,  me 

H.  N.  Hudson,  note  on  Macbeth,  iv.  1, 123 
blood-bouglit  (blud'bot),  a.     Bought  or  ob- 
tained at  the  expense  of  life  or  by  the  shed- 
ding of  blood,  as  in  the  crucifixion  of  Christ 
blood-cell  (blud'sel),  n.     A  blood-corpuscle, 
especially  an  oval  nucleated  one.    See  blood. 

rRnrln'rf,^  ^^emertina  the  blood-cells  have  a  red  colour 
(Uorlabia).  Gegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  172. 

blood-consuming  (blud'kon-sii"ming),  a.  Life- 
wasting ;  deathly :  as,  "Uood-consuminq  sieh?.'' 
Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2.  ^    s  > 

blood-corpuscle  (blud'kor'pus-l),  n.  One  of 
the  corpuscles  of  the  blood;  a  blood-cell  or 
blood-disk.    See  blood. 

blood-cups  (blud'kups),  n.  pi.  A  name  given 
to  the  discomyeetous  fungus  Pesim  coccinea,  in 
reference  to  the  bright-red  color  of  its  cup-like 
terms,  and  also  to  some  allied  species  of  Feziza 

blood-disk  (blud'disk),  v.  A  red,  disk-shaped,' 
non-nucleated  blood-corpuscle,  such  as  the 
mammalia  possess. 

blood-drier  (bind 'driver),  n.  One  who  pre- 
pares blood  for  use  in  sugar-refining  and  for 
other  purposes. 

blood-drinking  (blud'dring"king),  a.  Drink- 
ing blood.  Specifically,  in  Shakspere  —  (a)  Takiix'  in 
or  soaked  with  blood:  as,  "this  detested  dark  ftfeorf 
W?„'!/  ?^  PJ,- •  A,"''-'  3-  (b)  Bloodthi  -sty :  as,  "  my 
blood-dnnhnff  hate,"  1  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  4.   (e)  Preyino-  on  the 

VI°°1ir2^^=  as,"Wood.dri,i4^sl|K"2H;^^^ 

blooded  (blud'ed),  «.  [<  blood,  %.,  +  -ed^.i 
1.  Ot  pure  blood,  or  good  breed;  thorough- 
bred; derived  from  ancestors  of  good  blood- 
having  a  good  pedigree:  said  of  horses  and 
other  stock  —2.  Having  blood  of  a  kind  noted 
or  specified:  used  in  composition:  as,  warm- 
blooded  animals.— 3.  Figuratively,  character- 
ized by  a  temper  or  state  of  mind  noted  in  the 
prefix:  used  m  composition  :  as,  a  cold-blooded 
murder ;  a  hot-blooded  answer. 
Wood-finch  (blud'finch),  n.  A  name  of  the 
smaU  finch-like  birds  of  the  genus  Lagenosticta, 
as  L.  minima,  known  to  bird-dealers  as  the  Ut- 
ile Senegal. 

Wood-fine  (blud'fin),  n.    Same  as  blood-icite. 

Wood-flower  (blud'flou"er),  n.  1.  The  popular 
name  of  some  of  the  red-flowered  species  of 
^fmanthus,  a  genus  of  bulbous  plants,  natives 
lUw2fTf  ^r'^  Hope.- 2!^  The 'name  in 
the  West  Indies  of  Asclepias  Curassarica,  a  spe- 
latSs  flowers,  common  in  tropical 

Wood-frozen  (blud'fr6'''zn),  a.  Havingthe  blood 
frozen;  ehUled.    Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  iz  25. 
S:^^*"^®^^  (blud'gil"ti-nes),  n.   [<  blood- 
dinlw    a"''!;^    The  guilt  or  crime  of  shed- 
Quig  blood.    Ps.  li.  14. 

xness  of  all  this  war  to  he  upon  his  own  head. 

gg  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xix. 


blood-guiltless  (blud'gilt  'Ies),  a.    Free  -from 

the  guilt  or  crime  of  shedding  blood ;  notguiltv 
of  murder.    Walpole.  [Bare.] 
blood-guilty  (blud'giini),  a.  Guilty  of  murder; 
responsible  for  the  death  of  another. 

Tliis  blood-guiltie  life. 
Fairfax,  tr.  of  Godfrey  of  Bullogne,  xii.  66. 
blood-heat  (blud'het),  n.    A  degree  of  heat 
n3o  t^^^t  Of  human  blood,  that  is,  about 

99  t .  (though  commonly  marked  on  thermom- 
eters as  98°). 
blood-horse  (blud'hors),  n.    [<  blood,  4:(f\  + 
Aorse.]    1.  A  horse  of  a  breed  derived  origi- 
nally from  a  cross  with  the  Arabian  horse, 
combining  m  a  remarkable  degree  lightness 
strength,  swiftness,  and  endurance.— 2  A 
blooded  horse, 
blood-hot  (blud'hot),  a.    As  warm  as  blood  at 
Its  natural  temperature, 
bloodhound   (blud'hound),  n.     [<  ME  blod- 
hound,  -hond  (=  D.  bloedhond  =  MLG.  bldthunt 
=  Lt.  bluthund  =  Dan.  Sw.  blodhund);  <  blood 
+  hound.']    1.  A  variety  of  dog  with  lomr 
smooth,  and  pendulous  ears,  remarkable  for  the 
acuteness  of  its  smell,  and  employed  to  recover 
game  or  prey  which  has  escaped,  tracing  a 
wounded  animal  by  the  blood  it  has  spilled 
(whence  its  name),  or  by  any  other  effluvium 
or  hahtus  left  on  a  trail  which  it  follows  by 
the  FncJ,^''fh"?  f^^""^^  varieties  of  this  animal,  as 
TUnnSi?^         ""^  f.""^^"'  '^"'^  'l^e  African  bloodhound 
elme  bT^^^'^'f""'"  ""'-V     'he  pursuit  of 

UnTted  St J«  thl  n      ^"Sitive  criminals;  in  the 

fugmve  slaves.    ^  """"'^^  employed  in  hunting 

2.  Figuratively,  a  man  who  hunts  for  blood : 
a  relentless  persecutor. 

wiirfw^-T/K  ^r,""!,?"''''!™'^'!  the  indefatigable  zeal 
with  which  the  bloodhounds  oi  the  tribunal  foUowed  up 
the  scent.  Prcscott,  Ferd.  and  Isa. .  i!  12 

bloodily  (blud'i-li),  adv.    In  a  bloody  manner  • 
cruelly ;  with  a  disposition  to  shed  blood. 

wi  1 1     ^  ■  .  proud  death ! 

What  feast  is  toward  In  thine  eternal  cell, 
that  thou  so  many  princes,  at  a  shoot, 
S,oWood<ij/ hast  struck?         SAa/fc.,  Hamlet,  v  2 
bloodiness  (blud'i-nes),  n.    [<  bloody  +  -ness.] 
lo  shed  Wood?'  ""'"^^  ^l-dy.-2.  Disposition 


bloodshedding 


blood-mare  (blud'mar),  n.  a  mare  of  blooded 
breed ;  a  female  blood-horse, 
blood-money  (blud'mun'i),  n.  Money  paid  as 
the  price  of  blood,  (a)  Compensation  or  reward  for 
bnng.ng  about  the  death  of  another,  either  by  brTnging  I 
capita  charge  aganist  liim  or  by  giving  such  testimnnv 
as  w,  1  ead  to  conviction,    (i)  fcon.pensa  i'm  forln^rh 

,orlc^ri^;'i^:'i;;^^°^^^T^^i-i-""'f'-.  ^ 

blood-orange  (bhid'or'anj),  n.    See  orange. 
blood-pheasant  (blud'fez"ant).  r,.    a  bird  of 
the  genus  llhaginis  (which  see), 
blood-plaque  (blud'plak),  ».  a  blood-piate. 
blood-plate  (blud'plat),  n.    One  of  the  minute 
diseoidal  bodies  found  in  large  numbers  in  the 
blood  of  mammals.    They  are  from  one  fourth  to  one 
half  the  size  of  tlie  red  corpuscles,  and  are  many  times  more 
numerous  than  the  white  corpuscles.   See  blood  and  blood- 
corpuscle.    Also  called  heinatoblasts  of  Idai/em,  and  cor- 
piisclcs  or  elementary  particles  of  Zimmermann. 

blood-poisoning  (blud'poi"zn-ing),  «.  See 

toxemia.  ' 

blood-pudding  (blud' pudding),  n.    Same  as 

black-pnddiiir/. 
blood-red  (blud'red),  a.    [<  ME.  blodrede,  <  AS. 
blodread  (=  D.  bloedrood  =  G.  blutroth  =  Icel 
blodhraudhr  =  Sw.  Dan.  blodrod),  <  Mod,  blood' 
+  redd,  red.]    Blood-colored;  red  with  blood. 
He  wrapped  his  colours  round  his  breast 
On  a  blood-red  field  of  Spain.  Hemans. 

and° aronef^^^' ^""^ '       '""'^^  ^'^^e^ 


This  bloodiness  of  Saul's  intention. 
V  ,      , .  Delany,  Life  of  David,  i.  8. 

bloodingt  (blud'ing),  n.  A  blood-pudding, 
blood-islands (blud'i"landz),  n.i^l.  Inembryol., 
the  isolated  red  patches  in  the  vascular  area 
ot  the  embryo,  in  which  red  blood-corpuscles 
are  in  process  of  development, 
blood-leech  (blud'lech),  n.  One  of  the  Hiru- 
dinea  which  sueks  blood,  as  the  common  medi- 
cinal leech. 

bloodless  (blud'les),  a.  [<  ME.  blodles,  <  AS. 
blodleas  (=  p.  bloedeloos  =  G.  blutlos  =  Icel. 
blocjhlaus  =  Sw.  Dan.  blodlds),  <  blod,  blood,  + 
-leas  -less.]  1.  Without  blood;  drained  of 
blood ;  dead  from  loss  of  blood. 

The  bloodless  carcass  of  my  Hector.       Dryden,  MneiH. 

2  Pale  or  colorless  from  defect  of  blood:  pal- 
lid: as,  bloodless  lips.— 3.  Free  from  blood- 
shed; unattended  by  blood :  as,  a  bloodless  vic- 
tory;   with  bloodless  stroke,"  Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  5. 

^^°'><^^«^s  conquests  of  fancy  over  re-^ions 
laid  down  upon  no  map.  j  "  <=i  le^ions 

io?tW<,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  243 
4.  Without  spirit  or  energy. 

Thou  bloodless,  brainless  fool. 

-f'e'c/icr.  Double  Marriage. 

&.  Cold-hearted :  as,  bloodless  charity  or  cere- 
mony. 

bloodlessness  (blud'les-nes),  n.  [<  bloodless 
+  -ness.]  The  state  or  condition  of  being 
without  blood,  or  of  being  deficient  in  blood  • 
anemia.  ' 

If  a  man  were  placed  on  a  revolving  table,  with  his  feet 
toward  the  centre,  the  blood  in  his  body  would  be  ur-ed 
owards  his  head  ;  and  this  has  actually  been  proposed  a^ 
treatment  in  bloodlessness  of  the  brain. 

A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  143 
bloodlet  (bind  '  let),  V.  i.  [<  ME.  blodleten,  < 
Ab.  blodlwtan  (cf.  Icel.  blddhlatinn,r,u.),  <  blod 
blood,  +  Icetan,  let:  see  letl.-]  To  bleed;  let 
blood;  phlebotomize.  [Rare.] 
bloodletter  (blud'lef'er),  «.  [<  me.  blodletter 
-leter,  <  AS.  blodlwtere.  <  blodlwtan,  bloodlet  1 
One  who  lets  blood,  as  in  diseases  ;  a  phlebot- 
omist. 

bloodletting  (bludaefing),  n.    [<  ME.  blod- 

leting,  -letitnge,  <  blodleten,  bloodlet.  Cf.  G  blit't- 
lassen,  bloodletting.]  In  med.,  the  act  of  letting 
blood  or  bleeding  by  opening  a  vein,  as  a  reme- 
dial measure  in  the  treatment  of  disease :  nhle- 
botomy.  ' 


The  event  which  was  to  place  the  blood-red  hand  of  the 
>ewcome  baronetcy  on  his  own  brougham. 

Thackeray,  Xewcomes. 
Blood-red  heat,  the  degree  of  heat,  shown  by  the  color 
r'','',',^"'  '°  '^"^  P™'"'^"-a>ices  on  coarse  iron  by  the 

hanuner.  after  it  lias  been  brought  to  its  shape,  to  prepare 
X  toi  hling.  Small  pieces  of  iron  are  often  brought  to  this 
beat  preparatory  to  punching. 

blood-relation  (blud're-la'shon),  n.    One  re- 
lated by  blood  or  descent ;  a  kinsman, 
blood-relationship  (blud're-la"shon-ship),  n. 
Consanguinity;  kinship. 

The  hypothesis  of  differing  gradations  of  blood-relation- 
Claus,  Zoology  (trans.),  p.  157. 

bloodroot  (blud'rot),  w.  l.  The  tormentil  (Po- 
tentilla  Tormentilla)  of  Europe  and  northern 
Asia:  named  from  the  color  of  its  root,  which 
IS  rich  m  a  red  coloring 
matter.  It  is  also  rich  in 
tannin,  and  has  been  used 
as  an  astringent. —  2.  The 
common  name  in  the  Unit- 
ed States  of  a  papavera- 
ceous herb,  Sanguinaria 
Canadensis,  one  of  the  earli- 
est spring  flowers,  its  fleshy 
roots  yield  a  dark-red  juice,  are 
bitter  and  acrid,  and  contain  a 
peculiar  alkaloid,  sanguinarln. 
It  is  used  in  medicine  as  a  stimu- 
lant, expectorant,  and  emetic. 

blood-sacrifice  (blud'sak"- 
ri-fis),  n.  A  sacrifice  made 
with  shedding  of  blood; 
the  sacrifice  of  a  living 
being. 

Cannot  my  body,  nor  blood-sacri- 
fice, 

Entreat  you  to  your  wonted  fur- 
therance? 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI..  v.  3. 

blood-shakent  (blud'sha'kn),  a.    Having  the 

blood  set  in  commotion.  B.  Jpnson 
bloodshed  (blud'shed),  ».  [Due  'partly  to 
bloodshedding,  and  partly  to  the  phrase  blood 
,  sited  as  used  in  such  sentences  as  "I  feared 
there  would  be  bloodshed,"  "there  was  much 
bloodshed,"  etc.,  where  shed  is  the  pp.  agreeing 
with  6?oorf.  ^BQ  blood  And  shed\-\  if  The  shed- 
dmg  or  spilling  of  blood;  slaughter;  destruc- 
tion of  life:  as,  "deadly  bloodshed,"  Shak.,  K. 
John,  V.  3.  - 

h/nV?)'  "IS^Y  Pi'esent  aspect  of  affairs,  there  need 

be  no  bloodshed  or  war.        Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  lo!" 

2t.  The  shedding  of  one's  own  blood;  specifi- 
cally the  death  of  Christ.— 3f.  A  bloodshot 
condition  or  appearance  ;  an  effusion  of  blood 
m  the  eye. 

bloodshedder  (blud'shed'er),  n.     One  who 
sheds  blood ;  a  murderer.  [Rare.] 

He  that  defraudeth  the  laborer  of  his  hire  is  a  Mood- 
'f^edder.  ^^^^^ 

bloodshedding  (blud'shed*iag),  n.  [<  ME 
blodeshedynge,  <  blod  +  shedynge,  shedding.]' 
1.  The  shedding  of  blood;  the  crime  of  shed- 
ding blood  or  taking  human  life. 

In  feight  and  blodeshediiwies 
Vs  used  gladly  clarionjnges. 

Chaucer,  ilouse  of  Fame. 


Bloodroot  (Sangin'ttarta 
CanacUnsts). 


bloodshedding 


594 


These  hands  are  free  from  guiltless  bloodshedding. 

Shak..  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  7. 


He  governed  with  a  cruelty  and  bloodthirstiness  that 
have  obtained  for  him  the  name  of  the  northern  Nero. 

2t.  The  act  of  shedding  one's  own  blood.  .-.i  r/^lTlt'T"!. 

bloodshot  (blud'shot),  a.  Red  and  inflamed  bloodthirsty  (bind  thers  Hi)  «•  ..  [<  + 
by  a  tui^id  state  of  the  blood-vessels,  as  in  cer-  thirsty;  =l>.  UoediMg  =  G.  Mutdurstig  =  1)^11. 
tain  weak  or  excited  states :  said  of  the  eye. 


Retiring  late,  at  early  hour  to  rise. 
With  shrunken  features,  and  with  bloodshot  eyes. 

Crabbe,  Works,  V.  21. 

bloodshottent  (bind' shot 'n),  a.  Bloodshot. 

Johiitioii. 

bloodshottennesst  (blud'shot"n-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  bloodshot. 

The  enemies  of  the  cluu-ch's  peace  could  vex  the  eyes 
of  the  poor  people  ...  to  bloodshottemiess  and  fury. 

I.  ^yalton,  Life  of  Hooker 

blood-sized  (blud'sizd),  a.    Sized  or 

with  blood:  as,  "the  Uood-sized  field,"  Fletcher 

(and  another),  Two  Noble  Kinsmen.  [Rare.] 
blood-spavin  (blud'spav'in),  n.    A  dilatation 

of  the  vein  that  mns  along  the  inside  of  the 

hock  of  a  horse,  forming  a  soft  swelling, 
blood-spiller  (blud'spil  'er),  n.    One  who  spills 

or  sheds  blood ;  a  bloodshedder.  Quarterly  Rev. 

[Rare.] 

blood-spilling  (blud'spil"ing),  «.  [<  ME. 
blodespyUing ;  <  blood  +  S2)ilU)ig.]  The  act  of 
spilling  or  shedding  blood;  bloodshedding. 
[Rare.] 

blood-stain  (blud'stan),  ?i.  A  spot  or  trace  of 
blood. 

bloodstain  (blud'stan),  v.  t.    [<  blood-stain,  n.  ;  niind'wit-)  m 

bnt  due  rather  to  blood-stained.}  To  stain  with  ^lo?d::^i!L^^/^'iirV.L" 
blood.    Byron.  [Rare.] 

blood-stained  (blud'stand),  a.  Stained  with 
blood ;  guilty  of  bloodshed  or  slaughter. 

The  beast  of  prey,  blood-stain' d,  deserves  to  bleed. 

Thomson,  Spring,  1.  358. 

blood-stanch  (blud'stanch),  n.    One  of  the 

various  names  given  to  the  common  fleabane, 

Erigeron  Canadensis,  from  its  use  in  arresting 

hemorrhages, 
blood-stick  (blud'stik),  n.    A  stick  weighted  at 

one  end  with  lead,  used  for  striking  the  fleam, 

or  veterinary  lancet,_  into  a  vein, 
bloodstone  (blud'ston),  n.     [<  blood  +  stone; 

=  D.  Uoedsteen  =  G.  blutstein  —  Dan.  Sw.  blod- 

sten.']    1.  A  variety  of  hematite,  having  a  finely 

fibrous  structure  and  a  reniform  surface.  The 

color  varies  from  dark  steel-gray  to  blood-red.  It  was 
extensively  employed  in  ancient  times,  many  of  the  Baby- 
Ionian  and  Egyptian  intaglios  being  in  this  material ;  now 
it  is  much  less  used,  except  for  signet-rings,  and  as  a  polish 
for  other  stones  and  metals. 

2.  A  variety  of  quartz  having  a  greenish  base. 


Sw.  hlodtorstig.']  Eager  to  shed  blood;  mur- 
derous: as,  "his  bloodihirstie  blade,"  Spenser, 
F.  Q.,  I.  viii.  16;  bloodthirsty  lovd,"  Shak.,  1 
Hen.  VI.,  ii.  3. 

Even  the  most  bloodthirsty  monsters  may  have  a  sincere 
partiality  for  their  own  belongings,  paramour  or  friend  or 
child.  //.  iV.  Oxenham,  Short  Studies,  p.  60. 

blood-tree  (blud'tre),  n.  In  the  West  Indies,  a 
native  arborescent  species  of  Croton,  C.  gossypi- 
folius,  which  yields  a  kind  of  kino  sometimes 
called  dragon's-blood, 
stiffened  blood-vascular  (blud'vas'ku-liir),  a.  Vascular 
with  blood-vossels ;  permeated  with  blood-ves- 
sels; pertaining  to  the  circulation  of  blood. — 
Blood-vascular  gland.  See  Blood-vascular 

system,  the  system  of  blood-vessels  ;  the  circulatory  sys- 
tem of  vessels  containing  blood :  distinguished  from  loater- 
vascular  system. 

blood-vessel  (blud'ves"el),  n.    Any  vessel  in 
which  blood  circulates  in  an  animal  body, 
whether  artery,  vein,  or  capillary, 
blood-warm  (blud'warm),  a.    Warm  as  blood ; 
lukewarm. 

blood-warmed  (blud'warmd),  a.  Having  one's 
blood  warmed  by  excitement,  as  by  a  bloody 
contest.  [Rare.] 

He  meets  the  blood-warmed  soldier  in  his  mail. 

J.  Baillie. 

[<  ME.  blodwite,  < 
AS.  blodwite]  <  blod,  blood,  +  wife,  fine,  pen- 
alty: see  blood  and  icite.  Used  only  histori- 
cally; sometimes  improp.  hloodwit.']  In  anc. 
law :  (a)  A  wite,  fine,  or  amercement  paid  as  a 
composition  for  the  shedding  of  blood. 

The  bloodu'ite,  or  compensation  in  money  for  personal 
■(Vi-ong,  was  the  first  effort  of  the  tribe  as  a  whole  to  regu- 

Quoted  in  H.  O.  Forbes's  Eastern  Archipelago,  p.  474. 
(&)  The  right  to  such  compensation,  (c)  A  riot 
in  which  blood  was  shed, 
bloodwood  (blud'wud),  n.  1.  A  name  given  to 


bloom 

8.  In  low  language :  (a)  Excessive;  atrocious; 
heinous :  as,  he's  a  bloody  fool,  or  a  bloody  ras- 
cal, (b)  Used  as  an  intensive  expletive,  espe- 
cially in  negative  expressions :  as,  there  wasn't 
a  bloody  soid  there — Bloody  bill.  Same  as  force- 
bill  (which  see,  under  force).— BlOOiy  bread,  blood  On. 
bread,  blood  of  the  host,  an  appearance  resembling 
drops  of  blood  which  sometimes  occurs  upon  bread  and 
other  starchy  substances.  The  red  pigment  is  a  product 
of  either  of  two  microscopic  fungi  growing  in  the  sub- 
stance discolored.  One  of  them  is  Micrococci  prodigiosm, 
belonging  to  the  bacteria,  and  the  other  Saccharoinyces 
glutiniis,  one  of  the  yeast  fungi.— Bloody  Chasm.  See 
c/iasm.— Bloody  flux,  dysentery.— Bloody  hand,  (a)  A 
hand  stained  with  the  blood  of  a  deer,  which,  in  the  old 
forest  laws  of  England,  was  sufftcieiit  evidence  of  a  man's 
trespass  against  venison  in  the  forest.  (6)  Same  as  badge 
of  Ulster.  See  fcadsrel.— Bloody  murrain.  Same  as  sj/mp- 
tomatic  anthrax  (which  see,  under  anthrax). — Bloody 
Shirt.  See  s/iirt.— Bloody  statute,  a  name  by  which  the 
English  statute  of  1539,  the  Act  of  the  Six  Articles,  ia 
sometimes  referred  to.  See  the  Six  Articles,  under  article. 
=  Syn.  6.  See  sanguinary. 

bloody  (blud'i),  V.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  bloodied, 
ppr.  bloodying.  [<  bloody,  a.  Cf.  AS.  geblode- 
gian  {—  OHG.  bluotagon,  bluotcgon),  <  blodig, 
bloody.]    To  stain  with  blood. 

With  my  own  wounds  I'll  bloody  ray  own  sword. 

Beaii.  and  FL,  Philaster,  jv.  4. 

bloody  (blud'i),  ado.  [(.bloody,  a.']  Very;  ex- 
ceedingly; desperately:  as,  '^bloody  drunk," 
Dryden,  Prol.  to  Southerne's  Disappointment. 
[Vulgar.] 

"Are  you  not  sick,  my  dear?"  .  .  .  " Bloody  sick." 

Stvift,  Poisoning  of  Curll. 

bloody-bones  (blud'i-bonz),  n.  A  nursery 
name  of  a  bugbear. 

Why  does  the  Nurse  tell  the  Child  of  Raw-head  and 
Bloudy-bones,  to  keep  it  in  awe  ?  Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  99. 
Are  you  Milan's  general,  that 
Great  bugbear  Bloody-bones,  at  whose  very  name 
All  women,  from  the  lady  to  the  laundress, 
Shake  like  a  cold  fit? 

Beau,  and  FL,  Woman-Hater,  iii.  1. 

bloody-eyed  (blud'i-id),  a.    Having  bloody  or 
cruel  eyes.    Lord  Brooke. 
bloody-faced  (blud'i-fast),  a.  Having  a  bloody 
face  or  appearance.  Shah. 


logwood,  from  its  color. —  2.  In  Jamaica,  a  tree  |)loody-fluxed  (blud'i-flukst),  a.    Having  a 


of  the  natural  order  Tcrnstroemiacea,  Laplacea 
hccmatoxylon,  with  dark-red  wood. — 3.  In  Aus. 
tralia,  a  name  of  species  of  Eucalyptus,  espe- 


bloody  flux ;  aflicted  with  dysentery. 

The  bloody-fluxed  woman  fingered  but  the  hem  of  his 
garment.  Bp.  Hall,  Remains,  p.  90. 


with  small  spots  of  red  jasper,  looking  like  blood-worm  (blud'werm),  n.  The  active  blood- 


cially  E.  corymbosa,  yielding  the  Australian  ijioodv-man's-finger  (blud'i-manz-fing'g6r),  n 
kiao. — 4.  A  large  timber-tree  of  India,  ia^'er-    --         -        .  .  "  .  .  .  _ 

stramia  Flos-Beginw,  natural  order  Lythracea;, 
with  soft  but  durable  blood-red  wood,  which  is 
largely  used  for  boat-building  and  ship-knees. 
Also  called  jaroo/-iree, 


drops  of  blood,  scattered  through  it.  This  kind 
of  bloodstone  is  also  called  heliotrope. 
blood-stranget,  «.  [A  compound  having  no  ob- 
vious meaning,  as  to  its  second  element,  in  E., 
and  hence  (being  appar.  only  a  book-name) 
prob.  an  adaptation  of  some  foreign  name,  per- 
haps of  an  unrecorded  G.  *blutstrcnge,  <  blut, 
=  E.  blood,  +  strenge,  tightness,  strictness,  < 
streng,  tight,  strict,  strong,  =  E.  strong:  see 
strong  and  string.  The  name  would  have  refer- 
ence to  the  (supposed)  styptic  qualities  of  the 
plant.  See  N.  E.  D.]  The  mousetail,  Myosurus 
minimus. 

blood-stroke  (blud'strok),  n.    Apoplexy  from  bloody 
encephalic  hemorrhage  or  congestion.  < 

bloodsucker  (blud'suk"er),  n.  [<  ME.  Mood-  OS.  blodag 
soukere  =  D.  bloodzuiger  =  MHG.  Uuotsuger  = 
Dan.  blodsuger  =  &w.  blodsugare;  <  blood  + 
sucker.']  1.  Any  animal  that  sucks  blood,  as  a 
leech,  a  mosquito,  etc. —  2.  A  name  of  a  com- 
mon agamoid  East  Indian  lizard,  Calotes  versi- 
color, perhaps  so  called  from  the  reddish  hue 
of  the  throat,  as  it  does  not  suck  blood. — 
3.  A  cruel  or  bloodthirsty  man;  hence,  one 
who  sucks  the  blood  of  or  preys  upon  another ; 
an  extortioner ;  a  sponger. 

God  keep  the  prince  from  all  the  pack  of  you ! 
A  knot  you  are  of  damned  bloodsuckers. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  3. 


colored  or  scarlet  larva  of  the  species  of  Chi- 
ronomus,  found  in  the  rain-water  of  tanks  and 
cisterns. 

bloodwort  (blud'wert),  n.  [<  ME.  blodwurt, 
blodwerte  (applied  to  several  plants),  <  AS. 
*bl6d-wyrt  (—  Sw.  blodort),  <  Mod,  blood,  + 
wyrt,  wort.]  A  name  applied  to  various  plants, 
as  (a)  the  bloody  dock,  Bumcx  sanguineus,  a  spe- 
cies of  dock  with  the  stem  and  veins  of  the 
leaves  of  a  blood-red  color;  (b)  the  dwarf  elder, 
Sambucus  Ebulus ;  (c)  in  the  United  States,  the 
Hieracium  venosum,  the  leaves  of  which  are 
veined  with  red. 


The  euckoo-pint,"^rM)».  maculatum:  so  called 
from  its  lurid  purple  spadix  or  flower-spike. 
See  cut  under  Arum. 
bloody-minded  (blud'i-min'''ded),  a.  Having 
a  cruel,  ferocious  disposition ;  barbarous ;  in- 
clined to  shed  blood. 

She  is  bloody-minded. 
And  turns  the  justice  of  the  law  to  rigour. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Laws  of  Candy,  v.  1. 

bloody-nose  beetle.    See  beetle^. 
bloody-red  (blud'i-red),  a.  Red  with  or  as  with 
blood;  blood-red. 

Housing  and  saddle  bloody-red, 
Lord  Marmion's  steed  rush'd  by. 

Scott,  Marmion,  vi.  27. 

bloody-sceptered,  bloody-sceptred  (blud'i- 
sep"terd),  a.    Having  a  scepter  obtained  by 
blood  or  slaughter.  [Rare.] 
An  untitled  tyrant,  bloody-sceptr'd.  SAafc,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 


\°,47^^^'','^'V;''i  ^^^P'^^'^-Af^Z'^iZ'^f'  bloody-warrior  (blud'i-wor"i-er),  »i.  A  dark- 
ME.  Uody,  bludy,  Modi  etc  <  AS.  blodig  (=  °„'Xred  variety  of  the  wall-flower,  Cheiranthus 
S.  blodan  =  OFries.  blodtch  =  D.  bloedig  =  °  ' 


Thou  art  a  villain  and  a  forger, 

A  blood-sucker  of  innocence,  an  hypocrite. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Knight  of  Malta,  i.  3. 

blood-sucking  (blud'suk"ing),  a.  Sucking  or 
drawingblood;  preying  on  the  blood:  a,8,"blood- 
suckinq  sighs,"  Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  4. 

blood-swelling  (blud'swel'ing),  n.  Same  as 
hematocele. 

blood-swollen  (blud'swoln),  a.  Swelled  or  suf- 
fused with  blood:  as,  "their  Wood-swo^M  eyes," 
May,  tr.  of  Lucan's  Pharsalia,  vi. 

bloodthirstiness  (bind '  thers  "ti-nes),  n.  [< 
bloodthirsty  +  -ness.']  Thirst  for  blood ;  a  pro- 
pensity for  shedding  blood ;  a  desire  to  slay. 


OHG.  bluotac,  MHG.  bluotec,  G.  blutig  —  Icel. 
blodhigr  =  Sw.  Dan.  blodig),  <  blod,  blood :  see 
blood  and  -?/l.]  1.  Of,  of  the  nature  of,  or  per- 
taining to  blood;  contaii.ing  or  composed  of 
blood:  as,  a  bloody  stream;  "bloody  drops," 
Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  5.— 2t.  Existing  in 
the  blood. 

Lust  is  but  a  bloody  fire.  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  v.  5  (song). 
3.  Stained  with  blood;  exhibiting  signs  or 
traces  of  blood:  as,  a  bloody  knife. — 4.  Of  the 
color  of  blood ;  blood-red. 

Unwind  your  bloody  flag.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  i.  2. 

5.  Cruel;  murderous;  given  to  the  shedding  of 
blood,  or  having  a  cruel,  savage  disposition. 

The  boar,  that  bloody  beast. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  I.  999. 
He  was  a  bloudye  man,  and  regarded  not  the  life  of  her 
subjectes  noe  more  then  dogges.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

6.  Attended  with  or  committing  bloodshed; 
marked  by  cruelty :  as,  a  bloody  battle. 

This  Ireton  was  a  stout  rebell,  and  had  ben  very  bloudy 
to  the  King  s  party.  Evelyn,  Diary,  March  6,  1652. 

7.  Concerned  with  or  portending  bloodshed; 
sanguinary. 

No  magicke  arts  hereof  had  any  might, 
Nor  bloody  wordes  of  bold  Enchaunters  call. 

Spenser,  i\  Q.,  I.  vii.  35. 


bloomi  (blom),  n.  [=  Sc.  hlume;  early  mod.  E. 
bloome,  blome,  bloume ;  <  ME.  blom,  blome,  <  AS. 
"bloma,  a  blossom  (not  found  in  this  sense,  for 
which  reg.  blostma,  blostm  (see  blossom),  but 
prob.  the  original  of  which  bloma,  a  mass  of 
iron  (>  E.  bloom'^),  is  a  deflected  sense ;  the  ME. 
maybe  in  part  from  the  Scand.)  (=0S.  blomo  = 
late  OFries.  blaim,  blam.,  NFries.  blomme  =  MD. 
bloeme,  D.  blocm.,  t.,  =  MLG.  blome  =  OHG. 
hluomo,  m.,  bluoma,  f.,  MHG.  bluome,  m.,f..  G. 
blume,  f.,  =  Icel.  blomi,  m.,  blom,  neut.,  —  Norw. 
blom  =  Sw.  hlomma,  f .,  =  Dan.  blomme  =  Goth. 
bloma,  m.,  a  flower),  with  formative  -m  (orig. 
*-man),  <  blowan,  etc.,  E.  blow'^,  bloom,  whence 
also  bled,  bleed,  >  ME.  blede  {=  MLG.  blot  =  OHG. 
MHG.  bluot,  MHG.  pi.  bliiete,  G.  Mute),  a  flower, 
blossom,  fruit,  and  AS.  blostma,  blostm,  >  L- 
blossom,  and  perhaps  AS.  Mod,  E.  Mood;  also 
from  the  same  ult.  root,  L.  flos  (flor-),  >  ult.  L. 
flower,  flour :  see  these  words.]  1 .  A  blossom : 
the  flower  of  a  plant,  especially  of  an  orna- 
mental plant ;  an  expanded  bud. 

While  opening  blooms  diffuse  their  sweets  around. 

Pope,  Spring,  1.  100. 

Now  sleeps  the  humming-bird,  that,  in  the  sun. 
Wandered  from  bloom  to  bloom,    Bryant,  Jlay  Evenmg. 


bloom 

2.  The  state  of  blossoming;  the  opening  of 
flowers  in  general ;  flowers  collectively :  as,  the 
plant  is  in  bloom,  or  covered  with  bloom. 

Ancient  pear-trees  that  with  spring-time  burst 
Into  such  breadth  of  bloom. 

Bryant,  Among  the  Trees. 

3.  A  state  of  health  and  growth  promising 
higher  perfection;  a  flom'ishing  condition;  a 
palmy  time :  as,  the  bloom  of  youth. 

He  look'd,  and  saw  a  creature  heavenly  fair, 
In  bloom  of  youth,  and  of  a  charming  air. 

Dryden,  Wife  of  Bath,  1.  531. 
In  our  sad  world's  best  bloom.     Tennyson,  The  Brook. 

4.  The  rosy  hue  on  the  cheek  indicative  of 
youth  and  health;  a  glow;  a  flush. 

And  such  a  lovely  bloom. 
Disdaining  all  adulterated  aids  of  art, 
Kept  a  perpetual  spring  upon  her  face. 

MassCiiger,  Unnatural  Combat,  ii.  3. 

5.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  minerals  having 
a  bright  color :  as,  the  rose-red  cobalt  bloo7)i,  or 
erythrite,  etc.— 6.  A  powdery  deposit  or  coat- 
mg  of  various  kinds.  («)  The  delicate,  powdery 
waxy  coatmg  upon  certain  fruits,  as  grapes,  plums  etc  ' 
and  leaves,  as  of  the  cabbage.  '  '' 

The  finest  qualities  of  oui-  nature,  like  the  bloom  on 
friuts,  can  be  preserved  only  by  the  most  delicate  han- 
Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  9. 
(b)  The  powdery  appearance  on  coins,  medals  and  the 
hke,  when  newly  struck,  (c)  In  paintitvj,  a  cloudy  ap- 
pearance on  the  surface  of  varnish,  (rf)  The  yellowish 
fawn-colored  deposit  from  the  tanning-liquor  on  the  sur- 
face of  leather,  and  penetrating  it  to  a  slight  depth. 

In  tanning  it  [rock  chestnut-oak  bark)  is  used  unmLxed 
and  gives  a  beautiful  bloom.    C.  T.  Davis,  Leather,  p.  IW. 

7.  A  fine  variety  of  raisin. 
These  raisins  [dried  on  the  vines]  are  muscatels  or 
Ure,  Diet.,  III.  692. 

bloomi  (blom),  V.     [<  ME.  blomen  (=  MLG. 
blomen  =  Norw.  bloma,  Noma),  bloom ;  from  the 
noun .  ]    I,  in  tra  ns.  1 .  To  produc  e  or  yield  blos- 
soms ;  flower,  literally  or  figuratively. 
The  first  time  a  tree  bloometk.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

The  Lotos  blooms  below  the  barren  peak. 

Tennyson,  Choric  Song,  viii. 

2.  To  glow  with  a  warm  color.— 3.  To  be  in  a 
state  of  healthful  beauty  and  vigor;  show  the 
beauty  of  youth ;  flourish ;  glow. 

Hearts  are  warm'd  and  faces  bloom. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  EpiL 
A  better  country  blooms  to  view. 
Beneath  a  brighter  sky.  Logan,  A  Tale. 

n.  trans.  1.  To  put  forth,  as  blossoms. 
Behold,  the  rod  of  Aaron  .  .  .  bloomed  blossoms  and 
yielded  almonds.  Num.  xvii  8 

2.  To  impart  a  bloom  to;  invest  with  luster  or 
beauty. 

Kites  and  customs,  now  superstitious,  when  .  .  chari- 
table affection  bloomed  them,  no  man  could  justly  have 
condemned  as  eviL  Hooker,  Eccles.  Pol. 

blooni2  (blom),  n.  [Not  found  in  ME.,  but  in 
late  AS. ;  <  AS.  bloma,  a  bloom  of  metal  (glossed 
massa  or  metallum;  cf.  bloma  oththe  dak,  'bloom 
or  dough'  (of  metal);  isenes  bloma,  a  bloom  of 
iron;  gold-bldma,  lit.  'gold-bloom,' applied  once 
(as  elsewhere  gold-hord,  'gold-hoard,'  'trea- 
sure') figuratively  to  Christ  as  incarnated); 
not  found  in  other  languages  in  this  sense, 
and  prob.  a  particular  use  of  *bldma,  a  flower' 
which  IS  not  found  in  AS.  in  that  sense :  see 
Otoomi.  The  reference  may  have  been  to  the 
glowing  mass  of  metal  as  taken  from  the  fur- 
nace; but  this  sense  as  recorded  is  only  re- 
cent.] A  roughly  prepared  mass  of  iron,  nearly 
square  m  section,  and  short  in  proportion  to 
its  thickness,  intended  to  be  drawn  out  under 
the  hammer  or  between  the  rolls  into  bars, 
home  blooms  are  made  directly  from  the  ore  in  bloom- 
enes,  but  most  of  them  by  shingling  the  puddled  baUs 
n-om  the  puddling-fumace.  See  bloomery,  bloominn-mUl 
forge,  and  puddle,  v.  a,  !^ 

bloomary,  w.    See  bloomery. 
bloomed  (blomd),  a.    Covered  with  blooms  or 
blossoms. 

bloomeri  (blo'mer),  n.    [<  bloo7n'^,  v.,  +  -eri.l 
A  plant  which  blooms 


595 


This  "lily"  of  Scripture  [Nymphcea  lotus]  was  a  prolific 
N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser..  III.  25. 

bloomer2  (blo'mer),  a.  and  w.  [After  Mrs. 
Bloomer:  see  def.]  I.  «.  Having  the  charac- 
ter ot  the  style  of  female  di-ess  introduced  bv 
Mrs.  Bloomer  of  New  York  in  1849-50:  as,  a 
bloonier  costume;  a  bloomer  hat. 

II-  n,  \.  K  dress  or  costume  for  women, 
the  distinctive  featui-es  of  which  are  a  short 
skirt,  loose  trousers  buttoned  round  the  ankle, 
and  a  broad-brimmed,  low-crowned  hat.  Spe- 
cifically—2.  A  bloomer  hat.— 3.  pi.  The  arti- 
cles composing  a  bloomer  costume ;  specifically, 


the  loose  trousers,  now  commonly  buttoned  be- 
low the  knee. — 4.  A  woman  who  wears  them, 
bloomerism  (bl6'mer-izm),  n.  [<  bloomer"^  + 
-ism.']  The  wearing  or  adoption  of  a  dress  sim- 
ilar to  that  recommended  by  Mrs.  Bloomer. 
See  bloomer^,  n.,  1. 
blpomer-pit  (blo'mer-pit),  n.  A  tan-pit  in  which 
hides  are  placed  to  be  acted  upon  by  strong 
ooze,  a  process  which  produces  a  bloom  upon 
the  skin. 

bloomery  (blo'mer-i),  w. ;  pi.  bloomeries  (-iz). 
[Less  prop,  bloomary,  blomary,  early  mod.  E. 
Momarie;  <  bloom"^  +  -ery.]  An  establishment 
in  which  wrought-iron  is  made  bv  the  direct 
process,  that  is,  fi'om  the  ore  directly,  or  with- 
out having  been  fii-st  produced  in  the  form  of 

east-iron.  The  direct  process  was  the  original  one  by 
wluch  WTOught-iroii  was  made  wherever  that  metal  was 
employed,  and  is  still  in  use  among  nations  where  modern 
metallurgical  methods  are  not  vet  introduced  especially 
m  Burma,  Borneo,  and  Africa;  it  is  also  employed  thou<'h 
to  a  very  limited  extent,  in  Europe  and  in  the  United  States 
especially  in  the  Champlain  district  of  New  York.  The 
iron  made  in  bloomeries  is  obtained  in  the  form  of  blooms 
(see  Woo)»-').    Also  called  Uock-Jurnace. 

bloom-hook  (blom'huk),  A  tool  for  han- 
dling metal  blooms.  Also  called  bloom-tongs. 
bloomingl  (blo'ming),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bloom'i^, 
r-i  1.  A  clouded  or  smoked  appearance  on  the 
surface  of  varnish;  bloom.— 2.  In  dyeing,  the 
addition  of  an  agent,  usually  stannous  chlorid, 
to  the  dye-bath,  toward  the  end  of  the  operation, 
for  the  pm-pose  of  rendering  the  color  lighter 
and  brighter.  Also  caUed  brightening. 
bloomingi  (blo'ming), ^j.  a.  [Ppr.  of  bloom\  u.] 

1.  Blossoming;  flowering;  showing  blooms. 
And,  ere  one  flowery  season  fades  and  dies, 
Designs  the  blooming  wonders  of  the  next. 

Cowper,  Task,  vi.  197. 
Now  May  with  life  and  music 
The  blooming  valley  fills. 

Bryant,  The  Serenade. 

2.  Glowing  as  with  youthful  vigor;  showing 
the  freshness  and  beauty  of  youth. 

The  lovely  Thais,  by  his  side. 
Sate  like  a  blooming  Eastern  bride. 

Dryden,  Alexander's  Feast,  1.  10. 

3.  Flourishing;  showing  high  or  the  highest 
perfection  or  prosperity. 

The  modern  [arabesque)  rose  again  in  the  Uomnim 
period  of  modern  art.  Fairholt,  Diet,  of  Art,  p.  37. 

4    Great;  full-blown;    'blessed,'  'blamed,' 
darned,'  etc.:  as,  he  talked  like  a  bloomina 
idiot.  [Slang.] 
blooming2  (blo'ming),  n.    [<  6?oow2  -|-  -ing'i-.'] 
In  metal,  same  as  shingling. 
bloomlngly  (blo'ming-ii),  adv.    In  a  blooming 
manner. 

blooming-mill  (blo'ming -mil),  n.  A  mill  in 
which  puddled  balls  of  iron  are  squeezed,  roll- 
ed, or  hammered  into  blooms  or  rough  bars, 
and  thus  prepared  for  further  treatment  in  the 
rolling-mill  proper. 

bloonungness  (blo'ming-nes),  n.    The  state  of 
being  blooming ;  a  blooming  condition, 
blooming-sally  (blo'ming-sal"i),  n.    The  wil- 
low-herb, Epilobium  angustifolium. 
bloomless  (blom'les),  a.    [<  bloom'i-  +  -less;  = 
Norw.  blomlaus.]  Having  no  bloom  or  blossom, 
bloom-tongs  (blom'tongz),  n.  pi.     Same  as 
bloom-hook. 

bloomy  (blo'mi),  a.  [=  D.  bloemig  =  G.  blumig 
=  Sw.  blommig ;  <  bloom^  -t-  -yl.]  1.  Full  of 
bloom  or  blossoms ;  flowery. 

We  wandered  up  the  bloomy  land. 
To  talk  with  shepherds  on  the  lea. 

Bryant,  Day-Dream. 

2.  Having  a  bloom,  or  delicate  powdery  ap- 
pearance, as  fresh  fi-uit. 

What  though  for  him  no  Hvbla  sweets  distill, 
Nor  bloomy  vines  wave  purple  on  the  hill?  Campbell. 

3.  Having  freshness  or  vigor  as  of  youth. 

What  if,  in  both,  life's  bloomy  flush  was  lost 
And  their  full  autumn  felt  tlie  meUowing  frost? 

Crabbe,  Works,  I.  89. 

blooth  (bloth),  n.    An  English  dialectal  varia- 
tion of  blowth. 
blorei  (blor),  V.  i.  ■  pret.  and  pp.  blored,  ppr. 
bloring.    [<  ME.  bloren,  weep,  a  var.  of  Maren, 
blare:  see  blare^.]    To  cry;  cry  out:  weep; 
bray ;  bellow.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
blore^t  (blor),  «.    [Prob.  a  var.  of  blarel-  (after 
blore^),  affected  by  &/o«'i.]    The  act  of  blow- 
ing; a  roaring  wind ;  a  blast. 
Like  rude  and  raging  waves  roused  with  the  fervent  More 
Of  th  east  and  south  ^viiids.         Chapman,  Iliad,  ii.  122. 
blosmet,  n.  and  v.    A  Middle  English  form  of 
blossom. 

blosmyt,  a.    A  Middle  English  form  of  blos- 
svmy. 


blot 

blossom  (blos'um),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also 

blossum,  <  ME.  blossome,  blossum,  \isiu&\\y  blosme, 
earlier  blostme,  <  AS.  blostma,  blosthma,  some- 
times contr.  blosma  (once  blosan,  glossed  by  L. 
flos,  appar.  an  error  for  blosma),  weak  masc, 
blostm,  strong  masc,  flower,  blossom  (=0D. 
blosem,  D.  bloesem  =  MLG.  blosem,  blossem),  a 
blossom,  flower,  with  suffixes  -st  -f-  -wja,  <  y  *blo, 
in  AS.  blowan,  blow,  bloom  (see  blow^);  less 
prob.  <  "blo.s-  (—  L.  florcre,  *flosere),  extended 
stem  of  blowan,  blow.  The  first  suffix  ap- 
pears in  MHG.  bluost,  a  blossom,  the  second 
in  ME.  blome,  E.  blootn'^,  etc.,  and  both,  trans- 
posed, in  Icel.  blomstr  =  Sw.  btomstcr  =  Dan. 
blomst,  a,  flower;  ef.  li.  Jlos  (Jlor-),  a  flower: 
see  bloic'^  and  flower.]  1.  The  flower  of  a 
plant,  usually  more  or  less  conspicuous  from 
the  colored  leaflets  which  form  it  and  which 
are  generally  of  more  delicate  texture  than  the 
leaves  of  the  plant,  it  is  a  general  term,  applicable 
to  the  essential  organs  of  reproduction,  with  their  appen- 
dages, of  every  species  of  tree  or  plant. 

2.  The  state  of  flowering  or  bearing  flowers ; 
bloom:  as,  the  apple-tree  is  in  blossom.— 3. 
Any  person,  thing,  state,  or  condition  likened 
to  a  blossom  or  to  the  bloom  of  a  plant. 

And  there  died, 
My  Icarus,  my  blossom,  in  his  pride. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  7, 
This  beauty  in  the  blossom  of  my  youth  . 
I  sued  and  served. 

Fletcher  and  Massinger,  Very  Woman,  iv.  3. 

4.  A  color  consisting  of  a  white  ground 
mingled  evenly  with  sorrel  and  bay,  occurring 
in  the  coats  of  some  horses. —  5.  The  outcrop  of 
a  coal-seam,  usually  consisting  of  decomposed 
shale  mixed  with  coaly  matter;  also,  some- 
times, the  appearance  about  the  outcrop  of  any 
mineral  lode  in  which  oxidizable  ores  occur  — 
To  nip  in  the  blossom.  See  nip. 
blossom  (blos'um),  V.  i.  [<  ME.  blossomen,  blos- 
men,  <  AS.  blostmian  (=  D.  hloesemen),  <  blost- 
ma, blossom:  see  blossom,  n.]  To  put  forth 
blossoms  or  flowers;  bloom;  blow;  flower: 
often  used  figuratively. 

fruits  that  blossom  first  will  first  be  ripe. 

Shak.,  OtlieUo,  ii.  3. 
They  make  the  dark  and  dreary  hours 
Open  and  blossom  into  flowers  ! 

Longfellow,  Golden  Legend,  i. 
blossomed  (blos'umd),  a.    Covered  with  blos- 
soms ;  in  bloom. 

Blossomed  furze,  unprofitably  gay. 

Goldsmith,  Des.  Vil. 
Not  Ariel  lived  more  merrily 
Under  the  blossom' d  bough,  than  we. 

Scott,  Marmion,  iv.,  Int. 

blossomless  (blos'um-les),  a.    [<  blossom  + 
-less.]    Without  blossoms, 
blossom-pecker  (blos'um-pek*er),  n.    A  book- 
name  of  sundry  small  parine  birds  of  Africa,  of 
the  restricted  genus  Anthoscopus :  as,  the  dwarf 
blossom-pecker,  A.  minutus. 
blossom-rifler  (blos'um-ri'fler),  n.    A  name  of 
species  of  sun-birds  or  honey-suckers  of  the 
genus  Cinnyris,  as  C.  amtralis  of  Australia, 
blossomy  (blos'um-i),  a.    [ME.  blossemy,  blos- 
my;  <  blossom  +  -yl.]    Full  of  or  covered  with 
blossoms. 

A  blossemy  tre  is  neither  drye  ne  deed. 

Chaucer,  Merchant's  Tale,  1.  219. 
The  flavor  and  picturesque  detail  of  Shakespeare's  blos- 
somy descriptions.  Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  105. 

bloti  (blot),  n.  [<  ME.  blot,  blotte,  a  blot ;  ori- 
gin unknown.  By  some  connected  with  Icel 
blettr,  blot,  spot,  spot  of  ground,  Dan.  plet.  a 
blot,  speck,  stain,  spot,  jjZe«e,  v.,  speck,  spot, 
bw.  plotter,  a  scrawl,  jjlottra,  scribble;  but 
these  forms  have  appar.  no  phonetic  relation 
to  the  E.]  1.  A  spot  or  stain,  as  of  ink  on 
paper;  a  blur;  a  disfiguring  stain  or  mark:  as, 
one  universal  blot,"  Thomson,  Autumn,  1. 1143. 
—2.  A  scoring  out;  an  erasure  or  oblitera- 
tion, as  in  a  writing.— 3.  A  spot  upon  charac- 
ter or  reputation ;  a  moral  stain ;  a  disgrace ;  a 
reproach ;  a  blemish. 
A  lie  is  a  foul  blot  in  a  man.  Ecclus.  xx.  24. 

If  there  has  been  a  blot  in  ray  family  for  these  ten  gen- 
erations, it  hath  been  discovered  by  some  or  other  of  my 
coirespondents.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  164. 

4.  Imputed  disgrace  or  stain ;  defamation :  as, 
to  cast  a  blot  upon  one's  character. 
He  that  rebuketh  a  wicked  man  getteth  himself  a  blot. 

Prov.  ix.  7. 

bloti  (blot),  P. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blotted,  ppr.  blot- 
ting. [<  ME.  blotten:  from  the  noun.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  spot,  stain,  or  bespatter,  as  with 
ink,  mud,  or  any  discoloring  iijatter. 


blot 

Oh  !  never  may  the  purple  stain 
Of  combat  blvt  these  fteUls  again. 

Bn/ant,  Battle  of  Bennington. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  stain  as  with  disgrace  or 
infamy;  tarnish;  disgrace;  disfigure. 

Blot  not  thy  innocence  with  guiltless  blood.  Rowc. 
Take  him  !  farewell  :  henceforth  I  am  thy  foe  ; 
And  what  disgraces  I  can  bli,t  thee  with  look  for. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iii.  1. 

3.  To  obliterate  so  as  to  render  invisible  or 
not  distinguishable,  as  writing  or  letters  with 
ink :  generally  with  out :  as,  to  Uot  out  a  word 
or  a  sentence. 

To  Uot  old  books  and  alter  their  contents. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  948. 

Hence  —  4.  To  efface;  cause  to  be  unseen  or 
forgotten;  destroy;  annihilate:  followed  by 
out:  as,  to  Uot  out  a  crime,  or  the  remembrance 
of  anything. 

Will  not  a  tiny  speck  very  close  to  our  vision  Uot  out 
the  glory  of  the  world,  and  leave  only  a  margin  by  which 
we  see  the  blot?  George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  I.  458. 

BlottiiKi  out  the  far-away  blue  sky, 
The  hai'd  and  close-packed  clouds  spread  silently. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  336. 

5.  To  darken  or  obscure ;  eclipse.  [Rare.] 

He  sung  how  earth  Uots  the  moon's  gilded  wane. 

Cowley. 

The  moon,  in  all  her  brother's  beams  array'd, 
Was  Hotted  by  the  earth's  approaching  shade. 

Rowe,  tr.  of  Lucan's  Pharsalia,  i. 

6.  To  dry  by  means  of  blotting-paper  or  the 
like. 

The  ship-chandler  clutched  the  paper,  hastily  Uotted  it, 
and  thrust  it  into  his  bosom. 

G.  A.  Sala,  The  Ship-Chandler. 

II,  intrans.  1.  To  obliterate  something  writ- 
ten. 

E'en  copious  Dryden  wanted  or  forgot 
The  last  and  greatest  art,  the  art  to  blot. 

Pope,  Iniit.  of  Horace,  II.  i.  280. 

2.  To  become  blotted  or  stained :  as,  this  paper 
blots  easily. 

blot2  (blot),  n.  [First  at  the  end  of  the  16th 
century  ;  origin  unknown.  Plausibly  referred 
to  Dan.  blot  —  Sw.  blott,  bare,  exposed  ;  cf.  Dan. 
biotte  —  Sw.  blotta,  lay  bare,  expose  one's 
self;  Sw.  bJottstdlla  =  D.  blootstcUen,  expose 
(the  Scand.  forms  are  prob.  of  LG.  origin,  < 
D.  bloat,  bare,  naked,  exposed);  but  there  is 
no  historical  evidence  for  the  connection.] 
In  backgammon :  (a)  A  single  exposed  piece 
which  is  liable  to  be  forfeited  or  taken  up. 
(?))  The  exposure  of  a  piece  in  this  way — To 
Mt  the  blot,  to  take  a  single  exposed  piece  in  the  game 
of  backgannuuii  :  often  used  figuratively. 

Mr.  Ellis  hits  the  blot  when  he  says  that  "  absolute  cer- 
tainty and  a  mechanical  mode  of  procedure,  such  that  all 
men  should  be  capable  of  employing  it,  are  the  two  great 
features  of  the  Baconian  system." 

The  A' at  ion,  April  24,  1884,  p.  369. 

blotch  (bloeh),  n.  [Not  found  in  ME.,  or  in 
other  languages;  appar.  a  var.  of  blot'^,  affected 
in  sense  and  form  by  botch^,  a  pustule,  and 
perhaps  by  dial.  Match,  q.  v.]  1.  A  pustule 
upon  the  skin. 

Blotches  and  tumours  that  break  out  in  the  body. 

Spectator,  Ko.  16. 

2.  A  spot  of  any  kind,  especially  a  large  irregu- 
lar spot  or  blot ;  hence,  anything  likened  to  a 
mere  spot  or  blot,  as  a  poor  painting ;  a  daub. 

Green  leaves,  frequently  marked  with  dark  blotches. 

Treasury  of  Botany. 

3.  A  disease  of  dogs, 
blotch  (bloeh),  V.  t.    [<  blotch,  w.]    To  mark 

with  blotches ;  blot,  spot,  or  blur. 

blotchy  (bloch'i),  a.  [_<  blotch  + -y'^.']  Having 
blotches;  disfigured  with  blotches:  as,  "his 
big,  bloated,  blotchy  face,"  Warren. 

blotet,  a.  and  v.    Obsolete  spelling  of  bloat^. 

blotter  (blot'er),  n.  1.  A  piece  of  blotting- 
paper  or  other  device  for  absorbing  an  excess 
of  ink  or  other  fluid,  used  especially  in  writing. 
—  2.  In  com.,  a  waste-book  in  which  are  record- 
ed all  transactions  in  the  order  of  their  occur- 
rence.—  3.  The  current  record  of  arrests  and 
'  charges  in  a  police  office :  called  in  Great 
Britain  a  charge-sheet. 

blottesctue  (biot-esk'),  a.  and  n.  [<  Mot  + 
-esque.']  I.  a.  Inpainting,  executed  with  heavy 
blot-like  touches. 

II.  n.  A  painting  executed  in  this  style. 

blottesquely  (blot-esk'li),  adv.  In  a  blottesque 
manner;  with  blot-like  touches:  as,  to  paint 
Mottesquely. 

blotting-book  (blot'ing-buk),  n.  1.  A  book 
formed  of  leaves  of  blotting-paper. —  2.  In 
■cow.,  a  blotter.    See  blotter,  2. 

blottingly  (blot'ing-li),  adv.    By  blotting. 


596 

blotting-pad  (blot'ing-pad),  n.  A  pad  consist- 
ing of  several  layers  of  blotting-paper,  which 
can  be  successively  removed  as  they  become 
soiled  or  saturated  with  ink. 
blotting-paper  (blot'ing-pa"per),  w.  Abibu- 
lous,  unsized  paper,  used  to  absorb  an  excess  of 
ink  from  freshly  written  paper  without  blur- 
ring. 

blotty  (blot'i),  a.  [<  blot^  +  -yi.]  Full  of 
blots. 

blouse  (blouz),  w.  [Also  less  prop.  Mowse;  < 
F.  Mouse,  of  uncertain  origin,  by  some  identified 
with  F.  dial.  Maude,  biaude,  a  smock-frock,  <  OF. 
bliant,  bliaud,  pi.  bliaus,  bliau~,  an  upper  gar- 
ment: see  bleaunt.  But  the  connection  is  pho- 
netically improbable.]  1.  A  light  loose  upper 
garment,  made  of  linen  or  cotton,  worn  by  men 
as  a  protection  from  dust  or  in  place  of  a  coat. 
A  blue  linen  blouse  is  the  common  dress  of 
French  workingmen. 

Lelewel  was  a  regular  democrat.  He  wore  a  blouse  when 
he  was  in  Paris,  and  looked  like  a  workman. 

//.  S.  Edioards,  Polish  Captivity,  I.  270. 

2.  A  loosely  fitting  dress-body  worn  by  women 
and  children, 
bloused  (blouzd),  a.    [<  blouse  +  -cd^.']  Wear- 
ing a  blouse. 
There  was  a  bloused  and  bearded  Frenchman  or  two. 

Kingsley,  Alton  Locke,  x.\xiii. 

blout^t,  «•  and  V.  Same  as  bloat^. 
blout'^t,  a.  [Appar.  <  D.  bloot,  bare,  naked,  with 
perhaps  some  confusion  as  to  form  with  Icel. 
Mautr,  soft,  wet.  Cf.  blot^,  blate^,  and  bloat^.l 
Bare;  naked.  Douglas.  (Jamicson.)  [Scotch.] 
blout^  (blout),  n.  [Appar.  imitative,  after  Mow'^, 
blast,  etc.]  The  sudden  breaking  of  a  storm; 
a  sudden  downpour  of  rain,  hail,  etc.,  accom- 
panied by  wind.  Jaiineson.  [Scotch.] 
blow^  (bio),  V. ;  pret.  Mew,  pp.  blown  (also  dial, 
and  colloq.  pret.  and  pp.  Mowed),  ppr.  bloicing. 
[=  Sc.  Maw,  <  ME.  blowen,  Mawcn  (pret.  blew, 
blcwe,  bleu,  blwe,  Mu,  pp.  Mown,  Mowen,  blomi, 
blawen),  <  AS.  bldwan  (strong  verb,  pret.  Meow, 
pp.  blawen),  blow,  =  OHG.  Mdhan  (strong  verb, 
pp.  blahan,  Man),  blow,  also  Mden,  bldjan, 
MHG.  bhcwcn,  Mwjcn,  G.  bluhcn  (weak  verb), 
blow,  puff  up,  swell,  =  L.  /arc,  blow.  From 
the  same  root,  with  various  formatives,  come 
E.  Maze'^,  blast,  bladder,  perhaps  blister,  and, 
from  the  L.,  flatus,  afflatus,  flatident,  inflate, 
etc.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  produce  a  current  of 
air,  as  with  the  mouth,  a  bellows,  etc. — 2.  To 
constitute  or  form  a  current  of  air,  as  the  wind. 
A  keen  north  wind  that,  blowing  dry, 
Wrinkled  the  face  of  deluge.     Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  842. 

St.  To  make  a  blowing  sound ;  whistle. — 4,  To 
pant ;  puff ;  breathe  hard  or  quickly. 
Here's  Mistress  Page  at  the  door,  sweating  and  blowing. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  3. 

5.  To  give  out  sound  by  being  blown,  as  a  horn 

or  trumpet. 

There  let  the  pealing  organ  blow. 

Milton,  II  Penseroso,  1.  161. 

6.  To  spout  as  a  whale. 

A  porpoise  comes  to  the  surface  to  blow. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  348. 

7.  To  explode,  as  gunpowder  or  dynamite ;  be 
torn  to  pieces  by  an  explosion :  with  up :  as,  the 
magazine  blew  up. —  8.  To  boast ;  brag.  [Col- 
loq.] 

You  bloiv  behind  my  back,  but  dare  not  say  anything  to 
my  face.  Bartlett,  Diet,  of  Americanisms,  p.  48. 

9.  In  founding,  to  throw  masses  of  fluid  metal 
from  the  mold,  as  a  cas' ing,  when,  insufficient 
vent  having  been  provided,  the  gases  and 
steam  are  unable  to  pass  off  quietly — Blowing 
off,  in  engin.,  the  process  of  ejecting  water  or  sediment 
from  a  boiler  by  means  of  a  current  of  steam  passing 
through  the  blow-off  pipe.— Blowing  through,  in  engin., 
the  act  of  removing  the  air  from  flie  cylinders,  valves, 
etc.,  of  a  steam-engine  by  a  jet  of  steam  previous  to  set- 
ting the  engine  in  motion.  Blow-through  valves  are  fit- 
ted for  this  purpose.— To  blow  down,  to  discharge  the 
contents  of  a  steam-boiler.— To  blow  hot  and  cold,  to 
be  favorable  and  then  unfavi)rat)le  ;  be  iiTesolute.  — To 
■blow  in,  to  start  up  a  blast-furnace,  or  put  it  in  blast. — 
To  blow  off,  to  escape  with  violence  and  noise  :  said  of 
steam,  gas,  etc.— To  blow  OUt,  to  be  out  of  breath,  or 
blown.—  To  blow  over,  to  pass  over ;  pass  away  after  the 
force  is  expended  ;  cease,  subside,  or  be  dissipated :  as, 
the  present  disturbances  will  soon  blow  over. 

A  man  conscious  of  acting  so  infamous  a  part,  would 
have  undertaken  no  defence,  but  let  the  accusations, 
which  could  not  materially  affect  him,  blow  over. 

Goldsmith,  Bolingbroke. 

To  blow  short,  to  be  broken-winded  :  said  of  a  horse.— 
To  blow  the  buck's  homt.  See  iwcfci.— To  blow  up. 

(a)  .See  7,  above,  (b)  To  arise,  come  into  existence,  or  in- 
crease in  intensity:  said  of  the  wind,  a  storm,  etc. 

II,  trans.  1 .  To  throw  or  drive  a  current  of 
air  upon ;  fan :  as,  to  bloio  the  fire. 


blow 

I  with  blowing  the  fire  shall  warm  myself. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,iv.l. 

2.  To  drive  or  impel  by  means  of  a  current  of 
air :  as,  the  tempest  blew  the  ship  ashore. 

North-east  winds  blow  ' 
Saba;an  odours  from  the  spicy  shore. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  161. 
Along  the  grass  sweet  airs  are  blomi. 

I).  G.  Rossetti,  A  New  Year's  Burden. 

3.  To  force  air  into  or  through,  in  order — (a) 
To  clear  of  obstructing  matter,  as  the  nose. 
(?))  To  cause  to  sound,  as  a  wind-instrument. 

Hath  she  no  husband 
That  will  take  pains  to  blow  a  horn  before  her? 

Shale,  K.  John,  1.  1. 
The  bells  she  jingled  and  the  whistle  blew. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  v.  94. 

4.  To  form  by  inflation ;  inflate ;  swell  by  in- 
jecting air  into :  as,  to  Mow  bubbles ;  to  Mow 
glass. —  5.  To  empty  (an  egg)  of  its  contents 
by  blowing  air  or  water  into  the  shell. —  6.  To 
put  out  of  breath  by  fatigue :  as,  to  Mow  a 
horse  by  hard  riding. 

Blowing  himself  in  his  exertions  to  get  to  close  quarters. 

T.  Hughes. 

7.  To  inflate,  as  with  pride ;  puff  up.  [Poetie 
when  up  is  omitted.] 

Look,  how  imagination  blows  him.     Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  4. 

8.  To  spread  by  report,  as  if  "on  the  wings  of 
the  wind." 

she's  afraid  it  will  be  blown  abroad. 
And  hurt  her  marriage.    B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  ii.  1. 
Through  the  court  his  courtesy  was  blown.  Dryden. 

9.  To  drive  away,  scatter,  or  shatter  by  fire- 
arms or  explosives :  now  always  with  modifying 
words  {up,  away,  to  pieces,  etc.) :  as,  to  Mow  the 
walls  up  or  to  jjieces  with  cannon  or  gunpowder; 
but  formerly  sometimes  used  absolutely. 

And  t  shall  go  hard. 
But  I  will  delve  one  yard  below  their  mines. 
And  blow  them  at  the  moon.    Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 

10.  To  deposit  eggs  in;  cause  to  putrefy  and 
swarm  with  maggots ;  make  fly-blown :  said  of 
flies. 

Rather  on  Nilus'  mud 
Lay  me  stark  naked,  and  let  the  water-flies 
Blow  me  into  abhorring  !  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  v.  2. 
To  blow  a  coal.  See  coal.— To  blow  one's  o'wn  trum- 
pet, to  sound  one's  own  praises. — To  blow  out.  (a)  To 
extinguish  by  a  current  of  air,  as  a  candle,  (h)  To  destroy 
by  firearms  :  as,  to  blow  out  one's  brains  ;  to  blow  an  ene- 
my's ship  out  of  the  water.—  To  blow  up.  (a)  To  fill  with 
air ;  swell :  as,  to  blow  up  a  bladder  or  a  bubble. 

In  summe,  he  is  a  bladder  blown  vp  with  wind,  which 
the  least  Haw  crushes  to  nothing. 
Bp.  Earle,  Micro-cosmographie,  A  Selfe-conceited  Man. 

(b)  To  inflate  ;  puff  up  :  as,  to  blow  up  one  with  flattery. 

Blown  up  with  high  conceits  ingendering  pride. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  809. 

(c)  To  fan  or  kindle  :  as,  to  blow  up  a  contention. 

His  presence  soon  blows  up  the  unkindly  fight. 

Dryden. 

(d)  To  burst  in  pieces  by  explosion  :  as,  to  blow  up  a  ship 
by  setting  fire  to  the  magazine,  (e)  Figuratively,  to  scat- 
ter or  bring  to  naught  suddenly :  as,  to  blotv  up  a  scheme. 
(/)  To  scold  ;  abuse  ;  find  fault  with.  [Colloq.] 

He  rails  at  his  cousin,  and  blows  up  his  mother. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  295. 
Lord  Gravelton  .  .  .  was  blowing  up  the  waiters  in  the 
coffee-room.  Bulwer,  Pelham,  iv. 

(ff)  To  raise  or  produce  by  blowing. 

This  windy  tempest,  till  it  blorv  up  rain. 
Held  back  his  sorrow's  tide,  to  make  it  more. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1788. 
To  blow  upon,  (a)  To  bring  into  disfavor  or  discredit ; 
render  stale,  unsavory,  or  worthless. 

Since  that  time,  .  .  .  many  of  the  topics,  which  were 
first  started  here,  have  been  hunted  down,  and  many  of 
the  thoughts  bloum  upon.       Goldsmith,  Essays,  Preface. 

Till  the  credit  of  the  false  witnesses  had  been  blown 
upon.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng. 

(b)  To  turn  informer  against :  as,  to  blow  upon  an  accom- 
plice. (Slang.] 
blowl  (blo),  ».  [<  ZjZowI,  1).]  1.  A  blowing;  a 
blast ;  hence,  a  gale  of  wind:  as,  there  came  a 
blow  from  the  northeast.— 2.  The  breathing  or 
spouting  of  a  whale. —  3.  In  metal.:  (a)  The 
time  during  which  a  blast  is  continued,  (b)  That 
portion  of  time  occupied  by  a  certain  stage  of  a 
metallurgical  process  in  which  the  blast  is  used. 

T'hus,  the  operation  of  converting  cast-iron  Into  steel  by 
the  Bessemer  process  is  often  spoken  of  as  "the  blow, 
and  this  first  portion  Is  sometimes  called  the  "Bessemer 
blow  "  or  the  blow  proper,  the  second  stage  being  denonn- 
nated  the  "  boll,"  and  the  third  the  "  fining." 

4.  An  egg  deposited  by  a  fly  on  flesh  or  other 
substance ;  a  flyblow. 
blo-W^  (bio),  V. ;  pret.  blew,  pp.  blown,  ppr. 
blowing.  [<  ME.  Mowen  (pret.  *Mewe,  Meou, 
pp.  bloion,  Mowen,  blowc),  <  AS.  Mowan  (pret. 
Meow,  pp.  geblowen),  blossom,  flower,  flourish, 
—  OS.  blojan  =  OFries.  bloia  =  D.  bloeijcn 
I ) ;  [ I ; .  bluojan,  MHG.  Miiejcn,  bliien,  G.  bluhcn, 
blow,  bloom,  =  L.  florere  (a  secondary  form ),  [ 


blow 

bloom,  flourish  ;  ef.  flos  (flor-),  a  flower.  From 
the  same  root,  with  various  formatives,  come 
bloom^  (and  prob.  Uoonfl),  blossom,  blowth, 
blood,  and,  from  the  L.,  flower,  flour,  flourish, 
effloresce,  etc.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  blossom  or 
put  forth  flowers,  as  a  plant;  open  out,  as  a 
flower :  as,  a  new-bloicn  rose. 

How  blows  the  citron  grove.  Miltoti,  P.  L.,  v.  22. 

To  me  the  meanest  flower  that  blotvs  can  give 
Thoughts  that  do  often  lie  too  deep  for  tears. 

Wordsworth,  Ode  to  Immortality. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  flourish;  bloom;  become 
perfected. 

II.  trans.  To  make  to  blow  or  blossom ;  cause 
to  produce,  as  flowers  or  blossoms.  [Poetic] 
The  odorous  l)anks,  that  blow 
Flowers  of  more  mingled  hew. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  993. 
For  these  Favonius  here  shall  blow 
New  flowers.    B.  Jonsoii,  Masque  at  Highgate. 
blow2  (blo),  n.    [<  blow2,  v.]    1.  Blossoms  in 
general;  a  mass  or  bed  of  blossoms:  as,  the 
blow  is  good  this  season. 

He  believed  he  could  sliow  me  such  a  blow  of  tulips  as 
was  not  to  be  matched  in  the  whole  country. 

Addison,  Tatler,  No.  218. 

2.  The  state  or  condition  of  blossoming  or 
flowering;  hence,  the  highest  state  or  perfec- 
tion of  anything;  bloom:  as,  a  tree  in  full  blow. 
Her  beauty  hardly  yet  in  its  full  blow. 

Richardson,  Sir  Charles  Grandison,  I.  ii. 


597 

ignited.— 3.  In  coal-mining,  an  escape,  under 
pressure  and  with  high  velocity,  of  gas  or  fire- 
damp from  the  coal.  Such  escapes  are  sometimes 
sudden  and  of  short  duration;  but  they  occasionally  con- 
tinue for  weeks  and  sojiietimes  for  years. 
4.  A  man  employed  in  a  mine  in  blasting.— 5. 
A  machine  for  forcing  air  into  a  furnace,  mine, 
cistern,  hold  of  a  ship,  public  building,  etc.,  to 
assist  in  di-ying,  evaporating,  and  the  like;  a 
blowing-machine.  See  blowing-engine,  blowing- 
machine.— 6.  A  marine  animal,  as  a  whale, 
which  spouts  up  water.  —  7. 
One  who  brags;  a  boaster. 

[yiang.] —Blower  and  spread- 
er, a  machine  uniting  the  action  of 
Ix-aters  and  blowers  in  forming  cot- 
ton into  a  lap.— Hydraulic  blow- 
er. See  /i.(/(/m»(tf.— Oscillating 
blower,  a  blower  having  one  or 
more  blades  hinged  or  pivoted  at 
one  edge,  and  vibrating  througli  an 
arc  of  a  circle.— Rotary  blower,  a 
blower  similar  in  construction  to  a 
rotary  pump.  It  has  vanes  the  mo- 
[overned  l)y  cam-faces,  or  which  are 
inclosing  between 


Rotary  Blower. 
yl,  B,  cams;  C,  box 


blow3  (blo),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  blowe,  bloe, 
<  late  ME.  (Sc.)  blaw;  origin  uncertain.  Plau- 
sibly explained  as  from  an  unrecorded  verb, 
ME.  *blewen,  <  AS.  *ble6wan  (strong  verb,  pret. 
*bledu!,  pp.  *blowen)  =  MD.  blouwen,  blaeuwen, 
strike,  beat,  D.  blouwen,  beat,  esp.  beat  or 
break  flax  or  hemp,  =  MLG.  bluwen,  LG.  blduen 
=  OHG.  bliuwan,  bliwan,  MHG.  bliuiven,  bliwen, 
G.  blauen,  beat,  drub  (in  G.  and  LG.  modified 
under  association  with  blau,  blue,  as  in  'beat 
black  and  blue'),  =  Goth,  bliggwan,  strike,  beat ; 
not  related  to  L.  fligere,  strike,  beat  (>  ult.  E. 
afflict,  inflict,  etc.),  flagellum,  a  flail  (>  ult.  E. 
flMil,  flagellate,  etc.).  The  absence  of  the  verb 
from  ME.  and  AS.  records  is  remarkable  (the 
ordinary  AS.  word  for  'strike'  was  sledn,  >  E. 
slay),  but  the  cognate  forms  favor  its  exis- 
tence.] 1.  A  stroke  with  the  hand  or  fist  or  a 
weapon;  a  thump;  a  bang;  a  thwack;  a  knock; 
hence,  an  act  of  hostility:  as,  to  give  one  a 
blow;  to  strike  a  blow. 

He  struck  so  plainly,  I  could  too  well  feel  his  blows  ■ 
and  withal  so  doubtfully  that  I  could  scarce  understand 
t"*^"'-  Shah,  C.  of  E.,  ii.  l. 

2.  A  sudden  shock  or  calamity;  mischief  or 
damage  suddenly  inflicted:  as,  the  conflagra- 
tion was  a  severe  blow  to  the  prosperity  of  the 
town. 

It  was  a  dreadful  blow  to  many  in  the  days  of  the  Re- 
formation to  find  that  they  had  been  misled. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVI.  243. 
At  a  blow,  by  one  single  action ;  at  one  effort ;  suddenly. 

Every  year  they  gain  a  victory,  and  a  town ;  but  if  they 
are  once  defeated  they  lose  a  province  at  a  blow.  Dryden. 
Opposed  or  solid  blow,  in  metal-working,  a  blow  which 
stretches  or  thins  the  metal;  unopposed  or  hollow 
blow,  a  blow  which  tends  to  thicken  and  bend  it— To 
catch  one  a  blow.  See  catch.— lo  come  to  blows,  to 
engage  in  combat,  whether  the  combatants  be  individuals 
armies,  fleets,  or  nations. 

In  1756  Georgia  and  South  Carolina  actually  came  to 
blows  over  the  navigation  of  the  Savannah  river. 

J.  Fiske,  Amer.  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  95. 

blow-ball  (blo'bal),  n.  The  downy  head  of  the 
dandehon,  salsify,  etc.,  formed  by  the  pappus 
after  the  blossom  has  fallen. 

Her  treading  would  not  bend  a  blade  of  grass, 
Or  shake  the  downy  blow-ball  from  his  stalk ! 

B.  Jonso7i,  Sad  Shepherd,  i.  1. 

blow-cock  (blo'kok),  n.  A  cock  in  a  steam- 
boiler  by  means  of  which  the  water  may  be 
partly  or  entirely  blown  out  when  desired. 

blowen  (blo'en),  n.  [Also  blowing;  equiv.  to 
blowess,  a  form  of  blowse,  q.  v.]  A  showy,  flaunt- 
mg  woman;  a  courtezan;  a  prostitute.  For- 
merly also  blowess  and  blowing.    [Low  slang  ] 

blowerl  (blo'er),  n.    [<  ME.  blower,  blawere,  < 
AS.  blawere,  <  bldwan,  blow:  see  blow'^-.}  1 

DlovedTn?  h^^'^'^^V  Specifically -(a)  One  who  is  em- 
ployed m  a  blowing-house  for  smelting  tin.  Cornwall,  (b) 
ni  a  glass-factory,  the  workman  who  blows  the  melted 
glass  into  shape. 

2.  A  screen  or  cover  of  metal  fitted  to  an  open 
fireplace  in  such  a  way  that  when  it  is  placed 
in  position  access  of  air  to  the  chimney  is 
closed  except  from  the  bottom,  or  through  the 
nre  itself:  used  to  promote  combustion,  espe- 
cially when  the  fire  is  first  kindled,  by  concen- 
trating the  draft  upon  the  substance  to  be 


tions  of  which  are  5,„.^...^„  ..^  ^,^.„ 
shaped  in  various  ways  to  interlock,  ..luiusnif;  ueiweei 
themselves  and  the  casing  volumes  of  air,  which  they  car- 
ry forward. 

blower2  (blo'er),  n.    [<  bloiv^,  v.,  +  -eri.]  A 
plant  that  blows.    N.  E.  D. 
blowesst  (blo'es),  n.    [A  form  of  blowze,  per- 
haps in  simulation  of  blow'^,  with  fem.  suffix.] 
Same  as  blowen. 
blow-fly  (blo'fli),  n.    The  common  name  of 
Musca  (CalUphora)  vomitoria,  Sarcophaga  car- 
naria,  and  other  species  of  dipterous  insects, 
which  deposit  their  eggs  (flyblow)  on  flesh,  and 
thus  taint  it.    Also  called  fl£sh-fly.    See  cut 
under  _^es7i-X'/. 
blow-gun  (blo'gun),  n.    A  pipe  or  tube  through 
which  missiles  are  blown  by  the  breath.  Those 
used  by  certain  Indians  of  South  America  are  of  wood 
from  7  to  10  feet  long,  with  a  bore  not  larger  than  the 
little  finger;  through  them  are  blown  poisoned  arrows 
made  of  split  cane  or  other  light  material,  from  a  foot  to 
1,5  inches  in  length,  and  wound  at  the  butt  with  some 
hbrous  material  so  as  to  fit  the  bore  of  the  blow-gun  A 
similar  blow-gun  is  in  use  among  the  Dyaks  of  Borneo 
Also  called  blow-tube  and  blowpipe. 

blow-hole  (blo'hol),  n.  1.  The  nostril  of  a 
cetacean,  generally  situated  on  the  highest  part 
of  the  head,  in  the  whalebone  whales  the  blow-holes 
form  two  longitudinal  slits,  placed  side  by  side.  In  por- 
poises, grampuses,  etc.,  they  are  reduced  to  a  single  cres- 
cent-shaped opening. 

2.  A  hole  in  the  ice  to  which  whales  and  seals 
come  to  breathe.— 3.  Same  as  air-hole,  2.-4. 
In  steel-manuf.,  a  defect  in  the  iron  or  steelj 
caused  by  the  escape  of  air  or  gas  while  solidi- 
fication was  taking  place. 

The  following  experiments  were  made  in  order  to  pre- 
pare solid  steel  without  blow-holes  by  the  crucible  process 
which  would  give  a  good  resistance  and  a  proper  elonca- 

Vre,  Diet.,  IV.  835. 

blowingl  (blo'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  blowl,  v.] 
A  defect  in  china  caused  by  the  development 
of  gas,  by  the  reaction  upon  each  other  of  the 
constituents  of  the  glaze,  or  by  a  too  strong 
firing. 

blowingi  (hlo'ing),  jp.  a.  [Ppr.  of  ft^owi,  r.]  1. 
Causing  a  current  of  wind  ;  breathing  strongly. 
—  2.  In  the  following  phrase,  liable  to  be 
blown  about — Blowing  lands,  lands  whose  surface- 
soil  IS  so  light  as  to  be  liable,  when  dry,  to  be  blown  away 
by  the  wind. 

blowing^t  (blo'ing),  n.    Same  as  blowen. 
On  a  lark  with  black-eyed  Sal  (his  blowing). 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  xi.  19. 
blowing-charge  (blo'ing-charj),  n.  In  gunnery, 
a  small  charge  of  powder  in  a  shell,  sufficient  to 
blow  out  the  fuse-plug  but  not  to  bui-st  the  shell. 
It  IS  used  in  firing  for  practice,  or  for  testing  time-fuses 
when  it  IS  desired  to  recover  the  shells  and  use  them 
again.  If  it  is  desired  to  fill  the  cavity  of  the  shell,  coal- 
dust  is  added  to  the  charge  to  increase  its  volume 

blowing-cylinder  (bl6'ing-sil"in-der),  n.  The 
air-cyliuder  of  a  blowing-engine  or  other  form 
of  blast-machine, 
blowing-engine  (bl6'ing-en*jin),  w.   1.  A  mo- 
tor used  for  driving  a  blower  or  blowing-ma- 
chine.—  2.  A  combined  motor  and  blower, 
blowing-fan  (blo'ing -fan),  n.    A  revolving 
wheel  with  vanes,  used  to  produce  a  blast, 
blowing-furnace  (bl6'ing-fer"nas),  n.    A  fur- 
nace m  which  partially  formed  glassware  may 
be  placed  to  be  softened  when  it  becomes  cooled 
and  stiff  in  working;  sometimes,  the  secondary 
furnace  following  the  melting-fiu'naee. 
blowing-house  (blo'ing-hous),  «.    A  house  in 
which  the  process  of  smelting  tin  ore  is  car- 
ried on. 

blowing-iron,  n.    Same  as  blowpipe,  1. 
blowing-machine  (bl6'ing-ma-shen*),  n.  Any 
apparatus  for  creating  a  blast  of  air,  as  for 


blowpipe 

ventDating,  urging  fires  in  boilers  or  furnaces 
in  glass-making,  cold  storage,  removing  dust, 
etc.    See  blower,  5.--piston  blowing-machine,  a 

form  of  blowmg-machine  in  which  the  air  is  expelfcd 
from  a  cylinder  by  a  reciprocating  piston.   K.  JI.  J{ni,,hl 

blpwing-pipe  (bl6'ing-pip),  «.  A  glass-blower's 

pipe ;  a  pontee. 
blowing-pot  (bl6'ing-pot),  n.  In  the  manufac- 
ture of  pottery,  an  apparatus  for  distributing 
slip  over  the  ware  before  burning, 
blowing-snake  (blo'ing-snak),  n.  A  non-ven- 
omous snake  of  the  family  Colubridw  and  genus 
Hetcrodon,  notable  for  the  noise  it  makes  by 
the  depression  of  its  anterior  parts  and  the  ex- 
pulsion of  air.  The  best-known  species  is  //. 
^te<//?-r7nnM.s  of  the  eastern  United  States,  which 
is  also  called  huckwheat-nose  .make,  sprcading- 
adder,  etc. 

blowing-tube  (blo'ing-tiib),  n.  In  glass-work- 
ing, a  tube  4  or  5  feet  long,  with  a  bore  varying 
in  size  according  to  the  character  of  the  work, 
used  in  blowing  glass. 

blow-milk  (blo'milk),  n.    Milk  from  which  the 
cream  is  blown  off;  skimmed  milk.  [Eng.] 
blowni  (b\on),p.  a.   [<  ME.  blowen,  blawen,<AH. 
Mdwen,  pp.  of  bldwan :  see  blow^.']    1.  Swelled; 
inflated. 

No  blovm  ambition  doth  our  arms  incite. 

Slialc,  Lear,  iv.  4. 
I  come  with  no  blown  spirit  to  abuse  you. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Little  French  Lawyer,  iii.  2. 

2.  Spongy  or  porous  from  the  presence  of  bub- 
bles of  air  or  gas:  said  of  metal  castings.— 3. 
Stale  from  exposure,  as  to  air  or  flies ;  hence, 
tainted;  unsavory:  as,  6Zow)»  drink  (obsolete) ; 
oZowwmeat;  a  67oiOM  reputation,  ^ea  flyblown.— 

4.  Out  of  breath;  tired;  exhausted:  as,  "their 
horses  much  blown,"  Scott. 

""'J^'t  '  ^  'l""''^  °f  breath  — Sir,  I  am  come  to  — 
Whew  !  I  beg  pardon  — but,  as  you  perceive,  I  am  devilish- 
ly blomi.        Colman  the  Younger,  Poor  Gentleman,  iii.  3. 

5.  In  farriery,  having  the  stomach  distended 
by  gorgmg  green  food:  said  of  cattle.— 6. 
Emptied  by  blowing,  as  an  egg. 

blown2  (blon),  p.  a.  [<  ME.  blowen,  <  AS. 
*bl6wen,  geblowen,  pp.  of  bldwan:  see  blow^.'\ 
Fully  expanded  or  opened,  as  a  flower:  as, 
"the  blown  rose,"  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iii.  11. 
blow-oflf  (blo 'of),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  used  in 
blowing  off  (which  see,  imder  blow'^-,  v.,  I.). 

The  blow-off  apparatus  consists,  in  fresh-water  boilers 
simply  of  a  large  cock  at  the  bottom  of  the  boiler. 

Rankiiie,  Steam  Engine,  §  305. 
Blow-off  cock,  a  faucet  in  the  blow-off  pipe  of  a  steam- 
boiler.— Blow-Off  pipe,  a  pipe  at  the  foot  of  the  boiler 
ot  a  steam-engine,  communicating  with  the  ash-pit  (or 
with  the  sea  m  marine  boilers),  and  furnished  with  a  cock 
the  opening  of  which  causes  the  water  and  the  sediment 
or  brine  to  be  forced  out  by  the  steam, 
blow-out  (blo'out),  n.  A  feast;  an  entertain- 
ment; a  gi-eat  demonstration;  a  spree.  [CoUoq.] 

The  Russian  [sailors]  .  .  .  had  celebrated  their  Christ- 
mas eleven  days  before,  when  they  had  a  grand  blow-out 
R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  269.' 

blow-over  (blo'o'ver),  n.  In  glass-making,  the 
surplus  glass,  which,  when  a  vessel  is  blown  in 
a  mold,  is  forced  out  above  the  lip  of  the  mold, 
blowpipe  (blo'pip),  n.  and  a.  I.  ii.  1.  An  in- 
strument by  which  a  current  of  air  or  gas  is 
driven  through  . 

the  flame  of  a  '\ 
lamp,  candle,  or    9  ,  *  • 

gas-jet,     to    di-      »  Blowpipes, 
rect    the    flame        common  blowpipe  ;  *,  Gahn's  blowpipe 
upon       a      sub-  -ade  wieh  chamber  near  the  jet. 

Stance,  in  order  to  fuse  it,  an  intense  heat  be- 
ing created  by  the  rapid  supply  of  oxygen  and 
the  concentration  of  the  flame  upon  a  small 
area,  in  its  simplest  form,  as  used,  for  example,  by  .^as- 
fitters,  it  IS  merely  a  conical  tube  of  brass,  glass,  or  other 
substance,  usually  about  7  inches  long,  J  inch  in  diameter 
at  one  end,  and  tapering  so  as  to  have  a  very  small  aper- 
ture at  the  other,  within  2  inches  or  so  of  which  it  is 
bent  nearly  at  a  right  angle.  The  blowpipe  of  the  min- 
eralogist is  provided  with  a  small  chamber  near  the  jet 
in  which  the  moisture  from  the  mouth  collects.  The 
current  of  air  is  often  formed  by  a  pair  of  bellows  in- 
stead of  the  human  breath,  the  instrument  being  fixed 
in  a  proper  frame  for  the  purpose.  The  most  powerful 
blowpipe  IS  the  oxyliydrogeii  or  compound  blowpipe  an 
instrument  in  which  oxygen  and  hydrogen  (in  the  propor- 
tions necessary  for  their  combination),  propelled  by  hydro- 
static or  other  pressure,  and  coming  from  separate  reser- 
voirs, are  made  to  form  a  united  current  in  a  capillary 
orifice  at  the  moment  when  they  are  kindled.  The  heat 
produced  is  such  as  to  consume  the  diamond  and  to  fuse 
or  vaporize  many  substances  refractory  at  lower  tempera- 
tures. The  blowpipe  is  used  by  golii.imitlis  and  jewelers 
in  soldering,  by  glass-blowers  in  softening  and  shapinf 
glass,  and  extensively  liy  cliemists  and  mineralogists  in  test- 
ing the  nature  and  composition  of  substances.  Also  called 
by  workmen  a  bluwing-irun. 

2.  Same  as  ''/fw-fff'M—Airohydrogen  blowpipe,  a 

modification  of  the  oxyhydrogen  blowpipe. 


blowpipe 


598 


blue 


II.  a.  Eelating  in  any  way  to  a  blowpipe,  or 
to  blowpiping:  as,  blowpipe  analysis, 
blowpipe  (blo'pip),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Noic- 
piped,  ppr.  blowpiping.  [<  bloivpipe,  «.]  To  use 
the  blowpipe;  conduct  chemical  experiments 
or  perform  mechanical  operations  by  means  of 
the  blowpipe, 
blow-pointt  (blo'point),  n.  A  game  supposed 
to  have  consisted  in  blowing  small  pins  or  ar- 
rows through  a  tube  at  certain  nimibers. 

Shortly  boys  shall  not  play 
At  span-counter  or  blow-point,  but  shall  pay 
Toll  to  some  courtier.  Donne,  Satires,  Iv. 

blowsei,  n.  See  blouse. 
blowse^,  n.    See  blowse. 

blowser  (blou'zer),  w.  [E.  dial.]  In  pilchard- 
fishing,  on  the  south  coast  of  England,  one  of 
the  men  engaged  in  landing  and  carrying  the 
fish  to  the  curing-houses.  Encyc.  Brit.,  IX.  254. 

blowth  (bloth),  n.  [<  6io(('2  -t-  -th,  attev  growth, 
<  grow.']  Bloom  or  blossom;  blossoms  in  a  col- 
lective sense;  the  state  of  blossoming.  [Now 
only  dialectal  in  S.  W.  England  (in  the  form 
blooth)  and  in  New  England.] 

The  seeds  and  effects  .  .  .  were  as  yet  but  potential,  and 
in  tlie  blowth  and  bud.       Raleigh,  Hist.  World,  I.  Ix.  §  3. 

With  us  a  single  blossom  is  a  blow,  while  blowth  means 
the  blossoming  in  general.  A  farmer  would  say  that  there 
was  a  good  blowth  on  his  fruit-trees. 

Loivell,  Biglow  Papers,  2d  ser. ,  Int. 

blow-through  (blo'thro),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
used  in  the  process  of  blowing  through  (which 
see,  under  Uow'^,  v.,  I.) — Blow-through  cock,  a 

faucet  through  which  the  air  that  may  be  contained  in  a 
steam-chamber  is  blown  out  when  steam  is  admitted.— 
Blow-through  valve,  a  valve  in  the  opening  through 
wliicli  steam  enters  a  condensing  steam-engine,  used  in 
blowing  through. 

blow-tube  (blo'tiib),  ?!.  1.  A  hollow  iron  rod, 
from  5  to  6  feet  long,  by  blowing  through  which 
a  glass-blower  expands  the  semi-fluid  metal 
gathered  on  its  further  end  while  shaping  it  on 
the  marver. —  2.  Same  as  blow-gun. 

blow-up  (blo'up),  n.  [From  the  phrase  to  blow 
up :  see  hlow^,  v.,  II.]  1.  A  scolding;  a  quarrel. 
[Colloq.] 

The  Captain  .  .  .  gave  him  a  grand  blow-up,  in  true 
nautical  style.  R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  22. 
2.  One  of  the  rooms  in  a  sugar-refinery,  usu- 
ally on  the  top  floor,  where  the  raw  sugar  is 

first  melted.— Blow-up  pan,  in  sugar-refining,  the 
pan  in  wliich  the  raw  sugar,  after  being  sifted,  is  placed 
with  water  to  be  dissolved.  At  the  bottom  of  the  pan  is 
a  perforated  steam-pipe  through  which  steam  blows  up 
through  the  solution ;  hence  the  name  of  the  pan  and  of 
the  room  in  which  the  operation  is  carried  on. 

blow-valve  (blo'valv),  n.  The  snifting-valve 
of  a  coudensing-engine. 

blow- well  (blo'wel),  n.  In  some  parts  of  Eng- 
land, a  popular  name  for  an  artesian  well. 

At  Merton  in  Surrey,  at  Brighton,  at  Southampton,  all 
along  the  east  coast  of  Lincolnshire,  and  in  the  low  dis- 
trict between  the  challc  wolds  near  Louth  and  the  Wasli, 
Artesian  borings  have  long  been  known,  and  go  by  the 
name  of  blow-wells  among  the  people  of  the  district. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  646. 

blowy  (blo'i),  a.  [<  blow^  +  -yi.]  Windy; 
blowing;  breezy. 

blowze  (blouz),  n.  [Also  spelled  blowse,  blouse, 
blouze,  E.  dial,  blawse;  cf.  blowess.  Origin  un- 
certain.] If.  A  beggar's  trull ;  a  beggar  wench ; 
a  wench. 

Wed  without  my  advice,  my  love,  my  knowledge. 
Ay,  and  a  beggar,  too,  a  trull,  a  blowse  ! 

Chapman,  All  Fools,  iv.  1. 
Venus  herself,  the  queen  of  Cytheron,  ...  is  but  a 
hlowze.  Shirley,  Love  Tricks,  iii.  5. 

2.  A  ruddy,  fat-faced  wench ;  a  blowzy  wo- 
man: applied  in  Shakspere  to  an  infant. 
Sweet  blowse,  you  are  a  beauteous  blossom  sure. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  2. 

blowzed(blouzd),  rt.  \_<  blowze  +  -ed^.']  Blowzy; 
made  ruddy  and  coarse-eomplexioned,  as  by  ex- 
posure to  the  weather;  fat  and  high-colored. 

I  don't  like  to  see  my  daughters  trudging  up  to  their 
pew  all  blowzed  and  red  with  walking. 

Goldsmith,  Vicar,  x. 
Huge  women  blowzed,  with  health  and  wind  and  rain. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 
blowzing  (blou'zing),  rt.    [<  blowze  +  -ing^.] 
Blowzy;  flaunting;  fluffy:  as,  "that  blowzing 
wig  of  his,"  J.  Baillic. 
blowzy  (blou'zi),  rt.  [<,blowze+  -y^.']  l.Ruddy- 
faeed;  fat  and  ruddy;  high-colored. 
A  face  made  blowzy  by  cold  and  damp. 

George  Elint,  Silas  Marner,  xi. 

2.  Disheveled ;  unkempt :  as,  blowzy  hair. 
B.  L.  R.    An  abbreviation  of  breech-loading 
rifle  or  breech-loading  rifled :  used  in  the  tech- 
nical description  of  guns. 

In  naval  service  B.  L.  R.  guns  of  cast-iron,  strengthened 
by  rings,  have  been  employed,  ranging  from  70  to  300- 
pounders.  Ertcyc.  Brit.,  II.  G65. 


blubt  (blub),  V.    [Var.  of  blob;  ef.  blubber.'] 

1.  trans.  To  swell ;  puff  out. 

My  face  was  blown  and  blub'd  with  dropsy  wan. 

Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  112. 

II.  intrans.  To  swell ;  protrude, 
blubber  (blub'er),  v.  [Also  blobber;  <  ME.  blub- 
rcn,  bloberen,  weep,  earlier  bubble,  boil,  as  wa- 
ter in  agitation.  Cf.  G.  dial,  blubbern,  cast  up 
bubbles,  as  water,  LG.  herut  blubbern,  bab- 
ble, chatter.  Appar.  an  imitative  word,  hav- 
ing, like  many  such,  a  freq.  form.  The  short 
forms  blub  and  blob  are  modem.  Cf.  blub,  blob, 
blab,  bleb.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  weep,  especially 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  swell  the  cheeks  or  dis- 
figure the  face ;  burst  into  a  fit  of  weeping :  used 
chiefly  in  sarcasm  or  ridicule. 

Even  so  lies  she. 
Blubbering  and  weeping,  weeping  and  blubbering. 

Shak.,  K.  and  J.,  iii.  3. 
Hector's  infant  blubber'd  at  a  plume.    Mrs.  Browning. 
2t.  To  bubble ;  foam. 

Ther  faure  citees  wern  set,  nov  is  a  see  called. 
That  ay  is  drouy  &  dym,  &  ded  in  hit  kynde. 
Bio,  blubrande,  &  blak,  vnblythe  tonese. 

Alliteratice  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  1017. 

II.  trayis.  To  disfigure  with  weeping, 
blubber  (blub'er),  w.  [Also  blobber;  <  ME.  blub- 
ber, a  bubble,  bluber,  blober,  surge,  agitation  of 
water,  bubble :  see  the  verb.]    If.  A  bubble. 

At  his  mouth  a  blabber  stode  of  fome. 

Henryson,  Test,  of  Creseide,  1.  192. 

2.  The  fat  of  whales  and  other  cetaceans,  fi-om 

which  train-oil  is  obtained.  The  l)lubber  lies  under 
the  skin  and  over  the  muscles.  The  whole  quantity  yield- 
ed by  a  large  whale  ordinarily  amounts  to  40  or  50  hun- 
dredweight, but  sometimes  to  80  or  more. 

3.  A  gelatinous  substance ;  hence,  an  aealeph 
or  sea-nettle;  a  medusa. —  4.  [<  blubber,  v.] 
The  act  or  state  of  blubbering:  as,  to  be  in  a 
blubber. —  5.  One  who  blubs.  Carlyle. 

blubbered  (blub'erd),  j;.  a.  [Pp.  of  blubber,  v.] 
Swollen;  big;  turgid:  as,  a  blubbered  lip;  "her 
blubbered  cheeks,"  Dryden,  Ceyx  and  Alcyone, 
1.  392. 

blubberer  (blub'er-6r),  n.    One  who  blubbers, 
blubber-lip  (blub'er-Up),  n.    [<  blubber  +  lip.] 
A  swollen  lip;  a  thick  lip,  such  as  that  of  a 
negro.    Also  written  blobbcr-lip. 

His  biobber-lips  and  beetle-brows  commend. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires,  iii. 

blubber-lipped  (blub'er-lipt),  «.  [ME.  blaber- 
lippcd ;  <  blubber  +  lip  -f  -ed'^.]  Having  blub- 
ber-lips. Also  written  blobber-lipped:  as,  "a 
blobber-lipped  shell,"  N.  Grew. 

blubber-spade  (blub'er-spad),  n.  [<  blubber 
(whale's  blubber)  +  spade.]  A  keen-edged 
spade  used  to  remove  the  layer  of  blubber  which 
envelops  a  whale's  body. 

blubbery  (blub'er-i),  a.     [<  blubber  +  -yi.] 

,  Resembling  blubber ;  fat,  as  a  cetacean. 

blucher  (blo'cher),  n.  A  strong  leather  half- 
boot  or  high  shoe,  named  after  Field-marshal 
von  Bliicher,  commander  of  the  Prussian  army 
in  the  later  campaigns  against  Napoleon. 

He  was,  altogether,  as  roystering  and  swaggering  a 
young  gentleman  as  ever  stood  four  feet  six,  or  soinetliing 
less,  in  his  bluchers.  Dickens,  Oliver  Twist. 

bludgeon  (bluj'on),  n.  [Not  found  before 
1730  (Bailey) ;  origin  unknown.  A  plausible 
conjecture  connects  it  with  D.  bludscn,  blutsen, 
bruise,  beat  (parallel  with  butscn  with  same 
meaning :  see  botch^).  The  E.  word,  if  from 
this  source,  may  have  been  introduced  as  a 
cant  term  in  the  Elizabethan  period,  along 
with  many  other  cant  terms  from  the  D.  which 
never,  or  not  imtil  much  later,  emerged  in 
literary  use.]  A  heavy  stick,  particularly  one 
with  one  end  loaded  or  thicker  and  heavier 
than  the  other,  used  as  an  offensive  weapon. 

Arms  were  costly,  and  tlie  greater  part  of  the  fyrd 
came  e(iuii)ped  with  bludgeons  and  liedge-stakes,  which 
could  do  little  to  meet  the  spear  ami  battle-axe  of  the 
invader.  J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  127. 

blue  (bio),  rt.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  reg.  blew, 
blewe,  rarely  blue;  <  ME.  blew,  blewe,  occasion- 
ally bluwe,  blue,  blwe,  blu,  bleu,  possibly  <  AS. 
*blww  (in  deriv.  blaiwen,  bluish)  for  *bldw 
(whence  the  reg.  ME.  bio,  bloo,  mod.  E.  dial. 
blow,  north.  ME.  bla,  blaa,  mod.  north.  E.  and 
Sc.  blae,  blea,  after  the  Scand. :  see  blae)  (cf. 
E.  mew,  <  AS.  mww,  a  gull);  but  more  prob. 
from,  and  in  any  case  merged  with,  OF.  bleu, 
blef,  mod.  P.  bleu,  =  Pr.  blau,  fem.  blava  =  OSp. 
blavo,  Sp.  Pg.  blno  =  It.  biaro  (obs.  or  dial.) 
(ef .  mod.  It.  bl>i,<  F.  or  E. ), <  ML.  bldims,  bldvius, 
<  OHG.  bldo  (blaw-),  MHG.  bid  (bldw-),  G.  blau 
=  MD.  blaeuw,  D.  blaauw  =  OFries.  blaw  — 
MLG.  bid,  bldw,  blauwe,  LG.  blau,  blaag,  blue,  = 


AS.  *bldw  (above)  =  Icel.  bldr  =  Sw.  bid  =  Dan, 
blaa,  blue,  li'vid  (see  blae) ;  perhaps  =  L.  fldvus, 
yellow  (color-names  being  variable  in  applica- 
tion). Some  of  the  uses  of  blue  originally  be- 
longed to  the  parallel  form  blae  in  the  sense  of 
'livid,'  as  in  black  and  blue.]  I,  a.  1.  Of  the 
color  of  the  clear  sky;  of  the  color  of  the 
spectrum  between  wave-lengths  .505  and  .415 
micron,  and  more  especially  .487  to  .460,  or  of 
such  light  mixed  with  white ;  azure ;  cerulean. 

—  2.  Livid;  lead-colored:  said  of  the  skin  or 
complexion  as  affected  by  cold,  contusion,  or 
fear  (see  blae) :  hence  the  phrase  black  and  blue. 
See  black. — 3.  Figuratively,  afflicted  with  low 
spirits;  despondent;  depressed;  hypochondria- 
cal ;  ha'ving  the  blues. 

E'en  I  or  you. 
If  we'd  nothing  to  do. 
Should  find  ourselves  looking  remarkably  blue. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  10. 
Sir  Lucius  looked  blue,  but  he  had  hedged. 

Disraeli,  Young  Duke,  ii.  5. 

4.  Dismal ;  unpromising :  applied  to  things :  as, 
a  bZwe  lookout.  [Colloq.]  —  5.  Inflexible ;  rigid ; 
strict  in  morals  or  religion ;  puritanic :  as,  a  blue 
Presbyterian:  often  in  the  form  true  blue  (which 
see,  below). —  6.  [With  ref.  to  blue-stocking,  q. 
v.]    Learned ;  pedantic :  applied  to  women. 

Some  of  the  ladies  were  very  blue  and  well  informed. 

Thackeray. 

7.  Indecent ;  obscene :  as,  blue  stories.  [Colloq.] 
—Black  and  blue.  See  Mncfc— Blue  antelope.  .Same 

as  blauwbok. — Blue  asbestOS.  See  crocidolite.—  'S\.\i% 
ashes,  a  hydrated  basic  copper  carbonate,  prepared  arti- 
ficially. It  is  found  native  ("  mountain  blue  ")  in  Cum- 
berland, England.— Blue  beech.    Same  as  water-beech.^ 

—  Blue  bindweed,  blood,  bream,  carmine,  clay,  etc. 

See  the  nouns. — Blue  copperas.  Same  as  bluestone. — 
Blue  flesh-fly.  Same  as  bluebottle,  2. —  Blue  funk,  ex- 
treme nervousness  or  nervous  agitation;  nervous  appre- 
hension or  dread. —  Blue  glass,  glass  colored  with  cobalt 
manganese. — Blue  ground.    Same  as  W«e  rock  (b  or  c). 

—  Blue  lake,  a  pigment  similar  to  Antwerp  blue. — Blue 
magnetism,  that  which  characterizes  the  south  pole  ol 
amagnet. — Blue  malachite.  See  malachite. — Bluemet- 
al,  copper  at  a  certain  stage  in  the  process  of  refining. 

—  Blue  milk,  Monday,  etc.  See  the  nouns. —  Blue 
OCher.  See  ocher. — Blue  pole,  the  south  pole  of  a  mag- 
net.—  Blue  pulp,  a  name  of  various  mixtures  known  to 
calico-printers  and  -dyers,  made  up  of  yellow  prussiate  of 
potash  and  protochlorid  or  bichlorid  of  tin  and  water. — 
Blue  ribbon.  See  rtfcfton.  —  Blue  rock,  (a)  The  name 
in  parts  of  Ireland  of  an  are  naceous  shale.  (6)  In  Austra- 
lia, the  volcanic  (basaltic)  m  aterial  in  places  overlying  the 
Tertiary  auriferous  gravels,  (c)  The  bluish-colored  matrix 
in  which  the  South  African  diamonds  are  often  found  em- 
bedded. It  is  a  kind  of  breccia. — Blue  sand,  a  cobalt 
smalt  used  by  potters  for  painting  blue  figures  on  pottery. 
—Blue  shark.  See  s/i(ni.— Blue  verditer.  Same  aa 
Bremen  blue  (see  below). — Blue  'Vitriol.  See  vitriol. — 
To  burn  blue,  to  burn  with  a  bluish  flame  like  that  of 
brimstone. — True  blue  [that  is,  genuine,  lasting  blue: 
blue  being  taken  as  a  type  of  constancy,  and  used  in  this 
and  other  phrases  often  with  an  added  allusion  to  some 
other  sense  of  Wue],  constant;  unwavering;  stanch;  ster- 
ling; unflinching;  upright  and  downright:  specifically 
applied  to  the  Scotch  Presbyterians  or  Whig  party  in  the 
seventeenth  century,  from  the  color  (blue)  adopted  by  the 
Covenanters  in  contradistinction  to  the  royal  red. 

II.  n.  1.  The  color  of  the  clear  sky  or  of 
natural  ultramarine,  or  a  shade  or  a  tint  re- 
sembling it;  azure.  See  I.,  1. —  2.  A  dye  or  pig- 
ment of  this  hue.  The  substances  used  as  blue  pig- 
ments are  of  very  different  natures,  and  derived  from  va- 
rious sources  ;  they  are  all  compound  bodies,  some  being 
natural  and  others  artificial.    See  phrases  below. 

3.  Bluing. — 4.  The  sky;  the  atmosphere.  [Po- 
etic] 

I  came  and  sat 
Below  the  chestnuts,  when  their  buds 
Were  glistening  in  the  breezy  blue. 

Tennyson,  Miller's  Daughter. 

5.  The  sea;  the  deep  sea.  [Poetic]  —  6.  A 
member  of  a  party,  or  of  any  company  of  per- 
sons, which  has  adopted  blue  as  its  distinctive 
color. — 7.  The  heavy  winter  coat  of  the  deer. 
See  phrase  in  the  blue,  below. —  8.  A  butterfly 
of  the  family  Lyccenidce,  found  in  Great  Britain 
and  other  parts  of  Europe. — 9.  [Short  for  blue- 
stocking.]   A  pedantic  woman. 

Next  to  a  lady  I  must  bid  adieu  — 
Whom  some  in  mirth  or  malice  call  a  blue. 

Crabbe. 

Alexandria  blue,  a  pigment  used  by  the  ancient  Egyp- 
tians, composed  of  the  silicates  of  copper  and  lime.  Also 
called  Egyptian  Wwe.- Alizarin  blue,  C17H9NO4,  a  coal- 
tar  color  used  for  dyeing,  prepared  by  beating  nitro-aliza- 
rin  with  glycerin  and  sulphuric  acid,  and  afterward  wash- 
ing with  water.  It  occurs  in  commerce  as  a  dark-violet 
paste  containing  about  10  per  cent,  of  dry  substance,  and  is 
used  in  wool-dyeing  and  calico-printing  in  place  of  indigo, 
under  certain  conditions.     Also  called  anthracene  blue. 

—  Alkali  blue,  in  dyeing,  a  coal-tar  color  used  for  bright- 
blue  shades  on  silk  and  wool,  but  unsuited  for  cotton, 
because  it  will  not  combine  'with  acid  mordants.  It  con- 
sists essentially  of  the  sodium  salt  of  monosulphonic  acid 
of  rosaniline  blue,  and  is  applied  in  a  slightly  alkaline 
bath  (hence  the  name).  Also  called  fast  blue  and  Gttern- 
sey  Aniline  blue,  a  generic  name  for  spirit-blue, 
soluble  blue,  and  alkali  blue.  See  these  terms.  —  Anthra- 


blue 

cene  blue.    Same  as  alizarin  blue.— Antwerp  blue  a 

Prussian  blue  made  somewliat  lighter  in  color  by  tlie  a'd- 
•dition  of  alumina.  It  is  more  greenish  than  Prussian  blue 
Also  called  Haarlem  blue,  mineral  fchje.— Armenian 
blue,  a  pigment  used  by  the  ancients,  probably  a  native 
ultramarine.— Azure  blue,  a  name  given  to  various  pig- 
ments,  such  as  cobalt  blue,  ultramarine,  and  carbonate  of 
copper.— Basic  blue,  a  more  carefully  prepared  spirit- 
blue  of  the  first  kind.    See  spirit-blue.  Also  called  onai- 
*i!(e.— Berlin  blue.  Same  as  Prtissian  blue,  but  usually  a 
little  lighter  in  color.    Also  called  steel-blue. —BllLCbley 
"blue.  Same  as  soluble  blue  (a).— Bremen  blue  a  hydrat- 
ed  copper  oxid  formed  by  precipitating  nitrate' of  copper 
-ivithhme.    It  is  mostly  used  for  fresco-painting  and  re- 
tains its  blue  color  under  artiftcial  light.   Also  called  blue 
wrditer.— Cerulean  blue,  a  pigment  composed  of  the 
oxids  of  tin  and  cobalt.  It  retains  its  blue  color  by  artifi- 
cial light.— ChemiC  blue,  a  terra  used  by  dyers  for  a  very 
acid  solution  of  indigo  in  sulphuric  acid  which  resembles 
Saxony  blue.— Cbina  blue,  a  coal-tar  color  similar  to 
soluble  blue,  used  in  dyeing.— Chinese  blue,  a  pigment 
similar  to  Prussian  blue,  but  when  dry  and  in  a  lump  form 
having  a  peculiar  reddish-bronze  cast.  Its  tints  are  purer 
than  those  of  Prussian  blue.— Cobalt  blue,  a  pure  blue 
tending  toward  cyan-blue  and  of  high  luminosity.  Also 
called  Hungary  blue,  Leithner's  blue,  and  Paris  blue  — 
Coupler's  blue,  a  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing    It  is  a 
spirit-induline,  and  is  the  hydrochlorid  of  some  co'lor-base 
such  as  tnphenyl-violaniline.    It  yields  a  dark-blue  color 
not  unhke  mdigo,  and  can  be  dyed  on  wool,  silk  and  cot- 
ton. Also  called  azodiphemjl,  Elberfeld  blue,  Roubaix  blue 

—  Cyanine  blue.  Same  as  Leitch's  *?tt«.— Distilled  blue 
a  purified  solution  of  sulphate  of  indigo.  — Dumont's  blue' 
a  rarefully  prepared  smalt  used  by  decorators  of  china' 

—  Egyptian blue.  Same  as  Alexandria  ftZtte.— Elberfeld 
blue.  Same  as  CoupierS  fciite.— Electric  blue,  a  trade- 
name for  a  light,  greenish  blue.-Eschel  blue.    Same  as 

*mart.— Fast  blue.  Same  as  alkali  *it<«.— Fluorescent 
resorcinal  blue,  a  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing  pre- 
pared by  dissolving  azo-resorufln  in  potash,  adding  bro- 
mine, and  precipitating  with  hydrochloric  acid  the  hex- 
abrom-diazo-resorufluate,  and  converting  this  into  the  so- 
dium salt.  It  dyes  wool  and  silk  a  fast  blue  with  a  red 
fluorescence,  especially  in  artificial  light.  Also  called  re- 
sorcin  blue.— Trench,  blue.  Same  as  artificial  ultrama- 
ntie  (which  see,  under  ultramarine).— Gentiajaa,  blue 
Same  as  spirit-blue.— Gold,  blue,  a  color  similar  to  purple 
of  Cassius.  See  purple.  —  Guernsey  blue.  Same  as  alkali 
olue.—  Gxamet  blue.  Same  as  artificial  ultramarine 
(which  see,  under  ultramarine).— 'S.a.stXlem  blue  Same 
^Antwerp  fiZue.— Humboldt  blue.  Same  as  spirit-blue 

—  Hungary  blue.  Same  as  cobalt  blue.— Imperial  blue 
Same  as  spirit-blue.—  lnC^din  blue.  Same  as  indigo.— 
Intense  blue,  a  pigment  made  by  refining  indigo.— In 
the  blue,  wearing  the  blue  coat,  as  a  deer. 

Frontiersmen  and  hunters  .  .  .  say  the  deer  is  m  the 
red  or  the  blue,  as  he  may  be  in  the  summer  or  the  winter 
coat. 

J .  D.  Caton,  Antelope  and  Deer  of  America,  p.  149. 
Leitch's  blue,  a  compound  of  cobalt  blue  and  Prussian 
blue.  Also  called  cyanine  blue.—  Leithner's  blue.  Same 
as  cobalt  ftZite.— Lyons  blue,  one  of  the  commercial 
names  of  spirit-blue. — Mineral  blue.  Same  as  A  nlwerp 
—  Monthier'S  blue,  a  special  kind  of  Prussian  blue, 
in  the  making  of  which  ammonia  is  used.— Mountain 
blue.  See  azwnte.— Napoleon  blue,  a  blue  color  dyed 
on  silk  by  means  of  basic  ferric  sulphate  and  yellow  prus- 
siate  of  potash,  forming  a  Prussian  blue.  Also  called  Hav- 
mond's  blue.— Native  Prussian  blue.  Same  as  blue  ocher 
(which  see  under  ocAer).— Navy  blue.  Same  as  soluble 
blue  (6).— Nemours  blue,  a  color  produced  in  dyeing  by 
first  dyeing  with  sandal-wood  and  afterward  with  indigo 
giving  a  purple  hue  by  reflected  light.— Neutral  blue' 
a  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing,  the  hydroclilorid  of  the 
color-base  safranine.  It  is  useful  only  In  dyeing  cotton  — 
Hew  blue.  Same  as  artificial  ultramarine,  or,  in  coal-tar 
colors,  same  as  neutral  blue.— mght  blue,  (a)  Same  as 
Victoria  blue,  but  of  a  purer  shade.  (J)  Soluble  blue 
(c)  Any  blue  that  Is  free  from  violet,  and  retains  a  true 
blue  color  in  artificial  light.- Paris  blue,  (a)  Same  as 
cobalt  blue.   (6)  A  somewhat  light  shade  of  Prussian  blue 

—  Parma  blue,  a  spirit-blue  of  the  first  kind,  with  a  de- 
cided violet  tone.— Paste  blue,  (a)  Sulphate  of  indigo. 
{0)  ITussian  blue  in  a  pasty  state.— Peacock  blue,  a  deep, 
greenish  blue.  See  peacock-blue.— -permanent  blue 
J>ame  as  artificial  ultramarine  (which  see,  under  ultra- 
»)Mtnn«).— Prussian  blue,  a  pigment  made  by  precipi- 
tating ferric  sulphate  with  yellow  prussiate  of  potash 
forming  a  ferrocyanide  of  iron.  It  is  a  cyan-blue  like  that 
of  the  spectrum  of  wave-length  .420  micron ;  its  chroma  is 
strong,  but  its  luminosity  is  low.  Sometimes  called  royal 
Wite.— Rasonond's  blue.  Same  as  Napoleon  blue.—Re- 
DOUlleau  S  blue.  Same  as  Schiveinfurth  blue.— nesorcin 
Dlue.  Same  as  fluorescent  resorcinal  ftZue.- RoubaiX 
tuue.  Same  as  Coupler's  blue. --Royal  blue.  Same  as 
*nta«.   In  dyeing,  Prussian  blue  is  sometimes  so  named 

—  Sanders  or  saunders  blue,  a  corrupt  name  for  the 
Jftench  cendres  6feues(ultramarine  ashes).— Saxony  blue 
the  sulphindigotic  acid  of  commerce,  prepared  by  dissolv- 
ing indigo  in  concentrated  sulphuric  acid,  and  used  for 
dyeing  on  wool  and  silk.  It  is  brighter  in  color  than  that 
obtained  from  the  indigo-vat,  but  is  not  so  fast  either  to 
light  or  to  the  action  of  soap.  -  Schweinfurth  blue,  a 
I)igment  made  by  fusing  together  copper  arseniate,  potas- 
sium arsemate,  and  niter.  The  product  soon  turns  blue 
ci'i'^"-^!""^'^  t^^'Ietl  Reboulleaxis  blue.- 
S>01uble  blue,  (a)  A  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing,  oh- 
tamed  by  heating  a  spirit-blue  with  sulphuric  acid,  and 
wJv<£''°  '^"ch  blues  are  soluble  in 
water,  in  distinction  from  the  spirit-blues,  which  ai-e  solu- 
ble only  m  alcohol.  Also  called  Blackley  blue,  (b)  A 
Prussian  blue  to  which  has  been  added  an  excess  of  pnis- 
l.iniJ'  V^f}}-  •^'^"<^fi  ball-blue,  navy  blue.— The 
Diues.  (a)  [Contraction  for  blue-demls.]  Low  spirits- 
^vl  ?M  r  ^ '  ,'J?,iPondency  ;  hypochondria.  See  blue-deo- 
riimfif  ^^'^  popularly  given  to  the  English 
w,i  p;  properly  called  the  Royal  Horse  Guards,  o?Ox- 
lom  Muf  s,  first  mustered  in  1661,  and  so  called  from  their 
/wM„l!"  a,  blue,  to  have  won  one's  blue 
chn^»n       ^""^"'"h  [Eng.] -To  Win  one's  blue,  to  be 

'^■■eP''esent  a  university  (Oxford  or  Cambridge)  or 
school  (Harrow  or  Eton)  in  athletic  contests :  from  the 


599 

distinctive  colors  (dark  blue  for  Oxford  and  Harrow,  and 
light  blue  for  Cambridge  and  Eton)  adujited  Ijy  students 
at  those  institutions.  [Eng.]— Ultramarine  blue.  See 
ultramarine.— ya.t-hl\ie.  Same  as  t/t(//(/o-iiue.— Vic- 
toria blue,  a  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing.  It  is  a  dark- 
blue  powder  soluble  in  water,  and  can  be  dyed  on  wool 
si.lk,  or  cotton.— Violet-blue,  a  blue  tending  toward 
violet,  the  color  of  the  spectrum  between  wave-lengths 
•**>0  to  415  micron,  or  of  such  light  mixed  with  white.— 
Wme-blue,  cenocyan,  used  as  a  coloring  matter  for  red 
wines. 

blue  (bio),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blued,  ppr.  Uuing. 
[<  blue,  a.]    I.  trans.  To  make  blue ;  dye  a 
blue  color;  color  with  bluing;  make  blue  by- 
heating,  as  metals,  etc. 
Il.t  intrans.  To  blush, 
blueback  (blo'bak),  n.    1.  A  local  English 
name  (current  in  Yorkshire)  of  the  coal-fish,  in 
allusion  to  the  bluish  color  of  the  back.—  2. 
The  blue-backed  salmon  or  nerka,  Oncorhyiichu's 
nerka,  known  in  Idaho  as  the  red-fish.— 3.  In 
Maryland  and  Virginia,  the  glut-herring;  a 
herring-like  fish,  Clupea  cestivalis,  without  vo- 
merine or  palatine  teeth,  with  the  lower  jaw 
projecting  but  little,  and  the  peritoneum  black- 
ish.   It  is  much  like  the  alewife,  but  of  less 
value.— 4.  A  local  name  in  Maine  of  the  blue- 
backed  trout,  Salvelinus  oquassa. 
bluebell  (blo'bel),  n.    The  popular  name  of 
several  different  plants:  (a)  In  Scotland,  of 
Campanula  rotundifolia,  a  plant  bearing  a  loose 
panicle  of  blue  beU-shaped  flowers.    See  hare- 
bell,   (b)  In  England,  of  Scilla  nutans,  the  wild 
hyacinth,  from  the  shape  of  its  drooping  flow- 
ers,   (c)  Of  the  grape-hyacinth,  Muscari  botry- 
oides.    (d)  Occasionally,  of  other  plants  with 
blue  bell-shaped  flowers, 
blueberry  (blo'ber'i),  n.;  pi.  blueberries  (-iz). 
[<  blue  +  berry'^.   Cf.  blaeberry.']    In  America : 
(a)  The  fruit  of  several  species  of  Vaccinium, 
ordinarily  distinguished  from  the  various  kinds 
of  huckleberry  by  its  blue  color  and  smaller 
seeds.    The  swamp  or  tall  blueberry  is  the  Vac- 
cinium conjmhosum  ;  the  low  blueberry,  V.vacil- 
lans;  and  the  dwarf  blueberry,  V.  Pennsyl- 
vanicum.    See  bilberry,    (b)  Another  name  of 
the  cohosh,  Caulophyllum  thalictr aides. 
bluebill  (blo'bil),  n.  A  scaup  duck;  the  black- 
head (which  see), 
blue-billy  (bl6'bU*i),  w.    [<  blue  +  billy,  per- 
haps the  proper  name  Billy  used  famiUarly,  as 
mother  instances:  see  billyh,  bilbj'^.']  lametal., 
the  residuum  from  pyrites,  roasted  for  the  man- 
ufacture of  sulphuric  acid,  or  for  the  extrac- 
tion in  the  moist  way  of  the  copper  which  it 
contams.    This  residuum,  consisting  mainly  of  peroxid 
of  iron,  IS  largely  used  as  fettling  in  the  puddling-fur- 
naces  in  parts  of  England. 

bluebird  (blo'berd),  n.  [In  17th  century,  blew- 
bird.]  1.  An  American  oscine  passerine  bird, 
of  the  genus  Sialia,  of  which  blue  is  the  chief 
color.  There  are  several  species.  The  common  or  Wil- 
son s  bluebird,  Sialia  sialis,  inhabits  eastern  North  Amer- 
ica It  is  about  6J  inches  long,  blue  above  and  dull-red- 
dish  and  white  below.  In  most  parts  of  the  United  States 
It  IS  a  harbinger  of  spring,  coming  with  a  melodious  song. 
It  nests  in  holes,  and  lays  plain  pale-bluish  eg^s  The 
western  or  Mexican  bluebird,  S.  mexicana,  is  very  similar 
but  has  a  reddish  patch  on  the  back,  and  the  throat  blue! 
The  arctic  or  Rocky  Mountain  bluebird,  S.  arctica  is  a 
larger  species,  of  a  paler  blue  than  the  others,  fading  into 
white  below,  without  any  red. 

2.  Some  other  bird  of  a  blue  color:  as,  the 
fairy  bluebird  of  Java,  Irene  turcosa. 
blue-black  (blo'blak),  a.  and  n.    I.  a.  Of  a 
bluish-black  color. 

,  1-  A  name  of  ivory-Mack,  from  its 

bluish  hue ;  a  color  resembling  ivory-black.  

2.  A  well-burnt  and  levigated  charcoal  pre- 
pared from  vine-twigs.    Also  called  vine-black. 
blueblawt  (blo'bla),  n.    [Also  written  blue- 
blow,  early  mod.  E.  blewblaw,  <  blew,  blue,  + 
*Uaw,  appar.  a  varied  form  of  blue  or  blae  (ME. 
bla,  etc.),  later  modified  to  blow.]  An  old  name 
of  the  bluebottle,  Centaurea  Cyanus. 
blue-blazer  (blo'bla"zer),  n.  A  sweetened  and 
flavored  drink  made  of  Scotch  whisky  and 
water  mixed,  after  being  set  on  fiire,  by  pour- 
ing back  and  forth  between  two  mugs, 
blue-blind  (blo'blind),  a.    Unable  to  distin- 
guish the  color  blue  from  other  colors. 

From  the  rarity  and,  in  many  cases,  the  entire  absence 
of  reference  to  blue  in  ancient  literature,  Geiger 
has  maintained  that,  even  as  recently  as  the  time  of  Ho- 
mer, om-  ancestors  were  blue-bliml. 

Sir  J.  Lubbock,  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXI.  200. 


bluefish 

from  the  color  of  their  bonnets ;  also,  any  Scotch- 
man: generally  as  two  words.    Also  bluecap. 
England  shall  many  a  day 
Tell  of  the  bloody  fray 
When  the  Blue  Bonnets  came  over  the  Border. 

Scott,  Ballad,  Jlonastery,  xxv. 
bluebottle  (blo'bof'l),  n.  [In  def.  1  -with  ref. 
to  the  blue  funnel-shaped  florets  arranged  in  a 
bottle-shaped  involucre  or  whorl.]  1.  In  bat. 
Centaurea  Cyanus,  a  composite  plant,  a  weed  in 
Europe,  cultivated  for  ornament  in  America. 
Also  called  bluebonnet  and  bluccap. —  2.  lazodl., 
a  dipterous  insect  with  a  blue  abdomen,  of  the 
family  Muscidw  and  genus  Muscu,  or  Calliphora. 
Also  popularly  called  beef-eater  and  blue  flcsh-Jty. 

Under  the  term  bluebottle  at  least  two  species  are  in- 
cluded [in  England],  namely,  Musca  voniitoria  and  M. 
erythiocephala.  They  both  have  the  under  surface  of  the 
head  red.  Stand.  Xat.  Hist.,  VI.  95. 

3.  A  policeman,  a  beadle,  or  other  officer  wear- 
ing a  blue  dress.  [Slang.] 
bluebreast  (blo'brest),  n.    Same  as  bluethroat. 
bluebuck  (blo'buk),  n.    [Tr.  of  D.  hlauwboh.] 
Same  as  blauwbok. 
bluebush  (blo'biish),  n.   A  Mexican  shmb,  Ce- 

anothus  azureus,  with  abundant  blue  flowers, 
bluebuttons  (blo'buf'onz),  ?«.    Same  as  blue- 
cap,  3  (a). 

bluecap  (blo'kap),  n.  1.  A  fish  said  to  be  of 
the  salmon  kind,  with  blue  spots  on  its  head. 
Imp.  Diet.— 2.  Same  as  bluebonnet,  1. —  3.  In 
bot. :  (a)  Some  blue-flowered  species  of  Scabi- 
osa,  as  S.  succisa  and  S.  arvensis.  {b)  The  blue- 
bottle, Centaurea  Cyanus. — 4.  Same  as  blue- 
bonnet,  3. 

A  thousand  blue-caps  more.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 
5.  In  coal-mining,  a  blue  or  brownish  halo 
around  the  flame  of  the  safety-lamp,  indicat- 
ing the  presence  of  a  dangerous  quantity  of 
fire-damp. 

bluecoat  (blo'kot),  n.    A  person  who  wears  a 
blue  coat,  especially  as  a  uniform  or  livery. 
Specifically- (a)  A  serving-man,  especially  in  the  house 
of  an  English  country  gentleman.     The  blue  coat  and 
badge  were  formerly  the  common  livery  of  all  the  male  ser- 
vants and  attendants  in  a  large  establishment,   (b)  A  sol- 
dier in  the  army  of  the  United  States.— Bluecoat  boy  a 
pupil  of  Christ's  Hospital,  London,  a  foundation  datilig 
from  the  time  of  Edward  VI.,  the  beneficiaries  of  which 
who  are  young  boys,  still  wear  the  dress  common  to  boys 
at  that  time,  or  a  slight  modification  of  it,  consisting  of  a 
long  blue  coat  girded  with  a  leather  belt,  knee-breeches 
yellow  stockings,  and  low  shoes.  Their  head-dress  is  what 
IS  called  a  mujfin-cap  (which  see),  but  generally  they  wear 
no  caps,  even  in  the  coldest  weather, 
blue-cod  (blo'kod),  n.    A  chiroid  fish,  Ophio- 
don  elongatus,  of  the  Pacific  coast  of  the  United 
States,  better  known  as  cultus-cod. 
blue-creeper  (blo'kre"per),  n.  Agraeeful  twin- 
ing plant  of  Tasmania,  Comesperma  volubile, 
natural  order  Polygalacece,  bearing  an  abun- 
dance of  bright-blue  flowers, 
blue-curls  (blo'kerlz),  n.    A  low  labiate  plant 
of  the  United  States,  Trichostema  dichotomum, 
with  blue  flowers  and  very  long  coiled  fila- 
ments. 

blue-devils  (blo'dev'lz),  n.  pi.  [See  blue,  a., 
3,  4.]  1.  Low  spirits;  depression  of  mind. — 
2.  [With  allusion  to  the  apparitions  of  such 
delirium.]  Delirium  tremens, 
blue-disease  (blo'di-zez''),  n.  Same  as  cyanosis. 
blue-eyed  (blo'id),  a.  Having  blue  eyes  :  as, 
"the  blue-eyed  Norseman,"  longfellow.  Tales 
of  a  Wayside  Inn.- Blue-eyed  grass,  in  bot.,  the 

name  in  the  United  States  of  species  of  Sisyrinchium.— 
Blue-eyed  Mary,  the  name  of  a  boraginaceous  plant 
Umphalodes  verna,  of  Europe,  with  small  blue  flowers 
resembling  the  forget-me-not. 

bluefin  (blo'fin),  n.  A  local  name  in  the 
United  States  of  the  lake-herring  or  whitefish 
of  Lake  Michigan,  Coregonus  nigripinnis.  See 
Cisco. 

bluefish  (blo'fish),  n.  1.  The  usual  name  of  a 
fish  of  the  family  Pomatomidfe,  the  Pomatomus 
saltatrix,  also  called  tailor,  skipjack,  blue-snap- 
per, and  green-fish,  it  is  of  compressed  subfusiform 
shape,  greenish  or  bluish  above  and  silvery  below.  It 


blueblowt,  n.  See  blueblaw. 
bluebonnet  (bl6'bon''''et),  n.  1.  A  name  for 
the  blue  titmouse,  Parus  cwruleus.  Also  called 
bluecap.  Macgillivray.—  2.  In  bot.,  same  as 
bluebottle,  1. —  3.  A  name  given  to  the  soldiery 
of  Scotland  when  it  was  a  separate  kingdom, 


Bluefish  [Pomal,-mi,s  sal ! .1 ! nx). 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  1884.) 


sometimes  attains  a  length  of  about  3  feet,  though  it  is 
usually  much  smaller.  It  is  common  in  many  seas,  but  is 
best  known  along  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States. 
Its  teeth  are  small  but  trenchant,  and  the  fish  is  exceed- 
ingly ravenous  and  destructive  to  other  fishes.  It  affords 
excellent  sport,  and  its  flesh  is  esteemed  for  the  table. 


bluefish 

2.  An  occasional  (New  England)  name  of  the 
common  eunner,  Cteiiolabrus  adspersxs.  See 
cunner. —  3.  A  Californian  soitenoid  fish,  Cyno- 
scion parvipinne,  related  to  the  weakfish  of  the 
eastern  United  States. —  4.  A  pimelepteroid 
fish  of  the  Pacific  coast  of  the  TJnited  States, 
G-irella  nigricans,  of  a  bluish-brown  color,  with 
tricuspid  incisors  in  an  outer  row,  and  a  band 
of  smaller  teeth  within. —  5.  A  West  Indian 
and  Floridian  labroid  fish,  Plattjglossusradiatus, 
with  9  dorsal  spines,  cheeks  and  opereles  naked, 
and  well -developed  posterior  canines.  The  ailult 
is  azure-blue,  with  a  longit  udinal  band  on  the  anal  tin  and 
a  blue  margin  on  the  dorsal. 

blue-glede  (blo'gled),  n.  An  English  name  of 
the  ring-tailed  harrier.  Circus  cyaneus.  Also 
called  bine-lite  and  blue-hawk. 

blue-gown  (blo'goun),  n.  One  of  a  former  order 
of  paupers  in  Scotland,  also  called  the  king's 
beadsmen,  to  whom  the  king  annually  distrib- 
uted certain  alms  on  condition  of  their  praying 
for  his  welfare.  Their  number  was  equal  to  the  num- 
ber of  years  the  king  had  lived.  The  alms  consisted  of  a 
blue  gown  or  cloak,  a  purse  containing  as  many  shillings 
Scots  (pennies  sterling)  iis  the  years  of  the  king's  age,  and 
a  badge  bearing  the  words  "  Pass  and  repass,"  which  pro- 
tected them  from  all  laws  against  mendicity.  Edie  Ochil- 
tree, in  Sir  VV.  Scott's  novel  "  The  Antiquary,"  is  a  type  of 
the  class.  The  practice  of  appointing  beadsmen  was  dis- 
continued in  1S33. 

blue-grass  (blo'gras),  d.  [<  blue  +  grass.  Cf. 
Icel.  bkl-gras  (Geranium  jjrateHse).]  In  bot, 
the  name  of  several  species  of  Foa.  The  blue- 
grass  of  England  is  P.  coiiipressa  ;  of  Kentucky,  P.  pra- 
temis,  highly  valued  in  the  United  States  for  pasturage 
and  hay  ;  and  of  Te.\as,  P.  arachnifera.  The  red-topped 
blue-grass  of  Montana  and  westward  is  P.  tenuifolia. — 

Blue-grass  region.  See  grass. 
blue-gum  (blo'gum),  n.    1.  In  j)athol.,  a  blue 
coloration  of  the  free  edge  of  the  gums,  fre- 
quent in  cases  of  lead-poisoning. —  2.  The  blue- 
gum  tree  Blue-gum  tree,  the  Eucalxiptus  globulus, 

an  important  tree  of  Australia,  of  e-xtremely  rapid  growth, 
and  known  to  have  attained  a  height  of  350  feet.  It  is 
reputed  to  be  a  preventive  of  malaria,  and  is  now  largely 
planted  in  California  and  other  countries.  Its  leaves  are 
odoriferous  when  bruised,  and  are  used  as  a  febrifuge. 

blue-hafit  (blo'haf "it),  n.  A  local  Scotch 
name  of  the  bird  better  known  as  the  hedge- 
chanter.  Accentor  modularis.  See  cut  under 
Accentor. 

blue-ha'wk  (blo'hak), «.  1.  Same  as  blue-glcde. 
—  2.  The  adult  peregrine  falcon,  Falco  pere- 
grinus. —  3.  The  American  goshawk,  Asturatri- 
capillus. 

blue-hearts  (blo'harts),  n.  The  common  name 
of  Buchnera  Americana,  natural  order  Scrophu- 
lariacece,  a  perennial  herb  with  deep-pui-ple 
flowers. 

blue-hot  (blo'hot),  a.  Blue  •with  heat :  said  of 
a  body  at  so  high  a  temperature  that  the  more 
refrangible  rays,  that  is,  the  blue  and  violet, 
preponderate  in  its  total  radiation,  so  that  the 
light  it  emits  appears  blue. 

blueing,  «.    See  bluing. 

blue-jack  (blo'jak),  «.  A  species  of  oak,  Quer- 
cus  cinerea,  a  small  tree  with  hard,  strong,  and 
hea'vy  wood,  found  on  the  coasts  of  the  south- 
em  United  States. 

blue-jacket  (bl6',iak"et),  n.  1 .  In  the  naval  ser- 
vice, a  sailor  as  distinguished  from  a  marine : 
so  called  from  the  color  of  his  jacket. —  2.  A 
name  given  in  the  United  States  to  hymenop- 
terous  insects  of  the  family  Sphegidw.  The  pre- 
dominant color  is  blue.  The  best-known  are  the  Pelopceus 
coeruleus,  a  northern  species,  and  the  Chlvrion  eyaiwum, 
whose  range  is  more  to  the  south.  Both  are  known  un- 
der the  collective  name  of  mud-daubers.  See  cuts  under 
Ammophila,  digger-wasp,  and  mud-dauber. 

blue-john  (bld'jon),  «.  The  local  name  in  Der- 
byshire, England,  of  a  blue  variety  of  fluor- 
spar. 

Blue  John  was  a  name  given  by  the  miners  who  first 
discovered  it  to  a  variety  of  fluor  spar,  in  order  to  distin- 
guish it  from  Black  Jack,  which  is  an  ore  of  zinc. 

N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  XII.  506. 

bluejoint-grass  (blo'joint-gras),  «.  A  common 
name  in  the  United  States  of  two  stout  bluish- 
stemmed  grasses,  Dei/ewxia  (Calamagrostis)  Ca- 
nadensis, and,  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
Agropyrum  glaucum. 

bllie-kite  (blo'kit),  «.    Same  as  blue-glede. 

blue-laid  (blo'lad),  a.  In  paper-making,  ha-vdng 
a  blue  tinge  :  said  of  a  class  of  laid  papers. 

blue-la'WS  (blo'laz),  n.  pi.  A  supposititious 
code  of  severe  laws  for  the  regulation  of  re- 
ligious and  personal  conduct  in  the  colonies  of 
Connecticut  and  New  Haven ;  hence,  any  rigid 
Sunday  laws  or  religious  regulations.  The  asser- 
tion by  some  writers  of  the  existence  of  the  blue  laws  has 
no  other  basis  than  the  adoption  by  the  first  authorities  of 
the  New  Haven  colony  of  the  Scriptures  as  their  code  of 
law  and  government,  and  their  strict  application  of  Mosaic 
principles. 


Blue-mold  i 
with  detachec 
magnitied. 


Peniciltium  crustaceum), 
chains  of  cooidia,  highly 


600 

blue-leg  (blo'leg),  n.  [A  sportive  adaptation 
of  blue-stocking,  A  blue-stocking ;  a  literary 
person. 

When  Madame  de  Stael  resided  at  Coppet,  it  was  her 
custom  to  collect  around  her  in  the  evening  a  circle  of 
literati,  the  blue  legs  of  Geneva,  by  some  one  of  whom  an 
essay,  a  disquisition,  or  a  portion  of  a  work  in  progress, 
was  frequently  read  aloud  to  entertain  the  rest. 

Southey,  The  Doctor,  i.  84. 

blueling  (blo'ling), «.  [<  blue  +  -ling'^.']  A  small 
butterfly  of  the  genus  Polyommatus  ov  Lyccena, 
notable  for  its  blue  color. 

bluely  (blo'li),  adv.  "With  a  blue  color.  Swift. 

blue-mantle  (bl6'man*tl),  n.  The  title  of  one 
of  the  English  pursuivants-at-arms.  The  office 
was  instituted  either  by  Edward  III.  or  by  Henry  V.,  and 
named  in  allusion  to  the  robes  of  the  order  of  the  Garter, 
or,  as  some  suppose,  to  the  color  of  the  arms  of  France. 

blue-mass  (blo'mas),  w.  A  drug  made  by  rub- 
bing up  metallic  mercury  with  confection  of 
roses  until  all  the  globules  disappear.  Of  this 
blue-pills  are  made. 

blue-metal  (blo'mef'al),  n.  See  blue  metal,  un- 
der metal. 

blue-mold  (blo'mold),  «.  A  common  minute 
fungus,  Penicillium  crustaceum,  of  bluish  or 
greenish  color, 
found  on  moldy 
bread  and  a 
large  number 
of  foods  and 
other  substan- 
ces. The  niyceli- 
nm  or  spawn  sends 
up  numerous  slen- 
der filaments  or  hy- 
phfe,  which  branch 
at  the  top  and  bear 
chains  of  repro- 
ductive cells  or  co- 
nidia.  In  rare  cases 
spores  are  pro- 
duced in  asci. 

blueness  (blo'- 
nes),  n.  [<  blue 
+  -ness.'\  The 
quality  of  be- 
ing blue  in  any 
sense. 

blue-nose  (blo'noz),  n.  1.  A  native  of  Nova 
Scotia:  a  colloquial  designation,  in  allusion 
either  to  the  hue  given  to  the  noses  of  its  in- 
habitants by  its  severe  winter,  or  to  a  kind  of 
potato  so  named  which  is  largely  produced 
there.  Haliburton. — 2.  A  Nova  Scotian  vessel. 

blue-ointment  (blo'oinfment),  ».  Mercurial 
ointment. 

blue-paidle  (bla'pa'dl),  n.  A  Scotch  name  of 
the  lumpsucker. 

blue-paper  (blo'pa'''per),  n.  Paper  sensitive  to 
light,  prepared  by  floating  white  paper  on  a 
solution  of  potassium  ferroeyanide.  it  is  used 
for  copying  maps  and  plans,  printing  photographic  nega- 
tives, etc.  After  exposure  to  light  during  a  proper  inter- 
val beneath  the  subject  to  be  reproduced,  the  print  is 
finished  by  immersion  in  several  changes  of  clean  water, 
which  dissolves  from  the  paper  that  part  of  the  ferro- 
prussiate  which  has  not  been  acted  upon  by  light,  and 
brings  out  a  fine  blue  color  in  place  of  the  original  dull 
gray  or  greenish  color  in  those  portions  of  the  surface 
which  have  been  affected.  Called  in  the  trade  blue-pro- 
cess paper. 

blue-perch  (blo'perch),  M.  1.  A  local  name  of 
the  common  New  England  cimner,  Ctenolabrus 
adspersus.  See  cut  under  cunner. — 2.  A  Cali- 
fornian embiotocoid  fish,  Ditrema  later  ale,  a 
kind  of  surf-fish. 

blue-peter  (blo'pe'ter).  n.  [<  blue  +  peter, 
orig.  repeater : 
see  peter,  re- 
peater.1  Naut.,a 
blue  flag  having 
a  white  square 
in  the  center, 
hoisted  at  the 
fore  royalmast- 
head  of  mer- 
chant vessels  as 
a  signal  that  the 
ship  is  ready  to 
sail,  to  recall 
boats,  etc. 

A  large  brand-new  red  ensign  pulling  in  rich  color  at 
the  halliards  at  the  peak,  and  blue  Peter  lazily  fluttering 
above  the  fore-royal-yard. 

W.  C.  Russell,  A  Strange  Voyage,  iv. 

blue-pie  (blo'pi),  n.    One  of  the  species  of 

Asiatic  jays  of  the  genus  Urocissa. 
blue-pigeon  (bio '  pij '  on),  n.    A  name  for  a 

sounding-lead, 
blue-pike  (blo'pik),  n.    A  local  name  in  the 

United  States  of  the  wall-eyed  pike-perch,  Sti- 

sostedion  (or  Lucioperca)  vitreum. 


Blue-peter. 


bluet 

blue-pill  (blo'pil'),  n.  A  pill  made  from  blue- 
mass. 

blue-pipe  (blo'pi;p),  «.  The  common  lilac. 
Ray. 

blue-pod  (blo'pod),  n.  The  name  in  California 
of  species  of  Godctia,  natural  order  Onagracece, 
noxious  weeds,  with  showy  purple  flowers. 

blue-poker  (bia'po^ker),  n.  The  pochard,  Fu- 
ligula  (or  Aytliya)  ferina.  See  pochard.  [Lo- 
cal in  Great  Britain.] 

blue-pot  (blo'pot),  w.  A  black-lead  crucible 
made  of  a  mixture  of  coarse  plumbago  and  clay. 

blue-pox  (blo'poks),  n.    Malignant  pustule. 

blue-print  (blo'print),  n.  An  impression  pro- 
duced by  blue-printing. 

blue-printing  (bl6'priu"ting),  n.  A  method  of 
photo-printing  by  the  agency  of  paper  sensi- 
tized with  ferroprussiate  of  potash.  See  blue- 
paper. 

blue-racer  (blo'ra"ser),  n.  A  local  name  in  the 
western  United  States  of  a  variety  of  the  com- 
mon black-snake,  Bascanion  constrictor  flavi- 
ventris. 

blue-rock  (blo'rok),  «.  A  popular  name  of  the 
commonest  variety  of  domestic  pigeon,  Colum- 
ba  livia,  of  a  bluish  color,  with  two  black  bands 
on  the  wings. 

blue-ruin  (bl6'i"o'''in),  n.  A  cant  name  for  gin, 
rum,  etc.,  especially  when  bad. 

bhiesides  (blo'sidz),  «.  A  half-grown  harp- 
seal,  Fhoca  grcenlandica. 

blue-snapper  (blo'snap"er),  «.  A  local  name 
in  Massachusetts  of  the  bluefish,  Pomatomus 
saltatrix. 

blue-spar  (blo'spar),  n.    Azure-spar ;  lazulite. 

bluestart  (blo'start),  n.  [<  blue  +  start^,  tail: 
=  G.  blaiisters.  Cf.  redstart  =  G.  rothstere.] 
A  name  of  the  blue-tailed  warbler,  lanthia  cy- 
anura. 

blue-stem  (blo'stem),  n.  The  name  of  some 
coarse  but  useful  grasses  in  the  United  States, 
chieflj  Andropogon  furcatus  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  Agropyrum  glaucum  further 
westward. 

blue-stocking  (blo'stok^ing),  a.  and  n.    I,  a. 

Wearing  blue  stockings ;  specifically,  wearing 
blue  or  gray  worsted  stockings,  as  opposed  to 
those  of  black  silk  worn  in  court  or  ceremonial 
dress ;  hence,  not  in  full  dress ;  in  plain  dress. 

(a)  Applied  to  the  Little  Parliament  of  1653. 

That  Blew-stocking  Parliament,  Barebone  Parliament,  a 
companie  of  fellowes  called  togeather  by  Cromwell. 
Sir  J.  Bramston,  Autobiog.  (ed.  1845),  p.  89.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

(b)  Applied  to  assemblies  held  in  London  about  1750  at 
the  houses  of  Mrs.  Montague  and  other  ladies,  in  which 
literary  conversation  and  other  intellectual  enjoyments 
were  substituted  for  cards  and  gossip,  and  which  were 
characterized  by  a  studied  plaimiess  of  dress  on  the  part 
of  some  of  the  guests.  Among  these  was  Mr.  Benjamin 
StillingHeet,  who  always  wore  blue  stockings,  and  in  ref- 
erence to  whom,  especially,  the  coterie  was  called  in  de- 
rision the  "Blue-stocking  Society"  or  the  "Blue-stocking 
Club,"  and  the  members,  especially  the  ladies,  "blue- 
stockingers,"  "blue-stocking  ladies,"  and  later  simply 
"blue-stockings "  or  "blues." 

II.  w.  1.  A  member  of  the  "Blue-stocking 
Club,"  especially  a  woman  (see  above) ;  by  ex- 
tension, any  woman  with  a  taste  for  learning  or 
literature ;  a  literary  woman :  originally  used 
in  derision  or  contempt,  and  implying  a  neglect 
on  the  part  of  such  women  of  their  domestic 
duties  or  a  departure  from  their  "proper 
sphere  " ;  now  hardly  used  except  historically  or 
humorously. —  2.  A  name  of  the  American  avo- 
set,  Recurvirostra  americana.  See  avoset.  [Lo- 
cal, U.  S.] 

blue-stockingism  (bio '  stok  ing  -  izm),  n.  [< 
blue-stocking  -'r  -isw.]  The  character,  manner, 
or  habits  of  a  blue-stocking  ;  female  learning 
or  pedantry. 

blue-stone  (blo'ston),  n.  1.  Sulphate  of  cop- 
per, or  blue  vitriol.  Also  called  blue  copperas. 
—  2.  A  name  given  to  a  more  or  less  argilla- 
ceous sandstone  of  bluish  color,  extensively 
quarried  at  various  points  along  the  Hudson 
river,  and  used  for  btiilding  purposes  and  for 
flagging.  Most  of  the  quarries  of  this  rock  are  in  the 
Lower  Silurian  (Hudson  river  group),  but  the  important 
ones  at  Maiden  are  in  the  Devonian  (lower  part  of  the 
Portage  group).    [In  this  sense  commonly  as  one  word.) 

bluet  (blo'et),  n.  [(1)  <  ME.  bluett,  blouet,  <  F. 
(OF.)  bluette,  a  kind  of  woolen  cloth,  prop.  fem. 
dim.  of  bleu,  blue.  (2)  Also  bleivet,  bleicit,  <  F. 
bluet,  "blew-blaw,  blew-bottle,  corn-flower, 
hurt-sickle"  (Cotgrave),  mase.  dim.  of  bleu, 
blue  :  see  blue  and  -et.l  If.  A  kind  of  woolen 
cloth  of  a  bluish  color.— 2.  In  bot.,  a  name 
given  to  several  plants  with  blue  flowers:  (a) 
to  the  bluebottle,  Centaurea  Cyanus;  (b)  in  the 
United  States,  to  Houstonia  (formerly  Olden- 
landia)  ccerulea;  (c)  to  a  species  of  bilberry.— 


bluet 

3.  In  ornith.,  a  hiunming-bird  of  the  subgenus 
Basilinna,  as  the  Mexican  B.  leucotis,  or  the  Cali- 
fornian  B.  xantusi,  one  of  the  queen-hummers. 

bluetail  (blo'tal),  «.  An  American  lizard  of 
the  family  Scincidw,  Eumeces  quinque-Uncatus 
or  fasciatus,  with  a  blue  tail,  inhabiting  the 
southern  and  middle  United  States.  It  is  the 
most  northern  species  of  the  genus. 

bluetangle  (bl6'tang"gl),  «.  The  blue  huckle- 
berry of  the  United  States,  Gayltissacia  Jron- 
(losa.    Also  called  danglehcrry. 

bluethroat  (blo'throt),  n.  A  small  sylviine 
bird  of  the  genus  Ci/aiiecula,  inhabiting  north- 
em  Europe  and  Asia,  and  occasionally  foimd 


601 


-t  {Cyaiiecula  suecica). 


also  in  Alaska;  a  kind  of  redstart  or  red- 
tailed  warbler,  having  a  spot  of  rich  blue  on 
the  throat.  There  are  two  species  or  varieties, 
C.  smcica  and  C.  wolfi..  Also  called  Muehreast 
and  blue-throated  redstart. 

blueweed  (blo'wed),  «.  Ti  e  viper's  bugloss, 
±,chium  vidgare,  a  foreign  iveed  with  showy 
blue  flowers  which  has  been  introduced  into 
the  United  States. 

bluewing  (blo'wing),  «.    The  blue-winged  teal 
ot  JNorth  America,  Querquedula  discors,  a  very 
common  small  duck  with  blue  wing-coverts 
much  esteemed  for  the  table.    See  cut  under 
teal. 

bluewood  (blo'wiid),  n.  A  small  tree  or  shrub, 
tondaha  obovata,  of  the  natural  order  Rhamna- 
cew,  found  m  Texas  and  westward,  often  form- 
ing dense  chaparral  or  thickets,   it  makes  an 

effective  hedge.    The  wood  is  hard  and  very  heavy  of  a 
hght-red  color,  and  the  berries  are  edible  y,^^ 
v?®^  t<  blue  +  -yi.]  Somewhat 

blue;  bluish.  Southey. 
blufifi  (bluf ),  a.  and  n.  [Origin  unknown ;  per- 
haps connected  with  MD.  blaf  (Kilian),  flat, 
broad,  as  in  blaf  aensicht,  a  broad  flat  face,  blaf- 
Jaert,  one  who  has  a  flat  broad  face,  a  coin  with 
a  blank  face  (see  blaffert)  (also  a  boaster,  but 
in  this  sense  prob.  a  different  word,  equiv.  to 
mod.  D.  blaffer  <  blaffen,  bark,  yelp:  see  Uaft-). 
The  suggested  D.  origin  is  favored  by  the  nau- 
tical associations  of  the  word.  There  is  prob 
no  connection  with  bluff'i.^  1.  a.  1.  Having  or 
presentmg  a  broad,  flattened  front,  as  a  ship 
with  broad  bows  and  nearly  vertical  stem.— 2 
Rising  abruptly  and  boldly,  as  a  high  bank  on 
the  shore  of  a  sea,  lake,  or  river;  presenting  a 
bold  and  nearly  perpendicular  front,  as  a  eoast- 
hne  or  a  range  of  low  hills. 

ouI'j^orthetoTtomo^ 

„    _  Atkhis,  Voyage  to  Guinea,  p.  102 

i.  Broad  and  full :  specially  applied  to  a  full 
^^teJianee,  indicative  of  frankness  and  good 

His  broad  bright  eye,  and  face,  .  .  .  like  the  sun 
on  frost-work,  melted  down  displeasure.     H  S.  Ridddl 

r  f-  ^^^'■^y ;  P^^in  and  frank 

somewhat  abrupt  and  unconventional  in  man- 

£luf  Harry  broke  into  the  spence 

And  turn'd  the  cowls  adrift. 

T     .  Tennyson,  Talking  Oak. 

he  rr)™fp"nf  t  °if  ''^"•'^  heartiness  of  expression, 

ne  tDiydeu]  takes  rank  with  the  best. 

_  Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p  79 

&.  -Blustering ;  pompous ;  surly ;  churlish.  [Ob- 
solete or  provincial.] 

A  pert  or  bluff  important  wight.        Armstronri,  Taste 
To  Stand  bluff  t,  to  stand  firm  or  stiff.  NED 

ft'  'lofJ'"'®*  ^^^"^  American  colonies 

in  the  18th  century.]  A  hill,  bank,  or  headland 


with  a  steep,  broad  face;  a  high  bank  present- 
ing a,  steep  or  nearly  i)erpendicular  front, 
especially  one  on  the  shore  of  a  sea,  lake,  or 
river;  also,  a  steep  rise  between  bottom-land 
and  a  higher  table-land. 

Beach,  bluff,  and  wave,  adieu  !  Wlutticr. 
Round  the  hills  from  bluff  to  bluff. 

Tcnni)xon,  tiolden  Year, 
bluff 2  (bluf),  r.  [E.  dial,  also  bluft,  blindfold  • 
origin  uncertain,  perhaps  from  two  or  more 
sources.  The  sense  of  'deceive  or  impose  up- 
on may  come  from  that  of  '  blindfold,  hood- 
wink,' but  ef.  Sc.  "get  the  hh,jr,"  bo  taken  in ; 
prob.  of  LG.  origin:  LG.  hlnirci,,  irrblu/Jcii,  D. 
verbluDeji,  >  G.  vcrbluffcri  =  B-mi.  forbloHc,  baf- 
fle, confound,  stupefy.  In  popular  apprehen- 
sion prob.  often  associated  with  bhiffl,  «.,  as  if 
'assume  a  bluff  or  bold  front.']  I'  trans  If 
To  blindfold  or  hoodwink.  Bailey. ~2.  In  the 
game  of  poker,  to  deceive  or  impose  upon  (an 
opponent)  by  bettiug  heavily  on  a  worthless 
band,  or  by  acting  in  such  a  way  as  to  cause 
tJie  other  players  to  believe  that  one's  hand 
IS  stronger  than  it  really  is,  in  order  to  make 
tbem  throw  up  their  cards  or  stay  out  of  the 
betting.  Hence— 3.  To  daunt  or  deter  from 
the  accomplishment  of  some  design  by  boast- 
ful language  or  demeanor;  repulse  or  frighten 
ofl  by  assuming  a  bold  front,  or  by  a  make- 
believe  show  of  resources,  strength,  etc  •  fre- 
"ff-  as,  to  bluff  off  &  dun. 

[Chiefly  U.  S.] 

11.  intrans.  1.  In  the  game  of  poker,  to  bet 
Heavily  and  with  an  air  of  confident  assurance 
on  a  poor  hand,  in  order  to  deceive  an  oppo- 
nent and  cause  him  to  throw  up  his  cards 
Hence  — 2.  To  assume  a  bold,  boastful  front, 
so  as  to  hoodwink  an  opponent  as  to  one's 
real  resources,  strength,  etc. 
bluff2  (bluf),  11.    [E.  dial,  also  hlnftcr,  a  blinker- 
see  the  verb.]    1.  A  blinker  for  k  horse.— 2  A 
game  at  cards ;  poker.    [U.  S.]  —  3.  The  act  of 
deceiving  or  influencing,  as  in  the  game  of 
poker  by  a  show  of  confident  assurance  and 
boastful  betting  or  language;  hence,  language 
or  demeanor  intended  to  blind,  frighten,  or 
daunt  an  opponent  in  anything, 
bluff-bowed  (bluf 'bond),  a.    Naut.,  broad,  full, 
and  square  in  the  bows, 
bluffer  (bluf'er),  ??.    One  who  bluffs, 
bluff-headed  (bluf 'hedged),  a.    Naut.,  having 
an  upright  stem,  or  one  with  but  little  rake 
forward. 

bluffly  (bluf 'li),  fltfy.    In  a  bluff  manner;  blunt- 
ly; m  an  unconventional  or  offhand  way. 
■J?^®^^  (bluf'nes),  n.    The  quality  of  being 
bluff;  bluntness;  frankness;  abruptness. 
No  such  bluffness  of  meaning  is  implied  in  the  Greek 

Bushnell,  Sermons  on  Living  Subjects, 
bluffy  (bluf 'i),  a.   [.<hhiffi;n.,  +  -yi.-]   \  Hav- 
ing the  character  of  a  bluff ;  precipitous  or  steep. 

,,1,11!.''*"'''  the  syenites  we  had  just  left  again  crop- 
ping  out  much  less  bluffy,  and  terminating  the  table-laiid 
to  the  eastward  by  a  continuous  line,  trending  generally 
northwest  and  southeast.    Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  II.  343. 

2.  Inclining  to  bluffness  in  appearance  or  man- 
ner. 

bluft  (bluft),  V.  t.    [E.  dial.:  see  bhlff'^.^  To 
blindfold.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
blufter  (bluffer),  n.    [<  bhift  +  -e/-l.]  A  blink- 
er.   [Prov.  Eng.] 
bluid  (bliid),  n.    A  Scotch  form  of  blood. 
bluing  (blo'mg),  V.    [Verbal  n.  of  blue,  i'.]  1 
The  act  of  making  blue ;  specifically,  the  pro- 
cess of  giving  a  blue  color  to  iron  and  other 
metals  by  heating.— 2.  A  blue  tint  given  to 
iron  by  boilmg  in  a  bath  of  hyposulphite  of  soda 
and  acetate  of  lead.— 3.  The  indigo,  soluble 
Prussian  blue,  or  other  material,  used  in  the 
laundry  to  give  a  bluish  tint  to  linen. 
Also  spelled  blueing. 
bluish  (blo'ish),  a.    [<  blue  +  -/s/ii.]    Blue  in 
a  small  degree  ;  somewhat  blue, 
bluishly  (bl6'ish-li),  adv.    In  a  bluish  manner, 
bluishness  (blo'ish-nes),  v.    The  quality  of  be- 
ing bluish ;  a  small  degree  of  blue  color, 
bluism  (blo'izm),  n.    [<  blue,  a.,  6,  n.   9  -I- 
-ism.']    Blue-stockingism.  ' 

A  wife  so  well  known  in  the  gay  and  learned  world 
without  one  bit  of  .  .  .  W«is,«  about  herself  ' 
T.  Hook,  Gilbert  Gurney,  II  iv 

blumanget,  w.    See  blanc  -mange. 
blunder  (blun'der),  v.    [<  ME.  blondren,  blun- 
deren,  a  freq.  form  of  uncertain  origin,  perhaps 
of  double  origin:  (1)  prop,  blondren,  freq.  of 
blonden,  blanden,  mix  (see  bland'i-,  v.);  (2)  pron 
blundren,  freq.  of  blunden,  which  occurs  once  m 


blunderbuss 

the  doubtful  sen.se  of  'stagger,  stumble,'  <  leel. 
blunda,  doze,  =  8w.  Uunda^D-nn.  blundc,  doze, 
.slumber;  cf.  leel.  blundl>r=Hw.  Dan.  hluud,  a 
doze,  nap.  Cf.  blunt.-]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  move 
or  act  blindly,  stupidly,  or  without  direction  or 
steady  guidance;  flounder;  stumble :  frequent- 
ly with  OH  or  along. 

„„  ,  , ,     ,    ,    Bayard  the  blindc, 
ihat  bliimlri't/i  forth. 

Chaucer,  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  40."). 
It  is  one  thing  to  forget  matter  of  fact,  and  another  to 
blunder  ni,on  the  reason  of  it.  6'(r  Jl.  L  J-Mramje. 

Here  lie  delights  the  weekly  news  to  con 
And  mingle  comments  as  he  biunderx  on.' 

Crabbe,  'J'lie  Newspaper. 
2.  To  make  a  gross  mistake,  especially  through 
mental  confusion ;  err  widely  or  stupidly. 


Was  there  a  man  dismay  d? 
Not  tho'  the  soldier  knew 
Some  one  had  blunder  d. 

Tennymn,  Charge  of  the  Light  Brigade. 
II.  trans.  If.  To  mix  (things)  confusedly; 
confuse.  ' 

He  bhmders  and  confounds  all  these  together. 

atillin.ij/leet. 

2f.  To  confound;  confuse;  distract;  cause  to 
make  blunders:  as,  "to  blunder  an  adversary  " 
Bitton,  On  the  Resurrection,  p.  63.— Sf.  To  in- 
jure or  destroy  by  blundering;  mismanage: 
as,  'to  darken  or  blu?idcr  the  cause,"  Bitton 
On  the  Resurrection,  p.  211.-4.  To  do  or 
make  faultily  or  eiToneously;  make  mistakes 
in  through  ignorance  or  stupidity;  bungle. 
[Rare.]  ^ 

[Inscriptions]  usually  of  very  barbarous  work  and  bhm- 
-6.  V.  Head,  Historia  Numorum,  p.  687. 
Some  fine  pilgrim-flasks  of  blue  and  green  have  blun- 
dered copies  of  hieroglyphs  and  representations  of  Egyp- 
tian deities  incised  in  the  moist  clay. 

Jincyc.  Brit,  XIX.  606. 
The  banlfer's  clerk  who  was  directed  to  sum  my  cash- 
account,  blundered  it  three  times.     Scott,  Antiquary,  vi. 
5.  To  utter  thoughtlessly  or  in  a  blundering 
manner;  blurt  out:  generally  with  otit:  as,  to 
blunder  out  an  excuse, 
blunder  (blun'der),  n.    [<  ME.  blunder,  blonder, 
error,  misfortune,  <  blunderen,  blondren,  blun- 
der, v.]   A  mistake  made  through  precipitance 
or  mental  confusion ;  a  gross  or  stupid  mistake. 
It  is  worse  than  a  crime  ;  it  is  a  blunder. 

Memoirs  of  FoucM  (trans.). 
The  "Magnalia"  has  great  merits;  it  has,  also,  fatal 
detects.  In  its  mighty  chaos  of  fables  and  blunders  and 
nusrepresentations  are  of  course  lodged  many  single  facts 
of  the  utmost  value.  M.  C.  Tyler,  Hfst.  Amer.  Lit ,  II.  Ss! 
=  Syn.  Error,  M istake.  Blunder,  Bull.  An  en-or  is  a  wan- 
dering from  truth  primarily  in  impression,  judgment,  or 
calculation  and,  by  extension  of  the  idea,  in  conduct'  it 
may  be  a  state.  A  mistake  is  a  false  judgment  or  choice  • 
itdo.es  not  as  error  sometimes  does,  imply  moral  obliquity 
the  defect  being  placed  wholly  in  the  wisdom  of  the  actor' 
and  in  its  treatment  of  this  defect  the  word  is  altogether 
gentle.  Blunder  is  a  strong  word  for  a  mistake  which  is 
stupid,  a  gross  error  in  action  or  speech.  A  bull  is  a  blun- 
der in  language,  involving  generally  a  very  obvious  and 
comical  contradiction  ;  but  the  word  is  sometimes  applied 
mark^  ^''^  ''^  ^"^^^  °''  ''"*'"'°"sly  inappropriate  re- 
Speculative  errors,  which  have  no  influence  on  the  life 
and  conversation,  cannot  be  near  so  dangerous  as  those 
errors  which  lead  men  out  of  the  way  of  their  duty 

J.  Blair,  Sermon,  in  Tyler's  Amer.  Lit.,  11.  262. 
In  general,  pride  is  at  the  bottom  of  all  great  mistakes. 

Buskin,  True  and  Beautiful. 
It  was  the  advice  of  Schomberg  to  an  historian,  that  he 
should  avoid  being  particular  in  the  drawing  up  of  an 
army  .  . ;  for  that  he  had  observed  notorious  blunders 
and  absurdities  committed  by  writers  not  conversant  in 
the  art  of  war.  Addison. 

Lord  Orford  pronounced  this  to  he  the  best  bull  he  had 
ever  heard  :  'I  hate  that  woman,"  said  a  gentleman,  look- 
ing at  one  who  had  been  his  nurse,  "I  hate  that  wiman, 
for  she  changed  me  at  nurse." 

Miss  Edrjeu-orth,  Essay  on  Irish  Bulls, 
blunderbuss  (blun'der-bus),  »?,    [In  17th  cen- 
tury also  blunderbus  and  blunderbusli  :  appar.  a 
modification,  prob.  with  humorous  allusion  to 
its  blundering  or  random  action,  of  D.  donder- 
bus  {=  G.  donnerbiichse),  a  blunderbuss,  <  dan- 
der (=  G.  donner  =  E.  thunder)  +  l)u.s,  a  box, 
urn,  barrel  of  a  gun,  same  as  Inis.  a  tube,  pipe,' 
=  G.  biichse,  a  box,  pot,  barrel  of  a  gun,  pipe 
etc.,  =  E.  bnx2.   Cf.  the  equiv.  G.  blnnderliichse, 
in  imitation  of  the  E.,  but  prob.  with  a  thought 
of  plunder,  baggage,  lumber  (E.  plunder),  in  al- 
lusion to  its  heaviness.    A  charter  of  James  I. 
(1617)  mentions  "plantier-bus.^e,  alias  blanter- 
busse,"  as  equiv.  to  hare/uebuse,  but  the  first  ele- 
ment here  is  different,  ult.  <  L.  plan  tare,  plant 
(fix).    Cf.  Sc.  bluni/ierd,  an  old  gun.  any  old 
inisty  weapon.]     1.  A  short  gun  or  fireaim 
with  a  large  bore  and  funnel-shaped  muzzle, 
capable  of  holding  a  number  of  balls  or  slugs^ 
and  intended  to  be  used  at  a  limited  range 


blunderbuss 


602 


blush 


Blunderbuss. —  Annory,  Tower  of  London. 


without  exact  aim.  It  has  been  long  obsolete 
in  civilized  countries. —  2.  A  stupid,  blunder- 
ing person. 

iblunderer  (blun'der-er), n.  [<  ME.  "blunderer, 
or  blunt  warkere  [worker]"  (Prompt.  Parv.), 
<  blunderen,  hlondren,  blunder,  v.]  One  who 
blunders,  (a)  One  who  flounders  about  blindly  or 
bunglingly  in  his  work:  as,  "meer  Blunderers  in  that 
Atoniick  Physiology,"  Cudwortk.  (jV.  E.  D.)  (6)  One 
who,  through  carelessness  or  want  of  capacity,  makes 
gross  mistakes. 

l)lunderhead  (bhm'der-hed),  n.  [<  blunder  + 
head.  Ci.  dunderhead.']  A  stupid  fellow ;  one 
who  blunders. 

This  thick-skulled  hlunderhead.        Sir  R.  V Estrange. 
l)lunderingly  (blun'der-ing-li),  adv.   In  a  blun- 
dering manner ;  by  mistake. 
The  tyro  who  had  so  blunderingly  botched  the  business. 

T.  Hook,  Gilbert  Gurney,  I.  iii. 
Reckless  perversions  of  meaning,  whether  intentionally 
or  blunderingly  made.  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXIII.  205. 

blunge  (blunj),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  blunged,  ppr. 
blunging.  [Appar.  a  popular  formation,  after 
plunge,  with  ref.  to  the  plunging  action  of  the 
instrument  used.]  To  mix  (clay)  with  a  blun- 
der. 

Wunger  (bhm'jer),  n.  [<  blunge  +  -erl.  Cf. 
plunger.']  An  instrument  used  for  mixing  clay 
in  potteries,  it  is  shaped  like  a  shovel,  but  has  a 
larger  blade,  and  a  cross-handle  by  which  it  is  wielded. 
The  name  is  also  sometimes  given  to  different  varieties  of 
the  pug-mill. 

'blunging  (blun'jing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  blunge, 
v.]  The  process  of  mixing  clay  in  potteries. 
The  proper  amount  of  the  clay  and  the  necessary  quantity 
of  water  are  placed  in  a  trough,  and  mixed  with  a  blun- 
ger,  until  reduced  to  a  homogeneous  mass.  In  large  pot- 
teries this  work  is  sometimes  done  by  the  machine  called 
a  pug-mill. 

Ijlunk^t,  V.  [Origin  uncertain ;  appar.  a  corrup- 
tion of  blenlc  or  blinlc.']  I,  intrans.  To  blench; 
blink;  turn  aside. 

II.  trans.  To  spoil;  mismanage.  Jamieson. 
[Scotch.] 

"blunk^  (blungk),  n.  [Cf.  blunket.']  In  plural, 
linen  or  cotton  cloths  for  printing;  calicos. 
[Scotch.] 

Munkeri  (blung'ker),  n.  [<  bhm'k^,  v.,  II.,  + 
-eri.]  A  bungler;  one  who  spoils  everything 
he  meddles  with.  [Scotch.] 

Dunbog  is  nae  mair  a  gentleman  than  the  blunker  that's 
biggit  the  bonnie  house  doun  in  the  howm. 

Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  iii. 

I)lunker2  (blung'ker),  n.  [<  Uunk'^  +  -e;  i.]  A 
calico-printer.  [Scotch.] 

l)lunkett,  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  blan- 
ket, bloncket,  blancket,  <  ME.  blanket  (a.),  blun- 
ket, also  plunket,  plonkete  (n.),  appar.  <  OF. 
blanquet,  var.  of  blanchet,  dim.  of  blanc,  white : 
see  blanket,  which  is  thus  a  doublet  of  blunket.] 

1.  a.  Gray;  grayish  or  light-blue. 

Our  bloncket  liveryes  bene  all  to  sadde. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  May. 

II.  n.  A  kind  of  cloth;  apparently  the  same 
as  blanket,  1. 
iblunt  (blunt),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  blunt,  blont,  of 
an  edge  or  point,  dull,  not  sharp;  of  manner, 
rude ;  of  mind,  duU,  stupid,  blind ;  prob.  <  AS. 
*blunt,  found  in  the  deriv.  Blunta,  a  man's  name 
(cf.  the  mod.  E.  surnames  Blunt,  Blount).  The 
sense  of  'dull,  stupid,'  appears  to  be  the  orig. 
one  (see  the  quotation  from  the  Ormulum), 
pointing  to  a  connection  with  Icel.  blunda  = 
Sw.  blunda  =  Dan.  blunde,  doze,  slumber.  Cf. 
blunder,  and  the  sense  of  blunt  in  the  quotation 
from  the  Prompt.  Parv.  under  blunderer.]  I, 
a.  1.  Obtuse,  thick,  or  dull,  as  an  angle,  edge, 
or  point ;  having  an  obtuse,  thick,  or  dull  edge 
or  point,  as  a  foil,  sword,  pencil,  etc. ;  not 
sharp  or  acute. 

No  doubt  the  murtherous  knife  was  dull  and  blunt. 
Till  it  was  whetted  on  thy  stone-hard  heart. 

Shak.,  Richard  III.,  iv.  i. 
An  individual  act  of  wrong  sometimes  gives  a  sharp 
point  to  a  blunt  dagger.        0.  W.  Holmes,  Emerson,  xiii. 

2.  Dull  in  understanding ;  slow  of  discernment. 

Unnwis  mann  iss  blunnt  and  blind 

Off  herrtess  eghe  sihhthe  [of  heart's  eyesight.] 

Ormulwrn,  1.  16954. 

His  wits  are  not  so  blunt.         Shak.,  Much  Ado,  iii.  5. 

3.  Obtuse ;  free  from  sharp  angularities,  pro- 
jections, or  corners. 


From  the  back  the  shore  of  Sicily  iurves  with  delicately 
indented  bays  toward  Messina :  then  come  the  straits, 
and  the  blunt  mass  of  the  Calabrian  mountains  terminat- 
ing Italy  at  Spartivento. 

J.  A.  Symonds,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  204. 

4.  Rough  in  manner  or  speech ;  rude ;  unpol- 
ished; hence,  abrupt  in  address  or  manner; 
plain-spoken ;  imceremonious :  applied  to  per- 
sons. 

I  am  no  orator,  as  Brutus  is  ; 

But,  as  you  know  me  all,  a  plain  blunt  man. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iii.  2. 

Thou'rt  honest,  blunt,  and  rude  enough,  o'  conscience. 

Ford,  Lover's  Melancholy,  iv.  2. 

5.  Plain;  plain-spoken;  unceremonious  or  im- 
conventional ;  direct;  free  from  circumlocu- 
tion: as,  blunt  truths ;  &  blunt 'bearing. 

In  blunt  terras,  can  you  play  the  sorcerer  ?  Coleridge. 

To  his  blunt  manner  and  to  his  want  of  consideration 
for  the  feelings  of  otliers  he  owed  a  much  higher  reputa- 
tion for  sincerity  than  he  at  all  deserved. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

6.  Hard  to  penetrate.  [Rare.] 

I  find  my  heart  hardened  and  blunt  to  new  impressions. 

Pope. 

7t.  Faint. 

Such  a  burre  myjt  make  myn  herte  blunt. 

Alliterative  Poents  (ed.  Morris),  i.  176. 
=  Syil.  4.  Brusk,  bluff,  uncivil,  rude,  nncourteous. 

'11,11.  If.  A  blunt  sword  for  fencing ;  a  foil. — 
2.  A  needle  of  a  grade  shorter  and  less  sharply 
pointed  than  a  sharp.  See  needle. —  3.  [Slang, 
and  perhaps  of  different  origin.]  Money;  ready 
money. 

"Well,  how  goes  it?"  said  one.  "I  have  been  the 
rounds.    The  Hunt's  going  like  the  ward-pump." 

Disraeli,  Coningsby,  ix. 

blunt  (blunt),  V.  [<  blunt,  a.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  make  blunt,  as  an  edge  or  point;  dull  the 
edge  or  point  of,  as  a  knife  or  bodkin,  by  making 
it  thicker. 

A  less  deadly  sword,  of  which  he  carefully  blunted  the 
point  and  edge.  Macaulay,  Addison. 

Knowledge  neither  blunts  the  point  of  the  lance,  nor 
weakens  the  arm  that  wields  a  knightly  sword. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  334. 

2.  To  weaken  or  deaden,  as  appetite,  desire, 
or  power  of  the  mind ;  impair  the  force,  keen- 
ness, or  susceptibility  of. 

Blunt  not  his  love.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  4. 

To  blu7it  or  break  her  passion. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  blunt :  as,  the  blade 
blunts  easily, 
blunthead  (blunt'hed),  n.  An  East  Indian  ser- 
pent, Amblycephalus  boa,  of  the  family  Colu- 
bridce  and  subfamily  Lcptognatldna,  of  Java, 
Borneo,  etc. 
blunting  (blun'ting),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  blunt, 
v.]  1.  The  act  of  dulling. —  2.  Something 
that  dulls  or  blunts.  [Rare.] 

Not  impediments  or  bluntings,  but  rather  as  whetstones, 
to  set  an  edge  on  our  desires. 

Jer.  Taylor  ('?),  Aitif.  Handsomeness,  p.  73. 

bluntisb  (blim'tish),  a.     [<  blunt  +  -isli^.] 

Somewhat  blunt, 
bluntishness  (blun'tish-nes),  n.    [<  bluntish  + 

-Mm.]    A  slight  degree  of  bluntness. 

Tempered  with  an  honest  hluntishiwss. 

Wood,  Athena;  Oxon.  (ed.  1815),  II.  582. 

bluntly  (blunt'li),  flfZt;.  If.  Stupidly.— 2.  With- 
out sharpness  or  tenuity;  obtusely:  as,  bluntly 
serrate. — 3.  In  a  blunt  manner;  abruptly; 
without  delicacy,  or  thf  usual  forms  of  civil- 
ity; in  an  abrupt,  offhand,  or  curt  manner; 
without  circumlocution:  as,  to  tell  a  man  some- 
thing bluntly. 

Fathers  are 

Won  by  degrees,  not  bluntly  as  our  masters 
Or  wronged  friends  are. 

Dekker  and  Ford,  Witch  of  Edmonton,  i.  1. 

bluntness  (blunt'nes),  n.  [<  blunt  +  -Mm.] 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  blunt,  (a)  Want  of 
shai-pness;  dullness;  obtuseness.  (b)  Plainness,  direct- 
ness, or  al)ruptness  of  address  ;  want  of  ceremony  in  man- 
ners; rudeness  of  manner  or  address:  as,  "honest  blunt- 
ness," Dryden;  "  bluntness  of  speech,"  Boyle. 

To  keep  up  Friendship,  there  must  be  little  Addresses 
and  Applications,  whereas  Bluntness  spoils  it  quickly. 

Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  23. 

blunt-witted  (blunt'wit'''ed),  a.  [<  blunt  + 
wit  +  -ea!2.  cf.  ME.  "blunt  of  wytte,"  Prompt. 
Parv.]    Dull;  stupid. 

Blunt-witted  lord,  ignoble  in  demeanour  ! 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VL,  iii.  2. 

blur  (bier),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blurred,  ppr.  blur- 
ring. \_=S(i.  blare ;  first  in  early  mod.  E.  fetorre; 
perhaps  a  deflected  form  of  blear,  early  mod.  E. 
blere  (see  blear'^),  but  it  may  be  an  independent 
formation.  Cf .  blot^,  blotch.  ]  I.  trans.  1 .  To  ob- 


scure or  sully  (a  thing)  with  something  which 
detracts  from  its  fairness  or  beauty. 

The  usually  mirrored  surface  of  the  river  was  blurred 
by  an  infinity  of  raindrops.       Hawthorne,  Old  Manse,  I. 

2.  To  sully;  stain;  blemish:  as,  to  blur  one's 
reputation. 

Never  yet  did  base  dishonour  blur  our  name. 
But  with  our  sword  we  wip'd  away  the  blot. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  1. 

3.  To  obscure  without  quite  effacing;  render 
indistinct ;  confuse  and  bedim,  as  the  outlines 
of  a  figure. 

One  low  light  betwixt  them  burn'd, 
Blurr'd  by  the  creeping  mist. 

Tennyson,  Guinevere. 

4.  To  dim  the  perception  or  susceptibility  of ; 
make  dull  or  insensible  to  impression :  as,  blur- 
red eyesight;  to  blur  the  judgment. 

Her  eyes  are  blurred  with  the  lightning's  glare.  N.  Drake. 
To  blur  out,  to  efface. 

We  saw  forked  flashes  once  and  again  .  .  .  lighting  up 
the  valleys  for  a  moment,  and  leaving  the  darkness  blacker 
...  as  the  storm  blurred  out  the  landscape  forty  miles 
away.  J.  A.  Symonds,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  228. 

To  blur  over,  to  obscure  by  a  blur;  put  out  of  sight. 

II.  intrans.  To  make  blurs  in  writing, 
blur  (bier),  n.  [<  blur,  v.]  1.  A  smudge  or 
smear,  such  as  that  made  by  brushing  writing 
or  painting  before  it  is  dry ;  a  blot  which  par- 
tially defaces  or  obscures. —  2.  Figuratively, 
a  blot,  stain,  or  injury  affecting  character,  rep- 
utation, and  the  like. 

Her  raillyng  sette  a  greate  blurre  on  myne  honestie  and 
good  name.  Udall,  tr.  of  Erasmus,  Luke  xviii. 

These  blws  are  too  apparent  in  his  Life. 

Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  i. 

3.  A  blurred  condition;  a  dim,  confused  ap- 
pearance ;  indistinctness. 

The  eye  learns  to  discriminate  colors,  and  shades  ot 
color,  wiiere  at  flrst  there  was  only  a  vague  blur  of  feeling. 
G.  H.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  II.  ii.  §  10. 

blurry  (bier' i), «.  [i  blur,  n.,  + -y'^.]  Full  of 
blurs ;  confused  and  indistinct, 
blurt  (blert),  v.  [=  Sc.  blirt  (see  blirt) ;  appar. 
imitative,  with  the  initial  sound  as  in  blow^, 
blast,  blash,  bluster,  etc.,  and  the  final  sound 
as  in  spurt,  spirt,  squirt,  etc.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
utter  suddenly  or  inadvertently;  di-vulge  un- 
advisedly :  commonly  with  out. 

Others  .  .  .  cannot  hold,  but  blurt  out  those  words 
which  afterwai-ds  they  are  forced  to  eat.  Hakewill. 
And  yet  the  truth  may  lose  its  grace, 
If  blurted  to  a  person's  face. 

Lloyd,  The  Nightingale. 

At  last  to  blurt  out  the  broad,  staring  question  of, 
"  Madam,  will  you  marry  me?  " 

Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  ii. 

2t.  To  treat  contemptuously. 

And,  I  confess,  I  never  was  so  blurted, 
Nor  never  so  abus'd. 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  ii.  2. 

To  blurt  att,  to  speak  contemptuously  of ;  ridicule. 
None  would  look  on  her. 
But  cast  their  gazes  on  Marina's  face ; 
Whilst  ours  was  blurted  at.    Shak.,  Pericles,  iv.  4. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  puff  or  emit  the  breath  ex- 
plosively as  in  sleep,  or  contemptuously  as  in 
saying  "pooh";  puff  in  scorn  or  with  a  con- 
temptuous expression  of  the  lips. —  2,  To  burst 
out  weeping, 
blurt  (blert),  w.  [<  blurt,  v.]  A  sudden  puff  or 
emission  of  the  breath,  especially  in  contempt, 
as  when  saying  "  pooh." 
blush  (blush),  V.  [<  ME.  blushen,  Uuschen, 
blyschen,  glow,  rarely  blush,  usually  look, 
glance,  prob.  <  AS.  blyscan,  bliscan  (glossed 
rutilare),  glow,  =  MLG.  bloschen,  LG.  blusken, 
blush ;  cf.  AS.  *blysian,  in  comp.  dblisian  for 
*dblysian,  blush  (verbal  n.  dblysung,  dblysgung, 
blushing),  =  MD.  blosen,  D.  blozen  —  MLG. 
blosen,  blush ;  connected  with  AS.  blysa,  blisa, 
also  blysige,  a  torch,  *blys  (in  comp.  bcelblys),  a 
flame,  =  MLG.  blus,  LG.  blOse,  a  flame,  =  Sw. 
Moss  =  Dan.  blus,  a  torch;  LG.  bliisen,  set  on 
fire,  inflame,  =  Sw.  blossa,  blaze,  =  Dan.  blusse, 
blaze,  flamOj  blush  in  the  face ;  from  the  noun. 
Not  phonetically  connected,  though  prob.  no- 
tionally  associated,  with  Steel;  see  blaze^,  ».] 
I.  intrans.  If.  To  shine,  as  the  sim. — 2t.  To 
glance ;  look.  [In  these  senses  only  in  Middle 
English;  but  see  blush,  n.,  1,  2.] 

Tyl  on  a  hyl  that  I  asspyed 

&  blusched  on  the  burghe,  as  I  forth  dreued. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  i.  979. 

3.  To  become  red  in  the  face ;  redden  all  over 
the  face :  especially  from  modesty,  embarrass- 
ment, confusion,  or  shame. 

Ask  him  a  question. 
He  blushes  like  a  girl,  and  answers  little. 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  i.  1. 


blush 

In  the  presence  of  the  shameless  and  unblushing  the 
young  offender  is  ashamed  to  Olush.  Btichninster. 

4.  To  appear  as  if  blushing ;  exhibit  a  red  or 
roseate  hue ;  bloom  freshly  or  modestly. 

The  sun  of  heaven,  methought,  was  loth  to  set 
But  stay  d,  and  made  the  western  welkin  blush. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  5. 
Full  many  a  flower  is  born  to  blush  unseen. 

5.  To  be  ashamed:  with  a  <  or /or. 

Ke  blushes  for  the  "  disingenuousness  of  the  most  de- 
voted worshipper  of  speculative  truth." 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  19. 
II,  trans.  1.  To  make  red.  [Rare.] 
Which  [blood]  .  .  .  ne'er  returneth 
To  blush  and  beautify  the  cheek  again. 

Shale,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

2.  To  express,  show,  or  make  known  by  blush- 
ing, or  by  a  change  of  color  similar  to  a  blush. 
[Rare  and  poetical.] 

Pass  the  happy  news, 

Blush  it  thro'  the  West. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  xvii. 

blush  (blush),  n.  [<  ME.  bluscJi,  gleam,  glimpse : 
from  the  verb.]    If.  A  gleam. 

To  bide  a  blisful  blusch  of  the  hryzt  sunne 
Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (ed.  Morris),  ].  520. 

2.  A  glance;  gUmpse;  look;  view:  obsolete 
except  in  the  phrase  at  first  blush. 


603 

bluster  (blus'ter),  v.  [Origin  obscure.  Hardly 
connected  with  ME.  hlusteren,  wander  about 
aimlessly,  =  LG.  hlustern,  hlistern,  flutter  about 
anxiously ;  but  prob.  one  of  the  imitative  words 
attached  loosely  to  what  is  felt  to  be  the  com- 
mon root  of  blow^,  blast.  The  E.  Fries,  hliistern, 
bluster,  freq.  of  blussen,  var.  of  blasen  (=  E. 
6tee2),  blow,  is  appar.  a  parallel  formation.] 

1.  tntrans.  1.  To  roar  and  be  tumultuous,  as 
wind;  blow  boisterously:  as,  the  storm  blus- 
ters without. 

Blunter  the  winds  and  tides. 

Tennyson,  Fair  Women. 

2.  To  be  loud,  noisy,  or  swaggering ;  swagger, 
as  a  turbulent  or  boasting  per.son ;  utter  loud 
empty  menaces  or  protests. 

Your  ministerial  directors  blustered  like  tragic  tyrants 
Burke,  American  Taxation. 
Let  your  demagogues  lead  crowds,  lest  they  lead  armies  • 
let  them  bluster,  lest  they  massacre. 

Macaulay,  Conversation  between  Cowley  and  Milton. 

ri' t'^-?^^  5  perhaps  a  different  word. 

Or.  LGr.  blustern,  blistern,  flutter  in  alarm.]  To 
wander  or  run  about  aimlessly. 

That  thay  blustered  as  blynde  as  bayard  watj  euer. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii. 


At  the  first  blush  we  thought  they  had  beene  shippes 
come  from  France.  Hakluyfs  Voyages,  III.  336. 

This  sounds,  at  first  blush,  very  neat,  if  not  even  very 
profound;  but  a  closer  examination  dissolves  it  into 
""•^"'"g-  Bibliotheca  Sacra,  XLIII.  618. 

3.  Look ;  resemblance :  as,  she  has  a  blush  of 
her  father.  [North.  Eng.]  [Hence,  collective- 
ly, an  assembly,  company,  in  the  isolated  ex- 
ample, a  blush  of  boyes  =  a  company  of  bovs 
(''Book  of  St.  Albans").]-4.  The  siiEfusion  of 
tbe  cheeks  or  the  face  with  a  red  color  through 
confusion,  shame,  diffidence,  or  the  like. 

Ti      ,     X,.  impious  acts 

llave  left  thee  blood  enough  to  make  a  blush 
1 11  pamt  It  on  thy  cheeks. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  iii.  3. 
Her  blush  of  maiden  shame.     Bryant,  Autunm  Woods. 
5.  A  red  or  reddish  color ;  a  rosy  tint. 
And  light's  last  blushes  tinged  the  distant  hills. 

Lord  Lyttelton,  Uncertainty,  i. 
To  put  to  the  blush,  to  cause  to  blush  or  be  ashamed 
blusher  (blush'er),  )?.    One  who  blushes,  or  is 
given  to  blushing. 

Mulattoes  are  often  great  blushers,  blush  succeeding 
blush  over  their  faces.  uv^uccuiuj, 

Darwin,  Express,  of  Emotions,  p.  320. 
blushett  (blush'et),  «.   [<  blush  +  -et]  A  little 
blusher ;  a  modest  young  girl. 
Go  to,  little  blushet.  B.  Jonson,  Entertainments 

blushful  (blush'ful),  a.    [<  Mush  +  -ful.l  FuU 
of  blushes. 

From  his  [the  sun's]  ardent  look  the  turning  Spring 
Averts  her  blushful  face.         Thomson,  Summer,  1.  7. 
The  true,  the  blushful  Hippocrene. 

Keats,  Ode  to  Nightingale. 
Wjl^sMully  (blush' fill -i),  adv.    With  many 

blushing  (blush'ing),  n.   [Verbal  n.  of  blush,  v.  ] 
Ihe  act  of  becoming  red  in  the  face  through 
modesty,  confusion,  or  shame ;  suffusion  with 
a  roseate  tint. 
The  blushinys  of  the  evening. 

J.  Spencer,  Prodigies,  p.  H6. 
Blushing  is  the  most  peculiar  and  the  most  human  of 
all  expressions.    Monkeys  redden  from  passion,  but  U 
Z^i        r'^  ^li  °7^i-«'Iielming  amount  of  evidence  to 
make  us  believe  that  any  animal  could  blush. 

Darwin,  Express,  of  Emotions,  p.  310. 

1  ^•J^'i^  (blush'ing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  blush,  v.l 
1.  Modest ;  bashful ;  given  to  blushing  or  suf- 
tused  with  blushes:  as,  a  blushing  maiden.— 2 
tively  roseate,  literaUy  or  figura- 

The  dappled  pink  and  blushing  rose. 

Prior,  The  Garland. 
Ti.  4.    J    ,  To-day  he  puts  forth 

Ihe  tender  leaves  of  hope,  to-morrow  blossoms, 
And  bears  his  blushing  honours  thick  upon  him. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iii.  2. 

blushingly  (blush'ing-li),  adv.    In  a  blushing 

manner ;  with  blushes ;  modestly. 

W^^f  Cblush'les),  a.    [<  blush  +  -less.] 

Without  a  blush  ;  unblushing;  past  blushing; 

impudent;  barefaced;  shameless:  as,  "blush- 

less  crimes,"  Sandys. 
blushwort  (blush'wert),  n.    A  name  given  to 

cultivated  species  of  ^schynanthus. 
blushy  (blush'i),  a.    [<  blush  -f-  -yi.]    Like  a 

Olush  ;  having  the  color  of  a  blusH.  [Rare.] 
Blossoms  of  apples  ...  are  blushy. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  507. 


II.  trans.  1.  To  compel  or  force  by  mere 
bluster.  [Rare.] 
He  meant  to  bluster  all  princes  into  a  perfect  obedi- 

Puller. 

2.  To  utter  with  bluster,  or  with  noise  and  vio- 
lence :  generally  vnth  out  ov  forth. 
Bloweth  and  blustereth  out  .  .  .  blasphemy. 

Sir  T.  More,  Works,  p.  374. 

To  bluster  downt,  to  blow  down  with  violence,  as  of 
the  wind. 

By  a  tempestuous  gust  bluster  down  the  house. 

Seasonable  Sermons,  p.  26. 

bluster  (blus'ter),  w.  [<  bluster,  i;.]  1.  The 
noise  of  a  storm  or  of  violent  wind ;  a  blast :  a 
gust.  ' 

The  skies  look  grimly 
And  threaten  present  blusters. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  iii.  3. 

2.  A  boisterous  blast,  or  loud  tumultuous  noise. 
The  brazen  trumpet's  bluster.  Swift,  Prometheus. 

3.  Noisy  but  empty  talk  or  menace ;  swagger; 
boisterous  self-assertion. 

A  coward  makes  a  great  deal  more  bluster  than  a  man 
oii^onouT.  Sir  R.  U Estrange. 

The  real  weather  gods  are  fi-ee  from  brag  and  bluster 

The  Century,  XXV.  674. 
=  SjTl.  3.  Turbulence,  boasting,  bragging,  bullying 

blusteratlon  (blus-te-ra'shon),  n.  '  [<  bluster  -(- 
-ation.]  Noisy  boasting;  blustering;  boister- 
ous conduct.  [Prov.  Eng.  and  Amer.] 
blusterer  (blus'ter-er),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  blusters;  especially,  a  swaggerer;  a 
bully ;  a  noisy,  boastful,  or  boisterous  fellow. 

Sometime  a  blusterer,  that  the  ruffle  knew 
Of  court,  of  city.     Shak.,  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  58. 

blustering  (blus'ter-ing),  p.  a.    [Ppr.  of  blus- 
ter, v.]    1.  Stormy;  windy;  tempestuous:  as, 
blustering  weather;  "a  blustering  dsLj,"  Shak 
1  Hen.  IV.,  V.  1.— 2.  Noisy;  violent;  self-as- 
sertmg;  swaggering:  as,  s,  blustering  iellow. 
A  policy  of  blustering  menace  and  arrogant  interference 
N.  A.  Rev.,  XXXIX.  410! 

blusteringly  (blus'ter-ing-U),  adv.     In  a  blus- 
tering manner. 

blusterous,  blustrous  (blus'ter-us,  -tms),  a 
[<  bluster  -t-  -ous.-]  1.  Noisy;  tempestuous; 
rough;  stormy.  ' 

Now,  mild  may  be  thy  life  ! 
J!  or  a  more  blust  rous  birth  had  never  babe. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  iii.  l. 
2.  Violent;  truculent;  swaggering, 
blustery  (blus'ter-i),  a.  \_<  bluster  +  -yi.l  Blus- 
tering; blusterous;  raging;  noisy. 
A  hollow,  blustery,  pusillanimous,  and  unsound  [char- 
J^'^^^^i-  Carlyle,  Life  of  Sterling, 

blustrous,  a.    See  blusterous. 
-bly    A  termination  of  adverbs.    See  the  etv- 
mology  of  -ble. 
blype  (blip),  n.     [Origin  uncertain.]     1  A 
shred ;  a  piece  of  skin  rubbed  off.    Burns  —2 
A  stroke  or  blow.  [Scotch.] 
blythet,  a.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  blithe. 
1"  abbreviation  of  Bachelor  of  Medicine, 

a.  M.  E.    An  abbreviation  of  Bachelor  of  Min- 
ing Engineering. 

B.  Mus.  An  abbreviation  of  Bachelor  of  Music 
boft,  a.,  pron.,  and  conj.    [ME.,  also  boo,  <  As' 
common  and  neut.),  with  begen 
(ME.  begen,  beien,  beyne,  bayne,  beie,  beye,  bam), 
masc.,  bu,  neut   =  Goth,  bai,  m.,  ba,  neut.,  = 
(with  a  prefix)  L.  am-bo  =  Gx.  afi-,p,j,  both  (see 


boar 

amU-,  amphi-),  =  (with  an  added  element)  leel. 
hadhtr,  etc.,  ME.  bathe,  botke,  mod.  E.  both  ■ 
see  both.'\  The  earlier  word  for  both, 
hof  (bo),  interj.  [Also  written  boh  and  formeriv 
also  Ooe;  a  mere  exclamation.  Cf .  D  "hijkan 
boe  noch  ba  zeggen,"  equiv.  to  E.  "he  cannot 
say  to  a  goose."  Cf.  6ool.]  An  exclamation 
used  to  inspire  surprise  or  fright;  especially  a 
cry  uttered  by  children  to  frighten  their  fellows 
Also  boo. 

I'll  rather  put  on  my  flashing  red  nose  and  my  flamine 
vifo'  ^"''^'-•onie  wrapped  in  a  calf's  skin,  and  cry  bo  bo  ' 
1 11  fray  the  scholar,  I  warrant  thee. 

Old  Play,  Wily  Beguiled. 
Not  able  to  say  bo!  to  a  goose,  very  foolish  or  timid 
D.  0.  A  common  abbreviation  in  stock-ex- 
change reports  and  documents  of  buyer's  op- 
tion :  as,  b.  o.  3  (that  is,  at  the  buyer's  option 
within  3  days). 

boa  (bo'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  boa,  also  bova,  ap- 
plied to  a  large  serpent;  perhaps  <  bos  {bov-), 
an  ox,  in  allusion  to  its  large  size :  see  Bos  and 
ljovine.-\  1.  [cap.-]  In  herpet.,  a  genus  of  very 
large  non-venomous  serpents,  of  the  family 
Boidw,  notable  for  their  power  of  constriction 

It  was  formeriy  nearly  coextensive  with  the  modern  fam- 
ily, and  included  all  the  boas,  anacondas,  etc.,  but  is  now 
restncted  to  certain  South  American  species  congeneric 


Boa  (.Boa  constrictor). 

with  Boa  constrictor.  Tlie  genus  includes  some  of  the 
largest  known  serpents  (sometimes  more  than  20  feet 
long),  capable  of  enveloping  and  crushing  mammals  as 
large  as  a  deer. 

2.  In  ordinary  language,  some  large  sei-pent, 
as  a  boa-constrictor,  anaconda,  or  python:  anv 
member  of  the  family  ^oirfce  or  Pythonidce!—3 
A  long  and  slender  cylindrical  wrap  of  fur,  worn 
by  women  round  the  neck, 
boa-constrictor  (bo'a-kon-strik'tor)  n  A 
name  populariy  appUed  to  any  large  seri)ent 
of  the  family  Boidw  or  Pythonidw:  same  as 
ooa,  2. 

boalee  (bo'a-le),  n.  [<  boyari,  the  Bengalese 
native  name.]  A  fish  of  the  family  Siluridce, 
nallago  attu,  which  has  been  also  named  Sibt- 
rus  boahs,  inhabiting  the  fresh  waters  of  India 

^Zt^'^r^f-  ^  "'^^P'y  '■■'eft  mouth, 

1  Ipnctti?  f  "'fy  anal,  and  small  dorsaL  It  attains 
a  length  of  about  6  feet,  and  is  edible. 

In  India  the  jawbone  of  the  bnalee  fish  (Silurus  boalis) 
is  employed  by  the  natives  about  Docca.    The  teeth 

f'oTclrdTng  iotrn.''''        '''''''''  ^  '  ^""^ 

Simmonds,  Com.  Products  of  the  Sea,  p.  255. 

Boanerges  (bo-a-ner'jez),  n.        [LL.,  <  Gr  Bo- 

avepycg,  fi-om  an  Aramaic  form  equiv.  to  Heb 
bne  hargem,  sons  of  thunder  (<  bne,  pi.  of  ben 
son,  -f-  ha,  the,  +  ra'am,  thunder),  or  to  the 
synonymous  Heb.  bneregesh.]  1.  Sons  of  thun- 
der: a  name  given  by  Christ  to  two  of  his  dis- 
ciples, James  and  John,  sons  of  Zebedee. 

And  he  surnamed  them  Boanerges,  which  is,  The  sons 
oi  tnunder.  jj^^^^  jjj 

Hence  — 2.  sing.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  a 
vociterous  preacher  or  orator. 

^9^^l  t^'^^'ly  mod.  E.  also  bore ; 

<  ME.  boor  bore,  bor,  <  AS.  bar  =  OS.  her  (-.min, 
swine)  =  D.  beer  =  MLG.  ber,  LG.  ber  =  OHG 
ber,  MHG.  ber,  a  boar,  G.  bar,  a  young  boar. 
Ct.  Russ.  borovH,  a  boar.]  I,  n.  1.  The  male 
of  swine  (not  castrated).— 2.  A  military  engine 
usedm  the  middle  ages.  Grose. -Ethiopian  wild 
boar.  Same  as  haii„f.±  Wild  boar  (S»"™S7«r;) 
an  ungulate  or  hoofed  mammal,  family  Suidw,  the  origi- 
nal of  the  tame  hog.  Wild  boars  are  found  in  most  parts 
of  Europe,  excepting  the  British  islands  (wliere,  ho«?ver 
they  tormeriy  abounded),  and  also  in  the  greater  part  of 
Asia,  and  on  the  Barbary  coast  of  Africa.  The  wild  boar 
differs  in  several  respects  from  the  tanje  species ;  its  body 
is  sm.iller,  it^  snout  longer,  and  its  ears  (which  are  alwavs 
black)  rounder  and  sliorter ;  its  color  is  iron-gray  inclin- 
ing to  black.  The  tusks,  formed  by  the  enlarged  canine 
teeth,  are  larger  than  those  of  the  tame  boar,  being  some- 
times nearly  a  foot  in  length,  llie  chase  of  the  wild  boar 
is  one  of  the  most  exciting  sports  of  Europe  and  India 


boar 


604 


board-wages 


/ 


Wild  Boar  ,  S„s  scra/a 


In  heraldry  the  wild  boar  is  represented  with  large  tuslis 
and  open  mouth. 
II.  a.  Male :  as,  a  hoar  squirrel, 
boar'-^t,  boar^t.    Obsolete  spelling  of  6orei, 
hure'^. 

board  (bord),  n.  [Under  this  form  and  the  cog- 
nate forms  in  the  other  languages  are  merged 
two  different  words :  (1)  ME.  hord,  boord,  horde, 
<  AS.  hord,  a  board,  plank,  table,  shield,  =  OS. 
hord  =  OFries.  hord  =  D.  hord  =  MLG.  bort, 
LG.  board  =  leel.  hordh  =  OHG.  MHG.  bort,  G. 
hord,  bort  —  Sw.  and  Dan.  hord  —  Goth,  baurd 
{in  fotu-haurd,  'footboard,'  footstool),  neut.,  a 
board,  plank,  table  (in  AS.  also  shield);  (2) 
ME.  hord,  boord,  horde,  <  AS.  hord  (=  OS.  hord 
=  T>.  boord  =  MLG.  bort,  LG.  hoard  =  OHG. 
MHG.  hart,  G.  bard  =  leel.  hordh  =  Sw.  Dan. 
hord),  mase.  (and,  by  confusion  with  the  pre- 
ceding, neut.),  border,  brim,  rim,  side,  esp. 
side  of  a  ship.  From  the  Teut.  comes  F.  hard 
=  OSp.  borda,  Sp.  bordo  =  Pg.  hordo  =  It. 
bardo,  side,  edge,  esp.  in  the  nautical  use, 
whence  in  E.  some  uses  of  hoard,  n.  and  v., 
after  the  F.  Hence  border,  etc.  Connection  of 
the  two  original  words  is  uncertain.  Another 
form  of  AS.  bard,  a  plank,  appears  transposed 
in  AS.  bred,  a  board,  flat  surface,  E.  dial,  hrede, 
a  board,  =  OD.  bred,  D.  herd,  a  floor,  =  OHG. 
MH(}.  hret,  G.  hrett,  a  board,  plank,  =  Sw. 
brdde  =  Dan.  brcedt,  board.  Not  connected  with 
broad,  as  is  usually  supposed.  Cf.  Ir.  Gael. 
Com.  hord  =  W.  hord  and  hwrdd,  a  board, 
table.]  1.  A  piece  of  timber  sawed  thin,  and 
of  considerable  length  and  breadth  compared 
with  the  thickness.  The  name  is  usually  given  to 
pieces  of  timber  (in  tliis  and  similar  forms  csMeiX  lumber 
in  the  United  States)  more  than  i\  inches  wide  and  less 
than  2  inches  thiolt.  Tliiclcer  pieces  of  the  same  form 
are  called  planks,  and  narrower  ones  battens.  When 
boards  are  thinner  on  one  ed"e  than  on  the  other,  they 
are  called  feather-ediied  boards ;  and  to  riven  pieces  of 
this  kind,  not  more  than  3  feet  long,  used  for  rooting,  the 
name  board  is  exclusively  applied  in  the  southern  United 
States. 

But  ships  are  but  boards,  sailors  but  men. 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  i.  3. 

2.  A  table,  especially  as  being  used  to  place 
food  on. 

Fruit  of  all  kinds  .  .  . 
She  gathers,  tribute  large,  and  on  the  board 
Heaps  with  unsparing  hand.     Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  343. 

Hence  —  3.  (a)  That  which  is  served  on  a 
board  or  table ;  entertainment ;  food ;  diet. 

Sometimes  white  lilies  did  their  leaves  afford. 

With  wholesome  poppy-flowers,  to  mend  his  homely  board. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georgics,  iv. 
They  .  .  .  suffer  from  cold  and  hunger  in  their  flreless 
houses  and  at  their  meagre  boards. 

Howells,  Venetian  Life,  xxi. 

(6)  Provision  for  a  person's  daily  meals,  or 
food  and  lodging,  especially  as  furnished  by 
agreement  or  for  a  price :  applied  also  to  the 
like  provision  for  horses  and  other  animals. 
Board  without  lodging  is  often  distinguished  either  as 
day-board  or  table-board. 

4.  A  table  at  which  a  council  or  the  session 
of  a  tribunal  is  held. 

I  wish  the  king  would  be  pleased  sometimes  to  be  pres- 
ent at  that  board ;  it  adds  a  majesty  to  it.  Baco7i. 

Better  acquainted  with  affairs  than  any  other  who  sat 
then  at  that  board.  Clarendon. 

Hence,  by  metonymy — 5.  A  number  of  per- 
sons having  the  management,  direction,  or 
superintendence  of  some  public  or  private  of- 
fice or  trust :  as,  a  hoard  of  directors ;  the  board 
of  trade ;  the  board  of  health ;  a  school-board. 

The  honourable  board  of  council.  Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  1. 

Boards  partake  of  a  part  of  the  inconveniences  of  larger 
assemblies.  Their  decisions  are  slower,  their  energy  less, 
their  responsibility  more  diffused.  They  will  not  have  the 
same  abilities  and  knowledge  as  an  administration  by  sin- 
gle men.  A.  Hamilton,  Works,  I.  154. 

6.  A  flat  slab  of  wood  used  for  some  specific 
purpose:  as,  an  ironing-6oard;  a  bake-6oard; 


a  ^vato-board. —  7.  A  tablet ;  especially,  a  tab- 
let upon  which  public  notices  are  written,  or 
to  which  they  are  affixed:  as,  a  notice-&o«rd; 
a  bulletin-/ward. —  8.  A  table,  tablet,  or  frame 
on  which  games  are  piayed:  as,  a  chess-  or 
backgammou-io«)'(?;  a  bagatelle-ioarrf. —  9.  pi. 
The  stage  of  a  theater:  as,  to  go  upon  the 
hoards,  to  leave  the  hoards  (that  is,  to  enter 
upon  or  leave  the  theatrical  profession). 

Our  place  on  the  boards  may  be  taken  by  better  and 
younger  mimes.  Thackeray. 

There  is  not  —  never  was  —  any  evidence  that  Lodge,  wlio 
was  a  very  meagre  dramatist,  ever  trod  the  boards. 

N.  ayid  Q.,  6th  ser.,  XI.  107. 

10.  A  kind  of  thick  stiff  paper ;  a  sheet  form- 
ed by  layers  of  paper  pasted  together ;  paste- 
board: usually  employed  in  compounds:  as, 
eardboard,  mWlhoard,  Bristol-6o((rd.    Hence  — 

11.  In  hookhiiidiug,  one  of  the  two  stiff  covers 
on  the  sides  of  a  book.  By  a  book  in  hoards  is  usually 
to  be  understood  a  book  that  has  the  boards  covered  only 
witli  paper,  in  distinction  from  one  which  is  covereii  with 
clotli  or  leather.  Tlie  boards  were  at  first  made  of  wood, 
but  are  now  made  of  hard-pressed  rough  paper-stock  and 
shredded  rope.    Often  abbreviated  to  bds. 

The  boards  used  in  bookbinding  are  formed  of  the  pnlp 
obtained  from  refuse  brown  paper,  old  rope,  straw,  or 
other  vegetable  material  more  or  less  fibrous. 

Ure,  Diet.,  I.  421. 

12.  pi.  In  printing,  thin  sheets  of  very  hard 
paper-stock  placed  between  printed  sheets  in 
a  press  to  remove  the  indentation  of  impres- 
sion:  distinctively  called  press-hoards. — 13. 
Naut. :  (a)  The  deck  and  interior  of  a  ship  or 
boat:  tised  in  the  phrase  on  board,  aboard.  (6) 
The  side  of  a  ship. 

Now  board  to  board  the  rival  vessels  row.  Dryden. 

(c)  The  line  over  which  a  ship  runs  between 
tack  and  tack. — 14.  In  mining,  as  generally 
used  in  England:  (a)  Nearly  equivalent  to 
breast,  as  used  among  Pennsylvania  miners. 
See  breast,  (b)  An  equivalent  of  cleat,  in  York- 
sliire,  when  the  coal  is  worked  parallel  to  tl\e  cleat,  it  is 
said  to  be  worked  board  or  bord,  tlie  more  usual  term  else- 
where being  /ace  on :  when  worked  at  right  angles  to  the 
cleat,  the  term  used  is  end  ou.— Academy  board.  See 
academy.— Bindera'  board.  See  binder.— Boaxd  and 
pillar,  in  coal-mining,  a  method  of  winning  coal.  See  pil- 
lar and  breast,  under  pillar.— BoSlTA  Of  Control,  direc- 
tors, equalization,  health,  ordnance,  trade,  etc.  See 
the  nouns.— Board  on  board,  board  and  boai'd  (naut.), 
side  by  side.— By  the  board,  over  the  ship's  side.— 

From  bed  and  board,  see  iedi.— London  board,  a 

variety  of  sized  cardboard,— On  board,  on  or  in  a  ship 
or  conveyance.- Police  board.  See  police.— To  begin 
the  boardt,  to  take  a  seat  at  the  head  of  the  table ;  take 
precedence  at  talde. 

Ful  ofte  tyme  he  hadde  the  bord  bygonne 

Aboven  alle  naciouns  in  Pruce. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  52. 
To  go  by  the  board,  (a)  Naut.,  said  of  a  mast  which  is 
broken  off  a  short  distance  above  tlie  deck.  Hence  — (b) 
To  be  completely  destroyed  or  carried  away.—  To  keep 
one's  name  on  the  boards,  at  Cambridge  University, 
to  remain  a  member  of  a  college :  in  allusion  to  the  custom 
there  of  inscribing  tlie  names  of  members  on  a  board  or 
tablet.— To  make  a  board,  to  make  a  stretch  on  any 
tack  when  a  ship  is  working  to  windward.— To  make  a 
good  board,  to  get  well  on  in  a  stretch  to  windward. — 
To  make  a  half  board  (nattt.),  to  luff  into  the  wind  till 
the  headway  ceases,  and  then  to  fill  away  on  the  same 
tack.— To  make  a  stern  board,  to  force  a  ship  astern 
by  the  sails.— To  make  short  boards,  to  tack  frequent- 
ly.—To  Siveep  the  board,  in  gaming,  to  take  everything ; 
pocket  all  the  stakes. 

board  (bord),  v.  [<  board,  n.  In  sense  8, 
after  F.  aborder,  come  to,  accost:  see  aboard^, 
abord^,  v.']  I.  trans.  1.  To  cover  with  boards ; 
inclose  or  close  up  with  boards  ;  lay  or  spread 
wdth  boards:  often  with  up,  in,  or  over. — 2.  In 
leather-mannf.,  to  rub  (leather)  with  a  pommel 
or  graining-board,  in  order  to  give  it  a  granu- 
lar appearance,  and  make  it  supple. 

If  after  "  stoning  out "  the  leather  should  require  soften- 
ing, it  is  boarded.  C.  T.  Davis,  Leather,  p.  431. 

3.  To  place  at  board :  as,  he  boarded  his  son 
•with  Mrs.  So-and-so. — 4.  To  furnish  with  food, 
or  food  and  lodging,  for  a  compensation:  as, 
his  landlady  hoards  him  at  a  reasonable  price. 

He  was  .  .  .  boarded  and  lodged  at  the  houses  of  the 
farmers  whose  children  he  instructed. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  421. 

5.  To  come  up  alongside  of  (in  order  to  at- 
tack); fall  aboard  of. — 6.  To  go  on  board  of 

(a  vessel).  Specifically- (n)  To  embark,  (b)  To  hail 
and  enter  officially,  as  a  custom-house  or  other  officer, 
(c)  To  enter  by  force,  or  in  a  hostile  manner. 

You  board  an  enemy  to  capture  her,  and  a  stranger  to 
receive  news  or  make  communications.  Totten. 

7t.  To  put  on  board ;  stow  away. 

The  seamen  call ;  shall  we  board  your  trunks  ? 

Middleton  and  Rowley,  Cliangeling,  i.  1. 

Sf.  To  approach ;  accost ;  make  advances  to. 
Him  the  Prince  with  gentle  court  did  bord. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  ix.  2. 


In  his  next  pithy  symbol  I  dare  not  board  him,  for  he 
passes  all  the  seven  wise  Masters  of  Greece. 

Milton,  Apology  for  Smectymnuus. 

9f.  To  border  on ;  approach. 

The  stubborne  Newre  whose  waters  gray 
By  fair  Kilkenny  and  Rossepont6  boord. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  xi.  43. 

To  board  out.  (a)  To  exclude  with  boards  or  by  board- 
ing, {h)  'I'o  send  out  to  board  ;  liire  or  procure  the  board 
of  elsewhere:  as,  to  board  out  a  child  or  a  horse. — To 
board  up.  (a)  To  stop  or  close  by  putting  up  boards  :  as, 
to  board  up  a  road,  (b)  To  shut  in  with  boards:  as,  to 
board  up  a  flock  of  chickens,  (c)  To  case  with  boards :  as, 
to  board  iip  a  room  or  a  house. 

II,  intrans.  1.  To  take  one's  meals,  or  be 
supplied  with  both  food  and  lodging,  in  the 
house  of  another,  at  a  fixed  price. 

We  are  several  of  us,  gentlemen  and  ladies,  who  board 
in  the  same  house.  Spectator,  No.  296. 

2.  Kaut.,  to  tack, 
boardable  (bor'da-bl),  a.  [<  hoard,  v.,  +  -able.'] 

Capable  of  being  boarded,  as  a  ship, 
board-clip  (bord'klip),  n.    A  spring-clasp  for 

holding  sheets  of  paper  upon  a  board,  desk,  or 

printer's  case, 
board-cutter  (bord'kuf'er),  n.  A  bookbinders' 

machine  for  cutting  miUboards .  f or  the  covers 

and  backs  of  books, 
boarder  (bor'der),  n.   One  who  boards,  (a)  One 

wlio  gets  his  meals,  or  both  meals  and  lodging,  in  the 

house  of  another  for  a  price  agreed  upon. 

There's  a  boarder  in  the  floor  above  me  ;  and,  to  my  tor- 
ture, he  practises  music.  Smollett,  Humphrey  Clinker. 
(b)  pi.  On  a  man-of-war,  the  officers  and  men  detailed  to 
attack  an  enemy  by  boarding.  They  are  armed  with  cut- 
lases  and  pistols. 

Heading  for  the  steamer,  he  formed  his  boarders  on  the 
bow.  J.  R.  Soley,  Blockade  and  Cruisers,  p.  163. 

boarding  (bor'ding),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  board, 
v.]    1.  Wooden  boards  collectively. 

The  supply  of  material,  wood,  and  boarding  for  build- 
ing, repairing,  or  constructing  public  and  sacred  build- 
ings. Seebohm,  Eng.  Vil.  Communities,  p.  299. 

2.  Boards  put  together,  as  in  a  fence  or  a  floor. 
— 3.  The  operation  of  rubbing  leather  with  a 
pommel  or  graining-board  to  make  it  granular 
and  supple,  after  it  has  been  shaved,  daubed, 
and  dried. —  4.  The  act  of  entering  a  ship,  es- 
pecially by  assault. —  5.  The  practice  of  obtain- 
ing one's  food,  or  both  food  and  lodging,  in  the 
home  of  another,  for  a  stipulated  charge. — 
Luffer  boarding,  in  carp.,  a  style  of  boarding  in  which 
one  board  projects  and  partly  covers  another,  and  in  its 
turn  is  partly  covered  by  still  another,  as  in  clapboarding. 

boarding-clerk  (bor'ding-klerk),  n.  The  em- 
ployee of  a  custom-house  agent  or  shipping 
firm  whose  duty  is  to  communicate  with  ships 
on  their  arrival  in  port.  [Eng.] 

boarding-ho'use  (bor'ding-hous),  w.  A  house  of 
entertainment,  more  home-like  than  a  hotel  or 
restaurant,  where  persons  are  furnished  with 
board  for  a  fixed  price. 

boarding-joist  (bor'ding-joist),  n.  One  of  the 
joists  in  naked  flooring  to  which  the  boards  are 
fastened. 

boarding-macMne  (bor'ding-ma-shen*),  «•  A 
machine  for  rubbing  the  sm-face  of  leather  to 
raise  the  grain. 

boarding-nettings  (bor'ding-nef'ingz),  M.  pi. 
Nettings  of  small  rope  or  wire  fixed  aroimd  the 
bulwarks  of  a  ship  to  prevent  her  from  being 
boarded.    See  netting. 

boarding-officer  (bor'ding-of "i-ser),  n.  An  offi- 
cer of  the  custom-house  who  boards  ships  on 
their  arrival  in  port  in  order  to  examine  their 
papers  and  to  prevent  smuggling. 

boarding-pike  (bor'ding-pik),  n.  A  short  pike 
used  in  naval  warfare  in  boarding  or  in  repel- 
ling boarders.    See  half-pike. 

boarding-school  (bor'ding-skol),  «.  A  school 
which  provides  board  for  its  pupils;  a  school 
at  which  the  pupils  are  fed  and  lodged. 

board-rack  (bord'rak),  n.  In  printing,  a  rack 
for  sliding  shelves  (called  letter-boards)  on 
which  to  lay  away  composed  type. 

board-rule  (bord'rol),  n.  A  figured  scale  for 
finding  the  number  of  square  feet  in  a  board, 
without  calculation. 

board-school  (bord'skol),  n.  In  Great  Britain, 
a  school  under  the  management  of  a  school- 
board  consisting  (except  in  London)  of  from  5 
to  15  members,  elected  by  the  rate-payers  of  a 
school  district;  a  public  elementary  school. 

board-'Wages  (b6rd'wa"gez),  v.  sing,  and  pi.  A 
fixed  payment  made  to  domestic  servants  in 
lieu  of  board,  especially  when  it  is  necessary 
for  them  to  Uve  out  during  the  temporary  ab- 
sence from  home  of  their  employers. 

Not  enough  is  left  him  to  supply 
Board-wages,  ov  a  footman's  livery.  Dryden. 


boar-fish 

boar-fish  (bor'fish),  71.  A  name  applied  to  vari- 
ous dissimilar  fishes  which  have  a  projecting 

snout,  (a)  In  England,  the  Capros  aper,  a  flsli  of  the 
family  Caprouice.  It  has  the  power  of  extending  and 
contracting  its  mouth  at  will.  When  extended  the  mouth 
takes  the  form  of  a  hog's  snout,  whence  the  name  •  It  is 


Boar-fish  {Capros  aper). 


6  inches  long,  and  inhabits  the  Mediterranean  and  At- 
lantic northward  to  the  British  coasts,  {h)  In  New  Zea- 
land, the  Ciittm  australk,  a  species  of  the  family  Zenidce 
It  IS  related  to  the  john-dory,  but  has  a  rough  skin  and  is 
destitute  of  large  plates  and  the  black  lateral  spots  (c) 
In  southern  Australia  (Melbourne,  etc.),  the  Pentaceropsis 
recurmrostru,  a  species  of  the  family  Pentacerutidce.  It  is 
esteemed  as  a  food-fish, 
boarish  (bor'ish),  a.  [<  hoar  +  -ML]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  boar ;  resembling  a  boar ;  swin- 
ish; sensual;  cruel. 

In  his  anointed  flesh  stick  Parish  fangs. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  7. 

boar-spear  (bor'sper),  «.  [<  ME.  borespcr,  < 
AS.  harspere,  <  hdr,  boar,  -I-  spere,  spear.]  A 
spear  used  in  hunting  boars. 

boar-stag  (bor'stag),  n.    A  gelded  boar. 

boar's-tusk  (borz'tusk),  n.  A  common  name 
given  to  shells  of  the  genus  Dcntalium.  J.  B. 
Sower  by,  Jr. 

boart  ( bort),  71.    Same  as  bort. 

boasti  (bost),  V.  [<  ME.  bosten,  boosten,  <  bost, 
boast:  origin  unknown.  The  W.  bostio,  bos- 
tian  =  Com.  bostye  =  Gael,  bosd,  boast,  are 
from  the  E.]  I.  intrans.  If.  To  threaten;  ut- 
ter a  threat.— 2.  To  brag;  vaunt;  speak  vain- 
gloriously  or  exaggeratedly,  as  of  one's  own 
worth,  property,  deeds,  etc. 

Booste  not  myche,  it  is  but  waast ; 
,  Bi  boostynge,  men  niowe  foolis  knowe. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  52. 
By  grace  are  ye  saved  through  faith ;  ...  not  of  works' 

lest  any  man  should  boast.  Eph.  ii.  8  9! 

3.  To  glory  or  exult  on  account  (of);  speak 
with  laudable  pride. 

I  boast  of  you  to  them  of  Macedonia.  2  Cor.  ix.  2. 

4.  To  be  possessed,  as  of  something  remarka- 
ble or  admirable  :  often  used  jocosely. 

It  [the  cathedral]  does  not  appear  so  rich  as  the  small- 
est church,  but  boasts  of  a  little  organ,  which  sent  forth 
singularly  inharmonious  cries. 

Darwin,  Voyage  of  Beagle,  I.  4. 
=Syn.  To  bluster  (about),  vapor,  crow  (about  a  thinf  or 
over  a  person),  swell,  talk  big,  put  on  airs. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  brag  of;  speak  of  with 
pnde,  vanity,  or  exultation :  as,  to  boast  what 
arms  can  do. 

But  let  him  boast 
His  knowledge  of  good  lost,  and  evil  got. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  86. 
He  boasts  his  life  as  purer  than  thine  own. 

Tennyson,  Balin  and  Balan. 

2.  To  glory  or  exult  in  possessing;  have  as  a 
source  of  pride :  often  in  a  jocose  sense :  as,  the 
village  boasts  a  public  pump. 

God  be  thanked,  the  meanest  of  His  creatures 
Boasts  two  soul-sides,  one  to  face  the  world  with 
One  to  show  a  woman  when  he  loves  her.  ' 

Browning,  One  Word  More. 

3.  To  magnify  or  exalt;  makeover-confident; 
vaunt :  with  a  reflexive  pronoun. 

They  that  trust  in  their  wealth,  and  boast  themselves  in 
the  multitude  of  their  riches.  Ps.  xlix.  6. 

Boast  not  thyself  of  to-morrow.  Prov.  xxvii.  1. 

Many  there  be  that  ftoasf  themselves  that  they  have 
Latimer,  4th  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI.  (1549). 

boasti  (bost),  «.  [<  ME.  boost,  bost:  see  the 
verb.  The  W.  bost  (=  Corn,  bost  =  It.  and 
(rael.  bosd),  a  boast,  is  from  the  E.]  If. 
Clamor;  outcry. 

He  crakkede  bost  and  swor  it  was  nat  so. 

Chaucer,  Reeve  s  Tale,  1.  81. 


605 

boast2  (bost),  V.  t.  [Origin  unknown ;  perhaps 
a  coiTuption  of  bosli^,  q.  v.]  1.  In  masonry, 
to  (h-ess  off  the  surface  of  a  stone  with  a  broad 
chisel  and  mallet.— 2.  In  scidp.,  to  reduce  or- 
naments or  other  work  to  their  general  contour 
or  form,  preparatory  to  working  out  the  details. 

boast^  (bost),  n.  [Appar.  in  allusion  to  the 
ball's  rubbing  or  scraping  the  wall;  <  boast'^, 
v.']_  In  tennis,  a  stroke  by  which  the  ball  is 
driven  against  the  wall  of  a  court  at  an  acute 
angle.  The  rubbing  against  the  wall  makes 
the  ball  spin. 

boastancef,  n.  [<  boast^  +  -ance.']  Boasting. 
Chducer. 

boaster!  (bos'ter),  n.  [<  ME.  hosier,  bostour, 
<  bosten,  boast.]  One  who  boasts,  glories,  or 
vaunts  with  exaggeration,  or  ostentatiously;  a 
bragger. 

boaster^  (bos'ter),  n.  [<  hoast^  +  -cri.^  A 
broad  chisel  used  in  rough-hewing  and  di-essing 
off  the  surface  of  a  stone;  a  boasting-chisel. 

boastful  (bost'fiil),  a.  [<  ME.  bostful,  <  bost, 
boast,  -t-  -/«;.]    Given  to  boasting ;  vaunting ; 


boat's-gripes 

Our  little  Arno  is  not  boated  like  the  Thames. 

Walpole,  Letters,  i.  39. 
To  boat  the  oars,  to  take  them  out  of  the  rowlocks 

and  place  them  fore  and  aft  on  the  thwarts 

II.  intrans.  To  go  in  a  boat;  row. 

I  boated  over,  ran 
My  craft  aground. 

Tennyson,  Edwin  Morris, 
boatable  (bo'ta-bl),  a.  [<  boat  +  -able.']  Navi- 
gable by  boats  or  small  river-craft, 
boatage  (bo'taj),  n.  [<  boat  +  -age.']  1.  Car- 
riage by  boat,  or  the  charge  for  caiTying  by 
boat.— 2f.  Boats  collectively.— 3.  The  aggre- 
gate carrying  capacity  of  the  boats  belonging 
to  a  ship. 

It  is  generally  as.sumed  that  sufficient  boatane  is  invari- 
alily  provided.  Edinburgh  Rev'.,  CXV.  166. 

boatbill  (bot'bil),  n.  A  South  American  bird, 
Cochlearia  (or  Cancroma)  cocMearia,  related  to 
the  true  herons:  so  named  from  the  shape  and 


Boastful  and  rough,  your  first  son  is  a  squire. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  1.  151. 
Let  boastful  eloquence  declaim 
Of  honor,  liberty,  and  fame. 

Whittier,  Prisoner  for  Debt 

boastfully  (bost'fid-i),  adv.    In  a  boastful 
manner. 

boastfulness  (bost' fid -nes),  n.    [<  boastful  + 
-7iess.']    The  state  or  quality  of  being  boastful, 
boastlngl  (bos'ting),  n.  [<  ME.  hosting;  verbal 
n.  of  boast^,  v.]  A  glorying  or  vaunting;  boast- 
ful or  ostentatious  words ;  bragging  language. 

When  boasting  ends,  then  dignity  begins.  Young. 
=  S3T1.  Brag,  bravado,  bluster,  swagger,  swaggering  vain- 
glory, rodomontade,  parade,  vaporing,  rant.  ' 
boasting^  (bos'ting),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  boasts, 
v.~\    1.  In  7nasonry,  the  process  of  dressing  the 
-    surface  of  a  stone  with  a  broad 
chisel  and  mallet. —  2.  In  sculp. 
and  carving,  the  act  of  cutting 
a  stone  roughly  with  a  boasting- 
chisel,  so  as  to  give  it  the  general 
contour  of  a  statue  or  an  orna- 


BoatbiU  {Caticroma  cochlea 


2f.  Threatening;  menace.— 3.  Brag;  vaunt- 
ing; language  expressive  of  ostentation,  pride, 
or  vanity. 

Reason  and  morals  ?  and  where  live  they  most 
in  Christian  comfort  or  in  Stoic  boost  ? 
.  Byrom,  Enthusiasm. 

4.  A  cause  of  boasting;  occasion  of  pride, 

vamty,  or  laudable  exultation :  as,  Shakspere, 

the  feoasi!  of  English  literature. 

„  511^''?'^'*'     alwayes  a  longer  sitter  vp  then  himselfe 

and  the  boast  of  his  Window  at  Midnight. 
Bp.  Earle,  Micro-cosmographie,  A  Pretender  to  Learning. 

-Syn.  Vaunt,  brag.    See  boastingl. 


Boasting-chisels.  ^   

ment.    Also  called  scahbling. 
boastingly  (bos'ting-li),  adv.    In  an  ostenta- 
tious manner;  with  boasting, 
boastive  (bos'tiv),  a.    [<  boast^  +  -ive.]  Pre- 
sumptuous; boastful.    Shenstone.  [Rare.] 
boastless  (bost'les),  a.     [<  hoasfi-  +  -less.'] 
Without  boasting  or  ostentation.  [Rare.] 

Diffusing  kind  beneficence  around, 
Boastless,  as  now  descends  the  silent  dew. 

Thomson,  Summer,  1.  1644. 

boat  (bot),  n.   [<  ME.  boot,  bote,  hot,  <  AS.  bat  = 
Icel.  belt  (rare),  a  boat;  appar.  not  found  as  an 
ong.  word  elsewhere,  being  in  the  later  lan- 
guages appar.  borrowed  from  ME.  or  AS  • 
namely  (from  ME.),  MD.  and  D.  boot  =  ML(j' 
bot,  LG.  boot  (>  G.  hoot),  and  (from  AS.)  Icel 
hatr  =  Sw.  bdt  =  Dan.  baud,  also  W.  bad  z=  Ir. 
bad  =  Gael,  hata,  and  ML.  hatus,  battus.  It 
batto  =  OF.  hat;  with  dim.  It.  hattello  =  Sp 
hatel  =  Pr.  batelh  =  OP.  batel,  P.  bateau:  see 
bateau.]  1.  A  small  vessel  or  water-craft ;  espe- 
cially, a  small  open  vessel  moved  by  oars.  The 

forms,  dimensions,  and  uses  of  boats  are  very  various  The 
boats  in  use  in  the  United  States  naval  service  are  steam- 
launches,  launches,  steam-cutters,  cutters  baro-es  oi„, 
whale-boats,  and  dinghies.  »   >  = 

2.  Any  vessel  for  navigation :  usually  described 
by  another  word  or  by  a  prefix  denoting  its  use 
or  mode  of  propulsion :  as,  a  packet-&oa<,  pas- 
s&ge-boat,  ste&mhoat,  etc.  The  term  is  frequent- 
ly applied  colloquially  to  vessels  even  of  the 
largest  size.— 3.  Any  open  dish  or  vessel  re- 
semblmg  a  boat:  as,  a  gravy-6oaf;  a  butter- 
boat 

The  crude  red  [in  the  decomposition  of  aniline]  has  left 
a  violet  deposit  in  the  bottom  of  the  boats  in  which  it  was 
'^°°i<^^-  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXV.  207. 

4.  In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,  the  vessel  contain- 
ing the  incense  to  be  placed  in  the  thurible 
when  needed._Ali  in  the  same  boat,  all  engaged 

111  the  sanie  enterprise  ;  all  in  the  same  condition  espe- 
cially unfortiiiiate  condition  ;  all  to  have  the  same  fate 
or  fortune.--  Boat-compass.  See  compass.— High  boat 

See /iisrA.-- Paper  boat,  a  light  boat,  used  espedally  foi- 
racing  and  sporting  purposes,  made  of  sheets  of  nianila 
paper,  or  of  paper  made  from  superior  unbleached  linen 
stock.  Ihe  first  sheet  is  fastened  to  a  model  which  cor- 
responds to  the  interior  of  the  boat,  and  coated  with  ad- 
hesive varnish;  another  sheet  is  then  put  over  the  first- 
and  so  on  until  a  sufficient  thickness  is  obtained 
boat  (bot),  V.  [<  boat,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  trans- 
port m  a  boat:  as,  to  boat  goods  across  a  lake. 
—  2.  To  provide  with  boats.  [Rare.] 


size  of  the  bill,  which  is  very  broad  and  much 

vaulted.  The  boatbill  is  about  the  size  of  and  somewhat 
resemliles  a  night-heron  (apart  from  the  bill),  but  is  the 
type  of  a  distinct  subfamily,  Caiicromince  (which  see) 
Also  called  boat-billed  heron  and  savacou 

boat-builder  (bofbil'der),  n.   One  who  makes 
boats ;  a  boatwright. 
boat-fly  (bot'fli),  «.    An  aquatic  heteropterous 
hemipterous  insect  of  the  family  Notonectidaj, 
which  swims  upon  its  back.    See  Notonecta. 
Also  called  back-swimmer  and  boat-insect. 
boat-hook  (bot'hiik),  n.    A  brass  or  iron  hook 
and  spike  fixed  to  a  staff  or  pole,  used  for  pull- 
ing or  pushing  a  boat.    Also  called  gaff-setter, 
settmg-pole,  pole-hook,  and  hitcher. 
boat-house  (bot'hous),  n.   A  house  or  shed  for 
storing  boats  and  protecting  them  from  the 
weather. 

(bo'ting),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  boat,  v.] 
1.  The  act  or  practice  of  rowing  or  sailing  a 
boat,  especially  as  a  means  of  exercise  or 
amusement.— 2.  Transportation  by  boats.— 3. 
A  punishment  in  ancient  Persia,  consisting  in 
fastening  an  offender  on  his  back  in  a  boat  and 
leaving  him  to  perish  or  be  eaten  by  vermin. 

boat-insect  (b6t'in"sekt),  n.    Same  as  boat-Jly. 

boationf  (bp-a'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *boatio{n-), 
eqmv.  to  boatus,  a  crying  out,  <  hoare,  earlier 
bovare,  =  Gr.  /Soar,  cry  out,  roar,  bellow.]  A 
reverberation;  a  roar;  loud  noise.  [Rare.] 

The  giijis  were  heard  .  .  .  about  a  hundred  Italian 
miles.  111  loud  boations.  Derham,  Physico-Theology. 

boat-keeper  (bot'ke'per),  «.     l.  One  of  the 

crew  of  a  ship's  boat  left  in  charge  of  it  during 
the  absence  of  the  others.— 2.  One  who  keeps 
boats  for  hire, 
boatman  (bot'man),  n.;  pi.  boatmen  (-men).  1. 
A  man  who  manages  or  is  employed  on  a  boat : 
a  rower  of  a  boat. 

The  boatman  plied  the  oar,  the  boat 
Went  light  along  the  stream.  Southey. 

2.  A  hemipterous  insect  of  the  family  Corisidw 
and  genus  Notonecta. 

boat-racing  (b6t'ra"sing),  n.    A  trial  of  speed 

between  boats ;  racing  with  boats, 
boat-rope  (bot'rop),  n.    A  rope  to  fasten  a 

boat,  usually  called  a  painter. 


Boat's-gripes. 

boat's-gripes  (bots'grips),  n.pl.  Lashings  used 
to  secure  boats  hoisted  at  the  davits. 


boat-shaped 

boat-shaped  (bot'sliapt),  a.  Having  the  shape 
of  a  boat ;  navicular ;  eymbif orm ;  hollow  like 
a  boat,  as  (in  lot.)  the  valves  of  some  pericarps. 
Specifically,  in  omith.,  applied  to  the  tail  of  certain  birds, 


606 


bobbin 


Boat-shaped.— Tail  of  a  Grackle. 


as  the  boat-tailed  grackle,  Qiikcahts  major,  in  which  tlie 
plane  of  the  feathers  of  each  half  meets  that  of  the  other 
half  obliquely,  slanting  downward  and  toward  the  me- 
dian line,  and  thus  induces  a  reentrance  or  hollow  of  the 
upper  surface  and  a  salience  or  Iceel  below. 

boat-shell  (bot'shel),  «.  The  English  name  of 
the  shells  of  the  genus  Cymbium  or  Cymba,  be- 
longing to  the  family  Volutidce.  See  cut  under 
Ci/mbium. 

boat-skid  (bot'skid),  w.  Katit.,  a  piece  of  wood 
fastened  to  a  ship's  side  to  prevent  chafing 
when  a  boat  is  hoisted  or  lowered. 

boatsmant  (bots'man),  n.  [<  boafs,  poss.  of 
boat,  +  man  ;  =  D.  "bootsman  =  Sw.  bdtsman  = 
Dan,  fiaadsma*!,  boatswain.]  1.  A  boatswain. 
—  2.  A  boatman. 

boat-song  (bot'song),  w.  A  vocal,  or  occasion- 
ally an  instrumental,  musical  composition, 
either  intended  actually  to  be  sung  while  row- 
ing or  sailing  or  written  in  imitation  of  a  song 
thus  used.    See  barcarole. 

boatswain  (bot'swan;  eolloq.  and  in  naut. 
use,  bo'sn),  n.  [Also  coUoq.  and  naut.  boson 
(formerly  in  good  literary  use) ;  early  mod.  E. 
boatswain,  boatson,  boteswayne,  <  late  ME.  bot- 
swayne;  <  boat  +  swain,  in  the  sense  of  'boy  ser- 
vant.' The  alleged  AS.  *bdtswdn  is  not  author- 
ized.] 1.  A  subordinate  officer  of  a  ship,  who 
has  charge  of  the  rigging,  anchors,  cables,  and 
cordage.  It  is  his  duty  also  to  summon  the  crew  for  any 
evolution,  and  to  assist  the  executive  officer  in  tlie  neces- 
sary business  of  the  ship.  His  station  is  always  on  the  fore- 
castle, and  a  silver  call  or  whistle  is  the  badge  of  his  office. 

2.  A  jager  or  skua;  any  bird  of  the  genus 
Lestris  or  Stercorarius. 

Dr.  Bessels  killed  three  fork-tailed  gulls,  and  two  boat- 
mains.  C.  F.  Hall,  Polar  Expedition,  p.  388. 

3.  A  name  of  birds  of  the  genus  Phaethon.  See 
tropic-bird. — Boatswain's  mate,  an  assistant  of  a  boat- 
swain. Boatswain  s  mates  inflicted  corporal  punishment 
before  it  was  abolished. 

boat-tailed  (bot'tald),  a.  Having  the  tail  boat- 
shaped.    See  boat-shaped. 

boattails  (bot'talz),  w.  pi.  In  ornith.,  a  name 
sometimes  given  to  the  American  grackles, 
subfamily  Quiscalinw,  family  Icteridce,  from  the 
fact  that  their  tails  are  boat-shaped.  See  cut 
under  boat-shaped. 

boatwright  (bot'rit),  n.    A  boat-builder. 

bobi  (bob),  n.  [Under  the  form  bob  are  in- 
cluded several  words  of  obscure  origin,  mostly 
colloquial  and  without  a  definite  literary  his- 
tory, and  in  consequence  now  more  or  less  con- 
fused in  sense  as  well  as  in  form.  The  differ- 
ent senses,  in  their  noun  and  verb  uses,  have 
reacted  on  each  other,  and  cannot  now  be  en- 
tirely disentangled.  BolA,  n.,  a  cluster,  etc., 
=  Sc.  bob,  bob,  a  cluster,  bunch,  nosegay,  < 
ME.  hobjbobbe,  a  cluster;  cf.  Icel.  bobhi,  a  knot 
(nodus,  Haldorsen),  and  Gael,  babag,  a  cluster, 
haban,  a  tassel,  fringe.  In  senses  5,  6,  7,  rather 
from  t,  1;  in  senses  10,  11,  13,  bob  is 

short  for  bob-wig,  bob-stick,  bob-sled,  q.  v.]  1. 
A  bunch ;  a  cluster ;  a  nosegay.  [Now  chiefly 
Scotch.] 

Vynes  .  .  .  with  wondere  grete  bobbis  of  grapes. 

MS.  in  Halliwell. 
The  rose  an'  hawthorn  sweet  I'll  twine 
To  make  a  bob  for  thee.  Hogi/,  The  Hay-makers. 
2t.  The  seed-vessel  of  flax,  hops,  etc. — 3.  Any 
small  round  object  swinging  or  playing  loosely 
at  the  end  of  a  cord,  line,  flexible  chain,  wire, 
rod,  or  the  like.  Specifically— (a)  A  little  pendant  or 
ornament  so  attached  ;  an  ear-drop. 

In  jewels  dressed,  and  at  each  ear  a  bob. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires,  vi. 
Those  Indians  who  are  found  to  wear  all  the  gold  they 
have  in  the  world  in  a  bob  at  the  nose. 

Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  lii. 
(b)  The  ball  or  weight  at  the  end  of  a  pendulum,  plumb- 
line,  and  the  like,  (f)  The  movable  weiglit  on  the  graduat- 
ed arm  of  a  steelyard,  (d)  A  knot  of  worms,  rags,  or  other 
lures,  fixed  to  a  string,  with  or  without  a  hook,  and  used 
in  angling,  (e)  Formerly,  a  gi-ub  or  larva  of  a  beetle  used 
for  bait. 

Yellow  bobs  turned  up  before  the  plough 
Are  chiefest  bait  with  cork  and  lead  enough. 

J.  Dennys,  Secrets  of  Angling,  ii.  (1C13). 
(/)  A  gang  of  flsh-Iiooks. 

The  bob  .  .  .  is  formed  by  tying  three  hooks  together, 
back  to  back,  and  covering  their  shanks  witli^portion  of 


a  deer's  tail ;  .  .  .  strips  of  red  flannel  or  red  feathers  are  bob^t  (bob),  V.t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bobbed,  ppr.  bdb- 
sonietimes  added,  .  .  .  forming  a  kind  of  tassel,  with  the    -  .  .  , 

points  of  the  hooks  projecting  at  equal  distances. 

The  Century,  XXVI.  383. 
(g)  A  float  or  cork  for  a  flsh-line. 
4.  A  small  wheel  made  entirely  of  a  thick  piece 
of  bull-neck  or  sea-cow  leather,  perforated  for 
the  reception  of  the  spindle,  used  for  polishing 
the  inside  of  the  bowls  of  spoons  and  the  con- 
cave portions  of  other  articles. —  5t.  The  words 
repeated  at  the  end  of  a  stanza ;  the  burden  of 
a  song. 

"  To  bed,  to  bed,"  will  be  the  bob  of  the  song. 

Sir  R.  L' Estrange,  Fables. 

6.  A  short  jerking  action  or  motion :  as,  a  bob 
of  the  head. —  7.  In  change-ringing,  a  set  of  bob^  (bob) 
changes  which  may  be  rung  on  6,  8,  10,  or  12 
bells.  That  rung  on  6  bells  is  called  a  bob  minor ;  on  8 
bells,  a  bob  major;  on  10  bells,  a  bob  royal;  and  on  12 
bells,  a  bob  iiiaximus. 

8.  A  triangular  or  four-sided  frame  of  iron  or 
wood,  vibrating  on  an  axis,  by  the  aid  of  which 
the  motion  of  the  connecting-rod  of  an  engine 
is  communicated  to  a  pump-rod,  the  former 
being  usually  horizontal,  the  latter  vertical  or 
considerably  inclined. — 9.  A  dance.  [Scotch.] 

0  what'n  a  bob  was  the  bob  o'  Dunblane. 

Jacobite  Song. 

10.  A  particular  kind  of  wig;  a  bob-wig. 

A  plain  brown  bob  he  wore. 

Shenstone,  Extent  of  Cookery. 

He  had  seen  flaxen  bobs  succeeded  by  majors,  which  in 
their  turn  gave  way  to  negligents,  whicli  were  at  last  total- 
ly routed  by  bags  and  ramilies.   Goldsmith,  Richard  Nash. 

11.  A  shilling.    Fovmerlj  bobsiiclc.  [Slang.] 
"Well,  please  yourself,"  quoth  the  tinker;  "you  shall 

have  the  books  for  four  io6."  .  .  .  "I'our  6obs  —  four  sliil- 
lings:  it  is  a  great  sum,"  said  Lenny. 

Biilwer,  My  Novel,  iv.  5. 


bing.  [<  ME.  bobben,  <  OF.  bober,  mock,  de- 
ceive, cheat.]    1.  To  mock;  deride;  insult. 

So  by  siche  feynyd  myraclis  men  by  gylenliemsilf  and 
dispisen  God,  as  the  tormentours  that  bobbiden  Crist. 
•  Hel.  Antiq.,  ii.  47. 

2.  To  deceive;  delude;  cheat. 

Play  lier  pranks  and  bob  the  foole. 

Ttcrberville,  A  Pretie  Epigram, 

You're  bobb'd  ;  'twas  but  a  deed  in  trust. 

Middleton  (and  others).  The  Widow,  v.  1. 

3.  To  gain  by  fraud  or  cheating. 

Gold,  and  jewels,  that  I  bobb'd  from  him. 

Shak.,  Othello,  v.  1. 

6o?>3,  V.  Cf.  OF.  bobc,  mocking, 
deception.]  A  taunt ;  a  jeer  or  flout ;  a  trick. 

Let  her  leave  her  bobs ; 
I  have  had  too  many  of  them ;  and  her  quillets. 

Fletcher,  Tamer  Tamed. 

I  am  beholding  to  you 
For  all  your  merry  tricks  you  put  upon  me. 
Your  bobs,  and  base  accounts. 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  iii.  L 

To  give  the  bob  tot,  to  make  a  fool  of ;  impose  upon. 
It  can  be  no  other  [business] 
But  to  give  me  the  bob. 

Massinger,  Maid  of  Honour,  iv.  6. 

bob*  (bob),  n.    [<  ME.  bobbe,  an  insect  men- 
tioned in  connection  with  spiders  and  lice;  = 
Sw.  bobba,  a  certain  insect,  buprestis.  Perhaps 
the  same  word  as  bob^,  a  bunch,  of  which  a  dial, 
sense  is  'ball';  cf.  attercop,  a  spider,  lit.  'poi- 
son-head'or  'poison-bimeh';  ol.  also  pill-beetle. 
Cf.  Icel.  bobbi,  a  snail-shell;  Tcomast  i  bobba, 
get  into  a  puzzle.]   A  louse ;  any  small  insect. 
Halliwell.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
bobac,  bobak  (bob'ak),  w.    [Pol.  bobak.l  The 
Polish  marmot,  Arctomys  bobac. 
a^,ii«tAH'  Bobadil  (bob'a-dil),  n.    [The  name  of  a  boast- 
enubLeu         character  m  Ben  Jonson's  "Every  Man  in 


12.  An  infantry  soldier:  as,  the  light  6o6s  .-pos- 
sibly so  called  because  soldiers  were  enlisted 

in  England  with  a  shiUing.,  [Slang  ] -13  A   J^-g  Hi^^™>,]    A  blustering  braggart, 
seat  mounted  on  short  runners,  used  either  for  Bo^adilian  (bob-a-dil'ian),  a.    Pertaining  to 
pleasure  coastmg  or  for  the  conveyance  of   or  resembling  a  Bbbadil,  or  a  blustering  fellow 
loads  over  ice  or  snow;  a  sled.    [American.]—   „i,„  ™„i,p„  to  nrowess 

Bob  at  the  bolster.  Same  as  cushion-dance. -Dts-  bob,  Pf,  l-i  ■ 

at  Eton  College,  England,  a  boy  who  devotes  himself  to  BobadlllSm  (bob'a-dll-izm),  «.     [<  Bobadll  + 

cricket  or  foot-ball:  in  opposition  to  wet  bob,  one  who   -ism.']    Blustering  conduct  or  braggadocio. 

makes  boating  his  principal  recreation.—  Oscillating  or  Ijg'bak  M      See  bobaC. 

rocMi^bob.  Same.  balance-bob.  bobancst,  «■  [ME.,  also  bobaunce,  <  OF.  bobance 
bob^  (bob),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  bobbed,  ppr.  bob-  "yy^^^^^it      l     _?    _  ,  7   


bing.  [<  bob^,  n.,  3,  from  the  vibrating  move- 
ment; cf.  Icel.  boppa,  wave  up  and  down.  In 
sense  I.,  2,  there  is  reference  to  the  short,  cut- 
off appearance  of  bobs.  In  sense  II.,  4,  <  Sofei, 
3  (d)  (t).  This  verb  is  probably  in  part 
vaguely  imitative,  and  not  directly  connected 
with  the  noun.]    I.  trans.  1.  To  cause  a  short 

jerky  motion  of ;  effect  by  a  short  jerking  move-  t,^'i|pi2"+  ?<  bobS  +  -erl  1 
ment:  bls,  "he  bobbed  hia  head,"  Irving;  to  bob  DObber  t,  ».  l<^ooo  t-  er  .j 

a  courtesy. 

■When  Ionian  shoals 
Of  dolphins  bob  their  noses  through  the  brine. 

Keats,  Endymion,  i.     ~.  — 

2.  To  cut  short;  dock:  often  with  off:  as,  to  bobbery  (bob'er-i),«.;  pi.  &o66enes (-iz).  [Pop- 
-  -     -    -       -   —  idarly  regarded  as  a  native  E.  term,  <  ooo^,  v., 


(F.  bombance)  =  Pr.  bobansa,  ostentation,  dis- 
play, =  It.  bombanza,  exultation.  Cf.  ML.  bom- 
biciis,  proud,  ostentatious,  <  L.  bombus,  a  buz- 
zing sound:  see  boinb^.]  Boasting.  Chaucer. 
bobberi  (bob'er),  n.  [<  bob^  +  -crl.]  1.  One 
who  or  that  which  bobs. — 2.  One  who  fishes 
with  a  bob. —  3.  One  of  the  artificial  flies  of  an 
angler's  east. 

1.  One  who  scoffs. 


Bitter  taunters,  dry  bobbers,  nyppinge  gybers,  and 
skorneful  mockers  of  others. 

Touchstone  of  Complexions  (1575). 

2.  A  deceiver. 


606  or  bob  off'  a  horse's  tail. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  act  jerkily,  or  by  short 
qidck  motions ;  move  or  play  loosely,  in  a  sway- 
ing or  vibrating  manner:  as,  to  bob  against  a 
person ;  to  606  up  and  down,  or  back  and  forth, 
as  a  pith-ball  or  other  object,  or  a  person. 
A  birthday  jewel  bobbing  at  their  ear.  Dryden. 

2.  To  make  a  jerky  bow  or  obeisance. 

He  rolled  in  upon  two  little  turned  legs,  and  having  i    7,  j,-        t>  j,.,?,.-,-^ 

bobbed  gravely  to  the  bar,  -who  bobbed  gravely  to  him,  put  bobbin  (bob'm),  M.  [Formerly  OObm;  =D.  bOOijn 
his  little  legs  under  his  table.    Dickens,  Pickwick,  xxxiv.    _  xt.  dial,  bobina,  <  F.  bobine,  a  bobbin;  of  im- 

3.  To  dance.    [Scotch.]— 4.  To  angle  or  fish   known  origin,  perhaps  Celtic;  cf.  Gael,  baban. 


bob'^,'v.,  +  -ery,  but  really  of  Anglo-Indiaa  ori- 
gin, being  an  "accom.  of  Hind,  bap  re,  O  father? 
a  common  exclamation  of  sm-prise :  So;),  father; 
re,  a  vocative  particle  expressing  surprise.]  A 
squabble ;  a  row ;  a  disturbance :  as,  to  kick  up 
a  bobbery.    [Colloq.  and  vulgar.] 

I  heard  something  yesterday  of  his  kicking  up  a  bobbery 
in  the  kitclien.  Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  36. 


with  a  bob,  as  for  eels,  or  by  giving  the  hook  a 
jerking  motion  in  the  water. 
I'll  bob  for  no  more  eels.         Shirley,  Hyde  Park,  v.  2. 

These  are  the  baits  they  bob  with. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Captain,  iii.  4. 

bob2  (bob),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bobbed,  ppr.  606- 
Ung.    [<  ME.  bobben,  strike.    Origin  obscure, 
perhaps  in  part  imitative;  cf.  bob^,  v.    Cf.  Sc. 
bob,  a  mark  or  butt.]    1.  To  strike;  beat.  , 
With  the  bit  of  his  blade  he  bobbit  him  so  .  .  . 
He  clefe  him  to  the  coler. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  7316. 

I'll  not  be  bob'd  in  th'  nose. 

Fletcher,  Mons.  Thomas,  ii.  2. 

2.  To  jog;  shake;  nudge. 

Mr.  Harley  bobbed  me  at  every  line  to  take  notice  of 
the  beauties.  Swift,  Joui'ual  to  Stella,  Letter  6. 

bob^t  (bob),  n.  [<  60&2, 1,.]  A  shake  or  jog; 
a  blow:  as,  "pinches,  nips,  and  bobs,"  Ascham, 
The  Scholemaster. 

He  that  a  fool  doth  very  wisely  hit 
Doth  very  foolishly,  although  he  smart. 
Not  to  seem  senseless  of  the  bob. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7. 


a  tassel,  fringe"  babag,  a  cluster,  tassel.  This 
would  bring  bobine  into  connection  with  E.  dial. 
bobbin,  a  small  fagot  (unless  this  is  a  var.  of 
babbin  =  bavin^),  and  bobbin,  a  little  knob  hang- 
ing by  a  string  attached  to  a  latch.  See  &06I.] 
1 .  A  reel  or  spool  for  holding  thread.  Specifi- 
cally—(a)  One  of  the  weights  used  to  steady  the  threads 
in  pillow-lace  making,  each  bobbin  having  a  slender  neck 
around  which  a  part  of  the  thread  is  wound  ;  formerly  m.ade 
of  bone,  but  now  commonly  of  wood,  (b)  A  spool  with  a 
head  at  one  or  both  ends,  intended  to  have  thread  or  yarn 
wound  on  it,  and  used  in  spinning,  in  weavmg,  and  m 
sewing-machines. 

Hence  —  2.  Either  of  the  two  spool-shaped  parts 
of  an  electromagnet,  consisting  of  a  central  core 
of  soft  iron  wound  around  vrith  a  considerable 
length  of  fine  insulated  copper  wire.— 3.  A 
narrow  tape  or  small  cord  of  cotton  or  linen. 
—4.  A  hank  of  Russian  flax,  consisting  of  6, 
9,  or  12  heads,  according  to  the  quality.— Bob- 
bin and  fly-frame,  (a)  A  machine  used  in  cotton-man- 
ufacture for  taking  the  sliver  as  received  from  the  dra\y- 
ing-frame  and  converting  it  into  roving  or  slubbmg  ;  this 
is  the  first  or  coarse  frame,  (b)  A  machme  which  takes 
the  slubbing  from  the  first  frame  and  converts  it  into  a 
coarse  yarn. 


bobbin 

bobbin  (bob'in),  v.  t.  [<  bobbin,  «.]  To  -wind 
on  bobbins  or  spools,  as  thread. 

bobbinet  (bob-in-ef  or  bob'in-et),  n.  A  com- 
mon contracted  form  of  bobbin-net. 

bobbing  (bob'ing),  n.  [E.  dial,  also  babbing; 
verbal  n.  of  bobi,  v.,  II.,  4.J  The  act  or  opera- 
tion of  fishing  with  a  bob. 

bobbin-net  (bob-in-nef),  n.  A  machine-made 
cotton  netting,  consisting  of  parallel  threads 
which  form  the  warp,  upon  which  two  systems 
of  oblique  threads  are  laid  in  such  a  way  that 
each  of  the  oblique  threads  makes  a  turn  around 
each  of  the  warp-threads,  producing  a  nearly 
hexagonal  mesh.    See  tulle.    Often  contracted 

to  bobbinet. 

In  1808,  Mr.  John  Heathcoat  obtained  a  patent  for  a 
bobbin-net  machine,  being  the  first  successful  attempt  to 
produce  by  machinery  an  imitation  of  pillow  lace. 

A.  Barlow,  Weaving,  p.  360. 

bobbin-winder  (bob'in-win"d'er),  n.  A  ma- 
chine for  winding  thread  or  yarn  upon  a  bob- 
bin, spool,  or  shuttle,  having  a  device  for  dis- 
tributing the  thread  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
fonn  in  winding  any  desired  shape. 

bobbin-work  (bob'in-werk),  n.  Work  woven 
with  bobbins. 

bobbish  (bob'ish),  a.  [Cf.  bob\  v.]  Hearty; 
m  good  spirits  and  condition.  [Colloq.] 

bobble  (bob'l),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  babbled,  ppr. 
bobbling.  [Freq.  of  bolA,  v.  Cf.  bubble^.']  To 
bob  up  and  down ;  move  with  continual  bob- 
bing.   [Colloq.,  Eng.] 

bobble  (bob'l),  n.  [<  hobble,  ».]  The  move- 
ment of  agitated  water.    [CoUoq.,  Eng.] 

bobby  (bob'i),  n.;  pi.  bobbies  (-iz).  [A  slang 
term,  from  Bobby,  dim.  of  Bob,  familiar  foi-m  of 
Robert,  in  allusion  to  Sir  Robert  Peel.  Also 
called  peeler,  from  his  surname.]  A  policeman : 
a  nickname  first  given  to  the  members  of  the 
poHce  force  established  under  Sir  Eobert  Peel's 
act  (passed  in  1829)  for  improving  the  police  in 
and  near  London. 

bob-cherry  (bob'cher'-'i),  n.  [<  606I  +  cherry.'] 
A  child's  play  consisting  in  catching  with  the 
teeth  a  cherry  or  other  fruit  hung  from  the  ceil- 
ing, lintel  of  a  door,  or  other  high  place,  as  it 
swings  to  and  fro. 

bob-fishing  (bob' fish '-'ing),  «.  Same  as  clod- 
fishing. 

bobizationf  (bo-bi-za'shon),  n.  [<  bo  +  bi,  syl- 
lables used  in  singing,  +  -z-ation.']  In  music, 
in  the  sisteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries,  a 
general  term  for  the  various  methods  of  naming 
the  tones  of  the  scale  (for  convenience  of  refer- 
ence and  accuracy  of  singing)  by  syllables.  See 
solmisation,  bebisation,  bocedization,  damenisa- 
tion,  labecedisation. 
bob-lincoln  (bob-ling'kon),  n.  [Also  boblincon, 
bob-o-lincoln,  as  if  it  were  Bob  o'  Lincoln,  and 
hence  still  further  expanded  to  Robert  of  Lin- 
coln, in  allusion  to  the  proper  names  Robert 
(see  bobby)  and  Lincoln;  a  fanciful  imitation  of 
the  bird's  note.  Now  usually  bobolinlc,  a.  v.l 
TheboboUnk.  >  m  j 

The  luxurious  little  boblincon  revels  among  the  clover 
blossoms  of  the  meadows.   Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  147. 
Over  the  mountain-side  or  mead, 
Robert  of  Lincoln  is  telling  his  name. 

Bryant,  Eobert  of  Lincoln. 

bobolink  (bob'o-lingk'),  n.  [Also  boblink,  and 
earlier  boblincoln,  boblincon  (see  above);  an 
imitation  of  the  bird's  note.]  An  American 
oseine  passerine  bird,  of  the  famUy  Icteridce 
and  subfamily  Agelceince,  the  Dolichonyx  oryzi- 
vorus,  named  from  its  hearty  voluble  song  in 


607 

male  wears  the  black  livery  only  in  the  breeding  sea- 
son, and  is  only  then  in  song.  He  molts  in  midsummer 
or  m  August,  acquiring  a  plumage  like  that  of  the  female. 
Both  se.ves  are  then  known  as  reed-birds  in  the  Middle 
States,  as  rice-Mrds  in  the  .Southern  States,  and  as  butter- 
birds  in  Jamaica.  In  the  spring  the  male  acquires  his 
black  and  buff  suit  without  molting  any  feathers  :  whence 
the  correct  popular  notion,  based,  however,  on  erroneous 
premises,  that  the  reed-birds  turn  into  bobolinks  in  the 
spring.  The  bird  is  abundant  in  most  of  the  United 
States,  and  is  a  regular  migi-ant,  breeding  on  the  ground 
m  meadows  in  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  In  the 
fall,  when  fat  and  flocking  in  the  marshes  to  feed  upon 
wild  oats  (Zizania),  it  is  much  esteemed  for  the  table. 
Also  called  bob-lincoln,  facetiously  Robert  of  Lincoln  (see 
bob-lincoln),  skunk-blackbird,  from  its  coloring,  which  re- 
sembles that  of  the  skunk,  and  meadowink. 

The  crack-brained  bobolink  courts  his  crazy  mate, 
Poised  on  a  bulrush  tipsy  with  his  weight. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  Spring. 

bob-sled  (bob'sled),  n.  A  sled  consisting  of  a 
body  resting  on  two  short  sleds  called  bobs, 
placed  one  behind  the  other.  Bob-sleds  are  used 
for  the  transportation  of  timber,  etc.,  and,  when  of  lighter 
build  for  coasting,  are  also  called  double-runners  or  simply 
bobs.  [American.) 

bob-sleigh  (bob'sla),  n.  A  sleigh  constructed 
upon  the  same  principle  as  a  bob-sled.  [U.  S.] 

bobstay  (bob'sta),  n.  [<  606I  +  stayi-.']  Naut., 
one  of  two  or  three  ropes  or  chains  extending 
from  the  outer  end  of  the  bowsprit  to  the  eut- 


bock-beer 


a.  Bowsprit ;  6,  Bobstay. 


Bobolink  {Dolichonyx  oryzivorus). 

Sprmg,  The  male  is  about  7i  inches  long,  black,  with  a 
DuJt  nape,  and  much  white  or  pale  ash  on  the  back  and 
wmgs ;  the  tail-feathers  are  very  acute.  The  female  is 
smaller,  yellowish,  dai-ker  above,  and  streaked.  The 


water.  Their  function  is  to  hold  the  bowsprit 
down  in  its  place,  and  counteract  the  upward 
strain  exerted  by  the  headstays.— Bobstay  holes 
holes  m  the  fore  part  of  the  knee  of  the  head  in  a  ship' 
formerly  serving  to  secure  the  bobstay.  Weale  —  Bob- 
Stay  piece,  a  timber  fastened  to  the  main  piece  of  the 
head  m  a  ship,  to  which  the  bobstay  is  secured.— Bob- 
Stay  plates,  iron  plates  by  which  the  lower  ends  of  the 
bobstays  are  secured  to  the  stem, 
bobstickt  (bob'stik),  w.  [<  feofti  +  stick;  the 
application  is  not  clear.]  A  shilling;  a  bob. 
[Slang.] 

bobtail  (bob'tal),  n.    [<  60&1,  n.,  or  lob^,  v.,  I., 

2,  +  taiU.]  1.  A  short  tail,  or  a  tail  cut  short. 
— 2t.  A  contemptible  fellow ;  aeur.  N.E.D.  

3.  CoUeetively,  the  rabble :  used  in  contempt, 
most  frequently  in  the  phrase  rag-tag  and  bob- 
tail.—4:.  A  kind  of  short  arrow-head.  Plancke. 

bobtailed  (bob'tald),  a.  [<  bobtail  +  -ed^.}  Hav- 
ing the  tail  cut  short:  as,  "a  bobtailed  cur,"  Sir 
R.  L' Estrange — Bobtailed  car,  a  small  street-car  de- 
signed to  be  used  without  a  conductor  or  guard,  and  drawn 
usually  by  one  horse.  [Local,  U.  S.] 
bobtail- wig  (bob'tal-wig'),  «.  A  wig  with  a 
short  cue,  worn  in  the  seventeenth  century, 
bob-white  (bob'hwif),  n.  [So  called  from  its 
note.]  A  name  of  the  bird  Ortyx  virginianus, 
commonly  known  in  America  as  the  quail  or 
partridge.    See  cut  under  quail. 

In  the  North  and  East,  he  is  called  Quail ;  in  the  South 
and  West,  he  is  Partridge  ;  while  everywhere  he  is  known 
as  Bob  White. 

A.  M.  Mayer,  Sport  with  Gun  and  Hod,  p.  663. 

bob-wig  (bob'wig),  n.  [Short  for  bobtail-wig.'] 
A  bobtaU-wig. 

A  bob-wig  and  a  black  silken  bag  tied  to  it. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  129. 

bocaget,  «.    A  by-form  of  boscage. 

bocal  (bo'kal),  w.  [=  D.  bokaal  =  G.  po'kal,  < 
F.  bocal  =  Sp.  Pg.  bocal  =  It.  boccale;  cf.  ML. 
bucalis,  baucalis,  <  Gr.  l3a{jKa?Lic,  also  navKalig,  a 
vessel  in  which  wine  or  water  is  cooled;  ef. 
LGr.  pavnaXiov,  also  KavmTuov,  a  nan-ow-necked 
vessel  that  gurgles  when  water  is  poured  in  or 
out :  said  to  be  imitative  ;  ef.  Gr.  [iavmlav,  lull, 
sing  a  lullaby.]  1.  A  cylindrical  glass  vessel 
with  a  short,  wide  neck  and  large  mouth,  used 
to  contain  anatomical  specimens  and  the  like, 
preserved  in  spirits.— 2.  The  mouthpiece  of  a 
brass  musical  instrument,  as  a  horn,  a  trumpet, 
or  a  trombone. 

bocan,  «.    Same  as  bucan. 

bocardo  (bo-kar'do),  n.  [An  artificial  term.] 
1.  In  logic,  the  mnemonic  name  of  that  mood 
of  the  third  figure  of  syllogism  in  which  the  ma- 


jor premise  is  a  particular  negative,  the  minor 
a  universal  aflarmative,  and  the  conclusion  a 
particular  negative  proposition:  as,  Some  pa- 
triarchs (Enoch,  Elijah)  are  not  mortal;  but 
all  patriarchs  are  men ;  hence,  some  men  are 

not  mortal,  of  the  seven  letters  which  compose  the 
word,  five  are  significant.  The  three  vowels,  o,  a,  o,  indi- 
cate the  quality  of  the  premises  and  conclusion  ;  b  shows 
that  the  mood  is  to  be  reduced  to  barbara  of  the  first  fig- 
ure ;  c,  that  the  reduction  is  per  impossibile.  The  word 
was  probably  invented  by  Petrus  Hispanus.  See  mood2. 
2.  A  prison :  so  called  from  the  old  north  gate 
of  Oxford,  which  had  this  name  and  was  at  one 
time  used  as  a  prison.  Nares. 

Was  not  this  [Achan]  a  seditious  fellow?— Was  he  not 
worthy  to  be  cast  in  bocardo  or  little-ease  ? 

Latimer,  Sermons,  fol.  105  C. 

bocasine  (bok'a-sin),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  alse 
boccasine,  hocciisin  (late  ME.  bokcsy),  <  F.  boc- 
casin,  now  boucassin  =  It.  boccaccino  =  Sp.  bo- 
cacin,  bocaci  =  Pg.  bocacim,  buckram,  <  Turk. 
bohasi,  bdghdsi,  cotton  cloth.]  If.  A  linen  stuff 
woven  so  fine  as  to  look  like  silk. —  2.  At  the 
present  day,  in  the  Levant,  a  kind  of  cotton, 
cloth.  Schuyler. 
bocca  (bok'a),  n.  [It.,  =  Sp.  Pg.  boca  =  F. 
bouche,  <  L.  bucca,  cheek,  esp.  as  puffed  out: 
see  bucca.]  The  round  hole  in  a  glass-furnace 
by  which  the  fused  glass  is  taken  out. 
boccaccio  (bo-ka'chio),  n.  [It.,  one  having  a 
large  mouth,  boccuccia,  f.,  a  large  ugly  mouth, 
<  bocca,  mouth  (<  L.  bucca,  cheek :  see  bucca),. 
+  aug.  -accio:  see  -ace.  Hence  the  surname 
Boccaccio.]  A  name  given  by  the  Italians 
about  San  Francisco  to  the  Sebastodes  pauci- 
spinis,  a  scorpsenoid  fish  of  California.  It  has  very 

small  scales  and  a  projecting  lower  jaw,  attains  a  length 
of  30  inches,  and  is  a  good  food-fish,  abundant  in  rather 
deep  water  along  the  coast, 
boccale  (bo-ka'le),  ».  [It. :  see  fiocaZ.]  A  liquid 
measure  used  in  most  parts  of  Italy,  before  the 
introduction  of  the  metric  system,  for  wine  and 
oil.  Its  capacity  in  different  cities  is  shown  ia 
the  following  table : 

Liters.     British  US. 

Qts.  Qts. 

Bologna  1.255      1.10  1.33 

Florence  —  for  wine  1.140      1.00  1.20 

"  oil  1.044      0.92  1.10 

Leghorn  1.064      0.94  1.12 

Modena  — for  wine  1.697      1.49  1.79 

Nice  — for  wine  0.684      0.60  0.72 

Rome  — for  wine,  old  ...  .1.493      1.31  1.58 

"       new  1.823      1.60  1.92 

for  oil,  old   1.992      1.75  2.10 

"     new  2.053      1.81  2.17 

Trieste  — for  wine,  old.  ..1.847      1.63  1.95 
"        new  .  .1.415      1.25  1.49 

Turin  0.684      0.60  0.72 

Venice   1.012      0.89  1.07 

boccamela  (bok-a-me'la),  n.  [NL.]   A  kind  of 
weasel  found  in  southern  Europe,  Putorius  boc- 
camela. 
boccarelt,  w.    See  bockerel. 
boccarella  (bok-a-rel'a),  n.    [It.,  <  bocca,  q.  v.] 
A  small  aperture  in  a  glass-furnace,  made  on 
each  side  of  the  bocca ;  a  nose-hole, 
boccarett,  n.   See  bockerel. 
Boccius  light.    See  light^. 
Bocconia  (bo-ko'ni-a),  w.    [NL. ;  named  after 
a  Sicilian  botanist,  Paolo  Boccone,  1633-1704.] 
A  genus  of  tall,  coarse,  herbaceous  plants,  nat- 
ural order  Papaveracea;,  with  large  lobed  leaves 
and  large  panicles  of  flowers.  Some  species  are 

cultivated,  as  B.  Japonica  and  B.  cordata  from  China,  but 
rather  for  their  ornamental  habit  than  for  their  flowers, 
bocet,  n.  Same  as  bogue^. 
boceaizationt  (bo-se-di-za'shon),  n.  [<  bo  + 
ce  +  di  (see  def.)  +  -z-ation'.]  In  music,  the 
application  of  the  syllables  bo,  ce,  di,  ga,  to, 
ma,  ni  to  the  tones  of  the  scale :  a  system  in- 
troduced about  1550  by  the  Belgian  musician 
Waelrant. 

bochet,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  botch^. 
bochka  (boch'ka),  71.    [Russ.]    A  Russian  H- 
quid  measure,  containing  40  vedros,  or  about 
130  gallons. 

bock  (bok),  V.  i.  [Sc.,  =  boke'^,  q.  v.;  <  ME. 
bocken,  boken,  belch,  vomit,  also  croak ;  var.  of 
bolk,  ME.  bolken,  belch :  see  bolk.]  1.  To  retch; 
vomit. —  2.  To  gush  intermittingly,  as  liquid 
from  a  bottle.  Burns. 

bock-beer  (bok'ber),  w.  [Also,  as  G.,  bockbier, 
G.  also  simply  bock,  popularly  associated  with 
bock,  a  goat,  =  E.  buck'^,  but  in  fact  shortened 
from  Eimbockbier,  now  Einbecker  bier,  from 
Eiinbock,  Eimbeck,  now  Einbeck,  a  town  in  Prus- 
sia formerly  famous  for  its  beer.]  A  double- 
strong  variety  of  Gei-man  beer,  darker  in  color 
than  the  ordinary  kinds,  less  bitter  in  taste,  and 
considerably  more  intoxicating.  It  is  brewed 
in  December  and  January,  and  is  drunk  in  May, 


bockelet 


608 


bodily 


bockelett,  »•    See  bockerel. 

bockerelt  (bok'e-rel),  n.  [Also  written  hoc- 
cdirl,  with  fern,  forms  bocXeret  and  hoccaret, 
also  hocldct,  dim.  forms  of  unknown  origin; 
possibly  from  the  same  source  (OF.  hoc)  as 
butcher,  OF.  bokicr,  boukicr,  F.  bouchcr ;  cf.  E. 
bntclur-bird,  the  gi-eat  gray  shrike.]  The  male 
of  a  kind  of  falcon,  the  female  being  designated 
bockerct  or  boccarct. 

bockerett,  »■    See  bockercL 

bockey  (bok'i),  n.  [Frob.  <  D.  balje,  a  small 
bowl  or  vessel,  dim.  of  bak :  see  b<ick'^.~\  A  bowl 
or  vessel  made  from  a  gtnml.    [New  York.] 

bockingi  (bok'iug),  A  coarse  woolen  di-ug- 
get  or  baize,  named  from  Booking,  in  Essex, 
England,  where  it  was  first  made. 

booking'-  (bok'ing),  «.  [<  D.  bokking  (=  MHG. 
biickhie,  G.  hiickiiifi),  a  smoked  herring,  appar. 
<  bok  (=  E.  hiick'^'),  a  goat,  +  -i"»f/.]  A  red  her- 
ring. Crabb. 

bocklandt,  «.   See  bocland. 

bockmant,  n.    See  bocman. 

bock-pot  (bok'pot),  u.    Same  as  huck^. 

boclandt,  »■  [That  is,  bocland,  the  early  ME. 
and  AS.  form  of  bookland.']    Same  as  bookland. 

boclet,  "•    An  obsolete  form  of  buckle^. 

bocmant,  [T*hat  is,  boonan,  the  early  ME. 
and  AS.  form  (recorded  only  in  legal  (ML.) 
documents)  of  bookman.']  A  holder  of  book- 
land  (which  see). 

boco-wood  (bo'ko-wiid),  n.  The  wood  of  a»le- 
guminous  tree,  Bocoa  Provacensis,  of  Guiana. 
It  is  very  hard  and  dark-colored,  and  is  much 
used  for  furniture,  and  for  carving  and  tm-niug. 

bodach  (bo'daeh),  n.  [Gael.,  a  churlish  old 
man,  a  rustic,  =  Ir.  bodach,  a  rustic,  clown.] 

1.  An  old  man.  Scott. — 2.  A  local  British 
name  of  the  small  ringed  seal,  J'hoca  fcctida. 

bodark  (bo'dark),  n.  [CoiTuption  of  F.  bois 
d^arc,  lit.  bow-wood:  see  bois,  bush'^,  and  nrc^, 
ncdfl.]  A  local  name  for  the  Osage  orange,  or 
bow-wood.  Also  spelled  toity/ar/v'.  See  Madura. 

boddice,  «.    See  bodice. 

boddle^,       See  bodle. 

boddle'-^,  [E.  dial.;  origin  obscure.]  A  small 
iron  instrument  used  by  woodmen  for  peeling 
oaks  and  other  trees.  HnJUwell.  [North.  Eng.] 

boddum  (bod'um),  «.  [E.  dial,  and  Sc.]  A 
dialectal  foiTa  of  bottom^. 

bode^  (bod),  )).  [In  mod.  E.  archaic,  early  ME. 
bode,  <  AS  boda  (=  OFries.  boda  —  OS.  bodo  = 
D.  bode  -  OHG.  boto,  MHG.  G.  bote  =  Icel.  bodhi 
=  Sw.  Dan.  bud),  a  messenger,  <  bcodan  (pp. 
hoden),  announce :  see  bid,  and  cf.  beadle,  also  a 
noun  of  agent  from  the  same  verb.]  A  mes- 
senger; a  herald;  one  who  announces  or  con- 
veys a  message. 

bode^  (bod),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  boded,  ppr.  bod- 
ing. [<  ME.  hoden,  hodicn,  <  AS.  bodian  {— 
OFries.  bodia  —  Icel.  bodha  Sw.  h&da  =  Dan. 
be-bude),  tell,  announce,  <  boda,  a  messenger: 
see  bode'^,  n.,  and  cf.  bode'^,  n.  Kenee  forebode, 
q.  v.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  announce;  proclaim; 
preach. — 2t.  To  decree;  command;  bid. —  3. 
To  announce  beforehand;  prognosticate;  pre- 
dict; presage.  [Archaic] 

Prophet  of  jslagues,  for  ever  hoding  ill. 

Pope,  Iliad,  i.  132. 

4.  To  portend;  augur;  be  an  omen  or  indica- 
tion of ;  betoken :  with  a  non-personal  subject. 

In  the  gross  and  scope  of  niy  opinion, 

This  bodes  some  strange  eruption  to  our  state. 

Shale.,  Hamlet,  i.  1. 

I  pray  God,  his  bad  voice  bode  no  mischief  ! 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  3. 
Upon  which  he  mounted,  and  liis  horse  wept :  and  then 
he  saw  clearly  how  this  should  bode  his  death. 

De  Quince;/,  tr.  of  Cretan  Ballad. 

5.  To  forebode  or  have  a  iiresentiment  of  (ill, 
or  coming  disaster). 

And  niy  soul,  dark-stirred  with  the  prophet's  mood, 
Budes  nothing  good. 

J.  S.  Blackie,  tr.  of  ^schylus,  ii.  229. 
=Syn.  4.  To  augur,  betoken,  portend. 

II,  intrans.  1.  To  promise;  portend:  with 
well  or  ill :  as,  this  bodes  well  for  your  success. — 

2.  To  presage  something  evil ;  bo  of  evil  omen. 

I  would  croak  like  a  raven  ;  I  would  bode,  I  would  bode. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  v.  2. 
Fear  for  ages  had  boded  and  mowed  and  gibbered  over 
government  and  property.  Emerson,  Compensation. 

bode^  (bod),  n.  [<  ME.  bode,  bod,  a  command, 
an  announcement,  a  bid,  price  offered,  <  AS. 
bod,  usually  gebod  (or  bcbod)  (=  OFries.  bod  = 
OS.  gibod  =  D.  r/cbod,  a  command,  bod,  a  bid, 
offer,  =  OHG.  gabot,  MHG.  G.  gebot,  bot  =  Icel. 
bodh  =  Sw.  Dan.  bud,  a  command,  etc.),  <  bed- 
dan  (pp.  boden),  announce,  command,  bid:  see 


bid,  and  cf.  bode'^,  «'.]    If.  A  command;  an 
order. —  2t.  An  announcement;  a  message. 
The  owle  eke,  that  of  deth  tlie  bode  bringeth. 

Chaucer,  Parliament  of  i'owls,  1.  343. 

3t.  Omen;  premonition;  augury. 

If  no  fate 

Have  an  unlucky  bode.  Shirley,  Love  in  a  Maze,  v.  5. 
4t.  A  foreboding;  presentiment. —  5.  A  bid; 
the  price  offered  by  a  buyer  or  asked  by  a  sel- 
ler. [Scotch.] 

Ye  should  never  tak'  a  fish-wife's  first  bode. 

Scott,  Antiquary,  xxxix. 

bode"  (bod),  V.  t. ;  pret.  bode,  pp.  boden,  ppr.  bod- 
ing. [<  bode'^,  ?(.,  5.]  To  bid  for;  make  an  offer 
for;  buy.  [Scotch.] 

bode^  (bod).  Preterit  and  past  participle  of  bide. 

bode^^t  (bod),  )(.  [<  ME.  bode,  bade,  a  stop,  delay, 
<  biden  (pret.  bode,  bod,  bad),  bide.  Cf.  abode^, 
n.,  of  similar  formation.]    A  stop;  delay. 

Witliouten  bode  his  heste  she  obeyed. 

Chaucer,  Anelida  and  Arc,  1.  119. 

bode^t,  bodent,  lU^-  [ME.  forms  of  the  pp.  of 
beden,  bid,  command:  see  bid.]  Bidden;  com- 
manded. 

bodeful  (bod'fid),  rt.  l<bode'2,n.,  +  -ful.']  Omi- 
nous; threatening;  foreboding. 
Uttering  the  dismal  bodeful  sounds  of  death.  J.  Baillie. 
Poor  Weber  almost  swooned  at  the  sound  of  these 
cracked  voices,  with  their  bodeful  raven-note. 

Carbjle,  French  Rev.,  I.  iii.  8. 
Lady  Macbeth  hears  not  so  much  the  voice  of  the  bode- 
ful bird  as  of  her  own  premeditated  murder,  and  we  are 
thus  made  her  shuddering  accomplices  before  the  fact. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  j).  186. 

bodega  (bo-de'ga),  M.  [Sp.,  <  ML.  apothcca : 
see  apothec.]  A  wdne-cellar,  or  a  shop  where 
wine  is  sold  from  the  wood ;  a  wine-vault. 

A  wine  bodega  near  the  Grand  Theatre  caught  flre. 

New  York  Herald. 

bodementt  (bod'ment),  n.  [<  bode'^,  v.,  + 
-tnent.]  An  omen;  portent;  prognostic;  a 
foreshowing:  as,  "sweet  bodements!"  Shak., 
Macbeth,  iv.  1. 

bodent,  pp-   See  bode^. 

boden  (bo'den),  a.  [Sc.,  also  written  bodin, 
and  formerly  boddin,  <  ME.  (Sc.)  bodyn,  bodin, 
appar.  a  particular  use  of  boden,  pp.  of  ME. 
beden,  bid  (see  bid);  but  the  sense  suggests 
some  confusion  with  boun,  ready:  see  boun, 
bound^.]  Accoutred;  armed;  fitted  out;  pro- 
vided; prepared. 

The  Baron  of  Avenel  never  rides  with  fewer  than  ten 
jack-men  at  his  back,  and  oftener  with  fifty,  bodin  in  all 
that  etfeirs  to  war,  as  if  tliey  were  to  do  battle  for  a  king- 
dom. Scott,  Monastery,  II.  181. 

Bodenheimer  (bo'den-lu-mer),  n.  [<  Boden- 
heim,  a  village  near  Mainz.]  A  white  wine 
grown  near  Mainz  in  Germany. 

Bode's  la'W.    See  law. 

bode-'wash  (bod'wosh),  n.  [Corruption  of  F. 
bois  de  cache,  lit.  cow's  wood,  or  idiomatically 
"buffalo-chip."]  The  dried  dung  of  the  Amer- 
ican bison  or  buffalo,  used  for  fuel.  Bartlett. 
See  buffalo-chip. 

bodgei  (boj),t'.  i.  [Another  form  of  foo?c'7i2,4;.]  To 
boggle;  botch;  patch.   [Obsolete  or  dialectal.] 

All  the  actions  of  his  life  are  like  so  many  things  bodg'd 
in  without  any  naturall  cadence  or  connexion  at  all. 

Bj}.  Earle,  Micro-cosmographie,  An  Artected  Man. 

bodge^t  (boj),  n.  [Another  form  of  botch'^.']  A 
botch ;  a  patch. 

Taking  revenge  on  Thomas  Nash,  Gabriell  Harvey  taxes 
him  with  having  forged  "a  misshapen  rabblemeut  of  ab- 
surd and  ridiculous  words,  the  proper  bodges  of  his  new- 
fangled figure,  called  foolrisme.", 

F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  110. 

bodge^t  (boj),  V.  i.  [Appar.  a  var.  of  budge'^.] 
To  budge ;  give  way :  used  only  in  the  passage 
cited. 

■With  this,  we  charg'd  again  :  but  out,  alas  ! 

We  bodg'd  again.  Shak.,  3  Hen.        i.  4. 

bodger^t  (boj'er),  ■)!.    [<  bodge  +  -eri;  var.  of 

botcher'^.]    A  botcher, 
bodger^  (boj'er),  n.    [Appar.  a  var.  of  badger^, 

q.  v.]    A  peddler;  a  hawker.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
bodhisat  (bo'di-sat),  n.  Same  as  bodhisattva. 

The  beings  who  will  in  due  course  become  Buddhas  are 
called  Bodhisat.    They  are  numberless. 

S.  Hardy,  Manual  of  Buddhism. 

bodhisatship  (bo'di-sat-ship),  n.  In  Buddhism, 
the  highest  degree  of  saintship.  See  bodhisatt- 
va.   Also  spelled  bodisatship. 

The  leaders  of  the  Great  Vehicle  [that  is,  the  Mahayana 
development  of  Buddhisml  urged  their  followers  to  seek 
to  attain,  not  so  much  to  Arhatship,  which  would  involve 
only  their  own  salvation,  but  to  Bodisatship,  by  the  at- 
tainment of  which  they  would  be  conferring  the  blessings 
of  the  Dhamnia  [law  of  Buddha]  upon  countless  multi- 
tudes in  the  long  ages  of  the  future. 

Encyc.  Brit,  XIV.  226. 


bodhisattva  (bo-di-saf  va),  n.  [Skt.  (>  Sin- 
ghalese bodhisat,  bodi$at,  Jap.  bosatsu,  Chin. 
j)oosah),  <  bodhi,  intelligence,  wisdom  (< 
budh,  know:  see  Buddha),  +  sattra,  being,  es- 
sence, <  sunt  (=  L.  ens),  being,  ppr.  of  as,  be : 
see  6el.]  In  Buddhism  of  the  northern  school, 
or  the  later  development  called  the  Mahayana, 
one  of  a  numerous  class  of  beings  who,  having 
arrived  at  supreme  wisdom  (bodhi),  have  to  pass 
through  human  existence  only  once  more  be- 
fore attaining  to  Buddhahood,  or  comjjlete  en- 
lightenment, and  entrance  into  Nirvana.  Among 
Singhalese  Buddliists  called  bodhisat  and  budisat,  among 
the  Cliinese  ^)oo.«i/i,  and  among  the  Japanese  bosatsti. 
bodhi-tree  (bo'di-tre),  n.  Same  as  bo-tree. 
bodice  (bod'is),  n.  [Sometimes  spelled  boddice, 
formerly  bodies,  being  orig.  pi.  of  bodi/.  Cf .  cor- 
set.] If.  A  sort  of  inner  stays  or  corset,  laced 
in  front,  worn  by  women,  and  sometimes  by 
men:  also  called  a  pair  of  bodies,  or  a  bodies. — 
2.  An  outer  laced  garment,  covering  the  waist 
and  bust,  worn  by  women  in  some  European 
styles  of  costume,  often  as  an  ornament. — 3, 
More  generally,  the  close-fitting  waist  or  body 
of  a  gown. 

bodiced  (bod'ist),  a.  [<  bodice  4-  -ed^.]  Clothed 
in  a  bodice ;  furnished  with  a  bodice. 

Slim  her  little  waist, 
Comfortably  bodiced. 

Thackeray,  Peg  of  Limavaddy. 
They  appear  habited  in  bodiced  gowns. 

Archmol.  Jour.,  XXXV.  256. 

bodied  (bod'id),  a.  [<  body  +  -ed^.]  Having 
body,  or  a  body,  of  the  kind  indicated  by  the 
context:  used  chiefly  in  composition:  as,  an 
sMe-bodied  man. 

I  was  told  by  a  very  good  judge  who  tasted  it  [wine 
made  from  wild  grapes],  that  it  was  a  pleasant,  strong, 
and  iwW-bodied  wine.  Beverley,  Virginia,  ii.  If  15. 

bodieron  (bo-di-e'ron),  w.  [Origin  obscure.]  A 
local  name  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  the  United 
States  of  sundry  fishes  of  the  family  Chiridos 
and  genus  Hexagrammus.    Also  called  rock- 
trout,  rock-cod,  sea-trout,  boregat,  and  starling. 
See  cut  under  Hexagrammus. 
bodikint  (bod'i-kin),  n.    [<  body  +  dim. -kin.] 
A  diminutive  of  body,  forming  part  of  the  ex- 
clamatory phrase  "odd's  bodikin,"  a  corruption, 
of  GocFs  body.    Also  spelled  bodykin. 
Pol.  My  lord,  I  will  use  them  according  to  their  desert. 
Hani.  Odd's  bodikin,  man,  better.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

bodiless  (bod'i-les),  a.  [<  body  +  -less.]  Hav- 
ing no  body  or  material  form;  incorporeal: 
as,  "phantoms  bodiless  and  vain,"  Swift. 

JIan  is  a  concrete  whole.  He  is  neither  a  soulless  body 
nor  a  bodiless  soul.  JV.  A.  Rev.,  CXX.  259. 

bodiliness  (bod'i-li-nes),  n.    [<  bodily  +  -ness.] 

Corporeality,  Minsheu. 
bodily  (bod'i-li),  a.  [<  ME.  bodily,  bodili,  bodi- 
lichc,  etc.;  <  body  +  -ly^.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or 
concerning  the  body ;  of  or  belonging  to  the 
body  or  to  the  physical  constitution ;  not  men- 
tal; corporeal:  as,  bodily  dimensions;  bodily 
exertions ;  bodily  pain. 

You  are  a  mere  spirit,  and  have  no  knowledge  of  the 
bodily  part  of  us.  Taller,  No.  15. 

Since  we  are  creatures  with  bodies,  if  we  desire  to  ex- 
press a  real  sentiment  of  reverence  for  anyone,  we  must 
use  some  bodily  act — some  form  of  words  or  gestures. 

Mimrt,  Nature  and  Thought,  p.  233. 

2f.  Ha-ving  a  material  body. 

There  are  three  bodily  inhabitants  of  heaven  ;  Henoch, 
Elijah,  our  Saviour  Christ. 

Bp.  Hall,  Kapture  of  Elijah  (Ord  MS.). 
=  Syn.  1.  Bodily,  Physical,  Corporal,  Corporeal.  Bodily 
generally  means  connected  with  the  body  or  a  body,  and 
is  frequently  opposed  to  mental:  as,  bodily  pains,  bodily 
strength.  Physical  in  this  connection  is  often  the  same  as 
bodily,  but  may  cover  everything  that  is  material,  as  op- 
posed to  mental  or  spiritual :  as,  jihysical  distress.  Cor- 
poral relates  to  the  body  in  its  outward  bearings :  as,  cor- 
poral punishment ;  corporeal,  to  its  substance,  being  op- 
posed to  spiritual  or  immaterial:  nii,  corporeal  existence. 

We  speak  of  Shakspeare's  mind,  but  Jonson  starts  up  al- 
ways in  bodily  proportions.   Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev. ,  II.  26. 

Dr.  Beddoe  .  .  .  believes  that  wherever  a  race  attains 
its  maximum  of  physical  development  it  rises  highest  in 
energy  and  mora!  vigour.    Darwin,  Descent  of  Man,  I.  111. 
Tlie  poor  beetle,  that  we  tread  upon. 
In  corporal  sufferance  finds  a  pang  as  great 
As  when  a  giant  dies.         Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 
When  [the  soul]  is  freed  from  all  corporeal  alliance, 
then  it  truly  exists.     Xenophon  (trans),  Cyrus  the  Elder. 

bodily  (bod'i-li),  adv.  [ME.  bodily,  -li,  -Hch;  < 
body  +  -h/"^.]  1.  Corporeally;  in  connection 
witii  a  body  or  matter;  in  the  flesh;  in  person. 

It  is  his  human  nature,  in  which  the  Godhead  dwells 
bodily. 

2.  In  respect  to  the  entire  body  or  mass ;  en- 
tirely; completely:  as,  to  carry  a  thing  away 
bodily. 


bodin 

"bodin  (bo'din),  a.    Same  as  boden. 

■boding  (bo'ding),  n.  [<  ME.  bodynge,  bodunge, 
omen,  preaching,  <  AS.  bodung,  preaching,  ver- 
bal n.  of  bodian,  announce,  bode:  see  bode^,  v.^ 

1.  An  omen;  a  prognostic;  a  foreboding  pre- 
monition; presentiment. 

Ominous  bodings,  and  fearful  expectations. 

Bp.  Ward,  Sermon,  Jan.  30,  1674. 
The  minds  of  men  were  filled  with  dismal  bodinns  of 
some  inevitable  evil.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  3. 

2.  Prediction;  prophecy  of  evil.  Coleridge. 
"boding  (bo'ding),  j).  a.    [Ppr.  of  bode^,  t-.] 

Foreboding;  ominous. 

So  Joseph,  yet  a  youth,  expounded  well 
The  boding  dream,  and  did  th'  event  foretell. 

Dryden,  To  J.  Northleigh. 
Sov  knew  what  signify'd  the  bodi7ig  sign. 
But  found  the  powers  displeas'd,  and  fear'd  the  wrath 
divme.  Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  iii. 

You  might  have  heard  ...  a  cricket  sing. 
An  owlet  flap  liis  boding  wing.     Scott,  Marmion,  v.  20. 

"bodingly  (bo'ding-li),  adv.    Ominously;  por- 
tentously. 

All  is  so  bodingly  still.  Lowell,  Summer  Storm, 

bodisat,  n.  Same  as  bodhisattva. 
l)Odisatship,  n.  See  bodhisaUhip. 
"bodkini  (bod'kin),  M.  [Earlymod.  E.  also  hod- 
kiiie,  botUn,  boidken  (cf.  Sc.  boiUn),  <  ME. 
bodekyn,  earlier  boijdekijn,  boidekyn;  origin  un- 
known. The  Celtic  forms,  W.  bidogyn,  bidogan 
(with  accent  on  second  syllable),  dim.  of  bidog 
=  Gael,  biodag  =  Ir.  bideog,  a  dagger  (cf.  W. 
pid  =  Gael,  biod,  a  point),  are  not  near  enough 
to  be  regarded  as  the  source  of  the  E.  word.] 
If.  A  small  dagger;  a  stiletto. 

Who  would  bear  the  whips  and  scorns  of  time,  . 
When  he  himself  might  his  quietus  make 
With  a  bare  bodkin  i  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 

Out  with  your  bodkin, 
Your  pocket-dagger,  your  stiletto  ;  out  with  it. 

Bemi.  and  Fl.,  Custom  of  the  Country,  ii.  3. 

2.  A  small  pointed  instrument  of  steel,  bone, 
or  ivory,  used  for  piercing  holes  in  cloth,  etc. 

With  knyf  or  boydekin.       Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  40. 

3.  A  similar  but  blunt  instrument,  with  an  eye, 
for  drawing  thread,  tape,  or  ribbon  through  a 
loop,  hem,  etc.—  4.  A  long  pin-shaped  instru- 
ment used  by  women  to  fasten  up  the  hair. 

The  bodkin,  comb,  and  essence.  Pope,  R.  of  the  L. ,  iv.  98. 

6.  A  thick  needle  or  straight  awl  of  steel,  used 
Tjy  bookbinders  to  make  holes  in  boards  and 
to  trace  lines  for  cutting.—  6.  A  printers'  tool 
for  picking  letters  out  of  a  column  or  page  in 
correcting.- To  be,  sit,  ride,  or  travel  bodkin,  to 
sit  as.  a  third  person  between  two  others  on  the  seat  of  a 
carnage  suited  for  two  only. 

He's  too  big  to  travel  bodkin  between  you  and  me. 

7'hackeray,  Vanity  Fair. 

JodkinSf,  ?i.    A  corruption  of  baudekin. 

OOdkin-WOrk  (bod'kin-werk),  n.  A  rich  trim- 
ming formerly  used  for  garments :  probably  a 
corruption  of  baudekin. 

lodle  (bod'l),  11.  [Sc.,  also  written  boddlc ;  said 
to  be  derived  from  the  name  of  a  mint-master 
named  Both- 
well.  Ctatch- 
ison  and 
bawbee.']  A 
Scotch  cop- 
per coin  first 
issued  under 
€harles  II., 
and  worth  at 
that  time  2d. 
Scotch,  or 

one  sixth  of  an  English  penny ;  hence,  a  very 
small  coin.  The  name  turner  was  also  applied 
to  it. 

I  care  not  a  brass  boddle  for  the  feud. 

^  Scott,  Abbot,  II.  xiii. 

Bodleian  (bod-le'an  or  bod'le-an),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  Sir  Thomas  Bodley,  who  began 
in  1597  the  restoration  of  the  public  library  of 
Oxford  University,  hence  since  called  the  Bod- 
toaw  Library;  also,  belonging  to  that  library: 
as,  Bodleian  manuscripts. 
*°drag+,  bodraget,  «•  [Also  written  bordrag 
(and  bordragmg),  simulating  E.  border;  appar. 
a  corruption  of  some  Ir.  word ;  cf .  Ir.  btiaidh- 
readh,  disturbance,  buadre,  tumult.]  An  in- 
cursion; a  raid. 

No  wayling  there  nor  WTetchednesse  is  heard,  .  .  . 
JNo  nightly  bodrags,  nor  no  hue  and  cries. 

Spenser,  Colin  Clout,  1.  315. 

[bi  some  editions  printed  bordrags^] 
bOd-worm  (bod'werm),  n.    Same  as  boll-worm. 

^3*°^''^'     '  (-iz).    [<  ME.  body, 

bodi,  <  AS.  bodig,  body,  =  OHG.  botah,  botach, 


609 


Obverse.  Reverse. 
Bodle  of  Charles  II.,  British  Museum.   ( Size 
of  the  original.) 


MHG.  botech,  botich,  body;  perhaps  akin  to 
OHG.  botahha,  MHG.  boteche,  botech,  G.  bottich, 
a  large  vessel,  tub,  vat ;  but  this  may  come 
from  another  source,  that  of  boot^.  The  Gael 
bodhaig,  body,  is  from  E.]  1.  The  physical 
stnicture  of  an  animal ;  the  material  organized 
substance  of  an  animal,  whether  living  or  dead, 
in  distinction  from  the  soul,  spirit,  or  vital 
principle. 

For  of  the  soule  the  bodie  forme  doth  take. 
For  soule  is  forme,  and  doth  tlie  bndie  make. 

Spenser,  Hymne  in  Honour  of  Beautie,  1.  132. 

2.  The  main  portion  of  an  animal,  tree,  etc. ; 
the  trunk,  as  distinct  fi-om  the  head  and  limbs 
or  branches;  in  ichth.,  often  used  for  the  whole 
fish  exclusive  of  the  fins.— 3.  The  i>art  of  a 
dress  which  covers  the  body,  as  distinct  from 
the  parts  which  cover  the  arms  or  extremities  ; 
in  female  dress,  a  bodice ;  a  waist. 

Their  bodies  were  of  carnation  cloth  of  silver,  richly 
wrought.  B.  Jonson,  Masque  of  Hymen. 

4.  The  main,  central,  or  principal  part  of  any- 
thing, as  of  an  army,  country,  building,  etc., 
as  distinguished  from  subordinate  or  less  im- 
portant parts. 

Learn  to  make  a  body  of  a  limb.  Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  iii.  2. 
The  van  of  the  king's  army  was  led  by  the  general 
in  the  body  was  the  king  and  the  prince.  Clarendon. 
Specifically —  (a)  In  a  blast-furnace,  the  core  or  main  por- 
tion between  the  top,  or  opening  at  tlie  throat,  and  the 
boshes.  (6)  In  music :  (1)  The  whole  of  the  hollow  part  of 
a  stnng-instrument,  designed  to  increase  its  resonance 

(2)  All  that  part  of  a  wind-instrument  that  remains  after 
removing  its  appendages,  mouthpiece,  crooks,  and  bell 

(3)  'The  higher  resonant  part  of  an  organ-pipe,  above  the 
reed  or  the  mouth,  which  causes  the  air  to  vibrate  (c) 
The  shank  of  a  type,  as  determining  its  size  :  as,  minion 
on  nonpareil  body:  (d)  The  main  part  of  a  tool ;  the  main 
part  of  a  blade,  as  of  a  sword,  as  distinguished  from  tlie 
heel  and  point,  etc.  (c)  Tliat  part  of  a  wagon,  railroad- 
car,  etc.,  which  contains  the  load. 

5.  The  main  portion;  the  bulk  of  anything; 
the  larger  part;  the  majority:  as,  the  body  of 
the  people  are  opposed  to  the  measure.— 6. 
The  person;  an  individual  as  recognized  by 
law:  as,  body  execution;  held  in  body  and 
goods.  [Chiefly  legal.]  — 7.  A  person;  a  hu- 
man being:  now  generally  combined  with  any, 
every,  some,  or  no  :  as,  somebody,  nobody. 

There  cannot  a  poor  body  buy  a  sack  of  coals,  but  it 
must  come  through  their  hands. 

Latimer,  2d  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1550. 
A  body  would  think  so,  at  these  years. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iv.  1. 
Gin  a  body  meet  a  body, 
Coniin'  thro'  the»rye.  Burns,  Song. 

But  human  bodies  are  sic  fools. 
For  a'  their  colleges  an'  schools. 

Burns,  The  Twa  Dogs. 
A  dry,  shrewd  kind  of  a  body.  Irving. 

8.  A  number  of  individuals  spoken  of  collec- 
tively, usually  associated  for  a  common  pur- 
pose, joined  in  a  certain  cause,  or  united  by 
some  common  tie  or  occupation ;  an  incorpo- 
rated or  other  aggregate :  as,  a  legislative  body  ; 
the  body  of  the  clergy ;  a  body  corporate. 

So  please  you,  my  lord,  it  is  a  body  of  horse  — and 
there  is  a  still  larger  body  of  foot  behind  it. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  86. 
The  trading  body  may  be  a  single  individual  in  one  case  • 
It  may  be  the  whole  inhabitants  of  a  continent  in  another  • 
It  may  be  the  individuals  of  a  trade  diffused  through  a 
country  in  a  third.  Jeams,  Pol.  Econ.,  p.  96. 

9.  A  material  thing ;  anything  having  inertia. 
See  matter.— 10.  In  geom.,  any  solid  having  the 
three  dimensions,  length,  breadth,  and  thick- 
ness.— 1 1 .  A  imited  mass :  a  number  of  things 
or  particulars  taken  together ;  a  general  collec- 
tion ;  a  code ;  a  system :  as,  a  body  of  laws. 

I  have,  with  much  pains  and  reading,  collected  out  of 
ancient  authors  this  short  summary  of  a  body  of  philoso- 
phy and  divinity.  Swift.  Tale'of  a  Tub,  ii. 

He  was  furnished  with  every  requisite  for  makin"  an 
extensive  body  of  natural  history 

Goldsmith,  Pref.  to  Brookes's  Nat.  Hist. 
The  mind  unequal  to  a  complete  analysis  of  the  motives 
which  carry  It  on  toaparticularconclusion  .  .  .  is  swayed 
and  determined  by  a  body  of  proof,  whicli  it  recognizes 
only  as  a  body,  and  not  in  its  constituent  parts. 

J .  H.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  281. 

12.  A  certain  consistency  or  density;  sub- 
stance ;  strength,  as  opposed  to  thinness,  weak- 
ness, transparency,  or  flimsiness :  as,  wine,  pa- 
per, etc.,  of  good  body.  As  applied  to  paints,  body 
denotes  opacity  or  density,  as  opposed  to  transparency. 

It  was  a  fragrant  Port,  with  plenty  of  bodv  and  a  lar<'e 
proportion  of  soul.  T.  irtntArop,  Cecil  Dreeme,  xiii. 

13.  In  music,  the  resonance  of  a  tone,  whether 

hnH*J'^®°!^^  or  yocal.- Adipose  body,  astral 
body.  See  the  adjectives.-Bodies  of  Araritius  See 
corpora  Arantii  under  corpus.- -Roiy  Center-plate  a 
metal  plate  on  the  body-bolster  of  a  car.  It  rests  upon  a 
similar  plate  on  the  center  of  a  truck.  The  center-bolt  or 
king-bolt  passes  through  these  plates.-Body  corporate. 
See  body  pohtw.-Body  hand-raU.    See  hand-rail.- 


body-color 


Body  of  a  column,  tlie  part  l)etween  the  base  and  the  capi- 
tal ;  the  shaft.-  Body  of  a  gun,  that  part  of  tlie  gun  whirh 
is  situated  behm.l  the  trunnions.- Body  of  a  place  in 
Jort  :  (a)  The  works  next  to  and  suirounding  a  town  in 
tlie  form  of  a  polygcjii,  regular  or  irregular.  (/,)  The  «pkce 
inclosed  witliin  tlie  interior  works  of  a  f(Utificatioii  — 
Body  of  the  fornix.  See  fomix.-BoAy  poUtlc,  the 
whole  body  of  people  living  under  an  organized  political 
government :  used  in  contradistinction  to  body  corporate 
an  association  of  persons  legally  incorporated  fur  tlie  pro- 
motion of  some  specific  object.  A  t,ody  politic  and  cor- 
porate IS  a  municipality  governed  according  to  a  legisla- 
tive act  of  incorporation,  and  thus  possessing  corporate 
political  powers. 

We  may  fairly  conclude  that  the  body  politic  cannot  sub- 
sist, any  more  than  the  animal  body,  without  a  head. 

J.  AdaniK,  Works,  IV.  379. 

Cavernous  bodies,  centrobarlc  body,  ciliary  body 

See  the  adjectives.- Descent  Of  bOdlSS.  See  dc^rent  1' 
Deviation  of  a  falling  body.  See  d  criation.  —  DIdIo- 
matlcbody.  See  f/(>io»ifflr,c.— Elementary  body.  See 

clone nt.  — Tilth  body,  the  ether  or  fifth  element  the  sub- 
stance  of  tlie  heavenly  bodies,  according  to  the  Aristo- 
telians.—Fixed  bodies,  geniculate  bodies,  hetero- 
geneous body,  main  body,  etc.  See  the  adjectives  — 
Mathematical  body,  a  body  in  sense  10.— Mystical 
body  of  the  church,  the  aggregate  of  believers  as  con- 
stituting the  bride  of  Christ.— Okenian  body,  olivary 
body.  See  the  adjectives.-  Regular  body,  a  polyhedron 
111  which  the  relations  of  any  one  face,  edge,  or  suiiimit  are 
the  same  as  those  of  any  other.  Pythagoras  enumerated 
the  five  regular  bodies  (the  sphere  is  not  included  among 
them) :  the  tetrahedron,  the  cube,  the  octahedron,  theihide- 
cahedron,  and  the  icosahedron.  These  are  often  called 
the /lie  bodies  simply;  also  the  cosniical  bodies,  because 
Tima;us  of  Locri  held  that  the  tetrahedron  is  tlie  shape 
of  fire,  the  octahedron  of  air,  the  icosaliedron  of  water 
t'le  ciiue  of  earth,  and  the  dodecahedron  of  God ;  also 
the  I'latonic  bodies,  because  mentioned  by  Plato  in  liis 
dialogue  ''Tiniicus,"  Four  other  regular  bodies  which 
envelop  the  center  more  than  once  were  discovered  by 
Kepler  and  by  Poinsot.  These  are  named  by  Cayley  the 
great  icosahedron,  the  great  dodecahedron,  the  i/reat  stel- 
lated dodecahedron,  and  the  small  stellated  dodecahedron 
i'or  illustrations  of  all  these  bodies,  see  *(/iid.— Irregu- 
lar bodies,  such  as  are  not  bounded  by  equal  and  like 
surfaces.— The  bodies  seven,  in  alchemy,  the  metals 
corresponding  to  the  planets. 

The  bodies  seven,  eek,  lo  hem  heer  anon  : 
Sol  gold  is,  and  Luna  silver  we  threpe  [call], 
Mars  yren,  Mercurie  (|uiksilver  we  clepe, 
Saturnus  leed.  and  Jupiter  is  tin. 
And  Venus  coper. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  272. 

body  (bod'i),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bodied,  ppr.' 
bodying.  [<  body,  «.]  1.  To  provide  with  a 
body;  embody.— 2.  To  form  into  a  body  or 
company. 

A  new  exotick  w.iy  of  bodying,  that  is,  formally  cove- 
nanting and  verbally  engaging  with  them  and  to  them 
beyond  the  baptisniall  bond  and  vow. 

Bp.  Gauden,  Tears  of  the  Church,  p.  37. 

3.  To  represent  in  bodily  form;  exhibit  in 
tangible  form  or  outward  reality:  -with. forth. 

As  imagination  bodies  forth 
The  forms  of  things  unknown,  the  poet's  pen 
Turns  them  to  shapes,  and  gives  to  airy  nothing 
A  local  habitation  and  a  name.    Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  v.  1. 
Bodied  forth  the  tourney  high, 
Held  for  the  hand  of  Emily  ' 

Scott,  Rokeby,  vi.  26. 

body-bagt  (bod'i-bag),  n.    A  bag  to  sleep  in 


T_      -T       -T     P  .    ""toy?  yj<K^  OiCCU  111, 

body-bolster  (bod'i-bol'ster),  n.  A  cross-beam 
of  wood,  iron,  or  the  two  in  combination,  on 
the  under  side  of  a  railroad-car,  which  supports 
it  and  transmits  its  weight  to  the  truck.  The 
upper  end  of  the  king-bolt,  which  forms  the  pivot  for  the 
truck,  is  fastened  to  a  body-bolster, 
body-cavity  (bod'i-kav"i-ti),  ??.  In  ^067.,  the 
general  or  common  cavity  of  the  body,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  special  cavities,  or  those  of 
particular  organs :  the  eoelom  or  eceloma.  in 

vertebrates  the  body-cavity  is  formed  by  the  splittin-'  of 
the  mesoblast  into  its  somatopleural  and  splanchnopleu- 
ral  layers,  and  consists  of  the  cavities  of  the  thorax  ab- 
domen (divided  or  not  by  a  diaphragm),  and  pelvis 

body-cloth  (bod'i-kloth),  n.  A  cloth  for  the 
body ;  specifically,  a  large  rug  or  cloth  for  cov- 
ering a  horse.    See  body-clothes,  2. 

Before  the  window  were  several  horses  in  body  cloths. 

Bulwer,  Pelham,  Ixi. 

body-clothes  (bod'i-kl6THz),w.7;/.  l.  Garments 
for  the  body,  intended  to  be  worn  by  day,  as 
distinguished  from  bedclothes.  [This  use  of  the 
word  appears  to  be  confined  in  recent  times  to 
Scotland.]— 2.  Coverings  for  a  horse  or  other 
animal:  propevlj,  body-cloths.    See  body-cloth. 

I  am  informed  that  several  asses  are  kept  in  body -clothes 
and  sweated  every  morning  upon  the  heath.  Addison. 

body-coat  (bod'i-kot),  n.  1.  A  close-fitting 
coat. —  2.  In  coach-jutinting,  a  coat  of  paint 
made  opaque  by  the  admixture  of  white  lead, 
laid  on  before  the  transparent  coats, 
body-color  (bod'i-kul'pr),  n.  In  painting,  a 
pigment  possessing  body  or  a  high  degree  of 
consistence,  substance,  and  covering  power. 

In  water-color  painting,  works  are  said  to  be  executed  in 
body-colors  when,  in  contradistinction  to  the  more  com- 
mon mode  of  proceeding  by  transparent  tints  and  washes 
the  pigments  aie  mixed  with  white  and  thus  rendered 
opaque. 


body-guard 

body-guard  (bod'i-gilrd),  «.  One  who  protects 
or  defends  the  person;  a  life-guard;  collec- 
tively, the  guard  charged  with  the  protection  of 
some  person,  as  a  prince  or  an  officer ;  hence, 
retinue ;  attendance ;  following. 

It  might  possibly  be  convenient  tlmt,  wlien  the  Parlia- 
ment assembled,  the  King  should  repair  to  Westminster 
wltli  a  body-guard.  Macaulmj,  Hist.  Eng.,  ix. 

body-hoop  (bod'i-hop),  n.  A  band  securing  the 
an'is  pieces  of  a  buUt  mast. 

body-horse  (bod'i-hors),  n.  A  shaft-horse. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

body-loop  (bod'i-lop),  n.  A  strap  or  iron  arm 
connectLug  a  wagon-body  with  the  gearing. 

body-louse  (bod'i-lous),  «.    A  kind  of  louse, 

-  the  Pedicuhts  corporis  or  P.  vestimenti,  which 
is  parasitic  on  man.  it  is  generally  found  on  the 
body,  or  concealed  in  the  clothing,  while  the  Pedicuhis 
capitU;  or  head-louse,  infests  the  head. 

body-plan  (bod'i-plan),  n.  In  ship-building, 
a  plan  upon  which  are  projected  the  intersec- 
tions of  the  sides  of  the  vessel  with  transverse 


610 

of  species  yield  tenacious  fibers,  used  for  making  ropes, 
twine,  net,  and  sewing-thread.  The  most  important  spe- 
cies is  B.  nivea,  a  shrubby  plant  of  China  and  the  East  In- 
dies, which  affords  the  valuable  rhea-flber  or  grass-cloth 


The  Ramie-plant  [Ba'h 


c 

Body-plan. 

j1,  after-body  ;  B.  fore-body ;  C,  C,  center-line  ;  D,  D.  load-line  ; 
E,  £,  base-line. 

vertical  planes  passing  through  certain  fixed 
points,  the  intersections  with  the  fore-body 
being  shown  upon  one  side  and  those  with  the 
after-body  on  the  other, 
body-post  (bod'i-post),  «.  1.  An  upright  tim- 
ber in  the  sill  and  plate  of  a  freight-car,  form-   

ing  one  of  the  vertical  members  of  the  frame  -RQQr"(\)QrT ji 


of  the  body.    It  corresponds  to  the  window- 
posts  in  a  passenger-car. — 2.  A  post  at  the 
forward  end  of  the  opening  in  the  deadwood 
of  a  steamship,  within  which  the  screw  turns, 
body-servant  (bod'i-ser"vant),  «.    A  servant 
who  waits  upon  or  accompanies  his  employer ; 
a  valet ;  a  personal  attendant, 
body-snatcher  (bod'i-snach"er),  n.    One  who 
secretly  disinters  the  bodies  of  the  dead  as  sub- 
jects for  dissection,  or  for  the  purpose  of  exact- 
ing a  ransom ;  a  resuiTectionist. 
body-snatching  (bod'i-snach"ing),  «.  The  act 
of  robbing  a  grave  to  obtain  a  subject  for  dis- 
section. 

body- varnish  (bod'i-var"msh),  n.   A  thick  and 

quick-di-ying  copal  varnish,  used  for  carriages 

and  other  objects  that  are  to  be  polished, 
body-wall  (bod'i-wal),  n.    In  zooL,  the  general 

envelop  or  parietes  of  a  body,  especially  of  a 

low  organism ;  a  cell-wall, 
body-whorl  (bod'i-hwerl),  n.  The  last-formed 

and  generally  largest  whorl  of  a  imivalve  shell. 

See  univalve. 
Boedromia  (bo-f-dro'mi-a),  n.pl.    See  Boedro- 

mion. 

Boedromion  (bo-e-dro'mi-on),  n.  [Gr.  Bo?idpo- 
/it(jv,  the  month  in  which  were  celebrated  the 

BorjSp6[ua,  <  poriSpof^iog,  jiori6p6fio^,  giving  succor 
(PonSpofieiv,  to  run  to  a  cry  for  aid),  <  po^,  Dor. 
pod,  a  shout,  cry  (<  podv,  to  cry:  see  boation), 
+  -Spofioc,  <  Spa/ielv,  run.]  The  third  month  of 
the  Athenian  year,  corresponding  to  the  latter 
part  of  September  and  the  early  part  of  Octo- 
ber. During  this  month  the  festival  called  Boedromia 
was  celebrated,  in  commemoration  of  the  succor  given  by 
Theseus  against  the  Amazons. 

boef  If,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  beef. 

boef  2t,  interj.    See  huf. 

Boehm  flute.   See  fluteT-,  1.  -c 

Boehmeria  (be-me'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  atter  tr.  K. 
Boehmer  or  Bohmer,  a  German  botanist  of  the 
18th  century;  cf.  G.  Bohme,  a  Bohemian,  Boh- 
men,  Bohemia.]    A  genus  of  dicotyledonous 


fiber,  also  known  under  its  Malay  name  of  ramie.  It  has 
been  long  in  cultivation  in  China  and  India,  and  success- 
ful attempts  have  been  made  to  cultivate  it  in  the  United 
States.  The  species  B.  Puya,  from  which  the  Puya-flber 
is  obtained,  is  now  referred  to  the  genus  Maoutia.  See 
(jrass-cloth. 

boeotarch  (be-6'tark),  n.  [<  L.  Bceotarches,  < 
Gr.  Boiurapxi?,  <  Boiuria,  Bceotia,  +  apx^c,  ruler: 
see  arch-.']  One  of  the  chief  magistrates  of  the 
Boeotian  confederacy.  Two  were  chosen  by 
Thebes,  and  one  by  each  of  the  other  members 
of  the  league. 

Pelopidas  and  two  others  of  the  liberators  were  elected 
boeotarchs,  or  chief  magistrates  of  Boeotia. 

Encyc.  BHt.,  XVIII.  479. 

Boeotian  (be-6'shian),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Boeotia, 
<  Gr.  BoMTia,  Bceotia,  Boiutioi,  the  Boeotians.] 
I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  Boeotia,  a  division  of 
central  Greece,  noted  for  its  thick  atmosphere, 
which  was  supposed  to  communicate  its  dull- 
ness to  the  intellect  of  the  inhabitants.  Hence 
—  2.  DuU;  stupid;  ignorant;  obtuse. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Bceotia. 
Hence — 2.  A  dull,  ignorant,  stupid  person. 
Boeotic  (be-ot'ik), «.    Belonging  to  or  charac- 
teristic of  Bceotia  or  the  Boeotians ;  Boeotian : 
the  Boeotic  dialect. 

[Also  written  Boor,  <  D.  boer,  a 


boggle 

bug^,  bififl.]  I.  a.  Bold;  sturdy;  self-sufficient; 
petulant;  saucy. 

II.  M.  Brag;  boastfulness.  Halliwell.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

bog^  (bog),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  bogged,  ppr.  bog- 
ging. [<  bog'^,  a.  or  n.]  I.  intrans.  To  boast. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

II. t  trans.  [Perhaps  of  other  origin.]  To 
provoke. 

bog*  (bog),  V.  i.  [E.  dial.;  origin  unknown.]  To 
ease  the  body  by  stool. 

boga  (bo'ga),  n.    Same  as  boguc^. 

bog-bean  (bog'ben),  n.  The  common  name  of 
the  Menijanthes  trifoliata,  a  gentianaceous  bog- 
plant,  a  native  of  the  more  temperate  parts  of 
the  northern  hemisphere,  it  is  a  bitter  tonic.  The 
friiiijed  boif-bean  is  an  atjuatic  plant  of  the  same  order, 
Liiitnanthenium  Dymphieuides,  with  large  yellow  fringed 
flowers.    Also  called  buck-bean. 

bogberry  (bog'ber"i),  «.;  pi.  bogberries  (-iz). 
The  cranberry,  Vaccinium  Oxycoccus. 

bog-blitter  (bog'^ifer),  n.  [See  bog-bluiter.l 
Same  as  bog-bumper.  [Scotch.] 

bog-bluiter  (bog'blo"ter),  n.  [Also  bog-bhder, 
bog-blitter ;  <  bog  +  Sc.  bhtiter,  bhiter,  make  a 
rumbling  noise,  blurt,  also  speak  foolishly  (in 
last  sense  cf.  blatter,  blather,  blether'^),]  Same 
as  bog-bumper.  [Scotch.] 

bog-billl  (bog'brd),  n.  [Cf.  Botaurus  and  bit- 
ter«i.]  A  name  of  the  bittern,  Botaurus  steU 
laris,  from  its  habitual  resorts  and  its  hollow, 
booming  cry.    See  cut  under  bittern. 

bog-bumper  (bog'bum"per),  n.  A  name  of  the 
bitterns  or  heron-like  birds  of  the  genus  Botau- 
rus (especially  B.  lentiginosus),  in  allusion  to 
the  soimd  made  by  the  male  in  the  breeding 
season.  This  sound  seems  "to  be  uttered  in  a  deep 
choking  tone,"  and  has  been  compared  by  Nuttall  to  the- 
syllables  "  pomp-ftu-gur."  Also  bog-jumper,  and  in  Scot- 
land boQ-bliUer,  bog-bluiter. 

bog-butter  (bog'bufer),  n.  A  fatty  sperma- 
ceti-like mineral  resin,  composed  of  carbon, 
oxygen,  and  hydrogen,  found  in  masses  in  peat- 


farmer,  a  peasant:  seeboor.]  The  name  given 
to  the  Dutch  colonists  of  South  Africa,  who 
are  principally  engaged  in  agriculture  or  cattle- 
breeding. 

boffle  (bof '1),  V.    A  dialectal  form  of  baffle. 
bogi  (bog),  n.    [Formerly  boggc,<.  Ir.  bogach 


A  large  copper  basin  consisting  of  small  pieces  riveted 
together  and  several  wooden  kegs  containing  bog-butter 
were  recently  found  at  a  depth  of  7  feet  in  a  peat-moss, 
Kylealsin,  Skye.  Nature,  XXX.  181. 

bog-earth  (bog'erth),  n.  An  earth  or  soil  com- 
posed of  light  silicious  sand  and  a  considerable 
portion  of  vegetable  fiber  in  a  half-decomposed 
state.  It  is  employed  by  gardeners  for  pro- 
moting the  growth  of  flowers. 

boger  (bo'ger),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  name 
in  Cornwall,  England,  for  the  half-grown  sea- 
bream,  Pagellus  centrodontus. 

bogeyi,  bogeyism.  See  bogy,  bogyism. 

bogey^,       See  bogie^. 

bogga  (bog'a),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  An  East  Indian 
measure  of"  land,  equal  to  three  fifths  of  an 
acre. 


Gael.'  bogan,  a  bog,  morass,  <  Ir.  Gael,  bog,  soft,  i,oggardi,  boggart  (bog'iird,  -art),  n.    [E.  dial 
•  bog-.l    1.  Wet,  soft,    ^^^^  gg_^  g^jgQ  written  hog'art,  and  formerly  bug- 


moist,  tender,  in  comp 

and  spongy  ground,  where  the  soil  is  composed 
mainly  of  decayed  and  decaying  vegetable  mat- 
ter; a  quagmire  covered  with  grass  or  other 
plants;  a  piece  of  mossy  or  peaty  ground;  a 
moss. 

All  the  infections  that  the  sun  sucks  up 

I'rom  boys,  fens,  flats,  on  Prosper  fall,  and  make  him 

By  inch-meal  a  disease  !  Shah.,  Tempest,  ii.  2. 

2.  A  little  elevated  piece  of  earth  in  a  marsh 
or  swamp,  filled  with  roots  and  grass.  Web- 
ster. [Local,  U.  S.]— Bog-asphodel.  &ee  asphodel. 
—  Bog-bilberry.  See  bilberry.— '&og-iTOn  ore,  an  im- 
pure ore  (if  iron,  essentially  a  hydrous  oxid,  of  which  tl 


gard,  baggard;  appar.  a  var.,  with  term,  -ardy 
of  boggle^,  bogle ;  in  form  as  if  <  bog'^  +  -ard  : 
see  bogglc\  bogle,  bog"^,  bitg^.]  1.  A  specter, 
goblin,  or  bogy,  especially  one  supposed  to 
haunt  a  particiilar  spot. 
The  belief  in  elves  and  bogarts  which  once  was  universal. 

J.  Fiske,  Idea  of  God,  p.  60. 

2t.  Any  object,  real  or  imaginary,  at  which  a 
horse  shies.  N.  E.  D.—3.  Figuratively,  a  bug- 
bear ;  a  thing  of  fear. 

boggard^t,  n.    [As  bog^  +  -ard.]    A  privy, 
boggifyt,^'.  <•  [<  ^og'^  +  -i-fy-]  To  make  boggy. 


miiremlWicai  name  is  Zimom/e foun<I  frequently  (bog'ing),  «.     [Early  mod.   E.,  per- 

bottom  of  lakes  and  in  swampy  localities,  and  usually  of    ]]aps  a  var.  of  *bagging  for  budging,  verbal  n. 
veryrecentorigin.  =  Syn.  1.  «w«f/"n>e,  etc    See  marsh,    ^f^jjadne^;  cL  bodner^\]    Peddling;  hawking, 
bogl  (bog)  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bogged,  ppr.  bog-        ^  ' 
ging.    [<  bog\  «.]    I.  trans.  To  smk  or  sub-  ^oggishi  (bog'ish),  a. 

a  bog,  or  in  mud  and  mire:  used  v"S5,-„i,?.x  r-\irv 


merge  m 

chiefly  in  the  passive,  to  be  bogged. 

Bid  him  to  be  gone 
As  far  as  he  can  fly,  or  follow  day, 
Eather  than  here  so  bogged  in  vices  stay. 

B.  Jonson,  Underwoods,  xxxii. 
'Twas  time ;  his  invention  had  been  hogged  else. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  iii.  3. 
Of  Middleton's  horse  three  hundred  men  were  taken, 
and  one  hundred  were  bogged. 

Whitelock,  Memoirs  (1682),  p.  580. 

II.  intrans.  To  sink  or  stick  in  a  bog;  hence, 
to  flounder  among  obstacles ;  be  stopped. 
bog2  (bog),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  hogge,  appar.  a  var. 
of  the  equiv.  bug'^-,  ME.  bngge,  connecting  the 
latter  with  the  equiv.  boggle'^,  bogle,  bogy,  bog- 
gard^: see  these  words.]  A  specter ;  a  bugbear. 
To  take  bogt,  to  boggle ;  shy ;  shrink. 


boggish2t  a.  [ME. 


[<  &0(/l  +  -w7il.]  Boggy, 
written  boggisshe,  bog- 


plants,  naturar  order  C7r«caceflB,  allied  to  the  bog3  (bog),  «.  and  n.  [E.  dial.,  formerly  also 
nettle,  but  without  its  stinging  hairs.  A  number    bogge,  earlier  in  deriv.  form  boggish^,  q.  v.  Cf. 


gysxhe;  <  bog^  (not  found  in  ME.)  +  -m/*!.] 
Bold ;  puffed  up ;  boastful, 
boggle^,  n.  A  dialectal  form  of  bogle. 
boggle^  (bog'l),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  boggled,  ppr. 
boggling.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bogle,  Imggel,  < 
boggle^  =  bogle,  a  specter,  vrith  ref.  to  the  shy- 
ing of  a  horse  at  unusual  objects ;  cf .  ME.  boge- 
len,  occurring  but  once,  in  the  sense  of  'deny,' 

1.  e.,  scare  off.]  1.  To  take  alarm;  start  with 
fright ;  shy,  as  a  horse. 

When  a  sinner  is  first  tempted  to  the  commission  of  a 
more  gross  and  notorious  sin,  his  conscience  is  apt  to 
bormle  and  start  at  it,  he  doth  it  with  great  difficulty  and 
regret.  Tillotson,  V^'orks,  I.  x. 

We  start  and  boggle  at  evei-y  unusual  appearance. 

Granville 

2.  To  hesitate  ;  stop,  as  if  afraid  to  proceed,  or 
as  if  impeded  by  unforeseen  difficulties ;  waver  ^ 


boggle 

shrink.— 3.  To  play  fast  and  loose ;  dissemble : 
quibble;  equivocate. 

Wlien  summoned  to  his  last  end  it  was  no  time  for 
him  to  boggle  with  the  world.  Howell. 

4.  To  bungle;  be  awkward;  make  clumsy  at- 
tempts. 

boggle^  ( bog'l),  n.  1 .  The  act  of  shying  or  tak- 
mg  alarm.— 2t.  Objection;  scruple;  demur. 

The  Dutch  do  make  a  further  bogle  with  us  about  two 
or  tlu-ee  things.  Pepys,  Diary,  1667. 

3.  A  bungle;  a  botch.  [CoUoq.] -Boffsle-de- 
botch,  boggledy-botch,  a  complete  botch  or  bungle. 

boggle^  (bog'l),  ».  [Origin  uncertain;  perhaps 
same  as  boggle\  bogle,  a  scarecrow.]  A  pitcher 
or  jug  wrought  in  the  figure  of  a  man,  not  un- 
like a  toby  or  toby-pitcher. 

bog-glede  (bog'gled),  n.  A  Scotch  name  of  the 
moor-buzzard,  Circus  ceruginosus. 

boggier  (bog'ler),  n.  [<  boggle"^  +  -erl.]  1.  A 
doubter;  a  timorous  man.— 2t.  A  jilt ;  one  false 
in  love. 

You  have  been  a  boggier  ever.   Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iii.  11. 
3.  One  who  bungles  or  is  clumsy  in  doine 
things.  " 
bogglisht  (bog'Ush),  a.    [<  boggle'^  +  -ishA 
Doubtful;  wavering. 

Nothingismoresly,  touchy,  and  ftoflr^Zis/j  .  .  .  than  that 
opnuon  ...  of  the  many  or  common  people 

Jer.  Taylor  (?),  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  172. 
boggy  (bog'i),  a.    [<  bog-i-,  n.,  -f  -j/l.]  Contain- 
mg  bogs ;  full  of  bogs ;  like  or  having  the  char- 
acter of  a  bog. 

Quench'd  in  a  boggy  Syrtis,  neither  sea 
Nor  good  dry  land.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  939. 

boggybo  (bog'i-bo),  w.    [North.  E.  dial.]  A 
dialectal  form  of  bugaboo. 
Boghead  coal.   See  coal. 

boghouse  (bog'hous),  n.   [<  bog'^  +  house.l  A 
privy.  Johnson. 
bogiel,  n.    See  bogy. 

bogie2,  bogey2  (bo'gi),  «.  [Of  uncertain  origin, 
bometimes  explained  from  bogiei-,  bogy,  a  fiend, 
the  bogie  coal-wagon  when  first  introduced 
being  so  called,  it  is  said,  because,  from  its 
suddenly  turning  when  people  least  expected 
it,  they  used  to  exclaim  that  the  new  wagon 
was  '  Old  Bogy '  himself.  But  this  is  mere  in- 
vention. See  bogle.l  1.  A  name  first  given 
at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  in  England,  to  a  coal- 
wagon  or  truck  so  constructed  as  to  turn  easily 
m  moving  about  the  quays ;  a  trolly.—  2.  An 
Enghsh  term  for  a  four-wheeled  truck  support- 
mg  the  front  part  of  a  locomotive  engine,  or 
placed  one  under  each  end  of  a  railway-car- 
nage, and  tui-niag  beneath  it  by  means  of  a 
central  pm  or  pivot,  to  facilitate  the  passing 
of  sudden  curves.— 3.  In  a  saw-miU,  a  small 
carnage  running  on  a  transverse  track  on  a 
log-eamage,  used  to  change  the  position  of  the 
log  m  relation  to  the  saw. 

bogie-engine  (bo'gi-en'jin),  n.  a  locomotive 
used  m  moving  cars  and  making  up  trains  at 
a  railroad  station.  The  driving-wheels  and  cyl- 
inders are  on  a  truck  which  turns  freely  on  a 
center-pin. 

bog-jumper  (bog'jum'''per),  n.  Same  as  boa- 
bumper. 

bog-land  (bog'land),  n.  and  a.  I.  n.  Boggy  or 
marshy  land  :  as,  to  reclaim  a  piece  of  bog-land. 

II.  a.  Living  in  or  pertaining  to  a  marshv 
country.  [Rare.] 

Each  brings  his  love  a  bogland  captive  home. 

Dryden,  Prol.  to  Prophetess,  1.  31. 
bogle  (bo'gl),  n.  [Also  dial,  boggle,  Sc.  bogle, 
bogill,  bugil,  a  specter,  hobgoblin ;  prob.  of  Cel- 
tic origin;  cf.  W.  bwgwl,  bygwl,  a  threat,  men- 
ace, bygel,  a  bugbear,  scarecrow,  hobgoblin 
bwg,  a.  specter,  >  E.  bug'^ :  see  bugl  and  bugbear. 

bog^,  boggard^,  and  G.  bogge,  bdggel-mann, 
a  bogy,  bogle.]  A  phantom;  a  specter;  a  hob- 
goblm;  a  bogy;  a  bugbear, 
boglet  (bog'let),  n.    [<  60^1  -f  .let.-]    A  little 
oog;  a  boggy  place  or  spot  of  smaU  extent 


611 


And  of  this  tufty,  flaggy  ground,  pocked  with  bogs  and 
mgieis.  j{,  j)_  Blackmore,  Lorna  Doone,  p.  432. 

bog-manganese  (bog'mang"'ga-nez),  n.  Same 

ftS  WClil, 

bog-moss  (bog'mds),  n.  Peat-moss.  See  Sphaq- 
num.  ^ 

bog-oak  (bog 'ok),  n.  Trunks  and  large 
branches  of  oak  found  embedded  in  bogs  and 
preserved  by  the  antiseptic  properties  of  peat. 

ishl?»v^  Wack  or  ebony  color,  or  of  a  deep  ^-een- 

!n?^?^^'  ^''"'ed  and  shadmg  mto  black,  derived  from  its 
oraSnf  'J'i"'  frequently  converted  into 

Wn^  P"^?^^  °f  furniture  and  smaller  ornaments,  as 
brooches,  ear-rings,  etc.    Also  caUed  bog-wood. 


Bogoda  (bo-go'da),  «.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  East 
Indian  fishes,  considered  by  some  as  typical  of 
a  family  Bogodoidei  or  Bogodidce. 
Bogodidse  (bo-god'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bogoda 
+  -idw.']  A  family  of  percoideous  fishes:  sy- 
nonymous with  Ambassidce. 
Bogomile  (bog'o-mil),  n.  [Cf.  Russ.  bogu,  God; 
nulostt,  grace.]  One  of  a  medieval  Catharist 
sect,  having  its  principal  seat  in  Bulgaria,  anti- 
clerical in  its  polity,  dualistic  in  its  doctrine, 
and  in  general  similar  to  the  Doceta)  and  the 

Manichffians.  The  views  and  practices  of  the  Bogo- 
miles  were  very  fanatical.  They  were  little  known  and 
by  some  are  supposed  to  have  become  extinct  soon  after 
the  execution  of  their  leader,  Basil  of  Philippopolis,  at 
Constantinople,  in  1118. 

Bogomilian  (bog-o-mU'i-an),  a.   Pertaining  to 
the  Bogomiles  or  their  doctrines, 
bog-orchis  (bog'6r"kis),  n.    A  low  orchid  of 
boggy  places.    See  Malaxis. 
bog-ore  (bog'or),  n.    Same  as  boa-iron  ore. 
Bogota  bark.    See  bark'^. 
bog-rush  (bog'rush),  11.    1.  The  name  of  va- 
rious cyperaceous  plants.  Seerws*.— 2.  Some 
small  undetermined  species  of  warbler.  [Lo- 
cal, Great  Britain.] 

bog-spavin  (bog'spav'-'in),  11.    In  farriery,  an 
encysted  tumor  on  the  inside  of  the  hough  of  a 
horse,  containing  a  gelatinous  matter, 
bog-sucker  (bog '  suk  "  er),  n.    A  name  of  the 
woodcock  of  North  America,  Philohela  minor. 
bog-trotter  (bog'trof'er),  n.    One  who  trot.s 
over  bogs,  or  lives  among  bogs;  especially,  a 
contemptuous  appellation  given  to  the  Irish 
peasantry,  probably  from  the  skill  shown  by 
many  of  them  in  crossing  the  extensive  bogs 
of  the  country  by  leaping  from  tussock  to  tus- 
sock, where  a  stranger  would  find  no  footing, 
and  from  the  frequent  use  they  make  of  this 
skill  to  escape  from  the  soldiery,  the  police,  etc. 
bog-trotting  (bog'trof'tng),  a.  Trotting  among 
bogs,  or,  more  usually,  living  among  bogs:  as, 
a  bog-trotting  Irishman. 
Beware  of  bog-trotting  quacks. 

Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  Ixviii. 
With  his  inherited  Irish  poverty  ...  not  to  rise  in  this 
world,  he  nor  his  posterity,  till  their  wading  webbed  bo>,- 
trottmg  feet  get  talaria  to  their  heels. 

Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  225. 

bogueifCbog),  V.  i.  [Prob.  <  Sp.  bogar,  row  ( cf . 
bogar  a  sotavento,  row  to  leeward),  =  Pg.  Pr. 
vogar  =  It.  vogare  =  F.  voguer,  row,  sail,  > 
vogue,  E.  vogue,  q.  v.]  Haut.,  to  drop  off  from 
the  wind ;  edge  away  to  leeward  with  the  wind 
as  some  vessels  of  inferior  sailing  qualities  do' 
—  To  bogue  in,  to  "sail  in";  take  a  hand;  engage  in  a 
work.    [Local,  New  England.]  o       m  d. 

[A  fai-mer  says :]  "  I  don't  git  much  done  'thout  I  bomie 
right  («  along  th  my  men." 

Quoted  by  Lowell,  Biglow  Papers,  2d  ser.,  Int. 

bogue2  (bog),  n.  [<  OF.  bogue,  formeriy  also 
bocque,  =  Pr.  buga  =  Sp.  Pg.  boga  =  It.  boca, 
bogke  (Florio),  now  boga,  <  ML.  boca,  for  L.  box 
(boc-),  <  Gr.  136^,  contr.  of  /Joaf,  a  certain  sea- 
fish,  so  named  from  the  sound  it  makes.]  An 
aeanthopterygian  fish.  Box  vulgaris,  of  the  fami- 
ly Sparida;,  found  in  the  Mediterranean,  on  the 
west  coast  of  Africa,  and  in  rare  cases  on  the 
coasts  of  Britain.  The  body  is  oblong  and  compressed, 
the  head  and  mouth  are  small,  the  teeth  notched  the  eyes 
large,  and  the  general  coloring  is  brilliant.  Also  called 
boce  and  boga. 

bogueS  (bog),  n.  [OF.,  =  F,  bouche :  see  em- 
bogue.]  A  mouth;  an  embouchure.  Used  specifi- 
cally in  the  name  the  Bogue,  the  principal  mouth  of  the 
^i^^i Jon  river  in  China  (also  called  Boca  Tigris,  the  Tiger  s 

boguest  (bo'gest),  n.   [E.  dial.,  appar.  barnuest 
varied  toward  bogy^ :  see  these  words.]  A  spec- 
ter; a  ghost.    [Prov.  Eng.  (Yorkshire).] 
bogus!  (bo'gus),  n.  and  a.    [A  slang  word,  of 
which  many  conjectm-al  explanations  have  been 
oflered,  e.  g.,  that  it  is  a  corruption  of  bagasse 
sugar-cane  refuse,  etc.   Dr.  Samuel  Willard  of 
Chicago,  m  a  letter  to  the  editor  of  the  New 
Eng.  Diet.,  "quotes  from  the  'Paines\iUe(Ohio) 
,  Telegraph'  of  July  6  and  Nov.  2, 1827,  the  word 
bogus  as  a  substantive  applied  to  an  apparatus 
for  coming  false  money.    Mr.  Eber  D.  Howe 
who  was  then  editor  of  that  paper,  describes 
in  his  'Autobiography'  (1878)  the  discovery  of 
such  a  piece  of  mechanism  in  the  hands  of  a  gang 
of  coiners  at  Painesville  in  May,  1827 ;  it  was 
a  mysterious-looking  object,  and  some  one  in 
the  crowd  styled  it  a  'bogus,'  a  designation 
adopted  m  the  succeeding  numbers  of  the  pa- 
per.   Dr.  "Willard  considers  this  to  have  been 
short  for  tantrabogus,  a  word  familiar  to  him 
from  his  childhood,  and  which  in  his  father's 
time  was  eommonly  applied  in  Vermont  to  any 


Bohemian 


ill-lookmg  object;  he  points  out  that  tnntara- 
bobs  18  given  in  Halliwell  as  a  Devonshire  word 
for  the  devil.  Bogus  seems  thus  to  be  related 
to  bogy,  etc."  (iV.  E.  D.)  The  E.  dial,  word 
may  have  been  transported  to  New  England 
and  undergone  there  the  alteration  to  which 
such  terms  are  subject.]  J.f  n.  An  apparatus 
tor  coining  counterfeit  money. 

II,  a.  Counterfeit;  spurious;  sham:  origi- 
nally applied  in  the  United  States  to  counter- 
feit money,  but  now  to  anything  based  on  sham 
or  false  pretense:  as,  a  bogus  claim;  a  bogus 
government. 

But  onr  bogii.1  theologians,  who  systematically  convert 
the  hue  gold  of  the  gospel  into  glittering  tinsel,  and  sell 
It  for  lucre,  occupy  the  highest  seats  in  our  synagogues. 

//.  James,  Subs,  and  Shad.,  p.  177. 

b0gus2  (bo'gus),  «.    [Origin  uncertain ;  perhaps 
a  use  of  bogus^.    Some  refer  it  to  bagasse,  su- 
gar-cane refuse.]    A  liquor  made  of  rum  and 
molasses.    Bartlett.    [U,  S,] 
bog-violet  (bog'vi"p-let),  n.    The  butterwort. 

[Prov.  Eng.  (Yorkshire).] 
bog-wood  (bog'wud),  n.    Same  as  boq-oah. 
bogwort  (bog'wert),  w.  [<  fiojfi -t- iiw^i.]  Same 
as  cranberry. 
bogy,  bogeyl    (bo'gi),  «. ;  pi.  hogies,  bogeys 
(-giz).    [Also  written  bogie;  a  comparatively 
recent  word,  appar.  a  var.  (perhaps  arising 
from  nursery  speech)  of  bogle,  or  from  the  same 
source:  see  bogle.-]    1.  The  devil:  often  as  a 
quasi-proper  name,  and  usually  with  an  epithet 
(in  this  use  with  a  capital) :  as.  Old  Bogy. 

I  am  bogey,  and  frighten  everybody  away. 
„     4  ,    ,  Thackeray,  Newcomes. 

A  hobgoblin ;  a  bugbear. 
The  humble  Northumbrian  bogie  who  "  flitted  "  with  the 
farmer  when  he  removed  his  furniture. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  204. 
There  is  no  reasoning  .  .  .  with  men  to  whom  party 
considerations  are  of  the  first  moment,  and  who  feel  bound 
to  discover  bogies  in  every  measure  adopted  by  the  nartv 
m  power.        Sir  O.  Wolseley,  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVIII  135 

3.  [cap.]  See  Colonel  Bogie. 
bogyism,  bogeyism  (bo'gi-izm),  n.    [<  bogi/. 
bogeyl,  -I-  -ism.]    1.  That  which  pertains  to  or 
is  characteristic  of  a  bogy.— 2,  Belief  in  or 
dread  of  sprites  or  goblins.   Thackera  u. 
bo-hacky  (bo-hak'i), «.    [E.  dial.]    A  donkey, 
Hallmell.    [Prov,  Eng,  (Yorkshu-e).] 
bohea  (bo-he'),  n.    [<  Chinese  Woo-ye  or  Voo- 
ye,  the  name  of  two  ranges  of  hills  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Puhkien,  China,  where  the  tea-shrub  is 
largely  grown,  and  whence  tea  was  first  im- 
P^*^*®^        England  in  1666,    In  the  dialects 
ot  t  uhkien  b  is  used  for  10  and  v.]     1  A  gen- 
eral name  for  tea.  * 
To  part  her  time  'twixt  reading  and  bohea, 
lo  muse,  and  spill  her  solitary  tea. 

Pope,  Ep.  to  Hiss  Blount,  ii.  15. 
For  if  my  pure  libations  exceed  three 

I  feel  my  heart  become  so  sympathetic, 
lhat  1  must  have  recourse  to  black  Bohea.  Byron 
By  way  of  entertainment  in  the  evening,  to  make  a  party 
w  th  the  sergeant  s  wife  to  drink  bohea  tea,  and  play  at 
all-fours  on  a  drum  head.    Sheridan,  St.  Patrick's  Day,  i.  2. 

2^  An  inferior  kind  of  black  tea,  grown  on  the 
Woo-ye  hills  of  China,  or  tea  of  a  similar  qual- 
ity grown  m  other  districts  of  the  same  countrv 
See  tea. 

Bohemian  (bo-he'mi-an),  ».  and  a.    [=F  Bo- 

hemien,  a  Bohemian,  and  in  a  secondary  s'io-ni- 
heation  a  gipsy,  <  Boheme,  ML.  Bohemia,  the 
country  of  the  Bohemi,  Boihemi,  or  Boiemi 
Latinized  form  repr.  by  G.  Bohmen,  Bohemia! 
<  U  Boii,  a  people  of  ancient  Gaul,  of  whom  a 
portion  settled  in  what  is  now  Bohemia  -I- 
*-hem,  OHG.  heim  =  E.  home.]  I.  n.  1  A 'na- 
tive or  an  inhabitant  of  Bohemia,  a  crownland 
and  kingdom  of  the  Austrian  empire.— 2  A 
follower  of  John  Huss ;  a  Hussite.— 3  [F  'bo- 
hemien,  because  the  first  of  that  wandering  race 
that  entered  France  were  believed  to  be  Bo- 
hemians or  Hussites,  driven  from  their  native 
country.]    A  gipsy. 

no  country?"  repeated  the  Scot.  "No," 
answered  the  Bohemian,  "of  none.    I  am  a  Zingaro  a 
V-ff"'  '"I  ,^g>'P«'i".  or  whatever  the  Europeans, 'in 
their  different  languages,  may  choose  to  call  our  people 
but  I  have  no  country."  Scott,  Q.  Durward,  xvi! 

4.  A  person,  especially  an  artist  or  a  literary 
man,  who  leads  a  free  and  often  somewhat  dissi- 
pated life,  having  little  regard  to  what  society 
he  frequents,  and  despising  conventionalities 
generally.    [Sometimes  without  a  capital.] 

By  Bohemian  I  do  not  mean  to  be  uncomplimentary  I 
mean  merely  a  class  of  persons  who  prefer  adventure  and 
speculation  to  settled  industry,  and  who  do  not  work  well 
in  the  liarness  of  ordinary  life.   Froude,  Sketches,  p.  217. 

5.  The  ancient  tongue  of  Bohemia,  a  member 
of  the  Slavic  branch  of  the  Aryan  family. 


Bohemian 

II.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertainiug  to  Bohemia  or  its 
language. — 2.  Of  or  pertaining  to,  or  charac- 
teristio  of,  the  so-called  Bohemians ;  imeon- 
ventional;  free  from  social  restraints:  as,  a 
Bohemian  life.— 3.  In  oniith.,  erratic;  wander- 
ing; irregularly  migratory ;  of  unsettled  habits. 
—Bohemian  bole.  See  bule'^.—  Bohemian  Brethren, 

the  populiu-  name  of  a  religious  denouiiiuition  wliicli  de- 
velopecl  from  the  followers  of  Peter  C'helczicky  in  the  fif- 
teenth cfutiirv.  It  reached  its  greatest  intlnenee  m  the 
sixteenth  century,  and  was  suppressed  by  Ferdinand  II.  in 
the  seventeenth"  century  in  Bohemia  and  Moravia,  but 
lingered  in  Toland  and  Hungary.  It  was  revived  in  the 
eighteentli  century  as  the  Moravian  Church.  The  mem- 
bers of  the  denomination  called  themselves  the  Unity 
of  Brethren  (Unitas  F/  nfcHm).— Bohemian  glass.  See 

piasf,'.— Bohemian  pheasant.  See  ^j/itasanj.— Bohe- 
mian waxwing,  Bohemian  chatterer,  a  bird,  the 

Ampelis  ri(irnilu.f,  so  called  from  the  e.xtent  and  irregu- 
larity of  its  wanderings.  See  icaxictng. 

Bohemianism  (bo-he 'mi-an-izm),  ».  [<  Bolie- 
miau,  4,  +  -isw.]  The  life  or  habits  of  a 
Bohemian,  in  the  figurative  sense.  See  Bohe- 
mian, M.,  4. 

bohor  (bo'hor),  n. 
western  Afri- 
ca, the  Cervi- 
capra  hohor,  a 
kind  of  ante- 
lope. 

boiar,  «.  See 

hoyar. 
boid  (bo'id),  H. 

A  snake  of  the  - 

family  Boidce; 

a  boa  or  ana-  . 

eonda. 
Boidse 

de), 

[NL., 


612 

lent  agitation  by  heat  or  other  cause  of  effervescence ; 
hence,  figuratively,  to  be  miable,  on  account  of  excite- 
ment, indignation,  or  the  like,  to  refrain  from  speaking ; 
to  break  out  into  the  language  of  strong  feeling,  especial- 
ly of  indignation.— To  boil  up,  to  rise  or  be  increased  in 
volume  by  ebullition  :  as,  paste  is  ready  for  use  as  soon  as 
it  has  once  boiled  ui>;  let  it  boil  up  two  or  three  times. 

II.  trans.  1 .  To  put  into  a  state  of  ebullition ; 
cause  to  be  agitated  or  to  bubble  by  the  ap- 
plication of  heat.  Hence — 2.  To  collect,  form, 
or  separate  by  the  application  of  heat,  as  sugar. 


boist 

most  remarkable  boiling  springs  are  the  geysers,  which 
throw  up  columns  of  water  and  steam  ;  but  there  are 
many  others  in  various  parts  of  the  world,  often  associ- 
ated with  geysers,  characterized  only  by  ebullition  and 
emission  of  steam.  Some  of  the  latter,  as  in  California 
and  New  Zealand,  are  strongly  impregnated  with  mineral 
matters  and  variously  colored,  while  others  are  charged 
witli  liquid  mud.    See  (jeyser. 

boilingly  (boi'ling-li),  adv.  In  a  boiling  man- 
ner. 

The  lakes  of  bitumen 
Rise  boiUwjly  higher.       Byron,  Manfred,  i.  1. 


salt.'etc. — 3.  To  subject  to  the  action  of  heat  .         .  .  mi,  t 

in  a  Uquid  raised  to  its  point  of  ebullition,  so  boilmg-point  (boi'lmg-pomt),  «.  The  tempera- 
n«  tY.  ^-nrlnce  some  siiecific  effect:  cook  or    ture  at  which  a  liquid  is  converted  into  vapoi 


A  variety  of  reedbuck  of 


as  to  produce  some  specific  effect;  cook  or 
seethe  in  a  boiling  liquid:  as,  to  hail  meat, 
potatoes,  etc. ;  to  hoil  silk,  thread,  etc — To  boil 

clear,  in  soap-manuf.,  to  remove  the  excess  of  water  from 
soft  soap  by  boiling"  it.  A  concentrated  lye  is  employed 
to  shorten  the  time  of  evaporation.— To  boil  down,  to 
reduce  in  bulk  by  boiling ;  hence,  to  reduce  to  smaller 
compass  by  removal  of  what  can  best  be  spared;  con- 
dense by  elimination. 

After  a  while  he  [Bowles]  developed  a  talent  for  con- 
densing into  brief  and  readal)le  form  the  long  and  heavy 
articles  in  which  the  great  political  papers  of  the  day  dis- 
charged their  thunder.  On  these  he  began  to  practice 
that  great  art  of  hoilinrj  down  which  his  paper  afterward 
carried  to  such  perfection.  G.  S.  Merriaui,  S.  Bowles,  I.  23. 
To  boil  dry,  in  sugar-manuf.,  to  reduce  the  thin  juice 
to  thick  juice  by  boiling  it  until  it  reaches  the  point  of 
crystallization. 
boiP  (boil),  «.  [<  boil^,  r.]  1.  The  state  or  act 
of  boiling;  boiling-point:  as,  to  bring  water  to 
aboil.  [Colloq.]— 2.  That  which  is  boiled;  a 
boiling  preparation.  N.E.D.    [Rare.] —At  the 

boil,  boiling ;  at  the  boiling-point :  as,  tlie  solution  should 
be  kept  at  the  boil  for  at  least  half  an  hour. 

See  hoilcrij 


(bo'i- 
n.  pi. 
<  Boa 
+  -idm^  A 
family  of  non- 
venomous  ophidian  reptiles,  with  two  mobile 


apor 

with  ebnlUtion ;  more  strictly,  the  tempera- 
tui'e  at  which  the  tension  of  the  vapor  is  equal 
to  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere.  This  point 

varies  for  ditferent  liquids,  and  for  the  same  liquid  at  dif- 
ferent pressures,  being  higher  when  the  pressure  is  in- 
creased, and  lower  when  it  is  dinnnished.  I'nder  tlie 
normal  atmospheric  pressure  (see  atmosphere)  water  boils 
at  212°  F.  (100°  C,  80°  R.),  and  it  is  found  that  the  boiling- 
point  varies  .88  of  a  degree  F.  for  a  v.ariation  in  the  ba- 
rometer of  half  an  inch.  Hence  water  will  Ijoil  at  a  lower 
temperature  at  the  top  of  a  mountain  than  at  the  bottom, 
owing  to  diminution  in  the  pressure ;  a  fact  which  leads 
to  a  method  of  measuring  the  height  of  a  mountain  by 
observing  the  temperature  at  which  water  boils  at  the 
bottom  of  the  mountain  and  at  the  top.  At  the  top  of 
Mont  Blanc  water  boils  at  185°  F.  Under  a  pressure  of 
al)out  ^^-g  of  an  atmosphere  water  would  boil  at  40°  F., 
while  under  a  pressure  of  10  atmospheres  the  boiling-point 
would  be  raised  to  3.56°  F.  A  liquid  may  be  heated  much 
above  its  true  boiling-point  without  boiling;  but  the 
superheated  vapor  immediately  expands  until  its  temper- 
ature is  reduced  to  the  boiling-point.  Hence,  in  deter- 
minations of  the  boiling-point,  the  thermometer  is  never 
immersed  in  the  liquid,  but  in  the  vapor  just  above  it.— 
Kopp'S  law  of  boiling-points,  the  proposition  that  in 
certain  homologous  series  of  chemical  substances  each  ad- 
dition of  CH.2  is  accompanied  by  a  rise  in  the  boiling- 
point  of  about  19°.5  C. 


Bohor  ( Cervicapra  bohor). 


boilary, «  „  ,  , 

boiled  (boild),  p.  a.  1.  Raised  to  the  boilmg- 
point.— 2.  Prepared  by  being  subjected  to 

the  heat  of  boiling  water:  sometimes  substan-  boin  (boin),  n.    Another  form  of  hoyn. 
lively  (fi'om  its  use  as  a  heading  on  bills  of  boine  (boin),  n.    [E.  dial.    Cf.  boin,  boyn.'] 
fare)  for  meat  di-essed  or  cooked  by  boiling:    swelling.    [Prov.  Eng.  (Essex).] 
as,  "a  great  piece  of  cold  boiled,"  Dickens, 
Christmas  Carol 


hooks  or  spurs,  the  rudiments  of  hind  legs,  near  boiler  (boi'ler),  n.   1.  A  person  who  boils. —  2 


A  vessel  in  which  anything  is  boiled.  Specifi- 
cally—(o)  A  large  pan  or  vessel  of  iron,  copper,  or  brass 


quantities  of  liquor  at  once,  (b)  A  large  vessel  of  metal 
in  which  soiled  clothes  are  boiled  to  cleanse  them  ;  a 
wash-boiler. 

3.  A  strong  metallic  structure  in  which  steam 
is  generated  for  driving  engines  or  for  other 
purposes.  See  steam-boiler. — 4.  Something,  as 
a  vegetable,  that  is  smtable  for  boiling.  [Rare.] 
boiler-alarm  (boi'ler-a-liirm''''),  11.  A  device 
for  showing  when  the  water  in  a  steam-boiler 
is  too  low  for  safety. 

A  clamp  used 
of  boilers  to- 


the  anus.  The  name  has  lieen  adopted  with  varying 
limits,  and  latterly  generally  restricted  to  American  spe- 
cies :  (1)  Colubrine  snakes  with  the  belly  covered  with 
narrow,  elongate  shields  or  scales,  nearly  resembling 
those  of  the  back,  and  with  spur-like  rudimentary  legs  on 
each  side  of  the  vent.  It  included  tliu  Bouhe  as  well  as 
Pilthonidoe,  Charinidiv,  and  Tortrlri.hc  of  recent  ophi- 
ol'ogists.  (2)  Eurystomatous  serpents  with  rudiments  of 
posterior  extremities.  It  includeil  the  Boidcc,  PythoimUv, 
and  Charinidoe.  (3)  Eurystomatous  serpents  with  rudi- 
mentary posterior  appendages,  coronoid  bone  in  lower 
jaw,  no  supraorliital,  but  postorbital,  bones  in  cranium, 
and  with  teeth  developed  in  the  premaxillary.  In  this 
limited  sense  there  are  still  many  species  peculiar  to  the 

warmer  regions  of  America,  and  among  them  are  some  of  , 
gigantic  size,  such  as  the  boa-constrictor  and  anaconda,  boiler-clamp  (boi'ler-klanip),  n. 
Eiinectes  murimis.    They  sometimes  attack  animals  of  a    for  holding  the  plates  and  parts 
large  s4ze  ami  kill  them  by  constriction  round  the  body.  so  that  they  can  be  drilled  or  riveted 

See  cuts  under  io(i  and  pi/tton.  ,-,,•//•    c-„a-  \  „  A^„™r,,.of, 

boili  (boU),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  boile,  boyle,  boiler-feeder  (boi'ler-feMei-),  n.  An  a— 
a  corrupt  form  of  Mle\  due  to  a  supposed  eon-    for  supplying  water  to  a  steam-boiler 
nection  with  boH'^:  see  bile^.l    An  inflamed  boiler-float  (boi  ler-flot), 
and  painf id  suppurating  tumor ;  a  furuncle. 

boiP  (boil),  V.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  boyl,  boyle, 
<  ME.  hoilen,  boijlen,  <  OF.  hoillir,  F.  bouillir 
=  Pr.  bulhir,  huitlir,  boil,  =Sp.  bulUr,  boil,  also  t^'q^w  i 
as  Pg.  bidir,  move,  stir,  be  active  (see  budget),  "^^^^ 
=  It.bomre,  boil,  <  L.  huMire,  also  bullare,  bub- 
ble, boil,  <  bulla,  a  bubble,  any  small  round  ^^^^^  i,„..^, 
object  (see  bulla),  >  E.  buW^  bills,  hullet  bul-  boiler-meter  (boi'ler-me"ter),  w 
letiH,  etc.    Cf.  ebullition.^    I.  intrans.  1.  lo    j^gasuriug  the  quantity  of  wa 
bubble  up  or  be  in  a  state  of  ebuUition,  espe-  gteam-boiler 

cially  through  the  action  of  heat,  the  bubbles  boiler-ulate  (boi'ler-plat),  w.  Same  as  boiler- 
of  gaseous  vapor  which  have  been  formed  m  "y^^^^  \ 


This  luan  Vasilowich  wich  performing  of  the  same  cere- 
monie  causeth  his  forehead  to  be  ful  of  boines  and  swell- 
ings, and  sometimes  to  be  black  and  blew. 

Hakluyfs  Voyages,  I.  224. 

boiobi,  »(.   See  %"oR 


used  in  distilleries,  potash-works,  etc.,  for  boiling  large  bois  (F.  pron.  bwo),  11.     [p.,  WOOd,  timber,  a 


wood,  forest,  <  OF.  bois,  bos  —  Pr.  bosc  =  Sp. 
Pg.  bosque  =  It.  bosco,  <  ML.  boscus,  buschus,  a 
bush,  wood,  forest:  see  bush'^-,  boscage,  etc.] 
"Wood:  a  French  word  occurring  in  several 
phrases  occasionally  found  in  English ;  it  also 
occurs  as  the  terminal  element  in  hautboy.— 
Bois  d'arc  (F.  pron.  bwo  dark).  [F. :  bois,  wood  ;  de,  of; 
arc,  bow.]   See  bodark,  bow-wood,  and  Madura. 

boisbrflle  (F.  pron.  bwo-bro-la'),  «•  [Canadian 
F.,  <  F.  bois,  wood,  +  bride,  pp.  of  bruler,  bum, 
scorch.]  Literally,  burnt-wood:  a  name  for- 
merly given  to  a  Canadian  half-breed. 

Zapmratus  bois-chene  (F.  pron.  bwo-shan'),  ii.  [F.,  oak- 
An  apparatus    ^^^^ .  ^^.^^  ^^^^  ^^^^     .^^ .  ^^^^^^^^  ^^^^  < 

chesne  (chcsnin,  adj.),  quesne  (cf.  ML.  casnus), 
oak,  <  LL.  quercinus,  prop,  adj.,  of  the  oak  (cf. 
It.  querela,  the  oak,  <  L.  quercea,  fem.  adj.),  < 
L.  quercus,  oak.]  Oak-wood:  the  name  of  a 
timber  obtained  from  San  Domingo,  used  in 
ship-builfling.  McElrath. 


  A  float  connected 

with  the  water-feeding  mechanism  of  a  steam- 
boiler.  It  opens  a  supply-valve  when  the  wiiter  falls  to 
a  certain  point,  and  closes  the  valve  when  the  water  has 
attained  the  proper  height. 

)oiler-iron  (boi'ler-i"ern),  «.    Iron  rolled  into    — ^.   „  r-r,  • 

the  form  of  a  flat  plate,  from  i  to  i  inch  in  bois-durci  (F.  pron.  bwo-dur-se  ),  n.  [1 . :  bois, 
thickness,  used  for  making  boilers,  tanks,  ves-  wood  (see  bois) ;  durci,  hardened,  pp.  ot  dMrctr, 
sels,  etc.    Also  boiler-plate.  <  L.  durescere,  harden,  <  durus,  hard.]  In  com., 

'     -       - I,  M.    A  meter  for    an  artificial  hard  wood  made  of  a  paste  ot 
water  used  in  a   blood  and  the  sawdust  of  mahogany,  ebony, 
and  other  fine-gi-ained  woods,  molded  into  va- 
rious forms.    "When  hardened  it  takes  a  high 

o   i  oiuii  polish. 

the  lowerportion  rising  to  the  surface  and  es-  boiler-Drotector  (boi'ler-pr6-tek"tor), «.    A  boisseau  (F.  pron.  bwo-so'),  «•;  pl-  boisseaux 
caping :  said  of  a  liquid^  and  sometimes^  of  the    „on-coiidueting  covering  or  jacket  for  a  steam-    (-soz').    [F. :  see  busheft.']  An  old  French  dry 
' "  "  ""'  '  boiler,  designed  to  prevent  radiation  of  heat. 

boiler-shell  (boi'ler-shel),  n.  The  main  or 
outside  portion  of  a  steam-boiler. 

A  steel  boiler-shell  may  therefore  be  made  of  plates  at 
least  one-third  less  in  thickness  than  a  similar  shell  of 
wrought  iron.  Ji.  Wilson,  Steam  Boilers,  p.  49. 

boiler-shop  (boi'ler-shop),  n.  A  workshop 
where  boilers  are  made. 

boilery  (boi'ler-i),  11.;  pi.  boileries  (-iz).    [<  boist^t,,«. 
joiA  -I-  -ery.'\   1 .  A  place  or  an  apparatus  for 
boiling. —  2.  A  salt-house  or  place  for  evapo- 
rating brine. —  3.  In  law,  water  arising  from  a 
salt-well  belonging  to  one  who  is  not  the  owner 
of  the  soil. 
Also  boilary. 
boiling  (boi'ling),^;.  a.   1.  At  the  temperature 
at  which  any  specified  liquid  passes  into  a 

gaseous  state;  bubbling  up  under  the  action  ^  +2  (boist),  n.  FE.  dial.,  perhaps  a  survival 
of  heat:  as,  boiling  water;  fcoiZiwfif  springs.—    ^      particular  use  of  boist\  or  a  var.  of  boost 

2.  Figuratively— (a)  Fiercely  agitated;  rag-       *  i'  .„    '  .  ,  it  a  «„.i^ 

ing:  as,  the  boiling  seas.  (6)  Heated;  inflamed; 
bursting  with  passion:  as,  fioiZm;;  indignation. 
—  Boiling  spring,  a  spring  or  fountain  which  gives  out 
water  at  the  boiling-point  or  at  a  high  temperature.  The 


containing  vessel :  as,  the  water  boils  ;  the  pot 
boils.  The  same  action  is  induced  by  diminished  pres- 
sure, as  when  water  boils  under  the  exhausted  receiver 
of  an  air-pump,  or  when  carbon  dioxid  liquefied  under 
high  pressure  boils  upon  the  removal  of  the  pressure.  See 
boiling-point  and  ebuUition. 

2.  To  be  in  an  agitated  state  like  that  of  boil- 
ing, through  any  other  cause  than  heat  or  dimin- 
ished pressure  ;  exhibit  a  swirling  or  swelling 
motion ;  seethe :  as,  the  waves  boil. 

He  maketh  the  deep  to  boil.  Job  xli.  31. 

3.  To  be  agitated  by  vehement  or  angry  feel- 
ing; be  hot  or  excited:  as,  my  blood  boils  at 
this  injustice. 

Then  boiled  my  breast  with  flame  and  burning  wrath. 

Surrey,  ^ueid,  ii. 

The  plain  truth  is  that  Hastings  had  committed  some 
great  crimes,  and  that  the  thought  of  those  crimes  made 
the  blood  of  Burke  boil  in  his  veins. 

Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

4.  To  imdergo  or  be  subjected  to  the  action  of 
water  or  other  liquid  when  at  the  point  of 
ebullition :  as,  the  meat  is  now  boiling —  To  boil 

away,  to  evaporate  in  boiling.— To  boil  over^  to  run 
over  the  top  of  a  vessel,  as  liquor  when  thrown  into  vio- 


measure,  corresponding  in  name  to  the  English 
bushel,  but  much  smaller  in  capacity.  The  Paris 
boisseau  is  now  reckoned  at  12i  liters  (one  eighth  of  a  hec- 
toliter), or  about  2J  gallons,  which  is  a  slight  reduction 
from  its  capacity  before  the  introduction  of  the  metric 
system ;  but  in  small  trade  the  name  is  used  for  the  de- 
caliter (one  tenth  of  a  hectoliter).  In  other  parts  of  France 
the  boisseau  in  old  reckoning  was  generally  much  less 
than  that  of  Paris. 

,,  .-.  [Early  mod.E.  also  boost,  Sc.  btdst, 
"iWE.'boist,  boiste,  also  buist,  bust,  buste,  bouste, 
bost  (=  Bret,  boest),  <  OP.  boiste,  F.  botte  = 
Pr.  bostia,  <  ML.  bustia,  a  form  of  buxida,  prop, 
ace.,  corrupted  form  of  pyxida,  ace.  of  buxis, 
pyxis,  a  box :  see  60^1,  box"^,  and  bushel'-.']  A 
box ;  especially,  a  box  for  holding  ointment. 
Every  ioisf  full  of  thy  letuarie. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Pardoner  s  Tale,  1.  21. 


for  boose,  prop,  a  cow-stall :  see  boose^.]  A  rude 
hut,  such  as  those  erected  along  the  Une  ot  a 
railway  for  the  temporary  use  of  laborers: 
called  in  the  United  States  a  shanty.  [Eng.] 


boisterous 

boisterous  (bois'ter-ous),  a.  [Early  mod  E 
also  boystrom,  boustrous,  bowstrous,  boistrous  ' 
<  late  ME.  boistrous,  rough,  coarse,  a  develop- 
ment, through  the  forms  boisteous,  boystuons, 
of  the  earlier  form  hoistous,  which  it  has  now 
superseded:  see6oisto«s.]  If.  Rough:  coarse; 
stout;  stiff.  '  ' 

The  leathern  outside,  hoisterous  as  it  was 
Gave  way,  and  bent  beneath  her  strict  en'ibrace 

Uryden,  Sigisnioiida  and  Guiscardo,  1.  15D. 
2t.  Eough  and  massive;  bulky:  cumbrous; 
clumsy.  ' 

His  boystroiis  club,  so  buried  in  the  grownd 
Me  could  not  rearen  up  againe  so  light.  ' 

Spenser,  K.  Q.,  I.  viii.  10. 

3f .  Eough  in  operation  or  action ;  violent  • 
vehement.    [Rare.]  ' 

The  heat  becomes  too  powerful  and  boisterous  for  them 
M  oodward,  Ess.  towards  a  Nat.  Hist,  of  the  Earth. 

4.  Rough  and  stormy:  applied  to  the  weather, 
the  waves,  etc.- 5.  Exposed  to  the  turbulence 
ot  the  elements :  as,  a  boisterous  headland-  a 
imsterous  passBge.—  ei.  Fierce;  savage;  truc- 
■ulent ;  full  of  violence :  as,  boisterous  war. 
Boistrous  Clifford,  thou  hast  slain 
Ihe  flower  of  Europe  for  his  chivalry. 
*  '  •S'/'a*.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  1. 

7.  Turbulent ;  rough  and  noisy ;  clamorous : 
applied  to  persons  or  their  actions:  as,  a  bois- 
terous man;  boisterous  merriment;  a.  boisterous 
game. 

They  love  a  captain  to  obey. 
Boisterous  as  March,  yet  fresh  as  May. 

Scott,  Marmion,  iii.  4. 
-oJ,"  yigoiir  of  his  physique,  and  an  almost  boisterous 
capacity  for  enjoyment;  he  was  an  English  counterpart  of 
the  .scotch  Christopher  North.  Edinbririh  Ret 

boisterously  (bois'ter-us-li),  adv.  [<  ME  bovs- 
troustp;  <  boisterous  +  -ly^.  Cf.  boistousli/.^  In 
a  boisterous  manner;  roughly;  with  noisv 
energy  or  activity.  ^ 

*°        ^''"^  bolster- 
And  fui-nish'd  like  a  bear-ward. 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  iv.  2. 
Halloo'd  it  as  boisterously  as  the  rest. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iii.  20. 
boisterousness  (bois'ter-us-nes),  w.    r<  bois 
terms  +  -ness.^    The  state  or  quality  of  being 
boisterous;  rough,  noisy  behavior;  turbulence 


613 

boke^  (bok),  n.  In  mining,  a  small  run  in  pipes, 
tound  connecting  the  ore  running  through  the 
vein.    li.  Hunt.  ^ 
boke^f,  n.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  book. 
bokelt,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  buckle'^. 
bokelert,  «.    A  Middle  English  form  of  bucUer. 
bolar  (bo  lar),  a.    [<  6ofc2  +  -ar.]  Pertaining 
to  or  of  the  nature  of  bole :  as,  bolar  earths, 
bolaryt  (bo'la-ri),  a.    [<  bo^  +  -«/•;/]  Pertain- 
ing to  bole  or  clay,  or  partaking  of  its  nature 
and  qualities. 
Consisting  of  a  bolary  and  clammy  substance. 

Sir  T.  Broume,  Vulg.  Err.,  ii.  3 
bolasH  «.    A  Middle  English  foi-m  of  buUace. 
bolas-  (bo  las),  n.  sing,  or  pi.    [Sp.,  pi.  of  bola, 
a  ba  1,  <  L  bulla,  a  bubble,  any  round  obiect: 
see  bum,  bills.-]    A  weapon  of  war  and  the 


bole 

To  make  bold,  to  take  the  liberty  ;  use  the  freedom  :  as 
I  have  made  bold  to  call  on  you.=Syn.  1.  Dauntless' 
doughty  valiant,  manful,  stout-hearted,  iutrei^d  aiufl: 
™™«^^^'jenturous.-4.  «aucy,  impertinent,  assuming,  bra- 

boldt  (bold),  V.  [<  ME.  boldcn,  balden,  tr.  and 
intr.,  <  AS.  bealdian,  intr.  be  bold  (=OHG 
balden,  MHG.  helden,  trans,  make  bold,  =  Goth" 
balthjan,  intr.  be  bold,  dare),  <  bcald,  bold.  Cf 
bield,  t'  a  parallel  form  (<  AS.  byldan),  and  evi- 
botdcn.]  I.  trans.  To  make  bold;  embolden; 
encourage. 

,     ,    ,  For  this  business. 

It  toueheth  us,  as  France  invades  our  land, 
Not  botds  the  king.  shalc,  Lear,  v.  1. 

II.  intruns.  To  become  bold. 
For  with  tliat  on  encresede  my  fere, 
And  with  that  othirgan  myu  herte  'bolde. 

Chaucer,  Parliament  of  Fowls,  1. 


Chase,  consisting  of  two  or  three  balls  of  stone  v  i  j  r.  Chaucer,  Parliament  of  Fowls,  1.  144. 

or  metal  attached  to  the  ends  of  strong  lines  ''0^"-beatingf  (b61d'be"ting),  a.  Browbeating- 

which  are  knotted  together,  used  by  the  Gau-  .  bold-beating  oaths,"  tikak.,  M.  W.  of  W  , 

chos  andlndians  of  western  and  southern  South  ,  . 

America,    it  is  used  by  throwing  it  in  such  a  way  that  ^-         [<  ^'"^(^  +             Cf.  em- 

a  VnhL'i""^r  '"■"■f,"''  "^^^""^  "'"'='1  ^t.  as  the  legs  o  ^'^^'len.]  To  make  bold;  give  confidence;  en- 
amonrthe  ^^l^^^r^'^  ^^'"'^  « 

wS  fs''t'ed'''chi^ll'^?r"  f  '""^  ^™P'-'.  ^^-^P^-^olZvZh^-Z^llderVa 

uX^^rsfontto^vetd^t;^^  — ,    ,  ,  "T"-'"^:?^'  P-"--  "-fvifl.,  i.  2. 

thm,  plaited  thong,  about  eight  feet  long.'  The  other  kh^  "O^^rface  (bold'fas),  n.      1.    One  who  has  a 

oold  tace  ;  an  impudent  person. 


.litf  V.''"'""! —  """""cimii.  iceuioiig.  The  other  kind 

differs  only  in  having  three  balls  united  by  thongs  to  a 
thr^ln  b1"'r-  7'"^  P^V;''"  the  sniallest'if  the 

held      P    f  'i-'"''  •• "'"^  t^^o  «'0"nd  liis 

nt  H'„  i,?  ;  t^^ms  aim,  sends  them  like  chain  shot  revolv- 
™    °  ^     '"'"^  "°  sooner  strike  any  ob- 

ject, than,  winding  round  it,  they  cross  each  other  ami 
become  firmly  hitched.    /Jan.in,  Voyage  ofBeagle,  [ii.lo! 
bolbonact,  «.  The  satin-flower,  Lunaria  biennis. 
bold  (bold),  a.     [<  ME.  bold,  bald,  <  AS.  bcald. 


A  sauce-box,  and  a  bold-face,  and  a  pert. 

Richardson,  Pamela,  xix. 
^■  Jti  printing,  same  as  full-face. 
bold-faced  (bold'fast),  a.    Having  a  bold  face : 
impudent.  ' 
The  bold-faced  atheists  of  this  age. 

B/i.  Branihall,  Against  Hobbes. 


0t't/.?='a^^^^^  ,   I;."enisalhis..U.    O.l  and  .iyhtinyale,  .  .U. 

deriv.  balthaba,  boldly,  baWtei=E.  bield  bold-  "oldme  (bol'din), «.  [<boldo  + -ine^.]  Analka- 
ness,  etc.).   Hence  bold,  v.,  bield,  n.  and  v      ^o"' extracted  from  the  leaves  ot  Peumus  Bol- 
xxT^  -  ^     -  -    '  '    ((us.    Ibee  boldo 


and  (from.  OHG.)  It.  baldo,',  '6F.  bnkrbaud  ^'i'^',  ^,1®-??'^'^- 

bold,gay:  see  batDd\]  1.  Daring;  courageous^  ^l'^''-  ,  ^''^f^'  holdliclie, 

brave;  intrepid;  fearless:  applied  to  men  or   oHrS  /  7}-  /''^       '     ^^^^^"ce  (=  OS.  baldUco  = 


aufhorilf  "'^  boisterousness  of  men  elated  by  recent 
autnority.  Johnson,  Life  of  Prior. 

boistoust,  a.  [Early  mod.  E.,  also  written  boiis- 
tous,  boisteous,  boysteous,  boistious,  boystuons, 
etc.,  Sc.  bousteous,  busteoiis,  etc. ;  <  ME  bois- 
toMS,  boystous,  buystous,  etc. ;  cf.  mod.  e'.  dial 
(Cornwall)  boustous,  boostis,  boustis,  bustious, 
fat,  corpulent,  boist,  corpulence  (perhaps  a 
back-formation,  from  the  adj.);  origin  un- 
known. The  ME.  agrees  in  form  w^h  ^. 
imstous,  OF.  boisteus,  mod.  F.  boiteux,  lame, 
but  no  connection  of  sense  is  apparent.  The 
W.  bwystus,  wild,  ferocious,  is  perhaps  from  E.l 
hr^VA  V  churlish;  rustic;  coarse: 

applied  to  persons.  [The  earliest  recorded 
sense.] 

I  am  a  boystous  man,  right  thus  say  I. 

Chaucer,  Manciple's  Tale,  1.  107. 

2.  Rough;  fierce;  savage. 

^^^^churiles,"''"''''"  "'"'■"'''^  ""^"'^  t'^"^  ^'"'""^ 

Bot  coverde  camellez  of  toures,  eiiclosydo  in  maylez. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  615. 

3.  Rough  and  massive ;  bulky;  clumsy.  VstiU 

V,"'t^~.^-x^°^'^^       texture;  rough; 
stout;  thick.- 5.  Loud;  violent;  boisterous, 
boistouslyt.  adv.   [<  ME.  boistously,  etc. ;  <  bois- 
Sisly  Koughly;  violently;  boister- 

boistousnesst,  n.  [<  ME.  hoistousnesse,  etc. ;  < 
termisnei."''''"-^   Roughness;  violence;  bois- 

^-rf?^'  (boi-6'bi),  n.    [Native  name.] 

^o*^'     ^iphosoma  caninum,  a 

for  fi  ^^'^^C'  family  Boida;,  notable 

tor  the  beautiful  green  color  of  its  skin,  it  is 

aistmguished  by  having  smooth  scales,  the  marginal  scales 

Also  calir^""  ""'^  ^'^i'^l^'s  onlhe  snout 

iiiso  called  araramboiia. 

of  w/^:^'^^'"''^'^'-  [Amer.Ind.]  A  basket 
to  ^Zf'^^'^h  ^a^e  Superior  Indians 

to  hold  maple-sugar. 

nnL  ^  -^^^h  ^^""^  ^'«'^"'  part  a  var.  of 
poke:  seebuckiandpokei.]  I.  trans.  Tothrust; 
push;  poke.    [Eng.]  ' 

DOJEe-i,  V.    A.  dialectal  form  of  bock,  bolk. 


OHG.  baldlicho),  <  6e«?rf,  bold.]   In  a  bold  man- 

m  Wit.wlSH'''^f'"""'^'  '"t'-ePfdly;  fearlessly;  bravely. 
(h)  \\  ith  confident  assurance  ;  without  hesitation  or  doubt 
(c)  Vigorously;  strongly;  strikingly,  (d)  Impudentlv- 
ah,::  nn  '  effrontery  or  shainelessnesi.  («)  S?eep  ^  \ 
ahrujitly  ;  conspicuously.  ^  '   "^^yij  , 

boldness  (bold'nes),  n.    [<  bold  +  -ness  For 


animals :  as,  bold  as  a  lion 

He  has  called  him  forty  Marchmen  batild. 

Ammont  Willie,  in  Child's  Ballads,  VI  61 
Our  speech  at  best  is  half  alive  and  cold 
And  save  that  tenderer  moments  make  us  bold 
Our  whitening  hps  would  close,  their  truest  truth  untold 
0.  W.  Holmes,  To  H.  W.  Longfellow' 

2    ~  - 


or  executed  with  courage  and  spirit:  as,  a  bold 

enterprise. 

T,,       ,  ,  The  bold  design 

Pleased  highly  those  infernal  .States. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  386. 

Of-.  Confident;  trusting;  assured. 

I  am  bold  her  honour 
M  ill  remain  hers.      Shak. ,  Cymbellne,  ii.  4. 

4.  Forward;  impudent;  audacious:  as,  a  bold 
huzzy.  ' 


Men  can  cover  crimes  with  bold,  stern  looks. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  I.  1252 


Great  is  my  boldness  of  speech  toward  you.  2 Cor.  vii.  4. 
Boldness  is  the  power  to  speak,  or  do  what  we  intend' 
before  others,  without  fear  or  disorder.  miena, 
Locke,  Human  Understandino- 
The  boldness  of  the  figures  is  to  be  hidden  sometimes  by 

u^on  «,;^i!ir/d*'^         ''''''  '"^^^  t^-'- 

Dryden. 

1  cannot,  with  J ohnson,  interpret  this  word  by  fortitude 
or  magnanimity.  Boldtiess  does  not,  I  think  imply  thi 
firmness  of  mind  which  constitutes  fortitudrnor  t?,e  ele 
vation  and  generosity  of  magnanimity.  A".  Welsler 

boldo  (b61'd6),w.  [Chilian.]  An  aromatic  ever- 
green shrub  of  Chili,  Peumus  Boldus  {Boldoa 
&"ff]'H°^  the  natural  order  Monimiacew. 


metaphor. 

Which  no  bold  tales  of  gods  or  monsters  swell 
nut  human  passions,  such  as  with  us  dwell  Waller 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  31 

6.  Standing  out  to  view ;  striking  to  the  eve  - 
markedly  conspicuous;  prominent:  as,  a  bold 
headland ;  a  bold  handwriting. 

Catachreses  and  hyperboles  are  to  be  used  iudiciouslv 

oahiti^nff  lieightenings  and  shadow  Yn 

off  to  sMit    "  t°  ^t'ln'' 

"    '  Dryden. 

7.  Steep;  abrupt:  as,  a  bold  shore  (one  that 
enters  the  water  almost  perpendicularly). 

Her  dominions  have  bold  accessible  coasts.  Howell. 

la 71!!,,^:,^*  [Virginia]  is  a  bold  and  even  coast,  with  regu- 
lar soundings,  and  is  open  all  the  year  round.  ° 
Beverley,  Virginia,  ii.  1  2. 

8.  Deep,  as  water,  close  to  the  shore;  navi- 
gable very  near  to  the  land. 

The  line  [of  soundings]  was  extended  to  Jacmel  showinn- 
bold  water  to  tlie  cape.  Science',  III  591° 

I°somet°hfngX  ^°  ^°"'  *°  ^^''^''^^  '  ^''''"""^  '°      ^'^^  *° 
Sir,  let  me  be  so  bold  as  to  ask  you 
Did  you  yet  ever  see  Baptista's  daughter' 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  i.  2. 
I  will  6e  bold,  since  you  will  nave  it  so 
To  ask  a  noble  favour  of  you. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  King  and  No  King,  iv.  1. 


medicine.    See  boldine 

bold-spirited  (b61d'spir"i-ted),  «.    Having  a 
bold  spirit  or  courage. 

^^^fi^^^^V'  X-  T  ^^^""^^  also  boat,  boll: 

of-  S  ^r^-  ''fl)  t^'^k  of  a  tree 
=  OSw.  bol,  bul,  Sw.  bdl,  a  trunk,  bodv  =  Dan 
trunk  stump  log,  =  MHG.  bole,  G.bohle,  a 
thick  plank;  prob.  akin,  through  the  notion  of 
roundness,  to  boia,  bowl\  bain,  etc.  Bole  is 
the  first  element  of  bulwark  and  of  its  perver- 
sion boulevard,  q.  v.]  1.  The  body  or  stem  of 
a  tree. 

Huge  trees,  a  thousand  rings  of  .Snrin!? 
In  every  bole.  Tennyson,  Princess,  v. 

The  nerves  of  hearing  clasp  the  roots  of  the  brain  as  a 
creeping  vnie  clings  to  the  bole  of  an  elm. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Voi.  of  Life,  p.  271 

2.  Anything  of  cylindrical  shape ;  a  roll ;  a  pU- 
lar:  as,  &o/f,s  of  stone.  [Rare.] 

Make  it  up  into  little  long  boles  or  roules. 

True  Gentlewoman's  Delight  (1676). 

%icf  ^  [En  ^]"^*  ^"i^ed  for  a  rough  sea.  Imp. 
bole2  (bol)."',,.  [<  ME.  bol  (in  bol  armoniak, 
Armenian  bole),  <  OF.  bol,  F.  bol  =  Vv.  Sp.  bol 
=  Pg.  It.  bolo.  <  L.  bolus,  elav,  a  lump,  choice 
bit  nice  morsel,  <  Gr.  ,ji,?of,  a  clod  or  lump  of 
earth.]  1.  A  general  term  including  certain 
compact,  amorphous,  soft,  more  or  less  brittle 
unctuous  clays,  having  a  eonchoidal  fracture 
and  greasy  luster,  and  varying  in  color  from 


bole 


614 


bolster 


yellow,  red,  or  brown  to  nearly  black.    They  Bolivian  (bo-liv'i-an),^.  and  w. 

are  hydroiis  silicates  of  aluminium,  with  more  or  less 
Iron,  to  which  they  owe  their  color,  and  are  used  as  pig- 
ments. The  red  letters  in  old  manuscripts  were  painted 
with  bole.  Armenian  bole  is  a  native  clay,  or  silicate  of 
aluminium,  coutainiiig  considerable  oxid  of  iron,  formerly 
brought  from  Armenia,  but  more  recently  obtained  in 
various  parts  of  Emope.  It  is  pale-red,  soft  and  unc- 
tuous to  the  touch,  and  has  been  used  as  an  astringent 
and  absorbent,  and  also  as  a  pigment.  Bole  of  Blois  is 
yellow,  lighter  than  the  other  kinds,  and  effervesces  with 
acids.  Bohemian  bole  is  of  a  yellow  color  with  a  cast  of 
red,  and  of  a  flaky  texture.  French  bole  is  of  a  pale-red 
color,  variegated  with  specks  of  white  and  yellow.  Lem- 
7iian  bole  is  of  a  pale-red  color.  Silex-ian  bole  is  of  a  pale- 
yellow  color.    These  earths  were  formerly  employed  as 


[<  Bolivia,  so  boiling  (bo'ling),  n.  [Appar.  from  fcofcl,  but 
called  from'  General  Bolivar.']  I.  a.  Pertain-  the  form  suggests  a  confusion  with  poll^.  See 
ing  or  relating  to  Bolivia,  or  to  the  people  of  poW^  sjnApollard.']  A  tree  the  tops  and  branches 
Bolivia,  a  republic  of  South  America,  between  of  which  are  cut  off;  a  pollard.  [Rare.] 
Brazil,  Peru,  Chili,  and  the  Argentine  Repub-  bollito  (bo-le't6),w.  [It.,<  bolUto,  boiled,  done, 
lie,  now  entirely  inland,  having  lost  its  only  port    fermented,  pp.  ot  hollire,<.  L.  hulUre,  boil:  see 


(on  the  Pacific)  by  war  with  ChiU  (1879-83).— 
Bolivian  bark.  See  bark^. 
II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Bolivia, 
boliviano   (bo-liv-i-a'no),  n.    [Bolivian  Sp.] 
The  monetary  unit  of  Bolivia;  the  Bolivian 


boil'^.]  A  name  given  in  Italian  glass-works  to 
an  artificial  crystal  of  a  sea-gi'een  color, 
bollman  (bo'man),  «.    [<  Icel.  bol,  an  abode,  + 
E.  man.]    In  tiie  Orkney  and  Shetland  islands, 
a  cottager.    N.  E.  D. 


dollar,  equal  to  45.1  cents.  Proclamation  of  bollock-block  (bol'ok-blok),  n.  Naut.,  one  of 
the  Secretary  of  th^  Treasury,  October  1,  1900.    two  blocks  formerly  fastened  on  either  side  of 


astringent,  absorbent,  and  tonic  medicines,  and  they  are  bolk  (bok),  V.     [=  E.  dial,  hoke,  bocJc,  Sc.  boaJc,    a  topmast-head  to  reeve  a  topsail-tie, 


still  in  repute  iu  the  East ;  they  are  also  used  occasionally 
as  veterinary  medicines  in  Europe. 
2t.  A  bolus ;  a  dose.    Coleridge.  [Rare.] 

bole^,  n.    Another  spelling  of  boll^. 

bole*  (bol),  «.  [Also  spelled  boal;  of  uncertain 
origin.]  1.  A  small  square  recess  or  cavity  in 
a  wall ;  also,  a  window  or  opening  in  the  wall 
of  a  house,  usually  vsdth  a  wooden  shutter  in- 


bake,  bock,  bouk,  bowk,  early  mod.  E.  bolk,  bolck,  boll-rot  (bol'rot),  n.    A  disease  to  which  the 


bulke,  <  ME.  bolken,  a  var.  of  earlier  balken,  E. 
balk'^ :  see  balk^,  belk,  belch,  and  the  forms  there 
cited,  all  appar.  imitative  variations  of  one  ori- 
ginal type.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  belch. —  2.  To 
vomit;  retch. —  3.  To  heave. — 4.  To  gush  out. 

II.  trans.  To  belch  out;  give  vent  to;  ejacu- 
late.   [Obsolete  or  provincial  in  all  uses.] 


tTl  bolll  (bol),        [Eax^ly  mod.  E.  also  boi,  bole. 


given  in  the  north  of  England  to  a  place  where 
lead  was  anciently  smelted.  These  boles,  which  are 
identified  by  the  piles  of  slag  left  by  the  ancient  smelters, 
are  supposed  to  have  been  built  by  simply  placing  stones 
around  a  central  fire,  and  in  situations  where  there  would 
be  likely  to  be  a  good  draft,  since  no  artificial  blast  was 
used.    Also  called  bayle  hills. 

Close  to  the  spot  .  .  .  there  was  a  bole,  by  which  is 
meant  a  place  where  in  ancient  times  .  .  .  miners  used 
to  smelt  their  lead  ores.         Archceolor/ia,  vii.  170  (1785). 

bolection  (bo-lek'shon),  n.   [Also  written  balec- 
tion,  belection,  bilecti'on,  bolexion,  bellexion  (in  p. 
a.) ;  a  Latin-seeming  form,  appar.  a  corruption 
of  some  undiscovered  origi- 

 /^'^'^      J  nal.]    Id.  joinery,  a  kind  of 

i         ,     I  ^       <  molding  -which  projects  be- 

NoiL-  '  yond  the  surface  of  the  work 

which  it  decorates,  it  is  used 
chiefly  for  surrounding  panels 


also  bowl  (which  is  now  the  prevalent  spelling 
in  the  first  sense) ;  <  AS.  bollu,  a  bowl,  a  round 
vessel  (also  in  comp.,  hedfodboUa,  head-boll, 
skull,  throtboUa,  throat-boll),  =  MD.  bollc,  D. 
bol,  m  =OUG  polld  MHG.  bolle  {.,  a  round  i,XtTb61n) 
vessel,  bud,  =  Icel.  boUt,  m.,  =  Dan.  bolle,  a  ^  ~ 

bowl,  <  Tent,  -y/  '"bnl,  swell,  iu  causal  form 
Goth,  ufbaidjan,  puff  up,  cf .  OHG.  bolon,  MHG. 
boln,  roll;  not  directly,  but  perhaps  remotely, 
connected  with  boll!^,  boln,  swell:  see  boll'^, 
boln.]  If.  A  round  vessel  for  containing  li- 
quids ;  a  bowl.  See  bowl^,  of  which  boll^  is  the 
earlier  spelling. 

His  bolle  of  a  galun.  King  Horn,  1.  1123. 

2t.  A  vesicle  or  bubble. — 3.  A  rounded  pod  or 


boll  of  the  cotton-plant  is  liable,  manifesting 
itself  at  first  by  a  slight  discoloration  resem- 
bling a  spot  of  grease,  and  cubninatLng  in  the 
rupture  of  the  boll  and  the  discharge  of  a  pu- 
trid mass.  Attributed  to  various  causes, 
boll-worm  (bol'werm),  n.  The  larva  or  eater- 
pillar  of  a  lepidopterous  insect  of  the  family 
Noctuida;,  Heliotliis  armigera,  very  destructive 
in  some  seasons  to  the  cotton-crop  on  account 
of  its  attacks  on  the  bolls,  it  also  molests  other 
plants,  and  is  known,  under  varying  circumstances,  as  the 
bod-worm,,  corn-worm,  ear-worm,  tassel-worm,  and  toifiato- 
fruit  luorm.    See  cut  under  Heliothis. 

v.  i.  [<  ME.  bolnen(BiX&o  bollen: 
see  boll^),  <  Icel.  bolgna  (=  Sw.  bulna  =  Dan. 
bolnc),  swell,  be  swollen,  <  bolginn,  prop.  *bol- 
ginn,  —  AS.  bolgcn  (angry),  pp.  of  belgan,  swell 
(be  angry),  a  strong  verb  represented  in  Scand. 
by  weak  forms,  and  the  prob.  ult.  source  of  bel- 
ly, bellows,  bag,  etc. ;  cf.  bell^  and  bollen.']  To 
swell. 

bolnt  (boln),  p.  a.    See  bollen. 
bolo  (bo'lo),  n.     A  long  knife  resembling  a 
machete,  used  in  the  Philippine  Islands. 


Bolection-molding. 


capsule  of  a  plant,  as  of  flax  or  cotton.    See  Bologna  phosphorus,  sausage,  stone,  vial. 

cut  under  co<ton-p?rt«<.— 4.  A  round  knob.         See  the  nouns, 
doors,  and  in  like  positions.    The  word  is  generally  used  boll!  (bol),  V.  i.     [<  boW^,  n.]    To  fonn  into  Or  BolOgUBSe  (bo-lo-nyes'  or  -nyez  ),  a.    [<  It.  Bo- 
attributiveiy  or  in  composition,  as  bolection-molding.         produce  bolls  or  rounded  seed-vessels.  lognese  (L.  Bononiensis),  <  Bologna,  L.  Bononia, 

bolectioned  (bo-lek'shond),  a.    Having  bolec-  ,    ,         .•  ,  ,  orig.  an  Etruscan  town  called  JV;«siMa.]  Per- 

tion-moldings.   .  .      .  ,  ,  ^^'''^  ^""^ Ex  Ix.  31.   taining  to  Bologna,  a  city  of  northern  central 


bolero  (b6-la'r6),«.    [Sp.]   1.  A  Spanish  dance  re     ^     r.  ■,•    i  7  \,    7    Italy,  "famous  during  the'  middle  ages  for  its 

in  i  time,  accompanied  by  the  voice  and  casta-  bolPpol),  «-,  [pc.  also  6ow,^ earlier  ftote,  boule,   ^ni^ersity,  or  to  a  school  of  painting  founded 


nets,  intended  to  represent  the  course  of  love 
from  extreme  shyness  to  extreme  passion. 

Fandango's  wriggle  or  bolero's  bound. 

Byron,  The  Waltz. 

2.  A  musical  composition  for  such  a  dance. 

boletic  (bo-let'ik),  a.  [<  Boletus  +  -ic]  Per- 
taining to  or  obtained  from  the  genus  Boletus. 

Boletus  (bo- 
le'tus),  n.  [L., 
a  kind  of  mush- 
room, <  Gr. 
jiuKiTrjg,  a  kind 
of  mushroom,  < 
/?6jAof,  a  lump 
of  earth,  a 
clod:  see6o?e2.] 


<  ME.  (Sc.)  bolle,  appar.  <  Icel.  bolli,  a  bowl, 
also  used  for  a  measure;  same  word  as  E. 
boll^  and  bowlX.]  An  old  Scotch  dry  measure, 
also  used  in  Durham,  Northumberland,  West- 
moreland, and  the  Isle  of  Man.  in  Scotland  it 

was  by  statute  5.9()26  Winchester  bushels.    The  usual  t>„i„„„,-„„ 
boll  for  grain  varied  in  different  shires  from  6  to  6J  Win-  xJOlOgnian^  (09-10  nyan;,  a. 


Chester  bushels,  or  even  more,  the  standard  sent  from 
Linlithgow  being  purposely  made  too  large.  See  firlot. 
The  wheat-boll,  also  used  for  peas  and  beans,  was  gen- 
erally i  to  4|  Winchester  bushels.  The  boll  for  potatoes 
was  8i  to  9  Winchester  bushels.   But  there  was  much  va 


there  by  Lodovico  Carracci  (1555-1619),  and 
also  called  the  Eclectic  School,  from  its  de- 
clared intent  (in  the  fulfilment  of  which  it  fell 
very  far  short)  to  combine  the  excellences  of 
all  other  schools. 

[<  It.  Bologna.] 
Same  as  Bolognese — Bolognian  phosphorus.  See 
/)Aos;i/iorm.— Bolognian  stone.   See  stone. 
boloman  (bo'lo-man),   n.    A  soldier  armed 
with  a  bolo.    [Philippine  Islands.] 


riation,  with  the  substance  measured,  the  locality,  and  bolomcter  (b9-lom  e-ter),  «.     [<  Gr.  lioAp, 


Boleltts,  entire  and  cut  longitudinally. 


throw,  a  glance,  a  ray  (<  'fiaXkuv,  throw),  + 
rpov,  a  measure.]    An  instrument  devised  by 
Professor  S.  P.  Langley  of  the  United  States 
for  measuring  very  small  amounts  of  radiant 
heat.   Its  action  is  based  upon  the  variation  of  electrical 


even  the  time  of  the  year.  Thus,  in  Kintyre  the  boll  of 
grain  was  9  Winchester  bushels  and  1  quart  before  Patrick- 
mas,  but  16  Scotch  pecks  after  that  date.  The  statute 
boll  contained  4  flrlots.  A  boll  of  meal  is  now  reckoned 
140  pounds  avoirdupois.— Boll  Of  canvaS,  35  yards.— 

u    cci/iyic-  'BoU  of  land,  about  a  Scotch  acre.   

"An^oV^WioWfi  '^P-nn«  of  hvmPTiomveetous  fungl,  bolFt,  V.  i.    [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  bollen,  appar.    resistance  produced  by  changes  of  temperature  in  ametal- 

g^^ne^r^y  fo^lTo^^^^^^^  -  drJe^k^^^^^^  f  ti^e^t"  S^^^S^t  S^iS 

and  meadows,  especially  m  pine  woods.   InBole-    i<j.  OOUl .  see  OOUl.i     l.  oame  as  <s.  lo    jije  strength  of  the  electric  current  passing  through  it  be- 

tus  the  pores  are  easily  separable  from  the  cap  and  from    increase.  cause  of  this  change  of  resistance  is  registered  by  a  dell- 

each  othel^  while  in  the  related  genus  Po^OTorus  they  are  golla,n(Jigt  (bol'an-dist),  n.      [From  Bolland    cate  galvanometer.    It  indicates  accurately  changes  of 

^2596-1665),  who  first  undertook  the  systematic 
arrangement  and  publication  of  material,  al- 
ready collected  by  his  fellow-Jesuit  Rosweyd, 


adherent  to  the  cap,  and  are  bound  to  each  other  by  an 
interstitial  tissue,  the  trama.    A  few  species  are  edible, 
boleyt  (bo'li),  n.    See  booly. 
bolide  (bo'lid  or  -Ud),  n.    [<  L.  bolis  (bohd-), 
a  fiery  meteor,  <  Gr.  Pollc  (ISo'XiS-),  a  missile, 
dart,  <  I3a?leiv,  throw.]    A  brilliant  meteor, 
bolint,  n.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  boioline. 

Slack  the  holins  there.  Shak.,  Pericles,  iii.  1. 


temperature  of  much  less  than  .0001°  F.  It  has  been  used 
in  the  study  of  the  distribution  of  heat-energy  in  the  solar, 
lunar,  and  other  spectra.  Also  called  thermic  balance  and 
arl  inic  balance. 


fertile  lives  of  the  saints.]    One  of  a  series'  of  bolometric  (bo-lo-met'rik),  a.    Of  or  indicated 

Jesuit  wrriters  who  published,  under  the  title  by  the  bolometer:  as,  bolometric  me&svxes. 

"Acta  Sanctorum,"  the  well-known  collection  bolongaro  (bo-long-'ga'ro),  n.     [Origin  un- 

of  the  traditions  of  the  saints  of  the  Roman  known.]    A  kind  of  snuff  made  of  various 

Catholic  Church.    See  acta.  gi-ades  of  leaves  and  stalks  of  tobacco,  ground 


Bolina  (bo-li'na),  n.    [NL.]    A  genus  of  cteno-  'bollard  (bol'aruj,  n.    [Perhaps  <  6oZel  +  -ard.    to  powder  and  sifted 


phorans,  typical  of  the  family  Bolinidce. 

Bolina  is  one  of  the  most  transparent  of  the  comb-bear- 
ing medusse.  The  body  is  very  gelatinous  and  highly 
phosphorescent.  The  sides  of  the  body  are  developed 
Into  two  larger  lappets  or  lobes,  which  are  carried  or  hang 
vertically  instead  of  horizontally.  On  account  of  the  con- 
tractile powers  of  the  body  walls,  Bolina  can  vary  its  out- 
lines very  considerably ;  as  a  rule,  however,  when  the 
body  is  seen  from  the  side,  it  has  an  oval  or  elongated 
form.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.  110. 

Bolinidae  (bo-lin'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bolina  + 
-id(c.  ]  A  family  of  lobate  ctenophorans. 
bolita  (bo-le'ta),  n.  [Dim.  of  Sp.  bola,  a  ball.] 
A  three-banded  armadillo,  family  Dasyjiodidw 
and  genus  Tolypeutes,  which  can  roU  itself  up 
into  a  ball.  It  is  also  called  ball  armadillo, 
matico,  and  apar.  See  cut  under  apar. 
tolivar  (bol'i-var),  n.  [Named  after  General 
Bolivar.]  A  gold,  and  also  a  silver,  coin  of 
worth  about  19  cents. 


Cf.  pollard.]  "  1.  iVawf.,  a  strong  post  fixed  ver-  bolster  (bol'ster),  n.    [Earlymod.  E.  also  6omZ- 


tically  alongside  of  a  dock,  on  which  to  fasten 
hawsers  for  securing  or  hauling  ships. —  2. 
Same  as  billet-head,  1  («). 

bollard-timber  (borard-tim'''ber),  w.  In  ship- 
building, a  knighthea'd;  one  of  two  timbers  or 
stanchions  rising  just  within  the  stem,  one  on 
each  side  of  the  bowsprit,  to  secure  its  end. 

boUeif,  holiest,  etc.  Obsolete  form  of  boll^-, 
horn,  etc. 

boUent,  P-  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boln,  bowlne, 
Sc.  bolden,  bowden;  <  ME.  bollen,  bollun,  bolle, 
pp.  of  bellen,  swell  (cf.  swollen,  swoln,  pp.  of 
swell):  see  belV^,  and  cf.  boln.]  Swollen;  in- 
flated. 

His  mantle  of  sea-green  or  water-colour,  thin,  and  bolne 
out  like  a  sail. 

B.  Jonson,  King  James's  Coronation  Entertainment. 


Venezuela,  worm  aoout  it,  cenu^.  boUert,  »•    Same  as  bowler^. 

The  receipts  for  the  flsca'  year  ending  June  30,  proximo,  bolletrie,  «•    See  bullytree. 
cannot  exceed  ,,0,000,000  Wto«r».  ^  ^  ^      ^^^^^^^  ^        bolUmony,  w.    See  bullimong. 


stcr.  Sc.  bowster;  <  ME.  bolstrc,  <  AS.  bolster  = 
B.  bolster  =OB.G.  bolstar,  MHG.  bolster,  G.pol- 
ster  =  Icel.  bolstr  =  Sw.  bolster,  bed,  =  Dan. 
bolster,  bed-ticking ;  with  suffix  -ster,  <  Teut. 

*bid,  swell  (in  Goth,  ufbauljan,  puff  up), 
whence  also  boll^,  etc.]  1.  Something  on 
which  to  rest  the  head  while  recUning ;  specifi- 
cally, a  long  cylindrical  cushion  stuffed  ■with 
feathers,  hair,  straw,  or  other  materials,  and 
generally  laid  under  the  pillows. 

Perhaps  some  cold  bank  is  lier  bolster  now. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  353. 

2.  Something  resembling  a  bolster  in  form  or 
use.  Specifically  — (a)  Any  kind  of  padding  about  a 
dress,  such  as  the  cylindrical  rolls  or  cushions,  called 
bearers,  formerly  worn  by  women  to  support  and  puff  out 
their  skirts  at  the  hips. 

A  gown  of  green  cloth  made  with  bolsters  stuffed  with 
wool.  Quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser;.  III.  SVJ. 

(b)  4  pad  or  quilt  used  to  prevent  pressure,  support  any 
part  of  the  body,  or  make  a  bandage  sit  easy  upon  a  wound- 


bolster 

ed  part ;  a  compress,  (c)  A  cushioned  or  padded  part  of  a 
saddle,  (d)  Naut.,pl.,  pieces  of  soft  wood  covered  with 
tan-ed  canvas,  placed  under  the  eyes  of  the  rigging  to  pre- 
vent chafing  from  the  sharp  edge  of  the  trestletrees.  (e) 
A  part  of  a  bridge  intervening  between  the  truss  and  the 
masonry.  (J)  In  cutlery,  the  part  of  such  instruments  and 
tools  as  knives,  chisels,  etc.,  which  adjoins  the  end  of  the 
handle  ;  also,  a  metallic  plate  on  the  end  of  a  pocket-knife 
handle.  (<j)  In  gun.,  a  block  of  wood  on  the  carriage  of 
a  siege-gun,  upon  which  the  breech  of  the  gun  rests  when 
it  is  moved.  (A)  In  arch.,  same  as  baluster,  2.  (i)  In  music, 
the  raised  ridge  which  holds  the  tuning-pins  of  a  piano' 
0)  A  cap-piece  or  short  timber  placed  at  the  top  of  a  post 
as  a  bearing  for  a  string-piece.  (A)  A  perforated  wooden 
block  upon  which  sheet-metal  is  placed  to  be  punclied. 
(I)  A  sleeve-bearing  through  which  a  spindle  passes. 

In  stone-sawing, 
one  of  the  loose 
wooden  blocks 
against  which  the 
ends  of  the  pole  of 
the  saw  rest,  (n) 
A  bar  placed  trans- 
versely over  the 
axle  of  a  wagon  or 
in  the  middle  of  a 
car-truck  to  sup- 


616 


,  ■ ,  Wagon-bolster, 
axle-bar;  bolster. 


port  the  body,  (o)  One  of  the  transverse  pieces  of  an  arch' 
centering,  extending  between  the  ribs  and  sustaining  the 
voussoirs  dui-ing  construction.— Bob  at  the  bolster. 
Same  as  cusAi'o/i-rfance.— Compound  bolster,  in  car- 
building,  a  bolster  formed  of  timbers  stiffened  by  vertical 
iron  plates. 

bolster  (bol'ster),  v.  t.  {(.holster,  n.']  1.  To 
support  with  a  bolster. 

Suppose  I  bolster  him  up  in  bed, 
And  fix  the  crown  again  on  his  brow? 

R.  H.  Stoddard,  The  King  is  Cold. 

2.  To  prop;  support;  uphold;  maintain:  gen- 
erally implying  support  of  a  weak,  falling,  or 
unworthy  cause  or  object,  or  support  based  on 
insufficient  grounds :  now  usually  with  uj) :  as, 
to  bolster  up  his  pretensions  with  lies. 

0  Lord,  what  bearing,  what  bolstering  of  naughty  mat- 
ters is  this  in  a  Christian  realm  ! 

Latimer,  5th  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1649. 

Persuasions  used  to  further  the  truth,  not  to  bolster 
eiToi:  Hooker,  Eccles.  Pol.,  iii.  §  4. 

Still  farther  to  app'-opriate  and  confirm  the  exciting 
narrative  of  this  forgery,  he  had  artfully  bolstered  it  up 
by  an  accompanying  anecdote. 

/.  D' Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  416. 

3.  To  furnish  with  a  bolster  in  dress;  pad; 
stuff  out  with  padding. 

Three  pair  of  stays  bolstered  below  the  left  shoulder. 

Tatler,  No.  245. 

bolsterer  (bol'ster-er),  n.  One  who  bolsters ; 
a  supporter. 

bolstering  (bol'ster-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bol- 
ster, v.}    A  prop  or  support ;  padding. 

bolster-plate  (bol'ster-plat),  n.  An  iron  plate 
placed  on  the  under  side  of  the  bolster  of  a 
wagon,  to  serve  as  a  wearing  surface. 

bolster-spring  (bol'ster-spring),  n.  A  spring 
placed  on  the  beam  of  a  car-truck,  to  support 
the  bolster  and  the  body  of  the  car. 

bolster-work  (bol'ster -werk),  n.  Architec- 
tural features,  or  courses  of  masonry,  which 
are  curved  or  bowed  outward  like  the  sides  of 
a  cushion. 

bolti  (bolt),  n.  [<  ME.  bolt  (in  most  of  the 
mod.  senses),  <  AS.  bolt  (only  in  the  first  sense : 
twice  in  glosses,  "  catapultas,  speru,  boltas," 
to  which  is  due,  perhaps,  the  erroneous  sug- 
gestion that  AS.  bolt  is  a  reduced  form  of  L. 
catapulta,  catapult)  =  MD.  bolt,  an  arrow,  later 
bout,  D.  bout,  a  pin,  =  MLG.  bolte,  bolten,  LG. 
bolte,  an  arrow,  pin,  round  stick,  fetter,  roll  of 
Unen,  =  OHG.  MHG.  bolz,  G.  bols,  bolsen,  an  ar- 
row, a  pin,  =  leel.  bolti,  a  pin,  a  roll  of  linen 
(Haldorsen),  =  Dan.  bolt,  a  pin,  band  (the 
Scand.  forms  prob.  from  E.  or  LG.) ;  appar.  an 
orig.  Teut.  word  with  the  primary  meaning  of 
'  arrow '  or  '  missile.']  1 .  An  arrow ;  especially, 
in  archery,  the  arrow  of  a  crossbow,  which  was 
short  and  thick  as  compared  with  a  shaft. 
A  fool's  bolt  is  soon  shot.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  7. 

The  infidel  has  shot  his  bolts  away, 
Till,  his  exhausted  quiver  yielding  none, 
He  gleans  the  blunted  shafts  that  have  recoil'd. 
And  aims  them  at  the  shield  of  truth  again. 

Cowper,  Task,  vi.  873. 

2.  A  thunderbolt;  a  stream  of  lightning:  so 
named  from  its  apparently  darting  like  a  bolt. 

The  bolts  that  spare  the  mountain  side 
His  cloud-capt  eminence  divide. 
And  spread  the  ruin  round. 

Cowper, -ti.  of  Horace,  Odes,  ii.  10. 

Harmless  as  summer  lightning  plays 
From  a  low,  hidden  cloud  by  night, 
A  light  to  set  the  hills  ablaze, 
.  But  not  a  6o««  to  smite.    llVirt/icr,  KenozaLake. 

3.  An  elongated  bullet  for  a  rifled  cannon. — 

4.  A  cylindrical  jet,  as  of  water  or  molten 


I,  Double-headed  bolt.  2,  Eye-bolt.  3,  Lewis  bolt,  a,  head  ;  d, 
shank  ;  c,  washer  1  rf,  nut ;  e,  e,  pieces  secured  by  the  nut  to  the  object 
y/     collar;  1,  barbed  shank  surrounded  by  lead,  k. 

glass.— 5.  A  metallic  pin  or  rod,  used  to 
hold  objects  together.  It  generally  has  screw- 
threads  cut  at  one  end,  and 
sometimes  at  both,  to  receive 
a  nut. — 6.  A  movable  bar 
for  fastening  a  door,  gate, 


a,  carriage-bolt ;  6,  tire- 

bou;  c.  wagon- skein  window-sash.   Or  the  like; 

specifically,  that  portion  of 
a  lock  which  is  protruded  from  or  drawn  back 
within  the  case  by  the  action  of  the  key,  and 
makes  a  fastening  by  being  shot  into  a  socket 
or  keeper.— 7.  An  iron  to  fasten  the  legs  of  a 
prisoner;  a  shackle. 
Away  with  him  to  prison,  lay  bolts  enough  upon  him. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1. 
8.  In  firearms :  (a)  In  a  needle-gun,  the  slid- 
ing piece  that  thrusts  the  cartridge  forward 
into  the  chamber  and  carries  the  firing-pin.  it 
has  a  motion  of  rotation  about  its  longer  axis  for  the 
purpose  of  locking  the  breech-mechanism  before  firing. 

lb)  In  a  snap-gun,  the  part  that  holds  the  barrel 
to  the  breech-mechanism. — 9.  A  roll  or  defi- 
nite length  of  silk,  canvas,  tape,  or  other  tex- 
tile fabric,  and  also  of  wall-paper,  as  it  comes 
from  the  maker  ready  for  sale  or  use. 

Face.       Wliere  be  the  French  petticoats, 

And  girdles  and  hangers  ? 
Sub.  Here,  in  the  trunk, 

And  the  bolts  of  lawn.  B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  v.  2. 
10.  A  bundle,  (a)  Of  straw,  a  quantity  loosely 
tiedup.  Also  boltinffovbolton.  (&)  Of  osier  rods, 
a  quantity  bound  up  for  market,  3|  feet  around 
the  lower  band,  (c)  Of  reeds,  one  of  3  feet  in  cir- 
cumference. [Eng.]  — 11.  The  closed  ends  of 
leaves  of  an  uncut  book  which  present  a  double 
or  quadi'uple  fold.— 12.  The  comb  of  a  bobbin- 
net  machine  on  which  the  carriages  move. — 
13.  In  wood-worJcing :  (a)  A  mass  of  wood 
from  which  anything  may  be  cut  or  formed. 
(b)  Boards  held  together,  after  being  sawed 
from  the  log,  by  an  uncut  end  or  stub-shot.— 
14t.  A  name  for  certain  plants,  as  the  globe- 
flower  and  marsh-marigold. —  15.  [In  this  and 
the  next  sense  from  the  verb.]  The  act  of 
running  off  suddenly ;  a  sudden  spring  or  start : 
as,  the  horse  made  a  bolt. 

The  Egyptian  soldiers,  as  usual,  made  an  immediate 
bolt,  throwing  away  their  arms  and  even  their  clothes. 

E.  Sartoriu^,  In  the  Soudan,  p.  65. 

16.  In  politics,  the  act  of  withdrawing  from  a 
nominating  convention  as  a  manifestation  of 
disapproval  of  its  acts ;  hence,  refusal  to  sup- 
port a  candidate  or  the  ticket  presented  by 
or  in  the  name  of  the  party  to  which  one  has 
hitherto  been  attached ;  a  partial  or  temporary 
desertion  of  one's  party.  [U.S.]  — 17.  The  act 
of  bolting  food —  Barbed  bolt,  a  bolt  with  points  pro- 
jecting outward,  wjiich  bear  against  or  enter  into  the  sur- 
rounding material,  and  thus  prevent  its  withdrawal.— 
Bolt  and  shutter,  in  clock-making,  an  adjustment  of  a 
spiral  spring  in  a  tun-et  clock,  such  that  while  the  clock 
IS  winding  there  may  be  another  spring  in  action  to  pre- 
vent a  stoppage  of  the  works.  — Bolt  and  tun,  in  her.,  a 
term  applied  to  a  bird-bolt  in  pale  piercing  through  a  tun 
—  Bringing-tO  bolt,  a  bolt  with  an  eye  atone  end  and  a 
screw-thread  and  nut  at  the  other,  used  in  drawing  parts 
toward  each  other.— Chain-plate  bolt.  Same  as  chniii- 

boit.^  Copper  bolt.  See  capoer  bit,  under  fc)7i  .—Coun- 
tersunk bolt,  a  bolt  having  its  heaii  hevrled  and  set  into 
a  corresponding  cavity  in  one  of  the  parts  wliich  it  ccm- 
nects.—  Dormant  bolt,  a  door  bolt  operated  by  a  special 
key  or  knob.— Key-head  bolt,  a  bolt  with  a  projection 
from  the  chamfer  of  its  head  to  hold  it  so  that  it  will  not 
revolve  with  the  init.-Llphead  bolt,  a  holt  of  which 
the  head  pn.jeets  sidewise.-RoUer  bolts,  in  coach- 
buildiiin,  the  bolts  on  the  splinter-bar  to  which  the  traces 
are  attached. 


bolt 

bolti  (bolt),  V.  [=  Sc .  boult,  bout,  bowt;  <  ME.  bol- 
ten, bultcn  (in  the  latter  form  varying  in  one  in- 
stance with  pultcn,  mod.  E.  pclt^,  q.  v.),  spring, 
start,  also  fetter,  shackle  ( =  MHG.  bulzen,  go 
off  like  an  an-ow) ;  the  other  senses  are  modem, 
all  being  derived  from  bolt^,  n.,  in  its  two  main 
senses  of  'missile 'and  'pin  for  fastening ' :  see 
bolti,n.'\  I.  intrans.  1.  To  go  off  like  a  bolt  or 
arrow ;  shoot  forth  suddenly ;  spring  out  with 
speed  and  suddenness :  commonly  followed  by 
out :  as,  to  bolt  out  of  the  house. 

Angry  Cupid,  bolting  from  her  eyes, 
Hath  shot  himself  into  me  like  a  flame. 

J3.  Jonson,  Volpone,  it  2. 
This  Puck  seems  but  a  dreaming  dolt,  .  .  . 
And  oft  out  of  a  bush  doth  bolt. 

Drayton,  Nymphidia. 

2.  To  spring  aside  or  away  suddenly;  start  and 
run  off;  make  a  bolt. 

stage-coaches  were  upsetting  in  all  directions,  horses 
were  bolting,  boats  were  overturning,  and  boilers  were 
bursting.  Dickens. 

The  gun,  absolutely  the  most  useless  weapon  among  us, 
could  do  nothing,  even  if  the  gunners  did  not  bolt  at  the 
first  sight  of  the  enemy.  O'Donovan,  Merv,  x. 

3.  In  politics,  to  withdraw  from  a  nominating 
convention  as  a  means  of  showing  disapproval 
of  its  acts ;  hence,  to  cease  to  act  in  full  accord 
with  one's  party ;  refuse  to  support  a  measure 
or  candidate  adopted  by  a  majority  of  one's  col- 
leagues or  party  associates.    [U.  S.  ] 

Mr.  Raymond  agreed,  .  .  .  after  some  hesitation,  but 
with  the  understanding  that,  if  it  (the  Philadelphia  Con- 
vention of  18C8]  fell  under  the  control  of  the  Copperheads, 
he  would  bolt.  The  Natitm,  VI.  2. 

4t.  To  fall  suddenly,  like  a  thunderbolt. 

As  an  eagle 
His  cloudless  thunder  bolted  on  their  heads. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1696. 

5.  To  run  to  seed  prematurely,  as  early-sown 
root-crops  (turnips,  etc.),  without  the  usual 
thickening  of  the  root,  or  after  it. 

II.  tra:ns.  1.  To  send  off'  like  a  bolt  or  ar- 
row ;  shoot ;  discharge. —  2.  To  start  or  spring 
(game) ;  cause  to  bolt  up  or  out,  as  hares,  rab- 
bits, and  the  like. 

Jack  Ferret,  welcome.  .  . 
What  canst  thou  bolt  us  now  ?  a  coney  or  two 

B.  Jonson,  New  Inn,  iii.  1. 

3.  To  expel ;  drive  out  suddenly. 
To  have  been  bolted  forth, 

Thrust  out  abruptly  into  Fortune's  way. 
Among  the  conflicts  of  substantial  life. 

Wordsworth,  Prelude,  iiL  77. 

4.  To  blurt  out;  ejaculate  or  utter  hastily. — 

5.  To  swallow  hurriedly  or  without  chewing: 
as,  to  bolt  one's  food. 

These  treacherous  pellets  are  thrown  to  the  bear,  who 
bolts  them  whole.  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXX.  39. 

6.  [After  I.,  3.]  In  jwlitics,  to  break  away  from 
and  refuse  to  support  (the  candidate,  the  ticket, 
or  the  platform  presented  by  or  in  the  name  of 
the  party  to  which  one  has  hitherto  adhered) ; 
leave  or  abandon :  as,  to  bolt  the  presidential 
candidate. 

A  man  does  not  bnlt  his  party,  but  the  candidate  or  can- 
didates his  party  has  put  up.  Sometimes,  though  less 
properly,  he  is  said  to  bolt  the  platform  of  principles  it 
has  enunciated.  The  essential  point  is,  that  the  bolter 
does  not  necessarily,  in  fact  does  not  usually,  abandon 
the  political  organization  with  which  he  is  connected. 
He  not  infrequently  votes  for  some  men  upon  its  ticket, 
and  at  the  same  time  bolts  others  by  "scratching"  their 
names.  N.  Y.  Evening  Post,  Aug.  20,  1(387. 

7.  To  fasten  or  secure  with  a  bolt  or  an  iron  pin, 
as  a  door,  a  plank,  fetters,  or  anything  else. — 

8.  To  fasten  as  with  bolts ;  shackle ;  restrain. 

It  is  great 

To  do  that  thing  that  ends  all  other  deeds ; 
\Vhich  shackles  accidents,  and  bolts  up  change. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  v.  2. 
That  I  coidd  reach  the  axle,  where  the  pins  are 
Which  bolt  this  frame  ;  that  I  might  pull  them  out. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  iii.  1. 
To  bolt  a  fox,  in  fox-hunting,  when  a  fox  has  run  to 
earth,  to  put  a  terrier  into  the  hole,  and,  when  he  is 
heard  liarking,  to  dig  over  the  spot  from  which  the  sound 
proceeds,  and  .so-get  at  the  fox. 

bolti  (bolt),  adv.  [<  boJf^,  n.  or  i'.]  1.  Like  a 
bolt  or  arrow:  as,  "rising  boltixom  his  seat," 
G.  P.  ii.  James. 


There  she  sat  bolt  upright ! 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  266. 

2.  Suddenly ;  with  sudden  meeting  or  collision. 

[He]  came  bolt  up  against  the  heavy  dragoon. 

Thackeray. 

bolt^  (bolt),  V.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boult, 
bowlt,  boolt,  Sc.  bout,  bowt;  <  ME.  bttUen,  <  OP. 
btdter,  earlier  huleter  (mod.  F.  Muter ;  ML.  re- 
flex buletarc)  for  *bureter  {=  It.  bnrattare), 
sift,  <  *buret,  biirete,  burate,.&  coarse  woolen 
cloth  (cf.  dim.  bttrctel,  burtel,  mod.  F.  hluteau 
=  It.  burattello,  a  bolter,  meal-sieve :  see  boul- 


bolt 

tel^)  (=  It.  huratto,  a  meal-sieve,  a  fine  trans- 
parent t'loth),  dim.  of  hure,  mod.  F.  hure,  a 
coarse  woolen  cloth,  <  ML.  hurra,  a  coarse 
■woolen  cloth  (whence  also  iilt.  E.  horel,  burrel, 
bureau),  <  L.  burrus,  reddish:  see  burrel,  bu- 
reau, birrus,  biretta,  etc  Cf.  bunfi.}  1.  To 
sift  or  pass  through  a  sieve  or  bolter  so  as  to 
separate  the  coarser  from  the  finer  particles, 
as  bran  from  flour;  sift  out:  as,  to  bolt  meal; 
to  bolt  out  the  bran. 

This  hand, 
As  soft  as  dove's  dowi,  and  as  white  as  it ; 
...  or  the  fann'd  snow, 
That's  bolted  by  the  northern  blasts  twice  o'er. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 

2.  To  examine  or  search  into,  as  if  by  sifting ; 
sift;  examine  thoroughly:  sometimes  with  out. 


bolt  to  the  bran 

For  I  ne  can  not  bolt  it  to  the  bran, 
As  can  the  holy  Doctor  Augustin, 
Or  Boece  or  the  Bishop  Bradwardin. 

Chaucer,  Nun  s  Priest's  Tale,  1.  420. 
Time  and  nature  will  bolt  out  the  truth  of  things. 

Sir  Ji.  L' Estranr/e. 

The  report  of  the  committee  was  examined  and  sifted 
and  bolted  to  the  bran.  Burke,  A  Regicide  Peace,  lii. 

3.  To  moot,  or  bring  forward  for  discussion, 
as  in  a  moot-court.    See  bolting'^,  2. 

I  hate  wlien  Vice  can  bolt  her  arguments, 
And  Virtue  lias  no  tongue  to  clieck  her  pride. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  760. 

bolt2  (bolt),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hoult.  Sc. 
bout,  bowt;  <  ME.  buk,  <  bulfeu,  bolt.]  1.  A 
sieve;  a  machine  for  sifting  flour. —  2.  In  the 
English  inns  of  court,  a  hypothetical  point  or 
case  discussed  for  the  sake  of  practice. 


bombace 

Massachusetts.    It  is  a  silicate  of  magnesium, 
containing  also  a  little  iron  protoxid. 
bolt-rope  (bolt'rop),  «.    A  superior  kind  of 
hemp  cordage  sewed  on  the  edges  of  sails  to 

strengthen  them.  That  part  of  it  on  tiie  perpendicu- 
lar side  is  called  tlie  leech-rope ;  that  at  tlie  Ijottom,  tlie 
foot-rope ;  tliat  at  the  top,  ttie  head-rope.  To  the  bolt- 
rope  is  attached  all  the  gear  used  in  clewing  up  the  sail 
and  setting  it. 

We  heard  a  sound  like  the  short,  quick  rattling  of 
thunder,  and  the  jib  was  blown  to  atoms  out  of  the  bolt- 
rope.  I{.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  254. 

bolt's-head,  n.    See  bolt-head. 
boltsprit  (bolt'sprit),  11.    A  corruption  of  bow- 
sprit. 

bolt-strake  (bolt'strak),  n.  Naut.,  the  strake 
or  wale  through  which  the  fastenings  of  the 
beams  pass. 

making  bolters ;  bolting-cloth.  bolty,        See  bolti. 

bolt-feeder  (bolt'fe  'der),  «.    An  apparatus  for  bolus  (bo'lus),  ».    [<  L.  bolus,  >  E.  Z)0?e2,  q.  v.] 


616 

sift.  Cf .  boultel'^.'i  A  sieve ;  an  instrument  or 
machine  for  separating  bran  from  flour,  or  the 
coarser  part  of  meal  from  the  finer. 

Hod.    I  bought  you  a  dozen  of  shirts  to  your  bacl5. 
Fal.    Dowlas,  tiltliy  dowlas :  I  have  given  them  away  to 
bakers'  wives,  and  tliey  have  made  bolters  of  them. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  3. 
bolter^  (bol'ter),  n.    [Also  boulter,  hulter:  same 
as  bultoiD.I    A  kind  of  fishing-line. 

These  liakes,  and  divers  otliers  of  tlie  fore-cited,  are 
taken  with  tlireads,  and  some  of  tliera  with  the  bolter, 
wliicli  is  a  spiller  of  a  bigger  size. 

M.  Careiv,  Survey  of  Cornwall. 

bolter^t,  f  •  i-  and  t.  [A  variant  of  baiter,  clot, 
known  chiefly  in  the  compound  blootl-boltered, 
in  Shakspere.  See  blood-boltered  and  baiter.^ 
To  clot. 


and'  often  in  an  old  proverbial  expression,  to  bolter-cloth  (b61'ter-kl6th),  n.    Cloth  used  for 

.......      1  ,^ioL-i„(r  Itr^ltfavG*    nnl  +  in rr_nl nt n 


The  Temple  and  Gray's  Inn  have  lately  established  lec  v   -  r/  a      i    u  ■  i 

tures,  and  moots  and  boults  may  again  be  propounded  DOltl  (DOl  tl},  n.  ooltuiij.i 

and  argued  in  tliese  venerable  buildings.  family  CioltUdw  (or  Chromididiv 

iV.  o;!((  Q.,  Tthser.,  III.  84.  - 

boltant  (bol'tant),  a.    [<  bolt^-,  v.,  +  -nnt.l  In 
her.,  springing  forward:  applied  to  hares  and 
rabbits  when  represented  in  this  attitude, 
bolt-auger  (b61t'a"ger),  n  .    A  large  auger  used 
in  ship-building  to  bore  holes  for  bolts,  etc. 


controlling  the  supply  of  flour  in  a  bolting- 
mill. 

bolt-head,  bolt's-head  (bolt'-,  bolts'hed), ».  A 
long  straight-necked  glass  vessel  for  chemical 
distillations.    Also  called  matrass  and  receiver. 

He 

Will  close  you  so  much  gold,  in  a  bolt's-head. 
And,  on  a  turn,  convey  in  tlie  stead  another 
With  sublimed  mercury,  that  shall  burst  in  the  heat. 

B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  iv.  4. 

bolt-hole  (bolt'hol),  n.  In  coal-mining,  a  short, 
narrow  opening  made  to  connect  the  main 
workings  with  the  air-head  or  ventilating  drift : 
used  in  the  working  of  the  Dudley  thick  seam, 
in  the  South  Stafl'ordshire  (England)  coal- 
field. 

bolt-hook  (bolt'hiik),  n.  A  check-rein  hook 
bolted  to  the  plates  of  a  saddletree. 

"  ~A  fish  of  the 

,  Tilapia  (or 

Chromis)  mlotica,  found  in  Egypt  and  Palestine. 

It  is  an  oblong  fish,  with  15  to  18  spines  and  12  to  14  rays 
in  the  dorsal  fln.    Tlie  color  is  greenisli  olive,  darker  in 
the  center  of  each  scale,  and  the  vertical  fins  are  spotted 
with  wliite.    It  is  highly  esteemed  for  its  llesh,  and 
garded  as  one  of  the  best  of  the  Nile  flsli, 
bvltii  and  bulti 


A  deep,  narrow- 


bolt-boat  (bolt'bot),  «. 
will  endure  a  rough  sea. 

bolt-chisel  (b61t'chiz"el),  n. 
edged  cross-cut  chisel. 

bolt-clipper  (bolt'klip'er),  n. 
ted  to  difl'erent  sizes  of  bolts, 
off  the  end  of  a  bolt  projecting  beyond  a  nut. 

bolt-cutter  (bolt 'kuf'er),  n.  1.  One  who 
makes  bolts. —  2.  A  machine  for  making  the 
threads  on  a  screw-bolt;  a  bolt-threader  or 
bolt-screwing  machine. —  3.  A  tool  for  cutting 
oii  the  ends  of  bolts. 

boltel  (bol'tel),  n.  [Also  written  boultel,  early 
mod.  E.  (and  mod.  archaic)  boutcl,  boivtell,  also 
corruptly  bottle;  <  late  ME.  boltell,  bowtell ;  ori- 
gin uncertain;  perhaps  <  bolt^,  an  arrow,  shaft, 


A  strong  boat  that  boltingi  (bol'ting),  n.  [Also  written  boltin,  bol 


ton;  <  bolt^,  «.,  +  -M*(/l.]  A  bundle  or  bolt  of 
straw:  in  Gloucestershire,  24  pounds.  Also 
called  bolt._  [Eng.] 
A  hand-tool  fit-  bolting^  (bol'ting),  n.  [Also  written  boidting ; 
and  used  to  cut  <  ME.  bultinge;  verbal  n.  of  bolt^,  v.]  1.  The 
act  of  sifting. 

Bakers  in  tlieir  linnen  bases  and  mealy  vizards,  new 
come  from  boultinfj. 

Marston  and  Barksted,  Insatiate  Countess,  ii. 

2t.  In  the  English  inns  of  court,  a  private  argu- 
ing of  cases  for  practice — Bolting-millstone,  a 

lower  stone  having  metallic  boxes  alternating  witii  the  fur- 
rows. Tliese  boxes  contain  wire  screens,  through  whicli 
the  meal  escapes  before  it  readies  tlie  skirt. 

bolting-chest  (bol'ting-chest),  11.    The  case  in 
which  a  bolt  in  a  flour-mill  is  inclosed. 


roll  (with  ref.  to  its  shape;  cf.  shaft,  in  its  bolting-cloth  (bol'ting-kloth),  ii.    [<  ME.  bul- 


tiiig-clotli.]  A  cloth  for  bolting  or  sifting;  a 
linen,  silk,  or  hair  cloth,  of  which  bolters  are 
made  for  sifting  meal,  etc. 

The  finest  and  most  expensive  silk  fabric  made  is  bolting- 
cloth,  for  the  use  of  millers,  woven  almost  altogether  in 
Switzerland.  Harper  s  Mag.,  LXXI.  256. 


architectural  sense),  4-  -el.    Formations  with 
the  F.  dim.  suffix  -el  on  native  words  were 
not  usual  in  the  ME.  period,  but  this  may  be 
an  artificial  book-name.  The  18th  century  boiiU 
tin,  boultiue,  seems  to  be  an  arbitrary  varia- 
tion.   Cotgrave  has  F.  "  ioje/,  a  thick  or  great         _  •,  .  -.s         *    .^-^^  • 
boultel  (commonly)  in  or  near  unto  the  basis  boltmg-cord  (bol'tmg-kord),  n.    A  stiff  piece 
of  a  pillar."]    1.  In  arch.,  a  convex  molding    of  rope  having  the  strands  unraveled  at  one 
of  which  the  section  is  an  arc  of  a  circle ;  a    extremity,  used  as  a  probang  to  remove  any- 
medieval  term  for  the  torus  or  roundel.— 2.  A    thing  sticking  m  an  animal's  throat, 
rounded  ridge  or  border  used  for  stiffening  a  bolting-house  (bol' tmg-hous),  n.    A  house 
cover,  dish,  tray,  or  other  utensil.                     where  meal  or  flour  is  sifted. 
Boltenia  (bol-te'ni-a),    n.      [NL.,    after   Dr.       Tlie  jade  is  returned  as  white  and  as  powdered  as  if  she 
Bolten,  of  Hamburg'.]     A  genus  of  tunicates,     li^'l  t)«en  at  work  in  a  bolting-house.        Dennis,  Letters, 
by  most  recent  authors  referred  to  the  family  bolting-hutcht  (bol'ting-huch),  n.   A  tub  or 
Cyntliiida;,  but  by  a  few  made  type  of  a  family    wooden  trough  for  bolted  flour. 


Take  all  my  cushions  down  and  thwack  them  soundly, 
After  my  feast  of  millers  ;  .  .  .  beat  them  carefully 
Over  a  bolting-hutch,  there  will  be  enough 
For  a  pan-pudding. 

Middleton  (and  anotlier).  Mayor  of  Queenborough,  v.  1. 
bolting-mill  (bol'ting-mil),  n.    A  mill  or  ma- 
cliine  for  sifting  meal  or  flour. 

A  tub  to 


sift 


BolteniidcB 

bolteniid  (bol-te'ni-id),  n.    A  tunicate  of  the 
family  Bolteuiidce. 

Bolteniidae  (bol-te-ni'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bol- 
tenia -f  -idee.]  A  family  of  simple  ascidians, 
typified  by  the  genus  Boltenia,  having  a  pyri- 

form  body  supported  upon  a  long  peduncle  or  boiting.tuTTb61^in"g-tub)"^ 
stalk.    By  most  recent  systematists  it  is  de-  ""e^l  m 

graded  to  the  rank  of  a  subfamily  of  Cynthiidw.  '  ^-^^  larders  have  been  searched, 

bolter^  (bol'ter),  /!.     [<  ?;oZil,       + -erl.]    One  The  bakehouses  and  houi^ini/ tuft,  the  ovens, 

who  bolts,  in  any  sense  of  the  verb.    Specifically—  B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  V.  5. 

(a)  One  who  bolts  or  turns  aside  ;  a  horse  that  Ijolts.  (b)  holt-knifC  (bolt'nif ),  «.  A  knife  used  by  book- 
In  politics,  one  who  leaves  tlie  paity,  or  refuses  t<j  sup-  -binders  for  cutting  through  a  bolt  or  the  folded 
port  the  candidate,  ticket,  or  platform  of  the  party,  to    ,  „  «pptim7 

which  lie  has  been  attached.    [U.  S.]  °. A?f,rT''  7  7*1  j.   j    .1  w^+v, 

Mr.  Converse  .  .  .  ha.l  the  indecency  to  denounce  the  boltleSS   bolt'les),  a.     [<  bolt^  +  -tesS.J  With- 
twenty-seven  as  bolters  from  their  party.  out  a  bolt. 

The  American,  VIII.  100.  'bolton,  w.    A  corruption  of  bolting'-. 
bolter^  (bol'ter),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  boul-  boltonite  (bol'ton-it),  n.    [<  Bolton,  in  Massa- 
ter,  <  ME.  bulter,  bulture,  <  bulten,  bolt,  sift :  see    chusetts,  +  -ite2.]    A  mineral  of  the  ehrysohte 
6o/i2and-crl.  Cf.  OF.  huleteor,siitev,<  buleter,    group,  occurring  in  granular  form  at  Bolton, 


1.  A  soft  round  mass  of  anything  medicinal, 
larger  than  an  ordinary  pill,  to  be  swallowed 
at  once. — 2.  Figuratively,  anything  disagree- 
able, as  an  unpalatable  doctrine  or  argument, 
that  has  to  be  accepted  or  tolerated. 

There  is  no  help  for  it,  the  faithful  proselytizer,  if  she 
cannot  convince  by  argument,  bursts  into  tears,  and  the  re- 
cusant finds  himself,  at  tlie  end  of  the  contest,  taking  down 
the  bolus,  saying,  "  Well,  well,  Bodgers  be  it."  Thackeray. 

bolyet,      See  booh/. 

bom  (bom),  n.  [Also  boma,  bomma,  aboma; 
orig.  a  native  name  in  Congo,  subsequently  ap- 
plied to  a  Brazilian  serpent.]  Same  &sabo7Ha. 
bomah-nut  (bo'ma-nut),  n.  [<  bomah  (native 
name)  +  ■nut.'\  The  seed  of  a  euphorbiaceous 
shrub,  Pycnocoma  inacrophylla,  of  southern 
Africa,  used  for  tanning. 
Bomarea  (bo-ma're-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Valmont  de 
Bomare,Su  French  naturalist  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury.] A  genus  of  amaryllidaceous  plants,  na- 
tives of  South  America  and  Mexico.  The  roots 
are  tuberiferous,  the  leafy  stems  frequently  twining,  and 
tlie  flowers,  which  are  often  showy,  in  simple  oi-  compound 
umliels.   There  are  over  50  species.    See  salsilla. 

Also'^called  bombif,  *•  [<  ME.  bomben,  bumben,  variant 
forms  of  bommen,  bummen,  >  buni^,  later  booni^ : 
see  bum'^,  boorn^,  and  cf.  bomb"^,  «;.]  A  variant 
of  booni^. 

What  overcharged  piece  of  melancholie 
Is  this,  breakes  in  betweene  my  wishes  thus. 
With  bombing  siglis  ? 

B.  Jonson,  The  Fortunate  Isles. 

bomb^t,  [Var.  of  bum^,  the  earlier  form  of 
boorn^.  Cf.  bomb'^,  v.]  A  great  noise;  a  loud 
hollow  soimd ;  the  stroke  of  a  bell. 

A  pillar  of  iron,  .  .  .  which  if  you  had  struck  would 
make  a  little  flat  noise  in  the  room,  but  a  great  bom  b  in 
the  chamber  beneatli.  Bacon. 
bomb^  (bom  or  bum),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also 
borne,  also  bombe,  bombo,  and  (simulating  booni^ 
=  bomb^)  boomb;  =  G.  bombe,  <  F.  bombe  =  Sp. 
It.  bomba,  a  bomb,  <  L.  bomlms,  <  Gr.  jU/if^oc,  a 
deep  hollow  sound  ;  prob.  imitative,  like  bomb^, 
boom^,  bunO-,  bumble,  bump^,  etc.    The  histori- 
cal pron.  is  bum.]    1.  An  explosive  projec- 
tile, consisting  of  a  hoUow  ball  or  spherical 
shell,  generally  of  cast-iron,  filled  with  a  burst- 
ing charge,  fired  from  a  mortar,  and 
usually  exploded  by  means  of  a  fuse 
or  tube  filled  with  a  slow-buming 
compound,  which  is  ignited  by  the 
exploding  powder  when  the  mortar 
is  discharged.  Bombs  may  be  thrown  in 
such  a  direction  as  to  fall  into  a  fort,  a  city, 
or  an  enemy's  camp,  where  they  burst  with 
great  violence,  and  often  with  terrible  effect. 
The  length  and  composition  of  the  fuse  must 
be  calculated  in  such  a  way  that  the  bomb 
shall  burst  the  moment  it  arrives  at  the  des- 
Bombs  are  now  commonly  termed  shells, 
though  shell  in  the  sense  of  a  projectile  has  a  wider  mean- 
ing.   .See  shell.    Also  called  bombshell. 

Hence  —  2.  Any  missile  constructed  upon  sim- 
ilar principles:  as,  a  d^amite  bomh. — 3.  In 
geol.,  a  block  of  scoria  ejected  from  the  crater 
of  a  volcano. 

Tliis  deposit  answers  to  the  heaps  of  dust,  sand,  stones, 
and  bombs  which  are  shot  out  of  modern  volcanoes  ;  it  is 
a  true  ash.  Geilae. 
4t.  A  small  war-vessel  can-ying  mortars  for 
throwing  bombs ;  a  bomb-ketch, 
bomb'^t  (bom  or  bum),  v.  t.  [<  bomb"^,  m.]  To 
attack  with  bombs ;  bombard. 

Villeroy,  who  ne'er  afraid  is 

To  Bruxelles  marches  on  secure, 
To  bomb  the  monks  and  scare  the  ladies. 

Prior,  On  taking  Namur. 

bombacet,  n-  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bombasc, 
bombage;  <  OF.  bombace,  <  ML.  bombax  (acc. 
bombacem),  cotton :  see  Bombax.  The  form  bom- 
bace subsequently  gave  way  to  bombast,  q.  v.] 
1.  The  do-svn  of  the  cotton-plant,  raw  cotton. 


Bomb. 
a,  a,  walls  of 
shell ;  fuse, 
hole ;  c,  cavity 
for  powder. 

fined  place. 


bombace 

—  S.  Cotton-wool,  or  wadding. —  3.  Padding; 
stuffing.  Fuller. 
Bombaceas  (bom-ba'se-e),  n.ph  [NL.,  <  Bom- 
bax  +  -acece.']  An  arboreous  tribe  or  suborder 
of  Malcacew,  by  some  considered  a  distinct  or- 
der, distinguished  chiefly  by  the  five-  to  eight- 
cleft  stamineal  column.  Tliere  are  about  20  small 
genera,  principally  tropical,  including  the  baobab  (Adan- 
som'a),  the  cotton-tree  (Eriodendron  and  Bomhax),  the 
durian  (Diirio),  etc. 

bombaceous  (bom-ba'shius),  a.  In  hot.,  relat- 
ing or  pertaining  to  plants  of  the  natural  order 
Bombacew. 

bombard  (bom'-  or  bum'bard),  n.   [Early  mod. 

E.  also  humbard,  <  ME.  bumbarde,  bomharde 
(in  sense  4),  <  OF.  bombardc,  a  cannon,  a  mu- 
sical instrument,  F.  bombarde  (=  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
bombarda,  a  cannon,  It.  hombardo,  a  musical 
instrument),  <  ML.  bombarda,  orig.  an  engine 
for  throwing  large  stones,  prob.  (with  suffix 
-arda,  E.  -ard)  <  L.  bombus,  a  loud  noise,  in  ML. 
a  fireball,  a  bomb:  see  bomb^,  «.]  1.  The  name 
generally  given  in  Eiu-ope  to  the  cannon  dur- 
ing the  tirst  century  of  its  use.  The  earliest  bom- 
bards were  more  like  mortars  than  modern  cannon,  throw- 
ing their  shot  (originally  stone  balls)  at  a  great  elevation  ; 
many  were  open  at  both  ends,  the  shot  being  introduced 
at  the  breech,  wliich  was  afterward  stopped  by  a  piece 
wedged  or  bolted  into  place. 

Which  with  our  bombards'  shot,  and  basilisk, 

We  rent  in  sunder.      Marlowe,  Jew  of  Malta,  v.  3. 

2.  See  bombardeUe. — 3.  A  small  vessel  with 
two  masts,  like  the  English  ketch,  used  in  the 
Mediterranean;  a  bomb-ketch. — 4.  A  large 
leathern  jug  or  bottle  for  holding  liquor.  See 
black-jade,  1. 

That  swoln  parcel  of  dropsies,  that  huge  bombard  of 
sack.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 


Bombardier-beetle  C  Bra- 
cit ijtiis sty ^nroriris).  (Verti- 
cal line  shows  natural  size. ) 


Yond'  same  black  cloud 
that  would  shed  his  liquor. 


.  .  looks  like  a  foul  bombard 
Shak.,  Tempest,  ii.  2. 
They'd  ha'  beat  out 
His  brains  vith  bombards. 

Middleton,  Inner-Temple  Masque. 

5t.  Figuratively,  a  toper. —  6t.  A  medieval  mu- 
sical instrument  of  the  oboe  family,  having  a 
reed  mouthpiece  and  a  wooden  tube.  The  name 

was  properly  applied  to  a  large  and  low-pitched  instru- 
ment (whence  the  name  bombardon  for  a  heavy  reed-stop 
hi  organ-building);  but  it  was  also  used  for  small  instru- 
ments of  the  same  class,  which  were  known  as  basset-bom- 
bards and  bombardi  piccoli. 

7.  2)1.  A  style  of  breeches  worn  in  the  seven- 
teenth century,  before  the  introduction  of 
tight-fitting  knee-breeches.  They  reached  to  tlie 

knee,  and  were  probably  so  named  because  they  hung 
loose  and  resembled  the  leathern  drinking-vessels  called 
bombards. 

8.  [From  the  verb.]  An  attack  with  bombs; 
a  bombardment.  [Rare.] 

bombard  (bom-  or  bum-bard'),  v.  [<  F.  bom- 
barder,  batter  with  a  bombard  or  cannon,  < 
bombarde,  >  E.  bombard,  a  cannon:  see  bom- 
hard,  n.  The  relation  to  bomb^  is  thus  only 
indirect.]  I.  intrans.  To  fire  off  bombards  or 
cannon. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  cannonade;  attack  with 
bombs ;  fli-e  shot  and  shell  at  or  into ;  batter 
with  shot  and  shell. 

Next  she  [France]  intends  to  bombard  Naples. 

Burke,  I'resent  State  of  Affairs. 

2.  To  attack  with  missiles  of  any  kind ;  figura- 
tively, assail  vigorously:  as,  to  bombard  one 
with  questions. 

bombardellet  (bom-bar-del '),  n.    [Dim.  of  F. 

bombarde.]  A  portable  bombard,  or  hand-bom- 
bard;  the  primitive  portable  fii'earm  of  Europe, 
consisting  simply  of  a  hollow  cylinder  with  a 
touch-hole  for  fii'ing  with  a  match,  and  attach- 
ed to  a  long  staff  for  handling. 

The  first  portalile  firearm  of  which  we  have  any  repre- 
sentation .  .  .  was  called  the  bombard  or  bombardeUe. 

Am.  Ci/c,  XII.  96. 

The  Man  on  Foot,  clad  in  light  armor,  held  the  bom- 
bardeUe up.  Pop.  Set.  Mo.,  XXVIII.  490. 

bombardier  (bom-  or  bum-bar-der'),  n.  [For- 
merly also  bumbardier,  bombardeer ;  <  F.  bom- 
bardier (=  Sp.  bombardero  =  Pg.  bombardeiro 
=  It.  bombardiero),  <  bombarde,  bombard.]  1. 
Properly,  a  soldier  in  charge  of  a  bombard  or 
cannon;  specifically,  in  the  British  army,  a 
non-commissioned  officer  of  the  Royal  Artil- 
lery, ranking  next  below  a  corporal,  whose 
duty  it  is  to  load  shells,  grenades,  etc.,  and  to 
fix  the  fuses,  and  who  is  particularly  appointed 
to  the  service  of  mortars  and  howitzers. —  2. 
A  bombardier-beetle. —  3.  A  name  of  a  Euro- 
pean frog,  Bombinator  igneus. 

bombardier-beetle  (bom-bar-der'be  "tl), ».  The 
common  name  of  many  coleopterous  insects, 
family  Carabidw  and  genera  Brachinus  and  Ap- 


617 

tinus,  found  under  stones,  wiien  irritated,  they  are 
apt  to  expel  violently  from  the  anus  a  pungent,  acrid  fluid, 
accumiiariicd  liy  a  slight  sound. 

bombard-mant  (bom'- 
bard-man),  n.  One  who 
delivered  liquor  in  bom- 
bards to  customers. 

They  made  room  for  a  bom- 
bard-man tliat  brought  bouge 
for  a  countrey  lady. 

B.  Jonson,  Mas(|ues,  Love 
[Restored. 

bombardment  (bom-  or 
bum- bard 'ment),  «.  [< 
bombard  -I-  -merit;  =  F. 
bo)nbardement.']  A  con- 
tinuous attack  with  shot 
and  shell  upon  a  town, 
fort,  or  other  position ;  the 
act  of  throwing  shot  and  shell  into  an  enemy's 
town  in  order  to  destroy  the  buildings. 

Genoa  is  not  yet  secure  fi'oin  a  bombardment,  though  it 
is  not  so  exposed  as  formerly.    Addiaon.,  Travels  in  Italy. 

bombardof,  n.    Same  as  bombardon. 

bombardon,  bombardone  (bom-biir'don,  bom- 
bilr-do'ue),  n.  [<  It.  bombardone," nug.  of 
hombardo:  see  bom- 
bard, w.]  1.  A  large- 
sized  musical  instru- 
ment of  the  trumpet 
kind,  in  tone  not  un- 
like the  ophicleide.  its 

compass  generally  is  from 
F  on  tire  fourth  ledger-line 
below  the  bass  staff  to  the 
lower  D  of  the  treble  statf. 
It  is  not  capable  of  rapid 
execution. 

2.  The  lowest  of  the 
sax -horns.  —  3.  For- 
merly, a  bass  reed-stop 
of  the  organ. 

bombard-phraset 

(bom'biird-fraz),  n.  A 
boasting,  loud-sound- 
ing, bombastic  phrase.  Bombardon. 
Their  bombard-phrase,  their  foot  and  half-foot  words. 

B.  J onson,  tr.  of  Horace's  Art  of  Poetry. 

bombaset,  «.    See  bombace. 
bombasin,  bombasine,  n.    See  bombazine. 
bombast  (bom'-  or  bum'bast,  formerly  bum- 
bast'),  ?(.  and  a.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  bumbnst ; 
a  var.,  with  excrescent  -t,  of  bombase,  bombace  : 
see  bombace.}  I.  w.  If.  Cotton;  the  cotton-plant. 
Clothes  made  of  cotton  or  bombstt. 

llakluyt'.i  Voyages,  I.  93. 
Bombast,  the  cotton  plant  growing  in  Asia. 

E.  Phillips,  World  of  Words. 

2t.  Cotton  or  other  stuif  of  soft,  loose  texture, 
used  to  stuff  garments  ;  padding. 

Thy  body's  bolstered  out  with  bombast  aiul  with  bags. 

Gascoigne,  Challenge  to  Beautie. 
Hence  —  3.  Figuratively,  high-sounding  words; 
inflated  or  extravagant  language ;  fustian ; 
speech  too  big  and  high-sounding  for  the  oc- 
casion. 

Bombast  is  commonly  the  delight  of  that  audience  which 
loves  poetry,  but  understands  it  not. 

Dnjden,  Criticism  in  Tragedy. 
=  Syn.  3.  Bomba.it,  Fustian,  Bathos,  Tunjid ness.  Tumid- 
ness, Rant'  "  Bomliast  was  originally  applied  to  a  stuff 
of  soft,  loose  texture,  used  to  swell  the  garment.  Fu-stian 
was  also  a  kind  of  cloth  of  stirf,  expansive  character. 
These  terms  are  applied  to  a  high,  swelling  style  of  writing, 
full  of  extravagant  sentiments  and  expressions.  Bathos  is 
a  word  which  has  the  same  application,  meaning  generally 
tlie  mock-lieroic  —  tliat  '  clepth  into  which  one  falls  who 
ovei'leaps  the  sublime  :  the  step  winch  one  makes  in  pass- 
ing from  the  sulilime  to  tl.'e  ri  iiculous."  {De  Milie,  Ele- 
ments of  Rlietoric,  p.  22.1.)  iiom^jn-.s-t  is  rather  stronger  than 
.fwitian.  Tun/Illness  and  tumidness  are  words  drawn 
from  tlie  swelling  of  the  body,  and  express  mere  infla- 
tion of  style  without  reference  to  sentiment.  Rant  is  ex- 
travagant or  violent  language,  proceeding  from  enthusiasm 
or  fanaticism,  generally  in  sujiport  of  extreme  opinions  or 
against  those  holding  opinions  of  a  milder  or  different  sort. 

The  first  victory  of  good  taste  is  over  the  bombast  and 
conceits  which  deform  such  times  as  these. 

Macaulay,  Dryden. 
And  he,  whose  ./'it.s«/a;i's  so  sublimely  bad, 
It  is  not  poetry,  but  prose  run  mad. 

Pope,  Prol.  to  Satires,  1.  1ST. 

In  his  fifth  sonnet  he  [Petrarchl  may,  I  think,  be  said  to 
have  sounded  the  lowest  chasm  of  the  Bathos. 

Macaulay,  Petrarch. 

The  critics  of  that  day,  the  most  flattering  equally  with 
the  severest,  concurred  in  objecting  to  tlieni  obscurity,  a 
general  turqidness  of  diction,  and  a  profusion  of  new- 
coined  double  epithets.  Coleridr/e,  Biog.  Lit.,  i. 

All  rant  about  the  rights  of  man,  all  whining  and  whim- 
pering about  the  clashing  interests  of  liody  and  soul,  are 
treated  with  haughty  scorn,  or  made  the  butt  of  contemp- 
tuous ridicule.  Whipple.  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  26. 

Il.t  a.  High-sounding;  inflated;  big  with- 
out meaning. 

A  tall  metaphor  in  bombast  way.    Cowley,  Ode,  Of  Wit. 


bombinate ' 

bombastt  (bom'-  or  bum'bast),  v.  t.  [<  bom- 
bast, «.]  1.  To  pad  out;  stuff,  as  a  doublet 
with  cotton ;  hence,  to  inflate ;  swell  out  with 
high-sounding  or  bombastic  language. 

Let  them  pretend  what  zeal  they  will,  counterfeit  re- 
ligion, blear  the  world's  eyes,  boinljast  themselves. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  195. 
Then  strives  he  to  bombast  his  feeble  lines 
Witli  far-fetch'd  phrase.       Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  i.  4. 

2.  To  beat ;  baste. 

I  will  .so  codgell  and  bombaste  thee  that  thou  .shalt  not 
be  able  to  sturre  thyself.  Palace  of  Pleasure  (l.'i79). 

bombastic,  bombastical  (bom-  or  hum-bas'tik, 
-ti-kal),  a.  [<  bombast,  «.,  -I-  -ir,  -ical.']  (,'har- 
acterized  by  bombast;  high-sounding;  inflat- 
ed; extravagant. 

A  theatrical,  boudjastic,  and  windy  phraseology. 

Burke,  A  Regicide  Peace. 
He  indulges  without  measure  in  vague,  bombastic  dec- 
lamation. Macaulay,  Sadler's  Law  of  Population. 
=  Sjra.  Swelling,  tumid,  stilted,  pompous,  lofty,  grandilo- 
(|ii(-iit,  liiiih-llown. 

bombastically  (bom-  orbum-bas'ti-kal-i),  adv. 

In  a  bombastic  or  inflated  manner  or  style, 
bombastry  (bom'-  or  bum'bas-tri),  v.  [<  bom- 
bast +  -ry.]    Bombastic  words  ;  fustian. 

Bombastry  and  buffoonery,  by  nature  lofty  and  light,  soar 
highest  of  all.  Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  Int. 

Bombax  (bom'baks),  «.  [ML.,  cotton,  a  corrup- 
tion of  L.  bombyx:  see  Bombyx.}  1.  A  genus  of 
silk-cotton  trees,  natural  order  llalracece,  chief- 
ly natives  of  tropical  America.   The  seeds  are  cov- 
ered with  a  silky  fiber,  but  this  is  too  short  for  textile 
uses.    The  wood  is  soft  and  light.    The  fibrous  bark  of 
some  species  is  used  for  making  ropes. 
2t.  [J.  c.  ]  Same  as  bombazine. 
Bombay  duck.   See  bum  mala. 
Bombay  shell.   See  shell. 
bombazeen  (bom-  or  bimi-ba-zen'),  n.  Same 
as  bombazine. 

bombazet,  bombazette  (bom-  or  bum-ba-zet'), 
[<  bombaz(ine)  +  dim.  -et,  -ette.']  "A  sort 
of  thin  woolen  cloth. 

bombazine,  bombasine  (bom-or  bum-ba-zen'), 
n.  [Also  bombazin,  bombasin,  bombazeen,  for- 
merly bumbazine,  bumbasine ;  <  F.  bombasin 
(obs.)  =  Sp.  bomba.si  =  Pg.  hombazina  (prob. 

<  E.)  =  It.  bambagino,  <  ML.  homhasinum,  prop. 
bombycinum,  a  silk  texture,  neut.  of  bombasi- 
nus,  bombacinus,  prop,  (as  L.)  bombyciitus  (see 
bomhycine),  made  of  silk  or  cotton,  <  bombax, 
prop,  (as  L.)  bombyx,  silk,  cotton:  see  bombace, 
bomba,vt,  Bombax,  Bombyx.}  If.  Raw  cotton. 
N.  E  I). —  2.  Originally,  a  stuff  woven  of  silk 
and  wool,  made  in  England  as  earlyiis  the  reign 
of  Elizabeth;  afterward,  a  stuff  made  of  silk 
alone,  but  apparently  always  of  one  color,  and 
inexpensive. —  3.  In  modern  usage,  a  stuff  of 
which  the  warp  is  silk  and  the  weft  worsted.  An 
imitation  of  it  is  made  of  cotton  and  worsted. 

Also  spelled  bombazeen,  bombasin. 
bomb-chest  (bom'chest),  n.  Milit.,  a  chest  fill- 
ed with  bombs  or  gunpowder,  bm-ied  to  serve 
as  an  explosible  mine. 

bombernickel  (bom'ber-nik'-'l),  «.    Same  as 

pumpernickel.    Imp.  Diet. 
bombiate  (bom'bi-at),  n.  [<  bombi(c)  +  -«fel.] 
A  salt  termed  by  bombic  acid  and  a  base, 
bombic  (bom'bik),  a.     [<  L.  bombiyx),  a  silk- 
worm, -I-  -ic]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  silkworm. 
—  Bombic  acid,  acid  of  the  silkworm,  obtained  from  an 
acid  lii|Uor  contained  in  a  reservoir  placed  near  the  ann^. 
The  li(|uor  is  esiiecially  abundant  in  tlie  chrysalis. 
Bombidse  (bom'bi-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Bombus  + 
-ida'.}   A  family  of  bees,  typified  by  the  genus 
Bombus;  the  bumblebees.    [Scarcely  used,  the 
bumblebees  having  been  merged  in  Apida-.} 
bombilate  (bom'bi-lat),  v.  /.;  pret.  and  pp.  bom- 
bilated,  ppr.  bombilating.  [<  ML.  hombilare  (pp. 
bombilatus),  an  erroneous  form  of  LL.  bombi- 
tare,  freq.  of  *bombare,  ML.  also  bombire,  buzz, 

<  L.  bombus,  a  humming,  buzzing  sound.  Cf. 
bomlA,  bomb^,  hum^,  bumble,  etc.]  To  make  a 
buzzing  or  humming,  like  a  bee,  or  a  top  when 
spinning.    N.A.Bev.^  [Rare.] 

bombilation  (bom-bi-la'shon),  «.  [<  bombilate  : 
see  -ation.}  A  buzzing  or  droning  sound;  re- 
port; noise.    Also  bombulation.  [Rare.] 

To  abate  the  vigom- thereof  or  silence  its  [powder's]  bom- 
bulation. Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  ii.  o. 

bombilioust,  a.   See  bomhylious. 
bombilla  (bom-bil'ya),  n.    [S.  Amer.  Sp.,  dim. 

of  Sp.  boniba,  a  pump:  ^ee ^lunqA.}  A  tube  used 
in  Paraguay  for  ch-inking  mate,  it  is  6  or  7  inches 
long,  formed  of  metal  or  a  reed,  with  a  perforated  bulb  i>,t 
one  end,  to  prevent  the  tea-leaves  from  being  drawn  up 
into  tlie  mouth. 

bombinate  (bom'bi-nat),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
bombinatcd,  ppr.  bomhinating.    [<  ML.  *bombi- 


bombinate 

nattis,  pp.  of  *bombinure,  erroneous  form  of  LL. 
bonibitare :  see  bombilate.}  To  buzz;  make  a 
buzzing  sound;  bombilate.  [Rare.] 

As  easy  and  as  profitable  a  problem  to  solve  the  Rabe- 
laisian riddle  of  the  bombinatimj  chiiritera  with  its  poten- 
tial or  hypothetical  faculty  of  deriving  sustenance  from  a 
course  of  diet  on  second  intentions. 

Swinburne,  Shakespeare,  p.  199. 

'bombination  (bom-bi-na'shon),  n.  [<  bombi- 
nate. Ct.  bombilation.']  Buzz ;  humming  noise. 

Bombinator  (bom'bi-na-tor),  n.  [NL.  (Mer- 
rem,  1820),  <  ML.  *bombinare,  buzz:  see  bombi- 
nate.^ A  genus  of  European  frogs,  made  typi- 
cal of  a  family  Bombinatoridw,  now  referred  to 
the  family  Discoglossidte.  B.  igneus  is  the  typi- 
cal species,  called  bombardier. 

Bombinatoridae  (bom"bi-na-tor'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Bombinator  H-  -idw.']  '  A  family  of  anu- 
rous batraehians,  having  a  tongue,  maxillary 
teeth,  and  toes  not  dilated,  typified  by  the  genus 
Bombinator .  it  is  a  heterogeneous  group,  the  species  of 
which  belong  to  the  families  Discoglossidm,  Pelobatidce, 
and  Ctisto(iimthidce. 

bomb-ketch  (bom'kech),  n.  A  small,  strongly 
built,  ketch-rigged  vessel,  carrying  one  mortar 
or  more,  for  service  in  a  bombardment.  Also 
called  bomb-vessel. 

Swartwout  and  Ogden  .  .  .  were  then  confined  on  one 
of  the  boinb-ketches  in  the  harbor. 

G.  W.  Cable,  Creoles  of  Louisiana,  p.  153. 

T)Omb-lance  (bom'lans),  n.  A  lance  or  harpoon 
having  a  hollow  head  charged  with  gunpowder, 
which  is  automatically  fired  when  thrust  into  a 
whale. 

bombolo  (bom 'bo -16),  M.  [<  It.  bombola,  a 
pitcher,  bottle,  <  ZJo»«6a  .•  see  6o?n&2.]  A  sphe- 
roidal vessel  of  flint-glass,  used  in  subliming 
crude  camphor.  It  is  usually  about  12  inches 
in  diameter.    Also  bumbelo,  bitmbolo. 

bombous  (bom'-  or  bum'bus),  a.  [<  L.  bombus, 
n.,  taken  as  adj.:  see  6o«i&2.]  ij.  Booming; 
humming. —  2.  [<  bomb^  +  -ous.]  Convexly 
round,  like  a  segment  of  a  bomb ;  spherical. 

In  some  parts  [of  the  integument  of  the  Selachii],  as  for 
example  on  the  head,  they  [the  dermal  denticles]  often 
have  a  bombous  surface,  and  are  set  irregularly. 

Gegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  423. 

bomb-proof  (bom'prof),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Strong 
enough  to  resist  the  impact  and  explosive  force 
of  bombs  or  shells  sti'iking  on  the  outside. 

II.  n.  In  fort.,  a  structure  of  such  design 
and  strength  as  to  resist  the  penetration  and 


Bomb-proof. 

"the  shattering  force  of  shells.  Such  structures  are 
made  in  a  variety  of  ways,  but  are  usually,  at  least  in  part, 
beneath  the  level  of  the  ground.  They  may  be  entirely  of 
metal,  so  shaped  that  shot  and  shell  will  glance  from  the 
surface  without  piercing  them,  or  they  may  be  of  vaulted 
masonry,  or  even  of  timber  covered  and  faced  with  mas- 
sive embankments  of  earth,  the  latter  forming  the  most 
effective  shield  against  modern  projectiles.  Bomb-proofs 
are  provided  in  permanent  and  often  in  temporary  forti- 
fications to  place  the  magazine  and  stores  in  safety  during 
a  bombardment,  and  also  to  afford  shelter  to  the  garrison 
or  to  non-combatants. 

We  entered  a  lofty  bomb-proof  which  was  the  bedroom 
of  tlie  connnanding  officer. 

jr.  H.  Russell,  London  Times,  June  11,  1861. 

bombshell  (bom'shel),  n.    Same  as  bomh^,  1. 

bombus  (bom'bus),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  (ioiijiog,  a 
buzzing  noise :  see  6oto62.]  In  pathol.:  (a) 
A  humming  or  buzzing  noise  in  the  ears,  (b) 
A  rumbling  noise  in  the  intestines ;  borboryg- 
mus. —  2.  lcap.2  A  genus  of  bees,  family  Jpi- 
dce,  containing  the  honey-producing  aculeate 
or  sting-possessing  hymenopterous  insects  com- 
monly called  bumblebees.  See  bumblebee,  and 
cut  under  Hymenoptera. 

bomb-vessel  (bom'ves"el),  n.  Same  as  bomb- 
Ice  tcli. 

bombycid  (bom'bi-sid),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Bom- 
bycidce. 

Scent-organs  in  some  bombycid  moths.  Science,  VII.  505. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Bombycidw. 
Bombycidse  (bom-bis'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bom- 
byx  (Bombyc-)  +  -idm.']  A  family  of  nocturnal 
heterocerous  Lepidoptera,  or  moths,  important 
as  containing  the  silkworm-moth,  having  the 
antennge  bipectinate,  the  palpi  small,  and  the 
maxillse  rudimentary.  The  limits  of  the  family  and 
consequently  its  definition  vary  much.    Genera  besides 


618 

Bombyx  commonly  referred  to  this  family  are  Satumia, 
Attacus,  Odonestis,  Lasiocampa,  and  Eli^iocampa.  See  cut 
under  Bdinhilx. 

bombyciform  (bom-bis'i-form),  a.  [<  L.  bom- 
byx {bombyc-),  a  silkworm,  -I-  forma,  form.] 
Having  the  characters  of  a  bombycid  moth. 

Bombycilla  (bom-bi-sil'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  bom- 
byx (bombyc-),  silk,  +  -cUla,  taken  from  Mota- 
cilla,  in  the  assumed  sense  of  'tail.']  A  genus 
of  birds,  the  silktails  or  waxwings :  same  as  Am- 
pelis  in  the  most  restricted  sense.  See  Ampelis. 

Bombycillidae  (bom-bi-sil'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  < 
Bombycilla  -(-  -idw.']  A  family  of  birds,  repre- 
sented by  the  genus  Boinbycilla :  same  asAm- 
pelidw  in  the  most  restricted  sense.  [Disused.] 

Bombycina  (bom-bi-si'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bom- 
byx {Bombyc-)  +  -ina.']  A  tribe  or  superfamily 
of  moths  containing  the  bombycids,  as  distin- 
guished fi'om  the  sphinxes  on  the  one  hand  and 
the  Microlepidoptera  in  general  on  the  other. 

bombycine  (bom'bi-sin),  a.  [<  L.  bombycinus, 
<  bombyx,  silk:  see  Bombyx.  Cf.  bombazine.^ 
1.  Silken;  silk. — 2.  Of  cotton,  or  of  paper 
made  of  cotton.    N.  E.  D. 

bombycinous  (bom-bis'i-nus),  a.  [<  L.  bomby- 
cinus: seebombi/cine.'i  1.  Silken;  made  of  silk. 
—2.  Silky;  feeling  like  silk.— 3.  Of  the  color 
of  the  silkworm-moth;  of  a  pale-yellow  color. 
E.  Barwin. 

Bombycistoma,  Bombycistomus  (bom-bi-sis'- 
to-ma,  -mus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  fi6/il3v^,  silk,  + 
cTOfia,  mouth.]  Synonyms  of  Batrachostomus 
(which  see). 

bombycoid  (bom'bi-koid),  a.  Of  or  relating  to 
the  Bombycidw. 

bombylii,  n.    Plural  of  bombylius. 

Bombyliidse  (bom-bi-li'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  < 
Bombylius  +  -idw.']  A  family  of  braehycerous 
dipterous  insects,  of  the  section  Tctrachwtw 
or  Tanystomata ;  the  humbleflies.  They  have  a 

long  proboscis,  the  third  antennal  joint  not  annulate, 
three  prolonged  basal  cells,  and  usually  four  posterior 
cells.  The  family  is  large,  containing  upward  of  1,400 
species,  found  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  They  usually  liave 
hairy  bodies,  are  very  swift  in  flight,  and  are  sometimes 
called  ftower-Jiies,  from  their  feeding  upon  pollen  and 
honey  extracted  by  means  of  the  long  proboscis.  The  typi- 
cal genus  is  Bombylius ;  other  genera  are  Anthrax,  Loma- 
tia,  and  Nemestrina. 

bombylioust  (bom-bil'i-us),  a.  [<  Gr,  poji^v- 
Awf,  a  bumblebee  (see  bombylius),  +  -oms.]  Buz- 
zing; humming  like  a  bee. 

Vexatious,  .  .  .  not  by  stinging,  .  .  .  but  only  by  their 
bombylious  noise.  Dertiam,  Physica-Theol.,  iv.  14. 

bombylius  (bom-bil'i-us)^  n.;  pi.  bombylii  (-i).  [< 
Gr.  (a)  pofijiv'Md^  or  j3o/zpvXio(,  a  narrow-necked 
vessel  that  gurgles  in  pour- 
ing; (6)  l3o/j.pv'Ai6c:,  a  bumble- 
bee ;  <  pofifSog,  a  humming, 
buzzing:  seebombiis,  botnb'^.'] 

1.  In  archwol.,  a  form  of 
Greek  vase,  of  moderate 
size,  varying  between  the 
types  of  the  lekythos  and 
the  aryballus.  It  was  used 
for  containing  perfumes,  and 
also  for  pouring  liquid's,  etc. 
—  2.  [CO/;.]  [NL.]  The  typi- 
cal genus  of  the  family  .Bo ««- 
byliidw. 

Bombyx  (bom'biks),  n.  [L. 
bombyx  (in  ML.  corruptly 
bombax :  see  bombace,  bom- 
bast, bombazine),  <  Gr.  /3d/z- 
(iv^,  a  silkworm,  silk,  cot- 
ton; origin  uncertain.]  1. 
A  Linnean  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects,  now 
the  type  of  the  family  Bombycidm.  The  caterpillar 

of  the  Bombyx  mori  is  well  known  by  the  name  of  silk- 
worm. When  full-grown  it  is  3  inches  long,  whitish-gray, 
smooth,  with  a  horn  on  the  penultimate  segment  of  the 
body.  It  feeds  on  the  leaves  of  the  mulberry  (in  the 
United  States  also  on  those  of  the  Osage  orange),  and 
spins  an  oval  cocoon  of  the  size  of  a  pigeon's  egg,  of  a 
close  tissue,  with  very  fine  silk,  usually  of  a  yellow  color, 
but  sometimes  white.  Each  silk-flber  is  double,  and  is 
spun  from  a  viscid  substance  contained  in  two  tubular  or- 
gans ending  in  a  spinneret  at  the  mouth.  A  single  fiber 
is  often  1,100  feet  long.  It  requires  1,600  worms  to  pro- 
duce 1  pound  of  silk.  Greek  missionaries  first  brought 
the  eggs  of  the  silkworm  from  China  to  Constantinople  in 
the  reign  of  Justinian  (A.  D.  527-505).  In  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury the  cultivation  of  silk  was  introduced  into  the  kingdom 
of  Naples  from  the  Alorea,  and  several  centuries  afterward 
into  France.  The  silkworm  undergoes  a  variety  of  changes 
during  the  short  period  of  its  life.  When  hatched  it  ap- 
pears as  a  black  worm  ;  after  it  has  finished  its  cocoon  it 
becomes  a  chrysalis,  and  finally  a  perfect  cream-colored 
insect  or  hioth,  with  four  wings.  For  other  silk-spinning 
bombycids,  see  silkworm.    See  cut  in  next  column. 

2.  In  conch.,  a  genus  of  piilmonate  gastropods. 
Humphreys,  1797.    [Not  in  use.] 

bominablef,  «.  -Aji  abbreviated  fonn  of  abom- 
inable. 


bonail 


^Bombyx  mori),  about  natural  size. 


Black-figured  Bomby- 
lius. 


Juliana  Berners,  lady-prioress  of  the  nunnery  of  Sopwell 
in  the  fifteenth  century,  informs  us  that  in  her  time  "  a 
bomynable  syght  of  monkes"  was  elegant  English  for  "a 
large  company  of  friars." 

G.  P.  Marsh,  Lects.  on  Eng.  Lang.,  viii. 

Bomolochidse  (bo-mo-lok'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Bomolochus  +  -idm.'\  A  family  of  copepod  crus- 
taceans, of  the  group  Siphonostomata,  tjrpified 
by  the  genus  Bomolochus.  The  species  are  few 
in  number,  and  parasitic  on  fishes. 

Bomolochus  (bo-mol'o-kus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  (iu- 
jio'koxog,  a  beggar,  low  jester,  birffoon,  prop,  one 
who  waited  about  the  altars  to  beg  or  steal 
some  of  the  meat  offered  thereon,  <  /3w//df,  an 
altar,  +  lox&v,  lie  in  wait,  <  Mxog,  ambush,  lying 
in  wait,  <  Xeyeiv,  lay  asleep,  in  pass,  lie  asleep, 
lie:  see  lay'^,  Zie^.]  A  genus  of  crustaceans, 
typical  of  the  family  Bomolochidce. 

bon^ti  «•    Obsolete  form  of  bone^. 

bon^t,  n.    Obsolete  form  of  boon^. 

bon^t,  a.    Obsolete  form  of  boon^. 

bon*  (F.  pron.  boh),  a.  [¥.,  <  OF.  ban,  >  ME. 
bone,  mod.  E.  boon'^,  q.  v.]  Good:  a  French 
word  occurring  in  several  phrases  familiar  in 
English,  but  not  Anglicized,  as  bonmot,  bon  ton, 
bon  vivant,  etc. 

bona  (bo'na),  n.  pi.  [L.,  property,  goods,  pi.  of 
bonum,  a  good  thing,  neut.  of  bonus,  good.  Cf . 
E.  goods,  a  translation  of  bona.']  Literally, 
goods;  in  civil  law,  all  sorts  of  property,  mova- 
ble and  immovable. 

bon  accord  (bon  a-k6rd').  [F. :  see  bow*  and 
accord,  m.]    1.  Agi'eement;  good  will. — 2.  An 

expression  or  token  of  good  will  The  city  of 

bon  accord,  Aberdeen,  Scotland,  Bon  accord  being  the 
motto  of  the  town's  arms. 

bonace-tree  (bon'as-tre),  «.  [<  bonace  (uncer- 
tain) +  tree.]  A  small  tree  of  Jamaica,  Daph- 
nopsis  tinifolia,  natural  order  Thymeleacece,  the 
inner  bark  of  which  is  very  fibrous  and  is  used 
for  cordage,  etc.    Also  called  burn-nose  tree. 

bona  fide  (bo'na  fi"de).  [L.,  abl.  of  bona  fides, 
good  faith :  see  bona  fides.]  In  or  with  good 
faith ;  without  fraud  or  deception ;  with  sincer- 
ity ;  genuinely :  frequently  used  as  a  compound 
adjective  in  the  sense  of  honest ;  genuine ;  not 
make-believe.  An  act  done  bona  fide,  in  law,  is  one  done 
without  fraud,  or  without  knowledge  or  notice  of  any  de- 
ceit or  impropriety,  in  contradistinction  to  an  act  done 
deceitfully,  with  bad  faith,  fraudulently,  or  with  know- 
ledge of  previous  facts  rendering  the  act  to  be  set  np  in- 
valid. —  Bona-flde  possessor,  in  law,  a  person  who  not 
only  possesses  a  sul)ject  upon  a  title  which  he  honestly  be- 
lieves to  be  good,  but  is  ignorant  of  any  attempt  to  contest 
his  title  by  some  other  person  claiming  a  better  right.— 
Bona-fide  purchaser,  in  laiv,  one  who  has  bought  prop- 
erty without  notice  of  an  adverse  claim,  and  has  paid  a 
full  price  for  it  before  having  such  notice,  or  who  has  been 
unaware  of  any  circumstances  making  it  prudent  to  in- 
quire whether  an  adverse  claim  existed. 

bona  fides  (bo'na  fi'dez).  [L. :  bona,  fem.  of 
bonus  (>  ult.  E.  6oo«3),  good;  fides,  >  ult.  E. 
faith.]  Good  faith;  fair  dealing.  See  bona 
fide. 

bonaget,  bonnaget  (bon'aj),  n.  [Sc.,  appar.  a 
var.  (simulating  bondage)  of  boonage,  q.  v.] 
Services  rendered  by  a  tenant  to  his  landlord 
as  part  payment  of  rent. 

bonaght,  «.  [Early  mod.  E.,  also  written  bo- 
nogh,  bonough,  repr.  Ir.  buana,  a  billeted  soldier, 
buanadh,  a  soldier.]  A  permanent  soldier. 
N.  E.  D. 

bonaghtt,  «.  [Early  mod.  E.,  also  bonnaght, 
bonaught,  etc.,  repr.  Ir.  buanacht,  quartering  of 
soldiers.]  A  tax  or  tribute  formerly  levied  by 
Irish  chiefs  for  the  maintenance  of  soldiers. 
N.  E.  I). 

bonailt,  bonailliet,  «•  [Sc.]  Same  as  bonally. 


bonail 

On  the  brave  veasel's  gunwale  I  drank  his  bonail 
And  farewell  to  Mackenzie,  High  Chief  of  Kintail. 

Scott,  Farewell  to  Mackenzie, 
bonairt  (bo-nar'),  a.    [<  ME.  bonair,  honaire, 
honere;  short  for  debonair,  q.  v.]  Complaisant; 
courteous;  kind;  yielding. 

Bonair  and  buxom  to  the  Bishop  of  Rome. 

Bp.  Jewell,  Def.  of  Apol.  for  Church  of  Eng.,  p.  638. 

bonairtet,  n.  [ME.,  also  bonairete,  bonerte ;  short 
for  debonairte,  q.  v.]  Complaisance ;  courtesy. 
Chaucer. 

bonallyt  (bo-nal'i),  n.  [Sc.,  also  written  bonail- 
Ue,  honnaillie,  bonnaille,  bonail,  bonnail;  <  F.  hon, 
good,  +  aller,  go :  see  boon^  and  alley'^.'\  Good- 
speed  ;  farewell :  as,  to  drink  one's  bonally. 

bonang  (bo-nang'),  n.  A  Javanese  musical  in- 
strument, consisting  of  gongs  mounted  on  a 
frame. 

bona  notabilia  (bo'na  no-ta-bil'i-a).  [Law 
L. :  L.  &o?ja,  goods;  Moi«6«fe'a,'neut.  pi.  of  «oto- 
bilis,  to  be  noted :  see  bona  and  notable.']  In 
laio,  assets  situated  in  a  jurisdiction  other  than 
that  in.  which  the  owner  died.  Formerly  in  Eng- 
land, when  the  goods,  amounting  to  at  least  £5,  were  in 
another  diocese  than  that  in  which  their  owner  died,  his 
will  liad  to  be  proved  before  the  archbishop  of  the  province. 

bonanza  (bo-nan' za),  n.  [<  Sp.  bonanza  (= 
Pg.  bonanza),  fair  weather  at  sea,  prosperity, 
success  {ir  en  bonanza,  sail  with  fair  wind  and 
weather,  go  on  prosperously)  (cf.  It.  bonaccia 
=  Pr.  bonassa,  >  F.  bonace,  a  calm  at  sea),  < 
L.  bonus  (>  Sp.  bueno  =  Pg.  bom  =  It.  buono  = 
P.  bo7i),  good;  cf.  OSp.  malina,  stormy  weather 
at  sea,  <  L.  malus,  bad.]  1.  A  term  in  common 
use  in  the  Pacific  States,  signifying  a  rich  mass 
of  ore:  opposed  to  borrasca.  Hence  —  2.  A 
mine  of  wealth ;  a  profitable  thing;  good  luck: 
as,  to  strike  a  bonanza.  [Colloq.,  U.  S.]-,The 
Bonanza  mines,  specifically,  those  silver-mines  on  the 
Comstock  lode  in  Nevada  which  yielded  enormously  for  a 
few  years. 

Bonapartean  (bo'na-par-te-an),  a.  [<  Bona- 
parte, It.  Buonaparte,  family  name  of  Napo- 
leon.] Pertaining  to  Bonaparte  or  the  Bona- 
partes :  as,  "  Bonapartean  dynasty,"  Craig. 

Bonapartism  (bo'na-par-tizm),  n.  [<  F.  Bona- 
partisme,  <  Bonaparte  +  -isme,  -ism.]  1.  The 
policy  or  political  system  of  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte and  his  dynasty. — 2.  Devotion  to  the 
Bonaparte  family;  adherence  to  the  cause  or 
the  dynastic  claims  of  the  Bonapartes. 

Bonapartist  (bo'na-par-tist),  n.  and  a.  [<  F. 
Bonapartiste,  <  Bonai)arte  +  -iste,  -ist.]  I.  n. 
1.  An  adherent  of  the  Bonapartes,  or  of  the 
policy  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte  and  his  dynasty. 
—  2.  One  who  favors  the  claims  of  the  Bona- 
parte family  to  the  imperial  throne  of  France. 

II.  a.  Adhering  to  or  favoring  the  dynasty, 
policy,  or  claims  of  the  Bonapartes. 

bona  peritura  (bo'na  per-i-tu'ra).  [Law  L. : 
L.  bona,  goods;  peritura,  neut.  pi.  of  periturus, 
fut.  part,  of  perire,  perish :  see  bona  and  per- 
ish.]   In  law,  perishable  goods. 

bona-robat  (bo'na-ro'ba),  n.  [It.  buonarobba, 
"a  good  wholesome  plum-cheeked  wench" 
(Florio),  lit.  a  fine  gown,  <  buona,  fem.  of  buono, 
good,  fine,  +  robba,  roba,  gown:  see  bonanza, 
boonS,  and  robe.]  A  showy  wanton ;  a  wench 
of  the  town;  a  courtezan. 
A  bouncing  hona-roba.  B.  Jonson,  New  Inn. 

Some  prefer  the  French, 
For  their  conceited  dressings  ;  some  the  plump 
Italian  bona-robas.       Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  i.  1. 

Bonasa,  Bonasia  (bo-na'sa,  -si-a),  n.  [NL. 
Cf.  bonasus.]  A  genus  of  gallinaceous  birds, 
of  the  family  Tetraonidce,  containing  especially 
B.  betulina,  the  hazel-grouse  of  Europe,  and  B. 
umbella,  the  ruffed  grouse,  pheasant,  or  par- 
tridge of  North  America.    They  liave  a  ruffle  of 


Ruffed  Grouse  {Bonasa  wnbetla). 

feathers  on  each  side  of  the  neck,  a  broad  fan-shaped 
tail,  partly  feathered  shanks,  and  a  small  crest.  They 
are  woodland  birds,  noted  for  their  habit  of  drumming, 
whence  probably  their  name,  the  noise  being  likened  to 
the  bellowing  of  a  bull. 


619 

bonasus,  bonassus  (bo-na'sus,  -nas'us),  n. 
[L.  bonasus,  <  Gr.  fidvaau^  or  (iovaaaoQ,  the  wild 
ox.]  1.  The  wild  bison  of  Europe;  the  au- 
rochs (which  see).— 2.  leap.]  [NL.]  A  ge- 
neric name  of  the  bisons,  and  thus  a  synonym 
of  Bison  (which  see). 

bonbatzen  (bon-bat'sen),  n.    Same  as  batz. 

bonbon  (bon'bon;  F.  pron.  boii'boh),  n.  [F., 
a  reduplication  of  hon,  good:  see  bon^,  boon'^. 
Cf.  equiv.  E.  goodies.]  A  sugar-plum;  in  the 
plural,  sugar-eonfeetionery. 

bonbonnifere  (boh-bon-iar'),  n.  [F.]  A  box 
for  holding  bonbons  or  confections. 

bonce  (bons),  w.  [Origin  obscure.]  1.  A  large 
marble  for  playing  with. —  2.  A  game  played 
with  such  marbles.    N.  E.  D.  [Eng.] 

bonchieff,  «.  [<  ME.  bonchef.  bonechief,  boon- 
chief,  <  bone,  good  (see  boon^),  4-  chef,  chief, 
head,  end,  issue,  prob.  after  analogy  of  mischief, 
q.  v.]    Good  fortune;  prosperity. 

bon-chr§tien  (F.  pron.  boh-kra'tiah),  n.  [F., 
good  Christian:  see  boon^  and  Christian.]  A 
highly  esteemed  kind  of  pear. 

bondi  (bond),  n.  [<  ME.  bond,  a  variant  of 
band,  as  hond  of  hand,  etc.:  see  hand^.]  1. 
Anything  that  binds,  fastens,  confines,  or  holds 
together,  as  a  cord,  chain,  rope,  band,  or  ban- 
dage ;  a  ligament. 

I  tore  them  [hairs]  from  their  bonds. 

Shale,  K.  John,  iii.  4. 
Specifically — 2.  pi.  Fetters;  chains  for  re- 
straint; hence,  imprisonment;  captivity. 
Tills  man  doeth  nothing  worthy  of  death,  or  of  bonds. 

Acts  xxvi.  31. 

3.  A  binding  or  uniting  power  or  influence; 
cause  of  union ;  link  of  connection ;  a  uniting 
tie :  as,  the  bonds  of  affection. 

Farewell,  thou  worthy  man !   There  were  two  bonds 
That  tied  our  loves,  a  brother  and  a  king. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  v.  2. 
There  is  a  strong  bond  of  affection  between  us  and  our 
parents.  Sir  T.  Broxmie,  Keligio  Medici,  ii.  14. 

I  have  struggled  through  much  discouragement  .  .  . 
for  a  people  with  whom  I  have  no  tie  but  the  commop 
bond  of  mankind.  Burke,  To  Sir-  H.  Langrishe. 

4.  Something  that  constrains  the  mind  or  will ; 
obligation;  duty. 

I  love  your  majesty 
According  to  my  bond,  nor  more  nor  less. 

Shak.,  Lear,  i.  1. 
Sir  Aylmer,  reddeping  from  the  storm  within, 
Then  hfoke  all  bonds  of  courtesy. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

5.  An  agreement  or  engagement;  a  covenant 
between  two  or  more  persons. 

I  wiU  bring  you  into  the  bond  of  the  covenant. 

Ezek.  XX.  37. 

A  bond  offensive  and  defensive. 

Sir  J.  Melvil  {im.0),  Mem.,  p.  12. 

6.  [<  D.  bond,  league.]  A  league  or  confed- 
eration: used  of  the  Dutch-speaking  popula- 
tions of  southern  Africa. —  7.  In  laio,  an  in- 
strument under  seal  by  which  the  maker  binds 
himself,  and  usually  also  his  heirs,  executors, 
and  administrators  (or,  if  a  corporation,  their 
successors),  to  do  or  not  to  do  a  specified  act. 
If  it  is  merely  a  promise  to  pay  a  certain  sum  on  or  before 
a  future  day  appointed,  it  is  called  a  sinf/le  bond.  But 
the  usual  form  is  for  the  obligor  to  bind  liimself,  his  exec- 
utors, etc.,  in  a  specified  sum  or  penalty,  with  a  condition 
added,  on  performance  of  which  it  is  declared  the  obliga- 
tion shall  be  void.  When  such  a  condition  is  added,  the 
bond  is  called  a  penal  bond  or  obligation.  The  person  to 
whom  the  bond  is  granted  is  called  the  obligee. 

8.  The  state  of  being  in  a  bonded  warehouse 
or  store  in  charge  of  custom-house  or  ejccise  offi- 
cers :  said  of  goods  or  merchandise :  as;  tea  and 
wine  still  in  6ci«rf. —  9t.  A  surety;  a  bondsman; 
bail.  Pepys,  Diary. — 10.  A  certificate  of  owner- 
ship of  a  specified  portion  of  a  capital  debt  due 
by  a  government,  a  city,  a  railroad,  or  other 
corporation  to  individual  holders,  and  usually 
bearing  a  fixed  rate  of  interest.  The  bonds  of  the 

United  States  are  of  two  classes :  (1)  coupon  bonds,  both 
principal  and  interest  of  wliich  are  payable  to  bearer, 
and  which  pass  by  delivery,  usually  witliout  indorsement; 
(2)  registered  bonds,  which  are  payable  only  to  the  parties 
whose  names  are  inscribed  upon  them,  and  can  be  trans- 
ferred only  by  indorsed  assignment. 

11.  In  chem.,  a  unit  of  combining  or  satu- 
rating power  equivalent  to  that  of  one  hydro- 
gen atom.  The  valence  of  an  element  or  group  is  in- 
dicated by  the  number  of  its  bonds.  Thus,  tlie  carbon 
atom  is  said  to  have  four  bonds,  that  is,  it  may  conil)ine 
directly  with  four  hydrogen  atoms  or  tlieir  eciuivaleiits. 
Bonds  are  usually  represented  graphically  by  short  dashes. 
For  instance,  the  valence  of  a  carbon  atom  may  be  repre- 
sented thus :  C=. 

One  or  more  pairs  of  bonds  belonging  to  one  and  the  same 
atom  of  an  element  can  unite,  and,  having  saturated  each 
otlier,  become  as  it  were  latent.     Frankland,  Cliemistry. 

12.  In  building:  (a)  The  connection  of  one 
stone  or  brick  with  another  made  by  lapping 


bond 

one  over  the  other  as  the  work  is  carried  up,  so 
that  a  homogeneous  and  coherent  mass  may 
be  formed,  which  could  not  be  the  case  if  every 
vertical  joint  were  over  that  below  it.  See 
chain-bond,  cross-bond,  heart-bond,  and  phrases 
below.  (6)  pi.  The  whole  of  the  timbers  dis- 
posed in  the  walls  of  a  house,  as  bond-timbers, 
wall-plates,  lintels,  and  templets. — 13.  The 
distance  between  the  nail  of  one  slate  in  a  roof 
and  the  lower  edge  of  the  slate  above  it  Active 

bonds.  See  acfioe.— Arbitration  bond.  See  arbitra- 
tion.— Average  bond,  in  marine  insurance,  an  under- 
taking in  tlie  form  of  a  bond,  given  to  the  captain  of  a 
ship  Ijy  consignees  of  cai'go  subject  to  general  average, 
guaranteeing  payment  of  their  contribution  when  ascer- 
tained, provided  delivery  of  their  goods  l)e  made  at  once. 
See  aoerage^.—  'Bla.nk.  bond,  a  bond  formerly  used  in 
which  the  space  for  the  creditor's  name  was  left  blank. — 
BlOCk-and-CrOSS  bond,  a  method  of  building  in  which 
the  outer  lace  of  the  wall  is  built  in  cross-bond  and  the 
inner  face  in  Uock-bond. —  Bond  for  land,  bond  for  a 
deed,  a  bond  given  by  tlie  seller  of  land  to  one  agreeing 
to  buy  it,  binding  him  to  convey  on  receiving  the  agreed 
price.— Bond  Of  Cautlon,  in  Scots  laxv,  an  obligation  by 
one  person  as  surety  for  another  either  that  he  shall  pay 
a  certain  sum  or  perform  a  certain  act. —  Bond  Of  cor- 
roboration, an  additional  oldigation  granted  by  the 
debtor  in  a  bond,  by  which  he  corroborates  the  original 
obligation.— Bond  Of  indemnity,  a  bond  conditioned  to 
indemnify  tlie  oliligee  against  some  loss  or  liability. — 
Bond  of  presentation,  in  Scots  law,  a  bond  lo  present  a 
debtor  so  that  lie  may  lie  subjected  to  the  diligence  of  his 
creditor.— Bond  of  relief,  in  Scots  law,  a  bond  by  the 
principal  debtor  granted  in  favor  of  a  cautioner,  by  which 
the  debtor  binds  himself  to  relieve  the  cautioner  from 
the  consequences  of  his  obligation. —  Collateral  trust- 
bonds,  bonds  issued  liy  a  corporation  and  secured,  not, 
as  is  usual,  by  a  mortgage  on  its  own  property,  but  by 
pledging  or  depositing  in  trust,  on  behalf  of  the  bondhold- 
ers to  be  secured,  mortgage-bonds  of  other  companies  held 
by  it  as  security.  The  interest  paid  on  these  collateral 
trust-bonds  is  usually  less  than  that  leceived  on  the  bonds 
pledged,  the  surplus  being  used  to  form  a  sinking-fund  for 
the  redemption  of  tlie  former.— Consolidated  bonds, 
the  name  commonly  given  to  railroad  bonds  secured  by 
mortgage  on  the  entire  line  formed  by  several  consoli- 
dated roads,  in  contradistinction  to  divisional  bonds, 
which  are  obligations  of  the  consolidated  company  se- 
cured by  mortgage  on  some  particular  division  of  the  rail- 
road.—Convertible  bonds,  evidences  of  debt  issued  by 
a  stock  company  which  contain  a  provision  that  they  may 
be  converted  at  the  holder's  will  into  an  equivalent  amount 

of  stock.  —  Di- 
agonal bond,  in 
bricklaying,  the 
simplest  form  of 
raking  bond,  in 
which  the  courses 
are  all  parallel  to 
each  other. —  Di- 
visional bonds. 
See  under  con- 
solidated bonds, 
above. — English 
bond,  that  dispo- 
sition of  bricks  in 
a  wall  in  which 
the  courses  are 
alternately  com- 
posed entirely  of 
headers,  or  bricks 
laid  with  their  heads  or  ends  toward  the  face  of  the  wall, 
and  of  stretchers,  or  bricks  with  their  length  parallel 
to  the  face  of  tlie 
wall.  —  Flemish  i  , .  i 
bond,  that  dis- 
position of  bricks 
in  a  waU  in 
which  each  course 
is  composed  of 
headers  and 
stretchers  alter- 
nately. 

What  is  in  Eng- 
land called  Flem- 
ish bond  is  un- 
known in  Flan- 
ders, and  is  prac- 
tised in  the  Brit- 
ish Isles  alone; 
Eiuyc.  Brit.,  IV. 
[461. 


II  I  I  I  I  I  I 


I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I 


III 


English  Bond. 
,  face  of  wall ;  2,  end  of  wall ;  3,  first- 
course  bed  ;  4,  second-course  bed. 


Tl 


I   I  , 


jzr 


I  I,  ,1  I 


n 


Flemish  Bond. 
I,  face  of  wait ;  2,  end  of  wall  :  3.  first- 
course  bed  ;  4,  second-course  bed. 


Forthcoming  bond,  a  bond  given  by  some  one  guaran- 
teeing that  something  shall  be  produced  or  forthcoming 
at  a  particular  time,  or  when  called  for.— Garden-bond. 

Same  as  block-bond.— Geneied  mortgage-bonds,  tiie 

name  commonly  given  to  a  corporate  mortsage,  wliieh, 
though  nominally  covering  all  property  of  the  company,  is 
of  inferior  security  because  subject  to  prior  mortgages  of 
various  kinds.— Good  bond,  an  expression  used  by  car- 
penters to  denote  the  firm  fastening  of  two  or  more  pieces 
together,  by  tenoning,  mortising,  or  dovetailing.— Herit- 
able bond,  in  Scots  law,  a  bond  for  a  sum  of  money,  to 
which  is  joined  for  the  creditor's  further  security  a  con- 
veyance of  land  or  of  heritage,  to  be  held  liy  the  creditor 
in  security  of  the  debt.  —  Herring-bone  bond,  in  brick- 
laying, a  kind  of  raking  bond  in  which  the  courses  lie  al 
ternately  at  right  angles  to  each  other,  so  that  every  two 
coui-ses.  taken  togetlier,  present  an  appearance  similar  to 
the  backbone  of  a  fish.— Income-bonds,  bonds  of  a  cor- 
poration secured  by  a  pledge  of  or  lien  upon  the  net  in- 
come, after  payment  of  interest  upon  senior  mortgages. 
Cumulative  income-bonds  are  those  so  expressed  that,  if 
the  net  sui-plus  income  of  any  year  is  not  sufficient  to  pay 
full  interest  on  the  income-bond,  the  deficit  is  carried  for- 
ward as  a  lien  upon  such  income  in  following  years,  until 
paid  in  full.— Lloyd's  bond,  a  form  of  legal  instrument 
devised  by  an  English  l)arrister  named  Lloyd,  to  enable 
railway  and  otlier  corporate  companies  in  England  to  in- 
crease their  indebtedness  without  infruiging  the  statutes 


bond 


620 


bone 


under  which  they  were  incorporated  and  which  prohibited 
honow  ill!,'.  Tins  end  was  accoiiiplislied  by  issuing  bonds 
bearing  interest  for  work  done  or  for  goo<is  delivered. — 
Passive  bonds.  See  active  bonds,  under  acthv. — Quairy- 
Stone  bond,  rubble  masonry.— Raking  bond,  a  method 
of  bricklaying  in  which  tlie  bricks  are  laid  at  an  angle  in 
the  face  of  the  wall.  There  are  two  kinds,  diagonal  and 
hei-ritifj-bone. — Registered  bond,  an  obligation,  usually 
of  a  state  or  corporation,  for  the  payment  of  money,  regis- 
tered in  the  holder's  name  on  the  books  of  the  debtor,  and 
represented  by  a  single  certificate  delivered  to  the  credi- 
tor.—Running  bond,  in  bricklaiiinii,  same  as  English 
boiui. —  Straw  bond,  a  bond  upon  wliicli  either  fictitious 
names  or  the  names  of  persons  unable  to  pay  the  sum 
guaranteed  are  written  as  names  of  sureties, 
bondi  (bond),  V.  [<  boncn,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
put  in  bond  or  into  a  bonded  warehouse,  as 
goods  liable  for  customs  or  excise  duties,  the 
duties  remaining  unpaid  till  the  goods  are  taken 
out,  but  bonds  being  given  for  their  pajTnent : 
as,  to  bond  1,000  poimds  of  tobacco. —  2.  To 
grant  a  bond  or  bond  and  mortgage  on:  as,  to 
bond  property. —  3.  To  convert  into  bonds :  as, 
to  bond  a  debt. — 4.  To  place  a  bonded  debt  up- 
on: as,  to  bond  a  railroad. —  5.  In  building,  to 
bind  or  hold  together  (bricks  or  stones  in  a  wall) 
by  a  proper  disposition  of  headers  and  stretch- 
ers, or  by  cement,  mortar,  etc.  See  bond'^,  n.,1'1. 

The  lower  parts  of  the  palace-walls,  which  are  preserved 
to  a  lieight  of  eighteen  inches  to  three  feet,  consist  of  quar- 
ry-stones bonded  with  clay.      iV.  A.  Rev.,  CXXXIX.  521). 

Town-bonding  acts  or  laws,  laws  enacted  by  several  of 
the  United  States,  authorizing  towns,  counties,  and  other 
municipal  corporations  to  issue  their  corporate  bonds  for 
the  purpose  of  aiding  the  construction  of  railroads. 

II.  intrans.  To  hold  together  from  being 
bonded,  as  bricks  in  a  wall. 

The  imperfectly  shaped  and  variously  sized  stone  as 
dressed  rubble  can  neither  bed  nor  bond  truly. 

Em-iie..  Brit.,  IV.  448. 

bond^  (bond),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  bonde,  peasant, 
servant,  bondman.  ME.  bonde  occiu's  in  its 
proper  sense  of  'man  of  inferior  rank,'  also 
as  adj.,  unfree,  bond  (>  ML.  bondus,  AF.  bond, 
bonde),  <  AS.  bonda,  bunda,  a  householder, 
head  of  a  family,  husband  (see  husband),  < 
Icel.  bondi,  contr.  of  boandi,  buandi,  a  husband- 
man, householder  (=  OSw.  boandi,  bondi,  Sw. 
Dan.  bonde,  a  farmer,  husbandman,  peasant), 
prop.  ppr.  (=  AS.  buendc)  of  bila  =  AS.  buan, 
dwell,  trans,  occupy,  till.  From  the  same  root 
come  boor,  Boer,  boicer'^,  boicerf',  boun,  bound^, 
bi{)^,  and  ult.  iie'^.  The  same  element  bond  oc- 
curs unfelt  in  husband,  earlier  /; usbond  :  see  /( us- 
band.  The  word  bond,  prop,  a  noun,  acquired 
an  adjective  use  from  its  frequent  occurrence 
as  the  antithesis  otfree.  The  notion  of  servi- 
tude is  not  original,  but  is  due  partly  to  the 
inferior  nature  of  the  tenure  held  by  the  bond 
(def.  2),  and  partly  to  a  confusion  with  the  un- 
related bond"^  and  bound,  pp.  of  bind.']    I.f  n. 

1.  A  peasant;  a  churl. — 2.  A  vassal;  a  serf; 
one  held  in  bondage  to  a  superior. 

II.  a.  If.  Subject  to  the  tenm-e  called  bond- 
age.—  2.  In  a  state  of  servitude  or  slavery; 
not  free. 

Whether  we  be  Jews  or  Gentiles,  whether  we  be  bond 
or  free.  1  Cor.  xii.  13. 

Eiche  &  pore,  free  &  bonde,  that  wol  axe  grace. 

Hymns  to  the  Virgin,  p.  53. 
Lered  men  &  lay,  fre  &  bond  of  toune. 

Robert  of  Brtinne,  tr.  by  Langtoft,  p.  171. 
Makyng  them  selues  boiule  to  vanitie  and  vice  at  home, 
they  are  content  to  beare  the  yoke  of  seruyng  straungers 
abroad.  Aschain,  The  Scholeraaster,  p.  72. 

Sf.  Servile ;  slavish ;  pertaining  to  or  befitting 
a  slave  :  as,  bond  fear. 

bond^t  (bond),  V.  t.  [<  bond"^,  11.  or  «.]  To 
subject  to  bondage. 

bondage  (bon'daj),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bo^indage;  <  ME.  bondage,  AF.  bondage,  ML. 
bondagium,  an  inferior  tenure  held  by  a  bond 
or  husbandman :  see  bond^,  n.,  2.  In  mod.  use 
associated  with  &on(?l  and  ftoMJirfi.]  1.  In  old 
Eng.  law,  villeinage ;  tenure  of  land  by  per- 
forming the  meanest  services  for  a  superior. 

Syche  bondage  shalle  I  to  theym  beyde. 
To  dyke  and  delf,  here  and  draw. 
And  to  do  alle  unhonest  deyde. 

Tuwneley  Mysteries,  p.  67. 

2.  In  Scot,  agri.,  the  state  of,  or  services  due 
by,  a  bondager.    See  bondagcr. 

Another  set  of  payments  consisted  in  services  called 
bondage.  These  were  exacted  either  in  seed-time  in  plough- 
ing and  harrowing  the  proprietor's  land,  or  in  summer  in 
the  carriage  of  his  coals  or  other  fuel,  and  in  harvest  in 
cutting  down  his  crop.  Agric.  Survey,  Kincardineshire. 
[From  the  foregoing  extract  it  will  be  seen  that  formerly 
the  system  had  place  not  only,  as  now,  between  farmer 
and  laboier,  but  also  between  proprietor  and  farmer.] 

3t.  Obligation;  tie  of  duty;  binding  power  or 
influence. 

He  must  resolve  by  no  means  to  be  enslaved  and  to  be 
brought  under  the  bondage  of  observing  oaths.  South. 


4.  Slavery  or  involuntary  servitude ;  serfdom. 

A  sadly  toiling  slave. 
Dragging  the  slowly  lengthening  chain  of  bondage  to  the 
grave.  Whittier,  Cassandra  Southwick. 

5.  Captivity;  imprisonment;  restraint  of  a 
person's  liberty  by  compulsion. 

A  day,  an  hour,  of  virtuous  liberty 
Is  worth  a  whole  eternity  in  bondage. 

Addison,  Cato,  ii.  1. 

6.  Figuratively,  subjection  to  some  power  or 
influence:  as,  he  is  in  bondage  to  his  appetites. 

=  Syn.  4.  Slavery,  etc.  (see  sf?-ii((«((t'),  thraldom,  serfdom. 

bondage  (bon'daj),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bandaged, 
ppr.  bondaging.  [<  bondage,  ?(.]  To  reduce  to 
bondage  or  slavery ;  enslave.  [Obsolete  or  rare.] 

bondager  (bon'da-jer),  n.  [<  bondage,  v.,  + 
-c*'!.]  In  Scotland  and  the  north  of  England, 
one  who  rents  a  cottage  on  a  farm  and  is 
bound,  as  a  condition  Of  his  tenancy,  to  work 
for  the  farmer  at  certain  seasons,  such  as  tur- 
nip-hoeing or  harvest-time,  or  to  supply  a  work- 
er from  his  own  family,  at  current  wages.  See 
bondage,  n.,  2. 

bond-cooper  (bond'kup"er),  n.  One  who  has 
charge  of  casks  of  wine  and  spirits  held  in  bond. 

bond-creditor  (bond'kred  "i-tor),  n.  A  creditor 
who  is  secured  by  a  bond. 

bond-debt  (bond'det),  n.  A  debt  contracted 
under  the  obligation  of  a  bond. 

bonded  (bon'ded),j).  a.  [<  bond^,  v.,  +  -erf2.]  1, 
Secured  by  bonds,  as  duties. —  2.  Put  or  placed 
in  bond  :  as,  bonded  goods. —  3.  Encumbered; 
mortgaged:  as,  heavily  bonded  property. —  4. 
Securecl  by  or  consisting  of  bonds:  as,  bonded 

debt — Bonded  debt,  that  part  of  the  entire  indebted- 
ness of  a  corporation,  state,  etc.,  which  is  represented 
by  the  bonds  it  has  issued,  as  distinguished  from  floating 
debt.— Bonded  warehouse,  or  bonded  store,  a  build- 
ing or  warehouse  in  wliicli  imported  goods  subject  to  duty, 
or  goods  chargeable  with  internal-revenue  taxes,  are  stored 
mitil  the  importer  or  bonder  withdraws  them  for  exporta- 
tion without  payment  of  duty  or  tax,  or  makes  paymefit 
of  the  duties  or  taxes  and  takes  delivery  of  his  goods. 

bonder^  (bon'der),  n.  [<  bond^,  v.,  +  1. 
One  who  bonds ;  one  who  deposits  goods  in  a 
bonded  warehouse. — 2.  In  masonry,  a  stone 
which  reaches  a  considerable  distance  into  or 
entirely  through  a  wall  for  the  purpose  of  bind- 
ing it  together :  principally  used  when  the  wall 
is  faced  with  ashler  for  the  pm'pose  of  tying 
the  facing  to  the  rough  backing.  Also  called 
bond-stone.    See  cut  under  ashler. 

bonder^  (bon'der),  n.  [Erroneously  <  Dan. 
Sw.  Norw.  bonde  (pi.  bonder) :  see  bond^,  ?(.] 
A  yeoman  of  Norway,  Sweden,  or  Denmark. 

The  bonders  gathered  to  the  thing  as  the  ceorls  to  the 
moot.  J.  R.  Green.  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  65. 

Gradually  arms  were  taken  from  the  hands  of  the  free- 
men and  the  bonders,  and  they  sank  to  the  condition  of 
serfs.  Keary,  Prim.  Belief,  p.  458. 

bonderman  (bon'der-man),  n.  Same  as  bon- 
der"^. 

bondfolk  (bond'fok),  n.  [<  ME.  bondefolJc  {= 
Sw.  bondfolk  =  Dan.  bondefollc) ;  <  bond'^  +/o?fc.] 
Persons  held  in  bondage.  Chaucer. 

bondholder  (bond'h61"der),  «.  One  who  holds 
or  owns  a  bond  or  bonds  issued  by  a  govern- 
ment, a  corporation,  or  an  individual. 

The  South  had  bonds  and  bondholders  as  well  as  the 
North,  and  their  bondholders  have  memories  as  well  as 
ours.  iV.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVI.  498. 

bondland  (bond'land),  n.  [<  bond'^  +  land.'] 
Land  held  by  bondage  tenure.  See  bondage, 
n.,  1. 

bondless  (bond'les),  a.     [<  bond'^  +  -less.] 

Without  bonds  or  fetters ;  unfettered, 
bondlyt,  adv.    [<  bond^  +  -ly^.]   As  a  serf  or 

slave;  servilely, 
bondmaid  (bond'mad),  n.    [<  bond^  +  maid.] 

A  female  slave,  or  a  female  bound  to  service 

without  wages. 

Thy  bondmen  and  thy  bondmaids.  Lev.  xxv.  44. 

bondman  (bond'man),  «.;  pi.  bondmen  (-men.) 
[ME.  bondeman  =  Dan.  bondemand ;  <  bond^  + 
man.]  1.  In  old  Eng.  law,  a  villein,  or  tenant 
in  villeinage. 

Sometimes  a  farmer  when  seed-time  was  over  mustered 
his  bond'inen  for  a  harvest  of  pillage  ere  the  time  came 
forharvesting  his  fields.    J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  56. 

2.  A  man  slave,  or  a  man  bound  to  service 
without  wages.  Also  improperly  written  bonds- 
man—  Bondman  blindt.    Same  as  blindman's-buff,  1. 

bond-paper  (bond'pa-per),  n.  [<  bond^  +  jya- 
pcr.]  A  strong  paper,  of  a  special  quality,  used 
for  bonds,  bank-notes,  etc. 

bond-servant  (bond'ser"vant),  n.  A  slave;  one 
who  is  subjected  to  the  authority  of  another, 
and  who  must  give  his  service  without  hire. 


If  thy  brother  ...  be  waxen  poor,  and  he  sold  unto 
thee,  thou  shalt  not  compel  him  to  serve  as  a  bond-ser- 
vant. Lev.  xxv.  39. 

bond-service  (bond'ser'-'vis),  w.  Sei-viee  with- 
out hire,  as  of  a  bond-servant ;  slavery. 

llpou  those  did  Solomon  levy  a  tribute  of  bond-service. 

1  Ki.  ix.  21. 

bond-slave  (bond'slav),  n.  A  person  in  a  state 
of  slavery ;  one  whose  person  and  liberty  are 
subjected  to  the  authority  of  a  master;  a  slave; 
a  bondman. 

bondsman^  (bondz '  man),  n. ;  pi.  bondsmen 
(-men).  [<  bond's,  poss.  of  bond^,  +  man.] 
In  law,  a  surety;  one  who  is  bound  or  who 
by  bond  becomes  surety  for  another. 

bondsman^  (bondz 'man),  n.;  pi.  bondsmen 
(-men).    Same  as  bondman,  2. 

bond-stone  (bond'ston),  n.  [<  bond^,  12  (a),  + 
stone]    Same  as  bonder^,  2. 

bondswoman  (bondz'wum"an),  n. ;  pi.  bonds- 
women (-wim^en).    See  bondwoman. 

The  senators 

Are  sold  for  slaves,  and  their  wives  for  bondswomen. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline. 

bond-tenant  (bond' ten" ant),  11.  [<  bond^  + 
tenant.]  In  law,  a  name  sometimes  given  to 
copyholders  and  customary  tenants. 

bond-timber  (bond'tim"ber),  n.  [<  bond'^,  12 
{b),  -\-  timber.]  One  of  the  timbers  placed  in 
horizontal  tiers  at  certain  intervals  in  the  walls 
of  buildings,  for  fixing  battens,  laths,  and  other 
finishings  of  wood,  and  for  strengthening  the 
wall  longitudinally.    Also  called  chain-timber. 

bonduc-seeds  (bou'duk-sedz),  «.  j)l.  [<  bonduc 
(<  F.  bonduc,  <  Ar.  bonduq,  a  hazel-nut,  for- 
merly applied  to  some  other  nut;  cf.  Ar.funduq 
z=  Hind,  find uq,  <  Pevs.  fiinduq,  findnq,  OPers. 
fendak,  pcndak,  a  filbert,  perhaps  =  Skt.  pin- 
daka,  dim.  of  pin.da,  a  ball,  lump,  cake)  + 
seeds.]  The  seeds  of  Cwsalpinia  Bonducella,  a 
common  leguminous  climber  on  tropical  shores. 
They  are  of  a  clear  slate-color,  and  are  used  for  necklaces, 
rosaries,  etc.    Also  called  nieker-nuts. 

bond'woman  (bond'wum"an),  w.;  pi.  bondwomen 
(-wim  en).  [<  ME.  bond-ivomman,  <  bonde  (see 
bond'^)  +  tvomman,  woman.]  A  female  slave. 
Also  improperly  written  bondswoman. 

bone^  (bon),  n.  [=  Sc.  bane,  bain;  <  ME.  boon, 
bon,  ban,  bane,  <  AS.  ban,  a  bone,  r=  OS.  ben  = 
OFries.  ben  =  D.  been  =  MLG.  ben,  LG.  been  = 
OHG.  MHG.  G.  bcin,  a  bone,  =  Icel.  bein  =  Sw. 
ben  =  Dan.  ben,  been  (D.  G.  Icel.  Sw.  and 
Dan.  also  in  sense  of  'leg');  perhaps  akin 
to  Icel.  beinn,  straight.]    1.  An  animal  tissue, 


Microscopical  Structure  of  Bone. 
V-?,  cross-section  showing  two  Haversian  canals,  a,  ci,  and  numerous 
corpuscles,  b.  b.    B,  longitudinal  section  showing  a,  a,  a.  Haversian 
canals,  and  b.  many  corpuscles. 

consisting  of  branching  cells  lying  in  an  in- 
tercellular substance  made  hard  with  earthy 
salts  (consisting  of  calcium  phosphate  with 
small  amounts  of  calcium  carbonate  and  mag- 
nesium phosphate,  etc.),  and  forming  the  sub- 
stance of  the  skeleton  or  hard  framework  of 
the  body  of  most  vertebrate  animals,  when  the 
earthy  salts  are  removed,  the  remaining  intercellular 
substance  is  of  cartilaginous  consistency,  and  is  called 
ossein  or  bone-cartilage. 

Through  the  substance  of  bone  are  scattered  minute 
cavities— the  lacuuie,  which  send  out  multitudinous 
ramifications,  the  canaliculi.  The  canalicidi  of  diflerent 
lacunse  unite  together,  and  thus  establish  a  communi- 
cation between  the  different  lacuna:.  If  the  earthy 
matter  be  extracted  by  dilute  acids,  a  nucleus  may  be 
found  in  each  lacuna;  and,  .  .  .  not  unfrequently,  the 
intermediate  substance  appears  minutely  flbrillated.  .  .  . 
In  a  dry  Ijone,  the  lacunae  are  usually  filled  with  air. 
When  a  thin  section  of  such  a  bone  is  .  .  .  covered  with 
water  and  a  thin  glass,  and  placed  under  the  microscope, 
the  air  in  the  lacuna;  refracts  the  light  which  passes 
through  them  in  such  a  manner  as  to  prevent  its  reach- 
ing the  eye,  and  they  appear  black.  ...  All  bones,  ex- 
cept the  smallest,  are  traversed  by  small  canals,  con- 
verted by  side  branches  into  a  net-work,  and  containing 
vessels  supported  by  more  or  less  connective  tissue  and 
fatty  matter.    These  are  called  Haversian  canals. 

Huxley  and  Youmans,  Physiol.,  §  350. 

2.  One  of  the  parts  which  make  up  the  skele- 
ton or  framework  of  vertebrate  animals :  as,  a 
bone  of  the  leg  or  head.  Bones  of  cattle  and  other 
animals  are  extensively  used  in  the  arts  in  forming  knife- 
handles,  buttons,  combs,  etc.,  in  making  size,  gelatin, 
lampblack,  and  animal  charcoal,  and  for  various  other 
purposes.    They  are  also  extensively  employed  as  a  ma- 


bone 

nure  for  dry  soils,  with  the  very  best  eflfect,  being  ground 
to  dust,  bruised,  or  broken  into  small  fragments  in  mills 
or  dissolved  in  sulphuric  acid.  The  great  utility  of  bones 
as  a  manure  arises  from  the  phosphate  of  lime  they  sup- 
ply to  the  soil. 

3.  x>l-  The  bones  of  the  body  taken  collectively; 
the  skeleton ;  hence,  the  bodily  frame ;  a  body. 

Night  hangs  upon  mine  eyes :  my  bones  would  rest 
That  have  but  labour'd  to  attain  this  hour. 

Shale]  J.  C,  V.  5. 

4.  pi.  Mortal  remains:  the  skeleton  or  bony 
structure  being  the  most  permanent  part  of  a 
dead  body. 

And  Moses  took  the  bojies  of  Joseph  with  him  :  for  he 
had  straitly  sworn  the  children  of  Israel,  saying,  God  will 
surely  visit  you ;  aud  ye  shall  carry  up  my  hones  away 
hence  with  you.  Ex.  xiii.  19. 

5.  The  internal  shell  of  cuttlefishes  of  the  fam- 
ily Sep) idee,  having  the  consistency  of  bone. 
Generally  called  cuttle-bone  or  cuttlefish-bone.— 

6.  Something  made  of  bone,  or  of  a  substance 
resembling  bone,  as  ivory,  whalebone,  etc. 

(a)  pi.  Dice.    [Slang  or  colloq.] 
He  felt  a  little  odd  when  he  first  rattled  the  bories. 

Disraeli,  Young  Duke,  ii.  6. 
(fi)  pi.  A  name  formerly  given  to  the  bobbins  used  in  mak- 
ing lace,  because  made  of  bone. 

The  spinsters  and  the  knitters  in  the  sun. 
And  the  free  jnaids,  that  weave  their  thread  with  bones 

Shale,  T.  N.,  ii.  4. 

(c)  pi.  Pieces  of  bone,  ivory,  or  wood,  used  in  pairs,  held 
between  the  fingers,  and  rattled  together  to  produce  a 
kind  of  music,  or  to  keep  time  to  music. 

I  have  a  reasonable  good  ear  in  music ;  let  us  have  the 
tongs  and  the  bones.  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iv.  1. 

Peter  rolling  about  in  the  chair  like  a  serenader  play- 
ing the  bones.  Mayheiv. 

(d)  A  strip  of  whalebone  used  to  stiffen  stays,  etc. 

7.  pi.  A  person  who  performs  with  the  bones. 
There  were  five  of  them  — Pell  was  bones.  Mayheiv. 

8f.  Half  of  the  stake  in  the  game  of  bone-ace 
(which  see). — 9.  In  coal-miniiiej,  slaty  or  clayey 
portions  or  partings  in  coal.— a  bone  to  pick 
somethmg  to  occupy  one;  a  difficulty,  dispute,  etc.,  to 
solve  or  settle  ;  a  cause  of  contention.— Angular  bone 
See  a n<7»'nr.— Articular  bone.  Same  as  articiilare.^ 
Bag  of  bones.  See  — Bone  of  contention,  a  sub- 
ject of  dispute  or  rivalry :  probably  from  the  manner  in 
which  dogs  quarrel  over  a  bone. 

Wliile  any  flesh  remains  on  a  bone,  it  continues  a  bone 
of  contention.  Brooke,  Fool  of  Quality,  I.  249. 

Sardinia  was  one  of  the  chief  bones  of  contention  between 
Genoa  and  Pisa.  Brougham. 
Bone  porcelain,  a  name  given  to  fine  pottery  in  the  com- 
position of  which  bone-dust  has  been  used.— Bones  Of 
Bertin,  in  anat.,  two  small,  triangular,  turbinated  bones, 
often  found  beneath  the  small  opening  of  the  sphenoidal 
sinus ;  the  sphenoidal  spongy  bones,  or  sphenoturbinals 

—  Canaliculi  of  bone.  See  canaliculus.— CoTa,co\A 
coronary,  cotyloid,  cranial  bone.  See  the  adjectives! 
—Crazy  bone.  Same  as /it/ini/-6oHe.— Cuneiform  cy- 
lindrical, etc.,  bone.  See  the  adjectives.— Earth  Of 
pone.  See  cartt.— Epactal  bone,  in  anat.,  the  Wormian 
bone  at  the  superior  angle  of  the  occipital  bone  —  Eth- 
moid bone.  See  ei/i^noid.- Funny  bone.  See  funny- 
bone.— B.yOT.A  bone.  Same  as  hyoid,  n.— Hyomandibii- 
lar,  marsupial,  etc.,  bone.  See  the  adjectives.— Na- 
vicular, occipital,  etc.,  bone.  See  the  adjectives.— The 
ten  bones,  the  ten  fingers. 

By  these  ten  bones,  my  lords,  he  did  speak  them  to  me 
in  the  garret  one  night.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  i.  3. 

To  be  upon  the  bones  of,  to  attack.  [Rare  and  vulgar.] 

Puss  had  a  month's  mind  to  be  upon  the  bones  of  him 
but  was  not  willing  to  pick  a  quarrel.  Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 
To  carry  a  bone  in  the  mouth,  to  throw  up  a  foam  or 
spray  under  the  bows  :  said  of  a  ship. 

See  how  she  leaps,  as  the  blasts  o'ertake  her. 
And  speeds  away  with  a  bone  in  her  mouth .' 

Longfellow,  Golden  Legend,  v. 
To  find  bones  in,  to  be  unable  to  swallow :  in  allusion  to 
the  occurrence  of  fish-bones  in  soup.  — To  have  a  bone 
m  one's  leg,  throat,  etc.,  to  be  unable  to  go,  talk,  etc  : 
a  feigned  excuse.— To  make  no  bones  of,  to  make  or 
have  no  scruples  about,  or  in  regard  to.  [Now  only 
colloq.] 

Perjury  will  easily  downe  with  him  that  hath  made  no 
bones  of  murther.  Bp.  Hall,  Cases  of  Conscience. 

To  put  a  bone  in  any  one's  hoodt,  to  break  a  person's 
head,  or  cut  it  off.— Without  more  bones,  without 

lurther  objection  or  scruple.— Wormian  bones,  small 
or  irregular  bones  frequently  found  in  the  course  of  the 
sutures  of  the  skull.  They  occur  chiefly  in  the  sutures 
between  the  parietals  and  other  bones,  and  are  of  no  de- 
terminate size,  shape,  or  number.  Sometimes  there  are 
none,  sometimes  several  hundred. 

bonei  (bon),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  boned,  ppr.  bon- 
'"J9-  [<  boiie'i;  I.  trans.  1.  To  take  out 
the  bones  of:  as,  to  bone  a  turkey,  a  ham,  etc. 

—  2.  To  put  whalebone  into. — 3.  To  manure 
with  bone-dust.— 4.  To  seize;  make  off  with, 
as  a  dog  makes  o£E  with  a  bone ;  get  possession 
of;  appropriate;  steal.  [Slang.] 

Why  you  were  living  here,  and  what  you  had  boned,  and 
who  you  boned  it  from,  wasn't  itV  Dickens. 

II.  intrans.  [Appar.  <  fcowel,  in  allusion 
to  the  knuckle ;  cf.  the  equiv.  phrase  knuckle 
down  (to  a  task).]  To  apply  one's  self  diU- 
gently;  set  one's  self  detenninedly  to  work: 


621 

as,  to  hone  down  to  hard  work ;  he  honed  hard. 
[Slang.] 

bone2,  born2,  bourn-''  (bon,  born),  v.  t.  [A 
word  of  uncertain  form  and  origin,  commonly 
bone  (chiefly  in  the  verbal  n.  hotting),  but  prob. 
orig.  bourn,  being  appar.  a  particular  (trade) 
use  of  hourn^,  bourne'^,  as  a  verb,  limit:  see 
botirn^,  bowrne^.'i  To  take  the  level  of  (a  piece 
of  land,  a  wall,  carpentry-work,  and  the  like) 
by  means  of  an  instrument.    See  boning. 

A  few  weeks  ago  a  mason  said  to  me,  "Take  a  squint, 
please,  and  see  if  the  ridge-piece  is  square  and  level ; 
bourne  it  by  the  wall-plate."  Bourne  is  in  common  use 
in  this  neighbourhood  —  twenty  miles  from  Stratford-oii- 
Avon.  A',  and  Q.,  7th  ser..  III.  g.'i. 

bone^t  (bon),  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of 

boon'^.  Chaucer. 
bone*t  (bon),  a.    A  Middle  English  form  of 
boon'^. 

bone-acet  (bon'iis),  n.  1.  A  game  at  cards,  in 
which  the  third  card  dealt  to  each  person  is 
turned  up,  and  the  player  who  has  the  highest 
card  wins  the  bone,  that  is,  half  the  stake.— 
2.  The  ace  of  diamonds,  the  highest  card  in  this 
game. 

bone-ache  (bon'ak),  n.  Pain  in  the  bones, 
bone-ash  (bou'ash),  n.  Same  as  bone-earth. 
bone-bed  (bon'bed),  «.  in  gcol.,  any  stratum 
of  rock  which  is  largely  made  up  of  fragments 
of  bones,  or  in  which  bones  and  teeth  occur  in 
such  quantity  as  to  be  conspicuous.  There  are 
two  especially  well-known  bone-beds  in  Europe.  One, 
called  the  Ludlow,  in  England,  is  near  the  top  of  the  Up- 
per Silurian  ;  although  only  a  few  inches  in  thickness,  it 
is  continuous  over  an  area  of  at  least  a  thousand  square 
miles  ;  it  is  full  of  fragments  of  fish-bones,  crustaceans,  and 
shells.  The  other  bone-bed  is  on  the  Pdiictic,  at  the  top 
of  the  Trias  ;  this  contains  the  bones  and  teeth  of  fishes 
with  coprolites,  etc.;  it  is  found  both  in  England  and  in 
Germany. 

bone-binder  (bon'Mn-'der),  n.  A  name  for  os- 
teoeolla  (which  see). 

bone-black  (bon'blak),  n.  The  black  carbo- 
naceous substance  into  which  bones  are  con- 
verted by  calcination  in  closed  vessels.  This 

kind  of  charcoal  is  employed  to  deprive  various  solutions, 
particularly  syrups,  of  their  coloring  matters,  and  to  f ui  - 
nish  a  black  pigment.  Artificial  bone-black  consists  of 
woody  matters  impregnated  witli  calcium  phosphate  dis- 
solved in  hydrochloric  acid,  thus  resembling  the  real  bone- 
black  in  composition.  Also  called  animal  black,  animal 
cAai-coa;.- Bone-black  furnace,  a  furnace  used  in  re- 
moving from  bone-black,  by  burning,  impurities  collected 
in  it  during  its  use  in  filtration,  decolorization,  etc. 

bone-breaker  (bon'bra'''ker),  l.  A  name  of 
the  giant  fulmar  petrel,  Ossifraga  gigantea. — 
2.  A  book-name  of  the  osprey,  fish-hawk,  or 
ossifrage,  Pandion  haliaetus. 
bone-breccia  (b6n'brech'''i-a),  n.  In  geol.,  a  eon- 
glomerate  of  fragments  of  bones  and  limestone 
cemented  into  a  rock  by  calcareous  matter. 

Such  deposits  are  of  frequent  occurrence  in  caverns  which 
in  prehistor'c  times  were  resorted  to  by  man  and  wild 
beasts. 

bone-brown  (bon'broun),  n.  A  brown  pigment 
produced  by  roasting  bones  or  ivory  till  they 
become  brown  throughout, 
bone-cartilage  (b6n'kar*ti-laj),  n.  InpJiysiol., 

same  as  ossein. 
bone-cave  (bon'kav),  «.  A  cave  in  which  are 
found  bones  of  animals  of  living  or  extinct 
species,  or  species  living  only  in  far  distant  lo- 
calities or  a  different  climate  within  historic 
times,  sometimes  with  the  bones  of  man  or  other 
traces  of  his  contemporaneous  existence. 

The  brick-earths  also  contain  the  remains  of  a  species 
of  lion  (Felis  spelaea),  no  longer  living,  but  which  is  like- 
wise found  in  some  of  the  bone-caves  of  this  country. 

Huxley,  Physiography,  p.  283. 


bone-apirlt 


boned  (bond),  p.  a.  [<  bone''-  +  -ed''-.']  1.  Hav- 
ing bones  (of  the  kind  indicated  in  composi- 
tion):  as,  high-boned;  stvong-boned.—  2.  In 
cookery,  freed  from  bones  :  as,  a  boned  fowl, 
bone-dog  (bon'dog),  n.  A  local  English  name 
of  the  common  dogfish,  Squalus  acanthias.  See 
cut  under  dogfish. 
bone-dust  (bon'dust),  «.  Bones  ground  to  dust 
for  use  as  mamu-e.  See  bone^-,  n.,  2. 
bone-earth  (bon'erth),  n.  The  earthy  or  min- 
eral residue  of  bones  which  have  been  calcined 
or  burned  with  free  access  of  air  so  as  to  destroy 
the  animal  matter  and  carbon,  it  is  a  white,  po- 
rous, and  friable  substance,  composed  chiefly  of  calcium 
phosphate,  and  is  used  by  assayers  as  the  material  for 
cupels  and  in  making  china,  and  for  other  purposes.  Also 
called  bone-ash. 

bone-eater  (bou'e'^ter),  n.    A  sailors'  corrup- 
tion of  bonito. 
bonefiret  (bon'fii-),  n.    See  bonfire. 
bone-fish  (bon'fish),  «.   1.  A  name  of  the  lady- 
fish,  maeab^,  or  French  mullet,  Albula  vulpes. 
See  cut  under  ladyfish.—  2.  A  fish  of  the  fami- 


ly Teiithididw  and  genus  Teuthis  or  Acanthurus ; 
a  surgeon-  or  doctor-fi.sh.— 3.  A  name  of  the 
common  dogfish,  Squalus  acan  thias,  in  southern 
New  England.    See  cut  under  dogfish. 
bone-flower  (b6n'flou"er),  n.     In  the  north  of 

England,  the  daisy,  Bellis  perentiis. 
bone-glass  (bon'glas),  ?i.  A  glass  made  by 
adding  to  white  glass  from  10  to  20  percent,  of 
wliite  bone-earth,  or  a  coiTesponding  quantity 
of  mineral  phosphates.  It  is  of  a  milk-white 
color,  semi-opaque,  and  is  used  for  lamp-shados, 
etc. 

bone-glue  (bon'glo),  «.    An  inferior  kind  of 
glue  obtained  from  bones, 
bone-lace  (bon'las),  n.   Lace,  usually  of  linen 
thread,  made  on  a  cushion  witli  bobbins,  and 
taking  its  sole  or  chief  decorative  character 
from  the  pattern  woven  into  it,  as  distinguished 
from  point-lace :  so  named  from  the  fact  that 
the  bobbins  were  originally  made  of  bone, 
boneless  (bon'les),  a.    [<  ME.  hanlc.i,  <  AS. 
bdnlcds,  <  ban,  bone,  -1-  -leas,  -less.]  Without 
bones;  wanting  bones:  as, bin  boneless enuns," 
Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  7. 
bonelet  (bon'let),  n.    [<  bone''-  +  dim.  -let.'}  A 
small  bone;  an  ossicle:  as,  bonelets  of  the  ear. 
Bonellia  (bo-nel'i-a),  M.     [NL.,  named  after 
Francesco  Andi-ea  'Bonelli,  an  Italian  naturalist 
(died  in  1830).]    1.  A  genus  of  chaetophorous 
gephyreans,  related  to  Echiurtts,  and  having, 
like  it,  a  pair  of  tubular  ciliated  organs  opening 
communication  between  the  rectum  and  the 
perivisceral  cavity.  It  is  provided  with  a  single 
long  tentacular  appendage  upon  the  head. —  2. 
A  genus  of  dipterous  insects.     De.svoidij,  1830. 
—  3.  A  genus  of  gastropodous  moUusks.  Des- 
ha i/es,  1838. 

Bpnelliidae  (b6-ne-li'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bonel- 
lia +  -idm.']  A  family  of  gephyreans,  typified 
by  the  genus  Bonellia  (which  see), 
bone-manure  (bon'ma-ntlr'''),  «.  Manure  con- 
sisting of  bones  ground  to  dust,  broken  in  small 
pieces,  or  dissolved  in  sulphuric  acid.  See 
bone''-,  11.,  2. 

bone-mill  (bon'mil),  n.  A  mill  for  grinding  or 
bruising  bones,  used  in  the  preparation  of  fer- 
tilizers, bone-black,  etc. 
bone-naphtha  (bon'naf 'tha),  n.  A  volatile  li- 
quid, boiling  at  150°  F.,  obtained  by  the  repeat- 
ed rectification  of  the  more  volatile  portion  of 
Dippel's  oil. 

bone-nippers  (bon'nip'erz),  n.  pi.  A  strong 
forceps  with  cutting  edges  touching  each  other, 
used  in  cutting  off  splinters  of  bone  and  car- 
tilages. 

bone-oil  (bon'oil),  n.  A  fetid,  tarry  liquid  ob- 
tained in  the  dry  distillation  of  bone.  See 
Dippel's  oil,  under  oil. 

bone-phosphate (bon'fos'-'fat), «.  Acommercial 
name  for  tricaleium  phosphate,  Ca3(P04)2 ;  the 
phosphate  which  forms  bone-tissue,  and  which 
makes  up  the  larger  part  of  the  phosphatic 
rock  of  South  Carolina  and  other  localities, 
bone-pot  (bon'pot),  v.    1.  A  cast-iron  pot  in 
which  bones  are  carbonized :  used  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  animal  charcoal.— 2.  A  common 
name  of  the  ancient  British  funeral  ui-ns  often 
found  under  ground  in  England, 
bonery  (bo'ne-ri),  n.  [<  bone'-.']  A  place  where 
human  bones  are  deposited, 
boneset  (bon'set),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  honeset, 
ppr.  bonesetting.    To  set  bones;  practise  the 
setting  of  broken  bones.    Wiseman.  [Eare.] 
boneset  (bon'set),  n.    [<  boneset,  v. ;  from  its 
supposed  properties.]    1.  The  thoroughwort, 
Eupatorium  perfoHatum.   See  Eupatorium.—2. 
In  England,  an  old  name  for  the  comfrey,  Sym- 
jihyium  officinale. 
bone-setter  (bon'set'-'er),  n.    One  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  set  broken  and  dislocated  bones; 
one  who  has  a  knack  at  setting  bones:  gen- 
erally applied  to  one  who  is  not  a  regularly 
qualified  sui'geon. 
bone-setting  (bon'set^ing),  «.    [Verbal  n.  of 
honeset,  v.']     The  art  or  practice  of  setting 
bones. 

bone-shark  (bon'shiirk),  n.  A  common  name 
along  the  New  England  coast  of  Cetorhinus 
maximus,  the  baskiug-shark.  See  cut  under 
basking-shark. 

bone-siiawt,  n.    Sciatica  or  hip-gout.  N.  B.  D. 

bone-spavin  (bon'spav'-'in),  n.  In  farriery,  a 
disease  of  the  bones  at  the  hoek-joint. 

bone-spirit  (bon'spir  it),  «.  Crude  ammonia- 
cal  liquor  containing  various  substances,  ob- 
tained in  the  process  of  manufacturing  charcoal 
from  bones. 


bone-turquoise  622 

bone-turquoise  (bon'ter-koiz"))  n.   A  fossil 

bone  or  tooth  colored  bright-blue,  probably  by 

phosphate  of  iron:  early  used  as  an  imitation 

of  true  turquoise.  Sometimes  called  odon  tolitc. 
bone-waste  (bon'wast),  «.    The  dust  or  refuse 

of  bones  after  the  gelatin  has  been  extracted 

from  them. 

bone-yard  (bon'yard),  n,  1.  A  knacker's  yard. 

—  2.  A  graveyard.  [Slang.]  — 3.  In  the  game 

of  dominoes,  the  pieces  reserved  to  draw  from, 
bonfire  (bon'fir),  «.     [Early  mod.  E.  hoonfirc, 

bondfire,  louufire,  later  hurnfire,  but  reg.  hon- 

■fire  or  honefire,  Sc.  hanefire ;  <  late  ME.  honefyre. 

Sc.  banefyre  (the  earliest  known  instance  is 

^'banefi/re,  ignis  ossium,"  in  the  "  Catholicon 

Anglicum,"  a.  d.  1483) ;  <  boiie'^  (Sc.  bane,  ME. 

bone,  bon,  bane,  etc.)  +  fire.  The  vowel  is  short- 
ened before  two  consonants,  as  in  collier,  etc. 

The  W.  banffagl,  also  spelled  bonffagl,  a  bontire, 

as  if  <  han,\oitj,  +  ffagl,  flame,  blaze,  appears  boning-rod  (bo'ning-rod),  », 
to  have  been  "formed  in  imitation  of  the  E.    boning.    See  boning. 
word.]    It.  A  fire  of  bones. — 2t.  A  funeral  bonitarian  (bou-i-ta'ri-an),  a. 
pile ;  a  pyre. —  3.  A  fire  for  the  burning  of  here-    goodness,  bounty  (see  bounty),  + 
tics,  proscribed  books,  etc.    Hence  —  4.  Any 
great  blazing  fire  made  in  the  open  air  for 
amusement,  or  for  the  burning  of  brushwood, 
weeds,  rubbish,  etc.    Specifically — 5.  A  fire 
kindled,  usually  in  some  open  and  conspicu- 
ous place,  such  as  a  hill-top  or  public  square, 
as  an  expression  of  public  joy  or  exultation,  or 
as  a  beacon. 

Ring  ye  the  bels,  to  make  it  weare  away, 
And  bonefiers  make  all  day. 

Spenser,  Epithalamion,  1.  275. 


bonnet 


<  facere,  make.  Cf.  benefit."]  To  convert  into  bonnet  (bon'et),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  6one(, 
good;  make  good;  ameliorate:  as,  "to  bonifie    '        '      "  '      "  "  '        '      ■"  '  ^ 

evils,"  Cudworth,  Intellectual  System.  [Rare.] 
boniness  (bo'ni-nes),  n.   [<  bony  +  -wess.]  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  bony. 

A  painful  reminder  of  the  exceeding  boniness  of  Orem- 
nitz  s  knuckles.  The  Century,  XXVIII.  89. 

boning, borning (bo'ning, bor'ning), n.  [Verbal 
n.  of  bonc'^,  born^,  and  thus  prob.  orig.  bourn- 
ing :  see  &one2.]  The  act  or  art  of  determin- 
ing a  level  or  plane  surface  or  a  straight  level 
line  by  the  guidance  of  the  eye.  Joiners  and  ma- 
sons "try  up"  their  work  by  boning  with  two  straight- 
edges, a  process  which  determines  whether  the  surface  is 
uneven  or  is  a  true  plane.  Surveyors  and  architects  per- 
form the  operation  by  means  of  poles,  called  honing-  or 
borninff-rods,  set  up  at  certain  distances.  These  are  ad- 
justed to  the  re(iuired  line  by  looking  along  their  vertical 
surfaces.  Gardeners  also  employ  a  similar  simple  device 
in  laying  out  groumis,  to  guide  them  in  making  the  sur- 
face level  or  of  regular  slope. 

The  rod  used  in 


[<  L.  bonitas, 
■arian.']  Equi- 
table :  iised  to  characterize  a  class  or  form  of 
rights  recognized  by  Roman  law,  in  contra- 
distinction to  quiritarian,  which  corresponds  to 
legal  in  modern  law — Bonitarian  ownership  or 
title,  the  title  or  ownership  recognized  in  Roman  law  by 
the  pretors  in  a  person  not  having  absolute  legal  (or  quiri- 
tarian) title,  because  claiming  by  an  informal  transfer,  or 
claiming,  under  some  circumstances,  by  a  formal  transfer 
made  by  one  not  the  true  owner.  It  corresponded  some- 
what to  the  equitable  ownership  recognized  by  courts  of 
equity,  as  distinguished  from  legal  title  at  common  law. 
bonitary  (bon'i-ta-ri),  a.    Same  as  bonitarian. 


The  Citizens  and  Subjects  of  Bohemia,  .  .  .  ioyfullthat  bonitO  (bo-ne'to),  n.    [Formerly  also  boneto, 


there  was  an  Heyre  apparant  to  the  Kingdome,  made  Bone- 
fires  and  shewes  throughout  all  the  Cittie. 

Greene,  Pandosto. 

There  was  however  order  given  for  bonfires  and  bells  ; 
but  God  knows  it  was  rather  a  deliverance  than  a  tri- 
umph. Evelyn,  Diary,  June  6,  1666. 

bongar  (bon'gar),  »i.  [Native  name.]  A  large 
venomous  East  Indian  serpent :  also  called 
rocJc-snakc.    See  Bungariis. 

Bongarus,  n.    See  Bungarus. 

bongracet  (bon'gras),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bone-,  bond-,  boun-,  bnn-,  boongrace,  <  F.  bonne- 
grace,  "the  uppermost  flap  of  the  down-hang- 
ing tail  of  a  French  hood,  whence  belike  our 
Boongracff"  (Cotgrave) ;  <  bonne,  tern,  of  bon, 
good,  +  grace  (now  grdce),  grace:  see  boon^ 
and  grace.']  A  shade  formerly  worn  by  women 
on  the  front  of  a  bonnet  to  protect  the  com- 
plexion from  the  sun ;  also,  a  large  bonnet  or 
broad-brimmed  hat  serving  the  same  purpose. 

[My  face]  was  spoiled  for  want  of  a  bonyrace  when  I  was 
young.  Beau,  and  FL,  The  Captain,  ii.  1. 

Ye  wad  laugh  well  to  see  my  round  face  at  the  far  end 
of  a  strae  bomirace,  that  looks  as  inuckle  and  round  as 
the  middle  aisle  in  Libberton  Kirk. 

Scolt,  Heart  of  Midlothian. 

bongret,  adv.  and  prep.,  orig.  i)hr.  [Early  mod. 
E.  boun  gree,  <  ME.  bongre,  <  OF.  (de)  bon  gre, 
(of)  good  will:  see  bon^,  boon^,  and  gree^,  and 
ef.  maugre.]  I.  adu.  With  good  will :  now  used 
only  as  French  bon  gre,  in  the  phrase  bon  gre 
mai  gre,  willingly  or  unwillingly ;  willy-nilly. 
II.  prep.  Agreeably  to. 

bonhomie  (bou-o-me'),  «•    [F.,  <  bonliomme,  a 
simple,  easy  man,  <  bon,  good  (see  boorfi),  + 
hoinme,  <  L.  homo,  man.   Cf.  goodman.]  Frank 
and  simple  good-heartedness 
manner. 


bonita,  ho'neta,  bonuto,  etc.;  =  F.  bonite,  former- 
ly bonito  =  G.  bonit,  honitfisch,  <  Sp.  (Pg.)_6o- 
nito,  said  to  be  <  Ar.  bainith,  bainis,  a  bonito, 
but  perhaps  <  Sp.  (Pg.)  bonito,  pretty  good, 
good,  pretty,  dim.  of  bueno  (=  Pg.  bom),  good: 
see  boon^.]  A  name  applied  primarily  to  pela- 
gic fishes  of  the  family  Scombridw,  of  a  robust 
fusiform  shape,  and  secondarily  to  others  sup- 
posed to  resemble  them  or  be  related  to  them. 

(o)  A  scombrid,  Eutliynnus  pelamys,  having  a  bluish  back 
and  4  longitudinal  brownish  bands  on  the  belly.  It  is  an 
inhabitant  of  the  warmer  parts  of  the  Atlantic  and  Indian 
oceans,  {b)  A  scombrid,  Sarda  mediterranea,  distinguished 


Bonito  (Sarda  medit<-rran€a). 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.) 

by  the  oblique  stripes  on  the  bluish  back  and  the  silvery 
belly.  It  is  the  bonito  of  the  American  fishermen  and  mar- 
kets, and  the  belted  bonito  of  books,  (c)  A  scombrid, 
Sarda  chilensis,  closely  related  to  the  S.  mediterranea,  but 
occurring  in  the  Pacific  ocean.  It  is  everywhere  known 
as  bonito  along  tlie  Californian  coast,  but  also  miscalled 
Spanish  mackerel,  skipjack,  and  tuna,  (d)  A  scombrid, 
Atixis  thazard,  with  a  blue  back  and  silvery  belly.  The 
second  dorsal  fin  is  widely  separated  from  the  first,  and 
the  body  is  more  slender  than  in  .'^arda  chilensis.  It  is 
the  ijlain  bonitn  of  the  English,  but  called  along  the  New 
England  coast  frinalc  mackerel,  (c)  A  earangid,  Se.riola 
faseiata;  the  niadregal.  [Bermuda.]  (/)  A  fish  of  the 
family  Elacatida',  Elacate  Canada,  so  called  about  Chesa- 
peake Bay ;  the  cobia.  [U.  S.  (Chesapeake  Bay).]  See  cut 
under  cobia. 

a  good-natured  bonityt,  «.  [<  L-  bonitas,  goodness :  see  bounty, 
an  older  form  from  the  same  source.]  Good- 
The  other  redeeming  qualities  of  the  Meccan  are  his    ness.  Hacket. 
courage,  his  bonhomie,  his  manly  suavity  of  manners,  Bonjean's  ergotine.    See  ergotine. 
.  .  .  and  his  general  knowledge.  ^      •        (F.pron.  bon  zhor).     [F. :  bon,  good; 

^  .  '  lour,  day:  see  bon^  and  journal.]    Good  day  ; 

Boniface  (bon'i-fas),  n.   [From  the  name  ot  the    ^^^^  morning 
landlord  in  Farquhar's  "Beaux'  Stratagem."        mot  (F.  pron.  bon  mo) ;  pi.  bons  mots  Qyoii 


It  is  the  F.  form  of  ML.  Bonifacius,  a  frequent 
proper  name,  meaning  'beneficent,'  <  L.  bo- 
nus, good,  +  facere,  do.]  A  landlord  or  inn- 
keeper. 

bonification  (bon"i-fi-ka'shon),  n.    [<  ML.  as 
*bonificatio{n-),  ibonificare:  see  bonify.]  If. 
Amelioration ;  betterment. 

Mr.  Necker,  in  his  discourse,  proposes,  among  his  boyii- 
flcations  of  revenue,  the  suppression  of  our  two  free  ports 
of  Bayonne  and  L'Orient. 

Jefferson,  Correspondence,  II.  462. 

2.  The  paying  of  a  bonus.    iV.  E.  D. 
boniform  (bon'i-form),  a.    [<  L.  bonus,  good, 
■¥  forma,  form.]     Having  the  nature  of  good- 
ness ;  akin  to  what  is  good  or  to  the  chief  good. 
[Rare.] 

Knowledge  and  truth  may  likewise  both  be  said  to  be 
boniform  things.  Cudworth,  Intellectual  System. 

bonify  (bon'i-fi),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bonified, 
ppr.  bonifying.  [<  P.  bonifier,  <  ML.  bonificare, 
make  good  or  better,  <  L.  bonus,  good,  -t-  -ficare, 


mo,  or,  asE.,"m6z).  [F.:  bon,  good;  mot,  word: 
see  ioji*  and  mot.]  A  witticism;  a  clever  or 
witty  saying;  a  witty  repartee. 

Some  of  us  have  wi-itten  down  several  of  her  sayings,  or 
what  the  French  call  bons  mots,  wherein  she  excelled  be- 
yond belief.  Swift,  Death  of  Stella. 

You  need  not  hurry  when  the  object  is  only  to  prevent 
my  saying  a  bon-mot,  for  there  is  not  the  least  wit  Tn  my 
nature.  Jane  Austen,  Mansfield  Park,  ix. 

bonnage,  n.    See  bonage. 

bonnailet,       Same  as  bonally. 

bonne  (bon),  n.    [F.,  fem.  of  bon,  good:  see 

&om4:.]  a  child's  nursemaid,  especially  a  French 

nurse. 

bonne  bouche  Cbon  bosh) ;  pi.  bonnes  bouclies 
(bon  bosh).  [F.:  see  bonne  and  bouche.]  A 
choice  mouthful  of  food ;  a  dainty  morsel :  said 
especially  of  something  very  excellent  reserved 
to  the  end  of  a  repast,  (in  French  use,  as  an  idiom- 
atic phrase,  bonm  bouche  signifies  an  agreeable  taste  in 
the  mouth.] 


<  ME.  bonet,  bonette,  bonat,  <  OF.  bonet,  bonnet, 
bounct,  mod.  F.  bonnet  (=  Pr.  boneta  =  Sp.  bo- 
netv ;  cf.  D,  bonnet  =  MHG.  bonit  =  Gael,  bo- 
naid;  ML.  bonctus,  boHetum,alsoboHeta,bonneta), 
bonnet,  cap  (hence  the  naut.  sense,  ME.  bonet, 

<  OF.  bonette,  F.  bonnette,  bonnet) ;  prop,  the 
name  of  a  stuff  (ML.  bonetus,  bonnetus,  bonetum, 
bonnetum)  of  which  the  thing  {chapel  de  bonet, 
hat  or  cap  of  bonet)  was  made..  Perhaps  of 
Eastern  origin ;  cf .  Hind.  hCinat,  woolen  cloth, 
broadcloth.]  1.  A  covering  for  the  head,  worn 
by  men  and  boys,  and  differing  from  a  hat 
chiefly  in  having  no  brim ;  a  cap,  usually  of 
some  soft  material,  in  Scotland  the  term  is  applied 
to  any  kind  of  cap  worn  by  men,  but  specifically  to  the 
distinctively  Scotch  closely  woven  and  seandess  caps  of 
wool,  usually  of  a  dark-blue  color,  known  as  ylenyarrys 
(worn  by  the  Highland  regiments  in  undress  uniform),  bat- 
morals,  braid  bonnets,  kiltnarnoclcs,  etc. 

Off  goes  his  bonnet  to  an  oyster-wench. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  i.  4. 

2.  A  form  of  hat  or  head-covering  worn  by 

women  out  of  doors,  it  incloses  the  head  more  or 
less  at  the  sides  and  generally  the  back,  and  is  usually 
trimmed  with  some  elaborateness,  and  tied  on  the  head 
with  ribbons.  It  differs  from  a  hat  of  ordinary  form 
especially  in  having  no  brim. 

A  sudden  scud  of  rain  .  .  .  fixed  all  her  thoughts  on  the 
welfare  of  her  new  straw  bonnet. 

Jane  Austen,  Northanger  Abbey,  p.  128. 

3.  The  cap,  usually  of  velvet,  within  the  me- 
tallic part  of  a  crown,  covering  the  head  when 
the  crown  is  worn. —  4.  In  fort.,  a  small  work 
with  two  faces,  having  only  a  parapet  with  two 
rows  of  palisades  about  10  or  12  feet  apart. 
Generally  it  is  raised  above  the  salient  angle  of  the  coun- 
terscarp, and  communicates  with  the  covered  way.  Its 
object  is  to  retard 
a  lodgment  by  be- 
siegers, or  to  pre- 
vent one  from  being 
made. 

5.  Naut.,  an  ad- 
dition to  a  sail, 
or  an  additional 
part  laced  to  the 
foot  of  a  sail. 

A  storm  jib,  with 
the  bonnet  off,  was 
bent  and  furled  to 
the  boom. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr., 
[Before  the  Mast, 
[p.  260. 

6.  A  cast-iron 

plate     covering  a.  Bonnet. 

the  openings  in 

the  valve-chambers  of  a  pump. —  7.  A  frame 
of  wire  netting  over  the  chimney  of  a  locomo- 
tive engine  to  prevent  the  escape  of  sparks: 
used  chiefly  in  engines  which  burn  wood.  [U. 
S.] — 8.  In  mining,  a  shield  or  cover  over  the 
cage  to  protect  the  miners  in  case  anything 
should  fall  down  the  shaft.— 9.  A  cowl  or 
wind-cap  for  a  chimney;  a  hood  for  ventila- 
tion.— 10.  The  hood  over  the  platform  of  a 
railroad-car. — 11.  A  sliding  lid  or  cover  for  a 
hole  in  an  iron  pipe. — 12.  A  protuberance  oc- 
curring chiefly  on  the  snout  of  one  of  the  right 
whales.  It  appears  to  be  primitively  smooth, 
but  becomes  honeycombed  by  the  barnacles 
which  attach  themselves  to  it. — 13.  A  decoy; 
a  player  at  a  gaming-table,  or  bidder  at  an  auc- 
tion, whose  business  it  is  to  lure  others  to  play  or 
buy :  so  called  because  such  a  person  figurative- 
ly bonnets  or  blinds  the  eyes  of  the  victims. 

When  a  stranger  appears,  the  bonnet  generally  wins. 

London  Times. 

14.  A  local  name  in  Florida  of  the  yellow 
water-lily,  Nuphar  advena — Bonnet    pr^tre,  or 

priest's  bonnet,  in  fort.,  an  outwork  having  at  the  head 
three  salient  and  two  reentrant  angles.  Also  called  swal 
lowtail.— Braid  bonnet,  a  thick,  closely  woven  Scotcli 
cap  of  wool,  usually  of  a  dark- blue  color,  and  surmounted 
by  a  bob  or  stumpy  tassel  of  a  different  color.  It  is  round 
in  shape,  the  upper  part  being  much  wider  than  the  band, 
or  part  which  fits  tiie  head.—  Coal-scuttle  bonnet.  See 

coaJ-scM(He.— Kilmarnock  bonnet,  a  cap  of  similar  make 
to  the  braid  bonnet,  but  less  wide  at  the  top,  and  furnished 
with  a  peak  of  the  same  material  :  so  called  because  made 
extensively  at  Kilmarnock,  Ayrshire.— To  liave  a  bee 
in  one  s  bonnet.  See  bed.— To  have  a  green  bon- 
nett,  to  have  failed  in  trade.— To  vail  (or  vale)  tbe 
bonnett,  to  doff  the  bonnet  in  respect. 

O  bonny  Ewe  tree, 
Needes  to  thy  boughs  will  bow  this  knee  and  vaile  ray 
bonnet.  JSTash,  Strange  Newes  (1592),  sig.  D  2. 

bonnet  (bon'et),  v.  [<  bonnet,  n.]  I.  trans.  To 
force  the  bonnet  or  hat  over  the  eyes  of,  with 
the  view  of  mobbing  or  hustling. 

Bonnet  him  by  knocking  his  hat  over  his  eyes,  and  he  is 
at  the  mercy  of  his  opponent. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Elsie  Venner,  xxiu. 


bonnet 

Il.t  intrans.  To  pull  off  the  bonnet;  make 

obeisance.    ShaJc.,  Cor.,  ii.  2. 
bonnet-block  (bon'et-blok),  n.  A  wooden  shape 

on  which  a  bonnet  is  put  to  be  pressed, 
bonneted  (bon'et-ed),  «.    Wearing  a  bonnet, 

or  furnished  with  a  bonnet,  in  any  of  the  senses 

of  that  word, 
bonneter  (bon'etrer),  n.    [<  bonnet,  n.,  13,  + 
]    One  who  induces  another  to  gamble :  a 

bonnet.  [Slang.] 

bonnet-fleuk,  n.    Same  as  honnet-fluke. 

bonnet-fluke  (bon'et-flok),  7i.  A  Scotch  name 
of  the  brill,  Rhombus  Iwvis.    See  brill. 

bonnet-grass  (bon'et-gras),  n.  White  bent- 
grass,  Agrostis  alba. 

bonnet-laird  (bon'et-lard),  w.  One  who  farms 
his  own  property;  a  yeoman;  a  freeholder. 
[Scotch.] 

A  lang  word  or  bit  o'  learning  that  our  farmers  and 
bonnet-lairds  canna'  sae  weel  follow.  Scott. 

bonnet- limpet  (bon'et-lim*pet),  n.  A  mollusk 
of  the  family  Calyptrceid(e.  The  Hungarian 
bonnet-limpet  is  Pileopsis  hungarica. 

bonnet-macaque  (bon'et-ma-kak*),  «.  A 
monkey  (Maeacus  sinicus),  a  native  of  Bengal 


Bonnet-macaque  {Maeacus  sintcies]. 


and  Ceylon,  and  well  known  in  confinement, 
which  its  hardy  constitution  enables  it  to  en- 
dure in  any  climate,  it  receives  its  name  from  the 
peculiar  arrangement  of  the  hairs  on  the  crown  of  its 
head,  which  seem  to  form  a  kind  of  cap  or  bonnet.  Its 
general  color  is  a  somewhat  bright  olive-gray,  and  the 
slcm  of  the  face  is  of  a  leathery  flesh-color.  Also  called 
niun^a. 

bonnet-monkey  (bon'et-mung'-'ki),  «.  Same  as 
bonnet-macaque. 

bonnet-piece  (bon'et-pes),  n.  [From  the  rep- 
resentation of  a  bonnet  on  the  king's  head.] 
A  Scotch  gold  coin  first  issued  in  1539  by  James 


Bonnet-piece  of  James  V.,  British  Museum.    (Size  of  the  original.) 

V.  of  Scotland,  weighing  about  88i  grains,  and 
worth  at  the  time  of  issue  40s.  Scotch.  Also 
called  braid-bonnet. 

There  is  a  high  price  upon  thy  head,  and  Julian  Avenel 
loves  the  glance  of  gold  bonnet-pieces. 

Scott,  Monastery,  II.  v. 
bonnet-rouge  (F.  pron.  bon-a-rozh'),  n.  [F., 
lit.  red  cap:  see  bonnet  and  rouge.]  1.  The 
cap  of  liberty  of  the  French  revolutionists  of 
1793.  See  liberty-cap.  Hence  — 2.  A  wearer 
of  such  a  cap;  a  sans-culotte.— 3.  A  red  re- 
publican; an  anarchist  or  communist. 

Bonnet's  capsule.   See  capsule. 

bonnet-shark  (bon'et-shark),  n.  A  kind  of 
hammer-headed  shark,  Spliyrna  tiburo  ;  a  shov- 
elhead.  It  is  smaller  than  S.  zygcena,  but  may 
attam  a  length  of  6  feet.  It  is  a  widely  dis- 
tributed species. 

bonnet-shell  (bon'et-shel),  n.    The  shell  of  the 

bonnet-limpet, 
bonneb-worm  (bon'et-werm),  n.    A  worm  or 

insect-larva  occurring  in  Florida  in  the  bonnet 

or  yellow  water-lily  {Nuphar  advena),  and  used 

as  bait  for  the  black-bass, 
bonney,  n.    See  bonny^. 


623 

bonnibelt  (bon'i-bel),  n.  [<  honny^  +  bcl5,  belle; 
or  <  F.  bomie  et  belle,  good  and  beautiful.  Gf. 
bellibone.']    A  handsome  girl;  a  fair  maid;  a 
bonny  lass.  Spenser. 
Well,  look  to  him,  dame  ;  beshrew  me,  were  I 
'Mongst  these  bonnibells,  you  sliould  need  a  good  eye. 

B.  Jomon,  The  Penates. 

bonnilasset,  «.  [For  bonny  lass."]  A  beautiful 
girl ;  a  sweetheart. 

As  the  bonilasse  passed  by,  .  .  . 
She  rovde  at  mee  with  glauncing  eye. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  August. 

bonnily  (bon'i-li),  adv.  In  a  bonny  manner; 
beautifully;  finely;  pleasantly. 

His  wee  bit  ingle,  blinkin'  bonnily. 

Burns,  Cottar's  Sat.  Night. 

bonniness  (bon'i-nes),  n.    [<  fcowwyl  +  -ness.'] 

1 .  The  quality  of  being  bonny ;  beauty. —  2t. 
Gaiety ;  blitheness. 

bonnyi  (bon'i),  a.  [Also  written  bonyiie,  for- 
merly also  bony,  bonie,  <  ME.  bonie,  appar.  ex- 
tended, as  if  dim.,  from  the  reg.  ME.  bon,  bone, 
good,  <  OF.  bon,  fern,  bonne,  good:  see  bon^, 
boonS.]  1.  Beautiful;  fair  or  pleasant  to  look 
upon;  pretty;  fine. 

He  wolde,  after  fyght, 
Bonie  landes  to  heom  dyght. 
Kincf  Alisaunder,  in  Weber's  Metr.  Rom.,  1.  3902. 
Till  honny  Susan  sped  across  the  plain. 

Gay,  Shepherd's  Week,  Friday,  1.  160. 

2.  Gay;  merry;  frolicsome;  cheerful;  blithe. 

Then  sigh  not  so, 
But  let  them  go, 
And  be  you  blithe  and  bonny. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  3. 
[Bonny  and  its  derivatives  are  now  chiefly  Scotch.  The 
Scotch  often  use  bonny  ironically,  in  the  same  way  as  the 
English  fine  or  pretty :  as,  a  bonny  penny  to  pay  :  a  bonny 
state  of  things. 

Ye'Il  see  the  toun  intill  a  bonny  steer  [stir,  hubbub]. 

A.  Ross,  Helenore,  p.  90.] 
bonny2t   (bon'i),  n.     [Also  written  bonney, 

bunny.  Origin  unknown.]  In  mining,  a  mass 
of  ore  adjacent  to  a  vein,  but  not  distinctly 
connected  with  it;  "a  great  collection  of  org, 
without  any  vein  coming  into  or  going  from  it," 
Pryce.  [Cornwall.  Rare.]  See  carbona. 
bonnyclabber  (bon'i-klab-er),  n.  [Also  former- 
ly written  bonny  clabber,  bonniclapper,  bony- 
clabo,  etc. ;  <  Ir.  bainne,  milk  (cf.  baine,  compar. 
of  ban,  white),  -I-  claba,  thick  mud.]  1.  Milk 
that  is  turned  or  has  become  thick  in  the  pro- 
cess of  souring.— 2.  A  drink  made  of  beer  and 
buttermUk  or  soured  cream. 

To  drink  such  balderdash  or  bonny-clabber. 

B.  Jonson,  New  Inn,  i.  1. 
The  feasts,  the  manly  stomachs, 

The  healths  in  usquebaugli  and  bonny-clabber. 

Ford,  Perkin  Warbeck,  iii.  2. 

bonny-dame  (bon'i-dam),  n.  The  garden- 
orache,  Atriplex  liortensis. 

bonsilate  (bon'si-lat),  n.  [Irreg.  <  bone'^  + 
sil{ic)ate.']  A  composition  of  finely  ground 
bones  and  sodium  silicate,  used  as  a  substitute 
for  ivory  and  hard  wood  in  the  manufacture  of 
clock-cases,  canes,  dominoes,  etc.  Haldeman. 

bon  SOir  (F.  pron.  boh  swor).  [F.:  bon,  good; 
soir,  evening :  see  bon'^  and  soiree.']  Good  even- 
ing ;  good  night. 

bonspiel  (bon'spel),  n.  [Sc.,  also  written  bon- 
speel,  bonspel;  origin  unknown;  referred  by 
some  to  an  assumed  Dan.  *bondespil,  a  rustic 
game,  <  bonde  (AS.  bonda,  ME.  bondc,  a  farmer, 
rustic :  see  bond"^)  +  spil  =  G.  sjnel,  a  game ; 
by  others  to  an  assumed  D.  *bondspel,  <  bond, 
verbond,  covenant,  alliance,  -f-  spel,  a  game.]  A 
match  between  two  opposite  parties,  as  two 
parishes,  at  archery,  golf,  curling,  etc.:  now 
generally  restricted  to  the  last-mentioned  game. 

Curling  is  the  Scotchman's  bonspiel,  but  the  toboggan 
belongs  exclusively  to  Canada. 

Montreal  Daily  Star,  Carnival  Number,  1884. 
bontebok  (bon'te-bok),  n.  [D.,  <  bont  (=  G. 
bunt),  spotted,  -I-  bok  =  E.  6mcA:1.]  Alcelaphus 
pygargus,  a  large  bubaline  antelope  of  South 
Africa,  closely  aUied  to  the  blesbok,  and  hav-ing 
a  similar  blaze  on  the  face.  Also  written  bunt- 
bok. 

bonte-duagga  (bon'te-kwag'^'a),  n.  [<  D,  bont, 
spotted  (see  above),  -I-  guagga.']  The  dauw 
(which  see). 

bon-ton  (F.  pron.  boh'toh'),  n.  [F.,  lit.  good 
tone:  see  bon^,  boon'^,  ton"^,  and  tone.]  1.  The 
style  of  persons  in  high  life  ;  good  breeding.— 
2.  Polite  or  fashionable  society. 

bonus  (bo'nus),  «.  [Appar.  a  trade  word,  <  L. 
bonus,  masc,  good,  erroneously  put  for  bonum, 


booby-hnt 

neut.,  a  good  thing:  see  bona  and  !l>oo»3.] 
Sometliing  of  the  nature  of  an  honorarium  or 
voluntary  additional  compen.sation  for  a  ser- 
vice or  advantage ;  a  sum  given  or  paid  over 
and  above  what  is  required  to  be  paid  or  is 

regularly  payable,  (a)  a  premium  given  for  a  loan 
or  for  a  charter  or  other  privilege  granted  to  a  comriany' 

(b)  An  extra  dividend  or  allowance  to  the  Bhaicljoiders  of 
a  joint-stock  company,  holders  of  insurance  policies  etc 
out  of  accumulated  profits.  '  '' 

The  banks  which  now  hold  the  deposits  pay  nothing  to 
the  public ;  they  give  no  Ijonux,  they  pay  no  annuity. 

Webster,  .Speech,  Senate,  ilay  7,  IS.'M. 

(c)  A  sum  paid  to  the  agent  of  a  company  or  the  captain 
of  a  vessel,  over  and  above  his  stated  pay,  in  proportion 
to  the  success  of  his  labors,  and  as  a  stimulus  to  extra  ex- 
ertion ;  a  boon,    (d)  Eupliemistically,  a  bribe. 

bonus  (bo'nus),  v.  t.  l<bonus,  h.]  To  give  or 
add  a  bonus  to;  promote  by  the  payment  of 
bonuses. 

bon  vivant  (F.  pron.  boh  ve-voii').  [F. :  ban, 
good;  vivant,  ppr.  of  vivre,  <  L.  vivere,  live:  see 
bon^  and  vital,  vive.]  A  generous  liver;  a  jovial 
companion. 

bonxie  (bonk'si),  n.  [E.  dial. ;  perhaps  con- 
nected with  dial,  bonx,  beat  up  batter  for  pud- 
dings ;  origin  unknown.]  A  name  for  the  skua, 
Stercorarius  catarrhactes.  Montagu.  [Local, 
British.] 

bony  (bo'ni),  a.  [<  6onel  -I-  -yi.]  1.  Consist- 
ing of  bone  or  bones ;  full  of  bones ;  pertaining 
to  or  of  the  nature  of  bone. —  2.  Having  large 
or  prominent  bones ;  stout ;  strong. 

Burning  for  blood,  bony,  and  gaunt,  and  grim 
Assembling  wolves  in  raging  troops  descend.  ' 

Thomson,  Winter,  I.  394. 

3.  Reduced  to  bones;  thin;  attenuated. — 4. 
Hard  and  tough  like  bone,  as  the  fruit  and 
seeds  of  some  plants, 
bony-fish  (bo'ni-fish),  n.  A  local  (Connecticut) 
name  of  the  menhaden,  Brevoortia  tyrannus. 
bonzary  (bon'za-ri),  w.  [<  boma  (see  bonze)  -t- 
-ry,  after  monastery.']  A  Buddhist  monastery, 
bonze  (bonz),  n.  [Also  bonza;  =  F.  bonze  = 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  bonzo  (NL.  bonzus,  bonzius),  <  Jap. 
bonzo,  the  Jap.  way  of  pronouncing  the  Chinese 
fan  sutig,  an  ordinary  (member)  of  the  assem- 
bly, i.  e.,_the  monastery,  or  monks  collectively: 
fan,  ordinary,  common;  siing,  repr.  Skt.  san- 
gha  (samgha),  an  assembly,  <  sam,  together,  -I- 
V  lian,  strike.]  A  Buddhist  monk,  especially 
of  China  and  Japan. 

A  priest  in  England  is  not  the  same  mortified  creature 
with  a  bonze  in  China. 

Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  xxvii. 
bonzian  (bon'zi-an),  a.    [<  bonze  +  -ian.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  bonzes  or  Buddhist  monks 
of  China  and  Japan ;  monkish :  as,  bonzian  max- 
ims; bonzian  mysteries. 
boo^  (ho),  interj.    Same  as  bo^. 
boo2  (bo),  n.    Same  as  bu. 
booby  (bo'bi),  n.  and  a.    [Formerly  also  boobie, 
boobce  (the  E.  word  as  applied  to  the  bird  is 
the  source  of  F.  boubie,  the  bird  called  booby); 
prob.  <  Sp.  bobo,  a  fool,  dunce,  dolt,  buffoon, 
also  a  bird  so  called  from  its  apparent  stupid- 
ity ;  =  Pg.  bobo,  a  buffoon,  z=  OF.  banbe,  a  stam- 
merer, <  L.  balbus,  stammering,  lisping,  inar- 
ticulate, akin  to  Or.  fidpjiapoc,  orig.  inarticulate: 
see  balbuties  and  barbarous.]   I.  n. ;  pi.  boobies 
(-biz).    1.  A  stupid  fellow;  a  dull  or  foolish 
person ;  a  lubber. 

When  blows  ensue  tliat  break  the  arm  of  toil 
And  rustic  battle  ends  the  boobies'  broil.  Crabbe. 
An  awkward  booby,  reared  up  and  spoiled  at  his  mother's 
apron-string.         Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Coiuiuer,  i.  2. 

2.  The  pupil  at  the  foot  of  a  class  :  the  dunce 
of  the  class  or  of  the  school. —  3.  In  progressive 
euchre,  the  player  who  has  failed  most  conspic- 
uously in  the  game.— 4.  The  name  of  various 
species  of  brown  and  white  gannets,  birds  of 
the  family  Sididw,  genus  Sula.  Tlie  common  booby 

of  the  United  States  is  Sula  leucogastra,  a  well-known 
species  of  the  South  Atlantic  coast.  Others  are  the  red- 
footed  booby,  Sula  piscator,  and  the  blue-faced  booby  S 
cyanops,  found  on  many  coasts  and  islands  of  the  warmer 
parts  of  tlie  world. 

5.  In  New  England,  a  hack  on  runners;  a 
sleigh  kept  for  hire. 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertainingto  a  booby  or  boobies; 
foolish ;  stupid. 

He  burned  his  fingers,  and  to  cool  them  he  applied  them 
in  liis  booby  fashion  to  his  mouth.  Lamb,  Roast  Pig. 

booby-hatch  (bo'bi-haeh),  n.  Xaut.,  a  wooden 
framework  with  sashes  and  a  sliding  cover, 
used  in  merchant  vessels  to  cover  the  after- 
hatch. 

booby-hut  (bo'bi-hut),  n.  A  kind  of  hooded 
sleigh.    [Local,  U.  S.] 


booby-hutch 

booby-hutch  (bo'bi-liuch),  w.  A  clumsy,  ill- 
coutrived  covered  carriage  used  in  the  eastern 
part  of  England. 

boobyish  (bo'bi-isb),  a.  [<  hoohij  +  -isli^.']  Re- 
sembling a  booby ;  silly ;  stupid. 

boobyism  (bo'M-izm),  n.  [<  hoohy  +  -ism.l 
The  character  or  actions  of  a  booby ;  stupid- 
ity; fooUshness. 

The  donkeys  who  are  prevailed  upon  to  pay  for  permis- 
sion to  exhibit  their  lamentable  ignorance  and  boobyism  on 
the  stage  of  a  private  theatre.    Dickens,  Sketches  liy  Boz. 

bood  (bud).    A  Scotch  contraction  of  hchooved. 
Also  written  huhJ. 

Boodha,  Boodhism,  Boodhist,  etc.  See  Bud- 
dha, Biiddliisin,  Btiddhigt,  etc. 

boodlel  (bo'dl),  II.  [Also  in  17th  century  (see 
def.  1,  first  extract)  huddle;  in  the  U.  S.  also  by 
apparent  corruption  caboodle;  origin  obscure. 
The  word  agrees  in  pron.  with  D.  boedel,  es- 
tate, possession,  inheritance,  household  goods, 
stuff,  lumber,  from  which,  with  other  slang 
terms,  it  may  have  been  taken  in  the  Elizabeth- 
an period  in  the  general  sense  of  'the  whole 
property,'  'the  whole  lot.']  1.  Crowd;  pack; 
lot :  in  a  contemptuous  sense,  especially  in  the 
phrase  the  whole  kit  and  boodle. 

Men  cnriously  and  carefnlly  chosen  ont  (from  all  the 
Buddie  and  masse  of  great  ones)  for  their  approoued  wise- 
dome.     F.  Markham,  Bk.  of  Honour,  IV.  ii.    (X  £.  D.) 

He  would  like  to  have  the  whole  boodle  of  them  (I  re- 
monstrated against  this  word,  but  the  professor  said  it 
wasadiabolishgoodword  .  .  .  )witli  tlieir  wives  and  chil- 
dren shipwrecked  on  a  remote  island. 

0.  ir.  Iluhin-s,  Tlie  A\itocrat,  p.  139. 

2.  Money  fraudulently  obtained  in  public  ser- 
vice ;  especially,  money  given  to  or  received  by 
oflQcials  in  bribery,  or  gained  by  collusive  con- 
tracts, appointments,  etc. ;  by  extension,  gain 
from  piiblie  cheating  of  any  land:  often  used 
attributively.    [Eecent,  U.  S.] 

Some  years  ago,  Dr.  McDonald,  then  superintendent  of 
Blackwell's  Island  Asyhim,  atteniiUed  to  introduce  the 
(Turkish]  bath  there,  but  iuimrance,  jmlitics  and  boodle 
had  more  influence  with  the  New  Vi.rk  ublermen  tlian 
science  or  the  claims  of  humanity,  and  the  attempt  was 
ultimately  aliandoned.       Alien,  and  Seurul.,  VHI.  239. 

3.  Counterfeit  money, 
boodle-  (bo'dl),  II.  [Appar.  a  slang  variation  of 

noodle.']    Abloekliead;  a  noodle. 

boodle^  (bo'dl),  n.  An  old  English  name  for 
the  corn-marigold,  Chrysanthemum  segctum. 
Also  written  huddle. 

boodler  (bod'ler),  m.    [<  boodle'^  +  -crl.]  One 
who  accepts  or  acquires  boodle;  one  who  sells 
his  vote  or  influence  for  a  bribe,  or  acquires  , 
money  fraudulently  from  the  public.   [U.  S.] 

boody  (bo'dl),  V.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  hoodied,  ppr. 
boodi/iiif/.    [Cf.  F.  bonder,  sulk,  pout:  see  bou- 
doir.}   To  look  angry  or  gruff.  [Colloq.] 
Come,  don't  boody  with  me  ;  don't  l)e  angry. 

Trollopc,  Barchester  Towers,  .xxvii. 

boof  (bof),  n.    Peach-brandy:  a  word  in  use 

among  the  Pennsylvania  Germans. 
boohOQi  (bo'ho'),  interj.    A  word  imitating  the 

sound  of  noisy  weeping, 
boohool  (bo'lio'),  V.  i.    [<  boohoo,  interj.']  To 

cry  noisily ;  blubber  outright, 
boohoo^  (bo-ho' ),  H.  A  sailors'  name  of  the  His- 

tiophorus  american  us,  or  sail-fish.    Also  called 

icoohoo. 

booidl  (bo'oid),  a.  [<  boa  +  -aid.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Boida',  or  family  of  the  boas. 

booid^  (bo'oid),  a.  and  ii.  [<  Booidea.]  I.  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Booidea ;  bo-vine,  in  a 
broad  sense. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Booidea. 

Booidea  (bo-oi'de-a),  w.  2>l-  [NL.,  <  Gr.  (iovg, 
an  ox,  +  d6o^,  appearance,  form.]  A  super- 
family  of  typical  ruminants,  the  bovine,  ovine, 
antilopine,  and  cervine  ruminants  collectively, 
as  contrasted  with  other  nmiinants.  The  Botii- 
dea  tiipica  contain  the  families  Bomdoe  (with  the  goats, 
sheep,  aiui  antelopes,  as  well  as  tlie  oxen),  Saviidoe,  and 
Aniilocapridce.  The  Booidea  cerviforniia  consist  of  the 
single  family  Cervidce. 

book  (buk),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boocl;  bock; 
<  ME.  hook,  booke,  boke,  hok  (north,  buk,  huke, 
>  Sc.  buik,  heuk,  bidce),  <  AS.  hoc  (pi.  bee),  f.,  a 
writing,  record,  charter,  book,  =  OS.  bok  — 
OFries.  bok  =  MD.  hoeck,  D.  boek  =  OLG.  bok, 
LG.  book  =  OHG.  buoh,  MHG.  huoch,  G.  buch, 
neut.,  =  Icel.  bok,  f .,  =  Sw.  hok  =  Dan.  bog, 
book,  =  Goth,  boka,  f .,  hok,  neut.,  a  letter  of  the 
alphabet,  pi.  a  -writing,  document,  book  (ef. 
OBulg.  hukui,  letter,  in  pi.  writing,  bukvart, 
abeeedarium,  Bulg.  Russ.  bukva,  letter;  from 
the  Teut.),  orig.  Teut.  *hdks,  a  leaf,  sheet,  or 
tablet  for  writing ;  usually  referred,  in  spite  of 
philological  difficulties,  to  AS.  {(tlc.)b6c  (usually 
in  deriv.  foi-m  hece,  beech),  cf.  AS.  bocstwf,  early 


624 

mod.  E.  bokstaf(vaoCL.  E.  as  if  *bookstaff  or  *huck- 
staf)  (=  OS.  bdkstaf=  MD.  hoeckstaf,  D.  boek^ 
sta'af  =  OHG.  huohstab,  MHG.  buochstap,  G. 
huciistahe  --  Icel.  b6kstafr=Sw.  hokstaf='D(in. 
bogstav),  a  letter  of  tlie  alphabet,  lit.  appar. 
'beech-staff  «  AS.  hoc,  beech,  +  sia-f,  ataS), 
an  interpretation  resting  on  the  fact,  taken  in 
connection  with  the  similarity  of  form  between 
AS.  (etc.)  hoc,  book,  and  hoc,  beech,  that  in- 
scriptions were  made  on  tablets  of  wood  or 
bark,  presumably  often  of  beech  (Venantius 
Fortunatus,  aboiit  A.  D.  600,  refers  to  the  -writ- 
ing of  runes  on  tablets  of  ash ;  ef .  L.  liber,  book, 
liber,  bark,  Gr.  liiji'Aioi',  book,  /i'/^/of,  book,  papy- 
rus: see  liber,  Bible,  paper) ;  but  AS.  hocstwf,  if 
lit.  '  beech-staff,'  would  hardly  come  to  be  ap- 
plied to  a  single  character  inscribed  thereon ;  it 
is  rather  '  book-staft','  i.  e.,  a  character  employed 
in  writing,  <  hoc,  a  m-iting,  +  sta-f,  a  letter  (cf . 
run-sta'f,  a  runic  character,  stwf-craft,  gi-am- 
mar).  The  connection  with  heech^  remains  un- 
certain: see  beech,  biickl.']  If.  A  -wi'iting;  a 
written  instrument  or  document,  especially  one 
granting  land ;  a  deed.  Tlie  use  of  books  or  written 
charters  was  introduced  in  Anglo-Sa.xon  times  by  tlie  ec- 
clesiastics, as  affording  more  permanent  and  satisfactory 
evidence  of  a  grant  or  conveyance  of  land  than  the  sym- 
bolical or  actual  delivery  of  possession  before  witnesses, 
which  was  the  method  tlien  in  vogue. 

By  that  time  will  our  book,  I  think,  be  drawn. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,iii.  1. 
Come,  let 's  seal  the  book  first, 
For  niy  daughter's  jointure. 
Fletcher  (and  another),  Elder  Brother,  iii.  3. 
Mr.  Kemble  divides  a  book,  as  distinguished  from  a  will, 
contract,  or  synodal  decree,  into  six  parts,— I.  The  Invo- 
cation: II,  The  Proem;  III.  The  Grant;  IV.  The  Sanc- 
tion ;  V.  The  Date  ;  VI.  The  Teste.    The  first,  second  and 
fourth  of  these  divisions  are  purely  religions,  and  require 
no  detailed  e.xaniination.    Five  and  six  are  merely  formal, 
useful  only  in  questions  of  chronology  and  genuineness, 
or  as  proof  of  the  presence  of  a  Witan,    The  third  divi- 
sion is  the  grant,  wliich  contains  all  the  important  legal 
matter  of  the  charter.  H-  Cabot  Lodge. 

Lastly,  there  was  bocland,  or  hookland,  the  land  held  in 
several' property  under  the  express  terms  of  a  written  in- 
strument, or  bo(}k  as  it  was  then  called, 

F.  Pollock,  Land  Laws,  p.  22. 

2.  A  treatise,  written  or  printed  on  any  mate- 
rial, and  put  together  in  any  convenient  form, 
as  in  the  long  parchment  rolls  of  the  Jews,  in 
the  bundles  of  bamboo  tablets  in  use  among 
the  Chinese  before  the  invention  of  paper,  or 
in  leaves  of  paper  boimd  together,  as  is  usual 
in  modern  times;  a  literary  composition,  espe- 
cially one  of  considerable  length,  whether -svi-it- 
ten  or  printed. 

A  good  book  is  the  precious  life-blood  of  a  master-spirit 
embalmed  and  treasured  up  on  purpose  to  a  life  beyond 
life.  Milton,  Areopagitica. 

3.  Specifically,  the  Bible. 
Who  can  give  an  oath?  where  is  a  book? 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  3. 

4.  A  collection  of  written  or  printed  sheets 
fastened  or  bound  together,  especially  one 
larger  than  a  pamphlet;  a  volume:  as,  this 
book  is  one  of  a  set  or  series.— 5.  A  particular 
subdivision  of  a  literary  composition ;  one  of 
the  larger  divisions  used  in  classifying  topics, 


book 

jurisdiction,  with  the  revenues  of  the  crown  in  money, 
grain,  and  cattle,  (b)  A  book  compiled  by  order  of  the 
visitors  of  monasteries  under  Henry  VIII,,  containing  a 
detailed  account  of  the  alleged  abuses  in  religious  houses, 
to  blacken  them  and  to  hasten  their  dissolution.  This 
book  disappeared  not  long  after  the  accomplishment  of 
its  purpose,  (c)  A  book  kept  at  some  universities  as  a  regis- 
ter of  faults  and  misdemeanors ;  hence,  to  be  in  one's  black 
books,  to  be  in  disfavor  with  one,  (li)  An  ancient  book  of 
admiralty  law,  always  held  to  be  of  very  high  authority, 
compiled  in  the  fourteenth  century,  (<;)  A  book  treating  of 
necromancy,  or  the  black  art,— Blue  bOOlt.  (a)  A  name 
popularly  applied  to  the  reports  and  other  papers  printed 
by  order  of  the  British  Parliament  or  issued  by  the  privy 
council  or  other  departments  of  government,  because  their 
covers  are  usually  blue.  The  corresponding  books  of  otti- 
cial  reports  are  yellow  and  blue  in  France,  green  in  Italy, 
and  red  and  white  in  various  other  countries. 

At  home  he  gave  himself  up  to  the  perusal  of  blue- 
books.  Thackeray, 
(b)  In  the  United  States,  a  book  containing  the  names  and 
salaries  of  all  the  persons  in  theemiiloymentof  the  govern- 
ment, (c)  The  book  containing  the  ivgulatioiis  for  the 
government  of  the  United  States  navy,  |niten  written 
with  a  hyphen,]— Book  of  adjournal,  concord,  disci- 
pline, etc.  See  the  nouns,— Book  Of  Books,  the  Bible. 
—  Book  of  Homilies.  See  homily.— Book  of  ties,  an 
old  name  for  a  weaver's  memorandum-book  of  patterns. 

Formerly  .  .  .  the  weaver  was  expected  to  tie-up  or  ar- 
range his  loom  to  produce  satins,  twills,  spots,  and  small 
figures,  .  .  .  and  if  he  was  a  careful  man  he  would  have  a 
number  of  the  most  prevailing  patterns  drawn  in  his 
Book  of  Ties.  A.  Barlow,  Weaving,  p.  314. 

Books  of  Council  and  Session.  See  coimcrt.— By 
book,  by  the  book,  by  line  and  rule ;  accurately :  as,  to 
speak  by  the  book. 

Tliere  are  so  many  circumstances  to  piece  up  one  good 
action,  that  it  is  a  lesson  to  be  good,  and  we  are  forced  to 
be  virtuous  by  the  book. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  i,  55. 

Canonical  books.  See  cnwo?H'caZ,— Christ's  Book,  the 

Gospels, 

A  Latin  copy  of  the  Gospels,  or,  as  the  Anglo-Saxons 
well  called  it,  a  Christ's  Book. 

Jtock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii,  357. 
Fleet  books.  See  Jleet'-^.— In  one's  books,  in  kind  re- 
membrance;  in  favor;  in  mind  with  reference  to  future 
favors,  gifts,  or  bequests. 

I  must  have  him  wise  as  well  as  proper.  He  comes  not 
in  my  books  else.    M  iddleton  {and  others).  The  Widow,  i.  1. 

I  was  so  much  in  his  books  that  at  his  decease  he  left  me 
his  lamp.  Addison. 
Orderly  book.  See  orrfcrt?/,— Symbolical  books.  See 
siinibolicai.— The  Book  Annexed,    See  mim  x,  ti.— The 

devU'S  books  or  picture-books,  iihij  ing-cards. 
They  sip  the  scandal  potion  pretty ; 
Or  lee-lang  nights  wi'  erabbit  leuks 
Pore  owre  the  deiiil's  pictur'd  beaks. 

Burns,  The  Twa  Dogs,  1.  224. 

To  balance  books.  See  balance.— To  bring  to  book, 
to  bring  to  account,— To  Close  the  books,  to  cease 
making  entries  for  a  time,  as  is  done  by  corporations  and 
business  concerns  when  about  to  declare  a  dividend,  etc. 
—  To  hear  a  bOOkt,  in  the  old  universities,  to  attend  a 
course  of  lectures  in  which  the  book  was  read  and  ex- 
pounded,—To  speak  like  a  book,  to  speak  accurately, 
or  as  if  from  a  book  ;  speak  with  full  and  iirecise  informa- 
tion ;  hence  the  similar  phrase  to  Inioiv  like  a  book  (that 
is,  know  thoroughly),— To  suit  one's  book,  to  accord 
with  one's  arrangements  or  wishes,—  To  take  a  leaf  OUt 
of  one's  book,  to  follow  one's  example,— without  book. 

(a)  By  memory  ;  without  reading  ;  without  notes  :  as,  a 
sermon  delivered  wittiout  book. 

His  writing  is  more  then  his  reading;  for  hee  reades 
onely  what  hee  gets  without  booke. 

Bp.  Farle,  Micro-cosmographie,  A  Young  Rawe  Preacher. 

(b)  Without  authority:  as,  something  asserted  withoU 
book. 


periods,  etc.-— 6.  Figuratively,  anything  that  i,ook  (bilk),  v.    [<  ME.  hoken,  <  hook,  n. ;  cf. 


serves  for  the  recording  of  facts  or  events 
the  hook  of  Nature. 

I  have  been 

The  book  of  his  good  acts,  whence  men  have  read 
His  fame  unparallel'd,  Shak.,  Cor.,  v.  2. 

7.  A  number  of  sheets  of  blank  -nrfiting-paper 
bound  together  and  used  for  making  entries: 
as,  a  note-  or  memorandum-ftoofc ;  specifically, 
such  a  book  used  for  recording  commercial  or 
other  transactions:  as,  a  day-ioofc,  a  cash-^^ooA-, 
a  xmmxie-hook,  etc.—  8.  The  words  of  an  opera ; 
a  libretto  (which  see).— 9.  In  betting,  an  ar- 
rangement of  bets  recorded  in  a  book  ;  a  list  of 
bets  made  against  a  specific  result  in  a  contest 
of  any  kind:  as,  to  make  a  hook;  a  thousand- 
dollar  hook.  See  book-maker,  3.— 10.  In  whist, 
six  tricks  taken  by  either  side. — 11.  A  pile  or 
package  of  tobacco-leaves,  arranged  with  all 
the  stems  in  the  same  direction. — 12.  A 
package  of  gold-leaf,  consisting  of  twenty-five 
leaves  laid  between  sheets  of  folded  paper 
stitched  at  the  back.  The  leaves  are  usually 
3|  inches  square. 

Often  abbre-viated  to  hk. 
Back  of  a  book.    See  ?jncii,— Bamboo  books.  See 
bamboo.— -RbW,  book,  and  candle.   See  ic«ii,— Black 

book,  one  of  several  books,  mostly  of  a  political  character, 
so  called  either  from  the  nature  of  their  contents  or 
from  the  colorof  their  binding.  Specifically —  (a)  A  book 
of  the  Exchequer  in  England  composed  by  Nigel,  Bishop 
of  Ely  (died  1169),  and  wrongly  attributed  to  Gervase  of 
Tilbury.  It  contains  a  description  of  the  Court  of  Exche- 
quer as  it  existed  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II,,  its  offi- 
cers, their  rank  and  privileges,  wages,  pei-quisites,  and 


AS.  hocian,  give  by  charter  {—  OFries.  bokia  = 
Icel.  boka),  <  hoc,  book,  charter:  see  hook,  «.] 

1.  trans.  If.  To  convey  by  book  or  charter. 

It  was  an  infringement  of  the  law  to  booh  family  or 
hereditary  lands,  H.  Cabot  Lodge. 

2.  To  enter,  -write,  or  register  in  a  book;  re- 
cord. 

Let  it  be  booked  with  the  rest  of  this  day's  deeds. 

Sliak.,  2  Hen,  IV,,  iv,  3. 
I  always  from  my  youth  have  endeavoured  to  get  the 
rarest  secrets,  and  book  them,    B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  ii.  1. 

3.  To  enter  in  a  list ;  enroll;  enlist  for  service. 
This  indeede  (Eudoxus)  hath  bene  hitherto,  and  yet  is, 

a  common  order  amoiigest  them,  to  have  all  the  people 
booked  by  the  lordes  and  gentellmen,  but  yet  it  is  the 
woorst  order  that  ever  was  devised. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland, 

4.  To  engage  or  secure  beforehand  by  regis- 
try or  pa-yment,  as  a  seat  in  a  stage-coach  or  a 
box  at  the  opera.—  5.  To  deliver,  and  pay  for 
the  transmission  of,  as  a  parcel  or  merchan- 
dise:  as,  the  luggage  was  booked  thi-ough  to 
London. —  6.  To  reserve  accommodation  for ; 
receive,  and  undertake  to  forward:  as,  at  that 
office  passengers  (or  parcels)  were  hooked  to 
all  parts  of  the  world.  [In  senses  4,  5,  and  6, 
confined  to  the  British  islands.]  —  7.  To  make 
into  a  book,  as  gold-leaf,  tobacco-leaves,  etc. 
—  Booked  at  last,  caught  and  disposed  of, 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  register  one's  name  for 
the  purpose  of  securing  something  in  advance ; 
put  one's  name  down  for  something:  as,  to  book 


book 

for  the  play  J  I  looked  through  to  London. 
[Great  Britain.]  — 2.  In  Scotland,  to  register 
in  the  Session  record  as  a  preliminary  to  the 
proclamation  of  the  banns  of  marriage, 
book-account  (buk'a-kount"),  ».  1.  An  ac- 
count or  register  of  debt  or  credit  in  a  book. 
—  2.  Specifically,  in  iookJceepiitg  by  double  en- 
try, an  account  showing  the  transactions  of  a 
merchant  in  regard  to  some  particular  com- 
modity or  branch  of  trade  placed  under  a  head- 
mg  such  as  ".stock,"  " cotton,"  etc.,  and  not 
referred  to  a  person  with  whom  they  may  have 
been  effected. 

bookbinder  (buk '  bin der),  «.    [<  ME.  book- 
byiider;  <  hook  +  Under.']    1.  One  whose  occu- 
pation is  the  binding  of  books. —  2.  A  binder 
for  preserving  loose  printed  sheets,  etc.  See 
hnider,  8.— Bookbinders'  cloth.  See  cloth. 
bookbmdery  (buk'bin"der-i),  n.;  pi.  bookhind- 
eries  (-iz).    A  place  where  books  are  bound 
bookbinding  (buk'bin"ding),  n.    The  opera- 
tion of  binding  books ;  the  process  of  securing 
the  sheets  of  a  book  within  a  permanent  casino- 
of  bookbinders'  board  and  leather  or  cloth,  or 
other  suitable  materials,  covering  the  sides  and 
back,  and  jointed  at  theii-  junction, 
bookcase!  (biik'kas),  ».    A  case  with  shelves 
for  holding  books, 
book-case^t  (biik'kas),  n.  In  law,  a  case  stated 
or  mentioned  m  legal  works;  a  recorded  ease ; 
a  precedent, 
book-clamp   (biik'klamp),  11.     1.   A  book- 
binder's vise  for  holding  books  in  the  process  of 
bmdmg.— 2.  A  device  for  ean-ying  books,  con- 
sisting generally  of  two  narrow  pieces  of  wood 
or  u-on,  connected  by  cords  attached  to  a  han- 
^ ®l  '^\\'^  ^^""^      placed  between  the  pieces,  and  wlieu 
the  handle  is  turned  the  cords  are  tightened  and  the  boolvs 
secured. 

book-debt  (buk'det),  n.     A  debt  standing 
against  a  person  in  an  account-book, 
bookery  (buk'er-i),      ;  pi.  bookeries  (-iz).  [< 
book  +  -ery.]    1.  A  collection  of  books. 

The  Abbe  Morellet  ...  has  a  bookery  in  such  elegant 
order  that  people  beg  to  go  and  see  it. 

Mine.  D'ArUay,  Diary,  VI.  346. 

2.  Study  of  or  passion  for  books. 

Let  thera  that  mean  by  bookish  business 
To  earn  their  bread,  or  hopen  to  profess 
Their  hard  got  skill,  let  them  alone,  for  me, 
Busy  their  brains  with  deeper  bookery. 

.    ,     ,  ^P-  Satires,  II.  ii.  28. 

[Kare  m  both  uses.] 
book-fair  (buk'far),  71.   A  fair  or  market  for 

books.  The  most  noted  book-fairs  are  those  of  Leipsic 
m  Saxony,  which  occur  at  Easter  and  Michaelmas,  and  at 
which  many  other  objects  of  commerce  are  disposed  of  be- 
sides books. 

book-fold  (buk'fold),  n.    A  piece  of  muslin 
containing  24  yards. 

book-formed  (biik'formd),  a.  Having  the 
miud  tramed  or  formed  by  the  study  of  books  : 
imbued  with  learning.  [Rare.] 

With  every  table-wit  and  book-formed  sage.    J.  Baillie. 

bookfult  (buk'fiil),  a.  [<  book  +  -ful,  1.]  Full 
of  book-knowledge ;  stuffed  with  ideas  gleaned 
from  books. 


625 

quainted  with  books  than  with  men  ;  familiar 
with  books,  but  not  with  practical  life:  as,  "a 

bookish  man,"  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  482.  

3.  Learned;  stilted ;  pedantic  :  applied  either 
to  individuals  or  to  diction :  as,  a  bookish  ex- 
pression. 

bookishly  (biik'ish-li),  adv.  In  a  booldsh  man- 
ner or  way;  studiously;  pedantically. 

She  [Christina  of  Sweden]  was  bookishly  given. 

Lord  TImrlow,  State  Papers,  ii.  104. 


Tlie  bookful  blockhead,  ignorantly  read, 
With  loads  of  learned  lumber  in  his  head. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  612. 

bookful  (biik'fiil),  n.  [<  book  +  -ful,  2.]  As 
much  as  a  book  contains.  Cowper. 

book-holder  (biik'hol'der),  n.  If.  The  prompt- 
er at  a  theater. 

"i"'  P^irts,  sure :  it  may  be  'tis  the 

book-holderS  fault ;  I'll  go  see. 

Fletcher  and  Rowley,  Maid  in  the  Mill,  ii.  2. 

2.  A  reading-desk  or  other  device  for  support- 
ing a  book  while  open. 

book-hunter  (biik'hun'ter),  «.  An  eager  col- 
lector of  books;  especially,  one  who  seeks  old 
and  rare  books  and  editions  ;  a  bibliophile. 

booking-clerk  (biik'ing-klerk),  n.  The  clerk  or 
oaeial  who  has  charge  of  a  register  or  book  of 
entry;  specifically,  in  Great  Britain,  a  ticket- 
elerk  at  a  railway-station,  theater,  etc. 

DOOkmg-machine  (biik'ing-ma-shen"),  n.  An 
apparatus  for  making  tobacco-leaves  into  pack- 
ages called  books. 

booking-office  (buk'ing-of 'is),  n.  In  Great 
Jsntam  an  office  where  applications,  etc.,  are 
received  and  entered  in  a  book ;  specifically, 
tie  ottiee  m  connection  with  a  railway,  theater, 
etc.,  where  tickets  are  sold,  or  applications  for 
them  registered. 

bookish  (biik'ish),  a.    [<  book  +  -«s^i.]  l 
•7  °f  .Pfrtaming  to  books ;  literary:  as,  "  book- 
ish skiiyBp.  Man,  Satires,  IL  ii.  19.-2.  Given 
to  reading;  fond  of  study;  hence,  more  ac- 


bookishness  (buk'ish-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  bookish. 

The  language  of  high  life  has  always  tended  to  simpli- 
city and  the  vernacular  ideal,  recoiling  from  every  mode 
of  bookishness.  Be  Quincey,  Style,  i. 

bookkeeper  (buk'ke'per),  w.  One  who  keeps 
accounts ;  one  whose  occupation  is  to  make  a 
formal  balanced  record  of  pecuniary  transac- 
tions in  account-books. 

bookkeeping  (biik' keeping),  «.    The  art  of 
recording  pecuniary  transactions  in  a  regular 
and  systematic  manner;  the  art  of  keeping  ac- 
counts in  such  a  manner  as  to  give  a  permanent 
record  of  business  transactions  from  which  the 
true  state  or  history  of  one's  pecuniary  affairs 
or  mercantile  dealings  may  at  any  time  be  as- 
certained. -Properly  kept  liooks  show  what  a  merchant 
has,  what  he  owes,  and  what  is  owing  to  him  as  well  -is 
what  sums  he  has  received  and  paid,  the  losses  he  has  in- 
curred, etc.    Books  are  kept  according  to  one  of  two  chief 
methods,  viz.,  by  sinyle  or  by  double  entry.   The  former 
is  more  simple  and  less  perfect  than  the  latter  and  is  now 
in  use  chiefly  in  retail  business.    In  bookkeeping  by  sinnle 
entry,  three  books,  a  day-book,  a  cash-book,  and  a  ledger 
are  commonly  used,  but  the  essential  book  is  the  ledger' 
containing  accounts  under  the  names  of  the  persons  with 
whom  a  trader  deals,  goods  or  money  received  from  any 
one  of  them  being  entered  on  one  side  of  the  account 
called  the  credit  side,  and  goods  sold  or  money  paid  to 
that  person  being  entered  on  the  opposite  or  debit  side  of 
the  account.    In  bookkeeping  by  double  entni,  the  ledger 
accounts  are  of  two  kinds,  personal  accounts  such  as  those 
]ust  described,  and  book-accounts,  in  which  the  commod- 
ities dealt  in  are  made  the  subjects  of  separate  accounts 
and  have  a  debit  and  a  credit  side,  as  in  personal  accounts' 
Ihus,  If  a  trader  purchase  100  bales  of  cotton  from  A  B 
the  account  in  the  ledger  headed  A.  B.  is  credited  witli  100 
bales  of  cotton,  so  much,  while  the  account  headed  Cotton 
IS  debited  with  the  same  quantity  and  amount ;  should  the 
trader  sell  10  bales  to  C.  D.,  the  account  headed  C  D  is 
debited  with  10  bales  at  so  much,  and  the  account  headed 
Cotton  IS  credited  with  10  bales  ;  and  so  on.    These  book- 
accounts  are  based  on  the  principle  that  all  money  and  ar- 
ticles received  become  debtors  to  him  from  whom  or  to 
that  for  which  they  are  received,  and,  on  the  other  hand  all 
those  who  receive  money  or  goods  from  us  become  debtors 
to  cash  or  to  the  goods.    In  this  way  every  transaction  is 
entered  in  the  ledger  on  the  creditor  side  of  one  account 
and  on  the  debtor  side  of  another.    The  books  used  in 
double  entry  vary  in  number  and  arrangement  according 
to  the  nature  of  the  business  and  the  manner  of  recordin" 
the  facts.    Transactions  as  they  take  place  from  day  to 
day  are  generally  recorded  in  such  books  as  the  stock- 
book,  cash-book,  bill-book,  invoice-book,  and  sales-book  or 
they  may  all  be  recorded  in  order  in  a  waste-book  or  day- 
book   Upon  these  books  or  additional  documents  are 
based  the  journal  and  ledger.    The  former  contains  a 
periodical  abstract  of  all  the  transactions  recorded  in 
the  subordinate  books  or  in  documents  not  entered  in 
these,  classified  into  debits  and  credits,  while  the  latter 
contains  an  abstract  of  all  the  entries  made  in  the  former 
classified  under  the  heads  of  their  respective  accounts  ' 
book-knowledge  (buk'nol*ej),  n.  Knowledge 
gamed  by  reading  books,  in  distinction  from 
that  obtained  through  observation  and  expe- 
rience. 

bookland  (buk'land),  «.  [Also  bockland,  often* 
cited  m  the  old  legal  form  bocland,  <  AS.  boc- 
land,  <  boc,  charter,  book,  +  land,  land.]  In 
old  Eng.  law,  charter  land,  held  by  deed  under 
certain  rents  and  free  services;  .free  socage 
land.  This  species  of  tenure  has  given  rise  to 
the  modem  freeholds. 


book-post 

bookless  (buk'Ios),  a.  [<  book  +  -less.]  With- 
out books  or  book-knowledge  ;  unlearned. 

The  bookless,  sauntering  youth.  Somerrille,  The  Chace,  i. 

booklet  (buk'let),  n.  [<  hook  -t-  dim.  -let.]  A 
little  book. 

Little  paper-covered  booklet.:.    The  Century,  XX\'.  244. 

book-lore  (bilk'Ior),  n.  Book-learning;  knowl 
ledge  gained  from  books. 

book-louse  (buk'lous),  n.  A  minute  neuropter- 
ous  insect  of  the  family  PsociVte,  distinguished 
by  having  the  tarsi  composed  of  only  two  or 
three  joints,  and  the  posterior  wings  smaller 

than  the  anterior.  Atropus  ■puUatorim  is  destitute  of 
wings,  and  is  very  destructive  to  old  books,  especially  in 
damp  places,  ami  to  collections  of  dried  plants,  etc 

book-madness  (buk'mad'-'nes),  n.  A  rage  for 
possessing  books ;  bibliomania. 

book-maker  (buk'ma"ker),  n.  If.  A  printer 
and  binder  of  books.— 2.  One  who  writes  and 
publishes  books ;  especially,  a  mere  compiler. 

An  outsider  whose  knowledge  of  Dai  Nippon  is  derived 
froni  our  old  text-books  ami  cyclopsedias,  or  from  \vm- 
resident  6ooA;-?naAer«,  maybe  so  far  dazed  as  to  imagine 
the  Japanese  demigods  in  statecraft,  even  as  the  Ameri- 
can newspapers  make  them  all  princes. 

W.  E.  Griffis,  in  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXX.  283. 

3.  One  who  makes  a  book  (see  book,  n.,  9)  on 
a  race  or  other  doubtful  event;  a  professional 
betting  man.    See  extract. 

In  betting  there  are  two  parties— one  called  "  layers  "  as 
the  book-makers  are  termed,  and  the  others  "backers"  in 
which  c  ass  may  be  included  owners  of  horses  as  well  as 
the  public.  The  backer  takes  the  odds  which  the  book- 
wiafer  lays  against  a  horse,  the  former  speculating  upon  the 
success  of  the  animal,  the  latter  upon  defeat  •  and  tak- 
ing the  case  of  Cremorne  for  the  Dt  iliy  of  \>~--^  ju.st  before 
the  race,  the  book-maker  would  lun  e  liiid  ?,  to  1  or  perhaps 
£1000  to  £300  against  him,  by  whicli  transac'tion  if  the 
horse  won,  as  he  did,  the  backer  would  win  £1000  for 
risking  £300,  and  the  book-maker  lose  the  £1000  which  he 
risked  to  win  the  smaller  sum.  At  first  sight  this  may  ap- 
pear an  act  of  very  (luestionalile  policy  on  the  part  of  the 
book-maker;  but  really  it  is  not  so;  because,  so  far  from 
running  a  greater  risk  than  the  backer,  he  runs  less  inas- 
much as  it  is  his  plan  to  lay  the  same  amount  (£1000) 
against  every  horse  in  the  race,  and  as  there  can  be  but 
one  winner,  he  would  in  all  probability  receive  more  than 
'■y'!",f,^.™1"'^?  from  the  many  losers  to  pay  the  stated  sum 
ot  £1000  which  the  chances  are  he  has  laid  against  the  one 
winner,  whichever  it  is.  Encvc. 


The  title  to  boc-land  was  based  upon  the  possession  of  a 
boc,  or  written  grant. 

D.  W.  Boss,  German  Land-holding,  Notes,  p.  170. 

This  process  of  turning  public  property  into  private 
went  on  largely  in  later  times.  The  alienation  waa  now 
commonly  made  by  a  document  in  writing  under  the  sig- 
natures of  the  King  and  his  Witan;  land  so  granted  wis 
therefore  said  to  be  booked  to  the  grantee,  and  was  known 
as  bookland.  E.  A.  Freeman,  Norm.  Conq.,  I.  64. 

book-learned  (buk'ler"ned),  a.  [<  book  + 
learned;  ef.  ME.  bok-ilered,  book-taught:  see 
?««)•!.]  Versed  in  books;  acquainted  with 
books  and  literature ;  hence,  better  acquainted 
with  books  than  with  men  and  the  common 
concerns  of  life ;  bookish. 

Whate'er  these  book-learned  blockheads  say 
Solon's  the  veriest  fool  in  all  the  play.  Dryden. 
book-learning  (buk'ler'ning).  «.  Learning 
acquired  by  reading;  acquaintance  -svith  books 
and  literature :  generally  opposed  to  knowledo-e 
gained  from  experience  of  men  and  things. 

Neither  does  it  so  much  require  book-learnina  a.nd  schol- 
arship as  good  natural  sense,  to  distinguish  true  and  false 
T.  Burnet,  Theory  of  the  Earth! 


book-making  (buk'ma"king),  n.  1.  The  busi- 
ness of  printing  and  binding  books.— 2.  The 
writing  and  publishing  of  books ;  the  act  of 
compilmg  books.— 3.  The  act  or  practice  of 
making  a  book  on  a  race  or  other  doubtful 
event.  See  extract  under  book-maker,  3. 
bookman  (buk'man),  n.;  pi.  bookmen  (-men). 
[AS.  *bdcman  in  def.  1 ;  <  bdc,  book,  charter,  + 
man,  man.]  If.  In  old  Eng.  law,  one  who  held 
bookland. —  2.  A  studious  or  learned  man;  a 
scholar;  a  student;  hence,  one  who  is  more 
familiar  with  books  than  with  men  and  things. 

You  two  are  bookmen  :  can  you  tell  by  your  wit 
What  was  amonthold  at  Cain's  birth  that's  not  five  weeks 
ol'lyet?  SAafr.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  2. 

There  be  some  clergj-men  who  are  mere  book-men. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  i.  3. 

book-mark  (buk'miirk),  n.  A  ribbon  or  other 
device  placed  between  the  pages  of  a  book,  to 
mark  a  place  where  reading  is  to  begin,  or  to 
which  reference  is  to  be  made, 
bookmatet  (buk'mat),  «.  A  schoolfellow;  a 
fellow-student:  as,  "the  prince  and  his  book- 
mates,"  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  1. 
bookmonger  (buk'mung"ger),  n.  A  dealer  in 
books. 

book-muslin  (buk'muz'-'lin),  M.  A  fine  kind  of 
transparent  muslin  having  a  stiff  or  elastic  fin- 
ish: so  called  from  being  folded  in  book  form, 
book-name  (biik'nam),  n.  lazool.  and  hot.,  a 
name  (other  than  the  technical  name)  of  an 
animal  or  plant  found  only  in  scientific  trea- 
tises— that  is,  not  in  use  as  a  vernacular  name. 

It  is  often  a  mere  adaptation  of  the  Latin  or  technical 
term,  as  paradoxure  for  an  animal  of  the  genus  Para- 
doxiirus. 

book-notice  (buk'no'tis),  n.  A  short  notice  or 
review  of  a  book  in  a  magazine  or  newspaper. 

book-oath  (biik'oth),  «.  An  oath  made  on  the 
Bible ;  a  Bible-oath. 

I  put  thee  now  to  thy  book-oath;  deny  it,  if  thou  canst. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  i. 

book-plate  (buk'plat),  «.  A  label,  bearing  a 
name,  crest,  monogram,  or  other  design,  pasted 
in  or  on  a  book  to  indicate  its  ownership,  its 
position  in  a  library,  etc. 

The  book-plates  described  by 'W.  M.  Jf.  are  those  of  the 
libraries  founded  by  Dr.  Bray  in  his  lifetime  and  by  the 
Associates  of  Dr.  Bray  "  since  his  death. 

N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  XII.  152. 
book-post  (buk'post),  n.    An  arrangement  in 
the  British  postal  service  by  which  books  and 
printed  matter  other  than  newspapers,  as  well 
as  manuscripts  intended  for  publication,  are 


book-post 

conveyed  at  reduced  rates  of  postage,  when  the 
m-appers  are  left  open  at  the  ends. 

book-rack  (buk'rak),  n.  A  rack  or  frame  for 
supporting  an  open  book,  or  for  holding  a  num- 
ber of  books. 

book-scorpion  (buk'sk6r'''pi-on),  n.  A  small 
araehnidan  of  the  genus  Chelifer ;  a  little  false 


626 

the  solution  of  logical  problems — BooUan  alge- 

tora.    See  algebra. 

II.  n.  An  expression  of  logical  algebra,  sub- 
ject to  the  rules  of  Boole's  system,  with  modi- 
fied addition,  and  stating  a  relation  between 
certain  individual  objects,  without  indicating 
how  those  objects  are  to  be  chosen. 


seorproZlound"L''ord  books '  and  dai^"  musty  boolyt,  «•    [Also  written  holeij,  boly  <  Ir.  buaUe 
'  —  Gael.  6«a»/e,  a  fold,  place  for  milking  cows. 

Cf.  Ir.  buailidh  =  Gael,  buulaidh,  a  cow-house, 


places.  Chelifer  cancroides,  scarcely  a  twelfth  of  an 
inch  long,  and  dark-reddish  in  appearance,  is  an  example. 

bookseller  (buk'sel"er),  n.  A  person  who  car- 
ries on  the  business  of  selling  books. 

bookselling  (biik'sel'ing),  /(.  The  business  of 
selling  books. 

book-shop  (buk'shop),  n.    A  book-store. 

book-slide  (biik'slid),  «.    Same  as  booJc-tray. 

book-stall  (buk'stal),  A  stand  or  stall  on 
which  books,  generally  second-hand,  are  dis- 
plaved  for  sale. 

book-stand  (buk'stand),  n.  1.  A  stand  or  sup- 
port to  hold  books  for  reading  or  reference. — 
2.  A  stand  or  frame  for  containing  books  of- 
fered for  sale  on  the  streets,  etc. —  3.  A  set  of 
shelves  for  books. 

book-stone  (buk'ston),  n.    Same  as  biblioUte'. 

book-store  (buk'stor),  n.  A  store  or  shop  where 
books  are  sold.    [U.  S.] 

book-trade  (buk'trad),  n.  1.  The  buying  and 
selling  of  books  ;  the  business  of  printing  and 
publishing  books. —  2.  Those,  collectively,  who 
are  engaged  in  this  business. 

book-tray  (buk'tra),  «.  A  board  for  holding 
books,  made  genAally  of  some  cabinet-wood, 
with  sliding  ends,  often  richly  ornamented. 
Also  called  book-sJide. 

book-trimmer  (buk'trim'er),  n.  A  machine 
for  squaring  the  edges  of  unbound  books. 

book-work  (biik'werk),  n.  1.  The  study  of 
text-books,  as  distinguished  from  experimental 
studies,  or  from  instruction  imparted  by  lec-  ijooinl  (bom), 
tures. —  2.  In  printing,  work  on  books  and 
pamphlets,  as  distinguished  from  newspaper- 
work  and  job-work. 

book-worm  (biik'werm),  n.  1.  A  name  given 
to  the  larvae  of  various  insects,  which  gnaw  and 
injure  books,  but  particularly  to  those  of  two 
species  of  small  beetles,  Anobium  (Sitodrepa) 
paniceum  smd  Ptin us  brunneus,  belonging  to  the 
family  FtinidCE.   They  infest  old,  unused  books,  work- 


ox-stall  (cf.  equiv.  L.  bovile),  <  Ir.  Gael,  bo  = 
E.  co!t;i.]  Formerly,  in  Ireland :  (a)  A  place  of 
shelter  for  cattle.  (6)  A  company  of  people 
and  their  cattle  that  wandered  from  place  to 
place  in  search  of  pasture. 

This  keeping  of  cowes  is  of  it  selfe  a  verye  idle  life,  and 
a  fltt  nurserye  for  a  tlieefe.  For  which  cause  ye  remem- 
ber that  I  disliked  the  Irish  manner  of  keeping  Buli/es 
in  Sommer  upon  the  mountaynes  and  living  after  that 
savadge  sorte.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

boom^  (bom),  V.  i.  [An  imitative  word,  a  re- 
vival of  ME.  biimmen,  mod.  E.  bum'^,  in  its  orig. 
sound  (ME.  m  usually  represented  the  sound 
now  indicated  by  oo  long  or  short) :  see  buni^, 
bomb^,  bomb^,  bump^,  bumble,  etc.,  and  cf. 
&oow3.]  To  make  a  deep,  hollow,  continued 
sound,  (a)  To  buzz,  hum,  or  drone,  as  a  bee  or  beetle. 
At  eve  the  beetle  boometh 
Athwart  the  thicket  lone. 

Temiyson,  Claribel. 

(6)  To  drum  or  cry,  as  a  bittern. 

And  the  bittern  sound  his  drum, 
Booming  from  the  sedgy  shallow. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  i.  31. 
(c)  To  roar,  rumble,  or  reverberate,  as  distant  guns 


booming 

Mr.  McCulIagh,  in  a  letter  to  one  of  the  editors  of  this 
Dictionary,  says:  "1  caimot  explain  how  I  came  to  use  it, 
e.vcept  tliat,  while  on  the  gunboats  on  the  Mississippi  river 
during  the  war,  I  used  to  hear  the  pilots  say  of  the  river, 
when  rising  rapidly  and  ovcrtlowing  its  l)anks,  that  it  (the 
river)  was  'booming.'  The  idea  I  wished  to  convey  was 
that  the  Grant  movement  was  rising  —  swelling,  etc.  The 
word  seemed  to  be  a  good  one  to  the  ear,  and  1  l<ept  it  up. 
It  was  generally  adopted  about  a  year  afterward.  I  used 
it  as  a  noun  after  a  while,  and  spoke  of '  the  Grant  boom.'  "] 
They  all  say  that  one  railroad  spoils  a  town,  two  bring 
it  to  par  again,  and  three  make  it  boom. 

E.  Marntoii,  Frank's  Ranche,  p.  36. 

II.  travs.  To  bring  into  prominence  or  public 
notice  by  calculated  means;  push  with  vigor 
or  spirit :  as,  to  boom  a  commercial  venture,  or 
the  candidacy  of  an  aspirant  for  office, 
boom^  (bom),  M.  [<  boom^,  v.']  A  sudden  in- 
crease of  activity;  a  rush,  specifically— (a)  In 
politics,  a  movement  seeming,  or  meant  to  seem,  spon- 
taneous in  favor  of  a  candidate  for  office,  or  in  behalf  of 
some  cause,  (b)  In  cum.,  a  sudden  and  great  increase  of 
business ;  a  rapid  advance  of  prices :  as,  a  boom  in  real 
estate;  a  boom  in  petroleum.    tU.  S.] 

Capital  was  enticed  thither  [to  New  Mexico]  for  invest- 
ment, and  a  great  number  of  enterprises  sprang  up  in  al- 
most every  direction.  The  boom,  however,  fell  almost  as 
rapidly  as  it  arose.  The  Nation,  Jan.  28,  1886. 

boomage  (bo'maj),  «.  [<  boom"^  +  -age.']  1. 
Naut.,  a  duty  levied  as  a  composition  for  harbor- 
dues,  anchorage,  and  soundage. — 2.  Compensa- 
tion or  toll  for  the  use  of  a  boom,  or  for  the 
service  rendered  by  the  owner  of  a  boom  in 
receiving,  handling,  di'iving,  and  assorting  logs 
floating  in  a  stream.  [U.  S.] 
boom-boat  (bom'bot),  n.  One  of  the  boats 
stowed  in  the  booms.    See  boonfi,  n.,  5. 


The  sound  of  the  musket-volleying  booms  into  the  far  ijoom.cover  (bom'kuv"er),  M.    Naut.,  the  large 

tarpaulin  used  to  cover  over  the  space  where 

V..,   „    the  boom-boats  and  booms  are  stowed. 

the  shore,  or  as  a  river  during  a'freshet,  or  as  a  ship  when  bOOmer^  (bo'mer),  n.    [Appar.  in  ref.  to  the 

sound  made  by  the  animal;  <  boom'^  +  -crl.] 
1.  In  Australia,  a  name  of  the  male  of  a  species 
of  kangaroo. —  2.  A  name  of  the  showt'l  or 
mountain  beaver,  Haplodon  nifus  or  Aplodontia 
Icporina.    See  cut  under  Haplodon — Mountain 

boomer,  the  common  red  squirrel.    [Local,  U.  S.] 
Meantime  came  up  the  fcoojn  of  cannon,  slowly  recedmg  y,nomPr2  (bo'mer').  H.     \i  boom^  +  -eAA  One 
in  the  same  direction.    7. /f. //o^e.,  The  Color  Guard,  v>.   '"^^''{^^'^^  .  one  who  starts  and  keeps  up  an 


dining  rooms  of  the  Cliauss^e  d'Antin 

Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  I.  iv.  3. 
((?)  To  roar,  as  waves  when  they  rush  with  violence  upon 
s  a  river  during  a  freshet,  or  as  a  ship  w'-  - 
rushing  along  before  a  fair  wind  under  a  press  of  sail. 
She  comes  booming  down  before  the  wind.  Totten. 

n.   [<  boom^,  v.]  A  deep,  hollow, 

continued  sound,  (a)  A  buzzing,  humming,  or  dron- 
ing, as  of  a  bee  or  beetle.  (6)  The  cry  of  the  bittern,  (i  ) 
A  roaring,  rumbling,  or  reverberation,  as  of  distant  guns. 


(d)  A  roaring,  implying  also  a  rushing  with  violence,  as  of 
waves. 

There  is  one  in  the  chamber,  as  in  the  grave,  for  whom 
the  boom  of  the  wave  has  no  sound,  and  the  march  of  the 
deep  no  tide.  Bahuer. 

boom2  (bom),  w.  [A  naut.  word  of  D.  origin, 
<  D.  boom  —  LG.  boom,  a  tree,  beam,  bar,  pole, 
=  Sw.  Dan.  bom,  a  bar,  rail,  perch,  boom,  = 
Norw.  bomm,  bumm,  bumb  (according  to  Aasen 


agitation  in  favor  of  any  project  or  person; 
one  who  assists  in  the  organization  or  further- 
ance of  a  boom.    [U.  S.] 

The  Federal  Government  holds  them  [the  reservations 
in  the  Indian  Territory]  as  a  trustee  for  the  Indians ;  and 
it  will  be  a  hundred  fold  better  to  let  some  acres  remain 
uncultivated  and  unoccupied  rather  than  that  all  shall  be 
given  over  to  the  rapacity  of  white  boomers. 

The  Nation,  Jan.  7,  1886. 


from  LG.  or  D.),  a  bar,  boom,  =  G.  baum,  b.  boomerang  (bo'me-rang),  n.    [Recently  also 
,  bar,  boom,  =E.  beam,  <\.  v.  J    1.    hoomerinn,  bomeranq,bomarang  ;  from  a  native 


tree,  beam,       ,  ,  .  _ 

A  long  pole  or  spar  used  to  extend  the  foot  of 
certain  sails  of  a  ship :  as,  the  main-6oo»i,  jib- 
boom,  studdingsail-6oo?«.— 2.  A  strong  barrier, 
as  of  beams,  or  an  iron  chain  or  cable  fastened 
to  spars,  extended  across  a  river  or  the  mouth 
of  a  harbor,  to  prevent  an  enemy's  ships  from 
passing. —  3.  A  chain  of  floating  logs  fastened 
together  at  the  ends  and  stretched  across  a 
river,  etc.,  to  stop  floating  timber.  [U.  S.]  — 
4.  A  pole  set  up  as  a  mark  to  direct  seamen 
how  to  keep  the  channel  in  shallow  water.— 5. 
pi.  A  space  in  a  vessel's  waist  used  for  stowing 
boats  and  spare  spars — Bentinck  boom.  See  ben- 

((Hc/k.— Fore-boom,  an  old  name  for  tlie  jib-boom;  the 
boom  of  a  fore-and-aft  foresail.  —  Guess-warp  bOOm.  See 

>;.o,e,,  UC...S   ...  ......  -  ,  guess-warp.-BAiiSt^n  boom     See  ringtaiC. 

snout-beetles,  but  furnished  with  well-developed  legs,  and  feoom^  (bom),  V.  t.     l—D.  boomen,  push  Wltn  a 


Book-worm  Beetles. 
a,Sitodrepa  panicea;      enlarged  antenna  of  same;  c,  Ptinus 
brunneus.    (Vertical  Imes  show  natural  sizes. ) 

ing  chiefly  in  the  leather  binding,  but  also  riddling  the 
leaves  with  small  holes.  The  larvaj  of  both  species  are 
closely  similar,  being  cylindrical  and  curved  like  those  of 
snout-beetles,  but  furnished  with  well-developed  legs,  antf 
with  rather  long,  sparse  puliescence.  In  the  imago  state 
however,  the  species  are  readily  distinguished,  P.  brun- 
neus being  much  more  slender  in  every  respect  than  A. 
paniceiDn. 

2.  A  person  closely  addicted  to  study;  one  de- 
voted to  the  reading  of  or  to  research  in  books : 
as,  "these  poring  book-worms,"  Tatter,  No.  278. 
[In  this  sense  more  commonly  as  one  word.] 

Though  I  be  no  book-worm,  nor  one  that  deals  by  art,  to 
give  you  rhetoric.         B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  2. 

Instead  of  Man  Thinking,  we  have  the  bookworm. 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  77. 

book'WTight  (buk'rit),  n.  A  writer  of  books; 
an  author :  a  term  expressive  of  slight  dispar- 
agement. 

In  London,  at  this  moment,  any  young  man  of  real 
power  will  find  friends  enough  and  too  many  among  his 
fellow  bookwrights.  Kingsley,  Two  If  ears  Ago,  xi. 

bool^  (bol),  M.  [Sc.  form  of  6ow«2.]  1.  A  bowl 
used  in  bowling.— 2.  A  marble  used  by  boys 
in  play. —  3.  ])l.  The  game  of  bowls. 

booP,  n.    See  boul. 

Boole's  canon.   See  canon. 

booleyt,  «•    See  booty. 

Boolian  (bo'li-an),  a.  and  n.  I,  a.  Relating  to 
the  mathematician  George  Boole  (1815-64),  the 
author  of  a  system  of  algebraic  notation  for 


Boomerangs. 


pole,  <  boom,  &  pole,  boom:  see  boom^,  n.  Cf. 
beam,  v.]  1.  To  shove  with  a  boom  or  spar. — 
2.  To  drive  or  guide  (logs)  down  a  stream  with 
a  boom  or  pole. — 3.  To  pen  or  confine  (logs) 
with  a  boom.— To  boom  off,  to  shove  (a  vessel  or  boat) 
away  with  spars, 
boom^  (bom),  V.  [A  recent  American  use,  ori- 
ginating in  the  West,  and  first  made  familiar  in 
1878 ;  a  particular  application  of  boom^,  v.  i., 
(d)  (with  ref.  also  to  boom'^,  n.,  (d)),  from  the 
thought  of  sudden  and  rapid  motion  with  a 


name  in'iSTew  South  Wales;  wo-miir-rdng  and 

bumarin  are 
cited  as  abo- 
riginal names 
of  clubs.] 
1.  A  mis- 
sile weapon 
of  war  and 
the  chase, 
used  by  the 
aborigines  of 
Australia,  consisting  of  a  rather  flat  piece  of 
hard  wood  bent  or  curved  in  its  own  plane,  and 

from  16  inches  to  2  feet  long.  Generally,  but  not 
always,  it  is  flatter  on  one  side  than  on  the  other.  In 
some  cases  the  curve  from  end  to  end  is  nearly  an  arc  of  a 
circle,  in  others  it  is  rather  an  obtuse  angle  than  a  curve, 
and  in  a  few  examples  there  is  a  slight  reverse  curve 
toward  each  end.  In  the  hands  of  a  skilful  thrower  the 
boomerang  can  be  projected  to  great  distances,  and  can  1  it- 
made  to  ricochet  almost  at  will ;  it  can  be  thrown  in  a 
curved  path,  somewhat  as  a  bowl  can  be  "screwed"  or 
"  twisted,"  and  it  can  be  made  to  return  to  the  thrower, 
and  strike  the  ground  behind  him.  It  is  capable  of  in- 
flicting serious  wounds. 

Hence — 2.  Figuratively,  any  plan,  measui-e, 
or  project  the  consequences  of  which  recoil 
upon  the  projector,  and  are  therefore  the  oppo- 
site of  those  intended  or  expected. 


roarilg  and  increasing  sound.    In  later  use  boomingi  (bo'miug),  «.    [Verbal  n.  of  boonA, 


some  assume  also  an  allusion  to  boom'^,  n.,  3 
When  a  boom  of  logs  breaks,  the  logs  rush 
with  -violence  down  the  stream,  and  are  then 
said  to  be  "booming";  but  this  appears  to  be 
the  ordinary  ppr.  adj.  booming,  roaring,  rush- 
ing with  violence,  and  to  have  no  connection 
with  boom^,  n.  or  y.]  I.  intrans.  To  go  on  with 
a  rush;  become  suddenly  active ;  be  "lively," 
as  business ;  be  prosperous  or  flourishing.  [The 
earliest  instance  of  the  word  in  this  sense  appears  to  be  in 
the  following  passage : 

"  The  Republicans  of  every  other  State  are  of  the  same 
way  of  thinking.    The  fact  is,  the  Grant  movement  [for  a 
third  term  of  the  presidency]  is  booming." 
J.  B.  McCullagh,  In  St.  Louis  Globe-Democrat,  July  18, 1878. 


t'.]  The  act  of  making  a  deep,  hollow,  contin- 
ued sound,  or  the  sound  itself,  (a)  A  buzzing  or 

droning,  as  of  a  bee  or  beetle,  (b)  The  crying  of  a  bittern. 
The  marsh-bittern's  weird  booming,  the  drumming  of 
the  capercailzie.  P.  Robinson,  Under  the  Sun,  p.  55. 
((■)  A  roaring  or  reverberating,  as  of  distant  gmis.  (d)  A 
roaring,  implying  also  a  rushing  with  violence,  as  of  waves, 
boomingi  (bo'ming),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  boom\  i'.] 
Making  a  deep,  hollow,  continued  sound  (m 
any  of  the  senses  of  the  verb). 

All  night  the  booming  minute  gun 

Had  pealed  along  the  deep.  Hemans,  The  Wreck. 

Still  darker  grows  the  spreading  cloud 

From  which  the  booming  thunders  sound. 

Bryant,  Legend  of  the  Delawares. 


'booming 

booming^  (bo'ming),     a.    [Ppr.  of  boomS,  v.l 
Active;  lively;  advancing;  buoyant:  as,  a 
booming  market. 
[U.S.] 

boom-iron  (bom'- 

i"ern),  «.  Naut., 
a  metal  ring  on 
a  yard,  through 

which  a  studding-  i^n.^^^  j 

sail-boom  is  run  "''-'^"i- 
in  and  out. 

boom-jigger  Boomiro 

(bom' jig "er),  n.  Naut.,  the  small  purchase 
used  in  rigging  out  a  studdingsail-boom,  and, 
by  shifting  the  tackle,  in  rigging  it  in.  Also 
called  in-and-out  jigger. 

boomkin  (bom'kin),  n.    Same  as  bumkin. 

boom-mainsail  (bom'man"sal),  n.  A  fore-and- 
aft  mamsail,  the  foot  of  which  is  extended  bv 
a  boom.  •' 

boomslang  (bom'slang),  n.     [D.  (in  S  Af- 

f/^^'  ^  Z"*"'"'  +  ^^"^"Sl  (=  OHG.  slango, 

MMtr.  slange,  &.  schlange),  a  snake,  <  *sUnqen, 
only  in  freq.  slirigeren,  turn,  toss,  sling,  =  OHG 
sUngan,  MHG.  slingen,  G.  sdiUngen,  wind,  twist, 
slmg,  =  E.  slmg,  q.  v.]  An  African  tree-snake, 
Bucepltttlus  capensis. 
boomster  (bom'ster),  n.  [<  hoom^  +  -ster '\ 
One  engaged  iu  booming  the  market  or  a  polit- 
ical candidate  for  office :  one  who  works  un  a 
boom.    [Rare,  U.  S.] 

Moreover,  he  [the  Secretary  of  the  Interior]  dismissed 
him  'when  under  fire  "-that  is,  while  the  Board's  en- 
quiry was  still  in  progress  — an  act  which  every  hoomsUr 
must  regard  with  loathing.       The  Nation,  Feb  12  1880 


627 


boom-tackle  (bom'tak'a),  n.  A  tackle  eonaist- 
mg  ot  a  double  and  a  single  block  and  fall, 
used  m  guying  out  the  main-boom  of  a  fore- 
and-aft  rigged  vessel, 
booni  (bon),  M.  [<  ME.  boon,  bone,  also  boyn, 
boyne  <  Icel.  bon,  a  prayer,  petition,  with  a 
parallel  umlauted  form  bwn  for  *bceii  =  Sw 
Dan.  bon  =  AS.  ben,  ME.  ben,  bene,  a  prayer- 
see  ben^.  In  the  sense  of  'favor,  privilege,' 
there  is  confusion  with  boonS.l  U  A  praver  • 
a  petition.  ' 

Our  king  unto  God  made  his  boon.  Minot. 
The  wofuU  husbandman  doth  lowd  eomplaine 
lo  see  his  whole  yeares  labor  lost  so  sooiie 
tov  which  to  God  he  made  so  many  an  idle  boone. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  vii.  34. 

2.  That  which  is  asked;  a  favor;  a  thing  de- 
sired; a  benefaction. 

Vouchsafe  me,  for  my  meed,  but  one  fair  look- 
A  smaller  boon  than  this  I  cannot  beg. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  v.,  v.  4. 
All  our  trade  with  the  West  Indies  was  a  boon,  gi-anted 
to  us  by  the  indulgence  of  England. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Jan.  24,  1832. 

Hence  — 3.  A  good;  a  benefit  enjoyed ;  a  bless- 
ing; a  great  privilege;  a  thing  to  be  thankful 
lor. 

The  boon  of  religious  freedom. 

Sydmy  Smith,  Peter  Plymley's  Letters,  ii. 
<riJ!  HV^ti'^f  duty  of  rulers?  Are  men  in  such  stations  to 
give  all  that  may  be  asked  .  .  .  without  regarding  wheth- 
er It  be  a  boon  or  a  bane  ?  Brougham,  Lord  North. 

1^'  .^P^^*^  service  due  by  a  tenant  to  his 
lord.  [Now  only  prov.  Eng.] 
boqni  (bon),  v.  t.  [<  boon\  n.,  4.]  To  do  gra- 
tuitous service  to  another,  as  a  tenant  to  a  land- 
lord. May;  Grose.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
"OonMbon),  n.  [Also  E.  dial,  bun  (see  bun^),  < 
MJ^..  bone,  later  also  bunne  ;  ef .  Gael,  and  Ir.  bu- 
nach,  coarse  tow,  the  refuse  of  flax,  <  Gael,  and 
Lt.  bun,  stump,  stock,  root:  see  bun^.l  The 
refuse  stalk  of  hemp  or  flax  after  the  fiber  has 
been  removed  by  retting  and  breaking, 
boon^  (bon),  a.  [<  ME.  boon,  bone,  <  Norm.  P. 
boon,  OF.  bon,  P.  bon,  <  L.  bonns,  good:  see 
bonus,  bonne,  bonrnji,  etc.]  If.  Good:  as,  boon 
cheer.— 2t.  Pavorable;  fortunate;  prosperous: 
as,  a  6oo»  voyage.— 3.  Kind ;  bounteous ;  yield- 
ing abundance :  as,  "nature  boon,"  Milton,  P. 
•ij.,  IV.  242.  ' 

To  a  boon  southern  country  he  is  fled. 

M.  Arnold,  Thyrsis. 

4.  Gay;  merry;  jolly;  jovial;  convivial:  as,  a 
Mon  companion;  "jocund  and  boon,"  Milton, 
P.  L.,  IX.  793.  ' 

Fled  all  the  boon  companions  of  the  Earl. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

boonaget,  ».  [Also  bonage;  <  boon\  4,  -f-  -aqe.^ 
•Boon-work. 

boon-dayt  (bon'da),  n.  A  day  on  which  boon- 
work  was  performed  by  a  tenant  for  his  lord, 
as  m  harvesting  his  crops.  ■ 


boongary  (bong'ga-ri), «.  The  native  name  of  a 

tree-kangaroo,  Dendrolagus  lumholtzi,  of  north- 
em  Queensland,  Australia, 
boonk  (bongk),  n.    [Imitative,  like  bump^  and 
bumble,  n.,  q.  v.]    The  little  bittern  of  Europe, 
Ardetta  minuta.  Montagu. 
boon-loaft  (bon'lof),  n.    A  loaf  allowed  to  a 
tenant  when  working  on  a  boon-day. 
boon-work  (bon'werk),  n.    1.  Unpaid  work  or 
fervice  formerly  rendered  by  a  tenant  to  his 
lord  ;  boon. —  2.  Work  or  service  given  gratu- 
itously to  a  fai-mer  by  bis  neighbors  on  some 
special  occasion, 
boopic  (bo-op'ik),  a.    [<  Gr.  poum^,  ox-eyed : 

see  boops.^    Having  eyes  like  those  of  an  ox. 
boops  (bo'ops),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  /JowTr^;:,  ox-eyed, 
<  liovc,  ox  (see  Bos),  +  ibf,  eye.]   An  old  book- 
name  of  the  Box  boops,  a  sparoid  fish  of  the 
Mediterranean  and  the  adjoining  ocean.    It  is 
peculiar  in  the  development  of  only  one  row  of 
notched  trenchant  teeth  in  the  jaws, 
boor  (bor),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  boore,  bour 
(also  improp.  bore,  boar),  possibly,  in  the  form 
bour  (mod.  E.  prop.  *bowcr,  bou'er).(cf.  E.  dial 
bor,  neighbor,  as  a  form  of  address),  <  ME. 
bour,  <  AS.  gebur,  a  dweller,  husbandman, 
farmer,  countryman  (a  word  surviving  without 
distinctive  meaning  in  the  compound  neighbour 
neighbor,  <  AS.  nedh-gebUr)  ■  but  in  the  ordi- 
nary form  and  pronunciation,  boor,  <  LG.  bur 
buur,  MLG.  bUr,  gebur,  a  husbandman,  farmer' 
T      I*!'-^'''         Slf>ebure,  ghebuer,  neighbor,  D. 
boer,  MD.  geboer  (a  later  form,  prob.  bon-owed 
from  LG.),  a  husbandman,  farmer,  rustic,  knave 
at  cards,  =  OHG.  gibUr,  giburo,  MHG.  gebiir,  ge- 
bure,  G.  bauer,  a  husbandman,  peasant,  rustic, 
=  AS.  gebur,  as  above ;  lit.  one  who  occupies 
the  same  dwelling  (house,  village,  farm)  with 
another,  one  who  dwells  with  or  near  another 
(a  sense  more  definitely  expressed  by  the  AS 
nedh-gebur,  'nigh-dweller,' neighbor:  see  neigh- 
bor), <  ge-,  together,  a  generalizing  or  coordi- 
nating prefix  (see  ge-),  -I-  bUr,  >  E.  bower,  a 
dweUing:  see  ftottwl.    The  forms,  as  those  of 
others  from  the  same  root  (AS.  biian,  dwell, 
etc.),  are  somewhat  confused  in  the  several 
languages.    See  bower'i-,  bower^,  bower^,  etc 
and  neighbor. ~\    1.  A  countryman;  a  peasant ; 
a  rustic;  a  clown;  particularly,  a  Dutch  or 
German  peasant. 

Knave  meant  once  no  more  than  lad  ;  .  .  .  villain  than 
peasant ;  a  boor  was  only  a  farmer  ;  a  varlet  was  but  a 
serving-man ;  .  .  .  a  churl  but  a  strong  fellow. 

Abp.  Trench,  Study  of  Words,  p.  56. 
There  were  others,  the  boors,  who  seem  to  have  had  no 
land  of  their  own,  but  worked  on  the  lord  s  private  land 
like  the  laborers  of  to-day. 

J.  A  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  316. 

Hence — 2.  One  who  is  rude  in  manners,  or  il- 
literate ;  a  clown ;  a  clownish  person. 

The  profoundest  philosopher  differs  in  degree  only,  not 
in  kind,  from  the  most  uncultivated  boor. 

Channing,  Perfect  Life,  p.  172. 
The  habits  and  cunning  of  a  boor.  Thackeray. 
Tramped  down  by  that  Northern  boor,  Peter  the  Great 
r,    r        -,  Mitohell,  Wet  Days. 

3.  [cap.]  Same  as  Boer. 
boordif,  n.  and  v.    An  obsolete  form  of  board. 
boord2t,  n.    A  variant  form  of  bourd^-. 
boorish  (bor'ish),  a.    [<  boor  +  -ish^;  =  D. 
boersch  =  G.  bduerisch,  clownish,  rustic]  1 
Resembling  a  boor;  clownish;  rustic;  awkl 
ward  in  manners ;  illiterate. 

No  lusty  neatherd  thither  drove  his  kine 
No  boorish  hogherd  fed  his  rooting  swine.' 

W.  Browne,  Brit.  Past.,  ii.  1. 
2.  Pertaining  to  or  fit  for  a  boor. 

A  gross  and  boorish  opinion.  Milton,  On  Divorce,  i.  9. 
=  Syn.  Boorish,  Churlish,  Clownish,  Loutish.  He  who  is 
boorish  IS  so  low-bred  in  habits  and  ways  as  to  be  posi- 
tively offensive.  He  who  is  churlUh  offends  by  his  lan- 
guage and  manners,  they  being  such  as  would  naturally  be 
lound  in  one  who  is  coarse  and  selfish,  and  therefore  Gener- 
ally insolent  or  crusty  and  rough  ;  the  oppositaef^ kind  and 
courteous:  as,  it  is  churlish  to  refuse  to  answer  a  civil  ques- 
tion. The  opposite  of  boorish  is  refined  or  polite  ■  the  op- 
posite of  clownish  is  elegant.  Clownish  is  a  somewhat 
weaker  word  than  boorish,  implying  less  that  is  disgusting 
in  manner  and  speech  ;  it  often  notes  mere  lack  of  refine- 
ment The  difference  between  clownish  and  loutish  is 
that  he  who  is  clomiish  is  generally  stupid  and  some- 
times ludicrous,  while  he  who  is  loutish  is  perhaps  slov- 
enly and  worthy  of  blame. 

In  some  countries  the  large  cities  absorb  the  wealth  and 
fashion  of  the  nation,  .  .  and  the  country  is  inhabited 
almost  entirely  by  boorish  peasantry. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  80. 
My  master  is  of  churlish  disposition 
And  little  recks  to  find  the  way  to  heaven 
By  doing  deeds  of  hospitality. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  4. 
"ns  clownish  to  insist  on  doing  all  with  one's  own  hands 
as  If  every  man  should  build  his  own  clumsy  house,  forge 
his  hammer,  aud  bake  his  dough.         Emerson,  Success 


boot 

He  [Lord  Chesterfield]  labored  for  years  to  mould  his 
ilull,  heavy,  loutigh  son.  Stanhope,  into  a  graceful  man  of 
fashion.         W.  Mathews,  Getting  on  in  the  World,  p.  42. 

boorishly  (bSr'ish-li),  adv.    In  a  boorish  man- 
ner. 

Limbs  .  .  .  neither  weak  nor  boorishly  robust. 

Fenton,  tr.  of  Martial's  Epigrams,  x.  47. 
boorishness  (bor'ish-nes),   n.    [<  boorish  + 
-ncss.]    The  state  of  being  boorish;  elownish- 
ness ;  rusticity ;  coarseness  of  manners, 
boornouse  (bor-nos'),  n.    Same  as  burnoo.se. 
boost,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  bo.s.s^.  Chaucer. 
boosel  (bo2),  n.  [=  Sc.  boose,  bui.se,  buse;  <  ME. 
boose,  bose,  <  AS.  *bos  (represented  only  by  the 
ONorth.  bosig,  >  boosy^,  q.  v.)  =  leel.  bass  = 
Sw.  bd.s  =  Dan.  baas,  a  cow-stall;  cf.  G.  banse, 
=2  Goth,  ban.sts,  a  bam.]    A  stall  or  inclosure 
tor  cattle.    Also  boosy,  bouse.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
boose'^,  V.  and  n.    See  booze. 
booser,  n.    See  boozer. 

boosti  (bost),  V.  t.   [Etym.  unknown.]    To  lift 
or  raise  by  pushing  from  behind,  as  a  person 
climbing  a  tree;  push  up:  often  used  figura- 
tively: as,  to  boost  a  person  over  a  fence,  or  in- 
to power.    [North.  U.  S.] 
boosti  (bost),  n.    An  upward  shove  or  push- 
the  act  of  boosting;  the  result  of  boosting;  a 
lift,  either  literally  or  figuratively:  as,  to  give 
one  a  boost.    [North.  U.  S.] 
b00St2t,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  bocist^ 
boost^t,  n.  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  bost;  a  variant 
of  boi.st^,  q.  v.]    Same  as  boist^. 
boost*  (bost),  n.  and  v.    Same  as  buist. 
boosyi  (bo'zi),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  boosev, 
bonsie,  <  ME.  (not  found),  <  AS.  (ONorth.)  bo- 
sig, bosih,  <  *b6s,  a  stall:  see  6oosei.]    Same  as 
boose"^. 


boosy2,  a.    See  boozy. 

booti  (bot),  n.  [<  ME.  boote,  bote,  bot,  <  AS.  bot 
advantage,  amendment,  reparation  (esp.  in  the 
phrase  to  bote  (lit.  'for  reparation,'  E.  to  boot) 
frequent  in  the  AS.  laws),  =  OS.  bota  =  OPries' 
bote  D.  boete  =  LG.  bote  =  OHG.  buoza,  MHG 
buoze,  G.  busse  =  Icel.  bot  =  Sw.  bot  =  Dan. 
bod  =  Goth,  bota,  boot,  advantage,  profit,  re- 
pair, reparation,  etc. ;  <Teut.*6ata»  (pret.  "bot), 
be  good,  be  useful  profit,  avail,  whence  ult.  E. 
befl,  better^,  batteiA,  battle^,  etc.,  and  (as  a  deriv. 
of  boot),  beet^,  mend,  repair:  see  these  words.] 
If.  Profit;  gain;  advantage. 

If  then  the  reward  bee  to  bee  measured  by  thy  merites 
what  boote  canst  thou  seeke  for,  but  eternal]  paiiie. 

Lyly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  181. 
O  !  spare  thy  happy  daies,  and  them  apply 
lo  better  boot.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IIL  xi.  19. 

2.  Something  which  is  thrown  in  by  one  of  the 
parties  to  a  bargain  as  an  additional  considera- 
tion, or  to  make  the  exchange  equal. 

1 11  give  you  boot,  I'll  give  you  three  for  one. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  Iv.  5. 
3t.  Help  or  deliverance;  assistance;  relief: 
remedy:  as,  boot  for  every  bale. 
She  is  .  .  .  the  rote  of  bountee  .  .  .  and  soules  bote. 

Chaucer,  Prioress's  Tale,  1.  14. 
Anon  he  yaf  the  syke  man  his  bote. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  424. 
Next  her  son,  our  soul's  best  boot.  Wordsworth. 
4t.  Resource;  altemative. 
There  was  none  other  boote  for  him,  but  to  arm  him. 

Lord  Berners,  tr.  of  Froissart,  I.  674. 
It  is  no  boot,  it  is  useless  or  of  no  avail. 

Whereupon  we  thought  it  no  boot  to  sit  longer,  since  we 
could  escape  unobserved. 

R.  Knox,  Arber's  Eng.  Gamer,  I.  418. 
To  boot  [AS.  to  bote],  to  the  advantage ;  into  the  bargain  - 
in  addition  ;  over  and  above ;  besides ;  as,  I  will  eive  mv 
house  for  yours  with  §500  to  boot. 

Helen  to  change  would  give  an  eye  to  boot. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  2. 
We  are  a  people  of  prayer  and  good  works  to  boot. 

Hawthorne,  Old  Manse,  I. 
To  make  boot  of,  to  make  profit  of ;  gain  by. 

Give  him  no  breath,  but  now 
Make  boot  of  his  distraction. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  1. 
bootl  (bot),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  boten,  profit,  <  bote, 
boot,  profit.  The  eariier  verb  was  AS.  betmi, 
>  ME.  beten,  mod.  E.  beet:  see  hect'^.'\  1.  To 
profit;  advantage;  avail:  now  only  used  im- 
personally: as,  it  boots  us  little. 

What  bootes  it  al  to  have,  and  nothing  use'? 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vi.  17. 
For  what  I  have,  I  need  not  to  repeat ; 
And  what  I  want,  it  boots  not  to  complain 

Shak,  Rich.  II.,  iii.  i. 

2t.  To  present  into  the  bargain ;  enrich ;  ben- 
efit. 

I  will  boot  thee  with  what  gift  beside 
Thy  modesty  can  beg.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  6. 


boot 

b00t2  (bot),  n.  [<  ME.  boote,  bote,  <  OF.  bote, 
a  boot,  F.  botte  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  hota  (ML.  bota, 
botta)  (ef.  Gael,  bot,  botuinn,  prob.  from  E.),  a 
boot;  origin  uncertain.  Prob.  not  connected, 
as  supposed,  with  OF.  boute,  mod.  F.  botte  = 
It.  botte  (ML.  butta,  bota),  a  butt,  cask,  leathern 
vessel:  see  biitt'^.~[    '      '  ' 


628 

assembly  of  trumpeters.—  Clumsy-bOOtS,  an  awkward, 
careless  person.  [CoUoq.] 

You're  the  most  creasins  and  tumbling  clumsy  boots  of 
a  packer.  Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend,  iv. 

Congress  boots  or  gaiters,  high  shoes  with  elastic  sides, 
by  stretcliing  which  tliey  are  drawn  on  to  the  feet.— Hes- 
sian boots,  a  kind  of  long  boots,  originally  introduced  in 
the  uniform  of  Hessian  troops.—  Salisbury  boot,  a  car- 
riage-boot of  rounded  form,  used  chiefly  in  coui  t  vehicles. 
[Eng.]  — Skeleton  boot,  a  carriage-boot  framed  with  thin 
pieces  of  iron  instead  of  wood,  and  supporting  the  driver's 
seat.—  Sly-boots,  a  cunning,  artful  person.— To  put  the 
boot  on  the  ■«rrong  leg,  to  give  credit  or  blame  to  the 
wrong  party ;  make  a  mistake  in  attribution. 
b00t2  (bot),  r.  t.  [<  boot^,  «.]  1.  To  put  boots 
on.— 2.  To  torture  -with  the  boot.— 3.  To 
kick ;  drive  by  kicking :  as,  boot  him  out  of  the 


room.  [Slang.]— 4.  To  beat,  formerly  with  a  boothage  (b6'thaj),  «.  [_<  booth  + -age.']  Cus- 
long  jack-boot,  now  with  a  leather  sm-cingle  or  tomary  dues  paid  for  leave  to  erect  booths  in 
waist-belt :  an  irregular  conventional  punish-    fairs  and  markets. 

ment  Laflicted  by  soldiers  on  a  comrade  guilty  boothalet  (bot'hal),  v.  t.  [<  boot^,  for  booty,  + 
of  dishonesty  or  shirking  duty.  N.E.D.  [Eng.    hale^.]    To  plunder;  pillage.    Beau,  and  Fl. 


Boot. 

A:  a,  front;  b.  side-seam; 
c,  back;  d,  strap;  e,  instep  ; 

vamp,  or  front ;  ^,  quar- 
ter, or  counter;  h,  rand  ;  i, 
heel,  of  which  the  front  is  the 
breast  and  the  bottom  the 
face  ;  j,  hfts  of  the  heel ;  k. 
shank  ;  /,  welt ;  m.  sole  :  n. 
toe:  f,  ball  of  sole.  B  (sec- 
tion) :  a,  upper  ;  b.  insole  ;  f, 
outsole  :  d.  welt ;  e,  stitching  of 
the  sole  to  the  welt ;  /.  stitch- 
ing of  the  upper  to  the  welt ; 

channeling,  or  depression 
for  the  bights  of  the  stitches. 


1.  A  covering  (usually 
of  leather)  for  the  foot 
and  lower  part  of  the  leg, 
reaching  as  far  up  as  the 
middle  of  the  calf,  and 
sometimes  to  the  knee. 
In  most  styles  the  leg  part 
keeps  its  place  by  its  stiffness 
alone,  although  in  certain  fash- 
ions it  has  been  laced  arotnid 
the  calf.  Boots  seem  to  have 
appeared  in  Europe  about  the 
middle  of  the  fifteenth  century. 
They  were  not  much  worn  at 
first,  because  persons  of  the 
wealthier  classes,  when  abroad, 
were  generally  clad  in  anuor. 
At  the  time  of  the  gradual  dis- 
appearance of  armor  very  high 
boots  of  thick  leather  came  into 
favor  as  covering  for  the  legs, 
and  by  the  sixteentli  century 
tliey  were  already  in  connnon 
use.  (See  jack-hoot.)  Late  in 
the  eighteenth  century  boots 
became  a  usual  part  of  elegant 
costume,  and  were  made  lighter 
and  more  close-fitting.  In  Eng- 
land boots  ceased  to  be  connnon 
in  elegant  costume  as  early  as 
1855,  and  about  fifteen  years 

later  they  began  to  disappear  in  ,      .4,      OhanlAfp  nretprit  of  bite 
the  United  States;  but  they  are  b00t*t.    Obsolete  preterit  01  OTce. 
still  worn  for  special  purposes  Bootauese,  «.  and  >i.    bee  BImtanese. 
and  occupations,  as  by  horse-  boot-black  (bot'blak),  n.    One  whose  occupa- 
men,  seamen,  etc.  ^jq^  jg  tx)  clean  and  black  boots  and  shoes. 

Hence  — 2.   In  modern    Also  called  s7ioe-?)/ac;i-. 

usage,  also,  any  shoe  or  jjoot-catchert  (b6t'kach"6r),  n.  The  person  at 
outer  foot-eovermg  which        jj^^  whose  business  was  to  pull  off  boots  and 


bootlessness 

perhaps  from  E.);  with  formative  -th  (-d),  < 
Icel.  boa,  bua  =  AS.  buan,  etc.,  dwell,  whence 
also  AS.  bw;  E.  bower'i-,  etc. :  see  bowcr'^,  boor, 
etc.]  1.  A  temporary  structure  or  dwelling 
made  of  boards,  boughs  of  trees,  or  other  slight 
materials,  or  of  canvas,  as  a  tent. 

The  ruder  tribes  .  .  .  follow  the  lierd,  living  through  the 
sunnner  in  booths  on  the  higher  pasture-grounds,  and  only 
returning  to  the  valleys  to  find  shelter  from  the  winter- 
storms.  C.  JSltvii,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  241. 

Specifically  — 2.  A  stall  for  the  sale  of  goods 
or  refreshments  at  a  fair  or  market,  for  show- 
men's and  jugglers'  exhibitions,  etc — Polling- 
booth,  a  temporary  structiu'e  of  boards,  used  at  elections, 
in  Great  Britain  for  receiving  votes,  and  in  the  United 
States  as  a  stand  from  wliich  to  distribute  ballots. 


military  slang.] 

boot^t  (bot),  n.  [Appar.  same  as  &ooil,  used 
for  booty ;  or  merely  short  for  booty.]  Booty; 
spoil;  plundei'. 

Heavy  laden  with  the  spoyle 
Of  harvest's  riches,  which  he  made  his  boot. 

Speiiser,  F.  Q.,  VII.  vii.  38. 

Like  soldiers,  [bees]  armed  in  their  stings, 
Make  boot  upon  the  summer's  velvet  buds. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  i.  2. 

A  true  Attic  bee,  he  [Milton]  made  boot  on  every  lip 
where  there  was  a  trace  of  truly  classic  honey. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  271. 


A  robber ;  a  free- 


,  the  catch- 


Torture  with  the  Bo 


reaches  above  the  ankle, 
whether  for  men  or  women:  more  properly 
called  half-boot  or  ankle-boot.— 3.  An  instru- 
ment of  torture  made  of 
iron,  or  a  combination 
of  iron  and  wood,  fas- 
tened on  the  leg,  be- 
tween -which  and  the 
boot  wedges  were  in- 
troduced and  driven  in 
by  repeated  blows  of  a 
mallet,  with  such  vio- 
lence as  to  crush  both 
muscles  and  bones.  The 

boots  and  thuralj-screw  were 
the  special  Scotch  instru- 
ments for  "putting  to  the 
question."  A  much  milder 
variety  consisted  of  a  boot 
or  buskin,  made  wet  and 
drawn  upon  tlie  legs  and 

then  dried  by  heat,  so  as  to  contract  and  squeeze  the  legs. 

The  Scottish  Privy  Council  had  power  to  put  state  pris- 
oners to  the  question.  But  the  siglit  was  so  dreadful  that, 
as  soon  as  the  boots  appeared,  even  the  most  servile  and 
hard-hearted  courtiers  hastened  out  of  the  chamber. 

Macaulay. 

4.  A  protective  covering  for  a  horse's  foot. 
—  5t.  In  the  seventeenth  century,  a  drinking- 
vessel :  from  the  use  of  leathern  jacks  to  drink 
from. 

To  charge  whole  boots  full  to  their  friend's  welfare. 

Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  VI.  i.  82. 

6.  In  ornith.,  a  continuous  or  entire  tarsal  en- 
velop, formed  by  fusion  of  the  tarsal  scutella. 
It  occurs  chiefly  in  birds  of  the  thrush  and  war- 
bler groups.  See  cut  under  booted. —  7t.  The 
fixed  step  on  each  side  of  a  coach. — 8t.  An  un- 
covered space  on  or  by  the  steps  on  each  side 
of  a  coach,  allotted  to  the  servants  and  atten- 
dants ;  later,  a  low  outside  compartment,  either 
between  the  coachman's  box  and  the  body  of 
the  coach  or  at  the  rear. 

The  Infanta  sat  in  the  boot  with  a  blue  ribbon  about 
her  arm,  of  purpose  that  the  Prince  might  distinguish  her. 

Hoivell,  Letters,  I.  iii.  15. 

His  coach  being  come,  he  causeth  him  to  be  laid  softly, 
and  so,  he  in  one  boot  and  the  two  chirurgeons  in  the 
other,  they  drive  away  to  the  very  next  country-house. 

J.  Reynolds. 

9.  A  receptacle  for  baggage  in  a  coach,  either 
under  the  seat  of  the  coachman  or  under  that 
of  the  guard,  or,  as  in  American  stage-coaches, 
behind  the  body  of  the  coach,  covered  by  a  flap 
of  leather.— 10.  A  leather  apron  attached  to 
the  dashboard  of  an  open  carriage  and  designed 
to  be  used  as  a  protection  from  rain  or  mud. — 
Balmoral  boots.  See  Balmoral.—  Boots  and  saddles. 
[An  adaptation  of  F.  boute-selle,  the  signal  to  horse,  <  bouter 
selle,  put  the  saddle  on :  bouter,  put ;  selle,  saddle :  see 
and  sem.]  Milit. ,  the  first  trumpet-call  for  mounted 
drill  or  other  formations  mounted ;  also,  a  signal  for  the 


clean  them ;  a  boots. 

The  ostler  and  the  boot-catcher  ought  to  partake. 

Swift,  Advice  to  Servants. 

boot-clamp  (bot'klamp),  «.  A  device  for  hold- 
ing a  boot  so  that  it  can  be  sewed, 
boot-closer  (b6t'kl6"z6r),  w.   One  who  sews  to- 
gether the  upper  leathers  of  boots  or  shoes, 
boot-crimp  (bot'krimp),  n.    A  frame  or  last 
used  by  bootmakers  for  drawing  and  shaping 
the  body  of  a  boot, 
boot-cuff  (bot'kuf ),  M.    A  form  of  cuff  worn  in 

England  in  the  eighteenth  century.   See  cuff. 
booted   (bo 'ted),  «.    [<  boof^, 
v., .+ -ed'^.]    1.  Having  boots  on; 
equipped  with  bo6ts ;  especially, 
equipped  for  riding :  as,  booted 
and  spurred;  "a  booted  judge," 
Dryden. —  2.  Inornith.:  (a)  Hav- 
ing the  tarsi  covered  with  fea- 
thers; braccate:  as,  the  booted 
eagle.    See  cut  under  braccate. 
(b)  Having  the  tarsi  enveloped 
in  a  boot,  that  is,  not  divided 
along  the  acrotarsium,  or  ha-ving 
only  a  few  scales  or  scutella  near 
the  toes;  holothecal;  ocreate: 
as,  a  booted  tarsus.    See  boot"^,  6. 
booteei  (bo-te'),  «•   [<  ^oot^  + 
dim.  -ee.]    A  trade-name  for  a 
half  or  short  boot  for  women, 
bootee^  (bo'te),  n.    [E.  Ind.]  A 
white,  spotted  Dacca  muslin. 
Bootes  (bo-o'tez),  n.    [L.,  <  Gr.  (Soutt/c,  a  name 
given  to  the  constellation  containing  Arcturus 
lit.  an  ox-driver,  plowman,  <  l3ov^,  an  ox.] 
northern  constellation 
containing  the  bright 
star  Arcturus,  and  situ- 
ated behind  the  Great 
Bear,    it  is  supposed  to 
represent  a  man  holding  a 
crook  and  driving  the  Bear. 
In  modern  times  the  constel- 
lation of  the  Hounds  has  been 
interposed  between  Bootes 
and  the  Bear. 

booth  (both),  n.  [=Sc. 
buith,  early  mod.  North. 
E.  bouthe,  btithe;  <  ME. 
bothe,  <  ODan.  *bodh, 
Dan.  hod  =  Sw.  bod, 
booth,  stall, = Icel.  budh, 
dwelling, =MHG.  buode, 
hut,  tent,  G.  bude,  booth, 
stall  (cf.  Bohem.  bouda 
—  Pol.  buda  =  Serbian 
buda  =  Iiuss.  bud]ca,etc., 
from  G.;  Gael,  buth  =  Ir.  . 

both,    boith  =  W.  bwth,        The  constellation  Bofltes. 


Booted  Tarsus 

(Robin). 
(T,  acrotarsium, 
or  front  of  the  tar- 
sus; b,  planta,  or 
sides  and  back  of 
the  tarsus. 


boothalert  (bot'ha'ler), 
booter. 

My  own  father  laid  tliese  London  boothale 
polls,  in  ambush  to  set  upon  me. 

Middk'tun  and  Dekker,  Roaring  Girl,  v.  1. 

bootholder  (bot'holMer),  )(.  A  jack  or  other 
device  for  holding  a  boot  while  it  is  being  made 
or  cleaned. 

boot-hook  (bot'huk),  n.    1.  A  sort  of  holdfast 
with  which  long  boots  are  pulled  on  the  legs. 
—  2.  A  button-hook  for  buttoning  shoes, 
boot-hose  (bot'hoz),  n.  2)1.    1.  Stocking-hose 
or  spatterdashes,  worn  instead  of  boots. 

Let  the  waistcoat  I  liave  last  wrought 
Be  made  up  for  ray  father  :  I  will  have 
A  cap  and  boot-hose  suitable  to  it. 

Fletcher  (and  another).  Love's  Cure,  i.  2. 

2.  Extra  stockings  or  leggings  formerly  worn 
with  boots,  and  covering  the  upper  part  of  the 
leg  and  a  part  of  the  thigh,  but  not  the  ankles 
and  feet. 

bootied  (bo'tid),  «.  [<  booty  +  -ed^.]  Laden 
with  booty ;  carrying  off  booty. 

Charged 

The  bootied  spoilers,  conquer'd  and  released 
The  wretched  prey.  Baillie. 

bootikin  (bo'ti-kin),  V.  [<  booti  +  dim.  -i-hin. 
Cf.  tnanikin.']  1.  A  little  boot.— 2.  A  soft 
boot  or  glove  made  of  oiled  skin,  formerly 
worn  by  persons  affected  with  gout.  That  for  the 
hand  was  a  kind  of  mitten  with  a  partition  for  the  thuml), 
but  none  for  the  fingei'S. 

I  desire  no  more  of  my  bootikins  than  to  curtail  my  fits 
[of  the  gout).  li-  Wal2)ole. 

3.  Same  as  boot^,  v.,  3. 
bootingH  (bo'ting),  n.    [<  ME.  boting,  increase, 

gain,  <bote  (see  boot^);  partly  confused  with 
booty,  boot^.]  1.  Advantage;  service;  avail. 
Harrington.— 2.  Payment  in  addition  or  into 
the  bargain. 

booting'-^  (bo'ting),  n.  [<  6oo«2  v.,  2,  +  -"'S'M 
Torture  by  means  of  the  boot.  See  boot^,  n.,  3. 
booting^t  (bo'ting),  n.  [Appar.  <  boof^  +  -ing ; 
but  in  sense  1  prob.  an  adaptation  of  butin, 
booty:  see  booty,  butin.']  1.  Booty;  plunder. 
—  2.  The  taking  of  booty. 

I'll  tell  you  of  a  brave  booting 
That  befell  Robin  Hood.  Old  Ballad. 

booting-COrnt  (bo'ting-korn),  n.  [Formerly 
spelled  boting-corn  ;  <  booting''-  +  cona.]  Rent- 
corn  ;  compensation  paid  in  corn.  Blount. 
bootjack  (bot'jak),  n.     1.  An  implement  of 
wood  or  iron  used  to  hold  a  boot  while  the  foot 
is  drawn  out  of  it.—  2.  An  actor  of  utility  parts. 
[Theat.  slang.] 
A  boot-lace  (bot'las),  «.    The  string  or  cord  for 
fastening  a  boot  or  half-boot;  a  shoe-string, 
boot-last  (bot'last),  n.    See  boot-tree. 
boot-leg  (bot'leg),  M.    The  part  of  a  boot  above 
the  upper;  leather  cut  out  for  the  leg  of  a 
boot.  ,  .  „  ,  - 

bootless  (bot'les),  a.  [<  ME.  botles,  <  AS.  bot- 
leds  (=OFries.  botclas  —  Icel.  botalauss),  <  but. 
boot,  +  leas,  -less.]  Without  boot  or  advan- 
tage ;  unavailing ;  unprofitable  ;  useless ;  with- 
out profit  or  success. 

It  is  booteless  to  thiiike  to  restrayne  them  by  any  pena]- 
tyes  or  feare  of  punishment.      Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 
Till  the  foiled  King,  from  patliless  glen, 
Shall  bootless  turn  him  home  again.  , 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  n.  30. 
He  certainly  had  ample  leisure  to  repent  the  haste  with 
hich  he  had  trot  out  of  his  warm  bed  m  Vienna  to  taKe 


which  he  had  got  out  of  his  war 

his  iioo»ess  journey  to  Brussels.  ttt  cm 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  III.  518. 

bootlessly  (bot'les-li),  adv.  Without  use,  profit, 
or  success.  , 

bootlessness  (bot'les-nes),  n.  [<  bootless  + 
-ness.]  The  state  of  being  unavailing  or  use- 
less. 


bootmaker 

bootmaker  (b6t'ma."ker),  n.  One  who  makes 
boots. 

boot-pattern  (bofpafem),  n.  A  templet  con- 
sisting of  plates  which  can  be  adjusted  to  dif- 
ferent sizes,  used  in  marking  out  patterns  of 
boots  for  the  cutter. 

boot-powder  (b6t'pou"der),  n.  Massive  talc 
or  soapstone  reduced  to  powder,  used  to  dust 
the  inside  of  a  new  or  tightly  fitting  shoe,  to 
facilitate  drawing  it  on. 

boot-rack  (bot'rak),  w.  A  frame  or  stand  to 
hold  boots,  especially  with  their  tops  turned 
downward. 

bootsi  (bots),  n.  [PI.  of  hoot'^.']  1.  The  por- 
ter or  servant  in  a  hotel  who  blacks  the  boots 
of  guests  and  in  some  cases  attends  to  the  bag- 
gage.   Formerly  called  a  hoot-catcher. 

He  began  life  as  a  bouts,  he  will  probably  end  as  a  peer. 
_      .   t  X  Hood. 
To  gain  but  your  smiles,  were  I  Sardanapalus, 
I  d  descend  from  my  throne,  and  be  boots  at  an  alehouse. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  39. 
2.  In  tales  of  Norse  mythology,  the  youngest 
son  of  a  family,  always  represented  as  espe- 
cially clever  and  successful. —  3.  A  name  ap- 
plied to  the  youngest  officer  in  a  British  regi- 
ment, or  to  the  youngest  member  of  a  club,  etc. 
[Eng.  slang.] 

boots^,  bouts  (bets),  «.  The  marsh-marigold, 
Caltha  j)ali(stris. 

boot-stocking  (b6t'stok"ing),  n.  A  large  stock- 
ing of  stout  and  thick  material,  made  to  wear 
over  the  ordinary  shoes  and  other  leg-covering 
in  cold  weather  or  at  times  of  gi-eat  exposm-e. 
His  boot-stockings  coming  high  above  the  knees. 

Southey,  The  Doctor,  Ivii. 

boot-stretcher  (bot'strech'''er),  n.  An  appa- 
ratus for  stretching  the  uppers  of  boots  and 
shoes. 

boot-top  (bot'top),  n.  1.  The  upper  part  of 
the  leg  of  a  boot.— 2.  (a)  In  boots  of  the  sev- 
enteenth and  eighteenth  centuries,  the  large 
flaring  upper  part  of  the  boot-leg,  capable  of 
being  tui-ned  over.  Hence  — (6)  A  lace  ruffle 
worn  around  the  leg,  and  covering  the  inside 
of  the  leather  boot-top. — 3.  In  some  modern 
boots,  a  reverse  of  light-colored  leather,  as  if 
a  part  of  the  lining,  turned  over  the  top  of  the 
boot-leg.    See  top-boot. 

boot-topping  (b6t'top"ing),  n.  Naut. :  (a)  The 
operation  of  painting  that  part  of  a  ship's  copper 
which  is  above  the  water-line.  (&)  The  pro- 
cess of  removing  grass,  slime,  etc.,  from  the 
side  of  a  ship,  and  daubing  it  over  with  a  mix- 
ture of  tallow,  sulphur,  and  resin. 

boot-tree  (bot'tre),  ?i.  An  instrument  consist- 
ing of  two  wooden  blocks,  constituting  a  front 
and  a  rear  portion,  which  together  form  the 
shape  of  the  leg  and  foot,  and  are  inserted  into 
a  boot  and  then  forced  apart  by  a  wedge  for 
the  purpose  of  stretching  it. 

booty  (bo'ti),  n. ;  pi.  booties  (-tiz).  [Early  mod. 

E.  also  bootie,  hoty,  botie,  <  late  ME.  botye,  buty, 
prob.  <  MD.  buet,  D.  buit,  booty,  =  MLG.  hute, 
buite,  LG.  biite,  booty,  also  exchange,  barter, 
=  MHG.  biute,  G.  beute,  booty  (prob.  <  LG.),  = 
Icel.  bj/ti,  exchange,  barter,  =  Sw.  byte  =  Dan. 
bi/tte,  exchange,  barter,  share,  booty ;  connected 
with  MLG.  buteii,  exchange,  distribute,  make 
booty,  LG.  biiten,  exchange,  barter,  =  Icel. 
byta,  give  out,  distribute,  exchange,  =  Sw.  byfa, 
exchange,  =  Dan.  bytte,  exchange,  barter  (also, 
from  the  noun,  D.  buiten  =  G.  beuten,  make 
booty);  appar.  a  Teut.  word,  but  not  found 
in  early  use.  Cf.  F.  butin  =  Sp.  botin  =  It.  but- 
tino  (Ml.  botinum,  butinum,  with  adj.  term.), 
from  the  LG.  The  E.  form  booty,  instead  of 
the  expected  boot  (which  does  occur  later,  ap- 
par. as  short  for  booty),  or  rather  *boute,  *bout, 
or  *hoit,  from  the  D.  or  LG.,  seems  to  be  due  to 
association  with  the  orig.  unrelated  boot^,  profit, 
etc.,  and  in  part  perhaps  to  the  influence  of  the 

F .  butin,  which  was  also  for  a  time  used  in  E.] 

1.  Spoil  taken  from  an  enemy  in  war ;  plunder; 
pillage. 

When  he  reckons  that  he  has  gotten  a  booty,  he  has 
only  caught  a  Tartar.  Sir  R.  L  Estrange. 

2.  That  which  is  seized  by  violence  and  rob- 
bery. 

So  triumph  thieves  upon  their  conquer'd  booty. 

SAaJ-.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  4. 

3.  A  prize;  gain:  without  reference  to  its  being 
taken  by  force. 

I  have  spread  the  nets  o'  the  law,  to  catch  rich  booties 
And  they  come  fluttering  in. 

Fletcher,  .Spanish  Curate,  iii.  4. 
^•o^ers  growing  in  large  numbers  afford  a  rich  booty  to 
tne  bees,  and  are  conspicuous  from  a  distance. 

Darvrin,  Cross  and  Self  Fertilisation,  p.  434. 


629 

To  play  booty,  to  join  with  confederates  in  order  to  vic- 
timize another  player,  and  thus  share  in  the  plunder- 
hence,  to  play  dishonestly ;  give  an  opponent  the  advan- 
tage at  first  in  order  to  induce  him  to  play  for  higher 
stakes,  which  he  will  lose. 

One  thing  alone  remained  to  be  lost— what  ho  called 
his  honour  — which  was  already  on  the  scent  to  play  booty. 

Disraeli,  Young  Duke. 
=  Syn.  1.  Plunder,  etc.  Sae  pillage,  n. 
booze,  b00Se2  (boz),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  boosed, 
boosed,  ppr.  boozing,  boosing.  [A  var.,  prob. 
orig.  dial.,  of  bouse,  retaining  the  ME.  pronun- 
ciation (ME.  ou,  pron.  6,  now  ou) :  see  bouse, 
which  is  historically  the  normal  form.]  To 
drink  deeply,  especially  with  a  boon  companion 
and  to  partial  intoxication  ;  guzzle  liquor;  tip- 
ple.   Also  bouse,  bouse,  bowse. 

He  was  a  wild  and  roving  lad, 
I'or  ever  in  the  alehouse  boozing. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  162 


Borassus 


booze,  boose^  (boz),  n.  [<  boose,  V,  Cf.  bouse, 
«.]  1.  Liquor;  drink.— 2.  A  drinking-bout; 
a  spree. 

boozed  (bozd),  a.    Fuddled;  intoxicated, 
boozer  (bo"zer),  n.  [<  boose  +  -erK  Cf.  houser.'] 
A  tippler.    Also  booser. 

boozy,  boosy2  (bo'zi),  «.  [Also  bousy,  bowsy ; 
<  booze,  v.,  +  -y.  Cf.  bousy.']  Showing  the 
effects  of  a  booze;  somewhat  intoxicated; 
merry  or  foolish  with  liquor.  [Colloq.] 
bo-peep  (bo-pep'),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boJi- 
peepe,  boo-peep,  bo-pipe,  etc.  ■,<bo  +  peep.  Cf. 
Sc.  hokeik,  keekbo.]  An  alternate  withdrawing 
or  concealing  of  the  face  or  person  and  sudden 
peeping  out  again  in  a  playful  manner  or  in 
some  unexpected  place,  often  resorted  to  as  an 
amusement  for  very  small  childi-en,  and  gen- 
erally accompanied  by  drawling  out  the  word 
"bo"  when  concealed,  while  "peep"  is  abrupt- 
ly enunciated  on  reappearing:  as,  to  play  bo- 
peep.  In  the  United  States  more  generally 
known  as  peek-a-boo. 

I  for  sorrow  sung, 
That  such  a  king  should  play  bo-peep. 
And  go  the  fools  among.   Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4  (song). 

bopyrid  (bop'i-rid),  n.    A  crustacean  of  the 
family  Bopyridce. 

Bopyfidae  (bo-pir'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bopyrus 
+  -idee.]  A  family  of  edriophthalmous  crus- 
taceans, of  the  order  Isopoda,  the  species  of 
which  are  parasitic  on  the  gills  of  other  crus- 
taceans. They  undergo  metamorphosis,  and  the  se.\es 
are  distinct.  The  female  is  discoidal  and  asymmetrical 
without  eyes,  while  the  much  smaller  male  is  elongated^ 
segmented  distinctly,  and  furnished  with  eyes.  There  are 
several  genera  besides  Bopyrus,  the  typical  genus,  as  lone, 
Liriope,  Gyge,  Phruxus. 

Bopyrus  (bo-pi'rus),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of 
isopods,  typical  of  the  family  Bopyridce.  B. 
squillarian,  a  parasite  of  other  crustaceans,  is 
an  example, 
bora  (bo'rii),  n.  [It.,  etc.,  prob.  dial.  (Venetian, 
Milanese,  etc.)  form  of  borea,  north  wind, 
Boreas,  confused  with  Illyrian  and  Dalmatian 
bum,  Turk,  bora,  Serv.  Bulg.  bura,  OBulg.  Euss. 
burya,  Pol.  burza,  a  storm,  tempest,  Lith.  buris, 
a  shower.  Cf.  borasco.]  The  name  given  on 
the  coasts  of  the  Adriatic  sea  to  a  violent  dry 
wind  blowing  from  a  northeasterly  direction, 
borable  (bor'a-bl),  a.    [<  ftorel,  v.,  +  -able.] 

Capable  of  being  bored.  [Rare.] 
borachiot  (bo-rach'io),  n.  [Also  written  borra- 
ckio,  bor radio,  borraccio,  boraccio,  etc.,  from 
Sp.  or  It. :  Sp.  borracha  (z=  It.  borraccia,  later 
also  borraccio),  a  leathern  wine-bottle,  borracho, 
a  drunkard,  drunken,  prob.  <  borra,  borro,  a 
lamb,  <  borra  (=  Pr.  It.  borra,  F.  bourre),  short 
hair  or  wool,  <  ML.  burra,  rough  hair,  LL.  a 
shaggy  garment:  see  burrel.]  1.  A  large  lea- 
thern bottle  or  bag,  used  in  Spain  and  through- 
out the  Levant  for  holding  wine  or  other  li- 
quor; a  wine-skin  (now  the  current  name  in 

English).  It  is  made  of  the  skin  of  a  beast,  most  com- 
monly that  of  a  goat  or  hog,  from  which  the  carcass  lias 
been  removed  piecemeal,  leaving  the  hide  whole,  except 
at  the  neck  and  the  places  where  tiie  limbs  were  These 
openings  are  strongly  sewed  up,  that  at  the  neck  bein"- 
furnished  with  a  leather  tube.  When  used  for  carrying 
water,  the  borachio  is  hung  with  the  mouth  downward,  so 
that  the  tube  can  be  untied  whenever  necessary,  and  any 
desired  quantity  be  withdrawn.    See  cut  under  bottle. 

Two  hundred  loaves  and  two  bottles  (that  is,  two  skins 
or  borachios)  of  wine.  Delany,  Life  of  David. 

Dead  wine,  that  stinks  of  the  borrachio,  sup 
From  a  foul  jack,  or  greasy  niaplecup? 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Persius's  Satires,  v.  216. 

Hence  — 2.  A  drunkard,  as  if  a  mere  wine- 
bottle. 

How  you  stink  of  wine !  Do  you  think  my  niece  will 
ever  endure  such  a  borachio?  You're  an  absolute  bora- 
<^A«''  Congreve,  Way  of  the  World,  iv.  10, 


boracic  (bo-ras'ik),  a.  [<  borax  (horac-)  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  or  produced  from  borax.  Also 
tone. -Boracic  acid,  boric  acid,  H:,iio.,.  a  compound 

of  boron  with  oxygen  and  hydrogen,  having  the  properties 
of  a  weak  acid.  It  is  a  white,  nearly  tasteless,  crystalline 
solid,  slightly  soluble  in  cold  water,  and,  when  the  solution 
is  boiled,  volatile  with  the  water-vapor.  It  is  obtained  in 
the  free  state  from  the  water  of  the  Tuscan  lagoons  and 
in  the  volcanic  formations  of  the  Lipari  islands.  In  the 
United  States  it  is  made  from  the  borax  of  Borax  lake 
in  California,  by  decomposing  it  with  hydrochloric  acid. 
Like  borax,  it  is  an  efhcient  antiseptic. 

boraciferous  (bo-ra-sif'e-rus),  a.  [<  ML.  borax 
(borac-),  borax,  +  L.  ferre  =  E.  bear^.]  Con- 
taining or  yielding  borax. 

The  boraciferous  basin  of  the  Sultan  Chair,  near  the 
Simaov  River.  Sci.  Aiiier.  Supp.,  XXII.  9093. 

boracite  (bo'ra-sit),  n.  [<  borax  {horac-)  -t- 
-iU:'^.'\  A  mineral  consisting  of  borate  and 
chlorid  of  magnesium,  it  crystallizes  in  the  isomet- 
ric system  with  tetrahedral  hemihedrisni,  and  is  remark- 
able for  Its  pyro-electrical  properties.  It  usually  exhibits 
to  a  marked  degree  anomalous  double  refraction,  on  which 
account  some  authors  doubt  its  isometric  character, 
boracium  (bo-ras'i-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  borax 
{borac-),  borax.]  The  name  originally  given 
by  Sir  Humphry  Davy  to  boron,  which  was 
supposed  to  be  a  metal, 
boracous  (bo'ra-kus),  a.    [<  borax  {borac-)  •¥ 

-ous.]    Consisting  of  or  derived  from  borax, 
borage  (bur'aj),  n.     [Until  recently  also  writ- 
ten borrage,  burrage,  burridge,  early  mod.  E. 
burrage,  bourrage,  hourage,  borage,  <  ME.  bo- 
rage, buragc,  <  AF.  burage,  OF.  hourrace,  bour- 
rache,  mod.  F.  bourrache  =  Pr.  borrage  =  Sp. 
boraja  (cf.  D.  boraadje,  G.  boretsch,  borretsch, 
Dan.  horasurt)  z=  Pg.  borragem  =  It.  borraggine, 
borrace,  hor- 
raiia,  <  ML. 
borrago,  hora- 
go,  NL.  bora- 
go  {boragin-), 
MGr.  TTovpd- 
Kiov,  borage, 
prob.  <  ML. 
borra,  burra, 
rough  hair, 
short  wool, 
in  ref.  to  the 
roughness  of 
the    foliage ; 
cf.  borachio, 
burrel,  etc. 
The  histori- 
cal pron.,  in- 
dicated by  the 
spelling  bur- 
rage, rimes 
with  courage  ; 

the  present  spelling  borage  is  in  imitation  of 
the  ML.  and  NL.  borago.]  A  European  plant, 
Borago  officinalis,  the  principal  representative 
of  the  genus,  occasionally  cultivated  for  its 

blue  flowers,  it  is  sometimes  used  as  a  salad  occa- 
sionally in  medicine  in  acute  fevers,  etc.,  and  also  iii  mak- 
ing claret-cup,  cool-tankard,  etc. 

If  you  have  no  bottle-ale,  command  some  claret  wine 
and  bourrage.  Marston,  What  You  Will,  iv.  1. 

Boraginaceae  (bo-raj-i-na'se-e),  w.  pi.   [NL.,  < 

Borago  {Boragin-)  +  -accfp".]  A  large  order  of 
gamopetalous  dicotyledonous  plants,  herbs  or 
shrubs,  natives  mostly  of  northern  temperate 
regions,  distinguished  by  regular  flowers  and 
by  a  fruit  consisting  of  four  distinct  nutlets  or 
of  a  drupe  containing  four  nutlets.  The  leaves 
are  often  rough  and  hairy.  Some  troiiical  species,  as  of 
tordia,  are  timber-trees,  otliers  yield  dyes,  but  the  order 
generally  is  of  little  economical  value.  It  includes  the 
heliotrope  (Ileliotropimn),  forget-me-not  (Myosotis),  alka- 
net  (Anchusa),  comfrey  (St/mphytvtn),  bugloss  iLycopsis) 
gromwell (Litliospermum),  borage  (which  see),  etc.  Often 
spelled  lUirrKginacece. _  Also  called  A sperifolice. 

boraginaceous  (bo-raj -i-na'shius),  a.   Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Boraginacece. 
boragineous  (bo-ra-jin'e-us),  a.    [<  ML.  borago 
{boragin-),  borage,  +  -eous.]    Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  characteristics  of  the  Boraginea,  a 
tribe  of  Boraginacew ;  boraginaceous. 
Borago  (bo-ra'go),  n.    [NL.,  ML  . :  see  borage.] 
A  genus  of  plants,  natm-al  order  Boraginacece. 
See  borage.    Also  spelled  Borrago. 
boramez,  n.    See  barometz. 
borast,  ».  An  obsolete  form  of  borax.  Chaucer. 
borasco  (bo  -ras'ko),  n.  [Also  horasca,  burrasca 
(and  borasque,  borrasque,  <  F.  hourrasqne);  = 
Sp.  Pg.  borrasca,  <  It.  burasca,  now  burrasca, 
prob.  aug.  of  bora  {hura) :  see  bora.]    A  violent 
squall  of  wind ;  a  storm  accompanied  with  thun- 
der and  lightning. 
Borassus  (bo-ras'us),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  /Sdpaauoc, 
the  palra-fruit  (Dioscorides) .  ]   A  genus  of  dioe- 


Flowering  branch  of  Borage  IBorag-a  ojffici- 
ytalis).  (From  Le  Maout  and  Decaisne's 
"  Traite  general  de  Botanique.") 


Borassus 


630 


cious  palms,  containing  a  single  species,  a  na-  bordelert  (bor'del-er),  ii.    [ME.,  also  bordUler, 

tive  of  Africa  and  extensively  cultivated  in  the  <  OF.  bordder,  horddicr,  <  hordcl :  .see  bnrdehj 

East  Indies.    See  palmiira.  The  keeper  of  a  brothel.  Goirer. 

borate  (bo'rat),  «.   l<  bor(ax)  + -ate'^.']   A  salt  bordello  (bor-del'o),  «.    [It.]    Same  as  ftonW. 

formed  by  a  combination  of  boracic  acid  v^^ith  Ji.  Jonsoii :  Milton. 


any  base 

boratto  (bo-rat'6),  w.  [Also  borato,  boratta  (cf. 
D.  boral,  a'kind  of  wool  or  woolen  thread) ;  <  It. 
huratto.  a  thin  fabric :  see  boU'^.']  A  stuff  woven 
of  silk  and  wool,  used  in  the  time  of  Elizabeth : 
perhaps  identical  with  bombazine.  Fairholt. 

borax  (bo'raks),  /(.  [In  this  form  <  ML.  borax ; 
early  mod.  E.  boras,  borras,  borace,  borrace,  < 
ME."  boras.  <  OF.  boras,  borras,  bourras,  mod. 
F.  borax  —  Sp.  borraj,  earlier  borrax,  =  Pg.  60- 
rax  =  It.  borrace  =  G.  Dan.  Sw.  borax,  <  ML. 
borax  (_borac-),  borac,  boracum,  baurach,  <  Ar. 
horaq,  buraq,  baitraq,  borax,  prop,  natron,  < 
Pers.  burah,  borax;  by  some  referred  to  Ar. 
baraqa,  shine,  glisten.']  Sodium  tetraborate 
or  pwoborate,  Na2B407  +  lOHoO,  a  salt  formed 
by  the  imion  of  boracic  acid  and  soda,  it  is 
a  wliite  crystalline  solid,  slightly  soluble  in  cold  watei-, 
having  a  sweetish  alkaline  taste.  It  occurs  in  nature  in 
solution  in  the  water  of  lakes  in  Tibet,  Tatary,  China,  and 
California,  and  is  .ilitaiuetl  from  these  waters  by  evapora- 
tion and  crystallization.  The  United  States  is  now  almost 
wholly  supplied  with  borax  from  California.  Borax  is 
also  prepared  artiticially  from  soda  and  boracic  acid.  It  is 
much  used  as  a  flux  in  assayin;.;  i>perations,  and  for  clean- 
ing the  surfaces  of  dilticiiltly  fusilile  uietals  previous  to 
soldering,  since  when  melted  it  dissolves  the  metallic  oxids 
which  form  on  their  surfaces  wlien  heated.  It  is  also  used 
in  glass  and  enamel  numufacture ;  as  an  antiseptic,  pai- 
ticularly  in  foods,  because  its  action  011  the  system  is  fee- 
ble even  in  comparatively  large  doses ;  ami  as  a  detergent. 
Crude  borax  is  also  called  tiiical.^Gla,SS  Of  bOrax. 
See  .f;?«s.»-.— Honey  of  borax.    See  honey. 

Borborite  (bor'bo-rit),  n.  [<  LL.  Borboritm,  < 
LGr.  i3op3opi7a!,  pi.,  <  Gr.  fiopfiopoc,  mud,  mire, 
filth.]  A  nickname  for  certain  Ophitic  Gnos- 
tics, and  also  in  general  for  one  who  holds  or 
is  supposed  to  hold  filthy  or  immoral  doctrines : 
in  modern  times  specifically  applied  to  a  branch 
of  the  Mennonites. 

borborygm  (bor'bo-rim),  w.  Same  as  borboryg- 
ni  us. 

borborygmilS  (bor-bo-rig'mus),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

fiopihpv-} fjog,  <  ftopfiopi:C,cn>,  have  a  rumbling  in 
the  bowels;  cf.  mpKopvy/tog  and  KopKopvyj/,  ot 
same  sense ;  imitative  words.]  The  rumbling 
noise  caused  by  wind  within  the  intestines. 
Borchardt" s  functions,  modulus.  See  the 
nouns. 

bord^t,  n.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form  of 
board. 

bord^t,  «•    Same  as  boia-d^. 

bord^  (bord),  n.  A  striped  material  for  gar- 
ments, made  in  the  Levant. 

bordagei  (bor'daj),  ».  [<  F.  bordagc,  <  bord,  a 
ship's  side,  +  -d</e :  see  board  and  -age.']  The 
planking  on  a  ship's  side. 

bordage^  (bor'daj),  n.  [Law  F.  (LL.  borda- 
gium),  <  OF.  borde,  a  hut,  cot  (see  bordar),  + 
-age.\  Under  the  Norman  kings  of  England, 
the  tenure  by  which  a  bordar  held  his  cot ;  the 
services  due  bv  a  bordar  to  his  lord. 

bordalisaundert,  »•  [ME.,  also  boord,  borde, 
biird  alisauiidre,  bourde  de  Alisaundrc,  etc.,  i.  e., 
'border  (embroidery)  of  Alexandi-ia,'  Alexan- 
drian work,  so  named  from  Alexandria  in 
Egypt.]  A  sttiff  used  in  the  middle  ages,  prob- 
ably of  silk,  or  silk  and  wool,  and  striped.  Also 
burdalisaundcr. 

bordar,  «.  [Also  border ;  <  ML.  bordarius,  cot- 
tager, <  borda  (>  OF.  borde  =  Pr.  Cat.  borda  — 
Sp.  It.  borda),  a  cottage,  hut,  perhaps  <  Teut. 
(AS.  etc.)  bord,  a  board:  see  board.]  In  Nor- 
man times,  in  England,  a  villein  who  held  a 
cot  at  his  lord's  pleasure,  usually  with  a  small 
holding  of  land  in  the  open  field,  for  which  he 
rendered  menial  service ;  a  cottar. 

bordet,  w-    A  Middle  English  form  of  board. 

Bordeaux  (bor-do'),  ».  1.  A  general  term  for 
the  wines,  both  red  and  white,  produced  in 
the  region  about  Bordeaux,  France,  including 
several  departments,  among  which  Gironde  is 
preeminent ;  specifically,  any  of  the  red  wines 
of  this  region,  commonly  known  in  English  as 
clarets. —  2.  A  general  name  of  azo-dyes  from 
the  azo  derivatives  of  naphthyl  amine.  They 
are  of  a  vinous  red  color. 

bordelt  (bor'del),  n.  [<  ME.  bordel,  <  OF.  bor- 
del  =  Pr.  Pg.  bordel  =  Sp.  burdel  —  It.  bordello, 
<  ML.  bordelliim,  a  brothel,  orig.  a  little  hut, 
dim.  of  borda,  >  OF.  borde:  see  bordar.  Bor- 
del has  been  displaced  by  brothel^,  q.  v.]  A 
brothel;  a  bawdy-house; 
prostitution. 

Making  even  his  own  house  a  stew,  a  bordel,  and  a  school 
of  lewdness.  South. 


border  (bor'der),  11.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  bordure.  Sc.  bordour :  <  ME.  border,  bor- 
dure,  bordeurc,  earliest  form  bordure,  <  OF. 
bordure,  earlier  bordeiire,  mod.  F.  bordure  =  Pr. 
Sp.  Pg.  bordudura  =  It.  bordatura,  <  ML.  bor- 
dtttura,  border,  edging,  <  *bordare  (pp.  borda- 
tus)  (>  It.  bordure  =  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  bordar  =  F. 
border),  edge,  border,  <  bordus  (yii.  Sp.  bordo  = 
Pg.  borda  =  F.  bord),  edge,  side,  <  Teut.  (AS. 
etc.)  bord,  edge,  side,  mixed  with  bord,  a  board : 
see  board,  where  the  two  orig.  forms  are  dis- 
tinguished. In  termination,  border  is  parallel 
phonetically  with  armor,  the  earlier  accented 
suffix  -ure  having  weakened  imder  loss  of  ac- 
cent to  -er,  -or.]  I.  w.  1.  A  side,  edge,  brink, 
or  margin ;  a  limit  or  boundary. 

Take  heed  to  yourselves,  that  ye  go  not  -up  into  the 
mount,  or  touch  the  border  of  it.  Ex.  xix.  12. 

2.  The  line  which  separates  one  country,  state, 
or  province  from  another;  a  frontier  line  or 
march. 

In  bringing  his  border  into  contact  with  that  of  the 
Danelaw,  Eadward  announced  that  the  time  of  rest  was 
over,  and  that  a  time  of  action  had  begun. 

J.  B.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  188. 

3.  The  district  or 
edge  or  boundary- 
tier  ;  specifically,  in  the  plural,  the  marches  or 
border  districts:  hence,  in  English  and  Scot- 
tish history,  "the  borders,"  the  districts  ad- 
joining the  line  separating  the  two  countries. 

These  outlaws,  as  I  may  call  them,  who  robbed  upon  the 
borders.  Bp.  Patrick,  Com.  on  Genesis,  xlvi.  34. 

4.  Territory;  domain. 
The  Lord  thy  God  shall  enlarge  thy  border.  Dent.  xii.  20. 

5.  Figm-atively,  a  limit,  boundary,  or  verge; 
brink :  as,  he  is  on  the  border  of  threescore ; 
driven  by  disaster  to  the  border  of  despair; 

in  the  borders  of  death,"  Barrow,  Works,  III 


bord-lode 

with  a  border:  as,  to  border  a  garment  or  a 
garden. 

Kivulets  bordered  with  the  softest  grass. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry. 

2.  To  form  a  border  or  boundary  to. —  3.  To 
lie  on  the  border  of;  be  contiguous  to;  ad- 
join; lie  next. 

Slieba  and  Raanuih  border  the  Persian  Gulf.  Jialeii/li. 

4t.  To  confine  or  keep  within  bounds ;  limit. 
That  nature,  which  contemns  its  origin. 
Cannot  be  border'd  certain  in  itself. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  2. 

II.  intrans.  To  have  a  contiguous  boundaiT^ 
or  dividing  line ;  abut  exteriorly :  with  on  or 
upon  :  as,  the  United  States  border  on  the  two 
great  oceans. 

Virtue  and  Honour  had  their  temples  bordering  on 
each  other  and  are  sometimes  both  on  the  same  coin. 

Addison,  Dialogues  on  Medals,  ii. 

To  border  on  or  upon,  figuratively,  to  approach  closely 
in  character;  verge  on  ;  resemble  closely:  as,  his  conduct 
borders  upon  vulgarity. 

Wit  which  borders  upon  profaneness  .  .  .  deserves  to 
be  branded  as  folly.        Tillotson,  Works  (ed.  1728),  I.  33. 

bordered  (bor'derd),  p.  a.  [<  border  +  -ed^.] 
Having  a  border:  specifically,  in  math.,  applied 
to  a  determinant  formed  from  another  by  adding 
one  or  more  rows  and  columns.  Thus,  a  bordered 
synunetrical  determinant  is  a  determinant  formed  by  add- 
ing a  row  and  column  to  a  symmetrical  determinant. 

[Early  mod.  E.  (Sc.) 

late  ME.  borderer  ; 
ho  dwells  on  a  bor- 
der, or  at  the  extreme  part  or  confines  of  a 
country,  region,  or  tract  of  land;  one  who 
dwells  near  to  a  place. —  2.  One  who  approach- 
es near  to  another  in  any  relation.  [Rare.] 

The  poet  is  the  nearest  borderer  upon  the  orator. 

B.  Jonson,  Discoveries. 

3.  One  who  makes  borders  or  bordering, 
bordering  (bor'der-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bor- 
der, v.]  1.  The  act  of  making  a  border,  or  of 
surrounding  with  a  border. —  2.  Material  for 
a  border;  a  border  of  any  kind;  particularly, 
an  ornamental  band  of  paper  placed  around  the 


J.  B.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  188.  mg  a  row  ana  column  to  a  symmetri 
territory  which  lies  along  the  borderer  (bor'der-er),  n.  [Ee 
-line  of  a  country ;  the  fron-    -jlf  bordim-r,  bourdure^- ;  <  1^ 

flifl  ,ilnvnl  the  T^iarphes  nr     <  border  +  -cr^.]     1.  One  wh 


xvii.— 6.  A  strip,  band,  or  edging  surrounding         ^j.  p^j.^     ^he  walls'  of  a  room 
any  general  area  or  plane  surface,  or  placed  bordering-wax  (bor'der-ing-waks),  w.  Wax 


along  its  margin,  and  differing  from  it  by  some 
well-defined  character,  as  in  material,  color, 

design,  or  purpose,  (o)  A  narrow  bed  or  strip  of 
ground  in  a  garden  inclosing  a  portion  of  it,  and  gen- 
erally divided  from  it  by  a  path  or  walk,  (b)  Ornamental 
work  surrounding  a  printed  page,  a  handbill,  a  drawing. 


used  by  etchers  and  aquatint  engravers  for 
forming  a  bordering  about  plates  which  are  to 
be  etched,  to  retain  the  acid,  it  is  made  of  3  parts 
of  Burgundy  pitch  to  1  part  of  yellow  beeswax.  To  these 
ingredients,  when  melted,  sweet  oil  is  added,  and,  after 
cooling,  the  mixture  is  poured  into  water. 


etc.,  the  black  band  around  m(jurnnig  stationery,  or  the  t-^-j  '  ttiifp  Chnr'dev-iiif ^  »  A  knife  with  a 
like!    (<0  A  piece  of  ornamental  trimming  about  the  edge  "O'^^®  i  „  h.L  „!\"„  L"' , 

of  a  garment,  a  cap,  etc.  In  the  seventeenth  century,  and  "  "       ^  ^ 

perhaps  earlier,  borders  of  garments  were  made  detach- 
able, sinHlar  to  the  apparels  of  the  alb,  and  could  be  trans- 
ferred from  one  garment  to  another;  they  were  then  lich- 
ly  embroidered,  and  are  especially  mentioned  in  wills  and 
inventories. 

And  beneath  the  cap's  border  gray  mingles  with  brown. 

Whittier,  The  Quaker  Alumni. 
(d)  In  her.,  the  outer  edge  of  the  field  when  of  different 


convex  blade  fixed  at  the  end  of  a  long  handle, 
used  to  trim  the  edges  of  sods;  an  edging- 
knife  or  sod-cutter, 
border-land  (bor'der-land),  Land  forming  a 
border  or  frontier ;  an  uncertain  intermediate 
district  or  space :  often  used  figuratively. 

The  indefinite  border-land  between  the  animal  and  vege- 
table kingdoms.  //.  Spencer,  First  Principles. 


tincture  from  the  center.    Its  width  is  uniform,  and  border-liffhtS  (bor'der-litz),  W.  pi.     The  rOW  of 

should  be  one  fifth  the  width  of  the  gaslights  behind  the  borders  in  a  theater. 


field.  French  heralds  consider  the  bor 
der  as  one  of  the  ordinaries  ;  in  English 
heraldry  it  is  sometimes  a  mark  of  dif- 
ference. The  border  always  covers  the 
end  of  any  ordinary,  as  the  chevron,  f  ess, 
etc.  When  a  coat  of  arms  is  impaled 
with  another,  if  either  of  them  has  a 
border,  it  is  not  carried  along  the  pale, 
but  surrounds  the  outside  of  the  field 
only.  The  border  when  charged  with 
an  ordinary  shows  only  so  much  of  the  ordinary  as  comes 
naturally  upon  that  part  of  the  field  occupied  by  the  bor- 
der ;  thus,  the  cut  represents  a  border  paly  of  six  pieces, 
azure  and  argent. 


A  Border  Paly. 


border-plane  (bor' der-plan),  n.     A  joiner's 

edging-plane, 
border-tower  (bor 'der -tourer),  n.  A  small 
fortified  post,  consisting  usually  of  a  high  square 
tower  with  a  flat  roof  and  battlements,  and  one 
or  more  machicolated  protections  for  the  gate, 
drawbridge,  and  the  like,  and  surrounded  by  a 

strong  wall  inclosing  a  court.  Such  dwellings,  for- 
merly occupied  by  petty  landowners  in  exposed  positions, 
are  frequent  along  the  border  between  Scotland  and  Eng- 
land :  hence  the  name. 


tT."  A"piait''or  iDraid  of  hair  worn  round  the  fore-  border-warrant  (b6r'der-wor'''ant),  n.  In  Scots 


head. 

I  did  try  fwo  or  three  borders  and  periwigs,  meaning  to 
wear  one.  Pepys,  Diary,  May  9,  iet)3. 

8.  In  milling,  a  hoop,  rim,  or  curb  about  a  bed- 
stone or  bed-plate,  which  prevents  the  meal 
from  falling  off  except  at  the  proper  opening. 
— 9.  The  portions  of  scenery  in  a  theater 
which  hang  from  above  and  represent  foliage, 


law,  a  warrant  issued  by  the  judge  ordinary, 
on  the  borders  between  Scotland  and  England, 
on  the  application  of  a  creditor,  for  arresting 
the  effects  of  a  debtor  residing  on  the  English 
side  of  the  border,  and  detaining  him  until  he 
finds  caution  that  he  shall  sist  himself  in  judg- 
ment in  any  action  which  may  be  brought  for 
the  debt  within  six  months. 


clouds,  beams,  etc.-Alveolar  border.  See  al'iieo.  bord-halfpennyt,  «.  Same  as  burgh-halfpenny. 
toe— Mitered  border,  in  a  hearth,  the  edging  about  the  bord-laudt,  «•  [A  ME.  law  term,  appar.  <  bora^. 

s\ah-itone.=Sya..  Bounds,  Confines,  etc.  boundary. 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  border  of  a 
country.  Specifically— (a)  In  England  and  Scotland,  of 
or  pertaining  to  "  the  borders  "  of  those  countries :  as,  the 
border  barons ;  border  thieves,  (h)  In  the  United  States, 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  frontier-line  between  the  settled 
and  unsettled  parts  of  the  country  :  as,  a  border  quarrel. 
-Border  ruffian,  in  U.  S.  hist.,  one  of  the  proslavery 


a  table,  board  (but  prob.  with  ref.  to  bordage^, 
q.  v.),  +  land.]  In  feudal  law,  a  term  of  un- 
certain meaning,  de'fined,  from  the  apparent 
etymology,  as  the  domain  land  which  a  lord 
kept  in  his  hands  for  the  maintenance  of  his 
board  or  table,  but  more  probably  land  held 

 ,      .  ,,,..„-      .         l^y  a  tenant  in  bordage. 

party  in  Missouri,  who  m  1854-58  habitually  crossed  the  Vjord-lodet  M.  FA  ME.  law  term,  appar.  <  bord, 
border  into  Kansasforthe  purpose  of  votmg  illegally  and  '^^ll^^J^^^^^'^  l^^^  p.^b.  ^ef .  to  bordage^. 

q.v.),  +  lode,  a  leading,  conveyance.]  In  feudal 
law,  some  service  due  by  a  tenant  to  his  lord, 
involving  the  carrying  of  wood,  etc.,  to  the 
lord's  house. 


of  intimidating  free-State  colonists, 
a  house  'devoted  to  border  (bor'der),  v    [Early  mod.  E.  also  bor- 
dure, Sc.  bordour;  <  ME.  borduren,  bourduren, 
border;  from  the  noun.  Cf.  broider,  brouder.] 
I.  trans.  1.  To  make  a  border  about;  adorn 


bordman 

bordmant,  »•     [ME.  *bordman  (only  in  ML. 

bordmannus),  <  hord,  a  table,  board  (but  prob. 

with  ref.  to  hordage,  q.  v.),  +  wan.]    In  law,  a 

tenant  of  bord-land ;  a  bordar. 
bordont,       A  form  of  bourdon. 
bordragef,  «.   See  bodrag. 
bord-service  (b6rd'ser"vis),  n.    [<  hord-,  as  in 

hordage,  bordman,  etc.,  +  sercice.'l    In  feudal 

law,  the  tenure  of  bord-lands ;  bordage. 
bordure  (bor'di'ir),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME. 

bordure,  <  OF.  (and  F.)  bordure:  see  border.'] 

An  obsolete  or  archaic  form  of  border,  retained 

in  heraldry. 

The  netherest  hem  or  bordure  of  tliese  clothes. 

Chaucer,  Boethius,  i.  prose  1. 

Instead  of  railes  and  balusters,  there  is  a  bordure  of 
capital  letters.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Aug.  31,  1654. 

Bordure  compone.  See  compon(. 
bore^  (bor),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bored,  ppr.  boring. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  sometimes  hour  ;  <  ME.  ho- 
ren,  bnrien,  <  AS.  borian  =  D.  horen  =  OHG. 
boron,  MHG.  born,  G.  bohren  =  Icel.  bora  =  Sw. 
borra  =  Dan.  bore,  bore,  =  L.  fordre,  bore,  per- 
forate (see  foramen,  perforate),  =  Gr.  <papav, 
(papohv,  plow :  a  secondary  verb,  from,  or  from 
the  same  root  as,  the  formally  more  primitive 
noun,  AS.  bor  (=  D.  boor  =  MLG.  bor  =  G.  holir 
==  leeU  borr  =  Sw.  borr  =  Dan.  bo)'),  an  auger, 
gimlet;  ef.  Gr.  0dpof,  a  plow,  connected  with 
(papay^,  a  ravine,  (fiapvy^,  pharynx:  see  pharynx. 
See  ftorei,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  pierce  or  per- 
forate with  a  rotatory  cutting  instrument ; 
make  a  circular  hole  in  by  turning  an  auger, 
gimlet,  drill,  or  anything  that  will  produce  the 
same  effect:  as,  to  bore  a  plank  or  a  cannon; 
to  bore  the  ground  for  water,  or  with  a  stick. 

I'll  believe  as  soon. 
This  whole  earth  may  be  bored,  and  that  the  moon 
May  through  the  centre  creep.    Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  lii.  2. 

2.  To  form  or  produce  by  rotatory  perforation : 
as,  to  bore  a  hole  or  a  well. 

Where  wells  are  completely  drained  by  some  excavations 
situated  lower  down,  several  holes  are  bored  in  the  bottom 
of  the  well,  and  a  fresh  supply  of  water  is  obtained  by 
means  of  e.\plosives. 

Eissler,  Modern  High  Explosives,  p.  311. 

3.  To  penetrate,  make,  or  gain  as  if  by  boring; 
push  or  drive  through  or  into  by  any  pene- 
trating action :  as,  to  bore  a  plankj  or  a  hole  in 
a  plank,  with  a  rifle-ball. 

Bustling  crowds  I  bored.  Gay,  Trivia,  iii.  395. 

With  great  difficulty  we  bored  our  way  through  the 
moving  [ice]  pack.      A.  W.  Greehj,  Arctic  Service,  p.  103. 

4t.  To  befool ;  trick ;  overreach. 

At  this  instant 
He  bores  me  with  some  trick. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  1. 
I  am  abused,  betrayed,  I  am  laughed  at,  scorned,  baf- 
fled, and  bored,  it  seems.    Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  iv.  5. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  pierce  or  penetrate,  as  a 
gimlet  or  similar  instrument;  make  a  hole  or 
holes:  as,  the  auger  bores  well. —  2.  To  sink  a 
bore-hole,  as  in  searching  for  water,  coal,  etc. 
— 3.  To  be  suited  for  piercing  with  an  auger  or 
other  boring-tool :  as,  wood  that  bores  well  or 
ill. — 4.  To  push  forward  or  through  toward  a 
certain  point :  as,  "  boring  to  the  west,"  Dryden. 

The  elder  streets  [of  Florence)  go  boring  away  into  the 
heart  of  the  city  in  narrow  dusky  vistas  of  a  fascinating 
pictm-esqueness.    H.  Jamen,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  271. 

5.  In  the  manege,  to  thrust  the  head  forward 
as  far  as  possible:  said  of  a  horse. =syn.  1.' Per- 
forate, etc.    See  penetrate. 

borei  (bor),  n.  [In  sense  1,  <  ME.  bore,  <  AS. 
bor  (=  D.  boor,  fern.,  =  MLG.  hor,  m.,  =  OHG. 
bora,  f.,  G.  bohr  =  Icel.  borr  =  Sw.  horr,  m.,  = 
Dan.  hor,  neut.),  an  auger,  a  gimlet;  in  sense  3, 
<  ME.  bore  =  Icel.  bora,  a  hole  ;  in  other  senses 
directly  from  the  verb:  see  6orel,  v.]  If.  Any 
instrument  for  making  holes  by  boring  or  turn- 
ing, as  an  auger  or  gimlet. 

A  hole  fit  for  the  file  or  square  bore.  Jos.  Moxon. 

2.  A  hollow  hand-tool  used  in  nail-making  to 
hold  a  nail  while  its  head  is  being  formed. — 

3.  A  hole  made  by  boring,  or  as  if  by  boring: 
as,  "an  auger's  bore,"  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  6.  Specifl- 

cally  — (a)  A  deep  vertical  perforation  made  in  the  earth 
in  search  of  water,  or  to  ascertain  the  nature  of  the  un- 
derlying strata,  as  in  searching  for  coal  or  other  minerals ; 
a  bore-hole.  (6)  The  cylindrical  cavity  or  perforation  of 
a  tube,  rifle,  cannon,  etc. 

Hence — 4.  The  caliber  or  internal  diameter 
of  a  hole  or  perforation,  whether  made  by  bor- 
ing or  not,  especially  of  the  cavity  of  a  gun  or 
tube. 

Beside  th'  Artillery 
Of  fourscore  pieces  of  a  mighty  Boare. 

Drayton,  Noah's  Floud  (ed.  1630),  p.  103. 
The  bores  of  wind  instruments.  Bacon. 
5t.  A  wound  or  thrust.— Blue  bore,  an  opening  in 
the  clouds  showing  the  blue  sky.    [Scotch.]  — TO  Wick  a 


631 

bore,  in  the  game  of  curling,  to  drive  a  stone  dexterously 

through  an  opening  between  two  guards, 
bore^  (bor),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hoar,  boer  ; 
appar.<  ME.  hare,  a  wave,  billow  (once,  in  doubt- 
ful use)  (cf.  F.  barre,  a  bore) ;  prob.  <  Icel.  bdra 
=  Norw.  baura,  a  billow  caused  by  wind ;  cf .  Sw. 
dial,  bdr,  a  hill,  mound ;  prob.  connected  with 
Icel.  bera  =  E.  fcearl.]  An  abrupt  tidal  wave 
which  breaks  in  an  estuary,  the  water  then  rush- 
ing up  the  channel  with  gi-eat  violence  and 
noise.  The  tidal  wave  being  a  wave  of  translation,  the 
shoaling  and  narrowing  of  channels  where  the  tide  rises 
very  rapidly  produce  a  great  increase  in  tlie  height  of  tlie 
wave.  The  forward  parts  of  the  wave,  too,  in  shoaling 
water  advance  less  rapidly  than  the  Ijackward  parts,  and 
so  cause  a  great  accumulation  in  front.  The  most  cele- 
brated bores  in  the  old  world  are  those  of  the  Ganges,  In- 
dus, and  Brahmaputra.  The  last  is  said  to  rise  to  a  height 
of  12  feet.  In  tlie  Amazon  and  other  rivers  in  Brazil  the 
bore  reaches  a  height  of  from  12  to  16  feet.  In  Englan<l 
the  bore  is  observed  more  especially  in  the  Severn,  Trent, 
and  Wye,  and  in  the  Solway  Frith.  The  bores  in  some 
bays  at  tlie  head  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy  are  very  remarkable. 
In  some  parts  of  England  it  is  called  eager  (which  see) ;  on 
the  Amazon,  the  prororoca ;  on  the  Seine,  the  barre;  and 
on  the  Garonne  and  Dordogne  in  France,  the  mancaret. 

When  the  rise  of  the  tide  begins,  the  surface  of  the  water 
is  disturbed  in  mid-channel ;  but  the  water  is  not  broken, 
it  is  merely  like  a  common  wave.  But  as  this  rapid  rise 
elevates  the  surface  suddenly  above  the  level  of  the  flat 
sands,  the  water  immediately  rushes  over  them  with  great 
velocity,  and  with  a  broken  front,  making  a  gi-eat  noise. 
And  this  is  the  whole  of  the  bo7-e. 

Airy,  Encyc.  Metrop.,  Tides  and  Waves,  p.  514. 

bore^  (bor),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bored,  ppr.  bor- 
ing. [This  word,  verb  and  noun  (the  noun  in 
senses  1  and  2  appar.  preceding  the  verb),  came 
into  use  about  the  middle  of  the  18th  century ; 
usually  considered  a  particular  use  of  ftorei. 
and  compared  with  G.  dritlen,  bore,  drill,  also 
bore^  weary ;  but  an  immediate  derivation  from 
6o»-ei  is  philologically  improbable,  though  it 
may  be  explained  as  a  twist  of  fashionable 
slang  (to  which,  indeed,  the  word  has  always 
belonged),  perhaps  resting  on  some  forgotten 
anecdote.  At  any  rate,  the  word  is  now  inde- 
pendent of  ftorel.]  1.  To  weary  by  tedious 
iteration  or  repetition ;  tire,  especially  in  con- 
versation, by  insufferable  dullness ;  tease ;  an- 
noy; pester. 

"I  will  tell  him  to  come,"  said  Buckhurst.  "Oh!  no, 
no  ;  don't  tell  hun  to  come,"  said  Millbank.  "  Don't  bore 
him."  Disraeli,  Coningsby,  i.  10. 

Bolting  away  to  a  chamber  remote. 
Inconceivably  bored  by  his  Witen-gemote, 
Edwy  left  them  all  joking. 
And  drinking,  and  smoking. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  215. 

2.  In  racing,  to  annoy  or  impede  by  crowding 
against  or  out  of  the  way. 
bore^  (bor),  n.  [See  hore^,  v.]  If.  Ennui ;  a  fit 
of  ennui  or  listless  disgust  or  weariness. —  2f. 
One  who  suffers  from  ennui. — 3.  One  who  or 
that  which  bores  one,  or  causes  ennui  or  annoy- 
ance ;  anything  which  by  dullness  taxes  the 
patience,  or  otherwise  causes  'trouble  or  an- 
noyance ;  specifically,  a  dull,  tiresome,  or  un- 
congenial person  who  tires  or  annoys  by  forcing 
his  company  or  conversation  on  others,  or  who 
persists  in  uninteresting  talk  or  undesired  at- 
tentions. 

Society  is  now  one  polished  horde. 
Formed  of  two  mighty  tribes,  the  bores  and  bored. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  xiii.  95. 
Learned  folk 

Who  drench  you  with  aesthetics  till  you  feel 
As  if  all  beauty  were  a  ghastly  bore, 
The  faucet  to  let  loose  a  wash  of  words. 

Lowell,  Cathedral. 

A  sort  of  good-natured  persistency,  which  induced  the 
impression  that  he  was  nothing  worse  than  a- well-mean- 
ing bore,  who  was  to  be  endured  at  all  times  for  the  sake 
of  his  occasional  usefulness  and  universal  cheerfulness. 

Tourgie,  Fool's  Errand,  p.  32. 

bore^  (bor).    Preterit  of  &eori. 
bore^t,  n.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  hoar. 
bore^  (bor),  n.  [E.  dial.,  short  iorborecole,  q.v.] 
A  kind  of  cabbage ;  borecole.  Tusser. 
Boread  (bo're-ad),  n.  and  a.    [<  Gr.  "BopeaSri^,  a 
son  of  Boreas,  Bopeaf  (Bopearf-),  a  daughter  of 
Boreas,  adj.  (fem.),  boreal;  <  Bopeaq,  Boreas.] 
I.  n.  A  child  of  Boreas. 

II.  a.  [I.e.']  Pertaining  or  relating  to  north- 
ern regions ;  boreal.  [Eare.] 
boreal  (bo're-al),  a.  [<  ME.  boriall,  <  LL.  ho- 
realis,  <  L.  Boreas,  Boreas.]  Pertaining  to,  situ- 
ated in,  or  issuing  from  the  north ;  relating  or 
pertaining  to  the  north  or  to  the  north  wind ; 
northern. 

Above  the  Siberian  snows 
We'U  sport  amid  the  boreal  morning. 

Wordsworth,  Peter  Bell. 
In  boreal  Dakota,  whose  capital  bears  his  name,  Ger- 
many and  Bismarck  are  connected  conceptions  of  the 
mind-  iV^-  A.  Rev.,  CLXIII.  105. 


borer 

Boreal  pole,  in  French  terminology,  the  pole  of  the  mag- 
netic needle  whicli  points  tcj  the  south.  See  amtral  pole, 
under  auxtral.--  Boreal  province,  in  zoo'/eog.,  one  of  the 
provinces  established  witli  reference  to  tile  distribution 
of  marine  animals.  It  eniljrace.s  tlie  North  Atlantic  south 
of  the  arctic  province  to  a  line  passing  through  the  naze 
of  Norway  and  Cape  Cod. 

borean  (bo're-an),  a.  [<  Boreas  +  -an.']  Same 
as  boreal. 

Boreas  (bo're-as),  n.  [L.,  also  Borras,  <  Gr. 
Bopf  cif,  Attic  Yiopphr,  nortli  wind,  the  god  of  the 
north  wind;  ef.  Russ.  htirija,  storm,  huranu,  a 
tempest  with  snow  :  see  bora.]  1.  In  Cr.  myth., 
the  god  of  the  nortli  wind. —  2.  The  north  wind 
personified;  a  cold,  nortlierly  wind, 
borecole  (bor'kol),  n.    [Also  formerly  boorcole ; 

<  D.  boercnkool,  borecole,  lit.  peasant's  cab- 
bage, <  boer,  peasant,  +  koot,  cabbage:  see 
boor  and  cole.]  A  variety  of  Brassica  olcrarea, 
a  cabbage  with  curled  or  wrinkled  leaves  which 
have  no  tendency  to  form  into  a  hard  head.  It 
is  valued  chiefly  for  winter  use. 

boredom  (bor'dum),  n.    [<  borc^,  n.,  +  -dom.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  a  bore,  or  the  tendency 
to  become  tiresome  and  uninteresting. 

I  presently  found  that  here  too  the  male  could  assert 
his  superiority  and  show  a  more  vigorous  boredom. 

George  Eliot,  Theophrastus  Such,  xv. 

2.  The  state  of  being  bored ;  tedium  ;  ennui. 

Some,  stretching  their  legs,  presented  sympttjnis  of  an 
escape  from  boredom.  Disraeli,  Voung  Duke. 

Our  "sea-anemone,"  a  creature  with  which  everybody, 
since  the  great  aiiuarium  mania,  must  have  become  famil- 
iar, even  to  the  limits  of  boredom. 

Huxley,  Critiques  and  Addresses,  p.  113. 

3.  Bores  collectively, 
boreet  (bo're),  «.    [Also  written  fiorj/,  hourrec ; 

<  F.  hoitrrec,  a  rustic  dance.]  A  dance  or  move- 
ment in  common  time. 

Dick  could  neatly  dance  a  jig. 
But  Tom  was  best  at  borees. 

Swift,  Tom  and  Dick, 
boreen  (bo-ren'),  n.  [<  Ir.  hothar  (pron.  bo'her), 
a  road,  +  dim.  -in.]    A  lane  or  narrow  road. 
[Anglo-Irish.] 
boregat  (bor'e-gat),  n.    A  chiroid  fish  of  the 
genus  Hexagrammus :  better  known  as  hodieron 
and  rock-trout.    See  cut  under  Hexagrammus. 
bore-hole  (bor'hol),  n.    A  hole  made  in  boring 
for  minerals,  water,  etc. ;  specifically,  the  hole 
in  which  a  blasting-charge  is  placed.    See  bor- 
ing, 2. 

boreism  (bor'izm),  w.  [Also  written  borism  ;  < 
6ore3  ->r  -ism.]  The  action  of  a  bore;  the  con- 
dition of  being  a  bore.  [Rare.] 
borelH,  borrelH, «.  [Early  mod.  E.,  prop,  burel, 
hurrel,  burrcll,  <  ME.  horel,  burel,  <  OF.  burel, 
later  bureau,  a  coarse  woolen  stuff  (mod.  F. 
bureau,  a  desk,  -wi-iting-table,  bureau,  >  E.  bu- 
reau, q.  v.):  see  hurrel,  and  cf.  birrus.]  1.  A 
coarse  woolen  stuff,  or  garments  made  of  it; 
hence,  clothing  in  general. 

I  wol  renne  out  my  borel  for  to  shewe. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  356. 

2.  A  kind  of  light  stuff  the  warp  of  which  was 
silk  and  the  woof  wool ;  a  kind  of  serge. 
borePt,  borrel^t,  a.  [ME.,  also  burel,  supposed 
to  be  a  particular  use  of  horel'^,  v.,  q.  v.  Some- 
times used  archaically  in  mod.  E.]    1.  Belong- 
ing to  the  laity,  as  opposed  to  the  clergy. 
And  more  we  se  of  Christes  secre  thinges 
Than  borel  folk,  although  that  they  ben  kinges. 
We  live  in  povert  and  in  abstinence. 
And  borel  folk  in  richesse  and  dispense. 

Chaucer,  Summoner's  Tale,  L  164. 
2.  Rude;  unlearned. 

But,  sires,  because  I  am  a  burel  man  .  .  . 
Haveth  me  excused  of  my  rude  speche. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Franklin's  Tale,  1.  44. 
I  am  but  rude  and  barrel.       Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  .lulj-. 
Thou  wert  ever  of  a  tender  conscience,  son  Wilkin 
though  thou  hast  but  a  rough  and  borrel  bearing.  ' 

Scott,  Betrothed,  vii. 
borelyt,  a.    An  obsolete  form  of  burly. 
borent.    Obsolete  form  of  born,  borne,  pp.  of 

6e«ri.  Chaucer. 
borer  (bor'er),  n.  [<  bore^,  v.,  +  -erl;  =  G. 
hohrer.]  1.  One  who  bores  or  pierces. —  2.  A 
tool  or  instrument  used  for  boring ;  an  auger ; 
specifically,  in  Great  Britain,  a  drill,  an  imple- 
ment used  in  boring  holes  in  rock.— 3.  A  name 
common  to  many  minute  coleopterous  insects 
of  the  group  Xy'lophaga,  whose  lai-\-a3  eat  their 
way  into  old  wood,  forming  at  the  bottom  of 
the  holes  a  little  cocoon,  whence  they  emerge 
as  small  beetles. — 4.  Some  other  insect  which 
bores,  either  in  the  larval  or  adult  state. —  5. 
A  local  English  name  of  the  glutinous  hag,  Myx- 
ine  glutinosa.  See  cut  under  hag. — 6.  A  bi- 
valve mollusk  which  bores  into  wood  or  stone, 


borer 

especially  one  of  the  family  Pholadidw. —  7.  In 
entoin.,  the  terebra  or  ovipositor  when  it  is  used 
for  boring,  as  in  many  beetles,  flies,  etc  Annu- 
lar borer.  See  annuiai: — Clover-root  borer,  a  small 

scolj  tid  Ik'etle,  JliiUsiiuis  tri/nUi  (Miiller),  iiiipoited  troin 
Europe  into  America  ami  vtry  iiijiuicms  to  clover.  The 
larva  is  cylindrical,  of  slightly  curved  form,  wliitish,  with 
a  yellowish  head.  The  perfect  beetle  is  a  little  over  2  mil- 
limeters in  lens'tli, 
elonyatc-oval  ill  form, 
and  of  a  lirownish- 
black  color,  the  ely- 
tra hein^;  reddish  and 
somewhat  sliiniiig. — 

Grape-root  borer, 

the  larva  of  .Hgei'm 
polistiformis,  a  moth 
of  the  family  ^-Egeri- 
idoe,  which  lays  its 
eggs  in  July  or  Au- 
gust at  tlie  base  of 
the  grape-vine,  close 
to  the  ground.  They 
are  white  fleshy  grubs 
which  eat  the  bark 
and  sap-wood  of  the 
grape-root,  and  trans- 
form to  the  pupa  state 
within  a  pod-like  co- 
coon of  gunniiy  silk, 
to  which  bits  of 
wood  and  bark  are 
attached. 

boresont,  n.  An 

obsolete  variant 
of  hoKson. 
bore-tree,  n.  See 

bour-tree. 

bore-worm  (bor'- 

werm),  n.  A 
name    for  the 

ship-worm,  Te-  cio\et-ioofaoKT  (Hylesinus  lyi/btH]. 
redo    naValiS  :    so       „.  „.      burrows  made  by  the  insect: 

called  on  account      'a^va;         '■'T'-  f-  p"p'''  Ym""''' 

«  ..  ^  .  .  ,  view;  d,  beetle,  dorsal  view.  All  en- 
Of  its  boring  into  larged. 

submerged  tim- 
ber, as  the  bottoms  of  vessels,  piles,  and  the  like. 

borhame  (bor'am),  h.  [E.  dial.;  origin  ob- 
scure.] A  local  English  name,  in  Northum- 
berland, of  the  lemon  or  sand-sole. 

boric  (bo'rik),  a.  [<  bor{ax)  +  -ic]  Same  as 
horacic. 

boride  (bo'rid  or  -rid),  n.  [<  hor{pn)  +  -ide.'] 
A  primary  compound  of  boron  with  a  metallic 
element. 

boring  (bor'ing),  w.    [Verbal  n.  of  borc^,  ?'.] 

1.  The  act  of  piercing  or  perforating;  specifi- 
cally, in  mining  and  similar  operations,  the  act 
of  making  a  hole  in  rock  or  earth  by  means 

of  a  borer  or  drill.  This  is  often  executed  on  a  large 
scale  by  the  aid  of  machinery.  Wells  and  shafts  several 
feet  in  diameter  are  now  bored  without  blasting,  as  has 
been  done  in  Paris  in  sinking  artesian  wells,  in  the  great 
northern  coal  fields  of  France  and  Belgium,  and  elsewhere. 

2.  The  hole  made  by  boring.   Holes  of  small  depth 

bored  with  the  drill  for  blasting  are  called  bore-lwles. 
Deep  holes  bored  for  any  purpose  are  called  borinya,  and 
if  of  large  diameter  shafts  or  wHls,  according  as  they 
are  intended  for  use  in  mining  or  for  supplying  water. 

3.  pi.  The  chips,  fragments,  or  dust  produced 
in  boring.  Also  called  boring-dnst  Three- 
handed  boring,  in  mining,  boring  in  which  a  hand-drill 
is  operated  by  three  men,  one  of  whom  holds  the  ilrill 
and  turns  it  as  the  work  proceeds,  while  the  others  alter- 
nately strike  upon  or  beat  it  with  a  heavy  hammer  or 
sledge.  When  one  man  holds  the  drill  and  another  beats 
it,  the  boring  is  two-handed ;  when  the  same  person  holds 
the  drill  with  one  hand,  and  beats  it  with  the  other,  it  is 
single-handed.  [Eng.] 

boring-anchor  (b6r'ing-ang'''kor),  n.  Same  as 
screw-pile. 

boring-bar  (bor'ing-bar),  «.  A  bar  to  which 
the  cutters  in  a  drilling-  or  boring-machine  are 
secured.    See  cutter-bar. 

boring-bit  (bor'ing-bit),  M.  1.  A  tool  or  instru- 
ment of  various  shapes  and  sizes,  used  for 
making  holes  in  wood  and  other  solid  sub- 
stances. See  6i<i. —  2.  A  tool  much  like  a 
priming-wire,  but  more  highly  tempered  and 
with  an  end  somewhat  like  an  auger,  used  for 
cleaning  out  the  vent  of  a  gun  when  it  is  closed 
by  some  metallic  obstruction;  a  vent-gimlet. 

boring-block  (bor'ing-blok),  M.  In  mech.,  a 
strong  cylindrical  piece  fitted  on  the  boring- 
bar  of  a  boring-machine,  and  having  the  cut- 
ters fixed  in  it. 

boring-collar  (b6r'ing-kol*ar),  n.  A  circular 
disk  in  a  lathe,  which  can  be  turned  about  its 
center  in  a  vertical  plane,  so  as  to  bring  any  one 
of  a  number  of  taper  holes  of  different  sizes  con- 
tained in  it  in  line  with  the  piece  to  be  bored. 
The  end  of  the  piece  is  exposed  at  the  hole  to 
a  boring-tool  which  is  held  against  it. 

boring-dust  (bor'ing-dust),  M.  Same  as  boring,  3. 

boring-gage  (bor'ing-gaj),  n.  A  clamp  or  stop 
fixed  to  the  shank  of  a  bit  or  other  boring-tool 
to  regulate  the  depth  of  the  work. 


632 

boring-head  (bor'ing-hed),  71.  1.  The  cutter- 
head  of  a  diamond  drill. —  2.  A  short  cylinder 
carrying  cutting-tools,  fitted  upon  a  boring-bar. 

boring-machine  (bor'ing-ma-.shen"),  n.  Any 
apparatus  employing  bor- 
ing-tools, such  as  the  bit, 

auger,  or  drill.  Such  ma- 
chines are  used  for  boring 
both  metal  and  wood.  In  the 
first  case  the  boring-tool  is  a 
revolving  cutter-head,  and  the 
machine  is  essentially  a  drill. 
In  these  machines  the  work 
may  be  stationary  while  the 
cutter-head  advances  as  the 
cut  is  made,  or  the  work  may 
be  advanced  or  fed  to  the  rela- 
tively stationary  cutter-head. 
In  all  there  are  appliances 
for  securing  a  variable  speed 
and  for  adjusting  one  tool  to 
many  kinds  of  work.  They  are 
used  to  bore  out  heavy  cast- 
ings, guns,  cylinders,  wheel- 
hubs,  etc.  The  wood-boring 
machines  are  essentially  ma- 
chine-augers. The  auger  or 
bit  may  be  fixed,  or  may  have 
a  slight  journal  movement  as 
the  work  proceeds.  The  block- 
boring  machine  is  an  apparatus 
consisting  of  two  augers  driven  by  hand  and  a  vise  for 
holding  the  bolt  of  wood  from  which  a  block  is  to  be  made. 
The  carpenters' 
boring-machine  is 
an  auger  supported 
on  a  niovaljle  frame 
in  such  a  way  that 
holes  can  be  bored 
with  it  at  any  an- 
gle. It  is  operated 
by  two  handles  and 
bevel  gearing,  the 
operator  sitting 
astride  themiichine 
while  at  work. 

boring-mill 

(bor '  ing-  mil), 
«.  Same  as 
boring-machine. 
boring-rod 
(bor'  ing -rod), 
n.     A  jointed 


Borhiy-iiiacliine. 
rt,  6,  cone-puUevs  :  c,  hori- 
zontal face-plate  :  rf,  boriii)^- 
shaft  :  ^,  hand-wheel ;  h,  au- 
tomatic feed  arrangement ; 
^,  handle  which  acts  upon  a 
pinion  and  rack  to  raise  or 
lower  the  face-plate ;  rn, 
belt-shifter. 


Carpenters'  Boring-machine. 


rod  to  which  the  tools  used  in  earth-boring  and 
rock-drilling  are  attached. 

boring-sponge  (bor'ing-spunj),  m.  a  salt-water 
sponge  of  the  genus  Cliona,  which  bores  into 
shells  and  limestone. 

boring-table  (b6r'ing-ta'''bl),  n.  The  platform 
supporting  the  work  in  a  boring-machine. 

borism,  «.    See  borcism. 

boritht,  n.   [<  LL.  borith,  <  Heb.  borith  (Jer.  ii. 

'22),  tr.  in  the  English  version  'soap.']   A  plant 

producing  an  alkali  used  in  cleansing. 
Borja  (bor'jii  ;  Sp.  pron.  bor'ha),  n.    A  sweet 

white  wine  grown  near  Saragossa  in  Spain, 
borley  (bor'li),  n.    [E.  dial.]    A  boat  used  by 

trawlers  about  the  estuary  of  the  Thames. 

N.  E.  D. 

bor  ling  (bor 'ling),  «.  [E.  dial.]  A  local  Eng- 
lish name  of  the  river-lamprey. 

born^  (born),  p.  a.  [<  ME.  born,  boren  (often 
shortened  bore),  <  AS.  boren,  pp.  of  beran, 
bear,  carry,  bring  forth.  The  distinction  be- 
tween born'^  and  borne^  is  recent :  see  6ea»'l.] 

1 .  Possessing  from  birth  the  quality  or  char- 
acter stated:  as,  a  born  poet ;  a  born  fool. 

Dunstan  resumed  Wilfred's  task,  not,  indeed,  in  the  wide 
and  generous  spirit  of  the  king,  but  with  the  activity  of  a 
born  administrator.      J.  R.  Green,  Coiiq.  of  Eng.,  p.  32.5. 

2.  Innate;  inherited;  produced  vrith  a  person 
at  birth :  as,  born  wit ;  born  dignity :  in  both 
senses  opposed  to  acquired  after  birth  or  from 
experience. 

Often  abbreviated  to  b. 
Bom  in  or  with,  inherited  by  birth ;  received  or  im- 
planted at  birth. 

Wit  and  wisdom  are  born  with  a  man. 

Seidell,  Table-Talk,  p.  66. 

Bom  of,  sprung  from. 

None  of  woman  born  shall  harm  Macbeth. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  1. 

Bom  on  the  wrong  side  of  the  blanket.  See  blanket. 
—  Bom  to,  destined  to  from  birth,  or  by  right  of  birth. 
I  was  born  to  a  good  estate. 

Sxoift,  Story  of  an  Injured  Lady. 

In  one's  bom  days,  in  one's  lifetime.  [Colloq.] 

There  was  one  Miss  Byron,  a  Northamptonshire  lady, 
whom  I  never  saw  before  in  my  born  days. 

Richardson,  Grandison,  I.  103. 

In  all  his  born  days  he  never  hearn  such  screeches  and 
yells  as  the  wind  give  over  that  chimbley. 

Mrs.  Stowe,  Oldtown,  p.  18. 

To  be  bom  again,  to  become  regenerate  in  spirit  and 
character ;  be  converted. 

Except  a  man  be  born  again,  he  cannot  see  the  kingdom 
of  God.  John  iii.  3. 


borough 

To  be  born  with  a  silver  spoon  in  one's  mouth,  to 

inlicrit  a  fortune  by  birtli  ;  be  born  to  good  luck. 

born"'^,  V.  t.    See  bone^. 

bornei  (born).    [See  (!)f>mi.]   Past  participle  of 
bcar'^. 

borne-t  (born),  n.    Same  as  bourn'^. 
borne  (bor-na'),  a.    [F.,  j^p.  of  borner,  bound, 
limit,  <  borne,  boundary,  limit:  see  bourn'^.'\ 
Bounded;    limited;    narrow-minded;    of  re- 
stricted intelligence. 

He  (Sir  Robert  Peel]  began  life  as  the  underling  of  Lord 
Sidmouth — the  shallowest,  narrowest,  most  born6,  and 
most  benighted  of  the  old  Tory  crew. 

H'.  R.  Greg,  Misc.  Essays,  2d  ser.,  p.  234. 

Bornean  (bor'ne-an),  «.  and  n.  [<  Borneo  + 
-an.']  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Borneo,  the  largest 
island  of  the  Malay  archipelago. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Borneo. 

bornedt,  P-  An  obsolete  form  of  burned. 
Chancer. 

borneene  (bor'ne-en),  n.  [<  borne{ol)  +  -e)?e.] 
A  liquid  hydrocarbon  (CioHie)  secreted  by 
Jtrjiolmlanops  camphora,  and  holding  in  solu- 
tion a  solid  substance,  borneol  (CiqHisO),  or 
camphor  of  Borneo.    See  Dryubalanops, 

Borneo  camphor.   See  camj)hor. 

borneol  (bor'ne-ol),  n.  [<  Borneo  +  -ol.']  Same 
as  Borneo  camphor  (which  see,  under  camphor). 

bornine  (bor'nin),  n.  [Appar.  as  born-ite  + 
-<»c2.]   'Telluric  bismuth  :  mme  as  tetradymiic. 

borning,  borning-rod.  See  boning,  boning-rod. 

bornite  (bor'nit),  ».  [After  Dr.  Ignatius  von 
Born,  an  Austrian  mineralogist  (1742-91),  -1- 
-itC".2  A  valuable  copper  ore,  consisting  of 
about  60  parts  of  copper,  14  of  iron,  and  26  of 
sulphur,  found  mostly  massive,  also  in  iso- 
metric crystals.  It  has  a  peculiar  bronze-color  on 
the  fresh  fracture  (hence  called  by  Cornish  miners  horse- 
flesh ore),  but  soon  tarnishes  ;  and  from  the  bright  colors 
it  then  assumes  it  is  often  named  purple  or  variegated 
rnjtper  and  ernbeseite. 

bornous,  bornouse,  n.    Same  as  burnoose. 

borocalcite  (bo-ro-kal'sit),  n.  [<  boron  +  cal- 
citc.]  A  hydrous  calcium  borate,  supposed  to 
occur  with  other  borates  in  Peru. 

boroglyceride  (bo-ro-glis'e-rid  or  -rid),  n.  [< 
boron  +  f/li/cer{in)  +  -ide.']  An  antiseptic  sub- ' 
stance  containing  about  25  per  cent,  of  glycei-yl 
borate,  or  propenyl  borate  (C3H5BO3),  and  75 
per  cent,  of  free  boric  acid  and  glycerin  in 
equivalent  proportions. 

boron  (bo'ron),  n.  [NL.,  <  bor(ax)  +  -on.} 
Chemical  symbol,  B;  atomic  weiglit,  10.95.  A 
chemical  element  belonging  to  the  group  of 
non-metals.  Two  allotropic  forms  of  this  element  are 
known,  one  a  brown,  amorplious  powder,  slightly  soluble 
in  water,  the  other  (adamantine  lioron)  crystalline,  and 
with  a  luster  and  hardness  inferior  only  to  that  of  the 
diamond.  In  all  its  compounds  boron  appears  to  be  triva- 
lent.  It  does  not  occur  in  nature  in  the  free  state,  but 
some  of  its  compounds  are  well-known  articles  of  com- 
merce. It  is  prepared  by  heating  boric  acid  at  a  high 
temperature  with  some  powerful  reducing  agent,  such  as 
potassium  or  aluminium.  Its  oxygen  acid,  boracic  acid, 
and  the  soda  salt,  borax,  are  extensively  used  in  the  arts. 

boronatrocalcite  (bo  -  ro  -  na  -  tro  -  kal '  sit),  n. 
[<  boron  +  natron  +  calctte.']  A  hydrous  borate 
of  sodium  and  calcium;  the  mineral  ulexite. 

borosilicate  (bo-ro-sil'i-kat),  n.  [<  bor(ic)  + 
silic{ic)  -rtfei.]  A  double  salt,  in  which  both 
boric  and  silicic  acids  are  combined  with  a 
basic  radical,  as  datolite,  which  is  a  borosili- 
cate of  calcium.    Also  called  silicoborate. 

boroughl  (bur'6),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bor- 
rough,  burrough,  borrow,  burroio,  borow,  burow, 
etc! ;  sometimes,  esp.  in  comp.,  written  boro  or 
6oro';  <  ME.  borwe,  borowe,  borgh,  Ivrgh,  borug, 
buruli,  etc.,  burie,  buri,  bery,  etc.,  <  AS.  burh, 
buruh,  burg  (gen.  and  dat.  byrig,  whence  the  sec- 
ond set  of  ME.  forms  above,  burie,  etc..  E.  bury'^, 
q.  v.),  a  town,  a  fortified  place  (=  OS.  burvg, 
burg  =  OFries.  burich,  burch  =iMD.  bvrch,  borch, 
D.  burg,  burgt  =  MLG.  borcli  =  OHG.  burug, 
buruc,  burc,  MHG.  burc,  G.  burg  =  leel.  borg  = 
Sw.  Dan.  borg  —  Goth,  baurgs ;  hence,  from 
OHG.  etc.,  ML.  burgus,  >  OF.  burc,  borg,  F. 
bourg  =  Pr.  bore  =  Sp.  Pg.  burgo  =  It.  borgo) ; 
prob.  <  AS.  beorgan  (pp.  borgen)  r=  Goth,  bair- 
gan  =  G.  bergen,  etc.,  protect:  see  bury'^,  bur- 
row'^, burg'^,  burgh,  bourg^  (all  ult.  identical  vsdth 
borough),  burgess,  bourgeois,  etc.  The  word  ap- 
pears in  various  forms  in  many  names  of  towns : 
Fetevborough,  Edinburgh  or  Edin6o?'o,  Canter- 
bury,  Hambitrr/,  Burgos,  etc.]  1.  Formerly,  a 
fortified  town,  or  a  town  possessing  municipal 
organization ;  also,  a  town  or  city  in  general. 
—  2.  In  England:  (a)  A  corporate  town  pos- 
sessing a  regularly  organized  municipal  gov- 
ernment and  special  privileges  conferred  by 
royal  charter:  usually  called  a  municipal  bor- 
ough,   (b)  A  town  having  the  right  to  send  one 


borough 


633 


or  more  representatives  to  Parliament :  usually  boroughshipl  (bur'6-ship),  n.     [<  horoiigW-  + 

J         J      1.  .  -ship/]    A  township ;  the  fact  of  constituting  a 

borough  or  township.    N.  E.  I). 
boroughship'^  (bur'6-ship),  v.     [<  horough^  + 
-ship.]    The  condition  of  being  security  for 


called  a  parliamentary  borough.  Under  the  general 
laws  regulating  municipal  govennnent,  with  some  excep- 
tions, the  burgesses  of  eacli  borough  elect  a  certain  num- 
ber of  councilors  every  three  years,  and  these  elect  the 
mayor  annually  and  half  the  aldermen  (who  serve  six 
years)  triennially.  Mayor,  aldermen,  and  councilors  form 
the  council.   The  corresponding  term  in  Scotland  is  burgh 


N.  E.  I). 


l^SZ^^^^:::^^  borough:town  (bur'6-toun),n.    [<  ME.  bur,. 


Pennsylvania,  an  incorporated  municipality 
less  populous  than  a  city  and  differently  gov- 
erned: in  general,  corresponding  to  town  in 
other  States,  in  Minnesota  and  Pennsylvania  its 
boundaries  are  identical  with  those  of  one  of  the  primary 
divisions  of  the  county ;  in  Connecticut  and  New  Jersey 
they  include  only  the  space  occupied  by  houses  adjoining 
or  nearly  adjoining.  Also,  one  of  the  five  administrative 
subdivisions  of  the  enlarged  city  of  New  York. 

4t.  A  shelter  or  place  of  security. 


town,  borowtoii,  a  town  which  is  a  borough,  <  AS. 
burhtUn,  an  inelosuro  surrounding  a  castle,  < 
burh,  a  castle,  borough,  4-  tUn,  inclosure,  town. 
Hence  the  place-name  Burton.]  A  town  which 
is  a  borough, 
bcroweif,  borowe2t,  etc.  Obsolete  forms  of 
borrow^,  boroiii/li^,  etc. 

borrachiot,  borrachof,  n.    Same  as  borachio. 
Borraginacese,  etc.   See  Boraginaccw,  etc. 


any  borough  to  shelter  us 

Holland,  tr.  of  Ammianus,  p.  114. 

5t.  At  Richmond  in  Yorkshire,  England,  and 
perhaps  other  northern  old  corporate  towns,  a 
property  held  by  bui-gage,  and  formerly  quali- 
fying for  a  vote  for  members  of  Parliament. 
N.  E.  D —  Close  borougll,  a  pocket  borough. 

Lansmere  is  neither  a  rotten  borough,  to  be  bought,  nor 
a  dose  borough,  under  one  man's  nomination.  Bulwer. 

Pocket  borough,  in  England,  before  the  passage  of  the 
Eefonu  Bill  of  1832  and  the  subsequent  legislation  deal- 
ing with  the  elective  franchise,  a  borough  the  parliamen- 
tary representation  of  which  was  practically  in  the  hands 
of  some  individual  or  family.—  Rotten  borough,  a  name 
given  before  the  passing  of  the  Reform  Bill  of  1S32  to  cer- 
tain boroughs  in  Englar.d  which  had  fallen  into  decay  and 
had  a  mere  handful  of  voters,  but  which  still  retained  the 
privilege  of  sending  members  to  Parliament.  At  the  head 
of  the  list  of  these  stood  Old  Sarum,  the  abandoned  site  of 
an  old  town,  which  returned  two  representatives  though 
without  a  single  inhabitant,  the  proprietors  nominating 
whom  they  pleased.— To  buy  a  borough,  to  purchase 
the  power  of  controlling  the  election  of  a  member  of  Par- 
liament for  a  borough.  Under  recent  British  legislation 
this  is  no  longer  possible, 
borough^t,  n.  An  obsolete  form  of  burrotv^. 
boroughSt,  n.  An  obsolete  form  of  borrow'^. 
borough-court  (bur'o-kort),  n.  The  court  of 
record  for  an  English  borough,  generally  pre- 
sided over  by  the  recorder. 
borough-English  (bur'6-ing'glish),  w.  [Irreg. 
translation  of  AF.  tetiure  en  burgh  engloys, 
tenure  in  an  English  borough.]  In  laio,  a  cus- 
tomary descent  of  some  estates  in  England  to 


boscage 

borrow^  (bor'6),  v.  i.    [Origin  uncertain;  prob. 

orig.  'take  shelter';  ef.  burrow"^,  shelter.] 
Naut.,  to  approach  either  land  or  the  wind 
closely.  Smyth. 

,  -  -  ...         borroW'H,       An  obsolete  form  of  borourih^. 

the  good  behavior  of  neighbors;  frank-pledge,  borrower  (bor'o-er),  n.    1.  One  who  borrows: 

opposed  to  lender. 

Neither  a  borrower  nor  a  lender  be  : 
For  loan  oft  loseth  both  itself  and  friend ; 
And  borrowing  dulls  the  edge  of  husbandry. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 

2.  One  who  takes  what  belongs  to  another, 
and  uses  it  as  his  own ;  specifically,  in  literature, 
a  plagiarist. 

Some  say  I  am  a  great  borrower.  Pope. 

borrow-headt,  n.  [Also  written  borough-head; 
orig.  (AS.)  *Jrithborhhedfod,  written  friihborh- 
heved  in  the  (Latin)  laws  of  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor; <  frithborh,a  tithing  (<  frith,  peace,  -I- 
borh,  pledge,  security:  see  borrow'^,  n.),  +  hed- 
fod,  head.]  The  head  of  a  tithing ;  a  headbor- 
ough  or  borsholder. 
borrowing  (bor'o-ing),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  bor- 
roiv^,  v.]  1.  Tte  act  of  taking  or  obtaining 
anything  on  loan  or  at  second-hand. — 2.  The 
act  of  taking  and  using  as  one's  own. 

Such  kind  of  borroudng  as  this,  if  it  be  not  better'd  by 
the  Borrower,  among  good  Authors  is  accounted  Pla- 
giarie.  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxiil. 

3.  The  thing  borrowed. 
Yet  are  not  these  thefts  but  borrowings  ;  not  impious 

falsities,  but  elegant  Cowers  of  speech 

WELG.boraQ  born  nledsre  securitv)  <  W      '^^^  three  days  of  March,  old  style:  said  to 

gan  (pp.  -      ani  'g  S^^^^  fore'efpecXTtlnr  it^o^^h  f  ^"P^^"' 

secure:  seaborougW^.  The  verb  feorwl-r  is  from  hnrr^^^if]^I'f^i^^:,  . 

the  noun.]   1.  A  pledge  or  suretv  bail-  secu-  ''^"OW-pit  (bor  o-pit),  n.  In  civil  engin.,  an  ex- 

rity :  applied  bothVo  tfe  thi^  g^en  as  secu-   ZfnTlbw''  ''^ 

"o^L^l^L^'^firr  borsella/bof: sel'a),      [It.  ^borsella,  fern.,  cor- 

responding  to  borsello,  masc,  a  bag,  purse,  pock- 
et, dim.  of  borsa,  a  purse :  see  burse  and  purse.] 
In  glass-making,  an  instrument  for  extending 
or  contracting  glass, 
borsholder  (bors'hol-der),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
bosholder,  borsolder,  burseholder,  <  AP.  bori- 


The  fiat,  levell,  and  plaine  fields  not  able  to  afford  us  borraSCa  (bo-ras'ka),  n.    [<  Sp.  borrasca,  storm, 

"  tempest,  obstruction  (see  borasco);  dar  or  caer 

en  borrasca,  in  mining,  strike  or  light  upon  an 
unprofitable  lead ;  antithetical  to  bonanza,  lit. 
fair  weather:  see  bonansa.]   In  mining,  harren 
rock:  the  opposite  of  bonanza,  1  (which  see), 
borrelif,  borrel^f.   See  borcl'^,  borcl^. 
Borrelist  (bor'el-ist),  n.    [<  Adam  Borrel,  their 
founder,  4-  -ist.]    In  cedes,  hist.,  one  of  a  sect 
of  Mennonites  founded  in  the  Netherlands  in 
the  seventeenth  century,  who  rejected  the  use 
of  the  sacraments,  public  prayer,  and  all  ex- 
ternal worship,  and  led  a  very  austere  life, 
borrowif  (bor'6),  w.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  borowe, 
borough,  etc.;  <  ME.  borowe,  borwe,  etc.,  <  AS 


Scott. 


nor  borrowe,"  Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  May. 

Y'e  may  retain  as  borrow  my  two  priests. 

2.  A  borrowing;  the  act  of  borrowing. 

Yet  of  your  royal  presence  I'll  adventure 
The  borrow  of  a  week.  Shak.yW.  T.,  i.  2. 

3.  Cost;  expense. 

That  great  Pan  bought  with  deare  borrow. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  Sept. 
A  tithing ;  a  frank-pledge. 


nwnlT^''''*  ^^'^  ?.'■'  'l^''^  borrow!  (bor' 6),  v.    [<  ME.  'borowen,  bonven 


owner  leaves  no  son,  to  the  youngest  brother. 

It  is  a  remarkable  circumstance  that  an  institution 
closely  resembling  Borough  Enqlish  is  found  in  the  Laws 
of  Wales,  giving  the  rule  of  descent  for  all  cultivating 
villeins.  Maine,  Early  Hist,  of  Institutions,  p.  223? 

borough-head,  n.    See  borrow-head. 

borough-holder  (bur'a-hol'der),  n.  1.  In  Eng- 
land, a  headborough ;  a  borsholder.  [Rare  or 
obsolete]  — 2.  In  some  parts  of  northern  Eng- 
land, a  person  who  holds  property  by  burgage 
tenure. 

The  Borough-holders  [Gateshead]  are  qualified  by  ten- 
ure of  burgage  tenements,  which  are  particular  freehold 
houses,  about  150  in  number.    They  have  an  estate  in  fee. 

Municip.  Corp.  Reports  (1835),  p.  1526. 

borough-master  (bur'6-mas"ter),  n.  [<  bor- 
ough^ +  master.  Cf.  burghmaster,  burgomaster.] 
The  mayor,  governor,  or  bailiff  of  an  English 
borough. 

boroughmonger  (bm-'o-mung'-'ger),  n.  For- 
merly, one  who  bought  or  sold  the  parliamen- 
tary representation  of  an  English  borough. 

These  were  called  rotten  boroughs,  and  those  who  owned 
and  supported  them  borough-mongers. 

A.  Fonblanque,  Jr.,  How  we  are  Governed,  v. 

boroughmongering  (bur'o-mung'-'ger-ing),  n. 
Trafficking  in  the  parliamentary  representa- 
tion of  a  borough,  a  practice  at  one  time  com- 
mon in  England. 

'W'e  owe  the  English  peerage  to  three  sources  :  the  spo- 
liation of  the  church ;  the  open  and  flagrant  sale  of  its 
honours  by  the  elder  Stuarts ;  and  the  borough7no7meritw 
ot  our  own  times.  Disraeli,  Coningsby',  iv.  4. 

borough-reeve  (bur'6-rev),  n.  [<  borough^  + 
reeved,  after  ME.  burhreve,  <  AS.  burh-gerefa.] 
1.  Before  the  Norman  conquest,  the  governor 
of  an  English  town  or  city. 

They  .  .  .  also  freely  chose  their  own  borough-reeve,  or 
port-reeve,  as  their  head  of  the  civic  community  was 
termed.  ■  sir  E.  Creasy,  Eng.  Const.,  p.  60. 


etc.,  <  AS.  borgian  (=  OFries.  borga  =  D.  bor- 
gen  (>  prob.  leel.  borga  =  Sw.  borga  =  Dan. 
borgo)  =  OHG.  borgen,  MHG.  G.  borgen),  borrow, 
lit.  give  a  pledge,  <  borh,  borg,  a  pledge,  se- 
curity:  see  iorz-oivi, «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  take  or 
obtain  (a  thing)  on  pledge  given  for  its  return, 
or  without  pledge,  but  on  the  understanding 
that  the  thing  obtained  is  to  be  returned,  or  an 
equivalent  of  the  same  kind  is  to  be  substituted 
for  it ;  hence,  to  obtain  the  temporary  use  of : 
with  of  ov  from  (formerly  at):  as,  to  borrow 
a  book  from  a  friend ;  to  borrow  money  of  a 
stranger. 

We  have  borrowed  money  for  the  king's  tribute  and 
that  upon  our  lands  and  vineyards.  Neh.  v.  4. 

2.  To  take  or  receive  gratuitously  from  another 
or  from  a  foreign  source  and  apply  to  one's  own 
use;  adopt;  appropriate;  by  euphemism,  to 


salder,  borghisaldre,  repr.  ME.  borghcs  alder: 
borghes,  gen.  of  borgh,  a  tithing,  frank-pledge; 
alder,  chief:  see  borroic'^,  n.,  4,  and  elder^,  «.] 
Originally,  in  England,  the  head  or  chief  of  a 
tithing  or  frank-pledge ;  a  headborough ;  after- 
ward, a  petty  constable.  [Now  only  local.] 
bort  (bort),  n.  [Formerly  also  boart,  bourt;  cf. 
F.  bort,  bord,  bastard.  Origin  unknown.]  1.  A 
collective  name  for  diamonds  of  inferior  quality, 
especially  such  as  have  a  radiating  crystalliza- 
tion, so  that  they  will  not  take  a  polish.  These 

are  crushed  to  form  diamond-powder  or  diamond-dust, 
which  is  used  for  cutting  and  polishing  diamonds  and  other 
precious  stones. 

2.  An  amoi-phous  variety  of  diamond,  brown, 
gray,  or  black  in  color,  and  known  also  as  black 
diamond  or  carbonado,  found  massive  in  Brazil 
in  association  with  pure  diamonds.  This  is  exten- 
sively used  as  the  cutting  material  in  diamond  drills  and 
stone-saws,  for  which  ordinary  diamonds  are  unsuited 
from  their  crumbling  and  cleaving. 

boruret  (bo'ro-ret),  n.  [<  bor(on)  -f-  -uret.] 
The  older  form  for  boride. 


has  many  borroived  words ;  to  borroiv  an  author's 
style,  ideas,  or  language. 

These  verbal  signs  they  sometimes  borroiv  from  others 
and  sometimes  make  themselves.  Locke'. 

It  is  not  hard  for  any  man  who  hath  a  Bible  in  his 
hands  to  borrow  good  words  and  holy  sayings  in  abun- 
Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxv. 


dance. 

That  is  the  way  we  are  stron, 
of  the  elements. 


hy  borrowing  the  might 
Emerson,  Civilization. 


steal  or  plagiarize:  as,  to  borrow  aid;  English  borwet,  A  Middle  English  form  of  borrow^. 
X.  1  ,       ,     ,   ,  .  (bos),  w.    [L.,  acc.  bovem,  =  Gr.  /3oif,  an 

ox,  =  E.  cow,  q.  V.  See  bovine,  beef,  bucolic, 
etc.]  A  genus  of  hollow-horned  ruminants, 
having  simple  horns  in  both  sexes,  typical  of 
the  family  Bovidw  and  subfamily  Bovinw,  con- 
taining the  oxen,  or  cattle,  its  limits  vary  •  it  is 
now  commonly  restricted  to  the  B.  taurus,  the  domestic 
ox,  bull,  or  cow,  and  closely  related  species.  Formerly  it 
was  about  equivalent  to  the  subfamily  Bovince,  as  that  term 
3.  To  assume  or  usurp,  as  something  counter-  "^"^^ «  '^'^f 

feit,  feigned,  or  not  real;  assume  out  of  some  u^^^LjI        a  I^^aa^   -c^    v  ^ 

bosardt,  «.  A  Middle  English  form  of  &i/^^rtrd. 
Boscades  (bos'ka-dez),  n.  pJ.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ,3ocKac 
(pi.  j-ioanaSeg),  a  small  kind  of  duck,  lit.  feed- 
ing, <  ji6(jKeiv,  feed.]  In  Merrem's  classification 
(1813),  a  group  of  anserine  birds  nearly  coex- 
tensive with  the  modern  familv  Anatidte. 
boscage,  boskage  (bos'kaj),  n. '  [<  ME.  boskage, 
buscage,  <  OF.  boscage,  mod.  F.  bocage  =  Pr. 


2.  The  chief  municipal  officer  in  certain  unin- 
corporated English  towns  before  the  passage, 
m  1835,  of  the  Municipal  Corporations  Act. 
borough-sessions  (bur'6-sesh"onz),  n.  pi.  The 
sessions  held  quarterly,  or  oftener,  in  an  Eng- 
ush  borough  before  the  recorder,  on  a  day  ap- 
pointed by  him. 


pretense. 

Those  borrow'd  tears  that  Sinon  sheds. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1549. 
Each  part,  depriv'd  ot  supple  government, 
Shall,  stiff  and  stark  and  cold,  appear  like  death : 
And  in  this  borrow'd  likeness' of  shrunk  death 
Thou  Shalt  continue  two-and-forty  hours. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iv.  1. 

4f.  To  be  surety  for;  hence,  to  redeem  ;  ransom. 
I  pray  you,  let  me  borrow  my  arms  again. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 
II.  intrans.  1.  To  practise  borrowing;  take 
or  receive  loans ;  appropriate  to  one's  self  what 
belongs  to  another  or  others  :  as,  I  neither  bor- 
row nor  lend  ;  he  borrows  freely  fi-om  other  au- 
thors.— 2.  In  golf,  when  putting  across  slopino- 
ground,  to  play  the  ball  a  little  up  the  slope  to 
counteract  its  effect. 


boscatge  =  Sp.  boscaje  =  It.  boscaggib,  <  ML. 
*boscaticinn  (found  only  in  sense  of  'a  tax  on 
firewood  brought  to  town'),  <  boscns,  busckus, 
a  thicket,  wood,  <  OHG.  busc,  a  thicket,  E. 
bush^:  see  bosk,  bosket,  bouquet.]    1.  A 

mass  of  growing  trees  or  shrubs ;  woods,  groves, 
or  thickets ;  sylvan  scenery. 

The  rest  of  the  ground  is  made  into  severall  inclosures 
(all  hedge-worke  or  rowes  of  trees)  of  whole  fields,  niea- 
dowes,  boscages,  some  of  them  containing  divers  ackers. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  April  1,  1644. 


boscage 


634 


boss 


2.  In  old  law,  probably,  food  or  sustenance  for 
cattle  which  is  yielded  by  bushes  and  trees, 
bosch,  ».    See  bosh'^. 

boschbok,  boshbok  (bosh'bok ;  D.  pron.  bosk'- 
bok),  n.'  [D.  bosclibok,  <  bosch,  wood,  =E.  busli^, 
+  bok  —  E.  buck^.}  A  name  given  by  the  Dutch 
colonists  to  an  antelope  of  the  genus  Tragela- 
phus,  as  T.  si/lvaticus.    Also  written  buslibok. 

boschvark,  boshvark  (bosh'vark;  D.  pron. 
bosk'filrk),  n.  [D.  boachrark,  <  bosch,  wood,  = 
E.  bush''-,  +  rark,  used  only  in  dim.  varkcit,  hog, 
=  E.  farrow,  q.  v.]  The"  name  given  by  the 
Dutch  colonists  to  the  African  bush-hog,  bush- 
pig,  river-pig,  or  gmnea-pig,  as  the  species  of 
aquatic  swine  of  the  genus  Potamochcerus  are 

variously  called,  p.  aj'ricaimn,  or  P.  pictus,  is  a  mid- 
dle-sized swine  witli  large,  strong,  protrusive  canine  teeth 
and  penciled  ears. 

Boselaphus  (bos-era-fus),M.  [NL.,  iiTeg.  <  L. 
bos  (Gr.  /ioif),  ox  (or  rather  NL.  Bos  as  a  ge- 
neric name),  +  Gr.  kmipoc,  stag.]  A  genus  of 
large  bubaline  antelopes,  including  the  nylghau 
{B.  trar/ocamclus),  etc. 

bosh^t  (bosh),  n.  [Prob.  <  F.  ebauche  (cf.  debosh 
and  debauch),  a  sketch,  <  OF.  *esboche  =  Sp. 
esbo::o  —  Pg.  esbogo  =  It.  sboz^o  (also,  with  dif- 
ferent prefix,  abbo::;o),  a  sketch;  with  verb,  F. 
ebaucher,  <  OF.  esbaiicher,  esbocher  =  Pg.  csbo- 
(^ar—  It.  sboszare  (also  abbozMre,  sketch),  <  pre- 
fix S-,  es-,  L.  ex-,  out,  +  bosza,  a  rough  draft,  a 
blotch,  swelling,  =F.  bosse,  >  E.  boss^,  q.  v.  Cf. 
OD.  boetse,  bootse,  a  sketch,  D.  hoetseren,  mold, 
emboss,  of  same  ult.  origin.]  A  rough  sketch; 
an  outline;  a  figiu-e. 

The  bosh  of  an  argument,  .  .  .  the  shadow  of  a  syllo- 
gism. 'Die  Student,  II.  287. 
To  cut  a  bosh,  to  make  a  display  ;  cut  a  figure. 

bosh^t  (bosh),  i'.  i.  [<  boshi, «.]  To  cut  a  figure ; 
make  a  show.  Tatler. 

bosh"^  (bosh),  n.  [<  Turk,  bosh,  empty,  vain, 
useless,  futile,  void  of  meaning:  a  word  adopt- 
ed into  E.  use  from  Morier's  novel  "  Ayesha" 
(1834),  in  which  it  frequently  occurs  in  its  Turk, 
sense:  as,  "this  firman  is  bosh  —  nothing."] 
Utter  nonsense  ;  absurd  or  foolish  talk  or  opin- 
ions; stuff;  trash.  [Colloq.] 

This  is  what  Turks  and  Englishmen  call  bosh. 

W.  H.  Russell. 

I  always  like  to  read  old  Darwin's  Loves  of  the  Plants, 
bosh  as  it  is  in  a  scientific  point  of  view. 

Kinrjslcy,  Two  Years  Ago,  x. 

bosll^  (bosh),  V.  t.  [<  bosh^,  «.]  To  make  bosh 
or  nonsense  of;  treat  as  bosh;  spoil;  humbug. 
[Slang.] 

bosh^  (bosh),  H.  [See  boshes.']  1.  See  boshes. 
— 2.  A  trough  in  which  bloomery  tools  (or,  in 
copper-smelting,  hot  ingots)  are  cooled.  liay- 
moitd,  Mining  Glossaiy. 

bosh*,  bosch  (bosh),  n.  [Short  for  Bosch  butter, 
i.  e.,  imitation  butter  made  at  '.s  Hertogenbosch 
or  den  Bosch  (F.  Bois-le-Diic),  lit.  'the  duke's 
wood,'  a  city  of  the  Netherlands:  D.  bosch  = 
E.  &».s/(i.]  A  kind  of  imitation  butter;  butter- 
ine :  a  trade-name  in  England. 

boshah  (bosh'ii),  n.  [Turk.]  A  silk  handker- 
chief made  in  Turkey. 

boshes  (bosh'ez),  n.  pi.  [Cf.  G.  boschung,  a 
slope,  <  boschcH,  slope,  <  G.  dial.  (Swiss)  bosch, 
turf,  sod.]  The  lower  part  of  a  blast-furnace, 
extending  from  the  widest  part  to  the  top  of  the 

hearth,  in  the  older  forms  of  blast-furnace  there  was  a 
marked  division  into  specific  zones.  In  many  of  the  more 
approved  modern  forms  there  are  no  such  definite  limits, 
but  a  gradual  curvature  from  top  to  bottom.  In  such 
cases  it  is  difficult  to  say  where  the  bosles  begin  or  end. 

Bosjesman  (bosh'ez-man),  n.  [S.  African  D.] 
Same  as  bushman,  2. 

bosk  (bosk),  n.  [<  ME.  boske,  also  buslce,  unas- 
sibilated  forms  of  bush^,  q.  v.  Cf.  boscage,  bosky.'] 
A  thicket ;  a  small  close  natural  wood,  espe- 
cially of  bushes.    [Old  and  poetical.] 

Blowing  bosks  of  wilderness.         Tennyson,  Princess,  i. 
The  wondrous  elm  that  seemed 
To  my  young  fancy  like  an  airy  bosk. 
Poised  by  a  single  stem  upon  the  earth. 

J.  G.  Holland,  Kathrina,  i. 

boskage,  n.    See  boscage. 

bosket,  DOSC[uet  (bos'ket),  n.  [<  F.  bosquet  (= 
Sp.  bosquete  =  It.  boschetto),  dim.  of  OF.  bos,  a 
thicket :  see  bois,  bosk,  bush'^,  and  cf.  bouquet 
and  boscage.  ]  A  grove ;  a  thicket  or  small  plan- 
tation in  a  garden,  park,  etc.,  formed  of  trees, 
shrubs,  or  tall  plants.    Also  written  busket. 

boskiness  (bos'ki-nes),  n.  [<  bosky  +  -ness.] 
The  quality  of  being  bosky,  or  covered  with 
thickets. 

Boskoi  (bos'koi),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  fioaKoi,  pi.  of  /3o- 
(T«of,  a  herdsman,  <  Pookelv,  feed,  graze.]  An 
ancient  body  of  monks  in  Palestine  and  Meso- 


potamia, who  dwelt  upon  the  mountains,  never 
occupied  a  house,  lived  entirely  on  herbs,  and 
devoted  their  whole  time  to  the  worship  of 
God  in  prayers  and  hymns.  Sometimes  called 
Graders. 

bosky  (bos'ki),  a.  [<  bosk  +  -yi.  Cf .  busky, 
bushy.]  Woody;  consisting  of  or  covered  with 
bushes ;  full  of  thickets. 

This  is  Britain :  a  little  island  with  little  lakes,  little 
rivers,  quiet  boskij  Helds,  but  mighty  interests  and  power 
that  reach  round  the  world.      The  Century,  XXVII.  102. 
In  lowliest  depths  of  bosky  dells 
The  hermit  Contemplation  dwells. 

Whittier,  Questions  of  Life. 

Bosniac  (bos'ni-ak),  a.  and  n.  [<  Bosnia  +  -ac] 
Same  as  Bosnian. 

All  this  petty  persecution  has  made  Austrian  rule  odious 
among  the  Bosniacs. 

Fortnightly  Rev.,  N.  S.,  XXXIX.  146. 

Bosnian  (bos'ni-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Bosnia  +  -an.] 

1.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Bosnia,  a  nominal 
province  of  Turkey,  lying  west  of  Servia,  the 
administration  of  which  was  transferred  to  Aus- 
tria-Hungary by  the  Berlin  Congress  of  1878. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Bosnia, 
bosom  (biiz'um  or  bo'zum),  n.  and  a.  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  bosome,  boosomc ;  <  ME.  bosom, 
bosum,  bosem,  <  AS.  bosuni,  bosm  {=  OS.  bosom  = 
OFries.  bosm  =  D.  boczem  =  MLG.  busctn,  bosem, 
bossen,  LG.  bussem  =  OHG.  buosum,  buosam, 
MHG.  buosem,  buosen,  G.  buscn),  bosom;  per- 
haps orig.,  like /«WiOTO,  the  space  between  the 
two  arms;  with  formative  -stn,  <  boh,  bog,  arm: 
see  bougli^.]  I.  n.  1.  The  breast;  the  subcla- 
vian and  mammary  regions  of  the  thorax  of  a 
human  being ;  the  upper  part  of  the  chest. 

And  she  turn'd  — her  bosom  shaken  with  a  sudden  storm 
of  sighs.  Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 

2.  That  part  of  one's  clothing  which  covers  the 
breast ;  especially,  that  portion  of  a  shirt  which 
covers  the  bosom,  generally  made  of  finer  ma- 
terial than  the  rest. 

And  he  put  his  hand  into  his  bosom  again  ;  and  plucked 
it  out  of  his  bosom,  and,  behold,  it  was  turned  again  as 
his  other  flesh.  Ex.  iv.  7. 

3.  The  inclosure  formed  by  the  breast  and  the 
arms ;  hence,  embrace ;  compass ;  inclosure :  as, 
to  lie  in  one's  bosom. 

They  which  live  within  the  bosom  of  that  church. 

Hooker. 

And  it  came  to  pass,  that  the  beggar  died,  and  was  car- 
ried by  the  angels  into  Abraham's  fcosom.      Luke  xvi.  22. 

4.  The  breast  as  the  supposed  abode  of  tender 
affections,  desires,  and  passions. 

Their  soul  was  poured  out  into  their  mothers'  bosom. 

Lam.  ii.  12. 

Anger  resteth  in  the  bosom  of  fools.  Eccl.  vii.  9. 

Hence  the  weighing  of  motives  must  always  be  confined 
to  the  bosom  of  the  individual.  Jevons,  Polit.  Econ.,  p.  16. 

5t.  Inclination ;  desire. 

You  shall  have  your  bosom,  on  this  wretch. 

Sfiak.,  M.  for  M.,  iv.  3. 

6.  Something  regarded  as  resembling  or  repre- 
senting in  some  respect  the  human  bosom  as  a 
sustaining  surface,  an  inclosed  place,  the  inte- 
rior, the  inmost  recess,  etc. :  as,  the  bosom  of 
the  earth  or  of  the  deep. 

Upon  the  bosom  of  the  ground.  Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  1. 
•Slips  into  the  bosom  of  the  lake.  Tennyson,  Princess,  vii. 

7.  A  recess  or  shelving  depression  aroimd  the 
eye  of  a  millstone — in  Abraham's  bosom,  in  the 
abode  of  the  blessed:  in  allusion  to  the  parable  of  Dives 
and  Lazarus,  Luke  xvi.  19-31.— In  the  'bOSOm  Of  One's 
family,  in  the  privacy  of  one's  home,  and  in  the  enjoy- 
ment of  family  affection  and  confidence. — To  take  to 
one's  bosom,  to  marry. 

II.  a.  [The  noun  used  attributively.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  bosom,  either  literally  or 

figuratively.  In  particular  —  («)  Worn  or  carried  on  or 
in  the  bosom :  as,  a  bosom  brooch.  (Ij)  Cherished  in  the 
bosom  :  as,  a  bosom  sin  ;  a  bosoni  secret,  (c)  Intimate  ; 
familiar ;  confidential :  as,  a  bosom  friend. 

I  know  you  fire  his  &oso?ft-counsellor. 

Fletcher  and  Rowley,  Maid  in  the  Mill,  ii.  2. 
The  bosoms  admonition  of  a  Friend  is  a  Presbytery  and 
a  Consistory  to  them.  Milton,  Ref .  in  Eng. ,  i. 

bosom  (buz'um  or  bo'zum),  v.  t.    [<  bosom,  n.] 

1.  To  inclose,  harbor,  or  cherish  in  the  bosom ; 
embrace  ;  keep  with  care  ;  cherish  intimately. 

Bosom  up  my  counsel, 
You'll  find  it  wholesome.    Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  1. 

Pull  from  the  lion's  hug  his  bosom'd  whelp.    J.  Baillie. 

2.  To  conceal ;  hide  from  view ;  embosom. 

To  happy  convents,  bosom'd  deep  in  vines. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  iv.  301. 

bosom-board  (buz'um-bord),  n.  A  board  upon 
which  the  bosom  of  a  shirt  or  other  garment  is 
ironed. 


bosomer  (buz'um-er  or  bo'zum-er),  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  embosoms.  [Rare.] 

Blue  !  Tis  the  life  of  heaven  — the  domain 
Of  Cynthia  .  .  .  the  bosomer  of  clouds. 

Keats,  Sonnet. 

bosom-spring  (biiz'um-spring),  n.  A  spring 
rising  in  the  bosom  or  heart;  heart-spring; 
heart-joy.  [Rare.] 

From  thee  that  bosom-spriny  of  rapture  flows 
Which  only  Virtue,  tranquil  Virtue,  knows. 

Rogers,  Pleasures  of  Memory,  ii. 

bosom-staff  (btiz'um-staf),  n.  An  instrument 
for  testing  the  symmetry  of  the  bosom  or  cen- 
tral cofiea\'ity  of  a  millstone. 

bosomy  (biiz'um-i  or  bo'zum-i),  a.  [<  bosom 
+  -(/!.]  Full  of  sheltered  recesses  or  hollows. 
iV.  E.  D. 

bosonl  (bo'sn),  n.    A  corruption  of  boatstvain, 
representing  its  common  pronunciation. 
The  merry  boson  from  his  side 
His  whistle  takes. 

Dryden,  Albion  and  Albanius,  ii.  3. 

boson^t,  »*•  [Appar.  <  OF.  ^bo^on,  dim.  of  boce, 
a  boss:  see  boss^.]  A  bolt  for  the  crossbow, 
having  a  round  knob  at  the  end,  •with  a  small 
point  projecting  from  it. 

bosporian  (bos-p6'ri-an),  a.  [<  hosporus  + 
-i-un.]  Pertaining  to  a  bosporus,  particularly 
(with  a  capital)  to  the  Thraeian  or  the  Cim- 
merian Bosporus,  or  to  the  Greek  kingdom  of 
Bosporus  named  from  the  latter  (about  500 
B»  c.  to  A.  D.  259). 

Tlie  Alans  forced  the  Bosporian  kings  to  pay  them 
tribute,  and  exterminated  the  Taurians.  Tooke. 

bosporus  (bos'po-rus),  n.  [L.,  sometimes  in 
erroneous  form  bosphorus,  <  Gr.  jioairopo^,  a 
name  applied  to  several  straits,  for  /3odf  Trdpog, 
lit.  ox's  ford  (cf.  E.  Oxford,  <  AS.  Oxenaford, 
oxen's  ford) :  fMg,  gen.  of  ftovg,  an  ox  (see  Bos) ; 
TTopof,  passage,  ford  (akin  to  E./ord)  (>  E.^jore), 
<  irepav,  pass  over,  cross,  =  E.  fare,  go :  see 
fare,  2>oi-e^.]  A  strait  or  channel  between  two 
seas,  or  between  a  sea  and  a  lake.  More  particu- 
larly applied  as  a  proper  name  to  the  strait  between  the 
sea  of  Marmora  and  the  Black  .Sea,  formerly  the  Thraeian 
Bosporus,  and  to  the  strait  of  Yenikale,  or  Cimmerian  Bos- 
porus, which  connects  the  sea  of  Azov  with  the  Black  Sea. 

bosq'uet,  «.    See  bosket. 

boss!  (bos),  n.  [<  ME.  bos,  bose,  boce,  a  boss,  < 
OF.  boce,  the  boss  of  a  buckler,  a  botch  or  boil, 
F.  bosse,  boss,  humj),  s'welling,  =  Pr.  bossa  = 
It.  Z;ocja,  a  blotch,  swelling  (also  OF.  (Norm.) 
bochc,  >  ME.  bocchc,  E.  botch'^,  q.  v.);  prob.  < 
OHG.  b6::o,  a  bundle  (of  flax),  boz,  a  blow,  < 
bozan,  MHG.  bozen,  G.  bossen,  strike,  beat,  =  E. 
beaf^:  seebcaf^.  Ci.  cinboss.]  1.  A  protuber- 
ant part ;  a  round,  swelling  process  or  excres- 
cence on  the  body  or  upon  some  organ  of  an 
animal  or  plant.  Hence  —  2t.  («)  A  hump  or 
hunch  on  the  back;  a  humpback,  (b)  A  bulky 
animal,    (c)  A  fat  woman. 

Be  she  neuer  so  straight,  thinke  her  croked.  And  wrest 
all  parts  of  hir  body  to  the  worst,  be  she  neuer  so  worthy. 
If  shee  be  well  sette,  then  call  hir  a  Bosse,  if  slender,  a 
Hasill  twygge.  Lyly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  115. 

Disdainful  Turkess  and  unreverend  boss  .' 

Marlowe,  Tamburlaine,  I.,  iii.  3. 

3.  A  stud  or  knob.  Specifically,  a  knob  or  protuberant 
ornament  of  silver,  ivory,  or  other  material,  used  on  bri- 
dles, harness,  the  centers  of  ancient  shields,  etc.,  or  af- 
fixed to  any  object.  Bosses  are  placed  at  regular  inter- 
vals on  the  sides  of  some  book-covers,  for  the  purpose  of 
preserving  the  gilding  or  the  leather  of  the  cover  from 
abrasion. 

He  runneth  .  .  .  upon  the  thick  bosses  of  his  bucklers. 

Job  XV.  26. 

On  the  high  altar  is  placed  the  Statue  of  the  B.  Virgin 
and  our  Saviour  in  white  marble,  which  has  a  bosse  in  the 
girdle  consisting  of  a  very  faire  and  rich  sapphire,  with 
divers  other  stones  of  price.     Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  4,  1641. 

A  number  of  prominent  crags  and  bosses  of  rock  project 
beyond  the  general  surface  of  the  ground. 

Geikie,  Ice  Age,  p.  17. 

4.  In  scull).,  a  projecting  mass  to  be  after- 
ward cut  or  carved. —  5.  In  arch.,  an  ornament 


Architectural  Bosses.— French,  13th  century. 
A,  from  sanctuary  of  the  collej^iate  church  of  Semur-en-Auxois.  B, 
from  the  refectory  of  the  Abbey  of  St.  Martin  des  Champs,  Paris. 
(From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "Diet,  de  I'Architecture." ) 


placed  at  the  intersection  of  the  ribs  or  groins 
in  vaulted  or  flat  roofs,  sometimes  richly  sculp- 


boss 

ttired  with  armorial  bearings  or  other  devices ; 
also,  any  projecting  ball  or  knot  of  foliage,  etc., 
wherever  placed. — 6.  In  mech.:  (a)  The  en- 
larged part  of  a  shaft  on  which  a  wheel  is  to 
be  keyed,  or  any  enlarged  part  of  the  diame- 
ter, as  the  end  of  a  separate  piece  in  a  line  of 
shafts  connected  by  couplings.  Hollow  shafts 
through  which  others  pass  are  sometimes  also 
called  bosses,  but  improperly,  (b)  A  swage  or 
die  used  for  shaping  metals! — 7.  In  ordnance: 
(a)  A  east-iron  plate  fastened  to  the  back  of  a 
traveling-forge  hearth,  (h)  Any  protuberance 
or  lug  upon  a  piece  of  ordnance. —  8.  A  soft 
leather  cushion  or  pad  used  for  bossing  (which 
see),  and  also  for  cleaning  gilded  surfaces  and 
the  like  in  porcelain-  and  glass-manufacture. — 
9t.  A  water-conduit  in  the  form  of  a  tun-bellied 
figm-e  ;  a  head  or  reservoir  of  water.  B.  Jonson. 
"bossi  (bos),  t.  [<  ME.  *bossen,  bocen ;  from 
the  noun.]  1.  To  ornament  with  bosses  ;  be- 
stud. 

Turkey  cushions  bosu'd  with  pearl. 

Slialc,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 
His  glorious  rapier  and  hangers  all  host  with  pillars  of 
gold.  MidiUeton,  Father  Hubbard's  Tales. 

2.  Same  as  emboss'^. 

Boss'd  with  lengths 
Of  classic  frieze.  Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 

3.  In  ceram.,  to  bring  (a  surface  of  boiled  oil) 
to  perfect  uniformity.    See  bossing,  1. 

boss^t  (bos),  n.  [<  ME.  bose,  bote,  a  cask;  cf. 
OF.  busse,  a  cask,  D.  bus,  a  box,  bos,  a  pack- 
age :  see  box^."]  A  cask,  especially  a  small  cask ; 
a  leather  bottle  for  wine — old  bosst.  [A  term  of 

contempt,  prob.  a  particular  use  of  bosii2,  a  cask,  butt ;  but 
cf.  Icel.  hoiisi,  .Sw.  bvus,  a  fellow.]    A  toper. 

boss3  (bos),  n.  [E.  dial. ;  ef.  MD.  bosse,  busse, 
D.  bus,  a  box,  buis,  a  tube,  pipe,  channel,  = 
Dan.  basse  =  Sw.  bossa,  a  box :  see  box^,  and  cf . 
boss^.'\  A  wooden  vessel  used  by  plasterers 
for  holding  mortar,  hung  by  a  hook  on  a  ladder 
or  a  wall. 

boss*  (bos),  n.  [E.  dial.,  perhaps  a  var.  of 
equiv.  bass^,  q.  v. ;  but  ef .  D.  bos,  a  bundle,  as 
of  strawj]  A  hassock;  a  bass, 
boss^  (bos),  a.  [Also  wi-itten  bos,  bois  ;  origin 
obscure.]  Hollow;  empty:  as,  "his  thick  boss 
head,"  Ramsay,  Poems,  I.  285.  [Scotch.] 
boss6  (bos),  n.  and  a.  [A  word  derived  from  the 
Dutch  settlers  in  New  York  ;  <  D.  baas,  master, 
foreman  (used  literally  and  figuratively  like 
boss  in  American  use  :  eeii  timmermans-baas,  a 
boss  carpenter,  de  vromv  is  de  baas,  the  wife  is 
the  boss  ;  liij  is  hem  de  baas  in  het  singen,  he  is 
the  boss  in  singing,  etc.),  MD.  baes,  master  of 
the  house,  also  a  friend,  fern,  baesinne,  mis- 
tress of  the  house,  also  a  friend,  =  Flem.  baes 
=  LGr.  baas,  master,  foreman  (>  Dan.  bas,  mas- 
■  ter),  =  OHG.  basa  -  MHG.  base,  f.,  aunt,  G.  base, 
f.,  cousin  (dial,  also  aunt,  niece),  appar.  ult. 
identical  with  G.  icase  =  LG.  wase,  f.,  cousin, 
atmt.  The  word,  in  the  masc,  seems  to  have 
meant '  kinsman,  cousin,'  and  to  have  been  used 
especially  as  ref .  to  the  master  of  the  household, 
the  chief  'kinsman,'  in  fact  or  by  courtesy,  of 
the  inmates.]    I.  n.  1.  A  master.  Speciflcaliy— 

(a)  One  who  employs  or  superintends  workmen ;  a  head 
man,  foreman,  or  manager :  as,  the  bosses  have  decided  to 
cut  down  wages.    [U.  S.] 

The  actions  of  the  superintendent,  or  boss,  very  often 
tended  to  widen  the  breach  between  employer  and  em- 
ployee. Jf.  A.  Jiei'.,  CXLII.  503. 

The  line  looked  at  its  prostrate  chamnion,  and  then  at 
the  new  boss  standing  there,  cool  and  brave,  and  not  afraid 
of  a  regiment  of  sledge-hammers. 

T.  Winthrop,  Love  and  Skates. 
(i>)  In  U.  S.  politics,  an  influential  politician  who  uses  the 
machinery  of  a  party  for  private  ends,  or  for  the  advantage 
of  a  ring  or  clique  ;  a  professional  politician  having  para- 
mount local  influence. 

2.  The  chief ;  the  master ;  the  champion ;  the 
best  or  leading  person  or  thing.  [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 
II.  a.  Chief;  master;  hence,  first-rate:  as.  a 
boss  mason;  a  boss  plaver.  [Colloq.,  U.  S.]  ' 
b0SS6  (bos),  V.  t.  [<  6oss"6  )(.]  To  be  master  of  or 
over;  manage;  direct;  control:  as,  to  boss  the 
house.  [Slang,  U.  S.]_ToUossit,  to  act  the  master. 
—  To  DOSS  one  around  or  about,  to  order  one  about ; 
control  one's  actions  or  movements.    [Colloq.,  U.  S.) 

bOSS^  (bos),  n.  [Origin  uncertain;  perhaps 
ong.  a  learnedly  humorous  use  of  L.  bos,  cow; 
ef.  Icel.  bas,  bds,  an  exclamation  used  in  driv- 
mg  cows  into  their  stalls  {hdss,  a  stall,  boose : 
see  ioosei).]  In  the  United  States:  («)  A  fa- 
miliar name  for  a  cow,  or  any  of  the  bovine 
genus:  chiefly  used  in  calling  or  in  soothing. 
(,b)  On  the  Western  plains,  a  name  for  the  bison 
or  so-eaUed  buffalo. 

bossage  (bos'aj),  «.  [<  F.  bossage,  <  bosse, 
boss,  knob:  see  6ossl  and -agre.]  In  building : 
(a)  A  stone  which  projects  beyond  the  face  of 


635 

the  adjacent  work,  and  is  laid  rough,  to  be  af- 
terward carved  into  some  ornamental  or  sig- 
nificant form.  (/;)  Rustic  work,  consisting  of 
stones  which  advance  beyond  tlie  face  of  the 
btiilding,  with  indentures  or  channels  left  in  the 
joinings:  used  chiefly  upon  projecting  corners. 
The  cavities  are  sometimes  round  and  sometimes  beveled 
or  in  a  diamond  form,  sometimes  inclosed  with  a  cavetto 
and  sometimes  with  a  listel.  Also  called  ntstic  'juoiiis. 
bosse  (bos),  n.  [F.  bosse,  a  boss,  hump,  etc. : 
see  boss''-.  Cf.  boss^,  a  small  cask.]  A  large 
glass  bottle  filled  M-ith  powder  and  having 
strands  of  quickmateh  attached  to  the  neck, 
used  for  incendiary  purposes, 
bosselated  (bos'e-la-ted),  «.  [<  F.  hosseler, 
emboss,  <  bosse,  boss:  see  boss^.']  Covered  with 
inequalities  or  protuberances, 
bosset  (bos'et),  n.  [<  boss^  +  dim. -e^.]  1. 
A  small  boss  or  knob,  especially  one  of  a  series : 
as,  "a  sword-belt  studded  with  bassets,"  Jour. 
Archccol.  Ass.,  XXX.  93.-2.  The  rudimentaiy 
antler  of  the  male  red  deer, 
bossiness  (bos'i-nes),  «.  The  quality  of  being 
bossy  or  in  relief :  applied  especially  to  sculp- 
ture and  ornament:  as,  "a  pleasant  bossiness," 
Fuslin,  Aratra  Pentelici,  i.  <\  21. 
bossing  (bos'ing),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  bass'^,  r.] 

1.  In  ceram.,  the  process  by  which  a  sm-face  of 
color  is  made  level  and  uniform.    This  is  done  by 

first  laying  on  a  coat  of  boiled  oil,  usually  with  a  camel's- 
hair  brush,  upon  which  the  color  is  deposited,  generally 
by  being  dusted  from  cotton-wool.  The  coat  of  oil  is  theii 
made  perfectly  uniform  and  smooth  by  means  of  a  leatlier 
boss.    Also  called  rrround-lat/intf. 

2.  The  film  of  boiled  oil  thus  spread  over 
earthenware  to  hold  the  coloring  materials. 

bossism  (bos'izm),  n.    [<  boss^  +  -ism.']  The 
control  of  politics  by  bosses.    [U.  S.] 

The  vote  of  Pennsylvania  would  be  worse  than  doubtful 
if  bossism  .  .  .  were  found  ...  to  be  still  the  potential 
ioTce.  The  American,  VI.  3S. 

bossivet  (bos'iv),  a.  [<  boss''-  +  -ive.  Cf.  F. 
foMAif,  hump-backed.]  Crooked;  deformed:  as, 
"a  bossire  birth,"  Osborne,  Advice  to  his  Son, 
p.  70  (1658). 
bossyl  (bos'i),  a.  [<  boss^  +  -yl.]  1.  Fur- 
nished or  ornamented  with  a  boss  or  bosses. 

His  head  reclining  on  his  bnssij  shield. 

Pope,  Iliad,  .\.  173. 

2.  Projecting  in  the  rotmd ;  boldly  prominent, 
as  if  composed  of  bosses:  said  of  sculpture,  etc. 
Cornice  or  frieze  with  bossy  sculptures  graven. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  716. 

bossy2(bos'i),  a.  [<  6o*y6 -I- -yl.]  Acting  like  a 
boss;  masterful;  domineering.  [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 
bossyS  (bos'i),  n.  [Dim.  of  &0i-,s7.]  A  familiar 
name  for  a  cow  or  calf.  See  boss^  (a), 
bostal  (bos'tal),  >i.  [E.  dial.]  A  winding  way 
up  a  very  steep  hiU.  Hulliwell.  [Prov.  Ens. 
(Suffolk).]  ^ 
bostanji  (bos-tan'ji),  n.  pi.  [Turk,  hostdnji,  < 
bostan,  <  Pers.  bustdn,  a  garden.]  A  class  of 
men  in  Turkey,  originally  the  stdtan's  garden- 
ers, but  now  also  employed  in  various  ways 
about  his  person,  as  in  moimting  guard  at  the 
seraglio,  rowing  his  barge,  etc.,  and  also  in 
attending  the  ofBcers  of  the  royal  household. 
They  number  now  about  600,  but  were  former- 
ly much  more  numerous, 
boston  (bos'ton),  n.  [So  caUed  from  the  city 
of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  where  it  was  invent- 
ed by  French  officers  at  the  time  of  the  revo- 
lutionary war.]  1.  A  game  of  cards.  The  hands 
are  dealt  and  played  as  in  whist,  each  of  tlie  four  players 
having  the  right  to  bid  or  offer  to  take  unassisted  a  certain 
number  of  tricks,  to  lose  every  trick  but  one,  or  every 
trick,  etc.  The  highest  bidder  plays  against  the  rest,  and 
if  successful  gains,  if  defeated  loses,  according  to  the 
size  of  his  bid.  There  are  varieties  of  the  game  known  as 
boston  de  Fontainebieau  and  Russian  boston. 

2.  The  first  five  tricks  taken  by  a  player  in  the 
game  of  boston. 
Boston  Port  Bill.    See  bim. 
Bostrichidse,  Bostrichus.    See  Bostrychidce, 

Bostryclius. 

Bostrychidae  (bos-trik'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bas- 
tnjchus  +  -idu'.]  A  family  of  xylophagous  crj-p- 
topentamerous  Coleoptera,  tj-pified  by  the  ge- 
nus Bostrychus,  containing  small  cylindrical 
beetles,  the  larva  of  which  are  limbless :  by 
many  associated  with  the  family  Ptinidce. 

Bostrijchidce  .  .  .  live  in  companies,  and  belong  to  the 
most  dreaded  destroyers  of  forests  of  conifers.  The  way 
in  which  they  eat  into  the  bark  is  very  peculiar,  being 
characteristic  of  the  individual  species  and  indicative  of 
their  mode  of  life.  The  two  se.xes  meet  in  the  superficial 
passages,  which  the  female,  after  copulation,  continues 
and  lengthens  in  order  to  lay  her  eggs  in  pits  wliich  she 
hollows  out  for  that  purpose.  The  larvje,  when  hatched, 
eat  out  lateral  passages,  which,  as  the  larvre  iucrease  iii 
size  and  get  farther  from  the  main  passage,  become 
larger,  and  give  rise  to  the  characteristic  markings  on  the 
inside  of  the  bark.  Claus,  Zoology  (trans.),  p.  588. 


botanic 

bostrychite  (bos'tri-kit),  /(.    [<  Gr.  i36nTpvxoc,  a 
curl  or  lock  of  liair,  +  -ile'^.]    A  gem  present- 
ing the  appearance  of  a  lock  of  hair, 
bostrychoid,  bostrychoidal  (bos'tri-koid,  bos- 

tri-koi'dal),  a.  [<  (Jr.  *tio<7-f)vxo>:iih'/i;  eontr.  /9o- 
a-fwxoir^r/^,  cm-ly,<  fioaTpvxog,  curl,  4-  thh^,  form.] 
Having  the  form  or  character  of  a  bostryx. 
Bostrychus  (bos'tri-kus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ,36- 
arpvxnr,  a  curl  or  lock  of  hair,  also  a  certain  in- 
sect (according  to  some,  the  male  of  the  glow- 
woi-m) ;  also  written  fid-pvxor;  ef.  (iorpvc,  a  clus- 
ter of  gi-apes.]  A  genus  of  beetles,  typical  of 
the  family  Bostrychidw  and  subfamily  Boslry- 
cliinw,  species  of  which  are  highly  destructive  to 

wood.  One  of  the  most  injurious  species  is  B.  typoqrap)d- 
cus,  the  typographer  beetle,  which  infests  coniferous  trees 
devouring,  in  both  the  larval  and  the  perfect  state,  the 
soft  wood  beneath  the  bark,  thus  causing  the  death  of  the 
trees.  Other  species  are  B.  clialcoi/raphus,  B.  stenof/ra- 
phus,  etc.  The  trees  thus  afflicted  are  pines,  spruces 
larches,  fii-s,  etc.,  as  well  as  fruit-trees  of  the  orchard,  as 
the  apple.    Also  spelled  Bostrichus.    .See  Bostrychidce. 

bostrjrx  (bos'triks),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  as  if  *,36- 
a-pv§  for  lioa-pvxoc,  a  curl,  etc. :  see  Bastnjchus.'i 
In  bot.,  auniparous  helicoid  cyme — that  is,  a 
raceme-like  cyme,  or  flower-cluster,  with  all 
the  branches  or  pedicels  upon  one  side.  It  is 
usually  more  or  less  coiled, 
bostwyst,  (I-  An  obsolete  form  of  boisterous. 
Boswellia  (boz-wel'i-ii),  ».  [NL.,  named  after 
Dr.  .John  Boswell  of  Edinburgh.]  A  genus  of 
balsamic  plants,  natural  order  Burseracew,  the 
species  of  which  are  imperfectly  known,  b.  Car- 
teri  and  some  other  species  of  the  hot  and  dry  regions  of 
eastern  Africa  and  southern  Arabia  furnish  olibanum 
(jvhich  see),  the  frankincense  of  antiquity.  B.  Frereana 
of  the  .Somali  region  yields  a  highly  fragrant  resin,  the 
primitive  gum  elemi,  largely  used  in  the  East  a.s  a  masti- 
catory. B.  serrata,  of  India,  the  salai-tree,  also  yields  a 
resin  which  is  used  in  that  country  as  incense. 
Boswellian  (boz-wel'i-an),  a.  [<  Bosicell  (see 
def.)  +  -(««.]  Relatingto  orresembling  James 
Boswell,  the  friend  and  biographer  of  Dr.  .John- 
son ;  characterized  by  an  uncritical  and  simple 
admiration  for  some  person :  used  especially  of 
biographers  and  biography. 
Boswellism  (boz'wel-izm),  n.  [<  Boswell  + 
-ism.1  The  style  or  manner  of  Boswell  as  a 
biographer ;  uncritical  admiration  of  one's  hero, 
with  faithful  but  indiscriminate  naiTation  of 
details. 

We  think  that  there  is  no  more  certain  indication  of 
a  weak  and  ill-regulated  intellect  than  that  propensity 
which,  for  want  of  a  better  name,  we  will  venture  to 
christen  Boswellism.  Macaulay,  Milton. 

Boswellize  (boz'wel-iz),  v.  i.  or  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

Boswellized,  ppr.  Bosicellizing.  [<  Boswell  + 
-ize.l  To  write  in  the  style  of  Boswell,  the 
biographer  of  Dr.  Johnson:  report  or  repro- 
duce with  minuteness  of  detail  or  without  the 
exercise  of  the  critical  faculty. 

One  cannot  help  wishing  that  Bonstetten  had  Boswel- 
lued  some  of  these  endless  conversations,  for  the  talk  of 
Gray  was,  on  the  testimony  of  all  who  heard  it,  admirable 
for  fulness  of  knowledge,  point,  and  originality  of  thought. 

Lowell,  in  New  Princeton  Rev.,  I.  16o. 

bot^,  bottl  (bot),  n.  [Generally  used  in  pi.  bots, 
bofts,  —  Sc.  bats,  batts  ;  cf.  Gael.  botu,%  a  belly- 
woi-m,  boiteag,  a  maggot.]  A  name  given  to 
the  larva  or  maggot  of  several  species  of  gad- 
fly when  found  in  the  intestines  of  horses,  un- 
der the  hides  of  oxen,  in  the  nostrils  of  sheep, 
etc.  The  bots  which  infest  horses  are  the  larvse  of  the 
Gasterophilns  eqvi,  or  gadfly,  which  deposits  its  eggs  on 
the  tips  of  the  hairs,  generally  of  the  fore  legs  and  mane, 
whence  they  are  taken  into  the  mouth  and  swallowed. 
They  remain  in  great  numbers  in  the  stomach  for  several 
months,  and  are  e.xpelled  in  the  excrement  and  become 
pupae,  which  in  five  weeks  become  perfect  insects,  woolly, 
and  not  quite  half  an  inch  long.    See  cut  under  bot-iiy.  ' 

bot2t  (AS.  pron.  bot),  n.  The  Anglo-Saxon  form 
{bot)  of  boot^-,  a  fine,  etc. :  only  in  historical 
use. 

A  theft  committed  on  any  one  of  these  three  days  [the 
Gang  days]  was,  by  Alfred  s  laws,  sconced  in  a  two-fold 
bot  or  line,  as  if  it  had  been  a  Sunday  or  one  of  the  higher 
Church  holydays.  Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  li.  107. 
bot^t.  An  obsolete  preterit  of  bite. 
bot*t,  prep,  and  conj.  A  Middle  English  form 
of  but'-. 

bot^  (bot),  n.    [From  the  initials  of  "  Board  of 
Trade."]    The  English  Board  of  Trade  unit  of 
electrical  supply, 
bot.    1.  An  abbreviation  of  botany,  botautcal, 

and  botanist. — 2.  A  contraction  of  bought^. 
botanic  (bo-tan'ik),  a.  and  h.  [=  F.  hotanique, 
<  ML.  botanicus,  <  Gr.  SoraviKo^,  <  fioravri,  an 
herb,  plant:  see  botany.']  I,  a.  Pertaining  to 
botany,  or  the  scientific  study  of  plants  Bo- 
tanic garden,  a  garden  devoted  to  the  culture  of  plants 
collected  for  the  purpose  of  illustrating  the  science  of 
botany. 
Il.t  n.  A  botanist. 


botanical 


636 


both 


botanical  (bo-tan'i-kal),  u.  Pertaining  to  or 
concerned  with  the  study  or  cultivation  of 
plants — Botanical  geography.  Same  as  geographi- 
cal liiitan;/  (which  see,  uiuter  Initaiiii). 

botanically  (bo-tan'i-kal-i),  adr.  In  a  botani- 
cal manner ;  after  the  manner  of  a  botanist ; 
according  to  a  system  of  botany. 

botanise,       See  botanize. 

botanist  (bot'a-nist),  n.  [<  botany  +  -ist;  = 
F.  botanifsfc.l  One  who  studies  or  is  skilled  in 
botany;  one  versed  in  the  structure,  habits, 
geographical  distribution,  and  systematic  clas- 
sification of  plants. 

Then  spring  the  living  herbs,  .  .  .  beyond  the  power 
Of  botanist  to  number  up  theii-  tribes. 

Thomson,  Spring,  1.  224. 

botanize  (bot'a-niz),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  botanized, 
ppr.  botanizing,  [<  botany  +  -ize ;  =F.  bota- 
niser.  Cf.  Gr.  [3oTavi(eiv,  root  up  weeds.]  I. 
intrans.  To  examine  or  seek  for  plants  for 
the  purpose  of  studying  and  classifying  them, 
etc. ;  investigate  the  vegetable  kingdom  as  a 
botanist. 

II.  trans.  To  explore  botanically :  as,  to  bot- 
anize a  neighborhood. 
Also  spelled  botanise. 
botanologert  (bot-a-nol'o-jer),  n.   [<  botanology 

+  -e;'i.]    A  botanist.    Sir  T.  Browne. 
botanologyt  (bot-a-nol'o-ji),  n.    [=  F.  botano- 
logie,  <  Gr.  [ioravrj,  an  lierb,  +  -'/loyta,  <  Myew, 
speak:  see  -ology.2    The  science  of  botany. 
Bailey. 

botanomancy  (bot'a-no-man-si),  n.  [=F.  bo- 
tanomancie,  <  Gr.  fiordv/),  an  herb,  +  ^avrda, 
divination.]  An  ancient  method  of  divination 
by  means  of  plants,  especially  by  means  of  the 
leaves  of  the  sage  and  fig.  a  person's  name  and 
the  question  to  which  an  answer  was  desired  were  written 
on  the  leaves,  which  were  then  laid  out  e.\posed  to  the 
wind ;  as  many  of  the  letters  as  remained  in  their  places 
were  taken  up  and  joined  together  to  form  some  word, 
which  was  supposed  to  be  an  answer  to  the  question. 

Botanophaga  (bot-a-nof'a-gii),  «.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Gr.  fjoTai'Tj,  an  herb,  +  <l>a}'eiv,  eat.]  A  name  of 
the  herbivorous  marsupial  mammals,  as  distin- 
guished collectively  from  the  Zoiiphuga,  or  car- 
nivorous and  insectivorous  marsupials.  The 
kangaroo  is  an  example, 
botany  (bot'a-ni),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bot- 
anie,  formed  from  botanic,  as  if  <  Gr.  poravia, 
a  rare  var.  of  poravri,  an  herb,  grass,  fodder,  < 
pdoKEiv,  feed,  mid.  jioaKeadai,  feed  one's  self;  cf. 
L.  vesci,  eat.  ]  The  science  of  plants,  it  treats  of 
the  forms  of  plants,  their  structure,  the  nature  of  the 
tissues  of  which  they  are  composed,  the  vital  phenomena 
connected  with  them,  the  arrangement  of  them  into  larger 
and  smaller  groups  according  to  their  affinities,  and  the 
classification  of  these  groups  so  as  to  exhibit  their  mutual 
relations  and  their  position  in  the  vegetable  kingdom  as 
a  whole.  The  science  further  investigates  the  nature  of 
the  vegetation  which  at  former  epochs  lived  on  the  earth, 
as  well  as  the  distribution  of  plants  at  the  present  time. 
It  is  thus  divided  into  several  sections.  («)  Structural 
OT  morphological  botany,  tliat  branch  of  the  science  of 
botany  which  relates  to'the  structure  and  organization  of 
plants,  internal  or  external,  independently  of  the  pres- 
ence of  a  vital  principle.  Also  caWeA  organngrajitni.  (h) 
Physiological  or  binlngirnl  botftnii.  that  ijranch  which  re- 
lates to  the  history  of  vegetable  lite,  the  functions  of  the 
various  organs  of  plants,  and  their  minute  structure  and 
method  of  growth,  (c)  Descriptive  botany,  that  branch 
which  relates  to  the  description  and  nomenclature  of 
plants.  Alio  called  phytogra2}hg.  (d)  Systematic  botany, 
that  branch  which  relates  to  the  principles  upon  which 
plants  are  to  be  classified  or  arranged  with  reference  to 
their  degrees  of  relationship.  The  system  of  classification 
now  universally  adopted  is  that  proposed  by  Antoine  Lau- 
rent de  Jussieu,  and  improved  and  enlarged  by  De  Can- 
dolle.  Brown,  and  others.  It  is  generally  called  the  nat- 
ural system,  because  it  is  intended  to  express,  as  far  as 
possible,  the  various  degrees  of  relationship  among  plants 
as  these  exist  in  nature,  and  to  group  next  to  each  otlier 
the  various  species,  genera,  and  orders  which  are  most 
alike  in  all  respects.  Several  artificial  systems  have  been 
proposed,  as  that  of  Tournefort,  based  on  the  modifica- 
tions of  the  corolla ;  but  the  best-known  is  that  of  Lin- 
naeus, founded  on  the  stamens  and  pistils.  This  system, 
which  was  designed  by  Linnaeus  to  be  only  temporary, 
proved  of  great  value  to  the  science  of  botany,  but  it  has 
now  gone  entirely  out  of  use,  or  is  used  only  as  a  partial 
index  to  the  vegetable  kingdom,  (e)  Geographical  botany, 
that  branch  which  relates  to  the  natural  distribution  of 
plants  over  the  globe,  and  to  the  inquiry  into  the  causes 
which  have  influenced  or  maintain  this  distribution.  (/) 
Paleontological  or  fossil  botany,  that  branch  which  em- 
braces the  study  of  the  forms  and  structures  of  the  plants 
found  in  a  fossil  state  in  the  various  strata  of  which  the 
earth  is  composed. 

Botany  Bay  gum,  kino,  oak,  resin,  tea,  etc. 

See  the  nouns. 

botargo,  botarga  (bo-tar'go,  -gii),  n.   [<  Sp. 

botarga  (=  It.  hotargo,  botarga,  buitarga,  butta- 
gra,  now  bottarga,  bottarica  =  F.  boutargue),  < 
Ar.  butarJchah,  <  Coptic  outarakhon,  <  ou-,  indef. 
art.,  -t-  Gr.  rapixi-ov,  dim.  of  Tapixoc,  a  dead  body 
preserved  by  embalming,  a  mummy,  meat  pre- 
served by  salting  or  pickling.]  A  relish  made 
of  the  roes  of  certain  fishes  strongly  salted  after 


they  have  become  putrid:  much  used  on  the 
coast  of  the  Mediterranean  as  an  incentive  to 

thirst.  The  great  white  Russian  sturgeoti,  Acipenscr 
hxiso,  is  one  of  the  principal  sources  of  botargo.  The  best 
botargo  comes  from  Tunis,  is  dry  and  reddish,  and  is  eaten 
with  olive-oil  and  lemon-juice.    Also  bottargo. 

We  staid  talking  and  singing  and  drinking  great  draughts 
of  claret,  and  eating  liotargo  and  liread  and  butter,  till 
twelve  at  night,  it  being  moonshine.   Pepys,  Diary,  I.  lai. 

Eotaurinae (bo-ta-ri'ne),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Botaurus 
+  -/;(«'.]  A  subfamily  of  Ardeidw,  or  herons, 
containing  the  bitterns,  distinguished  from 
true  herons  by  having  only  ten  tail-feathers 
and  two  pairs  of  powder-down  tracts,  and  the 
outer  toe  shorter  than  the  inner,    in  habits  the 

Botaurince  also  differ  from  the  other  Ardeidoe,  being  soli- 
tary, nesting  on  the  ground,  ami  laying  eggs  unlike  those 
of  true  herons.    See  cut  under  bittern. 

Botaurus  (bo-ta'rus),  n.  [NL.,  irreg.  <  L.  bos, 
an  ox,  -I-  ta'urus,  a  bull;  'suggested  by  the  old 
form  (ME.  butor,  OF.  butor,  hotor)  of  bittern'^, 
q.  v.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  subfamily  Bo- 
taurinw.  See  bittern^. 
botchif  (boch),  n.  [<  ME.  botclie,  hocclie,  <  OF. 
boche,  a  botch,  sore,  var.  of  boce,  a  botch,  swell- 
ing, >  mod.  F.  bosse,  E.  boss^:  see  io.ssl.  Cf. 
OD.  butse,  a  boil,  swelling,  <  butsen,  D.  botsen, 
strike,  beat,  akin  to  OHG.  hozan  —  E.  beaf^.  Cf . 
hotel fi."]  A  swelling  on  the  skin;  a  large  ulcer- 
ous affection ;  a  boil. 

Yet  who  more  foul,  disrobed  of  attire? 

Pearl'd  with  the  botch  as  children  burnt  with  fire. 

Middleton,  Micro-Cynicon,  i.  3. 
Botches  and  Wains  must  all  his  flesh  emboss. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  180. 

botch^t  (boch),  V.  t.    To  mark  with  botches. 
Young  Hylas,  botch'd  with  stains. 

Garth,  Dispensary,  ii.  150. 

botch^  (boch),  V.  [Also  E.  dial,  or  coUoq.  hodge^, 
q.  V. ;  <  ME.  hocclicn,  repair,  of  uncertain  origin, 
perhaps  <  MD.  botsen,  butsen,  boetsen,  repair, 
patch,  same  word  as  butsen,  D.  botsen,  strike, 
beat,  knock  together,  akin  to  OHG.  hozan,  beat, 
=  E.  ?«'(7^i.  Cf.  6ote/;i  and  iiossi.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  mend  or  patch  in  a  clumsy  manner,  as  a 
garment :  often  used  figiu-atively. 

To  botch  up  what  they  had  torn  and  rent, 
Religion  and  the  government.    «?.  Butler,  Hudibras. 
Tom  coming,  with  whom  I  was  angry  for  his  botching 
my  camlott  coat,  to  tell  me  that  my  father  was  at  our 
church,  I  got  me  ready.  Pepys,  Diary,  1.  407. 

2.  To  put  together  unsuitably  or  unskilfully; 
perform,  express,  etc.,  in  a  bungling  manner; 
hence,  to  spoil  by  unskilful  work;  bungle. 

For  treason  botch'd  in  rhyme  will  be  thy  bane. 

Dryden,  Abs.  and  Achit.,  ii.  485. 

II.  intrans.  To  mend  or  patch  things  in  an 
unskilful  manner ;  be  a  bungler  or  botcher, 
botch'^  (boch),  M.    [<6ote/t2,  I'.]    1.  A  bungled 
or  ill-finished  part ;  a  flaw ;  a  blemish. 
To  leave  no  rubs  nor  botches  in  the  work. 

Shak.,  M.acbeth,  iii.  1. 

2.  A  patch,  or  a  part  of  a  garment  patched 
or  mended  in  a  clumsy  manner. — 3.  That 
which  is  botched ;  ill-finished  or  bungled  work 
generally. 

Fancy  the  most  assiduous  potter,  but  without  his  wheel ; 
reduced  to  make  dishes,  or  rather  amorphous  botches,  by 
mere  kneading  and  baking.  Carlyle. 

A  poorly  paid  teacher,  whose  work  is  a  botch,  and 
therefore  an  injury  to  the  growing  mind. 

Jour,  of  Education,  XIX.  41. 

4.  A  bungling,  unskilful  workman  or  operator 
of  any  kind ;  a  botcher, 
botchedly  (boch'ed-li  or  bocht'li),  adv.  [< 
botched,  pp.  of  hotclfi,  v.,  +  -ly'^.'i    In  a  botched 
or  clumsy  manner;  with  botches  or  patches. 
Thus  patch  they  heaven,  more  botch'dly  then  old  clothes. 

Dr.  H.  More,  Psychathanasia,  III.  iii.  67. 

botcher^  (boch'er),  n.  [<  ME.  *fcocc/(ere  (spelled 
bochchare.  Prompt.  Parv.);  <  botclfl  +  -erl.] 

1.  A  mender;  a  repairer  or  patcher;  specifi- 
cally, a  tailor  who  does  repairing. 

Let  the  botcher  mend  him:  Anything  that's  mended  is 
but  patched.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  5. 

Physicians  are  the  body's  cobblers,  rather  the  botchers 
of  men's  bodies ;  as  the  one  patches  our  tatter'd  clothes, 
so  the  other  solders  our  diseased  flesh. 

Ford,  Lover's  Melancholy,  i.  2. 

2.  One  who  botches ;  a  clumsy,  bungling  work- 
man ;  a  bungler. 

botcher'-^  (boch'er),  n.  [Origin  unknown.]  The 
grilse :  a  local  English  name  in  the  Severn  val- 
ley. 

botcherly  (boch'er-Ii),  a.  [<  botcher'^  +  -ly'^.l 
Clumsy;  unworkmanlike.  [Rare.] 

Botcherly  mingle-mangle  of  collections. 

Hartlib,  tr.  of  Comenius,  p.  30. 
Botcherly  poetry,  botcherly ! 

Middleton  and  Rowley,  Spanish  Gypsy,  ii.  1. 


botchery  (boch'er-i),  n.  [<  botch'^  +  -ery.']  A 
botching,  or  that  which  is  botched ;  clumsy  or 
bungling  work  or  workmanship.  [Rare.] 

If  we  speak  of  base  botchery,  were  it  a  comely  thing  to 
see  a  great  lord  or  a  king  wear  sleeves  of  two  parishes, 
one  half  of  worsted,  the  other  of  velvet? 

World  of  Wonders  (1608),  p.  235. 

botchka  (boch'ka),  n.    Same  as  boclika. 
botchyi  (boch'i),"a.    [<  ME.  botchy,  bochy,  etc. ; 

<  botcli'^  +  -(/I.]  Marked  with  botches;  full  of 
or  covered  with  botches:  as,  "a  hotchy  core," 
Shale,  T.  and  C,  ii.  1. 

botchy2  (boch'i),  a.  [<  hotch'^  +  -j/l.]  Imper- 
fect; botched. 

hotel  (bot),  n.  [The  ME.  and  AS.  (dat.)  form 
of  boot'^,  ML.  bota,  retained  archaically  in  law 
writings:  see  fcoofi.]  If.  Help;  aid;  relief; 
salvation  ;  remedy  in  illness;  boot  (which  see). 
Specifically — 2.  In  ohllaw:  (a)  Compensation, 
as  for  an  injury ;  amends ;  satisfaction ;  a  pay- 
ment in  expiation  of  an  offense:  as,  man-bote, 
a  compensation  for  a  man  slain,  (h)  A  pri'vi- 
lege  or  allowance  of  necessaries  for  repair  or 
support ;  estovers :  as,  \iouse-bote,  enougli  wood 
to  repair  a  house  or  for  fuel;  plow-botc,  cart- 
hote,  wood  for  making  or  repairing  instruments 
of  husbandry ;  h&y-bote  or  hedge-bote,  wood  for 
hedges  or  fences,  etc. 

bote^t.    Middle  English  preterit  of  bite. 

bote^t,  prej).  and  conj.    A  Middle  English  form 

of  Z)M<1. 

botelt,  "•    Aja.  obsolete  form  of  bottle'^. 

botelert,       An  obsolete  form  of  butler. 

botelesst,  <>•  A  Middle  English  form  of  bootless. 

boterol,  boteroll  (bot'e-rol),  «.  [<  F.  houte- 
rolle,  "the  chape  of  a  sheath  or  scabbard"  (Cot- 
grave),  <  houier,  place,  adapt:  see  hutt^.^  In 
her.,  the  chape  or  erampet  of  a  scabbard  used 
as  a  bearing.    Also  hauteroll. 

bote'Wt,       [Early  mod.  E.  also  boatewe,  botoioe, 

<  late  ME.  botew,  hutewe,  butwe,  botwe,  <  bote, 
boot,  +  -rw,  -nee,  repr.  F.  -eaii,  <  L.  -ellus,  dim. 
termination.]    A  short  boot. 

•bot-fly  (bot'fli),  w.  A  name  given  to  dipterous 
insects  of  the  family  (Estridee,  the  larvra  of 
which  infest  different  parts  of  living  animals. 
See  bot^.   TLhel\orse-hot,  GasteropMlus  equHi'ahvKms), 


Horse  Bot-fly  [Casterofihtlus  egui),  about  natural  size. 
(T,  lateral  view;  b,  dors.al  view. 


is  taken  into  the  stomach  of  the  horse ;  the  ox-hot  lives 
just  under  the  cuticle  of  the  ox ;  and  the  sheep-bot,  (Estrus 
ovis  (Linnaius),  in  the  frontal  sinuses  of  the  sheep.  Other 
animals  are  affected  by  particular  species, 
both  (both),  a.  and  pron.  [=  Sc.  baith,  <  ME. 
both,  booth,  earlier  bothe,  bathe,  etc. ;  not  found 
in  AS.  except  in  the  simple  form  ha,  etc.  (see 
below),  but  perhaps  existent,  being  in  OS., 
etc. ;  otherwise  taken  from  Scand. ;  =  OS.  hedhie, 
hedhia  =  OFries.  bethe,  bede  =  OHG.  bede,  beide, 
MHG.  G.  heide  =  Icel.  bddhir,  m.,  budhar,  f., 
bmdhi,  bddhi,  neut.,  =  Sw.  b&da  =  Dan.  haade, 
both;  cf.  Goth,  bajoths,  n.  pL,  both;  <  Goth. 
bai  =  AS.  bd  (hegen,  bu),  both,  ME.  ha,  bo;  cf. 
L.  ambo  =  Gr.  a/jxjxj  —  Skt.  iibhdu,  both:  see 
6ol ;  with  a  termination  of  obscure  origin,  per- 
haps orig.  the  def.  art.  in  pi.  (AS.  thd  =  Goth. 
thai,  iho,  etc.)  coalesced  with  the  adj. ;  but  this 
explanation  does  not  apply  to  the  Goth,  hajoths.'] 
The  one  and  the  other ;  the  two ;  the  pair  or  the 
couple,  in  reference  to  two  persons  or  things 
specially  mentioned,  and  denoting  that  neither 
of  them  is  to  be  excluded,  either  absolutely 
or  (as  with  either)  as  an  alternative,  from  the 
statement. 

Youre  bother  love  [the  love  of  you  both]. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iv.  168. 
And  Abraham  took  sheep  and  oxen,  and  gave  them 
unto  Abimelech ;  and  both  of  them  made  a  covenant. 

Gen.  xxi.  27. 

He  will  not  bear  the  loss  of  his  rank,  because  he  can 
bear  the  loss  of  his  estate ;  but  he  will  bear  both,  because 
he  is  prepared  for  both.  Bolingbroke. 

Both  had  been  presidents,  both  had  lived  to  gi-eat  age, 
both  wei'e  early  patriots,  and  both  were  distinguished  and 
ever  honored  by  tlieii-  immediate  agency  in  the  act  of  in- 
dependence. D.  Webster,  Adams  and  Jefferson. 
[The  genitive  both's  (ME.  bothes,  bothers,  earlier  bother, 
bathre)  is  now  disused  ;  in  the  earlier  period  it  was  joined 
usually  with  the  genitive  plural  of  the  personal  pronoun. 
Subsequently  the  simple  both,  equivalent  to  of  both,  Tvaa 
used. 


both 

One  hath  wounded  me, 
That's  by  me  wounded  ;  both  our  remedies 
Within  thy  help  and  holy  pliysic  lies. 

Sliak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  3.] 
Both  two,  both  the  two,  pleonastically  for  both. 
Both  the  two  cities  reached  a  high  pitch  of  prosperity. 

Qrote,  Hist.  Greece,  ii.  18. 

both  (both),  adv.  or  conj.  [<  ME.  hothe,  hothen, 
bathe,  etc.;  from  the  adj.]  Including  the  two 
(terms  or  notions  mentioned) :  an  adverb  pre 


637 

bothock  (both'ok),  n.  A  name  of  the  fish  other- 
wise called  the  'bib.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

bothomt,  n.  An  obsolete  form  of  bottom. 
Chaucer. 

bothrenchyma  (both-reng'ki-mii),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  fioOfjoi;  a  pit,  +  eyxv/xa,  an  infusion  (>  NL. 
encliyma,  a  tissue),  <  eyxesiv,  pour  in,  <  iv,  = 
E.  «wi,  +  x^etv,  akin  to  AS.  (jedtan,  pour.]  In 
bot.,  tissue  composed  of  pitted  ducts. 


ceding  two  coordinate  terms  (words  or  phrases)  bothria,  n.    Plural  of  hothrium. 
jomedby«Hd,  and  standing  thus  in  an  apparent  Bothriocephalidae  (both"ri-o-se-fal'i-de),  n.pl. 

1         i^i^  _     ,  „  ,       .       [J^lj.^  i  Bothriocephalus  + -id(e.']    A  family  of 

cestoid  or  tseniate  worms,  order  Centoidea,  in- 
cluding the  broad  tapeworms,  which  have  only 
two  bothria  or  suckers  on  the  head  (whence 


conjimctional  correlation,  both  .  .  .  awd,  equiv- 
alent to  not  onlij  .  .  .  but  also.  Both  is  thus 
used  sometimes  before  three  or  more  coordi- 
nate terms. 

I  thought  good  now  to  present  vnto  your  Grace  not  any 
better  gift  of  mine  owne,  .  .  .  but  surely  an  excellent  gift 
of  an  other  mans  deuise  and  making,  which  both  hath 


they  are  also  called  Dibothriidce).    It  includes  botryllid  (bo-tril '  id), 

the  genera  Bothriocephahis  and  Bibothrium 


bottine 

cluster:  see  Bostrychm.']  A  genus  of  crypto- 
gamous  plants,  natural  order  Ophioglossacew, 
allied  to  the  ferns. 
They  bear  clustered,  vein 
less  sporangia  in  contracted 
panicled  spikes  above  the 
variously  divided  frnnd. 
There  are  several  widely 
distributed  species,  known 
by  the  popular  name  of 
moonwort,  from  the  cres- 
cent shajie  of  the  divisions 
of  the  frond  in  some  com- 
mon kinds.  The  name 
(jrape-fern  is  also  given  to 
them,  and  one  .species,  B. 
Vtrf/iniaiiurn,  is  called  rat- 
tlesmiki'-fern. 


Ill  an  uLiici  juaus  ueuise  anu  iiiaKing,  wincn  ooin,  nacn  ■D_4.i.X.;.-.««„-u-l,,_ /i   \\  „  ■  -  —       V    \  r-iVr 
done,  doth,  and  shal  do  much  good  to  many  other  good  -oOtUriOCephalUS  (both"ri-o-sef  a-lus),  M.  [NL., 
' "  <  Qp_  podpiov,  a  small  tieneh  (see  bothrium),  + 

Ke<l>ay/,  head.]  A  genus  of  the  Cestoidea,  or  ces- 
toid worms,  of  which  the  broad  tapeworm,  B. 
latus,  is  the  type.  It  belongs  to  the  group  of 
the  Pseudojjhyllidea  (which  see).  Also  Botryo- 
cephalus. 

bothrium  (both'ri-um),  pi.  bothria  (-a). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  ftodpiov,  a  small  trench,  dim.  "of 
jiodpog,  a  pit,  trench.]  One  of  the  facets  or  fos- 
settes  upon  the  head  of  a  tapeworm. 

The  common  tape-worm  .  .  .  wants  the  opposite  both- 
ria, or  fossettes.  E.  R.  Wright,  Animal  Life,  p.  582. 

Bothrodendron  (both-ro-den'dron),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  fSodpoc,  a  pit,  +  divSpov,  a  tree.]  In  bot., 
an  extinct  genus  of  plants  of  the  coal  era,  re- 
lated to  Lepidodendron. 

Bothrophera  (both-rof 'e-rii),  «.  pZ.  [NL.,  prop. 

* Bothrophora,  <  Gr.  [iodpog,  a  trench,  a  pit,  4- 
-ipopog,  <  (pcpeiv  =  E.  6earl.]  The  solenoglyph 
venomous  serpents  of  the  new  world,  so  called 
from  having  a  pit  between  the  eyes  and  nose  : 
corresponding  to  the  family  Crotalidce,  and  con- 
trasting with  the  Abotlirophera. 
both-sided  (b6th'si"ded),  a.  Complete;  com- 
prehensive ;  not  limited  or  partial. 

There  is  forced  on  us  the  truth  that  a  scientific  morality 
arises  only  as  fast  as  the  one-sided  conceptions  adapted  to 
transitory  conditions  are  developed  into  both-sided  con- 
ceptions. H.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  p.  98. 

both-sidedness  (both'si"ded-nes),  n.  Impar- 
tiality ;  completeness  or  comprehensiveness  of 
view  or  thought. 

Even  in  our  country  and  age  there  are  dangers  from  the 
want  of  a  due  both-sidedness.    H.  Spencer,  Sociol.,  p.  397. 

both-sidest  (both'sidz),  a.  Being  or  speaking  on 
both  sides ;  double-tongued ;  deceitful.  [Rare.] 

Damnable  both-sides  rogue !        Shale,  All's  Well,  iv.  3. 


folke,  and  to  your  Noble  Grace  also. 

John  Fouler,  Pref.  to  Sir  T.  More's  Cumfort  against 
[Tribulation  (1573). 
[He]  was  indeed  his  country's  both  minion,  mirror,  and 
wonder.  Ford,  Line  of  Life. 

A  great  multitude  both  of  the  Jews  and  also  of  the 
Greeks  believed.  Acts  xiv.  1. 

Wliich  I  suppose  they  doe  resigne  with  much  willing- 
ness, both  Livery,  Badge,  and  Cognizance. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxi. 
But  these  discourses  were  both  written  and  delivered  in 
the  freshness  of  his  complete  manhood. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Emerson,  v. 
bother  (boTH'er),  v.  [First  in  the  early  part 
of  the  18th  century,  also  written  bodder,  Sc. 
bauther,  bather;  origin  unlmown;  possibly  a  cor- 
ruption of  pother.  The  earliest  instances  seem 
to  be  from  Swift  and  other  Irishmen,  which 
would  seem  to  favor  the  supposed  Ir.  deriva- 
tion, ^Ir.  buaidhrim,  I  vex,  disturb  (cf.  buaidhirt, 
trouble,  affliction) ;  but  the  Ir.  words  as  pro- 
noimced  have  no  resemblance  to  bother,  except 
as  to  the  initial  6.]  1.  trans.  If.  To  bewilder; 
confuse. 

With  the  din  of  which  tube  my  head  you  so  bother. 

T.  Sheridan,  To  Swift. 

2.  To  give  trouble  to ;  annoy;  pester;  woriy. 
Dunsey  bothered  me  for  the  money,  and  I  let  him  have  it. 

George  Eliot,  Silas  Slarner,  Ix. 
He  bothered  his  audience  with  no  accidental  effects. 

Stedman,  Poets  of  America,  p.  280. 
[Used  in  the  imperative  as  an  expression  of  impatience, 
or  as  a  mild  sort  of  execration. 

Bother  the  woman  for  plaguing  me !  Fdrrar.1 
=  Syn.  Pester,  Worrg,  etc.    See  tease,  v.  t. 

II.  intrans.  To  trouble  one's  self;  make  many 
words  or  much  ado :  as,  don't  bother  about  that, 
bother  (boTH'er),  n.    [<  bother,  v.']    If.  Blar- 
ney;  humbug ;  palaver.  N.E.I).— 2.  Trouble; 
vexation^  plague:  as,  what  a  6o<7ier  it  is ! 

_  The  bother  with  Mr.  Emerson  is,  that,  though  he  writes  bOthUmH,  An  obsolete  form  of  bottom 
in  prose,  he  is  essentially  a  poet.  ' 


Moonwort  ( Botrychittm  Lu- 
fiaria ). 

J,  entire  plant ;  6,  branch  of  llie 
fertile  frond,  showing  sporangia. 


Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  376. 
At  night,  they  [the  ponies]  were  a  bother;  if  picketed 
out,  they  fed  badly  and  got  thin,  and  if  they  were  not 
picketed,  they  sometimes  strayed  away. 

The  Century,  XXX.  223. 

botheration  (boTH-e-ra'shon),  n.  [<  bother  + 
-ation.~\  The  act  of  bothering,  or  the  state  of 
being  bothered ;  annoyance;  trouble;  vexation; 
perplexity. 

A  man  must  have  a  good  stomach  that  can  swallow  this 
botheration  [autograph  albums]  as  a  compliment. 

Scott,  Diary,  Nov.  20,  1825. 
Their  smallness,  their  folly,  their  rascality,  and  their 
simple  power  of  botheration. 

Caroline  Fox,  Journal,  p.  250. 
botherer  (boTH'er-er),  n.    One  who  bothers, 
vexes,  or  annoys :  as, "  such  botherer s  of  judges," 
Warren. 

botherment  (bowH'er-ment),  n.  [<  bother  + 
-went]  The  act  of  bothering  or  the  state  of 
being  bothered ;  trouble;  annoyance;  bothera- 
tion. [Rare.] 

I'm  sure 't  would  be  a  botherment  to  a  living  soul  to  lose 
so  much  money.       '  J.  F.  Cooper. 

bothersome  (boTH'er-sum),  a.  [<  bother  + 
-so we.]  Troublesome ;  annoying ;  inconvenient. 

By  his  bothersome  questioning  of  all  traditional  assump- 
tions. The  American,  VII.  235. 

They  [casements]  open  sidewise,  in  two  wings,  and  are 
screwed  together  by  that  bothersome  little  iron  handle 
over  which  we  have  fumbled  so  often  in  European  inns. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Portraits  of  Places,  p.  353. 

both-handedness  (both'han"ded-nes),  n.  The 
power  of  using  either  hand  with  equal  ease; 
ambidexterity. 

The  tendency  toward  what  might  be  called  both-handed- 
ness m  the  use  of  the  brush.  The  Student,  III.  284. 

both-handst  (both'handz),  n.    A  person  indis- 
pensable to  another ;  a  factotum. 
He  is  his  master's  both-hands,  I  assure  you. 

B.  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  i.  1. 
bothie,  n.    See  bothv. 


bothum^t,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  button. 
bothy,  bothie  (both'i),  n.;  pi.  bothies  (-iz). 
[Also  written  bothay ;  appar.  <  Gael,  bothag, 
a  cottage,  hut,  dim.  of  Gael,  and  Ir.  both,  a 
hut;  but  the  th  is  not  sounded  in  these  words. 
See  6oot/i.]    1.  A  small  cottage ;  a  hut. 
The  salt  sea  we'll  harry. 
And  bring  to  our  Charlie 
The  cream  from  the  bothy 
And  curd  from  the  pen. 

Come  o'er  the  Stream,  Charlie. 
That  young  nobleman  who  has  just  now  left  the  bothy. 

Scott. 

To  accept  the  hospitality  of  a  very  poor  Highland  bothie. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  919. 


V.  A  tunicate  of  the 
family  BotryUidw. 
Botryllidae  (bo-tril'i- 
de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bo- 
trytliis  + -idw.']  Afam- 
ily  of  compound  aseid- 
ians  or  tunicaries,  of  the  order  Ascidioidea.  They 
have  a  definite  number  of  ascidiozobids  grouped  about 
a  common  cloaca  of  the  ascidiarium,  the  viscera  of  each 
single  body,  which  is  not  divided  into  thorax  and  abdo- 
men, lying  by  the  side  of  the  respiratory  cavity,  and  no 
lobes  aroimd  the  inhalent  orifice.  There  are  several  gen- 
era besides  Botrylhis.    Also  Botryllaeea  and  Botrylloides. 

Botryllus  (bo-tril'us),  n.    [NL.,  dim.  of  Gr. 

poTpvg,  a  cluster  or  bunch  of  grapes,  a  curl  or 
lock.]  A  genus  of  compound  ascidians,  typical 
of  the  family  Botryllidw.  B.  stellatus  and  B. 
violaceiis  are  examples. 

Botryocephalus  (bot'''ri-9-sef'a-lus),  «.  Same 

as  Bothrioccphalus.  Olen,  1815. 
botryogen  (bot'ri-o-jen),  n.  [<  Gr.  (idrpv^,  a 
cluster  of  gi-apes,  4-  -yevrir,  producing,  etc. :  see 
-gen.']  A  red  or  ocher-yellow  mineral  from 
Falun  in  Sweden,  consisting  of  the  hydrous 
sulphates  of  iron,  magnesium,  and  calcium, 
botryoid,  botryoidal  (bot'ri-oid,  bot-ri-oi'dal), 

a.  [<  Gr.  ftoTpvoet- 
6r](;,  like  a  cluster 
of  grapes,  <  /3d- 
rpi'f,  a  cluster  of 
grapes,  -I-  tZdof, 
form.]  Having  the 
form  of  a  bunch 
of  grapes  ;  like 
grapes,  as  a  min- 
eral presenting  an 
aggregation  of 
small  globes,  in 

bot.,  applied  to  forms  of  infiorescence  which  are  appa- 
rently botryose,  but  in  reality  cymose. 

botryoidally  (bot-ri-oi'dal-i),  adv.  In  a  bot- 
ryoidal manner ;  so  as  to  resemble  a  bunch  of 
grapes:  as,  vessels  botryoidally  dis-posed. 

botryolite  (bot'ri-o-lit),  n.  [<  Gr.  fUrpv^,  a 
cluster  of  grapes,  +  lido^,  a  stone.]  A  variety 
of  datolite  or  borosilieate  of  calcium,  occurring 
in  mammillary  or  botryoidal  concretions,  in  a 
bed  of  magnetic  iron  in  gneiss,  near  Arendal  in 

Norway,  and  elsewhere,  its  colors  are  pearl-gray, 
grayish-  or  reddish-white,  and  pale  rose-red.  It  is  said  to 
differ  from  datolite  in  containing  more  water, 
botryose  (bot'ri-6s),  a.  [<  Gr.  jSorpvc,  a  cluster 
of  gi-apes,  +  -ose.]  In  bot. :  (a)  Of  the  tj-pe  of 
the  raceme,  corymb,  iimbel,  etc.:  applied  to 
indeterminate  forms  of  inflorescence.  (6)  Clus- 
tered, like  a  bunch  of  grapes 


Botryoidal  structure:  Chalcedony. 


2.  A  house  for  the  accommodation  of  a  num-  Botrytis  (bo-tri'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  fiorpvc,  a 
1       c       1        1.  .•_  1  i  ^         cluster  of  grapes.]     A  large  genus  of  muce- 

dinous  fungi,  usually  growing  upon  dead  wood 
and  leaves,  characterized  by  the  somewhat 
dendroid  mode  of  branching  of  the  fertile  hy- 
phae,  which  bear  simple  spores  more  or  less 

grouped  near  the  tips.  One  species,  B.  Ba.'^siatia, 
grows  upon  living  silkwoi  ins,  and  causes  the  disease  known 
as  muscardine.  A  large  number  of  species  growing  upon 
living  plants  were  formerly  included  in  this  genus,  but 
are  now  referred  to  Peronospora. 

bots  (bots),  n.  pi.    See  bot^. 


ber  of  workpeople  in  the  employment  of  the 
same  person  or  company.   More  especially,  a  kind 
of  barrack  in  connection  with  a  large  farm,  where  the 
unmarried  outdoor  servants  and  laborers  are  lodged. — 
Bothy  system,  the  practice,  common  in  Aberdeenshire 
and  other  northern  counties  of  Scotland,  of  lodging  the 
unmarried  outdoor  servants  and  laborers  employed  on  the 
larger  farms  in  barrack-like  buildings  apart  from  their  em- 
ployer's residence, 
botone  (bot'on-a),  a.    Same  as  bottony. 
bo-tree  (bo'tre),  «.  [<  Singhalese  bo  (also  boga- 
/(«.•  (/a/fa,  tree),  a  shortened  form  of  Pali  &o(/7(i,  ,   . c.    i  i 
the  bo-tree,  short  for  bodhi-taru,  bo-tree  (<  bodhi  P^Ho'  x 
(<  Skt.  bodhi),  wisdom,  enlightenment,  +  taru,  o^)^^  (S>ot),  n.    [<  P.  botte,  a  bundle,  a  truss 
tree),  answering  to  Skt.  bodhi-vriksha  {vriksha,    (9^-  ■   see  bottle^).']     The  name 

tree).    See  Buddha.]    The  Ficus  religiosa,  or   g"'en  by  lace-makers  to  the  round  cushion, 
pipul-tree,  under  which  Sakyamuni,the  founder  ^^^^      ^l'®  'knee,  on  which  the  lace  is  woven, 
of  Buddhism,  is  said  to  have  become  "enlight-  °9.t*^'^S0,       Same  as  botargo. 
ened  "  (Buddha),  after  forty  days'  fixed  contem-  ? wa,Te.    See  jcare'^. 
plation,  during  which  time  he  was  subjected  to  bottelt,       Same  as  boltel. 
aU  manner  of  temptation,  and  to  have  evolved  DOtterollf,  n.    Same  as  boterol. 
the  four  noble  truths  by  which  mankind  may  Dptthammer  (bot'ham"'er),  « 


be  delivered  fi-om  the  miseries  attending  up- 
on birth,  life,  and  death.  The  particular  bo-tree 
under  which  this  happened  is  said  to  have  been  produced 
at  the  moment  of  his  birth. 

Botrychium  (bo-trik'i-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
PoTpvxo^,  equiv.  to  ^oarpvxo^,  a  curl  or  lock,  a 


[<  bott  (prob.  < 

ME.  bottc,  a  form  of  bat'^)  -k-  hammer.]  A 
wooden  mallet  with  a  fluted  face,  used  in 
breaking  flax, 
bottine  (bo-ten'),  n.  [F.,  dim.  of  botte,  a  boot: 
see  boot'^.]  1.  A  half -boot ;  a  woman's  fine 
shoe. —  2.  An  appliance  resembling  a  boot, 


Oriental  Goat-skin  Bottles,  or  Wine-skins. 


bottine 

with  straps,  springs,  buckles,  etc.,  to  correct 
or  prevent  distortion  of  the  lower  limbs  and 
feet  of  children. 

botting  (bot'ing),  n.  [Perhaps  for  batting,  < 
fcaA,  ME.  occasionally  botfe,  a  club,  stick.] 
The  operation  of  restopping  the  tap-hole  of  a 
furnace  with  a  plug  of  clay  on  the  end  of  a 
wooden  rod,  after  a  portion  of  the  charge  has 
been  removed. 

bottleif,  n.  [ME.,  also  botle,  buttle,  <  AS.  botl 
(=  OS.  bodl  =  OFries.  bodel  =  leel.  bdl  (also 
deriv.  bwli),  a  dwelling,  abode,  farm,  also  lair, 
den,  =  Dan.  bol,  a  farm,  bdl,  bdlle,  in  local 
names) ;  ef.  bold,  a  dwelling  (>  bijhhai,  E.  build, 
q.  v.),  and  ?)i7)-(>E.  bower'^),  a  dwelling;  <  buaii 
(•/  *bu),  dwell:  see  bower'';  hond'^,  etc.]  A 
dwelling;  a  habitation:  a  word  extant  (as -i»of- 
tle,  -battle)  only  in  some  local  English  names, 
as  Harbottle,  Newhottle,  Morbattlc. 

bottle'-  (bot'l),  M.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bottel, 
botle;  <  ME.  botel,  bottelle  =  D.  bottel  =  LG.  but- 
tel,  buddel,  <  OF.  hotel,  m.,  also  boutellc,  boutille, 
F,  bouteille  =  Pr.  Pg.  hotclha  =  Sp.  botella  =  It. 
hottiglia,  <  ML.  buticula,  f.,  dim.  of  butis,  but- 
Us,  butta  (> 
OF.  boute,  F. 
botte),  a  butt : 
see  butt'i.'] 

1 .  A  hollow 
mouthed  ves- 
sel of  glass, 
wood,  leather, 
or  other  ma- 
terial, for 
holding  and 
carrying  li- 
quids. Oriental 
nations  use  skins 
or  leather  for  this  purpose,  and  of  the  nature  of  these 
wine-skins  are  the  bottles  mentimied  in  Scripture  :  "  Put 
new  wine  into  new  bottlf.^:."  In  Europe  ami  North  America 
glass  is  generally  used  for  li(i\iids  of  all  kinds,  but  wine  is 
still  largely  stored  in  skins  in  Spain  and  Greece.  Small 
bottles  are  often  called  vials. 

2.  The  contents  of  a  bottle ;  as  much  as  a  bot- 
tle contains:  as,  a  bottle  of  wine  or  of  porter. 
—  Capillary  bottle.  SeecapiUani.  —  The  bottle,  figura- 
tively, strong  drink  in  general ;  the  practice  of  drinking. 

In  the  bottle  discontent  seeks  for  comfort,  cowardice  for 
courage,  and  bashfulness  for  confidence. 

Johnson,  Addison. 

bottle^  (bot'l),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bottled,  ppr. 
bottling.  [<  bottle'^,  n.'\  1.  To  put  into  bot- 
tles for  the  purpose  of  preserving  or  of  stor- 
ing away:  as,  to  bottle  wine  or  porter.  Hence 
— 2.  To  store  up  as  in  a  bottle  ;  preserve  as  if 
by  bottling;  shut  in  or  hold  back  (coUoq.  "cork 
up"),  as  anger  or  other  strong  feeling:  usually 
with  uj). 

Can  economy  of  time  or  money  go  further  than  to  anni- 
hilate time  and  space,  and  bottle  up  [as  does  the  phono- 
graph] for  posterity  the  mere  utterance  of  man,  without 
other  etf ort  on  his  part  than  to  speak  the  words  ? 

iV.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVI.  536. 

bottle^  (bot'l),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bottel, 
botelle,  botle;  <  ME.  botcl,  <  OF.  botel,  m.,  equiv. 
to  botelle,  iem.,  dim.  of  botte,  a  bundle:  see 
6o<<2.]  A  quantity,  as  of  hay  or  grass,  tied  or 
btmdled  up.    [Now  chiefly  prov.  Eng.] 

Although  it  be  nat  worth  a  botel  hay. 

Chance)-,  Prol.  to  Manciple's  Tale,  1.  14. 

Methinks  I  have  a  great  desire  to  a  bottle  of  hay. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iv.  1. 

To  look  for  a  needle  in  a  bottle  of  hay  (=  in  a  hay- 
stack), to  engage  in  a  hopeless  search. 

bottle-alet  (bot'l-al),  n.    Bottled  ale. 

Selling  cheese  and  prunes,  and  retail'd  bottle-ale. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Captain,  ii.  2. 

bottle-bellied  (bot'l-bel*id),  a.  Having  a  belly 
shaped  like  a  bottle ;  having  a  swelling,  pro- 
tuberant belly ;  pot-bellied. 

Some  choleric,  bottle-bellied  old  spider. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  381. 

bottle-bird  (bot'l-berd),  «.  A  bird  that  builds 
a  bottle-shaped  pensile  nest. 

We  came  across,  in  our  meanderings,  a  small  tree,  from 
the  branches  of  which  were  hanging  a  number  of  bottle- 
birds'  nests.  Their  shape  is  like  an  elongated  egg,  very 
sharp  at  the  small  end,  rather  bulging  out  at  the  other 
end,  while  the  opening  is  at  the  side.  The  bird  is  some- 
thing like  a  sparrow,  with  a  considerable  touch  of  the  yel- 
low of  a  canary.         E.  Sartorius,  In  the  Soudah,  p.  1S5. 

bottle-boot  (bot'l-bot),  n.  A  leathern  case  to 
hold  a  bottle  while  it  is  being  corked. 

bottle-brush  (bot'l -brush),  n.  1.  A  brush 
for  cleaning  bottles.— 2.  The  field-horsetail, 
Equisetum  arvense. —  3.  The  mare's-tail,  Hip- 
puris  vulgaris. —  4.  In  Australia,  the  Calliste- 
mon  lanceolatus.  See  Callistemon — Bottle-brush 
grass,  a  common  name  in  the  United  States  for  the  As- 
prella  Hystrix. 


638 

bottle-bump  (bot'l-bump),  w.  [A  corruption 
of  butter-bump,  bitter-bump.']  A  name  given  in 
some  districts  to  the  bittern,  Botauruts  stellaris. 
bottle-carrier  (bot'l-kar"i-6r),  n.  A  device  for 
carrying  a  number  of  uncorked  bottles,  used 
in  wine-cellars.  It  consists  of  a  frame  with  a  handle, 
in  which  each  bottle  is  held  by  a  spring-pad  at  the  bottom 
and  by  a  boss  or  projection  which  enters  the  mouth. 

bottle-case  (bot'l-kas),  n.  The  wicker-  or  bas- 
ket-work covering  of  a  demijohn  or  carboy. — 

Bottle-case  loom,  a  machine  for  weaving  bottle-cases, 
bottle-chart  (bot'l-chiirt),  w.  A  marine  chart 
exhibiting  the  set  of  ocean  surface-currents 
compiled  from  papers  bearing  date,  latitude, 
and  longitude,  found  in  bottles  which  have 
been  thrown  from  ships  and  washed  upon  the 
beach  or  picked  up  by  other  ships.  The  time  be- 
tween the  throwing  of  such  bottles  and  their  I'ecovery  on 
shore  has  varied  from  a  few  days  to  sixteen  years,  and  the 
distance  from  a  few  miles  to  five  thousand  miles, 
bottle-clip  (bot'l-klip),  n.  A  device  for  closing 
the  mouth  of  a  bottle ;  a  substitute  for  a  cork, 
bottle-coaster  (bot'l-kos'ter),  v.  A  kind  of 
deep  tray  with  divisions  for  bottles,  in  which 
decanters  of  wine  or  cordial  are  passed  round 
a  dinner-  or  banquet-table  after  the  dessert: 
sometimes  made  for  one  decanter  only. 

The  two  Lady  R.'s,  .  .  .  like  two  decanters  in  a,  bottle- 
conster,  with  such  magnificent  diamond  labels  round  their 
necks.  Miss  Edijewortli,  Belinda,  v. 

bottle-cod  (bot'l-kod),  «.  A  name  given  in 
Jamaica  to  the  plant  Capparis  cynophallophora , 
from  the  shape  of  the  fruit. 

bottle-companion,  bottle-friend  (bot'l-kom- 

pau  'yon,  -trend),  )(.  A  companion  or  friend  iu 
drinking  or  conviviality. 

Sam,  who  is  a  very  good  bottle-companion,  has  been  the 
diversion  of  his  friends.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  8!). 

bottle-conjurer  (bot'l-kim"jer-er),  n.  One  who 
exhibits  feats  of  necromancy  with  a  bottle,  as 
extracting  from  it  a  variety  of  liqiuds  or  more 
than  was  put  in,  or  putting  in  what  apparently 
cannot  pass  through  the  neck. 

Which  to  that  bottle-conjurer,  John  Bull, 
Is  of  all  dreams  the  first  hallucination. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  vii.  ^i. 

bottled  (bot'ld),  0.  [<  fcoff/c2 -f  .«j2.]   1.  Kept 
or  contained  in  a  bottle :  as,  bottled  porter. — 
2.  Big-bellied  :  as,  "  that  bottled  spider,"  Shak., 
Rich.  III.,  iv.  4.  [Rare.] 
bottle-dropsy  (bot'l -drop "si),  «.    A  dropsy 
which  affects  the  abdomen  only;  ascites, 
bottle-fish  (bot'l-fish),  n.    1.  A  name  of  sundry 
pleetognath  fishes  of  the  family  Tetrodontidw. 
—  2.  -A  name  of  the  Saccopharynx  ampullaceus, 
a  remarkable  fish  representing  a  peculiar  fam- 
ily of  the  order  Lyomeri.    See  Saccopharyngida'. 
bottle-flower  (bot'l-flou"er),  n.    A  plant,  Cen- 
taur ea  Cyanus ;  the  bluebottle, 
bottle-friend,  n.    See  bottle-companion. 
bottle-glass  (bot'l-glas),  n.    A  cheap  grade  of 
glass,  usually  of  a  dull  deep-green  color,  used 
for  making  common  bottles,  etc. 
bottle-gourd  (bot'l-gord),  m.    The  fruit  of  La- 
gcnaria  vulgaris,  natural  order  Cucurbitacece. 
See  gourd  and  Lagenaria. 
bottle-grass  (bot'l-gras),  n.    A  kind  of  grass, 

Setaria  viridis.    See  Setaria. 
bottle-green  (bot'l-gren),  n.  and  a.    I,  n,  A 
green  color  like  that  of  common  bottle-glass. 
II.  a.  Of  a  dark-green  color, 
bottlehead  (bot'l-hed),  n.    1.  A  more  correct 
though  not  common  name  for  the  whale  called 
the  bottlenose  (which  see). — 2.  A  name  of  the 
black-bellied  plover,  Squatarola  helvetica. 
bottle-holder  (bot'l-h61"der),  n.    1.  A  glass- 
maker's  tool  for  holding  the  body  of  a  bottle 
while  forming  the  neck. — 2.  A  rack  for  holding 
bottles. —  3.  One  who  waits  upon  another  in 
a  prize-fight,  administering  refreshment,  etc. ; 
hence,  a  backer;  a  second;  a  supporter,  en- 
courager,  or  adviser  in  a  conflict  or  trial  of 
any  kind. 

An  old  bruiser  makes  a  good  bottle-holder. 

Smollett,  Adv.  of  Ferd.,  Count  Fathom. 

Lord  Palmerston  considered  himself  the  bottle-holder  of 
oppressed  states.  London  Times. 

bottle-imp  (bot'l-imp),  n.  See  Cartesian  devil, 
under  Cartesian. 

bottle-jack  (bot'l-jak),  «.    1.  A  roasting-jack 
shaped  like  a  bottle. — 2.  A  kind  of  lifting-jack, 
bottle-mold  (bot'l-mold),  n.     An  iron  mold 

within  which  a  bottle  is  blown, 
bottlenose  (bot'l-noz),  n.    1.  A  name  of  sev- 
eral species  of  cetaceans  having  bottle-shaped 

noses,  (a)  Of  the  species  of  Hyperoodon,  like  //.  bidens 
of  the  northern  seas,  about  25  feet  long,  (b)  Of  the  species 
of  Baloenopterus  or  Glabieephalus,  the  caaing-whales.  Also 
called  bottlehead. 


bottom 

2.  In  med.,  an  eruption  of  srnall,  red,  suppu- 
rating tubercles  on  the  nose,  such  as  is  pro- 
duced by  intemperate  drinking.    Vunglison. — 

3.  A  name  at  St.  Andrews,  Scotland,  of  the  sea- 
stickleback,  Sp'tnachia  vulgaris. — 4.  A  name 
for  the  puffin,  Fratercula  arctica,  from  its  large 
red-and-blue  beak.  See  bottle-nosed. —  5.  A 
name  of  the  sea-elephant  or  elephant-seal, 
Mucrorhinus  leoninus,  and  others  of  the  same 

genus — Bottlenose  oil.  [Prob.  a  corruption  of  Botte- 
Icau's  (name  of  a  manufacturer)  oil.]  An  inferior  grade 
of  olive-oil  used  in  making  Castile  soap. 

bottle-nosed  (bot'l-nozd),  «.  Having  a  bottle- 
shaped  nose ;  having  a  nose  full  and  swollen 
about  the  wings  and  end,  or  inflamed  by  drink- 
ing. 

bottle-ore  (bot'l-6r),  n.  A  name  for  coarse 
seaweeds,  especially  one  of  the  rock-weeds, 
Fucks  nodostis. 

bottle-pump  (bot'l-pump),  n.  A  device  for  re- 
moving the  fluid  contents  of  a  bottle.  A  com- 
mon form  is  Unit  of  a  rubber  bulb  for  forcing  air  into  the 
bottle,  and  a  bent  tube  throtigh  which  the  liquid  is  driven 
out  i)y  the  pressiu'e  of  the  air. 

bottler  (bot'ler),  n.  [<  ME.  boteller ;  in  mod. 
use  as  if  <  bottle^,  v.,  +  -erl ;  but  historically 
a  var.  of  butler.']  One  who  bottles  ;  specifically, 
one  whose  occupation  is  to  bottle  wine,  spirits, 
ale,  etc. 

bottle-rack  (bot'l-rak),  n.  A  rack  for  holding 
bottles  placed  in  it  mouth  downward  to  drain. 

bottle-screw  (bot'l-skro),  «.    A  corkscrew. 

bottle-stand  (bot'l-stand),  n.  1.  A  cruet- 
stand. —  2.  A  wooden  rest  for  draining  bottles 
after  washing. 

bottle-stoop  (bot'l-stop),  ».  In  ?Hef7.,  a  wooden 
block  grooved  above  to  hold  a  wide-mouthed 
bottle  obliquely  so  that  a  powder  may  be  easily 
extracted  from  it  with  a  knife  in  dispensing. 

bottle-tit  (bot'l-tit),  n.  A  name  of  the  long- 
tailed  titmouse,  Parus  caudatus  or  Acredxda 
caudata:  so  called  from  its  curious  large,  pen- 
sile, bottle-shaped  nest.  See  cut  under  titmouse. 

bottle-track  (bot'l-trak),  ».  The  course  pur- 
sued in  the  ocean  by  a  bottle  thrown  over- 
board with  a  note  of  latitude,  longitude,  and 
date,  and  so  affording  some  data  for  estimat- 
ing the  set  and  velocity  of  currents.  See 
bottle-chart. 

bottle-tree  (bot'l-tre),  «.  An  Australian  tree, 
Stcrculia  rupestris,  so  called  from  the  shape  of 
its  trunk, 
which  re- 
sembles a 
soda  -  water 
bottle.  The 
natives  make 
nets  of  its  fibers 
and  quench 
their  thirst 
from  reservoirs 
of  sap  which 
are  formed  in 
the  stem. 

bottle-wax 

(bot'l-waks), 
n.  A  stiff  wax 
used  to  seal 
the  mouths 
of  bottles 
and  jars. 

bottling-machine  (bot'ling-ma-shen"),  n.  A 
machine  for  filling  and  corking  bottles. 

bottom  (bot'um),  n.  and  a.  [E.  dial,  also  hot- 
ton;  =  Sc.  boddem,  boddum,  etc.,  <  ME.  bottom, 
bottome,  botome,  botym,  botme,  earlier  bothom, 
botlmm,  botham,  <  AS.  botm  =  OS.  bodom  = 
OFries.  *bodem,  bodcn,  North  Fries,  bom, 
NFries.  bocm,  beam  =  D.  bodem  =  LG.  bodden 
=  OHG.  bodam,  MHG.  bodem,  G.  boden  =  Icel. 
botn  =  OSw.  botn,  Sw.  batten  —  ODan.  bodn, 
Dan.  bund,  bottom ;  prob.  =  L.  fundus  (for 
*fudnus)  (whence  ult.  E.  fund,  found^,  founda- 
tion, fundamental,  etc.)  —  Gr.  nvd/jj/v,  bottom, 
=  Skt.  budhna,  depth,  groimd.  Cf.  Gael,  bonn, 
sole,  foundation,  bottom,  —  Ir.  bonn,  sole,  =  W. 
bon,  stem,  base,  stock.]  I.  n.  1.  The  lowest 
or  deepest  part  of  anything,  as  distinguished 
from  the  top ;  utmost  depth,  either  literally  or 
figuratively;  base;  foundation;  root:  as,  the 
bottom  of  a  hill,  a  tower,  a  tree,  of  a  well  or 
other  cavity,  of  a  page  or  a  column  of  figures. 

Ye  consider  not  the  matter  to  the  bottom. 

Latimer,  5th  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 
Objections  .  .  .  built  on  the  same  bottom.  Atterbury. 
All  customs  were  founded  upon  some  bottom,  of  reason. 

Sir  T.  Broume,  Urn-burial,  i. 

2.  The  ground  under  any  body  of  water :  as,  a 
rocky  bottom ;  a  sandy  bottom;  to  lie  on  the 
bottom  of  the  sea.— 3.  In  phys.  gcog.,  the  low 


Bottle-tree  [Stercittia  ritptstris). 


bottom 

land  adjacent  to  a  river,  especially  when  the 
river  is  large  and  the  level  area  is  of  consider- 
able extent.    Also  called  bottom-land. 

On  both  shores  of  that  fruitful  huttom  are  still  to  be 
seen  the  mai'ks  of  ancient  edifices. 

Addison,  Ti-avels  in  Italy. 

For  weeks  togetlier  Indians  would  have  their  squalid 
camps  about  Illinois  Town,  and  in  the  bottoms  toward  the 
Big  ilound.  ir.  Barrows,  Oregon,  p.  103. 

4.  In  mining,  that  which  is  lowest;  in  Penn- 
sylvania coal-mining,  the  floor,  bottom-rock,  or 


639 


They  [worsted  goods]  should  be  bottomed  with  indigo. 

Fibre  and  Fabric,  V.  IC. 


boudoir 


II.  intrans.  1,  To  rest;  be  based. 

On  what  foundation  any  proposition  advanced  bottoms. 

Locke. 

2.  To  strike  against  the  bottom  or  end :  as,  a 
piston  bottoms  when  it  strikes  against  the  end 
of  the  cylinder.- Bottoming  of  gear-teeth,  the 

rubbnig  of  the  points  of  the  tcetli  of  one  of  a  pair  of  gear- 
wheels against  the  rim  ))etween  the  roots  of  the  teeth  of 
the  other  :  a  result  of  a  false  adjustment. 


animal ;  the  buttocks ;  the  sitting  part  of  man.    est  working  part. 
Hence  — 6.  The  portion  of  a  chair  on  which  bottomed  (bot'umd),  a 
one  sits;  the  seat.  xt„,.;.,^  „  T.-ii_._  /_ 

No  two  chairs  were  alike ;  such  high  backs  and  low 
backs,  and  leather  bottoms  and  worsted  bottonm.  Irviyirj. 
7.  That  part  of  a  ship  which  is  below  the  wales ; 
hence,  the  ship  itself. 
They  had  a  well-rigg  d  bottom,  fully  mann'd. 

Massinger,  The  Guardian,  v.  3. 
I  am  informed  .  .  .  that  the  governor  .  .  .  had  deter- 
mined to  issue  a  proclamation  for  admitting  provisions  in  bottom-ffiadp  Vbot'iim  o-15(1>  « 
American  bottoms,  but  an  arrival  of  a  vessel  from  Con-  ",^^^0™  giaao  (Dot  um-glaU;,  11. 

ley  between  hills ;  a  dale. 

I.  458 


bottom-tool  (bot'um-tol),  n.    In  turning,  a  tool 
with  a  bent  end,  used  for  working  on  the  inside 
of  the  bottoms  of  hollow  work. 
botton6  (bot-on-a'),  j).  a.    Same  as  hottony. 
bottony  (bot'on-i),  «.    [Also  written  hottone, 
botone,  <  OF.  botonnc,  pp.  of  botouitcr  (F.  hou- 
tonncr),  ornament  with  buds  or  but- 
tons, <  baton,  F.  bouton,  a  bud,  but- 
ton: see  button.']    In  her.,  decorated 
with  buds,  knobs,  or  buttons  at  the 
extremities,  generally  in  gi'oups  of 
three,  forming  trefoils.    Also  called 
^  tony^or^*"''  boltoHcd,  botoHed,  and  sometimes 
/umeu  vuoi  umu;,  a.    [<  bottom  +  -ef/2.]  trefoilcd  ov  trcffled.    Hee  cross. 

1.  Having  a  bottom  (of  the  particular  kind  botts  (bots),  «. /^^  See 

indicated  in  composition):  as,  Hat-bottomed;  botuliform  (bot'u-li-fonn),  n.    [<  Jj.  botulus,  a. 
hrond-bottomed ;  a  full-bottomed  wig. —  2.  Un-    sausage  {>  ult.  E.  bowel),   -f-  forma,  form.] 
derlaid;  furnished  with  a  bottom  or  foundation :    Shaped  like  a  small  sausage;  allantoid. 
as,  bottomed  by  clay. —  3.  Based ;  grounded :  as,  botulinic  (bot-u-lin'ik),  a.  [<  L.  botiilus,  a  sau- 
a  vieW-bottomed  character.    Morley.  sage,  +  -wici  +  -/c]    Pertaining  to  or  derived 

bottom-fishing  (bot'um-fish"ing),  n.    Same  as  ,  from  sausages  :  as,  botulinic  acid.  ~' 
ground-angling. 


Dj.ivauia;  oi/ui-mwii/iy,  uiiB  nuor,  ooitom-roCK,  Or     the  other  :  a  result  of  a  false  adjustment. 

Stratum  on  which  a  coal-seam  rests.— 5.  The  bottom-captain  (bot'um-kap"tan),  n.  In  min- 
lower  or  hinder  extremity  of  the  trunk  of  an    ing,  the  superintendent  of  miners  in  the  deep- 


necticut  prevented  it, 

S.  Adams,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  458.  Tending  my  flocks  hard  by  i'  the  hilly  crofts 

8.  The  heavy  impurities  which  collect  at  the  "^''"^^  ""'''^  bottom-glade.  Milton,  Comus,  1.  .';32. 

;toms  of  vessels  in  which  fluids  are  left  to  bottom-grass  (bot 


bottoms  _  .  

settle:  as,  "the  bottom  of  beer,"  Johnson. —  9. 
pi.  The  residuum,  consisting  of  impui-e  metal, 
often  found  at  the  bottom  of  a  smelting-fur- 
nace  when  the  operation  has  not  been  skil- 
fully conducted:  chiefly  used  in  reference  to 
copper-smelting.— 10.  Power  of  endurance; 
stamina ;  native  strength :  as,  a  horse  of  good 
bottom.— 11.  Milit.:  («)  A  circular  disk  with 
holes  to  hold  the  rods  in  the  formation  of  a 
gabion.  (6)  Same  as  bottom-plate. — 12.  In  shoe- 
maUng,  the  sole,  heel,  and  shank  of  a  shoe ;  all 
that  is  below  the  upper.— 13.  In  railroads,  the 
ballasting  about  the  ties.— 14.  A  platform  sus- 
pended from  a  scale,  on  which  the  thing  to  be 
weighed  is  placed.—  15t.  A  clue  or  nucleus  on 


 o  V  -  -  /um-gras),  n.   Grass  growing 

on  lowlands  or  bottom-lands, 
bottom-ice  (bot'um-is)^  n.  Ground-ice ;  anchor- 
ice;  ground-gru. 

The  curious  phenomenon  of  the  formation  of  bottom-ice, 
and  its  rise  to  the  surface,  is  more  frequently  seen  in  the 
Baltic  and  the  Cattegat  than  in  the  open  ocean  — chiefly, 
it  seems  probable,  on  account  of  the  shallowness  of  these 
-    --  o   seas.  -B(i02/c.  £ri(.,  III.  29.5. 

u\r^t^T^}^''  ^l^^  bottoming-bole  (bot'um-ing-hol),  n.  In  glass- 
is  m  the  formation  of  ^j^^  „p^,^  ^^^^^^        ^^^'^^^^  ^.^j^ 

a  globe  of  crown-glass  is  exposed  during  the 
progress  of  its  manufactm-e,  in  order  to  soften 
it  and  allow  it  to  assume  an  oblate  form, 
bottoming-tap  (bot 'um- ing -tap),  n.  A  tap 
used  for  cutting  a  perfect  thread  to  the  bottom 
of  a  hole. 


If  fepttom-land  (bot'um-land),       Same  as  bot 


Bp.  Warburton;  Bacon 
And  beat  me  to  death  with  a  bottom  of  brown  thread. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  3. 

16t.  The  cocoon  of  a  silkworm. 
Silkworms  finish  their  bottoms  in  about  fifteen  days. 

Mortimer. 

17.  In  dyeing,  a  color  applied  to  a  fabric  with 
a  ^'iew  of  giving  a  peculiar  hue  to  a  dye  which 
is  to  be  subsequently  applied.— 18.  In  golf,  a 
backward  rotation  of  the  ball  which  tends  to 
check  its^motion  after  it  touches  the  ground. 

At  bottom,  in  reality,  especially  as  opposed  to  external 
appearance ;  fundamentally  ;  essentially :  as,  he  is  sincere 
at  bottom. 

Every  body  was  sure  there  was  some  reason  for  it  at 
bottom.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  i.  1. 

Bottom-discharge  water-wheel,  a  turbine  which  dis- 
charges the  water  at  the  bottom  instead  of  at  the  sides  — 
JJOttOm  Of  a  Wig,  the  portion  of  a  wig  which  hangs  over 
the  shoulder.— False  bottom,  a  horizontal  partition  in- 
serted mto  the  lower  part  of  a  box,  desk,  etc.,  so  as  to 
simulate  tlie  bottom  and  form  a  secret  compartment.— 
fo  be  at  the  bottom  of,  to  underlie  as  a  cause;  be  the 
real  author,  source,  or  cause  of. 

She  has  another  lover,  one  Beverley,  who,  I  am  told  is 
now  in  Bath. -Odds  slanders  and  lies!  he  must  be  at  the 
bottom  of  It.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  4. 

To  drain  the  cup  to  the  bottom.  See  c™.-To  stand 
O^jOne  S  own  bottom,  to  be  independent ;  act  for  one's 

II.  a.  [Attrib.  use  of  noun.]  Situated  at 
the  bottom  ;  lowest ;  undermost ;  fundamen- 
tal :  as,  the  bottom  stair ;  the  bottom  coin  of  a 
pile. 

This  is  the  bottom  fact  of  the  whole  political  situation 
Bottom  heat.   See  heat. 
bottom  (bot'um),  V.    [<  bottom,  «.]    I.  tran.'i. 
1.  Tofui-nish  with  a  bottom:  as,  to  bottom  a 
shoe  or  a  chau-.—  2.  To  found  or  build  upon ; 
nx  upon  as  a  support;  base. 

Those  false  and  deceiving  grounds  upon  which  many 
bottom  their  eternal  state.  South. 

Action  is  supposed  to  be  bottomed  upon  principle. 

Bp.  Atterbury. 

3.  To  fathom;  reach  or  get  to  the  bottom  of. 

The  spirit  of  self-will,  of  insistence  on  our  own  views 
which  we  have  probably  never  really  bottomed,  or  traced 
to  principles.  Contemporary  Rev.,  L.  350. 

4t.  To  wind  round  something,  as  in  makdne  a 
ball  of  thread.  ^ 
Therefore,  as  you  unwind  her  love  from  him, 
Lest  it  should  ravel,  and  be  good  to  none, 
You  must  provide  to  bottom  it  on  me. 

SAa*.,  T.  G.  of  v.,  iii.  2. 

5.  In  dyeing,  to  dye  first  -with  a  certain  color 
m  preparation  for  another. 


torn,  3. 

After  making  nearly  a  semicircle  around  the  pond,  they 
diverged  from  the  water-course,  and  began  to  ascend  to 
the  level  of  a  slight  elevation  in  that  bottom-land  over 
which  they  journeyed.       Cooper,  Last  of  Mohicans,  xxii. 

bottomless  (bot'um-les),  a.  [<  bottom  -h  -less.] 
Without  a  bottom.  Hence — (a)  Groundless; 
unsubstantial;  false:  as,  " &o«tom?ess  specula- 
tions," Burlce. 

He  fond  but  botmeles  behestes. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  v.  1431. 

(&)  Fathomless;  unfathomable;  inexhaustible: 
as,  a  bottomless  abyss  or  ocean. 

Is  not  my  sorrow  deep,  having  no  bottom? 
Then  be  my  passions  bottomlexs  with  them. 

bottom-lift  (bot'um-lift),  ...  ^ 
deepest  or  bottom  tier  of  pumps 
bottommost  (bot'um-most),  a 


bottom;  lowest.  [Rare'] 
bottom-plate  (bot'um-plat),  n.  1.  The  bed 
supporting  the  carriage  of  a  printing-press.— 
2.  The  bed  of  knives  immediately  beneath  the 
cylinder  of  a  pulping-engine.  It  is  formed  of  a 
number  of  knife-plates  placed  flat  against  each  other, 
witli  their  upper  knife-edges  adjusted  to  conform  to  the 
curve  of  the  cylinder  above,  which  also  contains  knives. 
Between  these  two  sets  of  knives  the  raw  material,  as 
rags,  wood,  or  other  substance,  is  ground  to  pulp 


 „—  .  — ,  _„    Thomas. 

boucan  (bo'kan),  m.  and  v.  See  bucan. 
An  open  val-  bouche  (bosh),  n.  [F.,  <  OP.  boiiche,  bonce, 
boche,  buche,  etc.,  mouth,  <  L.  bucca,  cheek:  see 
fcMCca,  and  cf.  bocca.]  If.  In  the  ancient  French 
monarchy,  the  service  of  the  king's  table,  under 
the  direction  of  the  master  of  the  king's  house- 
hold. A  large  number  of  otticers  of  difl'erent  ranks,  and 
having  accurately  defined  duties,  formed  this  establish- 
ment. 

2.  A  certain  allowance  of  provisions  made  by 
a  king  to  those  who  obeyed  his  summons  to  the 
field,  according  to  the  feudal  system  of  military 
service.  Hence — Sf.  Any  supply  of  provisions ; 
food.  Formerly  corruptly  boiige. 

A  bombard-man  that  brought  bonije  for  a  country  lady 
or  two  that  fainted,  he  said,  with  fasting. 

B.  Jonson,  JIas(iiie  of  Love  Restored. 

4.  In  medieval  armor,  a  notch  or  indentation  in 
the  upper  right-hand  edge  of  the  shield,  allow- 
ing a  weapon  to  be  passed  through  it.  in  the 
justing  shield,  this  was  sometimes  of  the  form  of  a 
diagonal  slit  terminating  in  a  round  hole  of  the  size  of 
the  lance-shaft. 

5.  In  ordnance,  a  short  cylinder  of  copper 
placed  in  a  eounterbore  in  the  face  of  the 
breech-block,  and  through  which  the  vent  of  a 
piece  of  breech-loading  ordnance  is  drilled  ;  a 
bushing.  When  this  copper  cylinder  extends  through 
the  walls  of  the  piece,  it  is  called  a  vent-piece  or  vent-bush- 
ing.   See  bunking. 

6.  The  mouth  of  a  firearm  of  any  kind;  the 
bore. 

bouche,  bouch  (bosh),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
houchcd,  ppr.  bouching.    [<  bouche,  w.]  To 
form  or  drill  a  new  mouth  or  vent  in,  as  in  a 
gun  which  has  been  spiked, 
bouchee  (bo-sha'),  «.    [P.,  <  bouche,  mouth.] 
A  patty  or  small  pie;  a  bonbon;  any  dainty 
Shak  Tit  And   iii  1     supposed  to  be  a  mouthful. 
„     t  '  J-  ■    '      '  bouchert,  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  6o!Pc7i!/er,  Jate 
n.    In  mining,  the    ME.  boicger,  appar.  <  bouge,  a  bag,  wallet  :  see 
bouge^.   But  perhaps  a  var.  of  boicser,  q.  v.]  A 
treasurer;  a  bursar.  Stonyhurst. 

pp. 


[<  bottom  + 


 ....  .  „     ^..i^ijv/  iii       f_riAJlVAAll^  U£J 

grape  and  canister  into  a  cylinder  ready  for 
loading  into  a  gun.  Cast-iron  top-  and  bottom-plates 
are  used  for  grape,  and  wroiight-iron  ones  for  canister 
Also  called  bottom. 

bottomry  (bot'um-ri),  n.  [Formerly  also  bot- 
tomery,  bottomary,  botiommarie,  bodornery,  etc. ; 
=  F.  bomerie  =  G.  bodmerei  =  Dan.  Sw.  bodmeri, 
<  D.  bodemerij,  bottomi-y :  see  bottom  and  -ery, 
-ry.]  In  marine  law,  the  act  of  borrowing  money 
and  pledging  the  bottom  of  a  ship,  that  is,  the 
ship  itself,  as  security  for  its  repayment.  The 
contract  of  bottomry  is  in  the  nature  of  a  mortgage  the 


bouchcrised,  ppr.  boucherizing.  [<  Auguste  Bou- 
cherie  (1801-1871),  a  French  chemist,  inventor 
of  the  process,  -I-  -izc.]  To  impregnate  (tim- 
ber) with  sulphate  of  copper  as  a  preservative, 
bouchette  (bo-shef),  n.  [Appar.  F.,  dim.  of 
bouche,  a  mouth.]  In  medieval  armor,  the  large 
buckle  used  for  fastening  the  lower  part  of  the 
breastplate  to  the  upper  one.  Fairholt. 
bouching  (bo'shing),  n.    Same  as  bushing. 


verbal  n.  of  bouche,  v.,  +  bill-.}  An  instru- 
ment used  for  boring  a  hole  in  the  vent-field 
of  a  gun  to  receive  the  copper  plug,  or  bouche, 
through  which  the  vent  is  afterward  drilled. 
Farroiv,  Mil.  Encye. 
boudi,  bowd  (bond),  n.  [<  ME.  bude,  budde, 
boude,  origin  uncertain ;  cf.  AS.  budda,  *scearn- 
budda  (occurs  once  improp.  written  scearnbu- 
doa),  ME.  scharnbodde,  a  dung-beetle.]  An  in- 
sect that  breeds  in  grain;  a  weevil.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 


comraci  oi  ooitomry  is  in  tlie  nature  of  a  mortgage  the  ^^g-i 

on^n^vovfo-f  I^^h"'?!!'-"  "JS"''^^-"  '^"^"y  ^^^^^  (^od).    [Also  written  hood,  bude,  boot, 

on  a  voyage,  and  pledging  the  shin  as  secnritv  fnr  ti.B  „„_<._         i  ,  ,         .  J  ,       '  ,  .' 


_  .. —  —  „  .^...^^  .j^..^.,  11,-^  inwncjr  ciiauie  iimi  Lo  carry 
on  a  voyage,  and  pledging  the  ship  as  security  for  the 
money.  If  the  ship  is  lost,  the  lender  loses  the  money  • 
but  if  the  ship  arrives  safe,  he  is  to  receive  the  money  lent 
with  the  interest  or  premium  stipulated,  although  it  may 
exceed  the  legal  rate  of  interest.  The  tackle  of  the  ship 
also  IS  answerable  for  the  debt,  as  well  as  the  person  of  the 
borrower.    When  a  loan  is  made  upon  the  goods  shipped 

the  borrower  is  said  to  take  up  money  at  respondentia,  as  bOUdoir  (bo'dwor),  ». 
he  IS  bound  nei'sonallv  to  answer  tbp  vvi>o.>  ♦v,o     _i_      •.  .i .    ...  ! 


etc.,  contr.  of  behooved,  pret.  of  hehoove."] 
Scotch  contraction  of  behooved. 

They  both  did  cry  to  Him  above 
To  save  their  souls,  for  they  baud  die. 

Border  Minstrelsy,  iii.  140.  (Jamieson.) 


he  IS  bound  pei-sonally  to  answer  the  contract.  When  the 
ship  alone  is  pledged,  the  contract  is  called  a  bottomry 
bond ;  but  when  both  ship  and  cargo  are  pledged,  it  is 
called  a  respondentia  bond. 

A  master  of  a  ship,  who  had  borrowed  twice  his  money 
upon  the  bottomary.  Fepys,  Diary,  II.  69 


 ,  _        - ,,  -    [P.,  <  boudcr.  pout,  sulk, 

+  -oir,  denoting  place.]  A  small  room  to  which 
a  lady  may  retire  to  be  alone,  or  in  which  she 
may  receive  her  intimate  friends. 
They  sang  to  him  in  cozy  boudoirs. 

Thackeray,  S'anity  Fair. 


bouffant 

bouffant  (F.  pron.  bo-fon'),  a.    [F.,  ppr.  of 

bouffer,  puff,  swell.]  Puffed  out :  as,  a  skirt 
verV  bouffant  at  the  back. 

bouffeH,  II.  [Late  ME.,  <  OF.  bonffec,  a  puff 
(cf.  bouff'e,  a  swollen  or  swelling  cheek),  <  bouf- 
fer, swell  the  cheeks:  see  buff''^,  puff'.'\  A  puff, 
as  of  flame.  Vaxton. 

bouffe-  (b()f ),  n.  [<  F.  bouffe,  <  It.  buffa,  jest :  see 
buffoon.']  Opera  bouffe ;  comic  opera.  See  opera. 

bouffons  (bo'fonz),  M.  [F.  bouffon,  a  buffoon.] 
Same  as  mata^sins. 

Bougainvillea  (b6-gan-vire-a)*«.  [NL.,  named 
after  A.  de  BongainciUc,  a  French  navigator  of 
the  18th  century.]  A  nyctagiuaceous  gemis  of 
climbing  shrubs,  natives  of  tropical  and  sub- 
tropical South  America.  The  numerous  flowers  are 
in  clusters  of  tliree.  subteiuied  by  as  many  large  colored 
bracts.  B.  spectahilis  and  some  other  species  are  fre- 
quently cultivated  in  greenhouses,  and  are  very  orna- 
mental. 

bougar  (bo'giir),  w.  One  of  a  series  of  cross- 
spars  which  form  the  roof  of  a  cottage,  and 
serve  instead  of  laths.  [Scotch.] 

bouge^  (boj),  «.  [Also  bowge;  <  ME.  bouge  (< 
OF.  bouge,  buge,  F.  bouge),  now  spelled  and  pro- 
nounced budge  (see  budget,  budget,  etc.) ;  earlier 
bulge,  q.  V.  CL  bouge"^.]  If.  A  bag  or  wallet, 
especially  of  leather. 

Bouges  of  lether  like  bladders. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Livy,  p.  408. 
2.  The  bilge  or  swelling  part  of  a  cask ;  hence, 
the  cask  itself.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  3.  A  cowrie. 
Jevons. 

bouge^t  (hoj),  V.  [Also  bowge;  a  form  of  bulge, 
bilge ;  ult.  related  to  bouge'^.']  I.  intrans.  To  be 
bilged;  spring  a  leak  or  have  a  hole  knocked 
in  the  bottom ;  f oimder. 

WTiich  anchor  cast,  we  soone  the  same  forsooke, 
And  cut  it  otf,  for  fear  least  thereupon 
Our  shippes  should  bowge. 

Gascoigne,  Voyage  into  Holland. 
II,  trans.  To  stave  in  the  bottom  of  (a  ship), 
and  thus  cause  her  to  spring  a  leak ;  knock  a 
hole  in. 

The  Carick,  which  sir  Anthony  Oughtred  chased  hard  at 
the  starne,  and  bowged  her  in  divers  places. 

Hall,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  4. 

To  bou'ge  and  pierce  any  enemy  ship  which  they  do  en- 
counter. //  olland. 

bouge'^t,  M.    A  corrupt  form  of  bouchc. 


[Sometimes 
little  pouch. 


Bougets. 


bouget  (bo'jet  or  bo-zha'),  «• 
spelled  bowget;  <  F.  bougette,  a 
The  regular  E.  form 
is  budget,  q.  v.  See 
boiige^.]  If.  A  bud- 
get or  pouch.  Spen- 
ser, F.  Q.,  ni.  X.  29. 
—  2.  In  her.,  the 
figure  of  a  vessel  for  carrying  water,  it  is  meant 

to  represent  a  yoke  with  two  leathern  pouches  attached 
to  it,  formerly  used  for  the  conveyance  of  water  to  an 
army.    Also  called  water-bouget. 

boughi  (bou),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bow,  bowe, 
etc.;  <  ME.  bough,  bogli,  bog,  boge,  bowe,  etc.,  < 
AS.  bog,  boh,  the  arm,  shoulder  of  an  animal, 
also  a  branch  of  a  tree  (the  latter  sense  pecu- 
liar to  E.  and  AS.),  =:  MD.  boech,  D.  boeg,  bow 
of  a  ship,  =  MLG.  boch,  buch,  shoulder,  bow  of 
a  ship ;  OHGr.  buog,  upper  part  of  the  arm 
or  leg,  shoulder,  hip,  shoulder  of  an  animal, 
MHG.  buoc,  G.  bug,  shoulder,  withers  (of 
horses),  =  Icel.  bogr  -  Norw.  bog  =  Sw.  bog  : 
Dan.  bov,  shoulder  of  an  animal,  bow  of  a  ship 
(>  E.  bow^),  =  Gv.  T^^X^C,  dial.  T^axvg,  the  fore- 
arm, =  Skt.  bdhu,  the  arm,  forearm;  root  un- 
knovra,  but  not  connected  with  bow"^  (AS.  biigan, 
etc.),  bend,  with  some  derivatives  of  which, 
however,  the  word  has  been  in  part  confused. 
A  doublet  of  bow^,  q.  v.]  1.  An  arm  or  branch 
of  a  tree. 

Say  thou,  whereon  I  carved  her  name, 

If  ever  maid  or  spouse 
As  fair  as  my  Olivia  came 

To  rest  beneath  thy  boughs. 

Tennyson,  Talking  Oak. 

2t.  The  gallows. 

Some  who  have  not  deserved  judgement  of  death,  though 
otherwise  perhaps  offending,  have  beene  for  their  goods 
sake  caught  up,  and  carryed  straight  to  the  bough. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

boughi  (bou),  V.  t.   [<  bough'^,  m.]  To  cover 
over  or  shade  with  boughs.  [Poetic] 
A  mossy  track,  all  over  boughed 
For  half  a  mile  or  more, 

Coleridge,  Three  Graves, 
bough^t,  n.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  bow^. 
bough^t,  n.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  buff^. 
bough^t,  inter).    An  obsolete  spelling  of  bo^. 
bough-house  (bou'hous),  n.  A  blind  constructed 
of  boughs  for  the  concealment  of  a  sportsman 
from  the  game. 


640 

bough-pot  (bou'pot),  ?!.  [Also  written  bowpot, 
and  pevvevsely  beau-pot ;  <  bought  +  pot.]  1. 
A  pot  or  vase  for  holding  flowers  or  boughs  for 
ornament. 
Sir  Oliver  S.  You  have  no  land,  I  suppose? 
Charles  S.  Not  a  mole  hill,  nor  a  twig,  but  what's  in 
the  bough-pots  out  of  the  window. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  lii.  3. 

2.  A  nosegay  or  bouquet. 

And  I  smell  at  the  beautiful,  beautiful  bow-pot  he  brings 
me,  winter  and  summer,  from  his  country-bouse  at  Haver- 
stock-hill.  G.  A.  Sola,  The  late  Mr.  D  . 

3.  The  more  or  less  conventional  representa- 
tion in  ornamental  work  of  a  bouquet  or  vase 
full  of  flowers.  Dutch  cabinets  of  inlaid  wood  have 
for  their  most  common  decoration  bough-pots  in  panels. 

bought^t  (bout).  It.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  written 
boughte,  bughte,  etc.,  also  bout,  bowt,  etc.,  now 
reg.  with  partial  differentiation  of  meaning  bout 
(see  bout^);  <  ME.  bought,  bowght,  bougt,  *bugt, 
prob.  a  var.,  reverting  to  the  original  vowel 
of  the  verb,  of  ME.  bijgt,  bigt,  bight  (mod. 
E.  bight,  q.  v.),  <  AS.  byht,  a  bend  (=  MLG. 
LG.  bucht,  >  D.  bogt,  G.  bucht,  Sw.  Dan.  bugt, 
a  bend,  turn,  bay,  bight;  cf.  Icel.  bugdha, 
a  bend,  a  coil),  <  bugan  (pp.  bogen),  E.  bow, 
bend:  seefcoa;!.]  1.  Abend;  flexure;  curve; 
a  hollow  angle. 

Malferu,  a  malander  in  the  bought  of  a  horse's  knee. 

Cotgrave. 

2.  A  bend  or  curve  in  a  coast-line.  See  bight. 
— 3.  A  bend,  flexure,  tm-n,  loop,  coil,  or  knot, 
as  in  a  rope  or  chain,  or  in  a  serpent ;  a  fold  in 
cloth.    See  bout^. 

In  knots  and  many  boughtes  iipwound. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  i.  15. 

The  drsigon-boughts  and  elvish  emblemings 
Began  to  move,  seethe,  twine,  and  curl. 

Tennyson,  fJareth  and  Lynette. 

bought^t,       t.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  bowght, 

bdict:  <  bought^,  «.]    To  bend;  fold;  wind, 
bought- (bat).    Preterit  and  past  participle  of 

bought^,  boucht  (bucht),  w.  Same  as  bught. 
boughten  (ba'tn),  a.  A  form  of  bought^,  weak 
past  participle  of  buy,  used  adjectively,  and 
assimilated  to  strong  participial  forms  in  -en : 
chiefly  used  in  poetry,  and  colloquially  in  the 
United  States  in  the  sense  ot purchased,  as  op- 
posed to  home-made. 

For  he  who  buried  him  was  one  whose  faith 
Recked  not  of  boughten  prayers  nor  passing  bell. 

Southey,  Madoc  in  Wales,  xiv. 
She  had  some  good  clotlies  in  a  chist  in  the  bedroom, 
and  a  boughten  bonnet  with  a  good  cypress  veil. 

S.  O.  Jewett,  Deephaven,  p.  201. 

boughtyt  (bou'ti),  a.  [<  bought^  +  -yl.]  Having 
bouglits  or  bends  ;  bending.  Shcrtpood. 

boughy  (bou'i),  a.  [<  bought  +  -yl.]  Abound- 
ing in  boughs. 

bougie  (bo'ji ;  P.  pron.  b6-zhe'),  «•  [F.,  a  wax 
candle,  a  bougie,  =  Pr.  bugia  =  It.  bugia  =  Sp. 
bujta  -  -  Pg.  bugia,  a  wax  candle,  <  Bugia,  P. 
Bougie,  Ar.  Bijiyah,  a  town  in  Algeria,  whence 
these  candles  were  imported  into  Europe.] 

1.  A  wax  candle  or  waxlight. 

Sometimes  the  bougies  are  perfumed  with  essences,  so 
that  in  burning  they  may  give  off  an  agreeable  odour. 

Workshoj}  Reeeipts,  1st  ser. ,  p.  359. 

2.  A  slender  cylinder,  smooth  and  flexible, 
used  to  dilate  or  open  the  rectum,  urethra,  or 
esophagus,  in  eases  of  stricture  or  other  dis- 
eases of  those  parts. 

bouillabaisse  (bo-lya-bas'),  n.  [F.,<  Pr.  bouille- 
abaisse,  equiv.  to  P.  bouillon  abaisse :  bouillon, 
broth,  soup  (see  bouillon) ;  abaisse,  pp.  of  abais- 
ser,  reduce :  see  abase.']  In  cookery,  a  kind  of 
fish-chowder  popular  in  some  parts  of  France, 
especially  at  Marseilles. 

This  Bouillabaisse  a  noble  dish  is, 

A  sort  of  soup,  or  broth,  or  stew, 
Or  hotchpotch  of  all  sorts  of  fishes. 

That  Greenwich  never  could  out-do  ; 
Green  herbs,  red  peppers,  mussels,  saffern, 

Soles,  onions,  garlic,  roach  and  dace ; 
All  these  you  eat  at  Terra's  tavern 
In  that  one  dish  of  Bouillabaisse. 

Thackeray,  Ballad  of  Bouillabaisse. 

bouilli  (bo'lye;  F.  pron.  bo-ye'),  n.  [F.,  prop, 
pp.  of  bouillir,  boil:  see  boil^.]  Meat  boiled 
with  vegetables,  especially  in  making  bouillon ; 
boiled  or  stewed  meat  of  any  kind. 

bouillon  (bo'lyon;  F.  pron.  bo-yoh'),  n.  [F., 
broth,  soup,  etc.  (see  bullion^),  <  bouillir,  boil : 
see  boil^.]  1.  A  kind  of  clear  soup,  consisting 
of  the  strained  liquid  from  a  slow  and  prolong- 
ed boiling  of  meat  (usually  beef)  in  the  piece 
and  sometimes  whole  vegetables. —  2.  In  far- 
riery, an  excrescence  of  flesh  in  a  wound; 
praud  flesh. 


boule 

boukl  (bouk  or  bok),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bouke,  Sc.  buik,  <  ME.  bouk,  bouke,  buke,  book,  < 
AS.  buc,  the  belly,  =  OS.  buk  =  D.  buik  =  MLG. 
bUk  =  OHG.  bilh,  MHG.  bfich,  G.  bauch,  the  belly, 
=  Icel.  bukr,  trunk  of  the  body,  =  Sw.  buk  =. 
Dan.  bug,  the  belly.  In  later  ME.  and  mod.  E. 
confused  with  bouk'^  =  bulk'^,  q.  v.]  If.  The 
belly. —  2.  The  trunk  of  the  body;  hence,  the 
body  itself.    [Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.] 

bouk^t,  n.  [ME.,  var.  of  bulk^,  q.  v.]  Same  as 
btdk^. 

bouk^  (bouk),  V.    A  dialectal  form  of  bolk. 

bouk'^,  V.  t.    A  dialectal  form  of  bvck^. 

boul,  booP  (bol),  n.  [North.  E.  and  Sc.,  earlier 

also  bowlc,  boule;  perhaps  <  MD.  boghel  =  MLG. 
bogcl  {=z  G.  biigel),  a  bow,  hoop,  ring;  ult.  z=E. 
baiD-,  <\.  \.]  1.  Abend;  curvature. —  2.  The 
curved  or  semicircular  handle  of  a  pot,  kettle, 
etc. ;  especially,  in  the  plural,  a  movable  han- 
dle in  two  parts,  jointed  in  the  middle,  for  a 
pot  with  ears;  a  bail. —  3.  A  loop  or  annular 
jiart  serving  as  a  handle  for  something.  Specifi- 
cally— (n)  One  of  the  hoops  or  rounded  openings  for  the 
thumb  or  finger  in  the  handles  of  scissors,  (b)  The  loop 
which  forms  the  handle  of  a  key.  (c)  The  ring  on  the 
case  of  a  watch  to  which  the  chain  or  guard  is  attached. 

boulangerite  (bo-lan'jer-it),  n.  [<  Botdanger, 
the  discoverer,  +  -ite^.]  In  mineral.,  a  sulphid 
of  antimony  and  lead,  occurring  in  plumose, 
granular,  and  compact  masses,  of  a  bluish  lead- 
gray  color  and  metallic  luster. 

Boulangism  (bo-lon'jizm),  «.  The  political 
policy  and  methods  represented  in  France  by 
General  Georges  Ernest  Jean  Marie  Boulanger 
(1837-91)  from  about  1886  to  1889.  Its  chief 
features  were  militarism  and  revenge  upon 
Germany. 

Boulangist  (bo-lon'jist),  n.  A  political  fol- 
lower of  General  Boulanger. 

boulder  (bol'der),  H.  [Also  written  bowlder, 
bolder,  dial,  bowder,  boother ;  short  for  the  ear- 
lier boulder-stone,  dial,  bowther-,  boother-stone, 
Sc.  bowldcrstane ;  <  ME.  buldcrston,  a  boulder; 
cf.  Sw.  dial,  bullerstcn,  a  large  pebble  or  stone 
in  a  stream,  one  that  causes  a  rippling  in  the 
water  (opposed  to  klappcrstcn,  small  pebble), < 
bullra  (=  Dan.  buldrc),  make  a  loud  noise,  + 
sten  =  E.  stone.]  A  loose  rock,  or  one  which 
has  been  torn  from  its  native  bed  and  trans- 
ported to  some  distance.  As  ordinarily  used,  the 
word  indicates  a  piece  of  rock  which  is  larger  than  a  pebble 
or  cobble,  whose  edges  have  become  weather-worn  and 
more  or  less  rounded,  and  which  lies  upon  the  surface. 

boulder  (bol'der),  V.  t.  [<  boulder,  n.]  To  wear 
smooth,  as  an  emery-wheel,  by  abrading  with 
small  flint  pebbles.    Also  spelled  boivlder. — 

Bouldered  down,  said  of  metal  polishing-wheels  or  laps 
when  emery  and  oil  are  spread  over  them,  then  pressed 
into  the  metal  and  worn  dow  n  with  bouldering-stones. 

boulder-clay  (bol'der-kla),  n.  Stift',  unlami- 
nated,  tenacious  clay,  especially  that  of  the 
glacial  or  drift  epoch  or  ice  age.  Also  called 
drift,  till. 

boulder-head  (bol'der-hed),  n.   A  row  of  piles 

driven  before  a  sea-dike  to  resist  the  action  of 
tlie  waves. 

bouldering-stone  (bol'der-ing-ston),  w.  Smooth 
translucent  flint  pebbles,  found  in  gravel-pits 
and  used  to  smooth  the  faces  of  emery-wheels 
and  glazers  by  abrading  any  large  grains  of 
emery  or  other  powder  on  their  surfaces. 

boulder-paving  (b61'der-pa"ving),  n.  A  pave- 
ment of  cobble-stones. 

boulder-stone  (bol'der-ston),  n.  Same  as  bowl- 
der, of  which  it  is  the  older  form. 

bouldery  (bol'der-i),  a.  [<  boulder  +  -yl.]  Re- 
sembling a  boulder;  full  of  boulders. 

The  superjacent  beds  consist  of  coarse  bouldery  shingle 
in  a  sandy  clay  matrix.  Geikie,  Ice  Age,  p.  192. 

boule'^  (bol),  n.  The  proper  French  spelling  of 
buhl. 

boule^  (bo'le),  n.  [Gr.  pov?ir/,  will,  counsel,  ad- 
vice, plan,  a  council,  senate,  <  jiovleadai,  dial. 
[WkeoOaL,  -—  L.  velle  =  AS.  ivillan,  E.  ivill :  see 
will,  v.]  1.  In  antiq.,  a  legislative  coun- 
cil, originally  aristocratic,  consisting  of  the 
heads  of  the  citizen  families,  sitting  under  the 

presidency  of  the  king.  Later,  in  Ionian  states, 
where  a  democratic  polity  had  prevailed,  the  boule,  par- 
ticularly at  Athens,  became  a  second  or  higher  popular 
assembly,  corresponding  to  the  senate  in  modern  govern- 
ments. At  Athens  the  boule  consisted  of  ,500  citizens  over 
30  years  of  age,  chosen  annually  by  lot,  50  from  each  tribe. 
It  had- charge  of  the  official  religious  rites  important  in 
the  ancient  world,  and  its  chief  legislative  duties  were  to 
examine  or  prepare  bills  for  presentation  to  the  popular 
assembly  (the  real  governing  body),  which  could  modify 
or  reject  the  conclusions  reached  by  the  senate,  and  to 
advise  the  assembly  regarding  aftairs  of  state.  The  Athe- 
nian boule  had  also  some  executive  functions,  especially 
in  connection  with  the  management  of  the  navy  and  the 
cavalry.    Compare  gerusia. 


boule 


2.  The  legislative  assembly  of  modem  Greece 


641 


A  Greek  diplomat  once  told  me  that  in  the  BouU  or 
Assembly,  of  his  country  no  part  of  the  government 'ex- 
penses was  watched  so  closely  as  those  of  the  diplomatic 
service.  Sew  Princeton  Rev.,  I.  225. 

boule^t.    An  obsolete  form  of  bowl. 
Boulenge's  chronograph.   See  chronograph. 
boule-saw,  n.    See  bald-saw. 
boulet,  boulette  (bo-la,',  bo-let'),  n.    [P.,  a 
bullet,  a  fetlock,   >  E.  bullet,  q.  v.]    In  the 
manege,  a  horse  whose  fetlock  or  pastern  joint 
bends  forward  and  out  of  its  natiu-al  position, 
bouleuterion  (bo-lii-te'ri-on),  «. ;  pi.  bouleute- 
ria  (-a).    [Gr.  jSovXev-r/pcov,  <  (iovAehetv,  advise, 
take  counsel,  <  (iovAfj,  counsel:  see  boule^.]  In 
ancient  and  modern  Greece,  a  senate-house  or 
assembly-chamber, 
boulevard  (bo'le-vard;  F.pron.  b6rvar),?j.  [F.- 
older  forms  boulevert,  boulcverc,  <  D.  or  MLG.' 
bolwerk,  G.  bollwerk,  bulwark:  see  bulwark.] 
Originally,  a  bulwark  or  rampart  of  a  fortifica- 
tion or  fortified  town  ;  hence,  a  public  walk  or 
street  occupying  the  site  of  demolished  fortifi- 
cations. The  name  is  now  sometimes  extended  to  any 
street  or  walk  encircling  a  town,  and  also  to  a  street  which 
is  of  especial  width,  is  given  a  park -like  appearance  by  re- 
serving spaces  at  the  sides  or  center  for  shade-trees  flow- 
ers, seats,  and  tlie  like,  and  is  not  used  for  heavy  tea'min" 
boulevardier  (bo'le  -var-der  ;  F.  pron.  bol-var- 
dya'),  n.  [F.,  <  boulevard,  boulevard.]  One  who 
frequents  a  boulevard,  especially  in  Paris, 
bouleversement  (bo-le-vers'ment),  n.    [F.,  < 
bouleverser,  overthrow,  overturn,  <  boule,  a  ball 
(>  E.  bowV^),  +  verser,  turn,  overturn,  <  L.  ver- 
sare,  turn :  see  verse,  etc.]    A  tiu-ning  upside 
down  ;  the  act  of  overturning ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing overturned  ;  overthrow;  overturn;  subver- 
sion; hence,  generally,  convulsion  or  confusion, 
boule-work  (bol'werk),  n.    Same  as  buhl. 
boulimia,  boulimy  (bo-lim'i-a,  bo'li-mi),  n. 
Same  as  bulimia. 
boulinikon  (bo-lLn'i-kon),  11.    [A  trade-name, 
<  Gr.  (jloff,  ox,  +  Xivov,  flax,  linen.]    A  kind  of 
oilcloth  made  from  a  pulp  composed  of  buffalo 
or  other  raw  hide,  cotton  or  linen  rags,  and 
coarse  hair.    Eneyc.  Brit. 
boulon  (bo'lon),  n.    [Native  name.]    A  harp 
with  fibrous  strings,  used  by  the  negroes  of 
Senegambia  and  Guinea, 
boultelif,  n.    Same  as  boltel. 
boultePt,  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  boutell;  <  ME. 
bultelle,  bultell,  <  OF.  *buletel  (earlier  buretel), 
mod.  F.  bluteau,  a  meal-sieve,  <  buleter,  mod.  F 
Uuter,  sift,  bolt :  see  boW^.-]  1.  A  kind  of  cloth 
made  for  sifting ;  hence,  a  sieve.— 2.  The  bran 
or  refuse  of  meal  after  di-essing. 
boultert,  «.    See  bolter^. 
boultint,  n.    Same  as  boltel. 
boulting,  «.    See  bolting^. 
bount  (boun),  a.    [The  earlier  and  proper  form 
of  bounds  q-  V. ;  <  ME.  boun,  boune,  ready,  pre- 
pared, <  Icel.  buinn  (>  ODan.  bune),  ready,  pre- 
pared, pp.  of  bua,  till,  get  ready:  see  bond'^, 
boor,  boweri,  etc.]    Eeady ;  prepared;  on  the 
pomt  of  going  or  intending  to  go. 

She  was  boun  to  go  the  way  forthright. 

Chaucer,  Franklin  s  Tale,  1.  759. 
Well  chanced  it  that  Adolf  the  night  when  he  wed 
Had  confess  d  and  had  sain'd  him  ere  boune  to  his  bed. 

Scott,  Harold  the  Dauntless,  iv.  14. 
bount  (boun),  V.  [<  ME.  bounen,  bownen,  <  boun, 
prepared:  see  boun,  a.]    I,  trans.  To  prepare: 
make  ready. 

The  kyng  boskes  lettres  anon,  to  bownenhis  bernes  [men]. 

Joseph  of  Arimathie  (ed.  Skeat),  1.  414. 
I  wold  boun  me  to  batell.      Destruction  of  Troy,  I.  827. 

11.  intrans.  To  make  ready  to  go ;  go :  as,  to 
busk  and  boun,  a  common  expression  in  old 
ballads. 

So  mourned  he,  till  Lord  Dacre's  band 
Were  bowning  back  to  Cumberland. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  V.  30. 

bounce  (bouns),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bounced,  ppr. 
bouncing.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bounse,  <  ME. 
bounsen,  bunsen,  beat,  strike  suddenly ;  of.  LG. 
bunsen,  G.  dial,  bumbsen,  beat,  knock,  =  D.  bon- 
sen,  bounce,  throw;  cf.  D.  bans,  a  bounce,  Sw. 
bus,  dial,  bums  -  G.  bums,  bumbs,  bumps,  adv. 
inter].,  at  a  bounce,  at  once ;  ef.  leel.  hops, 
imitating  the  sound  of  a  fall.  All  prob.  orig. 
imitative;  cLbound'^  and  &«w;>2.]  I,  trans.  If. 
iobeat;  thump;  knock;  bang, 
^''fully  liim  throwing  on  the  gras 
Uid  beat  and  bounse  his  head  and  brest  ful  sore. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  xi.  27. 
He  bounced  his  head  at  every  post.  Swift. 
2.  To  cause  to  bound  or  spring:  as,  to  bounce 
a  ball.— 3.  To  eject  or  turn  out  without  cere- 
mony^ expel  vigorously;  hence,  to  dismiss  or 


discharge  summarily,  as  from  one's  employ- 
ment or  post.  [Slang,  U.  S.] 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  beat  hard  or  thump,  so  as 
to  make  a  sudden  noise. 

Yet  still  he  bet  and  bounst  upon  the  dorc. 

Spenxer,  F.  Q.,  V.  ii.  21. 
Up,  then,  I  say,  both  young  and  old,  both  man  and  maid 
a-niaying, 

With  drums,  and  guns  that  bounce  aloud,  and  merry  tabor 
playing ! 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  iv.  5. 
Another  bounces  as  hard  as  he  can  knock.  Swift. 

2.  To  spring  or  leap  against  anything,  so  as  to 
rebound;  beat  or  thump  by  a  spring;  spring  up 
with  a  rebound. 

Against  his  bosom  bounc'd  his  heaving  heart. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  i.  556. 

3.  To  leap  or  spring;  come  or  go  unceremoni- 
ously. 

As  I  sat  quietly  meditating  at  my  table,  I  heard  some- 
thing bounce  in  at  the  closet- window. 

Swift,  Gulliver's  Travels,  ii.  5. 

4.  To  boast  or  bluster;  exaggerate;  lie. 

He  gives  away  countries,  and  disposes  of  kingdoms  ■  and 
bounces,  blusters,  and  swaggers,  as  if  he  were  really  sover- 
eign lord  and  sole  master  of  the  universe. 

Bp.  Lowth,  Letter  to  Warburton,  p.  14. 
If  it  had  come  to  an  oath,  I  don't  think  he  would  have 
bounced,  neither ;  but,  in  common  occurrences  there  is  no 
repeating  after  him.  Foote,  The  Liar,  ii.  1. 

bounce  (bouns),  ?!.  l<bounce,v.']  1.  A  sudden 
spring  or  leap.— 2.  A  bound  or  rebound:  as, 
you  must  strike  the  ball  on  the  bounce. — 3.  A 
hea-\r^  blow,  thrust,  or  thump. 

I  heard  two  or  three  irregular  bounces  at  my  landlady's 
door,  and  upon  the  opening  of  it,  a  loud  cheerful  voice  in- 
quiring whether  the  philosopher  was  at  home. 

Addison,  Sir  Roger  at  Vauxhall. 

4t.  A  loud  heavy  sound,  as  of  an  explosion ;  a 
sudden  crack  or  noise. 

I  don't  value  her  resentment  the  bounce  of  a  cracker. 

Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  iii. 

5.  A  boast;  a  piece  of  brag  or  bluster ;  boast- 
ful language;  exaggeration. — 6.  A  bold  or  im- 
pudent Ue;  a  downright  falsehood;  a  bouncer. 
[Colloq.] 

"  Why,  whose  should  it  he?"  cried  I,  with  a  flounce  • 
" I  get  these  things  often  ; "—but  that  was  a  bounce.' 

Goldsmith,  Haunch  of  Venison,  1.  42. 
Oh,  Cicero  !  ...  not  once  did  you  give  utterance  to 
such  a  bounce  as  when  you  asserted,  that  never  yet  did 
human  reason  say  one  thing,  and  Nature  say  another. 

De  Quincey,  Secret  Societies,  j. 

7.  Expulsion;  discharge;  dismissal.  [Slang, 
U.  S.]  — 8.  [Perhaps  of  diff.  origin.]  A  local 
English  name  of  the  dogfish  or  shark,  Scijllio- 
rhinus  catulus.-To  get  the  grand  bounce,  to  be  put 

out  or  discliarged  summarily  from  one's  post  or  emnlov- 
ment.    [Slang,  U.  S.] 

bounce  (bouns),  adv.  [<  bounce,  v.  and  m.]  "With 
a  bounce ;  suddenly. 

Eapp  d  at  the  door,  nor  stay'd  to  ask, 
But  bounce  into  the  parlour  entered. 

Gray,  Long  Story. 

bounceable  (boun'sa-bl),  a.  [<  bounce  +  -able.^ 
1.  Capable  of  being  bounced,  as  a  ball. —  2.  In- 
clined to  bounce,  or  lie.  [Rare.] 
bouncer  (boun'ser),  n.  [<  bounce  +  -e?-i.]  1. 
One  who  or  that  which  bounces.—  2.  Something 
big  or  large  of  its  kind. 

The  stone  must  be  a  bouncer.  De  Quincey. 

3.  A  large,  strong,  vigorous  person :  as,  she  is 
a  bouncer.— 4i.  A  strong  muscular  fellow  kept 
in  a  hotel,  restaurant,  or  other  public  resort,  to 
bounce  or  expel  disorderly  persons.  [Slang, 
U.  S.]  —  5.  A  liar;  a  boaster;  a  bully.— 6  A 
barefaced  lie.  [CoUoq.] 

But  you  are  not  deceiving  me  ?  You  know  the  first  time 
you  came  into  my  shop  what  a  bouncer  you  told  me. 

Colman  the  Younr/er,  John  Bull,  ii.  3. 
bouncing  (boun'sing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  bounce,  i'.] 
1.  Vigorous;  strong;  stout:  as,  " the  bouncinti 
Amazon,"  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  2;  "a  bouncino 
lass,"  Bulwcr,  Pelham,  xlix.— 2.  Exaggerated- 
excessive;  big.    [Colloq.]  ' 

We  have  had  a  merry  and  a  lusty  ordinary. 
And  wine,  and  good  meat,  and  a  ftoHncinjr  reckoning. 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  i.  2. 
3.  Lying;  bragging;  boastful. 

I  never  saw  such  a  bouimnfi,  swaggering  puppy  since  I 
was  born.  Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  iii. 

bouncing-bet  (boun 'sing-bet'),  n.    [That  is, 
bouncing  Bet;  Bet,  Betsy,  familiar  forms  of  Eli- 
zabeth.']   A  name  of  the  common  soapwort,  Sa- 
ponaria  officinalis.    See  Saponaria. 
bouncingly  (boun'sing-li),  adv.  Boastingly. 

Barrow,  Pope's  Supremacy, 
boundi  (bound),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bownde, 
bowne;  <  ME.  hounde,  boune,  bunne,  <  OF.  bunne, 
bonne,  bone,  bune,  also  bunde,  bonde  (Af! 
botmde),  earlier  bodne,  <  ML.  bodina,  bodena 
(also,  after  OF.,  hunna,  bonna),  earlier  butina. 


bound 

a  bound,  limit.    Cf.  boimfi,  a  variant  of  the 
same  word.]    1.  That  which  limits  or  circum- 
scribes; an  external  or  limiting  line;  hence 
that  which  keeps  in  or  restrains;  limit;  con- 
fine: as,  the  love  of  money  knows  no  bounds. 

Illimitable  ocean,  without  bound. 
Without  dimension  !        Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  892. 

The  dismal  night  — a  night 
Jin  which  the  bounds  of  heaven  and  earth  were  lost. 

Tennyson,  Coming  of  Arthur. 
But  the  power  of  the  West-Saxon  ruler  stretched  beyond 
the  bounds  of  Wessex,  where,  eastward  of  the  Andreds- 
weald,  the  so-called  "  Eastern  Kingdom"  gi-ouped  itself 
round  the  centre  of  Kent.  J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  65. 

2.  pi.  The  territory  included  within  boundary- 
lines  ;  domain. 

These  rascals  who  come  hither  to  annoy  a  noble  lady  on 
my  bounds.  Scott,  Peveril,  I.  vii. 

3.  A  limited  portion  or  piece  of  land,  enjoyed 
by  the  owmer  of  it  in  respect  of  tin  only,  and 
by  virtue  of  an  ancient  prescription  or  liberty 
for  encouragement  to  the  tinners.  Bryce.  [Corn- 
wall.]—Butts  and  bounds.  See  butt-i.-To  beat  the 

poundst,  to  trace  out  the  boundaries  of  a  parish  by  toucli- 
ing  certain  points  with  a  rod.  =  Syn.  1.  Border  Confine 
etc.    See  boundary. 

boundi  (bound),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  bounden,  <  bounde, 
n.  ]  1 1.  To  confine  within  fixed  limits ;  restrain 
by  limitation. 

O  God !  I  could  be  bounded  in  a  nut-shell,  and  count 
myself  a  king  of  infinite  space,  were  it  not  that  I  have  bad 
^^e^ois.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

It  is  not  Italy,  nor  France,  nor  Europe, 
That  must  bound  me,  if  my  fates  call  me  forth. 

B.  Jonson,  Volpoiie,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  serve  as  a  limit  to ;  constitute  the  extent 
of;  restrain  in  amount,  degree,  etc.:  as,  to 
bound  our  wishes  by  our  means. 

Quaff  immortality  and  joy,  secure 
Of  surfeit,  where  full  measure  only  bounds 
Exf^ess.  Milton,  P.  L.,  V.  639. 

3.  To  form  or  constitute  the  boundaiy  of; 
serve  as  a  bound  or  limit  to :  as,  the  Pacific 
ocean  bounds  the  United  States  on  the  west. 

The  lasting  dominion  of  Rome  was  bowided  by  the  Rhine 
and  the  Danube.      E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  107. 

4.  To  name  the  boundaries  of:  as,  to  bound 
the  State  of  New  York.  =  Syn.  To  circumscribe,  re- 
strict,  hem  in,  border. 

bound2  (bound),  V.  [First  in  early  mod.  E.: 
<  F.  bondir,  leap,  bound,  orig.  make  a  loud  re- 
sounding noise;  perhaps  <  LL.  bombitare,  hum, 
buzz,  freq.  verb  <  L.  bombus,  a  hummino-  or 
buzzing,  >  bomh'i,  q.  v.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  leap; 
jump ;  spring ;  move  by  leaps. 

Before  his  lord  the  ready  spaniel  bounds. 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  99. 

2.  To  rebound,  as  an  elastic  ball.  =  syn.  Leav 

Spring,  etc.    See  skip,  v.  i.  ^' 

II.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  leap.  [Rare.] 

If  I  might  buffet  for  my  love,  or  bound  my  horse  for 
her  favours,  I  could  lay  on  like  a  butcher,  and  sit  like  a 
jack-an-apes,  never  off.  Shah.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 

2.  To  cause  to  rebound:  as,  to  bound  a  ball. 
bound2  (bound),  71.    [<  bound'^,  r.]    1.  A  leap 
onward  or  upward;  a  jump;  a  rebound. 

The  horses  started  with  a  sudden  bound.  Addison. 
These  inward  disgusts  are  but  the  first  bounds  of  this 
ball  of  contention.  Decay  of  Christ.  Piety. 

2.  In  ordnance,  the  path  of  a  shot  between 
two  grazes :  generally  applied  to  the  horizon- 
tal distance  passed  over  by  the  shot  between 
the  points  of  impact, 
bounds  (bound),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  bind;  as  an 
adj.,  m  the  sense  of  obligatory,  usually  in  the 
fuller  form,  bounden,  <  ME.  bounden,  <  AS. 
bunden,  pp.  of  bindan,  bind:  see  bind.]  1 
Made  fast  by  a  band,  tie,  or  bond  ;  specifically, 
m  fetters  or  chains ;  in  the  condition  of  a  pris- 
oner. 

Now  Annas  had  sent  him  bound  unto  Caiaphas. 

John  xviii.  24. 

Hence— 2.  Made  fast  by  other  than  physical 
bonds. 


We  are  bound  together  for  good  or  for  evil  in  our  great 
political  interests.  6'=<»>- 
D.  Webster,  Speech,  Pittsburgh,  July,  1833. 
3.  Confined;  restrained;  restricted;  held  firmly. 

Besides  all  this,  he  was  bound  to  certain  tributes  all 
more  or  less  degrading.  Brougham. 

Hence- 4.  Obliged  by  moral,  legal,  or  com- 
pellable ties  ;  under  obligation  or  compulsion. 

When  the  case  had  been  heard,  it  was  evident  to  all  men 
that  the  bishop  had  done  only  what  he  was  bound  to  do. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vL 

5.  Certain;  sui-e.  [Colloq.] 

Those  of  his  following  considered  him  as  smart  as  chain- 
lightniug  and  boutul  to  rise. 

Howells,  Modern  Instance,  xxx. 


bound 

6.  Determined;  resolved:  as,  he  is  bound  to 
do  it.  [Colloq.,  U.  S.]  —7.  In  vntom.,  attached 
by  the  posterior  extremity  to  a  perpendicular 
object,  and  supported  in  an  upright  position 


642 

The  meaner  cares  of  life  were  all  he  knew ; 
Bounded  his  plesisures,  and  his  wishes  few. 

•  Crabbe,  The  Library. 

An  eye  \Vell-practised  in  nature,  a  spirit  bounded  and  poor. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  iv.  7. 


gainst  it,  by  a  silken  thread  passing  across  jjoundedness  (boun'ded-nes),  n.    The  quality 


the  thorax,  as  the  chrysalides  of  certain  Lepi 
doptera. —  8.  Constipated  in  the  bowels;  cos- 
tive.—  9i.  Pregnant:  said  of  a  woman. — 10. 
Provided  with  binding  or  a  cover :  said  of  books, 
etc. :  as,  bound  volumes  can  be  obtained  in  ex- 
change for  separate  parts;  bound  in  leather. — 
Bound  electricity.   See  induction.— 'BovmA  extra,  in 

full  binding  (as  opposed  to  half-  or  quartfr-bindiui;),  full- 
tooled,  and  forwai-dt  d  and  tinislied  with  extra  care  (gener- 
ally by  hand)  and  in  the  best  materials :  ajiplied  to  bound 
books.— Bound  up  in.  («)  Embodied  in  ;  inseparably 
connected  with. 
The  whole  State  .  .  .  being  bound  up  in  the  sovereign. 

Bmt(jham. 

Quarrel  not  rashly  with  adversities  not  yet  understood, 
and  overlook  not  the  mercies  often  bound  up  in  them. 

Sir  T.  Broimie,  Christ.  Mor.,  i.  29. 
(b)  Having  all  the  atfections  centered  in  ;  entirely  devoted 
to. 

She  is  the  only  child  of  a  decrepit  father  whose  life  is 
bound  up  in  hers.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  449. 

bound*  (botrnd),  a.  [With  excrescent  -d  after 
M,  as  in  sound^,  rounds,  etc.,  or  by  confusion 
with  bounds,  <  ME.  boun,  boune,  ready,  pre- 
pared: see  a.]  Prepared;  ready;  hence, 
going  or  intending  to  go;  destined:  with  to 
OT  for:  as,  I  am  bound  for  horxdon;  the  ship  is 
bound  for  the  Mediterranean. 

A  chieftain  to  the  Highlands  bound. 

Campbell,  Lord  lOlin's  Daughter. 
Willing  we  sought  your  shores,  and  hither  bound, 
The  port  so  long  desired  at  length  we  found. 

Driiden,  .^^neid,  vii.  294. 

bound^t  (boimd),      i.    [Var.  of  houn,  v.,  as 
bound'^,a.,oiboun,  a.'\    To  lead;  go.  [Rare.] 

The  way  that  does  to  heaven  bownd. 

Si)enser,  F.  Q.,  I.  x.  07. 

boundary  (botm'da-ri),  n. ;  pi.  boundaries  (-riz). 
l<  boiind^  + -arif at.  ML.  bunnarium,  bonna- 
rium,  a  field  with  certain  limits.]  That  which 
serves  to  indicate  the  boimds  or  limits  of  any- 
thing ;  hence,  a  limiting  or  bounding  line ;  a 
bound :  as,  the  horizon  is  the  boundary  of  vision ; 
the  northern  boundary  of  the  United  States. 

sleep  hath  its  own  world, 
A  boundary  between  the  things  misnamed 
Death  and  existence.  Byron,  The  Dream,  i. 

The  Tamar  was  fixed  as  a  boundary  for  the  West  Welsh 
of  Cornwall,  as  the  Wye  had  been  made  a  boundary  for 
the  North  Welsh  of  our  Wales. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  212. 

=  Syn.  Boundary,  Bound,  Border,  Confine,  Frontier.  A 
boundary,  in  its  stricter  sense,  is  a  visible  mark  indicat- 


bouquet-holder 

Ood,  the  bountiful  author  of  our  being.  Locke. 
Our  king  spares  nothing  to  give  them  the  share  of  that 
felicity  of  which  he  is  so  bountiful  to  his  kingdom. 

Dryden. 

2.  Characterized  by  or  manifesting  bounty; 
abundant;  liberal;  ample:  as,  a  i^oMrtii/ni  sup- 
ply. 

Nurse  went  up  stairs  with  a  moat  bountiful  cut  of  home- 
baked  bread  and  butter.    Brooke,  Fool  of  Quality,  I.  167. 


of  being  bounded,  limited,  or  circumscribed; 
limited  extent  or  range. 

Both  are  singularly  bomided,  our  working-class  repro- 
ducing, in  a  way  unusual  in  other  countries,  the  bounded- 
Hes.s  of  the  middle.    M.  Arnold,  The  Nadir  of  Liberalism. 

[Older  form  bountifully  (boun'ti-fiil-i),  adv 


bounden  (botm'den  or  -dn),  j).  a. 
of  bound'-i,  pp.  of  bind.']    1.  Obliged;  bormd,  or 
under  obligation ;  beholden. 

I  am  nuich  bounden  to  your  majesty. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  3. 
It  is  no  common  thing  when  one  like  you 
Performs  the  delicate  services,  and  therefore 
I  feel  myself  much  bounden  to  you,  Oswald. 

Wordsworth,  The  Borderers,  i. 

2.  Appointed;  indispensable;  obligatory. 

I  otter  this  my  bounden  nightly  sacrifice.  Coleridye. 
[In  both  senses  archaic,  its  only  present  com- 
mon use  being  in  the  phrase  bounden  duty.] 


The  late  bountifid  grant  from  His  Majesty's  ministers. 

Burke,  Nabob  of  Areot. 

In  a  boxmtiful 


maimer;  liberally;  largely. 

They  are  less  bountifully  provided  than  the  rich  with 
the  materials  of  happiness  for  the  present  life. 

Bp.  Poiteuus,  Lectures,  II.  xvii. 

bountifulness  (boim'ti-fid-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  boimtif ul ;  liberality  in  the  bestow- 
ment  of  gifts  and  favors, 
bountiheadt,  bountihoodt  (boun'ti-hed,  -hud), 
n.  [One  of  Spenser's  words;  <  bounty  +  -head, 
-hood.]  Boimteousness ;  goodness;  virtue. 
On  firme  foundation  of  true  b'ountyhed. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xii.  1. 


boundenlyt  (bouu'den-li  or  -dn-li),  adv.   In  a  bountith,  n.    See  bounteth.. 


of  one  given  thing,  that  which  limits  it  u.it  being  specially 
considered ;  it  can  be  used  of  that  w  Inch  is  not  limited 
by  anything  like  in  kind:  as,  the  boundnries  of  a  field, 
but  the  bounds  of  space  ;  the  boundarii/^i  nf  a  science,  but 
the  bounds  of  knowledge.  Hence  the  tigurative  uses  of 
bound :  as,  "  I  believe  I  speak  within  boundx."  w  here  boun- 
daries would  be  absurd.  Thus,  the  boumls  of  a  parish  may 
be  defined  by  certain  marks  or  boundaries,  as  heaps  of 
stones,  dikes,  hedges,  streams,  etc.,  separating  it  from  the 
adjoining  parishes.  But  the  two  words  are  often  inter- 
changeable. A  border  is  a  belt  or  band  of  territory  lying 
along  a  bound  or  boundary.  A  confine  is  the  region  at  or 
near  the  edge,  and  generally  a  narrower  margin  than  a 
border.  A  frontier  is  a  border  viewed  as  a  front  or  place  of 
entrance :  as,  he  was  met  at  the  frontier.  The  word  is 
used  most  in  connection  with  military  operations  :  as, 
ttieiT  frontiers  were  well  protected  by  fortresses. 

I  at  least,  who,  in  my  own  West-Saxon  home,  find  ray 
own  fields  and  my  own  parish  bounded  by  a  boundary 
drawn  in  the  year  577,  am  not  disposed  to  disbelieve  the 
record  of  the  events  which  led  to  the  fixing  of  that  boun- 
dary. E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  105. 
He  pass'd  the  flaming  bounds  of  space  and  time. 

Gray,  Prog,  of  Poesy,  iii.  2. 
His  princedom  lay 
Close  on  the  borders  of  a  territory 
Wherein  were  bandit  earls,  and  caitiff  knights. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

The  heavens  and  sea 
Meet  at  their  confines,  in  the  middle  way. 

Dryden,  Ceyx  and  Alcyone,  1.  154. 

jEthelflied  strengthened  her  western  frontier  against 
any  inroad  from  the  Welsh  by  the  erection  of  forts  at 
Scargate  and  Bridgenorth. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  190. 

bound-bailifft  (bound'ba"Uf),  n.  [<  boiind^  + 
bailiff;  so  called,  according  to  Blackstone,  in 
allusion  to  the  bond  given  by  the  bailiff  for  the 
faithful  discharge  of  his  duties ;  but  the  term  is 


merely  a  fictitious  explanation  of  bumbailiff'.]  bountevoust,  «• 
A  aiiprHff'a  nffipPT!  n,  buTTibailiff.  tcous.  Chancer 


bounden  or  dutiful  manner :  as,  "  most  boun 
denli/  obedient,"  Ochin,  Sermons  (trans.),  Epist. 
Dedicatory,  1583. 
bounder  (boun'der),  n.   1.  One  who  limits ;  one 
who  establishes  or  imposes  bounds. 

Now  the  bounder  of  all  these  is  only  God  himself. 

Fotherby,  Atheomastix,  p.  274. 

2t.  Boundary. 

Kingdoms  are  bound  within  their  bounders,  as  it  were 
in  bands.  Fotherby,  Atheomastix,  p.  274. 

3t.  Formerly,  in  Cornwall,  England,  an  officer 
whose  business  it  was  yearly  to  renew  (hence 
also  called  the  reneiccr  or  toUar)  the  marks  in- 
dicating the  corners  of  a  tin-bound.  This  had  to 

be  done  once  a  year,  and  usually  on  a  saint's  day,  and  the 
operation  consisted  in  cutting  out  a  turf  from  each  corner, 
and  piling  it  on  the  top  of  the  little  bank  of  turf  already 
laid  there.  Pryce. 
boundless  (bound'les),  a.  [<  bound'^  +  -less.] 
Without  bomids  or  limits;  unlimited;  uncon- 
fined ;  immeasurable ;  illimitable ;  infinite  :  as, 
boundless  space;  boundless  power. 

He  who,  from  zone  to  zone. 
Guides  through  the  boundless  sky  thy  certain  flight. 

Bryant,  To  a  Waterfowl. 
In  England  there  is  no  written  constitution  ;  the  powers 
of  Parliament,  of  King,  Lords,  and  Commons,  acting  to- 
gether, are  literally  bountlless. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  191. 

boundlessly  (bound'les-li),  adv.  In  a  boundless 
manner. 

boundlessness  (bound'les-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  boundless  or  without  limits. 

[<  bound'^  +  -urc. 
bound.  iSir  T.  Herbert. 
[Early  mod.  E. 
also  bountuous;  <  SlE.  bounty uous,  bonteuous, 
earlier  bountevous,  bountyveus,  bontyvous,  <  OF. 
bontif,  bontive,  benevolent,  <  bonte,  goodness, 
botmty :  see  boun  ty  and  -ous.]  1 .  Full  of  good- 
ness to  others ;  giving  or  disposed  to  give  free- 
ly; free  in  bestowing  gifts;  bountifid;  gener- 
ously liberal. 

Such  was  her  soul ;  abhorring  avarice, 
Bounteous,  but  almost  bounteous  to  a  vice. 

Dryden,  Eleonora,  1.  86. 
I  wonder'd  at  the  bounteous  hours, 
The  slow  result  of  winter  showers : 
You  scarce  could  see  the  grass  for  flowers. 

Tennyson,  Two  Voices. 

2.  Characterized  by  or  emanating  froni  bounty 
freely  bestowed 

Beauteous  niggard,  why  dost  thou  abuse 
The  bounteous  largess  given  thee  to  give? 

Stiak.,  Sonnets,  iv. 

=  Syn.  1.  Munificent,  generous,  beneficent,  kind. 

bounteously  (boun'te-us-li),  adv.  In  a  boun- 
teous manner ;  with  generous  liberality ;  liber- 
ally; generously;  largely;  freely. 

Let  me  know  that  man, 
Whose  love  is  so  sincere  to  spend  his  blood 
For  my  sake  ;  I  will  bounteously  requite  him. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Honest  Man's  Fortune,  ii.  2. 

bounteousness  (boun'te-us-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  bounteous ;  liberality  in  bestowing 
gifts  or  favors ;  munificence;  kindness, 
bounteth,  bountith  (boun'teth,  -tith),  n.  [Sc., 
<  late  ME.  bountith,  <  OF.  buntet,  bontet,  earlier 
form  of  bonte,  >  ME.  bounte,  E.  bounty,  q.  v.] 
Bounty ;  specifically,  the  bounty  given  in  addi- 
tion to  stipulated  wages. 


boun-tree  (bon'tro),  n.    [An  unexplained  var. 

of  bour-trec.]  Same  as  bour-tree.  [Scotch.] 
bounty  (boun'ti),  n.;  pi.  bounties  (-tiz).  [<  ME. 
bountee,  bounte,<  AF.  bountcc,  OF.  bonte,  bonteit, 
bontet,  buntet,  mod.  F.  bonte  -  Pr.  bontat  =  Sp. 
bondad  =  Pg.  bondade  =  It.  bontd,  <  L.  boni- 
ta{t-)s,  goodness,  <  bonus,  good:  see  boon^.] 
If.  Goodness;  virtue. 

Ne  blott  the  bounty  of  all  womankind 
'Mongst  thousands  good,  one  wanton  dame  to  find. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  i.  49. 

2.  Liberality  in  bestowing  gifts  and  favors; 
generosity ;  munificence. 

Let  us  adore  Him  for  the  streams  of  bounty,  which  flow 
unceasingly,  from  the  fountains  of  His  life,  to  all  His 
countless  creatures.  Channing,  Perfect  Life,  p.  84. 

3.  A  favor  bestowed  with  a  benevolent  dispo- 
sition ;  that  which  is  given  boimteously ;  a  free 
gift:  as,  "thy  morning  fcoMMfies,"  Cowper. 

We  concluded  our  visit  with  a  bounty,  which  was  very 
acceptable.  Addison,  Sir  Roger  and  the  Witches. 

4.  A  premium  or  reward;  specifically,  a  pre- 
mium offered  by  a  government  to  induce  men 
to  enlist  into  the  public  service,  or  to  encourage 
some  branch  of  industry,  as  husbandry,  manu- 
factures, or  commerce — Bounty  emigrant,  one 
whose  passage  to  the  country  where  he  intends  to  remain 
is  partly  or  wholly  paid  Ijy  the  government  of  that  coun- 
try.—Bounty  Land  Act,  a  United  States  statute  of  WbO 
(9  Stat.,  620),  granting  lands  to  those  engaged  in  the  mili- 
tary service,  or  to  their  widows  or  minor  children,  in 
amounts  proportioned  to  time  of  service.— Queen  Anne's 
bounty,  a  fund  instituted  by  Queen  Anne  from  the  first 
fruits  and  tithes  of  the  larger  benefices  of  the  English 
Church  to  augment  the  smaller  clerical  livings.  =  SjOl.  2. 
Liberality,  Generosity,  etc.    See  beneficence. 

bounty-jumper  (boun'ti-jum"per),  n.  One  who 
enlists  as  a  soldier  for  the  sake  of  a  bounty 
offered,  and  then  deserts,  as  during  the  Ameri- 
can civil  war  of  1861-65. 

Bringing  into  the  service  many  bounty-jumpers,  as  they 
were  called,  who  enlisted  merely  for  money,  and  soon  de- 
serted to  enlist  again. 

Uigginson,  Young  Folks'  Hist.  V.  S.,  p.  306. 

Bouphonia  (bo-fo'ni-a),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  Povfdvia,  a 
festival  with  sacrifices  of  oxen,  <  fiov<p6vog,  o.x- 
slaying  ((3ov(j)oveiv,  slaughter  oxen),  <  f^ovg,  an 
ox,  +  -(povog,  slaying  (cf .  0(5vof,  (jiovf/,  slaughter, 
murder),  <  *(fiheiv,  slay,  kill.]  An  ancient  Attie 
festival  in  honor  of  Zeus,  more  commonly  called 


A  Middle  English  form  of  boun- 

A  shenff's  officer;  a  bumbailiff.  ^«''«'''-.„  ,      ^  j.  ^  /  n 

bounded  (boun'ded),  p.  a.  Having  bounds  bountiful  (boun'ti-ful),  a.  l<bounty  +  -fu[.i 
or  Umits;  limited;  circumscribed;  confined;  1 .  Liberal  in  bestowing  gifts,  favors,  or  boun- 
cramped;  narrow.  ties;  munificent;  generous. 


Biipolia  (which  see), 
liberal;  plentiful;  abundant,  bouquet  ('bo-ka'),  n.    [F.,  a  nosegay,  a  plume, 

<  OF.  bousquet,  bosquet  =  Pr.  bosquet,  lit.  a  lit- 
tle bush,  dim.  of  bosc  =  OF.  bos,  a  wood,  bush : 
see  bois,  bosket,  busket,  and  bush.]  1.  A  nose- 
gay ;  a  bunch  of  flowers ;  hence,  something  re- 
sembling a  bunch  of  flowers,  as  a  cluster  of 
precious  stones,  a  piece  or  flight  of  fireworks, 
etc. 

He  entered  the  room  thus  set  off,  with  his  hair  dressed 
in  the  first  style,  and  with  a  handsome  bouquet  in  hia 
breast.  Sterne,  Sentimental  Journey,  p.  97. 

1  have  a  bouquet  to  come  home  to-morrow  made  up  of 
diamonds,  and  rubies,  and  emeralds.  . 

Colman  and  Garrick,  Clandestine  Marriage,  i.  2. 

2.  An  agreeable  non-spiritous  perfume  char- 
acteristic of  some  wines, 
bouquet-holder  (b6-ka'h61"der),  ».    A  contn- 
vance  for  holding  together  the  stems  of  cut 
flowers,  whether  held  in  the  hand  or  secui-ed  to 

the  dress.  Bouquet-holders  held  in  the  hand  are  repre- 
sented in  ancient  Egyptian  bas-reliefs  and  paintings ;  they 
have  always  been  used  in  China  made  of  fine  basket-worh. 
and  of  valuable  minerals ;  and  in  the  eighteenth  century, 
in  western  Europe,  women  carried  flat  flasks  of  metal  or 
glass  inserted  within  the  corsage,  holding  tall  nosegaya 
which  covered  the  bosom.    Also  called  bouquetier. 


bouQuetier 

bouctuetier  (bo-ke-ter';  F.  pron.  bo-ke-tya'),  n. 
[F.,  a  flower-vase,  bouquet-liolder,  <  bouquet  : 
see  bouquet.^  A  bouquet-holder,  especially  one 
designed  to  be  carried  in  the  hand. 

bouquetin  (F.  pron.  bo-ke-tan'),  n.  [F.,  earlier 
bouc-estain,  houc-d'estain  (Cotgrave),  lit.  'wool- 
goat'  {bom,  goat;  de,  of;  estahi,  mod.  F.  etain, 
carcied  wool),  but  appar.  orig.  a  transposition 
of  G.  steinbockyD.  steenbok :  see  steinbok.^  The 
Eui-opean  ibex  or  steinbok,  Cajtra  ibex;  hence, 
a  name  of  the  rock-goats  of  the  genus  Ibex 

bourt,  bouret,  n.  Middle  English  forms  of 
bower'^. 

bourachi,  bourock  (biir'aeh,  -ok),  n.  [Se. 
also  written  bowrock,  boorick,  prob.  dim.  of 
bour,  boure,  =  E.  bower^,  q.  v.  Cf.  bouruch'^.]  1 
An  inelosure :  applied  to  the  little  houses  built 
m  play  by  childi-en.— 2.  A  small  cot  or  hut. 

bourach2  (bor'aeh),  II.  [Sc.  (cf.  borra,  borradh, 
a  heap  of  stones),  <  Gael,  borrach,  a  projecting 
bank;  cf.  borra,  burr,  a  knob  or  bunch,  borradh 
a  swelling.  Cf.  bourach^.']  1.  A  small  knoll. 
Sogg.—  2.  A  heap;  a  confused  heap;  a  clus- 
ter, as  of  trees  or  people ;  a  crowd. 

boiirasque  (bo-rask'),  n.  [F.  bourasque,  now 
bourrasque  =  It.  borasco,  a  storm,  tempest, 
gust:  see  borasco.']    A  tempest;  a  storm. 


643 


These  were  members  of  the  Helter  Skelter  Club  of  the 
Wildflre  Club,  and  other  associations  formed  for  the  ex- 
press purpose  of  getting  rid  of  care  and  sobriety.  Such 
dashers  occasioned  many  a  racket  in  llegs  house  and 
many  a  bourasque  in  Meg's  temper. 

Scott,  St.  Ronan's  Well,  I.  27. 

Bourbon  (bor'bon),  n.  [<  F,  Bourbon,  >  Sp. 
Borbon,lt.Borbone.']  1.  A  member  of  the  last 
royal  family  of  France,  or  of  any  of  its  branches. 
The  family  took  its  name  from  its  ancient  seigniory  of 
Bourbon  (now  Bourbon  I'Archambault,  in  the  department 
of  AUier),  and  succeeded  to  the  throne  by  collateral  inheri- 
tance in  1589,  in  the  person  of  Henry  IV.  The  Bourbon 
dynasty  was  deposed  iu  1792,  and  restored  Ln  1814  The 
revolution  of  1830  brought  to  the  throne  Louis  Philippe 
(who  was  deposed  in  1848),  of  the  younger  or  Orleans 
branch,  which  succeeded  to  all  the  claims  of  the  family  on 
the  extinction  of  the  elder  branch  in  1883.  A  line  of  Bour- 
bon sovereigns  has  reigned  in  Spain  (with  two  inteiTup- 
tions)  since  1700,  and  a  branch  of  this  line  held  the  throne 
of  Naples  or  the  Two  Sicilies  from  1735  to  1861. 

2.  One  who,  as  was  said  of  the  Bourbons,  "for- 
gets nothing  and  learns  nothing";  hence,  in 
U.  S.  politics,  an  extreme  conservative ;  espe- 
cially, one  who  is  behind  the  time  and  is  op- 
posed to  all  progress:   originally  applied  to 
certain  members  of  the  Democratic  party. —  3. 
]l.  c]    A  kind  of  whisky  made  of  wheat  or  In- 
dian corn :  originally  limited  to  the  corn- whisky 
made  in  Boufbon  county,  Kentucky. 
Bourbonian  (bor-bo'ni-an),  «.    Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  family  or  dynasties  of  the  Boui'bons. 
Bourbonism  (bor'bon-izm),  n.     [<  Bourbon  + 
-ism;  =  F.  Bourbonisme.']    1.  The  opinions  of 
those  who  adhere  to  the  house  of  Bourbon ; 
legitimism.— 2.  In  f7.  A'.  jw?(  ?(C5-,  obstinate  con- 
servatism ;  opposition  to  progress. 
Bourbonist  (bor'bon-ist),  n.     [<  Bourbon  + 
-ist;  =  F.  Bourboniste.']    One  who  supports  the 
elauns  of  the  members  of  the  house  of  Boui- 
bon  to  the  thi-ones  they  held;  specifically,  a 
supporter  of  the  claims  of  the  members  of  this 
family  to  the  throne  of  France. 
Bourbon  palm.   See  ixiim. 
bourdif  (bord),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  boward, 
'  ^  ^oordc,  bourde,  borde,  burde  = 

MD.  boerde,D.  boert^OFvies.  bord  ='LG.  boert, 
a  jest,  <  OF.  bourde,  borde,  mockery,  banter, 
jest,  F.  bourde,  bouncer,  humbug,  =  Pr.  borda, 
a  jest,  a  cheat,  a  lie ;  cf.  Bret,  board,  a  jest  (prob! 
^  a .),  Gael,  bmrte,  a  gibe,  taimt,  burt,  buirt, 
mockery,  =  Ir.  Udrt,  a  gibe,  taunt.  Origin  and 
relations  uncertain.]  1.  A  jest;  a  joke;  fun. 
Whether  our  maister  speake  earnest  or  borde. 

U dall.  Roister  Doister,  i.  4. 
Gramercy,  Borrill,  for  thy  company, 
For  all  thy  jests,  and  all  thy  merry  boitrd.'i. 

Drayton,  Shepherd's  Garland,  p.  53. 
2.  Mockery;  scoffing. 
bourdH  (bord),  v.    [<  ME.  bourden,  <  OF.  bour- 
aer,  sport;  from  the  noun:  see  bourd^,  n.l  I 
tntrans.  To  jest;  joke;  say  things  in  jest. 

My  wit  is  greet,  though  that  I  bourde  and  pleye. 

Chaucer,  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  316. 
II.  trans.  To  make  game  of. 

D  i  Shew 
-But  any  least  aversion  in  your  look 
To  him  that  bourds  you  next,  and  your  throat  opens. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  i.  1. 

bourdSf,  n.    An  obsolete  variant  of  board. 

bourdert  (bor'der),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
boorder,  boarder,  bourdour ;  <  ME.  bourdour, 
burdoure,  bordere,  etc.,  <  AF.  bourdour,  OF 


bordeor,  a  jester,  <  boarder,  border,  jest:  see 
ioi«T/i.]  A  jester;  a  joker;  a  buffoon, 
bourdon!  (bor'don),  n.  [<  ME.  bourdon,  <  OF. 
bourdon  =  Pr.  bordo  =  Sp.  bordon  -  Pg.  bordao 
=  It.  bordone,  a  staff,  prob.  <  LL.  burdo(n-),  an 
ass,  mule ;  cf.  Sp.  muleta,  a  crutch,  prop,  sup- 
port, a  particular  use  of  muleta,  tern.  dim.  of 
/«Mto,  amule.]  1.  (a)  A  staff  used  by  pilgrims 
in  the  middle  ages.  (Z;)  A  baton  or  cantoral  staff, 
(c)  A  plain  thick  silver  wand  used  as  a  badge  of 
office.— 2.  A  lance  used  in  the  just,  '^ice  lance. 
— 3.  In  her.,  a  pilgrim's  staff  used  as  a  bearing, 
bourdon^  (bor'don),  n.  [<  ME.  bourdon,  bur- 
doun,  bordoun,  <  OF.  bourdon,  mod.  F.  bour- 
don, drone  of  a  bagpipe,  bass  in  music,  =  Sp 
bordon  =  Pg.  bordao  =  It.  bordone,  <  ML.  bur- 
do(n-),  a  drone.  The  E.  word  is  now  burden, 
the  refrain  of  a  song :  see  bnrden'-i.l    In  music : 

(a)  The  drone  of  a  bagpipe,  or  a  monotonous 
and  repetitious  ground-melody.    See  burden'-^. 

(b)  An  organ-stop,  usually  of  16-feet  tone,  the 
pipes  of  which  are  generally  made  of  wood,  and 
produce  hollow,  smooth  tones,  deficient  in  har- 
monics and  easily  blended  with  other  tones. 

bourdon^  (bor'don),  V.  i.    [<  bourdon^,  «.]  In 
tnusic,  to  drone,  as  an  instrument  during  a 
pause  iu  singing, 
bourdonasset,  n.    [<  of.  bourdonasse,  <  bour- 
don, a  staff:  see  bourdon'^.']    A  lance  having  a 
light  hollow  handle  of  great  diameter:  appa- 
rently the  same  as  bourdon'^,  2. 
bourdonne  (bor-do-na'),  a.    [OF.,  <  bourdon,  a 
staff.]  In  /(«-.,  terminating  in  knobs  or  balls: 
as,  a  bourdonne  cross,  which  is  the  same  as  a 
cross  pommee.    See  pommee. 
bourgl  (borg),  n.    [F.,  <  ML.  burgus,  <  OHG. 
MHG.  burc,  G.  burg  =  E.  borough^,  q.  v.  Cf. 
burg'^,  burgh.]  A  town ;  a  borough :  chiefly  with 
reference  to  French  towns.  [Bare.] 

Ye  think  the  rustic  cackle  of  your  bourr/ 
The  murmur  of  the  world  !      Tennyson,  Geraint. 

Bourg2  (borg),  n.  A  name  given  to  the  red  wine 
of  a  large  district  iu  France  in  the  department 
of  Gironde,  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Dordogne. 
bourgade  (bor-gad'),  n.  [F.,  <  bourg,  a  town, 
market-town:  seebourg'^^  A  straggling  vil- 
lage ;  a  small  French  or  Swiss  market-town. 

The  canton  consists  only  of  villages  and  little  towns  or 
bourgades.  J,  Adams,  Works,  IV.  32. 

bourgeois!  (bor-zhwo'),  n.  and  a.    [F.,  mod. 

form  of  OF.  burgeis,  a  citizen,  >  E.  burgess,  q. 
v.]  I.  n.  1.  In  France,  a  citizen;  a  burgher; 
a  man  of  middle  rank.— 2.  A  small  French 
coin  of  the  fourteenth  century.  The  bourgeois 
simple  was  worth  about  a  cent  and  a  half,  the  bourqeois 
Jort  twice  as  much. 

II.  a.  1.  Belonging  to  or  consisting  of  trades- 
people or  citizens  of  middle  rank:  as,  bourgeois 
surroundings;  the  bourgeois  class  of  France. 
Hence  — 2.  Wanting  in  dignity  or  refinement; 
common;  mean. 

We  have  no  word  in  English  that  will  exactly  define 
tins  want  of  propriety  in  diction.  Vulgar  is  too  strou"- 
and  commonplace  too  weak.  Perhaps  bourgeois  comes 
as  near  as  any.    Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  26. 

bourgeois^,  burgeois  (ber-jois'),  «.  [Supposed 
to  be  so  called  from  a  type-founder  named 
Bourgeois:  see  bourgeois^.  The  F.  name  for 
this  type  is  gaillarde :  see  gailliarde,  qaUiard.] 
A  size  of  printing-type  measuring  about  100 
lines  to  the  foot,  next  larger  than  brevier  and 
smaller  than  long-primer. 

This  line  is  printed  iu  bourgeois. 

bourgeoisie  (bor-zhwo -ze '),  //.  [F.,<  bour- 
geois, a  citizen  :  see  bourgeois^.]  Properly  the 
French  middle  classes,  but  often  applied  to  the 
middle  classes  of  any  country,  especially  those 
depending  on  trade. 

There  is  no  bourgeoisie  to  speak  of ;  immediately  after 
the  aristocracy  come  the  poor  people,  who  are  very  poor 
indeed.  H.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  263. 

bourgeon,  n.  and  v.    See  burgeon. 
bourgignot,  bourginot,  n.    Variants  of  burqa- 
net. 

Bourguignon  (F.  pron.  bor-ge-nyoii'),  n.  [F 
<  Bourgogne,  Burgundy.]  A  native  or  an  inhab- 
itant of  Burgimdy;  aBurgundian. 
Bourignian  (bo-rin'yan),  a.    Pertaming  to  the 

Bourignonists  or  to  their  doctrines. 
Bourignonist  (bo-rin'yon-ist),  n.  One  of  a  sect 
founded  by  Antoinette  Bourignon  (1616-80) 
a  religious  enthusiast  who  assumed  the  Au- 
gustinian  habit,  and  traveled  iu  France,  Hol- 
land England,  and  Scotland,  she  maintained  that 
l-Jinstianity  does  not  consist  in  faith  and  practice  but  in 
inward  feeling  and  supernatural  impulse 

bourni,  bournei  (bom),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
boorne,  borne,  <  ME.  bourne,  borne,  var.  of  earlier 


bouse 

burne  (whence  the  reg.  northern  form  burn2,  q. 
v.),  <  AS.  burne,  hurna,  a  stream:  see  hurtfi 
Cf.  E.  mouryi,  <  AS.  murnan.]     A  stream-  a 
brook :  same  as  burn'^.  ' 
Come  o'er  the  bourn,  Bessy,  to  me. 

Sfiak.,  I.ear,  iii.  6  (song). 
[The  word  occurs  in  various  place-names  in  Great  Britain 
as  Bournemouth  (that  is,  mouth  of  the  burn  or  rivulet)' 
Wexthourne,  etc.] 
bourn^,  bourne^  (bom  or  born),  «.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  borne;  <  F.  borne,  formerly  also  bourne,  a 
var.  of  OF.  bodnc,  bonne,  a  limit,  bound,  boun- 
dary, >  E.  boundT-,  q.  v.]  A  bound ;  limit ;  desti- 
nation; goal:  as,  "beyond  the  bourn  of  sunset," 
Tennyson,  Princess,  Conclusion. 

The  undiscovered  country,  from  whose  bourii 
No  traveller  returns.     .        .Shalc.,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 
There  at  last  it  lay,  the  bourn  of  my  long  and  weary 
pilgrimage,  realizing  the  plans  and  hopes  of  many  and 
many  a  year.  Jt.  F.  Burton,  El-.\Icdiiiah,  p.  389. 

bourn^^  bourne'*  (born),  v.  t.  See  hone^. 
bournless  (born'-  or  bom'les),  a.  [<  imurn'^  -t- 
-less.]  Having  no  bourn  or  limit.  [Rare.] 
bournonite  (bor'no-nit),  n.  [After  Count  do 
Bournon,  a  Freneli  mineralogist  (1751-1825).] 
A  sulphid  of  antimony,  lead,  and  copper,  of 
a  steel-gi-ay  color  and  brilliant  metallic  luster, 
found  in  the  Harz  mountains,  Cornwall,  and 

Mexico.  Wheel-ore  is  a  variety  which  owes  its  name  to 
the  form  of  the  twin  crystals,  resembling  a  cog-wheel 
Also  called  endellionite. 

bournous  (bor  -nos'),  M.   A  French  spelling  of 

burnoosc. 
bourock,  n.    See  bourach^. 
bourran,  n.    See  buran. 

bourree  (bo-ra'),  «.  [F. :  see  6oree.]  1.  A  lively 
dance,  originating  either  in  Auvergne  or  in  Bis- 
cay.—  2.  A  musical  composition  in  which  the 
strict  rhythm  and  cheerful  character  of  such  a 
dance  are  embodied,  it  is  usually  written  in  duple 
rhythm,  the  phrases  being  two  measures  long,  beginnine- 
with  the  last  half  of  the  o.     &  t. 


Bourrelet  in  head-dress  of  Queen 
Isabeau  of  Bavaria;  about  1305. 
( From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "  Diet,  du 
Mobilier  fran^ais."J 


up-beat.  It  was  much 
used  as  one  member  of 
the  old-fashioned  suite, 
and  is  still  popular  as  a 
form  of  composition.  It 
is  allied  to  the  qavot. 

bourrelet  (bor -la'), 

n.  [F. :  see  burlet.] 
1.  The  stuffed  roll 
(see  burlct)  which 
formed  a  part  of  fe- 
male head-dress  in 
the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury.—  2.  In  nulit. 
costume,  a  wreath  or 
turban  of  stuff,  worn 
upon  the  helmet. — 
3.  In  her.  See  tortil. 
bourse  (bors),  n.  [F., 
a  purse,  bursary, 
an  exchange,  <  OF. 
borse,  <  ML.  bursa,  a 

purse,  bag,  etc. :  see  burse,  purse.]  1.  A  stock 
exchange;  specifically,  the  stock  exchange  of 
Pans,  and  hence  used  of  continental  Em-opean 
exchanges  in  general. 

;,„»rt'^''nin''^  and  companies  I  approve  of,  as  merchants' 
bourses,  colleges  of  druggists,  physicians,  musicians,  etc. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  ilel..  To  the  Reader,  p.  65. 

2t.  The  bag  of  a  wig.  See  bagi.  3. 
bour-tree  (bor'tre),  «.  [Sc.,  also  speUed  bur- 
tree,  bore-tree,  and  boun-tree,  and  formerlv  burt- 
tree,  <  ME.  burtre,  <  bur-  (uncertain,  but  not, 
as  supposed  by  some,  <  borei,  as  if  from  the  use 
ot  eider-t«igs,  with  the  pith  removed,  as  tubes; 
et.  Sc.  bourtrce-,  bountry-qun,  an  air-gun  of  el- 
der) +  tree.]  A  Scotch  name  of  the  elder-tree 
^a«i&2<CtoY»f7>-«.-Bourtree-gun,  a  pop-gun  or  bean- 
shooter  made  of  the  wood  of  the  bour-tree  after  the  pit  i 
has  been  removed.  ^ 

bousa  (bo'sa),  n.  Same  as  boza. 
bousei  (bouz,  also  boz,  but  in  the  latter  pron 
usually  wi-itten  boo;e},  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  boused, 
ppr.  bousing.  [Also  wiitten  bowse,  bouze,  and 
also,  repr.  the  now  most  common  though  dial 
Pi'°^'  ^oose,  booze;  early  mod.  Y..  bouse,  boirsc, 
<  ME.  bousen  (rare),  appar.  <  MD.  bitsen,  later 
Iniuen  buysen  =  G.  bausen,  drink,  guzzle;  cf. 
AID.  huise,  a  large  di-rnking-vessel,  appar.  iden- 
tical with  D.  buis,  a  tube,  pipe,  conduit,  chan- 
nel. Cf.  bus,  a  box,  barrel,  and  see  boss'^,  box'^.] 
Same  as  boose,  which  is  now  the  usual  form. 

As  tliough  bold  Robin  Hood 
Would,  witli  his  Maid  Marian, 
Sup  and  bowse  from  horn  and  can. 

Keats,  Lines  on  the  Mermaid  Tavern. 

bousei  (bouz,  also  boz,  but  in  the  latter  pron. 
usually  -written  booze,  q.  v.),  n.    Same  as  booze. 
No  bouse  >  nor  no  tobacco  ? 

ilassinger,  New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts,  i.  1. 


bouse 

bouse^,  bowse^  (bous),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 

boimcd,  bowsed,  ppr.  bousiui/,  bowsing.  [Former- 
ly also  written  bownt:;  origin  unknown.]  Xaiit., 
to  haul  with  tackle. 

After  the  rigging  is  butfsed  well  taut,  the  seizingrs  and 
coverings  [mustj  be  replaced,  whieh  is  a  very  nice  pieie 
of  work.  II.  11.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  lU. 

To  bouse  up  the  jib,  figuratively,  to  get  "tight"  or 
drunk.  IShmg.) 

bouse^  (bous  or  bos),  n.  [E.  dial.,  formerly  bous ; 
origin  obscure.]  In  mining,  ore  mixed  with 
veinstone ;  second-class  ore,  which  must  im- 
dergo  further  preparation  before  going  to  the 
smelter.    [North.  Eng.  lead-mining  districts.] 

bouse*,  n.    Same  as  boosc^. 

bouse-team  (bous'tem),  v.  In  mining,  the  place 
where  bouse  is  deposited  outside  of  the  mine, 
ready  to  be  dressed  or  prepared  for  the  smelter. 
[North.  Eng.] 

boustrophedon  (bo-stro-fe'don),  n.  [<  Gr.  f^ov- 
cTpotptjiuv,  turning  backward  and  forward  like 
oxen  in  plowing,  <  /ioi'f,  ox,  +  o-pi(pen>,  turn.] 
A  method  of  writing  shown  in  early  Greek  in- 
scriptions, in  which  the  lines  run  alternately 
from  right  to  left  and  from  left  to  right,  as  the 
fiuTovvs  made  in  plowing  a  field,  the  plow  pass- 
ing alternately  backward  and  forward. 

It  has  been  noticed  by  Bijckh  and  Franz  that  in  the  ear- 
liest examples  of  boustrophedon  writing  the  first  line  is 
from  right  to  left,  and  the  second  from  left  to  right. 

Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  II.  3-4,  note. 

bousy  (bo'zi),  a.  [<  boiise'^  +  Cf.  boozij.'] 
Same  as  boo~y. 

bout^  (bout),  11.  [A  later  and  parallel  spelling 
of  bought^,  q.  v.]  1.  A  turn,  loop,  coil,  or 
knot,  as  in  a  rope  or  chain ;  a  bend  or  flexure. 

And  at  the  lowest  end  forget  it  not 
To  leave  a  buut  or  compass  like  an  eye, 
The  link  that  holds  your  hook  to  hang  upon. 

John  Dennijs,  in  Arber's  Eng.  (iarner,  I.  150. 

In  notes,  with  many  a  winding  bout 
Of  linked  sweetness  long  drawn  out. 

Milton,  L'AlIegro,  1.  139. 

2.  The  part  of  a  sling  that  contains  the  stone. 
—  3.  A  going  and  returning,  as  in  plowing, 
reaping,  etc. ;  hence,  as  much  of  an  action  as 
is  performed  at  one  time;  a  single  part  of  an 
action  which  is  carried  on  at  successive  inter- 
vals.—  4.  A  round  at  anything,  as  in  some  con- 
test; a  set-to;  atrial:  as,  a  6o«<  at  single-stick 
or  fisticuffs. 

The  gentleman  will,  for  his  honour's  sake,  have  one  bout 
with  you.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  4. 

Look'ee,  master,  if  you'd  wanted  a  bout  at  boxing,  quar- 
ter-staff, or  short-staff,  I  should  never  be  the  man  to  bid 
you  cry  off.  ,Sherida>i,  The  Rivals,  iv.  1. 

5.  A  round  of  indulgence,  as  in  drink:  as,  a 
drunken  bout. 

Here,  replenish  again  ;  another  bout. 

B.  Jonson,  Epicoene,  iv.  1. 

6.  A  turn  or  fit  of  illness:  as,  a  severe  bout  of 
rheumatism. —  7.  In  music,  an  inward  curve  of 
a  rib  of  an  instrument  of  the  violin  kind,  by 
which  the  waist  is  formed  This  (or  that)  bout, 

this  (or  that)  time  or  occasion. 

She  got  off  for  that  bout.  Sir  R.  V Estrange. 

The  Prince  .  .  .  has  taken  me  in  his  train,  so  that  I  am 
in  no  danger  of  starving  for  this  bout. 

Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  1. 

bout^t,  adv.  and  prep.  [Early  mod.  E.  and  E. 
dial.  var.  of  bat^,  q.  v.]    Same  as  but^. 

bout'^  (bout),  adv.  and  prep.  [Abbr.  of  about, 
q.  v. :  now  commonly  written  'bout.']  About. 
[Colloq.  or  naut.] 

boutadet  (bo-tad'),  «.  [F.,  <  bouter,  thrust, 
butt:  see  butf^.]  1.  A  sudden  outburst  or  out- 
break. 

His  first  boutade  was  to  kick  both  their  wives  one  morn- 
ing out  of  doors,  and  his  own  too.  Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  iv. 

2.  In  music:  (a)  Especially,  in  the  early  eigh- 
teenth century,  a  composition  having  an  im- 
promptu and  capricious  character.  (&)  An  im- 
promptu dance. 

"boutant  (bo-ton'),  a.  [F.,  ppr.  of  bouter,  thrust: 
see  Imtt'^.']    See  arc  boutant,  under  arc^. 

boute-feut  (bot-fe'),  n.  [F.,  a  forked  match- 
holder,  formerly  used  for  firing  cannon,  <  bou^ 
ter,  thrust,  +  feu,  fire,  <  L.  focus,  a  fireplace.] 
An  incendiary ;  one  who  incites  to  strife. 

Animated  by  a  base  fellow  called  .Tohn  a  f'hamber,  a 
■very  hoafefeu,  who  bore  nmch  sway  among  the  vulgar, 
they  entered  into  open  rebellion.    Bacon,  Hist.  Hen.  VII. 

But  the  hardiness  of  Stuart's  opinions,  his  personal  at- 
tacks, and  the  acrimony  of  his  literary  libels,  presented  a 
new  feature  in  Scottish  literature,  of  such  ugliness  and 
horror,  that  every  hojiourable  man  soon  averted  his  face 
from  this  bontefeu.    I.  D' Israeli,  Calani.  of  Auth.,  p.  202. 

bouterollef,  w.    Same  as  boterol. 


644 

bout-hammert,  «.  [For  about-hammcr,  equiv. 
to  about-sledge,  q.  v.]  A  blacksmiths'  ham- 
mer ;  an  about-sledge. 

I  am  for  Vulcan  now,  for  Mars  no  more ; 

If  my  wife  scold,  my  bout-hatnnier  shall  roar. 

Beau,  and  Fl.  ('0,  Faithful  Friends,  iv.  5. 

boutisalet,  [An  isolated  instance ;  prop. 
bootii-sule.']  A  sale  of  booty;  a  cheap  sale,  as 
a  sale  of  booty  commonly  is. 

The  great  boutisnle  of  colleges  and  chantries. 

Sir  J.  Uay  ward,  Edward  VI.,  p.  SS. 

bouton  (bo'tpn),  w.  [F.]  Button — Biskra  bou- 
ton.  Same  as  Aleppo  button  or  ulcer  (which  see,  under 
Tilcer). 

boutonnifere  (bo-ton-iar'),  n.    [F.]    A  button- 
hole bouquet, 
bouts,       See  hoots^. 

bouts-rim^S  (bo're-ma'),  n.  pi.  [F.:  bouts,  pi.  of 
bout,  end  (see  butt'^);  rimes,  masc.  jjI.  of  rime, 
pp.  of  rimer,  rime,  <  rime,  n.,  rime:  see  r//«('i.] 
Riming  words  given  out  as  the  line-endings  of  a 
stanza,  the  other  parts  of  the  lines  having  to 
be  supplied  by  the  ingenuity  of  the  person  to 
whom  the  words  are  given. 

BoU'Vardia  (bo-var'di-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  in 
honor  of  Dr.  Bouvard,  director  of  the  Jardin 
des  Plantes,  Paris.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat- 
ural order  Rubiacece,  natives  of  Mexico  and 

Central  America.  They  are  herbs  or  low  shrubs  with 
showy  corymbs  of  red,  yellow,  or  white  flowers.  Several 
species  are  found  in  greenhouses. 

bou'weryt,  «.    Same  as  bower i/^.  Irving. 
bouza  (bo'zii),  n.    Same  as  bosa. 
bouze,     and  v.    See  booze. 
bouzy^,  fl.    See  boozy. 

Bouzy'-^  (bo'zi),  w.  A  name  given  to  certain 
sparkling  wines  from  the  small  town  and  dis- 
trict of  the  same  name  in  the  depai'tment  of 
Marne  in  France.  The  name  is  also  given,  in- 
appropriately, to  many  other  sparkling  wines. 

bo'vate  (bo'vat),  n.  [<  ML.  bovata,  <  L.  bos 
{bar-),  ox :  see  Bos.l  An  allotment  of  land  in 
early  English  village  communities,  the  holder 
of  which  was  bound  to  furnish  one  ox  to  the 
plow-team ;  an  oxgang. 

The  full  husband-land,  or  virgate,  was  composed  of  two 
bovates,  or  oxgangs,  the  bovate  or  oxgang  being  thus  the 
eighth  of  the  hide  or  carucate. 

Seebohm,  Eng.  Vil.  Com.,  p.  61. 

Manifestly  the  bovate  or  oxgang  represented  the  tillage, 
not  of  an  ox-team,  but  of  one  ox  of  the  team,  that  is,  it 
was  the  share  of  the  tilled  land  appropriated  to  the  owner 
of  one  of  the  eight  associated  oxen  contributed  to  the 
cooperative  eight-ox  plough.    N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  481. 

Boveae  (bo've-e),  w.  jd.  [NL.,  <  Bos  (Bov-)  + 
-eft'.]  A  division  of  Bovidcc,  practically  equiva- 
lent to  the  genus  Bos  in  a  large  sense,  or  to 
the  modern  subfamily  Bovinai. 

Bcvey  coal.   See  coal. 

Bovlchthyidse  (bo-'vak-thi'i-de),  n.  j>l.  [NL.,  < 
Bovielithys  +  -idw.']  A  family  of  acanthopte- 
rygian  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Bovichthys, 
having  the  lower  pectoral  rays  unbranched  and 
simply  articidated,  the  ventral  fins  jugular  and 
separated  by  a  wide  area,  the  anal  fin  moderate, 
and  no  scales.  Only  two  or  three  species  are 
known  ;  they  inhabit  antarctic  seas. 

Bo'vichthys  (bo-vik'this),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  bos 
(bov-)  (=  Gr.  jioh^),  ox,  -I-  Gr.  i^^fV,  fish.]  The 
typical  genus  of  the  family  Bovichthyidee. 

bO'Viculture  (bo'vi-kul-tiu-),  n.  [<  L.  bos  (bov-), 
ox,  +  cultura,  culture.]  The  breeding  and  rear- 
ing of  cattle  ;  stock-raising.  [Rare.] 

bovid  (bo'vid),  a.  and  v.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  Bovidai ;  Ijovine. 

II.  ».  One  of  the  Bovidce. 

Bo'Vridae  (bo'vi-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bos  (Bov-), 
ox,  4-  -idw.]  A  family  of  hollow-horned  ru- 
minants, the  ox  tribe,  containing  the  bovines. 
Tlie  family  was  formerly  nearly  coextensive  with  the  ge- 
nus Bos  in  a  large  sense,  including  cattle  as  distinguished 
from  goats,  sheep,  and  antelopes.  In  this  acceptation 
the  family  corresponds  to  the  modern  subfamily  Bovinm. 
It  has  been  found  impossible,  however,  to  draw  any  sharp 
dividing  line  between  cattle  and  other  hollow-horned 
ruminants,  among  some  of  whicli,  as  the  antelopes,  con- 
necting links  occur.  Therefore,  notwithstanding  the  fa- 
miliar dirt'erence  between  an  ox  and  a  sheep,  for  exam- 
ple, or  a  goat  and  an  antelope,  the  family  Bovidce  now 
contains  all  of  tliese  which  have  hollow,  persistent  horns, 
common  to  both  sexes,  generally  two,  sometimes  four, 
and  certain  common  cranial  characters  by  which  they 
collectively  differ  from  the  saiga  on  the  one  hand  and 
from  the  pronghorn  on  the  other,  these  two  so-called 
antelopes  being  made  respectively  the  types  of  the  fami- 
lies Saiaida:  and  Antilocnpriihp.  The  Booidm  as  thus 
defined  are  conventionally  divided  into  five  subfamilies  : 
£o)»na;,  cattle ;  Ovibommv,  muskoxen  ;  Ooj'rtce,  sheep ;  Ca- 
prinrf.  goats  :  and  A  ntHopiiue,  antelopes.  See  these  wonis. 

boviform  (bo'vi-form),  fl..  [<  L.  bos  (bov-),  ox, 
+  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form  of  an  ox; 
bovine  in  form  and  structure. 

Bo'^ill's  Act.    See  act. 


bow 

Bovinae  (bo-vi'ne),  «.  pL  [NL.,  <  Bos  (Bov-)  + 
-ime.  Cf.  borine.]  The  ty|)ical  subfamily  of 
the  family  iJ()('/r/rt' ,•  cattle;  oxen;  bovines.  They 
are  of  large  size  ami  more  or  less  massive  form.  The  head 
is  carried  low  upon  a  sh(jrt  neck,  the  legs  are  relatively 
short,  with  the  canou-bones  little  or  no  longer  than  the 
phalanges,  the  hoofs  broad,  the  nuitfle  naked,  the  horns 

.simple  and  unbranched,  and  the  tail  tufted  at  the  end. 
There  are  four  inguiiuil  teats.  The  leading  genera  are 
Bos,  Bubalus,  Anoa,  Bison,  and  Poephagus,  or  oxen,  butisx- 
loes,  bisons,  and  yaks. 

bo'vine  (bo'vin  or  -vin),  a.  and  n.        F.  bovine 
-  Pr.  bovin,  <  LL.  bovinus,  <  L.  bos  (bov-),  ox.] 

1.  fl.  1.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  oxen,  or 
specifically  to  the  Bovinw ;  boviform.  Hence  — 

2.  Ox-like;  stolid;  inert;  dull. 

This  bovine  comfort  in  the  sense  alone. 

Lowell,  Three  Mem.  Poems. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Bovince. 
Bo'vista  (bo-vis'tii),  n.  [NL.,  <  G.  bofist  (=  Sw. 
bofist),  <  bo-  (of  imcertain  origin;  cf.  buffen, 
pujfen-=z'E,.  pujf)  +  fist  =  E.  fist"^,  foisi^,  n.,  in 
its  orig.  sense.  Cf.  Lycoperdon.]  A  genus  of 
gasteromycetous  fungi,  or  pufiCballs,  closely 
2i\\md.io lAjcopcrdon,  but  dif- 
fering from  the  latter  in  the 
absence  of  a  sterile  base,  and 
in  the  structure  of  the  cover- 
ing or  peridium,  the  outer 
part  of  which  shells  off.  Three 

species  are  found  in  Great  Britain 
and  a  number  more  in  North  Ameri- 
ca.  Several  species  are  edible. 

bow^  (hou),  V.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  bowe,  bough;  <  ME. 
bowen,  buwen,  bugen,  <  AS. 
bugan  (pret.  bedli,  pi.  bugon, 
pp.  bogen),  bend,  bow,  flee, 
strong  verb,  only  intrans.,  =     s^ist^  ammophua. 

OS.  *bu(ian  =  MD.  buqhcn,  (FromLeMaoutandDe- 
-r\     T     .  -niTT  r-i     1  -  caisne  s    1  raite  general 

D.  buigen  =  MLG.  bugen  z=  de  Botanique.") 
OHG.  biogan,  MHG.  G.  bic- 
gen  =  Icel.  *bjuga  (preserved  in  pp.  boginn  and 
pret.  3d  pers.  pi.  refl.  bugusli),  bend;  prob,  = 
L.  fugere  —  Gr.  (pevyuv,  flee,  —  Skt.  blmj,  bend. 
Orig.  and  prop,  intrans. ;  whence  the  derived 
factitive  form,  AS.  bygan,  Megan,  began,  ME. 
bugen,  etc.,  mod.  E.  dial,  bay,  weak  verb,  trans., 
cause  to  bend :  see  bay^.  Cf .  Icel.  buga  =  Sw. 
buga,  weak  verb,  bow,  make  a  bow.  Hence  ult. 
the  secondary  verbs  bay^,  buclc^,  bvcMe^,  and 
the  nouns  bow^,  bought^  =  bout^  =  bight,  bail^, 
boul,  etc.]  I.  intrans.  If.  To  become  bent  or 
crooked ;  assume  a  curved  form  ;  bend ;  curve. 
[Still  in  colloquial  use  in  Scotland.] 
Better  bow  than  break.  '  Proverb. 

Like  an  ass  whose  back  with  ingots  bows. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 

2t.  To  tend;  turn;  incline. 

Thei  bowiden  awei  fro  the  lawe  of  God. 

Wyclif,  Baruch  iv.  12. 

3.  To  bend  or  curve  downward;  take  a  bent 
posture  or  attitude ;  stoop. 

The  flame  o'  the  taper 
Bows  toward  her,  and  would  under-peep  her  lids. 

Slialc.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  2. 

As  to  soft  gales  top-heavy  pines  botv  low. 

Pojje,  Dunciad,  ii.  391. 

4.  To  bend  the  neck  under  a  yoke;  submit  or 
become  subject;  yield:  as,  to  bow  to  the  in- 
evitable. 

On  of  us  two  mot  bowe  douteles. 
Cliaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  440. 
Often  tyme  it  is  betere  to  boio  than  to  berst. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  34. 

5.  To  bend  the  body  or  head  in  worship,  or 
in  token  of  reverence,  respect,  or  submission: 
with  to  or  before,  and  sometimes  emphasized 
by  down. 

The  rest  of  the  people  bowed  down  upon  their  knees. 

Judges  vii,  6. 

The  evil  bow  be/ore  the  good.  Prov.  xiv.  1!). 

To  bow  and  sue  for  grace 
With  suppliant  knee.        Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  111. 

6.  To  make  a  bow;  incline  the  body  or  the 
head  toward  a  person  by  way  of  salutation  or 
friendly  recognition,  or  in  acknowledgment  of 
some  courtesy. 

II.  trans.  1 .  To  cause  to  bend ;  make  cui-ved 
or  crooked;  cause  to  assume  and  retain  a  bent 
shape. 

They  rather  breake  liim,  than  bowe  him,  rather  marre 
him,  then  mend  liim.    Ascharn,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  31. 

2.  To  cause  to  stoop  or  become  bent,  as  with 
old  age  or  a  burden;  hence,  to  crush. 

Whose  heavy  hand  hath  bow'd  you  to  the  grave. 

Shale.,  Macbeth,  in.  1. 

Bow  him,  yet  bo2ij  him  nuire. 
Dash  that  same  glass  of  water  in  his  face. 

B.  Jonsoti,  Magnetick  Lady,  ui.  4. 


bow 

3.  To  cause  to  bend  in  submission:  cause  to 
submit;  subdue. 

Bow  not  mine  lionour. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  iii.  6. 
Authority  forgets  a  dying  Iving, 
Laid  widow'd  of  tlie  power  in  liis  eye 
Tliat  bou>d  tile  will.   Tennyson,  Morte  d'Arthur. 

4t.  To  bend;  inflect;  cause  to  deviate  from  a 
given  condition. 

We  bow  tilings  the  contrary  way  to  make  them  come  to 
their  natural  straightness.  Bacon,  Atheism. 

5t.  To  incline ;  turn  in  a  particular  direction : 
influence. 

Not  to  bow  and  bias  their  opinions.  Fuller. 
For  troubles  and  adversities  do  more  bow  mens  minds 

6.  To  bend  or  incline  in  worship  or  adoration, 
or  in  token  of  submission,  homage,  respect' 
civility,  condescension,  or  attention. 

And  they  cried  before  him,  Bow  the  knee ;  and  he  made 
him  ruler  over  all  tlie  land  of  Egypt.  Gen.  xli.  43. 

And  Moses  made  haste,  and  bowed  his  head  toward  the 

Ex.  xxxiv.  8. 

They  came  to  meet  him,  and  bowed  themselves  to  the 
gi-ound  before  him.  2  Ki  ii  15 

Boiv  down  thine  ear,  and  hear  the  words  of  the  wise. 

•  Prov.  xxii.  17. 

7.  Xo  express  by  a  bow  or  by  bowing:  as,  to 
bow  one's  thanks  or  assent.— 8.  To  aecompanv 
or  usher  in,  out,  etc.,  with  a  bow  or  bows. 

I  saw  the  station-master  bow  them  into  the  carriage. 
Ancient  Hospit.ality,  long  since,  Dickens. 
With  ceremonious  thrift,  bowed  out  of  doors. 

Lowell,  Under  the  Vvillows. 

To  bow  down  the  back.  See  back\ 

bowl  (ijou),  11.  [<  ME.  howe,  a  bend,  <  howen, 
bend:  see  how^,  v.  Cf.  io»;2.]  An  incUnation 
ot  the  head  or  a  bending  of  the  body  in  salu- 
tation, or  in  token  of  reverence,  respect,  civil- 
ity, submission,  assent,  or  thanks. 

bow2  (bo),  M.  [<  ME.  howe,  boghe,  boge,  etc.,  a 
bend,  curve,  bow  for  shooting,  etc.,  <  AS.  boga 
a  bow  for  shooting,  a  rainbow  (in  general  sense 
bend    only  m  comp. )  (=  OS.  bogo  =  OFries 

^-  ''J^^^  =  ^^fi"'  =  OHG.  bogo, 

MHG  boge,  G.  bogeii  =  leel.  bogi  =  OSw.  boghi, 
few.  bdge  =  Dan.  hue,  a  bow,  etc.),  <  bugan  (pp. 
bogen),  how,  bend:  see  bow^,  v.']  If.  A  bend- 
a  curve.  ' 

The  bowe  of  the  ryver  of  Humber. 

Treuim,  tr.  of  Higden  (ed.  1865),  II.  87. 

2.  A  weapon  consisting  of  a  strong  strip  of  elas- 
tic wood  or  other  elastic  material,  with  a  string 
stretched  between  its  ends,  used  for  shooting 
arrows,  when  the  bow  has  been  bent  to  its  full  extent 
by  pulling  the  string  back  from  it,  the  recoil  of  the  strinc^ 
(against  the  inner  side  of  which  the  notch  of  the  arrovv 
IS  placed)  when  released  impels  the  arrow.  The  bow 
and  arrow  have  been  used  in  all  ages  and  by  many  peonies 
as  a  weapon  and,  though  superseded  in  the  advance  of 
civilization  by  firearms,  are  still  in  use  among  sava<'e 
tribes  and  are  the  otficially  recognized  weapon  of  the 
Manchu  garrisons  of  China,  where  archery  is  still  one  of 
the  subjects  of  examination  for  officers  in  the  regular  army 
Bows  were  at  one  time  divided  into  lonr/boins  and  cro/s- 
bowx  During  the  middle  ages  the  nations  of  Europe  used 
longbows  of  5  or  6  feet  in  length,  the  shorter  ones  bein"- 
used  by  horsemen,  and  the  longer  by  the  foot-archers  Th? 
bows  now  commonly  used  in  archery  are  of  two  kinds  the 
single-piece  bow,  or  self-liow,  and  the  back  or  union  bow 
ine  single-piece  bow  is  made  of  one  rod  of  hickory  lance- 
wood  or  yew,  the  last,  if  perfectly  free  from  knots',  being 
considered  the  most  suitable  wood.  The  union  bow  is  made 
of  two  or  sometimes  three  pieces  glued  together.  See  cuts 
under  arbalister,  bowman,  and  crossbow. 

3.  The  name  of  several  implements  shaped  like 

?nvv»?*hH°^"    ^f'  ^'l  implement  originally 

tnZt'n,  t,''°'\  s"'"Slit,  by  means  of  which  the 

tone  IS  pi  oduced  from  instruments  of  the  violin  kind.  It 
IS  made  of  a  slender  staff  of  elastic  wood,  to  the  two  slightly 
80  i^inn?  ''"'^f  °!  a  quantity  of  horse-hairs  (about 

»n,?yi,  ^  ""^  f*!t*^"ed.  These,  being  rubbed  with  resin 
^nm,?   /mT''-"''',  ""^  instrument,  cause  it  to 

rnrvp;i  aVi  '.™P'<=";ent  consisting  of  a  piece  of  wood 
tn  th^'J^  having  a  string  extended  from  one  extremity 
to  the  other,  used  (1)  by  smiths  in  turning  a  drill  (2)  by 

far' and     ol"fo;"AeT°use  '"""'^  "'"^ 

faiii'^v^^''''*  Specifically -(a)  A 

earth 'th«ffh'  T™^  1°  PA'"'  ""^^^  ^  ''""g  a  '^lou'i  over  the 
eaitn,  that  the  tow  shall  be  seen  in  the  cloud.  Gen  ix  14 

faVon'itv  h  '^"'•^'^  'i'^  curb,  and  the 

laicon  her  bells,  so  man  hath  his  desires. 

Shale,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  3. 

form  antrr^^^ff"''  P*''?''?  """^d     as  to 

the  .a!kn/ui  "i*"  ''""■^'^^  '^!"c'i  serve  to  give 

Me  saddle  its  proper  form,    (d)  In  Jirearins,  the  guard  of 

n^  thoF";  WTliebentguardof  asword-iiilt.  (/Tone 
of  n  nn  '""^/•'"^  ''''"'^■'^  s^PP"'"^  'lO"-!,  canopy  or  tilt 
lenses  o7r^  or  carriage.    („)  The  framing  of  the 

lenses  of  a  pair  of  spectacles,  (h)  In  arch. :  (It)  An  arch 
t^es^'^  V  T''  A'  gateway  or  bridge  or  in  a  flying  but- 
frnm  u  .'^  ^-  P^"''      ^  building  which  prSjects 

from  a  straight  wall,  properly  curved,  but  sometimes 


645 

more  loosely,  polygonal  in  plan.  (<)  In  draftinn,  a  flexible 
strip  which  can  be  bent  to  any  desired  curve ;  anaiwraph 
5.  An  instrument  formerly  used  for  taking  the 
Sim's  altitude  at  sea,  consisting  of  a  large  arch 
of  90°  graduated,  a  shank  or  staff,  a  side  vane, 
a  sight- vane,  and  a  horizon-vane.— 6.  A  knot 
composed  of  one  or  two  loops  and  two  ends;  a 
bow-knot;  hence,  a  ("single  bow"  or  "double 
bow")  looped  ornamental  knot  of  ribbon,  etc. ; 
a  ribbon,  neck-tie,  etc.,  tied  in  such  a  knot.— 
7.  A  stroke  of  the  bow  of  a  violin :  as,  tlie  up- 
boiv  or  the  down-&o?«. —  8.  A  ring  or  loop  of 
metal  forming  a  handle.  („)  The  loop  at  the  end  of 

the  handle  ot  a  key.  (b)  One  of  the  two  hoops  of  a  pair  of 
scissors  fitted  for  the  thumb  and  the  fingers.   See  baill  and 

ftoHi.-Backof  a  bow.  See  backi.-Bows  and  bUls,  the 

cry  raised  in  old  times  by  the  English  to  give  an  alarm  in 
Uieir  camp  or  to  encourage  the  people  to  take  to  arms  — 
Bow  top,  or  top  bow,  in  coach-buildimj,  a  piece  of  wood 
used  to  support  the  roof-boards  or  the  leather  of  the  ton 
of  a  carnage.—  Compound  bow,  a  bow  made  of  two  or 
more  pieces  lashed  or  riveted  togetlier.— Grafted  bOW 
a  compound  bow  formed  of  two  pieces  joined  together  at 
the  handle.- Self-bow,  in  archery,  a  bow  made  of  one 
entire  piece  of  wood.  Also  called  sinqlc-piece  bow — 
binew-backed  bow,  a  bow  whose  elasticity  is  increased 
by  the  use  of  sinew  along  the  back,  either  in  a  cable  of 
twine,  as  among  the  Eskimos,  or  laid  on  solid  by  means  of 
glue,  as  with  many  tribes  in  the  western  United  States  — 
bingle-piece  bow.  Same  as  self-bow.— To  bend  ordraw 
a  bow  to  shoot  with  a  bow.— To  draw  the  (or  a)  long- 
^°-3k  il  exaggerate;  lie.-To  have  two  strings  (or 
more  than  one  string)  to  one's  bow,  to  have  more 

than  one  means  of  accomplishing  something. 

Miss  Bertram  .  .  .  might  be  said  to  haoe  ttvo  strinqs  to 
her  bow.  She  had  Rushwortli-feelings  and  Crawford-feel- 
ings, and  in  the  vicinity  of  Sotlierton  the  former  had  con- 
siderable ertect.  Jane  Austen,  Mansfield  Park  vii' 


bowel 

bow-bearer  (b6'bar"er),  n.     In  old  Eng.  law, 
an  under-oflacor  of  a  forest,  whoso  duty  was  to 
give  intormation  of  trespasses, 
bow-bellt  (bo'bel),  n.    One  born  witliin  the 
sound  of  the  bells  of  the  church  of  Bow  which 
is  near  the  center  of  the  City  of  London;  a 
cockney.    Beau,  and  Fl. 
bow-bent  (bo 'bent),  a.     Bent  like  a  bow; 
crooked.  ' 
A  sibyl  old,  bow-bent  with  crooked  age. 

Milton,  Vac.  Ex., 


bow2  (bo),  V.  [<  boiv^,  n.  In  some  eases  bow2 
(bo),  v.,  can  hardly  be  distinguished,  as  writ- 
ten, froni  bow^  (bou),  v.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  bend 
into  the  form  of  a  bow  ;  inflect ;  curve :  as,  to 
bow  a  ribbon;  bowed  shutters. 

A  three-pence  bow'd  would  hire  me. 

Shak.,  Hen.'viII.,  ii.  3. 
Insects  in  inserting  and  withdrawing  their  proboscides 
bow  them  forwards  or  upwards.  ' 

Darwin,  Fertil.  of  Orchids  by  Insects,  p.  113. 
2.  In  music :  (a)  To  perform  by  means  of  a  bow 
upon  a  stringed  instrument:  as,  to  bow  a  pas- 
sage well,  (b)  To  mark  (a  passage)  so  as  to  in- 
dicate the  proper  method  of  bowing.— 3  In 
hat-mahing,  to  separate  and  distribute  in'  the 
basket  (the  filaments  of  felting-fur)  by  means 
of  a  bow. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  be  curved  or  bent.— 2 
To  perform  or  play  by  means  of  the  bow:  as' 
a  violinist  who  boivs  with  great  taste. 
b0W=*  (bou),  n.    [Same  word  as  bougJA,  hut  in 
the  naut.  sense,  first  in  the  17th  century,  and  of 
LG.  or  Scand.  origin  :  Icel.  bog)-  =  Norw.  bog  = 
Sw.  bog  =  Dan.  boug,  bov,  bow  of  a  ship,  also 
shoulder  of  an  animal,  =  D.  boeg,  how  of  a  ship 
=  ^LGt.  boch,  buck,  how  of  a  ship,  shoulder 
(>  G.  bug  m  this  sense),  =  AS.  bog,  bob,  arm, 
branch:  see  bougia.']     If.  Same  as  bougja. 
Compare  with  howpot  for  boughpot.—2.  Naut 
the  forward  part  or  head  of  a  ship,  beginning 
where  the  sides  trend  inward,  and  terminating 
where  they  close  or  unite  in  the  stem  or  prow. 
A  narrow  bow  is  called  a  lean  bow  •,  a  broad  one 
a  hold  or  hlujf  how.— S.  The  foremost  oar  used 
m  rowing  a  boat,  or  the  person  who  pulls  that 
oar;  the  bow-oar. -Doubling  of  the  bow  (naut.), 

thick  planking  at  the  bow  of  a  vessel  to  protect  it  from 
injury  by  the  anchor-bill.- On  the  bOW  (naut.),  on  that 
part  ot  the  horizon  which  is  within  45°  of  tlie  line  ahead, 
bow*  (bou),  n.    A  Scotch  form  of  bom. 

I  trust  you  remember  you  are  owing  to  the  laird  four 
stones  of  barley-meal,  and  a  bow  of  oats. 

Scott,  Abbot,  II.  82. 

bow5  (bo),  n.  [Also  written  hu ;  <  Icel.  hu  a 
farm,  stock,  cattle  (=  Dan.  Sw.  bo,  dwelling 
=  AS.  hu  -  OS.  hu,  dwelling,  =  D.  bouw,  tillage! 
building,  =  OHG.  bu,  dwelling,  tillage,  build- 
ing, MHG.  6m,  bou,  G.  hau,  tillage,  building), 
<  bua  =  AS.  b'uan,  dwell :  see  %2,  hower^,  boor 
etc.,  from  the  same  root.]  A  herd  of  cattle; 
the  stock  of  cattle  on  a  farm :  as,  a  how  of  kye 
(that  is,  cows).  [Obsolete,  except  in  Scotland 
and  the  north  of  England.] 

^O^et,  n.    [Prob.  a  reduced  foi-m  of 
bull-i.^    The  provisions  of  a  benefice  granted 
by  the  pope.    N.  E.  D.  [Scotch.] 
bowablet  (bou'a-bl),  a.    [<  bou-i-  +  -able.']  Ca- 
pable of  being  bowed  or  bent ;  flexible, 
bow-arm  (bo'arm),  n.    1.  The  arm  that  moves 
the  bow  m  playing  an  instiniment  of  the  violin 
family;  a  vioUnist's  right  arm.    See  how-hand. 
—  2.  In  archery,  the  arm  employed  in  holdino- 
the  bow,  ordinarily  the  left  arm. 
bow-backed  (bo'bakt),  a.   Having  a  back  bent 
like  a  bow.  Tennyson, 


 — ,  ■  — .         1.  09. 

bow-billed  (bo'bild),  a.  Having  the  bill  bowed 
or  arcuate,  as  some  birds, 
bow-boy  (bo'boi),  «.    A  boy  who  uses  a  bow; 
specifically,  Cupid.  Shak. 
bow-brace  (bo'bras),  n.    A  covering  of  bone 
metal,  or  leather  for  protecting  the  left  arm  of  a 
bowman  from  the  percussion  of  the  bow-string, 
bow-case  (b(3'kas),  «.    A  long  bag  of  wood, 
leather,  or  cloth,  in  which  a  bow  is  kept  when 
not  in  use. 

bow-chaser  (bou'cha-'scr),  n.  A  gun  pointed 
over  the  bow  of  a  ship  of  war,  for  firing  at  a 
chased  vessel, 
bow-clavier  (bo'kla"vi-er),  «.  A  musical  in- 
strument having  a  keyboard  and  strings  like 
a  harpsichord  or  piano,  in  which  the  tones 
were  produced  by  tiie  friction  of  little  bows  or 
resmed  wheels  pressed  against  the  strings. 

a'l  instrument  is  .said  to  have  been  attempted  about 
leoo  at  Nuremljerg,  and  many  were  constructed  in  the 
eighteenth  century.    Also  called  bow-harpsichord 

bow-compass,  bow-compasses  (b6'kum*pas, 

-ez),  )/.    See  conij)(t.i-s. 
bowd,  n.    See  houdT-. 
bowdark,  n.    See  hodarl: 
Bowdlerism  (bod'ler-izm),  n.    [<  Boivdler 
( ihomas  Bowdler,  who  published  in  1818  an  ex- 
purgated edition  of  Shakspere)  4-  -ism.]  The 
practice  of  omitting  from  an  author's  edited 
writings  words  or  passages  considered  offensive 
or  indelicate. 
Bowdlerization  (bod'aer-i-za'shon),  «.  [< 
Bowdlerize  +  -u tion.]   Expurgation  of  ofl'ensive 
or  indelicate  passages  or  words  from  an  edited 
book  or  writing. 
Bowdlerize  (bod'ler-iz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
Bimdlerized,  ppr.  Bowdlerizing.  [<  Bowdler  (see 
Boicdlcnsm)  +  -ize.]    To  expurgate  in  editing 
by  expunging  words  or  passages  considered 
oflensive  or  indelicate. 

Hence  when  the  incessant  human  sacrifices  in  Israel 
during  the  age  of  the  kings  are  all  put  down  to  the  in- 
fluence of  foreign  idolatries,  we  may  fairly  inquire  whether 
editorial  Bowdlerisiny  has  not  jjrevailed  over  historical 
truth.  Hvxley,  in  Nineteenth  Century,  XIX.  489. 

bow-drill  (bo'dril),  n.  A  drill  worked  bv  means 

^oiiulwTtr^^  ^f""??-.  '^^'^  ^''"ut  the 

spindle  ot  the  drill,  which 

is  moveil  by  a  reciprocat- 
ing motion  of  the  bow. 

Bow-dye  (bo'di),  «. 

A    kind    of  scarlet 
color,    superior  to 
madder,  but  inferior 
to  the  true  scarlet 
grain    for  fixedness 
and    duration :  first 
used  in  Bow,  London, 
bowed  (bod),  7^  (7.  [< 
bow^  -I-  -eri2.]    1.  Bent  like  a  bow;  embowed. 
In  heraldry  also  termed  fleeted  or  reflected  —2 
Having  a  convex  or  bulging  form:  "as,  a  bowed 
shield. 

bowed-embowed  (bod'em-bod*),  a.    See  em- 
bowed. 

bowel  (bou'el),  n.  [<  ME.  bowel,  bowele,  houel, 
buel,  hoel,  <  OF.  hoel,  bncl,  m.,  also  boele,  huele, 
f.,  i?.  oo//ait  (whence prob.  E.  bayou,  q.  v.)  =  Pr 
ftMffe?  =  It.  hudello,  <  ML.  hotellus,  an  intestine' 
<  L.  hotellus,  a  sausage,  dim.  of  botuhis,  a  sau- 
sage, ong.  an  intestine.]  1.  One  of  the  intes- 
tines of  an  animal;  a  division  of  the  alimen- 
tary canal  below  the  stomach;  a  gut,  especially 
of  man:  chiefly  used  in  the  plural  to  denote  the 
intestines  collectively.—  2t.  One  of  the  viscera ; 
any  internal  organ  of  the  body,  as  the  stomach, 
liver  bram,  etc.— 3.  pi.  The  interior  part  of 
anything. 

Rush'd  into  the  bowels  of  the  battle. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  I. 
It  was  gi-eat  pity,  so  it  was, 
Tliat  villainous  saltpetre  should  be  digg'd 
Out  of  the  bowels  of  the  harmless  earth. 

Shak.,  1  lien.  IV.,  i.  3. 
4.  pi.  The  inner  parts  as  the  seat  of  pity  or 
kindness ;  hence,  tenderness ;  compassion. 

He  that  relieves  another  upon  the  bare  suggestion  and 
botcels  of  pity,  doth  not  this  so  much  for  his  sake  as  for  his 
Sir  T.  Browne,  Keligio  Medici,  u.  2. 


Bow-drill. 


bowel 

Wliat  the  plague,  have  you  no  honvlx  for  your  own  kin- 
dred'.' Slu'ridaa,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  3. 

5t.  j>l.  Offspring;  children. 

Thine  own  bowelx,  which  do  call  thee  sire, 
The  mere  effusion  of  thy  proper  loins. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 
To  move  the  bowels,  to  produce  evacuation  of  the 
bowels  ))v  administering  a  suitable  aperient  or  cathartic, 
bowelt  (bim'el),  v.  C;  pret.  and  pp.  houwied  or 
hoiccllcd,  pijr.  bowcling  or  howellhuj.  [<  ME. 
bowckii ;  ef.  OF.  hork'r ;  from  the  noun.]  To 
take  out  the  bowels  of;  e\asoerate;  penetrate 
the  bowels  of;  disembowel. 

Drawn  and  hanged  in  his  armoui',  taken  down  alive  and 
bowelled.  "  Stow,  Edward  II.,  an.  1820. 

bowellesst  (bou'el-les),  rt.    [<  bowel  +  -lesx.'] 
Without  tenderness  or  pity;  unfeeling. 

Miserable  men  eommisei-ate  not  themselves;  bowelless 
unto  others,  and  merciless  unto  their  own  bowels. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  i.  7. 

bowel-pryert  (bou'el-pri"er),  n.  One  who  prac- 
tises divination  by  examining  the  intestines  of 
animals.  Holland. 

bowel-pryingt  (bou'el-pri"ing),  n.  Divination 
liv  examining  the  bowels  of  animals.  Holland. 

bowenite  (bo 'en-it),  n.  [After  George  T. 
Boircii,  who  described  it  in  1822.]  A  variety 
of  serpentine  fi'om  Smithfield,  Ehode  Island, 
of  light-green  color  and  line  granular  textiu-e. 
It  is  remarkable  for  its  hardness  and  its  re- 
semblance to  jade. 

boweri  (bou'er),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bour, 
boure,  etc. ;  <  ME.  bour,  <  AS.  bur,  a  dwell- 
ing, house,  room,  chamber  (=0S.  bur=  MLG. 
bur,  a  house,  cage,  LG.  buur,  a  cage,  -  OHG. 
bur,  a  chamber,  MHG.  bur,  G.  baiter,  a  cage, 
=  Icel.  bur,  a  chamber,  larder,  store-room,  = 
Sw.  bur  =  Dan.  hur.  formerly  buur),  <  butin  = 
Icel.  bua,  etc.,  dwell.  Cf.  booth,  bottle'^,  build, 
etc.,  from  the  same  root.  Hence  nit.  boor, 
botver^,  and  ucigh-bour,  ncigh-bor.']  1.  A  dwell- 
ing or  habitation;  particixlarly,  a  cottage;  an 
impreteutious  residence ;  a  rustic  abode.  [Now 
only  poetical.] 

Courtesy  oft-times  in  siini)le  bowers 

Is  found  as  great  as  in  the  stately  towers. 

Sir  J.  Harimjtim,  tr.  of  Ariosto,  xiv.  62. 

2t.  An  inner  room;  any  room  in  a  house  ex- 
cept the  hall  or  public  room;  hence,  a  bed- 
chamber. 

In  hast  came  rushing  forth  from  inner  bowre. 

Speiiser,  F.  Q.,  I.  viii. 

3.  Especially,  a  lady's  private  chamber;  a  bou- 
doir. [Poetical.] 

The  feast  was  over  in  Branksome  tower, 
And  the  Ladye  had  gone  to  her  secret  bower. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  i.  1. 

4.  A  shelter  made  with  boughs  or  twining 
plants ;  an  arbor ;  a  shady  recess. 

I  only  ))eKge<l  a  little  woodbine  boioer 
Where  I  might  sit  and  weep. 

If.  Mason,  English  Garden,  8. 

bowerif  (bou'er),  v.  [<  boicer^,  w.]  I.  trunn. 
To  inclose  in  a  bower,  or  as  in  a  bower;  em- 
bower ;  inclose. 

0  nature  !  what  hadst  thou  to  do  in  hell, 
When  thou  didst  bower  the  spirit  of  a  liend 
In  mortal  paradise  of  such  sweet  flesli  ? 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  2. 

II.  intrans.  To  take  shelter;  lodge. 
Spredding  pavilions  for  the  birds  to  bouire. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  x.  6. 

bower2  (bou'er),  n.    [<  &orl  +  -erl.]   One  who 
or  that  which  bows  or  bends ;  specifically,  a 
muscle  that  bends  the  joints. 
His  rawbone  armes,  whose  mighty  brawned  howrs 
AVere  wont  to  rive  Steele  plates.   Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  viii.  41. 

bower^  (bou'er),  n.  [<  boic^  +  -erl.]  An  an- 
chor carried  at  the  bow  of  a  ship.  Tlie  two  bower- 
anchors  were  formerly  of  unequal  size,  and  were  called 
the  best  and  small  bower  i-espectively  ;  but  when  (as  gen- 
erally now)  of  equal  size,  they  are  known  as  the  starboard 
.and  jjort  bowers. 

The  whaler  .  .  .  made  a  clumsy  piece  of  work  in  get- 
ting her  anchor,  being  obliged  to  let  go  her  best  bower, 
and,  finally,  to  get  out  a  kedge  and  a  hawser. 

R.  H.  Dana,  .Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  250. 

bower*  (bou'er),  n.  [<  bow^,  1,  =  bough], 
+  -e)-i.]  In  falconry,  a  yoimg  hawk  when  it 
begins  to  leave  the  liest  and  to  clamber  on  the 
boughs.    Also  called  bowess,  boivct. 

bower^t,  [Late  ME.  boueer,  <  D.  bouwcr,  a 
farmer,  peasant  (in  this  sense  prop,  boer),  also 
a  builder,  =  G.  baiter,  a  peasant,  also  a  builder: 
see  boor,  and  cf.  bou-er^.']   A  peasant;  a  farmer. 

bower^  (bou'er),  n.  [E.  spelling  of  G.  bauer,  a 
peasant,  a  farmer  ;  in  a  German  pack  of  cards, 
the  knave  or  jack;  =  D.  boer,  a  farmer,  the 
knave  in  cards,  >  E.  boor,  q.  v.]  In  euchre, 
one  of  the  two  highest  cards,  or,  if  the  joker 
is  used,  the  second  or  third  highest.  The  bowers 


646 

are  the  knave  of  trumps,  the  higher  of  the  two,  called  the 
ri(jht  bower,  and  the  knave  of  the  suit  having  the  same  color 
as  the  trump,  called  the  left  bower. 

But  the  hands  that  were  played 

By  tliat  heathen  Chinee, 
And  the  points  that  he  made. 
Were  quite  frightful  to  see  — 
Till  at  last  he  i)Ut  down  a  rir/lit  twicer, 
Wliich  the  same  Nye  had  dealt  unto  me. 

Bret  Ilarte,  Heathen  Cliinee. 

bower'^  (bo'er),  ».  [<  boir^,  ii.  and  r.,  +  -c/-i. 
Cf.  boiri/cr.'i  If.  A  bow-maker;  a  bowyer. — 
2.  One  who  plays  with  a  bow  on  a  violin  or 
other  stringed  instrument, 
bower^  (bo'er  or  bou'er),  n.  [Also  written 
boocr;  <  boiv^,  a  head  of  cattle,  farm-stock,  + 
-e)'i.]  A  person  who  rents  or  leases  the  dairy 
stock  on  a  farm,  together  with  pasture  and  fod- 
der for  them,  and  makes  what  he  can  from 
their  produce,  the  cultivation  of  the  farm  still 
remaining  with  the  farmer  or  proprietor.  [S. 
W.  counties  of  Scotland.] 
bower-anchor  (bou'er-ang"kpr),  n.    An  anchor 

carried  at  a  ship's  bows.    See  boircr'^. 
bower-bird  (bou'er-berd),  w.    The  name  of  the 
Australian  oscine  passerine  birds  of  the  gen- 
era Ptilonorhi/nchuf:,  Chlamijdodera,  etc.,  consti- 


.Satin  Bower-bird  {Ptiloiiorhynchus  /w/osericcia  ). 


InWuii  with  some  authors  a  subfamily  Ftilono- 
rlii/iivlunic,  of  the  familv  Oriolidw.  They  are  re- 
markable fur  building  what  are  called  bowers,  runs,  or  play- 
houses, which  they  adorn  with  gay  feathers,  rags,  bones, 
shells,  aiul  other  white,  liright,  or  conspicuous  objects. 
There  are  several  species  of  botli  the  genera  named  ;  the 
best-known  are  the  satin  bower-liird,  J'.  Iiolosfrii-i'iix.  and 
the  spotted  bower-bird,  C.  viaeuluta.  The  bi>\\  ers  are  not 
the  nests  of  the  birds,  but  places  of  resort  wliere  they 
amuse  tliemselves. 

bower-eaves  (bou'er-evz),  ».  pi.  The  eaves  of 
a  bower  or  bedchamber. 

A  bow-shot  from  her  bower-eaves. 

Tennyson,  Lady  of  Shalott,  iii. 

bowered  (bou'erd),  a.  [<  boioer^  +  -etP.I  Fur- 
nished with  bowers,  recesses,  or  alcoves.  Ten- 
nyson. 

bowerly  (bou'er-li),  a.  [See  iwZ//!.]  Large; 
stout ;  burly.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bower-maid  (bou'er-mad),  «.  [<  bower'^  + 
maid.  Ci.  ME.  bourinaiden.'i  A  young  woman 
in  attendance  on  a  lady ;  a  lady's-maid ;  a  wait- 
ing-woman.   [Now  only  poetical.] 

bower-thane  (bou'er-than),  n.  [Mod.  form  of 
ME.  burthein,  <  AS.  bur-tliegn,  <  b-iir,  bower, 
+  thegn,  thane.]  A  chamberlain  under  the 
Saxon  kings. 

The  chamberlain,  or  bower-thane,  was  also  the  royal 
treasurer.  Thorpe,  tr.  of  Lappenberg's  Hist.  Eng.,  v. 

bower-woman  (bou'er-wum''''an),  11.    Same  as 

boiver-tnaid.  Scott. 
boweryi  (bou'er-i),  «.    [<  bower'^  +  -7/1.]  Of 

the  nature  of  a  bower;  containing  bowers; 

leafy;  shady. 

bowery2  (bou'er-i),  M. ;  -pi.  boweries  (-iz).  [Also 

written  bower ie  and  bouipery ;  <  D.  bouwerij,  a 
farm,  prop,  farming,  husbandry,  <  bouwer,  a 
farmer:  see  boiver^  and  boor.}  Among  the 
Dutch  settlers  of  New  York,  a  farm ;  a  country- 
seat;  a  rural  retreat.  Hence  the  name  of  the  TJojcer;/, 
a  long,  wide  street  in  the  city  of  New  York,  originally  a 
road  through  the  bowery  or  farm  of  Peter  Stuyvesant,  the 
last  Dutch  colonial  governor  of  New  Netherlands. 

A  goodly  boweri.e  or  farm  was  allotted  to  the  sage  Oloffe 
in  consideration  of  the  service  he  had  rendered  to  the 
public  by  his  talent  at  dreaming. 

Iroinij,  Knickerbocker,  p.  133. 

bowess,  boweti  (bou'es,  -et),  n.  [See  bower'^.'] 
In  falconry,  a  yoimg  hawk  when  it  begins  to 
leave  the  nest. 

boweti  (bou'et),  n.    See  botoess. 
bowet^  (bo'et),  w.    Same  as  buat. 


bow-knot 

bow-fast  (boti'fast),  II.  Kant.,  a  rope  or  chain 
by  which  a  ship  is  secured  at  the  bow. 

bow-file  (bo'fil),  n.  A  file  having  a  bowed  or 
curved  edge;  a  rifiler. 

bowfin  (bou'iin),  n.  A  name  of  the  mudfish, 
Ainia  calva.  Also  called  brindle,  grindle,  law- 
yer, dotjfish,  etc.    See  cut  under  Amiidce. 

bowget,  '•.    See  bouge"^. 

bow-grace  (bou'gras),  n.  Naut.,  a  frame,  or 
composition  of  jimk,  laid  out  at  the  sides,  stem, 
or  bows  of  a  ship  to  secure  it  from  injury  by  ice. 
bow-hand  (bo'hand),  »i.  1.  In  archery,  the 
hand  that  liolds  the  bow,  commonly  the  left 
hand. — 2.  In  music,  the  hand  that  draws  the 
bow ;  a  violinist's  right  hand —  On  the  bow-hand, 
(a)  On  the  wrong  side  ;  wrongly  ;  inaccurately. 

He  sliootes  wyde  on  the  bowe  hand,  and  very  farre  from 
the  marke.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

(6)  Wrong  in  one's  calculations. 

Uber.  Well,  you  must  have  this  wench,  then? 
Bic.  I  hope  so ; 

I  am  much  o'  the  bow-hand  else. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Coxcomb,  i.  3. 

bow-harpsichord  (b6'harp"si-k6rd),  n.  Same 

as  bow-clavier. 
bow-head  (bo 'bed),  «.     A  species  of  right 

whale ;  the  polar  right  whale  Or  Greenland 

whale,  Balwna  mysticetus.    See  also  cut  imder 

whale. 

bow-headed  (bo'hed-ed),  a.  Having  a  bowed 
or  bent  head,  as  a  right  whale. 

bowie  (bou'i),  n.  [Perhaps  from  OP.  btiic,  prob. 
same  as  buirc,  a  water-pitcher,  vessel  for  wine, 
<  buire,  F.  boire,  <  L.  biberc,  drink.]  A  large 
wooden  milk-bowl.  [Scotch.] 

bowie-knife  (bo'e-nif ;  in  the  Southwest  pro- 
noimced  bo'e-n'if),  ii.  [After  its  inventor. 
Colonel  James  Bowie,  died  1836.]  A  heavy 
sheath-knife  first  used  in  the  early  part  of  the 
present  century  in  Kentucky  and  other  parts  of 
the  United  States  which  were  then  on  the  bor- 
ders of  civilization.  The  blade  is  from  9  to  10  inches 
long,  and  has  only  one  edge  ;  the  back  is  straight  for  tliree 


Bowie-knife  and  Sheath. 


quarters  of  its  length,  and  then  curves  toward  the  edge  in 
a  slightly  concave  sweep,  while  the  edge  finishes  toward 
tile  ]iiiiu't  in  a  convex  curve.  The  guard  is  very  small, 
and  tile  toimue  is  of  the  full  breadth  of  the  grip  or  barrel, 
whicli  is  formed  of  two  rounded  pieces  of  wood  or  bone. 
Tlie  best  knives  were  made  by  frontier  blacksmiths,  of  old 
horse-rasps  and  the  like,  and  naturally  differed  nmch  in 
size  and  pattern.  The  term  is  used  at  present  for  almost 
any  large  sheatli-knife. 

bowingi  (bo'ing),  M.  [Verbal  n.  of  6ow2,  t).]  1. 
The  operation  of  separating  and  arranging  as 
desired  the  filaments  of  some  fibrous  material, 
as  hatters'  fur  or  (in  Eastern  countries)  cotton, 
by  vibrating  a  bow-string  upon  it.  in  hat-making, 
as  practised  on  a  small  scale,  the  felting  of  the  fur  or  wool 
is  partly  accomplished  liy  bowing. 
2.  In  music :  (a.)  The  general  method  of  using 
the  bow  in  playing  upon  an  instrument  of  the 
violin  family.  It  includes  the  method  of  holding  tlie 
bow,  the  direction  in  which  it  is  moved,  the  pressure  put 
upon  it,  the  part  of  the  hair  that  is  employed,  the  place 
upon  the  strings  where  it  is  applied,  and  every  other  detail 
in  the  management  of  the  bow  which  influences  the  (piality 
and  loudness  of  the  tone  produced,   (b)  The  method  by 

which  the  notes  of  a  given  passage  are  distrib- 
uted between  up-  and  down-strokes  of  the  bow. 

To  secure  an  intended  effect,  or  general  uniformity  among 
many  players,  the  bowing  of  a  passage  is  indicated  by  vari- 
ous marks;  m  or  i— j  indicates  a  stroke  beginning  with 
the  nut,  that  is,  down  ;  while  v  or  ^  indicates  a  stroke 
beginning  with  the  point,  that  is,  up. 
bowing'-^  (bo'ing),  n.  [<  bow^,  n.,  +  -ing'-.i  A 
lease  of  the  dairy  stock  on  a  farm.  See  bower». 
[Scotch.] 

bowingly  (bou'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  bending  man- 
ner. Huloet. 

bow-instrument  (b6'in"str6-ment),  11.  A 
stringed  instrument  played  by  means  of  a  bow, 
as  the  double-bass,  the  small  bass  or  violon- 
cello, the  tenor,  the  violin  proper,  etc. 

bow-iron  (b6'i"ern),  ii.  A  clasp  or  holder  used 
to  secure  the  bows  of  a  carriage-top. 

bowfci  (bouk),  11.    Same  as  ftfW'l.  [Scotch.] 

bowk2  (bouk),  V.  t.    Same  as  i«a-3.  [Scotch.] 

bow-kail  (bou'kal),  ii.  [Cf.  borecole.']  Cab- 
bage.   Burns.  [Scotch.] 

bowking  (bou'king),  11.    Same  as  bucldng^. 

bow-knot  (bo'not),  11.  A  slip-knot  made  by 
drawing  a  portion  of  a  cord,  ribbon,  etc.,  in  the 
form  of  a  bow  through  an  involution,  which  is 


^'''^-^"O*  647  bowsprit' 

then  tightenecl  roimd  the  bow  The  knot  is  bow-legged  (bo'leg'-'ed  or  -legd),  a.  Having  the  the  addition  of  a  small  amount  of  hydrochloric 
simple  it  there  is  only  one  bow,  double  if  there    legs  bowed  outward ;  bandy-legged.  acid  ''-mouiH  oi  ujuiocnionc 

In  person  the  (iiike  was  of  the  midcUe  size,  well  made,  bOWmaili  (bo'man),  n. ;  pi.  bownwn  (-men).  r< 
except  that  he  ivas  somewhat  bow-le'j!l>-d.  PnxcMt.    ME.  bowemuii ;  <  how'^  +  man.]    A  man  who 

bowleri  (bo'ler),  n.    [<  boicl^  +  -erl.]    1.  A    uses  a  bow;  an  archer.    See  cut  in  preceding 
workman  who  shapes  the  bowl  of  a  spoon. —  column. 

2t.  One  who  makes  bowls.                             bowman^  (bou'man),  ». ;  pi.  bowmen  (-men), 
bowler^  (bo'ler),  n.    [<  bowl^,  v.,  +            1.    [<  '^o;/-^,  3,  -I-  ma'ii.'i    The  man  who  rows  the 
One  who  plays  at  bowls. — 2.  In  criclct,  the    foremost  oar  in  a  boat ;  the  bow-oar.  Tottcn. 
player  who  bowls  or  serves  the   ball ;   the  Bowman's  corneal  tubes.    See  corneal. 
pitcher.— 3.  [<  bowl^^  n.,  -I-  -c;  i.]    A  low- Bowman's  disks,  glands.   Hee  flisJc,  f/lmid. 
crowned  stiff  felt  hat;  a  "billycock."    Also  bowman's-root  (l)6'niiinz-rot),  w.    l.  Apopu- 
bowler-hat.    N.  E.  D.  '  ■   


are  two ;  it  can  be  easily  untied'  by  drawing  the 
bow  back. 

bowli  (bol).  n.  [Prop.,  as  in  early  mod.  E., 
boU,  and  still  so  spelled  in  some  senses  (see 
boia  and  &0//2) ;  <  ME.  bollc,  <  AS.  boUa,  a  bowl, 
=  OFries.  boUa  (in  comp.)  =  OHG.  bolla,  MHG. 
boUe,  a  round  vessel,  G.  boUe,  a  bulb,  onion,  =: 
Icel.  bolU  =  Sw.  h&l  —  Dan.  boJle,  a  bowl.^  cf.  F. 
bol,  a  bowl,  G.  bowle,  a  bowl,  <  E.  bowl'^.  Some- 
what confused  with  bowV^  and  other  forms  from 
L.  bulla  (see  bull'^,  bill^,  boiP,  etc.);  prob.  ult. 


akm  tc  bolel  bain  ete.-\  1.  A  low-standing  bowline  (bo'lin  or  -lin),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
concave  vessel  used  for  various  dnmpstin  on^i    „i      ,  ;•     ,  7-      ,  , 


also  bowUn,  boliiic,  boliu,  bowling,  bolliiigc,  bo- 
lyn,  etc. ;  <  ME.  boivelijne,  boulhic,  a  compound 
prob.  not  fonned  in  E.,  but  of  Scand.  origin : 
Icel.  boglina  (rare)  =  Noi-w.  boglina  =  Sw.  bog- 
Una,  bolin  z=  Dan.  bovline  (or  bugline,  formerly 
bougline)  =  I>.  boeglijn  (>  OP.  boelinc,  boUne,  F. 
bouline,  G.  boleine);  <  Icel.  bog,  Sw.  bog,  etc.. 
shoulder,  bow  of  a  ship  (see  bow^),  +  Una  =  E. 
line^  ;  the  first  element  is  then  the  same  as  E. 
bowS,  and  the  strict  E.  pron.  would  be  bou'lin. 


 7  •      y      ^  X.  .  .  J  -»  iV^IT      O  U€JJJ_i.VAii_l.^ 

concave  vessel  used  for  various  domestic  and 
other  piu'poses,  chiefly  for  holding  liquids  or 
liquid  food,  a  bowl  is  properly  somewliat  heniisplieri- 
cal,  larger  than  a  cup  and  deeper  and  less  flaring  than  a 
basin  (although  in  Great  Britain  bowls  for  table  use  are 
commonly  called  basin-s),  and  without  a  cover ;  but  bowls 
for  some  specific  uses,  as  sugar-bowls,  are  widely  varied 
in  shape  and  provided  with  covers. 

And  thou  shalt  make  the  dishes  thereof,  and  spoons 
thereof,  .  .  .  and  bowls  thereof,  to  cover  [margin  pour 
out]  withal.  Ex.  xxv.  29. 

More  specifically— 2.  A  large  drinking-cup ;  a 
goblet :  in  this  sense  now  chiefly  figurative,  as 
an  emblem  of  festivity  or  dissipation. 

Come,  forward,  gentlemen,  to  church,  my  boys  ! 
When  we  have  done,  I'll  give  you  cheer  in  bowls. 

Beau,  and  PL,  Scornful  Lady,  iv.  2. 
There  St.  John  mingles  with  my  friendly  boiol 
The  feast  of  reason  and  the  flow  of  soul. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  I.  127. 
But  let  no  footstep  beat  the  floor. 
Nor  bowl  of  wassail  mantle  warm. 

Tennyson,  In  Ifemoriam,  cv. 
3.  Anytliing  having  the  general  shape  or  use  of 
a  bowl,  as  a  natural  depression  m  the  ground, 
the  pound  or  central  portion  of  a  fishing-weir, 
the  hollow  or  containing  part  of  a  vessel  or 
utensil  having  a  stem  or  a  handle,  etc. :  as,  the 

il2°*.^?^''i'''®.^•^T°''1'        tobacco-pipe.    .^^.^  .xx.  ^.c...  „uvvx^« 

DOWl-^  (bol;  E.  dial,  boul  (the  reg.  historical    "i' hale  the  bowlme,  to  pull  it  harder. 

E.  bowle,  boule,  <  OF.  bowline-bridle  (b6'lin-bri"dl),  n.  The  span  on 

  "D/*    7i^7«  __  li-      the  Ipftf/h  of  a.  sail  fn  wViinVi  +>i£»  "K/xtxtI^ti^  ic.  «  + 


lar  name  given  in  the  United  States  to  plants 
of  the  genus  Gillenia,  perennial  rosaceous  herbs, 
the  roots  of  which  are  used  as  a  mild  emetic. — 
2.  A  name  of  Ludwigia  altcrnij'olia. 
Also  called  bcanmont-i-oot. 
bow-net  (bo'net),  n.  [Not  found  in  ME. ;  <  AS. 
boga-nct,  boge-nct :  see  bon  "^  and  w«<l.]  A  con- 
trivance for  catching  lobsters  and  crawfish, 
made  of  two  round  wicker  baskets,  pointed  at 
the  end,  one  of  which  is  thrust  into  the  other, 
and  having  at  the  mouth  a  little  rim  bent  in- 
ward to  oppose  the  return  of  tlie  fish. 


pron.) ;  Sc.  bol),  )(.    [<  ME.  „,  ^  . 

boide,  F.  boule  =  Pr.  bola  =  Sp.  Pg.  bola  =  It. 


uuw",  aiiu  uue  surict  sh.  pron.  wouia  oe  Dou  iin.  vvaru  lo  oppose  me  return  or  tne  hsn. 
Cf.  bowsprit.']  1.  Naut..  a  rope  leading  forward  bow-oar  (bou'or),  n.  1.  The  foremost  oar  used 
and  fastened  to  the  leech  of  a  square  sail,  it  is  in  pulling  a  boat. —  2.  The  person  who  pulls 
used  to  steady  the  weather-leech  of  the  sail  and  keep  it  the  bow-oar.— 3.  In  a  whale-boat,  the  oar  next 
forward,  and  thus  to  n>ake  the  ship  sail  nearer  the  wind.      to  the  foi-ward  one.     C.  M.  Hcammon. 

He  afterwards  said  that  we  sailed  well  enough  with  the  bOW-DCn  (bo'nen)  n  A  draftinp'-comnas')  oar 
wind  free,  but  that  give  him  a  taut  bowlbie,  and  he  would    r^AvJr  f  tip,,  '/nr  '^p^r.ill  ^     ^  ' 

it  1 — 1  „ii   _ s .  ^  '  .  laying  a  pen  (or  pencil) 

at  the  extremity  of  one 
leg.  The  two  legs  of  the  com- 
pass fonn  a  bow  or  spring 
which  tends  to  open  it,  but 
is  retained  in  any  desired  po- 
sition Ijy  means  of  a  set-screw. 

bow-piece  (bou'pes),  n. 
A  piece  of  ordnance  car- 
ried in  the  bow  of  a  ship, 
bow-pin  (bo'pin),  n.  1. 
A  cotter  or  key  for  keep- 
ing the  bows  of  an  ox- 
yoke  in  place. — 2.  A 
small  jiin  or  piece  of 
wood  with  a  head  or 
knot,  used  by  hatters  in 

vibrating  the  string  of  the  bow  used  in  bowing 
fur  or  wool. 


- .  ™  ,  ....uu  ...1.1  a.  ua\.i\j  vxjujt^l  11^,  rtllU  ilC  >VUll. 

beat  us,  if  we  had  all  the  canvas  of  the  Royal  George. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  73. 

2.  In  ship-building,  a  curve  representing  a  ver- 
tical section  of  the  bow-end  of  a  ship  Bow- 
line on  a  bight,  a  bowline-knot  made  on  the  bight  of  a 
rope.— On  a  bowline,  said  of  a  ship  when  sailing  close  to 
the  wind. 

The  Ayacucho  went  off  on  a  bowline,  which  brought 
her  to  windward  of  us. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast. 
To  check  the  bowline,  to  slacken  it  when  the  wind  be- 
comes more  favorable.— To  Sharp  the  main  bowline 
ir  hale  the  bowline,  to  pull  it  harder. 


Bow-pens. 


,   ^  ^.        _        the  leech  of  a  sail  to  which  the  bowline  is  at 

bolla,  bulla,  a  ball,  <  L.  bulla,  a  bubble,  a  stud,  tached. 

auy  round  object,  >  E.  buW^,  bill3,  etc.  Some-  bowline-cringle  (b6'lin-ki-ing'''gl),  n.  The  loops 
what  confused  with  bowl'^,  bole''-,  and  ftaZA.]  If.    worked  in  the  leech  of  a  sail  to  which  the  bow- 

Aball;  any  sphere  or  globe.    [So  used  tiU  late    line  pr  bowline-bridle  is  attached.   

in  the  seventeenth  century.] — 2.  A  large  solid  bowline-knot  (bo'lin-not),  n.    A  certain  knot  bowpot,  «.    Bee  boiigJipot. 
ball  of  hard  wood  used  in  playing  (a)  the  game    ^'^^^  ^^^"^1      sailors.    See  knot''.  bow-saw  (bo'sa),  n.   A  sweep-saw  •  a  tuming- 

of  bowls  on  a  level  plat  of  greensward  called  bowling^  (bo'lmg),  n.    [<  bowfl  +  -ing'-.']    In    saw.    See  Jrame-saw. 
a  bowling-green,  or  (&)  the  game  of  skittles  or    f^'JC^^iO,  the  washing  of  fabrics  by  passing  them  bowse^  (bouz),  r.  i.    Same  as  booze 
ninepins  on  a  long,  floored  surface  of  wood    "^^^^  rollers  in  a  vessel  of  water.  bowse^,  v.  t.    See  bouse'^. 

called  a  Jaowling-alley.    {Bee  bowls.)  in  the  for-      Tiie  pieces,  after  the  last  dip,  are  w.ished  over  rollers  by  bowsert,        [Early  mod.  E.  fioitwr,  appar  a 

mer  game  the  bowls  are  made  with  a  bias,  that  is,  oblate  process  known  as  boiiiiny.  COrruptiou  of  OF.  boursirr  a  biir^ar  •  k%Z  h„r 

on  one  side  and  prolate  on  the  other,  and  are  of  a  size  (yNeill,  Dyeing  and  Calico  Printing,  p.  284.     gar  1     The  bursir  nr  t,.«^c,',,  L.Tf  o  All 

^^^^\^L^ZJlti^^t  iT^rie  la't^rS  ''^T^-f  (^T^^^^")'  "vJ^«^'^^^  -   fEari/  ^7^^:..  ^.^^^and 

the  balls  are  sometimes  much  larger,  and  furnished  with  -^^6  act  Ot  playing  with  or  at  bowls.  "      '  ' 

holes  to  facilitate  grasping  them,  and  are  but  slightly  We  grant  you  sir 

biased,  if  at  all.  The  only  benefactor  to  our  bowlinrj. 

Like  an  uninstructed  bowler,  he  thinks  to  attain  the  ^°      ''"^  merry  sports  the  first  provoker, 

jack  by  delivering  his  bowl  straightforward  upon  it.    Scott.  Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  iii.  2. 

3.  A  turn  at  a  game  of  bowls :  as,  it  is  his  6o id  bowling-alley  (bo '  ling-al  "i),  n.    A  covered 
next. — 4  (pron.  bol).  A  marble  used  by  boys  in    place  for  the  game  of  bowls,  provided  with  a 
play ;  in  the  plural,  the  game  itself.   [Scotch.]    passage  or  alley  of  smooth  planking  on  which 
—  5.  In  a  knitting-machine,  the  roller  or  anti-    to  roll  the  balls.    See  ninepins. 
fi-iction  wheel  on  which  the  carriage  traverses,  bowling-crease  (bo'ling-kres) 

 A    Ono  r\f  f  Vi£i  ^-»^^^^TTc.  ^»  4\^^^r.  ^.^^A  "U^.  1  :   K/^tttI  1  n  rr ^mrr^i^-n  /"l-./^ '1^ ,„,;^„  \ 


—  6.  One  of  the  buoys  or  floats  used  by  herring- 
fishers  about  Yarmouth,  England,  to  support 
the  di-ift-net  and  keep  its  edge  uppermost. 
These  bowls  are  colored  to  mark  the  divisions 
of  the  fleet  of  nets. -Burnt  bowl,  etc  See  burnt. 
.bowl2  (bol),  v.  [<  bowl"^,  ?i.]  I.  intrans.  1. 
To  play  with  bowls  or  at  bowling:  as,  "  chal- 
lenge her  to  boicl,"  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  1. —  2. 
To  roll  a  bowl,  as  in  the  game  of  bowls. — 3. 
To  deliver  the  ball  to  be  played  by  the  bats- 
man at  cricket. — 4.  To  move  horizontally, 
with  a  rapid  and  easy  motion,  like  a  ball :  as, 
the  carriage  bowled  along. 

We  bowled  along  the  great  North  road.         Mrs.  Gore. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  roll  or  trundle,  as  a  bowl. 
Break  all  the  spokes  and  fellies  from  her  wheel, 
And  bowl  the  round  nave  down  the  hill  of  heaven. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 
2.  To  pelt  with  or  as  with  bowls. 

I  had  rather  be  set  quick  i'  th'  earth, 
.4nd  bowl'd  to  death  with  turnips. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  4. 
To  bowl  out,  in  cricket,  to  put  out  of  play  by  knocking 
down  one  s  biiils  or  stumps  by  a  ball  delivered  by  the 
bowler:  as,  Smith  was  bowled  out  at  the  first  ball— To 
bowl  over,  to  knock  do\vn ;  kill.    (Hunting  slang.] 

If  the  animal  passes  near  him  it  requires  but  little  skill 
to  bowl  it  over  with  his  double  barrel  as  it  goes  by. 

Sportsman's  Gazetteer,  p.  82. 

bowl-alleyt  (bol'al'i),  n.    Same  as  bowling- 

allcji. 

bowlder,  n.    See  boulder. 


See  crease'^. 


bowl-machine  (bol'ma-shen* 


bowling-green  (b6'ling-gi"en),'«.  A  level  piece 

of  greensward  kept  smooth  for  bowling, 
bowling-ground  (bo'ling-ground),  n.   A  bowl- 
ing-gi-een. 
The  subtlest  howling-ground  In  all  Tartary. 

B.  Jonson,  Masques. 
),  n.    A  lathe  for 
making  wooden 
bowls, 
bowls  (bolz),  n. 

[PI.  of  60H'?2,  ,i.] 

A  game  played 
with  bowls  on 
a  bowling-green : 
applied  also  to 
skittles  or  nine- 
pins (which  see). 
—American  bowls. 

Same  as  ninepins. — 

Carpet   bowls,  a 

parlor  game  similar 
to  that  played  on 
a  bowling-gi'een,  in 
which  small  balls  of 
porcelain  or  cirthen- 
ware  are  used. 

bowl-spirit  (bol'- 
spir"it),  M.  In 
dyeing,  nitrate  of 

Bowman,  15th  century.  (From  VioUet-le-  tm,  prepared  by 

Due's  "  Diet,  du  Mobilier  francais.")  disSolviug  pUl'e 

His  armor  consists  of  a  short  hauberk  tin  in  nitric  nfid 

covered  by  a  leather  Jack,  a  steel  cap,  „  o.7o  rri  -Irl 

and  a  steel  bracer  on  the  left  forearm.  Ot  06"  Iw.,  With 


bursary.]  A  bursary  or  treasurer's  ofSce  in  a 
college. 

bow-shot  (bo'shot),  w.  1.  A  shot  from  a  bow. 
—  2.  The  distance  traversed  by  an  aiTow  in 
its  flight  from  a  bow. 

Three  bow-shots  from  the  Sacliem's  dwelling 
They  laid  her  in  the  walnut  shade. 

Whittier,  Bridal  of  Pennacook,  iii. 

bowsprit  (bo'-  or  bou'sprit),  n.  [Also  boltsprit, 
early  mod.  E.  also  bolesprit,  boresprit,  -sjireet, 
etc.;  <  ME.  bouspret;  cf.  Sw.  boqsprdt  =  Noi-w. 
bogspryt  —  Dan.  bugspryd  (formerly  bouf/.yni/d, 
bovsprdd)  =  MLG.  bocJi.spret,  LG.  boogspret  =  D. 
boegspriet,  >  G.  bugspriet,  bowsprit.  The  var. 
E.  forms  show  that  the  word  was  not  a  native 
compound,  but  is  rather  of  Scand.  or  LG.  ori- 
gin ;  <  Sw.  bog,  etc.,  =  E.  bow^  (of  a  ship),  -f- 
sprot,  etc.,  =  E.  sprit:  see  bow'i  and  sprit,  and 
cf.  bowline.]  A  large  spar  which  projects  for- 
ward from  the  stem  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel. 
Beyond  it  extend  the  jib-boom  and  the  tlying-jib  boom  The 
bow.sprit  is  secured  downward  by  the  bobstays  and  the 


a.  Bowsprit ;  b,  Bobstays. 

gammoning  (which  see),  and  at  the  sides  by  the  bowftprit- 
shrouds.  which  are  secured  to  the  bows  of  the  ship.  From 
the  outer  end  of  the  bowsprit  a  spar  called  the  inartinaale 
or  dolphin-striker  projects  downward  to  support  the  liiar- 
tingale-stays,  and  two  smaller  spai-s,  called  whiikers,  pro- 
ject sidewise  to  support  the  jib-guys.  On  the  foretopmast- 


bowsprit 

stay,  tho  jib-stay,  and  the  flying-jib  stay  (which  extend 
downward  from  the  foretupniast-liead  and  tlie  foretop- 
gallantmast-head  to  the  ends  of  the  liowsprit,  jili-biiom, 
and  Hyins;-jili  boom)  are  set  tlie  fovt'tdinniist-staysail,  tlie 
jib,  and  the  tlyiiig  jib.  Oorrnptlv  written  hullspiit.  —  'Bed 
Of  the  bowsprit.  See  ivdi.—  Bowsprit-cap,  tlie  cap  on 
tlie  outer  end  of  tlie  bowsjirit,  tlirou;;li  wliich  tlie  jib-booni 
travei-ses.  .See  (•«/).— Running  bowsprit,  a  bowsprit 
that  can  be  run  out  and  in  liKe  a  jib-boom.— Standing 
bowsprit,  a  permanently  fi.vetl  bowsprit. 

bowssenif,  ''•  t.    Same  as  boo::e. 

bowssen-t,  t.  [<  Corn.  bet(si,  immerse,  drown.] 
To  duck ;  immerse  (especially  in  a  holy  well, 
as  for  the  cure  of  madness).    See  exti-aet. 

The  water  fell  into  a  close  walled  plot ;  upon  this  wall 
wa?  the  frantick  person  set,  and  from  thence  tumbled 
heatlloni;  into  llic  pond  ;  where  a  strong  fellow  tossed  him 
up  and  down,  until  the  patient,  by  foregoin.s  his  strength, 
had  somewhat  £or-ot  his  fury  ;  l)ut  if  there  appeared  snuvU 
amendment,  he  was  bowsxeniid  again  and  again,  while  there 
remained  in  him  any  hope  of  life  for  recovery. 

if.  Carew,  Survey  of  Cornwall, 
bowstaflf  (bo'staf),  n.;  pi.  howstavcs  (-stavz). 
In  arclterij,  a  selected  and  prepared  piece  of  tim- 
ber for  a  bow;  the  bow  iu  a  rough  state.  Yew 
is  the  timber  generally  preferred,  and  prior  to  the  use  of 
gunpowder  bovvstaves  were  an  important  article  of  com- 
merce. 

bowstring  (bo'string),  w.  [<  l>ow^  +  string;  ef. 
AS.  bogcH  (for  hogan,  gen.  of  boga)  streng.'] 

1.  The  string  of  a  bow,  by  which  it  is  drawii 
and  the  aiTOW  tUseharged.  Bowstrings  are  made 
of  many  materials,  a  very  common  one  being  rawhide, 
which  does  not  stretch  easily.  Bows  from  western  Africa 
have  the  strings  of  twisted  <>r  plaited  cane;  those  of  the 
Hindus  are  frequently  of  silk,  iidt  twisted,  but  of  parallel 
threads  bound  together  at  intervals. 

2.  A  similar  string  used  for  strangling  offend- 
ers in  the  Ottoman  empire ;  hence,  by  meton- 
ymy, execution  by  strangling. 

There  was  no  difference  whatever  between  the  polity  of 
our  country  and  that  of  Turkey,  and  ...  if  the  king  did 
not .  .  .  send  nmtes  with  bow-xtriwjs  to  Bancroft  and  Hali- 
fa.\,  this  was  only  because  His  Majesty  was  too  gracious 
to  use  the  whole  power  which  he  derived  from  heaven. 

Macaidan,  Hist.  Eng.,  ix. 

bowstring  (bo'string),  V.  t.  [<  bowstring,  w.] 
1.  To  furnish  with  a  bowstring. —  2.  To  stran- 
gle with  a  bowstring. 

bowstring-bridge  (bo'string-brij),  n.  Abridge 
in  which  the  horizontal  thrust  of  the  arch  is 


Bowstring-bridge,  Howslett,  England. 

sustained  by  a  horizontal  tie  attached  as  nearly 
as  possible  at  the  chord-line  of  the  arch.  Also 
called  tension-bridge. 

bowstring-girder  (bo' string -ger^der),  n.  A 
cast-  or  wrought-iron  or  btiilt-up  girder,  having 
a  tie-rod  that  forms  an  integral  part  of  it :  much 
used  in  store-fronts,  etc.  See  bowstring-bridge. 

bowsy,  a.    Same  as  boozy. 

bowtt,  n.    See  bout^. 

bowtell  (bo'tel),  n.    Same  as  boltel. 

bow-timbers  (bou'tim"berz),  n.  pi.  Naut.,  the 
timbers  that  form  the  bow  of  a  ship. 

bow-window  (bo' win'do),  n.  A  window  built  so 
as  to  pro,ieet  from  a  wall ;  properly,  one  that  is 
in  plan  a  segment  of  a  circle.  See  bmj-window. 

bow-wiset  (bo'wiz),  adv.  In  the  form  or  figure 
of  a  bow.  Trevisa. 

bow-wood  (bo'wud),  n.  1.  Wood  used  for 
making  bows;  timber  suitable  for  bows. — 2. 
The  Osage  orange,  Madura  aiirantiaca,  of  the 
Mississippi  valley,  its  very  strong  and  elastic  wood 
was  much  used  by  the  Indians  for  their  bows.  See  Ma- 
dura. 

bow-wow  (bou'wou'),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bougk-woiiijh,  bowgh-wawgh,  baw-waic,  etc.,  imi- 
tative of  the  repeated  bark  of  a  dog;  ef.  L.  bau- 
bari,  Gr.  liavC,uv,  bark:  see  baw'^,  bawU-,  etc.] 
The  loud  bark  of  a  dog,  or  an  imitation  of  it. 

—  Gone  to  the  bow-wows,  gone  to  ruin;  utterly  lost. 
[Colloii.l— The  bow-wow  theory,    i^te  lanriuage. 

bowyer^  (bo'yer),  n.  [Early mod.  E.  also  bowier; 
<  ME.  bowijere,  bowgerc,  bowere,  <  bowe,  boge 
(see  bow^,  n.),  +  -ere,  -cr.  The  y  represents 
orig.  g;  so  in  sawyer,  ult.  <  AS.  saga,  saw,  and 
lawyer,  ult.  <  AS.  Jagu,  law.  Cf.  bower^.^  If. 
An  archer ;  one  who  uses  a  bow:  as,  "the  bow- 
yer  king,"  Dryden,  Iliad,  i.  648. 

They  lay  in  earth  their  bowyer-chief. 

Bryant,  Legend  of  tlie  Delawares. 

2.  One  who  makes  bows. 

Good  shooting  may,  perchance,  be  more  occupied,  to  the 
profit  of  all  bnwyern  and  fletchers.     Ascham,  Toxophilus. 

bowyer^t,  n.    Same  as  boyer.  Skinner. 
bowze,  bowzy.    See  booze,  boozy. 
boxl  (boks),  n.    [<  ME.  box,  <  AS.  box='D.  bus 
(-boom,  -tree)  =  OHG.  MHG.  buhs  (-bourn),  G. 


648 

huchs  =  Sw.  lux  (-bom)  =  Dan.  bux  (-bom)  = 
F.  buis  =  Pr.  bois  =  Sp.  box  =  Pg.  biixo  =  It. 
bosso,  busso,  <  L.  buxus  =  Gr.  Tri'-fof,  box-tree, 
boxwood ;  hence  box"^,  q.  v.  Cf.  box-tree.]  A 
small  evergreen  tree  or  shrub,  Buxus  sempcr- 
virens,  a  dwarfed  variety  of  which  is  used  for 
ornamental  hedges,  and  in  gardening  as  an 
edging  for  flower-beds.  See  Buxus  and  box- 
wood —  African  box,  a  name  given  to  Myrsine  Africana. 
—Marmalade  box.    Same  as  i/eaipap. 

box-  (boks),  n.  [<  ME.  box,  <  AS.  box,  a  box, 
chest,  -  OHG.  bulisa,  MHG.  biiJise,  G.  biichse,  a 
box,  barrel  of  a  gun,  a  gun,  =  MD.  buise,  buyse, 
a  drinking-vessel  (>  prob.  E.  bouse'^,  q.  v.),  D. 
buis,  a  pipe,  tube,  channel,  bus.  a  hot,  pot,  bar- 
rel of  a  gim  (ef.  E.  blunderbuss j,  hok,  box  of  a 
coach,  =  MLG.  busse,  a  box,  pipe,  =  Icel.  bi/ssa, 
a  box,  mod.  a  gim  (the  D.,  MLG.,  and  Icel.  forms 
have  been  affected  by  the  F,  forms :  see  boitif^), 
<  L.  buxus,  buxum,  anything  made  of  boxwood 
(cf.  Gr.  TTiiig,  a  box,  ">  E.  py.t),  <  buxus  =  Gr. 
TTi'f Of,  box-tree,  boxwood:  see  6oxl.  The  forms 
in  Kom.  and  Teut.  are  numerous  and  involved : 
see  boisf^,  boosts,  bush^,  bushel,  buss'^,  etc.]  1. 
A  case  or  receptacle  for  articles  or  materials  of 

any  kind,  when  used  absolutclv,  hn.r  usually  signifies 
a  rectangular  case  of  wood  with  a  lid  i.i'  a  leiimvalile 
cover,  and  with  a  clear  inner  space  tur  storing  or  ] lacking ; 
but  for  specittc  uses  boxes  are  made  of  any  adajitable  ma- 
terial, and  of  any  size  or  shape,  or  niav  cimsist  of  eom- 
partments  in  a  larger  receptacle,  with  <ir  without  covers, 
or  with  permanent  covers  and  top  or  side  openings. 
Among  such  specific  kindi  arc  cash-boxes,  baiullHixcs, 
pill-boxes,  ballot-boxes,  dice-boxes,  tlie  boxes  in  a  jiriiit- 
ers'  case,  etc.  For  boxes  known  by  other  names,  see 
cliest  and  trunk. 

2.  A  money-chest,  especially  one  in  which 
money  for  some  particular  purpose  is  eollectetl 
or  kept:  as,  a  jiooi-box  ;  a  missiouary-^^oj;. 

So  manie  nioe,  so  evcrie  one  was  used. 
That  to  give  largely  to  the  baxe  i-efnsed. 

Speihser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  1224. 

3.  The  quantity  that  a  box  contains. — 4.  A 
receptacle  under  the  driver's  seat  on  a  carriage ; 
hence,  the  seat  itself. 

Where  would  you  like  to  sit?   In  or  out?  Back  to  the 
horses  or  the  front?  Get  you  the  box.  if  you  like. 

Disraeli,  The  Young  Duke. 

5.  A  package  or  case  of  presents,  especially 
Christmas  presents. 

Such  a  box  as  our  prentices  beg  before  Christmas. 

Cdtyrave. 

6.  A  compartment  or  place  shut  or  railed  off  for  , 

the  accommodation  of  a  small  number  of  peo-  "0^   (boks),  v.    [<  box^ 
pie  in  a  public  place,    (a)  A  compartment  in  the  ~  ^ 

common  room  of  a  tavern  or  other  house  of  refreshment. 
(b)  A  seated  compartment  in  a  theater  or  other  place  of 
amusement:  as,  "the  boxes  and  the  pit,"  Dryden.  (c)  In 
courts  of  justice,  the  seats  set  apart  for  jurymen  and  the 
stand  for  witnesses. 

The  whole  machinery  of  the  state,  all  the  apparatus  of 
the  system,  and  its  varied  workings,  end  in  simply  bring- 
ing twelve  good  men  into  a  box. 

Brougham,  Present  State  of  the  Law,  Feb.  7,  1828. 
(d)  A  separate  compartment  or  a  roomy  stall  for  a  horse 
in  a  stable  or  railroad-car. 

7.  A  place  of  shelter  for  one  or  two  men  en- 
gaged in  the  performance  of  certain  duties: 
as,  a  sentry-box;  a  signalman's  box. —  8.  A  , 
snug  house;  a  small  country-house  for  tempo-  bOX-and-tap  (boks'and-tap'),  n.  An  apparatus 
rary  use  during  the  continuance  of  some  sport,  cutting  the  wooden  screws  used  for  carpen- 
as  of  hunting:  as,  a  shooting-ioj.  benches,  etc. 

Let  me  keep  a  brace  of  hunters- a  cozy  box-a  bit  of  bOX-barrOW  (boks'bar"6),   W.      A  large  four- 
land  to  it,  and  a  girl  after  my  own  heart,  and  I'll  cry  quits    Sided  Wheelbarrow  tor  carrying  bulky  loads, 
with  you.  /iK^irei-,  Pelham,  Ixxvii.  bOX-boam  (boks'bem),        A  hollow  beam  hav- 

9.  In  mach. :  (a)  A  cylindrical  hollow  iron  in  a         sides  of  plate-iron  imited  by  angle-irons, 
wheel,  in  which  the  axle  runs,    (b)  In  a  pump:  box-bed  (boks'bed),  n.    A  boxed-in  bed,  or  a 
(1)  The  cap  covering  the  top  of  the  pump.    (2)    ^^'^  ^^'<^^  folds  up  in  the  form  of  a  box. 
A  pump-bucket.    (3)  A  hollow  plunger  with  a  boxberry  (boks'ber"i),  n. ;  pi.  boxberries  (-iz). 
lifting-valve.    (4)  A  casing  about  a  valve,    (c)    The  wintergi-een  or  checkerberry  of  North 
The  pulley-case  in  a  draw-loom  on  which  rest    America,  Gaultlieria  pirocumbens. 
the  rollers  that  conduct  the  tail-cords.     (d)  box-car  (boks'kar),  n.    An  inclosed  and  cov- 
The  receptacle  for  a  shuttle  at  the  end  of  the    ^^ed  freight-car.  _ 

(e)  The  socket  for  the  screw  box-COat  (boks'kot),  n.    1.  A  heavy  overcoat 

worn  by  coachmen. —  2.  Early  in  the  present 


box-coil 

In  a  box,  In  a  tight  box,  in  a  perplexing  or  embarrass- 
ing situation  ;  in  a  dilhcnlty.  — In  the  (or  a)  wrong  box. 
ni  an  awkward  situation  ;  mistaken. 

"Sir,"  quoth  I,  "if  you  will  hear  how  St  Augustine  ex- 
pounded that  place,  you  shall  perceive  that  you  are  in  a 
■wrony  box."  Ridley,  Works,  p.  I(i3  (15.54). 

I  perceive  that  you  and  I  are  in  a  wrony  box. 

J.  Udall,  Diotrephes,  p.  31. 
He'd  soon  find  himself  in  the  wrong  box  with  Sarah  .lane 

D  ,  I  warrant.  G.  A.  Sola,  The  late  Mr.  D  . 

Omnibus-box.  See  o»i>fV/!(s.— Salting-box  (nnlit.),  a 
small  liox  containing  mealed  powder  whicli  is  sprinkled 
upon  the  fuses  of  shells  that  they  may  take  lire  from  the 
blast  of  the  powder  in  the  chamber. 

box2  (boks),  V.  t.  [<  box'^,  M.]  1.  To  place  in 
a  box;  inclose  as  in  a  box ;  confine  ;  hoard. 

Saving  never  ceased 
Till  he  had  box'd  up  twelve  score  pounds  at  least. 

Crabbe,  The  Borough. 

2.  To  ftirnish  with  a  box,  as  a  wheel. —  3.  To 
make  a  hole  or  cut  (in  a  tree)  for  the  sap  to  col- 
lect :  as,  to  box  a  maple.— 4.  Naui.,  to  cause  (a 
vessel)  to  turn  short  round  on  her  heel  by  bra- 
cing the  head-yards  aback :  sometimes  followed 
by  off:  as,  to  box  off'  a  vessel.  See  ha  id.— 5. 
To  form  into  a  box  or  the  shape  of  a  box :  as, 
to  box  the  scenes  on  a  stage  to  box  the  com- 
pass, to  name  the  points  of  the  compass  in  their  order; 
hence,  figuratively,  to  make  a  complete  turn  or  round 

box^  (boks),  )(.  [<  ME.  box,  a  blow,  buffet 
(the  verb  is  not  found  in  ME.);  supposed  to 
be  of  Scand.  origin :  Dan.  bask,  a  slap,  blow, 
baskc,  strike,  slap,  thwack,  but  this  is  repre- 
sented in  E.  by  i«A7(i,  q.  v.,  while  Sw.  ba.sa,  beat, 
whip,  flog,  bas,  a  beating,  is  represented  by 
baste\  q.  v.  Cf.  MD.  bOkc,  early  mod.  D.  beuk, 
MHG.  hue,  a  blow,  connected  with  the  verb, 
MD.  bokcn,  MHG.  bochcn,  strike,  slap :  see  &«c/t*. 
None  of  these  forms  suits  the  case ;  and  it  is 
most  probable  that  the  sense  has  originated  in 
some  particular  use  of  box"^,  n.  or  v.}  If.  A 
blow  of  any  kind. 

The  kyug  castes  up  his  sehelde,  and  covers  hym  faire, 
And  with  his  burlydie  brande  a  box  he  hyme  reaches. 

Norte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1111. 

2.  A  blow ;  specifically,  a  blow  on  the  head 
with  the  fist,  or  on  the  ear  with  the  open  hand. 
Give  him  a  box,  hard,  hard,  on  liis  left  ear. 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  iii.  4. 
He  represented  to  him  very  warmly  that  no  gentleman 
could  take  a  box  on  the  ear.  ..."  I  know  that ;  but  this 
was  not  a  box  on  the  ear,  it  was  only  a  slap  o'  the  face." 

Lady  M.  W.  Montagu,  Letters,  June  22,  1759. 

,  n.  Cf .  F.  boxer  =  D. 
boksen  =  LG.  baaksen  =  Icel.  byxa  =  Norw. 
baksa  =  Sw.  baxa  —  Dan.  baxe  —  G.  baxcn,  boxen, 
all  <  E.  bo.t^.']  I.  trans.  To  beat;  thrash; 
strike  with  the  fist  or  hand ;  especially,  to  strike 
on  the  ear  or  side  of  the  head :  as,  "  they  box  her 
about  the  ears,"  North,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  115. 
By  heaven  1  a  little  thing  would  make  me  box  you. 

Chapman,  Gentleman  Usher,  iii.  1. 

II.  intrans.  To  fight  with  the  fists,  whether 
bare  or  incased  in  boxing-gloves;  combat  with 
or  as  with  the  hands  or  fists. 

A  leopai'd  is  like  a  cat,  he  boxes  with  his  fore  feei^ 

N.  Grew. 


lathe  of  a  loom 

in  a  screw-vise.  (/)  The  opening  into  which 
the  end  of  a  rib-saw  is  wedged. — 10.  In  carp., 
a  trough  for  cutting  miters.  See  miter-hox. — 
11.  Naut.,  the  space  between  the  back-board 
and  the  stem-post  of  a  boat,  where  the  coxswain 
sits. —  12.  In  founding,  the  flask  or  frame  which 
holds  the  sand. — 13.  The  keeper  into  which 
the  bolt  of  a  lock  enters  in  locking.  Also  called 
the  staple  of  the  lock. — 14.  In  a  printers'  case, 
the  compartment  for  a  single  character:  as, 
the  n-hox  is  empty;  the  comma-ioa;. — 15.  A 
battery  for  wild-fowl  shooting;  a  sink-box. 
—  Antifriction  box.  See  antifriction.-  Aquatlc  box. 
Seeaf/unfic,— Hot  box,  a  journal-box  heated  by  the  fric- 
tion of  a  rapidly  revolving  axle  or  arbor,  as  in  a  locomo- 
tive or  railroad-ear. 

A  real  American  is  not  comfortable  without  a  hot  box 
occasionally  in  the  course  of  a  long  journey. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Roundabout  Joiu'ney,  p.  3. 


century,  an  overcoatwithacape,  approximately 
of  the  form  of  the  coachman's  great-coat :  in- 
tended originally  for  travelers  on  the  outside  of 
coaches. 

I  shall  believe  it 
.  .  .  when  I  shall 
see  the  traveller  for 
some  rich  trades- 
man part  with  his 
admired  box-coat,  to 
spread  it  over  the 
defenceless  shoul- 
ders of  the  poor  wo- 
man, etc. 

Lamb,  Modern 
[Gallantry. 

box-coil  (boks'- 
koil),  n.    A  steam-heating  apparatus  consist- 
ing of  a  series  of  straight  tubes  connected  by 


Box-coil  with  return  bends. 


box-coil 

return  bends,  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  paral- 
lelopipedon. 
box-crab  (boks'krab),  «.  The  popular  name 
of  a  crab  of  the  genus  Calappa:  so  called  from 
its  resemblance  when  at  rest  to  a  box.  See  cut 
under  Calappa. 

box-day  (boks'da),  n.  In  the  Scottish  law- 
courts,  a  day  appointed  by  the  judges  during 
the  vacations  on  which  pleadings  or  any  papers 
ordered  by  the  court  have  to  be  lodged.  Also 
hoxing-day. 

box-drain  (boks'drin),  n.  An  undergi-ound 
drain  regularly  built  with  upright  sides  and 
a  flat  stone  or  brick  cover,  so  that  the  section 
has  the  appearance  of  a  square  box. 

boxenf  (bok'sn),  a.  [<  ME.  boxen,  replacing 
AS.  hixcii  for  *hyxen  for  *boxen,  <  box  (see  box^) 
+  -en.']  1.  Made  of  boxwood:  as,  "boxen  haut- 
boy," Gay,  Prol.  to  Shep.  Week.— 2.  Eesem- 
bling  box. 

Her  faded  cheeks  are  chang'd  to  boxen  hue.  Dryden. 

boxer^  (bok'ser),  «.  [<  &oj;2 -I- -eel.]  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  pack  or  put  up  things  in  boxes. 

boxer2  (bok'ser),  n.  [<  box^  +  -eri.]  One  who 
fights  vsith  his  fists ;  a  pugilist. 

Boxer  shrapnel.   See  shrapnel. 

box-f.sh  (boks'fish),  n.  A  name  of  sundry  plee- 
tognath  fishes  of  the  suborder  Gymnodontes  and 
family  Tetrodontida;.  [Bare.] 

box-frame  (boks'fram),  n.  The  inclosed  space 
inside  a  window-easing  in  which  the  balance- 
weights  are  hung. 

box-girder  (boks'ger"der),  n.  In  mecJi.,  a  kind 
of  girder  resembling  a  box,  made  of  boiler- 
plates fastened  together  by  angle-irons  riveted 
to  the  top  and  bottom  plates.  Such  girders  are 
much  used  for  spans  of  from  aO  to  60  feet,  on  account  of 
their  ehisticity  and  power  of  resisting  impact. 

boxhaul  (boks'hal),  v.  t.  Naut.,  to  veer  (a  ship) 
round  on  her  heel  when  it  is  impracticable  to 

tack.  This  is  effected  by  putting  the  helm  a-lee,  bracing 
the  head-yards  Hat  aback,  squaring  the  after-yards,  taking 
in  the  drivers,  and  hauling  tlie  head-sheets  to  windward. 
When  the  vessel  begins  to  gather  sternway  the  helm  is 
shifted  and  the  sails  trimmed.  Smyth. 

box-hook  (boks'huk),  n.  1.  A  hand-tool  resem- 
bling a  cotton-hook,  used  in  handling  heavy 
fi'eight. — 2.  A  cant-hook  used  in  pressing 
do  wn  the  covers  of  boxes  so  that  they  can  be 
nailed  or  screwed. —  3.  Gripping-irons  used  in 
hoisting  heavy  boxes  or  bales. 

boxiana  (bok-si-an'a  or  -a'na),  n.  pi.  [A  feigned 
Latin  form,  <  box'^  -F  -i-ana :  see  anal,  -ana.] 
The  annals  of  prize-fighting ;  the  literature  of, 
or  gossip  or  anecdotes  concerning,  pugilism. 

boxingi  (bok'sing),  n.  [<  box^  4-  1. 
Naut,  a  square  piece  of  dry  hard  wood  used 
in  connecting  the  frame-timbers  of  a  ship. —  2. 
One  of  the  cases  on  each  side  of  a  window  into 
which  the  inside  shutters  are  folded. —  3.  pi. 
The  sides  of  a  window-frame  where  the  weights 
hang. — 4.  jyl.  Among  millers,  coarse  flour  sepa- 
rated in  the  process  of  bolting. — 5.  The  pro- 
cess of  fitting  a  piece  of  wood  to  receive  a 
tenon. — 6.  The  giving  of  a  box  or  present,  as 
at  Christmas.    See  boxing-daij. 

boxing2  (bok'sing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  box^,  v.] 
The  act  or  practice  of  fighting  with  the  fists, 
with  or  without  boxing-gloves  ;  sparring. 

boxing-day  (bok'sing-da),  n.  1.  In  England, 
the  first  week-day  after  Christmas,  when  Christ- 
mas boxes  or  presents  are  given  to  one's  em- 
ployees, to  postmen,  etc. — 2.  In  the  Scottish 
law-courts,  same  as  box-day. 

boxing-glove  (bok'sing-gluv),  11.  A  padded 
glove  used  in  sparring. 

boxing-machine  (bok' sing-ma-shen"),  n.  A 
machine  used  for  boring  out  the  boxes  of  the 
hubs  of  car-wheels. 

boxing-match  (bok'sing-mach),  n.  A  contest 
at  boxing;  a  pugilistic  encounter;  a  prize-fight. 

boxing-night  (bok'sing-nit),  n.  In  England, 
the  first  week-night  after  Christmas ;  the  night 
of  boxing-day. 

boxing-off  (bok'sing-of),  n.  Naut.,  the  act  of 
forcing  the  ship's  head  off  the  wind  by  bracing 
the  head-yards  aback. 

box-iron  (boks'i"ern),  n.  A  smoothing-iron 
containing  an  inclosed  space  for  live  coals  to 
keep  it  hot. 

box-keeper  (boks'ke  'per),  n.  An  attendant  at 
the  boxes  of  a  theater. 

box-key  (boks'ke),  n.  A  socket-key  for  turn- 
ing large  nuts. 

box-lobby  (boks'lob^i),  n.    In  a  theater,  the 

lobby  leading  to  the  boxes, 
box-lock  (boks'lok),  n.    A  door-lock  designed 

to  be  fastened  to  the  surface  of  the  door. 


649 

box-metal  (boks'met'''al),  n.   A  brass,  bronze, 

or  antifriction  alloy  used  for  the  journal-boxes 

of  a.xles  or  shafting, 
box-money  (boks'mun'''i),  n.  At  hazard,  money 

paid  to  the  person  who  furnishes  the  box  and 

dice. 

box-office  (boks'of'is),  n.  The  ofiSee  in  a  thea- 
ter in  which  tickets  are  sold. 

box-packing  (boks'pak"ing),  n.  Cotton-waste 
or  similar  material,  saturated  with  a  lubricant, 
for  packing  the  journal-box  of  an  axle  or  shaft. 

box-plait  (boks'plat),  ».  A  double  fold  or  plait, 
as  on  a  shirt-bosom  or  in  the  skirt  of  a  woman's 
dress. 

box-plaiting  (boks-pla*ting),  n.  1.  A  method 
of  folding  cloth  alternately  in  opposite  direc- 
tions, so  as  to  form  a  kind  of  double  plait  or 
fold  on  each  side. — 2.  The  plaits  formed  in  this 
manner. 

box-seat  (boks'set),  n.  A  seat  in  a  theater- 
box,  or  on  the  box  of  a  coach. 

box-set  (boks'set),  n.  In  a  theater,  a  scene 
which  is  boxed  in  with  walls  and  ceiling. 

box-setter  (boks'sefer),  n.  An  apparatus  for 
fitting  axle-boxes  to  the  hubs  of  wheels. 

box-slater  (boks'sla'ter),  n.  An  isopod  crusta- 
cean of  the  family  Idoteidce.    H.  A.  Nicholson. 

box-slip  (boks'slip),  n.  A  slip  of  boxwood  in- 
laid in  the  beeehwood  of  which  molding,  tongu- 
ing,  and  grooving  planes  are  made,  to  form  an 
edge  or  wearing  part. 

box-snufifers  (boks'snuf'erz),  n.  pi.  Snuffers 
having  a  receptacle  for  the  burnt  wick  cut  off. 

box-stall  (boks'stal),  w.  A  roomy  inclosed  stall 
in  which  horses  or  cattle  can  be  kept  without 
tying. 

box-strap  (boks'strap),  n.  In  much,  and  build- 
ing, a  flat  bar  with  right-angled  bends,  used  to 
confine  a  rectangular  bar  or  projection. 

box-thorn  (boks'thorn),  ri.  A  name  given  to 
plants  of  the  genus  Lycium,  more  particularly 
L.  barbarum. 

box-tortoise  (boks'tor'tis),  n.  A  tortoise  with 
a  hinged  plastron  which  can  be  so  closely  ap- 
plied to  the  edge  of  the  carapace,  when  the 
head,  tail,  and  limbs  have  been  drawn  in,  that 
the  animal  is  practically  boxed  up  in  the  shell ; 
a  tortoise  of  the  family  Cistudinidce.  Generally 
called  box-turtle  In  the  United  States. 

box-trap  (boks'trap),  n.  1.  A  contrivance  for- 
merly used  in  firing  military  mines,  consisting 
of  a  rectangular  box  placed  vertically  in  com- 
munication with  the  mine.  The  upper  end  was 
closed,  and  a  few  inches  below  the  top  was  a  sliding  shelf 
upon  which  was  placed  a  piece  of  ignited  punk.  The 
mine  was  tired  by  withdrawing  the  shelf  by  means  of  a 
long  cord,  and  allowing  the  lighted  punk  to  fall  upon  the 
powder-train  below. 

2.  A  trap  in  the  form  of  a  box,  used  for  cap- 
turing small  animals. 

box-turtle  (boks'ter"tl),  n.  The  common  name 
in  the  United  States  of  the  box-tortoise. 

box-valve  (boks'valv),  n.  A  box-shaped  por- 
tion of  a  pipe,  in  which  a  valve  is  placed. 

boxwood  (boks'wud),  n.    [<  6oxi  -f  wood'^.] 

1.  The  fine  hard-grained  timber  of  the  box, 
much  used  by  wood-engravers  and  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  musical  and  mathematical  instru- 
ments, tool-handles,  etc.  The  largest  supplies  come 
from  the  Levant.  The  wood  is  very  free  from  gritty 
matter,  and  on  that  account  its  sawdust  is  much  used  for 
cleaning  jewelry  and  for  other  purposes.    See  Buxus. 

2.  The  name  given  to  several  trees  which 
have  hard,  compact  wood,  taking  a  fine  polish: 
in  the  United  States  to  Cornus  florida,  and  in 
the  West  Indies  to  Schceffcria  frutescens,  Vilex 
imbrosa,  and  Tecoma  pentaphylla.  Some  spe- 
cies ot  Ji^ucalyptus  and  of  Tnstaida  are  so  called 
in  Australia. 

boyl  (boi),  n.  [<  ME.  boy,  boye,  boi  ;  of  obscure 
origin,  prob.  LG. :  ef.  E.  Pries,  hoi,  boy,  a  young 
man;  not  easily  connected  with  MLG.  LG. 
hove,  a  boy,  a  Imave,  =  MD.  bocf,  a  boy,  D. 
boef,  a  knave,  =  OHG.  *buobo  (only  as  a  proper 
name,  Buobo),  MHG.  buobe,  G.  bilbe,  dial,  bub, 
hua,  a  boy,  a  knave,  =  leel.  bofi  —  Sw.  bof,  a 
knave.  Cf .  Icel.  Bid,  Dan.  Boyc,  a  proper  name.] 

1.  A  male  child,  from  birth  to  full  growth, 
but  especially  from  the  end  of  infancy  to  the 
beginning  of  youth :  also  applied  to  a  yoimg 
man,  implying  immaturity,  want  of  vigor  or 
judgment,  etc. 

Speak  thou,  hmj ; 
Perhaps  thy  childishness  will  move  him  more 
Than  can  our  reasons.  SItak.,  Cor.,  v.  3. 

Men  of  worth  and  parts  will  not  easily  admit  the  famil- 
iarity of  boys,  who  yet  need  the  care  of  a  tutor.  Locke. 

2.  In  familiar  or  playful  use  (usually  in  the 
plural),  a  grown  man  regarded  as  one  of  the 


boycott  ' 

younger  members  of  a  family,  as  an  intimate 
fi-iend  or  associate,  or  as  having  in  any  respect 
a  boyish  relation  or  character. 

Then,  to  sea,  boys.  Shak. ,  Tempest,  ii.  2. 

We  are  Roman  hoy.<i  all,  and  boys  of  mettle. 

Fletcher,  Bonduca,  ii.  4. 
Specifically,  in  the  United  State-s— (a)  In  the  South,  es- 
pecially before  the  almlition  of  slavery,  a  negro  man.  (6) 
An  unscrupulous  local  politician,  especially  in  a  large 
city;  (jue  of  the  managers  or  subordinates  of  the  "ma- 
chine" of  a  party  in  local  politics  and  elections:  as,  a 
ticket  not  accejitable  to  the  boys. 

3.  A  young  servant;  a  page:  as,  "boiis,  gi-ooms, 
and  lackeys,"  Sliak.j  Hen.  VIII.,  v.  2.   ifence  in 

componnil  words  sometimes  applied  to  grown  men  with- 
out any  idea  of  youth  or  contempt :  a.s,  a  jmthoy. 

4.  [Supposed  by  some  to  bo  "a  comiption  of 
Hind,  bhaice,  a  servant";  but  the  Hind,  word, 
prop,  bhdi,  means  '  brother,'  and  boy  in  tliis 
use  is  merely  the  E.  word.  Cf.  boy'^.]  In  India 
and  the  treaty-ports  of  China  and  .Japan,  etc., 
a  native  male  servant,  especially  a  personal 
servant;  a  butler  or  waiter,  house-boy,  office- 
boy,  etc.,  as  distinguished  from  a  coolie  or 
porter:  in  common  use  among  foreigners. — 
Boy-bishop,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  St.  Nicholas, 
the  patron  of  scholars,  but  more  particularly  of  school- 
boys, fi-om  the  fact  that  he  was  remarkable  for  very  early 
piety ;  also,  a  name  given,  according  to  a  very  ancient 
custom,  which  was  abolished  in  the  reign  of  Uenry  VIII., 
to  a  boy  chosen  from  the  cathedral  choir  on  St.  Nicholas's 
day  (December  Otli)  as  a  mock  bishop.  The  lioy  enjoyed 
episcopal  honors  till  Innocents'  Day  (December  28th),  and 
the  rest  of  the  choir  were  his  pi'ebends. 

In  those  bygone  times  all  little  boys  either  .sang,  or  .served, 
about  the  altar,  at  church;  and  the  flr.st  thing  they  did 
upon  the  eve  of  their  patron's  festival  was  to  elect  from 
among  themselves,  in  every  parish  church,  cathedral,  and 
nobleman's  chapel,  a  bishop  and  his  officials,  or,  as  they 
were  then  called,  "  a  Nichohas  and  his  clerks."  This  boy- 
bishop  and  his  ministers  afterwards  sang  the  first  vespers 
of  their  saint;  and,  in  the  evening,  arrayed  in  their  ap- 
propriate vestments,  walked  all  aliout  the  parish. 

Jidck,  t'hurcli  of  our  I''athers,  III.  ii.  215. 
Old  boy,  a  familiar  name  for  the  devil. 

They  used  to  have  witch  Sabba'  days  and  witch  sacra- 
ments, and  sell  their  souls  to  the  old  boy. 

Mrs.  Stowe,  Oldtov/n,  p.  194. 
Roaring  boys.  See  TOamjr;.— Yellow-boys,  gold  coins; 
guineas,  eagles,  napoleons,  etc.  [Slang.] 

boyi  (boi),  V.  t.  [<  6o^i,  H.]  If.  To  treat  as  a 
boy,  or  as  something  belonging  to  or  befitting 
a  boy. 

My  credit's  nuirder'd. 
Baffled,  and  boy'd. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Malta,  ii.  3. 
2.  To  act  or  represent  in  the  manner  of  a  boy: 
in  allusion  to  the  acting  by  boys  of  women's 
parts  on  the  stage.  [Bare.] 

I  shall  see 

Some  squeaking  Cleopatra  601/  my  greatness. 

'Shak.,  A.  and  C,  v.  2. 
boy2  (boi),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  also  written  boyee, 
bhoyec,  boce,  bhoee,  repr.  Hind,  bhoi,  <  Telugu 
boi,  prop,  a  man  of  the  fisherman  caste,  Tvhose 
usual  occupation  is  the  carrying  of  litters  and 
palankins,  or,  as  in  Madras,  domestic  service.] 
In  India,  as  far  north  as  the  Nerbudda  river,  a 
palankin-bearer.  Yule  and  Burnell,  Anglo-Ind. 
Glossary. 

boyar  (boi'iir),  n.  [<  Buss,  boyarinu,  pi.  boyare, 
formerly  bolyarinic  =  Bulg.  bolerin  =  Serv.  boU 
yar  =  Pol.  bojar  (>  Turk,  boyar  =  Hung,  bo/dr 
=  Lith.  bajoras  =  MGr.  jiolMSi,  jio/jaim,  etc.),  < 
OBulg.  bolyarinii,  appar.  <  boliy,  gi-eat,  illustri- 
ous.] A  personal  title  given  to  the  highest  class 
of  Bussian  ofiicials  previous  to  the  reign  of  Peter 
the  Great.  The  title  conferred  a  rank  in  the  state,  but 
brought  no  special  duties  with  it.  I'here  was,  however,  a 
council  of  boyars,  anil  it  was  customary  to  add  to  pub- 
lic papers,  "The  boyars  have  approved  of  it."  The  title 
gi-adnally  died  out  in  the  reign  of  Peter  the  Great,  as  it 
was  no  longer  newly  conferred.  (Schvyler,  Peter  the 
Great.)  The  term  in  popular  usage  came  to  signify  the 
higher  aristocracy.  It  still  lingers  1n  Rumania,  where  the 
popular  name  for  the  conservatives  is  the  boyar  party. 

boyard  (boi'ard),  n.    Same  as  boyar. 

boyau  (bwo-yo'),  n.;  pi.  boyaux  (-yoz').  [P., 
<  OF.  bocl,  a  gut,  >  E.  bowel:  see  hoirel  and 
bayou.]  In  fort,  a  ditch  covered  with  a  para- 
pet, serving  as  a  means  of  communication  be- 
tween two  trenches,  especially  between  the 
fii-st  and  third  parallels.  Also  called  a  zigzag 
or  an  approacli. 

boy-blindt  (boi'blind),  a.  Blind  as  a  boy; 
imdiscerning :  as,  "so  boy-blind  and  foolish," 
Fletcher  {and  another).  Love's  Pilgrimage,  iii.  2. 
[Bare.] 

boycott  (boi'kot),  V.  t.  [From  the  name  of  the 
first  prominent  victim  of  the  system,  Captain 
Boycott,  a  farmer  at  Lough  Mask,  Connemara, 
and  the  agent  of  Lord  Erne,  an  Irish  land- 
lord.] To  combine  (a)  in  refusing  to  work  for, 
buy  from,  sell  to,  give  assistance  to,  or  Iiave 
any  kind  of  dealings  with,  and  (b)  in  prevent- 
ing others  from  working  for,  buying  from,  sell- 


boycott 

ing  to,  assisting,  or  lia\-ing  aii}-  kind  of  deal- 
ings with  (a  person  or  company),  on  account 
of  political  or  other  diHerences,'  or  of  disagree- 
ments in  business  matters,  us  a  means  of  in- 
flicting pimishment,  or  of  coercing  or  intimi- 
dating. The  word  was  introduced  in  Ireland  in  1880, 
and  soon  became  (like  the  practice)  common  throughout 
the  English-si>eakin;;-  world,  and  was  adopted  by  the  news- 
papers in  nearly  every  European  language. 

boycott  (boi'kot),  M.  [<  boycott,  c]  An  or- 
ganized attempt  to  coerce  a  person  or  party 
into  compliance  \xiiii  some  demand,  by  com- 
bining to  abstain,  and  compel  others  to  abstain, 
from  having  any  business  or  social  relations 
with  him  or  it;  an  organized  persecution  of  a 
person  or  company,  as  a  means  of  coercion  or 
intimidation,  or  of  retaliation  for  some  act,  or 
refusal  to  act  in  a  particular  way. 

"boycottee  (boi-kot-e'),  «.  [<  boycott  +  -eel.] 
One  who  is  boycotted.  [Bare.] 

boycotter  (boi'kot-er),  n.  [<  boycott  +  -eri.] 
One  who  boycotts  ;  one  who  takes  part  in  the 
organized  persecution  called  a  boycott. 

iDOycotting  (boi'kot-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  boy- 
cott, ('.]  The  act  or  practice  of  subjecting  an 
obnoxious  person  or  company  to  the  organized 
persecution  called  a  boycott.    See  boycott,  v. 

Boycottinij  originally  implied  the  organized  persecution 
of  an  individual  by  an  entire  community;  as  transplanted 
to  this  country  [United  States]  it  implies  the  persecution 
of  an  individual  by  organized  forces,  and  it  is  a  phrase 
which  at  the  present  time  is  much  in  the  mouths  of  those 
who  call  themselves  workingmen. 

Phila.  Record,  No.  4529,  p.  2. 

Boycotting  was  not  only  used  to  punish  evicting  land- 
lords and  agents,  tenants  guilty  of  paying  rent,  and  trades- 
men who  ventured  to  hold  dealings  with  those  against 
whom  the  [Land]  League  had  pronounced  its  anathema ; 
but  the  League  was  now  strong  enough  to  use  this  means 
as  an  instrument  of  extending  its  organization  and  filling 
its  coffers.  Shopkeepers  who  refused  to  join  and  subscribe 
received  reason  to  believe  that  they  would  be  deprived  of 
their  custom ;  recalcitrant  farmers  found  themselves  with- 
out a  market  for  their  crops  and  cattle. 

Annual  Register,  1880. 

boydekint,  «•    An  obsolete  form  of  bodlin''-. 

boyer  (boi'er),  «.  [Formerly  also  bowycr ;  =  F. 
boyer,  <  Flem.  bocyer  =  D.  boeijer,  a  vessel  used 
to  lay  buoys,  <  Flem.  boey  =  D.  boei,  a  buoy :  see 
huoy.'\  A  Flemish  sloop  with  a  raised  work  or 
castle  at  each  end. 

boyeryt,      [<boy^  + -ery.']  Boyhood.  North. 

boyhood  (boi'hud),  /(.  [<  ioyl  -\-  -hood.']  1.  The 
state  of  being  a  boy  or  of  immature  age ;  the 
time  of  life  diu'ing  which  one  is  a  boy. 

Look  at  him  in  his  boyhood.  Swift. 
Turning  to  mirth  all  things  of  earth 
As  only  boyhood  can.  Hood,  Eugene  Aram. 

2.  Boyish  feeling;  light-heartedness.  [Rare.] 
— 3.  Boys  collectively, 
bojrish  (boi'ishj,  a.  [<  fto/yl  +  -ish^.]  Belong- 
ing to  a  boy ;  pertaining  to  boyhood ;  in  a  dis- 
paraging sense,  childish,  trifling,  puerile:  as, 
^'a  boyish  odd  conceit,"  J.  BailUe. 

I  ran  it  through,  even  from  my  boyiah  days. 
To  the  very  moment  that  he  bade  nie  tell  it. 

Shall.,  Othello,  i.  3. 
=  Syn.  Junenile,  Puerile,  etc.    See  youth/til. 

boyishly  (boi'ish-li),  adv.    In  a  boyish  manner. 

boyishness  (boi'ish-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  boyish. 

boyism  (boi'izm),  w.  [<  6o>/l  + -ism.]  1.  The 
state  of  being  a  boy;  boyishness. 

The  boyism  of  the  brothers  ...  is  to  be  taken  into  ac- 
count.       T.  H'orto?!,  Notes  on  IVIilton's  Smaller  Poems. 

2.  Something  characteristic  of  a  boy ;  pueril- 
ity. 

A  thousand  such  boy  isms,  which  Chaucer  rejected  as  be- 
low the  dignity  of  the  subject.  Dryden,  Preface  to  Fables. 

[Rare  in  both  uses.] 
Boyle's  law.    See  law. 

boyn  (boin),  M.  [Sc.,  also  spelled  boin,  boyen, 
bowyne;  perhaps  <  OF.  buion,  extended  form  of 
buie,  a  vessel  for  water  or  wine,  >  prob.  Sc. 
bowie,q.v.]  1.  A  washing-tub.  Gait. —  2.  A 
flat,  broad-bottomed  vessel,  into  which  milk  is 
emptied  from  the  pail. 
Also  called  bine. 

boy-queller  (boi'kwel*er),  n.  One  who  quells 
or  conquers  boys ;  one  who  is  able  to  cope  only 
with  boys.  [Rare.] 

Where  is  this  Hector? 
Come,  come,  thou  boy-queller,  show  thy  face. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  v.  5. 
boyshipt  (boi'ship),  n.    [<  boy^  +  -s7w>.]  Boy- 
hood. Beaumont. 
boy's-love  (boiz'luv),  n.   A  name  of  the  south- 
ernwood, Artemisia  Abrotannm,  from  an  oint- 
ment made  with  its  ashes  used  by  young  men 
to  promote  the  growth  of  a  beard, 
boy's-play  (boiz'pla),  n.   Childish  amusement; 
anything  free  from  risk  or  severe  labor ;  any- 


650 

thing  easy  or  trifling,  as  opposed  to  the  earnest 
business  or  hard  work  of  a  man. 
This  is  no  boy's-play.  Fletcher,  Bonduca,  ii.  S. 

boyuna  (boi-u'nii),  n.  [Cf.  Sp.  boyuna,  fem.  of 
boyiino,  belonging  to  cattle,  <  boy,  now  buey  = 
Pg.  boi,  ox,  <  L.  bos  (boL'-),  ox:  see  Bos.  Cf. 
boa.]  1.  A  large  serpent  of  South  America, 
black  and  slender,  having  an  intolerable  smell. 
—  2.  A  harmless  reptile  or  snake  common  in 
Ceylon. 

boza  (bo'zii),  n.  [Also  wiitten  bosa,  bourn, 
boiisa,  boo::ah,  boo^ch,  etc.,  F.  bouca,  G.  bitsa, 
etc.,  Russ.  Serv.  etc.  buca,  <  Ar.  bilce,  Pers.  bura, 
Hind,  bfdd,  boM,  Turk,  boza,  a  thick  white  fer- 
mented drink  made  from  millet.]  1.  A  popu- 
lar Egyptian  drink,  made  by  boiling  millet-seed 
in  water  and  fermenting  the  infusion,  adding 
afterward  certain  astringent  substances. —  2. 
-An  inebriating  mixture  of  darnel-meal,  hemp- 
seed,  and  water. — 3.  A  preparation  of  honey 
and  tamarinds, 

bozon  (bo'zon),  H.    In  her.,  same  as  bird-bolt^. 

Bp.    An  abbreviation  of  bisho}^. 

Br.    In  chem.,  the  symbol  of  bromine. 

BrabanQOn  (bra-boh-soh'),  w.  [F.,  man  of  Bra- 
bant, a  province  of  Belgiimi.]  Same  as  Bra- 
banter. 

BrabanQOnne  (bra-boh-son'),«.  [F.,<  Brabant.] 
The  popular  patriotic  song  of  the  Belgians  since 
1830,  when  they  th  rew  off  Dutch  rule.  The  words 
were  composed  by  a  French  actor  named  Jenneval,  then  at 
Brussels.  Each  verse  ends  with  a  varied  refrain  relating 
to  the  substitution  of  the  tree  of  liberty  for  the  orange,  in 
allusion  to  the  sovereign  house  of  Orange,  then  ruling  the 
Netherlands. 

Brabanter  (bra-ban'ter),  n.  [<  Brabant  +  -e;  l. 
See  Brahanqon.]  One  of  a  class  of  mercenary 
soldiers  and  bandits  from  the  old  duchy  of  Bra- 
bant, who  figured  in  the  Anglo-French  wars  of 
the  eleventh  and  thirteenth  centuries. 

Brabantlne  (bra-ban'tin),  a.  [<  Brabant  + 
-ine'^.]  Pertaining  to  Brabant,  formerly  a 
duchy,  now  partly  comprised  in  the  provinces 
of  North  Brabant  and  Brabant,  belonging  re- 
spectively to  the  Netherlands  and  Belgium. 

brabble  (brab'l),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brabbled, 
ppr.  brabbling.  [<  D.  brabbelcn,  confound, 
stammer.  Cf.  blabber"^  and  babble.]  To  wran- 
gle ;  dispute  or  quarrel  noisily. 

He  held  me  with  brabblinri  till  the  clock  strook,  and  then 
for  the  breach  of  a  minute  he  refused  my  money. 

Greene  and  Lodye,  Looking  Glass  for  Loud,  aiul  Eng. 
Melantius,  thou  art  welcome,  and  my  love 
Is  with  thee  still :  but  this  is  not  a  place 
To  brabble  in. — Calianax,  join  hands. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Maid's  Tragedy,  i.  2. 

brabble  (brab'l),  n.  [<  brabble,  v.]  A  broil ; 
a  clamorous  contest;  a  wrangle. 

This  petty  brabble  will  undo  us  all. 

Shale,  Tit.  And.,  ii.  1. 
brabblement  (brab'l-ment),  «.    [<  brabble  + 

-nient.]    A  clamorous  contest ;  a  brabble, 
brabbler  (Inab'ler),  n.    [<  brabble,  v.,  +  -erl. 
Cf.  D.  brabbvUuir,  stammerer.]    A  clamorous, 
noisy,  quarrelsome  fellow. 

We  hold  our  time  too  precious  to  be  spent 

With  such  a  brabbler.  Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  2. 

brabbling  (brab'ling),  2K  a.  [Ppr.  of  brab- 
ble, v.]  Clamorous;  wrangling;  quarrelsome; 
noisy. 

He  gave  notice  to  his  government  that  commerce  would 
have  no  security  in  Antwerp  "  in  those  brabbliny  times." 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  18. 

brabblinglyt  (brab'ling-li),  adv.  In  a  brab- 
bling manner. 

Neither  bitterly  nor 
brabblingly. 
Bp.  Jewell,  Def.  of  Apol. 
[for  Ch.  of  Eng.,  p.  44. 

bracse  (bra'se),  w. 
pi.  [L. :  see  breech, 
breeches.]  Inantiq., 
a  garment  equiv- 
alent to  the  mod- 
ern trousers,  it  was 
made  either  loose  or 
close-fitting,  and  its  use 
was  characteristic  of  the 
Gauls  and  of  Oriental 
peoples.  It  was  not  worn 
by  the  Greeks,  nor  by  the 
Romans  before  the  end  of 
the  republic.  After  the 
first  century  A.  D.,  how- 
ever, it  came  into  use 
among  the  E.omans,  es- 
pecially in  the  military 
forces  stationed  in  in- 
clement climates ;  .and 
toward  the  close  of  the 
empire  it  was  very  gen- 
erally adopted,  though  never  ii\  much  favor  within  the 
walls  of  Rome.    Also  improperly  spelled  braccce. 


Braccate.—  Foot  of  Snowy  Owl. 


-  Statue  of  Pans,  Vatican 
Museum. 


brace 

braccse  (brak'se),  «.    See  braces. 

braccate  (brak'at),  a.  [<  L.  *braccatus,  prop. 
bracatus,  <  bracw,  pL,  breeches:  see  breech.] 
In  ornith.,  having  the 
tarsi  feathered;  hav- 
ing the  feet  furnished 
with  feathers  to  the 
bases  of  the  toes  or 
of  the  claws. 

bracciale  (brak-si-a'- 
le ;  It.  pron.  brat- 
chiii'le),  n. ;  pi.  brac- 
ciali{-\i).  [It.,  a  bras- 
sard or  chevron,  also 
as  in  def.,  <  L.  brac- 
chiale,  an  armlet,  bracelet,  etc.,  <  bracchinm  (> 
It.  braccio),  arm.]  A  projecting  bracket  of  iron 
or  bronze,  having  a  socket  and  ring  for  hold- 
ing a  flagstaff,  torch,  or  the  like,  and  sometimes 

a  large  ring.  These  brackets  are  affi.ved  to  Italian  pal- 
aces of  the  time  of  the  Renaissance,  and  are  often  of  great 
richness  of  design,  especially  at  Sienna  and  Florence. 

braccio  (brat'chio),  »(.  [It.,  <  L.  bracchium, 
arm:  see  &r«cei.]  A  measure  of  length  used  in 
Italy,  vai'jning  from  half  a  yard  at  Lodi  to  a 
yard  at  Milan.    See  brass^. 

brace!  (bras),  n.  [<  ME.  brace, <  OF.  brace,  brass, 
brasse,  brache,  the  two  arms  extended,  an  arm- 
ful, a  fathom,  pair,  F.  bi-asse  =  Pr.  brassa  = 
Sp.  brasa  =  Pg.  braqa,  a  fathom,  <  L.  brachia, 
pi.  of  brachium,  bracchinm,  arm,  prob.  <  Gr.  fipa- 
x'lm',  arm ;  cf.  Ir.  and  Gael,  brae  =  W.  braich 
=  Bret,  breach,  the  arm.  From  the  L.  singular 
bracchium  comes  OF.  bras,  bras,  F.  bras  =  Sp. 
brazo  —  Pg.  braqo  =  It.  braccio,  arm.  Hence 
bracelet  and  embrace.]  1.  A  prop  or  support; 
specifically,  in  arch.,  a  piece  of  timber  placed 
near  and  across  the  angles  in  the  frame  of  a 
building  in  order  to  strengthen  it.  When  used 
to  support  a  rafter  it  is  called  a  strut. —  2. 
That  which  holds  two  or  more  things  firmly 
together;  a  cincture  or  bandage. —  3.  A  pair; 
a  couple :  as,  a  brace  of  ducks :  used  of  persons 
only  with  a  shade  of  contempt  or  colloquially. 

But  you,  my  brace  of  lords,  were  I  so  minded, 
I  here  could  pluck  his  highness'  frown  upon  you. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  v.  1. 
Will  he  have  a  brace. 
Or  but  one  partridge  ? 
Fletcher  {atid  another).  Love's  Pilgrimage,  i.  1. 

The  two  muskets  I  loaded  with  a  brace  of  slugs  each. 

Defoe,  Robinson  Crusoe. 

4.  A  thick  strap  by  which  a  carriage-body  is 
suspended  from  C-springs.  E.  H.  Knight. —  5. 
In  printing,  a  vertical  double-curved  line,  used 

to  connefjt  two  or  more  lines :  thus,  |^°^]  |,  or 

two  or  more  staves  in  music. —  6.  A  leather 
band  placed  about  the  cords  of  a  drum  and 
sliding  upon  them:  used  to  raise  or  lower  the 
tone  by  increasing  or  lessening  the  tension  of 
the  cords:  as,  "the  braces  of  the  war  drum," 
Derham,  Phys.  Theol. —  7.  pi.  Straps  passing 
over  the  shoulders  to  sustain  the  trousers ;  sus- 
penders.— 8.  A  device  for  supporting  a  weak 
back,  curved  shoulders,  etc. —  9.  Naut.:  (a) 
One  of  the  ropes  fastened  to  the  yards  of  a 
ship,  one  to  each  yard-arm,  which,  reaching  to 
the  deck,  enable  the  yards  to  be  swung  about 
horizontally.  They  also  help  the  yards  to  sup- 
port the  strain  caused  by  the  wind  on  the  sails. 
(6)  2)1.  Straps  of  brass  or  metal  castings  fas- 
tened on  the  stern-post,  to  receive  the  pintles 
by  which  the  rudder  is  hung. — 10.  A  defense 
or  protection  for  the  arm ;  specifically,  one 
used  in  archery.    Same  as  bracer,  2. 

"  It  hath  been  a  shiel 
'Twixt  me  and  death  " :  and  pointed  to  this  brace. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  ii.  1. 

llf.  State  of  defense. 

For  that  it  [Cyprus]  stands  not  in  such  warlike  brace. 
But  altogether  lacks  the  abilities 

That  Rhodes  is  dress'd  in.  Shak.,  Othello,  i.  3. 

12.  The  state  of  being  braced ;  tension;  tight- 
ness. 

The  laxness  of  the  tympanum  when  it  has  lost  its  brace 
or  tension.  Holder. 

13t.  An  arm  (of  the  sea). 

He  schal  so  passe  the  wature,  that  ys  cleped  the  brace  of 
.Seint  George  [ML.  Brachium  S.  Georgii],  that  is  an  arm 
of  the  sea.  Maundevillc,  p.  126. 

14.  A  curved  instrument  of  iron  or  wood  for 
holding  and  turning  boring-tools,  etc. ;  a  bit- 
stock.  There  are  various  forms  of  braces,  the  most  com- 
mon being  the  carpenters'  brace,  bit-brace,  bit-stock,  or 
hand-brace,  which  is  a  tool  for  turning  a  boring-bit  or 
auger.  It  consists  of  a  crank-formed  shaft,  with  a  metal 
socket  called  the  pad  at  one  extremity,  and  on  the  other 
a  swiveled  head  (or  cushion  or  shield),  by  which  the  boring- 


brace 

tool  or  bit,  fixed  in  the  pad,  is  pressed  forward  by  the 
workman.    See  angle-brace  (/i),  and  cut  under  bit-slock. 

15.  A  wooden  rod  with  spiked  ends, 
used  to  support  scenery  in  a  theater. 
— 16.  2)1.  The  leather  slides  on  the 
cords  of  a  snare-di-um,  by  which  the 
tension  of  the  head  is  varied  Brace- 
bit.  See  bitl. — French  brace,  an  ansle-braue 
(wliicli  see).— Geared  brace,  a  Iwring-tool  tile 
bit  or  drill  of  wliicli  is  turned  by  a  liand-cranl< 
and  bevel-gear.  — Principal  brace,  in  build- 
i>w,  a  brace  innuediately  under  tlie  principal 
rafters,  or  parallel  to  them,  and  in  a  state  of 
compression.  It  serves  to  assist  the  princi- 
pals in  supporting  the  roof-timbers.  Su'ift. 
—  Ratchet-brace,  a  carpenters'  brace  in 
which,  by  means  of  gearing,  a  back-and-forth  motion  is 
■converted  into  a  rotary  one,  thus  causing  the  bit  to  turn. 
—  Wind -brace,  a  diagonal  brace  to  tie  the  rafters  of  a 
roof  together  and  prevent  racking.  In  the  best  examples 
of  medieval  roofs  the  wind-braces  are  arched,  and  run  from 
the  principal  rafters  to  the  purlins.  Encyc.  Brit.  =  Syn.  3. 
Couple,  etc.    See  jMir. 

brace^  (bras),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  hraced,  ppr. 
bracing.  [<  ME.  hracen,  brace,  embrace,  <  OF. 
bracer,  braeier,  brasser,  <  brace,  embrace,  =  Pr. 
brassar  —  It.  bracciare,  brace ;  from  the  noun.] 
If.  To  clasp  or  grasp;  embrace;  hold  firmly. 

Swet  frende,  I  fele  mortal  detlie  me  brace, 
Neuer  After  thys  comforth  to  purchace 
Off'surgery-crafte  ne  with  medicine, 
For  stuffed  I  am  ful  of  uenyme. 

Mom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  1446. 
A  sturdy  lance  in  his  right  hand  he  hraced. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  xi.  75. 

Z.  To  bind  or  tie  closely;  fit  or  secure  by  ties; 
bandage ;  strap. 

The  women  of  China,  by  bracinij  and  binding  them, 
from  tlieir  infancy,  have  very  little  feet.  Locke. 
They  braced  my  aunt  against  a  board, 
To  make  her  straight  and  tall. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  My  Aunt. 

3.  To  string  or  bend  (a  bow)  by  putting  the 
eye  of  the  string  in  the  upper  nock  preparatory 
to  shooting. — 4.  To  make  tense;  strain  up;  in- 
crease the  tension,  tone,  or  vigor  of ;  strength- 
en :  used  both  literally  and  figuratively :  as,  to 
brace  the  nerves. 

The  tympanum  is  not  capable  of  tension  that  way,  in 
«uch  a  manner  as  a  drum  is  braced. 

Holder,  Elements  of  Speech. 
He  drank  —  'twas  needful  his  poor  nerves  to  brace. 

Crabbe,  The  Borough. 
Strong  affection  braced  the  feeble  mind  of  the  princess. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ix. 

5.  To  fiji:  in  the  position  of  a  brace ;  hold  firm- 
ly in  place :  used  reflexively :  as,  to  brace  one's 
self  against  a  post  or  a  crowd. —  6.  To  furnish 
with,  or  support  or  prop  by,  braces:  as,  to  brace 
a  building  or  a  falling  wall. —  7.  Xaut.,  to  swing 
or  turn  around  (the  yards  of  a  ship)  by  means 
•of  the  braces. 

We  caught  the  southeast  trades,  and  ran  before  them 
for  nearly  three  weeks,  without  so  much  as  altering  a  sail 
-or  bracing  a  yard.    R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  53. 

8.  In  writing  and  printing,  to  imite  or  connect 
by  a  brace,  as  two  or  more  lines,  staves  of 
music,  etc — To  brace  aback.  See  aback.— To  brace 
about,  to  brace  (the  yards  of  a  sliip)  in  a  contrary  direc- 
tion.—  To  brace  fortht,  to  press  forth. 

The  prince  of  planetis  that  proudely  is  pight 
Sail  brace  furth  his  hemes  that  oure  belde  blithes. 

York  Plays,  p.  123. 

To  brace  in  (naut.),  to  slack  the  lee  braces  and  haul  in 
the  weather  ones. — To  brace  sharp  (naut.),  to  cause  the 
yards  to  have  the  smallest  possible  angle  with  the  keel. — 
To  brace  up.  (a)  Naut.,  to  lay  the  yards  more  fore-and- 
aft,  so  that  the  ship  will  sail  closer  to  the  wind,  (b)  To 
increase  the  tension,  tone,  or  vigor  of :-  often  used  intran- 
sitively with  the  object  understood. 
Every  nerve  in  his  frame  was  braced  up  for  a  spring. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  316. 

"brace^t  (bras),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  In  min- 
ing, the  flooring  around  the  mouth  of  a  shaft. 
[Cornwall.] 

Tiraced  (brast),  jj.  «.  1.  in  her.,  interlaced  or 
linked  together :  said  of  bearings  so  arranged. 

 Also  brazed. —  2.  In 

entom.,  attached  by 
the  caudal  extremi- 
ty and  supported  in 
an  upright  or  ob- 
lique position  by  a 
silken  thread  cross- 
ing the  thorax,  and 
fastened  to  the  sup- 
porting surface:  said 
of  the  chrysalis  of  a  butterfly.  Also 
called  girt  or  bound — Braced  inter- 
laced, in  her.,  same  as  braced,  1. 
"brace-drill  (bras'dril),  n.  A  drill 
shaped  like  a  carpenters'  brace, 

used  for  boring  metals,  in  one  form  a  feed-screw 
and  back-center,  tlie  latter  abutting  against  some  rigid 
body  or  part,  are  substituted  for  the  hand-plate  or  breast- 
plate. 


651 

brace-head  (bras'hed),  n.  In  rock-boring,  alarge 

box,  key,  or  wrench,  with  long  levers  or  handles, 
used  in  turning  a  boring-tool, 
brace-key  (bras'ke),  n.  In  mining,  a  tiller  con- 
sisting of  two  iron  handles  screwed  together  in 
opposite  ways,  so  as  to  cUp  between  them  the 
rods  used  in  deep  borings,  when  tlie  handles  are 
screwed  on  firmly  tliey  form  two  levers  for  turning  the  rods 
as  retiuired,  tlie  top  length  of  roil  being  furnished  with  a 
swivel.    }¥.  Morgan,  Manual  of  Mining  Tools,  p.  102. 

bracelet  (bras'let),  n.  [<  F.  bracelet,  dim.  of 
OF.  bracel,  brachel,  an  armlet  or  defense  for  the 
arm,  <  ML.  brachile,  <  L.  bracchiale,  an  armlet,  < 
bracchiuni,  the  arm:  see  bracc'^,  m.]  1.  An  or- 
namental band,  ring,  or  clasped  chain  for  the 


Three  Chevrons 
Braced. 


Egyptian  and  Assyrian  Bracelets. 

■wrist,  now  worn  mostly  by  women.  Bracelets 

were  among  the  earliest  personal  ornaments,  and  are  seen 
in  ricli  and  varied  forms  in  ancient  Egyptian  and  Assyrian 
sculptures.  They  have  been  worn  almost  universally, 
from  the  earliest  times  to  the  present  day,  by  both  savage 
and  civilized  peoples.    See  armlet,  armilla,  and  bangle-. 

I  decked  thee  also  with  ornaments,  and  I  put  bracelets 
upon  thy  liaiids,  and  a  chain  on  tliy  neck.    Ezek.  xvi.  11. 

Both  his  liands  were  cut  off,  being  known  to  have  worn 
bracelets  of  gold  about  his  wrists.  Sir  J.  Hay  ward. 

2.  Humorously,  a  shackle  for  the  ■wrist;  a 
handcuff. 

There  he  shall  keep  close, 
Till  I  provide  him  files  and  food ;  for  yet 
His  iron  bracelets  are  not  off. 
Fletcher  (and  another).  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  ii.  6. 

3.  A  piece  of  armor,  whether  the  lower  part  of 
the  brassart  or  the  wrist-piece  of  the  gauntlet 
(which  see). 

Armed  with  back  and  breast,  head  piece  and  bracelets. 

Scott,  Legend  of  Montrose,  ii. 

4.  In  palmistry,  a  mark  across  the  inside  of  the 
■wiist,  single,  double,  or  triple. 

brace-mold  (bras'mold),  n.  In  arch.,  a  mold- 
ing formed  by  the  union  of  two  ogees,  and  in 
section  resembling  the  brace  used  in  printing. 
Sometimes  a  small  bead  is  inserted  between 
the  ogees.  • 

brace-pendant  (bras'pen'dant),  n.  Naut.,  a 
length  of  rope  or  chain  into  which  the  brace- 
block  is  spliced. 

bracer  (bra'ser),  M.    [<  brace,  v.,  +  -eri ;  in  sense 

2,  <  ME.  bracer,  brasere,  <  OF.  bras,  the  arm:  see 
brace^,  ?;.]  1.  One  who  or  that  which  braces, 
binds,  or  makes  firm ;  a  band  or  bandage. —  2. 
In  archery,  a  -wrist-guard  worn  over  the  sleeve 
on  the  left  arm  as  a  protection  against  the  fric- 
tion or  the  catching  of  the  bowstring,  it  is  com- 
monly of  leather,  but  sometimes  of  metal,  and  was  for- 
merly even  of  ivory,  and  frequently  a  decorative  object. 
The  glove  is  sometimes  made  to  serve  as  a  bracer.  See 
cut  under  bowmani. 

Upon  his  arm  he  bar  a  gay  bracer. 
And  by  his  side  a  swerd  and  a  bokeler. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  111. 
A  bracer  serueth  for  two  causes,  one  to  sane  his  arme 
from  the  strype  of  the  strynge,  and  his  doublet  from 
wearynge,  and  the  other  is,  that  the  strjuge  glydynge 
sharpelye  and  quicklye  of  the  bracer,  may  make  the 
sharper  shoote.  Ascham,  Toxopliilus. 

3.  That  which  braces  or  stimulates  the  nerves ; 
a  tonic ;  specifically,  a  drink  taken  early  in  the 
morning.  [CoUoq.] 

brace-stake  (bras'stak),  ».  A  stake  competed 
for  by  braces  of  dogs  instead  of  individuals,  as 
in  field-trials. 

bracht,  bracket  (brach  or  brak),  n.  [In  the 
pron.  brach  also,  and  properly,  written  bratch 
(see  bratch,  bratchet) ;  <  ME.  brache,  <  OF. 
brache,  F.  braque  =  Pr.  brae  =  Sp.  Pg.  braco  — 
It.  bracco  (cf.  ML.  braecus,  bracco),  <  OHG. 
braccho,  MHG.  G.  bracke  =  D.  brak  =  Sw.  brack, 
a  dog  that  hunts  by  the  scent ;  origin  unknown. 
The  mod.  pron.  brak  follows  mod.  F.  braque, 
and  requires  the  spelling  *brack  (or,  as  F., 
braque).']  A  bitch  of  the  hoimd  kind;  specili- 
cally,  a  species  of  scenting  hound ;  a  pointer  or 
setter. 

A  sow  pig  by  chance  sucked  a  brach,  and  when  she  was 
grown  would  miraculously  hunt  all  manner  of  deer. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel. 


Brachial  Appenda^^es 
of  Rhynchonella  ni- 
gricans, a,  adductor 
impressions;  /.teeth. 


brackiate 

Brackelytra  (bra-kel'i-trii),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

I'ipaxi'c,  short,  -f-  iAvT/iov,  a  sheath,  shard:  sec 
elytron.]  In  LatreUle's  system  of  classifica- 
tion, a  di-dsion  of  Coleoptcra  including  the 
rove-beetles,  or  Staphijlinidw,  which  liavc  the 
elytra  short,  not  nearly  covering  the  abdomen, 
the  anteniiuB  short,  not  clavate,  and  usually 
two  anal  appendages.  Some  of  tliese  insects  .ire 
known  as  cocktails,  from  the  way  tlu^y  have  of  cocking 
up  tlieir  tails.  With  tlie  Slajihylinidie  the  Pselaphidoe 
are  sometimes  associated  muWr' Jiracliclytra.  These  are 
trimeious,  with  fixed  abdomen  and  no  anal  appendages. 
See  cut  under  rorc-heetle.  Also  called  Bracliyelytra. 
brackelytrous  (bra-kel'i-trus),  a.  l<' Brache- 
lytra  + -ous.]  Ha'ving  short  elytra ;  specifical- 
ly, pertaining  to  the  Brachelytra.  Also  brachy- 
elytrous. 

brackett,  n.    See  bratchet. 

brackia,  ».    Plural  of  brachium. 

brackial  (bra'ki-  or  brak'i-al),  a.  and  n.    [<  L. 

bruchialis,  bracchialis,  <  brachium  (prop,  brac- 
chiuni), arm:  see  bracc'^,  n.]  I,  a.  1.  Belonging 
to  the  arm,  fore  leg,  wing,  pectoral  fin,  or  other 
fore  limb  of  a  vertebrate  ;  especially,  belonging 
to  the  upper  part  of  such  member,  from  the 
shoulder  to  the  elbow. —  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  brachia  of  the  Brachiopoda  or  of  other  ani- 
mals, as  the  wings  of  pteropods,  the  arms  of 
eephalopods,  the  rays  of  erinoids,  etc.— Bra- 
chial appendages,  a  pair  of  organs 
cliaracteiistic  of  the  brachiopods, 
and  suggesting  the  name  of  the 
c\a.ss  Brachio2Joda ;  they  are  prolon- 
gations of  the  lateral  portions  of  the 
lips  or  margins  of  the  nioutli,  and  are 
therefore  also  called  labial  upprn- 

rfa(/c«.— Brachial  artery,  or  hu- 
meral artery,  tlie  principal  artery 
of  the  upper  arm ;  the  continuation  of 
the  axillary  artery  from  its  exit  from 
the  axilla  to  its  division  into  radial 
and  ulnar  arteries,  whicli  in  man 
occurs  just  below  the  elbow. — Bra- 
chial plexus,  the  network  or  interlacing  of  the  anterior 
Ijranclies  of  lower  cervical  and  upper  dorsal  spinal  nerves, 
wliich  are  distributed  to  the  fore  liml) ;  the  liracliiplex. — 
Brachial  veins,  the  venie  comites,  or  companion  veins, 
of  the  liracliial  artery,  which  unite  with  each  other  and 
witli  the  Ijasilic  vein  to  form  the  axillary  vein. 

II.  n.  1.  In  ichth.,  one  of  the  series  of  bones 
to  which  the  rays  of  the  pectoral  fins  of  fishes 
are  attached. 

The  fourth  or  lowest  of  the  four  brachials  which  together 
may  represent  the  humerus,  and  to  which  the  fin-rays  are 
attached.  Mirart,  Elem.  Anat.,  p.  162 

2.  In  human  anat.:  («)  The  brachial  artery. 
(b)  In  the  Latin  form  brachialis  {anticus),  a 
muscle  of  the  front  of  the  upper  arm,  arising 
from  the  front  of  the  humerus  and  inserted  into 
the  ulna,  flexing  the  forearm.  Also  called 
anticobrachiaUs.  See  cut  under  muscle. —  3. 
One  of  the  joints  of  the  branches  of  a  crinoid, 
between  the  radials  and  the  palmars ;  one  of  the 
joints  of  the  third  order,  or  of  a  division  of  the 
radials. 

brackiale  (brak-i-a'le),  ».;  pi.  bruchialia  (-li-a). 
[L.,  prop.  neut.  of  brachialis,  bracchialis:  see 
brachial,  bracelet.]  1.  In  erinoids,  same  as  bra- 
chial, 3. 

At  tlie  third  radiale,  the  series  bifurcates  into  two  series 
of  bruchialia.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  500. 

2.  Eccles.,  a  reliquary  in  the  shape  of  a  hand 
and  forearm,  usually  held  erect  -with  the  hand 
open  and  the  fingers  wearing  rings. — 3.  pi.  See 
extract. 

Besides  their  gloves,  our  bishops  wore,  on  occasions, 
a  certain  kind  of  loose  sleeves,  called  bruchialia,  which 
could  be  easily  drawn  over  the  alb  high  up  almost  to  the 
elbow,  and  thus  liinder  the  cuffs  of  that  vesture  and  its 
beautiful  apparels  from  being  splashed  when  tlie  bishop, 
on  Holy  Saturday,  baptized  the  new-born  infants  in  the 
font  which  he  had  just  hallowed. 

Bock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  164. 
brackialgia  (brak-i-al'ji-a),  n.    [NL.,  <  L.  bra- 
chium, hracchium,  ann,  -f-  Gr.  -a/.yia,  <  aAyciv,  feel 
pain,  <  a?.}og,  pain.]    Neui-algia  in  the  arm. 
brackialia,  n.    Plural  of  brackiale. 
brackialis  (brak-i-a'lis),  n.    [L.]   See  brachial, 
2  (b). 

Brackiata  (brak-i-a'ta),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  neut.  pi. 

of  L.  brachiatus,  bracchiatus :  see  brachiate.] 
An  order  of  erinoids,  the  brachiate  erinoids  or 
erinoids  proper,  ha\'ing  five  or  more  branching 
arms.  There  are  two  families,  Encrinidce  and  Comatu- 
Udce.  This  division  includes  all  the  living  erinoids,  as  well 
as  many  of  the  extinct  ones,  and  is  distinguished  from  the 
Blastoi'dea  and  Cystoideu,  all  of  which  are  extinct.  Also 
called  Brachnta. 

brackiate  (bra'ki-  or  brak'i-at),  a.  [<  L.  bra- 
chiatus, bracchiatus,  having  arms:  see  brachial.] 
1.  In  hot.,  ha^ving  -widely  spreading  branches 
arranged  in  alternate  pairs,  or  decussate;  fur- 
nished with  brachia. —  2.  In.roo7. :  (a)  Having 
bi'aehia  of  any  kind ;  braehif  erous.  (6)  Specifi- 
cally, of  or  pertaining  to  the  Brackiata. 


brachiferous 

brachiferous  (bra-kif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  hracMa, 
pi.  of  brackium,  braccliiuiii,  arm,  +  ferrc  =  E. 

Bearing  brachia:  applied  to  the  sub- 
umbrellar  disk  of  Liscophora  (which  see;. — 
Brachiferous  dist  See  e.\ti-act. 

In  must  of  the  Rhizostonudnc,  not  only  do  the  edges  of 
the  lips  unite,  hut  the  opposite  walls  of  the  hyih'aiith  l>e- 
neath  the  umlirelhi  are,  as  it  ueie,  imsheil  in,  .so  as  to  form 
fonrehaml)ers,  the  walls  of  which  unite,  lieeonie  perforated, 
an<l  thus  give  rise  to  a  suli-unihi  ellar  eavity,  \\  itii  a  roof 
formed  by  the  umbrella,  and  a  floor,  tlie  In-a.-hiiciKux  disk, 
suspended  by  four  pillars.    Jlu.dcii,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  125. 

Brachina  (bra-ki'nii),  w.  [NL.,  <  L.  brachium, 
briicchiitiii,  artn,  +  A  supposed  larval 

stage  of  a  starfish,  as  an  Astcr<icaiithion :  a 
name  given,  like  Bipiniiaria  and  Bruchioluria, 
tmder  the  impression  that  the  organism  was  a 
distinct  animal. 

Brachinidae  (bra-kin'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Bra- 
cliimis  +  -ida'.~\    A  family  of  adephagous  bee- 
tles, typified  by  the  genus  Brachinus 
merged  in  Carabidw.    Also  Brachinida  and 
Briieliiiiiilcs. 


652 


brachyelytrous 

-li),  n.  pj. 


[NL.. 


at  least  as  true  mollusks;  but  by  later  writers  they  hare  brachvopnhali  rbrfik-i-«pf 'n 
been  separated  as  representing  (alone  or  with  I'olyzva)  n       *^^ycep*iaU    I, oraK  1-seI  a 

peculiar  branch  or  suli[<ingdom  MuUascoidea,  and  appro.xi-    P7         acliyccplUltUS  :  see  brachycephalous.]  In 

I  to  or  associated  with  tiie  worms.  ren//<!.<.  'I'hppbiat:    ctluwl.,  those  people  wliose  cephalic  indc.x 

(see  cephalic)  is  80  and  upward,  and  who  con- 
sequently have  short  skiillo  or  are  bracliyce- 
phalic. 

brachycephalic  (brak"i-se-fal'ik  or  -sef'a-lik), 
a.  iAsbrachycephal-ous  + -ic.']  Short-headed: 
applied,  in  ctlniol.,  to  heads  whose  diameter 
from  side  to  side  is  not  much  less  than  that 
from  front  to  back,  their  ratio  being  as  80  to 
100,  as  those  of  tlio  Mongolian  type;"  and  also 
to  races  or  individuals  having  such  heads:  op- 
posed to  doliclioccpkalic.  There  are  two  sections  of 
this  group,  hraclii.-iloceplialie  and  eurycephaiic.  It  is  sup- 
posed that  a  brachycephalic  race  inhabited  Europe  before 
tlie  Celts.  Also  bracliycephalous,  braclnjkcphalic,  brachy- 
keplialuiis. 


mated  to  or  associated  with  tlie  worms,  Vermeif.  The  class 
is  generally  ilivided  into  two  subclasses  or  orders,  Artliro- 
pomata  or  Clislcnterala,  and  Lyopnmata  or  TreteiUerata. 
Tlie  lamilies  of  the  inarticulate  or  lyoponiatous  braclno- 
pods  are  the  Linyididiv.  Craiiiida;  and  Disci iiiita',  all  of 
which  have  living  representatives.  The  families  of  tlic 
articulate  or  arthropomatous  brachiojiods  are  the  Ten  hi-a- 
tulidie,  lihi/nclwnellidce,  'J'lifciidiv,  Spiriffrida\  Koiiincki- 
nidcp,  Pentamerida-,  Strupiioiiienidiv,  Ortliidce,  and  I'm- 
ductidce.  The  species  are  very  numerous,  nearly  4,000  hav- 
ing been  described ;  they  are  mostly  e.\tinct,  and  all  marine. 
They  flourished  especially  during  the  Silurian  [leriod,  and 
some  Silurian  genera,  as  Linyiila,  are  still  extant.  See  cut 
under  Linrjidiiuv.  Many  of  the  species,  especially  of  the 
faniily_7Vrf()raYi(;/(?(>p,  are  known  as  lampsliells. 

brachiopode  (brak'i-o-p6d),  n.  and  a.  See 
brachiopod. 

brachiopodous  (brak-i-op'o-dus),  a.    [As  Bia- 
chiopoda  +  -ous.~\    Belonging  to  the  class  Bra- 
cbiojioda.    Also  brachiopod. 
^^^^  brachiplex  (brak'i-pleks),  n.    [<  L.  bracMum, 


For  the  extremes  of  these  varieties  [of  cranial  form], 
Rctzius  proi)osed  the  names  of  bracliy-keplialic  or  short- 
headed,  and  dolicho-keplialic  or  long-headed,  which  have 
come  into  general  use.    Dnivson,  Origin  of  World,  p.  427. 


bmcchium,  arm,  +  NL.  plexus.']    The  brachial  T5vo„wi'„v.'oi;r^'  r^'"T,r 
See  brachial  ple.vus,  under  Brachycephalidae  _(brak"i- 


plexus  of  nerves 
brachial 


BrachininsB  (brak-i-ni'ne),  n.pl.   [NL.,  <  Bra- 

'S^IZJivTcarZJ'''"^^'^^'^^'^''"  brachipiexal  (brak-i-plek'sal),  a.  [<  brachi- 
o".'^^^„-„?LiT^^^^  r.TT   ....    Pl^-'^  +  -"l-l    Of  or  pertaining  to  the  brachi- 


plex. 


ties,  of  which  B.  crepitans  is  brachistocephalic  (bra-kis"t6-se-fal' 
•ut  under  bombardicr-beetlc.    ^.^k)^      ("As  brachistocephali  +  -ic] 

3raK  l-O-Se-ial  Ik    or  -set  a-      ho.vi'»lO'nrT-iPTf-iiininrrfr»fi  Iioq/I -rirlirioQl 


ik  or  -sef '- 
In  ethnol.. 


Brachinus  (bra-ki'nus),  n.    [NL.,  so  named  in 

reference  to  the  shortness  of  the  wing-eases ; 

<  Gr.  iipax'vc,  short.]    A  genus  of  adephagous 

beetles,  of  the  family  Carabidw,  sometimes  giv- 
ing name  to  a  family  Brachinida'.    They  are 

the  bombardier-beetles,  of  wh'  "  " 

an  example.    See  cut 
brachiocephalic  (b 

lik),  a.    [<  L.  brachium,  bracchium  (G 

civ),  arm,  -I-  Gr.  K'<pa/i/,  head,  -t-  -/c]  In 

of  or  pertaining  both  to  the  upper  arm 

the  head:  as,  tlie  brachiocephalic  (innominate) 

artery  and  veins. 
BracHiolaria  (brak'i-o-la'ri-a),  n.    [NL.,  <  L. 

brachiolum,  dim.  of  brachium  ",  bracchium,  arm, 

+  -aria.  Cf.  Brachina.]  The  larva  of  a  star- 
fish :  a  name  given  by  Leuekart  tmder  the  eiTo- 

neous  impression  that  it  was  a  distinct  animal. 

See  Bipinnaria. 

Brachionichthyinas  (brak"i-o-nik-thi-i'ne),  n. 
pl.  [NL.,  <  Brachioiiichthi/s  + -inw.~\  In  Gill's 
classification  of  fishes,  a  subfamily  of  Antenna- 
riidw,  with  the  rostral  spine  or  tentacle  and  two  brachium  (bra'ki-  or  brak'i-um),  n. ;  pl.  brachia 
robust  spines  developed,  the  second  dorsal  well  (4)-  [L.,  prop,  bracchium,  the  arm,  >  ult.  E. 
developed,  the  body  oblongoclaviform,  and  the    &''«ccl,  w.,  q.  v.]    1.  The  upper  arm,  from  the 


brachistocephali  (bra-kis-to-sef 'a-li),  n.pl. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  tipaxiaTo^,  superl.'  of  Bpavvr,  short, 

+  4°?'^,  head.]    Those  persons  or  r^ces  oKi'^nr.^^^^^^^  ^ 
men  who  are  brachistoeenhalie.  brachycephalism  (brak-i-sef'a-lizm),  «.  [< 


se-fal'i-de),  n.  pl. 
[NL.,  <  Brachycephalus  +  -ida;.]  A  family  of 
oxydactyl  opisthoglossate  anurous  bati-aehians. 
Giinther. 

Brachycephalina  (biak-i-sef-a-li'na),  n.  pl. 
[NL.,  <  Brachi/ccphahis  +  -ina^.]  A  super- 
family  group  of  frogs,  including  the  families 
I'hri/niscid(c  and  Brachi/cephaiida;. 


brachyccphal-ic  +  -ism.]  In  ethii'ol.,  the  quality, 
state,  or  condition  of  being  brachycephalic. 
Also  brachi/lTphalisiii,  braclii/cejiliali/. 

'       '  [<  NL. 

t-liead- 
Same  as 

p>«,rrf.  Short,  +•  xi>ovoc,    '"«/'''2/«>p/(«?/c    Aho  wvitten  brachijJcephalous. 

time-  <5ee  rl.rniilr  1  Tlio  Vnirwo  ii,>r„i  wViiol,  n  1  he  prevailing  form  of  the  negro  head  is  dolichocepha- 
nme .  see  CIn  onic]  I  He  curve  upon  which  a  io„s  ;  that  of  civilized  races  is  mesocephalous  an,l  brachy- 
boay  moves  in  the  least  possible  time  from  one    cepiudous.  Pop.  SH.  Mo.,  xiii.  500. 

given  point  to  another.    According  to  the  nature  of  Brachycephalus  (brak-i-sef 'a-lus),  n.  [NL.: 
supposed  to  act  upon  the  body,  and    geo  brachijcephalous.]    The  typical  genus  of 


tlie  forces  that  ar  _ 

the  constraints  to  whicii  it  may  be  subject,  the  bracliisto 
cliroiie  takes  various  geometrical  forms,  mostly  spiral  or 
consisting  of  branches  united  by  cusjis,  like  the  cycloid, 
which  is  the  brachistochroiie  for  a  body  moving  under  a 
constant  force  and  subject  to  no  condition  excejit  that  de- 
fining the  brachistochrone.  Until  recently  always  spelled 
hraidniatochrone. 


the  family  Brachycephalidm.  By  recent  herpetolo- 


pel-vic  bones  short, 
brachionichthyine  (brak"i-o-nik'thi-in),  a.  and 
n.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters 
of  the  Brachionichthyince. 

II.  n.  A  fish  of  the  subfamily  Brachionich- 
thyince. 

Brachionichthys  (brak"i-o-nik'this),  11.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  jipaxiuv,  arm,  -I-  ix^vg,  fish.]  A  genus  of 
fishes  with  pediculate  pectorals,  typical  of  the 
subfamily  Brachionichthyinm. 

brachionid  (bra-ki'o-nid),  n.  A  rotifer  of  the 
family  Brachionidw. 

Brachionidae  (brak-i-on'i-de),  M.  pl.  [NL.,  < 
Brachionus  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  rotifers,  in- 
cluding the  genera  Brach  ion  us.  Anuria,  Notwus; 
and  Sacculus,  having  a  broad  .shield-shaped  lori- 
cate body  and  short  jointed  foot:  in  a  wider 
sense  also  called  Brachionwa. 

Brachionus  (bra-M'o-nus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  jipa- 
X'w,  arm,  shoulder:  see  brachium.]  A  genus 
of  rotifers,  typical  of  the  family  Brachionidm  or 
Bruchionma.  B.  urceolaris  is  an  example.  See 
cut  under  trochal. 

brachiopod,  brachiopode  (brak'i-o-pod,  -podj, 
n.  and  a.  I.  n.  One  of  the  Brachi'opoda. 

In  most  Brachiopods,  the  oral  area  is  narrowed  to  a 
mere  groove,  and  is  produced  on  each  side  of  the  mouth 
into  a  long  spirally-coiled  arm,  fringed  with  tentacles ; 
whence  the  name  of  Brachiopoda,  applied  to  the  group. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  397. 
Age  of  brachiopods,  the  Silurian  period. 
II.  «.  Same  as  brachiopodous. 

Brachiopoda  (brak-i-op'o-da),  n.  pl.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  ftpaxiuv,  arm,  -I-  ttoiV '(™''-)  =  'E.  foot.]  A 
class  of  mollusk-like  animals  distinguished  by 
the  development  of  two 
labial  (generally  called 
brachial)  appendages,  di- 
verging from  either  side 
of  the  mouth.  The  animal  is 
invested  in  a  mantle  which  ex- 
tends laterally  and  forward,  is 
highly  vascular,  and  secretes  a 
.shell  composed  of  dorsal  and 
ventral  valves  opening  aborally ; 
it  is  without  foot  or  branchiie, 
respiration  being  etfected  liy  the 
branchial  mantle.  By  the  old- 
er naturalists  the  species  were  a  typical  Brachiopod  ( Tcrc 
regarded  as  bivalve  shells,  or  braiuia  vHrea). 


shoulder  to  the  elbow,  coinciding  in  extent 
with  the  humerus;  the  arm  proper,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  antebrachium  or  forearm. — 2. 
The  humerus.  [Rare.] — 3.  An  arm-like  process 
of  the  brain.  See 'phrases  below. — 4.  An  arm- 
like part  of  a  body.  Specifically— (a)  In  crinoids, 
one  of  the  rays  or  arms  given  otf  from  the  calyx,  and  to 
which  the  pinnuhe  may  be  attached.  See  cut  under  Cri- 
noidea.  (b)  In  cephalopods,  one  of  the  long  arms  or  ten- 
tacles which  bear,  in  the  AcetabuHfera,  the  rows  of  suckers. 
See  cut  under  Dibranchiata.  (c)  One  of  the  subunibrellar 
tentacular  processes  upon  the  brachiferous  disk  of  a  dis- 
cophorous  hydrozoaii.    See  cut  under  Discophora. 


Brazilian  Toad  i^Bracliycephatits  ephippium). 

gists  it  is  referred  to  the  family  Enyystomidm  (in  an  en- 
larged sense)  or  Phryniscidce.  B.  ephippium  is  a  small 
bright-yellow  Brazilian  toad,  with  a  bony  plate  saddled  on 
the  back. 

brachycephaly  (brak-i-sef'a-li),  n.  [<  brachy- 
cephal-ic  +  -y.]    Same  as  brachycephalism. 


The  long  tentacles  which  terminate  each  brachium  [of  BrachyCCra  (bra-kis^e-ra),  n.  pl.     [NL.,  neut. 
■    '      "  -  pl.  ot  brachycerus,  lit.  short-horned :  see  bra- 

chycerous.]  A  suborder  of  Diptcra,  including 
those  dipterous  or  two-winged  flies  which  have 
short  antennte,  apparently  not  more  than  three- 
jointed,  one-  or  two-jointed  paljii,  and  larvae 

developed  from  the  egg.  They  are  atmatic  or  ter- 
restrial, feeding  on  vegetable  or  animal  food,  or  parasitic, 
tlie  perfect  insect  feeding  on  the  juices  of  plants  or  ani- 
mals. The  great  majority  of  dipterous  insects,  including 
all  the  ordinary  flies,  lielong  to  this  suborder.  The  fam- 
ilies are  variously  grouped ;  by  some  they  are  classea  as 
Dichceloe,  TetraclicBt.ce,  and  JJi'xachcetce,  according  to  the 
number  of  pieces  composing  the  proboscis.  Another  di- 
vision is  into  two  tribes,  Muscaria  and  Tanystoniata, 

brachycerous  (bra-kis'e-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  brcv- 
chycerus,  lit.  short-horned, <  Gr.  I^pnxi-c,  short,  + 
Ktpac,  horn.]  In  en  torn.,  having  short  antennse ; 
specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Brachycera. 
brachydiagonal  (brak"i-di-ag'o-nal),  a.  and  n. 
[<  Gr. J^paxh,  short,  +  diagonal.]  "  I.  a.  Short 
and  diagonal :  as,  the  brachydiagonal  axis,  the 
shorter  lateral  axis  in  an  orthorhombic  crystal. 

II.  ri.  The  shorter  of  the  diagonals  in  a 
rhombic  prism. 

brachydomatic  (brak"i-do-mat'ik),  a.  [<  6m- 
chydome  -h  -atic^.]  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
a  braeliydome. 
brachyd'ome  (brak'i-dom),  n.  [<  Gr.  ftpaxk, 
short,  +  SCiiia  {dupaT-),  a  house,  chamber.]  In 
crystal.,  a  name  given  to  planes  in  the  ortho- 
rhombic  system  which  are  parallel  to  the  shorter 
lateral  (or  brachydiagonal)  axis  while  inter- 
secting the  other  two  axes.  See  domc'^,  5. 
Brachyelytra  (brak-i-el'i-tra),  n.  pl.  Same  as 
Brachi  lylra. 

Same  as 


Cephca]  are  blue.         Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  127,  note. 

5.  In  hot.,  an  arm-like  process  or  appendage: 
applied  by  Bentham  to  the  projecting  in-oeesses 
at  the  summit  of  the  column  in  some  orchids. 
—  Brachia  conjunctiva,  two  rounded  white  ti'acts  in  the 
brain  passing  forward,  one,  the  brachi nm  niiiiiiiii  tiiHtiii  an- 
terius,  from  the  nates,  and  the  other,  the  hnirliiinii  roiijunc- 
tivum  pofiteriiis,  from  the  testis,  on  the  (.ntcr  .side  of  the 
mesencephalon.  Also  called  lirachia  cin-pnriiui  ipiadri- 
rieiiniionini,  brachia  of  tlie  optic  ?ohe.v.— Brachia  COn- 
junctorla  or  COpulativa,  the  superior  peduncles  of  the 
cerebellum.- Brachia  of  the  optic  lobes.  See  brachia 
conjunctiva.— BrSLChiVLm  pontis,  the  middle  peduncle  of 
the  cerebellum,  a  median  ma.ss  of  fibrous  nerve-tissue 
connecting  the  pons  Varolii  with  the  cerebellum,  over- 
hung and  concealed  by  the  lateral  lobe  of  the  cerebellum. 
See  jnntibrachiuin. 

Brachmant,  «■    Same  as  Brahman. 
brachy-.    [NL.  brachy-,  <  Gr.  ppaxk,  short.] 

-An  element  in  some  words  of  Greek  origin, 

meaning  short. 

brachycatalectic  (brak-i-kat-a-lek'tik),  a.  and 
n.  [<  L.  brachycatalecticum,  prop,  brachycata- 
Icctum  (sc.  metrum,  meter),  <  Gr.  (^paxvicard'A?/- 
KTov  (sc.  perpnv,  meter),  <  Ppaxvg,  short,  +  */cara- 
IrjKTog,  verbal  adj.  of  KaTaAiiyeiv,  leave  off,  stop; 
cf.  KaTaArjKTiKui;,  deficient:  see  catalcctic]  I. 
a.  In  jn-os.,  wanting  the  last  foot  of  the  last 
dipody:  as,  a  brachycatalectic  verse  or  line.  This 
term  is  properly  applied  only  to  lines  measured  by  dipo- 
dies,  such  as  trochaics  and  iambics.  Tlie  ordinary  Eng- 
lish heroic  line,  as,  for  example, 

Of  miln's  first  dis  |  Obedience  and  |  thS  fruit, 
is  an  iambic  trimeter  brachycatalectic,  as  contrasted  with 
the  corresponding  acatalectic  trimeter,  as, 


Se6  how  he  lies  |  at  random,  care  |  Ifissly  diffus'd 

II.  n.  A  verse  wanting  the  last  foot  of  the  brachyelytrous  (brak-i-el'i-trus),  a 
last  dipody.  brachelytrous. 


brachygrapher 

brachygrapher  (bra-kig'ra-fei-),  n.  [<  bra- 
chygruphy  +  -eri.]  A -writer  in  shorthand:  a 
stenographer. 

He  asked  the  brachygrapher  whether  he  wrote  the  notes 
of  that  sermon.  Gaylon,  Notes  on  Don  Quixote,  i.  8. 

brachygraphy  (bra-kig'ra-fi),  n.  [=  F.  hrachy- 
graphie,  <  Gr.  lipaxh,  short,  +  -■}pa((>la,  <  ypaipav, 
wi-ite.]  The  art  or  practice  of  wi-iting  iu  short- 
hand ;  stenography. 

And  lie  is  to  take  the  whole  dances  from  the  foot  by 
brachi/rjraphy,  and  so  make  a  memorial,  if  not  a  map  of 
the  business.  B.  Jonson,  Pans  Anniversary. 

What  have  we  here  — the  Art  of  Brachigraphy  ? 

Marston  aiid  Barksted,  Insatiate  Countess,  v. 

brachykeplialic,  brachykephalous,  etc.  See 

hrachijcepitalic,  brachijcephalous,  etc. 
brachylogy  (bra-kil'o-ji),  n.   [=  F.  brachylogie, 

<  Gr.  [Spaxv?u)yla,  brevity  in  speech  or  writing,  < 
fipaxv/ioyo^,  short  in  speech,  <  (ipaxvc,  short,  + 
Myuy,  speak.]  In  rltet.  and  gram.,  brevity  of 
diction;  a  concise  or  abridged  form  of  expres- 
sion ;  especially,  non-repetition  or  omission  of 
a  word  when  its  repetition  or  use  would  be  ne- 
cessary to  complete  the  grammatical  construc- 
tion: as,  I  do  not  think  so  now,  but  I  have 
(thought  so) ;  this  is  as  good  (as)  or  better  than 
that. 

Brachymeridse  (brak-i-mer'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL., 

<  Brachymerus,  2,  +  -idee.']  A  family  of  batra- 
chians,  named  from  the  genus  Brachymerus. 
GiintJier. 

Brachymerus  (brak-i-me'rus),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

ppaxk,  short,  +  fnjpog,  a  thigh.]  1.  In  entom. : 
(a)  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects,  named  by 
Dejean  in  1834.  (6)  A  genus  of  hymenopterous 
msects.— 2.  In  lierpet.,  the  typical  genus  of 
Brachymeridw.  Smith,  1849. —  3.  A  genus  of 
brachiopods,  of  the  family  Pentameridai.  N.  S. 
Shaler,  1865. 
brachjrtnetropia  (brak'i-me-tro'pi-a),  n.  [NL., 

<  Gv. ,  jBpax'vc,  short,  -f-  fierpov,  measm-e,  +  inp 
(uT-),  eye,  sight.]    Same  as  myopia. 

brachymetropic  (brak"i-me-trop'ik),  a.  Same 
as  myopic. 

brachymetropy  (brak-i-met'ro-pi),  n.  See  bra- 
chymetroj)iu. 

brachyodont  (brak'i-o-dont),  a.  [<  Gr.  Ppaxk, 
short,  +  bSohg  (bdovr-j  =  E.  tooth.]  Having  a 
short  or  low  crown :  applied  to  the  teeth  of  the 
Cercidw:  distinguished  from  hijpsodont.  See 
extract. 


653 

In  the  topaz  crystal  the  hrachyprism  and  the  pyramid 
are  the  predominant  elements,  associated  with  the  prism. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  300. 

Brachypteracias  (bra-kip-te-ra'si-as),  n .  [NL. , 

<  brachypterus  (see  hrachypterous)  +  (Cor)acia.s: 
see  Coracias.]  A  remarkable  genus  of  Mada- 
gascan  piearian  birds,  of  the  family  Coraciidce. 
The  type  is  B.  Icptosoma.  Lafresnayc,  1834. 
Brachypteraciinse  (bra-kip-te-ra-si-i'ne),  n.pl. 
[NL.,  <  Brachypteracias  +  -in'w.']  The  gi-oimd- 
i-ollers,  a  peculiar  Madagascan  subfamily  of 
birds,  of  the  family  Coraciidw,  represented  by 
the  genera  Brachypteracias,  Atelornis,  anil 
Geobiastcs. 

Brachypterae  (bra-kip ' te-re),  jj?.  [NL., 
fern.  pi.  of  brachypterus :  see  hrachypterous.']  1. 
In  Cuvier's  system  of  classification,  a  division  of 
Palmipedes,  embracing  diving-birds,  as  grebes, 
loons,  auks,  and  penguins.— 2.  In  Sundevall's 
system  of  classification,  the  fourth  phalanx  of 
the  cohort  Cichlomorphw,  embracing  three  fami- 
lies of  the  short-winged,  long-tailed  wren-war- 
blers of  the  Australian,  Indian,  and  Ethiopian 
regions. 

Brachypteri  (bra-Mp'te-ri),  n.jn.  [NL.,  masc. 
pi.  of  brachypterus-:  see  brachypterous.]  In 
ornith.,  a  gi-oup  of  short-winged  diving-birds, 
as  the  auks,  loons,  and  gi-ebes ;  the  Urinatores 
or  Pygopodes  of  some  authors. 

brachypterous  (bra-kip 'te-ms),  a.  [<  NL. 
brachypterus  (>  F.  brachyptere),  <  Gr.  jipaxv- 
TTTepoc,  short-winged,  <  [ipaxvg,  short,  +  irrepdv,  a 
wing,  feather,  =  E.  feather.]  In  ornith.,  having 
short  wings;  brevipennate.  Specifleally  applied  to 

those  water-birds,  as  tlie  Brachypteri  or  Brachyptcrre 
"'hose  wings  when  folded  do  not  reach  to  the  root  of  the 


Brachyurus 

of  braehycerous  dipterous  insects,  character- 
ized by  the  short  proboscis.  It  is  composed  of 
such  families  as  the  Leptidw,  Thcrcvidai,  Doli- 
chopodidw,  and  Syrphida: 

brachystomatou's,  brachystomous  (brak-i- 
sto'ma-tus,  bra-kis'to-mus),  a.  [As  Brachy- 
stomata,  Brachystoma,' +  -ous.]  Having  a  small 
or  short  mouth,  beak,  or  proboscis;  specifically, 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  Brachystomata. 

Brachsrtarsi  (brak-i-tiir'si),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
fy'ax^c,  short,  -f  Tapmc,  the  flat  of  the  foot, 
mod.  tarsus:  see  tarsus.]  A  division  of  the 
order  Prosimiie  or  lemuroids,  represented  by 
the  lemurs  proper. 

Brachyteles  (bra-kit 'e-lez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
lipax'rc,  short,  +  tIIqc,  end,  with  ref.  to  Atcles, 
q.  v.]  A  genus  of  South  American  spider-mon- 
keys, having  a  thumb,  though  a  short  one  :  sep- 
arated by  Spix  from  Ateles:  synonymous  with 
Eriodcs  (which  see). 

brachytypous  (bra-kit'i-pus),  a.  [<  Gr.  ftpaxk, 
short,  +  tL-ttoc,  form,  type.]  In  mineral.,  of  a 
short  fonn. 

Brachjrura  (brak-i-u'ra),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  less  cor- 
rectly Brachyoura;  neut.  pi.  of  brachyurus,  short- 
tailed:  see  brachyurous.]  1.  A  group  of  short- 
tailed  stalk-eyed 


tail. 


The  tf-ue  molars  of  the  Cervidie  are  brachyodont,  and 
those  of  tlie  Bovidie  hypsodont ;  i.  e.,  the  teeth  of  the 
former  have  comparatively  short  crowns,  which  .  .  .  take 
their  place  at  once  with  the  neck  ...  on  a  level  witli  or 
a  little  above  the  alveolar  border. 

ir.  H.  Flower,  in  Encyc.  Brit.,  XV.  431. 

Brachyoura,  brachyoural,  brachyouran,  etc. 

See  Brachyura,  etc. 
brachypinacoid  (brak-i-pin'a-koid),  n.  [<  Gr. 
lipax'vg,  short,  +  pinacoid.]  In  crystal.,  a  plane 
in  the  orthorhombic  system  which  is  parallel 
to  the  vertical  and  shorter  lateral  (brachydiag- 
onal)  axes. 

trachypleural  (brak-i-pl6'ral),  a.  [<  Gr.  flpaxk, 
short,  +  NL.  2}leura  +  -al.]'  Literally,  having 
short  pleura :  specifically  said  of  trilobites  all  of 
whose  anterior  pleura  are  of  the  same  relative 
length  in  the  adult :  opposed  to  macropleural. 

The  Swedish  Paradoxides,  like  those  of  the  typical  Me- 
nevian  beds,  and  unlike  those  of  Bohemia,  are  all,  so  far  as 
determmed,  of  the  Brachypleural  type. 

Amer.  jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  XXXIII.  475. 

Brachypodes  (bra-kip'6-dez),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Gr.  iSpaxk,  short,  -1-  ttovc;  (-ocJ-)  =  E.  foot.]  In 
Sundevall's  classification  of  birds,  the  sixth 
phalanx  of  the  cohort  Cichlomorphce,  including 
8  families  of  dentirostral  oscine  Passeres,  such 
as  the  waxwings,  orioles,  swallow-flycatchers, 
caterpillar-catchers,  and  drongo-shrikes. 
Brachypodinse  (brak"i-po-di'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Brachypus  (-pod-),  4  (d),  +  -inm.]  A  sub- 
family of  the  family  MeruUdw  (Swainson),  com- 
prismg  short-legged  thrushes  now  knowm  as 
PycnoHotidw,  and  various  other  birds.  [Not  in 
use.] 

brachypodine  (bra-kip'o-din),  a.  and  n.  I. 

a.  Short-footed,  as  a  thrush  ;  specifically,  of  or 

pertaining  to  the  Brachypodime. 
II.  n.  A'birdotth.esuhiamiljBrachypodince. 
brachypodous  (bra-kip'6-dus),  a.    [As  Brachy- 

pod-es  +  -ous.]    1.  In  b'ot.,  having  a  short  foot 

or  stalk.— 2.  In  0od7.,  short-footed.    See  .Bra- 

chypus,  Brachypodes. 
brachyprism  ( brak'i-prizm),  n.    [<  Gr.  Ppaxk. 

short,  -f-  -piGfia,  a  prism.]    In  crystal.,  a  prism 

of  an  orthorhombic  crystal  lying  between  the 

unit  prism  and  the  brachy|3inaeoid. 


Brachypus  (brak'i-pus),  n.  [NL.  (pi.  bmchy- 
podes),  <  Gr.  Ppaxk,  short,  -f  Tror?  \  -o6-)  =  E. 
foot.]  1.  In  herpet.,  a  genus  of  lizards.  Fitz- 
inger,  1826. — 2.  In  conch.,  a  genus  of  gastro- 
pods.— 3.  In  entom. :  (a)  A  genus  of  beetles. 
Schdnherr,  1826.  (&)  A  genus  of  dipterous  in- 
sects, of  the  family  Dolichopiodidw.  Meigen, 
1824.— 4.  In  ornith.:  (a)  A  genus  of  swifts. 
Meyer,  1815.  See  Apus,  Micropus.  and  Cypselus. 
(b)  A  genus  of  thrushes  and  other  birds,  of  the 
subfamily  Brachypodinw.  Swainson,  1824. 
brachypyramid  (brak-i-pir'a-mid),  n.  [<  Gr. 
i^paxL^,  short,  -f  TTvpajiic,  pyramid.]  In  crystal., 
a  pyramid  in  an  orthorhombic  crystal  lying  be- 
tween the  zone  of  unit  pyramids  and  the  brachy- 
domes. 

Brachyrhamphus  (brak-i-ram'fus),  n.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  jipax'ig,  short,  -1-  pd/2<pog,  bill,  snout.]  A 
genus  of  brachypterous  brachyurous  tridaetyl 
palmiped  birds,  of  the  family  Alcidce,  the  mur- 
relets,  several  species  of  which  inhabit  the  Pa- 
cific coasts  of  Asia  and  America,  b.  kittutzi  and 

B.  hypoleucvs,  the  latter  inhabiting  Lower  California  are 
the  leading  species.  They  are  small,  slender-billed  murres 
related  to  the  species  of  (J ria,  or  guillemots.  B.  maniio- 
ratus  IS  the  marl)led  murrelet.    Also  Brachyramphus 

Brachyrhynchinse  (brak'i-ring-ki'ne),  «.  pi. 
IN'L.,  < Brachyrhynchus,!,  +  -ina'.]  Asubfamily 
of  heteropterous  insects,  of  the  taraily  Aradidw, 
typified  by  the  genus  Brachyrhi/nchus.  They  have 
a  very  short  rostrum  (whence  the  name),  thickened  mar- 
gms  of  the  posterior  segments  of  the  abdomen,  and  the 
elytra  confined  within  the  limits  of  the  abdominal  disk 
Also  Bracht/rliynchina. 

Brachsrrhynchus  (brak-i-ring'kus),  n.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  iipaxk,  short,  +  phyxoc,  a  snout,  beak.]  1. 
In  entom.,  the  typical  genus  of  Brachyrhi/nchi- 
nai.  Laporte,  1833.— 2.  A  genus  of  reptiles. 
Fitzingcr,  1843. 

brachystochrone,  n.  Erroneous,  though  the 
original  and  until  recently  the  usual,  spelling 
of  brachistochrone. 

Brachystola  (bra-kis'to-la),  V.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
(ipaxic,  short,  +  GToXr/,  a'robe,  stole :  seestole^.] 
A  genus  of  orthopterous  insects,  of  the  family 


decapodous  cms 
taeeans,  such  as 
ordinary  crabs: 
opposed  to  Mac- 
>'Mm  (which  see). 

The  short  and  small 
tail,  or  abdomen,  is 
closely  folded  under 
the  cephalothorax, 
forming  the  apron. 
The  Brachyura  are 
sometimes  artificial- 
ly divided  into  four 
groups,  Oxystomata, 
Oxyrhyncha,  Cyclo- 
metopa,  and  Cata- 
metopa ;  now  more 
frequently  into 
about  16  families, 
without  siiperfami- 
ly  grouping. 
2.  In  mammal., 
a  group  of  short- 
tailed  bats,  the 
same  as  Embal- 
lonuridce  (which 
see). 

Also 
oura. 

brachyural 

(brak-i-ii'ral),  a. 
[As  brachyur-ous 
+  -al.]  Short- 


Lubber  Grasshopper  iBrachyslola  magna). 

AcrididfP.  B.  magna  is  a  large  clurasv  locust,  common 
on  the  western  plams  of  North  America,  where  it  is  known 
as  the  luliher  grasshopper. 

Brachystoma,  Brachystomata  (bra-kis'to-ma, 
brak-i-sto'ma-ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  iipaxk, 
short,  +  a-ofi'a,  pi.  aTOjiaTa,  mouth.]   A  division 


Carapace  of  Shorc-CTah  { Carcinns  mtg- 
tiasi,  a  typical  brachyuran,  showing  the 
parts  of  the  dorsal  and  ventral  surfaces. 
Upper  figure  (dorsal)  :  /.rostrum;  o,  orbit; 
ri.  cervical  groove  ;  i'l,  epigastric  lobe; 
£'-,  protogastric  ;  mesogastric ;  hy- 
pogastric ;  urogastric;  c,  d.  anterior 
n^^^l,,,  ?,  Pos'ef'nr  cardiac  lobes;  h,  hepatic 
BraChy-  lobe;  H,  1,2,  1,3,  epibranchial,  ruesobran- 
chial,  and  metabranchial  lobes. 

Lower  figure  (ventral):  a,  rostral  sep- 
tum; d,  antennary  sternum,  or  episloma; 
c.  suture  between  a  and  d.  supraciliary 
lobe  :  e,  internal  suborbital  lobe  ;  /,  anten- 
na articular  cavity  for  ophthalmite  ;  A, 
same  for  the  antennule;  o,  orbit;  sh,  sub- 
.         -  hepatic  region ;  <7>,  anterior  pleural  region. 

tailed :  applied 

to  a  section  of  the  Crustacea,  as  the  crabs,  to 
distinguish  them  from  the  macrurous  or  long- 
tailed  crustaceans,  as  the  lobsters.  Also  spelled 
brachyoural. 

brachyuran  (brak-i-u'ran),  n.  [As  brachyur-ous 
+  -an.]    One  of  the  brachyurous  crustaceans. 
Also  brachyouran . 
brachyure  (brak'i-iir),  n.    [<  NL.  Brachyurus: 
see  brachyurous.]    1.  A  South  American  mon- 
key of  the  genus  Brachyurus,  in  the  classifica- 
tion of  Spix.— 2.  An  ant-thrush  or  breve  of 
the  genus  Pitta  (or  Brachyurus).—  3.  A  crab  or 
other  brachyurous  crustacean. 
Brachyuridse  (brak-i-ii'ri-de),  n.  pi.   [NL.,  < 
Brachyurus,  2,   +  -idee.]     Same  as  Pittidce. 
[Not  in  use.] 
brachyurous  ("brak-i-ii'ms),  c.    [<  NL.  brachy- 
urus, short-tailed,  <  Gr.  fipaxvc,  short,  -f  oipa, 
tail.]    1.  Short-tailed;  having  a  short  tail. 

The  prevalence  of  Macrurous  before  Brachvuro^is  Po- 
dophthalmia  is,  apparently,  a  fair  piece  of  evidence  in 
favour  of  progressive  modification  in  the  same  order  of 
Crustacea.  Huxley,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  223. 

2.  Specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Brachy- 
ura. 

Also  brachyourous. 
Brachyurus  (brak-i-u'rus),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

jipaxrc,  short,  -i-  orpd,  tail.]  1.  A  genus  of 
South  American  monkeys,  of  the  familv  Cebidce 
and  subfamily  Fithcciinw,  containing  the  oua- 
kaiis  or  short-tailed  sakis,  of  which  there  are 
several  species,  as  B.  cebus,  B.  rubicunda.  B. 
oualari.  This  genus  was  proposed  bv  Spix 
in]823;  it  is  also  called  0ual-aria.-^2.  A 
genus  of  birds,  the  leading  one  of  the  family 
Pittidce  (or  Brachyurida;){  the  breves  or  old- 
world  ant-thrushes,  in  this  sense  the  word  was 
introduced  by  Thuiiberg  in  1S21 ;  it  was  revived  by  Bona- 
parte in  IS.iO,  and  then  used  by  Elliot  in  his  monograph 
of  the  Pittidce;  but  it  is  now  disused. 


bracing 

bracing  (bra'sing),  It.    [Verbal  u.  of  hmce^,  i'.] 

1.  The  act  of  one  that  braces,  or  the  state  of 
being  braced. 

The  moral  sinew  of  the  English,  inck  i  il,  must  have  been 
strong  when  it  admitted  of  such  striii'^cnt  braciiKj. 

Frond,',  Hist.  Eny.,  i. 

2.  In  engin.,  a  system  of  braces:  as,  the  hra- 
ciiiff  of  a  truss. 

bracing  (bra'sing),  ]>.  a.  [Ppr.  of  hran'^,  c] 
Having  tlio  quality  of  giving  strength  or  tone ; 
invigorating :  as,  a  bracing  air. 

To  read  him  [Dryden]  is  as  braciwj  as  a  northwest  wind. 

Lo  well,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  79. 

bracket  (brak),  n.  [Not  found  in  correspond- 
ing form  and  sense  in  ME.  or  AS.  (though  agree- 
ing in  form  with  tlie  closely  related  early  ME. 
brae,  <  AS.  gcbraw,  gebrcc,  =  OS.  gibrak  =  MLG. 
brak  —  OHG.  gahreh,  MHG.  gcbrech  =  Icel.  brak 
=  Sw.  brak  =  Dan.  hr<ig,  a  loud  noise) ;  ef. 
MLG.  brak,  neut.,  rarely  masc,  equiv.  to  brake, 
fern.,  a  break,  breach,  defect,  trespass,  =  MD. 
braeeke,  D.  braak,  fern.,  breach,  breaking,  btu"- 
glary,  -  OHG.  brdeha,  MHG.  brdche,  fem., 
breaking  (of  ground  after  harvest:  see  brakc^). 
The  word,  in  E.,  is  practically  another  form  of 
breck  (q.  v.),  which,  with  the  equiv.  brake^, 
breek^,  and  break,  n.,  is  practically  a  var.  of 
breach  (q.  v.),  break  and  breach  being  the  usual 
representatives,  in  noun  form,  of  the  orig.  verb, 
AS.  brecan,  E.  break,  etc. :  see  break,  breck, 
breach.']  1.  A  break  or  opening  in  anything;  a 
breach;  a  rent.    [Still  in  dialectal  use.] 

Tlie  last  hour  of  his  promise  now  run  out, 

And  he  break?    Some  brack's  in  the  frame  of  nature 

That  foreeth  his  breach. 

Chapman,  Kevenge  of  Bussy  D'Ambois,  iv.  1. 
There  waru't  a  brack  in  his  silk  stockin's. 

Mrs.  Slijive,  Oldtown,  p.  59. 

2.  A  flaw ;  a  defect ;  an  imperfection. 

You  may  find  time  out  in  eternity,  .  .  . 
Ere  stain  or  in-ack  in  her  sweet  reputation. 

Fletcher,  Wife  for  a  Month,  i.  1. 

3.  A  broken  part;  apiece. 

bracket  (brak),  v.  t.  [A  var.  of  break ;  cf .  bracks, 
M.]    To  break. 

brackSf  (brak),  n.  [Prop,  adj.,  <  D.  brak,  MD. 
brack  {—  MLG.  brack,  LG.  brak,  brackish,  briny), 
in  comp.  brak-water,  brackish  water,  brak-goed, 
goods  spoiled  by  salt  water  (>Dan.  brak,  G. 
brack,  brackish  (in  comp.  brackwasscr,  brackgut, 
etc.);  G.  brack,  refuse,  trash);  prob.  same  as 
MD.  brack,  fit  to  be  thrown  away,  and  ult.,  like 
brackX,  from  the  root  of  break,  q.  v.  Cf.  brack- 
ish, bracky.']    Brackish  water;  saltwater. 

Scoru'd  that  the  brack  should  kiss  her  following  keel. 
Drayton,  Wm.  de  la  Poole  to  Queen  Margaret,  i.  316. 

brack^  (brak),  n.  [A  var.  of  brake^,  «.]  A  kind 
of  harrow.    HaUiwell.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

bracken  (brak'en),  n.  [<  ME.  braken,  hrakan, 
etc.,  a  northern  form,  Sc.  bracken,  brechan, 
breckan,  brecken,  braikin;  of  Scand.  origin:  < 
Sw.  brdken  =  Dan.  bregne,  fern,  bracken;  cf. 
Icel.  burkni,  fern  ;  AS.  braccc,  fern :  see  brake^,'] 
A  fem,  especially  the  Pterin  aquiUna  and  other 
large  ferns.    See  brake^. 

The  bracken  rusted  on  their  crags. 

Tennyson,  Edwin  Morris. 

bracken-clock  (brak'en-klok),  n.  A  lamelli- 
eorn  beetle,  Anisoplia  "{Phyllopertha)  horticola, 
the  larva  of  which  is  very  destructive  to  grasses 
and  trees.  Curtis. 
bracket!  (brak'et),  >i.  [Early  mod.  E.  braggvt; 
prob.  connected  with  Sp.  bragueta,  a  kind  of 
quarter  or  projecting  molding,'  a  particular  use 
of  bragueta  {=  OF.  bragnetfe ),  the  opening  of  the 
fore  part  of  a  pair  of  breeches,  <  Sp.  Pg.  bragas, 
breeches :  see  breech.  The  word  is  usually  as- 
sociated with  ftracei.]  1.  A  supporting  piece 
or  combination  of  pieces  of  moderate  projec- 
tion, generally  springing  from  a  vertical  sur- 
face, (a)  In  arch.,  an  ornamental  projection  from  the 
face  of  a  wall,  intended  to  support  a  statue,  pier,  etc. ;  a 
corbel,  (b)  In  carp.:  (1)  A 
wooden  support  of  triangu- 
lar outline  placed  under  a 
shelf  or  the  like.  (2)  An  or- 
namental piece  supporting  a 
haniiucr-licain.  (3)  A  tie  for 
strengthening  angles,  (c)  One 
of  the  stays  that  hold  a  loco- 
motive-boiler to  the  frame; 
also,  of  those  used  to  hold  the 
slide-bars,  (d)  Any  projecting 
wooden  or  metal  piece  fas- 
tened to  a  wall  or  other  sur- 
face as  a  support  for  some  ob- 
ject. Brackets  for  machinery 
are  of  very  many  <litferent 
forms,  according  to  the  situa- 
tions in  which  they  are  placed 
and  the  uses  for  which  they 
serve,  as  wall-brackets,  hanging-brackets  or  hangers,  etc. 
See  hanger. 


654 

2.  A  gas-pipe  with  a  burner,  and  often  a  sup- 
port for  a  shade  or  globe,  projecting  from  a 
wall  or  pillar.  Such  brackets  are  commonly  provided 
with  one  or  more  joints,  in  order  that  the  position  of  the 
light  may  be  changed,  and  that  the  bracket  may  be  folded 
in  a  small  space  when  not  in  use. 

3.  In  gun.,  the  cheek  of  a  mortar-carriage,  made 
of  strong  planking. —  4.  One  of  two  marks  [  ], 
formerly  called  crotcliets,  used  to  inclose  a  note, 
reference,  explanation,  or  the  like,  and  thus  sep- 
arate it  from  the  context;  sometimes,  also,  one 

of  a  pair  of  braces  |  |-  similarly  used,  or  a  sin- 
gle brace  |  used  to  couple  two  or  more  lines 
or  natnes.  Hence  —  5.  The  position  of  being 
classed  or  bracketed  with  another  or  others. 
Specifically,  in  the  University  of  Cambridge,  from  177!)  to 
1834,  one  of  a  numtier  of  classes  into  which  candidates  for 
the  degree  of  B.  A.  were  divided  according  to  their  ex- 
cellence at  the  first  three  days'  examinations.  The  class- 
list  was  called  the  braclo'tx,  and  the  last  day's  examination 
the  examination  of  the  brackets. 

A  candidate  who  was  dissatisfied  with  his  bracket  might 
challenge  any  other  candidate  he  pleased  to  a  fresh  ex- 
amination. 

J.  \V.  L.  Glaisher,  Proc.  Lond.  Math.  Soe.,  xviii.  12. 

6t.  A  name  given  to  a  head-dress  of  the  four- 
teenth century. —  7.  In  mining,  the  platform 
over  the  mouth  of  a  shaft, 
bracket^  (brak'et),  v.  t.  [<  brackcf^,  x.]  1.  To 
furnish  with  or  support  by  a  bracket  or  brack- 
ets ;  in  writing  and  2»'inting,  to  place  within 
brackets. —  2.  To  place  on  or  within  the  same 
bracket  or  brackets;  join  or  mention  together 
as  coequal  or  correlative ;  connect  by  or  as  if  by 
a  printers'  brace:  as,  the  names  of  Smith  and 
Jones  are  bracketed,  or  bracketed  together,  as 
candidates.  [For  a  corresponding  use  of  the 
noun,  see  bracket^,  n.,  5.] 
bracket^,  n.  Same  as  bragget^. 
bracket-crab  (brak'et-krab),  «.  A  hoisting  ap- 
paratus fastened  to  a 
wall. 

bracketing  (brak '  et  - 
ing),  n.  [<  bracket^  + 
-wififl.]  The  series  of 
wooden  ribs  nailed  to 
the  ceiling,  joists,  and 
battening  to  support 
cornices,  especially 
large  plaster  cornices. 
—  Cove  bracketing.  See 

cove-bracketing. 

bracket-trail  (bralv'et- 
tral),  MHit.,  a  kind 
of  built-up  trail  former- 
ly used,  consisting  of 
two  girders  or  brackets 
connected  by  transoms. 
Those  designed  for  siege-guns  were  longer  and  had  two 
sets  of  trunnion-beds.  For  traiisimrtatinn  the  trunnions 
were  sliifted  to  tlie  traveling;  ti  iiiininn-lK'ds  or  those  near- 
est the  trunnioii-phite.    .See  tritil. 

brackish  (brak'ish),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  brak- 
ish ;  <  brack'^  +  -/.s7ii.]  Possessing  a  salt  or 
somewhat  salt  taste ;  salt  in  a  moderate  de- 
gree :  applied  to  water. 

Choakt  with  the  labouring  ocean's  brackish  fome. 

Marstun,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  I.  i. 


brad 

Bracon  (brak'on),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  ich- 
neumon-flies, giving  name  to  the  family  Braco- 
nida'.  U.  impostor  and  B.  charus 
(Eiley)  are  examples. 

Braconidse  (bra-kon'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Bracon  +  -idee.']  A  family 
of  pupivorous  hymenopterous  in- 
sects, otherwise  known  as  Ichneu- 
moncs  adsciti,  distinguished  from 
tlie  true  ichneumon-flies  by  having 
only  one  recurrent  nerve  in  the  fore 
wing  instead  of  two.  The  larva)  most- 
ly infest  caterpillars  and  the  larva;  of  bee- 
tles living  in  wood.  The  genera  are  nu- 
merous.  Also  Braconidcs,  liracvnites. 

braconni^re  (bra-kon-iar'),  h.  [P., 
<  L.  braca',  breeches :  see  braca; 
breech.']  In  the  later  times  of  com- 
plete armor,  a  defense  for  the 
thighs  and  hips,  composed  of  ring- 
shaped  plates  of  steel  worn  hori-  BraconmSrefn)- 

zontally  one  below  another,  form-  L-duc's  ^''Dictl 
ing  a  ivind  of  skirt,  and  secured  J^.  Mowiier  fran- 
to  one  another  either  by  vertical 
straps  to  which  each  plate  was  riveted,  or  by 
being  sewed  to  a  skirt  of  stutf ,  or  by  rivets  slid- 
ing in  grooves.  See  Almain-rirct. 
bract  (brakt),  n.  [=  P.  bractee,  <  L.  bractea, 
also  brattea,  a  thin  plate  of  metal,  gold-leaf, 

veneer.]  1.  In 
bot.,  a  leaf  in 
a  flower-cluster 
or  subtending  a 
flower,  usually 
differing  some- 
what from  an 
ordinary  leaf  in 
size,  form,  or 
texture,  often 
much  reduced, 
and  sometimes 
petaloid,  liigh- 
ly  colored,  and 
very  conspicu- 
ous. —  2.  In 
soot.,  a  part  of 


Bracts. 

.  Campanula  :  a,  a,  bracts;  6,  t>,  brac- 


Bracket-crab. 
a,  a,  frame :  b,  post ;  c,  handle  ; 
d,  sheave-block. 


brackishness  (brak'ish-nes),  ».  The  quality  of 
being  brackish ;  saltness  in  a  slight  degree. 

brackly  (brak'li),  a.  [E.  dial.,  as  if  <  brack'^  + 
but  rather  a  var.  of  brocklc  —  brickie :  see 
brickie.]    Brittle.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

Brackmanf,       Same  as  Brahman. 

brackyt  (brak'i),  a.  [<  brack^  +  -i/l.]  Same 
as  brackish  :  as,  '^bracky  fountains,"  Drayton. 


J 


Bracket  for  Statue.— Cathe- 
dral  of  Reims,  France;  13th 
century. 


Bracon  charus.    (Cross  shows  natural  size.) 


,  Mangold:    a,  a,  bracts  of  the        1     j  t 

peduncle;  A.bractsoftheinvolucre.  (From  a  llyai'OZOan  ll- 

Le  Maout  and  Decaisne's  "  Trait*  giniral  ]jened  tO  a  braCt 
dc  Botanique.  )  i.  ,  , 

ot  a  plant ;  a 
hydrophyllium.  See  cuts  under  Athorybia  and 
hydrophyllium. —  3.  A  thin  plate  of  metal  used 
as  an  ornament,  as,  for  example,  one  of  the 
gold  disk-like  ornaments  made  in  Scandinavian 
countries  in  the  Viking  age. 

bracteal  (brak'te-al),  a.  [=  F.  bracteal,  <  LL. 
hructeulis,  of  metallic  plates,  <  L.  bractea :  see 
bract.]    Relating  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  bract. 

bracteate  (brak'te-at),  a.  and  n.  F.  bracte- 
ate,  <  L.  bracteatus,  covered  with  gold-leaf,  < 
bractea :  see  bract.]  I.  a.  Fimiished  with 
bracts,  in  any  sense  of  that  word. 

II.  n.  In  numis.,  one  of  certain  silver  coins 
current  in  the  middle  ages, 
chiefly  in  Germany.  Bracte- 
atcs  were  first  issued  al)out  the 
middle  of  the  twelfth  century, 
were  of  veiy  thin  material,  and 
stamped  with  a  design  in  re- 
pousse. 

bracted  (brak 'ted),  a.  [< 
bract  +  -ed'^.]  Furnished 
with  bracts. 

bracteiform    (brak '  te  -  i  - 

form),  a.     [—  F.  bractei- 

forme ;  <  L.  bractea,  a  thin 

plate  (mod.  E.  bract),  +  forma,  shape.] 

hot.,  resembling  a  bract, 
bracteolate  (brak'te-o-lat),  a.    [<  L.  bracteola 

(see  bracteole)  +  -ate^.]    Furnished  with  brac- 

teoles. 

bracteole  (brak'te-61),  iu  [=  P.  bracteole;  <  L. 
bracteola,  a  thin  leaf  of  gold,  in  NL.  a  little 
bract,  dim.  of  bractea  :  see  bract.]  In  hot.,  a 
little  bract  situated  on  a  partial  flower-stalk  or 
pedicel,  between  the  bract  and  the  calyx,  and 
usually  smaller  than  the  true  bract.  Also  called 
bractlet.    See  cut  imder  bract. 

bractless-  (brakt'les),  a.  [<  bract  +  -less.]  In 
bot.,  destitute  of  bracts. 

bractlet  (brakt'let),  n. 
Same  as  bracteole. 

brad  (brad),  n.  [<  ME.  hrad,  usually  brod.  Sc. 
brod  (also  prod:  see  prod),  <  Icel.  broddr,  a 
spike,  =  Sw.  brodd  —  Dan.  brodde,  a  frost-nail, 
=  AS.  brord,  >  ME.  brurd,  a  point,  blade,  or 
spire  of  grass ;  cf .  Corn,  bros,  a  sting ;  perhaps 
ult.  connected  with  bristle,  q.  v.  See  braird, 
breer^.]     A  slender  flat  nail  ha'ving,  instead 


German  Bracteate,  Brit- 
ish Museum.  (Size  of  the 
original. ) 


In 


[<  bract  +  dim.  -let.] 


brad 

of  a  head,  a  slight  projection  on  one  side,  it 
is  used  when  it  is  desii-able  that  the  head  should  not 
project,  as  in  joinery,  cabinet-work,  and  pattern-makers' 
work. 

brad  (brad),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  braddcd,  ppr. 
braddiug.    [<  brad,  «.]    To  nail  with  brads. 

brad-awl  (brad'al),  n.  An  awl  used  to  make 
holes  for  brads. 

brad-driver  (brad'dri''''ver),  n.  A  tool  used 
principally  for  fastening  moldings  to  door- 
,  panels  with  brads.  It  consists  of  a  holder  and 
a  plunger  di-iven  by  a  mallet.  Also  called 
brad-setter. 

Bradford  clay.   See  clmj. 

bradoon  (bra-don'),  n.    Same  as  bridoon. 

brad-setter  (brad'sef'er),  v.  Same  as  brad- 
driver. 

bradyarthria  (brad-i-ar'thri-a),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  lipaSbg,  slow,  -I-  apdpov,  a  joiiit.]  In  pathoL, 
slowness  of  speech  dependent  on  disease  or  de- 
fect in  the  nerve-centers  of  articulation.  Also 
called  bradylalia. 

bradycrote'  (brad'i-krot),  a.  [<  Gr.  lipadvg, 
slow,  +  KpoToc,.  a  beating,  clapping,  etc.]  In 
med.,  pertaining  to  or  producing  infrequency 
of  pulse. 

bradylalia- (brad-i-la'li-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Ppa6vg,  slow,  -I-  AdAof,  talking,  talkative.]  Same 
as  bradyarthria. 

bradypepsia  (brad-i-pep'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
flpaSvireipta,  <  ftpadhg,  slow,  +  TVEfi^,  digestion, 
<  TreiTTEiv,  digest.]    Slow  digestion. 

bradyphasia  (brad-i-fa'zi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Ppa^hg,  slow,  +  <j)dai^,  speaking,  <  (jidvai,  speak.] 
Slowness  of  speech. 

bradyphrasia  (brad-i-fra'zi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Ppad'vc,  slow,  -1-  <ppaai^,  speech;  see  phrase.']  In 
pathoL,  slowness  of  speech  due  to  mental  de- 
fect or  disease. 

bradypod,  bradypode  (brad'i-pod,  -pod),  n. 
A  slow-moving  animal;  a  sloth;  one  of  the 
Bradypoda. 

Bradypoda  (bra-dip'o-da),  w.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

fipa6vKoSa,  neut.  pi.  of  iTpadlvovg,  slow  of  foot : 
see  Bradypus.']  A  term  proposed  by  Blumen- 
bach  for  an  order  of  mammals,  nearly  the  same 
as  the  subsequently  named  Cuvierian  Edentata, 
or  the  earlier  Bruta  of  Linnaeus:  applied  in  a 
more  restricted  sense  to  the  sloths  and  sloth- 
like edentates :  synonymous  with  Tardigrada. 
See  sloth. 

bradypode,  w.    See  bradypod. 

bradypodia  ( bra-dip 'o-did),  n.    An  edentate 
mammal  of  the  family  Bradypodidce. 

Bradypodidae  (brad-i-pod'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Bradypus  (-pod-)  +  -idee.']  A  family  of  Ameri- 
can edentates,  the  sloths.  They  have  lO  teeth  in  tlie 
upper  jaw  and  8  in  tlie  lower,  oi  persistent  growth,  consist- 
ing of  vasodentine  invested  with  dentine  and  cement  with- 
out enamel;  their  fore  limbs  are  longer  than  the  hind  ones; 
they  have  not  more  than  tln-ee  digits,  bearing  large  claws ; 
the  tail  is  rudimentary;  the  ears  are  small ;  the  pelage  is 
coarse  and  crisp ;  the  stomach  is  simple ;  there  is  no  cfecum 
and  the  placenta  is  discoid  and  deciduate.  Tliere  are  two 
leading  genera  extant,  Bradypus  and  Cholopus.  See  sloth 
and  cut  under  Cholopus.  ' 

Bradypus  (brad'i-pus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ^padi- 
irovg,  slow  of  foot,  <  I3pa6vg,  slow,  +  ttov^  (ttoJ-) 
=  E.  foot.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Bradypodidai,  containing  the  ai,  or  three-toed 
or  collared  sloth,  B.  tridactylus  or  torquatus. 

bradyspermatism  (brad-i-sper'ma-tizm),  n. 
[<  Gr.  (3padbc,  slow,  -l-  (!nepfia{T-),  seed,  +  -ism.] 
lapatliol.,  a  too  slow  emission  of  the  semen. 

brae  (bra),  n.  [=  E.  bray'^,  q.  v.]  The  side  of 
a  hill  or  other  rising  gi-ound;  an  acclivity;  a 
stretch  of  sloping  ground ;  aslope.  [Scotch.] 


655 

Conceit,  more  rich  in  matter  than  in  words, 
Brags  o/his  substance,  not  o/ ornament. 

Shak.,  K.  and  .J.,  ii.  G. 
It  was  In-ayrjed  by  several  Papists  that  upon  such  a  day, 
or  in  such  a  time,  we  should  find  the  hottest  weather  that 
ever  was  m  England ;  and  words  of  plainer  sense. 

Pepys,  Diary,  III,  .'i. 
Yet,  lo  !  in  me  wliat  authors  have  to  frrar/  on ! 
Keduced  at  last  to  hiss  in  my  own  dragoii. 

Pope,  Uunciad,  iii.  28!j. 

2t.  To  sound,  as  a  trumpet ;  blare ;  bray. 

Whanne  the  voyce  of  the  trompe  ...  in  joure  eeris 
bragyith.  Wydif,  Josh.  vi.  5  (Oxf.). 

II.  trans.  1.  To  boast  of.  [Rare.] 
He  brays  liis  service.  Shak.,  Cymbeline,  v.  ;i. 

Bear  thy  good  luck  with  you  when  you  cross  these  paved 
stones,  and  by  our  Lady,  you  may  bray  Scotland. 

Scott,  Abt)ot,  I.  .wii. 

2\.  To  blow  (a  trumpet). 

Tliane  the  Bretones  boldely  braggene  theire  tromppez. 

Morte  Arthurs,  1.  1484. 

brag  (brag),  n.    [<  ME.  brag;  from  the  verb.] 

1.  A  boast  or  boasting;  a  vaunt;  also,  boast- 
ftdness. 

Wliat  owtward  bray  so  euer  is  borne  by  them,  is  in  deed, 
of  it  selfe,  and  in  wise  mens  eyes,  of  no  great  estimation. 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  34. 
Life  invests  itself  with  inevitable  conditions,  which  the 
unwise  seek  to  dodge,  which  one  and  another  brags  that 
he  does  not  know ;  brags  that  they  do  not  touch  him  ;  but 
the  brag  is  on  his  lips,  the  conditions  are  in  his  soul. 

Emerson. 

2.  A  thing  to  boast  of;  source  of  pride. 
Beauty  is  Nature's  brag.  Milton,  Comus,  1.  745. 

The  sprout  of  an  aik, 
Bonnie,  and  blooming,  and  straight  was  its  make  ; 
The  sun  took  delight  to  shine  for  its  sake. 
And  it  will  be  the  bray  o'  the  forest  yet.    Border  ballad. 

3.  A  game  of  cards:  same  as  poker. —  4.  A 
bragger. 

bragt  (brag),  a.  [<  ME.  brag;  from  the  noun.] 
Proud;  boasting:  as,  "that  bragge  prescrip- 
tion," Stapleton,  Fortress  of  the  Faith  (1565), 
fol.  68.    Also  used  adverbially. 

Seest  how  brag  yond  Bullocke  beares. 
So  smirke,  so  smoothe,  his  pricked  eares? 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  Feb. 

Bragantia  (bra-gan'shi-a),  n.    [NL.]   A  genus 
of  undershrubs,  of  the  natural  order  Aristolo- 
chiacea,  including  three  or  four  species  of  the 
East  Indies.  B.  tomentosa  is  very  bitter,  and  is 
used  in  medicine  as  a  tonic  and  emmenagogue. 
bragaudt,  bragawdt,  n.    Same  as  braggefi. 
bragay  (bra-ga'),  «.     [E.  dial.;  origin  un- 
known.]   A  local  English  name  of  the  gadoid 
fish  otherwise  called  the  bib. 
braggadocio  (brag-a-do'shio),  n.     [<  Bragga- 
dochio,  name  of  a  'boastful  character  in  the 
"Faerie  Queene"  (ii.  3);  coined  by  Spenser  < 
E.  brag,  with  an  Italian-seeming  termination.] 
1.  A  boasting  fellow ;  a  braggart. 

What  rattling  thunderclappe  breakes  from  his  lips  ? 
O  !  'tis  native  to  his  part.    For  acting  a  moderne  braq- 
gadoch  ...  it  may  seeme  to  suite. 

Marston,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  Ind.,  p.  4. 
The  world  abounds  in  terrible  fanfarons,  in  tlie  masque 
of  men  of  honour  ;  but  these  braggadocios  are  easy  to  be 
detected.  '      Sir  B.  lyEstranye. 


brahma 

Who  ever  saw  true  learning,  wisdom,  or  wit,  vouchsafe 
mansion  m  any  proud,  vain-glorious,  and  liraggarlly 
Chapman,  Iliad,  iii.,  Comment, 
braggartry  (brag'iirt-ri),  «. ;  pi.  bruqqartrics 
(-riz).    [<  braggart  -f-  -ry.]    Vain  boasting; 
boastfulness.   Mrs.  Gore.  [Rare.] 
braggatt,  n.    Same  as  braggrl'^. 
bragger  (brag'er),  n.    [<  ME.  braggcre;  <  brag 
+  -eri.]    One  who  brags. 


Evere  ware  thes  Bretons  brar/geres  of  olde. 

Morte  Arthure,  I. 


1348. 


The  loudest  braygers  of  Jews  and  Grecians  are  found 
guilty  of  spiritual  ignorance.    Hammond,  .Sermons,  p.  627. 

braggetif,  n.  An  obsolete  form  of  bracket^. 
bragget^t  (brag'et),  n.  [Also  written  braggat, 
bracket,  brakct  (and,  after  W.,  bragaut,  bragaud, 
bragaiod,  bragoe),  foi-merly  also  \rackwort,  Sc. 
bragwort,  bregwort  (in  simulation  of  tcort'^i)  ■  < 
ME.  braget,  bragat,  bragot,  <  W.  bragawd,  bra- 
god,  a  kind  of  mead  (=  Corn,  brcgaud,  bragot,  a 
kind  of  mead,  =  Ir.  bracat,  malt  liquor),  <"  brar/ 
(=  Ir.  braich  =  Gael,  braich),  malt,  <  bragio, 
issue,  sprout,  =  Gael,  brach,  ferment,  =  Ir. 
bracaim,  I  fei-ment;  perhaps  akin  to  E.  brew^.] 
A  kind  of  mead  made  of  ale  boiled  with  honey, 
seasoned  with  pepper,  cloves,  mace,  cinnamon, 
nutmegs,  and  fermented  with  woi-t  or  yeast. 
His  mouth  was  sweete  as  bragot  is  or  meth. 

Chaticer,  Miller  s  'J'ale,  I.  75. 


O'er  bank  and  brae, 
Like  fire  from  flint  he  glanced  away. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L. ,  iii.  22. 

brag  (brag),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bragged,  ppr. 
bragging.  [<  ME.  braggen,  bragen,  <  OF.  bra- 
guer,  flaunt,  brave,  brag,  >  brague,  pleasure, 
amusement,  bragard,  gallant,  gay  (see  brag- 
gart) •  of  Celtic  origin  :  cf.  W.  bragio,  brag,  also 
brae,  boastful,  =  Ir.  bragaim,  I  boast,  =  Bret. 
braga,  flaunt,  strut,  walk  pompously,  wear  fine 
clothes;  related  to  Gael,  bragh,  a  bui-st,  explo- 
sion, and  thus  ult.  to  E.  break,  Icel.  braka, 
creak,  etc.  Cf .  crack,  boast,  as  related  to  crack, 
break  with  a  noise.  See  braij"^,  brawl^,  and 
brave.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  use  boastful  lan- 
guage; speak  vaingloriously  of  one's  self  or 
belongings  ;  boast ;  vaunt :  used  absolutely,  or 
followed  by  of,  formerly  sometimes  by  on: 
as,  to  brag  of  a  good  horse,  or  of  a  feat  of 
arms. 

Tor-why  he  bosteth  and  braggeth  with  many  bolde  othes. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  xiii.  281. 


2.  Empty  boasting;  brag:  as,  " tiresome  &wr/- 
gadocio,"  Bidwer,  Last  Days  of  Pompeii,  iv.  2. 

He  shook  his  fist  at  Lord  Wicklow  and  quoted  Cicero- 
nian braggadocios. 

Disraeli,  quoted  in  Edinburgh  Rev.,  CLXIII.  514. 

braggardt  (brag'ard),  a.  and  n.    Earlier  foi-m 
of  braggart. 

braggardiset,  [<  OF.  bragardise,  <  bragard, 
bragging:  see  braggart.]  Bragging;  braggar- 
dism.  Minsheu. 
braggardismt  (brag'ar-dizm),  n.  [<  braggard 
+  -ism.]  Boastfulness;  vain  ostentation:  as, 
"  what  braggardism  is  this?"  Shah.,  T.  G.  of  V., 
ii.  4.  Also  braggartism. 
braggart  (brag'art),  a.  and  n.  [Formerly  hraq- 
gard;  —  WD.  braggaerd,  a  fop,  <  OF.  bragard, 
gay,  gallant,  flaunting,  also  braggard,  bragging, 
braggadocio-like,  <  braguer,  flaunt,  brag  :  see 
brag,  v.  The  E.  braggard,  braggart,  as  a  noun, 
IS  practically  a  var.  of  bragger.]  I.  a.  Boast- 
ful ;  vauntingly  ostentatious. 

Shout  that  his  braggart  hosts  are  put  to  rout  I 
His  empire  has  gone  down  !   R.  H.  Stoddard,  Ccesar. 
Talking  of  himself  and  his  plans  with  large  and  braq- 
yart  vagueness.  IlowelU,  lloderu  Instance,  vi. 

II.  n.  A  boaster;  a  vaunting  fellow. 

Who  knows  himself  a  braggart, 
Let  him  fear  this  ;  for  it  will  come'to  pass, 
That  every  braggart  shall  be  found  an  ass. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  iv.  3. 

braggartly  (brag'art-li),  a.  [<  braggart  +  -hA.] 
Boastful. 


Good  ale,  perrys,  bragoes,  syder,  and  metheglins,  was 
the  true  auntient  British  and  Troyan  drinks. 

MarsUm,  Dutch  Courtezan,  v.  1. 
And  we  have  served  there,  armed  all  in  ale. 
With  the  brown  bowl,  and  charged  with  braggat  stale. 

B.  Jonson,  Gypsies  Jletaiiiorphosed. 
Such  a  dainty  doe  to  be  taken 
By  one  that  knows  not  neck-beef  from  a  pheasant 
Nor  cannot  relish  brayyat  from  ambrosia? 

Fletcher  and  Shirley,  Night- Walker,  i.  4. 

bragging  (brag'ing),  p.  a.    [Ppr.  of  brag,  v.] 
Boastful. 

Loud  and  bragging  self-importance.  W.  Black. 

braggingly  (brag'ing-li),  adv.    In  a  bragging 
manner ;  boastingly. 
bragless  (brag'les);  «.   l<  brag  + -less.]  With- 
out bragging  or  ostentation.  [Rare.] 

Dio.  The  bruit  is,  Hector's  slain  — and  by  Achilles. 
Ajax.  If  it  be  so,  yf  t  bragless  let  it  be. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  v.  10. 

braglyt  (brag'li),  adv.    [<  brag,  a.,  +  -ly2.] 
Bravely;  finely. 

How  bragly  it  [a  hawthorn]  begins  to  bud. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  March. 

bragot t,  n.  Same  as  bragget^. 
braguette  (bra-gef),  n.  [OF.:  see  bracket^.] 
A  piece  of  armor  corresponding  to  a  cod-piece. 
Also  written  brayette.-Gie&t  braguette,  a  name 
sometinies  given,  at  the  end  of  the  fourteenth  centuiy  to 
the  tassets,  when  developed  into  a  sort  of  skirt.  See  bra- 
cunnwre. 

brag-wortf  (brag'wert),  n.    A  Scotch  form  of 
bragget'^. 

Branmai,  Brahm  (brii'ma,  briim),  )(.  [Hind. 
brahm,  brahma,  <  Skt.  brah'man  (nom.  brah'nia), 
neut.,  devotion,  adoration,  worship,  prayer, 
sacred  word,  divine  science,  theosophv, 'the 
impersonal  divinity;  referred  to  the  brih, 
barh,  be  thick,  great,  strong,  >  brihant,  gi'eat, 
mighty,  lofty,  ult.  akin  to  AS.  beorg,  E.  barrow, 
a  hill,  moimd:  see  burro}r'^.]  In  Hindu  reli- 
gion, the  highest  object  of  philosophic  adora- 
tion ;  the  impersonal  and  absolute  divinity ;  the 
ineffable  essence  of  the  sacred.  Also  Brama. 
Brahma^  (bra'ma),  «.  [Hind.  Brah'md.  <  Skt. 
brahman'  (nom.  brahma'),  masc,  one  who  prays 
or  worships,  a  pray-er,  worshiper,  directing 
priest,  overseer  of  sacred  things,  also  the  im- 
personal divinity.]  In  later  Hindu  rcliqion  or 
theosophy,  the  personified  Brahm;  the 'divini- 
ty conceived  as  a  god ;  the  creator.  Unknown  in 
the  older  sacred  literature,  Brahma  becomes  by  degrees 
an  object  of  adoration  to  the  Brahmans,  and  is  artificially 
combined  into  a  trimurti  or  trinity  with  Vishnu  and  Siva 
being  regarded  as  Creator,  while  \  islniu  is  Preserver  and 
Siva  is  Destroyer.  Brahma  was  never  worshiped  by  the 
people,  and  only  one  temple  sacred  to  him  is  known  By 
modern  Hindus  he  is  represented  as  a  red-colored  figure, 
with  four  heads  and  four  .arms,  and  often  accompanied  by 
his  vehicle,  the  swan.— Day  Of  Brahma.    See  dayl. 

brahma^  (bra'ma),  n.  [An  abbreviation  of 
Brahmaputra.]  A  variety  of  the  domestic  hen, 
of  large  size,  belonging 'to  the  Asiatic  class. 
The  light  brahmas  are  white  and  black  in  color,  the  black 
appearing  on  the  hackle  feathers  as  a  rich  stripe,  heavier 
in  the  hen  than  in  the  cock,  and  also  in  the  wing-i)riniaries, 
the  upper  web  of  the  secondaries,  and  in  the  tail,  the  sickles 
of  the  cock  being  glossy  green-black.  The  dark  brahma 
cock  shows  a  breast  of  solid  black  or  black  mottled  with 
white,  hackle  and  saddle  silver-white,  wing-bows  white, 
wing-bars  green-black,  primaries  and  secondaries  black 
edged  with  white,  tail  glossy  green-black :  while  the  hen 
is  of  a  uniform  gray  color,  each  feather  pencileil  with 
darker  gray,  or  black.  The  brahmas  have  pea-combs  and 
feathered  legs. 


Brahmaic 


656 


brain 


Brahmaic  (bra-ma'ik),  a.  [<  Brahma^  +  -ic] 
Brahmauie. 

Brahman,  Brahmin  (bra'man,  -min),  n.  [For- 
merly also  Brachmau,  Brackinan,  etc.  (L.  Bracli- 
mdiue,  Brachmanes,  Gv.  Bpaxuaveg,  pi.);  <  Hiud. 
brdhman,  corruptly  hCiman,  <  8kt.  brdhmana' ,  m. 
{hrdhmani' ,  f. ),  ^  hrah'maii,  prayei',  etc.:  see 
Brahma^,  Bralm.']  A  member  of  the  sacred  or 
sacerdotal  caste  among  the  Hindus.  From  beins 
in  tile  bes'iimiMi;  iiuliviiUials  ami  faiiiUlcs  distinguished  for 
wisdom,  sanctity,  and  poetic  power,  they  gradually  con- 
solidated their  iutlueiice  and  became  a  strictly  hereditary 
class,  lioldin^  in  tlieir  liands  the  ministry  of  holy  things, 
the  custoiiy  of  the  scriptures  and  knowledge  of  their  sacred 
and  learned  dialect,  and  the  performance  of  the  sacrifice. 
They  were  hehl  to  be  created  from  the  moutli  of  Brahma, 
to  be  inviolable,  and  entitled  to  the  worship  of  the  other 
castes.  Theoretically,  the  life  of  a  Brahman  was  divided 
into  four  stages,  those  of  student,  householder,  anchorite, 
and  ascetic.  In  later  times  the  relations  and  occupations 
of  the  castes  have  Ijecome  much  confused,  and  Brahmaiis 
are  to  he  found  in  every  grade  of  dignity  and  of  very  va- 
rious modes  of  life.  There  are  many  subdivisions  of  the 
caste,  more  or  less  isolated,  and  refusing  intercourse  with 
one  another.  Also  written  Bramin. — Brahlliail'S-bead, 
the  name  given  in  India  to  the  seed  of  Elceocarpus,  made 
into  rosaries  for  the  priests,  and  into  bracelets,  necklaces, 
etc. 

Brahmana  (bra'ma-na),  n.  [Skt.  Bra' hmana, 
prop,  the  dictum  of  a  priest,<  brahman',  a  priest, 
Brahman.]  One  of  the  prose  portions  of  the 
Vedas,  which  contain  injunctions  for  the  per- 
formance of  sacrifices,  and  explain  their  origin 
and  the  occasions  on  which  the  mantras  had  to 
be  used,  sometimes  adding  illustrations  and 
legends,  and  sometimes  mystical  and  philo- 
sophical speculations. 

Brahmanee  (brii'ma-ne),  «.  [Also  Brahminee, 
<  Hind,  brdhriiani,  brahnini,  corruptly  bdmnl,  < 
Skt.  brdhmani',  fem.  of  brdhmana' ,  a  Brahman.] 
A  woman  of  the  Brahman  caste ;  the  wife  of  a 
Brahman. 

My  mother  was  a  Brahmanee,  but  she  clave  to  my  father 
well ; 

She  was  saved  from  the  sack  of  Jullesar  when  a  thousand 
Hindoos  fell.         Sir  A.  C.  Lyall,  The  Old  Pindaree. 

Brahmaness  (bra'man-es),  n.    [<  Brahman  + 
-ess.~\    Same  as  Brahmanee. 
Brahmanic,  Brahmanical  (bra-man'ik,  -i-kal>, 

a.  [<  Brahman  +  -ic,  -ical.l  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Brahmans  or  to  their  doctrines,  worship, 
and  polity.    Also  Brahniinic,  Brahminical. 

Brahmanism  (brii'man-izm),  n.  [<  Brahman 
+  -«/«.]  The  religion  or  system  of  doctrines 
of  the  Brahmans;  the  social  system  of  ancient 
India,  with  the  Brahmans  as  leading  caste. 
Also  Brahmininm. 

Brahmanist  (bra'man-ist),  «.  [<  Brahman  + 
-ist.']  An  adJierent  of  Brahmanism.  Also 
Braiiminist. 

Brahmin,  Brahminic,  etc.  See  Brahman,  Brah- 
manic, etc. 

brahminy  (bra'mi-ni),  a.  [Cf.  Hind,  brdhmani, 
the  wife  of  a  Brahman,  also  a  ghost :  see  Brah- 
manee and  Brahma. '\  Devoted  to  Siva  by  the 
Brahmans:  as,  a  brahmimj  hull  Brahminy  duck, 

the  Casarca  ritlihi,  or  ruddy  sheldrake. — Brahminy  kite, 
an  East  Indian  liird  of  prey,  the  Ilaliastur  indus,  rever- 
enced by  the  Hindus  as  sacred  to  Vishnu. 
Brahmoism  (bra'mo-izm),  n.  [<  Brahmo(-So- 
maj)  +  -(»■/«.]  The  tenets  of  the  Brahmo- 
Somaj. 

Brahmo-Somaj  (bra'mo-so-maj'),  n.  [<  Hind. 
brahma,  Brahma  (prayer),  +  samdj,  society,  as- 
sembly, lit.  a  worshiping  assembly.  See  Brah- 
ma^, Brahman.']  A  monotheistic  religion  in 
India,  which  originated  with  Eajah  Ram  Mohun 
Roy,  a  Hindu  reformer,  who  died  in  1833,  and 
received  a  new  impulse  and  a  new  direction 
under  his  successor,  Keshub  Chunder  Sen,  who 
died  in  1885.  The  mystical  theology  of  the  Brahmo- 
Somaj  can  only  be  proximately  stated  in  the  language  of 
Occidental  philosophy.  Its  fundamental  tenet  is  the  uni- 
versal presence  of  the  Divine  Spirit,  who  pervades  all  na- 
ture and  inspires  all  who  are  willing  to  receive  him.  Man 
is  equipped  for  this  purpose  with  a  faculty  of  spiritual  in- 
sight, a  faith-faculty,  called  Yoga.  In.spiration  is  a  univer- 
sal fact,  and  all  the  great  world-teacliers  have  been  divinely 
mspired  prophets  ;  all  the  great  world-religions  contain 
some  divine  truth  ;  ami  in  all  their  gi  eat  sacraments  there 
is  some  spiritual  benefit.  It  is  not  clear  whether  Christ 
is  regarded  as  simply  the  greatest  of  these  inspired  pro- 
phets, or  as  something  more.  Some  utterances  indicate 
a  recognition  of  his  character  as  divine.  The  Brahmu- 
Somaj  differs  from  Deism  in  teaching  the  personal  com- 
munion of  the  soul  with  a  personal  God,  and  from  Chi  is- 
tianity  in  not  teaching  any  specific  revelation  of  a  remedy 
for  sin.  It  is  an  aggressively  missionary  religion,  and  its 
preaching  has  been  accompanied  by  works  of  practical 
reformation,  such  as  the  abolition  among  its  adherents  of 
polygamy,  of  caste,  and  of  idolatry  in  all  its  forms,  the  re- 
formation of  maiTiage  customs,  and  a  temperance  reform, 

braid^  (brad),  V.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  braydc, 
breyde,  brcide,  etc.,  <  ME.  braiden,  breidcn,  bray- 
den,  breyden,  etc.,  <  AS.  bregdan,  bredan  (pret. 
ircegd,  breed,  pi.  brugdon,  brudon.,  pp.  brogden, 


broden),  move  to  and  fro,  vibrate,  brandish, 
draw,  weave,  braid,  turn,  change,  etc.,  =  OS. 
bregdan  =  OFries.  brida  =  LG.  breidcn  =  OHG. 
brcttan  =  Icel.  brcgdha,  draw,  weave,  braid, 
etc.;  orig.  'move  quickly  to  and  fro,  glance'; 
cf.  Icel.  braga,  flicker ;  prob.  from  same  root 
as  bright^,  q.  v.  Cf.  abraid  and  ujibraid.  The 
word  took  in  AS.  and  ME.,  and  in  later  dial, 
use,  a  great  variety  of  senses,  all  arising  ult. 
from  that  of  '  quick  motion.'  Other  forms,  obs. 
or  dial.,  are  bread'^,  breed,  brede^,  broiid,  brou'd, 
broid,  etc. :  see  also  braider,  broiider,  browder.] 

1.  trans.  If.  To  take,  draw,  pull,  or  snatch 
quickly ;  reach  ;  throw ;  cast ;  brandish. 

He  ryt  [rideth]  his  spere  brayding. 

King  Alisaunder,  1.  7373. 
Hu-  kerchef  of  hir  heed  she  brayde. 

Chaucer,  Slan  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  739. 

2.  To  weave  by  passing  three  or  more  strands, 
strips,  or  lines  of  over  and  under  each  other 
alternately ;  plait ;  interlace :  as,  to  braid  the 
hair,  straw,  tape,  etc. 

Braid  your  locks  with  rosy  twine. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  105. 

3.  To  form  by  braiding;  interweave  the  ma- 
terial of  in  strands  or  strips :  as,  to  braid  a  straw 
hat  or  a  rug. — 4.  In  domestic  econ.,  to  beat  and 
blend,  as  soft  substances,  particularly  to  press 
them  with  a  spoon  through  a  sieve. —  5t.  To 
upbraid;  reproach. 

If  thou  talkest  a  little  longer,  I  thinke  thou  wilt  braid 
mee  with  the  sauing  of  his  life. 

J.  Brende,  tr.  of  Quintus  Curtius,  viii. 
Few  love  to  hear  the  sins  they  love  to  act ; 
'Twould  'braid  yourself  too  near  for  me  to  tell  it. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  i.  1. 
Braided  rug,  a  rug  or  mat  for  the  floor,  formed  by  braid- 
ing strips  of  woolen  or  silk  fabrics,  and  afterward  sewing 

them  together.— To  braid  St.  Catherine's  tresses,  to 
live  a  virgin. 

Thou  art  too  fair  to  braid  St.  Catharine's  tresses. 

Longfclloio,  Evangeline,  ii.  1. 

II,  intrans.  If.  To  move  quickly;  start;  rush. 
Whan  she  saugh  tweyne  come  hir  to  soconr,  she  braied 
rudely  oute  of  theire  handes.    Merlin (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  464. 
Troilus  .  .  .  disposed  wod  out  of  his  wit  to  breyde. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iv.  230. 

2t.  To  start  suddenly  (out  of  sleep) ;  awake. 

With  the  falle  right  out  of  slepe  she  brayde. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  T'ale,  1.  365. 

3.  To  nauseate;  desire  to  vomit.  [Pro  v.  Eng.] 
— 4.  To  be  like ;  resemble  in  appearance  or 
character.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
braidi  (brad),  n.  [<  ME.  braid,  breid,  <  AS. 
brad,  bred  (for  *br<cgd,  *bregd),  trick,  deceit, 
gebregd,  quick  motion,  trick,  deceit  (=  Icel. 
bragdh,  a  quick  motion,  trick,  scheme),  <  breg- 
dan =  Icel.  bregdha,  move  quickly,  etc. :  see 
braid^,  v.]    If.  A  quick  motion;  a  start. 

She  waketh,  walwith,  maketh  many  a  brayde. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  1164. 

2t.  A  moment. 

But  curtois,  debonair,  and  vertuous ; 

Hyt  appered  well  by  hys  workes  echo  braide. 

Bom.  0/  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S),  1.  6239. 
For  as  I  sodainely  went  in  hand  therewith,  and  made  it 
in  a  breide.  Sir  T.  More,  Works  (1557). 

St.  A  tiu-n  (of  work) ;  a  job. — 4t.  A  trick;  de- 
ception. 

Dian  rose  with  all  her  maids. 
Blushing  thus  at  love's  braids. 

Greene,  Radagon  in  Dianam. 

5.  Any  plaited  band  or  fillet.  Specifically— (a)  A 

plaited  band  of  hair,  whether  twined  around  the  head  or 
hanging  behind.  (6)  A  narrow  textile  band  or  tape,  formed 
by  plaiting  or  weaving  together  several  strands  of  silk, 
cotton,  wool,  or  other  material,  used  as  trimming  for  gar- 
ments, for  stay-laces,  etc.  (c)  Straw  or  other  similar  ma- 
terial plaited  into  bands  for  use  in  making  bonnets  or  hats. 

6.  A  wicker  guard  for  protecting  trees  newly 
grafted.    [Prov.  Eng.]  -in  a  hraldt,  at  a  braidt, 

in  a  moment;  on  the  instant.    Roin.  of  t  lie  Rose. 

braid^t  (brad),  a.  [An  adj.  use  of  braid^,  n.,  4, 
deceit.]    Deceitful;  crafty. 

Since  Frenchmen  are  so  braid. 
Marry  that  will,  I  live  and  die  a  maid. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  iv.  2. 

braid^  (brad),  a.    Broad.  [Scotch.] 
braid-bonnet  (bYad'bon'et),  n.   Same  as  bon- 
iief-jiiccc. 

braid-comb  (brad'kom),  n.  A  back  comb  for  a 
woman's  hair. 

braider  (bra'der),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
braids ;  specifically,  an  attachment  to  a  sew- 
ing-machine for  guiding  a  braid  which  is  to  be 
sewed  on  or  into  the  work. 

braiding  (bra'ding),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  braid^, 
v.]  1.  The  act  of  making  or  attaching  braids. 
—  2.  Braids  collectively. 

A  gentleman  enveloped  in  mustachios,  whiskers,  fur 
collars,  and  braiding.  Thackeray. 


braiding-machine  (bra'ding-ma-shen"),  n.  1. 
A  machine  for  weaving  braid,  or  for  covering 
tubes,  cords,  or  wires  with  a  flat  or  round 
plaiting. —  2.  A  machine  for  sewing  braid  upon 
a  fabric ;  a  braider. 

braidism  (bra'dizm),  n.  [From  James  Braid 
of  Manchester,  Eng.,  who  published  his  inves- 
tigations in  1843.]    Hypnotism  (which  see). 

braidist  (bra'dist),  n.  [As  braid-ism  +  -is«.] 
A  hypnotist  or  hypnotizer. 

Braid's  squint.   See  squint. 

braik  (brak),  m.    A  Scotch  spelling  of  brake^. 

brail  (bral),  w.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brayle,  < 
ME.  brayle,  <  OF.  braiel,  braiol,  braioel,  braoiel, 
braieid,  a  cincture,  orig.  for  fasteidng  l3reeches 
(cf.  brayette,  mod.  F.  brayette,  the  flap  of  trou- 
sers), <  braie  (>  E.  bray^,  q.  v.),  <  L.  bracai, 
breeches:  see  bracw,  breech.]  1.  Naut.,  one  of 
certain  ropes  made  fast  to  the  after-leech  of  a 


Sail  set.  Sail  brailed  up. 

a,  peak-brail :  tf,  throat-brail ;  c,  lower  brail. 


iore-and-aft  sail,  and  led  through  blocks  on  the 
mast  or  gaff  down  to  the  deck,  to  assist  in  tak- 
ing in  the  sail ;  a  rope  made  fast  to  the  head  of 
a  jib  for  a  similar  purpose. 

The  brails  were  hauled  up,  and  all  the  light  hands  in 
the  starboard  watch  sent  out  on  the  gaff  to  pass  the  gas- 
kets. R.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  257. 

2.  Id.  falconry :  (a)  A  piece  of  leather  used  to 
bind  up  a  hawk's  wing.  (6)  [<  F.  fcraj/ewZ,  "the 
parts  or  feathers  about  the  Hauks  fundament, 
called  by  our  falconers  the  brayl  in  a  short- 
winged  and  the  pannel  in  a  long-winged  hauk" 
(Cotgrave).]  The  mass  of  feathers  about  a 
hawk's  fundament;  the  crissum  of  a  falcon, 
brail  (bral),  [ibrail,n.'\    1.  To  fasten  up 

(the  vnngs  of  a  bird). —  2.  Naut.,  to  haul  in  by 
means  of  the  brails :  usually  followed  by  up. 

These  trades  lasted  nearly  all  the  way  ...  to  the  line ; 
blowing  steadily  on  our  starboard  quarter  for  three  weeks, 
without  our  starting  a  brace,  or  even  brailing  down  the 
skysails.  ii.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  341. 

brain  (bran),  n.  [<  ME.  brain,  brein,  brayne, 
earlier  bragen,  <  AS.  brcegen,  bregen,  brcegn  = 
OFries.  brein  =  MD.  breghen,  breghe,  D.  brein 
=  MLG.  bregen,  bragen,  LG.  brdgen,  bregen, 
brain ;  not  in  G.  or  Scand. ;  root  unknown.]  1. 


Side  view  cf  Human  Brain  and  upper  part  of  Spinal  Cord,  the  skull 
and  other  coverings  being  removed. 
C,  C,  C,  cerebrum,  or  brain  proper,  showing  the  convoluted  surface 
of  the  right  cerebral  hemisphere;  C^,  cerebellum,  or  little  brain  — 
the  striated  surface  of  its  right  half;  AfOi,  medulla  oblongata;  N, 
the  spinal  cord  with  beginnings  of  the  spinal  nerves  ;  £,  body  of  sixth 
cervical  vertebra ;  Sp,  its  neural  spine,  or  spinous  process. 

In  anat.,  the  soft  grayish  and  whitish  mass  fill- 
ing the  cranial  ca-vity  of  a  vertebrate,  consist- 
ing of  ganglionic  nerve-cells  and  nerve-fibers, 
with  the  requisite  sustentacular  and  vascular 


brain 

tissue ;  the  encephalon  (which  see) ;  the  part  of 
the  cerebrospinal  axis  wiiieh  is  contained  in 

the  cranium  it  is  divided  by  anatomists  into-n) 
the  prosencephalon,  comprising  tlie  cei  ebral  liemisplieres 

(or  lateral  lialves 
of  tlie  cerebrum) 
witi)  tile  olfactory 
lobes ;  (2)  the  tha- 
lamencephalon, 
comprising  the 
thalanii  optici, 
and   other  parts 
about  the  third 
ventricle;  (3)  the 
mesencephalon, 
comprising  the 
parts    about  the 
Sylvian  aqueduct, 
corpora  quadri- 
gemina  above  and 
crura  cerebri  be- 
low ;   (4)  the  ep- 
encephalon,  com- 
prising the  cere- 
bellum and  pons 
Varolii;  and(5)the 
metencephalon  or 
medulla  oblonga- 
ta, extending  from 
the  pons  to  the 
foramen  magnum. 
The  prosenceplia- 
lon  is  now  usually 
divided  into  the 
rhinencephalon,  or 
olfactory  lobes. 


Base  of  Human  Brain, 
j^,  frontal  lobe  of  cerebrum  ;  B,  temporal 
lobe  of  same,  separated  from  A  by  the  Syl- 
vian fissure  ;  CC.  corpus  callosum  -  its  fore 
end ;  «,  cerebellum ;  M,  medulla  oblonga- 
ta ;  /"  pituitary  body  ;  /,  olfactory  "  nervl  - 
(so  called— rather  olfactory  lobe,  or  rhinen- 
cephalon) ;  //,  optic  nerve,  after  decussa- 
tion with  Its  fellow  at  the  chiasm  ;  ///.  motor- 
oculi  nerve;  /A-,  pathetic  nerve;  K,  trigemi- 
nal-trifacial nerve  ;  (-'/,  abducent  nerve  ;V// 

facial  nerve;   y///,   auditory   nerve;   /A"'   j  .uuco 

fi°f°P''"J"g=f'  ""^s-i".  pneumogastric   and  prosencepha 

nerve,  ,r/,  spinal  accessory  nerve;  A'//,  Inn  Avnr^or-  Tl,„ 
hypoglossal  nerve.  The  rounded  masses  jO"  P'OPer.  The 
near ///are  the  corpora  albicantia;  rests  thalamencephalon 
upon  the  pons  Varolii.  is  also  called  dien- 

,„„  J  cephalon.  By  Kvix- 

ley  and  others  the  epencephalon  of  the  above  noniencla- 
fiff^^"  metencephalon,  and  the  next  segment  (the 

fifth)  IS  then  named  myelencephalon.  Common  Ennlish 
equivalents  of  the  above  five  segments  are  forebrain  ■ti?een. 
t*r""t'  hindbrain,  and  afie/brain;  these  are 

terms  translated  du-ectly  from  the  nomenclature  of  the 
German  anatomists,  who  call  them  respectively  vorde,. 
Hr?^t.Tf  trn"'"'  '""'"elhirn,  hinterhirn,  and  'lachhirn. 
aa.eckel  caWs  them  protopsyche,  deutopsyche,  mesopsyche 
m^tapsyche,  and  epipsyche.  These  fivS  segments  are  fun: 
damentally  distinct,  and  correspond  embryologically  to 
as  many  cerebral  vesicles  or  brain-bladders  which  arise 
from  three  primitive  vesicles  by  subdivision.  The  sim- 
plest and  a  common  division  of  the  brain  is  into  the  ce- 
rebrum or  brain  proper,  the  cerebellum  or  little  brain  the 
pons  Varolii,  and  the  medulla  oblonyata.  (See  cuts  uAder 

?orfh?  J' K  ^'^'^  '^'■^"1  distinguished 

for  the  relatively  enormous  size  and  surface-complexity  of 
the  cerebrum  or  prosencephalon,  which  completely  covers 
Oie  cerebellum  and  olfactory  lobes,  and  is  marked  by 
t?ons^  Th?.  f  ^^^''K  ^?Pa>-ating  gyri  or  convolu- 
or  ceVe^r,!  h  "  '^'''''^'"^  "^^^  "Shtand  left  halves, 

or  ceiebral  hemispheres,  connected  by  the  great  trans^ 
verse  commissure  or  corpus  callosum.  Each  hemisphere 
IS  divided  into  three  primary  lobes,  frontal,  parietal  and 
occipital,  and  many  more  detailed  subdivisions  of  its  sur 
face  are  recognized.  The  interior  of  the  brain  (which  is 
primitively  hollow)  is  traversed  in  the  adult  by  a  set  or 
ThiT  f  connected  cavities  known  as  ventricles  ov  coelioe 
tricle,  nf  second  of  these  are  the  right  and  left  ven'- 
tricles  of  the  hemispheres,  ov  procoelice ;  the  third  is  the 
thesTar't'theV'"''"' the  ^picc^^.a  ;  passages  connecting 
these  are  the  foramina  of  Monro  and  the  aqueduct  of  Syl° 
vius.  rhe  brain  and  adjoining  portions  of  the  spinal  cord 
fZrZl"  °*  nerves,%alled  cranial  nerts  he- 

cause  they  emerge  from  foramina  in  the  base  of  the  skull 
(See  cra^iaZ.)  Brain-substance  is  of  two  kinds,  gray  gan- 
glionic or  cellular  nerve-tissue,  and  white  cominissural  or 
cerebrum  7ni''''"",-  .7^"  F^^  "atter  which  invests  the 
«f»n^I  !^  ^ni«erebellum  is  also  called  the  cortical  sub- 
«t»n^^^?t?"*'"f''?"  ^^"^  ^^'^^  or  medullary  sub- 
^» V  1^  r'^  '"•'.^'^''J-    ^  'n  fact  a  collection  of 

mrfpf  f?  """'"^  'T^^'e  commissures.  Besides  the 
mlnlr  fn  /if  "-^  "5'''=''^^  o''  collections  of  gray 

no™  donf,fo  lobes  or  corpora  quadrigemina,  thecor- 
the  rnp  nif^  f,"'"  cerebellum,  and  the  corpora  o  ivaria  of 
the  medulla  oblongata.  Connected  with  the  brain  are  two 
non-nervous  structures,  the  conariura  or  epiphysis  cerebri 
f,  Iv  '  ^5* n'^'y^  ''""y  °'  hypophysis  cerebrL^The  brain 
he  evtlvnoi"-^  h'^'^'^  membranes  or  meninges,  of  which 
the  external  is  the  dura  mater,  the  middle  the  arachnoid 
Uke  that  of /n»",'  f  mammals  have  a  brafn 

thP  .P.phf    1"'  descending  the  mammalian  scale 

the  cerebrum  becomes  relatively  smaller  and  has  fewer 

me  "tarv°^nd     °"?f  '^^"°^n™  becomes  rudi- 

mentary, and  the  olfactory  lobes  enlarge.   (See  cuts  under 

fre'"smoo1h"  b"'-^  ■  ^"  '"^^  "^'^^^  tile  heniLphere 

anri  tho  ^YU"  "o  corpus  callosum  or  pons  Varolii 
and  the  optic  lobes  are  of  immense  size.  There  is  no  bra  n 
of  the  h°;^!f'  ^ertebrate^,«p/«-o:.u..  The  average  we  gh 
1  400  irraT,  f4<f'^""  "'"f  °^  "^'^  European  type  is  abSut 
(«  onnceS  0"!"= -'^-^  '•'J  '^'^out  1,250  grams 

n^l^   •  ^-  ^^'^  Its  highest  activity  the  organ 

of  fu?n?sWnrtb  ""V'^  ^^"'=■■^1  function  is  that 

SiSfinn  -f  complex  and  extensive  outgoing 

SD^se  X»    "I"'"'-'''  ^"f-  active  tissues  as  a  re° 

exten,iv^?„  ""™c<liate,  to  the  most  complex  and 

of  this        r"""  stimulation.    With  functions 

carts  m,,i\  ^,'''^  f  complexity  are  associated  in  some 
S  corf    Th»  resembling  those  of  the  spi- 

Sortion  of  cortex  of  the  cerebral  hemispheres  is  the 
Hons  see4  ?n  ^ra.nm  which  the  most  complex  coordina- 
volved  in^  be  effected  and  which  is  most  directly  in- 
however  n?-.^!!-  i''"'';  .^r}''''"  P-'"''=  of  the  cortex  are, 
oSn^'  Pccbarly  related  to  certain  special  incoming  or 
cSs^w"."'^';!""/'  ^"^^  called  sensory  or  mStor 
cafeaf^iP^  and  <^?'-f  ftrai  localization,  under  lo- 

«r,f^/o.i  corpus  striatum  is  usually  regarded  as 

and  the  nL'^'fv.^?^'^  stimulations  passing  downward' 
and  the  optic  thalamus  with  those  passing  upward ;  among 


657 

,','i?.i'''J';l'''  ^'^I't  arc  connected  with  the  hinder 

pai  t  of  the  thalamus.  The  nates  are  involved  in  the  sight- 
1  nction,  and  the  testes  seem  to  have  close  relations  witli 
the  stimuli  entering  by  the  auditory  nerve.  The  cerebel- 
lum is  concerned  with  the  coordination  of  muscular  con- 
tractions  in  the  carrying  out  of  voluntary  actions,  while 
the  medulla  oblongata  contains  a  large  number  of  centers 
for  comparatively  simple  functions,  as  vasomotor  action 
nnliir  action  respiration,  deglutition,  etc.  (See  also  cut 
^1  Iv  «LT»f/  f -"'i'?  complexity,  the  brain  is  usu- 

ally spoken  of  111  the  plural  m  certain  relations :  as,  to  beat 
out  or  to  rack  one's  brains. 

2.  In  entom.,  the  principal  ganglion  of  the  ner- 
vous system,  situated  in  the  head,  over  the 
esophagus,  and  formed  by  the  coalescence  of 
several  supra-esophageal  ganglia.    The  nerves  of 

the  eyes  ami  antenna;  are  directly  connected  with  it,  and 
It  gives  off  two  inferior  branches  which  surround  the 
esophagus  and  unite  beneath  in  the  subesophageal  gan- 
glion. Sometimes  this  ganglion  is  regarded  as  a  part  of 
the  brain,  being  distinguished  as  the  cerebellum,  while  the 
priiicipal  or  upper  ganglion  is  called  the  cerebrum 

cS.  the  same  or  a  corresponding  portion  of  the 
nervous  system  in  many  other  invertebrates.— 
4.  Understanding;  intellectual  power;  fancy; 
imagination:  commonly  in  the  plui'al:  as,  a 
man  of  brains;  "my  hrain  is  too  dull,"  Scott. 

God  will  be  worshipped  and  served  according  to  his  pre- 
script word,  and  not  according  to  the  brain  of  man. 

Abp.  Sandys,  Sermons,  fol.  128  b. 
The  poison  and  the  dagger  are  still  at  hand  to  butcher 
a  hero,  when  a  poet  wants  the  brains  to  save  hini. 

Dryden,  Pref.  to  Don  Sebastian 


\  cudgel  one's  brams,  to  try  earnestly  to  re- 
t ,  ^'nl^of  something,  or  to  concentrate  one's  attention 
and  thought  upon  it :  as,  he  beat  his  brains  for  a  simile 


wm"^^/'  f'S'  ftrnms  no  more  about  it;  for  your  dull  ass 
will  not  mend  his  pace  with  beating.  S/mfc,  Hamlet,  v.  1. 
To  have  (sometliing)  on  the  brain,  to  be  extremely  in- 
terested m  or  eager  about  something;  be  over-persistent 
ana  zealous  in  promoting  some  scheme  or  movement :  as 
to  have  reform  on  the  brain.  [CoUoq.]— Water  on  the 
brain,  dropsy  of  the  brain  ;  hydrocephalus. 

bram  (bran),  V.  t.    [<  ME.  hrainen,  dash  out  the 
brains;  from  the  noun.]    1.  To  dash  out  the 
brains  of;  kill  by  beating  in  the  skull. 
There  thou  must  hrain  him.        Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  2. 

When  Uncas  had  brained  his  first  antagonist,  he  turned 
like  a  hungry  lion  to  seek  another. 

Cooper,  Last  of  the  Mohicans,  xii. 
2  Figuratively,  to  destroy;  defeat;  balk; 
thwart.  [Rare.] 

It  was  the  swift  celerity  of  his  death  . 
That  bram'd  my  purpose.     Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1. 
3t.  To  get  into  the  brain;  conceive;  under- 
stand. [Rare.] 

"Tis  still  a  dream ;  or  else  such  stuff  as  madmen 
longue,  and  brain  not.  Shak.,  Cymbeline,  v.  4. 

brain-bladder  (bran'blad'-'er),  n.    In  emhnjol 
a  cerebral  vesicle ;  one  of  the  hollow  dilated 
portions  of  the  brain  of  any  embryonic  cranial 
vertebrate. 


braird 

brain-fever  (bran'fe'ver),  «.    Inflammation  of 

the  bram;  phremtis;  meningitis 
brainge  (branj)  i'.  i.  ■  pret.  and  pp.  hrainged, 
ppr  hramgiriff.  [Connected  with  braimjelL  rush 
headlong;  as  a  noun,  rushing  headlong,  doing 
anything  carelessly;  origin  obscure.]  To  do 
something  noisily  and  huniedly,  especially 
through  anger.  Burns.  [Scotch.] 
brainish  (bra'nish),  a.  [<  brain  +  -ish^.] 
Headstrong;  pas.sionate;  also,  perhaps,  un- 
real; brain-sick.  [Rare.] 

In  his  brainish  apprehension,  kills 
The  unseen  good  old  man.       Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  1. 
brainless  (bran'les),  «.    [<  ME.  brainles  (=  D 
breinloos) ;  <  hrain  +  -?es.S'.]   Weak  in  the  brain ; 
witless;  stupid:  as,  "the  dull  brainless  Aiax," 
Sliak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  3. 
brainlessness  (bran'les-nes),  n.    The  state  of 
bemg  brainless ;  lack  of  sense ;  stupidity. 

Where  indolence  or  brainlessness  has  brought  about  a 
perverse  satisfaction.  The  American,  VII.  283. 

brain-maggot  (bran'mag"ot),  n.  Same  as  brain- 
tvorni,  1. 

brainpan  (bran'pan),  «.  [<  ME.  braiupanne 
(=  Ui-ries.  brempanne  =  MLG.  bregcnpanne, 
J^tr.  bragenpanne) ;  <  brain  +  pan.  Cf.  equiv 
Ab.  Iwdfodpanne,  the  skull,  lit.  'head-pan.'] 
that  part  of  the  skull  which  incloses  the  brain : 
the  cranium. 
My  brain-pan  had  been  cleft  with  a  brown  bill 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  vi.,  iv.  10. 
I  learnt  more  from  her  in  a  flash, 
ihan  If  my  brainpan  were  an  empty  hull 
And  every  Muse  tumbled  a  science  in. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 

brain-racking  (bran'rak"ing),  a.  Harassing; 
perplexing.  ^ ' 

brain-sand  (bran'sand),  n.  In  anat.,  the  earthy 
particles  found  in  the  eonarium  or  pineal 
gland,  forming  the  so-called  acervulus  cerebri 

Ihey  are  minute  accretions  of  calcium  carbonate,  calcium 
su\ntanfe'       "agnesium  phosphate,  with  some  animal 
brain-sick  (bran'sik),  a.     Disordered  in  the 
understandmg ;  fantastic;  crotchety;  crazed. 

QuickC  wittes  also  be,  in  most  part  of  all  their  doinges 
oner  quicke,  hastie,  rashe,  lieadie,  and  brainsicke. 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  33 
tH'^''^  suffered  from  the  misconstructions 
and  broils  which  seem  to  follow  this  poor  brain-sick  lady 
wherever  she  comes.  Scott,  Kenihvorth,  II.  xviiL 

^^ainsickly  (bran'sik-li),  adv.  FantasticaUy; 

You  do  unbend  your  noble  strength,  to  think 
So  bramsickly  of  things.         Shak.,  JIacbeth,  ii.  2. 


In  all  Skulled  Animals,  from  the  Cyclostomi  to  Man 
the  same  parts,  although  in  very  various  forms,  develop 
from  these  five  original  brain-bladders. 

Haeckel,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  II.  220. 
brain-box  (bran'boks),  n.  The  cranium  proper  • 
the  cranial  part  of  the  whole  skull,  containing 
the  bram,  as  distinguished  from  the  facial  parts 
ot  the  same, 
brain-case  (bran'kas),  n.    Same  as  brain-box. 
brain-cavity  (bran'kav"i-ti),  n.    1.  One  of  the 
ventricles  of  the  brain.— 2.  The  interior  of  the 
cranium  or  skull,  containing  the  brain, 
brain-coral  (bran'kor'al),  n.     The  popular 
name  of  coral  of  the  genu's  Meandrina :  so  called 
because  it 
resembles  in 
its  superfi- 
cial appear- 
ance the  con- 
volutions of 
the  human 
brain.  The  ge- 
nus  is  of  the 
family  J/eamdri- 
riido!,  belong- 
ing to  the  apo- 
rose  division  of 
stone-corals. 


Brain-coral  {AUandrina  arebriformis). 
^^VoV;;»;;^7^;  -^^'^o  caHed  brainstone  and  brainstone-coral. 

brained  (brand),  a.    [<  brain  +  -ed^.J  1  Fur- 
nished with  brains :  used  chiefly  in  composi- 
tion: B,s,(ira.ck-brained;ha,Tebrained. 
If  the  other  two  be  brained  like  us,  the  state  totters. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  2. 
2.  [P-p  ot  brain,  v.]  Having  the  brains  knocked 
or  dashed  out;  kiUed  by  a  blow  which  breaks 
the  skull. 

brain-fag  (bran'fag),  n.  Mental  fatigue  or  ex- 
haustion, as  from  overwork. 

In  states  of  extreme  brain-fag  the  horizon  is  narrowed 
almost  to  the  passing  word.  IX.  17 


bram-sickness  (bran'sik-nes),  «.    Disorder  of 
the  brain;  insanity.  Holland. 
brainstone  (bran'ston),  w.    See  brain-coral. 
brainstone-coral  (bran'ston-kor'al),  n.  Same 

as  brain-coral.  " 

^otthehmhi  The  throbbing 

brainward  (bran'ward),  adv.  and  a.  Toward 

or  tending  toward  the  brain. 

If,  from  any  cause,  there  is  excessive  braimvard  deter- 
mmation  of  the  blood,  the  plethora  of  the  capiUariesXes 
rise  to  increased  mental  excitement.  esfcives 
Huxley  and  Youmans,  Physiol.,  §  499. 

brain-wave  (bran'wav),  «.  A  so-called  tele- 
pathic vibration  supposed  to  be  concerned 
m  the  transference  of  a  thought  from  one  mind 
to  another  by  other  than  physical  means  of 
communication. 

.»?"'^^„?''P?f 'ons  as  brain-wave  (Knowles),  mentiferous 
mafuX^f"''''^>      ,■  ''^^'"y  '0  this  natural  tli  "ugh  pre 
mature  desire  to  ticket  or  identify  a  force  which 
cannot  at  present  be  correlated  with  nerve-force       '  '  ' 
Proc.  Soc.  Psych.  Research,  Oct.,  1886,  p.  178 

brain-work  (bran 'werk),  «.  Intellectual  labor  ; 
cerebration.  ' 

brain-worm  (bran'werm),  n.  1.  A  worm  in- 
testiiig  or  supposed  to  infest  the  brain.  Also 
caWeA  brain-maggot.— 2.  The  vermis  of  the 
cerebellum. 

brainy  (bra'ni),  a.    [<  brain  +  -yl.]  Having 
a  good  brain;  intelligent;  sharp-witted;  quick 
ot  comprehension, 
braird  (brard),  n.    [In  sense  <  AS.  brord,  a 
point,  blade  of  grass  (see  brad);  but  the  form 
depends  rather  upon  ME.  brerd,  <  AS.  brerd 
breord,  ONorth.  hreard,  edge,  brink,  =  OHg' 
brort  edge,  etc. ;  prob.  connected  with  AS 
brord,  a  point.]    A  grain-crop  when  it  first 
makes  its  appearance  above  ground.  [Scotch.] 
tiJ"?"  ^'""l^  of  the  Lord,  that  begins  to  rise  so  green  in 
the  land,  will  gi-ow  in  peace  to  a  plentiful  harvest  Gait. 
braird  (brard),  v.  i.    [<  braird,  m.]    To  sprino- 
up,  as  seeds;  shoot  forth  fi-om  the  earth,  as 
gram;  germinate.  [Scotch.] 


brairo 

brairo  (bra'ro),  n.  [A  eorriiptiou  of  V.  Uaireau, 
badger.]  A  Canadian  French  name  of  the 
American  badger,  Taxidva  americana. 

braise^,  v-  and  n.    See  hraize^. 

braise-,  ».   See  hniizc^.  ^   ^   .  , 

braise,  braisee  (bra-za'),  a-    [F.]  Braized. 

braiser,  «■    See  hraizer. 

brait  (brat),  ".  [Origin  unknown.]  Among  jew- 
elers, a  rough  diamond. 

braizei,  braise^  (braz),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp. 
hraized,  ppr.  braidng.  [<  F.  hmiser,  cook  over 
live  coals,  <  hraise  =  Pr.  hrasa  =  Sp.  brasa  — 
Pg.  ftraja  —  It.  bracia,  brascia,  bragia,  etc., 
live  coals,  embers  (cf.  F.  braver,  solder;  OP. 
and  F.  em-braser,  OF.  es-braser,  a-braser  -  Pr. 
em-braser  =  Sp.  a-brasar  -  Pg.  a-braaar  =  It. 
ab-braciare,  etc.,  set  on  fli'e);  of  Scand.  origm: 
<  Dan.  brase,  fi-y,  =  Sw.  hrasa,  flame,  =  Icel. 
brasa,  harden  by  fire  :  see  hrass^  and  brazier^. \ 
To  cook  (meat)  "by  stewing  in  a  thick  rich  gravy 
with  vegetables,  etc.,  and  tlien  slowly  bakmg. 

braizei,  braise^  (braz),  «.  [<  braize^,  v.'\  In 
cnokcnj,  braized  meat. 

braize'^  (braz),  n.  [Also  6ra(se;  perhaps  akin  to 
harse,  bass\  and  bream''-,  q.  v.]  1.  An  acanthop- 
terygian  fish  of  the  genus  I'agrus,  P.  vulgaris, 
of  the  family  Sjjarido',  found  in  British  seas. 
Also  called  bec1cer.—  2.  A  local  Scotch  name 
of  the  roach.    Also  braze. 

braize^  (braz),  «.  [A  var.  of  breeze^.']  The 
dust  of  charcoal  which  accumulates  around 
the  furnace  of  charcoal-works ;  coal-dust. 

The  dust  or  braize  of  the  Philadelphia  coal-yards  is 
sold  for  use  in  fire-boxes  [of  locomotives]  of  suital)le  con- 
struction. -Brif-,  XVIII.  501. 

braizer,  braiser  (bra'zer),  n.  [<  braize\  braise^, 
+  -eri.]  A  covered  pot,  stew-pan,  or  kettle 
used  in  braizing. 

braizing-pan  (bra 'zing-pan),  n.  A  smaU  cov- 
ered pan  or  air-tight  oven  in  which  meat  is 
"bPctizGd.* 

brakei  (brak).  Obsolete  or  archaic  preterit  of 
break. 

brakei  (brak),  n.    [Var.  spelling  of  break ;  ct. 
hraek^  and  brake'^.']    If.  A  break;  brack;  flaw. 
Xhe  slighter  brakes  of  our  reformed  Muse. 

Webster,  Worlis,  iv.  141.  (Halliwell.) 

2.  A  mechanical  device  for  arresting  the  mo- 
tion of  a  vehicle:  now  usually  classed  with 
braked.    See  brakc^,  «.,  9. 
brake^t  (brak),  v.    [<  ME.  braken  {—  D.  broken), 
vomit,  a  secondaiy  form  of  breken,  E.  break  = 
G.  brechen,  break,  vomit:  see  break,  and  cf. 
2)arbrake.}    I,  intruns.  To  vomit. 
Braky n  or  castyn,  or  spewe,  vomo.  Prompt.  Pare. ,  p.  47. 
And  as  an  hounde  that  et  gras  so  gan  ich  to  brake. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  vn.  430. 

II.  trans.  To  vomit ;  cast  up. 

The  vvhal  ...  a  warth  fyiidez 
There  he  brakez  vp  the  buyrne  [man,  sc.  Jonah]. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  1.  3339. 

brake3  (brak),  ?i.  [<  ME.  brake,  an  instrument 
for  breaking  flax,  also  a  name  for  other  me- 
chanical contrivances  ;  not  found  in  AS.,  but 
prob.  of  LGr.  origin :  MLG.  LG.  brake  =  MD. 
hraecke,  D.  braak  {rlas-braak,  flax-brake)  =  Sw. 
brdka  {lin-brdka,  flax-brake)  =  Dan.  brage,  a 
brake  (cf.  OD.  brake,  a  clog  for  the  neck,  MD. 
braecke,  braake,  an  instrument  for  holding  by 
the  nose  ;  cf .  OHG.  brecha,  MHG.  G.  breche,  a 
brake) ;  <  MLG.  LG.  D.,  etc.,  breken  =G.  brechen 
=z  AS.  brecan,  E.  break,  q.  v.  Brake^  is  thus 
practically  equiv.  to  break,  n.,  of  which,  in 
some  recent  uses,  it  is  only  a  different  spelling, 
conformed  to  the  older  word.]  1.  A  tool  or 
machine  for  breaking  up  the  woody  portion  of 
flax,  to  loosen  it  from  the  harl  or  fibers.—  2. 
The  handle  or  lever  by  which  a  pump  is  worked. 
—  3.  Abakers'  kneading-machine. — 4.  A  sharp 
bit  or  snaffle :  as,  "  a  snaffle  bit  or  brake,"  Oas- 
coigne,  Steele  Glas.—  5.  An  apparatus  for  con- 
fining refractory  horses  while  being  shod.— 6. 
A  medieval  engine  of  war  analogous  to  the  bal- 
lista. 

Yet  ceased  not  eyther  the  brakes  or  scorpions,  whereof 
these  discharged  stones  thicke,  the  other  sent  out  darts 
as  fast.  Holland,  tr.  of  Ammianus,  xx.  8. 

They  view  the  iron  rams,  the  brakes,  and  slings. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso. 

7.  A  large  heavy  harrow  for  breaking  clods 
after  plowing.  Also  called  drag.— 8.  A  kind 
of  wagonette.  A  large  and  heavy  variety  of 
this  vehicle  is  used  for  breaking  in  young 
horses  to  harness.— 9.  Any  mechanical  device 
for  arresting  or  retarding  the  motion  of  a  ve- 
hicle or  ear  by  means  of  friction.  The  most  com- 
mon form  is  that  of  curved  wooden  or  iron  shoes  pressed 
against  the  rims  of  the  wheels.  In  this  sense  sometimes 
spelled  break.    See  air-brake. 


658 

10.  The  fore  part  of  a  carriage,  by  which  it 
is  turned. — 11.  A  basket-makers'  tool  for 
stripping  the  bark  from  wiUow  wands. — 12t. 
An  old  instrument  of  torture.  Also  called  the 
Duke  of  Exeter's  daughter — Automatic  brake,  a 
brake  which  acts  mechanically  under  certain  circum- 
stances, as  on  a  railroad-train  when  one  car  becomes  de- 
tached from  the  rest.— Block-brake,  a  brake  used  in 
retarding  a  moving  part  by  tlie  pressure  upon  it  of  a  sta- 
tionary block.—  Compressed-air  brake.  See  air-brake. 
—  Continuous  brake,  a  series  of  car- brakes,  so  arranged 
tliat  all  can  be  controlled  from  some  one  point  on  the 
train.  See  nir-ftrate.— Double-lever  brake,  a  brake  on 
a  car-truck  or  four-wheeled  car,  having  two  levers  so  ar- 
ranged tliat  the  pressure  on  the  two  sets  of  shoes  will  be 
equal.— Single-lever  brake,  a  brake  which  has  but  a 
single  lever,  to  which  the  force  is  applied.  The  fulcrum 


Elevation. 


Plan. 

Single-lever  Car-brake. 
The  single  lever  F.  pivoted  at  raid-length,  is  operated  by  chains 
and  rods  from  the  brake-wheel  on  either  platfonn.    To  the  lever  are 
attached  rods  G,  //,  proceeding  to  the  brake-bars  which  carry  the 
shoes. 

of  the  lever  is  upon  one  brake-beam,  and  from  its  shorter 
arm  a  rod  extends  to  the  brake-beam  of  the  other  pair  of 
wheels  of  the  same  truck.— To  bleed  the  brakes.  See 

Ueeil.  ^  , 

brake3  (brak),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  braked,  ppr. 
braking.  [=  MLG.  LG.  D.  braken  (>  F.  braquer) 
=  Sw.  brdka  =  Dan.  brage,  brake;  from  the 
noun.  Cf .  break,  v.^  If.  To  crack  or  break  (the 
stalks  of  flax)  in  order  to  separate  the  woody 
portions  from  the  fiber.    Now  written  break. 

It  [flax  1  must  be  watered,  dried,  braked,  tew-tawed,  and 
witli  much  lalior  driuen  and  reduced  in  the  end  to  be  as  50ft 
and  tender  as  wooll.    Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xix.  (proem). 

2.  To  retard  or  stop  the  motion  of  by  the  ap- 
plication of  a  brake. 

brake*  (brak),  n.  [<  ME.  brake  (see  brake^) ; 
not  in  AS.,  but  prob.  of  LG.  origin:  MLG. 
brake,  bush,  bushes,  LG.  brake,  a  willow-bush ; 
orig.  appar.  rough  or  broken  ground;  cf.  D. 
braak  {-land)  =  MLG.  brake  —  G.  brache,  land 
broken  but  not  sowed,  MHG.  brache,  OHG. 
brdcha,  the  breaking  of  land  after  harvest  (= 
MLG.  brake  —  MD.  braecJie,  D.  braak,  breaking, 
a  break :  see  brack^) ;  hence  in  comp.,  G.-brach- 
fcld,  equiv.  to  D.  braakland,  fallow  land ;  OHG. 
MHG.  brachmanot,  ' plowing-month,'  June; 
whence  separately  as  an  adj.,  D.  braak  =  G. 
brach  (>  Dan.  brak),  fallow;  ult.  <  D.  breken  = 
OHG.  brechan,  MHG.  brechen,  G.  brechen  =  AS. 
brecan,  E.  break;  being  thus  closely  akin  to 
brack^  and  to  brakc^.'\  1.  A  place  overgrown 
with  bushes  or  brushwood,  shrubs,  and  bram- 
bles ;  a  thicket ;  in  the  United  States,  a  cane- 
brake,  that  is,  a  tract  of  groimd  overgrown  with 
cane,  Arundinaria  macrospcrma. 

This  green  plot  shall  be  our  stage,  this  hawthorn  brake 
our  tiring-house.  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  111.  1. 

He  staid  not  for  brake,  and  he  stopped  not  for  stone. 
He  swam  the  Esk  river  where  ford  there  was  none. 

Scott,  Young  Lochinvar. 
The  mid-forest  brake.. 
Rich  with  a  sprinkling  of  fair  musk-rose  blooms. 

Keats,  Endymion,  i. 

2.  A  single  bush,  or  a  number  of  bushes  grow- 
ing by  themselves. 

brake^  (brak),  n.  [<  ME.  brake,  appar.  <  AS. 
bracce  (rare),  a  fern:  see  bracken.  Appar. 
confused  in  ME.,  etc.,  with  brake^,  a  thicket, 
etc. ;  cf .  brake^,  brakebush,  fern-brake.']  The 
name  given  to  Pteris  aquilina  and  other  large 
ferns.    See  Pteris. 

Others  [leaves]  are  parted  small  like  our  ferns  or  brakes. 

E.  Terry,  Voyage,  p.  105. 
Buckhom-brake,  a  name  sometimes  applied  to  the 
flowering  fern,  Osmunda  rer/aiis.— Cliff-brake,  a  com- 
mon name  of  the  genus  Peiicea.— Rock-brake.the  plant 
AUdnonis  crisjin.^. 

brake-bar  (brak'bilr),  n.  A  bar  connecting  the 
brake-shoes  of  opposite  wheels  of  a  carriage  of 
any  kind. 

brake-beam  (brak'bem),  n.    A  wooden  bar 

supporting  the  brake-blocks  of  a  car-truck, 
brake-block  (brak'blok),  «.     A  wooden  or 
metal  block  holding  the  shoe  or  piece  which 
bears  against  the  tread  or  tire  of  a  wheel  wlien 
the  brake  is  applied. 


Brake-shoe. 


bramble 

brakebusht,  »•    [ME.  brakebushe;  <  brdke^  + 
buttliX.']    A  fern-brake. 

brake-hanger  (brak'hang"er),  n.  A  link  or  bar 
by  which  brake-beams  and  their  attachments 
are  suspended  from  a  truck-frame  or  ear-body. 
Car-Builder's  Diet — parallel  brake-hanger,  a  bar 
or  link  so  attached  to  a  tirake-beam  as  to  maintain  the 
brake-heail  and  brake-shoe  in  the  same  relative  positions 
wlien  the  brakes  are  released,  thus  preventing  the  brake- 
slioes  from  striking  against  the  wheel. 

brake-head  (brak'hed),  «.  Apiece  of  wood  or 
iron  fastened  to  a  brake-beam  and  bearing 
against  the  wheels,  forming  both  a  brake-block 
and  a  brake-shoe. 

brake-hopper  (brak' hop "fer),  n.  [<  brake^  + 
hopper.]  A  name  for  the  grasshopper-warbler, 
Sylvia  locustella,  or  Locustella  ncevia.  Macgil- 
linray.    [Local,  British.] 

brakeman  (brak'man),  n. ;  pi.  bralcemen  (-men). 
1.  A  man  whose  business  is  to  apply  the  brakes 
on  a  railroad-train  which  are  operated  by  hand. 
— 2.  In  »«mi«f7,  the  man  in  charge  of  the  wind- 
ing-engine. 

Sometimes  spelled  breakman,  and  in  Great 
Britain  often  called  brakesman. 
brakent,  »•    An  obsolete  foi-m  of  bracken. 
brake-shaft  (brak '  shaft),  n.    The  shaft  on 
which  is  wound  the  chain  by 
which  the  power  of  a  ear-brake 
operated  by  hand  is  applied  to 
the  wheels. 

brake-shoe  (brak'sho),  n.  A 
piece  of  wood  or  metal  fitted 
to  a  brake-block,  or  forming 
one  piece  with  it,  and  serving 
as  a  rubber  to  retard,  by  fric- 
tion with  the  wheel-tread  or 
-tire,  the  movement  of  a  wheel. 
—  Brake-shoe  valve,  in  an  air-  or 
vacuum-brake,  a  valve  so  arranged  as  to  relieve  the  pres- 
sure upon  the  wheel  when  it  becomes  too  great, 
brakesman  (braks'  man),  n. ;  pi.  brakesmen 

(-men).    See  brakeman. 
brake-spool  (brak'spol),  n.    An  enlargement, 
by  a  sleeve  or  otherwise,  of  a  brake-shaft  to  give 
greater  speed  and  less  power  to  the  brake,  Car- 
Builder's  Diet. 
brake-strap  (brak'strap),  n.    The  strap  sur- 
rounding the  pulley  of  a  friction-brake, 
brakett,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  bragget^. 
brake-van  (brak'van),  n.    On  European  rail- 
ways, the  van  or  car  in  a  freight-train  to  the 
wheels  of  which  the  brake  is  applied.  See 
brake^,  9. 

brake-wheel  (brak'hwel),  w.  1.  A  horizontal 
hand-wheel  on  the  platform  of  a  railroad-car, 
or  on  the  roof  of  a  box-ear,  used  to  control  the 
brake. — 2.  A  heavy  wheel  furnished  with  cams 
to  control  the  action  of  a  trip-hammer, 
brakisht,  a.    See  brackish.  „  „  , 

braky  (bra'ki),  a.  [<  ferafce*  +  -2/I.]  Full  of 
brakes;  abounding  with  brambles  or  shrubs; 
rough;  thorny:  as,  ''braky  thickets  and  deep 
sloughs,"  itjJ.  Hall,  Heaven  upon  Earth. 

Kedeem  arts  from  their  rough  and  brakey  seats,  where 
they  lay  hid  and  overgrown  with  thorns. 

B.  Jonson,  Discoveries. 

brallt.  obsolete  spelling  of  braivl. 
Brama  (bra'ma),  «.  [NL.]  The  typical  genus 
of  fishes  of  the  family  Bramidm.  The  pomfret, 
B.  rayi,  is  an  example.  Schneider,  1801.  See 
cut  under  sea-bream. 
Bramah  lock,  press.  See  the  nouns. 
Bramantesque  (bra-man-tesk' ) ,  a.  Relating  to 
or  having  the  character  or  style  of  the  works 
of  Bramante  (1444-1514),  a  noted  Italian  archi- 
tect, whose  studies  of  the  antique  exerted  much 
influence  upon  the  classic  revival.  He  prepared 
the  original  design  for  the  rebuilding  of  St.  Peter's  at 
Borne,  of  which  the  execution  was  interrupted  by  his 
death.  The  epithet  Brawantesque  was  early  applied  to 
the  style  of  architecture  now  called  Renaissance,  from  the 
preeminent  position  held  by  Bramante  in  its  formation. 

The  artist  who  introduced  Renaissance  architecture, 
then  called  Bramantesque,  into  Lombardy. 

C.  C.  Perkins,  Italian  Sculpture,  p.  182,  note. 

bramantip  (bra-man'tip),  n^  Same  as  bamalip. 
Bramatherium  (brii-ma-the'ri-um),  n.  [NL., 
prop.  * Brahmatherium,  <  Brahma^  +  Gr.  dripiov, 
wild  beast.]  A  genus  of  gigantic  artiodactyl 
mammals  of  uncertain  position,  related  to  Si- 
vatherium.  Like  the  latter,  it  had  four  horns,  and  its  re- 
mains occur  with  those  of  Sivatherium  in  the  middle  and 
late  Tertiary  deposits  of  the  Sivalik  hills  m  India,  fal- 
coner and  Cantleroy.  1845.  ,  ,  , 

bramble  (bram'bl),  n.  [<  ME.  brembel,  brembil, 
bremmil,  <  AS.  brambel,  brembel,  prop,  bremcl 
(also  brember,  ME.  hrember :  see  brambleberry), 
—  ODan.  bremle,  brymle  —  LG.  brummel  {-beren, 
pi.),  bramble;  dim.  of  the  form  seen  in  ME. 


bramble 

ftrawe  bramble,  =  MD.  braeme,  breme,  D.  braam 
=  MLG.  brum,  brame,  breme,  brumme,  LG.  b)-aam 
bramble,  broom-plant,  =  OHG.  brarna,  bramo, 
MHG  6)a7/;e.  bramble,  G.  dial.  (Swiss)  bramen, 
bra,mble,  G.  bram,  brame,  broom-plant  (also  an 
awl,  punch,  from  the  sense  of  '  thorn ').  Akin 
to  broom\  q.  v.]  A  name  common  to  plants 
of  the  genus  Rubus,  especially  and  usually  in 
-tiUgland  the  common  blackberry,  R.  fruticosus  ■ 
occasionally  (from  these  plants  being  armed 
with  prickles),  any  rough  prickly  shrub,  as  the 
dogrose,  Rosa  canina. 

The  bramble  floiu-  that  bereth  the  red  hepe. 

Chaucer,  Sir  Thopas,  1.  35. 
bramble  (bram'bl),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  bram- 
bled,  ppr.  brambling.    [<  bramble,  «.]    To  pick 
brambles  or  blackberries. 

All  persons  found  brambling,  nutting,  and  otherwise 
trespassing  m  .  .  .  Woods,  will  be  prosecuted 

Quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  327 

brambleberry  (bram'bl-ber"i),       pi.  iram'- 
blebernes  (-iz).    [ME.  not  found,  <  AS  bre- 
mel-bene  (cf.  brember,  ME.  brember,  equiv  to 
ire>nbel  bremel,  bramble)  (=  MLG.  brdmber  = 
OHG.  bramberi,  MHG.  brambere,  brdmber  G 
brombeere  =  Sw.  brombcir  =  Dan.  bromba^'r,  a 
blaekbeiTy,  =  MD.  braembesie,  D.  braambezie,  > 
t  .  framboise,  Pr.  framboiso,  Sp.  frambueso,  It. 
dial,  flanboesa,  ilL.  framboses,  raspberry)  < 
bramble,  +  berie,  berry.]    1 .  The  bcTry 
of  a  bramble;  especially,  a  blaekben-y.— 2 
The  plant  itself.    See  bramble.    [Eno- 1 
bramble-bond  (bram' bl-bond),  w.  "  A  band 
made  of  the  long  shoots  of  the  bramble,  for- 
merly used  in  thatching  roofs, 
bramble-bush  (bram'bl-biish),  n.  [<  bramble  + 
biish;  cf.  D.  braambosck  =  MLG.  brambusch  = 
ODan.  bremlebuslc.-]    The  bramble,  or  a  thicket 
ot  brambles, 
brambled  (bram 'bid),  «.    [<  bramble,  «.,  + 
-ed^.J    Overgrown  with  brambles. 

Forlorn  she  sits  upon  the  brambled  floor. 

T.  Warton,  Ode,  iii. 

bramble-finch  (bram'bl-fineh),  «.  Same  as 
brambling. 

bramble-net  (bram'bl-net),  n.  a  hallier,  or 
net  tor  catching  birds. 

bramble-rose '(bram'bl-roz),  «.  The  dogrose, 
Mosa  canina.  ' 

Bramble-roses,  faint  and  pale.  Tennyson,  A  Dirge 

bramble-worm  (bram'bl-werm),  n.    Same  as 
brandling,  2. 

brambling  (bram'bling),  n.  [<  bramble  +  -inr/S  1 
A  common  European  conirostral  oseine  pas- 
senne  bird,  of  the  family  Fringillidcv,  FringiUa 


659 

bramid  (bram'id),  «.  A  fish  of  the  family  Bra- 
muUv.  •' 

Bramidae  (bram'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Brama  + 
-tdw.\  A  family  of  acanthopterygian  fishes, 
represented  by  the  genus  Brama.   it  belongs  to 

the  superfamily  Scombruidea,  and  is  characterized  by  an 
oblong  compreb^sed  body,  rounded  head,  long  dorsal  and 
v^nL.,rfl"'  a.,"'  ^"'^'•'O''  spines,  and  perfect  thoracic 
central  tins  Hie  few  species  are  inhabitants  of  rather 
deep  seas.    See  cut  under  pom/ret. 

Bramin,  etc.    See  Brahman,  etc. 
bramold  (bram'oid),  a.  and  n.    [<  Brama  + 
-Old.]    I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the 
Bramidce. 
II.  n.  A  fish  of  the  family  Bramidce. 
branl  (bran),  n.    [<  ME.  bran,  also  bren,  brin, 
partly  <  OF.  brem,  bran,  also  refuse,  dung  F 
bran,  bran,  =  Pr.  bren  =  OSp.  bren  =  It.  dial' 
brenno  (ML.  brennium,  brannum),  bran,  <  W 
bran,  bran,  husk,  =  Ir.  bran,  chaff,  =  Bret' 
6re«H  bran;  and  partly  (like  OF.,  etc.)  cUrectly 
from  the  Celtic]  The  outer  coat  of  wheat,  rye, 
or  other  farinaceous  grain ;  the  husky  portion 
ot  ground  wheat,  separated  fi-om  the  flour  bv 
bolting.  •' 
branl  (bran),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  branned,  ppr. 
branning.    [<  branT-,  n.]    To  steep  in  a  bath  of 
bran  and  water,  as  cloth  before  or  after  dyeing 
or  skins  for  tanning, 


branchiae 


Branned  goods  are  not  afterwards  soaped,  but  simply 
wiished  in  the  washing  machine  for  hall  aA  hour  with 
cold  or  tepid  water. 

Crookes,  Dyeing  and  Calico-Printing,  p.  309. 


Brambling  or  Mountain-finch  (Frineilla  tnoHH/ringiUa). 

montifringilla,  or  mountain-finch,  closely  re- 
lated to  and  resembling  the  chafilnch,  F.  Ca- 
lebs, but  larger.    Also  called  bramble-flnch. 

(bram'bH),  a.  [<  bramble  -i-  1 
^ull  of  brambles:  as,  " 6ra?w6Z«  wildernesses," 
lennyson.  The  Brook.  ' 
bramet  (bram),  n.  [<  OF.  brame,  bram,  a  cry 
of  pain  or  longing  (=  Bret,  bram,  a  noise,  = 
fep.  it.  brama,  desire),  <  bramer^-Pv.  bramar  = 
f„P-  out,  =  It.  brmnare,  desire,  long 

lor,  <  OHG.  breman  =  AS.  bremman  =  MD 
emotion  '        '       ^''^''"^"^    'i^t^ns^  passion  or 

«?f° ^°'^J°",?,'''"^''^  ^"^^  hart-burning  brame 
She  shortly  like  a  pyned  ghost  became  ' 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  m.  u.  52. 


bran2  (bran),  n.    [E.  dial. ;  origin  unknown.] 
A  name  of  the  common  crow,  Corvits  corone. 
Macgilhvray.    [Local,  British.] 
bran3  (bran),  v.     A  dialectal  form  of  bren 
burn^.  ' 
bran-bread  (bran'bred'),  n.    [<  ME.  branbred.l 
Bread  made  of  bran,  or  of  unbolted  flour 
branct,  n.    [OF.  branc;  cf.  F.  braiicke,  branch  • 
see  b)-ancJi.2    A  linen  vestment  similar  to  a 
rochet,  formerly  worn  by  women  over  their 
other  clothing, 
brancard  (brang'kard),  n.    [F.,  a  litter,  shaft, 
thili,  <  Pr.  branc,  P.  branche,  branch,  arm.]  A 
horse-litter.    Lady  M.  W.  Montagu. 
branch  (branch),  n.  and  a.    [Early  mod.  E.  also 
braunch;  <  ME.  branche,  braunche,  bronche  <  OF 
branche,brance,  F.  6r(7«cy(e,branch,  =Pr.  branca 
also  branc,  =  OSp.  and  OPg.  branca  =  It.  branca 
branch,  claw,  =  WaU.  branca,  hand,  fore  foot  (> 
G.  branke,  dial,  lyranke,  claw,  pranlce,  brante, 
prante,  a  paw,  esp.  of  a  bear),  <  ML.  branca, 
claw;  perhaps  of  Celtic  origin:  cf.  Bret,  branc 
an  arm,  =  W.  braich,  an  arm,  a  branch,  =  L 
bracMum,  bracchium,  arm,  branch,  claw:  see 
brace\  n.-]  I.  n.  1.  A  di\-ision  or  subdivision  of 
the  stem  or  axis  of  a  tree,  shi-ub,  or  other  plant 
(the  ultimate  or  smaller  ramifications  being 
called  branehlets,  twigs,  or  shoots) ;  a  bough. 
A  gi-eat  elm  tree  spread  its  broad  branches  over  it. 

Irvinfj,  Sketch-Book,  p.  427. 

2.  Something  resembling  a  branch  in  its  re- 
lation to  the  trunk;  an  offshoot  or  part  extend- 
ing from  the  main  body  of  a  thing;  a  ramifica- 
tion ;  a  subdivision ;  an  outgrowth. 

Withouten  braunch  of  vyce  in  ony  wyse 
In  trouthe  alwey  to  don  yow  my  servyse'. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  133. 
SpecificaUy--(a)  Any  member  or  pai-t  of  a  body  or  system  ■ 
tiSf'Tif  °*  =  ^  °^  '^"bdiyision :  as,  ^branch  of  a 

society ;  the  various  branches  of  learning. 

In  the  United  States  of  America  ...  the  study  of  iu- 
risprudence  and  of  some  branches  of  politics  has.  made 
great  progi-ess. 

Sir  Q.  C.  Lewis,  Authority  in  Matters  of  Opinion,  iii. 

Pnrnif„^^P'f^''■^7'™.^•"°"°"  ''^""e  the  christians  of 
teof  tao4leVge?°'''"'  '"'""'^^  '^'^^ 
B.  W.  Lane,  Modem  Egyptians,  I.  277. 
(6)  A  line  of  family  descent,  in  distinction  from  some 
^.I  fL  ?'^  0^  l>"es  from  the  same  stock:  as,  the  English 
such  a  line  ]  descendant  in 

His  father,  a  younger  branch  of  the  ancient  stock  planted 
m  Somersetshire.  a.  Carew,  Survey  of  Cornwall 

tS  J"iw  ?H  ■ '  portion  of  a  real  curve  capable  of  descrip- 
tion by  the  continuous  motion  of  a  point.  Every  branch 
either  extends  to  infinity  or  returns  into  itself  (reZmnt 
brayich)  ■  but  some  old  geometers  considered  a  branch  to 
be  ended  by  a  cusp,  (e)  A  piece  of  pipe  including  a  length 
of  the  main  pipe  and  a  shorter  piece  branching  from  it 
When  the  latter  is  at  right  angles  to  the  fomer  the 
branch  i^aT.bra,ieh ;  if  at  an  acute  angle,  it  is  a  TbJancl 
^anT  m  ^?  '''T^^^S  pieces,  it  is  called  aXw^ 
^anch  if)  Tlie  metal  piece  on  the  end  of  the  hose  of  a 
fire-engine  to  which  the  nozle  is  screwed,  (r,  One  of  the 
sides  of  a  horseshoe.  (A)  In  fart.,  the  wing^or  long  s  de 
of  a  horn-  or  crow-n-work  ;  also,  one  of  the  paris  of  a  zi" 
zag  approach.  (0  In  a  sword-hilt,  either  of  two  pieces 
hlnrt\P/?f"*  ^*  ''^Sles  to  the  barrel  and  to  the 

blade  of  the  sword,  forming  guards  for  the  hand  See 


hilt,  (i)  In  entom.,  the  flagellum  or  outer  portion  of  a 
geniculate  antenna.  (*)  In  mininff,  a  small  tein,  leader 
or  string  of  ore,  connected  with  or  seeming  t<;  branch 
from  the  main  lode.  See  lode.  (0  In  a  bridle,  either  of  two 
anS  the'curb?  '™"  ^^rosslchal^" 

3.  In  the  southern  and  some  of  the  western 
United  States,  the  general  name  for  any  stream 
that  is  not  a  large  river  or  a  bayou. 

Most  of  the  branches  or  streams  were  dried  uj).  Irving. 

4.  The  diploma  or  commission  issued  by  the 
proper  authority  to  a  pilot  who  has  j.assed  an  ex- 
amination for  competency.— 5t.  A  chandelier. 
Ash.— 6.  A  branched  candlestick  or  candle. 

This  [funeral]  procession  was  headed  by  an  acolyte  with 
a  cross  between  two  clerks,  each  of  whom  caixied  a  pecu- 
liar kind  of  light  called  "a  white  branch,"  because  com- 
posed of  three  tapers  shooting  up  out  of  one  root  as  it 
were,  being  twisted  together  at  the  lower  end  —  an  em- 
blem of  tlie  Trinity.    Hock,  Chui'eh  of  our  Fatlier.s,  ii.  487. 

Bastard  branch.  See  ftaxtarcf.— Branches  of  ogives 

in  arch.,  the  ribs  of  groined  vaults  traversing  from  one 
angle  to  another,  and  forming  a  cross  between  the  other 
arches  which  make  the  sides  of  the  squire  of  which  the 
branches  are  tlie  diagonals.   See  arc  oi/ire  under  «rel  - 

Branch  herring  See  Aer,w/.— Complete  branch, 'in 

'jeom.,  a  branch  of  a  curve  considered  as  not  interrupted 
by  passing  through  infinity.  See  2  (d),  above.— Falling 
Drancll,in  .r/wn.,  that  portion  of  the  trajectory  in  wiiich 
the  projectile  approaches  the  earth. 

II.  a.  Consisting  of  or  constituting  a  branch  : 
ramifying;  diverging  from  a  trunk,  main  stem, 
or  mam  body:  as,  a  branch  road  or  railroad;  a 
branch  society, 
branch  (branch),  V.  [<  ME.  braunchen,  <  OF 
branchir  =  Pr.  brancar,  branch,  =  It.  brancare, 
grip ;  from  the  noun.]    I.  inirans.  1.  To  spread 

m  branches ;  send  out  branches,  as  a  plant.  

2.  To  divide  into  separate  pai-ts  or  subdivisions; 
diverge;  ramify._To  branch  off,  to  form  separate 

Ijarts  or  branches ;  diverge  from  any  main  stem,  line,  or 
course.— To  branch  out,  to  ramify;  engage  in  lateral 
operations,  as  in  business;  digres.s,  as  in- discourse. 
To  branch  oxit  into  a  long  extempore  dissertation. 

Spectator,  No.  247. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  divide,  as  into  branches; 
make  subordinate  divisions  in. 

The  spirits  of  things  animate  »  .  .  are  branched  into 
canals  as  blood  is.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

2.  To  adorn  with  needlework ;  decorate  with 
embroidery;  adorn  with  flowers  or  other  orna- 
ment, as  in  textile  fabrics. 

The  train  whereof  loose  far  behind  her  strayed 
Branched  with  gold  and  pearl  most  richly  wrought. 

Spenser. 

Calling  my  officers  about  me,  in  my  branched  velvet 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  u.  5. 

All  branch'd  and  flower'd  with  gold. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

To  branch  (a  thing)  out,  to  make  it  spread  out  in  divi- 
sions hke  branches.  [Rare.] 
Ah,  my  Giacinto  .  .  . 
Branches  me  out  his  verb-tree  on  the  slate. 

Browning,  Eing  and  Book,  II.  64. 
branch-chuck  (branch'chuk),  n.    In  mech  a 
chuck  formed  of  four  branches  turned  up' at 
the  ends,  each  furnished  with  a  screw. 
Branchelliidse  (brang-ke-li'i-de),  n.  pi  [NL 
<  Branchellion  +  -idw.']    A  family  of  leeches' 
typified  by  the  genus  Brancliellion.   Thev  are  dis' 
tinguished  by  the  development  of  a  pair  of  lateral  bran- 
chiform  lobes  on  each  segment  of  the  body.    The  oral 
sucker  is  entire  and  strictured  at  its  origin.    A  common 
European  species  is  Branchellion  torpedinis 
Branchellion  (brang-kel'i-on),  n.    [NL   <  Gr 
PpayX'a,  gills.]    A  genus  of  Birudinea.  or'leech- 
es,  typical  of  the  family  Branchelliidw.  having 
the  sides  of  the  body  lobate  or  extended  into 
lobe-like  appendages, 
brancher  (bran'cher),  n.     [<  ME.  brancher, 
brauncher,  a  young  hawk;  <  branch  +  -e?-i.]  l 
That  which  shoots  forth  branches.—  2  A  youn<^ 
hawk  or  other  bird  when  it  begins  to  leave  the 
•nest  and  take  to  the  branches  of  trees. 
Thareby  braunchers  in  brede  bettjT  was  never. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  190. 
^'^^  should  have  her  meat  unwashed 
until  she  becomes  a  brancher.  Scott,  Abbot,  I.  44. 

branchery  (bran'cher-i),  n.    [<  branch  +  -€rv.^ 
A  system  of  branches. 

branchia  (brang'ki-a),  w.i     [LL.,  NL.:  see 
bronchia;.]     One  of  the  constituents  of  the  " 
branchial  apparatus;  a  gill.     See  branchice. 
[Rare.] 

branchia  (brang'M-a),  w.2 pi.  [NL. :  see  bran- 
chice.] Same  as  branchia;.  [Rare.] 
branchiae  (brang'ki-e),  n.  pi.  [L.,  pi.  (cf.  LL. 
(NL.)  branchia,  tern,  sing.,  NL.  branchia,  neut. 
pi.,  the  proper  form),  <  Gr.  ,3pdyx'a,  pi.,  gUls, 
Ppayxiov,  sing.,  a  fin;  cf.  Spayxo^.  hoarseness, 
[ipayxiov  =  jSpoyxtov,  windpipe:  see  bronchia.] 
1.  Organs  subservient  to  respiration  through 


branchlse 


660 


branchiostege 


the  medium  of  water.  They  are  highly  vascular, 
with  thin  walls,  permitting  the  aeration  of  the  blood  by 
the  oxygen  in  the  water  which  conies  in  immediate  con- 
tact with  them.  They  are  developed  from  dirt'erent  parts 
of  the  body  in  different  classes  of  animals.  See  giUl,  ajid 
cuts  under  Polyplacophora  and  Tetrabraiichiata. 

2.  In  Arthropoda,  as  crustaceans,  specifically, 
the  externally  projecting  processes  ot  the  body 
or  its  limbs,  which  are  supplied  with  venous 
blood  (which  is  thus  brought  into  contact  with 
the  air  dissolved  in  water),  and  constitute  a 
special  respiratory  organ.  See  cut  under  Po- 
dophthalmia.  other  kinds  of  respiratory  organs  in 
arthropods  are  tracheo-branchice,  trachece,  and  pulmonary 
sacs.    See  these  words. 

3.  In  Vermes,  any  appendages  of  the  head  or 
body  so  modified  as  to  act  as  a  respiratory  or- 
gan ;  the  various  processes  which  protrude  or 
radiate  from  the  head  or  other  region  of  the 
body,  and  have,  or  are  supposed  to  have,  a 
respiratory  function.    See  cut  imder  Frotida. 

In  .  .  .  [Amphinomidce,  Eunicidce,  and  Terebellidte]  the 
branchiae  are  ciliated  branched  plumes  or  tufts  attached 
to  the  dorsal  surface  of  more  or  fewer  of  the  somites.  In 
[Serpulidce\  .  .  .  they  are  exclusively  attaclied  to  the  an- 
terior segment  of  the  body,  and  present  the  form  of  two 
large  plumes,  each  consisting  of  a  principal  stem,  with 
many  lateral  brandies.        Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  210. 

4.  In  entom.,  gill-like  appendages  on  the  bodies 
of  certain  insect-larvee  and  -pup£e  which  live  in 
the  water,  as  many  dragon-liies  and  gnats. 

They  are  expansions  of  the  integument,  and  it  is  supposed 
that  they  "absorb  air  from  the  water,  and  convey  it  by 
the  minute  ramifications  of  the  tracheal  vessels,  witli 
which  they  are  abundantly  supplied,  into  the  main  tra- 
cheae, to  be  distributed  over  the  whole  liody."  Ifewport. 

branchial  (brang'ki-al),  a.  [<  NL.  branch ialis, 
<  L.  hranchice,  gills :  see  branchice.']  1.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  branchiae  or  gills ;  or,  in  ani- 
mals which  have  no  gills  properly  so  called, 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  parts  considered  homol- 
ogous with  gills,  as,  in  a  bird  or  mammal,  parts 
of  the  third  postoral  visceral  arch,  or  of  any 
visceral  arch  behind  the  hyoidean. —  2.  Per- 
formed by  means  of  branchiae:  as,  branchial 
respiration;  a  branchial  function — Branchial 
aperture,  the  aperture  or  outlet  for  water  whicli  lias  sup- 
plied the  branchiae,  lying  behind  them.  In  fishes  there 
are  2,  one  on  each  side ;  rarely  the  two  are  conlluent  in 
a  single  inferior  aperture.  In  selachians  they  are  gen- 
erally in  5  pairs,  rarely  in  6  or  7.  In  myzoiits  they  are 
usually  in  7  pairs,  rarely  6  or  more  than  7,  and  sometimes 
confluent  in  an  inferior  pair  of  "  pores."  In  invertebrates 
they  vary. —  BrancMal  arch,  in  tishes,  one  of  the  arches 
ot  the  branchial  apparatus  wliich  support  tlie  branchial 
filaments  on  each  side.—  Brancllial  bar,  the  haidened 
portion  of  the  branchial  apparatus  whicli  supports  tlie 
gills  :  same  as  branchial  arch. — Branchial  basket.  See 

iastef,  10.— Branchial  cavity,  or  branchial  chamber. 

(a)  The  cavity  on  each  side  of  whicli  are  tlie  branchiae :  it  is 
behind  and  generally  confluent  witli  the  oral  cavity,  (b) 
In  Crustacea,  a  cavity  or  space  inclosed  by  the  braiichios- 
tegite  or  gill-cover  (formed  by  a  free  pleural  part  of  the 
carapace),  and  bounded  internally  by  the  epiiiiera  of  the 
branchiferous  somites.  — Branchial  cleft,  one  of  the  lat- 
eral foramina  behind  the  head  wliich  are  apparent  in  the 
embryos  of  vertebrates,  soon  disappearing  in  the  higher 
types,  but  longer  persistent  (sometimes  through  life)  in 
the  lower,  as  in  the  amphibians :  liomologous  with  the 
branchial  aperture-i. — Branchial  COU,  a  spirally  curved 
tube  formed  by  a  diverticulum  of  the  superior  pharyngeal 
mucous  membrane  in  certain  fishes,  such  as  the  clupeids 
(for  example,  menhaden)  and  related  forms. — Branchial 
duct,  in  myzonts,  a  short  canal  (interior)  between  a  liraii- 
chial  pouch  and  the  intestinal  cavity,  or  one  (exterior)  be- 
tween a  pouch  and  the  exterior  of  the  body. —  Branchial 
fold,  the  series  ot  branchial  filaments  around  the  convex 
margin  of  a  branchial  arch.  — Branchial  framework. 
Same  as  branchial  skeleton.  — 3ia,nctlial  ganglion,  a 
ganglion  which  supplies  the  brancliia;,  as  in  certain  niol- 
lusks.— Branchial  gut,  a  rudimentary  branchial  cham- 
ber.—  Branchial  heart,  a  specialized  widened  vascular 
canal  which  supplies  the  branchiae. — Branchial  lamella, 
a  row  of  branchial  filaments  approximated  to  one  another 
and  forming  a  lamella-like  structure.  In  fishes  there  are 
generally  two  lamellae  to  most  of  the  arches,  surmounting 
their  convex  edges.  Also  called  branchial  y/Zaie.— Bran- 
chial pharynx,  a  pharynx  with  a  branchial  apparatus,  as 
in  the  tuiiicates.— Branchial  plate.  Same  as  branchial 
lamella. — Branchial  pore,  a  pore-like  branchial  aper- 
ture common  to  all  the  branchial  ducts  of  one  side,  such 
as  occurs  in  myxinids  or  hags.— Branchial  pouch,  in  my- 
zonts and  selachians,  a  pouch-like  structure  of  the  bran- 
chial apparatus  in  which  and  from  which  the  brancliia; 
are  developed. — Branchial  ray,  in  selachians,  one  of  the 
cartilaginous  rods  radiating  from  a  branchial  arch  back- 
ward, and  aff'ording  support  to  the  branchial  pouches. — 
Branchial  respiration,  respiration  by  means  of  bran- 
chiae or  gills. — Branchial  sac,  the  respiratory  chamber 
containing  the  branchiic  in  the  tunicates.  It  is  the  large 
pharyngeal  dilatation  into  which  the  oral  aperture  leads, 
and  which  presents  the  stigmata  through  which  the  cav- 
ity of  the  sac  communicates  with  the  atrium.  See  cut 
under  rurHcafa.- Branchial  septum,  in  certain  tu- 
nicates (for  example,  Salpidm),  a  gill  detached  from  the 
wall  of  the  branchial  chamber  and  forming  a  rafter  stretch- 
ing from  its  dorsal  wall  to  the  ventral  wall. — Branchial 
sinus,  a  vascular  sinus  into  which  blood  passes  from  tlie 
visceral  sac  on  its  way  to  the  brancliia;. — Branchial 
skeleton,  the  harder  framework  which  is  subservient  to 
the  branchiae  in  branchiferous  animals.  Also  called  bran- 
chial /ra?rt,cwori.— Branchial  slit,  the  space  between 
neighboring  branchiae  or  branchial  arches.  — Branchial 
tentacle,  in  certain  worms  (for  example,  terebelliils),  one 
of  the  tentacle-like  organs  of  the  head,  performing  in  part 


a  respiratory  function.- Branchial  tuft,  in  tubicolons 
cluctopodous  worms,  an  aggregation  of  contractile  ten- 
tacular filaments  in  the  cephalic  region,  assuming  in  part 
the  otfice  of  branchiiB. 

Branchiata  (brang-ki-a'tii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  hranchiatus,  having  gills:  see  branchiate.'] 
Iuro(>7.,  a  name  used  with  various  significations. 

(a)  In  some  systems  of  classification,  one  of  the  prime 
divisions  of  the  Arthropoda,  by  wliich  all  crustaceans, 
in  a  broad  sense,  are  collectively  distinguished  from 
the  Tracheata,  or  insects  in  the  widest  sense  (arachnids, 
luyriapods,  and  insects  proper) :  so  called  from  having  a 
branchial  instead  of  a  tracheate  respiratory  apparatus. 
In  Gegeiibaur's  system  a  third  prime  division,  Protrache- 
ata,  established  for  Peripatus  alone,  intervenes  between 
Branchiata  and  Tracheata.  The  Branchiata  are  primarily 
divided  into  Crustacea  proper  (incliuling  the  two  main 
groups  of  Entomostraea  and  Malacostraca)  and  Pceeilo- 
poda,  represented  by  Linnilus,  etc.  (b)  A  division  of  ver- 
tebrates containing  those  which  for  some  time  or  perma- 
nently breathe  by  gills ;  the  amphibians  and  fishes,  as 
distinguished  from  reptiles,  birds,  and  mammals :  synony- 
mous with  Ichthyop.<:ida  (which  see),  (c)  In  molUisks,  same 
as  Branchioyasteropoda.  (d)  A  division  of  annelids  con- 
taining those  which  breathe  by  gills,  or  the  tubicolous  and 
errant  worms,  corresponding  to  the  groups  Cephnlobran- 
chia  and  Notobranchiata.  (e)  A  group  of  ecliinoids  with 
gills  on  the  buccal  membrane  and  with  ambulacral  plates 
only  on  the  latter,  including  all  the  echinoid  families  ex- 
cept Cidarida'.  Ludwig. 

branchiate,  branchiated  (brang'ki-at,  -a-ted), 
a.  [<  NL.  branchiatits,  having  gills,  <  L.  bran- 
f/«'(P,  gills:  see  branchia'.}  Having  permanent 
gills :  contrasted  with  pulmonate  or pulmonaied  : 
as,  ^'branchiated  Vertebrata,"  Huxley,  Anat. 
Vert.,  p.  70. 

Branchifera  (brang-kif 'e-ra),  n. pi.  [NL.,  neut. 

pi.  of  branchifer :  see  branchiferous.']  In  sodl. : 
(a)  Same  as  Branckiogasteropoda ;  &  division  of 
Gasteropoda  including  those  which  breathe  by 
gills:  opposed  to  PM?;»o«(/i'Tfl.  (b)  In  De  Blain- 
ville's  system  of  classification,  a  division  of 
vmivalves,  of  the  order  Cervicobranchiata,  equiv- 
alent to  the  family  Fissurellidm ;  the  keyhole 
limpets. 

branchiferous  (brang-kif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  NL. 

branch'ifcr,  having  gills,  <  L.  branchice,  gills, 
+  fcrre  —  E.  bear''-.]  1.  Bearing  gills;  having 
branehiffi. 

In  the  Amniota,  also,  the  arrangement  which  has  been 
transmitted  from  their  (jcanc/iiyc/oHs  aiicestors  is  retained 
during  certain  stages  of  embryonic  life,  in  the  form  of 
clefts  in  the  wall  of  the  pharynx. 

Gegen-baur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  545. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Branchifera. 
branchiform  (brang'ki-form),  a.    [<  L.  bran- 
chice, gills,  +  forma,  form.]    Having  the  form, 
character,  or  appearance  of  gills, 
branchihyal  (brang-ki-M'al),  a.  and  n.    [<  L. 
branchiw,  gills,  +  NL.  hy{oidcus),  hyoid,  +  -al.] 
I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  gills  and  tongue,  or  to 
the  branchial  and  hyoidean  arches. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  elements  or  joints  of  a 

branchial  arch.  The  lowermost  or  liypobranchial  is 
called  the  basal  branchihyal,  and  the  uppermost  or  epi- 
branchial  is  distinguished  as  the  superior  branchihyal. 
]•:.  D.  Cope. 

branchiness  (bran'chi-nes),  «.  The  character 
of  being  branchy;  the  state  of  being  full  of 
branches. 

branching  (bran'ehing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  branch, 
v.]  Furnished  with  branches;  shooting  out 
branches. 

Not  thrice  your  branching  limes  have  blown 
Since  I  beheld  young  Laurence  dead. 

Tennyson,  Lady  Clara  Vere  de  Vere. 

branchiocardiac  (brang"ki-6-kar'di-ak),  a. 
[<  Gr.  [iiiayxLa,  gills,  +  Kapdta  =  E.  heart :  see 
cardiac]  Pertaining  to,  lying  between,  or  sep- 
arating a  branchial  and  a  cardiac  region  or  di- 
vision: applied  to  a  groove  on  each  side  of  the 
middle  line  of  the  thoracic  portion  of  the  cara- 
pace of  a  crustacean,  separating  the  cardiac  divi- 
sion of  the  carapace  from  the  branchial  division. 
Branchiogasteropoda  (brang"ki-6-gas-te-rop'- 
o-dii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  L.  brancliia',  gills,  + 
NL.'  G aster opwda.]  A  division  of  gastropo- 
dous  mollusks  which  breathe  the  air  contained 
in  water.  Respiration  may  be  effected  in  three  ways  : 
first,  the  blood  may  be  simply  exposed  to  the  water 
in  the  thin  walls  of  the  mantle-cavity,  as  in  some  of  the 
Hcteropoda ;  secondly,  the  respiratory  organs  may  be  in 
the  form  of  outward  processes  of  the  integument,  exposed 
in  tufts  on  the  back  and  sides  of  the  animal,  as  in  the 
Nudilrranchiata,  such  as  the  sea-slugs,  etc.  ;  and  thirdly, 
the  respiratory  organs  may  be  in  the  form  of  pectinated 
or  plume-like  branchia;,  contained  in  a  more  or  less  com- 
plete branchial  chamber  formed  by  an  inflection  of  the 
mantle,  as  in  the  whelks,  etc.  The  Brancliiogasteropoda 
fall  into  two  distinct  series,  the  one  lieing  hermaphrodite, 
with  the  gills  placed  toward  the  rear  of  the  body,  and  the 
other  having  the  sexual  organs  in  distinct  individuals. 
The  Branctdogasteropoda  are  divided  into  three  orders : 
(1)  P/-osoira?i,c/iia«a  (sexes  distinct,  gills  usually  inclosed), 
as  whelks,  etc. ;  (2)  Opisthobranchiata  (sexes  usually 
united  in  the  same  individual,  gills  often  exposed),  as 
sea-slugs,  etc. ;  (3)  Heteropoda  (free-swimming  gastro- 
pods), as  members  of  the  genus  Carinaria. 


branchiogasteropodous  (brang "  ki  -  6  -  gas  -  te- 

rop'o-dus),  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Bran- 

chioiiasteropoda. 

branchiopallial  (brang"ki-6-pari-al),  a.  [<  L. 
branchiw,  gills,  +  jja/?tMW,  mantle:  see 
lium.]  In  Moliusca,  of  or  pertaining  to  both 
the  branchise  and  the  pallium:  applied  to  a 
ganglion  of  the  nervous  system  ia  relation  with 
the  gills  and  the  mantle. 

Branchiopneusta  (brang"ki-op-niis'ta),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  jipayxM,  giUs,  +  *irvevc!T'6<;,  verbal 
adj.  of  nvelv,  breathe.]  A  superfamily  group 
of  pulmonate  gastropodous  mollusks,  by  means 
of  which  such  aquatic  families  as  Auriculidce 
and  Liinnai'idw  are  collectively  distinguished 
from  the  Helicidcc,  or  land-snails  proper,  the 
latter  being  contrasted  as  Nephropnevsta.  The 

two  groups  correspond  respectively  to  the  Basommato- 
phora  and  Stiilommatophora  of  some  authors. 
Branchiopnoa  (brang-ki-op'no-a),  n. pi.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  jSpdyxM,  gills,  +  -nvodc,  breathing  {irvoi/, 
a  breathing),  <  nveiv,  breathe.]  A  loose  syn- 
onym of  Crustacea,  crustaceans  being  so  called 
because  they  breathe  by  branchiae. 

branchiopnoan  (brang-ki-op'no-an),  a.  and  n. 
I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Branchiopnoa. 
II.  w.  A  member  of  the  Branchiopnoa. 
branchiopod  (brang'ki-o-pod),  n.  and  a.    I.  n. 
An  animal  belonging  to  the  order  Branchiopoda. 
Also  branchiopodc. 
II.  a.  Gill-footed;  branchiopodous. 
Also  hranch'topodan. 
Branchiopoda  (brang-ki-op'o-da),  n.  pi.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  [ipayx'a,  gills,  +  T^ovg  (nod-)  =  E.  foot.] 

1 .  In  Latreille's  system  of  classification,  the 
first  order  of  his  Entomostraea,  characterized 
as  having  a  mouth  composed  of  an  upper  lip, 
two  mandibles,  a  tongue,  and  one  or  two  pairs 
of  maxillas,  and  the  branchiae  more  or  less  an- 
terior: so  called  because  their  branchiae  or 
gills  are  situated  on  the  feet.  The  order  thus  de- 
fined was  divided  into  two  sections:  (1)  Lophyropoda 
(Carcinoida,  Ostracoda,  and  Cladocera);  (2)  Phyllopoda 
(Ceratophthalma  and  Aspidophora). 

2.  As  defined  by  Huxley,  a  group  of  entomostra- 
cous  Crustacea,  embracing  only  the  two  groups 
Phyllopoda  and  Cladocera.    it  is  represented  by 

such  genera  as  Apus,  Nebalia,  Branchipm,  Limnetis, 
Daphnia,  and  their  allies,  which  pass  into  one  another  so 
gradually  that  the  groups  Phyllopoda  and  Cladocera  can 
hardly  be  established.  The  genera  named  conform  to  the 
definition  of  Entomostraea  (which  see)  in  invariably  pos- 
sessing more  or  fewer  than  twenty  somites  ;  and  the  tho- 
racic and  abdominal  appendages  are  nearly  always  more 
or  less  foliaceous,  resembling  in  many  respects  the  ante- 
rior maxilliped  of  one  of  the  higher  Crustacea.  See  cuts 
under  Ap^is,  Daphnia,  and  Limnetis._ 

branchiopodan  (brang-ki-op'9-dan),  n.  and  a. 

Same  as  branchiopod. 
branchiopode  (brang'ki-o-pod),  n.    Same  as 

branchiopod. 
branchiopodous  (brang-ki-op'o-dus),  a.  [< 
branchiopod  +  -o\is.]   Gill-footed;  belonging  to 
the  order  Branchiopoda. 

Branchiopulmonata  (brang'^ki-o-pul-mo-na'- 
ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  branchiopulmo- 
ti'atus:  see  branchiopulmonate.]  A  division  of 
the  class  Arachnida,  in  an  enlarged  sense, 
adopted  by  some  naturalists  to  include  the  ex- 
isting genus  Limitlus,  or  horseshoe  crabs,  and 
the  extinct  Eurypterina  and  Trilobita. 

Following  Prof .  Ed.  Van  Beneden,  I  include  Limulus,  the 
Eurypterina,  and  Trilobites  under  the  Arachnida  as  Bran- 
chiiijiulmonata.    Gegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  xix. 

branchiopulmonate  (brang'-'ki-o-pul'mo-nat), 
a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  branchiopulmonatus,  <  L. 
branchice,  gills,  +  pulmo{n-),  lung.]  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Branchiopulmonata. 
II.  n.  A  member  of  the  Branchiopulmonata. 
Branchiopus  (brang-ki'o-pus),  01.  [NL.]  Same 
as  Branchipus. 

branchiostegal  (brang -ki-os'te- gal),  a.  [< 
branchiostege  +  -al.]  Relating  to  or  of  the  na- 
ture of  a  branchiostege — Branchiostegal  rays, 
branchiostegal  membrane.  See  extract,  and  cuts  un- 
der Lepido.iiren  and  Squatina. 

Branchiostegal  rays  are  attached  partly  to  the  inner, 
and  partly  to  the  outer,  surface  of  the  hyoidean  arch. 
They  support  a  membrane,  the  branchiostegal  membrane, 
which  serves  as  a  sort  of  inner  gill-cover. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  136. 

branchiostegan  (brang-ki-os'te-gan),  a.  and  n. 
[<  branchiostege  +  -an.]  I.  a.  1.  Same  as 
branchiostegous.—  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Branchiostegi. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Branchiostegi. 
branchiostege  (brang 'ki-o-stej),  n.  [<  Gr. 
ppayxta,  gills,  +  arh/v,  a  roof,  a  covering,  <  an- 
yeiv  =L.  tegere,  cover:  see  tegument,  tile.]  In 
fishes,  the  membrane  which  lies  beneath  the 


branchlostege 

opereulum  and  covers  the  gills ;  the  branehios- 
tegal  membrane.  It  is  supported  by  the  bran- 
chiostegal  rays.  [Unusual.] 
Branchiostegi  (brang-ki-os'te-ji),  n.  pi.  [NL. 
pi.  of  branch  iosteg us :  see  hrancUostege.']  In 
Artedi's  iehthyological  system,  an  order  of 
bony  fishes  erroneously  supposed  to  have  no 

branehiostegal  rays,  it  inchuled  Ws  genera  Balhtes, 
Ostracion,  Cyclopterm,  and  Lophius,  tliat  is,  the  plectoK- 
nathous  and  pedioulate  fishes,  with  other  heterogeneous 
kinds.  The  branchial  apertures  are  much  narrowed,  and 
the  branehiostegal  rays  and  branohiaj  are  entirely  internal 
and  concealed. 

branchiostegite  (brang-ld-os'te-jit),  n  K 
brancMostege  +  -«te2.]  In  Crustacea,  a  free 
pleural  part  of  the  carapace  in  relation  with 
the  branchiiB,  forming  a  cover  for  the  gills  and 
bounding  the  branchial  chamber  exteriorly. 

If  the  branchiostegite.  is  cut  away  along  the  groove  it 
will  be  found  that  it  is  attached  to  the  sides  of  the  head 
which  projects  a  little  beyond  the  anterior  part  of  tlie 
^'^orax.  Huxley,  Crayfish,  p.  80. 

branchiostegous  (brang-ki-os'te-gus),  a  r< 
brancMostege  +  -oms.]  1.  Having  covered  gills  • 
as,  a  branchiostegous  fish.— 2.  Covering  the 
giUs :  as,  the  branchiostegous  membrane. 
Also  branchiostegan. 

Branchiostoma  (brang-M-os'to-ma),  n.  [NL 
<  Gr.  Ppayxta,  gills,  +  ard/za,  mouth":  see  sto^na'.] 
1.  A  genus  of  leptocardians  in  which  the  mouth 
IS  surrounded  by  fringes,  which  were  at  one 
tune  erroneously  supposed  to  have  the  func- 


661 


lie  Ifr  i    '  ■'  ' 


Head  of  Lancelet  [Branchiostoma,  or  Amphioxus,  tanceolaius), 
enlarged. 

i„f',  "°'°<:'?°T'l :  representatives  of  fin-rays,  or  neural  spines :  c 
&?^f°,!:S  '^'»'!"''=n'ary  appendages  of  the  mouth  ;  e.  ciliated 

lobes  of  pharynx ;  /,      part  of  branchial  sac  ;      h,  spinal  cord. 

tions  of  branehife:  synonymous  with  Amphi- 
oxus. It  represents  a  special  family,  Branchiostomidce 
an  order  Pkaryngobranchii  or  Cirrostomi,  a  class  Lepto- 
cardu,  and  a  superclass  Aa-ania,  of  vertebrate  animals 
bee  these  words,  and  Amphioxus. 
2.  A  genus  of  myriapods.    Newport,  1846. 

branchiostomatous  (brang"ki-os-t6'ma-tus),  a. 
bame  as  branchiostomous. 

branchiostome  (brang'ki-os-tom),  n.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  genus  Branchiostoma;  an  amphioxus 
or  lancelet. 

branchiostomid  (brang-ki-os'to-mid), «.  Alep- 
tocardian  of  the  family  Branchiostomidw. 
Branchiostomidse  (brang*ki-os-tom'i-de),  n. 
pi.  [NL.,  <  Branchiostoma  +  -ida;.']  The  only 
known  family  of  leptoeardian  vertebrates, 
represented  by  the  genus  Branchiostoma.  The 
body  IS  compressed  and  elongate-fusiform,  being  pointed 
behind  as  well  asm  front,  and  is  naked  and  colorless  with 
very  evident  transverse  muscular  lines  and  with  slightly 
developed  fin-folds  behind.  No  paired  eyes  are  developed! 
r^nn^^  K°"''-'*  !^  ^.iJ^P'y  ^"  inferior  elongated  slit  sur- 
^rohnhf  r''  ^"^""'^^  ""'•I-""'      tl'e  sand,  and 

probably  live  in  all  warm  seas.  See  Amphioxus  and  lance- 
e<  the  former  being  a  synonym  of  Branchiostoma  and  the 
latter  a  popular  name  of  the  species 
branchiostomoid  (brang-ki-os'to-moid),  a.  and 
n.  1.  a.  Of  or  having  characteristics  of  the 
Branchiostomidce. 

II.  n.  A  branchiostomid. 
branchiostomous  (brang-ki-os'to-mus),  a.  [< 
(rr.  fipayxca,  gUls,  +  ard/xa,  mouth.]  Having 
cirri  (as  if  branehisB)  about  the  mouth;  pertain- 
ing to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Branchi- 
ostomidw.   Also  branchiostomatous. 
^/anchiotoca  (brang-ki-ot'6-ka),  n.  pi.  [NL 
\^^-.Pmxi-a,  gills,  +  rd,.of,'birth.]    In  Owen's 
classification  of  vertebrates,  a  series  or  so-called 
genetic  section  "  containing  those  which  have 
gills  at  birth,  whence  the  name,  it  included  all 
the  amphibians,  fishes,  and  fish-like  vertebrates  and  is 
thus  equivalent  to  Ichthyopsida  (which  see).    It  was  con- 
trasted with  Pneitmotoca  (birds  and  reptiles) 
brancmotocous  (brang  -  ki  -  ot '  6  -  kus),  a.  Per- 
tammg  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
BrancMotoca. 

branchiotroch  (brang'ki-6-trok),  n.  [<  Gr 
IJpayxta  gills,  +  rpoxdg,  a  'wheel.]  The  postl 
oral  or  branchial  division  of  a  trochosphere,  as 
Oistmguished  from  the  preoral  cephalotroch. 


branchiotrochal  (brang-ki-ot'ro-kal),  a.  [< 
branchiotroch  +  -al.']  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
a  branchiotroch  :  as,  branchiotrochal  cilia.— 2. 
Having  a  branchiotroch,  as  a  polyzoan. 
Branchipodidse  (brang-ki-pod'i-de),  «.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Branchipus  (-pod-)  +  -idw.']  A  family 
of  the  Branchiopoda  {I'hyllopoda).  The  eyes  are 
stalked  or  pedunculated,  there  is  no  carapace,  and  the 
animals  swim  upon  their  backs.  The  family  is  repre- 
sented by  the  genera  Branchipus  and  Artemia. 

Branchipus  (brang'ki-pus),  n.  [NL.,  also,  and 
prop.,  Branchiopus  (cf.  Branchiopoda) :  <  Gr. 
lipayxia,  gills,  -f-  jroif  {vo6-)  =  E.  foot.\  The 
typical  genus  of  the  family  Branchipodidce.  The 
thoracic  segments  are  all  free;  the  head  resembles  that 
of  an  ednophthalnious  crustacean,  but  carries  a  pair  of 
large  stalked  eyes ;  there  are  two  antennules  (peculiarlv 
modified  in  the  male),  two  antennae,  one  pair  of  mandibles 
and  two  pairs  of  maxillie.    Chirocephalus  is  a  synonym  ' 

branchireme  (brang'ki-rem),  n.  [<  L.  bran- 
chim,  gills,  +  remus,  an  oar,  hand  or  foot  of  a 
swimmer.]  A  crustacean  having  branchial 
legs,  or  legs  with  branchiae  attached  to  them; 
a  branchiopod. 
Branchiura  (brang-ki-ii'ra),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr 
ppdyxM,  gills,  -f-  ovpd,  tail.]  A  suborder  of 
parasitic  crustaceans,  of  the  order  Siphono- 

Stoma;  the  carp-lice,  it  consists  of  the  single  family 
ArguMx  having  large  compound  eyes,  a  long  protrusile 
spine  in  front  of  the  suctorial  tube  of  the  mouth,  and  four 
pairs  ot  elongated  biramous  swimming-feet.  But  the  Ar- 
guhdce  aTe  by  most  authors  referred  to  the  Branchiopoda 

branchiurous  (brang-ki-u'ms),  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Branchiura. 
branch-leaf  (branch'lef),  n.  A  leaf  growing 
on  a  branch, 
branchless  (braneh'les),  a.  [<  branch  +  -less.l 
Destitute  of  branches  or  shoots;  barren;  bare- 
naked.  '  ' 

,  If  I  lose  mine  honour, 

I  lose  myself :  better  I  were  not  yours 
Than  yours  so  branchless.       Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iii.  4. 
branchlet  (branch'let),  n.    [<  branch  +  dim. 
-let.^    A  Uttle  branch;  a  twig;  a  subdivision 
01  a  branch. 

Making  the  leaves  in  the  woods  flutter  on  their  braneh- 
C.  F.  Woolson,  Anne,  p.  94. 

branch-pilot  (branch'pi"lot),  n.  A  pilot  pos- 
sessmg  a  diploma  or  certificate  of  competency 
from  the  proper  authority.    See  branch,  I.,  4. 

branch-point  (braneh'point),  n.  In  math.,  a 
point  upon  a  Riemann's  sui-face  such  that,  in 
going  around  it,  the  values  of  a  function  are 
interchanged. 

branchstand  (branch'stand),  v.  t.  In  falconry 
to  make  (a  hawk)  take  the  branch,  or  leap  from 
tree  to  tree,  till  the  dog  springs  the  game. 

branchy  (bran'chi),  a.     [<  branch  +  -yi.] 

1.  Full  of  branches;  having  wide-spreading 
branches. 

The  fat  earth  feed  thy  branchy  root. 

Tennyson,  Talking  Oak. 

2.  Embowered  in  or  overshadowed  by 
branches:  as,  "the  woodman's  branchy  hut" 
J.  Baillie. 

brand  (brand),  n.  [<  ME.  brand,  brond,  <  AS. 
brand,  brond,  a  burning,  a  sword  (=  OFries. 
brand  =  OD.  brand,  a  burning,  a  sword,  d' 
a  burning,  fuel,  =  MLG.  brant  =  OHG' 
MHG.  brant,  G.  brand,  a  burning,  a  brand,  a 
sword,  =  Icel.  brandr,  a  firebrand,  a  sword,  = 
bw.  brand  =  Dan.  brand,  a  firebrand,  fire),  orig 
a  burning,  <  *brinnan  (pret.  bran)  =:  Goth,  brin- 
nan,  etc.,  bum :  see  burn^.  Hence,  from  OHG 
in  the  sense  of  '  sword,'  OF.  brand,  brant,  bran 
=  Pr.  bran  =  It.  hrando,  a  sword  (>  OF.  bran- 
dir,  etc.,  brandish :  see  brandish),  P.  brandon, 
a  torch,  brand:  see  brandon'^.  See  also  brant^ 
brent^,  brinded.']  1.  A  burning  piece  of  wood' 
or  a  stick  or  piece  of  wood  partly  burned.  ' 
Is  not  this  a  brand  plucked  out  of  the  fii-e?  Zech.  iii.  2. 
The  deep-mouthed  chimney,  dimly  lit  by  dying  brands. 

Whittier,  Garrison  of  Cape  Ann. 

2.  A  sword.    [Now  only  poetical.] 

Then  drew  he  forth  the  brand  E.xcalibur. 

Tetinyson,  Morte  d' Arthur. 

3.  A  mark  made  by  burning  with  a  hot  iron 
as  upon  a  cask,  to  indicate  the  manufactm-er 
or  the  quality  of  the  contents,  etc.,  or  upon  an 
ammal  as  a  means  of  identification ;  a  trade- 
mark ;  hence,  a  mark  made  in  other  ways  than 
by  burning,  as  by  cutting  or  painting.— 4 
Ouahty  or  kind,  as  indicated  by  a  brand:  as 
noui'  of  a  good  brand. 

„i  ^".y  <l"i^ntity  of  gunpowder  so  finished  or  blended  as  to 
give  Identical  results  at  proof  is  termed  a  bra7id,  and  re- 
ceives a  distinctive  number.  E7icyc.  Brit.,  XI.  328. 


brand-Iron 

of  their  crime  and  for  identification;  henco 
any  mark  of  infamy ;  a  .stigma.  ' 
The  slirug,  the  hum,  or  ha ;  these  petty  Irrands 
lhat  calumny  doth  use.  Shale,  W.  T.  iL  1 

Tories  and  Whigs  had  concurred  .  .  .  in  puttinir  a 
brand  on  Ludlow.  Macaulay,  Hi.st.  Eng.,  xiv. 

6.  A  disease  of  plants  which  usually  appears 
as  blackish  pustules,  resembling  burned  spots, 
the  cause  of  the  disease  being  some  parasitic 
fungus.  The  tei-m  is  usually  restricted  to  the  teleuto- 
sporic  stage  of  fungi  belonging  to  the  Uredinece.  Also 
called  rust,  smut,  and  burn.—  Bladder-brand.  Same  as 
bunti,  1. 

brand  (brand),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  brandenj  brondyn 
=  D.  branden;  from  the  noun.]  1.  To  bum  or 
impress  a  mark  upon  with,  or  as  if  with,  a  hot 
iron. 

Catholicism  has  been  branded  into  the  national  heart 
of  Ireland  and  Poland  by  the  sufferings  they  have  endured 
from  the  enemies  of  their  race  and  faith. 

//.  N.  Oxenham,  «hort  Studies,  p.  388. 

2.  To  mark  in  some  other  way,  as  with  a  pig- 
ment: as,  to  brand  sheep. —  3.  To  mark  with 
a  hot  iron  as  a  punishment  for  crime. 
The  thief  with  branded  palms,  and  the  liar  with  cheeks 
abashed.  Swinburne,  In  Time  of  Revolution. 

[Branding  was  formerly  a  punishment  for  various  of- 
fenses, but  is  no  longer  practised  in  civilized  countries.] 

4.  To  fix  a  mark  or  character  of  infamy  upon ; 
stigmatize  as  infamous:  as,  to  brand  an  act 
with  infamy. 

Enormities  branded  and  condenmed  by  the  first  and 
most  natural  verdict  of  common  humanity.  South. 

We  find  the  sober  and  the  industrious  branded  by  the 
vam  and  the  idle  with  this  odious  appellation  (miser). 

Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  3. 

branded  (bran'ded),  a.  [A  form  of  brinded,  q. 
v.,  suiting  its  ultimate  source,  brand.]  1.  Brin- 
dled; of  a  reddish-brown  color.  [Scotch.]- 
2.  In  zooL,  marked  as  if  branded  or  colored.— 

Branded  drum,  a  scioenoid  fish,  Scicena  ocellata,  with 
brand-like  spots  at  the  root  of  the  tail.  See  drum,  and  cut 
under  redjlih. 

brandenburg (bran'den-berg),  n.  [Named  from 
Brandenburg  in  GevmSuTij.']  1.  A  kind  of  orna- 
mental buttons  with  loops,  worn  on  the  front  of 
a  man's  coat.  See  frog.— 2.  An  ornamental 
facing  on  a  military  coat,  having  somewhat 
the  character  of  the  preceding,  and  forming 
parallel  bars  of  embroidery:  peculiar  to  cer- 
tain uniforms,  such  as  those  wom  by  hussars 
and  the  like. 

Brandenburg  porcelain.   Bee  porcelain. 
branderi  (bran'der),  «.    [<  brand,  v.,  +  -e>-i.] 


5.  A  mark  formerly  put  upon  criminals  vith 
a  hot  iron,  generally  to  indicate  the  character 


1.  One  who  brands.—  2.  [G.  brander,  <  D.  bran- 
dcr,  a_fii-e-ship,  =  E.  brander'^-.']  A  name  ap- 
plied in  German  imiversities  to  a  student  dur- 
ing his  second  term.  Longfellow. 
brander2  (bran'der),  n.  [Shortened  from  ME. 
brandire,  brand-iron :  see  brand-iron.  Cf.  brand- 
rith.']  1.  A  gridiron.  [Scotch.] —2.  Same  as 
brandrith,  3.  [North.  Eng.] 
brander^  (bran'der),  v.  [<  brander^,  m.]  I. 
trans.  To  broil  on  a  brander  or  gridiron ;  griH* 
[Scotch.] 

II.  intrans.  To  be  or  become  broUed  on  a 
gridiron.  [Scotch.] 

There's  no  muckle  left  on  the  spuJe-bane  ;  it  will  brander 
though  ;  it  will  brander  vera  weel. 

Scott,  Bride  of  Lammermoor,  I.  xviii. 
brandering  (bran'der-ing),  «.  [<  brander^,  a 
gridiron,  +  -i«(/i.]  The  operation  of  covering 
the  under  side  of  joists  with  battens,  to  which 
laths  can  be  fastened  to  give  a  better  hold  to 
the  plastering. 

brand-goose  (brand'gos),  n.  Same  as  brent- 
goose. 

brandied  (bran'did),  a.    [<  brandy  +  -ed2.] 

Mingled  with  brandy;  made  stronger  by  the 

addition  of  brandy;  flavored  or  treated  with 

brandy.  Brandied  fruit,  fruit  preserved  with  the  ad- 
dition of  brandy  to  the  syrup. 

brandify  (bran'di-fi),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bran- 
dified,  ppr.  brandifying.  [<  brandy  +  -/«.]  To 
brandy;  mix  brandy  vrith. 

You  drink  three  glasses  of  a  brandyfied  liquor  called 
sherry  at  dinner.         Thackeray,  Early  and  Late  Papers. 

branding-iron  (bran'ding-i'-'em),  n.  Same  as 
brand-iron,  3. 
brand-iron  (brand'i'em),  n.  [<  ME.  hrandiren, 
brondiron,  brandhirne,  also  brandire,  brondyre 
(>  Sc.  brander,  a  gridiron:  see  brander^),  etc.,  < 
AS.  brandisen  (=  D.  brandijzer  =  MHG.  brant- 
izen,  G.  brandeisen  =  ODan.  brandejarn  =  Sw. 
brandjern,  a  trivet),  an  andiron,  <  brand,  a  brand, 
+  isen,  iron:  see  brand  and  iron.  Cf.  brand- 
rith.']  1.  An  iron  bar  or  stand  on  which  to 
support  brands  or  burning  wood ;  an  andiron. 

A  massy  old  .  .  .  brand-iron  about  a  yard  and  a  half 
mde,  and  the  two  upright  ends  three  feet  six  inches  high 
W.  Howitt,  Remarkable  Places  (1842),  I.  30. 


brand-iron 

2.  A  trivet  to  set  a  pot  on. —  3.  An  iron  used 
in  branding. 

Shame  biu'ning  brond-yrons  in  her  hand  did  hold. 

Speniter,  F.  Q.,  III.  xii.  24. 

4t.  [A  forced  sense,  with  ref.  to  brand,  a 
sword.]    A  sword. 

He  with  their  multitude  was  nought  dismayd, 
But  with  stout  courage  turnd  upon  tliem  all, 
And  with  his  brondiron  round  about  liim  layd. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  iv.  32. 
The  villaine  met  him  in  the  middle  fall, 
And  with  his  club  bet  baclic  liis  brondyron  bright. 

Spemer,  F.  Q.,  VI.  viii.  10. 

brandish  (bran'disli),  v.  [<  ME.  hraundishen, 
hraundiven,  <  OF.  hrandiss-,  stem  of  certain 
parts  of  hrundir,  F.  hrandir  (=  Pr.  Pg.  brandir 
=  Sp.  blandir  —  It.  brandire),  brandish,  <  brand, 
etc.,  a  sword;  see  I.  trans.  1.  To  move 

or  wave,  as  a  weapon ;  raise  and  move  in  va- 
rious directions ;  shake  or  lioui'ish  about:  as,  to 
brandish  a  sword  or  a  cane. 
His  brandished  sword  did  blind  men  with  his  beams. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  play  with;  flourish:  as,  "to 
brandish  syllogisms,"  Locke. 
Il.t  intrans.  To  move  with  a  flourish;  toss. 

BraundUche  not  with  thm  heed,  thi  schuldris  thou  ne 
caste.  Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  39. 

He  will  brandish  against  a  tree,  and  break  his  sword 
.  .  .  confidently  upon  tlie  linotty  bark. 

B.  Jomon,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  ii.  1. 

brandish  (bran'dish),  n.  [<  brandish,  v.']  A 
shake  or  flourish,  as  of  a  weapon. 

I  can  wound  with  a  brandish,  and  never  draw  bow  for 
tlie  matter.  B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 

Brandishes  of  the  fan.  Taller,  No.  157. 

brandisher  (bran'dish-er),  n.  One  who  bran- 
dishes: as,  brandisher s  of  speares,"  Chaj>- 
man,  Iliad,  ii. 

brandishing!  (bran'dish-ing),  M.  [Verbal  n.  of 
brandish,  r.]    The  act  of  flourishing  a  weapon. 

brandishing^  (bran'dish-ing),  n.  A  corruption 
of  bratlicing. 

brandlet  (hran'dl),  v.  [Also  written  branle; 
<  F.  branlcr,  formerly  spelled  bransler,  shake, 
prob.  contr.  from  brandeler  (=  It.  brandolare ;  at. 
F.  brandiller,  shake,  wag),  <  brandish: 
see  brandish,  hrantle,  and  brawV^."]  I.  intrans. 
To  waver ;  totter ;  shake ;  reel. 

Princes  cannot  be  too  suspicious  when  their  lives  are 
souglit ;  and  subjects  cannot  be  too  curious  wlien  the  state 
brandies.  Lord  Northampton,  in  State  Trials,  1006. 

II.  trans.  To  shake ;  agitate ;  confuse. 

This  new  question  began  to  branle  tlie  words  of  type  and 
antitype.  Jer.  Taylor,  Keal  Presence,  xii.  §  28. 

brandlett,  «•    [Cf.  brantail.']   An  old  name  for 

the  redstart,  liuticilla  phmnicura. 
brandling  (brand'Ung),  n.    [<  brand  +  -ling'^.'] 

1.  The  smolt,  or  salmon  of  the  first  year. — 2. 
A  small  red  worm  of  the  family  Lumbricida;, 
Lumbricus  fu'tidiis,  related  to  the  earthworm, 
but  with  the  body  banded  with  alternate  brown 
and  yellow  segments.  It  especially  harbors 
in  old  dunghills,  and  is  used  for  bait  in  fresh- 
water fishing.    Also  called  bramble-ivorm. 

Also  written  branlin. 

brand-mark  (brand'mark),  w.  A  distinguishing 
mark  burned  upon  the  skin  or  horn  of  an  animal 
as  a  means  of  identification ;  hence,  a  mark  cut, 
as  on  timber,  or  painted,  etc.,  for  this  purpose. 

brand-new,  bran-new  (brand'-,  bran'nii'),  a. 
[<  brand  +  new;  =  MD.  brandnieuw ;  cf.  the 
equiv.  E.  dial,  brand-fire  new,  fire-neiv  (in  Shak- 
spere),  D.  vonJcel-nieitw  =  G.  funJcei-neu,  lit. 
'.spark-new,'  G.  nagel-neu,  lit.  'nail-new,'  like 
E.  spicli-and-span  new,  span-new,  q.  v.  But  in 
popular  use  the  first  element,  brand,  is  not  felt, 
the  common  form  being  bran-new,  and  bran 
regarded  as  an  intensive  of  new.']  New  as  a 
brand,  that  is,  glowing  like  metal  newly  out  of 
the  fire  or  forge ;  hence,  quite  new ;  fire-new. 

A  pair  of  bran-neio  jockey-boots,  one  of  Hoby's  primest 
fits.  Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  23. 

The  reassertion  of  an  old  trutli  may  seem  to  liave  upon 
it  some  glittering  reflection  from  the  brazen  brightness  of 
a  brand-new  lie.  Swinburne,  Shakespeare,  p.  183. 

brandon^  (bran'don),  w.  [<  ME.  braundon,<.  OF, 
and  F.  brandon  =  Pr.  brando  =  Sp.  Nando  =  Pg. 
brandao  =  lt.  brandone,  hrand,  firebrand,  torch; 
in  def.  3,  with  sense  of  brand,  <  OF.  brand,  etc., 
a  sword:  see  brand.']  If.  A  torch;  a  brand;  a 
flame. 

He  l)ar  the  dragon  in  his  hande  that  yaf  thourgh  his 
'throte  so  grete  braundon  of  fler  that  the  eir  that  was 
blakke  of  the  duste  and  powder  becom  all  reade. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  406. 

2.  A  wisp  of  straw  or  stubble.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
—  3t.  A  sword. 

Her  right  hand  swings  a  brandon  in  the  air. 

Drummond,  Flowers  of  Sion,  No.  35. 


662 

brandon^t  (bran'don),  n.  [Cf .  brantle,  branle"^.] 
A  kind  of  dance. 

bran-drench  (bran'drench),  n.  A  bath  used 
in  leather-manufactiu-e,  prepared  by  soakiug 
wheaten  bran  in  cold  water,  diluting  vrith  warm 
water,  and  straining  through  a  fine  hair  sieve. 

brandreth,  n.    See  brandrith. 

brandrettet,       Same  as  brandrith. 

brandrith,  brandreth  (brand'rith,  -reth),  n. 
[<  ME.  hrandrijthc,  also  in  corrupt  forms  brande- 
lede,  branlede,  branlet,  an  iron  tripod  fixed  over 
a  fire;  <  AS.  brandreda,  an  andiron  (but  the 
ME.  form  may  be  from  Icel. ;  cf.  Icel.  brandreidh, 
a  grate,  =OHG.  brantreita,  MHG.  brantrcitc),  < 
brand,  E.  brand,  +  *reda  =  Icel.  reidha,  imple- 
ments, reidhi,  tackle,  rigging,  etc. :  see  array, 
V.  GLbrander^,  brand-iron.]  1.  An  iron  tripod 
fiied  over  a  fire ;  a  trivet ;  a  brand-iron.  [Prov. 
Eng.]  — 2.  A  fence  or  rail  round  the  opening  of 
a  well.  [Eng.] 

Wells  are  digged,  and  they  are  compassed  about  witli  a 
Brandrith  lest  any  should  fall  in. 

Comsnius,  Visible  World,  p.  109. 

3.  One  of  the  supporters  of  a  corn-stack.  Also 
called  brander.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
brandschatz  (briint'shats),  v.  t.  [<  G.  brand- 
schatzen  (MHG.  brantschatzen),  lay  (a  town) 
under  contribution,  in  time  of  war,  by  threat 
to  biu-n,  <  brand,  burning,  4-  schatzen,  to  lay 
under  contribution,  <  schatz,  tax,  contribution.] 
To  lay  (a  captured  town)  imder  contribution,  in 
time  of  war,  by  threat  to  burn  it,  or  by  actually 
bm'ning  it  in  part.  [Rare.] 

He  [Drake]  returned  in  the  midsummer  of  1586,  having 
captured  and  brandschatzed  St.  Domingo  and  Cartliagena, 
and  burned  St.  Augustine. 

Motley,  United  Netherlands,  II.  102. 

brand-spore  (brand'spor),  n.  Same  as  teleuto- 
sporc. 

brandstickle  (brand'stik"!),  «.  [Cf.  banstickle.] 
An  Orkney  name  for  the  stickleback. 

bran-duster  (bran'dus"ter),  n.  In  milling,  an 
apparatus  for  removing,  by  means  of  agitators 
and  sieves,  the  flour  that  may  cling  to  bran 
after  it  has  passed  the  bolting-mill. 

brandwinet  (brand'win),  n.  Same  as  brandij- 
wine. 

Buy  any  brand-vnne,  buy  any  brand-wine? 

Fletcher,  Beggars'  Bush,  iii.  1. 

brandyl  (bran'di),  n.  [Short  for  brandy-ivine, 
q.  v.]  A  spirituous  liquor  obtained  by  the  dis- 
tillation of  wine,  or  of  the  refuse  of  the  wine- 
press. The  average  proportion  of  alcohol  in  brandy 
ranges  from  48  to  54  per  cent.  The  name  brandy  is  now 
given  to  spirit  distilled  from  otlier  liquors,  and  in  the 
United  States  to  that  which  is  distilled  from  cider  and  from 
peaclies.  See  yrande  champagne,  fine  champayne  (under 
chainpagne),  cognac,  and  eau-de-vie. —  British  brandy,  a 
common  kind  of  Ijrandy  distilled  in  England  from  malt 
liquors,  and  given  the  flavor  and  color  of  Frencli  l)randy 
by  artificial  means. 

brandyl  (bran'fli),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and.  pp.  brandied, 
ppr.  brandying,  [<  brandy^,  n.]  To  mix  or  fla- 
vor with  brandy. 

brandy2  (bran'di),  a.    [<  brand,  n.,  6,  +  -i/i.] 

Smutty.    Grose.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
brandy-bottle  (bran'di-bot"l),  n.    A  name  of 

the  yellow  water-lily  of  Europe,  Nuphar  luteum, 

from  the  odor  of  the  flower  or  the  shape  of  the 

seed-vessel. 

brandy-fruit  (bran'di-frot),  n.  Fruit  preserved 
in  brandy,  to  which  sugar  is  usually  added. 

brandy-pawnee  (bran'di-pa"ne),  n.  _[<  brandy'^ 
+  pawnee,  an  E.  spelling  of  Hind,  pani,  water.] 
The  Anglo-Indian  name  for  brandy  and  water. 

brandy-snap  (bran'di-snap),  n.  A  gingerbread 
cracker  flavored  with  brandy. 

brandy-winet  (bran'di-win),  n.  [<  D.  brande- 
wijn,  also  brandtwijn,  formerly  brand-wijn  and 
brandende  wijn  {=  MLG.  brannewin;  cf.  Sw. 
brdnnvin  =  Dan.  brwndevin  =  F.  brandevm,  after 
the  D.  form),  <  hranden  (ppr.  brandende,  pp. 
gehrandt),  burn,  also  distil  (<  brayid  =  'E.  brand, 
a  burning),  +  wijn  =  E.  wine.  Cf .  G.  brandwein 
(after  the  D.),  brantwein,  brdnntwein,  MHG. 
brantwem,  bratit  wein,  also  prant  wein,  also  ge- 
prant  wein,  i.  e.,  burnt  wine.  Now  shortened 
to  brandy'^,  q.  v.]  Brandy. 

It  has  been  a  common  saying,  A  hair  of  tlie  same  dog ; 
and  thought  that  brandy-mine  is  a  common  relief  to  such. 

Wiseman,  Surgery. 

brangle^  (brang'gl),  v.  i.  [Prob.  a  modifica- 
tion of  brandle  or  brabble,  in  imitation  of  wran- 
gle. Words  of  this  sort,  being  regarded  as 
more  or  less  imitative,  are  subject  to  irreg. 
variation.]  To  wrangle ;  dispute  contentiously ; 
squabble.  [Now,  with  its  derivatives,  obsolete 
or  rare.] 


brant 

Here  I  conceive  that  flesli  and  lilood  will  birangle. 
And  murmuring  Reason  with  the  Almighty  wrangle. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  liartas. 
An  lionest  man  will  not  offer  thee  injury ;  ...  if  he 
were  a  brangling  knave,  'tis  his  fasliion  so  to  do. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  379. 

brangle^^  (brang'gl), «.  l<.  brangle'^,v.]  Awran- 
gle ;  squabble ;  noisy  contest  or  dispute. 
A  brangle  between  liim  and  liis  iieiglibour. 

Swift,  Works,  XXI.,  Letter  410. 

brangle^t,       [Var.  of  brantle,  (i.  y.]   A  kind 

of  dance.    See  brantle. 
branglement  (brang'gl-ment),  n.    [<  brangle^ 

+  -mcnt.]    A  brangling,  brangle,  or  wrangle, 
brangler  (brang'gler),  n.    One  who  brangles; 
a  quarrelsome  person. 

This  poor  young  gentleman  .  .  .  was  first  drawn  into  a 
quarrel  by  a  rude  brangler,  and  then  persecuted  and  like 
to  be  put  to  deatli  by  liis  kin  and  allies. 

Scott,  Monastery,  II.  112. 

branglesome  (brang'gl-sum),  a.     [<  brangle'^ 

+  -sonic.]    Quarrelsome.  Mackay. 
brangling  (brang'gling),  n.   [Verbal  n.  of  bran- 
gle^, v.]    A  quarrel  or  wrangle. 

She  does  not  set  business  back  by  unquiet  branglings 
and  find-faulting  quarrels. 

Whitlock,  Manners  of  Eng.  People,  p.  347. 

branial  (bra'ni-al),  a.  [Irreg.  <  brain  -f  -ial; 
after  cranial,  etc.]  Pertaining  to  the  brain; 
cerebral. 

brank^  (brangk),  v.  i.  [<  ME.  bra^iken,  prance, 
walk  proudly  (of  a  horse),  appar.  a  modified 
form  ot  prank,  v.]  1.  To  make  a  show  or  fine 
appearance;  prank.  [Rare.] 

Lieutenant  Hornliy  .  .  .  came  branking  into  the  yard 
with  two  hundred  pounds'  worth  of  trappings  upon  him. 

//.  Kingsley,  Ravenslioe,  xxxii. 

2.  To  hold  up  the  head  aft'ectedly.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

brank^  (brangk),  n.  [E.  dial.,  perhaps  of  Cel- 
tic origin;  cf.  L.  brance,  variant  brace,  quoted 
by  Pliny  as  the  ancient  Gallic  name  of  a  white 
kind  of  corn,  h.sandala,  var.  scandala,  LL.  scan- 
dida.]    Buckwheat.  [Eng.] 

brank^t,  w.    [Cf.  brangle'^.]  Confusion. 

brank^t,  «•    [Cf.  brangle^.]    A  kind  of  dance. 

brank^  (brangk),  n.    See  branks. 

branks  (brangks),  n.  pi.    [<  Gael,  brancas,  now 
brangas,  brangus,  an  instrument  of  punishment, 
a  kind  of  pillory  (cf .  brang,  a  halter),  =  Ir.  bran- 
cas, a  halter;  prob.  from 
Teut. :  cf.  D.  prang,  pinch, 
confinement,  j»'fl??r7e/-,  pinch- 
ers, barnacle,  collar,  G.pran- 
ger,  dial,  pfranger,  a  pillory, 
<  D.  LG  prangen  =  MHG. 
pfrengen  =  Goth,  praggan 
(in  comp.),  press;  of  Slavic 
origin:  cf.  OBulg.  prcnshti 
(in  comp.),  stretcii.]  1.  An 
instrument  formerly  used  in 
parts  of  England  and  Scot-  Branks.  ' 

land  for  correcting  scolding 

women;  a  scolding-bridle,  it  consisted  of  a  head- 
piece inclosing  the  head  of  the  offender,  with  a  flat  iron 
wliicli  entered  tlie  mouth  and  restrained  the  tongue. 

2.  A  sort  of  bridle  for  horses  and  cows.  In- 
stead of  leatlier,  it  has  on  each  side  a  piece  of  wood  joined 
to  a  halter,  to  whicli  a  bit  is  sometimes  added,  but  more 
frequently  a  wooden  nose  resembling  a  muzzle.  [Scotch.] 

3.  The  mumps. 

brankursine  (brang'ker-sin),  n.  [<  F.  branc- 
ursine,  branche-ursine  =  Pr.  branca  orsina  —  Sp. 
Pg.  branca  ursina=  It.  brancorsina,  branca  or- 
sina, <  ML.  branca,,  a  claw  (see  branch),  +  L. 
ursinus,  of  a  bear,  <  ursiis,  bear ;  the  leaves  hav- 
ing some  resemblance  to  bears'  claws.]  Bear's- 
breech,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Acanthus. 

branle^t,  v.    See  brandle. 

branle^  (bron'l),  n.  [F. :  see  brantle,  In-aivl'^.] 
A  kind  of  dance ;  the  generic  name  of  all  dances 
in  which  one  or  two  dancers  lead  all  the  others, 
who  repeat  all  that  the  first  have  done,  as  the 
grandpere  and  the  cotillion.  See  brantle,  brawl^. 

branlin  (bran'lin),  w.    Same  as  brandling. 

bran-new,  a.    See  brand-new. 

branning  (bran'ing),  ».  [Verbal  n.  of  bran^-,  v.] 
The  process  of  steeping  cloth  before  or  after 
dyeing,  or  skins  preparatory  to  tanning,  in  a 
bath  or  vat  of  bran-water. 

Tliey  [skins]  are  now  ready  for  the  branning,  which  is 
done  by  mixing  40  lbs.  of  bran  with  20  gallons  of  water, 
and  keeping  them  in  this  fermentable  mixture  for  three 
weeks.  Ure,  Diet,  III.  86. 

branny  (bran'i),  a.    [<  bran^  +  -yi.]  Having 
the  appearance  of  bran ;  consisting  of  bran, 
branslet,  «•    See  brantle. 

brantl  (brant),  a.  [Also  written  brent;  <  ME. 
brant,  brent,  <  AS.  bra7it,  bront  =  Icel.  brattr 
—  OSw.  branter,  Sw.  brant,  bratt  —  Dan.  brat, 
steep.]    Steep;  precipitous.    [Now  dialectal.] 


brant 

A  man  may  ...  sit  on  a  brant  hill  side,  but  if  ho  snve 
never  so  little  forward,  he  cannot  stop,  .  .  .  but  he  must 
needs  run  headlong.  Ascham,  Toxopliilus,  i. 

brant2  (brant),  n.    Same  as  brent-goose  wiiite 

brant,  a  name  of  the  snow-goose,  A)iser  (or  Chen)  hyperbo- 
reus,  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  where  it  is  com- 
mon.  The  plumage  of  the  adult  is  snow-white,  excepting 
the  black  primaries  and  usually  a  rusty  color  on  the  head*^ 
the  bill  and  feet  are  pinkish.    See  cut  under  Chen.  ' 
Branta  (bran'ta),  n.    [NL.,  <  hrant^.~\    1.  A 
genus  of  geese:  same  as  Bemicla  or  Brenthus. 
—  2.  A  genus  of  ducks :  a  synonym  of  FuHgula. 
brantail  (bran'tal),  n.    [E.  dial.,  for  *brant-tail 
or  *  brand-tail,  that  is,  red-tail.  See  brand,  brant- 
fox,  brent-goose.']    A  name  of  the  redstart,  Ru- 
ticilla  phwnicura.    Montagu.    [Local,  British.] 
brant-fox  (brant'foks),  n.    [<  brant^  for  brand 
(in  allusion  to  its  yellowish-brown  color)  + 
fox;  —  D.  brandvos  =  G.  brandfuchs,  brant- 
fox,  a  sorrel  horse;  of.  S^.  brand-raf=  Dan 
brandrwv,  brant-fox  (Sw.  rdf=  Dan.  rwv,  fox). 
See  brenf2,  brent-goose.]  Vtilpes  alopex,  a  variety 
of  Swedish  fox,  smaller  than  the  common  fox. 
brant-goose  (brant'gos),  n.    Same  as  brent- 
goose. 

brantlet  (bran'tl),  n.  [Also  wi-itten  bransle  and 
by  contraction  brawl  (see  brawl^),  <  OF.  bran- 
sle, F.  branle,  a  dance,  <  bransler,  now  branlcr 
shake:  see  6raMc?Ze.]  1.  A  kind  of  dance.  See 
branle'^. 

The  King  takes  out  the  Duchesse  of  York,  and  the  Duke 
the  Duchesse  of  Buckingham,  the  Duke  of  Monmouth  my 
Lady  Castlemaine,  and  so  other  lords  other  ladies  •  and 
they  danced  the  brantle.  Pepys,  Diary,  Dec.  30,'l6e2. 
2.  A  song  for  dance-music. 

Bransles,  ballads,  virelayes,  and  verses  vaine. 

Spetiser,  F.  Q.,  III.  x.  8. 

branular  (bran'u-lar),  a.  [A  Latin-seeming 
form  made  from  brain,  after  granular  as  related 
to  grain.]  Relating  to  the  brain ;  cerebral. 
[Rare.] 

Either  a  trick,  practised  upon  me,  or  it  might  be  a  branu- 
lar illusion.  /.  Tarjlor,  World  of  Mind,  p.  634. 

braquemardt,  n-    Same  as  braquemart. 

braquemartt,  «■  [OF.,  also  braquemard,  bra- 
queniar  (>  ML.  bragamardus,  braquemardus) ; 
cf.  OF.  braquet,  a  poniard,  Walloon  braket,  a 
sword.]    A  short  sword  with  a  single  edge 

It  IS  generally  thought  to  have  l)een  that  type  of  sword 
in  which  the  back  is  perfectly  straight  and  the  edge  curves 
out  111  such  a  way  that  the  broadest  part  of  the  blade  is 
near  the  point. 

braset,  v.  t.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  brace^. 

brasen,  a.    See  brazen. 

brashi  (brash),  v.  t.  [The  several  words  spelled 
brash  are  chiefly  of  dial,  origin  and  of  mod. 
appearance,  and  appar.  in  part  of  mod.  forma- 
tion. The  senses  overlap,  and  make  the  sepa- 
ration of  the  words  uncertain.  Brasli^  is  appar. 
a  popular  formation  on  break,  brackX,  with  the 
terminal  form  of  bash,  dash,  crash,  words  of 
similar  sense ;  cf.  brash\  n.,  and  brash^,  a.  Li 
the  sense  of  'assault,  attack,'  it  is  also  found  in 
early  mod.  Sc.  as  bresche,  appar.  a  var.  of  brush, 
v.;  cf.  MLG.  braschen,  breschen,  intr.,  crack, 
make  a  loud  noise,  roar,  boast,  brassen,  make 
a  loud  noise,  =  Norw.  braska,  make  a  loud 
noise,  roar,  boast,  =  Sw.  braska,  rustle,  bustle, 
boast,  =  Dan.  braske,  boast,  brag.  See  brastle.] 
Lbcotch.]  1.  To  break  to  pieces;  smash:  as, 
he  brashed  in  the  door.— 2.  To  disturb;  disor- 
der; break  up  the  order  or  comfort  of. 
I  am  terribly  brashed  with  all  these  tumblings  about. 
rn„  „  1,  . ,  1  Carlyle,  in  Froude,  II.  106. 
of.  io  assault;  attack. 

brashl  (brash),  n.  [<  brash^,  v.;  cf.  MLG. 
brasch,  a  crack,  crash,  Dan.  brask,  a  boast, 
ODan.  also  a  crash,  loud  noise,  a  boast.  In 
sense  4,  cf.  dial,  branch.  The  word  in  this 
sense  cannot  be  taken,  as  supposed,  from  mod. 
F.  breche  (pron.  nearly  brash),  breccia;  more- 
over, breccia  is  a  different  thing  from  brash : 
see,  breccia,  breach.]  1.  A  crash.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
—2.  An  assault;  an  attack.  [Scotch.]— 3. 
An  effort ;  a  short  turn  of  work.  [Scotch  ]  — 
4.  A  confused  heap  of  fragments.  {a)\n  geol.,  2, 

mass  of  loose,  broken,  or  angular  fragments  of  rocks 
resulting  from  weathering  or  disintegration  on  the  spot' 
l^yeU.  (b)  Naut,  small  fragments  of  crushed  ice  collected 
by  winds  or  currents  near  the  shore,  but  so  loosely  com- 
pacted that  a  ship  can  easily  force  its  way  through.  Kane. 
«Pl  ^'^.'^  ^^^^  forms  in  thin,  irregular  flakes  called 
sludge,  and  when  this  is  compact  enough  to  hold  snow 
It  IS  knovm  as  brash.  Eneyc.  Brit  XIX  S's 

twifs^^'^  of  trees;  clippings  of  hedges;  ioo"se 

^1^^}a  tHardiy  connected,  as  sup- 

posed, with  Icel.  breysk-leikr,  weakness  of  bodv 
<  breyskr,  weak,  infirm  (in  a  moral  sense),  prop 

use  of  brashl, « .]  l .  A  transient  fit  of  sickness. 
Burns.  [Scotch.]-2.  Arashorei-uption.  [Lo- 


663 

cal.  Eng.]  —  3.  Acidity  in  the  mouth  occasioned 
by  a  disordered  stomach.  Also  called  water- 
brash — Weaning  brash,  a  severe  form  of  diarrhea 
which  sometimes  follows  weaning. 

brashs  (brash),  a.  [Cf.  E.  dial.  (North.)  brass- 
ish,  brittle ;  prob.,  with  some  alteration  of  form 
(perhaps  by  confusion  with  brash'^,  n.,  4),  <  Icel 
breyskr,  mod.  also  breiskr,  brittle  (cf .  brash'^) ; 
perhaps  ult.  connected  with  break  and  brickie  1 
Brittle.  [Local,  U.  S.] 
brash*  (brash),  a.  [Perhaps  of  Celtic  origin: 
cf.  Gael,  bras,  Ir.  bras,  brasach,  hasty,  impetu- 
ous, keen,  active,  nimble ;  cf .  also  D.  barsch,  > 
G.  barsch  =  Dan.  Sw.  barsk,  harsh,  impetuous. 

with  the  equiv.  rashi  .]  Impetu- 


Not  connected        ^^.^^^^^y.  impetu- 
ous ;  rash ;  hasty  in  temper.   Grose.  rCollon 
Eng.  and  U.  S.] 
brash*  (brash),  n.    [Appar.  <  ftras/t*,  a. ;  but 
perhaps  a  particular  use  of  brash^-,  n.]    A  vio- 
lent push.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
brash*  (brash),  v.  i.    [Appar.  <  brashi,  a.;  but 
perhaps  a  particular  use  of  braslA,  v.]    To  run 
headlong.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
brash^  (brash),  n.    [Appar.  a  particular  use  of 
brash^.]    A  shower, 
brashyi  (brash'i),  a.  [Appar.  <  brash^,  n.,  4,  -t- 
-//!.]    Small;  i-ubbishy.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
brashy^  (brash'i),  a.  [<  brash'^  +  -yi.]  Subject 
to  frequent  ailment,  as  horses ;  delicate  in  con- 
stitution.   [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
brashy3  (brash'i),  a.    [Also  braushie;  appar.  < 

brash5  +  .yi.]    Stormy.  [Scotch.] 
brasiatort, «.  [ML.,  <  brasiare,  brew:  see  bras- 
serie.]   A  brewer. 

brasiatrixt,  n.    [ML.,  fem.  of  brasiator,  q.  v.] 

A  female  brewer, 
brasier,  n.    See  brazier. 
brasil,  ».    See  brazil. 
brasilin,  brasiline,  n.   See  brasiUn. 
brasils  (bras'ilz),  n.  pi.     [Cf.  brassil,  and  E. 
dial,  brazil,  sulphate  of  iron.]    A  kind  of  coal 
occurring  in  the  middle  of  the  Ten-yard  coal 
in  South  Staffordshire,  and  preferred  by  some 
smelters  for  reverberatory  furnaces,  because  it 
contains  so  much  inorganic  matter  that  a  too 
rapid  consumption  is  prevented.  Percy. 
brasinat  (bra-si'na),  n.    [ML.,  also  bratsina 
(OF.  bressme),  <  brasiare,  brassare,  brew:  see 
brasserie.]    A  brew-house, 
brasinariat,  «•    [ML.]    Same  as  brasina. 
brasiumt,  ».     [ML.,  also  bracium:  see  bras- 
serie.] Malt, 
brasmatiast,  «.     [Gr.  I3paa/iaria^,  equiv.  to  Ppd- 
orriQ,  an  upward  earthquake,  <  jipaaaeiv,  shake, 
throw  up.]    An  earthquake,  when  character- 
ized by  an  upward  movement, 
brasque  (brask),  M.    [<  F.  brasque.]    A  paste 
variously  made,  used  as  a  lining  for  crucibles 
and  furnaces. 

The  brasque  of  the  larger-sized  crucibles  is  formed  of 
anthracite  powder,  powdered  gas-carbon,  and  gas-tar. 

\V.  H.  Greenwood,  Steel  and  Iron,  p.  24 

brasque  (brask),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brasqued, 
ppr.  brasquing.  [<  brasqtie,  n.]  To  line  with 
brasque. 

The  pig  is  melted  in  a  separate  hearth,  in  fact  is  passed 
througli  a  sort  of  "running  out  "fire  or  refinery  before 
It  reaches  the  finery  proper ;  the  bed  of  this  latter  is 
brasqued  or  lined  with  charcoal  powder  moistened  and 
rammed  in,  and  so  forcibly  compressed. 

Sncyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  319. 

brassi  (bras),  n.  and  a.   [<  ME.  bras,  bres,  <  AS 
b)-a-s,  brass,  =  Icel.  bras  (Haldorsen),  solder  (> 
Gael,  prats  =  Ir.  pras  =  W.  jyres,  brass) :  related 
to  Icel.  brasa,  harden  in  the  fire,  =  Sw.  6m  w 
flame,  =  Dan.  brase,  fry,  >  F.  braser,  solder 
(see  braize^) ;  cf.  OSw.  and  Sw.  brasa,  fire,  Icel 
brass  (occurring  once),  a  cook.   Hence  braze^ 
brazen,  brassen,  etc.]    I.  «.  1.  An  important 
alloy,  consisting  essentially  of  copper  and  zinc 
Tlie  proportion  in  which  the  two  metals  are  combined  dif- 
fers considerab  y  in  different  kinds  of  brass.  Brass  in  gen- 
eral IS  harder  than  copper,  and  consequently  wears  better 
than  that  metal.  It  is  malleable  and  ductile,  so  that  it  can 
be  easily  rolled  into  thin  sheets,  or  be  hammered  into  any 
desired  shape.    It  turns  easily  in  the  lathe,  and  can  be 
drawn  into  fine  wire  ;  moreover,  it  has  an  attractive  golden 
color,  and  IS  cheaper  than  copper.    The  color  of  brass  va- 
nes vyith  the  proportions  of  the  ingredients.  A  full  yellow 
variety  contains  about  two  parts  of  copper  to  one  of  zinc 
This  alloy  was  known  to  the  ancients;  and  was  made  by 
them  before  they  had  any  knowledge  of  the  metal  zinc 
tfone.l\v  w  "       '^'"""S  the  metallic  substances  me^ 
tioned  by  Homer;  but  it  was  well  known  to  Strabo  who 
describes  the  mode  of  manufacturing  it  from  the  z  uk^ei 
ous  ore  (calamin)  and  calls  the  alloy  ortoAa"c  o>fv"  A.o^^^^ 
See  orichalc,  pmichbeck,  prince's  metal,  mosaic  gold  Slunt  Js 
metal,  and  yellow  metal.   In  rhetorickl  compwisons  brass 
IS  a  common  type  of  hardness,  durability,  orobduracy 
Unless  my  nerves  were  brass  or  hammer'd  steel. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  cxx 
Men  s  evil  manners  live  in  brass  ;  their  virtues 
We  write  in  water.  shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iv.  2, 


brassage 

2.  A  utensil,  ornament,  or  other  article  made 
of  brass:  as,  to  clean  the  bra.fses  on  board  a 
ship. —  3.  In  mach.,  a  pil- 
low, bearing,  collar,  box, 
or  bush,  supporting  a  gud- 
geon :  so  called  because  fre- 
quently made  of  brass. 
4.  In  medieval  archwoL,  a 
funeral  monument  consist- 
ing of  a  plate  of  brass,  usu- 
ally of  rectangular  shape 

and  often  of  large  size,  in- 
cised with  an  cflSgy,  coats 

of  arms,  inscriptions,  and 

frequently  accessory  orna- 
ment. Such  brasses  are  some- 
times splendidly  enameled.  In 

some  examples  the  designs  are 

executed  in  relief,  or  in  relief 

in  combirtation  witli  engraving. 

Slabs  of  stone  inlaid  with  figures] 

etc.,  in  brass   are   also  called 

brasses,  and  are  a  usual  form  of 

medieval  monument.    Both  the 

plates  of  brass  and  the  inlaid 

stones  were    frequently  placed 

in   the  ordinary  pavement  uf 

churches.    Comparatively  few  of 

such  monuments  executed  wholly 

in  brass  survive,  as  the  value  of  the  metal  has  caused  it  to 

be  melted  down  and  applied  to  other  uses. 

Among  the  knightly  brasses  of  the  graves 
And  by  the  cold  Hie  Jacets  of  the  dead.  ' 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

5.  A  brass  musical  instrument,  or,  collectively 
the  brass  instruments  in  a  band  or  an  orches- 
tra.—6.  Money.    [Now  only  eolloq.] 

Withouten  pite,  pilour !  pore  men  thou  robbedest 
And  beere  heor  bras  on  thi  bac  to  Caleys  to  suUe. 

Piers  Plowman  (A),  iii.  189. 
We  should  scorn  each  bribing  varlet's  brass. 

Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  IV.  v.  12. 
Trying  to  get  out  of  debt,  a  very  ancient  slough,  called 
liy  the  Latins  aes  alienum,  another's  brass,  for  some  of 
their  coins  were  made  of  bra.ss  ;  still  living,  and  dying 
and  buried  by  this  other  s  brass.  Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  9.' 
7.  In  coal-mining  \von  pyi-ites.  it  occurs  in  small 
pai  tides  disseminated  through  the  coal,  or  in  veinlets  or 
Uiin  scaly  partings.    (Rarely  used  except  in  the  plural  ] 

a.  Lxcessive  assurance;  impudence;  brazen- 
ness:  as,  he  has  brass  enough  for  anythinjj 
[Colloq.]  ^ 
She  in  her  defence  made  him  appear  such  a  rogue  that 
the  chief  justice  wondered  he  had  the  brass  to  appear  in 
a  court  of  justice.  Uoger  North,  Exanien,  p  256 


Brass  of  Eleanor  Bohu.. 
(died  1399),  ill  Westmin- 
ster Abbey. 


To  me  he  appears  the  most  impudent  piece  of  brass 
that  ever  spoke  with  a  tongue. 

Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  iii. 
Brass-blacking.  See  Wacfanr/.— Brass-color,  in  nlass- 

making,  a  preparation  for  staining  glass,  made  l)y  expos- 
ing thin  brass  plates  upon  tiles  in  the  annealing-arch  of 
a  glass-house  until  they  are  completely  oxidized  into  a 
black  powder.  This  powder,  fused  with  glass,  gives  varit 
ous  tints  of  green  and  turquoise.- Brass-foil,  or  brass- 
leaf,  Dutch  leaf  or  Dutch  gold,  formed  by  f,eating  out 
plates  of  brass  toextreme  thinness.-Brass-powderTcop- 
per  and  its  various  alloys  ground  to  fine  puu^ler  and  used 
with  varnish  for  decorative  purposes.  Many  of  the  so- 
called  bronze-powders  are  brass-powders. 

II.  a.  Made  or  composed  of  brass ;  pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  brass;  brazen;  brassy. 

„     ,       .  .  Trumpet,  blow  loud, 

Send  thy  brass  voice  through  all  these  lazy  tents. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.[  i.  3. 
Brass  instrument.  See  wind-instrument.—  Brass  rulp 

brassi  (bras),  v.  t.  [<  brass^,  n.  Cf.  braze^.]  To 
cover  or  coat  over  with  brass,  copper  is  brassed 

by  exj^osing  its  surface  to  the  fumes  of  mitallic  zinc  or 
by  boiling  It  in  diluted  hydrochloric  acid  to  which  an 
amalgam  of  zinc  and  cream  of  tartar  has  been  added 
Iron  IS  bra.ssed  by  plunging  it,  after  cleaning,  into  melted 
brass,  and  by  electro-deposition  meuea 

brass2  (bras),  n.    [In  def.  1,  same  as  bracel  q 
V. ;  m  def.  2,  <  OF.  brasse,  "a fathom  or  an  a'lin 
lull;  or  a  measure  of  five  foot"  (Cotgi-ave)  F 
brasse,  naut.,  a  fathom  (=  Pr.  brassa  =  Cat' 
brassa  =z  iip  braza  =  Pg.  braga  (ML.  brassia, 
brassa),  a  fathom),  same  as  brace,  the  two  arms 
<  h.  bracliia,  pi.  of  brachiim,  bracchium,  arm: 
see  braced  (of  which  brass"^  is  a  doublet)  and 
bracktum.    Cf.  It.  braccio  (>  Swiss-  bruche)  a 
measure,  a  'cubit'  or  'fathom,'  lit.  arm  <  L 
braehiim,  &rm.]    If.  Naut.,  same  as  brace.— 
2.  A  continental  European  measure  of  length, 
equal  to  the  extended  arms  or  more  ;  a  fathom' 
The  old  Frencli  bm.sse  «as  63.9  English  inches;  the  Span- 
ish traja  III  Castile,  (i.-.,r  inches  ;  the  Catalan  bra.-<.'<a  80  6 
inches ;  the  brazndo  of  tlie  Canary  Isles  (a  variety  of  the 
Spanish  braza),  71.6  inches ;  the  bra^a  of  Portugal  and 
Brazil,  86  inches  ;  the  Norwegian  brass,  commonly  used  on 
JSorth  German  nautical  charts,  74.1  inches.    (The  word  is 
confused  with  another  derived  from  the  singular  brachium 
and  signifying  an  arm's  length.] 
l^rassage  (bras'aj),  n.    [OF.  brassage,  brassaige 
(ML.  brazeagium,  bracagium),  brassage  (cf.  ML 
braccator,  minter),  F.  brassage,  coinage,  mint- 
age, <  brasser,  stir  up  (the  melted  metal) :  see 


brassage 

brasserie.']    A  percentage  levied  to  pay  for  the 
cost  of  coining  money.    See  seigniorage. 
brassart,  brassard  (bras'art,  -ard),  n.  [Also 
fon(*-i-e<(bkinner);  <  F.  brassart,  hrassat,  brassal, 
now  brassard,  <   bras,  arm:  see 
brace'^,  «.,  and  of.  bracer,  2.]  In 
the  armor  of  the  fifteenth  and 
sixteenth    centuries,   that  part 
"which  covered  the  arm,  supersed- 
ing the  vambraee,  bracelet,  rere- 
braee,  etc. 

brass-band  (bras'band'),  n.  A 
band  or  company  of  musical  per- 
formers, all  or  most  of  whom  play 
upon  metal  (chiefly  brass)  wind- 
instruments  ;  a  military  band. 

brass-bass   (bras'bas),  71.     A  per-  Brassart. 

coideous  fish,  Morone  interrupta : 
so  called  from  its  bright  brassy  color,  tinged 
with  blue  on  the  back  and  marked  on  the  sides 
with  7  to  9  large  interrupted  black  bands,  it  at- 
tains the  size  of  tlie  common  white  perch,  and  inhabits 
fresh  waters  of  the  Mississippi  valley. 

brassei  (bras),  «.  [Cf.  G.  brassen,  the  bream; 
ult.  =  barse,  bass'^.  Cf.  bream'^.']  A  name  of 
the  European  bass. 

brasse^,  n.    See  brass"^. 

brassent,  «•  [Sc.  brassin;  <  brass  +  -en2:  see 
brazen.']    A  variant  of  brazen. 

brasserie  (bras'er-e),  n.  [F.  (ML.  brasseria),  < 
brasser,  brew,  mash,  stir  up,  <  OF.  bracer,  <  ML. 
braciare  (brasiare,  braxare,  brassare),  brew,  < 
bracium  {brasium,  brasum),  brace  (>  OF.  braz, 
bres),  malt,  L.  (Gallic)  brace  (var.  brance),  a 
kind  ot  corn;  cf.  brank'^.]  In  France,  a  brew- 
evy,  or  a  beer-garden  attached  to  a  brewery ; 
also,  any  beer-garden  or  beer-saloon. 

To-day  while  Mr.  B.  was  sitting  in  a  brasserie,  a  lady 
approached  and  shot  him. 

N.  ¥.  Herald,  Dispatches  from  Paris. 

brassetf  (bras'et),  n.    Same  as  brassart. 
brass-finisher  (bras'fin"ish-er),  7i.    A  workman 

who  perfects  and  polishes  articles  made  of 

brass. 

brass-founder  (bras'foun'''der),  n.    A  maker  of 

brass  or  of  articles  cast  in  brass, 
brass-furnace  (bras'fer"nas),  n.    One  of  two 

kinds  of  fm-nace  for  the  making  and  founding 

of  brass,  (a)  A  reverberatory  furnace  for  large  quanti- 
ties of  the  alloy,  (b)  A  crucible  furnace  for  small  quan- 
tities. In  this  furnace  the  crucible  is  placed  within  a  cast- 
iron  cylinder  lined  with  fire-brick  and  set  over  a  flre-pit. 
The  mouth  ot  the  cylinder  is  covered  with  a  metal  block 
called  a  tile.  Each  crucible  has  its  own  flue  connecting 
with  the  chimney.  The  oven  for  drying  cores  is  generally 
placed  above  the  furnace,  and  connected  with  the  flue  to 
utilize  the  heat  of  the  latter. 
Brassica  (bras'i-ka),  n.  [L.  (>  AS.  brassica, 
ME.  brassik,  brasikj,  cabbage.]  A  genus  of  cru- 
ciferous plants,  including  more  than  a  hundred 
species,  all  of  which  are  natives  of  Europe  and 

northern  Asia.  Several  species  have  long  been  in  culti- 
vation, and  are  the  origiii  of  a  large  number  of  varieties  of 
plants  used  as  table  vegetables  and  as  fodder.  B.  ole.racea 
has  given  rise  to  all  the  forms  of  cabbage,  cauliflower, 
broccoli,  kohl-rabi,  kale,  Brussels  sprouts,  etc.,  cultivated 
for  their  leaves  or  inflorescence,  or,  in  the  case  of  the  kohl- 
rabi, for  the  turnip-like  enlargement  of  the  stem.  B.  cam- 
pestris  is  the  parent  of  the  turnip  and  of  the  rutabaga,  in 
which  the  nourishment  is  stored  in  the  root,  and  of  the 
colza  and  rape,  which  are  raised  for  the  oil  of  the  seed.  B. 
alba  and  B.  nigra  are  the  white  and  black  mustards.  The 
charlock,  B.  Sinapistrum,  usually  a  troublesome  weed,  and 
some  other  species  in  the  East,  are  sometimes  cultivated, 
chiefly  for  their  seeds.  See  cuts  under  broccoli  and  sprouts. 
brassie,  n.    See  brassy^. 

brassil  (bras'il),  n.  [See  brasils,  brazil.]  In 
mining,  a  name  sometimes  applied  to  the  pyri- 
tiferous  material  occurring  in  metalliferous 
veins  or  in  connection  with  coal.  [Eng.] 

brassily  (bras'i-li),  adv.  Impudently ;  with 
brazen  confidence. 

brassiness  (bras'i-nes),  n.  The  quality  or  ap- 
pearance of  being  brassy. 

brassing  (bras'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  brass'^,  v.] 
The  operation  of  coating  objects  of  metal  with 
a  film  of  brass. 

Brassolinse  (bras-o-li'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bras- 
solis  +  -ince.]  A  subfamily  of  nymphalid  but- 
terflies, confined  to  America,  of  a  brown  color 
with  short  body  and  thickened  antennse.  Bras- 
solis  and  Caligo  are  leading  genera,  the  latter  containing 
the  owl-butterflies. 

brassoline  (bras'o-lin),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Brassolince. 

Brassolis  (bras'o-lis),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of 
nymphalid  butterflies,  typical  of  the  subfamily 
Brassolince. 

brass-pa  vedt  (bras'pavd),  a.  Paved  with  brass ; 

hard  or  firm,  as  brass.  Spenser. 
brass-smith   (bras'smith),  n.    A  smith  who 

works  in  brass. 


664 

brass- visaged  (bras'\'iz"ajd),  a.  Brazen-faced; 
impudent:  as,  "that  brass-visaged  monster,"  B. 
Jonson. 

brass-wind  (bras'wind),  n.  In  music,  that  divi- 
sion of  an  orchestra  which  comprises  players 
upon  metal  wind-instruments :  contrasted  with 
the  wood-wind,  the  strings,  etc. 

brassyi(bras'i),rt.andw.  [<  brass"^  + -y'^ .]  I.  a. 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  having  any  of  the  qualities 
of  brass  ;  brazen  :  chiefly  used  in  a  derogatory 
sense :  as,  a  brassy  taste ;  the  coloring  is  brassy. 

Enough  to  press  a  royal  merchant  down, 

And  pluck  commiseration  of  his  state 

From  brassy  bosoms.  Shale,  M.  of  V.,  iv.  1. 

2.  Brazen-faced;  impudent.  [Colloq.] 

There's  no  gallant 
So  6ra«si/-impudent  durst  undertake 
The  words  that  shall  lielong  to 't. 
Middleton  {and  another),  Mayor  of  Queenborough,  iii.  1. 

II.  H.  A  wooden  golf-club  shod  with  brass 
on  the  sole.    TV.  Park,  Jr. 

brassy^  (bras'i),  n.  [Also  brassie,  bressie.  Cf. 
brasse"^.  Fish-names  are  very  unstable.]  A 
Scotch  name  of  the  bib,  a  gadoid  fish. 

brastt  (brast).  An  obsolete  form  (present,  pret- 
erit, and  past  participle)  of  burst,  Spenser, 
F.  Q.,  I.  V.  31. 

brastiumt,  «•    A  variant  of  brasium. 

brastle  (bras'i),  v.  i.  [<  ME.  brastlien,  <  AS. 
brastlian,  bwrstlian,  crackle,  as  burning  wood, 
a  falling  tree,  thunder,  etc.  (=  MHG.  brasteln, 
prasteln,  G.  prasseln,  crackle),  freq.  of  *bras- 
tian  (=  OHG.  braston,  praston,  MHG.  brasten, 
crackle),  <  berstan  (pret.  barst,  *brast),  burst: 
see  burst,  brast,  and  cf.  brustle'^,  whiah  is  a  dou- 
blet of  brastle.]  If.  To  crackle  ;  crack  with  a 
noise.  Layamon,  III.  141. — 2.  To  boast;  brag; 
crack.    [North.  Eng.] 

brat^  (brat),  n.    [<  ME.  bratt,  a  coarse  cloak, 

<  ONorth.  bratt,  <  Gael,  brat,  a  cloak,  mantle, 
apron,  rag,  =  Ir.  brat,  a  cloak,  mantle,  veil, 
bratog,  a  rag,  =  W.  hrat,  a  rag,  pinafore.] 
If.  A  coarse  mantle  or  cloak.  Chaucer. — 2. 
A  child's  bib  or  apron.  [North.  Eng.] — 3.  A 
clout;  a  rag.  Burns.  [Scotch.] — 4.  The  film 
on  the  surface  of  some  liquids,  as  on  boiled 
milk  when  cold.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

brat^  (brat),  «.  [First  in  early  mod.  E.;  per- 
haps a  particular  use  of  braf^,  a  child's  bib  or 
apron,  a  rag,  etc.:  see  brat'^.]  A  child:  now 
used  only  in  contempt:  as,  "this  brat  is  none 
of  mine,"  Shak.,  W.  T.,  ii.  3 ;  "  their  dirty  brats,'' 
Uiackeray. 

0  Israel !  O  household  of  the  Lord ! 

0  Abraham's  brats !  O  brood  of  blessed  seed  I 

Gascoigne,  De  Profundis. 

brat^  (brat),  n.  [Cf.  bret.]  A  local  English 
name  of  the  turbot. 

bratch  (brach),  11.  [The  proper  spelling  of 
brack  in  this  pronunciation :  see  brach,  and  cf . 
bratchet.]    See  brach.  Grose. 

bratchet  (brach'et),  n.  [Sc.  also  bratdiart;  < 
ME.  brachet,  <  OF.  brachet  (=  Pr.  braquet;  ML. 
brachetus),  dim.  of  brache,  a  hoimd:  see  brach.] 
A  kind  of  hound ;  a  brach:  applied  contemptu- 
ously to  a  child. 

The  bratchet's  bay 
From  the  dark  covert  drove  the  prey. 

Scott,  Marmion,  ii.,  Int. 
To  be  plagued  with  a  bratchet  whelp  —  Whence  come  ye, 
my  fair-favoured  little  gossip'?  Scott,  Kenilworth,  II.  xxi. 

bratht,  «•    [Sc.  also  braith;  <  ME.  brath,  broth, 
braith,  <  Icel.  brddhr  =  Sw.  br&d  =  Dan.  brad, 
sudden,  hasty.]    Hasty;  violent;  fierce. 
For  this  word  was  Saul  wrath, 
For  oft  sith  was  he  bremli  [brimly]  brath. 
MS.  in  Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  Gloss.,  p.  31. 

bratht,  n.  [ME.,  <  Icel.  brddh,  haste,  <  brddhr, 
hasty:  see  brath,  a.]    Violence;  fierceness. 
In  the  brath  of  his  breth  that  brennez  alle  thinkez. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  1.  2216. 

brathlyt,  adv.  [Sc.  also  braithly ;  <  ME.  irathly, 
brothly,  braithly,  brathli,  etc.;  <  brath  +  -ly"^.] 
Hastily;  violently;  fiercely. 

Beris  to  syr  Berille  and  brathely  hym  hittes. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1771. 

brattach  (brat'ak),  n.  [<  Gael,  bratach,  banner, 
flag,  ensign,  <  brat,  mantle,  cloak,  veil,  rag : 
see  brat^.]    A  standard.  [Scotch.] 

Their  forces  are  assembling  on  each  side,  and  not  a  man, 
claiming  in  the  tenth  degree  of  kindred,  but  must  repair  to 
the  Brattach  of  his  tribe.   Scott,  Fair  Maid  of  Perth,  I.  xiii. 

brattice  (brat'is),  n.  1=  E.  dial,  brattish,  a  shelf, 

<  ME.  bretais,  bretasce,  bretis,  bretage,  britage, 

<  OF.  breteche,  bretesche,  bertesche,  bretesque  {= 
Pr.  bertresca  =  It.  bertesca,  baltresca,  ML.  reflex 
bretechia,  breteschia,  bertescha,  berthesca,  ber- 
tresca, etc.),  perhaps  <  OHG.  MHG,  bret,  G. 


braunite 

brett  =  AS.  bred,  a  plank:  see  board.]  In 
mining,  a  board,  plank,  or  brick  lining  or  parti- 
tion in  a  level  or  shaft,  usually  designed  to  form 
an  air-passage  or  confine  the  current  of  air  to 
a  certain  route.  Also  written  brctiicc,  brettis. 
brattice  (brat'is),  r.  t.  •  pret.  and  pp.  brattieed, 
ppr.  bratticing.  [<  brattice,  «.]  "ro  separate 
by  a  brattice. 

The  improvement  of  the  circ\ilation  by  bratticing,  or 
separating  the  upward  and  downward  currents  by  plates 
or  tubes.  if.  Wilson,  Steam  Boilers,  p.  168. 

brattice-cloth  (brat'is-kloth),  n.  In  coal-min- 
ing, a  heavy  cloth  or  canvas,  often  covered  with 
some  water-proof  material,  and  used  tempora- 
rily as  a  brattice. 

bratticing,  brattishing  (brat'is-ing,  -ish-ing), 
n.    [Also  corruptly  (in  2d  sense)  brandishing ; 

<  ME.  bretasynge,  briteysiug,  an  outwork,  etc., 

<  bretasce,  etc.,  bi;attice.  See  bartizan,  which 
is  appar.  a  var.  of  bratticing.  In  3d  sense 
directly  from  brattice.  See  brattice.]  1.  An 
ornamental  cresting,  generally  of  open-work, 
as  a  medieval  cresting  of  foliage,  or  the  likei 
—  2.  Any  open-work  of  rich  and  varied  design, 
especially  in  metal. —  3.  A  fence  of  boards  in 
a  mine  or  around  dangerous  machinery.  See 
brattice. 

brattish  (brat'ish),  n.  [E.  dial.  var.  of  brat- 
tice.] 1 .  A  shelf. —  2.  A  seat  with  a  high  back. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

brattishing,  «.    See  bratticing. 

brat'tle  (brat'l),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brattled,  ppr. 
brattling.  [Appar.  an  imitative  word.  Cf. 
brastle  and  rattle.]  1.  To  make  a  loud  rum- 
bling or  rattling  noise ;  thunder. —  2.  To  move 
rapidly  with  a  clattering  noise. 

brattle  (brat'l),  «.  [i  brattle,  v.]  1.  A  clatter- 
ing noise  like  that  made  by  the  feet  of  horses 
moving  rapidly. —  2.  Eapid  motion;  a  short 
rapid  race. 

Thou  need  na  start  awa'  sae  hasty, 
Wi'  bickering  brattle! 

Bums,  To  a  Mouse. 

3.  A  violent  attack. 

brattling  (brat'ling),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  brattle, 
v.]  The  act  of  making  a  clattering  noise;  tu- 
mult; uproar;  quarrel. 

Her  voice  that  clove  through  all  the  din,  .  .  . 
Jarr'd,  but  not  drown'd,  by  the  loud  brattling. 

Byron,  Sardanapalus,  iii.  1. 
His  voice  sounded  not  unlike  the  brattling  of  a  tin  trum- 
pet—  owing  to  the  number  of  hard  northwesters  which 
he  had  swallowed  in  the  course  of  his  sea-faring. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  86. 

bratty  (brat'i),  n. ;  pi.  bratties  (-iz).  [Dim.  of 
&ra<i.]    An  apron.  [Scotch.] 

brauch  (brach),  71.  [E.  dial.,  also  brauche, 
braivchc.  Cf.  brash^,  n.,  4.]  Bakings  of  straw 
to  kindle  fires.    [Prov.  Eng.  (Kent).] 

brauchin  (bra'chin),  n.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  < 
brauch  +  -in  for  -ing'^.]  A  collar  for  a  horse, 
made  of  old  stockings  stuffed  with  straw. 
[Prov.  Eng.  (Cumberland).] 

braudt,  v.    See  broud,  broid. 

brauderiet,      -An  obsolete  variant  of  broidery. 

braughwam,  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  broughwham  and 
hroughton;  origin  uncertain.]  A  dish  composed 
of  cheese,  eggs,  bread,  and  butter,  boiled  to- 
gether. 

braul^t,  "o.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  brawU. 
brauP  (bral),  n.    [E.  Ind.]    A  blue  and  white 

striped  cloth  made  in  India. 
Braula  (bra'la),  n.    [NL.]    The  typical  genus 

of  the  family  Braulidw.    Braula  cceca  is  the 

common  bee-louse, 
braulid  (bra'lid),  n.  A  bee-louse  of  the  family 

Braulidcc. 

Braulidse  (bra'li-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Braula  + 
-idw.]  A  family  of  pupiparous  dipterous  in- 
sects, the  bee-lice,  represented  by  the  genus 
Braula. 

The  family  Braulidai  comprises  only  a  single  minute 
species,  not  two  millimeters  in  length.  The  head  is  large, 
wholly  without  eyes,  the  thorax  small  and  without  wings, 
and  the  legs  are  short  and  stout,  with  strong  pectinated 
claws.  These  degraded  flies  are  parasitic  upon  honey- 
bees, especially  the  drones,  living  among  the  hair  of  the 
thorax.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  II.  433. 

brauna  (br4'na),  n.  [Braz. ;  also  written  6a- 
raima  and  garauna.]  1.  A  native  name  for 
Melanoxylon  Braunia,  a  tall  leguminous  tree  of 
Brazil,  the  wood  of  which  is  very  durable  and 
beautiful,  and  is  applied  to  many  uses.— 2.  A 
species  of  Cassia. 

brauncht,  »  and  v.  An  obsolete  form  of  branch. 

Brauneberger  (brou-ne-bar'ger),  n.  [G.]  A 
white  wine  made  near  Treves  on  the  Mosel. 

braunite  (brou'nit),  n.  [<  M.  Braun,  of  Gotha, 
-I-  -ife2.]  A  native  oxid  of  manganese,  con- 
taining also  20  per  cent,  of  manganese  silicate. 


braunite 

It  occurs  in  tetragonal  crystals  of  a  brownish-black  color 
in  Thunngia,  the  Harz,  Piedmont,  and  elsewhere 
Brauroman  (bra-ro'm-an),  a.      [<  Gr.'  Bpav- 
pojvia,  of  Brauron,  an  epithet  of  Artemis,  <  Bpav- 
po)v,  an  Attic  village  and  deme  near  Marathon.] 
Of  or  relating  to  Brauron,  a  deme  of  Attica  or 
to  Its  inhabitants;  specifically,  an  epithet  of 
Artemis,  who  was  worshiped  under  this  title  on 
the  Acropolis  of  Athens, 
brava  (brii'va).  See  remarks  under  bravo,  interi 
bravadet  (bra-vad'),  n.    [<  F.  bravade :  see  bra- 
vado.]   Same  as  bravado. 

The  great  Pacheco,  like  himself,  this  hot 
And  lierce  bravade  shall  in  a  trice  make  vain. 
,  J  Fanshawe. 

bravado  (bra-va'do),  n.  and  a.    [Formerly  also 
bravade  «  F.  bravade)  =  ODan.  bravat,  <  Sp 
bravada,  now  bravata  (=  It.  bravata),  boast 
vain  ostentation,  <  bravo  =  F.  brave  =  It.  bravo 
brave,  bullying:  see  brave  and  bravo.']    I  n  '• 
pi.  bravados  or  bravadoes  (-doz).    1  Pre'ten' 
tious  boldness  or  bravery;  arrogant  or  boast- 
tul  menace ;  swaggering  defiance. 
In  spite  of  our  host's  bravado.  Irving 
No  sooner  was  this  mad  bravado  agreed  upon  than  thev 
turned  the  reins  of  their  horses  and  made  for  Seville  ^ 
Irving,  Moorisli  Chronicle,  p.  109. 

2t.  One  who  indulges  in  boastful  and  aiTogant 
menaces.  ^ 

The  hectors  and  bravadoes  of  the  House,  who  show  all 
the  zeal  on  this  occasion.       Pepys,  Diary,  Feb.  28,  lee" 
II.  a.  Arrogantly  bold  or  menacing;  said  or 
done  m  bravado:  as,  "bravado  loQts,"  Disraeli 
(Jonmgsby,  v.  5. 
bravado  (bra-va'do),  v.  i.    [<  bravado,  w.]  To 
act  m  a  spirit  of  bravado  ;  storm ;  rage.  [Rare.] 
Like  winds  where  ^olus  bravado'd.     Lloyd,  The  Poet, 
bravaisite  (bra-va'zit),  n.  [<  Bravais,  a  French 
erystallographer,  +  -ife2.]    A  hydrous  silicate 
ot  aluminium  with  small  amounts  of  iron  cal- 
cium, magnesium,  and  potassium,  occurring  in 
erystallme  fibrous  forms  in  the  coal-measures 
ot  Noyant,  in  Maine-et-Loire,  France, 
brave  (brav),  a.  and  n.   [First  in  early  mod  E  • 
=  Gr.  brav  (17th  century)  =  MD.  brauwe,  braue, 
fine,  gallant  (m  appearance),  brave,  fierce,  also 
fine,  gaUant  (Kilian),  mod.  D.  braaf.  brave,  gal- 
lant, courageous  (cf.  MD.  brauiven,  adorn,  bra- 
veren,  be  fierce,  =  MLG.  braveren  =  ODan.  bra- 
vere,  strut),  =  Dan.  brav,  brave,  worthy,  =  OSw 
braf,  Sw.  bra,  good,  >  prob.  Sc.  braw,  good, 
also  pleasant,  fine,  handsome,  etc.,  <  F  brave 
brave,  fine,  gallant,  etc.,  introduced  in  the  16th 
century  <  It.  bravo,  brave,  hardy,  Olt.  tempes- 
tuous (cf.  bravo,  n.,  cutthroat,  assassin,  bravo), 
=  bp.  Pg.  bravo,  brave,  etc.,  =  Pr.  brau,  fern. 
bram,  brave,  hard,  wicked,  etc.  (ML.  bravus 
a  bravo,  cutthroat) ;  perhaps  =  OF.  *brou  in 
rabrouer,  cheek,  chide,  etc.,  bronaz,  brouhaha, 
a   bluster,  brouhoux,   storms,  blusters,  etc.. 
brouee,  blustering.     Origin  and  relations  un^ 
certain.     There  appear  to  be  at  least  two 
words  confused:  in  the  sense  'fine,  good  '  etc 
cf.  Bret,  brav,  brao,  fine,  agreeable,  pretty! 
braga,  strut,  dress  in  fine  clothes  (see  braa) ;  in 
the  sense  'bold,  mid,'  etc.,  cf.  OF.  braou,brau, 
ML,,  braviis,  bravis,  a  young  untamed  ox,  Olt 
bravo,  tempestuous,  Sp.  brava,  a  heavy  swell 
of  the  sea,  OF.  *brou  (above),  etc. ;  W.  hraw, 
terror,  tright.]    I.  a.  1.  Possessing  or  exhibit- 
ing courage  or  coui-ageous  endui-ance ;  in- 
trepid; valiant;  fearless:  as,  a  6mw  warrior: 
a  brave  act;  he  was  brave  under  calamity. 

•Kr„'„  ,j  i,  .  Two  braver  men 

JNe  er  spurrd  their  coursers  at  the  trumpet's  sound 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  v.  7. 
The  brave  man  is  not  he  who  feels  no  fear 
iSut  he  whose  noble  mind  its  fears  subdues. 

J.  Baillie,  BasU. 
The  coward  sneaks  to  death,  the  Irrave  live  on. 

Dr.  Sewell,  The  Suicide,  ii.  55. 

2.  Making  a  fine  display  in  bearing,  dress,  or 
appearance  generally;  having  a  noble  mien: 
said  of  persons. 

I  have  gold,  and  therefore  will  be  brave. 
In  silks  I'll  rattle  it  of  every  colour. 
^  Greene,  Tu  Quoque,  vii. 

of  tMn^*^*^'  gorgeous;  gaudy:  said 

With  blossoms  brave  bedecked  daintily. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  vii.  32. 


665 

of  commendation ;  often  also  used  ironically ;  now  obso. 
lete  except  perhaps  in  irony.] 

Iron  is  a  brave  commodity  where  wood  aboundeth. 

I'll  devise  thee  brave  punishments  for  him. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  4. 


brawl 


-Syn.  1.  Gallant,  Valiant,  Courar/eouH,  Brave,  Heroic 
J,^'"'''J^'";,''^»""f''>,?l".vali-ous,  doughty,  resolute,  man: 
r,!L.  -  f  i     '  'I  Jress  or  qualities,  is  most  ap- 

ft.^Ff  used  with  regard  to  courage  which  exhibits 

Itself  in  deeds  attracting  attention  and  applause;  of  the 
first  four  words  It  is  that  wliich  may  have  in  it  most  of 
compliment  and  least  of  high  commendation,  but  it  °s 
often  a  strong  word,  expressing  splendid  bravery  in  ac- 
tion :  as,  he  was  3.  gallant  officer.  Valiant  is  also  brave  in 
action,  especially  in  opposing  physical  force,  as  in  battle 

it'^n^^  '^'^       P"'^"'^-   Coura^J^ous  denotes 

the  possess  on  of  tliat  spirit  which  enables  one  fearlessly 
and  with  full  presence  of  mind  to  face  danger.  Brave  is  tl  e 
most  compreliensive  of  the  words;  it  may  denote  the  nos 
session  of  the  highest  and  noble.t  kind  ofCurage  and  fo?- 
titude,  of  that  spirit  which  enables  a  man  to  bear  up  against 
ev,l  and  danger,  as  well  as  to  go  forth  to  face  it  Coura- 
geous has  much  of  this  breadth  of  meaning,  but  is  appli- 
cable rather  to  doing  than  to  enduring;  Inamu^  both  pas- 
sive and  active  Heroic  combines  the  meaning  of  all  the 
other  words  in  tlie  superlative  degree.  It  indicates  a  lofty 
superiority  to  fear,  a  noble  self-forgetfulness,  an  almost 
superhuman  power  to  dare,  achieve,  or  suffer.  It  bears 
the  same  relation  to  the  other  words  that  sublirm  bears  to 
great,  grand,  or  lofty. 

»nH''tlf withdrawn  from  Venice, 
and  the  gallant  resistance  of  the  Venetians  was  fast  draw^ 
mg  to  a  close.  E.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  108. 

.nnl'^f,'"'-''",'''  'inlthought  he  had  been  valiant  and  so 
cunning  in  fence,  I'd  have  seen  him  damned  ere  I'd  have 
challenged  him.  ghak.,  T.  N.,  ^iVi. 

But  he  rose  upon  their  decks,  and  he  cried  ■ 
I  have  fought  for  Queen  and  Faith  like  a  valiant  man 
^'"^  Tennyson,  The  Revenge. 

^"'^  ^'"■y  <^oy-rageous,  that  thou 
mayest  observe  to  do  according  to  all  the  law  wh  c 
Moses  my  servant  commanded  thee.  Josh.  [  7. 

But,  what  with  pleasure  Heaven  itself  surveys 
A  brave  man  struggling  in  the  storms  of  fate  ' 
And  greatly  falling  with  a  falling  3tate. 

Pope,  Prol.  to  Cato,  1.  31. 
II.  n.  [Cf.  bravo,  n.]  1.  A  brave,  bold,  or 
daring  person ;  a  man  daring  beyond  discretion. 
Specifically— 2.  A  North  American  Indian  or 
other  sa,vage  warrior:  as,  the  chief  was  accom- 
panied by  two  hundred  braves. 

Two  from  among  them  [Indian  warriors]  advancing 
Came  to  parley  with  Standish,  and  offer  him  furs  af'a 

Bravesoi  the  tribe  were  these,  and  brothers  gigantic  in 
stature.  Longfellow,  Courtship  of  Miles  Sttndish,  vii. 
.  With  three  strokes  to  each,  the  scalps  of  the  victims  be- 
ing suddenly  taken  off,  the  brave  flies  back  with  his  com- 
panions,  to  hang  the  trophies  in  his  cabin. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II.  431. 

3t.  A  hector;  a  bully;  a  bravo. 

Too  insolent,  too  much  a  brave.  Dryden. 
fiaiace^  ^'^       ^o^^^;  a  chaUenge;  a  de- 

I  will  not  bear  these  braves  of  thine. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  1. 
m  ,  'Tis  time 

io  be  avenged  on  you  for  all  your  braves. 

Marlowe,  Edward  II.,  iii.  3. 
brave  (bray),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  braved,  ppr. 
braving    [_<  F.  braver,  brave,  affront,  defy,  etc., 
<  6mw  brave.]    1.  To  encounter  with  cour- 
age and  fortitude;  set  at  defiance ;  defy;  chal- 

The  ills  of  love,  not  those  of  fate,  I  fear  • 
These  I  can  brave,  but  those  I  cannot  bear.  Dryden 
Louis  the  Fifteenth  braved  the  hatred  and  contempt  of 
his  subjects  during  many  years  of  the  most  odious  and 
imbecile  misgovernment. 

Macaulay,  West.  Rev.  Defence  of  Mill. 
2t.  To  wear  a  boasting  appearance  of. 
To  brave  that  which  they  believe  not.      Bacon,  Essays. 

T>      i  j'    ,-    ,  ,  Another, 
Reputed  vabant,  lives  by  the  sword,  and  takes  up 
Quarrels,  or  braves  them,  as  the  novice  likes 
To  gild  his  reputation.  Ford,  Fancies,  i.  3. 

3t.  To  make  fine,  showy,  or  splendid.  [Eare.] 
He  [the  sun]  should  have  brav'd  the  east  an  hour  ago 
Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  v  3 
hide'?",fiIe"^?"as'obVect  out :  generally  with  an 

However  we  brave  it  out,  we  men  are  a  little  breed. 

_  Tennyson,  Maud,  iv 

bravely  (brav'li),  adv.    In  a  brave  manner 

(a)  Courageously;  gallantly;  splendidly;  heroicalljT 
Who  combats  bravely  is  not  therefore  brave 

(b)  Finely ;  gaudily  ^"""^  ^''^y'-  "5- 


And  wear  my  dagger  with  the  braver  grace. 

Shak.,  U.  of  v.,  iu.  4 

ve^/ft'a^/roomlwas).'  '''''''''  '"""^  ^""^'^  <^ 

Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  252. 

m^rlvl"®^®^*'  ''^Pi*^!:  fi^e;  admirable.  [For- 
merly m  very  common  use  in  this  sense  as  a  general  term 


thatl^fi^d'fee  Ifi;"  ^"""^  ''^'^  ^^^^  of?"  -en 

,  ,  „  ,,  ■  Judith  X.  4. 

(c)  WeU ;  prosperously  :  as,  he  is  getting  on  Irravely. 
The  tug  was  towing  bravely. 

W.  C.  Russell,  Jack's  Courtship  xxi 
bravenesst  (brav'nes),  n.    The  quality  of'  be- 
ing brave ;  bravery  :  as,  "the  braveneis  of  the 
exploit,"  Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p  306 


bravery  (bra'v6r-i),  n.;  pi.  braveries  (-iz).  [< 
b.  braverie,  gallantry,  splendor,  etc.,  <  brave 
brave:  see  brave  and  -cri/.]  1.  The  quality  of 
being  brave;  courage;  heroism;  undaunted 
spirit;  intrepidity;  gallantry;  fearlessness. 

Remember,  sir,  my  liege,  . 
The  natural  bravery  of  your  isle. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iii.  1. 
Lancelot,  the  flower  of  bravery. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
2.  Showiness;  splendor;  magnificence. 
The  bravery  of  their  tinkling  ornanients.        Is.  iii.  18. 
Great  bravery  of  building,  to  the  marvellous  beautifying 
le  realm.  Camden. 
No  more  in  the  midnight  tempest 

Will  she  mock  the  mounting  sea. 
Strong  in  her  oaken  timbers. 
And  her  white  sail's  bravery. 
r>.    ai.  ,     ,  ,.  Halleck,  Epistles, 

of.  bhow;  ostentation;  parade. 

Prefaces,  .  .  .  and  otlier  speeches  of  reference  to  the 
person,  are  gi-eat  wastes  of  time  ;  and  though  they  seem 
to  proceed  of  modesty,  they  are  bravery.  Bacon. 
Nor  would  I  you  should  melt  away  yourself 
In  flashing  bravery. 

B.  .lonson.  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  i.  1. 
4t.  Bravado ;  boast. 

I  commended  but  tlieir  wits,  madam,  and  their  brave- 
ries.   I  never  looked  toward  their  valours. 

fi.  Jonson.,  Epicoene,  iv.  2. 
There  are  those  that  make  it  a  point  of  bravery  to  bid 
defiance  to  the  oracles  of  divine  revelation. 
K ,     .    ,  Sir  R.  L'Estrange. 

Of.  A  snowy  person. 

A  man  that  is  the  bravery  of  his  age.  Beau,  and  PI. 
He  is  one  of  the  braveries,  though  he  be  none  of  the  wits. 

B.  Jonson,  Epicoene,  i.  \. 
-Syn.  1.  Valor,  daring,  pluck,  boldness,  mettle,  audacity 
For  comparison,  see  brave.  '  ''■ 

bravi  (bra've).  See  remarks  under  bravo,  interi 
bravingt  (bra'ving),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  brave,  v.\ 
Bravado;  defiance. 

With  so  proud  a  straine  of  threats  and  bramngs. 
.  _  Chapman,  Odyssey,  xxi. 

bravingly  (bra'ving-U),  adv.    In  a  braving  or 
defying  manner.    Sheldon.  [Rare.] 
brayissimo  (bra-vis'i-mo),  interi.    [It.,  superl 
of  bravo,  q.  v.]    Superlative  of  bravo. 
That's  right- I'm  steel-Bravo  l-Adamant-Brawwsi- 
•  .  Colman,  Jealous  Wife,  i.  1 

bravityf,  n.    [<  brave  +  -ity.-]  Bravery 
bravo  (brii'vo),  interj.    [It.  adj.  (pi.  bravi,  fern. 
6ram,  pi.  brave),  >  F.  brave,  >  E.  brave,  q.  v.] 
Well  done!  good!  sometimes  used  as  a  noun: 
PrencrEevtTvn"  ^^^^^^^^PP-^'"  ^-rlyle, 

bravo  I  Lowell,  On  a  Certain  Condescension  in  Foreigners 
^''^^ord  is  an  adjective,  and  the  correct  usage 
IS  to  say  bravo  to  a  male  singer  or  actor,  Irrava  to  a  female 
v^^Tli"  ^  ™™Pa"y;  but  in  French  and  properly  in 
familiar  winT?hP  interjection.    Careful  persons 

S  to  gender  ]  ""'^^       '^"^^ever,  discriminate 

'^l^y^^^^K^^'''  '"■ '  ^'<-avos  or  bravoes  (-voz). 
Lit.  (ML  6j-«yMs),  <  bravo,  adj.:  see  brave.]  A 
daring  villain;  a  bandit;  one  who  sets  law  at 
aenance ;  an  assassin  or  mm-derer. 

Stab,  like  bravoes,  all  who  come  that  way. 
w        ^     .   ,  Churchill,  The  Apology. 

Was  not  this  Venice,  and  is  not  Venice  forever  associ- 
ated with  bravoes  and  unexpected  dagger  thruste  ? 

Hoivells,  Venetian  Life,  xi 
bravura  (bra-v6'ra),  n.  and  a.  [It.,  bravery, 
spint,<  6mt;o;  see  brave.]  I.  n.  In  »«m«c,  a 
florid  air,  requiring  great  force  and  spirit  in 
the  performer  and  ser^^ng  to  display  his  or 
her  power  flexibility  of  voice,  and  cUstinctness 
ot  articulation. 

II.  a.  In  music,  spirited;  florid;  brilliant: 
as,  B.  bram(raa.vi::  chiefly  applied  to  vocal  com- 
positions, but  occasionally  to  instrumental 
braw  (bra),  a.  and  n.  [Sc.:  see  brave.]  J  a 
Brave;  fine;  gay;  handsome;  pleasant;  aOTeel 
able;  worthy;  excellent;  stout:  as,  a  ftrf/MTnew 
[Scotch  ]  '         ^^^^  \&sses. 

There's  hraw,  braw  lads  on  Yarrow  braes. 
__  Burns,  Gala  Water. 

II.  w.  pi.  One's  best  apparel;  finery, 
brawdt,  v.  t.    See  broud,  broid. 
brawderyf,  n.    An  obsolete  variant  of  broidery 
brawet  (brou'et),  «.    A  young  eel.    Also  writ- 
ten brawat.    [North.  Eng.] 

^^^l  Q,^^l)'  ^-  t^^i'ly  mod.  E.  also  brail,  < 
M.h.  brallen,  cry  out,  vociferate,  =  D.  bralleti, 
boast,  =  Dan.  bralle,  jabber,  chatter,  =  MHG 
pralen,  G.  prahlen,  boast,  vaunt,  flaunt;  appar- 

^""1  L"^?''*"',^*^'^^  ^'•««'''«'.  braiden,  quar- 
rel W.  bratol,  a  boast,  broUo,  boast,  vaunt,  6r«- 
^aZ,  vociferate,  etc.  Cf.  also  F.  braiUer  (=  Pr 
bratlar),  cry  out,  bawl,  prob.  <  braire,  bray:  see 


brawl 

hraifi.  The  xilt.  sotirce  of  all  these  forms  is 
perhaps  the  same.  See  hrag.']  I,  intrans.  1. 
To  speak  loudly  and  complainingly  or  angrily ; 
be  clamorous  or  noisy ;  quarrel  noisily  and  in- 
decently. 

I  do  the  wrong,  and  first  begin  to  brawl. 

Sliak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 

2.  To  roar,  as  water  flowing  over  a  pebbly  or 
rocky  bed;  make  a  loud  babbling  noise. 

The  brook  tliat  brawls  along  this  wood. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  1. 
Crossing  the  brook  at  the  ford,  where  it  braided  over 
pebble  and  shallow.    Longfellow,  Miles  Standish,  iii. 
=  Syn.  1.  To  wrangle,  squabble,  dispute  (noisily). 

II.  trans.  1.  To  wrangle  about;  be  noisy  or 
contentious  regarding. 

I  care  not  wliat  the  sects  may  brawl. 

Tennyson,  Palace  of  Art. 

2.  To  drive  away  or  beat  down  by  noise. 
[Rare.] 

Your  deep  wit  .  .  . 
Reason'd,  not  braiii'd  her  [Truth]  hence. 

Sir  K.  Digby,  Preface  to  Nature  of  Man's  Soul. 

brawli  (bral),  n.  [<  brawn,  i'.]  A  noisy  quar- 
rel; loud,  angry  contention;  an  uproar;  row; 
squabble:  as,  stout  polemiek  brawl,"  S.  But- 
ler, Hudibras. 

He  is  a  devil  in  private  brawl. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  4. 
A  creature  wholly  given  to  bratrls  and  wine. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 
The  whole  world  knows  that  this  is  no  accidental  brawl, 
but  a  systematic  war  to  the  knife,  and  in  defiance  of  all 
laws  and  liberties.  Emerson,  Affaii's  in  Kansas. 

=  Syn.  Broil,  Affray,  etc.    See  quarrel,  n. 

brawP  (bral),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brail;  a 
corruption  of  earlier  bransle,  also  written  bran 


666 


3.  The  flesh  of  a  muscular  part  of  tiio  body : 
as,  the  brawn  of  the  arm,  thigh,  etc. 

It  was  ordained  that  murtherers  sliould  be  brent  on  the 
brawn  of  the  left  hand.  Hall,  Hen.  VII.,  an.  15. 

4.  Well-developed  muscles;  muscular  strength. 
Brawn  without  brain  is  thine.  Dryden,  Fables. 
Here,  then,  is  a  great  stalwart  man,  in  perfect  health,  <!i  /-u  -\ 

all  brawn  and  rude  muscle,  set  up  before  us  as  the  ideal  Dray"'t  (ora),  n. 
of  strength.  ^I.  La?t?e;-,  The  English  Novel,  p.  54. 

5.  Figuratively,  the  arm:  from  its  muscles  or 
strength.  [Rare.] 

I'll  hide  my  silver  beard  in  a  gold  beaver. 
And  in  my  vantbrace  put  this  wither'd  brawm. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.,i.  3. 
I  had  purpose 
Once  more  to  hew  thy  target  from  tliy  brawn. 
Or  lose  my  arm  for't.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  5. 

Headcheese. —  Mock  brawn,  the  flesh  of  a  pig's 


brazen 

bray2  (bra),  n.  [<  ME.  bra;/,  a  loud  cry,  also 
brayt,  <  OF.  brait  =  Pr.  brai ;  from  the  verb.] 
A  harsh  cry,  especially  that  of  au  ass ;  hence, 
any  similar  harsh  or  grating  sound. 

Several  times  a  day  we  are  stunned  and  overwhelmed 
with  the  cracked  brays  of  three  discordant  trumpets. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  tlie  Saracen,  p.  25. 

[<  OF.  braie,  a  kind  of  bastion, 
a  dike  or  bank,  <  ML.  braca,  a  dike  or  bank, 
same  as  OP.  braic,  <  ML.  hraga,  part  of  a  river 
confined  between  dikes  to  facilitate  the  catch- 
ing of  fish.]  A  bank  or  mound  of  earth  used 
in  fortification ;  a  breastwork ;  a  bulwark ;  spe- 
cifically, a  wall  or  other  work  in  advance  of 
and  covering  the  gate  of  a  fortress. 

That  they  could  scant  put  their  heads  over  the  bray  or 
bulwark.  Hall,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  16. 


head  and  feet  cut  in  pieces,  and  boiled,  pickled,  and 
pressed  into  a  form, 
bra'wnedt (brand), a.  l<brawn  +  -ed^.']  Brawny; 
strong:  as,  "braw?te(l  howvs,"  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I. 
viii.  41. 

brawner  (bra'ner),  «.  [<  brawn  +  -f?-l.]  A  boar 
killed  for  the  table. 

bra-wn-fallent  (bran 'fa "In),  a.  Having  the 
brawny  or  muscular  parts  of  the  body  shrunk 
or  fallen  away ;  wasted  ;  thin  ;  weak. 

Were  not  Milo  his  arnies  brawnefallen  for  want  of 
wrastlyng'?  Lyly,  Eupluies,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  127. 

bra'Wniness  (bra'ni-nes),  n.  [<  brawny  + 
-ness.l  The  qiiality  of  being  brawny ;  strength; 
hardiness. 

Tliis  brawniness  and  insensibility  of  mind  is  the  best 
armour  against  the  common  evils  and  accidents  of  life. 

Locke,  Education,  §  113. 


sel,  brantle,  brangle,  etc.,  <  P.  bransle,  now  brawny  (bra'ni),  a.    [<  ME.  iframi/,  fleshy  (of 

'    '      '        '   '    fruit)  ;<  6ra(0«  + -2/1.]   1.  Fleshy;  muscular; 

having  large  strong  muscles  ;  bulky ;  strong. 
0.\e  dounge  about  her  rootes  yf  that  me  trete 
The  pomes  sadde  and  brawny  wol  it  gete. 

Palladius,  iii.  106. 
The  muscles  of  his  brawny  arms 
Are  strong  as  iron  bands. 

Longfellow,  Village  Blacksmith. 

2.  Figuratively,  firm;  hardened;  having  great 
power  of  resistance. 

A  brau'ny  conscience  which  hath  no  feeling  in  it. 

J.  Mede,  Apost.  of  the  Latter  Times,  ii. 

braws  (braz),  M.  jjZ.  Seebraw,n. 

One  l^raxy  (brak'si),  «.  and  a.    [E.  dial..  Sc.  also 


branle,  a  dance,  same  as  bransle,  braule,  verbal 
n.  of  bransler,  branler,  shake,  move,  etc. :  see 
brandle,  brantle,  branle.']  A  kind  of  dance;  a 
branle. 

Good  fellowes  must  go  learne  to  daunce, 

The  brydeal  is  full  near-a ; 
There  is  a  brail  come  out  of  Fraunce, 
The  fyrst  ye  harde  this  yeai-e-a. 
Good  Fello  wes  (1569).  {Halliwcll,  Note  to  Marston's  Plays.) 
Thence  did  Venus  learn  to  lead 
The  Idalian  braivls.      B.  Jonson,  Vision  of  Delight. 
My  grave  lord-keeper  led  the  braids ; 
The  seal  and  maces  danced  before  him. 

Gray,  Long  Story. 

brawler  (bra'ler),  n.    [ME.  brawlere.'] 
who  brawls ;  a  noisy  fellow ;  a  wrangler. 
The  great  statesman  degenerated  into  an  angry  brawler. 

Bnckle,  Civilization,  I.  xii. 

brawlie,  adv.   See  brawlij. 

brawling  (bra'ling),  «.  [ME.  braulyng;  verbal 
n.  of  brawn,  v.]  The  act  of  quaiTeling;  specifi- 
cally, in  Eng.  law,  the  offense  of  quarreling  or 
creating  a  disturbance  in  a  church  or  church- 
yard. 

brawling  (bra'ling),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  brawn,  v.] 
1.  Contentious;  quarrelsome;  noisy. 

I  know  she  is  an  irksome,  brawling  scold. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  i.  2. 
The  spirit-grieving  sounds  of  braiding  commerce. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  160. 


Order  was  given  that  bulwarks,  brays,  and  walls  should 
be  raised  in  his  castles  and  strongholds. 

Lord  Herbert,  Hen.  VIII.,  p.  28. 

bray^  (bva.),  n.  [=  Sc.  brae,  bra,  <  ME.  braye, 
also  bra,  bro,  etc.,  <  Gael,  braigh,  the  upper  part 
of  any  thing  or  place  (braigh  du  thcha,  the  higher 
parts  of  a  district;  braigh  Lochabar,  the  braes 
of  Lochaber,  etc.),  also  braidh  —  Ir.  braid,  up- 
per part,  height ;  of.  W.  brig,  top,  summit,  bre, 
hill,  peak,  =  AS.  bcork,  E.  barrow,  a  hill,  moimd: 
see  barrow'^.]  A  piece  of  sloping  gi-ound;  an 
acclivity  or  declivity. 
Against  a  rocke  or  an  hye  braye. 

Ascham,  Toxopliilus,  Works,  p.  170. 

Push'd  up  the  bray,  indignantly  they  feel 
The  clanking  lash  and  the  retorted  steel. 

Brookes,  The  Fox-Chase. 

bray5  (bra),  n.  [Also  written  brey ;  <  F.  braye, 
"  a  close  linnen  breek  or  under-slop,  .  .  .  also 
a  clout,"  pi.  brayes,  "short  and  close  breeches, 
drawers,  or  under-hose  of  linnen,  &c.,"  .  .  . 
also  "barnacles  for  a  horse's  nose"  (Cotgrave), 
mod.  F.  braies,  breeches,  <  L.  bracce,  breeches : 
see  braca',  brail,  and  breech.']  If.  -A.  clout  for 
a  young  child.  Kersey,  1708. —  2.  In.  her.:  (a) 
Barnacles  or  twitchers  for  subduing  a  horse: 
used  as  a  bearing.  (/;)  [Perhaps  a  con-uption 
of  bralce^,  break.]  A  bearing  similar  to  the 
preceding  in  form,  representing  a  tool  used 
for  breaking  hemp :  sometimes  called  a  hemp- 
bray,  hemp-bralce,  or  hacMe.  One  or  other  of  these 
liearings  is  freciuently  used  in  allusive  heraldry  for  fami- 

.  „  ^         ..   '4      ,       7     1,    "-7     r-n!  i\  lies  of  the  name  ZJraw  and  the  like. 

braxes,braxit,(aso  bracks,  bratJc.  Ct.  ftmcfci  and  ,        ,  Tirnv<1p+  r  and  n     fiee  braid 

Sa?erMbltV«  [<  ^ra^  -^O  InpHnt- 
ing,  a  small  composition-roller  used  tor  tritu- 
rating and  spreading  the  ink  ou  a  table  or  slab 


ized  by  inflammation  of  the  bowels  and  reten 
tion  of  the  urine:  also  called  the  sickness  in 
some  parts  of  Scotland.  The  name  is  also  given    ^^^^  uauum" 

to  a  variety  of  other  diseases  of  sheep.--2.  A  Gravers'' Tbrl'^^r)'  n.  "  [<  bray^  +  -erl.] 
sheep  having  the  braxy;  hence,  the  mutton  of  "^^^j*      ^^^^  ^^^^^  ^-^^^^ 


and  daubing  it  on  a  platen  or  disk. 


One 


From  brawling  parties  concords  come. 

Lowell,  To  the  Muse. 

2.  Making  the  noise  of  rushing. water:  as, 
"brawling  springs,"  Collins. 

The  brawling  streams  shall  soon  be  dumb. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Old- Year  Song, 
brawlingly  (bra'ling-li),  adv.    In  a  brawling 

or  quarrelsome  manner, 
brawlins  (bra'linz),  adv.     Same  as  brawly. 
[Scotch.] 

brawly  (bra'li),  adv.  and  a.  [Also  braxvlie;  = 
E.  bravely.]  Bravely;  finely;  heartily;  very 
well;  in  good  health  or  condition.  [Scotch.] 

I  am  brawly  now  again  — it  was  nae  great  thing  that 
ailed  me.  Scott,  Abbot,  II.  82. 

brawn  (bran),  n.  [<  ME.  hraun,  brawn,  mus- 
cle, boar's  flesh,  <  OP.  braon,  a  piece  of  flesh, 
=  Pr.  bradon,  hrazon,  braon  =  OSp.  brahon,  < 
OHG.  brdto  (acc.  brdton),  a  piece  of  flesh  for 
roasting,  MHG.  brdte,  G.  braten,  roast  meat  {— 
AS.  brwde,  roast  meat),  <  OHG.  brdtan,  MHG. 
braten,  G.  braten  =  AS.  brmdan  =  OFries. 
breda  =  D.  braden,  roast,  broil  (ef.  Dan.  brad, 
a  joint  of  meat) ;  cf.  Gr.  irfjr/Osiv,  bum,  blow  into 
a  flame.]  1.  Boar's  flesh ;  the  flesh  of  the  boar 
or  of  swine,  collared  so  as  to  squeeze  out  much 
of  the  fat,  boiled,  and  pickled. 

I  see  nothing  here  like  Christmas,  excepting  brawn  and 
mincepies  in  places  where  I  dine. 

Sndft,  Journal  to  Stella,  Letter  38. 

2.  Aboar.  Beau,  and  Fl.  [Now only  prov.  Eng.] 

BuUe-nekkyde  was  that  bierne,  and  brade  in  the  scholders, 
Brok-brestede  as  a  brawne  witli  Inustils  fuUe  large. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  1095. 


such  a  sheep. 

II.  a.  Affected  or  tainted  with  braxy:  as, 
braxy  sheep ;  braxy  mutton. 

Also  spelled  brak,sy. 
brayl  (bra),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  brawn,  <  OF.  brayer, 
breier,  brchicr,  P.  broyer  —  Pr.  Sp.  bregar,  pound, 
bray,  prob.  <  MHG.  brechen  =  E.  break,  q.  v.] 
To  poimd  or  beat  thoroughly,  as  with  a  pestle 
or  other  instrument;  triturate,  crush,  mix,  etc., 


Brayera  (bra-ye'ra),  «.    [NL.]    See  Hagenia. 
brayette  (bra-yet'j,H.  [F.]  8a.me  as  braguette. 
braying  (bra'ing),  n.    [<  ME.  brayinge;  verbal 
n.  of  bray'i,  v.]    1.  The  harsh  crying  of  an 
ass. —  2.  Vocal  or  instrumental  clamor;  harsh 
utterance. 

There  he  stands  with  unimpeachable  passivity  amid  the 
shouldering  and  braying  ;  a  spectacle  to  men. 

Carlyle,  French  Kev.,  II.  v.  2. 


by  beating  or  any  analogous  action :  as,  to  bray  ^    yjgx      ^nd  v.    See  brail 
drugs;  to  ftray  printers' ink.    See  fimyerl.        feraynet,  «•    See  6mw. 
Recipe  the  cromys  of  whyte  brede,  &  swete  apyls,  &  Tjj.o2el  (braz),  V.  t. :  pret.  and  pp.  brazed,  ppr, 


Rokkis  of  eggis,  &  hray  thara  wele. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  63. 

Though  thou  shouldst  bray  a  fool  in  a  mortar,  .  .  .  yet 
will  not  liis  foolishness  depart  from  him.  Prov.  xxvii.  22. 
bray2  (bra),  v.  [<  ME.  brayen,  <  OF.  braire,  < 
ML.  bragire,  bray,  bragare,  cry,  squall,  prob. 
of  Celtic  origin:  see  brag  and  brawn.]  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  utter  aloud  and  harsh  cry:  with 
reference  now  especially  to  the  ass,  but  for- 
merly also  to  the  buU,  deer,  and  other  animals, 
as  well  as  to  man. 

Whan  the  squyers  hadde  cried  and  braied  for  theire  lord 
longe  while,  thei  toke  hyni  vp  and  bar  hym  to  theire  hos- 
tell!  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  467. 

Whan  the  Sarazin  felte  hym-self  so  diffouled,  he  fledde 
crvlnee  and  brayinge  as  a  bole  [bull]. 
'    ^  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  552. 

Laugh,  and  they 
Return  it  louder  than  an  ass  can  bray. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires. 

Hence  —  2.  To  make  a  loud,  harsh,  disagree- 
able sound. 

Heard  ye  the  din  of  battle  bray?  Gray,  The  Bard. 

And  varying  notes  the  war-pipes  brayed 
To  ever  varying  clan.  Scott,  Marmion,  v.  5. 

II.  trans.  To  utter  with  a  loud,  harsh  sound, 
like  the  ass. 

The  kettle-drum  and  trumpet  thus  bray  out 

The  triumph  of  his  pledge.       Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  4. 

Arms  on  armour  clashing  bray'd 
Horrible  discord.  Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  209, 


brazing.  [<  ME.  brasen,  <  AS.  brasian,  cover 
with  brass,  <  bfws,  brass :  see  brass^.  Cf.  glaze, 

<  glass;  graze,  <  grass.]  To  cover  or  ornament 
with  brass,  or  as  if  with  brass:  as,  "a  tripod 
richly  brazed,"  Chapman,  Odyssey,  xv. 

Show  of  clouds 
That  braze  the  horizon's  western  rim. 

Lowell,  Under  tlie  Willows. 

braze2  (braz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  brazed,  ppr. 
brazing.  [<  F.  braser,  OP.  braser,  solder,  <  Icel. 
brasa,  harden  by  fire :  see  brass'^  and  braize'^-. 
Partly  confused  with  braze^,  from  the  same  ult. 
source.]  1.  To  solder,  especially  with  hard 
solder,  such  as  an  alloy  of  brass  and  zinc. 

In  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.  it  was  enacted  that  all  arrow- 
heads should  be  weU  brased  and  hardened  at  the  points 
with  steel.  Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  372. 

2t.  To  harden ;  make  callous. 

Let  me  wring  your  heart :  for  so  I  shall,  .  .  . 
If  damned  custom  hath  not  bra^id  it  so. 
That  it  is  proof  and  bulwark  against  sense. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 

braze^,  n.    See  braize"^,  2. 

brazed  (brazd),  a.    In  her.,  same  as  braced,  1. 

brazen  (bra'zn),  a.   [Early  mod.  E.  also  brasen, 

<  ME,  brasen,  <  AS.  bra:sen,  of  brass,  <  brms, 
brass,  +  -en^.]  1.  Made  of  brass  :  as,  a  brazen 
helmet.— 2.  Pertaining  to  brass;  proceeding 
from  brass. 


Iirazen 

TiT-i,.  ,         J.   , ,  Trumpeters, 
With  brazen  dm  blast  you  tlie  city's  ear. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  8. 
3.  Extremely  strong;  impenetrable:  from  brass 
often  serving  as  a  type  of  strength,  impenetra- 
bility, and  the  like:  as,  "  environed  with  a  bra- 
zen wall,"  Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  4.-4.  Impu- 
dent ;  having  a  front  like  brass. 
Such  a  brazen  dog  sure  never  ray  eyes  beheld. 

Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  ii. 

Talbot  .  .  .  appeared  daily  with  6raze?i  front  before  the 
princess  whose  ruin  he  had  plotted. 

iWacduiaj/,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

Also  spelled  brasen. 

Brazen  age.  See  ar/es  in  mythology  and  history,  under 
a.9e.  — Brazen  dish,  a  brass  dish  made  in  the  time  of 
Henry  VIII.,  and  liept  chained  to  a  pillar  at  Wirljswortli 
in  Derbyshire,  England.  It  is  used  by  the  lead-niiners  in 
the  Low  Pealc  as  a  standard  measure.—  Brazen  horn 
Same  as  burrjhmote-horn.—  Brazen  sea  (2  Ki.  x.w  13)  in 
Jewish  antiq.,  a  large  vessel  of  brass  placed  in  Solomon's 
temple,  called  a  molten  sea  in  1  Ki.  vii.  23-25,  where  it  is 
described.  It  stood  on  12  brazen  oxen,  and  was  10  cubits 
from  brim  to  brim,  5  in  height,  and  30  in  circumference 
It  was  designed  for  the  priests  to  wash  themselves  in  be- 
fore they  performed  tlie  service  of  tlie  temple 

brazen  (bra'zn),  v.  t.  [<  brazen,  a.]  To  be- 
have vrath  insolence  or  effrontery  in  regard  to : 
with  an  indefinite  it  as  object. 

Men  would  face  it  and  bi-azen  it.  Latimer. 
To  brazen  out,  to  persevere  in  treating  witli  effrontery  ■ 
with  an  indefinite  it,  or  a  noun  lik-e  matter,  affair  busi- 
ness, etc.  ' 

I'm  resolved  to  brazen  the  business  out. 

Sir  J.  Vanbrugh,  The  Relapse,  iv.  4. 
Thornton  .  .  .  brazened  it  out  with  his  usual  impudence. 

Bulwer,  Pelham,  Ixxviii. 

brazen-browed  (bra'zn-broud),  a.  Shameless : 
impudent. 

Noon-day  vices  and  brazen-browed  iniquities. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  i.  3,5. 

brazen-face  (bra'zn-fas),  n.  An  impudent  per- 
son ;  one  remarkable  for  effrontery. 

Well  said,  brazen-face  ;  hold  it  out. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  2. 

brazen-faced  (bra'zn-fast),  a.  Impudent ;  bold 
to  excess ;  shameless :  as,  "  a  brazen-faced  var- 
let,"  Shah.,  Lear,  ii.  2. 

brazen-fisted  (bra'zn-fis'''ted),  a.  Having  hard 
fists,  as  if  of  brass. 

brazenly  (bra'zn-li),  adv.  In  a  brazen  man- 
ner; boldly;  impudently. 

brazenness  (bra'zn-nes),  n.  1.  Appearance 
bke  brass;  brassiaess.— 2.  Impudence;  excess 
of  assurance. 


667 

bit  (=  F.  bris,  a  breaking  open,  a  -m-eck,  former- 
ly fragments,  rubbish:  see  briss'^,  n.,  breeze^),  < 
brisar  =  V.  briser,  break :  see  bnmc  and  debris. 
The  name  would  refer  to  the  form  in  which  the 
dyewood  was  imported.  Now  usually  in  eomp. 
braziUvood,  with  direct  reference  to  the  coun- 
try Brazil.  The  country,  named  Santa  Cruz  by 
its  (second)  discoverer,  Pedro  Alvarez  Cabral 
(1500),  afterward  received  the  name  Brazil,  it 
is  said,  from  King  Emmanuel  of  Portugal,  on 
account  of  its  producing  red  dyewood.  The 
name  had  been  long  before  applied  to  a  sup- 
posed island  in  the  Atlantic,  perhaps  by  asso- 
ciation with  Pliny's  Insulce  Purpurariw  (lit. 
Purple  Islands),  sometimes  supposed  to  refer 
to  Madeira  and  Porto  Santo.]  If.  A  heavy  dye- 
wood  of  the  genus  Cwsaljnnia  (C.  Sajypan),  im- 
ported from  the  East,  now  known  as  sapnati- 
wood  (which  see). 

Him  nedeth  not  his  colour  for  to  dien 
With  brasil  ne  with  grain  of  Portingale. 

Chaucer,  C.  T.  (ed.  Tyrwhitt),  1.  15464. 

2.  A  very  heavy  dyewood,  from  Brazil  and 
other  parts  of  tropical  America.  The  true  brazil- 
wood is  from  the  leguminous  tree  Ccesalpinia  echinata 
but  the  name  is  also  given  to  C.  jjeltophoroides.  Woods 
Icnown  as  peach-wood  and  lima-wood  are  said  to  be  from 
the  same  species.  The  wood  has  a  slightly  aromatic  odor 
and  a  bitter-sweet  taste.  To  extract  the  coloring  matter 
tlie  wood  IS  finely  ground,  allowed  to  ferment  in  the  air' 
and  then  boiled  in  copper  cylinders  with  water.  The  ex- 
tract produces  purple  dyes  with  salts  of  iron,  and  red  with 
salts  of  alumina.  Lakes  used  by  decorators  ai'e  also  made 
from  It,  and  common  red  ink  is  prepared  by  addiii;;  a  little 
alum  and  acid  to  a  decoction  of  it.    Also  spelled  brasil. 

Are  my  bones  brazil,  or  my  flesh  of  oak  ? 
O,  mend  what  thou  hast  made,  what  I  have  broke. 

Quarles,  Emblems,  iii.  5. 


He  had  a  sonorous  bass  voice,  and  an  air  of  self-confi- 
dence inclining  to  brazemuss. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  ii.  1. 

brazieri  (bra'zier),  n.  [Also  brasier ;  <  ME. 
brasiere,  brasyere,  a  worker  in  brass,  <  bras, 
brass,  +  -i-ere,  -y-ere,  as  in  collier,  etc.  Cf. 
braze^.']    An  artificer  who  works  in  brass. 

brazier 2  (bra'zier),  «.  [Also  bixisier;  <  F.  bra- 
sier, a  pan  of  live  coals,  formerly  bracier,  "a 
burning  coal,  quickfire  of  coals,  hot  embers" 


Bronze  Brazier  made  m  1675  by  Pedro  Cerdanyae  for  the  Guildhall  of 
Barcelona.    (From  "  L'Art  pour  Tous.") 

(Cotgrave)  (cf.  braisiere,  a  camp-kettle),  < 
braise,  live  coals:  see  braize^.^  An  open  pan 
for  burning  charcoal,  used  especially  for  heat- 
mg  rooms  in  southern  and  eastern  countries, 
such  as  Italy,  China,  Japan,  etc. 

Four  nice-looking  Japanese  girls  brought  us  thick  cot- 
ton qmlts  to  sit  upon,  and  braziers  full  of  burning  char- 
coal, to  warm  ourselves  by. 

Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  II.  xix. 

brazier^  (bra'zier),  n.  [Another  form  of  braize^, 
D.  brasem,  etc.,  bream:  see  bream^.^  A  name 
used  on  the  northern  coast  of  Ii-eland  for  the 
common  sea-bream,  Pagellus  centrodontus. 

brazil  (bra-zil'),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brasil 
(with  accent  on  the  first  syllable ;  cf .  brassil, 
bnssel-cock),  <  ME.  brasil,  brasyle  =  ODan. 
brasihe,  Dan.  brasilie(-trai)  =  Norw.  bresel,  bri- 
se?,  <  OF.  bresil,  mod.  F.  bresil  =  Pr.  bresil,  bre- 
ztlh  =  Sp.  OPg.  brasil  (>  mod.  It.  brasile ;  ML. 
brasihum,  braxile,  bresillum,  brisillmn,  brisia- 
cum),  orig.  a  red  dyewood  brought  from  the 
Jiast.  Origin  uncertain ;  perhaps,  as  Diez  sug- 
gests, <  Pr.  brezilhar  (=  F.  bresiller),  break  into 
iragments,  crumble,  <  briza,  a  fragment,  little 


3.  Sulphate  of  iron.  [North.  Eng.] 
brazil-cockt,  «.  [Also  written  brasil-coclc,  and 
corruptly  brissel-cock,  brissil-cock,  with  ref.  to 
Brazil,  representing  America,  the  place  of  its 
origin.]  A  turkey, 
braziletto  (braz-i-let'o),  71.  [Pg.  brazilete,  bra- 
zil-wood ;  Sp.  brasilete,  F.  bresillet,  dim.  of  brasil, 
etc.:  see  brazil.']  A  wood  resembling  brazil- 
wood, obtaiued  from  the  West  Indies  and  parts 
of  Central  America,  from  species  of  Caisalpinia, 
C.  crista  and  C.  pectinata,  and  the  nearly  allied 
Peltophorum  Linnaii.  it  is  used  for  dyeing  and  in 
cabinet-work.  The  bastard  or  false  braziletto  of  the  same 
region  includes  a  number  of  different  shrubs  or  trees  as 
Picramnia  Antidesma,  natural  order  Simarubaceai,  the 
saxifragaceous  Weinmannia  pinnata,  and  the  araliaceous 
Sciadophyllum  capitatum. 

Brazilian  (bra-zil'ian),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  [<  Brazil 
(Pg.  Brazil,  Sp.  Brasil,  etc. :  see  brazil)  +  -ian.] 
Pertaining  to  Brazil,  an  empire  and  the  largest 
country  of  South  America :  as,  Brazilian  produc- 
tions—Brazilian balsam.  See  ftaZ.sajn.— BraziUan 
pean.  See  6ea?a.— Brazilian  cocoa,  guarana.— Brazil- 
ian pebbles,  lenses  for  spectacles  ground  from  pure 
colorless  rock-crystal  obtained  from  Brazil.— Brazilian 
plait,  in  England,  plait  made  of  dried  flag-grass  wliich  is 
imported  from  the  West  Indies,  and  perhaps  from  South 
America. 

II.  B.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Brazil. 

brazilin,  braziline  (braz'i-lin),  n.  [<  brazil 
+  -in^,  -ine'^;  also  vsTitten  breziline,  after  F. 
bresiline.']  A  erystaUizable  coloring  priuciple 
(C16H14O5)  obtained  from  brazil-wood.  Also 
written  brasilin,  brasiline,  breziline. 

Brazil-nut  (bra-zil'nut),  n.  The  seed  of  the 
fruit  of  Bertholletia  excelsa,  a  tree  of  the  natu- 
ral order  Myrtacem,  a  native  of  Guiana,  Vene- 
zuela, and  Brazil.  The  fruit  is  nearly  round  and 
about  6  inches  in  diameter,  having  an  extremely  hard 
shell  about  ^  inch  thick,  and  containing  from  18  to  24 


Brazil-nut. 

a,  fruit  o( Bertholletia  excelsa;  b,  same  with  portion  of  shell 
removed  ;  c,  a  single  nut  on  larger  scale. 

triangular  wrinkled  seeds,  which  are  so  fltted  together 
within  the  shell  that  when  once  disturbed  it  is  impossible 
to  replace  them.  When  the  fruits  are  ripe  they  fall  from 
the  tree  and  are  collected  by  Indians.  They  are  then  split 
open  with  an  ax,  and  the  seeds  are  taken  out  and  packed 
111  baskets  for  transportation.  Besides  being  used  as  an 
article  of  dessert,  a  bland  oil,  used  by  watchmakers  and 
others,  is  expressed  from  them.   See  Bertholletia. 

Brazil-root  (bra-zil'rot),  n.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  the  root  of  ipecacuanha. 
Brazil  tea.    Same  as  mate. 
Brazil  wax.   See  wax. 

brazil-'WOOd  (bra-zil'wud),  n.    Same  as  hrasil. 


breach 

brazing-tongs  (bra'zing-tongz),  n.  pi.  Tongs 
with  broad  flat  jaws,  used  in  brazing.  See 
braze^. 

breach  (breeh),  n.   [<  (l)  ME.  breche,  also,  with- 
out assibilation,  breke  (>mod.  E.  break,  n.,  and 
dial,  breek'^,  q.  v.),  also  brekke  (>  mod.  E.  dial 
breck,  q.  v.),  <  AS.  *brecc,  *gebrece,  found  only 
in  the  sense  of  '  a  piece '  (in  eomp.  brec-mwlum, 
piecemeal,  hluf-gebrccc,  a  piece  of  bread),  = 
OF  ries.  breke,  bretsc,  brezc,  bresze,  brcszie,  m. 
and  f.,  a  break,  breach,  fracture,  =  MD.  breke, 
a  break,  breach,  fracture,  =  MLG.  breke,  a 
breach,  violation ;  the  above  forms  being  mixed 
with  (2)  ME.  bruche,  *bryche,  also,  without  as- 
sibilation, bryke,  brike,  a  breach,  violation,  in- 
jury, ruin  (>  E.  dial,  brick^,  a  flaw.  Sc.  brick, 
a  breach,  a  division  of  land),  <  AS.  bryce,  brice 
(=OHG.  bruh,  MHG.  G.  brtich),  m.,  a  breaking, 
breach,  fracture,   violation,  fragment,  piece 
(cf.  MD.  breucke,  D.  brenk,  t,  a  breaking,  frac- 
ture, rupture,  crime,  fine,  =  G.  briiche,  f.,  a 
crime,  fine) ;  cf.  (3)  E.  dial,  brock,  AS.  gebroc, 
neut.,  =  D.  brok,  m.,  =  OHG.  brocco,  MHG. 
brocke,  G.  brocke,  brocken,  m.,  =  Goth,  gabruka, 
f.,  a  fragment,  piece,  bit  (see  brock^);  and  (4) 
several  other  closely  related  noun  forms  (see 
brack^  brakc^,  etc.) ;  <  brecati  (pret.  brwc,  pp. 
brocen),  break.   Breach  is  thus  a  deriv.  of  break, 
related,  in  present  though  not  in  orig.  form,  to 
break  as  speech  is  to  speak.   Hence  (from  ME.  or 
MLG.)  OF.  MF.  breche,  bresche,  mod.  F.  breche, 
a  breach,  gap,  break,  injuiy,  >  Sp.  Pg.  brecha, 
a  breach,  =  It.  breccia,  formerly  also  brecchia, 
a  breach,  a  gap,  a  ruptiu-e,  =  G.  bresche,  a 
breach  in  a  wall,  etc.     The  It.  breccia,  gravel, 
now  technically  breccia,  =  F.  breche,  breccia, 
IS  closely  related,  but  may  be  taken  from  the 
G. :  see  breccia.    See  break,  n.,  breek^,  breck, 
bricki,  brack\  brakes,  related  to  and  in  part 
identical  with  breach;  see  also  brick.^.]  1. 
The  act  of  breaking :  now  used  only  figuratively 
of  the  violation  or  neglect  of  a  law,  contract,  or 
any  other  obligation,  or  of  a  custom. 

„r      ,  A  custom 

More  honour  d  m  the  breach  than  the  observance. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  4. 
The  deadliest  sin  her  mind  could  reach 
Was  of  monastic  rule  the  breach. 

Scott,  Marmion,  ii.  3. 
2.  An  opening  made  by  breaking  down  a  por- 
tion of  a  solid  body,  as  a  wall,  a  dike,  or  a 
river-bank;  a  rupture;  a  break;  a  gap. 

Could  make  old  Trent, 
Drunk  with  my  sorrow,  to  start  out  in  breaches, 
io  drown  their  herds,  their  cattle,  and  their  com. 

B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  i.  2. 
Thou  hast  made  the  earth  to  tremble ;  thou  hast  broken 
it ;  heal  tlie  breaches  thereof.  Ps.  ix.  2. 

He  then  led  his  men  to  the  assault,  taking  charge  him- 
self of  those  who  were  to  storm  the  breach. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  11. 

3t.  A  break  or  interi-uption  in  utterance. 
And  all  her  sister  Nymphes  with  one  consent 
Supplide  her  sobbing  breaches  with  sad  complement. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  iv.  35. 

4.  A  rupture  of  friendly  relations;  difference; 
quarrel. 

There's  fallen  between  him  and  my  lord 
An  unkind  breach.  Shak.,  Othello,  iv.  1. 

5.  Infraction;  violation;  infringement:  as,  a 
breach  of  the  peace,  of  a  promise,  or  of  a  eon- 
tract. 

This  breach  upon  kingly  power  was  without  precedent. 
Ti.  ■  T  ...  Clarendon. 
It  IS  no  breach  of  charity  to  caU  these  fools. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  ii.  1. 
The  first  steps  in  the  breach  of  a  man's  integrity  are 
much  more  important  than  men  are  aware  of. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  448. 

6.  Injury;  wound;  bruise. 

Breach  for  breach,  eye  for  eye,  tooth  for  tooth. 

Lev.  xxiv.  20. 

7.  The  breaking  of  waves ;  the  dashing  of  surf. 

Some  hour  before  you  took  me  from  the  breach  of  the 
sea  was  my  sister  drowned.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  1. 

We  scudded  witli  frightful  velocity  before  the  sea  and 
the  water  made  clear  breaches  over  us.  Poe,  Tales,  I.  154. 
Breach  of  arrest,  a  military  offense  committed  by  an 
officer  m  arrest  wlio  leaves  liis  iiuarters  or  limits  without 
authority  from  his  superior  oflicer.  It  is  punishable  liv 
cashiering.— Breach  of  arrestment,  in  Scots  law  an  act 
of  contempt  of  legal  autlKjrity  committed  by  an  arrestee 
disregai-ding  the  arrestment  used  in  his  hands,  and  paying 
the  sum  or  delivering  tlie  goods  arrested  to  the  common 
debtor.— Breach  Of  close,  in  law,  an  unwarrantable  en- 
try on  another's  land.— Breach  of  covenant,  a  violation  • 
of  a  covenant  contained  in  a  deed  eitlier  to  door  refrain 
from  doing  a  direct  act. -Breach  of  duty,  the  failure  to 
execute  any  oftice,  empluyment,  trust,  etc.,  in  a  proper 
manner.— Breach  of  promise,  a  violation  of  one  s  word 
or  undertaking  ;  non-fulfthiient  of  what  one  had  agreed  to 
do :  often  used  absolutely  for  breach  of  promise  of  mar- 
riage.—Breach  Of  the  peace,  a  riolation  of  the  pubUo 


breach 


668 


break 


peace,  as  by  a  riot,  affray,  or  any  tumult  which  is  contrary 
to  law  and  injurious  to  the  public  welfare. — Breach  Of 
trust,  a  violation  of  duty  by  a  trustee,  an  executor,  or 
other  person  in  a  fiduciary  position. — To  batter  in 
breach.  See  ftaHerl.  =Syil.  X-i.  Hupture,  etc.  See  frac- 
ture.—  2.  Opening,  cleft,  chasm,  rift,  rent,  fissure. — 4.  Mis- 
understandinsi,  alienation,  disaffection,  falling  out. 
breach  (breeh),  r.  [<  breach,  «.]  I.  trans.  To 
make  a  breach  or  opening  in. 

The  first  bombardment  had  in  no  place  succeeded  in 
breaching  the  walls. 

C.  D.  Yonge,  Naval  Hist,  of  Gt.  Britain. 

Roaring  torrents  have  breach'd 

The  track.  M.  Arnold,  Kugby  Chapel. 

n.  intrans.  To  spring  from  the  water,  as  a 
whale. 

When  the  watch  at  the  masthead  sees  the  whale  spring 
from  the  water,  he  cries,  "There  she  breaches .'" 

Stand.  jVat.  Hist.,  V.  207. 

breaching-battery  (bre'ching-bafer-i),  n.  See 

battery. 

breachy  (bre'cM),  a.  [<  breach  +  -yi.]  Apt  to 
break  fences  ;  unruly :  applied  to  cattle.  [Col- 
loq.] 

breadi  (bred),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bred,  < 
ME.  breed,  bred,  <  AS.  bread  (=  OFries.  brad  = 
OS.  brod  =  D.  brood  =  MLG.  brot,  LG.  brood 
=  OHG.  MHG.  brot,  G.  brot  =  Icel.  braudh  = 
Sw.  Dan.  brod),  bread,  prob.,  like  brotli^,  q.  v., 
from  the  root  of  breoican,  etc.,  brew :  see  brew'^. 
The  AS.  bread  first  appears  in  the  comp.  bed- 
bread,  bee-bread  (see  bee-bread);  it  is  seldom 
found  alone;  the  usual  word  for  'bread'  was 
hldf,  E.  toa/i,  q.  v.]  1.  A  kind  of  food  made 
of  the  flour  or  meal  of  some  species  of  grain, 
by  kneading  it  (with  the  addition  of  a  little 
salt,  and  sometimes  sugar)  into  a  dough,  yeast 
being  commonly  added  to  cause  fermentation 
or  "lightness,"  and  then  baking  it.  The  yeast 
causes  alcoholic  fermentation  and  the  production  of  al- 
cohol and  carbonic  acid ;  the  latter,  an  expanding  gas, 
puslies  the  particles  of  dough  asunder,  causing  the  bread  to 
rise,  and,  with  the  alcohol,  is  soon  expelled  by  the  heat  of 
the  oven.  See  yeast.  In  salt-rising  bread  the  fermenta- 
tion is  said  to  be  carried  on  by  bacteria.  Bread  is  some- 
times made  partly  or  wholly  from  t!ie  products  of  other 
than  cereal  plants,  as  beans,  lentils,  chestnuts,  some  kinds 
of  bark,  etc. 

2.  Figuratively,  food  or  sustenance  in  general. 
Man  shall  not  live  by  bread  alone.  Mat.  iv.  4. 

But  sometimes  virtue  starves  while  vice  is  fed. 
What  then  ?  is  the  reward  of  virtue  bread  i 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iv.  150. 
Many  officers  of  the  army  were  arbitrarily  deprived  of 
their  commissions  and  of  their  bread. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

Aerated  bread.    See  aerate.— Bloody  bread.  See 

bloodti. — Bread  Acts,  English  statutes  of  1822  (3  Geo. 
IV.,  c.  106)  and  1836  (6  and  7  Wm.  IV.,  c.  37)  regulating 
the  making  and  sale  of  bread,  and  prohibiting  the  adul- 
teration of  bread,  meal,  and  flour. — Bread  and  butter, 
one's  means  of  living.  [Colloq.] 

Your  quarrelling  with  each  other  upon  the  subject  of 
bread  and  butter  is  the  most  usual  thing  in  the  world. 

Swift,  To  Duchess  of  Queensberry,  Aug.  12,  1732. 
Brown  bread,  (a)  Wheaten  bread  made  from  unbolted 
flour,  which  thus  includes  the  bran  as  well  as  the  finer 
parts  of  the  flour :  in  the  United  States  commonly  called 
Graham  bread.  (6)  In  New  England,  wheaten  or  rye  bread 
containing  an  admixture  of  Indian  meal :  a  variety  of  it 
is  called  specifically  Boston  brown  bread. — Hottentot's 
bread.  See  Hutte7itot.—St.  John's  bread,  a  children's 
name  for  ergot.  Berkeley.— St,a.tVLte  of  bread  and  ale, 
an  English  statute  of  1266,  better  known  as  the  assisa 
paiiis  et  cervisiee,  regulating  the  sale  of  those  commodi- 
ties.—Tatar  bread,  the  root  of  a  cruciferous  plant, 
Crambe  Tatarica,  cultivated  for  food  in  Hungary.  — To 

break  bread.  See  ftreafc— To  know  on  which  side 
one's  bread  is  buttered.  See  butter'i,  v. 

bread!  (bred),  v.  t.  [<  bread^,  w.]  In  cookery, 
to  prepare  with  grated  bread ;  cover  with  white 
of  eggs  and  bread-crumbs. 

bread^  (bred),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  breden,  <  AS.  bradan 
(=  OS.  bredian  z=OHG.  breiten,  MHG.  G.  breiten 
=  Icel.  breidhja  =  Sw.  breda  =  Dan.  brede  — 
Goth.  *braidjan,  in  comp.  its-braidjan),  make 
broad,  <  brad,  broad:  see  broad,  a.,  and  cf. 
broad,  v.,  and  broaden.]  To  make  broad; 
spread.    Bay;  Grose.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

bread'-^t,  «•  [<  ME.  brede,  <  AS.  brcSdu  (=  D. 
breedte  =  OHG.  breiti,  MHG.  G.  breite  =  Icel. 
breidd  =  Sw.  bredd  =  Dan.  bredde  =  Goth. 
braidei),  breadth,  <  brad,  broad:  see  broad.] 
Breadth.  Also  brede.  [The  older  word,  now 
displaced  by  breadth.] 

Thoughe  it  be  clept  the  Tour  of  Babiloyne,  git  natheles 
there  were  ordeyned  with  inne  many  Mansiouns  and 
many  gret  duellynge  Places,  in  length  and  brede. 

Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  41. 

On  bredet,  abroad. 
Sorwe  yblowe  on  brede.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  530. 

bread^  (bred),  v.  t.  [Var.  of  braid'^ ;  <  ME.  breden, 
<  AS.  bredan,  bregdan :  see  braid^.]  In  net-mal:- 
ing,  to  form  in  meshes ;  net.  Also  breathe,  brede. 

To  bread  or  breathe  a  net  is  to  make  a  net. 

Sncyc.  Brit.,  XVII.  359. 


bread^,  brede  (bred),  n.  [Var.  of  braidX,  m.] 
A  piece  of  embroidery ;  a  braid.  [Obsolete  or 
poetical.] 

A  curious  brede  of  needlework.  Dryden. 
She  every  day  came  to  him  in  a  different  dress,  of  the 
most  beautiful  shells,  bugles,  and  bredes. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  11. 

0  Attic  shape  !  Fair  attitude  !  with  brede 

01  marble  men  and  maidens  overwrought. 
Keats,  Ode  on  a  Grecian  Urn. 

The  .  .  .  wave  that  rims  the  Carib  shore 
With  momentary  brede  of  pearl  and  gold. 

Louiell,  Sea-weed. 

bread-and-butter  (bred'and-but'er),  a.  1. 
Seeking  bread  and  butter,  or  the  means  of  liv- 
ing; controlled  by  material  wants  and  desires; 
mercenary :  as,  the  bread-and-butter  brigade 
(applied  to  office-seekers  in  the  United  States). 
—  2.  Eating  much  bread  and  butter,  as  young 
boys  or  girls ;  hence,  belonging  to  adolescence ; 
in  the  stage  of  growth :  as,  she's  but  a  bread-and- 
butter  miss.  [Colloq.] 
The  wishy-washy  bread-and-butter  period  of  life. 

Trollope,  Barchester  Towers,  xli. 

bread-barge  (bred'barj),  71.  The  wooden  box 
or  tub  in  which  the  crew  of  a  merchant  vessel 
keep  their  daily  allowance  of  biscuit, 
bread-basket  (bred'bas'''ket),  «.  1.  A  basket 
for  holding  or  carrying  bread;  specifically,  a 
tray,  generally  oval  in  shape,  used  for  holding 
bread  at  table. —  2.  The  stomach.  [Slang.] 

I  .  .  .  made  the  soup-maigre  rumble  in  his  irrad-tas/fcf, 
and  laid  him  sprawling.      Foote,  Englishman  in  Paris,  i. 

breadberry  (bred'ber'i),  n.  An  article  of  diet 
for  convalescents  and  persons  in  delicate  health, 
made  by  pouring  boiling  water  on  toasted  bread 
and  seasoning  it  with  sugar,  etc. ;  pap. 
bread-chippert  (bred'ehip'-'er),  n.  One  who 
chips  or  slices  bread. 

Not  to  dispraise  me ;  and  call  me  pantler,  and  bread- 
chipper,  and  I  know  not  what?      Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

bread-corn  (bred'korn),  n.    Corn  or  grain  of 
which  bread  is  made,  as  wheat,  rye,  maize,  etc. 
breadent  (bred'n),  a.    [<  bread^  +  -en^.]  Made 
of  bread.  [Rare.] 

breadfruit  (bred'frot),  w.  The  fruit  of  the  tree 
Artocarpus  incisa.   See  below.— Breadfruit-tree. 

(a)  The  Artocarpus  incisa,  a  native  of  Java  and  the  neigh- 
boring islands,  but  long  in  cultivation  in  all  the  tropical 
islands  of  the  Pacific,  and  more  recently  introduced  in  the 
West  Indies  and  other  parts  of  tropical  America.  The 
leaves  are  large,  rough,  and  lobed.  The  fruit  is  composed 
of  the  numerous  small  female  flowers  united  into  one  large 
fleshy  mass  about  the  size  of  a  child's  head,  and  is  covered 
with  hexagonal  marks  externally,  which  are  the  limits  of 
the  individual  flowers.    It  is  roasted  before  being  eaten. 


Branch  of  the  Breadfruit-tree  [Ariocarfius  incisa),  with  staminate 
and  pistillate  inflorescence. 

and  though  insipid  it  forms  the  principal  article  of  food 
in  the  South  Sea  islands.  Another  species  of  Artocarpus 
(A.  integrifolia)  yields  a  coarser  sort  of  breadfruit,  called 
jack-fruit.  See  Artocarpus.  Also  called  6read-<rce.  (6)  A 
rubiaceous  shrub  of  northern  Australia,  Gardenia  edulis, 
bearing  a  small  edible  fruit.— Hottentot  breadfruit,  of 
South  Africa,  the  stem  of  Encephalartos  Caffer,  which  is 
stripped  of  its  leaves,  buried  in  the  ground  for  some  months, 
and  then  pounded,  when  it  furnishes  a  quantity  of  farina- 
ceous matter  resembling  sago.  Also  called  Kafir-bread. 
breadingt,  n.  [<  bread^  +  -ing'^.]  A  windrow 
or  swath.    [Prov.  Eng.]    See  extract. 

Breadings  of  corn  or  grass,  the  swathes  or  lows  wherein 
the  mower  leaves  them.  Kennett  (Halliwell). 

bread-knife  (bred'nif),  n.  A  knife  for  cutting 
bread. 

breadless  (bred'les),  a.   [ME.  bredlees;  <  breads 
+  -less.]    Without  bread ;  destitute  of  food. 
Plump  peers  and  breadless  bards  alike  are  dull. 

P.  Whitehead,  State  Dunces. 

breadmeal  (bred'mel),  n.  The  mountain-meal 
or  bergmehl  of  Sweden  and  Finland.  See  berg- 
mehl. 

bread-nut  (bred'nut),  n.  The  fruit  of  the  tree 
Brosimum  AUcastrum,  natural  order  Urticacece. 


See  Brosimum.  The  bastard  bread-nut  of  Jamaica  is  the 
fruit  of  a  similar  species,  Pseudolmedki  spuria. 

bread-room  (bred'rom),  n.  An  apartment 
where  bread  is  kept,  especially  such  an  apart- 
ment in  a  ship,  made  water-tight,  and  some- 
times lined  with  tin  to  keep  out  rats. 

bread-root  (bred'rot),  «.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Fsoralca,  the  P.  csculenta.    See  Psoralea. 

bread-sauce  (bred'sas),  n.  A  sauce  usually 
made  of  grated  bread,  milk,  onions,  pepper,  etc. 

breadstuff  (bred'stuf ),  n.  [<  bread^  -I-  stuff,  n.] 
Any  kind  of  gi-ain  fi'om  which  bread  is  made ; 
meal ;  flour:  generally  used  in  the  plural  as  a 
commercial  term  to  signify  all  the  difi'erent 
varieties  of  grain  and  flour  collectively  from 
which  bread  is  made. 

breadth  ^bredth),  «.  [<  late  ME.  bredthe, 
bredcthe  (with  suf&x  -th  as  in  length,  width, 
strength,  etc.),  older  form  brede,  <  AS.  brwdu, 
breadth:  see  bread'^,  n.]  1,  The  measure  of 
the  second  principal  diameter  of  a  surface  or 
solid,  the  first  being  length,  and  the  third  (in 
the  case  of  a  solid)  thickness.  Thus,  if  a  rectangular 
paraUelopiped  measures  3  feet  by  2  feet  by  1  foot,  its 
breadth  is  2  feet.  The  breadth  of  a  surface  is,  in  the  com- 
mon use  of  the  word,  the  distance  between  the  margins, 
which  are  regarded  as  the  sides,  as  distinguished  from 
length,  or  the  distance  from  end  to  end. 

Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  largeness;  freedom 
from  narrowness  or  restraint;  liberality:  as, 
breadth  of  culture,  breadth  of  view,  etc. —  3. 
That  quality  in  a  work  of  art,  whether  pictorial 
or  plastic,  which  is  obtained  by  the  simple, 
clear  rendering  of  essential  forms,  and  the 
strict  subordination  of  details  to  general  effect. 
Breadth  of  design,  of  color,  of  light  and  shade,  or  of  sur- 
face treatment,  gives  an  impression  of  mastery,  ease,  and 
freedom  in  the  use  of  material  on  the  part  of  the  artist, 
which  conveys  a  sense  of  repose  and  dignity  to  the  mind. 
4.  In  logic,  extension;  the  aggregate  of  sub- 
jects of  which  a  logical  term  can  be  predicated. 

—  5.  Something  that  has  breadth  ;  specifically, 
apioce  of  a  fabric  of  the  regular  width;  a  width. 

—  Essential  breadth,  the  aggregate  of  real  things  of 
which,  according  to  its  very  meaning,  a  term  is  predicable. 
The  term  being,  f  or  eKumple,  is  from  its  meaning  predicable 
of  everything.'—  Informed  breadth,  the  aggregate  of  real 
things  of  which  a  term  is  predicable  with  logical  truth, 
on  the  whole,  in  a  supposed  state  of  information. 

breadthen  (bred'then),  V.  t.  [<  breadth  +  -erii-. 
Cf.  lengthen.]  To  "make  broader;  extend  or 
stretch  transversely.  [Rare.] 

To  extend  the  pieces  to  their  utmost  width  a  machine 
called  a  breadthening  machine  is  employed. 

Ure,  Diet.,  I.  667. 

breadthless  (bredth'les),  a.  [<  breadth  +  -less.] 
Without  breadth.    Dr.  H.  More. 

breadthwise,  breadthways  (bredth'wiz,-waz), 
adv.  [<  breadth  +  -wise,  ways.]  In  the  direc- 
tion of  the  breadth. 

bread-tray  (bred'tra),  n.  A  tray  for  holding 
bread. 

bread-tree  (bred'tre),  n.  Same  as  breadfruit- 
tree,  (a)  (which  see,  under  breadfruit). 

bread-weight,  n.    Same  as  troy  weight. 

breadwinner  (bred'win'er),  n.  1.  One  who 
earns  a  livelihood  for  himself  and  those  depen- 
dent upon  him :  usually  restricted  to  one  who 
is  directly  dependent  upon  his  earnings  from 
day  to  day  or  from  week  to  week. 

The  breadwinner  being  gone,  his  goods  were  seized  for 
an  old  debt,  and  his  wife  was  driven  into  the  streets  to 
beg.  Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  xiii. 

2.  That  by  means  of  which  one  earns  one's 
bread.  [Rare.] 

The  book-making  specialist  of  our  generation  probably 
yields  to  none  of  his  predecessors  in  the  literary  roll  in 
respect  of  industry,  skill,  and  accuracy ;  but  his  subject, 
as  a  rule,  is  his  business,  his  bread-winner. 

Quarterly  Rev.,  CLXII.  515. 

breadyt  (bred'i),  a.  [<  brcad^  +  -j/1.]  Resem- 
bling bread, 
break  (brak),  v. ;  pret.  broke  {brake  is  obsolete 
or  archaic),  pp.  broken  or  broke  (obsolescent  or 
poetical),  ppr.  breaking.  [Early  mod.  E.  and 
dial,  also  breck;  <  ME.  breken  (pret.  brak,  brek, 
brake,  pi.  braken,  breken,  pp.  broken,  broke),  < 
AS.  brecan  (pret.  brwc,  pi.  brwcon,  pp.  brocen) 
:  OS.  brekan  =  OFries.  breka  =  D.  breken  = 
MLG.  breken,  LG.  breken,  bra;ken  =  OHG.  breh- 
han,  MHG.  brechen,  G.  brechen  =  Goth,  brikayi, 
break  (cf.  Icel.  brdka,  bruise,  braka,  creak,  Sw. 
braka,  crack,  =  Dan.  brcekke,  break  — weak 
verbs),  =L./rawfife)-e  {-pert  fregi) ;  perhaps =Gr. 
pr/yvvvat,  break;  cf.  Skt.  v'*''«"J  (foi"  *bhranj^), 
break.  Hence  (from  AS.  etc.)  breach,  break, 
n.,  breck,  breek'^,  brick^,  brake^,  brake^,  brake^, 
brock^  perhaps  ftroofcl,  etc.;  (through  Rom.) 
bray'^,  breccia,  bricole,  etc. ;  and  (from  h.)  frac- 
tion, fracture,  fragile,  frail^,  fragment,  etc.]  1, 
trans.  1 .  To  divide  into  parts  or  fragments  vio- 


break 

lently,  as  by  a  blow  or  strain ;  part  by  a  rup- 
ture of  substance ;  fracture :  used  primarily  of 
rigid  solid  materials:  as,  to  break  a  stone  or  a 
stick ;  to  break  a  wall. 

And  the  widows  of  Ashur  are  loud  in  their  wail 
And  the  idols  are  broke  in  the  temple  of  Baal.  ' 

Bxjron,  Destruction  of  Sennacherib. 

2.  Specifically,  in  law,  to  open  or  force  one's 
way  into  (a  dwelling,  store,  etc.)  burglariously 

A  house  IS  said  to  be  brokeji  by  a  bur^;lar  when  any  nart 
or  fastening  of  it  is  removed  with  intent  to  effect  an  en- 
trance. 

3.  To  destroy  the  continuity  of  in  any  way 
destroy  the  order  or  formation  of;  disconnect; 
interrupt;  disorder;  specifically,  of  the  skin, 
lacerate :  as,  to  break  the  center  of  an  army  • 
to  break  ranks;  the  stone,  falling,  broke  the  sur- 
face of  the  water;  to  break  an  electric  circuit; 
to  break  one's  sleep ;  the  blow  broke  the  skin. 

This  hereditary  right  should  be  kept  so  sacred  as  never 
to  breah  the  succession.  Swift,  Sent,  of  Ch.  of  Eng.  Man,  ii. 

,  No  other  object  breaks 

The  waste,  but  one  dwarf  tree. 

Shelley,  Julian  and  Maddalo. 

4.  To  destroy  the  completeness  of;  remove  a 
part  from;  hence,  to  exchange  for  a  smaller 
amount,  as  a  bank-note  in  payment :  as,  to  break 
a  set  of  chessmen;  to  break  a  ten-dollar  bill. 

But  I  am  uneasy  about  these  same  four  guineas  ■  I  think 
you  should  have  given  them  back  again  to  your  master  • 
and  yet  I  have  broken  them.      Jiichardson,  Pamela,  xvii.' 

5.  To  lessen,  impair,  or  destroy  the  force, 
strength,  or  intensity  of;  weaken:  as,  a  con- 
stitution broken  by  dissipation;  to  break  a 
eMld's  will;  to  break  the  force  of  a  blow. 

An  old  man,  hi-oken  with  the  storms  of  state. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iv.  2. 
I'll  rather  leap  do^vn  first  and  break  your  fall.  Dryden. 
Too  courteous  are  you,  fair  Lord  Lancelot. 
I  pray  you,  use  some  rougli  discourtesy 
To  blunt  or  break  her  passion. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

6.  To  tame ;  train  to  obedience  ;  make  tract- 
able :  as,  to  break  a  horse  or  a  hunting-doff  for 
work  in  the  field.  ^ 


669 


Why,  then  thou  canst  not  break  her  to  the  lute? 

S/iaA;,,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 

7.  To  violate,  as  a  contract,  law,  or  promise, 
either  by  a  positive  act  contrary  to  the  law  or 
promise,  or  by  neglect  or  non-fulfilment. 

Unhappy  man  !  to  break  the  pious  laws 
Of  nature.  Dryden. 

8.  To  make  bankrupt,  as  a  bank  or  a  merchant ; 
destroy,  as  the  credit  of  a  bank. 

The  credit  of  this  bank  being  thus  broken  did  exceedin<'- 
ly  discontent  the  people.    Evelyn,  Diary,  March  12,  1C72. 

9.  To  reduce  in  or  dismiss  from  rank  or  posi- 
tion as  a  punishment:  as,  to  break  an  officer. 

It  must  be  allowed,  indeed,  that  to  break  an  English 
freeborn  officer  only  for  blasphemy  was,  to  speak  the 
gentlest  of  such  an  action,  a  very  high  strain  of  absolute 
power.  Swift,  Against  Abolishing  Christianity. 

The  captain  ...  has  the  power  to  turn  his  officers  off 
duty,  and  even  to  break  them  and  make  them  do  duty  as 
sailors  in  the  forecastle. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  11 
lOt.  To  disband. 

My  birthday  was  ominous.  ...  The  regiment  in  which 
my  father  served  being  broke.  Sterne. 
11.  To  make  a  first  and  partial  disclosure  of, 
as  an  opinion  or  project;  especiaUy,  to  impart 
or  teJl  cautiously  so  as  not  to  startle  or  shock; 
also,  simply,  tell;  inform:  as,  to  break  unwel- 
come news  to  a  person. 

His  nerves  are  so  weak,  that  the  sight  of  a  poor  relation 
may  be  too  much  for  him.  I  should  have  gone  first  to 
break  it  to  him.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  v.  1. 

k-n^  '^P'       game,    skill  in  breaking  the 

Killed  deer  was  considered  as  important  in  venery  as  bold- 
ness in  the  chase  itself. 

They  found  him  by  a  water  side, 
Where  he  brake  the  beast  that  tide. 
The  hart  that  was  so  wild. 

Sir  Trianwur,  in  Ellis  Collection. 
13.  To  tear.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

In  this  county  [Hampshire]  break  is  used  for  tear,  and 
tear  for  break:  as,  I  have  a-torn  my  best  decanter  or  china 
aisn ;  1  have  a-broke  my  fine  cambric  apron.  Grose. 
To  break  a  Wockade,  to  render  it  inoperative  by  drivin" 
off  or  destroying  the  blockading  force.-  To  break  a  gun 
0  open  It  by  the  action.-To  break  a  jest;  to  ut^a 
jest,  ciack  a  joke.  Otway ;  Boii?ipbroke.— To  'biea.'k.  a. 
lance,  to  enter  the  lists  with  an  opponent ;  make  a  trial 
K    ^°         ^  electrical  circuit.  See  eircuit. 

thrn?,  ^  P^^^'  *  ^oa^'     a  ■way,  to  force  a  passage 

To  S  obstacles  or  difficulties.- To  break  bread,  (a) 
thpTn,^    ""^-^^  '•  """'^  hospitality,    (b)  To  celebrate 

load    7m  ^^^^^  ^'ll'^-         To  begin  to  un- 

gootis  remove  a  part  from  a  parcel  or  quantity  of 

I  heard  S'  R.  Howard  impeach  S-  W»  Pen  in  the  House 
?.i  for J»reafrm.(7  bulk  and  taking  away  rich  goods  out 
01  the  h.  India  prizes  formerly  taken  by  Lord  Sandwich. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  April  9,  1668. 


To  break  camp,  to  pack  up  tents  and  camp-utensils,  and 
resume  the  march.—  To  break  COVer  or  covert,  to  come 
forth  Irom  a  lurking-place  or  concealment,  iis  game  when 
hunted.  '  " 

On  this  little  knoll,  if  anywhere. 
There  is  good  chance  that  we  shall  hear  the  hounds  : 
Here  often  they  break  covert  at  our  feet. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

To  break  down,  (a)  To  take  down  by  breaking;  destroy 
by  breaking :  as,  to  break  down  a  fence :  figuratively  to 
overcome  :  as,  to  break  down  all  opposition,  (b)  To  pass 
(the  press-cake  of  gunpowder)  between  tlic  toothed  rollers 
of  a  granulating  macMne.-To  break  gates.   See  -yatel. 

—  To  break  ground,  (a)  To  upturn  tlie  surface  of  the 
ground  ;  dig ;  plow,  (b)  To  dig ;  open  trenches ;  commence 
excavation,  as  for  building,  siege  operations,  and  the  like  ■ 
hence,  figuratively,  to  begin  to  execute  any  plan. 

How  happy,  could  I  but,  in  any  measure  .  make 
manifest  to  you  the  meanings  of  Heroism  ;  the  divine 
re  ation  .  .  .  which  in  all  times  unites  a  Great  Man  to 
other  men ;  and  thus,  as  it  were,  not  exhaust  my  subject 
but  so  much  as  break  ground  on  it.  j       j  , 

Carlyle,  Heroes  and  Hero- Worship,  i. 
(c)  Naut.,  to  release  the  anchor  from  the  bottom  —  To 
iP'  ?        '  discipline ;  make  tractable,  as  a  horse 

—  ro  break  jaU  or  prison,  to  make  one's  escape  from 
contlnen,ent.-To  break  joint,  to  be  so  arranged,  as 
stones,  bricks,  shingles,  etc.,  in  building,  that  the  joints  in 
one  course  do  not  coincide  with  those  in  the  contiguous 
courses.   See  bondl. 

A  wire  cable  is  composed  of  many  threads,  and  these 
coiiipletely  ftreai  joint  with  each  other,  and  thus  neu- 
tralize any  defect  in  the  wu-es.  Luce,  Seamanship,  p.  241. 
To  break  liberty  or  leave  («a«;.),  to  remain  away  from 
a  slap  after  the  time  specified  for  returning  —  To  break 
squares.  See  square.-To  break  of  a  habit  or  prac- 
tice, to  cause  to  abandon  it. -To  break  Off.  (a)  To  sever 
by  breaking  :  as,  to  break  off  a  twig,  (ft)  To  put  a  sudden 
stop  to ;  interrupt ;  discontinue  ;  leave  off  ;  give  up  •  as 
to  6rea*  0/ a  marriage  engagement.  ' 
All  amazed  brake  off  his  late  intent. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  469. 
She  ended  here,  or  vehement  despair 
Broke  off  the  rest.  Miltoji,  P.  L.,  x.  1008. 

To  hreak  one's  fast,  to  take  the  first  food  of  the  day. 

ocG  OT&dfCjftSt. 

Happy  were  our  forefathers,  who  broke  their  fasts  with 

Taylor. 

To  break  one's  head,  to  cut  one's  head  by  a  blow:  stun 
or  kill  one  by  a  blow  upon  the  head. 

He  has  broke  my  head  across,  and  has  given  Sir  Toby  a 
bloody  coxcomb  too.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  v.  1. 

To  break  one's  heart,  to  become  heart-broken  or  griev- 
ously afflicted  :  as,  he  broke  his  heart  over  her  misfor- 
'H"^s.— To  break  one's  mind,  to  reveal  one's  thoughts : 
wicii  to. 

Break  thy  mind  to  me.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 

rvi,  ^'  '*^*^o  much  desir'd  to  know 

Of  whence  she  was,  yet  fearful  how  to  break 
My  mind,  adventm-d  humbly  thus  to  speak.  Dryden. 
To  break  one's  word,  to  violate  a  promise  or  pledge  • 
act  contrary  to  an  engagement.— To  break  open,  to  force 
open  ;  unclose  by  violence :  as,  to  break  open  a  door  — 

;»n  "P*":  °'  "  fl^K'  unfurl;  of  a 

jail,  shake  loose  from  the  stops.— To  break  out  a  careo 
to  unstow  it  so  that  it  may  be  easily  unloaded.-To  break 
fnsclan  S  bead,  to  violate  the  rules  of  grammar.  IPris- 
cian  was  a  celebrated  Roman  grammarian.] 

Fair  cousin,  for  thy  glances. 
Instead  of  breaking  Priscian's  head 

I  had  been  breaking  lances.  Praed. 
To  break  ranks  (mint.),  to  leave  the  ranks  ;  fall  out  — 
To  break  step  (.miht.),  to  cease  marching  in  cadence- 
march  at  will  -  To  break  the  back,  to  strain  or  dislo- 
cate the  vertebra;  as  with  too  heavy  a  burden  —  To  break 
the  back  of.  (a)  To  destroy  the  force  or  efficiency  of  • 
weaken  at  a  vital  point :  as,  one  mistake  broke  the  back  of 
the  enterprise.  (6)  Naut.,  to  break  the  keel  and  keelson 
of,  as  a  ship,  (c)  Figuratively,  to  accomplish  the  greater 
or  most  difficult  part  of :  as,  to  break  the  back  of  a  heavy 
piec'e  of  business. -To  break  the  bank.  See  haim  - 
10  break  tne  grain,  to  destroy  a  tendency  to  crystallize 
as  111  stearic  acid  by  mixture  with  palmitic  acid.— To 
Dreak  tne  heart  of,  to  afflict  grievously ;  cause  great 
sorrow  or  grief  to  ;  cause  to  die  of  grief.-To  break 
tbe  heartstrings  of,  to  inflict  great  grief  or  hopeless 
sorrow  upon ;  afflict  overwhelmingly. 

No  time  to  break  jests  when  the  heartstrings  are  about 
to  be  broken.  pyxier.  Jesting. 

To  break  the  ice,  to  overcome  obstacles  and  make  a  be- 
ginning; especially,  to  overcome  the  feeling  of  restraint 
incident  to  a  new  acquaintanceship. 

I  have  often  formed  a  resolution  to  break  the  ice,  and 
rattle  away  at  any  rate. 

Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer  ii 
To  break  the  neck,  to  dislocate  a  joint  of  the  neck.- 
To  break  the  neck  of.  (a)  To  destroy  the  main  force 
of  ;  rum  or  destroy. 

Breaks  the  neck  of  their  own  cause.  Milton. 
(ft)  To  get  over  the  worst  part  of;  get  more  than  half 
through. 

He  was  a  capital  spinner  of  a  yarn  when  he  had  Irroken 
the  neck  of  his  day's  work.  Hughes. 
To  break  the  parlet,  to  begin  the  parley.  Shak.— in 
break  up.  (a)  To  cut  up,  as  game. 

Boyet,  you  can  carve ; 
Break  up  this  capon.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  1. 

(6)  'To  open  or  lay  open  :  as,  to  break  up  a  floor  ;  to  break 
up  fallow  ground,  (c)  To  discontinue  or  put  an  end  to  ■ 
as,  to  brealc  up  housekeeping,  (d)  To  separate ;  disinte- 
grate ;  disband :  as,  to  break  up  a  company  or  an  army 
(e)  To  impair ;  exhaust ;  fatigue  greatly. 

The  six  hours  of  deadly  terror  which  I  then  endured 
have  broken  me  up  body  and  soul.        Poe,  Tales,  I.  161. 


break 

To  break  upon  the  wheel,  to  torture  or  put  to  death 

by  stretching  on  a  cart-wlieel,  or  a  wooden  frame  in  the 
form  of  a  .St.  Andrew  s  cross,  and  breaking  the  limbs  with 
an  iron  bar :  a  mode  of  punishment  formerly  much  used 
in  some  parts  of  Euroi.e.-To  break  water,  to  rise  to  the 
surface  of  the  water,  as  a  fish. 

Numbers  of  these  fish  [blueflsh]  may  be  seen  brealcinn 
water  at  any  time  on  the  banks  and  slioals. 

Sportsman's  Gazetteer,  p.  258. 
To  break  wind,  to  give  vent  to  wind  from  the  bodv  bv 
the  anus.- To  break  wordt,  to  violate  a  pledge  or  an 
obligation.  * 

They  that  break  word  with  Heaven  will  break  again 
With  all  the  world,  and  so  dost  thou  with  me. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iii.  1. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  be  separated  into  parts 
or  fragments  under  the  action  of  some  force, 
as  a  blow  or  a  strain  ;  become  fractured:  as,  the 
rock  broke  into  a  thousand  pieces ;  the  ice  broke 
under  his  feet.—  2.  To  become  discontinuous, 
disconnected,  disordered,  or  disintegi-ated ; 
lose  continuity  or  foi-mation :  as,  at  the  last 
charge  the  line  broke  ;  the  circuit  broke. 

The  command.  Charge,  was  given,  and  was  executed 
with  loud  cheers  and  with  a  run  ;  when  the  last  of  the 
enemy  broke.  U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I.  351. 

3.  Specifically— (rt)  To  change  suddenly  and 
involuntarily  from  a  natural  to  a  liigher  and 
shriller  tone  or  to  a  whisper :  said  of  the  voice 
(6)  In  music:  (1)  To  change  from  one  register 
to  another,  as  a  musical  instrument.    (2)  To 
change  from  one  combination  of  pipes  to  an- 
other, e.specially  when  having  more  than  one 
pipe  to  the  note:  said  of  compound  organ-stops, 
like  the  mixture,  the  cornet,  etc.— 4 .  To  change 
from  one  gait  into  another:  said  of  a  horse :  as 
to  break  into  a  gallop.— 5.  To  burst;  happen 
or  begin  to  be  with  suddenness  or  violence, 
(a)  To  discharge  itself  spontaneously,  as  a  tumor. 
The  same  old  sore  breaks  out  from  age  to  age. 

Tennyson,  Walking  to  the  Mail. 
(6)  To  burst  forth  or  begin  with  violence,  as  a  storm. 
A  second  deluge  o'er  our  heads  may  break.  Dryden. 
The  whole  storm,  which  had  long  been  gathering  now 
hi-oke  at  once  on  the  head  of  Clive.    Macaulay,  Lord  Clive. 

(c)  To  burst  into  speech  or  action  :  generally  followed  bv 
out.    (See  phrases  below.) 

I  would  not  have  your  women  hear  me 
Break  into  commendation  of  you  ;  'tis  not  seemly 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iv.  1. 

(d)  To  begin  as  if  with  a  burst  or  break. 
And  from  our  own  the  glad  shout  breaks. 
Of  Freedom  and  Fraternity  !        Whiltier,  Paan. 

6.  To  become  impaired,  weakened,  or  reduced  • 
especially,  to  decline  in  health,  strength,  or 
personal  appearance. 

I'm  sorry  Mopsa  breaks  so  fast : 
I  said  her  face  would  never  last. 

Surift,  Cadenus  and  Vanessa. 

7.  To  begin  to  be :  said  specifically  of  the  day, 
dawn,  or  morning. 

Is  not  that  the  morning  which  breaks  yonder? 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  1. 
The  day  of  wrath,  against  which  Leibnitz  had  warned 
the  monarchs  of  Europe,  w.as  lieginiiing  to  break. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  Const.,  II.  365. 

8.  To  force  one's  way  (into,  out  of,  or  throuffh 
something). 

Go,  break  among  the  press,  and  find  a  way  out 
lo  let  the  troop  pass  fairly.    Shak.,  Hen.  VIIL,  v.  3. 

9.  To  fail  in  trade  or  other  occupation ;  become 
bankrupt. 

He  that  puts  all  upon  adventures  doth  oftentimes  break 
and  come  to  poverty.  Bacon,  Riches. 

There  came  divers  of  Antonio's  creditors  in  my  com- 
pany to  Venice,  that  swear  he  cannot  clioose  but  break 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  l. 
The  true  original  chairs  were  all  sold,  when  the  Hun- 
tingdons  broke.  Q,.„y^  Letters,  I.  217. 

10.  To  lose  friendship;  become  hostile;  be  in 
opposition  or  antagonism :  commonly  with  with. 

To  break  upon  the  score  of  danger  or  expense  is  to  be 
mean  and  narrow-spirited.      Jeremy  Collier,  Friendship. 

11  In  pool,  to  make  a  break;  make  the  first 
shot  or  opening  play.    See  break,  n.,  15.—  12 
Naut.,  to  hog  or  sag.— 13.  In  Itort.:  (a)  To  put 
forth  new  buds,     (b)  To  flower  before  the 
proper  time 

In  our  turnip  and  carrot-beds  a  few  plants  often  break 
—  that  IS,  flower  too  soon. 

Darwin,  Var.  of  Animals  and  Plants,  p.  5. 

14t.  To  broach  a  subject;  come  to  an  explana- 
tion :  with  to  or  tvith. 


The  chamber  beeing  vo;  ded,  he  brake  with  him  in  these 
tearmes.  Lyly,  Luphues  and  his  England,  p.  227. 

Then,  after,  to  her  father  will  I  break. 

Shak.,  Much  .\do,  i.  1. 
To  break  across.  See  acmss.— To  break  away  (a)  To 

disengage  one's  self  abruptly ;  escape,  as  from  a  captor 
by  sudden  and  violent  action  ;  hence,  to  leave  suddenly. 
Fear  me  not,  man,  I  will  not  break  away. 

Shak.,  C.  of  £.,  iv.  4. 


break 

(b)  To  be  dissipated  or  disappear,  as  fog  or  clouds. —  To 
break  down,  (a)  To  come  down  by  breaking:  as,  the 
coacli  broke  down,  (b)  To  fail  in  any  undertaking  tlu-ough 
incapacity,  miscalculation,  emotion,  embarrassment,  or 
loss  of  health. 

Some  dozen  women  did  double  duty,  and  then  were 
blamed  for  breaking  down. 

L.  M.  Alcott,  Hospital  Sketches,  p.  68. 

(c)  To  lose  one's  health  ;  become  sick.  (rf)To  be  overcome 
by  emotion;  weep,  (e)  To  granulate,  as  gunpowder. — To 
break  forth,  (a)  To  burst  out ;  be  suddenly  manifested ; 
exliibit  sudden  activity:  as,  a  cry  broke  forth. 

His  malice  'gainst  the  lady 
Will  suddenly  break  forth. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  i.  2. 
Break  forth,  ye  hearts  that  frozen  winters  bind 
In  icy  chains  more  strong  than  close  the  year ! 

Jones  Very,  Poems,  p.  46. 
(f>)  To  rush  or  issue  out.  (c)  To  give  vent  to  one's  feel- 
ings ;  burst  out:  as,  to  break  forth  with  fury;  to  "break 
forth  into  singing,"  Isa.  xliv.  23. — To  break  from,  to 
disengage  one's  self  from ;  leave  abruptly  or  violently. — 
To  break  in,  to  leave  the  point,  and  start  to  chase  game : 
said  of  a  dog  on  i)oint.— To  break  into,  (a)  To  enter  by 
force,  especially  burglariously :  as,  to  break  into  a  house. 
In  law,  opening  a  latched  door,  or  pushing  open  an  unfas- 
tened but  closed  sash,  may  be  a  breaking  which  will  con- 
stitute burglary.    (6)  To  break  forth  into. 

It  is  very  natural  for  men  who  are  abridged  in  one  ex- 
cess to  break  into  some  other. 

Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  'World,  Iviii. 
To  break  in  upon,  to  intrude  upon  suddenly  or  vio- 
lently.—To  break  loose,  to  get  free  by  force;  escape 
from  continenient  by  violence;  shake  off  restraint. — To 
break  off.  («)  To  part ;  become  separated :  as,  the  branch 
broke  off.    (b)  To  desist  suddenly. 

Do  not  break  off  so.  Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  i.  1. 

To  break  off  from,  to  part  from  with  violence.— To 
break  out.  (a)  To  issue  forth  ;  arise  or  spring  up :  as,  a 
fire  breaks  out ;  a  sedition  breaks  out ;  a  fever  bi-eaks  out. 
(b)  To  appear  in  eruptions:  said  of  certain  diseases;  to 
have  pustules  or  an  efBorescence  on  the  skin :  said  of  a 
person,  (e)  To  throw  off  restraint  and  become  dissolute : 
as,  after  living  quietly  he  again  broke  out.  (</)  To  give 
vent  to  the  feelings  impetuously  by  speech. 

As  soon  as  my  uncle  Toby  was  seated  by  the  fire,  and 
had  filled  his  pipe,  my  father  broke  out  in  this  manner. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  ix.  32. 
To  break  sheer  (natit.),  to  be  forced  the  wrong  way  by 
the  wind  or  current,  so  as  not  to  lie  well  for  keepiiis  clear 
of  the  anchor :  said  of  a  ship  at  anchor. — To  break  shot, 
to  leave  the  point,  when  the  gun  is  dischargeil,  to  chase 
game:  said  of  a  dog  on  point.— To  break  through,  (a) 
To  disregard  or  overcome  :  as,  to  break  throunk  all  restraint 
or  reserve,  (b)  To  act  contrary  to ;  violate  with  impu- 
nity:  as,  to  break  through  a  law  (in  such  a  manner  as  to 
avoid  the  penalty).— To  break  up.  (a)  To  dissolve  and 
separate:  as,  a  company  break.'!  up;  a  meeting  breaks  up; 
the  ice  breaks  up  ;  a  fog  breaks  up. 

We  went  into  ilrs.  Mercer's,  and  there  mighty  merry, 
smutting  one  another  with  candle  grease  and  soot,  till  most 
of  us  were  like  devils.  And  that  being  done,  then  we  broke 
up,  and  to  my  house.  Pepys,  Diary,  II.  430. 

(6)  In  alg.,  said  of  an  equation  or  quantic  when  in  con- 
sequence of  particular  relations  between  its  coefficients 
it  reduces  to  a  product  of  factors  of  lower  degree. — To 
break  with,  (a)  To  part  in  enmity  from ;  cease  to  be 
friends  with ;  quarrel  with :  as,  to  break  with  a  friend  or 
companion. 

Be  not  afraid  to  break 
With  murderers  and  traitors.  B.  Jonson,  Catiline. 

He  had  too  much  consideration  and  authority  in  the 
country  for  her  to  wish  to  break  with  him.  Prescott. 
(6t)  To  broach  a  subject  to  ;  make  a  disclosure  to. 

But  perceiving  this  great  alteration  in  his  friend,  he 
thought  fit  to  break  with  him  thereof.         Sir  P.  Sidney. 
If  thou  dost  love  fair  Hero,  cherish  it ; 
And  I  will  break  urith  her,  and  ivith  her  father. 
And  thou  shalt  have  her.        Shak.,  Much  Ado,  i.  1. 

break  (brak),  n.  [In  most  senses  of  mod.  ori- 
gin from  the  verb  break,  the  older  noun  being 
breach  with  its  variants :  see  breach.  In  some 
senses  merely  a  different  spelling  of  the  re- 
lated brake^,  q.  v.]  1.  A  forcible  disruption 
or  separation  of  parts ;  a  gap  or  opening  made 
by  breaking;  a  fracture,  rupture,  or  breach: 
as,  a  break  in  a  wall,  a  beam,  or  a  garment. — 

2.  A  breaking  off;  an  interruption  of  continu- 
ity; a  sudden  stoppage  or  suspension;  a  gap 
between  parts ;  specifically,  in  printing,  the  gap 
between  two  paragraphs. 

AU  modern  trash  is 
Set  forth  with  numerous  breaks  and  dashes.  Sunft. 

He  [Alfred]  looked  on  the  peace  he  had  won  as  a  mere 
break  in  the  struggle,  and  as  a  break  that  might  at  any  mo- 
ment come  suddenly  to  an  end. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  125. 

3.  A  breaking  or  bursting  out  or  away ;  a  sud- 
den or  marked  transition  from  one  course, 
place,  or  state  to  another :  as,  a  break  of  the 
voice;  the  break  of  day;  the  prisoner  made  a 
break  for  freedom. 

The  several  emotions  of  mind,  and  breaks  of  passion,  in 
this  speech,  are  admirable.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  106. 

4.  In  arch. :  (a)  A  distinct  variation  in  the 
style  of  a  part  of  a  building  from  that  of  other 
parts ;  the  place  where  such  a  change  occurs 
in  the  design,  or  the  junction  in  the  building 
of  two  distinct  styles  or  designs.    (6)  A  re- 


670 

cess  or  projection  from  the  general  surface  of 
any  architectural  part  or  feature. —  5.  In  hat- 
making,  the  angle  formed  by  the  body  and  the 
brim  of  a  hat. — 6.  In  a  ship,  the  part  where  a 
deck  terminates  and  the  descent  to  the  next  deck 
begins. — 7.  A  contrivance  to  check  the  velocity 
of  a  wheeled  carriage ;  a  brake.  See  brakc^,  9. 

—  8.  In  teleg.:  («)  A  commutator  or  contrivance 
for  interrupting  or  changing  the  direction  of 
electric  euiTents.  (b)  An  interruption  of  the  con- 
tinuity of  a  conductor. —  9.  In  music:  (a)  The 
point  in  the  scale  where  the  quality  of  voice  of 
one  register  changes  to  that  of  "another,  as 
from  tenor  to  alto  or  from  alto  to  soprano,  {b) 
The  point  where  the  chest-voice  changes  to  the 
head-voice,  (c)  The  point  where  a  similar 
change  occurs  in  a  musical  wind-instrument: 

thus,  in  the  clarinet  such  a 
ZZZZZ:i  change  occurs  between  the 
'f — —  notes  B  flat  and  B  natural, 
j-  r —  {d)  The  singing,  or  the 
sounding  on  a  trumpet  or 
horn,  from  lack  of  ability,  care,  or  skill,  of  a 
note  different  from  the  one  intended  to  be  pro- 
duced, (c)  A  note  which  a  singer  produces 
more  imperfectly  or  -with  greater  diflflculty  than 
the  notes  above  or  below  it.  (/)  In  an  organ- 
stop,  the  sudden  change  in  the  proper  scale- 
series  of  pipes  to  a  series  lower  in  pitch,  {g) 
In  organ-building,  the  points  in  the  scale  of 
stops  ha'ving  more  than  one  pipe  to  a  note, 
where  for  any  i-eason  the  relative  pitch  of  the 
pipes  is  altered :  especially  applied  to  mixture- 
stops  ha'ving  several  pipes  to  each  note. — 10. 
In  a  bakery,  a  bench  on  which,  or  a  machine  by 
which,  dough  is  kneaded. — 11.  In  mining,  a 
crack  or  fissure  caused  by  the  sinking  of  strata. 
— 12.  In  type-founding,  a  piece  of  metal  next  the 
shank  of  a  type  which  is  broken  off  in  finishing. 

—  13.  On  the  stock  exchange,  a  siidden  decline 
in  prices. — 14.  In  pool,  the  shot  that  breaks  or 
scatters  the  balls  as  piled  together  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  game;  hence,  the  first  shot  or 
play,  or  the  right  to  the  first  play :  as,  it  is  my 
break. — 15.  Infort.,  same  as  brisurc,  1. — 16.  A 
large,  high-set,  four-wheeled  vehicle,  with  a 
straight  body  and  a  seat  in  front  for  the  driver 
and  another  behind  for  footmen. — 17.  A  reg- 
ular sale  of  tobacco  at  the  time  when  the  hogs- 
heads are  first  opened.    [Local,  Virginia.]  — 

18.  The  quantity  of  hemp  prepared  in  one  year. 

Best  St.  Petersburg  clean  Hemp  of  the  break  of  the  year 
1796.  Mass.  Mercury,  April  29,  1796. 

19.  Same  as  breck,  4 — Break  of  day,  the  first  ap- 
pearance of  light  in  the  morning ;  the  dawn ;  daybreak. 

He  arrived  with  his  guide,  a  little  after  break  of  day,  at 
Charing-cross.         Addison,  Foxhunter  at  a  Masquerade. 

Break  of  the  forecastle  (naut.),  the  after-edge  of  the 
topgallant  forecastle.— Break  of  the  poop  (naut.),  the 
forward  end  of  the  poop-deck. 

breakable  (bra'ka-bl),  a.  [<  break  +  -able.'i 
Capable  of  being  broken. 

We  shall  see  what  a  breakable  barrier  this  Afghanistan 
is,  if  we  look  at  a  few  plain  facts  plainly. 

Marvin,  Gates  of  Herat,  viii. 

breakage  (bra'kaj),  «.  [<  break  +  -age.']  1. 
The  act  of  breaking. —  2.  The  amount  or  quan- 
tity of  anything  broken :  as,  the  breakage  was 
excessive ;  allowance  for  breakage  of  goods  in 
transit. — 3.  Naut.,  the  act  of  lea'ving  empty 
spaces  in  sto-wing  the  hold. 

breakax  (brak'aks),  n.  1.  A  large  tree  of  Ja- 
maica, Sloanca  Jamaicensis,  natural  order  JXli- 
acece. —  2.  A  species  of  Citharexylum  vfith.  ex- 
ceedingly hard  wood,  found  in  Mexico. 

breakbone  fe'ver.    See  fever  and  dengue. 

breakbones  (brak'bonz),  n.  An  English  name 
of  the  stitchwort,  Siellaria  Holostea,  from  the 
fragility  of  its  joints. 

break-circuit  (brak'ser'''kit),  n.  Any  device 
for  opening  or  closing  an  electrical  circuit ;  a 
circuit-breaker. 

breakdown  (brak'doun),  «.  1 .  A  falling  apart, 
as  of  a  carriage ;  a  downfall ;  a  crash ;  hence,  a 
failure ;  a  collapse. 
Well  .  .  .  here  is  another  breakdown. 

T.  Hook,  Gilbert  Gurney,  I.  i. 
The  complete  breakdown  of  the  Republican  party  in  the 
state.  The  American,  VII.  180. 

2.  A  noisy,  lively  dance,  sometimes  accom- 
panied by  singing,  as  in  the  southern  United 
States.    [U.  S.] 

Don't  clear  out  when  the  quadrilles  are  over,  for  we  are 
going  to  have  a  breakdown  to  wind  up  with. 

New  England  Tales. 
Here  is  a  belle  Africaine,  so  exhilarated  by  her  sur- 
roundings that  she  is  dancing  a  break-down. 

New  Princeton  Rev,,  II,  86. 


breakman 

breaker  (bra'kSr),  n.  [<  ME.  brekere;  <  break 
+  -e/'l.]  1.  One  who  or  that  which  breaks 
anything,  as  a  machine  to  crush  ores,  stones, 
and  other  hard  substances.  speciOcally — (a)  a  coal- 
getter  or  -hewer ;  one  who  breaks  down  the  coal  so  that 
it  can  be  conveyed  away  to  the  place  where  it  is  raised  to 
the  surface.  [Somersetshire,  Eng.]  (6)  A  structure  in 
which  coal  is  broken,  sized,  and  prepared  for  market. 
[Anthracite  region  of  Penn.]  (c)  One  whose  occupation  it 
is  to  break  up  old  ships  ;  a  ship-breaker,  (d)  Milit.,  a  cup- 
shaped  covering,  usually  made  of  lead,  which  serves  to 
break  a  tube  of  glass  or  plaster  of  Paris  at  the  proper  time 
for  igniting  the  charge  in  fuses  of  a  certain  construction. 
Farrow,  Mil.  Encyc.  (p)  In  cotton-manuf.,  a  breaking- 
engine  (which  see).  (/)  In  linen-manuf.,  a  carding-ma- 
chine  to  the  action  of  which  the  tow  is  first  subjected. 
(g)  A  light,  strong  plow  for  breaking  new  ground. 

2.  A  violator  or  trausgi-essor:  as,  a  breaker  of 
the  law. — 3.  A  wave  broken  into  foam  against 
the  shore,  a.  sand-bank,  or  a  rock  near  the  sur- 
face :  generally  in  the  plural. 

The  night-winds  sigh,  the  breakers  roar, 
And  shrieks  the  wild  sea-mew. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  i.  13. 

4.  [In  this  sense  perhaps  a  corruption  of  Sp. 
barrica,  a  keg.]  A  small  water-cask  used  in 
boats  to  supply  the  crew  with  water  and  for 
ballast. —  5.  A  trainer,  as  of  horses  or  dogs. 

=  Syn.  3.  See  wave. 

breakfast  (brek'fast),  n.  [Late  ME.  brekefaste ; 
<  break  +  fast"^,  n.  Cf.  F.  dejeuner,  a  break- 
fast, <  dejeuner,  break  fast:  see  dejeuner.']  1. 
The  first  meal  in  the  day ;  the  meal  by  which 
one  bi-eaks  the  fast  lasting  from  the  pre'vious 
day;  the  food  eaten  at  the  first  meal. — 2.  A 
meal  or  food  in  general. 

The  wolves  will  get  a  breakfast  by  my  death.  Dryden. 
Act's  breakfast.  See  act. 

breakfast  (brek'fast),  f .  [<  breakfast,  n. ;  orig. 
two  words,  break  fast.]  I.  trans.  To  furnish 
with  the  first  meal  in  the  day ;  supply  with 
breaMast. 

II.  intrans.  To  eat  the  first  meal  in  the  day. 

First,  sir,  I  read,  and  then  I  breakfast. 

Prior,  Ep.  to  F.  Shepherd,  May  14,  1689. 

breakfast-cap  (brek'fast-eap),  n.  A  small  cap, 
usually  made  of  muslin  or  lace  and  ribbons, 
worn  at  breakfast  by  women. 

The  Mistress,  in  a  pretty  little  breakfast-cap,  is  moving 
about  the  room  with  a  feather-duster. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Backlog  Studies,  p.  71. 

breakfasting  (brek'fas-ting),  «.  The  act  of 
taking  breakfast ;  a  party  at  breakfast. 

No  breakfastings  with  them,  which  consume  agreat  deal 
of  time.  Chesterfield. 

break-in  (brak'in),  n.  In  carp.,  a  hole  made 
in  brickwork  with  the  ripping-chisel,  to  receive 
a  plug,  the  end  of  a  beam,  or  the  like. 

breaking  (bra'king),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  break,  v.; 
1  -  G.  brechung.]  1.  In  worstcd-mannf,  the  pro- 
cess of  uniting  the  short  slivers,  as  received 
from  the  comber,  into  one  continuous  rope  or 
sliver,  by  doubling  and  running  through  draw- 
ing-webs.—  2.  [Imitation  of  G.  brechung.]  In 
j>hilol.,  the  change  of  one  vowel  to  two  before 
certain  consonants,  as,  in  Anglo-Saxon  (where 
the  phenomenon  abounds),  earm  for  *arni,  arm, 
eorthe  for  *erthe,  earth,  etc. 

breaking-diameter  (bra'king-di-ain''''e-ter),  w. 
The  diameter  of  a  test  specimen  of  metal  at 
the  point  of  rupture  when  subjected  to  tensile 
stress.  It  is  measured  and  used  to  determine  the  area 
of  the  cross-section  at  that  point  after  rupture.  The 
comparison  of  this  area  with  the  original  area  of  the  same 
cross-section  gives  the  degree  of  constriction  or  the  per- 
centage, technically  called  the  contraction  of  area. 

breaking-engine  (bra'king-en"jin),  n.  In  cot- 
ton-manuf., the  first  carding-maehine  following 
the  lapper;  a  breaker. 

breaking-frame  (bra'king-fram),  n.  Amachine 
for  splicing  and  stretching  slivers  of  wool. 

breaking-'weight  (bra'king-wat),  n.  The  weight 
which  must  be  hung  from  a  rod  of  given  cross- 
section  or  placed  upon  any  structure  in  order 
to  break  it.  It  measures  the  cohesion  of  the 
material  experimented  upon. 

The  floor  was  loaded  with  pig-iron  to  one-fourth  of  its 
breaking-weight.  Workshop  Receipts,  2d  ser.,  p.  293. 

break-iron  (brak 'i''' em),  n.  In  carpenters' 
planes  with  double  irons,  the  top  or  front  iron, 
the  lower  edge  of  which  is  in  contact  with  the 
face  of  the  lower  cutting-iron  just  above  its  cut- 
ting edge.  As  the  sha-ving  is  cut,  the  break- 
iron  turns  or  breaks  it  away  from  the  wood. 

break-lathe  (brak'laTH),  n.  A  lathe  ha'ving  a 
gap  in  its  bed,  in  order  to  increase  its  s'wing 
or  capacity  for  turning  objects  of  large  radius ; 
a  gap-lathe  or  gap-bed  lathe.    E.  H.  Knight. 

breakman,  n.   See  brakeman. 


breakneck 


671 


breast-knot 


breakneck  (brak'nek),  n.  and  a.  [<  break  + 
obj.  neck.]  I.  n.  1.  A  fall  that  breaks  the 
neck;  a  dangerous  business. 

To  do't,  or  no,  is  certain 
To  me  a  breakneck.  Shak,,  W.  T.,  i.  2. 

2.  A  steep  place  endangering  the  neck. 

II.  a.  Endangering  the  neck  or  life;  ex- 
tremely hazardous :  as,  he  rode  at  a  breakneck 
pace. 

On  chimney-tops,  .  .  .  over  the  roofs,  ...  on  every 
lamp-iron,  signpost,  breakneck  coign  of  vantage,  sits 
patriotic  Coui-age.  Carlyle,  French  Rev. 

break-off  (brak'of),  n.  The  part  of  the  action 
of  a  breech-loadiiig  firearm  immediately  be- 
hind the  breech. 

break-promise  (brak'prom'-'is),  n.  One  who 
makes  a  practice  of  breaking  his  promise. 

I  will  think  you  the  most  pathetical  break-promise,  and 
the  most  hollow  lover.  Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iv.  1. 

breakshare  (brak'shar),  n.  [A  perversion  of 
hraxy,  simulating  break,  +  share.']  A  term  some- 
times used  as  an  equivalent  to  braxy. 

breakstaff  (brak'staf),  n.  The  handle  of  a 
blacksmith's  bellows.    J.  S.  Phillips. 

breakstone  (brak'ston),  n.  [<  break  +  obj. 
stone,  after  the  L.  name  saxifraga,  <  saxum,  a 
rock,  -f-  frangere,  to  break,  with  special  refer- 
ence to  their  use  as  a  remedy  in  cases  of  calcu- 
lus.] A  name  given  to  several  different  plants, 
especially  to  species  of  the  genus  Saxifraga, 
to  pimpernel  {Pimpinella  Saxifraga),  and  to  the 
parsley-piert_(^te/*emiHrt  arvensis). 

break-up  (brak'up),  n.  and  a.  I.  n.  A  disrup- 
tion ;  a  dissolution  of  connection ;  a  separation 
of  a  mass  into  parts;  a  disintegration;  a  dis- 
bandment. 

Seldom  was  there  a  greater  break-up  among  the  specu- 
lators than  in  the  autumn  of  that  year.  J.  S.  MiU. 

The  general  break-up  of  parties  which  took  place  last 
decade.  The  American,  VIII.  278. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  in  celebration  of  the 
breaking  up  or  termination  of  any  society,  as- 
sociation, meeting,  or  the  like:  as,  a  break-up 
party  or  ceremony. 

break-van,  n.    See  brake-van. 

breakwater  (brak'wa*ter),  n.  [<  break  +  obj. 
water.]  Any  structure  or  contrivance,  as  a 
mole,  mound,  wall,  or  sunken  hulk,  serving  to 
break  the  force  of  waves  and  protect  a  harbor 
or  anything  exposed  to  the  force  of  the  waves. 
The  breakwater  at  Plymouth,  England,  is  5,100  feet  in 
length,  339  feet  wide  at  bottom,  and  45  feet  at  top,  and  at 
the  level  of  low  water  of  spring  tides  there  is  a  set-off  of  66 
feet.  The  sea-slope  from  set-off  to  top  is  1  in  5.  The  largest 
work  of  the  kind  in  the  United  States  is  the  Delaware 
breakwater,  at  the  southern  extremity  of  Delaware  Bay, 


Mean  of  26  sections  of  Delaware  Breakwater. 
A.  water-line  ;  B,  base-line. 

2,558  feet  long  at  top,  with  an  ice-breaker  1,353  feet  long. 
—Floating  breakwater,  a  contrivance,  consisting  of  a 
series  of  square  frames  of  timber,  connected  by  mooring- 
chains  or  -cables,  attached  to  anchors  or  blocks  of  stone 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  form  a  basin,  within  which  vessels 
riding  at  anchor  may  be  protected  from  the  violence  of 
the  waves. 

breami  (brem),  n.  [<  ME.  breem,  breme,  <  OF. 
bresme,  F.  breme,  <  OHG.  brahsima,  brahsina, 
MHG.  brasem,  brahsen,  G.  brassen  =  OS.  bres- 
semo  =  D.  brasem  =  OSw.  braxn,  Sw.  braxen  = 
Dan.  brasen,  a  bream ;  from  the  same  source  as 
barse  =  bass^;  cf.  brasse^.]  1.  A  fish  of  the 
family  Cijprinidce,  Abramis  brama,  common  in 
the  fresh  waters  of  Europe,  it  has  a  compressed 
and  rather  deep  body,  a  short  obtuse  snout,  small  and 
somewhat  inferior  mouth,  uniserial  pharyngeal  teeth,  the 
dorsal  fin  of  about  12  rays,  and  the  anal  fin  with  26  to  31 
rays  commencing  jjnder  the  last  of  the  dorsal's.  It  some- 
times attains  a  weight  of  12  to  14  pounds.  The  flesh  is  in- 
sipid and  little  esteemed.  Also  called  yellow  bream.  See 
Abramis. 

2.  A  cyprinoid  fish  related  to  the  preceding, 
as  for  example  the  white  bream  or  breamflat, 
or  resembling  it  in  having  a  deep  body,  as  the 
carp-bream,  Carassias  gibelio,  a  variety  of  the 
crueian-carp. — 3.  A  name  given  to  various 
Sparidce,  more  fully  called  sea-breams :  in  Eng- 
land, for  example,  to  species  of  Sparus,  Pa- 
grus,  Pagellus,  and  Cantharus,  and  in  the  United 
States  to  Diploclus  holbrooki,  tho  pinfish,  and 
to  Lagodon  rhomboides,  the  sailor's-ehoice.  See 
cut  under  Lagodon. —  4.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Bramidce,  as  Ray's  bream,  Brama  rayi. —  5.  In 
some  parts  of  the  United  States,  a  centrarchoid 
fish,  such  as  the  common  sunfish,  Eupornotis 
gibbosus,  and  various  species  of  the  related  ge- 
nus Lepomis,  as  the  blue  bream,  Lepomis  palli- 
dMS,— Blue  bream,  the  Lepomis pallidus.—'&iQaxa.  fam- 


ily, the  sea-breams,  or  Sparidce.— 'KhiS  Of  the  breams, 

Parjellus  erythrinus.—  White  bream,  a  Hsh  of  the  family 
Abramidce,  Abramis(Blkca)bjorkna,  common  in  European 
waters.    It  is  much  like  the  bream,  but  has  a  shorter  anal 
fin,  larger  scales,  and  two  rows  of  pharyngeal  teeth, 
bream^  (brem),  v.  t.    [Prob.,  like  the  equiv. 
broom'^,  connected  with  brooni'^,  D.  brem,  furze, 
from  the  materials  commonly  used.]  Naut., 
to  clear,  as  a  ship's  bottom,  of  .shells,  seaweed, 
ooze,  etc.,  by  applying  to  it  kindled  furze, 
reeds,  or  other  light  combustibles,  so  as  to 
soften  the  pitch  and  loosen  the  adherent  mat- 
ters, which  may  then  be  easily  swept  off.  Also 
called  broom,. 
bream^f,  n.   [<  ME.  as  if  *breme  =  OHG.  brevio, 
MHG.  hrem,  m.,  G.  breme,  f. ;  the  same,  without 
the  formative  -s,  as  brimse:  see  brimse  and 
breeze'^.]    Same  as  breeze'^. 
breamflat  (brem'flat),  n.  A  local  English  (Cam- 
bridgeshire) name  of  the  white  bream, 
brean  (bren),     i.    [E.  dial.]    To  sweat;  per- 
spire.   [Prov.  Eng.] 
brear  (brer),  n.    See  breer'^. 
breard  (brerd),  v.    Same  as  braird. 
breast  (brest),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  brest,  < 
ME.  brest,  breest,  <  AS.  bredst  (neut.,  usually 
pi.)  —  OS.  briost  =  OFries.  briast  =  Icel.  brjost 
=  Sw.  brost  :  Dan.  bryst,  neut.,  =  (with  vari- 
ation of  vowel  and  gender)  OFries.  brust,  burst, 
borst,  NFries.  borst  =  MLG.  borst,  LG.  borst 
=  D.  borst  =  OHG.  MHG.  brust,  G.  brust,  fern., 

—  Goth,  brusts,  fem.  pi.,  orig.  perhaps  a  dual 
form;  origin  uncertain.  Not  being  found  out- 
side of  Teut.,  the  origin  has  been  sought  in 
the  Teut.  verb,  AS.  berstan,  etc.,  E.  burst:  see 
burst.]  1.  One  of  two  soft  protuberant  bodies 
adhering  to  the  thorax  in  women,  in  which  the 
milk  is  secreted  for  the  nourishment  of  infants ; 
the  mammary  gland  and  associated  structures. 

—  2.  The  outer  part  of  the  thorax,  or  the  ex- 
ternal part  of  the  body  between  the  neck  and 
the  belly,  in  man  and  beasts. 

Jly  Eustace  might  have  sat  for  Hercules ; 
So  muscular  he  spread,  so  broad  a  breast. 

Tennyson,  Gardener's  Daughter. 
3.  In  entom.,  the  lower  or  sternal  surface  of  the 
thorax. — 4.  Figuratively,  the  seat  of  the  affec- 
tions and  emotions ;  the  repository  of  con- 
sciousness, designs,  and  secrets;  the  affec- 
tions ;  the  heart. 

Pass  by  my  outside. 
My  breast  I  dare  compare  with  any  man. 

Shirley,  Love  Tricks,  i.  1. 
Each  in  his  breast  his  secret  sorrow  kept.  Rowe. 
5.  The  mind ;  the  secret  thoughts. 

The  choice  and  removal  of  senators,  however,  was  by  no 
means  left  perfectly  free  to  the  censors,  nor  had  it  been 
in  the  breast  of  the  consuls  and  dictators  before  the  insti- 
tution of  the  censorial  office.  Brougham. 

6f.  In  wiMsic,  the  chest;  capacity  for  singing. 

An  excellent  song,  and  a  sweet  songster ;  a  fine  breast 
of  his  own.  B.  Jonson. 

In  singing,  the  sound  is  originally  produced  by  the  ac- 
tion of  the  lungs ;  which  are  so  essential  an  organ  in  this 
respect,  that  to  have  a  good  breast  was  formerly  a  com- 
mon periplirasis  to  denote  a  good  singer. 

Sir  J.  Hawkins,  Hist,  of  Music,  iii.  466. 

7.  Anything  resembling  the  breast  in  posi- 
tion, either  as  being  in  front,  like  the  human 
breast,  or  below,  like  the  breast  in  the  lower 

animals.  Specifically —(a)  In  agri.,t\K  front  part  of  the 
mold-board  of  a  plow,  {b)  In  arch. :  (1)  The  portion  of  a 
wall  between  a  window  and  the  floor.  (2)  The  portion  of 
a  chimney  between  the  flues  and  the  apartment.  E.  H. 
Knight,  (c)  In  carp. ,  the  lower  surface  of  a  hand-rail,  rafter, 
etc.  (d)  In  mining :  (1)  The  chamber  or  room  in  which 
coal  is  being  mined.  (2)  The  face  at  which  the  working 
is  going  on.  (3)  In  metal-mining,  a  point  at  which  a  large 
quantity  of  ore  is  being  worked :  as,  a  fine  breast  of  ore. 
(e)  The  front  part  of  a  furnace.   (/)  Same  as  breasting,  1. 

In  order  that  a  wheel  may  be  a  breast  wheel,  it  must  be 
provided  with  the  breast  or  circular  trough. 

Rankine,  Steam  Engine,  §  150. 
to)  The  swelling  portion  of  a  hub. 

8.  That  part  of  certain  machines  against  which 
the  breast  of  the  operator  pushes,  as  in  the 
breast-drill,  breast-plow,  etc. — 9t.  -A.  line  on 
which  persons  or  things  are  ranged  abreast,  or 
side  by  side. 

The  troops  marched  in  close  order,  the  foot  by  twenty- 
four  in  a  breast,  and  the  horse  by  sixteen.  Swift. 

10.  A  bush  for  a  small  shaft  or  spindle  Back 

and  breast.  See  ftacA-i.—Puiar  and  breast.  Seepi';- 
lar.—io  make  a  clean  breast  of,  to  disclose  (secrets 
which  weigh  upon  one's  mind  or  conscience) ;  make  full 
confession  of. 

breast  (brest),  v.  [<  breast,  n.]  I.  trans.  To 
oppose  with  the  breast;  act  with  the  breast 
upon ;  bear  the  breast  against ;  hence,  to  meet 
in  front  boldly  or  openly ;  stem. 

Behold  the  threaden  sails. 
Borne  with  the  invisible  and  creeping  wind. 
Draw  the  huge  bottoms  through  the  furrow'd  sea. 
Breasting  the  lofty  surge.     Shak,,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  (cho.). 


To  breast  up  a  hedge,  to  cut  the  face  of  a  hedge  on  one 

side,  80  as  to  lay  bare  the  principal  upright  stems  of  the 
plants  of  which  it  is  constituted. 

II.  intrans.  To  practise  breasting,  as  for 
deer.    See  breasting,  3. 

breast-backstay  (bre.st'bak"sta),  n.  Naut,  an 
extra  support  to  a  topmast,  consisting  of  a 
rope  extending  from  the  topmast-head  on  the 
weather  sido  to  tho  ship's  channels  forward  of 
the  standing  backstays.    See  backstay. 

breast-band  (brest'band),  n.  1.  Naut.,  a  band 
of  canvas  or  a  rope  fastened  in  some  conve- 
nient place,  and  passed  round  the  body  of  the 
man  who  heaves  tho  lead  in  sounding,  to  pre- 
vent his  falling  into  tlio  sea.  Also  called 
parrel-rope  (which  see). — 2.  A  broad  leather 
band  placed  across  tho  breast  of  a  horse  and 
used  as  a  substitute  for  a  collar. 

breast-beam  (brest'bem),  n.  1.  A  beam  at 
the  break  of  a  quarter-deck  or  forecastle. — 2. 
The  cloth-beam  of  a  loom. — 3.  The  forward 
transverse  beam  of  a  locomotive. 

breast-board  (brest'bord),  n.  A  weighted  sled 
used  in  rope-walks  to  maintain  the  tension  of 
the  yarns  while  being  twisted  into  a  strand. 

breast-bone  (brest' bon),  w.  ME.  brestbon,< 
AS.  brcdstbdn,  <  bredst,  breast,  -f-  ban,  bone.] 
The  bone  of  the  breast ;  the  sternum. 

breast-chains  (brest'chanz),  n.  pi.  Chains  used 
to  support  the  neck-yoke  of  a  carriage-harness, 
and  connected  with  the  hames :  usually  called 
breast-straps  when  leather  is  used  instead  of 
chains. 

breast-clotht,  n.   A  stomacher, 
breast-cloutt  (brest'klout),  n.  A  bib  for  a  child. 

Wright. 

breast-deep  (brest'dep),  a.    As  deep  as  from 
the  breast  to  the  feet ;  as  high  as  the  breast. 
Set  him  breast-deep  in  earth,  and  famish  him. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  v.  3. 

breast-drill  (brest'dril),  n.  In  mech.,  a  drill- 
stock  operated  by  a  crank  and  bevel  gearing, 
and  having  a  piece  against  which  the  workman 
bears  his  breast  when  engaged  in  drilling. 

breasted  (bres'ted),  a.  1.  Having  a  breast  (of 
the  kind  indicated  in  composition) :  as,  broad- 
breasted,  dee-p-breasted,  etc. — 2t.  Inmusic,  hav- 
ing a  chest:  as,  "singing  men  well  breasted,'" 
F'lddes,  Life  of  Wolsey,  App.,  p.  128. 

breast-fast  (brest'fast),  n.  A  large  rope  or 
chain  used  to  fasten  the  midship  part  of  a  ves- 
sel to  a  dock  or  to  another  vessel,  as  the  bow- 
fast  fastens  her  forward  and  the  stem-fast  aft. 

breast-gasket  (bresfgas'^ket),  n.  An  old  name 
for  a  bunt-gasket. 

breast-harness  (bresfhar'^nes),  n.  A  harness 
employing  a  breast-band,  in  distinction  from 
one  using  a  collar. 

breast-height  (brest'hit),  n.  In  fort.,  the  in- 
terior slope  of  a  parapet. 

breast-high  (brest 'hi),  a.  As  high  as  the 
breast. 

Lay  madam  Partlet  basking  in  the  sun. 
Breast-high  in  sand.         Dryden,  Cock  and  Fox. 

breast-hook  (brest'hiik),  n.  One  of  the  thick 
pieces  of  timber  shaped  in  the  form  of  knees 
and  placed  directly  across  the  stem  of  a  ship, 
to  strengthen  the  fore  part  and  unite  the  bows 
on  each  side.    See  cut  under  s<e/». 

Her  huge  bows  rose  up,  showing  the  bright  copper,  and 
her  stem  and  breast-hooks  dripping,  like  old  Neptune's 
locks,  with  the  brine. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  10. 

breasting  (bres'ting),  w.  i<.breast  + Ang'^.]  1. 
In  mach.,  the  curved  channel  in  which  a  breast- 
wheel  turns.  It  follows  closely  the  curve  of  the  wheel 
through  about  a  quarter  of  its  circumference,  so  as  to  pre- 
vent the  escape  of  the  water  until  it  has  spent  its  force 
upon  the  wheel.    Also  called  breast.    See  breast-wheel. 

2.  The  bed  against  which  the  wheel  of  a  rag- 
engine  works. —  3.  A  method  of  deer-hunting 
in  which  several  horsemen  ride  abreast  through 
the  cover  and  shoot  from  the  saddle. 

Breasting  is  employed  where  the  deer  make  their  home 
in  very  high  grass,  such  as  is  to  be  found  on  some  of  the 
prairies  of  the  South-west. 

G.  B.  Grinnell,  Gun  and  Rod,  p.  152. 

breasting-knife  (bres'ting-nif),  n.  In  shoe- 
making,  a  knife  used  rn  cutting  a  clean  face  on 
the  side  of  the  heel  of  a  boot  or  shoe  next  to 
the  waist. 

breast-knee  (brest'ne),  «.  In  ship-building,  a 
large  knee  atted  in  the  bows  of  a  ship  against 
the  apron  and  stemson,  to  give  additional 
strength. 

breast-knot  (brest'not),  n.  A  knot  of  ribbon 
worn  on  the  breast. 

What  may  we  not  hope  .  .  .  from  the  influence  of  this 
breast-knot . I  Addison,  Freeholder. 


breast-line 

breast-line  (brest'liu),  n.    A  rope  used  to 

unite  the  pontoous  of  a  floating  bridge, 
breast-molding  (brest'mol'ding),  ».    1.  The 
molding  ou  a  window-sill.— 2.  Paneling  be- 
neath a  window, 
breast-pain  (brest'pan),  n.    A  distemper  in 
horses,  indicated  by  stiffness  and  staggering 
of  the  fore  legs,  and  inability  to  bow  the  head 
to  the  gi'ound. 
breast-pang  (brest'pang),  n.    Angina  pectoris. 

See  angina.  [Eare.] 
breastpin  (brest'pin),  n.  A  pin  worn  on  the 
breast  for  a  fastening  or  for  ornament ;  a 
brooch ;  a  scarf-pin. 
breastplate  (brest'plat),  n.  [ME.  hrestplate;  < 
breast  +  pJate.']  1.  A  square  ornament  worn 
by  the  Jewish  high  priest,  consisting  of  the  same 
textile  fabric  as  the  ephod,  and  bearing  twelve 
precious  stones  engraved  with  the  names  of  the 
twelve  tribes  of  Israel,  set  in  gold,  xiie  breast- 
plate was  hung  by  chains  of  gold  to  that  part  of  the  ephod 
which  was  on  the  shoulder,  and  the  hjwer  side  was  se- 
cured to  the  girdle  by  blue  laces;  for  this  purpose  four 

rings  of  gold  were 
secured  to  the  four 
corners.  It  was 
also  called  the 
breast  pla  te  of  judg- 
ment, because  it 
contained  the 
Urim  and  the 
Thummiiu. 

2.  The  armor 
for  the  front  of 
the  body,  when 
made  in  one 
piece  reaching 
from  the  waist 
to  about  the 
collar-bone,  it 
was  not  introduced 
until  a  very  late 
period  in  the  his- 
tory of  armor,  and 
was  not  common 
until  the  early 
years  of  the  six- 
teenth century, 
when  armor  for  the 
limbs  was  being 
See  hack  and  breast  (under  iacfcl),  corselet, 


Breastplate.  i6th  century ;  steel  orna- 
mented with  gilding,  and  bearing  a  coat  of 
arms  on  the  breast.  (From  "  L'Art  pour 
Tous.") 


abandoned. 

and  cuirass. 

3.  A  strap  that  runs  across  a  horse's  breast. — 

4.  A  plate  or  piece  which  receives  the  butt- 
end  of  a  boring-tool,  and  is  held  against  the 
breast  when  the  tool  is  in  use.  Also  called  con- 
science and  palette. —  5.  The  sternum  or  central 
piece  on  the  lower  side  of  the  cephalothorax 
of  a  spider,  between  the  bases  of  the  legs. — 
6.  The  lower  shell  or  plastron  of  a  tortoise. 
Darwin. 

breast-plow  (brest'plou),  n.  A  kind  of  spade 
with  a  cross-bar  against  which  the  breast  is 
pressed  to  propel  it,  for  cutting  and  paring  turf. 

breast-pump  (brest'pump),  n.  A  small  suction 
apparatus  for  drawing  milk  from  the  breast. 

breast-rail  (brest'ral),  ».  The  upper  rail  of 
a  balcony  or  of  a  breastwork  on  the  quarter- 
deck of  a  ship. 

breast-ropet  (brest'rop),  w.  Naut.,  an  old  term 
tor  parrel-rope.    See  breast-band,  1. 

breast-strap  (brest'strap),  n.  A  strap  used  to 
support  the  neck-yoke  of  a  carriage-harness, 
and  connected  with  the  hames  or  collar. — 
Breast-strap  slide,  an  iron  loop  sliding  on  the  breast- 
strap  and  taking  the  wear  of  the  ring  on  the  end  of  the 
neck-yoke. 

breast-summer,  n.   See  brest-summer. 
breast-wall  (brest'wal),  n.    1.  A  retaining 

wall  at  the  foot  of  a  slope. —  2.  A  wall  built 

breast-high. 

breastweed  (brest'wed),  n.  A  name  given  to 
the  lizard's-tail  of  the  United  States,  Saururus 
cernuus,  from  its  use  as  a  remedy  in  mammary 
inflammation,  etc. 

breast-wheel  (brest'hwel),  n.  A  water-wheel 
with  radial  floats  or  buckets,  upon  which  the 


672 

water  is  admitted  at  any  point  from  about  the 
plane  of  the  axle  to  45°  or  more  above  it.  The 
water  is  confined  to  the  floats  by  a  breasting-  of  planks  or 
masonry,  almost  touching  the  periphery  of  the  wheel  and 
extending  from  the  bottom  of  the  sluice  to  near  the  low- 
est point  of  the  wheel.  If  the  water  is  admitted  to  the 
wheel  at  a  point  very  near  its  summit  and  on  the  same 
side  as  the  sluice,  it  is  called  a  pitch-back  wheel. 

breast-wood  (brest'wud),  n.  In  hort.,  the 
shoots  of  fruit-trees  which  grow  out  from  the 
front  of  the  branches  trained  on  espaliers  or 
against  walls. 

breastwork  (brest'werk),  n.  1.  In  fort,  a 
hastily  constructed  work  thrown  up  breast- 
high  for  defense.— 2.  Natit.,  a  sort  of  balus- 
trade of  rails  or  moldings  which  terminates  the 
quarter-deck  and  poop  at  the  fore  ends,  and 
also  incloses  the  forecastle  both  before  and 
behind. —  3.  The  parapet  of  a  building. 

breat  (bret),  «.  [Another  form  of  bret,  brit, 
q.  v.]    A  local  English  name  of  the  tiu-bot. 

breath  (breth),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  breth,  <  ME. 
breetli,  breth,  <  AS.  brwth,  breath,  odor;  cf. 
OHG.  brddam,  MHG.  bradem,  G.  brodem,  broden, 
steam,  vapor,  exhalation;  perhaps  connected 
with  AS.  brcedan  =  OHG.  brdtan,  MHG.  brdtcn, 
G.  braten,  roast,  broil  (see  brawn),  and  with  Gr. 
irpijSeiv,  burn,  blow.  The  vowel  in  breath,  orig. 
long,  has  become  short,  while  remaining  long 
in  the  verb  breathe.']  If.  Vapor;  steam;  ex- 
halation. 

Then  scljalle  thou  caste 

Into  the  pot  and  cover  in  hast, 

And  loke  no  brethe  ther  passe  out. 

Liber  Cure  Cocorum,  p.  19. 
That  is  blode  and  fire  and  brethe  of  smoke. 

Uampole,  Prick  of  Conscience,  1.  4727. 
When  bremly  brened  those  bestej,  &  the  brethe  rysed, 
The  savour  of  his  sacrafyse  sogt  to  hym  euen 
That  all  spedej  &  spylleg. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ei.  Morris),  ii.  509. 

2.  The  air  inhaled  and  exhaled  in  respiration. 

My  breath  to  heaven  like  vapor  goes  : 
May  my  soul  follow  soon ! 

Tetmyson,  St.  Agnes'  Eve. 

3.  Ability  to  breathe;  life  as  dependent  on 
respiration. 

No  man  has  more  contempt  than  I  of  breath.  Dryden. 

4.  The  state  or  power  of  breathing  freely:  as, 
to  be  out  of  breath;  to  be  in  breath. 

The  king  shall  drink  to  Hamlet's  better  breath. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 
I  lose  my  colour,  I  lose  my  breath.  Tennyson,  Eleanore. 

5.  A  single  act  of  breathing;  a  respiration:  as, 
he  swears  at  every  breath  ;  to  draw  a  full  breath. 

Between  two  breaths  what  crowded  mysteries  lie, — 
The  first  short  gasp,  the  last  and  long-drawn  sigh  ! 

O.  W.  Holmes,  A  Rhymed  Lesson. 

Hence — 6.  The  time  of  a  single  respiration; 
a  single  act ;  an  instant. 

The  historian  makes  two  blunders  in  a  breath. 

Prescott,  I'erd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  14. 
Sweet  and  bitter  in  a  breath. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  iii. 

7.  Respite;  pause;  time  to  breathe. 

Give  me  some  little  breath,  some  pause. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  2. 

8.  A  gentle  exercise,  causing  a  quicker  respi- 
ration. [Rare.] 

But,  for  your  health  and  your  digestion  sake, 

An  after-dinner's  breath.         Shak.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  3. 

9.  A  respiratory  movement,  as  of  free  air ;  a 
blowing. 

Calm  and  unruffled  as  a  summer's  sea, 

When  not  a  breath  of  wind  flies  o'er  its  surface. 

Addison,  Cato,  i.  4. 

10.  Spoken  words;  speech.  [Rare.] 

Art  thou — thou  —  the  slave  that  with  thy  breath  hast  kill'd 
Mine  innocent  child?  Shak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  1. 

I  will  stand, 

Like  the  earth's  center,  unmoved. — Lords,  your  breath 
Must  finish  these  divisions. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Laws  of  Candy,  v.  1. 

11.  A  mere  word ;  a  trivial  circumstance ;  a 
thing  without  substance ;  a  trifle. 

A  dream,  a  breath,  a  froth  of  fleeting  joy. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  212. 
A  breath  can  make  them,  as  a  breath  has  made. 

Goldsmith,  Des.  Vil.,  1.  54. 

12.  An  odorous  exhalation. 

The  breath 
Of  the  fading  edges  of  box  beneath. 

Tennyson,  Song. 

13.  In  pMlol.,  a  breathing;  aspiration;  aspi- 
rate sound. 

Even  in  the  latest  Semitic  alphabets  the  breaths  and 
semi-consonants  of  the  primitive  Semitic  alphabet  have 
retained  their  original  character. 

Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  I.  184. 


breathe 

14.  Opinion ;  sentiments :  as,  I  would  fain  hear 
his  ?^;'ert^/(  on  this  matter.  Jamicson.  [Scotch.] 
—  Breath  of  the  nostrils,  in  the  Biljle,  vital  breath  (see 
Gen.  ii.  7);  hence,  anything  essential  to  the  existence  of  a 
person  or  an  institution  ;  the  inspiring  cause  of  anything, 
or  that  which  sustains  it. 

No  institutions  spring  up  in  such  countries  except  those 
which  the  prince  founds,  and  he  may  be  truly  said  to  be 
the  breath  oj'  their  nostrils.  Brougham. 
Out  of  breath,  breathless ;  short  of  breath. 

Too  much  breathing  put  him  out  of  breath. 

Milton,  Ep.  Hobson,  ii. 

To  gather  breath.  See  gather.— to  get  one's  second 

breath,  to  recover  the  free  use  of  the  lungs  after  the  flrst 
exhaustion  incident  to  running,  rowing,  etc.    (Colloq.|  — 

Under  the  breath,  in  a  whispei-. — With  bated  breath. 

See  bate^-. 

breathable  (bre'THa-bl),  a.    [<  breathe  +  -able.l 

Capable  of  being  breathed ;  respirable. 
breathableness  (bre'THa-bl-nes),  n.  The  state 

of  being  breathable, 
breathe  (breTH),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  breathed, 
ppr.  hrcatliing.  [<  ME.  brethen,  breathe,  blow, 
exhale  odor,  <  brctlt,  breath:  see  breath. ~\  I, 
in  trans.  1.  To  draw  air  into  and  expel  it  from 
the  lungs ;  respire ;  figuratively,  to  live. 

When  he  breathed  he  was  a  man.     Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

Where,  in  the  vast  world, 
Doth  that  man  breathe,  that  can  so  much  command 
His  blood  and  his  affection? 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  i.  1. 

I  did 

God's  bidding  and  man's  duty,  so,  breathe  free. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  253. 

2.  To  make  a  single  respiration. 

Before  you  can  say.  Come,  and  Go, 

And  breathe  twice.  Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

3.  To  take  breath;  rest  from  action. 

Breathe  awhile,  and  then  to 't  again. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  u.  4. 
Well,  let  this  breathe  a  while. 
B.  Jonson,  Every  Jlan  in  his  Humour,  v.  1. 

4.  To  pass,  as  air;  blow:  as,  "when  winds 
breathe  sweet,"  Shak.,  Lovei-'s  CompL,  1.  103. 

Oh,  breathe  upon  thy  ruined  vineyard  still ; 
Though  like  the  dead  it  long  unmoved  has  lain. 

Junes  Very,  Poems,  p.  88. 

5.  To  give  utterance  to  disparaging  or  calum- 
nious remarks ;  make  iusintiations :  with  upon. 

You  must  seem  to  take  as  unpardonable  oH'ence,  as  if 
he  had  torn  your  mistress's  colours,  or  breathed  upon  her 
picture.     B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  i.  1. 

6.  To  exhale,  as  an  odor;  emanate. 

And  all  Arabia  breathes  from  yonder  box. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  i.  134. 

7.  Figuratively,  of  inanimate  things,  to  be  in- 
stinct; be  alive. 

I'lie  staircase  in  fresco  by  Sir  James  Thornhill  breathed 
with  the  loves  and  wars  of  gods  and  heroes.  Disraeli. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  inhale  and  exhale  in  respi- 
ration: as,  to  breathe  vitiated  air. — 2.  To  in- 
ject by  breathing;  infuse:  with  into:  as,  "to 
breathe  life  into  a  stone,"  Shak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  1. 

And  the  Lord  God  formed  man  of  the  dust  of  the  ground, 
and  breathed  into  his  nostrils  the  breath  of  life.    Gen.  ii.  7. 
Where  faith  made  whole  with  deed 
Breathes  its  awakening  breath 
Into  the  lifeless  creed.        Loivell,  Comm.  Ode. 

3.  To  exhale;  send  out  as  breath;  express; 
manifest. 

Can  any  mortal  mixture  of  earth's  mould 
Breathe  such  divine,  enchanting  ravishment? 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  245. 
They  [the  Indians]  entered  .  .  .  into  an  agreement  to 
twenty-nine  rules,  all  breathing  a  desire  to  conform  them- 
selves to  English  customs. 

Emerson,  Historical  Discourse  at  Concord. 

4.  To  exercise ;  keep  in  breath. 

Methinks  .  .  .  every  man  should  beat  thee;  I  think 
thou  wast  created  for  men  to  breathe  themselves  upon 
thee.  Shak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  3. 

I'll  send  for  one  of  these  fencers,  and  he  shall  breathe 
you,  by  my  direction. 

B.  J onson.  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  i.  4. 

5.  To  inspire  or  blow  into;  cause  to  sound  by 
breathing. 

They  breathe  the  flute  or  strike  the  vocal  wire.  Prior. 

6.  To  utter ;  speak ;  whisper. 

Or  let  the  church,  our  mother,  brea  the  her  curse. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  1. 
Thus  breathes  she  forth  her  spite.  Shak. ,  Lucrece,  I.  762. 
That  breathe  a  thousand  tender  vows. 

Tennyso7i,  In  Memoriam,  xx 

7.  To  suffer  to  rest  or  recover  breath. 

He  breath'd  his  sword,  and  rested  him  till  day. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  xi.  47. 
A  moment  now  he  slacked  his  speed, 
A  moment  breathed  his  panting  steed. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  i 

8.  To  open  and  bleed  (a  vein). 
Every  village  barber  who  breathed  a  vein. 

£ncyc.  Brit.,  XI.  oOa 


breathe 

To  treatlie  one's  last,  to  die. 

He,  safe  retmn'tl,  the  race  of  glory  past, 
New  to  his  friemls'  embrace,  had  breath  d  his  last. 


Pope. 


breathed  (bretht),  a.  [<  breath,  n.,  +  -ed^.l  1. 
Endowed  with  breath ;  exercised. 

A  mail  so  breath'd,  that  certain  lie  would  fight  yea 
From  morn  till  night.  Shak.,  L.  L.'l.,  v.  2. 

If  I  be  just,  all  praises  must 
Be  given  to  weW-breathed  Jilian  Thrust. 
„    ^  Shirley,  Hyde  Park,  iv.  3. 

2.  Out  of  breath. 

Mr.  Tulkinghorn  arrives  in  his  turret-room,  a  little 
breathed  by  the  journey  up.      Dickens,  Bleak  House,  xli. 

3.  In  pJiiJol.,  uttered  with  breath  as  distin- 
guished from  voice ;  surd  or  mute.— 4.  In  com- 
pounds, having  that  capacity  for  breathing  in- 
dicated by  the  prefix:  as,  short-breathed. 

breather  (bre'THer),  n.  1.  One  who  breathes 
or  lives. 

She  shows  a  body  rather  than  a  life ; 
A  statue,  than  a  breather.       Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iii.  3. 

2.  One  who  utters  or  whispers. 
For  my  authority  bears  of  a  credent  bulk, 
That  no  pai  ticular  scandal  once  can  touch, 
But  it  confounds  the  breather.  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iv.  4. 

3.  One  who  animates  or  inspires. 

The  breather  of  all  life  does  now  expire ; 
His  milder  Father  summons  him  away.  Norns. 

4.  Anything,  as  a  walk,  gymnastic  exercise, 
etc.,  that  stimulates  or  gives  healthy  action  to 
the  breathing  organs.  [Colloq.] 

So  here  we  are  at  last— that  hill's  a  breather. 

Column  the  Younger,  Poor  Gentleman,  iv.  11. 

breathfult  (breth'ful),  a.    [<  breath  +  -ful.'] 

1.  Full  of  breath:  as,  "  the  &rea<;*/MH bellowes," 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  v.  38.-2.  Odorous;  fra- 
grant. 

Fresh  Costmarie  and  breathfull  Camomill. 

Spenser,  Muiopotmos,  I.  195. 

breathing  (bre'THing),,??.  [<  me.  brethynge,  a 
current  of  air;  verbal  n.  of  breathe,  v.']  1.  Res- 
piration; the  act  of  inhaling  and  exhaHag  air: 
as,  "a  diflQculty  of  breathing,^'  Melmoth,  tr.  of 
Pliny,  vi.  16. 

She  sleeps :  her  breathings  are  not  heard 
In  palace  chambers  far  apart.    Tennyson,  Day-Dream. 

2.  Aspiration ;  secret  prayer  or  desire. 
Earnest  desires  and  breathings  after  that  blessed  state. 

Tillotson,  Sermons,  I.  xxiv. 

3.  Aerial  motion ;  respiratory  action. 

There's  not  a  breathing  of  the  common  wind 
That  will  forget  thee. 

Wordsworth,  To  Toussaint  I'Ouverture. 

4.  Figuratively,  a  gentle  influence  or  opera- 
tion ;  inspiration :  as,  the  breathings  of  the  Spirit. 

The  air 

Is  like  a  breathing  from  a  rarer  world.  N.  P.  Willis. 

Sf.  A  breathing-place ;  a  vent. 

■Tlie  warmth  distends  the  chinks,  and  makes 
New  breathings,  wheuce  new  nourishment  she  takes. 

Dryden. 

6.  Physical  exercise,  from  the  fact  that  it  calls 
the  lungs  into  free  play:  as,  the  Oxford  crew 
took  their  breathings  every  morning  at  ten. 

I  lack  breathing  and  exercise  of  late.  Scott. 

7.  Utterance;  words. 

I  am  sorry  to  give  breathing  to  my  purpose. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  i.  3. 

8.  Time  taken  to  recover  breath;  hence,  a 
stop ;  a  delay. 

Come,  you  shake  the  head  at  so  long  a  breathing. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  1. 
Give  me  a  little  breathing,  till  I  can 
Be  able  to  unfold  what  I  have  seen. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  v.  3. 
Thou  hast  open'd  our  difficult  and  sad  times,  and  given 
us  an  unexpected  breathing  after  our  long  oppressions. 

Milton,  Dei.  of  Humb.  Eeraonst. 

9.  In  gram.,  aspiration  or  its  absence,  or  a  sign 
indicating  it.  in  Greek  there  are  two  breathings  — 
the  aspirate  (spiritus  asper)  or  the  rough  breathing  indi- 
cated by  a  mark  (')  equivalent  to  our  letter  h,  and  the  lenis 
(spintus  lenis)  or  the  smooth  breathing  ('),  indicating 
simply  the  absence  of  the  rough.  Thus  os  is  equal  to  hos, 
but  15  to  »s.— Breathing  capacity.  See  capacity. 

breathing-hole  (bre'THing-hol),  n.  l.  A  vent- 
hole,  as  in  a  cask.— 2.  One  of  the  spiracles  or 
stigmata  thi-ough  which  insects  respire.  Also 
called  breathing-pore.— The  spiracle  or  blow- 
hole of  a  cetacean. — 4.  A  hole  in  the  ice  where 
an  aquatic  mammal,  as  a  seal,  comes  up  to 
breathe. 

breathing-mark  (bre'THing-miirk),  n.  1.  In 
music,  a  small  mark  {*,',ovV)  placed  above  a 
vocal  score,  indicating  the  point  at  which  the 
smger  may  properly  take  breath.— 2.  Same  as 
spiritus. 

breathing-place  (bre'THing-plas),  n.    1.  A 
place  where  fresh  air  can  be  breathed;  a  vent. 
43 


673 

Each  bough  .  .  .  finding  some  sufBeient  &reatAiJijr-ptoc« 
among  the  other  branches. 

Huskin,  Elem.  of  Drawing,  p.  194. 

2.  The  place  for  a  pause  in  a  sentence  or  a 
poetic  verse ;  a  cesura. 
That  cjesura,  or  breathing-place. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Defence  of  Poesy. 

breathing-pore  (bre'THiug-por),  M.  1.  Inphi/- 
siol.,  a  microscopic  apertm-e  for  the  escape  or 
admission  of  air,  as  in  tlio  cuticle  of  plants. 
See  stoma.— 2.  Same  as  breathing-hole,  2. 
breathing-space  (bre'THing-spas),  n.  A  breath- 
ing-time ;  an  intermission  of  exertion, 
breathing-time  (bre'Taing-tim),  n.  Pause; 
relaxation. 

We  may  have  some  breathing-time  between  our  promise 
and  its  accomplishment.     Bp.  Hall,  Cases  of  Conscience. 

breathing-tube  (bre'Tning-tub),  n.  In  entom., 
the  respiratory  tube  of  certain  aquatic  larvae  and 
dipterous  puparia.  it  is  a  slender  integumental  pro- 
longation, bearing  at  the  tip  one  or  both  of  the  anal  stig- 
mata, through  which  the  insect  obtains  air  at  the  surface 
of  the  water  or  semiHuid  filth  in  which  it  lives.  The  breath- 
ing-tube is  also  possessed  by  certain  adult  heteropters. 

breathing-'While  (bre'THing-hwil),  n.  An  in- 
termission of  exertion  ;  a  breathing-time.  Shak. 

Except  when  for  a  breathing-while  at  eve, 
Some  niggard  fraction  of  an  hour,  he  ran 
Beside  the  river-bank.     Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

breathless  (breth'les),  a.  [<  ME.  brethles;  < 
breath  +  -less.}    1.  Without  breath;  dead. 

Denies  the  rites  of  funeral  fires  to  those 
■Whose  breathless  bodies  yet  he  calls  his  foes. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  84. 

2.  Out  of  breath;  spent  with  labor  or  exertion. 
Unwounded  from  the  dreadful  close, 
But  breathless  all,  Fitz-James  arose. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  V.  16. 

3.  That  takes  away  the  breath. 
How  I  remember  that  breathless  flight ! 

Longfellow,  Golden  Legend,  iv. 

4.  Marked  by  an  apparent  forgetfulness  to 
breathe;  absorbed;  eager;  excited. 

The  young  folks  would  crowd  around  the  hearth,  lis- 
tening with  breathless  attention  to  some  old  crone  of  a 
negro,  who  was  the  oracle  of  the  family. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  168. 
The  holy  time  is  quiet  as  a  nun 
Breathless  with  adoration. 

Wordsworth,  Misc.  Sonnets,  i.  30. 

breathlessness  (breth'les-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  breathless  or  out  of  breath  with  exer- 
tion ;  difficulty  in  breathing. 
brea'th-SOUnd  (breth'sound),  n.  In  physiol., 
a  sound  caused  by  the  movement  of  the  aii- 
in  the  limgs  in  respiration.  Also  called  respi- 
ratory murmur. -Coss^Cl  breath-sound,  in  pathoi., 
an  interrupted  or  jerky  respiratory  sound,  most  marked 
m  inspiration.  Also  called  cog-wheel  respiration. 
breccia  (brech'ia),  n.  [It.,  formerly  also  brec- 
chia,  gravel,  now  technically  breccia,  =  F. 
breche,  connected  with  It.  breccia  =  Sp.  Pg.  bre- 
cha,  <  F.  breche,  a  breach;  aU  of  Teut.  origin: 
see  breach,  and  cf.  brash^,  «.]  In  geol,  a  con- 
glomerate in  which  the  fragments,  instead  of 


breech 

brechan,  breckan  (brek'an),  n.  A  Scotch  form 

of  bracken. 

brecheH,  «•  An  obsolete  spelling  of  breech. 
breche'-^t,  n.  An  obsolete  spelling  of  breach. 
Brechites  (bre-ki'tez),  «.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  ftfitxciv. 

to  wet:  see  rain,  and  cf.  aspergillum .1  Same 

as  Aspergillum,  2. 
breck  (brek),  M.    [<  ME.  brekke,  var.  of  breke, 

a  break,  breach,  etc. :  see  breach,  and  cf.  break, 

n.,  bricks,  and  brack^,  all  ult.  <  break,  q.  v.]  If. 

A  break;  breach;  fracture.  Tusser. 

Swiche  a  fairenesse  of  a  nekke 
Had  that  swete  that  bone  nor  brekke 
Nas  ther  noon  seen. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanclie,  !.  940. 

2t.  A  bruise.  Kersey,  HQS.— S\.  Abroach;  a 
gap  in  a  hedge.— 4.  [Also  called  break;  prop, 
land  broken  up  and  allowed  to  lie  fallow.]  A 
piece  of  iminclosed  arable  land ;  a  sheepwalk, 
if  in  grass.  HaUiwell.  [Prov.  Eng.]— 5.  A 
large  new-made  inclosure.  (Irose.  [Prov. 
Eng.]— 6.  A  field.    [Suffolk,  Eng.] 

The  bird's  chosen  breeding-place  was  in  wide  fields  — 
brecks,  as  they  are  locally  called  -  of  winter-corn. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  IV.  578. 


Breccia.—  Polished  Surface- 


being  rounded  or  water- worn,  are  angular.  The 
term  is  most  frequently  applied  to  volcanic  masses  made 
up  of  fragments  which  have  become  consolidated  into  rock 
before  becoming  rounded  by  friction  against  each  other 
or  by  the  action  of  water, 
brecciated  (breeh'i-a-ted),  a.  [<  breccia  + 
-afel  +  -(?f?2.]  Having  the  character  of  a  breccia. 

According  to  Professor  Pvamsay  the  brecciated,  sub- 
angular  conglomerates  and  boulder  beds  of  the  Old  Red 
Sandstone  ...  are  of  glacial  origin. 

J.  Croll,  Climate  and  Time,  p.  294. 
brecciation  (brech-i-a'shon),  n.    [<  breccia  + 
-ation.']    The  condition  of  being  brecciated. 
See  breccia. 
brecht,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  breech. 
brecham  (brech'am),  n.    [Sc.,  also  brechame; 
prob.  of  Celtic  origin:  cf.  Gael,  braighdeach,  a 
horse's  collar,  braighdean,  a  cow's  or  calf's  col- 
lar, =  Ir.  braighdean,  a  coUar,  Gael,  braidean, 
a  little  collar,  dim.  of  braid,  a  horse-collar,  a 
brecham,  =  Ir.  braid,  a  eoUar,  <  Gael.  Ii-.  bra- 
ghad,  neck,  throat,  windpipe.]    A  CoUar  for  a 
work-horse.  [Scotch,] 


breckan,  «.    See  brechan. 
breckins  (brek'Laz),  n.    A  dialectal  variant  of 
bracken. 

bredi  (bred).    Preterit  and  past  participle  of 

breed. 

bred2t,  n.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  bread^. 
bredeif,  n.  and  v.    See  bread"^. 
brede^t,  n.    See  bread^,  braid^. 
brede^tj^?^.  t.    [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  breden,  < 
AS.  brwdan,  roast:  see  brawn.}    To  roast, 
bredgei,  n.   An  obsolete  form  of  bridge''-. 
bredge'^t,  v.  t.   See  bridge^. 
bred-soret  (bred'sor),  n.    A  whitlow,  or  a  sore 
coming  without  a  wound  or  visible  cause.  Also 
called  breeder. 
breel  (bre),  n.    [Sc.,  also  brie,  brue,  broo,  <  ME. 
bre,  full  form  brewe,  <  AS.  briw,  also  brig,  a  pot- 
tage of  meal,  pulse,  etc.,  =  Fries,  bry  z=  D.  brij 
=  MLG.  bri,  brig  =  OHG.  brio,  MHG.  bri,  brie, 
G.  brei,  broth,  etc.    Connection  with  brcw'^,  v. 
(AS.  bredwan,  etc.),  is  doubtful.]   Broth;  soup; 
juice;  sauce;  water;  moisture  of  anv  kind. 
[Scotch.]  ^ 
bree2  (bre),  n.   A  dialectal  variant  of  bray^, 
brae. 

bree3  (bre),  I),  t  [E.dial.]  To  frighten.  Halli- 
weU.  [North.  Eng.] 
bree*  (bre)^  n.  A  dialectal  variant  of  brow. 
breech  (brech),  «.  [<  ME.  breech,  breche,  breeh, 
also  unassibilated  breke,  brek,  prop.  pi.  and 
meaning  'breeches,'  the  covering  of  the  breech 
(whence  the  double  pi.  breeches,  the  now  prev- 
alent form  in_  that  sense :  see  breeches),  <  AS. 
brec,  also  brwc  (pi.  of  the  unrecorded  sing. 
'•6roc),breeches(the  additional  senseof 'breech,' 
given  by  Bosworth,  rests  on  a  doubtful  trans- 
lation of  a  single  passage),  =  OFries.  brok,  pi. 
brek,  =  D.  broek  =  MLG.  brok,  LG.  brook  =  OHG. 
bruoh,  MHG.  bruoch,  G.  bruch  =  leel.  brok,  pi. 
brmkr,  breeches  (Sw.  bracka,  breeches,  brok, 
naut.,  breeching),  =ODan.  broq,  breeches,  hose, 
Dan.  brog,  naut.,  breeching.  Cf.  L.  brdca;,  pi., 
breeches  (>  It.  braca  =  Sp.  Pg.  braga  =  Pr. 
bratja  =  OF.  braie,  breeches,  F.  braie,  a  swad- 
dlmg-baud,  >E.  bray5  and  brail,  q.  v.),  regard- 
ed as  of  Celtic  origin;  cf.  Bret,  bragez ;  but  the 
Gael.  Ir.  brigis,  breeches,  is  perhaps  from  E. 
The  relation  of  the  Teut.  forms  to  the  Celtic  is 
imcertain.]    If.  Breeches. 

Thyn  olde  breech.         Chaucer,  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  480. 
That  you  might  still  have  worn  the  petticoat. 
And  ne'er  have  stol'n  the  breech  from  Lancaster. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  v.  5. 

2.  The  lower  part  of  the  body  behind.— 3.  The 
hinder  part  of  anything;  specifically,  the  mass 
of  metal  behind  the  bore  of  a  cannon,  or  the 
part  of  a  small  arm  back  of  the  barrel,  including 
the  rear  of  the  latter  in  breech-loaders.— 4. 
Naut,  the  angle  of  a  knee-timber,  the  inside  of 
which  is  called  the  throat. 
breech  (brech),  v.  [<  breech,  ».]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  put  into  or  clothe  with  breeches. 

Who  was  anxious  to  know  whether  the  blacksmith's 
youngest  boy  was  breeched.       Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  x.x. 
Have  I  not  shaved  my  people,  and  breeched  them? 

Landor,  Peter  the  Great. 

2.  To  cover  to  the  breech  or  hilt.  [E^re.] 

Tliere,  the  niurtherei-s, 
Steep'd  in  the  colours  of  their  trade,  their  daggers 
Unmannerly  breech'd  with  gore.    Shak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  3. 
[Various  other  readings  and  interpretations,  such  as  reech- 
ed  (soiled  with  a  dark  yellow),  drenched,  sheathed,  etc.,  have 
been  proposed  by  Shaksperian  commentators,] 


breecli 

8.  To  whip  on  the  breech. 

Had  not  a  courteous  servintr-man  conveyed  me  av;ay, 
wliilst  hf  went  to  fetch  whips,  I  think,  in  niy  conscience, 
lie  wouUl  liave  breeched  me. 

liobert  Taylor  (1012),  Hog  liath  Lost  his  Pearl,  vi. 

4.  To  fit  or  furnish  wdth  a  breech :  as,  to  hrccch 
a  gun. —  5.  To  fasten  by  a  breeching. 

II.  intntns.  To  suffer  whipping  on  the  breech. 

I  am  no  breechim/  scliolar  in  the  schools. 

;J/iafr.,  T.  of  the  S.,  lii.  1. 

breech-band  (breeh'band),  n.  Same  as  breecli- 
iiK/,  3. 

breech-barrow  (brech'bar"o),  n.  A  large  high 
truck  used  in  mo\'ing  bricks  in  a  brick-yard. 

breech-block  (brech'blok),  n.  A  movable  piece 
at  the  breech  of  a  breech-loading  gun,  which 
is  withdrawn  for  the  insertion  of  the  charge 
and  closed  before  firing,  to  receive  the  impact 
of  the  recoil.  See  breech-mechanism,  also  cut 
under  breech-loader. 

breech-clout  (brech'klout),  n.  The  cloth  cov- 
ering the  breech,  worn  by  American  Indians 
and  other  unei''  ilized  peoples. 

breeches  (brieh'ez,  formerly  and  still  occasion- 
ally bre'chez),  n.  pi.  [<  ilE.  breche,  breches, 
pi.",  usually  breche,  brech,  also  hrel-e,  brek  (>  Sc. 
breeks,  brc'ik,  etc.) :  see  breech,  itself  pi.]  1.  A 
bifiu'cated  garment  worn  by  men,  covering  the 
body  from  the  waist  to  the  knees,  or,  in  some 
cases,  only  to  mid-thigh.— 2.  Less  properly, 

trousers  or  pantaloons  Breecties  Bible.  See  Bible. 

— To  wear  tlie  breeches,  to  usurp  the  authority  of  the 

husbanil :  said  of  a  wife. 

Children  rule,  old  men  go  to  school,  women  tcear  tlie 
breeches.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  To  the  Reader. 

=  Syn.  See  trousers. 

breeches-buoy  (brich'ez-boi),  m.  In  the  life- 
saving  service,  a  name  given  to  an  apparatus, 
like  a  short  pair  of  breeches,  moving  on  a  rope 
stretched  from  a  wreck 
to  the  shore,  for  the 
purpose  of  landing  per- 
sons from  the  viTeck. 

breeching  (brich'ing), 

n.  [Verbal  n.  of  breech, 
I).]  1.  A  whipping  on 
the  breech. 

I  view  the  prince  with  Aris- 

tarchus'  eyes, 
Whose  looks  were  as  a  breech- 
ing to  a  boy. 
Marloiee  (and  ShahspereT), 
[Edw.  III. 

2.  Hard,  clotted  wool 
on  the  buttocks  of  a 
sheep. — 3.  That  part 
of  a  horse's  harness 
which  passes  round  its 
breech,  and  which  ena- 
bles it  to  back  the  vehi- 
cle to  which  it  is  har- 
nessed. The  breeching 
is  connected  by  straps 
to  the  saddle  and  shafts 
band.  See  cut  under  harness. — 4.  In  naval 
gun.,  a  strong  rope  passed  through  a  hole  in  the 
caseabel  of  a  gim  and  fastened  to  bolts  in  the 
ship's  side,  to  check  the  recoil  of  the  gun  when 
it  is  tu-ed. —  5.  A  bifurcated  smoke-pipe  of  a 
furnace. 

breeching-bolt  (brieh'ing-bolt),  n.  A  bolt  in  a 
ship's  side  to  which  the  breeching  is  fastened. 

breeching-hook  (brich'ing-liuk),  n.  A  curved 
hook  on  the  shafts  of  a  carriage  to  which  the 
breeching  of  the  harness  is  secured. 

breeching-loop  (brich'ing-lop),  n.  Naut,  a 
loop  of  metal  formerly  cast  on  the  breech  of 
guns,  through  which  the  breeching  was  passed. 

breechless  (brech'les),  a.    Without  breeches; 
hence,  naked. 
He  bekez  by  the  bale  fyre,  and  hrekle.sse  hyme  semede. 

Morte  Arthurs  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1048. 

breech-loader  (brech' 16 "der),  n.    A  firearm 

loaded  at  the  breech.  The  term  is  yenerally  confined 
to  small  arms,  whether  used  in  hunting  or  in  war,  large 
guns  being  usually  referred  to  as  breech-loading  cannon. 
The  earliest  European  firearms  were  made  to  load  at  the 
breech  ;  but  as  soon  as  accuracy  of  aim  and  long  range 
■were  demanded  this  plan  was  abandoned,  as  the  mecliani- 
cal  appliances  of  the  day  did  not  allow  of  accurate  fitting 
and  quick  working  of  the  breech-piece.  Since  about  1840, 
however, breech-loading  firearms  have  been  made  success- 
fully, and  have  gradually  come  into  general  use  for  all  pur- 
poses. Rapidity  of  firing,  ease  of  cleaning,  and  close  adjust- 
ment of  the  missile  to  tlie  bore,  excluding  windage,  are  the 
advantages  of  this  form  of  arm.    See  cuts  under  rifle. 

breech-loading  (breeh'16"ding),  a.  Eeceiving 
the  charge  at  the  breech  instead  of  the  muzzle  : 
applied  to  firearms  :  as,  a  breech-loading  rifle. 

breech-mechanism  (breeh'mek*a-nizm),  ». 
The  parts  comprised  in  the  breech  of  a  gun; 


674 

specifically,  the  mechanical  device  for  opening 
and  closing  the  breech  of  a  gun  in  loading  auo 
firing.    See  fermeture. 


breeding 

6.  To  form  by  education ;  train :  as,  to  breed  a 
son  to  an  occupation ;  a  man  bred  at  a  univer- 
sity :  commonly  with  uv. 

To  breed  up  the  son  to  common  sense. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires. 
The  trade  he  breeds  them  up  in.  Locke. 

7.  To  procnre  by  the  mating  of  parents,  and 
rear  for  use :  as,  to  breed  canaries ;  to  breed 
cattle  for  the  market  Bred  out,  degenerated. 

The  strain  of  man  s  bred  out 
Into  baboon  and  monkey.      Shak. ,  T.  of  A. ,  i.  1. 
Well  bred,  having  good  manners ;  well  instructed :  as, 
his  actions  show  him  to  be  well  bred.    See  well-bred. 


A  gentleman  well  bred,  and  of  good  name. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV., 


1.  1. 


The  Dashiell  Breech-Mechanism. 
I.  Rreech-block  rotated  and  withdrawn.     2.  Breech  open  and 
emoty  cartridiie-case  started  out  by  extractor,    v^/,  Breech-block; 
B,  Handle  by  means  of  which  breech-block  is  rotated  ;  C,  Inter- 
rupted screw ;  D,  Cartridge. 

breech-piece  (brech'pes),  n.  1.  The  wrought- 
iron  welded  coil  shrunk  on  the  rear  end  of  the 
steel  tubes  of  the  Fraser  system  of  heavy  guns. 

2.  A  heavy  mass  of  steel  which  supports  the 

wedge  in  the  Krupp  system  of  guns.  ^   i-    j  j-  c   -   i  ^  ^ 

breech-pin  (brech'pin),  n.    In  oun.,  a  mounted  f  -  to  breed  Jrom  a  mare  of  good  stock, 
plug  screwed  into  the  rear  end  of  the  barrel  oe  pregnant, 
of  a  firearm,  in 
M  In'eecli-loader  the 

d 


I  have  not  seen  a  cobbler  [in  Paris)  who  is  not  better 
bred  than  an  English  gentleman. 

Sydney  Smith,  To  Mrs.  Sydney  Smith, 

=S3T1.  1.  To  generate.— 5.  To  nourish,  nurture. —  6.  To 
educate,  school,  discipline. —  7.  To  raise. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  beget  or  bear  offspring; 
produce  young;  be  fruitful:  used  figm'atively 
of  increase  generally. 

That  they  may  breed  abundantly  in  the  earth,  and  be 
fruitful.  Gen.  viil.  17. 

Where  they  most  breed  and  haunt. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  1.  6. 
I  make  it  [money]  breed  as  fast.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  3. 
The  mother  had  never  bred  before.  Carpenter. 

2.  To  have  birth;  be  produced;  arise;  grow; 
develop :  as,  maggots  breed  readily  in  can-ion. 

As  fester'd  members  rot  Init  by  degree, 
Till  bones,  and  flesh,  and  sinews  fall  away. 
So  will  this,  base  and  envious  discord  breed. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  ill.  1. 

3.  To  proeui'e  the  birth  of  yoimg:  with  from: 
-      -  -  -  ■      4t.  To 


plug  forms  the  bot- 
tom of  the  cliai'ging- 
chamber  or  well ;  in 
a  muzzle-loader  it 
forms  the  bottom  of 
the  bore. 

breech-screw 

(brech'skro),  n. 
Same  as  breech- 


Mercy,  being  a  young  and  breeding  woman,  longed  for 
something  that  she  saw  there,  but  was  ashamed  to  ask. 

Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  ii..  Shepherds. 
To  breed  in  and  in,  to  breed  from  animals  of  the  same 
stock  that  are  closely  related.— To  breed  true,  to  pro- 
duce  offspring  exhibiting  the  same  characteristics  of  form, 
color,  and  general  qualities  as  the  parents :  said  of  ani- 
mals, poultry,  etc.,  of  pure  breed, 
breed  (bred),  n.    [<  breed,  v.]    1.  A  race  or 


2>in. 


a,  plug;  t>,  tenon;  c.  tang:  rf,  tang-screw  progeny  from  the  Same  parents  or  stock;  espe- 
hoie;  <•.  face.  cially,  a  race  of  men  or  other  animals  having 

an  alliance  by  nativity  and  some  distinctive 
breech-sight  (brech'sit),  n.  That  sight  of  a  qualities  in  common,  which  are  transmitted  by 
gun  which  is  placed  next  the  breech;  the  hind  heredity;  hence,  family;  extraction:  as,  a  breed 
gjo-ijt.  of  men  in  a  particular  country;  horses  or  sheep 

breech-wrench  (brech'rench),  n.    A  wrench  of  good  breed. 
employed  in  turning  out  the  breech-pin  of  a       ^^.^^         thousLlll^KVSrd's  breed. 
muzzle-loadmg  fu-earm.  shak.,  K.  John,  ii.  i. 

breed  (bred)^i!. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bred,  ppr.  breed-  ^^^^^^  ^^^^     j^^.^^^^      ,,,^^4,  despised  by  their 


Breeches-buoy. 

Also  called  breech- 


ing. [<  ME.  hr'eden,  <  AS.  bredan,  nourish, 
cherish,  keep  warm  (=  D.  broeden  =  MLG.  bro- 
den,  LG.  hrodcti  =  OHG.  bruoten,  MHG.  brii- 
eten,  G.  briiten,  brood,  hatch),  <  brod,  brood : 
see  brood,  «.,  and  cf.  brood,  v.  Breed  is  relat- 
ed to  bi'ood  as  feed  to  food.']  I.  trans.  1.  To 
procreate ;  beget ;  engender ;  hatch. 


Yet  every  mother  breeds  not  sons  alike. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And., 


ii.  3. 


fellow  countrymen,  and  the  most  hard-favored,  morally 
as  well  as  physically,  of  all  the  breed. 

n.  P.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  250. 

Hence — 2.  Sort;  kind:  in  a  general  sense. 

Thi|  courtesy  is  not  of  the  right  breed. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 

3t.  A  number  produced  at  once;  a  hatch;  a 
brood:  as,  "above  an  hundred  at  a  breed,"  N. 
Grew. —  4t.  Increase  of  any  sort,  especially 


2t.  To  produce  within  or  upon  the  body  by  interest  on  money^^  usury. 


development  or  organic  process 

The  worms  .  .  .  that  did  breed  the  silk. 

Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  4. 

Children  would  breed  their  teeth  with  less  danger. 


'or  when  did  friendship  take 
A  breed  of  barren  metal  of  his  friend? 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  3. 

5t.  Breeding. 

That  countrey  is  a  very  greate  soyle  of  cattell,  and 
Locke,    verye  fltt  for  breede.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

3.  To  cause;  occasion;  produce;  originate,    breed-batet  (bred'bat),  n.    [<  breed,  v.,  +  obj. 

What  pains  bate^,  «.]    One  who  breeds  or  incites  to  quar- 

I  have  bestow'd,  to  breed  this  present  peace.  rels :  as,  "no  tell-tale  nor  no  breed-bate,"  Shak., 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  2.         yff  q£         i_  4^ 
I  honour  philosophicall  instructions,  and  blesse  the  wits  breeder  (bre '  der) ,  w.    1 .  One  who  or  that  which 
which  fcred  them.         Sir  P.  Sidnei/,  Apol.  for  Poetrie.  ij^geds,  procreates,  Or  produces  young:  used 
E'en  when  sober  truth  prevails  throughout,  especially  of  the  female. 

They  swear  it,  till  affii-mance  fcreeds  a  doubt.  you  love  the  breeder  better  than  the  male 

Lowper,  conversation.  Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  11. 1. 


Intemperance  and  lust  breed  infirmities.  Tillotson. 

4.  To  produce;  be  the  native  place  of:  as,  a 
pond  breeds  fish ;  a  northern  country  breeds  a 
race  of  stout  men. 

HaU,  foreign  wonder ! 
Whom  certain  these  rough  shades  did  never  breed. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  266. 

■Why  doth  Africa  breed  so  many  venomous  beasts,  Ire- 
land none?  Burton,  Aimt.  of  Mel.,  p.  293. 

The  barren  soil  does  not  breed  fevers,  crocodiles,  tigers, 
or  scorpions.  Emerson,  Compensation, 

5.  To  bring  up  ;  nurse  and  foster  ;  take  care  of 
during  the  period  of  growth :  as,  born  and  bred. 

Young  Archas, 
A  boy  as  sweet  as  young;  my  brother  breeds  him. 
My  noble  brother  Brisky  breeds  him  nobly. 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  v.  7. 
Ah  !  wretched  me  !  by  fates  averse  decreed 
To  bring  thee  forth  with  pain,  with  care  to  breed. 

Dryden. 


2.  One  who  educates  or  rears;  figm-atively, 
that  which  rears. 

Italy  and  Rome  have  been  the  best  breeders  ...  of  the 
worthiest  men.  Ascham,  The  Scholemaster. 

3.  One  who  or  that  which  produces,  causes,  or 
brings  about:  as,  he  was  a  breeder  of  dissen- 
sions. 

Time  is  the  nurse  and  breeder  of  all  good. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  ill.  1. 

4.  One  who  procures  the  birth  of  young ;  one 
who  raises  a  particular  breed,  as  of  animals; 
technically,  in  herd-  and  stud-books,  the  owner 
of  the  dam  at  the  time  of  the  birth  of  the  am- 
mal  recorded. — 5t.  Same  as  6red-sore. 

breeding  (bre'ding),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  breed,  v.\ 
1.  The  act  of  generating  or  producing.— 2. 
The  rearing  of  cattle  or  live  stock  of  any  kind, 
particularly  by  mingling  or  crossing  one  strain 


breeding 

of  a  species  or  variety  with  another,  with  a 
\aew  to  improve  the  breed.    See  cross-hrecdinn 
and  m-and-m.—3.  Upbringing;  nurture;  edu- 
cation; instruction. 
She  had  her  breeding  at  my  father's  charge. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  3. 

4.  Deportment  or  behavior  in  social  life ;  man- 
ners, especially  good  manners :  as,  good  brccd- 
mg  (politeness) ;  a  man  of  no  breedinq  (that  is 
a  very  ill-bred  man). 

As  men  of  breeding,  sometimes  men  of  wit 
T  avoid  great  errors,  must  the  less  commit. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  259. 
In  society  his  good  breedinc,  and  vivacity  made  him  al- 
ways welcome.  Macaulay,  Dramatists  of  the  Restoration. 
5t.  Descent;  extraction. 

Honest  gentleman,  I  know  not  your  breedinq. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  iv.,  v.  3. 
Breeding  in  the  line,  breeding  from  animals  of  the  same 
"V'«"'™'  P='',e"tage.=Syn.  1.  Generation! 
production.- 2.  Raising.— 3.  Training,  discipline 
breeding-cage  (bre'ding-kaj),  n.  l.  A  contri- 
vance used  by  entomologists  for  rearing  in- 
sects in  captivity,  as  a  box  of  wire  nettino-,  a 
jar  covered  with  cloth,  or  any  similar  arrange- 
ment.—2.  A  large  cage,  with  a  box,  pan,  or 
compartment,  for  a  nest,  in  which  a  pair  of 
bu-ds  are  placed  for  breeding  ia  captivity 
breeding-pen  (bre'ding-pen),  n.  l.  A  pen  or 
mclosure,  or  a  yard  with  the  necessary  house 
tor  shelter,  in  which  animals  or  poultry  are 
confined  for  the  purpose  of  producing  pure- 
bred stock.— 2.  At  exhibitions  of  poultry  a 
certain  number  of  females,  commonly  four  but 
sometimes  five,  shown,  together  with  a  male,  in 
competition  for  a  prize. 

breedlingt  (bred'ling), «.  [<breed  +  -Unoi-J  A 
native ;  an  inhabitant. 

Over  most  sad  fens,  all  the  way  observing  the  sad  life 
which  the  people  of  the  place-which,  if  "they  be  born 
there,  they  do  call  the  Breedlings  of  the  place-do  live 
Pepys,  Diary,  Sept.  17,  1663. 

breeki,  n.    Scotch,  northern  English,  and  ob- 
solete form  of  breech. 

breek2t,  n.    An  obsolete  or  dialectal  variant  of 
break  or  breach. 

breeks  (breks),  n.  pi.  Scotch  and  northern  Eng- 
ush  form  of  breeches. 
I  have  linen  breeks  on.  B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  v.  4. 

breemeif,  n.    An  old  spelling  of  bream^. 

breemeSf,  a.    See  brimi. 

breeri  brere  (brer),  n.   [=  brier,  q.  v.]  A  com- 
mon English  name  for  the  blackberry,  Bubus 
puticosus,  and  the  dogrose,  Rosa  canina :  hence 
BrerecUjf,  Brerecroft,  and  other  names  of  places. 
The  amorous  birds  now  pair  in  evei-y  brake 
And  build  their  mossy  homes  in  field  and  brere. 

Shelley,  Adonais,  viii. 

breer2  (brer),  n.  and  v.   [Sc.]   Same  as  braird. 
breese,  «.    See  breese^. 


675 

brirnX.  Cf.  Skt.  bhramara,  a  largo  black  bee, 
perhaps  from  the  same  root.]  A  gadfly;  a 
horse-fly  ;  specifically,  one  of  certain  strong- 
bodied  dipterous  insects  of  the  family  Taha- 
nidw.  There  are  many  species.  The  larv.-c  live  in  moist 
ground,  am  are  subaciuatic.  The  black  breeze,  Tabanm 
fZft!  of  the  largest  North  American 

species.    Also  called  breeze-fly. 

But  he  them  all  from  him  full  lightly  swept 
As  doth  a  Steare,  in  lieat  of  sonimers  day  ' 
With  his  long  taile  the  bryzex  brush  away. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  VI.  i.  24. 
Runs  like  a  heifer  bitten  with  the  brize 
About  the  court.  n.  Jonson,  New  Inn,  v.  1. 

breezeif,  v.  i.  [<  breeze'^,  w.]  To  buzz, 
breeze-  (brez),  n.  [Eariy  mod.  E.  also  brize, 
briess;  =  G.  brise  =  Dan.  bris,  <  F.  brize,  now 
brise,  a  breeze,  =  Sp.  brisa  =  Pg.  briza  the 
northeast  wind ;  cf .  It.  brezza,  a  cold  wind ;  pos- 
sibly same  as  bise,  q.  v.,  with  intrusive  -n]  1 
A  moderately  brisk  wind ;  a  movement  of  air 
not  so  strong  as  a  gale :  as,  a  refreshing  breeze  ■ 
a  stui  breeze  at  sea. 


The  heat  of  Summer  [in  Virginia]  is  in  June,  July  and 
August,  but  commonly  a  cool  Briess  ass  wages  the  vehe- 
mency  of  the  heat. 

S.  Clarke,  Plantations  of  the  English  in  America 
((1670),  p.  5. 

From  land  a  gentle  breeze  arose  at  night.  Dryden. 
2  A  noisy  quarrel;  a  disturbance;  a  row. 
[Colloq.] 

The  marine  went  forward  and  gave  the  order ;  and  Jem- 
my, who  expected  a  breeze,  told  his  wife  to  behave  quietly. 

Marry  at,  Snarleyyow,  I.  xv.' 

Land-breeze,  sea-breeze,  breezes  blowing  respectively 
from  the  land  to  or  over  the  sea,  and  from  the  sea  over 
the  land  The  former  is  apt  to  blow  especially  by  night 
and  the  latter  by  day ;  and  in  some  regions  this  alteriia- 
jS'^w       ^^^^  ^^'^^^  regularity.  =Syn.  Gust,  etc.  See 

breeze2  (brez),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  breezed, 

ppr.  breezing.    [<  breeze^,  «.]   To  blow  gently! 

LKare.]_To  breeze  up  (naut.),  to  blow  with  gieater 
strength ;  freshen. 

breeze^  (brez),  n.  [=  E.  dial,  briss"^  (q.  v.),  dust, 
rubbish,  <  F.  bris,  rubbish,  fragments,  break- 
age, etc.,  <  bnser,  break:  see  bruise  and  brazil 
and  cf.  debris.    But  ia  sense  2  perhaps  <  OF 
brese,  cinders,  orig.  live  coals,  F.  braise,  live 
coids:  see  braise\-]    1.  House-sweepings,  as 
flufl,  dust,  ashes,  etc.— 2.  The  material  sifted 
out  from  house-ashes,  extensively  used  in  burn- 
ing bricks;  cinders.  [Eng.] 
breeze-fly  (brez'fli),  n.    Same  as  breeze^. 
breeze-oven  (brez'uv'-'n),  n.    l.  An  oven  for 
the  manufacture  of  small  coke. —  2.  A  furnace 
designed  to  consume  breeze  or  coal-dust, 
breezy  (bre'zi),  a.    [<  breeze"^  +  -yi.]    1.  Of 
the  nature  of  a  breeze ;  blowy ;  windy. 
The  breezy  call  of  incense-breathing  morn. 

Gray,  Elegy. 

2.  Fanned  with  gentle  winds  or  breezes :  as, 
the  breezy  shore.—  3.  Figui-atively,  brisk ;  live- 
ly; sprightly:  as,  a  breezy  essay. 
The  chapter  on  "  Value  "  is  particularly  fresh  and  breezy. 

The  American,  VIII.  87. 

^?"xTf ^ y  P^-  ^regmata  (-ma-tii). 

ii  \3  Wey/^a,  also  ppexfia,  the  front  part'of 
the  head,  sinciput,  prob.  <  jSpexeiv,  wet,  moisten ; 
perhaps  akin  to  E.  rain,  q.  v.]  In  anat,  the 
junction  of  the  sagittal  and  coronal  sutures  of 
the  skull ;  the  anterior  fontanel,  it  was  so  named 
because  in  infants  it  is  soft,  and  was  thought  to  corre- 
spond with  the  most  humid  part  of  the  bram.  Also  writ- 
ten brechma  and  brechnius.    See  cut  under  craniometry. 

Bregmaceros  (breg-mas'e-ros),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr 
Ppeyfia,  the  fi-ont  part  of  the  head,  the  sinciput, 
+  KEpac,  horn.]  A  genus  of  anacanthine  fishes, 


brent-goose 

dHvl'i? nl.  ^r"'"'-'''  J"*''"'"''  vciitral.s  abnormally 

,  nH   '  f  f'      '"-'"P','';'  '■■'■V.  a  continuous  dorsal  fin  mostly 
confined  to  the  caudal  p.>rtion,  and  an  anal  nearly  simila^ 
to  tl  c  long  dorsal.  The  few  kiK.wii  species  arc  of  small  si/c 
and  inhabitantsof  the  high  or  deep 'seas ;  their  nearest 
atives  are  supposed  to  be  the  codfishes.  '"-■"^'-s' 
bregmata,  ».    Plural  of  bregma. 
bregmatic  (brog-mat'ik),  «.    [<  bregma{t-)  + 
-ic.i   Ot  or  pertaining  to  the  bregma :  as,  brco- 
maiic  tension. 

brehon  (bre'hon),  n.  [<  Olr.  hrithem,  a  judge, 
Ir.  Gael,  breithcamh,  a  judge,  <  Olr.  breth  Ir 
Gael,  brcith,  f.,  Olr.  Ir.  bruth,  m.,  judgment,' de- 
cision.] One  of  the  ancient  hereditary  judges 
of  Ireland,  similar  to  those  of  Scotland  during 
its  Celtic  jieriod. 

In  the  territories  of  each  sept,  judges,  called  Brehons, 
and  taken  out  of  certain  families,  sat  with  primeval  sim- 
plicity on  turfen  benches  in  some  conspicuous  situation 
to  determine  controversies.  ' 

Ilallam,  Const.  Hist.,  III.  330. 
Brehon  laws,  the  ancient  system  of  laws  of  Ireland 
1  hese  laws,  originally  unwritten,  and  developed  by  the 
brehons,  were  largely  embodied  at  an  early  period  in  cer- 
tain ancient  writings  known  now  as  Brehon  Tracts  Of 
these  two  have  been  translated  :  the  Senchus  Mor,  or  Great 
Book  of  the  Law,  compiled,  it  is  said,  by  nine  "pillars  of 
^riii,  under  the  superintendence  of  St.  Patrick ;  and  the 
Book  of  AicM,  containing  the  wisdom  of  two  of  the  most 
famous  brehons,  the  "Royal  Cormac  "  and  the  "Learned 
Ceiiiifaelah.  This  system  of  law  was  not  entirely  super- 
seded by  English  laws  among  the  native  Irish  until  about 

1d.30. 

breithauptite  (brit'houp-tit),  n.  [After  the 
German  mineralogist  J.  A.  F.  Breithanpt  (1791- 
1873).]  An  antimonide  of  nickel  occurring  in 
hexagonal  crystals  and  also  in  massive  foims. 
It  has  a  copper-red  color  and  brilliant  metalUe 
luster. 

breitoline  (bri'to-lin),  n.  [Named  for  the  in- 
ventor, L.  Breit.^  A  musical  instrument  of  the 
violm  family,  having  five  metal  strings  and 
a  compass  somewhat  lower  than  a  viola.  It  is 
fastened  upon  a  table,  like  a  zither,  and  played 
with  a  bow. 

breloque(bre-lok'),  ».    [F.;  origin  uncertain.] 
A  seal,  locket,  charm,  or  other  small  trinket  or 
article  of  jewelry  attached  to  a  watch-chain, 
bremet,  «.   See  brimi^. 
bremelyf,  adv.    See  brimly. 
Bremen  blue,  green,  etc.    See  the  nouns, 
bremlyt,  adv.    See  brimly. 
brenif  (bren),?;.  [<  ME.  brennen,  the  usual  form 
of  buna,  q.  v.]    An  obsolete  or  dialectal  va- 
riant of  biirnl. 

Closely  the  wicked  flame  his  bowels  brent. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  vii.  16. 
The  Romaines  this  Night  [Candlemas  Day)  went  about 
the  City  of  Rome,  with  Torches  and  Candles  brenninq  in 
Worslup  of  tills  Woman  Februa,  for  hope  to  have  the 
more  Helpe  and  Succoure  of  her  Sonne  JIars. 

J.  Brand,  in  Bourne's  Pop.  Anti<i.  (1777),  p.  224. 

bren^t,  «.  An  obsolete  variant  of  bran\  Chau- 
cer. 

brennage  (bren'aj),  n.  [<  OF.  brenaoe  (IVIL. 
brenagium),  <  bren,  ML.  brennium,  bran  :  see 
6r«»i.]  In  old  km,  a  tribute  or  composition 
which  tenants  paid  to  their  lord  in  lieu  of  bran 
which  they  were  obliged  to  furnish  for  his 
hounds. 

brenninglyt,  acft;.  Burningly;  ardently.  Chaio- 
cer. 

brenti  (brent),  a.    [=  6ra«<l,  q.  v.]    1  Steep- 
upright;  straight;  high.— 2.  Smooth;  unwriii- 
kled :  appUed  to  the  brow.  [Scotch.] 
Your  bonnie  brow  was  brent.     Burns,  John  Anderson. 
Her  fair  brent  brow,  smooth  as  th'  unrunkled  deep 
When  a  the  winds  are  in  their  caves  asleep.  Bamsay. 


Black  Breeze  (  Tabanits  atratus). 
a,  larva  ;  b,  pupa  ;  <-,  imago.    (All  slightly  enlarged.) 

breezel  (brez),  ».  [Also  written  breese,  early 
?A o  ^"'s^''  briese,  <  ME.  brese, 

<  AS.  breosa,  briosa  (only  in  glosses),  a  gadfly ; 
not  found  in  other  tongues,  and  supposed  to 
4  a  reduction  of  *brimsa  (also  cited 

as  AS.,  but  not  well  authorized:  see  brimse, 
bnynsey)  =  MD.  bremse,  D.  brems  =  OHG.  bri- 
mssa,  MHG.  brimse,  G.  bremse  =  ODan.  brimse, 
bremse  Dan.  bremse  =  Sw.  broms,  a  horse- 
fly;  also  (without  the  formative  -s)  bream  = 
UHG.  6m«o,  MHG.  G.  breme,  MD.  bremme  (see 
oream^) ;  so  named,  perhaps,  from  its  buzzing: 
et.  AS.  bremman,  roar,  OHG.  breman.  MHG. 
bremen,  roar,  buzz,  MHG.  G.  brummen,  D.  brom- 
men,  hum,  buzz,  gi-umble,  L.  fremere,  roar:  see 


Bregmaceros  atlanticus. 


containing  a  few  small  pelagic  species,  and 
representing  in  some  systems  a  family  Breq- 
maceroUdee. 

bregmacerotid  (breg''''ma-se-rot'id),  n.  A  fish 
of  the  family  Bregmacerdtidw. 

Bregmacerotidse  (breg^ma-se-rofi-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Bregmaceros  (-rot-)'+  -idw.^  A  family 
of  gadoid  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Breg- 
maceros. They  have  a  robust  caudal  portion  truncate 
or  convex  behind,  almost  without  prociirrent  caudal  rays 
above  or  below,  with  an  antemedian  anus,  moderate  sub- 


brent2  (brent),  n.    Same  as  brent-goose. 

brenta  (bren'ta),  «.  [it.]  An  Italian  Uquid 
measui-e,  generally  equal  to  about  18  or  19  gal- 
lons. But  the  brenta  of  Creraa  was  only  10^  United 
States  gaOons,  and  the  brenta  of  Rome  was  37.8.  The 
last  was  quite  exceptional. 

brente  (bren'te),  n.  [Cf.  brenfa.'\  A  Swiss 
hqmd  measure,  varying  in  capacity  from  10.31 
to  17.66  gallons. 

brent-fox  (brent'foks),  n.    See  brant-fox. 

brent-goose  (brent'gos),  n.  [Also  brant-goose 
andbrand-goose,  often  shortened  to  brent,  brant 
G.  brentgans  (>Tproh.  It.  branta);  all  due  to  Icel. 
brandgas  (=  Sw.  brandq&s  =  Dan.  brandgaas), 
<  brandr  (=  Sw.  Dan.  brand  =  E.  brand :  with 
reference  prob.  to  the  color;  cf.  brant-fox)  + 
gas=  Sw.  gds  =  Dan.  gaas  =  E.  goose.^  The 
brent  or  brant,  a  goose,  Bernicla  brenta,  of  the 
family  Anatida;  inhabiting  most  of  the  north- 
ern hemisphere.  It  is  smaller  than  most  geese,  and 
has  the  head,  neck,  ami  bill  black,  the  neck  with  patches 
ot  small  white  stripes,  the  tail-coverts  white  and  thi-  bo.lv- 
colors  dark.    It  breeds  in  high  latitudes,  migrating  south 


brent-goose 


676 

bretesse  Cbre-tes'),  n.  [OF.  bretesse,  F.  bretdclie, 
bretcschc,  thebattlementsof  a  wall,  etc.:  seefcre^- 
tice,  brattice,  the  reg.  E.  form  of  the  word.]  In 
medieval  fort. :  («)  A  tower  of  timber  of  several 
stories,  crenelated,  loopholed,  and  fitted  with 
other  contemporary  devices  for  offense  and  de- 
fense. It  differed  "from  the  belfry  in  that  it  was 
fixed  instead  of  movable,  (b)  A  construction  of 
timl>er,  of  a  more  or  less  temporary  character, 
projecting  from  a  wall,  etc.,  especially  over  a 
gateway  or  a  passage,  which  by  its  aid  could 


Brent-goose  i,Bertt\ 


in  the  autumn.    There  are  several  varieties.    Also  called 

hrnnt-iioo.te  find  hrniid-rjnose. 

brentilian  (bren'thi-an),  n.  and  a.  [<  Brentlitis 
+  -/«».]  I.  A  beetle  of  the  genus  Brcnthus. 
II,  ((.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  genus  Brcnthus. 

brenthid  (breu'thid),  n.  A  beetle  of  the  fam- 
ily Hr(iithida\ 

Bfenthidae  (breu'thi-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bren- 
ihiis  +  -idw.~\  A  family  of  rhynchophorous  co- 
leopterous insects,  related  to  the  Curculionida: 

They  are  of  an  elongate  form,  anil  liave  long  snouts  and 
niniiiliform  antenna\  Tlie  genera  are  numerous. 
Brenthus  (bren'thus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  (iphdog, 
an  unknown  water-bird  ;  also,  withvar.  (ipivdog, 
applied  to  a  singing  bird.]  1 .  A  genus  of  snout- 
beetles,  remarkable  for  the  excessive  length 
and  narrowness  of  the  body.  The  hcak  in  the  fe- 
male is  liiim  anil  tilifonn  •,  in  the  male,  short,  with  the  man- 
i.rt- lU  veloiieil  and  I'f  exceiitional 
n  its.  mostly  tri'iiiral.  constitute 
i)f  rli.vnrliiiphoruus  iieetles,  and 


Bretesses. 

(FromVioUet-le-Duc's  "Diet,  de  r Architecture.") 


dililes  at  the  tip  nnu  li  n 
form.  Tlie  uiuneious  >! 
now  a  distinct  family 


a  tower,  while  the  for- 


Northern  Brenthian,  Brtnlhus  (Eupsalis)  mimiUts. 
a  lan-a  ;  *,  pup.i ;  c.  female  beetle  :  rf,  he.id  of  male  beetle ;  c 
first  joint  of  male  antenna  ;  f,  leg  of  larva;  g.  head  of  larv'a,  front 
view  ;  A,  labium  of  larva  :  i.  labrum  of  larva  ;  j,  mandible  of  larva  ; 
*,  maxilla  of  larva  ;  I,  head  of  larva,  from  beneath  ;  m,  end  of  body 
of  pupa,  dorsal  view,    t  Vertical  lines  show  natural  sizes.) 

the  genus  Brenthus  has  been  separated  Into  numerous 
genera.  Only  one  species,  Brenthus  (Eupsalis)  minutus 
(Drury),  inhaiiits  the  eastern  portion  of  tlie  United  States. 
The  larva  bores  into  the  hard  wood  of  oalc-trees,  usually 
after  these  have  been  felleil.  The  males  are  very  pugna- 
cious.   Also  Brentiis. 

2.  A  genus  of  geese,  proposed  by  Sundevall  in 
1873  to  replace  Branta.    [Not  in  use.] 
brent-new  (brent'nii),  a.    A  Scotch  form  of 
braiul-new. 

Cotill(jn  hreiit-new  frae  France.  Burns,  Tam  o'  Shanter. 

Brentus  (bren'tus),  n.    Same  as  Brenthus,  1. 
breciuet-chain  (bre-ket'chan),  h.    [Said  to  be 


be  more  readily 
through  machicol 

distinguished  from  hita 
tinuous  gallery  crowning  a  wall 
mer  are  isolated  on  tliree  sides. 

bretesse  (bre-te-sa'),  «•  [Pp-  of  OF.  *bretesser, 
bretcscher,  provide  with  battlements,  <  bretesse, 
bretesche, etc.:  seebretesse.]  In //e?-.,  battled  on 
both  sides,  the  projections  coming  opposite  each 
other :  said  of  a  bend,  a  fesse,  or  the  like.  Also 
spelled  brettcsse. 

bretessed  (bre-tesf),  «■  In  'ter.,  same  as  bre- 
tesse. 

bretexedt,  «•    [ME.,  also  brctaged,  pp.,  equiv. 

to  b7-ctesscd.2    Furnished  with  a  bretesse. 
bretfult,  «■    [ME.,  also  brerdful,  <  brerd  (<  AS. 

brerd,  breord,  top,  brim:  see  braird)  +  -ful.'] 

Brimful:  as,  ''brctful  of  pardouns,"  Chaucer, 

Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.",  1.  687. 
brethelt,       A  variant  of  brothel^-. 
brethernedet,  «■   An  old  form  of  brotherhood. 

Chaucer. 

brethren  (breTH'ren),n.  Plural  of  iroWter.  See 
phrases  tmder  brother. 

bretiset,  «•    Same  as  bretesse. 

Breton  (bret'on),  a.  and  n.  [P.,  a.  and  n. ;  ult. 
same  as  Briton,  q.  v.]  I,  a.  Relating  to  Brit- 
tany or  Bretagne,  a  former  province  in  north- 
western France,  or  to  the  language  of  its  peo- 
ple. 

Here  on  the  Breton  strand  ! 

Breton,  not  Briton.    Tennyson,  Maud,  xxiv. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  of  Brittany.— 2.  The  na- 
tive language  of  Brittany ;  Armorio  (which  see). 
"      '        [Perhaps  from  the  proper  name 


breviary 

breve  (brev),  «.  [<  It.  breve  =  F.  hrhe,  f.  (bref, 
m.),  <  L.  brcvis,  short:  see  brief]  1.  In  music: 
(a)  The  third  variety  of  note  used  by  medieval 
musicians,  having  one  half  or  one  third  the 
value  or  dui-ation  of  a  long  note,  or  loiuja :  its 
form  was  .  (b)  In  modem  notation,  the 
longest  note  used,  having  double  the  dm-ation 
of  a  semibreve.  its  form  is  either  or  |={  .  It 
occurs  rarely,  since  the  semibreve  or  whole  note  is  com- 
monly regarded  as  the  longest  note  necessary,  and  as  the 
standard  to  which  all  other  notes  are  to  be  referred. 

2t.  In  law,  a  writ;  a  brief. —  3.  In  writing  and 
printing,  a  mark  (^)  used  to  indicate  that  the 
vowel  over  which  it  is  placed  is  short. —  4t.  In 
pros.,  a  short  syllable. 

Corrector  of  breves  and  longes.    Hall,  Rich.  III.,  an.  3. 

5.  [<F.  bref  fern,  breve,  short;  from  their  short 
tails.]  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  ant- 
thrushes  of  the  family  Fittidce.  Also  called 
brachyure.  See  Brachyurus,  2. 
brevet,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  breven  (=  MD.  brieven  = 
OHG.  brieven  =  Icel.  brefa),  <  ML.  breviare, 
write  down,  narrate,  prop,  note  in  brief,  <  L. 
brevis,  brief,  whence  breve,  E.  brief,  a  writing, 
a  brief:  see  breve,  «.,  brief,  n.  and  v.,  and  brc- 
viate.'i    1.  To  write  down;  describe. 

As  hit  is  breued  in  the  best  bolie  of  romaunce. 

Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Knight,  1.  2521. 

2.  To  enter  in  a  book ;  book ;  brief. 

The  clerke  of  the  cochyn  shalle  alle  thyng  breue. 

Boke  of  Curtasye,  1.  553. 
At  countyng  stuarde  schalle  ben, 
Tylle  alle  be  breuet  of  wax  so  grene, 
Wrytten  in-to  bokes,  with-out  let. 
That  be-fore  in  tabuls  base  ben  sett. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  316. 

3.  To  tell ;  say. 

Kiny  Alisaunder,  p.  78. 

.  and  a.  [<  ME.  brevet,  a  let- 


Breue  us  thi  name. 


commamled  by  the  garrison  S^^^;^  'StV^ 

'!^S^^^i^'^<^^'^^^    brevetumyS  eojrlmission,  license,  etc,  lit.  a 


brett  (taret),  w    ^        .  .  ,  ^„„. 

Brctt.'i  A  four-wheeled  carriage  having  a  calash  ^jreyetcy  (bre-vet'si),  » 
top  and  seats  for  four  besides  the  driver's  seat.    Brevet  rank.  '  [Rare.] 
E.  H.  Knight. 


short  writing,  dim.  of  OP.  brief  F.  bref,  a  writ- 
ing: sae  brief]  I.  n.  If.  A  letter  of  authority ; 
a  commission. 

I  wol  go  fecche  my  box  with  my  breuettes 
And  a  buUe  with  bisshopes  lettres. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  v.  649. 

2.  In  the  British  and  American  armies,  a  com- 
mission to  an  officer  which  promotes  him  to  a 
higher  rank,  without  conferring  a  right  to  re- 
ceive corresponding  advance  in  pay.  In  Great 
Britain  it  does  not  descend  lower  than  the  rank  of  captain, 
nor  ascend  higher  than  that  of  lieutenant-colonel,  and  con- 
fers the  right  to  a  corresponding  advance  in  command. 
In  tlie  United  States  army  it  extends  from  the  r.ank  of  first 
lieutenant  to  that  of  lieutenant-general,  but  gives  no 
advanced  command  except  by  special  assignment  of  the 
President.  Brevets  are  conferred  by  and  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  Senate  for  "gallant  actions  and  meri- 
torious services." 

They  give  brevets  to  majors  and  captains  to  act  as  colo- 
nels  in  the  army.         Swift,  Journal  to  Stella,  Letter  61. 

3.  A  patent;  a  warrant;  a  license;  a  commis- 
sion; an  official  diploma  in  writing,  conferring 
some  privilege  or  distinction.  [French usages.] 

II,  a.  Assigned  or  conferred  by  brevet;  ap- 
pointed by  brevet. 

What  is  called  brevet  rank  is  given  to  officers  of  all 
branches  of  the  army  as  a  reward  for  brilliant  and  length 
ened  service ;  and  when  such  nominal  rank  has  been  held  foi 
a  certain  number  of  years,  it  is  usually  converted  into  sul  . 
stantial  rank.   A.  Fonblanque,  Jr. ,  How  we  are  Governed. 

Brevet  officer.  See  officer. 
brevet  (bre-vet')>  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  brevetted, 
ppr.  brevetiing.   [<  brevet,  «.]   To  confer  brevet 
rank  upon. 

-  -       -  "  [<  brevet  +  -cy.] 


nameTafteTl  eelebratexl  French  watchmaker  brettesse,  ff.    See  fcrefesse. 
named  Briquet,  but  influenced  by  F.  briquet,  a  brettice  (bret  is)  n    Same  as  &'-««'ce 
little  chain.]    A  short  watch-guard  or  chain  Bretwalda  (bret'wol-da),  «.    [AS.  Bretwalda, 


to  which  the  watch-key  is  sometimes  attached ; 
a  fob-chain, 
brere,  n.    See  breer^. 

bresillet  (bra-ze-la'), n.  [F., brazil:  see  brasil.] 

Same  as  braziletto. 

bressomer,  bressummer  (bres'om-er,  -um-er), 
n.    Corruptions  of  brvst-sunimer. 

brestl  (brest),  n.  If.  An  obsolete  spelling  of 
breast.— 2.  In  arch.,  a  torus.  [Rare  or  obso- 
lete.] 

brest^t  (brest),  V.  and  «.  An  obsolete  variant 
of  burst. 

brest-summer,  breast-summer  (brest '  sum"- 


otherwise  Bryten-,  Breten-walda,  -wealda,  a  title 
of  uncertain  meaning,  oeeuiring  in  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  Chronicle  (A 
Bryt,  sing,  of  Bretlas. 

ten,  Britain  (but  tliis  is  disputed),  -I-  -wealda  (in 
comp.),  a  ruler,  <  wealdan,  rule:  see  wield.]  _  A 
title  sometimes  applied  to  an  Anglo-Saxon  king 
whose  supremacy  over  some  or  all  of  the  other 
kingdoms  was  acknowledged.  The  nature  of 
this  supremacy  is  unknown. 

It  was  to  these  exploits  thatCeawlin  owed  that  dignity 
of  Bretwalda,  which  .*;ile  before  him  had  gained  by  the 
destruction  of  Anderida 

C.  Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  392. 


brevextensor  (brev -eks- ten 'sor),  w.  [NL., 
contr.  of  brevis  extensor,  short  extensor.]  A 
short  extensor  muscle .    [Rare .  ]  —  Brevextensor 

digitorum  the  short  extensor  of  the  toes,  a  muscle  lying 
upon  the  instep,  usually  called  extensor  brevis  diyitorvm. 

Co  ucs 

■  or  brev'i-a-ri),  n. ;  pi- 
<  L.  breviarium, 


er),  n.  In  arch.,  ^  siimmer  or  beam  placed  ^reunerite  (broi'ner-it),  ».  [After  Count  ^me-  etc 
horizontally  to  support  an  upper  wall  or  part  -  ''1^];XaM^.]  A  mineral  consisting  of  the 
tion,asthebeamoyerashop-wmdow;  a  hntel.  ^bonates  of  magnesium  and  iron,  whitish. 
Corruptly  written  bressomer,  bressummer.  exposure  brownish,  in  color,  it  occurs 
bret  (bret),  n.  [E.  dial.,  var.  oibirtburt;  origin  rhombohedral  crystals,  and  is  intermediate  be- 
unknown.  Cf .  hrif^.]  A  local  English  name  (m  t^^,^^.„  tj^e  rhombohedral  carbonates  o£  magnesium  (mag- 
Cornwall)  of  the  brill,  and  also  of  the  turbot.  nesite)  and  iron  (siderite). 


D.  827) ;  <  Bret,  otherwise  breviary  (bre  vi-a-ri  or  brev 
^  -RrJtni  Britons  ov  Brv-  breviaries  {-v\z) .  [ME.breviar ; 
s,  Bryttas,  BTitons,  or  Bnj  abridgment  (ML.  specifically  in  def.  2), 

neut.  of  breviarius,  abridged,  <  brevis,  short: 
see  brief]  If.  An  abridgment;  a  compend; 
an  epitome.  Holland.— 2.  In  the  Bom.  Cath. 
Ch.,  a  book  containing  the  daily  offices  whu  h 
all  who  are  in  major  orders  are  bound  to  read. 

It  consists  of  prayers  or  offices  to  be  used  at  the  canonical 
hours,  and  is  an  abridgment  of  tlie  services  of  the  early 
church,  which  from  tlieir  great  length  were  exhaustnig. 
It  is  made  up  largely  of  the  Psalms,  passages  of  the  Old 
and  New  Testaments  and  the  fathers,  liymns,  anthems, 
etc.,  all  in  Latin,  arranged  for  the  various  seasons  aim 
festivals  of  the  church.  A  similar  book  known  as  uporti- 
forium  or  portass.  was  in  use  in  England  before  the  Keior- 
mation.  The  Order  for  Morning  and  Evening  Prayer  in 
the  English  Book  of  Common  Prayer  is  mamly  a  transla- 
tion and  condensation  from  the  breviary  according  to  tne 
use  of  Sarum.  Besides  tlie  Roman  breviary,  which  is  m 
most  common  use,  there  are  also  others  of  vanous  ar- 


breviary 

rangement,  either  of  certain  religious  orders  or  local, 
often  of  historical  interest. 

3.  A  name  given  to  similar  compilations  used 
in  the  Greek  and  Oriental  churches  Absolu- 
tions in  the  breviary.    See  absolution.--  Breviary  of 

Alaric,  a  conipihition  of  the  written  and  unwritten  laws 
of  Rome,  made  by  Alaric  II. ,  king  of  the  Visigoths,  A.  D.  506. 

breviatet,  v.  t.  [<  L.  hreviatus,  pp.  of  hreviarc, 
shorten,  <  hrevis,  short.  Cf.  ahlreviate  and  hreve, 
V.']   To  abridge.   Sherivood.   See  abbreviate. 

breviatet,  breviatt,  «.  [<  L.  brcviatus,  hreoia- 
tiim,  neut.,  pp.  of  breviare,  shorten:  see  the 
verb.]  1.  A  short  compend;  a  brief  state- 
ment; a  summary. 

I  will  give  you  a  breviat  of  all  that  hath  been  spoken. 

Middleton,  Family  of  Love,  v.  3. 

The  same  little  breviates  of  infidelity  have  .  .  .  been 
published  and  dispersed  with  great  activity. 

Bp.  Porteous,  Charge  to  Diocese  of  London. 

2.  A  lawyer's  brief.    S.  Butler. 
breviature  (bre'vi-a-tur),  n.     [<breviate  + 

-Hre.~]    An  abbreviation.'  Johnson.  [Rare.] 
brevicaudate  (brev-i-ka'dat),  a.    [<  L.  brevis, 

short,  -I-  Cauda,  tail.]     Having  a  short  tail; 

brachyurous. 

Breviceps  (brev'i-seps),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  brevis, 
short,  -I-  caput,  in  comp.  -ceps  {-cipit-),  head.] 
A  genus  of  tailless  amphibians,  typical  of  the 
family  Brevicipitida;. 

brevicipitid  (brev-i-sip'i-tid),  n.    A  toad-like 

amphibian  of  the  family  BrevicipitidcB. 
Brevicipitidae  (brev*i-si-pit'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  < 
Breviceps  {-cipit-)  +  -idce.^  A  family  of  firmister- 
nial  salient  amphibians,  typified  by  the  genus 
Breviceps.  They  have  dilated  sacral  diapophyses,  pre- 
coracoids,  the  coracoids  directed  moderately  backward 
and  mucli  dilated  forward  on  the  epicoracoid  cartilage, 
and  no  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw.  The  species  are  few  and 
are  confined  to  Africa.    Also  written  Brevicepidce. 

breviductor  (brev-i-duk'tor),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  bre- 
vis, short,  -t-  ductor,  leader.]  The  short  ad- 
ductorial  muscle  of  the  thigh;  the  adductor 
brevis.  [Rare.] 

brevier  (brf-ver'),  n.  [So  called  from  being 
used  in  printing  breviaries ;  <  G.  brevier,  <  F. 
breviaire,<.  L.  hreviarium,  a  breviary:  see  brevi- 
arij.'\  1.  A  size  of  printing-type  measuring  112 
lines  to  the  foot,  next  larger  than  minion  and 
snialler  than  bourgeois.  The  larger  type  of 
this  Dictionary,  as  in  the  present  paragraph,  is 
brevier. — 2.  Figuratively,  something  smaller 
than  another  taken  as  a  norm.  Coues,  Key  to 
N.  A.  Birds. 

breviflexor  (brev-i-flek'sor),  n.  [NL.,  <  L. 
brevis,  short,  -t-  NL.  flexor.']  A  short  flexor 
muscle.    [Rare.]    See  flexor  Breviflexor  digi- 

torum,  the  short  flexor  of  the  toes.  Also  called  flexor 
bre  vis  digitor am.  — BrB-n&eiLOT  hallucis,  the  short  flexor 
of  the  great  toe.  Also  called  flexor  brevis  pollicis  pedis.— 
Breviflexor  minimi,  the  short  flexor  of  the  little  finger 
or  tlie  little  toe.  Also  called  flexor  brevis  minimi  digiti. 
—Breviflexor  pollicis,  the  short  flexor  of  the  thumb. 
Also  called  flexor  breois  pollicis. 

brevifoliate  (brev-i-fo'li-at),  a.  [<  L.  brevis, 
short,  +  folium,  leaf:  see  foliate.]  In  bat.,  hav- 
ing short  leaves. 

brevilingual  (brev-i-ling'gwal),  a.  [<  L.  brevis, 
short,  -f-  lingua  =  E.  tongue.]  Having  a  short 
or  small  tongue ;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Brevilingues  or  Brevilinguia. 

Brevilingues  (brev-i-ling'gwez),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
pi.  of  brevilinguis,  short-tongued,  <  L.  brevis, 
short,  +  lingua  =  E.  tongue.]  In  Men-em's 
classification  (1813),  a  group  of  birds  including 
the  hoopoes  and  kingfishers,  or  the  Upupidm 
and  Alcedinidce  of  modern  authors. 

Brevilinguia  (brev-i-ling'gwi-a),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  brevilinguis,  short-tongued:  see 
Brevilingues.]  In  some  systems  of  classification, 
a  group  of  Lacertilia,  or  lizards,  comprising 
those  with  an  elongated  and  sometimes  snake- 
like body,  a  short  tongue,  and  generally  eye- 
lids: contrasted  with  iifejZwj^Mirt,  Crassilinguia, 
Vermilinguia,  etc. 

breviloquence  (brf-vil'o-kwens),  n.  [<  L.  bre- 
viloquentia,  <  breviloquen(t-)s,  short-speaking, 
<  brevis,  short,  +  loquens,  ppr.  of  loqui,  speak.] 
A  brief  or  laconic  mode  of  speaking.  [Rare.] 

brevi  mauu  (bre'vi  ma'nQ).  [L.,  lit.  with  a 
short  hand:  brevi,  abl.  of  brevis,  short;  manu, 
abl.  of  manus,  hand:  see  brief  and  manual.] 
1.  Offhand;  immediately;  without  delay;  at 
once. — 2.  At  or  by  one's  own  hand;  without 
the  intervention  of  another;  specifically,  in 
Scots  law,  on  one's  own  authority,  or  without 
legal  warrant. 

breviped  (brev'i-ped),  a.  and  n.    [<  L.  brevis, 
short,    pes  (ped-)  =  E.foot.]    I.  a.  In  ornith., 
having  short  feet. 
II,  n,  A  bird  having  short  feet. 


677 

brevipen  (brev'i-pen),  n.  [<  NIj.  br&vipennis  : 
see  Brevipennes.]  A  bird  having  short  wings; 
specifically,  one  of  the  Brcvipcnnalai  or  Brcvi- 
pennes. 

Brevipennatae  (brev^i-pe-na'te),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
fem.  pi.  of  brevipiennattis,  short-winged:  see 
brevipennate.]  A  group  of  brachypterous  or 
short-winged  web-footed  birds,  the  Br achyp te- 
res or  Pygopodcs,  including  the  penguins,  auks, 
guillemots,  loons,  and  grebes.    [Not  in  use.] 

brevipennate  (brev-i-peu'at), «.  and  n.  [<  NL. 
brevipennatus,  <  L.  brevis,  short,  +  jyennatus, 
■^nged:  see  pemiatc.]  I.  a.  Having  short 
wings ;  brachypterous ;  specifically,  of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Brevipcnnatce  or  Brevipennes. 
II.  n.  A  bird  having  short  wings. 

Brevipennes  (brev-i-pen'ez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi. 
of  brevipennis,  <  L.  brevis,  short,  -I-  penna,  wing: 
see  pen^.]  In  Cuvier's  classification  of  birds, 
the  first  family  of  Graltw,  comprising  the  os- 
triches and  cassowaries,  emus,  dodos,  and  di- 
dine  birds,  and  the  apteryx :  an  artificial  gi'oup, 
but  in  the  main  the  same  as  iStruthiones  or  Jia- 
titw. 

brevirostral  (brev-i-ros'tral),  a.  Same  as  bre- 
virostrate. 

brevirostrate  (brev-i-ros'trat),  a.  [<  L.  brevis, 
short,  -f-  rostratus,  beaked,  <  rostrum,  beak.] 
In  ornith.,  having  a  short  bill. 

Brevirostres  (brev-i-ros'trez),  n.  pi.   [NL.,  < 

L.  brevis,  short,  rostrum,  beak.]  In  Sunde- 
vall's  classification  of  birds,  a  synonym  of  his 
Cursores. 

brevity  (brev'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  brevitas,  <  brevis, 
short.]  1.  Shortness ;  especially,  surprising  or 
excessive  curtailment  of  the  thing  spoken  of: 
as,  the  brevity  of  human  life.  Specifically — 2. 
Shortness  in  speech  or  wiiting ;  conciseness , 
condensation  into  few  words. 

Brevity  is  the  soul  of  wit.  Shale,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

This  argument  is  stated  by  St.  John  witli  his  usual  ele- 
gant brevitg  and  simplicity. 

Bp.  Porteous,  Kel.  Observance  of  Good  Friday. 
=  Syn.  2.  Compression,  terseness,  pithiness,  succinctness, 
condensation,  sententiousness,  curtness. 

Brevoortia(bre-v6r'ti-a),M.  [NL.;  namedafter 
Mr.  J.  Carson  Brevoortj'oi  New  York.]  A  North 
American  genus  of  herrings,  family  Clupeid(E, 


Menhaden,  orMossbunker  {Brevoortia  tyrannns). 


characterized  by  the  elongated  intestine  and 

carinated  scales.  B.  tyrannns  is  tlie  well-known  moss- 
bunker  or  menhaden,  formerly  included  in  the  genus 
Alosa  or  Clupea  (^A.  or  C.  menhaden).    See  menhaden. 

brewi  (bro),  V.  [<  ME.  brewen  (pret.  breiv,  later 
brewede,  brewed,  pp.  broiven,  later  brewed),  < 
AS. ftredwaw (strong verb;  pret.  *bredw,  pi.  *bru- 
ivon,  pp.  gebroiven;  found  only  in  pp.)=:OFries. 
briuwa  =  D.  brouwen  =  MLG.  bruwen,  browen, 
bruen,  LG.  brugen,  bruen,  brouen  =  OHG.  briu- 
ivan,  MHG.  briuwen,  bruwen,  G.  brauen  =  Icel. 
brugga  =  Sw.  brygga  =  Dan.  brygge,  brew; 
prob.  connected  with  L.  de-frutum,  new  wine 
boiled  down,  Gr.  ppvrov  (for  *^pv-ov),  a  kind 
of  beer;  the  primitive  meaning,  as  indicated 
by  the  (probable)  derivatives  broth'^  and  bread'^, 
being  prob.  more  general,  'prepare  by  fire,' 
hence  'boil,  brew,  bake.'  See  also  hrewis, 
brose^.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  produce  as  a  beverage 
by  fermentation;  prepare  (beer,  ale,  or  other 
similar  liquor)  from  malt,  or  from  malt  and 
hops,  or  from  other  materials,  by  steeping,  boil- 
ing, and  fermentation. —  2.  To  prepare  by  mix- 
ing, boiling,  or  the  like ;  mingle ;  mix;  concoct: 
as,  to  brew  a  bowl  of  punch;  "drinks  breived 
with  several  herbs,"  Bacon. 

Brew  me  a  pottle  of  sack.       Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  5. 

A  witch  who  breio'd  the  philtre.  Tennyson,  Lucretius. 
3.  To  contrive;  plot;  prepare :  as,  to  6reu)  mis- 
chief. 

He  breto  this  cursednesse  and  al  this  synne. 

Chancer,  Monk's  Tale,  1.  395. 
I  found  it  to  be  the  most  malicious  and  frantick  surmise, 
and  the  most  contrary  to  his  nature  that,  I  tliink,  had  ever 
been  brewed.  Wotton. 
Or  brew  fierce  tempests  on  the  wintry  main. 

Popie,  U.  of  the  L.,  ii.  85. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  conduct  the  operations  or 
the  business  of  brewing  or  making  beer. 

I  wash,  ^vring,  brew,  bake,  scour.  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  4. 
2.  To  be  in  a  state  of  preparation ;  be  mixing, 
forming,  or  collecting;  be  impending:  chiefly 


briarbot 

in  the  present  participle:  as,  a  storm  is  brew- 
ing in  the  west. 

Tliere  is  .some  ill  a-lirewini/  toward  my  rest. 

Shah.,  M.  of  V.,  ii.  5. 
From  the  appearance  of  the  clouds  a  gale  was  evidently 
brewing.  Marryat. 

brewl(bro),w.  [<.brew'^,v.]  The  mixture  formed 

by  brewing;  that  wbieli  is  Ijrewed. 
brew-t.    Obsolete  form  of  breo  (which  see), 
brewage  (bro'aj),  n.  [<  brew^  +  -age]  A  mixed 
drink ;  drink  brewed  or  prepared  in  any  way. 
I'll  no  i)ullet-si)erm  in  niy  brewaije. 

Shale,  M.  W.  of  \V.,  iii.  5. 
Some  well-spiced  brewage.  Milton,  Areopagitica. 

A  rich  brewage  made  of  tlie  best  Spanish  wine. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

brewer  (bro'er),  n.  [<  ME.  brewere  (=  D.  brou- 
wrr  =  G.  brauer);  <  brew'^  +  -crl.]  One  who 
brews;  specifically,  one  whose  occupation  is  the 
preparation  of  malt  liquors.— Brewers'  grains. 

Same  as  (Irajf. 

bre'wery  (bro'er-i),  v.;  pi.  breweries  (-iz).  [= 
D.  hrouwcrij  =  G.  hrauerei ;  <  brew^  +  -ery.] 
1.  A  brew-house;  an  establishment  in  which 
brewing  is  carried  on. —  2t.  Brewers  collec- 
tively ;  the  beer-trade. 

If  they  should  bring  any  distress  and  trouble  upon  tlie 
London  brewrry,  it  would  occasion  tlie  making  ill  drink, 
and  drive  the  people  to  brew  themselves,  which  would  de- 
stroy the  duty.         C.  Davenant,  flssays  on  Trade,  I.  79. 

brewett,  «.  [<  ME.  brewet,  brwt,  <  OP.  brotict, 
pottage  or  broth,  dim.  of  brou,  broth,  pi.  broues, 
>E.  brewis,  q.  v.]  A  kind  of  pottage, 
brew-house  (bro'hous),  n.  [<  ME.  brewhous  (= 
OHG.  Iiri'ihns,  G.  bruuhaus);  <  brcw'^  +  house.] 
A  house  or  establishment  in  which  the  opera- 
tions of  brewing  are  carried  on. 
brewing  (bro'ing),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  brew^,  v.] 

1 .  The  act  or  process  of  preparing  liquors  from 
malt  and  hops;  the  process  of  extracting  a 
saccharine  solution  from  malted  grain  and  eon- 
verting  that  solution  into  a  fermented  alcoholic 
beverage  called  ale  or  beer.   The  process  usually 

followed  liy  tlie  Inewcr  may  be  divided  iiiti.  eii^ht  clistiiict 
parts,  viz.,  the  giiudinK  of  tlie  malt,  niasliiu;;,  boiling, 
cooling,  feriiieiitiiig,  cleansing,  racking  or  vatting,  and  fin- 
ing or  cleaning. 

2.  The  quantity  brewed  at  once. 

A  brewing  of  new  beer,  set  by  old  beer,  maketh  it  work 
again.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

3.  A  mixing  together. 

I  am  not  able  to  avouch  anything  for  certainty,  such  a 
brewing  and  sophistication  of  them  they  make. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xiv.  6. 

brewis  (bro'is),  %.  [<  ME.  brcwcs,  browes, 
brouwys,  etc.,  <  OF.  broues,  prop,  pi.,  from  sing. 
*brou,  <  ML.  brodum,  gi-avy,  broth,  <  OHG. 
brod  =  E.  broth^,  q.  v.  Cf.  6mei.]  If.  Broth ; 
pottage. 

What  an  ocean  of  brewis  I  shall  swim  in! 

Fletcher  (and  another  '!),  rrophetess,  i.  3. 
Thou  fur  all 

The  kitchen  bretois  that  was  ever  supt 
Shalt  not  once  dare  to  look  him  in  the  face. 

Teunyso/i,  Gareth  and  Lynettc. 

2.  Bread  soaked  in  broth  or  the  liquor  in  which 
beef  is  being  boiled ;  also,  brown  bread  warmed 
in  milk, 
brew-lockt,  «.    A  brewing. 

I  ne'er  hurt  their  churnings, 
Their  brew-locks,  nor  their  batches. 

Middleton.  The  Witch,  i.  2 

brewster^t  (bro'ster),  n.  [<  ME.  brewster, 
brewestere,  browstere,  a  female  brewer,  also  a 
(male)  brewer,  <  brewen,  brew,  -f-  -ster.]  One 
who  brews;  a  brewer;  more  esi^eeially,  a  wo- 
man who  brews. 

He  [the  chemistl  is  not  a  brewster  like  another,  but  a 
man  who  adds  new  utility  and  value  to  every  creature  in 
the  brewery.  Spectator.  No.  3018,  p.  575. 

brewster^  (bro'ster),  n.  The  sweet-bay,  Magno- 
lia glauca.    [New  Jersey.] 

brewsterite  (bro'ster-it),  n.  [After  Sir  David 
Brewster  (1781-1868).]  A  white,  yellow,  or 
green  pellucid  mineral  of  the  zeolite  family, 
oceui-i-ing  in  short  prismatic  crystals;  a  hy- 
drous silicate  of  aluminium,  strontium,  and 
barium. 

breydt,  r.  and  n.    See  braid'^.  Chaucer. 
breziline  (brf-zil'in),  «.    [F.  bresilinc.]  Same 
as  braziUn. 

brian  (bri'an),  v.  t.  [E.  dial.,  perhaps  for 
*brine,  <  brine,  orig.  a  burning.  Cf.  brinl,  var. 
of  6i(r«l.]  To  keep  fire  at  the  mouth  of  (an 
oven),  either  to  give  light  or  preserve  the  heat. 
[North.  Eng.] 

briar,  briary,  etc.    See  brier,  briery,  etc. 

briarbot  (bri'iir-bot),  n.  [<  briar,  brier.  +  (ap- 
par.)  bot,  a  var.  of  but-.]  A  local  Irish  name 
of  the  fish  called  the  angler.  Several  brier-like 
protuberances  arm  the  head. 


Briarean 

Briarean  (bri-a'rf-an),  a.    [<  LL.  Briareius, 

pertaining  to  the  giai'it  Briareus,  <  Gr.  Bpiapd'g, 
older  (Homeric)  form  B/i/ciptwc,  <  iiiuapo^,  strong.] 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  Briarens,  a  giant 
of  Grecian  mythology  fabled  to  have  a  hun- 
dred hands ;  hence,  having  or  seeming  to  have 
many  hands;  reaching  or  grasping  in  many 
directions. 

Briareidse  (bri-a-re'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bria- 
rcum  +  -«?«'.]  A  family  of  aloyonarians,  of  the 
order  Gorgoniacea;,  having  an  internal  skeleton 
of  calcareous  spicules,  but  no  hox-ny  axis. 

Briareum  (bri-a're-um),  n.  [NL.,  "<  LL.  Bria- 
reius, pertaining  to  Briareus:  see  Briarean.'] 
The  tj'pical  genus  of  aloyonarians  of  the  family 
Briareida'. 

Briaridae  (bri-ar 'i-de),  n.pl.  Same  as  Briareida'. 

bribable  (bri'ba-bl),  (f.  [<  hrilw  +  -able.']  Ca- 
pable of  being  bribed;  liable  to  be  bribed:  as, 
a  bribable  class  of  electors. 

Wendell  had  designated  him  by  implication  as  a  per- 
son bribed,  or  bribable.  The  Nation,  Jan.  13,  ISTO. 

bribaget  (bri'baj),  n.  [<  br  'ibc  +  -age.]  Bribery. 

bribe  (brib),  n.  '  [<  ME.  bribe,  a  gift,  <  OF.  bribe, 
a  gift,  prop.,  as  in  IVIL.  briba,  Picard  brife,  a 
piece  of  bread  given  to  a  beggar,  =  Sp.  briba  = 
It.  birba,  vagrancy  (cf.  OF.  briban,  also  Sp.  bri- 
bon.  It.  birboiie,  hirbantc,  a  vagrant),  prob.  orig. 
a  piece  broken  off  (cf.  bricl-i,  brick^),  <  Bret. 
breva  -  -  W.  briwo,  break,  perhaps  akin  to  E. 
break,  q.  v.]  If.  A  gift  begged ;  a  present. 
This  sompnour  .  .  . 

Rod  fortli  to  sompne  a  widew,  an  old  ribibe, 
Feyning  a  cause,  for  he  wolde  han  a  bribe. 

Chaucer,  Friar  s  Tale,  1.  80. 

2.  A  gift  or  gratuity  bestowed  for  the  pui-poso 
of  influencing  the  action  or  conduct  of  the 
receiver;  especially,  money  or  any  valuable 
consideration  given  or  promised  for  the  be- 
trayal of  a  trust  or  the  corrupt  performance  of 
an  allotted  duty,  as  to  a  fiduciary  agent,  a  judge, 
legislator,  or  other  public  officer,  a  witness,  a 
voter,  etc. 

She  did  corrupt  frail  nature  with  some  bribe, 
To  shrink  mine  arm  up  like  a  vvither'd  shrub. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 
He  that  took  the  silver  basin  and  ewer  for  a  bribe, 
thinketh  that  it  will  never  come  out. 

Latimer,  2d  Serni.  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1550. 
His  horse  was  a  bribe,  and  his  boots  a  bribe;  and  told 
us  he  was  made  up  (jf  bribes,  as  an  Oxford  scholar  is  set 
out  with  other  men  s  Knods,  wlien  he  goes  out  of  town, 
and  that  he  makes  every  sort  of  tradesman  to  bribe  him  ; 
and  invited  me  home  to  his  hoijee,  to  taste  of  his  bribe 
wine.  Pepys,  Diary,  III.  211. 

3.  Anything  that  seduces :  as,  the  bribes  offered 
by  glory  or  power. 

bribe  (brib),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bribed,  ppr.  brib- 
ing.   [<  ME.  briben,  only  in  the  sense  of  'steal,' 

<  OF.  briber  =  Sp.  bribar,  beg,  go  about  beg- 
ging; from  the  noun:  see  bribe,  n.]  I.  trans. 
If.  To  steal. 

For  tiler  is  no  thef  without  a  louke, 
That  helpeth  him  to  wasten  and  to  souke 
Of  that  he  briben  can  or  borwe  may. 

Chaucer,  Cook's  Tale,  1.  53. 
I  bribe,  I  pull,  I  pyll.  Palsgrave. 
Divide  me  like  a  brib'd  buck,  each  a  haunch. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  \V.,  v.  5  (fol.  1623). 

[Most  modern  editions  read  here  bribe.] 
2.  To  give  or  promise  a  reward  or  considera- 
tion to  for  acting  contrary  to  desire  or  duty; 
induce  to  a  certain  course  of  action  by  the  gift 
or  oft'er  of  something  of  value ;  gain  over  or 
corrupt  by  a  bribe. 

How  pow'rful  are  chaste  vows  !  the  wind  and  tide 
You  bribed  to  combat  on  the  English  side.  Dryden. 
No,  sir,  take  your  pitiful  present,  and  know  that  I  am 
not  to  be  bribed  to  screen  your  villanies  by  influence  and 
corruption.  Sheridan,  The  Camp,  i.  1. 

Bribed  with  large  promises  the  men  who  served 
About  my  person.  Tennyson,  Geraint. 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  steal. —  2.  To  practise 
bribery;  give  a  bribe  to  a  person. 

An  attempt  to  bribe,  though  unsuccessful,  has  been 
holden  to  be  criminal,  and  the  defender  may  be  indicted. 

Bouvier. 

bribee  (bri-be'),  «•  [<  bribe  +  -eel.]  One  who 
receives  or  agrees  to  receive  a  bribe.  [Rare.] 

bribeless  (brib'les),  a.  [<  bribe  +  -less.]  In- 
capable of  being  bribed;  not  to  be  bribed. 
[Rare.] 

Conscience  is  a  most  bribeless  worker,  it  never  knows 
how  to  make  a  false  report. 

Bp.  Beynolds,  On  the  Passions,  p.  534  (Ord  MS.). 

bribe-pander  (brib'pan"der),  n.    One  who  pro- 
cures bribes.  Burke. 
briber  (bri'ber),  n.    [In  sense  1,  <  ME.  bribour, 

<  OF.  bribeur,  a  thief.  In  sense  2,  directly  < 
bribe,  v.,  +  -erl.]    If.  A  thief;  a  robber. 


678 

Who  saveth  a  thefe  whan  the  rope  is  knet, 
With  some  false  turne  the  bribour  will  him  quite. 

Lydijate,  Trag.,  1.  152. 

2.  One  who  bribes ;  one  who  gives  or  offers  a 
bribe ;  one  who  endeavors  to  influence  or  cor- 
rupt another  by  a  bribe. 

Nor  can  I  ever  believe  that  he  that  is  a  briber  shall  be 
a  good  justice.       Latimer,  2d  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  l.^SO. 

briberoust  (bri'ber-us),  a.    [<  briber  +  -oiis.] 

Pertaining  to  bribery, 
bribery  (bri'ber-i),  v.    [<  ME.  briberic,  bribri/e, 
<  OF.  briberic,  theft,  robbery:  see  bribe  and 
-erij.]  If.  Theft ;  robbery ;  extortion ;  rapacity. 
Fy  on  thee  fundlyng, 
Thou  lyfes  bot  bi  b)-ybre. 

Towneley  Mysteries,  p.  194. 
Ye  make  clean  the  utter  side  of  the  cup  and  of  the  plat- 
ter; but  within  they  are  full  of  bribery. 

Geneva  Bible,  Mat.  xxiii.  25. 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  giving  or  taking  a 
bribe,  or  of  influencing  or  being  influenced  by 
a  bribe  or  bribes;  especially,  the  act  of  paying 
or  receiving,  or  of  agreeing  to  pay  or  receive, 
a  reward  other  than  legal  compensation  for  the 
e.\ereise  of  official  or  delegated  power  irrespec- 
tive of  the  dictates  of  duty,  or  for  a  false  judg- 
ment or  testimony,  or  for  the  performance  of 
that  which  is  known  to  be  illegal  or  unjust. 
Bribery  is  a  princely  kind  of  thieving. 

Latimer,  3d  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 

Judicial  bribery,  the  bribing  of  a  judge,  magistrate,  or 
any  person  concerned  judicially  in  the  administration  of 
justice.  It  is  the  receiving  or  offering  of  any  undue  reward 
by  or  to  any  person  whose  ordinary  profession  or  business 
relates  to  the  administration  of  public  justice  in  order 
to  influence  his  behavior  in  office,  and  incline  him  to 
act  contrary  to  the  known  rules  of  honesty  and  integrity. 
Greenleaf. 

bribery-oath  (bri'ber-i-oth),  w.  In  Great  Brit- 
ain, an  oath  which  may  be  administered  to  a 
voter  at  a  parliamentary  election,  if  the  poll- 
ing sheriff  see  cause,  certifying  that  he  has 
not  received  a  bribe  for  his  vote. 

bric-a-brac  (brik'a-brak),  n.  [F.,  of  uncer- 
tain origin ;  according  to  Littr^,  based  on  the 
phrase  de  brie  et  dc  broc,  by  hook  or  by  crook: 
OF.  de,  from;  brie,  a  cage  or  trap  for  birds 
(whence  the  phrase  prendre  an  brie  (or  brit), 
to  take  at  advantage);  ct,  and;  broc,  a  jug, 
flagon,  tankard,  pot.  According  to  others, 
a  varied  reduplication  of  *brac,  <  MD.  brack- 
goed,  damaged  goods,  waste:  see  brack'^.  For 
the  reduplication,  cf.  the  equiv.  E.  term  knick- 
knacks.]  Objects  having  a  certain  interest 
or  value  from  their  rarity,  anticiuity,  or  the 
like,  as  old  fm'nitm-e,  plate,  china,  and  curios- 
ities ;  articles  of  virtu ;  ornaments  which  may 
be  pretty  or  curious,  but  have  no  intrinsic  claim 
to  rank  as  serious  works  of  art.  The  term  is 
often  used  with  a  sense  of  depreciation. 

Two  things  only  jarred  on  his  eye  in  his  hurried  glance 
round  the  room ;  there  was  too  much  bric-d-brac,  and  too 
many  flowers.  //.  Kinysley,  Ravenshoe,  xxxi. 

brichet  (bresh),  n,  [OF.  (ML.  brica) :  see  bri- 
cole.]    Same  as  bricole,  1. 

brichettet  (bri-shef),  «■  A  collective  name 
for  armor  for  the  hips  and  tliighs.  FlancM. 

brickl  (brik),  II.  [E.  dial,  and  Sc.,  <  ME.  brike, 
bryke,  unassibilated  form  of  *bryche,  bruclie,  < 
AS.  brice,  bryce,  a  breach,  break,  fracture,  a 
piece,  fragment :  see  breck  and  breach,  of  which 
bricki  is  a  dial,  variant:  see  also  brack^.  Cf. 
brick'^.]    1.  Abroach.  Jamieson.  [Scotch.] — 

2.  A  rent  or  flaw.    HalUwell.    [Pro v.  Eng.]  — 

3.  A  portion  of  land  (apparently  the  same  as 
breck,  4).    Jamieson.  [Scotch.] 

bricfci  (brik),  V.  t.  [E.  dial.,  var.  of  break;  cf. 
brickX,  n.]    To  break  by  pulling  back. 

brick^  (brik),  11.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bricke,  brique;  <  ME.  bryke,  later  brique,  after 
OF.  brique,  a  brick,  a  plate,  leaf  or  wedge  of 
metal,  mod.  F.  brique  (cf.  mod.  It.  bricco,  Ir. 
Gael,  brice,  <  E.),  a  brick;  appar.  <  MD.  (Flem.) 
bricke,  brijke,  a  tile,  brick,  bricke,  a  disk,  plate, 
=  MLG.  bricke,  a  disk,  plate,  piece  in  checkers, 
chess,  or  backgammon,  name  of  a  game  played 
on  ice,  =  G.  bricke,  a  small  board,  a  round  wood- 
en plate,  =  Sw.  bricka,  a  piece  in  checkers,  etc., 
=  ODan.  bricke,  brikke,  Dan.  brik,  hrikke,  a  wood- 
en plate,  a  blank  (coin),  a  piece  in  checkers, 
etc. ;  cf.  ODan.  '*brik,  partition,  in  comp.  briks- 
dor,  the  door  between  the  choir  and  the  body  of 
a  church  {dor  =  E.  door),  =  Norw.  brik  (brik),  a 
short  table  or  bench  near  the  door  or  fireplace,  a 
bar,  railing,  low  wall  or  partition  of  boards,  = 
Icel.  brik,  a  low  wall  or  partition  of  boards,  a 
square  tablet,  a  tablet  or  panel  in  a  bedstead, 
etc.  The  F.  brique,  a  brick,  is  usually  explained 
as  a  particular  use  of  OF.  and  P.  dial,  brique,  a 


brick 

piece,  fragment,  this  being  referred  to  the  AS. 
brice,  bryce,  a  piece,  fragment  (cf.  F.  dial. 
brique  du  pa'ui,  equiv.  to  AS.  hldj'es  brice,  a 
piece  of  bread) ;  but  neither  of  the  two  Teut. 
forms,  Icel.  brik  (with  long  vowel),  a  tablet, 
etc.,  MD.  brijke  (with  long  vowel),  MD.  MLG. 
bricke  (with  short  vowel),  a  brick,  tile,  plate, 
etc.,  agrees  in  sense  or  foi-m  with  the  AS.  brice, 
bryce,  a  piece,  fragment,  and  its  cognates,  nor 
can  either  be  brought  into  connection  with  the 
primitive  verb  of  the  latter  (Icel.  breka  =  MD. 
MLG.  breken  =  AS.  brecan,  E.  break),  except 
perhaps  thi-ough  the  medium  of  the  OF.  But 
the  sense  of  '  brick,'  which  does  not  belong  to 
the  AS.,  G.,  and  Scand.  forms,  is  a  derived  one ; 
cf.  the  explanatory  synonyms  brickstone,  brick- 
tile.  The  MD.  and  MLG.  cognates  of  the  AS. 
brice,  bryce  (E.  breach,  dial,  brick^,  breck,  q.  v.) 
are  different:  see  breach.  Cf.  MLG.  bricke, 
LG.  2}rikkc  =  MD.  2)rick,  D.  prik  -  late  MHG. 
pryecke, prycke,  G.  bricke,  pricke  ^ODim.  bricke, 
a  lamprey;  appar.  a  different  word.]  I.  n.  1. 
A  kind  of  artificial  stone  made  (usually)  of 
moistened  and  finely  kneaded  clay  molded  into 
rectangular  blocks  (the  length  of  which  is  com- 
monly twice  the  breadth),  and  hardened  by  be- 
ing burned  in  a  kiln,  or  sometimes,  especially 
in  warm  coimtries,  by  being  dried  in  the  sun. 
Sun-dried  bricks  are  usually  now,  as  in  remote  auti(iuity, 
mixed  with  chopped  straw  to  give  them  greater  tenacity. 
(See  adobe.)  Bricks  in  the  United  States  and  Europe  are 
generally  red  (see  brick-clay),  but  some  clays  produce  yel- 
lowish bricks,  as  for  example  the  il  ibuaulcee  brick  much 
used  as  an  ornamental  building  material  in  the  United 
States.  The  bricks  made  in  China  and  Japan  are  invaria- 
bly of  a  slaty-blue  color.  [Brick  is  used  in  the  singulai' 
collectively  for  bricks  in  the  mass  or  as  a  material.] 

Also,  that  no  chymneys  of  Tymber  be  suffred,  ne  thacch- 
ed  houses  w'yn  the  Cyte,  but  that  the  owners  do  hem  awey, 
and  make  them  chynmeys  of  Stone  or  Bryke  by  mydsomer 
day  next  conunynge,  and  tyle  the  thacched  houses  by  the 
seid  day,  in  peyn  of  lesynge  of  a  noble. 

Ordinances  of  Worcester  (1467),  in  Eng.  Gilds,  p.  386. 

2.  A  mass  or  object  resembling  a  brick :  as,  a 
brick  of  tea;  a  silver  bi'ick.  Specifically — 3. 
A  loaf  of  bread.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 4.  In  her.,  a 
charge  similar  to  a  billet,  but  depicted  so  as  to 
show  the  thickness,  that  is,  in  perspective. — 
Bath  brick,  a  substance  used  for  polishing  or  cleaning 
metallic  utensils,  consisting  of  the  fine  silicious  sand  de- 
posited in  the  river  Parret,  in  Somersetshire,  England, 
of  which  Bath  is  the  capital.  This  material  is  made  into 
bricks  at  Bridgewater,  and  is  extensively  used  in  both 
England  and  America.— Blue  brick,  brick  with  a  Ijlue  sur- 
face obtained  in  l)urning.  They  contain  iron  and  lime,  are 
exceedingly  hard,  and  highly  esteemed  for  durability. — 
Bristol  brick,  a  name  by  which  Bath  brick  is  sometimes 
known  in  the  United  States. —  Carving-brick.  S.ame  as 
cutlery-brick. —  Concave  brick,  a  brick  >ised  in  making 
arches  or  curves ;  a  compass-brick.  —  Dutch  bricks,  bricks 
of  a  dirty  brimstone-color,  used  for  paving  yards,  stables, 
etc.— Feather-edged  brick,  a  brick  of  a  pjismatic  form 
used  for  ai  clics,  vaults,  etc.—  Flanders  brick,  a  soft  brick 
used  for  cleaning  knives,  and  for  similar  purposes.  The 
name  is  little  if  at  all  used  in  the  United  States. — Flemish 
brick,  a  species  of  hard  yellow  brick  used  for  paving. — 
Floating  bricks,  bricks  made  of  light  silicious  earth 
called  fossil  meal,  capable  of  floating  on  water,  and  also 
remarkable  for  their  infusibility  and  as  non-conductors  of 
heat.  They  were  made  Ijy  the  ancients,  and  the  process 
was  rediscovered  in  Italy  in  1791.  Powder-magazines 
have  been  experimentally  made  of  them  with  success. — 
Gaged  brick,  a  brick  made  in  the  shape  of  a  wedge,  to 
conf(U'm  to  the  radius  of  the  soffit  of  an  arch. — Green 
brick,  a  brick  not  yet  burned;  imfinished  brick. — Hol- 
low brick,  a  brick  made  with  iierforations  through  it  for 
heating  or  ventilating  purposes,  or  to  prevent  moisture 
from  penetrating  a  wall. —  Place-brick,  common  rough 
bi-ick,  for  walks,  cellars,  etc.—  Pressed  brick,  brick  which 
has  been  pressed  in  a  machine  or  clamp,  and  is  thus  more 
compact  and  smoother  than  ordinary  brick.  It  is  used  for 
fronts  and  the  finest  work. — Salmon  brick,  a  light,  soft 
brick,  of  inferior  quality,  and  of  a  light  saffron  color,  due 
to  incomplete  burning. — Stone  brick,  a  very  hard  kind  of 
brick  made  at  Neath,  in  Wales,  much  used  in  the  construc- 
tion of  furnaces,  from  its  power  of  resisting  heat. — To 
have  a  brick  in  one's  hat,  to  be  intoxicated.  [Colloq.] 
—Washed  brick,  a  l)rick  that  has  been  exposed  to  the 
rain  before  being  burned,  and  hence  of  inferior  grade. 

II.  a.  Made  of  brick ;  resembling  brick :  as, 
a  brick  wall ;  a  brick-red  color, 
brick^  (brik),  V.  t.    [<  brick^,  n.]    1.  To  lay  or 
pave  with  bricks,  or  to  surroimd,  close,  or  wall 
in  with  bricks. 

A  narrow  street,  closely  bricked  in  on  all  sides  like  a 
tomb.  Dickens. 

2.  To  build  in  with  bricks ;  place  in  brickwork. 

Brick  me  into  that  wall  there  for  a  chimney-piece, 
And  say  I  was  one  o'  the  Csesars,  done  by  a  seal-cutter. 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  iv.  3. 

3.  To  give  the  appearance  of  brick  to :  said  of 
a  plastered  wall  when  it  is  smeared  with  red 
ocher  and  joints  are  made  in  it  with  an  edge- 
tool,  and  then  filled  with  fine  plaster  to  resem- 
ble brickwork. 

brick^  (brik),  «.  [The  origin  is  uncertain.  Usu- 
ally referred  to  brick^,  various  stories  being  in- 
vented in  explanation.    According  to  one  ac- 


brick 

count,  the  expression  arose  in  the  English  uni- 
versities as  a  humorous  translation  of  Aris- 
totle's rerpayuvo^  avTjp,  a  perfect  (Ut.  'square' 
or  rectangular)  man:  see  tetragon  and  square.} 
A  good  fellow,  in  an  emphatic  sense :  a  term  of 
admiration  bestowed  on  one  who  on  occasion 
or  habitually  shows  in  a  modest  way  great  or 
unexpected  coiu-age,  kindness,  or  thoughtful- 
ness,  or  other  admii'able  qualities.  [CoUoq.] 
"In  brief  I  don't  stick  to  declare  Father  Dick, 
So  they  called  him  for  short,  was  a  regular  brick; 
A  metaphor  taken,  I  have  not  the  page  aright, 
Out  of  an  ethical  work  by  the  Stagyrite." 
Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  Brothers  of  Birchington. 
School-fellows  of  Heriot's  Hospital,  like  bricks  of  boys, 
supplied  him  with  food  for  six  weeks. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  331. 

brick-az  (brik'aks),  n.  A  two-edged  ax  used 
in  shaping  bricks. 

brick-barrow  (brik'bar"o),  n.  In  hrickmaldtui, 
a  wheelbarrow  used  for  carrying  bricks,  dif- 
fering from  the  ordinary  form  in  having  the 
wheel  in  the  middle,  the  bricks  being  piled 
upon  slats  nmning  lengthwise  at  each  side. 

brickbat  (brik'bat),  n.  A  piece  or  fragment  of 
a  brick ;  especially,  a  piece  of  a  brick  used  as 
a  missile.  See  hat^,  8.— Brickbat  cheese.  See 
cheese^. 

brickbat  (brik'bat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Irick- 
batted,  ppr.  hrickhatting.  To  assail  with  pieces 
of  brick:  as,  the  mob  brickbatted  the  police. 

brick-built  (brik'bilt),  a.  Built  with  brick :  as, 
"the  brick-built  town,"  Dryden. 

brick-clamp  (brik'klamp), «.  A  stack  of  bricks 
in  order  for  burning.    E.  H.  Knight. 

brick-clay  (brik'kla),  n.  Clay  used  or  suitable 
for  making  bricks  and  tiles ;  a  tolerably  pure 
silicate  of  alumina,  combined  with  various  pro- 
portions of  sand,  and  with  not  more  than  2  per 
cent,  of  Ume  and  other  alkaline  earths.  The 
red  color  of  common  bricks  depends  on  the 
presence  of  a  little  iron  peroxid. 

brick-dust  (brik'dust),  n.  Dust  from  disinte- 
grated bricks ;  specifically,  the  dust  of  pounded 
Bath  brick  (which  see,  under  brick?,  ».),  or  the 
earth  from  which  Bath  brick  is  made. 

brick-earth  (brik'erth),  n.  Any  kind  of  ma- 
terial which  is  suitable  for  making  bricks,  or 
which,  with  or  without  the  addition  of  other 
materials,  can  be  used  for  that  pm-pose.  in  and 
near  London  the  alluvial  deposits  resting  upon  the  Lon- 
don clay  are  known  as  brick-earth,  and  they  may  be  de- 
scribed as  being  a  sandy  loam,  passing  by  fine  gradations 
into  clay  or  marl.  Near  London  that  kind  of  earth  which 
without  any  addition  makes  the  best  kind  of  brick  is 
called  by  the  brickmakers  malm  ;  it  is  a  clayey  material, 
containing  a  considerable  quantity  of  chalk  in  fine  parti- 
cles. In  the  United  States  the  material  used  for  making 
bricks  is  almost  always  called  brick-clay,  or  simply  clay. 

The  collection  of  Sir  Antonio  Brady  contains  portions 
of  no  fewer  than  a  hundred  elephants,  all  collected  from 
the  brick-earth  of  Ilford.     Huxley,  Physiography,  p.  '284. 

brickenl  (brik'n),  v.  t.  [Appar.  <  brick^  + 
-e»i.]  To  hold  (the  head)  up  and  back ;  bridle. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

bricken^  (brik'n),  a.  [<  brick^  -f  -e»2.]  Made 
of  brick.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

brick-field  (brik'f  eld),  n.  A  field  or  yard  where 
bricks  are  made. 

brickfielder  (brik'feF'der),  w.  [Appar.  in  allu- 
sion to  the  heat  of  a  brick-field.]  A  hot  north 
wind  prevalent  in  southern  Australia.  [Local 
slang.] 

bricking  (brik'ing),  11.  [<  &ncfc2  +  -ing^.}  1. 
Brickwork. —  2.  An  imitation  of  brickwork 
made  on  a  plastered  surface. 

brick-kiln  (brik'kil),  n.  A  kiln  or  fui-nace  in 
which  bricks  are  baked  or  burned ;  also,  a  pile 
of  bricks  for  burning,  laid  loose,  with  arches 
underneath  to  receive  the  fuel. 

bricklayer  (brik'la'er),  n.  One  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  build  with  bricks  Bricklayers'  itch, 

a  species  of  eczema  produced  on  the  hands  of  bricklayers' 
by  the  contact  of  lime. 

bricklaying  (brik'la'ing),  n.  The  art  of  build- 
ing with  bricks,  or  of  uniting  them  by  cement 
or  mortar  in  various  forms ;  the  art  or  occupa- 
tion of  laying  bricks. 

brickie  (brik'l),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brikle, 
and  dial,  brockle,  bruckle;  <  ME.  brekil,  brukel, 
brokel,  also  bruchel,  Sc.  brokyll,  brukyl,  etc., 
appar.  <  AS.  *brecol,  *brycel  (=  MD.  brokel  = 
MLG.  brokel;  cf.  D.  brokkelig,  G.  brocklig),  with 
suffix  -ol,  -el,  forming  adjectives  from  verbs, 
<  brecan  (pp.  brocen),  break:  see  break.  Now 
superseded  by  the  equiv.  but  etymologically 
difC.  brittle,  q.  v.]  Brittle;  easily  broken. 
[Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 

But  th'  Altare,  on  the  which  this  Image  staid, 
Was,  O  great  pity  !  built  of  brickie  clay. 

Spenser,  Ruines  of  Time,  1.  499. 


679 

The  purest  glasse  is  the  most  brickie,  .  .  .  and  the  quick- 
est wit  the  more  easily  woone  to  folly. 

Greene,  Repentance,  To  the  Reader. 

brickleness  (brik'l-nes),  n.  Brittleness.  [Ob- 
solete or  prov.  Eng.] 
bricklow  (brik'lo),  n.  [Appar.  of  native  ori- 
gin.] A  species  of  acacia,  native  in  Australia, 
brick-machine  (brik'ma-shen"),  «.  An  appa- 
ratus for  molding  bricks.  Some  brick-machines 
use  wet  clay  from  a  pug-mill,  others  dry  clay.  In  the  for- 
mer the  clay  is  discharged  from  the  pug-mill  in  a  solid 
stream,  which  is  cut  by  the  brick-machine  into  brick- 
shaped  pieces ;  in  the  latter  the  dry  clay  is  delivered  to 
molds  placed  on  a  horizontal  revolving  table,  while  pis- 
tons press  the  clay  into  them,  and  then  eject  the  molded 
brick.    Also  called  hrick-jiress. 

brickmaker  (brik'ma'ker),  w.   One  who  makes 
bricks,  or  whose  occupation  is  to  make  bricks, 
brickmaking  (brik'ma"king),  n.    The  art  of 
making  bricks, 
brick-mason  (brik'ma'''sn),  n.    A  bricklayer, 
bricknog  (brik'nog),  a.    Composed  of  timber 
framing  filled  in  with  brickwork :  as,  a  bricknog 
partition. 

bricknogging  (brik'nog-ing),  n.  Brickwork  car- 
ried up  as  a  filling  in  timber  framing, 
brick-press  (brik'pres),  n.    Same  as  brick-ma- 
chine. 

brickstone  (brik'ston),  n.  A  brick.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

brick-tea  (brik'te),  n.   A  kind  of  tea  formed  by 
softening  the  larger  leaves  and  refuse  twigs  and 
dust  of  the  tea-plant  with  steam  or  boiling 
water  and  molding  them  into  a  brick-shaped 
mass.    In  this  form  it  is  extensively  sent  overland  from 
China  to  Russia.    It  is  consumed  largely  in  Siberia  and 
Mongolia,  where  it  serves  also  as  a  medium  of  exchange, 
brick-tile  (brik'til),  n.  A  brick.   [Prov.  Eng.] 
brick-trimmer  (brik'trim*er),  n.    In  arch.,  a 
brick  arch  abutting  against  the  wooden  trimmer 
in  front  of  a  fireplace,  as  a  safeguard  against  fire, 
brickwallt,  «•    [An  accom.  form  of  bricoil,  bri- 
cofc.]    Same  as  bricole,  3. 
brickwise  (brik'wis),  a.  and  adv.  Arranged  like 
bricks  in  a  wall ;  with  the  ends  in  each  row  over 
the  middle  parts  of  the  row  below, 
brickwork  (brik'werk),  n.    "Work  done  or  con- 
structed with  bricks ;  bricklayers'  work, 
bricky  (brik'i),  a.  [<  brick^  +  -^/l.]  1.  Full  of 
bricks,  or  formed  of  brick. —  2.  Of  the  color  of 
common  brick :  as,  a  bricky  red. 
brick-yard  (brik'yard),  n.    A  place  where 
bricks  are  made, 
bricoilt,  w-    Same  as  bricole,  3. 
bricole  (bri-kol'),  n.   [In  sense  3,  also  formerly 
brickol,  bricoil,  and  by  popular  etym.  brickwall; 
<  F.  bricole,  also  bricolle,  mod.  F.  bricole,  back- 
stroke, toils,  breast-band,  strap,  =  It.  briccola  = 
Sp.  brigola  (ML.  bricola;  cf.  ML.  brica,  OF. 
briehe),  a  catapult,  perhaps  <  MHG.  brechel,  a 
breaker,  <  brechen  =  E.  break.'}    If.  A  military 
engine  for  throwing  darts  or  quarrels ;  a  kind 
of  catapult.  Also  briche. —  2.  Harness  worn  by 
men  who  have  loads  to  carry  or  to  drag. —  Sf. 
A  side-stroke  at  tennis, 
bridlf,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  bird^. 
brid^t,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  bride. 
bridal  (bri'dal),  ».  and  a.    [Foi-merly  also 
bridall;  prop.",  as  in  early  mod.  E.,  bridalc, 
bride-ale,_<  ME.  bridale,  brudale,  <  AS.  brydealo 
(also  bryd-ealoth,  dat.),  bridal,  Ut.  bride-ale, 

1.  e.,  bride-feast,  <  bryd,  bride,  +  ealo  (gen. 
and  dat.  ealoth),  ale,  in  comp.  a  feast:  see  ale. 
Cf.  church-ale,  clerk-ale,  etc.  In  mod.  use  the 
terminal  element  has  been  assimilated  to  the 
suffix  -al,  and  the  word  accordingly  used  also 
as  an  adj.,  like  nuptial,  etc.]  I,  n.  If.  A  feast 
at  a  marriage  ;  a  wedding-feast. 

We  see  no  ensigns  of  a  wedding  here  ;  no  character  of 
a  bride-ale:  where  be  oui-  scarves  and  our  gloves? 

B.  Jonson,  Epicceue,  iii.  2. 

2.  A  marriage ;  nuptials. 

Did  her  honor  as  the  Prince's  bride. 
And  clothed  her  for  her  bridals  like  the  sun. 

Tennyson,  Geraiiit. 
Sweet  day,  so  cool,  so  calm,  so  bright, 
The  bridal  of  the  earth  and  sky. 

G.  Herbert,  "Virtue. 
II.  a.  Belonging  to  a  bride  or  to  a  wedding: 
as,  a  bridal  wreath. 

Come,  I  will  bring  thee  to  thy  bridal  chamber. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  1. 

bridaltyt  (bri'dal-ti),  n.  [<  bridal  +  -ty.']  Cele- 
bration of  a  nuptial  feast. 

At  Quintain  he. 
In  honour  of  this  bridaltee. 
Hath  challenged  either  wide  countee. 

B.  Jonson,  Love's  Welcome  at  Welbeck. 

bridal-wreath  (bri'dal-reth),  n.  1.  The  com- 
mon name  of  a  cultivated  species  of  Spiraa, 


bridegroom 

S.  hypericifolia,  with  long  recurved  branches 
and  numerous  small  white  double  flowers  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves. —  2.  The  Frnncoa  ramosa, 
a  somewhat  shrubby  saxifragaceous  plant  of 
Chili,  with  long  crowded  racemes  of  white 
flowers.  It  is  cultivated  in  England, 
bride'^  (hrid),  n.  [<  ME.  bride,  brydc,  brude, 
nom.  prop,  withoiit  the  final  e,  hrid,  bryd,  hrud, 
often  transposed  bird,  burd,  etc.  (see  bird^),  a 
bride,  a  young  lady,  <  AS.  bryd,  a  bride,  =  OS. 
brild  =  OFries.  breid  —  MD.  bnld,  D.  bruid  = 
MLG.  brut,  LG.  brud  =  OHG.  MHG.  briit  G. 
braut,  bride  (i.  e.,  betrothed  woman),  =  Icel. 
brtidhr  =  Sw.  Dan.  brud,  a  bride,  =  Goth.  hrHths, 
daughter-in-law  (>  ult.  F.  bru,  earlier  bruy, 
*brut,  ML.  brut,  bruta,  daughter-in-law),  cf. 
comp.  hruth-fatlis,  bridegroom  (see  bridegroom) ; 
root  unknown.]  1.  A  woman  newly  married, 
or  about  to  be  married. 

He,  only  he,  can  tell,  who,  match'd  like  me,  .  .  . 

Has  by  his  own  experience  tried. 

How  much  the  wife  is  dearer  than  the  bride. 

Lord  Lyttelton,  An  Irregular  Ode. 

2.  A  name  of  the  American  wood  or  summer 
duck,  Aix  .sponsa.  Coues. 

brideif  (brid),  v.  [<  bridc^,  n.']  I.  trans.  To 
make  a  bride  of;  marry.  [Rare.] 

I  knew  a  man 
Of  eighty  winters,  this  I  told  them,  who 
A  lass  of  fourteen  bridcd. 
Fletcher  (and  another).  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  v.  2. 

II,  intrans.  (with  indefinite  it).  To  act  like 
a  bride  ;  assume  the  air  of  a  bride. 

Maidens  conmionly  now  a  dayes  are  no  sooner  borne, 
but  they  beginne  to  bride  it. 

Lyly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  83. 

bride^  (brId),  «.  [<  ME.  bride,  a  bridle,  <  OP. 
F.  bride,  a  bridle,  string,  strap,  button-loop, 
etc.,  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  brida,  a  bridle:  see  bridle.} 
It.  A  bridle. 

Theo  lady  .  .  .  syngeth  of  Dydo  and  Enyas, 
How  love  heora  ladde  by  strong  bride. 

King  Alisaunder,  1.  7625. 
2.  In  needleivork,  lacemaMng,  etc.,  a  loop,  link, 
or  tie. 

bride-alet  (brid'al),  n.  An  old  and  etymologi- 
cal form  of  bridal. 

bride-bed  (brid'bed),  n.  [<  ME.  (not  found),  < 
AS.  bryd-bed  =  MLG.  brutbcdde  =1).  bruidsbed 
z=  MHG.  hrutbette,  G.  brautbett.}  The  marriage- 
bed.  Shak.  [Rare.] 

bride-bowlt  (brid'bol),  n.    Same  as  bride-cup. 

bride-brancht  (brid'branch),  n.  A  sprig  of  rose- 
mary formerly  carried  at  weddings  as  a  token 
of  remembrance. 

I'd  ride  forty  miles  to  follow  such  a  fellow  to  church  ; 
and  would  make  more  of  a  sprig  of  rosemary  at  his  burial 
than  of  a  gilded  bride-branch  at  mine  own  w  edding. 

Middleton,  Blurt,  Master-Constable,  i.  1. 

bride-cake  (brid'kak),  n.  Same  as  wedding- 
cake. 

In  the  North,  slices  of  the  Bride-cake  are  put  through 
the  Wedding  Ring,  they  are  afterwards  laid  under  Pillows 
at  Night  to  cause  young  Persons  to  dream  of  their  Lovers. 

J.  Brand,  in  Bourne's  Pop.  Antiq.  (1777),  p.  335. 

bride-chamber  (brld'cham'^ber),  ».  A  nuptial 
apartment. 

Can  the  children  of  the  bridechamber  mourn,  as  long 
as  the  bridegroom  is  with  them?  Mat.  ix.  15. 

bride-cupt  (brid'kup),  «.  A  bowl  or  cup  of 
spiced  wine  and  other  ingredients  foi-merly 
served  with  bride-cake  at  wedding-feasts.  Also 
called  bride-bowl. 

Get  our  bed  ready,  chamberlain  ; 
Host,  a  bride-cup  ;  you  have  rare  conceits, 
And  good  ingredients.      B.  Jonson,  New  Inn,  v.  1. 

bride-day  (bnd'dfi),  n.     The  mamage-day. 

jScott. 

bridegroom  (brid'grom),  «.  [Early  mod.  E. 
bridegrome  (Tyndale,  a.  d.  1525),  -n-ith  inserted  r 
as  in  the  simple  groom  (q.  v.);  <  ME.  bridegome, 
bridgumc,  bredgome,  brudgume,  <  AS.  brydguma, 
also  hrydiguma  (brydi  for  bryde,  gen.  otbryd)  (= 
OS.brudigumo  —  OFries.  breidgoma  =1).  bruide- 
gom,  bruigom  =  'MhG.  brudegani,  hG.  briidegam, 
brodegam,  brogam  =  OHG.  brfitigomo,  MHG. 
briutegome,  G.  brdutigam  =  Icel.  brudhgumi  = 
Sw.  brudgum,  -gumme,  =  ODan.  brudcgomme, 
brudgomme,  Dan.  brndgom),  lit.  bride's  man,  < 
bryd,  gen.  bryde,  etc.,  bride,  +  guma,  man:  see 
hride"^  and  groom.  Cf.  Goth,  brnthfaths,  bride- 
gi'oom,<  brfdhs,  daughter-in-law  (bride),  ^-/a^/^s 
=  Gr.  TTooic  =  Skt.  pati,  husband,  lord:  see 
despot,  potent,  etc.]  1.  A  man  newly  married, 
or  about  to  be  married. 

He  that  hath  the  bride  is  the  bridegroom.    John  iii.  29. 
Those  dulcet  sounds  in  break  of  day 
That  creep  into  the  dreaming  bridegroom's  car, 
And  summon  him  to  marriage.   Shak. ,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  2. 


bridegroom 

2.  [Perhaps  in  allusion  to  its  sparkling  appear- 
ance.]   A  local  name  in  Banffshii-e,  Scotland, 
of  the  gemmous  dragonet,  CaUioiii/mns  lyra. 
bride-houset  (bnd'hous),  n.    A  public  hall  for 
celebrating  marriages. 

A  bi-ide-fioiisc,  as  when  .1  liall  or  other  large  place  is  pro- 
vided to  keepe  the  bridall  in.  Nomenclator  (1585). 

bride-knott  (brid'not),  n.  A  breast-knot;  a 
knot  of  ribbons  worn  by  a  guest  at  a  wedding ; 
a  wedding-favor. 

bride-lacet  (brid'las),  «.  Fringed  strings  of 
silk,  cotton,  or  worsted,  formerly  given  at  a  wed- 
ding to  the  friends  of  the  bride  and  gi'oom  to 
tie  xip  the  rosemary-sprigs  they  carried  (see 
hridc-branch).  After  the  ceremony  they  were 
twisted  into  the  hats  or  in  the  hair,  and  worn 
as  streamers. 

Nosegays  and  bride  laces  in  their  liats. 

Heywood,  Woman  Killed  with  Kindnes^i. 

bridelyt  (brid'li),  a.    [<  hride^  +  Of  or 

pertaining  to  a  bride  ;  nuptial. 

She,  hating  as  a  heinous  crime  the  bond  of  bridebj  bed, 
Did  fold  about  her  father's  neck  with  fawning  arms. 

Golding. 

bridemaid,  n.    See  bridesmaid. 

brideman,  n.    See  bridesman. 

bridescake  (bridz'kak),  n.    Bride-cake.  See 

tceddi/ig-ciike. 
bride's-laces  (bridz'la'sez),  «.     An  English 

name  of  the  dodder. 

bridesmaid,  bridemaid  (bridz'-,  bnd'mad),  n. 

A  young  girl  or  an  unmarried  woman  who  at- 
tends on  a  bride  at  her  marriage  during  the 
ceremony. 

bridesmaiding  (bridz'ma-diug),  ».  The  state 
of  being  a  bridesmaid.  [Rare.] 


I  ll  bide  my  time  for  bridesmaiditii). 


Tnillope. 


bridesman,  brideman  (bridz'-,  brid'man),  n.  ■ 

pi.  bridesmen,  hridemen  (-men).  [<  bride's,  poss. 
of  bride^,  or  bride,  +  man.  Cf.  MLG.  briifman 
=  Icel.  brudhmadhr  =  ODau.  brudemand ;  cf. 
OF.  brumen,  a  iiance.]  A  man  who  attends 
upon  a  bridegi'oom  and  bride  at  their  marriage. 
bride's-Staket  (bridz'stak),  «.  [Also  bride- 
stake,  <  bride'^  +  stake ;  with  reference  to  wed- 
ding;, festivities.]  A  stake  or  post  set  in  the 
ground  to  dance  round,  especially  at  a  wedding. 
B.  Jonson. 

bridewell  (brid'wel),  n.  [So  called  from  a  pal- 
ace built  in  1522  near  St.  Bride's  or  Bridget's 
Well,  in  London,  which  in  1553  was  turned 
into  a  penal  workhouse,  oflBcially  called  Bride- 
well Hospital.]  A  house  of  con-ection  for  the 
confinement  of  vagrants  and  disorderly  per- 
sons. The  name  is  now  generally  given  to  a  prison  in 
connection  with  a  police-station,  for  the  temporary  deten- 
tion of  those  who  have  been  arrested  by  the  police. 

bridewort  (brid'wert),  n.  Species  of  Spirwa, 
S.  JJlmaria  and  S.  salicifolia,  named  from  the 
feathery  appearance  of  their  panicles  of  white 
flowers. 

bridge^  (brij),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bredge; 
<  ME.  brigge,  bregge,  brugge  (unassibilated  brig, 
brngg.  Sc.  brig),  <  AS.  brycg,  brieg  =  OPries. 
brigge,  bregge  =  D.  brug  =  MLG.  brugge,  LG. 
brUgge  =  OHG.  brucca,  MHG.  briicke,  briicke, 
G.  briicke,  a  bridge,  =  Icel.  bryggja  =  Sw. 
brygga  =  Dan.  brygge,  a  pier,  landing-stage, 
gangway,  rarely  a  bridge ;  connected  with  Icel. 
brU  —  Sw.  bro  —  Dan.  bro,  a  bridge,  a  paved 
way.  Perhaps  akin  to  brow ;  cf .  OBulg.  brim, 
a  bridge,  also  brow:  see  brotv.^  1.  Any 
structure  which  spans  a  body  of  water,  or  a 
valley,  road,  or  the  like,  and  affords  passage 
or  conveyance.  Bridges  are  made  of  various  mate- 
rials, principally  stone.  Iron,  and  wood,  and  in  a  great 
variety  of  forms.  In  an  arch-  or  arched  bridge  the  pas- 
sage or  roadway  is  carried  by  an  arch  or  arches,  which  are 

supported  by  abut- 


Panel-truss  Bridge. 


ments  or  by  piers. 
Sucli  bridges  are 
constructed  of 
p  brick,  stone,  iron, 
steel,  or  wood. 
Brick  is  seldom 
used  alone,  except 


for  comparatively  small  spans,  and  for  unimportant  work 
when  stone  cannot  readily  he  obtained.  In  more  impor- 
tant works  it  is  often  combined  with  stone,  which  is  intro- 
duced to  bind,  to  distribute  pressure,  to  protect  the  more 
exposed  portions,  and  for  architectural  effect.  Stone, 
wherever  it  can  be  used,  is  the  most  valuable  material,  on 
accoiuit  of  its  mas- 
siveness,  stability 
of  form,  and  resis- 
tance to  the  ele- 
ments ;  but  it  is  in- 
ferior to  iron  in 
economy,  facility  of 
construction,  and  ready  adaptability  to  various  situations. 
Among  the  finest  monuments  of  antiquity  are  r.anked  the 
remains  of  Roman  arched  stone  bridges.  The  largest  stone 


Common  Truss  Bridge. 


Fink-truss  Bridge. 


Arched-beam  Bridge, 


McCalkun  Arched-tniss  Bridge. 


6S0 

arch  known  is  that  l)uilding  over  the  Petrusse  valley 
in  Luxemburg  (simii  275,1  feet);  the  next  is  that  of 
the  Washington  aqueduct  over  the  Cabin  John  Creek 
(span  220  feet; 
rise  57.25  feet). 
The  tlrst  arched 
bridge  built  of  iron 
was  erected  over 
the  river  Severn, 
in  England,  and 
consists  of  5  parallel  ribs  of  cast-iron,  with  a  span  of  100 
and  a  rise  of  40  feet.  The  Southwark  bridge  over  the 
Thames  at  London,  the  central  one  of  the  three  arches  of 
which  has  a  span  of  240  with  a  rise  of  24  feet,  formerly 
ranked  as  the  largest  iron  arched  bridge ;  but  this  span  has 
since  been  more  than  doubled,  as  notably  in  the  bridge  over 

the  Mississippi  at 
St.  Louis,  and  the 
Washing  ton  bridge 
over  the  Harlem 
river  in  New  York 
city.  In  an  arched- 
beam  bridge  arched 
beams  in  compres- 
sion constitute  the 
prmcipiil  members  and  sustani  the  load.  The  beams  are 
sometimes  built  of  parallel  layers  of  planks,  which  are 
made  to  break  joint.  In  the  more  important  constructions 
the  arches  are  often  compound.  They  have  been  employed 
in  modern  bridges  of  considerable  magnitude.  An  archfd- 
truss  bridge  is  a  form  in  which  the  compression-member 
is  an  arciied  beam, 
as  in  the  McCallum 
truss.  In  a  beam- 
triiiss  bridge  the 
load  is  supported 
by  beam-trusses  or 
openwork  beams.  A 
compression-chord  and  a  tension-chord  are  essential,  and 
the  stresses  are  transferred  from  one  to  the  other  on  their 
way  to  the  points  of  sniiport  by  means  of  struts  and  ten- 
sion-bars, which  togotlu'i-  are  called  web-members.  See 
phrases  below  for  other  forms. 

2.  The  upper  line  or  ridge  of  the  nose,  formed 
by  the  junction  of  the  two  nasal  bones. — 3.  In 
engruriiig,  a  board  resting  on  end-cleats,  on 
which  the  engraver  rests  his  hand  in  working. 
In  etching  two  bridges  are  used  :  one  with  low  feet  or 
cleats,  to  serve  for  work  on  the  mibitten  plate  ;  the  other 
with  higher  feet,  to  raise  it  above  the  bordering- wax  after 
it  has  been  applied. 

4.  A  wall,  generally  made  of  tire-brick,  which  is 
built  at  both  ends  of  a  reverberatory  furnace, 
to  a  certain  height,  in  order  to  isolate  the  space 
in  which  the  metallurgical  operation  is  eon- 
ducted.  The  wall  nearest  the  fireplace  is  called  the  fire- 
bridge;  the  other,  at  the  opposite  end,  the  five-bridge. 

5.  In  gun.,  the  two  pieces  of  timber  which  con- 
nect the  two  transoms  of  a  gun-carriage.  [Eng.] 
—  6.  In  metal.,  the  platform  or  staging  by 
which  ore,  fuel,  etc.,  are  conveyed  to  the  mouth 
of  a  smelting-furnace. —  7.  That  part  of  a 
stringed  musical  instrument  over  which  the 
strings  are  stretched,  and  by  which  they  are 
raised  above  the  sounding-board,  in  bow-instru- 
ments, such  as  the  violin,  the  bridge  is  arched,  iu  order 
to  allow  the  bow  to  strike  any  one  string  alone. 

8.  Xaiit.,  a  raised  platform  extending  from 
side  to  side  of  a  steamship  above  the  rail,  for- 
ward of  amidships,  for  the  use  and  convenience 
of  the  officer  in  charge,  it  affords  him  an  uninter- 
rupted view,  and  is  furnished  with  means  for  communi- 
cating, liy  automatic  signals,  with  the  engine-room  and 
the  wheel-house.  Many  large  vessels  have  two  bridges, 
one  forward  of  and  one  abaft  the  mainmast ;  and  it  is 
now  very  common  for  the  bridge  to  be  made  in  two  tiers, 
one  above  the  other,  with  often  an  outlook-station  still 

liigher  than  the  up- 
per tier.    In  side- 
wheel  steamers  the 
bridge  con  nects  the 
paddle-boxes. 
9.  A  metal  bar 
supported  at 
one    or  both 
endsof  awatch- 
plate,  andform- 
ing  a  bearing  for  a  part  of  the  works. —  10.  The 
balance-rynd  of  a  millstone. — 11.  In  car-build- 
ing, atimher,  bar,  or  beam  which  is  supported  at 
each  end. — 12.  In  euchre,  a  position  where  one 
side  has  scored  four  points  and  the  other  only 
one. — 13.  In  elect.,  an  apparatus  for  measuring 
the  resistance  of  a  conductor,  the 
arrangement  of  whose  parts  bears 
some  resemblance  to  a  bridge.  A 
common  form  is  called  Wheat- 
Stone's  bridge,  from  the  inventor. 
See  resistance.~14:.  In  billiards, 
a  notched  piece  of  wood,  attached 
to  a  long  handle,  used  as  a  support 
for  the  cue  when  the  ball  is  in  such 
a  position  that  the  hand  cannot 
conveniently  be  used  as  a  rest. — 
15.  See  bridge  whist  midev  whist. — 
Asses'  bridge.    See  pons  asinorum,.— 
Bottom-road  bridge,  a  bridge  whose 
roadway  is  supported  upon  the  lower 
chord  in  a  truss-bridge,  or  at  the  bottom 
in  a  tubular  bridge.   Also  called  through 
bridge.    See  cut  under  definition  8.  Op- 


Bottora-road  or  Through  Bridge. 
(See  below.) 


bridge 

posed  to  deck-bridge  or  top-road  bridge.  'Box-giT&eT 
bridge.  More  commonly  called  tubular  liridi/e  (which 
see).— Cantallver  bridge,  a  bridge  in  which  the  span 
is  formed  by  bracket-shaped  beam-trusses,  extending 
inwaid  from  their  supports  and  connected  at  the  mid- 
dle of  the  span  either  directly  or  by  an  intermediate  truss 
of  ordinary  construction.  When  piers  are  used  to  support 
the  beam-trusses,  they  are  placed  near  the  center  of  each 
truss,  and  not,  as  in  ordinary  truss-bridges,  at  its  ends. 
The  strains  due  to  a  load  upon  the  span  are  carried  out- 
ward toward  the  ends  of  the  bridge  and  beyond  the  piers 
by  bracket-arms  similar  to  those  forming  the  central  span, 
the  extremities  of  which  may  be  secured  to  other  piers  to 
serve  the  twofold  purpose  of  resisting  by  their  weight  the 


Cantaliver  Bridge,  Niagara  Falls,  New  York. 

uplift  caused  by  the  load  when  upon  the  central  span  and 
of  themselves  supporting  vertical  pressure ;  or  they  may 
form  part  of  other  spans  similar  to  the  central  one.  This 
form  of  bridge  presents  the  great  advantage  of  permitting 
the  construction  of  the  main  span  without  scaffoldings  be- 
neath. A  tine  example  is  the  cantaliver  bridge  below  Ni- 
agara Falls,  built  for  the  Michigan  Central  and  Canada 
Southern  railways.— Check-bridge  Of  a  furnace,  a  fire- 
bridge :  so  called  because  it  was  supposed  to  check  the 
draft.— Counterpoise  bridge,  a  bascule-bridge  in  which 
counter-weights  help  to  raise  the  platform. —  Electric 
bridge,  a  term  applied  to  several  contrivances  for  deter- 
mining the  resistance  of  an  electric  circuit,  all  essentially 
identical  with  Wheatstone's  bridge  (which  see,  under  re- 
sistance).— Floating  bridge,  (a)  A  boat,  raft,  or  pontoon 
bridge,  (b)  A  part  of  a  bridge,  supported  by  a  caisson  or 
pontoon,  which  can  swing  into  and  away  from  the  line  of 
roadway,  (c)  Milit.,  a  kiml  of  double  bridge,  of  which  the 
upper  member  projects  bcycjnd  the  lo«  er,  and  is  capable 
of  being  moved  forward  liy  pulleys :  used  for  carrying 
troops  over  narrow  moats  in  attacking  the  outworks  of  a 
fort.— Flying  bridge,  a  suspension-bridge,  or  a  bridge 
built  for  temporary  use,  as  a  pontoon  bridge. —  Hanging 
bridge,  a  suspension-bridge.  The  term  is  generally  ap- 
plied to  the  more  primitive  forms  of  suspension-bridge. — 
Hoist-bridge.  Same  as  lifting  inV/ffc- induction- 
bridge.  See  !»idMc()'on.— Lattice-bridge,  a  bridge  In 
wlricli  the  web  between  the  chords  or  the  main  compres- 


Lattice-bridge  (side  elevation), 
rt,  roadway ;     sleepers  ;  c,  transverse  beams ;  d,  g;  h,  stringers ; 
^,  lattice-ribs  ;  y,  cross-beams. 

sion-  and  tension-members  is  formed  by  lattice-work.— 
Leaf-bridge,  a  hinged  lifting  bridge.— Lifting  bridge,  a 
drawbridge  the  span  of  which  moves  in  a  vertical  plane 
instead  of  horizontally.  Also  called  hoist-bridge. — Pivot- 
bridge,  a  swinging  bridge  balanced  upon  a  pivot.    It  is 


Pivot-  or  Swing-bridge. 

often  formed  by  two  equal  sptms,  covering  a  channel  on 
each  side  of  the  pivot-pier. —  Pontoon  bridge,  a  platform 
or  roadway  supported  upon  pontoons.  Bridges  of  this 
kind  are  largely  used  in  military  operations,  the  pontoons 
being  formed  of  air-tight  bags  or  hollow  metallic  vessels. 
—  Kope  bridge,  a  hanging  bridge  consisting  of  a  platform 
supported  by  ropes,  or  simply  of  a  rope  carried  across  the 
stream  or  chasm,  and  supporting  a  basket  or  car  which  is 
drawn  backward  and  forward.  Such  bridges  are  used  in 
mountainous  districts,  especially  in  India  and  South  Amer- 
ica, and  are  sometimes  made  of  sufficient  strength  to  afford 
passage  to  droves  of  loaded  mules.  The  ropes  are  often 
made  of  plaited  thongs  of  hide,  or  even  of  rushes. — 
Suspension-bridge,  a  roadway  suspended  from  ropes, 
chains,  or  wire  cables,  usually  hung  between  massive  tow- 
ers of  masonry,  and  securely  anchored  at  the  extremities. 
The  most  notable  of  suspension-bridges  is  that  between 
New  York  and  Brooklyn,  over  the  East  River.  The  main 
span  is  1,695^  feet  long,  the  altitude  at  the  center  135  feet 
above  mean  high  water,  the  height  of  the  towers  276§ 
feet,  and  the  total  length  6,989  feet.  The  roadway  is  sus- 
pended from  four  cables  of  steel  wire,  each  15J  inches  in 


East  River  Suspension-bridge,  New  York. 


bridge 

diameter.— Through  bridge.  Same  as  bottom-road  bridge- 
ripposed  to  deck-hrulrie  or  top-road  fcridf/c— Top-road 
bridge,  a  bml-i'  in  which  tlie  roadway  is  upon  or  above 
t\w  iipipcr  clinid  of  the  truss.  Also  called  deck-bridge.— 
Trussed-arch  bridge,  an  arched-beam  bridge  with  which 

a  truss  lias  bt-tn  combined  to  stiffen  or  strengthen  it  

Tubular-axcb  bridge,  a  bridge  in  which  the  primary 


681 


Tubular-ai-ch  Bridge,  St.  Louis,  Missouri. 


supporting  members  are  arched  tubes.— Tubular  bridge 
abridge fornung.asawhole.agreathoUow beam.  Itisaljox- 
boam,  sufficiently  large  to  admit  of  the  passage  of  vehicles 
through  It.  The  first  works  of  this  kind  were  the  Conway 
and  Britannia  railway  bridges  in  Wales.  The  latter,  over 
the  Menai  strait,  opened  in  1850,  consists  of  two  indepen- 
dent rectangular  tubular  beams  of  wrought-iron  1 .511  feet 
long,  with  a  single  span  of  453  feet.  The  Victoria  tubular 
bridge,  about  two  niileslong,  over  the  St.  Lawrence  at  Mon- 
trealhaslieeiu'eplacedbyoneof  adifferenttype.  Also  called 
box-pirder  bridge.  — Wbeatstone's  bridge.  See  resistance. 
Dlldgei  (brij),  f.  •  pret.  and  pp.  bridged,  ppr. 
hndgnif/.  [<  ME.  *hrijggen  (not  found),  <  AS. 
hrjjcglaii  (also  in  comp.  ofer-hrycgian,  bridge 
over)  =  MLG.  hruggen  =  OHG.  bruccon,  MHG. 
hrucken,  briicken,  G.  briicken,  bridge;  cf.  loel. 
brua,  bridge  over;  from  the  noun.]  1.  To 
build  a  bridge  or  bridges  on  or  over;  span  with 
a  bridge :  as,  to  bridge  a  river.— 2.  To  make  a 
bridge  or  bridges  for. 

Xer.xes,  .  .  .  over  Hellespont 
Bridging  his  way,  Europe  with  Asia  join  d. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  X.  310. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  span  or  get  over ;  serve  as 
or  make  a  way  of  passing  or  overcoming :  as, 
conversation  bridged  the  intervals  of  the  play ; 
to  bridge  over  a  difficulty. 

Every  man's  work,  pursued  steadily,  tends  in  this  way 
to  become  an  end  in  itself,  and  so  to  bridge  over  the  love- 
less chasms  of  life.  George  Eliot. 

I  cannot  but  think  that  there  is  room  for  all  of  us  to 
work  in  helping  to  bridge  over  the  great  abyss  of  ignorance 
wliK-h  lies  at  our  feet.  Huxley,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  71. 

bridge2t,  v.  t.  [Also  bredge,  <  ME.  briggen, 
breggen,  by  apheresis  for  abriggen,  abreggen, 
mod.  E.  abridge,  q.  v.]    To  shorten;  abridge. 

Byreven  man  his  helthe  and  his  welfare, 
And  his  dayes  briggen  and  schorte  his  lyf. 
Occleve,  JIS.  Soe.  Antiq.,  134,  fol.  251.  (Halliwell.) 


bridge-bar  (brij'bar),  n.  In  a  ear-coupling,  the 
bar  carrying  the  load. 

bridge-board  (brij'bord),  n.  One  of  the  notched 
boards  of  a  stair  to  which  the  ends  of  wooden 
steps  and  risers  are  fastened.  Also  called 
notch-board. 

bridge-deck  (brij'dek),  n.  A  bridge  of  spacious 
dimensions,  forming  a  partial  deck,  extending 
from  side  to  side  of  a  vessel  amidships. 

bridge-head  (brij'hed),  n.  In  fort,  a  work 
covering  that  end  of  a  bridge  which  is  most  ex- 
posed to  an  enemy ;  a  tete-de-pont. 

bridge-islet  (brij'i"let),  n.  A  portion  of  land 
which  becomes  insular  at  high  water,  as  the  isle 
of  Lindisf  arne  in  England. 

bridge-pit  (brij 'pit),  n.  1. 
That  part  of  the  moat  of  a 
fortified  place  which  is  be- 
neath the  drawbridge  when 
it  is  lowered. —  2.  A  pit 
provided  to  receive  the 
counterpoise  of  a  bascule- 
bridge. 

bridge-rail  (brij'ral),  n.  A 
railroad-rail  having  an 
arched  tread  and  lateral 
foot-flanges.  JS.  H.  Knight. 
bridge-stone  (brij'ston),  «.  „. 
ing  over  a  gutter  or  narrow  span 
bridge-tower  (brij'tou"er),  n.  1. 


Bridge-rail. 

A  flat  stone  bridg- 


*i    -j' J,"    "  "•        -A- tower  for 

the  detense  of  a  bridge,  usually  erected  upon 
the  bridge  itself,  the  road  passing  through  arch- 
ways in  its  lower  story,  which  could  be  closed 

by  gates.  Bridges  were  commonly  defended  in  this  way 
in  the  middle  ages,  and  many  such  towers  remain,  as  at 
(_ahors  in  France,  and  notably  at  Prague  in  Bohemia. 

^.  Less  properly,  a  tower  defending  the  ap- 
proach to  a  bridge  in  the  manner  of  a  tete-de- 
pont.  A  notable  instance  of  such  a  tower  is  that  at  Ville- 
neuve,  opposite  Avignon,  on  the  Ehone. 

bndge-train  (brij'tran),  n.  Milit.,  a  division 
ot  an  army  carrying  the  materials  and  imple- 
ments required  for  the  passage  of  troops  across 
a  nver;  a  pontoon-train. 

bridge-tree  (brij'tre),  n.  A  beam  by  which  the 
spmdle  of  the  runner  in  a  grinding-mill  is  sup- 
ported. It  can  be  adjusted  so  as  to  vary  the 
relative  distances  of  the  grinding  surfaces. 


Bridge-tower.— Moldau  Bridge,  Prague,  Bohemia. 

Bridgettine  (brij'e-tin),  «.    See  Briqittine. 
bridge-wardi  (brij'ward),  n.    [<  ME.  brigge- 
irard,  <  AS.  bricgweard,  <  bricg,  brycg,  bridge, 
-I-  'wcard,  ward,  keeper.]  The  warden  or  keeper 
of  a  bridge. 

Those  whose  route  lay  along  the  river  .  .  .  summoned 
the  Bndgeward,  and  demanded  a  free  passage. 

Scott,  Abbot,  I.  175. 

bridge- ward2  (brij'ward),  n.  [<  bridge  +  ward 
(of  a  key).]  In  locksmithiiig,  the  principal 
ward  of  a  key,  usually  in  the  plane  of  rotation, 
bridgewater  (brij'wa-ter),  v.  A  kind  of  broad- 
cloth manufactui-ed  in  Bridgewater,  England. 
Planche. 

bridging  (brij 'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bridge^,  ».] 
In  arch.,  a  piece  of  wood  placed  between  two 
beams  or  other  pieces,  to  prevent  them  from 
approaching  each  other,    single  bridging  has  one 
pair  of  diagonal  braces  at  the  midlength  of  the  joists  In 
double  bridging  there  are  two  pairs  of  cross-braces  divid- 
ing the  joists  into  three  lengths.    More  generally  called 
a  strutting-  or  straining-piece.    E.  U.  Knight. 
bridging-floor  (brij'ing-flor),  n.     In  arch.,  a 
floor  in  which  bridging-joists  are  used, 
bridging-joist  (brij'ing-joist),  n.    In  arch.,  a 
joist  which  is  sustained  below  by  transverse 
beams  called  bind- 
ing-joists;  also,  a 
joist  which  is  nail- 
ed or  fixed  to  the 
flooring-boards. 
Bridgittine  (brij'- 
i-tin),  n.    See  Bri- 
gittine. 

bridgy  (brij'i),  a. 
[<  bridge'^  +  -yl.] 
Full  of  bridges ;  re- 
sembling a  bridge. 
Sherwood.  [Rare.] 

bridle  (bri'dl),  n.  [< 
ME.  bridel,  <  AS. 

bridel,  also  bridels  =  OFries.  brtdel  =  MD.  brey- 
del,  D.  breidel  =  MLG.  LG.  breidel  =  OHG.  bridel 
britel,  brittil,  priddiJ,  prittil,  MHG.  bridel,  britel 
(>OF.  bndel =lt.  predella,  a.hvi(ile,  also  in  short 
form,  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  brida  =  OF.  and  P.  bride,  a 
bndle,  >  E.  bride'^,  q.  v.),  G.  breidel,  also  britel, 
brittel;  root  unknown.]  1.  That  portion  of 
the  gear  or  harness  of  a  horse  (or  other  animal 
similarly  used)  which  is  fitted  to  its  head,  and 
by  which  it  is  governed  and  restrained,  con- 
sistmg  usually  of  a  head-stall,  a  bit,  and  reins, 
with  other  appendages,  according  to  its  par- 
ticular form  and  uses.    See  cut  under  harness. 

Mony  of  hem  fote-men  ther  ben. 

That  rennen  by  the  brgdels  of  ladys  shene. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  320. 

And  Ma;nas,  when  with  ivy  bridles  bound, 

She  led  the  spotted  lyn.x. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Persius,  Satires,  i.  203. 
2.  An  old  instrument  of  punishment  and  re- 
straint for  scolds:  a  simpler  form  of  the 
branks.— 3.  Figuratively,  a  restraint;  a  curb; 
a  check. 

A  continual  bridle  on  the  tongue.  Watts. 
This  fort  is  the  bridle  of  the  whole  citty,  and  was  well 
stor  d  and  garrison'd  with  native  Spanyards. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Jan.  31,  1645. 

4.  The  piece  in  the  interior  of  a  gun-lock  which 
covers  and  holds  in  place  the  tumbler  and  sear, 
being  itself  held  by  the  screws  on  which  they 
turn.    See  cut  under  gun-lock.— 5.  The  piece 


Bridging-joists. 
I.  flooriiig  ;  b,  girder  ;  c,  c,  bridging- 
joists;  ef,ei,  ceiling-joists;  e,e,  straps. 


brief 

on  the  end  of  a  plow-beam  to  which  the  draft- 
shackle  is  attached;  the  clevis.  Also  called  mm- 
sle  ov  plow-head.— Q.  In  much.,  a  link,  flange, 
or  other  attachment  for  limiting  the  movement 
of  any  part  of  a  machine.—  7.  JVaiit.,  a  chain  or 
rope  span  both  ends  of  which  are  made  fast, 
the  strain  or  power  being  applied  to  I  lie  bight. 
— 8.  In  pathoL,  a  small  band  attaching  two 
parts  to  each  other,  as  two  serous  surfaces  after 
inflammation,  or  the  sides  of  the  urethra  after 
urethritis,  or  stretched  across  a  pustule  or 
vesicle,  modifying  its  shape.- 9.  In  anat.,  a 
frenum  (which  see).    Branches  of  a  bridle.  s,  e 

6r(i;«7(.  — MOOrlng-bridle("""r),  the  diain  ("^(Ic  attac  h- 
e<l  to  permanent  moorings.-  To  bite  on  the  bridlet  to 
sutler  great  hardships.    Brewer.  ' 

bridle  (bri'dl),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bridled,  ppr. 
bridling.  [<  ME.  bridlen,  bridelen,  <  AS.  qc 
brtdhan  (=  MD.  breydelcn,  D.  hrcidelen  =  OHG. 
brittildn,  MHG.  briteln,  imttchi,  G.  brcidcirn, 
briteln,  hritteln),  bridle,  restrain,  <  bridel,  bri- 
dle.] I.  trans.  1.  To  put  a  bridle  on:  as,  to 
bridle  a  horse. 

Where  steeds  run  arow, 
I  have  seen  from  their  bridled  lips 
Foam  l)lown  as  the  snow. 

Swinburne,  A  Lamentation. 

2.  To  restrain,  guide,  or  govern ;  check,  curb, 
or  control :  as,  to  bridle  the  passions. 

Savoy  and  Nice,  the  keys  of  Italy,  and  the  citadel  in  her 
hands  to  bridle  Switzerland.  Burke. 
Oft  his  smooth  and  bridled  tongue 
Would  give  the  lie  to  his  flushing  cheek. 

Shelley,  Kosalind  and  Helen. 
=  Syn.  2.  To  repress,  master,  subdue. 

II.  intrans.  To  hold  the  head  up,  in  the 
manner  of  a  spirited  horse  under  a  strong  rein, 
especially  as  an  expression  of  pride,  seoni,  or 
resentment;  assume  a  lofty  manner  so  as  to 
assert  one's  dignity  or  express  indignation; 
toss  the  head ;  strut :  generally  with  xip. 

Gave  a  crack  with  her  fan  like  a  coach-whip,  and  bridVd 
out  of  the  room  with  the  air  and  complexion  of  an  incens'd 
Turkey-Cock.  Cibber,  Careless  Husband,  ii.  2. 

Assure  a  lady  .  .  .  that  she  looks  killing  to-day,  she  in- 
stantly bridles  up,  and  feels  the  force  of  the  -well-timed 
flattery  tlie  whole  day  after.    Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  >'o.  5. 

How  would  she  have  bridled  had  she  known  that 
[she]  only  shared  his  meditations  ! 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  22. 
If  you  charge  them  with  any  particular  sin,  they  bridle 
up  and  deny  tliat  sin  fiercely  enough.  Kingsley. 

bridle-chains  (bri'dl-chanz),  «.  pi.  in  mining, 
short  chains  by  which  the  cage  is  attached  to 
the  hoisting-rope. 

bridle-hand  (bri'dl-hand),  n.    The  hand  which 
holds  the  bridle  in  riding ;  the  left  hand.  Scott. 
bridle-path  (bri'dl-path),  «.    A  path  which  is 
wde  enough  to  be  traveled  on  horseback,  but 
not  m  a  carriage.    Also  bridleway. 
bridle-port  (bri'dl-port),  n.   Xaut;,  the  forward 
port  on  the  gim-deck  of  a  fi-igate. 
bridler  (brld'ler),  «.     One  who  bridles;  one 
who  restrains  or  governs. 

The  prelates  boast  themselves  the  only  bridlers  of  schism. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  i.  7.' 
bridle-rein  (bn'dl-ran),  n.    [<  ME.  bridilreiine 
(eqmv.  to  AS.  bridel-thivang,  Ut.  bridle-thong); 

<  bndle  +  rein.']  A  rein  uniting  a  bit  with 
some  other  part  of  the  harness,  or  leading  to 
the  hand  of  the  rider  or  driver. 

bridle-road  (bri'dl-rod),  n.    A  bridle-path, 
bndle-rod  (bri'cU-rod),  «.    One  of  the  elements 

of  a  parallel  motion,  as  on  the  steam-engine, 
bridle-stricture (bri'dl-strik'tiir),  ».  in pathol., 
a  stricture  formed  by  a  band'erossing  the  ui-e- 
thral  passage. 

bridleway  (bii'dl-wa),  n.   A  bridle-path, 
bridle-wise  (bri'dl-^-iz),  a.    Trained  to  obey 
the  bridle :  applied  to  a  horse  which  is  guided 
by  pressure  of  the  bridle  against  his  neck  in- 
stead of  by  pulling  on  the  bit. 
bridoon  (bri-don'),  n.    [<  F.  bridon,  <  bride,  a 
bndle :  see  bridle.]    A  light  snafBe  or  bit  of  a 
bridle  used  in  addition  to  the  principal  bit,  and 
with  a  separate  rein.    Also  spelled  hradoon. 
brief  (bref),  a.  and  n.    [I.  a.  <  ME.  breef,  bref, 

<  OF.  bref,  brief,  F.  bref=  Pr.  breu  =  Sp.'Pg.  It. 
breve,  <  L.  brevis=Gr.  iSpaxig,  short;  cf.abbrcri- 
ate,  abridge,  brevity,  brevet,  etc.,  brachygraphy, 
etc.  II.  n.  <  ME.  breef.  brefe,  bref,  a  commis- 
sion, writing,  etc.,  <  OF.  href,  brief,  F.  bref  = 
Pr.  breu,  brieii  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  breve  =  OS.  bref  = 
D.  brief  =  LG.  bref=  OHG.  briaf.  brief,  MHG. 
G.  brief  =  Sw.  bref  =  Dan.  hrev,  "a  letter,  etc.,  < 
L.  brevis  (sc.  libellus,  a  little  writing),  or  neut. 
breve,  a  short  writing  (see  also  breve  and  brevet), 

<  brevis,  neut.  brere,  short :  see  above.]  J.  a. 
1 .  Small  with  respect  to  length ;  short. 


682 


Thy  power  is  confined,  thy  time  is  limited ;  both  thy 
latitude  and  extension  are  briefed  up. 

Jiev.  T.  Admm,  Works,  II.  135, 

Descriptive  lists  of  15,107  soldiers  briefed  and  filed  away. 

Hep.  of  See.  U.  S.  Treasury,  1S8C,  p,  596. 


brief 

This  mon  that  Matheu  gef 
A  peny  that  wes  so  bref. 
Specinuiiis  of  Lyric  Poetry  (od.  Wright),  p.  43. 
It  is  very  difficult  to  notice  this  great  language  suitably 
in  the  frnV/' space  available. 

It.  y.  Ciist,  Mod.  Langs.  E.  Ind.,  p.  45, 

2.  Abbre^-iated ;  cut  or  made  short:  as,  the 
brief  skirts  of  a  ballet-dancer.   [Hiunorous.  J  — 

3.  Short  in  duration ;  lasting  a  short  time. 
How  brief  the  life  of  man,    Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  2. 
A  fainter  bloom,  a  more  delicate  and  briefer  beauty. 

IJawthoriif,  Scarlet  Letter,  ii. 

4.  Short  in  expression ;  using  few  words ;  con- 
cise; succinct. 

Dueh.  I  will  be  mild  and  gentle  in  my  words. 
A'.  Mich.  And  brief,  good  mother,  for  I  am  in  haste. 

Shak.,  Rich.  Ill,,  iv.  4, 
The        style  is  t^at  which  expresseth  nuich  in  little. 

B.  Jomon,  Discoveries,    jjaviug  no  brief:  as,  a  briefiess  barrister. 

5.  Clever;  good:  as,  a  fcrief  diseotxrse;  "hegae  fcrieflessness  (bref'les-nes),  «.  The  state  of 
us  a  very  brief  sermon,"  Jamieson.    [Scotch.]    loeing  without  a  brief  or  a  client. 

—  6.  Keen.     [Scotch.]  — 7t.  Quick;  ready ;  jjyjgfly  (T^rgfli),           1<ME.  brcfly,  brevehj ;  < 

eager.  }),-ief  +  -/y^.]  1.  In  a  brief  manner;  concisely; 

Doe  you  not  perceive  the  noose  you  have  brought  your  {^^^  words. —  2.  With  little  length ;  shortly : 

selfe  into  whilst  you  were  so  brie.te  to  taunt  other  men  ■                  iripHu  niln«f>  Imivv  nr  «!r>iTioiis 

wlthweaknesse?            Milton,  Def,  of  Humb.  Eemonst,  ^S,  111  en  torn.,  buejllj  puose,  nauy,  01  spinous. 

8.  [Appar.aparticiilaruseof6n>/,short(hence  b^iefman  (bref 'man),  n.;  pi.  brief  men  (-men), 
quick,  aet\^'e,  rife f)j^  but^ some  sup^^^^^^  One  who  makes  a  brief;  a  copier  of  a  manu- 


brigandine 

2.  A  utensil  used  in  breweries  and  in  dairies 
to  set  the  strainer  ou.  [North.  Eng.] — 3.  A 
kind  of  iron  set  over  a  fire.  HaUiwell.  [North. 
Eng.] — 4.  A' ledge  of  rocks  running  out  into 
^   „   „     .  ,  ,  •      .    .      .1      1  •  J.    the  sea.   E.  D. 

2^  To  furnish  with  a  brief;  instruct  by  a  brief,  -^^^^-i  (brig),  n.  [Short  for  brigimtincl,  q.  v. 
''  Hence  D.  brik,  G.  bri</(j,  Dan.  brig,  Sw.  brif/(/, 

F.  brick,  Ar.  brik,  a  brig.]   1 .  A  vesael  with  two 


[Bare.] 

I  never  could  look  a  counsel  in  the  face  again  if  I'd  neg- 
lected to  {)(•(>/ him  with  such  facts  as  these.  Trollope. 

brieft  (bref),  adv.  [<  brief,  «.]  1.  In  brief;  in 
short;  briefly. 

Brief,  I  recover'd  him  ;  bound  up  his  wound, 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iv,  3. 

2.  In  or  after  a  short  time ;  soon ;  quickly. 

But  that  a  joy  past  joy  calls  out  on  nie. 
It  were  a  grief  so  brief  to  part  with  thee : 
Farewell,  Shak.,  R.  and  J,,  iii,  3. 

briefless  (bref'les),  a.    [<  brief,  n.,  +  -less.l 


fusion  with  rife.']  Common ;  rife ;  prevalent : 
as,  I  hear  smallpox  is  very  there.  [Prov. 
Eng.  ]  — In  brief,   (a)  In  few  words ;  briefly. 

Open  the  matter  in  brief.  Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V,,  i,  1, 

(h)  In  short. 

In  brief,  sir,  study  what  you  most  affect, 

SA(ifc,,T,  of  theS.,  i,  1. 
=  Syn,  3.  Short-lived,  ephemeral,  transitory,  fleeting, —  4. 
Compact,  compendious, 

II.  «.  1.  A  short  or  concise  writing;  a 
short  statement  or  account ;  an  epitome. 

I  shall  make  it  plain  as  far  as  a  sum  or  6rie/can  make 
a  cause  plain.  Bacon. 

And  she  told  me. 
In  a  sweet  verbal  brief.  Shak.,  All's  Well,  v,  3, 

Out  of  your  gentleness,  please  you  to  consider 
The  brief  of  this  petition,  which  contains 
All  hope  of  my  last  fortunes.      Ford,  Fancies,  ii,  1, 

Specifically — 2.  In  law:  (a)  A  formal  memo- 
randum in  systematic  order,  but  concisely  ex- 
pressed, of  the  points  of  law  or  of  fact  to  be 
developed  or  expanded  in  argument,  or  to  be 
pursued  in  the  examination  of  a  witness;  in 
English  law,  more  usually  an  abridged  relation 
of  the  facts  of  a  litigated  ease  drawn  up  by  the 
attorney  for  the  instruction  of  a  barrister  in 
conducting  proceedings  in  a  court  of  justice. 

The  young  fellow  had  a  very  good  air,  and  seemed  to 
hold  his  brief  in  his  hand  rather  to  help  his  action  than 
that  he  wanted  notes  for  his  further  information, 

Steele,  Tatler,  No,  18C, 

His  matter  was  so  completely  at  his  command  that  he 
scarcely  looked  at  liis  brief.    M.  Choate,  Addresses,  p,  272, 

(6)  A  writ  summoning  one  to  answer  to  any 
action ;  or  any  precept  of  the  sovereign  in  writ- 
ing issuing  from  any  court  and  ordering  some 


script.  Quarterly  Rev. 
briefness  (bref'nes),  V.  [<  ME.  breffnes;  < 
brief  +  -«fss.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
brief;  shortness;  brevity;  conciseness  in  dis- 
com'se  or  writing. 

We  passe  over  that,  breffnes  of  tyme  consyderynge. 

Coventry  Mysteries,  p.  79. 

There  is  a  briefness  of  the  parts  sometimes  that  makes 
the  whole  long.  B.  Jonson,  Discoveries. 

brier  (bri'er),  «.  [E.  dial,  and  Sc.  brcer;  <  ME. 
brere,  <  AS.  brer,  also  brmr,  a  brier,  bramble; 
cf.  Icel.  brorr,  a  brier  (rare  and  uncertain). 
Cf .  Ir.  Gael,  preas,  a  bush,  brier  (Ir.  briar,  a 
brier,  also  a  thorn,  pin,  bodkin,  is  prob.  bor- 
rowed from  E,).  The  F.  hruycre,  dial,  bribrc 
(earlier  bruyere,  briere  -  Cat.  brugucra  =  It. 
dial,  brugliiera  (ML.  hriiarium,  briiera),  heath, 
heather,  "prob.  <  Pr.  hrii,  =  It.  dial,  brug  —  Swiss 
bruch,  heath ;  of  Celtic  origin :  <  Bret.  Imig, 
heath,  =  W.  brwg,  a  brake,  growth),  is  not  re- 
lated. The  reg.  mod.  E.  form  would  be  breer, 
which  exists  dialectally ;  cf .  friar,  earlier /ner, 
<  ME./rere.]  A  prickly  plant  or  shrub  in  gen- 
eral; specifically,  the  sweetbrier  or  the  green- 
brier  (which  see).    Also  spelled  briar. 

The  gentle  shepheard  satte  beside  a  springe, 
All  in  the  shadowe  of  a  bushye  brcre. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  December. 

I  will  tear  yoiu'  flesh  with  tlie  thorns  of  the  wilderness 
and  Avith  briers.  Judges  viii,  7, 

brier-bird  (bri'er-berd),  K.    A  popular  name 
of  the  American  goldfinch,  Clirysomitris  (or 
Astragalinus)  tristis.    See  cut  under  goldfinch. 
briered  (bri'erd),  a.    [<  brier  +  -ed2.]  Set 
with  briers.  Ckatterton. 


thing  to  be  done,    (c)  In  Scots  lair,  same  as  ,   .  .  „  -,,  ry  7  •  i    i.  j 

brieve  (which  see),  (d)  In  England,  a  letter  bner-root  (bri  er-rot),  n.  [_<bner,  an  adapted 
patent  from  proper  authority  authorizing  a    E.  form  of  r._  bruyere,  dial 


public  collection  or  charitable  contribution  of 
money  for  any  public  or  private  purpose ;  a  li- 
cense to  make  collections  for  repairing  churches, 
making  up  for  losses  by  fixe,  etc. :  sometimes 
called  a  church  brief  or  king's  letter. 

This  day  was  read  in  our  church  the  Briefe  for  a  collec- 
tion for  reliefe  of  y°  Protestant  French,  so  cruelly,  bar- 
barously, and  inhumanly  oppress'd, 

Evelyn,  Diary,  April  25,  1686, 

3t.  A  writing  in  general ;  a  letter. 

Bear  this  sealed  brief, 
With  winged  haste,  to  the  lord  marshal. 

Shale,  1  Hen,  IV.,  iv.  4, 

4t.  In  music,  same  as  breve,  1. 

Upon  the  word  best  there,  you  see  how  I  do  enter  with 
an  odd  minum,  and  drive  it  through  the  brief;  which  no 
intelligent  musician,  I  know,  but  will  affirm  to  be  very 
rare.  B.  Jonsoti,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iv.  1. 

5.  The  name  given  to  certain  oflScial  doeu-  ,   .  ■\         nr.     ri.  ■         /  -u^-  „ 

ments  emanating  from  the  pope,  having  a  less  l5nery2t  (bn'er-i),  n.    [For  *bnerery,  <  bner 

solemn  character  than  a  bull. 


form  of  F.  bruyere,  dial,  bridre,  heath  (see 
brier),  +  root^.']  The  root  of  the  white  heath, 
Ei-ica  arborea,  a  shrub  often  growing  to  a  large 
size.  The  roots  are  gathered  extensively  in  the  south 
of  France  and  in  Corsica  fur  the  purpose  of  being  made 
into  tobacco-pipes,  commonly  called  brier-wood  pipes.  The 
roots,  having  been  cleared  of  earth,  and  the  decayed  parts 
cut  away,  are  shaped  into  blocks  of  various  dimensions 
with  a  circular  saw.  The  blocks  are  then  placed  in  a  vat 
and  subjected  to  a  gentle  simmering  for  a  space  of  twelve 
hours,  during  which  they  acquire  the  rich  yellowish-bi-own 
hue  for  which  the  best  pipes  are  noted,  and  are  then  in  a 
condition  for  turning, 

brier-wood  (bri'er-wud),  n.    The  wood  of  the 
brier-root,  used  for  making  tobacco-pipes, 
brieryl  (bri'er-i),  a.    [<  brier  +  -yl.]    Full  of 
briers;  rough;  thorny.    Also  briary. 

The  thorny  brake  and  briery  wood. 

Fawkes,  Death  of  Adonis. 

A  nightingale  sang  in  the  briery  thickets  by  the  brook- 
side.  B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  55, 


masts  square-rigged,  nearly  like  a  ship's  main- 
mast and  foremast. —  2.  The  place  on  board 
a  man-of-war  where  prisoners  are  confined. — 

Hermaphrodite  brig,  a  brig  that  is  sqiuire-rigged  for- 
ward and  scliooner-rigged  aft.   Also  called  briy-schooner. 

She  passed  out  of  hail,  but  we  made  her  out  to  be  an  her- 
maphrodite brig,  with  Brazilian  colors  in  her  main  rigging. 

li.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p,  18, 

brigade  (bri-gad'),  «.  [=  D.  G.  Dan.  Sw.  bri- 
gade, <  F.  brigade,  <  It.  brigata  (ML.  brigatn, 
brigada),  a  troop,  company,  <  brigare,  contend : 
see  brigand.]  1.  A  party  or  division  of  troops 
or  soldiers,  whether  cavaliy  or  infantry,  regu- 
lars or  militia,  consisting  of  several  regiments, 
squadrons,  or  battalions,  under  the  command 
of  a  brigadier,  or  brigadier-general.  A  brigade 

of  horse  is  a  body  of  eight  or  ten  squadrons ;  of  infantry, 
four,  five,  or  six  battalions  or  regiments, 

2.  A  body  of  individuals  organized,  generally 
wearing  a  uniform,  and  acting  under  author- 
ity: as,  afire  brigade — Household  brigade.  See 

h(ntsehold. 

brigade  (bri-gad'),  " .  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brigaded, 
Tp]}r.  brigading.  [<  brigade,  n.]  1.  To  form  in- 
to a  brigade  or  into  brigades :  as,  regiments  of 
militia  are  brigaded  with  regiments  of  the  line. 

In  the  organization  of  the  army  my  regiment  was  bri- 
gaded with  the  Sixth,  Seventh,  and  Eighth  Regiments  of 
Louisiana  Infantry, 

Oen.  Rich.  Taylor,  N,  A,  Rev,,  CXXVL  85. 

Hence  —  2.  To  arrange  or  embody  in  a  single 
collection  or  group ;  group  together,  as  in  zool- 
ogy, under  a  single  name.  [Rare.] 

The  two  Classes  [Birds  and  Reptiles]  which  he  [Huxley] 
had  previously  brigaded  under  the  name  of  Sauropsida. 

A.  Newton,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  34. 

brigade-major  (bri-gad'ma"jor),  n.  An  officer 
appointed  by  a  brigadier  to  assist  him  in  the 
management  and  ordering  of  his  brigade. 

brigadier  (brig-a-der'),  n.  [=  It.  hrigadicre,  < 
F.  brigadier,  <  brigade,  brigade.]  A  general  oflS- 
ccr  wiio  commands  a  brigade,  whether  of  horse 
or  foot,  and  ranks  next  below  a  major-general. 

brigadier-general  (brig  -  a  -  der '  gen '  e  -  ral),  n. 
Same  as  brigadier. 

brigand  (brig' and),  n.  [Formerly  also  brigant 
(after  It.) ;  <  F" brigand,  a  brigand,  OF.  brigand, 
brigant,  an  armed  foot-soldier  (ML.  brigantes, 
brigandi,  pi.,  foot-soldiers),  <  It.  brigante,  a 
brigand,  pirate,  also  an  intriguer,  <  brigante, 
ppr.  of  brigare,  strive  after,  contend  for,  solicit, 

<  briga,  strife,  quarrel,  trouble :  see  brigue.]  If. 
A  sort  of  iiTcgular  foot-soldier. —  2.  A  robber; 
a  freebooter;  a  highwayman;  especially,  one 
of  a  gang  of  robbers  living  in  secret  retreats  in 
"mountains  or  forests. 

These  solitudes  gave  refuge  to  smugglers  and  brigands. 

Biickle,  Civilization,  II.  65. 

Francois,  with  his  belt,  sabre,  and  pistols,  had  much  the 
aspect  of  a  Greek  brigand. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  33, 

=  Syn.  2.  Bandit,  etc.    See  robber. 

brigandage  (brig'an-daj),  n.    [<  F.  brigandage, 

<  brigand  +  -age.)  The  life  and  practices  of 
a  brigand ;  highway  robbery  by  organized 
gangs ;  figuratively,  organized  spoliation :  as, 
brigandage  in  the  legislature  or  on  the  bench. 

The  rule  of  the  Turk  has  never  become  a  government; 
it  has  never  discliarged  the  duties  of  government ;  it  was 
foreign  brigandage  five  hundred  years  back,  and  it  re- 
mains foreign  brigandage  still. 

E.  A.  Freerna7i,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  419. 

Many  of  the  peasants  in 
their  distress  had  taken 
to  poaching  or  br  igandage 
in  the  forests. 
C.  H.  Pearson,  Early  and 


etc.] 


The  Bull  being  the  highest  Authority  the  Pope  can  give, 
the  Brief  is  of  less,  Selden,  Table-Talk,  p,  86, 

6.  [Also  spelled  breif,  breef  <  OF.  bref,  brief, 
a  spell,  talisman,  <  ML.  breve,  in  pi.  brevia,  a 
writing  containing  magical  characters  carried 
as  an  amulet  or  talisman :  a  particular  use  of 
L.  ftreise,  a  writing,  as  above.]  A  spell.  Burns. 
[Scotch.]  =Syn.  1.  Abridgment,  Compendium,  Compend, 
etc.    See  aliridipnent. 

brief  (bref),  (>.  t.  [<  brief,  n.  In  earlier  form 
breve,  q.  v.]  1.  To  abridge;  shorten;  make 
a  brief  of:  as,  to  brief  pleadings. 


H-  -ery.  Cf.  fernery,  pinery. 
where  briers  grow.  Huloet. 
brieve  (brev),  n.  [A  Sc.  form  of  brief,  n.,  q.  v.] 
In  Scots  law,  a  writ  issuing  from  Chancery,  di- 
rected to  any  judge  ordinary,  ordering  trial  to 
be  made  by  a  jury  of  certain  points  stated  in 
the  brieve.  Now  used  chiefly  in  the  election  of  tutors 
to  minors,  the  cognoscing  of  lunatics  or  idiots,  and  the 
ascertaining  of  widows'  tierce. 

brigi  (brig),  M.  [=  bridge^,  q.  v.]  1.  A  bridge. 
[Scotch.] 

Now,  do  thy  speedy  utmost,  Meg, 
And  win  the  key-stane  o'  the  brig. 

Burns,  Tam  o'  Shanter. 


[Mid.  Ages  of  Eng., 
(xxvi, 

A  place  brigander,  n.  Same 
as  hrigandine^. 
brigandine^  (brig'- 

an-din),  ».  and  a. 
[Also  brigantine,  bri- 
gander,  brigandier 
(obs.)  (ME.  brigan- 
tayle—Gowev);<  OP. 
brigandine  (ML.  bri- 
gandina,  brigantina), 
<  brigand,  a  foot-sol- 
dier; see  brigand.] 
I.  n.  1.  A  medieval 


Brigandine  from  Musee  d'Artil- 
lerie.  Paris,  (From  Viollet-le-Duc's 
"  Diet,  dy  Mobilier  fran^ais,") 


brigandine 

coat  of  fence  made  of  linen  or  leather  upon 
wliich  overlapping  scales  of  steel  were  sewed. 

Tlie  plates  of  steel  were  generally  (luilted  between  two 
thicknesses  of  stuff.    The  brigandine  was  especially  the 
armor  of  the  infantry  soldier,  but  was  sometimes  combined 
with  plate-armor  even  in  costly  suits. 
Fui-bish  the  spears  and  put  on  the  brir/andines. 

Jer.  xlvi.  4. 

2f.  A  foot-soldier  wearing  a  brigandine:  a 
brigand. 

II.  a.  Made  like  a  brigandine ;  of  the  nature 
of  a  brigandine  :  as,  a  bru/andine  garment. 
brigandine2t  (brig'an-din),  n.   An  old  form  of 
hrij/tn/thw^. 

brigandish  (brig 'an -dish),  a.    [<  Vrigand  + 
-(.s7(i.]    Like  a  brigand. 

We  fancied  that  they  [peasants  near  Naples]  had  a  hriq. 
amiish  look.       C.  D.  Warner,  Winter  on  tlie  Nile,  p.  20. 

brigantt  (brig'ant),  n.  Same  as  brigand. 
brigantinel  (brig'an-tin  or  -tin),  71.  [=  D.  bri- 
gantijii  —  G.  brigantine  =  Sw.  brigantin,  <  F.  hri- 
gantin,  <  It.  brigantino  (ML.  brigantimis],  a  brig- 
antine, orig.  a  roving  or  pirate  vessel,  <  bii- 
gante,  a  pirate,  brigand :  see  brigand,  and  ef . 
6m/2  and  brigandine^.']  1.  A  small  two-masted 
vessel,  square-rigged  on  both  masts,  but  with 
a  tore-and-aft  mainsail  and  the  mainmast  con- 
siderably longer  than  the  foremast,  it  differs 
from  a  hermaphrodite  Ijrig  in  liaving  a  square  topsail  and 
topgallantsail  on  the  mainmast.  This  term  is  variously 
applied  by  mariners  of  different  natiens,  but  the  above  is 
Its  most  generally  accepted  definition. 

Like  as  a  warlike  Brigandine,  applyde 
To  fight,  layes  forth  her  threatfull  pikes  afore. 

Spejiser,  Muiopotmos. 
2t.  A  robber.— 3t.  Eobbery. 
brigantine^  (brig'an-tin),  n.    Same  as  hrinan- 
dinci. 

brigbotet,  n.  [A  term  in  old  law-books,  repr. 
AS.  bncgbdt,  prop,  brycgbot,  a  contribution  for 
bridge-repairing,  <  brijcg,  bridge,  +  bot,  boot : 
see  booP^.\  A  contribution  for  the  repair  of 
bridges,  walls,  and  castles. 

briget,  n.  [ME.:  see  brigiie.']  Contention. 
Cliaucer. 

brighti  (brit),  a.  [<  ME.  bright,  hriJit,  etc.,  < 
AS.  bnjJit,  briht,  transposed  forms  of  the  usual 
bcorht  =  OS.  berht,  beraht  =  OHG.  bcraht,  be- 
reli  t,  MHG.  berh  t  (in  G.  remaining  only  in  proper 
names,  Albrecht,  Ruprccht,  etc. ;  frequently  so 
used  in  AS.  and  LG.)  =  leel.  bjartr  =z  Goih. 
bairlits,  bright;  prob.,  with  old  pp.  suffix  -t,  < 
Teut.  ■/  *&e/-7«  =  Skt.  •/  bhrdj,  shine,  perhaps 
=  L-  flag-  m  flagrare,  flame,  blaze,  burn, 
flamma  (*flagma),  flame,  =  Gr.  ^Myecv,  blaze 
burn.  C{.  black,  bleaJA.]  1 .  Radiating  or  re- 
flecting Ught;  filled  with  light ;  brilliant :  shin- 
ing; lummous;  sparkling:  as,  a  bright  sua. 

m,  i  T  ,     , ,  -t*  ^^'sre  all  one 

That  I  should  love  a  brir/ht  particular  star, 
And  think  to  wed  it,  lie  is  so  above  me 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  i.  1. 
Candles  were  blazing  at  all  the  windows.    The  pubUc 
places  were  as  bright  as  at  noonday. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  x. 

2.  Transmitting  light;  clear;  transparent,  as 
liquors. 

From  the  brightest  wines 
He  turn'd  abhorrent.  Thomson. 

3.  Manifest  to  the  mind,  as  light  is  to  the 
eye;  evident;  clear. 

He  must  not  proceed  too  swiftly,  that  he  may  with  more 
ease  and  brighter  evidence  .  .  .  draw  the  learner  on. 

Watts,  Improvement  of  the  Mind. 

4.  Resplendent,  as  with  beauty ;  splendid. 

Thy  beauty  appears. 
In  its  graces  and  airs. 
All  bright  as  an  angel  new  dropt  from  the  sky. 

Parnell,  Song. 

5.  Illustrious ;  glorious :  as,  the  brightest  period 
of  a  kingdom. 

The  brightest  annals  of  a  female  reign. 

Cotton,  Wonders  of  the  Peake. 

6.  Having  or  marked  by  brilliant  mental  quaU- 
ties;  quick  m  wit;  witty;  clever;  not  dull:  as, 
he  IS  by  no  means  bright;  a  bright  remark;  a 
bright  book. 

If  parts  allure  thee,  think  how  Bacon  shined 
The  wisest,  brightest,  meanest  of  mankind. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iv.  282. 

7.  Sparkling  in  action  or  manner;  animated 
or  animatmg ;  vivacious ;  lively ;  cheerful. 

Be  bright  and  jovial  among  your  guests  to-night. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  2. 
The  golden-crowned  thrush,  .  .  .  with  the  dullest  of 
gold  upon  his  crown,  but  the  brightest  of  songs  in  his 
The  Century,  XXXII.  276. 

8.  Favorable;  pleasing;  auspicious:  as,  abriaht 
prospect. 

Give  up  the  promise  of  bright  days  that  cast 
A  glory  on  your  nation  from  afar.    Bryant,  Spain. 


683 

9.  In  painting,  luminous;  glittering;  full  of 

light.  A  picture  is  said  to  be  bright  when  the  liglit.s  so 
much  prevail  as  to  overcome  the  shadows,  and  are  kept 
so  clear  and  distinct  as  to  produce  an  effect  of  brilliancy 

10.  Naut.,  alert;  vigilant. 

Keep  a  bright  lookout  there  forwards !  Cooper. 
=  Syil.  1.  Glowing,  lustrous,  gleaming,  radiant,  effulgent. 
—  6.  Acute,  intelligent,  discerning.— 8.  Promising  en- 
couraging. 

brightif,  ndv.  [<  ME.  hrighte,  brigte,  brihtc,  < 
briht,  bright:  seebrighf^,  a.}  Brightly.  Chaucer. 

brightl  (brit),  w.  [<  ME.  bri(,ht,  brigt,  <  AS. 
byrhtu,  birhtii  (=  OHG.  bcrahti),  f.,  bcorht, 
neut.,  brightness,  <  beorht,  liright:  see  briohf^, 
a.]    Brightness.  ' 

Darkness  we  calle  the  nyght, 
And  lith  [light]  also  the  bright. 

Towneleg  Mysteries,  p.  1. 

bright^  {hnt),v.  t.  [<  ME.  brighten,  brihten  (with 
reg.  mf.  suffix  -en),  <  AS.  bi/rhtan,  be  bright, 
geberhtan,  make  bright  (=  OHG.  gibcrchtoti  = 
Goth,  gabairhtjan,  make  bright),  <  beorht, 
bright.]    To  make  bright ;  brighten. 

bright2t,  V.  i.    See  britc. 

bright-cut  (brit'kut),  a.  Engraved  or  chased 
so  as  to  show  the  brightness  of  the  material  as 
left  by  the  tool ;  not  polished  or  colored. 

brighten  (bn'tn),  v.  C<  brighf^  +  -e«l.  Cf. 
bi-igh  tl,  v.i  I.  intrans.  To  grow  bright  or  more 
bright ;  become  less  dark  or  gloomy :  literally 
or  figuratively. 

Like  the  sun  emerging  from  a  cloud. 
Her  countenance  brightens,  and  her  eye  expands. 

Wordsworth,  Laodaniia. 
The  gi-eat  sweep  of  the  Coliseum,  with  the  blue  sky 
brightening  through  its  upper  tier  of  arches. 

Hawthorne,  Marble  Faun,  i. 


brilliance 

Out  of  my  jewelry,  choo.su  tliy  choice  of  (liamond.s, 
Till  thou  find  some  as  brighlsoine  as  thine  eyes. 

Chapman,  Blind  Beggar. 

brightsomeness  (brit' sum -nes),  n.  Great 
brightness ;  brilliancy. 

The  brightsmmness  of  the  Gospel  was  dimmed  in  be- 
coming shorn  of  many  of  its  grace-working  ordinances. 

Bock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  283. 


II.  trans.  1.  To  make  bright  or  brighter  in 
any  manner;  shed  light  on;  make  to  shine; 
increase  the  luster  of. 

Her  celestial  eyes 
Adorn  the  world  and  brighten  up  the  skies.  Dryden. 

2.  To  dispel  gloom  from;  cheer;  make  gay  or 
cheerful:  as,  to  brighten  prospects. 

This  makes  Jack  brighten  up  the  room  wherever  he 
enters,  and  changes  the  severity  of  the  company  into 
gaiety  and  good  humour.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  206. 

3.  To  make  illustrious  or  more  distinguished; 
heighten  the  splendor  of;  add  luster  to. 

The  present  queen  would  brighten  her  character  if  she 
would  exert  her  authority  to  instil  virtues  into  her  people. 

Swift. 

4.  To  make  acute  or  witty;  sharpen  the  facul- 
ties of.— 5.  To  add  brilliancy  to  the  colors  of 
(prints,  etc.),  by  boiling  them  in  a  solution  of 
soda. 

brightening  (brit'ning) ,  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bright- 
en, v.]    1.  The  flash  of  light  which  passes  oVer 
the  surface  of  the  melted  metal  when  lead 
containing  silver  is  assayed  on  a  cupel  in  a 
moment  of  the  brightening,  the  assay, 
which  had  before  been  in  rapid  motion,  becomes  perfectly 
quiet.    This  occurs  as  soon  as  the  last  trace  of  lead  has 
been  absorbed  by  the  cupel. 
2.  In  dyeing,  same  as  blooming'^-,  2. 
bright-harnessed  (brifhar'nest),  a.  Having 
bright  armor.  Milton. 
brighthoodt  (brit'hud),  «.    [ME.  brighthod;  < 
bright!  +  -hood.]  Brightness. 
The  hemes  of  my  brighthode  ar  byrnande  so  bryghte. 

York  Plays,  p.  3. 

brightish  (bri'tish),  a.     [<  bright^  -i-  -ish^.] 

Somewhat  bright, 
brightly  (brit'li),  adv.    [<  ME.  brihtly,  briht- 
liche,<  AS.  brihtlice,  beorhtlice,  <  beorht,  bright.] 
In  a  bright  manner;  splendidly;  with  luster; 
cheerfully. 

A  substitute  shines  brightly  as  a  king 
Until  a  king  be  by.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  v.  i. 

And  Enoch  faced  this  morning  of  farewell 
Brightly  and  boldly.        Tenny.<ion,  Enoch  Arden. 

brightness  (brit'nes),  n.  [<  ME.  brightnes, 
bnhtncsse,  etc.,  <  AS.  heorhtnes  (=OHG.  beraht- 
■nissi), <  bcorht  +  -nes :  see  brighf^  and  -ncss.]  1. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  bright;  splendor; 
luster;  gUtter:  as,  "  the  brightness  of  the  sun," 
Acts  XXVI.  13.— 2.  Acuteness  of  intellect  or 
faculty;  sharpness  of  wit. 
The  brightness  of  his  parts  .  .  .  distinguished  him. 

3.  Cheer;  cheerfulness. 

Vex'd  with  the  present  moment's  heavy  gloom 
Why  seek  ye  brightness  from  the  years  to  come? 

Prior,  Solomon,  iii. 
.=  Syn.  1.  Brilliancy,  effulgence.— 2.  Acumen,  mother-wit 
ingenuity. 

Bright's  clause,  disease.   See  clause,  disease. 
brightsome  (brit'sum),  a.   [<  bright^  +  -some.] 
Very  bright;  brilliant. 


bnght-'Work  (brit'werk),  n.  Naut.,  those  metal 
objects  about  the  docks  of  a  vessel  which  are 
kept  bright  by  polishing. 
Brigittine  (brij'i-tin),  n.  and  a.  [Also  liridget- 
line,  nridgittinc,  Brigettine,  etc.,  <  Brigitta,  Lat- 
inized form  of  Ir.  Brighid,  E.  Bridget,  -F  -ine^.] 

1.  n.  1.  A  member  of  an  order  of  nuns  and 
monks  established  by  St.  Brigitta  (Bridget),  a 
Swedish  princess,  about  1344,  under  the  Augus- 
tinian  rule.  The  nuns  (who  were  much  the  more  nu- 
merous) and  monks  dwelt  in  contiguous  hou.scs,  under  the 
temporal  government  of  a  prioress.  Before  the  Refor- 
mation the  order  had  spread  into  inanv  countries  tit  F.u- 
rope;  and  there  are  still  a  few  houses  of  Brigittine  nun.s, 
including  one  in  Kngland  founded  at  a  recent  jieriod  by  an 
English  community  that  was  transferred  U>  Portugal  in 
Queen  Elizalieth's  time. 

2.  A  member  of  a  conventual  order  of  virgins 
founded  by  St.  Bridget  of  Ireland  in  the  sixth 
century,  which  existed  for  several  eentuiies  in 
various  parts  of  Europe. 

II,  a.  Pertaining  to  St.  Brigitta  or  to  the  or- 
der founded  by  her:  as,  Brigittine  indulgence, 
brignole  (bre-nyol'),  w.  [F.,  <  Briqnoles,  a 
town  m  the  department  of  Var,  France,  cele- 
brated for  its  prunes.]  A  variety  of  the  com- 
mon plum  fm-nishing  the  dried  fruits  known  as 
Provence  prunes  or  French  plums, 
brigoset  (bri-gos'),  «.  fEarly  mod.  E.  also  bri- 
goHsj  <  ML.  brigosus  (It.  brigoso),  <  briga,  con- 
tention: see  brigiie.]  Contentious. 

Very  brigose  and  severe. 

T.  Puller,  Moderation  of  the  Church  of  Eng.,  p.  324. 

brigoust,  a.    See  brigose. 

brig-schooner  (brig'sko'-'ner),  n.  Same  as  her- 
maphrodite brig  (which  see,  under  brig^). 
briguet  (breg),  n.  [F.,  a  cabal,  intrigue,  etc., 
OF.  brigue  (>  ME.  brige)  =  It.  briga  =  Pg.  briga 
=  Sp.  Pr.  brega  (ML.  briga),  quan-el,  conten- 
tion, strife,  etc.  Cf.  brigand.]  A  cabal;  an 
intrigue ;  a  faction ;  contention. 

The  politicks  of  the  court,  the  brigues  of  the  cardinals 
the  tricks  of  the  conclave.  Chesterfield'. 

briguet  (breg),  v.  i.  [<  F.  Iriguer;  from  the 
uoim:  see  brigue,  n.]    To  canvass;  intrigue. 

Our  adversaries,  by  briguing  and  caballing,  have  caused 
so  universal  a  defection  from  us.    Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  i. 
I  am  too  proud  to  brigue  for  admission.        Bp.  Hard. 

brikeif,  n.  A  Middle  English  variant  of  brick^ 
and  breach. 

Genylon  Oliver  .  .  . 

Broughte  this  worthy  king  in  swich  a  brike. 

Chancer,  Monk's  Tale,  1.  400. 

brike2t,  n.  A  Middle  English  form  of  briclc^. 
brill  (bril),  n.  [Also  witten  prill,  E.  dial. 
pearl;  prob.  <  Corn,  brilli,  mackerel,  contracted 
from  brithelli,  pi.  of  brithel,  a  mackerel,  lit. 
spotted,  <  brith,  spotted,  speckled,  =  W.  bn/ch 
brech=lT.  Gael,  breac,  speckled.  Cf.  Ir.  Gael. 
breac,  a  trout,  Manx  brack,  a  trout,  a  mackerel. 
Fish-names  are  unstable.]  A  flatfish,  Bothus 
or  Bhombus  Icevis,  of  the  family  Pleuronectidw. 

In  its  general  fonn  it  resembles  the  turbot,  but  is  inferior 
to  it  m  both  size  and  quality.  It  has  scales,  but  very 
small  ones,  and  the  dorsal  and  anal  fins  have  more  numer- 
ous rays  than  those  of  the  turbot.  It  is  taken  on  many 
of  the  coasts  of  Europe,  the  principal  part  of  the  supply 
for  the  London  market  being  from  the  southern  coast  of 
England,  where  it  is  abundant. 

brillante  (brel-liin'te),  a.  [It.,  =  F.  brillant: 
see  brilliant.]  In  music,  brilliant:  noting  a 
passage  to  be  executed  in  a  brUliant,  dashing, 
showy,  or  spirited  manner, 
brilliance,  brilliancy  (bril'yans,  -yan-si),  n.  [< 
brilliant:  see  -ance,  -ancy.]  "1.  The  quality  of 
bemg  brilliant;  great  brightness;  splendor; 
luster:  as,  the  brilliance  of  the  diamond. 

star 

The  black  earth  with  brilliance  rare. 

Tennyson,  Ode  to  Memory,  ii. 

2.  Figuratively,  remarkable  excellence  or  dis- 
tinction ;  admirable  or  splendid  quality  or  qual- 
ities; absolutely,  conspicuous  mental  ability  or 
an  exhibition  of  it.  [In  this  sense  brilliancy  is 
more  commonly  used.] 

The  author  does  not  attempt  to  polish  and  brighten  his 
composition  to  the  Ciceronian  gloss  and  brilliancy. 

Macaulay. 

When  the  circulation  has  been  artiflciallv  exalted  by 
stimidants,  there  is  an  easy  and  rapid  current'of  tli<>ii"dits 
showing  itself  in  what  we  ilescrilie  as  unusual  hrilliinn-y.' 

U.  Spencer,  Priu.  of  Psychol.,  §  102. 
=  Syn.  Effulgence,  Luster,  etc.    See  radiance. 


brilliant 

brilliant  (briryant),  ((.  and  n.  [<  F.  hrillant 
(E.  -//(-  =  -ly-,  vein:  the  former  sound  of  F. 
ppr.  of  hriller  =  Pr.  Sp.  hrillar  =  Pg.  hrilhar  = 
It.  brillure,  glitter,  sparkle,  <  ML.  as  if  *heril- 
larr,  sparkle  like  a  beryl  or  other  precious 
stone,  <  L.  bcrillus,  heryllus,  a  beryl,  gem,  eye- 
glass;  ef.  It.  dial,  hrill,  a  beryl,  ML.  brillum, 
an  eyeglass,  >  G.  brille,  D.  bril,  spectacles:  see 
bcryJ.']  I.  rt.  1.  Sparkliug  with  light  or  luster; 
glittering;  bright:  as,  a  brilliant  gem;  a  bril- 
liant dress. 

A  current  of  electricity  is  .  .  .  capable  of  stimulating 
the  optic  nerve  in  such  a  way  that  brilliant  colours  are 
perceived,  although  the  experiment  is  niaile  in  perfect 
darkness.  Rood,  Modern  Cliromatics,  p.  95. 

2.  Figuratively,  distinguished  by  admirable 
qualities;  splendid;  shining:  as,  Vkbrilliant viii; 
a  brilliant  achievement. 

Washington  was  more  solicitous  to  avoid  fatal  mistakes 
than  to  perform  brilliant  exploits.  Ames. 

The  Austrians  were  driven  back  [at  Goito]  with  heavy 
loss,  the  issue  of  tlie  battle  being  decided  by  a  brilliant 
charge  of  the  Cuiieo  brigade,  commanded  by  the  Crown 
Prince  in  person.  E.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  83. 

=Syil.  1.  Lustrous,  radiant,  effulgent,  resplendent,  showy, 
conspicuous.  — 2.  Illustrious,  notable. 

II.  H.  [Cf.  F.  hrillant,  a  diamond.]  1.  The 
form  in  which  the  diamond  and  other  precious 
stones  are  cut  when  intended  to  be  used  as  or- 
naments, whenever  the  shape  and  cleavage  of 
the  uncut  stone  allow  this  to  be  done  without 
too  much  loss  of  material.  The  brilliant  is  suscep- 
tible of  many  small  modifications  as  regards  the  size,  pro- 
portions, and  even  the  number  of  the  facets  ;  but  in  the 
most  perfect  cut  there  are  58  facets.  The  general  shape  of 
all  brilliants  is  that  of  two  pyramids  united  at  their  bases, 
the  upper  one  being  so  truncated  as  to  give  a  large  plane 


riG.  1 


684 

and  is  formed  by  removing  one  third  of  the  thickness  of  the 
stone ;  the  opposite  small  end,  called  tlie  culet  or  collet, 
is  formed  by  removing  one  eighteenth  of  the  thickness  of 
the  stone.  The  (jirdle  is  the  widest  part,  and  forms  the 
junction-line  between  the  upper  part,  called  the  crown, 
and  the  lower  part,  called  the  pavilion.  Kig.  2  shows  the 
top  (a),  side  {b),  and  back  (c)  views  of  a  modern  brilliant 
cut  with  58  facets.  T  is  the  table ;  C,  the  culet ;  G,  the 
girdle ;  A,  the  templets  or  bezels  (of  which  there  are  4  in 
all) ;  B,  the  upper  quoins  or  lozenges  (of  which  there  are 
4) ;  5,  star-facets  (of  which  there  are  8  in  the  crown) ;  E, 
skill-  or  half-facets  (8  in  the  crown  and  the  same  nmnber 
in  the  pavilion);  D,  cross-  or  skew-facets (8  in  each  part); 
P,  pavilion-facets  (4  in  number) ;  Q,  lower  or  under-side 
quoins  (of  which  there  are  4) — making  58  facets  in  all. 
Sometimes  extra  facets  are  cut  around  the  culet,  making 
66  in  all.  In  fig.  3,  a  and  b  show  top  and  side  views  of  the 
single  cut,  or  half  brilliant ;  e  is  a  top  view  of  the  old  Eng- 
lish single  cut.  In  fig.  4,  a,  b,  and  c  show  top,  side,  and 
back  views  of  a  brilliant  with  42  facets.  In  fig.  5,  a,  h,  and 
c  show  top,  side,  and  back  views  of  the  split  or  double  bril- 
liant, with  74  facets.  In  fig.  6,  a,  b,  and  c  show  top,  side, 
and  back  views  of  the  Portuguese  cut,  which  has  two  rows 
of  rhomboidal  and  three  rows  of  triangular  facets  above 
and  below  the  girdle.  In  fig.  7,  a.  gives  a  side  view  of  the 
double  rose,  sometimes  called  the  briolette  when  several 
more  rows  of  triangular  facets  are  added.    Fig.  8  shows 


sMface,  the  lower  one  terminating  almost  in  a  point.  The 
manner  in  which  the  brilliant  is  derived  from  the  funda- 
mental octahedral  form  (a  in  fig.  1)  is  shown  in  fig.  1,  b 
and  c.  The  uppermost  large  flat  surface  is  called  the  table, 


Fig.  8.—  Regent  Diamond.    {Size  of  the  original.) 

the  form  and  size  of  the  famous  Regent  diamond,  belong- 
ing to  the  government  of  France.  It  weighs  136J  carats, 
and  is  generally  considered  the  most  valuable  diamond 
known,  having  been  estimate!  by  experts  at  twelve  mil- 
lion francs.  It  comes  very  near  being  a  perfect  brilliant 
in  form,  but  is  a  little  too  thick  or  deep  for  its  breadth, 
while  the  Koh-i-noor,  as  cut  since  it  came  into  the  posses- 
sion of  the  Queen  of  England,  is  too  thin  or  spread.  Any 
gem  may  be  cut  in  brilliant  form ;  but  when  the  word  bril- 
liant is  used  by  itself,  it  is  always  understood  to  mean  a 
diamond. 

2.  The  smallest  regular  size  of  printing-type, 
about  20  lines  to  the  inch,  very  rarely  used. 

Tbii  lino  ia  set  in  brilliant. 

3.  In  the  manege,  a  brisk,  high-spirited  horse, 
with  stately  action. — 4.  A  bright  light  used 
in  tireworks. —  5.  A  cotton  fabric  with  a  raised 
pattern  figured  in  the  loom,  and  with  or  with- 
out a  design  in  colors — Double  brilliant,  or  Lis- 
bon cut,  a  form  with  two  rows  of  lozenge-shaped  squares 
and  three  rows  of  triangular  facets. — Half-brUliant  CUt, 
the  most  simple  form  of  the  brilliant  cut  (see  above),  very 
generally  employed  for  stones  which  are  too  small  to  ad- 
mit of  numerous  facets.— Trap-brilliant,  or  split-bril- 
liant, a  form  differing  from  the  full  brilliant  in  having 
the  foundation  squares  divided  horizontally  into  two  tri- 
angular facets,  forming  an  obtuse  angle  when  viewed  in 
elevation  (see  above). 

brilliantly  (bril'yant-li),  adv.  In  a  brilliant 
manner;  splendidly. 

One  of  these  [banners]  is  most  brilliantly  displayed. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  II.  66. 

brilliantness  (bril'yant-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  brilliant;  brilliancy;  splen- 
dor; glitter. 

brilliolette,  brillolette  (bril-yo-lef,  -o-let'), 
n.  [F.  brillolette,  <  brill-ant,  brilliant,  +  -olette. 
See  briolette.']    Same  as  briolette. 

brills  (brilz),  n.  pi.  [Cf.  G.  brille,  D.  bril,  spec- 
tacles: see  brilliant.']  The  hair  on  the  eyelids 
of  a  horse. 

brim^t,  "•  [ME.  brim,  <  AS.  brim,  the  sea, 
ocean,  flood  {—  Icel.  brim,  sea,  surf),  orig.  per- 
haps the  (roaring)  surf,  <  "hritnman,  strong 
verb,  >  bremman,  weak  verb,  roar  (see  briirfi), 
=  MHG.  brimmen,  strong  verb  (>  brummen, 
weak  verb,  G.  brummen  =  D.  brommen,  hum, 
buzz,  growl,  grumble);  cf .  OHG.  breman,  MHG. 
bremen,  strong  verb,  roar,  buzz,  —  L.  fremcre, 
roar,  rage,  =  Gr.  Pps/ueiv,  roar,  >  Pp6/xog,  a  roar- 
ing, esp.  of  waves,  =  Skt.  bhram,  wander, 
whirl,  flutter,  be  agitated.  Hence  comp.  brim- 
sand.]    The  sea;  ocean;  water;  flood. 

In  middes  the  brig  was  ouer  the  brim. 

Legends  of  the  Holy  Rood  (ed.  Morris),  p.  125. 
He  .  .  .  lepith  dune  into  the  bri.mme. 

Early  Eng.  Poems  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  156. 

brim^  (brim),  M.  [<  ME.  brim,  brem,  brym, 
brimme,  brymme,  margin,  esp.  of  a  river,  lake, 
or  sea  (=  MH(t.  brem,  border,  brim,  G.  dial. 
(Bav.)  brdm,  border,  stripe,  G.  brame,  brame, 
border,  edge,  >  F.  berme,  E.  berm,  q.  v. ;  cf. 
Icel.  barmr  =  Sw.  brdm  =  Dan.  brcemme,  border, 
edge,  brim) ;  usually  explained  as  a  particular 
use  of  ME.  brim,  <  AS.  brim,_  the  sea,  ocean,  the 
sea  as  surf  (hence  brink,  brim);  see  brim^,]  1, 


brimful 

A  brink,  edge,  or  margin;  more  especially,  the 
line  of  junction  between  a  body  of  water  and 
its  bank,  or  between  the  bank  and  the  adjoin- 
ing level :  as,  to  descend  to  the  brim  of  a  lake ; 
the  river  is  full  to  the  brim.. 

There  is  a  cliff  [at  Dover] :  .  .  . 
Bring  me  but  to  the  very  brim  of  it. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  1. 
By  dimpled  brook  and  fountain  brim. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  119. 
New  stars  all  night  above  the  brim 

Of  waters  lighten'd  into  view ; 
They  climb'd  as  quickly,  for  the  rim 
Changed  every  moment  as  we  flew. 

I'ennysnn,  Voyage,  st.  4. 

2.  The  upper  edge  of  anything  hollow :  as,  the 
brim  of  a  cup. 

He  froth'd  his  bumpers  to  the  brim. 

Tennyson,  Death  of  the  Old  Year. 

3.  A  projecting  edge,  border,  or  rim  round  any- 
thing hollow:  as,  the  brim  of  a  hat. 

And  therefore  would  he  put  his  bonnet  on. 
Under  whose  brim  the  gaudy  sun  would  peep. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  1088. 
Should  the  heart  closer  shut  as  the  bonnet  grows  prim, 
And  the  face  grow  in  length  as  the  hat  grows  in  brim! 

Whittier,  The  Quaker  Alumni. 
Brim  of  the  pelvis,  in  anat. ,  the  upper  orifice  or  inlet  of 
the  pelvis,  formed  by  the  upper  border  of  the  symphysis 
pubis,  the  iliopectineal  line  of  each  ilium,  and  the  prom- 
ontory of  the  sacrum.  =SjTl.    See  rint. 

brim^  (brim),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brimmed,  ppr. 
brimming.  [<  brim^,  n.]  I.  trans.  To  fill  to  the 
brim,  upper  edge,  or  top. 

One  brave  June  morning,  when  the  bluff  north-west  .  .  . 
Brimmed  the  great  cup  of  heaven  with  sparkling  cheer. 

Lowell,  Under  the  Willows. 

I  drink  the  cup  of  a  costly  death, 
Brimm'd  with  delirious  draughts  of  warmest  life. 

Te?niyson,  Eleanore,  st.  8. 

II.  intrans.  1 .  To  be  full  to  the  brim  :  as,  a 
brimming  glass. — 2.  To  coast  along  near;  skirt. 
[Rare.] 

Where  I  brim  round  flowery  islands.  Keats. 
To  brim  over,  to  run  over  the  brim ;  overflow  :  often  used 
in  a  figurative  sense. 

He  was  also  absolutely  brimming  over  with  humour. 

Edinbtirgh  Rev. 

brim^  (brim),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brimmed,  ppr. 
brimming.  [Early  mod.  E.  brimme,  <  ME.  brym- 
men,  be  in  heat,  orig.  roar  (cf.  rut'^  for  a  simi- 
lar development  of  sense) :  see  brim'^.]  To  be 
in  heat,  as  a  boar  or  sow.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

Now  bores  gladly  brymmeth. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  98. 

brim*t  (brim),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  breeme, 
brcme,  <  ME.  brim,  brym,  brem,  brimme,  brymme, 
and  with  orig.  long  vowel,  brymc,  breme,  <  AS. 
breme,  bryme,  ONorth.  brocme,  celebrated,  fa- 
mous.] 1.  Famous;  celebrated;  well  known; 
notorious.  Warner. —  2.  Violent;  fierce;  terri- 
ble ;  sharp. 

The  noyse  of  peple  up  stirte  thanne  at  ones 
As  breme  as  blase  of  straw  iset  on  fyre. 

Chaueer,  Troilus,  iv.  155. 

Thistles  thikke 
And  breres  brymme  for  to  prikke. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  1835. 
And  now  sith  these  tidings  bane  come  hither  so  brim  of 
y  great  Turks  enterprise  into  these  partes  here,  we  can 
almost  neither  talke  nor  thinke  of  any  other  thing  els. 
Sir  T.  More,  Cumfort  against  Tribulation  (1573),  fol.  3. 
I  also  heard  a  violent  storm  described  as  very  brim,  a 
word  which  I  had  supposed  to  be  obsolete  in  this  sense. 

J^.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  268. 

3.  Strong ;  powerful. 

The  child  .  .  .  was  a  big  barn,  &  breme  of  his  age. 

WUliaiii  of  Palerne,  1.  18. 

4.  Sharp;  acute. 

And  of  the  stones  and  of  the  sterres  thow  studyest,  as  I 
leue, 

How  euere  beste  or  brydde  hath  so  breme  wittes. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  xii.  224. 

brim^  (brim),  11.  [Appar.  a  var.  of  bream'^.]  A 

fish  of  the  family  Centrarchidce,  the  long-eared 

sunfish,  Lepomis  auritus. 
brim"  (brim),  n.    [Appar.  a  var.  of  brine^,  q. 

V.   Cf.  Sc.  brime  =  E.  brine'^.]   The  forehead. 

[North.  Eng.] 
brime  (brim),  n.    A  Scotch  form  of  brine^. 
brimfillt  (brim'fil),  v.  t.    [<  brim^  +  filV-.]  To 

fill  to  the  top.  Craskmc. 

brimfiret,  >»•  [ME.  brim  fir,  brinfire,  <  brin-  (< 
brinnen,  brennen,  burn)  +  fire,  fire.  Cf.  brim- 
stone.] Sulphur. 

Towarde  Sodome  he  sag  the  roke 
And  the  brinjires  stinken  smoke. 

Genesis  and  Exodus,  1.  1153. 

brimful  (brim'ful'),  a.  [<  brimi  +  fidl.]  Full 
to  the  brim  or  top ;  completely  full :  rarely  used 
attributively:  as,  a  glass  brimful  of  wine; 
"brimful  of  sorrow," Shak.,  Tempest,  v.  1 ;  "her 


brimfal 

brimful  eyes,"  Dryden,  Sigismonda  and  Giiis- 
eardo. 

My  heart 
Brimful  of  those  wild  tales. 

Tennyson,  Fair  Women, 
brimfulness  (Ijrim'ful'nes),  ».    The  state  of 
being  brimful;  fullness  to  the  top.  [Rare.] 
brimless  (brim'les),  a.   [<  hrinfi  +  -?ess.]  Hav- 
ing no  brim :  as,  a  hr unless  hat. 
brimlyt,  adv.  [Eariymod.  E.  also  breemli/,  hrerne- 
ly,  <  ilE.  brymly,  hremly,  hremely ;  <  brim^  + 
1.  Violently;  fiercely;  terribly. 

The  kynge  blyschit  [looked]  one  the  beryne  with  his  brode 
eghne  [eyes] 

That  f ulle  brymly  for  breth  brynte  as  the  gledys. 

Morte  Artkure,  1.  116. 

2.  Hastily;  quickly. 

Brymly  before  us  be  thai  broght, 
Oiu-  dedes  that  shalle  dam  us  bidene. 

Towneley  Mysteries,  p.  105. 

3.  Loudly. 

Briddes  ful  hremely  on  the  bowes  singe. 

William  of  Palerne,  1.  23. 
Thou  hast  blown  thy  blast  breemlye  abroad. 

Percy  Fol.  MS.,  iii.  71. 

brimmeit,  briinme2t.   See  brim^,  brim^,  etc. 

brimmed  (brimd),  p.  a.  [<  brinfi  +  -ed'^.']  1. 
Having  a  brim ;  in  composition,  having  a  brim 
of  the  kind  specified:  as,  a  hvo&di-brimmed  hat. 
— 2.  Filled  to  the  brim;  level  with  the  brim. 

May  thy  brimmed  waves  for  this 
Their  full  tribute  never  miss. 

Milton,  Comus,  L  924. 

brimmer  (brim'er),  n.    [<  6rm2,  n.,  +  -erl.] 

1.  A  bowl  full  to  the  top. 

Dear  brimmer!  that  makes  our  husbands  short-sighted. 

W ycherley.  Country  Wife,  y.  1. 
When  healths  go  round,  and  kindly  brimmers  flow. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Lucretius,  iii.  99. 

2.  A  broad-brimmed  hat.  [Rare.] 

Now  takes  his  brimmer  off.  A.  Brome,  Songs. 

brimming  (brim'ing),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  brim^, 
v.;  the  allusion  is  to  the  foaming  and  spar- 
kling of  water  when  it  brims  over.]  An  Eng- 
lish name  for  the  gleam  exhibited  at  night  by  a 
school  of  herrings. 

brimmle  (brim'l),  n.  A  dialectal  variant  of 
bramble. 

brimnesst  (brim'nes),  n.  [ME.  bremnes;  <  brim 
+  -ness.']    Fierceness ;  rage. 

At  Mid  Aprille,  the  nione  when  myrthes  begyn, 
The  season  full  softe  of  the  salt  water, 
And  the  bremnes  abated  of  the  brode  ythes  [waves]. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1066. 

brim-sand  (brim'sand),  n.  [<  brirri^  +  sand.} 
Sea-sand.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

brimse  (brimz),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  written  brims, 
formerly  brimsey ;  not  found  in  ME.  or  AS., 
though  an  AS.  form  *brimsa  is  generally  cited, 
and  was  possibly  existent  as  the  orig.  form  of 
breeze'^,  AS.  briosa,  breosa:  see  breese'^,  where 
forms  cognate  with  brimse  are  given.]  A  gadfly: 
same  as  breeze'^.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.  (Kent).] 

brimseyt,  w-  Same  as  ftrimse.  Cotgrave;  Topsell. 

brimstone  (brim'ston),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  brim- 
stoii,  brymston,  bremston,  brumstan,  corrupt 
forms  of  brinston,  brynston,  brenston,  brunston, 
bronston,  transposed  bernston,  bornston,  etc,  (= 
Icel.  brennisteinn ;  of.  Sc.  brunstane,  bruntstane, 
etc.),  <  brin-,  bren-  (AS.  berne-  in  berneldc,  a 
burnt-offering)  (<  brinnen,  brennen,  AS.  *bri)i- 
nan,  burn),  +  ston,  stone.   Cf.  brimfire.']   I.  n. 

1 .  Sulphur ;  specifically,  sulphur  iii  a  concrete 
or  solidified  state,  or  reduced  from  that  state : 
as,  Toll-brimstone ;  fluid  brimstone. 

Both  were  cast  alive  into  a  lake  of  fire  birrning  with 
brimstone.  Rev.  xix.  20. 

2.  The  brimstone  butterfly.  Newman.  [CoUoq. 
or  prov.  Eng.]— Vegetable  brimstone,  a  name  given 
to  the  inflammable  spores  of  species  of  Lycopodijim,  em- 
ployed in  the  preparation  of  fii-eworks. 

II.  a.  1 .  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  made  of  brim- 
stone: as,  brimstone  matches. 

From  his  brimstone  bed  at  break  of  day 
A-walking  the  devil  has  gone. 

Coleridge,  The  Devil's  Thoughts. 

2.  Sulphur-yellow  in  color ;  resembling  brim- 
stone or  siilphur  in  color;  bright-yellow. — 
Brimstone  butterfly,  a  species  of  butterfly,  Gonopteryx 
rhamni,  marked  by  the  angulation  of  the  wing-tips,  by  the 
yellow  color  of  both  sexes,  and  by  a  red  spot  in  the  middle 
of  each  wing.  See  cut  in  next  column.— Brimstone 
moth,  a  lepidopterous  insect,  Rumia  cratajfiata,  having 
yellow  wings  with  light  streaks,  and  chestnut-colored 
spots  on  the  fore  wings. 

brimstone-wort  (brim'ston-wert),  n.  An  um- 
belliferous plant,  Peitcedanum  officinale,  the 
roots  of  which  jaeld  a  yellow  sap  which  quick- 
ly becomes  hard  and  dry  and  smells  not  unlike 
brimstone. 


685 


Brimstone  liiiU.jrllj    l,  ■  '.'<7"i«i),  natural  size. 


brimstony(brim'st9-ni),  a.  [<  brimstone  +  -?/i.] 
Full  of  or  containing  brimstone;  resembling 
brimstone;  sulphurous:  as,  "brimstony,  blue, 
and  fiery,"  B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  iv.  5.  [Rare.] 
brin^t,  v.  An  obsolete  variant  of  b  iirn^.  Cha  ucer. 
brin2  (brin),  n.  [F.,  a  blade,  shoot ;  origin  un- 
known.] One  of  the  radiating  sticks  of  a  fan. 
brincht  (brinch),  v.  i.  [Also  written  brinee,  ear- 
ly mod.  E.  brynch,  also  brindice,  <  It.  briiidisi, 
brindesi  (Florio),  F.  brinde,  formerly  bringuc 
(Cotgrave),  a  drinking  to,  a  toast.]  To  drink 
in  answer  to  a  pledge ;  pledge  one  in  drinking, 
brinded  (brin'ded),  a.  [Same  as  E.  dial,  and 
Sc.  branded,  of  a  reddish-brown  color  with 
streaks  or  patches  of  darker  brown  or  black 
(>  hrandie,  a  name  often  given  to  cows  in  Scot- 
land); the  vowel  modified,  appar.  after  Icel. 
brond-  in  deriv.  brondottr,  brinded,  as  a  cow, 
for  *brand6ttr  (cf .  brand-Jcrossottr,  brinded  with 
a  white  cross  on  the  forehead),  <  brandr=  E. 
brand.  Thus  brinded,  as  above,  is  nearly  equiv. 
to  branded,  pp.  of  brand,  v.:  see  brand.'\  1. 
Properly,  of  a  gi-ay  or  tawny  color  marked  with 
bars  or  streaks  of  a  darker  hue ;  brindled :  ap- 
plied more  loosely  to  any  animal  having  a  hide 
variegated  by  streaks  or  spots,  and  by  Milton 
to  the  lioness,  whose  hide  is  of  a  nearly  uni- 
form hue:  as,  "the  brinded  cat,"  Shak.,  Mac- 
beth, iv.  1 ;  "three  brinded  cows,"  Dryden,  Cock 
and  Fox. 

She  tamed  the  brinded  lioness 
And  spotted  mountain-pard. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  443. 
Tlie  brinded  catamount,  that  lies 
High  in  the  boughs  to  watch  his  prey. 

Bryant,  Hunter  of  the  Prairies. 

2.  In  her.,  spotted:  said  of  a  beast  used  as  a 
bearing. 

brindle  (brin'dl),  n.    [Assumed  from  brindled.'] 

1 .  The  state  of  being  brinded ;  a  color  or  mix- 
ture of  colors,  of  which  gray  is  the  base,  with 
bands  of  a  darker  gray  or  black  color:  as,  "a 
natural  brindle,"  Richardson,  Clarissa  Harlowe. 
—  2.  A  name  of  the  mudfish  or  bowfin,  Amia 
calra.    See  cut  under  Amiidce. 

brindled  (brin'dld),  a.  [A  kind  of  dim.  form  of 
brinded.]  Brinded;  variegated  with  streaks  of 
different  colors. 

And  there  the  wild-cat's  brindled  hide 
The  frontlet  of  the  elk  adorns. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  i.  27. 

brindle-moth  (brin'dl-moth),  n.  A  name  given 
by  some  British  collectors  to  moths  of  the  ge- 
nus Xylophasia. 

brinei  (brin),  n.  [=  Sc.  (iiTeg.)  brime,  <  ME. 
brine,  bryne,  <  AS.  bryne  (=  MD.  brijn),  brine, 
salt  liquor;  a  particular  use  of  bryne  (early  ME. 
brune  =  Icel.  bruni),  a  biirning,<  *brinnan,  burn : 
see  burn'^.]  1.  Water  saturated  or  strong- 
ly impregnated  with  salt,  like  the  water  of  the 

ocean;  salt  water.  Artificial  brine  is  used  for  the 
preservation  of  the  flesh  of  animals,  fish,  vegetables,  etc. 

2.  The  sea  as  a  body  of  salt  water;  the  ocean. 

The  air  was  calm,  and  on  the  level  brine 
Sleek  Panope  with  all  her  sisters  play'd. 

Milton,  Lycidas,  1.  9S. 

3.  Tears. 

'\\Tiat  a  deal  of  brine 
Hath  wash'd  thy  sallow  cheeks  for  Rosaline  ! 

Shak.,  K.  and  J.,  ii.  3. 

brinel  (brin),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  brined,  ppr. 
brining.   [<  brine^,  «.]   1.  To  steep  in  brine,  as 
corn,  in  order  to  prevent  smut. — 2.  To  miv 
salt  with;  make  briny:  as,  to  brine  hay. 
If  he  \vrung  from  me  a  tear,  I  brin'd  it  so 
With  scorn  or  shame,  that  him  it  nourish'd  not. 

Donne,  Love's  Diet. 

brine^t,  n.  [Cf.  North.  E.  brim,  the  forehead; 
<  ME.  brijne,  brow,  <  Icel.  brun,  pi.  brynn,  mod. 
bryr,  brow,  =  Sw.  Dan.  bryn,  brow:  see  brow.] 
The  eyebrow. 

Bryne  or  brow  of  the  eye,  supercilium. 

Prompt,  Parv,,  p.  61. 


bring 

brineS  (brin),  v.  [E.  dial. ;  cf.  equiv.  dial,  brim , 
appar.  corruptions  of  fcringr.]  To  bring:  as,  ,0 
brine  it  hither.    [Prov.  Eng.  (Norfolk).] 

brine-pan  (brin'pan),  «.  A  pit  in  whicli  salt 
water  is  evaporated  to  obtain  the  salt. 

brine-pit  (brin'pit),  n.  A  salt' spring  or  well 
from  which  water  is  taken  to  be  boiled  or  evap- 
orated for  making  salt. 

brine-pump  (brin'pump),  n.  A  pump  employed 
in  some  steam- vessels  to  clear  the  boiler  of  the 
brine  which  collects  at  the  bottom  of  it. 

brine-shrimp  (brin'shrimp),  n.  A  small  bran- 
chiopodous  crustacean,  Artemia  salina,  found 
in  brackish  water  and  in  brine.  See  Artemia. 
Also  called  brine-worm. 

brine-spring  (brin'spring),  n.  A  spiing  of  salt 
water. 

brine-'val've  (brin'valv),  n.  A  blow-off  valve 
for  removing  concentrated  salt  water  from  a 
steam-boiler. 

brine-'WOrm  (brin'werm),  n.  Same  as  brine- 
shrimp. 

bring  (bring),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  brought,  ppr. 
bringing.  [<  ME.  bringen,  occasionally  brcngen 
(pret.  broghte,  brohte,  ete.),<  AS.  bringan  (strong 
present,  with  pret.  *brang,  pi.  *brnngon,  forma 
assumed  from  the  once-occurring  pp.  brungen), 
also  brengan  (weak  present,  with  pret.  brohte, 
pp.  broht),  z=  OS.  brengian,  rarely  bringian,  = 
OFries.  brenga,  bringa  =  D.  brengen  =  OHG. 
bringan,  MHG.  G.  bringen  (>  Sw.  bringa,  Dan. 
bringe)  =  Goth,  briggan  (pret.  brahta),  bring. 
The  forms  are  prevailingly  weak;  the  strong 
forms  are  prob.  assumed  after  the  analogy  of 
verbs  like  sing,  swing,  etc. ;  so  in  Sc.  and  vul- 
gar E.  pret.  brang,  brung.]  1.  To  bear,  con- 
vey, or  take  along  in  coming;  take  to  the  place 
where  the  receiver  is,  or  where  the  bearer  stays 
or  abides ;  fetch :  as,  bring  it  hither,  or  to  me ; 
to  bring  a  book  home. 
Bring  me,  I  pray  thee,  a  morsel  of  bread.   1  Ki.  xvii.  11. 

Bring  me  spices,  bring  me  wine. 

Tennyson,  Vision  of  Sin,  iv. 

She  from  a  carved  press  brmight  hira  linen  fair. 
And  a  new-woven  coat  a  king  might  wear. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  295. 

2.  To  cause  to  come  or  accrue ;  be  the  means 
of  conveying  possession  of ;  impart ;  devolve 
upon:  as,  the  transaction  brought  great  profit; 
his  wife  brought  him  a  large  dowry. 

She  shall  bring  him  [in  maiTiage]  that 
Which  he  not  dreams  of.  Shale,  W.  T.,  iv.  4. 

JIusic  that  brings  sweet  sleep. 

Tennyson,  Choric  S(mg,  i. 

3.  To  cause  to  come  or  pass,  as  to  a  new  place, 
state,  or  condition ;  impel ;  draw  on ;  lead :  as, 
to  bring  one  to  a  better  mind. 

The  fortress  .  .  .  shall  he  bring  ...  to  the  ground. 

Isa.  XXV.  12. 

God  had  brought  their  counsels  to  naught.    Keh.  iv.  15. 
We  bring  to  one  dead  level  ev'ry  mind. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  iv.  268. 
Profitable  emplojments  would  be  a  diversion,  if  men 
could  but  be  brought  to  delight  in  them.  Locke. 

4.  To  aid  in  coming  or  passing,  as  to  one's 
home  or  destination;  conduct;  attend;  accom- 
pany. 

Yet  give  leave,  my  lord, 
That  we  may  bring  you  something  on  the  way. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  i.  1. 

5.  To  convey  or  put  forth  as  a  product;  bear 
or  be  the  bearer  of ;  yield :  as,  the  land  brings 
good  harvests. 

Because  she  brought  him  none  but  girls,  she  thought 
Her  husband  loved  her  not.     B.  Jonson,  New  Inn,  i.  1. 

6.  To  convey  to  the  mind  or  knowledge ;  make 
known  on  coming,  or  coming  before  one ;  bear 
or  impart  a  declaration  of. 

Be  thou  there  until  I  bri?ig  thee  word.  Mat.  iii.  13. 
What  accusation  bring  ye  against  this  man  ? 

John  xviii.  29. 

7.  To  fetch  or  put  forward  before  a  tribxuial ; 
make  a  presentation  of ;  institute ;  declare  in 
or  as  if  in  court :  as,  to  bring  an  action  or  an 
indictment  against  one;  the  jury  brought  the 
prisoner  in  guilty. 

I'll  bring  mine  action  on  the  proudest  he 

That  stops  my  way.        Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  2. 

A  friend  of  mine  here  Avas  doubting  whether  he  should 
bring  an  action  against  two  persons  on  so  unfortunate  a 
day  as  Saturday.     E.  W.  Lane,  Modern  Egyptians,  I.  340. 

8.  To  cause  to  become ;  make  to  be. 

I  was  brought  acquainted  with  a  Burgundian  Jew  who 
had  married  an  apostate  Kentish  woman. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Aug.  23,  1641. 
To  bring  about,  to  effect ;  accomplish. 


bring 

It  enabled  him  to  gain  tlie  most  vain  and  impracticable 
into  his  designs,  and  to  biin(j  about  several  great  events 
for  the  advantage  of  the  public.       Addison,  Freeholder. 

Yes,  yes,  faith,  they're  agieed — he's  caught,  he's  en- 
tangled— my  deal-  Carlos,  we  have  brought  it  about. 

Sheridan,  The  Duenna,  ii.  4. 

To  bring  a  chain  cable  to,  to  put  it  round  the  capstan 

ready  lor  heavini;  up  the  anclior. — To  bring  a  nest  Of 

hornets  about  one's  ears.  See  iwmct.—  To  bring  a 
person  to  his  bearings.  See  bearing.  —  To  bring  a  ship 
to  anchor,  to  let  go  the  anchor.— To  bring  by  the  lee 

(imiit.),  to  liave  tlie  wind  come  suddenly  on  the  lee  side, 
owing  til  tlie  yawing  of  the  vessel,  a  sudden  change  in  tlie 
wind  s  illi-fction,  or  the  bad  steering  of  tlie  helmsman.— 
To  bring  down,  (a)  To  take  down ;  cause  to  come  down ; 
lower,  (b)  To  liumiliate ;  abase.  Shak.  (c)  To  cause  to 
fall;  heuce,  of  game,  to  kill.  [CoUoq.] 

By  my  valour  !  there  is  no  merit  in  killing  him  so  near : 
do,  my  dear  Sir  Lucius,  let  me  brimi  him  down  at  a  long 
shot.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  v.  3. 

To  bring  down  the  house,  to  elicit  a  burst  of  applause 
or  laughter  from  those  present,  as  in  acting  or  public 

speaking.— To  bring  far  ben.  See  6e«i.— To  bring 
forth,  (a)  To  produce,  as  young  or  fruit ;  hence,  give  rise 
to ;  be  the  cause  of. 
Idleness  and  luxury  brin;;  forth  poverty  and  want. 

Tillotson. 

(6)  To  bring  to  light ;  disclose ;  reveal. 

The  heavens  have  thought  well  on  thee,  .  . 
To  bring  forth  this  discovery. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  v.  3. 
To  bring  forward,  (a)  To  produce  to  view ;  cause  to  ad- 
vance, (h)  To  adduce:  as,  to  hrimi  fnncard  arguments  in 
support  of  a  scheme. — To  bring  gfist  to  the  mill.  See 
grist.~To  bring  home  to.  (o)  To  prove  conclusively 
to  Ijelong  or  be  applicable  to  or  be  true  of,  as  a  charge 
of  any  kind,  (b)  To  impress  upon  the  feeling;  cause  to 
be  felt:  as,  he  brought  it  home  to  them  very  vividly ;  in 
preaching,  strive  to  uring  the  truth  home  to  the  hearers. 

Several  prisoners  to  whom  Jeffreys  was  unable  to  I/ring 
home  the  charge  of  high  treason  were  convicted  of  misde- 
meanom'S.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng. 

To  bring  in.  (a)  To  bring  from  another  place,  or  from 
without  to  within  a  certain  precinct. 

Look  you  bring  me  in  the  names  of  some  six  or  seven. 

Shak.,  M.  forM.,  ii.  1. 
(6)  To  supply ;  furnish ;  yield :  especially  used  in  speak- 
ing of  a  revenue,  rent,  or  income  produced  from  a  certain 
som'ce. 

The  sole  measure  of  all  his  courtesies  is,  what  return 
they  will  make  liim,  and  what  revenue  they  will  bring  him 
in.  South. 

(c)  To  introduce ;  especially,  to  introduce  to  the  notice  of 
a  legislature :  as,  to  bring  in  a  bill. 

Cain  was  not  therefore  the  first  murderer,  but  Adam, 
who  brought  in  death.  SirT.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  ii.  4. 

Since  he  could  not  have  a  seat  among  them  himself,  he 
would  bring  in  one  who  had  more  merit.  Tailer. 

(d)  To  place  in  a  particular  condition  or  station. 

But  he  protests  he  loves  you ; 
And  needs  no  other  suitor  but  his  likings  .  .  . 
To  bring  you  in  again  [namely,  to  your  former  office]. 

Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  1. 
(ct)  To  reduce  within  the  limits  of  law  and  government. 
Perforce  bring  in  all  that  rebellious  rout. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 
To  bring  off.  (a)  To  bear  or  convey  from  a  place ;  rescue  : 
as,  to  bring  ojf  men  from  a  wreck. 
A  brave  young  fellow,  of  a  matchless  spirit ! 
He  brought  me  off  like  thunder,  charg'd  and  boarded, 
As  if  he  had  been  shot  to  save  mine  honour. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Malta,  ii.  1. 
(i>)  To  procure  to  be  acquitted  ;  clear  from  condemnation ; 
cause  to  escape,  (c)  To  dissuade ;  change,  as  from  an  opin- 
ion or  purpose ;  cause  to  abandon. 

'Tis  a  foolish  thing  for  me  to  be  brought  off  from  an 
Opinion  in  a  thing  neither  of  us  know. 

Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  79. 
To  bring  on,  (a)  To  bear  or  convey  or  cause  to  be  con- 
veyed with  one  from  a  distance :  as,  to  bring  on  a  quantity 
of  goods.   (6)  To  cause  to  begin :  as,  to  bring  on  a  battle. 

All  commanders  were  cautioned  against  bringing  on  an 
engagement.         IT.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I.  373. 

(c)  To  originate  or  cause  to  exist :  as,  to  bring  on  a  disease. 

(d)  To  induce ;  lead  on. 

With  a  crafty  madness,  keeps  aloof, 
When  we  would  bring  him  on  to  some  confession. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 
To  bring  one's  nose  to  the  grindstone.   See  gritid- 

stone.— To  bring  out.  (a)  To  expose;  detect;  bring  to 
light  from  concealment :  as,  to  bring  out  one's  baseness. 

(b)  To  find  by  calculation  or  argument ;  deduce  ;  infer. 
Tfie  more  strictly  Mr.  Gladstone  reasons  on  his  premises, 

the  more  absurd  are  the  conclusions  which  he  brings  out. 

Macaiday,  Gladstone  on  Church  and  State. 

(c)  To  publish :  as,  to  bring  out  a  new  edition  of  a  book. — 
To  bring  over,  (a)  To  carry  over ;  bear  across :  as,  to 
bri7\ii  over  despatclies;  to  bring  over  passengers  in  a  boat. 
(6)  To  convert  by  persuasion  or  other  means ;  draw  to  a 
new  party  ;  cause  to  change  sides  or  an  opinion. 

What  did  I  not  undergo  of  danger  in  this  negotiation  to 
have  brought  him  over  to  his  Majesty's  interest,  when  it 
was  intirely  in  his  hands !     Evelyn,  Diary,  May  24,  1660. 

The  Protestant  clergy  will  find  it  perhaps  no  difficult 
matter  to  bring  great  numbers  over  to  the  church.  Swift. 
To  bring  round,  (a)  To  persuade:  as,  I  will  under- 
take to  bring  him  round  to  your  views,  (ft)  To  lead  up  to 
in  an  indirect  manner :  as,  he  brought  round  the  conver- 
sation to  his  favorite  topic,  (c)  To  recover,  as  from  a 
swoon. — To  bring  to.  (a)  To  bring  back  to  conscious- 
ness a:;  a  person  partly  drowned.  (6)  Naut.:  (1)  To  heave 
to  ;  force  (another  ship)  to  heave  to  or  stop.    (2)  To  bend 


686 

(a  sail)  to  its  yard  or  gaff.  -  To  bring  to  bag,  in  hunting, 
to  kill.—  To  bring  to  bear,  or  to  bear  upon,  (a)  fo 

cause  to  liave  influence  or  effect,  or  to  operate  upon. 

Every  author  has  a  way  of  his  own  in  bringing  his  points 
to  bear.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  i.  9. 

All  powerful  action  is  performed  by  bringing  the  forces 
of  nature  to  bear  upon  our  objects.  Emerson,  Art. 

No  force  of  imagination  that  I  can  bring  to  bear  will 
avail  to  cast  out  the  youth  of  that  very  imagination  which 
endeavours  to  depict  its  latter  days. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectiu-es,  I.  230. 
(6)  To  bring  into  range,  or  the  range  of :  as,  to  bring  a  gun 
to  bear  «^on  a  target.— To  bring  to  book.  See  book.— To 

bring  to  gaff.  See  gaff.— To  bring  to  light,  to  bring 

into  view ;  reveal.  — To  bring  to  mind,  to  recall,  as  what 
has  been  forgotten  or  wliat  is  not  present  to  the  mind.— 
To  bring  to  pass,  to  cause  to  come  to  pass ;  effect. 

The  thing  is  established  by  God,  and  God  will  shortly 
bring  it  to  pass.  Gen.  xli. 

To  bring  to  the  gangway.  See  gangway.— To  bring 
to  the  hammer.  See  hnmmer.—  To  bring  under,  to 

subdue  ;  repress  ;  restrain ;  reduce  to  obedience. 
The  Minstrel  fell !— but  the  foeman's  chain 
Could  not  bring  his  proud  soul  under. 

Moore,  Minstrel  Boy. 
To  bring  up.  (a)  To  bear,  convey,  or  lift  upward,  (b) 
In  printing,  to  give  the  proper  liglit  and  shade  to,  as  a 
print  of  an  engraving,  by  means  of  a  suitable  distribu- 
tion of  pressure  in  the  press,  produced  by  overlays  ;  also, 
to  equalize  the  pressure  upon,  as  any  part  of  a  form  on  a 
press,  by  underlaying  it  with  cardboard  or  paper,  (c)  In 
lithog.,  to  make  apparent ;  make  visible,  as  a  drawing  or  a 
greasy  spot  upon  the  stone,  (d)  To  rear ;  nurture ;  care 
for  during  adolescence :  used  with  reference  to  the  needs 
of  both  the  body  and  the  mind. 

God  by  this  tribulation  calleth  him,  and  biddeth  him 
come  home  out  of  the  countrey  of  sinne,  that  he  was  bred 
and  brought  vp  so  long  in. 
Sir  T.  More,  Cumfort  against  Tribulation  (1573),  fol.  41. 
I  consider  it  the  best  part  of  an  education  to  have  been 
bom  and  brought  up  in  tlie  country.  Alcott,  Tablets,  p.  48. 

The  noble  wish 
To  save  all  earnings  to  the  uttermost, 
And  give  his  child  a  better  bringing-up 
Thau  his  had  been.        Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

(f)  To  introduce  to  notice  or  consideration :  as,  to  bring 
up  a  subject  in  conversation.  (/)  To  cause  to  advance 
near :  as,  to  bring  up  forces,  or  the  reserves. 

The  troops  from  Corinth  were  brouglit  up  in  time  to  re- 
pel tlie  threatened  movement  without  a  battle. 

v.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I.  41f). 

(g)  Naut.,  to  stop  (a  ship's  headway)  by  letting  go  an 
anchor  or  by  running  her  ashore,  (/i)  To  pull  up  (a  horse); 
cause  to  stop:  often  with  short:  as,  lie  bmuglit  up  his 
hoTSe  short  (that  is,  caused  it  to  stup  siulck'iiiy) ;  hence, 
figuratively,  to  stop  suddenly  in  any  career  or  course  of 
action  ;  bring  before  a  magistrate  ;  pull  up. 

You  were  well  aware  that  you  were  committing  felony, 
and  have  probably  felt  tolerably  sure  at  times  that  you 
would  some  day  be  brought  up  short.  Trollojje. 

To  bring  up  the  rear,  to  move  onward  in  the  rear ; 
form  the  rear  portion. — To  bring  up  With  a  round 

turn  (naut.),  to  stop  (the  running  of  a  rope)  by  taking  a 
round  turn  on  a  belaying-pin  or  cavil ;  hence,  figurative- 
ly, to  stop  the  doing  of  anything  suddenly  but  effectually. 
=  Sya.  Bring  up.  Bear,  etc.    See  ra  ixe. 

bringer  (bring'er),  n.    One  who  brings,  in  any 

sense  of  the  verb, 
brinish  (bri'nish),  a.    [<  brine^  +  -Ml.]  Like 
brine;  briny;  salt  or  saltish:  as,  "her  brinish 
tears,"  ShaJc.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1. 
brinishness  (bri'nish-nes),  n.    The  quality  of 

Ijeing  brinish  or  saltish, 
brinjal  (brin'jal),  n.  [Also  improp.  bringall 
=  Pg.  ieringela,  <  Tamil  hrinjaul,  the  egg- 
plant.] The  East  Indian  name  of  the  fruit  of 
the  egg-plant,  Solanum  Mclongvna. 
brinjarree  (brin-jar'i),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  also 
written  hrinjarec,  <  Hind,  biriiijari,  a  camp-fol- 
lowing dealer  in  rice,  <  birinj,  Pers.  birinj,  rice  ; 
mixed  with  Anglo-Ind.  henjary,  bunjary,  bunja- 
ree,  <  Hind,  banjdri,  banjdra  (as  in  the  def.),  < 
Skt.  vanij,  merchant:  see  banian'^,  banyan^.'] 
In  India,  a  dealer  in  grain,  salt,  etc.,  who  car- 
ries his  goods  about  from  market  to  market, 
especially  in  the  Deccan. 
brink  (bringk),  m.  [<  ME.  brinJc,  brenJc,  edge,  of 
LG.  or  Scand.  origin :  MLG.  LG.  hrinJc,  brink, 
margin,  edge,  edge  of  a  hill,  a  hill,  =  G.  dial. 
brink,  a  sward,  a  grassy  hill,  =  Dan.  brink, 
edge,  verge,  =  Sw.  brink,  descent  or  slope  of  a 
hill,  =  Icel.  brekka  for  *brenka,  a  slope;  prob. 
connected  with  Icel.  bringa,  a  grassy  slope, 
orig.  the  breast,  =  Sw.  bringa,  breast,  = 
Dan.  bringe,  chest.  Cf.  W.  bryncyn,  a  hillock,  < 
bryn,  a  hill;  cf.  bron,  the  breast,  breast  of  a 
hill.]  The  edge,  margin,  or  border  of  a  steep 
place,  as  of  a  precipice  or  the  bank  of  a  river ; 
verge;  hence,  close  proximity:  as,  "the  preci- 
pice's brink,"  Dry  den;  to  be  on  the  brink  of 
ruin. 

We  understood  they  were  a  people  almost  upon  the 
very  brink  of  renouncing  any  dependence  on  y"  Cro\vne. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  June  6,  1671. 
On  the  farthest  brink  of  doubtful  ocean. 

Lowell,  Appledore. 

=  Syn.  See  rim. 


brisk 

briny  (bri'ni),  a.  [<  brinc'^  +  -yi.]  Pertaining 
to  brine ;  of  the  nature  of  or  affected  by  brine  ; 
salt;  salty:  as,  a  fcriwj/ taste ;  the  briny  flood; 
briny  tears. 

Late,  with  the  rising  moon,  returned  the  wains  from  the 
marshes. 

Laden  with  bririy  hay,  that  filled  the  air  with  its  odor. 

Longfellow,  Evangeline,  i.  2. 

brioche  (bre-osh'),  M.  [F.,  a  cake,  fig.  a  bhm- 
der ;  origin  unknown.]  1.  A  sort  of  pastry  made 
with  flour,  eggs,  and  butter. —  2.  A  round  and 
stuffed  cushion  for  the  feet  to  rest  on. — 3.  A 
stitch  in  knitting,  originally  used  in  making 
tliis  kind  of  footstool. 

briolet  (bri'o-let),  M.    See  hriolette. 

briolette  (brg-o-lef),  n.  [<  F.  briolette,  also  writ- 
ten brioUctte  for  brilloleitc  (whence  E.  also  bril- 
Uolettc),  <  brillant,  brilliant:  see  brilliant.']  A 
form  in  which  the  diamond  is  sometimes  cut ; 
that  form  which  would  result  from  joining  two 
rose  diamonds  back  to  back  and  adding  several 
rows  of  triangular  facets.  (See  rose  and  dia- 
mond.)   Also  brilUolettc,  briolet. 

brionin,  brionine,  «.   See  bryonin. 

briony,  n.    See  bryony. 

briquet,  «•    -An  obsolete  form  of  brick"^. 

briquet  (bri-kef;  F.  pron.  bre-ka'),  «.  [F.,  a 
steel,  tinder-box,  dim.  of  brique,  brick:  see 
brick'^.']  1.  A  steel  prepared  for  striking  a 
light  with  a  flint.  In  heraldry,  as  a  bearing, 
it  is  almost  peculiar  to  the  collar  of  the  Golden 
Fleece.  See  order. —  2.  A  small  brick. —  3. 
Coal-dust  molded  for  fuel  into  the  sliape  of 
bricks  or  balls.  [In  the  last  two  senses  also 
briquette.'} 

brise^t,  n.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  breeze'^, 

brise'-^t,  n.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  breeze"^. 

brise'*  (briz),  «.  [Also  written  brize ;  <  F.  brise, 
a  piece  of  ground  newly  broken  up  for  tillage 
after  lying  long  unfilled,  <  hriser,  break;  cf. 
bruise.  Cf .  equiv.  E.  dial,  break.']  Groimd  that 
lias  lain  long  unfilled.  Mersey,  1708 ;  Halliwell. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

bris6  (bre-za'),  a.  [F.,  pp.  of  briser,  break: 
see  bruise.]  In  her. :  («)  Broken:  said  of  any 
bearing  when  depicted  as  torn  asunder,  (b) 
Bearing  a  mark  of  cadency  or  brisure :  said  of 
a  shield  which  is  differenced  in  this  way.  Also 
spelled  briz<!. 

brisement  (brez'meut;  F.  pron.  brez'moh),  n. 
[F.,  <  briser,  break:  see  bruise.]  In  snrg.,  a 
breaking  or  tearing  asunder — Brisement  forc6, 

the  forcible  lireakiiig  down  of  ankylosis. 
Brisinga  (bri-sing'gii),  n.  [NL.  (P.  C.  As- 
bjornseu),  named  in  allusion  to  leel.  Brisin- 
ga men  (as. 
Brosinga  (for 
^Breosinga) 
mene),  the 
necklace  of 
the  Brisings, 
which  figures 
in  Scand. my- 
thology: Bri- 
singa, gen.  of 
Brisingr,  Bri- 
sing;  men  {— 
AS.  mene),  a 
necklace.]  A 
genus  of  star- 
fishes, tyjiical 
of  the  family 
Brisingida'. 

Brisingida  (bri-sin'ji-da),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bri- 
singa -f-  -ida.]  A  group  of  Asteroida,  or  star- 
fishes, typified  by  the  genus  Brisinga. 

Brisingidae  (bri-sin'ji-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bri- 
singa +  -idm.]  A  remarlcable  family  of  star- 
fishes, of  the  order  Asteroidea,  having  the  body 
shaped  as  in  the  ophiurians  or  sand-stars,  with 
long  rounded  rays  distinct  from  the  disk,  and  the 
ambulacral  grooves  not  continued  to  the  mouth. 
B.  coronata  is  a  beautiful  Norwegian  species. 

brisk  (brisk),  a.  [Appar.  <  W.  brysg  =  Gael. 
briosg,  also  brisg  =  Ir.  *brisg,  quick,  nimble, 
lively;  cf.  W.  brys,  haste,  brysio,  hasten,  Gael. 
Ir.  briosg,  a  start,  bounce,  Ir.  bris,  lively,  brisk, 
Gael.  Ir.  bras,  lively,  hasty,  etc.  Cf.  brash^. 
Not  connected  vnth  frisk  and  fresh ;  but  some 
refer  to  F.  brusque.]  1.  (^uick  or  rapid  in  ac- 
tion or  motion;  exhibiting  quickness;  lively; 
swift;  nimble:  as,  a  brisk 'breeze. 

We  split  the  journey,  and  perform 
In  two  days'  time  what's  often  done 
By  brisker  travellers  in  one. 

Coivper,  tr.  of  Horace's  Satires,  i.  5. 

Hence  —  2.  Sprightly;  animated;  vivacious; 
gay:  as,  "a  brisk,  gamesome  lass,"  Sir  B. 


Deep-sea  Starfisli  {Brisitiga  coronata). 


brisk 

^Estrange. — 3.  Full  of  lively  or  exciting  ac- 
tion or  events ;  exciting ;  interesting. 

You  have  had  a  brisk  time  of  it  at  Howick,  and  all  the 
organs  of  combativeness  have  been  called  into  action. 

Sydney  Smith,  To  the  Countess  Grey. 

4.  Burning  freely;  bright:  as,  a  hrisk  fire.— 

5.  Effervescing  vigorously:  said  of  liquors: 
as,  hrisk  eider.— 6.  Performed  or  kept  up  with 
briskness ;  rapid ;  quick :  as,  a  brisk  fire  of  in- 
fantry. 

Brisk  toil  alternating  with  ready  ease.  Wordsworth. 
7t.  Vivid;  luminous. 

He  hunts  about  the  proudest  World  to  buy 

The  choice  of  purest  and  of  brightest  Cloth 
Brisk  in  the  Tyrian  and  Sidonian  dye, 
As  due  to  his  fair  Darling. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  i.  83. 
Had  it  [my  instrument]  magnified  thirty  or  twenty-five 
times,  it  had  made  the  object  appear  more  brisk  and  plea- 
sant. Newton. 
=Syn.  1.  Alert,  nimble,  quick,  rapid,  sprightly,  prompt, 
spry,  smart,  bustling,  wide-awake,  eager.  See  active  and 
busy. 

brisk  (brisk),  v.  [<  brisk,  a.]  I.f  trans.  To 
make  lively ;  enliven ;  animate ;  refresh :  some- 
times with  uj}.  Killingbeck. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  brisk,  lively,  or  ac- 
tive :  with  up. 

brisken  (bris'kn),  V.  [<  brisk  +  -e?jl.]  I.  in- 
trans. To  be  or  become  brisk,  active,  or  lively. 
[Eare.] 

I  heartily  wish  that  business  may  brisken  a  little. 
Quoted  in  Jr.  ilatheji'S's  Getting  on  in  the  World,  p  209 

II,  t)  'aus.  To  make  brisk  or  lively. 

brisket  (bris'ket),  n.  [<  ME.  bruskette,  <  OF. 
*brusket,  bruschet,  later  hrichet,  mod.  F.  brechet, 
prob.  <  Bret,  bruched,  dial,  brusk,  the  breast, 
chest,  claw  of  a  bird.]  The  breast  of  an  ani- 
mal, or  that  part  of  the  breast  that  lies  next  to 
the  ribs;  in  a  horse,  the  part  extending  from 
the  neck  at  the  shoulder  down  to  the  fore  legs. 

briskly  (brisk'li),  adv.  In  a  brisk  manner : 
quickly;  actively;  vigorously;  with  life  and 
spirit. 

Ay,  woo  her  briskly  — win  her,  and  give  me  a  proof  of 
your  address,  my  little  Solomon. 

Sheridan,  The  Duenna,  ii.  1. 
briskness  (brisk'nes),  n.    1.  Quickness;  vigor 
or  rapidity  in  action:  as,  the  briskness  of  the 
breeze. —  2.  Liveliness;  gaiety;  vivacity. 

Hisbriskness,  his  jollity,  and  his  good-humour.  Dryden. 
3.  The  sparkling  quality  of  an  effervescing  li- 
quor: applied  also  to  water,  as  in  the  extract. 

The  briskness  of  spring  water,  and  the  preference  given 
to  it  as  a  beverage,  is  partly  occasioned  by  the  carbonic 
acid  which  it  contains.  W.  A.  Miller,  Elem.  of  Chem.,  §  348. 

brismak  (bris'mak),  n.   [Origin  unknown.]  A 
torsk.    [Shetland  islands.] 
briss^t,  V.  t.    [JIE.  brissen,  var.  of  brisen,  brysen, 
brusen,  hvvdse:  see  Sruise.]    To  bruise;  break. 
The  J  ewes  brisseden  hys  bonys. 

Legends  of  the  Holy  Mood,  p.  204. 

briss^  (bris),  n.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  <  F.  bris, 
breakage,  wreck,  formerly  also  fragments,  < 
briser,  break  (see  briss'^,  bruise,  and  ef.  de- 
bris) ;  but  perhaps  affected  by  breezeS,  ashes, 
cinders:  see  breeze^.']  Dust;  rubbish.  Halli- 
icell.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

Brissidae  (bris'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Brissus  + 
-iVte.]    Same  as  Spatangidce. 

Brissinae  (bri-si'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Brissus  + 
-ince.']  A  subfamily  of  Spatangidce,  typified  by 
the  genus  Brissus. 

brissle  (bris'l),  V.  t.    Same  as  birsle.  [Scotch 
and  North.  Eng.] 

Brissotin  (bris'o-tin),  n.    See  Girondist. 

Brissus  (bris 'us),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  eehi- 
noids,  typical  of  the  family  Brissidw  (Spatangi- 
dce) and  subfamily  Brissincs. 

bristle  (bris'l),  n.  [<  ]\IE.  bristel,  brestel,  brus- 
tel,  berstle  (=  D.  borstel  =  MLG.  borstel),  dim. 
of  brust  (>  Sc.  birse,  birs:  see  brust^,  Urse),  a 
bristle,  <  AS.  byrst,  neut.,  =  MLG.  borste,  f .,  = 
OHG.  burst,  m.,  borst,  neut.,  bursta,  f.,  MHG. 
borst,  m.  and  neut.,  borste,  t.,  G.  borste,  a  bristle, 
MHG.  G.  biirste,  a  brush,  =  leel.  burst,  f.,  - 
Sw.  borst,  m.,  =  Dan.  borste,  a  bristle  ;  by  some 
derived,  with  forma,tive  -f,  from  the  root  of 
OHG.  barren,  parren  (for  *barsen),  be  stiff, 
stand  out  stiffly;  by  others  connected  with  E. 
buri-,  6i<)Ti.]  1.  One  of  the  stiff,  coarse,  glossy 
hairs  of  certain  animals,  especially  those  of 
the  hog  kind  which  are  not  hairless,  large  and 
thickly  set  along  the  back,  and  smaller  and 
more  scattered  on  the  sides.  The  bristles  of  the 
Qomestic  hog  and  of  some  other  animals  are  extensively 
used  for  making  brushes,  shoemakers'  wax-ends,  etc. 

She  hadde  so  grete  brtstelis  on  her  bakke  that  it  trayled 
on  the  grouude  a  fadome  large. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  421. 


687 

2.  A  similar  appendage  on  some  plants;  a 

stiff,  sharp  hair. —  3.  In  dipterous  insects  of  the 
division  Brachycera,  the  arista  or  terminal  part 
of  the  antenna. — 4.  In  ornith.,  a  bristly  fea- 
ther ;  a  feather  with  a  stout  stiff  stem  and  little 

or  no  web — Rictal  bristles,  vibrissa;.  See  vibrissa. 
bristle  (bris'l),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bristled,  ppr. 
bristling.  [<  ME.  bristlcn,  brustlen  (=  G.  biir- 
stcln),  bristle;  from  the  noun.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  erect  the  bristles  of ;  erect  in  anger  or  de- 
fiance, as  a  hog  erects  its  bristles. 

Now,  for  the  bare-pick'd  bone  of  majesty 
Doth  dogged  war  bristle  his  angry  crest, 
And  snarleth  iji  the  gentle  eyes  of  peace. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  3. 
Boy,  bristle  thy  courage  up.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  3. 

2.  To  make  bristly.— 3.  To  fix  a  bristle  on: 
as,  to  bristle  a  shoemaker's  thread. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  rise  up  or  stand  on  end 
like  bristles. 

Nought  dreadful  saw  he  :  yet  the  hair 
'Gan  bristle  on  his  head  with  fear. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  iii.  42. 

2.  To  stand  erect  and  close  together  like  bris- 
tles. 

A  forest  of  masts  would  have  bristled  in  the  desolate 
port  of  Newry.  Macaiday. 

3.  To  be  covered,  as  with  bristles:  as,  the 
ranks  bristled  with  spears.  See  to  bristle  with, 
below — To  bristle  against,  to  come  in  collision  with, 
contradict,  or  oppose  somewhat  rudely.  [Kare.] 

The  wife  may  not  bristle  against  her  husband. 

J.  Udall,  On  Ephesians,  v. 

Tlie  annotation  here,  as  in  many  places,  bristles  against 
tue  test-  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

To  bristle  up,  to  show  anger,  resentment,  or  defiance. 
—  To  bristle  Wltb.  (a)  To  be  covered  with  anjthing  as 
if  with  bristles. 

The  hill  of  La  Haye  Sainte  bristling  with  ten  thousand 
bayonets.  Thackeray. 

As  spectroscopy  becomes  the  daily  work  of  iron-found- 
ers, and  miners,  and  the  like,  it  will  be  found  to  be  bris- 
tling with  beautiful  scientific  truths  in  every  part  of  the 
spectrum,  wliich  may  be  used  in  these  practical  applica- 
tions of  the  science  of  optics. 

J.  ]f.  Lockyer,  Spect.  Anal.,  p.  199, 
You  cannot  shut  up  Bums  in  a  dialect  bristling  with 
archaisms.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  238. 


British 


(6)  To  manifest  conspicuously :  as,  he  bristled  with  ex- 
citement. 

bristled  (bris'ld),  rt.  [<  bristle  +  -erfS.]  l.  Hav- 
ing bristles;  hence,  stiffly  bearded:  as,  ''bris- 
tled lips,"  SMk.,  Cor.,  ii.  2.-2.  In  her.,  having 
bristles  on  the  neck  and  back:  said  specifi- 
cally of  a  boar  used  as  a  bearing.  When  the  bris- 
tles are  of  a  different  tincture,  it  is  specified  :  as,  a  boar's 
head  and  neck  sable,  bristled  or. 

bristle-fern  (bris'l-fem), »?.  The  common  name 
of  species  of  On-ichomttnes,  especially  T.  radi- 
cans,  from  the  bristle  that  projects  beyond  the 
cup-shaped  indusium. 
bristle-grass  (bris'l-gras),  n.  Grass  of  the  ge- 
nus Setaria. 

bristle-herring  (bris'l-her'^ing),  n.  The  name 
of  certain  species  of  the  genus  Dorosoma,  of 
the  family  Borosomidce,  in  which  the  last  ray 
of  the  dorsal  fin  is  prolonged  into  a  whip-like 
filament.  The  species  occur  chiefly  in  tropical  seas  and 
rivers,  but  one,  D.  cepedianum,  is  common  in  the  United 
States,  and  is  generally  called  thread-herring.  See  cut 
under  gizzard-shad. 

bristle-moss  (bris'l-mos),  n.  A  species  of  moss, 
with  a  hairy  calyptra,  of  the  genus  Orthotri- 
chum. 

bristle-pointed  (bris'l-poin"ted),  a.  Termi- 
nating gradually  in  a  very  fine  hair,  as  the 
leaves  of  many  mosses.  Lindley. 
bristletail  (bris'l-tal),  «.  A  common  name 
of  the  thysanurous  insects  of  the  suborder 
Cinura:  so  caUed  from  the  long  filifoi-m  ab- 
dominal appendages.  Thev  are  of  the  genera 
Campodea,  Lepisma,  etc.  See  cut  under  Cam- 
podea. 

bristle'Wort  (bris'l-wert),  n.  A  general  name 
used  by  Lindley  for  plants  of  the  order  Des- 
vauxiacece. 

bristliness  (bris'H-nes),  n.  The  quaKty  of  be- 
ing bristly. 

bristling  (bris'ling),  p.  a.    Standing  up  stiffly 
like  bristles. 
With  chatt'ring  teeth,  and  bristling  hair  upright. 

Dryden,  Fables. 

bristly  (bris'li),  a.  [<  bristle  +  ]  1 .  Thickly 
set  with  bristles,  or  with  hairs  like  bristles; 
rough:  as,  "a  bristly  neck,"  Tliackeray.—  2. 
Resembling  a  bristle  or  bristles. 
Rugged  scales  and  bristly  hairs.  Bentley. 
Bristol-board  (bris'tol-bord),  n.  [Named  from 
the  city  of  Bristol,  in  England.]    A  fine,  smooth 


kind  of  pasteboard,  sometimes  glazed  on  the 
suiface,  used  y)y  artists. 
Bristol  brick.    See  brick^. 
Bristol  diamond.  Same  as  Bristol  stoxe  (which 
see,  under  stone). 

Bristol  milk,  paper,  porcelain,  pottery,  red, 
stone.  See  the  nouns, 
brisure  (briz'ur),  n.  [F.,  <  briser,  break:  see 
bruise.'\  1.  In  permanent  fortification,  a  break 
in  the  general  direction  of  the  parapet  of  the 
curtain,  when  constructed  with  oiillons  and 
retired  flanks.  Also  spelled  brizure. — 2.  In 
her.,  same  as  cadency,  2. 
britl,  britti  (brit),  v.  [E.  dial.,  also  (in  II.) 
brite;  <  ME.  bryttcn,  <  AS.  bryttian,  brittian, 
divide,  distribute,  dispense,  =  Icel.  bri/tja, 
chop  up;  a  secondary  verb,  supplying  in  ME. 
and  later,  with  the  deriv.  brittcn,  q.  v.,  the 
place  of  the  primitive,  ME.  *breten,  *breoten,  < 
AS.  breotan  (pret.  bredt,  pp.  *broten),  break, 
bruise,  demolish,  destroy,  =  OS.  *briotan,  brc- 
ton  =  OHG.  *briosan,  tr.,  break,  MHG.  briezcn, 
intr.,  burst  forth,  =  leel.  brjota  =  Sw.  bryta  = 
Dan.  bryde,  break,  fracture,  refract,  =  Goth. 
*briutan  (not  found,  but  assumed  from  the  other 
forms,  and  from  the  appar.  thence  derived 
Spanish  ML.  britare,  demolish,  destroy).  Hence 
britten,  brittle,  q.  v.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  break  in 
pieces;  divide. 

His  hede  thei  ofsmyten,  to  London  was  it  bom. 
The  dede  body  the[i]  britten  [pret.  pi.)  on  four  quarters 
corn.  Langto/t,  Chron.  (ed.  Hearne),  p.  244. 

2.  To  bruise ;  indent.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
II.  intrans.  1.  To  fall  out  or  shatter,  as  over- 
ripe hops  or  grain.    Grose;  nalliwell — 2.  To 
fade  away ;  alter.    Halliwell.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
brit2,  britt2  (brit),  n.    [Prob.  =  bret  or  birf, 
applied  to  a  different  fish:  see  bret.'i   1.  A 
young  herring  of  the  common  kind,  occurring 
in  large  shoals,  and  formerly  classed  as  a  sepa- 
rate species,  Clupea  minima. —  2.  A  general 
name  for  animals  upon  which  whales  feed,  as 
Clio  borealis,  etc. ;  whale-brit. 
Brit.  _  An  abbreviation  of  British  and  Britain. 
Britain-crO'Wn  (brit 'an-  or  brit'n-kroun),  n. 
[<  Britain  +  crown  :  Britain,  <  ME.  Britaine,  < 
OF.  Bretaine,  Bretaigne,  F.  Bretaqne,  <  L.  Bri- 
tannia, Britain,  <  Britanni,  the  Britons,  later 
L.  Brito{n-),  a  Briton.  Cf.  AS.  Bryten,  Britain, 
Bryttas,  Brittas,  Brettas,  Britons:  see  British.] 


Obverse.  Reverse. 
Britain-crown  of  James  I.,  British  Museum.    (Size  of  the  original.) 

An  EngUsh  gold  coin  first  issued  in  1604  by 
James  I.,  and  current  at  the  time  for  five  shil- 
lings.   It  was  also  issued  under  Charles  I. 
Britannia  metal.   See  metal. 
Britannic  (bri-tan'ik),  a.    [<  L.  Britannicus,  < 
Britannia,  Britain.]    Of  or  pertaining  to  Great 
Britain:  as,  Her  Britannic  Majesty, 
britchka,  n.    Same  as  britska. 
brite  (brit),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brited,  ppr.  brit- 
mg.     [Also  spelled  bright;  origin  unknown.] 
To  be  or  become  over-ripe,  as  wheat,  barley,  or 
hops.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
brither  (briTH'er),  n.  A  Scotch  form  of  brother. 
Briticism  (brit'i-sizm),  «.  [  <  British  (Latinized 
Britic-)  +  -/sw.]    A  word,  phrase,  or  idiom  of 
the  English  language  peculiar  to  the  British. 
British  (brit'ish),  a.  and  n.    [<  ME.  Britissh, 
Brytisc,  etc,  <  AS.  Bryttisc,  <  Bryttas,  Brittas, 
Brettas  (sing.  Bryt,  Brit,  Bret,  rare),  L.  Bri- 
tanni, ML.  also  Britones,  Britons,  the  original 
Celtic  inhabitants  of  Britain ;  a  name  of  Celtic 
origin :  cf .  W.  Brython,  a  Briton,  pi.  a  tribe  of 
Britons.]    I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Great 
Britain,  or  in  the  widest  sense  the  United 
Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  or  its 
inhabitants :  as,  the  British  people  or  empire ; 
British  legislation  or  interests.— 2.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  ancient  Britons  or  their  lan- 
guage. 

Sometimes  abbreviated  Brit. 
British  gum,  Uon,  etc.  See  the  nouns.—  British  plate 
albata  (which  see).— British  sheet-glass.  Same  as  broad 
glass  (which  see,  under  broad). 

II.  n.  1.  [Used  as  a  plural.]  The  inhabi- 
tants of  Great  Britain,  including  specifically  the 
English,  Welsh,  and  Scotch.— 2.  The  language 


British 

of  the  ancient  Britons,  represented  by  the  mod- 
ern Welsh  and  Cornish. 

Britisher  (brit'ish-er),  n.  A  British  subject  or 
citizen  in  any  part  of  the  world,  but  more  par- 
ticularly a  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Great 
Britain,  especially  of  England.  [Now  chiefly 
colloquial  or  humorous.] 

Briton  (brit'ou),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  Britun,  Bru- 
tun,  etc.,  <  OF.  Breton,  a  Briton,  iisually  a  Bre- 
ton or  native  of  Brittany  in  France,  <  ML.  Bri- 
to(n-),  pi.  Britones,  L.  Britanni,  Britons:  see 
British.^  I.  w.  A  native  of  Great  Britain;  es- 
pecially, one  of  the  original  Celtic  inhabitants 
of  the  island  of  Britain. 
II.  «.  British.  [Rare.] 

A  Briton  peasant.  Shak.,  Cymbeline,  v.  1. 

britska  (brits'ka),  n.  [Also  wi-itten  hritzska 
and,  more  prop.,  britcJika  ;  <Pol.  bryczl'a  =  'Russ. 
brichka,  dim.  of  Pol.  bnjha,  a  freight-wagon,  = 
Russ.  brikii,  a  sort  of  light  carriage.]  In  Rus- 
sia, a  light,  partly  covered  four-wheeled  car- 
riage. The  Polisli  britska,  also  used  in  Russia,  has  a 
pole,  a  boiiv  of  wickerwork,  and  a  leather  top. 

britti,  britt2.   See  brit\  brit^. 

brittent  (brit'n),  r.  t.    [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  brit- 

tenen,  brihien,  brijttenen,  bruttenen,  brutnen,  bret- 
nen,  divide,  break  up,  cut  to  pieces,  <  AS.  bnjt- 
nian,  divide,  distribute,  dispense  (cf.  Icel.  brot- 
na,  be  broken),  <  bredtan  (pp.  *broten),  break: 
see  &nii.]  To  break  up;  cut  to  pieces;  cut  up; 
carve. 

Thus  schall  I  brittyn  all  youre  bones  on  brede. 

York  Plays,  p.  292. 

britterworts  (brit'er-werts),  n.  pi.  The  Diato- 
macea'. 

brittle  (brit'l),  a.  [<  ME.  britel,  brutel,  hrotel, 
etc.,  <  AS.  as  if  *brytel,  wdth  suffix  -el  forming 
adjectives  from  verbs,  <  bredtan  (pret.  bredt,  pi. 
*bruton,  pp.  *broten),  break:  see  brit^  and  brit- 
ten.  Cf .  brickie,  an  equiv.  word  of  different  ori- 
gin.]   If.  Fickle ;  changeable. 

How  brotel  and  how  false  he  was. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  2555. 

2.  Breaking  easily  and  suddenly  with  a  com- 
paratively smooth  fracture,  as  glass  ;  fragile ; 
not  tough  or  tenacious. 

Brass,  an  alloy  of  copper  and  zinc,  .  .  .  becomes  brittle 
at  temperatures  approaching  to  redness,  but  while  cold  it 
possesses  considerable  malleability. 

W.  A.  Miller,  Elem.  of  Chem.,  §  619. 

3.  Figuratively,  easily  destroyed;  perishable; 
fleeting. 

One  woful  day  sweeps  children,  friends  and  wife, 
And  all  the  brittle  blessings  of  my  life  ! 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Lucretius,  iii.  85. 
Brittle  silver  ore.   Same  as  stephanlte. 
brittleness  (brit'l-nes),  n.    [<  ME.  brittilnesse, 
brutelnes,  etc.]     If.  Instability;  changeable- 
ness. 

The  see  may  ebbe  and  flowe  more  and  lesse, 

The  welken  hath  might  to  shyne,  reyne  and  hayle  : 

Right  so  mote  I  kythe  my  brotelnesse. 

Chaucer,  Fortune,  1.  63. 

2.  The  property  of  breaking  readily  with  a 
comparatively  smooth  fracture;  fi-angibility : 
the  opposite  of  toughness  and  tenacity. 

A  rod  of  good  steel,  in  its  hardest  state,  is  broken  al- 
most as  easily  as  a  rod  of  glass  of  the  same  size,  and  this 
brittleness  can  only  be  diminished  by  diminishing  its  hard- 
ness.        G.  Ede,  in  Campin's  Mech.  Engineering,  p.  360. 

brittle-star  (brit'l-stiir),  7i.  A  name  of  sundry 
sand-stars,  or  ophiurians,  from  their  fragility. 
See  cuts  under  Astrophyton  and  star-fish. 

britzska,  n.    See  britska. 

Briza  (bri'za),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ppi^uv,  nod  (cf. 
the  common  name  quaking-grass).  The  form 
seems  to  have  been  suggested  by  Gr.  (ipiC,a,  a 
grain  like  rye,  in  Thrace  and  Macedonia  still 
so  called.  Cf.  MoMa  (ipiada,  for  pffa,  root.]  A 
genus  of  grasses,  commonly  called  quaking- 
grass,  maidenhair-grass,  or  lady's-hair.  There  are 

ten  species,  mostly  natives  of  Europe  and  the  Mediterra- 
nean region,  of  little  agricultural  importance.  Some  of 
them  are  cultivated  for  ornament  on  account  of  their 
gracefully  nodding  spikes. 

brize^t,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  breeze^. 

brize^t,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  breeze'^. 

brize^,  n.    See  hrise^. 

brize  (bre-za'),  a.    Same  as  brise. 

brizure  (briz'ur),  n.    Same  as  brisure,  1. 

bro.  An  abbreviation  of  brother;  pi.  bros. :  as, 
Smith  Bros.  &  Co. 

broach  (broch),  «..  [Also,  in  sense  of  an  orna- 
mental pin,  spelled  brooch  (see  brooch^) ;  early 
mod.  E.  broche,  <  ME.  broche,  a  pin,  peg,  spit, 
spear-point,  taper,  <  OF.  broche,  F.  broche,  a 
spit,  brooch,  etc.,  =  Pr.  broca  —  Sp.  Pg.  broca, 
an  awl,  drill,  spool,  etc.,  —  It.  brocca,  a  split 
stick  (with  masculine  forms,  OP.  and  F.  dial. 


688 

broc,  a  spit,  =  It.  brocco,  a  sharp  stake,  a  sprout, 
etc.),  <  ML.  broca,  brocca,  a  spit,  a  sharp  stake, 
any  sharp-pointed  thing;  cf.  L.  brochus,  broc- 
chus,  brocus,  projecting  (of  the  teeth  of  animals: 
see  brochate);  prob.  of  Celtic  origin:  cf.  W. 
procio,  stab,  prick  (>  E.  prog);  Gael,  brog,  a 
shoemakers'  awl,  <  brog,  spur,  stimulate,  goad 
(>  E.  6rof/l).]    If.  A  spit. 

Thre  baletulle  birdez  his  brochez  they  turne. 

Morte  Arthure,  1.  1029. 
And  some  failed  not  to  take  the  child  and  bind  it  to  a 
broach,  and  lay  it  to  the  fire  to  roast. 

Sir  T.  More,  Works,  p.  259. 
He  turned  a  broach,  that  had  worn  a  crown. 

Bacon,  Hist.  Hen.  VII. 

2t.  A  spear. 

That  fruit  was  of  a  mayden  born 
On  a  theoues  tre  is  al  totorn 
A  broche  thorwout  his  brest  [bor]n. 
Legends  of  the  Holy  Rood  (ed.  Morris),  p.  133. 

3.  An  awl;  a  bodkin.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 4.  A 
spike;  a  skewer;  a  sharp  stick;  specitically,  a 
rod  of  sallow,  hazel,  or  other  tough  and  pliant 
wood,  sharpened  at  each  end  and  bent  in  the 
middle,  used  by  thatchers  to  pierce  and  fix  their 
work.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
Broche  for  a  thacstare  (thaxter,  thatcher],  firmaculum. 

Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  52. 

5t.  A  spur. — 6t.  A  fish-hook.  Prompt.  Parv. — 
7t.  A  spike  or  standard  for  a  candle. 

A  broche  with  a  fote,  ij  new  torches. 

English  Qilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  327. 

8t.  A  taper ;  a  torch. 

Hewe  fuyr  of  a  fiynt  four  hundred  wynter ; 

Bote  thou  haue  tache  to  take  hit  with  tunder  and  broches, 

Al  thy  labour  is  lost.  Piers  Plowman  (C),  xx.  211. 

9.  A  spindle;  a  spool.  [Scotch.] 

Broche  of  threde,  vericulum.         Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  52. 

10.  In  arch.,  formerly,  a  spire  of  any  kind ;  now, 
specifically,  as  used  in  some  parts  of  England 
and  by  some 
vsTiters  on  arch- 
itectui'e,  a  spire 
which  rises  di- 
rectly from  the 
walls  of  its  tow- 
er, without  par- 
apets and  gut- 
ters.—  11.  A 
narrow  -  point- 
ed chisel  used 
by  masons  for 
hewing  stones. 
— 12.  Any  ta- 
pered boring- 
bit  or  drill. 
Broaches  used  for 
boring  wood  are 
fluted  like  the  shell- 
bit,  but  tapered  to- 
ward the  point ; 
but  those  used  in 
boring  metal  are 
solid,  and  usually 
three-,  four-,  or  six- 
sided.  Their  com- 
mon forms  are 
shown  in  the 
annexed  figures. 
Broaches  are  also 
known  as  wideners 
and  reamers. 

13.  A  straight  steel  tool  with  file-teeth  for 
pressing  through  irregular  holes  in  metal  that 
cannot  be  dressed  by  revolv- 
ing tools. — 14.  That  part  of 
the  stem  of  a  key  which 
projects  beyond  the  bit  or 
web,  and  enters  a  socket  in 
the  interior  of  the  lock. — 15. 
That  pin  in  a  lock  which  en- 
ters the  barrel  of  the  key. 
E.  R.  Knight.— IQ.  The  stick 
from  which  candle-wicks  are 
suspended  for  dipping. — 17. 
A  gimlet  used  in  opening 
casks  for  sampling  their  con- 
tents.— 18.  A  fitting  for  an 
Aose'for'nfe'ifi.'^^' *  °'  Argaud  gas-bumcr.— 19.  A 
start,  like  the  end  of  a  spit, 
on  the  head  of  a  young  stag. — 20.  A  pin  or  clasp 
to  fasten  a  garment ;  specifically,  an  ornamen- 
tal pin,  clasp,  or  buckle,  and  especially  a  breast- 
pin, of  gold,  silver,  or  other  metal,  attached  to 
the  dress  or  depending  from  the  neck :  in  this 
sense  now  usually  spelled  brooch  (which  see), 
broach  (broch),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  brochen,  bore,  spur, 
spit,  tap  (in  this  sense  cf.  the  phrase  setten  on 
broche,  set  abroach,  after  F.  mettre  en  broche: 
see  abroach),  <  OF.  brocher,  spur,  spit,  etc.,  F. 
brocher,  stitch,  figure,  emboss  (=  Pr.  brocar  = 
Pg.  brocar,  bore,  =  It.  broccare,  urge,  incite. 


A,  southwest  tower.  Cathedral  of  Bayeux, 
Normandy ;  B,  Church  of  St.  Nicholas,  Wal- 
cot,  Enj^land. 


Broaches  for  Boring. 
Fig.  a  is  an  example 
of  broaches  or  reamers 


broad 

etc.),  <  broche,  etc.,  spit:  see  broach,  n.  Cf. 
brocade,  brochure,  etc.]  If.  To  spit;  pierce  as 
with  a  spit. 

The  Erie  that  knew  &  wyst  moche  of  the  chasse  bracked 
the  bore  thrughe  the  brest. 

Rom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  235,  note. 

I'll  broach  the  tadpole  on  my  rapier's  point. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  2. 

2t.  To  spur. 

Broches  t'ls  baye  stede,  and  to  the  buske  rydej. 

Morte  Arthvre  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  918. 

3.  In  masonry,  to  rough-hew.  [North.  Eng. 
and  Scotch.]  —  4.  To  open  for  the  first  time 
for  the  purpose  of  taking  out  something ;  more 
especially,  to  tap  or  pierce,  as  a  cask  in  order 
to  draw  the  liquor :  as,  to  broach  a  hogshead. 

Descending  into  the  cellars,  they  broached  every  cask 
they  found  there.  Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  564. 

Hence,  figuratively — 5.  To  open,  as  the  mouth 
for  utterance. 

Desiring  Virtue  might  be  her  first  growth. 
And  Hallelujah  broach  her  holy  mouth. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  i.  68. 

6.  To  let  out;  shed. 

This  blow  should  broach  thy  dearest  blood. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  4. 

7.  To  state  or  give  expression  to  for  the  first 
time;  utter;  give  out;  especially,  begin  con- 
versation or  discussion  about;  introduce  by 
way  of  topic:  as,  to  broach  a  theory  or  an 
opinion. 

This  error  .  .  .  was  first  broached  by  Josephus. 

Raleigh,  Hist.  World,  i.  3. 
Here  was  our  Paolo  brought 
To  broach  a  weighty  business. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  107. 

Sf.  To  give  a  start  to ;  set  going. 

That  for  her  love  such  quarrels  may  be  broach'd. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,ii.  1. 

Droved  and  broached.  See  droijcs.— To  broach  to 
(nauf.,  used  intransitively),  to  come  suddenly  to  the  wind, 
as  a  ship,  by  accident  or  by  the  fault  of  the  helmsman  (a 
dangerous  position  in  a  gale). 

broacher  (bro'cher),  ».  [<  broach  +  -erl.]  If. 
A  spit. 

On  five  sharp  broachers  rank'd  the  roast  they  turn'd. 

Dryden,  Iliad,  i.  638. 

2.  One  who  broaches,  opens,  or  utters ;  a  first 
publisher. 

The  first  broacher  of  a  heretical  opinion. 

Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 
Deadly  haters  of  truth,  broachers  of  lies. 

Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

broaching-press  (bro'ching-pres),  n.  A  ma- 
chine-tool employing  a  broach,  used  in  slotting 
and  finishing  iron. 

broach-post  (broch'post),  n.  In  caip.,  a  king- 
post. 

broach-turner  (br6ch'ter''''ner),  n.  A  menial 
whose  occupation  is  to  turn  a  broach  or  spit ;  a 
turnspit. 

Dish-washer  and  broach-turner,  loon! — to  me 
Thou  smellest  all  of  kitchen  as  before. 

Tennyson,  Gareth  and  Lynette. 

broad  (br&d),  a.  and  n.  [=  Sc.  braid;  <  ME. 
brood,  brod,  <  AS.  brad  =  OS.  h-ed  =  OFries. 
bred  =  D.  breed  =  MLG.  bred,  LG.  breed  =  OHG. 
MHG.  G.  breit  =  Icel.  breidhr  =  Sw.  Dan.  bred 
=:Goth.  braids,  broad.  Hence  bread^,  breadth. 
The  pron.  would  be  reg.  brod  (like  goad,  road, 
etc.).]  I.  a.  1.  Wide;  having  great  breadth, 
as  distinguished  from  length  and  thickness ; 
used  absolutely,  having  much  width  or  breadth ; 
not  narrow :  as,  a  strip  no  broader  than  one's 
hand;  a  broad  river  or  street. 

In  are  [a]  brode  strete  he  igon  mete  threo  cnihtes. 

Layamon,  I.  217. 

Broad  breast,  full  eye,  small  head,  and  nostril  wide. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  296. 

2.  Large  superficially ;  extensive ;  vast :  as, 
the  broad  expanse  of  ocean. 

Each  year  shall  give  this  apple-tree 
A  broader  flush  of  roseate  bloom. 

Bryant,  Planting  of  the  Apple-Tree. 

3.  Figuratively,  not  limited  or  narrow;  liber- 
al; comprehensive;  enlarged:  as,  a  man  of 
broad  views. 

In  a  broad,  statesmanlike,  and  masterly  way.  Everett. 
Narrow  spirits  admire  basely  and  worship  meanly, 
broad  spirits  worship  the  right.  Thackeray. 

Specifically — 4.  Inclined  to  the  Broad  Church, 
or  to  the  views  held  by  the  Broad-Church  party 
of  the  Church  of  England.  See  Episcopal— 
5.  Large  in  measure  or  degree;  not  small  or 
slight ;  ample  ;  consummate. 

ZiS  hym-self  be  bore  blynde  hit  is  a  brod  wonder. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  684. 


broad 

He  grins,  and  looks  broad  nonsense  with  a  stare. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  ii.  194. 

6.  Widely  diffused;  open;  full:  as,  in  broad 
sunshine ;  broad  daylight. 

Ful  oft,  vvliau  it  is  brode  day. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  ii.  107. 
I  count  little  of  the  many  things  I  see  pass  at  broad  noon- 
day, m  large  and  open  streets. 

Sterne,  Sentimental  Journey,  p.  103. 
It  was  broad  day,  and  the  people,  recovered  from  their 
panic,  were  enabled  to  see  and  estimate  the  force  of  the 
*"^™y-  Irving,  Granada,  p.  32. 

7.  Unconfined;  free;  unrestrained,  (a)  Used 
absolutely. 

As  broad  and  general  as  the  casing  air. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4. 
<i)  Unrestrained  by  a  sense  of  propriety  or  fitness :  unpol- 
ished; loutish.  ^ 

TeU  him  his  pranks  have  been  too  broad  to  bear  with. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 
<c)  Unrestrained  by  considerations  of  decency  indeli- 
cate; indecent. 

As  chaste  and  modest  as  he  is  esteemed,  it  cannot  be 
■denied  but  in  some  places  he  is  broad  and  fulsome. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires,  Ded. 
(d)  Unrestrained  by  fear  or  caution ;  bold  ;  unreserved. 

For  from  broad  words,  and  'cause  he  fail'd 
His  presence  at  the  tyrant's  feast,  I  hear, 
Macduff  lives  in  disgrace.       Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  6. 
8.  Characterized  by  a  full,  strong  utterance ; 
•coarsely  vigorous;  not  weak  or  slender  in 
sound  :  as,  broad  Scotch ;  broad  j3orie ;  a  broad 
vowel,  such  as  a  or  d  or  o.— 9+  Plain-  evi- 
dent. ' 
Proves  thee  far  and  wide  a  broad  goose. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  4 


689 

The  coin  was  also  issued  subsequently.  Also 

called  latirel  and  broad-piece. 
broad  (brad),  adv.    [<  ME.  broode,  brode,  <  AS. 
brdde  (=  MHG.  breitc,  G.  breit),  broadly ;  from 
the  adj.]    If.  Broadly;  openly;  plainly. 

Crist  spak  himself  ful  broode  in  holy  writ. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  I.  739. 


Chaucer 


broad  +  ar- 

A 


Broad  Pennant  of  a  Commodore, 
United  States  Navy. 


10.  In  the^we  arts,  characterized  by  breadth- 
as,  a  picture  remarkable  for  the  ftroad  treatment 
of  its  subject.  See  breadth,  3._as  broad  as  at 
Is)  long,  equal  upon  the  whole ;  the  same  either  wty. 

hJL'^  .^f  ^''T^  whether  they  rise  to  others  or 

bring  others  down  to  them.  Sir  R.  L'Estrange. 

Broad  Church,  the  popular  designation  of  a  party  in 
the  Church  of  England.  See  EpUeopalian.-'RToteL  lo- 
irii'f^i^  1  g'^en  to  drawing-pa- 

per folded  the  broadest  way.- Broad  gage.  See  glgei. 
1w  h1?,ti?^^^'  "'•"''°T-8lass  of  a  cheap  quality  formed 
t)y  blowing  a  long  cylinder,  cutting  it  apart,  and  al- 
lowing  the  pieces  to  soften  and  flatten  out  in  a  kUn. 

See  glass.  Also  called 
British  sheet-glass,  cylin- 
der-glass, German  plate- 
glass,  and  spread  vnndow- 

;7fass.— Broad  lace,  a 

woolen  fabric  made  in 
bands  about  4  inches 
wide,  and  used  as  an 
ornamental  border  to 
the  upholstery  of  a  car- 
riage. Car-builder's  Diet. 

—  Broad  pennant 

(naut.),  a  swallow-tailed 
flag  carried  at  the  mast- 
head of  a  man-of-war  as 
the  distinctive  mark  of  a 
commodore.  =  Syn.  1. 
Extended,  spread.  —  i 
and  2.  Wide,  Broad.  See 
wide.—T.  (c)  Vulgar,  ob- 
scene. 

11.  w.  1.  A  shallow,  fenny  lake  formed  by 
the  expansion  of  a  river  over  adjacent  flat  land 
covered  more  or  less  with  a  reedy  growth-  a 
flooded  fen,  or 
lake  in  a  fen : 
as,  the  Norfolk 
broads.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

A  frj-oad  is  the 
spread  of  a  river 
into  a  sheet  of  wa- 
ter, which  is  cer- 
tainly neither  lake 
nor  lagoon. 

Southey,  Letters 
[(1812),  II.  307. 
Then  across  the 
mill  -  pool,  and 
through  the  deep 
crooks,  out  into  the 
broads,  and  past  the 
withered  beds  of 
weeds  which  told  of 
coming  winter. 

H.  Kingsley, 
[Ravenshoe,  viii. 

2.  In  meek.,  a 
tool  used  for 
turning  down 
the  insides  and 
bottoms  of  cyl- 
inders in  the 
lathe. —  3.  An 
English  coin 
first  issued  in 
1019  by  James 
I.,  and  worth  at 
the  time  20s. 
44 


Reverse. 
Broad  of  James  I.,  British  Museum, 
( Size  of  the  original. ) 


2t.  Widely;  copiously;  abimdantly 
—3,  Broadly;  fully. 

With  all  his  crimes  broad  blown,  as  flush  as  May. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  3. 
Lying  broad  awake  I  thought  of  you  and  Effie  dear. 

Tennyson,  May  Queen  (Conclusion). 

broadt,  v.  t.  [ME.  broden,<  AS.  brddian,  spread, 
<  brad,  broad.  Cf.  bread'^.']  To  make  broad; 
spread. 

Tyll  the  blessed  bredd  [bird]  brodid  his  wingis. 

Richard  the  Redeless. 

broad-arro-W  (brad'ar'^o),  n.  [<  ME.  brode arow, 
brodarwe,  etc.,  a  heavy  arrow;  <  broad  +  ar- 
row.]    Tho  royal  mark  of  Brit- 
ish government  stores  of  every 
description,  which  it  is  felony  to 
obliterate  or  deface.    Persons  un- 
lawfully in  possession  of  goods  marked 
with  the  broad-arrow  forfeit  the  goods 
and  are  subject  to  a  penalty  of  £200. 
The  broad-arrow  was  the  cognizance  of      Broad  armw 
Henry,  Viscount  Sydney,  Earl  of  Rom- 
ney.  Master-general  of  Ordnance  from  1693  to  1702,  and  was 
first  used  in  his  time.     In  heraldry  it  differs  from  the 
pUeon  (which  see)  in  having  the  inside  of  the  barbs  plain 

broadax  (brad'aks),  n.  [<  ME.  brodax,  brood- 
axe,  etc.,  <  AS.  brddcex,  <  brad,  broad,  +  wx, 
ax:  see  broad  and  aa;l.]  If.  A  battle-ax.— 2. 
An  ax  with  a  broad  edge,  for  hewing  timber'. 
See  cut  under  ax. 

Then  let  the  sounds  of  measured  stroke 

And  grating  saw  begin. 
The  broad-axe  to  the  gnarled  oak, 
The  mallet  to  the  pin ! 

Whittier,  Ship-Builders, 
broad-based  (brad'bast),  a.    Having  a  broad 
foundation;  securely  founded.  [Bare.] 
Her  throne  .  .  . 
Broad-based  upon  her  people's  will. 

Tennyson,  To  the  Queen, 
broadbill  (brad'bil),  «.  1.  The  shoveler-duck 
Spatula  clypeata.~2.  The  spoonbill,  Platalea 
leucorodia.—S.  The  scaup-duck,  Fuligula  ma- 
rila,  and  other  species  of  that  genus. — 4.  A 
bird  of  the  family  Eurylaimida;.  There  are  nine 
or  ten  species  of  broadbills  peculiar  to  the 
Indian  region.  Also  called  hroadmouth. 
broad-billed  (brad'bild),  a.  In  ornith.,  having 
a  broad  bill.-  Broad-hilled  sandpiper,  the  Limicoia 

platyrhyncha. 

broadbrim  (brad'brim),  n.  1.  A  hat  with  a 
very  broad  brim,  especially  the  form  of  hat 
worn  by  members  of  the  Society  of  Friends. 
Hence— 2.  A  member  of  that  society;  a 
Quaker.  Carlyle.  [Colloq.] 
broad-brimmed  (brad'brimd),  a.  1.  Having 
a  broad  border,  brim,  or  edge. 

Govert  Lockerman,  without  taking  his  pipe  out  of  his 
mouth,  turned  up  his  eye  from  under  his  broad-brimmed 
hat  to  see  who  hailed  him  thus  discourteously. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  251. 

2.  Wearing  a  hat  with  a  broad  brim. 

This  broad-brimm'd  hawker  of  holy  things. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  x. 

broadcast  (brad'kast),  a.  1.  Cast  or  dispersed 
upon  the  ground  vidth  the  hand,  as  seed  in  sow- 
ing: opposed  to  sowed  in  drills  or  rows.— 2 
Widely  spread  or  diffused, 
broadcast  (brad'kast),  n.  In  agri.,  a  method 
of  sowing  in  which  the  seed  is  thrown  from  the 
hand  in  handfuls. 

My  lads,  said  he,  let  broad-east  be, 
And  come  away  to  drill.  Hood. 
broadcast  (brad'kast),  adv.    1.  By  scattering 
or  throwing  at  large  from  the  hand :  as,  to  sow 
broadcast.— 2.  So  as  to  disseminate  widely ;  in 
wide  dissemination. 
An  impure,  so  called,  literature  sown  broadcast  over  the 

Blackwood's  Mag. 

broadcloth  (brad'kloth),  n.  A  fine  woolen  cloth, 
commonly  black,  with  a  finished  surface,  mostly 
used  in  making  men's  garments :  so  called  from 
its  breadth,  which  is  usually  60  inches. 

Every  whole  woollen  cloth,  called  broad  cloth  whicli 
shall  be  made  and  set  to  sale  after  the  feast  called  St 
Peter  ad  vmcula,  which  shall  be  in  the  year  of  our  Lord 
M.CCCC.LXV.,  after  the  full  watering,  racking,  strainin" 
or  tenturing  of  the  same,  ready  to  sale,  shall  hold  and 
contain  in  length  xxiv  yards,  and  to  every  yard  an  inch 
containing  the  breadth  of  a  man's  thumb,  to  be  measured 
by  the  crest  of  the  same  cloth,  and  in  breadth  ii  yards  or 
vij  quarters  at  the  least,  within  the  lists. 

English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  351,  note. 
They  be  all  patched  cloutes  and  ragges,  in  comparison 
of  faire  wouen  broode  cloathes. 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  60. 


broadside 

broaden (bra'dn), w.  {_<  broad  +  -erO-.  Ci.hroad, 
v.^  I.  intrans.  To  grow  broad  or  broader. 

To  broaden  into  boundless  day. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  xcv. 
II.   trans.   To  make  broad;    increase  in 
breadth ;  render  more  broad  or  comprehensive  - 
as,  '''broadcri'dnozt-nXs,"  Tliomsoyi,  Winter, 
broad-eyed  (brad  'id),  «.    Having  a  wide  view 
or  sui'vey. 

broad-fronted  (brad'fi-ua"ted),  a.  Having  a 
broad  front;  having  a  wide  forehead:  as 
''broad-fronted  Ca;sar,"  Hhak.,  A.  and  C,  i.  5.  ' 
broad-gage  (brad'gaj),  «.  Having  the  space 
between  the  rails  wider  than  the  standard  gage 
of  56^  inches :  said  of  a  railroad  track :  opposed 
to  narrow-gage,  which  signifies  less  than  the 
standard  width.  See  gage"^. 
broadhorn  (brad'hom),  n.  A  name  by  which 
the  flat-boats  on  the  Mississippi  and  other 
American  rivers  were  formerly  known. 

A  broad-horn,  a  prime  river  conveyance.  Irving. 
The  river's  earliest  commerce  was  in  great  barges  —  keel- 
boats,  broadhorns. 

S.  L.  Clemens,  Life  on  the  Mississippi,  p.  41. 
broad-horned  (brad'hSmd),  «.    Having  wide- 
spread horns.  Huloet. 

broadleaf,  broadleaf-tree  (brad'lef,  -tre),  n. 
A  tall  tree,  Terminalia  latifolia,  natural  order 
Combretacem,  common  in  J amaica,  bearing  large 
and  long-petioled  leaves  at  the  end  of  the 
branches. 

broadly  (brad'U),  adv.   1.  In  a  broad  manner. 
That  broadly  flows  through  Pylos'  fields. 

Chapman,  Iliad,  v. 
Custine  has  spoken  out  more  broadly. 

Burke,  Present  State  of  Aff'airs. 
These  simple  broadly  draped  figures  were  sculptured 
by  l^iccola  at  Pisa.    C.  C.  Perkins,  Italian  Sculpture,  p.  21. 
SpecificaUy— 2.  In  zooL,  so  as  to  extend  over  a 
relatively  large  space:  as,  broadly  emarginate; 
broadly  bisinuate,  etc.    A  part  is  broadly  trun- 
cate when  the  truncation  is  nearly  or  quite 
equal  to  its  greatest  width, 
broadmouth  (brad'mouth),  71.    A  bird  of  the 
family  Eurylwmidce  (which  see);  a  broadbill 
broadness  (brad'nes),  w.  {<  broad  +  -yiess.]  1. 
Breadth;  extent  from  side  to  side. —  2.  Coarse- 
ness; grossness;  indelicacy. 

Broadness  and  indecency  of  allusion. 

Craik,  Eng.  Lit.,  i.  524. 

broad-piece  (brad'pes),  n.  Same  as  broad,  n.,  3. 
broad-seal  (brad'sel),  n.    The  official  or  great 
seal  of  a  country  or  state:  as,  "the  king's 
broad-seal,^'  Sheldon,  Miracles,  p.  61.  [More  cor- 
rectly as  two  words.]  -Broad-seal  war,  in  u.  s. 

hist.,  a  contest  in  the  House  of  Representatives,  in  Decem- 
ber, 1839,  as  to  the  admission  or  exclusion  of  five  Whig 
members  from  New  Jersey,  who  had  certificates  of  election 
under  tlie  broad  seal  of  the  State,  but  whose  seats  were 
contested  by  Democratic  claimants 

broad-seal  (brad'sel),  v.  t.    [<  broad-seal,  n.] 
io  stamp  as  with  the  broad  seal;  guarantee; 
make  sure. 
Thy  presence  broad-seals  our  delights  for  pure. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v  3. 

broad-shouldered  (brad'sh61"derd),  a.  Having 
the  back  broad  across  the  shoulders. 

Broad-shouldered,  and  his  arms  were  round  and  long. 
,  Dryden. 

broadside  (brad'sid),  n.  1.  The  whole  side  of 
a  ship  above  the  water-line,  from  the  bow  to  the 
quarter.— 2.  A  simultaneous  discharge  of  all 
the  guns  on  one  side  of  a  vessel  of  war:  as,  to 
fire  a  broadside.— 3.  In  general,  any  compre- 
hensive attack  with  weapons  of  any  kind  di- 
rected against  one  point  or  object. 
Give  him  a  broadside,  my  brave  boys,  with  your  pikes. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Philaster,  v.  4. 

4.  A  sheet  printed  on  one  side  only,  and  with- 
out ari-angement  in  columns ;  especially,  such 
a  sheet  containing  some  item  of  news,  or  an 
attack  upon  some  person,  etc.,  and  designed 
for  distribution. 

Every  member  of  the  convention  received  a  copy  of  this 
draft  of  a  constitution,  printed  on  broadsides  in  large 
'^P^-  Bancroft,  Hist.  Const.,  I.  119. 

Van  Citters  gives  the  best  account  of  the  trial.  I  have 
seen  a  broadside  which  confirms  his  narrative. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi.,  note. 

5.  Any  surface  resembling  the  side  of  a  ship 
m  breadth,  etc.,  as  a  house-front. 

In  the  great,  blank,  gray  broadside,  there  were  only 
four  windows.  Dickens. 
Broadside  on,  witli  the  side  in  advance;  sidewise.— To 
take  on  the  broadside,  to  treat  freely  and  unceremoni- 
ously. 

Determined  to  take  the  world  on  the  broadside  and  eat 
thereof,  and  be  filled.  Car^y^c,  Diderot. 

broadside  (brad'sid),  adv.  [<  broadside,  n.l 
1.  With  the  broadside  directed  toward  the 
point  specified. 


The  landing  of  troops 
teen  vessels  of  war,  lyin] 


broadside                                              690  brocket 

or  Conidce:  so  called  from  the  peculiar  colora-  ing  teeth  (of  animals):  see  hroach.'\  Haviuj; 

tion.  tusks,  tushes,  or  perennial  teeth ;  specifically, 

brocage,  n.    See  hrokage.  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Brochata. 

Pell-mellj  unceremoniously:  as,  to  go  or  ferocard  (brok'ard), «.    [<0P.  ftrocarrf,  amaxim  brochet,  ».    A  Middle  English  form  of  broach 

''                                            (inmod.F.  a  taunt,  jeer,  raillery),  ML.  &roc«rf7(-  and  brooch'^.  Chaucer. 

cum,  so  called,  it  is  said,  from  Brocard,  prop.  brocll6  (bro-sha'),  a. 


.  .  beneath  the  batteries  of  four- 
broaUsule  to  the  town. 

Everett,  Orations,  p.  70. 


Burchhard  or  Bu7-kard,  bishop  of  Worms  (died 
1025),  who  published  a  collection  of  ecclesi- 
astical canons,  "Regulffi  Ecclesiasticse,"  also 
known  as  Brocardica  or  Brocurdicorum  opus.~\ 
1.  A  law  maxim  founded  on  inveterate  cus- 
tom, or  borrowed  fi-om  the  Roman  law,  and  ac- 
counted part  of  the  common  law.  Hence  —  2. 
An  elementary  principle  or  maxim;  a  short 
proverbial  rule ;  a  canon. 

The  legal  brocard,  "Falsus  in  uno,  falsus  in  onniibus," 
is  a  rule  not  more  applicable  to  other  witnesses  than  to 
consciousness.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

The  scliolastic  brocard  [Niliil  est  in  intellectu  quod  non 
fuerit  in  sensu]  ...  is  the  fundamental  article  in  tlie 
creed  of  that  scliool  of  philosophers  who  are  called  "tlie 
sensualists."  Ferrier,  Inst,  of  Metaphysics,  p.  201. 

brocardic  (bro-kar'dik),  n.    Same  as  brocard. 

I  make  use  of  all  the  brocardics,  or  rules  of  interpreters : 


what  is  concluded  wise  and  reasonable  by  tlie  best  inter 
preters.  Jer.  Taylor,  Pref.  to  Duct.  Uub, 

t,  ».    An  old  form  of  brocade. 
brocatel,  brocatelle  (brok'a-tel),  n.    [<  F, 
brocatelle  =  Sp.  brocatel,  <  It.  broccatello,  varie 


send  broadside.  [Rare.] 

He  used  in  his  prayers  to  send  the  king,  tlie  ministers 
of  state,  ...  all  broadside  to  hell,  but  particulai'ly  tlie 
general  himself.  Swift,  Mem.  of  Capt.  Creiditon. 

broad-sighted  (brad'si 'ted),  a.    Having  a 
view.    Quarterly  Iter. 

broad-speaking  (brad'spe'king),  a.  1.  Using 
vulgar  or  coarse  language ;  speaking  with  a  vul- 
gar accent. —  2.  Speaking  plainly  out  without 
endeavoring  to  soften  one's  meaning. 

broad-spoken  (brad '  sp6 "  kn),  a.  Character- 
ized by  plainness  or  coarseness  of  speech,  or 
by  a  vulgar  accent ;  imrefined. 

broad-spread  (brad'spred),  a.  "Widely  diffused, 

broad-spreading  (brad'spred 'ing),  a.  Spread.- 
ing  widely. 

His  broad-spreading  leaves.        Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  iii.  4. 
broadstone  (brad'ston),  n.    Same  as  ashler. 
broadsword  (brad'sord),  n.    A  sword  with  a 

broad  blade,  as  distinguished  from  one  with  a 

narrow  blade  or  from  a  three-sided  thrustiug- 

sword;  a  sword  of  which  the  edge  as  well  as 

the  point  is  used.   All  forms  of  sword  which  have  a  ijrocatt  »•    An  old  form  of  brocade 

flat  bliide  for  cutting  are  called  broadswords,  m  contrast  ■l,_-„„4.„i  V,rnpn+<»np  ('hrok'a-tel')  n 
to  swords  used  for  thrusting  alone.    See  claimore.  brOCatCl,  brOCatellC   (.broK  a  tei;,  n 

broadtail  (brad'tal),  w.  One  of  the  numerous 
species  of  old-world  parrots,  of  the  genus  Pla- 
tycercus.    P.  L.  Sclater. 

broadtbroat  (brad  '  throt),  m.  [<  broad  + 
throat;  a  translation  of  Eurylcemits,  q.  v.]  A 
book-name  of  birds  of  the  family  Eurylwmkke 
(which  see).  Also  called  broadbill  and  broad- 
mouth. 

broad-tool  (brad'tol),  n.  A  stone-masons'  chisel 

with  a  very  vride  edge,  used  for  finishing, 
broad-tread  (brad'tred),  a.    Having  a  wide 

face  or  tread,  as  a  car-wheel. 
Broadwell  ring.   See  ring. 
broadwise  (brad'wiz),  adr.    [<  broad  +  -wise.] 

In  the  direction  of  the  breadth ;  breadthwise  : 

as,  to  measure  broadwise. 
broamt.  n.    [Origin  obscure;  perhaps  a  mis-  x,_„ceoliTS'6-li) 

print.]    Apparently,  a  spirit  or  goblm.  Droccoil  (.oroK  o  ii; 

Tlie  approach  of  the  sun's  radiant  beams  expelleth  gob- 
lins, bugbears,  hob-thrushes,  broains,  screech-owl  mates, 
night-walking  spirits,  and  tenebrions. 

Urquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  iii.  24. 

brob  (brob),  n.   [E.  dial. ;  perhaps  an  alteration 
of  brod,  a  nail,  brad,  verb  brod,  prick :  see  brad 
and  6rad.]    1.  A  wedge-shaped 
spike,  driven  along  the  side  of 
a  timber  which  abuts  against 
another,  to  prevent  it  from 
slipping. — 2.  In  coal-mining,  a 
short,  thick  piece  of  timber, 
used  for  supporting  the  coal  which  is  being 
holed  or  undercut;  a  prop.    [Midland  coal- 
field, England.] 
brob  (brob),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  brobbed,  ppr. 
brobbing.    [E.  dial.,  <  brob,  w.]    To  prick  vsdth 
a  bodkin.    Halliwell.    [North.  Eng.] 
Brobdingnagian  (brob-ding-nag'i-an),  a.  and  n. 
I.  a.  Like  or  likened  to  an  inhabitant  of  the 
fabled  region  of  Brobdingnag  in  Swift's  "Gul- 
liver's Travels"  ;  hence,  of  enormous  size  ;  gi- 
gantic 


[F.^  pp.  of  brochcr, 
stitch,  sew :  see  broach.']  1 .  Sewed  or  stitched : 
said  of  a  book  which  is  not  bound  or  covered, 
except  vrath  a  paper  wrapper.  See  brochure. — 
2.  Ornamented  in  weaving  with  threads  which 
form  a  pattern  on  the  surface  ;  brocaded :  said 
of  astuff,  specifically  of  silk:  as,  a  i'/'ocAe  ribbon, 
brochet  (bro-sha'),  n.  [F.,  a  pike,  luce,  for- 
merly also  a  faucet,  dim.  of  broche,  a  spit, 
broach :  see  broach.]  A  fish  of  the  family 
Cichlidce,  Crenicichla  saxatilis,  having  an  elon- 
gated form  and  pointed  head,  thus  slightly  re- 
sembling a  pike,  it  is  highly  colored  and  has  an 
ocellated  spot  at  the  root  of  tlie  tail.  It  is  an  inhabitant 
of  the  fresh  waters  of  South  America  and  Trinidad.  [Lo- 
cal in  Trinidad.] 

brochette  (bro-shef),  n.  [F.,  dim.  of  broche,  a. 
spit :  see  broach.']  A  skewer  to  stick  meat  on, 
used  in  cookery. 


that  is,  not  only  what  is  establislied  regularly,  in  law,  but  Tjrochure  (bro-shiir'),  «.     [F.,  <  brocher,  stitchr 

see  broach.]  1.  A  pamphlet;  an  unbound 
book,  of  which  the  sheets  are  held  together  by- 
sewing  only.  See  broche. —  2.  Specifically,  &■ 
small  pamphlet,  or  one  on  a  matter  of  transi- 


gated  marble^ (F.  6roca*(?,  tinsel  or  thin  cloth    toJ'V^  r<' MF   7»v.7-  <  AS  broc- 

he „„i.q  ,^;,v,   J  h.-^^^nfr,  l^v^^arlA^    brock^  (brok),         [<  ME.  ftJoA,  <.  Afe.  bloc  = 


of  gold  or  silver),  dim.  of  broccato,  brocaded, 
brocade:  see  brocade.]  1.  A  variety  of  orna- 
mental marble,  the  most  famous  localities  of 
which  are  in  Italy  and  Spain.  That  from  Siena, 
which  is  perhaps  the  most  characteristic  and  beautiful 
variety  known,  consists  of  a  ground  of  yellow  marble  tra- 
versed by  numerous  interlacing  veins  of  darker  material, 
most  of  which  are  of  a  deep-violet  color.  • 
2.  An  inferior  material  used  for  curtains,  fur- 
niture-covering, and  the  like,  made  of  silk  and 
wool,  silk  and  cotton,  or  pui-e  wool,  but  having 
a  more  or  less  siUcy  surface. 

The  Vice-Chancellor's  chaire  and  deske.  Proctors,  <fec. 
cover'd  with  brocatall  (a  kind  of  brocade)  and  cloth  of 
gold.  Evelyn,  Diary,  July  9,  1069. 

Also  written  broca  tello. 

n.  [It.,  pi.  of  broccolo,  a 
sprout,  cabbage-sprout,  dim.  of  brocco,  a  spit, 
skewer,  shoot :  see  broach.]  One  of  the  many 
varieties  of  the  common  cabbage  (Brassica  ole- 
racea),  in  which  the  young  inflorescence  is  con- 


Broccoli  [Brassica  oleracfa,  var. ). 


traeted  into  a  depressed  fleshy  edible  head, 
is  closely  similar  to  the  cauliflower, 
broch  (broch),  n.    Same  as  brought. 


It 


German  prose,  as  written  by  the  mob  of  authors,  pre-  hj-ochan  (broch'an),  n.     [Gael.  Ir.  brochan,  por- 

ridge,  gruel.]  Oatmeal  boiled  in  water;  thick 
porridge.  [Scotland  and  Ireland.] 
brochant  (bro'shant),  a.  [F.,  ppr.  of  brocher, 
stitch,  etc.  :  see  brocade.]  In  her.,  lying  over 
and  covering :  said  of  any  bearing  which  partly 
covers  another.  Also  brouchant. 
brochantite  (bro-shan'tlt),  n.  [After  Brochant 
de  Villiers,  a  French  mineralogist  (1773-1840).] 
An  emerald-green  mineral  consisting  of  hy- 
drous sulphate  of  copper.  The  crystals  are  in 
thin  rectangular  and  transparent  tables 


sents,  as  in  a  Brobdingnagian  mirror,  the  most  offensive 
faults  of  our  own.  -De  Quincey,  Style,  i. 

II.  n.  A  gigantic  person. 

"  Sally !"  screamed  the  Brobdingnagian,  "what  bedrooms 
is  disengaged?   A  gentleman  wants  a  bed." 

T.  Hook,  Gilbert  Gurney,  II.  v. 

broct,  n.  [F. :  see  brie-d-brac]  A  large  vessel 
with  a  handle,  and  generally  made  of  metal  or 
coarse  pottery,  for  holding  liquids. 

brocade  (bro-kad'),  n.  [<  Sp.  brocado  (=  Pg. 
brocado  =  It.  broccato  ;  cf .  P.  brocarf),  brocade, 
prop.  pp.  of  *brocar  {=  Pg.  brocar,  bore)  =  F. 
brocher,  embroider,  stitch,  etc. :  see  broach,  v.] 

1.  A  silken  fabric  variegated  with  gold  and 
silver,  or  having  raised  flowers,  foliage,  and 
other  ornaments :  also  applied  to  other  stuffs 
wrought  and  enriched  in  like  manner. 

A  gala  suit  of  faded  brocade.  Irving. 

2.  A  kind  of  bronze-powder  used  for  decorating, 
brocaded  (bro-ka'ded),  a.  1.  Woven  or  worked 

into  a  brocade. 

Brocaded  flowers  o'er  the  gay  mantua  shine. 

Oay,  Panthea. 

2.  Dressed  in  brocade. — 3.  Decorated  with 
flowers,  etc.,  in  relief:  as,  a   brocaded  silk. 
[Equivalent  to  French  broche.] 
brocade-shell  (bro-kad'shel),  11.   A  name  given 
to  Comts  geograpiiicus,  one  of  the  cone-shells, 


Dan.  brok,  a  badger;  prob.  of  Celtic  origin: 
W.  broch  -  Corn,  ftroc/t  =  Bret,  broch  =  Gael. 
Ir.  Manx  broc;  Ir.  also  brecli  and  brochd,  a  bad- 
ger; prob.  so  called  from  its  white-streaked 
face,  <  W.  brech  -  -  Gael.  Ir.  breac,  speckled  (see- 
brill);  cf.Gael.  brocach,  brucach,  speckled  in  the 
face;  cf.  also  Dan.  broget,  Sw.  brokig,  party- 
colored:  see  6rocfcc«.    Ct.  bausooi.]    A  badger. 

Or  with  pretence  of  chasing  thence  the  brock. 
Send  in  a  cur  to  worry  the  whole  flock  ! 

B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  i.  2. 

[Sometimes  used  as  a  term  of  reproach. 
Marry,  hang  thee,  brock!  Shak.,  T.  N.,  il.  5.Ji 

brock2  (brok),  n.  [Shetland  bruck,  <  ME.  *brok 
(not  found),  <  AS.  gebroc,  neut.,  a  piece,  a 
fragment  (cf.  broc,  affliction,  trouble,  fatigue) 
(=  OHG.  brocco,  MHG.  brocke,  G.  brocken,  m., 
=  Dan.  brokke  —  Goth,  ga-bruka,  f.,  a  piece; 
cf.  dim.  MLG.  brocket  =  ODan.  broggel,  a  piece, 
fragment),  <  brecan  (pp.  brocen),  break :  see 
break,  and  cf.  breach  with  its  variants  breck, 
brick^,  brack^,  etc. ;  cf .  also  brockle.]  A  piece ; 
&  fragment.    [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

brock2  (brok),  V.  t.  [Also  brok,  =  OHG.  bfo- 
chou,  brockon,  MHG.  G.  brocken  =  Dan.  brokkc, 
break,  crumble;  from  the  noun.]  To  break, 
crumble,  or  cut  into  bits  or  shreds.  [Scotch.] 

brocket,  f-  «•  [ME.  brokken,  perhaps  a  secon- 
dary form  of  brcken  (pp.  broken),  break.  Cf. 
brock'^.]  To  cry  out;  murmur;  complain:  a 
word  of  somewhat  uncertain  meaning,  found 
only  in  the  two  passages  quoted. 

What  helpth  hyt  the  crokke 
That  hys  [is]  to  felthe  [filth]  ydo, 
Aye  [against]  the  crokkere  to  brokke, 
"  Why  madest  thou  me  so?" 
William  de  Shoreham,  Religious  Poems  (ed.  Wright),  p.  106. 
He  singeth  brokkynge  [var.  crowyng,  Wright,  Morris]  as  A 
nyghtingale.  Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  191. 

brock*  (brok),  n.  [E.  dial. ;  cf.  ME.  hrok  (see 
quot.);  cf.  Icel.  brokkr,  also  hrokk-hestr,  a  trot- 
ter, trotting  horse,  brokka,  trot.  Origin  and 
relations  uncertain;  the  alleged  AS.  "6roc,  an. 
inferior  horse,  a  shaking  horse,  jade"  (Bos- 
worth),  does  not  exist,  the  def .  being  due  to  an 
error  of  translation.]  A  cart-horse  or  draft- 
horse  :  a  word  of  uncertain  original  meaning, 
applied  also  in  provincial  English  to  a  cow. 
Brockett;  Halliwell. 

The  carter  sniot  and  cryde  as  he  were  wod, 
Hayt  brok,  hayt  scot.    Chaucer,  Friar's  Tale,  1.  245. 


Brochata  (bro-ka'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  brock^  (brok),  n.  [Appar.  a  var.  of  bruck,^.  v.] 
Z)roc/ia««s,  projecting  (of  teeth),  having  project-  The  name  of  an  insect.  Mallmell.  Ifiov. 
ingteeth(of  animals):  see  6roc7ia<e.]  In Blyth's  Eng.] 

classification  of  mammals,  a  tribe  or  suborder  brock^  (brok),  n.  [Perhaps  another  use  ot 
of  his  Diplodontia,  corresponding  to  the  Pachy-  brock^,  a  badger.]  1.  A  pig.— 3.  bwili  tor  leea- 
herbivorous  Cetacea,  and  Rodentia  of 


dermata, 

Cuvier:  so  called  from  usually  having  persis- 
tently growing  teeth,  as  the  tusks  of  the  ele- 
phant or  the  incisors  of  a  rodent,  or  projecting 
tushes,  as  those  of  the  swine  and  hippopotamus. 

Blyth  divided  his  Brochata  into  Prohoscidea,  Rodentia, 
Chcerodia  (swine),  and  Syrenia  (Sirenia),  three  of  which 
(all  excepting  Chcerodia)  are  now  recognized  orders  of 
Mammalia  ;  Ijut  the  name  is  not  in  use. 
brochate  (bro'kat),  a.  [<  NL.  brochatus,  hav- 
ing projecting  teeth,  <  L.  brochus,  hrocchus, 
broccus,  projecting  (of  teeth),  having  project- 


ing pigs.    [North  of  Ireland.] 
brock'^  (brok),  n.    Short  for  brocket. 
brocks  (brok),  n.     [Possibly  shortened  from 

broccoli.]    A  cabbage.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
brOCk9  (brok),  n.    A  variant  of  brought. 
brockage  (brok'aj),  n.  [Appar.  <  brock^  +  -age.} 
In  numis.,  an  imperfect  coin. 

All  imperfect  coins,  curiously  tern-ed  brockages,  are- 
picked  out.  Ure,  Diet.,  III.  34.1. 

brocket  (brok'et),  a.  [<  Dan.  broget,  older 
form  *broket,  party-colored:  see  brock^.]  Va- 


brocket 


691 


brokage 


Ancient  Irish  Brogues. 


[Scotch.]    Also  brocked,  broked,  and  broakit. 
brocket  (brok'et),  «.  [<  me.  broket,  substituted 
foi-F.  brocart,  now  broquart,  a  brocket,  so  named 
from  having  but  one  tine  to  his  horn,  <  OP 
hroc,  F.  broche,  dial,  broc,  a  spit,  broach,  etc.,  a 
tine  of  a  stag's  horn;  ef.  OF.  broquct,  dim.  of 
broc,  as  above.  Cf.  E.  pricket,  <  prick,  a  point, 
etc.,  and  Gr.  spiesser,  a  brocket,  <  spiess  =  E 
sp(i2.]  1.  A  red  deer  two  years  old ;  a  pricket.' 

The  term  has  been  used  (in  the  plural)  by  somf  natural- 
ists  to  designate  a  group  of  the  deer  family 

2.  Any  deer  of  South  America  of  the  genus 

tariacus.     The  red  brocket  is  C.  rufus  of  Brazil ;  the 
wood-brocket,  C.  nemorivagiis. 

brock-faced  (brok'fast),  a.  Having  a  white  Ion-  — '  — ^-..^ 

gitudmal  mark  down  the  face,  like  a  badger  '  stripped  off  or  half  dr 
brockisht  (brok'ish),  a.     [<  brock^  +  -ish^l    allow  water  to  escape. 

Like  a  brock  or  badger;  beastly;  brutal:  as,  - 
brocUshyooTs,"  Bp.  Bale,  EngUsh  Votaries,  i! 
brockle  (brok'l),  «.  and  «.    [E.  dial.,  also 

hruckle,  var.  of  brickie,  <  ME.  brekel,  brokel, 

brukel :  see  brickie,  and  cf .  brock^^  m  ]  la 

1.  Same  as  brickie.— 2.  Apt  to  break  through 

a  held:  said  of  cattle.    [Pro v.  Eng.] 

ILt  n.  Broken  pieces;  fragments;  rubbish, 
brockram  (brok'ram),        Calcareous  breccia 

derived  from  the  waste  of  the  carboniferous 

limestones,  occurring  in  the  north  of  England 

in  sandstones  of  Permian  age,  and  especiallv 

well  developed  in  the  vaUey  of  the  Eden, 

[North.  Eng.] 


Ir.  bro;/,  a  shoe,  Gael,  also  a  hoof.  The  brogue 
was  made  of  rough  hide ;  it  was  regarded  as 
characteristic  of  the  wilder  Irish,  and  so  the 
name  came  to  designate 
their  manner  of  speaking 
English.]     1.  Foi-merly, 
in  Ireland,  a  shoe  made 
of  rawhide,  with  the  hair 
outward,  reaching  as  far 
as  the  ankle  and  tied  by 
thongs.— 2.    A  similar 
foot-covering    worn  by 
the  Scotch  Highlanders, 
but  commonly  made  of  deer-hide,  either  freshly 
stripped  off  or  half  dried,  and  having  holes  to 


To  shun  the  clash  of  foeman's  steel 
No  Highland  brogue  has  turned  the  heel. 

Scott,  Nora's  Vow. 

Some  [of  the  new  captains  and  lieutenants]  had  been  so 
used  to  wear  brogues  that  they  stumbled  and  shuffled 
about  strangely  m  their  military  jack-boots. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 
3.  A  smooth  piece  of  wood  worn  on  the  foot 
m  the  operation  of  washing  tin,  when  the  ore 
is  m  fine  particles.— 4.  A  dialectal  manner 
ot  pronunciation:  especially  used  of  the  mode 
ot  pronouncing  English  peculiar  to  the  Irish. 
T  l*^*^  'S^oa&e  of  Commons,  the  Scotch  accent  and  the 
Irish  brogue  may  be  often  heard.  Quarterly  Rev. 

brogue^  (brog),  n.  A  variant  of  brog^.  Burns. 


brod  (brod),  ».  [Sc.,  <  Icel  broddr  !^  ^r^W^  •  of  "^"Sue- l  orog;  «.  a  variant  of  6roi?2.  Burns. 
Ga£lr.^63d,a;go  brogues  (brogz^- Same  as  ftreao/....  [Prov. 


and  cf.  i>rod.]  1.  A  sharp-pointed  instrument. 
— A  prick  with  such  an  instrument ;  hence 
an  incitement ;  instigation.  ' 
brod  (brod),  v.  t.  or  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brodded,  ppr. 
broddiug    [<  brod,  «.]   To  prick;  spur;  pierce  ; 

prod :  often  used  figuratively.    fScoteh  1  r  „^ 

broddle(brodq),t;.!.;  pret.Ind  w  -T")^  .        (^>^--<^er,  Kni, 

ppr.  broddling.    [E.  dial.,  freq.  of  brod  t  1   To  (broi'der),  v.  t.    [Eariy  i 

:;  pierce ;  make  holes  in.  orouder,  browder,  brauder,  broder; 


broidt  (broid),  v.   [<  ME.  broyden,  hrowden,  etc 
variants  (due  to  the  pp.  broden,  broaden)  of 
breiden,  hraiden,  braid:  see  braid^,  and  ef 
broider.l    Same  as  braid^. 

Hire  yolwe  heer  was  broivded  [var.  hroyded,  breided]  in  a 
tresse.  Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  191. 

mod.  E.  also 
<  ME.  brow- 


prick ;  pierce";  make  holes  in^ 
brodekin,  brodequin  (brod 'kin),  w.    [<  f 

brodequm,  earlier  *brosequin,,  brousequin  =  lt 
borzacchino  =  Sp.  borcegui,  formerly  boreequi 
boszegui,  bolzequin  =  Pg.  borseguin,  <  MD.  bro- 
seken,  brosken,  broosken,  buskin:  see  buskin.^ 
A  buskin  or  half-boot.    [Obsolete  or  rare.] 

°^  ^'""'^  ^"'^  stockings,  a  pair  of  buskins  or 
brodekms.  Echard,  Hist.  Eng. 

brodelif,  brodePt.    See  brotheU,  brothel^. 
brodert,  broderert.    See  broider,  broiderer. 
Brodie  s  disease,  joint.    See  the  nouns, 
broellat  (bro-el'a),  n.   [ML. ;  OF.  brouelle.!  A 

coarse  kind  of  cloth,  used  for  the  ordinary 

di-esses  of  countrymen  and  the  monastic  clergy 

m  the  middle  ages.  Fairholt. 
brogi  (brog),  n.  [Sc.,  <  Gael,  brog,  a  shoemakers' 

awl:  see  6roac7*.]    1.  A  pointed  instrument  ^      ,  J 
as  a  shoemakers'  awl;  a  joiners'  awl.— 2.  A  broiderer  (broi ' der - er),  m.    [<  J 
Lin  catching  eels.  [North.  Eiig.]    brouderere,  browderere ;  <  broider 
1  a,  shn.Tn  incfT'nTyiQTi+    ra^«*„i,  t     who  embroiders  !  an  i^m\\fr.\/ta^n 


small  stick  used : 


dren,  brauderen,  confused  with  (as  if  fi-eq.  forms 
of)  broyden,  browden  (early  mod.  E.  broid',broud 
var.  forms  of  braid^ :  see  ftrajdi,  broud,  browd) 
but  prop.  var.  forms  of  borduren,  borderen', 
E.  border,  v.  (after  broidery,  broudery,  q  v  )  • 
ult.  <  F.  broder,  usually  border  (=  Sp.  Pg.  bor- 
dar  =  It.  bordare,  <  ML.  *bordare),  adorn  with 
needlework,  prop,  work  on  the  edge,  <  bord 
border,  edge,  welt,  or  hem  of  a  garment,  etc. ': 
see  border  and  board.  CL  embroider.']  To  adorn 
with  figures  of  needlework,  or  by  sewing  on 
ornaments;  embroider:  as,  "a  broidered  coa,t," 
Ex.  xxviii.  4.    [Obsolete  or  poetical.] 

A  red  sleeve 
Broider'd  with  pearls. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
Buff  coats  all  frounced  and  broidered  o'er. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  iv.  15. 

ME.  broiderere, 
+  -eri.]  One 


—o. -A  jab  With  a  sharp  instrument.  [Scotch.]    who  embroiders ;  an  embroiderer.  [Bare] 
brogi  (brog),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bragged,  ppr.  broideress  (broi'der-es),  n.    [<  broider  +  -ess  1 
oroggmg.     [<  ftroffl.  n.:  «f  Onol    ^v/>/y  c,.,,^     A  woman  who  embroiders-  nn  oTr,>>,./^,^l 


brogging      [<  brogl,  n. ;  cf.  Gael,  brog,  sp^, 
stimulate,  goad,  and  see  prog.]    1.  To  prick    ^ood.  [Kare.] 

with  an  awl  or  other  sharp-pointed  instmment :  broidery  (broi'der-i),  n. ;  pi.  broideries  (-iz).  r< 
push  or  thrust,  as  an  instrument:  as,  to  6ro(7  .  .       ,   ^   ,^    l  . 


leather.  [Scotch.] 

Bragging  an  elshin  through  bend  leather. 

Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian,  v. 
2.  To  catch  (eels)  by  means  of  small  sticks 
called  brogs.    [North.  Eng.] 
brog2  (brog),  n.    [Sc.  also  brogue,  perhaps  a 


woman  who  embroiders;  an  embroideress 
Mood.  [Rare.] 

 J  (broi'd — „  ... ,  „, 

ME.  broiderye,  broiderie,  broudery,  browdr'ye  < 
OF.  broderie,  broidery,  <  broder,  broider,  bor- 
der: see  broider.  Ct.  embroidery.]  Embroidery 
ornamental  needlework  wrought  upon  cloth' 
[Obsolete  or  poetical.] 

The  frail  bluebell  peereth  over 
Rare  broid'ry  of  the  purple  clover. 

Tennyson,  A  Dirge. 


a  scheming,  machination,  Ut.  a  brewing"'< 
brugga,  brew,  concoct:  see  brew'^.]    A  trick 

(^J'og)-       [Perhaps  an  altered  form  of 
oopi;  but  ef.  ML.  brogilus,  etc.,  a  thicket,  G. 
orulil,  a  marshy  place  overgrown  with  bushes, 
mder  6roj72  ]     A  swampy  or  bushy  place 
Halhwell.    [North.  Eng.] 
brog*f,  n.    A  variant  of  brogue'^. 
brogan  (bro'gan  or  bro-gan'),  n.    [Cf.  Gael. 


ML.  broma,  brunia,  of  Teut.  origin,  <  AS.  byrne 
etc.,  a  cuirass :  see  byrnie.]  In  the  early  mid- 
dle ages,  a  defensive  garment  made  by  sew- 
ing rings  or  plates  of  metal  upon  leather  or 

!^o^Tf^,l*'^-  "^'^  '^"^  substituted  the  hauberk  of 
mail  by  those  persons  who  could  afford  the  e.xpense  •  but 
the  broigne,  wluch  could  be  manufactured  at  home  or  bv 
any  person  who  could  sew  strongly,  was  in  use  among  the 
peasantry,  and  even  among  foot-soldiers,  at  least  as  late 
as  the  fourteenth  century. 


M  undiTided,  a„dteo.J  dde-flaps  Let  aSvE        S«  seL    f  'sS  ^likT  j  m/' 


He  cowde  roste  and  sethe  and  broille  and  fi  ie. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  (,'.  T.,  1.  383. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  be  subjected  to  the  action 
ot  heat,  as  meat  over  a  firo.  Hence  — 2  Figu- 
ratively, to  be  greatly  heated;  be  heated  to 
the  point  of  great  discomfort. 

God  save  you,  sir  !    Where  have  you  been  broiling' 

'VAofr.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iv.  1. 

3.  To  fret;  stew;  be  very  impatient. 

He  broiled  with  impatience  to  put  his  design  in  exc- 
Stenif,  Tristram  .Shandy,  ii. 
broil2  (broil),  n.    [In  the  eariiest  use  known, 
Lord  Berners's  translation  of  Froissart,  vol.  ii 
e.  140  (1525),  the  word  is  spelled  breult,  appar.' 
<  OF.  *breul,  *breuil,  "broil,  a  tumult,  broil  (= 
It.  broglio,  Olt.  also  brollo,  bror/gio  (Florio) 
confusion,  tumult,  rising,  revolt),  a  verbal  noun' 
agreeing  with  the  newly  formed  mod.  F.  brouille 
(  >  early  mod.  E.  broilly,  Sc.  brulyie),  disagree- 
ment, misunderstanding,  falling  out  (ef.  OF 
brouilliz,  brouillis,  quarrel,  contention,  discord 
confusion),  <  OF.  brouillcr,  mod.  F.  brouiller  (= 
Pr.  brolhar  =  OSp.  brollar  =  Pg.  broUiar=  It 
brogliare,  Olt.  also  brollare),  confuse,  jumble! 
trouble,  mar,  spoil,  ote.,prob.  orig.  entangle  as 
in  a  thicket  (cf.  E.  Broyl,  the  name  of  a  wood 
m  Sussex),  <  breul,  breuil,  broil  (=  Pr.  bruetli 
m. ;  also  OF.  bruclle  =  Pr.  brucllia  =  Pg! 
brulha,  f.),  a  thicket,  grove,  wood,  forest  (agree- 
ing with  the  assumed  forms  cited  above  in 
the  sense  of  'tumult,  confusion'),  =  It.  bruolo 
a  kitchen-garden,  brolo,  an  orchard,  Olt.  broilo 
brollo,  a  garden,  <  ML.  broilus,  brolium,  bro- 
gilus, also  broel,  a  wood,  forest,  park,  deer- 
park,  also  a  field,  meadow,  orchard,  prob  < 
OHG.  *brdil,  MHG.  briiel,  G.  briilil,  a  marshy 
place  overgrown  with  bushes :  a  word  of  un- 
known origin.    Cf.  E.  dial.  (North.)  brog,  a 
swampy  or  bushy  place.]    An  angry  tumult; 
a  noisy  quarrel ;  contention ;  discord. 

But  Cassanes  retyring  into  Persia  to  pacifle  new  broiles 
the  !5ultan  recouered  the  same. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  281. 
,,,    ,     .  Your  intestine  broils 

Weakening  the  sceptre  of  old  Night. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  1001. 
And  deadly  feud,  or  thirst  of  spoil. 
Break  out  in  some  unseemly  broil. 

Scott,  Marmion,  i.  20. 
1."         '^ff^'^V'  -Altercation,  etc.    See  quarrell,  n 

broiPt  V.  I.  [<  6,0(72  „.  Cf.  embroil'^.]  To  raise 
a  broil ;  quarrel ;  brawl. 
broiF  (bril),  n.    [Also  written  bryle :  origin  un- 
certam.]    In  mining,  a  collection  of  loose  frag- 
ments, usually  discolored  by  oxidation,  resting 
on  the  surface,  and  indicating  the  presence  of 
a  mmeral  vein  beneath.    See  outcrop  and  nos- 
san.    [Cornwall,  Eng.] 
broileri  (broi'ler),  n.    [<  broifl  +        ]  1 
One  who  or  that  which  broils ;  any  device  for 
broiling  meats  or  fish.— 2.  A  chicken  fit  for 
broiling.— 3.  A  hot  day.    See  broilinq. 
broiler^t  (broi'ler),  n.     [<  broil^,  v.,  +  .e,l  ] 
One  who  excites  broils  or  promotes  quan-els. 

"VVhat  doth  he  but  turn  broiler,  .  .  .  make  new  \iheU 
against  the  church ?  Harn,no,ul,  Sern,ons7p.  ^4 

broileryt,  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  broyleni,  broil- 
lerie  also  (as  F.)  brouiller ie,  <  F.  brouillerie, 
contusion,  <  brouiller,  confuse:  see  broil^l 
Contention;  dispute. 

broiling  (broi'ling),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  broin,  r.] 
Excessively  hot  and  humid;  torrid:  as,  a  broil- 
ing day.  ' 

The  weather  for  this  fortnight  has  been  broiling  without 
cool  th?»r^rf,  thunder-shower  excepted,  which  did  not 
cool  the  air  at  all.  Oray,  Letters,  I.  <i98. 

broillyf,  n.   An  obsolete  form  of  broil^. 

broilmentf,  n.    [=  Sc.  brulyiement;  <  broil"^  -f- 
-ment.]    A  broil ;  a  brawl. 

broinderg  (broin'derg),  n.  [<  Gael,  brudhearq, 
redbreast,  lit.  red-belUed,  <  bru  (gen.  bronn 
Aat.broinn),  belly  (=  W.  bru,  belly),  +  dearq, 
red.]  A  name  for  the  redbreast,  Erythacus 
rubecula.    Macgillivray .    [Local,  Scotch.] 

(l^ro'kaj),  n.  [Also  written  brocaqc,  < 
ML.  brokage,  brocage,  <  broc-  in  brocour,  hro- 
keT,  -i--age.  See  broker.]  1.  An  arrangement 
naade  or  sought  to  be  made  through  the  agency 
ot  a  broker  or  go-between. 

He  woweth  hire  by  mene  and  by  brocage. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  189. 

2.  The  premium  or  commission  of  a  broker; 
the  gam  or  profit  derived  from  transacting  busi- 
ness as  broker  for  another.— 3.  The  trade  of 
a  broker ;  the  transacting  of  commercial  busi- 
ness, as  buying  and  selling,  for  other  men.  See 
broke^,  broker. 
The  Jewes  in  Rome  .  .  .  live  oiiely  upon  brokage  and 
Jivelyn,  Diary,  Jan.  15,  1645 


brokage 


692 


bromlite 


Proud 

Of  his  rich  cloaks  ami  suits,  though  got  by  brukage. 

Massinijer,  Duke  of  Milan,  iii.  2. 
Maxriage  brokage.   See  tnan-inije. 
brokel  (brok).    Preterit  and  (with  broloi)  past 
participle  of  break. 
brokeif,  «•  [A  var.  of  brack^,  q.  v.]  A  breach. 

Brvkc  for  broke,  eye  for  eye,  and  tooth  for  tooth. 

Becon,  Works,  ii.  94.  {Davie.i.) 

broke2  (brok),  v.  L ;  pret.  and  pp.  braked,  ppr. 
broking.  [Formed  from  broker,  like  peddle 
from  peddler,  etc.;  ME.  broken  (broke*,  brook^). 
is  not  found  in  this  sense.  See  broker  and 
brokage.']  1.  To  transact  business  for  another 
in  trade ;  act  as  agent  in  biijing  and  selling 
and  other  commercial  business ;  carry  on  the 
business  of  a  broker. —  2t.  To  act  as  a  go- 
between  or  procurer  in  love  matters ;  pimp. 
And  broken  with  all  that  can  in  such  a  suit 
Corrupt  the  tender  honour  of  a  maid. 

Shak.,  All  s  Well,  iii.  5. 

We  do  want  a  certain  necessary  woman  to  broke  between 
them,  Cupid  said.  Fanshawe. 
3t.  To  transact  business  by  means  of  an  agent. 

But  the  gains  of  bargains  are  of  a  more  doubtful  nature ; 
when  men  shall  wait  upon  others'  necessity,  broke  by  ser- 
vants and  instruments  to  draw  them  on,  .  .  .  and  the  like 
practices.  Bacon,  Riches. 

broke^t,  «•    An  obsolete  form  of  brook^. 

broke'^t,  v.  t.    A  Middle  English  form  of  brook^. 

broked,  «.    See  brocket.  [Scotch.] 

broken  (bro'kn),^;.  a.  [Pp.  of  break;  <  ME.  bro- 
ken, often  shortened  to  broke,  <  AS.  brocen,  <  bre- 
can,  break:  see  break.]  1.  Not  integral  or  en- 
tire; fractional:  opposed  to  round,  as  applied 
to  numbers. 

This  new-created  income  of  two  millions  will  probably 
furnish  £665,000  (I  avoid  broken  numbers).  Burke. 

2.  Rough;  intersected  with  hills  and  valleys 
or  ravines :  applied  to  the  surface  of  a  country 
or  district. —  3.  Bankrupt. — 4.  Imperfect;  un- 
grammatical ;  wanting  in  fluency  or  correct- 
ness of  pronunciation :  as,  broken  French. 
Break  thy  mind  to  me  in  broken  English. 

.Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 

5.  In  her.,  depicted  as  having  been  forcibly 
torn  oflf,  leaving  the  end  shivered  or  splintered. 

—  6.  In  entom.,  abruptly  bent  at  an  angle  ;  ge- 
niculate :  said  specifically  of  antennae  in  which 
the  terminal  portion  forms  an  angle  with  the 
long  basal  joint — Broken  beer.  See  to'ci.— Broken 
cadence.  See  cfideHcc— Broken  chords,  in  m  usic,  ciiords 

the  tones  of  which  are  played  in  succession  instead  of  si- 
multaneously. See  arpegi/io. —BlOiLen  colors,  in  paint- 
ing,  colors  produced  by  tlie  mixture  of  two  or  more  pig- 
ments. Tlie  term  is  usually  applied  to  those  tints  wliich 
result  from  the  combination  in  various  proportions  of  blue, 
red,  and  yellow.— Broken  line,  a  line  formed  of  a  num- 
ber of  straight  lines  joined  at  their  ends  and  not  forming 
a  continuous  straight  line.—  Broken  man,  a  member  of  a 
clan  which  had  been  broken  up,  or  one  separated  from  his 
clan  on  account  of  crime ;  hence,  an  outlaw ;  a  vagaljond ; 
a  public  depredator.  [Scotch.  ]  —  Broken  meat,  victuals, 
fragments  of  food.— Broken  musiC,  music  played  on 
harps,  guitars,  and  other  instruments  on  which  the  chords 
are  usually  played  as  arpeggios. 

Fair  prince,  here  is  good  broken  music. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iii.  1. 
Broken  voyage,  in  whale-/i>:hi/ig.  an  unprofitable  voy- 
age, or  a  losing  voyage.  C.  M.  Scam iiton,  Marine  Mam- 
mals (Glossary),  p.  310.— Broken  water,  waves  breaking 
on  and  near  shallows,  or  by  the  contention  of  currents  in 
a  narrow  channel. — Broken  wind.    See  wind^. 

broken-backed  (bro'kn-bakt),  a.  [ME.  broke- 
bakked.]  1.  Having  the  back  broken,  in  any 
sense  of  the  noun  back:  as,  a  broken-backed 
book. 

YeUow,  thumbed,  devastated  by  flies  and  time,  stained 
with  spots  of  oil  and  varnish,  broken-backed,  dog's-eared 

—  a  sorry  lazar-house  copy,  which  no  bookstall-keeper 
would  look  at.  G.  A.  Sala,  Dutch  Pictures. 

Specifically — 2.  Naut.,  hogged:  descriptive  of 
the  condition  of  a  ship  when,  from  faulty  con- 
struction or  from  grounding,  her  frame  be- 
comes so  loosened  as  to  cause  both  ends  to 
droop. 

broken-bellied  (br6'kn-bel''''id),  a.  Having  a 
ruptured  belly ;  hence,  broken  down ;  degener- 
ate. [Rare.] 

Such  is  our  broken-bellied  age.    E.  Sandys,  Essays,  p.  168. 

broken-hearted  (br6'kn-har"ted),  a.  Having 
the  spirits  depressed  or  crushed  by  grief  or 
despair. 

He  hath  sent  me  to  bind  up  the  brokenhearted.  Isa.  Ixi.  1. 
brokenly  (bro'kn-li),  adv.  1.  In  a  broken,  in- 
terrupted manner ;  without  regularity. —  2.  In 
broken  or  imperfect  language. 

If  you  will  love  me  soundly  with  your  French  heart,  I 
will  be  glad  to  hear  you  confess  it  brokenly  with  your 
English  tongue.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 

brokenness  (bro'kn-nes),  ».  [<  broken  -f 
-ness.]    The  state  of  being  broken  Broken- 


ness of  heart,  the  state  of  having  the  spirits  crushed  by 
grief  or  despair  ;  abject  mental  misery. 

Helpless,  hopeless  brokenness  of  heart. 

Byron,  Corsair,  iii.  22. 
Nor  was  this  submission  the  effect  of  content,  but  of 
mere  stupefaction  and  brokenness  of  heart.    The  iron  had 
entered  into  his  soul.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xvii. 

broken-winded  (br6'kn-win'''ded),  a.  Having 
short  breath  or  disordered  respiration,  as  a 
horse.  See  broken  loind,  imder  wind'^. 
broker  (bro'ker),  v.  [<  ME.  broker  (ML.  re- 
flex brocarius),  usually  brokonr,  brocoiir  (AF. 
brocour,  ML.  *brocator;  also,  with  prefix,  AF. 
abrocour,  ML.  abrocator,  with  a  corresponding 
verb,  AF.  abroker,  ML.  *abrocare  (also  in  deriv. 
abrocamentum  :  see  abbrochment),  act  as  a  bro- 
ker) ;  prob.  of  LG.  origin :  MLG.  bruker,  a  bro- 
ker, =  East  Fries,  broker,  a  broker  (scli  ipi^-broker, 
a  ship-broker) ;  prob.  orig.  '  one  who  uses,  oc- 
cupies, manages';  cf.  MD.  broke,  bruj/ck,  breuk, 
D.  gebruik,  use,  custom  (MLG.  brukingc,  use, 
usufruct),  - :  OHG.  bruh,  G.  branch,  custom,  ge- 
brauch,  custom,  use,  employment,  etc.,  =  Dan. 
brug  =  Sw.  bruk,  use,  employment,  custom, 
trade,  business ;  from  the  verb,  MD.  bruycken, 
ghebruycken ,1) .  gebruiken,  use,  possess,  —  MLG. 
bruken,  use,  need,  refl.  use,  have  to  do  with,  = 
OHG.  brfdihcn,  MHG.  bruchcn,  G.  braiichen,  use, 
need,  =  AS.  brucan,  ME.  bruken,  brouken,  bro- 
ken, use,  possess,  enjoy,  digest,  mod.  E.  brook, 
eh  dure:  see  brook'^.  The  F.  brocanter,  deal  in 
second-hand  goods,  is  prob.  of  the  same  origin.] 

1 .  A  middleman  or  agent  who,  for  a  commis- 
sion or  rate  per  cent,  on  the  value  of  the  trans- 
action, negotiates  for  others  the  purchase  or 
sale  of  stocks,  bonds,  commodities,  or  property 
of  any  kind,  or  who  attends  to  the  doing  of  some- 
thing for  another.  Brokers  are  of  several  kinds,  ac- 
cording to  the  particular  branch  of  business  to  which  their 
attention  is  confined,  as  stock-brokers,  exchange-brokers, 
bill-brokers,  cotton-brokers,  ship-brokers,  etc.  See  these 
words. 

Tom  Folio  is  a  broker  in  learning,  employed  to  get  to- 
gether good  editions,  and  stock  the  libraries  of  great  men. 

Addiison,  Tom  Folio. 

2.  One  who  lends  money  on  pledges,  or  lets  out 
articles  for  hire ;  a  pawnbroker,  or  a  lender  of 
goods. 

Tlie  price  of  these  hir'd  clotlies  I  do  not  know,  gentlemen  ! 
Those  jewels  are  the  broker's,  how  you  stand  bound  for 
'era  !  Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  iv.  1.' 

3t.  A  pimp  or  procurer  ;  a  pander. 

May  be,  you  look'd  I  should  petition  to  you. 
As  you  went  to  your  horse  ;  flatter  your  servants. 
To  play  the  brokers  for  my  furtherance. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Queen  of  Corinth,  i.  2. 
Hence,  broker,  lackey  1  ignomy  and  shame 
Pursue  thy  life.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  v.  H. 

[Some  editions  read  broker-lackey.] 
Broker's  note,  a  bought  or  sold  note  ;  a  voucher  deliv- 
ered by  a  broker  to  his  principal  containing  particulars 
of  a  sale  or  purchase.—  Custom-house  broker.  See  cus- 
to7n-house.— Street  broker,  or  curbstone  broker,  a 
stock-broker  who  is  not  a  member  of  tlie  stock  excliange, 
but  who  carries  out  the  orders  of  others  by  transactions  in 
the  streets,  or  by  going  from  office  to  office.    [U.  S.] 
brokerage  (bro'ker-aj),  n.    [<  broker  +  -age; 
substituted  for  earlier  ferofcrtf/e.]    1.  The  busi- 
ness or  employment  of  a  broker. —  2.  The  fee 
or  commission  given  or  charged  for  transacting 
business  as  a  broker, 
brokerlyt  (bro'ker-li),  a.    [<  broker  +  -ly'^.] 
Mean;  servile. 

We  had  determined  that  tliou  sliould'st  have  come 
In  a  Spanish  suit,  and  have  carried  her  so ;  and  he, 
A  brokerly  slave  !  goes,  puts  it  on  himself. 

B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  iv.  4. 

brokeryt  (bro'ker-i),  ».    [<  broker  +  -y.]  The 

business  of  a  broker.  Marloive. 
broking  (bro'king),  p.  a.    [Ppr.  of  broke'^,  v.] 

1.  Engaged  as  abroker. — 2.  Pertaining  to  the 
business  of  a  broker  or  a  pawnbroker. 

Redeem  from  broking  jiawn  tlie  blemish'd  crown. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  1. 

3.  Pandering;  pimping. 

Is 't  you.  Sir  Pandarus,  the  broking  knight  of  Troy? 

Middleton,  Blurt,  Master-Constable,  ii.  1. 

brokket.    See  brock^,  brock^,  etc. 
broma  (bro'ma),  M.    [<  Gr.  PpCi/ua,  food,  <  ptj3po)- 
oKeiv,  2d  aor.  ijipuv,  eat ;  cf .  [iopa,  food,  L.  vorare, 
devour,  from  the  same  root.]    1.  Aliment. — 

2.  A  preparation  from  cocoa-seeds  or  -beans, 
used  in  decoction  as  a  beverage. 

bromal  (bro'mal),  11.  [<  bro)n(ine)  +  al(cohol).] 
A  compound  (CBrsCOH)  obtained  by  the  action 
of  bromine  on  alcohol,  it  is  a  colorless,  oily  fluiil, 
of  a  penetrating  odor  and  sliarp,  burijing  taste.  It  has 
been  used  in  medicine,  having  properties  similar  to  those 
of  cliloral. 

bromaloin  (bro'ma -loin),  n.  [<  brom(ine)  + 
(barb)aloin.]  A  substance  (C34H3oBr60i4)  de- 
rived from  barbaloin  by  replacing  six  hydrogen 


with  six  bromine  atoms.    It  crystallizes  in  yel- 
low needles, 
bromate  (bro'mat),  ».  [<  broni(ine)  +  -rxfcl.]  A 
salt  formed  by  the  combination  of  bromic  acid 
with  a  base, 
bromatography  (bro-ma-tog'ra-fl),  n.    [<  Gr. 
lipo)/ia(T-),  food,  +  -ypa^la,  <  ypdfew,  write,  de- 
scribe.]   A  description  of  foods.    Also  bro- 
mography  and  bromatology. 
bromatology  (bro-ma-tol'o-ji),  n.    [<  Gr.  jipu- 
fi(i(T-),  food,  -I-  -Aoyia,  <  'Aeye.Lv,  speak:  see  -ology.] 
Same  as  bromatography. 
brome  (brom),  n.    [<  Gr.  (Spa/tog,  a  stench:  see 

bromine.]  Same  as  bromine. 
brome-grass  (brom'gras),  n.  [<  brome,  E.  for 
NL.  Brom  us,  +  grass.]  A  common  name  for 
grasses  of  the  genus  Bromus,  of  which  there 
are  about  40  species  widely  distributed,  chiefly 
through  the  northern  temperate  zone.  They  are 
nearly  allied  to  the  fescue-grasses  (Festuca),  liut  are  mostly 
coarse,  and  of  comparatively  little  value.  Chess  or  cheat 
(B.  secalinus)  and  Schrader's  brome-grass  (B.  unioloides) 
have  been  cultivated  as  annual  forage-grasses.  Also,  cor- 
ruptly, broom-grass. 
Bromelia  (bro-me'li-a),  n.  [NL. ,  named  for  Olaf 
Bromel,  a  Swedish  botanist  (1639-1705).]  A 
genus  of  American  tropical  plants,  of  the  nat- 
ural order  Bromeliacecc,  including  four  or  five 
species  having  rigid,  spiny-margined  leaves 
closely  packed  upon  a  short  stem.  The  wild  pine- 
apple (B.  Pinyuin)  is  often  used  as  a  hedge-plant,  and  yields 
what  is  known  as  pinguin  fiber.  The  istle-grass  of  Mexico 
(B.  sylvestris)  produces  an  excellent  fiber. 

Bromeliacese  (bro-me-li-a'se-e),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Bromelia  +  -acew.]  A  natural  order  of  endo- 
genous plants,  with  inferior  ovary,  allied  to 
the  Amaryllidacece,  but  with  only  three  of  the 
divisions  of  the  perianth  resembling  petals, 
and  the  rigid  leaves  often  scurfy  and  spiny. 
The  species  are  all  natives  of  tropical  or  subtropical  re- 
gions of  America,  and  many  of  them  are  epiphytes.  The 
order  includes  the  pineapple  (Ananas)  and  some  valuable 
fiber-plants  of  tlie  genera  Bromelia  and  Karatas.  The 
other  more  important  genera  are  Tillandsia  (to  which  the 
Spanish  moss  of  the  southern  United  States  belongs),  Pit- 
cairnia,  jHchmea,  and  Billbergia,  many  species  of  which 
are  cultivated  in  hothouses  for  their  curious  habit  and 
showy  flowers. 

bromhydrate  (brom-H'drat),  n.    [<  irom{ate) 

-\-  hydrate.]    Same  as  hydrobromate. 
bromias  (bro'mi-as),  «. ;  pi.  bromiades  (bro-mi'- 
a-dez).   [Gr.  [Spo/Jidg,  a  large  cup.]   In  archceol., 
a  cup  or  drinking-vessel  of  the  type  of  the  scy- 
phus,  but  of  larger  size. 

bromic  (bro'mik),  a.  [<  brom(ine)  +  -ic]  Per- 
taining to  bromine  Bromic  acid,  an  acid  contain- 
ing bromine  and  oxygen  with  hydrogen  replaceable  by  a 
base. — Bromic  silver,  the  mineral  broniyrite. 

bromide  (bro'mid  or  -mid),  n.  [<  brom{ine)  + 
-ide'^.]  A  compound  formed  by  the  union  of 
bromine  with  another  element  or  with  an  or- 
ganic radical.  Also  bromuret. 
bromidrosis  (bro-mi-dro'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
[ipoj/iog,  a  stench,  4-  Mptif,  sweat,  perspiration.] 
Fetid  perspiration, 
brominated  (bro'mi-na-ted),  a.  [<  bromine  + 
-ate"^  +  -cri2.]  In  chem.,  treated  or  combined 
with  bromine.  Fownes. 
bromine  (bro'min),  n.  [<  NL.  brominium,  <  Gr. 
ftpupog,  also  (ipofioQ,  a  stench.]  Chemical  sym- 
bol, Br;  atomic  weight,  79.95.  A  non-metallic 
element  allied  in  its  chemical  relations  to  chlo- 
rine and  iodine,  it  is  a  dark-reddish  liquid,  opaque 
except  in  thin  layers,  sparingly  soluble  in  water,  having  a 
specific  gravity  of  3.19  at  32°  F.  It  is  volatile,  and  emits 
at  ordinary  temperatures  reddish  vapors  which  have  a 
powerful  suffocating  odor,  and  are  intensely  irritating  to 
the  mucous  membrane.  When  dropped  on  the  skin,  bro- 
mine produces  corrosive  sores.  It  is  not  found  native, 
but  occurs  combined  with  bases  in  very  minute  quantities 
in  sea-water  and  the  ashes  of  marine  plants,  and  in  larger 
amount  in  certain  mineral  springs.  Some  ores  of  silver 
also  contain  bromine  in  comlnnation.  With  hydrogen 
bromine  forms  hydrobromic  acid  (HBr),  and  with  bromine 
or  hydrobromic  acid  most  metals  form  compounds  called 
bromides,  which  are  extensively  used  in  medicine.  Bro- 
mine itself  is  also  used  medicinally  in  very  dilute  solu- 
tions.   Also  called  brome. 

brominism  (bro'min-izm),  n.  [<  bromine  + 
-ism.]  Same  as  bromism. 
bromise,  f  •  t.  See  bromize. 
bromism  (bro'mizm),  «.  [<  brom(ine)  +  -ism.] 
A  diseased  condition  produced  by  excessive 
use  of  bromides,  it  is  characterized  by  somnolence, 
weakness  of  mind  and  memory,  confused  speech,  feebleand 
staggering  gait,  impaired  senses,  diminished  reflex  excita- 
liility,  suppression  of  sexual  instinct,  eruption  on  the  skin, 
feebleness  of  the  heart,  catarrh,  etc.  Also  called  brominism. 

bromite  (bro'mit),  n.  Same  as  bromyrite. 
bromize  (bro'miz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bromized, 
ppr.  bromizing.  [<  brom(ine)  +  -ize.]  In pho- 
tog.,  to  prepare  or  treat  with  a  bromide.  Also 
spelled  bromise. 
bromlite  (brom'lit),  «.  [<  Bromley  (Bromley 
Hill  in  Cumberland,  England)  +  -jfe2.]    A  car- 


bromlite 


693 


bronze 


bonate  of  barium  and  calcium  in  orthorhombie 
crystals,  intermediate  between  witherite  and 
strontianite.    Also  called  alstonite. 

bromochloralmn  (br6"m6-kl6'ra-lum),  n.  A 
solution  of  the  cMorid  and  bromide  of  alumin- 
ium, frequently  used  as  a  disinfectant. 

bromoform  (bro'mo-form),  n.  [<  brom(ine)  + 
-form,  as  in  chloroform,  q.  v.]  A  colorless  lim- 
pid liquid  of  agreeable  odor,  formed  by  the 
action  of  bromine  and  potassium  hydrate  on 
wood-spirit  or  ordinary  alcohol.  It  is  analo- 
gous to  chloroform,  but  contains  bromine  in 
place  of  chlorine. 

bromogelatin  (bro'-'mo-jera-tin),  a.  Formed 
from  or  prepared  with  certain  bromides  to- 
gether with  silver  nitrate  and  gelatin,  as  the 
sensitive  emulsions  used  for  preparing  dry 
plates  in  photographic  work.  See  emulsion  and 
develoj)er. 

bromography  (bro-mog'ra-fi),  ».  [<  Gr.  Ppu/xa, 
food,  +  -ypaipia,  <  ypcKpeiv,  'write.]  Same  as  hro- 
matograpliy. 

bromo-iodized  (bro'mo-i'o-dizd),  a.  Impreg- 
nated with  bromides  and  iodides,  as  the  collo- 
dion plate  used  in  the  wet  process  of  photog- 
raphy. 

bromuret  (bro'mu-ret),  n.  [<  brom(ine)  + 
-uret.l    Same  as  bromide. 

bromureted  (bro'mu-ret-ed),  a.  [<  bromuret  + 
-ed2.]  Impregnated  or  combined  with  bromine. 

Bromus  (bro'mus),  n.  [NL.  (L.  bromos  in 
Pliny),  <  Gr.  Pp6iiog,  also  jiopfio^,  a  kind  of  oats, 
from  same  root  as  (iopa,  food,  and  ppib/ia,  food : 
see  broma.l  A  genus  of  grasses;  the  lirome- 
grass  (which  see). 

bromyrite  (bro'mi-rit),  n.  [<  brom(ide)  +  {arg)y- 
rite.2  Native  silver  bromide,  of  a  yellowish- 
green  color,  occurring  at  Huelgoat  in  Brittany, 
in  Mexico,  and  in  Chili,  accompanying  other 
ores  of  silver.  Sometimes  called  bromite  and 
bromic  silver. 

bronchi,  n.    Plural  of  bronchus. 

bronchia  (brong'ki-a),  n.  pi.  [LL.,  <  Gr.  [ip6y- 
Xia,  the  bronchial  tubes,  in  sing.  jipSyxiov,  equiv. 
to  ppdyxog,  the  windpipe ;  cf .  ^payxta,  the  gills : 
see  branchice.J  The  bronchial  tubes.  See  bron- 
chial. 

bronchial  (brong'ki-al),  a.  [<  bronchia  +  -al.^ 
Belonging  to  the  bronchi  or  the  bronchia. — 
Bronchial  arteries,  branches  of  the  thoracic  aorta  ac- 
companying the  Ijronchial  tubes. —  Bronchial  glands. 
See  ^Zand.— Broncliial  hemorrhage.  Same  as  bron- 
chnhemorrha(;ia.—BTOIlCbial  membrane,  the  mucous 
membrane  lining  the  bronchi  and  bronchial  tubes.— 
Bronchial  tubes,  the  ramifications  of  the  bronchi,  ter- 
minating in  the  infundibula  of  the  lungs.— Bronchial 
veins,  the  veins  accompanying  the  broncliial  tubes  and 
emptying  into  the  superior  intercostal  and  azygous  veins. 

bronchic  (brong'kik),  a.  [<  bronchus  +  -ic] 
Same  as  bronchial. 

bronchidesmus  (brong-ki-des'mus),  n.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  l3p6yxo(,  the  windpipe,  +  6eaiu6c,  a  band, 
tie,  <  6eIv,  bind,  tie.]  A  membrane  which 
imites  the  broncld  of  birds  to  some  extent. 

The  membrane  .  .  .  which  was  termed  by  Garrod  the 
bronchidesmus  is  complete  in  the  storks. 

Beddard,  Proc.  Zobl.  Soc,  June,  1886,  p.  321. 

bronchiectasic  (brong"ki-ek-tas'ik),  a.  [<  bron- 
chiectasis +  -ic  ;  prop.  *bronchiectatic.^  Like  or 
pertaining  to  bronchiectasis. 

bronchiectasis  (brong-ki-ek'ta-sis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  ppoyxM,  bronchial  tubes,  "+  eKvaaig,  exten- 
sion, <  EKTsiveiv  =  L.  exten-d-ere,  extend.]  In 
pathol.,  dilatation  of  the  bronchial  tubes  as  pro- 
duced in  phthisis  and  chronic  bronchitis. 

bronchiole  (brong'ki-61),  n.  [<  bronchiolus.']  A 
small  bronchial  tube. 

bronchiolus  (brong-ki'o-lus),  «. ;  pi.  bronchioli 
(-li).  [NL.,  dim.  of  bronchus,  q.  v.]  A  bron- 
chiole. 

bronchiostenosis  (brong-ki-os-te-no'sis),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  j3p6yxia,  the  bronchial  tubes,  + 
arivuaig,  contraction,  <  arevovv,  contract,  narrow, 

<  (yrevoc,  narrow.]  In  pathol.,  contraction  of  a 
bronchus  or  a  bronchial  tube. 

bronchitic  (brong-kit'ik),  a.  [<  bronchitis  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  bronchitis. 

bronchitis  (brong-kl'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  bronchus, 
windpipe  (see  bronchia),  +  -itis.'\  In  jiathol.,  an 
inflammation  of  the  bronchial  membrane.  It 
is  a  complaint  of  very  frequent  occm'rence,  and 
may  be  acute  or  chronic —  CapUlary  bronchitis, 
inflammation  involving  the  minute  bronchial  tubes. 

broncho,  n.    See  bronco. 

bronchocele  (brong'ko-sel  or  -se'le),  w.  [< 
Gr.  ppoyxoK?]!?],  a  tumor  in  the  throat,  <  (ipoyxoQ, 
the  windpipe,  +  Krilrj,  a  tumor.]  Same  as  goiter. 

bronchohemorrhagia  (brong '  ko  -  hem  -  o  -  ra'- 
ji-a),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  0p6yxoc,  windpipe,  •h'al/j.op- 


payia,  hemorrhage .  ]  A  term  proposed  by  Andral 

for  the  exudation  of  blood  from  the  lining  mem- 
brane of  the  bronchial  tubes,  commonly  called 
bronchial  hemorrhage. 

bronchophonic  (brong -ko-f  on  '  ik),  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  of  the  nature  of  bronchophony. 

bronchophony  (brong-kof 'o-ni),  «.  [< Gr.  I3p6y- 
XPg,  the  windpipe,  +  cpcovr/,  voice.]  hi  pathol., 
an  abnormal  sound  of  the  voice  heard  in  aus- 
cultation of  the  chest.  It  is  loud,  near,  and 
thrilling,  but  not  so  distinctly  articulated  as 
in  pectoriloquy. 

bronchopneumonia  (brong^ko-nu-mo'ni-a),  w. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  fipdyxog,  the  windpipe,  +  NL.  jmeu- 
monia,  q.  v.]  In.  pathol.,  inflammation  of  the 
limg-substance,  associated  vrith  and  usually 
secondary  to  inflammation  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  smaller  bronchial  tubes.  Also 
called  catarrhal  and  lobular  pneumonia. 

bronchopneumonitis  (brong-ko-nii-mo-ni'tis), 
n.  [As  bronchopneumonia  +  -ift's.]  Same  as 
bronchopneumonia. 

bronchorrhagia  (brong-ko-ra'ji-a),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  Ppoyxog,  the  windpipe,  +  -payia,  <  priyvvvai, 
break,  burst.]  In  pathol.,  hemorrhage  from  the 
bronchial  tubes. 

bronchorrhoea  (brong-ko-re'a),  n.   [NL.,  <  Gr. 

Ppoyxog,  the  windpipe,  4-  poia,  a  flowing,  flux,  < 
pelv,  flow.  ]  In  pathol.,  copious  exudation  from 
the  broncliial  tubes. 

bronchostenosis  (brong-ko-ste-no'sis), «.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  [ipdyxo?,  the  windpipe,  4-  arivaa/.c;,  constric- 
tion: see  bronchiostenosis. '\  In  pathol.,  con- 
striction of  a  bronchus. 

bronchotome  (brong'ko-tom),  «.  [<  Gr.  j3p6y- 
XOQ,  the  windpipe,  +  roinog,  cutting,  verbal  adj. 
of  Tepveiv,  rafieiv,  cut.]  In  surg.,  an  instru- 
ment for  making  the  incision  into  the  larynx 
or  trachea  in  the  operation  of  bronchotomy. 
There  are  many  forms. 

bronchotomy  (brong-kot'o-mi),  71.  [<  Gr.  Pp6y- 
Xog,  the  windpipe,  +  ro/xia,  late  form  of  ro/u-^,  a 
cutting,  <.TE/Liveiv,  ra/Lceiv,  cut;  cf.  anatomy.^  In 
surg.,  the  act  of  making  an  incision  into  the 
windpipe  or  larynx,  usually  for  the  purpose  of 
affording  a  passage  for  air  into  and  out  of  the 
lungs  when  any  disease  or  accident  hinders 
respiration  by  the  usual  channels,  or  to  extract 
foreign  bodies  which  have  lodged  in  the  trachea. 

Tlie  operation  is  called  tracheotomy  when  the  opening  is 
made  into  the  trachea,  and  laryngotomy  wlien  made  into 
the  larynx. 

bronchotracheal  (brong-ko-tra'kf-al),  a.  [< 
bronchus  +  trachea  +  -a?.]  Situated  partly  in 
the  bronchi  and  partly  in  the  trachea :  speeifl- 
eally  applied  to  the  syrinx  of  oUgomyodian  or 
haploophonous  birds,  which  is  usually  of  this 
character.    Also  tracheobronchial. 

bronchus  (brong'kus),  n. ;  pi.  bronchi  (-ki). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  Ppiyxoc,  the  windpipe :  see  bron- 
chia.'] Either  of  the  two  main  branches  of  the 
trachea:  also  sometimes  used  to  denote  any 
small  bronchial  tube.  See  trachea,  lung,  and 
cut  tmder  thorax. 

bronco  (brong'ko),  n.  [Commonly,  but  incor- 
rectly, spelled  broncho;  appar.  a  particular  ap- 
plication of  Sp.  bronco,  rough,  rude,  sturdy, 
crusty,  crabbed,  morose,  =  Pg.  bronco,  rough, 
rude,  coarse,  awkward.]  On  the  northwestern 
plains  of  the  United  States,  an  unbroken  or 
imperfectly  broken  horse,  usually  a  mustang 
or  Indian  poriy. 

In  and  out  among  the  craft  of  heavier  burden  shuffled 
the  small,  tough  bronchos.  The  Century,  XXXI.  65. 

brondt,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  brand. 

brongniardite  (bron-yar'dit),  «.  [After  the 
French  mineralogist  A.  Brongniart  (1770- 
1847).]  A  sulphid  of  antimony,  lead,  and  sil- 
ver, occurring  massive  in  Mexico,  with  grayish- 
black  color  and  metallic  luster. 

brontea,  n.    Plural  of  bronteum. 

Bronteidse  (bron-te'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bron- 
tes +  -idce.'\    A  family  of  trilobites. 

Brontes  (bron'tez),  w.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Bpdvrr/c, 
one  of  the  Cyclopes,  lit.  'thunderer,'  i  jipovrij, 
thunder.]  A  genus  of  Devonian  trilobites, 
having  a  broad  radiating  tail,  giving  name  to 
a  family  Bronteidm.    Also  Bronteus. 

bronteum  (bron-te'um),  n. ;  pi.  brontea  (-a). 
[<  Gr.  (SpovTEiov,  <  (ipovTij,  thunder.]  In  the 
ancient  theater,  a  machine  for  producing  sound 
in  imitation  of  thunder. 

Bronteus  (bron'te-us),  ?j.    [NL. :  sae  Brontes.'] 

Same  as  Brontes. 
brontolith  (bron'to-Uth),  n.     [<  Gr.  Ppovrr/, 

thunder,  +  ^/Sof,  stone.]    An  aerolite  or  mete- 

orolite ;  literally,  a  thunder-stone. 


brontology  (bron-toro-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  ftpovrij, 
thunder,  +  -Koyia,  <  'Atytiv,  speak :  see  -ology.] 
A  discourse  or  dissertation  upon  thunder. 

Brontosaurus  (bron-to-sa'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
PpovTtj,  thunder,  +  aavpo^,  lizard.]  A  genus  of 
huge  fossil  dinosaurian  reptiles,  notable  for 
their  small  head  and  diminutive  brain-cavity, 
the  whole  skull  not  exceeding  some  of  the 
neck-bones  in  size.  One  species  was  about  50 
feet  long,  and  probably  weighed  20  tons  or 
more. 

Brontotheriidse  (bron'to-tho-ri'l-de),  n.  jjl. 
[NL.,  <  Broiitotherium  4-  -'idai.]  A  family  of 
huge  perissodactyl  ungulate  mammals  from  the 
Miocene  of  North  America,  established  for  the 
reception  of  the  genus  Brontotherium :  same  as 
AfcnodonUdw  and  Titanotheriidm. 

Brontotherium  (bron-to-the'ii-um),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  (ipovrrj,  thunder,  +  Orjplov,  beast.]  A 
genus  of  gigantic  extinct  perissodactyls,  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Brontotheriidw. 

Brontozoum  (bron-t6-z6'unl),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
BpdvTT/c,  one  of  the  Oyclopes  (see  Brontes),  + 
Cf>o!^,  animal.]  A  genus  of  gigantic  animals, 
formerly  supposed  to  be  birds,  now  believed  to 
be  dinosaurian  reptiles,  known  only  by  their 
tracks  in  the  Triassic  formation  of  the  Con- 
necticut valley.  The  stride  was  about  8  feet, 
and  the  length  of  the  footprint  about  17  inches. 

bronze  (bronz),  n.  and  a.  [=  D.  brons  =  G. 
bronze  =  Dan.  bronze  =  Sw.  brons,  <  F.  bronze 
=  Sp.  bronce  =  Pg.  bronze,  <  It.  bronzo,  bronze 
(cf.  Bulg.  Serv.  Russ.  bronza.  Sloven,  bronec, 
brunec,  briinc,  Pol.  bronc,  Alban.  brunze,  NGr. 
u-rrpovvTl^og,  bronze,  appar.  from  the  Eom.),  < 
ML.  bronzium  (also  bronzinus,  prop,  adj.,  >  It. 
bronzino,  bronzed),  bronze;  perhaps,  as  some 
suppose,  altered  through  Rom.  influence  from 
an  orig.  *brunitium,  neut.  of  brunitins,  prop, 
adj.,  brown,  but  found  only  as  a  noun  (also 
brunicus),  applied  to  a  horse,  <  brunus  (>  It. 
bruno,  F.  brun,  etc.),  brown,  <  OHG.  brUn  =  AS. 
brUn,  E.  brown:  see  brown,  and  cf.  burnish.]  I. 
n.  1.  An  alloy  of  which  copper  forms  the  pre- 
dominating portion,  and  into  the  composition  of 
which  tin  almost  always  enters  :  but  the  name 
is  also  given  to  alloys  containing  no  tin.  The 

proportion  of  copper  in  various  bronzes  is  usually  between 
80  and  90  per  cent. ;  in  some  it  falls  as  low  as  70.  The 
proportion  of  tin  in  the  bronzes  of  different  ages  and 
those  used  for  various  purposes  is  almost  as  variable  as 
that  of  copper.  Bronze  used  for  bells  has  the  largest 
amount  of  tin ;  in  some  it  reaches  25  per  cent.  The  bronze 
formerly  used  for  cannon  contained  about  10  per  cent,  of 
tin  and  often  a  small  amount  of  zinc.  Statuary  bronze  is, 
and  has  been  from  the  beginning  of  its  use  for  the  pur- 
pose, of  very  variable  composition.  In  some  statuary 
called  bronze  there  is  less  than  1  per  cent,  of  tin,  while 
zinc  is  present  in  sufficient  quantity  almost  to  justify 
calling  the  material  lirass.  The  zinc  in  various  pieces  of 
statuary  cast  witliin  the  past  two  or  three  hundred  years, 
and  erected  in  some  of  the  principal  cities  of  Europe, 
varies  in  quantity  from  less  than  1  per  cent,  to  25.  Lead 
is  present  in  many  bronzes,  but  usually  in  small  amount, 
rarely  being  as  much  as  3  per  cent.  Bronze  is  an  alloy  of 
importance  to  both  the  arts  and  commerce,  and  is  also  of 
gi'eat  historical  interest,  since  it  has  been  known  from 
remote  ages  over  a  large  part  of  the  world.  It  is  pre- 
ferred to  simple  unalloyed  copper,  on  account  both  of  its 
color  and  of  its  greater  durability.  Among  prehistoric 
races  the  use  of  bronze  preceded  that  of  iron ;  and  among 
their  remains  are  found  swords,  axes,  and  other  cutting 
instruments  of  this  material,  sometimes  artistically  made 
and  ornamented,  as  well  as  domestic  implements  and 
utensils  of  many  kinds.  The  ancient  Greeks,  Komans, 
etc.,  made  statuary  of  it  in  enormous  quantities,  and  also 
coins,  recording  tablets,  and  a  great  variety  of  articles  of 
common  use.  It  is  now  not  only  used  for  cannon  (for 
which  purpose  it  has  been  to  a  great  extent  supplanted 
by  steel),  bells,  and  statuary,  but  also  for  parts  of  various 
machines,  especially  bearings,  and  for  screw-propellers. 
The  beauty  and  durability  of  bronze  statuary  depend  in 
no  small  degree  on  the  color  and  composition  of  the  oxi- 
dized  film  or  incrustation  which  forms  upon  it  when  it  is 
exposed  to  the  weather.  This  is  called  its  patina  (wliich 
see).  In  recent  times  numerous  experiments  have  been 
made  with  a  view  to  improve  the  quality  of  bronze  in 
various  ways,  in  particular  by  the  addition  of  small  quan- 
tities of  other  substances,  especially  metals.  The  most 
important  result  of  these  experiments  seems  to  be  phos- 
phor-bronze, an  alloy  patented  by  two  Belgian  metal- 
lurgists about  1S70,  and  now  extensively  used  where 
toughness  and  resistance  to  wear  are  required.  The 
amount  of  phosphorus  in  phosphor-bronze  is  less  than 
1  per  cent.,  and  the  effect  it  produces  is  probably  due  to 
its  reducing  action  on  the  oxids  of  the  other  metals  dur- 
ing the  process  of  manufacture.  Phosphor-bronze  is  of 
finer  grain  and  color,  and  is  believed  to  be  nmcli  more 
durable,  than  ordinary  bronze ;  and  it  is  thought  by  many 
that  it  will  eventually  be  proved  to  be  the  best  material 
for  artillery.  Extensive  experiments  have  also  been  made 
with  manganese,  lead,  and  other  metals.  Aliiminiuin 
bronze  is  an  alloy  of  copper  aiui  aluminium  now  in  use, 
especially  where  tensile  strength  is  required.  So-calli^ 
steel  bronze  is  bronze  hardened  by  mechanical  compression. 
It  has  not  come  into  general  use,  but  wa-s  intended  by  its 
inventor  to  be  used  for  cannon.  See  aluiiiiniutn. 
2.  A  work  of  art,  as  a  statuette,  bust,  or  model, 
composed  of  bronze,  whether  east  or  wrought. 
—  3.  A  brown  pigment  or  coloring  substance 


bronze 


694 


brook 


resembling  bronze ;  bronze-powder. — 4.  Bold- 
ness ;  impudeuee ;  brass. 

Imbiown'd  with  native  bronze,  lo !  Henley  stands, 
Tuning  his  voice,  and  balancing  his  hands. 

Popf,  Dunciad,  iii.  199. 

Amber  bronze.  See  ambo  -'.— Bavarian  bronze.  See 

Bavarian. —  Chemical  bronze,  nitronniiiate  of  plati- 
num, ail  etticient  but  expensive  hmnziiig  liquid.  —  Mal- 
leable bronze,  an  alloy  of  copper  and  tin  which  contain.s 
in  addition  i  to  2  per  cent,  of  mercury.— Manganese 
bronze,  -ui  alloy  formed  by  the  addition  of  from  1  to  2 
percent,  of  niuiiganese  to  the  proportions  of  copper  and 
zinc  used  in  making  brass. — Wbite  bronze,  a  generic 
name  given  to  the  lighter  bronzes  which  approach  the 
color  of  tin. 

II,  a.  1.  Made  of  or  resembling  bronze :  as, 
a  bronse  statue. — 2.  Characterized  by  the  use 

of  bronze:  as,  the  hronze  age  Bronze  age.  See 

archceoloriical  ages,  under  age. —  Bronze  coloring,  sur- 
face effects  resembling  those  of  bronzes,  produced  either 
directly  by  application  of  color  to  the  surface,  or  indirectly 
by  changes  due  to  the  action  of  acids,  salts,  and  coloring 
matter.  See  i(l■o)l^|■/if7.  — Bronze  green.  See  (jrcen.— 
Bronze  turkey,  a  large  variety  of  domestic  turkey  with 
dark-brown  plumage  having  a  brilliant  metallic  luster, 
bronze  (bronz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bronzed, 
ppr.  bronzing.  [=  F.  bronzer  =  Sp.  broncear, 
OSp.  bronzar  =  Pg.  6row£'e«r, bronze;  of.  It.  ab- 
bronzare,  tan,  scorch,  sunburn,  imbrown;  from 
the  noun.]  1.  To  make  brown  or  of  the  color 
of  bronze,  as  by  exposure  to  the  sun. 

Seam'd  with  ah  ancient  swordcut  on  the  cheek, 
And  bruised  and  bronzed. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
His  face  was  bronzed  as  though  by  burning  climes. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  414. 

2.  To  give  the  color  or  appearance  of  bronze 
to,  as  by  applying  copper-dust  or  -leaf  to 
the  surface,  etc. —  3.  To  harden  or  make  like 
bronze;  hence,  figuratively,  to  make  hard  or 
unfeeling. 

The  lawyer  who  bronzes  his  bosom  instead  of  his  fore- 
head. Scott. 

bronze-backer  (bronz 'bak'er),  w.  A  name 
given  to  the  black-bass. 

Bronze-backer  is  one  of  its  pet  names  among  the  anglers. 

Goode,  American  Fishes. 

bronzed  (bronzd),  p.  a.  Colored  by  bronzing; 
of  a  bronze  color;  tanned — Bronzed  glass,  orna- 
mental glass  of  dark-green  paste,  which  has  been  e.vposed 
to  corrosive  vapors,  so  that  the  surface  is  iridescent  when 
seen  by  reflected  light.— Bronzed-Sldn  disease.  Same 
as  A(liiix<iii's  iliicase  (which  see,  under  disease). 

bronze-gold  (bronz'gold),  «.  A  name  given  to 
all  the  so-called  bronzes  which  have  a  golden 
color. 

bronze-liquid  (bronz 'Uk'^wid),  n.  A  kind  of 
varnish  mixed  with  bronze-powder  to  make 
bronze-paint. 

bronze-liquor  (bronz'lik'''or),  »«.  A  solution  of 
antimony  ehlorid  and  copper  sulphate,  used  for 
bronzing  gun-barrels,  etc. 

bronze-paint  (bronz'pant),  n.  A  pigment  con- 
sisting of  bronze-powder  with  varnish  as  a  ve- 
hicle.   Commonly  called  gold-paint. 

bronze-powder  (bronz'pou"der),  n.  A  pig- 
ment made  by  reducing  leaves  of  Dutch  metal, 
or  some  similar  alloy,  to  powder.  The  color  is 
varied  as  may  be  desired  from  pale-yellow  to  deep-red,  by 
using  different  proportions  of  the  component  metals,  cop- 
per and  zinc. 

bronzewing  (bronz'wing),  n.  A  name  for  cer- 
tain species  of  Australian  pigeons,  chiefly  of  the 
genus  Phaps,  distinguished  by  the  bronze  color 
of  their  plumage.  The  common  bronze-winged  ground- 
dove,  P.  chalcoptera,  abounds  in  all  the  Australian  colo- 
nies, and  is  a  plump  bird,  often  weighing  a  pound,  much 
esteemed  for  the  table. 

bronzify  (bron'zi-fi),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bron- 

sified,  ppr.  bronzifying.  [<  bronze  +  -i-fy.'\  To 
make  like  bronze ;  cast  in  bronze ;  represent 
in  a  bronze  figure  or  statue. 

St.  Michael  descending  upon  the  Fiend  has  been  caught 
and  bronzified  just  as  he  lighted  on  the  castle  of  St.  An- 
gelo.  Thackeray,  Newcomes,  xxxv. 

bronzine  (bron'zin),  a.  [=  It.  bronzino,  bronzed, 
sunburnt  (cf.  ML.  bronzinus,  n.,  bronze);  < 
bronze  +  -»iel.]  Resembling  bronze;  bronze- 
colored. 

lironzing  (bron'zing),  n.  [Verbal  a.  of  bronze, 
V.I  1.  The  process  of  giving  a  bronze-like  sur- 
face to  metals,  plaster,  wood,  and  other  sub- 
stances. This  is  commonly  effected  by  the  application 
of  a  liquid  called  chemical  bro7ize,  a  solution  of  the  ehlorid 
(nitromuriate)  of  platinum  ;  it  may  also  be  done  by  the 
electrotype  process,  or  by  dusting  with  a  bronze-powder 
any  surface  which  has  been  rubbed  with  linseed-oil  varnish. 
2.  A  metallic  color  or  iridescent  appearance 
-as  of  bronze. 

By  this  time  the  dark  shadows  ought  to  show  the  green- 
ish, almost  metallic  look  known  as  bronzing. 

Lea,  Photography,  p.  45. 
Bronzing-salt,  antimony  ehlorid,  so  called  because  it  is 
used  ill  the  process  of  browning  gun-barrels  and  other 
Articles  of  iron  •  bronze-liquor. 


bronzing-machine  (bron'zing-ma-shen'''),  A 
macliiue  for  decorating  wall-papers,  fabrics, 
labels,  etc.,  with  bronze-powder. 

bronzist  (bron'zist),  «.  [<  bronze  +  -ist."]  One 
who  easts  bronzes,  or  works  in  bronze. 

bronzite  (bron'zit),  n.  [<  bronze  +  -i<el.]  A 
ferriferous  variety  of  the  mineral  enstatite,  hav- 
ing sometimes  a  submetallie  bronze-like  luster 
due  to  microscopic  inclusions. 

bronzy  (bron'zi),  u.  [<  bronze  +  -yi.]  Ee- 
sembling  bronze :  as,  a  bronzy  appearance. 

The  Cicindela  maritima,  which  is  found  only  on  sandy 
sea-shores,  is  of  a  pale  bronzy  yellow,  so  as  to  be  almost 
invisible.  A.  B.  Wallace,  Nat.  Select.,  p.  57. 

broo^  (bro),  11.    Same  as  fcreel. 

broo-  (bro),  n.    See  brow,  11. 

brooch^  (broch  or  broeh),  w.  [Same  as  broach, 
q.  v.,  brooch  being  the  commoner  spelling  of  the 
word  in  this  sense.]  An  ornamental  clasp  con- 
sisting of  a  pin  and  a  projecting  or  covering 


Brooch  of  the  Merovingian  period,  found  at  St.  Denis  and  now  in  the 
Musee  de  Cluny,  Paris.    (From  **  Diet,  du  Mobilier  fran^ais."  ) 


shield,  used  for  fastening  the  dress,  or  merely 

for  display,  when  the  garment  is  large  and  heavy,  as 
a  cloak  or  the  ecclesiastical  cope,  the  brooch  has  gener- 
ally been  found  insufficient,  and  has  been  replaced  by  the 
agraffe  or  some  other  form  of  clasp.  Ornamental  brooches 
are  now  worn  mostly  by  women,  but  were  formerly  worn 
by  both  sexes,  sometimes  on  the  hat  or  cap.  Also  spelled 
broach. 

He  has  a  wide  beard  and  flowing  yellow  hair ;  a  green 
cloak  wrapped  around  him  ;  a  bright  silver  brooch  in  his 
cloak  over  his  breast. 

Quoted  by  W.  K.  Sullioan,  Introd.  to  O  Curry's  Anc. 

[Irish,  p.  ccccxlvi. 
With  broches  and  aiglets  of  gold  upon  their  caps. 

R.  Bobinson,  tr.  of  Sir  T.  More's  Utopia,  ii.  G. 
Honour 's  a  good  brooch  to  wear  in  a  man's  hat  at  all 
times.  B.  Jonson. 

brooch^  (broch  or  broch),  v.  t.  [<  brooch"^,  w.] 
To  adorn  with  or  as  with  a  brooch  or  brooches. 
[Rare.] 

Not  the  imperious  show 
Of  the  fuU-fortun'd  Caesar  ever  shall 
Be  brooch'd  with  me.        Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  13. 

brooch^  (broch),  M.  [Origin  uncertain.]  A 
monotint,  or  picture  in  one  color,  as  a  sepia 
sketch. 

brood^  (brod),  w.  [<  ME.  brood,  brod,  <  AS. 
brod  (=  D.  broed  =  MLG.  brot  =  OHG.  MHG. 
bruot,  G.  brut),  brood;  with  formative  -d,  from 
the  same  root  (*br6,  warm,  heat)  as  G.  briihe, 
broth:  see  broil^.  Hence  breed,  q.  v.]  1.  Off- 
spring; progeny. 

The  lion  roars  and  gluts  his  tawny  brood.  Wordsworth. 
2.  A  hatch;  the  young  birds  hatched  in  one 
nest,  or  those  placed  together  in  the  care  of  one 
hen,  or  in  an  artificial  brooder :  as,  a  brood  of 
chickens  or  of  ducks. —  3.  That  which  is  bred; 
species  generated;  that  which  is  produced; 
hence,  figuratively,  sort  or  kind. 

Have  you  forgotten  Libya's  burning  wastes,  .  .  . 

Its  tainted  air,  and  all  its  broods  of  poison? 

Addison,  Cato. 

4.  In  mining,  any  heterogeneous  mixture  with 
tin  or  copper  ore,  as  mundic  or  black-jack.  B. 
Hunt. —  5.  A  north  of  Scotland  name  for  sal- 
mon-fry— Ants'  brood.  See  anti.— To  sit  on  broodt, 

to  be  in  the  act  of  brooding,  like  a  bird  sitting  on  eggs ; 
figuratively,  to  ponder. 

There's  something  in  his  soul. 
O'er  which  his  melancholy  sits  on  brood. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 

=  Syn.  2.  Covey,  etc.  See  flock. 
brood^  (brod),  v.  [<  ME.  broden,  brood  (<  brod, 
brood),  equiv.  to  the  earlier  breden,  breed :  see 
breed,  V.']  I.  intrans.  1.  To  sit  persistently  on 
eggs,  covering  and  warming  them  with  the  body 
and  wings,  for  the  purpose  of  hatching  them : 
said  of  birds. 
Brodyn,  as  byrdys,  foveo,  fetiflco.   Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  53. 

Thou  from  the  first 
Wast  present,  and  with  mighty  wings  outspread 
Dove-like  sat'st  brooding  on  the  vast  abyss. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  21. 

2.  To  rest  fixedly  like  a  brooding  bird. 

Raven  darkness  brooded  o'er  the  deep. 

Sir  W.  Jones. 

3.  To  meditate  long  and  anxiously;  remain  a 
long  time  in  anxiety  or  solicitous  thought ;  have 
the  mind  dwelling  persistently  on  a  subject: 
with  on  or  over. 

Half  mad 

With  exile,  and  with  brooding  on  his  wrongs. 

M.  Arnold,  Empedocles. 


II.  trans.  1.  To  sit  over,  cover,  and  cherish.: 

as,  a  hen  broods  her  chicks ;  hence,  to  nourish. 
The  thrifty  earth  that  briiigeth  out 
And  broudeth  nj)  her  breed. 

Warner,  Albion's  Eng.,  ii.  11. 

2.  To  cherish  with  care. 

See  how  he  broods  the  boy.  Fletcher,  Bonduca,  iv.  2. 
She  broods  and  blesses  me,  she  calms  and  gathers  me. 

E.  S.  Phelps,  Beyond  the  Gates,  p.  195. 

3.  To  ponder  over;  plan  or  mature  with  care: 
as,  "to  brood  war,"  Bacon,  War  with  Spain. 

You'll  sit  and  brood  your  sorrows  on  a  throne.  Dryden. 

brood'^^t,  «•    -Aji  obsolete  form  of  broad. 

brood-capsule  (brod'kap"sul),  n.  A  cyst  or 
capsule  in  which  tseuia-heads  are  developed,  as 
an  echinococcus  (which  see). 

brood-ca'Vity  (br6d'kav"i-ti),  n.  A  brood- 
pouch,  in  general. 

brood-cell  (brod'sel),  n.  In  bee-culture,  a  cell 
of  a  honeycomb  destined  for  the  reception  of 
a  larva.  The  brood-cells  are  separated  from  the  honey- 
cells,  generally  occupying  a  different  comb. 

brooder  (bro'der),  «.  A  device  for  the  artificial 
rearing  of  young  chickens  or  other  birds.  It  con- 
sists essentially  of  an  inclosed  run,  where  the  young  birds 
are  fed,  and  a  covered  place  for  them  to  run  into,  which 
is  kept  at  a  temperature  of  about  90°  F.,  either  by  means 
of  a  lamp  placed  beneath  the  metallic  floor,  or  by  hot  air 
or  water-pipes  carried  above  or  below  the  space  occupied 
by  the  chicks. 

brooding  (bro'ding),  j>.  a.    [Ppr.  of  brood^,v.'\ 

1 .  Sitting,  as  a  bird  on  her  eggs :  as,  a  brood- 
ing hen. 

Still  did  the  nightmgale 
Unto  his  brooding  mate  tell  all  his  tale. 

William  M orris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  309. 

2.  Warming:  as,  "the  brooding  heat,"  Tenny- 
son, Mariana  in  the  South. —  3.  Pondering; 
thinking  deeply ;  disposed  to  ponder  or  think 
deeply :  as,  a  brooding  disposition. 

I  could  cite  many  instances  where  the  brooding  humor 
...  of  our  new  people  long  since  cropped  out  in  rhyme. 

Stedman,  Poets  of  America,  p.  69. 

4.  Settled ;  rooted ;  fixed  in  the  heart :  a  fig- 
urative use  derived  from  the  steadfastness  with 
which  a  bird  sits  on  her  eggs. 

A  brooding  and  unavowed  hostility. 

Milman,  Latin  Christianity,  II.  ix. 

brood-mare  (brod'mar),  n.  A  mare  kept  for 
breeding. 

brood-pouch  (brod 'pouch),  n.  A  pouch,  or 
some  similar  cavity  of  the  body  of  an  animal, 
in  which  eggs  or  young  are  received  and  de- 
tained for  a  time ;  a  brood-cavity. 

He  [the  male  stickleback]  only  bears  the  brood-pouch  and 
alone  builds  the  nest.        Glaus,  Zoology  (trans.),  p.  104. 
In  the  Entoprocta  there  is  a  peculiar  brood-pouch. 

E.  R.  Lankester,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  433. 

brood-space  (brod'spas),  n.    A  brood-cavity. 

An  egg  in  the  brood-space  formed  Detween  the  body  and 
the  mantle.         Gegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  268. 

broody  (bro'di),  a.  [<  ME.  *brody,  <  AS.  bro- 
dig  (=  G.  hrutig),  broody,  <  bi-6d,  brood.]  1. 
Of  a  brooding  disposition ;  inclined  to  brood  or 
sit,  as  a  hen. 

Tegetmeier  states  that  a  cross  between  two  non-sitting 
varieties  [of  the  common  fowl]  almost  invariably  produces 
a  mongrel  that  becomes  broody,  and  sits  with  remarkable 
steadiness.    Sir  J.  Lubbock,  Origin  of  Civilisation,  p.  354. 

2.  Breeding  or  adapted  for  breeding:  as,  a 
broody  bitch, 
brook^  (briik),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brooke, 
broke;  <  ME.  brook,  brok,  <  AS.  broc,  a  stream,  = 
D.  brock  —  MLG.  brok,  LG.  brook,  a  marsh,  pool, 
=  OHG.  bruoh,  MHG.  bruoch,  G.  bruch,  a  marsh, 
bog ;  perhaps  orig.  a  gushing  stream  (cf .  spring), 
being  possibly  connected  remotely  with  AS. 
ftrecaw,  etc.,  break,  burst  forth:  see  fereafe.]  A 
natural  stream  of  water,  too  small  to  be  called 
a  river. 

Springs  make  little  rivulets;  those  united  make  brooks; 
and  those  coming  together  make  rivers,  which  empty 
themselves  into  the  sea.  Locke. 

Brook-trout.  See  trout.— lo  fly  at  the  brookt.  See 

brooki  (bruk),  v.  i.  [Appar.  <  brookX,  w.]  To 
draw  together  and  threaten  rain:  said  of  the 
clouds:  with         [Old  and  pro  v.  Eng.] 

brook^  (bruk),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  brooken,  broken, 
later  forms  of  brouken,  bruken,  use,  possess, 
enjoy;  of  food,  digest  (whence  the  mod.  sense 
of  ' stomach,  endure  ');<  AS.  brucan  (pret.  bredc, 
pi.  brucon,  pp.  brocen),  use,  have  the  use  of,  en- 
joy, esp.  food,  =  OS.  briikan  =  OFries.  bruka 
—  MD.  bruycken,  ghebruycken,  D.  gcbrviken  = 
MLG.  bruken,  use,'=  0H(3r.  brtihhan,  MHG.  brO- 
chcn,  G.  brauchen,  use,  need,  =  Goth.  brUkjan, 
use,=L./n««  (for  *frugvi),enjoy  {>fruges,  fruits, 
fructvs,  fruit:  see  fruit),  perhaps  —  Skt.  bhuj 
(for  *bhrujl),  enjoy,  esp.  food.     See  broker. 


brook 

also  fruit,  fructify,  etc.]  If.  To  use;  enjoy; 
have  the  full  employment  of. 

So  mot  I  brouke  wel  myn  eyen  twaye. 

Chaucer,  Nun  s  Priest's  Tale,  1.  479. 
2t.  To  earn ;  deserve. 

Which  name  she  brooked  as  well  for  her  proportion  and 
grace  as  tor  the  many  happy  voyages  she  made  in  her 
Majesty's  service. 

Sir  R.  Hawkiiis,  Voyage  to  the  South  .Sea,  p.  11. 

3.  To  bear;  endure;  support;  put  up  with: 
always  in  a  negative  sense. 

Your  son,  sir,  insulted  me  in  a  manner  which  my  honour 
could  not  brook.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  v.  3. 

To  leisurely  delights  and  sauntering  thoughts 
That  brook  no  ceiling  narrower  than  the  blue. 

Lowell,  Under  the  Willows. 

brook-fish  (bruk'fish),  11.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Cijprinodontidce  and  genus  Fundulus :  same  as 
lillifish  and  mummycliog.  [Local,  U.  S.] 
brookite  (bruk'it),  «.  [After  Henry  James 
Brooke,  an  English  crystallographer  (1771- 
1857).  ]  One  of  the  three  forms  in  which  titani- 
um dioxid  occurs  in  nature,  it  is  found  in  ortho- 
rhombic  crystals  of  a  brown  or  yellow  color  to  black,  and 
adamantine  to  metallic  luster.  Jurinite  is  another  name 
for  the  same  mineral.  Arkamite  is  an  iron-black  variety 
from  JIagnet  Cove,  Arkansas. 

brooklet  (bruk'let),  n.  [<  hrook^  +  dim.  -let.'] 
A  small  brook.  Lonqfellow. 

brooklime  (bruk'lim),  n.  [<  JCE.  hroUemp,  broJc- 
leinbe,  hrokhjmpe,  <  hrok,  brook,  -i-  Jemp,  etc.; 
of  obscure  origin.]  A  plant,  Veronica  Becca- 
hunga,  with  blue  flowers  in  loose  lateral  spikes. 
The  American  brooklime  is  V.  Americana. 

brook-mint  (bruk'mint),  n.  [<  AS.  brocmiiite, 
<  broc,  brook,  +  mitite,  mint.]  The  water-mint, 
Mentha  si/h-et)tris. 

brook-moss  (bruk'mos),  n.  A  name  given  to 
species  of  the  genus  Dichehjma,  slender  aquatic 
mosses,  with  elongated  leaves  in  three  ranks, 
and  with  the  fruit  on  short  lateral  branches. 

brook-trout  (bn'ik'trout"),  n.    See  trout. 

brook'Weed  (briik'wed),  n.  A  plant,  the  water- 
pimpernel,  Samolus  Valerandi.    See  Samolus. 

brooky  (briik'i),  a.  [<  brook'i-  +  -(/!.]  Abound- 
ing with  brooks:  as,  "Hebron's  brooky  sides," 
J.  Dyer,  The  Tleeee,  ii. 

brooml  (brom),  n.  [<  ME.  broom,  brom,  broom 
(the  plant,  L.  genista)  (also  applied  to  the  tama- 
risk, L.  myrica),  a  brush,  <  AS.  brom  =  MD. 
broem  (cf.  MLG.  bram,  LG.  braam),  broom 
(L.  genista):  see  bramble.']  1.  The  populai- 
name  of  several  plants,  mostly  leguminous 
shrubs,  characterized  by  long,  slender  branches 
and  numerous  yellow  flowers.  The  common  or 
Scotch  broom  is  the  Cytisus  (Genista)  scoparim,  abun- 
dant throughout  Europe,  and  famous  as  the //Zania  genista 
(French  plante  geiut)  which  was  the  badge  of  the  Plan- 
tagenets.  It  is  a  valuable  remedy  in  dropsy,  being  one 
of  the  most  efficient  of  hydragogues,  and  its  seeds  are 
used  as  a  substitute  Jor  coffee.  Spanish  broom  (SpaHiiim 
junceum)  is  a  closely  allied  species,  as  is  also  the  dyer's 
broom  (Genista  tinctoHa),  which  was  formerly  much  used 
^  a  yellow  dye  and  as  the  basis  of  the  once  celebrated 
Kendal  green.  See  cuts  under  Cytistts  and  Genista. 
2.  A  besom,  or  brush  with  a  long  handle,  for 
sweeping  floors,  etc. :  so  called  from  being 
onginally  made  of  the  broom-plant.  Brooms  are 
now  made  in  Europe  of  this  and  various  other  materials  • 
and  m  the  United  States  their  manufacture  from  broom- 
corn  IS  an  important  business.  A  broom  at  the  masthead 
of  a  vessel  indicates  that  she  is  for  sale,  a  sign  derived 
probably  from  the  old  habit  of  displaying  boughs  at  shops 
taY,erns.— Butcher's  broom,  a  prickly  liliaceous 
shrub,  Ruscus  aculeatiis:  so  called  from  its  use  by  butchers 
in  Europe  in  sweeping  their  blocks.  Also  called  knee- 
Yellow  broom,  a  name  sometimes  given  in  the 
United  states  to  the  wild  indigo,  Baptisia  tinctoria. 

broomi  (brom),  v.  t.    [<  broom^,  n.]    To  sweep, 
or  clear  away,  as  with  a  broom. 

The  poor  old  workpeople  brooming  away  the  fallen 
leaves.  Thackeray,  Newcomes,  Iviii. 

broom2  (brom),  V.  t.    Same  as  bream"^. 

broom-brush  (brom'brush),  «.  A  whisk-broom 
or  clothes-brush  made  from  broom-corn.  [U.  S.] 

broom-bush  (brom'biish),  n.  A  weedy  annual 
composite,  Parthenium  HisteropJiorus,  of  tropi- 
cal America. 

broom-corn  (brom'kom),  w.  A  variety  of  Sor- 
ghum rulgare,  a  tall  reed-like  gi-ass,  rising  to 
a  height  of  8  or  10  feet,  a  native  of  India.  The 

branched  panicles  are  made  into  brooms  and  brushes  for 
which  purpose  the  plant  is  largely  cultivated  in  the  United 
btates.    The  seed  is  used  as  feed  for  cattle. 

broom-grass  (brom '  gi-as),  w.  1.  Same  as 
brome-grass.—  2.  In  the  United  States,  some 
species  of  Andropogon,  as  A.  scoparius  and  A. 
macroiirus.    Also  caUed  broom-sedge. 

broom-head  (brom'hed),  «.  An  adjustable 
clasp  for  holding  bunches  of  broom-corn  to  a 
broom-handle. 

broom-rape  (brom'rap),  n.  A  name  given  to 
parasitic  leafless  plants  of  the  genus  Orobanche, 


695 

and  in  the  United  States  to  species  of  the  simi- 
lar allied  genera  Phelipwa  and  Aphyllon.  See 
Orobanchace(e. 
broom-root  (brom'rot),  M.  A  root  exported 
from  Mexico  and  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
brushes,  it  is  supposed  to  be  the  root  of  a  grass,  also 
known  in  trade  as  Mexican  or  French  whisk. 
broom-sedge  (brom'sej),  n.  Same  as  broom- 
grass. 

broomstaff  (brom'staf),  n.  Same  as  broom- 
stick. 

broomstick  (brom'stik),  ».    The  stick  or  han- 
dle of  a  broom, 
broom-tree  (brom'tre),  n.    A  shrubby  compo- 
site, Baccharis  scoparia,  of  the  mountains  of 
J amaiea,  broom-like  from  its  slender,  densely 
crowded,  almost  leafless  branehlets. 
broom-'Vise  (brom'vis),  v.   A  clamping  arrange- 
ment for  flattening  and  holding  broom-corn  so 
that  it  can  be  sewed  into  brooms, 
broom'weed  (brom'wed),  n.    A  species  of  Cor- 
chorus,  C.  siliquosus,  of  tropical  America,  used 

for  making  brooms.  The  siveet  broomweed  of  the 
tropics  is  a  common  weed,  Scoparia  dulcis,  of  the  natural 
order  Scrophulariacece. 

broomy  (bro'mi),  a.  [<broom'^  + -y^.]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  consisting  of  broom ;  bearing  broom : 
as,  a  "  broomy  peak,"  J.  Baillie. 
broose  (bros),  n.  [Sc.,  also  spelled  bruse,  bruise : 
see  def.]    A  race  at  country  weddings  To 

ride  the'brooset,  to  run  a  race  on  horseback  at  a  wed- 
ding from  the  church  to  the  place  where  the  wedding- 
feast  was  to  be  held.  He  who  first  reached  the  house  was 
said  to  win  the  broose,  that  is,  the  brose,  the  prize  of  spice- 
broth  allotted  to  the  victor.    Jamieson.    See  frrosel. 

broozet,  v.    Same  as  browse^. 
Brora  beds.   See  bedX. 

brosei  (broz),  n.  [Sc.,  <  Gael,  brothas  (th  silent), 
brose.  Cf.  broose,  broth.]  A  Scotch  dish,  made 
by  pouring  boiling  water,  boiling  milk,  the  liquid 
in  which  meat  has  been  boiled,  or  the  like,  on 
oatmeal,  barley-meal,  or  other  meal,  and  imme- 
diately mixing  the  ingredients  by  stirring.  The 

dish  is  denominated  from  the  nature  of  the  liquid  :  as,  kail- 
brose,  water-brose,  beef-brose,  etc.— Athole  brose,  honey 
and  whisky  mixed  together  in  equal  parts,  used  in  many 
parts  of  Scotland  as  a  cure  for  hoarseness  and  sore  throat 
arising  from  a  cold.  In  the  Highlands  oatmeal  is  some- 
times substituted  for  the  honey.  So  called  from  Athole 
a  district  of  Perthshire,  Scotland.  ' 

brose^t,  v.  An  obsolete  Middle  English  form  of 
bruise. 

brosely  (broz'li),  n.  [So  called  from  the  town 
of  Brosely  in  Shropshire,  where  there  was  a 
large  manufactory  of  pipes.]  A  tobacco-pipe. 
[Local,  Eng.] 
Brosimum  (bro'si-mum),  «.  [NX,.,  <  Gr.  j3p6- 
aifiog,  eatable,  <  jipuat^,  food,  equiv.  to  (ipuiia, 
food:  see  broma.]  A  genus  of  Urticacew,  sub- 
order Artocarpece,  one  species  of  which,  B.  Ga- 
lactodendron,  is  the  cow-tree  of  South  America. 

B.  Alicastrum,  the  breadnut-tree,  common  in  the  woods 
of  Jamaica,  produces  nuts  which  when  roasted  are  used 
as  bread,  and  taste  like  hazel-nuts.  The  wood  resembles 
mahogany,  and  is  sometimes  used  by  cabinet-makers. 
The  leaves  and  young  branches  form  a  most  useful  fatten- 
ing fodder  for  cattle.  The  snake-  or  leopard-wood,  used 
as  veneers  and  for  walking-canes,  is  yielded  by  a  species, 
B.  Aubletii,  from  British  Guiana. 
Brosmiidae  (bros-mi'i-de),  n.j)!.  [NL.,  <  Bros- 
mius  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  anacanthine  fishes, 
typified  by  the  genus  Brosmius :  same  as  the 
snbfa.milj  Brosmiina;.  Also  Brosmidce. 
Brosmiinse  (bros-mi-i'ne),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Bros- 
mius +  -ina;.]  A  subfamily  of  gadoid  fishes, 
typified  by  the  genus  Brosmius,  and  distin- 
guished by  the  development  of  only  one  long 
dorsal  and  anal  fin  and  the  separation  there- 
from of  the  caudal.  Also  Brosmince. 
Brosmius  (bros'mi-us),  n.  [NL.,  <  Icel.  brosma 
=  Norw.  brosme,  the  vernacular  name  of  the 
Brosmius  brosme.]  A  genus  of  fishes  belong- 
ing to  the  cod  family,  Gadidce.  One  species,  found 

on  the  northern  coast  of  Scotland,  is  commonly  called 
the  torsk  or  tusk.    See  torsk. 

brostent,  PP-    A  Middle  English  fonn  of  burst, 
past  participle  of  burst. 
brosy  (bro'zi),  a.   [<  ftrosel  + -yl.]  Like  brose; 

semifluid.  [Scotch.] 
brotany  (brot'a-ni),  n.     [A  short  form  (Like 
equiv.  AS.  pr'utene)  of  ML.  abrotanum :  see 
abrotanum.]  Southernwood, 
brotch  (broch),  v.  t.    [Perhaps  a  var.  of  the 
equiv.  brath,  which  is  appar.  <  Icel.  bregdha, 
braid,  knot,  twine,  =  AS.  bregdan,  E.  braid^, 
q.  v.]    To  plait  straw  ropes  roimd  (a  stack  of 
corn).    Jamieson.  [Scotch.] 
brotelt,  a.    A  Middle  English  form  of  brittle. 
brotelnessf,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  6)77- 
tleness. 

brot-ground  (brot'ground),  n.  [<  *brot,  ult.  < 
AS.  broten,  pp.  of  bredtan,  break  (see  brott),  + 


brother 

ground.]  Ground  newly  broken  up.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

brothl  (broth),  n.  [<  ME.  broth,  <  AS.  broth  = 
Icel.  brodh  =  OHG.  brot,  brod(>  ML.  brodum, 
brodium,  >  It.  brodo,  broda  =  Sp.  Pg.  hrodio  - 
Pr.  bro  =  OF.  "brou,  pi.  broues,  >  ME.  broices,  > 
E.  brewis,  q.  v.),  broth;  cf.  Ir.  6ro</(  =  Gael. 
brot,  broth.  Gaol.  hrotha.H,  broso  (see  6msei); 
prob.  (with  formative  -th)  from  the  root  (*?»r«) 
of  brew^,  q.  v.]  Liquor  in  which  flesh  is  boiled 
and  macerated,  usually  with  certain  vegetables 

to  give  it  a  better  relish,  in  .Scotland  the  name  is 
seldom  used  except  when  pot-barley  forms  one  of  the  in- 
gredients. 

Good  broth,  with  good  keeping,  do  much  now  and  then ; 
Good  diet,  with  wisdom,  best  comforteth  men.  Tusser. 
broth^t,  a.    See  brath. 

brothelif,  «.  [ME.,  also  brethel  (and  corruptly 
brodel,  brodelle),  a  wretch,  a  depraved  man  or 
woman  ;  der.  bretheling,  a  wretch  ;  <  AS.  *bred- 
ihan,  only  in  comp.  d-breothan,  ruin,  frustrate, 
pp.  dbrothen,  degenerate,  base,  trifling;  con- 
nections doubtful.]  A  wretch;  a  depraved 
person ;  a  lewd  man  or  woman. 

For  nou  is  vche  boye  bold,  brothel  and  other, 
To  talken  of  the  trinite  to  beon  holden  a  sjTe. 

Piers  Phneman  (A),  xi.  61. 
A  brothel,  which  Micheas  hight. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amaut.,  ill.  173. 
brothel^  (broth'el),  n.  [An  early  mod.  E.  cor- 
ruption of  ME.  bordel,  a  house  of  ill-fame,  by 
confusion  with  ME.  brothel,  a  wretch:  see 
brothel'^.]  A  house  of  lewdness  ;  a  house  ap- 
propriated to  the  purposes  of  prostitution;  a 
bawdy-house ;  a  stew. 

Epicurism  and  lust 
Make  it  more  like  a  tavern  or  a  brothel. 
Than  a  grac'd  palace.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 

brothePt  (broth'el),  I-.?.  l<brothel2,7i.  Ct  bor- 
del, n.]  To  haunt  brothels.  Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du 
Bartas. 

brothelert,  brothellert  (broth' el- er),  v.  [< 
brothel"  +  Cf.  bordeler.]    One  who  fre- 

quents brothels. 
Gamesters,  jockies,  brothellers  impure.  Cowper,  Task,  ii. 

brothel-houset  (broth'el-hous),  n.    A  brothel, 
brothellert,  n.    See  brotheler. 
brothelryt  (broth'el-ri),  n.    [<  brothel^  +  -ry.] 
1.  A  brothel. —  2.  Lewdness;  obscenity. 

Brothelry  able  to  violate  the  ear  of  a  pagan. 

B.  Jonson,  Ded.  of  Volpone. 
brother  (bruTH'er),  n. ;  pi.  brothers  or  brethren 
(-erz,  breTH'ren).  [=  Sc.  brither,  <  ME.  brother, 
<  AS.  brothor,  brother  =  OS.  brothar  =  OFries. 
brother,  broder  =  D.  broeder  =  MLG.  broder,  LG. 
broder,  broor  =  OHG.  bruodar.  MHG.  bruoder, 
G.  bruder  =  Icel.  brodhir  =  Sw.  Dan.  broder, 
bror  =  Goth,  brothar,  a  word  common  to  all 
the  Indo-Eur.  languages:  =  Gael.  Ir.  brathair 
=  W.  brawd,  pi.  brodyr,  =  Corn,  bredar  =  Manx 
6)-a«r  =  Bret.  breur,  6)-e/- =  OBulg.  bratrH,  bratu 
=  Pol.  and  Serv.  brat  =  Bohem.  bratr  =  Russ. 
bratii  (Hung,  bardt,  <  Slav.)  =  Lith.  brdlis  = 
Lett,  brdlis  =  OPruss.  bratis  =  L.  f rater  (>  It. 
frate,fra,  with  dim.  fratello  =  Wall,  frate  (> 
Alb.  frat)  =  Pg.  frade  =  OF.  frere  (>  ME./r^re, 
E.  friar,  q.  v.),  mod.  F.  frere  =  Pr.  fraire,  > 
prob.  OSp.  fraire,  freire,  Sp.  fraile,  freile,  con- 
tracted//-a;/, /re;/  =  O^g.  freire,  Pg.frei,  used, 
like  It.  frate,  fra,  as  an  appellation  of  a  monk, 
the  Sp.  word  for  'brother'  in  the  natural  sense 
being  hermano  =  'Pg.  irmdo,  <  L.  germanus,  ger- 
mane, gei-man ;  cf.  also  "E,.  fraternal,  etc.)  =  Gr. 
(pparvp,  (ppartjp,  one  of  the  same  tribe,  orig.  a 
brother,  =  Skt.  bhrdtar,  Praki-it  bhad,  bhdaro 
(Hind,  bhdi,  bhaiya,  Panjabi  i>di,  Pali  bhdtd) 
=  Zend  and  OPers.  brdtar,  Pers.  birddar  (> 
Turk,  birdder)  =  Pahlavi  birdd  =  Kurdish  berd, 
brother;  ulterior  origin  unknown:  the  term,  is 
appar.  the  suffix  -tar  (E.  -ther)  of  agent.  The 
pi.  brethren  is  from  ME.  brethcren,  brethren, 
formed,  -svith  weak  pi.  ending  -en,  from  brether, 
brethre,  brithere,  also  pi.,  an  umlauted  form  of 
AS.  brothru,  also  brothor,  the  usual  pi.  of  brother; 
cf.  AS.  dat.  sing,  brether.]    1.  A  male  person, 
in  his  relation  to  another  person  or  other  per- 
sons of  either  sex  bom  of  the  same  parents;  a 
male  relative  in  the  first  degree  of  descent  or 
mutual  kinship:  used  also  of  the  lower  ani- 
mals: the  converse  of  sister.    See  brother-in- 
law  and  half-brother. 

My  brother  and  thy  uncle,  call'd  Antonio. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2. 
2.  A  male  person  in  his  relation  to  any  other 
person  or  persons  of  the  same  blood  or  ances- 
try; a  member  of  a  common  family  or  race  in 
his  relation  to  all  other  members ;  in  the  plural. 


brother 


696 


brouse 


aU  members  of  a  particular  race,  or  of  the  hu- 
man race  in  general,  as  regards  each  other. 

Jacob  told  Rachel  that  he  was  her  father's  brother  [that 
is,  his  uncle  Labaii's],  Gen.  xxix.  12. 

Let  us  send  abroad  unto  our  brethren  everywhere,  that 
are  left  in  all  the  land  of  Israel.  1  Chron.  xiii.  2. 

Of  whom  suoli  massacre 
Make  they,  but  of  their  brethren;  men  of  men? 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  6S0. 

3.  One  of  two  or  more  men  closely  imited  with- 
out regard  to  personal  kinship,  as  by  a  common 
interest ;  an  associate ;  one  of  the  same  rank, 
profession,  occupation,  or  belief,  especially  in 
law,  religion,  or  organized  charity. 

We  few,  we  happy  few,  we  band  of  brothers; 

For  he  to-day  that  sheds  his  blood  with  rae 

Shall  be  my  brother.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  3. 

4.  Specifically,  as  a  translation  of  friar,  a  mem- 
ber of  a  mendicant  order. 

Going  to  find  a  barefoot  brother  out. 

One  of  our  order.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  v.  2. 

5.  In  the  plural  form  brethren,  the  designation 
of  several  Cliristian  organizations,  derived  from 
the  fact  that  the  title  was  used  by  the  primitive 
Christians  in  speaking  of  themselves ;  specifi- 
cally, a  sect  of  German  Baptists,  morepopularly 
known  as  Dunkers. —  6.  A  member  of  a  reli- 
gious congregation  whose  members  do  not  re- 
ceive the  priesthood,  but  devote  themselves  to 
teaching  or  good  works;  also,  a  lay  member 
of  a  community  having  priests. —  7.  Figura- 
tively, one  who  resembles  another  in  manners 
or  disposition. 

He  also  that  is  slothful  in  his  work  is  brother  to  him 
that  is  a  great  waster.  Prov.  xvili.  9. 

Often  abbreviated  hro.,  plural  tros. 

[The  plural  form  brethren  is  not  now  used  in  the  sense  of 
male  children  of  the  same  parents,  but  only  in  tlie  wider 
meanings  of  the  word  brother.] — Amyclsean  brothers. 
See  Amychean. —  ApostOllC  Brethren.  See  apostolic, 
n.,  1  (c),  and  Apostohne.  — Arval  Brethren  or  Brothers. 
See  aroai'-.— Attidian  Brethren.  See  Attidian.—Bo- 
hemian  Brethren.  See  Boiiendan. — Brethren  and 
Clerks  of  the  Common  Life,  a  monastic  fraternity, 
clerical  and  lay,  originating  in  the  Netherlands  about 
1370,  devoted  to  education  and  labor,  ami  not  bound  by 
perpetual  vows.  Thomas  h  Kempis  belonged  to  it.  It 
spread  widely,  but  became  extinct  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tiu'y.  There  was  a  female  branch  of  the  order. — Breth- 
ren of  ChelciC,  followers  of  Peter  Chelczicky,  a  Bohe- 
mian reformer  of  the  fifteenth  century.  Tliey  were  or- 
ganized into  a  separate  community  in  1457,  and  soon 
became  known  as  Bohemian  Brethren. —  Brethren  Of 
the  Cliristian  Schools,  a  Roman  Catholic  order,  con- 
sisting chiefly  of  lay  men,  devoted  to  the  education  of  the 
poor,  founded  in  France  in  1679,  and  now  numerous  in 

various  parts  of  the  world. — Brethren  of  the  Com- 
munity, one  of  the  two  parties  into  which  the  Fran- 
ciscans were  divided  in  the  beginning  of  the  fourteenth 

century.— Brethren  of  the  Free  Spirit,  a  sect  which 

arose  in  the  thirteenth  century,  pantlieistic  in  doctrine, 
perfectionists  in  principle,  and  enthusiasts  in  practice. 

—  Brethren  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  or  Brethren  of  the 

Redemption  of  Captives,  an  order  of  monks  in  the 
twelfth  century  who  devoted  themselves  to  the  redemp- 
tion of  captives  from  the  Mohammedans.  —  Brothers 
of  Charity.   See  cAanV?/.— Christian  Brothers.  See 

Christian^. —  Elder  Brethren,  the  masters  of  Trinity 
House,  London,  the  coiporation  charged  with  the  regula- 
tion and  management  of  the  lighthouses  and  buoys  on 
the  shores  and  rivers  of  England,  with  the  licensing  of 
pilots,  and  with  a  general  supervision  over  the  lighthouse 
boards  of  Scotland  and  Ireland,  called  respectively  the 
Commissioners  of  Northern  Lights  and  the  Ballast  Boai'd 
of  Dublin.—  Exclusive  Brethren.  See  Plymouth  Breth- 
ren, below.—  Full  brothers.  See  full.'—  Plymouth 
Brethren,  Plymouthites,  a  sect  of  christians  which 
first  attracted  notice  at  Plymouth,  England,  in  1830,  but 
has  since  extended  over  Great  Britain,  the  United  States, 
and  among  the  Protestants  of  France,  Switzerland,  Italy, 
etc.  They  recognize  all  as  brethren  who  believe  in  Christ 
and  the  Holy  Spirit  as  his  vicar,  but  they  have  no  for- 
mal creed,  ecclesiastical  organization,  or  official  ministry, 
which  they  condemn  as  the  causes  of  sectarian  divisions. 
Also  called  Darbyites,  after  Mr.  Darby,  originally  a 
barrister,  subsequently  a  clergyman  of  the  Church  of 
England,  and  thereafter  an  evangelist  not  connected 
with  any  church,  to  whose  efforts  their  origin  and  the 
diffusion  of  their  principles  are  to  be  ascribed.  In  a 
narrower  sense  the  Darbyites  are  a  branch  of  the  Ply- 
mouth Brethren,  entitled  Exclu.iive  Brethren,  on  account 
of  the  strictness  of  their  views  and  the  exclusiveness  of 

their  communion.—  United  Brethren,  or  Unity  of 

Brethren  (U nitas  Fratrum),  the  ofBcial  designation  of 
the  Bohemian  Brethren  and  of  their  successors  the  Mo- 
ravian Brethren,  or  Moravians, 
brother  (bruTH'er),  a.  Bearing  a  fraternal 
relation  in  a  general  sense ;  of  the  character 
of  a  brother :  as,  a  brother  man  or  magistrate. 

It  was  then  removed  and  planted  in  a  remote  place  close 
to  a  brother  long-style  plant.  Darwin. 

brother  (bruTH'er),  [(.brother,  n."]    1.  To 

consider  or  treat  as  a  brother ;  address  as  a 
brother. — 2.  To  relate  as  brothers  ;  make  kin. 

One  Die,  one  Mintage,  one  Humanity  ;  every  man  the 
kinsman  of  every  other  ;  mankind  brothered  in  the  one 
mould  of  the  Creative  Word. 

G.  D.  Boardman,  Creative  Week,  p.  196. 

brother-german  (bruTn'er-jer'man),  n.  [< 
brother  +  german^;  cf.  Sp.  hermano,  a  brother, 


tmder  brother.']  A  brother  on  both  the  father's 
and  the  mother's  side ;  a  full  brother. 

brotherheadf  (bruTH'er-hed),  w.  [<  ME.  bro- 
thcrlted,  var.  of  brotherhod.]    See  brotherhood. 

brotherhood  (bruTH'er-hud),  n.  [<  ME.  brother- 
hod  (usually  brotherhcd,  E.  brothcrhead) ;  < 
brother  +  -hood.}  1.  The  fact  or  condition  of 
being  a  brother. 

My  brother  kill'd  no  man,  his  fault  was  thought. 
And  yet  his  punishment  was  bitter  death. 
Who  sued  to  me  for  him  ?  .  .  . 

Who  spoke  of  brotherhood?      Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  li.  1. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  brotherly. 

And  friendship  shall  combine,  and  brotherhood. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  1. 

3.  -Aa  association  of  men  for  any  purpose ;  a 
fraternity. 

The  church  was  a  brotherhood;  no  other  relation  so 
aptly  distinguished  the  spirit  of  union  and  seK-sacriflce 
which  it  was  designed  should  belong  to  it. 

G.  P.  Fisher,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.  549. 

4.  A  class  of  individuals  of  the  same  kind, 
profession,  or  occupation. 

The  brotherhood  of  Christendom. 

Burke,  A  Regicide  Peace,  ii. 
The  gloom 
Spread  by  a  brotherhood  of  lofty  elms. 

Wordsworth,  Excursion,  i. 

brother-in-law  (bruTH'er-in-la"),  lu  [<  ME. 
brother  in  lawe,  brodyr  yn  laice,  etc.,  after  OF. 
frere  en  lay  [/oi],  ML.  frater  in  legei]  The 
brother  of  one's  husband  or  wife ;  also,  one's 
sister's  husband.  For  some  purposes,  but  not  all,  the 
legal  incidents  of  the  affinity  cease  on  the  death  of  the  one 
whose  marriage  formed  the  tie. 

brotherless  (bruTn'er-les),  a.  [<  ME.  *brother- 
les,  <  AS.  brothorleds :  see  brother  and  -less,~\ 
Without  a  brother. 

brotherliness  (bruTH'er-li-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  brotherly. 

brother-lovet  (bruTH'er-luv),  ».  Brotherly  af- 
fection. ShaJc. 

brotherly  (bruTH'er-li),  a.  [<  ME.  *brotherly, 
<  AS.  brothorlic:  see  brother  and  -ly^.]  Per- 
taining to  brothers ;  such  as  is  natural  for 
brothers  ;  becoming  brothers ;  kind ;  affection- 
ate :  as,  brotherly  love.  =Syn.  Brotherly,  Fraternal. 
The  former  of  these  words  expresses  the  more  affection  ; 
the  latter  is  often  more  formal  or  official. 

Be  kindly  affectioned  one  to  another  with  brotherly 
love.  Rom.  xii.  10. 

Who,  not  content 
With  fair  equality,  fraternal  state. 
Will  arrogate  dominion  undeserved 
Over  his  brethren.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  26. 

brotherlyt  (bruTn'er-li),  adv.  After  the  man- 
ner of  a  brother ;  kindly ;  affectionately. 

With  these  principles  who  knows  but  that  at  length  he 
might  have  come  to  take  the  Covenant,  as  others,  whom 
they  Brotherly  admitt,  have  don  before  him. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  ix. 

brotherwort  (bruTH'er-wert),  n.  An  old  name 
for  the  creeping  thyme,  Thymus  Serpyllum. 

brothlyt,  adv.    See  brathly. 

brothyt,  a.  [ME.;  origin  obscure.]  Shaggy; 
stiff. 

His  berde  was  brothy  and  blake,  that  tille  his  brest  rechede. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1090. 

brott  (brot),  n.  [Appar.  <  Icel.  brot,  a  broken 
piece,  a  fragment  (cf.  broti,  trees  felled  and  left 
lying),  <  brjota  {=  AS.  breotan,  pp.  broten), 
break:  see  brit^,  and  cf.  brot-ground,  brotus.} 
1.  Shaken  corn.  Brockett.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 2. 
pi.  Fragments;  droppings;  leavings.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

Brotula  (brot'u-la),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  fishes, 
typical  of  the  family  Brotulidw,  now  restricted 


Brotula  barbata. 


to  B.  barbata,  a  species  found  in  the  Caribbean 
sea. 

brotulid  (brot'ii-lid),  w.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Brottdidw.    Also  called  brotuloid. 

Brotulidse  (bro-tu'li-de),  ti.pl.  [NL.,  <  Brotula 
+  -idee.]  A  family  of  teleocephalous  fishes,  typi- 
fied by  the  genus  Brotula,  having  various  limits 
in  different  systems.  Made  by  Gill  a  family  of  Ophi- 
dioidea,  with  jugular  ventrals  reduced  to  one  or  two 
rays,  and  the  anus  in  the  anterior  half  of  the  length. 

Brotulina  (brot-u-li'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bro- 
tula +  -iwa.]  In  Giinther's  system  of  classi- 
fication, the  first  group  of  Ophidiidw,  having 
ventral  fins  developed  and  attached  to  the  hu- 
meral arch. 


Brotullnse  (brot-u-li'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Brotula 
-t-  -i/irt'.]  A  subfamily  of  brotuloid  fishes,  typi- 
fied by  the  genus  Brotula,  to  which  different 
limits  have  been  assigned. 

brotulina  (brot'u-lin),  «.  and  a.  I,  h.  A  fish 
of  the  subfamily  BrotuUme. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  tlie  characters 
of  the  Brotidinw  or  BrotuUdm. 

brotuloid  (brot'u-loid),  n.  and  a.  1.  n.  Same 
as  brotulid. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters 
of  the  Brotulidce. 

brotulophidid  (brot-ii-lof'i-did),  n.  A  fish  of 
the  family  Brotidophidida;. 

Brotulophididse  (brot"u-lo-fid'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Brotulophis  (-phid-)  +  -idte.]  A  family 
of  Ophidioidea,  represented  by  the  genus  Bro- 
tulophis, and  including  ophidioids  with  subbra- 
chial  (or  thoracic)  ventrals  reduced  to  simple 
filaments,  and  the  anus  in  the  anterior  half  of 
the  length. 

Brotulophis  (bro-tu'lo-fis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Brotula 
+  Gr.  60(f,  a  serpent.]  The  typical  genus  of 
the  family  Brotulophidida,  haying  the  aspect 
of  Brotula,  but  still  more  elongate  and  snake- 
like, whence  the  name. 

brotus  (bro'tus),  n.  [Cf.  E.  dial,  brotts,  frag- 
ments, leavings,  droppings,  ult.  <  AS.  breotan 
(pp.  broten),  break:  see  brit^,  brott.]  Some- 
thing added  gratuitously;  an  additional  num- 
ber or  quantity  thrown  in :  same  as  lugniappe : 
used  by  negroes  and  others  about  Charleston, 
South  Carolina. 

brouchant,  «.    Same  as  brochant. 

broudt,  browdt,  v.  t.  [ME.  brouden,  browden, 
etc.,  also  broiden,  etc.,  variants  of  braiden,  etc., 
braid:  see  braid^,  and  cf.  broid,  broider.]  1. 
To  braid. 

Hire  yolvve  heer  was  browded  [var.  broyded,  breided]  in  a 
tresse, 

Byhynde  hire  bak,  a  yerde  long  I  gesse. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  191. 

2.  To  embroider. 

Whit  was  hire  smok,  and  browdid  al  byfore 

And  eek  behind  on  hire  coler  aboute 

Of  cole-blak  silk.        Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  52. 

broudert,  browderf,  v.  t.   Variants  of  broider. 

Where'er  you  spy 
This  browdered  belt  with  characters,  'tis  I. 

B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd',  ii.  1. 

brouderyt,  n.    A  variant  of  broidery. 
broudingt,  browdingt,  n.  Embroidery, 

Harness  .  .  .  wrought  so  weel 
Of  goldsmithrye,  of  browding,  and  of  steel. 

Chaucer,  Knight  s  Tale,  1.  1640. 

brouette  (bro-ef),  n.  [P.,  a  wheelbarrow,  also, 
in  contempt,  a  carriage,  formerly  also  a  sedan 
chair;  ult.  <  LL.  birota:  see  barouche.}  A 
small  two-wheeled  carriage. 

brought  (broeh),  n.  [Also  brugh,  a  var.  of 
burgh,  burch,  for  borough:  see  borough^.]  1. 
A  borough. —  2.  A  fortified  place.  Compare 
brought.    [Scotch  in  both  senses.] 

brought  (broch),  w.  [Also  brugh,  brogh,  broch, 
and  burg,  burrow ;  supposed  to  be  a  particular 
use  of  brought,  burg,  for  borough'^,  a  fortified 
place;  but  in  the  sense  of  '  circle,'  'halo,'cf.6t(r- 
row2jK.,4.]  1,  An  ancient  circular  building  or 
round  tower  such  as  exist  in  Scotland  and  the 

adjacent  islands.  The  Burg  of  Mousa  is  a  circular 
building  41  feet  high  ;  its  walls,  which  are  double,  with  a 
vacant  space  between  them,  diminish  from  14  feet  in 
width  at  the  base  to  8  feet  at  the  summit,  and  inclose  a 
central  area ;  the  door  is  7  feet  high.  These  structures 
are  older  than  the  Scandinavian  invasions,  and  probably 
date  almost  from  the  bronze  age. 
2.  An  encampment  of  a  circular  form ;  a  ring 
fort.  -Also  called  Pecht's  IPict's]  house  or 
Pecht's  castle. —  3.  In  the  game  of  curling,  one 
of  the  two  circles  drawn  aroimd  the  tee. — 4. 
A  hazy  circle  around  the  sun  or  moon,  con- 
sidered as  a  presage  of  a  change  of  weather. 
[Scotch   in  all 


senses.] 
brough^t,  n.  An 

obsolete  spell- 
ing of  brow. 
brougham  (bro'- 
am  or  brom),  n. 
[After  the  first 
Lord  Brough- 


am.]     A    four-  Brougham. 

wheeled  close 

carriage,  with  one  or  two  horses,  and  adapted 
to  carry  either  two  or  four  persons, 
brought  (brot).   Preterit  and  past  participle  of 
bring. 

brouilleriet,  n.    See  broilery. 
broukt,  v.  t.    An  older  form  of  brook'^. 
brouset,  v.    See  bruise. 


Broussa  ware 

Broussa  ware.  Seepottei-y. 
Broussonetia  (bro-so-ne'sMa),  n. 

M.  Broussonet  or  Bro'ussounet,  a  French  natural 

ist  (1761-1807).]   A  genus  of 

plants,  of  two  or  three  species, 

natural  order  Urticacew,  nearly 

aUied  to  the  mulberry,  natives 

of  eastern  Asia  and  the  Pacific 

islands.  The  paper-mulberry  (B.  pa- 
pyri/era) and  B.  KcBiiipferi  are  culti- 
vated in  China  and  Japan,  where  the 
bark  of  the  young  shoots  is  the  chief 
material  for  the  manufactui-e  of  paper. 
From  the  bark  of  the  paper-mulberry 
is  also  made  the  tapa-cloth  exten- 
sively used  throughout  Polynesia. 

brouzet,  n.  and  v.   See  broivse'^. 
brow  (brou),  M.   [<  ME.  irowe, 
bruwe,  <  AS.  ftcit,  pi.  brua, 
bruwa,  eyebrow,  also  eyelash, 
=  ONorth.  bruu  =  (with  an 
appar.  formative  -»)  Icel.  briin, 
old  pi.  brynn,  =  Sw.  Dan.  bryn  (>E.  brine^,  q.  v.) 
(cf.  G.  braune,  below),  eyebrow;  closely  related 
to  ME.  brew,  breoic,  brey,  bre,  bra,  bro,  etc., 
eyebrow,  <  AS.  brcew,  bredw,  also  breg,  eyelid 
(used_  differently  from  brti),  =  OFries.  bre  in 
ag-bre,  eyelid,  =  OS.  brdha,  brdwa  =  MD. 
irauwe,  brotiwe,  eyelid  (D.  wenJcbraauw,  eye- 
brow), =  OHG.  brawa,  MHG.'  bra,  brdwe,  G. 
braue,  also  braune,  eyebrow,  =  Icel.  bra,  eyelid, 
=  Gael,  bra,  eyebrow,  =  Bret,  abrant,  eyebrow. 


697 

brow-ague  (brou'^'^gii),  w.    Frontal  neuralgia. 
[NL.,  after  Browallia  (bro-wal'i-a),  n.    [From  J.  Browall 
(1707-55),  bishop  of  l^ijo  in  Finland.]   A  genus 
of  South  American  herbaceous  plants,  natural 
order  Scrophulariacem,  some  species  of  which 
are  cultivated  for  ornament, 
brow-antler  (brou' ant "l^r),  n.    1.  The  first 
spike  that  grows  on  a  deer's  head. — 2.  The  first 
branch  or  tine  of  an  antler,  overhanging  the 
forehead.    See  antler. 
Also  called  brow-snag. 
brow-band  (brou'band),  n.   1.  A  band  or  fillet 
worn  round  the  brow. —  2.  In  saddlery,  a  band 
of  a  bridle,  headstall,  or  halter,  which  passes 
in  front  of  the  horse's  forehead,  and  has  loops 
at  its  ends  through  which  pass  the  cheek-straps, 
browbeat  (brou'bet),  v.  t. ;  pret.  browbeat,  pp. 
browbeaten,  ppr.  browbeating.    [<  brow  +  bcat.'\ 
To  depress  or  bear  down  with  haughty,  stern 
looks,  or  vrith  arrogant  speech  and  dogmatic 
assertions;  in  general,  to  bear  down  by  impu- 
dence. 

He  [Jeffreys]  soon  found  that  it  was  not  quite  so  easy  to 
browbeat  the  proud  and  powerful  barons  of  England  in 
their  own  hall,  as  to  intimidate  barristers  whose  bread  de- 
pended on  his  favor,  or  prisoners  whose  necks  were  at  his 
i^ercy.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

Mr.  Necker  .  .  .  was  browbeaten  and  intimidated. 

Jefferson,  Correspondence,  II.  485. 
Sjrn.  To  overbear,  insult,  bully,  hector. 

One  who  brow- 


Fruiting  Branch  of 

the  Paper-mulberry 
{Broussonetia  papy- 
r  if  era). 


browbeater  (brou'be"ter),  «, 

beatsj  a  bully.  Warren 

a.  Crowned;  hav- 
ing the  head  encircled,  as  with  a  diadem. 
[Poetical.] 

Brow-bowvi  with  the  oak.  Shah.,  Cor.,  ii.  2. 

A  queen,  with  swarthy  cheeks  and  bold  black  eyes, 
Brow-bound  with  burning  gold.  Tennyson,  Fair  Women. 
See  broud. 

browde'n  (brou'dn),  ij.  a.    [<  ME.  browden, 
broaden,  etc.,  pp.  of  braiden,  breiden,  etc.,  move, 
draw,  snatch,  pull,  etc. :  see  braid^.^    1.  Anx- 
ious ;  foolishly  fond. —  2.   Vaia ;  conceited. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 
browdert,  v.  t.    See  brouder. 
browdingt,  «•    See  brouding. 
browest,  Drowist,  n.    See  brewis. 

He  told  them  with  a  maisterly  Brow,  that  by  this  act  he  brOWleSS  (brou'les),  a.    K  brow      -less.l  With- 

out  shame.  [Bare.] 

So  browless  was  this  heretick. 

L.  Addison,  Life  of  Mahomet,  p.  84. 
brown  (broun),  a.  and  n.   [<  ME.  brown,  broun, 
brun,  <  AS.  brun  =  OFries.  brun  =  D.  bruin  (> 


_   bruvt,  obruvi  =  Serv.  brv,  hbrva  =  ylTZ\""Tk  "Z"'"'\^ 
Bohem.         obnoi  =  Pol.  brew  =  Russ.  brovi 
=  Lith.  bruvis,  eyebrow,  =  Gr.  b(j>pvc,  eyebrow, 
=  Pers.  abru  =  Zend  brvat  =  Skt.  bhrU,  eye- 
brow; cf.  Ir.  Gael,  abhra,  eyelid.    Perhaps  re- 
lated to  brae,bray'^,  q.  v.,andult.  to  E.  bridge^.] 
1.  The  prominent  ridge  over  the  eye,  forming  ■hrn^^iT,'"f 
an  arch  above  the  orbit.— 2.  The  arch  of  hair  P'^^^^^'  ^-  ^- 
over  the  eye ;  the  eyebrow. 

Your  inky  brows,  your  black  silk  hair. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  5. 

3.  The  forehead. 

Beads  of  sweat  have  stood  upon  thy  brow. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  3. 

4.  The  general  expression  of  the  countenance. 


had  oblig'd  them  above  what  they  had  deserv'd. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  v. 
To  whom  thus  Satan,  with  contemptuous  brow. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  885. 

5.  In  entom.,  that  part  of  an  insect's  head  which 
lies  between  the  clypeus  and  the  vertex,  gen- 
erally just  above  the  antennee. — 6.  The  edge 
of  a  steep  place ;  the  upper  portion  of  a  slope : 
as,  "the  brow  of  the  hUl,"  Luke  iv.  29.-7. 
In  England,  a  fringe  of  coppice  adjoining  the 
hedge  of  a  field. — 8.  In  coahnmiing,  an  under- 
ground roadway  leading  to  a  working-place, 
driven  either  to  the  rise  or  to  the  dip.  Gres- 
ley.  [Leicestershire,  Eng.]— 9.  iVawt,  an  old 
name  for  an  inclined  plane  of  planks  from  the 


'E.  bruin,  q.  v.)  =  MLG.  brun  =  OHG.  MHG. 
brun  (>  ML.  hrunus,  >F.  Pr.  brun  =  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
bruno,  brown,  >  F.  brunir,  etc.,  burnish,  >  E. 
burnish,  q.  v.),  G.  braun  =  Icel.  brunn  =  Sw. 
brun  =  Dan.  brun  =  Lith.  brunas,  brown,  =  Gr. 
*^pvvog,  brown,  in  (ppvvog,  ippvvri,  a  toad  (ef.  L. 
rubeta,  a  toad,  <  ruber,  red,  reddish)  ;  with  for- 
mative -n,  <  •/  *bru  =  Skt.  *bhru,  redupl.  in 
Skt.  babhru,  reddish-brown,  as  subst.  a  beaver 
(see  &eai'erl);  cf.  li.  furvus,  dusky,  black.]  I, 
a.  Of  a  dark  or  dusky  color,  inclining  to  red- 
ness or  yellowness. 

Broun  he  was,  and  lene,  and  rough  of  heer,  more  than 
a-nother  man.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  405. 

Cheeks  brown  as  the  oak-leaves.  Longfellow. 
Brown  atrophy,  bread,  hoUand,  etc.  See  the  nouns. 
—Brown  hematite,  brown  iron  ore.  Same  as  Umo- 
mte.— Brown  madder.    See  jnadrfec— Brown  mix-  „^ 

ture,  a  cough-mLxture  containing  camphorated  tincture  of  iJ^l^^^^ill,™™  ii.     \  rr-i  ■  ,  .    ,  „ 

opium,  wine  of  antimony,  spirit  of  nitrous  ether,  and  other  orOWn-DeSS  (  broun  bes),  M.     [Said  to  be  formed 
less  important  ingredients ;  the  mistura  glycyrr'hiza;  com-         punning  imitation  {Bess  for  Bill)  of  brown- 
posita  of  the  pharmacopoeia.— Brown  ocher.  See  ocher.    bill,  the  old  weapon  of  the  English  infantrv  1 
—Brown  puik,  an  artists'  pigment  made  from  Avignon    A  name  eivpn  to  tbp  rpmilnt^nn  I^v^two^i  flj^t 
berries  (Rhamnus  infectorius),  or,  better,  from  quercitron-    fz^v  ^  ol    I  f  i    regulation  bl  onzed  flmt- 

bark,  as  this  latter  is  not  so  fugitive.   It  is  sometimes  musket  formerly  used  m  the  British  army, 

called  stil  de  (/rain.- Brown-red  game,  a  variety  of  the  brownbill  (broun'bil),  n.  A  kind  of  halbert  for- 
game-fowl  in  which  the  hackle-  and  saddle-feathers  of  the    merly  used  by  the  English  f oot-soldiers  See 


Brownian 

alcohol,  and  acids,  and  can  lie  used  in  dyeing. — Antwerp 
brown,  a  color  used  by  arti.sts,  made  by  mixing  asphaltum 
with  a  drying-oil;  bitumen.— Archil  brown,  a  coal-tar 
color  used  in  dyeing.— Bismarck  brown.  Same  a.s  phe- 
nylene  irown.— Caledonia  brown,  a  pigment  used  by 
artists  in  oil-painting.  It  is  a  native  eartli  of  England, 
and  is  of  an  orange  russet-ljrown  c(jlor.  —  Canelle-brownl 
Same  as  phemjleue  irown.  — Cappagh  brown,  a  pigment 
used  by  artists  in  oil-painting,  made  from  a  .sijccies  ol 
bog-earth  containing  manganese,  found  near  Cappagh  in 
Ireland.— Cassel  brown,  a  pigment  very  similar  to  Van- 
dyke brown  (which  .see,  below).— Chestnut-brown,  in 
coal-tar  colors,  a  kind  of  maroon  (which  see).    It  can  be 

dyed  on  silk,  cotton,  and  wool. —  Cinnamon-brown. 

Same  as  phenylene  brown.— Fast  brown,  a  coal-tar  color 
used  in  dyeing,  belonging  to  the  oxy-azo  gr<jup.— Grenate 
brown,  potassium  isopurpurate,  prepared  by  the  action 
of  potassium  cyanide  on  picric  acid.  It  forms  brownish- 
red  crystalline  scales,  which  are  green  by  retlected  light. 
It  is  soluble  in  hot  water  and  alcohol,  giving  a  very  deep 
violet-red  color.  When  dry  it  explodes  very  readily,  and 
is  therefore  kept  in  the  form  of  a  paste,  to  which  glycerin 
is  added  in  order  to  keep  it  moist.— Havana  brown,  a 
coal-tar  color  similar  to  phenyl  brown,  used  to  [jroduce  on 
wool  brown  colors  fast  to  the  light.— Ivory-brown,  a 
pigment  the  same  as  bone-ljrown,  excejit  that  ivory'  is 
substituted  for  bone.— Leather-brOwn.  Same  a.s  jihenyl 
irojOTi.- Madder-brown,  a  brown  dye  derived  from  ca- 
techu and  worked  with  madder  colors.  — Manchester 
brown.  Same  as pAemj/^'neirown.- Manganese  brown, 
a  color  produced  in  dyeing  by  passing  the  cotton,  imjireg- 
nated  with  manganous  chlorid,  through  a  mixture  of  so- 
dium hypochlorite  and  caustic  soda.— Mars  brown,  an 
artists'  pigment,  prepared  by  calcining  a  mixture  of  sul- 
phate of  iron,  alum,  and  potash.  Its  color  varies  tlirough 
brown,  yellow,  and  red,  according  to  the  heat  employed  in 
calcining.  It  may  be  termed  an  artihcial  ocher.— Phenyl 
brown,  a  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing.  Its  composition 
is  complex  and  unknown.  It  is  prepared  by  treating  phe- 
nol with  a  mixture  of  sulphuric  and  nitric  acid,  and  is 
mostly  used  in  dyeing  leather.  Also  called  leather-brown. 
—Phenylene  brown,  a  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing.  It 
is  the  hydrochlorid  of  triamidoazobenzene,  and  is  used 
on  wool,  cotton,  and  leather.  Also  called  Bismarck  brown, 
canelle-brown,  cinnamon-brown,  Manchester  brown. — 
Prussian  brown,  a  pigment  used  by  artists,  prepared  by 
calcining  an  aluminous  Prussian  blue,  forming  a  com- 
pound of  sesquioxid  of  iron  and  alumina.  It  is  orange- 
brown,  and  resembles  burnt  sienna,  but  is  not  so  rich  in 
tone.— Purple  brown,  a  pigment  composed  of  oxid  of 
iron.  It  is  sometimes  called  maroon  oxid.—'ReaOTCin 
brown,  a  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing,  obtained  by  com- 
bining a  diazo-compound  with  resorcin  in  the  ordinary 
way,  and  acting  on  the  azo-compound  formed  with  some 
other  diazo-compound. —Seal  brown,  a  rich,  darl;  brown. 
See  seal-brown.Sma.U  brown,  a  variety  of  mar- 
bled paper  in  which  the  design  consists  of  small  round 
spots  or  shells.— Spanish  brown,  an  inferior  pigment 
consisting  of  a  highly  adulterated  dark  oxid  of  iron.  It 
is  used  to  some  extent  as  a  priming-paint,  but  chielly  by 
masons  to  color  mortar.- Spirit-brown,  in  dyeing,  a 
color  obtained  by  treating  material  dyed  yellow  from  bark 
with  peachwood,  logwood,  and  alum.— 'Vandyke  brown, 
an  important  brown  pigment  used  both  by  artists  and' 
house-painters.  It  is  a  species  of  peat  or  lignite,  of  a  very 
dark,  semi-transparent,  reddish-brown  color. — Verona 
brown,  a  pigment  used  by  artists  in  oil-painting.  It  is  a 
calcined  ferruginous  earth,  of  a  reddish-brown  tone, 
brown  (broun),  V.  [<  ME.  brounen,  <  AS.  brU- 
nian,  become  brown  (=  OHG.  brunen,  MHG.  bri- 
unen,  make  brown),  <  brUn,  brown:  see  brown, 
a.]  I.  intrans.  To  become  bro-wn. 
II,  trans.  To  make  brovra  or  dusky. 

A  trembling  twilight  o'er  the  welkin  moves. 
Browns  the  dim  void  and  darkens  deep  the  groves. 

J.  Barlow,  Columbiad,  iii.  618. 
Specifically —(a)  To  produce  a  brown  color  in  by  exposure 
to  heat,  as  of  meat,  bread,  etc.,  to  that  of  a  fire  in  roasting 
or  toasting,  or  of  the  skin  to  that  of  the  sun.  (6)  To  give  a 
brown  luster  to  (articles  of  iron,  as  gun-barrels,  etc.). 
brO'Wnback  (broun'bak),  OT.  1.  A  name  of  the 
red-breasted  snipe,  Macrorhamphus  griseus. — 
2.  A  name  of  the  great  marbled  godwit,  Limo- 
safedoa. 


A  Ship's  Brow. 

shore  or  the  ground  to  a  ship,  to  facilitate  entry 
and  exit.  In  this  sense  also  speUed  brough. — 
10.  In  a  saw-mill,  an  incline  up  which  logs  are 
drawn  to  be  sawed.— 11.  [Also  written  broo  ; 
taken  as  a  particular  use  of  brow,  "an  iU  brow" 
being  then  orig.  a  frowning  or  unfavorable 
look;  "nae  brow,"  no  (sc.  favorable)  look  or 
•view.]  View;  opinion:  in  the  phrases  an  ill 
brow,  an  unfavorable  opinion;  nae  brow,  no 
good  opinion.  [Scotch.] 

But  thir  ridings  and  wappenshawings,  my  leddy,  I  hae 
nae  broo  of  them  ava.  Scott,  Old  Mortality,  vii. 

Bent  brow,  (a)  An  arched  eyebrow,  (ft)  A  wrinkled  or 
kmt  brow.— To  knit  the  brows,  to  frown. 

brow  (brou),  v.  t.  [<  brow,  m.]  To  form  a  brow 
or  elevated  border  to.  [Rare.] 

Tending  my  fiocks  hard  by  i'  the  hilly  crofts, 
That  brow  this  bottom-glade.  Milton,  Comus,  \.  532. 


cock  are  bright-red,  shading  off  to  lemon-yellow,  finely 
striped  with  black,  the  back  and  wing-bows  rich-red,  the 
primaries,  secondaries,  and  wing-coverts  or  bars  and  tail 
black,  the  breast  and  lower  parts  of  the  body  black,  the 
feathers  having  brown  shafts  and  a  slight  lacing  of  the 
same  color.  The  hen  is  plain  black,  with  hackle-feathers 
edged  with  yellow.— Brown  study,  a  state  of  mental  ab- 
straction or  meditation ;  a  reverie.  [Often  with  a  hyphen.] 
Faith,  this  brown  study  suits  not  with  your  black, 
Your  habit  and  your  thoughts  are  of  two  colours. 

B.  Jonson,  Case  is  Altered,  iii.  3 

My  companion  approE 
of  brown-study.  Irving. 
To  do  (a  person)  bro'wn,  to  deceive  him  ;  take  him  in 
[C(^loq.]— To  do  up  brown,  to  do  thoroughly.  [Colloq.] 

II.  n.  1.  Adarkeolorinclinedtoredoryellow. 
It  may  be  obtained  by  raising  red,  black,  and 
yellow.— 2.  A  halfpenny.  [English  slang.]— 
Alizarin  brown,  alizarin  red  changed  to  a  brown  by  mix- 
ing ferrocyanide  of  potash  with  the  color,  which  is  decom- 
posed in  steaming  and  yields  Prussian  blue.— AnUlne 
brown,  a  brown  pigment  obtained  by  heating  a  mixture  of 
aniline  violet  or  aniline  blue  with  hydrochlorate  of  aniline 
to  240°,  and  keeping  it  at  this  temperature  till  the  mixture 
becomes  brown  in  color.    This  brown  is  soluble  in  water 


bill'^,  2. 

The  black,  or  as  it  was  sometimes  called,  the  brown-bill 
was  a  kind  of  halbert,  the  cutting  part  hooked  like  a  wood- 
man's bill,  from  the  back  of  which  projected  a  spike,  and 
another  from  the  head.  Grose. 

brown-blaze  (broun 'blaz),  iu  The  fumes 
which  rise  from  the  fiu-naee-flame  in  reducing 
zinc  when  cadmium  is  present.  They  are  duo 
to  oxid  of  cadmium. 

l^oStSv  "^^^^^"'"'''^      startled  him  from  his  fit  brown-clock  (broun'klok),  n.  The  cockchafer. 

riinn       [^Pj-qv.  Eng.] 

bro'wn-coal  (broim'kol),  n.  The  variety  of  coal 
more  commonly  named  lignite.    See  coal  and 

lignite. 

bro'wn-crops  (broim'krops),  n.  Pulse.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

brown-george  (broim' jorj),  n.     1.   A  large 
earthen  pitcher. — 2.  A  coarse  kind  of  bread. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 
BrO'Wnian  (brou'ai-an),  n.    Pertaining  orrelat-- 
iug  to  any  person  bearing  the  name  of  Brown ; 


Brownian 

"Brunouian — Brownian  movement,  a  rapid  oscilla- 
tory motion  often  observed  in  very  niiiuite  particles  sus- 
pended in  water  or  otl\er  liqnid.  as  « lu  n  earniiiie  or  gani- 
l>oge  is  rubbed  up  in  water,  and  lirst  described  l)y  Kobert 
Brown  (1757-1S31),  a  Sc  otoli  botanist  and  aiirieidtiirist.  It 
is  a  purely  physical  phenomenon,  not  vital,  and  is  prob- 
ably explained  by  the  fact  that  the  particles  are  in  very 
delicate  eqnilibrinui,  and  hence  extremely  sensitive  to 
the  slightest  change  of  temperature.  Also  and  originally 
called  Byinii'iiiitii  ittiitioii  or  movcnit'iit. 

brownie  (brou'ui),  n.  [Sc.,  dim.  of  brown  :  so 
called  from  their  supposed  color.]  In  Scot- 
land, a  spirit  supposed  to  haunt  houses,  partic- 
ularly farm-houses.  The  brownie  was  believed  to  be 
very  useful  to  the  family,  particularly  if  treated  well  by 
them,  and  to  the  servants,  for  whom  while  they  slept  he 
was  wont  to  do  many  pieces  of  drudgery.  In  appearance 
the  brownie  was  said  to  be  meager,  shaggy,  and  wild. 

It  would  be  easy  to  trace  the  belief  in  broumies  ...  to 
the  lar,  or  hearth  spirit  of  the  ancients. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  204. 

browning  (brou'ning),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  ftroiVH, 
r.]  1.  The  act  of  making  brown.  Specifically, 
the  process  of  darkening  the  polished  surfaces  of  gun- 
barrels  and  other  metallic  objects.  Chlorid  or  butter  of 
antimony,  called  bronzin!7-salt,  is  used  in  the  process. 

2.  A  preparation  of  sugar,  port  wine,  spices, 
etc.,  for  coloring  and  flavoving  meat  and  made 
dishes. 

Brownism  (brou'nlzm),  «.    [<  Brown  +  -ism.1 

1.  The  ecclesiastical  system  and  doctrine  of 
the  Brownists  ;  Independency  or  Congregation- 
alism. 

However,  I  must,  without  fear  of  offending,  express  niy 
fear,  that  the  leven  of  that  rigid  thing  they  call  Broivn- 
ism  has  prevailed  sometimes  a  little  of  the  furthest  in 
the  administrations  of  this  pious  people. 

C.  Mather,  Mag.  Chris.,  i.  3. 

2.  The  Brimonian  theory.    See  Brunonian. 
Brownist  (brou'nist),  )(.    [<  Brown  +  -ist.'\  A 

follower  of  Robert  Brown  or  Browne  (about 
1550-1633),  a  Puritan,  who  first  organized  the 
body  of  dissenters  from  the  Church  of  England 
afterward  called  Independents.  See  Congrega- 
tionalist. 

I  had  as  lief  be  a  Broiimist  as  a  politician. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  2. 

If  I  liate  any,  'tis  those  scliismaticks  that  puzzle  the 
sweet  peace  of  our  Church ;  so  that  I  could  be  content  to 
see  an  Anabaptist  go  to  hell  on  a  Bruicnist's  back. 

Howell,  Familiar  Letters,  I.  vi.  32. 

The  word  Puritan  seems  to  be  quashed,  and  all  that  here- 
tofore were  counted  such  are  now  Brownists.  Milton. 

Brownistic,  Brownistical  (brou-nis'tik,  -ti- 
kal),  «.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Brownists  or 
to  their  doctrines  and  practices;  characterized 
by  Brownism. 

About  the  time  of  Governour  Bradford's  death,  religion 
itself  had  like  to  have  died  in  that  colony,  through  a  lib- 
ertine and  Brijiriiistick  spirit  then  prevailing  among  the 
people,  and  a  strong  disposition  to  discountenance  the 
gospel-ministry,  by  setting  up  the  "gifts  of  private  breth- 
ren "  in  opposition  thereto.   C.  Mather,  Mag.  Chris.,  ii.  2. 

brown-leemer,  brown-leeming  (broun'le'mer, 

-ming),  ».  A  ripe  brown  nut.  Also  called  fcroitvf- 
siniUer.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
brO'Wnness  (broun'nes),  «.    The  quality  of  be- 
ing brown. 

brown-shuller  (broun'shul^er),  n.  [That  is, 
*brown-slielhr.~]    Same  as  brown-leemer. 

bro'Wn-spar  (brouu'spar),  n.  A  name  given  to 
a  ferruginous  variety  of  dolomite. 

brO'Wnstone  (broun'ston),  n.  A  name  given  to 
various  kinds  of  dark-brown  sandstone,  in  the 
United  States  it  is  the  sandstone  from  the  quarries  in  tlie 
Triassic  or  New  lied  Sandstone,  and  especially  such  a  stone 
from  (juarries  in  the  Connecticut  river  valley,  much  used 
as  a  building-stone. 

'bro'wn-stout  (broun'stouf),  n.  A  superior  kind 
of  porter.    See  stout. 

bro'Wnwort  (broun'wert),  n.  [ME.  not  found ; 
<  AS.  brun-wijrt,  <  brun,  brown,  +  wyrt,  wort.] 
1.  A  name  of  the  plants  Scrophularia  aquatica 
and  S.  nodosa,  derived  from  the  color  of  the 
stems. —  2.  A  name  of  the  self-heal,  Brunella 
vulgaris,  from  its  use  in  a  disease  of  the  throat 
called  die  brdiine  (the  brown)  in  German. 

brO'Wmy  (brou'ni),  a.  and  n.  [<  brown  +  -yl. 
Cf.  brownie.^  I.t  «.  Somewhat  brown  :  as,  "  his 
browny  locks,"  Shak.,  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  85. 

II.  n. ;  pi.  brotcnies  (-niz).  The  top-knot. 
[Local  Eng.  (Cornwall).] 

brow-post  (brou'post),  «.  In  arc/(.,  a  cross-beam. 

browse^  (brouz),  n.  [Appar.  for  *broust,  <  OF. 
broiist,  a  sprout,  shoot,  bud,  P.  broiit,  browse, 
browse-wood  (cf.  Sp.  broza,  rubbish  of  leaves, 
etc.,  brota,  brote,  germ  of  a  vine,  bud  of  trees, 
thickets,  rubbish),  prob.  <  MHG.  broz,  G.  dial. 
(Bav.)  bross,  brosst,  a  bud  (cf.  Bret,  brous,  a 
bud,  shoot,  broHst,  a  thick  bush,  brousta,  browse ; 
prob.  from  the  F.) ;  cf.  OS.  brustian,  sprout,  and 
see  brush.']  The  tender  shoots  or  twigs  of  shrubs 
and  trees,  such  as  cattle  may  eat ;  green  food  fit 
for  cattle,  deer,  etc.    Also  spelled  browse. 


698 

The  whiles  their  gotes  upon  the  bronzes  fedd. 

Spenser,  K.  Q.,  III.  x.  45. 
Up  liither  drive  thy  goats,  and  play  by  me  : 
This  hill  has  browse  for  them,  and  shade  for  thee. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metamorph.,  i.  943. 
The  deer  leave  the  mountains  and  come  to  the  plains 
below  to  feed  on  the  browse  of  the  birch. 

Sportsman's  Gazetteer,  p.  G3. 
browse^  (brouz),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  browsed,  ppr. 
browsing.  [Also  brow-e,  early  mod.  E.  also 
brousc,  brou-c,  brooze,  appar.  for  *broust,  <  OF. 
broustcr,  F.  brouter  (cf.  E.  dial,  brut,  browse) 
=  Pr.  brostar,  nibble  off  the  buds,  sprouts,  and 
bark  of  plants,"  browse,  <  OF.  broust,  a  sprout, 
shoot,  bud:  see  6;'o«'s«'l,  ».]  I.  trans.  1.  Tofeed 
on ;  pasture  on ;  graze :  said  of  cattle,  deer,  etc. 

Elysiiin  lawns 
Browsed  by  none  but  Dian's  fawns.   Keats,  Ode. 

The  fields  between 
Are  dewy-fresh,  browsed  by  deep-udder'd  kine. 

Tennyson,  Gardener's  Daughter. 

2.  To  nibble  and  consume;  eat  off:  said  of  cattle. 

The  barks  of  trees  thou  browsedst.    Shak.,  A.  and  C,  i.  4. 

II,  intrans.  1.  Togi-aze;  specifically,  to  feed 
on  the  tender  shoots,  branches,  or  bark  of  shrubs 
and  trees :  said  of  herbivorous  animals. 

Suchlike  sort  of  fruit,  which  those  animals  brooz'd  upon. 

Oldys,  Life  of  Raleigh. 

The  full  lips,  the  rough  tongue,  the  corrugated  cartila- 
ginous palate,  the  broad  cutting  teeth  of  the  ox,  the  deer, 
the  horse,  and  the  sheep,  qualify  this  tribe  for  broii'siiiy 
upon  their  pasture.  Paley,  Nat.  Theol.,  ii. 

2.  To  feed :  said  of  human  beings.  [Rare.] 

There  is  cold  meat  i'  the  cave ;  we'll  bron'se  on  that. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iii.  6. 

browse^  (brouz),  w.  [Origin  obscure.]  In 
metal.,  imperfectly  smelted  ore. 

browser  (brou'zer),  n.  One  who  browses.  Also 
spelled  browser. 

browse-wood  (brouz'wud),  n.  Bushes  or  t"wigs 
on  which  animals  feed.  [Rare.] 

brow-sickf  (brou'sik),  a.  Sick  with  the  brow- 
ague;  dejected;  hanging  the  head. 

But  yet  a  gracious  inlluence  from  you 
May,  alter  nature  in  our  brow-sick  crew. 

Suckliny,  Prol.  to  a  Masque. 

browsing  (brou'  zing),  It .  [Verbal  n.  of  browse^, 
I'.]  A  place  where  animals  may  browse :  as, 
"  browsings tovthe  deer,"  Hoicell,  Letters,  I.  ii.  8. 
Also  browcing. 

brow-snag  (brou'snag),  H.  Same  as  brow-antler. 

browspot  (brou'spot),  n.  A  glandular  body 
between  the  eyes  of  a  frog  or  toad ;  the  inter- 
ocular  body,  probably  giving  rise  to  the  fiction 
of  the  jewel  in  the  head  of  these  animals. 

browst  (broust),  n.  [Connected  with  brow,  a 
form  of  ircd'l,  q.  v.]  That  which  is  brewed ;  as 
much  liquor  as  is  brewed  at  one  time.  [Scotch.] 

browstert,       An  obsolete  form  of  brewster'^. 

brow-transom  (brou'tran*som),  n.  An  upper 
transom. 

browze,      and  v.    See  browse'^. 

browzer,  browzing.    See  browser,  browsing. 

broydt,     t.    An  obsolete  form  of  braid^. 

bruang  (brO'ang),  n.  The  native  name  of  the 
Malayan  sun-bear,  Helarctos  malayanus.  It  lias 
fine  and  glossy  black  fur,  with  a  white  patch  on  the  breast, 


r 


Bruang  {Helarctos  malayanus). 


and  a  long  and  very  flexile  tongue,  which  it  insinuates 
into  recesses  of  the  nests  of  wild  bees,  to  rob  them  of  their 
honey.  It  is  easily  domesticated,  very  harmless,  and  fond 
of  children. 

brubru  (bro'bro),  n.  [Prob.  a  native  name.] 
A  book-name  of  an  African  shrike,  the  Lanius 
or  Nilaus  brubru. 

bruchid  (bro'kid),  n.  A  beetle  of  the  family 
BrucMdfE. 

Bruchidse  (bro'ki-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bruchus  + 
-id(c']  A  family  of  phytophagous  Coleoptera, 
typified  by  the  genus  Bruchus. 

Bruch'US  (bro'kus),  n.  [LL.  bruchus,  ML.  also 
brucus  (>  ult.  E.  dial.  brucTc,  a  field-cricket :  see 


bruise 

ftrwcfc),  <Grr.  ppovx<iQ,  a  locust  without  wings.]  1. 
A  genus  of  Coleoptera,  represented  by  the  pea- 
weevils.  It  so  closely  resembles  in  general  appearance 
the  snout-beetles  that  it  is  usually  classed  with  the  Rhyn- 
chophora.  Recent  investigations  have,  however,  demon- 
strated the  fact  that  it  is  much  more  closely  related  to  the 
leaf-beetles  (Chrysoinelidce),  from  which  it  is  distinguished 
only  by  the  distinctly  pedunculate  submentuin.  A  large 
number  of  small  species,  now  subdivided  into  several  gen- 
era, are  comprised  in  this  genus,  all  readily  recognizable 
from  their  squarish  form,  somewhat  narrowing  anteriorly ; 


European  Grain-Bruchus  [B.g^anarius).  ( Small  figure  shows  natural 
size.)    a,  egg  of  Brtcvhus ptsi,  magnified. 

the  head  being  produced  into  a  short  beak,  and  the  hind 
femora  usually  dilated  and  in  most  species  toothed.  In  the 
larval  state  they  live  in  the  seeds  of  plants,  especially  of 
the  family  Leyuminosce,  as  the  bean  and  pea.  The  holes 
often  observed  in  peas  are  made  by  the  perfect  bruchus 
to  effect  its  escape. 

2.  [?.  c]  A  member  of  this  genus.  (The  word 

bruchus  is  used  in  the  Douay  version  of  the  Bible,  by  literal 
transcription  from  the  Latin,  in  several  places  where  the 
King  James  version  has  locust,  caterpillar,  or  cankenmrm ; 
the  first  two  are  also  found  in  Challoner's  revision  in  some 
places  where  the  Vulgate  has  bruchiis.] 

brucina  (bro-si'nii),  n.  [NL.]  Same  as  brucine. 

brucine,  brucin  (bro'sin),  «.  [<  Brucea  (a  ge- 
nus of  shrubs  named  after  J.  Bruce  (1730-94), 
the  African  traveler)  +  -inc^,  -Mt2.]  A  vege- 
table alkaloid  (C2H26N2O4),  discovered  in  what 
was  thought  to  be  the  bark  of  the  Brucea  anti- 
dysenterica,  but  which  was  that  of  Strychnos 
Nux-vomica.  its  taste  is  exceedingly  bitter  and  acrid, 
and  it  forms  with  the  acids  salts  which  are  soluble  and  gen- 
erally crystallizable.  Its  action  on  the  animal  economy 
is  similar  to  that  of  strychnine,  but  nuich  less  powerful. 

brucite  (bro'sit),  n.  [After  Dr.  Bruce,  a  min- 
eralogist of  New  York.]  1.  A  native  hydrate 
of  magnesium,  usually  found  in  thin  foliated 
plates,  of  a  white  or  greenish  color  and  pearly 
luster. —  2.  Same  as  chondrodite. 

bruck  (bruk),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  brock;  <  ME.  bruk, 
bruke,  a  young  locust,  grasshopper,  =r  Sp.  brugo 
=  It.  bruco,  a  grub,  caterpillar,  <  L.  bruchus:. 
see  Bruchus.']   A  field-cricket.   [Prov.  Eng.] 

bruckle  (bruk'l),  a.  A  dialectal  (Scotch)  form 
of  brickie. 

Lasses  and  glasses  are  bruckle  ware.       Scotch  proverb. 

bruet,       An  obsolete  spelling  of  hrew^. 
bruett,  11-    See  brcwet. 

bruff(bruf),  «.  [E. dial. ;  cf.  ft^M^.]  1.  Hearty; 
jolly;  healthy. —  2.  Proud ;  elated. —  3.  Rough 
in  manner.    Malliwell.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

brugh.,  M.    See  brouglfi. 

brugnet,  «.  [OF. :  see  broigne.]  Same  as 
broigne. 

bruh  (bro),  n.  A  name  of  the  pig-tailed  ma- 
caque, Macacus  nemestrinus. 

bruik  (bruk),  V.  t.    A  Scotch  form  of  brook^. 

bruilzie  (brUl'zi),  «.    See  brulyie. 

bruin  (bro'in;  D.  jDron.  broin),  n.  [The  name 
given  to  the  bear  in  the  Dutch  version  of  the 
celebrated  tale  or  fable  of  Reynard  the  Fox, 
being  merely  the  D.  bruin  =  OHG.  MHG.  brun, 
G.  braun  =  E.  brown,  q.  v.  ]  A  name  given  to 
the  bear.  [As  a  quasi-proper  name,  it  is  often 
written  with  a  capital  letter.] 

bruise  (broz),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bruised,  ppr. 
bruising.  [The  spelling  bruise  is  due  to  OF. 
bruiser  (see  below) ;  early  mod.  E.  bruse,  bruze, 
<  ME.  broosen,  brosen,  brusen,  also  brousen, 
broysen,  more  frequently  brysen,  brisen,  bresen, 
also  brissen,  bressen,  break,  bruise;  partly  < 
AS.  brysan,  break,  bruise  (to  which  all  the  ME. 
forms  except  broosen,  brosen,  brousen,  broy- 
sen could  be  referred;  but  the  reg.  mod.  rep- 
resentative of  AS.  brysan  would  be  brize  or 
*breeze :  see  brise^) ;  partly  <  OF.  bruser,  broser, 
bruiser,  bruisier,  brisicr,  briser,  F.  briser,  break 
(to  which  all  the  ME.  forms  could  be  referred). 
Cf .  briss^,  brise^,  breeze^,  brazil.  It  is  not  certain 
that  the  AS.  form  is  related  to  the  F.  form; 
the  origin  of  both  is  unknown.  Cf.  Gael.  Ir. 
6m,  break.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  injure  by  a  blow 
or  by  pressure  without  laceration ;  contuse,  as 
a  pliant  substance;  dent  or  beat  in  without 
breaking,  as  anything  hard:  as,  to  bruise  the 
hand;  a  bruised  apple;  "his  bruised  shield," 
Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.,  Prol.  (eho.). 


bruise 

And  shewyd  to  me  all  the  Castyll  with  in  The  towers 
the  wallys  are  sore  brosyd  and  brokyn  with  the  erthe 
qwake  which  was  in  Aprill  last  past. 

Torkington,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travell,  p.  18. 

He  rode  ouer  hym  on  horsebak  thre  or  foure  tymes 
and  broused  hym  sore  and  foule  that  nygh  he  was  ther- 
with  slayn.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  476. 

2.  To  crush  by  beating  or  pounding;  pound; 
bray,  as  di-ugs  or  articles  of  food. 

Man,  like  to  cassia,  is  prov'd  best,  being  bruis'd. 

Webster,  Duchess  of  Malfl,  iii.  5. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  beat  down  or  oppress ;  cud- 
gel, as  the  brain  ;  scourge ;  damage. 

Bruis'd  uiidenieath  the  yoke  of  tyranny. 

Shah.,  Rich.  III.,  v.  2. 
I  will  bruise  my  brains  and  confine  myself  to  much 
vexation.  Beau,  and  Fl.,  Woman-Hater,  v.  2. 

II.  intrans.  To  fight  with  the  fists ;  box. 

Bruising  was  considered  a  fine,  manly  old  English  cus- 
tom. Thackeray. 

bruise  (broz),  n.  [<  bruise,  v.]  A  contusion; 
a  superficial  injury  caused  by  impact,  without 
laceration,  as  of  an  animal  body,  a  plant,  or 
other  impressible  object. 

bruiser  (bro'zer),  n.     1.  One  who  bruises.— 

2.  A  concave  tool  for  grinding  the  specula  of 
telescopes,  it  is  made  of  brass,  about  a  quarter  of  an 
inch  tliick,  hammered  as  near  the  gage  as  possible.  By 
this  instrument  the  speculum  is  prepared  for  the  hands 
of  the  polisher.  , 

3.  The  name  of  various  machines  for  bruising 
grain,  etc.,  for  feeding  cattle.— 4.  A  boxer; 
a  pugilist ;  a  bully. 

For  do  not  men  delight — 
We  call  them  men  — om-  bruisers  to  excite, 
And  urge  with  bribing  gold,  and  feed  them  |or  the  fight  ? 

Crabbe. 

Gentlemen  were  bruisers,  and  bruisers  were  gentlemen. 

J.  Hawthorne,  Dust,  p.  7. 

5.  A  name  applied  to  various  plants  supposed 
to  be  efficacious  in  healing  bruises,  as  bruise- 
wort,  soajiwort,  etc.  [Eng.] 
bruisewort  (broz'wert),  n.  [ME.  Irysewort,  < 
hrijsen,  bruise,  +  wort,  wort.]  A  name  given  to 
several  plants,  as  the  daisy  (BelUsjyerennis),  the 
soap-wovt  (SajJOnaria  officinalis),  etc.,  from  their 
supposed  efficacy  in  healing  bruises. 


699 

bruleH,  v.  t.    [ME.,  <  OF.  bruler,  brusler,  F. 
bruler,  burn :  see  brusUe^.^    To  burn. 
In  euery  part  put  to  was  the  fire, 
Ther  paynymes  were  bruled  and  brend  entire. 

Bom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2289. 
Als  the  moste  parte  of  thys  said  abbay 
By  hym  stroied,  bruled  and  scorched  tho  : 
Ther  not  lefte  ne  bode  o  soule  man  that  day. 

Bom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  3,313. 

brule^t,  V.  An  obsolete  form  of  broil^.  Catholi- 
con  Anglicum. 

briil^e  (bro'la),  n.  [F.,  prop.  fern.  pp.  of  bru- 
ler, burn.]  In  Canada,  a  piece  of  woodland 
from  which  the  timber  has  been  burned;  a 
burned  district. 

brulyement  (briil'ye-ment),  n.  Same  as  broil- 
ment.  [Scotch.] 

brulyie  (brul'yi),  n.  [Sc.,  also  written  brulzie 
(here,  as  in  assoilzie,  etc.,  z  represents  the  old 
^-shaped  tj  ;  -ly-,  like  -lU-  in  billiards,  represent- 
mg  the  former  F.  sound  of  -11-),  <  F.  brouille, 
a  quarrel,  etc.:  see  broil^.']  Same  as  broil"^. 
Burns. 

brulzie  (briil'yi),  n.    See  brulyie. 

Brumaire  (bro-mar'),  n.  [F.  (after  L.  *bruma- 
rius),  <  brume,  fog,  <  L.  bruma,  winter:  see 
brume.']  The  second  month  in  the  calendar 
adopted  by  the  first  French  republic,  beginning 
October  22d  and  ending  November  20th  (1793). 

brumal  (bro'mal),  a.  [=  F.  brumal,  <  L.  bru- 
malis,<  bruma,  winteT:  see  brume.]  Belonging 
to  winter;  wintiy;  hibernal.  Sir  T.  Herbert; 
Sir  T.  Browne. 

And  in  the  sky  as  yet  no  sunny  ray, 
But  brumal  vapors  gray.  Longfellow. 

brume  (brom),  n.  [F.,  fog,  mist,  haze,  <  L. 
bruma,  the  shortest  day  in  the  year,  the  win- 
ter solstice,  hence  winter;  prob.  for  *brevinia, 
equiv.  to  brevissima,  superl.  fern,  of  brevis, 
short:  see  6ne/.]    Mist;  fog;  vapors.  [Rare.] 

And  suddenly  through  the  drifting  brume 
The  blare  of  the  horns  began  to  ring.  Longfellow. 


In  the  curious  treatise  of  the  virtues  of  herbs,  Royal 
MS.  18  A.  vi.,  fol.  72  b,  is  mentioned  "brysewort,  or  bon- 
wort,  or  daysye,  consolida  minor,  good  to  breke  bocches." 

Way,  Promptorium,  p.  52,  note, 
bruising  (bro'zing),  w.    [Verbal  n.  of  bruise,  r.] 

I.  In  flax-working,  the  process  of  passing  flax, 
after  retting,  between  grooved  rollers,  to  break 
the  woody  portion;  scutching.— 2.  A  method 
of  treating  hides  by  rubbing  the  grained  side 
with  a  graining-board.- 3.  In  wine-making, 
the  process  of  pounding  or  stamping  grapes 
with  a  wooden  maul  or  pestle,  to  soften  the 
skins  and  fleshy  part. 

bruit  (brot),  n.  [<  ME.  brut,  bruyt,  broiit,  <  OF. 
bruit,  brui,  F.  bruit,  noise,  uproar,  rumor  (=  Pr. 
bruich,  bruit,  brut  =  It.  bruito  ;  ML.  brugitu.s),  < 
OF.  bruire,  F.  bruire  =  Pr.  brugir,  bruzir  =  It. 
bruire,  rustle,  roar;  of  uncertain  origin.]  1. 
Report;  rumor;  fame. 

A  bruit  ran  from  one  to  the  other  that  the  king  was 
s'^n-  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

There  came  an  uncertaine  bruite  from  Barbados  of 
some  disorder  there.  Evelyn,  Diary,  June  26,  1671. 

To  view  what  bruit  by  virtue  got,  their  lives  could  lustlv 
crave. 

A  Praise  of  Mistress  Byce,  Arber's  Eng.  Gamer,  I.  38. 
2.  A  noise ;  a  loud  sound ;  a  din. 

Some  fresh  bruit 
Startled  me  all  aheap.  Hood. 
S.  [Mod.  F.,  pron.  brwe.]  InjMthol,  the  name 
given  to  sounds  of  various  nature,  in  general 
abnormal,  produced  in  the  body,  or  evoked  in 
it,  by  percussion  or  suceussion :  used  to  some 
extent  in  Enghsh.-Bruit  de  galop,  a  cardiac  sound 

suggestmg  a  gallop,  the  normal  first  sound  being  preceded 
.  by  a  famt  presystolic  sound.—  Bruit  de  scie,  a  rough  car- 
diac murmur,  suggesting  the  sound  of  a  saw.— Bruit  du 
OiaDle  (devil's  bruit),  a  continuous  humming  sound  heard 
in  the  jugular  veins  at  the  base  of  the  neck ;  venous  hum 
It  IS  more  frequent  and  more  marked  in  young  persons 
tnan  m  adults,  and  in  anemic  than  in  normal  states 
bruit  (brot),  V.    [<  bruit,  w.]    I.  trans.  To  an- 
nounce with  noise ;  report ;  noise  abroad. 
By  this  great  clatter  one  of  the  greatest  note 
Seems  bruited.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  7. 

Thou  art  Ho  less  than  fame  hath  bruited. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  3. 
It  is  marvel!  to  think  what  his  friends  meant,  to  let 
come  abroad  such  shallow  reasonings  with  the  name  of  a 
man  so  much  bruited  for  learning. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  i.  5. 
But  a  dark  rumour  will  be  bruited  up, 
From  tribe  to  tribe,  until  it  reach  his  ear. 

M.  Arnold,  Sohrab  and  Rustum. 

II,  intrans.  To  give  forth  sound ;  sound. 
Bronze  clarions  awake  and  faintly  bruit. 

Keats,  Endymion,  i. 


brummagem  (brum'a-jem),  a.    [Formerly  also 
spelled  bromidgham','  etc.,  corruptions  of  Bir- 
mingham in  England,  where  many  plated  arti- 
cles and  cheap  trinkets  are  made.]    Showy  but 
worthless ;  fictitious ;  sham.    [Slang  or  colloq.] 
brumous  (bro'mus),  a.  [<  brume  +  -ous.]  Per- 
taining or  relating  to  winter;  hence,  foggy; 
misty ;  dull  and  sunless :  as,  a  brumous  climate, 
brun  (brun),  v.    A  dialectal  form  of  burn^. 
brunet,  «•    Same  as  broigne. 
brunette  (bro-nef),  n.  and  a.  [F.,  fern.  dim.  of 
brun,  brown:  see  brown.   Cf.  burnef^,  burneV^.'] 
I,  w.  A  woman  with  dark  hair  and  eyes  and 
brown  or  dark  complexion. 

Your  fair  women  therefore  thought  of  this  fashion  to  in- 
sult the  olives  and  the  brunettes.     Manchester  Guardian. 

II.  a.  Dark  in  color;  having  a  brownish  or 
olive  tone :  said  of  the  complexion, 
bruniat,  n.    [ML.]    Same  as  broigne. 
brunion  (brun'yon),  11.    [<  F.  brugnon,  a  nec- 
tarine, <  L.  prunum,  a  plum :  see  i)rune.']  A 
nectarine. 

Brunner's  glands.   See  gland. 
Brunonian  (bro-no'ni-an),  a.  and  n.    [<  ML. 

BruH0{n-)  (<  brunus,  brbvra),  proper  name  cor- 
responding to  E.  Brown  (see  brown),  +  -ian.]  I 
a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  any  person  bear- 
ing the  name  of  Brovm;  Brownian.-Bruno- 
nian  motlop  or  movement.    Same  as  Brounian  mope- 

ment  (which  see,  under  ^roicnian).— Brunonian  theory 
a  theory  of  medicine  founded  by  Dr.  John  Brown  of 
Edinburgh  (1735-88),  according  to  which  diseases  are 
divided  into  two  classes,  those  resulting  from  a  deficiency 
and  those  resulting  from  an  excess  of  excitement— the  one 
class  to  be  treated  with  stimulants,  the  other  with  debili- 
tating medicines.    Also  called  Brownimn. 

II.  n.  A  student  or  graduate  of  Brown  Uni- 
versity in  Providence,  Rhode  Island, 
brunstane  (bmn'stan),  «.    A  Scotch  form  of 
brimstone. 

brunswick  (brunz'wik),  n.  [Named  from 
Brunswick  (G.  Braunschweig)  in  Germany.]  A 
close-fitting  outdoor  habit  for  ladies,  intro- 
duced into  England  from  Germany  about  1750. 
The  upper  portion  was  made  with  the  lapels  open  and  a 
collar  like  that  of  a  man's  coat. 

Bruns'wick  green.  See  green. 
bruntl  (brunt),  n.  [<  ME.  brunt,  bront,  shock, 
impetus,  sudden  impulse ;  appar.,  with  foi-ma- 
tive  -t  (cf.  Dan.  brynde,  conflagration,  heat ; 
Goth.  *brutists,  in  ala-brunsis,  a  whole  bm-nt- 
o£fering),  connected  -vvith  brune,  AS.  bryne,  a 
bm-ning  (also  brine:  see  brine'^)  {=  Icel.  bruni, 
a  burning,  >  bruna,  advance  with  the  speed  of 
fire,  said  of  a  standard  in  the  heat  of  battle 
of  a  ship  under  full  sail,  etc.),  <  *brinnan :  see 
d)«rwi.]     1.  A  sudden  shock  or  impetus;  a 


brush 

collision,  onset,  or  attack ;  a  strenuous  effort. 
[Now  rare.] 
Thei  sporcred  theire  horse  over  the  brigge  at  a  brunt. 

Merlin,  ii.  282. 

I  must  resolve  to  stand  to  the  hazard  of  all  brunts  now. 

Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  v.  2. 
It  is  instantly  and  irrecoverably  scattered  by  our  first 
brtmt  with  some  real  affair  of  common  life.      Ts.  Taylor. 

2.  The  heat  or  utmost  violence  of  an  onset; 
the  strength  or  violence  of  any  contention. 

The  quiver  of  your  arguments  which  is  ever  thin,  and 
weakly  stor'd,  after  the  first  brunt,  is  quite  empty. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  i.  6. 
We  find  the  Christian  chivalry  always  ready  to  bear  the 
brunt  of  battle  against  the  Moors. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  6. 
bruntlf,  I',  i.    [ME.  brunten;<  brunt,  71.]  To 
make  a  sudden  start.    PromiH.  Parv. 
brunt^  (brunt),  pp.  and  p.  a.    A  dialectal  form 
of  burnt. 
brunyt,  n.    See  byrnie. 

brush  (brush),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brushe, 
brusche;  <  ME.  brnsshe,  brusche,  <  OF.  broche, 
broce,  broisse,  brosse,  a  bush,  a  bushy  place, 
brushwood,  thicket,  =  Pr.  brossa  =  Sp.  broza, 
brushwood,  thicket,  rubbish  of  leaves  and  bark, 
=  ML.  bruscia,  a  thicket  (cf.  ML.  bruscale, 
OF.  brousaiUe,  >  ME.  bruschalle,  a  thicket), 
appar.  confused  with  bruscus  (>  It.  Sp.  Pg. 
brusco,  F.  brusc,  >  G.  briisch,  butcher's  broom, 
knee-holly;  cf.  It.  brusca,  "ling  or  heath  to 
make  brushes  or  broomes  with"  (Florio),  now 
a  horse-brush),  also  ruscus,  var.  of  L.  ruscum, 
rustum,  butcher's  broom;  hence,  as  a  particu- 
lar sense  of  the  same  word  (from  the  use  of 
small  bushy  plants,  as  heath,  for  the  purpose), 
a  brush,  ME.  brusshe,  brusche,  <  OF.  brouesse, 
broisse,  brosse,  F.  brosse  =  Sp.  broza,  bruza,  a 
brush ;  cf .  ML.  brustia,  a  kind  of  comb  (resting 
partly  perhaps  on  MHG.  biirste,  a  brush,  <  borst 
=  AS.  byrst,  bristle:  see  bristle);  perhaps  < 
MHG.  broz,  a  bud,  shoot:  see  broicse'^.  The 
forms  and  senses  are  involved ;  for  the  senses, 
cf.  broom^.]  1.  The  small  trees  and  shrubs  of 
a  wood ;  a  thicket  of  small  trees ;  scrub. 

Out  of  the  thickest  brmh.        Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  i.  15. 

The  country  is  almost  wholly  marshy,  and  covered  with 
brush  or  low  palms,  with  ponds  here  and  there. 

Science,  Y.  216. 

2.  Branches  of  trees  lopped  off ;  brushwood : 
a  sense  common  in  the  United  States.— 3.  A 
tract  of  country  covered  by  thickets;  hence,  a 
thinly  settled  country ;  the  baek-vvoods.  [South- 
western U.  S.]— 4.  An  instrument  of  various 
forms,  according  to  its  intended  use,  consist- 
ing of  a  quantity  of  some  flexible  material 
attached  to  a  handle  or  stock.  Brushes  are  used 
for  applying  paint  and  similar  substances,  cleaning 
polishing,  rubbing,  smoothing,  etc.  Their  commonest 
materials  are  bristles  and  certain  kinds  of  hair  For 
some  purposes  these  are  secured  in  a  bunch  to  a  fernile 
at  the  end  of  a  handle,  or  bound  or  fastened  to  the  handle 
Itself ;  for  others  they  are  inserted  in  doubled  tufts  into 
holes  bored  in  a  stock,  with  or  without  a  handle  the  pro- 
jecting doubled  ends  being  secured  by  wires  or  otherwise 
and  in  ordinary  forms  covered  by  a  back-piece  glued  on' 
Among  the  materials  used  for  making  brushes  are  bristles 
hair  of  the  badger,  bear,  and  goat,  hair  from  the  tails  of  the 
red  and  black  sable,  camels'  hair  (so  called,  but  commonly 
Russian  squirrel),  fitch-  (skunk-)  and  horsehair,  broom- 
corn,  ratan,  split  cane,  rushes,  cocoanut-fiber,  the  roots 
and  fibers  of  many  tropical  plants,  wire,  spun  glass  fea- 
thers, etc.  The  word  is  often  compounded,  showing  the 
specific  purposes  for  which  it  is  used,  as  blacking-,  clothes- 
dust-,  hat-,  hair-,  nail-,  paint-,  tooth-,  scrubbing-  ami 
whitewash-brush.    See  pencil. 

5.  Anything  resembling  a  brush,  as  the  tails 
of  some  animals,  as  the  fox,  or  the  panicles  of 
broom-corn  used  in  the  manufacture  of  brooms. 
— 6.  An  agricultural  instrument  made  of  small 
trees,  as  the  birch,  and  used  instead  of  a  haiTow 
for  covering  grain,  grass-seed,  etc.,  after  they 
have  been  so-svn.— 7.  In  dvnamo-eleetrie  ma- 
chines (which  see,  under  electric),  one  of  the 
bundles  of  copper  wires  or  plates  which  are  in 
contact  with  the  commutator  of  the  armature 
on  opposite  sides,  and  serve  to  take  oflf  the  posi- 
tive and  negative  currents  of  electricity  gener- 
ated.— 8.  In  elect.,  the  luminous  phenomenon, 
consisting  of  diverging  rays  of  pale-blue  light, 
observed  when  the  discharge  of  an  electric 
machine  takes  place  into  the  air  from  a  small 
ball  or  rounded  point.— 9.  [From  the  verb.] 
A  passage;  especially,  a  quick  ride  through  the 
brush  or  across  country  ;  a  chase. 

Let  us  enjoy  a  brush  across  the  county.  Fielding. 

10.  A. skirmish;  a  slight  encounter:  a  shock; 

a  collision :  as,  to  have  a  brush  with  the  enemy. 
Let  grow  thy  sinews  till  tlieir  knots  be  strong 
And  tempt  not  yet  the  brushes  of  the  war. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  v.  3. 


bnish 


700 


brutalism 


He  might,  methinks,  have  stood  one  brtish  with  them, 
and  have  yielded  when  there  Iiad  been  no  remedy. 

Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  188. 

11.  An  application  of  a  brush,  as  in  sweeping 
or  dusting ;  a  brushing ;  a  removal  as  if  with  a 
brush:  as,  give  my  hat  a  brush.  [Colloq.] 

Leaves  .  .  .  have  with  one  winter's  brush 

Fell  from  their  boughs.  Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  3. 

12.  A  painter;  one  who  uses  a  brush:  as,  a 
brother  brush, — Haidinger's  brushes,  optical  figures, 

early  described  by  the  Austrian  mineralogist  \V.  von  Hai- 
dinger  (1795-1871),  appearing  like  colored  brushes,  some- 
times resembling  tlie  ordinary  interference-figures  (see 
interference)  of  a  biaxial  crystal,  observed  with  ordinary 
transmitted  light  in  sections  o£  certain  minerals,  especially 
those  which  ert'ect  a  marked  absorption  of  color,  as  an- 
dalusite,  iolite,  etc.  The  terra  also  includes  tlie  peculiar 
phenomenon  of  four  small  colored  tufts  observed  by  some 
persons  w  ith  the  naked  eye,  by  others  when  a  Nicol  prism 
is  used,  upon  looking  at  a  bright  light,  as  a  white  cloud. 
The  latter  phenomenon  is  supposed  to  be  due  to  tlie  polar- 
izing action  of  tlie  eye  itself.— Hydraulic  brush.  See 
hydraulic. — Revol'Ving  brush,  a  cylindrical  brush  sup- 
ported in  a  frame  and  made  to  revolve  rapidly  on  an  a.\is 
by  gearing  or  other  mechanism.  Such  brushes  are  used 
for  street-sweeping,  and  also  by  barbers. — Rotary  brush. 
Same  as  rerolvinr) brush.  =Syo..  10.  Rencounter,  Skirmish, 
etc.  See  encounter. 
brush  (brush),  v.  [<  ME.  bruschen,  <  OF.  bros- 
ser,  V.  i.,  beat  the  brush  or  thicket  for  game, 
scour  the  country,  also  simply  cross,  pass,  P. 
brosser  (=  Sp.  brozar,  brush),  <  brosse,  brush, 
thicket:  see  brush,  w.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  sweep 
or  rub  with  a  brush:  as,  to  brush  a  hat. 

The  robes  to  kepe  well  &  also  to  brusche  them  clenly. 

Babees  Book  (ed.  Fiirnivall),  p.  180. 
Let  their  heads  be  sleekly  combed,  their  blue  coats 
brushed.  Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  1. 

Dar  k  wiry  hair  brushed  on  one  side. 

Bulwer,  Pelhara,  xl. 

2.  To  remove  by  brushing  or  by  lightly  pass- 
ing over:  as,  to  brush  off  dust. 

Though  from  off  the  boughs  each  morn 
We  brush  mellifluous  dews.       Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  429. 
I  think  the  very  best  thing  is  to  brush  all  the  old  Dons 
off  the  stage.  Disraeli,  Coningsby,  v.  2. 

3.  To  sweep  or  touch  as  with  a  brush ;  strike 
lightly  by  passiiig  over  the  surface ;  pass  lightly, 
over :  as,  to  brush  the  arm  in  passing. 

Brush'd  with  tlie  hiss  of  rustling  wings. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  768. 
A  thousand  nights  have  brush'd  their  balmy  wings 
Over  these  eyes.  Dryden. 

4.  Figuratively,  to  ruffle ;  excite. 

Poor  Silas's  loss  served  to  brush  the  slow  current  of 
Raveloe  conversation.         George  Eliot,  Silas  Marner,  x. 

5.  To  furnish  with  brushes  or  branches  of  dead 
trees  to  climb  on:  as,  to  brush  peas.— To  brush 

up,  to  furbish ;  polish ;  renovate  ;  hence,  to  improve  in 
any  way ;  make  brighter  or  clearer,  as  the  memory  or  past 
knowledge. 

You  have  commissioned  me  to  paint  your  shop,  and  I 
have  done  my  best  to  brush  you  up  like  your  neighbours. 

Pope. 

II,  intrans.  1 .  To  move  quickly  or  in  haste ; 
rush :  as,  to  brush  past  a  person. 

Then  Pollux  .  .  .  brusshit  into  batell. 

Destruction  of  Troy,  1.  1216. 
Snatching  his  hat,  he  brushed  off  like  the  wind. 

Goldsinith. 

Brush'd 

Thro'  the  dim  meadow  toward  his  treasure-trove. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

2.  To  move  or  skim  over  with  a  slight  contact, 
as  a  brush.  Dryden. 

The  stamens  are  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  corolla,  and 
in  falling  off  do  not  brush  over  the  lowly-seated  stigmas. 

Darwin,  Different  Forms  of  Flowers,  p.  42. 

brush-bird  (brush 'herd),  n.  Same  as  scrub- 
bird. 

brush-burn  (brush'bem),  n.  The  injury  result- 
ing from  -violent  friction,  as  sliding  down  a  rope 
or  a  slope  of  grass  or  ice.  The  effects  are  often 
similar  to  those  of  scalding  water. 

brusher  (brush'er),  K.  1.  One  who  brushes. — 
2.  In  leather-manuf.,  one  who  performs  the 
mechanical  work  of  dyeing  skins.  C.  T.  Davis, 
Leather,  p.  728. 

brushett,  n.  [ME.  bruschet,  <  OF.  brossettes, 
heath,  dim.  of  brosse,  etc.,  brush,  heath:  see 
brush  and-ei2.]   1.  A  thicket. — 2.  Brushwood. 

And  in  that  ilke  brusschet  by. 
Five  thousand  of  othre  and  more. 

MS.  Ashmole,  33,  fol.  10.  (Halliwell.) 

brushful  (brush'fiil),  ti.  [<  brush  -ful.']  As 
much  as  can  be  lifted  with  a  brush :  as,  a  brush- 
ful of  paint. 

brush-hat  (bmsh'hat),  w.  A  hat  which  in  the 
process  of  sizing  is  continually  brushed  ■with  a 
hand-brush,  for  the  purpose  of  bringing  a  nap 
to  the  surface. 

brushiness  (brush 'i-nes),  n.  [<  brushy  + 
-ness.']    The  quality  of  being  brushy. 


brushing  (brush'ing),  ^.  a.    Brisk;  rapid:  as, 

a  brushing  gallop. 

brushing-machine  (brush 'ing-ma-shen'O;  w. 
1.  An  apparatus  for  removing  tlie  dust  from 
hats,  or  for  laying  the  nap. — 2.  A  machine 
having  a  cylindrical  brush,  used  to  lay  the  nap 
on  cloth  after  shearing. — 3.  An  apparatus  for 
remo\'ing  the  dust  and  fuzz  from  wheat.  It 
consists  of  a  series  of  brushes  and  a  blast  of 
air  for  bio-wing  away  the  dust  and  refuse. 

brushite  (brush'it),  n.  [After  Prof.  Brush  of 
Yale  College.]  A  hydrated  phosphate  of  cal- 
cium found  in  the  guano  of  Aves  Islands  and 
Sombrero  in  the  West  Indies,  in  slender  mono- 
clinic  crystals  of  a  pale-yellow  color. 

brush-jack  (brush'jak),  11.  A  hand-tool  for 
liolding  bunches  of  brushwood  while  binding 
them  into  mats  or  fascines  for  use  in  embank- 
ments, etc. 

brushlet  (bmsh'let),  n.  [<  brush  +  dim.  -let.'] 
In  entom.,  a  scopula  or  small  brush-like  organ 
on  the  leg  of  a  drone-bee,  used  for  cleansing 
the  body.  Westwood. 

brushman  (bmsh'man),  n. ;  pi.  brushmen  (-men). 
One  who  plies  the  brush ;  a  painter. 

How  difficult  in  artists  to  allow 

To  other  brushmen  even  a  grain  of  merit ! 

fVolcot,  Odes,  viii. 

brushment  (brusb'ment),  n.    [<  brush  +  -ment. 

Cf.  bushment.l    BrusTi  or  small  wood, 
brush-monkey  (brush'mung'''ki),  n.    A  name 

of  the  species  of  small  American  marmosets 

of  the  genus  Midas. 
brush-ore  (brush'or),  n.    An  iron  ore  foimd  in 

the  forest  of  Dean,  England.  Also  called  black- 
brush.  Ure. 
brush-plo'W  (brush'plou),  n.    A  strong  plow 

used  for  breaking  up  rough  land  covered  with 

brush  and  small  trees, 
brush-puller  (brush'pul'''er),  n.  A  machine  for 

pulling  up  brushwood  by  the  roots.     £.  H. 

Knight. 

brush-tailed  (brush'tald),  a.  Having  a  bushy 
tail:  specifically  applied  to  certain  porcupines 
of  the  genus  Atherura. 

brush-tongued  (brush'tungd),  a.  Having  a 
brushy  tongue :  specifically  applied  to  parrots 
of  the  group  Trichoglossina;. 

brush -turkey  (brush'ter^ki),  n.  The  popular 
name  of  a  large  gregarious  rasorial  bird  of 
Australia,  the  Talcgallus  lathami,  of  the  family 
Megapodiidce,  of  about  the  size  of  a  tui-key, 
blackish-bro-vra  above  and  silvery-gray  below: 
so  called  because  it  lives  in  the  brush  or  scrub. 

brush-'wheel  (bmsh'hwel),  «.  1.  A  toothless 
wheel  sometimes  used  in  light  machinery  to 
turn  a  similar  wheel  by  means  of  bristles,  or 
some  brush-like  or  soft  substance,  as  cloth, 
buff -leather,  india-rubber,  or  the  like,  attached 
to  the  circumference. —  2.  A  circular  brush 
used  in  a  lathe,  with  polishing-powders,  for 
cleaning  and  polishing  curved,  indented,  and 
chased  work. 

brush-wood  (brush'wiid),  n.  [<  brush  +  wood^.l 
1.  A  thicket  or  coppice  of  small  trees  and 
shrubs. —  2.  Branches  of  trees  cut  off. 

brushy  (brush'i),  a.    [<  brush  +  -yl.]  Eesem- 
bUng  a  brush ;  full  of  brush ;  rough ;  shaggy ; 
long-haired. 
The  brushy  substance  of  the  nerve. 

Boyle,  Works,  III.  343. 
As  soon  as  we  got  down  near  the  brushy  ravine  we  rode 
along  without  talking.  T.  Roosevelt,  Hunting  Trips,  p.  129. 

bruski,  brusque  (brusk),  a.  [<  F.  brusque,  < 
It.  brusco  (—  Sp.  Pg.  brusco),  rude,  sharp,  sour; 
origin  unknown.]  Abrupt  in  manner;  rough; 
rude. 

We  are  sorry  to  hear  that  the  Scottish  gentleman  .  .  . 
found  but  a  brusk  welcome.  Wotton,  Reliquiae,  p.  582. 
=  Syn.  See  abrupt. 

brusk^  (briisk),  a.  [Cf.  ML.  bruscatus,  of  a 
bronze  color,  pp.  of  bruscare,  hruxare,  scorch, 
burn.]    In  her.,  ta-wny. 

bruskness,  brusqiueness  (briisk'nes),  n.  [< 
brusk,  brusque,  4-  -Mess.]  The  character  of  be- 
ing brusk ;  a  rude,  abrupt,  or  blunt  manner. 

He  was  almost  fierce  in  his  brusqueness. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss. 

brusque,  brusqueness.   See  brusk^,  bruskness. 

brusquerie  (briis'ke-re),  w.  brusque:  see 

brusk  and  -ery.']    ^iame  as  bruskness. 

Dorothea  .  .  .  spoke  with  cold  brusquerie,  ...  in 
amusing  contrast  with  the  solicitous  amiability  of  her  ad- 
mirer. George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  I.  25. 

Brussels  carpet,  lace,  sprouts.  See  the  nouns, 
brust^  (brust),  V.   A  dialectal  variant  of  burst: 

as,  "  like  to  brust,"  Burns. 
brust^t,  n.  [ME. :  see  birse,  bristle.']  A  bristle. 


No  Jupiter,  no  Apolin, 
No  is  worth  the  brtist  of  a  swin. 
Spec.  Early  Eng.  Metr.  Rom.  (ed.  Ellis),  II.  332. 
Roland  lough  [lauglied]  and  said. 
No  is  worth  the  brust  of  a  swine. 

Roni.  of  Roland. 

brust^t,  a.  [ME.,  for  *brusted,  bristled,  en- 
raged, <  a  bristle :  seebrisite.]  Bristled; 
enraged. 

Cometh  the  maister  budel  |  beadle]  brust  ase  a  bore. 

Polit.  Songs  (ed.  Wright),  p.  151. 

brusten  (brus'tn).  A  dialectal  variant  of  burst, 
past  participle  of  burst. 

brustleif  (brus'l),  v.  [<  ME.  bntstlien,  a  par- 
allel form  to  brastlien,  <  AS.  brastlian,  also 
bwrstUan,  crackle :  see  brastle.  As  an  imitative 
word,  cf .  rustle.']  I,  intrans.  To  crackle ;  make 
a  small  crackling  noise ;  also,  to  rustle,  as  a  silk 
garment. 

He  routeth  with  a  slepy  noise. 
And  brustleth  as  a  monkes  froise. 
When  it  is  throwe  into  the  panne. 

Goiver,  Conf.  Amant.,  ii.  93. 
See,  where  the  sea  comes !  how  it  foams  and  brustles .' 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  iv.  7. 

II.  trans.  To  cause  to  crackle ;  crack. 
Break  'em  more ;  they  are  but  brustled  yet. 

Fletcher,  Wife  for  a  Month,  ii.  6. 

brustle^t,  n.  A  dialectal  or  obsolete  form  of 
bristle. 

brustle^t  (brus'l),  v.  i.  1.  An  obsolete  or  dia- 
lectal form  of  bristle. — 2.  To  approach  one 
threateningly:  as,  "  I'll  brustle  up  to  him,"  Ot- 
way. 

brustle^t  ^brus'l),  v.  t.  [Also  brusell;  appar. 
a  freq.  form  of  bruise,  ME.  brusen,  prob.  sug- 
gested by  brustle'^.]    To  bruise;  crush. 

brustle*  (brus'l),  v.  t.  [Also  -written  brusle;  < 
OP.  brusler,  later  bruler  (>  ME.  bride,  roast,  fry), 
mod.  P.  briUer  =  Pr.  bruslar,  burn,  —  It.  brus- 
tolare,  bui-n,  now  grill,  fry,  toast,  appar.  (<  L. 
as  if  *])er-tistulare ;  cf.  Pr.  usclar  for  *ustlar  = 
OSp.  uslar  =  It.  ustolare  =  Wall,  usturct,  <  L. 
ustulare,  burn)  dim.  or  freq.  of  Pr.  bruzar, 
bruizar  (for  *brussar)  =  It.  brusciare,  bruciare, 
ab-brusciare  (ML.  bruscare,  bruxare,  brustarc, 
burn,  <  L.  as  if  *perustare,  freq.  of  L.  perurere, 
pp.  perustus,  burn  through,  <  per,  through,  + 
urere,  burn.  The  forms  touch  some  of  different 
origin,  as  those  of  broil^,  q.  v.,  and  in  E.  the 
word  may  be  indeed  a  particular  use  of  brustle'^, 
crackle:  see  brustle'^.]  To  parch.  Halliwell. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

brut,  V.  i.  [E.  dial.,  also  brit,  appar.  <  F.  bron- 
ter,  OP.  brouster,  browse:  see  browse^.]  To 
browse. 

Bruta  (bro'ta),  n.  j)l.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  L. 
brutus,  irrational,  brute:  see  brute.]  If.  In 
the  Linnean  system  of  classification,  the  sec- 
ond order  of  Mammalia,  containing  the  gen- 
era Elephas,  Trichechus,  Bradypus,  Myrmeco- 
j^haga,  Manis,  and  Dasypus. — 2.  Ininod.  zodl., 
disencumbered  of  the  genera  Elephas  and  Tri- 
chechus, and  same  as  Edentata.  (There  is  a  grow- 
ing tendency  to  use  the  term  in  tliis  sense  instead  of 
Edentata,  which  latter  is  literally  incorrect,  few  of  the 
so-called  edentates  being  tootliless.] 

brutal  (bro'tal),  a.  {=  F.  brutal,  <  ML.  bruta- 
lis,  savage,  stupid,  <  L.  brutus,  applied  to  dmnb 
animals:  see  brute.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling a  brute;  brutish:  as,  brutal  nature; 
"brutal  kind,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  565. 

In  Irish  districts,  men  deteriorated  in  size  and  shape, 
the  nose  sunk,  the  gums  were  exposed,  with  diminisheil 
hrain  and  brutal  form.         Emerson,  Eng.  Traits,  p.  299. 

How  widely  doth  the  6r«fai  courage  of  Ajax  differ  from 
the  amiable  bravery  of  Diomedes ! 

Fielding,  Joseph  Andrews. 

Hence — 2.  Savage;  cruel;  inhuman;  unfeel- 
ing: as,  brutal  ■passions;  brutal  manners. 

Brutal  alike  in  deed  and  word. 
With  callous  heart  and  hand  of  strife. 
How  like  a  fiend  may  man  be  made  ! 

Whittier,  Mogg  Megone,  iii. 

3.  Rude;  harsh;  coarse;  crude.  [Rare.] 

The  human  eye  and  mind  together  integrate,  so  to 
speak,  the  impressions  of  many  separate  and  selected 
moments  into  one  general  -view,  while  the  camera  can 
only  give  a  brutal  copy  of  an  unselected  state  of  things, 
with  all  its  atmospheric  and  other  imperfections. 

Science,  IV.  202. 

=  Syn.  2.  Brutish,  Beastly,  etc.  (see  brute);  unfeeling, 
ruthless,  rude,  rough,  gross,  merciless,  barbarous. 

brutalisation,  brutalise.  See  brutalization, 
brutalize. 

brutalism  (bro'tal-izm),  n.  [<  brutal  +  -ism.] 
The  practice  or  "exercise  of  brutality;  inhu- 
manity. 

The  industrial  system  of  Europe  required  for  its  admin- 
istration an  amount  of  suffering,  depravity,  and  brutal- 
ism, which  formed  one  of  the  great  scandals  of  the  age. 

Everett,  Orations,  II.  63. 


brutality 

brutality  (bro-tari-ti),  n.;  pi.  brutalities  (-tiz). 
I—  F.  brutalite,  <  ML.  brutaUta{t-)s,  <  brutalis : 
see  brutal.']  1.  The  quality  of  being  brutal; 
inhumanity;  savageness;  gross  cruelty;  in- 
sensibility to  pity  or  shame. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  unredeemed  brutality  implied 
by  the  stories  of  the  earlier  gods  is  iu  the  stories  of  the 
later  considerably  mitigated, 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  107. 
2.  A  savage,  shameless,  or  inhuman  act. 

The  mere  brutalities  exercised  in  war  by  enraged  con- 
querors are  perhaps  to  be  laid  out  of  view  in  estimating 
the  practical  effects  of  despotism.  Broughant. 
=  S5m.  1.  Barbarity,  ferocity,  truculence. 
brutalization  (br6"tal-i-za'shpn),  n.  [<  bru- 
talize: see  -ation.']  The  act  of  brutalizing,  or 
the  state  of  being  brutalized.  Also  spelled 
brutalisation. 

Scruples  of  conscience  respecting  the  rectitude  of  their 
cause  would  paralyze  offlcers  and  soldiers.  So  that  a  cer- 
tain brutalization  has  to  be  maintained  during  our  pass- 
ing phase  of  civilization. 

H.  Spencer,  Study  of  Sociol.,  p.  190. 

brutalize  (bro'tal-iz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  brutal- 
ized, ppr.  brutalizing.  [=  F.  brutaliser,  <  bru- 
tal: see  brutal.]  I.  tracts.  To  make  brutal, 
coarse,  gross,  or  inhuman;  lower  to  the  level 
of  a  brute.  . 

Strange !  that  a  creature  rational,  and  cast 
In  human  mould,  should  brutalize  by  choice 
His  nature.  Cowper,  Task,  i. 

Degraded  and  brutalized  by  a  long  course  of  oppressive 
raisgovernment.  Whately. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  brutal,  inhuman,  or 
coarse  and  beastly.  [Bare.] 

He  .  .  .  brutalized  with  them  in  their  habits  and  man- 
ners. Addison,  Freeholder. 
Also  spelled  brutalise. 
brutally  (bro'tal-i),  adv.    In  a  brutal  manner; 
cruelly;  inhumanly;  in  a  coarse,  gross,  or  un- 
feeling manner. 

Brutally  repulsed  by  the  attending  lictors. 

Goldsmith,  Alcander  and  Septiraius. 
brute  (brot),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  brut,  fem.  brute, 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  bruto,  <  L.  brutuf,  heavy,  imwieldy, 
stupid,  insensible,  unreasonable;  particularly 
applied  in  later  L.  to  the  lower  animals.]  I. 
a.  1.  Senseless;  unconscious. 

Not  Avalking  statues  of  clay,  not  the  sons  of  brute  earth. 

Bentley. 

2.  Wanting  reason;  animal;  not  himian:  as, 
a  brute  beast. 

A  creature  .  .  .  not  prone 
And  brute  as  other  creatures,  but  endued 
With  sanctity  of  reason.      Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  507. 
I  was  amazed  to  see  such  actions  and  behaviour  in  brute 
leasts.  Surift,  Gulliver's  Travels,  iv.  1. 

3.  Characteristic  of  animals;  of  brutal  charac- 
ter or  quality. 

Brute  violence  and  proud  tyrannic  power. 

Milton,  P.  R.,  i.  219. 
The  oppressed  invoked  the  power  of  Christianity  to  re- 
sist the  tyranny  of  brute  force. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II.  454. 

4.  Blunt  or  dull  of  sentiment ;  without  sensi- 
bility; rough;  uncivilized;  insensible. 

The  brute  philosopher  who  ne'er  has  proved 
The  joy  of  loving  or  of  being  loved.  Pope. 

5.  Not  associated  with  intelligence  or  intellec- 
tual effort ;  unintelligent ;  irrational. 

A  more  legitimate  kind  of  valour  that,  showing  itself 
against  the  untamed  forests  and  dark  brute  Powers  of  na- 
ture, to  conquer  nature  for  us.  Carlyle. 

6.  Harsh;  crude.  [Rare.] 

The  brute  fact  is  expressed  in  the  phrase  "One  man's 
meat  is  another  man's  poison." 

0.  W.  Holmes,  A  Mortal  Antipathy,  vii. 
=S37n.  Brute,  Brutish,  Brutal,  Beastly,  Bestial.  Brute  is 
the  most  general  of  these  words,  and  remains  nearest  to  the 
distinguishing  difference  between  man  and  beast,  irration- 
ality: as,  brute  force.  Brutish  is  especially  uncultured, 
stupid,  groveling:  as,  brutes  and  still  more  brutish  men. 
Brutal  implies  cruelty  or  lack  of  feeling :  as,  brutal  lan- 
guage or  conduct.  Beastly  expresses  that  which  is  alto- 
gether unworthy  of  a  man,  especially  that  which  is  filthy 
and  disgusting  in  conduct  or  manner  of  life.  Bestial  is 
applied  chiefly  to  that  which  is  carnal,  sensual,  lascivious  : 
as,  bestial  vices  or  appetites. 

The  feats  of  Hercules  .  .  .  were  triumphs  of  brute  force. 

Sumner,  Fame  and  Glory. 

The  brutish,  the  animal  instincts,  as  is  often  the  case 
had  been  developed  earlier  than  the  intellectual  qualities. 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  xxi. 

To  mask  .  .  . 

With  a  glassy  smile  his  brutal  scorn. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  vi. 
This  filthy  simile,  this  beastly  line. 

Pope,  Ep.  to  Sat.,  il.  181. 
And  since  his  ways  are  sweet, 
And  theirs  are  bestial,  hold  him  less  than  man. 

Tennyson,  Coming  of  Arthur. 
II.  n.  1.  A  beast,  especially  one  of  the  high- 
er quadrupeds;  any  animal  as  distinguished 
from  man. 


701 

Brutes  may  be  considered  as  either  aerial,  terrestrial, 
aquatic,  or  amphibious.  Locke. 

2.  A  brutal  person ;  a  savage  in  disposition  or 
manners ;  a  low-bred,  unfeeling  person. 

An  ill-natured  brute  of  a  husband.  Franklin. 
brutehood  (brot'hud),  n.    [<  brute  +  -hood.] 
The  state  of  being  a  brute;  the  condition  of 
being  brute  or  brutish  in  natui'e  or  habits. 

It  is  modestly  suggested,  by  no  means  dogmatically  af- 
firmed, .  .  .  that  the  influences  that  have  raised  mankind 
from  brutehood  to  its  present  condition  have  not  yet  ex- 
pended their  force.  Pop.  Si-i.  Mo.,  XXVI.  4(il. 

brutelf,  a.    A  Middle  English  foi-m  of  brittle. 
brutely  (brot'li),  adv.    1.  In  a  rude  manner;  as 
a  brute.   Milton.— 2.  By  brute  force ;  without 
intelligent  effort;  blindly.  [Bare.] 

Property  will  brutely  draw 
Still  to  the  proprietor. 

Ernerson,  The  Celestial  Love, 
bruteness  (brot'nes),  n.    [<  brute,  a.,  +  -ness.] 
The  state  of  being  brutal  or  a  brute.  [Rare.] 
That  sire  he  fowl  bespake  :  Thou  dotard  vile. 
That  with  thy  brutenesse  shendst  thy  comely  age. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  viii.  12. 
The  immobility  or  bruteness  of  Nature  is  the  absence 
of  spirit.  Emerson,  Nature. 

brutification  (bro-'ti-fi-ka'shon),  «.  [<  brutify : 
see  -fy  and  -ation.]  The  act'bf  brutif ying ;  the 
act  or  state  of  becoming  or  making  brutal  or 
degraded. 

She  would  have  saved  thee,  as  I  said  before,  from  bruti- 
fication. J,  Baillie. 

This  ultra-Circean  transformation  of  spirit  and  brutifi- 
cation of  speech  we  do  not  find  in  the  lighter  interludes  of 
great  and  perfect  tragedy.  Swinburne,  Shakespeare,  p.  194. 

brutify  (bro'ti-fi),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  hrutified, 
ppr.  brutifying.  [<  F.  brutif  er,  <  L.  as  if  *brii- 
tificare,  <  brutus,  brute,  a.,  +  -ficare,  <  facere, 
make .]  To  bring  into  the  condition  of  a  brute ; 
degrade  the  moral  or  physical  state  of;  make 
senseless,  stupid,  or  unfeeling. 
Not  quite  brutified  and  void  of  sense. 

Barrow,  Works,  III.  5. 
It  has  possessed  only  two  secrets  for  governing,  ...  to 
drain  and  to  brutify  its  subjects.  Bentham. 

brutilt,  a.    A  Middle  English  form  of  brittle. 
brutisn  (bro'tish),  a.    [<  brute,      + -ish^.]  1. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  brute  or  brutes. 

There  his  welwoven  toyles,  and  subtil  traines, 
He  laid  the  brutish  nation  to  enwrap. 

Spenser,  Astrophel. 
Wandering  gods  disguised  in  brutish  forms. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  481. 

2.  Like  a  brute;  characteristic  of  brutes,  (a) 
Unfeeling  ;  savage  ;  ferocious  ;  brutal. 

Bombarding  of  Cadiz  ;  a  cruel  and  brutish  way  of  mak- 
ing war,  first  begun  by  the  French. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  August  25,  1695. 
Not  riches 

Can  purchase  him,  nor  honours,  peaceably, 
And  force  were  brutish. 

Fletcher  (and  another  1),  Nice  Valour,  iv.  1. 

(b)  Gross ;  carnal ;  bestial. 
It  is  the  brutish  love  of  this  world  that  is  blind. 

Baxter,  Saint's  Rest,  xiv. 

(c)  Uncultured  ;  unrefined ;  ignorant ;  stupid ;  insensible. 
Brutes  and  brutish  men  are  commonly  more  able  to  bear 

pain  than  others.  JV.  Grew,  Cosmologia  Sacra. 

They  were  not  so  brutish  that  they  could  be  ignorant  to 
call  upon  the  name  of  God.     Hooker,  Ecoles.  Pol.,  v.  §  35. 

=  Syn.  Brutal,  Beastly,  etc.  (see  brute),  dull,  barbarous, 
annual,  sensual, 
brutishly  (bro'tish-li),  adv.    In  a  brutish  man- 
ner; grossly;  irrationally;  stupidly;  savagely. 
South. 

brutishness  (bro'tish-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  brutish  in  nature,  disposition, 
or  appearance ;  savageness. 

Not  true  valour,  but  brutishness.  Bp.  Sprat. 

In  many  of  the  Cynocephali,  longitudinal  osseous  ridges 
are  developed  upon  the  maxillae,  and  gi-eatly  increase  the 
brutishness  of  their  aspect.     Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  398. 

brutism  (bro'tizm),  n..  [<  brute  +  -ism.]  Brutal 
instincts  or  tendencies;  biniteness;  animaUty. 
bruttingt  (brut'ing),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  brut,  v.] 
Browsing. 

Hornbeam  preserves  itself  best  from  the  bruiting  of  the 
deer.  Evelyn,  Sylva,  I.  vi.  2. 

brutum  fulmen  (bro'tum  ful'men).  [L. :  hru- 
tum,  neut.  of  brutus,  insensible;  fulmen,  a  thun- 
derbolt :  see  brute  and  fulminate.]  A  harmless 
thunderbolt;  mere  noise  like  thimder;  empty 
noise  and  nothing  more. 

The  actors  do  not  value  themselves  upon  the  clap,  but 
regard  it  as  a  mere  brutum  fulmen,  or  empty  noise,  when 
it  has  not  the  sound  of  the  oaken  plant  in  it. 

Addison,  The  Trunkmaker  at  the  Play. 
Brutus  (bro'tus),  n.    [Appar.  in  reference  to 
Brutus,  one  of  the  two  celebrated  Romans  of 


Bryum 

that  name.  Boman  busts  aud  statues  often 
show  such  an  arrangement  of  the  hair.]  A  for- 
mer mode  of  ch'essing  the  hair,  in  which  it  was 
brushed  back  from  the  forehead,  and  worn  at 
first  in  disorder,  afterward  in  close  curls.  The 
style  seems  to  have  originated  in  Paris  at  the  time  of  the 
Revolution  (1793-94),  when  it  was  the  fashion  to  imitate  the 
contemporary  conception  of  Roman  .antiquity.  As  trans- 
planted to  England,  the  .style  lasted  longer  than  in  France. 
The  word  is  now  used  for  a  lock  of  hair  brushed  upward 
and  backward  from  tlic  forehead. 

He  wore  his  hair  with  the  curls  arranged  in  a  Brutus  a 
la  George  the  Fourth.  May/tew. 

bruyfere  (bro-yar'),  M.     [F.,  formerly  bruyere, 
briere,  heath:   see  imder  brier.]     The  tree- 
heath  of  Europe,  Erica  arborea. 
Bryaceae  (bri-a'se-e),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Bryum  + 
-acece.]    An  order  of  mosses,  comprising  all  the 
tine  mosses,  as  distinguished  from  the  peat- 
moss {Sphagnum)  and  the  schizocarpous  mosses 
{Andrema).    See  moss. 
Bryanite  (bri'an-it),  n.    [From  their  founder, 
William  Bryan  (about  1815).]    One  of  a  Metho- 
dist body,  more  properly  known  as  Bible  Chris- 
tians (which  see,  under  Bible). 
Brydges  clotht.  Same  as  cloth  of  Bruges  (which 

see,  under  cloth). 
brygmus  (brig'mus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  PpvyuoQ,  a 
biting,  gnashing  of  teeth,  <  (ipvKeiv,  bite,  gnaw, 
gnash.]  In  jxithol.,  gnashing  or  grating  of  the 
teeth  during  sleep :  a  symptom  in  certain  dis- 
eases. 

bryle  (bril),  n.    Same  as  broiis. 
brymif,  brymmeit,  etc.   See  brim\  etc. 
brynkt,  «.    See  brink. 

bryological  (bri-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  Relating  to 
bryology ;  consisting  of  mosses :  as,  the  bryo- 
logical flora.  Nature. 
bryologist  (bri-ol'o-jist),  n.  [<  bryology  +  -ist.] 
A  botanist  who  has  made  a  special  study  of  the 
mosses  and  is  skilled  in  their  determination ; 
a  specialist  in  bryology. 

Thanks  to  om-  sole  surviving  bryologist,  the  venerable 
Lesquereux,  we  have  at  length  a  comprehensive  manual 
of  North-American  mosses.  Science,  IV.  446. 

bryology  (bri-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  jipvov,  moss  (see 
Bryum),  -t-  -loyia,  <  Aiyeiv,  speak:  see  -ology.] 
The  science  of  mosses,  their  structure,  affinities, 
classification,  etc. 
Bryonia  (brT-6'ni-a),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  jSpvuvia,  also 
PfivuvTj,  bryony,  <  (jpvecv,  teem,  swell,  be  full. 
Hence  E.  bryony.]  1.  A  genus  of  plants,  nat- 
ural order  (^«CJ/r6itace<e;  seebryotiy. —  2.  [I.e.] 
The  name  in  the  pharmacopoeias  of  the  root  of 
Bryonia  alba  and  B.  dioica,  used  as  a  cathartic, 
bryonin,  bryonine  (bri'o-nin),  n.  [<  bryony  + 
-in2,  -ine"^.]  A  white  intensely  bitter  principle, 
a  glucoside  (C^gHgoOig)  extracted  from  the 
root  of  Bryonia  alba  and  B.  dioica.  Also  spelled 
brionin,  brionine. 
bryony  (bri'o-ni),  n.  [<  L.  hryonia :  see  Brya 
Ilia.]  The  common  name  of  species  of  Bryo- 
nia, a  cucurbitaeeous  genus  of  plants,  possess- 
ing acrid,  emetic,  and  purgative  properties' 
which  have  given  them  repute  as  remedies  for 
many  diseases  from  early  times.  Tiie  common 

white-  or  red-berried  bryony,  B.  dioica,  and  the  blaclf- 
berried,  B.  alba,  are  both  natives  of  Europe.  Also  spelled 
ftrionj/.— Bastard  bryony,  of  the  West  Indies,  Vitis(Cis- 
sus)  sicj/oides.— Black  bryony,  of  Europe,  the  Tamus 
communis,  a  tall  climbing  plant  belonging  to  the  natural 
order  Dioscoreacem.  It  has  large  black  roots,  the  acrid 
juice  of  which  has  been  used  in  plasters. 

Bryophyta  (bri-of'i-ta),  n.  jH.  [<  NL.  bryo- 
phytum,  <  Gr.  Pp'vov,  moss,  +  tjivrov,  a  plant.] 
A  division  of  the  higher  cryptogams,  including 
the  Hepaticie  and  mosses, 
bryophyte  (bri'o-fit),  n.  A  member  of  the 
Bryophyta. 

bryoretin  (bri-o-ret'in),  n.     [Irreg.  <  bryonin.] 
A  substance  produced  fi-om  the  glucoside  bry- 
onin by  treating  it  with  an  acid. 
Bryozoa  (bri-o-zo'a),  n.jn.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  (ipvov, 
moss  (see  Bryum),  +  fuor,  pi.  Cua,  an  animal.] 
A  name  formerly  given  to  the  Polyzoa,  from 
their  resemblance  to  mosses.   Ehrenberg,  1831. 
See  Polyzoa. 
bryozoan  (bn-o-zo'an),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  In  zool., 
relating  to  the'  Bryozoa. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Bryozoa. 
bryozoid  (bri-o-z6'id),  a.  and  n.    Same  as  bryo- 
zoan. 

bryozoon  (bri-o-z6'on),  w.  Same  as  bryozoan. 
bryozoum  (bri-o-zo'um),  n.  [NL.,  sing,  of 
Bryozoa.]  One  of  the  Bri/ozoa.  Dana. 
BrSTUm  (bri'um),  n.  [NL.  (L.  bryo)i),  <  Gr. 
(ipvov,  a  kind  of  mossy  seaweed,  tree-moss, 
lichen,  the  clustering  male  blossom  of  the 
hazel"  a  blossom  or  flower,  <  jipiciv,  teem  or 
swell,  be  full,  grow  luxuriantly.]    A  large  and 


Bryum 

important  genus  of  mosses,  characterized  by 
friiit  borne  at  the  ends  of  tlie  branches,  and  a 
pendent,  pyrifonn  capsule  which  has  a  double 
row  of  transversely  barred  teeth. 

bryzet,  w-    An  obsolete  form  of  hrcczc'^. 

B.  Sc.  An  abbreviation  of  Baccalaureus  Scien- 
ii(r,  or  Bachelor  of  Science. 

bu  (bo),  n.  [Jap.]  A  rectangular  silver  coin 
of  Japan,  equal  to  one  fourth  of  a  rio  or  tael. 

It  is  not  now  in  circulation,  but  the  name  is  still  some- 
times given  to  the  fourth  part  of  a  yen  or  dollar.  Also 
spelled  boo,  and  formerly  called  (erroneously  when  more 
than  one  were  spoken  of)  icln'boo  and  itzeboo. 

bu.,  bush.    Abbreviations  of  bushel  or  bushels. 

buansuah,  buansu  (b6-an-s6'S,  b6-an-s6'),  n. 
The  native  name  of  the  Cyoii  prinuevns,  the 
wild  dog  of  Nepal  and  northern  India,  sup- 


Buansuah  {Cyon  priinavus). 

posed  by  some  to  be  the  original  type  of  the 

dog  tribe.  It  is  of  a  reddish  color,  pale  underneath, 
with  a  bushy,  pendulous  tail,  and  in  size  intermediate 
between  the  wolf  and  the  jackal,  but  with  very  strong 
limbs.    It  is  capable  of  being  tamed.    See  Cyon. 

Buarrhemon  (bo-a-re'mon),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

/ioi'f,  ox,  +  appijiiGjv,  speechless:  see  JrWtewow.] 
An  extensive  genus  of  pityline  tanagers,  con- 
taining about  35  species,  of  terrestrial  habits 
and  dull  colors.  Bonaparte,  1850.  See  Arrhe- 
mon. 

buat  (bo'at),  n.  [<  Gael.  Ir.  buite,  a  firebrand, 
Jr.  also  tire.]  A  hand-lantern.  Also  written 
boicet.  [Scotch.] 

buaze-fiber  (bu.'az-fi"ber),  n.  The  fiber  of  a 
polygalaceous  bush  of  tropical  Africa,  Seciiri- 
(laca  pallida,  described  as  of  excellent  quality 
and  resembling  flax. 

bubl  (bub),  n.  [Perhaps  short  for  bubble;  cf. 
6«62.]  i_  A  substitute  for  yeast,  prepared  by 
mixing  meal  or  flour  with  a  little  yeast  in  a 
quantity  of  warm  wort  and  water. —  2.  Strong 
drink  of  any  kind;  liquor,  especially  malt  li- 
quor. [Cant.] 

bub2t  (bub),  V.  t.  [Short  for  bubble.']  To  throw 
out  in  bubbles.    Mir.  for  Mags. 

bub^  (Isuh),  n.  [Also  bubby ;  origin  obscure; 
cf .  pap.  The  word  bears  a  close  but  accidental 
resemblance  to  Hind,  babbi,  babi  (a  pron.  u),  a 
woman's  breast.]  A  woman's  breast.  [Vulgar.] 

bub*  (bub),  w.  [Also  bubby,  a  dim.  form ;  usu- 
ally supposed  to  be,  like  bud^,  a  corruption 
of  brother.  Cf.  G.  bube,  etc.,  a  boy:  see  boy.] 
A  boy:  used  in  familiar  address.  [Colloq., 
U.  S.] 

Bubalichthyinse  (bu-bal-ik-thi-i'ne),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Bubalichthys  +  -i»fe.]  A  subfamily  of 
Catostomidce :  synonymous with/c<io6m« (which 
see). 

bubalichthsrine  (bu-bal-ik'thi-in),  a.  and  n.  I. 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Bubalichthyince. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Bubalichthyina' ;  a  buffalo- 
fish. 

Bubalichthys  (bii-bal-ik'this),  n.    [NL.,  <  Bu- 

balus  +  Gr.  IxSi'S,  a  fish.]  The  typical  genus 
of  catostomoid  fishes  of  the  subfamily  Buba- 
liehthiiinw ;  the  buffalo-fishes. 

bubaline  (bii'ba-lin),  a.  [<  L.  bubalinus,  per- 
taining to  the  bubalus,  buffalo.]  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  bubalus  or  buffalo. —  2.  Resembling 
a  buffalo ;  bovine :  as,  the  bubaline  group  of 
antelopes :  specifically  applied  to  Jdcelaphus 
bubalis,  the  bubaline  antelope. 

bubalis  (bii'ba-lis),  n.  [NL.,  also  bubale;  < 
Gr.  poi'jiaXtq,  an  African  species  of  antelope; 
doubtfiilly  referred  to  jiovg,  ox.]  A  large  bu- 
baline antelope  of  Africa,  Alcelaphus  bubalis. 

Bubalornis  (bu-ba-16r'nis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Buba- 
lus +  Gr.  dpvig,  a  bird.]  A  genus  of  African 
weaver-birds,  of  the  family  Ploceidce ;  the  buf- 
falo weaver-birds.  They  are  named  from  their  habit 
of  following  cattle  in  order  to  feed  on  the  parasites 


702 

which  infest  their  hides.  B.  erythrorhynchus  is  common 
in  Damaraland,  where  it  is  known  to  "the  natives  as  the 

tmhaiiufhoa.    Sir  Andrew  Smith. 

Bubalus  (bu'ba-lus),  «.  [L. :  s.ee  buffalo.]  1. 
A  genus  or  subgenus  of  bovines,  containing 
the  buffaloes  proper,  as  the  Indian  buffalo  and 
the  African  buffalo:  sometimes  restricted  to 
the  latter.  Hamilton  Smith,  1827.  See  cuts 
under  buffalo. —  2.  [/.  c]  A  member  of  this 
genus. 

bubber  (bub'er),  n.  [<  bub''-,  2,  +  -erl.]  A 
drinker, 

Though  I  am  no  mai'k  in  respect  of  a  huge  butt,  yet  I 
can  tell  you  great  bubbers  have  shot  at  me. 

Middleton,  Spanish  Gypsy,  ii.  1. 

bubble^  (bub'l),  «.  [First  in  early  mod.  E. ; 
=:z  MLG.  bubbele,  LG.  bubbel  =  MD.  bobbel  = 
Dan.  boble  =  Sw.  bubbla,  formerly  bubla,  a  bub- 
ble. The  E.  and  Scand.  forms  are  prob.  of  LG. 
origin,  but  all,  like  the  equiv.  early  mod.  E. 
burble  (see  burble),  L.  btdla  (see  btdla,  bull^, 
boil^,  etc.),  Skt.  budbuda,  Hind,  budbudd,  bul- 
bidd,  Hindi  bulUld,  Pali  bubbulam,  a  bubble 
(and,  more  remotely,  like  Bohem.  boubel,  bub- 
Una,  Pol.  babel,  >  Little  Kuss.  bombcl,  a  bubble 
—  words  having  the  same  ult.  base  as  bomb'^, 
bombus,  q.  v.),  are  prob.  ult.  imitative  of  the 
sound  of  the  gurgling  of  water  in  which  bub- 
bles are  forming.  Cf.  blubber,  blobber,  blob. 
The  senses  of  '  a  trifle,  delusion,  trick,'  etc., 
proceed  naturally  from  the  lit.  sense,  and  have 
no  orig.  connection  with  the  accidentally  simi- 
lar It.  bubbola,  bubula,  a  trick,  fib,  sham,  deceit, 
pi.  bubbole,  idle  stories,  formerly  "  bubole,  bub- 
bule,  toies,  iests,  vanities,  nifles,  trifles,  bub- 
bles" (Florio),  <  bubbolare,  cheat,  trick,  rob, 
formerly  ^^bubolare,  to  bubble"  [i.  e.,  cheat, 
gull,  dupe]  (Florio),  <  bubbola,  bubula,  formerly 
bubola,  ptupola,  puppula,  a  hoopoe  (see  hoop''^, 
hoopoe,  upupa),  the  figure  of  speech  being  the 
same  as  the  verbs  (jull  and  dupe,  q.  v.]  1.  A 
small  vesicle  of  water  or  other  fluid  inflated 
with  air  or  other  gas,  and  floating  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  fluid.  Such  vesicles  can  sometimes,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  soap-bubble,  be  separated  from  the  sur- 
face of  the  liquid,  or  be  formed  independently  of  it,  by 
blowing  from  a  pipe  or  other  instrument. 

Oh,  Fortune, 
That  thou  hast  none  to  fool  and  blow  like  bubbles 
But  kings  and  their  contents  ! 

Fletcher  (and  another"!),  Prophetess,  iii.  3. 
Ay,  thus  we  are  ;  and  all  our  painted  glory 
A  bubble  that  a  boy  blows  into  the  air, 
And  there  it  breaks. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Malta,  iv.  2. 

2.  A  small  globule  of  air  or  other  gas  in  or  ris- 
ing through  a  liquid. —  3.  The  vesicle  of  air  in 
the  glass  spirit-tube  of  a  mechanics'  level. — 
4.  One  of  the  small  hollow  beads  of  glass  for- 
merly used  for  testing  the  strength  of  spirits  by 
the  rate  at  which  they  rise  after  being  plunged 
in  them.  See  bead,  7. —  5.  Anything  that  wants 
firmness,  substance,  or  permanence;  that  which 
is  more  specious  than  real ;  a  vain  project ;  a 
false  show ;  a  delusion ;  a  trifle. 

A  soldier,  .  . . 

Seeking  the  bubble  reputation 

Even  in  the  cannon's  mouth. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7. 

War,  he  sung,  is  toil  and  trouble  ; 
Honour,  but  an  empty  bubble. 

Dryden,  Alexandef's  Feast. 

6.  An  inflated  speculation;  a  delusive  com- 
mercial project,  especially  one  which  is  put 
forward  as  insuring  extraordinary  profits ; 
hence,  a  financial  imposition  or  fraud ;  a 
cheating  trick:  as,  the  South  Sea  bubble.  See 
below. 

This  may  not  at  first  sight  appear  a  large  sum  to  those 
who  remember  the  bubbles  of  1825  and  of  1845. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxiv. 

7t.  A  person  deceived  by  an  empty  project ;  a 
dupe. 

He  has  been  my  bubble  these  twenty  years. 

Arbulhnot,  John  Bull. 

His  pity  and  compassion  make  him  sometimes  a  bubble 
to  all  his  fellows.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  27. 

Bubble  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1720,  intended  to  re- 
strict illusory  schemes  of  corporate  or  associate  organiza- 
tion :  adopted  to  prevent  the  repetition  of  such  frauds  as 
the  South  Sea  bubble.—  Bubble  and  squeak,  (a)  A  dish 
consisting  of  fried  beef  and  cabbage  :  probably  so  called 
from  the  sounds  made  during  frying. 

Rank  and  title  !  bubble  and  squeak  !  No  !  not  half  so 
good  as  bubble  and  .squeak ;  English  beef  and  good  cab- 
bage. But  foreign  rank  and  title ;  foreign  cabbage  and 
beef  !  foreign  bubble  and  foreign  squeak ! 

Bidwer,  My  Novel,  viii.  8. 
(1>)  In  New  England,  hash  or  minced  meat. — South  Sea 
bubble,  a  financial  scheme  which  originated  in  England 
about  1711  and  collapsed  in  1720.  It  was  proposed  Ijy  the 
Earl  of  Oxford  to  fund  a  floating  debt  of  £10,000,000,  the 
purchasers  of  which  should  become  stockholders  in  a  cor- 


bubonic 

poration,  the  South  Sea  Company,  which  was  to  have  a 
monopoly  of  the  trade  with  Spanish  South  America,  and 
a  part  of  the  capital  stock  of  which  was  to  constitute  the 
fund.  The  refusal  of  Spain  to  enter  into  commercial  re- 
lations with  England  made  the  privileges  of  the  company 
worthless  ;  but  by  means  of  a  series  of  speculative  opera- 
tions and  the  infatuation  of  the  people  its  shares  were 
inflated  from  £100  to  £1,050.  Its  failure  caused  great  dis- 
tress throughout  England, 
bubble^  (bub'l),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bubbled,  ppr. 
bubbling.  [=  MLG.  LG.  bubbcln  =  MD.  D.  bob- 
belen  =  Dan.  bohlc,  bubble  ;  from  the  noun.]  I, 
intrans.  1.  To  rise  in  bubbles,  as  liquors  when 
boiling  or  agitated;  send  up  bubbles. —  2.  To 
run  with  a  gurgling  noise;  gtu'gle:  as,  "bub- 
bling foimtains,"  Pope,  Autumn,  1.  43. 

On  yon  swoll'n  brook  that  bubbles  fast 
By  meadows  breathing  of  the  past. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  xci.'c 

3.  Toutterabubbling  or  gurgling  cry.   [Rare. 3 

At  mine  ear 

Bubbled  the  nightingale.      Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  bubble. 

I'd  bubble  up  the  water  through  a  reed.  Keats. 

2.  To  cheat;  deceive  or  impose  on;  hoodwink; 
bamboozle. 

Bubbled  out  of  their  goods  and  money ! 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  i.  11. 

When  slavery  could  not  bully,  it  bubbled  its  victim. 

W.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  377. 

bubbles  (bub'l),  v.  i.  [Also  bibblc;  cf.  bubble^ 
and  blubber.]  To  shed  tears  in  a  sniveling, 
blubbering,  chjldish  way.  Jamieson.  [Scotch 
and  North.  Eng.] 
bubble^  (bub'l),  «.  Snot.  Jamieson.  [Scotch.] 
bubble-bO'Wt,  «.  [A  piece  of  fashionable  slang, 
mentioned  by  Pope,  along  with  cosin,  tompion, 
colmar,  toupee,  in  the  quot.  below,  as  "in  use 
in  this  present  year  1727":  supposed  to  stand 
for  *hubblc-beau,  <  bubble,  v.,  +  obj.  beau;  but 
perhaps  of  no  particular  meaning.]  A  tweezer- 
case. 

Lac'd  in  her  cosins  fstays]  new  appear'd  the  bride, 
A  bubble-bow  and  tompion  [watch]  at  her  side, 
And  with  an  air  divine  her  colmar  (fan)  ply'd. 
Then,  oh  !  she  cries,  what  slaves  I  round  me  see  ! 
Here  a  bright  Redcoat,  there  a  smart  toupee. 

Pope,  Tre.itise  on  the  Bathos. 

bubbler  (bub'ler),  «.  If.  One  who  cheats.  Pope. 
—  2.  A  fish  of  the  family  Sciwuidw,  Aplodinotus 
grunniens,  the  fresh-water  drumfish,  foimd  in 
the  waters  of  the  Ohio  river :  so  called  from 
the  peculiar  noise  it  makes.  Also  called  bub- 
bling-fish. 

bubble-shell  (bub'l-shel),  n.  A  shell  of  the  fam- 
ily Bullidw  and  genus  Bulla,  of  an  oval  form,  with 
the  outermost  whorl  involving  all  the  others. 
Species  are  numerous  in  tropical  and  wai-ni 
seas.    See  cuts  under  Bulla. 

bubbling  (bub'ling),  ]).  a.  [Ppr.  of  bubble''-,  v.] 
Emitting  or  exhibiting  bubbles ;  giving  out  a 
sound  such  as  is  caused  by  bubbles ;  gurgling. 

The  bubbling  cry 
Of  some  strong  swimmer  in  his  agony. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  ii.  53. 

bubbling-filsh  (bub'ling-fish),  «.  Same  as  bub- 
bler, 2.  liafinesque. 

bubblyi  (bub'li),  a.  [<  bubble^  +  -yl.]  Full  of 
bubbles:  as,  '■^bubbly  spume,"  Nash,  Lenten 
Stuffe,  p.  8. 

bubbly2  (bub'li),  a.    {<bubblc^-\--y'-.]  Snotty: 
as,  the  bairn  has  a  bubbly  nose.    [North.  Eng. 
and  Scotch.] 
bubbly-jock  (bub'li-jok),  n.    A  turkey-cock. 

[North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
bubby^  (bub'i),  n. ;  pi.  bubbles  (-iz).   [See  bub^.] 
A  woman's  breast.  [Vulgar.] 
Why  don't  you  go  and  suck  the  bubby  ? 

Arbuthnot,  John  Bull. 

bubbyS  (bub'i),  n.  [Dim.  of  bub^.]  A  familiar 
term  of  address  to  little  boys;  bub.    [U.  S.] 

bubol  (bii'bo),  11.  [=  F.  bubon  =  Sp.  bubon  = 
Pg.  bubao  =  It.  bubone  =  Wall,  buhoin,  <  ML. 
bubo(n-),  a  tumor,  <  Gr.  fiovfiuv,  the  groin,  a 
swelling  in  the  groin.]  In  med.,  an  inflamma- 
tory swelling  of  a  lymphatic  gland,  especially 
such  as  arises  in  the  groin  from  venereal  in- 
fection. 

Bubo^  (bu'bo),  ».  [L.,  an  owl,  the  horned  owl. 
The  name  is  supposed  to  be  imitative  of  its  cry 
as  if  *bu-bu;  cf.  E.  tu-whoo,  etc.]  A  genus  of 
large  owls  vnth  conspicuous  plumieorus,  rela- 
tively small  ear-aperture,  incomplete  facial 
disk,  and  feathered  feet,  it  contains  the  great  owl 

or  eagle-owl  of  Europe,  B.  maximus,  the  great  horned 
owl  of  North  America,  B.  virginianus,  and  sundry  other 
species.   See  cut  on  next  page. 

bubonic  (bu-bon'ik),  a.  [<  ML.  bttbo(n-),  a  tu- 
mor (see  bubo''-),  +  -ic.]  Inpathol,  pertaining 
to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  bubo. 


Buboninse 


Virginia  Horned  Owl  {Bubo  virg-inianus). 


Buboninae  (bu-bo-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Buho'^ 
{Buhon-)  +  -ince.']  A  subfamily  of  owls,  family 
Strigidce,  adopted  by  some  writers  for  the  gen- 
era Bubo,  Scops,  and  some  other  horned  or 
"eat"  owls. 

bubonine  (bu'bo-nin),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Btibomnce. 

bubonocele  (bu-bo'no-sel  or  -se-lf),  n.  [<  Gr. 
PoypuvoKijlTi,  <  (iovji6v',  the  groin  (see  huho^),  + 
K^Ar/,  tumor.]  In  pathol.,  inguinal  hernia  or 
rupture :  often  restricted  to  an  oblique  inguinal 
hernia  which  has  not  passed  the  external  ring, 
but  occupies  the  inguinal  canal. 

bubuklef,  n.  A  pimple :  a  word  of  uncertain  form 
and  origin,  found  only  in  the  following  passage, 
where  it  is  put  into  the  mouth  of  a  Welshman. 

His  face  is  all  bubukles,  and  welks,  and  knobs,  and  flames 
of  fire.  S/iafc,  Hen.  v.,  iii.  6. 

Bubulcus  (bii-bul'kus),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  bubulcus, 
a  plowman,  herdsman  (cf.  bubulus,  pertaining 
to  oxen  or  cattle),  <  bos  (bov-),  an  ox:  see  Bos!] 
A  genus  of  herons,  containing  the  buff-backed 
heron,  B.  ibis,  formerly  called  Ardea  bubulcus 
and  Ardea  russata,  chiefly  an  African  species, 
related  to  the  squacco  heron. 

bubulin  (bii'bii-lin),  n.  [<  L.  bubulus,  pertain- 
ing to  cattle  (<  60s  (bov-),  an  ox:  see  Bos),  + 
-in^.']  A  peculiar  substance  existing  in  the 
dung  of  beasts,  which  is  copiously  precipitated 
by  metallic  salts,'  tincture  of  galls,  and  alum, 
and  therefore  active  in  the  application  of  cow- 
dung  to  calico-printing. 

bucan,  buccan  (buk'an),  n.  [<  F.  boucan, 
"a  woodden-gridiron,  whereon  the  Cannibals 
broyle  pieces  of  men,  and  other  flesh"  (Cot- 
grave),  a  place  for  smoking  meat ;  said  to  be  a 
native  Carib  word;  hence  bucaneer,  etc.  See 
bucaneer.']  1.  A  kind  of  gridiron  for  smoking 
meat. —  2.  A  place  where  meat  is  smoked. — 3. 
In  the  "West  Indies,  a  place  where  coffee  or  co- 
coa is  dried.  Rl.  London  News. 
Also  bocan,  boucan. 

bucan,  buccan  (buk'an),  v.  t.  [Also  written  bou- 
can; <  F.  boucaner,  '<  boucan,  E.  bucan,  n.,  q. 
v.]  To  cut  into  long  pieces,  salt,  and  smoke  on 
a  bucan,  as  beef:  a  mode  of  preserving  meat 
formerly  practised  by  the  Caribs  and  afterward 
by  Europeans  in  the  West  Indies.  Also  boucan. 

Dressed  in  the  smoke,  which  in  their  language  they  call 
houcaned.  Hakluyt. 

bucaneer,  buccaneer  (buk-a-ner'),  n.  [<  F.  bou- 
canier,  a  curer  of  wild  meat,  a  pirate,  <  bou- 
caner, smoke  meat,  <  boucan,  a  place  for  smok- 
ing meat:  see  bucan,  w.]  1.  Originally,  one  of 
the  French  settlers  in  Hispaniola  or  Hayti  and 
Tortugas,  whose  occupation  was  to  himt  wild 
cattle  and  hogs,  and  cure  their  flesh. 

It  is  now  high  time  to  speak  of  the  French  nation  who 
inhabit  a  great  part  of  this  island  [Hispaniola].  .  .  .  The 
Hunters  are  again  divided  into  several  sorts.  For  some  of 
these  are  only  given  to  hunt  wild  Bulls  and  Cows,  others 
only  hunt  wild  Bores.  The  first  of  these  two  sorts  of 
Hunters  are  called  Bucaniers.  .  .  .  When  the  Bucaniers 
go  into  the  woods  to  hunt  for  wild  bulls  and  cows,  they 
commonly  remain  there  the  space  of  a  whole  twelvemonth 
or  two  years  \vithout  returning  home. 

Bucaniers  of  America  (London,  1684),  p.  59. 

2.  A  pirate;  a  freebooter;  especially,  one  of 
the  piratical  adventurers,  chiefly  French  and 
British,  who  combined  to  make  depredations 
on  the  Spaniards  in  America  in  the  second  half 
of  the  seventeenth  century :  so  called  because 
the  fii'st  of  the  class  were  Frenchmen  driven 
from  their  business  of  bucaning  by  the  Spanish 
authorities  of  Hispaniola. 

He  [Warren  Hastings]  was  far  too  enlightened  a  man  to 
look  on  a  great  empire  merely  as  a  buccayiier  would  look 
on  a  galleon.  Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

Also  spelled  bucanier,  buccanier. 


703 

bucaneer,  buccaneer  (buk-a-ner'),  v.  i.  [<  buc- 
aneer, To  act  the  part'of  a  pirate  or  free- 
booter.   Quarterly  Rev. 

The  irreverent  buccaneering  bee 
Hath  stormed  and  rifled  the  nunnery  of  the  lily. 

Lowell,  Al  Fresco. 

bucaneerish,  buccaneerish  (buk-a-ner'ish),  a. 

[<  bucaneer  +  -Ml.]    Kesembling'a  bucaneer. 

By  moonlight  we  are  creeping  under  the  frowning  cliffs 
of  Aboofeyda,  and  voyage  all  night  in  a  buccaneerish  fasli- 
lon.  C.  D.  Warner,  Winter  on  the  Nile,  p.  414. 

bucaro  (bo'ka-ro),  n.  [Sp.  bucaro,  a  vessel 
made  of  an  odoriferous  earth  of  the  same  name, 
>  Pg.  bucaro,  a  sort  of  earth.]  An  earthen- 
ware water-jar  used  in  Spain  and  Portugal. 
Those  made  in  Estremadura,  of  light-reddisli 
clay,  are  especially  esteemed, 
bucca  (buk'a),  n. ;  pi.  buccw  (-se).  [L. ;  hence 
bocca,  boucJie,  buckle^,  buckler,  etc.]  In  anat., 
the  hollow  part  of  the  cheek  which  projects 
when  the  cheeks  are  inflated;  also,  the  entire 
cheek,  and  hence  the  mouth  as  a  whole,  with 
reference  to  its  cavity  and  all  the  surrounding 
parts. 

buccal  (buk'al),  a.  [<  bucca  +  -al;  =  F.  buccal.^ 
1.  Pertaining  to  the  bucca  or  cheek. — 2.  Per- 
taining to  the  sides  of  the  mouth,  or  to  the  mouth 
or  mouth-parts  as  a  whole;  oral;  maxillary.— 

Buccal  artery,  a  l)ranch  of  tlie  internal  maxillaiy  artery- 

—Buccal  cavity,  the  cavity  of  the  mouth.— Buccal  fun- 
nel, lu  Rotifera.  See  ?nas«ax.— Buccal  ganglia  in  Mol- 
lusca,  ganglia  which  give  off  nerves  to  the  mouth  and  ali- 
mentary canal.  They  are  connected  with  the  cerebral 
ganglia  by  a  pair  of  nerves  along  the  esophagus.— Buccal 
glands.  See  gland.— Buccal  mass,  in  Moilusca,  the  so- 
called  pharynx,  the  organ  of  prehension  and  mastication 
of  food,  present  in  all  mollusks  except  lamellibrauchs.  See 
cut  under  Dibranchiata.—  -BviCC&l  nerve,  (a)  A  branch 
of  the  facial  nerve  which  supplies  the  l)Uccinatorand  orbi- 
cularis oris  muscles.  (6)  A  branch  of  the  inferior  maxillary 
nerve  supplying  the  integument  and  mucous  membrane  of 
the  cheek.— Buccal  openings  or  fissures,  in  Coleoptera. 
posterior  prolongations  of  the  mouth-cavity,  on  each  side  of 
the  mentum.— Buccal  sutures,  in  Coleoptera,  impressed 
lines  originating  in  the  buccal  Assures  or  corners  of  the 
mouth,  running  backward,  and  often  coalescing  behind. 
Also  called  gular  sutures.— Buccal  vein,  a  vein  of  the 
cheek  emptying  into  the  facial  vein. 

buccan,  buccaneer,  buccaneerish.  See  bucan, 

bucaneer,  bucaneerish. 
buccate  (buk'at),  a.    [<  NL.  buccatus,  <  L.  buc- 
ca, the  cheek  distended.]    In  entom.,  having 
distended  gense,  or  cheeks,  as  certain  Diptera. 
buccellationt  (buk-se-la'shon),  n.    [<  L.  bucccl- 
la,  a  small  mouthful,  small  bread  divided  among 
the  poor  (cf.  huccellatum,  a  soldier's  biscuit), 
dim.  of  bucca,  the  cheek,  mouth:  see  bucca.] 
The  act  of  breakmg  into  small  pieces.  Harris. 
bucchero  (bok-ka'ro),  n.    [It.]    In  archwol.,  a 
kind  of  ancient  Tuscan  pottery  of  a  imiform 
black  color,  and  neither  glazed  nor  painted. 
Vases  in  this  ware  are  of  two  classes :  those  scantily  orna- 
mented with  designs  in  low  relief,  impressed  upon  the 
clay  by  the  rotation  of  an  engraved  cylinder ;  and  those 
of  later  date,  profusely  ornamented  with  reliefs  from  inde- 
pendent stamps,  and  with  figures  molded  separately  ami 
applied  to  the  surface.    This  ware  is  peculiar  to  Tuscany 
and  is  found  particularly  in  the  tombs  of  Vulci,  Chiusi, 
and  the  neighboring  region.    Often  called  bucchero  nero 
(black  bucchero). 
buccin  (buk'sin),  n.    Same  as  buccina. 
buccina  (buk'si-nii),  n.;  pi.  buccincB(-ne).  [L., 
prop,  bucina,  a  (crooked)  trumpet  (>prob.  Gr. 
(ivKavTj  (in  deriv.  sometimes  jiovK-),  a  trumpet), 
prob.,  for  *bovicina,  <  bos  (bov-),  an  ox,  cow, 
+  canere,  sing,  play;  orig.  a  cow's  horn.]  An 
ancient  musical  instmment  of  the  trumpet  kind, 
originally  a  horn  of  an  ox  or  cow,  blown  by  a 
shepherd  to  assemble  his  flocks.    See  bussyne. 
buccinal  (buk'si-nal),  a.     [<  buccina  +  -«?.] 
1.  Shaped  like  a  trumpet. — 2.  Sotmding  like 
a  horn  or  trumpet, 
buccinator  (buk'si-na-tor),  n. ;  pi.  buccinatores 
(buk*si-na-t6'rez).    [L.','  prop,  bucinator,  <  buci- 
nare,  pp.  bUcinatus,  blow  a  trumpet,  <  bUcina, 
trumpet:  see  buccina.']    1.  In  anat,  the  trum- 
peter's muscle ;  a  thin  flat  muscle  forming  the 
wall  of  the  cheek,  assisting  in  mastication,  and 
also  in  blowing  wind-instruments  (whence  its 
name). —  2.  The  specific  name  of  the  trumpeter 
swan  of  North  America,  Cygnus  buccinator. — 
Buccinator  nerve,  the  buccal  nerve  of  the  inferior  max- 
illary. 

buccinatory  (buk'sia-a-to-ri),  a.  [<  buccinator 
+  -y.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  buccinator 
muscle. 


Bucellas 

ferent  limits  have  been  assigned.   By  the  older 

authors  representatives  of  various  other  modern  families 
were  associated  with  BiKcinum.  By  niodei  n  authora  it 
is  restricted  to  a  smaller  definite  gi-ouj),  defined  chiefly  by 
the  armature  of  the  mouth.  The  animal  has  a  lingual 
riblion  armed  witli  erect  cuspidate  median  teeth  and 
lateral  teeth,  surmounted  by  2  to  5  denticles,  of  which  the 
outermost  are  largest.  The  shell  is  represented  by  that 
known  as  the  wlielk.  The  typical  species  are  inhabi- 
tants of  the  cold  seas,  but  others  are  inhabitants  of  warm 
seas.    .See  cut  under  Jliirxinuin. 

bucciniform  (buk-sin'i-form),  a.  [<  Buccinum 
+  L.  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form  or  ap- 
pearance of  a  buccinoid  whelk. 
Buccininae  (buk-si-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bucci- 
nuni  -t-  -inai.]  A  subfamily  of  buccinoid  gas- 
tropodous  mollusks.  See  Buccinidw. 
buccinoid  (buk'si-uoid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Buccinum 
+ -oid.]  I.  a.  Eesembling  mollusks  of  the  ge- 
nus Buccinum;  shaped  like  a  whelk. 

II.  V.  A  member  of  the  family  Buccinidw. 
Buccinoida  (buk-si-noi'dii),  ji.       [NL.]  Same 

as  Buccinoides. 
Buccinoi'des  (buk-si-no-ed'),  n.  pd.  [F.]  The 
name  of  Cuvier's  third  family  of  pectinibran- 
chiate  gastropods,  sometimes  Latinized  as  Buc- 
cinoida.  The  group  includes,  but  is  more  exten- 
sive than,  the  modern  family  Buccinida:. 
buccinopsid  (buk-si-nop'sid),  n.    A  gastropod 

of  the  family  Buccinopsida;. 
Buccinopsidse  (buk-si-nop'si-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Buccinopsis  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  rhaehi- 
glossate  gastropods,  typified  by  the  genus  Buc- 
cinopsis. The  animal  has  an  elongated  lingual  ribbon 
with  thin  unarmed  median  teeth  and  unicnspid  versatile 
lateral  teeth.    The  shell  is  like  that  of  a  whelk. 

Buccinopsis  (buk-si-nop'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Bucci- 
n  um  +  Gr.  bTjiig,  appearance.]  A  genus  of  gastro- 
pods with  shells  like  those  of  the  genus  Bucci- 
num,_  typical  of  the  family  Buccinopsida;. 
Buccinum  (buk'si-num),  n.  [L.,  proj).  bucinum, 
a  shell-fish  used  in  dyeing  purple,  <  bucina,  a 
triimpet.]  The  typical 
genus  of  mollusks  of  the 
family   Buccinidw.  By 


Common  Whelk  iBru 
unUatum). 


The  buccinatory  muscles  along  his  cheeks. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iii.  6. 


buccinid  (buk'si-nid),  n.  A  gastropod  of  the 
family  Buccinidw ;  a  whelk. 
Buccinidse  (buk-sin'i-de),  n.  2)1.  [NL.,  <  Buc- 
cinum +  -idw.]  A  family  of  rhachiglossate 
prosobranchiate  gastropodous  mollusks,  typi- 
fied by  the  genus  Buccinum,  to  which  very  dif- 


the  old  authors  numerous 
and  very  heterogeneous  spe- 
cies were  combined  in  it,  but 
Ijy  modern  systematists  it  is 
restricted  to  the  whelks,  o" 
which  B.  undatmn  is  a  typi 
eal  example. 

Bucco(buk'6),?i.  [NL., 

<  L.  bucco,  a  babbler, 
blockhead,  fool,  lit. 
one  who  has  distended 
cheeks,  <  bucca,  cheek.] 
In  ornith.,  a  generic 
name  variously  used. 
(«)  By  Brisson  (1760)  applied 
to  a  genus  of  birds  contain- 
ing an  American  species  of 
the  modern  family  Bucconi- 
d(B  and  two  species  of  Capita- 
nidce.  (b)  By  Linnajus  (1766) 

used  for  a  genus  of  birds,  containing  one  American  species 
of  Biicconidce,  erroneously  attributed  to  Africa,  (c)  Ap- 
plied to  a  genus  of  birds,  containing  a  heterogeneous 
lot  of  species  composing  the  two  families  Bueconidce  and 
Capitomdm.  (d)  TransfeiTed  by  Temminck  (1820)  to  the 
Cajiitoindce,  or  scansorial  barbets.  (c)  Restored  by  Gray 
(1846)  to  the  American  barbacous,  and  used  by  nearly  all 
subsequent  ornithologists  as  the  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Bueconidce,  or  putf-birds.  About  15  species  are 
known,  all  from  South  and  Central  America,  having  a 
stout,  turgid  bill,  broad  at  the  base  and  somewhat  hooked 
at  the  end,  with  basal  nostrils,  rictal  vibrissfe,  short  round- 
ed wings,  moderate  rounded  tail  of  12  reetrices,  and  zygo- 
dactyl  feet,  with  the  third  toe  longest.  B.  collari^  h 
reddish-brown,  with  a  black  collar ;  the  other  species  are 
mostly  pied  with  black  and  white,  or  others  ise  variegated. 

buccolabial  (buk-6-la'bi-al),  a.  Pertaiuing  to 
the  cheek  and  lip. -Buccolabial  nerve,  the  buccal 

branch  of  the  inferior  maxillary  nerve  :  sometimes  restrict- 
ed to  its  terminal  branch.  —  Superior  buccolabial 
nerve,  the  buccal  branch  of  the  facial  nerve. 
Bucconidse  (bu-kon'i-de),  n.  j>l.  [NL.,  <  Buc- 
co{n-)  +  -idee]  The  puff-birds ;  the  fissirostral 
zygodactyl  barbets;  the  barbacous;  a  family 
of  picarian  birds  related  to  the  jacamars,  or 

Galbulidm.  They  have  a  large,  heavy  head  and  bill, 
prominent  rictal  vibrissa;,  short  rounded  wings  and  tail, 
the  toes  yoked  in  pairs,  tarsi  scutellate  and  reticulate,  no 
aftershafts,  nude  oil-gland,  10  primaries,  12  reetrices,  oper- 
culate  nostrils,  and  eyelashes.  The  family  is  small  and 
compact,  and  confined  to  America,  where  it  is  represented 
by  about  43  species  of  the  7  genera  Bvcco,  Malacoptlla, 
Micromonacha,  X^onnula,  IJapaloptila,  Monadia  (or  Mo. 
nasa),  and  Chelidoptera.  The  name  was  formerh'  indefi- 
nitely applied  to  different  groups  of  birds  represented  by 
the  genera  Capita,  Megala'ina,  ;tc.,  as  well  as  Bucco. 
buccula  (buk'u-la),  n.  •  pi.  buccuhe  (-le).  [L.. 
dim.  of  bucca,  tlie  cheek  or  puffed-out  mouth. 
Cf.  buckle^.]  In  anat.,  the  flesliv  part  under 
the  chin. 

Bucellas  (bti-sd'as),  n.  A  Portuguese  wine  for- 
merly much  exported  to  England.  It  is  made 
near  Lisbon. 


Bu  ceph  alus  poly  n 
Phus,  magnified, 
suckers ; 


■bucentaur 

bucentaUT  (bu-sen'tar),  n.  [=  F.  hucentaure 
=  It.  bucentorio,  bucentoro,  <  G-r.  povc,  ox,  + 
KevTavpog,  centaur.]  1.  A  mythical  monster, 
half  man  and  half  bull ;  a  centaur  with  the  body 
of  a  bull  in  place  of  that  of  a  horse. —  2.  [ca/).] 
The  state  barge  of  Venice,  in  which  the  doge 
and  senate  annually  on  Ascension  day  per- 
formed the  ceremonial  marriage  of  the  state 
with  the  Adriatic,  symbolic  of  the  commercial 
power  of  the  republic. 

The  spouseless  Adriatic  mourns  her  lord, 

An  annual  inan  iage  now  no  more  renewed ; 
The  Bucentaur  lies  rutting  unrestored, 
Neglected  garment  of  her  widowhood. 

Bijron,  Childe  Harold,  iv.  93. 

Bucephala  (bu-sef'a-la),  «.  [NL.,  fem.  of  6m- 
cephalus,  <  Gr.  jiovKE<pa'Aog,  ox-headed:  see  Bu- 
cephalus.'] A  genus  of  ducks,  of  the  subfamily 
FuliguUna;,  based  by  Baird  in  1858  upon  the 
bufiie-headed  duck  of  North  America  {Anas 
albeola  of  Linnaeus,  FuUgula  albeola  of  authors 
in  general,  now  Bucephala  albeola),  including 
also  the  gaiTots,  called  by  him  Bucephala  ame- 
ricana  and  B.  islandica.    See  buffle^. 

Bucephalus  (bu-sef'a-lus),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  (iov- 
Kk<pa'Aog,  ox-headed,  <  /ioif,  ox,  +  ne^aXi],  head. 
Cf.  L.  Bucephalus,  Bucepha- 
la, also  Bucephalus,  <  Gr.  Bov- 
Af^d/laf,  the  name  of  the  cele- 
brated war-horse  of  Alexan- 
der the  Great.]  1.  The  cer- 
earian  larval  stage  of  certain 
flukes,  or  Trematoda,  named 
ttuder  the  supposition  that  it 
was  a  distinct  animal.  Buce- 
phalus polymorphus,  a  parasite  of 
the  fresh-water  mussel,  whose  spo- 
rocysts  sometimes  fill  all  the  inter- 
spaces of  the  viscera  of  the  mus- 
sel, is  supposed  to  develop  into  the 
trematode  genus  Oasterostomum,  a 
parasite  of  fresh-water  fishes. 
2.  In  herpet.,  a  genus  of  Afri- 
can snakes,  of  the  family  Den- 
dropUdce,  as  the  Bucephalus  daTIppe'n'2ig«'f'""' 
capensis. — 3.  [I.e.']  A  snake  of 
this  genus:  as,  "the  Cape  bucephalus,"  Sclater. 

Buceridae  (bii-ser'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  short  for 
Bucerotidce.]   Same  as  Bucerotidce. 

Buceroides  (bii-se-roi'dez),  n.  j)l.  [NL.,  <  Bu- 
ceros  +  -aides.  ]  In  Blji;h's  classification  of  birds 
(1849),  a  division  of  Syndactrjli,  including  the 
hornbills  and  hoopoes,  or  Bucerotidw  and  Upu- 
pid(B,  respectively  also  called  Appcndirostres 
and  Arculirostres :  distiaguished  from  Ralcy- 
oides  (which  see). 

Bucerontidae  (bii-se-ron'ti-de),  n.pl.  Improper 
form  of  Bucerotidw. 

BucerOS  (bii'se-ros),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr,  pohKepuq, 
[iovKcpaog,  horned  like  an  ox,  <  (iovq,  ox  (see 
Bos),  +  Kcpa^,  horn.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Bucerotidce.  it  was  formerly  coextensive  with 
the  family,  but  is  now  variously  restricted. 

Bucerotidse  (bii-se-rot'i-de),  n.  pi.   [NL.,  <  Bu- 

ceros  {-rot-)  +  -id(e.]  The  hornbills ;  a  family  of 
non-passerine  insessorial  birds  of  the  warmer 
parts  of  the  old  world,  having  a  huge  bill,  sur- 
mounted by  a  boss,  casque,  or  horn,  in  some 
cases  as  large  as  the  bill  itself.  The  technical 
characters  are  a  highly  pneumatic  skeleton,  peculiar 
pterylosis,  no  aftershafts,  hairy  eyelashes,  10  rectrices, 
tufted  eliBodochon,  no  caeca,  a  gall-bladder,  and  sympel- 
mous  syndactylous  feet.  About  50  species  are  described, 
distributed  in  about  20  modern  genera.  See  hornbill. 
Also  called  Buceridae,  Bucerontidoe. 

Buchanite  (buk'an-it),  n.  [<  Buchan  (see  def.) 
+  -ite'^.]  One  of  a  sect  which  arose  in  1783,  in 
the  Relief  Congregation  at  Irvine,  Scotland, 
under  the  leadership  of  a  Mrs.  (more  commonly 
known  as  Lucky)  Buchan.  she  declared  herself  to 
be  the  woman  of  Rev.  xii.,  and  Mr.  White,  the  pastor 
of  the  congregation  to  which  she  belonged,  her  "man- 
child  " ;  and  she  taught  her  followers  that  they  would  be 
translated  to  heaven  without  tasting  of  death.  The  sect 
was  always  small,  and  is  now  extinct. 

bucholzite  (bo'kolt-sit),  n.  [Named  after  the 
chemist  Buchholz  (1770-1818).]  A  variety  of 
fibr  elite. 

buchu  (bii'kii),  n.  [A  native  name;  also  spell- 
ed buclcu.]  The  leaves  of  several  species  of 
Barosma,  shrubby  plants  at  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  having  an  aromatic  taste  and  penetrat- 
ing odor,  and  extensively  used  in  medicine  for 
various  disorders  of  the  stomach  and  urinary 
organs.    See  Barosma. 

bucki  (buk),  n.  [<  ME.  buh,  bucke,  buJcTce,  a 
male  deer ;  also,  as  orig. ,  a  he-goat ;  <  AS.  bucca, 
a  he-goat  (AS.  gat,  >  E.  goat,  is  a  she-goat ;  cf. 
gdt-bucca,  a  he-goat ;  cf .  AS.  hcefer  =  L.  caper,  a 
he-goat ;  Gr.  Kairpog,  a  boar) ;  buc  (rare),  a  male 
deer,  =  OS.  bulc,  a  he-goat,  =  Fries,  bok  =  D.  bok 
=  OHG.  boch,  MHG.  boc,  G.  bock  =  leel.  bukkr, 


704 

also  bokkr  and  bokki,  =  Sw.  bock  =  Dan.  buk,  he- 
goat,  ram,  buck  (deer).  Cf.  Skt.  bukka  (Hind. 
bok,  boka),  Zend  biiM,  a  goat.  Hence  (from 
Tent.)  F.  bouc,  OF.  boc  (whence  ult.  E.  butcher, 
q.  V.)  r=  Pr.  boc  =  Cat.  boc  =  Sp.  dial,  boque, 
OSp.  buco  =z  It.  bccco  (ML.  buccus)  =  W.  bwch 
=  Gael,  boc  =  Ir.  boc,  poc  ~  Com.  byk  =  Bret. 
buch,  boiich,  a  he-goat.]    1.  A  he-goat. 

As  of  aticchen  [kid]  .  .  .  kumeth  a  stinkinde  got[goat], 
other  [or]  a  buche.  Ancren  Biivle,  p.  100. 

Wher  [whether]  I  sal  ete  bules  flesche 
Or  drinke  the  blode  of  biickes  nesche  ? 

Ps.  xlix.  (1.)  13  (Mid.  Eng.  version). 

2.  The  male  of  the  deer,  the  antelope,  the  rab- 
bit, or  the  hare :  often  used  specifically  of  the 
male  of  the  fallow-deer ;  a  roebuck. —  3.  A  gay 
or  fashionable  man ;  a  fop ;  a  blood ;  a  dandy. 

He  had  brilliant  underwaistcoats,  any  one  of  which 
would  have  set  up  a  moderate  buck.  Thackeray. 

A  whole  class  of  young  bucks  of  the  lower  order  —  "Ar- 
rys"  is  the  British  term — get  themselves  up  in  the  closest 
allowable  imitation  of  bull-fighters. 

Lathrop,  Spanish  Vistas,  p.  26. 

4.  A  male  Indian.  [U.  S.]  —  5.  A  male  negro. 
[U.  S.]— 6t.  The  mark  of  a  cuckold. 

Buck?  I  would  I  could  wash  myself  of  the  buck! 

S/iaJ:.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  lii.  3. 
Great  buck,  a  roebuck  in  its  sixth  year  or  older. — To 
blow  the  buck's  homt,  to  lose  one's  trouble ;  go  whistle. 
She  loveth  so  this  heende  Nicholas 
That  Absolon  may  bloive  the  bukkes  horn. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  201. 

buckl  (buk),  V.  i.  [<  6^<c^■l,  n.  Cf.  MHG.  bocken, 
butt  like  a  goat,  also  as  G.  bocken,  smeU  like  a 
goat,  also  buck.  Cf.  buck"^  and  buck^.]  1.  To 
copiilate,  as  bucks  and  does. —  2.  To  butt:  a 
sense  referred  also  to  buck^  (which  see). 

buck^  (buk),  V.  [Prob.  of  dial,  origin,  not  be- 
ing recorded  in  literature  until  recently ;  prob., 
like  the  related  buckle^,  of  LG.  origin :  cf .  MD. 
bucken,  bocken,  bend,  D.  bukken,  bow,  stoop, 
submit,  yield,  =  MLG.  bucken,  LG.  bukken  = 
MHG.  bucken,  bucken,  G.  bucken,  bend  (cf. 
MHG.  bocken,  sink  dowTi,  tr.  lay  down),  =  Sw. 
bucka  =  Norw.  bukka  =  Dan.  bukke,  bow;  a 
secondary  verb  from  D.  buigen,  G.  biegen,  etc., 
=  AS.  biigan,  E.  bow'^,  bend.  Buck^  is  thus  for- 
mally a  secondary  form  of  bow^,  dial,  bug^,  bend 
(cf.  buxom  =  bucksome,  of  the  same  origin),  hav- 
ing as  its  freq.  form  buckle^.  In  the  2d  and 
3d  senses  the  verb  might  be  referred  to  buck^, 
a  goat,  as  caper'^  to  L.  caper,  a  goat.  Cf.  G. 
bocken,  naut.,  heave  up  and  down,  pitch;  of  a 
horse,  bend  down  the  neck  and  fling  out  be- 
hind, usually  referred  to  bock,  a  goat.]  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  bend;  buckle.  [U.S.] 

To  buck,  meaning  to  bend,  is  a  common  word  in  the 
South.  The  American,  VI.  237. 

2.  To  spring  lightly.  Halliivell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
— 3.  To  make  a  violent  effort  to  throw  off  a 
rider  or  pack,  by  means  of  rapid  plunging 
jumps  performed  by  springing  into  the  air,  arch- 
ing the  back,  and  coming  down  with  the  fore 
legs  perfectly  stiff,  the  head  being  commonly 
held  as  low  as  pos- 
sible :  said  of  a 
horse  or  a  mule. 
—4.  To  "kick"; 
make  obstinate  re- 
sistance or  objec- 
tion: as,  to  buck 
at  improvements. 
[Colloq.,  U.  S.] 

II.  trans.  1.  To 
pimish  by  tying 
the  wrists  toge- 
ther, passing  the 
arms  over  the  bent 
knees,  and  put- 
ting a  stick  across 
the  arms  and  in 
the  angle  formed 
by  the  knees.  [U. 
S.]  —  2.  To  throw,  or  attempt  to  throw  (a  rider), 
by  bucking:  as,  the  bronco  bucked  him  olf. 
[U.  S.] 

buck^  (buk),  n.  [<  buck^,  v.]  A  violent  effort 
of  a  horse  or  mule  to  rid  itself  of  its  rider  or 
burden ;  the  act  of  bucking. 

buck^  (bnk),  V.  t.  [=  Sc.  bouk,  <  ME.  bouken, 
wash  or  steep  in  lye  (not  in  AS.),  =  MD.  bui- 
ken  =  MLG.  buken,  L(jr.  buken  =  MHG.  buchen, 
beuchen,  G.  bauchen  =  Sw.  byka  =  Dan.  byge; 
cf.  Bret,  buga  =  OF.  buer  =  Sp.  *bugar  =  It. 
bucare  (Florio),  wash  in  lye  (>  F.  buee,  Sp.  bu- 
gada.  It.  bucata  (obs.),  bucato,  washing  in  lye), 
<  ML.  *bucare,  prob.  laorrowed  from  Tent.  Cf. 
Gael.  Ir.  buac,  dung  used  in  bleaching,  the  liquor 


Bucking  Bronco. 


bucked 

in  which  cloth  is  washed,  bleached  linen  cloth, 
Unen  in  an  early  stage  of  bleaching  (cf.  Ir.  6m- 
acar,  cow-dung),  <  Gael.  Ir.  bo  =  W.  buw,  a  cow, 
=  E.  cow'^,  q.  V.  But  the  connection  of  these 
Celtic  forms  with  the  Teut.  is  doubtful.]  To 
soak  or  steep  (clothes)  in  lye,  as  in  bleaching ; 
wash  in  lye  or  suds ;  clean  by  washing  and 
beating  with  a  bat. 

bucks  (buk),  w.  [=  Sc.  bouk:  see  buckS,  v.]  1. 
Lye  in  which  clothes  are  soaked  in  the  opera- 
tion of  bleaching ;  the  liquor  in  which  clothes 
are  washed. — 2t.  The  cloth  or  clothes  soaked 
or  washed  in  lye  or  suds ;  a  wash. 

Of  late,  not  able  to  travel  with  her  furred  pack,  she 
washes  bucks  here  at  home.         Shak.,  2  Hen.  YI.,  iv.  2. 
Well,  I  will  in  and  cry  too  ;  never  leave 
Crying  until  our  maids  may  drive  a  buck 
With  my  salt  tears  at  the  next  washing-day. 

B.  Jonson,  Tale  of  a  Tift,  ill.  5. 
If  I  were  to  beat  a  buck,  I  can  strike  no  harder. 

Massinger,  Virgin-Martyr,  iv.  2. 

buck*  (buk),  V.  t.  [E.  dial.,  not  foimd  in  ME. ; 
=  MD.  boken,  booken  =  MLG.  boken  (LG.  freq. 
bokern)  =  MHG.  bochen,  puchen,  G.  pochen  = 
Sw.  boka  =  Norw.  bwka  =  Dan.  dial,  boge,  Dan. 
pukke,  beat,  knock,  strike,  stamp,  as  ore,  etc. : 
cf.  D.  poken,  poke,  =  ME.  poken,  pukken,  E. 
poke :  see  jjoke^.  The  3d  and  4th  senses  touch 
upon  those  of  buck^  and  buck'^.]  1.  To  beat. 
Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 2.  In  mining  and  ore- 
dressing,  to  break  into  small  pieces  for  jigging. 
The  tool  with  which  this  is  done  is  called  a  bucking-iron, 
and  the  support  on  which  the  ore  is  placed  to  be  thus 
treated  a  bucking -plate. 

3.  To  push;  thrust.  Jamieson.  [Scotch.] — 4. 
To  strike  with  the  head ;  butt.    [U.  S.] 
buck^  (buk),  n.    [E.  dial.,  prob.  a  var.  of  bouk, 

<  ME.  bouk,  the  trunk,  body,  belly,  <  AS.  bOc, 
the  belly:  see  bouk^.]  1.  The  breast.— 2,  The 
body  of  a  wagon.  Halliwell. 

buck^  (buk),  n.  [Perhaps  a  particular  use  of 
6mcA;1;  cf.  similar  uses  of  E.  horse,  F.  cheval, 
and  D.  ezel,  an  ass,  an  easel,  >  E.  easel.]  A 
frame.  Specifically— (a)  A  frame  composed  of  two  X- 
shaped  ends  joined  at  the  middle  by  a  bar,  on  which  to 
saw  wood  for  fuel.  Also  called  sawbuck  and  sawhorse. 
[U.  S.]  (6)  A  frame  or  table  on  which  leather  is  laid 
while  being  glazed. 

buck^  (buk),  n.  [Sc.,  <  ME.  buk  (in  comp.),  *bok, 

<  AS.  boc,  beech,  commonly  in  deriv.  bece,  E. 
beech :  see  beech^  and  book.]  The  beech :  a  dia- 
lectal word  used  in  literary  English  only  in  the 
compounds  buck-mast  and  buckivheat ;  also  in 
dialectal  buck-log. 

buck^  (buk),  n.  [An  abbr.  of  buckpot,  q.  v.] 
An  earthenware  pot  made  of  clay  found  in  some 
parts  of  British  Guiana.    Also  called  buckpot. 

buck^  (buk),  V.  i.  [Appar.  imitative ;  >but  cf. 
bock,  boke^,  belch.]  To  make  a  noise  in  swal- 
lowing; gulp.  [Shetland.] 

buck^  (buk),  11.  [<  buck^,  v.]  A  hollow  sound 
which  a  stone  makes  when  thrown  into  the 
water  from  a  height.  [Shetland.] 

buck^''  (buk),  n.  [Cf.  Corn,  buchar,  sour  milk.] 
1.  A  kind  of  minute  fungus  (as  supposed)  in- 
festing ill-kept  dairies.  [Cornwall.] — 2.  The 
spittle-fly.  [Cornwall.] 

buck-ague  (buk'a"gii),  n.    Same  as  buck-fever. 

buck-and-ball  (buk'and-bal'),  w.  A  cartridge 
for  smooth-bore  firearms  containing  a  spherical 
bullet  and  three  buck-shot :  now  little  used. 

buckayro  (bu-ka''r6),  n.  Same  as  bucker^. 
[Western  U.  S.] 

buck-basket  (buk'bas"ket),  n.  A  basket  in 
which  clothes  are  carried  to  the  wash. 

They  conveyed  me  into  a  buck-basket;  .  .  .  rammed  me 
in  with  foul  shirts  and  smocks,  socks,  foul  stockings, 
greasy  napkins.  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  5. 

buck-bean  (buk'ben),  n.    Same  as  bog-bean. 
buckboard  (buk'bord),  n.    [<  buck  (appar.  as 

in  buck-ivagon,  q.  v.)  +  board;  but  commonly 

understood  as 

<  buck^,  bend, 
bounce,  + 
board.]  A  four- 
wheeled  car- 
riage in  which 
a  long  elastic 

board  or  frame  ucKuoinu 
is  used  in  place  duckuooiu. 
of  body,  springs,  and  gear,  it  has  one  or  more 

seats.  The  board  is  fastened  directly  to  the  rear  axle  at 
one  end  and  to  the  bolster  of  the  fore  axle  at  the  other 
end,  or  is  used  in  connection  with  a  side-bar  gear.  Also 
called  buck-waqon. 

bucked  (buirt  or  buk'ed),  a.  [E.  dial.,  also 
buckard;  explained  by  Grose  as  "soured  by 
keeping  too  long  in  the  milk  bucket,  or  by  a 
foul  bucket" ;  but  appar.  <  buck^o  +  -ed.]  Sour; 
turned  sour,  as  milk;  rancid.    [Prov.  Eng.] 


bucker 

buckerl  (buk'er),  n.    [<  Mck'^  +  -erl.]    1.  A 
horse  that  bucks. — 2.  A  bent  piece  of  wood, 
especially  that  on  which  a  slaughtered  animal 
is  suspended.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 3.  A  horse's  hind 
leg.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
bucker2  (bult'er),  n.  [=MLG.  iofe;-,  akaocker; 
ihiicki  +  -«•!.]  hxminiiKj:  («)  One  who  bucks 
or  bruises  ore.    {h)  A  flat  broad-headed  ham- 
mer used  in  bucking  ore. 
bucker^  (buk'er),  n.    [Abbr.  of  huckayro,  an 
aceom.,  simulating  huckeA,  of  Sp.  vaqucro,  a 
cowherd:  see  i'agj/ero.]    A  cowboy.    T.  Roose- 
velt.   [Western  U.  S.] 
bucket  (buk'et),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bocket, 
<  JIE.  boket,  bokctte,  bokat,  of  uncertain  origin, 
perhaps  Celtic,  <  Ir.  huicead  =  Gael,  bucaid,  a 
bucket,  =Corn.  ?ji(A-e^,  atub  (Diefenbach),  which 
forms,  if  not  from  E.,  are  connected  with  Ir. 
,    buicead,  a  knob,  boss,  Gael,  biicaid,  a  pustide,  < 
Ix.  bocaim,  I  swell,  =  Gael,  boc,  swell;  less  prob. 
connected  with  AS.  btic  (or  buc),  a  pitcher,  jug 
(L.  lagena,  hydria).    Cf.  E.  boak,  dial,  a  pail.] 
1.  A  vessel  for  drawing  up  water,  as  from  a 
well;  a  pail  or  open  vessel  of  wood,  leather, 
metal,  or  other  material,  for  carrying  water  or 
other  liquid. —  2.  A  vane,  float,  or  box  on  a 
water-wheel -against  which  the  water  impinges, 
or  into  which  it  falls,  in  turning  the  wheel. — 
3.  The  scoop  of  a  dredging-maehine,  a  grain- 
olevator,  etc. — 4.  The  float  of  a  paddle-wheel. 
—  5.  The  piston  of  a  lifting-pimap. —  6.  As  much 

a,s  a  bucket  holds ;  half  a  bushel  Air-pump 

bucket.  See  aic-ziuoij?.— Dumping-bucket,  a  siniaie 
box  with  a  drop-bottoiu,  used  in  mining.— 'To  kick  the 
bucket,  to  die.  [Slang.) 

"fine  him  a  pot,"  roared  one,  "for  talking  about /-/cfa'njr 
the  bucket ;  he's  a  nice  young  man  to  Iceep  a  cove's  spirits 
up,  and  tails  about  '  a  short  life  and  a  merry  one.'" 

Kingsley,  Alton  Locke,  ii. 
Ventilated  bucket,  a  bucket  in  a  water-wheel  having 
provision  for  the  escape  of  the  air  carried  into  it  by  the 
water. 

bucket  (buk'et),  v.  [<  bucket,  w.]  I.  intrans.  1. 
To  dip  up  water  with  a  bucket ;  use  a  bucket. 

Like  Danaides'  Sieve-like  Tub  is  filling  ever, 
But  never  full  for  all  their  bucketing. 

Sylvester,  Memorials  of  Mortalitie,  st.  23. 

2.  [In  allusion  to  the  rapid  motion  of  a  bucket 
in  a  well.]    To  move  fast.  [Slang.] 

He  sprang  into  the  saddle  smiling,  because  the  visit 
was  over,  and  bucketed  back  at  a  hand-gallop.  Dickens, 

II,  trans.  To  pour  water  upon  with  a  bucket. 

Wo  be  to  him  whose  head  is  bucketed  with  waters  of  a 
scalding  bath.    Bp.  Hacket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  ii.  194. 

tucket-engine  (buk'et-en"jin),  n.  An  appli- 
cation of  the  principle  of  the  water-wheel,  con- 
sisting of  a  series  of  buckets  attached  to  an 
■endless  chain  which  runs  over  a  pair  of  sprock- 
•et-wheels,  from  either  one  or  both  of  which 
power  may  be  obtained :  designed  to  utilize  a 
stream  of  water  which  has  a  considerable  fall, 
but  is  limited  in  quantity.    E.  H.  Knight. 

bucketful  (buk'et-ful),  n.  [<  bucket  +  -/«?.] 
As  much  as  a  bucket  will  hold. 

bucket-lift  (buk'et-lift),  n.  In  mach.,  a  set  of 
iron  pipes  attached  to  a  lifting-pump,  as  of  a 
mine. 

T)Ucket-pitch  (buk'et-pich),  n.  In  an  overshot 
water-wheel,  a  circular  bjie  passing  through 
the  elbows  of  the  buckets, 
■bucket-rod  (buk'et-rod),  n.    In  much.,  one  of 


705 

appearance  of  the  naked  seed.]  1 .  An  Ameri- 
can name  for  the  different  species  of  horse- 
chestnut,  JEscidus,  native  to  the  United  States. 


Flowering  Branch  of  Fetid  Buckeye  i^sciihts  j^labra). 
li.  nut ;  b,  dehiscing  fruit. 
(From  Gray's  "  Genera  of  Plants  of  the  U.  S.") 

The  species  commonly  distinguished  are  the  sweet  buck- 
eye (jE.  Jlava),  the  Ohio  or  fetid  buckeye  '.fJ.  glabra),  aiui 
the  California  buckeye  (^.  Californica).  The  wood  is 
white,  soft,  and  spongy,  and  furnishes  splints  for  baskets, 
etc. 

The  buckeyes  were  putting  forth  their  twisted  horns  of 
blossom.  R.  L.  Stevenson,  Silverado  Squatters,  p.  54. 
2.  An  inhabitant  of  Ohio,  which  is  often  called 


buckle 

especially  applied  to  the  red  whelk,  Chryso- 
domiis  antifjuus,  also  called  the  roaring  buckie, 
from  the  sound  heard  when  it  is  held  to  the 
ear. —  2.  A  perverse,  refractory  person;  a  mis- 
chievous madcap. -Deevira  or  deil's  buckle,  (a) 

A  particular  species  of  that  kind  of  shells  called  buckies. 

(/;)  Same  as  buckie,  2.  liuijg. 

bucking'  (buk'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  buck^,  r.] 
The  act  of  copulating,  as  bucks  and  does. 

bucking-  (buk'ing),  (/.  [Verbal  n.  of  buclfi,  v.  ] 
A  vice  peculiar  to  the  horses  of  Mexico,  Texas, 
and  the  western  American  plains,  of  Spanish 
descent,  and  to  mules.    See  buck'^,  v. 

bucking^  (buk'ing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  buck^,  v.'] 
Given  to  bucking ;  addicted  to  the  practice  of 
bucking:  as,  a  bucking  horse. 

bucking=^  (buk'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  buck^,  v. 
Also  wi-itten  bowking.']  The  act  or  process  of 
steeping  or  soaking  in  lye  or  caustic  soda,  as 
in  bleaching  cotton  thread,  etc. 

The  boiling  (also  called  "  bowking"  or  "  bucking")  with 
caustic  soda  solution  takes  place  in  large  iron  boilers  or 
"kiers." 

J.  J.  Hummel,  The  Dyeing  of  Textile  Fabrics,  p.  73. 

bucking^  (buk'ing),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  buck^, 
The  act  of  breaking  or  pidverizing  ore. 

Buckingham  lace.   Hee  lace. 

bucking-iron  (buk'ing-i'''eni),  n.  In  mining,  a 
tool  for  bucking  or  pulverizing  ore. 

bucking-kier  (buk'ing-ker),  n.  A  large  circu- 
lar boiler  or  kier  used  in  bleaching. 

bucking-plate  (buk'ing-plat),  «.  in  mining, 
an  iron  plate  on  which  the  ores  are  placed  in 
the  process  of  bucking. 

bucking-stool  (buk'ing-stol),  n.  A  washing- 
block. 

buckish  (buk'ish),  a.     [<  buckl,  3,  +  -i.sfei.] 

Pertaining  to  a  buck  or  gay  young  fellow; 
foppish. 

buckishness  (buk'ish-nes),  )i.  Foppishness;  the 
quality  or  condition  of  a  buck. 


the  Buckeye  State,  from  the  great  number  of  buckism  (buk'izm),  n.     [<  bucli^,  3,  4-  -ism.'\ 


horse-chestnuts  in  it.— 3.  A  flat-bottomed 
centerboard  schooner  of  small  size  (3  to  15 


Baltimore  Buckeye. 

tons),  decked  over,  and  with  a  cabin  aft,  used 
in  oyster-fishing  in  Chesapeake  Bay.  Also 
called  bugeye. 

The  buckeyes  ...  are  an  exaggeration  of  the  dugout 
canoe.  .  .  .  The  primitive  builder  bored  two  holes,  one  on 
each  side  of  the  stem,  through  which  to  pay  out  his  cables. 
These  were  simply  two  round  holes,  bored  with  a  large 
auger,  and,  when  the  boat  was  coming  head  on,  resembled 
to  the  fancy  of  the  negroes  the  eyes  of  a  buck. 

C.  P.  Kunhardt,  Small  Yachts,  p.  234. 


Spanish  buckeye,  U ngnadia  .ipeciosa,  a  tree  of  Texas 
and  Mexico,  nearly  related  to  jEsculus. 

the  wooden  rods  to  which  the  piston  of  a  lift-  buck-eyed  (birk'id),  a.  Having  a  bad  or  speckled 
ing-pump  is  attached.  eye  :  said  of  a  horse. 

Mcket-shop  (buk'et-shop),  n.  An  establish-  buck-fever  (buk'fe'ver),  n.  Nervous  agitation 
ment  conducted  nominally  for  the  transaction  of  a  himter  upon  the  approach  of  deer  or  other 
of  a  stock-exchange  business,  or  a  business  large  game.  Also  called  buck-ague. 
of  similar  character,  but  really  for  the  regis-  buckfinch  (birk'finch),  n.  [Cf.  Dan.  bogfinke.'] 
tration  of  bets  or  wagers,  usually  for  small  A  name  for  the  chaffinch,  FringiUa  caslebs. 
amounts,  on  the  rise  or  fall  of  the  prices  of  buckheading  (buk' hed"ing),  n.  Cutting  off 
stocks,  gi-ain,  oil,  etc.,  there  being  no  transfer    live  hedge-thorns,  fence-height.  Grose.  [North. 


or  delivery  of  the  stocks  or  commodities  nomi- 
nally dealt  in.    [U.  S.] 

"Puts  "  and  "calls"  and  bucket-shop  operations  are  gam- 
bling transactions,  and  should  be  treated  accordingly. 

The  Nation,  XXXVI.  354. 

bucket-valve  (buk'et-valv),  n.    In  a  steam-en- 
gine, the  valve  on  the  top  of  the 
air-pump  bucket.  E.  H.  En  igh  t. 

bucket-wheel  (buk'et- 'iwel),  n. 
A  machine  for  raising  water, 
consisting  of  a  wheel  over  which 
passes  a  rope  or  chain  carry- 
ing a  series  of  buckets  which 
dip  into  the  well  and  discharge 
at  the  surface.  In  other  forms 
the  buckets  are  fixed  to  the 
periphery  of  the  wheel. 

'buckeye  (buk'i),  n.    [<  ftwcP,  a 
deer,  -t-  eye;  in  allusion  to  the 
45 


Bucket-wheel 
Pump. 


Eng.] 

buckhorn  (buk'horn),  n.  [=  ODan.  Dan.  bukke- 
horn,  a  buck's  horn,  also  fenugi-eek.]  1.  The 
substance  of  the  horns  of  bucks  or  deer,  used 
in  making  knife-handles,  etc. — 2.  A  name  for 

the  club-moss,  Lycopodiuin  clavatum  Buckhorn 

brake.    See  bmkea. 

buckhorn-sight  (buk 'horn -sit),  n.  A  rifle- 
sight  which  has  a  brandling  projection  on 
each  side  of  the  sight-notch. 

buck-hound  (buk'hoimd),  n.  A  kind  of  hound, 
resembling  a  small  staghoimd,  used  for  hunting 
bucks. 

buckie,  bucky  (buk'i),  n.  [Sc.,  of  uncertain 
origin.  In  sense  1,  cf.  L.  buccinum,  prop. 
bucinum,  a  shell-fish  used  in  dyeing  purple  (see 
Buccinum);  also  OF.  bouquet,  ''a  great  prawn" 
(Cotgrave).]  1.  The  Scotch  name  for  marine 
univalve  shells  in  general,  as  whelks,  etc.: 


The  quality  of  being  a  buck ;  foppery. 

I  w;as  once  a  delightful  auctioneer  — my  present  trade  is 
buckism.  Morton,  Secrets  worth  Knowing,  iii.  2. 

buck-jumper  (buk' jum"per),  n.  A  bucking 
horse  or  mule.    [U.  S.] 

When  they  found  that  he  sat  a  buck-jumper  asif  the  an- 
imal symbolized  the  arch-fiend  himself,  they  took  him  to 
their  hearts. 

Arch.  Forbes,  Souvenirs  of  some  Continents,  p.  66. 
bucklei  (buk'i),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  buckled,  ppr. 
buckling.  [Prob.,  like  the  simple  foi-m  buck^, 
of  LG.  origin;  cf.  MD.  buclielen,  buechelen, 
boechclen  (for  *buckelen,  etc.— Kilian),  strive, 
tug  under  a  load,  =  G.  dial.  (Bav.)  refl.  aufbiick- 
eln,  raise  the  back,  as  a  eat  (lit.  buckle  one's 
self  up) ;  freq.  of  the  verb  repr.  by  buck'^.  Cf. 
MD.  adj.  boechel,  curved,  bent.  A  different 
word  from  buckle'^,  v.,  though  confused  with  it 
in  some  senses.]    1.  intrans.  1.  To  bend;  bow. 

Whose  fever-weaken 'd  joints, 
Like  strengthless  hinges,  buckle  under  life. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1. 
Antonio  .  .  .  saw  the  boards  6?(cWe  ' under  the  feet  o£ 
the  walker.  C.  Mather,  JIag.  Chris,,  vi.  7. 

The  top-mast  studding-sail  boom,  after  biicklimi  up  and 
,  springing  out  again  like  a  piece  of  whalebone,  broke  off  at 
the  boom-iron.    R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  ilast,  p.  76. 

2.  To  curl;  become  wrinkled;  shrivel  up. 
Melted  and  buckled  with  the  heat  of  the  fire  like  parch- 

™<5nt-  Pepys,  Diary,  Sept.  5,  1666. 

3.  To  yield  assent;  agree :  with  to  :  as,  I  can't 
bucMe  to  that.  [Colloq.]  —4.  To  bend  to  some- 
thing; apply  one's  self  with  vigor;  engage  in 
with  zeal:  with  to:  as,  "go,  buckle  to  the  law," 
Drydcn. — 5.  To  enterupon  some  labor  or  con- 
test; struggle;  contend:  with  u-ith. 

The  bishop  was  as  able  and  ready  to  buckle  u-ith  the 
lord  protector,  as  he  was  ji-ith  him. 

Latimer,  2d  Serni.  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 

Why  met  you  not  the  Tartar,  and  defied  him? 

Drew  your  dead-doing  sword,  and  buckled  u-ith  him? 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  iv.  5. 
To  buckle  in,  to  close  in  ;  embrace  or  seize  the  body  as 
in  a  scuffle.    [U.  S.] 

II,  trans.  To  bend ;  curl ;  shrivel  as  by  the 
application  of  heat. 

Like  a  bow  buckled  and  bent  together 
By  some  more  strong  in  mischiefs  than  myself. 

Ford  and  Dekker,  Witch  of  Edmonton,  ii.  1. 
The  force  generated  in  these  plates  [accmnulator],  tend- 
ing to  buckle  them,  is  something  enormous,  and  no  ordinary 
separator  would  be  able  to  resist  this.      Science,  IV.  389. 

bucklel  (buk'i),  n.  [<  buckle''-,  v. ;  usually  re- 
ferred to  buckle^,  n.    Cf.  Dan.  bukkel,  a  curl.] 

1.  A  bend,  bulge,  or  kink,  as  in  a  saw-blade. — 

2.  A  contorted  expression  of  the  face.  Church- 
ill.— 3t.  Any  ciui  of  hair,  especially  a  long 


buckle 

cTirl  carefully  arranged,  and  turned  toward  the 
head,  worn  by  women  in  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury.—  4t.  The  condition  of  being  curled,  as  of 
hair. 

He  lets  his  wig  lie  in  buckle  for  a  whole  Iialf  year. 

Atlilison,  Spectator,  No.  129. 

buckleS  (buk'l),  ?!.  [<ME.  hokle,  ho]ccl,bocle,  etc., 
<  OF.  bode,  hucle,  F.  boticlc,  the  boss  of  a  shield, 
a  ring,  a  buckle, ;  -  Pr.  bocla,  bloca  =  OSp.  bloca 
-  MLG.  bokelc  ^  MD.  boccM,  boclel  =  MHG. 
buckel,  boss  of  a  shield,  G.  buclrl,  a  boss,  knob, 
hump,  <  MXi.  bucula,  buccuJa,  a  beaver,  a  shield, 
the  boss  of  a  shield,  a  buckle,  L.  hnccuJa,  a  bea- 
ver, a  little  cheek  or  mouth,  dim.  of  biicca, 
cheek:  see  &«ce«.]  1.  A  clasp  consisting  of  a 
rectangular  or  curved  rim,  with  cue  or  more 
movable  tongues  secured  to  the  chape  at  one 
side  or  in  the  middle,  and  long  enough  to  rest 
upon  the  opposite  side :  used  for  fastening  to- 
gether two  straps  or  belts  or  the  ends  of  the 
same  strap,  or  for  some  similar  purpose,  it  is 

sewed  or  otherwise  fastened  to  one  Ijand  or  end,  and  the 
other  is  passed  through  it,  being  liept  from  slipping  by 
the  tongue  or  tongues.  Bucliles  for  use  in  dress  have 
often  been  made  highly  ornamental,  especially  for  shoes. 
See  shoe-buckle. 

2.  In  same  as  arwing-bucJcIe. —  3.  An 

iron  loop  for  fastening  the  blade  to  the  frame 
of  a  wood-saw.— To  turn  tlie  buckle  of  the  belt 

behind,  to  prepare  to  join  in  tdose  light, 
buckle-  (buk'l),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bucl'led,  ppr. 
buckling.  [<  ME.  buclen,  bokelen,  boclen,  buckle, 
stud,  <  OF.  *boch');  bonder,  F.  bonder,  buelde; 
from  the  noun.]  j.  trans.  1.  To  fasten  with  a 
buckle  or  buckles. —  2.  To  prepare  for  action 
of  any  kind  (a  metaphor  taken  from  buckling 
on  armor  previous  to  engaging  in  battle); 
hence,  to  set  vigorously  to  work  at  anything : 
with  a  reflexive  pronoun. 

The  Sarazin  .  .  .  him  buckled  to  the  field. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  vi.  41, 
Hereupon  Cartwright  buckled  himself  to  the  employ- 
ment. Fuller. 

St.  To  join  in  battle. 

The  foot  .  .  .  were  buckled  witli  tliem  in  front. 

Sir  J.  Hayward. 

4.  To  confine  or  limit.  [Rare.] 

How  brief  tlie  life  of  man,  .  .  . 
That  tlie  streteldiiu  of  a  span 
Buckles  in  his  Mini  nf 

SiKik.,  As  you  Lilte  it,  iii.  2, 

5.  To  join  together;  unite  in  marriage. 
[Scotch.] 

Dr.  R.,  who  buckles  beggars  for  a  tester  and  a  dram  of 
Geneva,  Scott. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  marry. 

Good  silly  Stellio,  we  must  shortly  buckle. 

Mother  Boinbie.  (Ilalliwell.) 

buckle-beggar  (biik'l-beg"ar),  «.  [Sc.,  also 
budde-thc-befigars ;  <  buckle'^,  v.,  5,  +  obj.  befj- 
gar.']  A  person  who  performs  the  ceremony 
of  marriage  in  a  clandestine  and  irregular  man- 
ner. Scott. 

buckled^  (buk'ld),  p.  a.  [<  buckle^  +  -erf2.]  Not 
smooth  and  flat;  bent,  wavy,  or  wrinkled; 
having  the  appearance  of  having  been  crum- 
pled.—Buckled  plates,  iron  plates  used  as  a  foun- 
dation for  flooring  in  tire-proof  buildings,  in  jilace  of 
brick  arches.  Their  edges  have  a  flat  riui  called  a  fillet, 
and  the  middle  is  slightly  convex.  They  are  generally 
of  a  square  or  an  oblong  form,  and  rest  upon  iron  gir- 
ders with  the  convex  side  upward. 

buckled'-^  (bulc'ld),  p.  a.  [<  buckle'^  +  -ed2.] 
1.  Fastened  with  a  buckle. — 2.  In  her.,  hav- 
ing a  buckle,  as  a  belt,  garter,  or  the  like. 

buckle-horns  (buk'l-hornz),  n.  pi.  Short 
crooked  horns  turning  horizontally  inward. 
Grose.    [North.  Eng.] 

buckle-mouthedf  (buk'l-moutht),  a.  Hav- 
ing large  straggling  teeth.    [North.  Eng.] 

buckler  (buk'ler),  11.  [<  ME.  bokder,  bocler, 
etc.,  <  OF.  bocler,  buder,  F.  boudier  (=  Pr. 
bloqnier  —  Sp.  Pg.  hroquel  —  It.  orocehiere  = 
MLG.  bokder  =  D.  beukelaar  =  MHG.  buckeler 
=  Icel.  buklari  =  ODan.  buckler,  buglere)  (ML. 
as  if  *buccularius),  a  shield,  <  bode,  the  boss  of 
a  shield:  see  buckle'^.^    1,  A  shield;  specifi- 


706 

cally,  a  small  shield  intended  to  parry  blows  or 
thrtists,  but  not  so  large  as  to  cover  the  body. 
The  buckler  of  the  inidiile  ages  in  western  Europe  was 
generally  round,  and  rarely  more  than  two  feet  in  diam- 
eter, eighteen  inclies,  or  even  less,  being  a  more  common 
size.  It  was  generally  gra.sped  by  the  hand  only,  and  held 
at  arm's-length,  and  in  combat  was  interposed  to  receive 
the  blow  of  a  sword,  like  the  dagger  which  w  as  held  for 
this  purpose  in  the  left  hand  in  later  times.  See  .shield. 

2.  Xaut.,  a  piece  of  wood  fitted  to  stop  the 
hawse-holes  of  a  ship,  to  prevent  the  sea  from 
coming  in,  or  to  stop  the  circular  hole  in  a  port- 
lid  when  the  gun  is  run  in.  Hawse-bucklers 
are  now  made  of  iron. — 3.  The  anterior  seg- 
ment of  the  carapace  or  shell  of  a  trilobite. — 
4.  A  plate  on  the  body  or  head  of  a  fisli ;  espe- 
cially, a  plate  in  front  of  the  dorsal  fin  in  va- 
rious catfishes,  or  Nematognatlii. —  5.  A  stage 
of  the  molting  American  blue  crab,  Callinectes 
hastatus,  when  the  shell  has  become  nearly 
hard. — 6.  A  piece  of  beef  cut  off  from  the  sir- 
loin— Blind  buckler,  fieebliudi. 
buckler  (buk'ler),  r.  t.  [<  buckler,  w.]  To  be 
a  buckler  or  shield  to ;  support ;  defend. 

They  shall  not  touch  thee,  Kate  : 
I'll  buckler  thee  against  a  nullion. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii,  2. 

buckler-fern  (buk'ler-fem),  n.  A  name  of  spe- 
cies of  A.'^pidium,  especially  of  the  section  Las- 
trea,  wliich  are  distinguished  by  free  veins  and 
round,  reniform  indusia. 

buckler-fish  (buk'ler-fish),  n.   A  fish  of  the 

genus  Cepliahispis. 
buckler-headed  (buk'ler-hed  'ed),  a.  Having 

a  head  like  a  buclder.  Lyell. 
buckling  (buk'ling),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  buckle^, 

I'.]    The  act  of  bending;  tendency  to  bend  or 

become  wavy. 

The  thinness  of  the  blade  [of  the  hand-saw]  requires 
that  it  should  be  made  wide  to  give  it  sutlicient  stiffness 
to  resist  buckling.  Morgan,  Manualof  Mining  Tools,  p.  114. 

buckling-comb  (buk'ling-kom),  n.  A  small 
comb  used  to  secure  the  curls  called  buckles 
worn  by  women. 

buck-log  (buk'log),  n.  [<  buck^,  beech  (as  in 
buck-mast,  buckwheat),  +  log.']    A  beech  log. 

A  brutal  cold  country  .  .  .  to  camp  out  in  ;  never  a  ftiicfc- 
lorj  to  his  tire,  no,  nor  a  stick  thicker  than  your  finger  for 
seven  mile  round.  H.  Kingsleii,  Geottry  Hamlyn,  v. 

buck-mackerel  (buk'mak'''e-rel),  n.  A  name 
about  Banff,  Scotland,  of  the  scad,  Trachurus 
trttchurus. 

buck-mastt  (buk'mast),  n.  [<  ME.  bukmast  (= 
MLG.  bokniast),  <  buk  for  *bok,  beech  (see 
buckT,  beecM),  +  masf'^.  Ct.  buckwheat.']  The 
mast  or  fruit  of  the  beech-tree ;  beech-mast 
(which  see). 

The  bores  fedynge  is  propreliche  ycleped  akyr  [acorn]  of 
ookys  berynge,  and  bukmast.  MS.  Bodl.,p.  546.  (Ilalliwell.) 

buck-moth  (buk'moth),  II.  A  name  given  to  a 
delicate  crape-winged  moth,  Ilcmilcuca  maia 
(Drury),  of  the  family  Bombi/cida; :  so  called,  it 


Mule  Buck-moth  (Hemiltii. 


)  .Tnd  Eggs,  natural  size. 


Exterior.  Interior. 
Buckler,  beginning  of  i6th  century. 
Tne  hook  is  intended  for  hanging  it  at  the  girdle.    ( From  Viollet-le- 
Duc's  "Diet,  du  Mobilier  fran9ais.") 


is  said,  on  account  of  its  flying  late  in  the  fall, 
when  the  deer  run.  The  larvae  feed  on  the  oak  and 
willow,  and  the  eggs  are  laid  in  naked  rings  around  their 
twigs. 

buckpot  (buk'pot),  M.  [See  buck^.]  A  cooking- 
pot  made  in  British  Guiana  from  a  peculiar  local 

clay.  It  is  popularly  stipposed  to  be  necessary  for  the 
proper  making  of  the  disli  called  pepper-pot  (which  see), 
buckra  (buk'rii),  ».  and  a.  [In  the  southern 
United  States  also  bockra.  Said  to  mean,  on 
the  Calabar  coast  in  western  Africa,  a  power- 
ful and  superior  being,  a  demon.  J.  L.  Wilson.'] 
I,  n.  A  white  man:  used  by  the  blacks  of  the 
African  coast,  the  West  Indies,  and  the  south- 
em  United  States. 

II,  a.  White:  as,  buckra  yam,  white  yam. 
[Negroes'  English.] 


buckskin 

buckram  (buk'ram),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  buckcram,  <  ME.  bokcram,  bockroni,  once 
bmtgercn  (=  MD.  bockerad),  <  OF.  boqueran, 
boucaran,  boquerant,  bouqueran,  bouquerrant, 
houguerant,  boughcran,  bourgrain,  bougrain,  F. 
bougran  —  Pr.  bocarnn,  boqueran  z=  Cat.  bocaran 
-  Sp.  bucaran,  bocaran  =  It.  bucheramc ;  MLG. 
bukram  =  MHG.  buckeram,  buggeram ;  ML. 
boquerannus,  buckram.  Origin  "unknown;  by 
some  conjecturally  referred  to  ML.  boqucna, 
goat's  skin  (cf.  boquinus,  of  a  goat),  <  OF.  hoc, 
<  MHG.  boc,  G.  bock  —  E.  huck'^ ;  by  others  sup- 
posed to  be  a  transposition  of  F.  bouracau,  bar- 
racan: seebarracan.]  I.  n.  1.  Formerly,  a  fin© 
and  costly  material  used  for  church  banners 
and  vestments  and  for  personal  wear;  also,  a. 
cheaper  material  used  for  linings. 

Fine  linen,  of  that  kind  by  the  older  ecclesiastical  writ- 
ers called  "byssus,"  which,  during  the  middle  ages,  was- 
known  here  in  England  under  the  name  of  •'buckram." 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  104. 

2.  In  recent  times,  coarse  linen  cloth  stiffened 
with  glue  or  gum,  used  as  a  stiifeuing  for  keep- 
ing garments  in  a  required  shape,  and  recently 
also  in  binding  books. —  3t.  A  buckram  bag 
used  by  lawyers'  clerks. 

Lean.  Alas,  I  was  brought  up  .  

Ama.  To  be  an  ass, 

A  lawyer's  ass,  to  carry  books  and  buckrams ! 

Fletc/ier,  Spanish  Curate,  iv.  7. 
How  he  is  nietamorpbos'd  ! 
Nothing  of  lawyer  left,  not  a  bit  of  buckram, 
No  soliciting  face  now. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Little  French  Liiwyer,  iii.  2. 

4.  The  ramson  or  bear's-garlic,  Allium  ursinum. 
— 5.  In  the  old  herbals,  the  cuckoo-pint,  Arum 
maculatum. 

II.  a.  Made  of  or  resembling  buckram  of 
either  kind;  hence,  stiff;  precise;  formal. 

Two  rogues  in  buckram  suits,     Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

Buckram  scribe.  Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate. 

A  black  buckram  cassock  was  gathered  at  his  middle 
with  a  belt,  at  which  hung,  instead  of  knife  or  weapon,  a. 
goodly  leathern  pen-and-ink  case.  Scott,  Kenilworth,  I.  Ix. 
[Used  as  a  general  term  of  contempt. 

Ah,  thou  say,  thou  serge,  nay,  thou  buckram  lord ! 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  7.1i 

buckram  (buk'ram),  V.  t.  [<  buckram,  n.]  To 
strengthen  with  buckram,  or  in  the  manner  of 
buckram;  make  stiff.    Coivper,  Task,  vi.  652. 

Natural  good  taste,  and  still  more  his  bvckramed  habit, 
of  clerical  decorum,  .  .  .  carried  him  safely  through  the 
.  .  .  crisis.  Hawthorne,  Scarlet  Letter,  xx. 

buck-saw  (buk'sa),  n.    A  saw  set  in  an  upright. 

frame  or  bow,  and  used  with  both  hands  in. 

cutting  wood  on  a  support  called  a  buck.   [U.  S.  ■ 

and  Canada.] 
buck's-beard  (buks'berd),  ?i.    A  herbaceous. 

perennial  plant,  Tragopogon  pratensis,  more 

usually  called   goafs-beard,   from  its  long, 

coarse,  tawny  pappus. 

buckshish,  bucksheesh  (buk'shesh),  «.  Same 
as  baksliish. 

buck's-horn  (buks'hom),  n.  A  name  given 
to  several  plants  on  accotxnt  of  their  forked 
leaves,  as  the  Plantago  Coronopus  (also  called 
buck's-horn  plantain),  the  Senebiera  Corono- 
pus, and  the  South  African  Lobelia  coronopi- 
folia. 

buck-shot  (buk'shot),  n.  A  large  size  of  shot, 
so  named  from  its  use  in  killing  deer  Buck- 
shot war,  in  U.  S.  Iilit.,  a  contest  in  the  Pennsylvania 
House  of  Representatives,  accompanied  by  mobs  .and 
other  violent  demonstrations,  in  Decendjer,  1838,  be- 
tween two  rival  organizations,  the  one  composed  of 
Whigs,  the  other  of  Democrats,  each  of  which  claimed 
to  be  the  true  House.  The  name  is  derived  from  the 
reported  threat  of  a  Whig  member  that  the  .mob- 
should  feel  ball  and  buck-shot  before  the  day  was- 
over. 

buckskin  (buk'skin),  w.  and  a.  [<  bticki-  + 
skin;  =  Icel.  bukkaskinn  =  Dan.  bukkeskind.'] 

I.  n.  1.  Theskit  of  abuck. —  2.  A  kind  of  soft 
leather  of  a  yellowish  or  grayish  color,  made 

originally  by  treating  deerskins  in  a  peculiar 
way,  but  now  usually  prepared  from  sheepskins. 
In  its  preparation  a  great  deal  of  manipulation  is  required, 
the  softness  which  is  its  chief  characteristic  being  pro- 
duced by  the  use  of  either  oil  or  brains  in  dressing  it.  It 
was  formerly  used  for  clothing,  as  by  American  Indians, 
frontiersmen,  and  soldiers,  but  is  now  used  principally  for 
thick  gloves. 

3.  pi.  Breeches  made  of  buckskin. 

A  very  stout,  puffy  man  in  buckskins  and  Hessian  boots. 

Tliackeray. 

4.  A  person  clothed  in  buckskin :  a  term  ap- 
plied to  the  American  troops  during  the  Kevo- 
lutionary  War. —  5.  A  horse  of  the  color  of 
buckskin.    [Western  U.  S.] 

II.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  buckskin.  — 2. 
Of  the  color  of  buckskin:  used  of  a  horse. 
[Western  U.  S.] 


bucksome 

bucksomef,  a.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  huxom. 

buck-stall  (biik'stal),  «.  A  toil  or  net  to  take 
deer.    IF.  Broion. 

Bucktail  (biLk'tal),  «.  A  name  originally  given 
to  the  members  of  the  Tammany  Society  in  New 
York  city,  but  about  1817-26  extended  in  its 
application  to  members  of  that  faction  of  the 
Democratic-Republican  party  in  the  State  which 
opposed  De  Witt  Clinton. 

Better  success  in  constitutional  reform  was  attained  in 
New  York,  in  spite  of  an  incessant  tiu'raoil  between  the 
Clintonians  and  the  anti-Clintonians — Bucktails,  or  Tam- 
many men,  as  they  were  called  — all  of  whom  professed 
the  republican  creed  of  the  nation. 

Schotiler,  Hist.  U.  S.,  III.  227. 

buckthorn  (buk'thdrn),  n.  [<  bnck'i-  +  thorn. 
According  to  some,  a  mistaken  rendering  of 
the  G.  buxdorn,  a  translation  of  the  Gr.  nv^d- 
Kavda,  '  boxthom,'  of  Dioseorides.  ]  1 .  The  pop- 
Tilar  name  of  species  of  Bhamnus  (which  see). 

The  common  buckthorn  is  R.  catharticus-;  the  dyer's- 
buckthorn, /{.  in/ectorius ;  the  alder-buckthorn,  H  Fran- 
gtda,  or  in  the  United  States  R.  Caroliniana;  and  the 
Siberian  buckthorn,  or  redwood,  R.  erythroxylon. 
2.  A  local  English  name  of  the  haddock :  chiefly 
applied  to  dried  haddock.  i>ay.- Jamaica  buck- 

tliorn,  the  Clierokee  rose  (Rosa  lasvigata),  used  for  hedges 
—  Sea-buckthorn,  of  the  coasts  of  Europe,  the  Hippo- 
phai-  rhaiiii, aides,  natural  order  Elceagnacece.— Southern 
buckthorn,  of  the  southern  United  States,  a  small  sapo- 
taceous  tree,  Buinelia  lycioides.—  TexSiS  buckthorn,  a 
small  thorny  shrub  of  a  genus  allied  to  Rhamnus. 
buck-tooth  (buk'toth),  n.  [<  buck  (uncertain: 
perhaps  buck^ ;  cf.  ME.  gat-totiied,  goat-toothed)' 
+  tooth.']  Any  tooth  that  juts  out  beyond  the 
rest. 


His  jaw  was  underhung,  and  when  he  laughed  two 
white  buck-teeth  protruded  themselves,  and  glistened  sav- 
agely m  spite  of  the  grin.  Thackeraij,  Vanity  Fair, 
bucku,  n.    See  buchu. 

buck-wagon  (buk'wag'on),  71.  [In  South  Afri- 
can D.  bokwagen  (in  def.  1),  appar.  <  bok,  =  E. 
buck-i,  a  goat,  -f-  joageti  =  E.  imgon.  Cf.  buck- 
board.]  1 .  A  transport-wagon  with  strong  pro- 
jecting framework  extending  over  the  wheels  in 
order  to  carry  heavy  loads,  used  in  South  Africa. 
—  2.  Same  as  buckboard. 

buckwash  (buk'wosh),  v.  t.  To  wash  in  lye  or 
buck;  cleanse  by  bucking. 

buckwashing  (buk'wosh"ing),  n.    [Verbal  n. 
of  buckwash,  v.]    The  act  of  washing  linen,  etc. 
Ford.  How  now?  whither  bear  you  this? 
Serv.    To  the  laundress,  forsooth. 

Mrs  F.  Wliy,  what  Iiave  you  to  do  whither  they  bear 
It?    You  were  best  meddle  with  buck-washing. 

Shak.,  M.  Vf.  of  W.,  iii.  3. 


'707 

white  flowers  and  wing-angled  fruit,  a  native 
of  Georgia  and  the  Gulf  States.  Also  called  titi 
and  ironwood. 
bucnemia  (buk-ne'mi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  floh^, 
ox,  -f  Kv^iixT),  the  leg.]  A  disease  of  the  leg 
distinguished  by  tense,  diffuse,  inflammatory 
swelling. 

bucolic  (bii-kol'ik),  a.  and  «.  [<  L.  bucoUcus, 
<  Gr.  jhvKo'AiKor,  rustic,  pastoral,  <  povMoi:,  a 
cowherd,  herdsman,  <  /fouf,  an  ox  (see  Bos),  + 
-KoAof,  perhaps  for  -Trd'Aoc;,  as  in  a'nroAoc,  a  goat- 
herd, <  ni?i£iv,  move,  irtltcdai,  be;  otherwise 
connected  with  KeXrjq,  a  race-horse,  L.  celer, 
swift,  Skt.  ^/ kal,  drive.]  I.  a.  1.  Pastoral; 
relating  to  country  affairs,  or  to  a  shepherd's 
life  and  occupation :  as,  bucolic  song. 

"Hylas,"  the  celebrated  thirteenth  idyl  of  Theocritus, 
...  is  not  a  bucolic  poem,  but  classified  as  narrative  or 
semi-epic  in  character,  yet  exhibits  many  touches  of  the 
bucohc  sweetness.  Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  211. 

2.  Agricultural:  used  humorously  or  in  dis- 
paragement.—Bucolic  cesura,  bucoUc  dieresis.  See 

cesura.  =  SyD..  Pastoral,  Rustic,  etc.    fiee  rural. 

II.  n.  [<  L.  bucolicum,  pi.  bucolica,  neut.  of 
bucohcus:  see  I.]  1.  A  pastoral  poem,  repre- 
senting rural  affairs,  or  the  life,  manners,  and 
occupation  of  shepherds:  as,  the  bucolics  of 
Theocritus  and  Virgil. 

The  first  modern  Latin  bucolics  are  those  of  Petrarch. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  §  28. 

2.  A  writer  of  pastorals.  [Rare.] 

Spenser  is  erroneously  ranked  as  our  earliest  English 
bucoltc.  T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  §  40. 


A  kind  of  herb.  E. 


buckweedt  (buk'wed), «. 

Phillips,  1706. 
buckwheat  (buk'hwet),  n.  [A  Sc.  and  North.  E. 
form  (=  D.  boekweit  =  MLG.  bokwete  =  G.  buch- 
weizen  =  Da.n.  boghvede),  <  buck'^,  beech,  -I-  wheat. 
Cf.  buck-mast.  It  receives  its  name  from  the  re- 
semblance of  its  triangular  fruit  to  beechnuts. 
The  NL.  name  Fagopyrum  is  a  translation  of 
the  E.  name.]  1.  The  common  name  of  Fago- 
pyrum esculentum,  natural  order  Polygonacew, 
and  of  its  seeds. 

It  is  a  native  of  cen- 
tral Asia,  an  annual  of 
easy  culture,  growing 
on  the  poorest  soils ; 
and  though  the  grain 
is  less  nutritious  than 
that  of  most  cereals, 
it  is  used  to  a  con- 
siderable extent  for 
food  for  both  men  and 
animals.  The  chief 
use  of  its  flour  in  the 
United  States  is  in 
the  generally  popular 
form  of  buckwheat 
pancakes.  East  In- 
dian buckwheat  (P. 
Tataricum)  is  of  in- 
ferior quality  and  is 
less  cultivated. 
2.  In  the  West  In- 
dies, Anredera 
scandens,  natural 
order  Chenopodia- 
cece,    an  annual 

Buckwheat  i.Fagcpyrum  .scuUnlum).    Climbing  plant  of 

a,  flower ;  4,  ovary  ;  c,  fruit ;  rf,  section  of   DO  importance.  

same,  showing  embryo.  BUCkwheat  COal,  in 

„(  u        ,      .     ,  the  anthracite  region 

01  Pennsylvania,  the  smallest  size  of  coal  sent  to  market 
It  is  sufficiently  small  to  pass  through  a  half-inch  mesh  — 
taise  buckwheat,  some  climbing  species  oi Polygonum 
as  dumetorum  or  P.  scandens,  with  the  large  trian<nil 
lar  seeds  of  Fagoinjrum.—-Wm  buckwheat,  of  clli- 
lornia  a  species  of  Eriogonuni,  E.  fasciculatum  nearly 
related  to  Polggonum  and  with  similar  seeds. 

buckwheat-tree  (buk'hwet'tre),  n.  The  Clif- 
tonia  nitida  or  C.  ligustrina,  natural  order  Oyril- 
lacece,  a  smaU  evergreen,  with  showy  fragrant 


3.  A  countryman  ;  a  farmer :  used  himiorously 
or  in  depreciation. 

bucolical  (bii-kol'i-kal),  a.    Same  as  bucolic. 

Bucorvus  (bu-kor'vus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Bu{ceros)  -1- 
Corvus.]  A  genus  of  hornbills,  family  Bucero- 
tidw,  based  upon  B.  ahyssinicus,  an  African  spe- 
cies, the  ground-hornbill,  notably  different  from 
the  others  in  its  terrestrial  habits. 

bucrane  (bu'kran),  n.    Same  as  bucranium. 

An  immense  Koman  sarcophagus  of  oriental  granite 
with  masks  carved  upon  its  lid  and  festooned  bucranes 
upon  its  sides. 

C.  C.  Perkins,  Italian  Sculpture,  Int.,  p.  liv. 
bucranium  (bii-kra'ni-um),  n. ;  pi.  bucrania  (-a). 
[In  sense  1,  NL. ;  in  sense  2,  LL.,  a  certain 
plant;  <  Gr.  jiovKpdviov,  an  ox-head,  a  kind  of 
bryony,  <  povq,  ox,  +  Kpaviov,  skull,  cranium.] 


A,  from  frieze  of  Temple  of  Vespasian,  Rome ;  B,  from  a  Roman 
altar. 

1.  In  art,  the  skull  of  an  ox:  an  ornament 
often  sculptured,  frequently  with  adornment  of 
wrpaths  or  other  decoration,  on  the  frieze  of  the 
entablature  in  the  Roman  Ionic  and  Corinthian 
orders  of  architecture,  and  also  in  other  situa- 
tions.— 2.  The  herb  caK's-snout.  Kersey,  1708. 
budi  (bud),  11.  [<  late  ME.  budde  =  D.  bot,  a 
bud  ;  prob.  due  to  OF.  boton,  F.  bouton,  a  bud, 
a  button:  see  button  and  butt^.]  1.  In  plants, 
the  undeveloped  germ-state  of  a  stem  or  branch, 
consisting  of  a  growing  point  inclosed  by  close- 
ly appressed  rudimentary  leaves,  in  winter  buds 
are  usually  protected  by  an  outside  covering  of  scales 
often  pubescent  or  resinous,  which  fall  off  upon  the  swell- 
ing of  the  bud  in  spring.  Besides  foliage,  the  bud  may  also 
contain  the  rudimentary  inflorescence.  Bulbs  and  bulb- 
lets  are  forms  of  leaf-buds.  Flower-buds  are  unexpanded 
blossoms. 

Somer  toward  whan  buddys  first  appeere. 
Lydgate,  Minor  Poems  (ed.  Halliwell,  1840),  p.  217. 
2t.  In  arch.,  an  ornamental  boss  or  button. 

The  roffys  [roofs]  garnyshed  with  sarsnettys  and  buddtis 
of  solde.  Arnold's  Chron.  (1502),  p.  li. 

3.  The  state  of  budding  or  putting  forth  buds: 
as,  the  trees  are  in  bud. — 4.  In  some  cryptog- 
amous  plants,  especially  some  Hepaticm,  one 
of  the  bodies  formed  asexually  which  become 
detached  and  reproduce  the  plant ;  in  the  plu- 
ral, same  as  genimce.  See  gemma.— b.  A  promi- 
nence on  or  in  certain  animals  of  low  organiza- 
tion, as  polyps,  which  becomes  developed  into 
an  independent  individual,  sometimes  perma- 


Buddhism 

nently  attached  to  the  parent  organism,  and 
sometimes  becoming  detached;  an  incipient 
zooid,  or  bud-like  beginning  of  a  new  individ- 
ual in  a  compound  animal.  See  cut  under  Cum- 
panularia.—6.  In  zool.  and  anat.,  a  part  or  or- 
gan like  or  likened  to  a  bud:  as,  a  tactile  hud; 
a  gustatory  bud.— 7.  A  weaned  calf  of  the  first 
year.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.]— 8.  A  young 
lady  just  "come  out "  in  society.  [Slang.]  Ac- 
cessory buds,  buds  supplementary  to  the  normally  soli- 
tary axillary  Iniil,  either  at  its  side  or  above  it.— Adven- 
titious buds,  such  Imds  as  are  produced  abnormally  and 
witliout  older  from  any  jjart  of  the  stem  or  roots,  or  from 

leaves.-Blind  bud.    See  /'^mi/i.— Bud-variation,  in 

the  outgrowth  of  a  bud,  the  deviation  in  any  respect  from 
the  ordinary  growth  of  the  plant,  producing  what  is 
commonly  known  as  a  sport.  Many  remarkable  varieties 
in  cultivated  plants  arise  in  this  way,  and  are  perpetu- 
ated by  any  of  the  processes  of  propagation  by  means  of 

buds.— Common  bud.  See  coumwn.— 'Embryo  buds 

See  c»i&/'i/o.  — Gustatory  buds.    See  taste-bud.— To  nip 

In  the  bud.  See 
budl  (bud),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  budded,  ppr.  bud- 
ding. [<  ME.  budden  =  U.  bottcn ;  from  the 
noun.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  ingraft  a  bud  of  or 
on,  as  of  one  plant  on  the  stem  of  another: 
as,  to  bud  a  garden  rose  on  a  brier,  or  a  brier 
with  a  garden  rose.  See  budding,  n.,  3.-2. 
To  put  forth  by  or  as  if  by  the  natural  process 
of  budding. 

From  your  swelling  downs,  .  .  .  where  prickly  furze 
Buds  lavish  gold.  Keats,  Endymion,  i. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  put  forth  or  produce  buds; 
be  in  bud.— 2.  To  be  in  the  condition  of  a  bud; 
sprout ;  begin  to  grow  or  to  issue  from  a  stock 
in  the  manner  of  a  bud,  as  a  horn. —  3.  Figu- 
ratively, to  be  in  an  early  stage  of  development. 
—4.  To  eat  buds :  said  of  birds.    [U.  S.] 

Last  night  I  saw  a  number  of  grouse  budding  upon  a 
neighboring  apple  tree.    Forest  and  Stream,  XXVIII.  131. 

Budding  fungi,  fungi  which  grow  and  reproduce  by 
budding ;  chiefly,  the  yeast-fungi, 
bud^  (bud),  n.    [A  reduction  of  brother;  cf. 
bub'i.]    A  familiar  term  for  brother.  [South- 
ern U.  S.] 

budSf  (bud),  n.    [Appar.  a  var.  of  bode,  an  offer, 
ult.  <  AS.  bcodan,  pp.  boden,  offer:  see  feoffel, 
bode^,  bid.]    A  gift,  especially  one  meant  as  a 
bribe.    Acts  James  I.    (Jamieson.)  [Scotch.] 
budSf,      t.    [Sc.,  also  budd ;  <  bud^,  71.]  To 

endeavor  to  gain  by  gifts  ;  bribe, 
bud*  (bud).  Same  as  bood,  preterit  and  past 
participle  of  behoove.  [Scotch.] 
bud-cell  (bud'sel),  «.  In  bot.,  a  lateral  cell 
produced  upon  the  proembryo  of  some  of  the 
higher  cryptogams,  as  in  the  Characete,  from 
which  the  perfect  plant  is  developed.  Some- 
times called  the  bud-rudiment. 
budded  (bud'ed),  p.  a.  In  her.,  same  as  bottonii. 
Buddha  (bo'da),  n.  [Skt.,  lit.  'the  Enlight- 
ened,' pp.  (for  *budhta)  of  hudh  for  *bhudh, 
be  awake,  come  to  consciousness,  notice,  un- 
derstand, etc.,  =  Gr.  ■/  *7rvd  for  *(l>ve  in  Trvdiadai, 
find  out,  prob.  =  AS.  beddan  (pp.  boden),  an- 
nounce, offer,  E.  bid:  see  bid.]  1.  An  epithet, 
meaning  the  Wise  or  Enlightened  One,  applied 
to  the  historical  founder  of  Buddhism  (accord- 
ing to  some  in  the  eleventh  century  b.  c,  but 
more  probably  in  the  sixth  century),  regarded 
by  the  Buddhists  as  the  fourth  in  a  series  of  tive 
messianic  Buddhas.  He  was  an  Indian  prince  of  the 
Sakya  tribe,  and  hence  called  Sakyamuni  (the  Sakya  sage) 
the  name  preferred  in  Cliina  and  Japan.  His  original 
name  was  Suldartlia  (literally,  "the  realization  of  all  the 
meanings,"  that  is,  of  the  portents  at  his  birth);  that 
most  used  in  Burma,  Ceylon,  etc.,  is  Gautama  or  Gotama 
(literally,  '  most  victorious  "),  the  sacerdotal  name  of  the 
Sakya  tribe. 

2.  [?.  c]  One  who  attains  to  perfect  enlighten- 
ment such  as  that  ascribed  to  the  founder  of 
Buddhism,  and  devotes  his  powers  to  the  salva- 
tion of  mankind. 

Sometimes  also  Boodh,  Boodha. 
Tree  of  Buddha,  the  bo-tree. 

buddhahood  (bo'da-hiid),  ».  [<  buddha  -t- 
-hood.]  The  state  or  condition  of  a  buddia. 
See  Buddha  and  Buddhism. 

buddhaship  (bo 'da -ship),  ».  l<  buddha  + 
-ship.]  The  condition  of  one  who  has  attained 
enlightenment  andbecome  a  buddha.  See  Bud- 
dha and  Buddhism. 

Buddhism  (bo'dizm),  n.  [< Buddha  +  -ism;  = 
F.Boudhisme.]  The  religious  s.vstem  founded 
by  Buddha,  or  the  Buddha,  in  India,  its  essential 

principles,  in  so  far  as  they  can  be  reduced  to  an  Occi- 
dental form  of  thought,  are,  that  man  is  under  the  opera- 
tion of  certain  inflt  xilile  laws,  from  which  there  is  neither 
escape  nordeliverance :  existence  under  them  is  an  evil; 
priestly  rites  and  sacrifices  are  unavailing ;  death  is  no 
escape,  but  only  a  transmigi-ation  to  another  form  of  ex- 
istence ;  obedience  to  the  moral  laws— the  practice  of 
charity,  temperance,  justice,  honesty,  truth  — insures  a. 
sojourn  in  heaven,  followed  by  a  higher  existence  on  tb» 


Buddhism 

earth;  disobeilicnce  insures  a  punislimoiit  in  some  of  the 
innumerable  hot  and  cold  hells  (.see  imraka),  situated  in 
the  interior  of  the  earth  or  on  its  furthest  vei-^e,  follow- 
ed by  a  lower  state  of  existeuee  on  earth ;  the  sui)it me  fe- 
licity to  be  attained  by  perfect  obedienre  is  thr  siiispres 

■  every  passion  and  desire,  and  eventually  Nii  v; 
unconscious  existence,  if  indeed  Nirvana  be  ucd  aiinildla 
tion.  In  its  .>ri!;iiial  spirit  aunostie,  if  u.it  athri-tu  ,  it  has 
become  niudilieil  in  time,  ami  now  has  its  liirs  and  tem- 
ples, which  vary  in  ditfcront  nationalitk'S  and  localities. 
From  India  BuiUUiism  spu  ad  ..\cr  (Vylon,  .la\a.  Cocliin- 
China,  Burma,  Tibet,  ,\|.iii^,,lia,  lalary,  cldiia,  aml.lapan, 
but  was  stamped  out  in  India  by  tlie  rise  of  llindiiism. 
Also  siielled  r.nn.lln^in. 

Buddhist  (.bOMist),  n.  and  a.  [<  Buddha  + 
-ist ;  —  F.  Hoik  111  istc.'i  I.  n.  One  who  pro- 
fesses Buddhism;  a  follower  of  the  religious 
system  founded  by  Buddha. 

II.  «.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Buddha  or  Bud 


characteristic  native  style  of  Indian  ecclesiastical  archi 
tecture,  tlie  earliest  specimens  dating  from  250  B.  C, 
and  prevailiut;  wlierever  Buddhism  has  been  established. 
Buddhist  architec  tural  nmnunients  may  be  classed  in  rtve 
gi-oujis  :  {'I)  stauiiihas  <<v  bits,  jiillars  bearing  inscriptions 
on  their  sluifts,  with  emldems  or  animals  on  their  capi- 
tals, (h)  Stnpas  or  topes,  large  towers,  some  built  in  the 
form  of  a  hemisphere,  others  partly  cylindrical  and  fin- 
ished at  the  top  with  either  a  flat  circle  or  a  pointed 
dome-like  terminal.  The  topes  were  erected  in  honor  of 
some  sacred  event  or  place,  and  are  sometimes  employed 
to  contain  relics  of  Buddha  or  of  a  saint.  In  the  latter  case 
the  tope  is  called  a  daiiuha.  (c)  Kails,  formed  of  elaborately 
sculptured  pillars,  built  around  topes,  temples,  and  other 
sacred  objects,    (t/)  Chaitya  halls,  cut  out  of  the  living 


708 

foam,  gusli.]  In  tnining,  to  wash  (ore);  sepa- 
rate (tlie  metalliferous  ores)  from  earthy  mat- 
ters by  means  of  an  inclined  hutch  called  a  bud- 

,   ^   _  die,  over  which  water  flows. 

sion  of  every  passion  and  desire,  ami  eventually  Nirvana,  or  'buddle-  (bud'l),  )l.    [<  huddlc^,  V.^    In  mining,  a 
'     '  '    ■  ' contrivance  for  dressing  ore,  or  separating  the 

metalliferous  portion  from  the  earthy  gangue. 
The  fi  rm  was  originally  used  in  Cornwall,  where  the  hand- 
Inuidle  is  a  long  liox  .slii;litly  inclined,  on  the  bottom  of 
which  the  ore  is  separated  \\y  tlio  aid  of  a  current  of  water. 
There  are  several  nnuh  more  complicated  forms  of  the 
budcile,  some  of  which  are  statioiuHy  and  others  revolving, 
huddle^  (bud'l),  V.  [Also  hoodie;  said  to  be  < 
D.  biddd,  also  contr.  hidl  (=  OHG.  hutd,  MHG. 
hiutcl,  G.  hcutd),  a  purse;  from  its  bearing  gul- 
den (florins),  a  name  given  to  its  flowers:  see 

...  ^,.-....-....^0   --   gulden,  guilder.']    Same  as  fcoodfeS. 

dhlsm.-BuddMsV architecture,  the  (bud'l),  v.  t.    To  suffocate;  drown. 

■  "    ■  [Prov.  Eng.] 

Bude  burner,  light.  See  the  nouns, 
budgei  (buj),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  hiidgcd,  ppr. 
budging.  [<  F.  houger,  stir,  wag,  =  Pr.  holegar, 
stir,  =  It.  hidicarc,  bubble  up,  freq.  (cf.  Sp. 
bullir,  boil,  be  busy,  bestir  one's  self,  move  from 
place  to  place,  —  Pg.  bulir,  move,  stir,  be  ac- 
tive), <  L.  hidlire,  boil :  see  boil'^.']  I.  in  trans. 
To  move ;  stir ;  change  position ;  give  way : 
now  usually  with  a  negative,  implying  stub- 
born resistance  to  pressure. 

I  will  not  hudge  for  no  man's  pleasure. 

Shak,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  1. 
If  the  customers  or  guests  are  to  be  dunned,  all  the 
burthen  lies  upon  my  back ;  he'd  as  lief  eat  that  glass  as 
budge  after  them  himself.  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  xxi. 

II.  trans.  To  move ;  stir ;  change  the  posi- 
tion of. 

budge^t  (huj),  «•  [Appar.  <  budget,  v.  Cf.  Sp. 
6«?/(c<0AO,  brisk,  active:  see  budget,  v.]  Brisk; 
jocund.  South. 

budge^  (buj),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  bouge 
(see  bouge'^),  <  ME.  bowge,  a  bag,  <  OF.  bouge,  <  L. 
bulga,  a  leathern  bag;'  a  word  of  Gaelic  origin : 
cf .  Gael,  Ir.  balg,  bolg,  a  bag,  wallet,  quiver,  etc. : 
see  belli/,  bellows,  bulge,  etc.]  I.  «.  If.  A  lea- 
thern bag. —  2.  Lambskin  dressed  with  the  wool 
outward,  much  used  in  the  Elizabethan  era  and 
since  as  an  inexpensive  fur  for  the  edging  of 
garments,  in  England  some  official  costumes  that  have 
remained  unchanged  are  still  decorated  with  budge. 
\Mien,  let  him  but  in  judgements  sight  uncase, 
He's  naught  but  Imdge,  old  gards,  browne  fox-fur  face. 

Marston,  Scourge  of  Villaide,  Sat.  vii. 

3.  Same  as  budge-barrel. 

II.  rt.  [<  budge'^,  2.]  1 .  Trimmed  or  adorn- 
ed with  budge  (see  I.,  2):  as,  "budge  gowns," 
Milton,  Art.  of  Peace  with  Irish.— 2.  Scholas- 
tic; pedantic;  austere;  surly;  stiff;  formal: 
as,  "budge  doctors,"  Milton,  Comus,  1.  707. 

The  solenni  fop,  significant  and  budge; 
A  fool  with  judges,  amongst  fools  a  judge. 

Cowper,  Conversation,  1.  299. 
Budge  bachelorst,  a  company  of  poor  old  men  clothed 
in  long  gowns  lined  with  lamb's  wool,  who  formerly  ac- 
companied the  lord  mayor  of  London  at  his  inauguration, 
budge'^t  (huj)»  «•  [Origin  uncertain.]   One  who 
slips  into  a  house  or  shop  to  steal  cloaks,  etc. ; 
a  sneak-thief.    Kersey,  1708.  [Slang.] 
buds.  In  the  lower  cryptTjgams  the  terni  is  applied  to  budge-barrel  (bu^'bar^el),  n.    A  small  barrel 
form  of  growth  and  reproduction,  a  modificatioii  of    with  Only  one  head,  a  piece  of  leather  which 


bufif 

His  budget  with  corruptions  cramm'd 
The  contributions  of  tlie  damn  d. 


2.  A  stock  or  store; 
of  news. 


Swift. 

a  collection:  as,  a  budget 


Buddhist  Architecture.— Interior  of  Chaitya  Hall  at  Karli. 

rock,  and  corresponding  closely  in  plan  with  Christian 
churches.  The  positions  of  the  altar  or  relic-casket,  aisles, 
and  apse  are  frequently  the  same  in  both.  (<■)  V'iharas,  or 
monasteries,  originally  built  of  red  sandal-wood,  but  in  ex- 
ceptional cireum^tances  excavated  from  the  solid  rock, 
with  halls  having  their  ceilings  supported  by  elaborately 
sculptured  pillars  cut  from  the  natural  rock,  and  surround- 
ed by  a  luimber  of  small  sleeping-cells.  A  characteristic  of 
the  Buddhist  style  is  the  pseudo-arch,  formed  by  courses 
of  stones  each  overlapping  that  below  it,  till  the  two  sides 
approach  so  closely  that  the  opening  at  the  top  can  be  cov- 
ered by  a  single  stone. 

Buddhistic  (bo-dis'tik),  a.  [<  Buddhist  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  Buddhism :  as,  Buddhistic  litera- 
ture. Also  Boodhi.stic. 
Buddhistical  (bo-dis'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as  Bud- 
dhistic. Also  Boodhisticni. 
budding  (bud'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bitd^,  v.] 
1.  In  hot.,  the  putting  forth  or  producing  of 


fission,  in  which  the  new  cell  swells  out  at  the  side  of  the 
parent  cell,  increases  in  size,  and  at  length  becomes  de- 
tached.   See  yeast. 

2.  In  zooL,  gemmation;  a  mode  of  asexual  re- 
production in  animals  analogous  to  budding  in 
plants. — 3.  In  hort.,  a  process,  allied  to  gi-aft- 
ing,  for  growing  a  different  variety  of  fruit  or 
plant  from  a  given  stock  by  transferring  a  bud 
with  a  little  of  the  woody  tissue  behind  it  to  a 

cleft  in  the  bark  of  the  stock.    Adhesion  takes  budger  (buj'er),  n. 


is  drawn  together  upon  strings  being  nailed 
upon  the  other  end.  It  is  used  in  action  for 
carrying  powder  or  cartridges  with  a  gun  or 
mortar.  Also  called  budge. 
budgenesst  (buj'nes),  n.  [<  budget,  a.,  2,  + 
-ncss.]    Sternness;  severity. 

A  great  Bellona  for  budqeness. 

Stanihurst,  (|Uoted  in  Warton's  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  §58. 

One  who  moves  or  stirs 


place  between  the  cambium  layers  or  new- 
growth  tissue  of  the  two,  assuring  the  life 
and  growth  of  the  bud.  Many  kinds  of 
fruit  are  propagated  in  this  way,  as  well 
as  roses  and  other  plants. 

budding  (bud'ing),  p.  a.    [Ppr.  of 

bud'^,  V.  ]  1 .  Producing  buds :  as,  a 
budding  tree. —  2.  Being  in  the  con- 
dition of  a  bud;  figuratively,  being 
in  an  early  stage  of  growth ;  being 
at  the  entrance  of  a  period  of  life, 
a  career,  etc. :  as,  a  budding  orator. 
Young  budding  virgin,  fair,  and  fresh,  and 
sweet.  Slutk.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  5. 

budding-knife  (bud'ing-nif),  n.  A 
knife  used  by  gardeners  in  the  op- 
eration of  budtling.  The  handle,  usu- 
ally made  of  bone  or  ivory,  tapers  to  an  edge,  w  hich  ena- 
bles it  to  be  used  in  separating  the  bark  from  the  wood 
of  the  stock  and  inserting  the  bud. 

buddle^t,  «•    See  boodle^. 

buddle^  (bud'l),  ('.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  huddled, 
ppr.  buddling.    [Cf.  LG.  hutteln  (>  G.  butteln), 


Lidding. 


from  his  place. 

Let  the  first  budger  die  the  other's  slave. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  8. 

budgero,  budgero'w  (buj'ro),  ».  [Anglo-Ind., 
also  hajra,  repr.  Hind,  bajru,  a  kind  of  pleasure- 
boat.]  A  lumbering  keelless  barge,  formerly 
much  used  by  Europeans  traveling  on  the  Gan- 
getic  rivers.  Yule  and  Burnell.  Also  budgero- 
boat,  huggerow-boat. 

They  [tlie  ladies  of  Calcutta]  .  .  .  went  upon  the  river 
in  budgerou's  and  diverted  themselves  with  fishing  or 
fowling.  J.  T.  Wheeler,  Short  Hist.  India,  p.  200. 

budget  (buj'et),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hoiv- 
gct;  <  F.  bougette  (=  It.  bolgetta),  dim.  of  OF. 
bouge,  a  bag :  see  budget.  Hence,  in  sense  4, 
D.  and  P.  budget.']  1.  A  small  bag  or  sack;  a 
pouch  or  portable  depository  for  miscellaneous 
articles:  now  chiefly  figurative:  as,  to  open  a 
budget  of  news. 

If  tinkers  may  have  leave  to  live, 
And  bear  the  sow-skin  budget. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3  (song). 


It  was  nature,  in  fine,  that  brought  off  the  cat,  when  the 
fox's  whole  budget  of  invention  failed  him. 

Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 

There  is  no  miracle  in  the  whole  Roman  Catholic  bud- 
get better  vouched  than  this. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  21. 

3.  A  pocket  used  by  tilers  to  hold  nails. — 4. 
In  Great  Britain,  the  annual  financial  statement 
which  the  chancellor  of  the  e.xcliequer  makes 
in  the  House  of  Commons,  sitting  as  a  commit- 
tee of  ways  and  means,  in  making  this  statement 
the  minister  gives  a  view  of  the  general  financial  policy  of 
the  government,  and  at  the  same  time  presents  an  esti- 
mate of  the  probable  income  and  expenditure  for  the  fol- 
lowing twelve  months,  and  a  statement  of  what  taxes  it 
is  intended  to  reduce  or  abolish,  or  what  new  ones  it  may 
be  necessary  to  impose. 

His  [.-Elfred's]  budget  is  the  first  royal  budget  we  possess ; 
and  though  the  fact  that  the  national  expenses  were  still 
in  the  nntin  defrayed  by  local  means  renders  any  compar- 
ison of  it  with  a  modern  budget  impossilde,  it  is  still  of  in- 
terest as  indicating  the  wide  range  of  public  activity  which 
even  now  was  open  to  an  English  king. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  173. 

Hence  —  5.  Any  similar  official  estimate  and 
statement.  [The  word  in  this  specific  sense 
has  been  adopted  into  the  French  language.] 
—To  open  the  budget,  to  lay  before  the  legislative  body 
the  financial  estimates  and  plans  of  the  executive  govern- 
•ment. 

budgyt  (huj'i),  a.  [<  budge"^,  n.,  2,  -I-  -yl.]  Con- 
sisting of  or  decorated  with  the  fur  called 
budge.  t 

budla  (bud'la),  TO.  [E.  Ind.]  A  variety  of  bro- 
catie,  not  of  the  finest  quality,  manufactured 
in  India. 

budlet  (bud'let),  n.  [<  bud''-  +  dim.  -let.]  A 
little  bud  springing  from  a  parent  bud. 

budmash  (bud'mash),  n.  [Also  hadmash ;  < 
Hind,  badm'dsh,  <  Pers.  bad,  bad, '+  Ar.  m'dsh, 
means  of  living,  <  'ash,  live.]  A  scoundrel;  a 
blackguard  ;  during  the  time  of  the  Indian  mu- 
tiny (1857-58),  a  rebel. 

Bud.orcas  (bii-dor'kas),  TO.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Povc, 
ox,  -f-  chpKac,  a  gazel.]  A  notable  genus  of 
large  Asiatic  antelopes,  containing  the  yakin, 
Budorcas  taxicolor,  of  the  Himalayas :  some- 
times taken  as  type  of  a  subfamily  Budorcinw, 
so  great  are  its  peculiarities.    See  yakin. 

Budorcinse  (bii-dor-si'ne),  w.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bu- 
dorcas +  -ina'.]  A  group  of  Himalayan  ante- 
lopes, typified  by  the  genus  Budorcas,  having 
smooth  round  horns  contiguous  at  their  bases, 
a  tail  like  that  of  a  goat,  and  4  teats. 

budorcine  (bu-dor'sin),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Budorcinw. 

Budweis  porcelain,   ^ee  porcelain. 
Budytes  (bii-di'tez),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  PovSvtt/C, 
the  wagtail.]    A  genus  of  small  oscine  passe- 
rine birds,  chiefly  of  the  old  world,  of  the  fam- 
ily MotacilHda; ;  the  yellow  wagtails,  of  which 
there  are  many  species,  as  B.  Jlava.    See  Mo- 
tacillidw,  ivagtail. 
buer,  TO.   A  gnat.    Halliwell.    [North.  Eng.] 
buff,  boef^t,  inte7-j.   An  exclamation  represent- 
ing the  sound  made  by  eructation  in  conse- 
quence of  overeating. 

Whan  they  for  soules  seye  the  psalm  of  Davit, 
Lo,  buf  they  seye,  cor  meum  eructavit. 

Chaucer,  Summoner's  Tale,  1.  226. 

buffi  (buf),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  buffe,  short 
for  buffl.e'i-,  q.  v.]    I.  n.  It.  A  buffalo. 

Buffalo  [It.],  a  buffle,  a  buff'e.  Florio. 

Ruffle  [F.],  the  buffe,  buffle,  bugle,  or  wild  ox.  Cotgrave. 

There  are  also  wilde  beastes  bred  in  those  woods,  as 
Ruffes,  Beares,  and  blacke  Wolues. 

Hakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  248. 

They  haue  also  the  qualities  of  a  Ruffe:  for  if  they  see 
a  man  clothed  in  red,  they  run  vpon  him  immediately  to 
kill  him.  Hakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  116. 

2.  A  kind  of  thick  leather,  originally  and  prop- 
erly made  of  the  skin  of  the  buffalo,  but  now  also 
of  the  skins  of  other  animals,  as  elks,  oxen, 

etc.  It  is  dressed  so  as  to  be  as  flexible  as  possible,  and 
without  a  glazed  or  artificially  colored  surface.  It  is 
used  for  making  belts,  pouches,  gloves,  etc.,  and  in  the 
later  middle  ag^s  came  into  use  to  take  the  place  in  a 
measui'e  of  light  armor :  as.  "  a  suit  of  buff,"  Shak.,  C.  ol 
E.,  iv.  2.    Also  called  buff-leather. 

His  doublet  was  of  sturdy  buff. 

And  though  not  sword,  yet  cudgel-proof. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  I.  i.  305. 

3.  A  buff-coat  (which  see). 

I'll  make  a  shift  to  drain  it 
Ere  I  part  with  boots  and  buff. 

Praed,  Sir  Nicholas  at  Marston  Moor. 

4.  The  color  of  buff-leather;  a  yellow  color 
deficient  in  luminosity  and  in  chroma. —  5.  jyl. 
The  third  regiment  of  the  Une  in  the  British 


buff 

army :  so  called  from  the  color  of  the  facings  of 

their  uniform.  The  7Sth  regiment  is  called  the  Ross- 
shire  Biijfn  for  the  same  reason. 

6.  In  w erf.,  the  buffj- coat.  Seebuffy. — 7.  A 
buff-stick;  a  buff -wheel. —  8.  The  "bare  skin: 
as,  to  strip  to  the  buff.  [Colloq.]  —  in  buff,  naked. 
—Iron  buff,  a  color  produced  in  dyeing  with  ferric  o.\id, 
by  first  impregnating  the  cotton  with  a  ferrous  salt  solu- 
tion, and  then  passing  it  through  an  alkaline  solution  to 
precipitate  feiTous  hydrate  ;  the  latter  is  changed  to  feme 
hydrate  by  simple  exposure  to  the  air. 

11.  a.  1.  Made  of  buff-leather. 

Did  not  I  take  you  up  from  thence,  in  an  old  greasy 
bitjT  doublet,  with  points,  and  green  velvet  sleeves,  out 
at  the  elbows  ?  B.  Jonson,  Epicoene,  iii.  1. 

2.  Of  the  color  of  buff-leather ;  bro-vraish-vel- 
low — Buff  Cochin,  a  variety  of  the  Cochin  fowl  of 
which  both  cock  and  hen  are  of  a  uniform  buff  color. 

buffi  (t,uf ),  V.  t.  [<  buffi,  n.,  7.]  To  polish  with 
a  buff-wheel  or  buff-stick. 

buff'-^  (buf),  V.  i.  [<  ME.  *buffen,  boffe»,  stam- 
mer, <  OF.  buffer,  bufer,  later  and  mod.  F. 
bouffer  (and  bouffir),  puff',  blow,  =Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
bufar  -  It.  buffare,  formerly  also  boffare,  dial. 
boffar  (itL.  buff'are),  puff,  "blow,  piiff  out  the 
cheeks ;  a  widely  spread  word,  in  part  imita- 
tive, appearing  in  E.  in  the  lit.  sense  in  the 
tovuipuff',  q.  T.    Cf.  buff^,  buffefl,  buffoon,  etc.] 

1.  To  stammer.    [Now  only  prov.  Eng.] 

Renable  nas  he  nogt  of  tonge,  ac  [but]  of  speche  hastyf , 
Boffung,  it  mest  [most]  wanne  he  were  in  wraththe  or  in 
stryf.  Robert  of  Gloucester,  1.  414. 

2.  To  emit  a  dull  sound.  [Prov.  Eng.  and 
Scotch.] 

buff2  (buf),  n.    [<  buff^,  V.   Cf.  buffard,  buffer^.-] 
1.  A  dull  fellow;  a  drone. —  2.  Nonsense  ;  triv- 
ial or  idle  talk :  as,  that  is  all  buff'. 
[CoUoq.  or  slang.] 
buffet  (buf),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  buffe  (found  in 
ilE.  onlv  in  the  deriv.  form  bufet^,  q.  v.)  = 
MHG.  buf,  buf,  biifpiif,  G.  j;»#  =  JILG.  buff 
=  ODan.  buff  =  Sw.  dial,  buff,  <  OF.  buffe, 
bufe,  a  slap,  box,  blow,  buffet,  prop,  a  slap  on 
the  cheek  (ef.  bouffe),  =  Olt.  buffa,  the  cheeks 
puffed  out,  a  puff  with  the  mouth,  also  strife, 
contention,  mod.  It.  a  trick,  jest,  =  Sp.  bufa, 
also  befa,,&  jest,  jeer,  ML.  buffa,  the  cheeks 
puffed  out  (cf.  It.  buffo,  dial.' boff,  a  puff  of 
wind,  a  comic  actor,  =  Sp.  bufo,  a  comic  actor: 
see  buffoon);  ef.  :ML.  buffare,  OF.  buffer,  bufer, 
etc.,  puff:  see  buff '2.1    A  blow;  a  slap;  a  box; 
a  stroke ;  a  buffet. 
Xathelesse  so  sore  a  buff  to  him  it  lent, 
That  made  him  reele,  and  to  his  brest  his  bever  bent. 

Spetiser,  F.  Q.,  II.  v.  6. 
To  stand  buff,  to  endm-e  blows  without  flinching ;  con- 
front without  fear.  [.Another  signification  has  been  sug- 
gested for  the  phrase,  viz.,  to  stand  stripped  to  the  buff  or 
skin,  like  boxers.] 

And  for  the  good  old  cause  stood  buff 
'Gainst  many  a  bitter  kick  and  eufl. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras. 
buff^  (buf),  V.  t.    [Early  mod.  E.  bufe  (found  in 
ME.  only  in  the  deriv.  form  buffet'^,  q.  v.)  = 
MLG.  LG.  buffen  =  G.  puffen  =  ODan.  buffe 


709 


buffer-block 


/or,  also  poil3a?.ig,  an  African  species  of  ante-  buffalo-nut  (buf 'a-16-nut),  n.  1.  The  fruit  of 
lope,  perhaps  the  hartbeest ;  prob.  (simidatiug  the  North  American  shrub  Fyrularia  oleifera. — 
Gr.  jio'vg,  an  ox)  from  a  native  African  name.]  2.  The  pliint  itself.  Also  called  oil-nut. 
1.  A  ruminant  mammal  of  the  family  .B'>(  /f/ff',  buffalo-pea  (buf'a-16-pe"),  n.  The  ground- 
the  best-known  species  of  which  is  the  BubaJus  ])luiii,  As/ra(/alus  curijocarpus.  [Western  U.  S.] 
buffelus  or  Bos  bubalus,  larger  than  the  ox  and  buffalo-perch  (buf'a-16-perch),  «.  1.  A  fish  of 

the  family  Sci«nidae,  Aplodinotus(Haplo(linotus) 
grunniens,  with  elevated  back  or  shoulders  ;  the 
bubbler  or  fresh-water  drumfish.  Eafmesque. — 
2.  A  fish  of  the  family  Catostomidse,  Ictiobus 
bubalus;  a  buffalo-fish, 
buffalo-robe  (buf'a-16-r6b),  «.    The  skin  of  the 
bison  of  North  America,  prepared  with  the  hair 
on,  and  used  as  a  carriage-rug  and  in  other  ways 
for  protection  from  the  cold, 
buffardt,   n.    [ME.,  <  OF.  bouffard,  puffing, 
blowing,  swelling;  as  a  noun,  a  glutton;  < 
see  buff"^,  and  cf.  buffer^.'] 


Common  Buffalo  ^  . 

with  stouter  limbs,  originally  from  Intlia,  but 
now  found  in  most  of  the  warmer  countries  of 
the  eastern  hemisphere,  it  is  less  docile  than  the 
common  ox,  and  is  fond  of  marshy  places  and  rivers.  It 
is,  however,  used  in  tillage,  draft,  and  carriage  in  India 
and  elsewhere.  Tlie  female  gives  much  more  milk  than 
the  cow,  and  from  the  milk  the  ghee  or  clarified  butter  of 
India  is  made.    The  Cape  buffalo,  Bubalus  or  Bos  coffer, 


Cape  Buffalo  {Bubalus  coffer). 


is  distinguished  by  the  shape  of  its  horns,  which  are  black 
and  united  at  their  bases,  forming  a  great  bony  plate  on 
the  front  of  the  head.  It  attains  the  size  of  an  ox.  The 
hide  is  exceedingly  tough,  and  a  valuable  leather  is  pre- 
pared from  it,  but  the  flesh  is  not  highly  esteemed. 
2.  A  name  given  to  various  wild  oxen,  or 
Boi  ince,  and  particularly  to  the  bison  of  North 
America,  Bison  americanus.  See  bison. —  3.  A 
buffalo-robe. — 4.  A  buffalo-fish. —  5.  A  leather 
hamper  used  for  can-ying  bobbins. —  6.  ^jL 
[cap.]  In  U.  S.  hist.,  a  name  given  by  their  op- 
ponents to  those  members  of  the  Locofoeo  or 
Equal  Eights  party  who  in  1836  accepted  the 
overtures  of  the  regular  Democratic  organiza- 
tion (Tammany)  toward  a  coalition. —  7.  pi.  A 
nickname  given  to  the  dwellers  on  the  coast  of  buffer^  (buf 'er),^i 
North  Carolina.  .    -  _ 

buffalo-berry  (buf 'a-lo-ber-'i),  «.  1.  The  fruit 
of  the  Sheplterdia  argentea,  a  shrub  or  small 
tree  which  grows  in  western  North  America. — 
2.  The  tree  itself 


bouffer,  puff',  blow: 
A  fool. 

A'et  wol  she  .  .  .  take  a  buffard  riche  of  gret  vilesse. 
In  hope  that  he  shal  sterue  withynne  a  while. 

Lyd'jttte,  Jlinor  Poems,  p.  32. 
buff-coat  (buf'kot),  n.  1.  A  military  coat  made 
of  biiff-leather,  which  gradually  replaced  the 
buff-jerkin  as  armor  of  steel  became  less  com- 
mon, and  was  in  especial  favor  at  the  time 
of  the  English  civil  wars.  The  buff-coat  was  com- 
monly worn  by  itself,  and  was  so  thick  and  unyielding  as 
to  be  considereil  proof  against  the  sword,  and  even  against 
a  pistol-ball  except  when  fired  at  short  range.  It  was 
also  worn  over  the  cuirass,  which  it  partly  concealed,  and 
under  it,  especially  among  soldiers  regularly  enlisted. 
Buff-coats  were  sometimes  richly  embroidered  with  col- 
ored silks. 

Hence  —  2.  A  soldier. 

Schisniatical  pravity  will  grow  up  under  the  licentious- 
ness of  war;  some  profane  buff-coats  viiW  authorize  such 
incendiaries.    Bp.  Ilackef,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  ii.  170. 
buffe^t,  etc.    See  buff'^,  etc. 
buffel,  buffel-duck,  etc.    See  fcx^ei,  etc. 
buffer!  (buf'er),  n.  [<  bup-  +  -f/"-l.]  If.  A  per- 
son who  killed  sound  horses  in  order  to  sell 
their  hides. — 2.  Same  as  buf-wJieel. 
buffer^  (buf'er),  «.    [<  ME."  buffere,  <  *buffen, 
bo  fen,  stutter,  stammer:  see  b'uff^,  v.,  and  cf. 
buffard.}    If.  A  stammerer. 

The  tunge  of  bufferes  [L.  balhorum\  swiftli  shal  speke 
and  pleynly.  •      Wyclif,  Isa.  xxxii.  4  (Oxf.). 

2.  A  foolish  feUow;  a  fellow;  a  duffer:  a  term 
expressive  of  extreme  familiarity,  and  gener- 
ally having  a  flavor  of  contempt.  [Slang  or 
colloq.] 

As  the  water  grew  rougher 
The  more  my  poor  hero  continued  to  suffer, 
Till  the  Sailors  themselves  cried,  in  pity, 
"Poor  Buffer :" 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  305. 

Sf.  A  person  who  took  pay  to  swear  false 
oaths ;  a  hired  perjurer. 

"    "  -    -  libuffS,v.,  + -eri-.-]   1.  One 

who  buffs  or  strikes ;  a  hitter.  [Eare.]— 2.  Any 
apparatus  for  deadening  the  concussion  be- 
tween a'  moving  bodj'  and  one  against  which  it 
strikes.  .Specifically,  an  apparatus  attached  to  railroad- 


Sw.  dial.  &i/#a,  <  OF.  buffer,  buffoyer, 'slap,  buffalo-bird  (buf'a-16-berd),  n.    A  bird  of  the 


strike,  maltreat,  <  bufe,  bufe,  a  slap,  box,  blow, 
buffet:  see'bufs,  «.]    If.  To  strike;  buffet. 

There  was  a  shock 
To  have  buffed  out  the  blood 
From  aught  but  a  block. 
B.  Jomon,  Love's  Welcome  at  Welbeck. 
2.  To  resist ;  deaden,  as  a  buffer, 
buff*  (buf),  w.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  buffe,  buffe. 


genus  Sturnopastor :  so  called  because  it  asso- 
ciates with  buffaloes. 

I  never  tired  of  watching  the  friendly  relation  between 
the  Buffalo-birds  (Stuniopastor  ialla  and  S.  melanopterus) 
and  their  bovine  hosts. 

H.  0.  Forbes,  Eastern  Archipelago,  p.  55. 

buffalo-bug  (buf'a-16-bug),  n.    A  name  of  the 


<  It.  "the" buffie  or  breathing-holes  of  a  v^fiP,^"^^^  i-   -u-    ^         ;  rr,, 

head-piece  or  helmet"  (Florio);  a  particular  ^?.?^.1°-A¥P5/^"^ „^-^^-<^^P^)'  'l\P^\  '^T 
use  of  buffa,  the  cheeks  puffed  out:  see  buf 2.] 


In  old  armor,  the  chin-piece  of  the  burgonet. 


dung  of  the  bison,  formerly  used  for  fuel  on  the 
western  plains  of  North  Ainerica. 


corresponding  to  the  aventaile,  and  pierced  buffalo-cod  (buf 'a-16-kod),  n    A  chiroid  fish, 
■  ■  ■   -         --  u^^.  T,'  .  Ol>!'i?(^on  elongatus ;  the  cultus-, 


with  holes  to  allow  breathing.  The  burgonet  bein„ 
a  light  helmet  without  face-guard,  the  buff  was  added  to 
it  when  further  defense  was  needed. 

buffS  (buf),  n.  [E.  dial.  var.  of  bougli^ ;  ef.  duff, 
var.  of  dough,  barf,  var.  of  bargh.]  A  bough. 
EaUiwell.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

buffalo  (buf 'a-16),  n. ;  pi.  buffaloes  or  -los  (-loz). 
[In  early  mod.  E.  usually  biife,  bufle  (see 
6i(^ei)  =  D,  bufel  =  ]MLG."&»Jfe/=  MHG.  buf- 
fel, G.  biiff'el  =  "Sw.  bufel  =  ODan.  butfel,  bofel, 
Dan.  boffel  (<  F.  buffle);  in  the  form" 6«^a/"o,  < 
Sp.  biifalo  r=  Pg.  bufalo,  bufaro  =  It.  bufalo, 
bufolo,  bubalo,  formerly  bufalo,  z=  Pr.  bubali; 
briifol,  brufe  =  F.  buffle  =  Wall,  birol  =  Hung. 
bival,  bial  =  Alb.  bnal,  bid  =  Euss.  buholu, 
builo  =  Little  Euss.  balvol,  bukol,  butlo  =  Pol. 
bujwol,  bawol  (baiTed  I)  =  Bohem.  burol  =  Serv. 
bivo  =  OBulg.  buivolu,  Bulg.  bivol,  <  ML.  bufalus, 
buffalus,  bufolus  (NTL,.  bubalus,  also  as  specific 
name  buffelus),  <  L.  bubalus,  the  wild  ox,  ear- 
lier and  more  properlv  an  African  antelope  (— 
NGr.  ,3obpa/j}c,  liov3a/.i,  a  buffalo),  <  Gr.  ^oi-^a- 


Part  of  under  frame  of  an  English  railway-carriage,  showing  buffing- 
springs,  a  a,  acted  on  at  the  ends  by  rods  frcm  the  buffer-blocks,  *  *. 

cars  to  prevent  injury  from  violent  contact  or  collision. 
The  buffer  shown  above,  which  represents  the  form  com- 
mon on  British  railways,  consists  of  powerful  springs  and 
framing  attached  to  carriages  and  wagons  to  deaden  the 
concussion  between  them  when  they  come  into  collision. 

Hence — 3.  Anything  which  serves  to  deaden 
or  neutralize  the  shock  of  opposing  forces. 

It  is  evident  that  the  period  of  an  indi  tinitelv  collaps- 
ing policy  has  closed.  This  means,  inevitablv.'the  near 
approach  of  an  end  to  the  system  of  political  ivtrers  so 
far  as  India  is  concerned.     Edinburgh  Rer.,  CLXIII.  19. 

A  sense  of  humor  .  .  .  may  have  served  as  a  buffer 
against  the  too  importunate  shock  of  disappointment. 

Lou-ell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  313. 
,     _  ,  .    ,    ^/    ,  V         .  Hydraulic  buffer.    See  h>idraulic. 

buffalo-gnat  (buf  a-lo-nat),  ».  A  kind  of  black-  buffer-bar  (buf 'er-biir"),  n.  A  bar  of  wrought- 
fly,  a  dipterous  insect  of  the  geuus  Simulium  iron  placed  at  the  end  of  a  railroad-car  to 
and  family  Siniidiidw.  it  is  found  in  almost  incredi-    deaden  the  concussion  between  it  and  the  next 

ble  numbers  in  the  southern  and  western  Tnited  States,  The  buffer-bars  act  generally  upon  a  pair  of  spi-ings 
and  IS  a  dreaded  pest  of  cattle,  rendering  the  animals  fran-  which  give  an  elastic  resistance  when  two  cai-s  come  to- 
tic.  and  111  some  cases  causing  death.  gether. 

buffalo-grass  (buf'a-16-gras),  n.    A  common  buffer-beam  (buf 'er-bem),  «.    1.  A  transverse 


cod. 

buffalo-fish  (buf 'a -16 -fish),  n.  The  popular 
name  of  fishes  of  the  family  Catostomidee.  or 
suckers,  and  genus  Ictiobus  or  Bubalichthys. 
They  are  among  the  largest  of  the  suckers,  somewhat  re- 
semble carp,  and  aboimd  in  the  lakes  and  rivers  of  the 
United  States.  The  name  was  probably  given  on  account 
of  the  protuberant  or  hump-like  back,  which  rises  highest 
near  the  front  of  the  dorsal  fin.  Several  species  are  recog- 
nized.   See  Ictiobince. 


name  for  several  low  grasses  very  prevalent 
upon  the  plains  east  of  the  Eocky  Mountains, 
including  Buchloe  dacfyloides,  a  dioecious  spe- 
cies, and  Bouteloua  oligostachya,  with  others  of 
the  same  genus. 

buffalo-jack  (buf 'a-16-jak),  n.  A  fish  of  the  fam- 
ily Carangidce,  Cdranx  pisquetus.  [Bermuda.] 


timber  secured  to  the  end  siU  of  a  freight-car. 
The  dead-blocks  are  connected  with  this  beam. 
—  2.  The  end  timber  of  the  platform  of  a  pas- 
senger-ear. 

buffer-block  (buf'er-blok).  n.  1.  A  block  or 
piece  of  timber  attached  to  the  end  timber  of  a 
ear,  or  of  the  platform  of  a  passenger- ear,  above 


buffer-block 


710 


bufoniform 


the  draw-bar,  to  keep  the  oars  from  coming 
together  if  the  draw-bar  gives  way. —  2.  The 
tlat  head  of  a  buffer-bar.  See  cut  uuder  buffer^. 
Also  called  biifiinff-hlock. 
buffer-head  (bixiE'ei'-lied),  n.  Same  as  huffer- 
hlKch:  2. 

buffer-spring  (biif 'er-spring),  n.  A  spring  which 
gives  elasticity  to  a  buffer,  so  as  to  lessen  the 
shock  of  collision.  Also  called  huffiiig-sjiriiiff. 
See  cut  under  buffer^ — Auxiliary  buffer-spring, 
in  railroad-cars,  a  spring  secured  beliintt  a  draw-spriiis,  to 
resist  more  strongly  the  pressure  on  the  draw-bar  in  bull- 
ing. 

buffetl  (buf'ct),  )i.  [<  ME.  buffet,  boft'ct,  bofct 
(=  Icel.  hiilYcit),  <  OF.  hnjfct,  bii/ct  {=  It.  biif- 
feto,  formerly  bnlYctto,  bojf'cito  :  cf.  Sp.Pg.  bqfc- 
tada),  a  blow,  <  huffc,  hiifc,  a  blow:  seebuff'^.'i 

1.  A  blow  with  the  list;  a  box;  a  cuff';  a  slap; 
hence,  hanl  usage  of  any  kind  suggestive  of 
blows:  a  violent  shock  or  concussion:  as, "for- 
tune's buffets,"  Shdl-..  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 

Tbf  kyiiL;!-  rriht  s^uil  liyiii  and  yaf  hym  soche  aJ)!y?("*  vpoii 
the  lelte  temple  that  the  blode  ijraste  oute  of  niouthe  and 
nose.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  391. 

For  God's  sake,  sir,  be  merry,  or  else  bear 
The  buffets  of  your  fortune  with  more  scorn  ! 

Bean,  ami  FL,  Honest  Han  s  Fortune,  iv.  1. 
We  get  .  .  .  many  a  (<»y/;  / of  tlif  rouyh  water  of  e.xperi- 
ence,  Ijefore  we  secure  the  bare  right  to  live. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  138. 

2t.  A  blast  of  wind. 

Thay  blwe  a  buffet  in  blande  that  banned  peple. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  885. 

buffetl  (buf 'et),  )'. ;  pret.  and  pp.  buffeted,  ppr. 
tniffetiiiij.  [<  ME.  buff'eteii,  bofeten  =  Icel.  buf- 
feitfi  (cf.  Sp.  bofetear,  abofetear,  Pg.  bofetear  -  -- 
it.  buff'etare,  boffcttegiore — Florio),  buffet ;  from 
the  noim.]  I,  trans.  1.  To  strike  with  the  hand 
or  fist ;  box ;  beat. 

Then  did  they  spit  in  his  face,  and  buffeted  him  ;  and 
others  smote  him  with  the  palms  of  their  hands. 

Mat.  xxvi.  67. 

2.  To  beat  in  contention ;  contend  against  as 
if  with  blows:  as,  to  buffet  the  billows. 

The  torrent  roar'd  ;  and  we  did  buffet  it 

With  lusty  sinews ;  throwing  it  aside 

And  stemming  it  with  hearts  of  controversy. 

,  Shak.,3.  C.,\.2. 

II.  in  trans.  To  exercise  at  boxing ;  box;  con- 
tend with  blows  of  the  fists;  hence,  to  force 
one's  way  by  buti'eting. 

If  I  might  buffet  for  my  love,  ...  I  could  lay  on  like  a 
butcher.  Sliak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 

I  caught  her;  then 
Oaring  one  arm,  and  bearing  in  my  left 
The  weight  of  all  the  hopes  of  half  the  world, 
.Strove  to  buffet  to  land  in  vain.  Tennyson.  Princess,  iv. 

buffet-  (buf'et,  or,  as  F.,  bii-fa'),  n.  [Sometimes 
erroneously  written  beaufet  (simulating  F.  beau, 
fine — a  notion  present,  in  another  form,  in  the 
orig.  use),  <  ME.  huffitt,  buffit,  boffet,  bofet  (in 
def.  4,  and  comp.  buffet-stool,  q.  v.)  =  D.  G. 
Dan.  Sw.  buffet  =  Euss.  bufctii,  a  sideboard,  = 
Sp.  Pg.  bufete,  a  desk,  writing-table,  Pg.  also 
a  sideboard,  <  F.  buffet,  a  sideboard,  a  cup- 
board, in  older  F.  esp.  of  an  elegant  or  costly 
kind,  "a  court  cupboord,  or  high-standing cup- 
boord,  also  a  cupboord  of  plate,  also  as  much 
plate  as  will  furnish  a  cupboord"  (Cotgrave), 
also  a  desk  or  writing-table,  <  It.  buff'etto,  for- 
merly also  boff'etto,  a  cupboard,  sideboard,  buf- 
fet (ML.  bufetum,  a  buffet,  cf.  buff'etus,  a  coun- 
cil ;  cf .  bureau  in  similar  senses),  appar.  so 
called  from  its  elegance,  being  —  OF.  bufoi, 
buffois,  sumptuousness,  show,  pomp,  fine  equi- 
page, <  buffer,  buffer  {=  It.  buffarc,  etc.),  puff, 
blow:  see  buff^,  and  cf.  buffet^.]  1.  Acupboard, 
sideboard,  or  closet,  designed  to  hold  china, 
crystal,  plate,  and  other  like  articles. —  2.  The 
space  set  apart  for  refreshments  in  public 
places. — 3.  That  part  of  the  cabinet-work  of 
an  organ  which  incloses  the  pipes. — 4.  Same 
as  buffet-stool.  Wrightj'PToy.Dict.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

buffeter  (buf'et-er),  «.  One  who  buffets  or 
strikes  with  the  hand  or  fist ;  a  boxer. 

buffeting  (buf'et-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  buffet^, 
r.~\   A  beating;  a  blow;  a  buffet. 

He  had  withstood  these  buffetinrjs  to  the  last  till  sick- 
ness overtook  him.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  vi.  13. 

buffet-stool  (buf 'et-stol),  M.  [<  ME.  buff'ett 
stole,  bofct  stole,  also  simply  buffit,  bofet  (see 
buffef^,  4);  <  buffet^  +  stool.l  "A  stool  with 
either  four  or  three  legs,  formerly  used  in  con- 
nection with  the  buffet  or  sideboard,  and  often 
serving  as  a  table  or  sideboard  among  poor 
people.  Forby. 

buffiet,  n.    Same  as  buff^.  Florio. 

buffint  (buf'in),  a.  and"  n.  [Early  mod.  E.,  ap- 
par. for  *buffen,  <  buff''-  +  -e»2,]  I.  a,  1.  Of 
buff. 

Buffalino  [It.],  of  buffe,  buffin.  Florio. 


2.  Made  of  buffin:  as,  "buffin  gowns,"  Mas- 
singer,  City  Madam,  iv.  4. 

ll,  n.  A  coarse  cloth  in  use  in  the  time  of 
Elizabeth  and  James  I. 

Grograms,  broad  or  narrow,  called  Buff,nes,  poize 
[weigh]  i  lbs.  one  with  another. 

Lansdowne  MS.,  1502.    (Draper's  Diet.) 

buffing  (buf'ing),  n.  [<  buffi  +  -ingi.^  The 
operation  of  diminishing  the  thickness  of  a  hide 
by  means  of  a  curriers'  knife  or  a  splitting- 
machine,  for  the  purpose  of  increasing  the  sup- 
pleness of  the  leather ;  hence,  the  layer  so 
shaved  off ;  the  amount  of  lessening  effected. 

When  about  one-third  tanned,  the  hides  are  removed 
fi'om  the  tanning  liquor  and  a  buffmi  is  taken  off  of  each 
hide.  C.  f.  Davis,  Leather,  p.  bsa. 

buffing-block  (buf'ing-blok),  n.  Same  as  buff'- 
er-btock. 

buffing-lathe  (btrf 'ing-laTH),  V.  A  lathe  in 
which  metal  plates  are  polished.  The  buffer 
may  be  of  leather,  cotton,  or  other  material, 
and  is  used  with  various  polishing-powders. 

buffing-machine  (buf 'ing-ma-shen"),  A 
machine  used  for  buffing  or  polishing. 

buffing-spring  (buf'ing-spring),  «.  Same  as 
buffer-spring. 

buffing-wheel  (buf'ing-hwel),  ».  Same  as  buff- 
u-lieel. 

buff-jerkin  (buf'.ier''''kin),  n.  1.  A  garment  for- 
merly worn  imder  the  corselet,  and  madeof  buff- 
leather,  whence  its  name.  ^It  took  the  place 
of  the  acton  and  gambeson. —  2.  A  waistcoat 
made  of  buff-leather;  hence,  a  waistcoat  made 

of  cloth  of  a  buff  color,  it  seems  to  have  been  con- 
sidered the  peculiar  mark  of  constables  and  other  otRcers 
of  the  law. 

Fighting!  what's  fighting?  it  may  be  in  fashion 
Among  provant  swords,  and  buff-jrrkin.  men. 

Fleteher  (and  another),  Elder  Brother,  v.  1. 

buff-laced  (buf 'last),  a.  In  poultry- and  pigeon- 
breeding,  having  the  feathers  laced  or  edged 
with  buff:  said  of  birds  of  which  the  color  is  a 
rich  buff,  each  feather  being  distinctly  laced 
with  pale  buff,  as  in  the  ease  of  huff-laced  Po- 
lish fowls,  or  of  birds  of  which  the  color  is  pale 
buff,  each  feather  being  laced  with  dark  buff. 

bufflei  (buf'l),  ».  [<  F.  bufflc,  a  buffalo.]  1. 
A  buffalo. —  2.  A  duck,  Bucephala  albeola,  abim- 
dant  in  North  America,  it  has  a  short  blue  bill  and 
a  head  the  apparent  size  of  which  is  greatly  increased  by 


Buffle  [Bucephala  albtola). 


the  fullness  of  its  feathers.  The  male  is  chiefly  black 
above  and  white  below,  the  head  being  iridescent-black 
with  a  large  white  occipital  space.  Also  called  btijjle-head, 
buffle-duck,  bujjle-headed  duck,  spirit-duck,  dipper,  and  but- 
terball.    Also  spelled  buffel. 

buffle^  (buf'l),  V.  [Freq.  of  buff^,  stammer:  see 
buff^-^    I.  intrans.  1.  To  speak  thickly  or  in- 
articulately.    [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2t.  To  be  puz- 
zled; be  at  a  loss.  Swift. 
II.  trans.  To  handle  clumsily, 
buff-leather  (buf 'le"THer),  n.  Same  as  buffi,  2. 
buffle-duck  (buf'l-duk),  «.    Same  as  bufftei,  2. 
buffle-head  (buf '1-hed),  n.    If.  One  who  has  a 
large  or  stupid  head,  like  a  buffalo's. 

What  makes  you  stare  so,  buffle-head  ? 

Ptautus  (trans.),  1094. 

2.  Same  as  bufflel,  2. 

buffle-headedt  (buf' 1-hed '''ed),  a.  Having  a 
large  head,  like  a  buffalo's;  dull;  stupid;  fool- 
ish.   Gayton,  Notes  on  Don  Quixote,  III.  3. 

buffle-horn  (buf 'l-h6rn),  n.  The  common  name 
in  South  Africa  of  the  Burchellia  Capensis,  on 
account  of  the  hardness  and  toughness  of  the 

wood.  It  is  a  ruliiaceous  shrub,  with  handsome  flowers, 
sometimes  cultivated  in  hothouses. 

buffle-WOOd  (buf '1-wud),  n.  Same  as  buffle-horn. 

buffo  (buf '6),  ».  [It.,  a  comic  actor,  also  a  puff, 
whiff,  <  buffarc,  puff,  rally,  mock :  see  buff^,  buf- 
foon.'] The  comic  actor  in  an  opera;  a  comic 
singer. 


buffon,  n.    Same  as  huff'ont. 

buffontt,  n.  [<  F.  bouffant  (cf.  "boiiff'ancs  [sic], 
l)uffs  in  a  garment"  —  Cotgrave),  ppr.  of  bouf- 
fcr,  putt'  out:  see  buff'^,  buffetl.]  A  projecting 
or  puffed-out  covering  of  gauze  or  linen  for  the 
breast,  much  worn  by  women  about  the  middle 
of  the  eighteenth  century. 

buffoon  (bu-fon'),  H.  and  a.  [<  F.  bouffon,  < 
It.  buff'one  (=  Sp.  bufon  =  Pg.  bufao),  a  jester, 
<  buff'a  (=  Sp.  bufa),  a  jest,  mocking,  connect- 
ed with  huff'are  (=  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  bufar=  F.  bouf- 
fer),  puff,  blow:  see  huff"^,  buff'etl.]  I.  n.  One 
who  makes  a  practice  of  amusing  others  by 
tricks,  odd  gestures  and  postures,  jokes,  and 
other  vulgar  pleasantries ;  a  droll ;  a  merry- 
andrew ;  a  clown ;  a  jester. 
The  scurril  talk  of  buffoons,  pleasants,  and  jesters. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  487. 
Buffoons  that  have  a  talent  of  mimicking  the  speech 
and  behaviour  of  other  persons.  Tatter,  No.  268. 

=  Syn.  See  zany. 

II.  a.  Characteristic  of  a  buffoon ;  buff oonish. 
Neither  buffoon  nor  contemptible.  Lamb,  Old  Actors. 
Buffoon  stories.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xiv. 

buffoon  (bu-fon'),  V.    [<  buffoon,  ji.]   I.  intrans. 
To  act  the  part  of  a  buffoon.  Dryden.  [Rare.] 
II,  trans.  To  make  ridiculous.  [Rare.] 

Religion  .  .  .  despised,  buffooned,  exposed  as  ridiculous. 

Glanville,  Sermons,  ix.  343. 

Went  to  see  the  Duke  of  Buckingham's  ridiculous  farce 
and  rhapsody,  called  "The  Recital,"  buffooning  all  plays, 
yet  prophane  enough.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Dec.  14,  1671. 

buffoonery  (bu-fon 'er-i),  «. ;  pi.  buffooneries 
(-iz).    [<  buffoon  +  -ery,  after  F.  bouff'onnerie.] 
'The  art  and  practices  of  a  buffoon ;  low  jests ; 
ridiculous  pranks ;  vulgar  tricks  and  postures. 
No  merit  was  secure,  no  person  free 
From  its  licentious  buffoonery. 

Oldltaui,  Horace's  Art  of  Poetry. 

buffoonish  (bu-fon'ish),  a.  [<  buffoon  +  -ishl.] 
Like  a  buffoon ;  consisting  in  buffoonery.  Blair. 

buffoonism  (bu-fon'izm),  n.  [<  buffoon,  +  -ism.] 
The  practices  of  a  buffoon;  buft'oonery. 

buffoonizet  (bu-fon'iz),  v.  t.  [<  buff'oon  +  -ize.] 
To  jest.    Minshcu,  1617. 

buffoonly  (bu-fon'li),  a.  [<  buffoon  +  -lyi.] 
Buifoonish.  [Rare.] 

-Apish  tricks  and  buffoonly  discourse. 

,/.  Goodman,  Winter  Eve.  Conference,  1. 

buffo-singer  (buf'6-sing''''er),  n.  A  singer  of 
comic  songs  in  opera  bouft'e;  a  buffo. 

buff-stick  (buf'stik),  n.  A  piece  of  stick  cov- 
ered with  leather,  velvet,  velveteen,  or  other 
material,  and  charged  with  emery  or  other  pow- 
der, used  in  polishing. 

buff-tip  (buf 'tip),  n.  1.  A  name  of  a  Japa- 
nese shrike,  Lanius  bucephalus,  so  called  be- 
cause of  a  buff  patch  on  the  wing. —  2.  A  name 
of  a  moth  similarly  marked. 

buffum  (buf'um),  9*.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  mix- 
ture of  several  inferior  kinds  of  oil,  used  as  an 
adulterant  of  linseed-oil.   Encyc.  Brit.  [Eng.] 

buff-'ware  (buf'war),  «.  In  ceram.,  a  stone- 
ware made  in  Staft'ordshire,  England,  from  the 
clay  and  other  ingredients  found  there,  and  not 
decorated.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  natural  color 
of  the  clay  when  fired. 

buff-wheel  (buf'hwel),  n.  A  wheel  of  wood, 
glue,  leather,  light  fabrics,  or  other  material, 
used  with  emery,  rouge,  or  other  powders  in 
polishing  glass  and  metals.  Also  called  buffer 
and  buffing-wheel. 

buffy  (buf'i),  a.  [<  buffi  +  .^i.]  Buff-colored; 
pertaining  to  buif  on  the  blood  Bufify  coat,  the 

coat  of  fil)rin  free  from  led  blood-corpuscles  on  the  upper 
surface  of  a  blood-clot,  which  is  formed  when  the  coagu- 
lation is  delayed  until  after  the  corpuscles  have  sunk  so 
as  to  leave  the  upper  layers  of  the  blood. 

Bufo  (bii'fo),  w.  [L.,  a  toad.]  A  genus  of 
tailless  amphibians,  typical  of  the  family  Bu- 
fonidee,  and  embracing  the  common  toads  of 
Europe  and  North  America.  See  cut  under 
agua-toad. 

bufonid  (bii'fo-nid),  m.    An  amphibian  of  the 

family  Bufonidce. 

Bufonidse  (bu-fon'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bufo(n-) 
+  -idee.]  Afamily  of  arciferous  salient  amphibi- 
ans, typified  by  the  genus  Bufo,  without  max- 
illary teeth  and  with  dilated  sacral  vertebrae 
and  a  broad  fiat  tongue,  freo  behind ;  the  toads. 

The  body  and  limljs  are  thick,  heavy,  and  clumsy,  and  the 
skin  is  warty  or  rugose.  The  jpecies  are  less  aquatic  than 
frogs,  not  arboreal  like  tree-toads,  and  much  less  agile. 
About  100  species  are  known.  See  cut  under  agxia-toad. 
bufoniform  (bu-fon'i-form),  a.  [<  L.  biifo(n-), 
a  toad,  +  forma,  shape.]  Having  the  form  of 
a  toad ;  resembling  a  toad ;  bufonoid ;  specifi- 
cally, of  or  pertaining  to  the  Bufoniformia: 
contrasted  with  raniform. 


Bufoniformia 

Bufoniformia  (bu-fou-i-for'mi-a),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  L.  biifo(H-),  a  toad  (NL.  Bufo),  +  forma, 
form,  +  -ia.]  A  group  or  suborder  of  salient 
amijliibians,  containing  those  having  an  arcif- 
erous  sternum  and  no  teeth.  It  includes  the 
Bufonidce,  lihinojphrynidce,  and  Dendroplirynis- 
cktai. 

bufonite  (bu'fon-it),  n.  [<  L.  bufo{n-),  a  toad, 
+  -«7e^.]  Toadstone;  a  fossil  consisting  of 
the  petrified  teeth  of  Spluerodus,  Pycuodus,  and 

other  Mesozoio  ganoid  fishes,   it  was  formeily  bugara  (bug'a-ra),  ??. 


711 

bugaboo  (bug'a-bo),  n.  [E.  dial,  also  hoggy- 
hoo,  Sc.  hogillbo ;  a  kind  of  compound  of  buy'^ 
and  the  interjection  boo,  W.  bw  =  Gael,  bo,  used 
to  frighten  children;  cf.  fto^.]  A  bugbear;  a 
bogy ;  a  vain  terror ;  something  to  frighten  a 
child. 

We  liave,  as  the  logical  issue  of  ecclesiasticism,  our 
modern  secularism,  that  curious  bugaboo  of  the  priest, 
and  more  curious  idol  of  the  so-called  infidel. 

.V.  A.  Reo.,  CXLI.  245. 

An  embiotocoid  fish,  or 


much  esteemed  for  its  imaginary  virtues,  and  was  worn 
in  rings :  it  was  thought  to  originate  in  the  heads  of  toads. 

bufonoid  (bu'fon-oid),  a.  and  n.  I,  a.  Eeaem- 
bliug  a  toad;  bufoniform;  specifically,  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Bufonoidea. 

II.  n.  A  bufonid  or  other  member  of  the  Bu- 
fonoidea. 

Bufonoidea  (bu-fo-noi'df-a),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  < 

Bufo(n-)  +  -oidea.^  A  superfamily  of  arcifer- 
ous  phaneroglossate  amphibians,  whose  tad- 
poles have  a  spiracle  on  the  left  side  and  whose 
adults  are  ribless.  It  embraces  all  the  Arcifera 
except  the  Discoglossidw. 

bufta  (buf'ta),  n.    Same  as  baff^. 

bugif  (bug),"M.  [<  ME.  hugge,  prob.  <  W.  biog, 
a  hobgoblin;  specter,  bwgan,  a  specter,  —  Corn. 
bucca,  a  hobgoblin,  bugbear,  —  Gael.  Ir.  bocan, 
a  specter,  Ir.  j)uca,  an  elf,  sprite  (>  E.  puck). 
Cf.  bog^,  bogy,  bogle,  and  see  bug^.l  A  hob- 
goblin ;  a  specter ;  anything  terrifying ;  a  bug- 
bear. 

Right  as  the  humour  of  melancholye 

Causith  many  a  man  in  slepe  to  crye, 

For  fere  of  beris  [bears]  ore  of  bolis  [bulls]  blake, 

Or  ellis  that  blacke  buijgys  [var.  deoeles]  wol  him  take. 

Chaucer,  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  1.  116. 
Than  beginneth  he  to  remember  his  life,  and  from  that 
he  falleth  to  thinke  vpon  his  death.  .  .  .  And  then  be- 
ginneth he  to  thinke,  that  it  were  good  to  make  sure,  .  .  . 
least  there  hap  to  be  suche  blacke  bugges  indede  as  folke 
cal  diuelles,  whose  tormentes  he  was  wont  to  take  for 

Sir  T.  More,  Cumfort  against  Tribulation  (1573),  fol.  40. 
The  bug  which  you  would  fright  me  with. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  iii.  2. 
Sylvan  and  a  Nymph,  a  man  Bug,  and  a 


surf-fish,  Hypsurus  caryi,  with  small  scales, 
uniserial  jaw-teeth,  lower  lip  attached  by 


bugleweed 

the  sun's  rays,  (b)  In  Englaml,  a  light,  one-horse,  two- 
wheeled  vehicle  without  a  hood,  (c)  In  the  United  States, 
a  light,  one-horse,  four- 
wheeled  vehicle  with  one 
seat,  and  either  with  or 
witlmut  a  hood  or  top.— 

Cut-under  buggy,  a  ve- 
hicle in  which  the  body 
is  cut  out  to  allow  the 
front  wheels  to  pass  un- 
der when  turning. 

hMggy-Hhug'i),n.  [A 
var.  of  hoyie^,  prob. 
in  simulation  of  buggy^.'] 


American  Buggy. 


Bugara  {Hypsnncs  caryi). 


median  frenum,  and  the  abdomen  much  longer 


In  coal-mining,  a 
small  wagon  used  for  transporting  coal  from 
the  working-face  to  the  gangway.  [Penn.] 
buggy-boat  (bug'i-bot),  n.   A  boat  made  so  as 
to  be  capable  of  having  wheels  attached  to  it, 
and  being  thus  converted  into  a  land-vehicle, 
buggy-cultivator  (bug'i-kul"ti-va-tor),  n.  A 
cultivator  with  wheels  and  a  seat  on  which  the 
person  attending  it  may  ride.    E.  H.  Knight. 
buggy-plow  (bug'i-plou),  n.    A  plow  with  a 
seat  on  which  the  plowman  may  ride,  and  usu- 
ally having  several  shares  in  the  same  frame. 
E.  H.  Knight. 
bughead  (bug'hed),  w.    The  bugfish  or  men- 
haden.   [Local,  U.  S.  (Virginia).] 


than  the  anal  fin.    it  is  very  common  along  the  Call-  bught,  bucht  (bucht),  )(.    fSc.  (cf .  equiv.  Gael. 

buchd,  appar.  from  Sc.),  also  written  bought, 
boucht,  prob.  ult.  =  bought'^,  q.  v.]  1.  A  sheep- 
fold  or  sheep-pen ;  especially,  a  small  inclosure 
in  the  corner  of  a  field  for  milking  ewes. —  2. 
A  square  pew  in  a  church,  with  a  table  in  the 
and  C.  Americana,  from  their  reputed  virtues    center,  hence  called  a  table-seat.  [Scotch.] 
as  destroyers  of  bugs.    The  name  is  sometimes  bugiardt,  n.    [<  It.  hugiardo,  a  har,  <  bugiare, 
applied  to  the  white  heUebore,  Veratrum  viridc.    ^}^,      >^'^--oauzar=  Oi .  hoiser,  deceive,  cheat), 
-----  <  bugia,  a  lie,  =  Pr.  bauzia  —  OF.  boisie,  deceit.] 

A  liar.    Bp.  Hacket.  [Rare.] 


fornian  coast,  is  of  handsome  appearance,  and  is  much 
used  for  bait. 

bugbane  (bug'ban),  n.  [<  bug^  +  bane.']  A 
name  given  to  species  of  the  ranunculaceous 
genus  of  plants  Cimicifuga,  in  Europe  to  C. 
fcetens,  and  in  the  United  States  to  C.  racemosa 


Also  called  bugwort.-Talse  bugbane,  the  North 
American  genus  Trautoetteria,  very  similar  to  Cimicifuga. 


bugbear  (bug'bar),  «.  and  a.   [<        +  6ear2;  a  bugis  (bo'jis),  n.  _  [E.  Ind.]    A  boat  used  for 


hobgoblin  in  the  shape  of  a  bear.  See  quota- 
tion from  Chaucer  under  bitg'^.    The  formation 


[Enter 
woman.  ] 

1  Bug. 

2  Bug. 


Pray,  master  Usher,  where  must  I  come  in  ? 
Am  I  not  well  for  a  Bug,  master  Usher? 

Chapman,  Gentleman  Usher,  ii.  1. 
bug2  (bug),  n.  [A  particular  application  of 
&Mf/l.]  'l.  A  term  loosely  applied  to  many 
kinds  of  insects,  commonly  with  certain  dis- 
tinctive additions,  as  May-bug,  lady-bug,  land- 
bugs  (Geocorisce),  water-bugs  {Hydrocorisce), 
«te. 

You  lie  down  to  your  shady  slumber. 
And  wake  with  a  bug  in  your  ear. 

N.  P.  W illis.  Love  in  a  Cottage. 

Especially  —  2.  The  Cinicx  lectularius,  the  bed- 
bug or  house-bug,  or  any  member  of  this  ge- 
nus or  of  the  family  Cimici- 
dce.  The  bedbug  is  about  1%  inci 
long,  wingless,  with  a  roundish, 
■depressed  body,  of  dirty  rust-color, 
and  emits  an  offensive  smell  when 
touched.  The  female  lays  her  eggi 
insummer  in  the  crevices  of  furniture 
and  of  the  walls  of  rooms.  Its  larvae 
are  small,  white,  and  semi-transpar- 
■ent.  They  attain  full  size  in  eleven 
weeks.  The  mouth  of  the  bedbug 
has  a  3-jointed  proboscis,  which 
lorms  a  sheath  for  a  sucker. 
■3.  pi.  In  entom.,  the  Hemip- 
tera,  and  especially  the  het- 
eropterous  division  of  that  order. — 4.  An  en- 
tomostracous  crustacean  of  cursorial  habit  or 
bug-like  aspect,  as  an  isopod.  Some  are  parasites 
■of  fishes,  others  terrestrial.  See  bugfish,  salve-bug,  soiv- 
bug,  pill-bug. — Big-bug,  a  person  of  importance  or  dis- 
tinction. [Colloq.  ]  —  Mealy  bug,  a  species  of  Dactyloinus, 
asX).  adonidurn,  covered  with  a  white  powdery  substance. 
It  is  often  found  on  the  trunks  of  vines  and  other  hot- 
house plants. 

bug2  (bug),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bugged,  ppr. 
bugging.    [<  bug^^,  «.]  To  hunt  for  bugs ;  col- 


trading  purposes  in  the  East  Indian  arehipela- 

   go ;  a  proa. 

has  ceased  to  be  felt;  Evelyn  spells  the  word  bugla  (bug'la),  n.    Same  as  baggala. 
bugbare.  Cf.  bidlbeggar.']    I.  n.  Something  that  buglardt,  n.    A  Middle  English  variant  of  bog- 
causesten-or;  especially,  something  that  causes  Qurd^- 

  "  buglei  (bu'gl),  «.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  bewgle, 

bowgle,  <  ME.  bugle,  bugylle,  bogylle,  <  OF.  bugle. 


Bedbug  ( Cimtx  lectit- 
iariits). 
(Vertical  line  shows 
natural  size.) 


needless  fright  or  apprehension. 

A  bugbear  take  him  !  Shale,  T.  and  C,  iv.  2. 

You  look  yet  like  a  bugbear  to  fright  children. 

Massinger,  Renegado,  iii.  1. 
He  will  not  sleepe,  but  calls  to  followe  you, 
Crying  that  bug-beares  and  spirits  haunted  him. 

Marstoii,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  II.  iii.  2. 
It  is  not  necessary  to  follow  the  progress  of  this  famous 
bug-bear  [the  Polish  agitation  of  1864],  for  such  it  was  to 
the  Conservative  influences  of  the  old  world. 

B.  J.  Hinton,  Eng.  Radical  Leaders,  p.  336. 

II.  a.  Occasioning  causeless  fear :  as,  "such 

bugbear  thoughts,"  Locke. 
bugbear  (bug'bar),  v.  t.    [<  bugbear,  w.]  To 

alarm  with  imaginary  or  idle  fears.  Abp.  King. 
bug-bite  (bug'bit),  11.    [<  bug^  +  bite,  ?!.]  The 

bite  of  a  bug,  or  the  swelling  caused  by  such  a 

bite. 

Poisoned  by  fcad  cookery,  blistered  with  bugbites. 

Carlyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  p.  52 

bugeye  (bug'i),  n.    Same  as  buckeye,  3. 

bugfisb  (bug'flsh),  n.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  menhaden,  Brevoortia  tyrannus,  because 
a  parasitic  isopod  crustacean,  Cymothoa p>rcegt(s- 
tator,  is  frequently  found  adhering  to  the  roof 
of  its  mouth.    See  cut  under  Brevoortia. 

buggalow  (bug'a-16),  «.    Same  as  baggala. 

buggardt,  n.  [A  var.  of  boggard^ ;  cf.  bug'i-.'] 
Same  as  boggard^. 

buggeri  (bug'er),  «.  [<  ME.  bougre,  a  heretic,  < 
OF.  bougre,  bogre,  a  heretic,  <  ML.  Bulgarus,  a 
Bulgarian,  also,  as  a  common  noun,  a  heretic, 
the  Bulgarians  being  accused  of  heresy.  The 
popular  detestation  of  ''heretics  "  led  to  the  use 
of  OF.  bougre,  etc.,  a  heretic,  in  the  later  sense.] 
One  guilty  of  the  crime  of  bestiality :  vulgarly 


a  wild  ox  (>  bugler,  F.  beugler,  bellow),  <  L.  6m- 
cidus,  dim.  of  bos,  an  ox,  =E.  cowl.]  x  sort 
of  wild  ox  ;  a  buffalo. 

These  are  the  beastcs  wliich  ye  shall  eat  of  :  oxen,  sheep, 
and  gootes,  hert,  roo,  and  bugle  [in  the  authorized  version, 
xvild  ox],  wylde  goote,  etc.  Bible,  1551,  Deut.  xiv.  4,  5. 

2.  A  young  bull.    Grose.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

bugle2  (bii'gl),  n.  [<  ME.  hugU,  bugul,  etc.,  a 
bugle-hom,  as  if  short  for  bugle-horn,  q.  v.; 
cf.  F.  bugle,  a  bugle-horn.]  1.  A  hunting- 
horn.  Also  called  bugle-horn. — 2.  A  military 
musical  wind-instrument  of  brass,  once  or  more 
curved,  sometimes  furnished  with  keys  or 
valves,  so  as  to  be  capable  of  producing  all  the 
notes  of  the  scale. 

bugle^  (bii'gl),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bugled,  ppi 
bugling.  J<.  bugle^,  n.]    To  sound  a  bugle. 

bugle^  (bu'gl),  71.  and  a.  [Prob.  <  ML.  bugolus. 
a  female  ornament,  prob.  <  G.  biigel,  a  bent  ot 
curved  strip  of  metal,  ring,  stirrup,  =  leel.  by- 
gill,  a  stirrup:  see  hail^,  boul.]  I.  n.  Ashinrn« 
elongated  glass  bead,  usually  black,  used  in  dec~"- 
orating  female  apparel:  as,  " 6«ote-bracelet," 
Shak.,W.  T.,  iv.  3  (song). 

II.  a.  Having  the  color  of  a  glass  bugle ;  jet- 
black:  as,  "bugle  eyeballs,"  Shak. 

bugle^  (bii'gl),  «.  [<  F.  bugle  =  Sp.  Pg.  bugida 
=  It.  bugola  (Mahu),  irreg.  <  LL.  bugillo,  a  plant, 
also  called  ajuga  rep  tans ;  origin  unknown.  The 
late  ME.  bicgilleis  glossed  huglossa  :  see  bugloss.] 
The  popular  English  name  for  a  common  low  la- 
biate plant  of  Europe,  Ajuga  reptans.  The  yellow 

bugle  is  A.  Chamcepitys,  and  the  mountain  bugle  -1.  py- 
ra  HI  idalis 


used  as  a  general  term  of  contumely,  without  bugle-call  (bii'gl-kal),  n.    A  short  melody 


reference  to  its  meaning 


  --o~7   =  sounded  upon  a  bugle  as  a  signal  or  order 

lect"  or  destroy'insects :  chiefly  in  the  present  bugger^  (bug'er),  n.    [Cbug^,  v.  i.,  -I-  -e;-i.]    A  bugle-cap  (bu'gl-kap),  w.   Same  as  cornet,  4  (6). 

 X  1   ri-T  ^       „„ii„„j.„„  „f  T,  "  -  an  entomologist,  bugle-horn  (bu'gl-horn),  M.    [_<'&IE.  buglehorn ; 

<  bugle^  -f  horn.   Cf.  bugle".]    1.  Same  as  bu- 
gle'^, I. —  2t.  A  drinking-vessel  made  of  horn. 
Janus 


collector  of  bugs  or  insects ; 
[Humorous.] 


Same  as  bud- 


participle:  &s,  to  go  bugging.  [Humorous.] 

bug3  (bug),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bugged,  ppr.    -  .  _ 

bugging.    [E.  dial.  var.  of  buck^  or  of  its  prim-  buggerow-boat  (buj'ro-bot),  n 
itive  verb  boic^,  <  ME.  bowen,  bugen,  <  AS.  bu-  ff^>'0- 

gan :  see  buck^,  bow^.]  To  bend.  [Prov.  Eng.  buggery  (bug'er-i),  w.  l<  OF.bougreriejbogre- 
iKent).] 

bug*  (bug),  a.    [E.  dial.  var.  of  big'i^,  and  per- 
haps of  bogS;  prob.  confused  with  bug^:  see  bugginess  (bug'i-nes),  n. 
hug'^,  und  at.  bug-word.]   If.  Big;  threatening.  _  The  state  of  being_ buggy. 

Cheval  de  trompette  [F.],  one  that's  not  afraid  of  shad 
owes ;  one  whom  no  big  nor  bugs  words  can  terrifle. 

Cotgrave. 

Paroloni  [It.],  high,  big,  roving,  long  or  bug  wordes. 

Florio. 

2.  Proud ;  self-important ;  pompous ;  conceited. 
£Prov.  Eng.] 


drynketh  of  his  bugle-horn  the  wyn. 

Chaucer,  Franklin's  Tale,  I.  517. 


rie,  heresy,  <  bougre,  heretic :  see  btiggcr'^.]  The  bugler  (bu'gler),  n.  1.  One  who  plays  a  bugle ; 
crime  of  bestiality;  sodomy.  -ii-^^^-   ^      ,  •       n  ^ 

[<  buggyi  -f  -ness.] 


buggyl(bug'i),a.  I<bug2  +  .yl.2  Infested  with 
bugs. 

buggy2  (bug'i),  n. ;  pi.  buggies  (-iz).  [Orig. 
Anglo-Ind.,  <  Hind,  baggi,  baggJn,  a  gig,  a  bug- 
gy, <  Hindi  bag,  move.]  A  name  given  to  sev- 
eral species  of  carriages  or  gigs,  (a)  In  India,  a 
gig  with  a  large  hood  to  screen  those  who  travel  in  it  from 


specifically,  a  soldier  assigned  to  convey  the 
commands  of  the  oflBcers  by  signals  sounded  on 
a  bugle.  Buglers  are  also  employed  upon 
United  States  vessels  of  war. — 2.  A  fish  of 
the  family  Centriscidw  and  genus  Centriscus;  a 
snipe-fish.  [Tasmanian.] 
bugle-rod  (bii'gl-rod),  n.  The  pastoral  staff  of 
a  bishop.  Hulliwell ;  Wright. 
bugleweed  (bii'gl-wed),  n.  The  common  name 
of  the  North  Aiierican  plant  Lycopus  Virgini- 


bugleweed 

cus,  reputed  astringent  and  sedative,  and  used 
as  a  remedy  for  hemorrhage  from  the  lungs, 
buglewort  (bu'gl-wert),  v.     Same  as  buglc- 
»■(('(/. 

bugloss  (bii'glos),  n.  [(Lato  ME.  bugillc:  see 
biKjIc^)  <  F.  huijlosse,  <  L.  btiglosm,  iuglossos,  < 
Gr.  /ioc)  ^uaiTOf ,  bugloss,  lit.  ox-tongue  (in  allu- 
sion to  the  shape  and  roughness  of  its  leaves), 
<  /3oi)f,  ox,  +  )>.(j(Tfra,  tongue:  see  y/o*'.y2.]  The 
popular  name  of  the  plant  AhcIiksu  otficiiialis. 
The  small  wild  bugloss  is  A-spei  ugo  jn-oni uihnix :  the 
vlper's-bugloss,  £c-/ii«itt  vul(jai-e ;  the  siuall  Im-hiss.  Li/- 
copsis  arvemis ;  and  the  sea-hugloss,  ileiifusiu  um  ill  i  ma. 
They  are  all  boriigiiiaceous  plants,  witli  ruugh  leaves. 
Also  called  ox-toivjue. 

There  poppies,  nodding,  mock  the  hope  of  toil : 
Tliere  the  blue  huijloss  paints  the  sterile  soil. 

Crabbe,  Village,  i.  6. 
Spanish  bugloss.    Same  as  alkanet,  2. 

buglow  (Vnig'lo),  «.    Same  as  haggaJa. 

bugong  (bu'gong),  ».  [Australian.]  An  Atis- 
traliau  butterfly,  Banais  limniace,  highly  prized 
as  an  article  of  food  by  the  aborigines. 

bugor  (bii'gor),  n.  [Russ.  hugori,  a  hillock,  a 
heap  (of  sand  or  snow).]  The  elevated  ground 
or  chain  of  hillocks  separating  limaus  or  creeks, 
such  as  those  which  gash  the  shores  of  the 
Black  Sea,  the  Caspian,  etc. 

bug-seed  (bug'sed),  n.  A  common  name  of 
the  Corispenimm  liijssop>foJhim,  a  chenopodia- 
ceous  weed  widely  distributed  over  northern 
temperate  regions.  The  name  has  reference 
to  the  shape  of  the  fruit. 

bug-shad  (bug'shad),  n.  The  bugfish  or  men- 
haden.   [Local,  U.  S.  (Virginia).] 

bug-wordt  (bug'werd),  «.  [<  hug'^  +  icord.']  A 
word  which  frightens;  blustering  talk;  a  bug- 
bear.   Also  hiufs  ivofd,  bugs-word. 

No  more  of  that,  sweet  friend ;  those  are  bug's  u'ords. 

Chapman,  Gentleman  Usher,  ii.  1. 
Greedy.  A  man  in  commission 

Give  place  to  a  tatterdemalion  1 
Mar.  No  buff  tvords,  sir. 

Massinger,  New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts. 
Death  is  a  bug-tvord:  things  are  not  brought  to  that 
extremity.  Dryden,  Sir  Martin  Mar-all,  i.  1. 

bugwort  (bug'wert),  n.  [<  bug'^  +  wort^.'] 
Same  as  bugbane. 

buhach  (bti'hach),  n.  The  powdered  flower- 
heads  of  the  plant  Pyrethrum  cinerari(rfoliiim, 
and  of  other  species,  which  are  effectual  in- 
secticides. Commonly  called  Persian  or  Bal- 
matuni  insect-powder. 

buhl  (bol),  n.  [Short  for  buhl-worl;  orig.  Boulle- 
work  or  Boule-work,    Buhl  is  a  German-looking 


712 

buik2  (bok),  n.    A  Scotch  form  of  bulled. 

build  (bild),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  buiJt,  builded,  ppr. 
building.  [Prop.,  as  in  early  mod.  E.,  spelled 
bild,  <  ME.  hilden,  bclden,  beclden,  byldeii,  buldcn, 
<  AS.  bijldan  (late  and  rare),  build,  <  bold  (early 
and  common),  a  dwelling,  house  (cf.  Icel.  bdil, 
a  farm,  abode,  —  OSw.  bol,  a  house,  dwelling 
(>  btitja,  build),  =Dan.  bol,  a  small  farm),  <  buan 
(^/  *bi(,  *bo)  =  Icel.  bua,  live,  dwell,  whence  also 
bottle'^,  a  dwelling,  bower^,  a  dwelling,  big"^, 
build,  etc.:  see  bottle'^,  boivcr'i-,  bow^,  bi/^,  etc., 
big'^,  etc.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  frame  or  construct, 
as  an  edifice ;  form  by  imiting  materials  into  a 
regular  structure ;  erect. 

The  house  was  builded  of  the  earth, 
And  shall  fall  again  to  gTound. 

Tennyson,  Deserted  House. 

2.  Figuratively — (a)  To  form  by  art  in  any 
way;  construct. 

He  knew 

Himself  to  sing,  and  build  the  lofty  rhyme. 

Milton,  Lyeidas,  1.  11. 

(6)  To  raise  as  on  a  support  or  foundation; 
rear. 


Who  builds  his  hope  in  air  of  your  good  looks, 
Lives  like  a  drunken  sailor  on  a  mast. 

Sliak.,  Rich.  III., 


iii.  4. 


Buhl. —  Commode  executed  by  Boule,  in  the  Bibliothfeque  Mazarine, 
Paris.    (From  "  L' Art  pour  Tous.") 

spelling  of  Bonle  or  Boulle,  the  name  of  aFrench 
artist  (Andr^  Charles  Boule,  1642-1732),  who 
brought  this  kind  of  work  to  high  perfection.] 
A  style  of  inlaid  decoration  in  cabinet-work 
practised  by  Boule,  a  celebrated  designer  un- 
der Louis  XIV. ;  also,  the  articles  so  decorated. 
Buhl  is  of  wood  richly  inl.-ud  with  a  kind  of  mosaic,  com- 
posed especially  of  tortoise-shell  and  line-  or  figure-work 
in  metal,  both  gold-colored  and  white. — Buhl  and  coun- 
ter, a  technical  term  for  bulil  decoration  when  two  pat- 
terns are  obtained  by  one  sawing  fi-om  a  sheet  of  metal, 
viz.,  the  decorative  strip  or  scroll  which  is  used  in  one 
place,  and  an  open  pattern  of  the  same  which  is  used  else- 
where. 

buhl-saw  (bol'sa),  w.  A  peculiar  kind  of  frame- 
saw used  in  cutting  out   

buhl-work.    Also  spelled 
boule-saio. 

buhl- work  (bol'werk),  «. 
Same  as  buhl. 

buhr  (ber),  n.  Same  as 
bur-stone.  —  Metallic  buhr. 

See  6m>-1. 

buhr-dresser  (ber'dres"- 

er),  Ji.    See  bur-dresser. 
buhr-driver  (ber'dri"ver),  n.    See  bur-driver, 
buhrstone  (ber'ston),  n.    See  burstone. 
buik^  (buk),  n.  and  v.    A  Scotch  form  of  book. 


Suspect  not  you 
A  faith  that's  built  upon  so  true  a  sorrow. 

Fletcher,  Beggars'  Busli,  i.  2. 
On  God  and  Godlike  men  we  build  our  trust. 

Tennyson,  Duke  of  Wellington,  ix. 

(c)  To  establish,  increase,  and  strengthen:  gen- 
erally with  iq> :  as,  to  build  «j>  a  fine  business ; 
to  budd  uj)  a  character. 

I,  that  have  lent  my  life  to  build  vp  yours. 

'Tennyson,  Brincess,  iv. 
To  build  castles  in  Spain.  See  castle. 

II.  in  trans.  1.  To  exercise  the  art  or  prac- 
tise the  business  of  btnlding;  construct. — 2. 
Figui'atively,  to  rear,  erect,  or  construct  any- 
thing, as  a  plan  or  a  system  of  thought. 

Buddhism  has  its  Tripitakas,  which  its  various  branches 
recognize,  and  on  which  its  several  schools  build. 

Contentporary  Rec,  LI.  207. 

3.  To  rest  or  depend,  as  on  a  foundation ;  base ; 
rely:  with  on  or  upon. 

Nay,  I  dare  build  upon  his  secrecy. 
He  linows  nut  to  deceive  me. 

S.  Jonsun,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  iii.  2. 
This  is  a  surer  way  than  to  build  on  tlie  interpretation 
of  an  autlior,  who  does  not  consider  how  the  ancients  used 
to  tliink.  Addison,  Ancient  Medals. 

build  (bild),  n. ,  [<  build,  v.1  Manner  of  con- 
struction ;  make ;  form :  as,  the  build  of  a  ship. 

Lines  of  steam-ships  should  be  aided  on  the  condition 
that  their  Indld  be  such  as  would  permit  of  their  easy  con- 
version into  men-of-war.  The  American,  VIII.  101. 

builder  (bil'der),  n.  One  who  builds,  or  whose 
occupation  is  that  of  building ;  specifically, 
one  who  controls  or  directs  the  work  of  con- 
struction in  any  capacity. 

In  tlie  practice  of  civil  architecture,  the  builder  comes 
between  the  architect  who  designs  the  work  and  the  arti- 
sans w  lio  execute  it.  JSng.  Encyc. 

building  (bil'ding),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bilding,  <  ME.  bildinge,  byldynge,  buldynge, 
rarely  buyldynge;  verbal  n.  of  buiM,  v.~\  1. 
The  act  of  constructing,  erecting,  or  estab- 
lishing.—  2.  A  fabric  built  or  constructed;  a 
structure;  an  edifice;  as  commonly  understood, 
a  house  for  residence,  business,  or  public  use, 
or  for  shelter  of  animals  or  storage  of  goods. 

In  law,  anything  erected  by  art,  and  fixed  upon  or  in  tlie 
soil,  composed  of  different  pieces  connected  together,  and 
designed  for  permanent  use  in  the  position  in  which  it 
is  so  fixed,  is  a  ljuilding.  Edw.  Lioingston.  Thus,  a  pole 
fixed  in  the  earth  is  not  a  building,  but  a  fence  or  a  wall  is. 

Seest  thou  tliese  great  buildings?  Mark  xiii.  2. 

3t.  A  flock  or  number :  said  of  rooks. 

Master  Simon  .  .  .  told  me  that  according  to  the  most 
ancient  and  approved  treatise  on  hunting,  I  must  say  a 
muster  of  peacocks.  "In  tlie  same  way,"  added  he,  with  a 
slight  air  of  pedantry,  "we  say  a  flight  of  doves  or  swal- 
lows, a  bevy  of  quails,  a  herd  of  deer,  of  wrens,  or  cranes, 
a  skulk  of  foxes,  or  a  building  of  rooks. " 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  259. 

Building  society,  a  joint-stock  benefit  society,  for  the 
purpose  of  raising  by  periodical  subscriptions  a  fund  to 
assist  members  in  Iniilding  or  purchasing,  the  property 
being  mortgaged  to  the  society  till  the  amount  advanced 
is  fully  repaid  with  interest. 

building-block  (bil'ding-blok),  n.  1.  One  of 
the  temporary  supports  or  blocks  on  which  a 
ship's  keel  rests  while  the  ship  is  building. 
It  is  a  block  of  timl>er  wliich  can  be  removed  when  the 
key-pieces  or  temjilets  are  knocked  away. 

2.  One  of  a  set  of  blocks  with  which  children 
imitate  the  construction  of  bidldings. 
building-iron  (bil'ding-i'ern),  n.    A  hand-tool 
used  in  the  manner  of  a  soldering-iron,  to  melt 


bulb 

wax  and  cause  it  to  flow  upon  the  blank  spaces 
between  the  types  of  an  electrotype  mold. 

building-lease  (bil'ding-les),  n.  A  lease  of 
land  for  a  term  of  years  (in  England  usually 
99),  under  which  the  lessee  engages  to  erect 
certain  edifices  on  the  land  according  to  speci- 
fication, these  edifices  falling  to  the  landowner 
on  the  exjiiration  of  the  lease. 

building-slip  (bil'ding-slip),  n.  The  inclined 
plane  in  a  dock  or  builder's  yard  on  which  a 
ship  is  constructed.  Tlic  ship  is  raised  above  the  slip- 
by  piles  of  blocks  on  which  it  rests. 

building-stance  (bil'ding-stans),  n.  A  piece 
of  ground  on  wliich  to  build.  [Scotch.] 

building-wax  (bil'ding-waks),  n.  Beeswax 
used  with  a  building-iron  to  "build  up  "  the 
blank  spaces  between  the  types  of  an  electro- 
type mold. 

buildress  (bil'dres),  m.  [<  builder  +  -ess.]  A 
female  builder.    Fuller.  [Rare.] 

built  (bilt),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  build,  r.]  1.  Con- 
structed; formed;  shaped;  made:  often  used 
of  the  human  body,  and  frequent  in  compound 
nautical  terms,  as  clincher-&«jZi,  clipper-ftwiii, 
frigate-6^^^?^,  etc. 

Like  the  generality  of  Genoese  countrywomen,  strongly 
built.  ■  Landor. 

2.  Constructed  of  different  pieces ;  not  com- 
posed of  one  piece:  as,  a  built  mast  or  block; 
a  budt  rib — Built  beam.   See  beam. 

builtt  (bilt),  «.  [For  build,  n.]  Form;  shape; 
build ;  mode  of  building.    Sir  TV.  Temple. 

built-up  (bilt'up),  «.  Composed  of  several 
parts  joined  together :  as,  a  buUt-up  mast,  rib, 
arch,  etc — Built-up  trail,  iiee  trail. 

buirdly  (biird'li),  rt.  [Of  uncertain  origin.  Cf. 
burly'^.']  Large  and  well  made ;  stout  in  appear- 
ance; biu'ly.  [Scotch.] 

Buirdly  chiels  and  clever  hizzies.       Burns,  Twa  Dogs.. 

buisson  (F.  pron.  bwe-son'),  [F.,  a  bush,  < 
buis,  a  box-tree :  see  Z*o.ri.]  In  gardening,  a. 
fruit-tree  on  a  very  low  stem,  with  the  head 
closely  pruned. 

buist  (bxist),  n.  [Also  written  boost,  var.  of 
boist,  a  box;  cf.  buistin'-iron,  the  marking-iron, 
tar-buist,  the  box  in  which  the  iron  (oi-ig.  the 
tar)  for  marking  is  kept:  see  boist^,  fooos<3.] 
1.  A  box;  a  chest. — 2.  A  coffin. — 3.  A  bas- 
ket.— 4.  A  distinctive  mark  set  upon  sheep 
and  cattle ;  a  brand  ;  hence,  any  distinguishing 
characteristic.    [Scotch  in  all  senses.] 

Wliat  old  carle  hast  thou  with  thee? —  He  is  not  of  the 
brotherhood  of  Saint  Mary's  —  at  least  he  has  not  the 
buLst  of  these  black  cattle.  Scott,  Monastery,  II.  58. 

buist  (biist),  V.  t.  [<  buist,  w.]  To  mark  with 
a  bvust,  as  sheep.    Also  boost.  [Scotch.] 

bukf,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  buck^. 

buke^,  n.    A  Scotch  form  of  book. 

buke^  (bo'ka),  »?.  [<  Chino-Jap.  bu,  martial, 
military,  +  ke,  family.]  The  military  families 
of  Japan,  as  distinguished  from  the  kuge,  or 
court  nobility ;  the  daimios,  or  territorial  nobil- 
ity, and  their  retainers,  the  samurai.  The  distinc- 
tion between  buke  and  ktige  ceased  on  the  abolition  of  thft 
feudal  system  in  1871.    See  kuge. 

bukket,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  buck^. 
Bukkio  (buk'ke"6),  n.    Same  as  Buppo. 
bukkum-wood  (buk'um-wud),  n.    [<  bukkumy 

a  native  name,  +  wood.']    Same  as  sappan- 

wood. 

bukshee  (buk'she),  n.  [Also  written  bidchshee, 
repr.  Hind,  bakshi,  a  paymaster,  <  baksh,  pay,  a 
gift,  <  Pers.  bakshidan,  give,  forgive.  Cf.  buk- 
shish,  bakshish.]  An  East  Indian  name  for  a. 
paymaster  or  a  commander. 

bukshish  (buk'shesh),  n.    Same  as  bakshish. 

bulafo,  n.  [Native  name  in  Guinea.]  A  musi- 
cal instrument  used  by  the  negroes  of  Guinea. 
It  consists  of  several  wooden  pipes  fastened  together  with 
leathern  thongs,  with  small  spaces  between  the  pipes. 
In  playing  it  the  pipes  are 

struck  with  small  rods  or  „,  „, 

drumsticks, 
bulata  (bul'a-ta),  n. 

Same  as  balata-gum. 
bulau  (bii'la),  M.  [Ap- 

par.  a  native  name.] 

An  insectivorous 

mammal  of  the  genus 

Gymnura,  inhabiting 

Sumatra,  Borneo, 

etc. ;  a  gymnure. 
bulb   (bulb),  n.  [< 

F.  bulbe,  <  L.  bulbus, 

a  bulbous  root,  an 

onion,  <  Gr.  /3o/l/3df, 

a  bull30us  root.]  1. 

A  form  of  the  leaf -bud,  usually  subterranean,. 

in  which  the  stem  is  reduced  to  a  flat  disk. 


l^BuIb  of  Hyacinth.  2,  Longitudi- 
nal section  of  same. 
a,  summit  of  bud,  or  gfrowing- 
point :  d,  bases  of  leaves ;  c,  crown 
of  root,  or  stem ;  d,  fibers,  or  root 
proper ;  0,  young  bulb,  or  offset. 


bulb 

Tooting  from  the  under  side,  and  bearing  above 
closely  appressed  fleshy  leaves,    in  the  tunicateci 

or  coated  bulb  these  leaves  are  in  the  form  of  broad, 
closely  concentric  coatings,  as  in  the  hyacinth  and  onion  ; 
in  the  scaly  bulb  they  are  narrow,  thick,  and  imbricated, 
as  in  the  lily.  The  so-called  solid  bulb,  as  in  the  crocus 
and  gladiolus,  is  more  properly  a  corni,  or  short  thick 
root-stock,  inclosed  within  'the  dried  sheathing  bases  of  a 
few  leaves. 

2.  Any  protuberance  or  expansion  resembling 
a  bulb,  especially  an  expansion  at  the  end  of 
a  stalk  or  long  and  slender  body:  as,  the  bulb 
of  a  thermometer;  the  bulb  of  the  aorta. — 3. 
pi.  The  tonsils.  [Prov.  Eng.] —Aortic  or  arte- 
rial bulb.  Same  as  bulb  of  the  aorta.— Alteiy  Of  the 
bulb.  See  arfcn/.— Bulb  Of  a  hair,  the  swollen  part 
at  the  origin  of  the  hair.  — Bulb  of  a  tooth,  the  embry- 
onic mesoblastic  papilla  forming  the  germ  of  the  tooth.  It 
is  capped  by  the  epiblastic  enamel  organ,  and  is  converted 
into  dentine  externally,  while  the  core,  becoming  highly 
nervous  and  vascular,  forms  the  definitive  dental  papilla, 
or  tooth-bulb.— Bulb  of  the  aorta,  in  comp.  amit.  and 
embryol.,  the  foremost  of  the  three  divisions  of  the  origi- 


713 

ing  from  bulbs:  as,  bulbous  plants. —  2.  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  a  bulb ;  swelling  out ; 
bulb-shaped. 

Above  the  fringe  of  brushwood  on  the  hill-tops  rise  the 
many  golden  domes  and  bulbous  spires  of  cathedral  and 
convents.  A.  J.  C.  Hare,  Russia,  ix. 

A  burly,  bulbous  man,  who,  in  sheer  ostentation  of  his 
venerable  progenitors,  was  the  first  to  introduce  into 
the  settlement  the  ancient  Dutch  fashion  of  ten  pair  of 
breeches.  Irviwj,  Knickerbocker,  p.  108. 

Bulbous  tore,  a  tore  made  with  the  ends  finished  with 
bull}-shaped  ornaments. 

bulbuli  (bul'bid),  n.  [=  Ar.  Turk.  Hind,  bul- 
bul,  <  Pers.  bulbul,  a  nightingale ;  j^rob.  imita- 
tive; ci.  bullen-buUen.']  1.  The  Persian  name 
of  tlie  nightingale,  or  a  species  of  nightingale, 
rendered  familiar  in  English  poetry  by  Moore, 
Byron,  and  others.  The  .same  name  is  also  given  in 
southern  and  southwestern  Asia  to  sundry  other  birds. 

Specifically — 2.  In  ornith.,  a  bird  of  the  fam- 
ily PycnonotidcB. 
bulbuF  (bul'bul),  11.    [E.  Ind.]    A  name  given 
to  the  yak. 

bulbule  (bul'bul),  n.    [<  LL.  bulbulus,  dim.  of 

L.  hulbus,  bulb.]    A  little  bulb;  a  bulblct. 
bulbus  (bul'bus),  n.;  pi.  bulbi  (-bi).    [L. :  see 

bulb.']  A  bulb :  used  chiefly  in  anatomy  in  such 

phrases  as  bulbus  oculi,  the  eyeball;  bulbus  aor- 
ta, the  aortic  bulb.— Bulbus  arteriosus.  Same  as 

bulb  of  the  aorta  (which  see,  under  6"?i).  — Bulbusglan- 

dulosus,  or  ventriculus  glandulosus,  the  glandular 

or  true  stomach  of  birds;  the  proventriculus.— BulbUS 

venae  jugularis,  the  enlargement  of  the  internal  jugu-  bulgeways  (bulj'waz),  M.  jil    Same  as  bilge- 


bulk 

b(el{/,  a  bag,  etc.  (>  E.  bellows,  belly),  and  prob. 
to  Icel.  bafff/i,  etc.,  E.  bag'^:  see  belly,  bellows, 
bag^,  bouge^,  hudgc^,  and  bilge.]  1.  A  rounded 
protuberance;  a  swelling;  a  swell ;  a  hump. 

His  nese  was  cutted  as  a  cat, 
His  browes  war  like  litel  buskes. 
And  his  tethe  like  bare  tuskes, 
A  fu!  grete  bulge  open  his  bak. 
Ywaiiie  and  ijawin  (ed.  Ritson,  1802),  1.  260. 
We  advanced  half  a  mile,  and  encamped  temporarily 
in  a  hill-girt  bulge  of  the  flumara  bed. 

It.  F.  Burton,  ElMedinah,  p.  3C2. 
2.  The  swirl  made  by  a  salmon  rising  to  the 
surface.  Sportsman's  Gazetteer.-  t:o  get  the 
bulge  on  one,  to  get  the  advantage  of  a  person ;  fore- 
stall and  get  the  better  of  one.  [Slang.] 

bulge  (bulj),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bulged,  ppr. 
bulging.  [<  bulge,  n.  Cf.  bag'^,  v.,  and  belly,  v., 
ult.  connected  with  &M^£^e.]  1.  To  swell  out;- 
be  protuberant. 

He  spoke  :  the  brawny  spearman  let  Iiis  cheek 
Bulge  with  the  unswallow'd  piece,  and  turning  stared. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 
And  the  bulging  nets  swept  shoreward, 
Witli  their  silver-sided  liaul. 

Whitlier,  The  .Sycamores. 

2.  To  bUge,  as  a  ship. 

The  grievous  shipwrack  of  my  travels  dear 
In  bulged  bark,  all  perished  in  disgrace. 

Daniel  (Arber  s  Eng.  Garner,  I.  586), 
Bulged  cask.    See  cask'. 
bulger  (Ijul'jer),      That  which  bulges;  in  golf, 
a  club  with  a  convex  face. 


Bulb  of  the  Aorta  of  a  Shark  (Lamna),  laid  open,  showing  thick 
muscular  wall,  m,  and  three  rows  of  valves,  v.  v,  v. 

nal  cardiac  vessel.  From  it  spring  the  aortic  arches,  and 
from  it  are  developed  the  aorta  and  pulmonary  artery. 
Also  called  aortic  or  arterial  bulb  and  bulbus  arterios 


-Bulb  of  the  eye,  the  eyeball.— Bulb  of  the  spinal  Vinl/.-hiTi+  rhViT  ^.>,;Tl^  » 
ord,  the  medulla  oblongata.— Bulb  of  the  urethra,  DUlcnmt  (.Out  cnm;,  n. 
le  posterior  enlarged  rounded  extremity  of  the  corpus    ^  bull,  +  dim.  -chin  = 


cord, 

the 

spongiosum  of  the  penis.— Bulbs  Of  the  fornix,  the  cor 
pora  albicantia  of  the  brain.— Detonating  blllb.  See 
defo/ia(ini7.— Olfactory  bulb,  the  anterior  enlargement 
of  the  olfactory  tract,  from  which  the  olfactory  nerves  are 
sent  off.    See  cut  under  Elasmobranchii, 

bulb  (bulb),  V.  i.    [<  bulb,  w.]   To  project  or  be 

protuberant.  Evelyn. 
bulbaceous  (bul-ba'shius),  a.    [<  L.  bidbaceus, 

<  bulbus,  a,  hnlb:  see  bulb.]  Bulbous.  Johnson. 


lar  vein  at  its  conmiencement  in  the  jugular  foramen. 

bulby  (bul'bi),  a.    [<  bulb  +  -y'^.]  Somewhat 

like  a  bulb ;  bulbous, 
bulcardt  (bul'kard),  n.   A  Cornish  name  of  the 

blenny. 

bulch^t,  V.  An  obsolete  variant  of  belch. 
bulch^t,  w.  [Appar.  shortened  from  6i<fc/ii».]  A 

bull-calf :  sometimes  used 

ence  to  a  person,  either  in 

tempt. 

So  that  my  bulch 
Show  but  his  swarth  cheek  to  me,  let  earth  cleave 
And  break  from  hell,  I  care  not ! 

Ford  and  Dekker,  Witch  of  Edmonton,  v.  1. 

[<  ME.  bulchin,  <  but, 


ways. 
bulgy  (bid'ji), 


[<  bulge  +  -)/i.]  Bending- 


Mn.]  A  yoimg  male 
calf:  often  applied  in  contempt  to  persons. 
Drayton. 

For  ten  mark  men  sold  a  litille  bulchyn. 

Langtoft,  Chronicle  (ed.  Hearne),  p.  174. 
A  new-weande  bulchin.  Marston,  Dutch  Courtezan,  ii.  1. 

Middle  English  forms  of  build. 


buldt,  buldet,  v. 

Chaucer. 

.  -  bulder  (bul'der),     «.    Same  as  &M??er.  .,  ^ 

bulbar  (bul  bar),  o.    l<L.bidbus,hu[h,  + -ar^.]  buldering  (bul'der-ing),  «.  Hot;  sultry.  [Prov.  bulimous  (bii'li-mus),  a. 
1.  Bulbous.— 2.  In  i;a<7(oZ.,  pertaining  to  the    Eng.  (Exmoor).]  Characterized  by  bulimia, 

medulla  oblongata.- Chronic  bulbar  paralysis,  a  bule^t,  «.  A  Middle  English  form  of  Mel,  6o!7l.  bulimulid  (bii-lim'u-lid),  n 


outward;  bulging:  as,  "bulgy  legs,"  Dickens. 
[Rare.] 

bulimia  (bii-lim'i-a),  n.    [=  F.  loulimie,  <  NL. 
bulimia  (LL.  bulinia,  L.  bulimus),  <  Gr.  (iov'/jfjia, 
t"ami"lkrly  in  refe^^  ,3oiA.^of,  great  hunger,  <  ,to,>,  ox,  in  eomp. 

kindness  or  in  con-    i^Plpiig  'gi'eat,'  +  /u/^oc,  hunger.]  Morbidly 
voracious  appetite;  a  disease  in  which  the  pa- 
tient has  a  constant  and  insatiable  craving  for 
food.    Also  written  bulimy,  boulimia,  boulimy. 
bulimic  (bu-lim'ik),  a.    [<  bidimia  +  -ic]  Of 

or  pertaining  to  bulimia. 
Bulimida  (bh-lim'i-da),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bulimus^ 
+  -ida.]  A  group  or  tribe  of  teiTestrial  gas- 
tropods, including  the  genera  Bulimus,  Acha- 
tina,  Pupa,  and  Claiisilia.  Beck,  1837.  [Not  in 
use.] 

bulimiform  (bii-lim'i-f6rm),  a.    [<  NL.  Buli- 
mus  +  1,.  forma,  form.]    Having  that  form  of 
shell  characteristic  of  the  genus  Bulim  us. 
bulimoid  (bii'li-moid),  a.    Having  the  appear- 
ance of  or  like  gastropods  of  the  genus  Bulimus. 

[<  bulimia  +  -ous.] 


disease  characterized  by  progressive  paralysis  and  atrophy  ■hnlo2  \'hri\\  «     SamA  aa  hn,i7 
of  the  muscles  of  the  lips,  tongue,  palate,  pharynx,  and  S„irQ,''         a  ,^-55^®,^^^  V?'!'".  „  ,  „i 

larynx.    Also  called  progressive  bidbo-nuclear  paralysis,  bUle>*t,  «•    A  Middle  Enghsh  form  of  bull^. 
progressive  atrophic  bulbar  paralysis,  and  glosso-labio-la-  Bulgar  (bul'gar),  W.     [z=  F.  Bulgare  =  G.  Bul- 


A  gastropod  of 


ryngeal  paralysis, 

bulbed  (buibd),  a.    [<  bidb  +  -efZ2.]  Ha-ving 

a  bulb ;  round-headed, 
bulbel  (bul'bel),  n.    [<  NL.  *bulbellus,  *btdbil- 

lus,  dim.  of  L.  bulbus,  bulb.]  Same  as  bulblet. 
bulberry  (burber^i),  n.;  pi.  bulberries  (-iz). 

Same  as  bilberry. 
bulbi,  11.    Plural  of  bulbus. 
bulbiierous  (bul-bif'e-rus),  a.    [<  L.  bulbus, 

bulb,  +  ferre  =  E.  bear^.]    Producing  bulbs: 

as,  bulbiferous  stems. 

bulbiform  (bul'bi-form),  a.  [<  L.  bulbus,  bulb, 
+  forma,  form.]  Bulb-shaped. 

bulbil  (bul'bil),  11.  [<  NL.  *bulbillus,  dim.  of 
L.  bulbus:  see  bulb,  bulbus.]    Same  as  bulblet. 

bulbine  (bul'bin),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  (ioWivri,  a  white 
kind  of  bulbous  plant,  <  poljiog,  a  certain  bul- 
bous root:  see  bulb.]  An  herb  having  leaves 
like  the  leek  and  a  purple  flower ;  dog's-leek. 

bulblet  (bulb'let),  n.  [<  bidb  +  dim.  -let.]  A 
little  bulb;  specifically,  in  bot.,  a  small  aerial 
bulb  or  bud  with  fleshy  scales,  growing  in  the 
axils  of  leaves,  as  in  the  tiger-lily,  or  taking 
the  place  of  flower-buds,  as  in  the  common 
onion.    Also  bulbel,  bulbil. 

bulbodiumt  (bul-bo'di-um),  «.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 


gar  =  Turk.  Bulgar  =  Hung.  Bolgar,  etc.,  ML. 
Bulgarus,  <  OBulg.  Blugarinii,  Bulg.  Blugarin 
=  Serv.  Bugarin  =  Euss.  Bolgarinu,  Bulgaru, 
Bulgar;  ML.  Bulgaria,  Russ.  Bulgariya,  etc., 
Bulgaria.  The  name  is  usually  associated, 
without  sufficient  evidence,  with  the  river  Volga 


the  family  BulimulidcB. 
Bulimulidae  (bii-li-mu'li-de),  n.jil.  [NL.,  < 
Bulimulus  +  -id(c.]  A  family  of  geophilous 
pulmonate  gastropods,  typified  by  the  genus 
Bulimulus,  ha-ving  the  mantle  included  in  the 
more  or  less  elongated  and  turreted  shell,  the 
jaw  thin,  pro-vided  with  distant  transverse  ribs, 
and  the  lateral  teeth  peculiar  in  the  elongation, 
and  ciirvation  of  the  inner  cusp. 


(Russ.  Volga,  etc.).]  1.  A  member  of  an  an-  Bulimulus  (bii-lim '  u-lus),  n.  [NL.,  as  Bul i- 
cientFinnishrace,li-ving  on  the  Volga,  the  Don,  mus  +  dim.  -ulus.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
the  Danube,  etc.  a  tribe  of  the  Buigars  conquered  family  Bulimulidw.  There  are  nine  North 
the  Slavs  of  Moesia  in  the  seventh  century,  gave  the  name  American  species,  chiefly  of  southwestern  re- 
Bulg^ariaJ;o  the  countiy,  and  soon  became  partly  Slavic  in  gions. 

Bulimus  (bii'li-mus),  n.    [NL.  (Scopoli,  1786), 
an  error  (as  if  <  Gr.  13ovai/joc,  great  hunger) 


blood  and  wholly  in  language, 

2.  One  of  the  Slavic  inhabitants  of  Bulgaria ; 
a  Bulgarian. 
Bulgarian  (bul-ga'ri-an),  a.  and  ?».  [<  Bulgar, 
Bulgaria,  +  -ian,  -ani]  I,  a.  1.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Buigars.  Also  Bulgaric.—  2.  Per- 
taining to  Bulgaria,  a  principality  under  the 
nominal  suzerainty  of  Turkey,  Ij'ing  south  of 
the  Danube  and  west  of  the  Black  Sea. 

II.  n.  1.  A  member  of  the  race  inhabiting 
and  gi-vdng  name  to  Bulgaria ;  a  Sla-vde  Bulgar. 
—  2.  The  language  of  the  Bulgarians,  or  Slavic 

Buigars.  it  is  divided  Into  two  dialects.  Old  Bulgarian 
(also  called  Church  Slavic  or  Slavonian)  and  New  Bulga- 
rian. The  former  is  the  richest  and  best  of  the  Slavic 
tongues,  but  is  extinct  as  a  spoken  language.    See  Slavic. 


/3o/,/3(j(5??f,  contr.  form  of  pol(ioei6iiQ,  bulb-like,  Bulgaric  (bul-gar'ik),  a.  and  v.    [<  Bulgar  + 


<  fioljioQ,  a  bulb,  +  eMof,  form.]  A  word  for 
merly  used  by  botanists  for  what  is  now  called 
a  corm. 

bulbose  (bul'bos),  a.  [<  L.  bulbosus :  see  bid- 
bous.]  Producing  bulbs;  resembling  a  bulb; 
bulbous.  [Rare.] 

bulbotuber  (bul'b6-tu"ber),  n.    [<  L.  hulbus, 
bulb,  -1-  tuber,  tuber.]    A  corm.  [Rare.] 
bulbous  (bul'bus),  a.    [=r  F.  bulbeux,  <  L.  bul- 
<  bulbus,  hulh.]    1.  Producing  or  grow- 


-ic]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  ancient  Bul 
gars  and  their  modern  representatives,  the 
Mord-vinians  and  Cheremissians  of  the  Volga. 

II.  n.  The  speech  of  the  ancient  Buigars  and 
the  modem  Bulgaric  Finns.    See  I. 
bulge  (bulj),  n.    [<  ME.  bulge,  a  swelling,  hump, 
prob.  the  same  as  bidge,  a  bag,  found  oftener 
in  the  OF.  form  bouge,  >  E.  bouge^  and  budge- 


for  Bulinus  (Adanson, 
1757),  prop,  (as  emend- 
ed by  Oken,  1815)  Bul- 
linus,  <  L.  bulla,  a  bub- 
ble, boss,  stud  (see  bul- 
la), +  dim.  -inus.]  A 
genus  of  land-snails  to 
which  very  difl'erent  lim- 
its have  been  assigned. 
(a)  With  the  old  aiithors  itwas 
a  repository  for  all  land-snails 
having  an  ovate  form,  a  longi- 
tudinal ovate  aperture,  and  a 
non-truncate  columella.  It 
consequently  included  numer- 
ous heterogeneous  species- 
now  distributed  among  dif- 
ferent families.  <J>)  By  recent 
authors  it  is  restricted  to 
Helicidce  of  considerable  size, 
rejjresented  by  B.  oblongus. 
(See  cut.)  Such  species  are; 
mostly  confined  to  South  .\merica.  B.  oiatus  has  some- 
times a  shell  about  G  inches  long. 

bulimy  (bii'li-mi),  n.    Same  as  bulimia. 


Bulimus  oblott^ts. 


all  due  to  L.  bulga,  a  leathern  bag ;  a  word  prob.  bulfci  (bulk),  n.  [<  ME.  bolke,  a  heap,  <  Icel 
of  Celtic  origin :  Gael.  Ir.  bolg,  a  bag,  akin  to  AS.    bulki,  the  cargo  or  freight  of  a  ship  (cf .  mod.  buV- 


bulk 


714 


bull 


Jcast,  be  bulky),  orig.  a  heap,  in  modern  leel. 
bunki,  a  heap  (see  bunk  and  huiich'^),  =  OSw. 
bolk,  a  heap,  Sw.  dial,  bulk,  a  knob,  bunch,  = 
ODan.  Dan.  hulk,  a  bump,  knob ;  prob.  ult. 
from  the  root  of  belly,  bdlowti,  ba(j^,  etc.,  and 
thus  remotely  connected  with  huli/c,  q.  v. 
Cf.  bunk,  buncli'^.  In  ref.  to  the  body,  first  in 
■early  mod.  E.  bulkc.  tlie  breast,  thorax,  =  MD. 
iuk'ke,  '  thorax' ;  either  the  same  word  as  hulk. 
a  heap,  etc.,  with  wliich  it  is  associated,  or  the 
«ame  (with  /  inserted  by  confusion  with  bulk, 
a  heap)  as  ME.  houk,  buk,  hue,  the  belly,  body: 
see  houk''-,  and  ef.  huck^.  The  sense  of  'breast 
•or  chest'  runs  easily  into  that  of  'the  whole 
body,'  and  this  into  the  sense  of  'the  whole 
•dimensions,  the  gross.']    If.  A  heap. 

Bolke  or  hepe,  cumulus,  acervus.    Prompt.  Pari'.,  p.  43. 

2.  Magnitude  of  material  substance ;  whole 
•dimensions  in  length,  breadth,  and  thickness ; 
size  of  a  material  thing :  as,  an  ox  or  a  ship  of 
great  bulk. 

A  sturdy  mountaineer  of  six  feet  two  and  corresponding 
bulk.  Hawthorne,  Old  Manse,  II. 

3.  The  gross  ;  the  greater  part ;  the  main  mass 
or  body:  as,  the  bulk  of  a  debt;  the  bulk  of  a 
nation. 

It  is  certain  that,  though  the  English  love  liberty,  the 
J>ulk  of  the  Englisli  people  desire  a  king. 

W.  Godwin,  Hist.  Commonwealth,  iv.  2. 
She  will  enjoy  eight  hundred  a  year  independent  while 
I  live ;  and  .  .  .  the  btdk  of  my  fortune  at  my  death. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  3. 
The  ease  and  completeness  with  which  the  invaders  had 
won  the  bidk  of  Britain  only  brought  out  in  stronger  re- 
lief the  completeness  of  their  repidse  from  the  south. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  108. 

4t.  The  bottom  or  hold  of  a  ship. 

Alueo,  .  .  .  the  hulke,  belly  or  bottom  of  a  ship.  Florio. 

5.  The  entire  space  in  a  ship's  hold  for  the 
stowage  of  goods ;  hence,  that  which  is  stowed ; 
the  mass  of  the  cargo :  as,  to  break  bulk  for 
-unloading. — 6t.  The  breast;  the  chest;  the 
thorax. 

Y*  Imlke,  thorax.    Levins,  Manip.  Vocab.  (1570),  col.  187. 

Torace  [It.],  tlie  brest  or  bulke  of  a  man.  Florio {169S). 
*7.  The  body  of  a  living  creature. 

He  rais'd  a  sigh  so  piteous  and  profound, 

Tliat  it  did  seem  to  shatter  all  liis  bulk. 

And  end  his  being.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  1. 

Vast  bulks  which  little  souls  but  ill  supply. 

Bidden,  Annus  Mirabilis,  I.  280. 
Bones  of  some  vast  bulk  that  lived  and  roar'd 
Before  man  was.  Tennyson,  Princess,  iii. 

Elasticity  of  bulk.  See  eZasf icj7;/.— Laden  in  bulk, 

having  tlie  cargo  loose  in  the  hold,  or  not  inclosed  in 
boxes,  bales,  bags,  or  casks.  — To  break  bulk.  See  break. 
=  Syil.  2.  Greatness,  largeness,  extent,  bigness;  Magni- 
tude, Volume,  etc.    See  >tize. 

'bulfcl  (bulk),  V.  [<  bulk^,  «.]  I.  intrans.  To  in- 
crease in  bulk ;  grow  large ;  swell. 

He  [Chalmers]  would  dilate  on  one  doctrine  till  it  bulked 
into  a  bible.  North  British  Rev. 

But  the  more  he  is  alone  with  nature,  the  gi'eater  man 
and  his  doings  bulk  in  the  consideration  of  his  fellow-men. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  193. 

II,  trans.  To  put  or  hold  in  bulk  or  as  a 
mass;  fix  the  bulk  of  in  place:  as,  to  bulk  a 
cargo.  [Rare.] 

Rotting  on  some  wild  shore  with  ribs  of  wreck, 

Or  like  an  old-world  mammoth  bulk'd  in  ice, 

Not  to  be  molten  out.  Tennyson,  Princess,  v. 

I)ulk2t,  V.  i.  [ME. ;  var.  of  bolk,  q.  v.]  To  belch. 

Bulk  not  as  a  Beene  were  yn  thi  throte, 
As  a  karle  that  comys  oute  of  a  cote. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  18. 

Tjulk^  (bulk),  n.  [<  Icel.  bdlkr,  a  beam,  rafter, 
also  a  wall,  partition,  =  E.  balk^,  a  beam,  ridge, 
etc. :  see  balk^,  and  cf.  bulkhead.']  If.  A  par- 
tition ;  a  projecting  part  of  a  building. 

Here,  stand  behind  this  bulk.  Shak.,  Othello,  v.  1. 
2.  A  stall  in  front  of  a  shop.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 
St.  A  large  chest  or  box. 

On  a  bulk  in  a  cellar  was  to  be  found  the  author  of  the 
' '  Wanderer. "  Johnson. 

"bulk*  (bulk),  V.  i.  [<  ME.  bulken;  ef.  bunch^, 
strike,  as  related,  through  bunk,  to  bulk^.']  If. 
To  strike;  beat. 

On  her  brestes  gon  thei  bulk, 
And  uchone  to  her  in  to  sculk. 

Cursor  Mundi.  (Halliwell.) 
2.  To  throb.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
bulkar,  «.    See  bulker^. 

bulkeri  (bul'ker),  n.  [<  bulk'>-  +  -erl.]  Naut., 
a  person  employed  to  determine  the  quantity 
or  bulk  of  goods,  so  as  to  fix  the  amount  of 
freight-  or  shore-dues  to  which  they  are  liable. 
[Eng.] 

I)ulker2  (bul'ker),  n.  [Also  written  (in  defs. 
1,  2)  bulkar;  <  bulk^  +  -erl.]    ij.  A  beam. 


Skinucr.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2.  A  butcher's  stall. 
[Prov.  Eng.] — 3.  One  who  sleeps  under  bulks 
or  benches;  a  night-walker.  Halliwcll.  [Prov. 
Eng.] — 4t.  A  common  strumpet  or  jilt.  E. 
FhilUps,  170G. 
bulkhead  (bulk'hed),  n.    [<  bulk^,  partition,  + 

licaiL]  1.  A  partition.  Specifically  — (n)  A  parti- 
tion in  a  ship  to  form  separate  apartments,  or  a  water- 
tight partition  placed  in  the  hull  to  prevent  the  passage 
of  water  or  lire  Irom  one  part  to  another  in  case  of  acci- 
dent ;  also,  a  screen,  as  for  protection  in  a  fight. 

We  had  only  to  wring  out  our  wet  clothes  [and]  hang 
them  up  to  chafe  against  tlie  bulkheads. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  33. 
(b)  In  ciiiil  engin.,  a  partition  built  in  a  tunnel,  conduit, 
or  otlier  subterranean  passage,  intended  to  prevent  the 
passage  of  air,  water,  or  mud. 

2,  A  water-face  of  a  wharf,  pier,  or  sea-wall. 
— 3.  A  horizontal  or  inclined  door  giving  ac- 
cess from  the  outside  of  a  house  to  the  cellar. 
[New  Eng.]— Bulkhead  door,  a  water-tight  door  in  a 

bulkhead.  — Bulkhead  line,  a  surveyors'  line  showing 
how  far  tlie  bulkheads  of  piers  may  project  into  a  stream 
or  harbor.— Collision  bulkhead,  a  strong  bulkliead  built 
across  a  ship,  near  tlie  bows,  and  designed  to  prevent  it 
from  filling  with  water  if  tlie  bows  are  stove  in.— Screen 
bulkhead  (««»'.),  a  screen  of  canvas  or  other  cloth,  taking 
the  jjlace  of  a  bulkliead. 

bulkiness  (bul'ki-nes),  n.  [<  btilky  +  -ness.'] 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  bulky ;  magnitude 
in  bulk  or  size. 

bulky  (bul'ki),  a.    [<  bulk^  +  -yi.    Cf.  Icel. 
bulkulegr,  bulky,  Sw.  dial,  bullkug,  bunchy,  pro- 
tuberant.]   1.  Of  great  bulk  or  size;  large. 
Hence — 2.  Unwieldy;  clumsy. 
Latreus,  the  bulkiest  of  the  double  race.  Dryden. 
The  book  .  .  .  suffers  from  the  editor's  btilky  style. 

N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVII.  164. 
=  Syil.  Bulky,  Massive,  Massy,  Ponderous,  Burly.  Bulky 
refers  to  prominence,  excess,  or  unwieldiness  of  size  ;  it 
applies  properly  to  material  things  ;  it  applied  to  persons, 
it  implies  the  development  of  physical  size  .at  tlie  expense 
of  liigliiT  qualities.  Massrf  is,  strictly,  poetic  for  massive. 
The  two  ilcii.ite  weight  and  solidity  quite  as  much  as 
size,  "liilc  tliat  which  is  bidky  may  be  hollow  and  com- 
paratively liglit:  as,  a  bulky  bundle  of  straw  ;  a  massive 
jaw;  "ingots  of  massy  gold."  Ponderous  primarily  de- 
notes weight  and  not  size,  but  has  come  to  have  a  secon- 
dai'y  suggestion  of  unwieldiness.  Burly  is  applicable  only 
to  persons,  and  expresses  bigness,  solidity,  and  force,  with 
sometliing  of  coarseness  of  manner. 

In  1603,  Jonson  produced  his  mighty  tragedy  of  Sejanus, 
a  noble  piece  of  work,  full  of  learning,  ingenuity,  and 
force  of  mind  in  wielding  bulky  materials. 

)l7i  ipple.  Old  Eng.  Dram. 
And  bared  the  knotted  column  of  his  throat, 
The  massive  square  of  his  heroic  breast. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

We  turned  down  Into  a  narrow  street,  and,  after  pro- 
ceeding a  little  way,  passed  under  a  massy  arched  gate- 
way, and  found  ourselves  in  the  spacious  courtyard  of  this 
princely  mansion.  W.  Ware,  Zenobia,  I.  29. 

Slowly  the  ponderous  portal 
Closed,  and  in  silence  the  crowd  awaited  tlie  will  of  the 
soldiers.  Longfellow,  Evangeline,  i.  4. 

bulli  (bul),  n.  [<  ME.  bul,  bule,  bol,  bole  (these 
forms  appar.  after  Scand.),  also  hulle,  appar.  < 
AS.  *bulla  (not  found,  but  indicated  by  the  rare 
dim.  bulluca,  >  E.  bullock^,  q.  v.)  =  MD.  hulle, 
bolle,  D.  bul  =  MLG.  LG.  bulle  (>  G.  buUc)  = 
Icel.  hoU,  a  bull  (cf.  haula,  a  cow:  see  bawP-),  = 
Norw.  bol  =  ODan.  bul,  a  bull,  Dan.  boll,  a  cas- 
trated bull  (cf .  OBulg.  volit  r=  Serv.  vo  =  Bohem. 
wul  (ivol-)  =  Pol.  wol  (barred  I),  an  ox,  =  Russ. 
volu,  a  bull,  =  Lith.  hullus  =  Lett,  bollis) ;  prob. 
from  the  root  of  heW^,  bellotv,  q.  v.]  1.  The 
male  of  the  domestic  bovine,  of  which  the  fe- 
male is  a  cow  ;  in  general,  the  male  of  any  bo- 
vine, as  of  the  different  species  of  the  genus 
Bos. —  2.  An  old  male  whale,  sea-lion,  sea- 
bear,  or  fur-seal. — 3.  [cap.]  Tam-us,  one  of  the 
twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac. — 4.  In  stock-ex- 
change slang,  one  who  endeavors  to  effect  a  rise 
in  the  price  of  stock:  the  opposite  of  a  bear. 
See  bear^,  5. 

2d  Stock.  Zounds,  where  are  all  the  Jews  this  afternoon  ? 
Are  you  a  Bull  or  a  Bear  To  day,  Abraham? 

3d  Stock.  A  Bull,  Faith, — but  I  have  a  good  Putt  for 
next  week.  Mrs.  Centlivre,  Bold  Stroke,  iv. 

5.  The  bull's-eye  of  a  target. —  6.  pi.  The  stems 
of  hedge-thorns. —  7.  pi.  The  transverse  bars 
of  wood  into  which  the  heads  of  harrows  are 
set.  Grose;  EalUwell.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 8t.  A 
five-shilling  piece.  Brewer. —  9f.  A  small  keg. 
— 10.  The  weak  grog  made  by  pouring  water 
into  a  spirit-cask  nearly  empty.  [Slang.]  — 
Bull-bay.  See  bayi.—To  take  the  bull  by  the  horns, 

to  grapple  with  or  face  lioldly  some  danger  or  difficulty. 
[In  composition,  bull  often  implies  'male'  or  'of  large 
size,'  as  in  bull-trout,  perhaps  bulrush,  etc.] 
bulll  (bul),  t.  [<  huW^,  n. ;  —  Icel.  bola,  butt, 
push.]  1.  To  toss  or  throw  up  (hedges),  as 
cattle  do.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2.  In  the  stock  ex- 
change, to  endeavor  to  raise,  as  the  j^riee  of 
shares,  artificially  and  unduly.  See  the  noun. — 
To  bull  a  barrel,  to  pour  water  into  a  cask,  when  it  is 


nearly  empty,  to  prevent  it  from  leaking.— To  bull  the 
market,  to  operate  for  a  rise  in  prices,  as  is  done  by 
brokers  who  are  long  in  any  particular  stock. 

bulP  (biil),  a.  [<  hull^,  n.,  4.]  In  the  stock 
exchange,  in  the  interest  of  or  favorable  to  the 
bulls ;  buoyant ;  rising :  as,  a  bull  movement ; 
a  hull  market. 

bulP  (biil), )(.  [<  ME.  bulle,  <  OF.  bulle,  F.  hulle 
=  It.  holla,  bulla  =  D.  bul,  bulle  =  G.  Dan.  bulle 
=  Sw.  bulla  =  Icel.  bola  (in  bann-bola,  a  bull  of 
excommunication),  <  ML.  bulla,  a  papal  edict, 
any  edict  or  writing,  a  seal,  L.  bulla,  a  boss, 
knob,  stud,  bubble  :  see  bulla,  bill^,  billet^,  bullet, 
buUelin,  boil'^,  bowl"^,  etc.]  1.  Same  as  bulla,  2. 
—  2.  The  most  authoritative  olficial  document 
issued  by  the  pope  or  in  his  name :  usually  an 
open  letter  containing  some  decree,  order,  or 
decision  relating  to  matters  of  grace  or  justice. 
It  derives  its  name  from  the  leaden  seal  (Latin  bulla) 
appended  to  it  by  a  thread  or  band,  which  is  red  or  yellow 
when  the  bull  refers  to  matters  of  grace,  and  uncolored  and 
of  hemp  when  it  refers  to  matters  of  justice.  On  one  side 
of  the  seal  is  the  name  of  the  pope,  and  on  the  other  are 
the  heads  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul.  Bulls  are  written  in 
Latin,  either  in  tlie  ordinary  cursive  liand  or  in  round 
Gothic  characters,  and  have  a  red  seal  on  the  parchment 
itself,  in  which  the  name  of  the  pope  encircles  the  heads 
of  the  apostles.  They  begin  with  the  name  of  tlie  pope, 
followed  by  the  term  episcopus  (bisliop)  and  the  words 
serous  servorum  Dei  (servant  of  the  servants  of  God)  and 
a  salutation,  and  close  with  the  place  and  date  of  execu- 
tion and  the  subscription  of  the  chancellor  or  other  func- 
tionary of  the  papal  chancery.  The  distinctive  name  of  a 
bull  is  taken  from  the  first  word  or  words  of  the  general  in- 
troduction wliich  follows  tlie  salutation:  as,  the  bull  Uni- 
(;e;ti7«.v,  wliich  begins  with  the  words  Unigenitus  Dei,  etc., 
issued  in  1713  l)y  Clement  XI.,  condemning  the  Jansenist 
propositions  set  fcnth  in  Quesnel's  "Moral  Eetlections." 
A  brief,  tliougli  of  ecjual  autliority  with  a  bull,  differs  from 
it  in  several  important  points,  chiefly  of  form.  It  is 
shorter,  relates  to  sulijects  of  inferior  importance,  is  writ- 
ten in  Latin  in  ordinary  Roman  letters  and  on  the  smooth 
side  of  tlie  parchment,  uses  the  word  jMpa  instead  of  epis- 
copus  in  the  introductory  formula,  is  sealed  with  red  wax 
instead  of  lead,  and  witli  the  pope's  private  seal,  the  fish- 
erman's ring,  and  is  never  signed  by  the  pope  himself, 
but  by  a  secretary  of  the  papal  chancery.  Both  briefs 
and  bulls  belong  to  a  class  of  papal  documents  generi- 
cally  called  apo.itolic  letters ;  these  are  encyclical  when 
addressed  to  the  bishops  of  the  Roman  Catholic  world, 
and  from  their  contents  are  called  constitutions,  decretals 
(ancient),  synodal  letters  (also  ancient),  rescripts,  motus 
proprii,  etc.  ConsistoHal  bulls  are  issued  after  consulta- 
tion with  the  consistory  of  cardinals,  and  are  signed  by  all 
the  cardinals  consulted. 

The  church  published  her  bulls  of  crusade  ;  offering  lib- 
eral indulgences  to  those  who  served. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  Int. 
The  pope  has  issued  a  bull  deposing  Queen  Elizabeth. 

Macaulay,  Disabilities  of  tlie  Jews. 

3.  An  official  letter ;  an  edict;  especially,  an  im- 
perial edict  under  the  Roman  or  the  old  German 
empire — Golden  bull,  a  name  given  to  several  cele- 
brated historical  documents,  from  tlieir  golden  seal.  The 
most  notable  of  these  is  an  edict  or  imperial  constitution 
made  in  1356  by  the  emperor  Charles  IV.,  regulating  the 
mode  of  procedure  in  the  election  and  coronation  of  the 
emperor. — Leaden  bulls,  the  designation  of  official  doc- 
uments (from  tlicir  leaden  seals)  sent  by  the  emperors  of 
Constantinople  to  ]jatriarcbs  and  princes,  by  the  grandees 
of  the  empire,  of  France,  Sicily,  etc.,  and  by  patriarchs 
and  liisliops. 

bullet  (bul),  n.  [=  F.  bulle,  formerly  bule  =  Sp. 
obs.  bulla  =  Pg.  holha  ~  It.  holla,  bulla,  <  L, 
bulla,  a  bubble :  see  bull'^.]    A  bubble. 

Life  is  as  a  bull  rising  on  the  water.  Nowell.  (Dames.\ 
bull*  (bill),  n.  [Not  found  earlier  than  the  17th 
century,  except  as  ME.  bul  (about  a.  d.  1320)  in 
the  doubtful  passage  first  quoted.  Origin  un- 
certain. Several  anecdotes  involving  Irish 
speakers  have  been  told  (and  appar.  invented) 
to  account  for  the  word.  It  is  usually  asso- 
ciated with  hulV^,  a  papal  edict,  in  allusion,  it 
is  said,  to  the  contrast  between  the  humble 
professions  of  the  pope,  as  in  his  styling  himself 
'servant  of  servants,'  and  the  absolutely  dicta- 
torial nature  of  his  edicts.  This  explanation, 
which  rests  partly  on  the  passage  quoted  from 
Milton  (cf.  bullish'^,  also  in  Milton),  below,  is 
hardly  tenable  on  historical  grounds.  The  Icel. 
hull,  nonsense,  bulla,  talk  nonsense,  chat,  is 
mod.,  and,  if  not  from  the  E.  word,  is  to  be 
associated  with  bulla,  boil,  and  ult.  with  L.  bul- 
la, a  bubble  :  see  bulls.]  A  gross  inconsistency 
in  language ;  a  ludicrous  blunder  involving  a 
contradiction  in  terms :  commonly  regarded 
as  especially  characteristic  of  the  Irish,  and 
often  called  an  Irish  bull. 

Quilk  man,  quilk  calf,  quilk  leon,  quilk  fugul 
I  sal  you  tel,  witli-vten  bid. 

Cursor  Mundi  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  21269. 

I  may  say  (without  a  Bull)  this  controversy  of  yours  is 
so  much  the  more  needless,  by  how  much  that  about  which 
it  is  (Reformation)  is  so  without  all  controversy  needful. 

Charles  Herle,  Ahab's  Fall  (1044),  Ded. 

And  whereas  the  Papist  boasts  himself  to  be  a  Roman 
Catholic,  it  is  a  mere  contradiction,  one  of  the  pope's 
bulls,  as  if  he  should  say  universal  particular ;  a  Catholic 
schismatic.  Milton,  True  Religion. 


bull 

"Why,  Friend," says  he,  .  .  . 
tieast  winter'd  one  whole  summer  for  a  nol)le. 
was  a  Bull,  my  Lord,  I  beleeve,"  says  the  fellow. 

Thomts,  Anecdotes  and  Traditions  (Camden  Soc),  p.  79. 
=  Syn.  Error,  Mistake,  etc.    See  blunder. 

bulla  Cbul'ii),  n. ;  pi.  huH<c  (-e).  [L.,  a  bubble, 
boss,  knob,  an  ornament,  etc. ;  hence  E.  hidl'^, 
huW,  hill^,  bowl^,  etc.;  cf.  Hind,  hulbuhl,  build, 
a  bubble,  and  E.  bubble'^,  etc.;  all  perhaps  orig. 
imitative.]    1.  An  ornament  in  the  form  of  a 


715 

^'^I  "Vfjf jiave  knowne  a  bullantic  (bu-lan'tik),  a.    [<  ML.  bullan{t-)s, 
"  -inat   ppj,_      luitare,  attach  the  seal,  <  bulla,  seal : 

see  bull^.'i  Pertaining  to  or  used  in  apostolic 
bulls:  as,  bullantic  letters,  certain  ornamental 
capitals  used  in  these  bulls, 
bullarium  (bu-la'ri-um),  n.  Same  as  bullary^. 
bullaryl  (bul'a-ri),  n.  [<  ML.  bullarium,  a  col- 
lection of  papal  bulls,  <  bulla:  see  bulP.]  A 
collection  of  papal  bulls. 


capsule  or  locket,  in  use  among  the  ancient  bullary^  (bul'a-ri),  «.    [A  pedantic  (law)  form 


Eomans,  who  adopted  it  from  the  Etruscans 
It  was  worn  especially  around  the  neck  as  an  amulet  by 
Roman  children,  botli  boys  and  girls,  its  protective  virtue 
being  supposed  to  reside  either  in  its  precious  material  or 
in  some  substance  inclosed  within  it.  It  was  of  gold  in 
the  families  of  the  nobly  born  and  the  rich,  and  of  com- 
moner material  among  others.  It  was  laid  aside  by  young 
men  upon  attaining  maturity,  and  dedicated  to  Hercules 
or  to  the  household  lares ;  by  young  women  it  was  dedi- 
cated to  Juno. 

When  now  my  golden  Bulla  (hung  on  high 
To  household  gods)  declar'd  me  past  a  boy. 

Dnjden,  tr.  of  I'ersius,  Satires,  v.  42. 

2.  A  seal  attached  to  a  document.  Specifically— 

(a)  A  seal  used  by  the  emperors  of  Constantinople,  and  by 
the  early  emperors  of  the  Holy  Roman  (German)  Empire, 
and  by  other  sovereigns.  (6)  A  leaden  seal  attached  to 
iuiportant  documents  issued  by  the  pope.    See  bull'i,  2. 


Bulla  of  Pope  Alexander  IV. 


of  boilary  or  boilcry,  as  if  <  ML.  *bullarium,  <  L 
bullarc  for  bullirc,  boil:  see  boil^.'i   A  house  in 
which  salt  is  prepared  by  boiling, 
bullate  (bul'at),  a.    [<  L.  bullatus,  pp.  and  adj. : 
see  the  verb.]  1.  In  6oi.,  having  elevations  like 

blisters,  a  bullate  leaf  is  one  whose  surface  between 
the  veins  is  thrown  into  projections,  which  are  convex  on 
the  upper  surface  and  concave  beneath,  as  in  the  cabbage. 
In  the  bullate  thallus  of  a  lichen  the  concavities  are  on  the 
upper  surface. 

2.  In 2;««/;oZ.,  blistered. — 3.  In  awaif.,  inflated ; 
vaulted;  ventricous;  fornicated  and  with  thin 

walls:  as,  a  6i(«aie  tympanic  bone  (that  is,  one  bulldoze  (biil'doz),  v. 
forming  a  bulla  ossea).— 4.  In  szooL,  having  the    (io~ed,  ppr.  bulldositu/. 
surface  covered  with  irregular  and  slight  eleva- 
tions, giving  a  blistered  appearance. 

bullatet,  I'-  i-  [<  L.  bullatus,  pp.  of  bullare,  bub- 
ble, <  bulla,  a  bubble:  see  boiP,  bulla.]  To 
bubble  or  boil. 

bullated  (bul'a-ted),  rt.  Bullate;  rendered  bul- 
late. 

bullation  (bu-la'shon),  n.    In  ana i.,  inflation; 

fornication ;  cameration. 
bull-baiting  (bul'ba"ting),  n.    The  practice  of 

baiting  or  attacking  bulls  with  dogs,  a  sport 

formerly  very  popular  in  England,  but  made 

illegal  in  1835. 

Among  those  who  at  a  late  period  patronised  or  defended 
bull-baitinrj  were  Windham  and  Parr 


bullet-bag 

Sentiments  which  vanish  forever  at  the  sight  of  the  proc- 
tor with  his  buU-dof/x,  as  they  call  them,  or  four  nmscular 
fellows  which  [.sic]  always  follow  him.  like  so  many  bailiffs. 

Wextinin^ter  Hen.,  XXXV.  232. 

4.  [Cf.  barker'^,  4.]  A  pistol;  in  recent  use,  a 
small  revolver  with  a  short  bareel  carrying  a 
large  ball.  [Cant.] 

"I  have  always  a  brace  of  bulldogs  about  me."  ...  So 
saying,  he  exhibited  a  very  handsome,  highly  finished,  and 
richly  mounted  pair  of  pistols. 

Scott,  St.  Ronan's  Well,  II.  191. 

5.  Kaitt. :  (a)  The  great  gun  in  the  officer.s' ward- 
room cabin,  (b)  A  general  term  for  main-deck 
guns. —  6.  In  metal.,  tap-cinder  from  the  pud- 
dling-furnaco,  after  the  protoxid  of  iron  has 
been  converted  into  sesquioxid  by  roasting. 

It  may  be  used  as  an  ore  of  iron  for  making  what  is  know  n 
as  cinder-iron.  It  is  also  extensively  used  as  a  lining  for 
the  sides  of  the  puddling-furnace.  [Eng.] 

7.  A  name  given  by  the  Canadian  half-breeds 
to  the  gadfly.— Bulldog  bat.  .See  fcai'z.-BuUdog 
forceps,  forceps  with  pointed  teeth  for  gi-asping  an  ar- 
tery, etc. 

t.  ^  pret.  and  pp.  bull- 
[Also  written  bulldose ; 
explained  as  orig.  to  give  one  a  dose  of  the  bull- 
wliack  or  bull-ivhip ;  but  the  second  element,  if 
of  this  origin,  would  hardly  become  -doze.l  1 . 
To  punish  summarily  with  a  bull-whip;  cow- 
hide.—  2.  To  coerce  or  intimidate  by  violence 
or  threats;  especially,  in  politics,  to  bully;  in- 
fluence unfairly:  applied  particularly  to  the 
practices  of  some  southern  whites  since  the 
civil  war.    [U.  S.  slang.] 

The  use  of  this  weapon  [the  bull-whip]  was  the  original 
application  of  bull-doze.  It  first  found  its  way  into  print 
after  the  civil  war,  when  it  came  to  mean  intimidation  for 
political  purposes  by  violence  or  threats  of  violence.  .Since 
that  time  it  has  accpiired  a  wider  significance,  and  may 
be  used  with  reference  to  intimidation  of  any  kind. 

Ma(j.  of  Amer.  Hint.,  XIII.  98. 


Leckij,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent, 

3.  Any  ornament  of  rounded  form,  especially  bullbat  (biil'bat),  w.  A  local  or  popular  name 
if  suspended,  such  as  those  which  are  attached  --^i- -  --i- ■>  - 
by  small  chains  to  the  Hungarian  crown. — 4. 
Inpathol.,  a  bleb  or  portion  of  epidermis  raised 
by  the  extravasation  of  a  transparent  watery 
fluid,  as  in  erysipelas,  etc. —  5.  In  anat.,  an  in- 
flated portion  of  the  bony  external  meatus  of  ^   

the  ear,  forming  a  more  or  less  well-marked  bullbeart 

I^rominenee  on  each  side  at  the  base  of  the    bugbear.  _  

skull  of  many  animals,  usually  constituted  by  bullbee  (bul'be),  n. 
a  bulbous  tympanic  bone.  Also  called  bulla  bull-beef  (bul'bef), 
ossea.    See  extract.  hence,  coarse  beef. 

In  some  Marsupials,  where  the  tympanic  does  not  pass  quial.] 
beyond  the  annular  condition,  there  is  an  apparently  simi-  bullbeggar  (bul'beg''''ar),  «, 

+  beggar ;  but  prob.  a  corruption  of  a  word 


and  Peel  opposed  the  measure  for  its  aMUion'bySaw""^'  bulldOZer  (blil'do-zer),  11.     1 .    One  who  bull- 


dozes ;  one  who  intimidates  others  by  threats 
of  violence. —  2.  A  revolver.  [U.  S.  slang  in 
both  senses.] 

of  ME.  bollen, 
expanded.  B. 


as  it  moves  through  the  air.  It  belongs  to  the  family  Ca- 
prim.ulgidce,  like  the  whippoorwill,  but  is  of  a  different 
genus.    Also  called  pisk  and  piramidig. 

n.   [ibidl^  +  bear^.  Gt  bugbear.']  A 
Harvey.  (Halliwell.) 

Same  as  bullfln. 

n.  The  flesh  of  a  bull;  buuirnaii "/bid 
[In  the  latter  sense  eollo-  ''"^^•.6^:^*11  (bui 


bullen  (biil'en),  n.    [Origin  unknown.]  The 
awn  or  chaff  from  hemp  or  flax.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
bullen-bullen  (bid'en-bul"en),  n.  [Imitative 
reduplication ;  cf.  bulbul.']    The  native  name  of 
the  Australian  lyre-bird,  Menura  superba. 
bullengertj  n.    A  variant  of  balinger. 

''en-nal),  n.    A  round-headed 


lar  bidla,  but  this  is  formed  by  an  extension  of  the  bases 
of  the  ala;  temporales  (Dasyurus,  Petaurista,  Perameles). 

Gegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  466. 

6.  [cap.]  A  genus  of  tectibranchiate  (or  pleu- 
Tobranchiate)  gastropods,  to  which  very  differ- 
ent limits  have 
been  assigned,  (a) 

By  the  old  concholo- 
gists  not  only  were 
most  of  the  tectibran- 
chiates  included,  but 
also  various  other  gas- 
tropods having  shells 
like  or  supposed  to  be 
like  them  were  referred 
to  the  genus,  (b)  By 
recent  writers  it  is  re- 
stricted to  the  bubble- 
shells,  so  called  from 
their  ventricous  oval 
shells,  so  convoluted  that  the  last  whorl  envelops  all  the 
others:  typical  of  the  family  Bullidce.  Also  called  Glaii- 
dida. 

bullace  (bul'as),}?.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bullis, 
bulloes;  <  ME.  bulas,  bolas.  also  bolaster,  bohjs- 
tre  (ef.  bolas  tre,  bulas-tre,  where  t7-e  is  regard- 
ed as  E.  tree),  <  Gael,  bulaistear  =  Jr.  bulistair, 
a  bullace,  sloe,  connected  with  Ir.  bulos,  a 
prune,  =  Bret,  bolos,  jiolos,  bullace,  >  prob 


nail^with  a  short  shank,  tinned  and  lacquered, 

see  bidder,  boul- 


1  2 

Bubble-shells. 
Bulla  ampulla  ;  2,  Bulla  {Atys) 


of  different  origin;  cf.  bully,  v.,  bullbear,  a  bug- 
bear, D.  bullebak,  a  bugbear:  see  bugbear.] 
Something  that  excites  needless  fear;  a  hob- 
goblin; an  object  of  terror. 

They  are  all  as  mad  as  I ;  they  all  have  trades  now, 
And  roar  about  the  streets  like  bidl-beggars. 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  iv.  2. 
This  was  certainly  an  ass  in  a  lion's  skin  ;  a  harmless 
bull-beggar,  who  delights  to  frighten  innocent  people. 

Tatler,  No.  212. 

bull-boat  (bul'bot),  n.  A  mde  boat  made  by 
the  North  American  Indians,  usually  a  shallow 
crate  covered  with  the  raw  hide  of  the  bull  elk. 

bullbrier  (bul'bri'''er),  n.  A  name  given  to  spe- 
cies of  Smilax,  S.  Pseudo-China  and  S.  tamnoi- 
des,  of  the  southern  United  States,  which  have 
tuberous  roots,  and  stems  armed  with  stout 
prickles. 

bull-calf  (bul'kiif),  n.  [<  hulV-  +  calf;  =  D.  bul- 
kalf=  Icel.  bola-kalfr.]  1.  A  male  calf.— 2. 
A  stupid  fellow.  Sliak. 
bullcomber  (biil'ko'mer),  n.  A  name  of  the 
common  English  beetle,  Scarabwus  typha;us,  or 
Typhwus  vulgaris,  and  other  species  of  the  fam- 
ily Scarabmida^. 


rin  form  <  buin  J'^,^*^  chiefly  by  upholsterers. 

^J::.A  buller  (blil'er),  V.      [E.  dial. 
der.]    To  roar 


Mil 


OF.  baloce,  beloce,  belloche  (F.  dial,  bcloce),  bul-  Vk- I'/i ■    ^         a-  , 

lace,  bellocier,  bullace-tree.  Cf.  E.  dial.  (Corn-  T^pH-dance  (bul  dans),  n.  ^aut,  a  dance  per 
wall)  bullum,  the  fruit  of  the  bullace-tree.]  1 


A  species  of  plum.  Primus  in-sititia,  a  native 
of  Asia  Minor  and  southern  Europe,  but  now 
naturalized  and  cultivated  further  north,  it 

differs  from  the  common  plum,  P.  domestica,  chiefly  in 
its  spiny  branches.    Tlie  fruit  is  used  like  damsons. 

2.  The  popular  name  of  Melicocca  bijuga,  a 
common  West  Indian  tree,  producing  a  green 
egg-shaped  fruit  with  a  pleasant  vinous  and 
aromatic  flavor.— 3.  In  the  United  States,  the 
muscadine  grape,  Vitis  vulpina. 

Bulladse  (bul'a-de),  n.  pi.    Same  as  Bullidw. 

bullae,  «.    Plural  of  bulla. 

bullan  (bul'a),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  weight  equal  to 
4i.pounds,  lised  in  some  parts  of  the  East  In- 
dies for  grain. 


formed  by  men  only, 
bulldog  (biil'dog),  n.  [<  bull'^  +  dog;  hence  F. 
bouledogue,  Russ.  bulidogu.  Hind,  gulddnk-kuttd 
(kuttd,  dog).  Cf.  equiv.  D.  bulhond  (hond=E. 
hound),  LG.  bullenbiter  =  G.  bullenbeisser  = 
Dan.  bulbider,  lit.  'bull-biter.']  1.  A  variety 
of  dog  of  comparatively  small  size,  but  very 
strong  and  muscular,  with  a  large  head,  broad 
muzzle,  short  hair,  tapering  smooth  tail,  and 
remarkable  courage  and  ferocity.  Dogs  of 
this  kind  were  formerly  much  used  in  bull- 
baiting,  whence  the  nanie. —  2t.  A  bailiff. 

I  sent  for  a  couple  of  bull-dogs,  and  arrested  him. 

Farquhar,  Love  and  a  Bottle,  iii.  2. 

3.  The  assistant  or  servant  who  attends  the 
proctor  of  an  English  university  when  on  duty. 


[Prov.  Eng.] 
bullescence  (bu-les'ens),  n.  [<  L.  bullescen(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  bullescere,  begin  to  bubble,  <  bullire,  bub- 
ble: see  boil^.]  In  bot.,  a  bullate  condition. 
See  bullate,  1. 

bullet  (biil'et),  n.  [<  F.  boulet,  a  cannon-ball, 
dim.  of  OF.  boule,  a  ball,  >  E.  bowl^,  of  which 
bullet  is  thus  practically  a  diminutive:  see 
boivl^.]    It.  A  small  ball. 

Wien  one  doth  die  another  is  elected  by  the  Great  Mas- 
ter and  his  Knights,  who  give  their  voices  by  bullets,  as  do 
the  Venetians.  Sandys,  Travels,  p.  180. 

Specifically  —  2.  A  small  metallic  projectile 
intended  to  be  discharged  from  a  firearm :  com- 
monly limited  to  leaden  projectiles  for  small 
arms.  Bullets  were 
formerly  always  spheri- 
cal in  form,  but  many 
changes  have  been  made 
in  them  in  both  shape 
and  structure.  The  bul- 
let used  for  rifles  of 
recent  construction  is 
elongated  and  conical, 
or  rather  ogival,  at  the 
apex,  somewhat  like  half  an  egg  drawn  out,  with  a  hollow 
at  the  base,  into  which  a  plug  of  wood  or  clay  is  inserted, 
and  with  small  cuts  (camielures)  in  the  metal  outside, 
which  are  filled  with  beeswax  to  lubricate  the  barrel 
while  the  bullet  is  passing  through  it.  When  the  gun  is 
fired  the  plug  is  driven  forward  to  the  head  of  the  cavity, 
forcing  the  base  of  the  bullet  outward  till  the  lead  com- 
pletely fills  the  grooves  in  the  rilled  barrel.  The  plug  is 
often  omitted,  the  base  of  the  bullet  being  forced  into  the 
gi'ooves  by  the  expansive  force  of  the  jiow  der. 

3.  In  her.,  a  roimdel  sable  (that  is,  a  black 
circle),  supposed  to  represent  a  cannon-ball. — 
BuUet-compasses.    See  i.. Dumdum  bullet, 

a  half-covered  liulict  witli  an  expansible  soft  core  :  nanred 
from  tlie Dumdum  amniunition-worksatCalcutta. — Every 

bullet  has  its  bUlet.  See  Naked  bullet 

{mint.),  an  elongated  projectile  with  one  or  more  j^rooves 
or  cannelures  encircling  it,  as  distinguished  from  the 
patched  liulK  t  formerly  used. 

bullet-bag  (bul'et-bag),  n.  A  leathern  pouch 
for  liohling  bullets,  formerly  carried  attached 
to  a  bandoleer  or  baldric.  W  hen  the  baldric  was  not 
worn,  the  bullet-bag  was  attached  to  the  giidle,  beside  the 
powder-flask. 


*  c  d 

Rifle-bullets. 
Enfield;  c,  Springfield; 
d,  Prussian  needle-gun. 


bullet-headed 

bullet-headed  (biil'et-bed  ed),  a.  1.  Eound- 
bfiided. —  2.  Stupid;  doltish. 

bullet-hook  (bid'et-liiik),  H.  A  tool  for  ex- 
tracting bullets. 

bulletin  (bul'e-tin),  n.  [F.,  <  It.  hullettino,  lol- 
lettino,  dim.  of  hullctta,  bolletta,  dim.  of  bulla, 
iolla,  a  bull,  edict :  see  and  the  ult.  identi- 
cal bill^.']  1.  An  autlientieated  oflfioial  report 
concerning  some  public  event,  such  as  military 
operations,  the  health  of  a  sovereign  or  other 
distinguished  personage,  etc.,  issued  for  the  in- 
formation of  the  pubUe. 

"  False  as  a  bulletin  "  became  a  proverb  in  Napoleon's 
time.  Carlijlc. 

2.  Any  notice  or  public  annoimeement,  espe- 
cially of  news  recently  received. —  3.  A  name 
given  to  various  periodical  publications  record- 
ing the  proceedings  of  learned  societies, 
bulletin  (biil'e-tin),  v.  t.  [<  buUetin,  «.]  To 
make  known  liy  a  bulletin  publicly  posted. 

It  would  excite  no  interest  to  bulletin  the  last  siege  of 
Jerusalem  in  a  village  where  the  event  was  unknown,  if 
the  date  was  appended. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Backlog  Studies,  p.  142. 

bulletin-board  (bul'e-tin-bord),  n.  A  board 
publicly  exposed,  on  which  to  placard  recent 
news,  notices,  etc. 

bullet-ladle  (bul'et-la'dl),  n.  A  hemispheri- 
cal ladle  for  melting  lead  to  run  bullets. 

bullet-machine  (btil'et-ma-shen"),  «.  A  ma- 
chine for  forming  bullets.  The  metal,  in  the  form 
of  a  coil,  is  cut  into  sliort  lengths  as  it  unwinds,  and  these 
blanks  are  then  iiivssid  into  shape  between  dies. 

bullet-mold  (biil'et-mold),  n.  A  mold  for  cast- 
ing bullets. 

bullet-probe  (bul'et-prob),  A  i^robe  used  in 
exploring  for  bullets  in  wounds. 

bullet-proof  (btil'et-prof),  a.  Capable  of  re- 
sisting the  impact  of  a  bullet. 

bulletrie  (bul'e-tri),  n.    See  bully-tree. 

bullet-screw  (bul'et-ski'6),  w.  A  screw  at  the 
end  of  a  ramrod,  which  can  be  forced  into  a 
bullet  in  order  to  draw  it  from  a  gun-barrel. 

bullet-shell  (bul'et-shel),  n.  An  explosive  bul- 
let for  small  arms. 

bullet-tree,  n.    See  buUy-trec 

bullet-wood  (bul'et-wud),  n.  A  very  strong, 
close-grained,  dark-brown  wood  of  India,  from 
a  species  of  Mimusops,    See  bully-trce. 

bull-facet  (bid 'fas),  n.  A  threatening  face  or 
appearance. 

Come  hither  to  fright  maids  with  thy  bull-faces! 
To  threaten  gentlewomen  I 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  iv.  2. 

bull-faced  (biil'fast),  a.  Having  a  large  coarse 
face :  as,  ^'bull-faced  Jonas,"  Dryden,  Abs.  and 
Aehit.,  i.  581. 

bull-feast  (bul'fest),  n.    Same  as  hull-fight. 

bull-fight  (bid'fit),  n.  A  combat  between  men 
and  a  bull  or  bulls:  a  popular  amusement 
among  the  Spaniards  and  Portuguese.  A  horse- 
man, called  a  toreiulur  or  picadur,  attacks  a  bull  in  a 
closed  arena,  irritating  him,  but  avoiding  liis  attack. 
After  the  bull  has  been  tormented  a  long  time  the  horse- 
man leaves  him,  and  persons  on  foot,  called  chulos  and 
banderilleros,  attack  him  and  plunge  daits  into  him. 
Finally  the  sport  is  ended  with  the  death  of  the  bull  by 
the  sword  of  a  matador. 

bull-fighter  (bul' filter),  n.  One  who  fights 
bulls ;  a  human  combatant  in  a  bull-fight. 

bullfinch!  (biil'finch),  n.  [Appar.  <  bulli  as  used 
in  eomp.  (as  if  in  allusion  to  the  thick  rounded 
bill)  +  finch.  Cf.  equiv.  buclfinch.']  A  very 
common  oscine  passerine  bird  of  Europe,  Pyr- 


fc*'  '  'i-'  ^i..  .^^^r^m^ 

Bullfinch  {Pyrrhula  vulgaris). 


716 

rul(jaris ;  a  kind  of  finch  of  the  family 
FriiKjiUiihv,  with  a  very  short,  stout,  turgid  bill, 
which,  like  the  crown,  is  black,  and  a  body  blu- 
ish above,  and,  in  the  male,  tile-red  below :  a 
favorite  cage-bird,  easily  taught  to  sing  a  va- 
riety of  notes.  The  name  is  extended  to  other  species 
of  the  same  genus,  and  also  to  those  of  some  related  gen- 
era.—Bullfinch  tanager,  one  of  the  lindos  or  thick-billed 
tanagers  of  tlic  gemis  Euphoaia,  and  others  of  like  charac- 
ter.—  Pine  bullfinch,  the  pine  grosbeak,  Pinicola  enn- 
cleator.    See  irr<>.<lt'rik\ 

bullfinch^  (bul'finch),  n.  [A  corruption  of 
bull-fence,  a  fence  for  confining  bulls,  <  -f 
fciicc.l  In  England,  a  strong  fence,  or  a  hedge 
allowed  to  grow  high  enough  to  impede  hunt- 
ers, and  much  used  as  a  test  of  skill  in  steeple- 
chasing. 

bullfish  (bul'fish),  n.  A  name  of  the  great  seal, 
Phoea  barbata,  ov  Prignuthus  barbatus. 

bullfist  (bid'fist),  II.  [Also  written  bitllfeist, 
bullfice;  <  +  fisf^,  di-al.  feist,  foist,  a'putt'- 
bali,  lit.  a  breaking  of  wind:  seo'fist^,  foisf^. 
The  German  name  bofist  (>  Bovista)  and  the 
generic  name  Lycnperdon  are  of  similar  signi- 
fication.]   A  puffball.    See  Lycoperdon. 

bullfly  (bul'fli),  J).  An  insect,  the  gadfly,  so 
named  from  its  tormenting  cattle.  See  gadfly. 
Also  called  bullbee. 

bullfrog  (bid'frog),  n.  The  Eana  catesbiana, 
a  North  American  species  of  frog,  from  8  to  12 
inches  long,  ineludingthe  legs,  of  a  dusky  brown 


Bullfrog  {Rana  catesbiana). 

or  olive  color  marked  with  darker.  These  frogs  live 
chiefly  in  stagnant  water,  and  utter  a  loud  croaking  sound 
resembling  the  bellowing  of  a  bull,  whence  the  name, 
bull-fronted  (bul'frun*ted),  a.  Having  a  front 
or  forehead  like  a  bull. 

A  sturdy  man  he  looked  to  fell  an  ox, 
Bull-fronted,  ruddy.  Hood. 

bull-fronts  (bid'fiimts),  n.  pi.  [E.  dial.,  also 
called  buU-faces.'\  Tufts  of  coarse  grass,  Aira 
ew.'spitosn.  Brockett. 

bullhead  (bul'hed),  n.  [<  ME.  bulhede,  name 
of  a  fish  (L.  capito),  <  bul,  bulU,  -I-  hede,  head.] 

1.  The  popular  name  of  certain  fishes,  (a)  in 

England :  (1)  If  ranidea  c/obin,  a  tish  about  4  inches  long, 
with  head  very  large  and  broader  than  the  body.  Ofteii 
also  called  miller's-thinnb.  Also  locally  applied  in  the 
I'nited  States  to  allied  species  of  the  genus  Uranidea. 
(2)  Agomis  catapliractus,  called  the  arined  bullhead,  (b)  In 
the  United  States,  a  cottoid  fish,  as  Cott^is  grcenlamlicus 
or  C.  oetodeciiuspinosus,  better  known  as  aculpin.  [Local.] 
((■)  In  America,  a  species  of  Am  iurus,  also  called  homed 
jMut.  See  catfish,  (rf)  A  gobioid  flsh,  Eleotris  </obioides, 
with  a  broad  head,  large  scales  in  36-40  rows,  and  a  black- 
ish-brown color.  It  is  connnon  in  the  rivers  and  lakes  of 
New  Zealand,  (c)  A  flsh  of  the  family  Batrachidce,  other- 
wise called  blenny  bullhead.    Swainson,  1839. 

2.  A  tadpole.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 3.  A  small 
water-insect  of  a  black  color. —  4.  The  golden 
plover,  Charadriusfulvus. —  5.  A  stupid  fellow; 
a  lubber.  Johnson. 

bull-head  (bul'hed;,  a.  Same  as  bull-headed. 
—  Bull-head  ax.  See  aa-i.— BuU-head  whiting,  a 
scia:noid  flsh,  Menticirrus  albiirnus ;  tlie  southern  king- 
fish.  [Florida.] 

bull-headed  (burhed'-'ed),  a.  1.  Having  ahead 
like  that  of  a  bull.  Hence  —  2.  Obstinate; 
blunderingly  aggressive ;  stupid. 

bullhoof  (bul'hof),  n.  A  name  given  in  Ja- 
maica to  a  species  of  passion-fiower,  Passiflora 
Murucitja,  with  handsome  scarlet  flowers,  from 
the  shape  of  the  leaves.  It  is  also  applied,  as 
in  Honduras,  to  some  species  of  bully-tree. 

bullhuss  (bul'hus),  n.  [<  bull^  -f  dial,  huss, 
the  dogflsh.]  A  local  English  name  of  the 
dogfish,  iScyllium  catulus. 

bullid  (bul'id),  n.  A  gastropod  of  the  family 
Bullid(C. 

Bullidse  (bul 'i -de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bulla  + 
-id(c.'\  A  family  of  tectibranchiate  gastropods, 
typified  by  the  genus  Bulla,  which  has  been 
adopted  with  widely  differing  boundaries.  («) 
By  the  old  authors  it  was  used  for  most  of  the  Tectibrari- 
chiata.  (b)  By  later  authors  it  has  been  variously  restricted, 
and  is  now  mostly  limited  to  Tectibranchiata  with  an  in- 
volute ovate  shell  and  a  lingual  ribbon  with  numerous 
rows  of  teeth,  each  row  having  a  central  tooth  and  numer- 


bullion 

ous  nearly  uniform  lateral  teeth.  The  species  are  marine, 
lre(incnting  sandy  or  muddy  l)ottoms  near  the  shore, 
sometimes  going  into  brackish  water.  The  shell  is  often 
sjiDttcd.    Al.so  written  liiilladw.    See  cut  under  liiilla 

bulliform  (bul'i-form),  fl.  [<  L.  bulla,  a  bubble, 
t'f*^'-)  +  forma,  shape.]  1.  Resembling  a  blister. 

The  hullif armor  hygroscopic  cells  of  grasses  and  sedges. 

Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  XXXII.  331. 

2.  Having  the  form  characteristic  of  the  genus 
Bulla,  or  of  gastropods  of  the  family  Bidlidtc. 

bullimongt,  bullimungt,  ».  [Also  bulUmony, 
bolUmony ;  origin  uncertain.]  A  mixture  of 
oats,  peas,  and  vetches.    2'usscr  ;  Grose. 

bullimony  (bul'i-mo-ni),  w.   Same  as  bullimong. 

bulling  (biil'ing),  n'.    [Appar.  verbal n.  of 
v.,  1,  throw  up,  toss.]    A  method  of  detaching 
loosened  masses  of  rock  from  their  bed  by  ex- 
ploding gunpowder  which  has  been  poiu-ed"  into- 
the  fissm-es. 

bulling-shovel  (biil'ing-shov*l),  n.  In  metal., 
a  peculiar  form  of  shovel  used  in  ore-dressing. 
It  is  of  triangular  form,  with  a  sharp  point. 
See  van  and  vunning-sliorcl.  [Eng.] 

bullion^  (bul'yon),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boll- 
yon,  <  late  ME.  bolion,  earlier  prob.  *bulion, 
*bullion  (AF.  biilUone,  boillon,  a  mint,  ML.  AL. 
bullio(n-),  bulliona,  an  ingot  of  gold  or  silver),, 
for  *biHon,  *biUio)i,  <  AF.  billon,  OF.  billon, 
mod.  F.  biUon  {—  Pr.  billo  =  Sp.  rellon  =  Pg. 
billiuo  =  It.  biglione;  ML.  bilUo{n-),  prop.  *Ul- 
lo(n-) :  all  prob.  <  OF.),  a  cast  lump  or  ingot  of 
metal,  a  place  where  metal  is  cast  or  coined,  a 
mint,  also  base  or  short-weight  coin  taken  to 
be  remelted,  hence  esp.  base  coin  or  the  alloy, 
copper  and  silver,  or  copper  alone,  of  which 
they  were  made;  lit.  a  block,  stick,  or  log  (cf. 
billon,  a  twig  or  shoot  of  a  full  year's  growth — 
Cotgrave),  aug.  (or  dim.)  of  bille,  a  log,  stick: 
see  billet'^,  billot.  The  form  *billon  or  *billion 
is  not  found  in  ME.  (billon,  as  used  in  E.,  is  from 
mod.  F.  billon  :  see  billon ) ;  the  altered  form 
*bullion  is  reflected  in  the  AF.  bullione,  ML. 
AL.  bulliona,  bulHo{ri-).  The  same  change  of 
vowel  occurs  reversely  in  ML.  AL.  billa  (ME. 
bille,  E.  Um)  for  bulla  (ME.  bulle,  E.  hum),  a 
writing,  a  brief,  etc. ;  but  the  alteration  in. 
question  was  prob.  due  to  association  with  OF. 
bouillon,  ML.  bullio(n-),  a  boiling,  OF.  bouillir, 
boulir,  L.  bnllirc,  boil,  bubble,  with  ref.  to  the 
molten  metal.  See  bidlion^.']  1.  Gold  or  silver 
in  the  mass ;  gold  or  silver  smelted  and  not  per- 
fectly refined,  or  retined  but  in  bars,  ingots,  or 
any  imcoined  form,  as  plate. 

And  that  they  may  be  in  our  say  de  landis  and  lordshippys 
for  too  bye  and  gader,  lade  and  freith  and  cary  away  or 
doo  to  bee  caryed  away  and  comieied  into  the  sayde  kyng- 
dom  of  England  ...  all  suche  wares,  goodis  and  niar- 
chaundises  .  .  .  excep  bolion,  harnes,  l)owes,  arowes,  ar- 
tillary,  and  other  thingis  which  is  forboden,  Iialiilementis 
of  werre,  an<l  none  but  such  barneys  and  wepens  as  they 
shall  bringe  wyth  them. 

Arnold's  Chronicle,  1502  (ed.  1811),  p.  229. 

Their  trade  being,  by  the  same  Alchemy  that  the  Pope 
uses,  to  extract  heaps  of  gold  and  silver  out  of  the  drossie 
Bullion  of  the  Peoples  sinnes. 

Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  ii. 

A  paper  currency  is  employed,  when  there  is  no  bullion 
in  the  vaults.  Einemon,  Misc.,  p.  32. 

2.  Uncurrent  coin;  coin  received  only  at  its 
metallic  value. 
And  those  [words]  which  Eld's  strict  doom  did  disallow. 
And  damn  for  bullion,  go  for  current  now.  • 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas,  Babylon. 
Foreign  coin  hath  no  value  here  for  its  stamp,  and  our 
coin  is  bullion  in  foreign  dominions. 

Locke,  Further  Considerations,  etc. 

St.  Figuratively,  gold,  as  a  sordid  thing ;  mere 
wealth;  mammon. 

Farewell,  my  bullion  gods,  whose  sov'reign  looks 

So  often  catch'd  me  with  their  golden  hooks  ; 

Go,  seek  another  slave ;  ye  all  must  go ; 

I  cannot  serve  my  God  and  bvllion  too. 

Quarles,  Emblems,  ii.  13. 

4t.  A  mint  or  assay-ofSee.  Blount  Base  bul- 
lion, pig-lead  containing  silver,  and  usually  also  gold, 
which  are  sei)arated  from  the  baser  metal  by  refining. 
[Cordilleran  mining  region.] 

bullion^  (bid'yon),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  hidlyon, 
(Skelton)  (not  found  in  ME.),  <  OF.  bouillon'^,  a 
bubble,  a  stud,  a  large-headed  nail,  a  puff  in  a 
garment  (mod.  F.  bouillon,  a  bubble,  a  puff  in 
a  gai-ment,  a  bull's-eye  in  glass-making),  prop, 
a  variant  of  boullon,  boulon,  a  large-headed  nail, 
a  stud,  bolt,  pin,  arrow,  mod.  F.  boulon,  a  bolt, 
pin  (z=  Sp.  bolion,  a  brass-headed  nail,  a  kind 
of  ear-ring,  a  shoot  of  a  plant),  <  ML.  bullio{n-), 
prop.  *bullo(n-),  a  bubble,  aug.  of  L.  bulla,  a 
bubble,  a  stud,  a  boss,  >  OF.  hoide,  a  bubble,  a 
ball,  mod.  F.  boule  (>  E.  bowP,  a  round  ball); 
bouillon'^  being  thus  a  different  word  from, 
though  confused  with,  bouillon'^,  boillon,  boellon, 
bolion,  a  boiling,  a  measure  of  salt,  broth,  soup, 


bullion 


717 


mod.  F.  bouillon  (see  bouillon)  =  It.  boglione,  bullock^f  (biil'ok),  v.  A  perversion  of  bully'^ 
broth  (Florio),  <  ML.  bnllio{n-),  a  measure  of 


salt  (see  bullions),  lit.  a  bubbling,  a  boiling,  < 
L.  bullirc  (>  OF.  boulii;  boullir,  bouillir,  mod. 
F.  houillir  =  It.  bollire),  bubble,  boil,  <  bulla,  a 
bubble:  see  bulla,  bum,  bum,  boil"^.  Cf.  bul- 
UoH^.I  If.  A  boss;  a  stud;  a  showy  metallic 
ornament  either  of  gold  or  in  imitation  of  gold, 
as  a  button,  stud,  hook,  clasp,  buckle,  and  the 
like. 

Tlie  clasps  and  bullyom  were  worth  a  thousand  pound. 

Skiitvn,  Garland  of  Laurel. 

2.  A  fringe  of  thick  twisted  cords,  such  as  will 
hang  heavily.  Bullion  consisting  of  silk  cords  covered 
with  fine  gold  or  silver  thread  is  much  used  for  epaulets. 
Also  called  bullion-fringe. 

3.  In  glass-making,  that  part  of  the  spheroidal 
mass  of  glass  which  has  been  attached  to  the 
pontil,  after  being  blown  and  while  undergoing 
the  process  of  flattening  into  a  sheet.  When 
the  tube  is  detached,  it  is  called  the  bull's-eye 
(which  see). 

bullion^t,  H.  [<  OF.  bouillon,  <  ML.  bullio{n-),  a 
measure  of  salt,  lit.  a  boiling:  see  bullion^. ^  A 
measure  of  capacity  (of  salt).  Davies,  Supp. 
Eng.  Gloss. 

bullion-bar  (bul'yon-bar),  11.  [<  bullion'^,  3,  + 
/'«/•!.]  The  bar  upon  which  the  spheroidal  mass 
of  glass  is  pressed  from  time  to  time  during  the 
process  of  blowing. 

bullioner  (bul'yon-er),  11.  [<  bullion'^  +  -ej-l.] 
A  dealer  in  bullion. 

Melted  down  by  the  bullioners. 

Rice  Vaughan,  Coin  and  Coinage,  p.  50  (Ord  MS.). 

bullion-fringe  (biil'yon-frinj),  n.  Same  as  bul- 
lion^,  2. 

bullionism  (biil'yon-izm),  «.  [<  bullion^  + 
-ism.']  The  system  or  doctrine  of  those  who 
advocate  an  exclusively  metallic  currency,  or 
a  metallic  currency  combined  with  a  convert- 
ible paper  cm-rency. 

Boston,  the  very  Gibraltar  of  bullionism. 

W.  Phillips,  June  19,  1875. 

bullionist  (bul'yon-ist),  11.  [<  bullio7i'^  +  -ist.] 
An  advocate  of  or  a  believer  in  bullionism. 

Your  party  repudiates  him  because  he  is  joined  to  bul- 
Jio)iists  and  stockniongers.        W.  Phillips,  June  19,  1875. 

bullion-point  (bul'yon-point),  n.  [<  bullion^, 
3,  +  point.]  The  thick  portion  at  the  center 
of  a  disk  of  crown-glass.    11.  H.  Knight. 

bullirag,  v.  t.    See  bullyrag. 

bullish!  (bul'ish),  a.  [<  buin,  4,  +  -is/ji.]  In 
the  stock  exchange,  somewhat  buoyant ;  advanc- 
ing or  tending  to  advance  in  price,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  efforts  of  the  bulls:  as,  a  bullish 
market. 

bullish^  (bul'ish),  a.  [<  bum  +  -iskT-.]  Par- 
taking of  the  nature  of  a  bull  or  blunder. 
[Eare.] 

A  toothless  satire  is  as  improper  as  a  toothed  sleek- 
stone,  and  as  bullish.   Milton,  On  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 

buUist  (bul'ist),  7).  [<  buW^  -ist.]  A  writer 
of  papal  bulls.    Harmar.  [Eare.] 

bullitiont  (bu-lish'on),  11.  [<  L.  as  if  *bulli- 
tio{n-),  <  bullire,  pp.  bullitus,  boil :  see  boil^.] 
The  act  or  state  of  boiling;  ebullition.  Bacon. 

bulljub  (bid' jub),  n.  A  fish,  the  miller's-thumb. 
[Derbyshire,  Eng.] 

bullknob  (bul'nob),  n.  Same  as  bulljub.  [Derby- 
shire, Eng.] 

bull-neck  (bul'nek),  n.  A  thick  neck  like  that 
of  a  bull. 

bull-necked  (bid'nekt),  a.    Having  a  neck  like 

that  of  a  bull, 
bull-net  (biil'net),  ii.     A  large  hoop-shaped 

fish-net. 

bullnose  (bid'noz),  n.  An  overgrown  hard  clam 
or  quahaug,  Mercenaria,  too  coarse  for  use. 
[Chesapeake  Bay.] 

bullnut  (bul'nut),  11.  A  species  of  hickory,  Ca- 
ri/a  tomentosa,  of  the  southern  United  States. 

bullocki  (biil'ok),  n.  [<  ME.  bullok,  <  AS.  bul- 
lucu  (rare),  a  bullock,  dim.  of  an  assumed 
*bulla,  which  is  not  found:  see  buW^.  Cf.  Ir. 
bolog,  a  heifer,  a  bullock.]  1.  Literally,  a 
young  or  small  bull,  but  generally  used  of  an 
ox  or  castrated  bull ;  a  full-grown  steer. 

Take  thy  father's  young  bullock,  even  the  second  bul- 
lock of  seven  years  old.  Judges  vi.  25. 

S.  [In  derisive  allusion  to  bull^.]  A  papal  bull 
or  brief. 

I  send  you  here  a  bullock  which  I  did  find  amongst  my 
bulls,  that  you  may  see  how  closely  in  time  past  the  foreign 
prelates  did  practise  about  their  prey.     Latimer,  II.  378. 

Bullocks'  hides,  the  name  giveu  in  comiueroe  to  the 
raw  hides  of  cattle. 


To  bullock  and  domineer  over  me.  Foote. 

buUock's-eye  (bul'oks-i),  «.  [Cf.  bull's-eye.'] 
1.  A  small  thick  glass  or  skylight  in  a  cover- 
ing or  roof.  Also  called  bull's-eye. —  2.  The 
houseleek,  Sempervivum  tcctorum. 

bullock' S-heart  (bul'oks-hart),  n.  The  East 
Indian  name  for  the  custard-apple,  Anona  re- 
ticulata. 

bullock-shell  (bul'ok-shel),  n.  A  kind  of  small 
thick  pearl-oyster,  of  the  genus  Meleagrina,  in- 
habiting tropical  America. 

bulloot  (bu-lof),  n.  [Hind,  ballid,  balUt  =  Pers. 
halltct,  an  acorn,  an  oak,  <  Ar.  halUit,  an  oak.] 
In  com.,  the  name  given  to  a  kind  of  acorn  used 
in  India  as  a  medicine. 

bullose  (bul'os),  a.    Same  as  bullous. 

bullous  (bul'us),  a.  [<  L.  bulla,  a  bubble,  boss, 
knob  (see  bulla),  +  -ous.]  Exhibiting  or  of  the 
nature  of  bullse,  blebs,  or  blisters;  bullate; 
bulbous.    See  bulla,  4. 

bullpout  (biil'pout),  w.  A  siluroid  fish,  espe- 
cially Amiurus  nebulosus,  of  the  eastern  and 
middle  United  States:  more  widely  known  as 
catfish.  Also  called  horned  jiout  and  bullhead. 
See  cut  under  pout. 

bull-pump  (bul'pump),  M.  A  single  or  direct- 
acting  pumping-engine  in  which  the  piston- 
rod  is  attached  directly  to  the  pumping-rod, 
the  weight  of  the  rods  being  the  motive  force 
on  the  down-stroke. 

bull-ring  (bul'ring),  n.  An  arena  or  amphi- 
theater for  bull-fights. 

Every  town  in  Spain  of  any  size  has  a  large  bull-ring. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  8. 

bull-roarer  (bid'r6r''''er),  11.  A  long,  thin,  nar- 
row piece  of  wood,  attached  at  one  end  to  a 
string,  by  means  of  which  it  is  whirled  rapidly 
in  the  air,  causing  by  its  revolution  a  deep 
sullen  roar :  a  favorite  toy  with  children.  Also 
called  tundun. 

The  bull-roarer  is  a  toy  familiar  to  most  children.  .  .  . 
The  ancient  Greeks  employed  at  some  of  their  sacred  rites 
a  precisely  similar  toy,  described  by  historians  as  "  a  little 
piece  of  wood,  to  which  a  string  was  fastened,  and  in  the 
mysteries  it  is  whirled  round  to  make  a  roaring  noise." 
.  .  .  The  fiwH-roarer  is  to  be  found  in  almost  every  country 
in  the  world,  and  among  the  most  primitive  peoples.  .  .  . 
And  as  an  instrument  employed  in  religious  rites  or  mys- 
teries, it  is  found  in  New  Mexico,  in  Australia,  in  JS"ew  Zea- 
land, and  in  Africa  to  this  day. 

All  the  Year  Pound,  June,  1885. 

bull-rope  (biil'rop),  11.  Naut.,  a  rope  rove 
through  a  bull's-eye  on  the  forward  shroud  of 
the  lower  rigging,  to  secure  the  upper  yard-arm 
of  a  topgallant-  or  royal-yard  when  sent  down 
from  aloft. 

bull-rusht,  n.    An  old  spelling  of  bulrush. 

bulls  (bulz),  n.  j)l.  [Perhaps  a  use  of  bull^.] 
A  name  in  Cornwall,  England,  for  the  fish  Ser- 
ranus  cabrilla. 

bulls-and-COWS  (bulz'and-kouz'),  n.  pi.  An 
English  name  of  the  plant  wake-robin  or 
cuckoo-pint.  Arum  maculatum,  with  reference 
to  the  purple  and  the  pale  spadices.  Also 
called  lords-and-ladies,  for  the  same  reason. 
See  cuts  under  Aracece  and  Arum. 

bull-seggi  (bul'seg),  n.  [<  buW^  +  segg,  seg^.] 
A  castrated  bull.    [Scotch  and  North.  Eng.] 

bull-segg2  (bul'seg),  11.  [Said  to  be  a  corrup- 
tion of  pool-sedge.]  The  reed-mace,  Typha 
lati/olia. 

bull's-eye  (bulz'I),  n.  1.  Naut.:  (a)  An  oval 
wooden  block  without  a  sheave,  but  with  a 
groove  aroimd  it  for  the  band 
and  a  hole  in  the  center  through 
which  a  small  stay  or  rope  may 
be  rove.  (&)  A  perforated  bail 
on  the  jaw-rope  of  a  gaff. — 2. 
A  small  obscure  cloud,  ruddy  in 
the  middle,  supposed  to  portend 
a  hurricane  or  storm. — 3.  The 
hurricane  or  storm  itself. — 4.  In 
arch.,  any  circular  opening  for 
a  bullock's-eye. —  5.  In  astron., 
Aldebaran,  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude  in  the 
eye  of  Tam-us,  or  the  Bull.  See  cut  imder  Tau- 
rus.— 6.  A  roimd  piece  of  thick  glass,  convex 
on  one  side,  inserted  into  a  deck,  port,  scuttle- 
hatch,  or  skylight-cover  of  a  vessel  for  the 
pui'iDOse  of  admitting  light. — 7.  A  small  lan- 
tern with  a  convex  lens  placed  in  one  side  to 
concentrate  the  light. 

He  takes  a  lighted  bull's-eye  from  the  constable  on  duty 
there.  Dickenn,  Bleak  House,  xxii. 

8.  That  part  of  a  sheet  of  crown-glass  which 
has  been  attached  to  the  pontil.  it  is  thicker  than 
the  rest  of  the  sheet,  aud  is  not  included  in  the  lights  or 


Bull's-eye  of  a  Microscope. 


Bull's-eye,  defini- 
tion I  (a). 

light  or  air; 


bully 

panes  of  glass  cut  from  it.  Bull's-eyes  were  fonnerly  use<l 
in  k  ad-sash  windows.   As  the  manufacture  of  crown-glass 

lias  much  declined, 
imitations  of  l>uirs- 
eyes  are  made  for 
picturesque  effects 
in  window-glazing. 
See  bullion^,  3. 

9.  A  planocon- 
vex lens  in  a  mi- 
croscope, which 
serves  as  an  il- 
luminator to  con- 
centrate rays  of 
light  upon  an 
opaque  micro- 
scopic object. — 

10.  A  small  and 
thick  old-fash- 
ioned   watch. — 

11.  In  archery 
and  gunnery :  (a) 
The  central  or 
innermost  divi- 
sion of  a  target, 

usually  roimd  and  of  a  different  color  from  the 
rest.    See  target. 

One  or  two  beings,  who  have  shot  into  the  very  centre 
and  bull's-eye  of  the  fashion.  Thackeray. 

(b)  A  shot  that  hits  the  bull's-eye;  the  best 
shot  that  can  be  made. — 12.  A  coarse  sweet- 
meat ;  a  colored  or  striped  baU  of  candy. 

The  black-bearded  sea-kings  round  were  promising  them 
rock  and  bull's-eyes,  if  they  would  only  sit  still  like  "  gude 
maids."  Kingsley,  Two  Years  Ago,  xv. 

Even  the  bull's  eyes  and  gingerbread  for  the  children  are 
not  unpermitted,  if  they  are  honestly  made  and  warranted 
not  to  be  poisonous.  Froude.,  Sketches,  p.  23.'i. 

13.  A  local  English  name  of  the  dunlin,  Tringa 
alpina — Buntline  bull's-eye,  a  large  thimble  used  in 
the  foot-rope  of  a  sail.    Same  as  lizard. 

bull's-feathert  (bulz'feTH'''er), A  horn  to 

bestow  the  bull's  feather,  to  make  a  cuckold. 

Three  crooked  horns,  smartly  top-knotted  with  ribands ; 
which  being  the  ladies'  wear,  seem  to  intimate  that  they 
may  very  probaijly  adorn,  as  well  as  bestow,  the  bull's 
feather.  Richardson,  Clarissa  Harlowe,  V.  295. 

bull's-foot  (bulz'fiit),  n.    Same  as  colt's-foot. 

bull's-mouth  (bulz'mouth),  M.  The  trade-name 
for  a  species  of  helmet-shell,  Cassis  ruta,  from 
which  some  kinds  of  cameos  are  cut. 

bull-snake  (bid'snak),  n.  A  popular  name  in 
the  United  States  for  a  serpent  of  the  genus 
Pityophis,  or  pine-snake,  which  sometimes  gi'ows 
to  the  length  of  6  feet,  and  makes  a  loud  hiss- 
ing noise  when  disturbed,  but  is  of  mild  dis- 
position and  not  poisonous. 

bull's-nose  (biilz'noz),  n.  hi  carp.,  an  obtuse  an- 
gle formed  by  the  junction  of  two  plane  surfaces. 

bull-spink  (bid'spingk),  n.  The  chaflSneh. 
[North.  Eng.] 

bull-stag  (bul' stag),  )(.    A  castrated  bull. 

bull-stang  (biil'stang),  11.  A  dragonfly.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

bull-terrier  (bul'ter^i-er),  n.  A  cross-breed 
between  the  bulldog  and  the  terrier,  exhibit- 
ing the  courage  and  fierceness  of  the  one  with 
the  activity  of  the  other. 

bull-trout  (bul'trout),  n.  A  name  loosely  ap- 
plied to  certain  varieties  of  different  species  of 
the  genus  Salmo,  as  of  aS'.  salar,  S.  trutta,  S. 
cambricus. 

bull-voiced  (bul'voist),  a.  Having  a  loud 
coarse  voice:  as,  "bull-voiced  St.  Huruge,"  Car- 
lyle,  French  Rev.,  H.  iv.  2. 

bull'weed  (bid'wed),  n.  Ejiapweed,  Centaurea 
nigra. 

buil-whack  (bul'hwak),  n.  A  heavy  whip  nscd 
in  the  southwestern  United  States.  See  ex- 
tract.   Also  called  bull-whip. 

In  Texas  and  westei-n  Louisiana  the  bull-whack  is  a  ter- 
rible whip  with  a  long  and  very  heavy  lash  and  a  short 
handle.  It  is  used  by  drovers  to  intimidate  refractoi-y  ani- 
mals. The  use  of  this  weapon  was  the  original  applicatiiui 
of  bull-doze.  Hag.  of  Atmr.  Hist.,  XIII.  OS. 

bull-'whack  (bid'hwak),  v.  t.  To  lash  with  a 
bull-whack. 

bull-'whacker  (bid'hwak^' er),  n.  One  who  drives 
cattle  with  a  bull-whack.  [Southwestern 
U.  S.] 

bull-'wheel  (bid'hwel),  n.  1.  In  rope-drilling, 
the  wheel  used  for  raising  the  tools. —  2.  In  a 
saw-mill,  a  large  wheel  used  in  drawing  the  logs 
from  the  water  to  the  carriage. 

bull-'whip  (bul'hwip),  n.    Same  as  bull-uhark. 

bullwort  (bul'wert^  n.  1.  The  bishop's-weed, 
Ammi  majus. — 2.  The  'pl&nt  iScrojihutaria  aqua- 
tica. 

bullyi  (bid'i),  n.  and  o.  [A word  separated,  first 
as  a  noun  and  then  as  an  adj.,  from  such  com- 
pounds as  bully-rook  (also  bully-rock,  etc.),  etc., 


bully 


718 


bumble 


corresponding  to  LG.  buUcrJaon  (John),  buller- 
Mk,  l)ullcr-b)  ook,  a  noisy,  blnsterino:  fellow,  biil- 
ler-wa(/c,  a  noisy  wagon,  huUcr-iratcr,  roaring, 
rushing  water,  etc.,  D.  hidlc-hak,  a  bugbear, 
hulder-bast  =  Sw.  bulIer-h(is  =  'Dan.  buldei--bassc, 
a  rude  fellow,  etc. ;  the  first  element  being  the 
verb  seen  in  LG.  bidkrn  =  D.  btddcrcn  =  Sw. 
buUra  =  Dan.  buldrc,  etc.,  roar,  make  a  noise: 
see  bullei;  botdder.~\  I.  pi.  b idlies  (-iz).  1. 
A  blustering,  quarrelsome,  overbearing  fellow ; 
a  swaggerer ;  a  swashbuckler ;  one  who  hectors, 
browbeats,  or  domineers. 

They  are  such  Wits  as  thou  .irt ;  who  make  the  Name  of 
a  Wit  as  scandalous  as  tliat  of  Bully :  and  signify  a  loud- 
laughing,  talking,  incorrigible  coxcomb,  as  Bully — a  roar- 
ing hardned  Coward.  Wycheiiey,  Plain  Dealer,  v. 
The  blustering  bully  in  our  neighbouring  streets. 

Prior,  Epilogue  to  Mrs.  Manley's  Lucius. 

Daily  conflicts  with  prostitutes  and  thieves  called  out 
and  exercised  his  powers  so  effectually  that  he  [Jeffreys] 
became  the  most  consummate  bully  ever  known  in  his 
profession.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iv. 

2t.  A  companion ;  a  high-spirited,  dashing  fel- 
low :  a  familiar  term  of  address. 

I  love  the  lovely  bully.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  1. 

3t.  A  degraded  fellow  who  protects  fallen  wo- 
men and  lives  on  their  gains. 

The  lady  ivas  only  a  woman  of  the  town  and  the  fellow 
her  bully  and  a  sharper.  GuldsDiith,  Vicar. 

4.  A  Cornish  name  of  the  shanny.    Also  bidly- 
cod. —  5.  In  Tasmania,  a  species  of  blenny, 
Blennius  tasmanicus. 
II,  a.  1 .  Blustering ;  hectoring ;  rufl&anly. 

Those  bully  Greeks,  who,  as  the  moderns  do. 
Instead  of  paying  chairmen,  run  them  thro'. 

Swift,  City  Shower. 

2.  Brisk;  dashing;  jovial;  high-spirited. 

Captain,  adieu ;  adieu,  sweet  bully  Captain. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Captain,  iv.  2. 

3.  Fine;  capital;  good:  as,  a  horse,  pic- 
tiu-e,  etc.  [Slang.]— Bully  for  you,  well  done! 
bravo!    [Vulgar,  U.  .S.] 

bullyl  (bul'i),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bullied,  ppr.  bid- 
hjiiiff.  [<  I.  f 1.  To  act  the  bully 

toward;  overbear  with  bluster  or  menaces. 

For  the  last  fortnight  there  have  been  prodigious  shoals 
of  volunteers  gone  over  to  bully  the  French,  upon  hearing 
the  peace  was  just  signing.  Taller,  No.  2(). 

2.  To  make  fearful ;  overawe ;  daunt ;  terror- 
ize. [Eare.] 

Proverbs  are  excellent  things,  but  we  should  not  let  even 
proverbs  bully  us.  Lo  well,  Oration,  Harvard,  Nov.  8, 1886. 
=^?T1.  1.  To  browbeat,  hector,  domineer  over. 

II.  intrans.  To  be  loudly  arrogant  and  over- 
bearing ;  be  noisy  and  quarrelsome. 

So  Britain's  monarch  once  uncover'd  sat. 
While  Bradshaw  bullied  in  a  broad-brinim'd  hat. 

Bramston. 

=  Syn.  To  bluster,  swagger,  vapor. 

bully^  (bid'i),  n. ;  pi.  bullies  (-iz).  [Origin  ob- 
scure.] In  mining,  a  kind  of  hammer  used  in 
striking  the  drill  or  borer.  In  its  simplest  form 
it  has  a  square  section  at  the  eye  and  an  octag- 
onaJ  face.  [Eng.] 

bully-cod  (bul'i-kod),  «.  A  Comish  name  of 
the  shanny.    Also  huUy. 

bully-head  (bdl'i-hed),  n.  A  hammer  used  by 
miners.  Also  called  cat's-head  hammer  or  sledge. 

bullying  (bul'i-ing),  1).  a.  [Ppr.  of  6m«//1,  (!.] 
Insulting  with  threats;  imperious;  overbear- 
ing; blustering:  as,  a  bullying  va.B,ixii&v. 

bullyrag,  bullirag  (biil'i-rag),  v.  t.  [Also  writ- 
ten ballarag,  etc. ;  appar.  free  variations  of 
bully-rook,  bully-rod;  used  as  a  verb.  ]  To  bully ; 
badger;  abuse  or  scold:  as,  "he  bully-ragged 
me,"  Lecer.    [Provincial  and  low.] 

bully-rook  (bul'i-riik),  11.  [Also  written  bully- 
rock  (see  bullyrag),  equiv.  to  LG.  buller-brook, 
buller-bak,  a  buily:  see  bully^.  The  second 
element  is  obscure.]  A  hectoring,  boisterous 
fellow;  a  cowardly  braggart;  a  bully.  Also 
written  bully-rock.    [Obsolete  or  rare.] 

Suck  in  the  spirit  of  sack,  till  we  be  delphic,  and  pro- 
phesy, my  bully-rook.         Shirley,  Witty  Fair  One,  iii.  4. 
The  bully-rock  of  the  establishment  [an  inn]. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  152. 

bully-tree,  bullet-tree  (bul'i-,  bul'et-tre),  n. 
[Also  buUetrie,  bolletrie;  said  to  be  a  corruption 
of  balata,  the  native  name.]  A  name  given 
to  several  sapotaceous  trees  of  the  West  Indies 
and  tropical  America,  which  furnish  hard  and 
heavy  timber,  and  in  some  species  edible 

fmits.  The  bully-tree  of  Guiana  is  the  Mimusops  glo- 
bosa,  a  large  tree  which  yields  the  balata-gum,  a  substi- 
tute for  gutta-percha.  The  bully-trees  of  Jamaica  are 
species  of  Lucuma,  L.  marmnosa  and  L.  multiflora,  though 
the  name  is  also  aijplied  to  the  naseberry  or  sapodilla, 
Achras  Sapota,  and  species  closely  allied  to  it,  and  to  a 
myrsinaceous  tree,  Myrxine  Iwta.  The  white  bully-tree  of 
the  West  Indies  is  Dipholia  mlicifolia ;  the  black  or  red, 
D.  nigra;  the- mountain, »ion(a/ia.  The  bastard  bully- 
tree  is  Bumelia  return.   Also  written  bulletrie,  bolletrie. 


The  green-heart  of  Surinam,  the  bulletrie,  the  American 
oaks,  and  wood  as  hard  as  mamberklak,  are  not  spared 
by  the  teredo.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIII.  ,^56. 

bulrush  (bul'rush),  w.  [Formerly  sometimes 
written  bull-rush  ;  <  ME.  bnlrysch'c,  bolroyschc, 
<  bole,  bole,  stem  of  a  tree  (cf.  btdivark)  (less 
prob.  <  bul,  bol,  mod.  E.  buW^,  implying  'large  '), 
+  rysche,  etc.,  mod.  E.  »•««/(!.]  The  popular 
name  for  large  rush-like  plants  growing  in 
marshes,  it  is  very  indefinitely  used.  Thus,  while 
J(.)hnson  says  the  bulrush  is  without  knots,  Dryden  ("  Me- 
Icaucr  and  Atalanta")  calls  it  "the  knotty  bulrush." 
Some  authors  apply  the  name  to  Typha  lati/ulia  and  T. 
anyusli/dlia  (cafs-tail  or  reed-mace)';  but  it  is'more  gener- 
ally restricted  to  Sclrptis  lacustris,  a  tall  rush-like  plant 
from  wliich  tlie  bottoms  of  chairs,  mats,  etc.,  are  manu- 
factured. (See  Scirpus.)  In  the  United  States  the  name 
is  commonly  given  to  species  of  Juncu)!.  The  bulrush  of 
Egypt  (Ex.  ii.  3)  is  the  papyrus,  Cyperns  Papyrun. 

bulrushy  (bul'rush-i),  a.  '[<  bidrush  +  -)/l.] 
Abounding  in  bulrushes;  pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling bulrushes. 

bulse  (buls),  M.  [<  Pg.  bolsa  =  Sp.  bolsa  =  It. 
boria  =  F.  bourse,  <.  ML.  bursa,  a  purse:  see 
burse,  bourse,  purse.'^  In  the  East  Indies,  a 
bag  or  ptirse  to  carry  or  measure  valuables ; 
hence,  a  certain  quantity  of  diamonds  or  other 
valuables. 

Presents  of  shawls  and  silks,  .  .  .  btilses  of  diamonds 
and  bags  of  guineas.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xviii. 

bultl  (bult),  w.  [E.  dial.,  perhaps  a  var.  of 
bolfl,  q.  v.]  A  local  English  (Yorkshire)  name 
of  the  common  flounder. 

bult^t,  V.  t.  An  obsolete  (Middle  English)  form 
of  bolfi. 

bultelt,       Same  as  boultel^. 

bultert,  II-    An  obsolete  form  of  bolter"^. 

bultow  (bul'to),  n.  [Said  to  be  <  imply- 
ing 'large,'  +  tow,  haul.]  A  mode  of  fishing 
for  cod,  by  stringing  a  number  of  hooks  on  one 
line,  practised  on  the  Newfotindland  banks. 

bulty  (bul'ti),  «.    Same  as  bolti. 

bul'wark  (bul'wark),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bulwarkc,  bullwarck,  bidwerk;  <  ME.  bidwerk,  of 
D.  or  Scand.  origin:  MD.  bolwerck,  D.  and 
Flem.  bolwerk  =  MLG.  LG.  bolwerk  =  late  MHG. 
boletverc,  bolwerc,  bolwerch,  bohrcrk,  G.  boUwerk 
(>  Pol.  bolwark  =  Euss.  bolrcrku  —  OP.  bollc- 
wercque,  boulvcrch,  boulcverc,  boidevert,  boule- 
verd,  boulercr,  boulevart,  P.  boulevard,  >  Sp.  Pg. 
baluarte  =  It.  baiuarte,  baluardo,  bcluardo,  bello- 
ardo,  bellouardo,  nowbaluardo  —  Mlj.  bolevardus, 
bolveius  =  E.  boulevard,  q.  v.)  =  Sw.  bolvcrk, 
OSw.  bolwark  =  Dan.  bulvark,  ODan.  bulvcrk, 
bidwerck,  bullwerck,  bolrerck,  bulwirke;  <  MD. 
bol,  the  bole  or  trunk  of  a  tree,  =  MLG.  bole, 
bolle,  bale  =  MHG.  bole,  G.  bohle,  a  thick  plank, 
=  OSw.  bol,  bul,  Sw.  bSl  =  ODan.  Dan.  bul, 
the  trunk  of  a  tree,  =  Icel.  bolr,  bub;  >  E.  bole, 
the  trunk  of  a  tree,  stem,  log,  +  MD.  D.,  etc., 
werk  —  E.  work.  The  word  is  thus  lit.  'bole- 
work,'  a  construction  of  logs;  cf.  the  equiv. 
MD.  block-werck,  lit.  'block-work.'  The  MHG. 
is  explained  as  also  an  engine  for  throwing  mis- 
siles, a  catapult,  as  if  related  to  MHG.  boler,  a 
catapult,  G.  boiler,  a  small  cannon,  <  OHG. 
bolon,  MHG.  bolen,  boln,  roll,  throw,  sling,  = 
MD.  bollcn,  roll,  throw,  D.  bollcn,  haul,  hale, 
from  the  same  ult.  source  as  bole:  see  fcofel.] 

1.  Originally,  a  barrier  formed  of  logs,  beams, 
boards,  hurdles,  or  other  materials,  for  the  ob- 
struction of  a  passage  or  defense  of  a  place; 
now,  specifically,  in  fort.,  a  rampart;  a  mound 
of  earth  carried  around  a  place,  capable  of  re- 
sisting cannon-shot,  and  formed  with  bastions, 
curtains,  etc. ;  a  fortification. 

My  sayde  Lorde  of 'Winchester,  .  .  .  to  the  ententto  dis- 
turbe  my  sayd  Lorde  of  Glouceter  goyng  to  the  Kyng,  pur- 
posyng  his  deth,  in  cause  he  had  gone  that  weye,  sette 
men  of  armys  and  archiers  at  the  end  of  London  bridge 
next  Suthvverke,  and  in  forbarring  of  the  Kyngis  hygli- 
waye,  lete  drawe  the  chayne  of  the  stulpis  there,  and  set 
vp  pipes  and  hurdyllis  in  maner  and  founne  of  bulwerkis, 
and  sette  men  in  chambirs,  seleres  and  wyndowes  with 
bowys  and  arowys,  to  y«  entent  of  fynall  distruction  of  my 
sayd  Lorde  of  Glouceteres  person. 

Arnold's  Chronicle,  1502  (ed.  1811),  p.  287. 
It  is  the  strongest  towne  of  walles,  towres,  bulwerke, 
watches,  and  wardes  that  euer  I  sawe  in  all  my  lyfe. 

Syr  R.  Guylforde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  10. 
Its  once  gi-im  bulwarks  turned  to  lovers'  walks. 

Lowell,  Cathedral. 

2.  Naut.,  a  close  barrier  running  around  a  ship 
or  a  part  of  it,  above  the  level  of  the  deck,  and 
consisting  of  boarding  nailed  on  the  outside 
of  the  stanchions  and  timber-heads. —  3.  That 
which  protects  or  secures  against  external  an- 
noyance or  injury  of  any  kind;  a  screen  or 
shelter;  means  of  protection  and  safety. 

The  royal  navy  of  England  hath  ever  been  its  greatest 
defence  and  ornament,  .  .  .  the  floating  bulwark  of  our 
island.  Blackstone,  Com.,  I.  418. 


Aristotle  and  Demosthenes  are  in  themselves  bulwarks 
of  power;  many  hosts  lie  in  those  two  names. 

De  Quineey,  Style,  iii. 

4t.  pi.  Pads  or  defenses  to  protect  the  limbs 
against  the  chafing  of  armor.     IVriglit.  =syii.  1. 

t^LL'  /(irtijicution. 

bul'wark  (bul'wark),  v.  t.  [=  MD.  bolwercken, 
D.  bolwcrkcn  —  MLG.  bolwcrken ;  from  the 
noun.]  To  fortify  with  a  bulwark  or  rampart; 
secure  by  a  fortification ;  protect. 

Some  proud  city,  bulwark'd  round  and  arm'd 

With  rising  towers.  Glooer,  Leonidas,  viii. 

Bul'Weria  (biil-we'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  from  the 
proper  name  Bulwer.']  A  genus  of  petrels, 
of  the  family  Proeellariida;  based  tipon  B.  co- 
lumbina,  a  small  whole-colored  fuliginous  spe- 
cies about  10  inches  long,  the  wings  8,  the  tail 
41  and  cuneate,  with  graduated  rectriees,  in- 
habiting the  Canary  islands,  etc.  The  genus  is 
intermediate  between  (Estrelata  and  the  small  petrels 
known  as  Mother  Carey's  chickens. 

bumi  (bum,  earlier  bom),  ».;  pret.  and  pp. 
bummed,  ppr.  bumming.  [<  ME.  bumrnen,  bom- 
men,  buinben,  bo7nben  (see  bomb^,  a  var.  form), 
hum,  buzz,  guzzle  (=  D.  bonnnen  =  G.  bummen, 
hum,  buzz ;  cf .  Icel.  bumba,  a  drum) ;  an  imita- 
tive word,  the  earlier  representative  of  boom^: 
see  boomX,  bumble,  bumjA.'}  I,  intrans.  1.  To 
make  a  hollow  noise ;  boom ;  hum ;  buzz.  Mars- 
ton. — 2.  To  rush  with  a  murmuring  sound. — 
3t.  To  guzzle ;  drink. 
Ones  at  noon  is  i-nou3  that  no  werk  ne  vseth, 
He  abydeth  wel  the  bet  [better]  that  bommeth  not  to  of te. 

Piers  Plowman  (A),  vii.  139. 

And  who-so  bummed  [var.  bommede]  therof  [of  the  beste 

ale]  boujte  it  ther-after 
A  galoun  for  a  grote.  Piers  Plowman  (B),  v.  223. 

4.  To  sponge  on  others  for  a  living;  lead  an 
idle  or  dissolute  life.  [Colloq.] 

II.  trans.  1.  To  dun.    [Prov.  Eng.]  — 2.  To 
spin  (a  top). — 3.  [Ci.bumj)^.^  To  strike ;  beat, 
buml  (bum),  n.    [<  v.'\    1.  An  imitative 

word  expressive  of  a  droning  or  humming  sound, 
as  that  made  by  the  bee ;  ahum.  [Eare.] 

I  ha'  known 

Twenty  such  breaches  pieced  up,  and  made  whole, 
Without  a  bum  of  noise.    B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady. 

2\.  A  drink. —  3.  [Cf.  bumX,  v.,  4,  and  bummle, 
n.,  2.]  A  drunken  loafer;  one  who  leads  an 
idle,  dissolute  life;  a  bummer.  [Colloq.]  — 4. 
A  drunken  spree ;  a  debauch.  [Colloq.  and  vul- 
gar, U.  S.]  Hence  —  5.  A  con-\dviaI  meeting. 
[Local,  U.  S.] 
bum^  (bum),  n.  [Contr.  of  bottom.']  The  but- 
tocks ;  the  part  of  the  body  on  which  one  sits. 
Shak. 

bum^  (bum),  «.  [^hovt  tovbum.bailijf.']  A  bum- 
bailiff  ;  the  follower  or  assistant  of  a  bailiff. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

bumastus  (bii-mas'tus),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  (iovnaaroQ, 
also  ftol'/iaadoc;,  a  kind  of  vine  bearing  large 
grapes.]    A  kind  of  vine. 

bumbt,     and  M.    An  obsolete  form  of  boom^. 

bumbailiff  (bum-ba'lif),  n.  [Prop,  a  dial,  or 
colloq.  term,  equiv.  to  bailiff,  with  a  contemp- 
tuous prefix  of  uncertain  origin,  prob.  bimi^,  v., 
dun,  bailiffs  being  best  known  and  most  dis- 
liked in  their  ofiice  of  arresting  for  debt  and 
making  executions;  or  perhaps  bum'^,  n.,  as  a 
term  of  contempt  (cf.  bum^).  Some  assume  the 
prefix  to  be  btirn^,  in  humorous  allusion  to  a 
mode  of  "  attaching"  the  person  of  a  fleeing  of- 
fender. Blackstone's  suggestion  that  the  term 
is  a  corruption  of  bound-bailiff  is  not  supported.] 
An  under-bailiff ;  a  subordinate  civil  officer,  ap- 
pointed to  serve  writs  and  to  make  arrests  and 
executions.  [Vulgar.] 

I  have  a  mortal  antipathy  to  catchpolls,  bumbaiUffs,  and 
little  great  men.  Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  156. 

bumbardt  (bum'bard),  n.  and  v.  An  obsolete 
form  of  bombard. 

bumbarrel  (bum'bar"el),  n.   A  name  of  the 

long-tailed  titmouse,  Acredula  rosea. 
bumbastt  (bum'bast),  n.    An  obsolete  form  of 

bombast. 

bumbazed  (bum-bazd'),  pp.  [Cf.  bamboozle.] 
Amazed;  confused;  stupefied.  [Scotch.] 

bumbee  (bum'be),  «.  l<lmm^  +  bee.]  A  bum- 
blebee. [Scotch.] 

bumbelo  (bum'bf-lo),  «.    Same  as  bombolo. 

bumble  (bum'bl),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bumbled, 
ppr.  bumbling.  [=  E.  dial,  and  Sc.  bummle, 
bummel,  <  ME.  bumUen  (=  OD.  bommelen  =  LG. 
bummeln),  freq.  of  bummen,^  hum:  see  bum'^.'] 
If.  To  make  a  humming  noise;  boom;  cry  like 
a  bittern. 

As  a  bytoure  bumblith  in  the  mire. 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  116. 


bumble 

2.  To  make  a  splash  in  the  sea.  [Shetland.] 
— 3t.  Toseold.— 4.  To  start  off  quickly.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 


719 

Bumioat  Act,  an  Englisli  statute  of  1761  (2  Geo.  III.,  c. 
28)  foi  tlie  suppression  of  thieving,  etc.,  by  tlie  proprie- 
tors ofl  l)umlioats  and  otiier  craft  on  the  Tlianies.  It  re- 
quired tlie  registration  of  sucli  vessels. 


1.  Ahittem,  Botaums  stellaris.    [Local,  Eng.]  biimbVr  (bum'bi),  n.    1.  Stagnant  filth.-2.  A 


Also  hombell,  hummlc. 


—  2.  A  bumblebee. 
[Scotch.] 

bumblebee  (bum'bl-be),  n.  A  large  hairy  so- 
cial bee  of  the  family  Apidas,  subfamily  Socia- 

liuce,  and  genus 


Bumblebee  {Bomdus  ptnnsylvanicus')^ 
natural  size. 


cloijet  or  liole  for  lumber.  "Halliwcll.  [Prov. 
Enf'  (Norfolk  and  Suffolk).] 
bum-clock  (bum'klok),  w.    [E.  dial.,  <  huna  + 
cloclc^,  make  a  noise:  see  dock^,  cluck.']  An 
insect  which  bums  or  hums,  as  a  chafer  or  bee. 

Tlie  hum-clock  hunini'd  with  lazy  drone. 

Burns,  Twa  Uogs,  1.  231. 
in   most  Bumelia  (bu-me'lia),  n.    [L.,  <  Gr.  Povf/flia,  a 
of     the    large  kind  of  ash,  <  fiovg,  ox,  in  comp.  imply- 
ing '  large,'  +  /-is'Aia,  ash,  ash-tree.]    A  genus 
of  plants,  of  the  natural  order  Sapotaccce.  They 

are  trees  or  shrubs,  with  a  milky  juice,  a  spiny  stem,  and 
small  white  or  greenish  flowers,  are  natives  of  the  West 
Indies,  and  are  called  there  baxtani  hiillii-tree.  The  fruit 
of  B.  lycioides  is  said  to  be  useful  in  iliai'rhea 


Bomhus,  species 
of    which  are 
found 
parts 

world.  There  are 
upward  of  CO  species 
in  North  America 
alone.  Like  other 
social  bees,  these 
have  males,  females. 


HI  laiyt^i  oi  smaller 
communities  in  underground  burrows,  or  beneath  stones, 
sods,  stumps,  etc. ;  but  they  also  use  the  nests  of  other 
animals,  as  mice  or  birds.  See  Bombus,  and  cut  under 
Hymemptera.  Also  called  humblebee,  and  dialectally  bum- 
bee,  bumble,  humbler,  hombell,  and  hummle. 

bumbleberry  (bum'bl-ber"i),  n.  [<  bumble  + 
beiryi-.]  The  blackberry:  so  called,  and  also 
bumblekite  and  black-bowwoiver,  in  allusion  to 
the  effect  of  blackberries  in  producing  wind  in 
the  stomach.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
bumbledom  (bum'bl-dum),  n.  [From  Mr.  Bum- 
ble, the  beadle,  in.  Dickens's  '  Oliver  Twist."] 
Fussy  official  pomposity:  a  safcastie  term  ap- 
plied especially  to  members  of  petty  corpora- 
tions, as  vestries  in  England,  and  implying 


in  larger  or  smaller 

bumkin  (bum'kin),  n.    [<  MB.  boomkcn  (=  G 


baumchen),  a  little  tree,  also  prob.  used  in  the 
sense  of  little  boom  or  beam;  <  boom,  a'tree, 
bar,  boom,  +  dim.  -ken :  see  boom^  and  -kin. 
Cf.  bumpkin''^.']  Naut.:  (a)  Formerly,  a  short 
boom  projecting  from  each  side  of  the  bow  of 
a  .ship,  to  extend  the  weather-clew  of  the  fore- 
sail. (6)  A  short  beam  of  wood  or  iron  pro- 
jecting from  each  quarter  of  a  vessel,  to  which 
the  main-brace  and  maintopsail  brace-blocks 
are  fastened,  (c)  A  small  outrigger  over  the 
stern  of  a  boat,  used  to  extend  the  clew  of  the 
after-sail.    Also  written  boomkin,  bumpkin. 

We  drifted  fairly  into  the  Loriotte,  .  .  .  breaking  off 
her  starboard  bumpkin,  and  one  or  two  stanchions  above 
the  deck.  li.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  126, 


pretentious  inefficiency.  ,  '  — ....v-.u.^  ....o  i.ia:,!.,  ^j.  i^u. 

bumblefoot  (bum'bl-fut),  n.  1.  A  disease  in  the  "U^lHialo,  bummaloti  (bum'a-16,  bum-a-16'ti), 
"  ..   -    -  ially  of  the  heavier   f',  L^i;- ind.]    A  small,  glutinous,  transparent 


feet  of  domestic  fowls,  especially  of  the  heavier 
breeds,  it  consists  in  a  large,  soft  swelling  of  the  ball 
of  the  foot,  which  is  inclined  to  suppurate,  and  is  usually 
caused  by  jumping  from  too  high  a  perch  to  a  hard  floor. 

Hence  —  2.  A  club-foot.  [In  this  sense,  bum- 
ble-foot.] 

She  died  mostly  along  of  Mr.  Malone's  bumblefoot,  I 


teleostean  fish,  of  about  the  size  of  a  smelt, 
found  on  all  the  coasts  of  southern  Asia,  which 
when  di-ied  is  much  used  as  a  relish  by  both 
Europeans  and  Indians,  and  facetiously  called 
Bombay  duck.    It  is  the  Harpodon  nehereus,  of 

She  died  mostly  along  of  Mr.  Malone's  bumblefoot,  I    ^^'^  family  ScopelidCB. 
fancy    Him  and  old  Biddy  were  both  drunk  a-fighting  on  bummaree  (bum'a-re),  W.     [Said  to  be  a  cor- 
the  stairs,  and  she  was  a  sten  below  he  -  nnd  ^uption  of  F.  boniie  maree,  good  fresh  sea-fish 


the  stairs,  and  she  was  a  step  below  he;  and  he,  beiu" 
drunk  and  bumble-footed  too,  lost  his  balance,  and  down 
they  come  together.  H.  Kingsley,  Ravenshoe,  xli. 

bumble-footed  (bum'bl-ftit"ed), «.  Club-footed, 
bumblekite  (bum'bl-kit),  n.    [<  bumble  +  kite, 

the  belly.]    The  blackberry.   See  bumbleberry. 

[North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 


bumblepuppist  (bum'bl-pup"ist),  n.    [<  ^ 
blemmmj  -h  -i.'it.l  Tn  whi.J nia  wV,n  ^Ac-l.   —    bummel  (bum  l),  v.  and       See  bummle. 


blepuppy  -f-  -ist.]  In  toMst,  one  who  plays  bum- 
blepuppy ;  one  who  imagines  that  he  can  play 
whist,  and  undertakes  to  do  so. 

The  bumblepuppist  only  admires  his  own  eccentricities. 
Pembrldye,  Whist  or  Bnniblepuppy  ?  (1883),  p.  2. 

bumblepuppy  (bum'bl-pup"i),  «.  l.  The  game 
of  nine-holes.  [Prov.  Eng.]— 2.  In  whist,  a 
manner  of  playing  "either  in  utter  ignorance 
of  all  its  known  principles,  or  in  defiance  of 
them,  or  both"  (Pembridge). 

Between  the  worst  whist  and  the  best  bumhlepuppy  it 
is  almost  impossible  to  draw  the  line.    Other  elementary 


bonne,  fern,  of  bon,  good  (see  &o«4) ;  7naree,  salt- 
water fish,  <  maree,  tide,  <  L.  tnare,  P.  vier,  sea, 
=  E.  mere^.l  A  name  given  to  a  class  of  specu- 
lating traders  at  Billingsgate  market,  London, 
who  buy  large  quantities  of  fish  from  the  sales- 
men and  sell  them  again  to  smaller  dealers. 


bummer  (bum'er),  w.  [<  bumX,  v.  i.,  4,  4-  -er^. 
Cf.  bum^,  n.,  3,  and  bummle,  n.,  2.]  1.  An  idle, 
worthless  fellow,  especially  one  who  sponges  on 
others  for  a  living ;  a  dissolute  fellow ;  a  loaf- 
er; a  tramp;  in  United  States  political  slang,  a 
low  politician ;  a  heeler;  a  "boy."  — 2.  During 
the  civil  war  in  the  United  States,  a  camp-fol- 
lower or  a  pliuidering  straggler. 

The  alarming  irruption  at  the  front  of  individuals  of  a 
class  designated  ...  as  bummers. 

N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXIII.  459. 

bummeryt,  «.    An  obsolete  form  of  bottomry 


lo  aiiuuou  iiinjusBiuie  lo  uraw  ine  line,    uuier  elementary  uuiiiiuciyT,  «.    -ti-U  oosoieie  lorm  01  00it07nril. 
.°^™?'.P^"°*°^°^' are  often  so  much  alike  that  bummle  (hnm'l),  v.  i.:  m'et  and  nn  biimmlprl 
It  is  difftcult  to  decide  whether  thev  are  nli„it!inr»nimai=      "  "  7,^^.,^.  . '^' .    ;.'  V„-  '^"<^  PP-  oummiea. 


 ,  ^  ^„.^..„v.,  ...o.^t.nv^v>,  tKi\,  ViUCll  0\J  lilUUii  itlJl^C  LliaU 

It  is  difftcult  to  decide  whether  they  are  plants  or  animals. 

Pembridge,  Wliist  or  Bumblepuppy?(1883),  p.  1. 

bumbler  (bum 'bier),  n.    A  bumblebee, 
bumbler-box  (bum'bler-boks),  n.    A  wooden 
toy  used  by  boys  to  hold  bumblebees, 
bumbles  (bum'blz),«.^L  [E.dial.]  1.  Eushes 


ppr.  bummling.    [A  dial,  form  of  bumble.]  1 
To  bumble.— 2.  To  blunder.    [North.  Eng.] 
bummle  (bum'l),  n.    [Sc.  also  (in  def.  1)  bum- 
mel, bombell  =  E.  bumble:  see  bumble,  n.  Cf. 
bum\  11.,  3.]    1.  A  bumblebee.— 2.  An  idle 
fellow ;  a  drone. 


+             /I?-                [Piioy-  Eng.]  bumpif  (bump),  v.  i.    [First  in  early  mod.  E., 
>iiTnhiA-«T.a.TT  f  nnm'i-ii_c+Qf ^  thick  stick     '   "    '     ■*         '    "*     ^        »  " 


bumble-staflf  (bum'bl-staf),  n. 

[North.  Eng.] 
bumbot  (bum'bo),  n.    A  drink  made  of  rum, 

sugar,  water,  and  nutmeg. 

[He]  returned  to  his  messmates,  who  were  making  merry 
in  the  ward-room,  round  a  table  well  stored  with  bumbo 
and  wine.  Smollett,  Roderick  Random,  xxxiv. 

bumboat  (bum'bot),  w.    [=  Dan.  ftMwftaad,  ap-  ^y.yucn. 

par.  <  D.  "bumboot,  a  very  wide  boat  used  by  bumpif  (bump)  n 

fishers  in  South  Holland  and  Flanders,  also  for  hollow  noise 
taking  a  pilot  to  a  ship :  Boding,  Marine  Diet."  The  bitter  with  his  bumpe. 

(Wedgwood),  prob.  <  D.  bun,  a  cauf  or  reeep-  Skeiton,  Phyiiyp  Sparowe,  1.  432. 


appar.  a  var.  of  bum'^,  bumb,  bomb^;  cf.  the 
freq.  bumble.  Cf.  W.  hwmp,  a  hollow  sound,  a 
boom ;  hence  aderyn  y  bwmp,  the  bittern  {ade- 
ryn,  a  bird),  also  called  bwmp  y  gors  (cors,  a 
bog,  fen).  Of  imitative  origin:  see  boom^^, 
bum^,  bomb'^,  botnb^,  bumble,  etc.]  To  make  a 
loud,  heavy,  or  hollow  noise,  as  the  bittern; 
boom.  Dryden. 

[<  bumjA,  v.]    A  booming, 


equiv.  to  MD.  D.  boomschip  (=  MLG.  bomschip, 
LG.  boomschip  =  G.  baumschif),  a  boat  made 
out  of  a  single  tree,  a  fisherman's  boat,  canoe, 
<  boom,  a  tree  (=  E.  beam),  +  schip  =  E.  ship : 
see  beam,  boom^,  and  ship.]  A  boat  used  in 
peddling  fresh  vegetables,  fruit,  and  small 
wares  among  the  vessels  lying  in  a  harbor  or 
roadstead. 

The  Captain  again  the  letter  hath  read 

Which  the  bum-boat  woman  brought  out  to  Spithead. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  155. 


Cf.  ODan.  bumpe,  strike  with  the  clenched  fist, 
Dan.  biimpe,  thump.  Cf.  bXso^ .pwmpio,  thump, 
bang  (pwmp,  a  round  mass,  a  lump),  =  Ir.  beii- 
maim,  I  strike,  gash,  cut,  =  Gael,  benm,  strike ; 
Ir.  Gael,  beum,  a  stroke,  blow,  =  Corn,  bum, 
bom,  a  blow.  Cf.  bump^,  n.,  and  bounce.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  cause  to  come  in  violent  contact; 
bring  into  concussion ;  knock ;  strike ;  thump : 
as,  to  bump  one's  head  against  a  wall. 

Bump  d  the  ice  into  three  several  stars. 

Tennyson,  The  Epic. 


bumpkin 

2.  In  English  boat-racing,  to  touch  (the  stem 
of  a  boat  ahead)  with  the  bow  of  the  following 
boat.    See  extract. 

Classic  Camus  Ijeing  a  very  naiTow  stream,  scarcely 
wider  than  a  canal,  it  is  impossible  for  the  boats  to  race 
side  by  side.  The  following  expedient  has  therefore  been 
adopted:  they  are  drawn  up  in  line,  two  lengths  between 
each,  and  the  contest  consists  in  each  boat  endeavoring 
to  touch  with  its  bow  the  stern  of  the  one  before  it,  wliich 
operation  is  called  bumping;  and  at  the  next  race  the 
bumper  takes  tlie  place  of  the  bumped. 

C.  A.  Bristed,  English  I'nivcrsity,  p.  06. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  come  forcibly  in  contact 
with  something;  strike  heavily:  as,  the  vessel 
bumped  against  the  wharf.—  2.  To  ride  with- 
out rising  in  the  stirrups  on  a  rough-trotting 
horse.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 3.  In  fAfw., 
to  give  off  vapor  intermittently  and  with  almost 
explosive  violence,  as  some  heated  solutions. 
The  vapor  collects  in  large  bubbles  at  the  bottom,  and  then 
bursts  through  the  solution  to  the  surface. 

4t.  To  form  bumps  or  protuberances. 

Long  fruite  fastened  together  by  couples,  one  right 
against  another,  with  kernels  bumping  out  neere  the 
place  in  which  they  are  combined. 

Oerarde,  Herball,  p.  1299,  ed.  1633. 

bump2  (bump),  n.  [<  bump^,  v. ;  the  sense  of 
'a  swelling'  is  derived  from  that  of  'a  blow.' 
Cf.  Dan.  bump,  a  thump,  ODan.  bum]>,  a  thick- 
set fellow,  bumpet,  thick,  fat.]  1.  A  shock 
from  a  collision,  such  as  from  the  jolting  of  a 
vehicle. 

Those  thumps  and  bumps  whicli  flesh  is  heir  to. 

Hook,  Gilbert  Ourney,  I.  v. 

2.  In  English  boat-racing,  the  striking  of  one 
boat  by  the  prow  of  another  following  her.  See 
bump'^,  V.  t.,  2. 

I  can  still  condescend  to  give  our  boat  a  shout  when  it 
makes  a  bump.  Cambridge  Sketches. 

3.  A  swelling  or  protuberance,  especially  one 
caused  by  a  blow. 

A  bump  as  big  as  a  young  cockrel's  stone. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  3. 
I  had  rather  she  should  make  bumps  on  my  head,  as  big 
as  my  two  fingers,  than  I  would  offend  her. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  ii.  1 
Specifically — 4.  The  popular  designation  of 
the  natural  protuberances  on  the  surface  of 
the  skull  or  cranium,  which  phrenologists  asso- 
ciate with  distinct  qualities,  affections,  propen- 
sities, etc.,  of  the  mind:  used  ironically  for  the 
word  organ  employed  by  phrenologists:  as,  the 
bump  of  veneration,  acquisitiveness,  etc. —  5. 
The  corner  of  the  stock  of  a  gun  at  the  top  of 
the  heel-plate. 
bump3  (bump),  n.    [E.  dial.]    1.  A  material 
used  for  coarse  sheets.    [Prov.  Eng.  (Derby- 
shire and  Yorkshire).] — 2.  In  London,  a  sort 
of  matting  used  for  covering  floors.  N.  and  Q., 
7th  ser.,  III.  307. 
bumper!  (bum'per),  n.    [<  bump^  -I-  -«•!.]  1. 
One  who  or  that  which  bumps. —  2.  A  log  of 
wood  placed  over  a  ship's  side  to  keep  off  ice, 
or  anything  similarly  used;  a  fender, 
bumper^  (bum'per)  u.    [Perhaps  a  corruption 
of  bumbard,  bombard,  a  di-inking-vessel  (see 
bombard,  n.),  associated  with  E.  dial,  btimpsy, 
tipsy,  bum,  ME.  bummcn,  guzzle,  drink:  see 
bum'^.]    1.  A  cup  or  glass  filled  to  the  brim, 
especially  when  drunk  as  a  toast. 

Fill  a  dozen  bumpers  to  a  dozen  beauties,  and  she  that 
floats  atop  is  the  maid  that  has  bewitched  you. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  3. 
He  froth 'd  his  huinpers  to  the  brim. 

Termyson,  Death  of  the  Old  Year. 

2.  A.  crowded  house  at  a  theatrical  benefit,  or 
the  like — Bumper  game,  a  game  in  which  the  scoring 
is  all  on  one  side, 
bumper^  (bum'per),  v.  t.    [<  bumper^,  n.]  To 
fill  to  the'brim.  Burns. 

bumperize  (bum'per-iz),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
biimperized,  ppr.  bumperizing.  [<  bumper^  + 
rise.]    To  drink  bumpers.  [Eare.] 

Pleased  to  see  him,  we  kept  bumperizing  till  after  roll- 
calling.  Gibbon,  Memoirs,  p.  68. 

bumper-timber  (bum'per-tim"ber),  «.  In 
some  locomotives,  a  timber  to  which  the  cow- 
catcher or  pilot  is  fastened,  designed  to  receive 
the  shock  or  blow  of  a  collision. 

bumping-post  (bum'ping-post),  n.  A  timber 
fender  or  buffer,  placed  at  the  end  of  a  railroad- 
track  to  prevent  the  ears  from  leaving  the  rails. 

bumpkin^,  n.    Same  as  bumkin. 

The  tack  of  the  foresail  is  made  fast  either  to  the  stern 
or  a  small  bumpkin  eight  inches  long. 

Sportsman's  Gazetteer,  p.  630. 

bumpkin^  (bump 'kin),  ??.  [Prob.  a  particular 
use  of  bumj)kin^  =  bumkin,  a  short  boom.  Cf. 
block'^  and  blockhead,  a  stupid  fellow.]  An  awk- 
ward, clumsy  rustic;  a  clown  or  country  lout. 


bumpkin 


What  a  htnnpkin  he  is  for  a  cai>taiii  in  tlie  army!  old 
Oslxinie  thonjilit.  ■  Thackeray,  Vanity  I'air. 

Ijumpkinly  (bmnp'kin-li),  «.  [<  humpl-in'^  + 
-///I.  J  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  bumpkin  or  clown ; 
clownish. 

He  is  a  simple,  blundering,  ami  yet  conceited  fellow, 
who  .  .  .  gives  an  air  of  romance  to  all  lie  tells. 

Richardson,  Clarissa  Harlowe. 

bumpsy  (bump'si), «.  [E.  dial. ;  cf .  i!)M»«l,  drink.] 
Tipsy.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

bumptious  (bump'shus),  a.  [A  slang  word, 
jirob.  <  bump'',  strike  against.  +  -tiuus.^  OSen- 
sively  self-assertive ;  liable  to  give  or  take  of- 
fense; disposed  to  quarrel;  domineering;  for- 
ward; pushing.  Tluicheray. 

bumptiousness  (bump'shus-nes),  n.  [<  hump- 
tious  +  -ness.'\  The  quality  of  being  bmnp- 
tious. 

Tom,  notwithstanding  his  bumptiousness,  felt  friends 
with  him  at  once.   T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown's  School-Days. 

The  peculiar  bumptiouxness  of  liis  [Hazlitt's]  incapacity 
makes  it  particularly  offensive. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  352. 

bumpy  (bum'pi),  a.  [<  hump"^  +  -^1.]  Ha%'ing 
or  marked  by  bumps ;  ha^'iug  a  surface  marked 
by  bumps  or  protuberances. 

■bumroUt,  n.    A  sort  of  bustle.  [Vulgar.] 

I  disbased  myself,  from  my  hood  and  my  farthingal,  to 
these  buinrowls  and  your  whalebone  bodice. 

B.  Jon-son,  Poetaster,  ii.  1. 

bum- wood  (bum'wM),  n.    Same  as  burn-wood. 

bun^,  bunn  (bun),  ».  [<  ME.  hunne,  bonne,  a 
cake,  a  small  loaf.  Origin  obsciu-e  ;  cf.  Ir.  bun- 
nog,  a  var.  of  bonnach,  an  oaten  cake,  —  Gael. 
bonnach,  >  E.  bannock,  q.  v.  Skeat  refers  to  OF. 
dial,  bugne,  a  kind  of  fritter  (a  particular  use  of 
OF.  bugne,  bigne,  a  swelling  caused  by  a  blow: 
seebunion),  >dim.  bugni  t,  bignet,  raod.F.  beignet, 
a  fritter.]  A  sliglitly  sweetened  and  flavored 
roll  or  biscuit ;  a  sweet  kind  of  bread  baked  in 
small  cakes,  generally  round.— Bath  bun,  a  sort 

■  of  liglit  sweet  roll,  gener.ally  containing  currants,  etc., 
named  from  Bath,  ISngland. 

bun^  (bun),  n.    [Appar.  identical  with  E.  dial. 

boon"^,  <  ME.  bone,  also  bunne,  of  uncertain 
origin,  perhaps  <  Gael,  bnn,  a  stump,  stock, 
root,  a  short,  squat  person  or  animal,  =  Ir. 
bun,  stock,  root,  bottom,  =  Manx  bun,  a  thick 
end,  butt-end,  —  W.  bwn,  a  spear-head.  The 
2d  and  3d  senses  may  be  of  diif.  origin.]  1.  A 
dry  stalk ;  the  dry  stalk  of  hemp  stripped  of  its 
rind. —  2.  The  tail  of  a  hare. —  3.  A  rabbit. 
Also  called  bunny.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

bun^  (bun),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  flat-bot- 
tomed boat  square  at  both  ends.  [Canadian.] 

bunco  (buns),  interj.  [Perhaps  a  corruption  of 
L.  bonus,  good.]  Extra  profit;  bonus:  used  as 
an  exclamation  by  boys.  The  cry  '^Bunce.'" 
when  something  is  found  by  another  gives  the 
right  to  half  of  what  is  discovered. 

bunch^  (bunch),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  some- 
times bouHch;  <  ME.  bunche,  a  hump,  prob.  < 
Icel.  bunki  =  OSw.  and  Sw.  dial,  bunke  =  Norw. 
bunke  =  Dan.  bunke,  a  heap,  pile :  see  bunk,  of 
which  bunch  may  be  considered  an  assibilated 
form.  Perhaps  ult.  connected  with  the  verb 
bunch,  strike:  see  ii<«c/(2.]  1.  A  protuber- 
ance; a  hunch;  a  knob  or  lump.  [Now  rare.] 
Gubba  [It.],  a  bunch,  a  knob  or  crooke  backe,  a  croope. 

Floriu  (1598). 

They  will  carry  .  .  .  their  treasiu'es  upon  the  bunches 
of  camels.  Isa.  xxx.  6. 

2.  A  cluster,  collection,  or  tuft  of  things  of  the 
same  kind  connected  in  growth  or  joined  to- 
gether mechanically:  as,  a  bunch  of  grapes;  a 
bunch  of  feathers  on  a  hat. 

On  his  arme  a  bounch  of  keyes  he  bore. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  viii.  30. 

3.  More  generally,  a  cluster  or  aggregate  of 
any  kind:  used  specifically  of  ducks,  in  the 
sense  of  a  small  flock. 

They  are  a  bunch,  of  the  most  boisterous  rascals 
Disorder  ever  made. 

Fletcher,  Wit  without  Money,  v.  2. 
After  the  bunch  of  ducks  have  been  shot  at,  .  .  .  they  fly 
a  long  distance  and  do  not  alight  within  sight. 

Sportsman's  Gazetteer,  p.  218. 

4.  In  mining,  a  small  mass  of  ore.  See  bunchy, 
3,  and  pocket. —  5.  In  flax-man  uf.,  three  bundles 
or  180,000  yards  of  linen  yarn. —  6.  A  unit  of 
tale  for  osiers,  reeds,  teazels,  and  the  like, 

with  no  general  or  fixed  sense  Bunch  of  fives, 

in  pugilism,  the  fist  with  the  five  fingers  clenched  for 
striking :  as,  he  gave  him  bis  bunch  of  Jives  (that  is,  struck 
him  with  his  fist),  (.^lang.] 

bunchl  (bunch),  V.  [<  bunch'^,  w.]  I.  intrans. 
To  swell  out  in  a  protuberance;  be  protuberant 
or  round. 

Bunching  out  into  a  large  round  knob  at  one  end. 

Woodward,  Fossils. 


720 

II.  .  To  make  a  btmch  or  bimehesof; 

bring  togetlier  into  a  bunch  or  aggregate  ;  con- 
centrate: as,  to  bunch  ballots  for  distribution; 
to  bunch  profits  ;  to  bunch  the  hits  in  a  game  of 
base-ball. 

Cloistered  among  cool  and  bunched  leaves. 

Keats,  Endyraion,  i. 

bunch-t  (bunch),  r.  i.  [<  ME.  bunchcn,  bonchen, 
beat,  strike;  cf.  D.  bonkcn,  beat,  belabor,  Dan. 
banke,  Norw.  banka,  beat,  Icel.  banga,  OSw. 
bdnga,  bunga,  strike :  see  bang^  and  bung". 
See  buHch^,  n.,  and  cf.  bunipi^,  which  includes 
the  meanings  of  bunch^  and  bunch'^.  Not  re- 
lated to  punch  in  this  sense.]   To  beat;  strike. 

Thei  boiichen  theire  brestis  with  fistes. 

Lydgate.  (Halliwell.) 

I  bunche,  I  heaXe,  je pousse.  He  bunchethme  and  beateth 
me.  Palsgrace. 

bunch-backedt  (bimch'bakt),  a.  Hunch-back- 
ed: as,  "  ^onl  bunch-back' d  toad,"  Shak.,  Rich. 
HI.,  iv.  4. 

bunch-berry  (buneh'ber'''i),  n.  1.  A  common 
name  of  the  dwarf  cornel,  Cornus  Canadensis, 
on  account  of  its  dense  clusters  of  bright-red 
berries. — 2.  The  fruit  of  the  liubus  saxatiUs. 
HaUiweU.    [Prov.  Eng.  (Craven).] 

bunch-flower  (bunch'flou"er),  n.  The  Melan- 
thium  Virginicum,  a  liliaceous  plant  of  the 
United  States,  with  grass-like  leaves  and  a  tall 
stem  with  a  broad  panicle  of  small  greenish 
flowers. 

bunch-grass  (buneh'gras),  n.  A  name  given 
to  many  different  grasses  of  the  Eocky  Moun- 
tain region  and  westward,  usually  growing  in 
distinct  clumps.  The  more  abundant  are  Poa  temii- 
folia,  Oryzopsis  cuspidata,  Festuca  scabrella,  and  species 
of  Stipa  and  Agropyrum. 

bunchiness  (bun'chi-nes),  n.  [<  blindly  + 
-ncss.']  The  state  of  being  btmchy,  or  of  grow- 
ing in  bunches. 

bunch- whale  (buneh'hwal),  n.  A  whale  of  the 
genus  Mcgaptcra  ;  a  humpback  whale. 

bunchy  (bun'chi),  rt.  [<  6«Hc/(  + -yl.]  1.  Hav- 
ing or  being  like  a  bunch  or  hunch;  having 
knobs  or  protuberances:  as,  "an  unshapen 
bunchy  spear,"  Phaer,  .33neid,  ix. 

Chiefs  particularly  affect  great  length  of  cord,  which 
does  not  improve  the  wearer's  appearance,  as  it  makes 
the  kilt  too  bunchy.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXX.  206. 

2.  Growing  or  existing  in  bunches;  having  or 
formed  of  bunches:  as,  "his  bunchy  tail,"  N. 
Grew,  Museum.  Specifically — 3.  In  mining, 
said  of  a  lode  when  the  ore  is  irregularly  dis- 
tributed through  it  in  small  masses  or ' '  pockets." 
bunco,  n.    See  bunko. 

buncombe,  bunkum  (bung'kum),  n.  [<  Bun- 
combe, a  county  of  North  Carolina:  see  extract 
from  Bartlett,  below.]  Empty  talk;  pointless 
speeehmaking;  balderdash. 

When  a  crittur  talks  for  talk's  sake,  jist  to  have  a  speech 
in  the  paper  to  send  to  home,  and  not  for  any  other  airthly 
))uppus  but  electioneering,  our  folks  call  it  bunkum. 

Ualiburton. 

To  talk  for  Buncombe,  to  speak  for  effect  on  persons 
at  a  distance,  without  regard  to  the  audience  present. 

The  origin  of  the  phrase,  "  talking  for  Buncombe,"  is 
thus  related  in  Wheeler's  "  History  of  North  Carolina": 
"  Several  years  ago,  in  Congress,  the  member  for  this  dis- 
trict arose  to  address  the  House,  without  any  extraordi- 
nary powers,  in  manner  or  matter,  to  interest  the  audi- 
ence. Many  luembeis  left  the  hall.  Veiy  naively  he  told 
those  who  remained  that  they  might  go  too:  he  should 
speak  for  some  time,  but  he  was  only  '  talking  for  Bun- 
comhe.'"  Bartlett. 

bund  (bund),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  also  written  band 
(pron.  bund),  repr.  Hind,  band,  a  dam,  dike, 
causeway,  embankment,  a  particular  use  of 
hand,  a  band,  bond,  tie,  imprisonment;  in  all 
uses  also  spelled  bandh,  <  Skt.  ■\/  bandh  =  E. 
bind,  tie.]  In  India  and  the  East  generally,  an 
embankment  forming  a  promenade  and  car- 
riageway along  a  river-front  or  seaside;  an 
esplanade. 

bunder^  (bun'der),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  surf-boat 
in  use  at  Bombay  and  along  the  Malabar  coast. 
Also  called  bunder-boat. 

bunder^  (bun'der),  «.    [Also  written  bhunder ; 

<  Hind,  bandar,  also  bdnar,  a  monkey,  ape, 
l)aboon.]  The  common  rhesus  or  other  East 
Indian  monkey. 

bunder-'  (bun'der),  n.    [E.  Ind.]    A  tenn  used 

in  the  East  for  a  canard, 
bunder-boat  (bim'der-bot),  n.    Same  as  bun- 

drr'i-. 

Bundesrath,  Bundesrat  (bon'des-rat),  ??.  [G. ; 

<  bundes,  gen.  of  l)und,  a  league  (see  bundle), 
+  rath,  rat,  council,  counsel,  etc.,  OHG.  MHG. 
rat  (=  AS.  raid,  ME.  rede,  E.  rede,  read  (obs.), 
council):  see  reafZi,  w.]  1.  The  federal  coun- 
cil of  the  German  empire,  exercising  legislative 


bung 

functions  in  combination  with  the  Reichstag, 
and  consisting  of  58  members  representing  the 
20  states  of  the  empire,  in  the  Bundesrath  each 
state  votes  as  a  unit,  tlie  imperial  chancellor  being  presi- 
dent. 

2.  In  Switzerlaifd,  the  federal  council,  exercis- 
ing executive  and  administrative  functions,  and 
composed  of  7  members, 
bundle  (bun'dl),  n.  [<  ME.  bundcl  (also  dim. 
hundclet),  <  AS.  "byndel  (not  found)  (=  D.  bondel, 
bundcl  =  G.  biindel),  a  bundle,  dim.  of  *bund, 
ONorth.  pi.  bunda,  a  bundle  (=  D.  bond,  usu- 
ally vcrbond,  a  bond,  covenant,  league,  =  MLG. 
bunt,  a  band,  a  bundle,  =  MHG.  hunt,  G.  bund, 
a  bundle,  truss,  also  a  tie,  bond,  league,  union, 
etc.,  >  Dan.  bundt=  Sw.  bunt,  a  bundle),  <  bin- 
dan  (pp.  biinden)  =  G.  bindcn,  etc.,  bind:  see 
bind,  and  cf.  bond''-.']  1.  A  number  of  things 
bound  together ;  anything  bound  or  rolled  into 
a  convenient  form  for  conveyance  or  handling; 
a  package ;  a  roll :  bundle  of  lace ;  a  bun- 
dle of  hay. 

Every  schoolbay  can  have  recourse  to  the  fable  of  the 
rods,  which,  when  united  in  a  bundle,  no  strength  could 
bend.  Goldsmith,  Essays,  ix. 

The  optic  nerve  is  a  great  bundle  of  telegraph  wires, 
each  carrying  its  own  message  undisturbed  by  the  rest. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  284. 

Hence  —  2.  A  group  or  a  number  of  things  hav- 
ing some  common  characteristic  which  leads  to 
their  being  held  and  transferred  in  the  same 
ownership. — 3.  In  bot.,  a  fascicular  aggrega- 
tion of  one  or  more  elementary  tissues  travers- 
ing other  tissues.  The  bundle  may  be  either  vascular 
(composed  of  vessels  only)  or  flbrovascular  (containing 
both  fibrous  and  vascular  tissues),  and  is  usually  sur- 
rounded by  a  layer  of  parenchyma,  or  soft  cellular  tissue, 
called  the  bundle-sheath. 

"Concentric"  bundles  occur  in  many  vascular  crypto- 
gams. Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  18. 

4.  In  paper-making,  two  reams  of  printing-pa- 
per or  brown  paper:  established  by  a  statute 
of  George  I. —  5.  In  spinning,  twenty  hanks  or 
6,000  yards  of  linen  yarn.  [Bundle  is  also  used  as  a 

unit  of  weight  for  straw,  and  of  tale  for  barrel-hoops,  but 
without  any  fixed  value.  A  bundle  of  bast  ropes  is  ten, 
by  a  statute  of  Charles  II.]  — Closed  bundle,  in  bot.,  a 
flbrovascular  buiuile  which  is  wholly  formed  of  woody 
and  bast  tissue,  without  a  cambium  layer,  and  is  there- 
fore incapable  of  furth^-  growth.— Collateral  bundle, 

in  bnt.,  a  flbrovascular  bundle  consisting  of  a  strand  of 
woody  tissue  and  .another  of  bast,  side  by  side. — Con- 
centric bundle,  in  bot.,  a  flbrovascular  bundle  in  which 
the  bast  tissue  surrouiuls  tlie  woody  tissue,  as  is  coniinon 
ill  vascular  cryptogams,  or  the  reverse, 
bundle  (bun'dl),  r.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  bundled,  ppr. 
bundling.  [<  bundle,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  tie 
or  bind  in  a  bundle  or  roll :  often  followed  by 
u}) :  as,  to  bundle  up  clothes. 

Their  tvaXns  bundled  up  into  a  heap  behind,  and  rustling 
at  every  motion.  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  iv. 

2.  To  place  or  dispose  of  in  a  hurried,  uncere- 
monious manner. 

Tliey  unmercifully  bundled  me  and  my  gallant  second 
into  our  own  hackney-coach. 

T.  Hook,  Gilbert  Gurney,  II.  iii. 
To  bundle  off,  to  send  (a  person)  off  in  a  hurry  ;  get  rid 
of  unceienKJiiidusly  :  as,  the  children  were  bimdled  off  to 
bed.  —  To  bundle  out,  to  expel  summarily  :  as,  I  bundled 
him  out  of  doors. 

You  ought  to  be  bundled  out  for  not  knowing  how  to 
behave.  Dickens. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  depart  in  a  hurry  or  un- 
ceremoniously :  often  with  ojf. 
Is  your  ladyship's  honour  bundling  off  then? 

Colman  the  Younger,  Poor  Gentleman,  v.  3. 

See  the  savages  bundle  back  into  their  canoes. 

St.  Nicholas,  XI.  377. 

2.  In  New  England  (in  early  times)  and  in 
Wales,  to  sleep  in  the  same  bed  without  un- 
dressing: applied  to  the  custom  of  men  and 
women,  especially  sweethearts,  thus  sleeping. 

Stoi)ping  occasionally  in  the  villages  to  eat  pumpkin 
pies,  dance  at  country  frolics,  and  bundle  with  the  Yankee 
lasses.  Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  295. 

bundle-pillar  (btm'dl-pil"ar),  n.  Same  as  clus- 
tered column  (which  see,  under  column). 
bundle-sheath  (bun'dl-sheth),  n.    See  bundle, 
«.,  3. 

bungl  (bung),  n.  [<  ME.  bungc,  of  uncertain 
origin;  the  "W.  bwng,  an  orifice,  a  bung  (cf. 
OGael.  buine  =  Ir.  buinne,  a  tap,  spigot,  spout), 
prob.  from  E.  Cf.  OD.  bonne,  MD.  bonde  (>  F. 
honde),  a  bung;  MD.  bommc^,  D.  bom'^,  dim. 
bommel,  a  bung ;  MD.  bonimc'^,  D.  bom^,  a  drum; 
MD.  bunqhe,  bonghe  =  MLG.  bunge,  a  drum 
(MLG.  b'ungen,  beat  a  drum:  see  bung'^).  The 
E.  word  seems  to  have  taken  the  foi-m  of  MD, 
bunqhe  (with  equiv.  bomme^),  a  (b-um,  with  the 
sense  of  MD.  bonde  (with  equiv.  bomme^),  a 
bung.]  1.  A  large  cork  or  stopper  for  closing 
the  hole  in  the  side  of  a  cask  through  which  it 


bong 

is  filled.— 2.  The  hole  or  orifice  in  a  cask 
thi-ough  which  it  is  filled;  a  bung-hole.— Sf. 
A  pickpocket ;  a  shai-per. 

A«  aj',  you  cutpurse  rascal  I  you  filthy  buwj,  away  I 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.",  ii.  4. 

4.  A  brewer.    [Eng.  slang.  ]  —  5 .  A  pile  of  seg- 
gars  or  setters  in  a  porcelain-kiln, 
bungl  (bung),  v.  f.    [<  bunffi,  h.J    To  stop  the 
ontiee  of  with  a  bung;  close. 
AU  entries  to  the  soul  are  so  stopped  and  bunged  up. 

Hammond,  Works,  IV.  679. 
bung2  rbung),  v.  t.    [Commonly  regarded  as  a 
particular  use  of  hiing'^,  v. ;  but  cf.  MLG.  hun- 
gen  =  MHG.  hungen,  beat  a  di-um,  G.  dial,  hun- 
gen,  hungen,  strike  (freq.  bungeln,  beat),  =OSw 
bunga,  strike:  see  butich'^.    Cf.  bimgle,  bang'^.] 
To  beat  severely ;  exhaust  bv  hard  blows  or 
strenuous  effort ;  bi-uise  ;  maul:  used  ehieflv  in 
the  phrase  bunged  up  :  as,  he  was  all  biinged 
up  in  the  fight ;  the  dav's  work  has  completely 
bunged  me  up.  [Slang.] 
bungall  (bim'gal),  n.    [<  Ir.  bunn,  a  coin,  + 
gaJlda,  foreign,  English,  <  gall,  a  foreigner,  Eng- 
lishman.]   A  base  coin  current  in  Ireland  in 
the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth.    At  one  time  it 
passed  for  sixpence,  at  another  for  twopence 
and  ultimately  for  a  penny.  ' 
bungalow (buiig'ga-lo),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,< Hind. 
bangla  (Pers.  bdngld),  a  thatched  cottage,  a 
ljungalow,  Ut.  belonging  to  Bengal,  Bengalese 


721 


<house),  <  Banga,  Bengal.    Cf.  Bengali.-]  In 
-India,  a  one-storied  thatched  or  tiled  house 
Tisually  surrounded  by  a  veranda ;  in  the  East 
generally,  any  one-storied  dwelling  provided 
Tvith  verandas.  • 

It  [the  road]  leads  to  .  .  .  Faatana,  a  regular  square 
indian  bungalow,  with  thatched  roofs,  verandahs  covered 
with  creepers,  windows  opening  to  the  ground,  and  steps 
leading  to  the  gardens  on  every  side. 

Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  xiv. 
Dak-bungalow,  a  house  for  travelers,  such  as  are  con- 
structed at  intervals  of  from  12  to  15  miles  on  the  high- 
roads inmany  parts  of  India  at  the  expense  of  the  author- 
/  .  .  government  charges  each  traveler  one  rupee 
(about  forty  cents)  a  day  for  the  use  of  the  bungalow 
JSungarus  (bung'ga-rus),  n.  [Also  Bongarus ; 
^L,.,  from  the  native  name  bungar  or  bongar  ] 
A  genus  of  venomous  serpents,  of  the  familv 
±Aapid(E,  natives  of  India,  and  closely  allied  to 
theKaja,  though  the  neck  is  not  so  dilatable. 

^  the  Bungarm  jagciatm,  the  rock-serpent,  the  head  is 
nat  and  short,  the  muzzle  round  and  the  upper  jaws  are 
furnished  with  grooved  fangs.  The  color  is  generaUy  of  a 
light  hue,  relieved  by  bands  or  rings  of  jetty  black.  Also 

Bongani-i. 

Trung-drawer  (bung'dra '  er),  n.  A  wooden  mal- 
let of  a  peculiar  form  for  removing  the  hmis 
from  a  cask.    [Local,  Eng.]  ® 

ljungerlyt,  a.  [A  var.  of  bungMy,  <  bungle  + 
-ly'-.j    Bungling;  clumsy. 

Oftentimes  the  more  shallow  in  knowledge  the  more 
bungerly  m  wickedness.      Rei:  T.  Adams,  Works,  II.  43. 

■brmgersome  (bung'ger-sum),  a.  [A  dial.  var. 
ot  bunglesome.2   Clumsy.   Grose.   [Prov.  Eng  ] 

OUng-hole  (bung'hol),  h.  A  hole  or  orifice  in  a 
cask  through  which  it  is  filled,  closed  by  a  bung 

bungle  (bung'gl),  V.  i.  ■  pret.  and  pp.  bungled, 
ppr.  bungling.  [Prob.  equiv.  to  *bongle  for 
bangle^,  freq.  of  bang-i-,  beat ;  cf.  G.  dial,  bungeln, 
strike,  beat,  freq.  of  hungen,  strike ;  Sw.  dial 
hangla,  work  ineffectuaUv,  freq.  of  bayilca,  var 
bonka  hunka,  strike,  OSw.  bunga,  beat:  see 
bang\  bunch2,  bung^,  and  ef.  botch^,  bungle, 
which  also  goes  *back  to  an  original  sense 
beat.  ]  I.  intrans.  To  work  or  act  in  a  clumsy, 
awkward,  or  blundering  manner. 
Can  you  faU  or  bungle  in  your  trade? 

Oldham,  Satires  on  the  Jesuits. 

-tJ'^°5!^i'"^'^^-'"^^®*''^^*^^  agreeable  objects, 

Xhough  they  might  sometimes  bxingle  a  little. 

Goldsmith,  Tlie  Bee,  No.  1. 

n.  trans.  To  make  or  mend  clumsHv ;  botch  • 
Tnanage  awkwardly  or  blunderingly;  perform 
inefficiently. 

Botch  and  bungle  up  damnation 
^ith  patches.  shak.,  Hen.  V.,  u,  2. 


I  had  seen  something  of  the  world,  and  had  contracted 
about  the  average  bad  habits  of  young  men  who  have  the 
sole  care  of  themselves,  and  rather  bungle  the  matter. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Backlog  Studies,  p.  81. 

bungle  (bung'gl),  H.  [<  hungle,  v.]  A  clumsy 
performance;  apiece  of  awkward  work ;  a 
botch,  nay. 
bungler  O  ang'gler),  n.  One  who  bungles;  a 
chim.s}',  iiwkward  workman;  one  who  performs 
without  skill. 

If  to  be  a  dunce  or  a  bungler  in  any  profession  be  shame- 
:ui  how  much  more  ignominious  and  infamous  to  a  scholar 
to  be  such.  Barrow. 
bunglesome  (bung'gl-sum),  a.    [<  bungle  + 

-some.~\    Bimgling;  clumsy. 
bungUng  (bung'gling),  p.'a.    [Ppr.  of  bungle, 
v.]    1.  Prone  to  bimgle;  clumsy:  as,  "this 
bungling  wretch,"  Oldham.— 2.  Characterized 
by  clumsiness ;  botched. 

Letters  to  me  are  not  seldom  opened,  and  then  sealed  in 
a  bungling  manner  before  they  come  to  my  hands.  Swift. 
=  Sto.  Ungainly,  Uncouth,  etc.    See  awkward. 

bunglingly  (bung'gling-U),  adv.    In  a  bungling 
manner;  clumsily;  awkwardly, 
bmigo  (bung'go),  «.    [Origin  obscure.]   A  kind 
ot  canoe  used  in  Central  and  South  America 
and  m  the  southern  part  of  the  United  States. 
Bar  tie  tt. 

bungo-tree  (bung'go-tre),  ».  [<  hungo,  a  native 
name,  +  tree.]  A  leguminous  tree  of  Sierra 
Leone,  Daniellia  tliurifera,  yielding  a  fragrant 
gum.  ° 

bung-Starter  (bung'star'ter),  n.  A  kind  of  flat 
maUet  for  starting  a  wooden  bung  from  the 
bung-hole. 

bung-stave  (bung'stav),  n.  The  stave  of  a  bar- 
rel m  which  the  bung-hole  has  been  made. 
Bungtown  copper.  See  cojiper. 
bung-vent  (bung'vent),  n.  A  valve-stopper 
designed  to  allow  air  to  enter  a  cask  without 
permittmg  the  gases  generated  within  it  to  es- 
cape, or  the  reverse, 
bunion,  bunyon  (bun 'yon),  n.  [Formerly  also 
buniari,  bunnion,  bunnian  ;  <  It.  bugnone,  a  knob, 
a  boil  or  blain,  aug.  of  equiv.  bugno,  prob.  < 
OF.  bugne,  buigne,  bune,  a  swelling,  F.  bigne,  a 
bump,  knob,  swelling,  perhaps  <  leel.  bunga,  an 
elevation,  aUied  to  bunki,  a  heap :  see  hunch  and 
bu7ik.]  A  swelling  on  the  foot  caused  by  the 
inflammation  of  a  bursa,  especially  that  over 
the  metatarsophalangeal  joint  of  the  great  toe 

li.  "iV^/^'i^V^  however,  over  the  corresponding  joint  of 
the  fifth  digit,_or  more  rarely  over  the  scaphoid  bone 
Bunium  (bii'ni-um),  n.  [NL.  (L.  bunion  — 
Phny),  <  Gr.  ,3ovviov,  a  plant,  perhaps  the  earth- 
nut;  cf.  jiowiag,  a  plant  of  the  rape  kind.] 
A  genus  of  plants,  of  the  natural  order  Umhelli- 
fer(B,  with  tuberous  roots,  natives  of  Europe  and 

western  Asia.  B.nexuosum,a\soc3,\\eiearthnut  hau-k- 
nut,  kippernut,  and  pignut,  is  a  plant  with  a  root  as  large 
as  a  nutmeg,  hard,  tuberous,  and  brown.    See  earthnut 

bimk  (bungk),  n.     [Of  Scand.  origin,  prob. 
aflected  m  sense  by  bank,  dial,  henk,  bink,  a 
bench:  <  (1)  Icel.  bunki  =  OSw.  and  Sw.  dial. 
oiinke  =  Norw.  hunke  =  Dan.  bunke,  a  heap,  pile 
(cf.  MLG.  bunk,  a  bone,  esp.  one  of  the  promi- 
nent bones  of  a  large  animal,  =  OFries.  hunke 
East  Fries,  hunke.  North  Fries,  hunk,  a  bone),  ap- 
par.the  same  as  (2)  ODan.  hunke,  a  cargo  stowed 
m  the  hold  of  a  ship,  the  hold  itself,  the  bilge 
=         ^""^''^>  part  of  a  ship,  prob! 
the  hold;  prob.  also  the  same  as  (3)  ODan. 
bunke=  Qw.  i««Ae=Xorw.  hunka,  hunk,  abroad, 
low  milk-pan,  and  (4)  ODan.  bunke,  the  site  of 
a  buildmg:  these  forms  beingmore  or  less  con- 
tused with  (.5)  Icel.  bunga,  a  sUght  elevation, 
=  ^orw.  bunga,  a  little  heap,  bung,  byng,  bunk, 
a  slight  protuberance  or  dent,  hungutt,  hunkutt, 
dented,  appar.  connected  (as  hump^,  a  blow 
Y^th  bump^,  a  protuberance,  or  as  bunch^  with 
buncIO-)  with  Sw.  bunga,  strike :  see  bundfi  and 
bung^,  and  cf.  bunch^,  which  maybe  considered 
an  assibilated  foi-m  of  hunk.    Cf.  hidk.]    1  A 
wooden  ease  or  compartment  in  a  vessel,  a 
sleepmg-car,  etc.,  and  sometimes  in  a  dwellin<r- 
house,  used  as  a  sleeping-berth.  ^ 

■  •  •  P^o^'er  the  rest  of  his  voyage  by  savin" 
that  he  was  conftued  to  his  bunk,  and  saw  nomore  of  it 
H.  Kxngsley,  Eavenshoe,  li.  (Davies.) 

2.  A  piece  of  timber  placed  across  a  sled  to 
sustam  a  heavy  weight.    [U.  S  ] 
bunk  (bungk),  r.  i.    [<  bunk,  n.]    To  occupy  a 
bunk;  hence,  to  occupy  a  bed;  sleep:  as,  the 
two  boys  bunked  together. 
Vi'e  tiu-ned  in  to  bunk  and  mess  with  the  crew  forward 
Ji.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  57. 
bunker!  (bung'ker),  n.     [<  bunk  +  -erl.  Cf 
a'^^     ,  ^  o*  'a  bench,  a  seat.']  l' 

A  bench  or  sort  of  chest  that  serves  for  a  seat' 


bunt 


— 2.  A  sort  of  fixed  chest  or  box;  a  large  bin 
or  receptacle:  as,  a  (toa.\.hunkcr  (which  see). 
—  3.  In  the  game  of  golf,  a  sand-hole  anywhere 
on  the  grounds, 
bunker^  (bung'ker),  n.    [Short  for  mossbunker, 

q.  v.]   A  menhaden, 
bunker-plate  (bung'k6r-plat),  n.  An  iron  plate 
covering  a  hole  in  a  ship's  deck  leading  to  the 
coal-bunker, 
bunko,  bunco  (bung'ko),  n.  [Perhaps  a  corrup- 
tion of  It.  banco,  a  bank  or  money-changer's 
stall;  cf.  bunk,  as  related  to  bank.]    A  swindle 
practised  by  two  or  more  confederates  upon  a 
stranger  (generally  by  gaining  his  confidence 
on  the  ground  of  alleged  previous  acquaintance 
mth  himself  or  some  of  his  friends),  who  is  al- 
lui-edtoahouse,  and  there  fleeccdat  some  game, 
openly  robbed,  or  otherwise  victimized.  Also 
called  bunko-game.    [American  slang  or  cant.] 
DW0JS.0  (bung'ko),  V.  t.    To  victimize,  as  by  a 
bunko-man.    [American  slang  or  cant.] 
A  Reading  banker  bunkoed. 

Philadelphia  Times  (1883),  No.  2892,  p.  2. 

bunko-game  (bung'ko-gam),  n.  Same  as  bunko. 
bunko-joint  (bung'ko-joint),  n.    A  house  or 
rendezvous  to  which  strangers  are  allured,  and 
m  which  they  are  ^-ictimized,  by  bunko-men. 
[American  slang  or  cant.] 
bunkq-man  (bung'ko-man),  n.    A  person  who 
practises  the  bunko  swindle.    [American  slans 
or  cant.]  ^ 
bimko-steerer  (bung'k6-ster"er),  n.    That  one 
of  the  swindlers  called  bunko-men  who  allures 
or  steers  strangers  to  the  bunko-joint  or  rendez- 
vous.   [American  slang  or  cant.] 
bunks  (bungks),  n.    The  wild  succory.  [Prov 
Eng.] 

bunkum,  n.    See  buncombe. 
bunn,  n.    See  bun^. 

bunnel  (bun'el),  n.    [E.  dial.  dim.  of  bun^,  n.] 
A  dried  hemp-stalk,  used  by  smokers  to  light 
their  pipes.    Grose.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
bunney,  n.   See  bunny'-i. 

bunniant,  ».  An  obsolete  spelling  of  bunion 
bunnings  (bun'ingz),  n.pl.  [E.  dial.]  In  lead- 
>>;i»"ig,  a  floor  or  staging  of  wood  built  across 
the  lode  over  the  miners'  heads,  and  on  which 
the  refuse  was  thrown,  so  that  the  mine,  origi- 
nally begun  as  an  open  work,  became  covered 
over  for  its  whole  length,  except  under  the 

'  Stowses"  or  windlasses.    The  same  thing  was  re- 
peated low-er  down,  the  process  being  a  sort  of  combi- 
nation of  the  cast-after-cast  method  and  of  underhand 
Sloping   Ihe  process  is  110  longer  used.  [Derbyshire,  Eng  1 
DUnnyl  (bun'i),  «.;  pi.  bunnies  (-iz).    [E.  dial.] 
A  gully  formed  by  water  makmg  its  way  over 
the  edge  of  a  cliff.    [Hampshire,  Eng.] 
bunny2  (bun'i),  n.    [Dim.  of  hun^,  a  rabbit.] 
A  pet  name  for  a  rabbit.  ^ 
bunnys  (bun'i),  ti.    [E.  dial.,  also  written  bun- 
ney.   Cf.  bunion.]    A  swelling  from  a  blow ;  a 
bump.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
bunny^t  (bun'i),  n.    Same  as  bonny^. 
bunnya,  n.    See  hunya. 

bunodont  (bu'no-dont),  a.    [<  NL.  hunodon(t-), 
<  Gr.  i^ovvoc,  a  hill,  mound,  +  bdoi'c  (oSovt-)  =  E. 
tooth.]     In  odoiit.,  having  the  crowns  of  the 
molar  teeth  elevated  into  tubercles ;  having  tu- 
berculate  molars :  in  general,  opposed  to  lopho- 
dont;  specificaUy,  having  teeth  of  the  pattern 
presented  by  the  Bunodonta. 
Bunodonta  (bu-no-don'ta),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  neut 
pi.  of  bunodon  :  see  hunodont.]  The  most  prim- 
itive type  of  the  artiodactyls,  continued  to  the 
present  day  by  the  non-ruminant  or  suilUne 
quadrupeds  of  the  families  Suida;  and  Hippopo- 
tamidcE,  or  the  swine  and  hippopotamus. 
Bunotherla  (bii-no-the'ri-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.  <  Gr 
,3owdf,  a  hill,  mound,  +  dnpiov,  a  wild  beast.] 
A  superordinal  group  of  mammals  proposed  by 
Cope  to  cover  the  whole  of  the  carnivorous  and 
msectivorous  types  of  monodelphous  mammals 
ancestrally  related  to  existent  forms, 
bunotherian  (bu-no-the'ri-an),  a.    [<  Bunothe- 
}-ia  +  -an.]    Pertaining  to  "or  characteristic  of 
the  Bunotheria.    E.  D.  Cope. 

Bunsen  burner,  cell,  filter-pump.    See  the 

nouns. 

bunsenite  (bim'sen-it),  n.  [After  the  German 
chemist  Eobert  W.  Bunsen.]  Native  nickel 
protoxid,  occurring  in  isometric  octahedral  crys- 
tals of  a  green  color.  The  name  was  also  given 
to  the  gold  tellurid  krennerite. 
bunti  (bunt).  V.  i.  [<  ME.  hunten  ;  of  uncertain 
**P^,°;  J^-f.  Bret,  hounta,  bunta,  push,  shove; 
ef-  also  E.  punt2,  push,  and  butth]  1.  To  push 
with  the  horns  or  head,  as  a  goat  or  a  calf.— 
2.  To  spring;  rear.    [Prov.  Eng.] 


bunt 


iDUntl  Cbunt),  n.    [<  burit^,  v.  ».]    A  push  with 

the  head,  or  the  head  and  horns, 
bunt-  (bunt),  n.    [<  hite  ME.  bunt;  of  uncertain 

origin.   It  agi'ees  in  form  with  Dan.  hundt  -  - 

Sw.  bunt,  a  bundle  (see  bundle),  in  sense  with 

Dan.  bng,  Sw.  bul;  a  belly  (cf.  Dan.  buff  paa 

ct  scjl,  Sw.  bnkpd  ettsegcl,  the  bunt  (ht.  belly) 

of  a  sail :  see  bouJc''-) ;  or  with  Dan.  bugt  =  Sw. 

biujt,  a  bend,  >  E.  bout,  a  bend,  turn,  etc. :  see 

bout^,  bought''-,  and  bight.']    The  middle  part  of 

a  square  sail;  also,  the  middle,  baggy  part  of 

a  net,  etc. 

In  furling,  the  stronsest  and  most  experienced  stand  in 
the  slings  (or  niidtUe  of  the  yard)  to  make  up  the  bunt. 

M.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  tlie  Mast,  p.  26. 

bunt2  (bunt),  ».  «.   [<6mh<2,  „.]   To  swell  out; 

bellv,  as  a  sail, 
bunt's  (bunt),  V.  t.    [<  ME.  *buntcn,  bonten,  sift, 

perhaps  a  var.  of  bulten,  sift,  bolt:  see  boW^.] 

To  sift.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
bunt*  (bunt),  n.    [Perhaps  a  dial,  form  of  burnt, 

as  used  in  eomp.  bunt-ear  for  burnt-ear,  etc.] 

1.  A  smut  which  infests  and  destroys  the  ker- 
nels of  wheat;  an  ustilagineous  fungus,  Til- 
letia  caries,  which  causes  serious  damage  in 
Europe,  and  is  becoming  troublesome  in  Amer- 
ica. The  common  smut  of  wheat  and  oats  in  the  United 
States  is  UstUago  carbo,  and  is  not  called  bunt.  Also 
called  bladder-brand. 

2.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  pufEball, 
Li/coperdon. 

buntbok  (bunt'bok),  n.    Same  as  bontebol. 
bunt-ear  (bunt'er),  M.  [Seeiioif*.]  Anamefor 

the  smut  of  wheat,  oats,  etc.,  rs^(7«fifO  sffiff^Mw.  .         .        ,  s       *   i  n„ 

bunted  (bun'ted),  a.    \_<  bunt^  +  -ed^.}  Affect-  bunting-iron  (bun'ting-i"ern),  w.  A  glass-blow 

ed  with  bunt;  containing  the  parasitic  fungus 

which  causes  bunt. 

Externally  the  bunted  grain  is  plumper.  Cooke. 
bunter  (bun'ter), /i.    [E.  dial.]    A  woman  who 
picks  up  rags  in  the  streets  ;  hence,  a  low,  vul- 
gar woman.    [Prov.  Eng.  or  slang.] 

Her  two  marriageable  daughters,  like  bunters  in  stuff 
gowns,  are  now  talking  sixpenny  worth  of  tea  at  the  White 
Conduit  House.  Goldsmith,  Essays,  xv. 

bunter-sandstein  ()3un'ter-sand"stin),  «.  _ 
hunter  sandstein,  lit.  variegated  sandstone: 


722 

One  of  the  commonest  in  Europe  is  E.  miliaria,  the  corn- 
bunting  or  bunting-lark.  The  yellow  liunting  or  yellow- 
hanmier  is  i'.  citrinella  ;  the  cirl  huntint;,  E.  ciiiiis  :  the 
ortol;in  bunting,  K.  hortidana  ;  the  bhu-k-headed  bunting, 
K.  srlia-iiichix,  etc.  Tliese  are  all  the  European  species  to 
wiiicli  the  luime  i)roperly  pertains.  There  are  many  others, 
all  belonging  to  the  old  world. 

2.  By  extension,  a  name  given  indefinitely  and 
indiscriminately  to  a  great  number  of  emberi- 
zine  and  fringilline  birds  of  all  countries,  and 
also  to  some  birds  not  of  the  family  FringiUidw,. 
Examples  .are  the  lark-bunting,  of  the  genus  riectioiilmnes ; 
the  snow-bunting,  /'.  nhiilix;  tlie  small  American  spar- 
rows of  the  genus  .s>i:.  //.i ,  the  American  black-tln-oated 
bunting,  Spiza  ainericana  :  tlie  cow-buutiiig,  Molathrus 
pecan's ;  the  rice-bunting,  Dnlichonyx  ortizironis. — Bay- 
Winged  bunting.  See/;(i.iy-«'/)!//prf.— Clay-colored  bunt- 
ing, of  North  America,  the  Spizclla  pallida,  a  small  bird 
closely  resembling  the  chipping-sparrow. 
bunting^  (bun'ting),  w.  [Also  buntine.  Origin 
uncertain ;  perhaps  orig.  meaning  bunting-  or 
bolting-cloth:  see  bunting^.  There  is  no  evi- 
dence to  connect  the  word  with  G.  bunt,  varie- 
gated.]   1.  A  light  woolen  stuff  very  loosely 

woven.  It  is  tlie  material  out  of  which  flags  of  all  kinds 
are  usually  made.  A  variety  of  bunting  is  also  in  use  for 
women's  dresses  ;  it  is  warm,  and  di  aiu's  well. 

2.  Flags,  especially  a  vessel's  Hags,  collectively, 
bunting-crow  (bun'ting-kro),  n.  [Appar.  < 
buntiiK/i  +  crow'^,  but  said  to  be  a  modifica- 
tion of  D.  bonte  l-raai :  bont,  spotted  (see  bunt- 
ingi);  kraai  =  E.  croic'^.1  The  hooded  crow, 
Corvus  comix. 
bunting-finch  (bun 'ting-finch),  «.  A  loose 
book-name  of  nmnerous  American  fringilline 
birds  of  the  genera  Passcrella,  Passerculus,  Zo- 
notriehiu,  iSpi::ella,  etc 


buoyancy 

shapes  and  kinds,  according  to  the  purposes  they  are  in- 
tended to  serve  ;  as,  can-buoys,  made  of  sheet-iron  in  tlie 
f(pnu  of  tile  frustum  of  a  cone ;  spar-buoys,  made  of  a  spar, 
whicli  is  anchored  by  one  end  ;  bell-buoys,  surmounted  by  a 
bell,  which  is  made  to  sound  by  tlie  action  of  the  waves ; 


I.  Whistling-buoy.  2, 


2.  Can-buoys.  3.  Spar-buoy.  4.  United 
States  Life-buoy. 


The  common 


ers'  tube, 
bunting-lark  (bun'ting-lark),  w. 

bimting,  Emhvriza  witiaria. 
bunt-jigger  (bimt'jig'er),  n.    Naut.,  a  small 
ptu'chase  used  to  rouse  up  the  bunt  of  a  sail  in 
furling.    Also  called  bunt-u-hip. 
buntlinf,  n.    Same  as  bunting^. 

But  we'll  slioot  the  laverock  in  the  lift, 
The  buntlin  on  the  tree. 

Ilynde  Etin,  in  Child's  Ballads,  I.  297. 

t^-  buntline(bunt'lin),M.  {^ibimt'^  +  rnie'i.']  Naut., 
one  of  the  ropes  attached  to  the  foot-ropes  of 


whistlinri-buoys,  fitted  with  an  apparatus  by  which  air  com- 
pressed by  the  movement  of  the  waves  is  made  to  escape 
through  a  whistle,  and  thus  indicate  tlie  situation  of  the 
buoy,  etc.  In  the  waters  of  the  United  States  the  following 
system  of  placing  buoys  as  aids  to  navigation  is  prescribed 
by  law  :  Red  buoys  mark  the  starljoaid  or  riglit-haiid  side 
of  the  channel  coming  from  seaward,  and  black  the  port 
or  left-hand  side  ;  mid-channel  dangers  and  obstructions 
are  marked  witli  buoys  having  black  and  red  transverse 
stripes,  and  mid-channel  buoys  marking  the  fairway  have 
longitudinal  black  and  white  stripes;  buoys  marking  sunk- 
en wrecks  are  painted  green.  The  starboard  and  port 
liuoys  are  numbered  from  the  seaward  end  of  the  channel, 
the  "black  bearing  the  odd  and  the  red  the  even  numbers. 

2.  A  buoyant  object  designed  to  be  thrown 
from  a  vessel  to  assist  a  person  who  has  fallen 
into  the  water  to  keep  himself  afloat;  a  life- 
buoy. The  life-l)uoy  now  in  common  use  in  the  United 
.States  navy  consists  of  two  hollow  copper  vessels,  con- 
nected by  a  framework  and  having  between  them  an  up- 
right pole,  weighted  at  the  bottom  and  surmounted  by  a 
brass  box  containing  a  port-fire.  This  machine  is  hung 
over  the  stern  of  the  vessel,  and  can  be  dropped  by  means 
of  a  trigger.  At  night  the  burning  of  the  port-flre  serves- 
to  point  out  its  position.  See  also  cut  under  breeches- 
biwi/.—To  bleed  a  buoy.  See  bleed.— To  stream  a. 
buoy,  to  let  it  drop  from  the  vessel  into  the  water  before- 
the  anchor  is  dropped. 


hunt,  spotted,  variegated  (see  bunting'^);  sand-  square  sails  "and  led  up  to  the  masthead,  and  buoy  (boi  or  boi),  v.  [<  buoy,  «.]  I.  trans.  1. 
stein  —  E.  sandstone.']  A  German  name  for  the  thence  on  deck,  to  assist  in  hatiling  up  the  To  support  by  a  buoy  or  as  by  a  buoy ;  keep 
Nevv  Red  Sandstone.    See  f  «f  sail.-BuntUne  bull's-eye.  See /,uH'.-.!/c.  "  ■' 

bunt-gasket  (bunt  gas'ket),  n.  S^^.^^^  ]iTj^j^ilijiQ.cloth  (hunt'lin-Ubth),  n.    Naut.,  the 

which  confines  the  bunt  of  a  square  sail  when  gewed  up  a  sail  in  the  direction  of  the 

furled.    Formerly  called  breast-gasl-et.  buntUne  to  prevent  it  from  being  chafed, 

bunting!  (bun'tmg),  «.    [Verbal n.  ot  bunf-,  v.]  ^jy^to^g  (bun'touz),  )(.  j)/.    [Origm  unknown.] 
1.  The  act  of  pushing,  as  with  the  horns  or        fining,  timbers  or  scantling  put  across  a 

shaft  to  divide  it  into  compartments.  The  in- 
terior faces  of  the  buntons  and  sets  carry  the  guides  which 
conduct  the  cages,  and  on  them  are  also  nailed  the  boards 
forming  the  sheathing  of  the  brattice,  in  case  an  air-tight 
compartment  is  reiinired.    Also  called  bynts  and  dividers. 


head;  butting.— 2.  A  game  among  boys,  play- 
ed with  sticks  and  a  small  piece  of  wood  cut 
lengthwise.  HalliwcU:  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 3.  A 
Jarge  piece  of  timber;  a  heavy  support  for 


The  act  of  swelling  out,  as  a  sail, 
bunting^  (bun'ting),  M.    [Verbal  n.  of  bunt^,  v.] 
Sifting. 

bunting*  (bun'ting),  n.  [<  ME.  huntynge,  houn- 
tyng  (also  bnntyle  for  *buntcl,  of  which  Sc. 
buntlin  is  a  dim.  form);  cf.  NL.  (ML.?)  ''bun- 
tinga,  [G.]  gersthammer,"  i.  e.,  yellowhammer 
(Henisch,  Thesaurus,  Augsburg,  1616),  from  E., 
or  else  from  an  unrecorded  G.  or  LG.  cognate ; 
appar.  named,  with  ref.  to  its  spotted  or  speck- 
led plumage,  <  *bunt,  not  recorded  in  ME.  (< 
MLG.6!tH<,6oHi, 
LG.  bunt  =  MD. 
D.  bont  -  IVfflG. 
G.  bunt),  spot- 
ted, speckled, 
variegated,  pied 
(perhaps  <  L. 
jrunctus,  ML. 
also  puntus, 
pierced,  pricked 
(dotted),  pp. 
of  piingere, 
pierce,  prick : 
see  point,  punc- 
tuate), -f  -ing^. 
Cf.  bunting- 
crow,  G.  bunt- 
drossel,  eta.]  1. 
The  popular 
name  of  a  num- 
ber of  coniros- 
tral  oscine  pas- 
serine birds  of 
the  genus  Em- 
heriza  and  fam- 
ily  FringiUidw.        Com-bunting  [h 


1.]  Infected 
with'  smut :  applied  to  wheat  and  other  grain, 
buntylet,  «•  See  bunting^. 
bunya  (bun'ya),  n.  [Anglo-Ind^,  also  bumiya, 
banya,  and  banyan,  <  Hind,  banya,  Beng.  banya, 
hdniyd:  see  banian^,  banyan'^.]  In  India,  espe- 
cially in  Bengal,  a  grain-dealer. 

The  grain-dealer's  shop  tempts  them  to  loiter,  but  the 
experience  of  previous  attempts  makes  theft  hopeless ; 
for  the  bunnya,  with  all  his  years,  is  very  nimble  on  his 
legs,  and  an  astonishing  good  shot  with  a  pipkin. 

P.  Robinson,  Under  the  Sun,  p.  125. 

bunya-bunya  (bun'ya-bun'-'ya),  n.  The  native 
Australian  name  of  the  Araucaria  BidwilU,  a 
very  large  tree,  the  wood  of  which  is  strong, 
durable,  and  sometimes  beautifully  marked. 
The  seeds  are  a  favorite  article  of  food  with 
the  natives. 

The  nut  of  the  bunya-bunya,  so  prized  by  the  blacks,  is 
reserved  over  a  district  30  miles  by  12. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XX.  174. 

bunyon,  n.    See  bunion. 


afloat  "in  a  fluid ;  bear  up  or  keep  from  sinking^ 
in  a  fluid,  as  in  water  or  air :  generally  with  up. 

There  was  heat  enough  in  the  air  to  buoy  it  [water  it» 
the  state  of  vapor]  up.  Woodward,  Nat.  Hist. 

Many  a  flowing  range 
Of  vapour  buoy'd  the  crescent  bark. 

Tennyson,  Day-Dream,  The  Departure. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  support  or  sustain  in  any 
sense;  especially,  to  sustain  mentally;  keep 
from  falling  into  despondency  or  discourage- 
ment :  generally  with  uj). 

Your  good  name's  perish 'd ; 
Not  all  the  world  can  buoy  your  reputation. 

Fletcher  and  Rouiey,  Maid  in  the  Mill,  iii.  S. 
The  recollection  of  the  applause  with  which  he  had  been 
greeted  still  buoyed  up  his  spirits. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  x. 

It  is  the  poem  that  keeps  the  language  alive,  and  not 
the  language  that  buoys  up  the  poem. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  12.5. 

3.  To  fix  buoys  in  as  a  direction  to  mariners: 
as,  to  buoy  or  to  buoy  ojf  a  channel. 

The  channels  [of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata]  are  badly  buoyed, 
and  there  are  shoals  and  wrecks  on  all  sides. 

Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  v. 

To  buoy  a  cable.  &ee  cable. 

II.  intrans.  To  float ;  rise  by  reason  of  light- 
ness. [Bare.] 

Rising  merit  will  buoy  up  at  last. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  461. 

buoyage  (boi'-  or  boi'aj),  [<  buoy  +  -age.'] 
1.  A  series  of  buoys  or  floating  beacons,  for 
the  guidance  of  vessels  into  or  out  of  port,  etc. 
— 2.  The  providing  of  buoys. 


bSoy  (boi  or  b6r),  r    First  in  early  mod  E.,  <  buoyance  (boi'-  or  boi'ans),  n_    Same  as  buoy 


ancy.  Quarterly  Rev.  [Rare.] 
buoyancy  (boi'-  or  boi'an-si),  n.    [<  buoyant: 
see  -ance,  -ancy.]     1.  ^he  quality  of  being 
buoyant,  that  is,  of  floating  in  or  on  the  surface 
of  water  or  other  fluids ;  relative  lightness. 
It  seemed  miraculous  that  she  [the  ship]  regained  her 


MD.  hoeye,  D.  boei  (pron.  bo'i)  =  Fries,  but 
M 1 .1 .,  boie,  LG.  boje  (>  G.  boje)  —  Dan.  boje  = 
Sw.  boj  —  Pr.  boie,  <  OP.  boye  (mod.  F.,  with 
added  suffix,  bouee)  =  Sp.  boya  =  Pg.  boia,  a 
buoy :  a  particular  use  of  MD.  bocye,  D.  boei  = 
MLG.  boie  =  MHG.  boije,  boie,  beie  =  Dan.  boje 
=  Sw.  boja  —  E.  obs.  boye,  <  OF.  *boye,  buie  =  Pr. 
boia  =  dit.  boja,  a  fetter,  a  clog,  <  L.  boia,  in  pi. 
boia;,  a  collar  for  the  neck,  orig.  of  leather,  < 

^ES^£^r/i.°?i!foyifSo=atin|^  ^^^e^t^d^l^odyl^V^e^^ 
'  fettered'  at  a  fixed  point  ]^  1.  A  float  fixed  at  ^^^^^^elX^!^^^'^^^ 
a  certain  place  to  show  the  position  ot  objects  ^^^^    .^^.j  gqy.^j  ^g  jijjg  upward  pressure,  it  will 

beneaththewater,  as  shoals,  rocks,  etc.,  to  mark  float,  as  a  balloon  in  the  air  or  a  ship  in  the  water;  it 
out  a  channel,  and  the  like.    Buoys  are  of  various    greater,  it  will  sink. 


balance,  or  preserved  her  buoyancy.    „,  ^  ,  .„    ,   „  „„ 
Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  22. 

2  The  power  of  supporting  a  body  so  that  it- 
floats:  said  of  a  fluid;  specifically,  the  upward 


buoyancy 

On  arriving  at  the  Dead  Sea  I  forthwith  proceeded  to  Piin^ar.4.j„  fu- 

bathe  in  It,  in  order  to  prove  the  celebrated  6«o„  of  BuprestlS  (bu-pres'tis) 
the  water.         B.  Curzon,  Monast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  179.  ^        "OUTrnz/fTT/r.  n.  K< 

3.  Figm-atively,  light-heartedness 


723 


Y      „  ,  *"  — o — — ^.^^^^^ac,  cheerful- 
ness; hopefulness;  elasticity  of  spirit. 

The  Spani;irds  are  remarkable  for  an  inertness,  a  want 
of  buoyancy  and  an  absence  of  Iiope,  which  .  .  isolate 
them  from  the  rest  of  the  civilized  world. 

Buckle,  Civilization,  II.  i. 
buoyant  (boi'-  or  boi'ant),  a.  [<  hiioy,  v.,  + 
-antK]  1.  Havingthe  quality  of  rising  or  float- 
ing ma  fluid;  floating;  relatively  light ;  that 
will  not  smk.-2.  Bearing  up,  as  a  fluid;  sus- 
taining another  body  by  reason  of  greater  spe- 
cific gi-avity.  ^ 

The  water  under  me  was  buoyant. 

Drydeti,  bed.  of  Eleonora. 

3.  Figuratively,  cheerful ;  hopeful ;  not  easily 
depressed. 

His  was  not  the  buoyant  temper,  the  flow  of  animal 
spirits,  which  carries  a  man  over  every  obstacle.  Prescott. 

hp■^nrln^l^l'H,'i"■'''''''^''''\'  *™2/an<  that,  like  the  Faun, 
lie  lorgot  both  pain  and  pleasure. 

Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  55. 

4.  Causing  buoyancy  of  mind  ;  cheering :  in- 
vigorating. °  ' 

The  gi-ass  is  cool,  the  sea-side  air 
Bxwyant  and  fresh. 

M.  AnioM,  Empedocles  on  Etna. 

buoyantly  (boi'-  or  boi'ant-li),  adv.  In  a  buoy- 
ant manner.  "  *^ 

buoyantness  (boi'-  or  boi'ant-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  buoyant ;  buoyancy. 

buoy-rope  (boi'rop),  ■„.    The  rope  which  fas- 
tens a  buoy  to  an  anchor. 
Buphaga  (bu'fa-ga),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  Bov&ayoc, 
ox-eating,</3oi)f,  ^   r  /  u 

ox,  -t-  (jiayelv, 
eat.]  In  ornith., 

the  typical  and 

only  genus  of 

the  family  Bu- 

phagidce.  There 

are    two  species, 

B.    africana  ^and 

B.  erythroi-hyncha, 

botli  African. 

Buphagidse  (bii- 
faj'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Bupha- 
ga +  -idee.']  A 
family  of  Afri- 
can sturnoid 
passerine  birds, 
the  oxpeekers, 
beef-eaters,  or 
pique-boBufs:  so 
called  because 
they  alight  up- 
on the  backs  of 


Bupreslis  rtifipes. 
( Vertical  line  shows  natural  size. ) 


Oxpecker  [Biiphas^a  a/ricana). 


cattle  to  eat  the  parasites  which  infest  the 
hides  of  these  animals.  The  family  is  not  well 
marked,  and  is  often  referred  to  the  Stumidce. 
BuphaginsB  (bu-fa-ji'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bu- 
plmgu  +  -mce.^  The  ox-peckers,  considered  as 
a  subfamily  of  Sturnidw. 
buphagine  (bu'fa-jin),  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to 

tha  Buphagmce  or  Buphagidw. 
Buphagus  (bii'fa-gus),  n.   [NL. :  see  Bmhaga.-] 
1.  A  genus  of  Laridw,  the  skua-gulls :  synony- 
mous with  5*ercomni<^.  Moelmnq;  Coues —2 
bame  as  Buphaga. 
buphthalmos  (biif-thal'mos),  n.    [NL   <  Gr 
^"'^'^  f t.  eye.    Cf.  Gr.  l3o6m^,  ox- 

eyecl.  J  A  disease  of  the  eye,  characterized  by  a 
uniform  spherical  bulging  of  the  cornea,  which 
may  be  so  great  as  to  prevent  the  easy  elosing 
of  the  eyelids  and  give  the  eye  a  staring  look 
Also  called  ceratoglohus,  hydrophthalmia  ante- 
rior, and  hydrops  of  the  anterior  chamber  _  _ 
bUphthalmum  buphthalmUS  (buf-thal'mum,     ^. '"etaUic  grinaVSg^piate'u^edTn'place  of'theTal  b^ 
-mus),  n.    [<  L.  hiophthalmos,  <  Gr.  jhyMaXaov  /*°'o       '""^  ""^"'^  '^"'^     grinding  corn  for  stock 
oxeye,  <  /Sovc,  ox,  +  60fe?,,adf,  eye.]    The  oxeye  '^^^  '  ^^^^  (ber),  n.  [<  ME.  borre,  a  hoarseness 
or  mayweed.                                           ^     or  roughness  in  the  throat:  ii«,/aiK.  <.,,,.^l„  i 
iSuppo  (biip'po) ,  71.   [Jap.,  also  BuMio,  contr.  of 
Chino-Jap.^MfeM,  Buddha,  +  ho,  law,  doctrine.] 
In  Japan  Buddhism:  the  religion  of  the  ma- 
jority of  the  J apanese.    Also  called  BiikUo. 
DUprestld  (bu-pres'tid),  a.  and  n.    I.  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Buprestidce. 

II.      A  member  of  the  Z?M^res<i(?(B.  ^'="i-a»i-ic  o«(- in  ner  tnroat.  i'oote,'! 

o^P'^fv^^?* , (bii-pres'ti-de),  n. pi.  [NL. 2.  A  whimng  noise.  See  Urr^,  n. 
fjesHd-)s  +  -idai.-]    A  family  of  serricom  Co-  ''"rS,  burr2  (ber),  v.  i.  ■  pret.  and 


y/c-'/7T--7,  V-  -"'^  «•  [NL.,  <  L.  bupres- 
tis,  <,  ur.  fiovTTp,/<mc,  a  beetle  whose  sting  caused 
a  swelling  in  cattle,  or 
which,  being  eaten  by 
cattle  in  the  grass, 
caused  them  to  swell 
up  and  die,  <  flovc,  ox,  + 
■^plflnv,  blowup,  swell.] 
The  typical  genus  of 
beetles  of  the  family 
Biiprestid/e.  B.  rufipes 
is  a  North  American 
species. 

Buproridas  (bii-pro'ri- 
de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bu- 
prorus  +  -idw.2  A 
family  of  minute  free- 
swimming  entomostra- 
cous  crustaceans,  of 
the  order  Copepoda. 
Buprorus  (bii-pro'rus), 
n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  lioimpc^- 
pog,  with  the  forehead 

or  face  of  an  ox,  <  /Sovg,  ox,  +  npC>pa,  fore  part 
(of  a  ship),  prow.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Bupjroridw. 
burl,  burrl  (ijer),  n.  [<  ME.  bmre,  a  bur  (of  a 
plant);  not  found  in  AS.;  =  Dan.  ftorre,  bur- 
dock, burre,  burdock,  b*ir,  =  Sw.  borre,  a  sea- 
urchin,  m  comp.  kardborre,  bur,  burdock;  cf 
OF.  bourre  =  Pi.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  borra.  coarse  hair, 
wool,  etc.,  <  ML.  burra,  coarse  hair,  wool,  etc  • 

-  perhaps  same  as  LL.  burra,  a  shaggy  garment 
(cf.  pi.  burr<e,  jests,  trifles,  nonsense),  prob  < 

,  UL.  burrus,  red,  reddish:  see  boreli,  burrel 
biireau,  birrus,  birretta,  etc.,  burn,  burlesque,  etc' 
But  the  relations  of  the  forms  and  senses  are 
uncertain,  and  some  of  the  modern  senses  are 
prob.  of  different  origin.]  1.  Thorough,  prickly 
case  or  covering  of  the  seeds  of  certain  plant.s, 
as  of  the  chestnut  and  burdock.  Hence— 2 
The  plant  burdock:  as,  "rude  burs  and  thistles," 
mUon,  Comus,  1.  352.-3.  In  general,  a  pro- 
tuberance upon,  or  a  raised  portion  of,  an  ob- 
ject, usually  more  or  less  rough  or  irregular 
Thf^"  ?P«'^ifi';ally-(a)  The  lobe  or  lap  of  the  ear. 
(b)  The  circular  boss  round  the  root  of  an  antler,  (c)  For- 
mer y,  that  part  of  a  saddle-bow  which. protected  the 
J  If  ^"^^  °f  ^'«el,  or  plated  with 

steel,  and  engraved  or  decorated  with  gildino-  (d)  In 
er'ff'-avmff,  slight  ridges  of  metal  raised  upon  a  copper 
surface  by  the  burin,  the  rocker,  or  the  dry-point  It  is 
nT.t>  Tffr^'°^^V  ^'''■"y  i-emoved  by  the  scraper,  but  is 
often  left  to  produce  a  peculiar  effect  of  its  own  in  the 
piint    In  mezzotint  engraving,  for  example,  the  whole 

un?oL'hT'  ''''''^'^      the  rocker,  which  s 

untouched  in  the  deep  shades  and  more  or  less  burnished 
away  to  form  the  lights,   (e)  In  founding,  the  roughness 
eft  on  portions  of  a  casting,  which  is  rubbed  off  on  a  stone 
(/)  The  rough  neck  left  on  a  bullet  in  casting. 
4   The  name  of  various  tools  and  appliances. 

Mse,  "f*^  '°  "^^^  'he  corners  of  mor- 

tises, (b)  A  small  circular  saw.  (c)  A  fluted  reaminir 
tooL   (d)  Same      bur-driU.   (e)  AVashei  placed  a"  th^e 

staff  of  I  'ir.-  ^  T"''^^''  ""S  '^<iJ"«ted  to  the 

staff  of  a  lance,  and  covered  with  minute  projections  to 
afford  a  grip  to  the  gauntlet.  It  was  grasped  whei  the 
lance  was  laid  in  rest.  See  lance.  (2)  A  rin<r  oi  nlate  at 
tached  to  the  handle  of  a  battle-a.x  or  mace  to  afford  a 

&!:>'?t^°;itfpX'er-  ^ 

5.  A  partially  vitrified  brick ;  a  clinker.  Also 
called  bur-brick.— 6.  The  blank  driven  out  of 
a  piece  of  sheet-metal  by  a  punch.— 7  Waste 
raw  silk.— 8.  A  name  for  the  club-moss,  Lyco- 
podium  clavatum.  [Scotch.]— 9.  The  sweet- 
bread.—10.  [Perhaps  an  error  for  ftwrZi.]  Same 
as  Ourli^,  2.-11.  Same  as  burstone.— 12  The 
rouiided  knob  forming  the  base  of  a  deer's  horn. 

—  idt.  Ihe  external  meatus  of  the  ear;  the 
opening  leading  to  the  tympanum. -Bur  ik  the 
throat,  anything  that  appears  to'^stick  in  the  thmat 
produces  a  choking  sensation ;  huskiness.-Metamc  blU" 


burbot 

3.  To  make  a  whirring  noise.    Sec  birr^,  v 
bur3  burr-^  (ber),  n.    [E.  dial,  burr,  early  mod 
E.  burre,  short  for  ME.  burrowe,  burwhc,  a  cir- 
cle, also  a  mound,  etc. :  see  burrow^.']   1  Same 
as  burrow'f,  3.-2.  A  halo  round  the  moon. 
Compare  burrow^,  4,  brought,  4.    fProv  Enc 
in  both  senses.]  ' 
buract,  n.    [A  form  of  borax,  <  Ar.  buraq:  see 
Oonu:,  M.]    In  anc.  chcm.,  a  general  name  for 
all  kinds  of  salts, 
buran  (bo'ran),  n.    [Also,  in  F.  spelling,  bour- 
ran,  repr.  Russ.  buranu.    Cf.  bora."]    A  snow- 
storm;    especially,   a   long-continued  snow- 
storm, accompanied  by  high  winds, 
buratite  (bu'ra-tit),  n.    A  variety  of  auriehal- 

eite  (which  see), 
burattino  (bo-rat-te'no),  «. ;  pi.  burattini  (-ne). 
[It    appar.  dim.  of  huratto,  bombazine:  see 
Mt^.l,    A  particular  kind  of  puppet.    See  ex- 

ajratuXi"w/?f ^^r^       ^f^^'^'"  because  they 

axe  agitated  by  the  legs  from  be  ow  the  scene  and  not 
managed  by  cords  from  above,  as  at  the  AlarioneUe  The- 
Ilowells,  Venetian  Life,  v. 

''F."^*^^  (ber'biirk),  n.  The  fibrous  bark  of 
iriumjctta  semitriloba,  a  tiUaceous  shrub  of 
the  tropics,  yielding  a  very  good  fiber  much 
resembling  jute. 

burblet,  v.  i.    [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  burblen, 

burbulen,  burbilcn,  brobilen,  also  (in  def  2) 

contr.  burlen;  cf.  P.  dial.  (Picard)  horboiiller 

murmur,  =  Sp.  borbollar,  hurhujear  =  Pg  bor- 

bolhar,  borbulhar  =  It.  borbogliar'e,  bubble,  gush; 

in  another  form  OF.  borbotcr,  dial.  (Picard)  hor- 

boter,  =  Sp.  borbotar,  bubble,  gush;  cf.  Picard 

barboter  =  Sp.  barbotar  =  Cat.  barbotejar  =  It 

dial.  barbottd,  mutter,  mumble*  Gr.  popBopilnv, 

rumble  (see  borborygmus) ;  all  ult.  imitative 

burble  m  E.  being  practically  a  var.  of  bubble, 

q.v.    Cf.j>MHl.]    1.  To  bubble;  gush. 

Burblon  [var.  burbelyn],  as  ale  or  other  lykore,  hullo. 

Prompt.  Pan.,  p.  56. 

ti,i''w't^"';°'"P»  "?  "P'  '^^  ^^ter  dothe  out  of  a  spring- 
this  water  burbylletk  vp  pretyly.         Palsgra  m,  fol  179 

'°  -^'-1  hrethe 

That  hit  spirit  vp  spitiously  fyue  speire  lenght 
»  itli  waiter  and  wawes,  that  the  wynd  dryues 
All  fore  as  a  fyre  the  firmament  ouer 
2  To  welter  "f^^J  (E-  E.  T.  s.),  i.  3697. 


J         '       ,     "^^"'■J  Ui  seiTlCOm  VO- 

(eoptera,  or  beetles,  with  the  first  and  second 
ventral  segments  connate,  the  antennae  seiTate 
(pectinate  m  Xemrhipis),  and  the  tarsi  with 
membranous  lobe. 

buprestidan  (bu-pres'ti-dan),  a.  and  n.  Same 
as  buprestid. 


, — ^  L  ^  •"^j-'.  fi// / c,  a  Hoarseness 

or  roughness  m  the  throat;  usuaUy  supposed 
to  be  connected  with  bur\  bvrr\  but  perhaps 
of  imitative  origin;  ci.birr^.}  1.  Thegiittm-al 
pronunciation  of  the  rough  r  common  in  some 
ot  the  northern  counties  of  England,  especially 
Northumberland;  rhotacism.  ^ 
An  aunt  of  my  own,  just  come  from  the  North,  with  the 
true  Newcastle  bur  in  her  throat.    Foote,  The  Miiior7lnt 

■^^^'j,  '  i-V,  "o"'  I"-'-"-  """^  PP-  burred, 

ppr  burring.    [<  bur^,  n.-]    1 .  To  speak  with  a 
guttural  or  rough  pronunciation  of  the  letter  r. 
—d.  io  talk  or  whisper  hoarsely;  mui-miu-. 
These  hideous  streets,  these  graves,  where  men  alive 
AS''fhi°'1  ^^ith  earth-worms,  burr  unconsciously  ' 
About  the  plague  that  slew  them. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Aurora  Leigh,  iv. 


Horn  was  leuer  on  the  lond  leng  at  hor  aunter 
And  be  brittnet  in  batell,  then  b^irbull  in  the  flod 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  5760. 
Many  a  balde  [bold]  manne  laye  there  swykede 
Brobillande  [burbling]  in  his  blode. 

MS.  Lincoln  (A),  i.  17,  fol.  115.  (nalliivell.) 

burble,  n.    [Eariy  mod.  E.  or  dial.,  <  ME.  bur- 
hie  burbulle,burbyU,  a  bubble;  cf.  Sp.  burbuja 
=  Pg.  horbulha,  a  bubble ;  from  the  verb  1  1+ 
A  bubble. 

Burble  in  the  water,  bubette.  Palsgrave. 
2.  A  small  pimple.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
burblyt,  a.    [Early  mod.  E.  hurbely,  <  ME.  lur- 

bly;  <  burble +  .y.-]  Bubbling, 
burboltif  (ber'bolt),  n.    A  corruption  of  Urd- 
oolt^.  Marston. 

Should  on  sudden  shoote 
His  gi-osse  knob'd  burbolt. 

Marston,  What  You  Will,  Ind 
burb9lt2  (ber'bolt),  M.    [Like  birdbom,  a  eor- 
the  bMbot      '^''^•^    ^         English  name  of 
As  much  braine  as  a  burbolt. 

U dall.  Roister  Doister,  iii  "> 
burbot  (ber'bpt),  n.  [A  corruption  (perhaps 
thi-ough  influence  of  turbot)  of  F.  barhote,B, 
burbot,  <  barbe  <  L.  barba,  beard.  Cf .  barbeU 
A  fish  of  the  family  Ciadidw,  Lota  maculosa 
It  has  an  elongated  form,  depressed  head  and  shoulders 
one  barbel  on  the  chin  and  two  on  the  n,,sra  short  low 
anterior  dorsal  commencing  behind  the  pectoral,  and  a 


Burbot,  or  Fresh-water  Cod  {Lo/a  maculosa). 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.) 

ofZ?t°hp'vn'v  \^        '"habitant  of  the  fresh  waters 

ot  noi  thern  Europe,  Asia,  and  America.  In  favored  north- 
ern localities  it  occasionally  attains  a  weicht  of  .W  to  60 

K^State':f'''Tyi"''^''"''^  ,^  ^T.^'  E"J^Iand  or  the 
and  in  nlft  ,  f-''^'"eral'y  regarded  as  inferior  for  food, 
and  in  most  iiopnluus  communities  is  rejected,  but  in  the 
er  T"f  '  V  '^"'^."«iYely  "sed.  It  is  best  in  cold  wea 
in  the    '„i^^"?  i'i"'f "  "^iilled '•O"?/,/;*/!  and  eel-pout; 

in  the  Unittii  Mates  it  is  better  known  as  the  eel  vout 
cusk,  Img,  jresh.water  cod,  and  lawyer;  ii,  the  f^  eoun- 


burbot 

tries  it  is  quite  generally  known  as  the  losh  or  loche  and 
mart/m  or  inethy. 

burbot-eel  (ber'bot-el),  n.  A  Yorkshire  name 
of  the  eel-pout,  Zoarces  vmparus. 

bur-brick  (ber'brik),  v.    Same  as  iur'^,  5. 

burdt,  burdet.       Variants  of  UrcP. 

Burdach's  columns.    See  column. 

burdalane,  burdalone  (bur'ila-lan,  -Ion),  n. 
[Appar.  <  burd,  oli'spring,  +  aJanc,  aIonc.'\  The 
last  child  surviving  in  a  family.  [Scotch.] 

And  Newton  Gordon,  hinialone, 
And  Dalgatie  both  stout  and  keen, 

And  gallant  Veitch  upon  the  field, 
A  braver  face  was  never  seen. 

MinstrelKy  of  Scottish  Border. 

burdalisaundert,  «■    Same  as  bordalisaunder. 

burdalone,  »■    See  burdalane. 

burdasht,  berdasht,  «•  [Origin  obscure.]  1. 
A  fringed  sash  worn  by  gentlemen  in  the  seven- 
teenth century.    Steele. —  2.  A  lace  cravat. 

burdelaist,  « •  [F-  Bordelais,  the  district  around 
Bordeaux.]    A  sort  of  grape.  Johnson. 


724 

Hence  —  2.  Figiiratively,  to  load ;  oppress  with 
anything  which  is  borne  with  difficulty  or  trou- 
ble; surcharge:  as,  to  burden  a  nation  with 
taxes;  to  burden  the  memory  with  details. 

If  yovn-  friend  has  displeased  you,  you  shall  not  sit  down 
to  consider  it,  for  he  lias  already  lost  all  memory  of  the 
passage,  .  .  .  and  ere  you  can  rise  up  again,  will  burden 
you  with  blessings.  Jimerson,  Character. 

3.  To  lay  or  impose  iipon  one,  as  a  load,  bur- 
den, or  charge.  [Rare.] 

It  is  absurd  to  burden  this  act  on  Cromwell  and  his 
party.  Coleridge. 


bureaucratic 

positcr,  having  the  numerous  awns  of  the  invo- 
lucral  bracts  hooked  at  the  tip.  it  is  a  native  of 
the  old  world,  but  widely  naturalized  in  America,  and 
cultivated  as  a  vegetable  in  Japan.  It  is  in  popular  re- 
pute as  a  diaplioretic  and  diuretic,  and  as  a  remedy  for 
rlK'umatism,  catarrh,  cutaneous  diseases,  etc. — Lesser 
burdock,  a  sonunvliat  similar,  trouljlesome  weed,  A'an- 
tliiuin  s7c»Hio/  i»)H-.  — Prairie  burdock,  one  of  the  rosin- 
weeds,  Silpliium  terebliithitiaceuin,  found  on  the  western 
prairies  of  tlie  United  States. 

burdock-grass  (ber'dok-gras),  n.  The  Tragus 
racemosus,  a  low  European  grass  of  which  the 
glume  or  seed-husk  is  covered  with  short  stout 


  ,  „    ^  Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  v.  1. 

burdeni  burtheni  (ber'dn  -thu)  «  [<  ME  ^  ^  3  (ber'dn),  n.  [Also,  erroneously,  bur- 
burden,  birden,  oftener  with  th,  hmtlien,  bnthen    ""^"^      v  ^'        l  , 


burden2t,  burthenSf  (ber'dn,  -thu),  n.   [<  ME.  ^urdont,  «■    See  burdo. 
burden,  birthen,  also  burtlwrn,  act  of  child-bear-  -burdount,      A  Middle  English  form  of  burden^. 
ing,  altered,  by  confusion  with  6f»;f?e«^  from  feur-dresser  (ber'dres"er),  n.    A  tool  for  nib- 
bing or  dressing  the  fuiTows  of  a  burstone  or 
millstone;  a  millstone-di'esser.    Also  written 
buhr-dresser. 
bur-drill  (ber'dril),  n.    A  small  dental  drill 

with  a  bur-shaped  head.    Also  called  bur. 
bur-driver  (ber'dri"ver),  n.    A  projection  on 


'burther,  <  AS.  byrthor,  beortlior,  child-bearing 
(cf.  gebyrd,  birth),  <  beran,  bear:  see  birth^  and 
&i«rde«l.]   The  act  of  bearing  children ;  a  birth. 

If  thou  best  the  man 
That  hadst  a  wife  once  call'd  .Emilia, 
That  bore  thee  at  a  burthen  two  fair  sons. 


then  ;  <  ME.  burdoun,  the  bass  in  music,  the 
refrain  of  a  song,  <  OF.  *burdon,  bourdon,  F. 
bourdon  =  Sp.  bordon  =  Pg.  bordao  =  It.  bordone 
(Florio),  a  humming,  buzzing,  a  drone  or  non- 
working  bee,  a  bumblebee,  also  bass  in  music, 
refrain,  <  ML.  burdo{n-),  a  drone,  a  long  organ- 
pipe ;  origin  uncertain.  See  bourdon^.]  1.  The 
bass  in  music. —  2.  In  music:  (a)  The  refrain 
or  recurring  chorus  at  the  end  of  the  stanzas  of 
a  ballad  or  song ;  a  refrain. 

And  far  the  echoing  aisles  prolong 
The  awful  burden  of  the  song. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  vi.  31. 

(&)  The  drone  of  a  bagpipe,  (c)  The  song  to 
which  a  dance  is  danced  when  there  are  no  in- 
struments. 


byrthcn.  <  AS.  byrthen  (=0S.  bHrtlii)inia  =  011G. 
burdin.  burtliln,  MHG.  burden,  a  burden,  load; 
the  same,  with  difif.  suffix,  as  MD.  horde  =  OHG. 
burdi,  MHG.  burde,  biirde,  G.  biirde  =  leel.  byr- 
dhr,  mod.  byrdhi  =  Sw.  borda  =  Dan.  byrde  = 
Goth,  baurthei,  a  burden;  cf.  Gr.  (poprog,  ^opriov, 
a  burden),  <  beran  (pp.  boren),  etc.,  bear:  see 
ftearl.]  1.  That  which  is  borne  or  carried;  a 
load. 

Let  them  break  your  backs  with  burthens. 

Shak.,2neu.  VI.,  iv.  8. 

The  oak,  upon  the  windy  hill. 
Its  darlc  green  burthen  upward  heaves. 

Whittier,  Mogg  Megone,  ii. 

Hence— '2.  That  which  is  borne  with  labor  or 
difficulty;  that  which  is  grievous,  wearisome,  or 
oppressive;  also,  an  incumbrance  of  any  kind. 

Many  a  Man  lives  a  burden  to  the  Earth. 

Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  6. 

Deaf,  giddy,  helpless,  left  alone,  .  .  . 
To  all  my  friends  a  burden  grown. 

Swift,  The  Dean's  Complaint  (translated). 
The  burthen  of  an  honour 
Unto  which  she  was  not  born. 

Tennyson,  Lord  of  Burleigh. 

3.  In  England,  a  quantity  of  certain  commodi- 
ties: as,  a  burden  of  gad-steel  (that  is,  120  or  ijurden^f  (ber'dn),  n.    [<  ME.  burdon,  bordon, 
180  pounds).— 4.  The  capacity  of  a  ship;  the    j)„urdon,  <  OF.  bordo7i,  bourdon,  a  staff:  see 
quantity  or  number  of  tons  of  freight  a  vessel    ^ourdon^.]    A  club.  Spenser. 
will  caiTy:  as,  a  ship  of  600  tons  burden.— 5.  burdener  (ber'dn-er),w.   One  who  burdens ;  an 
In  mining,  the  tops  or  heads  of  stream-work,  oppressor. 

overlying  the  stream  of  tin,  and  needing  to  be  -burdenoust,  burthenoust  (ber'dn-,  ber'THn- 
first  cleansed.— 6.  The  charge  of  a  blast-fur-  |-<  ffurden^,  hurthenX,  +  -oms.]    1.  Bur- 


Foot  it  featly  here  and  there ; 
And,  sweet  sprites,  the  burthen  bear. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2. 

3.  That  which  is  often  repeated;  a  subject  on 
which  one  dwells ;  the  main  topic :  as,  this  sub- 
ject was  the  burden  of  all  his  talk — To  bear  a 

burden,  to  support  tlie  upper  voice  or  voices  by  singing 
an  luider  part  as  an  accompaniment.  Chappell. 

This  sompnour  bar  to  him  a  stif  burdoun. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  673. 


naee. 

To  avoid  the  central  accumulation  of  fuel  and  the  lat- 
eral preponderance  of  burden  (ore  and  flux)  thus  promoted, 
an  inverted  annular  funnel  is  suspended  underneath  the 
lower  orifice  of  the  cup.  Emyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  308. 

Burden  of  proof,  in  la  w,  the  obligation  resting  upon  one 
of  the  parties  to  an  action  to  establisli  an  alleged  fact  by 
proof,  under  penalty  of  having  judgment  given  against 
him,  according  to  the  presumption  recognized  l)y  tlie  law 
of  evidence  in  case  he  adduces  110  proof.  The  burden  of 
proof  is  said  to  be  shifted  when  the  party  upon  whom  it 
lay  has  produced  sufficient  evidence  to  turn  the  presump- 
tion in  his  favor.  Two  circumstances  are  essential  to  the 
existence  of  a  burden  of  proof :  first,  there  must  be  a  ques- 
tion of  fact  between  two  parties  before  a  tribunal  which 
will  render  a  decision  whether  there  is  any  particular  evi- 
dence or  not;  and  second,  this  decision  must  be  governed 
by  rules  of  presumption,  more  or  less  artificially  extended 
so  as  to  lead  to  a  determinate  result  in  every  case.  In  un- 
forensic controversy  tliere  will  or  will  not  be  a  burden  of 
proof,  according  as  these  conditions  are  or  are  not  fulfilled. 
In  reasonings,  as  contradistinguished  from  disputations, 
if  they  relate  to  policy,  there  is  nothing  to  which  the  term 
burden  o/'proo/ is  applicaljle ;  for  the  decision  will  be  based 
on  considerations  of  likelihood,  economy,  safety,  etc.,  but 
never  on  formal  rules  of  presumption.  A  general  habit 
may  be  followed  when  decided  reasons  fail,  in  questions 
both  of  policy  and  of  morals ;  but  the  phrase  burden  of 
proof  is  not  employed  in  such  cases.  A  speculative  or 
scientific  inquiry,  on  tlie  other  hand,  cannot  be  closed  until 
satisfactory  evidence  has  been  obtained  or  curiosity  dies 
out;  so  that  the  term  burden  of  jnoof  has  no  meaning  in 
such  a  connection.  Yet  an  individual  reasoner  who,  being 
impatient  of  doubt,  insists  on  adopting  an  answer  to  each 
question,  however  blank  our  ignorance  of  the  facts,  must 


densome ;  gi'ievous ;  heavy  to  be  borne ;  oppres- 
sive: as,  "the  very  hurthenous  earth,"  Drayton, 
Polyolbion,  viii.  112. 
And  with  his  burdenous  blowes  him  sore  did  overlade. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  xii.  19. 
Nor  let  that  be  light  to  thee,  which  to  me  is  so  burden- 
ous. Sir  P.  Sidney. 
His  maintenance  is  burdenous  sind  chargeable  vnto  mee. 

llakluyl's  Voyages,  I.  244. 

2.  Cumbersome;  useless. 

To  sit  idle  on  the  household  hearth, 
A  burdenous  drone.  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  567, 

burdensome,  burthensome  (ber'fln-,  ber'THn 

sum),  a.  [<  burden^,  burthen'^,  +  -some.']  1. 
Weighing  like  a  heavy  burden ;  grievous  to  be 
borne ;  causing  uneasiness  or  fatigue ;  oppres- 
sive; heavy;  wearisome:  as,  "  burthensome  ex- 
actions,"  Hallam. 

The  debt  immense  of  endless  gratitude. 
So  burdensome.  Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  53. 

If  the  Peoples  demanding  were  so  burd'nsome  to  him, 
what  was  his  deniall  and  delay  of  Justice  to  them? 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  vi. 

The  inferior  and  burthensome  offices  of  society. 

Burke,  Abridg.  of  Eng.  Hist.,  i.  2. 

2t.  Able  to  carry  burdens  or  cargoes. 

For  sale,  Freight  or  charter,  A  strong,  burthensome  Brig 
of  160  tons.  Massachusetts  Mercury,  April  29,  1796. 

=  Syn.  1.  Onerous,  troublesome,  fatiguing,  hard  to  bear. 


the  spindle  of  a  millstone,  which  acts  upon  the 
bail,  and  drives  the  stone.  Also  written  buhr- 
driver. 

bureau  (bii'ro),  n. ;  pi.  bureaus  or  bureaux 
(-roz).  [F.  bureau,  pi.  bureaux,  an  office,  a  desk 
or  writing-table,  a  court,  a  chest  of  drawers, 
orig.  a  kind  of  coarse  brownish  or  russet  stuff 
with  which  writing-tables  were  covered,  <  OF. 
burel,  a  coarse  woolen  stuff:  see  burrel,  ftorcA.] 
1.  A  desk  or  writing-table  with  drawers  for 
papers;  an  escritoire.  Swift. —  2.  A  chest  of 
drawers  for  holding  clothes  and  other  articles. 
Bureaus  at  the  present  day  are  commonly  made  with  an 
adjustable  mirror  standing  upon  them.  This  is  a  compar- 
atively modern  practice,  due  to  a  combination  of  the  func- 
tions of  the  cliest  of  drawers  and  the  toilet-table. 

3.  An  office  or  place  where  business  is  trans- 
acted.— 4.  A  department  of  government  for  the 
transaction  of  public  business.    In  England  the 

term  is  confined  to  inferior  and  subordinate  departments, 
and  in  tlie  United  States  to  certain  subdivisions  of  some  of 
tlie  executive  departments.—  Bureau  of  Education.  See 
<'(<)(ca  hon.— Bureau  of  Engraving  and  Printing,  an  of- 
fice of  the  Treasury  Department  of  tlie  United  States  gov- 
ernment, whose  head,  called  the  chief  o<  tlie  Bureau  of 
Engraving  and  Printing,  is  charged  with  the  engraving  and 
printing  of  all  bonds,  Treasury  notes,  national-bank  notes, 
certificates,  internal-revenue  stamps,  etc.,  of  the  United 
States.— Bureau  of  Military  Justice,  a  division  of 

the  War  Department  of  the  ITnited  States  government, 
the  office  of  tlie  Judge-Advocate  General.— Bureau  Of 
Ordnance.  See  Navy  Department,  under  department. — 
Bureau  of  Statistics,  an  office  of  the  Treasury  Depart- 
ment of  the  United  States  government,  whose  head,  called 
tlie  chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Statistics,  is  charged  with  the 
publication  of  reports  conveying  statistical  information  as 
to  commerce  and  navigation,  imports  and  exports,  immi- 
gration, shipping,  etc.  A  national  Bureau  of  Labor  Sta- 
tistics was  established  in  1884.  Some  of  the  State  govern- 
ments have  offices  corresponding  more  or  less  closely  to 
one  or  the  otiier  of  tliese. — Freedmen's  Bureau,  in  U.  S. 
hist.,  the  name  popularly  given  to  the  Bureau  of  Refugees, 
Freedmen,  and  Aliandoned  Lands,  an  office  of  the  War  De- 
partment of  the  United  States  created  in  1865  to  care  for 
the  interests  of  the  emancipated  negroes  of  the  South,  es- 
pecially with  respect  to  education,  assignment  of  lands, 
and  protection  of  civil  rights.  It  ceased  to  exist  in  1872.— 
Signal-service  Bureau,  a  bureau  of  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  presided  over  by  the  chief  signal-officer, 
having  cliarge  of  military  signaling,  and  of  the  collection 
and  comparison  of  meteorological  observations  througli- 
out  the  country,  and  the  publication  of  predictions  of  the 
weather  based  upon  them.— Weather  Bureau.  See 
weather. 

bureaucracy  (bu-ro'kra-si),  n.  [<  F.  bureau- 
cratie,  <  bureau  +  -cratie,  E.  -cracy,  govern- 
ment, as  in  aristocracy,  democracy,  etc.]  1. 
Government  by  bureaus ;  specifically,  excessive 
multiplication  of,  and  concentration  of  power 
in,  administrative  bureaus.  The  principle  of  bu- 
reaucracy tends  to  official  interference  in  many  of  the  prop- 
erly private  affairs  of  life,  and  to  the  inefficient  and  ob- 
structive performance  of  duty  through  minute  subdivision 
of  functions,  inflexible  formality,  and  pride  of  place. 

Republicanism  and  bureaucracy  are  incompatible  ex- 
istences. W.  R.  Greg,  Misc.  Essays,  2d  ser.,  p.  55. 

2.  The  body  of  officials  administering  such  bu- 
reaus, considered  collectively. 

Count  Roger  found  a  machinery  of  taxation  in  full  work- 
ing order,  officers  acquainted  with  the  resources  of  the 
country,  books  and  schedules  constructed  on  the  principles 
of  strictest  accuracy,  a  whole  bureaucracy,  in  fact,  ready 
to  his  use.         J.  A.  Symonds,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  '"' 


often  resort  to  a  merely  formal  presumption;  and  such  per-     =^V^-  ^-  to  his  use.  J.  ^.  ^-ymowls,  Italy  ana  ureece,  p.  162. 

sons  say  that  there  is  a  burden  of  proof  upon  any  possible  burdcnSOmely,  DUrtnenSOmeiy  ( Oer  an-,  Der  -  ■l  (bii'ro-krat'),  n.     [<  F.  bureaucrats. 


advocate  of  the  hypothesis  which  they  propose  to  reject 
without  proof.  The  term  is  also  used  in  cases  where  the  ab- 
sence of  observations  of  a  certain  kind  is  itself  a  significant 
fact.  Thus,  we  may  say  that  there  is  a  Iiurden  of  proof 
upon  the  evolutionists  to  explain  our  not  finding  forms 
Intermediate  between  recognized  types ;  that  is  to  say,  the 
non-occurrence  of  such  oljservations  is  a  fact  to  be  taken 
into  account.  =Syn.  Weight,  incumbrance,  clog,  incubus, 
drag ;  freight,  lading,  cargo. 

burdeni,  burthen^  (ber'dn,  -thu),  v.  t.  [<  6?<r- 

rfe/A,  burthen^,  «.]  1.  To  load;  lay  a  heavy 
load  on ;  encumber  with  weight. 

I  mean  not  that  other  men  be  eased,  and  ye  burdened. 

2  Cor.  viii.  18. 


THn-sum-li),  adv.    In  a  burdensome  manner. 

That  as  few  employments  as  possible  may  be  burthen- 
sotnely  and  vexatiously  interfered  with.  J.  S.  Mill. 

burdensomeness,  burthensomeness  (ber'dn-, 

ber'THn-sum-nes),  n.  The  quality  of  being  bur- 
densome; heaviness;  oppressiveness, 
burdot,  burdont,  n.   [<  LL.  burdoun-),  also  bur- 
dus,  a  mule.]    A  mule  bred  of  a  horse  and  a 


she-ass;  a  hinny.  ,  . ,.,  . 

burdock  (ber'dok),  n.    [<  bur^  +  docW-.]    The  bureaucratic  (bu-ro-krat  ik),  a. 
common  name  of  the  Arctium  Lappa,  a  coarse, 
broad-leafed  biennial  weed,  natural  order  Com- 


<  bureau  +  -crate,  E.  -crat  as  in  aristocrat, 
democrat,  etc.]  An  advocate  or  supporter  of 
bureaucracy ;  also,  a  member  of  a  bureaucracy. 
Also  called  bureaucratist. 

The  genuine  bureaucrat  has  a  wholesome  dread  of  for- 
mal responsibility,  and  generally  tries  to  avoid  it  by  tak- 
ing all  matters  out  of  the  hands  of  his  subordinates,  and 
passing  them  on  to  the  higher  authorities. 

D.  M.  Wallace,  Russia,  p.  203. 

[<  F.  bureau- 

cratique:  eee  bureaucrat  and -ic.']  Relating  to 
or  of  the  nature  of  bureaucracy. " 


burette  (bu-ref),  n. 
zon,  <  huire,  F. 


bureaucratic 

There  is  a  great  material  prosperity  open  to  Hungary  if 
the  people  will  be  content  to  be  quietly  governed  and  if 
Austria  will  be  wise  enough  to  relax  a  little  in  the  lmre(m. 
cratw  notions  that  now  influence  her. 

Amted,  Hungary,  p.  251. 

bureaucratical  (bu-ro-krat'i-kal), «.  [<  bureau- 
cratic +  -«/.]    Same  as  hitreaucratic. 

bureaucratically  (bu-ro-krat'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
a  bureaucratic  manner;  as  a  bui-eaucrat. 

bureaucratist  (bu-ro'kra-tist),  n.  [<  bureau- 
crat +  -ist.}    Same  as  bureaucrat. 

burelt,  n.    See  barrel. 

bureo  (bo-ra'o),  n.  [Sp.,  <  P.  bureau,  a  bureau : 
see  bureau.^  A  Spanish  court  of  justice  for 
the  trial  of  persons  connected  with  the  royal 
household. 

burett,  n.    [Cf.  burette.']    A  di-inking-vessel 
Hulliwdl. 

[F.,  dim.  of  OF.  buire,  a, 
boire,  drink,  <  L.  bibere, 
drink.    Cf.  bUA,  bever'i.'] 

1 .  A  vessel  for  contain- 
ing liquids,  usually  pear- 
shaped  or  flask-shaped, 
with  or  without  a  handle ; 
specifically,  in  English, 
an  altar-cruet  having  this 
form.  Burettes  are  made  of 
rich  materials,  such  as  rock- 
crystal,  precious  metals,  etc., 
or  of  porcelain  or  faience,  often 
highly  decorated. 

2.  In  chem.,  a  tube,  usu- 
ally graduated  to  frac- 
tions of  a  centimeter, 
used  for  accurately  mea- 
suring out  small  quanti- 
ties of  a  solution. 

bur-fish  (ber'fish),  n.  A 
fish  of  the  family i>(ofto«- 
tkhe ;  a  porcupine-fish. 
.  burgi  (berg),  w.  [A North. 
.        ^  E.  and  Sc.  and  old  law 

form  of  borougliX,  ME.  burg,  etc.,  AS.  burh.  Cf. 
burgh.]  A  fortified  town;  a  borough  (which 
see). 

burg2  (berg),  n.  Same  as  brought. 
burga  (ber'ga),  «.  Same  as  burka. 
burgage  (ber'gaj),  n.  [<  ME  burgage  (OF.  bur- 
gage), <  burg  (ML.  burgus)  +  -age.]  In  laiv  : 
(a)  In  England,  a  tenure  in  socage,  whereby 
burgesses,  citizens,  or  townsmen  hold  their 
lands  or  tenements  of  the  king  or  other  lord 
for  a  certain  yearly  rent. 

The  most  ancient,  perhaps,  of  the  franchises  was  that 
depending  on  bunjage  tenure ;  this  was  exactly  analogous 
in  origin  to  the  freeholder's  qualification  in  the  counties  ■ 
but  as  the  repressive  principle  extended,  the  right  of  a 
burgage  vote  had  become  in  many  places  attached  to  par- 
ticular houses  or  sites  of  houses,  probably  those  which 
were  originally  liable  for  a  quota  of  the  firma  burgi. 

Stubhs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  745. 
(6)  In  Scotland,  that  tenure  by  which  the  prop- 
erty in  royal  biu-ghs  is  held  under  the  crown, 
proprietors  being  liable  to  the  (nominal)  ser- 
vice of  watching  and  warding ;  or,  as  it  is  com- 
monly termed,  "service  of  burgh,  used  and 
wont."  (cf)  The  property  so  held, 
bur-gage  (ber'gaj),  n.  A  plate  having  perfora- 
tions which  serve  as  standards  for  the  diame- 
ters of  di'ills,  etc. 
burgage-tenant  (ber'gaj-ten"ant),  n.  One  who 
holds  lands  or  tenements  on  the  tenure  known 
as  bm'gage. 


725 

riota  =  Pg.  borguinhota  =  It.  borghinetta  (Flo- 
rio),  <  OF.  bourguignotc,  bourguignotte,  prop,  a 
Burgundian  helmet  (cf.  F.  Bo'urgidgnon,  a  Bur- 
gundian),  <  Bourgogiic,  Burgundy.]  A  helmet 
worn  in  the  sixteenth  century,  in  two  forms: 
one  without  a  vizor,  formed  like  the  morion, 
and  frequently  furnished  with  cheek-pieces  and 
a  movable  nose-guard ;  the  other  with  a  vizor, 
and  similar  to  the  ai-met. 

His  mayled  haberjeon  she  did  undight, 
And  from  his  head  his  heavy  burganet  did  light. 

Spenser,  b\  Q.,  III.  v.  ."il. 
T  .     .  Sturdy  helms, 

lopt  high  with  plumes,  like  Mars  his  bjirgonet. 

Greene,  Orlando  Furioso. 

burge  (berj),  n.   A  dialectal  variant  of  hridael. 

[Local,  Eng.] 
burgee  (ber'je),  n.     [Origin  obscure.]  1 
A««^  a  swallow-tailed  flag  or  pendant:  in  the 
merchant  service  it  generally  has  the  ship's 
name  upon  it.— 2.  A  kind  of  small  coal  used 
tor  burning  in  engine-furnaces, 
burgeint,  «.  and  v.    See  burgeon. 
burgen,  n.  and  v.    See  burqeon. 
burgenett,  n.    See  b  urqanet. 
burgensic  (ber-jen'sik),  a.    [<  ML.  burgensis,  a 
citizen,  a  burgess  (see  burgess),  +  -ic]    Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  burgh  or  town. 

I  strongly  believe  that  the  continual  intercourse  between 
the  towns  of  the  several  trading  countries  of  the  Middle 
Ages,  kept  up  especially  by  the  Hanse  Towns,  may  not 
have  been  without  influence  in  producing  a  general  sinii 


burghmote 

parochial  or  burgh  relief  for  twelve  months  pre- 
ceding the  last  Whitsunday.- Burgess  list  theliat 
of  municipal  c^Iectors  annually  .i^awn  It^^,^ flffo^e?.^^^^^^^ 
vV-";'.!''.'':'',',"  ^'""}-''"^--^^reess  roU,  the  burgess  list  as 
leviscd  by  the  revising  barri.ster  and  recorded.    (Eng  1 

burgess-ship  (ber'jes-ship),  ».  [<  burgess  + 
-ship.]  The  state  or  condition  of  being  a  bur- 
gess. South. 

And  that  no  prentice  liaue  his  fredom  of  liuroesiihitme 
but  he  serue  out  f  ulle  vij.  yere  of  prentishode.  ' 

Englhh  Gildii(E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  390. 

burgessyt,  «.  [ME.  "burrjeisic,  borgeijsye,  < 
Ob.  bourgesie,  borgoisie,  mod.  F.  bourgeoisie 
(=  Pr.  borguesia  =  It.  borqhesia),  citizenship, 
<  burgcis,  mod.  F.  bourqcois,  a  citizen:  see 
bourgeoisie,  burgess.]  Citizenship. 
Mannes  lyf  ine  the  erthe  is  ase  bnrgeysye. 

■iyenlnte  of  Inwit,  p.  161. 


Burette  of  jasper  with  gold 
mounting;  time  of  Louis  XV. 


t  ..  :  .  ,  jy,wvnn_iii^  a  .L;tiitiai  simi- 
larity of  development  of  hurgcmie  life  in  them  all 

English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  Int.,  p.  liv. 

burgeois,  n.  See  bourgeois^. 
burgeon  (ber'jon),  11.  [Also  written  bourgeon, 
after  mod.  F.,  eariy  mod.  E.  also  burgeiu,  bur- 
geu;  <  i\IE.  burgen,  hurgyon,  burjoun,  burjion, 
burgon,  <  OF.  borjon,  burjon,  P.  bourgeon,  a 
bud ;  referred  by  some  to  OHG.  burjan,  raise, 
hit  up.]    1.  A  bud;  a  sprout. 

In  the  monetli  of  May,  when  medoes  bene  "rene 
And  all  florisshet  with  floures  the  flldes  aboute  ■ ' 
Burions  of  bowes  brethit  full  swete 
Florisshet  full  faire. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2736. 
And  the  hyttyng  awey  of  the  root  of  the  vyne  inust  be 
rh»w°i         '  f'i'l         men  wil  say  it  must  be  don  or 
[before]  the  knottis  begynne  to  burgeon  y'  for  the  streit 
drauing  the  burgeons  be  not  huet  [hurt]. 

Arnold's  Chroniele,  1502  (ed.  ISll),  p.  167. 

2.  A  boss  used  for  the  cover  of  a  book,  to  pre- 
vent mjuiy  to  the  binding.  Often  written  bur- 
gen. 

burgeon  (ber'jon),  V.  i.  [Also  written  bourgeon, 
atter  mod.  F.,  early  mod.  E.  also  burgein,  bur- 
gen, <  ME.  burjon,  burgenen,  burgynen,  bnrjonen, 
borgounen,  <  OF.  borjoner,  bourjonner,  P.  bour- 
geonner,  bud;  from  the  noun:  see  bunjeon  w  ] 
To  bud;  sprout;  put  forth  new  buds;  shoot 
forth,  as  a  branch. 

Whenne  graffes  [grafts]  gynneth  swelle  in  burgynynne 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  74. 


Successive  sovereigns  had  granted  the  right,  or  imposed 
the  burden,  of  returning  members  to  Parliament  on  the 
corporations,  freeholders,  or  burgage-tenants  of  numerous 
small  towns. 

Quoted  in  T.  W.  Iliggimon's  Eng.  Statesmen,  p.  116. 

burgage-tenement  (ber'gaj-ten"e-ment),  11.  A 
tenement  held  by  burgage. 

English,"  under  which  the  youngest  and  not 
the  eldest  succeeds  to  the  burgage-tenements  of  his  father 
has  from  time  im-  ' 
memorial  been  re- 
cognized as  a  widely 
diffused  usage. 
Maine,  Early  Hist, 
[of  Institutions, 
[p.  222. 

burgall,  n. 

her  gall. 

burgamot,  n. 

bergamot. 

burgander, 

See  bergander. 
burganet,  bur 
gonet  (ber' 
net,  -go-net), 
[Also  written 
improp.,  burge 

net;  =  Sp.  borgo-  Spanish  Burganet,  i6th  century. 


Now  bourgeons  every  maze  of  quick 
About  the  flowering  squares,  and  thick 
By  ashen  roots  the  violets  blow. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  cxv. 
burgess  (ber'jes),  n.  [<  ME.  btirgeis,  <  OF.  bur- 
geis,  F.  bourgeois  =  Pr.  borges  =  Sp.  burges  = 
Pg.  hurgue:^  =  It.  borghese,  <  ML.  burgensis,  a 
citizen,  <  burgus,  a  borough,  a  town :  see  bor- 
ough\  burgl.]  1.  In  England,  an  inhabitant 
ot  a  borough  or  walled  town,  or  one  who  pos- 
sesses a  tenement  therein ;  a  citizen  or  free- 
man of  a  borough. 

Not  a  petty  burgess  of  some  town, 
No,  not  a  villager,  hath  yet  appear'd 
In  your  assistance.  Ford,  Perkin  Warbeck,  iii.  4. 

2.  A  representative  of  a  borough  in  the  British 

Parliament. 


The  majority  of  the  burgesses  had  been  returned  by 
constituent  bodies  remodelled  in  a  manner  which  was 
generally  regarded  as  illegal.       Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  x. 

Hence  — 3.  (a)  The  title  given  before  the  revo- 
lution to  the  representatives  in  the  popular 
branch  of  the  legislatui-e  of  Virginia,  which  was 
styled  the  House  of  Burgesses,  but  is  now 
called  the  House  of  Delegates.  (6)  The  title  of 
members  of  the  lower  house  in  the  colonial 
legislatm-e  of  Maryland.— 4.  A  magistrate  of 
a  corporate  town,  in  Connecticut  boroughs  the  board 
of  burgesses  corresponds  to  the  township  boai-d  or  board  of 
trustees  in  some  other  States,  or  to  the  common  council  of 
a  city.  Ihe  c  iief  executive  officer  of  a  Pennsylvanian  bor- 
ough IS  called  the  chief  burgess. 

5.  A  member  of  the  corporation  of  a  Scotch 
bm-gh ;  now,  any  inhabitant  of  a  burgh  of  full 
age,  rated  for  poor-rates,  and  not  in  arrears, 
and^who  for  a  period  of  three  years  has  occu- 
pied any  house,  shop,  or  other  building  in  it,  not 
being  an  alien  and  not  having  received  either 


burggrave,  burggravess,  n.  See  burgrave,  bur- 
graress. 

burgh  (berg  or  bur'o),  n.  [Like  burg,  a  North. 
E.  and  Sc.  and  oW  law  form  of  E.  borough^, 
ML.  burgh,  burg,  etc.,  AS.  burh:  see  borough'^.] 
A  corporr.te  town  or  borough ;  more  especially 
the  Scotch  term  cori'esponding  to  the  English 
borough,  applied  to  several  different  kinds  of 
corporations,  and  to  towns  and  cities  in  Scot- 
land.-Burgll  acres,  acres  or  small  patches  of  land  ly- 
iiig  in  the  iieighhorliood  of  royal  burghs,  usually  feued 
withi,?  h"  ""■"P""'  ''y  Imrgesses  or  persons  resident 
within  the  burgh.- Burgh  of  barony,  a  corporation 
somewhat  analogous  to  a  royal  burghf  consisting  of  a 
determinate  tract  of  ground  within  the  barony,  erected 
by  the  feudal  superior  and  subjected  to  the  govern- 
ment of  magistrates.  The  right  of  electing  magistrates 
s  vested  by  the  charter  of  erection  sometimes  in  the 
nl>nbit°.nf!'?r'"''  ?^        'i"''""^'  s">"eti.nes  in  the 

,  .f,      J  ,  themselves.-  Burgh  of  regality,  a  kind  of 
burgh  of  barony  wbicli  l,a,l  regal  or  exclusive  jurisdic- 
i  ly-- Convention  of  royal 

burghs.  See  c6n,wji^,oH.— Councilor  of  a  burgh  See 

joyed,  by  crown  chaiter,  rights  of  trade  both  home  and 
foreign  but  which  at  the  same  time  had  to  bear  certain 
public  burdens  as  the  price  of  its  privileges.— Parlia- 
mentary burgh,  a  burgh  or  town  which  sends,  or  unites 
"itli  otlicis  in  sending,  a  representative  to  Parliament 
In  jjarliamentary  burghs  the  mode  of  <  lecting  councilors 
and  inagistrates  is  the  same  as  in  royal  burghs.— PoUce 
burgh  in  England,  any  populous  place  the  b..undaries  of 
winch  have  been  ascertained  under  l:iand  14  Vict,  xxxiii 

eWti  ri  h"'  "?  'I'V''''  '"^'"^'J^^'l  comn.issioners 
electe.l  by  the  inhabitants.  -  Royal  burgh,  in  Scotland 
a  corporate  body  erectc.l  by  a  charter  ffoi'n  the  crown 
The  cori,„ratinu  con.sists  of  the  inagistrates  ami  burgesses 
of  the  tenitoiy  .  lected  into  the  burgh.  The  magistrates 
aie  geuei-ally  a  jjrovost  and  bailies,  dean  of  gild  trea- 
surer, and  common  council.  ' 

burghal  (ber'gal),  a.  [<  burgh  +  -«?.]  Of  or 
pertauung  to  a  burgh:  as,  &")Y//(ff? government, 
burghbotet,  n.  [An  old  law  form  of  AS.  burn- 
bof,  <  hurg,  burh,  borougli,  4-  bot,  compensa- 
tion, boot :  see  boot^.]  In  old  Eng.  lau;  a  con- 
tribution toward  the  building  or  repairing  of 
castles  or  walls  for  the  defense  of  a  city  or 
town.    Also  burhbot. 

burgh-brechet,  n.  [An  old  law  form  of  ME 
burch-briche,  AS.  burg-brice,  -bryce,  -brece  < 
6«ri7,  borough,  +  bryce,  bricc,  breach:  see 
breach.]  In  Anglo-Saxon  lau;  the  offense  of 
violating  the  pledge  given  bv  every  inhabi- 
tant of  a  tithing  to  keep  the  peace 
burgher  (ber'ger),  1,.  [Not  in  ME.'  or  AS.,  but 
formed  after  D.  burger  =  MLG.  borgere  = 
OHOr.  burgari,  MHG.  burgcerc,  burger,  G.  bur- 
ger =  Dan.  borger  =  Sw.  borgare  (>  leel  boi- 
gari),  a  citizen;  <  burgh  +  -cjl.]  1.  in- 
habitant of  a  burgh  or  iDorough,  who  enjoys  the 
pii\-ileges  of  the  borough  of  which  he  is  a  free- 
man; hence,  any  citizen  of  a  borough  or  to^-n. 

At  Cologne,  in  the  eleventh  century,  the  terms  burnhers 
and  merchants  are  alternately  used  as  synonvinous 

English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.j,  Int.,  p.  cv. 


2.  [cap.]  One  of  a  body  of  Presbyterians  in 
bcotland,  constituting  one  of  the  (ii\'isions  of 
the  eariy  Secession  Church.  This  church  became 

divided  III  1747  into  the  Associate  Synod,  or  Burghers  and 
the  General  Associate  Synod,  or  Antiburgliers,  on  the  lawl 
fulness  of  accepting  the  oath  then  require,!  to  be  taken 
7  the  burgesses  in  Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  and  Perth  See 
Antiburgfter. 

burghermaster  (ber'ger-mas'ter),  n.  [=G.  biir- 
gernieisfer.]    Same  as  burgomaster,  1. 

burghership  (ber'ger- ship),  n.  [<  burgher 
+  -ship.]  The  state  or  privilege  of  beino-  a 
burgher.  " 

burgh-halfpenny f,  ».  Formeriy,  a  duty  pay- 
able to  the  sujierior  of  a  town  for  liberty  to  set 
up  a  stall  in  market.    Also  bord-halfpenuu. 

burghmaster  (berg'mas  'ter),  «.  [<  burgh  + 
master;  afttr  burgomaster.]  Same  as  burgomas- 
ter, 1. 

burghmotet,  ».  [An  old  law  form  of  AS.  burh- 
gemot,  a  borough-meeting,  <  burh,  burg,  borough, 


burghmote 

+  rjemot,  a  meeting:  see  mooi,  mote^.']  In 
Aiii/lo-Sd.von  laiv,  tlie  meeting  or  court  of  a 
biu'sli  or  borough.    Also  hurgmok'. 

t)urglimote-horn+,  «.  In  J^^g-  nntiq.,  a  horn 
blown  on  eom-t-day,  in  a  public  place,  to  bring 
the  members  of  the  bm-ghmote,  or  later  the 
corporation,  together.  It  was  used  imtil  the 
seventeenth  centurv.    Also  called  brazen-horn. 

burgholdert  (beri>'ii61*der),  n.  [See  borough- 
holder  and  bor^-ho'ldcr.'\  A  tithing-man;  a  bors- 
holder. 

burglar  (berg'lar),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  bourglair, 
<  AF.  *bourgl(ti're  (cf.  ML.  burglator,  burgidator 
(for  burgi  latro),  shortened  to  biirgator),  a  burg- 
lar, <  AF.  boiirg,  OF.  borg,  borough  (see  bor- 
oughi),  +  laire,'OF.  laire,  leire,  lere  =  Pr.  lairc, 
a  robber,  <  L.  nom.  latro  (ef.  OF.  hiron,  F.  larron 
=  Pr.  hiiro,  a  robber,  <  L.  ace.  latronem),  a  rob- 
ber: see  hu  rt  II ij.']  A  felonious  housebreaker; 
espeeiallv,  one  who  commits  robbery  by  break- 
ing into  a  house  in  the  night.    See  burglary. 

The  definition  of  burglar,  as  given  by  Sir  Edward  Coke, 
is  "lie  that  by  night  brealceth  or  entereth  into  a  mansion- 
house  with  intent  to  commit  a  felony." 

Blackstone,  Com.,  IV.  xvi. 

burglar-alarm  (berg'lar-a-larm"),  «•  Any 
alarm  so  arranged  as  to  soimd  upon  the  open- 
ing of  a  door,  window,  etc.,  with  which  it  is 
connected — Burglar-alarm  lock,  a  lock  having  an 

attachment  which  when  set  will  sound  an  alarm  if  the  bolt 

is  improperly  moved.— Electrical  buTglar-alarm,  an 

alarm  consisting  of  apparatus  including  open  electrical 
circuits  which  are  closed  by  a  movement  of  a  door,  win- 
dow, etc.,  and  cause  a  bell  in  an  annunciator  in  the  build- 
ing or  at  a  distant  station  to  ring, 
burglarert  (berg'lar-er),  n.  [<  burglar  +  -er, 
erroneously  added.]    A  burglar. 

Sir  William  Brain  was  sent  to  the  Tower,  only  for  pro- 
curing the  Pope's  bull  against  certain  burijlarers  that 
robbed  his  own  house.  State  Trials,  1606. 

burglarian  (berg-la'ri-an),  n.  [<  burglary  + 
-flit.]  A  person  who  abets  or  is  guilty  of  burg- 
lary. [Rare.] 
burglarious  (berg-la'ri-us),  a.  [<  burglary  + 
-o«s.]  Pertaining  to,  committing,  or  consti- 
tuting bm-glary:  as,  burglarious  intentions;  a 
burglarious  gang ;  burglarious  entry. 
To  come  down  a  chimney  is  held  a  burglarious  entry. 

Blackstone,  Com.,  IV.  xvi. 

Openly  organized  conspuacy,  with  force  and  arms,  made 
burglarious  entrance  into  a  chief  stronghold  of  the  Union. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Essays,  p.  86. 

burglariously  (berg-la'ri-us-li),  adv.  With  an 
intent  to  commit  bm'glary ;  in  the  manner  of  a 
burglar. 

burglarize  (berg'liir-iz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 

burglarized,  ppr.  burglarizing.  [<  burglar  + 
-«re.]    To  commit  bm-glary  upon. 

burglar-proof  (berg'lar-prof),  a.  Constructed 
so  as  to  be  capable  of  "resisting  the  attempts  of 
burglars,  as  a  safe  or  a  building. 

burglary  (berg'lar-i),«.;  Tp\.  burglaries {-iz).  [< 
burglar  +  -y ;  ML.  burglaria.']  The  act  or  crime 
of  nocturnal  housebreaking,  with  an  intent  to 
commit  a  felony  therein,  whether  such  felony  be 
actually  committed  or  not.  To  constitute  this  crime 
the  act  must  be  committed  in  the  night,  or  when  there  is  not 
daylight  enough  to  discern  a  man's  face.  At  common  law 
it  must  be  in  a  dwelling-house,  or  in  an  adjoining  building 
which  is  a  part  or  parcel  of  the  dwelling-house.  There 
must  be  an  actual  breaking  and  an  entry ;  but  an  opening 
made  by  the  offender,  as  by  taking  out  a  pane  of  glass, 
lifting  a  window,  raising  a  latch,  picking  a  lock,  or  remov- 
ing any  fastening,  amounts  to  a  breaking ;  and  putting  in 
of  the  hand,  after  such  breaking,  is  an  entry.  A  breaking 
out,  after  entry  with  felonious  intent,  is  also  burglary.  In 
some  of  the  United  .States  the  term  has  been  extended  so 
as  to  cover  the  breaking  and  entering  of  any  building,  at 
any  time,  to  commit  any  crime. 

burgle  (ber'gl),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  burgled,  ppr. 
burgling.  [<  burglar,  taken  as  a  noim  of  agent 
in  -ar  —  -er^ ;  cf .  peddle,  <  peddler,  pedler,  ped- 
lar.']   To  commit  btrrglary.  [Humorous.] 

burgmaster  (berg'mas"ter),  n.  Same  as  burgo- 
master, 1. 

burgmotet,  «.    See  burghmote. 

burgomaster  (ber'go-mas"ter),  «.  [z=  OF. 
bourgue-maistre,  later  bourgamaistre  (Cotgrave), 
Swiss  F.  bourgmestre,  bourgemaitre  (F.  mattre  - 
E.  master)  =  Sp.  burgomaestre,  after  ML.  burgo- 
viagister,  burgimagister  (burgi  magister),  <  D. 
burgemeester  (=  OFries.  burgamastere  =  MHG. 
burgemeistcr,  burcmeister,  G.  burgemeister  (obs.), 
>  Sw.  bornmdstare  =  ODan.  borgmester  =  Pol. 
bicrmistrz  =  Bohem.  purmistr  =  Russ.  burgo- 
mistrH  —  Lith.  burgmistras  —  Finn,  pormestari), 
<  burg,  —  E.  borough'^,  +  meester  —  Fa.  master.  Cf . 
MHG.  burger meistcr,  G.  biirgermeister  (>  Dan. 
borgermester),  <  burger,  =  E.  burghef,  +  meister 
=  E.  master.']  1.  A  borough-master;  the  chief 
magistrate  of  a  municipal  town  in  the  Nether- 
lands, Germany,  and  other  Teutonic  countries, 


726 

nearly  corresponding  to  mayor  in  England  and 
the  United  States,  in  the  monarchical  states  burgo- 
masters were  often  named  by  the  central  government  for 
Ions  perioils,  as  were  the  maires  in  France.  The  German 
covernuunits  usually  retain  the  right  to  confirm  or  reject 
tlie  elected  Imrgomaster.  Also  burghermaster,  burgkmas- 
ter,  huriiiiiaster. 

2.  The  great  ice-gvill  or  glaucous  gull,  Larus 
qiaucus,  of  the  arctic  regions,  one  of  the  largest 
and  most  powerful  species  of  the  family 

Laridw.  it  is  about  so  inches  long,  pure  white,  with  a 
pale  silvery-blue  mantle  and  yellow  bill  with  an  orange 


Burgomaster-gull  {Lams gtaucus). 


burin 

Burgundioncs,  LL.  also  Burgundii  Q  AS.  Bur- 
gendas),  pi.,  a  tribe  of  Goths.]  I.  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Bm'gimdians,  or  to  the  king- 
dom, duchy,  or  province  of  Burgundy — Order 
of  the  Burgundlan  Cross,  an  order  founded  by  the  em- 
peror Charles  V.,  which  did  not  survive. 

II.  n.  1.  One  of  the  Burgundii  or  Burgun- 
diones,  a  Germanic  tribe  who  settled  in  Gaul 
and  founded  the  kingdom  of  Burgundy  in  the 
fifth  centui-y. 

The  Burgundians  settled  in  the  southeast  part  of  Gaul, 
the  part  nearest  to  Italy. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Old  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  24. 

2.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Burgundy,  suc- 
cessively a  kingdom  and  a  duchy  of  western 
Europe,  varying  greatly  in  extent,  part  of 
which  finally  became  the  province  of  Burgimdy 
in  eastern  France. 
Burgundy  (ber'gtm-di),  n.  A  large  class  of 
wines,  both  red  and  white,  produced  in  Bur- 
gundy in  France,  and  sharing  with  the  Bor- 
deaux wines  the  reputation  of  including  the 
finest  wines  made. 

The  mellow-tasted  Burgundy.  Thomson,  Autumn,  1.  705. 

Burgundy  pitch.   See  pitch. 

burgwardt  (berg' ward),  n.    [An  old  law  form, 

<  burg,  a  fortified  place,  a  castle,  +  ward,  a 
keeping.]   The  custody  or  keeping  of  a  castle, 
burht,  »■    Early  Middle  EngUsh  and  Anglo- 
Saxon  form  of  borough^. 

The  burh.  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  period  was  simply  a  more 
strictly  organised  form  of  the  township.  It  was  probably 
in  a  more  defensible  position;  had  a  ditch  or  mound 
instead  of  the  quickset  hedge  or  "tun"  from  which  the 
township  took  its  name ;  ami  as  the  "tun  "  originally  was 
the  fenced  homestead  of  the  cultivatof,  the  burh  was 
the  fortified  house  and  court-yard  of  the  mighty  man— 
the  king,  the  magistrate,  or  the  noble. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  44. 


spot.  It  owes  the  name  to  its  tyrannical  and  rapacious 
disposition,  and  the  way  it  domineers  over  the  smaller 
and  weaker  gulls  and  other  birds. 

burgonet,  burgonette,  «.    See  burganet. 
burgoo  (ber'go),  n.    [Appar.  a  var.  of  burgood.] 

1.  A  seamen's  term  for  a  dish  made  of  boUed 

oatmeal  seasoned  with  salt,  butter,  and  sugar;  burhbott,       See  burghbote. 
gruel.  burhgemott,  «•    See  burghmote. 

Don't  stand  staring  there  like  a  cabin-boy  brought  up  burial  (ber'i-al),  «.   [In  the  second  sense  burial 
before  the  skipper  forswallowiug  the  ijKrsroo  as  he  mixed  it.    ig  now  regarded  as  formed  directly  from  bury^ 
G.  A.  Sala,  Ship-Chandler.    +  betrothal,  renctval,  etc.),  but  it  is  due 

2.  A  Mnd  of  soup  made  with  many  different  to  burial  in  first  sense,  <  ME.  buriel,  Uriel,  fee- 
kinds  of  meat  and  vegetables,  highly  peppered  ricl,  a  tomb,  grave,  a  corruption  of  buriels,  re- 
and  served  very  hot :  popular  in  Kentucky  and  garded  as  a  plural  form,  but  really  singular, 
other  places,  especially  at  barbecues,  picnics,    buriels,  hiricls,  beriels,  bcrgels,  a  tomb,  grave,  < 


and  other  outdoor  feasts. — 3.  A  barbecue,  pic- 
nic, or  woodland  feast  at  which  the  soup  burgoo 
is  served.  [Kentucky.] 

burgood  (ber'giid),  ?i.  [E.  dial.,  also  burgout 
and  beergood;  origin  uncertain.  Cf.  burgoo.] 
Yeast.    Balliwell.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

burgoyne^  (ber-goin'),  n.  [Appar.  named  from 
the  inventor.]  An  intrenching-tool  which  com- 
bines a  spade,  an  ax,  and  a  mantlet.  [Eng.] 

burgoyne^t  (ber-goin'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  btir- 
goyned,  ppr.  burgoyning.  [A  word  of  the  Ameri- 
can revolutionary  period,  in  allusion  to  the  cap- 
ture of  Burgoyne's  army  at  Saratoga  in  1777.] 
To  smTovmd  and  capture  in  a  body. 

bur-grass  (ber'gras),  «.  1.  A  common  name 
of  a  species  of  Ccnchrus,  the  burs  of  which  are 
very  spiny  and  tenacious. — 
2.  Panicum  glutinosum,  a 
tropical  grass  in  which  the 
glumes  or  husks  which  in- 
wrap  the  seed  are  very  vis- 
cous and  adhesive. 

burgrave,  burggrave  (ber'- 

grav),  n.  [<  F.  burgrave  =  &]). 
burgrave  =Fg.  burgrave.  bur- 
gravio  =  It.  burgravio,  <  ML. 
burggravius,  <  OHG._  burg- 
grdvo,  MHG.  burcgrave,  G. 
burggraf  (>  Dan.  borggrcve  — 
Sw.  burggrefve  —  Pol.  bur- 
grabia  —  Bohem.  furkrahe),  < 
OHG.  burg,  burc,  a  town^  — 
E.  borough'^,  +  grdvjo,  gravo, 
MHG.  grave,  G.  graf,  a  count,  earl,  governor: 
see  graf.]  Formerly,  the  title,  in  some  Euro- 
pean countries,  of  the  hereditary  governor  of  a 
town  or  castle. 

The  former  [burghers]  stood,  in  all  trade  matters,  en- 
tirely under  the  orders  of  the  lords  of  the  town,  whether 
these  were  bishops,  burgraves,  or  citizens. 

English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  Int.,  p.  cxv. 

They  then  requested  that  tlie  Prince  of  Orange,  who 
held  the  office  of  burgrave  of  Antwerp,  and  whose  influ- 
ence was  unbounded,  might  be  sent  to  them.  Prescott. 

burgravess,  burggravess  (ber'gra-ves),  n.  [< 
hurqrave  +  -ess.]    The  wife  of  a  burgrave. 

burgraviate  (ber-gra'vi-at),  n.  [<  ML.  burggra- 
viatus,  <  burqgravius,  a  burgrave :  see  burgrave.] 
The  office,  dignity,  or  jurisdiction  of  a  burgrave. 

burguignottet,  «•    [0P-]    Same  as  burganet. 

Burgundian  (ber-gun'di-an),  a.  andn.  [<  ML. 
Burgundia  (>  F.  Bourgogne),  Burgundy,  <  L. 


Bur-^rass  {Cenchrus 
tributoides]. 


AS.  byrgels,  a  tomb,  grave,  <  hyrgan,  bury  (see 
bury^),  +  suffix  -els  (cf.  riddle'^,  <  AS.  raidels).'\ 
If.  A  gi-ave  or  place  of  sepultm-e ;  a  tomb. 

Pullide  it  [the  body]  in  his  newe  biriel,  .  .  .  and  he 
walowid  to  a  grete  stone  at  the  dore  of  the  biriel. 

Wyclif,  Mat.  xxvii.  60. 
For  proplietes  hem  tolde, 
That  that  blessed  body  of  buriels  sholde  aryse. 

Piers  Plounnan  (C),  xxii.  146. 
Vailing  her  high-top  lower  than  her  ribs 
To  kiss  her  burial.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  1. 

2.  The  act  of  burying;  specifically,  the  act  of 
burying  a  deceased  person;  sepulture;  inter- 
ment ;  the  act  of  depositing  a  dead  body  in  any 
place  where  it  is  intended  to  remain. 

Till  that  the  duke  give  order  for  his  burial. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  4. 
Privilege  of  death  and  burial.         Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  104. 
Burial  service,  the  religious  service  performed  at  the 
interment  of  the  dead,  or  a  prescribed  order  or  formula 
ior  such  service. 

burial-case  (ber'i-al-kas),  n.  A  kind  of  cofBn 
so  made  as  to  be  "air-tight,  intended  for  the 
preservation  of  the  body. 

burial-ground  (ber'i-al-ground),  n.  A  grave- 
yard or  cemetery. 

burial-mound  (ber'i-al-mound), «.  The  mound 
raised  over  the  remains  of  deceased  persons  in 
ancient  times  ;  a  barrow^ 

hurial-place  (ber'i-al-plas),  n.  A  portion  of 
ground  set  apart  for  or  occupied  by  a  grave  or 
graves ;  a  grave  or  a  graveyard. 

burielst,  n.  [ME. :  see  burial.]  The  older  form 
of  burial,  1. 

burier  (ber'i-er),  11.  One  who  buries  a  deceased 
person;  that  which  bm-ies  or  covers. 

And  darkness  be  the  burier  of  the  dead. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1. 

burin  (bii'rin),  n.  [<  F.  burin,  <  It.  borino  (cf. 
OSp.  boril,  Sp.  Pg.  buril),  a  gravers'  chisel, 
prob.  <  OHG.  bora,  a  borer,  gimlet,  —  E.  bore\ 
n.]  1.  An  engravers'  tool  of  tempered  steel, 
with  a  lozenge- 
shaped  point, 
fixed  in  a  han- 
dle the  end  of 
which,  held  in 
the  hand,  is 
rounded  at  the 
top;    a  graver.  Burm. 

Pushed  forward  by 

the  hand  in  any  desired  direction,  it  cuts  a  shallow  or 
deep  furrow,  according  to  the  pressure  exerted.   When,  as 


burin 

in  etching  bitten  lines,  or  lines  made  with  the  dry-point 
are  imperfect  or  weak,  tlie  burin  is  used  to  repair  or 
strengtlieu  tliem.  ^ 

2.  The  manner  or  style  of  execution  of  an 
engraver:  as,  a  soft  burin;  a  brilliant  burin. 
—  3.  A  steel  graver  used  by  marble-workers. 
Also  spelled  burine. 

burinist  (bii'rin-ist),  «.    [<  burin  +  -isf^  One 
who  uses  a  burin ;  an  engraver. 

All  the  great  original  buriiiiats  did  not  invent  but  re- 
produced with  the  burin.  The  American,  V.  124. 

buri-nut  (bii'ri-nut),  «.     [<  buri,  native  name, 
+  The  plum-like  fruit  of  Parinurium 

laurinum,  a  rosaceous  tree  of  the  Fiji  islands. 

The  kernels  are  beaten  up  into  a  cement  of  the  consis- 
tency of  putty,  which  is  used  for  stopping  holes  in  canoes 
fix-uig  spear-Jieads  to  tlie  shafts,  etc.  ' 
burion  (bu'ri-on),  n.  [Origin  uncertain:  per- 
haps a  coiTuption  of  Sp.  (Mex.)  gorrion,  a  spar- 
row.] A  name  of  the  house-finch,  Carpodacus 
frontalis,  an  abundant  and  familiar  friugilline 
bird  of  the  southwestern  United  States,  almost 
domesticated  in  the  towns,  it  resembles  the  com- 
mon  purp  e  flnch,.C.  purpureus,  but  is  smaller,  with  a 
stouter  bill  and  more  vivid  crimson-red  markings  which 
are  restricted  to  definite  areas  on  the  head,  back,  and 

buxiti  (bii-ri-te'),  n.  [Pg.  buriti,  miriti;  a  Braz. 
(Tupi-Guarani)  word,  also  wi-itten  burity,  mu- 
riti,  murity,  miriti,  inoricM,  murichi,  muriche, 
moriche,  applied  to  the  palms  Mauritiaflexuosa 
and  M.  vinifera;  according  to  Hartt,  <  ymyrd 
or  ymbijrd,  a  tree,  +  ete,  true.]  One  of  the 
largest  of  the  South  American  palms,  Mauritia 
■vinifera,  often  gi-owing  to  a  height  of  125  feet, 
the  stem  being  crowned  with  a  thick  round 
head  of  very  large  fan-shaped  leaves,  a  single 

bunch  of  the  fruit  weighs  more  than  one  hundred  pounds 
Ihe  trees  grow  in  vast  numbers  on  swampy  land  from 
southern  Brazil  to  the  West  Indies.  The  natives  cut 
them  down,  and  make  cavities  in  the  stems  to  obtain 
the  sweet  sap  which  accumulates'in  them ;  if  allowed  to 
ferment,  a  vinous  liquor  may  be  made  from  this  sap  and 
even  sugar  has  been  obtained  from  it.  Hence  the  name 
wim-paltn,  commonly  given  to  the  tree.  The  pulp  be- 
tween the  nut  and  the  outer  covering  of  the  fruit  is  some- 
times eaten,  and  a  beverage  is  prepared  by  rubbing  the 
pulp  111  water.  The  pith  of  the  leaf-stem  is  used  iiTlieu 
of  cork  and  its  hard  covering  for  making  baskets.  Cords 
are  made  of  hbers  from  the  young  leaves,  and  rou^h 
tliatclies  are  constructed  of  tlie  older  leaves 

burk  (berk),  n.  Another  spelling  of  birlc,  dia- 
lectal variant  of  birch. 

1)Urka  (ber'ka),  n.  [Euss.  burTca.l  A  short 
round  cloak  made  of  felt  or  very  coarse  woolen 
stuff,  used  as  a  protection  against  rain  in  Eus- 
sia,  Poland,  and  Moldavia.    Also  burga. 

burke  (berk),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  burked,  ppr. 
burking.  [From  the  name  of  an  Irishman  in 
Edinburgh  who  committed  the  crime  repeated- 
ly, and  was  tried  and  executed  in  1829.]  1. 
To  murder  by  suffocation  in  order  to  sell  the 
body  for  dissection.  This  method  was  selected 
because  it  left  no  marks  of  violence  upon  the 
"Victims. 


727 

burl2  (berl),  n.    [A  contr.  of  burble,  n.,  2,  in 
same  sense.]    A  pimple.    [Prov.  Eng  ] 
burP,  V.    Same  as  birl^. 

He  told  inc  to  burl  out  the  beer,  as  he  was  in  a  hurry 
and  I  Ourletl  out  a  glass  and  gave  it  to  him. 

London  Times,  Law  Reports, 
burlace  (ber'las),  n.    [Contr.  of  burdelais,  q.  v.l 
A  sort  of  grape, 
burlap  (ber'lap),  w.  [Formerly  ioreZap;  origin 
unknown.    The  form  suggests  a  contr.  of  ME 
borel,  E.  burrcl,  a  coarse  cloth,  4-  lappen,  lap 
wrap.    Eeferred  by  some  to  G.  bdrlapp,  club- 
moss,  Lycopodium  ckwatum,  lit.  bear's  paw  (cf 
NL.  Lycopodium,  wolf's-foot),  <  btir,  =  E.  bear^ 
+  lapp,  <  OHG.  lappo,  the  flat  hand.]  A  coarse 
heavy  material  made  of  jute,  flax,  hemp,  or  ma- 
nila,  and  used  for  wrappings  and  in  uphol- 
steiy :  commonly  in  the  plural, 
burlaw,  n.    See  byrlaw. 

burledt,  a.    [ME. ,  possibly  for  *barruled,  equiv. 
to  AF .  barrule  :  see  barruly.']    In  her.,  striped. 
Under  was  A  serpent  of  verite, 
A  taill  burled  had  of  siluer  and  Asure. 

Rom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3492. 
With  siluer  And  Asure  the  tail  burlul  was. 

Rom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2809. 

burlerl  (ber'ler),  n.  [<  burl^  +  -erl.]  One  who 
burls  cloth. 

burler2  (ber'ler),  n.  [<  burl^,  =  birl^,  +  -crl  ] 
In  Cumberland,  England,  the  master  of  the 
revels  at  a  wedding-feast,  whose  duty  is  to  see 
that  the  guests  are  well  furnished  with  di-ink. 
Brewer. 

burlesque  (ber-lesk'),  a.  and  n.  [Foi-merly 
also  burlesk;  =  G.  Dan.  Sw.  burlesk,  <  F.  bur- 
lesque, <  It.  burlesco,  ludicrous,  <  burin,  a  jest, 
mockery,  raillery,  perhaps  dim.  of  LL.  hurra, 
pi.  burrw,  jests,  trifling,  nonsense:  see  ftwrl.] 
I.  a.  Tending  to  excite  laughter  by  a  ludicrous 
contrast  between  the  subject  and  the  manner  of 
treating  it,  as  when  a  serious  subject  is  treated 
ridiculously  or  a  trifling  one  with  solemnity. 


burn 

burling-machine  (bir'ling-ma-shen*),  w.  A 
machine  for  removing  knots  aiid  rough  places 
from  woolen  clotli  before  it  is  fulled, 
burlyi  (ber'li),  a.  [=E.  dial,  boivcrly,  <  ME.  bur- 
ly, burely,  boriy,  burliche,  borliche,  borlic,  ete. 
large,  luige.  Of  uncertain  origin;  hardly  = 
OHG.  burlih,  purlih,  elevaced,  high  (<  bar,  an 
elevation,  +  -Uh  =  E.  -ly^-).  There  is  nothing  to 
prove  the  supposed  Celtic  o.-igin.]  1.  Great  in 
bodily  .size;  bidky;  large;  stout:  formerly  used 
of  things,  but  now  only  of  persons,  and  imply- 
ing some  degree  of  coarseness. 

The  braunches  were  borh/,  sum  of  bright  gold, 
Sum  syluer  for  sothe,  semlist  of  hew. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  4968. 
Burly  sacks  and  well  stuffed  barns. 

Dratjton,  Polyolbion,  xiv.  118. 
Down  through  the  crashing  under-wood 
The  burly  sheriff  came.        Whittier,  The  Exiles. 
2t.  Boisterous;  loud. 

.So  when  a  burly  tempest  rolls  his  pride. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  v.  224. 
=  SjTl.  1.  Massive,  Ponderous,  etc.    See  bulky 

burlyif,  V.  t.    To  make  burly  ;  cause  to  bulge 
out.  ° 

Think'st  tliou  that  paunch,  that  burlies  out  thy  coat 
Is  thnvmg  fat ;  or  Hesh,  that  seems  so  brawny? 

Qiiarles,  Emblems,  i.  12. 
burly2  (ber'li),  a.     [<  burll  +  -(/I.]  Having 

burls  or  excrescent  knots :  as,  a  burly  tree. 
Burman  (ber'man),  n.  [<  Burma  +  -«m.]  A 
native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Burma,  a  British 
possession  in  Farther  India,  it  was  formerly  an 
independent  kingdom,  but  parts  of  it  were  annexed  to 
Great  Britain  in  1S20  and  1!552,  and  the  remainder  on 
January  1st,  1886,  in  consequence  of  wars. 

A  Burman,  being  the  property  of  the  king,  can  never 
quit  the  country  without  his  especial  permission,  which  Is 
only  granted  for  a  limited  time,  and  never  to  women  on 
any  pretence.  £ncyc.  Brit,  lY  554 


"  You  don't  mean  to  say  he  was  burked,  Sam?"  said  Mr 
^«=kwick.  Dickens,  Pickwick! 

The  rest  of  the  rascals  jumped  on  him  and  Burked  him. 

Barham,  Ingoldsliy  Legends,  I.  27.3. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  smother;  shelve;  get  rid 
of  by  some  indirect  manojuver:  as,  to  burke  a 
parliamentary  question. 

burker  (ber'ker),  n.    One  who  burkes. 

Burke's  Act.   See  act. 

burking  (ber'king),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  burke,  v.l 
The  practice  of  killing  persons  for  the  purpose 
of  selling  the  bodies  for  dissection. 

hurll  (berl),  n.  [<  ME.  burle,  appar.  <  OF.  dial. 
bouril,  bourril,  flocks  or  ends  of  thread  which 
disfigure  cloth  (Wedgwood),  <  bourre,  <  ML. 
burra,  a  flock  of  wool,  coarse  hair,  etc.:  see 
burl.    Cf.  burlet.'\     1.  A  small  knot  or  lump 

m  thread,  whether  woven  into  clotli  or  not.  

2.  A  knot  or  an  excrescence  on  walnut  and 
other  trees,  used  for  ornamental  veneering. 

burli  (berl),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  burle;  <  burn, 
«.]  1.  To  pick  knots,  loose  threads,  etc., 
'from,  as  in  finishing  cloth ;  specifically,  to  pick 
■(wool)  by  hand.— 2t.  To  cleanse  (cloth),  as 

with  fullers'  earth  or  a  similar  substance. 

To  come  tlien  to  the  niysterie  of  fuller's  craft,  first  they 
wash  and  scour  a  piece  of  cloth  with  the  earth  of  Sardinia 
then  they  perfume  it  with  the  smoke  of  brimstone,  which 
done,  they  fall  anon  to  burlinp  it  with  ciniolia. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xxxv.  17. 

burPt,  „.  i.  [ME.  burlen,  contr.  of  hurblen,  bub- 
ble, welter:  see  burble.  Cf.  D.  borrelen,  bub- 
ble, guzzle  {barrel,  a  bubble,  a  dram),  =  LG. 
mrreln,  bubble,  gush.]    To  welter. 

Many  a  bolde  baron  in  that  place 
Lay  burland  yn  his  own  blode. 
Erie  of  Tolous  (Ritson's  Metr.  Rom.,  II.),  1.  98. 
Betres  lay  burlyny  in  liur  blode. 
ie  BoTie  Florence  (Ritson's  Metr.  Rom.,  III.),  1.  1639. 


It  IS  a  dispute  among  the  critics  whether  burlesque  poet- 
ry runs  best  in  heroic  verse,  like  that  of  the  Dispensary 
or  in  doggerel,  like  that  of  Hudibras. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  249. 

II.  w.  1.  A  bui'lesque  literary  or  dramatic 
composition;  travesty;  caricature. 

Burlesque  is  therefore  of  two  kinds  :  the  first  represents 
mean  persons  in  the  accoutrements  of  heroes  •  the  other 
describes  great  persons  acting  and  speaking  like  the  basest 
among  the  people.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  249. 

This  contrast  between  ideas  of  grandeur,  dignity  sanc- 
tity, perfection,  and  ideas  of  meanness,  baseness  pro- 
fanity, seems  to  be  the  very  spirit  of  burlesque. 

Hutcheson,  Thoughts  on  Laughter. 

2.  A  piece  composed  in  burlesque  style;  a 
travesty;  in  modem  use  often  specifically  a 
theatrical  piece,  a  kind  of  dramatic  extrava- 
ganza, usually  based  upon  a  serious  play  or 
subject,  with  more  or  less  music  in  it. —  3.  A 
ludicrous  or  debasing  caricature  of  any  kind; 
a  gross  perversion. 

Who  is  it  that  admires,  and  is  from  the  heart  attached 
to,  national  representative  assemblies,  but  must  turn  with 
horror  and  disgust  from  such  a  profane  burlesque  and 
abominable  perversion  of  that  sacred  institute  ? 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 
=  Syn.  Parody,  Travesty,  etc.    See  caricature. 

burlesque  (ber-lesk'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  6m,- 
lesqued,  ppr.  burlesquing.  [<  burlesque,  a.]  I. 
trans.  To  make  ridiculous  by  mocking  repre- 
sentation; caricature;  travesty. 

T\\ey  burlesqued  the  prophet  Jeremiah's  words  and 
turned  the  expression  he  used  into  ridicule. 

Stillingjieet,  Works,  II.  iv. 
The  characteristic  faults  of  his  [Johnson's]  style  are  so 
familiar  to  all,  .  .  .  and  have  been  so  often  burlesqued 
that  It  IS  almost  superfluous  to  point  them  out. 

Macaulay,  Eoswell's  Johnson. 

II.  intrans.  To  use  caricature.  [Eare.] 
burlesquer  (ber-les'ker),  w.    One  who  bur- 
lesques or  turns  to  ridicule, 
burlett,  n.   [<  F.  bourlet,  bourrelet,  a  roll  of  cloth 
or  leather  stuffed  with  hair  or  wool,  etc.,  a  sup- 
porter of  satin,  etc.,  for  a  ruff  or  coUar,  also  a 
kind  of  hood,  <  bourre,  flocks  of  wool,  hau-,  etc. 
used  for  stuffing  saddles,  balls,  ete. :  see  bur- 
re/.]    1.  Acoif;  a  stuffed  roll  to  support  a  ruff ; 
a  standing  or  stuffed  neck  for  a  gown.  Min- 
sheu. —  2.  A  hood.  Ash. 

burletta  (ber-let'a),  n.  [It.,  dim.  of  burla, 
mockery:  see  burlesque.']  A  comic  opera;  a 
musical  farce. 

burleyt,  n.    [Origin  obscure;  cf.  burhj.]  The 
butt-end  of  a  lance.    Wilhelm,  Mil.  Diet, 
burliness  (ber'li-nes),  n.    [<  burly  -f-  -ness.] 

The  state  or  quality  of  being  burly, 
bur  ling-iron  (ber'iiug-i"eni),  n.    A  kind  of 
pincers  or  tweezers  used  in  burling  cloth. 


bur-marigold  (ber'mar'''i-g61d),  n.    A  book- 
name  for  the  more  showy  species  of  Bidcns. 
Burmese  (ber-mes'  or  mez'),  a.  and  n.    [<  Bur- 
ma +  -cse.]    I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Bui'ma. 

11.  n.  1.  or;;/.  An  inhabitant  or  inhabi- 
tants of  Burma.  See  Burman.— 2.  The  lan- 
guage of  the  people  of  Burma.  It  is  one  of  the 
monosyUabie  languages. 

bur-millstone  (ber'mil"st6n),  n.   Same  as  bur- 
stove. 

burni  (bern),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  burned  or  bumf, 
ppr.  burning.    [Under  this  form  and  the  obs. 
or  dial,  brin,  bren,  brun,  are  now  confused  two 
different  but  related  verbs,  which  are  quite  dis- 
tinct in  AS.  and  the  other  older  tongues:  (1) 
burn,  <  ME.  bernen,  bwrnen,  harnen,  brennen,  < 
AS.  bwrnan  (pret.  bwrnde,  pp.  bwrned)  =  OS 
brennian  =  MD.  bernen  (in  mod.  D.  displaced 
by  the  secondary  form  branden:  see  brand,  r.) 
=  LG.  brennen  =OFries.  berna,  barna  =  OB^G 
brennan,  MHG.  G.  brennen  =  leel.  brenna  =  Sw 
branna  =  Dan.  brmide  =  Goth,  brannjan  (in 
eomp.),  burn,  consume  with  fire,  orig.  and  prop, 
trans.,  a  weak  verb,  factitive  of  the  next;  (2) 
burn,  <  ME.  birnen,  beornen,  hrinnen,  <  AS.  beor- 
nan,  byrnan  (pret.  barn,  beam,  pi.  burnon,  pp. 
bornen),  a  transposed  form  of  *brinnan  (incomp 
on-brinnan)  =  OS.  brinnan  =  OHG.  brinnan, 
MHG.  G.  dial,  brinnen  =  Icel.  brenna,  older 
brinna,  =  Goth,  brinnan,  burn,  be  on  fire  ;  orig. 
and  prop,  intrans.,  a  strong  verb;  not  knon^ 
outside  of  Teut.   Deriv.  brand,  brine^,  perhaps 
O"''"^  =  bourni,  etc.]    I.  trans.  1.  To  consume 
with  fire ;  destroy  or  reduce  to  ashes  by  the 
action  of  heat  or  fire. 

He  comethe  to  brenne  him  self  upon  the  Awtere  of  the 
■r*'°^P'e.  Ma/uleville,  Travels,  p.  48. 

Thou  Shalt  hough  their  horses,  and  burn  their  chariots 
"''"1  fi''^-  Josh.  xi.  6. 

2.  To  act  on  with  fire ;  expose  to  the  action  of 
fire :  as,  to  burn  clay ;  to  burn  wood  for  charcoal ; 
to  burn  limestone.— 3.  To  produce  by  means 
of  fire:  as,  to  burn  charcoal. — 4.  To  "scorch; 
affect  or  injure  by  heat:  as,  to  burn  one's 
clothes  by  being  too  near  the  fire ;  to  burn  one's 
fingers;  to  burn  bread  or  meat. 
The  Sim  doth  biim  my  face. 

.S'Afffc,  Venus  and  Adonis,  I.  186. 

5.  To  inflame  or  tan  (the  skin),  as  sunlight. — 

6.  To  produce  an  effect  like  that  of  fire ;  heat 
or  inflame ;  affect  with  a  burning  sensation :  as, 
ardent  spirits  burn  the  stomach ;  a  biirningiever. 

This  tyrant  fever  burns  me  up.       Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  3. 

7.  In  chem.,  to  combine  with  oxygen;  oxygen- 
ize.—8.  In  surg.,  to  apply  a  cautery  to;"  cau- 
terize.-To  bum  daylight,  to  burn  a  candle  or  candles 
before  it  is  daik  ;  waste  light. 


burn 

Mer.  Come,  we  burn  daylight,  ho  I 

y{o«i.  Nay,  that's  not  so. 

Mer.  I  mean,  sir,  in  ilelay 

We  waste  our  lights  in  vain,  like  lamps  by  day. 

Shah.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  4. 
To  bum  down,  to  burn  to  the  ground,  as  all  the  com- 
bustible parts  of  a  building.— To  burn  in,  in  r/lass-iiialc- 
ing  and  potter;!,  to  tlx  and  render  durable  (the  coloring 
and  ornamentation)  by  means  of  great  and  long-continued 
heat  in  an  oven  or  kiln.—  To  burn  metals  together,  to 
join  tliem  by  meltiiiu  their  adjat-Liit  eil^^r.s.  or  heating  the 
adjacent  edges  ami  running  some  moltLii  metal  of  the 
same  kind  into  tlie  intermediate  space,  i'.  II.  Kni<ild.~ 
To  hum  one's  fingers,  to  receive  damage  or  loss  from 
meildling  witli  or  engaging  in  anything, 
to  destroy  or  obliterate  by  bm-nini 


728 


burnish 


burn^f,  V.  f.    [ME.,  <  OF.  hurnir,  burnish:  seo  burnie  (ber'ni),  ii.   [Dim.  otburii^.']   A  rivulet. 


bi(nti.sh.  In  form  and  sense  the  word  over 
laps  hurn'^  (ef.  burn\  v.  L,  4).]  To  bm-nish; 
brighten ;  make  gay  or  cheerful. 

Al  his  speche  and  cher  also  he  borneth. 

Climtcer,  Troilus,  i.  327. 

The  temple  of  Marz  armypotente 
Wrought  al  of  burned  steel. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1125. 

burn*  (bern),  n.    [Appar.  contr.  of  burthen^ 
or  burckn'^.']    A  burden  for  one  person.  Bay. 
j„  ^  ^     [Local,  Eng.  (Cornwall).] 

To  bum  out,  ijurnable  (ber'na-bl),  a.    [<  burn\  v.,  +  -able.} 

Must  you  With  hot  irons  burn  ont^^y.^^^^  ^  ^^^S^^^.  X-ticular  way  of  manur- 
To  burn  the  candle  at  both  ends.  See  c«n,H..- To  jug  land,  by  cutting  off  the  peat  or  turf  laying 
bum  up,  to  consume  completely  by  fire,  or  reduce  to  it  m  heaps,  and  burning  it  to  ashes.  Oompare 
ashes ;  as,' to  burn  up  apaper.  bcat^,  n.  and  r.,  and  denshire.  E.  Phillips,  170G. 

II,  intraits.  1.  To  be  on  fire;  flame:  as,  the  Ijurner  (ber'ner),  «•    1.  A  person  who  burns  or 


fuel  burns. 

A  still  and  sacred  fire 
That  hurn'd  as  on  an  altar. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

2.  To  become  charred,  singed,  or  scorched;  be 
injured  by  undue  exposure  to  fire  or  a  heated 
surface,  etc. :  as,  milk  or  oatmeal6Mrj(sif  cooked 
without  stii-ring. 

"  Your  meat  doth  burn,"  quoth  I.    Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  ii.  1. 

3.  To  become  inflamed  or  tanned,  or  to  become 
disintegrated  by  the  effect  of  heat  and  reflected 
sunlight,  as  the  sldn  from  imusual  or  prolonged 
exposure  to  the  sun  or  to  the  glare  from  a  sheet 
of  water.— 4.  To  glow  like  fii-e ;  shine  ;  gleam. 

The  barge  she  sat  in,  like  a  burnish'd  throne. 
Burnt  on  the  water.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  2. 

The  road,  wherever  it  came  into  sight,  burned  with  bril- 
liant costumes,  like  an  illuminated  page  of  Froissart. 

Lowell,  Fireside  '['ravels,  p.  243. 

5.  To  be  inflamed  with  passion  or  desire ;  be 
affected  with  strong  emotion:  as,  to  hum  with 
anger  or  love. 

Did  not  our  heart  burn  within  us  wliile  he  talked  with 
us  by  the  way?  Luke  xxiv.  32. 

True  charity  is  afflicted,  and  bxmis  at  the  offence  of  every 
little  one.  Milton,  On  Dei.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 

6t.  To  act  or  behave  with  destructive  violence ; 
be  in  a  state  of  violent  action ;  rage. 

Shall  thy  wrath  hum  like  Are?  Ps.  Ixxxix.  40. 

The  groan  still  deepens  and  the  combat  burns.  Pope. 

7.  To  be  affected  with  a  sensation  of  heat  or 
bui-ning  pain,  or  aeriility ;  feel  excess  of  heat : 
as,  the  face  burns;  the  patient  burns  with  a 
fever. —  8.  To  resemble  fire  in  the  effect  or 
the  sensation  produced.  [Rare.] 

Tlie  parching  air 
Burns  frore,  and  cold  performs  the  effect  of  fire. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  595. 

9.  In  certain  games,  to  be  very  near  a  con- 
cealed object  which  is  sought,  that  is,  so  near 
that  one  would  be  burned  if  it  were  fire ;  hence, 
to  be  nearly  right  in  a  guess.  [Colloq.] 

However,  the  explorers  must  have  burned  strongly  (as 
children  say  at  hide-and-seek)  when  they  attained  a  point 
so  near  to  the  fountains.  De  Quincey,  Herodotus. 

To  bum  blue.  See  blue,  a.—  To  burn  down,  to  be  burned 


sets  fire  to  anj-thing. 

Tlie  Milesian  Oracle  was  sacred  to  Apollo  Didymosus 
amongst  the  Branchidx,  who  betrayed  the  treasures  of 
their  God  to  Xer.xes  the  burner  of  their  Temple. 


[Scotch.] 

burning  (ber'ning),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  buni^,  t'.J 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  consuming  by  fire. — 

2.  In  nictnl-worldng,  the  act  or  process  of  unit- 
ing metallic  surfaces  by  fusing  them  together, 
or  by  running  molten  metal  of  the  same  kind 
between  them. —  3.  In  ceram.,  the  final  firing, 
as  for  glazing,  fixing  the  colors,  or  the  like :  used 
somewhat  loosely. 

burning  (ber'ning),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  burn'^,  !-.] 
1.  Scorching;  hot:  as,  the  burning  sands  of 
the  Sahara. —  2.  Powerful;  strong;  vehement; 
ardent. 

That  which  I  irrge  is  of  a  burning  zeal. 

Marlowe,  Edward  II.,  i.  4. 
Like  a  young  liound  upon  a  burning  scent.  Drydcn. 

3.  Causing  excitement,  ardor,  or  enthusiasm; 
enchaining  or  demanding  attention. 

The  Johaniiean  problem  is  the  burning  question  of 
modern  criticism  on  the  soil  of  the  New  Testament. 

Schaff,  Hist.  Christ.  Ch.,  I.  §  84. 

.-         „  „„„      =S'vn.  Blazing,  flaming,  scorcliing,  fiery,  hot. 

P«rc/ms,  Pdgnmage,  p.  332.  ijurning-busll  (ber'ning-bush),  «.    1.  The  em- 


2.  The  part  of  a  lamp  from  which  the  flame  is 
sues ;  the  part  that  holds  the  wick ;  also,  the  jet- 
piece  from  which  a  gas-flame  issues.  Burners  in- 
clude all  forms  of  apparatus  for  bm-ning  gas,  oils,  or  \  apors, 
sinulyor  in  combination  ;  as,  a  liydrocarbon  burner,  carlju- 
retin'g  gas-iio'/icr,  lime-light  burner,  regenerative  burner, 

etc.  See  id //i/<-^HrH(')- and  <;(!s-i/» )•)?(' r.—Bat's-wing  burn- 
er, a  form  of  gas-burner  from  whieli  tliere  issues  a  broad 
tlanie  supposed  to  lesi'inble  a 
bat's  w  ing.— Bude  burner,  an 
arrangement  consisting  of  two, 
three,  or  more  concentric  Argand 
burners,  eacli  inner  one  rising  a 
little  aliovf  tlie  outer,  liy  wliich  a 
very  powerful  liglit  is  produced. 
Named  from  r,uih\  in  Cornwall, 
the  residence  of  Mr.  (iurney,  the 
inventor.— Bunsen  burner,  a 
gas-l)urner  invented  by  a  Ger- 
man chemist,  R.  W.  Bunsen,  and 
improved  by  Wallace  and  Gode- 
froy.  It  is  arranged  in  such  a 
way  that  the  gas,  just  previous 
to  burning,  is  largely  tliluted  with 
air,  tints  ])roducing  a  iioii-lumi- 
nous  and  very  hot  thiine.  It  is  used 
in  chemicar  laboratories  and  in 
metallurgical  researcli  in  connec- 
tion with  a  variety  of  small  fur- 
naces, and  in  many  forms  of  gas- 
stoves,  heaters,  steamers,  etc.  — Fish-tall  burner,  a  gas- 
Imrner  whose  jet  takes  the  spreading  and  forked  form  of 
a  lisli's  tail.— Hydrocarbon  burner,  a  burner  for  pro- 
ducing heat  by  means  of  licpiid  fuel.  It  has  generally  a 
jet  of  air  or  steam,  or  of  both,  carrying  witli  it  a  spray 
of  coal-oil  or  petroleum,  which  is  lighted  and  burns 
under  a  lioiler.  —  Regenerative  burlier,  in  gas-light- 
ing, a  device  by  which  the  current  of  gas  is  heated  be- 
fore it  reaches  the  flame,  tlius  making  combustion  more 
complete. 

burnetH  (ber'net),  a.  and  n.  [I.  a.  <  ME.  bur- 
net,  <  OF.  brunet,  brunette,  lit.  brownish,  dim. 
of  i/-/f»,  brown:  seo  brown.  Cf.  brunette.  II. 
n.  <  ME.  burnet,  burnctte,  <  OF.  burncttc,  bru- 
nette =  Pr.  bruncta  =  Sp.  bruneta,  brunete,  < 
ML.  bruneta,  brunetum,  a  brownish,  dark-col- 
ored cloth.]    I.  a.  Brownish. 

Hire  mentel  grene  other  [orj  burnet.    Jtel.  Ant.,  I.  129. 

II.  n.  Cloth  dyed  of  a  brown  color. 


blem  adopted  by  the  Presbyterian  churches- 
of  Scotland  in  memory  of  the 
persecutions  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  and  bearing  the  legend 
"Nec  tanien  consumebatur " 
(yet  not  consumed),  in  allusion 
to  Ex.  jii.  2.  [Usually  two 
words.]  — 2.  A  name  of  various 
slirubs  or  plants,  (a)  The  Ameri- 
can species  of  Euonynius,  E.  airopurpurea  and  E.  Ameri- 
cana, celastraceous  shrubs  witli  bright-crimson,  pendu- 
lous, four-lobed  capsules,  often  cultivated  for  ornament.. 


Burning  Bush. 


Bunsen  Burner. 
n,a,  openings  to  admit  air. 


Burning-bush  (Euonymus  Americana), 
a,  dehiscing  fruit:  b,  section  of  flower. 
(From  Gray's  "Genera  of  Plants  of  the  U.  S.") 


to  the  ground;  be  consumed  Ijy  tire  from  top  to  bottom,  bumet'^  (ber'nct),  «.     [<  ME.  burnet,  pimper- 


as  a  building.—  To  bum  out,  to  burn  till  the  fuel  is  ex 
hausted  and  the  Pre  ceases.— To  bum  up,  to  lie  burned 
completely  or  reduced  to  ashes:  as,  the  paper  Imrned  up. 
burni  (bern),  n.  [<  &Hr«i,  «'.]  1.  A  hurt  or  in- 
jury caused  by  the  action  of  fire,  especially  on 
a  living  body  ;'  a  burnt  place  in  any  substance. 
—  2.  The  operation  of  burning  or  baking,  as  in 
brickmaking:  as,  they  had  a  good  burn. —  3. 
A  disease  in  vegetables.  See  brand,  6. — 4.  A 
clearing  in  the  woods  made  by  burning  the 
trees.  [U.  S.]=Syn.  1.  Bum,  Scald.  Burns  are  pro- 
duced by  heated  solids  or  by  flames,  scalds  by  heated  fluids 
or  vapors.    See  scorch,  v.  t. 

burn2  (bern),  n.    [Also  written  bourn,  bmirne, 
which  with 
south  of  Engl: 

bourne,  commonly  burne,  <  AS.  burna,  masc, 
also  burne,  fem.,  a  brook,  stream  (=  OS.  brun- 
no  -  OFries.  burna  =  OD.  borne,  D.  born,  bron 
=  LG.  born  (>  G.  born)  =  OHG.  britnno,  MHG 


nel  ;  <  OF.  brunete,  also  brunette,  the  name  of  a 
plant,  prob.  burnet;  cf.  ML.  burneta,  spring- 
wort  (Vocab.  ed.  Wright,  2d  ed.,  p.  557,  1.  42) ; 
prob.  so  called  with  some  allusion  to  color; 
cf.  burnet^.']  1+.  The  pimpernel,  AnagalUs  ar- 
^cnsis. —  2.  The  common  name  of  species  of 
Potcrium,  an  herbaceous  genus  of  the  natural 
order  Rosacea'.  The  common 
Poterium  Sanyuisorba,  also  called  salad- 
burnet  is  P.  officinale. 

Of  pympurnolle  [pimpernell  to  speke  thenke  y'get 
And  Englysh  ycalled  is  burnet. 


a  difl.  pron.  is  the  usual  form  in  the  bumet-moth  (ber'net-moth),  n.  A  moth 
igland  (see  bourn^,  bourne^);  <  ME.    genus  Zygtena  or  Anthroccra ;  one  of  the 


many 

moths  of  the  family  Zijgamda'.  The  six-spotted 
hurnet-moth  is  Z.  or  A.  fiUpe  'ndula>,  a  common  European 
species,  with  six  red  spots  on  a  dark  ground ;  the  larva  is 
yellow,  spotted  with  black.  Z.  or  A.  loti  is  another  spe- 
cies, the  five-spotted  burnet-nioth. 

brunne,  G.  brunnen,  brunne,  hrunn  =  Icel.  brunnr  bumet-rose  (ber'net-roz),  n.    Same  as  burnet^. 
=  Sw.  brunn  —  Dan.  brand,  a  spring,  fountain,  bumettet,  n-    Same  as  burnet^. 
well,  =  Goth,  brunna,  a  spring),  prob.  <  *hriH-  burnettise,  v-  t.    See  burnettisc. 


nan  (pp.  *brunnen),  etc.,  bum:  see  burn'^.  Cf. 
the  similar  origin  of  tvell^  and  torrent.  Not 
connected  with  Gr.  <l>p£ap,  a  well.]  A  rivulet; 
a  brook.    [Scotch  and  North.  Eng.] 

Follow  the  deer 
By  these  tall  firs  and  our  fast-falling  burm. 

Tennyson,  Garetli  and  .Lynette. 

It  occurs  in  various  place-names,  as  Bannock- 
iurn,  Black&ttr;<,  etc. 


See  Euonynius.    (b)  The  artillery-plant,  Pilea  serpyUi- 
folia    (c)'  The  plant  Dictamnus  Fraxinella,  so  called  he- 
cause  its  volatile  secretions  render  the  surrounding  air 
inflammable  in  hot  weather, 
burning-fluid  (ber'ning-fl6"id),  n.    A  very  ex- 
plosive illuminating  liquid,  consisting  of  a  mix- 
ture of  about  3  volumes  of  alcohol  and  1  of 
camphene  or  purified  turpentine-oil,  burned  in 
lamps  specially  constructed  for  the  purpose,  but 
,  .     superseded  by  petroleum  after  a  few  years'  use. 
Z-Ztt  S  eat  burning-glass  (ber'ning-glas),  n.    A  double 
,ad  burnet.  ine  gieat    ^^^^^^^^^^^^  ^j,  gj^^^g  ^^^^      jgjjite  combustible- 
substances,  melt  metals,  etc.,  by  focusing  upon^ 
them  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun. 
MS.  Sloane,2iVl,i.  G.   (HaKiweZi.)  ^juj-ning-hOUSe  (ber'ning-hous),  w.     The  fur- 
A  moth  of  the    uace  in  which  tin  ores  are  calcined  to  sublime- 
the  sulphur  from  the  pyrites;  a  kiln, 
burning-mirror  (ber'ning-mir"or),  n.  Aeon- 
cave  mirror,  usually  of  metal,  used  as  a  burn- 
ing-glass.  The  power  of  a  burning-mirror  is  consider- 
ably greater  than  that  of  a  burning-glass  of  equal  extent- 
and  equal  curvature, 
burnish  (ber'nish),  v.    [<  ME.  burnischen,  bwr- 
nissen,  <  OF.  burniss-,  stem  of  certain  parts  ot 
burnir,  brunir,  F.  brunir  (>  G.  briiuireu)  (=  Pr. 
bornir,  brunir  -  Sp.  brufiir,  brofiir  =  Pg.  brunir, 
bornir  =  It.  brunire),  polish,  make  brown,  < 
brun,  brown,  also  poet,  bright,  shining:  see 
brown.   Also  formerly  in  more  orig.  form  burn  : 
see  bur nS.']    I,  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  glow  or 
become  resplendent. 

Now  the  village  windows  blaze. 
Burnished  by  the  setting  sun. 

J.  Cunningliam,  Evening- 


burnettize'  (ber'net-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  lur- 
netticed,  ppr.  burnettizing.  [<  Burnett  (see  Bur- 
nett's liquid,  under  liquid)  +  -ize.']  To  impreg- 
nate, as  timber,  canvas,  cordage,  dead  bodies, 
etc.,  with  Burnett's  liquid,  for  the  purpose  of 
preserving  them  from  decay. 
Burnett's  liquid.  See  liquid. 
burne'win  (bor'ne-win),  n.  [Sc.,  for  burn-the- 
wind.']    A  blacksmith.  Burns. 


burnish 

The  wide  lake,  edged  w  ith  sand  and  grass 
Was  burnished  to  a  Hoor  of  glass. 

Emerson,  ^^'■oodnotes,  i. 

2.  To  polish  by  friction;  make  smooth  and 
lustrous :  as,  to  burnish  steel. 

Burnish  no  bones  with  thy  teeth, 
for  that  is  vnseemely. 

Rhodes,  Boke  of  Kurture  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  77. 
"Who  doth  the  world  so  gloriously  behold, 
That  cedar-tops  and  hills  seem  buniish'd'goU. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adcjuis,  1.  858. 
Il.f  intrans.  To  grow,  as  a  child;  thrive; 
flouiish ;  become  fat  and  sleek ;  hence,  to  be- 
come bright  or  brilliant ;  shew  conspicuously. 
Ere  Juno  burnished,  or  young  Jove  was  gi-own. 

,,  Dryden. 
I  ve  seen  a  snake  in  human  form  .  .  . 
Burnish  and  make  a  gaudy  show. 

Sivift,  Description  of  a  Salamander, 
burnish  (ber'nish),  n.    [<  hurnisli,  v.']  Polish; 
hence,  gloss;  brightness;  luster. 

As  to  Chrysostom,  and  Basil,  with  less  of  pomp  and 
swagger  than  Gregory,  they  have  not  at  all  more  of  rhe- 
torical burnish  and  compression.  De  Quineey,  Rhetoric, 
burnisher  (ber'nish-er),  n.  1.  One  who  bm-- 
nishes  or  polishes. —  2.  A  tool  of  various  shapes 
and  material,  but  commonly  with  a  smooth, 
slightly  convex  head,  used  for  polishing  in  va- 
rious processes  and  operations,  as  in  porce- 
lain-painting, dentistry,  etc.— 3.  An  instru- 
ment of  tempered  steel,  with  sUghtly  curved 
polished  sides  and  rounded  point,  used  by 
etchers  and  line-engravers  to  remove  rough- 
nesses, scratches,  and  stains  from  the  surface 

of  a  metal  plate.  Wood-engravers  who  wish  to  take  by 
hand  a  trial-proof  of  a  block,  finished  or  in  progress  ink 
the  raised  lines,  lay  over  them  a  piece  of  India  paper  and 
a  card,  and  then,  by  even  friction  with  the  burnisher  ob- 
tain the  desired  impression.  ' 
4.  In  shoemaking,  a  polishing-machine  which 
holds  the  shoe  firmly  while  a  heated  steel  tool  is 
pressed  with  force  against  the  heel  or  sole,  pre- 
viously moistened  with  a  preparation  of  varnish, 
burnoose,  burnous  (ber-nos'  or  ber'nos),  II. 
[Also  written  bernousc,  burnouse,  burnos,  bour- 
nous;  <  F.  burnous,  bournoits  =  Sp.  albornoz  = 
Pg.  albcrnoz  or  albornoz,  a  kind  of  Moorish 
cloak,  <  Ar.  «?,the  (see  al-'^),  +  burnus,  bunius, 
a  hooded  cloak.]  1.  An  outer  garment  made 
of  a  coarse  woolen  fabric,  worn  by  men  in  the 
Barbary  States,  throughout  northwestern  Afri- 
ca, and  in  Arabia,  it  differs  from  the  aba  in  having 
a  hood,  and  in  being  more  commonly  made  of  undyed  wool 
so  that  It  generally  has  a  brownish-white  color  without 
stripes  or  pattern  ;  but  it  is  also  made  black,  and  striped 
with  red  and  white. 

The  males  were  clad  in  burnooses —  hvown  or  striced 
woollen  cloaks  with  hoods.  "li-cu 

M.  F.  Burton,  El-JIedinah,  p.  123. 

Hence  — 2.  A  garment  worn  by  women  in  Eu- 
rope and  the  United  States  at  different  times 
since  1850.  it  sometimes  has  a  hood  with  a  tassel  at  the 
end,  and  is  in  general  a  loose  outer  cloak  without  sleeves 
It  has  been  made  of  many  different  materials,  usually  with 
stripes.  ■' 

burnstickle  (bem'stik-l),  n.  [Perverted  fi-om 
bansticMe.']  A  name  of  the  stickleback,  Gaste- 
rosteus  biaculeatiis. 

burnt  (bernt),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  buni^,  v.-]  1.  Con- 
sumed or  scorched  by  fire.—  2.  Crumbly,  and 
partly  or  entirely  unweldable,  fi-om  having 
been  raised  to  too  high  a  temperatm-e  in  con- 
tact with  the  air :  said  of  iron  and  steel.  The 
natui-e  of  the  change  which  the  metal  under- 
goes is  not  yet  cleariy  understood.-  Burnt  alum 

bee  alum.—Burnt  bowl,  CUrling-stone,  etc.,  in  games' 
a  bowl,  etc.,  which  has  been  accidentally  touched  or 
moved,  and  which  must  be  renio\'ed  as  dead  —Burnt 
carmme.  See  canrdne.—Bvmit  fox,  a  slang  name  for 
a  student  during  his  second  half  year  in  the  German  uni- 
versities.—Burnt  in,  in  ceram.,  sometimes  said  of  colors 
that  have  been  applied  under  the  glaze,  and  are  fired  with 
It.— Burnt  limestone,  calcined  limestone.— Burnt  ore 
roasted  ore. -Burnt  Roman  ocher,  sienna,  sponge' 
terra  yerte,  umber.  See  the  nouns.-Burnt  wine,  wine 
treated  in  such  a  manner  as  to  acquire  a  peculiar  flavor 
suggestive  of  burning. 

Burnt  wine  \s.  a  wine  boiled  up  with  sugar  and  some- 
times with  a  little  spice.  Rees,  Cyc. 


729 

The  regulations  respecting  it  are  given  in  detail  in  Leviti- 
cus 1.  and  VI.  8-13.  It  represented  the  entire  self-dedi- 
cation of  the  offerer  to  God,  and  was  always  preceded 
by  a  sin-oftering.  Tlie  oliject  offered  was  to  be  a  male 
without  blemish,  a  young  bullock,  ram,  or  he-goat  or  in 
case  of  poverty,  a  turtle-dove  or  pigeon.  It  was  brought 
by  the  offerer  of  his  own  free  will,  and  .slain  by  himself 
Ihe  public  burnt-ofterings  were  :  (1)  the  daily  buriit-ofter- 
ings,  sacrificed  eveiy  morning  and  evening  for  the  people 
(Num.  xxviii.  3-8);  (2)  the  sabbath  Imrnt-offering  (Num. 
xxyiu.  9,  10) ;  (3)  certain  specified  burnt-offerings  on  ap- 
pointed feast-ilays  (Num.  x.xviii.  11-29,  39).  There  were 
also  private  burnt-ofierings  appointed  for  certain  set 
times.  Free-will  burnt-offerings  might  be  offered  on  any 
special  solemn  occasion. 

burnt-sacrifice  (bemt'sak'ri-fis),  n.    Same  as 

burnt-offering. 

burnt-Stone  (bemt'ston),  «.  An  antique  ear- 
nehan  such  as  are  sometimes  found  in  ancient 
rums  and  have  apparently  been  acted  on  by 
nre.  xiiey  appear  dull  externally,  but  show  a  fine  red 
color  when  held  up  to  the  light.  They  are  much  esteemed 
bringing  a  high  price,  especially  when  ornamented  by  fine 
engraving.  •' 

burnwood  (bem'wud),  n.  The  Bhus  Metopium, 
a  poisonous  species  of  sumac,  foimd  in  south- 
ern Florida  and  the  West  Indies.    Also  called 

biiniivood. 

bur-parsley  (ber'^iars'li),  n.  The  common 
name  of  Caucahs  daucokles,  an  umbelliferous 
plant  with  bristly  bur-like  carpels.  It  is  fre- 
quently found  in  corn-fields  with  chalky  soils 
m  England. 

bur-pump,  burr-pump  (ber'pump),  n.  Naut, 
a  kind  of  pump  m  which  a  cup-shaped  cone  of 
leather  nailed  on  the  end  of  a  pump-rod  serves 
instead  of  a  box,  its  sides  collapsing  as  the  rod 
descends,  and  expanding  with  the  weight  of  the 
water  as  it  ascends ;  a  bilge-pump, 
burri,  burr2,  etc.  See  bur^,  bur^,  etc. 
Burr  Act.   Bee  act. 

burraget  (ber'aj),  n.  An  older  spelling  of 
borage. 

burramundi  (biu--a-mun'di),  n.  Same  as  bar- 
ramunda. 

burras-pipe  (bur'as-pip),  «.    [<  hia-ras  «  F. 
boitrras,  <  ML.  *borratius,  borazius,  coarse  linen 
or  canvas  (cf.  borratium,  a  coarse  garment),  < 
borra,  burra,  coarse  hair,  wool,  etc. :  see  burrel) 
+  inpe.']    A  tube  for  holding  lunar  caustic  or 
other  corrosive  substance, 
burrawang-nut  (bur'a--wang-nut),  n.  [<  burra- 
wang,  native  name,  -t^'  nut.']    The  Macrozamia 
spiralis,  a  cyeadaceous  plant  of  New  South 
Wales.    It  yields  a  kind  of  arrowroot, 
bur-reed  (ber'red),  n.    The  common  name  of 
species  of  Sparganium,  so  called  from  their 
narrow,  reed-like  leaves  and  bur-like  heads  of 
fi-uit.     The  floating  bur-reed  is  S.  angustifo- 
lium.   See  Sparganium. 
burrel  (bur'el),  «.    [Also  written  burrell,  early 
mod.  E.  also  buret,  barrel,  borel,  <  ME.  borel  (see 
borell),  <  OP.  buret  (=  Pr.  buret  =  Sp.  buriel), 
reddish;  as  a  noun,  buret,  later  bureau,  a  kind 
of  coarse  cloth  (mod.  F.  bureau,  a  table,  etc.,  > 
E.  bureau,  q.  v.)  (=  Pr.  buret  =  Sp.  buriel  =  Pg. 
buret  =  It.  burello  =  ML.  burellus,  hurrellus,  bu- 
reltum,  burallus),  dim.  of  bxire  (ML.  bura),  a  kind 
of  coarse  cloth  of  a  reddish  or  russet  color,  < 
ML.  burra,  coarse  hair  used  for  stuffing,  etc., 
LL.  bui-ra,  a  shaggy  garment  (also  a  cow  with 
a  red  mouth  or  muzzle)  (pi.  burrw,  trifles, 
jests) ;  cf.  birrus,  a  cloak  of  wool  or  silk  (see 
Inrrus);  <  OL.  burrus,  later  bi/rrus,  red,  prob.  < 
Gr.  TTiippoc,  older  Trvpaog,  red,  flame-colored,  usu- 
ally referred  to  Trip  =  E.  fire.    Hence  bolt2, 
etc.]    1.  A  kind  of  coarse  russet  cloth  used  in 
the  middle  ages. 

His  white  mantle  was  shaped  with  severe  regularity  ac- 
cording to  the  rule  of  Saint  Bernard  himself,  being  com- 
posed of  what  was  then  called  burrel  cloth. 

Scott,  Ivanhoe,  xxxv 


burnt-ear  (bemt'er),  n.  A  form  of  smut  in 
oats,  wheat,  and  other  cereals  and  grasses,  pro- 
duced by  a  microscopic  fungus,  Ustilaqo  carbo. 
Ihe  tissues  of  the  plant  are  destroyed  and  replaced  by  an 
abundance  of  black  dust-like  spores 

burnt-oflfering  (bemt'of 'er-ing),  n.  An  of- 
fering burnt  upon  an  altar  as  a  religious  rite ; 
specifically,  in  the  Jewish  ritual,  an  animal  or 
animals  of  a  prescribed  kind,  the  whole  of 
which,  after  ceremonial  preparation,  was  bmm- 
ed  upon  an  altar;  a  holocaust.  Parts  of  many 
other  ofterings  were  burned,  but  the  term  is  generally 
^»n,';'  H**  ^°  °"f  P?*  entirely  so,  sometimes  specifi- 
cally called  a  whole  burnt-offering.  This  was  tlie  only  of- 
lering  of  the  ancient  patriarchs,  and  is  the  only  one  men- 
tioned in  the  book  of  Genesis.  Afterward  it  became  one 
oi  the  regular  classes  of  sacrifice  under  the  Levitical  law 


2.  A  silk  mentioned  in  the  schedule  of  Queen 
Ehzabeth's  wardrobe.  Fairliolt.—  S.  [Alsobur- 
ret-pear,  altered,  in  simulation  of  burrel  (OF 
buret,  reddish),  <  burij,  bury-pear:  see  buri/i.] 
Same  as  bury^. 
burrel-fly  (bur'el-fli),  n.   A  kind  of  reddish 
gadfly,  or  breeze, 
burrellert  (bur'el-er),  n.    [Also  written  burril- 
ler;  i  burrel  +  -erl.]    A  maker  of  burrel;  a 
elothmaker. 

burrel-shot  (bur'el-shot),  n.  [<  *burret  (per- 
haps <  F.  bourreler,  tonnent)  -I-  shot.]  Small 
shot,  nails,  stones,  pieces  of  old  iron,  etc.,  put 
into  cases,  to  be  discharged  from  a  cannon  at 
short  range ;  an  emergency  shot. 

burrhel  (bur'el),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  kind  of  wild 
sheep  inhabiting  the  Himalayas ;  Ovis  burrhel 
of  Blyth.    Also  barhal. 

burrhstone,  n.   See  burstone. 


bursa 

burridget  (bur'ij),  n.     An  older  .spelling  of 

borage. 

burring  (ber'ing),  n.  [<  6?<rl,  burr^,  +  -(«(/l.] 
Ihe  process  of  cleaning  or  removing  the  burs 
and  rubbish  from  wool  previous  to  carding, 
burring-machine  (bir'ing-ma-shen"),  n.  A 
niachiuc  for  picking  and  burring  wool  before  it 
is  carded. 

burrish  (ber'ish),  a.  [<  bur^,  burr^.  +  -ishl.-\ 
Rough;  prickly;  burry. 
Burrite  (ber'it),  n.  [<  Jhirr  (see  def.)  -I-  -i7e2.] 
In  New  York  State  politics,  one  of  that  faction 
of  tlio  Democratic-Republican  partv  which  sup- 
ported Aaron  Burr,  from  about  1797  to  1807. 
burroi  (bur'6),  h.  [Sp.]  A  donkey.  [West- 
ern U.  S.] 

burro2  (biir'o),  n.   [Cf.  Shetland  burra,  the  com- 
mon rush,  Juncus  squarrosus :  see  bur'^,  6«n'l.] 
A  name  sometimes  given  in  Great  Britain  to 
the  alga  Laminaria  digitata. 
burrockf  (bur'ok),  n.    [Origin  uncertain.]  A 
small  weir  or  dam  put  in  a  river  to  direct  the 
stream  to  gaps  where  fish-traps  are  placed, 
burroughlf,  ».  An  obsolete  spelling  of  ioroi/r//;!. 
burrough'-'t,  ».  -Aji  obsolete  spelling  of  burrow''^. 
burrough-H  (bui-'6),  n.    Same  as  /w/rorl,  1. 
burrow't,  n.    An  obsolete  .spelling  of  borour/hK 
burrow2  (bur'6),  n.    [E.  dial,  also  abbr.  bur; 
also  formerly  burg  (see  bury^) ;  <  JIE.  borow, 
borw,  a  hole  as  a  place  of  shelter,  a  mound,  var. 
(appar.  by  confusion  with  borowe.  bonce,  buruh, 
<  AS.  burh,  E.  borougli'i-,  a  fortified  place,  bor- 
ough) of  bcrw,  beoruh,  etc.,  <  AS.  bcorh,  E. 
barrow'^,  a  moimd:  see  burrou-^  =  borough^, 
and  barrow'^,  berryA]    1.  A  ban-ow  ;  a  mound. 
Sir  T.  Browne.   See  barrow^.    [Now  only  prov. 
Eng.]— 2.  In  mining,  the  heap  of  refuse  rock 
at  the  mouth  of  a  shaft,  or  entrance  of  an  adit- 
level  or  tunnel.— 3.  A  hole  in  the  ground  ex- 
cavated by  an  animal,  as  a  rabbit  or  a  mar- 
mot, as  a  refuge  and  habitation. 

It  fthe  lemming]  lives  in  burrows  made  by  *ts  Ion"  and 
crooked  claws.  T.  R.  Jones,  Mammalia,  p.  201. 

4.  [Perhaps  in  ref.  to  the  usually  circular 
shape  of  mounds;  cf.  the  equiv.  Sc.  brouqh'^, 
otherwise  referred  to  burroir'^  =  borough^  = 
brought,  q.  v.  In  mod.  E.  dial.  abbr.  burr.']  A 
circle.  Compare  bur^,  burr^,  2. 
Burwhe  [var.  burrowe],  sercle,  orbiculus. 

Prompt.  Pan:,  p.  .56. 
burrow2  (bur'6),  v.    [<  burrow^,  «.]    I.  intran.^. 

1.  To  make  a  hole  or  buiTow  to  lodge  iu,  as  in 
the  earth ;  work  a  way  into  or  under  somethuig. 

The  incidence  of  forces  is  the  same  all  around  the 
iarth-wonn  as  it  burrows  through  the  compact  ground. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  2.50. 

2.  To  lodge  in  a  burrow;  in  a  more  general 
sense,  to  lodge  in  any  deep  or  concealed  place; 
hide.  ' 

The  human  vermin  which  .  .  .  burrow  among  all  phys- 
ical and  among  all  moral  pollution. 

Maeaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  x. 
II.  trans.  To  perforate  with  a  burrow  or  as- 
with  burrows. 

All  the  loose  blocks  of  coral  on  Keeling  atoll  were  bur- 
ro teed  by  vermiform  animals.  Darwin,  Coral  Keefs,  p.  154. 

burrow^t  (bur'6),  n.   A  variant  of  borroic^ 
burrow-duck  (bur'6-duk),  «.    A  name  of  the 
bergander  or  sheldi-ake,  Tadorna  vulnanscr  or 
T.  cornuta. 

burrower  (bur'6-er),  n.    1.  One  who  or  that 
which  burrows.    Specifically— 2.  One  of  the 
fossorial  aculeate  Hymenoptera ;  one  of  the 
Fossores  (which  see), 
burr-pump,  n.    See  bur-pump. 
burry  (ber'i),  «.   [<  bur'i-,  burr^,  +  -yl.]  FuU  of 
burs;  resembling  burs :  as,  burry  wool. 
bursa  (ber'sa),  k.  ;  pi.  bursa;  (-se).    [ML.,  a 
pouch,  purse:  see  burse,  bourse,  purse.]  In 
anat.  and  zodl.,  a  pouch,  sac,  or  vesicle:  vari- 
ously applied  with  a  qualifving  tenn.- Bursa 
Choroidea,  the  choroid  poucli :  the  marsupium  or  pecten 
m  the  interior  of  a  birds  eyeball.    See  Marsvpiiim  — 
BlU-sa  copulatrix.a  copulatoiypouch,  as  in  artlironods 
—  Bursa  Entiana,  in  ichth.,  the  Entian  pouch  a  duo- 
denal portion  of  the  intestine,  succeeding  the  pylorus 
usually  dilated.— Bursa  Fabricii,  in  ornith.,  the  Fal)ril 
cian  pouch  or  anal  gland  ;  a  peculiar  glandular  sac,  which 
opens  into  the  anterior  and  dorsal  region  of  the  cloaca 
m  birds.— Bursa  genitalis,  in  echinodeims,  a  "enital 
poucli,  into  whicli  the  geneAtive  products  pass  and 
thence  to  the  exterior,  as  in  the  ophiurians.— Bursa  mu- 
cosa or  synovialis  (mucous  or  synovial  pouch),  a  closed 
sac  containing  a  small  amount  of  synovia,  placed  be- 
tween parts  moving  on  one  another,  to  facilitate  motion 
as  between  a  ten<lon  and  a  bone  or  between  the  skin  ami 
a  bony  proimnence.   These  bursa:  are  usually  lined  with 
endothelium,  sometimes  not.    They  soinetime's  communi- 
cate with  the  cavity  of  a  joint.    The  name  is  not  now 
as  formerly,  extended  to  the  synovial  sheaths  of  tendons 
nor  to  the  synovial  cavities  of  joints.    See  cut  under  hoof 
—Bursa  omentalis,  the  cavity  of  the  lesser  omentum 


bursal 

bursal  (ber'sal),  rt.  [<.  bursa  + -al.']  Oforper- 
taiuiiig  to  a  fciu'sa  or  biu'sa). 

bursalis  (ber-sa'lis),  pi.  bursales  (-lez). 
[NL.,  <  ML.  bitrsa:  see  buim.^  A  muscle  of 
the  eyeball  of  birds  aud  many  other  iSauwp- 
sida,  serving  to  operate  the  nictitating  mem- 
brane or  thii'd  eyelid,  usually  in  connection 
with  another  muscle  called  the  pyramidaUs.  In 
birds  this  muscle  is  also  called  the  quadrate  or 
quadratus. 

bursalogy  (ber-sal'o-ji),  n.  [<  ML.  (NL.)  bursa 
+  Gr.  -/oyia,  <  Aiyeiv,  speak :  see  -ologtj.']  In 
anat.  and  rot>7.,  the  study  of,  or  what  is  known 
regarding,  the  bui's». 

bursar  (ber'sar),  n.  [<  ML.  biirsarius  (>  F. 
boursier),  a  treasiu-er,  <  bursa,  a  burse :  see 
burseJ]  1.  A  student  in  a  college  who  receives 
an  allowance  from  a  fund  for  his  subsistence, 

called  a  burse  or  bursary.  The  word  was  formerly  in 
general  use,  and  is  still  used  in  Scotch  colleges ;  but  in 
Cambridge  such  scholars  are  now  called  sizars,  in  Oxford 
servitors. 

2.  The  purser,  treasirrer,  or  bailiff  of  a  college 
or  other  community. 
Bursaria  (ber-sa'ri-a),  11.  [NL.,  <  ML.  bursa, 
a  pouch.]  A  genus  of  ciliate  infusorians,  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Bursariida',  to  which  very  dif- 
ferent limits  have  been  given.  («)  By  the  old 

writers  numerous  dissimilar  forms  were  combined  in  it. 
(b)  By  recent  writers  it  is  restricted  to  the  B.  trunca- 
tella  and  closely  allied  species  inhabiting  fresh  water. 

Bursariidse  (ber-sa-ri'i-de),  n.jjl.  [NL.,<  Bur- 
saria +  -«?«'.]  A  family  of  ciliate  heterotri- 
chous  animalcules,  typified  by  the  genus  Bursa- 
ria. The  oral  cilia  form  a  simple  straight  or  oblique  adoral 
fringe.  The  animalcules  are  free-swinmiing,  persistent  in 
shape,  and  more  or  less  oval,  but  often  flattened.  Slost  of 
the  species  occur  in  the  intestines  of  rayriapods  and  worms. 

bursarship  (ber'sar-ship),  n.  [<  bursar  +  -ship.'] 
1.  The  office  of  a  biu'sar. — 2.  A  bursary. 

bursary  (ber'sa-ri),  w. ;  pi.  bursaries  (-riz).  [< 
ML.  bursaria,  office  of  a  bursar:  see  bursar.'] 

1 .  The  treasui-y  of  a  college  or  monastery. — 

2.  In  the  universities  and  colleges  of  Scot- 
land, a  grant  of  money  for  a  short  period  of 
years,  obtained  by  a  student,  usually  by  com- 
petitive examination,  to  enable  him  to  prose- 
cute his  studies. 

bursch  (bursh),  «. ;  pi.  burscJien  (bur'shen). 
[G.,  <  MHG.  burse,  a  society,  esp.  of  students, 
prop,  a  (common)  purse  (>  G.  borse,  a  purse),  < 
ML.  bursa,  a  purse:  see  burse  and  purse.]  In 
Germany,  a  boy  or  lad ;  specifically,  a  student 
at  a  university,  especially  a  corps-student, 
burse  (bers),  n.  [<  F.  bourse,  a  piu-se,  bursary, 
exchange,  stock  exchange  (see  bourse),  <  ML. 
bursa,  a  purse,  a  bag,  a  skin,  <  Gr.  jSvpaa,  a  hide, 
skin :  see  purse,  which  is  a  doublet  of  burse.] 
1.  A  bag;  a  pouch;  a  purse.  Specifically— (a)  A 
bag  used  to  cover  a  crown,  (fj)  Eedes.,  a  receptacle 
for  the  corporal  and  chalice-cover.  It  is  square  and  flat, 
made  of  cardboard  covered  with  ricli  silk  or  cloth  of  gold, 
embroidered  and  studded  with  jewels,  open  on  one  side 
only,  and  placed  over  the  chalice-veil  when  the  sacred 
vessels  are  carried  to  the  altar  by  the  celebrant. 
2t.  Anything  resembling  a  purse ;  a  vesicle ;  a 
pod.  Eolland. — 3t.  Abourse;  an  exchange:  as, 
''merchants'  burses,"  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  To 
the  Reader. 

Come  then,  my  soul,  approach  this  royal  hurse, 
And  see  what  wares  our  great  exchange  retains. 

Quarles,  Emblems,  ii.  7. 

4.  A  bursary.  See  bursary,  2.  [Scotch.]— The 
burse,  the  Royal  Exchange  in  London,  built  by  Sir 
Thomas  Greshara  in  1566,  or  the  New  Exchange,  called 
Britain's  Burxe,  and  afterward  Exeter  'Change,  built  in 
1609  by  tlie  Earl  of  Salisbury  on  the  site  of  the  present  Ex- 
eter Hall  in  the  Strand.  There  were  shops  over  the  ex- 
change, where  female  finery  was  sold.  Hence  the  allusion 
in  the  quotation. 

She  says  she  went  to  the  Burse  for  patterns. 

Middleton  and  Dekker,  Roaring  Girl,  vi. 

She  has  been  at  Britain's  burse  a  buying  pins  and  nee- 
dles. Olapthorne,  Wit  in  Constab. 

burseholdert,  n.    Same  as  borsholder. 

Of  which  tenn  ech  one  was  bounde  for  another,  and  the 
eldest  or  best  of  them,  whom  they  called  the  Tithingman 
or  Burseholder,  that  is,  the  eldest  pledge,  became  suretye 
for  all  the  rest.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

Bursera  (ber'se-ra),  n.  [NL.,  named  after  Jo- 
achim Burser,  a  German  botanist  of  the  seven- 
teenth century.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  or- 
der Burseraceie,  small  trees  or  shrubs  of  Mexico 
and  tropical  America.  There  are  over  40  species, 
with  soft,  brittle  wood,  yielding  a  fragi'ant  resin  which  is 
used  for  varnish,  incense,  etc. 

Burseracese  (ber-se-ra'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bur- 
sera  +  -acece.]  A  natural  order  of  polypetalous 
exogens,  shrubs  or  trees  of  warm  countries, 
with  compound  dotted  leaves.  Very  many  aljound 
in  fragrant  balsams  or  resins  which  have  from  early  times 
been  employed  in  medicine,  fumigation,  and  perfumery. 
Species  of  Boswellia  yield  olibanum  or  frankincense.  Com- 


730 

miphora  is  the  source  of  myrrh,  balm  of  Gilead,  and  other 
resins.  Different  kinds  of  gum  elemi  are  obtained  from 
species  of  Canarium,  Bursera,  and  Protium. 

burseraceous  (ber-se-ra'shius),  a.  Belonging 
to  the  natural  order  Burseracece. 

bursiculate  (ber-sik'ii-lat),  a.  [<  NL.  bursicu- 
latus,  <  *bursicula,  dim.  of  ML.  bursa,  a  purse, 
pouch:  see  burse,  jnirse.]  1.  Bursiform. —  2. 
In  bot.,  resembling  a  smaU  pouch,  or  having  a 
small  pouch-like  cavity. 

bursiform  (ber'si-form),  a.  [<  ML.  bursa,  purse, 
4-  L.  forma,  shape:  see  purse  and  form,  n.] 
Pouch-like;  saccate;  saccular;  vesicular. 

bursitis  (ber-si'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  bursa  +  -itis.] 
In  patliol.,  inflammation  of  a  bursa. 

Burslem  porcelain,  pottery.  See  porcelain, 
pottery. 

burst  (berst),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  burst,  ppr.  bu7-st- 
ing.  [E.  dial,  also  brust,  brest,  brast;  <  ME. 
bersten,  brcsten,  bristen  (pret.  barst,  berst,  brast, 
pi.  bursten,  pp.  bursten,  borsten,  brosten),  <  AS. 
berstan  for  *6resto».(pret.  bccrst,  pi.  burston,  pp. 
borsten)  =  OS.  brestan  =  OFries.  bcrsta  =  D. 
bersten  =  MLG.  bersten,  barsten,  borsten,  LG. 
barstcn  =  OHG.  brestan,  MHG.  bresten,  G.  ber- 
sten =  Icel.  bresta  =  Sw.  brista  =  Dan.  bristc, 
all  orig.  intrans.,  burst,  break  asimder;  prob. 
allied  to  AS.  brecan,  E.  breah,  etc.  Cf.  Ir.  bri- 
sim,  I  break,  Gael,  bris,  brisd,  break:  see  bruise. 
The  spelling  with  u  instead  of  e  is  partly  due  to 
the  pret.  and  pp.  forms.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  fly 
or  break  open  as  an  effect  of  internal  forces  and 
vnth  sudden  violence;  suffer  a  violent  disrup- 
tion; explode. 

And  now  a  bubble  burst,  and  now  a  world. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  i.  90. 
A  delicate  spark 
Of  glowing  and  growing  light  .  .  . 
Ready  to  burst  in  a  coUnir'd  fiame. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  vi.  3. 

Hence — 2.  Figuratively,  to  break  or  give  way 
from  violent  pain  or  emotion :  as,  my  head  will 
burst;  her  heart  burst  with  grief. 

So  they  bryng  the  bolde  kyng  bynne  the  schippe  burde, 
That  nere  lie  bristez  for  bale,  one  bede  whare  he  lyggez. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  805. 
No,  no ;  my  heart  will  burst,  an  if  I  speak : 
And  I  will  speak,  that  so  my  heart  may  burst. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  v.  5. 

3.  To  come  or  go  suddenly ;  rush :  as,  the  en- 
emy in  an  instant  burst  upon  us. 

We  were  the  first  that  ever  burst 
Into  that  silent  sea. 

Coleridge,  Ancient  Mariner,  ii. 
And  every  bird  of  Eden  burst 
In  carol,  every  bud  to  flower. 

Tennyson,  l)ay-Dream,  L'Envoi. 

To  burst  in,  to  force  a  way  violently  from  without  an  in- 
closed place  into  it. — To  burst  Out,  to.  force  a  way  vio- 
lently from  within  outward. 

He  made  hyni  to  falle  on  knees  and  handes  to  the  ertlie, 
that  the  blode  braste  olute  of  his  lijede. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  389. 
For  had  the  passions  of  thy  heart  burst  out, 
I  fear,  we  should  have  seen  decipher'd  there 
More  rancorous  spite.         Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  1. 
To  burst  up,  to  explode ;  hence,  to  fail ;  become  bank- 
rupt.   [Colloq.  and  vulgar.] 

Then  you  think  .  .  .  that  if  Lammle  got  time  he  wouldn't 
burst  up?  Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend,  iii.  12. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  rend  by  force  or  violence 
(that  which  confines  or  retains) ;  open  sudden- 
ly and  violently ;  cause  to  explode :  as,  to  burst 
one's  bonds ;  to  burst  a  cannon. 

He  fasten'd  on  my  neck,  and  bellow'd  out 
As  he'd  burst  heaven.  Shak.,  Lear,  y.  3. 

The  well-trained  apricot  its  bonds  had  burst. 

Williain  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  176. 

2t.  To  break,  in  general. 
You  will  not  pay  for  the  glasses  you  have  burst  ? 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  i. 

=  Syn.  («■  i.  and  t.)  1.  To  split,  separate,  rend,  tear. 

burst  (berst),  n.  [<  burst,  v.]  1.  A  sudden 
disruption;  a  violent  rending. —  2.  A  sudden 
explosion  or  shooting  forth ;  a  rush ;  an  out- 
burst :  as,  a  burst  of  applause ;  a  burst  of  pas- 
sion; "  burst  of  thunder,"  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1651. 
Bursts  of  fox-hunting  melody.  Irv'mg. 

3t.  A  rupture ;  a  hernia. — 4.  A  smart  race  ;  a 
spurt. 

There  are  foxes  that  run  so  uncommonly  short  that  you 
can  never  get  a  Irurst  after  them.  TroUope. 

5.  A  sudden  opening  to  sight  or  view.  [Rare.] 

Here  is  a  fine  burst  of  country. 

Jane  Austen,  Mansfield  Park,  viii. 

6.  A  spree.  [Colloq.] 

burstent  (bers'tn),  p.  a.  [Older  pp.  of  burst, 
v.]    Atfected  with  a  rupture  or  hernia. 

He  was  born  bursten  ;  and  your  worship  knows 
That  is  a  pretty  step  to  men's  compassion. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Scornful  Lady. 


Burwell's  operation 
burstennesst,  burstnesst  (bers'tn-,  berst'nes), 

n.  [i  bursten,  burst,  + -ncss.]  1.  A  broken 
or  bruised  condition ;  brokenness ;  in  the  ex- 
tract, a  mass  of  bruises. 

H'  as  beat  me 
E'en  to  a  cullis  :  I  am  nothing,  right  worshipful. 
But  very  pap  and  jelly ;  I  have  no  bones. 
My  body 's  all  one  barstness. 

Fletcher  (and  another"!),  Nice  Valour,  iii.  1. 

2.  Rupture;  hernia, 
burster  (bers'ter),  n.   One  who  bursts ;  one  who 

breaks  in  pieces.  Cotgrave. 
bursting  (bers'ting),  p.  a.    [Ppr.  of  hurst,  v.] 

Breaking  forth ;  ready  to  burst  or  expand. 

Young  spring  protrudes  the  bursting  gems.  Thomson. 

bursting-charge  (bers'ting-charj),  n.  1.  In 
mining,  a  small  charge  of  fine  powder,  placed 
in  contact  with  a  charge  of  coarse  powder  to 
insure  the  ignition  of  the  latter. —  2.  In  ord- 
nance, the  charge  of  powder  required  for  burst- 
ing a  shell  or  case-shot. 

burstlet,       An  obsolete  variant  of  bristle. 

burstnesst,       See  burstenness. 

bur  stone  (ber'ston),  n.  [Also  written  irreg. 
buhrstoue  and  burrhstone ;  <  bur'>-  +  stone.]  1. 
A  rough,  unhewn  stone.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 2.  A 
name  given  to  certain  silicious  or  silicioealca- 
reous  stones,  whose  dressed  surfaces  present  a 
bm-  or  keen-cutting  texture,  which  makes  them 
the  best  kind  of  millstones.  The  most  esteemed  va- 
rieties are  obtained  from  the  upper  fresh- water  beds  of  the 
Paris  basin,  and  from  the  Eocene  strata  of  South  America. 
The  French  burstones  are  of  a  whitish  or  cream  color. 
Also  called  bur  and  bur-millstone. 

burstwort  (berst'wert),  n.  [<  burst,  n.,  3,  + 
%oort.]  The  Herniaria  glabra,  a  low  weed  of  Eu- 
rope, natm-al  order  Illecebracea',  formerly  used 
in  the  treatment  of  hernia.  Also  called  rupture- 
wort. 

burt^  (bert),  n.    Same  as  bret. 

burt2  (bert),  V.    [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  hurten,  butt.] 

I.  trans.  If.  To  butt  or  thrust  with  the  horns. 

— 2.  To  press  or  indent.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
II,t  intrans.  To  butt;  thrust  with  the  horns. 

Burton,  as  hornyd  bestys,  cornupeto,  arieto. 

Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  56. 
Burt  lyke  a  ramnie,  arieto.  Huloet. 

burtert,  n.  [ME.  burter,  burtare;  <  burt"^  +  -er^.] 
A  butter ;  an  animal  that  butts,  or  thrusts  with 
its  horns. 

Burtare  [var.  burter],  beste,  cornupeta. 

Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  56. 

burthen^  (ber'^nn),  n.  and  v.  Older  form  of 
burden^. 

burthen^  (bSr'THn),  n.   Older  form  of  burden"^. 
burthen^  (ber'THn),  n.    An  erroneous  form  of 
burden^,  by  confusion  with  burden^  and  burden^. 

The  sad  burthen  of  some  merry  song. 

Pope,  Iniit.  of  Horace,  II.  i.  80. 

burthenoust,  burthensome,  etc.  See  burden- 
ous,  etc. 

bur -thistle  (ber'this'-'l),  n.  [Also  called  burry- 
thistle  ;  <  biw^  or  burry  +  thistle.]  The  spear- 
thistle,  Carduus  lanceolatus :  so  called  from  its 
prickly  involucre.    See  thistle.  [Scotch.] 

burtle,  birtle  (ber'tl),  n.  [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  bir- 
ti/lle,  byrtyl{-tre).]  A  sweeting  apple.  [North. 
Eng.] 

burton  (ber'- 
tpn),  n.  [Origin 
unknown ;  per- 
haps from  a 
proper  name. 
Cf.  aburton.] 
Nauf.,  a  tackle 
used  for  various 
purposes.  —  sin- 
gle burton,  a  tack- 
le rove  with  two 
single  blocks,  and 
largely  used  on 
merchant  ships  for 
loading    and  dis- 

. charging    cargo. — 

Spanish  burton, 
double  Spanish 
burton,  a  tackle 
rove  witii  one  dou- 
ble and  one  or  two 
single  blocks.— Top 
burton,    a  long 

tackle  formed  of  a  double  and  a  single  block,  the  upper 
block  being  hooked  at  the  topmast-head.  It  is  used  for 
sending  up  or  down  yards  or  sails,  setting  up  rigging,  etc. 

Burton  skate.    See  skate. 

bur-tree,       Same  as  bour-tree. 

burweed  (ber'wed),  n.  [<  bur'^  +  weed'^.]  A 
name  common  to  plants  oithegennsXanthium: 
also  applied  to  the  bedstraw,  Galium  Aparine, 
and  in  Jamaica  to  Triumfetta.    See  bur-bark. 

Bur'well's  operation.  See  operation. 


1.  Single  Burton.  2.  Double  Spanish  Burton. 
3.  Top  Burton. 


bury 

buryl  (ber'i),  n.  [A  form  equiv.  to  horounhl 
due  to  the  gen.  and  dat.  form  byrigot  the  6ris 
AS.  bicrh,  a  fortified  place,  town,  boroueh  •  see 
borough^  burrowK']    A  castle,  manor-house,  or 

habitation ;  a  borough.    The  word  appears  in  many 
names  of  places,  as  m  Canterfiun/ (AS.  gen.  ami  dat.  Cunl 
EdrSdrjftc  "  "     Alderman6M)-j/,  Bury 

To  tliis  very  day  tile  cliief  liouse  of  a  manor,  or  tlie  lord's 
seat,  IS  called  bury  in  some  parts  of  England.  Mieye. 

bury2  (ber'i),  n.  [Another  form  of  burrotv^ 
ong.  barrowi.  Cf.  equiv.  bernflA  U  A  bm-- 
row. 

It  is  liis  nature  to  dig  liimself  buries,  as  the  coney  doth 

N.  Grew. 

2.  A  camp  or  heap  of  turnips  or  the  like,  stored 
up. 

bury3  (ber'i),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  buried,  ppr. 
burying.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hery  (the  form  to 
which  the  mod.  pron.  belongs),  <  ME.  bcryen, 
berien,  biryeti,  birien,  buryen,  burien,  byrien,  <  AS 
byrgan,  var.  byrigan,  birgan,  birigan,  weak  verb* 
bury,  inter  (a  dead  body)  (=Icel.  byrgja,  closed 
shut,  hide,  veil),  appar.  orig.  save  or  keep  by 
covering  or  hiding,  <  beorgan  (pret.  bearh,  pi. 
burgon,  pp.  borgen),  also  ge-bcorgan,  save,  pro- 
tect, shelter,  defend,  keep,  preserve,  early  ME 
bergen  =  OS.  gi-bergan  =  D.  bergen  =  MLG.  ber- 
geii  bargen,  LG.  bargen  =  OH(j.  bergan,  MHG. 
tr.  bergen  =  Icel.  bjarga  =  Sw.  berga  =  Dan. 
bjerge  =  Goth,  bairgan,  ga-bairgan,  keep,  save : 
not  known  outside  of  Teut.  Hence  ult  bor- 
roivi-,  and  (prob.)  borough^  =  burrow''-  =  bury'-, 
etc.]  1.  To  deposit  and  inclose  in  a  grave  or 
tomb,  as  a  dead  body;  consign  to  any  final  rest- 
ing-place after  or  as  after  death;  entomb 


731 


Busby. 


haH]''^?-''*,''^"?''?",  ^'^^  ^^'^'^^  '111  quyk  than  this 

hadde  hir  be-f alien.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  468. 

Xord,  suiter  me  first  to  go  and  bury  my  father. 

Mat.  viii.  21. 


I'll  bury  thee  in  a  triumphant  grave. 

Shak.,  B.  and  J., 


V.  3. 


2.  To  cover  or  conceal  from  sight;  sink  or 
lodge  in  or  under  anything:  as,  to  bury  trea- 
sures in  the  earth  or  under  rubbish ;  he  buried 
the  dagger  in  his  enemy's  heart. 

In  the  deep  bosom  of  the  ocean  buried. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  i. 
,  All  their  confidence 

Under  the  weight  of  mountains  buried  deep. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  652. 

Hence— 3.  To  cover  up;  keep  secret;  hide: 
conceal. 

I  have  (as  when  the  sun  doth  light  a  storm) 
Buned  this  sigh  in  wrinkle  of  a  smile. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  1. 
He  was  glad  when  he  could  fall  on  his  knees  at  last  and 
iiury  his  face  m  the  pillow  of  the  sufferer. 

Bret  Harte,  Shore  and  Sedge,  p.  49. 

4.  To  withdraw  or  conceal  in  retirement :  as, 
to  bury  one's  self  iu  a  monastery  or  in  solitude. 
1  will  bury  myself  in  myself,  and  the  Devil  may  pine  to 

'"s  Tennyson,  Maud,  i.  19. 

5.  To  hide  in  oblivion;  put  away  finally  from 
one's  thoughts:  as,  to  bury  an  injury. 

Give  me  a  bowl  of  wine  :— 
In  this  I  bury  all  unkindness,  Cassius. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iv.  3. 

To  bury  the  hatchet,  to  lay  aside  the  instruments  of 
war,  forget  injuries,  and  make  peace  :  a  phrase  borrowed 
from  the  practice  of  the  American  Indians  of  burying  a 
tomahawk  when  a  peace  is  concluded 

bury4  (ber'i),  n.    [A  corruption  of  F.  beurre,  a 
kmd  of  pear,  lit.  'buttered,'  pp.  of  beurrer,  but- 
ter, <  beurre  =  E.  butter.    Also  burrel,  q.  v.]  A 
delicate  pear  of  sev- 
eral varieties. 

burys  (ber'i), ».  Soft 
shale  or  clay;  flucan. 
[Ireland.] 

buryelt,  «•  See  burial. 

burying  (ber'i-ing), 
n.  [<  ME.  buryinge, 
berying,  etc.;  verbal 
n.  of  burySj  v.2  Bu- 
rial ;  sepultui-e.  John 
xii.  7. 

burying-beetle  (ber'- 

i-ing-be'tl),  «.  The 
common  name  of  bee- 
tles of  the  family  Sil- 
phidce  and  genus  Ne- 
croplwrus.  So  called 
from  their  habit  of  bury- 
ing the  carcasses  of  small 
animals,  as  mice,  moles, 
or  shrews,  in  which  they 
have  deposited  their  o  •  , 
°°  americanus),  natural  size. 


burymg-ground  (ber'i-ing -ground),  n.  A 
graveyaM;  a  place  appropriated  to  the  sepul- 
ture  ot  the  dead ;  a  churchyard  or  cemetery. 
Durymg-place  (ber'i-ing-plas),  n.  Same  as  bu- 
rymg-ground. 
bus,  bliss^  (bus),  n.  [An  abbr.  of  omnibus;  ef. 
cab,  van^.']  An  omnibus,  or  public  street-car- 
nage. [Colloq.J 

bus-bar  (bus'bar),  n.    [<  (omni-)bus  +  &«>-l.] 
A  copper  conductor  used  in  electric-lighting  or 
power  stations  to  receive  the  current  from  all 
the  dynamos.   Standard  Elect.  Diet.  Also  om- 
nibm-l)ar,  bua-rod. 
busby  (buz' bi),  n.     [Appar.  after  a  proper 
name.]    A  military  head-dress  worn  by  hus- 
sars, artillerymen,  and  engi- 
neers in  the  British  army,  con- 
sisting of  a  fiu-  hat  with  a  bag, 
of  the  same  color  as  the  facings 
of  the  regiment,  hanging  from 
the  top  over  the  right  side. 
■I'he  bag  appears  to  be  a  relic  of  a 
Hungarian  liead-dress  from  which  a 
long  padded  bag  hung,  and  was  at- 
tached to  the  right  shoulder  as  a  de- 
fense against  sword-cuts, 
buscon  (bus'kon),  n. ;  pi.  bus- 
cones  (bus-ko'nez).     [<  Sp. 
buscon,  a  searcher,  <  buscar, 
OSp.  boscar,  seek  (=  Pg.  bus- 
car  =z  It.  buscare,  search  for, 
=  F.  busquer  (Cotgrave),  seek, 
shift,  filch),  prob.  <  OSp.  bosco,  bush,  thicket 
(bp.  basque),  and  thus  lit.  go  through  a  thicket 
beat  the  bush,  as  in  hunting:  see  bush'-.'\  A 
miner  who  takes  work  as  tribute,  or  who  re- 
ceives as  his  pay  a  certain  proportion  of  the  ore 
obtained ;  a  tributer.    [Western  U.  S  ] 
bushi  (bush),  H.   [<  ME.  biLssh,  busch,  bosch,  as- 
sibilated  form  of  busk,  bosk  (also  in  use),  a  bush, 
a  thicket,  =  D.  bosch,  a  wood,  a  forest,  =  MLG 
busch,  busk,  LG.  busk,  <  OHG.  busc,  MHG  g' 
busch,  a  thicket,  copse,  bush,  =  Icel.  bUskr, 
buski  (Haldorsen)  =  Sw.  buske  =  Dan.  busk  a 
bush,  a  shrub.    Hence  (from  OHG.)  ML  bus- 
cus,  boscus,  >  OF.  bos,  F.  bois  (see  bois)  =  Pr 
bosc  =  OSp.  bosco,  Sp.  Pg.  basque  =  It.  bosco 
a  wood,  thicket,  bush.    See  busk'^,  busk^,  bus- 
con, boscage,  bosket,  bouquet,  ambush,  ambuscade, 
etc.]   If.  A  thicket ;  a  clump  of  shrubs  or  trees. 
Ther  as  by  aventure  this  Palamoun 
Was  m  a  busche,  that  no  man  mighte  him  see 
For  sore  afered  of  his  deth  was  he. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  659. 

2.  A  shrub  with  branches ;  a  thick  shrub;  tech- 
nically, a  low  and  much-branched  shrub. 

TheMountof  Synayisclept  the  Desert  of  Syne,  that  is  for 
to  seyne,  Bussche  brennynge.    Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  68. 

3.  A  stretch  of  forest  or  of  shrubby  vegeta- 
tion; a  district  covered  with  brushwood,  or 
shrubs,  trees,  etc. ;  a  wide  uncultivated  tract 
ot  country  covered  with  scrub:  as,  the  bush 
was  here  very  dense;  to  take  to  the  bush  (to 
become  a  6(«/t-ranger) :  so  used  especially  in 
the  British  colonies  of  Australasia. 

Our  first  mile  lay  through  the  most  exquisite  tract  of 
bush  It  has  ever  been  my  good  fortune  to  behold  in  any 
land ;  groups  of  tall  red  or  black  pine  .  .  .  mingled  with 
hue  trees  of  vaxious  sorts,  matted  by  luxuriant  creepers 
The  Century,  XXVII.  923. 

4.  A  branch  of  a  tree  fixed  or  hung  out  as  a 
tavern  sign.    See  ale-stake  and  ale-garland. 

Good  wine  needs  no  bush.  Old  proverb. 

Wicker  bottles  dangling  over  even  the  chiefe  entrance 
into  the  palace,  serving  for  a  vintner's  bush. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  22,  1644. 
Outward  figures  which  hang  as  signs  or  bushes  of  their 
inward  forms.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  ii.  2. 

Hence  — 5t.  The  tavern  itself. 

Twenty  to  one  you  find  him  at  the  bush, 
a    mu    J.  •-,        •,       ,  Beau,  and  Fl. 

b.  Ihe  tail  or  brush  of  a  fox._To  beat  about 
the  bush.  See  6ca«i.— To  KG  bv  besffar'ts  hush  'ino 
begoar.^^yn.  Shrub,  Herb,  ftc.  '^See  f^M.  ,f 
bUShi  (bush),  V.  [<  bush'-,  «.]  i.  intrans.  To 
grow  thick  or  bushy;  serve  or  show  as  a  bush. 
The  bushing  alders  formed  a  shady  scene. 

Pope,  Odyssey. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  set  bushes  about;  support 
with  bushes  or  branched  sticks:  as,  to  bush 
peas.— 2.  To  use  a  bush-harrow  on:  as,  to  bu.sh 
a  piece  of  wood.— 3.  To  cover  (seeds)  by  us- 
ing a  bush-han-ow:  as,  to  bush  in  seeds. 
bush2  (bush),  n.  [<  D.  bus  =  G.  biische  =  E. 
box^,  a  box ;  all  used  also  in  the  sense  of  bush^.^ 
1.  A  lining  of  harder  material  let  into  an  ori- 
fice to  guard  against  wearing  by  friction ;  the 
perforated  box  or  tube  of  metal  fitted  into  cer- 
tain parts  of  machinery,  as  the  pivot-holes  of 
a  clock,  the  center  of  a  cart-wheel,  etc.,  to  re- 


bushel 

ceive  the  wear  of  pivots,  journals,  and  the  like. 
Also  called  bu.'ihing.—  2.  A  tailor-s'  thimble. 
Also  called  bushel.  [U.  S.] 
bush2  (bush),  V.  t.  [<  6«.v//2  „,]  To  furnish 
with  a  bush;  hne  (an  orifice,  as  one  in  which 
a  pivot  or  axle  works)  with  metal  to  prevent 
abrasion  or  to  reduce  the  diameter. 

A  gun  chamber  is  hushed,  in  order  that  it  may  receive  a 
shell  of  smaller  exterior  diameter  tlian  before.  ' 

Forest  arul  Stream,  XXIII.  445. 

bush-babbler  (biish'bab"ler),  w.  A  name  ap- 
phed  l)y  writers  on  Indian  and  African  birds 
to  species  of  the  genera  Bradypterus,  Cratcro- 
j)us,  and  other  short-winged  and  slender-billed 
oscine  Passercs,  more  or  less  related  to  the 
old-world  warblers,  or  Sylviidm. 
bush-bean  (biish'ben'),  n.  An  American  name 
tor  beans  that  do  not  climb,  or  dwarf  beans ;  the 
usual  form  of  string-beans  and  wax-beans, 
bush-block  (biish'blok),  n.  A  block  carrying 
a  bushing. 

bushbok  (bush'bok),  w.  Same  as  bushbuck. 
bushbuck  (bush'buk),  n.  [<  bush^-  -I-  buck^,  af- 
ter D.  boschbak.]  The  name  given  to  several 
species  of  the  genus  Tragelaphus,  especially 
to  T.  sylvaticus,  an  antelope  of  Caffraria  and 
Cape  Colony,  4  feet  long  and  2^  feet  high,  with 
triangular  subspiral  horns.  The  male  is  dark 
sepia-brown  and  the  female  reddish-brown  above :  l)oth 
are  white  below.  Also  called  A^^.v/,-r/oa^— -Wllite-backed 
bushbuck,  the  name  given  to  the  Cephalophus  sylvicul- 
tnx,  a  white-backed  antelope  of  western  Africa,  5  feet 
long  and  3  feet  high,  with  black,  shining,  pointed,  nearly 
straight  horns,  short,  slender  limbs,  and  sleek,  clossv 
deep-l)rown  hair. 

bushcat  (bush'kat),  n.    Same  as  serval. 
bushchat  (biish'ehat),  w.    Macgillivray's  name 
tor  the  birds  of  his  genus  Fruticicala,  as  the 
whin-bushchat  (the  whinchat,  Saxicola  or  Pra- 
tincola  rubetra,  of  authors  in  general)  and  the 
black-headed  bushchat  (the  stonechat,  S.  or 
P.  rubicola). 
bush-chirper  (bush'cher"per),  n.  A  book-name 
ot  Ati-ican  birds  of  the  genus  Eremomela,  as  E. 
flaviventris,  the  yellow-bellied  bush-chirper 
bush-creeper  (bush'kre'per),  n.    A  book-name 
ot  sundi-y  Afi-ican  sylviine  birds  of  the  genus 
Thamnobia,  as  T.  coryphwa,  the  coryphee  bush- 
creeper. 

bush-dog  (bush'dog),  n.  1.  A  canine  quadi-u- 
ped  of  South  America,  the  Icticyon  venaticus, 
or  huntmg-dog.  See  Icticyon.~2.  A  name  of 
the  lemuroid  potto,  Perodicticus  potto. 
bushed  (biisht),  a.  [<  bush'-  +  -ed^.l  Lost  in 
the  bush. 

If  you  know  your  way,  well  and  good  ;  but  If  you  once 
get  wrong,  Lord  help  you  !  you're  bushed,  as  sure  as  you're 

MacmiUan's  Mag. 

busheli  (bush'el),  n.  [<  ME.  busshel,  huschel, 
binschel,  etc.  (=  Icel.  bussel),<  OF.  bussel,  boissel, 
h.  boisseau,  <  ML.  bussellus,  a  bushel,  <  bussula 
a  little  box,  a  dim.  formed  from  *bussida  for  bux- 
prop.  acc.  of  buxis,  also  (L.)  buxus,  a  box- 
see  boisf-,  box^,  and  cf.  buss'^,  6oss'3.]  i  a  dry 
measure,  containing  8  gallons  or  4  pecks  The 
imperial  bushel  legally  establislied  in  Greit  Britain  in 
182b  has  a  capacity  of  2,218.192  cubic  inches,  and  holds  SO 

orfi?»'/';^'?h"r'',°'  '^''H"*^''  ^^•■^''^^  ^'  the  temperature 
\  barometer  at  30  inches.  Previous  to 
this^the  Winchester  bushel  had  been  the  standard  mea- 
sure  trom  Anglo-Saxon  times  ;  its  capacity  was  2  150  4'^ 
cubic  inches.  The  measures  of  capacity  of  tlie  t  nited 
.States  are  founded  on  the  Winchester  bushel  the  im- 
perial system  having  been  created  since  the  separation  of 
the  two  countries.  The  name  Winchester  bushel  is  de. 
rived  from  the  fact  that  the  ancient  standard  bushel-mea- 
sure of  England  was  preserved  in  the  towii-hall  of  Win- 
Chester.  Numerous  bushels  were  in  use  in  England  at  the 
s  ?fnf"^  f!  adopt  on  of  the  imperial  system.  ^  Thus!  by  a 
statute  of  Anne,  a  bushel  ot  coals  is  to  contain  a  Winches- 
ter bushel  and  a  quart  of  water,  to  be  19i  inches  ii  diam- 
eter, and  to  be  heaped  in  the  form  of  a  coiie  6  inches  i^' 
V.^rioiis  equivalent  weights  of  different  commodities  ha<i 
also  been  made  bushels  by  law.  Many  of  the  Americ.i 
States  have  establislied  e,iuivalent  weights  which  vary 
considerably  in  different  States.  Abbreviated  to  bxi.,  bush. 
Of  a  Lunden  buschelle  he  shalle  bake 
XX  louys  [loaves],  I  vndurtake. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  320. 

2.  A  vessel  of  the  capacity  of  a  bushel. 
The  Grand  Sigiiior  .  .  .  commonly  weareth  a  vest  of 

green,  and  the  greatest  Turbant  in  the  Empire  :  I  should 
not  speake  much  out  of  compasse,  slioiild  I  say  as  laree 
in  compasse  as  a  bushell.  Sandy.^,  Travels,  p.  48! 

3.  An  indefinitely  large  quantity.  [Colloq.] 

The  worthies  of  antiquity  bought  the  rarest  pictures 
with  bushels  of  gold,  without  counting  the  weight  or  the 
number  of  the  pieces. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Dufresnoy's  Art  of  Painting. 

busheP  (bush'el),  «.    [Dim.  of  busm,  o  vl 
Same  as  bush'^,  2.    [U.  S.] 
bushel'-  (bush'el),  V.  t.  or  i.   [<  bushel^,  «.]  To 
mend,  as  a  man's  garment ;  repair  men's  gar- 
ments. 


bushelage 

bUShelage  (bush'el-aj),  n.  [<  buslicn  +  -age.^ 
A  duty  payable  on  t-ommodities  by  the  bushel. 

bushel-barrel  (bush'el-bar'  el),  n.  One  of  the 
halves  of  a  barrel  eat  in  two,  containing  about 
a  bushel  and  a  half :  used  for  naeasm-iug  oysters. 

busbeler,  busheller  (bnsh'el-er),  n.  [<  bushcr^ 
+  -cel.]  A  tailor's  assistant,  whose  business 
is  to  repair  gaiinents.    [U.  B.] 

bushelman  (bush  '  el-man),  ».  ;  pi.  lushelmcu 
(-men).    Same  as  hiislicier. 

bushelwoman  (bush'el-wum 'an),  w. ;  pi.  husli- 
clicomeii  (-wim"en).  [<  hittihcr^  +  icoman.]  A 
woman  who  assists  a  tailor  in  repairing  gar- 
ments.   [U.  S.] 

bushet  (biish'et),  H.  l<  bush^  +  dim. -ct.  Ct.btis- 

ket,  bosl-et,  and  bouquet.'}    A  thicket;  a  copse; 

a  little  wood.  [Rare.] 

A  bushet  or  wood  on  a  liill,  not  far  from  the  wayside. 

Ray,  Remains,  p.  251. 

bush-fighting  (bush 'fi"  ting),  ».  A  mode  of 
fio-htin^  in  which  the  combatants  scatter  and 
fire  fi-om  behind  the  shelter  of  bushes  or  trees. 

I  don't  like  this  pitiful  ambuscade  work,  this  bush-Jight- 
Colman,  Jealous  Wife,  v.  3. 

bush-goat  (bush'got),  n.    Same  as  bushbuclc. 

bush-hammer  (biish 'ham  "  er),  ».  A  masons' 
hammer,  (a)  A  heavy  hammer  used  for  breaking  and 
splitting  stones.  (6)  A  hammer  consisting  of  cutters  hav- 
ing rectangular  steel  plates,  whose  lower  edges  ai-e  sharp- 
ened, and  which  ar  e  placed  side  by  side  and  clamped  by 
the  central  pai't  of  the  hammer.  The  cutting  face  is  thus 
formed  of  parallel  V-edges,  whose  number  and  fineness  of 
cut  ai-e  determined  by  the  number  of  plates.  It  is  used  in 
dressing  millstones,  (c)  A  hammer  of  the  same  general 
construction  as  the  preceding,  used  in  tinishing  the  sur- 
face of  stonework,  (d)  A  masons'  liiiisliing  hammer,  hav- 
ing a  rectangular  face  studded  witli  pyramidal  steel 
points.  It  gives  the  finest  surface  of  aU  stone-cutting 
tools. 

bush-harrow  (bush'har"6),  n.  An  implement 
eonsistingofa  frame  to  which  bushes  or  branches 
are  fastened,  used  for  harrowing  grass-lands 
and  covering  grass-  or  clover-seeds. 

bush-hook  (bush  'huk),  n.  A  long-handled  bill- 
hook or  brush-eutter. 

bushiness  (bush'i-nes),  n.  The  quality  of  being 
bushy,  thick,  or  intermixed,  like  the  branches  of 
a  bush. 

bushing  (bush'ing),  «.  [<.  bush^  +  -ing^.}  1. 
Same  as  buslfi,  1.—  2.  A  hollow  cylindrical 
mass  of  steel  or  iron  screwed  into  the  rear  end 
of  the  bore  of  a  breech-loading  cannon.  It 
forms  the  seat  for  the  breech-block  or  screw. 
Also  called  bouching. 

Beveled  bUSMng.    See  beveled. 

bush-lark  (bush'liirk),  n.    A  lark  of  the  genus 

Mirafni. 

bush-lawyer  (bush'la"yer),  n.  The  common 
name  in  New  Zealand  of  a  species  of  bramble  or 
blackberry,  Ilubus  australis. 

bushman  (bush'man),  n. ;  pi.  huslmen  (-men). 
[<  6i(s/il  +  man  ;  in  second  sense  a  translation 
of  S.  African  D.  Bo.yesmaii.~\  1.  A  woodsman ; 
a  settler  in  a  new  country,  as  in  Australia. — 
2.  leap.]  One  of  an  aboriginal  tribe  near  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  similar  but  inferior  to  the 
Hottentots :  so  named  by  the  Dutch  of  South 
Africa.    Also  called  Bosjesman. 

bushmaster  (bush'mas"ter),  w.  The  Laclicsis 
mutiin,  a  large  venomous  serpent  of  tropical 
South  America,  of  the  family  Crotalidw.  Also 
called  siiniGucu. 

bushmentt  (biish'ment),  n.  [<  ME.  buschement, 
bussement,  short  for  ambushmcnt,  <  OF.  em- 
buschement :  see  ambush,  ambushmcnt.  In  the 
sense  of  '  a  thicket,'  the  word  is  made  to  de- 
pend directly  on  6ms/j1.]  1.  An  ambush  or 
ambuscade ;  any  concealed  body  of  soldiers  or 
men. 

In  the  nether  end  of  the  hall,  a  bushment  of  the  Duke's 
servants  .  .  .  liefran  suddenly  at  men's  backs  to  cry  out, 
.  .  .  "King  Eicliard."  Sir  T.  More,  Works,  p.  64. 

Environing  him  with  a  bushment  of  soldiers. 

Golding,  tr.  of  Justin,  fol.  6. 

2.  A  thicket;  a  cluster  of  bushes. 


732 


Bush-tit  {Psi\tlriparus  mtlanotis 


Woods,  briars,  bushments,  and  waters. 

Raleigh,  Hist.  World. 

bush-metal  (biish ' met " al),  n.  Hard  brass; 
gun-metal;  a  composition  of  copper  and  tin, 
used  for  journals,  bearings  of  shafts,  etc. 

bush-quail  (biish'kwal),  n.  A  bird  of  the  fam- 
ily Turniciclw  and  superfamily  Turnioomorphw 
or  Hemipodii ;  a  hemipod. 

bush-ranger  (bush'ran'-'jer),  n.  One  who  ranges 
through  or  dwells  in  the  bush  or  woods ;  a  bush- 
whacker ;  specifically,  in  Australia,  a  criminal, 
generally  an  escaped  convict,  who  takes  to  the 
bush  or  woods  and  leads  a  predatory  life. 


bush-shrike  (biish'shrik),  H.  A  South  American 
passerine  bird,  of  the  family  FormicarikUv.  and 
subfamily  Thamnophilinw ;  an  ant-thrush,  espe- 
cially of  the  genus  Thamnophilus.  Tlie  busli-slirikes 

live  amomi  tliick  trees,  bushes,  and  underwood,  where  they 
perpetually  prowl  about  after  insects  and  young  and  sickly 
birds,  and  are  great  destroyoi  s  of  eggs.  Numerous  species 
are  found  in  the  hotter  latitudes  of  America. 

bush-tailed  (bush'tald),  a.  Having  the  fea- 
thers of  the  tail  arranged  in  the  shape  of  a  tuft, 
brush,  or  bush:  applied  to  the  llatita\  as  os- 
triches, cassowaries,  etc.,  as  distinguished  from 
ordinary  fan-tailed  bii-ds.  See  cut  under  cas- 
sowan/. 

bush-'tit  (bush'tit),  }i.  An  American  oscine  pas- 
serine bird, 
of  the  ge- 
nus Fsaltri- 
parus  and 
family  Pari- 

da'.  There  are 
several  species 
in  the  western 
United  States 
and  Mexico,  as 
P.  minimus  and 
P.  melanctix. 
notable  for  tbeii- 
diminutive  stat- 
ure and  the 
great  compara- 
tive size  of  their 
pensile  bottle- 
shaped  nests. 

bushwhack- 
er (bush'- 
hwak'-'er),  n. 
[<  bnsh'>-  + 
whack,  beat, 
+  -e/'l.]  1. 
One  accus- 
tomed to  sojourn  in  the  woods,  or  beat  about 
among  bushes. 

They  were  gallant  bush-whackers  and  hunters  of  rac- 
coons by  moonlight.  Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  35:i. 
2.  In  the  civil  war  in  the  United  States,  a 
member  of  the  irregular  troops  on  the  Con- 
federate side  engaged  in  guerrilla  warfare;  a 
guerrilla :  a  term  applied  by  the  Federal  forces. 
—  3.  A  short  heavy  scythe  for  cutting  bushes. 

He  [a  sturdy  countryman]  is  a  graduate  of  the  plough, 
and  the  stub-iioe,  and  the  bushwhacker. 

Kinerson,  Eloquence. 

bushwhacking  (bush '  hwak  "  ing),  n.  [See 
bushwhacker.]  1.  The  action  of  pushing  one's 
way  through  bushes  or  thickets ;  the  hauling 
of  a  boat  along  a  stream  bordered  by  bushes 
by  pulling  at  the  branches.  [U.  S.]  — 2.  The 
practice  of  attacking  from  behind  bushes,  as  a 
guerrilla;  irregular  warfare  carried  on  by  bush- 
whackers. [U.S.]— 3.  The  cutting  of  bushes 
with  a  bushwhacker. 

bushy  (biish'i),  a.  [<  biisU  +  -y^.  Cf.  busky, 
hoskij.']  1.  Full  of  bushes;  overgrown  with 
shrubs. 

The  kids  with  pleasure  browse  the  bushy  plain.  Dryden. 

2.  Having  many  close  twigs  and  branches; 
low  and  shrubby.  Spenser;  Bacon.— 3.  Ee- 
sembling  a  bush;  thick  and  spreading  like  a 
bush :  as,  a  bushy  beard. 

A  short  simare-built  old  fellow,  with  thick  buishy  hair. 

Irving,  Sketch-liook,  p.  52. 

4.  In  eniom.,  covered  all  round  with  long,  erect 
hairs,  as  the  antennro  of  many  insects, 
busiheadt,       [ME.  Usyhed  (=  D.  bezigheid);  < 

busii  +  -head.}  Busyness, 
busily  (T)iz'i-li),  adv.    [<  ME.  busily,  hisili,  bisi- 
Uche,  besilichc,  busiliche,  etc.;  <  busy  +  -ly^.}  In 
a  busy  manner,  (a)  With  constant  occupation ;  active- 
ly ;  earnestly  :  as,  to  be  busily  employed. 

How  busily  she  turns  the  leaves.  Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  Iv.  1. 
(6t)  Carefully  ;  with  care. 

Therfore  thei  don  gret  Worschipe  thereto,  and  kepen  it 
fnlle  besi/li/.  Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  09. 

(c)  With  an  air  of  hurry  or  importance;  with  too  much 
curiosity;  importunately;  ofhciously.  Dryden. 

business  (biz'nes),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  busines, 
busynes,  Usynes,  besincs,  -ncssc,  trouble,  pains, 
labor,  cUligence,  busy-ness ;  ihnsy  +  -ness.  The 
notion  that  this  word  has  any  connectioii  with 
F.  bcsoqne,  OF.  busoiqnc,  work,  business,  is  en- 
tirely erroneous.]  I.  n.  If.  The  state  of  being 
busy  or  actively  employed;  diligence;  pains. 

By  grete  besynesse  (tr.  L.  diligentiri]  of  the  writers  of 
chronicles.     Trevisa,  tr.  of  Higden's  Polychronicon,  I.  5. 

2t.  Care;  anxiety;  solicitude;  worry. 
Littel  rest  in  this  lyf  es, 
Bot  gi'et  travayle  and  bysynes. 

Hampole,  Prick  of  Conscience,  1.  544. 
Poverte  is  hateful  good,  and,  as  I  gesse, 
A  ful  gret  bringer-out  of  Msi/«ess. 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  340. 


busk 

3.  A  matter  or  affair  that  engages  a  person's 
attention  or  requires  his  care ;  an  affair  receiv- 
ing or  requiring  attention;  specifically,  that 
which  busies  or  occupies  one's  time,  attention, 
and  labor  as  his  chief  concern ;  that  which  one 
does  for  a  livelihood ;  occupation ;  employ- 
ment :  as,  his  business  was  that  of  a  merchant; 
to  carry  on  the  business  of  agi'ieidtm'e. 

As  for  your  businesses,  whether  they  be  pnblike  or 
priuate,  let  them  be  done  with  a  certaine  honesty. 

Babees  Book  {E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  250. 

They  were  far  from  the  Zidonians,  and  had  no  business 
with  any  man.  Judges  xviii.  7. 

Having  had  brought  within  their  sphere  of  operation 
more  and  more  numerous  busi7iesses,  tlie  Acts  restricting 
iiours  of  employment  and  dictating  the  treatment  of 
workers  are  now  to  pe  made  applicable  to  shops. 

II.  Sp.Jncer,  Man  vs.  State,  p.  27. 

Specifically — 4.  Mercantile  pursuits  collec- 
tively; employments  requiring  knowledge  of 
accounts  and  financial  methods;  the  occupa- 
tion of  conducting  trade  or  monetary  transac- 
tions of  any  kind. 

It  seldom  happens  that  men  of  a  studious  turn  acquire 
any  degree  of  reputation  for  their  knowledge  of  business. 

Bp.  I'urteovs,  Life  of  Abp.  Seeker. 

5.  That  which  is  undertaken  as  a  duty  or  of 
chief  importance,  or  is  set  up  as  a  principal 
purpose  or  aim. 

The  business  of  my  life  is  now  to  pray  for  you. 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  iv.  1. 

It  is  the  business  of  the  following  pages  to  discover  how 
his  lofty  hopes  came  to  terminate  in  disappointment. 

Godwin,  Hist.  Commonwealth,  iv.  2. 

The  business  of  the  dramatist  is  to  keep  himself  out  of 
sight,  and  to  let  nothing  appear  but  his  characters. 

Macaiday,  Milton. 

6.  Concern;  right  of  action  or  interposition: 
as,  what  business  has  a  man  with  the  disputes 
of  others?  —  7.  Affair;  point;  matter. 

Fitness  to  govern  is  a  perplexed  bii-iiness.  Bacon. 
8.  Theat.,  such  preconcerted  movements  and 
actions  on  the  stage  as  going  up,  crossing  over, 
taking  a  chair,  poking  a  fire,  toying  with  any- 
thing, etc.,  designed  to  fill  up  the  action  of  the 
play  or  character,  and  heighten  its  effect. 

The  business  of  their  dramatic  characters  will  not  stand 
the  moral  test.  Lamb,  Artificial  Comedy. 

The  "comic  business"  [of  "Damon  and  Pithias,"  15711 
(these  stage  phrases  are  at  times  so  expressive  as  surely 
to  be  permissible)  is  of  the  nature  of  tli.  I.ii.a.lrst  and 
stupidest  farce.  A.  W.  Ward,  Eng.  Dram.  Lit.,  1.  115. 
Genteel  business  (theat.),  a  role  or  roles  reciuiring  good 
dressing.— To  do  one's  business,  (at)  To  exercise  great 
care ;  show  great  zeal.  Chaucer. 

Thei  .'  .  .  don /icre  [their]  test/)ies  to  destroyen  hire  ene- 
myes.  Mandeville,  Travels  (ed.  Halliwell),  p.  251. 

(b)  To  ease  one's  self  at  stool.  [Vulgar.]  — To  do  the 
business  for,  to  settle ;  make  an  end  of ;  kill,  destroy, 
or  ruin.  [CoUoq.] 

If  a  pinch  of  snuff,  or  a  stride  or  two  across  the  room, 
will  not  do  the  business  for  me  —  I  take  a  razor  at  once. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  ix.  13. 

To  make  it  one's  business,  to  devote  one  s  attention 
to  a  thing  and  see  it  done.— To  mean  business,  to  be  in 
earnest  in  regard  to  anything  tliat  one  proposes  or  m'ges. 
[Colloc}.]— To  mind  one's  own  business,  to  attend  to 
one's  own  affairs,  without  niecUlliiig  with  those  of  other 
people.— To  send  about  one's  business,  to  dismiss 
peremptorily.  =  Syn.  Trade,  Profession,  etc.  &ee  occupa- 
tion. 

II.  a.  Relating  to,  connected  with,  or  en- 
gaged in  business,  traffic,  trade,  etc. :  as,  busi- 
jfc.ss  habits;  business  hours;  businessmen.— 

Business  card,  a  printed  piece  of  cardlioard,  or  an  adver- 
tisement in  a  public  print,  giving  a  tradesman's  name  and 
addiess,  with  particulars  as  to  the  nature  of  his  business, 
businesslike  (biz'nes-lik),  «.  Such  as  prevails 
or  ought  to  prevail  in  the  conduct  of  business; 
methodical  and  thorough. 

BusiridEe  (bu-sir'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Busins 
+  -idee.}  A  family  of  teetibranchiate  gastro- 
pods, typified  by  the  genus  Busiris:  generally 
combined  with  the  Aplysiidce. 
Busiris  (bu-si'ris),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  Busiris,  <  Gi-. 
Boumpif,  name  of  a  town  in  Egypt,  etc.,  prob.  < 
/3oi)f,  anox:  see  iJos.]  A  genus  of  gastropods, 
typical  of  the  family  Busiridw:  synonymous 
with  Notarchus. 

buski  (busk),  V.  [<  ME.  biisken,  prepare,  pre- 
pare one's  self,  get  ready,  go,  hasten  (with  and 
without  the  refl.  pron.),  <  Icel.  buask,  get  one's 
self  ready,  a  refl.  form,  <  Mia,  prepare  (mtr. 
live  dwell,  =  AS.  buan  :  see  bc^,  bower^,  bond^, 
bounds  etc.),  +  sik  =  Goth,  sik  =  G.  sich  =  L 
se,  etc.,  one's  self.  For  the  form,  cf.  baskj-.] 
I.  trans.  1.  To  get  ready;  prepare ;  equip ; 
dress:  as,  to  busk  a  fish-hook.  [Old  Enghsh 
and  Scotch.] 


£Msi't  him  boldly  to  the  dreadful  fight. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  vu.  37. 

2t.  To  use ;  employ. 


busk 

Haf  thy  thy  helme  of  thy  hede,  &  haf  here  thy  pay 
Busk  no  more  debate  then  I  the  berie  thenne 
Wheii  thou  wypped  of  my  Iiede  at  a  wan  one 
bir  (jrwwayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.)  1.  2248. 
Il.t  intrans.  To  get  ready  and  go:  h'asteni 

"  Now,  come  Imslc,"  be  off  I 

Robinson,  Mid.  Yorkshire  Gloss.  {N.  E.  D.) 
Bysehopes  and  bachelers,  and  banerettes  nobille 
lhat  bowes  to  Ins  banere,  buske  wliene  hym  lykys. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  i.  69. 
Many  .  .  .  busked  westward  for  to  robbe  eft 

Rob.  of  Bninne,  Langtotfs  Chron.  (ed.  Hearne),  p.  39. 

■busk2t,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  hush^. 
As  the  beast  passed  by,  he  start  out  of  a  hiske. 

U dull,  Roister  Doister,  i.  4 
l)usk3  (busk),  V.  i.  [Prob.  <  Sp.  Pg.  huscar,  seek, 
seareii,  hunt  up  and  down:  see  luscon.']  If 
lo  seek;  hunt  up  and  down;  cast  about;  beat 
about.  ' 

M^lwT^  Rochester  was  frighted,  and  was  inclined  to 
fall  off  from  this,  and  to  busk  for  some  other  way  to  raise 
the  supply.     Roger  North,  Life  of  Lord  Guilford,  II.  m 
Go  busk  about,  and  run  thyself  into  the  next  great  man  s 
Wycherley,  Plain  Dealer,  iii.  1. 
2.  Naut.,  to  beat  to  windward  along  a  coast- 
cruise  off  and  on.  ' 
l)Usk4  (busk),  n.    [<  F.  husc,  husque,  busk,  orig. 
the  whole  bodice;  used  as  equiv.  to  huste  (a 
busk,  the  quilted  belly  of  a  doublet,  prop,  a 
bust),  of  which  it  is  prob.  a  corruption :  see 
6Msi^.]  1 .  A  stiffened  body-garment,  as  a  doub- 
let, corset,  or  bodice. 

^.leeves,  stifle  buske,  puffe,  verdingall 
Is  all  that  makes  her  thus  angelicall. 

Marston,  Scourge  of  Villanie,  Sat.  vii. 
2.  A  flexible  strip  of  wood,  steel,  whalebone, 
or  other  stiffening  material,  placed  in  the  front 
of  stays  to  keep  them  in  form 

^f'i^^^  :  l^^"^^^"-  ^'^^  (^)-]    An  Indian 

least  of  first  fruits. 

Would  it  not  be  well  if  we  were  to  celebrate  such  a 
fttwi,  or  "feast  of  first  fruits,"  as  Bartranrdescribes  to 
have  been  the  custom  of  the  Mueclasse  Indians  ? 

Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  74 

l)USked  (buskt),  «.    [<ljuslci  +  -ed^.-]  Wearing 

a  busk;  stiffened  with  a  busk. 
"J^sket  (bus'ket),  n.     [A  var.  of  iosJcet,  q.  v 
OL  husliet  -]    It.  A  small  bush.-2.  Same  as 
oosm.— cJf.  A  sprig;  a  bouquet. 

Yougthes  folke  now  floeken  in  every  where 
To  gather  Ua.y-buskets  and  smelling  brere. ' 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  May. 

Mskin  (Jus'kin),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hus- 
l^ing,^z:oh.tov*hrusUn,<  MD.  broosken,  hroselcen 
(>  F.  hrousequin,  hro- 
dequin;  of.  hrodekin), 
a  buskin,  dim.  of 
broos,  a  buskin,  ap- 
par.  orig.  a  purse ;  cf . 
MD.  borseUn,  a  little 
purse,  dim.  of  borse, 
a  purse:  see  burse, 
purse. ^  1.  A  half- 
boot  or  high  shoe 
strapped  or  laced  to 
the  ankle  and  the 
lower  part  of  the  leg. 
The  hunted  red-deer's  undressed  hide 
Iheir  hairy  buskins  well  supplied. 

Scott,  Marmion,  v.  5 
2  A  similar  boot  worn  by  the  ancients;  the 

t>y  actors  in 

tragedy.    See  cothurnus. 

How  I  could  reare  the  Muse  on  stately  stage 
And  teache  her  tread  aloft  in  tniskin  fine. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cai.,  October. 

^^'^A^'r^-  Tragedy  or  the  tragic  drama,  as  op- 
posed to  comedy.  ^ 

He  was  a  critic  upon  operas,  too 
And  knew  all  niceties  of  the  sock  and  buskin. 
.  Byron,  Beppo,  st.  31. 

4.  A  low  laced  shoe  worn  by  women.— 5  p] 
-fcccZ.  stockings  forming  a  part  of  the  canonil 
cals  of  a  bishop,  usually  made  of  satin  or  em- 
broidered silk, 
buskined  (bus'kind),  a.    [<  busMn  +  -ed^.-]  i 
Wearing  buskins. 

V      ^    , .  , ,  The  bouncing  Amazon, 
if  our  buskin  d  mistress.        Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  u.  2. 

2.  Pertaining  to  tragedy;  tragic. 


733 


busk-pointt,  «. 

a  busk. 


The  aglet  used  for  the  lace  of 


Ancient  Buskins. 


From  the  statuette  called  Narcissus, 
in  tile  Naples  Museum. 


The  floor  was  strewed  with  busk-points,  silk  garters  and 
shoe-stnngs,  scattered  here  and  there  for  hafte  to  inake 
away  from  me.  Middleton,  The  Black  Book. 

buskyt  (bu.s'ki)  a.    [<  busk'i  +  -yl.    Cf.  bmlni 

"""^ 

bussl  (bus),  r.  [Of  uncertain  origin;  cf.  G. 
dial.  (Bav.)  bussen  (=  Sw.  dial,  pussa),  kiss,  > 
G.  bm  (used  by  Luther)  =  Sw.  puss,  a  kiss.  Cf. 
bp.  Pg  bus,  a  kiss  of  reverence,  =  Pr.  bus,  a 
kiss;  cf  Sp.  bus,  Wall,  buze,  lip.  These  forms 
P™^-, unconnected  with  ME.  bmse,  a  kiss, 
late  ME.  basse,  kiss:  see  bass^.  Cf.  Turk  bus 
Pers.  busa,  Hind,  bosa,  a  kiss.]  I.  trans.  To 
smack;  kiss;  salute  with  the  lips. 

And  buss  thee  as  thy  wife.  Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  4. 

Kissing  and  bussing  differ  both  in  this 
\V  e  buss  our  wantons,  but  our  wives  we  kiss.  Jlerrick. 

II.  intrans.  To  kiss. 

Come,  buss  and  friends,  my  lamb;  whish,  lullaby, 
What  ails  my  babe,  what  ails  my  babe  to  cry  ? 

Quarles,  Emblems,  ii.  8 

bussi  (bus),  n.   [<  buss\  V.-]    A  smack;  a  kiss; 
a  salute  with  the  lips. 

Thou  dost  give  me  flatternig  blisses. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii  4 

f<       (cf-  D.  buis  = 

MLG.  buse  butze  =  OHG.  buzo,  MHG.  buze,  G. 

buse  =  lael  bussa,  buza),  <  OF.  bus.se,  buse  = 

bp.  buzo  =  Pr.  bus,  a  kind  of  boat,  <  ML.  bussa, 

buscta,  a  kind  of  boat,  also  a  box;  one  of  the 

numerous  foi-ms  of  buxida,  prop.  acc.  of  buxis, 

also  (L.)  buxus,  a  box:  see  boist\  box^,  busli^ 

bosss  bushen,  etc.]    A  small  vessel  of  from  50 

to  /O  tons  burden,  carrying  two  masts,  and 

two  sbeds  or  cabins,  one  at  each  end,  used  in 

hernng-fishmg.   The  buss  was  common  in  the  middle 

tfes'  Twf,*nf /'"^"'"f  i^'i-l  '"aritime  commune 

ties.    It  was  of  considerable  beam,  like  a  galleon. 

It  was  a  sea  most  proper  forwhale-flshing;  little  busses 
might  cast  out  nets  for  smelts  and  herrings 

B]}.  Racket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  p.  82 
win 'f  ^^'^jf'y's  resolution  to  give  £200  to  every  man  that 
will  set  out  a  busse.  p^pys,  Diary,  I.  Ssl 

buss^,  n.    See  bus. 

buss*  (bus),  n.    A  Scotch  form  of  bush^. 
buss>>  (bus),  V.  t.    [E.  dial.  var.  of  buslc^.^  To 
dress;  get  ready. 
busspck  (bus'ok)  n.   [E.  dial.,  perhaps  <  *buss 
for  busk^  ov  bushi  +  -ock.l   l.'l  tuft  of  coarse 
grass.-2  A  she^af  of  gi-ain.-3.  A  thick,  fat 
person.    [Prov.  Eng.]  ' 
bussocky  (bus'ok-i),  a.    [<  bussock  +  -«i  l 
Having  bussoeks,  tufts  of  coarse  grass,  or  the 
like.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

There's  nothing  btissocky  about  it  [a  cricket-ground]  no 
rushes,  nor  nothing  of  that.  ""uuj,  no 

Quoted  in  i\r.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  XL  287. 
bussu^palm  (bus'so-pam),  n.  A  palm,  the  Ma- 
mcana  saccifera,  found  in  the  swamps  of  the 
Amazon,  whose  stem  is  only  from  10  to  20  feet 
high,  but  whose  leaves  are  often  30  feet  lone- 
tT  ^  feet  broad.  These  are  used  by  the  Indiant 
for  thatch,  for  which  they  are  admu-ably  adapted  ThI 
nalTv"nnr,\'l''.1'","'''J  °^  '"^^'^  cut  longitucu! 

bussynet  «•    [Early  mod.  E.,  <  OF.  bussine, 
bmsine,  busme,  a  trumpet.]    A  trumpet, 
busti  (bust),  V.    A  dialectal  or  vulgar  form  of 

(J  (A/ 1  O  Vt 

busti  (bust),  n.    1.  A  dialectal  or  vulgar  form 
of  6Mr5<.--2  Specifically,  a  spree:  as,  to  go  on 
a  bust.    [CoUoq.]  ® 
bust2  (bust),  n.   [Formerly  also  busto  «  It)- 
=  G.  buste,  <  F.  buste,  <  It.  busto  =  Sp.  Pg 
busto,  <  ML.  bustum,  the  trunk  of  the  body  of 
uncertain  origin;  perhaps  from  ML.  bustd,  a 
box,  one  of  the 
forms  of  buxida 


bustle 

2.  In  .iculp.,  the  figure  of  a  person  in  relief, 
sliomng  only  the  head,  shoulders,  and  breast 

I  he  term  may  be  applied  to  the  bead  and  neck  only,  or  to 
the  head  and  neck  with  the  shoulder.,  and  breast,  or  to  the 
head  with  the  whole  chest,  or  to  the  head,  neck,  breast! 
and  slumlders,  with  the  anns  truncated  above  the  elbow. 

bust'^  (bust),  V.  t.    [E.  dial.  var.  of  buist.l  To 

put  a  tar-mark  upon  (slieep). 
busts  (bust),  n.    [<  busts,  z).]    A  tar-mark  on 

sheep. 

bustard  (bus'tilrd),  u.  [Formerly  bi.^tard  ■  < 
Oi.  (and  F.  dial.)  bistarde,  OF.  also  oustarde, 
houstarde,  hostarde,  mod.  F.  outarde  =  Pr.  aus- 
tarda  =  It.  ottarda  =  Sp.  aruiarda  =  Pg  abe- 
tcirda  and  betarda,  bustard,  <  L.  aris  tarda 
(Pliny),  ht.  a  slow  bird:  see  Ares  and  tardy. 
1  he  first  element  appears  also  in  ostrich :  see 
ostnch.;\  1.  A  large  grallatorial  bird  of  the 
family  Olididm,  or  of  the  genus  Otis  in  a  wide 
sense.  There  are  about  20  species,  mostly  of  Africa 
several  of  India,  one  of  Australia,  and  three  properly 
i-uropean  The  best-known  is  the  great  bustard,  Otis 
«07-(/fl!  of  Europe  and  Africa,  noted  as  the  largest  Euro- 
rien  't'h  Vf  i'''"^//'''.''  ^^eigliing  30  pounds,  and  having 
a  length  of  about  4  feet  and  a  stretch  of  wings  of  6  or  7 
teet.  The  little  bustard  is  Otis  tetrax  of  southern  Europe 


Great  Bustard  iOtis  tarda). 


In  buskin'd  measures  move 
Pale  Grief,  and  pleasing  Pain.  Gray,  The  Bard 

T^T^^^i,''-  \  [Perhaps  a  var.  of  busth\  q.  v.] 
io  bustle  about;  move  quickly. 

boWini'i'nn*J't  ^™o'dering  fyer  of  Mount  Chymera,  which 

the  e^h  rfLfrt  i'^*^""^      the  bowels  of 

me  earth,  dooth  at  length  burst  out  with  violent  ra^e 

Orations  of  Arsanes,  1555.  (BaUiivell.) 


see  boist^,  buss^, 
box^,  etc.  Cf.  E. 
chest  and  trunk, 
used  in  a  similar 
manner.]  1.  The 
chest,  thorax,  or 
breast ;  the  trunk 
of  the  human 
body  above  the 
waist. 

It  pressed  upon  a 
hard  but  glowing 

hust 

Which   beat   as  if 
there  was  a  warm 
heart  imder. 
Byron,  Don  Juan, 
[xvi.  122. 


Bust  of  Homer,  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples, 


The  houbara,  0.  houbara,  is  a  north  African  and  Arabian 
species,  occurring  also  in  southern  Europe,  and  the  allied 
Indian  species,  0.  macqueeni,  has  sometimes  been  taken 
T f'l*'-  ''"'^     bengalensis  are  also  Asiatic. 

f    Oni''^  H  "  iP^'f     "      ««*'«'-«^^«-    The  rest  are  Afri- 
S  n=  first-nained  two  belong  to  the  restricted 

Spn,  f  R-,  'w  J?  '■'^'"'""flei-  are  sometimes  allocated  to  a 
IJ^IL  V^"']'-  ^o»etunes  split  into  six  to  nine  different 
genera.    See  also  cut  under  Eupodotis. 

^.  A  name  in  Canada  of  the  common  wild 

goose,  Berfiicia  canadensis.   A.  Newton.-Tbic^ 

^,!,7^„^"flMnH'  ?  thick-knee,  OSdiaumus 

ciepitans,  a  kind  ot  plover. 

bustedl  (bus 'ted),  p.  a.    [<  bust^  +  -erf2  i 
i>roken;  bankrupt;  ruined:  as,  a  ftMsterf  bank ; 
a  busted  miner.    [Slang,  U.  S.] 
busted^  (bus'ted),  a.    [<  bust^  +  -ed^.l  Adorn- 
ed with  busts.  [Rare.] 
Your  bridges  and  your  bttsted  libraries.  Tennyson 
buster  (bus'ter),  n.    [For  burster,  as  busti  for 
burst.    Cf.  Sc.  bust,  ME.  busten,  beat,  of  Scand. 
ongm:  Sw.  bosta,  beat,  thump:  see  baste^.]  1 
Something  of  extraordinary  size.— 2.  A  rois- 
terer.—3    A  frolic;  a  spree.— 4.  A  violent 
wind.    [Amencan  slang  in  all  senses.] 
DUStiant,  n.  [Sc.  also  bustiam  ;  origin  obscure  • 
cf.  fustian.-]    A  kind  of  cloth,  said  to  be  the 
same  as  fustian, 
bustic  (bus'tik),  n.    [Appar.  of  native  origin.] 
A  sapotaceous  tree  of  tropical  America,  IHnho. 
its  sahcifolia,  with  very  heavy  and  hard  wood 
poHs'h         "1  color,  and  susceptible  of  a  high 

bustlei  (bus'l),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bustled,  ppr. 
bustling.  [Prob.  <  Icel.  busila,  bustle,  splash 
about  in  the  water;  bustl,  a  bustle,  splashing 
about  (cf.  bastla,  v.,  turmoil,  bastl,  turmoil); 
allied  to  Dan.  buse,  bounce,  pop,  =  Sw.  bu.m  ( pd 
e«),  rush  (upon  one),  dial,  busa,  strike,  thrust. 
Ct.  buskle.']  To  display  aetiviiy  with  a  certain 
amount  of  noise  or  agitation;  be  active  and 
stirring;  move  quickly  and  energetically:  some- 
times used  reflexively. 

Bustling  theinsebvs  to  dress  up  the  galleys. 

A.  Munday,  in  Arber  s  Eng.  Gamer,  I.  209. 
And  leave  the  world  for  me  to  hustle  in. 

Shak.,  Kich.  III.,  i.  1. 
At  least  a  dozen  of  these  winged  rintagers  bustled  out 
from  among  the  leaves.       LoweU,  Study  Windows,  p.  9. 


bustle 

bustle^  (biis'l),  n.    [<  hustte^,  r.]   Activity  with 
noise  aud  agitation ;  stii- ;  huiTy-seuny . 
A  strange  bustle  and  disturbance  in  tlie  world.  South. 

Seldom  he  varied  feature,  hue,  or  muscle. 
And  could  be  very  busy  without  buntle. 

Biiron,  Don  Juan,  viii.  39. 

They  seem  to  require  nothing  more  to  enliven  them 
than  crowds  and  bustle,  with  a  pipe  and  a  cup  of  coffee. 

E.  ir.  Lane,  Jloiiern  Egyptians,  II.  263. 


is'l),«.  [Origin  iinknowii;  supposed  v-,.„^i,oJ„ /igi^'i 
to  stand  for  *buslie,  a  dim.  (and  an-  .  I?^,  I  i,nL 
lication)of_2-«.i-4,_q.  V.    Ci.busl-lc,    t<f"t   +  S' 


734 

hysigan,  hysgian,  occupy,  employ,  troiible  (=  D. 
hczigen,  use,  employ),  <  'bysig,  busy:  see  busy, 
rt.]  To  employ  vpith  constant  attention;  keep 
engaged ;  make  or  keep  busy :  as,  to  hiisy  one's 
self  with  books. 

Be  it  thy  course,  to  busy  giddy  minds 

With  foreign  quarrels.     Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  4. 

All  other  Nations,  from  whom  they  could  expect  aide, 
wei  e  busied  to  the  utmost  in  tlieir  own  necessary  concern- 
ments. Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xii. 

bod"i),  11. ;  pi.  bnsybodies  (-iz). 
person.]    A  meddling  person ; 
one  who  officiously  or  impertinently  concerns 
himself  with  the  affairs  of  others. 


bustle^  (bus' 
by  some  to 

other  application)  ,  ^ 

var.  of  bustle'^.'\  A  pad,  cushion,  eiu'ved  frame- 
work of  wii-e,  or  the  like,  worn  by  women  on 
the  back  part  of  the  body  below  the  waist  for 

the  purpose  of  impro%ang  the  hgure,  causmg  "  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xvi. 

the  folds  of  the  skirt  to  ^fn^^f  wiTl, ''thp  busybodyism  (biz'i-bod"i-izm),  «.  [<  busybody 

presenting  tlie  skirt  fi'om  mterfeimg  with  the  The  habit  of  busying  one's  self  about 

feet  in  walking.  -  -     -  -  >a 


other  people's  affairs.  [Rare.] 

The  most  common  effect  of  this  mock  evangelical  spirit, 
especially  with  young  women,  is  self-inflation  and  hws;/- 
Iwdyism.  Coleridge,  Table-Talk. 

busyness  (biz'i-nes),  n.  [<  busy  +  -ness.  Cf. 
business,  the  same  word  with  altered  pron.  and 
meaning.]  The  state  of  being  busy  or  actively 
employed.    See  business,  1.    [Now  rare.] 

Grant.  .  .  is  entirely  ignorantof  the  arts  by  which  pop- 
ularity is  preserved  and  a  show  of  busyness  kept  up  by 
them.  The  Nation,  Sept.  16,  1869,  p.  224. 

busytyt,  »•  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  busy  +  -ty.'] 
Busyness. 

The  table  d'h6te  was  going  on,  and  a  gracious,  bustling,  but^  (but),  adv.,  prep.,  and  conj.     [Early  mod 


Whether  she  was  pretty,  whether  she  wore  much  bustle. 

Diekens. 

bustler  (bus'ler),  n.  One  who  bustles;  an  ac- 
tive, stirring  person. 

Forgive  him,  then,  thou  bustler  in  concerns 
Of  little  worth.  Cou'per,  Task,  vi.  952. 

bustling  (bus'ling),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  bustle'^,  r.] 
Moving  actively  with  noise  or  agitation ;  briskly 
active  or  stirring:  as,  "a  busy,  ftusWiMfir  time," 
Crabbe,  The  Newspaper. 


Sir  Henry  Vane  was  a  busy  and  bustling  man 


Clarendon. 


talkative  landlady  welcomed  me. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Little  Tour,  p.  248. 

bustot  (bus'to),  w.  [It.,  also  Sp.  andPg.,  abust: 
seebust.^    Abust;  a  statue.  [Rare.] 

The  busto  moulders,  and  the  deep  cut  marble, 
Unsteady  to  the  steel,  gives  up  its  charge. 

Blair,  The  Grave. 

bustuoust,  bustust,  bustwyst.   See  boistous. 

busy  (biz'i),  a.  [<  ME.  bisy,  bysy,  besy,  husi, 
busy,  etc.,  <  AS.  bysig,  busy,  occupied  (>  ?j)/s(7», 
occupation,  labor,  toil,  afiiction),  =  D.  bczig 
=  LG.  besig,  busy,  active.  Further  affinities 
doubtful.  The  spelling  with  «  is  due  to  the 
frequent  use  of  that  letter  in  ME.  with  its  F. 
sound,  the  same  as  the  sound  of  AS.  y,  for 
which  it  was  often  substituted.  The  proper  E. 
representative  of  AS.  y  is  i,  as  in  the  phoneti- 
cally parallel  dizzy,  <  AS.  dysig.}  1.  Actively 
or  attentively  engaged ;  closely  occupied  physi- 
cally or  mentally ;  intent  upon  that  which  one 
is  doing ;  not  at  leisure :  opposed  to  idle. 

My  mistress  sends  you  word 
That  she  is  busy,  and  she  cannot  come. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  v.  2. 

I  write  of  melancholy,  by  being  busy  to  avoid  melan- 
choly. Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  To  the  Reader,  p.  18. 

As  a  boy  he  [Clive]  had  been  too  idle,  as  a  man  he  soon 
became  too  busy,  for  literary  pursuits. 

Macaulay,  Lord  Clive. 

2.  Active  in  that  which  does  not  concern  one ; 
meddling  with  or  prying  into  the  affairs  of 
others;  officious;  importunate. 

They  be  carefuU  and  diligent  in  their  own  matters,  not 
curious  and  busey  in  other  mens  affaires. 

Aschatn,  The  Scholeniaster,  p.  35. 

On  meddling  monkey,  or  on  busy  ape. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  2. 

3.  In  constant  or  energetic  action;  rapidly 
moving  or  moved;  diligently  used:  as,  busy 
hands  or  thoughts. 

With  busy  hammers  closing  rivets  up. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  (cho.). 

The  music-stirring  motion  of  its  soft  and  busy  feet. 

Shelley,  Prometheus  Unbound,  i. 

4.  Pertaining  or  due  to  energetic  action ;  mani- 
festing constant  or  rapid  movement. 

I  heard  a  busie  bustling. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  March. 

Tower'd  cities  please  us  then. 
And  the  busy  hum  of  men. 

Milton,  L'AUegro,  1.  118. 

5.  Requiring  constant  attention,  as  a  task. 
[Rare.] 

He  hath  first  a  busy  work  to  bring  his  parishioners  to  a 
right  faith.  Latimer,  Sermon  of  the  Plough. 

Then  Mathematics  were  my  buisy  book. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  ii.  45. 

6.  Filled  with  active  duties^  or  employment. 
To-morrow  is  a  busy  day.  Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  v.  3. 

7t.  Careful;  anxious.  C}iaucer.=SYa.  1  and  2.  Ac- 
tive, Busy,  Officious,  etc.  (see  active) ;  diligent,  assiduous, 
hard-working ;  meddling,  intriguing, 
busy  (biz'i),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  busied,  ppr. 
busying.    [<  ME.  btisien,  bisien,  besien,  <  AS. 


E.  also  bot,  bote ;  <  ME.  bui,  bot,  bute,  bote^  buten, 
boten,  with  a  short  vowel;  parallel  with  the 
equiv.  early  mod.  E.  bout  (esp.  as  a  prep.,  with- 
out; cf.  about,  the  same  word  with  a  prefix: 
see  bout"^,  and  bouf^  =  about),  <  ME.  bout,  boute, 
boutm,  earlier  butc,  buten,  retaining  the  orig. 
long  vowel,  <  AS.  butan,  buton,  poet,  be-utan, 
ONorth.  bnta  (=  OS.  biutan,  butan  =  OFries. 
biiten,  biita,  bota  s=  MLG.  buten,  but,  LG.  buten 
=  D.  buiten  =  OHG.  biuzan),  without,  outside, 

<  be,  by,  with,  +  utaii,  out,  orig.  from  without, 

<  lit,  out :  see  be-"^  and  out,  and  cf.  the  correla- 
tive bin^,  -  Sc.  ben,  within  (<  +  in^),  and 
about,  above,  which  also  contain  the  element 
6c-2.]    I.  adv.  If.  Outside;  without;  out. 

Hit  was  swutlie  mouchel  scome  [a  very  great  shame] 
Tliat  schoUle  a  (iiiene  beon 
King  in  thisse  londe, 

Heora  sunen  beon  buten  [var.  boute].  Layamon,  1. 159. 
2.  In  or  to  the  outer  room  of  a  cottage  having 
a  but  and  a  ben:  as,  he  was  but  a  few  minutes 
ago;  he  gaed  but  just  now.  [Scotch.] — 3. 
Only ;  merely ;  just.    See  III. 

li.  prej).  If.  Outside  of ;  without.— 2t.  To 
the  outside  of. — 3.  To  the  outer  apartment  of : 
as,  gae  but  the  house.  [Scotch.] — 4.  With- 
out; not  having;  apart  from. 

Summe  [sc.  weren]  al  bute  fet  [without  feet]. 

Old  Eng.  Homilies  (ed.  Morris),  1st  ser.,  p.  43. 

Of  fassoun  fair,  but  feir  [without  equal].  Dunbar. 

Touch  not  a  cat  but  a  glove.  Scotch  proverb. 

5.  Except;  besides;  more  than,  [in  this  use  gen- 
erally preceded  by  a  clause  containing  or  implying  a  nega- 
tion, and  not  easily  separable  from  the  conjunctional  use, 
under  which  most  of  the  examples  fall.  The  conjunction, 
on  the  other  hand,  in  some  elliptical  constructions  assumes 
a  prepositional  phase,  and  in  other  constructions  an  ad- 
verbial phase.    See  below.] 

Ill,  conj.  1 .  Except ;  unless :  after  a  clause 
containing  or  implying  a  negation,  and  intro- 
ducing the  following  clause,  in  which  (the  verb 
being  usually  omitted  because  implied  in  the 
preceding  clause)  but  before  the  noun  (subject 
or  object  of  the  omitted  verb)  comes  to  be  re- 
garded as  a  preposition  governing  the  noun. 

Nis  \ne  is,  is  not]  buten  an  god  [nom.]. 

Legend  of  St.  Katherine,  p.  367. 

Ther  nis  bot  a  godd  [nom.]. 

Legend  of  St.  Katherine,  p.  282. 

Kis  non  other  bute  he  [nom.]. 

Old  Eng.  Homilies  (ed.  Morris),  2d  ser.,  p.  109. 

Nefede  [had  not]  he  boten  anne  sune  [acc.]. 

Layamon,  I.  5. 

Away  went  Gilpin  —  who  bwt  he  ?  Cowper,  John  Gilpin. 
The  clause  introduced  by  but  (the  apparent  object  of  the 
quasi-preposition)  may  be  a  single  word,  an  infinitive  or 
prepositional  phrase,  or  a  clause  with  that. 

For  albeit  that  pain  was  ordeined  of  God  for  the  pun- 
ishment of  sinnes  (for  which  they  that  neuer  can  now  but 
sinne,  can  neuer  be  Imt  euer  punished  in  hel),  yet  in  this 
world  ...  the  punishment  by  tribulation  .  .  .  serueth 
ordinarily  for  a  meane  of  amendment. 

Sir  T.  More,  Cumfort  against  Trilnilation  (1573),  fol.  11. 

Noe  lawes  of  man  (according  to  the  straight  rule  of  right) 
are  just,  but  as  in  regard  to  the  evills  which  they  prevent. 

Sjjetiser,  State  of  Ireland. 

I  cannot  choose  but  weep  to  see  him. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  King  and  No  King,  iii.  3. 


but 

The  wedding  guest  he  beat  hia  breast. 
Yet  he  cannot  choose  but  hear. 

Coleridge,  Ancient  Mariner. 
No  war  ought  ever  to  be  undertaken  but  under  circum- 
stances which  render  all  interchange  of  courtesy  between 
the  combatants  impossible. 

Macaulay,  Mitford's  Hist.  Greece. 
That  but  for  this  our  souls  were  free, 
And  but  for  that  our  lives  were  blest. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  What  we  all  Think. 
By  ellipsis  of  the  subject  of  the  clause  introduced  by  but 
in  this  construction,  but  becomes  equivalent  to  that  .  .  . 
not  or  who  .  .  .  not. 

There  is  none  soe  badd,  Eudoxus,  but  shall  finde  some  to 
favoure  his  doinges.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

No  voice  exempt,  no  voice  but  well  could  join 
Melodious  part.  Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  370. 

Hardly  a  cavalier  in  the  land  but  would  have  thought  it 
a  reproach  to  remain  behind. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  24. 
What  will  but  felt  the  fleshly  screen? 

•  Browning,  Last  Ride  Together. 
In  this  construction  the  negative,  being  implied  in  bxtt, 
came  to  be  omitted,  especially  in  connection  with  the 
verb  be,  in  the  principal  clause,  the  construction  "There 
is  not  but  one  God,"  as  in  the  first  example,  becoming 
"There  is  but  one  God,"  leaving  but  as  a  quasi-adverb, 
'only,  merely,  simply."  This  use  is  also  extended  to  con- 
structions not  originally  negative. 

If  God  would  giue  the  goodes  only  to  good  men,  thai> 
would  folke  take  occasion  to  serue  him  but  for  them. 
Sir  T.  More,  Cumfort  against  Tribulation  (1573),  fol.  35. 
If  they  kill  us,  we  shall  but  die.  2  Ki.  vii.  4. 

I  am,  my  lord,  but  as  my  betters  are. 
That  led  me  hither.        Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  3. 

Do  but  go  kiss  him. 
Or  touch  him  but.       B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  iii.  6. 
But  form'd,  and  fight  I  but  born,  and  then  rebel ! 

Quarles,  Emblems,  iii.  6. 

For  alms  are  but  the  vehicle  of  prayer. 

Dryde7i,  Hind  and  Panther,  1.  1400. 

How  happy  I  should  be  if  I  could  tease  her  into  loving- 
me,  though  but  a  little  ! 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  1. 

Once,  and  but  once,  tliis  [Bacon's]  course  of  prosperity 
was  for  a  moment  interrupted.  Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 
Against  his  sharp  steel  lightnings 
Stood  the  Suliote  but  to  die.  Whittier,  The  Hero. 
To  the  last  two  constructions,  respectively,  belong  the 
idioms  "  I  cannot  but  hope  that,"  etc.,  and  "I  can  but  hope 
that,"  etc.  The  former  has  suft'ered  ellipsis  of  the  principal 
verb  in  the  first  clause  :  "  I  cannot  do  anything  but  hope," 
or  "  anything  else  than  hope,"  or  "  otherwise  than  hope," 
etc.,  implying  constraint,  in  that  there  is  an  alternative 
wliicli  one  is  mentally  unable  or  reluctant  to  accept,  but 
being  equivalent  to  otherwise  than.  The  latter,  "I  can 
but  hope  that,"  etc.,  has  suffered  further  ellipsis  of  the 
negative,  and,  thougli  historically  the  same  as  the  former, 
is  idiomatically  different:  "I  can  only  hope  that,"  etc., 
implying  restraint,  in  that  there  is  no  alternative  or  op- 
portunity of  action,  but  being  equivalent  to  oyily,  not 
otherwise  than,  or  no  more  tlian. 

I  cannot  but  remember  such  things  were. 

That  were  most  precious  to  me.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 

I  cannot  but 
Applaud  your  scorn  of  injuries. 

Beaii.  and  FL,  Laws  of  Candy,  iii.  2. 

They  cannot  but  testify  of  Truth. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  Pref.,  ii. 

I  cannot  but  sympathize  with  every  one  T  meet  that  is- 
in  affliction.  Addison,  A  Friend  of  Mankind. 

He  could  but  write  in  proportion  as  he  read,  and  empty 
his  commonplace  as  fast  only  as  he  filled  it.  Scott. 

Yet  he  could  not  but  acknowledge  to  himself  that  there 
was  something  calculated  to  impress  awe,  ...  in  the  sud- 
den appearances  and  vanishings  ...  of  the  masque. 

De  Quincey. 

In  an  interrogative  sentence  implying  a  negative  answer, 
can  but  is  equivalent  to  cannot  but  in  a  declarative  sen- 
tence. 

Why,  who  can  but  believe  him  ?  he  does  swear 
So  earnestly,  that  if  it  were  not  true, 
The  gods  would  not  endure  him. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Philaster,  iii.  1. 

After  dotibt,  or  doubt  not,  and  other  expressions  involving 
a  negative,  but  may  be  used  as  after  other  negatives,  but 
that  being  often  used  pleonastically  for  that. 

I  doubt  not  but  I  shall  find  them  tractable  enough. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  iv.  6. 

My  lord,  I  neither  can  nor  will  detiy 
But  that  I  know  them.     Shak.,  All  s  Well,  v.  3. 
I  doubt  not  but  there  may  be  many  wise  Men  in  all 
Places  and  Degi-ees,  but  am  sorry  the  effects  of  Wisdom 
are  so  little  seen  among  us.    Milton,  Free  Commonwealth. 

I  do  not  doubt  but  England  is  at  present  as  polite  a  na- 
tion as  any  in  the  world.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  6. 

There  is  no  question  but  the  King  of  Spain  will  reform 
most  of  the  abuses.  Addison,  Travels  m  Italy. 

Hence  the  use  of  but  with  )/ or  that,  forming  a  unitary 
phrase  but  if ,  'unless,  it  not,'  btit  that,  'except  that  un- 
less '  (these  phrases  having  of  course  also  then-  analytical 
meaning,  with  but  in  its  adversative  use). 
Gramer  for  gurles  I  gon  furste  to  write. 
And  beot  hem  with  a  lialeys  but  gif  thei  wolde  lernen. 

Piers  Plowman  (A),  xi.  132. 
But  if  I  have  my  wille. 
For  derne  love  of  thee,  leman,  I  spille. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  91. 

Lese  the  fraternete  of  the  gilde  for  euere  more,  6m«  i/ he 
haue  gi-ace.  English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  h.),  p.  95. 


735 

And  also  be  we  very  sure,  that  as  he  TGodl  hpmnneth  ^n    ;oM„i  j  i    .  ButhuS 

not1^.:t\rHe-wlt^h"vf ^^^^  m/.oi^>?q",fe*V/J  J^^^^^J^^^^Z  '^M^t^-^^^^-  ^^f^^'^^^^  ^^om  game  or  other  anitnal  or  vege- 

Sir  T.  More,  Cumfort  against  Tribulation  (1573)  fol  17       V  V^^^),  «•    [Sc.,  <  but^,  adv.,  prep.,  and  conj    i,  ^  v         '  '^^tchers'  meat. 
The  phrase  6««  that,  often  abbreviated  to  but,  thus  takes    mV.'^'^**!  Without.   Cf.  the  correlative  beni-,  n.]  »utcheroust  (bueh'er-us),  «.  [<  butcher  +  -om.-l 
an  extended  jneaning.  (a)  If  not;  unless.  The  outer  room  of  a  house  consisting  of  only    ^I^^rderous  ;  cruel.  -* 

Bote  ich  be  holly  at  thyn  heste,  let  honge  me  eUys '  rooms  ;  the  kitchen  :  the  other  room  being  c.    ■ ,  '^'^'^^  """"^  "'y  ''^tcheroug  hands 

^  ^'^«'-*^^«'««on(C),  iv.l49.     the  *C;/._ToUvebutandbenwlth    See  fcnl  oftKr  violence  to  thy  flesh  and  blood. 

G>)E.xcept  that  otherwise  than  that,  that  ...  not    (1)  OUtSf,  butt^f  (but),  n.    r<  ME  hut  hutte  hnlfp  n  v„+  i,  <^'"'^«'^<"' (■)-  Alphonsus,  v.  2. 

After  negative  clauses.  flounder  (glossed  also  «i/VMm'St  aS iS)   ^",1^®''-'^°^^  (bueh  6r-r6),  n.    A  row  of  sham- 

Sildome  but  some  good  eommeth  ere  the  end.  =  D.  bot,  a  flounder,  plaice,  =  K  i«f  LG'  ' 

T  .         .  T"'^'     "2.  buttC  (>  G.  butt  butte)   k  flounder  -  c^w'        ^'"T  ''^''S*'      shambles  and  butcfw.r.row  would  such 

I  see  not  then      we  should  enjoy  the  same  license.         butia,  ^  tuvhoi.    Hence  Somp TaS^ra  v^^^  .    v  -^'anners  of  Eng.  Peopll^'^at 

A  flounder  or  plaice.    [North  Eng'     '  ^'       butcher's-broom  (bueh '  6rz  -brom),  n.  See 
Hetok  /^''■oow,  under  iroowl.  . 

The  6«<<V  the  schulle,  the  thomebak.  tJ^^.®  (buch'_6rz-prik^vud),  n. 

Havelok,  1.  759.  '  ' 

Botte,  that  is  a  flounder  of  the  fresshe  water. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  231. 


B.  Jonmn. 

And  know  there  shall  be  nothing  in  my  power 
You  may  deserve,  but  you  shall  have  yoiu-  wishes 

Beau,  and  FL,  Philaster,  v.  4. 

ShaU  alter  it,  since  now  the  die  is  cast, 

iitit        this  hour  to  Pompey  is  his  last.  ,    .„         „  , 

J" letcher  {and  another),  False  One,  i.  1.  DUt-',  V.    See  butf^. 

Believe  not  but  I  joy  to  see  thee  safe.  Rowe.  \'^^t' See  6m«2 


feetrremenibJr°i;S;i"'^'^"  '"^  ^^^'^^^  ^'^^  '^''^^^P-- 
WOTdS"''^  "^^"^^  represented  by  the  Jngle 


See  butt^. 


Not  but  they  thought  me  worth  a  ransom. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras. 
An  expletive  what  sometimes,  but  incorrectly,  follows. 

Not  but  U'hat  I  hold  it  our  duty  never  to  foster  into  a 
passion  what  we  must  rather  submit  to  as  an  awful  neces 
^'  Buiwer.  butcher  (buch'er),  w 


buts  (but),  V.  Short  for  abut. 
bute  (but),  M.  See  butt^. 
butch  (buch),  V.  t.  [Assumed  from  butcUr,  Uke 
peddle  from  peddler.]  To  butcher:  cut,  as 
flesh.    [Bare.]  ' 


negative  an- 


(2)  After  interrogative  clauses  implyin 
swer. 

fh^^^h^    suffered  amongest  them?   It  is  wonderful!  but 
that  the  governours  doe  redresse  such  shamefull  abuses 
Spenser,  State  of  Ireland 
Who  knows  but  we  may  make  an  agreeable  and  perma- 
nent  acquamtance  with  this  interesting  family?  T  mlk 

(3)  After  imperative  or  exclamatory  clauses. 

Heaven  defend  but  still  I  should  stand  so. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iv  3 

it^n?t  ^h&TesT'"''°°  ^^^^ 
™,  .  ,  And,  but  infirmity 

CWhich  waits  upon  worn  times)  hath  something  seiz'd 
His  wish-d  ability,  he  had  himself  ^ 
The  lands  and  waters  'twixt  your  throne  and  his 
Measur'd  to  look  upon  you.  Shak.,  W.  T   v  l 

fo?aTl\he  i^H,,''Vv"  "'"^  crumbling  mansion  that  looks 
lor  all  the  world  like  an  inn,  but  that  we  never  see  com- 
paiiy. 

last  year,  my  love,  it  was  my  hap 

Behind  a  grenadier  to  be. 
And,  but  he  wore  a  hairy  cap, 
No  taller  man  metliinks  than  me. 

Thackeray,  Chronicle  of  the  Drum. 
2  However;  yet;  stUl;  nevertheless;  notwith- 
standing: introducing  a  statement  in  restric 

Tion  or  TnrirJifinQ+i/-vn  ^-p +1^^  j-         ,  , 


Take  thy  huge  offal  and  white  liver  hence 
Or  in  a  twinkling  of  this  true-blue  steel  ' 
1  shall  be  butching  thee  from  nape  to  rump 

Sir  H.  Taylor,  Ph.  van  Art.,  II.,  iii.  i. 

 „  ...    [<  ME.  boclier,  <  OF. 

boclner  bouchier,  boucher,  P.  bouclter  (=  Pr  ho- 
clner;  Ml,.  buccarius),  orig.  a  killer  of  he-goats, 
or  seller  of  their  flesh,  <  OF.  boc,  bouc,  ¥.  bouc 
= -V;  7^  (ML.  6«cci/s),  a  he-goat:  see  6hc^-i. 
Ct.  it.  beccajo,  beccaro,  a  butcher,  <  becco,  a 


I  he  beiTy-alder  of  Europe,  Rhamnus  Frannula  ■ 
so  called  from  its  use  for  skewers. 

(biich'er-i),  n.;  pi.  butclieries  (-iz). 
[<  ME.  bocherie,  a  butcher's  shop,  <  OP,  6m- 
chene  (Roquefort),  boucherie  (ML.  *buccaria 
bucceria)   P.  boucherie,  slaughter,  a  butcher'd 
shop,  <  boucher,  a  butcher :  see  butcher.']  1 
Slaughter;  the  act  or  business  of  slaughtering 
cattle.    Hence  — 2.  The  killing  of  a  human 
being  especially  in  a  barbarous  manner;  also 
the  killing  of  a  large  number,  as  in  battle  ; 
gi-eat  slaughter.  ' 

Whom  gaols,  and  blood,  and  butchery  delight.  Dryden. 

3t.  The  place  where  animals  are  killed  for  mar- 
ket; a  shambles  or  slaughter-house;  hence,  a- 
place  where  blood  is  shed. 

, , ,      .   Tiiis  house  is  but  a  butchery  ; 
Abhor  it,  fear  it,  do  not  enter  it. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  3. 
Syn._  Carriage,  etc.    See  massacre. 


o-nnf-  1      1     n-^^    "v.      'r    ""■^^^■^'■y  N  uevco,  a     =syn.  famage,  etc.    See  7n 

frfjttL  t  Slaughters  animals  for  butchmg  (biich'ing),  n.    [Verbal  n  of  hutch 

rmlf-  rtr-^irn^.^°^il^!ie^^^^  t!i'butcier's^id°e-.lR'^:!^ 


animals  for  food.— 2t.  An  executioner.--3 
One  who  kills  m  a  cruel  or  bloody  manner;  one 
guilty  of  indiscriminate  slaughter. 

f^^fTi'"''  "''I"'  are  bestowed  on  conquerors,  who 

for  the  most  part,  are  but  tlie  great  butchers  of  mankind. 

Locke. 

4.  Figuratively,  an  unskilful  workman  or  per- 
former ;  a  bungler ;  a  botch.   [CoUoq .  1  _  Butch 

clar^!?T--  See  6™o»M.-Butcher's  Cleaver  See 

■  ■'-'^  -^^lu-     t/ia7 less  nam,  under  wain. 

Goldsmith,  butcher  (buch'er),  V.  t.    [<  butcher,  «.]   1  To 
kill  or  slaughter  for  food  or  for  market.— 2 
lo  miirder,  especially  in  an  unusually  bloody 
or  barbarous  manner 


Sax  thousand  years  are  nearhand  sped 
Sin  I  was  to  the  hutching  bred. 

Burms,  Death  and  Dr.  Hornbook. 
Butea  (bu'tf-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  after  John, 
Earl  of  Bute  (1713-92).]  A  genus  of  legumil 
nous  plants,  natives  of  the  East  Indies,  contain- 
ing three  or  four  species,  small  trees  or  climb- 
ing shrubs,  yielding  a  kind  of  kino  known  as 
butea  gum  or  Bengal  lino.  The  principal  species  is 
tiTilT'  ">«.PaIas-  or  dliak-tree,  common  throughout 
India  and  conspicuous  for  its  abundant  bright  orange-red 
^''f'^  ■•        flo^vers  are  used  in 

dyeing;  cordage  is  made  from  the  fiber  of  the  bark  ■  and 
coccus"  P™'^"'''''^  °"       branches  by  the  puncture  of  i. 


„„  i--— ouauciuexiL.    u.  X' igui-auveiy,  to  treat  buno-line-lv •  mnko 


COCCUS 

tortJ?ed  '^rfi^U!t^''Hi^  'i"'         *°  be  but-end,  n.    See  butt-end. 

tonured  and  fttticAered  without  using  his  weapons.  ButPO  rbfi'te  o1  «    TT    o  i.,,.,  i 

J/aca«Zav,  Hist  Eno-  ix  -^iii^eo  1  Du  te-0),  w.  L^.,  a  buzzard :  see  &«<^'^ar(?.] 
i-n,.,  IX.    A  genus  ot  ignoble  hawks,  of  the  family  J-aZcowi 


„    o-  ---"™"^""6  "  ^^"ii-ciiieui,  in  resirie-  J/acawiai/,  Hist  En"-   ix      a  ^  " i"-    ',  •  '^"•s^S"™-! 

tion  or  modification  of  the  preceding  statement.  3.  Figuratively  to  treat  bundiuHv  r,.=ll  f  genus  ot  ignoble  hawks,  of  the  family  J-aZcowi- 
,oZl^ w^^^^.--^^'  ^-^^  --^''^  ^'^-e :      With  the    botch^^  spoil Lti^r^^as.foTifcL^^^^^^^^^  ''"^^^  l.-^^^-ily  Buteonina.; 


greatest  of  these  is  charity.  1  Cor.  xiii.  13 

The  Moorish  inhabitants  looked  jealously  at  this  smali 

hut  proud  array  of  Spanish  chivalry. 

Irving,  Granada,  p.  11. 

3.  On  the  contrary;  on  the  other  hand:  the 

regular  adversative  conjunction,  introducing  a 

clause  in  contrast  with  the  preceding. 
Coke-s  oppositi9n  to  the  Court,  we  fear,  was  the  effect 

not  of  good  principles,  but  of  a  bad  temper. 

Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

The  statement  with  which  the  clause  ^vith  but  is  thus  con- 

Of  much  less  value  is  my  company 
Than  youi'  good  words.   But  who  comes  here  ? 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  s 
Have  you  got  nothing  for  me?— Yes,  but  I  have. 

Sheridan. 

Sometimes,  instead  of  the  statement  vvith  which  the  clause 
with  but  IS  contrasted,  an  exclamation  of  surprise,  admit 
IIT;Z  ^r''^  "  precedes,  the  clause  With  but 
then  e.\pressmg  the  ground  of  the  feeling. 

0,       this  most  delicious  world,  how  sweet 
Her  pleasures  relish !       Quarles,  Emblems,  ii.  13. 
Good  heavens,  but  she  is  handsome  !        Adam  Smith. 

once^n^'^nLf  ^''''''T?y*i^e^-  t^his  construction, 
h°correcU  common,  is  now  regarded  as 

It  can  be  no  otherwise  but  so. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  2. 
0  fairest  flower,  no  sooner  blown  but  blasted. 

Milton,  Ode  on  D.'  F.  I. 


.   —  .\  "  /I.     XV  .-^iiriiie  :  an 

oscme  passerme  bird  of  the  family  Lanikhc,  and 

especially  of 
the  genus 
Lanivs  (see 
these  words) : 
socalledfrom 
its  curious 
habit  of  kill 
ingmore 
it  immediate 
ly  eats,  and 
sticking  what 
is  left  upon 
thorns,  as 
a  butcher 
hangs  meat 
upon  hooks. 
The  common 
butcher-bird  of 

excubitor ;  Uyo  common  American  specie^Trthe  meat 
northern  shrike,  L.  borealis,  and  a  smaller  southeni^pe- 

ffn)/.s     bee  7une-kUler  and  shrike 

butcher-crow  (biieh'er-kro),  «.    a  bird  of  the 
tamiiy  Corindce,  genus  Barita,  inhabiting  New 
Holland,  as  B.  destructor. 
butcherdom  (biich'er-dom),  n.    The  condition 
or  trade  of  a  butcher.  [Rare.] 
butcherer  (biieh'er-er),  n.     [<  butcher,  v.,  + 


Head  of  Red-tailed  Buz 
zard  {Butea  borealis). 


the  buzzards  "or  buzzard- 
hawks  (which  see).  Thegenus- 
IS  an  extensive  one,  in  its  usual  ac- 
ceptation containing  about  40  spe- 
cies, of  nearly  all  parts  of  the  world 
Ihey  are  large,  heavy  hawks,  with, 
no  tooth  on  the  bill,  wings  and  tail 
of  moderate  size,  and  rather  short- 
feet  with  partly  naked,  partly  fea- 
tliered  tarsi.    The  common  buz- 

s^i^--  ^^^iJ^aH^:^^^! 

than  Suteoninae  (bii"'te-6-ni'ne),  «.^>Z.    [NL    <.  Bur- 

Ii  '"'"'•'^  A  SroviV  of  buzzard-hawks; 
one  ot  the  conventional  subfamilies  of  Falco-^ 
niche  represented  by  the  genus  Buteo  and  its- 
subdavisions,  and  by  the  genus  Archibuteo. 
iHere  are  no  technical  characters  by  which 
It  can  be  de- 


Butcher-bird  {Lanius  ludoTjicianus). 


teiTuined  with 
precision. 

buteonine 

(bii'te-6-nin), 
a.  l<.'Biiteo{n-) 
+  -ine^.l  Buz- 
zard-like ;  re- 
sembling a 
buzzard ;  be- 
longing to  the 
group  of  hawks 
of  which  the 
genus  Buteo  is 
typical. 


shortness  in  it.  jhA"-    '   ^ 

^  -  ^as  no  soon^me.  .^^^^^         ^^^i^^-^^  ^ 

.isesoutofthecomnarativ   "...    ^'l^'^'f.l'^  11 'h':^'^^^^^^  ^  ^^tcher; 


ft™<S,^"'„.rf'*'^  use  arises  out  of  the  comparative  con- 
SaherUiin  Vee  4']"°=  equivalent  to  "not 

ta?^/t^i\S;f  ^^-^^S^^iourneyed 
-  Banyan,  Pilgrim  s  Progi'ess  p  17'' 

inode!S*feiljPJ''  idiomatic  deflection  but  has  in 
moaem  Engbsh  developed  a  great  variety  of  special  and 


done  in  the  manner  of  a  butcher. 

Lord  Russell  was  beheaded  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  the 
executioner  giving  him  three  butcherly  strokes. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  July  21,  16S3. 

butcher-meat  (buch'er-met),  n.    The  flesh  of 
animals  slaughtered  by  the  butcher  for  food 
such  as  that  of  oxen,  sheep,  pigs,  etc.,  as  dis- 


gap),  «.  [E 
dial.,  appar, 
buti  or  butt^,  „ 
bound,  limit, 
+  gap.']  A 
fence  of  turf. 
Buthus  (bu'- 
thus),w.  [NL.] 
A  genus  of 
scorpions,  of 
the  familjr 


< 


Buthus  carolinus,  natural  size- 


Buthus 

■droctonidcv.  B.  caroUnus  (Beaiivois)  is  eommon 
in  the  southern  United  States.  Its  stiug  is 
poisonous,  but  seldom  fatal, 
butler  (but'ler),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hoteler, 
<  ME.  hotckr,  bottcr,  hutclcr,  etc.,  <  AF.  butuiUcr. 
OF.  huteillcr,  houteUlier,  houtiUicr  (ML.  huticit- 
larius),  <  AF.  hutuiUe,  OF.  hoiitciUc,  <  ML.  hii- 
tictda,  a  bottle :  see  bottle-.}  1 .  A  mau-servant 
in  a  household  whose  principal  duty  is  to  take 
■charge  of  the  liquors,  phxte,  etc.;  the  head 
male  servant  of  a  household. 

And  he  restored  the  chief  butler  unto  his  butlership 
again  ;  and  he  gave  the  cup  into  Pharaoh's  hand. 


2.  The  title  of  an  of&cial  of  high  rank  nomi- 
nally connected  with  the  importation  and  sup- 
ply of  wine  for  the  royal  table,  but  having 
different  duties  in  different  countries  and  at 
various  times.  ,  ,    ,     ,         n  i 

■hutlerage  (but'ler-aj),  n.  [<  butler  +  -rtf/c]  1. 
In  old  Eiiq.  laic,  a  duty  of  two  shilhngs  on  every 
tun  of  wine  imported  into  England  by  foreign- 
ers or  merchant  strangers:  so  called  because 
originally  paid  to  the  king's  butler  for  the  king. 

These  ordinary  finances  are  casual  or  uncertain,  as  lie 
the  escheats,  tlie  customs,  butlerarte,  and  impost.  Bacon. 

2t.  The  office  of  butler;  butlership.— 3.  The 
butler's  department  in  a  household. 

butleress  (but'ler-es),  n.  [<  butler  +  -ess.}  A 
female  butler.  Chapman. 

Tautlership  (but'ler-ship),  n.  [<  butler  +  -ship.} 
The  office  of  a  butler.    Gen.  xl.  21. 

iDUtlery  (but'ler-i),  n.  [See  buttery.}  Same  as 
buttery'^,  2.  [Rare.] 

There  was  a  hutleni  connected  with  the  college,  at  which 
cider  beer  suaar  pipes,  and  tobacco  were  sold  to  the  stu- 
dents.      '     Guw,  Primer  of  Politeness  (ed.  1S83),  p.  140. 

■butment  (but'ment),  m.    An  abbreviated  form 

of  abutineut. 

hutment-cheek  (but'inent-ehek),  n.  The  part 
of  the  material  about  a  mortise  against  which 
the  shoulder  of  a  tenon  bears. 

3utorides  (bu-tor'i-dez),  ».  [NL.]  A  genus 
of  small  herons,  of  the  family  Ardeidw,  of  which 
green  is  the  principal  color;  the  little  green 

herons.  B.  virescens,  the  common  shitepoke  or  fly-up- 
the-creek  of  the  United  States,  is  one  species,  and  there 
are  several  others. 

hut-shaftt,       See  butt-shaft. 

butt^  (but),  V.  [Also  sometimes  (like  all  the 
other  words  spelled  butt)  written  but,  early  mod. 
E.  butte,  <  ME.  butten,  push,  throw,  <  AT.  butcr, 
OF.  buter,  botcr,  push,  butt,  strike,  mod.  F. 
bouter,  put,  buter,  intr.  hit  the  mark,  aim,  tr. 
prop,  buttress,  =  Pr.  botar,  boutar,  butar  —  Sp. 
Pg.  boiar  =  It.  bottare,  lance,  buttare,  push, 
thrust,  throw,  fling;  perhaps  <  MHG.  bozen, 
strike,  beat,  =  AS.  bedtan,  etc.,  beat:  see  beat>-. 
To  the  same  ult.  source  are  referred  boss^, 
iotcIO-,  etc. ;  also  abut,  of  which  hutt^  in  some 
senses  (II.,  2,  3)  is  in  part  an  abbr.  form. 
Hence  indirectly  butt^,  buttress,  etc.]  I.  trans. 
To  strike  by  thrusting,  as  with  the  end  of  a  beam 
or  heavy  stick,  or  with  the  horns,  tusks,  or  head, 
£is  an  ox,  a  boar,  or  a  ram ;  strike  with  the  head. 

The  here  in  tlie  bataile  the  bygger  hym  semyde, 
And  bvttes  hyme  boldlye  wytli  balefuUe  tuskez. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  791. 
Come,  leave  your  tears  :  a  brief  farewell :  — the  beast 
With  many  heads  butts  me  away.       Shah.,  Cor.,  iv.  1. 
II.  intrans.  1.  To  strike  anything  by  thrust- 
ing the  head  against  it,  as  an  ox  or  a  ram  ;  have 
a  habit  of  striking  in  this  manner. 

A  ram  will  butt  with  his  head,  though  he  be  brought  up 
tame,  and  never  saw  that  manner  of  fighting. 

Ray,  Works  of  Creation. 

When  they  [shepherds]  called,  the  creatures  came,  ex- 
pecting salt  and  bread.  It  was  pretty  to  see  them  lying 
near  their  masters,  playing  and  butting  at  them  with  their 
liorns,  or  bleating  for  the  sweet  rye-bread. 

J.  A.  Symonds,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  310. 

2.  To  join  at  the  end  or  outward  extremity ; 
abut;  be  contiguous. 

The  poynt  of  tliat  side  butteth  most  vppon  Germany. 

Lyly,  Euphues  and  his  England,  p.  247. 
Tliere  are  many  ways  butt  down  upon  this  ;  and  they  are 
crooked  and  wide.       Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  101. 

3.  Specifically,  in  ship-building,  to  abut  end  to 
end;  fit  together  end  to  end,  as  two  planks. 

Also  spelled  but. 
"butti  (but),  n.  [<  ME.  butt;  <  butt\  v.  The 
second  sense  is  due  in  part  to  F.  botte,  a  pass  or 
thrust  in  fencing,  <  It.  botta  =  Sp.  Pg.  bote,  a 
thrust,  blow ;  from  the  same  source  as  butt'-,  v.} 
1  A  push  or  thrust  given  by  the  head  of  an 
animal:  as,  the  butt  of  a  ram.— 2.  A  thi'ust  m 
fencing 


736 

Full  butt,  with  the  head  directed  at  an  object  so  as  to 
strike  it  most  elfectively. 

F/'ulle  butt  in  the  frunt  tlie  fromonde  [forehead]  he  hittez, 
■riiat  tlie  buniyscht  blade  to  tlio  l)rayne  rynnez. 

Mortc  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1112. 
The  corporal  ran /i<Z2       at  the  lieutenant. 

Marryat,  Siiarleyyow,  I.  vi. 

butt^  (but),  n.  [Also  written  but,  early  mod. 
E.  butte,  <  ME.  but,  butte,  a  goal  (meta),  a  mark 
to  shoot  at,  but,  butt,  butte,  a  butt  of  land  (ML. 
butta  terra');  <  OF.  "but,  m.,  a  but  or  mark," 
"butte,  i.,  a  but  or  mark  to  shoot  at,"  in  an- 
other form  "  bat,  as  but  [a  mark],  Norm.;  also,  a 
luncheon,  or  ill-favoured  big  piece"  (Cotgrave), 
the  same  as  OF.  bat,  end,  extremity,  mod.  F. 
bout,  end,  extremity,  part,  piece,  distinguished 
from  mod.  P.  but,  m.,  aim,  goal,  mark,  butte,  f., 
a  mark,  target,  usually  set  upon  rising  groimd, 
hence  also  a  rising  ground,  knoll,  hill,  butte  (> 
E.  butte,  q.  v.);  all  orig.  <  OF.  buter,  boter,  AF. 
buter,  push,  butt,  strike,  mod.  F.  bouter,  put, 
buter,  hit  the  mark,  aim,  prop,  >  E.  btitt^^,  of 
which  butt^  is  thus  indirectly  a  derivative:  see 
butt^.  The  forms  and  senses  mix  with  some 
of  appar.  dift'.  origin:  cf.  Norw.  butt,  a  stiunp, 
block,  Icel.  butr,  a  log,  LG.  butt,  a  stumpy 
child;  G.  butt  =  D.  bot  =  Dan.  but,  short  and 
thick,  stubby  (>  F.  bot  in  pied  bot,  club-foot,  — 
Sp.  boto,  blunt,  round  at  the  end) :  referred, 
doubtfully,  nit.  to  the  root  of  E.  beaf^,  q.  v. 
prob.  in  part  confused  with  LG.  butt,  etc.,  a 
tub,  etc.,  =  E.  butts.}    l.  The  end  or  extremity 

of  a  thing.  Particularly— (a)  Tlie  tliicker,  larger  or 
blunt  end  of  a  piece  of  timber,  a  musket,  a  tlshing-i  od,  a 
whip-handle,  etc.  Also  called  butt-end.  (b)  The  tliick  or 
fleshy  part  of  a  plant,  etc.  (c)  The  buttocks ;  the  posteri- 
ors. [Vulgar.]  (rf)  A  Imttock  of  beef.  [Prov.  Eng.]  _ 
2.  In  ship-buildinq,  the  end  of  a  plank  or  piece 
of  timber  which  exactly  meets  another  endwise 
in  a  ship's  side  or  bottom ;  also,  the  juncture 
of  two  such  pieces. —  3.  In  mach., 
the  square  end  of  a  connecting- 
rod  or  other  link,  to  which  the 
bush-bearing  is  attached.— 4.  In 
carp.,  a  door-hinge  consisting  of 
two  plates  of  metal,  or  leaves, 
which  interlock  so  as  to  form  a  past-joint  Butt 
movable  joint,beingheldtogether 


lUU  V  J  VXXAIJ,  K^V.'iUQ"^-'^  55  

by  a  pin  or  pintle.  They  are  screwed  to  the  butting 
parts  of  the  door  and  casing,  instead  of  to  their  adjoining 
sides  as  are  the  older  strap-hinges.  See  fast-jmnt  butt  and 
loose-joint  butt,  below.    Also  called  butt-lanije. 

5.  In  agri.:  (a)  A  ridge  in  a  plowed  field,  espe- 
cially when  not  of  full  length.  Hence  — (fc)  A 
gore  or  gare.  (c)  pi.  A  small  detached  or  dis- 
joined parcel  of  land  left  over  in  surveying.— 

6.  In  the  lea  titer  trade,  a  hide  of  sole-leather  with 
the  belly  and  shoulders  cut  off;  a  rounded  crop. 

The  heaviest  hides  .  .  .  have  received  the  name  of 'jmMs 
or  backs.  (/re.  Diet,  III.  83. 

7t.  A  hassock.- 8.  The  standing  portion  of 
a  half-coupling  at  the  end  of  a  hose ;  the  me- 
tallic ring  at  the  end  of  the  hose  of  a  fire-en- 
gine, or  the  like,  to  which  the  nozle  is  screwed. 
—  9.  In  target-shooting:  (a)  In  archery,  a  mark 
to  shoot  at.  (b)  In  rifle-practice,  a  wooden  tar- 
get composed  of  several  thicknesses  of  boards, 
with  small  spaces  between  them,  po  that  the 
depth  to  which  bullets  penetrate  can  be  ascer- 
tained, (c)  In  gunnery,  a  solid  embankment  of 
earth  or  sand  into  which  projectiles  are  tu-ed 
in  testing  guns,  or  in  making  ballistic  experi- 
ments, (d)  2>i-  The  range  or  place  where  arch- 
ery, rifle,  or  gunnery  practice  is  carried  on,  in 
distinction  from  the  field.  See  target.  Hence 
— 10.  A  person  or  thing  that  serves  as  a  mark 
for  shafts  of  wit  or  ridicule,  or  as  an  object  of 
sarcastic  or  contemptuous  remarks. 

I  played  a  sentence  or  two  at  my  butt,  which  I  thought 
very  smart,  when  niy  ill  genius  .  .  .  suggested  to  him 
such  a  reply  as  got  all  the  laughter  on  his  side.  Budgell. 

That  false  prudence  which  dotes  on  health  and  wealth 
is  the  butt  and  merriment  of  heroism. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  229. 

11.  A  goal;  abound;  a  limit. 

Here  is  my  journey's  end,  here  is  my  butt, 
And  very  sea-mark  of  my  utmost  sail. 

"  Shak.,  Othello,  v.  2. 

12.  In  coal-mining,  the  surface  of  the  coal 
which  is  at  right  angles  to  the  face.  [Eng.] 
—  13.  A  shoemakers'  knife.    [North.  Eng.] 

Also  spelled  but.  . 
Bead  and  butt.  See  bead,  9.— Butt  and  butt,  with  the 

butt-ends  togetlier,  but  not  overlapping,  as  two  planks.— 
Butts  and  bounds,  the  abuttals  and  boundaries  of  land.— 
Butt's  length,  tlie  ordinary  distance  from  tlie  place  of 
sliuotiiig  to  the  butt  or  mark :  as,  not  two  butts  lengths 
from  the  town 


To  prove  who  gave  the  fairer  butt, 
John  shows  the  chalk  on  Robert's  coat. 


Prior. 


[They]  rode  so  cloos  oon  after  a-nother  that  whan  thei 
were  renged  that  oon  myght  have  caste  a  glove  vpon  theire 
helmes  that  sholde  not  have  falle  to  grounde,  er  tliei  hadde 
ride  a  butte  lengthe.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  385. 


buttal 

Fast-joint  butt,  a  hinge  in  whicli  tlie  pintle  that  holds 
togetlier  tlie  two  leaves  is  reninvalili-,  and  tlie  leaves  are 
so  interlocked  tliat  tliey  cannot  be  seiiarated  without  first 
removing  tlio  pintle.  — HOOkand butt.  See/ioofc.— LOOSe- 
iointbutt,  ;i  hinno  in  whirli  the  jointed  portion  is  halved, 
each  halt  fonninu  a  i)art  of  one  of  the  leaves.  The  pin  is 
immovalily  tixeil  to  one  leaf,  and  enters  a  hole  in  the  other 
leaf,  thus  enaliling  the  leaves  to  be  sepai'ated  easily.— 
Rising  butt,  a  hinge  in  which  the  leaf  attached  to  the 
door  rises  slightly  as  the  door  is  opened.  Tliis  action  is 
ettected  liy  making  the  surface  upon  wliich  tliis  leaf  moves 
inclined  instead  of  horizontal.  The  object  is  to  give  tlie 
door  a  tendency  to  close  automatically.— Scuttled  butt. 
Same  as  scuttle-butt.— To  give  the  butt  to,  in  angling 
with  a  light  fly-rod,  to  turn  the  butt  of  the  rod  toward  the 
hooked  Hsh.thus  bending  the  rod  upon  itself  and  keeping 
a  steady  tension  on  the  line.— To  start  or  spring  a  butt 
(na^tt.),  to  loosen  the  end  of  a  plank  by  the  weakness  or 
laboring  of  the  ship.  rr, 

butt2  (but),  V.    [<  butt^,  71.}    I.  trans.  If.  To 
lay  down  bounds  or  limits  for. 

That  the  dean,  etc.,  do  cause  all  and  singular  houses, 
dwellings  of  the  church,  to  be  bounded  and  butted. 

Abp.  Parker,  in  Strype  (fol.  ed.),  p.  304. 

2.  To  cut  off  the  ends  of,  as  boards,  in  order  to 
make  square  ends  or  to  remove  faulty  portions. 
E.  H.  Knigh  t. 
II.  intrans.  To  abut.    See  butt^,  v.,  II.,  2,  3. 
Also  spelled  but. 
butt^  (but),  n.    [Also  written  but,  early  mod.  E. 
but,  bntte;  <  (1)  ME.  bytte,  bitte,  bit,  earlier  butte, 
a  leathern  bottle,  a  wine-skin  (in  late  ME.  bitte, 
a  leathern  fire-bucket),  <  AS.  bytt,  byt,  aleathern 
bottle,  —  MD.  butte,  D.  but,  a  wooden  bucket, 
=  MLG.  butte,  LG.  butte,  butt  =  MHG.  biitte,  G. 
butte,  biitte,  a  tub,  coop,  =  Icel.  bytta,  a  small 
tub,  a  bucket,  pail,  =  Norw.  bytta,  a  tub,  bucket, 
pail,  a  brewing-vat  (cf.  butt,  a  keg,  a  butter- 
tub),  =  Sw.  bytta,  a  pail,  =  Dan.  botte,  a  tub, 
coop;  mixed  with  (2)  ME.  *butte  (not  found  in 
this  sense),  <  OF.  boutc,  mod.  F.  botte  =  Pr.  Sp. 
bota  =  It.  botte,  a  butt,  cask;  cf.  (3)  AS.  byden 
=  MLG.  bodene,  boden,  bode,  bodde,  budde,  also 
bodeme  (by  confusion  with  bodeme  —  E.  bottom) 
=  OHG.  butinna,  MHG.  bntin,  budin,  biiten,  bu- 
tcn,  batten,  G.  biitte  (mixed  with  the  above)  = 
ODan.  bodde,  a  butt,  tun,  tub,  vat;  cf.  It.  bot- 
tina,  a  little  butt;  (4)  AS.  buteruc,  butcric,  bu- 
truc,  early  ME.  buttruc  =  OS.  buteric  =  OHG. 
butirih,  puterih,  MHG.  buterich,  butrich,  a  lea- 
thern bottle,  a  flask,  G.  dial,  biitterich,  biittnch, 
a  small  tub  or  ban-el,  a  keg  (ML.  buttericus,  a 
tankard);  and  (5)  see  bottle'^,  from  the  same 
ult.  source:  <  ML.  buttis,  butta,  also  butis,  buta, 
a  butt,  a  cask,  MGr.  phrig,  povnc,  a  butt  (NGr. 
Pohra,  a  tub,  a  churn,  poirrat,  a  tub,  a  barrel), 
appar.  shortened  from  the  older  form  (from 
which  directly  the  third  set  of  forms  men- 
tioned), ML.  butina,  a  flask,  <  Gr.  Trvriv?/,  later 
(Tarentine)  pvrivj/,  a  flask  covered  with  osier 
(cf.  NGr.  pvriva,  a  pan  for  salting  meat).  As 
in  other  vessel-names,  the  precise  application 
varies  in  the  different  languages.  In  the  sense 
of  a  particular  measure  of  wine,  the  word  is 
modern;  cf.  2»P<^       similar  senses.]    If.  A 
leathern  bottle  or  flask ;  a  bucket:  in  this  sense 
only  in  Middle  English,  usually  spelled  bitovbttt. 

That  the  Bitters  be  redy  w'  hur  horses  and  bittes  to 
brvnge  water  .  .  .  when  eny  parelle  of  fuyre  ys  w'yn  the 
cite.  English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  382. 

2.  A  large  cask,  especially  one  to  contain  wine. 
—  3.  A  measure  of  wine  equal  to  126  United 
States  (that  is,  old  wine)  gallons ;  a  pipe.  It  is 
no  longer  a  legal  measure  in  Great  Britain,  and  the  com- 
mon statement  that  an  imperial  butt  is  126  imperial  gal- 
lons is  incorrect;  the  butt  is  110  imperial  gallons.  Ihe 
measure  was  originally  used  chiefly  for  Spanish  wine,  and 
the  word  was  used  to  translate  Spanish  bota,  which  equaled 
126  United  States  gallons,  and  to  distinguish  that  from 
the  Spanish  pipa,  which  contained  only  114  United  States 
gallons.  Its  present  value  was  legalized  by  a  statiite  of 
Anne  It  is  now  confounded  with  the  pipe.  The  pipe  of 
Madeira  is  reputed  to  contain  110  gallons ;  of  Canary,  120 ; 
of  Port,  138 ;  of  Marsala,  112.  The  bota  and pipa,  througli- 
out  Spain,  vary  but  little  from  the  values  above  given.  In 
Portuguese  countries  two  measures  are  common,  one  ot  141 
gallons  (Oporto,  Lisbon  for  oil),  and  another  of  110  gallons 
(Lisbon,  Madeira,  Porto  Rico,  Bahia).  There  is  besides  a 
Portuguese  pipe  of  132  gallons  (Lisbon  foroil,  Bahia).  in 
Italy  the  name  botte  is  applied  to  a  cask  holding 
United  States  gallons  or  more  ;  but  it  was  in  many  places 
confounded  with  tlie  pipa,  which  held  only  160  to  1/0  gal- 
lons. The  French  word  botte  was  never  used  as  the  nami- 
of  a  wine-measure ;  neither  was  the  German  butte  or  butte. 
In  Denmark  there  was  a  bodde  of  123  United  States  gal- 
lons ;  in  Gotha,  a  measure  of  the  same  name  equal  to  lla 
United  States  gallons.  The  botija  of  Bolivia  if  ""ly 
United  States  gallons.  A  butt  of  London  beer,  at  the  time 
when  London  beer  was  measured  differently  from  ale,  was 
3  hogsheads.  A  butt  of  salmon,  by  a  statute  of  Henry  v  l., 
was  84  gallons.  „        ,_,  \  n  k 

4.  A  beehive.    [Prov.  Eng.  (Exmoor).]  — o. 
A  cart.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
buttH,  M.    See  6m«2. 

buttafi  (but'al),  n.  [Short  for  abuttal.}  It. 
A  boundary;  a  bound.— 2.  [Cf.  butt^,  n.,  5.J  A 
corner  of  ground.    [Prov.  Eng.] 


buttal 

buttaP  (but'al),  «.  A  dialectal  form  of  hutteri 
bittern'-.  ' 

butt-bolt  (but'bolt),  n.  An  imbarbed  arrow; 
a  butt-shaft.  ' 

of  ''er  eye  like  a  but-boU, 
which  sticks  at  this  liom-  up  to  the  feathers  in  my  heart 
Ford  and  Delcker,  Witch  of  Edmonton  ii  i 


737 


butt-Cham  (but'chan),  «.  In  harness,  a  short 
Cham  attached  at  one  end  to  the  leather  tug 
and  at  the  other  to  the  swingle-tree.    E  H 

Knight. 

butte  (but),  11.  [F.,  a  rising  ground,  a  mound, 
orig.  a  butt  to  shoot  at :  see  Jrutt'^.']  A  conspicu- 
ous hill  or  mountain,  especially  one  that  at- 
tracts attention  by  its  isolation,  or  serves  as  a 
landmark:  a  name  applied  in  the  regions  about 
the  upper  Missouri  and  west  to  the  Pacific 

Ihus,  the  "Tliree  Buttes"  were  a  conspicuous  landmark 
for  emigrants  to  Oregon.  One  of  the  highest  and  grandest 
mountains  in  the  United  States,  Mount^Shasta,  wis  i  the 
early  days  of  Californian  emigration  known  to  the  Ameri- 
cans almost  exclusively  as  Shasta  Butte.  Other  prom  - 
Bnwn  ?^'[>  P?"",",  C^^»f«-"ia  are  still  called  buttes  L 
Downieville  Butteg,  MarysviUe  Buttes,  etc.  This  use  of 
the  word  butte,  now  gradually  disappearing  from  the 
fhf       H  1"f""'V  °f  F'""ch  occupancy  of 

^hro,f°h  w'*'  '""^  °i  1 subsequent  wide  distribution 
thiough  that  region  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company's  em- 
ployees, most  .0  whom  were  of  French  Extraction  The 
tTe^fuX?/ w"^f"P  overland  emigrants  and  carried  to 
the  fuithest  West;  and  it  has  been  much  used  as  a  place- 
name,  alone  or  in  combination.  ^ 

buttent,       An  obsolete  spelling  of  htitton. 
butt-end  (but'end),  n.    The  thicker,  larger  or 
blunt  end  of  anything:  as,  the  butt-end  of  a 
musket  or  a  piece  of  timber:  same  as  hutf^. 
1  (rt).    Also  spelled  hut-end. 
butterl  (but'er),  n.    [<  ME.  hutter,  huttere,  bu- 
tere,_  <  Ab.  butere  (in  comp.  buter-,  buttor-)  = 
OJmes.  butera,  botera  =  D.  boter  =  LG.  botter  = 
OHGr.  butra,  butere,  MHG.  buter,  G.  butter  = 
±.  beurre  z=  It.  burro,  butiro,  <  L.  butyrum,  < 
Orr.  jjov-vpov,  butter,  appar.  <  ^ovg,  cow,  +  rvpSg 
cheese,  but  perhaps  an  accom.  of  some  for- 
eign word.]    1.  The  fatty  portion  of  milk.  As 

prepared  for  use,  it  contains  80  to  85  per  cent,  of  fats  with 
.varying  amounts  of  water  and  salt,  and  minute  quantities 
of  sugar  and  ciu'd.  It  is  used  as  a  food  or  relish  by  most 
peoples,  and  is  made  directly  from  the  milk,  or  from  the 
cream  previously  separated  from  the  milk,  of  cows  goats 
and  other  anima  s.  Agitation  or  churning  separates  the 
fatb  from  the  milk  or  cream  and  makes  them  cohere  in 
lumps,  which  are  then  worked  together  freed  as  far  -i^ 
possible  from  buttermilk,  and  usually  mixed  with  salt 
which  preserves  tlie  butter  and  develops  its  flavor 
a.  In  old  cheni.,  a  term  applied  to  certain  an- 
hydrous metallic  chlorids  of  buttery  consis- 
^!^ft?ft,.f'"^t  ^•^^\^ility-T^""er-and-taUow  tree,  a 

guttiferous  tree  of  Sierra  Leone,  Pentadesma  butynicm 
so  called  from  its  abundant  yellow,  greasy  sap  which  the 
natives  imx  with  their  food.- Butter  of  antlmonv  a 
name  given  to  antimony  trichlorid,  made  by  distilliiV;  a 
mixture  of  corrosive  sublimate  and  antimony,  and  fonner- 
ly  used  in  medicine  as  a  caustic— Butter  of  bismuth 
butter  of  tin,  butter  of  zinc,  subSed  chlorids  of 
those  metals --Butter  of  wax,  the  oleaginous  part  of 
wax,  obtained  by  distillation,  having  a  buttery  consistence 
-Macaja  butter.  See  Coco.?.-^  Midshipmen's  buttPr 
See  a™««rfo.- Nutmeg-butter.  See,S^^-pSn.: 
crude  paraffin  whicl,  is  used  iov  m!i\SicSx- 
°i^t~K?Clf-outter,a  peculiar  mineral  composed  of  alum 
combined  with  iron,  of  the  consistence  and  appearance  of 
soft  butter,  occurring  as  a  pasty  exudation  from  aluminit- 
erous  rocks  at  Hurlet  Alum  Works,  Paisley,  Scotland  ai  d 
in  severa,!  places  on  the  continent  of  Europe.- Run  but- 
ter, clarifled  butter  ;  butter  melted  and  potted  for  culi- 
of  h  S'"'  "^T  °^  ^'^^  (^vhich  see)  is  given  to  a  ki  d 
of  run  butter  made  in  India.  -  Vegetable  butters  a 
name  given  to  certain  concrete  fixed  vegetable  oil^s  wlu'ch 
rJL^ii  temperatui-es:  so  called  from  their 

resemblance  to  butter  produced  from  the  milk  of  animals 
Xhe  following  are  the  most  important  of  them.  Cacao- 
thi  .1  f„°/i,^'f  theobroraa,  is  obtained  from  the  seeds  of 
the  cacao  (peoferomo.  Cacao)  of  tropical  America:  it  is 

hiL'^  ''-''^"'S  ^         agreeable  odor,  a 

bland  chocolate-like  taste,  and  a  neutral  reaction"  m  S 

th?fn,!t  n7'i?-/°-^^V  y^""""-?  ■''""^'^  obtained  from 
the  fruits  of  Valeria  Indica;  it  is  a  resin  rather  than  an 
on,  and  IS  used  as  a  varnish.  Ftiliva  butter  is  from  the 
frnm  th„  ^  East  Indian  Bassia  butyracea;  Kokum  butter, 
R^^-   7  fvw?  °*  Garcuna  Indica;  Mahwah  butter,  from 

Imk  butter  IS  drpm  the  kernels  of  the  shea- tree,  Butyro- 
spermum  Parku,  of  western  Africa ;  it  resembles  palm  oil 
but  IS  of  a  deeper-red  color.  See  Bassia,  cacao,  shea. 
butterl  (but'er),  v.    [<  butterl,  «.]    I.  trans. 

1.  To  smear  with  butter. 

brother  that,  in  piu'e  kindness  to  his  horse, 
buttet  d  his  hay.  shak.,  Lear,  ii.  i. 

2.  To  flatter  grossly:  as,  he  buttered  him  to  his 
brewP  '  •'r^^.^'V     tCoUoq.J-Buttered  ale,  a  beer 

flfvl  bop.s  or  other  bitter  ingi'edien't,  and 

flavored  with  sugar,  butter,  and  spice.-To  know  on 
Which  side  one  s  bread  is  buttered,  to  know  where 

(CoUoql  ^"  '  °* 

I  know  what's  what,  I  know  on  which  side 
My  bread  is  butter' d.        Ford,  Lady's  Trial,  ii.  1. 
II.  intrans.  In  gambling  slang,  to  stake  the 
previous  winnings,  with  addition,  at  everv 
throw  or  every  game. 
47 


It  is  a  fine  simile  in  one  of  Mr.Oongreve's  prologues  which 
con  pares  a  writer  to  a  buttniny  gamester  that  stakes  all 

Ihvowh»  -^^  T'*^  "'f''  loses  the  last 

thiow  he  IS  sure  to  lie  undone.         Addison,  Freeholder. 

butter2  (but'er),  n.    [<  butt^  +  -erl.]   One  who 
or  that  which  butts;  an  animal  that  butts. 
butter3  (but'er),  n.   [<  butt'^,  v.  I.,  2,  -h  -erl.1  A 
machine  for  sawing  off  the  ends  of  boards,  to 
square  them  and  remove  faulty  parts, 
butter*!,      An  obsolete  form  of  6i7fen(i  Com- 
pare butterbump. 
butterSf,        [Only  in  ME.  form  bitter,  <  bit, 
bitte(see  butf),  +  -«•!.]    One  who  has  charge 
of  a  butt  or  fire-bucket.    See  hutt%  n.,  1 
butter-ale  (but'er-al),  n.    Same  as  buttered  ale 

(which  see,  under  butter'^,  v.  t.). 
butter-and-eggs  (but'er-and-egz'),  n.    1  The 
popular  name  in  the  British  islands  of  the 
double-flowered  variety  of  Narcissus  aurantius 
and  of  other  species  of  the  same  genus,  and  in 
the  United  States  of  the  toad-flax  or  ramsted 
Lmaria  vulgaris:  from  the  color  of  the  flowers 
which  are  of  two  shades  of  yellow.— 2  The 
act  of  sliding  on  one  foot,  and  striking  the  slide 
with  the  heel  and  toe  of  the  other  foot  at  short 
mtervals.   [Eng.  schoolboy  slang.] 
I  can  do  butter-and-eggs  all  down  the  slide. 

Macniillan's  Mag. 

butterball  (but'er-bal),  n.    Same  as  bume^,  2 
butter-bean  (but'er-ben),  n.    A  vanity  of 
rhaseolus  lunatus  cultivated  for  the  table  in 
the  United  States.    See  bean^,  2. 
butter-bird  (but'er-berd),  n.    The  name  given 
to  the  rice-bunting,  DoUchonyx  oryzivorus,  in 
Jamaica,  where  it  is  in  great  request  for  the 
table,    bee  cut  imder  bobolink. 
butter-boat  (but'er-bot),  n.    A  vessel  for  the 
table  in  which  melted  butter,  intended  to  be 
used  as  a  sauce,  is  served;  a  sauce-boat, 
butter-box  (but'er-boks),  n.    1.  A  box  or  ves- 
sel for  butter.— 2t.  A  Dutchman.  [Slang.] 
butterbump  (but'er-bump),  n.    [Also  butter- 
mump  (and  cf.  buttermunk),  <  butter,  dial, 
form  of  hitter^,  bitteni^,  q.  v.,  4-  biimrA 
var.  mump.    Cf.  equiv.  boghumper.\  A 
name  of  the  European  bittern,  Botaurus 
stellaris.    Tennyson.    [Prov.  Eng  ] 
butter-bur,  butter-burr  (but'er-ber),  n. 
A  name  of  the  sweet  coltsfoot,  Petasites 
vulgaris.    Also  called  butter-dock. 
butter-color  (but'er-kul'-'or),  «.    1  The 
color  of  butter;  golden  yellow.— 3.  Asub- 
stanee  containing  a  large  amount  of  color- 
ing matter  which  is  mixed  with  butter 
oleomargarin,  butterin,  or  suine,  to  give 
it  a  rich  yellow  color ;  a  preparation  of 
madder  or  of  arnotto  thus  used, 
buttercup  (but'er-kup),  n.    A  name  given 
to  most  of  the  common  species  of  Ranuncu- 
lus  with  bright-yellow  cup-shaped  flowers 
and  divided  leaves,  such  as  B.  acris  and  B 
bulbosus.  Also  called  butter-floioer  and  crowfoot. 
butter-daisy  (but'er-da'zi),  n.    The  white  ox- 
eye.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

A  iiame  given  to 
the  bitter  dock,  Rumex  obtusifolius,  and  the 
sweet  coltsfoot,  Petasites  vulgaris,  because  their 
large  leaves  are  used  for  wrauping  butter 
butter-fingered  (but'er-fing"gerd),  «.  Having 
slippery  or  weak  fingers;  clumsy  in  the  use  of 
the  hands.  [Slang.] 
butter-fingers  (but'er-fing"gerz),  n.  One  who 
lets  di'op  anything  he  ought  to  hold;  a  butter- 
fingered  person;  specifically,  in  base-ball  and 
cricket,  one  who  "muffs"  a  ball.  [Slang.] 

When,  on  the  executioner  lifting  the  head  of  the  seventh 
traitor,  as  the  preceding  six  had  been  lifted  to  the  public 
gaze  he  happened  to  let  it  fall,  cries  of  "Ah,  clumsy ' " 
Halloo  butter-fingers!"  were  heard  from  various  quar- 
ters of  the  assembly.  Hook,  Gilbert  Gurney,  II.  i. 
butter-fish  (but'er-fish),  n.  1.  A  name  given 
to  various  fishes  and  other  marine  animals  hav- 

J^'.^Th»  fiTS*^  ^"^^  unctuous  surface  like  butter, 
(a)  The  flsh  Stromateus  (or  Poronotus)  triaeanthas.    It  has 


butterfly-nose 

can  coast,  but  not  much  esteemed  for  food.  (Massachn- 
setts  and  New  York.]  (b)  A  carangoid  fish,  SelLe  sefhHn- 
ms,  otherwise  called  humpback  hutter-fish.  I  Wood's  Holl 
Massachusetts.  )  (c)  A  flsh  of  the  famfly  lJ,rid,i,,  Corido- 
dax  inMus.  It  has  an  oblong  body  with  small  smooth 
scales  a  naked  head,  and  17  dorsal  spines  and  17  rays 
J  he  flesli  is  exceedingly  short  in  the  grain,  and  well 
savored,  without  being  rich.  It  inhabits  the  kelp-beds 
around  New  Zealand,  (d)  A  bivalve  mollusk  of  the  fam- 
ily ieneridw.  Tapes  decussata ;  the  purr.  (Local,  Eng 
(Hampshue).J  (e)  A  bivalve  mollusk  of  the  famUy  J/i/i'. 
(/«;,  ^/j/ffirtraiarta;  the  soft  clam. 
2.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Muramoides,  especially 
M.  gunnellus.  [Eng.]  —3.  A  serrauoid  fish,  Kn- 
neacetitrus  punctatus.  Also  eaUed  niqqer-fish. 
[West  Ind.] 

butterflip  (but'6r-flip),  «.  The  avoset,  Recurvi- 
rostra  anocctta.   Montagu.    [Local,  British  ] 

butter-flower  (but'er-rtou'''6r),  n.  Same  as  but- 
tercup. 

Let  weeds  instead  of  butter-flow'rs  appear 
And  meads,  instead  of  daisies,  hemlock  bear. 

Gay,  Shep.  Week,  Friday,  1.  s.'i. 
butterfly  (but'er-fli),  n.;  pi.  butterflies  (-fliz). 
[<  ME.  butturflye,  boterflyc,  etc.,  <  AS.  buttor- 
fleoge,  buterflege  (=  MD.  botcrvliegc,  D.  boter- 
vlteg  =  G.  butterfliege),  a  butterfly,  a  large  white 
moth,  <  butere,  butter,  -t-  fleoqc,  a  fly.  Cf.  MD 
botervoghel,  a  buttei-fly,  =  G.  buttervonel,  a  large 
white  moth  (MD.  voghel,  D.  vogel  =  G.  rogel  =  E. 
fowU).  The  reason  for  the  name  is  uncertain ; 
it  was  probably  at  first  applied  to  the  yellow 
species.  Grimm  says  it  has  its  name,  as  well  as 
an  old  German  name  molkcndieb  (late  MHG 
molkendiep),  'milk-thief,'  from  the  fact  that  peo- 
ple formerly  believed  that  the  butterfly,  or  elves 
or  witches  in  its  shape,  stole  milk  and  butter; 
but  the  legend  may  have  arisen  out  of  the  name. 
Another  explanation,  based  on  another  name  of 
the  butterfly,  MD.  boterschijte,  -schietc,  -schete, 
refers  it  to  the  color  of  the  excrement  (.vc/jyte).] 
1.  The  common  English  name  of  any  diurnal 
lepidopterous  insect ;  especially,  one  of  the  rho- 
palocerous  Lcpidoptera,  corresponding  to  the 


Goatweed  ButterBy  {Pap/na  glycerium),  male,  natural  size 


Butter-fish  {Stromatms  Iriacanthus). 


an  oval  form,  rounded  in  front,  with  pores  on  the  back  in 
a  single  row  above  the  lateral  line,  and  the  dorsal  and  ana 
fins  not  elevated.  It  is  abundant  along  the  eastern  Ameri 


old  Lmnean  genus  Papilio,  called  distinctively 
the  butterflies.  See  Diurna,  Rhopalocera,  Lent- 
doptera,  and  Papilio.— 2.  Figuratively,  a  per- 
son whose  attention  is  given  up  to  a  variety 
of  trifles  of  any  kind;  one  incapable  of  steady 
application ;  a  showily  dressed,  vain,  and  giddv 
person.— 3.  A  kind  of  flat  made-up  neck-tie.— 
1  "(ifi  otherwise  called  ragwort.  Kersey, 

t'^^J'.^-^'^'^^^T^y  T^^Sid-Aieaa.  See  head-dress.- COV- 
per  butterfUes,  the  English  name  of  the  small  coppm-- 
colored  species  of  the  family  Liica-nidc,  and  cspcdally 
of  the  genus  Avcf^-^a.-  Goatweed  butterfly,  the  pop- 
ulai  name  of  Paphm  glyeerium,  a  rare  and  interesting 
butterfly,  the  larva  of  which  feeds  on  the  goatweeds  of 
he  genus  C™?o«.  The  insect  is  specially,  interesting 
fio  n  the  dissimilarity  of  the  sexes,  or  sexual  dimorphism 
and  from  the  curious  habit  of  the  larva,  which  li\  es  in  a 
cup  made  of  the  folded  leaf.  The  laiTa  is  clear-green  in 
color,  with  pale-white  granulations  and  iiitcr-pcrscl  dark 
indentations.  The  chrysalis  is  lii;l,t-grt,n  I'.n.Kd  with 
dark-gray.  The  male  butterfly  is  deej. C.ppei  't  -red,  mark- 
ed with  dark  purplish-brown,  while  the  femkle  is  much 
ofi  'bough  also  marked  «itli  dark-brown.— 

sea-butterfly,  a  mollusk  of  the  subclass  P^t-roWa;  so 
Ste  win™"      <^xtended  lateral  foot-lobes,  which  simu- 

butterfly-cock  (but'er-fli-kok),  n.    Same  as 

butterfly-vah-e. 

butterfly-fish  (but'er-fli-fish),  v.  1.  An  English 
^ame  of  the  eyed  l.lenny,  Blcnnius  ocellaris.— 
2.  A  flsh  of  the  family  yonieidcv,  Gasterochisma 
melampus,  with  large  black  ventral  fins,  inhab- 
iting the  sea  about  Australia  and  New  Zealand. 
It  attains  a  length  of  more  than  3  feet,  but  is 
rare. 

butterfly-gurnard  (but'er-fll-gcr'nard),  n.  A 
fish  of  the  family  Triglidce,  the  Lcpfdotriqla  Va- 
nessa of  the  Tasmanian  and  Australian  seas 

butterfly-nose  (but'er-fli-noz),  n.  A  spotted 
nose,  as  of  some  dogs. 


butterfly-orchis 

butterfly-orchis  (but'er-tii-6r"kis),  n.  A  Brit- 
ish orchid,  Habeiiuria  bifolia,  growing  in  woods 
and  open  heaths.  The  great  butterfly-orchis  is 
H.  cliloruntJia. 

butterfly-plant  (bnt'er-fli-plant),  ».  1.  A  West 
Indian  orehideous  plant,  Oncidium  Papillo.  See 


738 


button 


butter-tooth  (but'6r-toth),  «.  [<  6M«erl  -I- 
tooth ;  perhaps  with  some  vague  allusion  to 
milk-tooth.]    A  broad  front  tooth. 

I  ll  had  an  eye 
Popt  out  ere  this  time,  or  my  two  butter-teeth 
Thrust  down  my  throat. 

Middleton,  Maxsiiif/er,  and  Rmi'letj,  Old  Law,  iii.  2. 


buttery-hatch  (but'er-i-haeh),  w.    A  hatch  or 
half-door  giving  entrance  to  a  buttery. 

I  know  you  were  one  could  keep 
The  buttery-hatch  still  locked,  an<i  save  the  chippinga. 

B.  Jiinxoii,  Alcliemist,  i.  1. 

butt-hinge  (but'hinj),  «.    Same  as  butf^,  4. 

—    ^  ,         .T-v     D)  '-   ■         butthorn  (but'thoru),  M.    [Uncertain;  appar. 

2.  Aspeeiesotthe  JNastlnaiau//(«-  ijutter-tree  (but'er-tre),  n.    A  species  of  Bus-    <  but-  (or  else  butt'^)  +  thorn,  prob.  in  re£.  to 

the  spiny  surface  of  the  starfish.]    A  kind  of 
starfish,  Astropcctcii  aurantiacus.    See  starfish. 
butt-howel  (but'hou'"el),  n.    A  kind  of  howel 
, — .      .  .  i,.   ^  -„■  X         A  1       -u  11  „    or  adz  used  by  coopers. 

butter-tner  (but  er-tn' er),  «.   A  long  hollow  i3utting(but'ing),  «.  [Verbal  n.  otl>utt\  v.,  for 
hand-tool  used  in  samphng  butter.  a&M«.]    An  abutting  or  abuttal. 


Ueuopsis.  _  .      ,    ,  • 

butterfly-ray  (but'er-tii-ra),  ».  A  selachian 
of  the  family  Trygonidw,  Fteroplatea  maclimt. 
It  is  a  kind  of  sting-ray  with  very  broad  pec- 
torals. 

butterfly-shaped  (but'er-fli-shapt),  a.  In  hot., 
shaped  like  a  butterfly ;  papilionaceous 


SKI,  found  in  Africa,  which  yields  a  substance 
like  butter;  the  shea-tree,   bee  .s/iea.  The  name 

is  also  ji-iven  to  varions  otlier  trees  fi'oni  the  seeds  of  wliicli 
solid  oils  are  obtained.    See  butter'^. 


butterfly-shell  (but'er-fli-shel) 
the  a;enus  Voldta. 

butterfly-valve  (but'er-fli-valv),  n 
double  clack-valve  used  in  pumps, 
sentially  oi  two  M'liiicirciilar  clappers, 
clacks,  or  win;.;*  liinf;ed  to  a  cross-rib 
cast  in  the  pump-bucket,  and  is  nameil 
from  its  resemblance  to  tlic  wiims  of 
a  butterfly  when  open,  as  rcprcscntt-d 
in  section  in  the  ainiexcd  cut.  It  is  em- 
ployed in  tlie  lift-lmckets  of  larse  wa- 
ter-pumps, and  for  tlie  air-pump  liuck- 
ets  of  riiudciisiii-  steam-ent;ines.  Also 
callrd  hiitt:-nhi-,-n,-k.    See  clack-valve. 

butterfly-weed  ( but '  er  -  fli- 
wed),  n.  1.  A  name  of  the 
North  American  plant  Asclc- 
nias  tuberosa  ;  the  pleurisy-root 


A  shell  of 

A  kind  of 
It  consists  es- 


butter-tub  (but'er-tub),  H.    A  tub  used  for  con- 
taining butter  in  quantity, 
butterweed  (but'er-wed),  ».    A  common  name 
of  the  horseweed,  Erigeron  Canadeuse,  and  of 
the  Sciiccio  hibatus. 

butter-weightt  (but'er-wat),  w.  More  than  full 
weight ;  a  larger  or  more  liberal  allowance  than 
is  usual  or  is  stipulated  for:  in  allusion  to  a 


Without  buttings  or  boundings  on  any  side. 

Bji.  Beveridr/e,  Works,  I.  xx. 

butting-joint  (but'ing-joint),  n.  A  joint  formed 
by  two  pieces  of  timber  or  metal  united  end- 
vrise  so  that  they  come  exactly  against  each 
other  with  a  true  joint ;  an  abutting  joint,  in 
ironwork  the  parts  are  welded,  and  tlie  term  is  used  ill 
contradistinction  to  lap-juint.    Also  called  butt-joint. 


custom,  now  obsolete,  of  allowing  and  exact-  butting-machine  (but' ing-ma-sheu"),  n.  A 


Butterfiy-valve. 


 ^  ^  ^  It  has  a  consid- 
erable reputation  as  an'article  of  the  materia  niedica.  It 

is  an  expectorant,  a  mild  cathartic,  and  a  diaphoretic,  and  ,,.       ■™//  „\ 

iremployed  in  incipient  pulraonwy  affections,  rheuma-  butterWOman  (but'er-wum'-'an), 
tism,  and  dysentery. 

2.  The  butterfly-pea,  CUtoria  Mariana. 
butterin,  butterine  (but'er-in),  n.   [<  butter'^ 
-\-  -iti~,  An  artificial  butter  made  by 

churning  oleomargarin,  a  product  of  animal 
fat,  with  milk  and  water,  or  by  churning  milk  butter-WOrker 


with  some  sweet  butter  and  the  yolks  of  eggs, 
the  whole  of  the  contents  of  the  chum  by  the 
latter  method  being  converted  into  butterin. 

butterist,       See  buttress,  3. 

butter-knife  (but'er-nif),  n.  A  blunt  and 
generally  ornamented  knife  used  for  cutting 
butter  at  table. 

butterman  (but'er-man),  n.;  pi.  buttermen 
(-men).    A  man  who  sells  butter. 

buttermilk  (but'er-milk),  «.  [=  D.  botermclJc 
=  MIlG.butermlch,G.buttermilch.']  The  liquid 
that  remains  after  the  butter  is  separated  from 
milk.  It  has  a  pleasant  acidulous  taste.  Also 
called  churn-milk. 

I  .  .  .  received  a  small  jug  of  thick  buttermilk,  not  re- 
markably clean,  but  very  refreshing. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  54. 


ing  17  or  18  ounces,  or  even  more,  to  the  pound 
of  butter.  In  Scotland  either  tron  weight  or  a 
still  heavier  pound  was  used  for  butter. 

They  teacli  yon  how  to  split  a  hair. 

Give  and  Jove  an  equal  share ; 

Yet  why  should  we  be  lac'd  so  strait? 

I'll  give  my  M  butter-weiyht. 

Swift,  Khapsody  on  Poetry. 

butterwife  (but'er-wif),  n.    A  butterwoman. 

Johnson 

11. ;  pi.  btitter- 

women  (-wim"en).    A  wo- 
man who  sells  butter. 

I  see  grave  learned  men  rail 
and  scold  like  butter-women. 
Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  613. 

(but '  er- 


wer "ker ),n.  An  apparatus 
or  tool  for  freeing  butter 
from  buttermilk, 
butterwort  (but'er-wert), 
■n.  [<  butter''-  +  worA.]  A 
name  common  to  the  spe- 
cies of  Pinguicida.  Tlie  but- 

terworts  grow  on  wet  ground, 
are  apparently  stemless,  and 
have  showy  spurred  flowers. 
Tlie  name  is  due  to  the  greasy- 
looking  viscid  surface  of  the 
leaves,  wliicli  are  covered  with 
S(jft,  pellucid  glandular  hairs, 
secreting  a  glutinous  liquor  tliat 
catclies  small  insects.  The  edges 
of  tlie  leaf  roll  over  on  the  insect 


Butterwort  (Pinguicula 

vulgaris). 
( From  Le  Maout  and  De- 
caisne's  *'  Traits  g^n^ral  de 
Botanique.") 

and  retain  it,  and  the  insects  thus 

caiiglit  arc  supposed  to  serve  as  food  for  the  plant.  In  the 
nortli  of  Sweden  the  leaves  are  employed  to  curdle  milk. 

butter-mold  (but'er-m61d),M.  Arnold  in  which  ljutteryl  (but' er-i),  rt.  [<.  butter'^ +  .y^.']  1. 
pats  of  butter  are  shaped  and  stamped.  •        '  - 

buttermunk  (but'er-mungk),  ».    [A  variant  of 


hutterbunp.']    A  local  New  England  name  of 
the  night-heron,  Nyctiardea  grisea  nccvia. 
butternut  (but'er-nut),  w.    1.  The  fruit  of 
Juqlaus  cinerea,  an  American  tree,  so  called 
from  the  oil  it  contains;  also,  the  tree  itself 


Having  the  qualities  (especially  the  consis- 
tence) or  appearance  of  butter. 

Sinking  her  voice  into  a  deeper  key,  she  drove  the  fol- 
lowing lines,  slowly  and  surely,  through  and  through  his 
poor,  unresisting,  buttery  heart.  C.  Reade,  Art. 

2.  Apt  to  let  fall  anything  one  ought  to  hold, 
as  a  ball  in  the  game  of  cricket ;  butter-fingered. 


The  tree  bears  a  resemblance  in  its  general  appearance  to  buttory^  (but '  er-i),  n.  ;  pi.  butteries  (-1Z. )  [< 

  ■    -  '  '  "   -     =  ■ -  "■••■*'■  >  botery,  botry,  a  buttery,  a  coiTuption  (due 

to  association  with  botere,  butter,  and  to  the 
fact  that,  besides  liquors,  butter  and  other  pro- 
visions were  kept  in  the  same  place)  of  bote- 
lerye  (mod.  E.  restored  buttery),  <  OF.  bouteil- 
lerie,  a  place  to  keep  bottles  or  liquors  (ML. 
huticularia,  the  office  of  a  wine-taster),  <  bou- 
teille,  boutille,  a  bottle  :  see  butler  and  bottle'^.'] 

1.  An  apartment  in  a  house  in  which  wines, 
liquors,  and  provisions  are  kept ;  a  pantry. 

Take  them  to  the  buttery, 
And  give  them  friendly  welcome. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  i. 
Make  him  drink,  wench  ; 
And  if  there  be  any  cold  meat  in  the  buttery. 
Give  him  some  broken  bread  and  that,  and  rid  him. 

Beau,  and  CT.,  Captain,  i.  3. 

2.  In  colleges,  formerly,  a  room  where  liquors, 
fruits,  and  refreshments  were  kept  for  sale  to 
the  students. 

In  English  universities  the  buttery  was  in  former  days 
the  scene  of  the  infliction  of  corporal  punishment. 

B.  H.  Hall,  College  Words. 

buttery-bar  (but'er-i-biir),  n.  A  ledge  on  the 
top  of  a  buttery-hatch  on  which  to  rest  tan- 
kards. 

Brine  your  hand  to  the  buttery-bar  and  let  it  drink. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  3. 

buttery-book  (but'er-i-buk),  n.  An  account- 
book  kept  at  the  buttery  of  a  college. 

This  person  was  an  assistant  to  the  butler  to  put  on 
I  that  is,  enter]  bottles  in  the  buttery  book. 

Wood,  Fasti  Oxoii.,  u. 


the  black  walnut  (./.  niyra),  but  the  fruit  is  long,  pointed, 
and  viscous,  tlie  nut  furrowed  and  sharidy  jagged,  and  the 
wood  soft  liut  close-grained  and  li;.'ht-colored,  turning  yel- 
low after  exposure.  The  wood  tiikcs  a  tiiic  polisli,  and  is 
largely  used  in  interior  flnisli  ami  in  cabinet-work.  The 
inner  liark  furnishes  a  brown  dye,  and  is  used  as  a  mild 
cathartic.    Also  called  white  walnut. 

2.  The  nut  of  Caryocar  nuci/erim,  a  lofty  tim- 
ber-tree of  Guiana,  natural  order  Ternstraima- 

Ceoe.  The  nuts  have  a  pleasant  taste,  and  are  exported  to 
some  extent.  They  are  also  known  as  souari-  or  suwar- 
row-nuts. 

3.  A  name  applied  during  the  civil  war  in  the 
United  States  to  Confederate  soldiers,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  coarse  brown  homespun  cloth,  dyed 
with  butternut,  often  worn  by  them. 

butter-pat  (but'er-pat),  n.  A  small  piece  of 
butter  formed  into  a  generally  ornamental 
shape  for  the  table. 

butter-pot  (but'er-pot),  n.  In  the  seventeenth 
century,  a  cylindrical  vessel  of  coarse  pottery 
glazed  with  pulverized  lead  ore  dusted  upon  the 
ware  before  it  was  fu-ed.  Marryat. 

butter-print  (but 'er- print),  n.  A  mold  for 
stamping  butter  into  blocks,  prints,  or  pats. 
Also  called  butter-stamp. 

butter-scotch  (but'er-skoch),  n.  A  kind  of 
oleaginous  taffy. 

butter-shag  (but'er-shag),  n.  A  slice  of  bread 
and  butter.    [Local,  Eng.  (Cumberland).] 

butter-stamp  (but'er-stamp),  n.  Same  as  but- 
ter-print. 

butter-tongs  (but'er-tdngz),  n.  pi.  A  kind  of 
tongs  with  flat  blades  for  slicing  and  lifting 
butter. 


macliine  for  dressing  and  finishing  the  ends  of 
boards  or  small  timbers  by  means  of  cutters 
attached  to  a  revolving  disk, 
butting-ring  (but'ing-ring),  H.  A  collar  on  the 
axle  of  a  wheel,  inside  the  wheel,  which  it  pre- 
vents from  moving  further  inward  along  the  axle, 
butting-saw  (but'ing-sa),  n.  A  cross-cut  saw 
used  to  prepare  logs  for  the  saw-mill  by  cut- 
ting off  the  rough  ends. 

butt-joint  (but'joint),  n.  Same  as  butting- 
joint. 

buttlel  (but'l),  n.    A  Scotch  form  of  bottle^. 
buttle'-^  (but'l),  V.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  buttled,  ppr. 

buttling.     [<  butler,  as  butch  <  butcher,  burgle  < 

burglar,  peddle  <  peddler,  etc.]  To  act  as  butler. 

[Prov.  Eng.] 
butt-leather  (but'leTH'er),  «.    The  thickest 

leather,  used  chiefly  for  the  soles  of  boots  and 

buttock  (but 'ok),  n.  [<  ME.  buttok,  bottok; 
appar.  <  butfi,  'it.,  1  (c),  +  dim.  -och']  1.  Either 
of  the  two  protuberances  which  form  the  rump 
in  men  and  animals;  in  the  plural,  the  rump; 
the  gluteal  region  of  the  body,  more  protu- 
berant in  man  than  in  any  other  animal ;  the 
bottom. 

Like  a  barber's  chair,  that  fits  all  buttocks. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  2. 

2.  The  iipper  aftermost  portion  of  the  con- 
tinuation of  the  contour  of  a  ship's  bottom. 
Thearle,  Naval  Arch.— 3.  In  coal-mining,  the 
portion  of  a  face  of  coal  ready  to  be  next  taken 
down.  [Eng.]— 4.  A  piece  of  armor  for  the 
rump  of  a  horse.  See  croupiere —  Buttock  mailt, 
a  ludicrous  term  for  tlie  flue  formerly  paid,  in  a  case  of 
fornication,  to  an  ecclesiastical  court.    Scott.  [Scotch.) 

buttocker  (but'ok-er),  «.  [<  buttock,  3,  -t-  -eri.] 

In  mining,  one  who  works  at  the  buttock,  or 
breaks  out  the  coal  ready  for  the  fillers.  [Eng.] 
buttock-line  (but'ok-lin),  «.  In  ship-building, 
the  projection  upoii  the  sheer  plan  of  the  in- 
tersection of  a  plane  parallel  to  it  with  the 
after-body  of  the  vessel. 

The  lines  obtained  by  the  intersections  of  the  planes 
parallel  to  the  sheer  plane  are  known  as  bow  lines  when 
in  the  fore  body,  and  buttock  linen  when  in  the  after  body 
Thearle,  Naval  Architecture,  §  H' 

button  (but'n),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  botov. 
<  ME.  hoton,  botoun  (also  corruptly  bothnn. 
bothom,  in  sense  of  'bud'),  <  OF.  boton  (F. 
bowton  =  Pr.  Sp.  baton  —  Pg.  botao  =  It.  bol 
tone),  a  button,  a  bud;  perhaps  <  boter,  pusli 
out,  butt:  see  butt^.']  1.  Any  knob  or  ball 
fastened  to  another  body;  specifically,  such  an 
object  used  to  secure  together  different  parts 
of  a  garment,  to  one  portion  of  which  it  is 
fastened  in  such  a  way  that  it  can  be  passed 
through  a  slit  (called  a  buttonhole)  in  another 
portion,  or  through  a  loop.  Buttons  are  sometinn  s 
sewed  to  garments  for  ornament.  They  are  made  of  met- 
al horn,  wood,  mother-of-pearl,  etc.,  and  were  former  > 
common  in  very  rich  materials,  especially  during  tlie  eii;h 
teenth  century,  when  the  coats  of  gentlemen  at  the  hrenri. 
court  had  buttons  of  gold  and  precious  stones,  pearl  eiiani- 
el  and  the  like.  Later  buttons  of  diamonds  or  of  paste 
imitating  diamonds  were  worn,  matching  the  buckles  ot 
the  same  period.  , 

2.  1^.  (used  as  a  singular).  A  page :  so  ca,ile(i 
from  the  buttons,  commonly  gilt,  which  adorn 
his  jacket. 

Our  present  girl  is  a  very  slow  coach ;  but  we  hope  some 
day  to  sport  a  buttons.  Dean  Bamsay. 

3.  A  knob  of  gold,  crystal,  coral,  ruby,  or 


If  no  rude  mice  with  envious  rage 

The  buttery-books  devour.     The  Student,  I,  348, 


other  precious  stone,  worn  by  Chinese  officials, 
both  civil  and  military,  on  the  tops  ot_  their 
hats  as  a  badge  of  rank ;  hence,  the  rank  itselt : 

as,  a  blue  button.  There  are  nine  ranks,  the  first  or 
highest  being  distinguished  by  a  transparent  red  (or  ruuvj 


button 


739 


^^jr^,^^l^^^i|^  %^^:%,ly  buttoner  (but'n-er),  n.    1.  One  who  or  that 

Teh? sS^T'  '  button-hook.-2.  A  decoy. 

|oin'i{i[Ji;;'|ip^  A  clasp 

two  places.     A  scholar  who  has  passed  the  siu-tsa  (or  ,       tasteiuiiK  buttons, 
bachelor)  examination  is  entitled  to  wear  tlie  last 

4.  A  knob  or  protuberance  resembling  a  button 

hrp;:'^h';f  ^^"/"^  '^^^  ^""'/"f  '""^""^  terminates  the 

bi  eecli  of  most  pieces  of  ordnance,  and  which  affords  a  con- 
venient bearmg  tor  the  application  of  hand-spil<es,  breech- 
ings  etc.;  a  cascabel.  [Eng.]  (b)  A  knob  or  guard  secured 
to  the  end  of  a  foil,  to  prevent  tlie  point  from  penetrat  ng 
the  skin  or  wounding,  (c)  The  small  knob  or  ball  by  push" 
the  circuit  of  an  electric  bell  is  com- 

5.  A  bud  of  a  plant.    [Now  only  prov.  Eng.] 
The  canker  galls  the  infants  of  the  spring 
loo  oft  before  their  buttom  be  disclos  d. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 

6.  A  flat  or  elongated  piece  of  wood  or  metal 
tiirning  on  a  nail  or  screw,  used  to  fasten  doors 
windows,  etc.— 7.  A  small  round  mass  of  met- 


  „  buttons. 

button-flower  (but'n-flou'er),  n.  A  name  given 
to  species  of  Gomphia,  shrubs  and  trees  of  trop- 
ical America,  natural  order  Ochnacece.  Some 
are  occasionally  cultivated  in  hothouses, 
buttonhole  (but'u-hol),  »i.  l.  The  hole  or  loop 
in  which  a  button  is  caught.- 2.  A  name  given 
to  the  hart's-tongue  fern,  Scolopendrium  vul- 
gare,  because  its  fructification  in  the  young  state 
resembles  a  buttonhole  in  form  and  appearance, 
buttonhole  (but'n-hol),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  but- 
tonholed,  ppr.  buttonholing.  [<  buttonhole,  w.l 
1.  To  seize  by  the  buttonhole  or  button  and 
detain  m  conversation;  intei-view. 

wi^^f  t^o"'*^  °"  "'"^  buttonhole  everybody 

• .  "  .v.u^^  oi  met-    ™^enews.  ^mttrop,  Cecil  Dreeme,  vi^ 

al  lying  at  the  bottom  of  a  crucible  or  cupel    ^-  ^o  make  buttonholes  in. 
^iZ  Tr-.'^^-  ^3       T^^^'  ^  ^D^all  round  button-hook  (but'n-huk),  n.    A  small  metal 
piece  ot  leather  which,  when  screwed  on  the  ,         "s^d  for  buttoning  shoes,  gloves,  etc 


tapped  Wire  of  a  tracker,  prevents  it  from  jump 
ing  out  of  place.  Stainer  and  Barrett.—  9  A 
nng  of  leather  thi'ough  which  the  reins  of  a 
bridle  pass,  and  which  runs  along  the  length 
of  the  reins  - 10.  Inzool.:  (a)  The  terminal 
segment  of  the  crepitaculum  or  rattle  of  a  rat- 
tlesnake,   bee  crejjitaculum. 

In  the  structure  of  the  end  of  the  taU  of  harmless 
snakes,  we  see  a  trace  of  the  first  button  of  the  rattle  in 
a  horny  cap  that  covers  the  terminal  vertebra;. 

E.  D.  Cope,  Origin  of  the  Fittest,  p.  197 


butyrate 

3t.  [Also  written  buttricc,  biitteris.']  In  far- 
riery, an  instrument  of  steel  set  in  wood  for 
panng  the  lioof  of  a  horse.  Miusheu;  Kersey 
-Flymg  buttress,  in  medieval  arch.,  a  support  in  the 
lllT.  r"f  "  "^'f-''''^''^  Vf  an  arcli  springing  from  a  solid 
n  a.ss  of  masonry,  as  tlie  top  of  a  side-aisle  Imttrcss  and 
abutting  against  another  part  of  the  structure,  a.s  the'  wall 
of  a  clearstory,  in  which  case  it  acts  as  a  counternoise 
against  the  vaulting  of  the  central  pile:  so  named  f[C 
Its  passing  through  the  air.  — Hanffine  buttrosB  in 
arch  a  feature  in  the  form  of  a  iK.s,  mSfdi,  g 
solid  on  a  foundation,  but  supported  on  a  corliel  It  is 
apiilied  m  debased  styles  chiefly  as  a  decoration, 
buttress  (but'res),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bolerasen :  see 
buttress,  ».]  To  .support  by  a  buttress;  hence, 
to  prop  or  prop  up,  literally  or  figuratively. 
(jy,  "Priglit  again,  and  to  prop  and  huttre^^  it  up 
for  duration.  Burke,  Reform  of  Kepreseiitatioii 

A  white  wall,  buttressed  well,  made  girdle  wi<le 
10  towers  and  roofs  where  yet  his  kin  did  bide. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  369. 

buttress-tower  (but'res-tou"er),  n.  In  earhi 
Jort.,  a  tower  projecting  from  the  face  of  the 
rampart-wall,  but  not  rising  above  it.  It  was 
atterward  developed  into  the  bastion. 


button-loom  (but'n-lom),  «    Aloom  for  weav  hntt  ?wlw'i!']"Pv!'.*i  ^   

ing  coverings  for  buttons  butt-shaftt  (but  shaft),  n.    A  blunt  or  unbarb 

•    •■  ed  arrow  used  for  shooting  at  a  target.  Also 


button-moia  (but'n-mold),  n.  A  disk  of  bone 
wood,  or  metal,  to  be  covered  with  fabric  to 
form  a  button.  E.  H.  Knight.-Vosail  buttnr, 
Sen^^rioLT"'"^^^'^^"  -ctWeSSe- 
button-nosed  (but'n-nozd),  a.  Same  as  star- 
nosed-  applied  to  the  condylure.  See  cut  un- 
der Condylura. 
v?JJ°?"Pi^C.f  (but'n-pes),  n.    A  button-blank 


(6)  In  entotn.,  a  knob-like  protuberance  on  the  DUtiton-qtuail  (but'n-kwal),  n.    A  bird  of  the 
posterior  extremity  of  the  larvas  of  certain  but-    f*Di"y  Turnicidce;  a  hemipod. 
terflies,  also  called  the  anal  button  or  cremaster  button-solder  (but'n-sol"der),  n. 


spelled  but-shaft. 

The  blind  bow-boy's  butt-shaft.    Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  i. 
Mer.  I  fear  tliou  hast  not  arrows  for  the  purpose 
tup.  O  yes  here  be  of  all  sorts  -  flights,  rovers,  and  butt- 
shafts.  B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 

butt-Strap  (but'strap),  v.  t.  To  weld  together 
(two  pieces  of  metal)  so  as  to  form  a  butting- 
jomt.  ^ 

Two  pieces  which  are  welded  or  butt-strapped  together 
Thearle,  Naval  Architecture,  §  268. 


 M,/i,iti,  uuiiuit  ur  vremasier. 

bometimes  there  is  a  second  one,  called  the 
preanal  button.— 11.  pi.  A  name  given  t( 
young  mushrooms,  such  as  are  used  for  pick 
™g-— 12.  pi.  Sheep's  dung:  sometimes  used 
for  dung  m  general.  [Prov.  (west.)  Eng.]  — 
Id.  A  small  cake.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 14  A  per- 
son who  acts  as  a  decoy.  Specifically _(«)  An  auc- 
\\T^L%  a'='='^™Pl'<=e  who  employs  various  devices  to  e- 
lude  bidders  so  as  to  raise  tiie  price  of  articles  sold,  etc  (h) 
A  thimble-rigger's  accomplice.  [Eng.  slang.  ]-BartOll's 
button,  a  polished  button  upon  which  a  series  of  mlJl  flJie 
lines,  parallel  and  near  together,  have  been  impressed 
so  as  to  show  brilliant  colors  when  exposed  to  light  strik: 

bTsI^L"  It^uW'T''^  '•"^l',  °f  diffractioii.- 

UlSKra  button,  .same  as  AlepiM  ulcer  (which  see  under 
ulcer) -CoTIlS3in'S  button  [named  after  Sir  John Z  n- 
inic  Corrigan  of  Dublin  (1802-^80)],  a  button  of  steel  used 
m  surgery,  when  heated  to  100°  C.  as  a  means  of  co  iS 
m-itation.  Also  called  Corrigan's  Elastic  but- 

ton a  rounded  knob  at  the  end  of  a  sliding  tpring°oIt 
p  aced  m  the  edge  of  a  door,  and  fitting  into°a  deprlssC 
111  the  opposite  jamb,  intended  to  keep  the  door  closed 

'"ou«Lr  h,f  t'r'^'^'^;/^'  be  easily  opened 

-.Quaker  buttons,  the  seeds  of  the  Nux  vomica  US 

■  Tf n  i?'-  ^^'  ^  '^^^ol'l  button,  to  button^ 
Hole  ,  detain  in  conversation ;  bore. 

Not  to  hold  you  by  the  button  too  peremptorily. 

,  Mrs.  Gore. 

button  (but'n),  V.  [<  ME.  botonen,  <  boton,  a 
button.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  attach  a  button  or 
buttons  to. 


ri^v.   ^'^'■j,  •"■    A  white  sol-  butt- weld  (but 'weld),  n    In  werh    a  -n/oi^i 

  f  °^  ^Z'^'  ^""^  ««PPer,  used  as    formed  by  joining  the  flattened  end^  of^wn 

A  name  given  to  fe^S  A'l.^h^'' >eces  of  Ln  at  white  heSra  jum™ 
B  used  for  pick-  button-tool  (but'n-tol),  ».  An  instrument  used  buttwoman  (but'wum"an)       ■'"™P  ^^^'^ 


chiefly  for  cutting  out  the  disks  or  buttons  of 
leather  which  serve  as  nuts  for  the  screwed 
wires  in  the  mechanism  connected  with  the 


i^^TTo         —  "-.^oixi  vv^uojci^ueu  wim  tne    ljuib  assisLs  as  a  pew-opener.  IE 

keys  of  the  organ  and  pianoforte.   It  is  a  mod-  butty  (but'i),  «. ;  p]  butt^s  (-iz) 


His  bonet  buttened  with  gold. 

Gascoigne,  Woodmanship. 
Your  rapier  shall  be  button'd  with  my  head 
JJetore  it  touch  my  master. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Honest  Man's  Fortune,  i.  3. 
2.  To  fasten  with  a  button  or  buttons ;  secure,  or 
jom  the  parts  or  edges  of,  with  buttons:  often 
tollowed  by  up as,  to  button  up  a  waistcoat. 
One  whose  hard  heart  is  button'd  up  with  steel. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iv.  2. 
thSfnf'^n^  a  tall  fat,  long-bodied  man,  buttoned  up  to  the 
throat  in  a  tight  green  coat.  Dickens. 

II,  intrans.  To  be  capable  of  being  buttoned! 

ha?dW  *°  ''''         """^  t"^'  '^'^  clothes  will 

nardly  button.  Carlyle,  Diderot. 

buttonball,  buttonwood  (but'n-bal,  -wild),  n 
i  he  plane-tree  of  the  United  States,  Platanus 
occidentalis :  so  called  from  its  smaU,  round 
pendulous,  synearpous  fruit.  Also  ineorrectlv 
called  sijcamore. 

(but'n-blangk),  n.     A  disk  of 

Wf  f '  ^®  ™to  a  button. 

button-bush  (but'n-bush),  n.  A  name  given 
to  theCephalanthus  occidentalis,  a  North  Amer- 
ican shrub,  on  account  of  its  globular  flower- 
heads.    See  Cephalanthus. 

(but'n-er),  n.     An  ear  that  faUs 
digs  '  '^^'^'^^^^S  the  inside,  as  in  some 

buttoned  (but'nd),  p.  a.     l.  Decorated  with 
buttons  or  smaU  bosses,  as  a  glass  vase.— 2 

of  «  I-ip''™^.™.?''*®'^        s™ali  points,  usuaUy 
ot  a  different  tjncture ;  studded. 


ification  of  the  ordinary  center-bit 
wolTl^^^  (but'n-tre),  n.    Same  as  button- 

button-weed  (but'n-wed),  «.    l .  a  name  given 
to  several  rubiaeeous  plants  belonging  to  the 
genera  Spermacoce,  Diodia,  and  Borreria —2 
X  he  knapweed,  Centaurea  nigra. 
buttonwood  (but'n-wud),  n.    1.  A  common 
name  m  the  West  Indies  of  a  low  combreta- 
eeous  tree,  Conocarpus  erecta,  with  very  heavy 
nard,  and  compact  wood  — 

grovving  on  the  shores  of  lagoons  and  havlne  a  similar 
wood.    Also  called  button-tree.  '"ving  a  similar 

2.  See  buttonball. 
buttony  (but'n-i),  a.   [<  button  4-  ] 
rated  with  a  profusion  of  buttons. 

xvfTi' p  sprang  up  and  down  from  the  box 

with  Emmy  s  and  Jos's  visiting  card. 
,    .  .  Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  ix. 

buttourt,  «.  A  Middle  English  form  of  bitteni^. 
buttress  but'res),  n .    [Early  mod.  E.  also  but- 
teras,  butterace,  butrasse,  bottras ;  <  late  ME.  but- 
trace,butterace,but 


/  „•    //  ,  Pl-  buttwomen 

(-wim"en).  [<  butt^,  7,  a  hassock,  +  woman.l 
A  woman  who  cleans  a  church,  and  in  service- 
time  assists  as  a  pew-opener.  [Eng.] 

'   ' [E.  dial. 


short  for  "buttij.fellow,  early  mod.  E.  boty-felotce\ 
a  partner  (Palsgrave)  (cf.  butty -collier,  butt,  - 
gang)  <  boty,  now  booty,  plunder,  property 
shared  -I-  ^eloive,  fellow.]  1 .  A  comrade,  chum, 
or  partner.  [Prov.  Eng.  and  U.  S.] —2  Spe- 
cifaeally,  m  English  coal-mining,  one  who  takes 
a  contract,  or  is  a  partner  in  a  contract,  for 
w()rking  out  a  certain  area  of  coal.  The  buttu 

di  tXVs '■pmn  \  coal-mi  11  in^g 

districts,  employs  lus  own  holers,  fillers,  and  boys  and  has 
ood.    The  white  buttonwood  of  the  work  in  his  own  particular  "  tVll  '■ 

lasoons  and  bnvinn.  o  oi^,;!^;  tue  head  man  of  a  butty-gang.  See  * 

butty-gang  (but'i-gang),  n.  A  gang  of  men 
who  take  a  contract  for  a  part  of  a  work,  as  in 
the  eonstruetiou  of  railroads,  etc.,  the  proceeds 
being  equally  divided  between  them,  with  some- 
thing extra  to  the  head  man. 
butua  (bu'tfl-a),  n.  See  abutua. 
butwards  (but'wiirdz),  adv.  [<  adv  + 
[Scotch]  '^^^^'^'^  outward  apartment, 

butyl  (bu'til),  71.    [<  butiyric)  +  -yl.-\    A  hydro- 
carbon alcohol  radical  having  the  composition 
t.4±i9.    It  cannot  be  isolated,  and  occurs  only 
combination  with  other  radicals.- Eutvl 
sfe^  mKler^^^to.-  "'"''"'-'"'^"'•''^  (Xeh 

butylamine  (bu-til'a-min),  n.    [<  butul  -f 
amine.']    Same  as  tetrylamine. 


Deco- 


rasse,  boterace,  < 
OF.  bouterets,  prop, 
pi.  of  bouteret,  bu- 
teret,  a  buttress, 
prop,  adj.,  thrust- 
ing, bearing  a 
thrust  (said  of  an 


uixiusu  ^saia  or  an    "■""■'^•j    >^jaiiiv  as  iciryiamine. 
arch  or  a  pillar)  blltylene  (bu'ti-len),  n.    [<  butiil  4-  -ene.^ 


Abbey  of  St.  Denis,  France. 
,  a,  buttresses;  i,  i,  flying  buttresses. 


(cf.  boutrice,  "an 
ashler  or  binding- 
stone    (in  build- 
ing)," boutant,  "a 
buttress  or  shore- 
post  "-Cotgrave),< 
bouter,  boter,  push, 
thrust,  put,  mod.  F. 
bouter,  put,  buter, 
prop,  support,  the 
source  of  E.  butt^, 
push,     etc. :  see 
butt^.-]  1.  A  struc- 
ture built  against 
a  wall,  for  the  pui-- 
pose  of  gi-dng  it 
stability. —  2.  Fig- 
uratively, any  prop 
or  support. 

The  ground  -  pillar 
and  buttress  of  the  good 
old  cause  of  noncon- 
formity, South. 


hy(iroearbon  (C4H8)  belonging  to  the  olefine 
series.    It  exists  in  three  isomeric  forms,  all 
ot  which  are  gases  at  ordinary  temperatures 
butylic  (bii-til'ik),  a.    [<  butyl  +  -ic.-]   of  or 
pertaining  to  butyl. 

butyraceous  (bu-ti-ra'shius),  a.  [<  L  bufu- 
rum,  butter  (see  butterl),  -{-  -aceous.l  Having 
the  quality  of  butter;  resembling  butter  -  con- 
sistmg  of  or  contaiuing  butter.  Also  butyrous. 

of'^JJi"?"/"  races  perhaps  none  has  shown  so  acute  a  sense 
of  the  side  on  which  its  bread  is  buttered  [as  tlie  Saxon] 
fhf  T  ^''f\,'>-  repugnance  for  having  fine  pluases  taka 
the  place  of  the  butyraceous  principle. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  2-»9. 
butyrate  (bii'ti-rat),  w.    [<  L.  butyrum,  butter, 

rtte'coH  r  H  n"  °*  aeid.-Ethyl  buty- 

rate, C2ti5.C4H70o,  a  very  mobile  iKpiid,  liaving  an  odor 

coho7  I'"'"'"'!"'''  It    soluble  in  al' 

cohol,  and  IS  used,  011  account  of  its  odor,  in  the  manufac- 
tme  of  perfumery  and  also  of  artificial  rum  and  other  spir- 
WvJ  '  .prepared  by  distilling  a  mixture  of  alcohol  ind 
utyric  acid,  with  the  addition  of  a  little  ether.  Known 
11,1™       fSivnc-  ot  pineapple  or  aiiaHas-oi/.-GlVcerin 


butyric 

butyric  (bu-tir'ik),  a.  [<  L.  hidyrum,  butter,  + 
-(c]  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  butter — Bu- 
tyric acid  C-iH"C0.OH,  a  colorless  mobile  li(iuia  haviiiK'  a 
strong,  rancid  smell  anil  acrid  taste.  N  ormal  butyric  acid 
is  niiscible  with  water  and  forms  crystallnie  salts  with  the 
bases  It  is  prepared  from  butter,  or  b)  fermeutini;'  sugar 
with  putrid  cheese.  It  also  occurs  in  cod-liver  oil  and 
other  fats,  in  the  juice  of  meat,  and  in  the  perspiration, 
and  is  widely  distributed  in  the  vegetable  kingdom.— BU- 
tvric  ether  the  sjeneric  name  of  a  class  of  compounds 
formed  from  butyric  acid  by  the  substitution  of  one  atom 
of  a  basic  or-anic  radical,  such  as  ethyl,  for  an  atom  of 
hydrogen. -Butyric  fermentation,  a  kmd  of  lermeii- 
tation  or  pntrefactiou  characterized  by  the  production  of 
butyric  acid.  It  is  caused  by  a  microbe  belonging  to  the 
genus  Bitcilliix.    See  fermentaiion. 

butyril  (bfi'ti-rll),  «.  [<  L.  butunm,  butter,  + 
-il.  ]  The  radical  (C3H7CO)  of  butyric  acid  and 
its  derivatives. 

butyrin,  butyrine  (bu'ti-rin),  n.  [<  L.  batij- 
ruiti,  butter,  +  -in'^,  -ine^.'\  A  triglyeerid,  1 3H5 
(€411702)3,  which  is  a  constant  constituent  ot 
butter,  together  with  olein,  stearin,  and  other 
glyeerids.  It  is  a  neutral  yellowish  liquid  fat, 
having  a  sharp,  bitter  taste. 

butyrous  (bii'ti-rus),  a.  [<  L.  butyrum,  butter, 
+  -OHS.}    Same  as  butyraceous. 

buxeoUS  (buk'se-us),  a.  [<  L.  buxeus,  pertain- 
ing to  the  box-tree,  <  buxiis,  the  box-tree:  see 
Buxus.]  Pertaining  to  the  box-tree  or  resem- 
bling it. 

buxin,  buxine  (buk'sin),  n.  [<  NL.  buxma,  < 
L.  buxus,  the  box-tree:  see  -in^,  -ine^.'\  An  al- 
kaloid obtained  fi-om  the  box-tree,  it  has  gener- 
ally the  appearance  of  a  translucent  deep-brown  mass; 
its  taste  is  bitter ;  it  excites  sneezing ;  it  is  insoluble  in 
water,  but  is  dissolved  in  small  quantity  by  alcohol  and 
by  ether. 

buxina  (buk-si'na),  n.   [NL.]  Same  as  huxme. 
buxine,  ».    See  buxin.  .        ,    1  , 

buxom  (buk'sum),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  buck- 
some,  bucksom,  <  ME.  buxom,  buxum,  boxom, 
bouxom,  bogsam,  bughsom  (also,  by  absorption 
of  the  palatal,  bousom,  bowsom,  mod.  E.  as  if 
*bowsomc),  earlier  buhsum,  obedient,  submis- 
sive, <  AS.  *buhsum  (not  found)  (=  D.  buig- 
saam,  flexible,  submissive,  =  G.  bicgsam,  flex- 
ible), <  bugan,  bow,  +  -sum,  -some:  see  bow'-, 
buck^,  and  -some]  If.  Yielding  to  pressure; 
flexible;  unresisting. 

Twise  was  he  seene  in  soaring  Eagles  shape, 
And  with  wide  winges  to  beat  the  buxome  ayre. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  xl.  34. 
Wing  silently  the  buxom  air.         Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  842. 
The  crew  with  merry  shouts  their  anchors  weigh, 
Then  ply  their  oars,  and  brush  the  buxom  sea. 

Dryden,  Cym.  and  Iph.,  1.  613. 

2t.  Obedient;  obsequious;  submissive. 

To  be  ever  buxom  and  obedient.  Fooce. 
*        "For-thi,"  seid  Samuel  to  Saul,  "  god  hym-self  hoteth 
The,  be  boxome  at  his  biddynge  his  wille  to  fulfille. 

Piem  Plowman  (B),  111.  263. 

He  did  tread  down  and  disgrace  all  the  English,  and  set 
up  and  countenance  the  Irish ;  thinking  thereby  to  make 
them  more  tractable  and  buxom  to  the  government. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

3.  Having  health  and  comeliness  together  with 
a  lively  disposition ;  healthy  and  cheerful ;  brisk ; 
jolly ;  lively  and  vigorous. 

A  daughter  fair, 
So  buxom,  blithe,  and  debonair. 

Milton,  L' Allegro,  1.  24. 

The  Imxom  god  [Bacchus]. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil  s  Georgics. 

A  parcel  of  buxom  bonny  dames.  Tatler,  No.  273. 

Such  buxom  chief  shall  lead  his  host 
From  India's  fires  to  Zenibla's  frost. 

Scott,  Marmion,  iii.  4. 

[In  this  sense  the  word  is  now  always  applied  to  girls  or 
women,  and  implies  abundant  health  as  shown  in  plump- 
ness, fresh  color,  and  strength.] 

4.  Showing  vigor  or  robustness;  sturdy; 
fresh;  brisk:  said  of  things:  as,  "■buxom  val- 
our," Shale.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  6. 

Buxom  health  of  rosy  hue. 
Gray,  Ode  on  a  Prospect  of  Eton  College. 

5t.  Amorous  ;  wanton.  Bailey. 
buxomt,  V.  i.    [ME.  buxomen;  <  buxom,  a.]  To 
be  obedient ;  yield. 

To  buxom  to  holi  churche,  and  to  al  the  land  also. 

St.  Edm.  Cunf.  (Early  Eng.  Poems,  ed.  Furnivall),  1.  445. 

buxomly  (buk'sum-li),  adv.  [<  ME.  buxomly, 
buxumli,  etc. ;  <  buxom  +  -ly^.'\  If.  Obedient- 
ly; humbly. 

To  condyte  me  fro  Cytee  to  Cytee,  jif  it  were  nede,  and 
buxomly  to  resceyve  me  and  my  Companye. 

Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  82. 

And  grace  axed  of  god  [that  to  graunten  it  is]  redy 
[To  hem]  that  boxomelkhe  biddeth  it  and  ben  in  wille  to 
amenden  hem.  Piers  Plotmnan  (B),  xii.  195. 

2.  In  a  buxom  manner;  briskly;  vigorously, 
buxomness  (buk'sum-nes),  n.  [<  ME.  buxomnes, 
buxumnes,  buhsumnes,  etc.;  <  buxom  +  -»ess.] 
If.  Obedience;  submissiveness. 


740 


A  branch  of  Box  ( Buxus 
sentpervirens ) . 


Bote  I  Rule  thus  thi  Reanie  Rend  out  my  Ribbes  I 
Sif  hit  beo  so  that  Boxumnesse  beo  at  niyn  assent. 

Piers  Plounnan  (A),  iv.  150. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  buxom ;  •  briskness ; 
liveliness  ;  healthy  vigor  or  plumpness. 
Buxus  (buk'sus),  n.  [L.,  the  box-tree,  >  E. 
box^,  q.  v.]  A  genus  of  plants  whose  species 
afford  the  valuable  hard 
wood  called  boxwood;  the 
box.  It  is  the  most  northern 
arborescent  plant  of  the  natural 
order  Euphorbiacecn.  B.  semper- 
viren-s,  the  common  box,  is  a  na- 
tive of  Europe  and  Asia,  and  is 
found  from  the  Atlantic  to  China 
aiidJapan,  sometimes  attaining  a 
height  of  20  or  30  feet,  though 
the  trunk  is  seldom  more  than  8 
or  10  inches  in  diameter.  The 
finest  quality  of  boxwood  is  from 
the  Levant  and  regions  about  the 
Black  Sea,  and  is  largely  employ- 
ed in  wood-engraving,  for  mathe- 
matical and  musical  instruments, 
and  for  turning.  There  are  nu- 
merous varieties  in  cultivation 
for  ornamental  purposes,  includ- 
ing the  common  dwarf  bushy 
form  used  for  garden-edgings. 

buy  (bi),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bought,  ppr.  buying. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  buye,  by,  bie,  bye,  <  ME. 
bui/en,  byen,  bien,  bei/en,  biggen,  buggen,  etc.,  < 
AS.  bycgan  (pret.  bohte,  pp.  boht)  =  OS.  buggean 
=  Goth.  bugjan  (pret.  bauhta) ,  huj ;  not  found 
in  the  other  Teut.  tongues;  connections  doubt- 
ful. Hence  in  comp.  aby'^,  and  by  perversion 
«6i(?e2,  q.  v.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  acquire  the  pos- 
session of,  or  the  right  or  title  to,  by  paying 
a  consideration  or  an  equivalent,  usually  in 
money ;  obtain  by  paying  a  price  to  the  seller ; 
purchase :  opposed  to  seU. 

His  [Emerson's]  plan  for  the  extirpation  of  slavery  was 
to  buy  the  slaves  from  the  planters. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Emerson,  viu. 
Hence  —  2.  To  get,  acquire,  or  procure  for  any 
kind  of  equivalent:  as,  to  buy  favorwith  flattery. 
Euill  men  take  great  payn  to  buy  Hell  —  and  all  for  worldly 

pleasure —  ,     „   ,  .  n   .  ^ 

Dearer  then  good  men  biiy  heauen,  for  God  is  their  trea- 
sure.      Bhodes,  Boke  of  Nurtm-e  (E.  E.  1.  S.),  p.  89. 

I  have  bought 
Golden  opinions  from  all  sorts  of  people.    ,        .  „ 
Shak.,  Macbeth,  1.  7. 

3.  To  bribe;  corrupt  or  pervert  by  giving  a 
consideration;  gain  over  by  money,  etc. 

There  is  one  thing  which  the  most  conupt  senates  are 
unwilling  to  sell;  and  that  is  the  power  which  makes 
them  worth  buying.         Macaulay,  Sir  -William  Temple. 

4.  To  be  sufficient  to  purchase  or  procure; 
serve  as  an  equivalent  in  procui-ing:  as,  gold 
cannot  buy  health.— 5t.  To  aby;  suffer. 

What?  schal  I  buy  it  on  my  fleisch  so  deere? 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  I.  167. 

Bought  note,  hought  and  sold  notes.  See  moJc— To 

buya  horough.  See  boroughl.^To  buy  againt,  to  re- 
deem.   See  againbuy. 

God  save  yow,  that  boughte  agayn  mankynde. 

Chaucer,  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  304. 
To  buy  at  a  bargain.  See  bargain.— to  buy  in.  (a)  To 
purchase  for  one's  self,  especially  shares  or  stock :  op- 
posed to  sell  out. 

She  ordered  her  husband  to  buy  in  a  couple  of  fresh 
coach-horses.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  109. 

What  minor  and  rival  companies  stood  in  the  way  they 
bought  in.  W.  Barro-ws,  Oregon,  p.  38. 

(b)  To  buy  for  the  owner  at  a  public  sale,  especially  when 
an  insufficient  price  is  offered.- To  buy  into,  to  obtain 
an  interest  or  footing  in  by  purchase,  as  of  the  shares  01 
a  joint-stock  company,  and  formerly  in  England  of  a  com- 
mission in  a  regiment.- To  buy  in  under  the  rule, 
in  the  stock  ext:hamie,  to  purchase  stock  on  behalf  of  a 
member  to  enable  him  to  meet  a  short  contract,  or  to 
return  stock  which  had  been  borrowed,  on  notice  being 
given  to  the  chairman,  who  makes  the  purchase.— To  buy 
Off  (a)  In  the  English  service,  to  obtain  a  release  from 
military  service  by  a  payment,  (b)  To  get  rid  of  the  op- 
position of  by  payment;  purchase  the  non-intervention 
of;  bribe. 

What  pitiful  things  are  power,  rhetoric,  or  riches,  when 
they  would  terrify,  dissuade,  or  buy  0/ conscience.  South. 
To  buy  off  counsel,  to  pay  counsel  not  to  take  employ- 
ment from  the  opposite  party. — To  buy  or  sell  the  bear. 
See  teor2,  5  (a).— To  buy  OUt.  (a)  To  buy  off ;  redeem. 
Dreading  the  curse  that  money  may  buy  out. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  111.  1. 
(h)  To  purchase  all  the  share  or  shares  of  (a  person)  in  a 
stock,  fund,  or  partnership,  or  all  his  interest  in  a  busi- 
ness :  as,  A  buys  out  B.— To  buy  over,  to  detach  by  a 
bribe  or  consideration  of  some  sort  from  one  party  and 
attach  to  the  opposite  party.— To  buy  the  bargain 
dear  See  bargain.— 1o  buy  the  refusal  of,  to  give 
money  for  the  right  of  purchasing  at  a  fixed  price  at  a 
future  time.— To  buy  up,  to  purchase  or  acquire  title 
to  the  whole  of,  or  the  whole  accessible  supply  ot,  as 
shares,  a  crop,  or  a  stock  of  goods  in  market. 

The  noise  of  this  book's  suppression  made  it  presently 
be  bouqht  up,  and  turn'd  much  to  the  stationer's  advan- 
tage. Eoelyn,  Diary,  Aug.  19,  1674. 

II.  intrans.  To  be  or  become  a  purchaser. 
I  will  buy  with  you,  sell  with  you.  Shak.,  M.  of  -V.,  i.  3. 


buzzard 

buyable  (bi'a-bl),  a.  [<  buy  +  -able.].  Capa- 
ble of  being  bought,  or  of  being  obtained  for 
money  or  other  equivalent 


The  spiritual  fire  which  is  in  that  man  ...  is  not  buy- 
able nor  salable.  Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  II.  i.  2. 

buyer  (bi'er),  n.  One  who  buys;  a  purchaser; 
a  purchasing  agent — Buyer's  option,  in  the  stock 

exchange,  a  privilege  which  a  purchaser  has  of  taking  a 
stipulated  amount  of  stock  at  any  time  during  a  specified 
number  of  days :  usually  stated  as  buyer  3,  10,  20,  etc., 
according  to  the  period  agreed  on.  Often  abbreviated  to 
b.  0. 

buzt,  buzz^t  (buz),  interj.    [See  busz^,  «.]  A 
sibilant  sound  uttered  to  enjoin  silence. 
Pol.  The  actors  are  come  hither,  my  lord. 
Ham.  Buz,  buz!  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

Cry  hum 
Tlu'ice,  and  then  buz  as  often. 

B.  .Jonson,  Alchemist,  i.  1. 

buza  (bii'za,),  n.  Same  as  boza. 
buzzl  (buz)',  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bu~zed,  ppr.  buzz- 
ing. [First  in  early  mod.  E. ;  formed,  like 
equiv.  biss,  bizz  (dial.),  and  hiss,  hizz,  q.  v.,  and 
It.  buzzicare,  whisper,  buzzichio,  a  buzzing,  in 
imitation  of  the  sound.   Cf.  6<rr2.]  I,  intrans. 

1.  To  make  a  low  humming  sound,  as  bees; 
emit  a  sound  like  a  prolonged  utterance  of  z, 
as  by  a  slow  expiration  of  intonated  or  sonant 
breath  between  the  tongue  and  the  roof  of  the 
mouth  or  the  upper  teeth. 

A  swarm  of  drones  that  buzz'd  about  your  head.  Pope. 

2.  To  whisper  buzzingly;  speak  with  a  low 
humming  voice ;  make  a  low  sibilant  sound. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  make  known  by  buzzing. 
How  would  he  hang  his  slender  gilded  wings, 
And  buzz  lamenting  doings  in  the  air  !         ,    ...  „ 
Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  m.  2. 

2.  To  whisper;  spread  or  report  by  whispers ; 
spread  secretly. 

For  I  will  buzz  abroad  such  prophecies 
That  Edward  shall  be  fearful  of  his  life. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  v.  6.  . 

In  the  house 
I  hear  it  buzzed  there  are  a  brace  of  doctors, 
A  fool,  and  a  physician.  ,  t  j    ■•  , 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  n.  1. 

3.  To  share  equally  the  last  of  a  bottle  of  wine, 
when  there  is  not  enough  for  a  full  glass  to 
each  of  the  party.  [Eng.] 

Get  some  more  port,  .  .  .  whilst  I  fcwzz  this  bottle  here. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xxxiv. 

buzzi  (buz),  H.  [<  buzz^,  V.']  1.  A  continuous 
humming  sound,  as  of  bees. 

But  the  temple  was  full  "  inside  and  out," 
And  a  buzz  kept  buzzing  all  round  about, 
Like  bees  when  the  day  is  sunny. 

Houd,  Miss  Kilmansegg. 

A  day  was  appointed  for  the  grand  migration,  and  on 
that  day  little  Communipaw  was  in  a  buzz  and  a  bustle 
like  a  hive  in  swarming  time.  ,„„ 
Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  129. 

The  constant  buzz  of  a  fly.  j" acaulay. 

2  A  confused  humming  sound,  such  as  that 
made  by  a  number  of  people  busily  engaged 
in  conversation  or  at  work;  the  confused  hum- 
ming sound  of  bustling  activity  or  stir;  hence, 
a  state  of  activity  or  ferment:  as,  the  buzz  ot 
conversation  ceased  when  he  appeared;  my 
head  is  all  in  a  buzz. 

There  is  a  certain  buzz 
Of  a  stolen  marriage.  Massmger. 
There  is  a  buzz  ...  all  around  regarding  the  sermon. 

Thackeray,  Newcomes,  I.  xi. 

3.  A  rumor  or  report. 

The  buzz  of  drugs  and  minerals  and  simples, 
Bloodlettings,  vomits,  purges,  or  what  else 
Is  conjur'd  up  by  men  of  art,  to  gull       ,  ,    .  „ 
Liege-people.         Ford,  Lover's  Melancholy,  iv.  i. 
•Twas  but  a  buzz  devised  by  him  to  set  your  brains 
a.^^,ork.  Chapman,  Widow's  lears,  11.  1. 

buzz^t,  n.    [Origin  obscure.]  Gossamer. 

For  all  your  virtues 
Are  like  the  buzzes  growing  in  the  fields, 
So  weakly  fastened  fye  by  Natures  hand, 
That  thus  much  wind  blows  all  away  at  once. 
N  Field,  A  Woman  is  a  Weathercock  (Dodsley  s  Old  Eng. 

[Plays,  ed.  Hazlitt,  xi.  37). 

buzz^t,  interj.    See  buz. 

buzzard  (buz'ard),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod  E. 
bussard,  <  ME',  busard,  bosarde,  boserd,  busherd 
=  MD.  buysaerd,  busaerd,  bushard  =  G.  bus- 
shart,  bussaar,  busart,  <  OF.  busart,  buzart,  a  . 
busard  (with  suffix  -ard;  cf.  It.  bit^zago  (obs.), 
with  diff.  suffix),  a  buzzard,  <  OF.  buse,  buze, 
P.  buse  =  It.  *buzza,  f.  (obs.),  a  buzzard;  Mb. 
*butia,  £.,  butium,  neut.  (also,  after  Eom., 
zus,  bizus,  busio),  for  butio,  buteo,  L.  butco,  a  Duz- 
zard:  see  Buteo.]  I.  u.  1.  In  ornith. :  (a) -Any 
hawk  of  the  genus  Buteo  or  subfamily  Buteo- 
nince.  (See  these  words.)    The  common  buzzard  of 


buzzard 

Europe  is  B.  vulgaris,  a  bird  about  20  inches  long  and 
about  4  feet  in  spread  of  wing,  of  variegated  dark-browTi 
and  light  colors,  heavy  and  rather  sluggish,  stooping  to 
small  game.  The  rough-legged  buzzard  is  Archibuteo  lago- 
puf,  with  feathered  shanks.  See  cut  under  Archibuteo 
There  are  many  species  of  Buteo,  of  nearly  all  countries 

(6)  Some  other  hawk,  not  used  in  falconry, 
with  a  qualifying  term  to  indicate  the  species : 
as,  the  moor-6«-^arfZ,  Circus  (eruginosus,  of  Eu- 
rope; the  honey-huzzard,  Pernis  apivorus;  the 
bald  buzzard,  the  osprey,  Pandion  haliaetus. 
(c.)  An  American  vulture  of  the  family  Ca- 
thartidw;  the  turkey-buzzard,  Cathartes  aura. 
See  cut  under  Cathartes.— 2i.  A  blockhead:  a 
dunce. 

Blind  hussardes,  who  of  late  yeares,  of  wilfuU  malicious- 
nes,  would  neyther  learne  theiuselues,  nor  could  teach 
others.  Ascham,  The  Scholeniaster,  p.  111. 

3t.  A  coward.— 4.  A  hawk  that  flies  by  night. 
Halhwell.  [Prov.Eng.]  Compare  buzzard-moth. 
--Buzzard  dollar,  a  name  applied  by  the  opponents  of 
the  Bland  Bill  of  1S78  to  the  American  silver  dollar  of  412i 
grains  coined  m  accordance  with  it,  bearing  as  device 
upon  the  revei-se  a  figure  of  an  eagle,  derisively  compared 
to  that  of  a  buzzard. 

Il.t  a.  Senseless;  stupid. 

Thought  no  better  of  the  living  God  than  of  a  buzzard 
Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  i. 

buzzard-clock  (buz'ard-klok),  n.    [E.  dial.,  < 
buzzard,  for  buzzer,  from  its  buzzing  noise,  + 
clock,  a  beetle.]    A  local  name  in  England  for 
the  dor. 
Buramiu'  awaay  loike  a  buzzard-clock. 

Tennyson,  Northern  Farmer,  0.  S. 
buzzardet  (buz-iir-det'),  n.    [<  buzzard  +  dim. 
-et]    A  small  North  American  buzzard  de- 
scribed by  Pennant,  but  not  satisfactorily  iden- 
tified: perhaps  the  young  red-shouldered  buz- 
zard, Buteo  Uneatus;  more  probably  the  broad- 
winged  buzzard,  Buteo  pennsylvanicus. 
buzzard-hawk  (buz'ard-hak),  n.   A  hawk  of 
the  subfamily  Buteon'inw. 
buzzardly  (buz'ard-li),  a.    [<  buzzard  + 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  buzzard;  like  a  buzzard, 
buzzard-moth  (buz'ard-moth),  n.   A  kind  of 
sphinx  or  hawk-moth", 
buzzer  (buz'er),  n.    1.  One  who  buzzes;  a 
whisperer;  one  who  is  busy  in  telling  tales  se- 
cretly.   Shak.—2.  A  call  or  alarm  making  a 
low  buzzing  sound,  used  when  it  is  desirable 
to  avoid  loud  noise.— 3.  A  polishing-wheel  used 
in  cutlery-work. 

buzzing  (buz 'ing),  j3.  a.  [Ppr.  oi  buzz^.v.l  1, 
Kesembling  a  buzz. 

A  low  buzzing  musical  sound.  Lamb,  Quaker's  Meeting. 
2.  Making  a  buzzing  sound  or  hum:  as,  the 
buzzing  multitude. 

buzzingly  (buz'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  buzzing  man- 
ner ;  with  a  low  humming  sound. 

buzzom  (buz'um),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  bussom, 
var.  of  besom,  q.  v.]  A  dialectal  form  of  be- 
som. Brockett. 

buzz-saw  (buz'sa),  n.  A  circular  saw :  so  call- 
ed from  its  sound  when  in  action. 

buzzy  (buz'i),  a.  [<  buzz  +  -yi.]  Full  of  buzz- 
ing; buzzing. 

L^^^'  also  be, 

<  AS.  bi,  big,  also  be  (in  comp.  be-,  under  ac- 
cent bi-,  big- :  see  be-l,  be-2),  =  OS.  bi,  M,  be  = 
OFries.  bi,  be  =  MLG.  bi,  LG.  bi,  by  =D.  bij  = 
OHG.  bi,  pi,  bi,  MHG.  bi,  G.  bei  =  Goth,  bi,  by, 
about,  orig.  meaning  'about,'  whence  in  AS. 
etc.,  by,  near,  at,  through,  according  to,  con- 
cerning, etc. ;  related  to  L.  aiiibi-  =  Gr.  au6L 
and  bkt.  ablii,  about:  see  ambi-,  amphi-.  Hence 
the  prefixes  by-^  =  be-\  by-2  =  be-^,  by-3  ]  I 
lyrej)   1.  Near;  close  to;  beside;  with;  about: 
as,  sit  by  me;  the  house  stands  by  a  river. 
Go  to  your  rest,  and  I'll  sit  by  you. 

Fletcher,  Sea  Voyage,  iv.  2. 
They  punish  rigorously  them  that  rob  btj  the  high  way. 

Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 
A  good  poet  can  no  more  be  without  a  stock  of  similes 
by  him,  than  a  shoemaker  without  his  lasts. 

Swift,  To  a  Young  Poet. 

.t^t  ol"'''"  ''f >"°'  tliemonies  by  him,  but  is  forced  to  sell 
stock  at  a  great  loss.   Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  i 

2.  Near,  or  up  to  and  beyond,  with  reference 
-o  motion;  past:  as,  to  move  or  go  by  a  church. 

Thou  hast  pass'd  by  the  ambush  of  young  days 
Either  not  assail'd,  or  victor  being  charged.  ' 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  Ixx. 
This  music  crept  by  me  upon  the  waters. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2. 

3.  Along  (in  direction  or  progress);  in  or 
tlirough  (the  course  of) ;  over  or  alongside  of: 
as,  to  approach  a  town  by  the  highway. 
waToftheRed'seT  i'*'^'-"'^^' into  the  wildemess^63,__the 


741 

By  the  margin,  willow-veil'd, 
Slide  the  heavy  barges. 

Tennyson,  Lady  of  Shalott,  i. 

4.  On;  upon;  especially,  through  or  on  as  a 
means  of  conveyance :  as,  he  journeyed  both 
by  water  and  by  rail. 

I  would  have  fought  by  land,  where  I  was  stronger. 

Dryden,  All  for  Love,  ii.  1. 

5.  Through.  («)  Through  the  action  or  opera- 
tion of,  as  the  immediate  agent  or  the  producing 
or  instigating  cause:  as,  the  empire  founded 
by  Napoleon;  a  novel  written  bij  Cooper;  the 
victories  gained  by  Nelson ;  a  picture  painted 
by  Kubens.  [in  this  use  especially  after  passive  verbs 
or  participles,  the  participle  being  often  omitted :  as  a 
novel  by  Cooper  ;  a  picture  fty  Rubens.) 

All  things  were  made  by  him.  John  i.  3. 

Prompted  to  my  revenge  by  heaven  and  hell. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 
(6)  With  the  perception  of,  as  the  subject  or 
recipient  of  the  action  or  feeling :  as,  he  died 
regretted  by  all  who  knew  him  ;  this  was  felt  by 
them  to  be  an  intentional  slight,  (c)  Through 
the  means  or  agency  of,  as  the  intermediate 
agent  or  instrument :  as,  the  city  was  destroyed 
by  fire. 

There  perished  not  many  by  the  swoorde,  but  all  bii  the 
extremitye  of  famine  which  they  themselves  had  wrought. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 
Noble  Melantius,  the  land  by  me 
Welcomes  thy  virtues  home 'to  Rhodes. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  i.  1. 
AU  our  miserie  and  trouble  hath  bin  either  by  a  King 
or  by  our  necessary  vindication  and  defence  against  him 
Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  x. 
Muley  Abul  Hassan  saw  by  the  fires  blazing  on  the  moun- 
tains that  the  country  was  rising.    Irving,  Granada,  p.  77. 

{d)  Through  the  use  of;  with  the  aid  of,  as 
means :  as,  to  take  by  force ;  by  your  leave. 

He  called  his  brothers  by  name,  and  their  replies  gave 
comfort  to  his  heart.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  95. 

And  holding  them  back  by  their  flowing  locks. 

Te7inyson,  The  Merman,  ii. 

(e)  In  consequence  of ;  by  virtue  of. 

I  have  endeavoured  to  shew  how  some  passages  are 
beautiful  by  being  sublime,  others  by  being  soft,  others  bu 
being  natural.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  369. 

And  how  it  ends  it  matters  not. 
By  heart-break  or  by  rifle-shot. 

Whittier,  Mogg  Megone,  i. 
6.  In  adjuration:  Before;  in  the  presence  of; 
with  the  witness  of ;  with  regard  to  things,  in 
view  of,  in  consideration  of :  followed  by  the 
name  of  the  being  or  thing  appealed  to  as 
sanction:  as,  I  appeal  to  you  by  all  that  is 
sacred. 


by 

Then  rose  the  King  and  moved  his  host  hjj  night. 

Tennyson,  Pa.sslng  of  Arthur. 

12.  At  (a  terminal  point  of  time);  not  later 
than  ;  as  early  as  :  as,  by  this  time  the  sun  had 
risen;  ho  will  be  here  by  two  o'clock. 

By  the  morwe.  Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Manciple's  Tale,  1.  16. 
But  by  that  they  were  got  within  siglit  of  them  the 
women  were  in  a  very  great  scuffle. 

Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  247. 
The  cholera  will  have  killed  by  the  end  of  the  year  about 
one  person  in  every  thousand. 

Sydney  Smith,  To  the  Countess  Grey. 

13.  At  a  time;  each  separately  or  singly:  as, 
one  by  one;  two  by  two;  piece  by  piece. 

Point  by  point,  argument  by  argument. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Pol.,  Pref. 

14.  With  reference  to ;  in  relation  to;  about; 
concerning;  with:  formerly  especially  after 
say,  speak,  etc.,  now  chiefly  after  do,  act,  deal, 
etc. 

And  so  I  sey  by  the  that  sekest  after  the  whyes 
And  aresonedest  resoun.  Piers  Plowman  (Ii),  xii.  217. 
I  sey  not  this  by  wyves  that  ben  wise. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  229. 
Thus  prophecy  says  by  me.    Towneley  Mysteries,  p.  212. 
They  secretly  made  encjuiry  where  I  had  lined  before 
what  my  wordes  ami  behauiour  had  beene  while  I  was 
there,  but  they  coulde  finde  nothing  by  me. 

W'ebbe,  Travels,  p.  31. 
Thou  hast  spoken  evil  words  by  the  queen.  Foxe. 
To  do  6)/  scripture  and  the  gospel  according  to  conscience 
IS  not  to  do  evil.  Milton,  Civil  Power. 

In  his  behaviour  to  me,  he  hath  dealt  hardly  by  a  rela- 

Fielding. 

15.  Besides;  over  and  above ;  beyond.  FNorth 
Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

This  ship  was  of  so  great  stature,  and  took  so  much 
timber,  that,  except  Falkland,  she  wasted  all  the  wo.kIs  in 
Fife,  which  was  oak-wood,  by  all  timber  tliat  was  gotten 
out  of  Norroway.  Pitscottie,  Chron.  of  Scotland,  an  1511. 

By  book,  by  the  book.  See  6«o/r.-By  north,  south 
east,  west  (natit.),  next  in  the  direction  stated :  phrases 
used  m  designating  the  points  of  the  compass  :  as  north- 
east by  north  (between  N.  E.  and  N.  N.  E.).  See  dunpass 
-  By  one's  self  or  itself,  (a)  Apart ;  separated  from 
others  ;  alone. 


The  common  oath  of  the  Scythians  was  by  the  swoord 
and  by  the  fire.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland! 

Swear  not  at  all;  neither  by  heaven  ;  for  it  is  God's 
throne :  nor  by  the  earth ;  for  it  is  his  footstool. 

Mat.  V.  34,  35. 
.    ,  ,       By  Pan  I  swear,  beloved  Perigot 
And  by  yon  moon,  I  think  thou  lov'st  me  not. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  iii.  l. 
7.  According  to ;  by  direction,  authority,  ex- 
ample, or  evidence  of:  as,  this  appears  by  his 
own  account;  it  is  ten  o'clock  by  my  watch: 
these  are  good  rules  to  live  by. 

They  live  by  your  base  words.    Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  ii.  4. 
First  follow  Nature,  and  your  judgment  frame 
By  her  just  standard.    Tope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  69. 

8  In  the  measure  or  quantity  of;  in  the  terms 
ot:  as,  to  sell  cloth  by  the  yard,  milk  bii  the 
quart,  eggs  by  the  dozen,  beef  by  the  pound; 
to  board  by  the  week. 

Two  thousand  ducats  by  the  year. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 
9.  In  comparison:  To  the  extent  of:  noting 
mensuration  or  the  measure  or  ratio  of  excess 
or  inferiority :  as,  larger  by  a  half;  older  &wfive 
years ;  to  lessen  by  a  third. 

Be  als  mekil  als  the  forseide  lyght,  to  the  worchep  of  god 
an  holy  Chirche,  lestyngliche  in  tyme  comyng,  with-outen 
nelp  of  meiinys  deuocion  ne  may  not  be  meyntened  and 
English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p  45 


Too  long  by  half  a  mile.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

10.  Multiplied  into :  noting  the  relation  of  one 
dimension  to  another  (in  square  or  cubic  mea- 
sui'e) :  as,  five  feet  by  four,  that  is,  measuring 
fave  feet  in  one  direction  and  four  feet  in  the 
other.— 11.  During  the  course  of;  within  the 
compass  or  period  of:  as,  by  day;  by  night. 
Dauid  by  hus  dales  dobbede  knyjtes. 

Piers  Plozmnan  (C),  ii.  102. 
Old  men  yn  prouerbe  sayde  by  old  tyme 

A  chyld  were  beter  to  be  vnbore 
Than  to  be  vntaught,  and  so  be  lore." 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p,  399 


'^^.f)  ^S" '".=1  serious  humour,  I  very  often  walk  by 
myself  in  Westminster  Abbey.  " 

Addison,  Thoughts  in  Westminster  Abbey. 
As  a  child  will  long  for  his  companions,  but  among  them 
plays  by  himself  Emerson,  Clubs. 

(6)  'Without  aid;  by  individual  action  exclusively  as  I 
did  It  aU  by  myself  [Colloq.]-By  the  board.  See 
board-jBy  the  by  See  byl,  n.~By  the  head  Omut.). 
the  state  of  a  vessel  so  loaded  as  to  draw  more  forward 
than  aft:  opposite  to  by  the  sterti.—By  the  lee  said  of 
a  ship  when  the  wind  takes  the  sails  on  the  wrong  side. 

Shoote  him  through  and  through  with  a  jest ;  tnake  him 
lye  by  the  lee,  thou  Basilisco  of  witte. 

Marston,  What  You  Will,  ii.  i. 

I'^^T?*®??  with  greater  draft  aft  tlian  for- 

ward.-By  the  way.  (a)  On  the  road  ;  in  tlie  course  of 
a  journey  :  as,  they  fell  out  by  the  way.  (b)  IncidentHllv  - 
in  the  course  of  one's  remarks  :  hence  used  as  an  inter- 
jectional  phrase  introducing  an  incidental  remark  •  as 
by  the  way,  have  you  received  that  letter  yet?   (Colbji).]  ' 

Their  actions  are  worthy  not  thus  to  be  spoken  of  by  the 
Milton,  Apology  for  Smectymnmis. 
By  the  wind  (naut.),  as  near  to  the  proper  course  as  the 
wind  will  permit ;  close-hauled.- By  way  of  (a)  is  an 
example  or  instance  of.  (ft)  On  the  point  of ;  just  about 
to:  as,  when  I  saw  him  he  was  by  way  o/goiii"  tcj  iiri<.h- 
ton  [Colloq.,  Eng.]  (c)  Through :  as",  we  came  by  way  of 
Boston.— To  set  Store  by.   ^ee  store. 

II.  adv.  [The  adverbial  use  is  not  found  in 
AS.,  and  is  rare  in  ME.]  1.  Near;  in  the 
same  place  with;  at  hand:  often  (before  the 
verb  always)  qualified  by  a  more  definite  ad- 
verb: as,  near  by;  close  by;  hard  by. 

Tirr.-,  ^  T  X     ,  '^''1  '^"<^el  to  me. 

Whilst  I  stood  stubborn  and  regardless  by 

Beau,  arid  Fl.,  King  and  No  King,  iii.  1. 
He  now  retired 
Unto  a  neighb'ring  castle  by. 
o     1   .  J        ~  ^-  Butler,  Hudibras,  I.  iii.  301. 

2.  Aside;  off. 

Let  them  lay  by  their  helmets  and  their  spears 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  i.  3. 
Be  no  more  Christians,  put  religion  by 
'Twill  make  ye  cowards.  ' 

Fletcher,  The  Pilgrim,  ii.  2. 

^'       motion:  Across  in  front  or  alongside 
and  beyond :  as,  the  carriage  went  by. 
By  your  leave,  my  masters  there,  pray  you  let  s  come  by. 

B.  Jonson,  Cyntliia  s  Revels,  v.  2. 
Pray  you,  walk  by,  and  say  nothing. 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  ii.  4. 
4.  Of  time :  In  the  past ;  over. 

The  moon  among  the  clouds  rode  high. 
And  all  the  city  hum  was  by. 

Scott,  Mamiion,  v.  20. 
[For  by  in  composition,  see  6y-3.] 
By  and  by.   (at)  A  repetition  of  by,  near,  close  by :  used 
especially  in  reference  to  a  regular  series,  one  after  an- 
other. 


by 


742 

adjective,  meaning  side,  secondary,  as  in  by-path,  by-street, 

by^vap,  by-play,  by-stroke,  etc. 

by-aimt  (bi'am),  ?t.  A  side  aim;  a  subordinate 
aim ;  a  by-end. 

by-altar  (bi'al"tar),  n.  1.  A  minor  or  secon- 
dary altar,  in  distinction  from  tlie  high  altar; 
any  other  altar  than  the  chief  one  in  a  church : 
now  commonly  called  side  altar. —  2.  A  name 


bylander 

by-corner  (bi'k6r''''ner),  n.    A  private  or  out-o£- 

tlie-way  corner.    Massingcr  ;  Fuller. 
by-course  (bi'kors),  n.    An  ii'regular  or  im- 
proper course  of  action. 

If  tliou  forsake  not  tliese  iniprolitable  by-course.s. 

B.  Jnnson,  Poetaster,  i.  1. 

byddet,  v.  and  «.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  hid. 


given  by  some  wi-iters  on  Christian  archroology  bydet,  v.    An  obsolete  form  of  hide. 


Two  yonge  Icnightes  ligsvng  by  and  by. 

Chau<->'>;  Kiii!,'lit  s  Tale,  1.  153. 

These  were  liis  wordis  by  and  by. 

Jiom.  of  the  Hose,  1.  4581. 

In  tlie  temple,  by  and  by  with  us, 
These  couples  shall  eternally  be  knit. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iv.  1. 

(6t)  At  once  ;  straightway  ;  immediately ;  then. 

After  that  you  haue  dyned  and  supte,  laboure  not  by  and 
by  after,  but  make  a  pause,  syttynge  or  standynge  vpryght 
the  space  of  an  howre  or  more  with  some  pastyme. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  p.  247. 

Wlien  .  .  .  persecution  ariseth  because  of  the  word,  by 
and  by  IGr.  euflus,  immediately]  he  is  otfended. 

Mat.  xiii.  21. 

They  do,  and  by-and-by  repent  them  of  that  which  they 
have  done.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  237. 

((•)  At  some  time  in  tlie  future  ;  before  long ;  presently. 

I  ni  so  vexed,  tliat  if  I  had  not  the  prospect  of  a  resource  byaSt.     See  bias. 

in  iieiu-  kiio.  k.  a    the  head  6;/  and  by,  I  should  scarce  ]jyats  (bi'ats),  n.  pi.    Same  as  huntons. 

have  spn  its  ,o  tell  yuu  the  cauje.  ^  .^^^^^        ^^^^^^  _^  ^  ^^.^^^^^^  ^^^^       ^  1^  3 

By  and  large,  in  all  its  length  and  breadth;  in  every  by-bidder  (bi'bid'er)         A  person  employed 
aspect:  as,  taking  it  by  and  large,  this  is  the  most  com-    at  public  auctions  to  bia  on  articles  put  up  tor  'by-d-weller  (bi'dwel'-'er),  n.    One  who  dwells 
prehensive  tlieory  yet  broached.— By  and  maint,  by  both    sale,  in  order  that  the  seller  may  obtain  higher    -^^^-^ .  ^  neio-hbor . 


to  a  table  standing  beside  the  altar,  for  hold- 
ing the  vestments,  the  sacred  vessels,  etc. ;  a 
credence, 
byart,  n.    See  hyre. 

byard  (bi'ard),  n.  [Appar.  a  variant  fonn  and 
use  of  bayard^,  q.  v.]    A  band  of  leather  cross- 


by-dependencyt  (bi'de-i)eu*den-si),  n.  Some- 
thing depending  on  something  else ;  an  acces- 
sory circumstance.    Shak.,  Cymbeline,  v.  5. 
by-design  (bi'de-zin"),  n.    An  incidental  or 
subordinate  design  or  pui-pose. 

They'll  serve  for  other  by-designs.  S.  Butler,  Hudibras. 


ons  in  coal-mines 


ing  the  breast,  used  by  men  for  dragging  wag-  by-doing  (bi'do-ing),  n.   Subordinate  or  collat- 
eral action ;  private  doing, 
by-drinkingf  (bi '  dring  *  king),  n.   A  drinking 
between  meals. 

You  owe  money  here  besides.  Sir  John,  for  your  diet 
and  by-drinkings.  Shak.,  I  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  3. 


side  and  main  passages  ;  on  all  sides. 


prices. 


Thou!  no,  no,  I  have  barred  thee  by  and  main,  for  I  by-blow  (bi'blo),  «.  1.  A  side  or  accidental 
have  resolved  not  to  fight  for  them. 

Killigrew,  Parson's  Wedding,  ii.  5. 
Full  and  by.  ^eefuin. 
byi,  bye^  (bi),  «.  [<  hij,  prep,  and  adv.;  in  older 
use  only  in  the  phrases  hy  the  hy  and  in,  on,  or 
upon  the  hy  (see  def.) ;  due  to  adv.,  in  comp. 
hy-^.  In  sporting  use  commonly  spelled  6(/c.] 
1.  A  thing  not  directly  aimed  at;  something 
not  the  immediate  object  of  regard :  as,  by  the 

hy  (that  is,  by  the  way,  in  passing). —  2.  The  by-book  (bi'buk),  «.     A  note-  or  memoran- 


blow. 

Now  and  then  a  by-blow  from  the  pulpit. 

Milton,  Colasterion. 
How  finely,  like  a  fencer. 
My  father  fetches  his  by-blows  to  hit  me  ! 

Middleton  and  Dekker,  Roaring  Girl,  i.  1. 

An  illegitimate  child.    [Colloq.  or  vulgar.] 

The  natural  brother  of  the  king  —  a  by-blow. 

Massinger,  Maid  of  Honour,  i.  1. 


2t. 


condition  of  being  odd,  as  opposed  to  even  ;  the 
state  of  having  no  competitor  in  a  contest 
where  several  are  engaged  in  pairs.  Thus,  in 
field  trials  of  dogs,  wliun  tlie  number  of  those  entered  for 
competition  in  pairs  is  uneven,  the  odd  contestant  is  said 
to  have  a  by. 

\5.  Dpecmcally,  in  golf,  a  hole  or  holes  which 


dum-book;  a  subordinate  book  containing 
notes  or  jottings  to  be  afterward  extended  in 
due  form. 

(Lord  s  day.)  To  my  office,  and  there  fell  on  entering, 
out  of  a  bye-book,  part  of  my  second  journall-book,  whicli 
hath  lay  these  two  years  and  more  unentered. 

I'epys,  Diary,  II.  87 


remain  to  be  played  in  order  to  complete  the  by-business  (^'biz'^nes),  n.     Business  aside 
full  round  of  the  links,  after  the  match  origi-   from  the  main  business;  something  quite  sec- 
nally  agreed  upon  is  finished.     W.  Park,  Jr. —   oudary  or  subordinate.  Barrow. 
4.  In  cricket,  a  run  made  on  a  ball  not  struck  by-by  (bi'bi'),  interj.    [Also  wi'itten  hye-hyc ; 
by  the  batsman,  but  which  the  wicket-keeper   a  childish  or  humorous  variation  of  good-hy. 


hiis  failed  to  stop. —  5.  In  the  game  of  hide- 
aud-seek,  the  goal :  as,  to  touch  the  hy.  [New 
England.]  — By  the  by.  (fit)  Same  as  in,  on.  or  upon 
the  by.  (b)  By  the  way  :  introducing  an  incidental  remark. 
By  the  by,  I  hope  'tis  not  true  that  your  brother  is  ab- 


q.  v.]  Good-by:  a  childish  form  of  farewell, 
sometimes  used  humorously  by  grown  people. 

Well,  you  are  going  to  be  in  a  passion,  I  see,  and  I  shall 
only  interrupt  you — so,  bye-bye. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  1. 


sohitely  mined?  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  i.  1.  bycaUSet,  COnj.    An  obsolete  fotm  of  hecawsc. 

In,  on,  or  upon  the  byt,  in  passing ;  indirectly ;  by  bv-causc'  (bi'kaz),  n.   [<  hii-'^  +  cause.^   A  sec- 

ondary  cause. 


Implication. 

It  would  beget 
Me  such  a  main  authority  on  the  bye, 
And  do  yourself  no  disrepute  at  all. 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  i. 
Speak  modestly  in  mentioning  my  services  ; 
And  if  auglit  fall  out  in  the  by,  that  must 
Of  mere  necessity  toucli  any  act 
Of  my  deserving  praises,  blush  when  you  talk  on 't. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Laws  of  Candy,  iii.  2. 
The  Synod  of  Dort  condemneth  upon  the  bye  even  the 
discipline  of  the  Churcli  of  England. 

Quoted  in  Fuller's  Church  Hist.,  X.  v.  1. 
To  steal  a  by,  in  ericket,  to  make  a  run  on  a  ball  which 
has  not  been  batted,  but  which  the  wicket-keeper  has 
failed  to  stop. 

He  [the  batsman]  is  never  in  his  ground,  except  when 
his  wicket  is  down.  Nothing  in  the  whole  game  so  trying 
to  boys ;  he  has  stolen  three  byes  in  the  first  ten  minutes. 

T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Rugby,  ii.  8. 

by^t,  '«.  [ME  hy,  hi,  <  AS.  by  =  Icel.  byr,  bar,  or 
beer  (gen.  hcejar,  hyjar)  —  Norw.  bo  =  Sw.  Dan. 
by,  a  town,  village,  in  Icel.  and  Norw.  also  a 
farm,  landed  estate ;  akin  to  AS.  bu  =  OS.  bu 
=  Icel.  bu  —  Sw.  Dan.  ho,  a  dwelling,  habita- 
tion, >  Sc.  how  (see  how^),  <  AS.  buan  =  Icel. 
bHa,  dwell:  see  hoiver'^,  boor,  hig^,  6el,  and  cf. 
by-law.}  A  town ;  habitation;  dwelling:  now 
extant  only  in  place-names,  especially  in  the 
north  of  England,  as  in  Derby  (Anglo-Saxon 
Deora  by,  literally  'dwelling  of  deer'),  Whitby, 
etc. 


was  one  cause  (a  by-cause)  why  the  purse  was 
B.  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  iii.  1. 


The  township,  the  by  of  the  Northern  shires. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist., 


I.  90. 


bySf,  n. 


I 

lost, 

bycet,       An  obsolete  form  of  bice. 

byckornet,  »■   An  obsolete  form  of  bickern. 

bycockett  (bi'kok-et),  n.  [Also  variously 
written  abocock,  ahococked,  ahococket,  ahocked, 
abocket,  and  aba- 
cot,  coiTupted 
forms  due  to 
misreading  or 
misprinting  of 
hycocket,  <  late 
ME.  by  coke  t 
(Halliwell),  < 
OF.  bicoquet,  a 
bycocket,  a  kind 
of  cap  (cf. 
"  biquoquet,  the 
beak  of  a  la- 
dies mourning 
hood"  —  Cot- 
grave),  prob.  < 
bi-  (L.  bis),  dou- 
ble, +  coque  (> 
E.  cock),  a  shell, 
a  boat.  The  al- 
lusion is  to  the 
shape.]  A  kind  of  hat  worn  during  the  four- 
teenth, fifteenth,  and  sixteenth  centuries,  prob- 
ably by  noble  and  wealthy  persons  only,  it  was 

of  the  form  called  by  heralds  eap  of  maintenance,  that 
is,  with  the  brim  turned  up  either  before  or  Ijehind,  and 
with  a  long  point  or  beak,  or  two  such  points,  opposite. 
Modern  representations  generally  give  it  with  the  point 
or  points  behind  ;  but  the  more  conunon  form  in  the  mid 


Bycocket  of  the  15th  century.  (  From  Viollet- 
le-t)uc's  "  Diet,  du  Mobilier  fran^ais." ) 


[Another  and  more  reg.  form  of  bee^, 
ME.  bye,  byge,  beighe,  beg,  beh^  etc.,  <  AS. 
beak,  bedg,  a  ring :  see  6ee2.]   A  ring ;  a  brace- 
let. 

A  by  of  gold,  adorning  the  right  arm.  PlancM. 
by*ti  "V-    An  obsolete  spelling  of  buy. 
bySf,  V.  i.    An  obsolete  variant  of  &el. 

by-i.    If.  An  obsolete  variant  of        6e-i  (un-  ,  l  — j 

accented).  See  6e-i.— 2.  The  modern  form  of  by-concernment  (bi'kon-sern''''ment),  n. 
bi-\  be-\  under  the  accent,  as  in  hyspell,  byword,  subordinate  or  subsidiary  affair.  Dryden. 
etc.  bycornet,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  bickern. 

by-^t.    An  obsolete  variant  of  bi-^,  6e-2.  ggt,  rakes,  crookes,  adses,  and  bycornes, 


bye^t,  prep,  and  adv.    See  hy\ 
byei,  n.    See  6)/l. 
bye'-^t,  n.    See  by'^. 
bye^t,       See  by^. 

bye*t,  ''■    An  obsolete  spelling  of  buy. 

bye-ball  (bi'bal),  «.   In  cricket,  same  as  by"^,  3. 

by-election  (bi'e-lek"shon),  n.  In  Great  Brit- 
ain, an  election  teld  to  fill  a  vacancy  in  Parlia- 
ment. 

by-end  (bi'end),  91.  1.  Aprivateend;  a  secret 
purpose  or  design. 

To  have  other  by-ends  in  good  actions  sours  laudable' 
performances.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  i.  10. 

All  persons  that  worship  for  fear,  profit,  or  some  other 
bii-end,  fall  withi»  the  intendment  of  this  fable. 

Sir  Ji.  L' Estrange. 

2.  An  incidental  or  subsidiary  aim  or  object. 

Pamphleteer  or  journalist  reading  for  an  argtnnent  for 
a  party,  or  reading  to  write,  or,  at  all  events,  for  some  by- 
end  imposed  on  them,  nmst  read  meanly  and  fragmen- 
tarily.  Emerson,  Universities. 

byert,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  hyre. 

by-fello'W  (bi'f  el-'o),  «.  In  English  universities, 
a  name  given  to  one  who  has  been  elected  to 
a  by-fellowship;  a  fellow  out  of  the  regular 
course,  in  some  colleges  a  by-fellow,  even  when  over 
age,  can  be  elected  to  a  regular  fellowship  when  a  vacancy 
occurs. 

by-fello'wsllip  (bi'fel'''9-ship),  n.  In  English 
universities,  a  secondary  or  nominal  fellowship. 

■Pliere  are  some  Bye-Fellowships,  however,  in  the  small 
colleges  whose  value  is  merely  nominal  —  some  £5  or  £6  a 
year.        C.  A.  Bristed,  Englisli  University,  p.  131,  note. 

bygg^,  bygg2,  etc.    See  hig'^,  hig'^,  etc. 

bygirdlet,  «•  [ME.,  also  higirdle,  hygyrdylle, 
bigurdle,  bigurdel,  <  AS.  bigyrdcl,  bigirdel,  big- 
gyrdel  (=  MHG.  bigurtel),  <  bi,  hi,  by,  +  gyrdel, 
girdle:  see  by'^  and  girdle,  and  cf.  begird.}  A 
purse  hanging  from  the  girdle  or  belt. 

Thebagges  and  the  higurdeles,  he  hath  to-broken  hem  alle, 
Tliat  tlie  Erl  auarous  helde.    Piers  Plow^nan  (B),  viii.  86. 

bygone  (bi'gon),  a.  and  n.  [<  by"^,  adv.,  +  gone, 
pp.  of  i/o.]  I.  a.  Past;  gone  by;  hence,  out  of 
date;  antiquated:  as,  "thy  bygone  fooleries," 
Shak.,  W.  T.,  iii.  2. 

The  Chancellor  was  a  man  who  belonged  to  a  bygone 
world,  a  representative  of  a  past  age,  of  obsolete  modes 
of  thinking.  Macaulay,  Sir  W.  Temple. 

It  is  the  test  of  excellence  in  any  department  of  art, 
that  it  can  never  be  bygone. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  178. 

II.  n.  What  is  gone  by  and  past:  as,  that 
is  a  bygone;  let  bygones  be  bygones;  "let  old 
bygones  be,"  Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

by-hour  (bi'oiu-),  n.    A  leisure  hour. 

by-interest  (bi'in'''ter-est),  n.  Self-interest; 
private  advantage.  Atterhiiry. 

by-intimation  (bi'in-ti-ma"shon),  n.  An  inti- 
mation, whether  by  speech,  look,  gestm-e,  or 
other  means,  so  conveyed  as  to  be  unobserved 
by  those  for  whom  it  is  not  intended;  an  aside. 

There  were  no  by-intimations  to  make  the  audience 
fancy  their  own  discernment  so  much  greater  than  that  of 
the  Moor.  Lamb,  Old  Actors. 

byke,  n.    See  bike. 


die' ages  seems  to  have  had  the  point  in  front,  as  in  the  bykcrt,  and  n.  An  obsolete  form  of  bicker'^. 
illustration.  bylandt  »•    [_i  hy^  +  land.}  A  peninsula.  -Also 

by-common  (bi-kom'on),  a.^  [<  6^l,jpr-ep.,  be-    spelled  hiland. 


foxiA,  +  common.  CL  hy-ordinary.}  More  than 
common ;  uncommon.  [Scotch.] 


by-3.  The  adverb  by'^  used  as  a  prefix.  This  use 
ftrst  appears  in  the  sixteenth  century,  by-  being  a  quasi- 


And  double  bited  axes  for  thees  thornes. 

Falladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  42. 


If  I  find  various  devices  resorted  to  by  writers  at  the 
beginning  of  that  same  century  to  express  a  tract  of  land 
almost  surrounded  by  sea,  so  that  they  employ  "biland,_ 
"demi-isle,  "  "  demi-island,"  I  am  able,  without  much  hesi- 
tation, to  affirm  that  "peninsula"  was  not  yet  acknow- 
ledged to  be  English. 

Abp.  Trench,  Deficiencies  in  Eng.  Diets.,  p.  40. 

bylander,  n.  See  Ulander. 


by-lane 

by-lane  (bi'lan),  «.  A  private  lane,  or  one 
iormiug  a  bjTvay.  Burton. 
by-law  (bi'la),  n.  [Formerly  explained  and  now 
generally  accepted  as  made  up  of  hy^  (by-^) 
and  law^,  as  if  'a  subordinate  or  secondary 
law,'  but  in  fact  the  elements  are  by^,  a  town, 
+  law^,  after  Dan.  bylov,  municipal  law  (ef. 
Dan.  iHov,  an  amendment  to  a  law,  developed 
from  bylov,  but  now  regarded  as  simply  <  M-  (= 
G.  bei-  =  E.  by-S)  +  lov=  E.  toit'i),  =  Sw.  bylag, 
the  commonalty  of  a  village,  the  older  form 
being  Sc.  and  North.  E.  byrlaw,  also  written 
burlaw,  Urlaw,  in  comp.  even  birley,  barley, 
<  late  ME.  byre  law,  '^agraria,  plebiscitum" 
(Cath.  Anglicum)  (ML.  birelegia,  birlegia,  bi- 
lagce,  bilagines,  bellagines,  pi. ;  hence  prob.  bil- 
lage^,  q.  v.),  prop,  town-law  (see  byrlaw),  <  Icel. 
bcejfrr-log,  town-law  (cf.  bwjar-ldgmadhr,  a  town- 
justice,  'byi-law-man'),  <  by^ar,  bajar,  gen.  of 
byr,  beer,  or  ba;r  (=  Norw.  bo  =  Sw.  Dan.  by  = 
AS.  by:  see  by^),  a  town,  +  log  =  Norw.  log  = 
Sw.  lag  =  Dan.  lov,  law:  see  by^,  «.,  andJajt'l.] 
If.  A  local  law;  a  law  made  by  a  municipality 
or  by  a  rural  community  for  the  regulation  of 
affairs  within  its  authority ;  an  ordinance. 

In  the  shires  where  the  Danes  acquired  a  firm  foothold, 
the  toOTiship  was  often  called  a  "by";  and  it  had  the 
power  of  enacting  its  own  ' '  by-laws  "  or  town-laws,  as  New 
England  townships  have  to-day. 

J.  Fishe,  Amer.  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  46. 
Henee — 2.  A  standing  rule  of  a  legislative 
body,  a  eoi-poration,  or  a  society,  made  for  the 
regulation  of  its  internal  organization  and  eon- 
duct,  and  distinguished  from  a  provision  of  its 
.  constitution  in.  being  more  particular  and  more 
readily  altered. 

by-lead  (bi'led),  ?^.    Same  as  by-wash. 
by-legislation  (bi'lej-is-la"shon),  n.  Legisla- 
tion on  subordinate  or  secondary  matters ;  by- 
laws, or  the  making  of  by-laws. 

The  Friendly  Societies  Act  .  .  .  gives  power  of  by-legis- 
lation, on  specified  matters,  such  as  terms  of  admission 
administration,  enforcement  of  rules,  &c.,  all  which  has 
only  to  be  certified  by  a  Crown  registrar. 

Contemporary  Rev.,  XLIX.  231. 

bylevet,  v.    Same  as  beleave.  Chaucer. 
by-matter  (bi'maf'er),  w.    Something  beside 
the  principal  matter ;  something  incidental. 

I  knew  one  that,  when  he  wrote  a  letter,  would  put 
that  which  was  most  material  into  the  postscript,  as  if  it 
had  been  a  by-matter.  Bacon,  Cunning. 

by-motive  (bi'mo'/fiv),  n.  1.  A  private,  hid- 
den, or  selfish  motive. 

The  certainty  of  rousing  an  unanimous  impulse,  if  not 
always  of  counterworking  sinister  by-motives  among  their 
audience.  Grote,  Hist.  Greece,  I.  320. 

2.  A  secondary  motive, 
by-name  (bi'nam),  n.   [<  ME.  byname  (=  OHG. 
binamo,  MHG.  biiiame,  G.  beiname,  a  cognomen, 
surname);  <  %l  -1-  name.']    If.  A  secondary 
name ;  an  epithet. 

Sufflsaunce,  power,  noblesse,  reverence  and  gladnesse 
ben  only  dyverse  byname,  but  hir  substance  hath  no  di- 
versite.  Chaucer,  Boethius,  iii.,  prose  9. 

2.  A  niekaame. 


743 

by;-pasa  (bi'pas),  v.  t.    [<  by-pass,  ?».]    To  fur- 
nish with  a  by-pass. 
I  next  by-passed  the  outlet  valve  with  a  one  inch  pipe. 

Sci.  Amer.  Supp.,  XXII.  9099. 

by-passage  (Wpas^aj),  n.    A  private  or  retired 

passage  ;  a  byway, 
by-passer  (bi'pas"er),  w.  A  passer-by.  Latham. 
by-past  (bi'past),  a.    Past;  gone  by:  as,  "by- 
past  perils,"  Shak.,  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  158. 
by-path  (bi'path),  >i.     A  byway;  a  private 
path ;  an  indirect  course  or  means. 
By-paths  and  indirect  crook'd  ways. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  4. 

by-peept  (bi'pep),  v.  i.  To  look  or  glance  aside. 
Shak. 

by-place  (bi'plas),  n.  A  retired  place,  spot, 
or  situation. 

by-play  (bi'pla),  ?j.  1.  In  a  play,  action  carried 
on  aside,  and  commonly  in  dumb  show,  while 
the  main  action  proceeds  ;  action  not  intended 
to  be  observed  by  some  of  the  persons  present. 

"Will  you  allow  me  to  ask  you,  sir,"  he  said,  address- 
ing Jlr.  Pick\vick,  who  was  considerably  mystified  by  this 
very  unpolite  by-play,  "whether  that  person  belongs  to 
your  party?"  Dickens,  Pickwick,  I.  iii. 

2.  A  diversion ;  something  apart  from  the  main 
purpose. 

Is  he  using  the  alternative  as  a  by-play  in  argument 
without  any  consideration  of  its  merit  or  possibility  ?  ' 

Bushnell,  Forgiveness  and  Law,  p.  32. 

by-plot  (bi'plot),  n.  A  subsidiary  plot  in  a 
play  or  novel. 

The  minor  characters  and  bye-plot,  too,  giving  the  story 
of  a  religious  scepticism.  The  Spectator,  No.  3035,  p.  11.58. 

by-product  (bi'prod'''ukt),  n.  A  secondary  or 
additional  product ;  something,  produced,  as  in 
the  course  of  a  process  or  manufacture,  in  ad- 
dition to  the  principal  product  or  material :  as, 
wood-tar  is  obtained  as  a  by-product  in  the  de- 
structive distillation  of  wood  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  wood-vinegar  or  wood-spirit 


bysse 

Tlie  existence  in  any  district  or  parish  of  the  hirelav  is 
an  incontestable  i)r<M>f  of  Danisli  occupation.  The  par- 
ishes of  Khcftielcl,  Kci  li  sliclcl,  liiailliuld,  and  Kotlieiliam 
were  and  are  divided  into  hin-laivn.  Imt  it  is  to  be  remarked 
that  these  divisions  are  not  to  lie  found  on  the  Derbyshire 
side  of  the  Sheaf.  ^V.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  382. 

3.  A  parish  meeting.  [Prov.  Eng.  (Yorkshire).] 
byrlaw-COUrt  (bir'la-kort),  v.     [Also  written 
btrley-,  barley-court;  <  byrlazo  -f-  court.]  The 
court  in  which  the  byrlaw  was  administered. 
[Scotch.]    See  byrlaw. 
byrlaw-man  (bir'la-man),  n.     [Also  wi-itten 
birlaw-,  birley-,  barley-man;  <  byrlaw  -i-  matt; 
cf.  Icel.  bwjar-Uigmadhr,  a  town-justice.]  1. 
A^  judge  or  arbitrator  in  the  byrlaw-court. 
[Scotch.] — 2.  An  arbiter;  an  oversman;  an 
umpire ;  a  thirdsman.    [The  modem  use  of  the 
word.] 
byrnet,  w.    See  byrnie. 

byrniet,  [ME.,  also  brunie,  breny,  brini,  etc., 
earlier  burne,  <  AS.  byrne,  a  corselet,  a  coat  of 
mail,  —  OHG.  brunna,  brunja,  MHG.  G.  brihine 
—  Icel.  brynja  =  Sw.  brynja  =  Dan.  bryiije  = 
Goth,  brunjo;  hence  ML.  brunia,  bronia,  Pr. 
bronha,  OF.  brunie,  broigne,  etc. :  see  broiqne. 
Of  imcertain origin ;  cf.OBulg.  bronja,  corselet; 
Olr.  bruinn,  breast.]  Same  as  broigne. 
byrniedt,  p.  a.  [ME.  tmmyed,  brenyed,  etc. ;  < 
byriiie  -I-  -e(?2.]  Armed  with  a  corselet  or  coat 
of  mail. 

I  salle  to  batelle  the  bryiige,  of  brenyede  knyghtes 
Thyrtty  thosauiide  be  tale,  thryftye  in  arnies. 

Morte  A  rthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  316. 


A  personal  by-name  given  him  on  account  of  his  stature. 

Bjy.  Luwth,  Life  of  Wykeham. 
3.  A  pseudonym;  a  nom-de-plume.  [Obsolete 
and  Scotch.] 
by-namet  (bi'nam),  v.  t.     [<  by-name,  n.~\  To 
give  a  nickname  to. 

Sir  Henry  Percy,  .  .  .  fti/-;(ffm<!rf  Hotspurre,  whohad  the 
leading  of  the  EngUsh.      Holland,  tr.  of  Camden,  p.  803. 

bynet,  n.    [<  Gr.  I^vm/,  malt.]  Malt. 

bsmni  (bin'i),  n.  [Prob.  native.]  A  fish  of 
the  family  Cyprinklce,  Barbus  bynni,  related  to 
the  barbel  of  Eui-ope.  It  is  a  highly  esteemed 
fish  of  the  Nile. 

by-ordinary,  by-ordinar  (bi'6r"di-na-ri,  -nar), 

by'^,  prep.,  beyond,  -1-  ordinari/,  ordinar, 
ordinary.  Cf.  by-common.]  More  than  ordi- 
nary. [Scotch.] 

byou,  n.  [E.  dial. ;  origin  obscure.]  A  quinsy. 
[North.  Eng.]  ■' 

byous  (bi'us),  a.  [Also  written,  improp.,  bias; 
appar.  <  %i,  2}rep.,  beyond,  over  and  above, 
-I-  -ous.]  Extraordinary;  remarkable:  as,  6m- 
OHs  weather.  [Scotch.] 

byous  (bi'us),  adv.  [<  byous,  a.]  Extraordi- 
narily; uncommonly;  very:  as,  &2/0MS  hungry. 
[Scotch.] 

byously  (bi'us-li),  adv.  [<  byous,  a.,  +  -hfi.] 
Same  as  byous. 

by-pass  (bi'pas),  w.  ■  An  extra  gas-pipe  passing 
around  a  valve  or  gas-chamber,  used  to  pre- 
vent a  complete  stoppage  of  the  flow  of  gas 
when  the  valve  or  chamber  is  closed,  it  is  used 

with  pilot-lights.  The  pilot-light  supplied  by  the  by-pass 
pipe  bghts  the  main  burners  when  the  supply  is  turned  on 


It  is  constantly  the  case  that  the  bye-products  of  a  com- 
plex industry  are  found  to  be  the  sole  source  of  business 
Pi'oflts.  Encyc.  Brit.,  IX.  756. 

by-purpose  (bi' per  "pus),  n.  An  indirect  or 
concealed  pm-pose  or  design. 
Byramt,  n.  An  obsolete  spelling  of  Bairam. 
byre  (bir),  n.  [Sc.,  one  of  the  many  different 
applications  of  the  Seand.  form  of  E.  bower^, 
orig.  a  dwelling,  AS.  bitr,  a  dwelling,  =  Icel. 
bur,  a  pantry,  =  Sw.  bur,  a  cage,  Sw.  dial,  bur, 
a  house,  cottage,  pantry,  granary,  =  Dan.  6m?-,  a 
cage:  see  Soweri,  and  cf.  bow^.]  A  cow-house. 

Adjoining  the  house  [of  a  Mennonite]  are  the  stable  and 
byre,  which  would  not  disgrace  a  model  farm  in  Germany 
or  England.  D.  M.  Wallace,  Russia,  p.  372. 

Field  and  garner,  barn  and  byre. 
Are  blazing  through  the  night. 

Whittier,  At  Port  Royal. 

by-report  (bi're-porf''),  n.  A  side  report  ,  or 
statement. 

But  when  the  cause  it  selfe  must  be  decreed, 

Himselfe  in  person,  in  his  proper  Court, 
To  grave  and  solemne  hearing  doth  proceed. 
Of  every  proofe  and  every  by-report. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Nosce  Teipsum  (1599). 

by-respectt  (bi'rf-spekt"),  «.  A  consideration 
or  thought  aside  from  the  main  one ;  hence,  a 
private  end  or  purpose. 

Augustus  .  .  .  had  some  by-respects  in  the  enacting  of 
this  law.  Dryden. 

byrl,  ?'.   See  6i?-zi. 

byrladyf,  interj.  A  contraction  of  by  our  lady, 
that  is,  by  the  Virgin  Mary.  Usually  written 
by^r  lady.    Compare  marry"^. 

Byrlady,  no  misery  surmounts  a  woman's. 

Middleton,  Women  Beware  Women,  i.  2. 

byrlakin,  interj.  A  contraction  of  by  our  lady- 
kin;  a  diminutive  of  byrlady. 

Mis.  W.-Cam.  Married!    To  whom? 
Kna.  To  a  French  hood,  byrlakins,  as  I  understand. 

Middleton,  Anything  for  a  Quiet  Life,  iv.  2. 

byrlaw  (bir'la),  n.  [Also  written  burlaw,  bir- 
law, Urelaio,  in  comp.  even  birley,  barley,  etc. : 
see  by-law.]  1.  A  certain  system  of  popular 
jurisprudence  formerly  prevailing  in  northern 
England  and  Scotland,   it  is  described  by  sir  John 

Skene,  writing  in  1597,  when  the  system  was  in  force  as 
follows:  "Laws  of  Byrlaw  ar  maid  and  determined' be 
consent  of  neichtbors.  elected  and  chosen  be  common  con- 
sent, in  the  courts  called  the  Byrlaw  courts,  in  the  quhilk 
cognition  is  taken  of  complaintes  betuixt  neichtbor  and 
neichtbor.  The  quhilk  men  so  chosen  as  judges  and  arbi- 
trators to  the  effect  foresaid,  are  commonly  called  Btir- 
lawmen." 

2.  A  district  within  which  the  system  prevails 
[North.  Eng.]  ^ 


by-road  (M'rod),  n.  l.  a  side-road;  a  cross- 
road ;  a  road  different  from  the  usual  or  main 
highway. —  2.  A  private  or  secret  way;  a  pri- 
vate means  to  an  end:  as,  "slippery  by-roads," 
Sivift. 

Byronic  (bi-ron'ik),  a.  Possessing  the  charac- 
teristics of  Byron,  the  poet,  or  of  his  poetry: 
as,  a  Byronic  poem. 

La  Coupe  et  les  Levres  (by  Alfred  de  Musset),  a  Byronic 
poem  in  dramatic  form.  iV.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVII.  293. 

Byronism  (bi'ron-izm),  w.    The  characteristics 
of  Byron's  thought,  temper,  poetic  style,  etc. 
by-room  (bi'rom),  n.     An  adjoining  room  or 
apartment;  a  side  room. 

Stand  in  some  by-room.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

bsrrrhid  (bir'id),  n.    A  beetle  of  the  family 

Byrrhidce. 

Byrrhidse  (bir'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Byrrhus  + 
-ida'.]    A  family  of  clavicom  Colcoptera,  typi- 
fied by  the  genus  Byrrhus. 
Byrrhus  (bir'us),  «.    [NL.]   The  typical  genus 
of  the  family  Byrrhidce,  called  pill-beetles  from 
their  rounded  bodies,  and  fi-om  the  way  in  which 
they  pack  their  legs  out  of  sight  when  they  are 
alarmed,  simulating  death  and  presenting  the 
appearance  of  a  pUl.    B.  pilula  is  a  typical  ex- 
ample.   See  cut  under  pill-beetle. 
byrsopid  (ber'so-pid),  n.    A  beetle  of  the  fam- 
ily Byrsopidce. 
Byrsopidae  (ber-sop'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Byr- 
sops  +  -idee.]   A  family  of  rhynchophorous  C'o- 
leoptera,  or  beetles,  with  the  elytra  provided 
with  a  strong  fold  on  the  inner  face,  pygidium 
of  male  divided,  tarsi  setose,  gular  margin  ele- 
vated, and  prosternum  elevated. 
Byrsops  (ber'sops),  /(.    [<  Gr.  ,3ipm,  a  skin,  hide 
(see  purse),  -f  u,l,  (w--),  face,  eye.]  A  genus  of 
wee\nls,  typical  of  the  family  Byrsopidm. 
byst,  byset,  n.    Obsolete  forms  of  bice. 
bysidet,  bysidest.    Obsolete  forms  of  beside, 
besides. 

by-sitter  (bi'sit'er),  n.    One  sitting  near. 

The  blind  by-sitter  guesseth  not 
What  shadow  haunts  that  vacant  spot. 

Whitlier,  The  Meeting. 

by-speech  (bi'speeh),  n.    An  incidental  or  cas- 
ual speech  not  directly  relating  to  the  point: 
as,  "to  quote  by-speeches,"  Hooker. 
byspellt  (bi'spel),  n.    [<  ME.  bispel,  a  proverb, 
a  parable,  <  AS.  btspell,  bigspell,  a  proverb, 
parable,  example,  story  (=  MD.  bijspel  =zMnG. 
bispel,  bispil,  a  proverb,  parable.  Gr.  bei.<.piel,  an 
example),  <  bi-,  by,  -I-  .<<2)ell,  a  story:  see  speia, 
and  cf.  gospel]   A  proverb.  Coles,  1717.  Also 
spelled  byspel. 
bysst,  V.  i.    [See  buzz.]    To  buzz;  hum. 
byssaceous  (bi-sa'shius),  a.    [<  L.  as  if  *bys- 
saceus,  <  byssus :  see  by.ssus.]     Resembling  a 
byssus;  consisting  of  fine  silky  filaments;  re- 
sembling cobwebs, 
byssal  (bis'al),  a.   [<  byssus  +  -al]   Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  byssus  of  a  mollusk :  as,  byssal 
threads ;  byssal  attachment, 
bysset,  n.    [<  byssus.]    A  kind  of  fine  cloth. 
See  byssus,  1, 


l)yssi 

1)7881,  n.    Plural  of  hyssiis. 

byssifer  (bis'i-for),  «.   One  of  the  Byssifera. 

Byssifera  (bi-sit'e-ra),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
bi/ssijcr :  see  b!/ssi/crous.~}  A  family  of  bivalve 
mollusks,  eharaeterizecl  by  the  secretion  of  a 
byssus,  by  means  of  which  they  attach  them- 
selves to  foreign  substances,  it  was  instituteii  hy 

Lartiaivk  (F.  bi/nsifi'ivs)  in  18(i!)  for  tlie  geiuia  Pcdiiin, 
Lima,  Pinna,  Mi/tilus,  MudinUt.  Crvnatula,  Pcriia,  Mal- 
leus, anil  Avicula,  now  distributed  aiiioiii;  ditteieiit  fami- 
lies ;  but  it  was  later  renounced  and  its  lat  Tu  va  referred  liy 
him  to  the  families  MytHacea,  Mnlh-an-n .  ami  Pi'i-tmidrs. 
It  was  restricted  by  Uoldfuss  (ISiiO  to  Mnlh'u.i,  \'iils<  lla, 
and  Pri-na,  and  is  now  synonymous  witli  Miilleacea. 

byssiferous  (bi-sif'e-rus),  «.  [<  NL.  bi/ss^ifcr, 
<  L.  bi/ssas  (see  bijssus)  +  fcrrc  =  E.  beaA.'\ 
Producing  or  bearing  a  byssus. 

byssin,  byssine  (bis'in),  a.  [<  L.  byssinm,  < 
Gr.  livaaivoi;,  <  firamg,  byssus.]  Made  of  bys- 
sus; having  a  silky  or  flax-like  appearance. 
CoJes,  1717. 

byssogenous  (bi-soj'e-nus),  a.  [<  byssus  +  -ge- 
noKs.}  Secreting  or  producing  the  byssus:  as, 
the  byssogenous  gland. 

Laniellibranchs  generally  exhibit  more  or  less  well- 
marked  traces  of  this  l>t/ssoaenoiis  apparatus. 

T.  Gill',  Smithsonian  Report,  1885,  p.  777. 

byssoid  (bis'oid),  a.  [<  Gr.  fivmog,  byssus,  + 
tWof,  form.]  Having  the  appearance  of  byssi; 
in  bot,  byssaceous. 

byssolite  (bis'o-lit),  »?.  [<  Gr.  /J/o-o-of,  byssus, 
+  //Wof,  stone.]  An  olive-green  variety  of  ac- 
tinolite,  in  long,  fine,  capillary  crystals,  from 
St.  Gotthard,  Tyrol,  and  from  Dauphine.  .AJso 
called  nmiantus. 

byssus  (bis'us),  n. ;  pi.  byssi  (-i).  [L.,  <  Gr. 
^vaaoc  (see  def.  1).  Of  Oriental  origin;  cf.  Heb. 
blitz.']  1.  Among  the  ancients, 
originally,  a  fine  yellowish  flax, 
especially  Indian  and  Egyptian, 
and  the  linen  made  from  it,  sucli 
as  the  EgjT^tiau  mummy-elotli ; 
afterward,  also,  cotton  and  silk 
(the  latter,  before  its  origin  was 
known,  being  taken  for  a  kind 
of  cotton). — 2.  One  of  the  byssi, 
a  name  formerly  given  by  bota- 
nists to  a  heterogeneous  collec- 
tion of  filamentous  cryptogamie 
plants. —  3.  In  conch. ,  a  long,  del- 
icate, lustrous,  and  silky  bunch 
of  filaments,  secreted  by  the  foot, 
and  serving  as  a  means  of  attachment  to  other 

objects.  It  is  developed  in  various  dissimilar  bivalve 
mollusks,  especially  by  species  of  the  families  Miitilidit', 
Pinnidce,  AvicnJ id<i\  Liiiil:lit\  Arcidiv,  T ridacniiUi',  etc. 
That  of  the  Pimm  is  capable  of  iieing  woven.  See  Pinna, 
and  also  cuts  under  Dndsscnidie  and  Tridac.nidoe. 

bystander  (bi'stan*der),  n.  1.  One  who  stands 
near ;  a  spectator ;  a  chance  looker-on ;  hence, 
one  who  has  no  concern  with  the  business  being 
transacted. —  2.  One  of  the  highest  order  of 
penitents  in  the  discipline  of  the  early  chm'ch. 
See  c.oiisisten  tes. 
by-street  (bi'stret),  n.  A  sepai-ate,  private,  or 
obsem-e  street ;  a  lane  or  byway. 

To  avoid  reproach. 
He  seeks  by-streets,  and  saves  the  expensive  coach. 

Gay,  Trivia,  ii.  280. 
They  roam  together  now,  and  wind  among 
Its  by-streets,  knocking  at  the  dusty  inns. 


D.  G.  llossetti,  Sonnets,  xliii. 

n.    An  incidental  or  sly 


by-stroke  (bi'strok) 

stroke;  aside-blow;  a  ruse, 
by-talk  (bi'tak),  n.    1.  Gossip;  scandal. —  2. 

A  subject  of  gossiping  conversation ;  a  byword. 

Thou  suddenly  becam'st  the  by-talhe  of  neighbom's. 

Dekker,  Seven  Deadly  Sins,  Ind.,  p.  8. 

by-term  (bi'term),  n.  An  irregular  term  or 
time;  a  term,  as  of  a  school,  in  which  some- 
thing is  done  out  of  its  regular  course.  Thus, 
in  Cambridge  University,  England,  to  go  out  in 
a  by-term  is  to  take  a  B.  A.  degree  at  a  time 
other  than  January. 

Bythites  (bi-thi'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  livdinc,  a 
deep-sea  animal,  <  ji'vOiog,  the  deep.]  A  genus 
of  brotuloid  fishes,  typical  of  the  subfamily  By- 
thitinoB. 

BytMtinse  (bith-i-ti'ne),  11.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bythi- 
tes +  -i)i(B.]    A  subfamily  of  brotuloid  fishes, 


744 

typified  by  the  genus  Bythites.  The  head  is  large 
and  wide,  tlie  vertical  tins  are  united,  and  the  ventrals  re- 
duced to  simple  filaments  composed  of  two  rays  each. 

by-time  (bi'tim),  w.  Odd  time;  an  interval  of 
leisiu'C.  [Scotch.] 

bytimet,  prejj.  phr.  as  adr.    See  betime. 

bytouret,      A  Middle  English  form  of  bittern^. 

bytownite  (bi'toun-it),  n.  [<  Bytown  (see  def.) 
+  -itc'^.']  A  kind  of  feldspar  from  Bytown 
(now  Ottawa),  Canada,  intermediate  between 
anorthite  and  labradorite. 

Byttneriaceae  (bit"ne-ri-a'se-e),  »?.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Byttneria,  a  genus  named  from  the  German 
botanist  D.  S.  A.  Biittncr  (1724-fi8),  +  -acea:] 
A  natural  order  of  plants,  properly  included  in 
the  order  Sterculiacece  (which  see).  The  typi- 
cal genus,  Byttneria,  consists  of  about  20  spe- 
cies of  tropical  or  subtropical  herbs  or  climbing 
shrubs. 

by-turning  (bi'ter'-'ning),  n.  A  bywa'y ;  a  road 
leading  off  the  main  road. 

The  many  by-turninys  that  may  divert  you  from  your 
way.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Defence  of  Poesy. 

by-view  (bi'vii),  n.  Private  view;  self-inter- 
ested purpose. 

No  by-vieics  of  liis  own  shall  mislead  him. 

Atterbury,  Sermons,  II.  iii. 

by-walk  (bi'wak),  n.    A  secluded  or  private 

walk.    Dry  den. 
by-walker  (bi'wa*ker),  n.    One  who  walks  by 

or  aside;  one  who  is  not  straightforward;  a 

deceitful  person. 

I  have  ript  the  matter  now  to  the  pill,  and  have  told 
you  of  plain  walkers,  and  of  by-walkers. 

Latimer,  2d  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 

by-wash  (bi'wosh),  «.  A  channel  cut  to  con- 
vey the  siu'plus  water  from  a  reservoir  or  an 
aqueduct,  and  prevent  overflow.  Also  called 
by-lc(ul. 

bywater  (bi'wa-ter),  a.  Among  diamond-deal- 
ers, showing  a  tinge  of  yellow;  off  color:  ap- 
plied to  diamonds. 

bjTWay  (bi'wa),  w.  A  by-road  ;  a  secluded,  pri- 
vate, or  obscure  way ;  an  out-of-the-way  path 
or  course  :  as,  highways  and  byways. 

Next  he  showed  them  the  two  by-ways,  that  were  at  the 
foot  of  the  hill,  where  Formality  and  Hypocrisy  lost  them- 
selves. Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  264. 

A  vast  and  tangled  maze,  the  byways  of  which  our  plan 
does  not  allow  us  to  enter. 

Wheivell,  Hist.  Scientific  Ideas,  ii. 

by-westt  (bi-wesf),  prep.  [<  ME.  bi  weste,  < 
AS.  be  ivestan,  an  adverbial  phrase,  at  or  in  the 
west:  be,  prep.,  by;  westan,  adv.,  west,  from 
the  west.  Cf.  benorth,  besouth,  etc.]  Westward 
from ;  to  the  west  of.    [Obsolete  or  provincial.] 

Whereupon  grew  that  by-word  used  by  the  Irish,  that 
they  dwelt  by-west  the  law  which  dwelt  beyond  the  river 
of  the  Barrow.  Sir  J.  Dai'ies,  State  of  Ireland. 

by-wipet  (hi'wip),  n.  A  secret  stroke  or  sar- 
casm. 

Wherefore  should  you  begin  with  the  Devil's  name  des- 
canting upon  the  number  of  your  opponents?  wherefore 
that  conceit  of  Legion  with  a  by-wipe? 

Milton,  On  Def.  of  Uumb.  Remonst.,  Pref. 

byword  (bi'werd),  n.  [<  ME.  byworde,  <  AS. 
biword  (=  OS.  blwurti  =  OHG.  biwort,  also  bi- 
wurti,  MHG.  biwort),  a  proverb,  <  bi-,  by,  -1- 
worfZ,  word.  Ct.byspcll.']  1.  A  word  or  phrase 
used  proverbially ;  especially,  a  saying  used  in 
mockery  or  disparagement ;  a  satirical  or  con- 
temptuous proverb. 

A  wise  man  that  had  it  for  a  by-word.  Baeon. 

I  agree  with  him  fully  in  the  last,  and  if  I  were  forced 
to  allow  the  first,  I  should  still  think,  with  our  old  coarse 
byword,  that  the  same  power  which  furnished  all  their 
restorateurs  sent  also  their  present  cooks. 

Burke,  A  Eegicide  Peace. 

[See  also  extract  under  by-toest.'] 
Hence  —  2.  An  object  of  general  reproach  or 
condemnation;  a  common  subject  of  derision 
or  opprobrium. 

I  will  make  it  [this  house]  to  be  a  proverb  and  a  byword 
among  all  peoples.  2  Chron.  vli.  20. 

And  bashful  Henry,  whose  cowardice 
Hath  made  us  bywords  to  our  enemies. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 


Byzantinism 

Has  he  .all  that  the  world  loves  and  admires  and  covets? 
...  he  must  cast  behind  him  their  admiration,  .  .  .  and 
become  a  byword  and  a  hissing.  Emer/mn,  Compensation. 

=  Syn.  1.  Axiom,  Maxim,  etc.    See  aphorism. 

byzant  (biz'ant  or  bi-zant'),  w.  Same  as  be- 
zant, 1. 

In  Anglo-Saxon  times  gold  byzants  from  Byzantimn  were 
used  in  England. 

Jcvons,  Money  and  Mech.  of  Exchange,  p.  97. 

Byzantian  (bi-zan'shian),  a.    [<  Byzanti-um  + 
-an.]     Same  as  Byzantine. 
Byzantine  (biz'an-tin  or  bi-zan'tin),  a.  and  n. 

[<  LL.  Byzantinus  (also  Byzantiacus,  L.  Byzan- 
tiuSjGr.  Bv^avTiaKdg,  Bvi^avnog),  <  Byzantium,  <  Gr. 
Hv^avT/ov,  said  to  have  been  named  after  Bi<af 
(Byfovr-),  its  reputed  founder.]  I.  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  Byzantium,  or  Constantinople,  an  an- 
cient city  of  Thrace,  situated  on  the  Bosporus, 
which  became  the  capital  of  the  Byzantine  or 
Eastern  erApire,  or  to  the  empire  itself.  By- 
zantium was  founded  by  a  Greek  colony  in  the  seventh 
century  B.  c,  but  was  of  no  great  importance  until  A.  D. 
330,  when  the  emperor  Constantine  the  Great  made  it 
his  capital,  and  changed  its  name  to  Constantinople,  af- 
ter himself.— Byzantine  architecture,  a  style  of  archi- 
tecture developed  from  the  classical  under  the  Byzantine 
empire  during  the  fourth  and  fifth  centm-ies  A.  D.,  and, 
under  various  modifications,  used  till  the  final  conquest  of 


Byzantine  Architecture.— Church  of  St.  Theodore,  Athens. 

that  empire  by  the  Turks  in  A.  D.  1453.  It  spread  so  widely 
that  its  influence  even  in  Italy  did  not  wholly  decline  be- 
fore the  fifteenth  century,  and  it  may  be  considered  as 
surviving  still  in  Russian  architecture,  and  in  a  less  marked 
degree  in  other  eastern  lands.  An  almost  universal  fea- 
ture of  the  style,  in  buildings  of  any  pretension,  is  the  in- 
crustation of  brick  or  rough  stonework  with  more  precious 
materials ;  large  spaces  are  left  void  of  bold  architectural 
features,  to  be  rendered  in- 
teresting merely  by  surface 
ornament  of  polished  mar- 
bles presenting  natural 
beauty  of  hue,  or  of  sculp- 
ture in  very  low  relief,  and 
confined  in  the  main  to 
vegetable  or  geometrical 
designs  of  clearly  cut  out- 
line. The  style  depends 
much  on  color  for  its  ef- 
fect, and  mosaics  wrought 
on  grounds  of  gold  or  of 
positive  color  are  profusely 
introduced.  The  leading 
forms  which  characterize 
the  Byzantine  style  are  the 
round  arch,  the  circle,  the 
cross,  and  the  dome  sup- 
ported upon  pendentives. 
The  capitals  of  the  pillars 
are  of  endless  variety,  and 
full  of  invention.  While 
some  are  plainly  founded 
on  the  Greek  Corinthian, 
many  resemble  those  of  early  round-arched  western  archi- 
tecture ;  and  so  varied  is  their  decoration  that  frequently 
no  two  sides  of  the  same  capital  are  alike.  The  ancient 
basilica  of  St.  Sophia,  in  Constantinople,  and  the  church 
of  St.  Mark,  in  Venice,  are  classical  examples  of  Byzan- 
tine architecture — Byzantine  historians,  a  series  of 
historians  and  chroniclers  of  the  affairs  of  the  Byzantine 
empire,  scattered  through  the  whole  period  of  its  exis- 
tence. They  are  our  only  source  of  knowledge  of  Byzan- 
tine history.  Their  works  have  been  several  times  printed 
complete  in  the  original  Greek,  the  latest  edition  being  by 
Niebuhr  and  others,  in  48  volumes. 

II.  w.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  By- 
zantium. See  I. —  2.  {_l.  c]  Same  as  bezant,  1. 
Byzantinism  (biz'an-  or  bi-zan'tin-izm),  ». 
[<  Byzantine  +  -ism.']  The  spirit,  principles, 
and  methods  of  the  Byzantines,  especially  with 
reference  to  literature  and  art ;  the  manifesta- 
tion of  Byzantine  characteristics. 

Byzantinism.  .  .  .  regulated  all  forms  of  art  by  strictly 
conventional  rules. 

C.  C.  Perkins,  Italian  Sculpture,  Int.,  p.  i. 


Byzantine  Capital. 
Church  of  San  Vitale,  Ravenna. 


1.  The  tliii'd  letter  and  sec-  ca3  Ira  Clr5l  r  /     r  a  ^-  i 

ond  consonant  in  \hc  Vr^a-  (Kdj,  i.  t.    [Appar.  a  particular  use, 

i,  _<'Of'soiiam  m  the  Ji.ng-  with  only  phrasal  meaning,  of  c«2  or  caX :  see 
def.]  A  word  of  no  definite  individual  mean- 
ing, oceiu-ring  m  the  proverbial  phrase  ca  mc 
ca  thee  (now  also  claw  mc,  claw  thee),  help  for 
serve)  me  and  I'll  help  you. 


lish,  as  in  general  in  the  other 
alphabets  derived  from  the 

Phenician.  The  value  of  the  sign 
how  ever,  in  Plieiiician  as  in  Greek, 
was  that  of  a  hard  rt  (in  go,  give)'- 
and  so  also  originally  in  Latin  be- 
t..n„„H  R„f  41  T  proper 
hI^h  ,l".n   f  n*''^  P"''  "P       "1         tl>e  w  ritten 

wm  '  ''^  A-sound  from  the  £r-sound,  writing  both  ca^t  11 

with  the  same  character.  C-  and  wlien  li.to,.th»„  ..„„,i'„„f„.i  *"<'.T,  "  ■ 


Egyptian. 
Hierog-lyphic.  Hieratic. 


Plieni- 
cian. 


Early 
Greek  and  Latii 


Ca  me,  ca  thee  :  conceale  this  from  my  wife 
And  I'll  keep  all  thy  knauery  from  thine  vn'cle. 

T.  Ueywuod,  If  you  Know  not  me,  ii 

with  the  same  charactofc,- and  whenTatrih^  ^*^^',"\  ^''^ 

the  distinction  instead  of  reducing  C  to  its  original  value  ^  Babylonian  measure  of  capacitv, 

addeir^  /^""tn'tt""^  a"d   Identified  with  the  Hebrew  bath  or  ephah. 

tumtg^'tito°G'^%Te"com«^^^  the  symbol  for 

that  given  for  t?eoIh\^rS^^^^^^^ 

C.  A.    An  abbreviation  of  chief  accountant,  of 
controller  of  accounts,  and  in  Great  Britain  of 
chartered  accountant. 
Caaba,  n.    See  Kadba. 

caaing-whale  (ka'ing-hwal),  n.  [Sc.,  <  caainqK 
ca-,  caa,  drive)  4-  whale;  because  these  whales 
can  be  di-iven  like  cattle.]  A  large  round- 
fieaded  cetacean,  Globicephalus  svinevaL  of  the 
tamily  7>e//^7H/ncto,  resembling  a  porpoise  in 
torm,  but  of  greater  dimensions  than  those 
usually  attained  by  the  dolphin  family,  some- 
times reaching  a  length  of  upward  of  20  feet 

It  especial  y  resorts  to  the  shores  of  the  Orkney  Shetland 
and  i  aroe  islands.  Iceland,  etc.,  appearin-  in  herds  of  f  rr  n 
100  to  1  000  individuals.  Though  cl^osely  relateTto  tM^ 
eis  ot  the  genus  Orca,  caaing-whales  are  timid  and  inoffen- 
sive, feeding  on  small  fish,  mollusks,  and  especially  ceplia- 
lopods.    A\so  ca'inij-whale.  <"ij' cepna 

caama  (ka'ma),  n.  1.  A  name  of  a  smaU  South 
Atriean  fox,  FttZpes  caa7na.—2.  A  name  of  a 
lai-ge  bubaline  antelope,  Alcelaphus  caama,  the 
hartbeest. 

caast,  1'.    A  Middle  English  form  of  easel 


Great  as  is  the  apparent  difference  between  Greek  r 
and  our  C,  it  is  due  only  to  a  shifting  of  the  position  of 
the  angle  made  by  the  two  component  lines,  and  the 
rounding  of  this  angle.  The  hard  or  i-sound  which  be- 
onged  to  this  character  in  early  Latin  belonged  to  it  also 

M    ?S,f°;v,'^^7'  ^'""'"i''''  "'^'^  "''"1'^         or  no  use  of 

ic).  But  this  /r-sound,  as  being  a  guttural  or  back-palatal 
mute,  IS  particularly  likely  to  be  shifted  forward  alono-  tl  e 
tongue  and  to  be  changed  into  front-palatal  and  sibilant 
the  f  n,'  f      f  vowels  like  e,  i,  y,  which  favor 

wHttPM  ;r„^^*^^  ^'""■•'^     comes  that  c,  still  so 

wiitten,  IS  pronounced  as  s  in  English  before  e,  i.  v  and 

tlie  "^Inch  n.  ;  f'^  ^"^"^"t  «  belongs  o 

softened  '^"g'^^g^e :  the  Anglo-Sa.xon  c,  when 

bv  .A  fnd^li  c"'*"  ^'"''"y  I'epresented  in  English 

■W*  w       !°  Y'".""-,"  '■        e'^ample,  in  chicken,  chee.^., 
chwch,  birch,  teach.    (See  ch,  and  a^sibilation.)    No  word 
containing  c  pronounced  s  is  of  Anglo-Saxon  orio-in  e™ 
llZ  ""^.^P'^"^''.  as  cmder  for  stnder,  and  om^eM, 

rei\'  Vn,'t?""''  "^'U'  H^."^  ^""^  ""Sinai  -es,  -s  (See 
-cel.)   J.  or  the  sounds  of  ch,  see  ch. 


o   A„ ^"i  cu.seewi.  uaaisr,  «.    A  iVLiacUe  i!;nglish  form  of  CO 

f or1oo  '3''''^'  ™  ^""'^^  'y'*^"''  C  Stands  cabi  (kab),  n.  [Short  for  cab>Zlet,  q 
lor  iUu.  and  is  renpatpfl  nrv  f/^  nnnn  ^nn  /^.i      A  v,„/,i™„„   _  •,,     ...        '  H 


for  100,  and  is  repeated  u7^to"cCCC' 40o7fol- 
f?Jr'^  ^iPl  ^Pr.V-  '^^^  ^yn^bol,  originali;  ©,  that  is 
fw-^S'f^f^'l®/  '^""^  afterward  reduced  to  C  and  u,  : 
derstood  to  stand  for  centum,  a  hundred 

3.  As  a  symbol:  (a)  in  m^mc:  (l)  Used  in  En<rlish 
and  German  to  designate  the  key-note  of  the  natural 
scale.  See  7iatuml  and  scale.  (2)  When  placed  on  the 
staff  immediately  after  the  clef,  a  sign  of  Common  time 
lent  '  wf ^"ta  '""g  4  quarter  nStes  or  theTr  equ  v.": 
Ijlt-    T^u"  is  drawn  through  it,  it  indi- 

cates al  a  breve  time,  each,  measm-e  containing  2  or  4  half 
notes,  played  more  quickly  than  in  common  time  (3)  On 
the  keyboard  of  the  organ  or  pianoforte,  the  wl  i te  key  or 

TlfetfSV  of  ?he'f      '^"^  S™"P  Hack  k^ys 

iiie  Miaclte  C  ot  the  keyboard  is  a  usual  starting-point  in 
the  reckoning  of  both  keys,  tones,  and  notes  it  is  alJo 
or;-"the  ttn^H  r  V.''''  «  ^^^1°-  is  caUed  to.  j^^"? 
above.'?™.tTi^.!^^i?:'  '"ii  and  the  next  C 


A  hackney  carriage  with  either  two  or  four 
wneels,  drawn  by  one  horse ;  a  cabriolet. 
A  cab  came  clattering  up.  Thackeray. 
With  great  difficulty  Messrs.  Bradshaw  &  Kotch  (the  lat- 
ter a  member  of  Parliament)  obtained  licences  foi  ei  dit 
cabriolets  in  1823,  and  started  them  at  fares  one  third 
lower  than  those  of  hackney  coaches.  The  new  vehicles 
were  hooded  chaises,  drawn  by  one  horse,  and  carrying 
ri^et  n.P''"'""^'^'"  "'^  '•"ve--.  "-"o  sat  in  the  cab: 

wUh  h^s  'fnre"°''^  Commonly  called  for  brevity,  the  cab) 
nlWltn  .ii  i  I  •  •  The  name  cab  is  still  commonly  ap- 
?!rtt7i"f?;jrtSs™^''^^^^^°°^''°^^^^ 

2  The  hooded  or  covered  part  of  a  locomotive 
wJiich  protects  the  engineer  and  fii-eman  from 
the  weather.    [U.  S.] 


„u      — -  ^  utiuvy    mms  c,  or  u :  and  the  next  C     ""-^  vvcacner.       u.  o. 

^ll-i^^-^^k  \-}  P^t.  and  pp 


■C  is  from  9^n'tf>  •jai    n  P'«sent  pitcn  ot  middle 

"  °'"„^^0  to,  26.5  vibrations  per  second  •  it  is  often 
tlieoretically  fixed  in  Germany  at  264  in  EiMaiid  at 

t4"o'  and'^fn'"'  "*ri^'-  A"out^700  l^wL  ac°tuany1bout 
240  and  in  recent  times  as  high  as  275.  The  maior  scale 
of  C  because  it  comprises  all  tlie  white  keys  and  none  of 

of  th  ''kevS'  rfl'?  ""^'^l  or ^taXrd  scale 

°l  :2u  C-),!"  the  mnemonic  names  of  moods 

In  f„«^f "  P'  -^^  '^T^^K"^  reduction  per  impombirt^ 
lee  ZioA  2lTfd^^°^  f  of'^integratiom 
catbon.  ^  ^'^^  ^"  the  symbol  for 

4.  As  an  abbreviation,  c.  or  C.  stands,  in  dental 


7  7  'A,"  "J  i-^^"-  ""-^  MM.  cabbed,  ppr. 
cabbn>ff.  [<  cabh  «.]  To  pass  over  in  k  cah: 
as,  to  cab  the  distance:  often  used  with  an  in- 
definite tt:  as,  I'll  cab  it  to  Whitehall.  TCol- 
loq.,  Eng.]  '- 

^En^  J^^^"*'  sticky  substance.  [Prov. 

cab^  (kab),  n.  [Appar.  abbr.  of  caban.l  A 
smaU  number  of  persons  secretly  united  in  the 
pertormance  of  some  undertaking,  Halliwell. 
[Frov.  Eng.] 


^  4  ^  ^^"^"^^  matter,  it  was  equal  to 
-.021  liters,  or  4f  United  States  pints.  Other  statements 
appear  to  be  due  to  confusion  of  different  i^easurTs  by 
ureek  metrologists ;  but  a  great  cab,  of  f  the  ordinary 
size,  IS  mentioned  in  the  Talmud.  "'".uy 

They  besieged  it  (Samaria]  until  an  asss  head  was  sold 
for  fourscore  pieces  of  silver,  and  the  fourth  part  of  a  c«6 
of  dove  s  dung  for  five  pieces  of  silver.  9  Ki  vi  4 


Chapter  (or  Latin  c«/;,:««Zm);  in  dates,  before 
the  number  c.),  for  Latin  circa,  about  in  me- 
teorology (c),  i^cirrns;  in  a  ship's  log-book 
(c),  tov  cloudy;  and  m  measures  of  volume  (c  ) 

tor  cubic. ^middle  C,  in  music,  the  note  on  the  first 
legeiMine  above  the  ba.s  or  below  the'trebJe  staff^'  ("see 

cai,  ca'l  (ka),  V.    [Sc.,  =  E.  cam  ■  so  a'  ~fa'     "       '  """^  P'"""'  °' 

/OM,  '00  etc.,  for  E.  all,  fall,  full' icool  etc  1  '^^P^  ('^^^)'       See  capel^. 
A  bcoteh  contraction  of  ca?Zl.  caba  (kab'a),  ?j.    Same  as  cabas  2  and  3 

ca^  ca2  caa  (ka),  v.  t.    [Prob.  <  Gael.  cnlc'^t^^^'^^K"-    [Russ.  i-a&al-,?.]    A  tavern';  pot- 
~77i*f*m'^'^'  '^^'^^  with  a  hammer,  calk  -  ^ee    "^o^se;  dram-shop.  [Russian.] 
».]   To  drive  ;  impel;  push;  imock:  as.^to  '^^^^f^,  (ka-bajd'),  a.    Same  as  caboshed. 
ca  a  man  ower  (over).    [Scotch.]  '      cabali  (ka-bal'),  n.    [=  D.  Icabaal  =  G.  cabale 

=  Dan.  Tcabale  =  Sw.  A-a6a?,  a  cabal  (defs.  3  and 
4)  <  F.  cabale=  Sp.  cabala  =  Pg.  It.  cabala,  an 
mtrigue,  a  cabal,  the  cabala:  see  cabala.l  U 
The  cabala  (which  see).-2t.  Aseeret.  [Rare.] 

745 


ca'  a  man  ower  (over).  [Scotch.] 
But  ca'  them  out  to  park  or  hill. 
And  let  them  wander  at  their  will 

Ca'cannle.   See  canny.  ^^rns,  Oe^th  of  ilailie. 


The  measuring  of  the  temple,  a  cabal  found  out  l>ut 
'"t'^'y-  B.  Jnnmii. 

3.  Conjoint  intrigue ;  secret  artifices  of  a  few 
persons  united  in  some  design:  as,  "curs'd 
cabals  of  women,"  iJrtjden. 

Centuries  glide  away  in  the  same  unvaried  round  of 
cabals  at  court.  l!rouoham. 

4.  A  number  of  persons  united  in  some  close 
design,  usually  to  promote  their  private  views 
in  church  or  state  by  intrigue ;  a  junto.  The 
name  of  -'1116  Cabal"  was  given  to  an  unpopular  ministry 
of  Charles  II.,  consisting  of  Clifford,  Ashley,  Buckingham 
Arlington,  and  Lauderdale,  the  initials  of  whose  names 
happened  to  compose  the  word. 

These  ministers  were  therefore  emphatically  called  the 
ta6a(;  and     .  .  it  has  never  since  their  time  l.een  used 
except  as  a  term  of  reproach.     Macaiday,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 
=  SyTl.  'i.  Conibinatinn,  Party,  Faction,  Cabal,  Camarilla 
■J'l'ito.    Combination  is  the  most  general  of  these  words' 
but  It  expre.sses  least  of  permanence  in  organization  -  it 
often  denotes  the  union  for  special  ends  of  individuals  or 
parties  otherwise  antagonistic  :  as,  the  Democrats  and 
Greenl>ackers  entere.l  into  a  combination  to  secure  the 
nlff^^*^";  •  ^ ''".':'!! st'i'^tly  a  more  close  an.l  permanent 
union  of  individuals,  organized  to  promote  certain  prin- 
ciples or  common  interests  which  they  consider  of  fun- 
damental importance:  as,  the  Low  Church  part,,  the 
Republican  party;  hut  the  term  is  more  loSsely  used 
where  organization  is  waiitmg:  as,  the  Free-trade 
L  omlnnatwn  and  party  may  express  that  which  is  entirely 
1  epiitaljle  ;  the  other  words  are  cliieHy  unfavorable  in  tlieii 
sigruncation.    A  faction  is  connnonly  a  section  of  a  partv  ■ 
It  is  generally  a  comparatively  small  number  of  indivi'd' 
uals,  whose  principles  and  objects  are  often  of  a  <  aptious 
frivolous,  or  scltish  nature,  but  advocated  s„  persistcntlv 
as  to  be  annoying,  and  with  so  little  regard  to  the  general 
interest  as  sometimes  to  be  dangerous.    Cabal  and  i„nto 
express  a  union  less  comprehensive  than  part,,  or  even 
jnotwn;  the  intngues  of  a  cabal  or  junto  are  usually  con- 
ducted mainly  for  the  personal  aggrandizement  of  its  mem- 
.nn^;,         "        lamoit  entirely  given  place  to  cabal  in 
modem  use.    A  canianlla  is  a  more  or  less  united  body  of 
secret  counselors  of  a  ruler,  acting  generally  in  opposition 
the  thiine'^  advisers,  and  constituting  a  "power  behind 

After  numerous  abortive  attempts  and  unsuccessful 
combinations  in  which  Newcastle  bore  the  chief  p.irt  t 
became  evident  .  .  .  that  the  union  ...  of  ICewcastle 
.  .  .  and  Pitt  was  absolutely  necessary. 

Lechy,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  viii. 
If  I  could  not  go  to  heaven  but  with  a  pa,-ty,  I  would 
no  go  there  at  all.    Therefore  I  protest  to  you  I  am  ot 
of  the  ijac^y  of  federalists.  jou  i  am  noi 

Jefferson,  Correspondence,  II.  439. 
By  a  faction,  I  understand  a  number  of  citizens  whe- 
ther amounting  to  a  majority  or  minority  of  the  wh,  e 
w_ho  are  united  and  actuated  by  some  common  impulse 
of  passion,  or  of  interest,  adverse  to  the  rights  of  ot  er 
citizens,  or  to  the  permanent  and  aggregati  interests  of 
the  community.  Madism,,  Federalist,  Xo  lo! 

In  a  simple  monarchy,  the  ministers  of  state  can  never 
know  their  friends  from  their  enemies;  secret 
undermine  their  influence  and  blast  their  reputation 

J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  289 

cabali  (ka--bal'),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caballed. 
ppr.  caballing.  [<  cabal\  «.]  To  form  a  cabal : 
intrigue  conjointly;  unite  in  secret  artifices  to 
eflect  some  design. 

Base  rivals,  who  true  wit  and  merit  hate 
Caballing  still  against  it  with  the  great. 

Drijden,  Art  of  Poetry,  iv  979 

the'nK^  """^  P"'''''"*  .-«6««,-«7With 
the  people.  j.  Ada,ns,  Works,  IV.  395. 

cabaPt,  n.    [Also  wi-itten  cabali ;  =  F.  chcral  = 
Pr.  cavalh  =  Cat.  cabali  =  Sp.  cahallo  =  P<r  It 
cavallo,  a  horse,  <  L.  cahallus  (>  Gr.  KaSaf/nr) 
an  inferior  horse,  a  pack-horse,  nag;  later  in 
general  sense  (superseding  L.  equus),  a  horse 
Hence  ult.  (from  L.)  capen,  chcral,  chiral,  cava- 
hcr,  chemlier  cavalry,  chivalry,  etc.]    A  horse, 
cabala,  kabala  (kab'a-ia),  n.    [ML.  cabbala  (It. 
Pg.  cabala  =  Sp.  cabala  =  F.  cabale  =  G.  Dan. 
bw.  kabbala),  a  transcription  of  Heb.  qabbalah 
reception,  the  cabala  or  mvsterious  doctrine  re- 
ceived traditionally,  <  qdbal,  receive,  take,  in 
the  Piel  conjugation  qibbel,  receive  (a  doctrine) 
Hence  cabali.-]    1.  The  theosophy  or  mystic 
philosophy  of  the  Hebrew  religion,  which  orew 
up  mainly  after  the  beginning  of  the  teuth"een- 
tury,  and  floui-ished  for  manv  generations.  Thf 
cabala  employed  itself  first  in  a  mystic  explanation  of 
i)eity  and  cosmogony,  and  in  the  creation  of  hidden  mean- 
ings tor  the  sacred  Hebrew  writings,  thus  drawing  intolte 
provmce  all  the  Hebrew  law  and  philosophy.    Later  cab: 
alists  pretended  to  find  wonderfiU  meanings  even  in  the 


cabala 


746 


cabbage-rose 


Abj).  BramlinU,  Against  Hobbes. — 2.  A  set  of 
vessels  forming  a  service  for  tea,  coffee,  or  the 
like ;  for  example,  a  tray  with  tea-pot  or  pitch- 
ers and  cups,  generally  made  of  the  same  ma- 
terial throughout,  as  fine  porcelain  or  the  like. 
Sometimes  a  small  table  or  stand  of  the  same  ware  as  the 


vessels  takes  the  place  of  the  tray,  or  stands  upon  the  tray,  cabbage^t  (kab'aj),  V.  i.  '  [<  cabbage^,  n.  Cf 


letters  and  forms  of  the  sacred  texts,  and  made  for  them- 
selves elal)orate  rules  of  interpretation. 

2.  Any  secret  science ;  esoteric  as  distin- 
guished from  exoteric  doctrine;  occultism; 
mysticism. 

If  I  H'liolly  mistake  not  the  cabala  of  this  sect. 

Bentley,  I'hileleutherus  Lipsiehsis,  §  9. 
Eager  he  read  whatever  tells 
Of  magic,  cabala,  and  spells. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  iii.  6. 

Also  spelled  cabbala,  kabbala. 
cabalassou,       See  kobalassou. 

cabaletta  (kab-a-lefil),  «.   [It.  {>  F .  cabalette) ;  ^ 

ct  camlletto  (=  Sp.  cabaUeU,,  a  grasshopper),    ^     (kab'a),  ».  [Al 

a  little  horse,  <  carallo,  a  horse:  see  cabal^    /.^^^^^^  hand-basket, 

cajiel'-.^  A  song  m  rondo  form,  with  variations,    -    -  '     -  - 

often  having  an  accompaniment  in  triplet 

rhj-thm,  intended  to  imitate  the  footfalls  of  a 

cantering  horse, 
cabalismi  (kab'a-lizm),  «.    [<  cabala  +  -ism.'i 

The  secret  seieu'ee  of  the  cabalists.  [Rare.] 

Allegories,  parables,  cabalixins. 

J.  Spencer,  Prodigies,  p.  287. 

cabalism^  (ka-bal'izm),  n.    [<  cabal'^  +  -ism.'] 

The  practice  of  forming,  or  the  tendency  to 

form,  cabals  and  cliques.  [Rare.] 
cabalist  (kab'a-list),  71.  [<  ML.  cabbalista  (It.  Sp. 

Pg.  cabalista  =  F.  cabaliste),  <  cabbala,  cabala.] 

iT  One  versed  in  or  engaged  in  the  study  of  the 

cabala  or  mystic  philosophy  of  the  Jews.  The 

cardinal  doctrines  of  the  cabalists  embrace  the  nature  of 
the  Supreme  Being,  the  Divine  emanations  or  Sepliiroth, 
the  cosmogony,  the  creation  of  man,  psychology,  the 
destiny  of  man  and  the  universe,  and  the  import  of  the 
revealed  law.  The  cabalists  seem  to  have  endeavored  to 
identify  all  such  sciences  as  demonology,  astrology,  chiro- 
mancy, syrapatlietic  medicine,  etc.,  with  their  theosopliic 
mysticism,  weavinjj  the  whole  into  a  secret  universal  wis- 
dom or  esoteric  philosophy  of  the  universe.  They  sym- 
pathized with  many  points  of  Christianity,  so  tliat  in  the 
fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries  the  cabala  was  liy  many 
thought  highly  important  as  a  proof  of  Christianity  and 
as  a  means  of  converting  the  Jews. 

The  Cabalists  had  a  notion,  that  whoever  found  out  the 
mystic  word  for  anything  attained  to  absolute  mastery 
over  that  tiling.    Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  Istser.,  p.  158. 

2.  In  general,  an  occultist ;  a  mystic, 
cabalistic  (kab-a-lis'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  cabalist 
+  -*c.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  cab- 
alists, or  to  the  cabala  or  mystic  philosophy 
which  they  professed.  See  cabala  and  cabalist. 
— 2.  In  general,  occult;  mystic;  esoteric;  sym- 
bolical ;  having  an  interior  or  hidden  meaning. 

=Syn.  Mystic,  etc.    See  mysterious. 

II.  «.  One  of  the  Diysteries  of  the  cabala. 
L.  Addison.  , 
cabalistical  (kab-a-lis'ti-kal),  a.    Same  as  cab-  capassou,  « 

alistic. 

cabalistically  (kab-a-lis'ti-kal-i),  adv.    In  the 

manner  of  the  cabali.its. 
cabalize  (kab'a-liz),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caba- 
Uzed,  ppr.  eabdizing.   [i  cabala  +  -ize ;  =  F  ca-  i  (kab'ai),  n.  [Early mod.  E.  also cabage, 

bahser.]    To  use  the  method  or  language  of  the  -H'imJ;,.  with  t^vm  n opom .  frot,^ 

cabalists.  [Rare.] 


work,  the  entrance  of  a  cellar,  also  a  racket  in    To  form  a  head  like  that  of  a  cabbage  in  grow- 
tennis.]    1.  A  tavern;  a  house  where  liquors    ing:  as,  a  j>\ant  cabbages. 
are  retailed:  as,  "  some  cabaret  or  tennis-court,"  cabbage^t  (kab'aj),  n.    [An  accom.  form  of  ca- 


boclic,  <  F.  cahochc,  the  head:  see  cabochc,  and 
cf.  cabbage^.']  1.  The  part  of  a  deer's  head 
wherein  the  horns  are  set.  Coles,  1717. —  2.  A 
part  of  a  head-dress  worn  by  women  in  the 
eighteenth  century,  described  as  a  roll  at  the 
back  of  the  head.  Wright. 


Sfevres  porcelain  —  a  cabaret,  rose  du  Barry,  the  set  con 
sisting  of  four  pieces.  S.  K.  Inventory  (1860),  p.  58. 

3t.  A  certain  plant.    See  etymology. 

■  Iso  in  E.  form  caba;  =  D. 
,  <  F.  cabas,  OF.  cabas,  ca- 
baclie,  cabat  —  Pr.  cabas,  a  basket  of  woven 
straw,  a  frail,  a  pannier,  =  Pg.  cabas,  a  hand- 
basket,  -  Sp.  capazo,  a  frail,  a  hamper,  a  large 
basket;  also  Pg.  capacho,  a  mat,  =  Sp.  cnpacJio 
(formerly  cabaclio),  m.,  capacha,  f.,  a  frail,  a 
hamper;  ML.  (after  OF.  or  Pr.)  cabassiiis,  caba- 
tius,  cabassio{n-),  cabacctus,  cabacus.  Origin  un- 
certain: (1)  associated  by  some  etymologists, 
and  appar.  in  popular  use,  with  Sp.  Pg.  capas, 
capacious  (cf.  ML.  capax,  a  vessel  of  consider- 
able capacity),  <  L.  capax,  capacious,  <  capcrc, 
hold  (see  capacious);  but  prob.,  (2)  with  aug. 
suffix  -as,  -az,  -azo,  -acho  (—  It.  -accio;  cf.  It. 
capaccio,  a  large  head),  <  F.  cape  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
capa  =  It.  cappa,  <  ML.  capa,  a  cape,  cloak,  be- 
ing thus  lit.  '  a  large  (or  coarse)  cape '  or  cover 
(mat  or  bag)  for  the  di'ied  figs,  dates,  raisins, 
primes,  etc.,  which  it  was  orig.  used  to  contain. 


caboslicd.']  To  grow  to  a  head:  said  of  the 
horns  of  a  deer.  Skclton. 
cabbage^  (kab'aj),  v.  t.  or  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cab- 
baged, ppr.  cabbaging.  [Earlier,  as  in  E.  dial., 
cabbisli  —  D.  kabbasscn,  <  OF.  cabasser,  put  into  a 
basket,  <  cabas,  a  basket:  see  cabas.  The  verbs 
bag,  poach, pocket,  in  the  sense  of  '  purloin,'  are 
of  similar  origin.]  To  purloin;  specifically,  to 
keep  possession  of  part  of  a  customer's  cloth 
from  which  a  garment  has  been  made. 

Your  tailor,  instead  of  shreds,  cabbages  whole  yards  of 
stuff.  Arhuthnot. 

The  tailor  drew  back  as  if  he  had  been  detected  in  cab- 
baging from  a  cardinal's  robe,  or  cribbing  the  lace  of  some 
cope  or  altar  gown.  Scott,  Anne  of  Geierstein,  xix. 

cabbage^  (kab'aj),  w.  [<  cabbage^,  v.]  Anything 
filched ;  specifically,  cloth  purloined  by  a  tailor 
who  makes  garments  from  material  supplied  by 
his  customers. 

cabbage-bug  (kab'aj-bug),  n.  The  Murgantia 
histrionica,  more  fully  called  harlequin  cabbage- 
bug,  from  its  brilliant  markings,  it  has  spread 
from  Guatemala  to  Mexico,  and  thence  into  the  United 
States,  and  is  destructive  to  cabbages. 


Hence  ult.  ca66«(7e3,  purloin.]  1.  In  France,  gj^jj^jja'gg.ijutijgrfly  (kab'aj -but" er-fli),  j?,.  A 
a  kind  of  basket,  pannier,  or  frail,  made  ot    t)utterfly  of  the  family  Papilionidw  and  genus 


woven  rush-  or  palm-leaves  or  grass,  generally 
of  a  round  form,  serving  to  carry  provisions, 
especially  figs,  dates,  raisins,  or  prunes. — 2. 
A  similar  basket  used  as  a  traveling-bag;  a 
hand-bag. —  3.  A  lady's  work-basket  or  reti- 
cule. In  this  and  the  preceding  sense  also  (in 
the  United  States)  caba. 

Being  seated,  she  proceeded,  still  with  an  air  of  hurry 
and  embarrassment,  to  open  her  cabas,  to  take  out  her 
books.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Professor,  xiii. 

cabasset  (kab-a-sef;  F.  pron.  ka-ba-sa'),  n.  [F. 
cabasset,  a  slight  pelmet  or  casket,  dim.  of  cabas, 
a  basket.]  A  military  head-piece  in  use  in  the 
sixteenth  century  for  both  infantry  and  cav- 
alry. It  resembled  a  hat  witli  a  rounded  top,  sometimes 
slightly  conical,  or  with  a  ridge  running  from  front  to  rear 
over  tlie  crown,  but  without  a  high  crest,  and  had  a  nar- 
row brim. 

See  kabassou. 
cabaya  (ka-ba'ya),  M.  [Prob.  <  Ar.  kabd,  a  ves- 
ture.] 1.  A  light  cotton  surcoat  worn  by  Eu- 
ropeans in  Java  and  neighboring  countries. — 
2.  In  the  Barbary  states,  a  similar  garment, 
the  same  as  the  caftan  of  the  Levant. 


Pieris,  whose  larvae  or  caterpillars  are  injurious 


cabigc,  cabidge,  'cabbidge,  with  term,  accom.  from 
the  earlier  type  cabbish,  cabbysshe ;  <  OF.  cabus, 
dial,  caboche  (=  It.  cabuccio  (Florio),  capuccio, 
cappuccio;  ML.  reflex  gabusia),  prop,  chou  ca- 
bus (=  Pr.  caulet  cabus;  cf.  MD.  kabuyskoole, 
D.  kabuiskool  =  MLG.  kabuskdl),  cabbage, 


caballaria  (kab-a-la'ri-a),  n.    [ML.,  <  L.  ca- 

ballus,  a  horse :  see  cabal^.]  A  feudal  tenure 
of  lands,  the  tenant  furnishing  a  horseman 
suitably  equipped  in  time  of  war,  or  when  the 
lord  had  occasion  for  his  service, 
caballer  (ka-bal'er),  ».  [<  cabaU  +  -crl.]  One 
who  unites  with  others  to  effect  an  object  by  in- 
trigue; one  who  cabals. 

A  close  caballer  and  tongue- valiant  lord. 

Dryden  JEneU\,xi  5U.        /(jotgrave);  cabbage-lettuce ;  OHG.  kabuz,    cidm)  as  tli 
[hp.,  cavalry,  icappus,  kappiz,  kabaz,  G.  kappes,    the  turnip- 

kappms,  kappis  (also  in  comp.  kappcs-kohl,  kap 


European  Cabbage-butterfly  (Pieris  rapa),  natural  size. 


to  the  cabbage  and  other  cruciferous  plants. 

The  common  European  species  is  P.  rupee,  vvhicli  has  foimd 
its  way  into  Canada  and  the  northern  United  States. 


caballeria  (ka-bii-lya-re'a),  n. 
knight-service,  a  specific  tract  of  land,  etc. 

<  caballo,  a  horse:  see  cavalier.']  In  Span. 
Amer.  law,  a  holding  of  land  corresponding 
somewhat  to  the  early  English  knight's  fee.  It 
comprised  a  building-lot  ot  100  by  200  feet ;  500  fanegas 
of  land  for  a  garden,  and  40  for  planting  trees  growing  in 
drier  or  more  barren  land;  and  pasture  for  50  breeding 
sows,  100  cows,  20  or  25  horses,  500  sheep,  and  100  goats. 
It  was  equal  to  5  peonias. 

caballero  (ka-ba-lya'ro),  n.  [Sp.,  formerly  ca- 
valier o,  a  horseman:  see  cavalier.]  1.  A  Span- 
ish knight  or  gentleman. —  2.  A  grave  and  state- 
ly Spanish  dance. 

caballine  (kab'a-lin),  a.  [<  L.  caballinvs,  <  ca- 
ballus,  a  horse:" see  cabal^.]  Pertaining  to  or 
suited  for  a  horse  Caballine  aloes.  See  aloes.— 

Caballine  spring,  the  fountain  Hippocrene.  Beaumont. 

caban  (ka-ban'),  n.  [Name  in  Philippine  Isl- 
ands.] A  grain  measure  equal  to  3.47  cubic  feet, 
used  in  the  Philippine  Islands.    Also  cavan. 

cabanet,  «•    An  obsolete  form  of  cabin. 

cabaret  (kab'a-ret;  F.  pron.  ka-ba-ra'),  n.  [= 
D.  cabaret,  <  P.  cabaret,  a  pot-house,  tavern, ' '  an 
ale-house,  a  tipling  and  victualling  house,  tent 
or  booth  [cf.  F.  dial.  (Norm.)  cabaret,  eaves], 
also  the  herb  hue  wort  or  foolfoot"  (Cotgraye), 

<  OF.  cabaret,  a  place  inclosed  with  lattice- 


lit,  headed  cole:  chou,  P.  chou,  cole,  cabbage  cabbage-flea  (kab'ftj-fle),  «.  A  name  of  a  sma,ll 
(see  cole"^):  cabus,  fern,  cabusse,  cabuce,  headed,  beetle,  Haltica  consobrina,  of  the  family  Haltt- 
large-headed  (cf.  OF.  caboce,  F.  caboche,  head;  cidw,  the  larva;  of  which  infest  cabbages. 
It.  capuccio,  a  little  head  (cf.  capouch,  capu-  cabbage-fly  (kab'aj-fli),  h.  Ihe  AHthomym  bras- 
chin) :  It.  lattuna  capuccia  =  F.  laictues  cabuces,  sicw,  a  fiy  belonging  to  the  same  family  {Mus- 
-     '  -.       .  ..         — .  .        dd(c)  as  the  house-fly,  and  the  same  genus  as 

and  potato-flies,  its  larvie  or  maggots 
are  destructive  to  cabbages  by  producing  disease  in  the 
roots  on  wliich  they  feed. 


 ~-  r  '     ^      roots  on  wnicn  tney  leed. 

),  cabbage),  <L.cai>M<,  head:  see  copwi.  cabbage-maggot  (kab'aj-mag"ot),  m.  The  larva 
7e2.]  1.  A  variety  of  i^m6-.s-(cao?emcc«        AnnwmutTbrassica;',t\Q  cabbage-fly.  Also 


pes-krauf). 
Cf.  cabbage'^ 

in  which  the'thick,  rounded,  and  strongly  vein-  ^^^^^  cuhlmqe-worm. 

ed  leaves  are  crowded  m  a  large  compact  head  cabbage-moth  (kab'aj-moth),  w.  The  Manxes- 
upon  a  short,  stout  stem.    See  Brassica.  ^  Many  Noctua  brassicce,  or  pot-herb  moth,  a  moth 


See  Brassica. 

kmds  are  extens'ively  cultiv.ated  for  use  as  a  vegetable  and 
in  salads,  pickles,  etc.  The  tree-  or  cow-cabbage  is  a  coarse 
form  raised  for  cattle,  very  tall  and  branching  when  in 
flower.  From  the  prominence  of  this  species,  the  whole 
order  of  Cruciferce  is  sometimes  called  the  caljbage  family. 
2.  The  large  terminal  bud  of  some  kinds  of 
palms,  as  the  cabbage-palm — Dog's  cabbage,  a 

succulent  urticaceous  herb,  Thelygonuni  Cynocrainbe,  of 
the  south  of  Europe,  sometimes  used  as  a  pot-herb. — Sea- 

cabbage,  or  sea-kale,  a  perennial  cruciferous  herb,  pal^bflffP-oil  fkab'ai-oil),  W. 

Cra7nbe  maritima,  of  the  shores  of  Europe,  cultivated  as  a  '^^""^^e  X  ^i^:  /L-oil'Si  i^yr^^  «  Same  as  cab- 
pot-herb,  especialiy  in  England.  The  young  shoots  are  CabbagC-palm  (kab  aj-pam),  n.  bame  as  cao 
used.— Skunk-cabbage,  a  perennial  araceous  plant  of    bage-trce,  1. 

the  United  States,  Symplocarpus  foetidus,  found  in  moist  cabbagC-rOSe  (kab'aj-roz),  n.  A  specieS  of  rose, 
grounds,  and  giving  out  a  very  fetid  odor,  especially  when  „  rmfi folia  of  manv  varieties,  with  a  large, 
bruised.  The  hooded,  sliell-shaped,  purplish  spathe  ap-    Hosa  CcnnjOlia,  oz  .    ,  "  ' 

pears  in  early  spring,  followed  by  a  tuft  of  large  smooth  round,  compact  flower,  supposed  to  nave  Deen 
leaves.    The  seeds  and  root  are  said  to  be  antispasmodic,     cultivated  from  ancient  times,  and  especially 


measuring*about  If  inches  across  the  open  fore 
wings,  which  are  dusky-brown  clouded  with 
darker  shades,  and  marked  with  pairs  of  dark 
spots  on  their  front  edge,  and  with  various 
streaks  and  spots  of  a  yellowish  or  white  color. 
The  caterpillar  is  greenish-l)lack,  and  is  found  in  autiunn 
feeding  on  the  hearts  of  cabbages.  It  changes  to  a  brown 
pupa. 

 - ...  -        Same  as  rape-oil. 


St.  Patrick's  cabbage,  Saxifraga  umbrosa,  the  Lon- 
don-i)rii!e  or  none-so-pretty  of  English  gardens. 

cabbage^  (kab'aj),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cabbaged, 
ppr.  cabbaging.  [Cf .  F.  cabusser,  grow  to  a  head 
(Cotgrave) ;  from  the  noun.    Cf .  cabbage^,  v.] 


suited  from  its  fragrance  for  the  manufacture 
of  rose-water  and  attar.  Also  called  Provence  rose, 
by  error  for  Provins  rose,  from  the  town  of  that  name  in 
the  department  of  Seine-et-Marne,  France,  where  these 
roses  are  still  largely  cultivated. 


European  Cabbage-wonn 
(PUris  rapa),  natural  size 
a,  worm,  or  larva  ;  b,  pupa 


cabbage-tree 

cabbage-tree  (kab'aj-tre),  n.  1.  A  name  given 
to  mauj-  species  of  palms  the  tender  growing 
leaf-buds  of  which  are  used  as  a  vegetable,  riie 

cabbage-ti-ee,  or  cabbage-palmetto,  of  the  southern  United 
h.tates,  Sahnl  Palmetto,  is  a  fan-leafed  palm  growing  to 
the  heiglit  of  from  30  to  50  feet.  The  cabbage-tree  of  the 
\V  est  Indies,  the  tree  most  generally  known  as  the  cah- 
hane-paliii,  is  a  species  of  Oreodoxa  (formerly  included  in 
the  genus  Areca),  0.  oleracea,  a  lofty  and  "laceful  palm 
with  a  straight  cylindrical  trunk,  sometimes  150  or  200  feet 
high,  bearing  a  head  of  long  pinnate  leaves.  The  cabbage 
is  the  terminal  leaf-bud,  the  removal  of  which,  though 
often  done,  destroys  the  tree.  The  Australian  cabbage- 
tree  is  a  fan-leafed  palm,  LimMoiM  australU. 

2.  A  name  given  to  species  of  Andira,  legumi- 
nous trees  of  tropical  America,  bearing  racemes 
of  red  flowers  and  roundish,  hard,  one-seeded 
pods,  and  yielding  the  anthelmintic  cabbage- 
tree  bark  of  pharmacists.  Jamaica  cabbage-tree 
bark  also  ca  led  W'or/».-(,ari,  is  obtained  from  A.  inermis, 
a  native  of  the  W  est  Indies,  and  the  Surinam  bark  from 
A.retitfa,  found  in  Surinam  and  Cayenne.  A  similar  bark 
IS  turnished  hy  A.  anthelminfica  of  Brazil. 

3.  In  New  Zealand,  an  arborescent  liliaceous 
plant,  Cordi/Uite  "irfu  /ia.- Black  cabbage-tree,  an 

arboreous  composite  of  St.  He- 
lena,  Melanodendron  integrifo- 
Hum,  one  of  the  few  endemic 
trees  still  remaining  on  the  isl- 
and. 

cabbage -wood  (kab'aj- 
wud),  n.  A  name  given  to 
the  wood  of  Eriodendron 
anfractuosum,  and  to  that 
of  species  of  Andira.  See 
cabhage-tree. 

cabbage-worm  (kab'aj- 

werm),  n.  The  larva  of  tlie 
cabbage -butterfly  or  of  the 
cabbage -moth. 

cabbala,  n.    See  cabala. 

cabbidget,  «.  An  obsolete 
form  of  cabbage^. 

cabbishif  (kab'ish),  n.  An 
obsolete  and  more  original 
form  of  cabbage'^: 

cabbish^  (kab'ish),  V.  t.  An  obsolete  and  dialec- 
tal form  of  cabbage^. 

cabbie  (kab'l),  v.  t.  or  i.  •  pret.  and  pp.  cabbled, 
ppr.  cabbhng.  [Origin  unknown ;  cf.  accable, 
<  h  .  accabler,  crush,  overwhelm.]  In  inetal,  to 
break  up  into  pieces  (iron  which  has  been 
smelted  with  charcoal,  balled,  and  flattened), 
preparatory  to  the  processes  of  fagoting,  fus- 
ing, and  rolling  into  bars. 

cabbler  (kab'ler),  n.  In  metal,  one  who  cabbies, 
cabbyi  (kab'i),  n.  ■  pi.  cabbies  (-iz).    [<  ca&i ;  a 
kmd  of  dim.  of  cabtnari.J    A  cab-driver  or  cab- 
man.   [Colloq.,  Eng.] 
cabby2  (kab'i),  a.    [<  cab2  +  .yl.]  sticky; 
clammy.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
cabega  (ka-ba'sa),  n.    [Pg.,  ut.  head,  chief,  = 
bp.  cabesa,  <  L.  cajmt,  head.]    1.  The  Portu- 
guese name  of  the  finest  kind  of  silk  received 
from  India,  as  distinguished  from  the  barina 
or  inferior  kind.    Also  called  cabesse.—  2.  A 
nommal  money  of  account  in  some  parts  of  the 
west  coast  of  Africa. 
Cabeiri,  n.  pi.    See  CaUri. 
Cabeirian,  Cabeiric,  a.   See  Cahirian. 
Cabeiritic,  «.    See  Cabiritic. 

caber  (ka'ber),  n.  [Sc.,  also  written  cabir,  l-ahar: 
<  trael.  cabar,  a  pole,  stake,  rafter,  =  Ir.  cabar 
a  coupling ;  cf.  Corn.  Iceber,  W.  ceihren,  a  rafter': 
D  keper,  a  rafter.]  A  pole ;  a  rafter ;  a  beam ; 
a  large  stick.  SpeciflcaUy-(a)  A  long  peeled  sapling 
or  undressed  stem  of  a  young  tree  used  in  the  Highland  (or 
Scottish)  game  of  tossing  the  caber,  (fc)  One  of  the  peeled 
saplings  sometimes  placed,  instead  of  boards,  on  the  tie- 
beams  of  a  cottage  to  form  the  kind  of  loft  called  the  balks 
or  on  the  raf tei-s  to  form  a  support  for  the  thatch  (c)  \ 
transverse  beam  in  a  kiln  for  drying  grain.   Jamieson.  ' 

Caberea  (ka-be'rf-a),  M.  [NL.]  The  typical 
genus  of  the  family  Cahereidce.  C.  liookeh,  a 
hm-opean  species,  is  an  example. 

Cabereidae  (kab-e-re'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
berea +  .idce.'\  A  family  of  infundibulate  chi- 
lostomatous  polyzoans,  of  the  order  Gymnola:- 
»m  to,  having  an  unjointed  stock  with  slender 
branches,  and  two  or  more  rows  of  cells  with 
vibracula  or  sessile  avieularia  at  the  back, 
iiie  species  are  generally  associated  with  the 
CeUularudce.  Less  correctly  written  Caberead^. 

cabesse  (ka-bes'),  n.    [F.,  <  Pg.  cabeca :  see  ca- 
bega.]    Same  as  cabega,  1. 

cabezon  (kab'e-zon;  Sp.  pron.  ka-beth-6n'), 
n.  [Sp.,  <  cabesa,  head:  see  cabeca,  caveson.^ 
Same  as  bighead. 

cabiai  (ka-be'i),  «.    [Braz.]   A  Brazilian  name 
ot  the  capibara.    [Little  used.] 


747 


A  molar,  "  which  can  be  attributed  only  to  a  gigantic 
cabiai,  or  a  dwarf  elephant."    Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVI.  42a 


cabidget,  «■  An  obsolete  form  of  cabbage'': 
cabin  (kab'in),  n.  [<  ME.  caban,  cabane,  also 
assibilated  cliabane,  a  little  house,  a  small  room 
esp.  m  a  ship,  <  OF.  cabane,  f.  (MF.  also  cabain, 
m.),  F.  cabane  (also  cabine  after  E.  cnbin)  =  Pr. 
cabana  =  Sp.  cabana  =  Pg.  cabana  =  It.  cajyan- 
na,  <  ML.  capanna,  a  cabin,  prob.  of  Celtic  ori- 
gin :  W.  caban  =  Ir.  Gael,  caban,  a  cabin,  booth, 
dim.  of  (W.)  cab,  a  booth,  a  hut.]  1.  A  hut ;  a 
cottage ;  a  small  house  or  habitation,  especially 
one  that  is  poorly  constructed. 

Some  of  green  boughs  their  slender  cabins  frame. 

Fairfax. 

By  the  peat  fires  of  a  hundred  thousand  cabitig  had 
nightly  been  sung  rude  ballads  which  predicted  the  deliv- 
erance of  the  oppressed  race.    Macaulny,  Hist.  Eng., 

2.  A  small  room;  an  inclosed  place. 
So  long  in  secret  cabiti,  there  he  held 
Her  captive  to  his  sensuall  desyre. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  vi.  23. 

3.  An  apartment  in  a  ship  for  officers  or  pas- 
sengers. In  passenger-steamers  the  cabin  is  divided  into 
state-rooms,  or  the  private  rooms  of  the  passengers  and 
an  apartment  (sometimes  more  than  one)  for  the  use  of 
all,  called  the  saloon,  generally  used  as  a  dining-room  In 
an  ordinary  merchant  vessel  the  cabin  is  the  apartment 
occupied  by  the  master  of  the  vessel.  In  a  man-of-war  it 
IS  the  apartment  used  by  the  commanding  officer,  or  the 
officer  commanding  the  squadron,  the  apartments  of  the 
oUier  officers  being  called  the  ivard-room  and  (of  the  petty 
officers)  the  steerage.  In  Great  Britain  the  word  cabin 
When  applied  to  the  private  apartment  of  an  officer  or  a 
passenger,  is  sjTionymous  with  state-room  as  used  in  the 
tnitea  States. 

4t.  Same  as  cabinet,  4. 

They  would  not  stay  perhaps  the  Spanish  demurrin<» 
and  putting  off  such  wholesome  acts  and  counsels  as  the 
politic  Cabm  at  WTiitehall  had  no  mind  to. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  iv. 
Jealous haughtinesse  of  Prelates  and  caii'nCounsellours. 

Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  3. 
After-cabin,  the  best  or  stern  cabin  of  a  vessel  —  Cabin 
oar.  See  carl.-  Cabin  passenger,  one  wlio  has  the  best 
accommodation  a  ship  affords. -Second  cabin,  the  part 
of  a  steamship  allotted  to  the  use  of  intermediate  or 
second-class  passengers,  or  the  general  accommodation 
afforded  them. 

cabin  (kab'in),  V.  [<  cabin,  «.]  I.  trans.  To 
confine  as  in  a  cabin. 

But  now  I  am  cabin  d,  cribb'd,  confln'd,  bound  in  ' 
To  saucy  doubts  and  fears.        Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4. 

II.  intrans.  To  live  in  a  cabin ;  lodge. 
I'll  make  you  feed  on  berries,  and  on  roots 
And  feed  on  curds  and  whey,  and  suck  the  goat 
And  cabin  in  a  cave.  Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  2. 

cabin-boy  (kab'in-boi),  n.  A  boy  employed  to 
wait  on  the  officers  and  passengers  in  the  cabin 
of  a  ship. 

cabined  (kab'ind),  a.  [<  cabin  +  -ed^.']  Con- 
fined; narrow.  [Rare.] 

Ere  the  blabbing  eastern  scout. 
The  nice  morn,  on  the  Indian  steep. 
From  her  cabin'd  loop-hole  peep. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  140. 
cabinet  (kab'i-net),  n.  and  a.  [<  F.  cabinet,  a 
closet,  a  receptacle  of  curiosities,  etc. ;  cf.  OF. 
cabanette,  a  little  cabin  (=  It.  cabinetto—FloTAo) 
dim.  of  cabane,  cabine,  a  cabin:  see  cabin.']  l' 
n.  If.  A  little  cabin ;  a  small  habitation  or  re- 
treat. 

Hearken  awhile,  from  thy  gi-eene  cabinet. 
The  rurall  song  of  carefull  Colinet. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  December, 
lo,  here  the  gentle  lark,  weary  of  rest. 
From  his  moist  cabinet  mounts  up  on  high. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  854. 
2.  A  small  room ;  a  retired  apartment ;  a  closet. 
—  3.  A  private  room  ia  which  consultations  are 
held;  specifically,  the  closet  or  private  apart- 
ment m  which  a  sovereign  confers  with  his 
privy  council  or  most  trusted  ministers. 

You  began  in  the  cabitiet  what  you  afterwards  practised 
in  the  camp.  Dryden. 

Those  more  refined  arts  of  the  cabinet,  on  which  the 
Italians  were  accustomed  to  rely,  much  more  than  on  the 
sword,  in  their  disputes  vfith  one  another,  were  of  no 
avail  against  these  rude  invaders. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  14 
''I'^l™  the  cloister,  he  distinguished  himself 
both  m  the  cabinet  and  the  camp. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  25. 
Hence— 4.  An  executive  council;  the  select 
council  of  a  sovereign  or  of  an  executive  govern- 
ment ;  the  collective  body  of  ministers  who  di- 
rect the  government  of  a  nation  or  countrv 
111  Great  Britain,  though  the  executive  government  is  vest- 
ed nominally  in  the  crown,  it  is  practically  in  a  committee 
01  ministers  called  the  cabinet,  which  is  of  comparatively 
modern  development.  Every  cabinet  includes  the  First 
Lord  of  the  Treasury,  who  is  generally  chief  of  the  minis- 
try, or  prime  minister,  the  Lord  High  Chancellor,  the  Lord 
President  of  the  Council,  the  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer 
and  the  five  Secretaries  of  State,  with  two  or  more  other 
members,  at  the  prime  minister's  discretion.  In  the  United 
States  «f  cabiitf  t  is  a  collective  popular  name,  not  recog- 
nized by  law,  for  the  heads  of  the  eight  executive  depart- 
ments, namely,  the  Secretaries  of  State,  the  Treasury 


Gabirian 

War,  the  Navy,  the  Interior,  and  Agriculture,  the  Postmaa- 
.  u  "^Ilf     '  Attoniey  Gcneral.   They  are  appoint- 

ed by  the  President,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent 
of  the  Senate,  and  are  removable  at  the  President's  plea- 
sure. They  have  as  a  body  no  legal  functions,  but  by 
custom  meet  the  President  at  stated  times  for  consulta- 
tion. The  term  cabinet  is  also  sometimes  applied  to  the 
executive  council  of  a  governor  or  of  a  mayor. 

It  is  to  the  antagonism  between  the  court  and  the  ad- 
ministration, between  the  curia  and  the  camera,  or  in 
modem  language  the  court  and  the  cabitiet,  that  many  of 
the  constitutional  (juaiTels  of  the  century  are  owing. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  247. 

5.  A  meeting  or  session  of  a  cabinet  council. 
Cabinet  after  Cabinet  passed  over,  and  no  mention  was 

ever  made  of  the  affairs  of  the  East,  til/  one  day,  at  the 
end  of  a  Cabinet,  Palmerstoii,  in  the  most  ea-sy,  noncha- 
lant way  imaginable,  said  that  he  thought  it  right  U> 
mention  that  he  had  been  a  long  time  engaged  in  nego- 
tiation upon  the  principles  agreed  upon  at  the  Cabinet  at 
n  indsor,  and  that  he  had  drawn  up  a  Treaty  with  which 
it  was  fit  that  the  Cabinet  should  be  acquainted. 

Brit.  Quarterly  Re,;.,  LXXXIII.  74. 

6.  A  piece  of  furniture  having  shelves  or  draw- 
ers, or  both,  or  simply  cupboards  inclosed  with 
doors ;  especially,  one  of  ornamental  character, 
decorated  with  carving,  inlaying,  painting, 
lacquer,  medalUons  of  painted  porcelain,  or 
enamel  or  metal  appliques. 

Look 

«  ithin,  in  my  Ijlue  cabinet,  for  the  pearl 
I  had  sent  me  last.         B.  Jonsnn,  Catiline,  ii.  1. 

7.  Any  part  of  a  building,  or  one  or  more  whole 
buildings,  set  apart  for  the  conservation  of 
works  of  art,  antiquities,  etc.;  hence,  by  me- 
tonymy, the  collection  itself:  as,  a  mineral 
cabinet. — 8.  In  printing,  an  inclosed  frame  for 
printers'  eases,  generally  used  for  job-type.— 

Cabinet  of  arms,  a  display  of  the  escutcheons,  to"ether 
with  the  sword,  spurs,  and  the  like,  of  a  gentleman  after 
his  decease.  In  certain  parts  of  Europe  these  are  an-anged 
in  a  frame,  and  hung  upon  the  wall  of  a  church,  after  the 
funeral,  i?*')')!/.— Kitchen  cabinet,  in  if.  S.  hist.,  a  co- 
terie of  intimate  friends  of  President  Jackson,  generally 
supposed  to  have  more  influence  with  him  during  his  presi- 
dency (1829-37)  than  his  official  advisers :  so  called  in  allu- 
sion to  their  private  and  familiar  status,  as  if  admitted  to 
the  \Viiite  House  tlirough  the  kitchen. 

From  the  Kitchen  Cabinet  seems  to  have  come  the  first 
proposition  to  make  the  "national  conventions,"  which  are 
customary  even  to  the  present  day,  .  .  .  the  exponents  of 
the  "  wiU  of  the  people."  H.  von  Hoist,  Con.st.  Hist.,  IL  38. 

II.  a.  1.  Confidential;  secret;  private, 
others  still  gape  t'  anticipate 
The  cabinet  designs  of  Fate. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  II.  iii.  24. 

2.  Relating  to  a  cabinet;  belonging  to  or  con- 
stituting a  body  of  ministers  of  state:  as,  a 
cabinet  minister;  a  cabinet  council.— 3.  Be- 
longing to  a  private  collection,  private  cellar, 
or  the  like,  and  therefore  presumably  of  supe- 
rior quality:  as,  cabinet  wines.  Hence— 4.  Of 
such  size,  beauty,  or  value  as  to  be  kept  in  a 
cabinet,  or  to  be  fitted  for  use  in  a  private 
chamber:  as,  a  cabinet  edition  of  a  book;  a 
cabinet  organ;  a  cabinet  pianoforte;  a  cabinet 

En^S"-®  \  photographs.- Cabinet  counciL 

(at)  Private  counsel ;  secret  advice.  --^vvi. 

Those  are  cabinet  councils, 
And  not  to  be  communicated. 

Massinger,  Duke  of  Milan,  ii.  L 
(6)  (1)  A  council  held  with  privacy ;  the  confidential  coun- 
cil of  a  prince  or  an  executive  magistrate ;  a  council  of  cab- 
inet ministers  held  with  privacy  to  deliberate  upon  pub- 
lic affairs.  (2)  The  members  of  a  privy  council;  a  select 
niunber  of  confidential  counselors:  specifically  same  as 

cabinet  I.,  4.-(3abinet  file.  Seeyi;<.i.-  Cabinet  organ, 
nium*    portable  organ,  usually  a  reed-organ  or  hanno- 

cabinet  (kab'i-net),  v.  t.   [<  cabinet,  n.l  To  in- 
close in  or  as  in  a  cabinet.  [Rare.] 

This  is  the  frame  of  most  men's  spirits,  .  .  .  to  adore  the 
casket  and  contemn  the  jewel  that  is  cihi,mt^  in  it 

Bewyt,  Sermons,  p.  87. 
cabinet-maker  (kab'i-net-ma"ker),  n.    [<  cab- 
inet, 6,  -I-  maker.l    One  whose  occupation  is 
the  making  of  household  furniture,  such  as 
cabinets,  sideboards,  tables,  bedsteads,  etc. 
cabin-mate  (kab'in-mat),  n.   [<  cabin  +  wafei.] 
One  who  occupies  the  same  cabin  with  another 
Beau,  and  Fl. 
cabir,  n.    See  caber. 

Cabirean  (kab-i-re'an),  n.  [<  Cabiri  -f-  -ean.^ 
One  of  the  Cabiri. 

Cabiri  (ka-bi'ri),  n.  pi.  [Less  prop.  Cabeiri ;  L 
Cabiri,  <  Gr.  M.aj3eipoi.']  In  Gr.  antiq..  divini- 
ties of  Semitic  origin,  connected  with  volcanoes, 
and  hence  f  alUng  into  the  category  of  the  deities 
of  fire  and  of  creative  Ufe.  Thev  were  worehiped 
in  mysteries  celebrated  especially  in  the  islands  of  Lemnos 
Imbros,  and  Saniothrace,  whence  their  cult  was  introduced 
into  other  places. 

Cabirian,  Cabiric  (ka-bir'i-an,  -ik),  a.  [<  Ca- 
biri +  -an,  -/f.]  Pertaining  to  the  Cabiri  or 
their  worship ;  hence,  strange  and  mysterious ; 
occult.    Also  spelled  Cabeirian,  Cabeiric. 


Cabiritic 

Cabiritic  (kab-i-rit'ik),  a.  Same  as  Cabirian. 
Also  spelled  Cahciritlc. 

cable  (kfi'bl),  M.  [<  ME.  cable,  cahel,  cahylle  = 
MD.  1).  MLG.  LG.  MHG.  G.  Sw.  Daii.  kabcl  = 
leel.  kadhnU,  <  OF.  cable,  F.  cdblc  =  Sp.  Crt6/c 
=  Pg.  eahre  =  It.  cnppio,  <  ML.  capitlum,  cap- 


748 

pervious  to  water,  but  cable-laid  rope  is  about  30  per  cent, 
weaker  than  plain-laid  mpc  of  the  same  size.    Kope  cables 
are  from  10  to  26  inches  in  circum- 
ference. 

2.  Twisted  after  the  manner 
of  a  cable :  as,  a  cable-laid  gold 
L'luiiu. 


a  cable,  a  rope,  <  L.  take,  hold:  see  cable-molding  (ka'bl-mol"- 


eapacious,  captive,  etc.]    If.  A  rope 

Thogh  jelosie  be  hanged  bi  a  cable. 

Chaucer,  Complaint  of  V'enus,  1.  33. 

Specifically— 2.  (a)  A  large,  strong  rope  or 
chain,  such  as  is  used  tn  lioM  a  vessel  at  an- 
chor. Kopes  made  of  hemp,  i-u^.-i  .  oii- were  universally 
used  in  former  times,  but  lui\  r  i..  m  '  xrcpt  in  small  ves- 
sels and  tishiiiu-.inft.  li.  iii  sii|i<  i  -.  ill  .1  cliams.  Chain 
cables  are  -mrnilh  <l      -  l>  n-ih-  nf  15  fathoms 

each  fastfii.  a  to-rtlu  r  with  .-li  n  ivh  iiiakm-  in  all  120 
fath.Mii^.  MviM  ls  are  insertt.l  m  llir  .littcrmt  lengths  to 
previ  iit  t-Ai-tiiii;.  Cables  are  ;iK'>.  f^r  special  uses,  )iiade 
of  wires  twisted  to.gether.  (I,)  See  snbmarinc  cahlc, 
below,  (c)  The  traetiou-rope  of  a  cable-rail- 
road.— 3.  In  arch. :  (a)  A  molding  of  the  torus 

kind,  with  its  sui-faee  cut  in  imitation  of  the    ^   ^ 

twisting  of  a  rope,  {b)  A  cylindrical  molding  cabie-road  rkS'bl-rod),  n 
inserted  iu  the  flute  of  a  column  and  partly  gable-screw  (ka'bl-skro) 

filling  it  Endless  cable.  See  cimHcss.— Nippering 

the  cable.  See  nipper,  r.— Submarine  or  electric- 
telegraph  cable,  a  calile  c.miposed  of  a  single  wire  or 
a  strand  of  wires  of  pure  cppei ,  embedded  in  protecting 
subftaiues  and  covered  e\tri  iially  liy  coils  of  coated  iron 
wire,  fur  eoiiveviii'.;-  teleura|iliie  iiie<--ages  under  water. 
(.See  V  /'  ir^ii.li.  I  '  I'lie  e>i|iiier  w  ivr,  nr  embedded  strand  of 
wires,  is  rail-. I  the.-".v,  and  is  insulated  Ijy  layers  of  gutta- 
percha or  india-riil.liew  earh  layer  lieiug  separated  from 
tlie  ne.xt  by  a  coatiim  of  lesiiauis  matter.  Tlie  in-nlating 
layers  are  geneiallv  sepaiateil  from  the  outer  «  lies  by  a 
padding  of  jute  ui  liemp  Mturated  with  tar  or  litlier  pro- 
tective substance,  nni-  wire  is  i.mnd  to  be  better  than  a 
strand  as  regards  eouduetiii-  jiMwer;  but  tlie  latter  is 
safer,  since  if  one  wire  brealis,  messages  can  still  be  cnu- 
veyed  through  the  others.— To  bitt  the  cable  (/i""'.),  to 
wind  it  around  the  bitts,  — To  bring  a  chain  cable  to. 
See  bring. —To  bUOy  a  cable,  support  it  by  lloats  to 
keep  it  cle.ar  from  a  mckv  buti-in,  er  to  imlicate  by  means 
of  buoy  ivnd  buov  rope  the  iilae  ■  where  its  end  lies  when 
detached  from  tlie  ship.  — TO  heave  a  Cable  short.  See 
hear,.  — To  nip  the  cable.  See  riip,  r.— To  serve  a 
cable,  to  wind  rope  about  it  as  a  protection  auamst  chaf- 
ing.—To  slip  the  cable,  to  (liseonnect  it  from  the  ship 
and  let  it  run  out.  thus  freeing  the  sliiji  fioiii  lu  r  anchor.— 
Wire  cables,  cabU  s  formed  by  wile-,  soim  times  twisted 
about  earli  otlier.  but.  when  used  for  susiieiision-liridges. 
more  eoinnionlv  laid  parallel,  bound  together,  wrapped 
with  .  am  a-,  and  then  served,  or  w  .iund  w  ith  w  ire,  and 
I>ainted.    Each  wire  is  Separately  stretched  and  tested. 

cable  (ka'bl),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  cabled,  ppr. 
cabling.  [<  cable,  I.  trans.  1.  To  fasten 
with  a  cable. 

Cast  out  the  cabled  stone  upon  the  strand. 

J.  Dijer,  rieece,  ii. 

2.  In  arcli.,  to  fill  (the  flutes  of  columns)  with 
cables  or  cylindrical  pieces.— 3.  [Cf.  equiv. 
ivire,  ?;.]    To  transmit  by  a  telegraph-cable. 

II.  intrans.    To  send  a  message  by  a  tele- 
graph-cable. 
Cf,ble-Dend(ka'bl-bend),  w.  Naut.x  (a)  A  small 
rope 


Cable-laid  Rope. 


ding),  ».    Same  as  cable,  3. 
cable-nipper  (ka'bl-uip"er),  ». 
A  device  for  seciu'ing  to  a  ca- 
ble the  messenger  or  rope  by 
wliich  it  is  handled, 
cable-railroad  (ka'bl-ral*- 
rod),  ».     A  street-  or  other 
railroad  in  which  the  cars  are 
moved  by  an  endless  cable 
traveling  iu  a  small  tunnel 
imder  the  roadway,  and  kept 
in  motion  by  a  stationary  en- 
gine.  Jlotion  is  communicated  to 
the  cars  by  means  of  a  grip  extended  thi-ougli  a  slot  in  the 
covering  of  the  tunnel,  and  so  arranged  as  to  be  under  the 
ntrol  of  the  brakeman. 

See  caWe-raUroad. 
ri.  A  small  screw 
resembling  a  twisted  cord,  used  as  a  fastening 
for  the  soles  of  boots  and  shoes, 
cable's-length  (ka'blz-length),  II.  An  approx- 
imate measure  of  length,  regarded,  in  nianoeu- 
vering,  as  100  fathoms  (600  feet  =  about  i-',,  of  a 
nautical  mile)  aud  in  ordinary  use  as  120  fath- 
oms (720  feet  =  the  length  of  a  chain  or  rope 
cable). 

cable-stopper  (ka'bl-stop"er),  ?/.  Naut.,  a  de- 
vice to  prevent  a  cable  from  running  out.  it 
generally  consists  of  a  short  piece  of  stout  rope,  with  a 
hook  in  one  end  anil  a  knot  or  toggle  in  the  other.  One 
end  is  hooked  to  a  ring-bolt  in  the  deck,  and  the  other  is 
lashed  to  the  cable.    See  stopper. 

cablet  (ka'blet),  n.    [Dim.  of  cable.  Cf.  ¥.  cd- 
blot  and  cdbleau,  cablet.]    A  little  cable  ;  spe- 
cifically, any  cable-laid  rope  under  9  inches  in 
circumference, 
cable-tier  (ka'bl-ter),  n.    The  place  in  the  hold 
of  a  ship  where  rope  cables  are  stowed, 
cable-tire  (ka'bl-tir),  ii.    A  large  rope  for  rais- 
ing weights, 
cable-tools  (ka'bl-tolz),  «.  pi.    Tools  used  in 
cable-drilling  or  rope-drilling.  The  length  of  the 
set  of  tools  attached  to  the  rope,  or  used  in  roiic-drilling, 
in  Pennsylvania,  is  aliout  C2  feet,  and  the  weiglit  nearly  a 
ton.    The  separate  parts  are  the  rope-socket,  sinkcr-bar, 
jai-s,  auger-stem,  and  bit. 

cableway  (ka'bl-wii),  n.    A  taut  wire  or  other 


caT)r6 

cabochet,  «•  [<  OF-  cabochr,  the  head,  <  It.  ca- 
pocchiu,  knob  of  a  stick,  etc.,  <  eaini,  <  L.  caput, 
head.  As  a  fish-name,  cf.  cabos,  eel-pout,  MI) 
kabuys-lioofd,  the  bullhead,  from  the  same  ult. 
source;  OF.  cabot,  "the  gull-fish,  bullhead, 
miller's-thumb " ;  cabotc,  "as  cabot;  or  (more 
properly)  a  gurnard"  (Cotgrave) :  see  cabo.vhcd, 
cabbage^,  cabbage'^,  and  cf.  the  E.  name  bidl- 
hcdd.}  1.  Ahead.  See  cabbage"^. — 2.  A  name 
of  the  miller's-thumb  or  bullhead. — 3.  A  tad- 
pole.   E.  I). 

caboched,  «.    See  caboslied. 
cabochon  (ka-bo-shoh'),  n.    [F.  (=Sp.  cabujon 
=2  Pg.  cabi(chdo),  <  cabochc,  head,  pate :  see  cn- 
bochc.'\   A  polished  but  uncut  precious  stone. — 

En  cabochon,  in  the  style  of  a  cabochon,  that  is,  rounded 
convex  on  top,  and  Hat,  concave,  or  convex  on  the  back, 
without  facets.  Garnets,  turquoise,  moonstone,  cat's-eye, 
asteria,  and  other  gems  are  cut  in  this  form. 

cabocle  (ka-bok'le),  n.  The  Brazilian  name  of 
a  mineral  resembling  red  jasper,  found  in  the 
diamond-producing  sand  of  Bahia.  It  contains 
phosphoric  acid,  alumina,  lime,  baryta,  protoxid 
of  iron,  and  water. 

Cabomba  (ka-bom'ba),  n.  [Native  Guiana 
name.]  A  genus  of  aquatic  plants,  known  as 
vater-shieldb;  of  the  natural  order  Nymphmaccce, 
with  small  shield-shaped  floating  leaves  and 
finely  dissected  submerged  ones,  and  small 

trimerous  flowers.  There  are  two  or  three  species, 
natives  of  the  wjirmer  portions  of  America,  of  which  one 
species,  C.  Caniliniana,  is  found  in  stagnant  waters  along 
the  southern  coast  of  the  United  States.  Cabomba  was 
formerly  classed  in  a  separate  family  Cabombacece  with 
the  single  other  genus  lliidropellix  or  Brnsenia,  the  North 
American  water-shield.  See  Iltjilropeltis. 
caboodle  (ka-bo'dl),  v.  [A  slang  term,  con- 
jectured to  be  a  corruption  of  kit  and  boodle : 
see  boodle^.']  Crowd;  pack;  lot;  company: 
used  only  with  whole:  as,  the  whole  caboodle 
(that  is,  the  whole  number,  crowd,  or  quantity). 
[Slang.] 

It  would  not  even  make  me  raise  my  eyebrows  to  hear 
to-morrow  morning  that  the  wliole  caboodle  had  been  sold 
out.  New  York  Times,  Sept.  2,  1887. 


The  whole  caboodle  came  out  and  fell  upon  me. 

Picayune  (New  Orleans),  Feb.  23",  1858. 

cabook  (ka-bok'),  n.  The  name  given  in  Ceylon 
to  a  rock  which  is  there  extensively  used  as  a 
building-stone,  it  is  gneiss  in  a  pecidiar  stage  of  de- 
composition, and,  .although  soft  and  easily  quarried,  it 
liardens  on  exposure  to  the  air.  The  gneiss  contains 
much  magnetic  iron  disseminated  through  it,  and  it  is  the 
decomposition  of  this  mineral  which  gives  to  the  soil  the 
ferruginous  tinge  conspicuous  in  parts  of  Ceylon. 


cable  over  which  a  car  carrying  a  hanging  load  cabooleat  (ka-bo'le-at),  n.  [<  Hind,  kabnliyat, 
rolls,  propelled  by  a  hauling-rope  or  other  •       .  .  ,  . 

power. 

cabling  (ka'bling),  n.  [<  cahlc,  n.,  3  (6),  + 
-i/((/i.]    1.  The  filling  of  the  flutes  of  a  column 


with  cable-moldings 
moldings  themselves, 


Hence  —  2.  The  eable- 


formerlv  used  to  fasten  the'  ends  of  a  cablish  (kab'lish),  m.    [<  OF.  *cablis._  ch'ablis. 


rope  cable  so  as  to  secure  the  knot  by  which  it 
is  attached  to  the  anchor-riug.  {b)  The  knot 
or  clinch  by  which  a  cable  is  attached  to  an 
anchor. 

cable-car  (ka'bl-car),  n.  A  ear  used  in  a  eable- 
railvoad 


F.  chablis,  wind-fallen  wood  (ML.  cablicia)  (cf. 
equiv.  OF.  cable,  enable,  pi.  caables,  equiv.  to 
chablis),<  *cahkr,  chabler,  incomp.  accabler,  cast 
down:  see  accable.~\  In  old  forest  law,  wind- 
fall wood ;  wood  thrown  down  by  tempestuous 
weather :  also  sometimes  applied  to  brushwood. 


cable-carrier  (ka'bl-kar"i-er),  w.     A  tub  or  cabman  (kab'man),  M. ;  pi.  cabmen  (-men).  [< 


bucket  suspended  fi'om  grooved  wheels  travel- 
ing on  a  cable,  or  liin-ctly  attached  to  a  mov- 
ing cable,  and  used  to  trtinsport  sand,  minerals, 
or  heavy  materials  on  a  wire  ropeway.  See 
ivireivay. 

cabled (ka'bld).^/.  [<cablc,n.,+-cd^.']  1.  Fas- 
tened or  supplied  with  a  cable  or  cables. —  2. 
In  arch.,  having  tin'  ornament  called  a  cable. 
—  Cabled  flute,  in  »/.  //.,  a  llnte  of  a  column  containing  a 
cable-molding.    See  r''j/'/e,  ii..::. 

cable-drilling  (ka'bl-diil'ing),  n.  Same  as 
rope-drilUiig. 

cablegram  (ka'bl-gram),  n.  [Improp.  <  cable 
+  -qram,  as  in  telegram.']  A  message  sent  by 
a  telegraph-cahle  ;  a  cable-despatch.  [CoUoq.] 

cable-gripper  (ka'bl-grip"er),  n.  NuMt.,  a  de- 
vice placed  over  a  cable-well  to  prevent  the 
cable  from  running  out. 

cable-hatband  (ka'bl-hat"band),  ».  A  kind 
of  hatband  consisting  of  a  twisted  i-ord,  worn 
in  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries,  and 
in  some  modern  uniforms. 

I  had  on  a  gold  caUe-hatband,t\\en  new  come  up,  which 
I  wore  about  a  murrey  French  hat. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour. 

cable-hook  (ka'bl-huk),  n.    A  gripping  device 

for  handling  a  ship's  cable, 
cable-laid  (ka'bl-lad),  r/.    1.  formed  of 

three  strands  of  plain-laid  or  ordinary  rope. 

Kope  for  cables  is  made  in  this  way  so  as  to  be  more  im- 


a  written  agreement,  <  kabid,  consent.]  An 
agreement  made  between  the  Indian  govern- 
ment and  the  zemindars,  or  feudatory  landhold- 
ers, for  the  farming,  management,  and  collec- 
tion of  the  revenue, 
caboose  (ka-bos'),  »*•  [Also  caboose;  <  D.  habuis 
=  MLG.  kabuse,  LG.  kabuse,  kabiise  (>  G.  ka- 
buse)  =  Dan.  kabys  =  Sw.  kabysa;  also  E.  cam- 
boose,  <  F.  camibuse,  <  D.  komhuis,  a  ship's  gal- 
ley, formerly  also  a  booth,  hut,  store-room; 
perhaps  from  same  root  as  cabin,  q.  v.]  1.  The 
cook-room  or  kitchen  on  shipboard;  a  galley; 
specifically,  the  inclosed  fireplace,  hearth,  or 
stove  used  for  cooking  on  small  vessels. 

The  lawn  is  studded  with  cabooses,  over  one  of  which  a 
Councillor  may  be  seen  carefully  skimming  the  water 
covering  his  twelve-pound  salmon. 

The  Century,  XXVI.  550. 

2.  A  car  for  the  use  of  the  conductor,  brake- 
men,  etc.,  on  a  freight-train.    [U.  S.] 


cafii  -1-  man.']    The  di'iver  of  a  cab 
cabob,  kabob  (ka-bob'),  n-  [Anglo-Tnd.,  <  Pers. 
kidjauh,  k'lbaub,  roast  meat.  \  kab,  an  ox.]  1. 
An  Oriental  dish  consisting  of  .-imall  pieces  of 
beef  or  mutton,  seasoned  with  pepper,  salt,  gin- 
ger, etc.,  and  basted  with  oil  and  garlic  while  ,        ,  „  A 
beino-  roasted  on  a  skewer  or  spit,  sweet  herbs  cabos  (ka-bos'),  «•    [See  caboche.]    A  name 
"                          '  -              •      ■              of  thf  eel-pout. 

cabosherl.  caboched  (ka-boshf),  a.  [<  caboche 
-'-  -ed'-i',  after  F  caboche,  <  caboche,  a  head:  see 
cah-jchc,  cnobr.ge^  j  In  her., 
reijresented  ilon  j  ar.'i  aft'ronte : 
said  of  the  head  of  a  stag  or  roe- 
b,ick  when  no  part  of  the  neck 
i'  sf  on.  Also  cabossed,  cabaged. 

a.  Same 


being  sometimes  placed  between  the  pieces. 

Cabobs,  or  meat  roasted  in  small  ])ici  e,' ,  that  may  be  eat 
without  dividing.   Pocoeire,  Description  oi:  the  East,  I.  57. 

2.  An  Anglo-Indian  name  for  roast  meat  in 
general.  Yule  and  BurueVt.—  S.  A  le,',  of  mut- 
ton stuffed  with  white  herrii  ;s  and  sw3et  her'.is. 
Wright. 

Also  spelled  kabab,  cobob.  ,  ,  . 

cabob,  kabob  (ka-bob').  v.  t;  pre^  and  pp.  ciD'SSed  (ta-bost 
eabobbed,  kabobbed,  ppr.  cabobbing,  kahobbing.    as  cabosiiea. 
[<  cabob,  n.]  To  make  cabob  of;  roast,  a,  .i  leg  caHOt  (Jsa-  jo 
of  mutton,  with  savory  herbs,  spices,  etc.,  at 
qfiick  fire.  Sir  T.  Herbert.  Also  spelled  kabal, 
cobob. 

caboceer  (kab-6-ser' ),  »■  [Prob.  < Pg.  cabeceira, 
the  head,  chief,  <  cabega,  the  head:  see  ca- 

bega.]  The  name  given  to  local  governors  iu  cabotage  (kab'6-taj),  n.  [F.  (=  It.  cabottag- 
western  Africa  appointed  by  the  kmg  over  ^^,(,)^  <;  cahoter,  cca'st,  lit  go  from  cape  to  cape, 
towns  or  districts.  <  Sp.  cabo,  cape :  see  cape^.]   Naut.,  navigation 

Homer  once  peeped  in  at  an  open  door,  and  found  an    along  a  COast;  COasting-trade. 
old  negro  ca'joceer  sitting  among  twenty  thousand  fetishes  „Qi,,.i' cVo-bra,' ~)    a      FF..  riT).  of  CaftrO*,  rear,  < 
ill  his  private  fetish-museum,  .  .  .  performing  his  devo-  ^^f,  r^  niZ'r^\  <  kx^  rahra  <  L  cavra,  a 

tions  E.  B.  Tylor,  Prim.  Culture,  II.  145.    OF.  cabre  {h  .  chCvre),  <.  bp.  caora,  \  U.  tapru,  d, 


,11.  iF.difJ.]  A 
dry  measure  in  general  use  in 
the  island  of  Jersey.   The  small 

It,  u:od  for  wheat,  is  of  an  English  Inishel.  The 
<a,nc  crt(j6-.  *o-  .■'  lev  ^tc,  ne  third  larger.  As  with 
the  bushel,  cqn  vu.eni  ./eights  .se  used,  which  vary  with 
the  bulkiness  of  the  material. 


cabr6 

she-goat,  fem.  of  caper,  a  he-goat :  see  caper^. 
Cf.  cahriole.']  In  her.,  represented  as  rearing: 
said  of  a  horse, 
cabrerite  (ka-bre'rit),  n.  [<  Cabrera  (see  def.) 
+  -ite^.']  A  hydrous  arseniate  of  nickel  and 
magnesium,  occurring  in  fibrous  or  granular 
masses  of  an  apjtle-green  color:  first  found  in 
the  Sierra  Cabrera,  Spain, 
cabrilla  (ka-bril'a;  Sp.  pron.  ka-bre'lya),  n. 
[Sp.,  a  fish  (see  def.  (a)),  a  prawn,  also  a  little 
goat,  dim.  of  cabra,  a  goat :  see  caper'i-.'^  A  name 
of  certain  seiTanoid  fishes,  (a)  in  Spain,  Serranus 
cabnUa  a  fish  of  tlie  Mecliten  anean.  See  Serranus.  (b) 
J^jnaephelus  capreolus,  a  fisli  of  a  brown  color  with  round 
darlc  spots  and  two  large  black  ones-  at  the  base  of  the 
spnioiis  dorsal  fin,  partly  extending  on  the  fin,  and  with  a 
levv  rounded  pale  spots  on  the  body,  and  all  the  fins  spot- 
ted. It  IS  common  in  the  Caribbean  sea  and  along  the 
Florida  coast,  and  is  an  excellent  food-fish,  (c)  Parala- 
brax  clatfiratus,  a  grayish-green  fish  with  obscure  broad 
dusky  streaks  and  bars  which  form  reticulations  on  the 
sides,  and  shaded  with  dark  color  along  the  middle  of  the 
sides.    It  abounds  along  the  southern  coast  of  California 

cabriolet  (kab'ri-61),_w.   Same  as  capriole. 
cabriolet  (kab-ri-o-la'),  «.    [=  G.  kabriolct  = 
Bohem.  Jcabrioletka,  etc.,  <  F.  cabriolet,  dim.,  < 
cabriole,  a  leap :  see  capriole.  Now  shortened  to 
cah see  cafti.]    Properly,  a  covered  one-horse 
carriage  with  two  wheels  :  now  often  made  with 
four  wheels  and  a  calash  top.    See  cab\ 
cabrit  (kab'rit),  n.    [<  Sp.  cabrito,  a  kid,"=  OF 
cabnt,  F.  cabri,  a  kid,  =  Pr.  cabril,  <  ML.  capri- 
tus,  a  goat,  <  L.  caper,  a  goat.]    A  name  of  the 
American  pronghorn,  An  Ulocapra  americana. 
cabrite  (kab'rit;,  n.    [NL.  Cabrita,  appar.  < 
Sp.  cabnta,  a  sHe-kid,  kidskin  dressed,  fem.  of 
cabrito,  a  kid,  dim.  of  cabra,  a  goat.]    A  lizard 
of  the  family  Lacertulw,  Cabrita  leschnonlti, 
with  the  lower  eyelid  partly  transparent  and 
movable.    It  is  an  inhabitant  of  central  and 
southern  In'  .a, 
cabrouet  Kab  _  y  e"  /,  n.  [Appar.  a  modification 
of  cabriolet,  q.  v.]   A  kind  of  cart  used  on  sugar- 
plantations  in  t  je  p  ^uthern  United  States, 
cab-stand  (kab's^ar  d)  «.    a  place  where  cabs 
stand  for  hire, 
caburet,  «•    A  smali^  Brazilian  owl,  the  choliba 
of  Azara,  the  Scops  brasiliensis  of  modern  nat- 
urahsts.    [Not  in  use.] 
caburnt  (kab'ern),  n.    [Origin  unknown;  said 
to  be  connected  with  ca&fe.]    Naut.,  a  small 
Une  made  of  spun-yarn,  to  bind  cables,  seize 
tackles,  etc. 
cacagoguet  (kak'a-gog),  M.    [<Gr  kokk^,  excre- 
ment, +  ayuyog,  drawing,  leading,  <  aytiv,  drive, 
lead.]    An  ointment  made  of  alum  and  honey^ 
applied  to  the  anus  to  produce  evacuation. 
Cacain  (ka-ka'in;,  n.  [<  sacao  +  -in^.}  In  chem. 
the  essential  principl .  of  cacao.  ' 
Cacalia  (ka-ka'li-a),  u.     [L.,  <  Gr.  KOKaXia,  a 
plant  not  identified,  perhaps  colt's-foot.]  A 
genus  of  Compositce,  nearly  related  to  Senecio, 
with  which  it  is  sometimes  united,  but  mostly 

of  different  habit.  The  species  are  white-flowered 
perennials,  natives  of  North  America  and  Asia  ;  nine  are 
found  in  the  eastern  United  States.  Commonly  known  as 
liiilianplantam. 

cacam  (kak'am),  n.  [Ar.  Heb.  mahliam.']  A 
wise  man:  an  oflacial  iesignation  among  the 
Jews,  synonymous  witn  rabbin.    Coles,  1717. 

They  have  it  [the  Law]  stuck  in  the  jambs  of  their  dores 
and  coverea  with  glasse  ;  written  by  their  cacains,  and 
signed  with  the  names  of  God. 

Sandys,  Travailes  (1652),  p.  114. 
The  Talmud  is  stuffed  with  the  traditions  of  their  Ra))- 
Dins  and  Cacams. '  Howe.ll,  Letters,  ii.  8. 

cacao  (ka-ka'6),  n.  [=D.  Dan.  Sw.  G.  Euss., 
etc.,  ]cakao=F.  cacao  =  It.  caccao,  <  Sp.  cacao = 
Pg.  cacao,  cacau,  <  Mex.  cacauatl,  cacao  (accord- 
ing to  Senor  Jesus  Sanchez,  orig.  a  Nahuatl 
word).  Cf.  Sp.  cacahual,  cacaotal  =  Pg.  ca- 
caual,  a  plantation  of  chocolate-trees;  Pg.  ca- 
caueiro  =  P.  cacaoyer,  a  chocolate-tree.  See 
cocoa^.2  The  chocolate-tree,  Theobroma  Cacao, 
natural  order  Sterculiacece.  The  cacao  is  a  small 
evergreen  tree,  from  16  to  40  feet  high  when  growin<'  wild 
a  native  of  tropical  America,  and  much  cultivated"  there 
and  to  some  extent  in  Asia  and  Africa.  Its  fruit  is  a  some- 
what pear-shaped  pointed  pod,  10-furrowed,  fi'om  5  to  10 
inches  long,  and  contains  numerous  large  seeds  embedded 
n„  /n'l?''''P''lP-  .^i*!'^  "'='''1^  '^'e'T  nutritive,  contain- 
fin  ,?  *^  °^  ^j"^'  ''''''  °^  agreeable  flavor,  and  are 
nl»  „f  f  "'ii"""'  ^"^^^  ^""l  ^^"len  dried,  as  an  arti- 
cle of  food.  The  seeds  when  roasted  and  divested  of  their 
husks  and  crushed  are  known  as  cocoa-nibs.  These  are 
ground  into  an  oily  paste,  and  mixed  with  sugar  and  fla- 
r^H^f  f"f         ^°  chocolate,  the  most  important 

product  of  the  cacao.  (See  chocolate.)  Cocoa  consists  of 
the  nibs  alone  either  unground  or  ground,  dried,  and 
powdered  or  of  the  crude  paste  dried  in  flakes.  Broma 
consists  of  the  dry  powder  of  the  seeds  after  a  thorou-h 
expression  of  the  oil.  A  decoction  is  also  made  from  the 
husks  alone  under  the  name  of  cocoa-shells.  These  sub- 
Stances,  contammg  the  alkaloid  theobromine,  analo.'ous 


749 

to  thein  and  cafTein,  are  very  extensively  used  as  substi 


The  oil  from  the  seeds,  called 


Fruiting  Branch  of  Cacao  ( Thtobroma 
Cacao). 


tutes  for  tea  and  coffee 
cacao-butter,  is 
solid  at  ordinary 
temperatures,and 
has  a  pleasant 
odor  and  choco- 
late-like taste.  It 
is  used  for  sup- 
positories, and  for 
making  soap,  i)o- 
luatiinis,  etc. 

cacao  -  butter 

(ka-ka'6-but 
er),  n.  Tin 
oil  expressed 
from  the  seeds 
of  the  choco- 
late-tree, Theo- 
broma Cacao. 
See  cacao. 
cacao-nut  (ka- 

ka'o-mit),  n. 
The  fruit  of 
the  Theobroma 
Cacao.  See  ca- 
cao. 

cacatedf,  a.  [< 

L.  cacatus,  pp. 

of  cacare :  see  cacfcl.]   Defiled  with  excrement. 

If  your  grace  please  to  be  cakated,  say  so. 
Middleton,  Massinger,  and  Jiowleij,  The  Old  Law,  v.  1. 

cacatory  (kak'a-to-ri),  a.  [<  NL.  cacatorius, 
<  L.  as  if  *cacator,  <  cacare,  pp.  cacatus:  see 
cackT-.^i  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  the 
discharge  of  excrement  from  the  bowels.  

Cacatory  fever,  a  kind  of  intermittent  fever  accom- 
panied by  copious  alvine  discharges. 

Cacatua  (kak-a-tu'a),  n.  [NL.  (Vieillot,  1818), 
<Malajkakafiia :  see  cockatoo. ~\  Agenusof  par- 
rots, of  the  family  Psittacidw  and  subfamily  Ca- 
catmim,  containing  the  typical  cockatoos.  The 
species  are  of  rather  large  size  for  this  family,  with  short 
square  tails,  and  a  beautiful  erectile  crest ;  white  is  the 
usual  color,  the  crest  being  tinged  with  yellow  or  rosy 
There  are  upward  of  14  species,  all  East  Indian,  Papuan,  or 
Australian.  C.  galerita  is  the  large  sulphur-crested  cocka- 
too ;  C.  sulphurea,  the  smaller  sulphur-crested  ;  other  spe- 
cies are  C.  ducorpsi,  C.  leadbeateri,  and  C.  rosekapilla  In 
Cacatua  proper  there  is  only  one  carotid  artery,  an  anom- 
aly m  this  group  of  birds.  Also  later  called  Plyctolophus 
.See  cut  under  cockatoo. 

Cacatuidse  (kak-a-tii'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
catua +  -idm.'\  The  cockatoos  as  a  separate 
family  of  birds.  See  Cacatuinw. 
Cacatuinse  (kak'-'a-tu-i'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
catua +  -inw.']  The  cockatoos,  a  subfamily  of 
Psittacidw,  represented  by  Cacatua.  They  "have 

the  orbital  ring  completely  ossified,  a  bony  bridge  over 
the  temporal  fossa,  the  left  carotid  artery  normal  and 
no  ambiens  muscle.  They  are  birds  of  medium  and'lar"e 
size,  with  greatly  hooked  bills,  short  square  tails  and  an 
erectile  crest.  Besides  the  genus  Cacatua  and  its  sub- 
divisions, containing  the  white  cockatoos,  this  group  in- 
cludes Calyptorhynchus,  the  black  cockatoos,  and  Micro- 
gtossa,  cockatoos  with  very  large  bills  and  slendertongues 
All  are  included  in  the  geographical  raage  given  'or  Caca- 
tua. The  subfamily  is  sometimes  raised  to  the  /ank  of  a 
family  under  the  name  of  Cacatuidai.  Also  ailed  Plyc- 
lolophmce. 

Caccabinse  (kak-a-bi'ne),  n.  pi.     [NL.  (G.  E. 

Gray,  1855),  <  Caccabis  +  -inw.^  A  subfamily 
of  gallinaceans,  of  the  family  Tetraonidm  or 
Perdicidw,  typified  by  the  genus  Caccabis;  the 
rock-partridges  of  the  old  world.  Besides  the  sev- 
eral species  of  Caccabis,  this  group  includes  Lerwa  nipi- 
cola  of  Tibet,  and  the  Asiatic  species  of  Tetraogallus 
Ihe  term  is  not  much  used,  the  species  being  generallv 
associated  with  the  Perdicina;. 

Caccabis  (kak'a-bis),  n.    [NL.  (Kanp,  1829),  < 
Gr.  KOKKapig,  another  form  of  KaKudprj  (usually 

called  7T£p6i§),  a 
partridge.  Cf. 
cackle.'}  A  genus 
ofold-worldpar- 
tridges,  some- 
times giving 
name  to  a  sub- 
family Cacca- 
biiue;  the  typi- 
cal rock-par- 
tridges. C.saxati- 
lis,  C.  rufa,  and  C. 
petrosa  are  Euro- 
pean species;  oth- 
ers inhabit  north- 
ern Africa  and 
Asia.  C.  rufa  is  the 
common  red-legged 
Piirtridge;  C.petro- 
-1  is  the  Barbary 
partridge. 

cacchet,  v.   A  Middle  English  form  of  catcli^. 
cachsemia,  cachaemic.  See  cachemia,  cachemic. 
cachalot  (kaeh'-  or  kash'a-lot),  n.    [Also  cach- 
olot;F.  cachalot,  Sp.  cachalote,  Euss.  kasha- 
lotu,  G.  kaschalot,  kaschelot,  Sw.  kaschelot,  Dan. 


Red-legfed  Partridge  (Caccaiis  rufa). 


cachibou 

kaskclot,  D.  kasilot;  of  unkfiown  origin  per- 
haps Eskimo:  cf.  "Greenland  ki,/ulilik"  (Web- 
ster's Diet.).  French  etymologists  derive  the 
F.  word  from  the  E.,  and  that  from  Catalan 
quichal,  tooth,  "because  the  animal  is  amed 
with  teeth."]  1.  A  name  of  the  sperm-whale 
Pkyscier  or  Catodon  macroccphalus,  a  large' 
toothed  cetacean  of  the  family  Phi/setcrida-  or 
Catodontidw,  having  teeth  in  the  lower  jaw,  and 
an  ononnous  blunt  head,  in  a  cavity  of  which 
spermaceti  is  contained,  and  sometimes  attain- 
ing a  length  of  80  feet.  The  ca.-halot  is  gregarious 
going  111  herds  sometimes  of  several  hundred  individuals 
and  feeds  chiefly  on  ccphalopods.  The  nioutli  contains  no 
whalebone.  'J'he  Idubber  yields  tlu^  fine  oil  known  as 
sperm-oil,  and  ambergris,  a  kind  of  hezoar,  is  found  in  the 
alimentary  canal.    See  cut  under  I'hysi-li;,; 

2.  pi.  The  sperm-whales  as  a  family  of  ceta- 
ceans ;  the  Phusetcridm.  [In  this  sense  the  word 
is  cliiofly  a  book-name.] 
cachei  (kash),  h.  [F.,  <  cacher,  hide,  <  L.  co- 
actare,  press  together,  constrain,  force,  freq. 
of  cogere,  constrain,  force:  see  cogent.  The 
term  was  adopted  into  E.  from  the  speech  of 
the  Canadian  voyageurs  of  the  Hudson's  Bay 
country.]  1 .  A  place  of  concealment,  especial- 
ly m  the  ground  or  under  a  cairn.— 2.  A  store 
of  pro\'isions  or  other  things  deposited  in  such 
a  place  of  concealment,  for  present  convenience 
or  for  future  use. 

After  l)reakf:ist  I  started  across  the  floe  for  Cape  Riley 
to  bring  on  Ijoard  my  cache  of  Monday  last. 

Ii.  M'Coriiiick,  Arctic  and  Antarctic  Voyages,  I.  90. 
Greater  care  should  be  taken  in  the  caching  of  pro- 
visions, for  frequently  in  Lieutenant  Greely's  book  men- 
tion is  made  of  a  cache  found,  either  partially  devoured 
by  bears,  wolves,  or  foxes,  or  rendered  uneatable  by  mould. 

Westminster  Rev.,  CXXV.  48.').' 
cachel  (kash),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cached,  ppr. 
cuchuig.^  [<  cached,  «.]    To  conceal,  generally 
by  burying  in  the  ground  or  under  a  cairn. 

We  left  Irving  Bay  on  the  30th  of  .Tune,  cachinq  all  our 
heavy  stuff  in  order  to  lighten  the  sled  as  much  as  pos- 
sil'le.  W.  H.  Gilder,  Schvvatka's  Search,  p.  131. 

Spear  and  arrow  heads  have  been  found  cached. 

Smithsonian  Report,  1881,  p.  CCl. 

cache-t,  v.    A  Middle  English  form  of  catch^. 

Chaucer. 

cachectic  (ka-kek'tik),  a.  [<  L.  cachecticus,  < 
Gr.  KaxemKui;,  <  Kaxi^'ia,  cachexy :  see  cachexy.} 
Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  cachexy. 

Miss  Letty  was  altogether  too  wholesome  ...  a  young 
girl  to  be  a  model,  according  to  the  flat-chested  and  ca- 
chectic pattern.  0.  W.  Holmes,  Elsie  Vennei-,  xvii. 

cachectical  (ka-kek'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as  ca- 
chectic. 

Young  and  floriil  lilood  rather  than  \  apid  and  cachecti- 
Arbuthnof,  Effects  of  Air. 
cachelcoma  (kak-el-ko'ma),  «.;  pi.  cachelco- 
mata  (-ma-ta).  [NL.,  <  Gi-.  naKdc,  bad,  +  i/Ku- 
fia,  sore,  ulcer,  <  iXKo'vv,  ulcerate,  <  f/./cof  =  L. 
idciis,  uleer :  see  ulcer.}  A  foul  or  malignant 
ulcer. 

cachemia  (ka-ke'mi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  kokoc, 
bad,  +  ai/m,  blood.]"  A  morbid  state  of  the 
blood.  Also  spelled  cachaimia. 
cachemic  (ka-ke'mik),  a.  [<  cachemia  +  ic] 
Afflicted  with  cachemia.  Also  speUed  cachirniic. 
cachemire  (kash'mer),  n.  A  French  spelling 
of  cash  IN  ere. 

cache-pot  (kash'pot),  «.  [<  F.  cacher,  hide,  + 
pot,  pot.]  ,  Au  ornamental  jmt  or  covering  for 
concealing  a  common  flower-pot  containing 
plants  kept  in  an  apartment, 
cachet  (ka-sha'),  n.  [F.,  <  cacher,  hide:  see 
cacjiel,  ■«.]    A  seal.-Lettre  de  cachet,  in  French 

hist.,n  letter  or  order  under  seal ;  a  private  letter  cif  sfite  • 
aname  given  especially  to  a  written  order  inneeediii"  frnni 
and  signed  by  the  king,  and  counter. .<i..;n,  (l  l,ya  .seererai  v  r>f 
state,  and  used  at  first  as  an  occasiciKil  m,  ans  of  delaying 
the  course  of  justice,  but  later,  in  the  .^ei eiiteeiith 'and 
eighteenth  centuries,  as  a  warrant  for  the  impri.sonnient 

without  trial  of  a  peist  lni..\ious  for  any  reason  to  the 

government,  often  f.>r  life  m  for  a  long  period,  and  on 
frivobjus  pretexts.  Lettres  de  cachet  were  abolished  at 
the  Kev(jlutioii. 

cachexia  (ka-kek'si-ii),  n.  [NL. :  see  cachexy.} 
Same  as  cachexy. 
cachexy  (ka-kek'si),  w.  [<  NL.  cachexia,  <  Gr. 
naxe^ia,  <  KaKdc,  bad,  +  ft^f,  habit,  <  tx^^  have.] 
A  morbid  condition  of  the  body,  resulting 
either  from  general  disease  (as  sj'philitic  ca- 
chexy) or  from  a  local  disease  Negro  cachexy, 

a  propensity  for  eating  dirt,  peculiar  to  the  natives  of  the' 
West  Indies  and  Africa. 

cachibou  (kash'i-bo),  n.  [Native  name.]  An 
aromatic  resin  obtained  fi-oni  Burscra  gummi- 
fera,  a  tree  of  the  West  Indies,  Mexico,  and 
Central  America.  It  resembles  carauna,  from 
an  alhed  tree  of  the  same  region.  Also  called 
chihou. 


cachinnation 


750 


cacoon 


cachinnation  (kak-i-na'sbon),  n.  [<  L.  cachiti- 
>Hitio{)i-),  <  cadiinnare,  pp.  cachinnatus,  laugh 
loudly  or  immoderately ;  imitative,  like  Gr.  ra- 
xdCsLv,  KayxaL,eLv,  and  Kayxa^av,  and  AS.  ceahhe- 
tan,  of  same  sense.  Cf.  E.  cackle,  gaggle,  gig- 
gle, chuckle,  and  cough.']  Loud  or  immoderate 
laughter. 

Hideous  grimaces  .  .  .  attended  this  unusual  cachin- 
nation. Scott,  Guy  Mannering. 

A  sharp,  dry  cachinnation  appealed  to  his  memory. 

Hawthorne,  Twice-Told  Tales. 

cachinnatory  (ka-kin'a-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  cachin- 
nare:  see  cachinnatioii.]  '  Of  or  pertaining  to 
cachinnation ;  relating  to  or  consisting  in  loud 
laughter. 

To  which,  of  course,  I  replied  to  the  best  of  my  cachin- 
natory  powers.  Bulwer,  Pelham,  xxxvi. 

cacholong  (kash'o-loug),  w.  [Said  to  be  <  Cach, 
the  name  of  a  river  in  Bokhara,  +  Kalmuck 
cholong,  stone.]  A  variety  of  opal,  often  called 
pearl-opal,  usually  milk-white,  sometimes  gi-ay- 
ish-  or  yellowish-white,  in  color,  and  opaque  or 
slightly  translucent  at  the  edges,  it  often  envelops 
common  chalcedony,  the  two  minerals  being  united  by  in- 
sensible sliades. 

cacholot,  n.    See  cachalot. 

cachQU  (ka-sho'), «.  [F. :  see  cnsTieic.]  Asweet- 
meat,  generally  in  the  form  of  a  pill,  made  of 
the  extracts  of  licorice,  cashew-nut,  gum,  etc., 
used  by  tobacco-smokers  and  others  to  sweeten 
the  breath. 

cachuclia  (ka-cho'eha),  n.  [Sp.  (>  Pg.  cacliu- 
cha),  a  dance,  also  a  kind  of  cap,  also  (in  Amer- 
ica) a  small  boat.]  1.  A  Spanish  dance  simi- 
lar to  the  bolero. —  2.  A  musical  piece  in  triple 
rhytlim,  like  the  bolero. 

cachunde  (ka-ehon'de),  n.  [Sp.,  =:  Pg.  cachon- 
de.~i  A  medicine  composed  of  many  aromatic 
ingredients  (miisk,  amber,  eutch,  mastic,  aloes, 
rhubarb,  etc.),  highly  celebrated  in  India  and 
China  as  an  antidote,  stomachic,  and  antispas- 
modic. 

Cacicus  (kas'i-kus),  n.  [NL.  (Cuvier,  1799- 
1800),  <  cacique,  q.  v.  Cf.  Cassicus.']  1.  A 
genus  of  American  oseine  passerine  birds, 
the  caciques,  of  the  family  Icteridce,  compre- 
hending numerous  species  of  Mexico  and  Cen- 
tral and  South  America,  typical  forms  of  which 
have  a  large  bill,  very  stout  at  the  base,  rising 
upon  the  forehead  somewhat  like  a  casque. 
Such  are  C.  persicus  (Linnaeus)  and  C.  ha;mor- 
rhous  (Linnseus).  Now  usually  spelled  Cassi- 
cus.—  2.  A  genus  of  Coleoptera,  of  the  family 
Melasomidw. 

cacique  (ka-sek'),  n.  [=  P.  cacique,  <  Sp.  Pg. 
cacique,  of  Haytian  origin.]  1.  The  title  of 
native  princes  or  head  chiefs  of  Hayti,  Cuba, 
Peru,  Mexico,  and  other  regions  of  America, 
who  were  found  reigning  there  when  these 
coimtries  were  discovered  by  the  Spaniards. 
Also  applied  to  the  chiefs  of  independent  tribes 
of  Indians  in  modern  times. —  2.  In  the  Funda- 
mental Constitutions  of  Carolina,  1669,  a  digni- 
tary of  the  next  rank  to  the  landgi-aves.  There 
were  to  be  two  in  each  county. — 3.  A  bird  of 
the  genus  Cacicus  (which  see). 
Also  written  cassique,  casique,  cazic. 

cacfci  (kak),  V.  i.  [Also  cackij,  cackie;  <  ME. 
cakken  =  D.  kakken  =  LG.  kacken  =  G.  kacken 
=  Dan.  kakke;  prob.,  like  It.  cacure  —  Sp.  cagar 
r-  Bohem.  kakati  =  Pol.  kakac,  <  L.  cacare  =  Gr. 
naKKCLv,  of  same  sense.]  To  ease  the  body  by 
stool.  Pope. 

cacki  (kak),  M.  [Also  cacMj,  cackie;  <  cacfcl,  v. 
Cf.  OF.  caca,  excrement.]  Himian  excrement: 
usually  in  the  plural.  [Scotch.] 

cack^  (kak),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  shoe- 
makers' name  for  an  infant's  shoe. 

cackerelt  (kak'er-el),  n.  [<  OF.  caquerel,  ca- 
gurel,  said  to  be  from  same  root  as  c«cfcl  (OF. 
caca,  n.).]  A  fish  which  was  said  to  void  ex- 
crements when  pursued ;  according  to  some,  a 
fish  which  when  eaten  produces  laxness  of  the 
bowels.    Skinner;  Johnson. 

cackie  (kak'i),  v.  and  w.    Same  as  caek^. 

cackle  (kak'l),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cackled,  ppr. 
cackling.  [<  ME.  cakelen,  caklen  =  D.  kakelen 
=  MLG.  kakelen,  LG.  kdkeln  =  G.  kakeln  =  Sw. 
kackla  =  Dan.  kagle,  ■  cackle,  gaggle ;  closely 
related  to  E.  gaggle  =  D.  gaggelen  —  G.  gackeln, 
gackern,  also  gacksen,  cackle,  cry  like  a  goose 
or  hen ;  cf .  Sp.  cacarear  =  Pg.  cacarejar,  cackle, 
as  a  hen,  or  crow,  as  a  cock.  All  imitative ;  cf . 
cachinnation,  and  words  there  mentioned,  esp. 
gaggle  And  giggle.  See  also  cocfci.]  1.  To  utter 
a  noisy  succession  of  thin,  shrill,  broken  notes : 
specifically  used  of  the  cry  made  by  a  hen  after 


laying  an  egg  or  by  a  goose  when  excited  or 
alarmed. 

Those  Spanish  Creoles,  however  they  may  afterwaids 
cackle,  like  to  lay  their  plans  noiselessly,  lilte  a  hen  in  a 
barn.  G.  \V.  Cable,  Old  Creole  Days,  p.  94. 

When  every  goose  is  cackling.       Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  v.  i. 

2.  To  laugh  with  a  broken  noise  like  the  cack- 
ling of  a  goose  ;  giggle. 

Nic  grinned,  cackled,  and  laughed  till  he  was  like  to  kill 
himself.  Arbuthnot,  John  Bull. 

3.  To  prate;  prattle;  tattle;  talk  in  a  silly 
manner.  Johnson. 

cackle  (kak'l),  n.  [<  cackle,  ti.]  1.  The  shrill 
repeated  cry  of  a  goose  or  hen. 

The  silver  goose  before  the  shining  gate 
There  flew,  and  by  her  cackle  sav'd  the  state. 

Dryden,  .'Eneid,  viii.  872. 

2.  Idle  talk;  silly  prattle. 

There  is  a  buzz  and  cackle  all  round  regarding  the  ser- 
mon. Thackeray,  Newcomes,  I.  xi. 

cackler  (kak'ler),  «.  1.  A  fowl  that  cackles. 
—  2.  One  who  giggles. —  3.  A  telltale;  a  tat- 
tler. Johnson. 

Cackling-Cheatt,  «.  A  chicken.    [Old  slang.] 

cacky  (kak'i),  V.  and  n.    Same  as  cack^. 

caco  (ka-ko'),  n.  A  Brazilian  mining  term  for 
the  sugary  quartz  found  in  some  gold-veins. 

caco-.  [L.  etc.  caco-,  <  Gr.  Kandc,  bad.]  An 
element  in  some  wtords  of  Greek  origin,  mean- 
ing bad. 

cacocholia  (kak-o-ko'li-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KUKd^, 
bad,  +  x"''"'/'  bile'.]  A  niiorbid  state  of  the  bile. 

cacocholyt  (ka-kok'o-li),  n.  Same  as  cacocholia. 

cacochylia  (kak-o-kil'i-a),  n..  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KaK6(;, 
bad,  +  juice:  see  chyle.}    Indigestion  or 

depraved  chylification. 

cacochylyt  (ka-kok'i-li),  w.   Same  as  cacochylia. 

cacochymia  (kak-o-kim'i-a),  «.  [NL.,  also  in 
E.  form  cacochymy,  <  Gv.KaKoxvfiia,  <  kukoi;,  bad, 
+  XW"C>  juice:  see  chyme.]  A  morbid  state  of 
the  fluids  of  the  body;  "abimdanee  of  corrupt 
humors  in  the  body,  caused  by  bad  nourish- 
ment, or  by  ill  digestion"  {E.  Fhillips,  1706). 

cacochymic  (kak-o-kim'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  caco- 
chymia +  -ic]  I,  a.  Having  the  fluids  of  the 
body  vitiated,  especially  the  blood. 

II.  n.  A  dyspeptic;  one  suftering  from  caco- 
chymia. 

cacodemon,  cacodaBmon  (kak-o-de'mon),  «. 
[ML.  cacodcemon,  an  evil  spirit,  <  Gr.  KaKoiWiuuv, 
possessed  of  an  evil  spirit,  also  (as  a  noun)  an 
evil  spirit,  <  KaK<5f,  bad,  evil,  +  Saifiuv,  spirit, 
demon.]    1.  An  evil  spirit ;  a  devil. 

Hie  thee  to  liell  for  shame,  and  leave  this  world, 
Thou  cacoda!)iwii!  Shah.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 

2.  In  med.,  the  nightmare. — 3.  In  astral.,  the 
twelfth  liouse  of  a  scheme  or  figure  of  the 
heavens :  so  called  from  its  signifying  dread- 
ful things,  such  as  secret  enemies,  great  losses, 
imprisonment,  etc.    E.  Phillips,  1706. 

cacodemonial  (kak"o-de-m6'ni-al),  a.  [<  caco- 
demon +  -i-al.]  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic 
of  a  cacodemon  or  evil  spirit. 

cacodemonize  (kak-o-de'mon-iz),  V.  t. ;  pret. 
and  pp.  cacodemonized,  ppr.  cacodemonizing. 
[<  cacodemon  -\-  -ize.]  To  tm-n  into  a  cacode- 
mon. Southey. 

cacodoxical  (kak-o-dok'si-kal),  a.  [<  cacodoxy 
-1-  -icuL]    Erroneous;  heretical. 

cacodoxy  (kak'o-dok-si),  «.;  pi.  cacodoxies 
(-siz) .  [<  Gr.  KaKodo^ca,  heterodoxy,  wrong  opin- 
ion, <  KaKddo^og,  heterodox,  <  /ca/tdf,  bad,  +  66^a, 
opinion,  doctrine.]  A  false  or  wrong  opinion 
or  opinions ;  erroneous  doctrine,  especially  in 
matters  of  religion ;  heresy. 

cacodyl,  cacodyle  (kak'o-dil,  -dil),  n.  [<  Gr. 
KaKudTjg,  having  a  bad  smell  (<  kukS^,  bad,  + 
o^eiv,  smell),  +  i>^v,  matter.]  Dimethyl  ar- 
sine,  As(CH3)2,  a  metalloid  radical,  a  com- 
pound of  arsenic,  hydrogen,  and  carbon,  it 
was  first  obtained  in  a  separate  state  as  dicacodyl,  As2 
(CH3)4,  by  Bunsen  in  1837,  and  formed  the  second  in- 
stance of  the  isolation  of  a  compound  radical,  that  of  cy- 
anogen by  Gay-Lussac  being  the  first.  It  is  a  clear  liquid, 
heavier  than  water,  and  refracting  light  strongly.  Its 
smell  is  insupportably  offensive  (whence  its  name),  and  its 
vapor  is  highly  poisonous.  It  is  spontaneously  infiam- 
mable  in  air.  Alkarsin  is  the  protoxid  of  cacodyl.  Also 
written  kahodyl,  kakodyle.    See  alkarsin. 

cacodylic  (kak-o-dil'ik),  a.  [<  cacodyl  +  -ic] 
Containing  the  Tiasie  radical  cacodyl —  Cacodyl- 
ic acid,  (CH3)2AsOOH,  a  crystalline  arsenic  compound 
soluble 'in  water,  odorless,  and  said  not  to  be  an  active 
poison,  although  it  contains  54.4  per  cent,  of  metallic  ar- 
senic, equivalejit  to  71.4  per  cent,  of  arsenious  oxid. 

cacceconomy  (kak-e-kon'o-mi),  n.    [<  Gr.  m/cdf, 
bad,  -t-  o'iKovouta,  economy  (cf.  KaicoiKovd/zoc,  a  bad 
steward):  see  economy.]    Bad  management; 
maladministration.  [Rare.] 
Marvellous  cacoeconomy  of  their  government. 

Sydney  Smith. 


cacoepy  (kak'o-ep-i),  n.  [<  Gr.  KaKoeneia,  faulty 
language,  <  KUKdi;,  bad,  4-  ETrof,  word.]  Incor- 
rect pronunciation ;  mispronunciation :  opposed 
to  orthoepy. 

Orthoepy  is  entirely  independent  of  phonology,  and 
phonology  finds  in  orthoepy  only  the  materials  upon  whidi 
it  works,  which  indeed  it  finds  no  less  in  cacoHpy. 

R.  G.  White,  Every-day  English,  p.  40. 

cacoethes  (kak-o-e'thez),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  KaKuifleg, 
an  ill  habit,  neut.  of  KaKor/dTjc;  ill-disposed,  ma- 
lignant, <  Ko/cof ,  bad,  ill,  +'  f/oog,  habit,  custom : 
see  ethics.]  A  bad  custom  or  habit ;  a  bad  dis- 
position—  Cacoethes  loquendl,  a  mania  for  talking  ; 
morbid  desire  for  gossip  or  speechmaking. — Cacoethes 
scribendi,  a  morbid  propensity  for  writing ;  an  itch  for 
authorship.  The  plirase  is  taken  from  Juvenal  (Satiics, 
vii.  52). 

cacogalactia  (kak^o-ga-lak'ti-a),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr. 

KaKog,  bad,  +  jaXa  (yaXaKT-),  milk.]    Ill  j>athol., 
a  bad  condition  of  the  milk, 
cacogalia  (kak-o-ga'li-a),  n.    [NL.]    Same  as 
Cdcogdlactia. 

cacogastric  (kak-o-gas'trik),  a.  [<  Gr.  naKd^, 
bad,  +  yaarijp,  the  stomach,  +  -ic.  See^j'asfric.] 
Pertaining  to  a  disordered  stomach;  charac- 
terized by  dyspepsia ;  dyspeptic. 

The  woes  that  chequer  this  imperfect  cacogastric  state 
of  existence.  Carlyle,  Misc.,  III.  221. 

cacogenesis  (kak-o-jen'e-sis),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

Kanijg,  bad,  -f-  yheatg,  generation:  see  genesis.] 
In  7ned.,  a  morbid  formation,  whether  congen- 
ital, as  a  monstrosity,  or  of  later  development, 
as  a  tumor. 

cacographic  (kak-o-graf'ik),  a.  [<  cacography 
+  -ic]  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  cacography  or 
bad  writing;  ill-written. —  2.  Pertaining  to  or 
characterized  by  bad  spelling;  wrongly  spelled, 
cacographical  (kak-o-graf'i-kal),  a.  Same  as 
cacographic. 
cacography  (ka-kog'ra-fi),  n.  [=  F.  cacogra- 
phie,  bad  spelling,  a  collection  of  iU-spelled 
words  for  con-ection,  <  Gr.  Kwdg,  bad,  +  -ypa(j>'ia, 
<  ypacpeiv,  write ;  formed  in  antithesis  to  orthog- 
raphy.] Bad  writing  or  spelling, 
cacolet  (kak'o-la),  n.  [F.,  used  orig.  in  the 
Pyrenees,  and  perhaps  of  Basque  origin.]  A 
kind  of  pannier  in  the  form  of  a  seat,  fixed  on 
the  back  of  a  mule  or  horse,  for  carrying  travel- 
ers in  mountainous  districts,  or  sick  or  wounded 
persons,    it  is  composed  of  strong  iron  rods  with  joints, 


Cacolet.  or  Mule-chair. 


united  by  bands  of  strong  cloth,  the  arrangement  of  the 
bands  affording  sufficient  elasticity  to  permit  the  occu- 
pant to  sit  or  lie.  Military  eacolets  are  of  two  kinds :  one 
in  the  form  of  two  arm-chairs,  suspended  one  on  either 
side  of  a  mule,  used  by  persons  not  too  severely  wounded ; 
the  other  in  the  form  of  a  bed  laid  at  length  along  the 
mule's  back.  The  French  introduced  the  use  of  eacolets 
during  the  Crimean  war  (1854-5). 

cacology  (ka-kol'o-ji),  n.  [=  F.  cacologie,  < 
Gr.  KwwTioyla,  evil-speaking,  abuse,  vitupera- 
tion, <  KaKoUyog,  speaking  evil,  slanderous,  < 
KOKdc,  bad,  -I-  Aeyeiv,  speak.  The  rhetorical 
sense  is  modern.]  If.  -Aa  evil  speaking.  Bai- 
ley, 1727. — 2.  A  bad  choice  of  words  in  writing 
or  speaking;  also,  vicious  pronunciation. 

Debated  with  his  customers,  and  pretended  to  correct 
their  cacology,  provincialisms,  and  other  defects. 

Foote,  in  Jon  Bee's  Samuel  Foote. 

cacomixl  (kak'o-mik-sl),  n.  [Mex.]  See  Bas- 
saris,  1. 

caconym  (kak'o-nim),  M.  [<  Gr.  /fa/cdf,  bad,  + 
dvofia,  ovv/ia,  a  name.]  A  bad  name  for  any- 
thing ;  a'name  which  is  in  any  way  undesirable 
or  objectionable.  Coues. 

caconymic  (kak-o-rdm'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
caeonyms  or  to  caeonymy.  Coues. 

caconymy  (ka-kon'i-mi),  n.  [<  caconym  +  -y. 
Cf.  synonymy.]  The  use  of  caeonyms;  bad 
nomenclature  or  terminology.  Coues. 

cacoon  (ka-kon'),  n.  [Also  kakuna;  an  Afri- 
can name.]  A  commercial  name  for  the  large 
beans  of  the  Entada  scandens,  natural  order 
Leguminosce,  used  for  making  scent-bottles, 


cacoon 

purses,  etc.— Antidote  cacoon,  a  name  given  in  Ja- 
maica to  the  Femllea  cordifolia,  a  woody  cucurbitaceous 
climber  of  tropical  America.  The  large  seeds  are  purga- 
tive and  emetic,  and  are  used  as  a  popular  remedy  for 
ranous  diseases,  and  as  an  antidote  against  the  poison  of 
tlie  miuicluiieel,  Wnis  toxicodendron.    See  Peuillea 

cacophonia  (kak-o-fo'ni-a),  «.  [NL.l  Same  as 
cacophoHji. 

cacophonic,  cacophonical,  cacophonious  (kak- 
o-ton  ik,  -fou'i-kal,  -fo'ni-us),  a.  Same  as  ca- 
eojilioiioxs. 

cacophonous  (ka-kof'o-nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  KOKdAu- 
I'of,  harsh-sounding:  see  cacophony.']  Sound- 
ing harshly;  m-sounding;  discordant:  opposed 
to  euphonious. 
cacophony  (ka-kof 'o-ni),  «. ;  pi.  cacophonies 
(-mz).  L<  AL.  cacophonia,  <  Gr.  KaKo<puvia,  < 
KUKoipavoi,  harsh-sounding,  <  Kaaog,  bad,  +  auvr/ 
sound,  voice;  m  antithesis  to  euphony.]  1  A 
combination  of  discordant  sounds ;  specifically, 
m  rhet.,  a  faulty  choice  or  arrangement  of 
words,  producing  inharmonious  or  discordant 
combinations  of  sounds,  or  too  gi-eat  frequency 
ot  such  combinations  as  are  for  any  reason  un- 
pleasant to  the  ear;  also,  the  uncouth  or  dis- 
agreeable sound  so  produced :  the  opposite  of 
euphony. 

The  Lancashire  folk  speak  quick  and  curt,  omit  letters 

0  sound  three  or  four  words  all  together  :  thus,  I  wou'I 
tIv,-.^'        """"f  y'^dd  d,  is  a  cacophony  which  stands  for 

1  wish  you  would  !        /.  D  israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit. ,  I.  171. 

2  JxipafhoL,  a  depraved  voice;  an  altered  state 
01  the  voice. 

cacoplastic  (kak-o-plas'tik),  a.    [<  Gr.  kmoc, 
bad,  +  ,</.auTif:og,  <  TTAadToc,  verbal  adj.  of  ~/dcr- 
fffw,  foi-m:  see  plastic.    Cf.  Gr.  mKo-ziaGTo^,  ill- 
conceived.]    In  jKithoL,  susceptible  of  only  a 
low  degree  of  organization,  as  the  indurations 
resultmg  from  chronic  inflammation,  fibrocar- 
tilage,  cirrhosis,  etc.  Dunglison. 
cacopragia  (kak-o-ijra'ji-a),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  ««- 
KOTzpajia  ill-doing,  <  KaKOTrpayf,^,  adj.,  ill-doing, 
<  Ka^of,  bad,  +  -paaoew  (-/  *npay),  do.]  Disease 
ot  those  viscera  which  minister  to  nutrition ; 
depraved  condition  of  the  organic  functions, 
cacopragy  (ka-kop'ra-ji),  n.    Same  as  caco- 
pragia. 

cacosomium  (kak-6-s6'mi-um),  n.;  pi.  cacoso- 
mia  (-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KaKoc,  bad,  -I-  uuua.  body.] 
A  lazaretto  for  leprosy  and  other  incurable  dis- 
eases. 

cacosyntheton  (kak-o-sin'the-ton),  n.    [L.,  < 
Gr  ra/cof,  bad,  +  avvderov,  a  compound,  neut.'of 
avvOeroc,  put  together:  see  synthetic]    A  faulty 
composition,  or  joining  together  of  words  in  a 
sentence.    Minsheu,  1617.    [Rare  ] 
cacotechny  (kak'o-tek-ni),  n.    [<  Gr.  KaKoTervia, 
<  KaKoc  .bad,  +  Tkxi^n,  art.]    A  conniption  or 
corrupt  state  of  art.  [Rare.] 
cacothymia  (kak-6-thim'i-a),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr 
Kanodvuia,  malevolence,  <  kukoc,  bad,  +  dvuoc 
mind.]    In  jiathol.,  a  disordered  state  of  the 
mind. 

cacothymy  (ka-koth'i-mi),  n.  Same  as  caco- 
thymia. 

cacotrophy  (ka-kot'ro-fi),  «.  [<  Gr.  naKog,  bad, 
+  7-/300//,  nourishment.]  In pathoL,  disordered 
nutrition. 

(kak'ok-sen),  n.  [<  Gr.  KOKd^evoc,  un- 
taendly  to  strangers,  inhospitable,  <  Ka/>df,'bad, 
+  f a  stranger,  a  guest.]  A yeUowish  silky 
mineral,  oceui-ring  in  fibrous,  radiating  tufts. 

iri^J  hydrous  phosphate  of  iron,  and  is  found  in  the  ii-on 
ore  of  Bohemia,  to  which  its  presence  is  an  injury  (hence 
its  name).    Also  written  kakoxeae,  kakoxine 

cacoxenite  (ka-kok'sen-it),  «.    [<  cacoxene  + 

-"f-.J    Same  as  cacoxene. 
cacozyme  (kak'o-zim),  n.    [<  Gr.  ra/cof,  bad,  + 
^"^aven.]    A  microscopic  organism,  such 

as  the  bacteria,  capable  of  producing  disease. 


751 


Giant  Cactus  [Cereits 
giganteus\. 


CactacesB  (kak-ta'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  cactus  + 
-actYP.]    A  very  peculiar  order  of  American 
poljTjetalous  dicotyledonous  plants,  the  cactus 
or  Indian-fig  family.  They  are  gi  een  and  fleshy,  most- 
ly without  true  leaves,  are  globular  or  columnar  or  joint- 
ed,   and    are    usually  armed 
witli  bundles  of  spines.  The 
flowers  have  numerous  sepals, 
petals,  and  stamens,  and  are 
often  large  and  very  showy. 
The  fruit  is  usually  a  pulpy 
berry,  with   numerous  seeds, 
frequently   large   and  edible. 
They  are  natives  mostly  of  dry 
and   hot  regions,  where  they 
form  a  prominent  and  charac- 
teristic part  of  the  vegetation. 
The  principal  genera  (all  former- 
ly included  in  the  single  Lin- 
nean  genus  Cactwi)  are  Mammil- 
laria,  Melocactus,  and  Echino- 
cactus,  which  are  globose  or  oval 
plants,  sometimes  gigantic  ;  Ce- 
reus,  often  climbing  or  erect  and 
columnar,  sometimes  arbores- 
cent and  30  to  50  feet  high; 
Opuntia,  jointed  and  with  the 
joints  often  flattened ;  and  Phyl- 
locactus,  which  is  frequently  cul- 
tivated in  greenhouses  for  its 
large  flowers,  as  are  also  other 
genera,  both  for  their  flowers 
and  their  curious  forms.  Opun- 
tia, the  prickly  pear,  is  the  only 
genus  found  wild  in  the  north- 
ern United  States.    The  order 
is  of  little  economic  value. 

cactaceous  (kak-ta'shius), 
a.  [<  NL.  *cactaceus.  See 
Cactacea;.]    Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the 
Cactacece. 

cactal  (kak'tal),  a.    [<  cactus  +  -ah]    In  hot., 
ot  or  belongmg  to  the  cactus  group  or  order  of 
plants :  as,  the  cactal  alliance, 
cacti,  n.    Plural  of  cactus. 
cactin,  cactine  (kak'tin),  n.    [<  cactus  +  -in^, 
V]   The  red  coloring  matter  extracted  from 
the  truit  of  some  of  the  cacti, 
cactus  (kak'tus),  n. ;  pi.  cacti  or  cactuses  (-ti,  -tus- 
ez).    [L.,  <  Gr.  Ko/crof,  a  pricklv  plant.]  The 
old  and  Lmnean  name  for  the  group  of  plants 
considered  a  single  genus,  which  now  form  the 

^J^^^^  <^'«5.,^«.^^^;.„  In  popular  use  the  name  (with  its 
plural  cacti^  is  still  applied  to  members  of  this  order 
r,'ii'"v'^''V"'=*'°?--  ^J^S  '=«'^hineal  cactus  is  the  Opuntia 
SiTi;/  ^".f?"  cocfeniii>/em,  and  other  species  cultivated 
Frhtn.Tr.f^'''^?^  =       hedgehog  cactus,  species  of 

Echimc<M:tns:  the  melon  or  melon-thistle  cactus,  species 
ilt  iflf^'  t'?'="'PPle  •^'ictus,  species  of  Mamillaria; 
the  night-bloommg  cactus  (or  night-blooming  cereus) 

cactus- wren  (kak'tus-ren),  n.  The  name  given 
by  Cones  to  the  wrens  of  the  genus  Campiiln- 
rkynchus,  from  their  fi-equenting  and  nesting 
m  cactuses.  The  broNvn-headed  cactus-WTen  is  C.  brut 
imxcapxllus;  the  St.  Lucas  cactus- wren  is  C.  aj^nis  There 

See  c^  n nT  "^n"''  "^f  "'P  °^  Central  America, 

bee  cut  under  Campylorhynchus. 

cacumen  (ka-ku'men),  n. ;  pi.  cacumina  (-mi- 

na).    [L.,  the  top,  peak,  summit,  point.]  The 

top  of  anything,  (a)  In  the  pharmacopoeia,  the  top 
of  a  plant,  (ft)  In  anat,  the  culmen  of  the  vermis  sune- 
Umn  cerebeUum.— Folium  cacuminis.    See  /o- 

cacuminal  (ka-kii'mi-nal),  a.  [<  L.  cacumen 
(cacumin-),  top,  peak,  summit,  +  -al]  Per- 
taining to  a  top  or  summit, 
cacuminatet  (ka-tii'mi-nat),  V.  t.  [<  L.  cacu- 
minatus,  pp.  of  cacuminare,  make  pointed,  <  ca- 
cumen {cacumin-),  point.]  To  make  sharp  or 
pointed.    Coles,  1717. 

cad  (kad),  n.  [Prob.  short  for  Sc.  cadie,  caddie, 
caddy,  an  eiTand-boy,  etc.:  see  caddie.]  1.  A 
boy,  a  f  eUow :  a  general  term  of  slight  contempt 
applied  originally  to  various  classes  of  persons 

of  a  low  grade,  (a)  An  errand-boy;  a  messenger,  (h) 
A  bricklayers  assistant,  (c)  A  thimble-riggers  confed- 
erate. 


caddis 

used  for  furniture,  flooring,  packing-boxes,  etc.  Also 
written  kudurnha. 

cadan  (kad'an),  n.  [E.  dial. ;  another  form  of 
cudden^,  q.  v.]  A  local  English  name  for  the 
fry  of  the  coal-fish.    Also  called  cudden. 

Cadast,  M.    An  old  spelling  of  caddis'^-. 

cadaster,  cadastre  (ka-das'ter),  n.  [<  F.  ca- 
dastre, OF.  cupdastre  =  Sp.  catastro  =  Pg.  ca- 
dastro  =  It.  catastro,  catasto  (ML.  reflex  catas- 
trum,  catastum),  <  ML.  as  if  *capitastrnm,  a  sur- 
vey and  valuation  of  real  property,  prop  a 
register  of  the  poll-tax  (cf.  ML.  caintulurium,  a 
cadaster,  <  capitulum,  a  chapter:  see  capitu- 
lary), <  L.  caput  {capita),  head:  see  caput,  capi- 
taU,  etc.]  A  register  of  the  real  property  of 
a  country  or  region,  with  the  extent,  value, 
and  ownership  of  each  holding  or  lot,  serving 
as  a  basis  of  taxation;  a  kind  of  Doomsday 
Book.  ^ 


Flower  of  the  Giant  Cactus  ( Ci:reus  eigantcus). 


I  will  appear  to  know  no  more  of  you  than  one  of  the 
cads  of  the  thimble-rig  knows  of  the  pea-holder.  T.  Hook. 

(d)  A  loafer;  a  hanger-on  about  inn-yards.   (<■)  \  passen- 
ger taken  up  surreptitiously  by  a  stage-coach  driver  for 
his  own  perquisite.  (/)  The  conductor  of  an  omnibus. 
The  conductor,  who  is  vulgariy  known  as  the  cad. 

Mayheic. 

2.  A  mean,  \Tilgar,  iU-bred  feUow  of  whatever 
social  rank :  a  term  of  great  contempt. 
There's  a  set  of  cads  in  that  club  that  will  say  anything. 

Thackeray. 

cadacet,  n.  An  old  spelling  of  caddis'^. 
cadamba  (ka-dam'ba),  n.    [Hind,  kadam.]  A 

rubiaceous  tree  of  India,  Nauclea  or  Anthoce- 
phalus  Cadainha,  often  mentioned  by  the  poets 

of  that  country,  it  bears  numerous  small  yellowish- 
brown  flowers  coUected  in  dense  balls.  The  deep-yellow 
wood  of  this  and  other  species,  also  called  cadamba  is 


It  IS  certam  that  the  great  cadastre  or  Domesday  Book, 
the  terror  of  inhabited  England,  was  treated  as  the  regis- 
ter  of  the  exchequer.  Eruyc.  Brit.,  IX.  174. 

cadastral  (ka-das'tral),  a.  [<  cadaster  +  -al.] 
Ot  or  pertaining  to  a  cadaster;  according  to  or 
tor  the  pui-poses  of  a  cadaster;  having  refer- 
ence to  the  extent,  value,  and  ownership  of 
landed  property  as  a  basis  for  assessment  for 
fiscal  purposes :  as,  a  cadastral  survey, 
cadastration  (ka-das-tra'shon),  M.  The  act  of 
making  a  cadaster;  detailed  official  surveying. 

M'hat  is  required  is  a  public  and  compulsory  .system  of 
land  registration,  based  upon  careful  cadastration. 

Edinburgh  Rev.,  CLXV.  23. 

cadastre,  n.  See  cadaster. 
cadaver  (ka-dav'er),  n.  [=  F.  cadarre  =  Sp 
Pg.  cadaver  =  It.  cadavere,  cadavero,  <  L.  cada- 
ver, a  corpse,  <  cadere,  fall.  Cf.  Gr.  Tr-Cua,  a 
corpse,  <  mTTTeiv,  fall.]  A  dead  body ;  a  corpse  • 
as,  'a mere  cadaver,"  Boyle;  especially,  a  body 
prepared  or  used  for  dissection. 

Not  one  of  these  writers  would  have  treated  a 
work  on  the  science  of  anatomy  as  a  collection  oif  rules 
for  making  bones  or  for  procuring  cadavers. 

S.  Lanier,  The  English  Xovel,  p.  33. 

cadaveric  (ka-dav'er-ik),  a.    [<  cadaver  +  -ic] 

1.  Relating  to  a  dead  body;  pertaining  to  or 
derived  from  the  changes  induced  in  a  coi-pse 
by  putrefaction :  as,  cadaveric  phenomena. 

The  researches  that  have  brought  the  cadaveric  alka- 
loids ...  to  light.  Pop,  Sci.  Mo.,  XX.  422. 

2.  ResembHng  a  cadaver  or  dead  body;  ca- 
daverous.- Cadaveric  rigidity.  Same  as  rigor  mor- 
tis  (which  see,  under  riyor). 

cadaverine  (ka-dav'er-in),  a.  [<  L.  cadaverinus, 
<.  cadaver,  a  corpse:  see  cadaver.]  Same  as 
cadaveric. 

cadaverous  (ka-dav'er-us),  a.  [<  L.  cadavero- 
sus,  corpse-like,  <  cadaver,  a  corpse:  see  ca- 
daver.] Pertaining  to  a  dead  body;  especial- 
ly, having  the  appearance  or  color  of  the  body 
of  a  dead  person ;  pale;  wan;  ghastly. 

A  cadaverous  man,  composed  of  diseases  and  com- 
P"'^'"''^-  Feltham,  Resolves,  ii.  31. 

A  pale  cadaverous  face.        Marryat,  Snarlej-yow,  I.  i. 

cadaverously  (ka-dav'er-us-li),  adv.    In  a  ca- 
daverous manner, 
cadaverousness  (ka  -  day '  er  -  us  -  nes),  w.  The 

quality  of  being  cadaverous, 
cadawt,  n.    See_  caddow. 

cad-bait  (kad'bat),  «.  [Less  coiTectly  cad-bate  ■ 
<  cad  for  caddis^  +  bait\  n.]  Same  as  caddis- 
worm. 

caddast,  n.    See  caddis^. 
caddawt,  «.    See  caddow. 
caddet,  «.    See  kadi. 
caddew,  n.    See  caddis^. 
caddicei,  n.    See  caddish 
caddice2,  «.    See  caddis^. 
caddice-fly,  n.   See  caddis-Hy. 
caddie  (kad'i),  n.    [Sc.,  "also  written  caddii, 
cady  (and  abbr.,  with  extended  use,  cad  q  v  )  • 
prob.,  with  accent  shifted  from  second  to  first 
syllable,  <  earUer  cadee,  <  F.  cadet,  a  voime- 
er  brother.]  1.  A  cadet.— 2.  A  boy,  especially 
as  employed  m  running  errands ;  hence,  specifi- 
cally, one  who  gains  a  Livelihood  by  running 
errands  or  delivering  messages ;  also",  one  who 
carries  the  clubs  of  persons  playing  at  eolf 
[Scotch.]  " 
caddisl,  caddicel  (kad'is),  «.    [Formerly  cad- 
das,  caddes,  ME.  cadas  (>  AF.  cada: ;  mod  F 
cMis,  <  E.);  prob.  of  Celtic  origin:  cf.  Ir 
Gael,  cadan,  cotton,  W.  cadas,  a  kind  of  cloth 
Hence  F.  cadis,  a  coarse  woolen  serge.]  If 
Flock  or  wadding  of  any  fibrous  material  for 
stuffing  bombasting,  and  the  like,  used  in  the 
niteenth  century  and  later. 
Cadas,  bombicinium.  J'rompt.  Pan.,  p.  57- 


caddis 

2.  A  kind  of  lint  for  di-essing  wounds.  Jamie-  cadee^f,  «• 
son. —  3t.  Wool  used  for  coarse  embroidery,  cadee^t,  n. 
nearly  like  the  modern  crewel. 

Cad'das  or  ciule,  sayette.  Palsgrave. 

4t.  A  kiud  of  worsted  tape  or  ribbon. 

■J'he  country  dame  gii'det  h  hir  self  e  as  straight  in  the  wast 
■with  a  course  caddis,  as  the  Madame  of  the  court  with  a 
silke  riband.        Lyly,  Euphues  and  his  England,  p.  220. 

Caddisses,  cambrics,  lawns.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 

5+.  A  kind  of  coarse  woolen  or  worsted  stuff, 
(o)  The  variegated  stuff  used  by  the  Highlanders  of  Scot- 
land.   Johnson,   (i)  A  coarse  serge. 

Eight  velvet  pages,  si.x  footmen  in  cadis. 

Shirley,  Witty  Fair  One,  ili.  5. 

caddis^,  caddice'-^  (kad'is),  n.  [Called  by  va- 
rious similar  names,  as  caddy,  caddeir,  cadew, 
cad-bait,  cod-bait;  origin  obscure.]  The  larva 
of  the  caddis-flv.    See  caddis-worm. 

caddis-fly,  caddice-fly  (kad'is-fli),  n.  An  adult 
or  imago  of  one  of  the  neuropterous  insects  of 
the  suborder  Trichoptera,  and  especially  of  the 
familv  Plinifianeida'.  in  Great  Britain  the  insect  is 
also  i-a'lk  .1  -V.'i  'V  rfi/,  fri  .ni  tile  usual  time  of  its  appearance  ; 
but  in  tlK'  I  iiiUmI  statL-s  the  May-fly  is  one  of  the  i>/if- 
meridif.    -Si-i-  t'liddix-iconn. 

caddis-gartert  (kad'is-gar"ter),  n.  [<  caddis^ 
+  garter.^  A  garter  made  of  caddis.  Sliak. 
See  caddis^,  1. 

caddish  (kad'ish),  a.  [<  cad  +  -ja/jI.]  Like  a 
cad;  ungentlemanly. 

caddis-shrimp  (kad'is-shrimp),  n.  An  am- 
phipodous  crustacean  of  the  genus  Cerapus, 
family  Coropl)iid(V.  The  species  are  so  named  because 
they  live  in  tubes  formed  of  agglutinated  sand  and  mud, 
which  they  carry  about  with  them,  thus  resembling  cad- 
liis-worms. 

caddis-worm  (kad'is-werm),  n.  The  larva  of 
the  caddis-Hy.  It  is  also  called  caddis  or  caddice,  cad- 
bait,  cadew,  cade- 
worm,  and  case- 
worm,  names  de- 
rived from  the  case 
or  shell  which  the 
larva  constructs  for 
itself  of  various  for- 
eign substances,  in- 
cluding small  sticks, 
stones,  shells,  etc. 
The  gi  ub  lives  under 
water  till  it  is  ready 
to  be  transformed 
into  the  fly,  is  very 
voracious,  devour- 
ing large  quantities 
of  flsh-spawn,  and  is 
extensively  used  by 
jj-  a      J  w  anglers  for  bait. 

Caddis-fly  and  Worms.  /I/IIa  /L- 

.Cartdis.fly.   2.  Larva  in  case  formed  of  CS'flQ^fi      (,Kaa  i;, 
straw  or  dry  grass-stalks.  3.  In  case  formed    V.  t. ',    pret.  and 

pp.  caddled,  ppr. 
caddling.  [E. 
dial.,  var.  of  coddle.']    1.  To  coax;  spoil. —  2. 
To  attend  oflaciously. — 3.  To  tease;  scold;  an- 
noy.   [Prov.  Eng.] 
caddie  (kad'l),  n.     [E.  dial.,  <  caddie,  i'.]  A 

dispute;  contention;  confusion;  noise, 
caddow  (kad'6),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  caddaw,  < 
ME.  cadowc,  cadaw,  cadawe,  appar.  <  ca,  ka,  kaa, 
CO,  a  chough,  +  daw:  see  coe,  chough,  and  daw^.] 
A  chough ;  a  jackdaw.    Eay.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
caddy ^,  «■    Same  as  caddie. 
caddy'^  (kad'i),  n.    Same  as  caddis^. 
caddy3  (kad'i),  n. ;  pi.  caddies  (-iz).    [E.  dial.] 
A  ghost ;  a  bugbear.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
caddy*  (kad'i),  «. ;  pi.  caddies  (-iz).    [A  cor- 
ruption of  catty,  q.  v.]   1 .  Originally,  a  box  con- 
taining a  catty  of  tea  for  exportation ;  hence, 
any  small  package  of  tea  less  than  a  chest  or 
half-chest. —  2.  A  box  for  keeping  tea  when  in 
use.    Tea-caddies  contain  commonly  one,  two, 
or  more  canisters  made  of  metal.    Hence  —  3. 
Any  ,iar  or  canister  for  holding  tea. 
cade^  (kad),  n.    [<  ME.  cade,  cad,  a  lamb;  cf. 
E.  dial,  cad,  a  young  pig;  leel.  Md  (Haldorsen), 
a  new-born  child.]   If.  A  domesticated  animal ; 
a  pet.    See  cade-lamb. — 2.  A  sheep-tick, 
cadei  (kad),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caded,  ppr. 
eadiitg.    [<  cartel,  „.]    To  bring  up  or  nourish 
by  hand,  or  with  tenderness.  Johnson. 
cade2  (kad),  n.    [<  ME.  cade,  <  F.  cade  —  Sp. 
Pg.  It.  cado  (cf .  OBulg.  kadi  =  Serv.  kada  = 
Buss,  kadi    -  Lith.  kodis  =  Hung,  kad),  <  L. 
cadus,  a  .jar,  a  liquid  measure,  <  Gr.  Kadog,  a  jar, 
a  liquid  measure.]    1.  A  barrel  or  cask. — 2. 
A  measure  containing  500  herrings  or  1,000 
sprats. 

Cade.  We  John  Cade,  so  termed  of  our  supposed  father,— 
Dick.  Or  rather,  of  stealing  a  cade  of  herrings. 

Stiak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  2. 

I  tooke  and  weighed  [an  Epistle]  in  an  Ironmonger's 
scales,  and  It  counterpoyseth  a  Cade  of  Herring,  and  three 
Holland  Cheeses.   Nash,  Haue  with  you  to  Saffronwaldeu. 

cade3  (kad),  n.    [P. :  see  cade-oil.']  Juniper. 


cadenette 

portion  observed  by  a  horse  in  all  his  motions. 

—  7.  In  her.,  descent;  a  device  upon  the  es- 
cutcheon by  which  the  descent  of  each  member 
of  a  family  is  shown. — 8.  Proportion.  [Rare 
and  poetical.] 

A  body  slight  and  round,  and  like  a  pear 
In  growing,  modest  eyes,  a  hand,  a  foot 
Lessening  in  perfect  cadence. 

Tennyson,  Walking  to  the  Mail. 
Broken  cadence,  in  music,  an  interrupted  cadence.— 
False  cadence,  the  closing  of  a  cadence  in  another 
chord  than  that  of  the  tonic  prei  eded  by  the  dominant. 

—  Half  cadence.  Same  as  i  /»yio:/.r(  cadence.  Also  call- 
ed half  (iose.— Perfect,  complete,  or  whole  cadence, 
the  chord  of  the  dominant  followed  by  that  of  the  tonic; 

It  is  about  |"of  an  inch  long,  is  whitish,  with  scattered  ■  also,  the  chord  of  the  dominant  seventh  followed  by  that 
hairs,  and  has  a  horny  black  head  with  two  curved  jaws. 
It  is  extremely  destructive  in  granaries,  and  is  often  im- 
ported witli  grain  into  countries  where  it  is  not  indi- 
genous. 

cadenas  (kad'e-nas;  F.  pron.  ka-de-nii'),  h. 
[F.,  <  OF.  cadenas,  cadenat,  cadenau,  a  padlock, 
<  It.  catenaccio,  a  padlock,  a  bolt  or  bar  of  a 
door,  <  catena,  <  L.  catena,  a  chain:  see  catena, 
chain.]  In  the  middle  ages  and  later,  a  casket, 
with  lock  and  key,  to  contain  the  articles  used 
at  table  by  a  great  personage,  such  as  knife, 
fork,  spoon,  salt-cellar,  and  spices.  Early  examples 
have  commonly  the  form  of  a  ship  (whence  such  were  often 


752 

Same  as  cadet^,  2. 
See  kadi. 

cade-laiub  (kad'lam),  n.  [<  ME.  *cade-lamh, 
*cadtamb,  kod-lomb;  <  cade^  +  lamh.]  1.  A 
domesticated  lamb ;  a  pet  lamb. 

He  brought  his  cade-lamb  with  him  to  mass. 

Sheldon,  Miracles,  p.  224. 

2.  A  pet  child.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
cadelle  (ka-del'),  ».  [F.,  appar.  <  L.  catellus, 
fem.  catella,  a  little  dog,  dim.  of  catulus,  a  young 
dog,  a  whelp.  Cf.  LL.  catus,  a  cat:  see  cat.] 
A  French  name  of  the  larva  of  a  beetle  of  the 
family  Trogositida;,  the  Trogosita  mauritanica. 


1 

 -2  ' 

-#- 

Perfect  Cadence. 


Imperfect  Caden 


of  the  tonic.  These  two  forms  of  the  perfect  cadence 
were  in  ancient  churcli  modes  called  authentic,  in  dis- 
tinction from  the  plagal  cadence.  An  example  of  each 
form  in  C  major  is  here  given.  The  end  of  a  piece  should 
properly  be  a  complete  cadence,  incomplete  and  inter- 
rupted cadences  being  suitable  only  as  temporary  endings 
forphrases  orperiods  in  the  midst  of  a  piece. — Imperfect 
cadence,  the  chord  of  the  tonic  followed  by  that  of  the 
dominant ;  it  rarely  occurs  as  a  final  close. — Interrupted 
or  deceptive  cadence,  a  cadence  formed  by  a  chord 
foreign  to  that  which  was  expected,  thus  evading  the  close 
and  deceiving  expectation.  Thus,  in  the  example,  the 
second  chord  has  A  in  the  bass  instead  of  C,  which  is  nat- 
urally expected.  Also  called  suspended  cadence.— Me&lal 
cadence,  a  cadence  in  ancient  church  music  in  w  liich  the 
mediant  was  the  most  important  note.— Mixed  cadence, 
a  cadence  in  which  a  subdominant  is  followed  by  a  domi- 
nant, and  this  by  a  tonic  c  lmrd  :  so  called  from  its  being  a 
combination  of  the  authentic  and  plagal  cadences  of  ancient 
church  music— Plagal  cadence,  a  cadence  which  con- 


Cadenas  of  a  Duke  cf  Orleans,  15th  century.   ( hrom  VioUet-le-Duc's 
"Diet,  du  Moliilier  fran^ais.") 


m 


Interrupted  Cadence. 


Plagal  Cadence. 


2  formed 

of  small  stones.  4.  In  case  formed  of  grass- 
roots.   5.  In  case  formed  of  shells. 


called  nef  [F.  nef,  a  ship,  a  nave  :  see  nave]) ;  those  of  the 
Renaissance  are" generally  oblong  cases,  divided  into  com- 
partments. The  cadenas  was  placed  on  the  table,  beside 
the  person  who  was  to  use  it. 
cadence  (ka'dens),  n.  [<  ME.  cadence  (—  It. 
cadenza,  >  F.  "cadence),  <  ML.  cadentia,  lit.  a 
falling,  <  L.  caden (t-)s,  ppr.  of  caderc,  fall: 
see  cadent.  Cadence  is  a  doublet  of  chance,  q. 
v.]  If.  A  fall;  a  decline;  a  state  of  falling  or 
sinking. 

The  sun  in  western  cadence  low.      Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  92. 

2.  A  fall  of  the  voice  in  reading  or  speaking,  cadency  (ka'den-si) 


sists  of  the  chord  of  the  subdominant  followed  by  that  of 
the  tonic ;  frequently  used  at  the  close  of  chants  or  hymn- 
tunes  with  tlie  word  "amen,"  and  sometimes  popularly 
called  the  amen  cai/ence.- Suspended  cadence,  an  in- 
terrupted cadence. 

cadence  (ka'dens),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cadenced, 
ppr.  cadencing.  [<  cadence,  v.]  To  regulate 
by  musical  measure :  as,  well-cadenced  music. 

These  parting  numbers  cadenc'd  by  my  grief. 

Philips,  To  Lord  Carteret. 

Certain  cadenced  sounds  casually  heard. 

Pop.  Sei.  Mo.,  XXII.  231. 

[Extended  form  of 


as  at  the  end  of  a  sentence;  also,  the  falling 
of  the  voice  in  the  general  modulation  of  tones 
in  reciting. —  3.  A  regular  and  agreeable  suc- 
cession of  measured  sounds  or  movements; 
rhythmic  flow,  as  the  general  modulation  of 
the  voice  in  reading  or  speaking,  or  of  natural 
sounds. 

To  make  bokes,  songes,  dytees. 
In  ryme,  or  elles  in  cadence. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  623. 
Blustering  winds,  which  all  night  long 
Had  roused  the  sea,  now  with  hoarse  cadence  lull 
Sea-faring  men.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  287. 

Another  sound  mingled  its  solemn  cadence  with  the 
waking  and  sleeping  dreams  of  my  childhood. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Autocrat,  ix. 

The  preacher's  cadence  flow'd, 
Softening  thro'  all  the  gentle  attributes 
Of  his  lost  child.  Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

Specifically— 4.  In  music:  (a)  A  harmonic 
formula  or  sequence  of  chords  that  expresses 
conclusion,  finality,  repose,  occurring  at  the 
end  of  a  phrase  or  period,  and  involving  a  clear 
enimciation  of  the  tonality  or  key  in  which  a 


cadence:  see  -ency.]  1.  Regularity  of  move- 
ment ;  rhythmical  accord. 

But  there  is  also  the  quick  and  poignant  brevity  of  it 
[repartee]  to  mingle  with  it ;  and  this,  joined  with  the 
cadency  and  sweetness  of  the  rhyme,  leaves  nothing  in  the 
soul  of  the  hearer  to  desire. 

Dryden,  Essay  on  Dram.  Poesy. 

2.  In  her.,  the  relative  status  of  younger  sons. 
Also  brisure  Marks  of  cadency,  in  her.,  bearings 

used  to  distinguish  the  shields  of  the  second  son,  the  third 
son,  etc.  This  is  sometimes  effected  by  a  bearing  ditter- 
ing  only  in  details  on  the  shields  of  the  different  sons,  as 
a  label  having  three,  four,  or  more  points,  to  mark  their 
respective  order.  It  is  also  effected  by  means  of  a  totally 
different  bearing.  Thus,  in  modern  times  it  has  been 
ordained  tliat  the  eldest  son  should  wear  a  label  during 
the  lifetime  of  his  father,  or  until  he  inherits  the  pater- 
nal shield,  without  marks  of  cadency  ;  the  second  son  a 
crescent,  the  third  a  mullet,  the  fourth  a  martlet,  the  fifth 
an  annulet,  the  sixth  a  fleur-de-lys,  the  seventh  a  rose,  the 
eighth  a  cross  moline,  the  ninth  a  double  quatrefod.  the 
mark  of  cadency  may  become  a  permanent  part  of  the 
shield  if  the  younger  son  acquires  estates  of  his  own  a,nd 
builds  up  a  family  of  consequence  ;  thus  the  bordure,  which 
is  originally  a  mark  of  cadency,  has  often  become  a  perma- 
nent bearing,  and  the  shield  which  contains  it  bears  new 
marks  of  cadency  when  borne  by  the  sons  of  its  possessor. 


piece  is  written.   See  phrases  below.   (&)  The  cadene  (ka-den'),  »  ''l'''^''' ''Tin 

concluding  part  of  a  melody  or  harmony,  or    a  chain,  ^  Sp.  cadena,  a  chain,  the  waip  in 
the  concluding  part  of  a  metrical  line  or  verse :    weaving,  <  L.  catena  a  chain .  see  ana 
as,  the  plaintive  cadewce  of  a  song.    Also  called    chain.]    A  common  kind  of  caipet  impoi tea 
a  fall,  (c)  Especially,  in  France,  a  trill  or  other   from  the  Levant.    L.M.  ^^^mj-  . 
embelUshment  used  as  part  of  an  ending,  or  as  cadenette  (ka-de-net  ),  n.    [I\  .  ^^^^^^^U^^^l 
a  means  of  return  to  a  principal  theme.   Com-    said,  in  the  17th     ^1*^"^,  from  Mai^^^^^^^ 
pare  cadenza.-5.  Measure  or  beat  of  anyrhyth-    net,  who  particularly  f  ^c**^-!  *^^'^i.f„^^^^ 
mical  movement,  such  as  dancing  or  marching,    love-lock,  or  tress  of  hair  worn  longer  than  tne 
—  6.  In  the  manage,  an  equal  measure  or  pro-  others. 


cadent 

cadent  (ka'dent),  a.  [<  L.  caden(t-)s,  ppr.  of 
cadere  (m  late  popular  L.  cadere,  >  It.  cadcre  = 
Sp.  caer  =  Pg.  cair  =  Pr.  caser  =  OF.  cheoir 
mod.  F.  choir),  fall,  =  Skt.  V  gad,  fall.  Hence; 
from  L.  caffc;-e,  ult.  E.  cadewce,  chance,  case\ 
casual,  cadaver,  accident,  incident,  Occident,  etc 
decay,  decadence,  eia.-^  l.  Falling;  sinking 
[Bare.]  ° 

With  cadent  tears  fret  channels  in  her  clieeks. 

Sliak.,  Lear,  i.  4 


753 

cadgeif  (kaj)  [<  me.  caggen,  cagen,  of  ob- 
scure origin.]    I.  trans.  1.  To  ^ind;  tie. 

w„  *u  '■'■''^  [workers  in  tlie  vineyard]  gotz 

Wrythen  &  worchen  <fe  don  gret  pyne  ''"''^ 
Jteruen  &  cajrirm  A  man  (makenj  liit  clog. 

Alliterative  J'oerm  (ed.  Morris),  i.  511. 


caducibranchiate 


?^:  ««^'''''-..falling  from  an  angle  :  appHed  to 
the  third  sixth,  ninth,  and  twelfth  houses, 
which  foUow  the  meridian  and' the  horizon.— 
3.  Specifieal  y  applied  to  the  tenth  of  Professor 
n.  D.  Rogers  s  htteen  divisions  of  the  Paleozoic 
strata  of  Pennsy  vania,  which  suggest  meta- 
phoricaUy  the  ditterent  natural  periods  of  the 
i^^Vr  "  corresponds  to  the  Hamilton  group  of 
the  New  York  survey.  s  "  P  oi 

cadenza  (ka-den'zii),  «.  [it. :  see  cadence.^  In 
tnusic,  a  more  or  less  elaborate  flourish  or  showv 
passage  introduced,  often  extemporaneoush% 
just  before  the  end  of  an  extended  aria  or  con- 
certo, or  as  a  connective  between  an  intei-me- 

pressive  character,  as  well  as  incongruous  vvith  the  re 
mainder  of  the  piece.  Modern  compSsers,  therefore  usu 
ally  write  out  cadenzas  in  full,  instead  of  tastin  °  as  was 
tTfh^TV"  "J"  ^'^^^fnteenth  and  eighteentl  cei.tur7es 

cade-Oil  (kad'oil),  «..  [After  F.  huile  de  cade 
(ML  oleum  de  cada,  oil  of  juniper;  G.  Mddiq- 
ol):hmle,  oil  (see  oil);  de  «  L.  de),  of;  cade 
<=  P^'-,?^'^^  =,SP-  cada  =  ML.  cada),  juniper, 
prob.,  like  G.  kaddig,  kaddik,  <  Bohem.  kJdik 
juniper  ]  An  oil  strong  with  empyreumatie 
principles,  extracted  from  juniper-wood  bv  dis- 
tillation, and  used  in  France  and  Germany  in 
jetermary  practice  and  in  human  therapeutics 
for  eczema  and  other  skin-affections:  Also 
called  oil  of  cade. 

cader  (ka'der),  n.  [E.  dial.,  in  def .  2  also  spelled 
cada r. -I  1  A  small  frame  of  wood  on  which  a 
fisherman  keeps  his  line.- 2.  A  light  frame  of 
wood  put  over  a  scythe  to  preserve  and  lav 
the  coni  more  even  in  the  swathe.  HalliwelL 
[Prov.  Eng.  in  both  senses.] 

cadesset,  «.  An  obsolete  form  of  caddoiv.  Mar- 
lowe. 

cadeti  (ka-def),  n.  [In  17th  century  cadee,  later 
be.  cflffee  a  younger  son  (and  in  extended  sense 
cadie,  caddie,  etc. :  see  caddie  and  cad)  <  P 
cadet,  a.  younger  son,  <  OF.  dial.  capdet,  l  ML 
capitellum,  a  little  head,  dim.  of  L.  caput  (ca 
pit-),  head.  The  cadet  was  the  'little  head'  of 
his  own  branch  of  the  family,  in  distinction 

r^}  ""f  '^'^'^•i'  «f  tl^e  whole 

tamily.  The  former  practice  of  providing  for 
the  younger  sons  of  the  French  nobility  by 
making  them  officers  of  the  army  gave  rise  to 
the  military  use  of  the  word.]  1.  The  younge? 
or  youngest  son.  ® 

He  [the  abbate]  was  the  cadet  of  a  patrician  familv 
with  a  polite  taste  for  idleness  and  intriguranS  whom 
no  secular  sinecure  could  be  found  in  the  .State. 

Nowells,  Venetian  Life,  xxi 
Hence -2.  One  of  the  younger  members,  or 
h^n7nT^  r*.  any  organized  associa- 

tion or  institution.-3.  One  who  carried  arms 
m  a  regiment  as  a  private,  but  solely  with  a 

rnl.^-^''5'"'""'-g-™^^^*=^fy  ^"^ili  preparatory  to 
a  commission.  His  service  was  voluntary,^ 
he  received  pay,  and  was  thus  distinguished 
from  a  volnnteer.--4.  A  young  man  in  train- 
ing for  the  rank  of  an  officer  in  the  army  or 
Davy  or  m  a  military  school.  Speciiicai^  Z 

ea.^.chooJof  Oer^^l^.^^;^^;-^ 

cadet2  (ka-def),  n.  An  East  Indian  bird  JEiho- 
P'jga  mz  es,  a.  species  of  fire  honey-sucktr  of 
the  family  Nectariiriid(e.  ^  ^^'^^ev,  or 

Thf  ff^fP  (ka-det'ship),  n.  [<  cadeH  +  -shipA 
cadet  ^'""^  appointmen/as 

:adew,  n.    Same  as  caddis-worm- 

(kad'werm),  n.    Same  as  caddis- 

48 


Tp  cadge,  a  term  in  making  bone-lace 

2.  To  bind  the  edge  of''"' 
Plyghtlf  in  !rr?"''  '      ''''''     ''^•^  '^"^"S  "^^P^ 

3.  To  stuff  or  fill:  as,  to  cadge  the  belly 
II.  intrans.  To  stuli'  one's  self  at  another's 

expense ;  sponge  or  live  upon  another, 
cadge^  (kaj)     ;  pret.  and  pp.  cadged,  ppr.  cadn- 
uig    [KAi&l   prob.  a  var.  of  catch  in  the  sense 
ot    take'  (cf.  take  in  the  sense  of  'carry') 
Catch  had  formerly  a  wider  range  of  meaning  1 

1.  trans.  1.  To  caiTy,  especially  to  carry  for 
sale;  hawk.— 2.  To  obtain  by  begging 

II.  tntrans.  1.  To  hawk  goods,  as  in  a  cart 
or  otherwise.— 2.  To  go  about  begging, 
cadgeft  (kaj),  n.    [Perhaps  a  var.  of  cTlne.^  A 
round  piece  of  wood  on  which  hawks  were  car- 
ried when  exposed  for  sale.    E.  Phillips,  1706 
cadgeri(kaj'er),«.  l<  cadge-^ .er\-]  1+  Origi- 
naily,  a  carrier;  a  packman.  ^ 
A  cadger  to  a  mill,  a  carrier,  or  loader. 

Hay,  Collection  of  Eng.  Words 
A  cadger  is  a  butcher,  miller,  or  carrier  of  any  other 
"  Keniiett,  p.  SC.  (llalliwell.) 

2.  One  who  carries  butter,  eggs,  poultrv  etc 

ll^TY'''r'''%''r''-y' ^^^^^^^ 

ster  or  hawker.- 3  A  person  who  gets  a  living 
by  begging:  as,  "the  gentleman  cadger,"  Dick- 
ens. [Prov.  or  colloq.]  ' 
cadgerSf  (kaj'er),  n.  [<  cadgc'^i  -h  -e?l;  but  cf 
J^.  cagutr  one  who  carried  about  falcons  and 
other  birds,  m  a  cage,  for  sale.]  The  bearer 
or  carrier  of  hawks. 

„ow'h,.1^Sr-'''i-P' °*  fl"''^'  tiay's  hawking  was 
now  bright  in  his  imagination ;  the  day  was  named  the 
weather  promised  well,  and  the  German  cSra' and 
tramers  who  had  been  engaged  .  .  .  came  downf^ 

Miss  Edgeworth,  Helen,  .xvii 

cadgy  (kaj'i),  a.  [E.  dial,  and  Sc.;  Sc.  also 
caukjy,  caigy,  cady,  keady ;  prob.  <  Dan.  kaad 
=  bw.        wanton  =  Icel.  kdtr,  merry,  eheer- 

JoAii      •  ^i^ely;  frohcsome.-2.  Wanton. 
caaiJ^,  n.    See  kadt. 
cadi2,  n.    Plural  of  cadus. 
cadilesker,  n.    See  kadilesker. 
Cadillac  (kad-i-lak'  or  -lyak'),  n.    [F  named 
from  Cadillac,  a  town  in  Gironde,  France  1  A 
sort  of  pear. 
cadisf,  n.    See  caddisi. 
Cadiz  lace.    See  lace. 

(\^*i-me'an),  a.  [<  L.  Cadmeus,  Cad- 
ZTl  ^r'i-  K-'^/^rf' relating  to  Kd^^of,  l'.  Cad- 
Z  I  ^i^^'d^J""  Cadmus,  a  legendary  hero, 
founder  of  Thebes  in  BcEotia,  who  is  Lid  to 
have  introduced  into  Greece, 'from  Phenieia! 
the  sixteen  simple  letters  of  the  Greek  alpha- 
bet, a,  p,  y,  d,  e,  I,  K,  A,       V,  0,  TT,  p,  <j,  .  T  V 

Cad^^.^^rfwt''"''^"''''  Cad>nean  letters.-, 

?vlr:^^?^  victory,  a  proverbial  plirase  fur  a  victory  in  ' 
which  the  victors  suffer  as  much  as  the  vanquished  nei 
haps  from  the  myth  of  the  Bceotian  dragon  s  ai  i  1  v  C«c{ 
mus,  and  the  threatened  attack  up,,n  him  byte  armed 

duc";^'iheS?o"f,-f5'°'"  tf«Mvhich  he  averted™ 
aucing  them  to  kill  one  another,  excepting  five  who  aiderl 

eZZiT^h!jJ:ilr  the'^contisrior  the  sov' 

the  ?  Eteoclpf  nnH  ^p'?  ^?'''"<^a"  city)  between  the  l,io. 
duel  vvlin^  H,l  •'"''^c'  each  other  in 

duel  while  the  partisans  of  the  former  were  victorious 

te'n'  7ers  Ster  "         ""^  '^"^  —1  °"">e  wS- 

(sc.  >7/,  earth),  ealamm,  fern,  of  KaLdoc,  Cad- 
mean,  perhaps  as  equiv.  to  "Theban"-  see 
Cadmean.  Cf.  calam^^,  <  ML.  calanHna,  a  cor! 
ruption  of  L.  cadmia.^  A  name  used  by  old 
^  ters  («)  for  the  native  silicate  and  carbo- 
nate of  zmc  and  (6)  for  the  oxid  of  zinc  which 
collects  on  the  sides  of  furnaces  where^z  nc 
happens  to  be  present  in  an  ore  and  is  sublimed 
cfdmfum""^  (kad-mif'e-rus),  a.  Coiitai2ig 
cadmium  (kad'mi-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  cadmia  ■ 
srhofZ^  Atomic  weigit,  l/o.SjcScli 
i-nTsi  7 '  i  discovered  by  Stromeyer 

m  1817,  resembling  tin  m  color  and  general  ap- 
pearance, and,  like  that  metal,  having  a  "cry" 

g.ldandS^».^„/l^;i-^^^ 

4h7'       ;  '^t.'i'^oiit  tlie  same  temperature  as  thi 

46/   F.,  and  communicates  to  various  alloys  t  e  nronpr  v 

uiier'"Sto1)''i^  "Jo  ^;;'"P<='---^t">-%  (Sefuw/rS/, 
to  Eosp-fn  if  \  ■  I'^.'^ent.  of  cadmium  be  added 
10  itose  s  metal,  its  fusmg-point  is  lowered  to  M\7'    cV,  i 


that  the  commercial  metal  is  obtained  which  is  dono  al 
most  exclusively  in  Silesia  and  lielgium     Some  ki?da^ 
blende  contain  as  much  as  3  or  4  ptr  cent  of  sulnhi.!  n? 
cadmium,    This  metal  al.so  occurs  by  itself  natK  in 
c<;mbiiiation  with  sulphur,  forming  the  rare  mineral -  Lrt 
greenockite  (which  see).  'The  n.annfac    re    s ul nhure 
of  importance  as  furnishing  a  brilliant  and  per3"  t  ve 
low  color  calle,  cad,niun-yellow(see  l;clow)    Th  s  i"  used 
by  artists,  al.so  m  coloring  soap,  and  to  some  extent  in  IZi 
co-prmtmg;  it  is  also  u.sed  f o  •  givin-  rveUow  lus  ,m  ! 
the  surface  of  porcelain.    The  total  pi  odia'    f  <  ",  ,  ,, 
is  supposed  to  be  about  two  tons  a  vear-rnrim 
blende,  the  mineral  greenockite  ^  Cadmium 

cadmium-yellow  (kad' 

mi-um-yel"6)  n  A 
pigment  prepared  by  precipitating  a  soliition 
ot  sulphate  of  cadmium  with  sulphureted  hy- 
drogen, forming  sulphid  of  cadmium,  it  varies 
in  shade  from  a  light  yellow  to  a  deep  orange,  and  all  its 
tones  are  very  clear  and  bright.  It  possesses  good  body 
ami  IS  permanent  to  light  and  air.  ^ 

cadrans  (kad'ranz),  n.    [Prop.  pi.  of  F.  cadran, 
a  (lial,  lit.  a  quadrant:  see  fjimdrant.']   In  non- 
cutting,  a  wooden  instrument  by  which  a  (rem 
may  be  adjusted  to  and  held  at  any  desh'ed 
angle  while  being  polished  or  cut 
cadre  (kad'r)  «.    [F.,  a  frame,  <  L.  quadrum, 
a  square.]    A  skeleton  or  framework;  specifi- 
cally m  France,  the  permanently  organized 
skeleton  or  framework  of  a  regiment  or  corps 
consisting  of  the  commissioned  and  non-com- 
missioned  officers,  musicians,  artificers  etc 
around  whom  the  rank  and  file  may  be  assem- 
bled at  short  notice. 

.  of  the  army  a  well-trained  and  organ- 

ized  militia  stands  always  ready.  ^ 

J.  R.  Soley,  Blockade  and  Cruisers,  p  10 
f,.mA7,»  tpm^et  immediate  attack  was  constituted 
fiom  the  remains  of  the  first  liattalions  of  re-imei  ts 
while  the  cadm-  of  the  sec.nd  battalions  were  pos  ed 
along  the  line  of  Magdeburg-Erfurt  t„  l.e  re-formed  ufere 
Edinburgh  Rev.,  CLXIV.  213. 

caducaryt  (ka-du'ka-ri),  a.  [<  L.  caducariiis, 
relating  to  property  without  a  master,  <  ca- 
ducum  (or  caduca  bona),  property  without  a 
master,  neut.  of  caducus,  falling,  fallen:  see 
caducous.^  In  old  laic,  relating  or  subject  to 
escheat,  forfeiture,  or  confiscation, 
caducean  (ka-du'se-an),  a.  [<  cadmeus  +  -an  1 
Belonging  to  or  of  the  nature  of  the  caduceus 
or  wand  of  Mercury, 
caduceus  (ka-dii'se-us),  n.    [L.;  prob.  (d  for  r) 

<  to.  K^puKeiov,  Doric  napvKuov,  -kiov,  a  herald's 
stall,  neut.  of  KTjpvKeiog,  of  a  herald 

<  Kf/pvi,  Doric  K&pvf,  a  herald,  < 
KTipvaanv,  proclaim,  announce,  tell  1 
In  classical  myth.,  the  rod  or  wand 
borne  by  Hermes,  or  Mercury,  as  an 
ensign  of  authority,  quality,  and  of- 

r°®',  ..^'."'^^  originally  merely  the  Greek 
heralds  staff,  a  plain  rod  entwined  with  ttl 
lets  of  wool.  Later  the  fillets  were  changed 
to  serpents  ;  and  in  the  conventional  repre 
sentations  familiar  at  the  present  day  the 

Tsvmbol'of""'"  '""^l'^-  ^'"^  <^aduce^us 
a  symbol  of  peace  and  prosperity  and  in 
modern  times  figures  as  a  symbol'of  com 
T.?e?.'/^"''"''^  being  the  god  of  commerce. 
Iheiod  represents  power;  the  serpents  rep- 
resent ^ylsdora  ;  and  the  two  wings  diligence 
'  f/'d  apfvity.  In  heraldry  it  is  blazoned  as  f 
rptn  *  "'1'°  serpents  aiinodated  aliout  it  mutuallv 
respectaiit,  and  joined  at  the  tails  ;  it  is  a  rare  bearing.  ^ 

TT  *    ,    ^  ,  ^"  'lis  hand 

He  tooke  Caduceus,  his  snakie  waud 
With  which  the  damned  ghosts  he  goveriieth 
And  furies  rules,  and  Tartare  tempereth 
.  Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale  I  1292 

""fann^V  (^^f^^^J^i-a-ri),  «.  [A  var.  of  cadu- 
h^  Jir,  f  V  ^"'""'i  relating  or  pertain- 
ing to  forfeiture  or  escheat:  as,  cachcciary  laws. 

l  ie  purpose  of  the  cadvciary  law  was  to  dis,-onr=,^» 
celibacy  and  encourage  fruitful  marriages.  d'''-°"'^^S« 
Encyc.  Brit.,  XX.  710. 


Caduceus. 


t^^^Jf^''  f'-'  acquired  by  succession 
applied  to  certain  rights. 

caducibranch  (ka-du'si-brangk),  a.  and  n.  [< 
L.  caducus,  caducous,  -t-  branchial,  gills.]  Same 
as  caducibranchiate. 

Caducibranchia  (ka  -  du  -  si  -  brang '  ki  -  a).  «  «/ 

Same  as  Caducibranchiata  ■  ^ 
Caducibranchiata  (ka-du"si-brang-ki-a'ta)  « 
pl.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  caducibranchiatus":  see 
caducibranchmte.2  A  group  or  cUvision  of  uro- 
(leie  amphibians  whose  gills  are  caducous  (that 
is  those  which  lose  the  gills  on  attaining  matu- 
rity) as  cbstiuguished  from  Perennibranchiata 
which  permanently  retain  their  gills.  M-i^iii->' 
ries  are  developed,  and  both  jaws  are  de^itigerous  The 
t  b  s'Vl!  ^  s-'ho^ler.  and  con! 

r,  '''"''"^        Contrasted  with  Proteida  and 

caducibranchiate  (ka-dii-si-brang'ki-at)  a 
and  H.  [<  NL.  caducibranchiatus,  <  L.  caducus 
caducous,  +  branchiw,  gills.]  I.  „,  Having 
caducous  branchia3  or  gills;  losing  the  gills  on 
attaining  maturity :  applied  to  amphibians  such 


caducibranchiate 

as  the  newts,  as  distiugiiished  from  pcrenni- 
hranchiate  ampMbians. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Cadticibrancliiata. 

Also  caducibrancli. 
caducicorn  (ka-du'si-korn),  a.  [<  L.  caduais, 
deciduous,  +  cornu  =  E.  horn.']  Having  decid- 
uous horus  or  antlers,  as  deer, 
caducity  (ka-du'si-ti),  «.  [=  F  caduale,  < 
ML.  caducita{t-)s,  lapse,  forfeiture,  lit.  a  tailing, 
<  L.  caducus,  falling:  see  caducous.']  1.  A 
tendency  to  fall  or  decay;  hence,  the  period  ot 
declining  life ;  senility;  feebleness;  weakness. 

A  heterogeneous  jumble  of  youth  and  catlucitii. 

Cliesterfield,  Letters,  p.  390. 

In  a  miracle-play,  the  whole  life  of  a  saint,  from  the  cra- 
dle to  martyvdom,  Mas  displnved  in  the  same  piece :  the 
youth  the  middle  ane,  and  the  cnli^citii  of  the  eminent 
personase  reuuu'ed  to  be  enacted  liy  three  different  actors. 
*^  /.  D  Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  I.  393. 

2.  In  Louisiana  law,  lapse ;  failure  to  take  ef- 
fect: as,  the  caducity  of  a  will  from  the  birth 
of  a  legitimate  child  to  the  testator  after  its 
date ;  the  caducity  of  a  legacy  from  the  death 
of  the  legatee  before  that  of  the  testator, 
caducous  (ka-du'kus),  a.  [<  L.  caducus,  fall- 
ing, fallen,  fleeting,  <  cwrfere,  fall :  see  cadcnt.] 
Having  a  tendency  to  fall  or  decay.  Specifically  — 
(«)  In  zool.,  falling  off ;  dropping  away  or  shedding ;  decid- 
uous as  the  gills  of  most  amphibians,  the  milk-teeth  of  most 
mammals,  the  antlers  of  deer,  etc.:  synonymous  with  (if- 
ciduous,  but  implying  an  earlier  or  speedier  falling  off. 
(b)  In  bot  dropping  off  very  early,  and  so  distinguished 
from  deciduou.s,  as  the  sepals  of  the  poppy,  which  fall  at 
once  on  the  opening  of  the  flower. 

caduket  (ka-duk'),  «•    [ME.,<  L.  caducus:  see 
caducous.]    Caducous;  perishing;  perishable. 

The  fruit  caduke  is  goodly  thus  to  cure. 

Palladius,  Husboiidrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  212. 

cadus  (ka'dus),  «.;  pi.  cadi  (-di).     [L.:  see 
cade"^.]    In  classical  antiq.,  a  large  vessel  tor 


754 


Csesarism 


Csecilia  (se-sil'i-a),  n.  [L.,  a  kind  of  lizard 
(called  by 'Pliny  "crt;<-«s  serpens),  <  cmc^is,  blind. 
Cf.  Ccecilius,  the  name  of  a  Roman  gens,  fem. 
Cwcilia.]  1.  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
CoiciUidce.  C.  lumbricoidcs  of  South  America  is 
a  typical  example.  Often  spelled  Cwcilia.—  2. 
\l.  c]  A  member  of  the  genus  Cwcilia;  a  cas- 
cilian. —  3.  [NL.]  laentoni.,  same  as  CwciJius. 
Caeciliadse  (se-si-li'a-de),  n.  pi.  Same  as  Ca- 
ciliida'. 

Csecilise  (se-sil'i-e),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  pi.  of  CKcUia.] 
A  group  constituted  by  the  family  Caciliida'. 
csecilian  (se-sil'i-an),  a.  and  n.  I 

pertaining  to  the  C«'Ci7«V?(C  _   ,    •  _i   

II.  n.  A  worm-like  amphibian  of  the  family  cserimoniarius  (ser-i-mo-ni-a'ri-us),  « 


cient  and  extinct,  forms.  It  corresponds  nearly  with  what 
has  been  called  the  age  of  mammals.  Also  written  Caino- 
zoic,  Kainozuic. 

The  local  continental  era  which  began  with  the  Old  Red 
Sandstone  and  closed  with  the  New  Red  Marl  is  .  .  .  later 
than  the  New  Red  Marl  and  all  the  Cainozoic.  or  Tertiary 
formations.  J.  Croll,  Climate  and  Time,  p.  3'43. 

Caen  stone.   See  stone. 

caer-,  car-.  [W.  cacr,  wall,  fort,  castle,  city.] 
A  prefix,  signifying  fortified  wall  or  castle,  oc- 
curring in  place-names  in  Wales  and  parts  of 
western  and  northern  England:  as,  Caerleon, 
Cardiff,  Carnarvon,  Carlisle. 


a.  Of  or  Csereba,  «.    See  Ccereba 

Cserebinae,  n.  pi.   See  Ccerehina. 


Caciliida. 

cseciliid  (se-sil'i-id),  w.    Same  as  ca;cilian. 

Caeciliidae  (se-si-U'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Cacilia 
+  -ida\  ]  A  family  of  serpentif orm  amphibians 
ha\'ing  no  limbs,  nor  even  pelvic  or  pectoral 
girdles.  They  are  covered  with  small  scales  embedded 
in  ring-like  folds  of  the  skin,  or  are  naked ;  their  eyes  are 
generally  rudiiiieiitarv  or  concealed,  their  anus  is  termi- 
nal, and"  they  have  gills  in  early  stages  of  development. 
The  vertebni  are  amphicadous,  and  the  notochord  is  per- 
sistent. There  is  no  sternum ;  the  ribs  are  short  and  very 
numerous ;  the  tongue  is  short  and  fleshy ;  and  the  teeth  are 
sharp  and  recurved.  The  family  alone  constitutes  an  order 
variously  named  Ophioinorpha,  Gtiinnophionn,  Pseudophi- 
din,  Apoda,  etc.  It  contains  14  genera.  CfecUio  is  tlic  prin- 
cipal one,  occurring  in  South  America  ;  5  others  are  South 
American,  3  Asiatic,  and  5  African,  More  than  30  species 
are  known.  Some  of  the  Ca'ciltidce  attain  a  length  of 
several  feet;  they  burrow  in  the  ground,  and  sometimes 
take  to  the  water.  According  to  some,  they  live  on  vege- 
table matter ;  according  to  others,  upon  worms  and  insect- 
larviE.  Often,  but  erroneously,  spelled  CocciUidce;  also 
Ca'ciliadtv,  Ccecilidce. 

csecilioid  (se-sil'i-oid),  a.  and  n.    I.  a.  Resem- 
bling or  having  the  characters  of  the  Cceciliida;. 
II.  n.  Acaicilian;  a  eseeiliid. 

[NL.  (cf.  L.  Caicilius, 


pi. 


of  coarse  red  pottery,  but  was  sometimes  made  of  bronze, 
silver,  etc. 
cady  (kad'i),  n.    See  caddie. 
caeca,  ».    Plural  of  ca-cum. 
csecal,  cecal  (se'kal),  a.    [<  cwcum  +  -al]  1. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  ciecum ;  of  the  nature 
of  or  resembling  a  eseeum :  as,  a  cacal  appen- 

dage.^2,  Blind,  as  a  eul-de-^c^c^um;  ^^-^^ecum  (seH^tun)^  ,^  o.c«, 

'  [L.  (sc.  iutcstinum),  lit.  the  blind  (gut)^,  neut.  ot 


The  species  are 
small  pale  yellowish-green  insects,  found  in 
gardens.  Also  Cwcilia. 
caecitis  (se-si'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  caicmn  +  -itis.] 
In  patiioL,  inflammation  of  the  ctECum;  typhli- 
tis. .  ,  ,.  , 
csecity  (se'si-ti),  «.  [<  L.  cmcita{t-)s,  blindness, 
<  cacHS,  blind.]    See  cecitij. 


ending  blindly,  like  a  cseeum ; 
of  a  duct. 

csecally,  cecally  (se'kal-i),  adv.  In  a  csecal 
manner;  blindly;  as  a  cascum,  diverticulum, 
or  cul-de-sac. 

In  the  former  [the  Articxdata]  ...  the  intestine  ends 
cffcally.  ^-  ^'chohon. 

caecid  (se'sid),  «.  A  gastropod  of  the  family 
Cacidw.  ,    .  1  -, 

Caecid8e(se'si-de),  w.jjZ.  [NL.,<  Cwcum  + -Ida;.] 
A  family  of  tsenioglossate  gastropods,  repre- 
sented by  the  genus  Cwcum.  The  animal  has  a 
lon'^  flat  rostrum,  short  tentacles  with  their  bases  in  front 
of  the  eyes  and  a  short  narrow  foot ;  the  shell  is  tubiform 
and  curved,  and  the  operculum  multispiral.  The  family 
is  remarkable  for  the  combination  of  the  sausage-like  shell 
with  the  soft  parts ;  it  is  generally  placed  near  the  Tur- 
ritelUdcB.  The  species  are  widely  distributed  m  the  sea, 
but  are  not  often  collected,  on  account  of  their  small  size. 

Csecidotea  (se'si-do-ta'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  cwcus, 
blind,  -f-  Ida- 
tea,  q.  v.]  A 
genus  of  blind 
isopod  cmsta- 
ceans,  without 
optic  ganglion 
or  nerve,  c. 

stycjia  is  a  species 
abundant  in  the 
Mammoth  and 
other  caves  in 
Kentucky.  It  re- 
semVdes  a  depau- 
perate specimen 
of  Asellus,  with 
longer  and  slen- 
derer body  and 
limbs,  and  is  re- 
ferred to  the  fam- 
ily Asellidce. 

Caecigenae  (se- 
sij'e-ne),  n.pl. 
[NL.,  <  L.  cw- 
cigenus,  born 
blind,  <  cwcus, 
blind,  +  -ge- 
nus, -bom,  < 
gignere,  bear.] 
A  subdivision 
of  hemipterous 
insects.  Also 
Cwcigeniw. 


cwrimomaru  (-i).  [NL.,  <  L.  cmrimonia,  cere- 
mony: B&eccrcmony.]  Amaster  of  ceremonies; 
in  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  an  ecclesiastic  whose 
duty  it  is  to  be  present  at  solemn  episcopal 
functions  in  order  to  see  that  no  confusion  oc- 
curs and  that  no  errors  are  committed  in  ritual 
or  ceremonies. 

caerulet,  caerulean,  etc.    See  cerule,  etc. 
cseruleus  morbus  (se-ro'le-us  mor'bus).  [NL.] 

The  blue-disease,  bee  cyanosis. 
Caesalpinia  (ses-al-pin'i-a),  m.  [NL.,  after 
Andi-eas  Cwsalpinus  (1519-1603),  a  celebrated 
Italian  botanist  and  physician.]  A  genus  of 
plants,  natural  order  Leguminosw.  The  species 
are  trees  or  shrubs  found  in  the  warmer  regions  of  both 
hemispheres,  with  showy  yellow  or  red  flowers,  bipinnate 
leaves,  and  usually  more  or  less  prickly  stems.  They 
yield  various  dyewoods  and  astringent  products  useful  in 
tanning,  as  the  brazil-wood  of  ti-opical  America  (from  C. 
echinata,  etc.),  the  sappaii-woodof  India  (from  C.  Sappan), 
and  the  divi-divi  pods  and  algarovilla  of  South  America 
(from  C.  tini'toria  and  C.  brevi/olia).  C.  pulcherrima  is 
planted  for  ornament  and  for  hedges,  and  the  seeds  of  C. 
Honducella  are  well  known  as  nicker-nuts.  The  genus  is 
now  made  to  include  several  old  genera,  as  Guilandma, 

blind.]  A  genus  Caesar  (se'ziir),  ??.  [L.  Caesar,  later  written 
the  division  Corro-    Ca'sar,  orig»"a  proper  name,  afterward  equiy. 

to  '  emperor ' ;  whence  Gr.  miaafj  =  Goth,  kai- 
sar  =  OHG.  Iceisar,  MHG.  keiser,  G.  Miser  =  AS. 
cdsere,  ME.  caiser,  kaiser,  keiser  =  OS.  kesar,  ke- 
sur  ■—  OFries.  kaiser,  keiser,  NFries.  keser  =  D. 
keizer  =  Icel.  keisari  —  Sw.  kejsare  =  Dan.  kejser 
=  Turk,  kayser  =  OPol.  crrtr,  now  car  (pron.  tsar) 
=  Russ.  tsari  (>  E.  tsar,  tzar,  czar,  q.  v.),  etc., 
all  in  the  sense  of  '  emperor'  or  '  king.'  The  ori- 
gin of  L.  Ca-sar  is  uncertain;  cf.  cwsins,  bluish- 
gray  (of  the  eyes),  also  used  as  a  proper  name: 
see  casious.]  1.  A  title,  originally  a  surname 
of  the  Julian  family  at  Rome,  which,  after  being 
dignified  in  the  person  of  the  dictator  C.  Julius 
CiBsar,  was  assumed  by  successive  Roman  em- 
perors, and  finally  came  to  be  applied  to  the 
heir  presumptive  to  the  throne,  in  the  same 
manner  as  Augustus  was  added  as  a  title  to  the 
name  of  the  reigning  emperor.  The  title  was  per- 
petuated in  the  Kaixcr  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  a  dig- 
nity first  assumed  by  Charlemagne. 

Hence— 2.  A  dictator;  a  conqueror;  an  em- 
peror; an  absolute  monarch. 

And  she  shall  be  sole  victress,  Caesar's  Cxsar. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  4. 

Caesar  (se'zar),  v.  [<  Cwsar,  n.]  I.  intrans.  To 
imitate  Csesar ;  assume  dictatorial  or  imperial 
power.  [Rare.] 

II.  trans.  To  make  like  Caesar;  raise  to  im- 
perial power.  [Rare.] 

Crowned,  he  villifles  his  own  kingdom  for  narrow  hounds, 
whiles  he  hath  greater  neighbours ;  he  must  be  Ccesared  to 
a  universal  monarch.         Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  I.  491. 


CWCUS,  also  m-itten  cecus,  blind.]  1.  In  Immari 
anat.,  the  blind  pouch  or  cul-de-sac  which  is 
the  beginning  of  the  colon,  into  which  the  ileum 
opens,  and  to  which  the  vermiform  appendage 
is  attached,  it  is  scarcely  more  than  a  rudiment  or 
vestige  of  the  corresponding  large  formation  of  some 
animals.    See  cut  under  intestine. 

2.  In  zool.,  any  coecal  diverticulum  or  intesti- 
nal appendage  ending  in  a  cul-de-sac.  see  cuts 

under  Asteroidca  and  ink-bar/.  In  mammals  there  is  but 
one  Ciecum,  sometimes  of  enormous  extent,  as  in  the  rumi- 
nants and  herbivorous  species  generally.  It  is  given  off 
from  the  colon  at  the  point  where  the  small  intestine  en- 
ters it.  In  birds  there  are  usually  two  ca!ca ;  sometimes 
one  cwcum,  attaining  great  size  in  some  eases,  as  of  the 
herbivorous  geese  ;  sometimes  none.  There  being  no  ob- 
vious distinction  between  the  ileum  and  tlie  colon  in  birds, 
the  site  of  the  ca;ca  or  cascum  is  taken  as  the  beginning  of 
the  colon.  In  fishes  ca;ca  are  often  numerous  and  large 
A  cardiac  ca;cuin  forms  a  prolongation  of  the  cardiac  end 
of  the  stomach  in  the  blood-sucking  bats  of  the  genus 
Desinodus. 

3.  leap.]    [NL.]    The  tyi^ical  genus  of  the 
family  Cwcidw —  Cardiac  caecum.  See  cardiac. 

'^S!^'?hei^r{rve^;?LL«l;ime^^  Cesarean,  C^sarian  (se-z.'re-an,  -ri,an),  « 
An  instrument  used  to  illustrate  the  elemen-    [<  L, 

Also  spelled  cce- 


Cacidotca  stygia. 
a,  the  animal  magnified,  hair-line  showing 
natural  size ;  b,  inner  short  antenna,  highly 
magnified ;  c,  pedicellate  organisms  attached 
to  antenna. 


tary  principles  of  astronomy. 
lometer. 

caenation,  n.    See  ceyiation. 

Caenogaea  (se-no-je'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kaivoq, 
recent,  +  yala,  land.]  In  zoogeog.,  a  great  di- 
vision of  the  earth's  land-surface  and  fresh  wa- 
ters, consisting  of  the  Nearctic,  Palearctic,  and 
Indian  realms,  thus  collectively  contrasted  with 
Eogwa :  so  called  from  the  modern  aspect  of  the 
faunas.    Also  spelled  Cenogwa. 

Caenogaean  (se-no-je'an),  a.  [<  Cwnogma  + 
-an.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  CcBMOgra'a.  -Also  spell- 
ed Cenogwan. 

Caenozoic,  Cenozoic  (se-no-zo'ik),  a.  [Also 
written  kaino-,  after  the  Greek ;  <  Gr.  Kaiv6g, 
new,  recent,  +  Cw?),  life.]  In  geol.,  containing 
recent  forms  of  life :  applied  to  the  latest  of 
the  three  divisions  into  which  strata  have  been 
arranged  with  reference  to  the  age  of  the  fos- 
sils they  include.  The  Cmnozoic  system  embraces  the 
Tertiary  and  Post-tertiary  systems  of  British  geologists, 
exhibiting  recent  forms  of  life,  in  contradistinction  to  the 
Mesozoic,  exhibiting  intermediate,  and  the  Paleozoic,  an- 


Lit.,  I.  196. 


Gwsarianus,  relating  to  Cwsar;  but  the 
obstetric  use  is  prob.  to  be  referred  to  L.  cwsus, 
pp.  of  caidere,  cut.  Cf.  cesura.]  Pertaining  to 
or  characteristic  of  Ceesar.  sr^filled  Cesa- 

rean, Cesarian. 

Hooker,  like  many  another  strong  man,  seems  to  have 
had  a  Ccesarean  faith  in  himself  and  his  fortunes. 

M.  C.  Tyler,  Hist.  Amer. 

Csesarean  section  or  operation,  in  midwifery,  the  ope- 
ration liy  which  the  fetus  is  taken  out  of  the  uterus  by  an 
incision  through  the  parietes  of  the  abdomen  and  uterus, 
when  the  obstacles  to  delivery  are  so  great  as  to  leave  no 
alternative :  said  (doubtfully)  to  be  so  named  because  Ju- 
lius Ca!sar  was  brought  into  the  world  m  this  w^y.  ^ 
Cffisarism  (se'zar-izm\  v.  [<  Cwsar  +  -tsm.] 
Government  resembling  that  of  a  Cfesar  or  em- 
peror ;  despotic  sway  exercised  by  one  who  has 
been  placed  in  power  by  the  popular  will;  im- 
perialism in  general. 

His  [Bismarck's]  power  has  become  a  sort  of  ministerial 
CcBsarism..  Lowe.  Bismarck,  II.  556. 

Their  charter  had  .  .  .  introduced  the  true  Napoleomo 
idea  of  Cmsarism  into  the  conduct  of  municipal  atta  is , 
.  .  .  the  essential  condition  to  Ccesansm  was  the 
of  the  Ca;sar.  A'-  ^-  ■R'^"- 


Caesarize 

Csesarize  (se'zar-Iz),  r.  j. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Ccesar- 
ized,  ppr.  Ccesarizing.  [<  Cwsar  +  -ise.']  To 
rule  as  a  Caesar;  tyrannize;  play  the  Cssar. 


755 


 —  „   ^  ,  I'i^^  t-AJc  v^tesai  . 

Caesaropapism  (se  zar-o-pa'pizm),  n.  [<  L. 
ftesf/;-,  CiBsar,  emperor,  '+  ML.  papa,  pope,  + 
-ism']  The  supremacy  of  the  seeularpowerover 
ecclesiastical  matters.    Encijc.  Brit.,  XV.  80. 

caesious  (se'zi-us),  a.  [<  L.  c««ks,  bluish-gray  1 
Lavender-colored ;  pale-blue,  with  a  slight  mix- 
ture of  gray. 

caBsimn  (se'zi-um),  n.  [NL.,  neut.  of  L.  ccesius, 
blmsh-gray  ]  Chemical  symbol,  Cs;  atomic 
weight,  132.9.  A  rare  metal  discovered  by 
Bunsen  and  Kirehhoff  by  spectrum  analysis  iii 
■  the  salme  waters  of  Diirkheim  in  Germany,  and 
subsequently  in  other  mineral  waters,   it  l,is 

UkLtroL'h'.'-^i',"',  "''^  °"'-y  combination 
Ui^astiong  base  belonging,  with  potassium,  sodium  litli- 
lum,  and  rubidium,  to  the  group  of  alkali  metals  cisiu 
JS.' wT'iT  "I'li^bi'liuni.  is  found  most  abundant  y  i 
the  lepidolite  of  Hebron,  Maine.  The  oxalate  and  nitrate 
of  cfesium  are  used  in  medicine  "uiate 

cffispitose,  caespitosely.   See  cespitose,  cespi- 

casspitous  (ses'pi-tus),  a.    Same  as  cespitose. 
C8estus,  n.    See  cestus'^. 

Cffisura,  caesural,  etc.    See  cesura,  cesural,  etc 
cafast,        [F.  cafas  (Cotgrave).]    A  kii^d  of 
coarse  taffeta, 
cafe  (ka-faO,  n.    [F.,  coffee,  a  coffee-house ;  = 
E.  coffee,  q.  v.]    1.  Coffee.— 2.  A  coffee-house : 
a  restaui-ant.  ' 

I  dined  in  a  cafe  more  superb  than  anrthin"  we  have 
an  Idea  of  m  the  way  of  coffee-houses. 

Sydney  Smith,  To  3Irs.  Sydney  Smith. 
Caf6  au  lait  (ka-fa  ola)  rF..  coffee  with  milk)  a  li"ht 
yellowish.giay  color. -Cafe  Chantant  (ka-fash oft  tofi^ 
iL  "  P,"'?'''  r'i-'"-'^       entert.iinment  where  the 

fvHtt  f  lT  '■'■-^'f^  ^'^^  etc.,  .an,!  served 

s  or  n/'""'-"'"";'"-  ^'"^^^  establilhments  often  "  on 
Which  the^on""';:  planted  with  trees,  under 

winch  the  guests  sit  m  summer,  while  the  singer',  etc 
pertorm  on  a  stage.    Also  called  caf^  cm<-ert. -CAfi^oH 
(ka-fa  nwor'),  black  coffee;  a  strong  infusion  of  coff^ 
drunk  clear,  usually  at  the  close  of  a  meal 

cafecillo(ka-fa-sel'y6),H.  [Mex.]  The  Mexican 
name  of  a  species  of  Citharexyhan,  a  verbena- 
ceous  tree,  the  seeds  of  which  when  roasted  have 
the  combined  flavor  of  coffee  and  chocolate 

cateme  (kaf'e-in),  )(.  [Formed  as  cafeinJ  The 
trade-name  of  a  mixture  of  roasted  grain  and 
chicory  ground  together  and  sold  as  coffee. 
JJe  Coiange. 

cafetal,  cafetale  (kaf 'e-tal,  kaf-e-ta'le),  n.  rSp 
(=  Pg  ca/e--«0,  <  cafe  =  E.  coffee.-]  A  coffee- 
plantation.    [Tropical  America.] 

caff  (kaf),  n.    A  Scotch  form  of  chaf^ 

caffat  (kaf 'a),  n.  A  rich  stuff,  prob'ably  of  silk 
in  use  m  the  sixteenth  century.  ' 

caffeic  (ka-fe'ik  or  kaf'e-ik),  a.   [<  cafea  +  -ic] 

Se  aTidTw  Tf^  \°  coffee  Caffeic  acid,  a  vegeta- 
int  „  ■  ^^9^804)  existing  ui  coffee.  It  crystallizes  in  yel- 
low prisms  soluble  in  hot  water.  Also  called  caffetannic 
aod  and  chlorogenic  acid.  ^Meiannic 

caffein,  caffeine  (ka-fe'in  or  kaf'e-in),  n    [=  F 
cafenie;  <  NL.  caffca,  coffee,  +  -i«2  .j'„e2  ] 
^•IT^v,^*^'  ^8Hio^"402»  erystalUzing  in  slender, 
siik-like  needles  which  have  a  bitter  taste 

2  2  pel  cent.  It  is  a  weak  base,  and  forms  salts  with  the 
strong  mineral  acids.  Caffein  and  certain  of  its  salts  are 
^ed  m  medicine  and  the  stimulating  effects  of  te,'  and 
coffee  are  largely  due  to  the  presence  Zf  this  alkaloid  It 
S,i!S""**',''z?°S'''^""'=''l  ^"tlthe  theinfomid  hi  tea  the 
a     ^   }t    .  Also  written  cojiein,  coijeine. 

caffemic  (kaf-e-in'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  pro- 
duced by  caffem :  as,  a  caffeinic  headache. 

caffeinism  (ka-fe'in-izm),  n.  [<  caifein  +  -ism.l 
A  morbid  state  produced  by  prolonged  or  ex- 

«•    Same  as  cafeinism. 

caffeone  (ka-fe'on  or  kaf'e-6n),  n.  [<  NL.  caf- 
fea,  coffee,  -t-  -one.]  The  aromatic  principle 
almn.rf,^'  ^^d,  ''™'™  ^'^■■^yier  than  water.  An 
on  °/ter^       '       'J"'^"«ty  gives  an  aroma  to  a  quart 

Caffer,  n.    See  Kafir. 

Caffer-bread,  Caffer-corn.    See  Eafir-hread, 

caffetaniiic  (kaf-e-tan'ik),  a.  [<  NL.  cafea  + 
L  tannic]    Pertaining  to  coffee  and  resem- 

S  seS-eTfS""^'=  '^^^  - 

caffila,  n.    See  kafila. 
Caffrarian,  a.  and  n.    See  Kafrarian. 
l/axtre,  n.  and  a.    See  Kafr  ' 
cafilali,  n.    See  haHla. 

cafisso  (ka-fis'6),  n.  [It.  cafisso  =  Sp.  Pg.  cahiz 
V  cafieium,  cajisa),  a  measure  (see  def.)  < 
At.  qafiz.}    A  unit  of  capacity  in  use  in  the 


Mediterranean,  derived  from  the  Arabian  mea- 
sure kaffz  (which  see).  As  a  dry  measure  it  contains 
plV  ■'^t^tes  (Winchester)  bush- 

i  l'?  {'fA  "Is"  1  <^afisso  in  Tunis  of  14 

Inited  states  bushels,  or  495.9  liters.    In  Tripoli  it  con- 
bn'riLi""/?!  -",-?        hn^hels  (406  liters),  sometimes  9i 
she  s  (32b.,  liters)    In  Valencia  there  is  a  cafisso  of  6 
A^nit!      ■  ^^=Li"l'"(i  >'ieasure  it  varies  still  more.  In 
13^    1?      ''t""^'*  ^''""^s  gallons,  or  4a  im- 

perial gallons.  In  Messina  it  is  2.3  United  States  gallons  • 
in  other  parts  of  Sicily,  3  gallons.   In  Palermo,  by  a  cafis- 
so of  oil  IS  meant  a  weight  of  10  kilograms      '  "-""^ 
cafiz,  n.    See  cahiz  and  f:ajiz. 
cafoyf,  ».    [Cf.  caffa.]    A  material  used  in  the 
eighteenth  century  for  hangings.  Fairholt. 
cafta,  /(.    See  Icafta. 

caftan  kaftan  (kaftan),  «.    [Ar.  qaftdn,  qaf- 
teii  >  Turk,  qaftan.]    A  gai-ment  worn  by  men 
in  iurkej-,  Egj-pt,  and  other  eastern  countries, 
consisting  of  a  kind  of  long  vest  tied  about 
the  waist  with  a  girdle,  and  ha\ing  sleeves  lone 
enough  to  extend  beyond  the  tips  of  the  fingers 
A  long  cloth  coat  is  worn  above  it. 
Cag  (kag),  n.    A  dialectal  variant  of  Icen. 
cage  (kaj),  «.  [<  ME.  cage,  <  OF.  caige  (F.  cane), 
also  m?t-e,  cave,  =  Sp.  Pg.  gavia  =  It.  gabbia, 
gaggia,  dial,  cabbia,  =  OHG.  chevia.  MH(J.  kevjc 
(jr.  kafe,  Jcafich,  Mfig,  a  cage,  <  ML.  *cafi«,  L. 
cavea,  a  hollow  place,  den,  cave,  cage :  see  cave, 
n.,  which  IS  a  doublet  of  cage.]    1.  A  box-like 
receptacle  or  inelosure  for  confining  birds  or 
wild  beasts,  made  with  open  spaces  on  one  or 
more  sides,  or  on  all  sides,  and  often  also  at 
tlie  top  by  the  use  of  osiers,  wires,  slats,  or 
rods  or  bars  of  iron,  according  to  the  required 
strength. 

It  hiippens  with  it  [wedlock]  as  with  caqes :  the  birds 
without  despair  to  get  in,  and  those  withindespau-  to  r-et 

o 

j.  A  prison  or  place  of  confinement  for  male- 
taetors ;  a  part  of  a  building  or  of  a  room  sepa- 
rated from  the  rest  by  bars,  ^vithin  which  to  con- 
fine persons  under  arrest,  as  sick  or  wounded 
prisoners  m  a  hospital.— 3.  A  skeleton  fi-ame- 

work  of  any  Hnd.  („)  in  carp. ,  an  outer  work  of  tim- 
ber inclosing  another  uithin  it,  as  the  cage  of  a  windmill  or 
01  a  staircase,  (h)  In  mach.,  a  framework  to  confine  a  ball- 
valve  within  a  certain  range  of  motion,  (c)  A  wire  guard 
placed  111  front  ot  an  eduction-opening  to  allow  liouids  to 
pass,  but  prevent  the  passage  of  solids,  (rf)  In  minlnn 
a  platform  of  wood  strongly  put  together  with  ron  on 
V   l^h         ""^  ""'^  ■■^'^^'i  to  t'le  surface,  and  on 

thPv  »,  ^'^^y'^^^l  ™ck  are  raised  in  cars,  in  which 

they  are  conveyed  without  transfer  to  the  place  where 

f  Tr.*°»n'''°P"''^',°J  *°  ^'^^^"■'^  further  treatment! 
til  f  '  ?"  1™"  vessel  formed  of  hoops  placed  on  the 
Mnr^^f"'  ■""i'^-  ^"""^  '""^  combustibles.^  It  is  lighted 
nel  navLnbW  '"i^''  "^^^^^^^^^  m^rks  an  intricate  Chan- 
nel uaMgable  for  the  time  during  which  it  burns. 
1.  A  cup  with  a  glass  bottom  and  cover  between 
wHich  is  a  drop  of  water  containing  animalcules 
to  be  exammed  under  a  microscope.— 5  The 
large  wheel  of  a  whim  about  which  the  hoist- 
mg-rope  is  wound.— 6.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  a  chapel  inclosed  with  a  latticework 
or  grating. 

cage  (ka.j),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caged,  ppr.  can- 
"W-    [<  cage,  «.]    1.  To  confine  in  a  cage  ■ 

^uX^Zi""^^^'- ''-'-''^'i  nightingale!," 
T.  of  the  &.,  Ind.,  u.— 2.  To  make  like 
a  cage  or  place  of  confinement :  as,  "the  cctaed 
cloister,"  Shak.,  Lover's  Complaint,  1  949 
cage-bird  (kaj'berd),  n.    A  cageling 
cage-gnides  (kaj'gidz),  n.pl.    in  mininq,  verti- 
cal pieces  of  wood,  or,  in  England,  rods  of  iron 
T        '2^  ■^^ieh  are  fixed  in  the 

shaft  and  serve  to  steady  and  guide  the  cage 
m  its  ascent  and  descent:  in  the  United  States 
usually  called  guide-ropes,  or  simply  guides. 
cageling  (kaj  'ling),  n.  [<  cage  +  -li,ig\] .  A  bird 
kept  m  a  cage ;  a  cage-bird. 

And  as  the  cufjeling  newly  flown  returns 
Ihe  seeming-injured,  simple-hearted  thin" 
tame  to  her  old  perch  back,  and  settled  there 

.    ,        _  Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien 

cage-seat  (kaj'set),  n.  In  mining,  a  framework 
at  the  bottom  of  a  shaft  on  which  the  cage 
drops,  and  which  is  arranged  to  reduce  the  iar 
consequent  upon  its  coming  to  rest 
cage-shuts  (kaj'shuts),  v.  pi.  in  coal-mininq, 
drops  or  catches  on  which  the  cage  rests  dur- 
ing the  operation  of  running  the  cars  off  and 
on  It,  or  while  "caging."  [Scotch.] 
caging  (ka  jmg),  n.  [<  cage,  «.,  3  (d),  -1-  -inq^.] 
hx  coal-mming,  the  operation  of  changing  the 
tubs  on  the  cage.  Gresley.  [North  Stafford- 
snire.  Eng.] 

^^cf^P^f  ^Y^'^^^K^'^A       "ii^l-i  origin  ob- 
seuie.]    1.  A  tough  old  goose.— 2.  Umvhole- 
some  or  loathsome  meat;  offal.— 3  An  infe 
nor  kind  of  sheep.    HaUiu  ell.    [Vulc^ar  1 
Cagot  (ka-go'),  n.    [F.,  =  Pr.  Cagot^lih.  Ca- 
gotus;  ongm  uncertain.]    One  of  an  outcast 


cain-colored 

race  inhabiting  the  French  and  Spanish  Pyre- 
nees of  remote  but  unknown  origin.  Congeni- 
tal deformity  is  common  among  them,  owing  to  their  lone 
residence  m  the  deep,  sunless  valleys,  and  to  the  liard^ 
ships  they  have  endured.  Tlieir  chief  physical  I  'ec  luLr- 
ity  IS  said  to  be  the  absence  of  the  lowir  lobe  of' the  et? 
They  were  long  pi-oscribed,  and  held  as  lepers  and  here! 
tics.  The  French  Revolution  gave  them  their  civil  rightl 
and  their  condition  has  been  ranch  improved  ' 
cahier  (ka-ia'),  «.  [F.,  eariier  cayer,  quayer 
(Cotgrave),  <  OF.  quaicr,  >  E.  quire'^,  q.  v  ]  1 
In  bookbinding,  a  number  (usually  4  or  6)  of 
double  leaves  of  a  book,  placed  together  for  con- 
venience in  handling  and  as  a  preparation  for 

binding.  The  word  is  practically  obsolete,  except  anion" 
law  copyists,  xectwn  being  the  term  in  use  among  printer^ 
and  bnulers  in  America,  ami  tjathering  in  Great  liritaiii 

^.  A  report  of  proceedings  of  any  body,  as  a 
legislature;  a  memorial, 
cahinca-root  (ka-hing'ka-rot),  n.  The  root  of 
C /»ocwcrt  racewo.w,  a  rubiaeeous  shrub  of  south- 
em  Florida  and  tropical  America,  and  of  some 
allied  Brazilian  species.  It  has  been  used  as  a 
diuretic.  Also  cainca-root. 
cahincic  (ka^hin'sik),  «.  [<  cahinca  {-root)  4- 
-ic.J  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  eahinca- 
wmI"  ,  <^«^"C«c.-Cahincic  acid,  C4oH,;.,o,8  a 
n>ot     °''°'''<^'^>  P'-inciple  obtaine,l' fro?n  i^hlnca 

cahiz  (Sp.  pron.  ka-eth'),  «.    [Sp.,  also  cafe  • 
see  cafisso  ]    A  Spanish  dry  measure,  also 

This  refers  to  the  cahiz  of  Castile,  also  empl^  ed  in"' 
The  cahiz  of  Lima  (likewise  formerly  in  usriii  Madrkli 
contains  18.9  bushels  (666  litei^).  Different  measures  of 
Alicante  bearing  this  name  contain  7.2  bushels  (25^  liters! 
7.1  bushels  (249.3  liters),  and  6.8  bushels  (241.2  liters  The 
cahiz  of  Bogota  contains  7.4  bushels  (2.^9.2  liters)  that  of 
but"eir(llo'.4'?u'^er'sl^'''^  Sara^sL^'^^ 
cahizada  (Sp.  pron.  ka-e-tha'da),  n.  [Sp  ]  A 
Spanish  measure  of  land,  very  nearly  equal  to 
an  English  acre, 
cahoot  (ka-hof),  n.  [Origin  unknown;  possi- 
bly a  perversion  of  F.  cohorte,  a  company,  gang : 
see  cohort.]  Company  or  partnership :  as,  to 
go  in  cahoot  with  a  person.  Bartlett.  [South- 
ern and  western  U.  S.] 
caic,  n.    See  caiqiiel-. 

cailH  (kal),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  written  kai/le  (and 
keel,  after  equiv.  F.  guille),  <  D.  keqel  =  OHG 
chegtl,  kegil,  MHG.  G.  A-ffirrf  =  Sw.  kdgla  =  I)an. 
kegle,  miie-pm,  skittle,  cone.]  Aninepin;  in  the 
plui-al,  the  game  of  ninepins. 

Exchewe  allewey  euille  company, 
Caylys,  carding  and  haserdy, 
And  alle  unthryfty  playes.     Rel  Ant.,  II.  224. 

cail2,  V.    See  cale^. 

^^}^^^^  (kil-sed'ra),  n.    [Origin  unknown.] 
i  lie  Khaya  benegalensis,  a  taU  tree  of  Senegam- 
bia,  resembUng  the  mahogany.  Its  wood  is  used 
m  .lomers'  work  and  inlaying,  and  its  bark  fur- 
nishes a  bitter  tonic, 
caillette  (ka-lef;  F.  pron.  ka- yet'),  H  fP 
<  cailler  curdle.]   The  abomasum,  rennet-bag 
or  fourth  stomach  of  ruminants, 
cailliach  (kil'yach),  «.    [Gael,  cailleach,  an  old 
woman;  cf.  caile,  a  vulgar  giri,  a  hussy.]  An 
old  woman.    [Highland  Scotch.] 

Give  something  to  the  Highland  caW/acA.nhatehall  cry 
the  coronach  loudest.  Scott,  Waverley,  xlii, 

caillou  (ka-yo'),  n. ;  pi.  eainoux(-j6z').  [F.]  In 
her.,  a  flint.  ^    l  j 

cailloutage  (ka-yo-tiizh'),  «.    [F.,  <  caillou,  a 
tilut  ]  Fine  pottery,  especially  such  as  is  made 
wholly  or  m  part  of  pipe-clay, 
caimac,  caimacam,  caimacan,  «.   See  kaima- 

Caiman  (ka'man),  H.  [NL. :  see  caiman.]  1 
A  genus  of  tropical  American  AlUgatoridce,  aon- 
tainmg  such  species  as  C.  palpebrosus  or  C.  tri- 
gonatus;  the  caymans.-2.  [I.  c]  A  cayman. 
Cain-and-Abel  (kan'and-a'bel),  «.  a  popular 
name  m  England  ofthe  Orchis  latifolia  the 
root  of  which  consists  of  a  pair  of  finger-like 
tubers.  &  ^ 

cainca-root  (ka-ing'ka-rot),  n.   Same  as  cahin- 
ca-root. 

caincic  (ka-in'sik),  a.  Same  as  cahincic. 
cain-COlored  (kan'kul ' ord),  a.  "Yellow  or  red 
as  applied  to  hair;  which,  being  esteemed  a 
deformity,  was  by  common  consent  attributed 
to  Cam  and  .Judas"  {Xares):  a  word  of  uncer- 
tain meaning,  but  usually  taken  as  here  ex- 
plained, found  only  in  the  foUowlng  passage 


Xo,  forsooth ;  he  hath  but  a  little  wee  face,  mth  a  little 
yellow  beard ;  a  cam-coloured  beard. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  i. 


caingel 

dial.   Cf.  caingy.'] 


756 


cajote 


caingel,  «•    [E.  dial.   Cf.  caingy.']    A  crabbed 
fellow.    [North.  Eng.] 
ca'ing-whale,  n.    See  caaing-whale. 
caingy,  «.    [E.  dial.;  also  cangy.]  Crabbed; 
peevish.    [North.  Eug.] 

Cainite  (kau'it),  j(.  and  a.    [<  Cain  +  -ite^.] 
I.       1.  One  of  the  descendants  of  Cain,  the 
first-born  of  Adam,  according  to  the  account 
in  Genesis.— 2.  A  member  of  a  Gnostic  sect 
of  the  second  century,  who  regarded  the  God 
of  the  Jews,  the  Demiui'ge  of  the  Gnostic  sys-  -..---g^  .,,2^1,1)  „ 
tem,  as  an  evil  being,  and  venerated  all  who  caimea  (Kdinaj,  «. 
in  the  Old  Testament  record  opposed  him,  as 
Cain,  Korah,  Dathan,  Abiram,  and  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Sodom.    Tliev  also  lionoreii  Judas  Iscariot, 
as  the  instrument  of  biinsing  about  the  crucifixion  ami 
so  destroying  tlie  power  of  the  Demiurge. 
II.  rt.  Of  the  race  of  Cain. 

The  principal  seat  of  the  Cainite,  or  more  debased  yet 
energetic  branch  of  the  human  family,  was  to  the  east- 
ward of  tlie  site  of  Eden.    Dawson,  Orig.  of  World,  p.  255. 

cainitO  (ki-ne'to),  n.  The  fruit  of  the  Chryso- 
phyllum  CainitO  of  the  West  Indies  and  South 
America,  resembling  an  apple  in  shape,  and 
considered  a  delicacy.    Also  called  star-apple. 

Cainozoic  (ki-no-zo'ik),  a.    See  Ccenozoic. 

caique 


cially,  one  of  a  class  of  large  heaps  of  stones  caitiff  (ka'tif  ),  a.  and  n.    [<  ME.  caiUf,  catif,  a 
(iroiit.  T^ritnin  nji.rticiilarlv  in  Scot-    captive,  a  miserable  wretch,  <  OF.  caitif,  also 


laiquei  (ka-ek')', «.  [=  Sp-  ^"'3"^  =  Vg.  cahique  caim-tangle,  cam-tangle  (karn'-,  karn' 
=  It.  caicco,  <  F.  caique,  <  Turk,  qayik.]    1.  A    g^^^       ^  name  for  the  seaweed  Lamina 

gitata.    See  Laminaria.  [Scotch.] 


common  in  Great  Britain,  particularly  in  Scot 
land  and  Wales,  and  generally  of  a  conical  form. 
They  are  of  various  sizes.  Some  are  evidently  sepulcliral, 
containing  urns,  stone  chests,  bones,  etc.  Some  were 
erected  to  commemorate  a  great  event,  others  appear  to 
have  had  a  religious  significance,  while  the  modern  cairn 
is  generally  set  up  as  a  landmarli,  or  to  arrest  the  atten- 
tion, as  in  surveying,  or  in  leaving  a  record  of  an  explor- 
ing party  or  the  like.    See  barrow^. 

CairTis  for  the  safe  deposit  of  meat  stood  in  long  lines, 
six  or  eight  in  a  group.       Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  II.  277. 

[<  cairn  +  -cd^.]  Having 
or  marked  by  a  cairn  or  cairns. 

In  the  noon  of  mist  and  driving  rain. 
When  the  lake  whiten'd  and  tlie  pine  wood  roar'd. 
And  the  caini'd  mountain  was  a  sliadow. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

cairngorm  (karn'gorm),  n.  [So  called  from 
the  Cairngorm  mountain  in  Scotland ;  <  Gael. 
cam  (see  cairn),  a  heap,  a  rock,  +  gorm,  blue, 
also  green.]  A  smoky-yellow  or  smoky-brown 
variety  of  rock-crystal  or  quartz,  found  in 
great  perfection  on  the  Cairngorm  mountain 
in  Scotland  and  in  many  other  localities,  it 

is  nmch  used  for  brooches,  seals,  and  other  ornaments. 
Tlie  color  is  probal)ly  due  to  some  hydrocarbon  compound. 
Also  called  cuinhinnii-stoiie.  and  siiiiil,-;/  quartz. 

'tang" 
Laminaria  di 


chaitif,  a  captive,  a  wretched  man,  F.  ch6tif, 
mean,  vile,  —  Pr.  captiu,  caitiu  =  OCat.  caitiu 
=  OSp.  captivo,  Sp.  cautivo,  a  captive,  =  Pg. 
cativo,  a  captive,  =  It.  cattivo,  <  L.  captivus, 
captive:  see  captive.']    I.  a.  If.  Captive. 

Myn  name  is  looth,  a  caitife  kynge  of  Orcanye,  and  of 
leonoys,  to  wliom  nothinge  doth  falle  but  myschef  ne  not 
hath  don  longe  tynie.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  lit.  477. 

2t.  Wretched;  miserable. 

I  am  so  caijtyf  and  so  thral. 

Chancer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  094. 

3.  Servile ;  base ;  ignoble ;  cowardly. 

He  keuered  \\ym  with  his  counsayl  of  caytyf  v/yrdes. 

AUiteratice  Poems  (ed.  Jlorris),  ii.  1605. 
With  that  he  crauld  out  of  his  nest. 
Forth  creeping  on  his  caitive  liands  and  thies. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iii.  35. 
A  territory 

AVherein  were  bandit  earls  and  caitiff  knights. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

II.  n.  If.  A  captive;  a  prisoner ;  a  slave. 
Stokked  in  prisoun,  .  .  . 
Caytif  to  cruel  kynge  Agameuinoun. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  lit.  382. 

Avarice  doth  tyrannize  over  her  caitiff  axidi  slave. 

Holland. 

2.  A  mean  villain;  a  despicable  knave;  one 
who  is  both  wicked  and  mean. 


Like  caitiff  vile  that  for  misdeed 
Kides  with  his  face  to  rump  of  steed. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  I.  iii.  349. 


Caique. 


long  narrow  boat  used  on  the  Bosporus.  It  is 
pointed  at  each  end,  and  is  usually  propelled 
by  oars,  from  2  to  16  in  number. 

The  prow  of  the  caique  is  turned  across  the  stream,  the 
sail  is  set,  and  we  glide  rapidly  and  noiselessly  over  the 
Bosphorus  and  into  the  (Jolden  Horn. 

B.  Taylor,  Laiuls  of  the  Saracen,  p.  322. 

2.  A  Levantine  vessel  of  larger  size. 

Also  spelled  caic. 
caique^  (ki'ka),  M.  [S.  Amer.]  A  South  Ameri- 
can parrot  of  the  genus  Caica  ov  Deroptyus 
(wliich  see).  P.  L.  Sclater. 
cairt,  [ME.  cairen,  cayren,  Jcairen,  Jcayren, 
go,  appar.  <  Icel.  keyra  (=  Sw.  Icora  =  Dan. 
fc/ore),  drive,  ui-ge.  A  diff.  word  fi-om  the 
equiv.  char'^,  go.]    I.  intrans.  To  go. 

I  am  come  hither  a  venterous  Knight, 
And  kayred  thorrovv  countrye  farr. 

Percy  Folio  MS.,  Piers  Plowman,  Notes,  p.  5. 
Calcas  !  Calcas  !  cair  yow  not  home, 
Ne  turfle  neuer  to  Troy,  for  tene  that  may  falle. 

Destruction  of  Troy       E.  T.  S.),  1.  4501. 
We  may  Icayre  til  hys  courte,  the  kyngdoine  of  lievyne, 
Wliene  oure  saules  schalle  parte  and  sundyre  ftra  the  body. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  (i. 
Better  wol  he  spryng  and  higher  caire 
Wei  rare  yf  he  be  plannted  forto  growe. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  143. 

'    II.  tram.  To  carry. 

The  candelstik  bi  a  cost  watj  cayred  thider  sone. 

AUiteratice  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  1478. 

Ca  ira  (sa  e-ra')-  [F.,  'it  [the  Revolution] 
will  go  on':  fa,  contr.  of  cela,  that  (<  ccf  this, 
+  Id,  there);  ira,  3d  pers.  sing.  fut.  (asso- 
ciated with  alter,  go:  see  alley'^),  <  L.  ire,  go.] 
The  earliest  of  the  popular  songs  of  the  French 
Eevolution  of  1789.  its  refrain  (whence  the  name), 
"Ah  !  <;a  ira,  (;a  ira,  (ja  ira,"  is  said  to  have  been  suggest- 
ed by  the  frequent  use  of  this  phrase  by  Franklin  in  Paris 
with  reference  to  the  American  Revolution.  The  original 
words  (afterward  much  changed)  were  by  Ladr^,  a  street- 
singer  ;  and  the  music  was  a  popular  dance-tune  of  the 
time  composed  by  Becourt,  a  drummer  of  the  Grand  Opera. 

caird  (kard),  n.     [<  Gael.  Ir.  eeard,  a  tinker, 
smith,  brazier.]  A  traveling  tinker;  a  tramp; 
a  vagrant ;  a  gipsy.  [Scotch.] 
Cairene  (M-ren'),  a.  and  n.    [<  Cairo,  <  Ar.  El- 
Kdhira,  the  Victorious,  +  -cne.]    I.  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  Cairo,  the  capital  of  Eg^rpt. 
II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Cairo. 
The  people  of  Suez  are  a  finer  and  a  fairer  race  than  the 
Cairenes.  H-  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  118. 

Cairina  (ka-ri'na),  n.  [NL.  (Fleming,  1822); 
supposed  to  be  from  Cairo  in  Egjrpt,  though 
(like  turkey,  similarly  misnamed)  the  bird  is  a 
native  of  America.  It  is  also  called,  by  another 


cairny  (kar'ni),  a.   [<  cairn  +  -?/i.]  Abounding 
with  cairns. 

caisson  (ka'son),  n.    [F.,  aug.  of  caisse,  a  chest, 
a  case:  see  "casc'^.]    1.  Milit.:  (a)  A  wooden 
chest  into  which  several  bombs  are  put,  and 
sometimes  gunpowder,  to  be  e.xploded  in  the  caitifflyt,  adv.    Knavishly;  servilely;  basely, 
way  of  an  enemy  or  under  some  work  of  which  caitifteet,  n.    [ME.,  also  caitifte,  caitivte,  <  OF. 
he  has  gained  possession.   (6)  An  ammunition-    caitivetct,  <  L.  captivita{t-)s,  captivity :  see  cap- 


Striking  great  blows 
At  caitiffs  and  at  wrongers  of  the  world. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 


wagon;  also,  an  ammunition-chest. —  2.  In 
arch.,  a  sunken  panel  in  a  coffered  ceiling  or 
in  the  soffit  of  Roman  or  Renaissance  architec- 
ture, etc. ;  a  coffer;  a  lacunar.  See  cut  under 
cofcr. —  3.  In  civil  engin.:  (a)  A  vessel  in  the 
form  of  a  boat,  used  "as  a  flood-gate  in  docks, 
(fe)  An  apparatus  on  which  vessels  may  be 
raised  and  floated ;  especially,  a  kind  of  float- 
ing dock,  which  may  be  sunk  and  floated  un- 
der a  vessel's  keel,  used  for  docking  vessels 


tivity.]  The  state  of  being  a  captive ;  captivity. 
He  that  leadeth  into  caitiftee,  schall  go  into  caitiftee. 

Wyclif,  Rev.  xiii.  10. 

caitivet,  a-  and  n.  An  obsolete  form  of  caitiff. 
caitivenesst,  n.     [ME.,  also  caitifnes,  <  caitif, 

caitive,  +  -ncss.]  1.  Captivity;  slavery;  misery. 

—  2.  Despicable,  mean,  and  wicked  conduct. 
It  is  a  strange  cai(u'i3)ipss  and  baseness  of  disposition  of 

men,  so  furiously  and  unsatiably  to  run  after  perishing  and 

uncertain  interests.     Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  I.  77. 


at  their  moorings,  without  removing  stores  or  Cajanus  (ka-ja'nus),  n.    [NL.,  <  catjang,-aame 
■     •      '    ■       '      ,    .s    /  ^  .     of  ti^e  plant  in  Malabar.]    A  genus  of  plants, 

natural  order  Lequminosw,  one  species  of  which, 
C.  Indiciis,  furnishes  a  sort  of  pulse  used  in 

tropical  countries,  it  is  a  shrub  from  3  to  10  feet 
high,  and  a  native  of  the  East  Indies,  but  now  extensively 
cultivated  throughout  the  tropics,  in  numerous  varieties. 
The  plant  is  called  cajan,  pigeon  pea,  Angola  pea,  Congo 
pea,  etc. 

are  built  up,  so  that  caieput  (kai'e-put),  11.  [<  Malay  kdyu,  tree,  + 
*nnd  fs'nnTfliieriu  i'"^^/'-  Me.]  A  Small  myrtaceous  tree  or 
and  IS  not  niieu  ^^^^  Moluccas  and  neighboring  islands, 

Melaleuca  Cajuputi  or  minor,  a  variety  of  M.  Leii- 
cadendron  or  a  distinct  species,  with  lanceolate 
aromatic  leaves  and  odorless  flowers  in  spikes. 
Also  written  cajuput — oil  of  cajeput,  or  cajeput- 
Oil  an  oil  distilled  from  the  leaves  of  the  cajeput,  of  a 
green  color  and  a  penetrating  odor,  used  as  a  stimulant, 
antispasmodic,  and  diaphoretic. 

cajole  (ka-jol'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  cajoled, 
ppr.  cajoling.  [<  F.  cajoler,  coax,  wheedle,  < 
OF.  cageoler,  chatter  like  a  bird  in  a  cage, 
babble  or  prate,  <  cage,  a  cage :  see  cage.]  To 
deceive  or  delude  by  flattery,  specious  promises, 
simulated  compliance  with  another's  wishes, 
and  the  like ;  wheedle  ;  coax. 

But  while  the  war  went  on  the  emperor  did  cajole  the 
king  with  the  highest  compliments. 

Bp.  Burnet,  Hist.  Ref.,  an.  1522. 

Charles  found  it  necessary  to  postpone  to  a  more  con- 
venient season  all  thought  of  executing  the  treaty  of 
Dover,  and  to  cajole  the  nation  by  pretending  to  return  to 
the  policy  of  the  Triple  Alliance.  Macaulay. 

Christian  children  are  torn  from  their  parents  and  ca- 
joled  out  of  their  faith.  Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  II.  238. 


masts,   {^ee  Jloating  dock,  dock.)   (c)  A 

water-tight  box  or  casing  used  in  founding  and 
building  structures  in  water  too  deep  for  a 
coffer-dam,  such  as  piers  of  bridges,  quays,  etc. 

The  caisson  is  built  upon  land,  and  then  chained  and  an- 
chored directly  over  the  bed,  which  has  been  leveled  or 
piled  to  receive  it.  The  masonry  is  Iniilt  upon  the  bot- 
tom of  the  caisson,  which  is  of  heavy  timber.^  As  the  cais- 
son sinks  with  the  weight,  its  sides  art  '  '"^ 
the  upper  edge  is  always  above  water 
the  masonry  is  at  first  built  hollow,  an 
until  after  it  has  reached  its  bed,  and  its  sides  have  been 
carried  higher  than  the  surface  of  the  water.  Some- 
times the  sides  of  the  masonry  itself  form  the  sides  of 
the  caisson.  In  another  form  the  caisson,  made  of 
heavy  timbers,  is  shaped  like  an  inverted  shallow  box, 
having  sharp,  iron-bound  edges.  The  weight  of  the  ma- 
sonry forces  the  caisson  into  the  sand  and  mud  on  the  bot- 
tom.   Air  under  pressure  is  then  forced  into  the  caisson. 


Caisson  of  the  East  River  Suspension-bridge,  New  York. 


cajolement  (ka-jol'ment),  n. 
-went.]    Cajolery.  Coleridge. 


[<  cajole 
[Rare.] 


driving  out  the  water  and  permitting  the  workmen  to 
enter  through  suitable  air-locks.  A  sealed  well  or  a  pipe 
and  sand-pump  are  provided,  through  which  the  material 
excavated  under  the  caisson  may  be  removed.  The  latter 
gradually  sinks  under  the  weight  of  the  superstructure 
and  the  removal  of  the  loose  soil  below,  until  a  firm 

foundation  is  reached,  when  the  whole  interior  of  it  is  /^g^.YgVjV' n    „      q{{q  yf]io  cajoles; 

filled  with  concrete.    The  caissons  beneath  the  towers  of  CajOier   KO-a,  ju  ici;,    /f.      v./  j  7 

the  East  River  suspension-bridge,  connecting  New  York    wheedler.        _  •  7    ■  / 

and  Brooklyn,  are  of  this  description.  The  pneumatic  cajolery  (ka-]0'ler-l),  n. ;  pi.  cajoleries  (,-iZ). 
cdiwo/i  is  an  inverted  air-tight  box,  into  which  air  is  forced  -p    ca  jolerie,  <  cajoler,  cajole.]     The  act  Of 

-  -le  water,  thus  leav-    L^.^^j^^g^  coaxing  language  or  tricks ;  delusive 


error,  muscovy.]    A  genus  of  ducks,  contain- 
ing the  muscovy  or  musk-duck,  Cairina  mos- 
chata,  a  native  of  Central  and  South  America, 
now  found  everywhere  in  domestication, 
cairn  (karn),  n.    [Esp.  Sc.,  <  Gael,  cam  (gen. 
cairn)  =  Ir.  W.  Manx  Corn.  Bret,  cam,  a  pile,  caissoon  (ka-son'),  n. 
esp.  of  stones.    Cf.  Gael,  cam,  Ir.  carnaim,  W.    especially  in  sense  3. 
carnu,  pile  up,  heap.]  Aheap  of  stones;  espe-  Caithness  flags. 


wheedling. 

Even  if  the  Lord  Mayor  and  Speaker  mean  to  insinuate 
that  this  influence  is  to  be  obtained  and  held  by  flatter- 
in"-  their  people,  .  .  .  such  cajoleries  would  perhaps  be 
mCre  prudently  practised  than  professed. 


under  a  pressure  sufficient  to  expel  the  water,  thus  leav 
ing  a  space  in  which  men  can  work  to  loosen  the  soil  as 
the  caisson  descends.  The  principle  of  the  pneumatic 
caisson  is  applied  to  the  sinking  of  large  iron  cylinders  to 
serve  as  piers  or  land-shafts.  Sometimes  written  caissoon. 

caisson-disease  (ka'son-di-zez"),  n.    A  disease 

developed  in  coming  fi-om  an  atmosphere  of    mo.B  inuuc.i.i,  j...*^.....  """'"Burke  To  R.Burke. 

high  tension,  as  in  caissons,  to  air  of  ordinary  ,  -  i  -  /n  .„    tq^   ■^r-r.-r.  n  Inrce 

tension.    It  is  marked  by  paralysis  and  other  cajon  (Sp.  pron.  ka-hon  ),      t^P-,  prop^a  W 

chest,  aug.  of  ca;a,  chest.  Ct.  caisson,  cassoon.i 
A  Chilian  weight,  equal  to  6,500  pounds  avoir- 
dupois. 

cajote  (kii-ho'ta),  n.    Same  as  coyote. 


nervous  symptoms, 


Same  as  caisson,  more 
See  flag'i^. 


cajuput 

cajuput  (kaj'u-put),  ».    See  cajeput. 
cajuputene  (kaj-u-pu-ten'),  n.    The  chief  con- 
stituent of  cajeput-oil,  obtained  by  eohobation. 

It  is  a  Ikiuiil  of  an  agreeable  odor,  permanent  in  the  air 
and  insoluble  in  alcohol.  Also  written  cajputene. 
cakel  (kak),  71.  [<  ME.  cake,  <  Icel.  kcd-a  =z 
Sw.  kaka  =  Dan.  kagc,  a  cake,  akin  to  D.  kock, 
a  cake,  gingerbread,  dumpling,  dim.  koekje  (> 
E.  cooky,  q.  v.),  =  LG.  koke  =  OHG.  chuoclw, 
MHG.  kuoclie,  G.  kuclten,  a  cake,  a  tart.  The 
word  has  no  connection  with  L.  coquere,  E. 
cooA-i.]  1.  A  flat  or  comparatively  thin  mass 
of  baked  dough ;  a  thiu  loaf  of  bread. 

They  baked  unleavened  cakes  of  the  dough  which  they 
brought  out  of  Egj-pt.  Ex.  xii.  .39. 

Specifically — 2.  A  light  composition  of  flour, 
sugar,  butter,  and  generally  other  ingredients, 
as  eggs,  flavoring  substances,  fruit,  etc.,  baked 
in  any  form ;  distinctively,  a  flat  or  thin  por- 
tion of  dough  so  prepared  and  separately  baked. 
A  cake  that  seemed  mosaic-work  in  spices. 

T.  B.  Aldrich,  The  Lunch. 

3.  In  Scotland,  specifically,  an  oatmeal  cake, 
rolled  thin  and  baked  hard  on  a  griddle. 

Hear,  land  o'  Cakes,  and  brither  Scots. 

Bunis,  Captain  Grose. 

4.  A  small  portion  of  batter  fried  on  a  gi-iddle ; 
a  pancake  or  griddle-cake :  as,  buckwheat  cakes. 
—  5.  Oil-cake  used  for  feeding  cattle  or  as  a 
fertilizer. 

How  much  cake  or  guano  this  labour  would  purchase  we 
cannot  even  guess  at.        Ansted,  Channel  Islands,  p.  467. 

6.  Something  made  or  concreted  in  the  distinc- 
tive form  of  a  cake ;  a  mass  of  solid  matter  rel- 
atively thin  and  extended :  as,  a  cake  of  soap. 
Cakes  of  rustling  ice  came  rolling  down  the  flood. 

Drydeii. 

This  substance  [tufaceous  gypsum]  is  found  in  cake-s, 
often  a  foot  long  by  an  inch  in  depth,  curled  by  the  sun's 
rays  and  overlying  clay  into  which  water  had  sunk. 

iJ.  F.  Burton,  El-iledinah,  p.  354. 
One's  cake  is  dough,  one's  plan  has  failed ;  one  has  had 
a  failure  or  miscarriage. 


757 

ties  of  manganese.  It  is  one  of  the  minerals  commonly 
associated  with  tin  ore. 

Cal.    An  abbreviation  of  California. 

calaba  (kal'a-ba),  n.  [A  native  name.]  See 
Calophyllum. 

calabart,  n.    Same  as  calaber. 

Calabar  bean.   See  hean^. 

calabarin,  calabarine  (kal-a-bar'in),  n.  [< 
Calabar  (bean)  +  -iifi,  -ine'^fNlj.  calabarina.'\ 
An  alkaloid  obtained  from  the  Calabar  bean  by 
Harnock  and  Witkow.ski  in  1876.  It  is  nearly 
insoluble  in  ether,  and  differs  in  physiologic a"l 
character  from  physostigmin. 

calabar-skin  (kal'a-bar-skin),  n.  The  name 
given  in  commerce'to  the  skin  of  the  Siberian 
squirrel,  used  for  making  mufl^s,  tippets,  etc. 

calabash  (kal'a-bash),  n.  [Prob.,  through  F. 
calebasse,  <  Pg.' calabaga,  also  cabaqa,  =  Sp.  c«- 
labam  =  Cat.  carabassa,  a  gourd,  a  calabash,  < 
Ar.  qaf,  a  gourd,  -f  yabis,  aybas,  dry.  Cf.  cara- 
pace, carapax,  of  same  origin.]  1.  A  fruit  of 
the  tree  Cresceiitia  Ciijete  hollowed  out,  dried, 
and  used  as  a  vessel  to  contain  liquids.  These 
shells  are  so  close-grained  and  hard  that  when  containing 
liquid  they  may  be  used  several  times  as  kettles  upon 
the  fire  without 
injury. 

2.  A  gourd 
of  any  kind 
used  in  the 
same  way. 
Such  vessels  are 
often  decorat- 
ed with  con- 
ventional pat- 
terns and  fig- 
ures made  in 
very  slight  re- 
lief by  scrap- 
away  the 


calamary 


Calabashes. 


My  cake  is  dough  :  But  I'll  in  among  the  rest ; 
Out  of  hope  of  aU  —  but  my  share  of  the  feast. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  v.  1. 
Steward  !  your  cake  is  dough  as  well  as  mine. 

B.  Jonson,  Case  is  Altered,  v.  4. 
To  find  the  bean  in  the  cake.  See  beani. 
cakei  (kak),  i'. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caked,  ppr.  caking. 
[<  caA-gi,  «.]    I,  trans.  To  form  into  a  cake  or 
compact  mass — Caking  gunpowder,  the  operation 

of  pressing  the  ingredients  of  powder,  after  they  have  been 

thoroughly  incorporated  and  moistened.    It  is  effected 

either  by  the  hydraulic  press  or  by  rollers. 
II.  intrans.  To  concrete  or  become  formed 

into  a  hard  mass. 
Clotted  blood  that  caked  within.  Addison. 
cake2  (kak),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caked,  ppr. 

caking.    [E.  dial. :  see  cackle.']    To  cackle,  as 

geese.    [North.  Eng.] 
cake-alum  (kak'al'um),  n.     Sulphate  of  alu- 
mina containing  no  alkaline  sulphate.  Also 

d&WeH patent  alum. 
cake-bread  (kak'bred),  ».    [<  ME.  cakebreed, 

<  cake  +  breed,  bread.]     Fine  white  bread: 

manehet. 

Then  to  retorne  to  the  new  ilaires  hous,  there  to  take 
cakebrede  and  ivyne.      English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  41s. 

His  foolish  schoohnasters  have  done  nothing  but  run 
up  and  down  the  country  with  him  to  beg  puddings  and 
cake-bread  of  his  tenants. 

B.  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  i.  1. 

cake-copper  (kak'kop"er),  n.  One  of  the  forms 
in  which  copper  is  sent  to  market  by  the 
smelters,  a  cake  is  about  19  inches  long,  12J  wide,  and 
1|  thick,  and  weighs  about  IJ  hundredweight. 

cake-lake  (kak'lak),  n.  A  crimson  coloring 
matter  obtained  from  stick-lac.  Also  called 
lac-dye  and  lac-lake. 

cake-steamer  (kak'ste"mer),  n.  A  confection- 
ers' apparatus  in  which  the  dough  of  some 

kinds  of  cake  is  exposed   

to  the  action  of  steam  '  ■':-''rX'>^ 

just  before  baking,  to       .-^ . 
give  the  cake  a  rich  and     ,  '  \ 
attractive  color  and  SU1--    /  A 
face.  f         *■ ,  =a 

cake-urcMn    (kak'er"-  ft  J 
chin),  n.  A  flat  sea-ur-   \,  / 
chin;  a  sand-dollar;  a 
elypeastrid,  as  one  of        \  . 
the  genus  Echinarach- 

nius  ov  Mellita.  Mellita  Cake-ur.  ,ch„i„s 
quinquefora  and  Echina- 

rachnius parma  are  common  United  States  cake- 
urchins. 

cal  (kal),  n.  [Corn.]  A  Cornish  miners'  name 
for  the  mineral  wolfi-am  or  wolfi'amite.  it  is  a 
compound  of  tungstic  acid  with  iron  and  vaiying  quanti- 


surfaee  surrounding  them,  and  are  sometimes  stained  in 
variegated  colors. 

She  had  an  ornamented  calabash  to  hold  her  castor-oil, 
from  which  she  made  a  fresh  toilette  every  time  she  swani 
across  the  Xile.   R.  Curzon,  Monast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  139. 

3.  A  popular  name  of  the  goui'd-plant,  Lage- 
naria  vulgaris.— 4^.  A  name  given  to  the  red 
cap  or  tarboosh  of  Tunis.  See  tarboosh  and/e^. 
—  Sweet  calabash,  the  name  in  the  West  Indies  of  the 
edible  fruit  of  Passijiora  mali/ormis. 

calabash-tree  (kal'a-bash-tre),  n.  1.  A  name 
given  to  the  Crescentia  Cujete,  a  bignoniaceous 
tree  of  tropical  America,  on  account  of  its 
large  gourd-like  fruits,  the  hard  shells  of  which 
are  made  into  numerous  domestic  utensils,  as 
basins,  cups,  spoons,  bottles,  etc.  The  black 
calabash-tree  of  the  West  Indies  is  Crescentia 
cueurbitina.—  2.  A  name  given  to  the  baobab 
of  Africa,  Adansonia  digitata.  See  baobab. 
calabazilla  (kal"a-ba-serya),  n.  [Mex.  Sp. 
(=  Sp.  calabacilla,  a  piece  "of  wood  in  the 
shape  of  a  gourd,  a  gourd-shaped  ear-ring),  dim. 
of  calahaza,  a  gourd:  see  calabash.']  In  south- 
ern California,  the  Cucurbita  perennis,  a  native 
species  of  squash,  with  an  exceedingly  large 
root.  The  pulp  of  the  green  fruit  is  used  as  a 
substitute  for  soap,  and  the  macerated  root  as 
a  medieiaal  remedy. 

calabert,  n.  [<  ME.  ealabre,  also  calabere,  cal- 
abrere,  <  L.  Calabria,  Calabria.]  The  fur  of  a 
small  animal  of  about  the  size  of  a  squirrel, 
bred  for  the  most  part  in  High  Gei-many.  E. 
Phillips.  [The  fur,  which  was  of  a  gray  color, 
was  exported  fi-om  Calabria ;  hence  the  name.] 

His  cloke  of  ealabre.  Piers  Plowman  (C),  ix.  293. 

Costly  grey  amices  of  calaber.  Bp.  Bale. 

calaboose  (kal-a-bos'),  n.  [<  Sp.  calabozo  =  Pg. 
calabougo,  a  dungeon,  prob.  <  Ar.  qal'a,  a  cas- 
tle, +  bus,  hidden.]  A  prison;  especially,  a 
common  jaU  or  lockup.  [Western  and  south- 
western U.  S.] 

calabrasella  (kal"a-bra-sel'a),  n.  [Origin  un- 
known.] A  game  of  cards  for  three  persons, 
played  with  a  pack  of  40  cards,  the  10-,  9-,  and 

8-spots  being  discarded.    One  person,  to  whom  cer- 
tam  advantages  are  given,  plays  alone  against  the  other 
two,  and  wins  or  loses  according  as  he  makes  more  or 
fewer  points  than  they, 
calabreif,  n.    See  calaber. 

calabreSf,  n.  [F.,  <  ml.  calabra.]  Anulitary 
engine  used  duriag  the  middle  ages ;  a  variety 
of  the  pierrier. 

calabreret,  «.  See  calaber. 

Calabrian  (ka-la'bri-an),  a.  and  h.  [<  L.  Cala- 
bria, Calabria,  <  Calaber,  a  Calabrian,  one  of  the 
Calabri  from  whom  ancient  Calabria  took  its 
name.]  I.  a.  Belonging  to  or  characteristic  of 
ancient  or  modern  Calabria.  The  former  (called  bv 
the  Greeks  Messapia  or  Japygia)  was  the  southeasterii 
projection  of  the  peninsula  of  Italy;  the  latter  is  the 
southwestern  one  (anciently  Bruttium). 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Calabria. 


calabur-tree  (kal'a-ber-tre),  ??.  The  Muyitinqia 
Calabura,  a  tihaceous  tree  of  the  West  Indies, 
the  bark  of  which  is  used  for  making  cordage! 
calabusst,  n.  [Origin  uncertain;  j>erhaps  a 
var.  of  "calabace  for  calabash,  a  gourd,  the  last 
syllable  being  perhaps  assimilated  to  that  of 
harquebusc  and  bliind/rbuss.]  A  light  mu.sket 
ha-ring  a  wheel-lock,  fii-st  u.sed  about  ]:578.  E.  D. 
calade  (ka-lad'  or  -lad'),  n.  [F.,  <  It.  calata,  a  de- 
scent, <  calurc,  fall,  =  F.  c<der,  lower,  =  Sp.  calar, 
penetrate,  pierce,  let  down,  =  Pg.  cular,  pene- 
trate, lower,  conceal,  <  ML.  calare,  let  down, 
descend,  <  L.  chalare,  let  do-n-n,  slacken,  <  Gr. 
Xa'Adv,  let  down,  slacken.]  A  slope  in  a  manege- 
ground,  down  which  a  horse  is  ridden  at  speed 
in  training  him,  to  ply  his  haunches. 
Galadium  (ka-la'di-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  kale,  a  na- 
tive name  for  the  edible  rhizome.]  A  genus 
of  tuberous-rooted  acaulescent  plants,  natural 
order  Aracece,  with  large  hastate  or  sagittate 
leaves,  which  are  often  variegated  in  color. 

They  are  natives  of  tropical  America.  About  a  dozen 
species  are  known,  though,  owing  to  their  great  variabil- 
ity, a  very  much  larger  number  have  been  described.  They 
are  favorite  foliage-plants,  and  many  forms  are  found  in 
cultivation. 

caladriet,  «.    [ME.  (=  Sp.  caladre,  var.  of  ca- 
landria,  a  lark):  see  culandra,  calender^,]  A 
bird,  probably  a  kind  of  lark. 
A  connoraunt  and  a  caladne.        Wyclif,  Deut.  xiv.  18 

Calasnas,  w.  See  Calcenas. 
calaite  (kal'a-it),  «.  [<  L.  calJais  (<  Gr.  ko?.- 
'kaiQ  or  Ka'/Mg,  a  sea-green  precious  stone)  + 
-!fc2.]  A  name  given  to  the  turquoise. 
Oalamagrostis  (kal"a-ma-gros'tis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  KQAaixoc,  a  reed  (see  calamus),  +  aypua-ig,  a 
kind  of  grass :  see  Agrostis.]  A  small  genus  of 
coarse  grasses,  natives  of  Europe  and  Asia; 
the  reed  bent-grasses.  The  American  species 
that  have  been  referi'ed  to  it  are  now  placed  in 
Deyeuxia. 

calamanco  (kal-a-mang'ko),  n.  [=  D.  kala- 
mink  =  G.  kalmank,  kalmang,  <  Sp.  calumaco  = 
F.  calemande,  calmande,  <  ML.  calamancus,  ca- 
lamacus,  calamaucus,  transpositions  of  came- 
laucum,  <  Gr.  Kajue'/Mvuiov,  a  head-covering:  see 
camelaucium.]  A  glossy  woolen  satin-twilled 
stuff,  checkered  or  brocaded  in  the  wai-p,  so 
that  the  pattern  showed  on  one  side  only. 
Also  speUed  callimanco,  calimanco. 

A  morning  gown,  though,  I  am  sorry  to  say,  not  a  cala- 
manco one,  with  great  flowers.  LongfeUow,  Hyperion,  i.  7. 

calamander-wood  (kal-a-man'der-wud),  n. 
[Supposed  to  be  a  corruption  of  Coromandel 
icood.]  A  beautiful  kind  of  wood,  the  product 
chiefly  of  Diospyros  quccsita,  natural  order  Ebe- 
nacece,  a  large  tree  of  Ceylon,  it  is  yei-y  suitable 
wood  for  ornamental  cabinet-work,  showing  alternate 
bands  of  brown  and  black,  is  very  hard,  and  takes  a  high 
polish. 

calamar  (kal'a-mar),  w.  Same  as  calamary. 
Calamaria  (kal-a-ma'ri-a),  n.  [NL.  Cf.  cala- 
mary.] 1.  The  typical  genus  of  serpents  of  the 
family  Calamariidw,  ha^^ng  the  labial  plates 
reduced  to  four  or  five,  and  containing  species, 
peculiar  to  the  East  Indies.  C.  albiventer  is  an 
example. —  2.  A  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects. 
Moore,  1878. 

calamarian  (kal-a-ma'ri-an),  n.  A  snake  of  the 
genus  Culamaria'oT  family  Calamariidcv. 
Calamariidse  (kal-a-ma-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Calamaria  +  -ida:.] '  A  family  of  agh-pho- 
dont  or  eolubrine  serpents,  the  dwarf  snakes, 
typified  by  the  genus  Calamaria,  and  contain- 
ing a  large  number  of  small  inoffensive  species 
in  which  the  head  is  not  marked  oft"  from  the 
body  by  a  constriction  or  neck.  They  are  found  in 
most  parts  of  the  world,  living  under  stones  and  logs,  and 
preying  upon  worms  and  grubs.  They  are  now  generally 
associated  in  the  same  family  with  the  Colubridai. 

calamarioid  (kal-a-ma'ri-oid),  a.  [<  Calamaria 
+  -aid.]  Resembling  or  having  the  characters 
of  the  Calamariida'. 
Calamarious  (kal-a-ma'ri-us),  a.  [<  L.  cala- 
mar ius  taken  in  a"  lit.  sense,  pertaining  to  a 
reed,  <  crtZawM.s,  a  reed.  Ci.  calamary.]  Reed-  • 
like :  applied  to  grasses  with  short  rigid  culms, 
calamaroid  (kal'a-ma-roid),  a.  A  less  con'ect 
form  of  calamarioid.  " 

Eight  out  of  ten  Calamaroid  genera  ai'e  peculiar  to  this 
fauna.  Gdnther,  Eiicyc.  Brit.,  XX.  468. 

calamary  (kara-ma-ri),  n. ;  pi.  calamaries  (-viz). 
[Formerly  also  caiamarie  and  calamar;  =  F. 
calmar,  calemar,  calamar  =  Sp.  calamar,  also 
calamareto,  inkfish,  calamary,  =  Pg.  calamar, 
inkfish,  =  It.  calamajo,  inkfish,  calamary,  ink- 
stand, G.  kalmar,  inkstand,  =  NGr.  Ka/.a/Ltdpi, 
inkstand,  Ka?,a/idpi  daAaaatov,  inkfish,  <  NL.  cala- 
marius,  a  particular  use  (pen-case,  inkstand. 


Calainary,  Gla- 
dius,  or  Pen  of 
a  Squid  {Lotigo 
vulgaris). 


calamary 

inkfish)  of  L.  cfilamariiis,  pertaining  to  a  pen, 

<  cahiiniis,  a  reed,  a  pen :  see  calam  us.]  1,  A  cut- 
tlefish ;  a  deeacerous  or  deeapodoiis 
cephalopod  of  the  order  Dibranchi- 
ata,  having  a  pen-shaped  internal 
skeleton  or  euttle-bone,  as  in  the 
genus  LoUgo  and  related  forms. 
The  boiiy  is  oblong,  soft,  fleshy,  taperiiis, 
ami  flanked  beliiiul  by  two  triangular  flns, 
and  contains  a  pen-sliaped  gladius  or  in- 
ternal horny  flexible  shell.  They  have 
two  sacs  called  ink-bags,  from  wliich  they 
discharge,  when  alarmed  or  pursued,  a 
black  fluid  which  conceals  them  from 
sight.  The  species  are  found  in  most  seas, 
and  furnish  food  to  dolphins,  whales,  etc. 
Also  called  squid,  sea-sleei'e,  preke,  cuttle- 
Jish,  inkjiah,  and  peiijinh. 

2.  The  internal  skeleton,  euttle- 
bone,  gladius,  or  pen  of  a  cala- 
mary. 

Also  called  calambar. 

calambac  (kal'am-bak),  «.  [=F. 
calamhac,  <  Sp.  calambac  =  Pg. 
caiamba,  <  Pers.  kalainbak,  a  fra- 
grant wood.  Ct.calambour.}  Same 
as  agalhchiim. 

calambar,  «.    Same  as  calamary. 

calambour  (kal'am-bor),  71.  [< 
F.  calambour,  catambourc,  -bourg, 
etc.,  appar.  perverted  forms,  ear- 
lier calambnqiw,  <  Sp.  calambuco  = 
Pg.  calambnco,  also  (after  F.  ca- 
lambour) calamburo ;  prob.  from 
same  source  as  calambac,  and  part- 
ly identified  with  it.]  A  species  of  agalloehum 
or  eaglewood,  of  a  dusky  or  mottled  color  and 
light,  friable  texture,  but  not  very  fragrant.  It 
is  used  by  cabinet-makers  and  inlayers. 

calambuco  (kal-am-bu'ko),  n.  Same  as  calam- 
bour. 

calami,  »•    Plural  of  calamus. 

calamiferous  (kal-a-mif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  cala- 
mus, a  reed,  +  ferre  =  E.  fcea/-i.]  Producing 
reeds  or  reedy  plants ;  reedy. 

calamin,  calamine  (kal'a-min),  «.  [<  F.  cala- 
m'uie  =  Sp.  culainiua  —  MHG.  kalcmtnc,  G.  kal- 
mei,  now  gulmei,  <  ML.  calamiiia,  a  corruption 
of  L.  cadmia :  see  cadmia.']  The  native  hydrous 
silicate  of  zinc,  an  important  ore  of  that  metal. 
It  occurs  in  crystals  which  are  often  hemimorphic  (liencc 
the  synonym  hi'iniiiinrphiti  ).  in  crystalline  groups  with  bo- 
tryoidal  surface,  and  also  massive  ;  the  color  varies  from 
white  to  pale  green,  blue,  or  yellow.  It  is  often  associated 
with  zinc  carbonate,  sometimes  with  smithsonite  (also 
called  calamin),  in  calcareous  rocks.  It  is  used  as  a  pig- 
ment in  ceramic  painting,  producing  a  brilliant  green  col- 
or in  glazed  pottery. 

calamint  (kal '  a-mint),  n.  [<ME.  calamynt  = 
F,  calament:=  Sp.  calamcnto  =  Pg.  calamintha  = 
It.  calamento,  <  ML.  calamintha  (calami  nth  urn, 
-menta,  -mentum,  etc.,  calomenta,  etc.),  <  L.  cala- 
miiithe,  <  Gr.  mAa/iivdr/,  also  Ka'A.d/iiv6og,  a  kind 
of  mint,  <  KaXa-,  perhaps  for  na'Ao-  for  naTiog, 
beautifid,  +  jiivda,  mint.]  A  book-name  for 
plants  of  the  genus  Calamintha. 

Calamintha  (kal-a-min'tha),  n.  [NL.  ML.,  < 
L.  cakuiiiiithe :  see  calamint.']  A  genus  of  la- 
biate strongly  fragrant  herbs  or  undershrubs, 
of  the  northern  temperate  zone.    The  common 

European  species  are  used  in  making  herb-teas.  There 
are  about  40  species,  including  the  common  calamint  (C. 
officinalis-),  the  wood-calamint(C'.  sylvatica),  the  lesser  cala- 
mint (C.  Ne/Kta),  the  field-  or  stone-basil  or  horse-thyme 
(C.  CI i imiKid i II  in),  and  the  basil-thyme  (C.  Acinos). 

calamistt  (kal'a-mist),  n.  [<  L.  calamus,  areed, 
-I-  -i'.s?.]  A  piper;  one  who  plays  on  a  reed  or 
pipe.  Blount. 

calamistra,  n.    Plural  of  calamistrum. 
calamistral  (kal-a-mis'tral),  a.   [<  calamistrum 

+  -al.]    Pertaining  to  or  having  the  functions 

of  calamistra. 
calamistratet  (kal-a-mis'trat),  v.  t.    [<  L.  cala- 

mistratus,  pp.  of  *calamistrare,  em-l,  as  the  hair, 

<  calamister,  also  calamistrum,  an  iron  tube  for 
curling  the  hair :  see  calamistrum.']  To  ctirl  or 
frizzle,  as  the  hair.    Cotgrave;  Burton. 

calamistrationt  (kal'^a-mis-tra'shon),  n.  [< 
calamistrate.]  The  act  of  curling"  the  hair. 
[Rare.] 

Calamistrations,  ointments,  &c  will  make  the 

veriest  dowdy  otherwise  a  goddess. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  470. 

calamistrum  (kal-a-mis'trum),  n. ;  pi.  calamis- 
tra (-tra).  [NL.,  a  special  use  of  L.  calamis- 
trum, an  iron  tube  for  curling  the  hair  (see  cal- 
amistrate), <  calamus,  a  reed :  see  calamus.]  One 
of  the  curved  movable  spines  forming  a  double 
row  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  sixth  or  penul- 
timate joint  of  the  posterior  legs  of  certain 
spiders.  The  calamistra  are  used  to  curl  and  bind  the 
lines  of  silk  issuing  from  the  spinnerets,  forming  a  filmy 
web  peculiar  to  the  species  possessing  these  organs. 


758 

The  function  of  the  calamistrum  has  been  proved  by 
Mr.  Blackwall  to  be  the  carding,  or  teasing  and  cm-ling, 
of  a  peculiar  kind  of  silk,  secreted  and  emitted  from  the 
fourth  pair  of  spinners.  Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  232. 

calamite  (kal'a-mit),  11.  [<  NL.  Catamites,  q. 
v.]  1.  A  fossil  of  the  genus  Calamitcs. —  2.  A 
variety  of  tremolite  occurring  in  imperfect  or 
rotmded  prismatic  crystals,  longitudinally  stri- 
sited,  and  sometimes  resembling  a  reed. 

Galamites  (kal-a-mi'tez),  w.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KoXa- 
fiirr/i',  reed-like,  <C  Kd7<.afiog,  L.  calamus,  a  reed.] 
A  genus  of  fossil  plants,  of  which  the  structure 
is  complicated  and  obscure,  but  which  are  gen- 
erally admitted  to  be  allied  to  the  recent  Equi- 
setaccee  or  horsetails;  the  calamites.  wiiether 

Cala  miles  should  be  considered  as  being  a  peculiar  form 
of  Equisetacece,  or  as  constituting  a  distuict  but  allied 
order,  has  not  yet  been  fully  established.  The  calamites 
are  considered  to  have  been  cryptogamic  plants,  but  their 
relations  to  living  cryptogams  are  peculiar,  and  especially 
e.xceptional  in  their  complex  structure  and  the  exogenous 
growth  of  the  woody  cylinder.  The  foliage  of  the  cala- 
mites was  vcrticillate ;  and  it  is  thought  by  some  that 
Asterophyllitix,  Aiiniilaria,  and  even  Sphenophyllum, 
with  their  whorled  leaves,  lepresent  tlie  leaf-bearing 
branches  of  calamites,  although  this  has  not  been  actually 
proved  by  discovery  of  the  leaves  attached  to  the  stems. 
The  calamites  are  among  the  commonest  and  most  chai'ac- 
teristic  fossil  plants  of  the  coal-measures, 
calamitous  (ka-lam'i-tus),  a.    [<  F.  calamiteux, 

<  L.  calamitosiis,  <  calamita(t-)s,  calamity:  see 
calamity.]  If.  Miserable;  involved  in  calam- 
ity or  deep  distress ;  wretched. 

Ten  thousands  of  calamitous  persons. 

South,  Works,  VII.  xi. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of  or  marked  by  calamity  or 
great  misfortime ;  bringing  or  resulting  from 
calamity;  making  wretched ;  distressing  or  dis- 
tressful: as,  a  cairtwiitoiis  event;  "thatcw/awi- 
tous  prison,"  Milton,  S.  A.,  1. 1480 ;  "this  sad  and 
calamitous  condition,"  South. 

But,  even  admitting  tlie  calamitous  necessity  of  War,  it 
can  never  be  with  pleasure  —  it  cannot  be  without  sadness 
unspeakable  —  that  the  Christian  soul  surveys  its  fiendish 
encounters.  Sumner,  Orations,  I.  173. 

=  Syn.  2.  Afflictive,  disastrous,  distressing,  grievous,  de- 
pliiralile.  lialclul,  ruinous. 

calamitously  (ka-lam'i-tus-li),  adv.  In  a  ca- 
lamitous manner ;  in  a  manner  to  produce  great 
distress. 

calamitousness  (ka  -  lam '  i  -  tus  -  nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  bringing  calamity  or  misery;  deep 
distress;  wretchedness;  misery, 
calamity  (ka-lam'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  calamities  (-tiz). 
[<  P.  catamite  =  Pr.  calamitat  Sp.  calamidad 
=  It.  calamita,  <  L.  calamita{t-)s,  loss,  injury, 
damage,  misfortune,  disaster,  ruin,  prob.  con- 
nected with  in-columis,  tmharmed;  root  imcer- 
tain.]  Any  great  misfortune  or  cause  of  mis- 
ery; in  general,  any  event  or  disaster  which 
produces  extensive  evils,  as  loss  of  crops,  earth- 
quakes, etc.,  but  also  applied  to  any  misfortune 
which  brings  great  distress  upon  a  single  per- 
son ;  misfortune ;  distress ;  adversity. 
Affliction  is  enamour'd  of  thy  parts, 
And  thou  art  wedded  to  calamity. 

Sliak.,  K,.  and  J.,  iii.  3. 
Calamity  is  man's  true  touchstone. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Triumph  of  Honour,  i.  1. 
The  deliberations  of  calamity  are  rarely  wise.  Burke. 
'Tis  sorrow  builds  the  shining  ladder  up, 
"Whose  golden  rounds  are  our  calamities. 

Loicell,  Death  of  a  Friend's  Child. 
=  Syn.  Disaster,  Catastrophe,  etc.  (see  misfortune),  hard- 
ship, adversity,  affliction,  blow,  stroke. 
Calamodendron  (kal'a-mo-den'dron),  n.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  Ka'Aauog,  a  reed,  -f-  SsvSpov,  a  tree.]  A 
fossil  plant  belonging  to  the  coal-measures,  and 
formerly  held  to  be  a  gymnospermous  exogen, 
but  now  believed  to  be  a  calamite  retaining  its 
structure  and  especially  its  exogenous  vascular 
zone.    See  Calamites. 

Calamodyta  (kal"a-mo-di'ta),  «.  [NL.  (Meyer, 
1815),  <  Gr.  KaXafiodvTT/g,  a  bird,  perhaps  the 
reed-warbler,  <  Kakafioq,  a  reed,  +  (Jur^f,  diver, 

<  &mLV,  get  into,  enter,  dive.]  A  genus  of  birds, 
giving  name  to  a  subfamily  Calamodytinm :  a 
synonym  of  Acrocephalus.  The  typical  species 
is  Acrocephalus  aquaticus.  Also  called  Calamo- 
herpe. 

Calamodytinse  (kal'''a-m9-di-ti'ne),  n.pl.  [NL., 

<  Calamodyta  +  -inai.]  In  G.  R.  (Iray's  system 
of  classification  (1869),  a  subfamily  of  small, 
dentirostral,  oscine  passerine  birds,  of  his  fam- 
ily Lusciniidw,  the  reed- warblers ;  the  warblers 
of  the  acrocephaline  type,  having  a  minute, 
spurious  first  primary,  and  in  typical  forms 
an  elongated  head  and  relatively  large  bill. 

Sundry  genera  are  Acrocephalus  (of  which  Calamodyta, 
Calnmoherpe,  and  Calamodus  are  mere  synonyms).  Locus- 
fella.  Lii.^riiiiola,  and  Cettia. 

calamodytine  (kal'^a-mo-di'tin),  a.  Having 
the  characters  of  a  reed-warbler ;  pertaining 
to  the  CalamodytincB ;  acrocephaline. 


calandra 

Calamoherpe  (kal "a -mo- her 'pe),  n.  [NL. 

(Boie,  1822),  irreg.  <  ijrr.  lidXa/iog,  reed,  -I-  epmiv, 

creep.]    Same  as  Calamodyta. 
Calamospiza  (kal"a-mo-spi'za),  n.  [NL.  (C.  L. 

Bonaparte,  1838),  <  Gr.  naKafioQ,  a  reed,  +  airi^a, 
a  bird  of  the  fincli  kind,  perhaps  the  ehafiinch, 
<  aTTil^ew,  chirp,  pipe,  peep.]  A  genus  of  frin- 
gilline  passerine  birds  of  North  America,  con- 
taining the  lark-bunting  of  the  western  States 
and  Territories,  Calamospiza  bicolor,  the  male 


Lark-bunting  {Calatnosfiiza  bicolor), 

of  which  is  black,  with  a  white  patch  on  the 
wing,  and  resembles  the  bobolink  in  some 
other  respects,  it  is  about  7  inches  long,  nests  on  the 
ground,  and  has  the  habit  during  the  breeding  season  o£ 
soaring  aloft  to  sing,  like  the  skylark.  The  inner  sec- 
ondaries are  as  long  as  the  primaries  in  the  closed  wing, 
and  the  bill  resembles  that  of  a  grosbeak.  The  sexes  are 
markedly  distinct  in  coloration, 
calamus  (kal'a-mus),  11. ;  pi.  calami  (-mi).  [In 
ME.  (Wyclif)  calamy ;  <  L.  calamus,  a  reed,  a 
cane,  hence  a  pipe,  pen,  arrow,  rod,  etc.,  =  Ar. 
qalam  (>  Turk,  qalem),  a  pen,  reed  pen,  pencil, 
brush,  chisel,  etc.,  <  Gr.  Ka'Aa/wg,  a  reed,  cane, 
etc.,  =  Skt.  kalamas  =  L.  culmus,  a  stalk,  stem, 
straw,  =  AS.  heahn,  E.  halm,  haulm,  a  stalk, 
stem:  see  halm.]  1.  Areed;  cane. —  2.  A  kind 
of  fragrant  plant  mentioned  in  the  Bible  (Ex. 
XXX.  23,  etc.),  and  supposed  to  bo  the  sweet-flag, 
Acorus  Calamus,  or  the  fragrant  lemon-grass  of 
India,  Andropogon  Schoenanthus ;  the  sweet-flag. 

Anotlier  goblet !  quick  !  and  stir 
Pomegranate  juice  and  drops  of  myrrh 
And  calamus  therein ! 

Longfellow,  Golden  Legend,  iii. 

3.  [cap.]  A  very  large  genus  of  slender,  leafy, 
climbing  palms,  natives  chiefly  of  eastern  Asia 
and  the  adjacent  islands.  Their  leaves  are  armed 
with  strong  reversed  thorns,  by  means  of  which  they  often 
climb  the  loftiest  trees.  The  sheathing  leaves  cover  the 
entire  stem,  and  when  removed  leave  a  slender-jointed 
polished  cane,  in  some  species  reaching  200  feet  in  length. 
These  are  extensively  used  in  bridge-making,  for  the  ropes 
and  cables  of  vessels,  and,  when  split,  for  a  great  variety 
of  purposes.  They  form  the  ratau-canes  of  commerce, 
used  in  large  quantities  for  the  caning  of  chairs,  etc.  One 
of  the  larger  species,  C.  Scipionum,  furnishes  the  Malacca 
canes  used  for  walking-sticks.  The  fruits  of  C.  Draco 
yield  the  red  resin  known  in  commerce  as  dragon's-blood. 

4.  A  tube,  usually  of  gold  or  silver,  through 
which  it  was  customary  in  the  ancient  chm'ch 
to  receive  the  wine  in  communicating.  The 

adoption  of  the  calanms  doubtless  arose  from  caution, 
lest  any  drop  from  the  chalice  should  be  spilled,  or  any 
other  iireverence  occur.  It  has  fallen  into  disuse,  except 
that  it  is  still  retained  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in 
solemn  papal  celebrations,  for  the  communion  of  the 
Pope.  It  is  also  known  by  the  names  canna,  pugillaris, 
and  fistula. 

5.  In  music,  a  flute  or  pipe  made  of  reed. — 6, 
In  ornith.,  the  hard,  horny,  hollow,  and  more  or 
less  transparent  part  of  the  stem  or  scape  of  a 
feather ;  the  barrel,  tube,  or  quill  proper,  which 
bears  no  vexilla,  and  extends  from  the  end  of 
the  feather  inserted  in  the  skin  to  the  begin- 
ning of  the  rachis  where  the  web  or  vane  com- 
mences. See  cut  under  aftershaft. —  7.  An  an- 
cient Greek  measure  of  length  of  10  feet. — 

Calamus  SCrlptoriUS  (literally,  a  writing-pen),  the  lower 
(posterior)  portion  of  the  floor  of  the  fourth  ventricle  of 
the  brain,  bounded  on  each  side  by  the  diverging  funiculi 
graciles,  the  point  where  these  come  together  below  being 
likened  to  the  point  of  a  pen. 

calanchi  (ka-lan'chi),  n.  A  unit  of  weight  for 
pearls,  used  in  Pondieherry,  equal  to  0.14  gram, 
or  2^  grains  troy. 

calando  (ka-lan'do).  [It.,  ppr.  of  calare,  de- 
crease :  see  calade.]  In  music,  a  direction  to 
slacken  the  time  and  decrease  the  volume  of 
tone  gradually. 

calandra  (ka-lan'dra),  w.  [NL. ;  cf.  E.  calen- 
der'^ (ME.  chalaundi-e,  also  caladrie),  <  F.  ca- 
landre  —  Pr.  calandra  —  Sp.  calandria  =  Pg.  ca- 
Ihandra  =  It.  calandra  =  MHG.  galander  (ML. 
calandra,  chalandra,  calahdrus,  calandris,  also 
caladrius,  caladrus,  a  kind  of  lark,  also  calandra, 
calandrus,  a  wee-vil),  <  Gr.  Ka'AavSpog  (also  x^- 
T^avSpo^,  NGr.  xo-'^^Spa),  a  kind  of  lark.]  1.  In 
ornith-. :  (a)  A  large  kind  of  lark,  Melanocorypha 
calandra,  with  a  stout  bill,  iahabiting  southern 


calandra 

Europe  and  northern  Africa.  The  term  has 
been  the  book-name  of  the  species  for  centu- 
ries. (6)  [cap.]  Made  by  Lesson,  in  1837,  a  ge- 
neric name:  a.  synonym  ot  Melanocorypha.  Also 
Calaiidriiia.  (c)  In  the  form  Calandria,  applied 
by  Des  Murs  to  the  American  mocking-th rushes 
of  the  genus  Mimus. —  2.  [cap.']  In  entom.,  a  ge- 
nus of  weevils,  typical  of  the  family  Calandridw. 

Some  of  the  minute  species  commit  great  havoc  in  gran- 
aries, in  both  their  larval  and  their  perfect  state.  They 
are  very  numerous,  and  among  them  are  the  well-known 


Grain-weevils. 

«,  corn-weevil  i^Calattdra  granaria];  d,  rice-weevil  {Calandra 
cryza) ;  c,  larva ;  rf,  pupa.  (Small  figures  show  natural  si2es. ) 

corn-weevil,  C.  granaria  (Linnaeus),  and  the  rice-weevil, 
C.  oryzce.  The  gru-gru  worm,  which  destroys  palm-trees 
in  South  America,  is  the  larva  of  C.  palmarum,  and  is 
nearly  2  inches  long.  The  grub  is  eagerly  sought  for  by 
the  natives,  who  cook  and  eat  it.  This  species,  with  C. 
sdcchari,  destroys  also  the  sugar-canes  of  the  West  Indies. 

calandrelle  (kal-an-drel'),  n.  [A  F.  form,  <  NL. 
calandrella,  dim.  of  calandra,  q.  v.]  A  name  of 
the  short-toed  lark,  Alauda  calandrella. 

calandrid  (ka-lau'drid),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Ca- 
landridcB.    Also  calandroid. 

II.  n.  A  weevil  or  snout-beetle  of  the  family 
Calandridm. 

Calandridse  (ka-lan'dri-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
landra, 2,  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  rhynchophorous 
Coleoptera  having  strong  folds  on  the  inner 
faces  of  the  elytra,  the  pygidium  undivided  in 
both  sexes,  tibise  not  serrate,  geniculate  an- 
tennse,  no  labrum,  the  last  spiracle  not  visible, 
and  the  last  dorsal  segment  of  the  male  more 
or  less  retractile  and  concealed.  .Species  of  the 

leading  genus,  Calandra  (or  Sitophilus),  are  known  as 
corn-  or  grain-weevils.  The  family  is  related  to  the  Cur- 
cuhonidce,  and  is  often  included  therein.  See  cut  under 
calandra. 

Calandrinae  (kal-an-dri'ne),  n.pl.    [NL.,  <  Ca- 

landra,  2,  +  -in(e.~\  A  subfamily  of  Curculio- 
nidce,  containing  weevils  of  varying  size  with 
geniculate  clubbed  antennee  and  a  steep  or  ver- 
tical pygidium,  typified  by  the  genus  Calandra, 
and  corresponding  to  the  family  Calandridm. 

calandroid  (ka-lan'droid),  a.  Same  as  calandrid. 

calandrone  (kal-an-dro'ne),  n.  [It.]  A  small 
reed-instrument  of  the  clarinet  kind,  with  two 
holes,  used  by  the  peasants  of  Italy. 

calangay  (ka-lang'ga),  n.  A  species  of  white 
parrot,  a  native  of  the  Philippine  islands. 

calanget,  n.  and  v.  A  Middle  English  form  of 
challenge. 

calanid  (kal'a-nid),  n.  A  copepod  of  the  family 
Calanidce. 

Calanidse (ka-lan'i-de),  n. pi.  [NL. ,  <  Calanns  + 
-idw.  ]  A  family  of  gnathostomatous  copepods, 
of  the  suborder  Eucopepwda,  having  very  long 
anterior  antennae,  only  one  of  them  modified 
for  prehension,  and  the  posterior  antennae  bi- 
ramous.  The  fifth  pair  of  feet  is  modified  in  the  male 
to  assist  ni  copulation.  Calanus,  Cetoehihis,  Temora,  and 
Diaptomus  are  genera  of  this  family. 

Calanus  (kal'a-nus),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of 
copepods,  typical  of  the  family  Calanidce.  C. 
pavo  is  an  example. 

calao  (ka-la'6),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  general  name 
of  the  hornbills,  or  birds  of  the  family  Bucero- 
tidw :  adopted  by  Brisson  in  1760  for  the  whole 
of  them,  as  Buceros  hydrocorax  of  the  Philip- 
pines, B.  obsctirus  of  the  Moluccas,  etc. 

calapitte  (kal'a-pit),  n.  [<  Malayan  calappa, 
the  cacao-tree.]  A  stony  concretion  occasion- 
ally present  in  the  cocoanut,  much  worn  by  the 
Malays  as  an  amulet  of  great  virtue.  Also 
called  vegetable  hezoar. 

Calappa  (ka-lap'a),  n.  [NL.  Cf.  calapitte.']  A 
genus  of  braehyurous  decapod  crustaceans, 
sometimes  giving  name  to  a  family  Calappidw. 
C.  depressa  and  C.  granulata  are  among  the 
species  known  as  box-crabs. 

calappian  (ka-lap'i-an),  n.  [<  Calappa  + 
-ian.]    A  crustacean  of  the  family  Calappidce. 


759 


calappid  (ka-lap'id),  n.    Same  as  calappian. 

Calappidse  (ka-lap'i-de),  m.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
lapjya  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  braehyiu-ous  de- 
capod crustaceans,  typified  by  the  genus  Calap- 
pa i  the  box-crabs.  They  have  a  rounded  carapace 
subtriangular  anteriorly,  a  triangular  buccal  frame,  and 
the  male  generative  openings  on  the  basal  joint  of  the  last 
pair  of  legs.  One  of  their  most  characteristic  features  is 
the  manner  in  which  the  large  crested  pincers  fold  against 
the  front  of  the  carapace.  The  genera  are  several,  and  the 
species  inhabit  tropical  seas. 

calappoid  (ka-lap'oid),  a.  and  n.    I,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Ca- 
lappidce. 
II,  n.  A  calappian  or  calappid. 

calascione,  colascione  (ka-,  ko-la-shio'ne),  n. 
[It.]  A  musical  instrument  of  lower  Italy,  of 
the  lute  or  guitar  family,  having  two  catgut 
strings  tuned  a  fifth  apart,  and  played  with  a 
plectrum.  It  is  said  to  be  closely  similar  to 
the  very  ancient  Egyptian  nofre  or  nefer. 

calash  (ka-lash'),  n.  [Also  formerly  .  caZesA, 
caleche,  <  F.  caleche  =  Sp.  calesa  z=  It.  calessc, 
calesso,  <  G.-  kalesche,  kalesse,  <  Bohem.  JcolesJca  = 
Pol.  kolasJca  =  Russ.  kolyaska,  a  calash,  dim.  of 
Bohem.  kolesa  =  Pol.  kolasa,  a  calash  (ef .  OBulg. 
kolesinitsa  =  Euss.  kolesnitsa,  a  car,  chariot; 
Bohem.  koleso=  Russ.  koleso,  a  wheel),  <  OBulg. 
Serv.  Bohem.  kolo  =  Pol.  kolo  (barred  I),  a 
wheel.]    1.  A  light  carriage  with  low  wheels, 


Calash. 


either  open  or  covered  with  a  folding  top  which 
can  be  let  down  at  pleasure.  The  Canadian  ca- 
lash is  two-wheeled,  and  has  a  seat  on  the  splashboard  for 
the  driver. 

An  old  calash,  belonging'to  the  abbess,  lined  with  green 
frieze,  was  ordered  to  be  drawn  into  the  sun. 

Sterile,  Tristram  Shandy,  vii.  21. 

2.  The  folding  hood  or  top  usually  fitted  to 
such  a  carriage.  Specifically  called  a  calash-top. 
—  3t.  A  hood  in  the  form  of  a  calash-top  worn 
by  women  in  the  eighteenth  century  and  until 

about  1810.  It  was  very  large  and  full,  to  cover  the 
head-dresses  of  the  period,  and  was  made  on  a  framework 
of  light  hoops,  capable  of  being  folded  back  on  the  shoul- 
ders, or  raised,  by  pulling  a  ribbon,  to  cover  the  head  and 
project  well  over  the  face.  Similar  hoods  had  been  worn 
at  earlier  times,  but  the  reintroduction  under  this  name 
appears  to  date  from  1765. 

Mrs.  Bute's  eyes  flashed  out  at  her  from  under  her  black 
calash.  Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair. 

calata  (ka-la'ta),  n.   [It.,  a  dance,  also  a  slope, 
descent,  <  calare,  let  down,  lower,  descend: 
see  calade,  calando.]    A  lively  Italian  dance 
in  I  time, 
calathl,  n.    Plural  of  calathus. 
calathia,  «.    Plm*al  of  calathium. 
calathidium  (kal-a-thid'i-um),  n. ;  pi.  calathidia 
(-a).   [NL.,  <  Gr.  *mXadi6Lov,  dim.  of  KaXadog,  L. 
calathus,  a  basket  for  fruit,  flowers,  etc.,  hence 
the  bell  of  a  (Corinthian)  capital:  see  calathus.] 
In  bot.,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  the  flower- 
head  in  the  order  Composita;.    Also  called  cala- 
thiutn. 

calathiform  (kal'a-thi-form),  a.  [<  L.  calathus, 
a  basket,  +  fornia,  fonn.]  In  bot.  and  zodl., 
hemispherical  or  concave,  like  a  bowl  or  cup. 
calathium  (ka-la'thi-um),  n. ;  pi.  calathia  (-a). 
Same  as  calathidium. 
calathus  (kal'a-thus),  M. ;  pi.  calathi  (-thi). 
[L.,  <  Gr.  Kolado^,  a  vase-shaped  basket:  see 
calathidium.]  1.  In  classical  antiq.,  a  basket 
in  which  Greek  and  Roman  women  kept  their 


calcar 

work.  It  is  often  represented  on  monuments, 
especially  as  a  symbol  of  maidenhood.— 2. 
leap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  adephagous  beetles, 
of  the  family  Carabid'e,  having  obliquely  sinu- 
ate elytra  and  serrate  claws.  C.  impunctata  is 
an  example, 
calaverite  (kal-a-ve'rit),  n.  [<  Calaveras 
(see  def.)  +  -«te2.]  A  rare  tellurid  of  gold,  oc- 
curring massive,  of  a  bronze-yellow  color  and 
metallic  luster,  first  found  in  Calaveras  coun- 
ty, California. 

calcagiumt  (kal-ka'ji-um),  n.    [ML.  (after  OP. 

cunciuge),  <  calceata,  a  road:  see  causey.]  A 
tax,  anciently  paid  by  the  neighboring  inhabi- 
tants of  a  country,  for  the  making  and  repair- 
ing of  common  roads.  E.  Phillips,  1706. 
calcaire  (kal-kar'),  w.  [F.,  limestone,  <  L.  cal- 
car}i(s:  see  calcareous.]    Limestone  Calcaire 

grossler  (literally,  coarse  limestone),  a  calcareous  deposit 
in  the  Paris  basin,  belonging  to  the  Middle  Eocene  group 
of  the  Tertiary,  and  nearly  the  e(iHivalent  of  the  Hagshot 
beds  of  the  London  basin.  It  is  a  coarse-grained  rock ; 
hence  the  name.  It  is  rich  in  fossils,  especially  of  mol- 
lusks  of  the  genus  CeritMum,  and  some  beds  contain  gi-eat 
numbers  of  Foraminifera.  It  is  extensively  used  in  the 
rough  parts  of  buildings  in  and  about  Paris, 
cdlcanea,  w.  Plural  of  calcanemn. 
calcaneal  (kal-ka'ne-al),  a.  [<  calcaneum  + 
-al.]  1.  In  anat.,  relating  to  the  calcaneum 
or  heel-bone:  as,  calcaneal  arteries,  ligaments, 
etc. —  2.  In  ornith.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
back  upper  part  of  the  tarsometatarsus  (tar- 
sus of  ordinary  language)  of  a  bird,  where  there 
is  often  a  tuberosity  regarded  by  some  orni- 
thologists as  a  calcaneum,  and  so  named  by 
'-  them :  as,  a  calcaneal  tubercle ;  calcaneal  tuber- 
osity.   See  cut  under  tarsometatarsus. 

In  most  birds,  the  posterior  face  of  the  proximal  end  of 
the  middle  metatarsal,  and  the  adjacent  surface  of  the  tar- 
sal bone,  grow  out  into  a  process,  which  is  commonly,  lint 
improperly,  termed  calcaneal.  Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  254. 

calcanean  (kal-ka'ne-an),  a.  [<  calcaneum  + 
-an.]  Belonging  to  the  heel ;  calcaneal, 
calcaneum  (kal-ka'ne-um),  n. ;  pi.  calcanea  (-a). 
[L.,  the  heel,  <  calx' (calc-),  the  heel.]  1.  'In 
anat.,  one  of  the  tarsal  bones,  the  os  caleis,  or 
bone  of  the  heel ;  the  outer  one  of  the  bones  of 
the  proximal  row,  in  its  generalized  condition 
called  the  fibulare;  in  man,  the  largest  bone  of 
the  tarsus,  forming  the  prominence  of  the  heel. 
See  cuts  underfoot,  hock^,  and  Ornithoscelida. — 
2.  In  ornith.,  a  bony  process  or  protuberance  on 
the  back  of  the  upper  end  of  the  tarsometatar- 
sal bone :  so  called  because  considered  by  some 
as  the  representative  of  the  os  calcis ;  but  the 
latter  is  more  generally  regarded  as  represented 
in  the  outer  condyle  of  the  tibia, 
calcantt  (kal'kant),  n.  [<  L.  calcan{t-)s,  ppr. 
of  calcare,  tread,  <  calx  (calc-),  the  heel.]  A 
bellows-treader ;  a  man  who  worked  the  clumsy 
bellows  of  old  German  organs  with  his  feet, 
calcarl  (kal'kar),  w. ;  pi.  calcaria  (kal-ka'ri-a). 
[L.,  a  spur,  <  calx  (calc-),  the  heel:  see  calx^.] 
1.  In  bot,  a  spur ;  a  hollow  projection  from  the 
base  of  a  petal  or  sepal;  the  nectary  (neeta- 
rium)  of  Linnffius.— 2.  In  anat.,  a  projection 
into  the  posterior  horn  of  the  lateral  ventricle 
of  the  brain  of  man  and  some  other  mammals ; 
the  calcar  avis  or  hippocampus  minor. — 3. 

In  ornith.,  a  spur,  (a)  The  horny  process,  with  a 
bony  core,  borne  upon  the  lower  and  inner  part  of  the 
shank  of  sundry  gallinaceous  birds,  as  the  turkey,  phea- 
sant, domestic  cock,  etc.  It  is  of  the  same  nature  as  a 
claw,  or  as  the  horns  of  cattle,  but  differs  from  a  claw  in 
being  an  offset  from  the  side  of  a  bone,  not  at  the  end  of 
a  phalanx.  There  is  sometimes  a  pair  of  spurs,  one  above 
the  other,  on  each  shank,  as  in  the  genus  Puli/pleclron. 
(See  cut  under  calcarafe.)  Spurs  are  commonly  developed 
only  in  the  male  sex,  not  passing  a  rudimentary  condition 
If  found  at  all,  in  tlie  female.  (See  cut  under  tarsometa- 
tarsus.) (b)  A  similar  but  usually  smaller  horny  process 
borne  upon  the  side  of  the  pinion-bone,  near  the  wrist- 
joint,  of  various  birds,  as  the  jacanas,  spur-winged  goose 
etc.  (c)  Loosely  applied  to  the  claws  of  birds,  especially 
the  hind  claw  when  notably  long  and  straight,  as  in  larks, 
spur-heeled  cuckoos,  etc. 

4.  In  Eotifera,  a  spur-like  setigerous  process 
more  or  less  closely  attached  to  the  single 
ganglion  of  these  animals,  near  the  troehal 
disk. —  5.  In  Chiroptcra,  a  slender  elongated 
bone  or  cartilage  upon  the  inner  side  of  the 
ankle-joint,  assisting  in  the  support  of  the  pa- 
tagium. —  6.  [cap.]  [NL.]  In  entom.,  a  genus 
of  atracheliate  beetles,  of  the  family  Teiiebrio- 
nidce.  I)ejean,m21.—  7.  [cap.]  [NL.]  Inconch., 
a  genus  of  mollusks.  Montfort,  1810.— 8.  The 
spur  forming  part  of  any  ceremonial  costume, 
calcar^  (kal'kar),  n.  [<  L.  calcaria.  a  lime-kiln, 
fern,  of  calcarius,  pertaining  to  lime:  see  cal- 
careous.] 1.  In  glass-works,  an  oven  or  fur- 
nace for  calcining  the  materials  of  frit,  prior 
to  melting.    Also  called  fritting-furnace.—  2. 


Calcarate  Foot  of 
Pheasant  {Polyplec- 
iron  ihibetanum). 


calcar 

In  metal.,  an  anuealing-areli  or  -oven. 
Knight. 

calcarate  (kal'ka-rat),  a.  [<  L.  calcar,  a  spxu- 
(see  calcar'^),  +  In  bot. 

and  zoiil.,  spim-ed;  tenislied 
with  spiu-s  or  spur-like  pro- 
cesses: as,  a  calcarate  corolla, 
such  as  that  of  larkspur. 

calcarated  (kal'ka-ra-ted),  a. 
Same  as  calcarate. 

Calcarea  (kal-ka're-a),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  Ij.^calcareus, 
ealcarius:  see  calcareous.'i  The 
chalk-sponges,  which  have  the 
skeleton  composed  chiefly  of 
carbonate  of  lime :  now  gener- 
ally regarded  as  one  of  two 
main  divisions  or  subclasses  of 
Spnnriitc,  the  other  being  Silicea. 

calcareo-.    Combining  form  of 
calcareous  (Latin  ealcarius). 

calcareo-argillaceous  (kal- 
ka  "re-o-iir-ji-la'shins),  a.   C^onsisting  of  or  con- 
taining a  mixture  of  chalk  or  lime  and  elay: 
as,  a  calcareo-argillaceous  soil. 

calcareobituminOUS  (kal  -  ka  "  re  -  6  -bi  -  tu '  mi- 
nus), a.  Consisting  of  or  containing  lime  and 
bitumen. 

calcareocorneous  (kal-ka'''re-6-k6r'ne-us),  a. 
Consisting  of  substance  that  is  both  chalky  and 
horny:  as,  the  calcareocorneous  jaw  of  a  mol- 
lusk. 

calcareosiliceous  (kal-ka"re-6-si-lish'us),  a. 
Consisting  of  or  containing  chalk  and  sand 
mixed  together:  as,  the  calcareosiliceous  beds 
of  the  ocean. 

calcareosulphurous  (kal-ka"re-6-sul'fer-us),  a. 
Having  lime  and  sulphur  in  combination,  or 
partaking  of  both. 

calcareous  (kal-ka're-us),  a.  [Formerly,  and 
more  correctly,  calcarious,  <  L.  ealcarius,  per- 
taining to  lime,  <  calx  (ealc-),  lime:  see  cw/j-i.] 
Partaking  of  the  nature  of  lime;  having  the 
qualities  of  lime ;  containing  lime ;  chalky :  as, 
calcareous  earth  or  stone — Calcareous  algse,  ma- 
rine algie  which  in  process  of  Ki-owth  secrete  hirge  ciiiaii- 
titles  of  lime,  obscuring  their  veuetahle  structure  ami  giv- 
ing the  appearance  of  coral ;  coralline  alg.'c.  Some  are 
attached  at  the  base  in  the  ordinary  manner ;  others  form 
Incrustations  on  rocks  and  other  objects. —  Calcareous 
sacs,  in  aiiaf.,  same  as  calci/eivuK  (jlniuJx  (which  sec, 
under  .(7fe)i!7).— Calcareous  spar,  crystallized  calcium 
carbonate  or  calcite.  Also  called  ralc-sjKd-.  ealcite. — 
Calcareous  sponges,  the  i  halk-sponui  >,  in-CnU  hiMngice. 
—  Calcareous  tufa,  an  alluvial  deposit  of  calcium  car- 
bonate.   See  calcite. 

calcareousness  (kal-ka're-us-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  calcareous. 

calcaria,  ».    Plural  of  calcar^. 

calcariferous  (kal-ka-iif 'e-rus),  a.  [Improp.  < 
L.  ealcarius,  of  lime,  +  ferre  =  E.  hear^.  The 
proper  form  is  calciferous,  q.  v.]  In  geol.  and 
WJMera/.,  lime-yielding:  as,  calcariferous  strata. 
Also  applied  to  petrifying  springs  chargc<l  with  carbonate 
of  lime,  which  is  deposited  as  a  crust  of  calcareous  tufa. 
[Rare.] 

calcariform  (kal-kar'i-form),  a.  [<  L.  calcar, 
a  spur,  +  forma,  shape.]  In  hot.  and  sodl., 
shaped  like  a  calcar  or  spur;  spur-like. 

calcarine  (kal'ka-rin),  a.  [<  calcar^  +  -i»cl.] 
1 .  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  heel  or  heel- 
bone;  calcaneal.  W.  H.  Flower. — 2.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  calcar  of  the  brain  Calcarine  sulcus 

or  fissure,  that  fissure  of  the  brain  which  causes  a  pro- 
jection on  the  floor  of  the  posterior  horn  of  the  lateral 
ventricle,  giving  rise  to  the  liippocampus  minor.  See 
stilcns. 

calcarioust,  «.    See  calcareous. 

calcarone  (kal-ka-ro'ne),  n. ;  pi.  calcarOni  (-ne). 
[It.  dial.,  aug.  of  calcara,  a  kiln.]  A  kiln  of 
simple  construction  used  for  obtaining  sulphur 
from  its  ores,  it  has  a  base  sloping  to  an  outlet  where 
the  melted  sulphur  may  flow  out.  The  sides  are  made  of 
masses  of  gypsum.  The  kiln  is  filled  with  sulphur  ore 
which  is  heaped  above  the  side  walls  and  covered  with 
burned-out  ore.  The  sulphur  ore  is  then  lighted  at  the 
top,  and  the  heat  of  combustion  gradually  melts  the  sul- 
phur throughout  the  kiln.  The  melted  mass  runs  off 
through  the  outlet  at  the  base. 

calcaset,  «•    See  eolocasia. 

Oalcatores  (kal-ka-to'rez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of 
L.  calcntor,  a  treader  (of  grapes),  <  calcare, 
pp.  calcatns,  tread,  trample,  <  calx  (calc-),  the 
heel:  see  cnlx^.~\  In  Blyth's  system  of  classifi- 
cation (1849),  an  order  of  birds  containing  the 
Pressirostres  and  Longirostres  of  Cnvier;  the 
stampers.    [Not  in  use.] 

calcatoryt  (kal'ka-to-ri),  n.     [<  LL.  calcato- 
rium,  a  wine-press,  <  L.  calcator,  one  who  treads 
(grapes) :  see  Calcatores.^    A  wine-press. 
Above  it  well  the  calcatory  make, 
A  wyne  pitte  the  oon  half  either  to  take. 

Palladium,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  17. 


7C0 

£.  H.  calcet,  ».    [<  L.  calx  {calc-),  lime,  chalk:  see 
calx'^  and  cliallc.']  Lime. 

Sub.    How  do  you  sublime  him? 
Face.  With  the  calce  of  egg-shells,  white  marble,  talc. 

B.  Jomon,  Alchemist,  ii.  1. 

calceamentum  (kal'se-a-men'tum),  n.;  pi.  cnl- 
ceamenta  (-ta).  [ML.,  a  particular  use  of  L. 
ealceamentuin,  a  covering  for  the  foot,  <  cal- 
ceare,  furnish  with  shoes:  see  calceatc,  r.]  A 
sandal  forming  a  part  of  the  imperial  insignia 
of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire.  It  was  made  of 
red  silk  richly  embroidered,  and  in  shape  re- 
sembled the  Roman  sandal, 
calceataf,  [ML.:  see  causeway.']  A  cause- 
way.   jE.  Fliillips,  1706. 

calceate  (kal'se-at),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  calce- 
ated,  ppr.  ealceating.  [<  L.  calceatus,  pp.  of 
ealceare,  shoe,  <  caleens,  also  calcius,  a  shoe, 
a  half-boot,  <  calx  (calc-),  the  heel:  see  calx'^.] 
To  shoe ;  fit  with  shoes.  [Rare.] 
calceate,  calceated  (kal'se-at,  -a-ted),  a.  [< 
L.  calceatus,  pp. :  see  the  verb.]  Shod;  fitted 
v\nth  or  wearing  shoes.  Johnson.  [Rare.] 
calced  (kalst),  a.  [<  L.  calceus,  a  shoe,  +  -ed^ 
=  -ate^:  see  caleeatc.']  Shod;  wearing  shoes: 
as,  a  caked  Carmelite  (that  is,  one  who  does 
not  belong  to  the  disealced  or  barefooted  order 
of  Carmelites). 

calcedon  (kal'se-don),  n.  [See  chalcedony.']  In 
Jewelry,  a  foul  vein,  like  chalcedony,  in  some 
precious  stones.    Also  spelled  ehalcedon. 
calcedonic,  calcedonian,  «.   See  ehalcedon  ic, 
eludeedonian. 

calcedony,  n.    See  chalcedony. 
calcedonyx,  n.   See  chalcedonyx. 
calceiform  (kal'se-i-form),  a.    [<  L.  calceus,  a 
shoe,  +  forma,  shape.]    Having  the  form  of  a 
slioe  or  a  slipper,  as  the  corolla  of  Calceolaria. 
Also  calceolate. 

Calceolaria  (kal"se-o-la'ri-a),  «.  [NL.,  so 
called  from  the  resemblance  of  the  inflated  co- 
rolla to  a  slipper,  fem.  of  L.  calccolarius,  per- 
taining to  caleeolus,  a  slipper,  dim.  of  calceus, 
shoe:  see  calceate,  v.]  A  large  genus  of  orna- 
mental herbaceous  or  shrubby  plants,  natural 
order  Scrophidariacea;,  natives  of  the  western 
side  of  America,  from  the  Strait  of  Magellan  to 
Mexico.  .They  are  distinguished  by  a  peculiar  condla 
with  two  deeply  saccate  lips,  tin'  lower  one  the  larger. 
Several  species  have  long  bci  n  (  iiltixatcd  as  house-  and 
bedding-plants,  and  have  now  bccnnic  very  greatly  modi- 
fled  by  hybridization.  The  roots  of  C.  arachnoidea,  the 
parent  of  many  of  our  hybrids,  are  used  in  Chili  for  dye- 
ing woolen  cloth  crimson,  iinder  the  name  of  relbun. 
1'he  plant  is  sometimes  called  dipperivort. 

calceolate  (kal'se-o-lat),  a.  [<  L.  caleeolus, 
dim.  of  calceus,  a  shoe:  see  calceate.  v.]  Same 
as  calceiform. 

calces,  n.  Plural  of  calx"^. 
calcic  (kal'sik),  a.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-),  lime,  + 
-/['.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  lime;  containing  eal- 
eiinn:  as,  calcic  chlorid,  or  ehlorid  of  calcium, 
calcicole  (kal' si-kol),  a.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-), 
lime,  +  colore,  inhabit.]  Growing  upon  lime- 
stone :  said  of  lichens. 

They  [saxicolo  lichens]  may  be  divided  into  two  sections, 
viz.,  calcicole  and  calcifugous.       Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV. 

calcidera  (kal-sid'e-ra),  n.  [Prob.  African.] 
A  bark  used  by  the  natives  of  the  western  coast 
of  Africa  for  the  cure  of  fevers, 
calciferous  (kal-sif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  ccdx  (calc-), 
lime,  +  ferre  =  E.  bcar^.]  Containing  carbo- 
nate of  lime.  Applied  to  calcareous  sandstones  occur- 
ring in  northern  New  York  and  Canada,  and  further  west, 
of  which  the  geological  position  is  near  the  base  of  the 
Lower  Silurian  series,  and  directly  above  the  Potsdam 
Sandstone.  In  some  localities  the  calciferous  formation 
consists  of  impure  magnesian  limestone,  portions  of  which 
are  very  hard  anil  silicious,  and  contain  geodes  of  quartz 
crystals. — Calciferous  asbestinite.  See  asbestinite. — 
Calciferous  glands.  See  i/land. 
calcific  (kal-sif'ik),  a.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-),  lime, 
+  -ficus,  <  facere,  make.]  In  ^■ooZ.  and  anat., 
calcifying  or  calcified ;  that  makes  or  is  con- 
verted into  chalk  or  other  salt  of  lime :  as,  a 
calci  fic  deposit  in  cartilage  or  membrane  in  the 
process  of  forming  bone ;  a  calcific  process. 
Specifically  applied,  in  ornith.,  to  that  part  of  the  oviduct 
of  a  bird  where  the  egg-shell  is  secreted  and  deposited 
upon  the  egg-pod.— Calcific  segment.  See  calcify. 
calcification  (kal"si-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [<  calcify : 
see -fication  and -fy.]  1.  A  changing  into  lime ; 
the  process  of  changing  or  being  changed  into 
a  stony  substance  by  the  deposition  of  salts  of 
lime,  as  in  the  formation  of  petrifactions. —  2. 
In  sodl.  and  anat.,  the  deposition  of  salts  of  lime 
in  any  tissue,  as  in  membrane  or  cartilage  in 
the  formation  of  bone.  But  caleiflcation  may  occur, 
as  in  cartilage,  in  old  age  or  disease,  without  involving 
the  histological  changes  leading  to  the  production  of  true 


calcine 

bone ;  hence  there  is  a  distinction  between  ossification  and 
calcification. 

3.  A  calcific  formation  or  structure, 
calciform  (kal'si-form),  a.    [<  L.  calx  (calc-), 
lime,  +  forma,  form.]    1.  In  the  fonn  of  chalk 
or  lime. — 2.  Shapetl  like  a  pebble;  pebbly; 
gravelly. 

calcifugous  (kal-sif  u-gus),  a.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-), 
lime,  +  fugere,  flee,  +  -ous.  Cf.  calcicole.] 
Avoiding  limestone :  applied  to  certain  saxico- 
lous  lichens,  and  opposed  to  calcicole. 

calcify  (kal'si-ti),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  calcified,  ppr. 
calcifying.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-),  lime,  +  -ficare,  < 
facere,  make:  see  -fy.]  I.  trans.  To  make 
calcic ;  harden  by  secreting  or  depositing  a  salt 
of  lime — Calcifying  or  calcific  segment,  in  omith., 
the  calcific  tract  or  portion  of  the  oviduct  of  a  bird,  also 
called  the  uterus,  where  the  egg-shell  is  secreted  and  de- 
posited upon  the  egg-pod. 

II.  intrans.  To  turn  into  bone  or  bony  tissue ; 
become  hard  like  bone,  as  cartilage  or  mem- 
brane, by  the  deposition  or  secretion  of  a  salt 
of  lime. 

calcigenous  (kal-sij'e-nus),  a.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-), 
lime,  4-  -genus,  <  gignere,  genere,  produce.]  In 
eliem.,  forming  lime  or  calx:  applied  to  the 
common  metals,  which  with  oxygen  form  a 
calx  or  earth-like  substance. 

calcigerous  (kal-sij 'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-), 
lime,  +  gererc,  bear,  +  -ous.]  Producing  or 
containing  lime ;  ealeophorous :  as,  the  calci- 
gerous tubules  of  bone. 

calcigrade  (kal'si-grad),  a.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-), 
heel,  +  gradi,  walk.]  Walking  on  the  heel; 
sinking  the  heel  deeper  than  the  other  parts  of 
the  foot  in  walking. 

calcimeter  (kal-sim'e-ter),  n.  [<L.  calx  (calc-), 
lime,  +  metrum,  measure.]  An  apparatus  in- 
vented by  Scheibler  for  testing  bone-dust  and 
other  materials  for  lime. 

calcimine  (kal'si-min  or  -min),  n.  [<  L.  calx 
(calc-),  lime,  +  -mine  for  -ine"^.]  A  superior 
kind  of  white  or  tinted  wash  for  the  walls  of 
rooms,  ceilings,  etc.    Incorrectly,  kalsomine. 

calcimine  (kal'si-min  or  -min),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  ealciiniued,  ppr.  calcimining.  [<  calcimine, 
n.]  To  wash  or  cover  with  calcimine:  as,  to 
calcimine  walls.    Also,  incorrectly,  kalsomine. 

calciminer  (kal'si-mi-ner),  n.  One  who  calci- 
mines.   Also,  incorrectly,  kalsominer. 

calcimurite  (kal-si-mu'rit),  n.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-), 
lime,  +  muria,  salt  liquor:  see  muriatic]  A 
species  of  earth  of  a  blue  or  olive-green  color, 
of  the  consistence  of  clay.  It  consists  of  cal- 
careous earth  and  magnesia  tinged  with  iron. 

calcinable  (kal'si-na-bl  or  kal-si'na-bl),  a.  [< 
ealeine  +  -able;  =  P.  calcinable.]  Capable  of 
being  calcined  or  reduced  to  a  friable  state  by 
the  action  of  fire. 

calcinate!  (kal'si-nat),  V.  t.  [<  ML.  calcinatus, 
yip.  ot  ealcina re :  see  calcine.]  To  calcine.  Ba- 
con. [Rare.] 

calcination  (kal-si-na'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  calci- 
nacioun,  -tiov,  <  F.  calcination,  etc.,  <  ML.  calci- 
natio(n-),  <  cedcinare,  pp.  calcinatus :  see  cal- 
cine.] 1.  The  act  or  operation  of  calcining,  or 
expelling  from  a  substance  by  heat  some  vola- 
tile matter  with  which  it  is  combined,  or  which 
is  the  cementing  principle,  and  thus  reducing 
it  to  a  friable  state.  Thus  chalk  and  carbonate  of 
lime  are  reduced  to  lime  by  calcination  or  the  expulsion 
of  carbonic  acid.    See  calcine,  v.  t. 

2.  In  metal. :  (a)  The  operation  of  reducing  a 
metal  to  an  oxid  or  metallic  calx:  now  called 
oxidation.  Ure.  (b)  The  iirocess  of  being  cal- 
cined, or  heated  with  access  of  air:  nearly 
equivalent  to  roasting,  (c)  The  process  of 
treating  certain  ores,  especially  of  iron,  for  the 
purpose  of  making  them  more  manageable  in 
the  furnace,  nothing  being  taken  from  or  added 
to  the  material  thus  treated.  This  is  done  with 
some  Swedish  iron  ores. 

calcinatory  (kal'sin-  or  kal-sin'a-to-ri),  n.;  pi. 
calcinatories  (-riz).  [<  ML.  catcinatoriwn  (sc. 
vas,  vessel),  neut.  of  *calcinatorius,  pertaining 
to  calcination,  <  calcinare,  pp.  calcinatus:  see 
caleiiie.]    A  vessel  used  in  calcination. 

calcine  (kal'sin  or  kal-sin'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
calcined,  ppr.  calcining.  [<  F.  calciner  —  Pr. 
Sp.  Pg.  calcinar  --  It.  calcinare,  <  ML.  calci- 
nare, reduce  to  a  calx,  <  L.  calx  (calc-),  lime, 
calx:  see  catel.]  I.  tratis.  1.  To  convert  into 
lime  or  calx  by  the  action  of  heat;  treat  (lime- 
stone) by  the  process  of  calcination  for  the 
formation  of  lime.  [Rare.]  —2.  To  oxidize,  as 
a  metal,  by  heating.  [Rare.] — 3.  In  metal., 
to  subject  to  the  action  of  heat,  with  access  of 
air:  nearly  equivalent  to  roast  (which  see). — 
Calcined  cocoon.  See  cocooni. 


calcine 

II.  intrans.  To  be  converted  into  a  powder 
or  fnable  substance,  or  into  a  calx,  by  the  ac- 
tion of  heat. 

This  crystal  is  a  pellucid  fissile  stone,  .  .  in  a  verv 
strong  heat  calcining  without  fusion.      Newton,  Opticks. 

calciner  (kal'si-ner  or  kal-si'ner),  n.    1  One 
who  calcines.— 2.  An  oven  or  a  furnace  for 
calcining  ores.    See  calcine,  v.  t. 
calcinize  (kal'si-niz),  v.     [<  calcine  +  -^ize  ^ 
bame  as  calcine. 

Gods  dread  wrath,  which  quick  doth  calcinize 
Ihe  marble  mountains,  and  the  ocean  dries 

Sylvester,  The  Trophies,  I.  1200 

Calciphora  (kal-sif'6-ra),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut  pi 
of  calciphorus :  see  calciphorous.']  A  section  of 
decapod  dibranchiate  Cephalopoda,  havint'  the 

lilinl  fl  ^  ^'  '""""t'dfe,  but  are  still  represented  by 
living  forms,  as  tlie  genera  SpiriUa  and  Sepia  The  term 
IS  contrasted  with  Chondrophora  ^ 

calciphorous  (kal-sif'o-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  calcipJio- 
r«s^<  L.  calx  icalc-),  lime,  +  Gr.  -<popoc,< /^pe,v 
=  i^.  bear'-.  Cf.  calcopltorous,  calciferous.l  Hav- 
ing the  internal  shell  calcareous ;  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Calciphora. 

Calcispongiae  (kal-si-spon'ji-e),  n.  pi.  [NL  < 
U  calx  (cf/fc-),  Hme,  +  spongia,  a  sponge.  1  A 
group  of  the  Porifera  or  Spongia,  among  which 
are  representatives  of  the  most  primitive  or 
fundamental  type  of  poriferal  struetui-e:  the 

chalk-sponges.  Tl,ey  have  no  fibrous  skeleton  but  al- 
Z^IMfr^'^r^  exoskeleton  composed  of  numerous  spfc- 
ula,  hardened  by  deposits  of  carbonate  of  lime  in  concen- 
tric layers  about  an  axis  or  basis  of  animal  substance 
Ihey  are  usually  if  not  always  hermaphrodite,  produdn- 
both  ova  and  spermatozoa  from  modified  cells  of  the  en° 
doderm;  impregnation  and  early  embryonic  sta"es  of 
hodv  n?Th"'  f 'i'^''  '^'^  while  the  ovl  remain  1n  the 
include  the  physemanans  as  well  as  the  olyntliians  and 

Ulynthoidea.  The  former  consists  of  the  genera  Halwhii- 
semaand  Gastrophysenm ;  the  latter  is  dfvided  i^to  four 
suborders, ^sco^ie,,  Sijcones,  Leucones,  and  Pharefrone' 
SJd^Xfn^amf ^ifferentlXided 
calcispongian  (kal-si-spon'ji-an),  a.  and  n.  I 
a.  Ot  or  pertaining  to  the  Calcispongice. 

11.  n.  One  of  the  Calcispongice;  a  ehalk- 
^Eyat^'  mtrusive  calcispongian,"  A. 

calcite  (kal'sit),  n.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-),  lime,  -I- 
-ife-f.  J  Native  calcium  carbonate,  or  carbonate 
ot  lune,  one  of  the  commonest  of  minerals  it 
occurs  in  a  great  variety  of  crystalline  forms,  rhombohe- 
drcns,  scalenohedrons,  etc.;  the  fundamental  form  be  nt 
fv?;T  f  ;T"^  ^  ^'"S'e  of  105°,  p™aileTtS 

which  the  crystallized  mineral  has  highly  perfect  cleav 
age,  so  that  a  mass  of  it  breaks  up  with  a  blow  into  a 
great  number  of  small  rhorabohedrons.  The  tr  nsnarent 
colorless  variety  is  called  Iceland  spar  or  <^»  w" 
iny  spar,  and  is  used  for  the  prisms  of  polariscopes. 
tooth  spar  IS  a  variety  in  acute  scalenohedral  crystals 
Satin-spar  is  a  fibrous,  and  argentine  a  peai-ly  lamellai  va^ 

ti«  .i.niHH^"''""^'";',™','^P^'^''  cryptocrystalline  varie- 
ties constitute  marble,  limestone,  chalk,  etc.  Stalactites 
and  sta  agmites  are  forms  deposited  in  limestone  caves- 
calc-sinter,  calc-tuff,  or  travertin  is  a  porous  deposirfro  n 
springs  or  rivers  which  in  fiowing  through  limestone  rocks 
have  become  charged  with  calcium  carbonati  A^'art' 
mineral  or  rock-milk,  is  a  soft  white  variety  eal  ly  cn  u- 

'ut\'ul:{yi^l;.j'  "^P-'^"  - 

calcitic(kal-sit'ik),a.  [<  calcite  + -ic.-]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  formed  of  calcite :  as,  calcitic  cement. 

Under  atmospheric  influences,  the  calcitic  cement  ao- 
pears  to  be  replaced  by  one  which  is  in  large  part  siH- 

Science,  IV.  71. 

calcitrant  (kal'si-trant),  a.  [<  L.  calcitran(t-)s, 
ppr.  ot  calcitrare,  kick:  see  calcitrate.']  Kick- 
ing; refractory. 

calcitrate  (kal'si-trat),  v.  t.    [<  L.  calcitratus, 

pp.  of  calcitrare,  kick,  <  calx  {calc-),  the  heel 

Cf.  recalcitrant.']    To  kick.  [Rare.] 
calcitration  (kal-si-tra'shon),  n.     [<  calcitrate 

+  -ton.]    The  act  of  kicking.    See  recalcitra- 

tion.  [Eare.] 

bre^kinilL"!  'paused  partly  by  its  calcitration 

Dieaking  the  membranes  m  which  it  lieth. 

Ross,  Arcana  Microcosmi,  p  52 
calcium  (kal'si-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  calx  {calc-), 
nine :  see  calx^  and  chalk.]  1.  Chemical  sym- 
bol Ca  ;  atomic  weight,  40.  A  metal  having  a 
Ught-yellow  color  and  brilliant  luster,  about  as 
nard  as  gold  very  ductile,  and  having  a  specific 

gravity  of  about  L57.  it  oxidizes  readily  in  moist  air 

or  oultfin  ^"""^  ""/."k^  ^'V'^^^'  calcium  oxid  CaO 

or  quicklime  one  of  the  alkaline  earths.  On  addino-  Water 

i.im^JnotTo'inT  "ydrate  Ca(0H)2,  or  slaked  l^ie  Cal- 
w  th  mo°t  nf  ?h  t'lf.metallic  state,  but  it  unites 

whi  v.  of  the  non-metalhc  elements  in  comnounds 
■rsed    ^V"^'''^  distributed  in  nature  and  eS  ve  ^ 

the  chaS^'de"™';':''  .'^'"?''  °^  ™=^^ble,  and 

ni,™     ■  J'^'Posits  are  calcium  carbonate ;  gypsum  is  cal- 

si  ^nof'^'^'f'  'ir'  also  enters  into  t  ie  compo- 

sition of  nearly  all  tlie  native  silicates. 

?acf-Tu,?,iT  tColloq.l-calcium  carbide. 

CaCg.  It  IS  used  in  making  acetylene  gas. -Calcium  UgStl 


761 

a  very  intense  white  light  produced  by  turning  two  streams 
o  gas,  one  of  o.xygen  and  the  other  of  hydrogen,  in  a  state 
b  Je^nt',  r"':;,"''""  '""^'t^  ^"I'tain  Dninmiond,  e 

Tno  Lr'lS'ff"''''^  life'hthoJses. 
Another  light  previously  invented  by  him  (1825),  was  em- 
firl  "'^"'^'^'"■■'i  «"'  veys  when  it  was  required  to  ob- 
nZlf    T,  subtende.l  between  .listant  stations  at 

n  .-^  'n     iV'*-  produced  liy  placing  a  ball  ..rdish  of 

rend  r.!  lif  i';"^  <>f  a  parabolic  mirror  at  the  station  to  be 
[n"  rnm  n  ,  I,  '"l "  fla"'earis- 

ALSO  called />r«TO. 

nwnd  light,  oxycalcium  light,  limelalUight,  and  lime-liyht. 

calcivorous  (kal-siv'o-rus),  a.  [<  L.  calx  {calc-), 
lime,  +  iware,  eat:  see  voracious,  and  cf.  cal- 
ctcoie]  Living  upon  limestone:  applied  to  cer- 
tain lichens. 

calclet,  '■.  t.   See  calcule. 

calcographer  (kal-kog'ra-fer),  «.  [<  calcogra- 
piii/  -t  -eri-.]  One  who  practises  ealcography. 
calcographical  (kal-ko-graf'i-kal),  a.  K  cal- 
cography  +  -ical.]  Pertaining  to  ealcography. 
calcogTaphy  (kal  - kog '  ra-fi),  n.  [<  L.  calx 
{calc-)  hme,  +  Gr.  -ypa^la,  <  ypd,p^w,  m-ite.] 
ihe  art  of  drawing  with  black  or  colored  chalks 
or  pastels. 

calcophorous  (kal-kof'o-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  calco- 
phorus  <  L.  calx  {calc-),  lime,  -t-  Gr.  -6opoc,  <  Ai- 
pnv  =  E.  l)€ar\  Prop,  calcifcrous,  q.  v.]  Pro- 
ducing or  containing  lime;  calcigerous:  as,  the 
calcophorous  tubules  of  bone  (also  called  cana- 
licuh  calcophori). 
calc-sinter  (kalk'sin"ter),  n.  [<  G.  l-alk-sinter, 
^  kalk  (<  L.  calx  calc-),  lime,  -I-  sinter,  a  stalac- 
tite: sees*«fen]  Travertin,  or  calcareous  tufa, 
the  material  deposited  from  water  holding  lime 
m  solution.  See  travertin. 
calc-spar  (kalk'spar),  «.  [<  l.  calx  {calc-), 
lime  +  spar^.  Cf.  calc-sinter.]  A  name  ap- 
plied to  any  of  the  very  numerous  crystallized 
and  cleavable  varieties  of  calcite;  calcareous 
spar.  ' 

calc-tuff  (kalk'tuf)^  n.  [<  L.  calx  {calc-),  lime, 
■t-  tuff.]  An  alluvial  formation  of  calcium  car- 
bonate. See  calcite. 
calculability  (kal"ku-la-bil'i-ti),  n.  The  quali- 
ty of  being  calculable ;  capability  of  being  cal- 
culated. ^ 

action ''if  «,f''K'''"r'''-°''i"^'=''""=s  ^'''•^h  systematic 
action  lb  the  object  aimed  at.  .  .  .  The  solar  system  a 
timepiece,  a  steam-engine  at  work,  are  examples  of  such 
machines,  and  the  characteristic  of  all  such  is  their  cal- 
culaUility.  B.  Stewart,  Conserv.  of  Energy  p  158 

calculable  (kal'ku-la-bl),  a.    [=  F.  calculable, 
Li.  as  it  *calculal)ilis,  <  calcularc :  see  calcu- 
late, v.]    1.  Capable  of  being  calculated  or  es- 
timated ;  ascertainable  by  calculation  or  esti- 
mation. 

jj}!'^  ■  ■  ■  °P'=i"'>ti°ii  of  various  forces  visible  and  calcu- 
■  Ansted,  Channel  Islands,  p.  249. 

The  vicissitudes  of  language  are,  thus,  a  thin"-  over 
which  our  volitions  rarely  have  a  calculable  control, 
o    rpi    i  ^^o*!-  Eng.,  p.  290. 

>£.  That  may  be  counted  or  reckoned  upon- 
applied  to  persons. 

calculary  (kal'ku-la-ri),  n.  and  a.  [<  L.  calcu- 
larius,  lit.  pertaining  to  a  pebble,  found  only  in 
the  secondary  sense  of  '  pertaining  to  calcula- 
tion, <  calculus,  a  pebble,  also  calculation:  see 
calculus,  calculate,  v.]  I.  v.;  pi.  calcularies 
I-    .  ^  congeries  of  little  stony 

knots  often  foimd  in  the  pulp  of  the  pear  and 
other  truits,  formed  by  concretions  of  the  sap. 
—  2.  la pathol.,  a  calculus. 

II.  a.  Li  mecL,  relating  to  or  of  the  nature 
of  calculi;  arising  from  calculi  or  gravel 
calculate  (kal'ku-lat),  v.;  pret.  and  ^.'calcu- 
lated, Tppr.  calculating.  [<  L.  calculatus,  pp.  of 
calculare  (>  ult.  ME.  calculen,  calclen:  see  cal- 
cule, v.),  reckon,  orig.  by  means  of  pebbles,  <  ea?- 
cultts,  a  pehhle:  see  calctdus.]  I  trans  1  To 
ascertain  by  computation;  compute;  reckon  up 
arithmetically  or  by  items:  as,  to  calculate  in- 
terest, or  the  cost  of  a  house. 

A  cunning  man  did  calculate  my  birth 
And  told  me  that  by  water  I  should  die. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  1 


calculation 

This  letter  was  admirably  to  work  on  those 

to  whom  It  was  addressed.     .Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xviiL 

4.  To  purpose;  intend;  design:  as,  he  calculates 
to  do  it;  he  calculates  to  go.     [Local,  U.  S  ]— 

5.  To  think ;  guess.  [Colloq.,  New  Eng.]  =svn.  1 

and  2.  Calculate,  Compute,  Reckon,  Count.  Calculate  ai7- 
plies  to  the  most  elaborate  and  varied  mathematical  pro- 
cesses :  as,  to  calculate  an  eclipse  or  a  nativity.  Comimie 
IS  more  applicalde  to  the  simpler  processes:  as  to  com- 
pute the  interest  on  a  not«.  lint  njathematicians  make 
the  opposite  distinction;  in  their  language,  to  comtnite 
means  to  make  elaborate  calculations  with  the  art  of  a 
person  trained  to  tliis  business.  Heckon  is  essentially  the 
same  as  compute,  but  may  be  simpler  yet :  as,  U>  reckon 
interest,  or  tlie  amount  of  a  bill,  or  the  days  to  a  coming 
mI"   f  «  "  ^<^c\ion  one  by  one.    The  figurative 

f  th^L  rf'  T'"''^^  suBSested  by  any  comi.arison 

of  their  literal  meanings;  in  them  all  some  mental  esti- 
mate may  be  supposed  to  be  made,  akin  to  an  arithmeti. 
cal  process.  "I  reckon  that  the  sufferings  of  this  present 
tmie  .ai-e  not  worthy  to  be  compared  with  the  glory  which 

late  foi  reckon  in  such  a  case  as  this  is  an  Americanism. 

ItoMfti  not  myself  to  have  apprehended."  Phil  iii  13 
other^Uvo'^rds!"''^  "  ""t  not' the 

When  they  come  to  model  heaven 
And  calculate  the  stars.       Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  80. 
After  its  own  law  and  not  by  arithmetic  is  the  rate  of 
Its  [the  soul  s]  progress  to  be  computed. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  249. 
He  presently  confided  to  me,  .  .  .  that,  judging  from 
my  personal  appearance,  he  should  not  have  thought  me 
the  writer  that  he  in  his  generosity  reckoned  me  to  be 

0.  M'.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.'  65. 
Honour  and  pleasure  both  are  in  thy  mind 
And  all  that  in  the  world  is  counted  good.  ' 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  xxxiv. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  make  a  computation;  ar- 
rive at  a  conclusion  after  weighing  all  the  cir- 
cumstances ;  form  an  estimate ;  reckon :  as  we 
calculate  better  for  ourselves  than  for  others- 
to  calculate  on  (that  is,  with  expectation  of) 
line  weather. 
The  strong  passions,  whether  good  or  bad,  never  calcu- 

F.  ir.  Robertson. 


2.  To  make  an  estimate  of ;  compute  by  weigh- 
ing related  facts  or  circumstances  in  the  mind  ■ 
as,  to  calculate  chances  or  probabilities.— 3 
lo  lit  or  prepare  by  the  adaptation  of  means 
to  the  end;  make  suitable  ;  plan:  generally  in 
the  perfect  participle,  and  frequently  (though 
improperly)  in  the  sense  ot  Jitted,  without  any 
thought  of  intentional  adaptation. 

.„?%''?'!f  the  Cluu'ch  of  England  so  narrowh- 

calculated  that  it  cannot  fall  in  with  any  regular  species 
of  government.  Swift,  Sentiments  of  a  Ch.  of  Eng!  Man,  ii! 
Religion  .  .  .  is  .  .  .  calculated  for  our  benefit. 

.  ,  Tillotson. 
fornJh^,!  o  fl"  f""^°  invention  so  aptly  calculated  for  the 
forming  a  free-born  people  as  that  of  a  theatre. 

Steele,  Tatler,  No.  167. 


2t.  To  speculate  about  future  events ;  predict. 

Old  men,  fools,  and  children  calculate.   Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  3. 

3   To  suppose  or  believe,  after  deliberation ; 
think;  'guess';  'reckon':  as,  you  are  MTong 
there,  I  calculate.    [Colloq.,  New  Eng  ] 
calculatet  (kal'ku-lat),  n.  [<  calculate,  v.]  Cal- 
culation. 

Nor  were  these  brothers  mistaken  in  their  calculates 
for  the  event  made  good  all  their  prognostics. 

Roger  North,  Examen,  p.  602. 
calculating  (kal'ku-la-ting),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  cal- 
culate, v.]  Given  to  forethought  and  calcula- 
tion; especially,  given  to  looking  ahead  with 
thoughtful  regard  to  self-interest;  deliberate 
and  selfish;  scheming. 

i'j,^- '^nlcutatuig  disposition,  he  easily  got  the 
better  of  his  ardent  rival.  Godwin,  St!  Leon. 

calculating-machine  (kal  'ku-la-ting-  ma- 
shen"),  n.  Any  machine  which'  perfoi-ms  nu- 
merical calculations.  The  principal  kinds  are:  («) 
Multiplying  and  dividing  machines,  (b)  Ilifference-en- 
gines,  which  calculate  and  print  tables  from  the  initial 
values  of  the  tabular  number  and  its  first,  second  e  c 
ditferences.  The  first  of  these  was  that  of  Babba^e  of 
which  the  Scheutz  machine,  now  at  the  Albany  ob^en-a' 
w}  ,  f  .'"°'l'fl^f' on-  (f)  The  analytical  engine  of  Bab- 
bage,  which  was  designed  to  calculate  and  print  tables  of 
a  lunctiou  from  constants,  but  was  never  actually  con- 
structed, (d)  Tide-predicting  machines,  of  which  several 
have  been  constructed,  with  one  of  which,  that  of  Ferrel 
the  regular  tide-tables  published  by  the  United  States 
^^UntT^^^  "  K  T"'  ^"'Pute.I.  (e)  Machines  for  inte- 
grating differential  equations,  though  these  are  rather  in- 
s  ruments  than  machines.  (/)  Logical  machines,  for  de- 
ducing conclusions  from  jiremises.  There  are  also  impor- 
tant instruments  for  performing  calculations,  which  are 
not  usual  y  called  machines.  Such  are  the  abacus  thi 
celestial  globe,  and  Hill  s  machine  for  predicting  echpsel 
and  occultations,  used  hi  the  calculation  of  the  Amerfcan 
c&Hnt  f  ?  There  are  also  various 

calculating-scales,  such  as  >apier  s  bones.  Many  of  these 
devices  are  of  considerable  utility,  such  as  Airys  st kk  for 
gaging  cylindrical  vessels,  and  the  gagers'  rod  Some  in- 
struments perform  calculations  subsidiary  to  the  process 
ot  measurement,  as  the  planimeter.  P'ocess 

calculation  (kal-ku-la'shon),  n.  [<  ME  calcu- 
lacion,  -Hon,  <  L.  calcuiatio{n-),  <  calculare, 
reckon :  see  calculate,  v.]  1.  The  act  of  calcu' 
latmg ;  the  art,  practice,  or  manner  of  comput- 
ing by  numbers ;  reckoning;  computation:  as, 
to  find  a  result  hy  calculation ;  the  calculation 
was  a  difficult  one. 

In  rigorous  logic,  and  by  calculation  carried  far  enough 
the  time  must  come  when  the  dead  in  our  country  will 
outnumber  and  dispossess  the  living. 

ir.  R.  Greg,  Misc.  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  105. 
MTienever  we  term  arithmetic  the  science  of  calculation 
w-e  in  fact  allude  to  that  rudimental  period  of  the  science 
of  numbers  when  pebbles  (calcul,-)  were  used,  as  now  among 
savages  they  often  are,  to  facilitate  the  practice  of  count- 
Abp.  Trench,  Study  of  Words,  p.  123. 

2.  A  series  of  arithmetical  processes  leadino-  to 
a  certain  result.—  3.  An  estimate  formed  in  the 


calculation 

mind  by  comparing  the  various  circumstances 
and  facts  which  bear  on  the  matter  in  hand. 

The  lazy  gossips  of  the  port, 
Abhorrent  of  a  calculation  crost, 
Began  to  thafe  as  at  a  personal  OTong. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Ardcn. 

4.  The  habit  of  forming  mental  estimates ;  a 
trait  or  an  element  of  intellectual  character 
which  shows  itself  in  the  habit  of  formulating 
and  revohdng  schemes  in  the  mind,  or  forecast- 
ing the  progress  or  results  of  an  undertaking. 

Calcttlation  might  come  to  value  love  for  its  profit. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  216. 

Every  virtue  may  take  two  shapes,  the  one  lower  and 
the  other  higher ;  for  every  virtue  may  spring  from  calcu- 
lation, and  on  the  other  hand  every  act  of  virtue  may  be  a 
religious  act  arising  out  of  some  worship  or  devotion  of 
the  soul.  J.  JR.  Seeley,  Nat.  Religion,  p.  159. 

=  Syn.  4.  Deliberation,  circumspection,  wariness,  fore- 
thought, prudence. 

calculative  (kal'ku-la-tiv),  a.  [<  calculate  + 
-ive.]  Pertaining  to  calculation ;  involving  cal- 
culation. 

Long  habits  of  calculative  dealings. 

Burke,  Popery  Laws. 

calculator  (kal'ku-la-tor),  n.  [L.  (>  ME.  cal- 
l-elatour),  <  calcul'are,  calculate:  see  calculate, 
■y.]  1.  One  who  calculates,  computes,  or  reck- 
ons.—  2.  One  who  estimates  or  considers  the 
force  and  effect  of  causes  with  a  view  to  form 
a  correct  estimate  of  the  effects. 
Ambition  is  no  exact  calculator. 

Burke,  Duration  of  Parliaments. 

A  calculating-machine. —  4.  A  form  of  or- 


762  calendar 

calecannon,  colecannon  (kill-,  kol-kan'on),  «. 

[Appar.  <  crtfcl,  cole^,  cabbage,  +  cannon  (imcer- 
tain).]    A  favorite  Irish  dish,  made  by  boiling 
and  mashing  together  greens,  young  cabbage, 
or  spinach,  and  potatoes,  and  seasoning  with 
butter,  pepper,  and  salt,   a  plainer  kind  is  made 
among  the  jjoorer  classes  by  boiling  the  vegetables  till 
nearly  done,  then  adding  the  raw  potatoes  to  them,  and 
draining  them  when  fully  boiled.  Also  written  colcannon. 
caleche,  ».    See  calash. 
Caledonia  brown.   See  irown. 
Caledonian  (kal-e-do'ni-an),  a.  and  n.    [<  L. 
Caledonia,  an  ancient  name  for  Scotland,  + 
-aw.]    I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Caledonia  or  Scot- 
land; Scottish;  Scotch. 

The  arrival  of  the  Saxons  [in  Britain]  checked  the  pro- 
gress of  the  Caledonian  marauders. 

Sir  E.  Creasy,  Eng.  Const.,  p.  26. 

II,  n.  A  native  of  Caledonia,  or  Scotland; 
,   ,      J  a       ,  «  a  Scotchman. 

branch  of  the  calculus  of  hmte  difterences ;  a  „„i„j-_;4.-  /i,„i'„  „     j/  T,  ilnlprlntiin 

findhig  functions  which  fulfil  given  conditions.-  Calcdonite  (kal  e-do-nit),  «.     [<■       f'^'.'X'fl'f ' 
1  of  logic,  a  method  of  working  out  conclusions    Scotland,  +  -ite^.J    A  blue  or  greenish-blue 
'   ■    =  mineral,  a  hydrous  sulphate  of  lead  and  copper, 

found  in  attached  crystals,  with  other  ores  of 
lead,  at  Leadhills  in  Lanarkshire,  Scotland, 
and  at  Roughten  Gill  in  Cumberland,  England, 
also  in  Htmgary  and  the  Harz  mountains. 


rery  invented  by  Ferguson, 
calculatory  (kal'ku-la-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  calcula- 
torius,<  calculator:  see  calculator.']  Belonging 
to  calculation.  Sherwood. 
calculet  (kal'kiil),  «.  [<  F.  calctil,  <  L.  calculus, 
reckoning :  see  calculate,  v.]  A  reckoning ;  com- 
putation. 

The  general  calcule  .  .  .  exceeded  eight  millions. 

Howell,  Vocall  Forrest. 

calculet,  V- 1.  [ME.,  also  calculen,  calclen,  <  OF. 
calculer,  F.  calculer  =  Sp.  Pg.  calcular  =  It. 
calculare,  <  L.  calculare,  reckon,  calculate:  see 
calculate,  v.]  To  calculate;  reckon:  used  espe- 
cially with  reference  to  astronomical  and  as- 
trological calculations. 

So  when  this  Calkas  knew  by  calkulynge, 

And  ek  by  answer  of  this  Apollo, 

That  Grekes  sholden  swiche  a  peple  brynge, 

Thorugh  which  tliat  Troye  moste  ben  fordo. 

He  caste  anon  out  of  the  town  to  go. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  71. 

calculi,  n.    Plural  of  calculus. 

calculifragous  (kal-kii-lif'ra-gus),  a.  [<  L.  cal- 
culus, a  pebble,  stone  in  the  bladder,  +  fran- 
gere  (frag-),  break,  4-  -ous.}    In  surg.,  having 

Dower  to  dissolve  or  break  calculus,  or  stone  in  Calderari  (kal-de-ra'ri),  n.  pi 


ratios  of  these  differentials,  and  of  the  fundamental  for- 
mulas into  which  these  ratios  enter.  The  integral  calculus 
treats  of  integration,  or  the  summation  of  an  infinite  series 
of  differentials ;  it  is  largely  an  inverted  statement  of  a 
part  of  the  doctrine  of  the  diff'erential  calculus,  but  it 
also  introduces  imaginary  quantities  and  leads  up  to  the 
theory  of  functions.— BarycentriC  calculus.  See  bary- 
ccneni-.— Calculus  of  enlargement,  a  method  of  obtain- 
ing algebraical  di'Vclopine nts,  etc.,  by  the  use  of  E  (see 
calculus  of  nnitc  </i//(7.'/io's)  and  other  symbols  of  opera- 
tion.—Cstlculus  of  equivalent  statements.  Same  as 
calculus  of  io<»'c,— Calculus  of  finite  differences,  a 

method  of  calculating,  mainly  by  means  of  tlie  symbols  E, 
A,  and  2  :  the  first,  E,  signifying  the  operation  of  increasing 
the  independent  variable  of  a  function  by  unity ;  the  sec- 
ond, A,  the  increase  in  the  value  of  a  function  produced 
by  increasing  its  variable  by  unity;  and  the  third,  2,  the 
operation  of  adding  all  values  of  the  function  for  integral 
values  of  the  variable  from  unity  up.  Tlie  calculus  of 
finite  differences  differs  from  the  differential  calculus,  not 
merely  in  considering  finite  differences  instead  of  differ- 
entials, but  also  in  not  assuming  continuity.— Calculus 
of  forms,  the  theory  of  invariants,  etc.,  treated  symboli- 
cally after  the  manner  of  Gordan.— CalCUlUS  Of  func- 
tions, 
method  of 

Calculus  „--, 

from  given  premises  by  means  of  an  algebraic  notation.— 
Calculus  of  operations,  the  general  method  of  treating 
mathematical  problems  by  operating  algebraically  upon 
symbols  of  operation.— CalCUlUS  Of  probability.  See 
probability.  — CsdCVLiMS  Of  quatemions,  the  method  of 
calculating  by  means  of  quaternions.— Calculus  Of  va- 
riations, a  branch  of  the  differential  calculus,  using  &  calcfacient  (kal-e-fa'shient),  a.  and  n.  [<  L 
the  sign  of  the  variation  of  a  function,  for  the  solution  of  V  <*   _^        /A„...„  „„i, 

problems  of  maxima  and  minima.-  Fluxional  or  flux- 
ionary  calculus.  See  method  of  jiuxions,  under  jtux- 
j'on.- Fusible  calculus,  a  variety  of  urinary  concretion 
consisting  of  mixed  ammonium-magnesium  and  calcium 
phosphates.  It  is  so  named  because  it  fuses  before  the 
blowpipe.— Imaginary  calculus,  the  method  of  calcu- 
lating by  the  use  of  an  imaginary  unit,  the  square  of  which 
is  supposed  to  be  —1,  and  which  is  added  and  multiplied 


calefacien{t-)s,  ppr.  of  calefacere,  make  warm 
or  hot,  <  calere,  be  hot,  +  facere,  make.  See 
calefy  &nd  chafe.]    I.  a.  Warming;  heating. 

II.  n.  That  which  warms  or  heats;  in  med., 
a  substance  which  excites  a  sensation  of  warmth 
in  the  part  to  which  it  is  applied,  as  mustard, 

  —      —  .         -        Bepper,  etc. ;  a  superficial  stimulant. 

like  a  number.-- Mulberry  calculus,  a  urmary  concie-    i,^^..  r/  t  calefac- 

tion  consisting  chiefly  of  oxalate  of  lime.  .  Many  of  these  '^^-lef^f^^^^^^^^^^ 


calculi  in  form  and  color  somewhat  resemble  the  fruit  of 
the  mulberry.— Residual  calculus,  a  method  of  calcu- 
lating by  the  operation  called  re.'dduntion  (which  see);  a 
branch  of  the  integral  calculus  invented  liy  Cauchy. 

caldera  (kal-da'ra),  M.  [Sp.,  a  kettle :  see  cal- 
dron.] A  large  kettle  or  caldron ;  hence,  in 
geol.,  an  amphitheatrieal  depression  in  a  volcan- 
ic formation.  The  term  was  originally  used  in  descriliing 

volcanic  regions  occurring  where  Spanish  is  the  current  j.  ,  ■  j..  \ 

language,  and  was  introduced  by  Von  Buch  in  his  classic  calefactlVB  (kal-e-tak'  tiv),  a. 


1.  The  act  or  operation  of  warming  or  heating ; 
the  production  of  heat  in  a  body  by  the  action 
of  fire,  or  by  the  communication  of  heat  from 
other  bodies. —  2.  The  state  of  being  heated. 

As  [if]  the  remembrance  of  .  .  .  calef action  can  warm  a 
man  in  a  cold  fi-osty  night.  ,      .  . 

Dr.  H.  More,  Pref.  to  Psychozoia,  i. 

[<  L.  calef ac- 


description  of  the  Canaries.    Its  use  has  been  extended  'j^^^S  (pp!  of  calefacere:  See  calefttcieilt)  +  -ive.] 

Adapted  to  make  warm  or  hot ;  'communicating 
canic  rocks,  surrounded  by  high  and  steep  walls,  which    heat.    Aiso  calefnctory.  ,  ^ 

are  usually  more  or  less  broken  away  on  one  side  or  cut  calcfactor  (kal-e-fak  tor),  M.  [<  MLi.  calefUCtor, 
through  by  deep  ravines  (barrancas).    Calderas  are  gen-  warms  {colcfactor  ceroe,  chafe-wax),  < 


erally  admitted  to  be  volcanic  craters  enlarged  by  the  ac- 
tion of  the  sea  after  submergence  of  the  mass,  or  by  the 
action  of  subterranean  disruptive  forces. 

From  the  crest  of  the  great  escarpment  of  the  Atrio  [of 
Monte  Somma],  or  what  the  Spaniards  would  call  the 
''Caldera,"  deep  ravines  or  "barrancos"  very  near  each 
other  radiate  outwards  in  all  directions. 

Sir  C.  Lyell,  I'rin.  of  Geol.  (10th  ed.),  I.  634. 

[It.,  pi.  of  cal 


the  bladder ;  lithotritie 
calculose  (kal'ku-los),  a.    [<  L.  calculosus :  see 
calculous.]    1.  Same  as  calculous.    [Rare.]  — 
2t.  Full  of  stones  or  pebbles ;  stony;  gravelly. 

The  feldes  calculose,  eke  liarde  and  drie 
Tliai  love,  and  hattest  ayer,  forthi  thai  ripe 
And  flouretli  with. 

Palladius,  Hnsbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  54. 

calculous  (kal'ku-lus),  a.  [<  L.  calculosus,  < 
calculus,  a  pebble,  a  stone:  see  calculate,  v.]  „„i^„_ /vsiMt-oti^ 
1.  Stony;  gritty;  hard  like  stone :  as,  a  oate«-  cf^«>",Sof  "ci 
lous  concretion.— 2.  Arising  from  calculi,  or  ^  ^"^^^  caiaron,  cat 
stones  in  the  bladder ;  caused  by  calculi :  as, 
a  calculous  disorder.— 3.  Affected  with  the 
gravel  or  stone :  as,  a  calcidous  person, 
calculus  (kal'ku-lus),  n. ;  pi.  calculi  (-11).  [L., 
a  small  stone,  a  pebble,  a  stone  in  the  bladder, 
a  pebble  used  as  a  counter,  coimting,  calcula- 
tion, etc.,  dim.  of  calx  (calc-),  a  stone:  see 
calx^.]  1.  A  small  stone  ;  a  pebble.— 2.  In pa- 
thol.,  a  general  term  for  inorganic  concretions 
of  various  kinds  formed  in  various  parts  of  the 
body.  Those  concretions  formed  in  the  gall-bladder  are 
called  biliary  calculi,  or  gall-stones;  those  formed  by  a  mor- 
bid deposition  from  the  urine  in  the  kidneys  or  bladder  are 
called  renal,  cystic,  or  urinary  calculi ;  those  formed  in  the 
substance  of  the  lungs  are  called  pulmonary  calculi ;  and 
those  formed  in  the  salivary  glands  or  their  ducts  are  called 
salivary  calculi.  There  are  also  gouty  concretions  called 
arthritic  calculi,  and  others  called  pancreatic  calculi,  lac- 


calefacerc,  make  warm:  see  calefactive.]  A 
Itind  of  small  stove. 

calefactory  (kal-e-fak'to-ri),  a.  and  w.    [<  L. 

calefactorius,  <  calefactus,  pp.  of  calefacere, 
make  warm:  see  calefacient.]  I.  a.  Same  as 
calefactive. 

It.  n. ;  pi.  calefactories  (-riz).  [<  ML.  cale- 
factorium,  nent.  of  L.  calefactorius:  see  above.] 
1.  A  chamber,  provided  with  a  fireplace  or 
stove,  used  as  a  withdrawing-room  by  monks, 
and  generally  adjoining  the  refectory.  It  is 
very  often  a  portion  of  the  substructure  of  the 
dormitory. —  2.  A  chafing-dish  of  silver  or  other 
metal,  to  contain  bm-ning  charcoal,  placed  upon 
the  altar  in  cold  weather, 
calefyt  (kal'e-fi),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  calefied,  ppr. 
calefying.  [<  L.  calefieri,  grow  hot,  pass,  of  cale- 
facere, make  hot;  cf.  ML.  caleficare,  make  hot 
(>  ult.  E.  chafe,  q.  v.):  see  calefacient.]  I.  in- 
trans.  To  grow  hot  or  warm ;  be  heated. 


rymal  calculi,  spermatic  calculi,  etc.  «nlpl  « 

3.  In  math.,  any  highly  systematic  method  of  ^"^i^^' fi 


deraro,  equiv.  to  calderajo,  a  brazier,  a  copper- 
smith :  see  caldron.  Cf .  Carbonari.]  A  secret 
society,  formed  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples  short- 
ly before  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons  in 
1815,  for  the  pui-pose  of  opposing  the  Carbonari 
and  upholding  absolute  government, 
caldeset,  v.  t.    See  chaldese. 

Choused  and  caldes'd  ye  like  a  blockhead. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  II.  iii.  1010. 

n.  [Early mod.  E.  caudron; 
tderon,  usually  caudron,  cau- 
droun,  cauderoun,  cawdron,  etc.,  <  OF.  *caldron, 
*caudron  (Pieard  caudron,  cauderon),  assibi- 
lated  *  chaldron,  *chaiidron,  chauderon  (>E.  chal- 
dron in  diSerent  sense:  see  chaldron),  F.  chau-  ToTTinke  warm  or  hot 
dron{=  Sp.  calderon  =  Pg.  caldeirao  =  It.  cal-  ^Jhl^^Zi^J^  (^^  S'd^T^^ 
derone,  a  large  kettle),  aug.  of  OF.  caudiere,  caleidophone  (ka-li  d9-ton),  n.  bee 
*chaudiere  (>  E.  dial,  chalder^),  F.  chaudiere  = 
Pr.  caudiera  =  Sp.  caldera  —  Pg.  caldeira  =  It. 
caldaja,  caldara  (obs.)  (also  caldajo,  caldaro, 
m.),  a  kettle,  <  L.  caldaria,  a  kettle  for  hot 
water,  fem.  of  caldarius,  suitable  for  heating, 
<  caldus,  ealidus,  hot,  <  calere,  be  hot :  see  cal- 
id.]  A  very  large  kettle  or  boiler.  Also  spelled 
cauldron. 

In  the  midst  of  all 
There  placed  was  a  caudron  wide  and  tall. 
Upon  a  raightie  fornace,  burning  whott. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  ix.  29. 


Chrystal  will  calefy  unto  electricity. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 


See  coZe2  and  fcafei 

^  ,  -    „-  T,  ii,         f>alp2  ('iral).  M.   [Origin  unknown.]  In  coal-niin- 

treating  a  large  variety  of  problems  by  the  use  caie  tubs  taken  into  a 

of  some  peculiar  system  of  algebraic  notation.  '^^"^.."^  Oresleu  TMid- 

By  the  calculus,  without  qualification,  is  generally  under-  WOrkmg-place  durmg  the  Shltt.  brTesiey.  imia 
stood  the  *;/reren(Mi  cctZciiZu,?,  invented  by  Leibnitz  (al-     land  counties,  Il.ng.J 

though  Newton's  method  of  fluxions  comes  virtually  to  the  cale-^  (kal),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  caled,  ppr.  calmg. 
same  thing).    In  this  method  quantities  are  conceived  as     rjg  also  written  cail;  origin  obscure.] 

varying  continuously,  and  when  equations  exist  involving     l   "         "'m^  tTir-nw 

several  quantities,  these  quantities  will,  in  consequence    1.  rm/ 6.   io  umow.  „  ■^„„„„n„„i„      o  Tr. 

of  these  equations,  vary  together,  so  that  there  will  be  H,  mtrans.  1.  To  move  irregularly.—  ^,  io 
equations  between  their  rates  of  change,  the  differential  gambol.  Ralliwell.  [PrOV.  Eng.  m  all  senses. J 
or  infinitely  small  increment  of  a  variable  being  denoted  „_ip3  n.     [<  cale^,  V.]     Turn  :  as,  it  is  his 

by  the  letter  d  written  before  the  symbol  denoting  the  \  ^J,         L  ,  J 

variable    The  differential  calculus  treats  of  the  values  of    cale  to  go.     L-I^ortil-  ^^g.J 


  Icaleido- 

phone. 

calembour,  calembourg  (kal'em-bor;  F.  pron. 
ka-lon-bor'),  n-  [F.,  said  to  be  fi'om  an  abbot 
of  Kalemherg,  an  amusing  personage  in  Ger- 
man anecdotes,  or  a  narrator  of  amusing  anex5- 
dotes ;  or  fi-om  a  count  of  Ealenherg,  who  made 
amusing  mistakes  in  speaking  French.]  A 
pun ;  a  play  on  words, 
calemes  (kal'e-mez),  n.  Same  as  camenes. 
calendar  (kal'en-dar),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
calender;  <  ME.  calendar,  calender,  kalender  = 
D.  G.  Dan.  Sw.  Calender  =  F.  calendrier  =  Pr. 
calendier  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  calendario,  It.  also  calen- 
daro,  <  L.  calendariuni,  in  classical  L.  usual- 
ly kalendarium,  an  account-book,  interest-book 
(so  called  because  interest  became  due  on  the 
calends),  in  ML.  a  calendar;  neut.  of  calcn- 
darius,  kalendarins,  adj.,  <  calenda;  kalendai, 
calends:  see  calends.]  1.  A  collection  ot 
monthly  astronomical  tables  for  a  year,  ar- 
ranged by  weeks  and  days,  with  accompanying 
data  ;  an  almanac,  it  was  so  called  from  the  Koman 
ealendoe,  the  name  given  to  the  first  day  of  the  month, 
and  written  in  large  letters  at  the  head  of  each  month. 


calendar 

Let  this  pernicious  hour 
Stand  aye  accursed  iu  tlie  calendar! 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  1. 
The  Egj-ptians  were  the  first  to  institute  a  sacred  calen- 
dar in  which  every  day —almost  every  hour—  had  its  spe- 
cial religious  ceremony.  Faiths  of  the  World,  p.  140. 

2.  A  system  of  reckoning  time,  especially  the 
method  of  fixing  the  length  and  divisions  of 
the  year.— 3.  A  table  or  tables  of  the  days  of 
each  month  in  a  year,  with  their  numbers,  for 
use  m  fixing  dates.— 4.  A  table  or  catalogue 
of  persons,  events,  etc.,  made  out  in  order  of 
time,  as  a  list  of  saints  with  the  dates  of  their 
festivals,  or  of  the  causes  to  be  tried  in  a  court ; 
specifically,  in  British  imiversities,  a  chrono- 
logical statement  of  the  exercises,  lectures,  ex- 
aminations, etc.,  of  a  year  or  of  a  course  of 
study. 

The  care  I  have  had  to  even  your  content,  I  wish  mi"ht 
be  found  in  the  calendar  of  my  past  endeavours 

Shale,  All's  Well,  i.  3. 
J'^'^P^  ^  caicredar  of  all  the  famous  dishes  of  meat 
that  have  been  in  the  court  ever  since  our  great-grand- 
fathers time.  Beau,  and  Fl.,  Woman-Hater,  i.  l. 
_  Rhadamanthus,  who  tries  the  lighter  causes  below  leav- 
ing to  his  two  brethren  the  heavy  calendars. 

Lamb,  To  the  Shade  of  Elliston. 
5t.  A  guide;  anything  set  up  to  regulate  one's 
conduct. 

Kalender  is  she 
To  any  woman  that  wol  lover  be. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  542. 

6.  A  series  of  emblematic  pictures  of  the  months : 
a  common  motive  of  decoration  during  the  mid- 
dle ages,  in  sculp- 
ture, painted  glass, 
earthenware  tiles, 
andtheUke.  For  each 
month  the  zodiacal  sign 
is  represented,  with  one 
or  more  persons  engaged 
in  labors  or  sports  char- 
acteristic of  the  month. 
—  Calendar  -  amend- 
ment Act,  an  Englisli 
statute  of  1751,  which 
took  effect  in  1752,  es- 
tablishing January  1st  as 
the  beginning  of  each 
year  (instead  of  Lady- 
day,  March  25th),  adopt- 
ing the  Gregorian  or 
"new  style"  in  place  of 
the  Julian  or  "  oldstyle" 
calendar,  and  canceling 
the  then  existing  excess 
of  11  days  by  making  the 
3d  of  September,  1752, 
the  14th.  Also  known  as 
Lord  Chesterfield's  Act. 

—Calendar  month,  a  solar  month  as  it  stands  in  al- 
nianacs.-Calendar  moon.    Same  as  ecclesiastical  moon 

(which  see,  under  ecdesiasiicaZ).- Ecclesiastical  calen- 
dar, an  arrangement  of  the  civil  year  employed  by  the  li- 
turgical churches  to  designate  the  days  set  apart  for  partic- 
ular rehgioiis  celebration.    As  many  feasts  of  the  church 
depend  upon  Easter,  the  date  of  which  varies  from  year  to 
year,  either  the  calendar  must  vary  every  year  or  must  con- 
tain simply  the  matter  from  which  a  true  calendar  can  be 
computed  for  each  year.    In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church 
special  circumstances  in  the  history  of  each  nation  affect 
Its  liturgical  calendar ;  hence  every  nation,  and  to  some 
extent  every  religious  order  and  even  every  ecclesiastical 
province,  has  its  own  calendar.    The  German  Lutheran 
Church  retained  at  the  Reformation  the  Roman  Catholic 
calendar,  with  the  saints'  days  then  observed.  The  Church 
ot  i^ngland  still  retains  in  its  calendar  certain  festivals 
called  black-letter  days,  for  which  no  service  is  prescribed 
and  which  have  been  omitted  by  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
J'^f     A'lierica.  .See  -Easter.  -  Gregorian  calendar, 
the  reformed  J  ulian  calendar  introduced  by  the  bull  of  Pope 
Gregory  XIII.  in  February,  1582,  and  adopted  in  England 
m  September,  1752;  the  "new  style"  of  distributing  and 
naming  time   The  length  of  the  year  of  the  Gregorian  cal- 
endar IS  regulated  by  the  Gregorian  rule  of  intercalation 
Which  IS  that  every  year  whose  numljer  in  the  common 
reckoning  since  Clirist  is  not  divisible  by  4  as  well  as  every 
year  whose  number  is  divisible  by  100  but  not  by  400,  shall 
have  365  days,  and  that  all  other  years,  namely,  those  whose 
numbers  are  divisible  by  400,  and  those  divisible  by  4  and 
not  by  100,  shall  have  366  days.  The  Gregorian  year  or  the 
mean  length  of  the  years  of  the  Gregorian  calendar,  is  365 
days,  5  hours,  49  minutes,  and  12  seconds,  and  is  too  long  by 
seconds.  The  Gregorian  rule  has  sometimes  been  stated 
as  If  the  year  4000  and  its  multiples  were  to  be  common 
years:  this,  however,  is  not  the  rule  enunciated  by  Greg- 
ory   The  Gregorian  calendar  also  regulates  the  time  of 
Easter,  upon  which  that  of  the  other  movable  feasts  of 
the  church  depend ;  and  this  it  does  by  establishing  a  fic- 
titious moon  which  is  purposely  made  to  depart  from  the 
tu'^  of  the  true  moon  in  order  to  prevent  the  coincidence 
of  the  Cliristian  Paschal  feast  with  that  of  the  Jews  —  He- 
prew  calendar,  the  luni-solar  calendar  used  by  the  Jews 
since  the  second  century  of  the  Christian  era    The  years 
numbered  from  the  creation,  are  either  ordinary,  contain^ 
ingl2  lunar  months  and  353,  354,  or  355  days,  or  embolis- 
Huc,  contammg  13  lunar  months  and  383,  384,  or  385  davs 
In  every  cycle  of  19  years  7  are  embolismic,  to  bring  lunar 
Wph.T       "f       agreement.  To  find  the  number  of  the 
^  J^-"",'^?''"'"""  of  a  given  Gregorian 

r,,^"'^*''  number  of  the  latter.— Julian  cal- 
t^l,  u"'^""  calendar  as  adjusted  by  Julius  Cfesar  in 
Which  the  chronological  reckoning  was  first  made  definite 
?fiS.',?^''"^S,f-'  ^""^  '-'"^  average  length  of  the  year  fixed  at 
ji65i  days.  This  average  year  (called  the  Julian  year)  be- 
ing too  long  by  a  few  minutes,  the  error  was  rectified  in 


763 

the  Gregorian  calendar.  The  Julian  calendar,  or  "old 
style,  IS  still  retained  in  Russia  and  Greece,  wlfose  dates 
consequently  are  now  13  days  in  an'car  of  those  of  other 

Christian  countries.— Mohammedan  calendar,  the  lu- 
nar calendar  employed  in  all  Mohaminedaii  countries 
though  there  is  another  peculiar  to  Persia.  The  years  con- 
sist of  354  or  355  days,  in  the  mean  354JJ.  The  beginnin" 
of  the  year  thus  retrogrades  through  different  seasons 
completing  their  circuit  in  aljout  33  years.  They  are  num- 
bered from  the  hejira  (which  see),  the  first  day  of  tlie  first 
year  being  July  16th,  a.  d.  022.    The  i:iOOth  year  bean 

.Sunday,  November  12th,  i8S2.-Republican  calendar, 

the  calendar  of  the  first  French  republic.  The  year  con! 
sisted  of  365  days,  to  whicli  a  366th  was  to  be  added  "ac- 
cording as  the  position  of  the  equinox  reiiuires  it,"  so  that 
the  year  should  always  begin  at  the  midniglit  of  the  Paris 
observatory  preceding  the  true  autumnal  equinox  The 
numbers  of  the  years  were  written  in  Roman  numerals 
Ihe  year  I.  began  September  22d,  1792,  but  the  calendar 
was  not  introduced  until  October  5th,  1793.  Every  period 
of  four  years  was  called  afranciade.  The  years  of  366  days 
were  called  sextile.  There  were  12  months  of  30  days  each 
and  5  or  6  extra  days  at  the  end  called  sansculottides  The 
names  of  the  months,  beginning  at  the  autumnal  equinox 
were  Vend(5miaire,  Brumaire,  Frimaire,  Nivose,  Pluviose' 
V  entflse,  Germinal,  Flor(5al,  Prairial,  Messidor,  Thermidor' 
and  Fructidor.  ' 

calendar  (kal'en-diir),  v.  t.  [<  calendar,  w.]  To 
enter  or  write  in  a  calendar;  register. 

Twelve  have  been  martyrs  for  religion,  of  whom  ten  are 
calendared  for  saints. 

Waterhouse,  Apol.  for  Learning,  p.  237. 
And  do  you  not  recall  that  life  was  then  calendared  Iw 
moments,  threw  itself  into  nervous  knots  or  glittering 
hours  even  as  now,  and  not  spread  itself  abroad  an  equa- 
ble fehcity?  Emerson,  Works  and  Days. 

The  greater  and  increasing  treasures  of  the  Record- 
Office  .  .  .  lately  calendared  and  indexed. 

N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVL  540. 


calf 


Part  of  a  Calendar  of  the  13th  cen- 
tyry  (July).— From  portal  of  Amiens 
Cathedral. 


calendar-clock  (kal'en-dar-klok),  w.  A  large 
hall-  or  wall-clock  having  dials  or  other  appli- 
ances for  indicating  the  days  of  the  week 
month,  or  year,  with  sometimes  the  phases  of 
the  moon,  as  well  as  the  hours  and  minutes, 
calendarlal  (kal-en-da'ri-al),  a.    [<  calcndary 

+  -««.]    Same  as  calendari). 
calendary  (kal'en-da-ri),  a.    [<  L.  calendarius, 
kalendarius :  see  calendar,  ».]    Belonging  to 
the  calendar. 
The  usual  or  calendary  month. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iv.  12. 

calenderl  (kal'en-der),  n.  [<  P.  calandre,  < 
ML,,  celendra,  a  calender,  a  corruption  of  L.  ci/- 
lindrus,  a  roller,  cylinder:  see  cylmder.']  1.  A 
machine  consisting  of  two  or  more  cylinders  or 
rolls  revolving  very  nearly  in  contact,  between 
which  are  passed  woven  fabrics,  paper,  etc., 
for  preparation  or  finishing  by  means  of  great 
pressure,  often  aided  by  heat  communicated 
from  the  interior  of  the  cylinders.  The  object  of 
the  calender  for  cloth  and  paper  is  to  give  the  material  a 
perfectly  smooth  and  equal  surface,  and  sometimes  to  pro- 
duce a  superficial  glaze,  as  in  certain  cotton  and  linen 
fabrics  and  what  is  specifically  called  calendered  paver  or 
a  wavy  sheen,  as  in  watered  silk,  etc.  The  larger  rolls  in 
such  a  calender  are  usually  made  of  solidified  paper  or 
pasteboard  turned  exactly  true,  with  intermediate  cast- 
iron  cylinders.  Calenders  are  attached  to  paper-makin<' 
machines  for  expressing  the  water  from  the  felted  web  of 
paper,  and  for  the  finishing  processes  of  smoothing  and 
glazing.  They  are  also  used  for  spreading  india-rubber 
into  sheets  suitable  for  making  rubber  fabrics,  etc. 
2.  An  establishment  in  which  woven  fabrics 
are  prepared  for  market  by  the  use  of  the  cal- 
ender and  the  other  necessary  processes. 

It  is  as  usual  to  say  that  goods  are  packed  as  that  goods 
are  dressed  at  a  calender.  Encijc.  Brit.,  IV  682. 

3    [Prop,  calendrer,  q.  v.]    A  calendrer. 
calender!  (kal'en-der),  v.  t.    [=  P.  calandrer: 
fi-om  the  noun.]    To  press  in  a  calender,  as 
cloth  or  paper. 
calender2t  (kal'en-der),  w.    [<  p.  calendre,  ca- 
landre,  calande,  now  only  calandre,  a  kind  of 
lark,  also  a  weevil:  see  calandra.}    1.  A  lark 
Seec«?fl»rtm,  1.— 2.  Aweevil. 
Calender^,  Kalender  (kal'en-der),  n.   [=  p 

calender,  <  Ar.  qalandar,  >  Turk,  qalander, 
Hind,  qalandar.']  One  of  an  order  of  der- 
vishes founded  in  the  fourteenth  century  by 
an  Andalusian  Arab  named  Yusuf ,  who  was  ex- 
pelled from  the  order  of  Bektashis  on  account 
of  his  extreme  arrogance.  The  Calenders  are  wan- 
derers who  preach  in  the  market-places  and  live  by  alms, 
ihough  the  title  Calender  asserts  for  its  bearers  a  life  of 
great  purity,  the  members  of  this  order,  even  before  the 
death  of  Its  founder,  fell  into  the  grossest  licentiousness 
and  debauchery,  and  have  not  hesitated  at  assassination. 
Ihey  hold  that  salvation  is  as  little  affected  by  vice  and 
crime  as  by  virtue  and  holiness,  and  that  sin  stains  the 
body  only  and  can  be  removed  by  ablutions. 

On  the  road  I  caused  my  beard  and  eyebrows  to  be 
shaven,  and  assumed  a  calender's  habit. 

Arabian  Nights,  Hist,  of  Third  Calender. 

calender^t,  n.    An  obsolete  corrupt  form  of 

coliander  for  coriander. 
calenderer,  n.    See  calendrer. 
calendering-rubber  (kal'en-der-ing-rub"er),  n. 
A  utensil  formerly  used  for  calendering. 


calendographer  (kal-en-dog'ra-fer),  ».  [Irreg 

<  ML.  calend(arium),  a  calendar,  -I-  Gr.  ypadeiv 
write.]  One  who  makes  calendars.  Boule' 
[Eare.]  " 

calendrer,  calenderer  (kal'en-drer,  -der-6r),  n 
[Also  eontr.  calender;  <  calender^,  v.,  +  -erl  ]" 
A  person  who  calenders  cloth,  paper,  etc. 
calendric,  calendrlcal  (ka-len'drik,  -dri-kal), 
a.  [Irreg.  <  calendar  +  -ic,  -ical.']  Pertaimnff 
to  a  calendar.  [Rare.] 

calends,  kalends  (kal'endz),  n.  pi.   [<  ME.  ka- 

lendcs,  rarely  sing.,  the  first  day  of  the  month, 

<  AS.  ealend,  a  mouth,  <  L.  calendw,  in  classi- 
cal L.  usually  kalcndcc,  pi.,  the  first  day  of  the 
month,  also  by  e.xtension  a  montli,  <  *calere, 
calare  =  Gr.  Kaleiv,  call,  summon  (not  connect- 
ed with  E.  caia).  The  reason  of  the  name  is 
uncertain.]     1.  In  the  Roman  calendar,  the 

first  day  of  the  month.  From  this  the  days  of  the 
preceding  month  were  counted  backward  to  the  ides 
which  111  March,  May,  July,  and  October  corresponded  to 
the  15th,  and  111  all  the  other  months  to  the  l.itli  day  of 
the  month.  Thus  the  16th  day  of  .March  by  our  reckoninif 
was  m  the  Roman  calendar  tlie  17th  day  before  the  calenda 
P  ,  "  °*  '^P"'  included),  or  more  briefiy 

1/th  calends;  the  14th  day  of  January  was  the  19th  day 
before  the  calends  of  February ;  the  14th  day  (jf  any  month 
with  thirty  days  being  the  18th  before  the  calends  of  the 
succeeding  month. 

2t.  The  beginning  or  first  period. 

Now  of  hope  the  kalendes  bigynne. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  il.  7 
On  or  at  the  Greek  calends  (Latin  ad  kalendas  Grcecas) 
at  no  time  ;  never :  an  ancient  Roman  phrase  alluding  to 
the  fact  that  the  Greeks  had  nothing  corresponding  to  the 
Roman  calends ;  hence,  to  say  that  a  debt  would  be  paid  at 
the_yreek  calends  meant  that  tlie  debt  would  never  be  paid 

Calendulal  (ka-len'du-la),  n.   [NL.,  dim.,  <  L.' 

calenda;  the  first  day'  of  the  month ;  from  its 
producing  flowers  almost  all  the  year  round.] 
A  genus  of  plants,  natural  order  ComposiUe, 
with  yellow  or  orange  flowers,  having  a  power- 
ful but  not  pleasant  odor,  natives  of  the  Medi- 
terranean region ;  the  marigolds.  The  common  or 
pot  mangold,  C.  ojflcmaiis,  is  an  old  ornament  of  conntrv 
gardens.  Its  flowers  are  used  to  give  a  yellow  color  to 
cheese,  and  to  adulterate  saffron.  In  medicine  it  ha-s  had 
repute  as  a  remedy  for  cancer  and  other  diseases,  and  its 
tincture  is  used  as  a  cure  for  wounds  and  bruises 

calendula2  (ka-len'du-lii),  n.  [NL.,  for  *calan- 
dula,  *calandrula,  dim.  of  calandra,  a  lark:  see 
calandra  and  calender^.]  In  ornitk.:  (af)  An 
old  and  disused  name  of  the  crested  wren  of 
Lurope,  Regulus  cristatus.  Brisson,  1760.  (ft) 
The  specific  name  of  the  ruby-erowned  kinglet 
of  North  America,  Regulus  calendula.  Linnwus, 
1/66.  (c)  leap.-]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  African 
lariss,  of  which  C.  crassirostris  is  an  example. 
Swamsou,  1837. 

calendulin,  calenduline  (ka-len'dii-iin),  n  r< 

Calendula^  +  -in^,  -ine^.]  A  mucilaginous  sub- 
stance or  gum  obtained  from  the  leaves  and 
flowers  of  the  common  marigold, 
calentes  (ka-len'tez),  71.  Given  by  Sir  W.  Ham- 
ilton as  another  name  for  camenes  (whicli  see). 
Probably  a  mistake  for  celantes. 
calenture  (kal'en-tiir),  n.  [<  P.  calenture,  <  Sp. 
(Pg.)  calentura,- heiLt,  a  calenture,  <  calentar, 
heat,  <  L.  calere,  ppr.  calen{t-)s,  be  hot:  see 
cahd,  calefacient,  etc.]  A  kind  of  delirium 
sometimes  caused,  especially  within  the  trop- 
ics, by  exposure  to  excessive  heat,  particularly 
on  board  ship. 

Now  I  am  made  up  of  fire,  to  the  full  height 
Of  a  deadly  calenture. 
Fletcher  {and  another).  Fair  Maid  of  the  Inn,  v.  1. 
Interest  divides  the  church,  and  the  calentures  of  mea 
breathe  out  in  problems  and  unactive  discourses. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  Ded.,  I.  3 


This  calenture  which  shows  me  the  maple-shadowed 
plains  of  Berkshire,  .  .  .  beneath  the  salt  waves  which 
come  feeling  their  way  along  the  wall  at  my  feet. 

0.  ir.  Holmes,  Autocrat,  x. 
calescence  (ka-les'ens),  n.    [<  L.  calescen{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  calescere,  grow  warm  or  hot,  inchoative 
of  calere,  be  wai-m  or  hot :  see  calid.]  Growing 
warmth ;  increasing  heat, 
calevilet,  «.    An  obsolete  form  of  calrille. 
caleweist,  «.    [ME.,  appar.  a  coiTupt  form  of 
OP.  cailloel.]  A  fine  variety  of  pear.    Horn,  of 
the  Rose. 

calf  1  (kaf),  n. ;  pi.  calves  (kavz).  [E.  dial,  also 
cauf;  early  mod.  E.  also  calve,  <  ME.  calf,  <  AS. 
cealf(-pl.  cealfas,  masc,  cealferu,  cealfru,  neut.) 
=  OS.  Jcalf^  D.  kalf=  MLG.  LG.  kalf=  leel. 
kalfr  =  Sw.  kalf=  Dan.  kalv=  ORG.  calb,  chalb 
(pi.  chelbir),  MHG.  kalp  (pi.  kclber),G.  kalb,  neut., 
OHG.  chalbd,  MHG.  kalbe,  f.,  a  calf,  =  Goth. 
kcdbd,  f.,  a  heifer;  related  to  AS.  cilfor  {-lomb), 
E.  dial.  chilver,=  OHG.  chilburra,  MUG.kilbere, 
a  female  lamb,  G.  dial.  (Swiss)  kilber,  a  young 
ram;  cf.  Ir.  co/pcr,  colpach,  cow,  heifer,  bul- 
lock; the  Lapp,  kalbe,  Pinn.  kalpc,  are  borrowed 


calf 

from  G.  Perhaps  akin  to  Skt.  garbha,  the 
womb,  an  embryo,  =  Gr.  [^pt:(l>og,  an  emljryo. 
In  the  derived  senses  7,  8,  9,  cf.  Dan.  l~alv,  a 
detached  islet,  and  see  calve,  3,  and  crtw'l.] 

1.  The  young  of  the  cow  or  of  other  bovine 
quadrupeds,  in  customs  laws,  ami  as  establislie<l  l)y 
treaties  of  commerce  between  many  European  countries, 
a  young  animal  ceases  to  be  a  calf  when  it  has  shed  its 
two  front  milk-teeth,  whicli  takes  place  some  time  be- 
tween its  IGth  and  its  2-ltli  month. 

2.  The  young  of  marine  mammals,  as  seals 
and  cetaceans,  the  adults  of  which  are  called 
bulls  and  cows. —  3.  In  her.,  a  fawn. — 4.  Calf- 
skin leather:  as,  a  shoe  made  of  calf;  a  book 
boimd  in  calf. — 5.  A  bookbinding  in  calfskin. 
— 6.  An  imtnatiu-e  or  raw  person;  a  silly  dolt; 
a  weak  or  cowardly  man.  [Colloq.] 

Some  silly,  doting,  brainless  calf.  Drat/ton,  Nymphidia. 

7.  A  small  island  Ij^ng  near  a  large  one  (the 
two  being  compared  to  a  cow  with  its  calf): 
as,  the  ca?/ of  Man.  Admiral  Smyth.   [Eng.]  — 

8.  A  mass  of  earth  which  separates  from  the 
walls  of  a  cutting  or  excavation,  and  falls  in. 
Compare  calve,  3,  and  cave'^.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

Tak  heed,  lads,  there's  a  cauf  a-comin. 

Lincolnshire  Glossary  (E.  D.  S.,  ed.  Peacock). 

9.  Naut.,  a  mass  of  floe-ice,  breaking  from  under 
the  floe  and  rising  to  the  surface  of  the  water, 
often  with  violence. — Divinity  calf,  a  dark-brown 
calf  bookbinding  decorated  with  blind-stamping,  and  with- 
out gilding:  so  called  because  used  in  binding  theological 
works. — Half  calf,  a  bookbinding  of  wliich  the  back  and 
corners  only  are  in  calfskin.— Mottled  calf,  a  pale-col- 
ored calf  bookbinding,  decorated  by  the  sprinkling  of 
acids  in  drops.  — Smooth  calf,  a  binding  in  plain  or  un- 
decorated  leather.— The  calves  Of  the  Ups,  metaphori- 
cally used  in  Hosea  xiv.  2  for  sacrifices  of  jnayer,  praise, 
and  thanksgiving,  the  captives  of  Babylon  being  unalile 
to  olfer  sacrifices  in  the  temple.— Tree  calf,  a  bright- 
brown  calf  bookbinding  stained  by  acids  in  conventional 
imitation  of  the  trunk  and  brandies  of  a  tree. 

calf 2  (kaf),  lu;  pi.  calves  (kiivz).  [<  ME.  calfe, 
calf,  <  leel.  fctt?^  =  Norw.  l-alvc,  dial,  l-alv,  kaavc, 
=  Sw.  kalf,  in  comp.  hen-kalf,  calf  {hen,  leg,  = 
E.  bone'^),  =  Dan.  dial.  l:alve,  l-alle,  Inl;  ef. 
Ir.  calpa,  colpa,  Gael,  calpa,  calf  of  the  leg.] 
The  thick  fleshy  part  of  the  human  leg  behind, 
between  the  knee  and  the  ankle,  chiefly  formed 
by  the  gastrocnemius  and  soleus  muscles,  which 
are  relatively  larger  in  man  than  in  any  other 
animal,  for  the  better  support  of  the  body  in 
the  erect  attitude. 

Long.  His  leg  is  too  big  for  Hector. 

Dum.  Jlore  calf,  certain.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

calf-bone  (kiif'bon),  n.    The  fibula. 

calfkill  (kiif 'kil),  n.    Lambkill  or  sheep-laurel, 

Kalmia  angustifolia. 

calf-lick  (kiif'lik),  w.    Same  as  cow-lick. 
calf-like  (kaf'lik),  a.  or  adv.    Resembling  a 
calf;  in  the  manner  of  a  calf. 

So  I  charm'd  their  ears. 
That,  calf-like,  iiiey  my  lowing  follow'd. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

calf-love  (kaf'luv),  n.    A  youthful  transitory 
passion  or  affection,  as  opposed  to  a  serious 
lasting  attachment  or  love. 
It's  a  girl's  fancy  just,  a  kind  o'  calf -love ;  let  it  go  by. 

Mrs.  Gaskell,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  x.\. 

calf's-foot  (kafs'fut),  n.  A  name  of  the  Armn 
maculatnmj  from  the  shape  of  the  leaf. 

calf's-head.  (kafs'hed),  «.  The  pitcher-plant 
of  California,  Darlingtonia  Californica,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  ventrieose  hood  at  the  summit  of  the 
leaf.    See  Darlingtonia. 

calfskin  (kaf'sMn),  11.  1.  The  hide  or  skin  of 
a  calf. 

Thou  wear  a  lion's  hide  !  doff  it  for  shame, 
And  hang  a  calf's-skin  on  those  recreant  limbs. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  1. 

2.  Leather  made  of  calves'  skins,  a  common 
material  for  boots  and  shoes,  and  also,  when 
differently  prepared,  for  bookbinding.  Calfskin 
differs  from  morocco  in  having  a  very  smooth 
and  uniform  surface. 

calf-snout  (kaf 'snout),  n.  The  snapdragon.  An- 
tirrhinum majus. 

calf-trundlet,  «•  The  ruffle  of  a  shirt;  the 
flounces  of  a  gown.  Wright. 

calf-'Ward  (kaf 'ward),  n.  A  place  where  calves 
are  kept  in  the  field.  Also  written  cauf-ward. 
[Scotch.] 

caliatour-'wood  (kal'i-a-tor-wiid),  n.  A  kind 
of  dyewood  which  grows  in  India  on  the  Coro- 
mandel  coast.  It  is  sometimes  confounded  with 
red  sandal-wood. 

caliber,  calibre  (kal'i-ber),  n.  [<  P.  calibre, 
formerly  also  qualibre,  bore  of  a  gun,  size, 
capacity  (lit.  and  fig.),  also  weight,  =  Sp.  Pg. 
calibre  =  It.  calibro,  caliber.  Origin  vmeertain ; 
perhaps  <  L.  (ML.)  qua  libra,  of  what  dimen- 
sions, weight:  qua,  abl.  fern,  of  quis,  who,  what. 


764 


calico-printing 


=  E.  ivho,  icha-t;  libra,  abl.  of  libra,  balance, 
counterpoise,  measure  for  liquids,  a  poimd: 
see  libra.  Cf.  cantilever,  cantalivcr.  Littre  sug- 
gests Ar.  kdlab,  a  form,  mold,  model;  ef.  Pers. 
kdlab,  a  mold.  Doublets,  caliper,  caliver,  q.  v.] 
1.  The  diameter  of  a  body,  especially  of  the 
hollow  inside  of  a  cylinder:  as,  the  caliber  of 

fr  P/^^®      oi'duance  or  other  fii'earm.  m  the  galicate  (kal'i-kat),  a. 

United  states  tlie  caliber  of  a  firearm  IS  expressed  m  deci-  .  _  . 

mal  parts  of  an  incli ;  thus,  a  rifle  of  .44-inch  caliber  (often 
sliortened  to  "a44-caliberritle,"  " a 32-caliber  pistol, "etc.); 


of  a  cannon,  either  liy  the  diameter  of  its  bore,  as  a  10-inch  calice  (kal'is),  w. 
gun,  or  by  the  weiglit  of  a  solid  round  shot  which  it  can 
carry,  as  a  12-ponnder.  In  Great  Britain  the  calibers  of 
small  arms  are  commonly  expressed  in  decimal  parts  of  an 
inch ;  of  field-guns,  by  the  weight  of  a  solid  round  shot 
which  will  lit  tlie  bore,  as  a  0-pounder;  of  heavy  guns,  in 
tons,  as  a  3S-ton  gun  or  a  100-ton  gun.  In  Erance  and  in 
other  countries  on  tlie  continent  the  caliber  is  expressed 
in  millimeters  or  centimeters. 


The  calibration  of  a  tlicrmometer-tube  is  effected  by  insert- 
iTig  a  column  of  mercury  of  a  known  length,  and  ascertain- 
ing that  it  retains  tlie  same  length  in  all  parts  of  tlie  tube. 

calibre,  «.    See  caliber. 

Caliburn  (kal'i-bem),  v.  Another  name  for  Ex- 
culibur,  the  sword  of  King  Arthm-:  as,  "  Cali- 
burn's  resistless  brand,"  Scott,  Bridal  of  Trier- 
main,  i.  15. 

[A  corrupt  form  of  caly- 
cate,  as  if  <  L.  ca.li.v  (calic-),  a  cup  (see  calix),  + 
-rtfei.]    See  calycate. 


The  energy  of  the  brain  depends  mainly  on  the  calibre 
of  its  arteries. 

G.  II.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  ii.  §  47. 

2.  Pigtiratively,  compass  or  capacity  of  mind; 
the  extent  of  one's  intellectual  endowments. 

Ooming  from  men  oiiheix calibre,  they  were  highly  mis- 
chievous. Burke,  Appeal  to  Old  Whigs. 

A  thinker  of  Comte's  calibre  does  not  live  and  write  to 
no  purpose.  J.  Fiske,  Cosmic  Pliilos.,  I.  164. 

3.  In  horol. :  (a)  The  distance  between  the 
two  plates  of  a  watch  which  determines  the 
flatness  of  the  movement,  {b)  The  plate  upon 
which  is  traced  the  arrangement  of  the  pieces 
of  a  clock;  the  pattern-plate.    E.  H.  Knight. 

Caliber-compasses,  calibers.  See  calipe 


[<  ME.  calls,  chalice,  <  OF. 
calico,  a  cup,  assibilated  *chalice,  >  E.  chalice, 
q.  v.,  <  L.  calix  (calic-),  a  cup :  see  chalice.']  If. 
A  cup,  usually  a  communion-cup ;  a  chalice. 

Eating  the  holy  bread  and  drinking  tlie  sacred  calice. 

Jer.  Taylor. 

2.  In  cool.,  the  little  cup  in  which  the  polyp  of 
a  coral-producing  zoophyte  is  contained, 
calices  (kal'i-sez),  n.  pi.  In  anat.  and  zool.,  a  cor- 
rupt form  of  calyces,  plural  of  calyx  (which  see), 
caliche  (ka-le'che),  «.    [Sp.,  a  pebble  acciden- 
tally inclosed  in  a  burnt  brick,  also  a  flake 
of  Ume  detached  from  a  whitewashed  wall ; 
in  Mex.  Sp.  recent  soft  or  earthy  limestone ; 
iised  by  Humboldt  as  equiv.  to  Sp.  caliza,  lime- 
stone (cf.  calizo,  limy,  calcareous) ;  <  col,  <  L. 
calx,  lime :  see  ca/x-i.]  The  local  South  Ameri- 
can name  of  the  native  impure  nitrate  of  soda 
(ChiU  saltpeter),  of  much  importance  in  the 
commerce  of  South  America, 
caliciferous,  «.    See  calyciferous. 
calicle,  «.    in  zodl.,  same  a,s_  calycle,  2. 


See 


A  tool  or  stand- 


caliber  (kari-ber),  v.  t.^  [<  mZeftcr,  w.]  ^In  giat.,  calico  (kal'i-ko),  n.  and  a.    [Early  mod.  E.  also 
„£.  „„i.^„.„t„     u„„  ((,f_  j)an.  kaliko,  Sw.  kalliko,  F.  calicot, 

Sp.  called,  <  E. ;  Sp.  calicut,  calicud,  a  silk  stuff) ; 
so  called  ih'om  Calicut  (in  early  mod.  E.  also 
Calicow,  Calcco)  in  India,  whence  it  was  first 
imported.]  I.  «. ;  pi.  calicoes  or  -cos  (-koz). 
1.  Properly,  any  white  cotton  cloth:  as,  im- 
bleached  calico,  shirting-ca?iCO,  etc.  Calico  was 
first  manufactured  in  India,  whence  it  was 
introduced  into  Europe. — 2.  In  the  United 
States,  printed  cotton  cloth  of  a  coarser  quality 
than  muslin. 

II,  a.  1.  Made  of  calico:  as,  a  calico  gown. 
—  2.  Resembling  printed  cotton  or  calico; 
spotted;  piebald:  as,  a  cwiico  horse.  [Rare.] 

The  kind-liearted  Antony  alighted  from  his  calico  mare, 
and  kissed  them  all  with  infinite  loving-kindness. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  419. 

w.  A  local  name 
on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States  of 
the  turnstone,  Strepsilas  intcrpres. 

[The  name]  Calico-back  [has  reference]  to  the  curiously 
variegated  plumage  of  the  upper  parts. 

Sportsman's  Gazetteer,  p.  164. 

A  name  of  a  sun- 


to  ascertain  the  caliber  of;  calibrate 
caliper.    [Little  used.] 
caliber-gage  (kal'i-ber-gaj),  M, 
ard  for   measuring  cali- 
bers, whether  external  or 

internal.  A  usual  combination 
form  (see  the  annexed  cut)  is  made 
witli  prongs  or  jaws  having  an 
opening  of  exactly  the  required 
caliber  for  external  measure- 
ments, and  a  bar  of  the  exact 
gage  for  internal  measurements. 
Otlier  forms  are  plugs  or  rings, 
etc.    Also  caliper-gage. 

caliber-rule  (kal'l-ber-rol) 


Caliber-gage. 


1 .  Gunners' 

calipers,  an  instrument  in  which  a  right  line 
is  so  di\'ided  that,  the  first  part  being  equal 
to  the  diameter  of  an  iron  or  leaden  ball  of  1 

pound  weight,  the  other  parts  are  to  the  first  i/-  i  -  v  i  s 

as  the  diameters  of  balls  of  2,  3,  4,  etc.,  pounds  callCO-back  (kal  i-ko-bak), 
are  to  the  diameter  of  a  ball  of  1  pound.    It  is 
used  by  engineers  to  determine  a  ball's  weight 
from  its  diameter  or 
caliber,  and  vice  versa. 

2.  An  outside  caliper  calico-bass  (kal'i-ko-bal)',  « 


formed  by  a  rule  hav- 
ing a  graduated  slide 
with  a  projecting  foot, 


fish,  Fomoxys  sparoides,  of  the  family  Centrar- 
chidw.    Also  called  grass-bass,  strawberry-bass, 
,  .  ,      ,  ^,       1   I.-  if    -  ,   ■  "  1     A    and  bar-fish.    See  crappie. 
between  which  and  the  end  ot  the  rule  is  placed  pg^jj^jQ-jj^gj^  (kal'i-ko-bush),  m.    A  common 


the  piece  to  be  measured, 
Also  caliper-rule. 
caliber-square  (kal'i-ber-skwar),  w.   A  rule 
carrying  two  cross-heads,  one  of  which  is  ad- 
justed slight- 


ly  by  a  nut, 
the  other  be- 
ing movable 
along  the 
rule.  On  one 
side  the  cross- 
heads  are  adapt- 
ed to  the  mea- 
surement of  in- 
terior diameters 
or  sizes,  and  on 


fi'T'l  i'';|i|iri'|TiT 

 f, 

V.I. .'I  L.i.'i 

J 

Caliber-square. 


the  other  side  to  the  measurement  of  external  sizes.  Also 
caliper-sqiLare . 

calibogUS  (kal-i-bo'gus),  n.  An  American  cant 
name  for  a  drink  made  of  rum  and  spruce  beer. 

calibrate  (kal'i-brat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cali- 
brated, ppr.  calibrating.  [<  caliber  +  -atej.'i 
1.  To  determine  the  caliber  of,  as  the  interior 
of  a  thermometer-tube.  See  calibration.  Hence 

—  2.  To  determine  the  relative  value  of,  as  dif- 
ferent parts  of  an  arbitrary  scale. 

It  is,  however,  possible  to  calibrate  the  galvanometer, 

—  that  is,  to  ascertain  by  special  measurements,  or  by 
comparison  with  a  standard  instrument,  to  wliat  strengths 
of  current  particular  amounts  of  defiection  correspond. 

,S'.  P.  Thompson,  Elect,  and  Mag.,  p.  163. 

calibration  (kal-i-bra'shon),  n.  [<  calibrate  + 
-ion.']  The  act  or  process  of  calibrating,  espe- 
cially of  ascertaining  the  caliber  of  a  thermom- 
eter-tube, with  the  view  of  graduating  it  to  a 
scale  of  degrees,  or,  if  graduated,  of  discover- 
ing and  measuring  any  errors  due  to  inequality 
in  the  bore ;  also,  the  determination  of  the  true 
values  of  the  divisions  of  any  graduated  scale. 


name  of  the  Kalmia  latifolia,  the  mountain  lau- 
rel of  the  United 
States. 

calico-printer 

(kal'  i-k6-prin''''- 
ter),  M.  One  whose 
occupation  is  the 
printing  of  cali- 
coes. 

calico-printing 

(kal'l-ko-prin"- 
ting),  M.  The  art 
of  impressing  de- 
signs in  color  up- 
on cloth.  The  sim- 
plest method  is  the  use 
of  engraved  wooden 
blocks,  pressed  upon 
the  cloth  by  hand.  A 
separate  block  is  re- 
quired for  each  color. 
Block-printing  has  also 
been  efi'ected  by  means 
of  machinery.  Eor 
most  work  a  cylinder- 
press  is  used.  The  pat- 
terns are  engraved  up- 
on tlie  surface  of  cop- 
per rollers,  and  the 
movement  of  the  cloth 
is  continuous  and 
rapid.  The  colors  used 
are  either  substantive 
or  adjective  :  the  for- 
mer have  an  affinity  for 
the  cloth,  and  by  them- 
selves adhere  and  form 
permanent  dyes ;  the  latter  will  not  of  themselves  adhere 
to  the  fibers,  or,  if  they  do,  are  not  permanent,  but  reii  'ure 
to  be  fixed  by  mordants.  The  various  styles  of  prii.tm,,' 
are  called  the  bandana,  china-blue,  decoloring,  discharge, 
madder,  padding,  resist  style,  etc. 


Calico-printing:  Machine,  adapted  for 
two  pattern-rollers. 
The  cloth  is  unwound  from  roller  /. 
and  passes  beneath  the  smooth  rollers, 
receiving  an  impression  from  each  of  the 
two  rollers  e,  e,  as  it  passes.  The  roller 
a  runs  in  journal-boxes  which  are  refju- 
lated  by  a  set-screw  *  at  each  end,  and 
a  smoothing-roUer  c,  actuated  by  a  set- 
screw  d,  holds  the  cloth  against  the 
roller  a.  The  pattern-rollers,  r,  <■.  are 
inked  by  the  aprons,/,/",  which  pass 
over  the  rollers  i,  i.  i.  the  outside  surfaces 
of  the  aprons  coming  in  contact  with  the 
surfacesof  the  rollers  g.  g.  which  revolve 
in  the  ink-troughs,  h,  h.  After  receivmf 
the  impressions  from  the  pattern-rollers, 
e,  e.  the  cloth,  m  m  m,  is  led  off  to  be 
dried  and  folded. 


calico-wood 
calico-wood  (kal'i-ko-wud),  n.   The  snowdrop- 
tree,  Halesia  tetraptcra,  of  the  southern  United 
States,  having  a  soft,  compact,  light-brown 
wood. 

calicula  (ka-lik'u-la),  pi.  caliculm  (-le). 
[NL.,  f. ;  cf.  L.  caliGulus,  m.,  dim.  of  calix  (ca- 
Uc-),  a  cup ;  but  the  proper  form  would  be  *caZ»- 
ciila:  see  cali/cle.^  1.  Acalycle.— 2.  [ca/).]  A 
genus  of  lepidopterous  insects.    Walker,  1858. 

calicular  (ka-Iik'u-lar),  a.  [<  L.  caliculus  (see 
calicula)  +  -a?-.]  Formed  like  a  cup;  calathi- 
form;  cyathiform:  as,  ''calicular  leaves,"  Sir 
T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  ii.  3. 

caliculate  (ka-lik'u-lat),  a.    [<  NL.  caliculatus, 

<  calicula,  q.  v.]  1.  In  hot.  and  sodl.,  same  as 
calicular  — 2.  Having  a  calicula  or  calyx. 

calidt  (kal'id),  a.  [<  L.  calidus,  hot,  <  calere, 
be  hot.  Hence  also  ult.  (<  L.  calidus)  caldron, 
chaldron,  chalder,  etc.,  and  (<  calcre)  calefacient, 
calefy,  chafe,  calor,  caloric,  etc.]  Hot :  bumino-  • 
ardent. 

calidad  (ka-li-dad'),  «.  [Sp.,  =  E.  quality^  q.  v.] 
A  Cuban  tobacco  of  superior  quality. 

calidge  (kal'ij),  n.  A  kind  of  Indian  pheasant : 
same  as  kaleege.    TV.  H.  Russell. 

calidityt  (ka-lid'i-ti),  w.    [<  L.  as  if  *caliditas, 

<  calidus,  hot:  see  calid.']  Heat. 

Nor  doth  it  [ice]  only  submit  unto  an  actual  heat  but 
not  endure  the  potential  calidity  of  many  waters. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  ii.  1. 

Calidris  (kal'i-dris),  w.  [NL.  (as  a  genus  in 
Cuvier,  1799-1800;  improp.  chalidris,  Belon, 
1555),  <  Gr.  KaAidptg,  a  var.  reading  of  CKa'AiSpig, 
in  Aristotle,  a  speckled  water-bird,  prob.  the 
redshank  (Totanus  calidris,  Linnajus),  perhaps 

<  mali^  (cTKa'Aii-),  a  hoe,  mattock,  shovel,  <  uKa'A- 
"kuv,  stir  up,  hoe,  probe,  search.  Cf.  Ereunetes 
(  searcher'),  applied  to  a  genus  of  sandpipers, 
m  allusion  to  their  probing  habits.]  1.  [L  c] 
An  old  name  of  sundi-y  small  spotted  wading 
brrds  of  Europe,  of  the  family  Scolopacida.  See 
Arenarta.—  Q,.  A  genus  of  sandpipers  (Brisson, 
1760),  with  the  knot,  Tringa  canutus,  as  the 
type.— 3.  \l.  c]  The  specific  name  (Linnasus, 
1766)  of  the  spotted  redshank,  Totamis  calidris. 
—4.  A  genus  of  three-toed  sandpipers,  includ- 
ing only  the  sanderling,  Calidris  arenaria.  This 
IS  the  cm-rent  meaning  of  the  word,  dating  back 
to  Cuvier,  1800.— 5.  [I.  c]  The  specific  name 
of  the  sanderling  with  those  who  call  the  bii-d 
Arenaria  calidris. 

caliduct  (kal'i-dukt),  n.  [<  L.  calere,  be  warm 
(or  calidus,  warm),  +  ductus,  a  leading  (see 
duct) ;  more  correctly  caloriduct,  q.  v.]  A  pipe 
or  duet  used  to  convey  hot  air  or  steam  from  a 
furnace  to  the  apartments  of  a  house.   [Rare  1 

calif,  caliph  (ka'lif ),  n.  [<  ME.  califfe,  caliph'e, 
<  P.  calif e,  <  Ar.  khalifa,  khalifah  (>  Turk,  kha- 
lifa), calif,  lit.  a  successor,  <  khalafa,  succeed.] 
Literally,  a  successor:  the  title  given  to  the 
successor  of  Mohammed  as  head  of  the  Moslem 
state  and  defender  of  the  faith.  The  calif  is  vested 
with  absolute  authority  in  all  matters  pertaining  to  the 
religion  and  civil  polity  of  the  Mohammedans.  He  is 
called  imwiii  by  tlie  Shiahs,  who  Iiold  that  the  successor  of 
Mohammed  should  be  a  descendant  of  the  prophet's  own 
family  (!5ee  imam.)  The  Suniii  Mohammedans  hold  that 
the  calif  should  be  one  of  the  Koreisli,  the  tribe  to  which 
the  prophet  belonged.  Four  so-called  "  perfect "  califs 
reigned  at  Medina  from  the  death  of  Mohammed  to  661 
13  Ommiad  califs  at  Damascus  to  750,  and  37  Abbasid 
califs  at  Bagdad  to  1258,  when  the  temporal  power  of  the 
califs  was  overthrown  by  the  Turks.  There  were  how- 
ever, titular  Abbasid  califs  in  Egypt  (successors  of  a'mein- 
ber  of  the  family  who  fled  thither  in  1258)  until  the  usur- 
n^Vo"oA?   fu"  ^"^^  Turkish  sultan  Selim  I. 

(1612-20) ;  the  office  has  since  remained  in  the  Ottoman 
(Sunni)  dynasty.  The  title  calif  was  assumed  by  the  Om- 
miad rulers  of  Mohammedan  Spain  at  Cordova  (755-1031) 
after  the  overthrow  of  the  family  in  Asia.  The  Fatimite 
rulers  of  Egypt  (909-1171)  also  called  themselves  califs. 
Also  spelled  kaUt.  hhalif,  etc. 

califate,  caliphate'  (ka'li-fat),  n.  [<  calif  + 
-ate^-  Gt.  Turk,  khalifet,  Ar.  khalafa,  califate.] 
Ihe  office  or  dignity  of  the  califs,  or  the  govern- 
ment of  a  cahf.  Also  spelled  caliphat,  kalifate, 
khalifate.  j.      ,      j  , 

California  coffee,  condor,  jack,  etc.    See  the 
nouns. 

Californian  (kal-i-f6r'ni-an),  a.  and  w.  [<  Cali- 
fornia +  -a«.]  I.  a.  Of" or  belonging  to  Cali- 
lornia,  one  of  the  Pacific  States  of  the  United 
States :  as,  Californian  gold. 

II.  «.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  CaUfor- 
?,\ff'~^^?^®^  Californian,  pertaining  to,  or  an  inhabi- 
tant of.  Lower  or  Baja  California,  a  peninsular  ten-itory 
r^n^fwf"'  ^°"th  of  the  State  of  California  (in  this  relation 
called  Upper  or  Alta  California). 

califship  (ka'lif-ship),  n.    [<  caUf  +  -ship.-] 

Same  as  califate. 
caUga  (kal'i-ga),  w. ;  pi.  caligm  (-je).  [L.,  a  shoe, 

a  boot,  esp.  a  soldier's  boot.  Cf .  calceus,  a  shoe, 


765 

and  see  calceate.']  1.  In  Rom.  antiq.,  a  mili- 
tary shoe;  the  most  common  form  of  foot-cov- 
eimg  of  all  ranks  up  to  centurion,  it  consisted 
of  a  strong  sole  with  projecting  nails,  having  secured  to  it 
m  the  most  usual  form,  a  number  of  straps  or  thongs  so 
disposed  as  to  inclose  the  foot  as  high  as  the  ankle  but 
leaving  the  toes  exposed. 

2.  A  bishop's  stocking.    See  buskin,  n.,  5. 

Our  English  bishops  began  at  an  early  period  to  wear 
these  calirjoB  or  episcopal  stockings. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  249. 

caligatet  (kal'i-gat),  n.   [<  L.  caligatus,  booted, 

<  caUga,  a  shoe,  a  boot.]  1.  One  wearing 
stockings.— 2.  A  common  soldier;  also,  a 
faint-liearted  coward.    Coles,  1717. 

caligated  (kal'i-ga-ted),  a.  [<  L.  caliqatus, 
booted,  <  caliga,  a  boot.]  In  ornith.,  lamini- 
plantar ;  having  the  typical  oscine  tarsus. 

Having  only  nine  primaries  and  caligated  tarsi,  it  was 
an  oscine  form. 

P.  L.  Sclafer,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  XI.  50. 
caligation  (kal-i-ga'shon), «.  [<  L.  caligatio(n-), 

<  calujarc,  pp.  caligatus,  be  in  darkness,  <  caligo, 
darkness:  see  caligo.^  Darkness;  dimness; 
cloudiness;  specifically,  dimness  of  sight:  as, 
"a  caligation  or  dimness,"  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vule. 
EiT.,  iii.  18.  '  ^ 

Caligidae  (ka-Uj'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Caligus 
+  -ida;.']  A  family  of  siphonostomous  crusta- 
ceans, the  species  of  which  are  ectoparasitic 
upon  fishes.  Tliey  have  a  flat  body  with  a  shield-  or 
buckler-like  cephalothora.v,  and  small  or  reduced  abdo- 
nien ;  a  large  genital  segment,  especially  in  the  female  ■ 
four  pairs  of  birainous  pleopods  or  swimming-feet ;  and  a 
suctorial  mouth  with  styliform  mandibles.  The  females 
have  long,  string-like  egg-tubes.  The  Calvjidoe  live  on 
the  skin  and  gills  of  marine  fishes.  There  are  a  number 
of  genera  besides  Caligus. 

Caligides  (ka-li-zhed'),  n. pi.   [F.  pi.,  repr.  NL. 
Caligidw,  q.  v.]    In  Latreille's  system  of  clas- 
sification, a  tribe  of  his  Siphonostoma,  or  para- 
sitic crustaceans,  approximately  equivalent  to 
the  modern  order  Siphonostoma. 
caliginosity  (ka-lij-i-nos'i-ti),  w.    [<  L.  as 
if  *caliginosita{t-)s,  <  caliginosus,  caliginous.] 
Darkness;  dimness.  [Rare.] 
caliginous  (ka-lij'i-nus),  a.    [<  L.  caliginosus, 
<  cahgo  (caligin-),  darkness:  see  caligo.)  Dim; 
obscure;  dark.    Halliwell.  [Rare.] 
caliginously  (ka-lij'i-nus-li),  adv.  Obscurely. 
[Rare.] 

caliginousness  (ka-lij'i-nus-nes),  n.    Dimness ; 

obscmity.  [Rare.] 
caligo  (ka-li'go),  n.    [L.,  darkness,  dimness, 
prop,  mist,  vapor,  fog.]    1.  Dimness  of  sight; 
caligation.  Alsocalledachlys.—2.  [cap.]  [NL  ] 
A  genus  of  butterflies,  of  the  subfamily  Bras- 

SOlince.  C.  eurglochus  is  the  enormous  owl-butterfly  of 
houtli  America,  sometimes  expanding  9  inches.  C.  uranus 
IS  another  species  with  an  orange  bar  across  the  wings 

caligrapher,  caligraphic,  etc.  See  calUnra- 

pher,  etc.  • 
Caligula  (ka-lig'u-lii),  «. ;  pi.  caligulw  (-le).  [L. 
Caligula,  dim.  of  caliga,  a  boot,  esp.  a  soldier's 
boot:  see  caliga.]  1.  In  ornith.,  a  boot;  an 
ocreate  or  fused  tarsal  envelop.— 2.  [cap.] 
[NL.]  Agenus  of  lepidopterous  insects.  Moore, 

Caligus  (kal'i-gus),  n.    [NL.,  <  L.  caliga,  a 
boot.]    A  genus  of  parasitic  suctorial  crusta- 
ceans, of  the  gi-oup  called  Epizoa,  or  fish-lice, 
haying  the  elongated  labium  and  metastoma 
imited  in  a  tube  which  incloses  the  sharp  styli- 
form mandibles,  typical  of  the  family  Caligida:. 
C.  curtus  is  a  parasite  of  the  cod. 
calimanco,  n.    See  calamanco. 
calin  (ka'Un),  n.    [Sp.  calin  =  Pg.  calim;  of 
Eastern  origia.]  A  compoimd  metal,  of  which 
the  Chinese  make  tea-canisters  and  the  like. 
The  ingredients  are,  apparently,  lead  and  tin. 
caliological  (kal-i-o-loj'i-kal),  a.    Relating  to 
caliology. 

caliology  (kal-i-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  Ka?M,  a 
dwellmg,  hut,  nest  (=  L.  cella,  a  hut,  cham- 
ber: see  cell),  -t-  -Aoyia,  <  Myuv,  speak:  see 
-ology.]  That  department  of  ornithology  which 
relates  to  birds'  nests. 


calk 

calipee  (kal'i-pe  or  kal-i-pe'),  m.  [See  calipash.] 
i  hat  part  of  a  turtle  which  belongs  to  the  lower 
shield,  consisting  of  a  fatty  gelatinous  sub- 
stance of  a  light-yellow  color.  Also  spelled 
callipee. 

Dobbin  helped  himself  to  turtle  soup ;  for  the  lady  of 
the  house,  before  whom  the  tureen  was  placed,  wa.s  so 
Ignorant  of  the  contents,  that  she  was  going  to  help  Mr 
.Sedley  without  bestow- 
ing upon  him  either  cali- 
pash or  cniipf  e. 
Tlitu'keray,  Vanity  Fair. 

caliper  (kal'i-por), 
M.  [Also  written 
calliper,  a  corrup- 
tion of  caliber,  q.  v.] 
An  instrument  for 
measm-ing  diame- 
ters ;  a  caliber : 
commonly  in  the 
plural.  The  term  cali- 
yer  or  calipers  is  used 
generally  to  denote  an 
instrument  for  measur- 
ing the  e.\terior  diame- 
ter of  any  cylindrical 
body,  and  star-gage  or 


The  extraordinary  taste  and  ability  many  birds  display 
in  this  matter,  as  well  as  the  wide  range  of  their  habi- 
tudes, furnishes  one  of  the  most  delightful  departments 
of  ornithology,  called  caliology. 

Coues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  227. 

calipash  (kal'i-pash  or  kal-i-pash'),  n.  [A  form 
of  calabash  with-  sense  of  carapace,  q.  v.  Cf 
calipee.]  In  cookery,  that  part  of  a  turtle  which 
belongs  to  the  upper  shield,  consisting  of  a  fatty 
gelatinous  substance  of  a  dull-greenish  color. 
Also  spelled  callipash. 

For  now  instead  of  rich  sir-loins,  we  see 
Green  calipash  and  yellow  calipee. 

Prol.  to  The  Dramatist. 


.  a,  spnng-calipers ;  *,  common  form 
with  arc  ;  c,  inside  calipers;  rf,  inside 
and  outside  calipers;  <■,  spring-cali- 
pers with  pivoted  operating  screw  and 
nut;  /,  Vernier  calipers  for  inside  and 
outside  measurements  which  read  to 
thousandths  of  inches. 

mside  calipers  for  an  instrument  used  for  obtaining  the 
interior  diameter  of  the  bore  of  a  gun,  casing,  or  jacket. 

Not  by  volume,  but  by  quality,  whicli  tlie  calipers  fail 
to  measure  or  scales  weigh,  does  wit  declare  the  values  of 
the  imponderable  essences,  sensibility  and  thought. 

Table-Talk,'p.l43. 

caliper  (kal'i-per),  v.  t.    [<  caliper,  n.  Cf. 
caliber,  v.]    To  ascertain  the  diameter  of  (any 
cylindrical  body)  by  means  of  calipers,  or  by  a 
star-gage  :  as,  to  caliper  a  gun. 
caliper-gage,  -rule,  -square.  See  caliber-gage, 

caliph,  caliphate,  n.  See  calif,  califate. 
Calippic  (ka-hp'ik),  a.  [More  correctly  Cal- 
lippu;  <  Gr.  KdXAmno^,  Callippus.  The  name 
means  'having  a  beautiful  horse,'  <  KalAt-,  ku- 
/of,  beautiful,  -I-  tJr~of  =  L.  equus,  a  horse.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  Calippus  (Callippus),  a  Greek 
astronomer  of  the  fourth  century  before  Ckrist. 

—  Calippic  period,  a  period  equal  to  four  iMetonic  cycles 
less  one  day,  proposed  by  Calippus  to  correct  the  excess 
of  the  Metonic  reckoning.  It  contains  27,759  days.  Also 
called  Calij>pic  cycle. 

Calisaya  bark.  See  Bolivian  bark,  under  bark^ 
calisthenic,  calisthenics,  etc.  See  callisthenic, 
etc.  ' 

calivert  (kal'i-ver),  n.  [Formerly  also  caleever, 
<  r .  calibre,  caliber,  bore:  see  caliber.]  In  the 
sixteenth  centiu-y,  a  hand-firearm  lighter  than 
the  musket  and  fired  without  a  rest ;  especially 
such  a  gun  when  of  fixed  diameter  or  caliber 
for  a  whole  company  of  soldiers  using  the  same 
ammunition.  Also  spelled  calliver. 
Such  as  fear  the  report  of  a  caliver. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  2. 
He  IS  so  hung  with  pikes,  halberts,  petronels,  calivers 
and  muskets,  that  he  looks  like  a  justice  of  peace's  hall.  ' 

B.  Jonson,  Epiccent,  iv.  2 
We  had  our  particular  calibre  of  harquebuse  to  our  re- 
giment ...  of  wiilch  word  calibre  came  first  that  unapt 
tenn  we  use  to  call  a  harquebuse,  a  caliver. 

Uaitland,  Hist.  London, 
calix,  n. ;  pi.  calices.  [A  form  of  cahjx,  by  con- 
tusion with  L.  calix,  a  cup,  >  E.  calice,  chalice, 
q.  v.]  See  calyx. 
Calixtinel  (ka-Uks'tin),  n.  [<  ML.  Calixtini, 
a  sect  so  eaUed,  refen-ed  to  calix,  a  cup,  the 
cup  of  the  eucharist ;  in  form  as  if  from  Calix- 
tus,B.  proper  name :  see  -i«ei.]  One  of  a  sect 
of  Hussites  in  Bohemia,  who  published  their 
confession  in  1421,  the  leading  article  of  which 
was  a  demand  to  partake  of  the  cup  (calix) 
as  well  as  of  the  bread  in  the  Lord's  supper 
from  which  they  were  also  eaUed  TJtraquisis 

(L.  llterque,  both).   Their  tenets  were  conceded  by  the 
lt?,3.  and  they  became  the  predominant 
pai  ty  in  Bohemia.    They  aimed  to  restore  the  cup  to  the 
laity  to  subject  clergy  accused  of  crime  to  lay  authority 

Hnn     P  T''n"'f,  '=""1^  ""'l  ten'Pwal  jurisdi^; 

tion.  Gradua  ly  tliey  lapsed  from  the  severity  of  their 
principles  and  by  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century 
nau  ceased  to  be  of  any  iniiiortance,  serving  only  to  pre- 
pare tiie  way  for  Pi-otestantism.  5       J  I'C 

Calixtine2  (ka-liks'tin),  «.  [<  George  Calixtus 
+  -i«ei.]  A  foUower  of  George  Calixtus,  a  Lu- 
theran theologian,  who  died  in  1656.  See  Smi- 
cretist. 

calki,  caulk  (kak),  r.  t.  [Prob.  the  same  word, 
wth  extended  sense,  as  ME.  cauken,  tread,  as 
a  cock,  <  OF.  cauquer,  tread,  tent  a  wound,  = 
bp.  dial,  calcar  =  Pg.  calcar  =  It.  calcare,  tread, 
trample,  <  L.  calcare,  tread,  trample,  tread 
down,  tread  in,  <  calx  (calc-),  heel :  see  calx2, 
and  cf.  calcitrate.  Cf.  Gael,  calc  =  Ir.  calcam 
drive  with  a  hammer,  calk  (see  c«2).  The  mod- 
ern sense  of  E.  calk^  agrees  with  the  appar. 
unrelated  F.  calfater,  calfcutrcr  =  Pr.  calafatar 


Horseshoe-Calks, 


calk 

=  Sp.  calafatear  =  Vg.  caJafetar  =  calafatare 
(ML.  calafatare,  MGr.  naAcipaTelv),  calk  a  ship: 
of  uncertain  (perhaps  Ax.)  origin.]   To  drive 
oakum  into  the  seams  of  (aship  or  other  vessel). 
fSee  calking'^,  1.— Calking-chisel.  Seec/iwW. 
calk-  (kalk),  V.  t.  [Also  spelled  caique :  =D.  kal- 
kercn  =  G.  kalkieren  =  Dan.  kalkere,  <  F.  calquer 
=  It.  caJcare,  ealk,<L.  as  if  *calcare,<calx(calc-), 
lime :  see  c/k(W-.]  1.  To  cover  with  chalk,  as  the 
back  of  a  design,  for  the  pui'pose  of  transferring 
a  copy  of  it. —  2.  To  copy,  as  a  drawing,  a  map, 
etc.,  by  tracing.    See  calking^. 
calk^  (kak),  n.  [Also  wTitten  caiik,  cork ;  appar. 
short  for  calkcr'^  or  calkin,  q.  v.]    1.  A  spur  pro- 
jecting downward  from  a  horse- 
shoe, serving  to  prevent  slip- 
ping.—  2.  A  piece  of  iron  with 
sharp  points  worn  on  the  sole 
or  heel  of  the  shoe  or  boot  to 
prevent  slipping  on  the  ice  or 
to  make  it  wear  longer:  also 
worn  by  liimbermen  in  the 
woods,  and  especially  on  the  drive.    [U.  S.  ] 
calk^  (kak),  r.  t.   [Also  written  cock;  <  calk^,  ?*.] 
1.  To  fit  with  calks,  as  horseshoes. —  2.  To  in- 
jure or  hiu-t  with  a  calk,  as  when  a  horse  wounds 
one  of  his  feet  with  the  calk  on  another  foot, 
calk^t, ''.  [Short  for  c«?c«?e,  q.  v.]  To  calculate, 
calkeri,  caulker  (ka'ker),  n.   [<  m/A-i  +  -erl.] 
One  who  calks ;  especially,  one  whose  occupa- 
tion is  the  calking  of  ships, 
calker^  (ka'ker),  n.    [Also  called  calkin,  and  in 
the  United  States  calk  (see  calk^) ;  prob.  con- 
nected with  ca/A;i  and  L.  calx,  heel.   Cf.  L.  cal- 
car,  a  spur.]    Same  as  calk^.  [Eng.] 
calker=^t,  «•    [<  ca'^'^  +  -eri.]    One  who  calcu- 
lates nati^aties.  Xai'es. 
calketrapt,       Same  as  caltrop. 
calki,  n.    See  kalki. 

calkin  (ka'kin),  n.    Same  as  calk^.  [Eng.] 
On  this  horse  is  Arcite 
Trotting  the  stones  of  Atliens,  which  the  calkins 
Dill  rather  tell  than  trample. 

Fletcher  (and  anotlier).  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  v.  4. 

calkingi,  caulking  (ka'Mng),  «.  [Verbal  n. 
of  calk^,  y.]  1.  The  operation  of  filling  the 
seams  of  vessels  with  oakum,  to  prevent  pene- 
tration of  water.  The  oakum  is  forced  below 
the  sui-faee,  and  the  space  outside  of  it  is  filled 
with  melted  pitch. — 2.  In  carp.,  a  dovetail 
tenon-and-mortise  joint  by  which  cross-timbers 
are  secured  together,  much  used  for  fixing  the 
tie-beams  of  a  roof,  or  the  binding-joists  of  a 
floor,  down  to  the  wall-plates. 

calking^  (kal'king),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  calk^,  v.'] 
The  copj-ing  of  a  picture  or  design  by  means  of 

tracing.  Three  methods  are  nsed:  (1)  rubbing  the  back 
of  the  design  with  a  pencil,  chalk,  or  crayon,  and  tracing 
over  its  lines  with  a  liard  point,  which  causes  the  coating 
on  the  back  to  make  an  impression  of  them  on  a  sheet  of 
paper  or  other  material  placed  beneath  ;  (2)  following  over 
the  lines  of  the  superunposed  design  in  the  same  way  as 
above,  but,  instead  of  coating  the  back  of  the  design  with 
a  painting  medium,  interposing  a  piece  of  prepared  trans- 
fer-paper"between  it  and  the  surface  which  is  to  receive 
the  copy  ;  (3)  tracing  the  design  directly  upon  a  piece 
of  transferent  paper,  oiled  linen,  or 
the  like,  fixed  over  it.  Also  written 
caulkimj,  cocking,  and  cugf/inr/. 
calking-iron  (ka'king-i'em), 
n.  A  chisel  used  for  calking 
the  seams  of  vessels, 
calking-mallet  (ka'king-mal"et), » 
or  beetle  for  driving  ealking-irons. 
calk-swage  (kak'swaj),  w.  A  tool  for  forming 
calks  on  horseshoes, 
calli  (kal),  ('.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  cal,  callc,  < 
ME.  callen,  kallen,  <  AS.  cealUan  (rare),  call, 
—  OFries.  kclla,  kaltia,  speak,  =  MD.  kallen, 
speak,  say,  talk,  D.  kallen,  talk,  chatter,  = 
MLG.  kallen,  speak,  talk,  call,  =  OHG.  eliallon, 
MHG.  kallen,  speak  loudly,  talk,  =  Icel.  kalla, 
say,  call,  name,  =  Sw.  kalla  =  Dan.  kalde,  call, 
=  L.  garrire,  talk  (see  garrulous),  =6r.  }'?ipbtiv, 
Doric  yapuev,  speak,  jjroclaim,  =  Skt.  ■y'  gar, 
sing.  Not  connected  with  L.  calare  =  Gr.  Ka'Aelv, 
call:  see  calends.']  I.  trans.  1.  To  utter  in  a 
loud  voice ;  read  over  in  a  loud  tone ;  hence,  to 
pronounce  or  announce. 

Nor  parish  clerk  who  calls  the  psalms  so  clear. 

Gay,  Shep.  Week,  vi.  49. 

2.  To  attract  or  demand  the  attention  of  (a 
person  or  an  animal),  or  arouse,  as  from  sleep, 
by  loudly  uttering  his  (its)  name,  or  some  other 
word  or  exclamation. 

Answer  as  I  call  you.  Shah,  M.  N.  D..  i.  2. 

3.  To  invite  or  command  to  come ;  summon  to 
one's  presence;  send  for:  as,  to  call  a  messen- 
ger; to  call  a  cab. 


766 

Pharaoh  shall  call  you,  and  shall  say,  What  is  your  oc- 
cupation ?  Gen.  xlvi.  33. 

And  sent  forth  his  servants  to  call  them  that  were  bid- 
den to  the  wedding.  Mat.  xxii.  3. 
Call  hither  Clifford ;  bid  him  come  amain. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1. 
Be  not  amazed  ;  call  all  your  senses  to  you  ;  defend  your 
reputation.  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  3. 

4.  To  convoke;  assemble;  issue  a  summons 
for  the  assembling  of:  as,  to  call  a  meeting: 
often  with  together:  as,  the  king  called  his 
council  together. 

Sanctify  ye  a  fast,  call  a  solemn  assembly,  gather  the 
elders  and  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  land.        Joel  ii.  14. 

5.  To  name ;  apply  to  by  way  of  name  or  des- 
ignation. 

.\nd  God  called  the  light  Day,  and  the  darkness  he 
called  Night.  Gen.  i.  5. 

And  from  thense  we  Ascendid  a  lytyll  And  come  to  a 
nother  tower  Callijd  Galilee. 

Torkinijton,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travell,  p.  30. 

6.  To  designate  or  characterize  as;  state  or 
affirm  to  be;  reckon;  consider. 

Call  you  that  backing  of  your  friends  ?  A  plague  upon 
such  backing !  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

He  [James  II.]  was  willing  to  make  for  his  religion  exer- 
tions and  sacrifices  from  which  the  great  majority  of  those 
who  are  called  religious  men  would  shrink. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

7.  To  indicate  or  point  out  as  being ;  manifest, 
reckon,  or  suppose  to  be. 

This  speech  calls  him  Spaniard,  being  nothing  but  a 
large  inventory  of  his  own  commendations. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Philaster,  i.  1. 

He  was  a  grave  personage,  about  my  own  age  (which 
we  shall  call  about  fifty).  Scutt. 

The  whole  army  is  called  700,000  men,  but  of  these  only 
80,000  can  be  reckoned  available.  Brougham. 


8 

ployment;  appoint:  as,"Paul,  .  .  .  calledtohe  an 
apostle,"  Rom.  i.  1. — 9.  To  invoke  or  appeal  to. 

I  call  God  for  a  record  upon  my  soul.  2  Cor.  i.  23. 

10.  In  shooting,  to  lure,  as  wild  birds,  within 
range  by  imitating  their  notes.— Called  session, 
a  special  session  of  a  legislative  body  summoned  by  the  ex- 
ecutive. [U.  S.]  —  To  call  a  card,  in  whist,  to  name  a  card 
which  has  been  improperly  exposed,  re(i\iiring  the  player  to 
whom  it  belongs  to  place  it  face  up  on  the  table,  tliat  it 
may  be  played  whenever  an  opponent  wishes.  Such  a  card 


Calking-iron. 

A  mallet 


call 

As  many  as  ye  shall  find,  bid  to  the  raarriat;e. 

Mat.  xxii.  9. 

In  capital  cases  the  grand  council  is  convoked  to  pio- 
nounoe  sentence.  J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  338. 

Some  trumpet  summon  hither  to  the  walls 
These  men  of  Anglers.  Shak.,  K.  John,  ii.  1. 

5  and  6.  To  designate,  entitle,  term,  style. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  make  a  sound  designed 
(or  as  if  designed)  to  attract  attention ;  demand 
heed  to  one's  wish,  entreaty,  etc.;  shout;  cry. 

The  angel  of  the  Lord  called  to  Hagar.       Gen.  xxi.  17. 
Wlio  is  that  calls  so  coldly  ?     Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  1. 
And  from  the  wood-top  calls  the  crow  through  all  the 
gloomy  day.  Bryant,  Death  of  the  Flowers. 

2.  To  make  a  short  stop  or  visit :  followed  by 
at,  for,  or  on  or  tvpon :  as,  to  call  at  a  house  or 
place,  for  a  person  or  thing,  or  iqmi  a  person. 
(See  phrases  below.)  [Johnson  supposes  this 
use  to  have  originated  in  the  custom  of  denoi. 
ing  one's  presence  at  the  door  by  a  call.] 

Yet  say  the  neighbours  when  they  call. 
It  is  not  bad  but  good  land.    Tennyson,  Amphion. 

3.  In  poker,  to  demand  that  the  hands  be 
shown. —To  be  (or  feel)  called  on,  to  be  (or  feel)  under 
obligation,  compulsion,  or  necessity  (to  do  something). 

He  was  not  called  on  to  throw  away  his  own  life  and  those 
of  his  brave  followers,  in  a  cause  perfectly  desperate,  for 
a  chimerical  point  of  honor.  Preseott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  7. 

To  call  for.  («)  To  demand  ;  require  ;  claim :  as,  a  crime 
calls  for  punishment.  (/))  To  make  a  stop  or  brief  visit 
for  tlie  procurement  of,  as  a  thing,  or  the  company  of  a 
person  to  another  place.—  To  call  on  or  upon,  (n)  To 
demand  from  or  appeal  to  :  as,  to  call  on  a  person  to  pay 
wliat  he  owes ;  to  call  upon  a  person  for  a  song.  (6)  To 
pray  to  or  worship ;  invoke ;  as,  to  call  on  the  name  of 
the  Lord,  (c)  To  make  a  short  visit  to,  as  a  person  or  a 
family,  usually  for  a  special  purpose. — To  call  Out,  to 
make  utterance  in  a  loud  voice ;  bawl. 


.  To  select,  as  for  an  office,  a  duty,  or  an  em-  ^g^jji  n^^i\        r<  ^^^/i^    .  mE.  cal  =  Icel.  kail] 

1  i-,^-n         •  a  »-iT^r\in+ •  Q  c  **T*Qnl  mjjp/l  in  Ylf^  n.l^      ■*       at  _i    _   _.i  i. 


1.  A  loud  cry;  a  shout. 

They  gave  but  a  call,  and  in  came  their  master. 

Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  1. 

2.  An  invocation  or  prayer. 

Hear  thy  suppliant's  call.  Pope,  Dunciad,  iv.  403. 

3.  Demand ;  requisition ;  claim,  public  or  pri- 
vate: as,  the  calls  of  justice  or  humanity;  to 
have  many  calls  upon  one's  time. — 4t.  Voca- 


is  known  as  a  called  card.— To  caU  a  chapel.   See   tion;  employment;  calhng. 


chapel.~To  call  back,  to  recall ;  sunmion  or  bring  back ; 
hence,  to  revoke  or  retract. 

I  have  joys. 

That  in  a  moment  can  call  back  thy  wrongs, 
And  settle  thee  in  thy  free  state  again. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Maid's  Tragedy,  v.  4. 
To  call  forth,  to  bring  or  summon  to  action  :  as,  to  call 
forth  all  the  faculties  of  the  mind.  — To  call  in,  to  col- 
lect: as,  to  call  in  debts  or  money  ;  or  to  withdraw  from 
circulation  :  as,  to  call  in  clipped  coin  ;  or  to  summon  to 
one's  house,  invite  to  come  together:  .as,  to  call  in  neigh- 
bors and  friends.— To  call  names,  to  use  opprobrious 
epithets  toward  ;  apply  reproacliful  appellations  to.  Sii'ij't. 
— To  call  off,  t»  summon  away ;  divert:  as,  to  coH  n/ tl)f 
attention;  to  call  off  workmen  from  their  employinent. 
— To  call  out.  (a)  To  challenge  to  a  duel. 

Yet  others  tell,  the  Captain  fix'd  thy  doubt, 
He'd  call  thee  brother,  or  he'd  call  thee  out. 

Crabbe,  Parish  Register. 
(h)  To  summon  into  service :  as,  to  call  out  the  militia, 
(c)  To  elicit;  bring  into  play;  evoke. 


Still  cheerful,  ever  constant  to  his  call.  Dryden. 
Specifically — 5.  A  divine  vocation  or  sum- 
mons :  as,  the  call  of  Abraham. 

St.  Paul  himself  lielieved  he  had  a  call  to  it  when  he 
persecuted  the  Ciiristians.  Locke. 

6.  A  summons  or  notice  to  assemble ;  a  no- 
tice requiring  attention  or  attendance :  as,  the 
president  issued  a  call  for  a  meeting  to  be  held 
next  week. —  7.  A  specific  invitation  or  re- 
quest, as  of  a  public  body  or  society ;  particu- 
larly, the  invitation  presented  by  a  congrega- 
tion (or  on  their  behalf)  to  a  clergyman  to  be- 
come their  pastor,  or  the  document  containing 
such  an  in'vitation. 

All  who  accept  calls  and  sei-ve  churches  are  pastors. 

Bibliotheca  Sacra,  XLIII.  420. 


...      8.  An  invitation  or  request  (usually  expressed 

New  territory,  augmented  numbers,  and  extended  ni-  „„^io„oo\  fr,  nn  ^,oic^r  to  rpanT>par  on  the 

terests  call  out  new  virtues  and  abilities,  and  the  tril)e    oy  applause)  to  an  actor  to  reappe^ai 


makes  long  strides. 


Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  181. 


 ,   scene,  or  to  come  before  the  curtain,  to  receive 

Venice  afterwards  the  greatest  of  all,  is  the  city  which  the  acknowledgments  of  the  audience.—  9. 

ay  most  truly  be  said  to  have  been  called  out  of  nothing  Milit.,  a  summons  by  bugle,  pipe,  or  drum,  lor 

in  after-times.                  B.  A.  Freeman,  Venice,  p.  11.  ^^iq  soldiers  tO  perform  any  duty:  as,  a  bugle- 

To  call  over,  to  go  over  by  reading  aloud  name  by  name:  f^dH — IQ.  Naut.,  a  peculiar  silver  whistle  or 

as,  to      owi- a  list  or  roll  of  names.— To  call  the  roll,  •        ^  ^„  j-j^g  boatswain  and  his  mates, 

to  read  aloud  from  a  list  the  names  of  the  members  in  a  P  P^^^  ^^^^J^  ^^^^^                   ^^^^^^  ^^^^^^ 


legislative  or  other  body.  — To  call  to  account,  to  de 
mand  an  explanation  or  accounting  from. 

The  king  had  sent  for  the  earl  to  return  home,  where  he 
should  be  called  to  account  for  all  his  miscarriages. 

Lord  Henry  Clarendon. 
To  call  to  mind,  to  recollect ;  revive  in  memory. 

I  cannot  call  to  wind  where  I  have  read  or  heard  words 
more  mild  and  peacefuU.  Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  51. 
To  call  to  the  bar,  to  admit  to  the  rank  of  barrister. 
[Great  Britain.]  —To  caU  up.  (o)  To  bring  into  view  or 
recollection  :  as,  to  call  up  the  image  of  a  deceased  friend. 
(b)  To  bring  into  action  or  discussion  :  as,  to  call  vp  a  bill 
before  a  legislative  body,  (c)  To  require  payment  of :  as, 
to  call  up  the  sums  still  due  on  shares.  =  Syn.  3  and  4. 
Call,  Invite,  Bid,  Co-nooke,  Summon,  assemlile,  convene. 
Call  is  generic,  and  applicable  to  summonses  of  all  kinds. 
Invite  is  more  formal,  and  in  compliance  with  the  require- 
ments of  courteous  ceremony ;  bid  in  this  sense  is  obsolete 
or  poetic.  Convoke,  literally  to  call  together,  implies  au- 
thority in  the  agent  and  an  organization  which  is  called 
into  session  or  assemlily :  as,  to  convoke  the  Houses  of  Par- 
liament. Summon  implies  authority  in  the  summoner 
and  usually  formality  in  the  method. 

Call'd  her  to  shelter  in  the  hollow  oak. 

Teimyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

He  [the  Governor]  dispatched  his  Chamberlain,  an  el-     ,jj3iii„       ,  , 

derly  and  dignified  personage,  bearing  a  silver  mace  as  the  gfock  exclianae,  the  privilege  (secured  by 

badge  of  his  office,  ...  to  ^         contract  and  for  a  consideration)  of  claiming  or 


tention  to  orders  about  to  be  given,  and  to  direct  the  per- 
formance of  duties  by  various  strains  or  signals.  In  old 
times  a  gold  eall-and-chaln  was  the  badge  of  an  admiral. 
11.  Thecryornoteof  abird.— 12.  Inhunting: 
(a)  A  note  blown  on  the  horn  to  encourage  the 
hounds,  (b)  A  pipe  or  whistle  for  imitating 
the  notes  of  wild  birds  and  thus  luring  them 
within  range  of  the  gun. 

What  was  your  mountebank  their  call  ?  their  whistle? 

B.  ./onson,  Volpone,  ii.  5. 

13.  An  assessment  on  the  stockholders  of  a 
corporation  or  joint-stock  company,  or  mem- 
bers of  a  mutual  insurance  company,  usually 
for  payment  of  instalments  of  their  unpaid 
subscriptions,  or  for  their  promised  eontnbu- 
tions  to  pay  losses.— 14.  A  request  that  hold- 
ers of  bonds  which  have  been  drawn  for  re- 
demption by  a  government  or  corporation  will 
present  them  and  receive  payment  of  the  prin- 
cipal sums  mentioned  in  them,  and  whatever 
interest  may  then  be  due,  no  fm'ther  interest 
being  payable  after  the  date  named.— 15.  in 


call 

demanding  and  receiving  (a)  a  certain  number 
of  shares  of  some  particular  stock,  at  a  speci- 
fied price  and  within  a  stated  period,  or  (b) 
the  difference  of  value  at  the  time  of  making 
the  demand  over  that  specified  in  the  contract, 
if  the  price  has  risen;  hence,  the  document  it 
^^}^'  Z^^,  following  is  a  copy  of  the  form  commonly  used : 
JVew  York,  [date].  For  value  received,  the  bearer  may  call 
on  me  for  [so  many]  shares  of  the  common  stock  of  [such 
and  such  a]  Railroad  Company,  at  (so  much]  per  cent,  any 
t|me  within  [so  many]  days  from  date.  The  beai'er  is  en- 
titled to  all  dividends  or  e.xtra  dividends  declared  durinir 
the  time.    Expires  [date]  at  1^  P.  M." 

16t.  Authority;  command. 
Oh  !  sir,  I  wish  he  were  within  my  call  or  yours. 

Sir  J.  Denham. 

17.  Occasion;  cause;  business;  necessity:  as, 
you  had  no  call  to  be  there.  [Colloq.] 

They  had  no  wish  to  fall  away  from  Ciesar  and  his  Em- 
pire; but  they  felt  no  gi-eat  call  to  fight  for  them. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  126. 

18.  A  short  visit:  as,  to  make  a  call;  to  pay 
one  a  call. 

Evidently  the  morning  call  is  a  remote  sequence  of  that 
system  under  which  a  subordinate  ruler  had  from  time  to 
time  to  show  loyalty  to  a  chief  ruler  by  presentiii'^  liim- 
.self  to  do  homage.        H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  .Sociol.,  §  381. 

19.  In  jyoTcer,  a  demand  for  a  show-down  ;  the 
show-down  itself.— 20.  A  brood  of  wild  ducks. 
Halliwell — At  call,  without  previous  notice;  on  de- 
mand :  applied  especially  to  loans  repayable  on  demand 
or  bank-deposits  repayable  whenever  asked  for  —At 
one  s  beck  and  call.  See  fcci-2._call  of  the  house 

a  roll-call  in  a  parliamentary  body,  for  the  purpose  of  as- 
certaining what  members  are  absent  without  leave  or  just 
cause.  In  the  House  of  Representatives  at  W'ashiivtoii  it 
may  be  made  at  any  time ;  in  the  British  House  of  Coni- 
nions  It  IS  always  on  some  days'  notice.— CaU  to  the  bar 
in  England  and  Ireland,  the  formal  admission  of  a  person' 
to  the  rank  of  barrister.  — Electric  call.a  signal  operated 
by  electricity ;  an  annunciator  or  call-bell.— House  of 
can.  See  house.— Money  on  call,  money  loaned  subject 
to  recall  at  any  moment.    See  call-loan.— -port  Of  call 

See  port. -Puts  and  calls.  See h._  within  call' 
withm  hearing- distance. 

I  saw  a  lady  urithin  call.  Tennyson,  Fair  Women, 

call^t  (kal),  n.  An  obsolete  spelling  of  eaiin 
calla  (kal'a),  n.  [NL.  (Linnajus),  <  L.  calla, 
otherwise  calsa  or  calya,  the  name  in  Pliny  of 
an  unidentified  plant;  the  correct  readino-  is 
supposed  to  be  *cabjx,  <  Gr.  KaAv^,  the  cup  or 
calyx  of  a  flower  :  see  calyx.']  1.  [caj).']  A  o-e- 
nus  of  araceous  plants,  of  a  single  species,^C'. 
palustris,  the  water-arum,  which  occurs  in  cold 
marshes  in  Eui-ope  and  North  America,  it  iias 
heart-shaped  leaves  from  a  creeping  root-stock,  an  open 
white  spathe,  and  red  berries.  Its  root  is  extremely  acrid 
but  IS  made  harmless  by  heat,  and  yields  an  eatable 
st3,rcn. 

2.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Calla.— 3.  A  plant  of 
the  allied  genus  Richardia,  or,  according  to 
some  authorities,  Zuntedeschia :  the  common 
calla  of  house-cultivation.  It  is  often  eiTone- 
ously  called  calla-Hl//,  from  the  Uly-Uke  appear- 
ance of  its  pure-white  flowers. 
Callaeas  (ka-le'as),  n.  [NL.  (J.  E.  Porster, 
1/88),  m  reference  to  the  wattles,  <  Gr.  KaUaiov, 
a  cock's  comb,  pi.  wattles.]  The  typical  genus 
of  tree-erows  of  the  subfamily  Callceatincc,  in- 
eluding  the  wattled  tree-crows  of  New  Zealand 

C  cinerea  the  leailiiig  species,  is  of  a  dark  color,  about 
the  size  of  a  magpie,  with  a  long,  graduated  tail,  and  ca- 
runcles at  the  base  of  the  bill. 

Callaeatinae  (ka-le-a-ti'ne),  n.  pi.   [NL.  (G  E 

Gray,  1841),  <  Calheas  (-at-)  -I-  -inw.]  A  subfam- 
ily of  oseme  passerine  birds,  of  the  family  Corvi- 
d(e,  the  tree-crows  of  Asia,  the  East  Indies,  Aus- 
tralia, and  Polynesia.  Besides  Callceas,  the  leading' 
forms  ure  Struthidea  cinerea  of  Australia;  Crnpsirhina 
yanam-  the  temia  or  benteot  of  Java,  of  a  bronzed  green- 
ish-black color;  and  Temnurus  (or  De,idrocitta)vafjabun- 
da,  the  wandering  pie  of  India.  There  are  several  other 
species  of  these  genera.  Certain  African  forms,  as  Crvp- 
torhma  a,tra,  are  also  sometimes  included  in  this  group 
the  general  relationships  of  which  are  with  the  ma"-pies 
and  other  long-tailed  jays.    Also  called  Glaucoj/ince. 

callffiatme  (ka-le'a-tin),  «.    Pertaining  to  or 

having  the  characters  of  the  Callwatinw. 
callsesthetics,  »?.    See  callesthctics. 
callainite  (ka-la'nit),  n.  [<  Gr.  KarAaivog,  KaMi- 

m,  like  the  KaAlai^,  K&'Xdi^,  a  tui-quoise,  +  -ite^. 

Cf.  calaite.']   A  hydrous  aluminium  phosphate 

related  to  turquoise. 

callant  (kal'a.nt),  [Also  callan,  OSe.  galand,  a 
young  man,  i  P.  f/atonf,  a  gallant:  see  gallant.l 
A  young  lad;  a  stripling;  a  boy.  [Scotch.] 

Ye're  a  daft  callant,  and  I  must  correct  you  some  of 
these  days.  Scott,  Warerley,  Ixxi. 

callatt,  n.  and  v.    See  callet. 

call-bell  (kal'bel),  n.  A  small  (usually  station- 
ary) bell,  used  as  a  signal  to  summon  an  at- 
tendant, etc.  A  common  form  consists  of  a  stationary 
hand-bell  which  is  rung  by  means  of  a  clapper  pivoted  at 
one  end  and  acted  on  by  means  of  a  vertical  plunger 
Also  called  ieiZ-cai?.- Electric  call-beU,  a  mechanicai 


767 

contrivance,  consisting  essentially  of  a  gong-beU  and  a 
small  electromagnet,  to  the  armature  of  which  the  ham- 
mer of  the  bell  IS  attached.  The  arrangement  is  such  that 
when  the  circuit  is  completed,  as  by  pressing  down  a  l)nt- 
ton,  the  curreut  passes  Ijy  a  spring  to  the  armature,  thence 


Electric  Call-bell. 

trof ^ Pr '"^'"^  completed  ;  B,  hammer  and 

.    P""'^  contact  IS  made  betiveen  the  armature  of 

the  electromagnet  and  the  wire.  oi"iaiuic  oi 

to  the  electromagnet;  its  core  is  magnetized,  the  arma- 
ture IS  attracted,  and  the  hammer  strikes  the  gon"  The 
circuit  being  broken  by  the  motion  of  the  armature  away 
irom  the  spring,  the  electromagnet  ceases  to  act,  the 
armature  flies  back,  completes  the  circuit  again,  and  thus 
the  automatic  action  of  the  hammer  continues  as  long  as 
the  current  passes. 

call-bird  (kal'bferd),  n.  A  bird  taught  to  allure 
others  into  a  snare;  a  decoy-bird.  Goldsmith. 
call-box  (kal'boks),  n.    In  a  theater,  a  frame, 
usually  hung  in  a  greenroom,  in  which  calls  or 
notices  to  attend  rehearsals,  etc.,  are  placed, 
call-boy  (kal'boi),  71.    1.  A  boy  whose  duty  it 
IS  to  call  actors  upon  the  stage  at  the  proper 
moment.— 2.  A  boy  who  repeats  the  orders  of 
the  captain  of  a  steamboat  to  the  engineer. 
[Eng.]  —3.  A  boy  who  answers  a  call-bell, 
call-button  (kal'bufn),  n.    A  push-button  or 
other  device  for  closing  an  electric  signal  or 
a  telephone  circuit,  and  ringing  a  call-bell  or 
sounding  an  alarm, 
call-changes  (karchan'^jez),  n.  pi.   In  hell-rinq- 
ing,  the  method  in  which  the  ringers  are  told 
when  to  ring  by  a  call  from  the  conductor,  or 
by  tollowing  a  wiitten  order, 
calleri  (ka'ler),  n.    [<  cain  +  -eri.]    One  who 
calls,  m  any  sense  of  the  verb;  especially,  one 
who  pays  a  short  complimentary  visit, 
caller^  (kal'er),  a.    [Prob.  due  to  Icel.  Mldr  = 
few.        cold:  see  COM.    Ct  calver.']   1.  Cool- 
refreshmg:  as,  a  caller  breeze.    [Scotch.]  ' 
Sae  sweet  his  voice,  sae  smooth  his  tongue 
His  breath's  like  caller  air. 

Beattie,  There's  nae  Luck  about  the  House. 
Gang  awa,  bairn,  and  take  a  mouthful  of  the  caller  air. 

Scott,  Monastery,  II.  S5. 

2.  Fresh;  in  proper  season :  applied  chiefly  to 
fish :  as,  caller  herrings.  [Scotch.] 
callesthetics  (kal-es-thet'iks),  n.    [<  call-  for 
calli-  (<  Gr.  KalTii-,  KaAog,  beautiful)  +  e.sthetics.1 
A  term  proposed  by  Whewell  for  esthetics,  the 
science  of  the  perception  of  the  beautiful,  the 
term  esthetics  to  be  extended  to  perception  in 
general.    Erauth,  Vocab.  Phil.    Also  spelled 
callcesthetics. 
callett  (kal'et),  n.   [Also  written  callat,  callot ; 
<    .  caillette,  a  frivolous  babbling  woman,  dim 
ot  caille,  a  quail:  see  quair^.-]   1.  A  tattUng  or 
talkative  woman;  a  scold;  a  gossip. 

Come  hither,  you  old  callet,  you  tattling  huswife. 

S.   ,     ,,  Gascoigne. 
.  A  trull ;  a  drab ;  a  lewd  woman. 
He  call'd  her  whore  ;  a  beggar,  in  his  drink, 
tould  not  have  laid  such  terms  upon  his  callet. 

Shak.,  Othello,  iv.  2. 

callett  (kal'et),  v.  i.     [<  callet,  «.]    To  rail ; 
scold.  ' 
To  hear  her  in  her  spleen 
Callet  like  a  buttef-ijuean. 
R.  Brathwaite,  Care's  Cure,  in  Panedone. 
calleting  (kal'et-ing),  p.  a.     Scolding:  as,  a 
calletuig  wife.    [North.  Eng.] 
calley-stone  (kal'i-ston),  n.   [<  *calleu,  prob. 
connected  with  calliard,  +  sto)w.]    In  coal- 
mining,  a  kind  of  hard  sandstone,  more  or  less 
argillaceous.    See  ganistcr.    [Yorkshire,  En"  1 
calli,  n.    Plural  of  callus. 

calli-.  [<  Gr.  ko/Il-,  usual  combining  form  (later 
Koko- :  see  calo-)  of  KaAog,  beautiful,  fair,  good 
noble,  orig.  */ca%df,  =  Skt.  kalya,  well,  healthv; 
perhaps  =  AS.  hdl,  E.  whole,  q.v.,  =  Icel.  heill 


calligraphic 

E  hale\  q.  v.]  The  first  element  in  some  words 
ot  Greek  origin,  signifying  beautiful. 
Calliaenas  (kal-i-e'nas),  n.  Same  as  Caloenas. 
Calaandra  (kal-i-an'drii),  71.  [<  Gr  Ka'/'/t-  Ka- 
/6c,  beautiful,  +  avyp  (w6p-),  a  man,  mod.  a'sta- 
men,  the  long  colored  stamens  being  the  most 
conspicuous  part  of  the  flower.]  A  genus  of 
ornamental  shrubs  and  perennial  herbs,  of  the 
order  LcgumiHosa;  comprising  about  80  species, 
natives  of  tropical  America  and  northward  to 
tlie  borders  of  the  United  States.  Several  of 
the  species  yield  an  astringent  juice. 
Callianira  (kal'i-a-ni'rii),  71.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Ka/.?u., 
Kd/Mq,  beautiful,  +  -avupa  (as  in  avriavtipa,  fij- 
Tiaveipa,  etc.),  <  av^p,  a  man.]  1.  The  tjT)ieal 
genus  of  the  family  CalUaniridie.  Peron  and 
Lesmur,  1810.— 2.  A  genus  of  lepidopterous 
insects.    HUhner,  1816. 

Callianiridse  (kal'i-a-nir'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.  < 
Callianira -It  -idee.']  "A  family  of  saccate  or 
stenostomatous  etenophorans,  with  a  rounded 
body,  two  filifoiTO  tentacles,  and  no  oral  lobes, 
calliard- (kal'iard),  «.  [Cf.  calley-stone;  per- 
hajis  connected  with  P.  cailloit,  a  flint,  pebble, 
prob.  <  L.  calculus,  a  pebble:  see  calculus.]  In 
coal-mmmg,  a  hard,  smooth,  flLinty  gritstone. 
Gresley.  [North.  Eng.] 
Callicarpa  (kal-i-kiir'pa),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Ka7rAi., 
i^aAo^,  beautiful,  +  /cap-d?,  fruit.]  A  consider- 
able genus  of  widely  distributed  verbenaceous 

.shrubs.  The  best-known  species  is  C.  A  tiiericana,  of  the 
L  nited  States,  called  French  nnilherry,  cultivated  for  orna- 
ment on  account  of  its  abundant  violet-colored  berries. 

Callicephalus  (kal-i-sef'a-lus),  n.  See  Callo- 
cej)lialoii. 

Callichroma  (kal-i-kro'ma),  71.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KaA- 
Ai-,  Ka/oQ,  beautiful,  +  xP"l^a,  color.]  A  genus 
of  longieorn  beetles,  of  the  family  Cerambycidce, 
having  an  acute  scutellum,  lateral  prothoracic 
spines,  and  fore-coxal  cavities  closed  behind. 
C.  moschata  is  a  large  bronzed  green  Eiu-opean  species 
about  an  inch  long,  e.xhaling  a  musky  odor;  C.  splendi- 
auiii  IS  a  bronzed  reddish  species  of  the  southern  United 
States.    Also  Colachroma. 

callichthjdd  (ka-lik'thi-id),  n.   A  fish  of  the 

family  Callich  thyida'. 

Callichthyidae  (kal-ik-thl'i-de),  «.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Callichthys  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  nematogna- 
thous  fishes,  exemplified  by  the  genus  Callich- 
thys, containing  small  fresh-water  South  Amer- 
ican catfishes. 
Callichthys  (ka-lik'this),  71.  [NL. ,  <  Gr.  Ka7^1tx- 
(hK,  name  of  a  fish,  <  naX/u-,  KaUg,  beautiful,  +  Ix- 
SiY,  afish.]  A  genus  of  nematognathous  fishes, 
of  the  family  Siluridw,  or  sheat-fishes,  or  made 
the  type  of  Callich  thy  Ida',  characterized  by  two 
series  of  bony  plates  on  the  sides  from  head  to 
tail.  The  species  are  South  American, 
callicot,  tt.    See  calico. 

callid  (kal'id),  a.  [<  L.  callidus,  expert,  shrewd, 
<  callere,  be  expert,  know  by  experience  lit 
be  callous,  <  callum,  also  callus,  hard,  thick 
skm:  see  callous,  callus.]  Skilled;  expert: 
shrewd.    [Rare.]  ^  ' 

callidity  (ka-lid'i-ti), «.  [<  L.  callidita{t-)s,< cal- 
lidus: see  callid.]  Skill;  discernment;  shrewd- 
ness.   Also  callidness.  [Rare.] 
Her  eagle-eyed  callidity.     C.  Smart,  The  Hop-Garden. 
Callidium  (ka-lid'i-um),  ».    [NL.,  <  Gr.  KaX'/i- 
mAor,  beautiful,  +  dim.  term.  -/Aoy.]  A  genus  of 

longieorn  bee- 
tles, of  the  fam- 
ily Ceramhyci- 
dce,  containing 
species  of  flat- 
tened form  with 
spineless  pro- 
thorax  and  ely- 
tra, usually 
thickened  fem- 
ora, and  eyes 
not  embracing 
the  base  of  the 
antennas,  c.baju- 

^!(.sand  C.  antenna- 
turn  are  examples. 
Its  larvic  infest  fir- 
trees,  causing  oval 
perforations  where 
the  mature  insects 
make  their  escape. 


Callidium  antemtatum. 

(Vertical  line  shows  natural  size.) 


culi(jrapher,  kalligraphcr. 
calligraphic  (kal-i-graf 'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  KaA/.i- 
}pa(p!Koc,  <  i^a?.Aiypd(poc :  see  calligraphy.]  Relat- 
ing or  pertaining  to  caUigraphy.  Also  spelled 
valigraphic,  kalligraphic. 


calligraphical 


768 


callithumpian 


calligraphical  (kal-i-graf'i-kal),  a.  Same  as 
calligrapliic. 

calligraphist  (ka-lig'ra-fist), «.  [<  calUgrapJirj 
+  -ist.}  Oue  skilled  in  calligraphy, 
spelled  caUgrapltist,  kalUgrcq'hist. 
calligraphy  (ka-lig'ra-fi),  n.  [=  F.  calligraphic, 
<  Gv.  na//uypa(j>ta,  <  KaXkiypaipog,  writing  a  beau- 
tiful hand,  <  Ka'kli.-,  /ca/ldf,  beautiful,  +  ypd(l>en', 
write.]  The  art  of  beautiful  writing;  fair  or 
elegant  writing  or  penmanship ;  by  extension, 
handwriting  in  general;  penmanship.  Also 
spelled  caligraphy,  kalligraphy. 

My  calligraph;/,  a  fair  hand 
Fit  for  a  secretary. 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  iii.  4. 

The  principle  of  calllfjraph;/.  or  the  striving  after  ele- 
gance and  regularity  of  form  [in  penmanship],  which  may 
be  noticed  in  the  square  [Hebrew]  character,  where  the 
letters  are  separate,  distinct,  well-proportioned. 

T.  H.  Home,  Introd.  to  Study  of  Holy  Script.,  II.  16. 

Callimorpha  (kal-i-mor'fa),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

Ka'AAiftopipog,  having  a  beautiful  form,  <  kuXai-, 


Be  not  deceived,  to  think  her  lenity 
Will  be  perpetual :  or,  it  men  be  wanting, 
The  gods  will  be,  to  such  a  calling  cause. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  iii.  1. 


met  (lunils  (Lophorti/x  and  Oreortyx)  are  by  some  l)rought 
under  Calliprpla,  but  usually  kept  apart. 

2.  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects.  Dejcan, 
r,  -  -  .  1834. 

calling-crab  (ka'ling-krab),  w.    A  crab  of  the  calliper,  n.    See  caliper. 
family  Uci/podidw  and  genus  Gelasimus :  so  call-  Callippic,  a.    See  Calippic. 
ed  because  one  of  its  claws,  which  is  much  Callipsittacus  (kal-ip-sit'a-kus),  n.    Same  as 
larger  than  the  other,  is  waved  or  brandished  Ciilopsitta. 
when  the  animal  is  disturbed,  as  if  to  beckon  or  callipyga  (kal-i-pi'ga),  n 

call.  In  the  United  states  it  is  called ^"(?fHp?--cco6.  G.pii- 
rjillator  is  extremely  numerous  on  the  southern  Atlantic 
coast,  where  great  troops  inhaliit  the  marshes  back  of  the 
beaches.  They  dig  holes  in  the  ground,  of  such  size  tliat 
the  large  claw  exactly  serves  as  a  stopper  to  the  entrance. 
See  cut  under  Gelnsiinvx. 


[NL.  (Hodgson, 
1841),  <  Gr.  Ka'A/ilTTvyo^,  iiame  of  a  famous  statue 
of  Aphrodite  (Venus),  <  kg/lm-,  waXof,  beautiful, 
+  iTvy//,  buttock.]  1.  An  East  Indian  bird, 
Lciotlirix  callipyga,  having  a  beautiful  rump. — 
2.  [cap.']  Same  as  Lciothrix. 
n. 


calling-hare  (ka'ling-har),  n.    Apika;  any  Callirhinus,  «.    Bee  CallorMnus. 
species  of  the  genus  Lagomys  and  family  Lago-  Callirrhoe  (ka-lir'o-e),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KaTCkippov, 


viyido}.  The  animals  are  so  called  from  the  reiterated 
squeaking  cries  which  they  emit  while  concealed,  usually 
among  rocks. 

Callioenas  (kal-i-e'nas),  w.    Same  as  Calwiias. 
callionymid  (kal-i-on'i-mid),  n.   A  fish  of  the 
family  CaUionymidw. 

Callionymidse  (kal"i-o-nim'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 

<  CullioiiyiiiKS  +  -idw.']  A  family  of  acanthop- 
terygian  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Calliony- 
mu8.    Species  are  known  as  dragonets. 

Callionyminse  (kal"i-on-i-mi'ne),  w.  ^jL  [NL., 

<  CalUonymus  +  -(««?.]    The  callionymids  as 


one  of  the  Oceanids,  also  a  famous  fountain 
without  the  walls  of  Athens  (now  again  so 
called),  <  KoKXippooQ,  Ka'AXipoog,  beautiful-flow- 
ing, <  KuXkc-,  Kaiog,  beautiful,  4-  pelv,  flow.]  1. 
In  hot.,  a  small  genus  of  low  malvaeeous  herbs 
with  perennial  roots,  natives  of  Texas,  and  also 
found  in  the  Mississippi  valley.  They  have  very 
showy  crimson  or  purple  flowers,  and  are  frequently  cul- 
tivated. 

2.  In  zodl. :  (a)  A  genus  of  cephalopods.  Also 
Calliroe.  Mm  iff  or  t,  ISIO.  (b)  A  genus  of  aca- 
lephs.   Also  Callirhoe. ,  Fermi  and  Lestwur,  1809. 


Blue-sp.ingled  Peach-worm  (Callimorpha  fulvicosta). 
a,  larva ;  b,  imago  or  moth  :  c,  one  segment  of  larva,  enlarged,  side 
view;  d,  same,  top  view.    ^Moth  and  iarva  natural  size.) 

Kokbq,  beautifiil,  +  pop<p7],  form.]  A  genus  of 
moths,  of  the  family  Arctiidw,  or  referred  to  the 

LitllOSiidce.  C.  jacobma,  so  called  from  its  feeding  on 
the  ragwort,  Sfiiccio  jacobaea,  is  a  common  British  species 
known  as  the  pink  undervving,  expanding  li  inches,  with 
black  body  and  legs,  and  greenish-black  upper  wings  mark- 
ed with  pink. 

callimus  (kal'i-mus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KoXkifio^, 
a  poetical  form  of  Kc/ldf,  beautiful.]  1.  lt\min- 
eral.,  the  loose  and  movable  central  core  or 
stony  matter  in  the  cavities  of  eaglestone. — 
2.  [cap.]  In  cntom.,  a  genus  of  coleopterous 
Insects. 

calling  (ka'ling),  ».  and  a.  [<  IVIE.  callinge; 
verbal  n.  of  call^,  v.]  I,  n.  1.  The  act  of  sum- 
moning; a  call  or  summons. 

What !  stand'st  thou  still  and  hear'st  such  a  calling? 

Shale,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

2.  The  act  of  convoking  or  assembling. 

A  Bill  for  the  frequent  callinfi  and  meeting  of  Parlia- 
ments. Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xx. 

3.  An  invitation.  Specifically,  in  theol. :  (a)  The  in- 
vitation extended  in  the  gospel  to  all  to  repent,  and  accept 
Christ  as  a  saviour,  (i)  The  more  special  invitation  ad- 
dressed to  the  hearts  of  individuals  by  the  direct  influence 
of  the  Holy  Spirit.    See  effectual  callimj,  below. 

Give  diligence  to  make  your  calling  and  election  sure. 

2  Pet.  i.  10. 


a  subfamily  of  fishes ;  in  Giinther's  system  of  callisection  (kal-i-sek'shou),  n.  [<  L.  callus, 
classification,  the  fourth  group  of  Gobiidm,  hav-  hard  skin,  +  scctio{n-),  a  cutting:  see  section.] 
ing  the  ventral  fins  widely  apart  from  each  Painless  vivisection ;  the  dissection  of  living 
other,  and  two  separate  dorsal  fins.  animals  which  have  been  anesthetized. 

Callionymus  (kal-i-on'i-mus),  u.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  Callisoma,  «.    See  Calosoma. 
Ka'AAiuvv/xoc,  a  kind  of  fish,  lit.  having  a  beau-  Calliste  (ka-lis'te),  n.    [NL.  (Boie,  1826),  < 

Gr.  KaXXioTTj,  fem.  of  KoXkioTCK;,  superl.  of  koXo^, 
beautiful.]  An  extensive  genus  of  beautiful 
Central  and  South  American  tanagers,  of  the 
family  Tanagridcc,  containing  most  of  the  weak- 
billed  forms,  notable  even  in  this  brilliant 
family  for  the  elegance  and  variety  of  their 
coloration.  The  limits  of  the  genus  vary  with  different 
authors,  but  upward  of  50  species  are  usually  referred  to 
it.    Callistns,  Callispiza,  and  Calospiza  are  synonyms. 

Callistephus  (ka-lis'te-fus),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

KuXki-,  Kci'Aog,  beautiful,  +  cTk(pog,  poet,  for  or^- 
(j>avoc;,  a  crown,  <  gt^^uv,  put  around,  crown.]  A 
genus  of  composite  plants,  containing  a  single 
species,  C.  Chinensis,  the  China  aster,  which  has 
been  long  in  cultivation,  and  is  much  prized  as 
a  hardy  annual,  remaining  long  in  flower, 
the  muse  who  presided  over  eloquence  and  he-  callisthenia,  n.  Plural  of  callisthenium. 
roic  poetry.   Also  spelled  Ealliope. —  2.  [I.  c]  callisthenic  (kal-is-then'ik),  a.    [<  Gr.  Kal?u-, 


Gemmous  Dragonet  {Cal/t'otij'mits  lyra). 

tiftd  name,  <  koIXl-,  Kalog,  beautiful,  +  ovvjia, 
ovopa,  name.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Callionymida'. 
Calliope  (ka-li'o-pe),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  Ka^Tiidirr;,  lit. 
having  a  beautiful  voice,  <  naXAi-,  naXoq,  beau- 
tiful, -I-  6i/'  =  L.  vox,  voice.]    1.  In  Gr.  myth., 


The  name  given  to  a  harsh  musical  instru- 
ment consisting  of  a  number  of  steam-whistles 
tuned  to  produce  different  tones.  Also  called 
steam-organ. —  3.  [NL.]  In  orniih.:  (a)  A  ge- 
nus of  small  sylviine  birds,  related  to  Cyanc- 
cula,  the  type  of  which  is  an  Asiatic  warbler, 
Calliope  kamckatkensis.  Goidd,  1836.  The  term 
had  previously  been  the  specific  name  of  the 


/laAdf,  beautiful,  -1-  adcvog,  strength.]  Relating 
or  pertaining  to  callisthenics ;  designed  to  pro- 
mote health  or  bodily  development  and  symme- 
try.   Also  spelled  calisthenic. 

When  the  .  .  .  morning  occupations  are  concluded, 
these  unfortunate  young  women  perform  what  they  call 
callisthenic  exercises  in  the  garden.  I  saw  them  to-day 
.  .  .  pulling  the  garden  roller. 

Thackeray,  Book  of  Snobs,  xxvii. 


humming-bird,  Stcllula  calliope,  inhabiting  the 
western  United  States  and  Mexico,  having  the 
crown  and  back  golden-green,  the  gorget  violet 
and  lilac,  set  in  snowy-white. — 4.  A  genus  of 
mammals.  Ogilhy,  1836. — 5.  A  genus  of  dipter- 
ous insects. — 6.  A  genus  of  amphipods. 
callipash,  callipee.    See  calipash,  calipee. 
4.  The  profession,  trade,  occupation,  or  em-  Calhpepla  (kal-i-pep'l|)  «     [NL.  (W^^^^^ 
r^l.^p^f  fn  wh.VV,  nnA  i«  o»^^/t]  hv  antitnde.    1832),  CGr. /,aXA<7re7rAof,  beautifully  robed,  <  «aX 


ployment  to  which  one  is  called  by  aptitude, 
necessity,  etc. ;  usual  occupation,  profession, 
or  employment ;  vocation. 

His  calling  laid  aside,  he  lived  at  ease. 

Wordsworth,  Excursion,  i. 

5,  Name;  appellation-;  title. 

I  am  more  proud  to  be  Sir  Rowland's  son, 

His  youngest  son  ;  and  would  not  change  that  calling, 

To  be  adopted  heir  to  Frederick. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  i.  2. 
Calling  of  the  plaintiff,  a  form  in  English  courts  of 
law  of  calling  up(jn  the  plaintiff  to  appear  in  cases  where, 
for  want  of  sutflcient  evidence,  he  consents  to  be  non- 
suited or  to  withdraw  himself.  Calling  the  plaintiff  by 
the  court  crier  was  once  always  necessary  in  a  trial  after 
the  jury  had  come  in  with  the  verdict,  and  before  its  an- 
nouncement. If  no  answer  was  made,  the  plaintiff  was 
nonsuited,  but  could  renew  his  action  on  lietter  evidence. 
—  Effectual  calling,  in  Calrim^tic  theul.,  the  calling  by 
God  s  word  and  Spirit  of  those  whom  he  has  predestined 
unto  life,  out  of  sin  and  death,  unto  grace  and  salvation  by 
Jesus  Christ.  It  is  so  designated  to  distinguish  it  from 
that  universal  call  which  the  gospel  extends  to  all,  but 
which,  according  to  Calvinistic  theology,  is  ineffectual 
except  when  accompanied  by  the  special  influences  of 
God's  Holy  Spirit. 

Effectual  calling  is  the  work  of  God's  Spirit,  whereby, 
convincing  us  of  our  sin  and  misery,  enlightening  our 
minds  in  the  knowledge  of  Christ,  and  renewing  our  wills, 
he  doth  persuade  and  enable  us  to  embrace  Jesus  Christ, 
freely  offered  to  us  in  the  gospel. 

The  Shorter  Catechism,  Qu.  31. 

=Syn.  4.  Pursuit,  business,  etc.    See  occupation. 

il.  a.  Clamant;  crying.  [Rare.] 


callisthenics  (kal-is-then'iks),  n.  [PI.  ot  callis- 
thenic:  see  -ics.]  The  art  or  practice  of  exer- 
cising the  muscles  for  the  purpose  of  gaining 
health,  strength,  or  grace  of  form  and  move- 
ment ;  a  kind  of  light  gymnastics.  .Also  spelled 
calisthenics. 

callisthenium  (kal-is-the'ni-um),  n. ;  pi.  callis- 
thenia  (-a).  [NL.,  <  callisthen-ics  +  -ium.]  A 
place  for  the  practice  of  callisthenics.  Also 


AI-,  naAoc,  beautiful,  +  TrsirAof,  robe.]  1.  A  ge- 
nus of  beautiful  crested  quails,  of  the  subfamily 
Ortyginw  (or  Odontophorince)  and  family Perrfi- 


spelled  calisthenium. 

After  the  play  the  calisthenium  was  thrown  open,  and 
the  girls  danced  until  supper-time.  N.  Y.  Tribune. 

Oallithamnion  (kal-i-tham'ni-on),  n.  [<  Gr. 
mA?ii-,  KaA6g,  beautiful,  +  6a/xviov,  dim.  of  6afivo(, 
a  small  shrub.  ]  A  large  genus  of  marine  algae, 
belonging  to  the  order  Florideai  and  suborder 
Ceramiem.  They  consist  of  branching  filaments,  each  of 
which  is  usually  a  single  row  of  cells.  This  genus  contains 
some  of  the  most  delicate  and  beautiful  species  of  the 
order. 

Callithrix  (kal'i-thriks),  «..    [NL.  (L.,  a  plant 

used  for  coloring  the  hair ;  also  in  pi.  callitri- 
ches,  a  kind  of  ape  in  Ethiopia) ;  less  correctly 
Callitrix;  <  Gr.  mXkidpi^  {aakXiTpix-),  with  beau- 
tiful hair  or  mane,  <  mA/iL-,  naAog,  beautiful,  + 
dpi^  (rpix-),  hair.]  1 .  A  genus  of  South  Ameri- 
can platyn'hine  monkeys,  of  the  family  Cebido" 
and  subfamily  Nyctipi'thecinw,  having  the  tail 
not  prehensile;  the  sagouins  or  saguins,  of 
which  there  are  numerous  species.  C.  persoimtus, 
the  masked  sagouin,  is  an  example.  C.  torquatus  is  the 
collared  t^etee. 

2.  II.  c]  An  African  green  monkey,  Cercopt- 
thectts  sabcens. 

inhabiting  the  southwestern  United  States  callithumpian  (kal-i-thum'pi-an),  a.  and  n. 
andMexico.  Tbebest-known  species  is  C.  squamata,  the  [Also  Spelled  calithumpian ;  humorously  formed 
scaled  or  blue  quail,  with  a  whitish,  full,  soft  crest,  and  <  (jp_  Ka'Xki-,  Ka'k6q,  beautiful,  +  E.  thimp  +  -ja».] 
the  plumage  marked  in  half-rings,  abundant  in  Arizona,  j  PoT-tnlnincr  tn  flip  noisv  concert  or  SCre- 
New  Mexico,  Texas,  and  southward.  G.  elegans  and  C.  «•  I'ertaining  10  tne  nolby  conceiu 
douglasi  are  other  IVIexican  species.    The  plumed  or  hel-    naue  SO  callea. 


Scaled  Quail  [  Callipepla  squamata'). 


callithumpian 

II.  n.  1.  A  noisy  concert,  characterized  by 
l)eatmg  of  tin  pans,  blowing  of  horns,  shouts 
groans,  cateaUs,  etc. :  usually  given  as  a  sere- 
nade to  persons  who  have  excited  local  ridi- 
cule or  hostility;  a  charivari.— 2.  One  who 
takes  part  in  such  a  concert.    [U  S  1 
Callitriche  (ka-lit'ri-ke),  «.    [Nl.',  <  Gr.  *KaUi. 
rptx'h  assumed  fem.  of  KaAMTpixo<;  (fem  also 
-oc),  later  form  of  KaAAidpi^,  with  beautiful'hair: 
see  Calhthru.}    1.  In        a  small,  widely  dis- 
tributed genus  of  slender,  apetalous,  monce- 
eious,  dicotyledonous  aquatic  herbs,  its  afflni 
ties  are  obscure,  and  it  is  by  some  considered  as  constit  i  t 
ing  a  distinct  order  Callitrichacece,  by  others  l  efeUe  to  the 
aalorar,e<^  or  to  tlie  Huphorbiacece.    The  con,  n^i  speciel 
are  known  as  imter-starwort.  species 

.  2.  In zodl.,  a  genus  of  bivalve  moUusks.  Orie-i- 
nally  Callitrichus.    Poli,  1791 

Callitris  (kal'i-tris),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KaAlL-,  ku- 
Aoc,  beautifid;  the  element  -tris  is  obsciue  1 
A  genus  of  coniferous  trees,  nearly  related  to 


769 

rated,  as  an  ulcer,  or  the  skin  on  some  part  of 
tne  body  from  exposure  to  continuous  pressure 
orti-iction:  as,  "a  callous  cicatrice,"  Holland, 
tr.  of  Pliny,  xyi.  31 ;  "a  callous  ulcer,"  Dungli- 

First  of  the  train  the  patient  rustic  came, 
W  hose  callous  hand  had  form'd  the  scene. 

Goldsmith,  Threnodia,  ii. 

2.  Hardened  in  mind  or  feelings:  insensible: 
unfeeling:  as,  "the  callous  diplomatist,"  Ma- 
caulay.  ' 

In  prosperous  times,  when  men  feci  the  greatest  ardor 
apatliy  to  politics.  Ames,  Works,  II.  137. 

cule  Ijlessing  to  be  perfectly  callous  to  ridi- 

"  Dr.  Arnold. 

3.  In  entom.,  swollen  and  smooth:  as,  a  cal- 
lous margin,  one  very  thick  and  irregularly 
rounded  or  lumpy.  =  syn.  2. etc  (see  i- 

dead  etc""'"''"''  """"P'-«^^i'^'<^.  iudilferen t,  deaf. 


calm 

Britain,  and  is  found  in  the  northern  temperate  and  boreal 
regions  of  the  old  world.    It  also  occurs  i\^^^Noi  tirATerica 


Common  Heatt 


ulgaris),  with  branch  on  larjjer  scale. 


Cupressus,  consisting  of  14  species  natives  nf  /,   i,  x 

Africa,  Madagascar,^Australiarand  NeS  cale  <^allous  (kal'ns), f.  To  harden  or  make  callous 
donia.    The  best-known  species  is  C  nuadrivahU  the  '^"""""■'  '^  ^'^"sibilities  of  people  of  fashion, 

arar-tree  of  .Algeria,  yielding  a  highly  prized  w^^^^^^  „        ,     ,  Science,  X.  QG. 

fur.?,','  !f     r"^'  °f  'i"^  Romrns,Vhich  is  ve™y  beauU-  callous-beaked  (kal  '  US-bekt),  «.    Havinir  a 
..V!!'*..??'  for.  the  floors  and   Callous  beak:  applied  to  the  tanagers  of  the 


ceilino-,  nf  thoi,-  „T,,o  ,      i         ^,        "'^  noors  and    <-inuus  ueaK :  applied  to  the  tanao-prs  of  tlio 

e|jsh^i.^v^S  ^r^^^j^^s^:^  S^Mr"^'  '^^^'^^ 

^^}}?^^^lS\^K'^^'^'-'>'  ^  a  callous,  hard- 


callivert,  H.    SeemZife?.  v-»- u^-n;,  <i(u-. 

call-loan  (kal'lon),  n.    A  loan  of  money  repay-  o^'  "ufeeling  manner 

able  on  demand.  ^       Callousness  (kal'us-nes),  n. 


call-me-to-you  (kal'me-to'yo),  n.  A  name 
given  to  the  pansy,  Viola  tricolor.  Also  called 
ci((l(lle-me-to-i/ou  and  cull-me-to-ijou 

call-note  (kal'not),  n.  The  call  or  cry  of  a  bird 
or  other  animal  to  its  mate  or  its  young. 

The  chirping  call-note  of  the  gecko.  O^oen,  Anat. 

Callocephalon  (kal-6-sef 'a-lon),  n.  [NL  (Les- 
son, 1837)  (prop.  CaUi-  or  Calo-),  <  Gr.  mllL- 
Ka7M<:,  beautiful,  +  w^aA^,  head.]  A  genus  (or 
subgenus  of  Calyptorhnnclius)  of  Australian 
cockatoos,  subfamily  Cacatuime.  C.  galeatum, 
the  ganga  cockatoo,  is  the  only  species.  Also 
tallicephalus. 
Callorhinus  (kal-o-ri'nus),  n.  [NL.  (prop 
Calh-  ov  Calo-),  <  Gr.  Kallc-,  KaAo^,  beautif^il,  + 
piU  P'l',  nose.]  A  genus  of  eared  seals,  of  the 
t&vailj  OtariHlw,  including  the  northern  sea- 
bear,  the  well-known  fur-seal  of  Alaska,  C.  ur- 
sinus.  ' 

callosal  (ka-16'sal),  a.  [<  callosum  +  -al  1  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  callosum,  or  corpus  cal- 
losum. callosal  gyrus.  Seeffyrus. 
callose  (kal'os),  «.  [<  L.  callosus :  see  callous.! 
hxbot.  and  2ool.,  having  callosities  or  hard  spots,- 
callous;  hardened.  ^  ' 

callosity  (ka-l_os'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  callosities  (-tiz) 
L=/.  callosite  =  Sp.  callosidad  =  Pg.  callosi- 
dade  =  It.  callosita,  <  L.  callosita{t-)s,  <  callosus, 
callous :  see  callous.  ]  1 .  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  hardened  or  callous.— 2.  In  a  concrete 
sense,  any  thickened  or  hardened  part  on  the 
sm-face  of  the  human  body  or  that  of  any  ani- 
mal, such  as  the  hard  and  often  somewhat  bony 
lUmps  that  arise  in  places  exposed  to  constant 
pressm-e  and  friction,  the  cicatrized  surfaces 
^  J  ll-T  °y  rounds,  etc.,  the  natural  cuta- 
neous thickenings  on  the  buttocks  of  gibbons 
of  1°'^.'.^.'"°°!^^^^',  3-       bot.,  any  part 


The  state  of  being 


callous,  (a)  Hardness ;  induration  :  applied  to  the  bod^ 
A  callousness  of  his  feet.    Jer.  Taylor,  Repentance,  vii.  8. 
{b)  Insensibility  of  mind  or  heart. 
A  callousness  and  numbness  of  soul. 

Bentley,  Sermons,  i. 
Great  yindictiveness  is  often  united  with  great  tender- 
ness, and  great  callousness  with  great  magnanimity 

Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  1.  140. 
callowl  (kal'6),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  calowe,  calew 
calu  <  Ab.  calu  (calw-)  =  D.  kaal  OHG.  calo 
ffoJcalaM--),  MHG.  kal  (kahc),  G.  A-«W  =  Sw 
kal,  bald,  bare  (cf.  Dan.  kullet,  poUed,  en  kulM 
A-o  a  cow  without  horns:  ko  =  E.  coit-l),  prob 
witli  loss  of  orig.  initial  s  (ef.  scall),  =  L.  calvus 
(orig.  -sca^rus  ?),  bald  (>  It.  Sp.  Pg.  calro  Jpr. 
calv  =  OF.  chau,  F.  chauve :  spe  Galvaru,  Cal- 
vinism,znd.chauvin).-]   I.  a.  If.  Bald;  without 

A  man  of  whos  heed  heeris  fleten  awei  is  calu. 

Wijclif  {ed.  Piu-v.),  Lev.  xiii.  40 
Caluj  was  his  heuede.  Kiny  Alisaunder,  1.  5950. 

2.  Without  feathers ;  that  has  not  yet  put  forth 
feathers;  naked;  unfledged,  as  a  young  bird- 
as,    callow  young,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  \'ii.  420. 

My  callow  wing,  that  newly  left  the  nest. 

P.  Fletcher,  Pui-ple  Island,  i. 
They  [the  young  of  the  partridge]  are  not  callow  like  thp 
young  of  most  birds,  but  niore'perfec  ly  de'4ioned\nd 
precocious  even  than  chickens.    Thoreail  WaldeTp.  244 

3.  Pertaining  to  an  unfledged  bird:  &s,"cal- 
low  down,"  Brai/ton,  The  0wl.-4.  Youthful  • 
juvenile ;  very  immatiu-e  :  as,  a  callow  youth.  ' 

Ah,  if  we  had  possessed  these  in  our  callow  days. 

D.  G.  Mitchell,  Bound  Together. 

Il.t  w.  A  bald  person;  a  baldhead. 

What  hath  the  calewe  ido. 

ii/e  o/St.  Dunstan,  Early  Eng.  Poems 
[(ed.  Furnivall),  p.  34. 


though  very  sparingly  and  only  in  a  few  localities  near 
iLtsslchusetts™  -'*'<^"fo'""'la»<l  to  Marthas  Vineyard. 

callus  (kal'us),  n.  ■  pi.  cam  (-i).  [L.,  also  cal- 
tum,h-a.Td  skin:  see  callous  and  callid.']  1  In 
anat.  -  (a)  Hard  skin;  a  callosity,  {h)  A  new 
^owth  of  osseous  tissue  between  and  around 
the  extremities  of  fractured  bones,  serving  to 
unite  them.— 2.  In  bot,  any  unusually  hard 
excrescence  upon  a  plant;  also,  the  thickening 
ot  the  substance  of  the  perforated  septa  be- 
tween sieve-cells,  and  the  close  cellular  struc- 
ture which  is  formed  over  wounds,  by  which 
the  inner  tissues  are  protected  and  healing  is 
effected.- 3.  In  hort.,  the  cap  or  thickening 
formed  oyer  the  end  of  a  cutting  before  it  sends 
forth  rootlets.- 4.  In  conch.,  a  caUosity  or  in- 
durated thickening  of  a  shell  by  the  deposit  of 
some  hard  substance  different  from  the  rest  of 
the  shell. 

rnlh^.  columellar  lip  is  covered  with  a  thick  deposit  of 
Staiul.  Nat.  HUt.,  I.  351. 


erally  smooth,  and  paler  than  the  surrounding   river-course:  a  term'usfd  bv  ^  itpr«  nn  i^^  f 

bVttock  of\"i';^i;Ly"'"^'^'^'  "''^  "^"'^"^  the  baring,  or  cSver,  of  open  worMngs  &3' 

Callosoma,  n.    See  Calosoma.  ^Eng.]  ^  j- 

callosomarginal  (ka-16"s6-mar'ji-nal),  a.   [<    a}}:      -Ha^^ng  the  character  of  an  alluvial 

callosun,  +  marcjinal.^    In  anat,  lying  between  p/iiLn'  "^^/'"f  1^°^'  ^  meadow. 

the  convolution  of  the  corpus  callosum  and  the  ^*^l"ella  (kal-u-el  a),  n.    [NL.,  dim.,  <  Gr. 

marginal  convolution  of  the  brain :  al  the  c«z!  T-f'  ^-^^^^t^^l.^^-f,  beautifid.]    A  genus  of 

losoniargnial  sulcus  or  fissure.  '  ^^^«f  amphibians,  typical  of  the  family  Cal- 

callosum  (ka-16'sum),  n.    [NL.,  neut  of  L  cal  "^/f-.         spelled  Caluella.  ^ 

Sh'""  '""^^T-^    ^^"^^  ^«  corpus  callosum  'S, n  ^  am- 

(which  see,  under  corpus).  Ti    ,  °^  ^"^^  family  Calluellidce. 

The  brain  of  the  cat,  lacking  the  callosum.  lfSkc  +  ^^^f^tf''n^^'  ^Z'"  •  ^^'^  < 

Mien.  and  y enrol.,  IV.  513  1  I       iT-i ^  family  of  firmisternial  sali- 

callotl  (kal'ot),  n.    Same  as  calotte  '  %f  amphibians,  typified  by  the  genus  Calluella 

callotec'hnics  (kal-oS'nts),  n. pi.  [Prop  cal- 

i^X^lt'i  1       r^^^'^^°C  (later  ^a/o-),  mak-  Calluna  (ka-liVna),  n.    [NT.,  (so  called  fi-om  its 

mg  fe_eautif  ul  works  of  art,  <  KaA.h-,  ,aA6^,  beauti-  ^H^^  'fi';^"-,,^™^"^),,  irreg.  <  Gr.  KaAAivetv, 


[Rart  ]^^'^'  o™amentai  arts, 

callous  (kal'us)  «.  [Also  callose:  =  F.  calJeux 
fhtl'  v?'  ^^-$""080  <  L.  c««06>«5,  hard-skinned. 

49      ''^  ^-  -^^^^^  hardened;  indu- 


sweep,  clean,  beautify,  <  KaAoc.  beautiful  1  A 
genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Fricacea-.  nearly 

V ''fl   Z  ^SJ^"'  it  is  distingiushed 

chiefly  by  the  structure  of  its  capsule  and  the 
sma  1  number  of  its  seeds.  There  is  but  one  species 
C.  vulyaris  the  common  heather,  whicli  covers  ami  orna 
ments  much  of  the  heath  and  moorland  istricts  of  Greai 


callys  (kal'is),  n.  Same  as  killas 
calmi  (kam),  n.  and  a.  [I.  n.  Early  mod  E 
also  caulm,  caum,  cawm,  <  ME.  calme  (=  d' 
kalm-te  =  LG.  kalm,  >  G.  kalm),  <  OF.  calme,  f' 
calme  =  Sp.  It.  Pg.  calma,  cabn,  calmness,  still 
,  J'  ^  S''^'''''^-.  the  time  when  the  flocks 
rest  (ef.  F.  chomcr,  formerly  chanmer,  rest) 

nf''fho!^'  ^^'^y^^P-  T'^        ^e'lt,  the  hot  part 
of  the  day  (ef.  F.  dial,  caumus,  hot— Cotgrave) 
LL.  mwwff,  the  heat  of  the  sun,  <  (iv  ,avua, 
great  heat  <  Kamv,  burn:  see  cauma  and  cf/».s' 
tic.    Ihe  ;  is  unoriginal,  being  due  to  confor- 
mation with  L.  calor,  heat,  or  with  words  like 
(L  pahrn),  etc.    II.  „.  <  ME.  calme  {= 
D  A«Z«),  <  OP  cabne,  F.  cahne  (ML.  cabm,s); 
from  the  noun.]    I.  n.  1.  The  condition  of  be- 
ing A^ithout  motion,  agitation,  or  disturbance - 
stillness :  properly  of  the  air,  and  hence  of  the 
sea  and  of  the  weather  in  general. 
A  blont  hede  in  a  caulme  or  downe  a  wind  is  very  good 
Ascham,  Toxophilus  (ed.  Arber)  p  137' 

tliatte^^redtillV^'j^U^^^ 

Torkiiigton,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travell,  p  57 
^\^lile  we  lay  in  the  caluis  we  caught  several  great  sharks. 

Damjner,  Voyages,  I.  79.' 

^.  i<reedom  from  mental  agitation  or  passion; 
tranquillity;  quiet;  serenity.  ' 
Each  pertiu-bation  smooth  d  with  outward  calm. 

,     ,  Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  120. 

iirll  ca?m"  '^''^  excitement  succeeded  by  an  unuat- 
lu-ai  calm.  Macaulay,  Horace  Walpole. 

Too  near  to  God  for  doubt  or  fear 
She  shares  the  eternal  calm.  ' 
..       ^.  Battle  Autumn  of  1862 

A  despotic  calm  is  usually  the  triumph  of  error 
Q    mv.  ^  Jei-ons,  Pol.  Econ.,  p.  29S. 

c!.  the  scum  of  hquor.    [Prov.  En?  1 
de,°?e?f^^  calm,  flat  calm,  tlrmsu;edbfsi;;,?rto 

cltoVatit-ndprHP^f eal'in.- Region  6f  C^s.  o? 
caim  latitudes,  the  tracts  in  the  Atlantic  aii(11^7-  Hr. 
oceans  on  the  confines  of  the  tnade-wind^  where  c-.lnis  of 
noi-fher""  lm"t''[s  in"--»  X^'  "'V""'f  ^"'^tice  i'ts  aver'a^l 
sui  nier  '"i''*^  •'•'^""t  the 

■lUvax  l  t  f  "'^•^  ^;  The  southern  limit  lies  nearly 
audi-  X.  °^  ^'^  ''•'''^"'g  between  r 

..}}cJ''  1-,'^^ithout  motion;  still;  not  stormy; 
undistui-bed;  not  agitated;  serene. 

Be  calm,  good  wind.  Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  L  2. 

Calm  is  the  morn  without  a  sound. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  xi. 
The  bay  was  oily  calm.  Tennyson.  Audley  Court. 

2.  Free  from  mental  agitation;  undisturbed  bv 
passion;  not  agitated  or  excited;  quiet:  serene- 
ranquil,as  the  mind,  temper,  or  attention:  as! 
"calm  words,"  Shak.,  K.  John,  ii.  1. 
With  gentle  breath,  calm  look,  knees  humbly  bow  d 

Shak.,  R.  and  ,1.,  iii  1 

Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 


calm 

Quiet  and  calm,  witliout  a  (ear 
Of  danger  darkly  lurking  near, 
The  weary  laborer  left  his  plough. 

Whittiei;  Pentucket. 
=Syn.  2.  Calm,  Placid,  Tranquit,  Serene,  Quiet,  Cool,  Com- 
posed, Collected,  smooth,  peaceful,  unruffled,  imperturba- 
ble. All  the  italicized  words,  when  applied  to  the  mind, 
still  suggest  the  physical  phenomena  whicli  they  prinia- 


770 

calmer  (ka'mer),  «.  One  who  or  that  which 
calms,  or  has  the  power  to  still  and  make  quiet ; 
one  who  or  that  which  allays,  pacifies,  or 
soothes. 

Angling  was  ...  a  cheerer  of  his  spirits,  a  diverter  of 
sadness,  a  calmer  of  unquiet  thoughts. 

■  Walton,  Complete  Angler,  i.  1. 


caloric 

usually  sold  in  the  form  of  a  white  powder,  odorless,  taste- 
lessi,  and  insoluble  in  water,  alcohol,  or  ether.  Calomel 
is  extensively  used  in  medicine,  especially  in  inliamma- 
tions  of  serous  membranes  and  as  a  purgative.  Also 
called  subchlorid  and  protochlorid  of  merciiry,  and  corne- 
ous mercury. 

Oalophyllum  (kal-o-fil'um),  n.    [NL.  (cf.  Gr. 

KaXA/(/)i'AAof,  with  beautiful  leaves),  <  Gr.  kuU^, 


I. 

iy" denote.  Calm  implies"  that  the  mind  remains  unagi-  galmly  (kam'li), «(?(;.  Quietly;  peacefully;  with-    beautiful,  +  c(.{>AAov  =  L./o?m»/(,  leaf.]  1.  Inbot, 
Lted,  even  by  care  and  anxiety,  ihere  is  a  tendency  to  use  ^^^^^  /^^^^^^^  agitationT  tumiltf  disturbance,  Or    a  genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Guttiferm.  The 

violence  species  are  large  timber-trees  of  the  tropics,  rich  in  bal- 

An,l  rnl  'mlu  vim  nn  in  nhpdipnpp     Flhnk   K  .Tohn  V  4     sainic  resins,  with  oily  seeds,  and  shining  leaves  which 
And  calmln  i  un  on  in  obedience,   bhaic.,  js..  J  onn,  v.  4.    ^^^^^  numerous  transverse  parallel  veins,  giving  the  plants 
The  gentle  stream  which  cnim/j/ flows.  SirJ.Denham.  -  -    .      .  ..  ... 

A  man  coole  and  temperate  in  his  passions,  not  easily 
betraid  by  his  eholler  :  That  vies  not  oath  with  oath,  nor 
heat  witli  heat  ;  liut  replies  calmly  to  an  angry  man,  and 
is  too  hard  for  him  too. 

Bp.  Earle,  Micro-cosmographie,  A  Stayed  Man. 

.^t'isnat^a{l?'Sientam1  calmness  (kam'nes),  n.    The  state  of  being 
•    "        calm,     (a)  Quietness ;  stillness ;  tranquillity,  as  of  the 
elements. 

The  gentle  calmness  of  the  flood.  Sir  J.  Denham. 


the  word  to  express  the  mos't  complete  mastery  of  the 
emotions;  but  it  is  also  used  for  the  mere  outward  man- 
ner: as,  in  spite  of  his  anger,  he  reniained  calm.  Placid 
is  by  derivation  associated  with  the  notion  of  pleasure  ;  it 
generally  aiiplies  to  tliat  wliicli  belongs  to  the  nature,  but  is 
also  especially  used  of  tlie  face  :  as,  a  placid  smile.  Tran- 
quil implies  not  so  much  a  mastery  of  self  amid  disturb- 
ing circumstances  as  freedom  from  that  which  agitates,  a 
settled  calm.  Serene,  by  its  association  with  the  aspects 
of  the  sky,  implies  an  exalted  calm,  a  tranquillity  that 
rises  above  clouds  or  storms, 
disposition,  implies  that  the  per 

undemonstrative;  externally  it  implies  that  one  is  free 
from  annoyances :  as,  to  leave  him  in  quiet.  Uke  tranquil, 
but  unlike  the  rest,  it  is  not  suggestive  of  a  triumph  of 
self-control  over  natural  agitation  of  feelings  or  confusion 
of  mind.  Cool  is  the  opposite  of  heated ;  it  indicates  that 
state  in  which  the  heat  of  feeling  is  perfectly  kept  down, 
so  that  the  intellectual  faculties  are  not  hindered  from 
their  best  operation.  Composed  is  applicable  to  the  state 
of  both  thoughts  and  feelings,  while  collected,  gathered 
together,  can  be  used  only  with  reference  to  the  thoughts. 
Composed  differs  from  collected  also  in  expressing,  like 
calm,  merely  a  frame  of  mind  ;  while  collected,  like  cool, 
expresses  a  readiness  for  action  with  the  full  and  unim- 
peded force  of  the  mind.    See  apathy. 

Calm  me,  my  God,  and  keep  me  calm,  .  .  . 
Yes,  keep  me  calm,  though  loud  and  rude 
The  sounds  my  ear  that  greet. 
Calm  in  the  closet's  solitude, 
Calm  in  the  bustling  street. 

U.  Bonar,  The  Inner  Calm. 


When  mighty  rivers  gently  creep. 
Their  even  calmness  does  suppose  them  deep. 

Dryden,  Epistles,  i.  10. 
(6)  Quietness ;  mildness ;  unruffled  state  of  the  mind, 
passions,  or  temper. 

Sir,  'tis  fit 

You  make  strong  party,  or  defend  yourself 
By  calmness,  or  by  absence  :  all's  in  anger. 

S/ia*.,  Cor.,iii.  2. 


a  very  beautiful  appearance.  C.  Inophpllum  yields  a 
medical  resin,  the  tacamahac  of  the  East  Indies.  The  seeds 
yield  an  oil  which  is  in  high  repute  for  rheumatic  com- 
plaints and  bruises.  The  galba-  or  calaba-tree,  C.  Calaba, 
of  the  West  Indies  and  Brazil,  the  keena,  C.  tomentosum, 
of  Ceylon,  tlie  C.  Tacamahaca  of  the  Isle  of  Bourbon  and 
Madagascar,  and  other  species,  furnish  resins  and  oils,  as 
well  as  strong  and  durable  timber.  The  fruits  of  some 
species  are  edible. 

2.  In  zodl.,  a  genus  of  rugose  stone-corals,  of 
the  family  Cyatliopluillidce.  J.  D.  Dana,  1846. 
Calopsitta  (kal-op-sit'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KaUg, 
beautiful,  +  ijnTTaKuc,  a  parrot  (abbr.  after  rpir- 
Ta,  collateral  form  of  cr/rra,  a  nuthatch).]  A 
genus  of  cockatoos,  sometimes  made  the  t5^e 
of  a  subfamily  Calopsittina',  the  coekateels: 
usually  restricted  to  a  single  species,  the  Aus- 
tralian eockateel,  Calopsitta  novce-hollandiai. 
Also  Callipsittaciis. 


tude,  serenity,  repose,  composure,  placidness,  peacefiil- 
ness. 

.  .  Calmuck,  «.    See  Kalmuck. 

In  proportion  as  the  mental  energies  go  out  in  restless  -i  /kii 'mil  a  PA  Tioet  extension  of  calm^ 
,d  innltitudinous  perception,  they  cannot  go  out  in  calm  Caimy  (,Ka  nu;,  a.  poet.  exieusiou 


Even  the  gambling-table  fosters  .  .  ,..a  capacity Jor  o^iopsittin*  (kaF'op-si-ti'ne),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  < 

Calopsitta  +  -fn«.]  A  subfamily  of  Cacatuidce, 
represented  by  the  genus  Calopsitta;  the  coek- 
ateels. 

Caloptenobia  (kal'op-te-no'bi-a),  n.    [NL.,  < 
CaloptcHus  +  Gr.  /3/of,  life.]    A  genus_of  hyme- 


bearing  losses  with  calmness,  and  controlling 
the  desires.  Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  155, 

=  Syn.  Indifference,  Insensibility,  etc.  (see  apathy),  qnie 


and  multitudinous  perception,  they  i 
and  deliberate  thought.  H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  40. 
The  placid  marble  Muses,  looking  peace. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

Farewell  the  tranquil  mind !  farewell  Content  1 

Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  3. 

Cloudless  forever  is  her  brow  serene. 
Speaking  calm  hope  and  trust  within  her. 

Lowell,  Irene. 
For  mine  om\  part,  I  could  be  well  content 
To  entertain  the  lag-end  of  my  life 
With  quiet  hours.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  v.  1. 

There  is  the  glib  tongue  and  cool  self-possession  of  the 
salesman  in  a  large  shop,  which,  as  is  well  known,  over- 
power the  prudence  and  resolution  of  housekeepers  of 
both  sexes.  Emerson,  Eloquence. 

His  [Dante's]  gait  was  grave  and  gentlemanlike ;  and  his 
bearing,  whether  public  or  private,  wonderfully  composed 
and  polished. 

Quoted  in  Lowell's  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  is. 
Early  and  provident  fear  is  the  mother  of  safety ;  be- 
cause in  that  state  of  things  the  mind  is  firm'and  collected, 
and  the  judgment  unembarrassed.       Burke,  Unitarians, 
calmi  (kam),  V.    [<  ME.  calmen  (=  F.  calmer  = 
Sp.  Pg.  calmar  —  1%.  calmare),  intr.,  become  still ; 
from  the  noun.]    I.  trans.  1.  To  still;  quiet, 
as  the  wind  or  elements.—  2.  To  still,  appease, 
allay,  or  pacify,  as  the  mind  or  passions. 
Time's  glory  is  to  calm  contending  kings. 

S/ia7r.,  Lucrece,  1.939. 
Scarce  was  her  head  laid  on  the  pillow,  ere  a  deep,  re- 
freshing sleep  closed  her  eyes  and  calmed  her  senses. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xx. 

3t.  To  becalm. 

Like  to  a  ship  that,  having  'scap'd  a  tempest. 
Is  straightway  calm'd  and  boarded  ^vith  a  pirate. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  9. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  calm  or  quiet:  as, 
the  tempest  now  began  to  calm. 
calm^  (kam),  n.  [E.  dial,  and  Sc.  also  caum, 
cauhn;  appar.  a  var.  of  camX,  a  comb,  cog,  etc. : 
see  carol.]  1.  A  cog  of  a  wheel.  [North.  Eng.] 
—  2.  pi.  A  mold;  a  frame,  etc.— -3.  pi.  The 
small  cords  through  which  the  warp  is  passed 

in  a  loom  in  the  caulms,  in  the  state  of  being  framed 

or  modeled.  Jamieson. 

calm^t,  n.    A  dialectal  fonn  of  qualm. 

Sick  of  a  calm.  Shale,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

calmant  (kal'mant),  n.    [<  F.  calmant,  ppr.  of 
calmer,  to  calm:  see  calm^.']    A  quieting  med- 
icine or  other  therapeutic  agent, 
calmative  (kal'ma-tiv),  a.  and  n.    [<  cahn  + 
-utive.~\    I.  a.  Quieting  excessive  action  of  any 


a.;  or  <  calm^,  n.  Of.  stilly,  a.]  Calm;  tran- 
quil; peaceful.  [Poetical.] 

A  still  and  calmy  bay.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xii.  30. 

Tezcuco's  calmy  lake.  Southey. 
calo-.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  KaXo-,  a  less  usual  fonn  for 


nopterous  parasites,  of  the  family  Proctotry- 
pidw,  founded  by  Riley  in  1877.  The  only  species 
whose  habits  are  known  is  parasitic  upon  the  eggs  of  the 
Rocky  Mountain  locust  and  the  Carolina  locust,  (Edipoda. 
Carolina.  It  often  occurs  in  great  numbers,  and  destroys 
many  eggs  of  these  injurious  insects.  Caloptenobia  is  sy- 
nonymous with  Scelio  (Latreille). 


KaXki-,  combining  form  of  mkoQ,  beautiful:  see  Caloptenus  (kal-op-te'nus),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr, 


calli-.']    See  calU 
Calochortus  (kal-6-k6r'tus),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

mUg,  beautiful,  +'  jtiprof,  gi-ass,  any  fodder, 
prop,  an  inclosed  space,  =  L.  horttis,  a  garden: 
see  hortus.^  A  genus  of  liliaceous  bulbous 
plants,  allied  to  the  tulip  and  fritillary.  it  con- 
tains over  30  species,  natives  of  the  western  United  States 
and  Mexico.  The  flowers  are  large  and  showy,  and  very 
variously  colored. 

Calochroma, «.   See  CalUcliroma. 
Calodendron  (kal-o-den'dron),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

KoAfif,  beautiful,  +  dhdpov,  a  tree.]  A  genus 
of  beautiful  Diosma-like  Cape  Colony  trees, 

natural  order  Mutacem.  C.  Capense  is  an  evergreen 
tree  40  feet  high,  with  beautiful  flowers  and  foliage.  Its 
shining  black  seeds  are  used  for  necklaces,  etc. 
Caloenas  (ka-le'nas),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kokoi;, 
beautiful,  +  oivag,  a  wild  pigeon  of  the  color 
of  ripening  gi'apes  (the  wild  pigeon,  Columlia 
cenas,  or  the  rock-dove,  C.  livia),  <  oiV;?,  the 
(grape-)  vine  ;  cf .  olvog,  wine :  see  «'««c,  wine.'] 
A  remarkable  genus  of  pigeons,  containing  a 
single  species,  Caloenas  nicoharica,  the  Nico- 

bar  pigeon, with 
long,  acumi- 
nate, pendulous 
feathers  on  the 
neck  like  the 
hackles  of  a 
cock,  a  very  tu- 
mid bill,  green- 
ish coloration, 
12rectrices,  and 
the  epithelial 
lining  of  the  giz- 
zard ossified.  It 
is  sometimes  made 
the  type  of  a  fam- 
ily Caloenadidce  or 
subfamily  Caloena- 
dince,  but  the  char^ 


mUg,  beautiful,  +  tttvv6c,  feathered,  -vdnged, 
akin  to  nrefjdv  =  E.  feather.']    A  genus  of  grass- 


relieving  nervous  agitation ;  sedative  ^^^YE^^.j^f. 
,    A  „„;^+ir.r.  Am,a-      ntliAr  theraTieutic  caVigrapliy 


Nicobar  Pigeon  {Caltxnas  nicobarica). 

rant  this  distinction  from  the  family  Columbidce. 
Callioenas,  and  erroneously  Calcenoji,  Callicenas. 

calography  (ka-log'ra-fi),  n.    Another  form  of 


Rocky  Mountain  Grasshopper  ( Caloptenus  sfretus). 
a,  a,  newly  hatched  larv* ;  *,  full-grown  larva  ;  c,  pupa  ;  rf.  female 
locust.   (All  natural  size. ) 

hoppers,  of  the  family  Acrididm.  C.  femur-ru- 
brum  is  the  common  red-legged  grasshopper  of  the  United 
States  ;  C.  spretus  (Thomas)  is  the  Rocky  Mountain  grass- 
hopper or  locust,  which  does  incalculable  damage  to  vege- 
tation. 

calor  (kal'or  or  ka'lor),  n.  [<  L.  calor,  heat, 
<  calei-e,  be  hot.]    Heat.  [Rare.] 

calorescence  (kal-o-res'ens),  n.  [<  L.  calor, 
heat,  +  -escencc;  cf.  cal'escence,  etc.]  A  name 
given  by  Tyndall  to  a  luminous  phenomenon, 
observed  when  the  invisible  heat-rays  from  an 
appropriate  source  are  converged  to  a  focus 
by  a  lens  or  mirror  upon  a  piece  of  charcoal, 
which  is  thus  heated  to  incandescence. 

In  calorescence  the  atoms  of  the  refractory  body  are 
caused  to  vibrate  more  rapidly  than  the  waves  which  fall 
upon  them.  Tyndall,  Light  and  Elect.,  p.  67. 


A  quieting  drug  or  other  therapeutic  caTomeT(kal'6-mel),  «.  [Formation  uncertain, 


agent ;  a  soothing  remedy. 

Where  there  is  exhaustive  mania,  with  high  excitement 
and  cerebral  anaimia,  wine  or  whiskey  I  have  always  found 
to  be  the  best  calmative  and  soporific. 

E.  C.  Mann,  Psychol.  Med.,  p.  233. 

calm-belt  (kiim'belt),  ».  A  zone  or  region 
embracing  from  four  to  six  degrees  of  latitude 
parallel  to  the  equator,  characterized  by  the 
prevalence  of  calms  during  the  greater  part  of 
the  year. 

Panama  is  within  the  equatorial  calm-belt,  where  the 
periodical  calms  continue  ten  or  eleven  months  in  the 


year. 


Science.  IV.  435. 


being  variously  given;  appar.  <  Gr.  kuISc,  beau- 
tiful, fair,  +  /xilag,  black  (or  fis'^i  =  L.  inel, 
honey,  in  allusion  to  its  name  mercurius  dulcis, 
'  sweet  mercury').]  Hemi-,  sub-,  or  protochlo- 
rid of  mercury,  or  mereurous  chlorid,  Hg2Cl2. 
It  was  formerly  prepared  by  grinding  in  a  mortar  mercury 
sulphate  with  as  much  mercury  as  it  already  contained, 
and  heating  the  mixture  with  salt  until  it  sublimed  It 
is  now  prepared  by  suliliming  corrosive  sublimate  with  the 
proper  quantity  of  mercury.  It  also  occurs  native  in 
tetragonal  crystals,  which  are  white-gray  or  yellowish  in 
color  and  have  an  adamantine  luster.  It  is  sectile,  and 
is  hence  called  horn-mercury  or  horn-guicksilver.    It  is 


''^Znuli''  mIo  caloric  (ka-lor'ik),  a.  and  n  [=/-/«f^^^^' 
<  L.  calor,  heat:  see  calor.]  I.  a.  Pertaining 
to  heat  or  the  principle  of  heat. 

The  velocity  of  an  asteroid  when  it  strikes  the  sun 
measures  from  445,750  to  630,400  metres ;  the  caJonc  ef- 
fect of  the  percussion  is  consequently  equal  to  from  2ii 
to  55  millions  of  degrees  of  heat. 

J.  Ii.  Mayer  (trans.),  in  Grove's  Corr.  of  Forces,  p.  275. 

Caloric  engine,  a  name  given  by  Ericsson  to  his  improved 
air-engine,  to  distinguish  it  from  other  ?"-.e"8>n?s  <>r,  the 
same  priniiple.  The  smaller  motors  of  his  design  have 
been  used  to  a  considerable  extent  in  situations  where  but 
little  power  has  been  required.  The  term  caloric  engine 
has  been  popularly  applied  to  hot-air  engines  as  a  c  ass. 
See  air-engine.- Caloric  paradox.  See  sphenoidal  state, 
under  spheroidal.  , , 

II  n.  The  name  given  to  a  supposed  subtle 
imponderable  fluid  to  which  the  sensation  ana 


caloric 

phenomena  of  heat  were  formerly  attributed  • 
hence,  heat— sensible  and  insensible  caloric,  ob- 

solete  terras  for  sauMe  ami  latent  heat    See  heat 

calpricity  (kal-o-ris'i-ti),  H.  [=  F.  caloricite,  < 
calonquc  =  E.  caloric]  The  power  in  animals 
of  developing  the  quantity  of  heat  necessary 
to  lite  and  to  enable  them  to  resist  atmospheric 
cold,  so  as  to  preserve  at  all  times  and  in  every 
part  an  mtemal  temperatm-e  nearly  equal 

caloriduct  (ka-lor'i-dukt),  «.  [<  L.  ca/or,  heat, 
+  ductus  a  leadmg,  <  ducere,  lead.  Cf.  aque- 
duct, and  see  caliduct.:\  A  tube  or  passage  for 
conveying  heat.    Bee  caliduct. 

calorie,  «.    [F.]    See  calory. 

calorifacient  (kal"6-ri-fa'shient),  a.  [<  L  ca- 
lor,  heat,  +  facien(t-)s,  ppr.  "of /«cere,  make.l 
Heat-producmg.  Also  calorificient,  calorifiant, 
and  calorifient.  ' 

*'^i/nw!*'^,*  (kal''9-ri-fi'ant),  a.  [Also  written 
Iforifient;  <  L.  calor,  heat,  +  F.  -fiar,t,  ppr. 

'^^^J^^^'^  a.     [<  L.  calorificus, 

heat-producmg,  <  calor,  heat,  +  facer e,  make.] 
Capable  of  producing  heat ;  causing  heat;  heat- 
mg;  calorifacient.  ' 

We  distinguish  ...  the  gravitative,  luminiferous  and 
calorrjio  properties  o£  the  sun.  '  J.  S  MilCLlio. 

Broad  golden-white  day,  with  calorific  beams  beating 
strongly  upon  us.  Lathrop,  Spanish  Vistai,  p  166 

Calormc  rays,  heat-rays.    See  heat  and  spectrum. 
calorification  (ka-lor"i-fi-ka'shon),  n.    [=  F 
^^lonfication,  <  h  calor,  heat,  +  '^Jlcare,  <  facere, 
maf  heat       P^^'^^^tioii  of  teat,  especially  anil 

calorificient  (kal'o-ri-fish'ient),  a.    Same  as 

calorifacient. 
calorifics  (kal-o-rif'iks),  n.    [PI.  of  calorific: 

see  -»cs.]    The  science  of  heating, 
calorifient  (kal*6-ri-fi'ent),  a. 

facient. 

^t^°V^^^^,  (kal-o-rim'e-ter),  n.  [<  L.  calor, 
heat,  +  metrum,  <  Gr.  /z^rpov,  measure.] 
apparatus  for  measuring  the  quantity  of  heat 
given  off  by  a  body  under  different  conditions  • 
used  in  determining  the  specific  heat  of  differ- 
ent substances,  the  latent  heat  of  fusion  ex- 
pansion, or  vaporization,  and  the  heat  of  com- 
bustion, or  of  chemical  combination  in  general 
In  the  ice-calorimeter  the  substance  to  be  operlted  on  is 
inclosed  m  a  cavity  of  ice,  and  the  quantUy  of  heat  s 
deterrained  by  observing  the  increase  of  volume  due  to 
the  meltmg  of  a  portion  of  the  ice.  In  other  forms  the 
nse  m  temperature  of  a  known  quantity  of  sZe  liqufd  as 
water  or  mercury,  or  the  amount  of  expansi^WcaS  in  a 
known  volume  of  mercury,  is  noted  ^ 

calorimetric.calorimetricaKkal'o-ri-met'rik 

-ri-kal),  a.    Of  or  belonging  to  the'ealorimeter 
or  to  calorimetry. 

■  beam  o1  ifcfhJ^^  methods  of  measuring  the  intensity  of  a 
beam  of  light:  1.  Calonmetncal.  ...  2.  Photometrical 
A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  463 

calorimetrically  (kal"o-ri-met'ri-kal-i),  adu 
By  means  of  the  calorimeter;  in  accordance 
with  the  principles  and  methods  of  calonmetry 

"^f}^!^^^^^  (kal-o-rim'e-tri),  n.    [<  calorime- 
tel.]    ihe  measurement  of  the  quantity  of 
heat  m  thermal  units  (see  thermal  and  calor,,) 
Tltnlt         absorbs  or  gives  out  in  passing 
through  a  certain  range  of  temperature,  or  in 
changing  its  state  (as  in  fusion  or  vaporization), 
Zr^w    .-^^  ^h'''^       produced  by  chemica 
crSmeter!'''  ^^^^^ 
calorimotor  (kal"o-ri-m6'tor),  n.    [<  L.  calor, 
beat,  +  motor,  mover :  see  motor.]   A  form  of 
voltaic  battery  consisting  of  one  or  more  cells 
in  which  the  plates  used  are  large,  so  that  the 
n^;!™*^,^  resistance  is  very  small.    The  current 
produced  may  have  a  low  electromotive  force  wW  e  ^he 
quantity  of  electrical  energy  is  large,  and  Se  ca ,  nro 

cuT  'HTe'fdPfl'  l^^^f      «ff«^'=t^      a  short  extemal^c  r: 
cuit.  _  Hare  s  deflagrator  was  an  early  form 


771 

w  nf''^''/''*  P/actically  assumed  that  the  specific 
heat  of  water  is  constant;  so  that  if  the  calory  were  de- 
fined in  terms  of  the  degree  from  20"  to  21",  it  would  more 
calor^  ^^  represent  the  meaning  in  use.'   Also  speHed 


caltrop 


The  Calorie  is  equal  to  41,593,010,000  ergs  or  423  98.5 
kilogramme-metres.    A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  317. 

Calosoma,  Callosoma  (kal-6-s6'ma),  n.  [NL 

<  (jr.  «aA()f,  beautiful,  4-  crij/xa,  body.]  A  large 
genus  of  beautiful  adephagous  Coleoptera,  or 
carnivorous  beetles,  of  the  family  Carabida 
tJfJ'^  f;'?""*  in  inch  in  length,  is  the  largest  and 

handsomest  British  insect  of  the  family.    C.  imiuisitor, 


Rummaging  Cround-beetle  (M„so,^a  scrutator),  w.th  larva  of 
C.caltdum.    (Natural  size.) 

wMfl?vl'"■V^"'',  <"^li'lum  are  other  species  of  this 
Iltl'pf  Jll^'SoTa"'-  ^""""^'^  ,rouna.beetles. 

Same  as  calori-  calote,  n.    Same  as  calotte. 

Ca,lotermes  (kal-o-ter'mez),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ko- 

Aof,  beautiful,  +  L.  termes,  tarmes,  a  wood- 
worm:  see  termes.]  One  of  the  principal  genera 
ot  white  ants  or  termites,  of  the  family  Tenni- 
tidm  or  isopterous  Neuroptera.   it  contains  both 

winged  sexual  individuals  andipterous,  uUy  developed 
ern  f^ru^I^  ^^"'^""^  individuals.  C.  fiivicolUs  of  south: 
ern  ii,urope  is  an  example. 

nJte''-  "thiv  li?''"*''  °^  Caloterrnes  are  the  most  incom- 
n  n  fn'fh  ^-  passages  in  wood,  which  mainly 

lun  n  the  direction  of  the  axis  of  the  tree.  There  is  no 
special  place  for  the  queen.  Claus,  Zobl.  (trans  )  p.  560 
Calotropis  (ka-lot'ro-pis),  n.  [NL.  (in  allusion 
to  the  keel  of  the  flower),  <  Gr.  KaU^,  beautiful, 
+  rp6iTii,  a  ship's  keel,  <  Tpeneiv,  turn.]  A 

h^u  i?'',?"^  °*  aselepiadaceous  shrubs.  The 
bark,  vyhich  is  known  as  mvdar  and  yerciun.  (names  also 
given  to  the  plants  themselves),  is  a  medicine  famous 
among  Oriental  physicians.  It  is  employed  in  manHrs 
eases  especially  in  dysentery,  as  an  alterative  tonic  and 
diaphoretic,  and  as  a  substitute  for  ipecac.  C  vroc^m 
ranges  from  India  to  the  Cape  Verd  islands  and  r«/^^ 
tea  from  TnHin  r,^  p„,.„=  a  r,^.T.  •.."na  c.  giga 


saturated  with  iodide  of  potassium  and  then  washed  with 
m  rate  of  silver,  thus  forming  an  iodide  of  silver!  whic^  is 

'^^^Z^^''''''  '^^--^^ 

After  due  insti-uctions,  we  seated  ourselves  at  the  open 
windows  -Storg  to  sketch,  an,l  1  to  take  a  mental  7alo. 
type  of  the  view.  Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  257 

calotypist  (kal'o-ti-pist),  n.  [<  calotime  +  -ist] 
One  who  takes  photographs  by  the  ealotype 
process. 

1  imprint  her  fast 
On  the  void  at  last, 
As  the  sun  docs  whom  he  will 
By  the  calotypUfa  .skill. 

Browning,  .Mesmerism, 
caloyer  (ka-loi'6r),  n.    [<  F.  caloijcr  =  OBulg 
kalugcru,  Bulg.  kaloger  =  Serv.  kaludicr=Uu^ 
kalogeru  =  Alb.  kulojer,  <  LGr.  Ka/.6y?/por,  kuU- 
yVP^r,  NGr.  mXayepoc,  a  monk,  lit.  good 'in  old 
age,  venerable,  <  Gr.  kuIoc;,  beautiful,  good,  + 
yvpau  old  age ;  cf. ;  ipo^v,  NGr.  ytpn^,  an  old  man.] 
A  monk  of  the  Greek  Chm-ch.    See  monk 
calp  (kalp),  M.   [Prob.  of  Ir.  origin.]   The  local 
Irish  designation  of  certain  beds  of  shales, 
sandstones,  and  clays,  containing  thin,  un- 
workable seams  of  coal.    The  calp  belongs  to 
the  Lower  Carboniferous  series.    See  culm. 
calpa,  n.   See  kalpa. 

calpac  (kal'pak),  ».  [Ai-menian.]  A  large  black 
cap  ot  sheepskin  worn  by  Armenians  and  Turks 
calpar  (kal'par),  «.    [L.,  a  vessel  for  liquids. 
L-t.  Gr.  kqItv,  an  urn,  Ka/.Trir,  a  pitcher.]  A 
torn  of  large  Roman  jar.    See  dolium. 
calpei  (kalp),  n.   [Gael.  *calpa,  colpa,  a  cow  or 
horse,  caZi^ac/^,  col2)ach,  a  heifer,  a  steer,  a  colt.] 
A  tribute,  commonly  a  horse  or  cow,  paid  by  a 
meniber  of  a  Highland  clan,  or  a  vassal,  to  the. 
chief,  m  return  for  his  protection. 
Calpe2  (kal'pe),  n.   [NL.,  <  Gr.  m/ir,/,  an  urn  T 
A  genus  of  Noctuidw,  founded  by  Treitschke  in. 

i  7?"  ^"I'family  Calpidi  was  founded  on  this  genus, 

by  GuemSe  in  1»41,  and  the  family  CaljAdte  by  the  sa ml 
patorinn.^'f  •  '^""'^        ""'""^^  ""t  crested! 

third  nsnfl'lv  sh  "f'""'/'''^''"''  pilose,  the 

fy^'e^trdf|ty?n=d^&^i-^^^^ 

Calpidae  (karpi-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  C'a/«e2  -4- 
-idw.]  A  family  of  noctuid  moths,  named  from 
the  genus  Calpe.    Guenee,  1852. 
caique,  v.  t.    See  calk^. 

calsonsf  (kal'sonz),  01.  pi.  [Also  calsounds,  caU 
zoons;  <  h  .  calsons,  now  calegons,  =  NGr  xa/.r- 
^o(„.wj;,  <  It.  calzonl,  aug.  of  calsa,  a  stocking,  < 
L.  ca/cews,  a  shoe.]    Drawers;  hose. 

They  wear.  .  .  a  smocke  of  callico  .  .  .  •  under  this  a 
pa.re  of  calsounds  of  the  same,  which  reach  to  thefi  ancles 
Ti,„  1  .      .,  Sandys,  Travels,  p.  63. 

catzoons.  Sir  T.  Herbert,  Travels  in  Africa  p  115 

calstokf,  n.    See  kalestock. 


ica  from  India  to  Borneo  and  China   The  siiW  Rho/^f  Ti^'    — .  ^^■c  nuictsiucK. 

it^VV^rinces'V"^!"^^^"'^^^^  caltetepon  (kal-te-te^       n.  [Mex.]  A  name 

e^lifkri.;Le"^^yd"\^ith'i:^t"tLXlTL^^  [<L.ca/l?;"l!rant,prob. 
stoffin^^'i'^vf"'^  ^'^'^  °*  ^«<=1s  are  enjoyed  for  P«t-marigo  d,  Calendula  officinalis.-  origin  un- 
stuftmi.  mattresses  known.]    A  genus  of  ranunculaceous  plants, 


mth  stout  creepmg  root-stocks,  flowers  having 
showy  yellow  sepals  but  no  petals,  and  fruit 
consisting  of  many-seeded  pods  in  clusters. 

Tl  e  species  are  marsh-herbs,  found  in  the  temperate  an  j 
cold  regions  of  both  hemispheres,  flowering  in  earlv  snr  - 

tl,  v««.  T '  f'-eV'ently  used  as  a  pot-herb! 
caitnropt,  n.    See  caltrop. 


calorist  (kaT'6-risA T  ^^r^^^^^^^  ,         written  calote  ^ 

On?onUsfiU\i.'h' 1^^  «?A9«i«t  (ka-lpt'ist),  n. 


-ist  ]  One  of  those  who  upheld  the  theory  that 
trihnr^f*'^  a-nd  Plienomena  of  heat  are  at- 
tributable to  a  fluid  called  calorie. 

y/Ivfeanea^ ^If'L'^fYiT'  P"^^  '"^^  this  view 
proved       '  themselves,  is  now  utterly  dis- 

,       ■  Pop.  Encyc. 

^'henf^  (kal'o-ri)^.  [<  F.  calorie,  <  L.  calor, 
neat.]   In phys.,  the  quantity  of  heat  necessai^ 


stuffing  mattresses. 

dim  of  OF.  cale  a  kind  of  little  cap,  >  E.  cauU, 
^i'  \-  ^  P^^™  skull-cap  or  coif  of  hair- 

cloth, satin  or  other  fabric,  worn  (a)  by  the 
Koman  Cathohc  clergy  to  cover  the  tonsure 
when  e^xposed  to  drafts;  (&)  in  England,  by 
«n!lT^'"''"il'^.°''  wigs.- 2.  In  armor  uctitaropt,  n. 

l^tfZ  T\^^f^  ^^"^  °^       head-dress  which  caltrap,  /(.  and  v.    See  caltrop 

:=  fi^&'i^m'i:xt  ^  — '"^^  <^^'^:'^«. » 

the  form  of  a  small  cap,  as  the  cap  of  a  sword- 
nilt.— 4.  In  arc/;.,  a  dome  or  cupola,  or  some- 

Ihf  L"*  /'T^'''"  ^T"''  ^  eup-shaped  ceiling, 
the  head  of  an  alcove,  etc.- 5.  In  ornith  k 
hood  or  cap  of  color  upon  the  top  of  a  bird's 

■Also  written  calote  and  callot 


to  raise  the  temp^^atAr:  of  a^lSogrlm  oF;^^^^^^   '''t  '^'^  ^^^"^^^ 

SdT  f  °  «eii«grade.    it  is  fhe  unU  o7  heal  <=f  0*756  (kal'o-tip),  „.    [<  Gr.  . 

°ns''tSfthe?/°^''^'"'■^Vr™'^'^^^  """"f'  impression,  type.]  A 

,n  uiermal  unit  based  on  the  F.no-HsV, 


sle'/t°m«^"'Tr^^  ^""^'^  °"  English  meas^i^el' 
C  S  svsf  ■*  •  •"i"^"  '''""'■y  thermal  unit  on  the 
tare  J' .f"'"'  "  ^''''^  required  to  raise  the  tempera- 
ture of  one  gram  of  water  from  0°  to  r  C  Althou" b  this 
particular  degree  of  the  scale  is  always  speciCta  format 


i^tt  £ -. '  —,-'■>  —        ^-  calottiste,  <  ca- 

lotte :  see  def  ]  A  member  of  a  society  which 
sprang  up  at  Pans  in  the  last  years  of  the  reign 
of  Loms  Xiy.,  under  the  name  of  the  Eeli- 
ment  de  la  Calotte:  so  called  fi-om  the  cip 
which  formed  the  symbol  of  tlie  society  it  ev 
ercised  a  satirical  criticism  by  sending  its  enibiem  a!m 
other  syrabo  s  and  medals  to  those  who  niade  themselves 
he  hih:J^/""^"'°i'''^"'l  ^•'^"^"ded  its  operaUons  to 
, Ill ,1    ^°  "'^  "  '^''^  suppressed 

■aMg,  beautiful, 

process  de^serbyPo.K"'TribotlboufSCit 

not  now  in  use.  m  this  process  a  reflected  im.ioe  is 
impressed  on  sens  tized  paper  bv  exnosnr^  , 

developed  by  gaUonitratr?f'sit'er,  r,rfi%ed\r^5^^^^^^ 
sulphite  of  soda.    The  paper  used  is  prepai-ed  by  befng 


written  calthrop,  early  mod.  E.  also  caltmppe 
caltroppe,  calteroop,  <  ME.  caltrap,  calletra,L' 
K'^T'  ^■^I'^-ef'WPe,  calcetreppe,  I 
caltrop  (def.  1),  also  a  plant,  sea-thistle  (gloss- 
ed tnhulus  marmus  saliunca),  <  AS.  (as  a  plant- 
name)  cakatnppe  (glossed  hcraclea),  contr.col- 
trwppe  (glossed  rhamnus,  whin),  =  OF  caude 
%ltl?^y'''''^t"^"')      <'J>">'sse-trape.  a  caltrop, 
star-thistle,  =  It.  calcatrippa,  star-thistle,  <  ML 
calcatrippa,  calcatripa.  calcatrepa,  also  calcitri- 
pa,  calcitrapa,  calcarippa,  calatrippa,  a  caltrop 
also  applied  to  several  plants  (>  NL.  calcitrar,,,, 
apphed  to  the  star-thistle),  supposed  to  stand 
for  *calcitrai)pa,  <  L.  calx 
(calc-),  heel,  -»-  ML.  trap- 
pa,  a  snare,  of  Tent,  ori- 
gin, E.  trapK    Cf.  ML. 
calcitrare,  cau.se  to  stum- 
ble, in  classical  L.  kick.] 
1.  Formerly,  a  militaiy 
instrument  with  four  iron 
points  disposed  in  such 
a    manner    that,  three 
Caltrop  of  them  being  on  the 


caltrop 


772 


The  devil,  the  father  of  all  calumniators  and  liars. 

Abp.  Ussher,  Ans.  to  a  Jesuit,  p.  98. 

The  cahimniators  of  Epiciuus's  philosophy. 

Cowley,  Liberty. 

A  wicked  thing  is  a  calumniator.  Brougham. 
=  Syn.  Slanderer,  defamer,  backbiter,  libeler,  detractor, 
trailucer. 

calumniatory  (ka-lum'ni-a-to-ri),  a.    [<  L.  as 

if  *c(dutuniatoriiis,  <  calumniaior.]  Slanderous: 
as,  " calninniatori/  information,"  £j>.  Montagu, 
Appeal  to  Cffisar,  p.  17. 

caluinnious  (ka-lum'ui-us),  a.  [<  L.  calumni- 
usiis.  <  culumnui:  see  calumny.']  Using  calum- 
ny; containing  or  implying  calumny;  injuri- 
ous to  reputation ;  slanderous:  as,  "calumnious 
knave,"  Shak.,  All's  Well,  i.  3 ;  "calumnious  mis- 
statements," Motley. 

Virtue  itself  'scapes  not  calumnious  strokes. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 

The  weak  stroke  of  their  calumnious  tongues. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iii.  2. 

In  a  ca- 


ground,  the  fourth  pointed  upward.  Caltrops  were 

scattered  on  the  ground  where  an  enemy's  cavalry  were 
to  pass,  to  impede  their  progress  by  wounding  the  horses' 
feet. 

Also  fulle  of  caltrappys  hyt  was  sette, 
As  meschys  beth  made  wythinne  a  nette. 

Archceologia,  XXI.  51. 

I  think  they  ha'  strew'd  the  highways  with  caltraps,  I ; 
No  horse  dares  pass  em. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Love's  Pilgrimage,  i.  1. 

2.  pi.  Broken  pottery  or  coarse  pots  of  easily 
■broken  earthenware,  or  other  things  adapted 
to  wound  horses'  feet,  used  in  place  of  caltrops 
proper.  Arcluvol.  Jour.,  XI.  388.-3.  In  hot., 
a  name  of  several  plants.  The  name  was  applied 
first  to  the  spiny  heads  or  fruits  of  the  plants,  from  their 
resemblance  to  the  military  instrument,  and  then  to  the 
plants  themselves.  The  common  caltrop  or  caltrops  is 
Centaurea  Calcitrapa  (the  star-thistle),  found  in  waste 
places  in  the  south  of  England.  The  heads  are  covereil 
with  long  yellow  spines.  The  name  is  also  given  to  Tri- 
bulus  terresti-is,  a  plant  of  the  Mediterranean  region,  with 
a  spiny  pentagonal  fruit.   The  water-caltrop  is  Trapa  na- 

tan$,  the  fruit  of  which  has  several  horns  formed  of  the  calumnioUSly  (ka-lum'ni-us-li),  adv 
cklStSrap|,T.  t'  l^^.caUrappyn;  from    lumnious  manner;  slanderously, 
the  noim.]    To  entangle  with  caltrops. 
€altrappyn,  hamo.  Prompt.  Pare.,  p.  59. 

Caluella,  ».  See  Calluella. 
calumba  (ka-lum'ba),  n.  [NL.,  said  to  be  from 
Tcahunh,  its  native  name  in  Mozambique.]  A 
recent  form  of  columbo,  the  common  name  for 
the  root  of  Jateorhiza palmata  and  other  plants. 
See  columbo. 
calumet  (kal'u-met),  «.  [<  P.  calumet,  prop,  a 
dial,  form  (used  in  Canadian  F.  and  thence 
introduced  into  E.  and  literary  F.)  parallel 
to  chalumean,  a  reed-pipe,  <  OF.  chalcmel,  < 
LL.  calamellus,  a  little  reed,  dim.  of  L.  cala- 
mus, a  reed:  see  calamus.']  A  kind  of  tobacco- 
nine  used  by  the  Indians  of  North  America. 
^  ^  •>  Its  bowl  is 

usually  of  soft 
red  soap- 
stone,  and  the 
tube  a  long 
reed  orna- 
mented with 
feathers.  The 
calumet  is 
used  as  a  sym- 


calumniousness  (ka-hmi'ni-us-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  caliminious  ;  slanderousness ; 
defamatory  quality. 

The  bitterness  of  my  stile  was  plainness,  not  calumnious- 
ness.     Bp.  Morton,  Discharge  of  Imput.  (ed.  1633),  p.  227. 

calumnize  (kal'um-niz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cal- 
umiii~e(l,  ppr.  calumnizing.    [<  calumny  +  -ise.] 
To  calumniate.    Davics.  [Rare.] 
calumny  (kal'um-ni),  n.;  pi.  calumnies  (-niz). 
[<  F.  calomnie  (OF.  chalonge,  chalenge,  >  ME. 
chalenge:  see  challenge,  n.,  which  is  a  doublet 
of  calumny)  —  Pr.  caloitja,  calumpnia  =  Sp.  Pg. 
calumnia  =  It.  calonnia,  calunnia,  calogna,  < 
L.  calumnia,  OL.  l-alumnia,  trickery,  artifice,  a 
false  accusation,  <  calvi,  calvere,  deceive,  in- 
trigue against.]    False  accusation  of  crime, 
misconduct,  or  defect,  knowingly  or  malicious- 
ly made  or  reported,  to  the  injury  of  another;     Z"  c^„Yy^'\ 
untruth  maUciously  spoken,  to  the  detraction  °^f^®Vfif,f^ 
a  defamatory  report ;  slander. 


of  another 


Calumet. 


bol  or  an  instrument  for  declarin; 
peace  or  war.  To  accept  the  calumet 
is  to  asiree  to  the  terms  of  peace  ;  to 
refuse  it  is  to  reject  them.  The  calu- 
met of  peace  is  used  to  seal  or 
ratify  contracts  and  alliances,  in  the 
friendly  reception  of  strangers,  and 
as  a  safeguard  in  peaceful  tra\  eling.  The  calumet  of  war, 
differently  made,  is  used  in  the  proclamation  of  war.  The 
reed  or  stem  is  the  important  part  of  the  pipe,  and  is  held 
to  have  a  sacred  signitication. 

When  passed  the  sacreil  cahimet 
From  lip  to  lip  with  In    draught  wet. 

Wliitlier,  Truce  of  Piscataqua. 

Calumet  eagle,  any  eagle  having  black  and  white  tail- 
feathers  suitable  for  decorating  the  calumet  of  the  In- 
dians. Both  the  golden  eagle  (Aquila  chrysaetus)  and  the 
bald  eagle  (Haliaetus  leucocephalux)  furnish  the  required 
feathers  at  certain  stages  of  their  idumage. 

calumner  (ka-lum'ner),  n.  [<  *calumn,  v.  (<  F. 
calonmier,  <  L.  calumniari),  calumniate,  +  -erl.] 
A  calumniator.  [Eare.] 

To  the  calumners  of  Lysimachus he  promiseth  he  will  not 
recriminate.   Christian  lieliyion's  Appeal,  ii.  38  (Ord  ilS.). 

-calumniate  (ka-lum'ni-at),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

calumniated,  ppr.  calumniating.  [<  'L.calumni- 
atus,  pp.  of  calumniari  (>  It.  calunniarc,  calon- 
niare,  calognare  =  Sp.  Pg.  calumnia)-  =  F.  ca- 
lomnier,  OF.  clialonger,  chalenger,  >  E.  challenge, 
q.  v.),  slander,  <  calumnia,  slander:  see  calum- 
ny, and  cf.  challenge,  v.]    "  " 


Be  thou  as  chaste  as  ice,  as  pure  as  snow,  thou  shalt 
not  escape  calumny.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 

The  last  days  of  Tillotson  were  altogether  embittered  by 
the  stream  of  cahimny,  invective,  and  lampoons  of  which 
he  was  the  object.  Lecky,  Eng.  in  ISth  Cent.,  i. 

=  Syn.  Lying,  falsehood,  libel,  aspersion,  detraction,  back- 
biting, defamation,  evil-speaking. 

Calurus  (ka-lu'rus),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KoAdf,  beau- 
tiful, +  ohpd,  tail.]  A  genus  of  trogons,  the 
paradise  trogons,  the  most  magnificent  birds 
of  the  family  Trogonidce.  They  are  rich-green  and 
carmine  in  color,  with  the  upper  tail-coverts  projecting  golves 
like  delicate  sprays  a  foot  or  two  beyond  the  tail.  Also  v.a,i  v  to, 
called  Pharomacrus  or  P)iaromaclin(x._ 

calva  (kal'va),  n.;  pi.  cali'w  (-ve).  [NL.,  fem. 
of  L.  calvus^'haXA:  see  callow^.]  In  entom. :  (a) 
The  upper  part  of  the  epicranium  of^an  insect 
including  the  front  and  vertex,    "  ' 


CaMnism 

gious  houses —  Calvary  cross,  or  cross  of  Calvary. 
See  cjoss.— Congregation  of  Our  Lady  of  Calvary. 

See  conijrerjation. 
cal'Ve  (ka,v),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  calved,  ppr.  calv- 
ing. [<  ME.  calven,  <  AS.  ccalfian  {=  D.  kalrcn 
=  East  Fries,  kalfen  =  MHG.  G.  kalben  (dial. 
kittbeln)  =  leel.  kelfa  =  Norw.  kalva,  also  kjelva, 
kjccve  =  Sw.  kalfva  =  Dan.  kalvc,  also  kmlve, 
calve),  <  cealf,  calf:  see  c«//l.  In  the  derived 
senses  2  and  3,  cf.  Dan.  kalve  (in  sense  2)  = 
Flem.  in-kalven  =  East  Fries,  in-kalf'en,  cave 
in;  in  E.  now  cave:  see  cave'^,  v.]  1.  intrans. 

1.  To  bring  forth  a  calf  or  calves:  sometimes 
used  contemptuously  of  human  beings,  and  by 
Milton  of  the  earth  at  the  creation  of  cattle, 
etc. 

Knowest  thou  the  time  when  the  wild  goats  of  the  rock 
bring  forth '?  or  canst  thou  mark  when  the  hinds  do  caloe  } 

Job  xxxix.  1. 

The  grassy  clods  now  caloed.        Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  463. 

2.  To  become  separated  from  or  lose  a  portion 
of  itself :  said  of  a  glacier  when  icebergs  are 
broken  off  from  it. — 3t.  To  become  detached 
and  fall  inward,  as  earth  or  rock  from  the  walls 
of  a  cutting :  with  in.    Now  cave  in. 

The  rock  caloed  in  upon  him. 

Quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  4th  ser.,  XII.  166. 

II.  trans.  To  give  birth  to,  as  a  cow  to  a 
calf ;  bring  forth. 

Not  Komans,  .  .  . 
Though  calv'd  V  the  porch  o'  the  Capitol. 

*  Shak.,  Cor.,  iii.  1. 

calver  (kal'ver),  a.  [<  ME.  calvur,  calwar, 
fresh  (applied  to  fish) ;  appar.  a  corruption  of 
caller,  callour,  fresh :  see  caller'^.]  Fresh ;  newly 
caught,  as  fish :  applied  particularly  to  fish,  and 
especially  to  salmon,  dressed  as  soon  as  caught. 
The  term  was  also  applied  to  fish  dressed  in  a  particulai 
way,  as  with  oil,  vinegar,  and  spices.  See  calver,  v.  [Now 
only  prov.  Eng.] 
Cali'ur  as  samoon,  or  othyr  f ysshe.   Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  59. 

The  flaky  or  fat  flesh  of 

calver  fish. 

Calver  of  samon,  escume  de  saumon.  Palsgrave. 
calver  (kal'ver),  v.  t.     [Orig.  only  in  p.  a. 
calvered,  for  calver:  see  calver,  a.]   If.  In  cook- 
cry,  to  prepare  (fish)  in  a  certain  way,  appa- 
rently by  a  kind  of  pickling  and  spicing. 

My  foot-boy  shall  eat  pheasants,  caincr'ii  salmons,  knots, 
godwtts,  lampreys.  B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  ii.  1. 

Great  lords  sometimes 
For  change  leave  calver'd  salmon,  and  eat  sprats. 

Massinger,  The  Guardian,  iv.  2. 

2.  To  crimp^(fish).  Nares. 


Tegarding;  charge  falsely  and  knowingly  with 
some  crime  or  offense,  or  something  disrepu- 
table; slander. 

Calumniated  by  apostates.  Macaulay. 
I  pray'd  them,  being  so  calumniated. 
They  would  commission  one  of  weight  and  worth 
To  judge  between  my  slander'd  self  and  me. 

Tennyson,  Columbus. 
=  Syn.  Defame,  Calumniate,  etc.    fiee  asperse. 
calumniation  (ka-lum-ni-a'shon),  n.    [<  L.  as 
]i*calumniatio{n-),  <  calumniari:  see  calumni- 
ate.]   The  act  of  calumniating;  calumny. 

The  slander  and  cahimniation  of  her  principal  counsel- 
lors agi'eed  best  with  the  humours  of  some  malecontents 
within  the  realm.  Bacon,  Obs.  on  a  Libel. 

These  descriptions  ...  are  delivered  dispassionately, 
and  not  thrown  out  in  the  heat  of  controversy  and  calum- 
niation. T.  Warton,  Milton's  Silvarum  Liber. 

•calumniator  (ka-lum'ni-a-tor),  n.  [L.,  <  ca- 
lumniari: see  calumniate.]  One  who  calumni- 
ates or  slanders ;  one  who  falsely  and  knowing- 
ly accuses  another  of  anything  of  a  disgraceful 
character,  or  maliciously  propagates  false  ac- 
cusations or  reports. 


writers,  the  whole  head-case  or  cranium, 
calvairt  (kal'var),  n.    [ME.,  <  L.  calvaria,  the 
BkuW:  seQ  Calvary.]    A  skull. 

An  other  thinge  that  lightly  may  be  founde, 
The  caloair  of  an  horsed  asse  or  mare, 
Sette  that  nppe. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  36. 

calvaria  (kal-va'ri-a),  n. ;  pi.  calvarim  (-e).  [L., 
the  skull:  see  Calvary.]  The  calvarium  (which 
see). 

calvarian  (kal-va'ri-an),  a.     [<  calvanmn  + 
-an.]    Pertaining  to  the  calvai;ium — Calvarian 
hook,  a  stout  hook  used  in  removing  the  calvarium  in  au- 
ic*uv».-,i .  ovj^    topsies. 

To  utter  calumny  calvarium  (kal-va'ri-um),  n. ;  pi.  cal/varia  (-a). 


Plural  of  ca7/i,  calp. 
calves'-snout  (kavz' snout),  n.     [For  calf's- 
snout.]    A  name  of  the  snapdragon.  Antirrhi- 
num majus,  from  a  fancied  resemblance  in  the 
n  oi  iiii  iiiisouu,    seed-vessel  to  a  calf's  head, 
(i'^)  With  some  calves'-tongue  (kavz'tung),  n.    An  early  me 


Calves'-tongue  Molding,  Kenilworth 
Church,  England. 


[NL.,  neut.,  <  L.  calvaria,  fem.:  see  Calvary.] 
That  part  of  the  cranium  which  is  above  the 
orbits,  temples,  and  occipital  protuberance; 
the  skull-cap.    See  cut  under  cranium. 

Calvary  (kal'va-ri),  n.  [<  L.  calvaria,  a  skull  ^^^^^  ^^^^^  ^  , 
(used  in  the  Vulgate  to  translate  theHeb.  Gol-  calvine''(ka'vinffr"^ 
gotha),  <  calva,  the  scalp  without  hair,  fem.  of  ^  -,  ^  r^^ 

calvus, 'bald:  see  callow'^.]  1.  A  place  of  skulls;  ^^if .  ^^^^'^f  p,n„s  w 
Golgotha;  specifically,  the  place  where  Christ 
was  crucified.  It  was  probably  a  small  hill  in  the 
vicinity  of  ancient  Jerusalem ;  its  assumed  site,  covered 
by  the  church  of  the  Holy  Sepulcher  within  the  modern 
city,  is  disputed. 

2.  [?.  c]  In  Roman  Catholic  countries,  a  rep- 
resentation of  the  passion  of  Christ,  often  of 
life-size,  erected  sometimes  on  a  hill  near  a 

city,  sometimes  near  a  church  or  in  a  church-    ^   „   ti>  r<  i  ■  ■  <' 

yard,  and  sometimes  in  a  chapel.  The  various  Calvinism  (kal'vin-izm),  n.  [=  F.  Cammsme,  \ 


scenes  of  Christ's  sufferings  and  crucifixion  are  represented 
by  statuary  and  carving  often  highly  colored.  Stone  cal- 
varies are  a  special  featme  of  medieval  and  Renaissance 
art  in  Brittany,  and  calvaries  in  wax,  placed  in  churches, 
are  nmch  in  vogue  in  Italy  and  elsewhere. 
3.  [/.  c]  A  rocky  mound  or  hill  on  which  three 
crosses  are  erected:  an  adjunct  to  some  reli- 


dieval  molding  consisting  of  a  series  of  pointed, 
tongua- shaped 
elements,  all 
pointing  in  the 
same  direction, 
usually  down- 
ward or  inward. 
It  occurs  as  a 
modification  of 
a  label  or  roll 
molding  sur- 
rounding an 
arched  door  or 
window. 

calville  (kal'- 
vil),  n.  [F.,  ap- 
par. adapted (as 
if  <  It.  carovclle 

(Florio),  caravella,  a  sort  of  pear)  <  L.  calvus, 
bald,  with  a  smooth  skin.]   A  sort  of  apple. 

[<  ME.  calvyng;  verbal 
The  act  of  bringing  forth  a 
calf:  said'of  cows,  whales,  and  seals. 

The  Russians  providently  prohibit  bay-whaling,  a  prac- 
tice destructive  to  the  cow  whales  about  the  time  of 
calving.  E.  Forbes. 

2.  The  separation  of  masses  of  ice  from  a  gla- 
cier from  time  to  time  as  it  extends  itself  into 
the  sea,  giving  rise  to  icebergs. 
Calvinian  (kal-vin'i-an),  a.    [See  Calvinism.] 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  Calvin  ;  Calvinistic. 

,^  ,kal'vin-izm),  n.  [=  F.  Calvmisyne,  < 
Calvin,  equiv.  to  F.  Cliauvin  (see  cimivimsm) 
and  derived  from  L.  Calvinus,  a  Roman  cog- 
nomen, lit.  'bald,'  <  calvus,  bald:  see  callow^.] 
The  theological  tenets  or  doctrines  of  John  Cal- 
vin, a  French  Protestant  theologian  (1509-64). 
The  peculiar  characteristics  of  his  system,  as  derived  from 


Calvmism 


his  "  Institutes,"  are  his  doctrines  of  original  sin  namely 
that  we  derive  from  Adam  "  not  only  the  punishment,  but 
also  the  pollution  to  which  the  punishment  is  justly  due  "  • 
•  of  freedom  of  the  will,  namely,  that  man  "in  his  present 
state  is  despoiled  of  freedom  of  will  and  subject  to  a  mis- 
erable slavery  - ;  of  grace,  or  that  "the  Lord  both  becins 
and  completes  the  good  work  in  us,"  and  gives  us  "botli 
will  and  power";  of  predestination,  or  "the  eternal  de- 
cree of  God,  by  which  he  has  determined  in  himself  what 
he  would  have  become  of  every  individual  of  mankind  "  • 
and  of  perseverance,  or  the  doctrine  that  all  the  elect  will' 
certainly  be  saved.  Calvinism  has,  however,  been  materi- 
ally modified  since  Calvin's  day,  and  the  name  is  applied 
to  modern  systems  of  theology  which  differ  more  or  less 
widely  from  his  system  in  each  of  these  particulars  (See 
Calomist)  Generally,  Calvinism  maybe  said  to  rest  upon 
the  absolute  sovereignty  of  God  over  all  liis  creatui-es 
It  IS  in  a  modified  form  the  theological  system  of  most 
Baptists,  Presbyterians,  and  CongregationaHsts. 

If  Arminianisra  most  commends  itself  to  our  feelings 
Calmmsm  is  nearer  to  the  facts,  however  harsh  and  for- 
bidding these  facts  may  seem. 

Frmtde,  Short  Studies  on  Great  Subjects,  II.  12 
Calvinist  (kal'vin-ist),  n.    [=  F.  Cahiniste: 
see  Calvmisni.l     Primarily,  an  adherent  of 
the  theological  system  of  John  Calvin.  See 

hnf  1  fh!  -^''^'f'"^*?  ^^^°Siyen  to  theologians  who 
il^  I  f  Sovereignty  as  tlie  central 

truth  of  tlieir  system,  but  depart  more  or  less  widely  from 
the  conclusions  of  Calvin,  particularly  as  regards  uncondi- 
tional election  and  reprobation  and  free  will  Strict  Cat- 
m»is(s  hold  subsfcintially  the  original  ^^ews  of  Calvin  ■ 
tiyper-taCmnists  add  some  corollaries  which  he  denied' 
mcluding  a  denial  of  all  validity  to  the  use  of  human 
means ;  moderate  Calvinuts  modify  his  views,  and  hold 
that  man  possesses  free  nil!  notwithstanding  the  fall  and 
that  his  responsibility  is  limited  to  his  voluntary  acts 
American  Congregationalists  and  the  so-called  Xew  School 
l-resbyterians  are  generally  moderate  Calvinists 
CalviniStic  (kal-vin-is'tik),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Calvin,  or  to  Calvinism. 

•  The  most  complete,  interlinked,  compact,  and  self-con- 
sistent theology  m  the  world  is  the  Calvinistie. 

ir.  Beecher,  Statement  of  Belief 

Calyinistical  (kal-vin-is'ti-kal),  a.    Same  as 

Calvinize  (kal'vin-iz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Cal- 
I'lnized,  ppr.  Calnnizing.    [<  Calvin  +  -ize.  See 
talnnism.l    To  convert  to  Calvinism, 
calvish  (kii'vish),  ff.    [More  prop,  calfisli;  < 
cilfi  +  -is/(i.]    Like  a  calf.  Sheldon. 
calvities  (kal-vish'i-ez),  «.    [L..  baldness  < 
calvus,  hald:  see  calloic^.-]    Diffused  or  general 
baldness,  appearing  usuaUy  first  on  the  crown 
or  on  the  forehead  and  temples, 
calvityt  (kal'vi-ti),  n.    [<  F.  calvitie,  <  L.  calvi- 
ties.^   Baldness;  calvities. 
calvous  (kal'vus),  ff.    [<  L.  calvus,  bald:  see 

callow^.]  Bald, 
calxi  (kalks),  H.;  pi.  calxes  or  (as  if  L.)  calces 
(kalk  sez,  kal'sez).  [<  L.  raZa; (plural  *calces  not 
used),  a  small  stone,  a  counter  (>  dim.  calcu- 
lus, q.  v.),  Umestone,  lime  (>  AS.  cealc,  E.  chall; 
q.  v.),  prob.  =  Gr.  ^dA/f,  a  small  stone,  lime- 
stone.] 1.  Lime  or  chalk.— 2.  The  ashy  sub- 
stance which  remains  after  metals,  minerals 
etc.,  have  been  calcined.  Metallic  caLxes  are 
now  generaUy  called  oxids.—  3.  Broken  and 
refuse  glass,  which  is  restored  to  the  pots  — 
Calx  cnlorata  or  chlorinata,  chlorinated  lime  a  Mhite 
powder  obtained  by  exposing  slaked  lime  to  the  action  of 
chlorine  gas  until  absorption  ceases :  used  as  a  disinfec- 
tant and  b  eaching  agent.    Also  called  chlorid  of  lime 

calx2  (kalks),  n.;  pi.  calces  (kal'sez).  '[L.,  the 
heel.  Hence  calcitrate,  calcaA.'i  Inanat,  the 
heel:  commonly  used  in  the  Latin  genitive  (cal- 
eis),  a.suios  calcis,  the  heel-bone  or  ealcaneum 

calybite  (kal'i-bit),  n.  [<  Gr.  KaAv3i-7)Q,  living 
m  a  hut,  <  Kalvjirj,  a  hut,  cell,  <  m7.v7ZTEiv,  cover  ] 
One  of  a  class  of  early  Chi-istians  who  lived  in 
huts. 

Oalycanthaceas  (kal i  -  kan  -  tha '  se  -  e),  w.  »Z. 

L«  L. ,  <  Calycanthus  +  -acew.']   A  natural  order 
of  dicotyledonous  plants,  allied  both  to  the 
Magnohacew  and  to  the  Jiosacew.   They  are  hardy 
shrubs,  well  known  in  gardens  for  the  delicious  fragrance 
of  their  blossoms.    The  order  contains  only  two  g?nera  • 
Ca  ycanthus,  of  the  United  States,  and  ChiLnanthus,  of 
Asia.    See  cut  under  Calycanthtis. 
Calycanthemous  (kai-i-kan'the-mus),  ff.  [<NL 
call/ can  the mus,  <  Gr.  KaAv§  (/caAiw-),  calvx  +  av- 
ikiMv,  a  flower.    Cf.  Gr.  Ka7,vKav6i;uov  (of  same 
formation),  a  kind  of  honeysuckle.]    In  hot 
having  petal-like  sepals.  ' 
calycanthemy  (kal-i-kan'the-mi),  n.    [<  NL 
calycanthemia,  <  cahjcanthemus :  see  cahican- 
themous.l    An  abnormity  of  form  in  a  flower,  in 
which  the  ealyx-lobes  have  become  petaloid 
as  in  some  varieties  of  primrose. 
Calycanthus  (kal-i-kan'thus), «.  [NL.  (so eaUed 


773 


Flowering  branch  of  Calyr 
thus  Jioridus, 


Calyciflorate. 
Section  of  peach-blossom,  showing  the 
stamens  and  petals  inserted  on  the 
throat  of  the  caly.\. 


tlif  eu^-shaped  receptacle  inclosing  the  pis- 
tils), <  Gr.  KcAif  {KalvK-),  a  cup,  +  avdoq.  a  flower  ] 
Ihe  sweet  shrub  or  Carolina  allspice  of  the 
United  States,  an  aromatic  shrubby  genus  of 
four  species,  with  lurid  purple  flowers  which 
have  the  odor  of  strawberries.  Tlie  bruised  leaves 


and  bark  are  also  fragrant.  ITie  most  common  species, 
Ireciuent  m  cultivation,  is  C.  fimidus.  Also  called  straw- 
berry-plant. 

calycate  (kal'i-kat),  a. 
[<  NL.  culijcatus,  <  L. 
cahjx  {cahjc-),  calyx.]  In 
hot.,  provided  with  a 
calyx. 

calyces,   n.     Plural  of 

Cdlij.r. 

calyciferous  (kal-i-sLf'- 
e-rus),  ff.  [<  L.  calijx 
(cali/c-),  calyx,  +  ferre, 
=  E.  fccffri,  +  -oKs:  see 
calix,  calyx,  and  ef.  caly- 
cophorous.']  In  hot.  and 
sodl.,  bearing  or  sup- 
porting the  calyx.  Also 
caliciferous. 

CalycifioraB  (ka-lis-i- 
M've),n.pl.  [NL.,fem. 
pi.  of  calyciflorus,  <  L. 
calyx  (calyc-),  calyx,  + 

flos  iflor-),  flower,  corolla.]  In  De  Candolle's 
classification,  a  subclass  of  polvpetalous  dico- 
tyledons, in  which  the  corolla  and  stamens  are 
inserted  upon  a  disk  which  is  coherent  with  the 
calyx,  and  which  is  sometimes,  with  the  calvx 
adnate  tothe  ovary.  It  includes  the  Leguminosce, 
Rosacea;,  Saxifragacecc,  and  otherrelated  orders 
calycifloral  (ka-lis-i-flo'ral),  ff.   [As  Calydflorw 

+  -ff/.]   Same  as  calyciflorate. 
calyciflorate  (ka-lis-i-flo'rat),  a.   [<  NIL,,  cahici- 
floratiis  :  see  Calydflorw.}    In  hot.,  having  the 
petals    and  sta- 
mens borne  upon 
the  calj^ ;  specifi- 
cally, pertaining 
to  the  Calyciflora'. 
calyciflorous  (ka- 
lis-i-flo'rus),  a.  [< 
NL.   calyciflorus  : 
see  Calydflorw.'] 
Same    as  calyci- 
florate. 

calyciform  (ka- 
T      ,     .  Hs'i-form),  a.  [< 

L.  calyx  {calyc-),  calyx,  +  forma,  shape.]  In 
hot.  and  zool.,  having  the  form  of  or  resembling 
a  calyx.  ® 
calycinal  (ka-lis'i-nal),  a.  Same  as  calycine. 
calycme  (kal'i-sin),  a.  [<  L.  calyx  (calyc-), 
ea  yx,  +  -i;,fi.]  i.  In  hot.,  pertaining  to  a 
calyx;  situated  on  a  calyx.— 2.  In  zodl. :  (a) 
Eesemblmg  the  calyx  of  a  plant,  (h)  Spe- 
cifically, m  crinoids,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
calyx:  as,  cff?!/ci/ie  perisome.—calycine  pores  in 

crinoids,  orifices  of  canaliculi  which  traverse  the  interradii 
of  the  perisome  and  place  the  coelomatic  cavity  in  com- 
munication with  the  e.xterior. 

calycle  (kal'i-kl),  «.  [<  l.  calyculus,  dim.  of 
calyx  (calyc-),  a  calyx:  see  calyx,  and  cf.  cali- 
cula.]  1.  In  Z)o?.,  an  outer  accessory  calvx,  or 
set  of  leaflets  or  bracts  looking  like  a  calyx,  as 
m  the  pink.  Also  caUed  cah/culus.—  2.  In  zodl 
a  calice  or  Uttle  calyx ;  some  part  of  a  zoophyte 
like  or  hkened  to  the  calyx  of  a  plant.  Specifi- 

cany---(a)  In  corals,  the  cup-cell  or  corallite  in  which  each 
polypite  or  iiidmdual  polyp  of  a  polypidom  is  lodged,  (h) 
In  lliidrozoa  the  receptacle  in  which  a  polypite  is  lodged 
as  in  the  calyptoblastic  hydrozoans  ;  a  hydrotheca 
Also  calice,  calicle,  and  calycule. 
calycled  (kal'i-kld),  a.     [<  calycle  +  -ed2] 

Same  as  calyculate. 
calycoid,  calycoideous  (kal'i-koid,  kal-i-koi'- 
de-us),  a.    [<  Gr.  * Ka'AVKoeidijc,  eontr.  KalvnuSric, 
like  a  budding  flower,  <  mlv^  (ku/.vk-),  calyx  4- 
Ejdog,  foi-m.]    In  hot.  and  zodl,  like  a  calyx  in 
form,  color,  or  appearance. 
Calycophora  (kal-i-kof'6-ra),  n.pl.  [NL.,  neut 
pi.  of  calycophorus,  <  Gr.  ^d/if  (Ka?.vK-),  a  calyx, 
+  -<popog,  -bearing,  <  <;>ipeiv  =  E.  hear^.]  An  order 
or  suborder  of  siphonophorous  oceanic  hydro- 
zoans, having  a  long  stem  with  a  somatocvst 
or  body-sac  at  the  proximal  end,  but  no  pneu- 

matophore.  The  Calycophora  are  very  delicate  organ- 
isms of  specially  composite  structure,  and  so  transparent 
that  they  are  rendered  visible  at  a  little  distance  only  by 
then-  bright  tints.  They  are  mostly  found  floating  or  swim- 
ming on  the  surface  of  tropical  seas,  trailing  their  Ion.' 
chain  of  appendages  after  them  as  they  dart  forward  with 
a  rhythmical  movement  according  with  the  simultaneous 
contractions  of  the  nectocalyces  or  swimming-bells  «itli 
which  tiiey  are  provided.  There  are  several  families  of 
which  Diphyidce  and  Hippopodiidai  are  the  leading  ones 
The  Calycophora  constitute  with  the  Phi/sophora  the  sub- 
class biphonophora  (which  see).    Also  Calycophoridce 

Calycophorae  (kal-i-kof '6-re),  n.  pi.    [NL  1 

Same  as  Calycophora. 
calycophoran  (kal-i-kof '6-ran),  ff.  and  7i.  I  a 

Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Calycophora. 


Calypte 


II.  )(.  One  of  the  Cali/cophora. 
calycophorid  (kal-i-kof'6-rid),  «.    One  of  the 
Calycojihoridw. 

Calycophoridae  (kal"i-k6-for'i-de),  n.  pi  [NL  1 

Same  as  Calycophora. 
calycophorous  (kal-i-kof 'o-rus),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  (lie  Calycophora. 
Calycozoa  (kal"i-k6-z6'ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi  of 
ealyrozoon,  <  Gr.  «d/.tf  (Ka/.vK.),  a  calyx,  -h  C^ov, 
an  animal.]  An  order  of  discophorous  hydro- 
zoans, the  lucemarian  aealephs:  so  called  be- 
cause of  their  cup-shape,  having  the  umbrella 
or  disk  \^•ithout  a  velum,  pedunculated  aboral- 
l.V,  and  capable  of  attachment  at  the  aboral  pole. 

Ihey  have  four  wide  vascular  pouches  with  narrow  septa 
anil  eiglit  tentaculiferous  processes  around  the  edge  of 
the  umbrella,  dividing  it  into  as  many  lobes,  the  genera- 
tive products  being  discharged  into  the"  body-cavity  There 
IS  but  one  family,  L^tcemariidae.  These  organisms  are  of 
gelatinous  consistency,  variously  colored,  and  semi-trans- 
parent; when  detached,  they  swim,  like  all  medusoids  by 
contractions  of  the  umbrella.  They  are  regarded  by  sdme 
as  the  most  generalized  type  of  the  class.  Leuckart  See 
Lvcernaria. 

calycozoan  (kal"i-k6-z6'an),  a.  and  n.    I  a 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Calycozoa. 
II.  )(.  One  of  the  Calycozoa. 
calycozoic  (kal  "i-k6-zo'ik),  a.    Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Calycozoa. 
calycozoon  (kal'i-k6-z6'on),  11.    [NL.,  sing  of 

Calycozoa,  q.  v.]    One  of  the  Calycozoa. 
calycular  (ka-lik'u-lar),  a.    In  hot.  and  sodl, 

belonging  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  calycle. 
calyculate,  calyculated  (ka-lik'ti-Iat,  -la-ted) 
ff.    [<  NL.  calyculatiis,  <  L.  calyculus.  a  calycle : 
see  calycle.-]    1.  In  hot.,  havdng  bracts  which 
resemble  an  additional  external  calj'x.— 2.  In 
zodl.,  having  a  calycle. 
Also  calycled. 
calycule  (kal'i-kiil), n.  [<  calyculus,  q.  v.]  Same 
as  calycle. 

calyculus  (ka-lik'u-lus),  w.;  pi.  calyculi  (-li). 
[L  dim.  of  calyx  {calyc-),  a  calyx.]  Same  as 
calycle,  1. 

Calymene  (ka-lim'e-ne),  n.  [NL.,  appar.  in- 
tended to  represent  Gr.  Kemlv/ifievT],  fem.  of 
KEKa/.vfiuevoc,  pp.  pass,  of  KaUirreiv,  cover  hide  ] 
A  genus  of  fossil  trilobites  found  in  the  Si- 
lurian rocks.  C.  hlumenhachi  is  known  as  the 
Dudley  trilobite.  Brongniart,  1822.  Also  Ca- 
lymena. 

Calymenidae  (kal-i-men'i-de),  n.  pi.  \KL  < 
Calymene  +  -ida.]  A  family  of  trilobites,  named 
from  the  genus  Calymene. 

Calymma  (ka-lim'a),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Ka7xmua,  a 
covering,  as  a  hood,  a  veil,  a  net,  the  skull,  a 
shell,  etc.,  <  Ka^.iTTTiiv,  cover.]  1.  A  genus  of 
noctuid  moths.  Hiihner, The  t^ieal 
genus  of  etenophorans  of  the  familv  Cali/mm  ida 
Eschscholtz,  1829.  " 
Calymmidae  (ka-lim'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL  <  Ca- 
lymma, 2,  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  lobate  eteno- 
phorans. 

calymna  (ka-Um'na),  n.    [NL.    Cf.  Cab/mene, 
Calymma.]     The  principal  part  of  the  extra- 
capsular body  of  a  radiolarian,  a  structureless 
clear,  and  transparent  jellv-envelop,  which  in- 
cludes the  whole  central  capsule  and  often  also 
the  whole  extracapsular  skeleton, 
calyont,  «.    [<  ME.  ealioun,  <  OF.  caillau,  cail- 
to,  t.  caillou,  a  pebble:  see  calliard.]  FUnt 
or  pebble-stone,  used  in  building  walls,  etc 
Palsgrave;  Prompt.  Parv. 

calyphyomy  (kal-i-fi'o-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  /vd/.tf,  a 
calyx,  +  <pvnv,  grow.]  In  hot.,  the  adhesion  of 
the  sepals  of  a  flower  to  the  petals. 
Calypso  (ka-lip's6),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  Kalv^bco,  a 
name  borne  by  several  female  personages  in 
mythology,  particularly  by  the  nymph  who  held 
Ulysses  (Odysseus)  captive  in  her  island  on  his 
return  from  Troy :  traditionally  so  named  from 
the  story  that  she  hid  Ulysses  from  men,  <  Ka- 
/.i-7f/i.  hide.]  1.  In  hot.,  a  genus  of  beauti- 
tul  orchids,  consisting  of  a  single  species,  C. 
horealis.  it  is  a  small  tuberous  plant  found  in  high  lati- 
tudes throughout  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  having 
only  a  single  thin,  many-nerved  leaf,  and  a  siiK'le  varie- 
gated purple  and  yellow  flower  at  the  end  of  "a  slender 
sheathing  stem,  with  a  large  lij)  somewhat  like  that  of  the 
lady  s-slipper,  Cypripedlum.  It  grows  in  coid  bogs  and 
wet  woods,  appearing  as  soon  as  the  snow  melts. 

?Qic^  ^^f|-  =  («)  A  genus  of  crustaceans.  Bisso, 
1816.  (h)  A  genus  of  ehalcid  hymenopterous 
insects,  of  the  subfamily  Pireninw,  founded  by 
Haliday  in  1841 :  now  caUed  Euryophriis  (which 
see). 

Calypte  (ka-lip'te),  n.  [NT..,  <  GT.Ka7.virr6u  cov- 
ered, verbal  adj.  of  Ka'/.iTrreiv,  cover.]  A  subfe- 
nus  of  humming-birds,  the  helmet  hummers, 
having  metalUe  scales  on  the  crown  as  well 


Calypte 

as  on  the  throat,  and  the  gorget  prolonged  into 
a  ruff.    Two  species,  C.  annw  and  ('.  casta',  in- 
habit Califor- 
nia and  Mex- 
ico. 

calypter  (ka- 
lip'ter),  n. 
Same  as  calyp- 
tra,  1. 

Calypteratse 

(ka-liiJ-te-ra'- 
te),  n.  pj'.'  See 
CuJiiptrata;. 

calypteria 
(kal-ip-te'ri- 
s,),n.pl.  [NL., 
Gr.  Ka'Avn-rij- 
pcov,  a  covering,  <  Ka/.vTrreir,  cover.]  In  ornith., 
tail-coverts ;  the  feathers,  usually  small,  at  the 
base  of  a  bird's  tail,  underlying  and  overlying 
the  reetrices.   llUger;  SundcvaU.   See  covert. 

calypto-.  [<  Gr.  mAvnTo^,  covered,  verbal  adj. 
of  Ka?.v-Teiv,  cover,  hide.]  An  element  in  many 
compound  words  of  Greek  origin,  meaning  hid- 
den, covered;  specifically,  hooped;  hidden  by 
being  invested  or  covered  over  with  a  calyptra 
or  something  like  one :  synonjTnous  with  cryp  to-, 
but  more  specific,  crypto-  denoting  any  mode  of 
concealment. 

Calyptoblastea  (ka-lip-to-blas'te-a),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  mAvTTTdg,  covered,  +  p'^aardg,  germ.] 
An  order  of  permanently  attached  hydi'oid  hy- 
drozoans.  with  a  hytliif  orm  trophosome,  and  hy 


Helmet  Humming-bird  {Catypte  costa). 


774 

The  gemis  sometimes  gives  name  to  a  subfamily  Calypto- 
rhiincli iiiiT,  iiicUulinsr  tlie  genus  Callaceplinlon  (which  see), 
calyptra  (ka-lip'tra),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  m'Avnrpa, 
a  veil,  <  KaXiTrmi'," cover,  hide.]    1.  A  hood; 

a  covering;  a  lid.  .Siiecitically,  in  hot. :  («)  The  liood 
i>f  tile  theca  or  capsule  of  mosses.  It  is  the  archegoniuni 
which  has  coiitinned  to  grow  and  has  been  carried  up  by 
the  elongation  of  the  peduncle  of  the  capsule.  In  liver- 
worts the  avcliej;oiiiuin  is  burst  through  by  the  growing 
peduncle,  and  icinains  at  its  base.  (I>)  '^".v  hood-like  body 
connected  with  the  organs  of  fructitication  in  flowering 
plants.  In  J'ileanthus  it  covers  over  tlie  flower  and  is 
formed  of  united  bracts;  in  Hucabjptux  and  JSmlesiuia  it 
is  simply  a  lid  or  operculum  to  the  stamens.  Also  called 
cabrpter.    See  cut  in  preceding  column. 

2.  [_cap.']  InzooL:  (a)  Same  &s  Calyptrcea.  (6) 
A  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects,  (c)  A  genus 
of  coelenterates. 
Calyptrsea  (kal-ip-tre'a),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Ka- 
AvTTTpa,  a  veil,  <  KaAvTrrnv,  cover.]  The  typical 
genus  of  the  family  Calyptrmda',  containing  the 


1.  Catyptti?, 


.  Calyptraa  dilluynn 

Lamarcl-,  1799. 


eup-and-saueer  limpets 
also  cut  under  limpet. 
calyptraeid  (kal-ip-tre'id),  n.    A  gastropod  of 

 ^  ^  ,         .      the  family  Calyptreridw. 

drothecse  and  gonangia.   The  polypites  are  united  Calyptrseidae  (kal-ip-tre'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  _< 


by  a  coenosarc,  and  are  invested  with  a  cliitinous  polypary 
or  perisarc.    .Synonymous  with  Criiiipanularia: 

calyptoblastic  (ka-lip-to-blas'tik),  a.  [As 
Calyptoblast-ea  +  -«c.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Calyptoblastea ;  having  the  generative  buds  in 

a  capsule  Calyptoblastic  hydroids,  those  hydroids 

whose  gonophores  are  covered  with  a  gonotlieca.  They 
include  the  campanularian  and  sertnlarian  hydroids  and 
their  allies,  as  distinguished  from  the  tnbulariaii  hydroids. 

CalyptOCephalus  (ka-lip-to-sef'a-lus),w.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  Ka/  vTrro;,  covered,  +  necpaAt/,  head.]  1.  A 
genus  of  toads,  of  the  family  Cystignathidw, 


Calyptra-a  -I-  -idw.Y  A  family  of  prosobranehi 
ate  gastropodous  moUusks,  including  the  bon- 
net-shells, chambered  limpets,  slipper-limpets, 
and  cup-and-saucer  limpets. 
Calyptratse  (kal-ip-tra'te),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  fem. 
pi.  of  ealyptratus,  <  Gr.  KaTiimrpa,  a  veil.]  A 
division  of  the  family  Miiscidw,  containing  flies 
with  tegulsB  or  membranous  scales  above  the 
halteres:  contrasted  with  Acalyptratai.  Also 
Cahiptcrata\ 
calyptrate  (ka-lip'trat),  «.     [<  calyptra  + 


camaieu 

alescent  into  a  cup  or  tube,  it  is  said  to  be  gamosepalous 
or  nionosepalous,  and  may  be  regular  or  irregular,  or  va- 
riously toothed,  cleft,  or  divided,  and  either  free  from  the 
ovary  or  adnate  to  it.  ' 

2.  In  human  anat,,  one  of  the  cup-like  or  in- 
fundibulifonn  beginnings  of  the  ureter  in  the 
pelvis  of  the  kidney,  surrounding  the  apices  of 
the  Malpighian  pyramids,  each  receiving  usu- 
ally more  than  one  pyramid.  There  are  from  seven 
to  thirteen  such  calyces,  converging  and  uniting  in  three 
infuiidibula,  which  in  turn  combine  to  form  the  i)elvis. 
[In  this  sense  calyx  is  generally  found  in  the  plural  form, 
calyces  or  (incorrectly)  cali.ccs.] 

3.  In  zodl. :  (a)  The  cup  at  the  base  of  the  cil- 
iated tentacles  on  the  lophophore  or  oral  disk 
of  polyzoans.  See  Plumatclla.  (b)  The  pedi- 
cellated  Graafian  follicle,  ovarian  capsule,  or 
ovisac  of  a  bird,  consisting  of  two  membranes 
of  lax  tissue  and  blood-vessels,  rupturing  at  a 
point  called  the  stigma  to  discharge  the  ovum, 
then  collapsing,  and  finally  becoming  absorbed, 
(c)  In  erinoids,  the  cup  at  the  summit  of  the 
stalk  or  stem,  whence  the  braehia  radiate  and 
on  the  surface  of  which  is  the  mouth.    The  base 

of  the  calyx  is  the  summit  of  the  stem,  which  may  be  a 
modified  joint  or  ossicle  composed  of  confluent  joints.  See 

cut  under  Crinoidea.  (rf)  In  Hydrozoa,  a  genera- 
tive capsule  developed  in  the  axils  of  a  branched 
hydroid  stock,  containing  either  medusa-buds 
or  sexual  organs,  (e)  Some  other  calyciform 
or  eup-shaped  part  or  organ  of  an  animal. 
See  calzoonst,  n.  pi.    See  calsons. 

cam^  (kam),  n.  [A  dial,  form  of  comb^,  <  ME. 
camb,  <  AS.  camb  —  D.  Mm  =  G.  kamm  =  Dan. 
Sw.  l:am,  etc.,  a  comb;  also  applied  to  several 
mechanical  devices,  as  D.  kam,  a  bridge,  sley, 
=  G.  kanim,  a  cog  {kamm-rad,  a  cog-wheel),  = 
Dan.  kam.,  a  cog,  bit,  ridge  {kam-hjtd,  a  cog- 
wheel): see  cowfti.]  1.  A  comb.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
—  2.  A  ridge,  hedge,  or  long  earthen  mound. 
[North.  Eng.]  —  3.  In  viach.,  a  device  for  eon- 
verting  a  regular  rotary  motion  into  an  irreg- 
ular, fast  and  slow, 


having  the  skull  most  extensively  ossified,  the   -ate^.']   1.  In  bot.,  furnished  with  a  calyptra,  as 


ossification  involving  the  derm  and  overarch 
ing  the  temporal  fossse,  whence  the  name.  C. 
gayi,  the  type-form,  is  a  large,  green,  web-foot- 
ed Chilian  species. —  2.  In  cntom.,  a  genus  of 
lampyi'id  beetles,  foimded  by  Gray  in  1832,  hav- 
ing the  head  entirely  covered  by  the  prothorax, 
and  from  3  to  10  bipectinate  antennal  joints. 
The  few  species,  averaging  about  10  niillinieters  in  length, 


a  capsule  or  a  flower ;  resembling  a  calyptra,  as 
a  calyx  that  comes  off  like  a  lid  or  an  extin- 
guisher. See  cut  under  —  2.  In  cod7., 
invested  or  covered  with  some  part  or  organ 
like  a  calyi^tra  or  calyx;  operculate. 
calyptriform  (ka-lip'tri-f6rm),  a.  [<  NL.  ca- 
lyptra, q.  v.,  +  Ij.  forma,  shape.]  Having  the 
form  of  a  calyptra;  opei'cular. 


2^ 

Cams. 

I.  Elliptical  cam,  used  for  giving  mo- 
tion to  the  levers  of  punching-  and  snear- 
ing-niachines.  2.  The  heart-cam  or 
heart-wlieel,  much  used  in  cotton-ma- 
chinery to  produce  a  regular  ascent  and 
descent  of  the  rail  on  which  the  spindles 
are  situated.  3.  Form  of  cam  much  used 
in  iron-works  for  setting  in  motion  the 
tilt-hammers. 


Calyptocrinidae  (ka-lip-to-krin'i-de),  u.  pi. 
[NL.,  abbr.  of  Eucalyptocri)iidai.'\  Same  as  Eu- 
calyptocrinida'. 


TTpa,  a  veil,  cover,  +  -yevT/^,  producing:  see 
■gen.~\  In  bot,  the  root-cap;  a  series  of  large 
cells  forming  a  cap-like  covering  for  the  ter- 


Calyptomena  (kal-ip-tom'  e-na),      J:NK(so   j^j^g^j  growing-point  of  a  root. 

*i         „       1  „„„  „  „^  +  ^w,     .       .    A.  calyxes,  calyces  (ka'lik- 

calyx,  pi.  calyces,  <  Gr. 
mXi'S,  pi.  KaAvKec,  the  cup  of  a  flower,  the  calyx, 
ahusk,  seed-vessel,  <  KalvTrruv,  cover;  cf.  kv^-i^, 
a  cup,  and  L.  calix,  a  cup  (>  E.  calico  and  chalice, 
q.  v.).  In  modern  use  the  L.  calyx,  Gr.  k&Iv^,  a 
calyx,  and  its  derivatives,  are  often  confused 
with  L.  calix,  a  cup,  and  its  derivatives.]  1. 
In  bot,  in  general,  the  outer  set  of  the  envelops 
which  form  the  perianth  of  a  flower,  it  is  usually 
more  herbaceous  and  leaf-like  than  the  corolla,  but  it  is 
often  highly  colored  and  corolla-like,  and  is  sometimes  the 


genus  of  birds,  of  the  family  Eurylwmidw.  c.  vi- 
ridi.1,  the  only  species,  inhabits  Java  and  Borneo.  The 
genus  is  sometimes  made  the  type  of  a  subfamily  Calypto- 

tmniiice. 

Oalyptomera  (ka-lip-to-me'ra),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Giv.  KaAvTTTog,  covered,  +  pi/pog,  thigh.]    A  divi- 
sion of  cladocerous  crustaceans,  a  suborder  of 
Cladocera,  having  a  well-developed  .shell  in- 
cluding the  limbs,  and  broad  lamellar  ambula- 
tory feet,  not  distinctly  segmented :  contrasted 
vrith  Gymnomera.    It  contains  such  families  as 
Baphniidee  and  Lynceidw. 
calyptomerous  (ka-lip-to-me'rus),  a.    Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Calyptomera. 
calyptopis  (ka-lip'to-pis),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 
KaAv-Tog,  covered,  +  oip,  eye,  face.]    The  zoea- 
stage  of  a  schizopodous  crustacean,  as  in  mem- 
bers of  the  genus  Euphausia.  Dana. 
Oalyptorhynchus  (ka-lip-to-ring'kus),M.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  KaXviTTdg, 
covered,  + 
phyxoQ,  snout, 
beak,  bill.]  A 
genus  of  cocka- 
toos having  the 
beak  buried  in 
the  feathers, 
whence  the 
name,  it  con- 
tains the  black 
cockatoos  or  cocka- 
teels  of  Australia, 
Calyptras,  such  as  C.  banksi, 

a,  conical ;  *.  dimidiate  ;  c,  mitrifonn.        C.   funereus,  etc. 


Calyxes. 

a,  ay  a,  trisepalous  calyx  of  Actisa  ;  b,  gamosepalous  calyx  of 
Bryophyllum  ;  c,  c,  bilabiate  calyx  of  Salvia. 

first  to  fall.  It  may  form  the  entire  perianth,  no  corolla 
being  present;  or  when  there  are  several  whorls  of  envel- 
ops, they  may  so  grade  into  each  other  that  the  calyx  can- 
not be  strictly  separated  from  the  bracts  without  and  the 
petals  within.  The  parts  of  a  calyx  when  distinct  are 
called  sepals,  and  it  is  disepalous,  trisepalous,  etc.,  ac- 
cording to  their  number.  When  they  ai  e  more  or  less  co- 


intermittent  rota- 
ry or  reciprocat- 
ing motion.  It  prop- 
erly includes  the  cam- 
wheel,  plain  or  geared, 
the  cam-shaft,  the 
heart-wheel,  the  wip- 
er, the  wiper-wheel, 
and  the  eccentric.  The 
simplest  form  is  that 
of  a  heart-shaped, 
lobe-shaped,  or  other- 
wise eccentric  wheel, 
which  imparts  motion 
to  another  wheel  either 
1  ly  means  of  gearing  or 
by  rolling  contact.  In- 
stead of  following  the 
irregular  face  of  the 
cam-wheel,  the  friction- wheel  may  travel  in  a  curved  race 
or  guiding  path  on  the  side  of  a  cam-disk,  as  in  the  cam- 
wheel  of  a  harvester.  In  another  form  of  cam  the  face  of 
the  wheel  is  cut  into  gears  or  into  projecting  teeth  that 
may  engage  another  gear,  or  an  arm  or  a  pinion  upon  a 
shaft,  to  give  a  quickly  changing  rising  and  falling  motion. 
Such  cams  are  also  called  wiper-iclicels,  and  are  used  to 
operate  stamps  and  tilt-hammers.  The  heart-wheel  accom- 
plishes the  same  object,  but  in  a  less  abrupt  manner,  while 
eccentric  cams  of  various  shapes  may  impart  a  slow  thrust 
and  quick  return,  as  in  many  machine-tools.  The  wiper, 
a  cam-shaped  arm,  is  very  generally  used  to  operate  the 
valves  of  beam-engines.  The  cam  in  some  of  its  forms  ap- 
pears in  a  great  variety  of  machines,  wherever  an  irregu- 
lar speed  or  motion  or  a  rapid  reciprocating  motion  is 
required,  as  in  the  harvester,  printing-press,  sewing-ma- 
chine, etc.  A  cam-shaft  is  a  shaft  having  tumblers  or 
wipers.  The  heart-wheel  is  a  heart-shaped  cam.  (See  ec- 
centric.) Cams  for  determining  motion  for  cutting  and 
tracing,  as  in  certain  machines,  are  called  shaper-plates.— 
SoUd  cam,  a  form  of  cam  employed  when  the  series  of 
changes  in  velocity  and  direction  required  are  too  numer- 
ous to  be  included  in  a  single  rotation  of  a  cam-plate.  The 
cam  is  formed  on  the  surface  of  a  cone,  either  parallel  to 
the  axis  or  spirally,  and  the  cone  as  it  revolves  is  made  to 
travel  also  in  the  direction  of  its  axis  by  means  of  a  screw, 
cam^t  (kam),  a.  [Also  written  kam;  <  W.  Ir. 
Gael,  cam,  crooked.  Cf.  gamb,jamb.']  Crooked; 

bent  or  bending  Clean  cam,  wholly  awry;  entirely 

away  from  the  purpose. 
This  is  clean  kam.  Shah.,  Cor.,  iii.  1. 

Cama,  «.    See  Chama. 

Camacea  (ka-ma'se-a),  n.  pi.    See  Chamacea. 

camaieu  (kam'i-u),  n.  [Also  written  camayeu; 
<  F.  camxiieu  =  It.  cammeo,  >  E.  caweo,  q.  v.] 
1.  A  cameo.— 2.  In  the  arts:  (a)  A  painting 
executed  in  a  single  color,  varied  only  by  shades, 
as  of  gray,  when  it  is  called  en  grisaille,  or  m 
yellow,  en  cirage;  a  monochrome  painting.  («) 
A  painting  in  "two  or  three  tints,  as  of  brown, 
red,  yellow,  or  green,  in  which  the  nattu'al  hues 
of  the  objects  represented  are  not  rendered, 
(c)  A  species  of  printing  with  several  blocks, 
of  uniform  tint,  or  of  two  or  three  pale  tints,  and 
tones  of  different  degrees  of  intensity,  which 
produces  the  effect  of  a  stump-  or  pencil-draw- 


camaieu 

ing.  (d)  An  imitation  of  pen-and-ink  drawings 
on  colored  paper  by  means  of  two  blocks,  one 
having  the  design  engi-aved  upon  it  in  outline 
with  cross-hatchings,  and  the  other  colored  in 
bister,  with  all  the  lights  taken  out,  so  as  to 
leave  the  ground  of  the  paper  white.  The  im- 
pression may  be  finished  with  brash  or  pencil. 
—Costume  en  camaieu  [F.],  a  costume  composed  of 
several  shades  of  tlie  same  color, 
camail  (ka-mal'),  M.  [F.,  a  eamail,  also  a  head- 
dress worn  by  priests  in  winter,  <  Pr.  capmalh 
{—  It.  camagJio  =  Sp.  carnal),  <  cap  (<  L.  caput), 
head,  -I-  maUm  =  F.  maUlc,  >  E.  main.^  1.  A 
hood  of  chain-mail,  whether  attached  to  the 
hauberk  or  separate;  specifically,  that  form 


775 

camass  (ka-mas'),  n.  [Also  written  camas, 
kamas,  and  quamash  (q.  v.),  the  native  Ajner. 
Ind.  name.]  The  Indian  name  of  the  western 
species  of  Camassia,  C.  esculeitta  and  C.  Lcifht- 
linii,  which  are  found  gi-owing  in  moistmeadows 
from  northern  California  to  British  Columbia 
and  eastward  to  western  Montana,  its  bulijs  are 

collected  in  laige  (juaiitities  for  food  ;  they  are  about  an 
inch  in  diameter,  and  are  sweet  and  nutritious.— Death 
camass,  tlie  poisonous  root  of  Zygadenus  venenonus,  of 
the  same  region. 

Camassia  (ka-mas'i-ii),  V.  [NL.,  <  camass, 
quamash,  q.  v.]  A  geriiis  of  bulbous  liliaceous 
plants  of  North  America,  nearly  related  to 
Scilla  of  the  old  world.  They  have  long  linear  leaves 
and  a  scape  bearing  a  raceme  of  blue  flowers.  One  spe- 
cies, C.  Fraseri,  is  found  in  the  Atlantic  States,  and  there 
are  two  or  three  others  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
bee  camasn. 

camass-rat  (ka-mas'rat),  «.  A  rodent  quadru- 
ped of  the  family  Geomyidw  and  genus  Tliomo- 
mys  (which  see) :  so  caUed  from  its  fondness 


Camails,  14th  century. 
{From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "  Diet,  du  Mobilier  fran9ais.") 

of  hood  which  was  attached  to  the  edge  of  the 
basinet.  See  basinet— 2.  A  tippet  or  small 
mantle  worn  by  some  Eoman  Catholic  clergy, 
with  different  edgings  of  fur  to  mark  different 
ranks  :  sometimes  confounded  with  the  amice. 
Also  called  chap-de-mail. 

<;amailed  (ka-mald'),  a.  [<  camail  +  -ed^.'] 
Furnished  with  a  camail;  attached  to  a  ca- 
mail :  said  of  the  steel  cap  to  which  the  camail 
was  fastened  at  its  lower  edge. 

•camaillet,  «.    A  Middle  English  form  of  camel. 

<5amakt,  camakat,  n.    Same  as  camoca. 

Camaldolite  (ka-mal'do-lit),  n.  [<  Camaldoli 
(see  def.)  +  -ite'^.']  A  member  of  a  nearly  ex- 
tinct fraternity  of  monks  fovmded  in  the  vale 
of  Camaldoli  in  the  Apennines,  near  Arezzo,  in 
1018,  by  St.  Eomuald,  a  Benedictine  monk. 

They  were  hermits  at  first,  but  afterward  they  associated 
in  convents.  They  were  originally  distinguished  for  their 
extreme  asceticism,  their  rules  in  regard  to  fastiii"-  si- 
lence, and  penances  being  most  severe.  They  wear  white 
robes.  Also  called  Camaldiilian,  Camalduleiisian,  Camal- 
dolese,  and  GainaMule. 

Camaldule,  Camaldulian  (ka-mal-diil',  -du'- 

li-an),  )(.    Same  as  Camaldolite. 
camaraderie  (kam-a-rad-re'),  n.    [F.,  <  cama- 
rade,  comrade:  see  comrade.^  Companionship; 
good-fellowship ;  intimacy. 

Unlimited  camaraderie  with  scribblers  and  daubers 
Hegelian  philosophers  and  Hungarian  pianists,  waitiii" 
for  engagements.       H.  James,  Jr.,  Pass.  Pilgrim  p  2-'5 


Camass-rat  ( Tho^noynys  tatfoicUs). 


•camarage  (kam'a-raj),  n.  [<  Sp.  camaraje,  < 
camara,  a  storehouse,  <  L.  caniara,  camera,  a 
vault:  see  camera.']    Rent  paid  for  storage. 

Camarasaurus  (kam'-'a-ra-sa'rus),  w.  [NL., 
prop.  *Camurosaurus,  <  Gr.  Kafiapa,  a  vaulted 
chamber,  -f  aavpoQ,  a  lizard.]  A  genus  of  colos- 
sal dinosaui-ian  reptiles,  from  the  Cretaceous 

formation  of  Dakota.  The  species  C.  mpremus  is 
one  of  the  largest  known  land-animals,  about  80  feet  long 
wie  thigh-bone  6  feet,  and  a  dorsal  vertebra  3  feet  wide' 
Both  fore  and  hind  limbs  are  well  developed,  and  the  hii"e 
reptile  probably  wandered  along  the  shores  or  in  shallow 
water,  and  was  able  to  browse  on  the  tops  of  trees  E 
D.  Cope,  1877. 

Camarata  (kam-a-ra'ta),  n.  2)1.  [Nl,.,  neut.  pi. 
of  camaratiis,  var.  of"  L.  cameratus,  vaulted, 
arched:  see  camerate.]  A  suborder  proposed 
for  such  forms  of  palaeocrinoids  as  have  the 
lower  arm-plates  incorporated  into  the  calyx 
by  mterradial  plates,  and  in  which  all  compo- 
nent parts  of  the  test,  dorsally  and  ventrally, 
are  solidly  connected  by  sutures.  It  comprises 
the  families  Platycrinidcc,  Rhodocrinidce,  Acro- 
crinidai,  and  Cahjptocrinidce. 

camarate  (kam'a-rat),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  hav- 
mg  the  characters  of  the  Camarata. 

camara-wood  (kam'a-ra-wud),  n.  [<  cumaru, 
the  Braz.  name,  +  E'.  iTOorfl.]  A  hard,  tough, 
and  durable  wood  obtained  in  Essequibo,  Brit- 
ish Guiana,  from  Bipteryx  odorata  andZ).  tetra- 
phijUa.    See  Dipteryx. 

camarilla  (kam-a-ril'a),  n.  [Sp.,  a  small  room, 
dim.  of  camara,  a  room,  <  L.  camara,  camera, 
a  vault:  see  camera,  chamber.']  A  company 
of  secret  counselors  or  advisers;  a  cabal;  a 

clique.  From  meaning  the  private  chamber  of  the  kiiv 
the  word  came  to  signify  a  body  of  courtiers,  sycophants 
priests,  etc.,  acting  as  unaccredited  and  secret  counselors' 
as  distinguished  from  a  legitimate  ministry  or  council. 

Encircled  with  a  dangerous  camarilla.  London  Times. 
=  Syn.  Faction,  Junto,  etc.  SeecabaU. 


for  the  bulbs  of  the  camass.   t.  talpoides,  one  of 

the  pouched  rats  or  pocket-gophers,  inhabits  the  nortli- 
western  United  States  and  the  adjoining  portions  of  Brit- 
ish America. 

camata  (kam'a-ta),  M.    The  commercial  name 
of  the  half-grown  acorns  of  the  Quercus  ^gi- 
lops,  dried  and  used  for  tanning.    In  a  still 
younger  condition  they  are  called  camatina. 
camatina  (kam-a-te'na),  n.    See  camata. 
camaurum  (ka-ma'rum),  n. ;  pi.  camaura  (-ra). 
[ML.]    A  conical  cap  worn  by  the  popes  "of 
Rome  in  the  tenth  century ;  an  early  form  of 
the  miter,  perhaps  the  origin  of  the  papal  tiara, 
camayeu,  n.    See  camaieu. 
cambarine  (kam'ba^in),  a.    [<  Cambarus  + 
-«»el.]    Pertaining  to  crawfishes  of  the  genus 
Cambarus:  correlated  with  astacine. 

The  cambarine  region  takes  in  most  of  the  Palsarctic 
region,  with  the  Neotropical  region  as  far  as  Guatemala 
and  the  West  Indies.  Huxleij,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1878,  p.  786. 

cambaroid  (kam'ba-roid),  a.  [<  Camharm  + 
-aid.]  Resembling  crawfishes  of  the  genus 
Cambarus. 

Cambarus  (kam'ba-ms),  n.    [NL.,  var.  of  L. 
cammarus,  camarus,  also  gammarus,  a  sea-crab: 
see  Gammarus.]    A  genus  of  fluviatile  craw- 
fishes, of  the  family  Astacidw,  having  no  pleuro- 
branchiffi.    The  species  are  numerous.    C.  pellucidm  is 
the  bljnd  crawfish  of_the  JIammoth  Cave  of  Kentucky 
cambaye  (kam-ba'),  n.    [Named  from  Cambaij 
in  India.]    A  kind  of  cotton  cloth  made  in  Ben- 
gal and  elsewhere  in  India. 
Cambay  stone._  See  camelian. 
cambee  (kam'be),  n.    An  aromatic  resin  of  In- 
dia, obtained  from  Gardenia  lucida  and  resem- 
bling elemi. 

camberi  (kam'ber),  w.  [E.  dial.  (ef.  Gael,  ca- 
mag,  a  bay:  see  cammocJc^);  ult.  <  c«)«2^  bent.] 
A  harbor.  Halliwell.  [Pro v.  Eng.] 
camber^  (kam'ber),  v.  t.  [<  F.  cambrer,  arch, 
vault,  bend,  <  L.  camerare,  arch,  <  camera,  an 
arch,  vault.  Cf.  chamber,  v.]  To  arch;  bend; 
curve,  as  ship-planks, 
camber^  (kam'ber),  n.  [<  camber^,  v.]  1.  A 
convexity  upon  an  upper  surface,  as  of  a  deck 
amidships,  a  bridge,  a  beam,  or  a  lintel.— 2. 
The  curve  of  a  ship's  plank.— 3.  A  small  dock 
or  part  of  a  dock,  protected  by  a  breakwater, 
where  boats  and  small  craft  may  lie  quietly, 
camber-beam  (kam'ber-bem),  n.  In  arch.,  a 
beam  which  is  laid  upon  the  straining-beam  of 
a  truncated  roof  to  support  the  covering  of  the 
summit.  It  slopes  fi-om  the  middle  toward  each 
end,  to  provide  for  the  running  off  of  water. 
E.  H.  Knight. 

cambered  (kam'berd),  p.  a.  [<  camber'^  +  -e(72.] 
Bent  upward  in  the  middle;  arched;  convex. — 
Cambered  deck.  See  deck. 
cambering  (kam'ber-ing),  p.  a.    [Ppr.  of  cam- 
ber^, V.']    Bending;  arched, 
cambering-machine  (kam'ber-ing-ma-shen'''), 
n.    A  machine  used  for  bending  beam's  or  iron 
rails  to  a  curve  in  a  vertical  plane, 
camber-keeled  (kam'ber-keld),  a.    Having  a 
keel  slightly  arched  upward  in  the  middle  of 
the  length,  but  not  so  much  as  to  be  hogged. 


cambric 

camber-slip  (kam 'bt-r-sliiij,  n.  A  slightly 
curved  guide  and  support  of  wood,  used  as  a 
centering  in  laying  straight  arches  of  brick. 

Camberwell  beauty.   See  beauty. 

camber-window  (kam'ber-win"d6),  n.  A  win- 
dow arched  at  the  top. 

cambiali  (kam'bi-al),  a.  [<  ML.  cambialis,  < 
cambium,  exchange:  see  cambium^]  Relating 
to  exchange  in  commerce.  [Rare.] 

cambial2  (kam'bi-al),  a.  [<  cambium'^  -f*  -al.] 
In  bot.,  formed  of  'or  pertaining  to  cambium. 

cambiale  (kam-bi-a'le),  n.  [It.,  <  ML.  cambialis, 
of  excliaiigo:  see  cambial^.]  A  bill  of  ex- 
change. 

cambiform  (kam'bi-form),  a.  [<  cambium"^  + 
'L.  forma,  shape.]  In  &o<.,  resembling  cambium- 
cells.  Applied  to  elongated  thin-walled  cells  which  are 
found  in  sieve-tissue,  and  have  the  markings  but  not  the 
perforations  of  sieve-disk.s.  They  are  also  known  as  lat- 
ticed cells. 

cambio  (kam'bi-6),  n.  [Sp.,  <  ML.  cambium, 
exchange:  see  camhium'^.]  1.  Barter;  the  giv- 
ing or  taking  of  bills  of  exchange.— 2.  A  bill 
of  exchange.- 3.  A  bourse  or  exchange. 

cambist  (kam'bist),  n.  [<  F.  cambiste,  <  It. 
cambista  =  Sp.  cambista,  <  L.  cambire.  exchange, 
trade :  see  change.]  One  versed  in  the  opera^ 
tions  of  exchange  and  the  value  of  foreign 
moneys;  a  dealer  in  notes  and  bills  of  ex- 
change. 

The  word  cambist,  though  a  temi  of  antiquity,  is  even 
now  a  technical  word  of  some  use  among  merchant  trad- 
ers and  bankers.  j{ees,  Cyc. 


cambistry  (kam'bis-tri),  n.  [<  cambist  +  -ry.] 
The  science  of  exchange,  weights,  measures, 
etc. 

cambiumi  (kam'bi-um),  «.  [ML.,  also  cambia, 
exchange,  commerce,  <  L.  cambire,  exchange, 
whence  ult.  E.  change :  see  change]  In  civil  law, 
exchange;  the  exchange  of  lands,  money,  or 
evidences  of  debt, 
cambium^  (kam'bi-um),  «.  [NL.,  a  particular 
application  of  ML.  cambium,  exchange:  see 
cambium^.]  1 .  In  &o^.,  a  layer  of  tissue  foi-med 
between  the  wood  and  the  bark  of  exogenous 

plants.  It  was  believed  by  the  older  botanists  to  be  a 
mucilaginous  fluid  exuded  between  the  wood  and  the  bark 
and  organized  into  new  wood  and  new  bark.  It  is  now 
known  to  be  not  a  fluid,  but  a  layer  of  extremely  delicate 
thin-walled  cells,  filled  with  protoplasm  and  organizable 
nutrient  matter,  and  appearing  like  a  thin  film  of  mucilage. 
Ihese  cells  develop  on  the  one  side  into  a  layer  of  new 
wood,  and  on  the  other  of  new  bark,  while  at  the  same 
time  fresh  cambium  is  formed  for  tlie  continuation  of  the 
work.  It  is  by  the  renewal  of  this  process  year  after  year 
that  the  increase  of  growth  iu  the  stem  is  effected,  as  in- 
dicated by  Its  concentric  rings.  In  the  primary  flbrovas- 
cular  bundles  of  the  stem  a  similar  layer  of  cambium  with 
tlie  same  fnnctioii,  is  always  found  between  the  woody 
and  criln  ose  portions. 

2t.  A  name  formerly  given  to  a  fancied  nutri- 
tious humor  which  was  supposed  to  repair  the 
materials  of  which  the  body  is  composed, 
camblett,  «•    Same  as  camlet. 
camboge  (kam-boj'  or  -boj'),  n.    Same  as  gatn- 
boge. 

cambokt,        A  Middle  English  form  of  c«w- 
mocli'^. 

camboose  (kam-bos'),  n.    Same  as  caboose. 
cambrai  (kam'bra),  n.    [<  F.  Cambrai:  see 
cambric]   A-name  given  to  imitation  lace,  that 
is,  lace  made  by  machinery  and  not  by  hand, 
cambrasine  (kam'bra-zen),  n.  [<  F.  cambresine. 
Cf.  cambric]    A  name  given  to  batiste  and 
cambric  of  fine  quality. 
Cambray  stone,  moss-agate, 
cambrel  (kam'brel),  n.    Same  as  gambrel. 
Cambrian  (kam'bri-an),  a.  and  n.    [<  Cam- 
bria +  -an.]    I.  a.  Relating  or  pertaining  to 
Wales  or  Cambria ;  Welsh. 

The  Cambrian  mountains,  like  far  clouds, 
That  skirt  the  blue  horizon,  dusky  rise.  Thomson. 
Cambrian  group,  in  ffeol.,  the  name  originally  given  by 
Sedgwick  to  certain  strata  supposed  by  him  to  underlie 
the  Silurian  of  ilurchisou,  but  which  since  that  time  have 
been  fully  recognized  as  belonging  to  the  Silurian  series 
Itself.  The  term,  although  not  recognized  liy  the  Silu- 
rian specialists  Barrande  and  .James  Hall,  is  still  used  to 
a  considerable  extent  by  English  geologists  as  including 
various  undetermined  portions  of  the  Silurian.  By  the 
larger  number  it  is  understood  to  be  the  einiivalent  of 
the  primordial  rocks  of  Barrande  and  the  Potsdam  sand- 
stone of  the  New  York  geological  survey.— Cambrian 
pottery,  a  name  given  to  the  productions  of  the  factory 
of  Swansea  in  Wales,  established  in  1790.  The  mark  was 
a  trident. 
II.  n.  A  Welshman, 
cambric  (kam'brik),  11.  [Early  mod.  E.  cam- 
bricl;  camericJ: ;  =  Flem.  l-amcryk,  kameryls- 
doek,  cambric  (ef.  D.  kamerdnek  =  G.  kammcr- 
tuch  =  Dan.  kammerdug  =  Sw.  kammarduk 
(Flem.  D.  doek=G.  tuck,  etc.,  =  E.  duckS,  cloth), 
cambric),  =  Sp.  cambray  =  Pg.  cambraia  =  It. 


cambric 

cambraja,  formerly  cambrai  (Plorio),  <  F.  cam- 
bray,  toiie  de  Cambray,  cambric  (Cotgrave):  so 
called  from  D.  Kamerijk,  Flem.  Kameryk,  ML. 
Caiiicracuin,F.  Cambrai,  Cambray,  a  town  in  the 
department  of  Nord,  France.]  1.  A  thin,  fine 
linen,  said  to  have  been  first  mannfactm-ed  at 
Cambrai  in  France,  introduced  in  the  sixteenth 
century  for  the  fine  ruli's  worn  at  that  period, 
as  well  as  for  bands,  kerchiefs,  etc. ;  in  modern 
times,  the  finest  linen  made.  See  batiste.  An 
imitation  of  cambric  is  made  of  fine  cotton  yarn,  hard- 
twisted.  Muslin  is  a  name  often  applied  to  a  Ivind  of 
linen  cambric  manufactured  in  Great  Britain  from  tlax. 

I  would  your  cambric  were  as  sensible  as  your  finger, 
that  you  might  leave  pricking  it  for  pity. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  3. 

2.  Same  as  cambi-ic-7nuslin,  2. 
cambric-grass  (kam'brik-gras),  n.    The  silk- 

g:rass  or  ramie-plant  of  China,  Bmhmeria  nivea. 

See  cut  under  Boelimeria. 
cambric-muslin  (kam'brik-muz''''lin),  n.  1. 

Fine  cotton  cloth  made  in  imitation  of  linen 

cambric. —  2.  A  somewhat  coarser  cotton  cloth, 

finished  with  a  glaze,  much  used  for  linings, 
cambril  (kam'bril),  n.    Same  as  gambreh 
Cambro-Briton  (kam'taro-brifon),  n.  AWelsh- 

man. 

Cambro-Silurian  (kam'bro-si-lu'ri-an),  a.  [< 
Cambr{ian)  +  Silurian.']  Ingeol.,  a  term  for- 
merly used  by  some  English  geologists  as  in  a 
greater  or  less  degree  eqxiivalent  to  Lower  Si- 
lurian. 

cambuca  (kam-bu'ka),  n.  [ML.,  also  cambutta : 
see  cainbitck",  cammock'^.']  1.  The  curved  club 
used  in  the  game  of  golf  or  pall-mall.  See  cam- 
mock". —  2.  A  pastoral  staff:  commonly  used 
for  its  earlier  and  more  simple  shape,  in  which 
the  crook  at  the  top  does  not  curve  inward 
spiraUy,  but  forms  approximately  a  half -circle. 
Also  cambutta. 

cambuck^  (kam'buk),  «.  [E.  dial.,  also  spelled 
kambuck  (Prior),  var.  of  cammock'^,  q.  v.]  Same 
as  cammock^.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

cambuck^  f kam'buk),  «.  [E.  dial.,  var.  of 
cammock'^,  <  ME.  cambok:  see  cammock'^.  Cf. 
cambuca.']  1.  Same  as  cammnck-.  Stoic,  Sur- 
vey (ed.  1720),  i.  251.  {Halliwell.)~2.  The  dry 
stalks  of  dead  plants,  as  of  hemlock.  HalU- 
well.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

cambutta  (kam-but'a),  n.  [ML.]  Same  as 
cambuca. 

cam-cutter  (kam'kut"er),  11.  A  machine-tool 
specially  adapted  for  cutting  and  finishing  cams 
of  small  sizes  and  of  all  curves. 

came^  (kam,).    Preterit  of  come. 

came"  (kam),  n.  [Sc.,  also  kame,  Tcaim;  var.  of 
cawi,  comb"^,  q.  v.]  1.  A  comb. —  2.  A  ridge. 
[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

came^  (kam),  n.  [Prob.  a  particular  use  of 
came'^  =  cam^  =  comfei.]  If.  The  batch  or 
amount  of  lead  necessary  to  make  sash-bars 
for  100  square  feet  of  glazing ;  also,  this  amount 
cast  into  small  rods  or  bars  12  or  14  inches  long, 
and  ready  for  drawing.  Hence  —  2.  The  pre- 
pared sash-bar  itself,  having  a  section  like  an 
I,  more  or  less  rounded  at  each  end,  and  called 
in  technical  language  glaziers'  turned  lead  or 
windoiu-lead. 

camel  (kam'el),  «.  [Early  mod'.  E.  also  cam- 
mcl;  <  ME.  camel,  kamel,  also  chamel,  <  OF. 
camel,  chamel,  F.  cliamcau  =  Pr.  camel  =  Sp. 
camello  =  Pg.  camelo  =  It.  cammeUo  =  ONorth. 
camel,  carnal  (see  AS.  word  below)  =  D.  kameel 
=  G.  kamel  =  Dan.  kamel  =  Sw.  kamel  =  Icel. 
kamell  (rare)  =  OBulg.  Bulg.  Serv.  kamila  = 
Hung,  gamila,  <  L.  camelus,  <  Gr.  Kd/uTjTM^,  m. 
and  f.  (NGr.  naiirjTM^,  m.,  Kajirj'Aa,  f.),  <  Heb.  gd- 


Arabian  Camel,  or  Dromedary  ( Cameltis  drotnedarius). 


mdl :  -  Ar.jamal,  jemel  =  Coptic  gamul,  a  camel. 
In  the  older  Teut.  languages  the  camel  was 


776 

called  by  a  name  derived  from  that  of  the  ele- 
phant: Goth,  ulbandus  =  OHG.  olbentd,  MHG. 
olbente  —  AS.  olfend  =  OS.  olbhunt  =  leel.  «/- 
/rtW(,  a  camel.]  1.  A  large  ruminant  quadru- 
ped of  the  family  Camclidcc,  genus  Camelus, 
used  in  Asia  and  Africa  as  a  beast  of  burden. 
Tliere  are  two  distinct  species  of  camels :  (1)  The  Arabian 
camel,  C.  dromedarius,  witli  one  hump,  and  four  callosities 
on  the  fore  legs  and  two  on  the  hind  legs.  It  is  a  native 
of  Arabia,  and  is  now  known  only  in  the  domesticated 
state ;  it  is  used  cluefly  in  Arabia  and  Egypt.  There  are 
several  breeds  or  artificial  varieties.  The  dromedary  is  one 
of  these,  being  simply  a  "  blooded  "  or  thoroughbred  came! 
of  great  speed  and  bottom,  used  as  a  saddle-animal,  and 
comparing  witli  the  heavier  and  slower  varieties  as  a 
race-horse  does  with  a  cart-horse ;  it  is  not  a  different 
animal  zoologically  speaking.  (2)  Tlie  Bactrian  camel,  C. 
bactrianus,  with  two  humps,  of  whicli  there  are  also  dif- 


Bactrian  Camel  {,Camelus  bactrianus). 

ferent  breeds.  The  name  camel  is  sometimes  applied  to 
tlie  species  of  the  American  genus  A  uchenia,  as  the  llama, 
alpaca,  and  vicuna,  collectively  known  as  the  camels  of 
the  new  world.  The  Arabian  camel  is  poetically  called 
the  ship  of  the  desert.  Camels  constitute  the  riches  of 
an  Arabian  ;  witliout  them  he  could  not  subsist,  carry  on 
trade,  or  travel  over  sandy  deserts.  Tlieir  milk  and  flesh 
are  used  for  food  and  tlieir  hides  for  leather,  and  their 
hair  is  a  valuable  article  of  trade  and  manufacture.  By 
the  camel's  power  of  stistaining  abstinence  from  drink  for 
many  days,  due  to  the  reserve  it  can  carry  in  its  peculiarly 
constructed  cellular  stomach,  and  of  subsisting  on  a  few 
coarse,  dry,  prickly  plants,  it  is  especially  fitted  for  the 
parched  and  barren  lands  of  Asia  and  Africa.  Camels  carry 
from  (iOO  to  1,000  pounds  burden. 

2.  A  water-tight  structure  placed  beneath  a 
ship  or  vessel  to  raise  it  in  the  water,  in  order 
to  assist  its  passage  over  a  shoal  or  bar,  or 
to  enable  it  to  be  navigated  in  shallow  water. 

It  is  first  filled  with  water  and  sunk  alongside  the  vessel, 
to  which  it  is  then  secured.  As  the  water  is  pumped  out, 
the  camel  gi'adually  rises,  lifting  the  vessel  with  it.  Camels 
have  also  been  used  for  raising  sunken  vessels. — Camel's 
hair,  the  liair  of  the  camel,  from  wliich  very  fine  fabrics, 
especially  shawls,  are  made  in  tlie  East,  and  also  carpets, 
tent-cloths,  etc.  In  Europe  it  is  used  chiefly  for  mixing  with 
silk.  Tlie  best  comes  from  Persia.  The  so-called  camel's- 
hair  pencils  or  bruslies  used  in  painting  are  not  made  of 
camel's  hair,  Imt  commonly  of  hair  from  the  tails  of  Rus- 
sian and  Siberian  squirrels,  fioe  brush. —  Camel'S-liair 
cloth,  (a)  An  Oriental  fabric.  See  putto.  (h)  A  Frencli 
imitation  of  this  fabric ;  a  warm  and  light  woolen  cloth 
with  a  gloss,  but  having  long  hairs  standing  up  upon  it. 
Diet,  of  Needlework. — Camel's-hair  shawl,  a  name  often 
given  in  the  United  States  to  the  cashmere  sliawl. — Cam- 
el's hay.  Same  as  camel-grass. —  Camel's  WOOl,  mohair. 

camelaucium  (kam-e-la'gi-um),  n. ;  pi.  camelau- 
cia  {-'&).  [ML.  camelacium,  camelaucium,  more 
frequently  camelaucum,  calamaucum,  etc.,  < 
LGr.  KafiE/iavKtov ;  origin  uncertain ;  usually  re- 
ferred to  Gr.  Kafir]7Mg,  camel :  see  camel,  and  cf. 
calamanco.]  A  low-crowned  cap  formerly  worn, 
chiefly  in  the  East,  by  royal  persons  and  eccle- 
siastics, especially  bishops  and  monks. 

camel-backed  (kam'el-bakt),  a.  Having  a 
back  like  that  of  a  camel ;  humpbacked. 

Not  that  he  was  crook-shouldered  or  camel-hacked. 

Fuller,  Holy  War,  p.  215. 
camel-bird  (kam'el-berd),  M.    A  book-name  of 
the  African  ostrich,  Struthio  camelus.  See  cam- 
clornitlics. 

camelcade  (kam-el-kad'),  n.  [Irreg.  <  camel  + 
-cade,  as  in  cavalcade.]  A  body  of  troops 
mounted  on  camels.  [Humorous.] 

camel-cricket  (kam'el-krik'''et),  n.  Same  as 
camcl-inscct. 

cameleer  (kam-e-ler'),  n.  [<  camel  -1-  -eer.  Cf. 
equiv.  F.  chamelicr.]    A  camel-driver. 

A  number  of  Arab  cameleers,  who  had  come  with  trav- 
ellers across  the  Desert  from  Egypt,  were  encamped  near 
us,  B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  51. 

cameleont  (ka-me'le-on),  n.    An  older  English 

spelling  of  cliamclcon. 
camel-grass  (kam'el-gras),  n.  A  fragrant  grass 

of  the  warmer  regions  of  Asia,  including  several 

species  of  Andropogon.  Also  called  camel's  hay. 
camelid  (kam'el-id),  n.    A  ruminant  mammal 

of  the  family  Camclidcc. 

Camelidse  (ka-mel'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Came- 
lus +  -idee.]  A  family  of  ruminant  artiodac- 
tyl  tylopod  mammals.    They  have  incisor  teeth  in 


Camellia 

both  jaws,  specialized  canines  in  the  lower  jaw,  a  diffuse 
placenta,  imperfectly  quadripartite  stomach,  tlie  upper  lip 
cleft,  tlie  liind  limbs  largely  free  from  tlie  common  integu- 
ment, so  that  the  lower  part  of  the  thigh  and  the  knee 
project  from  the  belly,  broad  elastic  feet,  and  no  liorns. 
The  family  includes  two  living  genera,  Camelus  or  true 
camels  of  the  old  world,  and  Auchenia  or  llamas  of  the 
new,  with  many  fossil  ones,  chiefly  American.  See  cuts 
under  camel  and  llama. 

camelinai  (kam-e-li'na),  «.  [NL.,  fem.  of  L. 
camelinus  ;  with  ref.  to  ML.  camelinum,  camel- 
ine :  see  cameline"^.]  A  woolen  material  with 
small  basket-pattern  and  loose  upstanding 
liairs.    Diet,  of  Needlework. 

Camelina^  (kam-e-li'nii),  n.  2>l.  [NL.,  <  Camelus 
+  -iiia^.]    Same  as  Camclidcc  or  Camcloidca. 

camelina^  (ka-mel'i-na),  n.  [NL.,  said  to  be 
formed  (if  so,  prop.  *'Cham(elina)  <  Gr.  ;fa/ia(, 
on  the  ground  (dwarf),  -1-  Alvov,  flax.  Hence 
camclinc'^.]  If.  Treacle-mustard  ;  wormseed. 
Eersey,  1708. — 2.  [cap.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
natural  order  Cruciferw.  The  most  common  and 
probably  the  only  species,  C.  sativa,  gold-of-pleasure  or 
false  flax,  is  a  native  of  southern  Europe  and  western  Asia, 
but  is  widely  naturalized  as  a  weed.  It  is  an  annual, 
with  obovoid  pods  and  yellow  flowers,  and  lias  been  cul- 
tivated for  the  fiber  of  its  stems  and  the  oil  expressed 
from  its  seeds. 

cameline^  (kam'e-lin),  a.  [<  L.  camelintis,  per- 
taining to  a  camel,  <  camelus,  a  camel:  see 
camel.  Cf.  camelinc^.]  Pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling camels  or  the  Camclidw;  cameloid. 

cameline^t,  «■  [ME.,  <  OF.  camcUnc,  camelin  = 
Pr.  camelin  =  It.  cammellino,  <  ML.  camelinum, 
also  camelinus,  a  stuff  made  of  camel's  hair,  < 
L.  camelinus,  pertaining  to  a  camel,  <  camelus,  a, 
camel:  see  camel.  Cf.  camlet.]  A  stuff  used 
in  the  middle  .ages  as  a  material  for  dress,  it 

is  commonly  said  to  liave  been  made  of  camel's  hair,  and 
imported  from  the  East ;  but  as  it  is  repeatedly  mentioned 
as  a  common  and  cheap  stuH',  it  is  probable  that  it  was 
an  imitation  of  the  Easterh  fabric.  It  was  made  as  early 
as  the  thirteenth  century  in  Flanders  and  Brabant,  of 
many  colors. 

And  dame  Abstinence-streyned 
Toke  on  a  robe  of  kamclyne. 

Rom.,  of  the  Rose,  1.  7367. 

cameline^  (kam'e-lin),  n.  and  a.  [<  F.  cameline 
-  -  Sp.  Pg.  camelina,  <  NL.  camelina :  see  came- 
lina^.]    I.t  n.  Treacle-mustard;  wormseed. 

Cameline  [F.],  the  herb  cameline,  or  treacle  mustard. 

Cotgrave. 

II.  «.  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  plants 
of  the  genus  Camdina :  as,  cameline  oil. 
camel-insect  (kam'el-in*sekt),  n.  An  orthop- 
terous  insect  of  the  genus  Mantis,  or  praying- 
insects  :  so  called  from  the  resemblance  of  the 
long  thorax  to  the  elongated  neck  of  the  camel. 
In  the  United  States  these  insects  are  known  as 
rear-horses.  Also  called  camel-cricket  and  cam- 
el-locust. 

cameliont,  n.    An  old  spelling  of  chameleon. 
camellert,  n.    A  eamel-di-iver. 

Our  companions  had  their  cradles  struck  down  through 

the  negligence  of  the  Camc.llers. 

Sandys,  Travels  (ed.  1652),  p.  107. 

Camellia  (ka-mel'ia),  n.  [NL.,  after  George 
Joseph  Kamel,  a  Moravian  Jesuit  and  traveler  of 
the  seventeenth  century,  by  whom  the  Camellia 
Japonica  was  first  described.]  1.  A  genus  con- 
taining about  a  dozen  species  of  shrubs  or  small 
trees,  belonging  to  the  natural  order  Ternstra- 
miacccB,  natives  of  tropical  and  eastern  Asia, 
and  the  Indian  archipelago.  They  all  have  thick, 

shining,  evergreen  leaves  and  white  or  rose-colored  flowers. 
The  genus  is  divided  into  two  sections,  one  with  pendu- 
lous flowers  and  persistent  sepals,  represented  by  the  tea- 
plant,  C.  theifera  (see  tea),  the  other  with  erect  flowers 


Camellia  (C.  jTapotizca). 


and  deciduous  sepals,  of  which  the  common  cultivated 
camellia,  C.  Japonica,  is  a  conspicuous  example.  Of  this 
species,  with  beautiful  but  odorless  flowers  and  elegant 


Camellia 

laurel-Uke  leaves,  several  Inuuii  ed  varieties  have  been  pro- 
dueed,  as  well  as  numerous  hybrids  with  the  larger  flo we.  ed 
C  reticulata  of  Chuia  and  the  fragrant-leafed  C  sTsZuma 
of  Japan  The  dried  leaves  of  the  last  species  are  said  o 
be  mixed  w,  li  tea  and  the  seeds  yield  an  oil  which 's  used 
for  various  domestic  purposes. 

^:  A  genus  Camellia,  espe- 

cially of  C.  Japonica. 

camel-locust  (kam'el-l6"kust),  n.  Same  as  cam- 
cl-insect. 

camel-necked  (kam'el-nekt),  a.  Having  a  neck 
like  or  likened  to  a  camel's. -camel-necked  flies 

neuropterous  insects  of  the  family  Sialidce  '^^'^^^^ 
cameloid  (kam'e-loid),  «.    [<  Gr.  *Kau.nlon6fic, 
camel-like,  <  ^d^,Aof,  camel,  + 
ndoc,  form.]    Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Cameloi- 
clea;  phalangigrade,  as  a  ruminant. 
Cameloidea  (kam-e-loi'de-a),  w.  pi    tnL  < 
Camelus  +  -oulea.]    The  Camdidm  regarded  as 
a  superfamily  gi-oup :  equivalent  to  Tylopoda, 
or  Peco)-a  phahingigrada.  ' 
camelopard  (ka-mel'o-  or  kam'e-lo-pard)  n 
i=  b.  camelopard,  cameleopard  = 'Sp.  cama- 
leopardo  <  lA.  camelopardus,  ML.  also  came- 
leopardalus,  B.  shortened  form  of  L.  camelopar- 
dahs,  ML.  also  camelopardalus,  <  Gr.  mur/Xo-dp- 
6aAig,  a  giraffe,  <  Kafn/M,  a  camel,  +  TrdpSallc, 
later  -raprfof,  a  pard  (leopard  or  panther).]  1 
Ihe  giraffe :  so  called  from  a  certain  resem'- 
blanee  in  form  to  a  camel,  and  from  its  spotted 
coloration,  like  that  of  the  pard  or  leopard.- 
^  m  her    a  bearing  representing  a  creatui-e 
like  a  giraffe,  but  with  long  and  generally  curved 
horns  borrowed  from  the  medieval  bestiaries. 
Also  formerly  camelopardal ,  camelopardel. 
camelopardalt,  camelopardelt,  ».   [Also  ca- 
melopardall;  =  Sp.  camellopardal  =  Ps.  cawelo- 
Pardal  =  It  cammellopardalo,  <  L.  camelonar- 
aalis,  M.L.  &\so  camelopardalus:  see  camelo- 
pard.^   A  camelopard.  Minslieu. 
Oamelopardalidae  (ka-meP'o-  or  kam'-'e-lo-par- 
dal  i-de),  w.^;.  [NL.,<  Cam'elopardalis  +  4dw  1 
Same  as  Camelojmrdidw. 
Camelopardalis  (ka-mel-o-  or  kam"e-l6-par'da- 
iisj,  ».    [NL.:  see  camelopard.'^   1.  A  genus  of 
ruminant  quadrupeds:  same  as  Giraffa.—  2  A 
northern  constellation  formed  by  Bartsch  and 

named  by  HeveHus.  it  is  situated  between  Cepheus 
Perseus,  Ursa  Major  and  Minor,  and  Draco.  As  giveii  by 
H^ehus,  the  name  was  Caim.lopardalus  ^  ^ 

camelopardelt,  «.    See  camelopardal. 

Oamelopardidas  (ka-mel-6-  or  kam"e-16-par'di- 
^n^-f'T^k  J-'^b\^  yamelopardus  (at.' Camelo- 
pardalis) +  -tdce.^  A  family  of  ruminant  quad- 
rupeds :  same  as  Giraffidw.  Also  called  Camelo- 
pardalidce. 

*^r^i®^°J^^*^®?  (kam'-'el-or-ni'thez),  n.  pi. 
v.-  ml-  camel,  +  bpvi<;,  pi.  opvideg, 

bird.]  The  camel-birds:  a  name,  not  techni- 
cal, sometimes  applied  to  ostriches,  from  their 
points  of  resemblance  to  the  camel  in  appear- 
ance and  habit. 

camelott,  «.    An  old  spelling  of  camlet. 

camelry  (kam'el-ri),  n.  ■  pi.  camelries  (-riz)  r< 
caniel  +  -nj ;  formed  on  the  model  of  caval- 
ry.\  1.  A  place  where  camels  are  brought  to 
be  laden  or  unladen.— 2.  Troops  mounted  on 
camels. 


777 


-,,3'!?;^"°"^*  there  and  then  abandoned  his  boats 

and  dismounted  his  camelry.    Spectator,  No.  3018,  p  581. 

camel's-thorn  (kam'elz-th6rn),  n.  1.  A  spinv 
leguminous  shrub,  Alhagi  MaMrorum,  of  which 
tte  camel  is  very  fond,  and  which  yields  a 
ma-na-like  exudation  from  its  leaves  and 
bra-^ches.— 2.  Erroneously,  a  spiny  rhamna- 
ceous  shrub,  Zizijplms  riummularia,  of  Persia 
and  India,  which  bears  an  edible  ben-y,  and  the 
leaves  of  which  are  used  as  fodder  for  sheeD 
and  goats.— 3.  In  South  Africa,  several  spe- 
cies of  Acacia  which  are  browsed  upon  by  the 
giraffe,  especially  A.  Giraffw  and  A.  erioloha. 

L-amelus  (ka-me'lus),  w.  [L. :  see  The 
typical  genus  of  Camelidm,  having  the  back 

C  S.T/.r  "  ""It:''''!}^  1'''°  ^P<="''^'  of  the  old  world, 
U  dromedarms,  the  Arabian  camel,  and  C  bactriamts  the 

ontfLfZel!  '''''  humpsTtht'fornie? 

Camembert  cheese.   See  cheese'^-. 

Oamenas  (ka-me'ne),  n.  pi.  [L.,  sing,  eameria, 
OL.  casmena;  akm  to  carmen,  a  song-  see 
cSaml.]  In  Morn,  myth.,  prophetic  nymphs,  of 
whom  there  were  four,  the  most  celebrated 
being  ^geria  The  poets  frequently  applied 
the  name  to  the  Muses. 

[<      cawewa;  see  Came)i«;.]  One 
01  the  Camense. 

Beuyne  Came71.es,  that  with  your  sacred  food 
±lave  fed  and  fosterde  op  from  tender  veares 
A  happye  man  that  in  your  fauour  stoode. 

Oooffe,  Sonette  of  Edwardes  of  the  Chappell 


camenes  (kam'en-ez),  n.  [See  def.]  In  lomc, 
the  mnemonic  name  of  a  mood  of  the  fou'rti; 
ligure  ot  syllogism,  of  which  the  major  premise 
IS  a  universal  affirmative,  the  minor  a  univer- 
sal negative,  and  the  conclusion  a  universal 
negative  proposition:  as.  Whatever  is  expe- 
dient is  conformable  to  nature;  nothing  con- 
formable to  nature  is  hurtful  to  society :  there- 
tore,  nothing  hurtful  to  society  is  expedient. 
11ns  mood  was  formerly  considered  by  all  (as  it  is  still  bv 
some)  logicians  as  belonging  t»  the  first  figure  and  as  such 
was  called  ce  antes.    When  put  into  the  fourU  figure  R 

sfiniSnt    r  ■  "-^      '^"'•^  eameiies,  six  are 

signiflcant.    C  signifies  re<luctiori  to  celarent;  a  e,  e  indi- 

sion  Sh'^  f""  '"""l'^  °f  V''^  P.-emisesand  cone  I- 
sion  ,  Jrt  sigmhes  transposition  ot  the  premises  in  reduc- 
t.on,  and  s  tlie  simple  conversion  of  the  conclusion 

cameo  (kam  e-6),  n.  [<  It.  cammco,  a  cameo,  = 
i .  camee  (>  G.  cam.ee  =  Dan.  kamcc  =  Sw.  l-ame) 
and  camaicH  (see  carnaieu)  =  Sp.  camafco  =  Fs 
camafeo,  camafcio,  camafcu  (cf.  MHG.  qamahiu, 
chammachiu,  a  kind  of  diamond),  <  ML  cam- 
mceus,  camahutus,  camahotus;  of  imknown  ori- 
gin.] 1.  An  engraving  in  relief  upon  a  gem, 
a  hard  stone  of  moderate  size,  or  a  similar  ma- 
terial, or  the  object  itself  so  engraved,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  an  iulaglio;  specifically,  such 
an  engraving  upon  a  stone  or  a  shell  having 
two  or  three  layers  differing  in  color,  such  as 
an  onyx  agate  etc.,  and  so  treated  as  to  utilize 
the  effect  of  the  variety  of  coloring,   cameos  on 

stone  are  ctxW^d  stone  cameos,  in  contradistinctio  to  the 
shell  cameos,  or  those  cut  on  shells  which  have  supernosed 
layers  varying  in  color,  sucl,  as  tlie  Cassis  rafa,^lSZ7s 

dark°cllrl?"?.^^'  r'^  ^'^'^'^'^Oascariinks,  whit'e  on 

dark  claret  the  Cassis  cornuta,  white  on  orange  the 
Strombu.,  gigas,  white  on  pink,  and  other  tropical  shel  l 
Cameos  in  distinct  bands  of  colors  have  been  produced 
""ti  some  of  the  ancient  ii^n  ples 
as  tlie  Sainte  Chapelle  agate,  in  Paris  (13  by  11  inches)' 
on'vWQ  hvs=-"'f  of  Augustus,  and  the  V  enna 

3o?An.l«Jnf i-epresenting  allegorically  the  corona- 
t  nn  surpass  in  size  and  in  delicacy  of  execu- 

wn  the  best  modern  specimens. 

Hence— 2.  Raised  or  anaglyphic  work  in  art  on 
a  miniature  scale;  specifically,  the  art  of  engi-av- 
mg  small  figures  in  relief:  opposed  to  intcffilio  ■ 
as,  a  stone  or  shell  cut  in  cameo;  a  vase  orna- 

Zuon  n/.^  f  "co.-Cameo  incrustation,  the  pro- 
duction of  casts  in  relief  within  a  coating  of  flint-glass 

of  ?e^rfusth'ie'n''f  fT,"'"^  '"^^'S"  '™ 
welded  ,mnn  th^'/' "^an  the  glass  coating,  which  is 

Pamon  ""^  '"'^'.'S",  '"''"'^      a  condition.-ln 

cameo.    .See  cameo,  2,  above 

camep-glass  (kam'e-6-glas),  n.    1.  Same  as 
cased  glass.    See  also  cameo  glass,  under  qlass. 
—  2  A  convex  glass  used  in  the  mounting  of 
•   hand-pamted  photographs, 
cameo-press  (kam'e-6-pres),  n.   A  small  screw- 
press  used  to  give  a  convex  roundness  to  pho- 
togl-aphic  portraits.    The  card  is  pressed  between  the 
caJl^"£.Pff.'/";,;^it''  ''''  '•'^spectively  convex  and  con- 
cameo-sheil  (kam'e-6-shel),  n.  A  shell  of  the 

1?  /t."'*'*^*^^*''  ^'"■'■''■'^  madagascariensis  (so 
called  by  mistake),  or  C.  cameo.  The  species 
IS  an  inhabitant  of  the  Caribbean  and  neio-h- 
boring  seas. 

cameotype  (kam'e-o-tip),  n.  [<  cameo  4-  time 
as  in  daguerreotype,  etc.]  A  name  formerly 
given  to  a  small  vignette  daguerreotype  for 
mounting  m  a  jeweled  setting, 
cameo-ware  (kam'e-6-war),  n.  A  class  of  fine 
pottery  ornamented  with  figures  in  relief,  of  a 
different  color  from  the  ground,  and  usually  on 
a  small  scale.  The  so-called  Wedgwood  ware 
IS  ot  this  class.  See  jasper-ware,  and  Wedgwood 
ivare,  under  ware. 
camera  (kam'e-ra),  n.;  pi.  cameras,  camerm 
ruf''  ■^T''"  ca»«cm,  camara,  a  vault 

(ML.  a  chamber),  <  Gr.  Kafxapa,  a  vaulted  cham- 
ber, anything  with  an  arched  cover;  akin  to 
L.  cr»»i«-,  curved,  crooked,  W.  Ir.  Gael,  cam, 
crooked,  Gr.  Ka/nrreiv,  bend:  see  cam^,  camber^, 
chamber,  comrade.]  1 .  In  anc.  arch.,  an  arched 
^  D  A 

E 


camera 

roof,  ceiling,  or  covering;  a  vault.— 2  Kaut 

a  small  vessel  used  on  the  coasts  of  the  Bos- 
porus and  the  Black  Sea.  Also  camara.— 3 
ihe  variety  of  camera  obseura  used  by  photog- 
raphers. It  is  made  usually  in  the  form  of  a  box  in  two 
parts,  connected  l,y  an  extensible  bellows-like  aiTan^e 
ment  serving  to  adjust  the  focus,  and  having  one  or  moil- 
lenses  fixed  in  the  front.    Photographic  caim  ras  are  made 

dh  the  ]orket.ca,iiera,  e,ii„ji a,j  carina,  lo nd s,„pe-camera 
and  portrad.ca,„era:  an<l  many  ditterent  forms'  of  leimes' 
some  of  Inglily  specialized  types,  are  use.l.  Provision  fs 
made  for  inserting  in  the  back  of  the  camera  caiTie, "  o? 
plate-hohlers  containing  the  dry  or  wet  sensitive  plate's 
or  the  paper  films,  etc.,  on  which  the  photo.Taph.s  are 
taken.  >^ce  camera  obseura,  below,  and  photiifmiphy 
4.  In  (mat.:  (a)  The  so-called  fifth  ventricle 
ot  the  brain,  between  the  laminsc  of  the  septum 
lucidum.  (h)  Some  other  chambered  or  vaulted 
part  or  organ,  as  the  pericardium  (camera  cor- 
dis, chamber  of  the  heart),  the  cranial  cavity 
haiXrt  H,"""> e.t°-Cameraaquosa (Latin,  humid 

thamhei)  the  anterior  aqueous  chamber  of  the  eyeball 

tiystalline  lens.-Camera  lucida  (batin,  clear  cham- 
ber), an  invention  of  the  chemist  \\  ., lias  on,  de.si"ned 

h  i\  f  '"^'l?''"™'-''^"^  P'<='^<^  of  gla.ss  mounted  upon  a 
1  e  rVv^frnn  H P'  ^^"  ^''^  '"'^''-'^  arranged  that 
the  rays  from  the  object  appear  reflected  as  shown  below 
and  IS  covered  at  the  top  by  a  metallic  eyepiece  the  ho^i 
in  which  les  half  over  the  edge  of  the  prismfso  as  to  afford 
a  person  ooking  through  it  a  view  of  the  p  cture  rXcte'i 
through  the  glass,  and  a  direct  view  of  h'^s  penc  1  or  trt 


Camera  Lucida. 


,       .  Photographers'  Camera. 


cing-po mt.  In  the  figure  the  object  to  be  traced,  /,  is  op- 
posite  the  perpendicular  sm-face  of  the  prism,  d  c,  and  the 
rays  proceeding  from  /  pass  through  this  surface  a  faU 
°?  *he  inclined  plane  c  b,  which  makes  an  angle  wi  h  d  c 
of  67i  ;  from  this  they  are  totally  reflected  to  the  plane 

«■  ^^h'fh  makes  an  angle  of  KjS"  with  6  c,  and  are 
reflected  to  the  eye  at  e  above  the  horizontal  plane? vvhk 
makes  an  angle  of  67^  with  the  plane  a  b.  The  rays  of 
h^e  pfeTf  ll '  "^^""^  Proeeeding  upward  from  h  toward 
the  eye  of  the  observer,  he  sees  the  image  at  m  and  bv 
placing  the  paper  below  in  this  place  the  image'  may  Z 
traced  with  a  pencil.  The  brass  frame  of  the  prism  lia^ 
usually  two  lenses  one  concave  and  the  other  convex  tl^ 
former  to  be  used  in  front  between  /  and  d  c  for  near 

si'Sh  ed  P'X"s'-  '""f  V/''  "'"f '■  ''^  "  those  w  ho  are  far- 
sighted  l  lie  size  of  the  picture  may  also  be  increased  or 
diminished  by  lengtlieniiig  or  shortening  brass  tubel  con^ 
nected  witli  t he  frame.  This  instrument  has  undergone 
various  modifications.  It  is  extremely  conven  e nt  on  ac 
count  of  Its  portability.-  Camera  Obseura  (La  in  dark 
chamber),  an  apparatus  in  which  the  images  of  external 
objects  received  through  a  convex  lens,°are  exMWt"  d 
d  stinctly  and  in  their  natural  colors  on  k  white  surface 
placed  at  the  focus  of  the  lens.  'Ihe  simplest  form  of  this 
instrument  consists  of  a  darkened  chamber,  into  which  no 
light  is  permitted  to  enter  except  by  a  small  hole  in  the 
window-shutter.  An  image  of  the  objects  opposite  the  hole 
will  then  appear  on  the  wall,  or  on  a  white  s^  een  so  placed 
as  to  receive  the  light  coming  from  the  opening  A  convex 
lens  may  be  fixed  in  the  hole  of  the  shutter.  Portable  cani: 
eras  are  constructed  of  various  forms,  but  the  desi-ii  of 
hen,  all  is  to  throw  the  images  of  exte.'nal  object.ri"pe? 
s  f-;cl°T.''t  '«"^is<=«Pf .  etc.,  upon  a  plane  orcnned 
'ranWc  n^^f  1' ? °^  """^'"8  "f  photo- 

?vb?h  tif»  •  '  .o':,'"ere  amusement.  Tlie  surface  on 
winch  the  image  is  thrown  may  be  covered  with  a  sheet 
of  paper,  on  which  tlie  figure  may  l,e  traced  by  and  with 
a  pencil ;  but  the  picture  is  most  distinctly  seen  w  ien  the 
linage  is  formed  on  the  back  of  a  silvered  miiTor  Tl  e 
figure    represents  "i"'oi.  J.ne 

a  portable  camera 
obseura.  The  cam- 
era obseura  isof  ten 
made  in  the  form 
of  a  circular  build- 
ing capable  of 
holding  a  number 
of  people,  who 
stand  about  a  plain 
white  table  which 
is  placed  in  the 
center  of  the  struc- 
ture, and  on  which  2 
the  hi  mi  nous  im- 
age  is  projected 

rami  of'tbP       ''m'^'  ■  ""^        ■''■•o""d.  a  pano- 

rama of  the  neighboring  scenery  is  exhibited  on  tlie  ta- 

o  ;  n^Z  Jf<  T"''  ni  sketching  are  made  in  the  shape 
of  a  cone,  with  a  lens  and  a  reflecting  min-or  at  the  anex 

ouf  ^m  'arih^-'-'''''^  '"^'f,'^-  '^'^  of  the  box  is^u^ 

out,  and  at  this  opening  the  artist  sits,  partly  enveloped 
by  a  dark  curtain  which  serves  to  shut'  out^xtraneSus 
light,    hee  optKjraph. 

fnnv'',.'','f'"'y'  camera  obseura  of  wonder- 

luiij  pel  tect  construction,  io/jimc?,  Light  (trans.),  p.  102. 
Copying  camera,  a  cam  era  used  for  copying  and  eiilargine 
fnl  hf?""V'"',"  "f.K-yiv'^^-  The  solar  camera,  fo™? 
ing  by  direct  solar  light,  is  usually  erected  out  of  doore 


Portable  Camera  Obseura. 
,  lens;   ,1/.  reflecting  mirror:  G.  frround 
glass,  upon  which  the  image  is  formed. 


camera 


778 


and  directed  toward  the  sun,  the  negative  beinsj  placed  ing  a  vacancy  in  the  Holy  See  he  takes  charge  of  all  the 

near  the  lens  and  sheets  of  sensitive  paper  in  the  plane  of  temporalities  and  presides  over  the  apostolic  chamber  or 

focus.    Copyina  cameras  used  with  electric  lishts  are  also  palace.    A\so  camedenito. 

made  of  very  great  size,  for  producing  life-size  copies  of  Cameronian  (kam-e-ro'ni-an),  a.  and  n.    I.  «. 

"1 '1 ™o™  K(>latiiifir  or  Bertaiume  to  liichard  Camer( 


portraits,  tlie  camera  consisting  essentially  of  i 
in  which  the  easel  holding  tlie  prepared  paper  trjivels 
along  the  plane  of  focus  on  rails  laid  on  the  floor.— De- 
tective camera,  a  portable  photographic  camera  adapt- 
ed for  making  instantaneous  pictures,  especially  of  mov- 


ing objects,  wliile  it  is  carrii. 
about  the  person.  The  cxiiosu 
spring,  the  object  to  be  i)botoui  ; 
in  the  range  of  tlie  lens  by  nieiii 

vised. — In  camera,  in 


liand  or  (itlit  rwise 
e  i>.  nuulc  liv  means  of  a 
jilird  bi  iiii;  brnu-ht  witll- 
is  of  a  tuulcr  \  ariously  de- 
luiiiil)ers  ;  in  jirivate  :  ap- 


Relating  or  pertaiumg  to  Richard  Cameron  (see 
II.)  or  to  the  Cameronians:  as,  a  Cameronian 
clergjonan. 

II.  11.  1.  One  of  the  followers  of  Richard 
Cameron  in  Scotland,  who  refused  to  accept  the  camisole  (kam'i-sol),  n.    [F.,  <  'lt.  camicinola 


cammock 
camiset,       See  camis. 

camisiat  (ka-mis'ia),  n.  [LL.  (ML.  also  ca- 
misa):  see  camis.'\  1.  A  shirt;  a  tunic. —  2. 
•An  alb. —  3.  A  shrine  in  which  the  Book  of  the 
Gospels  used  at  high  mass  was  formerly  pre- 
served. It  was  freciuently  made  of  gold,  richly  jeweled. 
j\lany  such  existed  in  tlie  English  cathedrals  and  parish 
liurclics  befoi'e  ttie  Reformation.    Lee,  Glossary. 


plied  to  a  trial  conducted  with  closed  doors  for  some  spe- 
cial reason  touching  the  nature  of  the  case  or  the  evidence. 

—  Multiplying  camera,  in  photocj.,  a  camera  lifted  with 
a  number  of  small  lenses,  so  that  it  can  take  a  number  of 
pictures  at  one  exposure.  It  is  used  for  taking  ferrotypes. 

—  Solar  camera.  See  copying  ca —  stereoscopic 

camera,  a  tlouble  camera  giving  two  pictures  upon  the 
same  plate,  or  a  camera  with  a  single  lens  and  a  sliifting 
device  for  effecting  the  same  end. 

cameradet,  »•  [<  F.  camerade:  see  comrade.} 
An  obsolete  form  of  comrade. 

These  are  his  camerades,  his  walking  mates! 

23.  Jonson,  Every  JIan  in  his  Humour,  ii.  1. 

camerae,  ».   Latin  plural  of  crtwera. 
camera!  (kam'e-ral),  a.    [<  It.  camerale,  per- 
taining to  a  camera  or  treasury,  <  ML.  camera 


indulgence  granted  to  the  Presbyterian  clergy 
in  the  persecuting  times  of  Charles  II.,  lest  by 
so  doing  they  should  be  understood  to  recog- 
nize his  ecclesiastical  authority.  They  were  known 
at  first  as  The  Societies,  but  were  afterward  organized  as 
tlie  Reformed  Presbyterian  Church  of  Scotland,  most  of 
which  in  187C  was  merged  in  the  Free  Church. 

2.  pi.  A  name  given  to  the  26th  regiment  of 
British  infantry,  from  its  having  been  origi- 
nally composed  of  the  Cameronians  who  flocked 
to  Ediubiu'gh  during  the  revolution  of  1688.  Tlieir 
nucleus  consisted  of  the  men  who  fouglit  under  Richard 
Cameron  at  Aird's  Moss  in  16S0,  when  he  was  killed. 

camerostoma  (kam-e-ros'to-mii),  n.  [NL.,  <  L. 
camera  (Gr.  Kai/dpa),  a  vault,  +  Gr.  ard/ia,  a 
mouth.]  In  zooL,  the  anterior  part  of  the  body 
of  Aracltnida,  forming  a  vault  over  the  mandu- 
catory organs 


a  chamber,  public  office,  treas'ury:  see  camera  camefyt  (kam'e-ri),  n.    A  certain  disease  m 
"    "     '  '    "    '     '    '  ^  horses,  characterized  by  warts  on  the  palate 

and  soft  parts  of  the  mouth.    E.  PliiUijJS,  1706. 
cameset  (ka-mez'),  n.    [An  "  English"  spelling 
of  camise:  see  camis.']    Same  as  camis. 
Oh,  who  is  more  brave  than  a  dark  Suliote 
In  his  snowy  camese  and  his  shaggy  capote? 

Byron,  Cliilde  Harold,  ii.  72,  song. 


and  chamber,  and  cf.  chamberlain  and  camcr- 
lingo.']  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  camera  or  cham- 
ber. 

cameralist  (kam'e-ral-ist),  w.  [<  NL.  camera- 
lista,  a  financier, '<(  It.  camerale:  see  cameral.l 
A  financier ;  one  skilled  in  the  principles  and 

system  of  public  revenue.  rc    ^  ^    t  ^ 

'Frederick  William  I.,  himself  a  clever  cameralist,  and  CamestreS  (ka-mes  trez),«.  [Seedef.]  In  logic, 
author  of  tlie  masterly  financial  system  of  Prussia,  took    tlie  mnemonic  name  ot  a  mood  Ot  the  secona 


the  important  step  of  founding,  at  Halle  and  Frankfort  on 
the  Oder,  special  chairs  of  economy  and  cameralistic  sci- 
ence. W.  Roscher,  Pol.  Econ.  (trans.),  §  19. 

cameralistic  (kam"e-ra-lis'tik),  a.  [<  cameral- 
ist +  -ic.~\  Pertaining  to  finance  and  public 
revenue. 

Chairs  of  cameralistic  science  were  founded  in  univer- 
sities. Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  363. 

cameralistics  (kam'^e-ra-lis'tiks),  «.  [<  camer- 
alist +  -ics;  =  F.  cdmeralistiqiie  =  G.  camera- 
list  il:}    The  science  of  state  finance. 

camerardt,       A  variant  of  camerade.  Greene. 

camerarius  (kam-e-ra'ri-us),  n.;  pi.  camerarii 
(-i).    [ML.,  <  camera,  a  chamber,  public  office 


figure  of  syllogism.  The  letters  of  tlie  word  have  these 
significations :  C,  that  the  mood  is  to  be  reduced  to  ccla- 
rent;  a,  that  the  major  premise  is  a  universal  affirmative ; 
m,  that  the  premises  are  to  be  transposeil  in  reduction  ;  e, 
that  the  minor  premise  is  a  universal  negative ; tliat  this 
premise  is  to  be  simply  converted  in  reduction ;  e,  tliat  the 
conclusion  is  a  universal  negative ;  s,  that  the  conclusion  is 
to  be  simply  converted  in  reduction.  The  following  is  an 
example  of  this  mood,  with  an  implied  reduction:  He 
that  is  of  God  heareth  my  words  ;  ye  hear  them  not ;  this 
is,  then,  because  ye  are  not  of  God. 
camil  (kam'il),  n.  A  dialectal  form  of  camo- 
mile. [Somerset,  Eng.] 
camion  (kam'ion),  n.  [F.,  a  dray,  truck,  pin; 
origin  imknowii.]  A  truck  or  wagon  used  for 
transporting  cannon. 


treasury,  etc.:  see  mmera,  c«w(mi/,  and  c/trtw^  gg^m^gl  (kam'is),  n.     [Also  written  camise, 

*„„T,i,„  camus,  camese  (ef.  ME.  licmes,  <  AS.  cemes,  < 

ML.  camisa):  <  OP.  camise,  F.  chemise  (>  E- 


her.]  A  chamberlain;  a  keeper  of  public  money; 
a  treasm-er. 

camera-stand  (kam'e-ra-stand),  n.  A  support 
for  a  photographic  camera.    For  indoor  work  a 

usual  form  is  an  adjustable  table  mounted  on  casters,  and 
having  variousdevices  of  racks  and  pinions,  levers,  hinges, 
screws,  etc.,  to  enable  the  opei'ator  to  raise,  lower,  or  tilt 
it  with  ease  and  rapidity,  according  to  the  nature  of  his 
work.  In  outdoor  photography  some  form  of  tripod  is 
commonly  used  ;is  a  camera-stand. 

camerate  (kam'e-rat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cam- 
erated,  ppr.  camcrating.  [<  L.  cameratus,  pp. 
of  camerare,  arch  over,  <  camera,  an  arched 
roof.  Cf.  camber^  and  chamber,  v.]  To  build 
in  the  form  of  an  arch  or  vault.  [Rare.] 

camerated  (kam'e-ra-ted),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  camer- 
ate, i'.]  1.  In  (irch.,  arched;  vaulted:  as,  a 
camerated  roof.  Weale.—  2,.  In  cool.,  divided  by 
partitions  into  a  series  of  chambers;  cham- 
bered ;  hollowed  out ;  fornicated ;  vaulted. 

There  are  no  buccal  teeth  [in  Trocheta  suhviridis,  Dutro- 
chet],  and  the  alimentary  tube  is  only  slightly  camerated. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  405. 

cameration  (kam-e-ra'shon),  n.  [<  L.  camera- 
tio{n-),  <  camerare:  see  camerate.']  1.  An  arch- 
ing or  vaulting.  Evelyn.  [Rare.] — 2.  A  divi- 
sion into  compartments  or  chamberlets.  Also 
called  chambering. 

Tliese  nuclei  [in  Foramini/era,  etc.]  may  be  simple  or 
multiple  ;  in  the  latter  case,  they  have  no  special  relation 
to  tlie  cameration  of  the  skeleton. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  563. 

camerickt,  cameriket,  n.  Old  spellings  of  cam- 
bric. Planche. 

Camerine  (kam'e-rin),  n.  [<  L.  camera,  a 
vault:  see  camera.]  A  nummulite;  one  of 
the  foraminif erous  shells  found  in  nummulitic 
limestone. 

cameritelous  (kam^e-ri-te'lus),  a.  [<  L.  camera, 
a  vault,  +  tela,  a  web:  see  toiP.]  Character- 
ized by  the  habit  of  making  intricate  webs  in 
which  to  hide :  applied  to  certain  spiders. 

camer lingo  (kam-er-ling'go),  n.  [It.,  formerly 
cnmerlengo,  =  E.  chamberlain,  q.  v.]  The  cham- 
berlain of  the  pope,  having  charge  of  the  secu- 
lar interests  of  the  papacy.  He  ranks  as  one  of  tlie 
four  chief  officers  of  the  pope,  the  others  being  the  cardi- 
nal vicar,  the  cardinal  patron,  and  tlie  cardinal  peniten- 
tiary. He  is  always  chosen  from  the  college  of  cardinals, 
and  is  therefore  usually  called  cardinal  cainerlingo.  Dur- 


.]  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 


chemise,  q.  v, , 

scia,  camicia  =  Ar.  Pers.  Hind,  qamls,  a  shirt,  < 
LL.  camisia,  ML.  camisia,  camisa,  a  shirt,  tunic, 


dim.  of  camicia  =  F.  chemise :  see  chemise.] 

1 .  A  short  light  garment  with  sleeves,  usually 
of  material  that  will  wash,  worn  by  women  as  a 
dressing-sack  or  in  morniug-dress. 

Mrs.  O'Dowd,  the  good  housewife,  arrayed  in  curl-papers 
and  a  camisole,  felt  that  her  duty  was  to  act  and  not  to 
sleep.  Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xxx. 

2.  A  strait-jacket, 
camister  (kam'is-ter),  n.    [Appar.  <  camis  + 

-ster.]  A  clergyman;  a  minister.  [Vagabonds' 
slang.] 

camlet  (kam'let),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  cam- 
blet,  chamlet,  camelot,  <  F.  camelot=  Pr.  chama- 
lote  =  Sp.  camelotc,  chamelote  =  Pg.  camclao  = 
It.  cambellotto,  ciambellotto  =  D.  kamclot  =  G. 
camelot,  kamelot  =  Dan.  'kamelot,  <  ML.  camclo- 
tum,  camlet,  popularly  understood  as  a  deriv. 
of  L.  camelus,  camel,  but  in  fact  <  Ar.  Ichamlat, 
khamalat,  camlet  (silk  and  camel's  hair,  also  all 
silk  or  velvet;  ci.mikhmal,  >  Hind.  »ia/i7(»na?,  vel- 
vet), <  Ichaml,  pile,  plush,  a  carpet  with  a  long 
pile,  a  cushion,  etc.]  1.  A  rich  stuff  used  for 
dress  as  early  as  the  thirteenth  century,  it  was 

more  costly  and  finer  than  cameline.  It  is  frequently 
mentioned  as  in  use  in  botli  England  and  France  down  to 
the  end  of  tlie  seventeenth  century. 

The  Cadilescher  is  clothed  in  Chamlet,  Satten,  Silke, 
Damaske,  or  Veluet  of  seemely  colour. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  314. 
After  dinner  I  put  on  'my  new  cam.elott  suit,  the  best 
that  I  ever  wore  in  ray  life,  the  suit  costing  me  above  £24. 

Pepys,  Diary,  June  1,  1664. 

2.  A  very  durable  plain  cloth  used  for  cloaks 
and  the  like ;  a  water-proof  material  in  common 
use  before  the  introduction  of  india-rubber. 

All  the  kinds  of  camlet  are  in  a  certain  sense  imitations  of 
Oriental  camel's-hair  cloth ;  they  are  made  of  liair,  espe- 
cially that  of  goats,  witli  wool  or  silk,  and  present  a  veined 
or  wavy  appearance, 
camlet  (kam'let),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  camleted, 
camletted,  ppr.  camleting,  camletting.  [<  camlet, 
n.]  To  cause  to  resemble  wavy  or  watered 
camlet.  [Rare.] 

I  also  inspected  the  manner  of  cliamblettiny  silk  and 
grograms  at  one  Mons'  La  Dories  in  Morefields. 

Eoelyn,  Diary,  May  30,  1652. 

It.  cami-  camletteen  (kam-le-ten'),  «•  [<  camlet  +  -een.] 


A  kind  of  fine  worsted  camlet, 
camletto  (kam-let'6),  n.    Same  as  camletteen. 


prob.  from  the  orig.  form  (*hamtthja)  ot  OHG.  cammakat,  Another  spelling  of  camoca. 
hemidi, 'MB.G.  hcmede,  hemde,G.hemd  —  OFries.  -      .        -  ^- 

hemethe,  a  shirt,  connected  with  OHG.  hamo  = 
AS.  hama  (in  comp.)  =  Icel.  hamr,  a  skin,  hams, 
a  snake's  skin,  =  Goth,  "hama,  covering,  cloth- 
ing, >  gahamon,  cover,  anahamon,  clothe,  etc.: 
see  ha'me^,  hem^.]    1.  A  shirt.    Compare  che- 


cammaron  (kam'a-ron),  n.  [<  Sp.  camaron,  a 
shrimp,  <  L.  camniarus,  camarus,  var.  gamma- 
rus,  a  sea-crab:  see  Gammarus.]  A  fresh-wa- 
ter shrimp  or  prawn,  resembling  the  crawfish. 
Huxley. 

cammas  (kam'as),  n.    Same  as  c.amass. 


wise— 2.    A  light  morning-gown  or  similar  cammed  (kamd),  a.    [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  cammed, 


loose  garment. 

All  in  a  Camis  light  of  purple  silk. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  v.  2. 

camisadet  (kam-i-sad'),  n.    [Also  camisado;  < 

of  the  enemy,  <  It.  camisciata,  incamisciata 
(Florio),  now  camiciata,  incamiciata  (=  Sp. 
*camisada,  encamisada,  lit.  a  'shirted'  attack: 
see  camisated),  <  camiscia,  camicia  =  Sp.  camisa 
—  OF.  camise,  P.  chemise,  a  shirt :  see  camis, 
chemise.]  1.  An  attack  by  surprise  at  night 
or  at  break  of  day :  probably  so  called  because 
made  by  soldiers  wearing  shirts  over  their  ar- 
mor, in  order  that  they  might  be  recognized  by 
their  friends  in  the  dark. 

They  had  appointed  the  same  night  ...  to  have  given 
a  camisado  upon  the  English.  Sir  J.  Hayward. 

2.  A  shirt  worn  by  soldiers  over  their  armor  in 


cammyd;  <  cam^  +  -cd^.]    1.  Cipoked.— 2t. 
Crooked-nosed;  short-nosed. — 3,  Cross;  ill- 
natured.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
,  .,        _  cammerellt,  w-   A  dialectal  variant  of  fira»i6>-e/. 

camisade,  a  sudden  assaulting  or  surprisal  cammish  (kam'ish),  a.    [E.  dial.,  <  cam^  + 

■  -j    Awkward;  clumsy.    Ealliwell.  [Prov. 

Eng.] 

cammock^  (kam'ok),  n.  [E.  dial,  also  cambuck, 
kambuck;  <  ME.  "ca»MHo/c,  <  AS.  cammoc,  cam- 
mocc,  cammuc,  commuc  (also  once  cammoce,  per- 
haps miswritten  for  cammoce),  a  plant,  glossed 
peucedanum.  ]  1 .  A  leguminous  plant,  the  rest- 
harrow.  Ononis  arvensis. 

Cammokes  and  wedes 
Fouleth  the  fruite  in  the  felde. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  xix.  309. 

2+.  An  umbelliferous  plant,  probably  the  shep- 

„.  „  _  herd's-needle,  Scandix  Pecten. 

a  night  attack  to  enable  them  to  recognize  one  cammock^  (kam'ok),  n.    [E.  dial,  and  Sc. ;  E 


another.    [A  mistaken  use  of  the  term.] 

Two  thousand  of  our  best  men,  all  in  camisadoes  with 
scaling  ladders. 

Sir  R.  Williams,  Actions  of  the  Low  Countries,  p.  82. 

Camisard  (kam'i-ziird),  n.  [P.,  <  OF.  camise,  a 
shirt.  Cf.  camisade.]  One  of  the  French  Prot- 
estants of  the  C^vennes  who  took  up  arms  in 
defense  of  their  civil  and  religious  liberties 
early  in  the  eighteenth  century :  so  called  from 
the  white  blouses  worn  by  the  peasants  who 
were  the  chief  actors  in  the  insurrection. 

camisatedt  (kam'i-sa-ted),  a.  [<  ML.  *camisa- 
tus,  camisiatus,  <  camisa,  a  shirt:  see  camis, 
and  cf.  camisade.]  Dressed  with  a  shirt  above 
the  other  garments.  Johnson, 


dial,  also  cambuck.  Sc.  camcck;  <  ME.  cambok 
(ML.  cambuca,  cambuta,  cambutta),  of  Celtic 
origin.  Cf .  Gael,  camag,  anything  crooked  or 
curved,  a  club,  crook,  curl,  bay,  etc. ;  cf.  equiy. 
Sc.  cammon,  <  Gael.  Ir.  caman,  a  club  for  golf 
or  cricket,  <  cam,  crooked,  bent :  see  catn^.]  1. 
A  crooked  stick  or  club ;  a  crooked  beam ;.  spe- 
cifically, a  crooked  club  used  in  the  game  of 
hockey  or  shinny. 

Though  the  cammock,  the  more  it  is  bowed,  the  better 
it  serveth,  yet  the  bow,  the  more  it  is  bent  and  occupied, 
the  worse  it  waxetli.     Lyly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  46. 
Crokyd  as  a  camoke.  Skelton  (ed.  Dyce),  I.  IIV. 

Airlie  crooks  the  tree,  that  good  cammok  should  be. 

Ray,  Proverbs  (ed.  1678),  p.  361- 


cammock 

2.  The  game  played  with  such  a  club;  hockey 


779 


or  shinny. 

cammocky  (kam'ok-i),  a.  [E.  dial.,  <  cammockl 
+  -//I.]  Like  or  due  to  cammock;  having  a 
disagi-eeable  goat-like  smell :  applied  to  cheese, 
from  the  notion  that  this  smell  is  due  to  the 
cows  eating  cammock.    [South.  Eng.] 

camocat,  camacat,  n.  [ME.  cmnaca,  cammaka, 
<  ML.  caiHoca,  caiiiuca,  OF.  camocas,  MGr.  na- 
/"oy^df.]  A  thick  silk  fabric,  the  name  of  which 
first  appears  in  the  fourteenth  century,  it  wis 
used  111  the  manufacture  of  armor  (sucli  as  tlie  gambesoii) 
for  churcli  vestments  (in  whicli  case  white  camoca  is 
especially  mentioned),  for  civic  robes,  and  for  bed-hang- 
ings. ° 

My  great  bed  of  blue  eamaica  with  gi-iflins,  also  another 
bed  of  caiiiakn  striped  with  white  and  black. 

Wilt  uf  Lord  De.fpenser  (ISTfj),  quoted  in  Rock. 

camomile,  chamomile  (kam'6-mil),  n.  [The 
spelling  chamomile  is  recent,  and  in  imitation 
of  the  Latin ;  early  mod.  E.  camomil,  camamcl 
(L.  dial,  camil),  <  ME.  camamyle,  camamelle, 
camomyJle  =  D.  MHG.  G.  kamille  =  J)a,n.  Jcamille 
i-blomst)  =  Sw.  kamill  (-hlomma),  <  OF.  cama- 
mille,  F.  camomille  =  Pr.  It.  camomilla  =  Sp. 
camormla  =  Pg.  camomele,  <  ML.  camamilla, 
camomilla,  ill.  chamomilla  and  prop,  chamwme- 
lon,  <  Gr.  ;i-a//a(- 
fiVMv,  lit.  earth- 
apple  (ft'om  the 
apple-like  smell 
of  the  flower), 
<  xo-l^o-h  on  the 
earth     (=  L. 
himi:  see  hum- 
ble^), +  fiij/iov, 
an  apple,  =  L. 
malum.  Cf.  cha- 
meleon.'] The 
common  name 
of  Anthemis  no- 
bilis,     a  low 
creeping  com- 
posite plant  of 
Europe,  with 
strongly  scent- 
ed foliage, 
■which  has  long 
been   in  culti- 
vation   and  of 
popular  repute 
as  a  bitter  sto- 
machic and  ton- 
ic. The  camomile- 
flowers  of  commerce  are  the  product  of  a  cultivated  double 
variety  known  as  the  aanlen  or  Roman  camomile.  The 
single  form  is  distinguished  as  Scotch  camomile     It  was 
formerly  imagined  that  the  more  the  plant  was  trodden 
upon  the  more  luxm-iantly  it  grew,  and  this  was  a  favorite 
subject  of  allusion  in  ancient  writers.    The  corn-  or  fleld- 
?h^'i'inlf='H^«/^/""Vj'''''.***'^'     sparingly  naturalized  in 
rl^^  ■^'^  P*?  ''°ss      stinking  camomile,  A. 

totula,  IS  more  usually  known  as  mayweed.  The  yellow 
camomile  .4.  tinctoria,  with  yellow-rayed  flowers,  is  some- 
times cultivated  for  ornament  and  yields  a  yellow  dye 
The  German  camomile  of  trade  consists  of  the  flower-heads 
■^^Matrwana  Chamomilla.    Wild  camomile  is  the  feoei- 

For  though  the  camomile,  the  more  it  is  trodden  the 
f  aster  it  grows,  yet  youth,  the  more  it  is  wasted,  the  soone? 
It  wears.  shai^^  jy_^  ^ 

camoocht,  ».  [Also  camouccio,  used  in  the  same 
sense,  appar.  repr.  It.  camoscio,  a  chamois,  wild 
goat  (see  chamois),  perhaps  affected  in  E.  use 
by  It.  camuso,  a  person  with  a  flat  nose:  see 
camous.]  A  term  of  abuse  equivalent  to  mat 
(see  etymology). 

Whoever  says  you  have  a  black  eye,  is  a  caynooch 

Middleton,  Blurt,  Master-Constable  i  2 

Speak  not ;  I  \vill  not  hear  thee :  away,  camouccio  i 

L.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  v.  3. 
Camorra  (ka-mor'a),  n.    [It. ;  cf.  obs.  It.  '"ca^ 
morra,  an  Irish  rugge,  also  an  upper  cassock," 

camorro,  a  woman's  frock"  (Florio),  now  ca- 
morro,  an  ugly  person  (applied  to  a  woman).! 
A  secret  organization  formed  in  the  kingdom 
of  Naples  under  the  Bom-bon  government 
first  publicly  known  about  1820,  partly  political 
and  partly  of  the  nature  of  a  standiag  vigilance 
committee,  which  exercised  great  power  at 
tunes  among  the  lower  classes,  settling  disputes 
and  acting  as  referee,  punishing  real  or  imagi- 
nary crimes,  and  exacting  payment  for  all  such 

fntpT^«f  nf  3  °f  ^'ol<="t  acts  in  the 

Jfomf  ,1  P"^''^  vengeance  or  avarice.  Although  for 
ft  wl«  itr^'t"",'  ,toIfrated  under  Ferdinand  II.  (1830-59), 
vpZff  government  of  Francis  II.,  in  re- 

bonf  and  T'^  T*"'*  ''"'^  "^'^  opponents  of  the  Bour- 
Mesent  ^'•^  '  •  "X^rth'-ow  of  that  dynasty.  At 
H^nw  organization  is  out  of  favor,  and,  though  re- 
taining a  iiominal  e.vistence,  is  of  no  importance  as  a  body 
oamorrism  (ka-mor 'izm),  M.  [<  Camorra  + 
■^sm.j    The  system  and  mode  of  action  of  the 


Camomile  {Anthemis  7iobiIis). 


Camorra;  hence,  organized  mob-law;  system- 
atic rejection  or  abrogation  of  the  regular  forms 
of  law. 

Camorrist  (ka-mor'ist),  n.    [<  It.  camorrista  : 
see  Camorra.']    A  member  of  the  Camorra ;  one 
who  favors  the  principles  or  practises  the  meth- 
ods of  the  Camorra. 
camoucciot,  «.    See  camoocli. 
camouche,  n.    Same  as  kamiehi. 
camouflet  (F.  pron.  ka-mo'fla),  n.    [F.,  smoke 
puffed  into  a  sleeper's  face  ;  origin  unknown.] 
Aliht.,  a  mine  with  a  charge  so  small  as  not  to 
produce  any  crater  when  exploded.  Such  a  mine  is 

often  sunk  in  the  wall  of  earth  between  two  parallel  iral- 
lenes,  in  order,  by  blowing  the  earth  into  one  of  them  to 
suff  ocate  or  cut  off  the  retreat  of  the  miner  who  is  at  work 
in  It.    When  used  for  this  purpose  it  is  also  called  a  stiller 

camoust,  camust,  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ca- 
moys,  <  ME.  camois,  camoijs,  <  OF.  camus,  F.  ca- 
mus  =  Pr.  camus,  camusat  =  It.  camuso,  camo- 
i-cio,  flat-nosed.  Cf.  E.  dial,  and  ME.  cammed, 
Sc.  caniow-nosed,  cam-nosed,  flat-nosed,  ult  con- 
nected with  c«»i2,  q.  v.]  Depressed;  flat; 
crooked:  said  only  of  the  nose. 

Kound  was  his  face  and  camois  was  his  nose. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Taie,  I.  14. 

camousedf,  camusedt,  «.  [<  camous,  camus,  -I- 
-ed^.]    Same  as  camous. 

And  though  my  nase  be  camused,  my  lips  thick 
And  my  chin  bristled,  Pan,  great  Pan,  was  such. 

B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  ii.  1 

camouslyt,  adv.  Awry.  Skelton. 
camoyst,  «.  Same  as  camous.  Sir  T.  Browne 
campH  (kamp),  11.  [<  ME.  camp,  comp,  battle,' 
conflict  (cf  campynge,  foot-ball),  <  AS.  camp, 
comp,  battle,  conflict,  =  OFries.  kamp,  komn 
==  D  ka)?ip  =  MLG.  kamp  =  OHG.  camp, 
kamph,  champf,  MHG.  G.  kampf,  a  fight,  battle 
esp.  in  older  use,  of  a  fight  between  two,  = 
Sw.  Dan.  kamj),  battle,  conflict,  =  Icel.  kapp 
(assimilated  from  *kamp),  contest,  zeal,  eager- 
ness, vehemence,  a  race  (cf.  ODan.  kap,  zeal, 
now  only  in  the  phrase  om  kap,  in  competition)  • 
regarded  by  some  as  an  orig.  Teut.  word,  but 
prob.  <  L.  campus,  a  field,  a  plain,  later  some- 
times a  battle-field,  in  ML.  also  a  camp,  battle  • 
seecawjjS]        Confiict;  battle. 

AUe  the  kene  mene  of  kampe,  knyghtes  and  other. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3702. 

2  An  English  form  of  the  game  of  foot-ball. 

It  was  played  by  two  parties  of  twelve  men,  ranged  in 
two  lines  120  yards  apart.  A  ball  was  laid  in  the  iniddle 
and  on  a  given  signal  each  party  rushed  forward  to  kick 
or  throw  it  to  the  opposite  goal 

campi  (kamp)    V.  i.     [<  ME.  campen,  <  AS. 
campian  {=  OFries.  kampa,  kempa  =  D.  ka7n- 
pen  =  OB.G.  cJtamfan,  chemfan,  MHG.  kemp- 
Jen,  G.  kampfen  =  Dan.  kwmpe  =  Sw.  kdmpa) 
fight,  contend,  <  camp,  a  conflict :  see  the  noun. 
In  def.  2,  ef  freq.  cample.]    1.  To  fight;  con- 
tend m  battle  or  m  any  kind  of  contest ;  hence 
to  strive  with  others  in  doing  anything  _  2  To 
wi-angle ;  argue.  [Obs.  or  dial,  in  both  senses.] 
—3.  To  play  at  the  game  of  camp.  lusser. 
Camp2  (kamp),  n.    [<  F.  camp,  a  camp,  for- 
merly also  a  field,  a  parallel  form  to  champ,  a 
field,  =  Pr.  camp  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  campo,  <  L. 
campus,  a  field,  a  plain,  a  place  of  action,  in 
ML.  also  a  camp,  a  battle,  =  Gr.  kt^ttoc,  Dor.  Ki- 
TTog,  a  garden,  orchard,  plantation:  see  campi-.] 
1.  A  place  where  an  army  or  other  body  of 


2V 


L  M 


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Typical  Plan  of  Roman  Camp. 
A,  praetorium;  A' ,  quajstor  and  prefects;  A'\  tribunal  etc  ■  P 
tnbunes;  C,  forum;  D,  K.  F  le.^ionarie<;  i  Triari;  pli„;'  i 
Hastati,  ;  C,  cavalry,  ■//,■ /,  alferfoof  and  hTsef T  ruxilfa"r^ 
troops  ;  K.  picked  cohorts ;  L,  special  or  extraordinary  coho^te  j7 
special  or  extraordinary  squadrons  of  horse  ;  A'  Decuman  eate'-  O 
prator.an  gate;  />.  porta  principalis  dextra  &  porL  princfpllis  °(. 
"eft  wiLgs^'  '"""h  S."?righ  'Ld 


campaign 

nien  is  or  has  been  encamped;  the  colleetion 
ot  tents  or  otlic-r  temporary  structures  for 
the  accommodation  of  a  number  of  men  par- 
ticularly troops  in  a  temporary  station  ;  an  en- 
campment. When  an  army  in  the  fleW  is  to  remain 
for  .some  time  at  a  particular  spot,  it  may  he  stationed  i 
an  intrenched  camp,  surrounded  by  earthworks  redoubts 
etc.  A  Jlymrj  aunp  is  an  encampment  occiii/ied  for  a 
very  brief  period.  The  camps  of  the  ancielit  Roman 
soldiei-s,  even  though  for  a  stay  of  only  a  night,  were  of 
the  intrenclied  clas.s,  customarily  in  the  shape  of  a  rer- 
tangle  surrounded  by  a  foss  (fima),  with  a  6tak(..faced 
embankment  {mdlum)  on  the  inside.  In  the  typical 
Roman  cainp  there  were  four  gates,  one  at  each  siile  and 
one  at  each  end,  and  the  interior  was  divided  into 
streets  'J'he  broadest  street,  100  feet  wide,  ran  between 
the  side  gates.  The  other  streets,  50  feet  wide,  lan  at 
right  angles  to  this  from  end  to  end  of  the  camp  A 
camp  of  instructum  is.  a  camp  formed  for  the  reception  of 
troops  who  are  sent  to  be  trained  in  maiKEiivering  in  larce 
bodies  and  in  campaigning  duties  in  general.  There  are 
permanent  camps  of  this  kind  at  Aldei  shot  in  England  and 
at  Chalons-sur-Marne  in  France. 

2.  A  body  of  troops  or  other  persons  encamp- 
ing together ;  an  army  with  its  camp-equipment. 

For  I  shall  sutler  be 
Unto  the  camp,  and  profits  will  accrue. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  l. 
The  whole  had  the  appearance  of  a  splendid  court 
rather  than  of  a  military  armament ;  and  in  this  situa- 
tion,  carrying  more  show  than  real  force  with  it  the 
camp  arrived  at  Bernice.  Hume,  Hist.  Eng.,  V.'  319. 

3.  In  British  agri.,  a  heap  of  turnips,  potatoes, 
or  other  roots  laid  up  in  a  trench  and  thickly 
covered  with  straw  and  earth  for  preservation 
through  the  winter.  In  some  places  called  a 
pit,  m  others  a  6«ry._To  break  camp.  See  i,reak. 

camp-^  (kamp),  V.  [<  camp^,  «.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  put  into  or  lodge  in  a  camp,  as  an  army ;  en- 
camp. [Bare.]— 2.  To  afford  camping-ground 
for;  afford  rest  or  lodging  to.  [Rare.] 

Had  our  great  palace  the  capacity 
To  camp  this  host,  we  all  would  sup  together. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  8. 

3  To  buj-y  in  pits,  as  potatoes ;  pit.  Loudon. 
[Local,  Eng.] 

II.  in  trans.  1.  To  establish  or  make  a  camp; 
go  into  camp:  sometimes  with  down.— 2.  To 
live  ma  camp,  as  an  army:  as,  we  camped  there 
three  days.— 3.  To  live  temporarily  in  a  tent 
or  tents  or  m  rude  places  of  shelter,  as  for  health 
or  pleasure :  generally  with  out. 
camp3t  w.    [<  L.  campa,  camjje,  <  Gr.  ndftTrn,  a 
caterpillar.]    A  caterpillar.    E.  Phillips,  1706. 
campable  (kam'pa-bl),  «.    [E.  dial.,  appar.  a 
perversion  of  capable.]    Able  to  do.  Ch-ose. 
[North.  Eng.] 
campagi,  n.    Plural  of  campagus. 
campagnol  (kam-pa-nyol'),  n.    [F.  (=  It.  cam- 
2Mgnuolo),  <  campagne  =  It.  campagna,  a  field 
open  country:  see  campaign.]  A  French  name 
ot  various  species  of  field-mice  or  voles,  as  Ar- 
vicola  arvalis  and  A.  agrestis;  hence,  any  vole 
or  meadow-mouse  of  the  subfamily  Ariicolina;, 
family  Muridw. 
campagus  (kam'pa-gus),  n. ;  pi.  campagi  (-ii). 
[LL.,  perhaps  <  L.  campus,  a  field:  see  camp^  ] 
In  Bom.  antiq.,  a  low  shoe  or  slipper  covering 
the  toes,  having  the  heel-piece  cai-ried  aroimd 
on  each  side  nearly  to  the  ankle-bone,  but  leav- 
ing the  instep  and  the  sides  of  the  foot  un- 
covered, and  secured  on  the  foot  by  ribbons 
or  straps.   It  was  peculiar  to  the  wealthy  and 
ottieial  classes, 
campaign  (kam-pan'),  n.   [<  F.  campaigne,  now 
campagne  (assibilated  champagne,  >  E.  cha)n- 
patgn),  an  open  field,  a  miUtary  campaign  = 
bp.Gam2mna  =  Pg.  campanha  =  It.  campagna,  < 
ML.  Campania,  a  level  eoimtry,  in  classical  L 
used  only  as  the  name  of  the  level  countiy  near 
Naples,  Campania,  now  Campagna  {Camjmnus 
of  Campania,  a  Campanian),  <  "campamis  (Ll' 
campaneus  or  campanius),  of  a  field,  <  campus 
a  field :  see  camp^.]    If.  An  open  field ;  a  large 
open  plain.    Now  champaign.— 2.  The  opera- 
tions of  an  army  during  one  season,  or  in  a  defi- 
nite enterprise:  as,  the  Vicksburg  campaign. 
—3.  Continued  or  sustained  aggressive  opera- 
tions directed  to  the  accomplishment  of  some 
particular  object:  as,  the  temperance  caw  n«wH; 
especially,  m  U.  S.  politics,  organized  action  in 
influencing  voters  in  an  election,  etc. :  as,  the 
last  presidential  campaign. 

We  should  get  those  amendments  out  of  the  wav  before 
we  strike  out  for  the  summer  campaign. 

S.  Bou-les,  Letter  to  H.  L.  Dawes,  Feb.  16, 1857. 
4.  In  metal.,  the  time  during  which  a  furnace 
remains  in  operation  without  stoppage.- Cam- 
paignwlg.  See  wig.  ° 
campaign  (kam-pan'),  v.  i.  [<  campaign,  n.] 
io  serve  m  a  campaign. 
The  officers  who  campaigned  in  the  late  rebellion. 

Sir  £.  ilusgrave,  Irisb  Kebellion,  p.  C 


campaigne 

campaigne  (kam-pau')>  "•  [Prop.  *campane,  < 
F.  campanc,  a  bell,  a  fringe,  tiift,  etc. :  see  cam- 
pane.']  A  narrow  kind  of  pillow-laee,  used  es- 
pecially as  an  edging  to  broader  laces. 

campaigner  (kam-pa'ner),  /(.  [<  campaign  + 
-eri.]  One  who  is  or  lias  been  in  active  service 
in  a  campaign  or  campaigns. 

Both  horse  and  rider  were  old  campnignera^  and  stood 
without  moving  a  muscle.     Smollett,  Humphrey  Clinker. 

The  plain  before  the  town  was  full  of  tents,  and,  long 
before  the  town  or  the  tents  were  within  sight,  the  sight 
of  actual  campaigners  gave  a  keen  feeling  of  what  was 
o-oing  on.  E.  -A-  Freeman,  Venice,  p.  265. 

campana  (kam-pa'na),  n.  [=  F.  campane  = 
Pr.  Sp.  It.  campana,  <  ML.  campana,  a  bell.] 
1.  Eccles.,  a  chui-eh-bell. — 2.  A  bell-like  dish 
or  cover  used  in  making  sulphuric  acid. — 3.  In 
hot.,  the  pasque-flower,  Anemone  I'ldsatiUa. 
Campana  here  he  crops.    Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xiii.  227. 

campanal  (kam-pa'nal),  a.  [<  *campana  for 
Campanula  -H  -«/.]  delated  to  the  Campanu- 
lacea' :  applied  by  Lindley  to  one  of  the  largest 
of  his  alliances  of  plants,  of  which  the  bellworts 

■mav  be  regarded  as  the  type. 

campane  (kam-pan'),  «•  [P.  ("(tjmjwwc,  a  bell, 
tuft,  fringe,  etc. :  see  campana.']   In  her.,  a  bell. 

campaned  (kam-pand'),  a.  [<  campane  +  -ed-.] 
In  Iter.,  bearing  campanes  or  bells. 

campanero  (kam-pa-ne'ro),  n.  [Sp.,  a  bellman, 
<  campana,  a  bell:"  see  campana.]  A  Spanish 
name  of  the  South  American  bell-birds,  as  the 
arapunga  and  others  of  the  genus  ChasmorJujn- 
chus :  so  called  from  the  beU-like  sotmd  of  their 
voice.    See  arapunga. 

campaniat  (kam-pa'ni-ii),  n.    [ML. :  see  cam- 
paign.]   A  large  open  plain ;  a  champaign. 
In  vast  cainpanias  there  are  few  cities.    Sir  W.  Temple. 
Forerunners  of  that  great  day  of  battle ;  which  shall, 
like  light  horsemen,  scour  the  campnnia. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works,  I.  371. 

Campanian  (kam-pa'ni-an),  a.  and  n.    [<  L. 

Campania  (see  campaign,  v.)  +  -an.]    I.  a. 

Belonging    to  or 

characteristic  of 

Campania,  an  an- 
cient province  of 

southern  Italy,  in- 
cluding the  Nea- 
politan plain. 
II.  n.  A  native 

or  an  inhabitant  of 

Campania, 
campaniform 

(kam-pan'i-form), 

a.  [<  NL.  campani- 

formis,  <  ML.  cam- 
pana,   a   bell,  + 

L.  forma,  shape.] 

Having  the  shape 

of  a  bell;  campan- 

ulate;  bell-shaped. 

Also  campaniliform. 
campanile  (kam- 

pa-ne'le),  pi. 

campaniles,  campa- 

nili  (-lez,  -li).  [It., 

=  Sp.  Pg.  campanil 

=  F.  campanile,  < 

ML.   campanile,  < 

bell:  Campanile  of  Giotto,  Florence. 


780 


camp-follower 


Cf.  campana,  pasque-flower.]  1.  A  large  ge- 
nus of  plants,  which  gives  its  name  to  the 
natural  order  Campa- 
nulaccw;  the  bell-flow- 
er genus.  The  species  are 
herbaceous  plants,  witli  bell- 
shaped  flowers  usually  of  a 
wliite  or  blue  color.  The 


g    in    loc^y    places    oL  lue  lamiiy  i^unipanuuiiiuw. 

rnVemilSe and  ^-c  Campanulinidse  (kam-pan-ii-lin'i-de),  n.  pi. 
™    Ey  Swedes  a.^    [NL.,  <  Campamtlina  +  -u7«..]  A  family  of  ser- 


flowers,  the  most  frequent 
being  C.  Medium,  known  as 
canterbury-bells.  C.  Ranun- 
eulus  is  frequently  cultivat- 
ed in  southern  Europe  for 
its  edible  tuberous  roots. 

2.  [I.e.]  Achasuble:  so 


Flowering  Branch  of  Can 
itula  Medium. 


a  bell;  bell-shaped,  in  hot.,  applied  to  many  parts 
of  plants,  particularly  to  the  corolla.  In  entmn.,  said  of 
surfaces  whicli  are  rounded  at  one  end,  with  the  sides 
somewhat  incurved  and  then  spreading  out  to  the  other 
end  ;  applied  especially  to  the  metanotum,  the  broader  end 
being  the  base.  The  abdomen  of  an  insect  is  said  to  be 
campanulate  when  the  basal  joint  is  slender  and  the 
second  dilated  and  hollowed  at  the  apex,  so  that  the  third 
joint  is  received  within  it. 
most  common  and  best-  Campanulina  (kam-pan -u-li'na),  n.  [NL.,  < 
known  wild  species  is  the    ^ih,  campaniila.  Aim.  ot  Campana,  a,'be\\.]  The 

'ir'tlue'iiel'r^ot    typical  gepus  of  the  family  C«,«,.««,««i.»./«'. 
■Scotland,  which  is  found  campanulinid  (kam-pan-u-hn  id),  n.   A  polj-p 
growing   in   rocky   places    of  the  family  Campanulinida;. 
around    "      "  '  '  ^  '  .  .    .  -  . 

novtliern  i 

tic  zones.    Many  species  !..>,     ^        ,  ^  ^-    -u   j  -11,^- 

cultivated  for  their  showy    tularian  or  calyptoblastic  hydroid  hydrozoans. 

They  are  colonies  of  polyps,  which  are  differentiated  into 
alimentary  zobids,  witlx  one  verticil  of  filiform  tentacles, 
and  generative  polyps,  having  the  polypostyles  without 
mouth  or  tentacles.  Both  kinds  of  zooids  ai'e  invested  by 
chitinous  capsules.  The  polypostyles  only  produce  by 
budding  sexual  zooids,  which  .are  rudimentary  medusa;  and 
never  become  free.  C(i»iyioHi(i/Ha  is  tlie  typical  genus, 
called  from  its  couieal  Campbellite  (kam'bel-it),  11.  [<  Campbell  (see 
shape  when  put  about  (lef.)  -f-  -ite'^.]  1.  A  member  of  the  denomina- 
-  -  -  -  —  -  tion  otherwise  known  as  the  Disciples  of  Christ, 
founded  by  the  Rev.  Alexander  Campbell.  The 
Campbellites  were  also  called  New  Lights.  See 
disciple.  [U.  S.]  —  2.  One  of  the  followers  of 
the  Rev.  John  McLeod  Campbell,  who,  when 
deposed  in  1831  for  teaching  the  universality  of 
the  atonement,  founded  a  separate  congrega- 
tion. [Scotch.] — 3.  [/.  c]  A  local  name  of 
a  sunfish,  Pomoxi/s  anuidaris,  abundant  in  the 
Mississippi.    Also  called  Heit'-Z)'(//(f. 

The  names  new-light  and  Campbellite  are  due  to  the  fact 
that  it  became  abundant  and  the  subject  of  observation 
when  the  religious  denomination  bearing  those  names  ori- 
ginated. Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  III.  235. 

In  arch.,  a 

ceiling  sloping  on  either  side  from  the  vertical 
walls  toward  a  plane  surface  in  the  middle,  so 
as  somewhat  to  resemble  a  coved  ceiling.  It 
is  most  frequently  used  in  gan-ets,  giving  the 
roof  a  resemblance  to  the  top  of  a  tent, 
camp-chair  (kamp'char),  n.  A  light  chair  con- 
structed like  a  camp-stool,  but  with  a  back, 
camp-drill  (kamp'dril),  n.  A  portable  drill 
having  two  arms  which  extend  outward  from 
the  ends  of  a  connecting  piece,  the  upper  arm 
carrying  the  drill,  and  the  lower  serving  as  a 
rest  for  the  work  which  lies  between  the  two. 


the'body.— 3."  [Z.  c]  In 
cool,  and  anat.,  some 
campanulate  or  bell-shaped  part  or  organ. — 
Campanula  Halleri,  in  iclith.,  the  swollen  end  of  the 
falciform  process  in  the  eye  of  a  flsh.    See  extriict. 

A  vascular  darkly-pigmented  process  ...  is  found,  in 
the  eyes  of  many  Teleostci,  and  ...  its  end  ...  is  pro- 
vided with  a  swelling  (cn miiaintla  llalleri),  which  is  at- 
tached to  the  binder  part  of  the  capsule  of  the  lens. 

Geijenbaur,  Conip.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  531. 

Campanulaceae  (kam-pan-u-la'sf-e),  n.  jd. 
[NL.,  <  Campamda  +  -aceee.]  A  natural  or- 
der of  monopetalous  dicotyledonous  plants, 
the  bellworts,  mostly  herbaceous,  with  bland 

milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  a  regular  bell-  camp-ceiling  (kamp'se"ling),  n. 

shaped  or  rotate  corolla,  distinct  stamens,  and  '  - '  ''^^ 

numerous  seeds  in  a  capsule  usually  opening 
by  valves  or  lateral  slits.  They  are  natives  chiefly 
of  northern  temperate  regions,  and  are  of  little  value  but 
for  ornament.  The  principal  genus  is  Campanula.  The 
order  is  sometimes  made  to  include  the  Lobeliacece.  See 
cuts  under  Campanula  and  harebell. 

campanulaceous  (kam-pan-u-la'shius),  a.  Be- 
longing to  the  natural  order  Campanulacea;. 

Campanularia  (kam-pan-ii-la'ri-a),  n.  [NL., 
<  ML.  campamda,  a  little  bell.]  The  typical 
genus  of  the  family  Campanulariidiv,  having 

cup-shaped  hydrothecse  at  the  ends  of  ringed  ,     „  ,  , 

stalks  and  polypites  with  a  circlet  of  tentacles  Campeachy  wood.    Same  as  logwood.^ 


below  the  conical  pro 
boscis. 

Campanularise  (kam- 
pau-u-la '  ri-e),  n.  pi. 
[NL.  Cf.  Campanularia.] 
In  Claus's  system  of  clas- 
sification, a  suborder  of 
Uydromcdusa;  character- 
ized by  the  chitinous 
skeletal  tubes  widening 
out  round  the  polyp-head 
to  form  cup-like  hydro- 
thecaj :  same  as  Calypto- 
hlasicu.  Also  called  Fcsi- 
cnlata. 

campanularian  (kam- 

fan-u-la'ri-an),  a.  and  n. 
.  a'.  Campanulate;  ca- 
lyptoblastic ;  havingbell- 
shaped  hydrotheeoe :  said 
only  of  the  CalyptoUa.'i- 

tea    or    Campanularia;.  lody-cavity,*,coiitainedinthe 
Also  campanularidan. 
II.  w.  A  member  of  the 


duncle : 


Campephaga,  Campephagidse,  etc.  See  Cam- 

pophaqa,  etc. 
camper^t  (kam'per),  n.  [<  ME.  campar;  <  camjA 
+  -e/'l.]    One  who  plays  at  the  game  of  camp. 
Tusscr. 

camper^  (kam'per),  n.  [<  camp^,  v.,  +  -cri.] 
One  who  camps  out,  or  lives  in  a  camp. 

A  true  and  circumstantial  delineation  of  the  camper's 
life  in  the  Maine  forests.  The  American,  VII.  169. 

camperknowst,  n.  [E.  dial.,  prop.  *camper- 
nolls,  lit.  mushrooms  (of  which  in  part  the  dish 
was  prob.  composed),  =  MD.  kampernoclie,  D. 
Icampcrnoelje  =  MLG.  kamperndl,  mushroom,  < 
It.  campignuolo,  >  P.  champignon,  a  mushroom: 
see  cliampignon.]  Ale  pottage,  made  with  sugar, 
spices,  etc.  Grose. 
campesont,  n.  Same  as  gamhcson.  Wright. 
campestral  (kam-pes'tral),  a.  [<  L.  camp>estris, 
<  C(/w7)M.s,  afield:  see  ca»y^2.]  Pertaining  to  an 
open  field ;  growing  in  a  field  or  on  open  ground. 

The  campestral  or  wild  beech  is  blacker  and  more  dur- 
al)le.  Mortimer. 


Campanularia. 
hydranth ;    e,  its 
;    €' ,   hydrotheca  ; 
te,  tentacles  ;  k' , 
pestive  cavity,  continuous  \ 
body-cavity, ft, contained  in 

??elping%t"",n'','i',*!|ona^^^^^  campcstrian,  campestrine  (kam-pes 'tri-an, 

.umcontainingtwomedusiform    -triu),  u.    Same  as  cuinpestral. 
Styi^^r^Sund'eoTiife  camp-figlltt  (kamp'fit),  u.    [<  camp^  +  fight; 
gonophore;  /S",  the  son.atic        WL.  cumpus,  a  duel:  See  cawp'-.]    In  Ola 
laiv,  a  trial  by  duel,  or  the  combat  of  two  cham- 
pions, for  the  decision  of  a  controversy. 


cavity  in  connection  with  that 
of  the  stolon ;  C,  a  bud. 


campana,  a 
see  campana.]  In 

arch.,  a  bell-tower;  especially,  in  some  parts 
of  Italy,  a  detached  building  erected  for  the 
purpose  of  containing  bells ;  also,  in  the  Renais- 
sance style,  a  particular  form  of  bell-turret, 

such  as  the  two  western  towers  of  St.  Paul's    genus  Campamdaria. 
cathedral  in  London,  St.  Peter's  and  the  Pan-  Oampanularida  (kam- 
theon  in  Rome,  etc.    Many  of  the  campaniles  of  Italy    pan-u-lar'i-da),    n.  pi. 

are  lofty  and  inagniflcent  structures ;  that  in  Cremona  is     \]H'L.,  <  Campanularia  +  _  , 

395  feet  higii,  and  that  in  Florence,  designed  by  Giotto    -ida.]    A  suborder  or  other  division  of  the  ca-  camp-fire  (kamp'fir),  M.    1.  A  fire  m  a  camp 

early  in  the  foiirteenth  century  for  the  cathedral  of  .Santa   ^yptoblastic  hydroid  hydrozoaus,  distinguish-    for  warmth  or  cooking:  as,  a  soldier's  or  a 

sJvl'eIn  ftaw°'''  "  ^1  the  camp'anularian  from  the  sertularian    hunter's  camp-fire.   It  is  commonly  built  in  the 

campaniliform  (kam-pa-uil'i-f6rm),  a.    Same    forms  of  the  Calijptoblastea. 

a'i  campaniform.  "  campanularidan  (kam-pan-u-lar  i-dan),  «, 

campanologist  (kam-pa-nol'6-jist),  TO.    [<  cam-    S&uie  as  campamdartan. 

patiology  +  -ist.]    One  skilled  in  the  art  of  campanulariid  (kam-pan-u-lar  i-id),  n.    A  po- 

campanology.  lyp  of  the  family  Campanularitdce. 

campanology  (kam-pa-nol'o-ji),  «.    [<  ML.  Campanu^riidse  (kam-pan''Ti-la-ri^i-de),  ^^^^^ 

campana,  a  bell,  -I-  Gr.  -'Aoyia,  <  'Aiyeiv,  speak: 

see  -ology.]    1.  The  art  or  the  principles  of 

bell-founding,  bell-ringing,  etc. 

Tlie  enthusiastic  notices  which  the  London  papers  give 
of  the  casting  of  a  new  big  bell  for  St.  Paul's  may  justify 
the  publication  here  of  a  few  notes  on  the  subject  of  cam- 
parwlogy.  Philadelphia  Record,  Jan.  14,  1882,  p.  8. 

2.  A  treatise  on  this  art. 
Campanula  (kam-pan 'u-la),  n.     [ML.,  dim.  of 
campana,  a  bell ;  from  the  form  of  the  corolla. 


open  air  and  on  the  ground. 
A  huge  camp-fire  blazing  up  beneath  the  forest  arches. 

Forest  and  Stream,  XXI.  5. 

2.  Among  the  members  of  the  society  called 
the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  a  meeting  or 

  ,        ....  -      reunion  of  the  members  of  a  post.    [U.  S.] 

[NL.,  <  Campamdaria  +  -ida.]  A  family  of  camp-follower  (kamp'fol"6-er),  n.  One  who 
calvptoblastie  hydroid  hydrozoans,  having  the    follows  a  camp  or  an  army  without  being  offl- 

celis  terminal,  pedunculate,  and  campanulate,         -    ■ 

and  the  polypites  vtdth  a  large  trumpet-shaped 


proboscis.  Campamdaria,  Clytia,  Obelia,  etc.,  are  gen- 
era of  this  family.  Also  written  Campamdaridce,  Cam- 
panidariadce.    See  cut  under  Cainjianularia. 

campanulate  (kam-pan'u-lat),  a.  [<  ML.  cam- 
panulatus,  <  campamda,  a'little  bell,  dim.  of  cam- 
pana,  a  bell :  see  campana.  ]  Having  the  form  of 


cially  connected  with  it,  as  a  sutler,  washer- 
woman, etc. 

The  troops  were  attended  by  agi-eatmultitude  of  camp- 
followers,  ''■'^y- 

In  the  moment  of  failure  [at  Bannockbuini,  the  \of 
a  body  of  camp-followers,  whom  they  nustook  for  TCen- 
forcements  to  the  enemy,  spread  panic  through  thf  Mg- 
Ush  host.       J.  R.  Green,  Short  Hist.  Eng.  rcople,  iv.  §  e. 


camphene 

camphene,  camphine  (kam-fen'  or  kam'fen) 
n.  [<  campMor)  +  -me,  -inc^.}  1.  The  generic 
name  of  the  volatile  oils  or  hydrocarbons  hav- 
ing the  general  formula  CioHig,  which  are 
isomeric  or  polymeric  with  oil  of  turpentine. 

Slany  camphenes  exist  ready  fonneii  i,i  pla.itss  as  oil  of 
cloves,  bergamot,  e  c  They  are  Iii,ui,l  at  ordimu-y  ten,! 
peratures  and  are  distinguished  from  one  another  by  their 
odors  boilmg-points,  and  action  on  polarized  li<.l,t  Thev 
absorb  oxygen  and  convert  it  into  ozone.  The  name  is  sv 
fsTir thp"'''  ""thorities  the  latter 

IS  made  the  generic  name  of  all  tlie  volatile  hydrocariions 
having  the  formula  CjoHis,  while  camphene  is  li  nUed  to 
those  terpenes  which  are  solid  at  ordinary  temperatures 

^.  Ihe  commercial  term  for  purified  oil  of  tur- 
pentine, obtained  by  distilling  the  crude  oil  over 
qmckhme  to  free  it  from  resin,  it  o-ives  a  bril 
hant  light  in  lamps  having  a  very  strong  d?aft  for  tlie 
SSnVf'^^^^i^t'l:^^^  extensively  used  before 

camphic  (kam'fik),  a.  [<  camph(or)  +  -ic  ]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  camphor:  as,  camiMc  acid 

campnme,  n.    See  camphene. 

camphiret  (kam'fir),  «.  l^ee  camphor.!  1  An 
old  form  of  camphor. 
Wood  of  aloes,  campkire  and  many  other  things. 

Hakluyfs  Voyages',  II.  56. 

2  In  the  authorized  version  of  the  Bible  (Cant 
1.  14,  IV  13.)  a  faulty  rendering  of  the  Hebrew 
name  of  the  henna-plant,  Lawsonia  alba. 
camphiredt  (kam'fird),  a.  [<  camphire  for  cam- 
piior  +  -erf^.]  Impregnated  with  camphor: 
camphorated.  ^  ' 

Wash-balls  perfumed,  camphired,  and  plain. 

Tatler,  No.  101. 

camphogen  (kam'fo-jen),  n.  [<  ML.  campho- 
camphor,  +  L.  -gen,  producing:  see  -gen.l 
A  colorless  liquid  (C10H14)  produced  by  dis- 
ti  Img  camphor  with  phosphorous  pentoxid. 
Also  called  cijm.rne. 

camphol  (kam'fol),  n.  [<  camph(or)  +  -ol  1 
bame  as  Borneo  camphor  (which  see,  under 
camphor).  ' 

(kam-forik),  a.    [<  camphol  +  -ic.-\ 


781 

camphor  (kam'for),  V.  t.  [<  camphor,  m.]  To 
impregnate  or  wash  with  camphor:  camphor- 
ate.  [Rare.] 

camphoraceous  (kam-fo-ra'shius),  a.  r<  cam- 
phor +  -accoas.^  Of  the  uatui'e  of  or  resem- 
olmg  camphor. 

camphorate  (kam'fo-rat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp 

camphorutcd,  ppr.  camphorating.  [<  NL.  cam- 
phoratm,  pp.  of  camphorare,  <  caniphora,  cam- 
phor: see  cnmphor  and  -afel.]  To  treat  or  im- 
pregnate with  camphor:  as,  "a  camphorated 
draught,"  Buiiglison. 

camphorate  (kam'fo-rat),  a.  and  n.    r<  NL 

camphoratus,  pp. :  see  the  verb.]  I.  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  camphor  or  impregnated  with  it :  as 

camphorate  liquors,"  Boyle,  Works,  I.  433. 

H.  w.  l='i^'L.  camphor atum,TD.e\it.^  In  chem 
a  compound  of  camphoric  acid  with  different 
bases. 

(kam-for'ik),  a.    [<  camphor  +  -ic] 


■^'^^ij^yji.i.K,  \D.aiii-xui-  in;,  a.    \\  camp  nor  + -ic                   —  '"•    l^s-  "P-  -i^.  ci 

Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  camphor -ram  "^"'"^"'f'  a  field:  see  caw^A]    i_  - 

phoric  acid,.CioHio04,  a  dibasic  acid  iModuced  fr™u  ^7^,'^  ™  ^'"^'^'l  patches  of  land  in 

iTe  coTorilfss  fl&'wv 'I' f"'"- "•y^t'i'-  Of  the  country 

line  coiouess  flakes,  which  are  not  readdv  solnhle  i,,  eitlifir  on tivol  <r  „f  4.  


line^colorless  flakes,  which  are  not  readily  soluble'n  cokl" 

camphor-Oil  (kam'for-oil),  w.  l.  A  yellowish- 
brown  liquid  which  drains  from  the  crude 
camphor  of  commerce,  having  a  camphor-like 
odor  a;nd  taste,  and  containing  a  considerable 
quantity  of  camphor  in  solution.— 2  A  red- 
dish volatile  oil,  isomeric  witli  oil  of  turpen- 

line    (  (j1      H  1  /I  1_  nVif  Ql-nQfl    fyf^r^    4-1^^     T\  7,-7 


Campophaginae 

L.  Flos-Joyis;  red  campion,  L.  diurna;  white  camnlon 
««*.7;«»-«»ia  ■  corn-cainpion,  L.  GMago ;  aiid  m™dow: 
campion,  L.  Flos-cuculi.  '"eaaow- 

camp-kettle  (kamp'ket"l),  «.  A  pot  for  the  use 

,  ot  soidicrs  or  others  in  a  camp, 
cample  (kam'pl),  v.  I. ;  pret.  and  pp.  campled, 
ppr.  campling.  [E.  dial.,  also  camblc  (and  cam- 
po) ;  treq.  of  campi.]   To  contend :  argue :  talk 
noisily.    [Prov.  Eng.]  ^  ' 

If  they  he  incensed,  angry,  chid  a  little,  their  wives 
must  not  cam/de  again,  but  take  it  in  good  part. 

liurton,  Anat.  of  .\Iel.,  p.  .oftl. 

camp-meeting  (kamp'tne'ting),  n.  A  religious 
gathering  for  prayer,  in.struetion,  exhortation, 
etc.,  held  in  an  encampment  formed  in  a  wood 
grove,  or  field,  generally  continued  for  a  week 
nrj!!"'^®;^  The  practice  of  holding  such  meetings  origi- 
esneci-  IK  ,  'f^"'v,"  still  common, 

especially  m  the  Methodist  denomination.  Called  by  Mor- 
mons woud-nicelmff. 

campo  (kam'po),  n.  [Pg.  Sp.  It.  campo,  <  L 
campus,  a  field:  see  camp2.]    l.  The  name 

the  midst 

~  -  •'"o  ^^uimuiy  which  are 

either  entirely  bare  of  trees  or  are  only  sparselv 
covered  with  them.  ^ 

«i,VhH,r'i""''T  V'""']'^  Santarem  is  a  ca,npo  region  ;  a 
slightly  elevated  and  undulating  tract  of  land  wooded 
only  in  patches,  or  with  single  scattered  trees 

JJ.  If.  Bates,  Naturalist  011  the  Kiver  Amazon,  p.  17C. 

2.  The  Italian  acre,  a  measure  of  land  varv- 
mg  m  difterent  states  from  f  of  an  English  acre 


tine  (OioHie),  obtained  from  the  Dryohalanops   to  IJ-  acres. 

vJ^t^fw^i'^  tapping  the  tree,  and  from  reser-  Campodea  (kam-p6'de-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr  Kaunr, 
voirs  wlueh  form  m  the  trunk.  It  is  but  rarely   a  cateii^llar,  +  sMof,  foim  ]         •' ^  ^"^^  "'^'^'A 


Also  called  camphor- 


Kelated  to  or  containing  camphol.- CamDhoiio 

acid,  an  acid  (C,oH,80o)  produced  f^om  caniphfrWe 
action  of  alcoholic  tioLish  soln+in,,        ;„  „  ...,fA  . 'Y  ... 


action  of  alcoholic  potash  solution 
solid,  insoluble  in  cold  water. 


It  is  a  white  volatile 


tyiJieal  genus  of  the  family  Cam- 
podeidw.  C.  staphylinus  is  an 
example. 

Campodea  is  supposed  to  be  "the  rep- 
resentative of  a  form  from  which  main- 
other  groups  have  been  derived." 

Pascoe,  Zobl.  Class.,  p.  109. 

Campodese  (kam-p6'de-e),  w.  pi. 
[NL.]  Same  as  Campodeidai.  A. 
S.  Packard. 


camphor  (kam'for),  «.    [Now  spelled  to  imi- 
tate the  ML.  form,  but  until  recently,  and  still 
dial  camphire,  early  mod.  E.  camphire,  cam  nher 
camfere,  <  P.  camphre  =  Sp.  canfor,  canfora, 
alcmfor  =  Pg-.  cagora,  alcanfor  =  It.  canfora 
=  D.  fe»«/cr  =  MHG.  campher  (also  gaffer),  G. 
M,mpfer  =  Dan.  Sw.  Jcamfer  =  Pol.  kamfora  = 
Bohem.  kamfora,  kamfr,  kafr  =  Russ.  kamfara, 
<.  MU  camphora,  canfora,  camforum,  also  cafu- 
ra  NL.  camphora  =  MGr.  NGr.  Kd6ovpa  =  Turk 
Mfur,  <  Ar.  and  Pers.  kcifitr  =  Skt.  karpurd 
=  Hmd  kapura,  camphor,  <  Mala,y  kajrur,  cam- 
phor, lit.  chalk  lime;  kdpur  bariis,  Barus  cam- 
phor, the  camphor  of  Sumatra  and  Java  ( Barus 
a  place  on  the  west  coast  of  Sumatra) :  kdpn'r 
tohori,  Japan  camphor.]    A  whitish,  translu- 
cent, volatile  substance  closely  related  to  the 
etherea,!  oils,  with  a  tough  crystalline  texture 
a  peculiar  penetrating  odor,  and  an  aromatic 
cooling  taste,  the  product  of  various  trees  and 
plants  of  eastern  Asia  and  the  adjacent  isl- 

(^loHisO)  IS  distUled  from  the  wood  of  a  lauraceoi.s 
^lf  C"mamomum  camphora,  and  is  obtained  in  its  crude 

cTitrt'eT.!^^xrcriiiS^ 

Inula  [{elenvum.—Axti&Cis\  camphor  CinHifiHCl  or 
^ydroehlorate  of  turpentine-oil,  a  solid  ob'tained'bf  treat 
hJ  ^hetdirC?.'  hydrochloric  llillt 

nas  ine  odor  and  taste  of  common  camphor  but  is  1ps=; 
rSL^'"^  somewhat  terebintliinate.  -  Blumea 
camphor,  or  ngai,  a  substance  having  the  samfcomno 

poa;L?d^?o^?°.f;?p'^ 

from  a  t^Il^hLh  "  '?  obtained  by  distillatioi! 

S-owin-  .fh  ,n,f  fr°''f  composite,  Blumea  bahamifera, 
Snwmg  abundantly  111  tropical  eastern  Asia,  and  is  used  bv 

o?  ink  Ror^'JiJ''"""^^'"' perfuming  the  finer  k  ids 
-^1?™®°  camphor,  also  known  as  Barus  Ma- 
sSar  hi  STone  t-''"f ^'o^isO,  a  substance  viry 
fn  »  L  •  1  PJ^oP.erties  to  common  camphor.  It  is  found 
state  in  fissm-es  in  the  t  uiik  of 
to^^nfi  T^'  a  gigantic  forest-tree  of  Siima 

tia  and  Borneo.    It  sometimes  occurs  in  masses  several 

fah^^^w  ?e,^,°^',?^'"'"^fH'  f'loHjsBrO,  a  substance  ob- 
biZ  „e  I?'  7  ''{.''VOSe-i  atom  in  camphor  with 
uiomine.  lti.',u.sed  in  medicine  as  a  sedative  Alsorallpd 

inl  i  'lTr  ^  f  ci-vstals  separate,  and  afterward  press- 
Gff  ,  -  >el!'l»><l--r  Tobacco  camphor,  a  name  given  by 
car       .,n-,nT°"?T-  Diet.,  III. '416.    [Other  so 

vo  '-TtT'P  n  F  '  (stearoptenes)  are  obtained  from  various 
oU  fn,l  crv«f  „'i?"''''"*i"°  F"'  ■'■'^^t  volatile  portion  of  the 
oiJ  and  crystallizing  at  ordinary  temperatm'es  J 


met  with  in  commerce 
loood  oil. 

camphoronic  (kam-fo-ron'ik),  a.  [<  camphor 
+  -one  +  -ic]  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from 
camphor.-- Camphoronic  acid,  CqHiaOs,  a  tribasic 
acid  formed  by  the  oxidation  of  camphor  or  canip l  or  c 
acid  by  nitric  acid.  It  forms  colorless  microscopic  iiee^ 
dies,  which  are  volatile  and  readily  soluble  in  wafer, 
camphor-tree  (kam'for-tre),  «.  1.  The  Cinna- 
momum  camphora,  a  lauraceous  tree  which  ^acfc«rrt 

excellent  and  mnnh       ' J  *  -Tonnosa.    Ihe  timber  is  deidce. 

and  much  prized  for  making  clothes-chests  and  Campodeids  (kam-p6-de'i-de),  n 

P^-  [NL.,  <  Campodea  +  -idce.~\  A 
remarkable  family  of  thysanurous 
insects,  typified  by  the  genus  Cam- 
podea, illustrating  a  generalized  or  synthetic 
type  from  which  other  gToups  may  have  been  de- 

^nlo,  ^/'"^  T*"  elongated  form,  the  abdomen  ha^•in^^ 
10segmentsandendingin21ongfilaments,and  ha^  jm  rl 
of  legs,  siniple  trachea-,  and  no  eyes.  In  g eneral  .tpert  he 
Cayodeulee  recall  some  of  the' myriapods  ;  hey' 1  4  re' 
lated  to  Podundce,  and  especially  to  Le,jihnidce  Tlie  f-im 
l  y  contains  the  genus  Nieoletiahe.idA  Ca  »;  S/m  andTo 
It  the  genus  lapyx  is  sometimes  referred.  Alio  Campode^ 
and  less  correctly  Campodidce.  ^ampoaeie, 

campol  (kam-poi'),  «.   [The  Cantonese  pron.  of 

inTrJLf\,^''rY'  t        tire.]    A  selected 
and  carefully  fired  variety  of  Congou  tea. 
campong  (kam'pong),  n.    [Malay  kampova,  an 

M^'r-^    ^  ^^^^"^  ^"^Se      the  islands  of 
the  Malay  archipelago. 

ntfnJ.'f.'""''  *°       linguistic  difficulty  of  their 

littoral  lieiug  occupied  by  a  superior  seafaring  and  com 
whOe fh';f  inf ™»«""ously  or  in  detached  ca^oC' 
Te  u'e  of  s  V  .if!'  ".''^•^Plored  mountains  become  the 
reiuge  ot  shy  and  uncivilized  indigenes. 

R.  X.  Cast,  Mod:  langs.  E.  Ind.,  p.  132 

il™?«°i?^¥.^  (kam-pof'a-ga),  «.  [NL.  (Vieil- 
lot,  IblO),  <  Gr.  Ka/jTTT/,  caterpillar,  +  ciajfvv  eat  1 
A  genus  of  birds,  typical  of  the  subfamily  Cam- 
pophagmw  (which  see);  the  caterpillar-catch- 
ers proper,  sucli  as  C.  nigra  of  Africa.  Also 
C  ampephaga. 
Campophagidse  (kam-po-faj'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL 
i*::V'J^l''P^''''J''.  +  -jf^";]    A  family  of  old-world 


Branch  of  Camphor-tree  [Cinnamomitm  camphora). 


Camphor  IS  obtained  from  the  root,  trunk  and 
branches  by  exposing  the  chips  in  closed  vessels  to  the 
vapor  of  boiling  water.  The  hot  steam  voTatlnfes  the  cam 
Phor  which  is  deposited  in  the  upper  part  of  Uie  vessels'"" 

SkS^nXt^r/elln^^^^^^^^^  turdoid  passerine  i;irds,  n^T i^m  ;hrjrs 

(whichsee,iuidere.;«g/.o.).^Se:^^S'o^^^^^^^^^^^  -ore  or  less  sfrike! 


camphor-wood  (kam'for-wud),  «.    ^ue  woo, 

f  W0--00d  OU.  Sam 

camphrene  (kam-fren'),  «.  [<  camphor  +  -ene  ] 
A  volatile  product,  to  which  the  formula  Co 
H14O  has  been  given,  formed  by  the  action  of 

sulphui'ie  acid  on  camphor,  it  may  be  simnlv 
phorone(a  condensation  product  of  acetone^vUh  slMit 
impurities.    U .  S.  Bispen.mtonj.  «ihi  slight 

campion  (kam' pi -on),  H.  [Cf.  '^campius,  an 
fierb  that  bears  a  pretty  flower"  (Kersey  1708)  • 
prob.  ult.  <  L.  emnpus,  a  field.  Cf.  chanmioyk 
champaign  ]  The  popular  name  of  certain 
plants  belonging  to  the  genera  Lychnis  and 

sTa  iTon  T2-a  -J^'^^'"'— -P-n  i/silene  inUa- 
sta'rrv^.mnfnn  V  f,'^"/"""-, moss-campion,  &  acauli^; 
stal  l  y  tampion,  S.  stellata ;  red  alpine  campion  Lvchnii 
alpina;  rose-campion,  L.  (or  Agrostemma)  Zl^^a 


■oOaianops  like  birds  with  soft  pluSageTtha  of  the  "mn 
The  wood  usually  with  stiffeneLhaffs  the  bin  g^  j;.^;™^ 
1  OU.  Same   with  covered  nostrils,  and  the  wings  moderate 

or  long    The  family  is  better  known  by  its  conveiitioiiMl 
composition  than  by  its  intrinsic  characte    coi  sis?  i 
clmnfchVaV'f'''  T'""'^''  genera"'-/,;"^^'^ 
Manv  .  f  H?,        ■  ''""•™™  ««.  ^"1"!/^,  and  Sywnwrphvs. 
wHtTeii  On';,';:;;;;;;/;;;,?  ^""^^  caterpmar-catchers.  ""mso 

Campophaginae  (kam"po-fa-ji'ne^,  v.j,l.  [NL 
<  (  aiupophnga  +  -ince.]  A  gi-oup  of  old-world 
aentirostral  oseine  passerine  birds  of  uncertain 
position,  sometimes  refen-ed  to  the  Laniida-  or 
sfirikes,  oftener  to  the  Mu.<icicapida'  or  flycatch- 
ers, or  raised  to  the  rank  of  a  family,  Cam- 
pophagidw:  tlie  caterpillar-catchers.  'Campc 
phaga  is  the  leading  genus.  Also  written  Cam- 
pephagma,  Campephaginw. 


campophagine 

campophagine  (kam-pof'a-jiu),  a.  [<  Campo- 
phaga  +  -iwei.]  Feeding  upou  eatei-pillars ; 
specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Campopha- 
gince  or  Campophagidce.  Also  written  campe- 
phagine. 

Campophilus  (kam-po£'i-lus),  n.  [NL.  (first 
Caiiipephilus—G.  R.  Gray,  1840),  <  Gr.  KafiirT/,  a 
caterpillar,  + 
(piXog,  loving.] 
A  genus  of 
woodpeckers  of 
the  largest  size, 
of  the  fam- 
ily Picidcc,  in- 
habiting the 
warmer  parts 
of  America ; 
the  ivory-billed 
woodpeckers. 
Tliey  have  a  long, 
straight,  truncate, 
beveled  and  ridged 
bill  of  ivory- 
like hardness  and 
whiteness,  a  very 
slender  neck,  the 
head  crested,  and 
the  coloration 
black,  white,  and 
scarlet.  The  best- 
known  species  is  C. 
principalis  of  the 
southern  United 
States,  about  20 
inches  long  and  30 
or  more  in  extent 
of  wings.  Anotlier, 
C.  imperialia,  is  still  larger.  See  imryUll.  Also  written 
Cainpephilus. 

Campostoma  (kam-pos'to-ma),  n.  [NL.  (Agas- 
siz,  1855),  <  Gr.  Ka/iTr^,  a  bending,  +  ardfia, 
mouth.]  A  genus  of  American  cj-prinoid 
fishes,  of  the  family  Cyprinidw,  characterized 


Ivory-billed  Woodpecker  {Campophilus 
principalis). 


Stone-roller  \Camposloma  anomnlum). 


by  the  enormous  length  of  the  intestine,  which 
is  six  or  seven  times  as  long  as  the  body,  and 
is  wound  in  many  spiral  coils  around  the  air- 
bladder.  The  species  swarm  in  the  spring  in  brooks  of 
the  southern  and  western  United  States,  and  are  known  as 
stone-rollers.    The  genus  is  the  type  of  the  Campostomin(v. 

Campostominae  (kam-pos-to-mi'ne),  11.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Campostoma  +  -/»«;.]  A  subfamily  of 
Cyprinidce,  typified  by  the  genus  Campostoma. 

campostomine  (kam-pos'to-min),  a.  and  «.  I. 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Campostomince. 

II.  n.  A  cyprinoid  fish  of  the  subfamily  Cam- 
postominoi. 

camp-sheathing  (kamp'she"THing),  «.  [Also 
in  modified  forms  camp-sheeting,  campsheet, 
campshed,  campshot ;  <  camp  (perhaps  a  corrup- 
tion of  cam,  Dan.  Mm,  a  ridge:  see  carn^)  + 
sheathing  (or  sheeting,  or  shed,  taken  in  the  same 
sense).]  A  structure  consisting  of  a  guide- 
pile,  a  wale,  or  a  horizontal  piece  of  timber, 
and  a  series  of  planks  about  three  inches  thick 
and  placed  vertically,  erected  at  the  foot  of  an 
embankment  or  a  soft  cuttin^to  resist  the  out- 
ward thrust  of  the  earthwork. 

campsheet,  campshed,  campshot,  camp- 
sheeting  (kamp'shet,  -shed,  -shot,  -she"ting), 
n.    Same  as  camp-shcathing. 

camp-stool  (kamp'stol),  n.  A  seat  or  stool  with 
cross-legs  and  a  flexible  seat,  so  made  as  to  be 
folded  up  and  packed  away  when  not  in  use. 

campterium  (kamp-te'ri-um), )(. ;  pi.  campteria 
(-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Ka/nrTZ/p,  a  bentiing,  turning 
(cf.  Ka/xirrS^,  bent),  <  Kci/uTrTaiv,  bend.]  In  ornith., 
the  bend  of  the  wing ;  the  fore  and  outer  bor- 
der of  the  wing,  as  far  as  the  bones  extend. 
Coues. 

Camptolsemus  (kamp-to-le'mus),  n.  [NL. 
(first  Camptolaimus—G.  R.  Gray,  1841),  <  Gr. 
mfxTTTog,  flexible,  +  ?vai/idg,  the  throat.]  A  not- 
able genus  of  sea-ducks,  of  the  subfamily  Fu- 
ligidime,  having  as  type  the  pied  or  Labrador 

duck,  C.  labradorius.  They  have  a  leathery  expan- 
sion of  the  edges  of  the  upper  mandible,  a  distinct  nail, 
slight  frontal  angles,  slight  teeth  in  the  upper  mandible 
(those  of  the  lower  being  prominent  and  vertical),  bristly 
cheeks,  short  and  vaulted  wings,  a  short  and  14-featliered 
tail,  and  the  coloration  of  the  male  entirely  black  and 
white.  The  genus  is  supposed  to  be  on  the  point  of  ex- 
tinction. The  steamer-duck  of  South  America  is  some- 
times placed  in  this  genus. 


i 

782 

Camptosorus  (kamp-to-so'rus),  n.   [NL.,  <  Gr. 

KafiTTTdi,;  bent,  +  aupog,  a  heap,  mound  (fruit- 
dot) :  see  sorus.']  A  genus  of  ferns,  of  the  tribe 
Aspleniew,  comprising  two  species,  one  of  which 
is  found  in  eastern  "North  America,  the  other 
in  eastern  Asia ;  the  walking-fern,  it  has  fruit- 
dots  both  parallel  and  oblique  to  the  midrib,  and  the  tip 
of  the  frond  bends  over  anil  takes  root,  giving  origin  to 
a  new  plant. 

camptotropal  (kamp-tot'ro-pal),  a.  [<  Gr. 
Kafi-Tui;,  flexible,  taken  as  eqiiiv.  to  Ka/iirvT^c, 
bent,  ciu-ved,  +  TptTreiv,  turn.  Cf.  camjpylotro- 
jial.]    In  hot.,  same  as  campi/lotropal. 

camptulicon  (kamp-tii'li-kon),  n.  [An  artifi- 
cial trade-name,  <  Gr.  KaiiTrrog,  flexible,  +  ovXog, 
woolly,  thick,  crisp,  em-led.]  A  kind  of  cloth 
resernbling  india-rubber,  made  of  a  compound 
of  inferior  india-rubber  and  powdered  cork. 

It  is  used  for  various  purposes,  such  as  facings  for  knife- 
boards,  noor-mats  for  steamers,  shields  on  door-steps,  and 
tlio  like. 

campulitropal,  campulitropous  (kam-pu-lit  - 
ro-pal.  -pus),  a.    Same  as  campijJotropal. 

cam-pump  (kam'pump),  n.  A  steam-pump  in 
which  the  motion  is  regulated  by  the  action  of 
cams. 

campus  (kam'pus),  «.  [L.,  afield :  see  camp'-.\ 
The  green  upon  or  about  which  the  buildings 
of  an  American  college  or  university  generally 
stand;  tlie  college-yard. 

camp- vinegar  (kamp'vin*e-gar),  n.  A  mixture 
of  vinegar  with  Cayenne  pepper,  soy,  walnut- 
catchup,  anchovies,  and  garlic. 

campy  lite  (kam'pi-lit),  h.  [<  Gr.  /ca/iTriV.o?, 
bent,  curved  (connected  with  miimnv,  bend, 
curve),  +  -ite'^.']  A  mineral,  a  variety  of  mi- 
metite  or  arsenate  of  lead,  in  which  phosphorus 
largely  replaces  arsenic.  It  is  found  in  Cima- 
berland,  England.  The  crystals  are  curved; 
hence  the  name. 

campylometer  (kam-pi-lom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr. 
Kaa-i'Aog,  bent,  curved,  +  fihpov,  a  measure.] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  length  of 
lines,  straight  or  curved,  on  maps  or  plans.  It 
is  so  divided  that  the  actual  length,  correspond- 
ing to  the  given  scale,  may  be  read  from  it. 
Campyloneura  (kam"pi-lo-nu'ra),  w.  [NL. 
(Fieber,  1861),  <  Gr.  Ka/nvi'M,  curved,  +  v£vpov, 
vein.]  A  genus  of  true  bugs,  or  Heteroptera,  of 
the  family  Phytocoridw.  The  Phytocoridm,  as  the 
name  indicates,  feed  on  vegetables,  hwt  Campyloneuraa.nA 
some  allied  genera  form  an  exception  to  this  rule.  C. 
vitripennis  (Say),  the  glassy-winged  soldier-bug,  is  known 


can 


Glassy-winged  Soldier-biig  and  Pupa  ( Campyloneura  vilripettnis). 
(Vertical  lines  show  natural  sizes.) 

to  be  predaceous  and  to  attack  leaf-hoppers.  It  is  pale 
greenish-yellow,  and  has  delicately  transparent  wing-cov- 
ers ornamented  with  a  rose-colored  or  brownish  cross. 
The  larva  and  pupa  are  more  opaque,  and  are  of  a  uni- 
form bluish-white  color. 

Campylorhynchinae  (kam'pi-lo-ring-ki'ne),  v. 

pi.  \^lj.,<.Campylorhyiichm  +  -intv.']  Agroup 
of  oscine  passerine  birds,  commonly  referred 
to  the  family  Troglodytidce  or  wrens.  The  feet 
are  not  strictly  lamin'iplantar,  tlie  lateral  tarsal  plates 
being  divided  <jr  nut  perfectly  fused  in  one,  and  the  tail 
is  broad  and  fan-sliapcd,  with  the  individual  feathers 
widening  toward  the  end,  wlieiice  the  name  fan-tailed 
wrens,  which  is  applied  to  tlie  group.  It  is  confined  to 
the  warmer  parts  of  America,  and  is  represented  chiefly  by 
the  genera  Cainpiihirhynchus,  Saipinctes,  and  Catherpes. 
The  species  are  numerous,  especially  those  of  the  first- 
named  genus,  and  are  known  as  cactus-wrens,  caflon- 
wrens,  and  rock-wrens.  See  cuts  under  Campylorhynchus 
and  eaTion-ivren. 

campylorhynchine  (kam"pi-lo-ring'kin),  «.  la 
ornith.,  having  the  bill  bent;  specifically,  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Campylorhynchinw. 

Campylorhynchus  (kam"pi-lo-ring'kus),  n. 
[NL.  (Spix,  1824),  <  Gr.  Kafiiri^.oc,  bent,  CMved, 
+  pvyxoc,  snout,  beak.]  The  typical  and 
largest  genus  of  the  Cumpylorhynchince  or  fan- 
tailed  wrens,  including  the  numerous  species  of 
cactus-wrens  which  inhabit  the  warmer  parts 
of  America.  They  are  of  large  size,  having  a  length  of 
7  or  S  inches,  with  the  tarsus  scutellate  behind,  the  lateral 
toes  of  eiiual  length,  the  wings  and  tail  of  about  equal 
length,  and  the  tail  broad  with  plane  feathers.  The  up- 
per parts  are  brown,  with  sharp  white  streaks;  the  un- 
der parts  white,  boldly  spotted  with  black  ;  and  the  tail- 
feathers  barred  with  black  and  white.    Two  species  occur 


Brown-headed  Cactus-wren  [Campylorhynchus  brunneicapillus).. 

in  the  southwestern  United  States,  C.  brunneicapilhiSy 
the  brown-headed  cactus-wren,  and  C.  ajinis,  the  St. 
Lucas  cactus-wren. 

campylospermate  (kam'''pi-lo-sper'mat),  a.  Ill 
hot.,  same  as  cumpylospermous. 
campylospermoUS  (kam"pi-l6-sper'mus),  «. 
[<  (jr.  KafiTTuXoc,  clu'ved,  +  cnip/xa,  a  seed:  see 
sperm. ~\    In  hot.,  having  the 
albumen  of  the  seed  curved 
at  the  margin  so  as  to  form 
longitudinal  furrows,  as  the 
fruits  of  some  umbelliferous 
lilants,  as  in  sweet  cicely, 
campylotropal     (kam- pi- 
lot'ro-pal),  a. 
[<  Gr.  Ka/iirvlog, 
curved,  +  rpe- 
Tretv,  turn.]  In 
hot.,  curved  in 
such  a  manner 
as  to  bring  the 
true  apex  close 
to  the  base:  ap- 
plied to  an  ovule  or  seed.  Also 
camptotropal,    camp^ilitropal,  campulitropous, 
campylotropous. 
campylotropous  (kam-pi-lot'ro-pus),  a.  Same 
as  campylotropal. 

cam-shaft  (kam'shaft),  11.  A  shaft  with  cams  or 
wipers  used  to  lift  the  pestles  of  stamping-mills. 

camsterie  (kam-ste'ri),  a.  [Also  camsteary, 
camstccrie,  camstairie,  camstrairy ;  cf.  camstrud- 
geous,  of  same  sense ;  perhaps  corruptions  of 
Gael,  comh-strl,  -strigh,  -strith,  strife,  broil, 
quarrel  {comh-stritheach,  contentious),  <  comh- 
(=  L.  con-,  com-),  together,  +  stri,  strife,  con- 
tention.] Froward;  perverse;  unmanageable. 
[Scotch.] 

He's  a  camMeary  chield,  and  fasheous  about  marches, 
.  .  .  but  deil  o'  me  if  I  wad  wrang  Jock  o'  Dawston  nei- 
ther Scott,  Guy  Maimering,  II.  xvii. 


Campylotropal 
Seed  of  Cap- 
parts. 


Transverse  Section  of 
CampylospermoUS  Fruit 
of  Conium  maculatjtm. 
a,  a.  seeds,  channeled  up- 
on the  inner  face. 


camstrudgeous  (kam-struj'us),  a.    Same  as 

camsterie.    [Scotch,  eoUoq.] 
camusif,  camusedt,  «•    See  camous,  camoused. 
camus-t,  «•    See  caviis. 

cam-wheel  (kam'hwel),  v.  Awheel  formed  so 
as  to  move  eccentrically  and  produce  a  recipro- 
cating rectilinear  and  interrupted  motion  in 
some  other  part  of  the  machinery  connected 
with  it.    See  cawjl,  3. 

camwood  (kam'wud),  n.  [<  native  name  Jcamhe 
H-  E.  ivood.']  A  dyewood  closely  allied  to  bar- 
wood,  from  the  same  region,  and  apparently 
the  product  of  another  species  of  Baphia. 

cani  (kan),  v.;  pret.  could.  [The  forms  are: 
(1)  Ind.  pres.  1st  pers.  can,  2d  canst,  3d  can, 
pi.  can,  <  ME.  can,  canst,  can  (also  con,  etc.), 
pi.  cunnen,  cunne  (also  connen,  conne),  <  AS. 
cannoTcan,  canst,  cann  or  can  (also  conn,  etc.), 
pi.  cimnon.  (2)  Pret.  could  (the  Tbeing  inserted 
in  ignorant  imitation  of  should  and  would, 
where  the  I  is  radical),  <  ME.  coude,  couthe, 
earlier  cuthe,  pi.  coude,  couden,  couthe,  couthen, 
earlier  cuthen,  <  AS.  ciithe,  pi.  cilthon  (for 
*cunthe,  *ciinthon,  the  n  being  lost,  as  in  rnHth, 
mouth,  toth,  tooth,  etc.).  (3)  Inf.  can  (to  can), 
assumed  from  the  ind.  form,  occasionally  used 
in  mod.  E.  as  a  convenient  substitute  for  to  be 
able,  or,  as  in  the  example  cited  from  Bacon, 
analogously  with  wiH  as  an  independent  verb; 
ME.  inf.  cunnen,  cunne,  also  connen,  conne  (usu- 
ally 'to  know,'  rarely  'to  can').  <  -A-S.  cunnan, 
scarcely  used.  (4)  The  ppr.,  ME.  cunning,  kurir- 


( 


can 

nynge,  etc.,  earlier  and  north,  form  cunnand,  is 
mod.  E.  cunning,  with  a  partly  deflected  sense  ■ 
see  cunning,  a.,  and  cunning,  n.    (5)  The  pp 
couth  IS  found  in  mod.  E.  only  in  comp  un- 
couth, and  deriv.  Jcith,  Icithe,  q.  v. :  ME  couth 
cowl,  cuth,  <  AS.  cm  (for  *cimth,  like  pret' 
cuthe  above),  known.    The  ME.  and  AS.  sense 
ot  can  as  an  independent  verb  is  'know'-  as 
an  auxiliary,  'be  able';  but  the  latter  use  is 
rare  m  AS.,  being  supplied  by  mag,  E.  may. 
The  cognate  torms  (1st  and  3d  pers.  pres.  and 
pret.  md   and  inf.)  are :  OS.  kan,  konsta,  kun- 
nan  ==  Ohnes.  kan,  kunda,  kunna,  konna  =  D. 
kan,  konde,  kunnen  =  MLG.  kan,  kunde,  kun- 
nen,  konnen,  konen,  LG.  kan,  kunde,  konen  = 
UHG.  Chan,  kan,  chunda,  chonda,  konda,  chon- 
sta,  konsta,  chimnaji,  MHG.  kan,  kunde,  konde 
kunnen,  kunnen,  G.  kann,  konnte,  konnen  =  Icel' 
iMnn,  kunni,  kunna  =  Sw.  kan,  kunde,  kunna  = 
Dan.  kan,  kunde,  kunne  =  Goth,  kann,  kuntha, 
kunnan, /know;  prop,  a  preterit  present,  AS 
cann  being  orig.  a  strong  pret.  (with  pp.  *c(«(- 
nen,  whence  the  later  weak  pret.  cuthe,  and  weak 
pp.  cuth)  of  an  assumed  inf.  *cinnan  (whence 
the  factitive  cennan,  make  known,  =  Icel.  kenna 
make  known,  know:  see  ken^),  Teut.  *kw', 
ken  (=  Lith.  sinaii,  know,  recognize,  =  Olr 
adgem,  perf.,  knew),  orig.  'perceive,  get  know- 
ledge of  (pret.  'have  perceived,  have  gotten 
knowledge  of,'  and  hence,  in  indefinite  or  pres- 
ent time,  'know'),  this  root  being  parallel  with 
the  ult.  related  *knd,  *knd  in  AS.  cnawan,  E. 
knolo,  L.  gno-scere,  etc.  (see  knotv) ;  in  another 
view  orig.  'beget,  get'  (pret.  'have  gotten'), 
connected  with  AS.  cennan,  beget,  produce 
eynn,km,  ge-C!/nd,  kind,  etc.,  V  *ken,h.  *gen, 
etc    but  this  root,  though  equally  widely  ex- 
tended appears  to  be  fundamentally  distinct 
trom  the  root  *ken,  know:  see  ken^  kin\  kind 
genus,  etc.    Hence  ult.  conl  {=  cani)  coni 
cun\  cun2,  cunning,  couth,  uncouth  (=  unco), 
kith  kithe,  ei<iJi    A.  As  an  independent  verb! 

1.  t  trans.  1.  To  know;  understand. 
i.^^^  Pounces  and  Antonye,  that  moche  cowde  of  werre 
issed  oute  of  the  hoste  all  armed  in  to  the  foreste  of  Bry: 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  386. 

Snnn^»  ^"''"'^  ""^  "'^^  ^^^t  "^"t  smale,  my  litel 

r,,   ,  J  Chaucer,  Astrolabe,  Pref. 

Uerky^  that  canne  the  scyens  seuene 
beys  that  curtasy  came  fro  heuen. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p  17 
She  coidd  the  Bible  in  the  holy  tonmie 
And  read  it  without  pricks.  ' 

B.  Jonson,  Maguetick  Lady,  i.  1 
And  can  you  these  tongues  perfectly? 

Beau,  and  PL,  Coxcomb,  iv  4 
O,  she  could  the  art  of  woman  most  feelingly 

Dekker  and  Webster,  Northward  Ho  i  1 

2.  To  know  how  to  do;  be  able  to  do. 

,   ,  We  are  mortal ; 

And  can  but  deeds  of  men. 

B.  Jonson,  Sejanus,  i.  2. 
k^m-i.  i  I  know  your  fiery  temper, 

And  that  you  can,  and  dare,  as  much  as  men. 

Fletcher,  Double  Marriage  iv  1 
Thou  Uttle  wotest  what  this  right-hand  can 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iii.  le. 

tto^^«        °  nW°  t^S-  thonccunnan;  also 

know  thanks  'hitlT"  ''^'z '  literally,  to 

Know  thanks ,  hence,  to  recognize  obligation ;  give  thahks. 

V  con  thee  gret  thonke.         William  of  Palerne,  1.  297 

I  con  him  no  thayiks  for 't.         Shak.,  All's  Well  iv  3 

thanks"'''''^  "'^       negative,  to  con  unthank,  to  give  no 


783 

Thy  love  doth  plead  so  prettily  to  stay, 
xnat,  trust  me,  I  could  weep  to  part  with  thee. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Philaster,  ii.  1. 


canal 


What  can  we  suppose  this  will  come  to? 

Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  ii. 

do^thaf  whiJ^b'^'-f"-?  *<'™^Sine  that  Omnipotence  can 
ao  tnat,  winch,  if  it  could  be  done,  would  render  all 
power  insignificant.  y»7to«.i»  Work.s,  II.  xcfx 

cnn  do"''"  ^'^''^^  ^^'^^  •^"^'e  and 

£merson,  Nature. 


Al  that  goud  we  hem  doth 

Heo  hit  blutheleiche  underfoth  [blithely  receive! 
And  Ciauien  vs  U7ithonc.  Layamon  I  lio  j 

Se"  [maugre],  to  show  displeasure  at ;  blame. 

hfm  win]"""''  ''"^'^'^  (be  able  to)  shield 

Jfom?  Ode,  St.  167  (Early  Eng.  Poems,  ed.Furnivall  p  2") 

tocan'^  to  ^^i".  the  second  not 

•  -Baco?!,,  Of  Great  Place, 

yom" business'*  "-^derstand  each  other,  ye'll  can  name 

'    '  ""^'°ess.  ij.  i.  stevenso7i.  Kidnapped,  xxix 

fn  K^l?'''^!^'^^^^-  1-  To  be  able;  properlv 
to  be  able  physically;  hence,  by  extension  to 
be  able  mentally,  morally,  or  leyiTy  ;  possess 

Tes.V^tVi^-''^^''^''  ?eso^urc^es  ne- 
cessary for  the  attainment  of  any  end  or  the 

end°r™'"l  °'        P-^-Pose,'^the  speciJc 

^tc°h^r?s'rux'Sy.^'^^^^^'^  *° 

CarUhe  fig-tree  .  .  .  bear  olive  berries  ?       Jas  iii  12 

n^vVrZ'f  "i?*^      ^  '''''  "  ■  "e^er  shake 
l-hy  gory  looks  at  me.         Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  i. 


[Formerly  used  also  in  the  infinitive. 

He  feigneth  him  to  conne  arede 
Of  thing  which  afterward  shuld  falle. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  II.  158. 
I  shall  not  conne  answere.  Chaucer.] 
2.  May :  noting  merely  permission :  as,  you  can 
'rr^°''.'^^^^  5        I  speak  to  you  a  mo- 
^ttl  -lloq.]_can  but.  cLnot  but. 

'^m^''\8eotlr'''^-^  Knowledge;  skill; 
can2  (kan),  «.  [<  ME.  canne,  <  AS.  canne  (trans- 
lating L.  ''cmfe,-  vel  canna")  =  D.  kan,  a  pot, 
mug,  =  OHG.  dmnna,  MHG.  G.  kanne  a  can 
tankard,  mug,  =  Icel.  kanna  =  Sw.  kanna  = 
Dan  kande,  a  can,  tankard,  mug,  also  measure 
1-    h'  ^^^^^^>  a  vessel  or  measure  for 

liquids,  >  OF.  canne,  cane,  F.  dim.  canette,  a 
.]ug.  By  some  the  Teut.  forms  are  derived  from 
U  canna,  a  reed,  cane:  see  cwnei.]  1  A  ves- 
sel of  srnaU  or  moderate  size  and  made  of  any 
material,  but  now  generally  of  sheet-metal, 
such  as  tm,  and  used  as  a  drinking-cup  or  to 

contain  hquids,  preserves,  etc.  Cans  are  .Tenerallv 
cylindrical  in  form,  as  drinking-'and  preservin'  c?ans  b,  t 
m  some  cases  they  are  square  or  conical,  and"  are  some 
times  provided  witli  a  handle  and  spout  as  oil-cans  for 
lubnoatmg  purposes,  watering-cans,  etc. 
There  weren  sett  sixe  stonun  ca7mes.  Wyclif,  John  ii.  6. 
I  hate  it  as  an  unfilled  ca7i.  Shak.,  T.  N.  ii.  3. 

Fill  the  cup,  and  fill  the  can. 

Tennyson,  Vision  of  Sin,  iv. 
2.  A  measure  of  liquids  in  the  Shetland  islands, 
eontaming  about  an  English  gallon.  Jamieson . 
~iJ V  F.e'^olviiig  cylindrical  holder  into 
which  the  shver  falls  from  a  earding-machine. 
-Cup  and  can.  See  cup.  * 
can2  (kan),  V.  t  ;  pret.  and  pp.  canned,  ppr.  can- 

eially  to  put  into  sealed  metal  cans  or  glass 
jars,  tor  preservation,  as  prepared  vegetables, 
fruits,  and  meats. 

can^t  (kan).    A  frequent  Middle  English  cor- 
ruption of  gan,  began,  preterit  of  ginnen,  hesin 
(see  ginl) :  often  equivalent,  with  the  infinitive 
of  a  principal  verb,  to  the  preterit  of  that  verb. 
Allaoe  !  Aurora,  the  syllie  Larke  can  cry. 

Sir  D.  Lyndsay,  Prol.  to  Dreme. 
With  gentle  wordes  he  can  her  fayrely  greet. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  iv.  46. 
So  can  he  turne  his  earnest  unto  game. 

Spe7iser,  F.  q'.,  II.  i.  31. 

'^^^ri^^^Vl--  ^■^^■'^  The  catty  or  pound 
of  Cochin  China,  equal  to  1  pound  6  ounces 
avoirdupois, 
cana  (ka'na)  n.  [Sp.;  cf.  cana,  a  cane,  reed: 
see  m/(ei.]  A  measure  of  lengt.h  used  through- 
out Spam  and  varying  from  1.7  yards  at  Barce- 
lona to  2.3  m  Aragon. 

Canaanite  (ka'nan-it),  n.    [<  Canaan  +  -iie^  i 

1.  A  descendant  of  Canaan,  son  of  Ham  (Gen 
?'v.  -u".-*l™^J®, generally,  one  of  the  primitive 
inhabitants  of  the  land  of  Canaan,  named  from 
ium,  lying  between  the  Jordan  and  the  Medi- 
terranean, and  included  in  modern  Palestine 
The  Canaanites  proper  (Gen.  xvi.  21,  etc.)  were  one  of  a 
nuniber  of  tribes  to  which  the  name  was  collectively  ap 
plied,  severally  governed  by  so-called  kings,  and  whk h 
were  conquered  by  the  Israelites  after  a  prSlinged  rtr.' g- 

2.  A  title  of  one  of  the  twelve  apostles  ("Si- 
mon the  Canaanite,"  Mat.  x.  4),  called  elsewhere 
(Luke  VI.  lo,  Acts  i.  13)  Zelotes,  that  is,  the 
zealot:  it  is  a  transliteration  of  an  Aramaic 
word  signifying  zeal,  or  a  zealot.— 3.  [?.  c  ]  A 
variety  of  massive  white  pyroxene  oceurrinff  in 
limestone  at  Canaan,  Connecticut. 

Canaanitish  (ka-nan-I'tish),  a.  [<  Canaanite 
+  -ish.\  Of  or  pertaining  to  Canaan  or  the 
Canaanites. 


Canada  Grouse  {Caiiacc  canadensis] 


lus.]  A  genus  Of  gallinaceous  birds,  of  which  the 
type  is  the  Canada  grouse  or  spruce-partridee 
taiiace     ca-  '■         °  ' 

nadensis.  it 
is  characterized 
by  feathered 
tarsi,  absence 
of  a  crest,  a 
short  tail  of  16 
or  20  obtuse 
featliers,  the  ab- 
.sence  of  pecu- 
liarly length- 
ened featliers  of 
tlie  neck,  and 
dark  Idended 
or  conspicuous- 
ly variegated 
coloration.  The 
species  are 
woodland  and 
arboricole,  and 
are  confined  to 
Nortli  America. 
Tlie  most  nota- 
ble species,  af- 
ter the  one 
named,  is  the 
dusky  grouse  of 

the  Rocky  Mountains,  C.  obscura.  There  are  several  nthp,- 
species  or  varieties.    Also  called  DaXa^/apus. 

canaclet,  conaclet,  n.   [ME.]   A  word  of  un- 

fnfln''^  """"^  meaning,  found  only  in  the 

following  passages : 

The  coperounes  of  the  ca7mcles  that  on  the  cuppe  reres 
Alliterative  Poems  (ei.  Morris),  ii.  1461 
Clatering  of  conacles  that  kesten  tho  bnrde's 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Moi-ris)  ii  1.515 

Canada  (kan-ya'da),  n.  [Sp.,  <  catla,  cane,  reed' 
passage,  tunnel:  see  cane  and  canon,  canyon.!  A 
valley:  the  common  name  in  Spain  of  rather 
wtllpJil"'!.^^''  especially  of  such  as  are 
walled  m  by  precipitous  slopes.    This  word  wa<. 

used  by  early  Spanish  writers  on  California  (as  VenegasT 
and  occurs  m  the  name  of  one  well-known  loSty  rn  that 
State  Canada  de  las  Uvas.    In  general,  liowever  all  val 
leys  (excepting  quite  broad  ones)  and  most  lehTes  as  we  i 
as  deep  and  well-marked  ravines  or  gorges  are  t'hron  Jh 
c^Lli's^  "^^^  °^  ^-^^  Unit^ed^Ce»a 

canada  (ka-na'da),  «.    [Pg.]    A  Portuguese 

liquid  measure,    it  is  equal  in  Lisbon  to  1.47  United 

to  2  23'\'?n[lVf  1-395  liters,  in  Oporto 

to  2.23  United  States  quarts  or  2.114  liters,  in  Rio  to  2  81 

to7rn"nnf' f  l^^  ^'"'""^  States  quarts  and  in  Ceylon 
to  l.bO  United  States  quarts.    Also  caoarfa.  " 

Canada  balsam,  rice,  etc.   See  the  nouns. 

t"  ('^ft-^a'di-an),  «.  and  n.  [<  Canada  -I- 
tnLLJ'  Pe/taimng  to  Canada,  a  British 
possession  in  America  north  of  the  United 

states.  The  Dominion  of  Canada  includes  all  of  British 
America  except  Newfoundland;  but  the  name  Canadat 
also  restricted  so  as  to  include  only  the  pro"  nces  of  On 
tano  and  Quebec  (formerly  Upper  and  Lowei  Canida  o," 
Canada  Wes  and  East).  -  Canadian  embroider^  "^ii-ime 
given  to  a  kind  of  embroidery  made  ™th  siimiujieces"^ 

urf.ceof'the"s?,,ff  '•^if'^S'^I'J  the  like,  ap'li/d  to  tl^e 
t^Iv,  „         •  ^"'^  combined  with  needlework  done 

with  porcupine-qnills  split  so  fine  that  thev  are  flexible 
and  dyed  in  various  colors.    Diet,  of  Needleiork  ' 

oc^rth^r.  n  ^  ^^-f  ^^''^  inhabitant  of  Canada, 
of  ''"''f  ^^'■^'  Texas,  a  species 

of  dock,  i?«,»ex  hymenosepalus,  the  root  of  which 
is  used  m  tanning. 

glia  (=  Sp.  cana,lla  =  Pg.  canalha),  rabble,  prop 
and  orig.  a  pack  of  dogs,  <  cane  =  Pg.  cao-^l' 
can  (obs.)  =  F.  chien,<  L.  canis,  a  dog  se7  Ca- 
ms,  and  cf  kenned,  a  doublet  of  ca^^il^  l 

tio    ?If^*  f^*^®''^  people  collectively; 

the  rabble ;  the  vulgar. 


To  keep  the  sovereign  canaille  from  intrudin<r  on  thp. 
retirement  of  the  poor  king  of  the  French  "  Burke. 


Shattered  portions  of  the  Canaanitish  nations  escaped. 

Gotch. 

canabert,  n.  [A  var.  of  canevas  (OF.  canevas 
canevers,  etc.),  oanvas:  see  canms.l  A  linen 
cloth  mentioned  in  the  wardrobe  accounts  of 
Henry  VII.  FairhoU. 

canabyt,  «.   An  old  spelling  of  canopii 

i8-Q^'^®i?''''>^^)'  "a  (Von  Eeichenbach, 

X8o3),  after  Canace,  Gr.  KavaKr/,  daughter  of  ^o- 


2  OriginaUy,  a  mixture  of  the  coarser  particle.^ 
ot  flour  and  fine  bran  or  shorts  for  feed;  now 
f  ""^'rf/i^  used  for  the  grade  known  as  "fine 
feed  or  "  finished  middlings."  Also  speUed  ca- 
nuil,  canal,  and  cajiell.  v  <-« 

^^^^n^^/^'^'^'iv^^i^^'       Same  as  cannikin,  1. 
canali  (ka-nal'),  «•    [=  D.  kanaal  =  G.  Dan 
Sw.  kanal,  <  F.  canal  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg  canal  =  It 
canale,<.  L.  canalis,  a  channel,  trench,  nine  eal 
^■''«"'  ^ig-    See  clu!,^^'and 
kennel2,  doublets  of  l.  An  artificial 

waterway  for  imgation  or  navigation,  cniiais 

appear  to  have  been  first  used  for  conveying",  atei  "nd 
were  merely  shallow  ditches  witli  a  slight  fa  Thev 
naturally  became,  when  large  enough,  a  roadway  for  boats 
and  eventually  for  ships.  A  canaf  may  b;  a  nie.e  cutting 
to  unite  ))odies  of  water  for  the  passaee  of  boats  -is 
some  of  the  chains  of  lakes  in  tlieSern  UiS  sfa  es 

unite;r.  v'S-'^nH"'"^  ^  «f  longieve  s 

united  by  locks  and  carried  over  rivers  and  valleis  hv 

oi'a  iiavii^in^'^'  ^  ^  canalize  'i^iver^ 

w.fi  fl  ^  ''f-P''^'''"^'^''""'''^ting  lakes  or  seas,  as  the 
\\  ellaiid  canal  ,n  Canada,  or  the  Suez  canal.  Amo  t  Jhe 
longest  canals  are  the  Ganges  canal  in  India  about  S^o 
miles  long,  the  Grand  Canal  in  China,  abou  sS  miles  and 
the  Erie  canal  in  New  York,  363  mi  es.  The  ./an  es  and 
Kanawha  Rivers  Navigation  canal,  147  milel  lon.1  over 


canal 

■came  by  Its  locks  a  grade  of  1,916  feet,  ani\  the  Morris  canal 
in  New  Jersey,  101  miles  lung,  one  of  1,074  feet.  'I'lie  Snez 
canal  (opened  in  lS69)isyO  mites  long,  and  is  level  tln  ougli- 
out.  It  is  the  largest  sliip-canal  in  the  «orld  in  sectional 
arta.aniltliemostiniportautinacouimercial  aspect.  Caiial- 
ized  rivers  are  common  in  western  Eni  ope.  On  ordinary 
uarrow  canals  boats  are  nsually  drawn  by  liorses  or  mules 
traveling  on  a  tow-path,  though  steam-propulsion  and 
steam-towing  are  now  used  to  some  extent ;  larger  ones, 
called  ship-canals,  as  the  Suez,  the  North  Holland,  the 
AVelland,  etc.,  are  navigated  by  vessels  of  different  sizes, 
up  to  the  largest  under  sail  or  steam. 

2.  In  arch.,  a  cliannel;  a  groove;  a  flute:  thus, 
the  canal  of  the  volute  is  the  chaunel  ou  the 
face  of  the  cireumvolutions  inclosed  by  a  list 
in  the  Ionic  capital. — 3.  In  aiiat.,  a  duet;  a 
channel  through  which  a  fluid  is  conveyed  or 
solids  pass ;  a  tubular  cavity  in  a  part,  or  a  com- 
munication between  parts.  See  duct. — 4.  In 
£odl.,  the  name  of  suntU-y  grooves,  fiu-rows, 
apertures,  etc.,  as:  («)  the  channels  of  various 
aetinozoans ;  (b)  the  afferent  and  efferent  pores 
of  sponges ;  (c)  the  groove  observed  in  different 
parts  of  certain  univalve  shells,  and  adapted  for 
the  protrusion  of  the  long  cylindrical  siphon  or 
breathing-tube  possessed  by  those  animals. —  5. 
In  bot.,  an  elongated  intercellular  or  intrafas- 
cicular  space,  either  empty  or  containing  sap, 
resin,  or  other  substances.— Abdominal  canal,  in 

aiuit.,  same  as  inijuinal  canal. — Alimentary  canal, 

alisphenoid  canal,  alveolodental  canal.  See  the  ad- 
jectives.—Alveolar  canal,  (n)  Anteriur,  the  canal  in  the 
superior  maxillary  bone  containing  tlie  anterior  superior 
dental  nerve,  {h)  In  ferior,  the  inferior  dental  canal,  (c) 
Median,  the  canal  in'tlie  superior  maxillary  bone  contain- 
ing the  middle  superior  dental  nerve.  ((/)  Posterior,  the 
canal  in  the  superior  maxillary  bone  containing  the  poste- 
rior superior  dental  nerve.— Ambulacral  neural  canal. 
See  a»i'jit?(!.-ra;.— Anterior  palatine  canal.  («)  The  ca- 
nal formed  by  the  union  of  tlie  canales  incisivi.  It  opens  on 
the  palate  just  l)ehind  the  incisor  teetli.  Also  called  ante- 
rior palatine  fossa,  (fc)  The  canalis  incisivus  on  either  side, 
(c)  Tlie  canales  incisivi  with  the  anterior  palatine  canal  in 
sense  a.— Aquiferous  canals.  See  « (yHiyvro us.— Arach- 
noid canal,  a  portion  of  the  suliaracluioid  space,  where 
the  araclmoid  crosses,  without  dipping  into,  the  longitu- 
dinal and  transverse  Assures  of  the  lirain.— Atrial  canal, 

auditory  canal.  See  tiie  adjectives  —  Auricular  canal, 

the  constriction  between  the  auricular  and  ventricular  por- 
tions of  a  fetal  heart.— Axial  canal.  See  ax/aJ.— Ber- 
nard's canal,  a  supplementary  duct  of  tlie  pancreas.  Also 
called  Santorini's  canal.— Ca,na.l  Ot  Bartholin.  Same 
as  duct  of  Bartholin.— Ca,nal  of  Cloquet.  Same  as  hya- 
loid caif  i;.— Canal  of  Corti,  the  space  lying  between  tlie 
tectorial  membrane  and  liasilar  membrane  of  the  cochlea. 
—  Canal  of  CotimniUS,  the  aquiBductus  vestibuli  (which 
see,  under  a?!«fF(;»cfKS).— Canal  of  Fontana,  an  annular 
series  of  spaces,  which  lie  in  the  sclerotic,  just  in  front  of 
the  place  of  attachment  of  the  iris,  and  communicate  freely 
with  the  anterior  chamber  of  the  eye.  Also  called  canal  o/ 
Hocias,  ciliary  canal,  and  Fontana  s  sj/ffcs.— Canal  of 
Gartner.  Same  as  Gaertnerian  canal. — Canal  Of  Gui- 
di.  Same  as  Vidian  canal.— Ca.na.1  Of  Hovius.  Same  as 
canal  of  Fontana.— Ca,na\  of  HVLSyiiev.  Same  as  Iluguie- 
rian  canal.  See  below.— Canal  of  Lowenberg,  tlie  canal 
in  the  cochlea  bounded  by  the  membrane  of  Reissner,  the 
tectorial  membrane,  and  the  outer  wall  of  the  cochlear  ca- 
nal. It  is  the  upper  free  portion  of  tliat  canal.—  Canal  of 
Miiller.  Same  as  dad  o.f  3f  ((Her.— Canal  of  Nuck,  the 
poach  of  peritoneum  (processus  vaginalis)  wliicli  in  the  fe- 
male embryo  extends  down  ab)ng  the  round  ligament  of 
the  uterus,  and  which  may  persist  to  a  greater  or  less  ex- 
tent in  the  adult.— Canal  Of  Petit,  the  annular  series  of 
connected  spaces  in  tlie  suspensory  ligament  encircling 
the  crystalline  lensof  the  eye.  — Canal  of  Reissner.  Same 
as  cochlear  canal.  — CdCa.aX  Of  Rivinus.  Same  as  duct  oj 
Jiininus:—  Canal  of  Rosenthal.  Same  as  spiral  canal  qt 
the  /H«r/H,//i.s.  — Canal  of  Schlemm,  a  circular  canal,  of 
elliptiral  (  loss -M  i  tion,  lying  in  the  substance  of  the  scle- 
rotic slightly  anterior  to  the  canal  of  Fontana.— Canal  of 
Stenson.  Same  as  duct  of  Stenson.  — GSLUaX  Of  Stilling. 
•Same  as  hi/aloid  ca/ir/Z.— Canal  of  Wharton.  Same  as 
duct  of  117mrfo)i.— Canal  of  Wirsung,  the  pancreatic 
duct.— Canals  of  Breschet,  canals  in  the  diploc  of  the 
cranial  bones,  in  which  Brcschet's  veins  run.— Canals  Of 
Recklinghausen,  the  system  of  canals  in  the  cornea  ;  the 
coninmnications  between  the  cell-spaces  of  the  cornea.— 

Carotid  canal.  See  ca/  ofit/.-  Central  canal,  the  me.iian 
canal  of  the  spinal  cord.— Central  canal  Of  the  modio- 
lus, the  largest  of  the«anal3  in  the  modiolus  of  the  cochlea 
of  the  ear.— Cerebrospinal  canal.  (")  The  neural  or 
craniovertebral  canal  formed  by  the  skull  and  the  spine, 
and  containing  the  lirain  and  spinal  marrow.  (/;)  The  primi- 
tive common  and  continuous  cavity  of  the  brain  and  spinal 
cord,  not  infrequently  more  or  less  extensively  obliterated 
in  the  latter,  but  in  the  former  modified  in  the  form  of  the 
several  ventricles  and  other  cavities.— Ciliary  canal. 
Same  as  canal  of  Fontana.—  Cochlear  canal,  the  proper 
cavity  of  the  coclilea,  connected  by  the  canalis  reuniens 
with  the  cavity  of  other  parts  of  the  laliyrinth  of  the  ear. 
Also  called  canal  of  Reissner.  — Denta.!  canal,  (a)  An- 
terior, a  small  canal  branching  oft  from  the  infraorbital 
canal  in  the  floor  of  the  orbit,  and  descending  in  the  front 
wall  of  the  antrum.  It  transmits  vessels  and  nerves  to 
the  front  teeth  of  the  upper  jaw.  (6)  Inferior,  the  chan- 
nel in  the  interior  maxillary  or  lower  jaw-bone,  which 
transmits  the  inferior  dental  nerves  and  vessels,  (c)  Pos- 
terior, one  or  more  fine  canals  entering  the  superior  max- 
illary bone  about  the  middle  of  its  posterior  surface,  and 
transmitting  the  posterior  dental  vessels  and  nerves.— 
Digestive  canal.  Same  as  alimentary  canal.— EjacVL- 
latory  canal.  Same  as  ejaculatory  duct  (which  see,  under 
dMcO.  — Eustachian  canal,  the  bony  canal  in  the  petrous 
portion  of  the  temporal  bone  which  forms  part  of  the 
Eustachian  tube.— Facial  canal,  the  iiiiuix;ductus  Fallopu 
(which  see,  under  aijuceductus) :  so  called  because  it  trans- 
mits the  facial  nerve  through  the  temporal  hone.—  Gaert- 
nerian canal,  or  duct  of  Gartner,  the  remains  in  the  fe- 


784 

male  of  the  obliterated  archinephric  canal  or  WolfHan 
duct,  forming  a  ca'cal  aijpendage  or  cul-de-sac  of  the  geni- 
tal p.assages,  or  a  cord  comu  cting  the  latter  with  the  paro- 
varium.—GastrOvasciUar  canal,  genital  canal.  See 
the  adjectives.— Haversian  canal,  the  track  or  trace  of  a 
blood-vessel  in  bone ;  a  cylindrical  hollow  in  bone  in  which 
an  artery  or  a  vein  runs.  These  canals  are  mostly  of  minute 
or  microscopic  size  ;  on  transsection  of  compact  bone-tis- 


canalis 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  canaliculi ;  canaliculate. 

The  reticulated  tissue  of  Lover  is  then  seen  to  be  a  sys- 
tem of  canals,  which  is  but  a  modified  form  of  the  cana- 
licular spaces  of  the  spines. 

Jour.  Hoy.  Micros.  Soc,  2d  ser.,  VI.  80. 
Canalicular  abscess,  an  abscess  of  the  breast  which 
eonimunieates  with  the  lactiferous  ducts. 


sue  they  appear  as  round  holes,  but  in  longiscction  they  caiialiCUlate,  CanaliCUlated  (kan-a-lik'fL-lat, 
are  seen  to  be  branching  and  anastomosing  canals.    When     .ja-ted),  U.     [<  h.  caiiulicaluiits,  <  caiialicitlttS,  a, 


large  and  irregular,  as  they  .often  are,  in  growing  bone 
and  in  the  cancellous  tissue  of  adult  bone,  they  are  called 
IJaeer.siun  spaces.  The  medullary  cavity  or  marrow-cav- 
ity of  a  long  bone,  as  a  humerus  or  femur,  is  really  a 
gigantic  Haversian  canal,  tilled  with  fat,  numerous  blood- 
vessels, and  connective  tissue.  See  cut  under  bone.— 
Hepatic  canal.  Same  as  hepatic  duct  (which  see,  under 
,(,,i.^)._HugUierian  canal,  asmall  passage  forthe  chorda 
tympani  nerve  through  the  temporal  bone  between  its  squa- 
mosal and  petrosal  eienieiits,  parallel  with  the  Glaseriaii  rts 


little  channel,  dim.  of  canalis,  a  channel:  see 
canaU,  Channeled;  furrowed;  grooved. 

Specifically  —  (a)  Inentom.,  having  a  central  longitudinal 
furrow,  which  is  broad  and  well  defined,  but  not  very 
deep :  said  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  thorax  when  it  is 
grooved  for  the  reception  of  the  rostrum,  (h)  Shaped  into 
a  canal  or  canaliculus ;  being  a  channel,  groove,  gutter, 
or  spout,  as  the  lip  of  a  whelk,  (c)  In  hot.,  having  a  deep 
longitudinal  groove,  as  a  petiole  of  a  leaf,  etc. 


Mi( 


^,  c. 


■oscopical  Structure  of  Bone,  magniiied  about 
6oo  diameters, 
bone-corpuscles  in  their  lacunse ;  d,  d,  ca- 
naliculi of  bone. 


sure.  Also  called  ca;m«  0/ //»;;«(>;•.— Hunter's  canal,  the  canaliculus  (kan-a-lik'ii-lus),  m. ;  pi.  canaliculi 

canal  formed  Viy  the  vastus  internus  muscle  on  one  sidfe  and  -  -. 
the  adductor  longus  and  adductor  inagiuis  on  the  other,  to- 
gether with  a  strong  fibrous  band  passing  over  from  the 
vastus  to  the  tendons  of  the  adductors.  The  femoral 
artery  runs  through  this  canal  to  become  the  popliteal. 
—Hyaloid  canal,  the  fine  canal  in  the  vitreous  humor 
of  the  eye,  extending  from  the  optic  papilla  to  the  lens  cap- 
sule, which  contains  in  the  embryo  the  hyaloid  artery,  but 
persists  for  a  time  after  the  disappearance  of  that  vessel. 
Also  called  canal  of  Cloquet  and  canal  of  Stillinij.—ln- 

cisor  canal.  See  anterior  palatine  canal. — Infraorbital 

canal,  the  canal  leading  from  the  infraorbital  groove  on 
the  orbital  surface  of  the  superior  maxillary  bone,  and 
Opening  at  the  infraorbital  foramen.  It  transmits  the  in- 
fraorbital nerve  and  .artery.— Inguinal  canal,  a  canal  in 
the  groin,  about  two  inches  long,  passing  from  tlie  internal 
to  the  external  abdominal  ring.  It  lies  just  above  and 
parallel  to  Pouparfs  ligament,  and  transmits  the  spermatic 
cord  in  the  male  and  the  round  ligament  in  the  female. 
Also  called  abdominal  canal.— haciymal  canal,  (a) 
Same  as  nasal  canal.  (6)  One  of  the  cau.alicnli  lacrym.ales 
(which  see,  under  canalictUus).—'M.a,dTex>oric  canals, 
mucous  canals.  See  the  adjectives. — Nasal  canal,  the 
bony  canal  lodging  the  nasal  duct,  and  formed  by  the  supe- 
rior maxillary,  lacrynial,  and  inferior  turbinated  bones.— 
Nasopalatine  canal.    Same  as  anterior  palatine  canal. 

—  Neural  canal.  («)  The  tube  formed  by  the  centra  and 
neural  arches  of  vertebrfe,  in  which  ttie  brain  and  spinal 
cord  lie.  (6)  In  echinodernis,  a  canal  of  which  a  part  of  the 
wall  is  formed  by  the  ambulacral  nerve  and  its  connec- 
tions ;  the  track  or  trace  of  the  ambulacral  nerve  and  its 
connections. 

This  band-like  nerve  [ambulacral  nerve  of  a  starfish] 
constitutes  the  superficial  wall  of  a  canal,  which  extends 
through  the  whole  length  of  the  ambulacrum,  and  may  be 
termed  the  ambulacral  neural  canal.  It  is  divided  by  a 
longitudinal  septum.  At  its  oral  end  .  .  .  each  ambu- 
lacral nerve,  when  it  reaches  the  oral  membrane,  divides 
into  two  divergent  branches,  which  unite  with  the  corre- 
sponding branches  of  the  other  ambulacral  nerves  to  form 
the  oral  ring.  Answering  to  the  latter  is  a  wide  circular 
neural  canal,  into  which  the  ambulacral  neural  canals 
open.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  478. 

Obturator  canal,  a  funnel-shaped  opening  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  obturator  membrane,  transmitting  the  obtura- 
tor vessels  and  nerves.— Pterygopalatine  canal.  Same 
as  ea  nri  I  ic  ul  u  s  pliary  age  us  {which  see,  under  canaliadus). 

—  Sacral  canal,  tlie  sacral  portion  of  the  neural  canal.— 
Santorini's  canal.  Same  as  Bernard's  crtnaZ.— Semi- 
circular canal,  one  of  the  three  membranous  canals  lead- 
ing off  from  and  returning  into  the  utriculus  of  the  inner 

ear :  .also  applied  to  the  bony  channels  in  which  these   

^taf  o^':it2rna/'sei;dc^>^:u"'^ca,laf^^  ITofcanal if eri;s7  see^ccfnalififons^  A  family 

See  cut  under  car.- Sheathing  canal  (cn't'('''»ea,7i'ta''s),  of  gastropods,  characterized  by  the  extension 
the  communication  of  the  cavity  of  the  tunica  vaginalis  ^j^q  anterior  extremity  of  the  shell  and  mouth 
testis  with  the  gf^\<^r^l  Pf into  a  canal-like  spout,  it  was  formed  by  Lamarck 
In  man  it  soon  closes,  leaving  the  tunica  vaginalis  a  snut  .  .     .,     „.„„„„  f.„,.,-,i,v„,„  Turliinella  Fnsciolaria 

sac.- spinal  canal,  the  c.inal  ^u-me.U  ""4?a^ 

.^I'^lr-sSSi'orth^^  a£ept^  %^  ionehologists  as  types  of  different 

tlie  petrous  bone  in  which  the  cochlear  portion  of  the  ineni-     families,  [oosoieie. 
Ijranous 

modiolus,  .  .  .  „    ,  . 

ous  lamina  spiralis  of  the  ear,  winding  spirally  about  the 
modiolus  or  columella  of  the  cochlea.  It  contains  the 
ganglion  spirale  of  the  cochlear  nerve.— Sternal  Canal. 
.See  :>,■((■/■/?«<.- Stiebel'S  canal,  a  tube  observed  in  certain 
mcdluscan  embryos,  and  rcgardeil  as  probably  an  evanes- 
cent embryonic  nephridium.— Vertebral  canal.  Same 

Siu5;;ou/s:^™i)fS=^i^e;^=;;^tiS:  '^^-^-^-^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

sphenomaxillary  fossa,  and  containing  the  Vidian  nerve    on  the  presternum  intO  whlch  hts  the  roStrum. 

and  artery.  Also  called  canal  of  Guidi.  Also,  incorrectly,  Catialirostri.  Amyot  ana  ber- 

canali  (ka-nal'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  canalled,  ^^n^^ 

ppr.  canaiUng.    [<  canal\  w.]    To  intersect  or  canalirostrate  (ka-nal-i-ros'trat),  a.  [<  Canali- 

cut  with  canals.  rostra  +  -rtfci.]   'Having  a  channeled  beak  or 

Engineers,  like  kobolds  and  enchanters,-^ tunnelling  rostrum;  specifically,  having  the  characters  of 


(-li).  [L.,  dim.  ot'canaUs,  a  channel:  see  chan- 
ncl^,  canal^,  «.]  In  anat.  and  sooL,  a  little 
groove,  fm-row,  pipe,  tube,  or  other  small 
channel. 

The  canaliculi  which  originate  in  one  lacuna  most  fre- 
quently run  into  a  neighboring  lacuna,  or  else  into  a 
neighboring  Haversian  canal.  U.  Gray,  Anat.,  p.  46. 

Canaliculi  biliferi,  the  bile-ducts.  —  Canaliculi  calco- 
phori.    See  CO icop/iOTOMs.— Canaliculi  caroticotym- 

panici,  two  or  three  short  canals  leading  from  the  caro- 
tid canal  into  the  tymptinuni  and  transmitting  branches 
of  the  carotid  plexus.—  Canaliculi  dentium,  the  minute 
canals  of  the  dentine.—  Canaliculi  lacrymales,  the  lac- 
rynial canals,  small  tubes  beginning  at  the  puncta  lacry- 
nialis,  and  opening  into  the  lacrynial  sac  either  separately 
or  by  a  common  opening.— CanaUculi  of  bone,  the  micro- 
scopic branch- 
ing tubules  ra-  \-> 
diating  from  > 
the  lacuna;  of  *  i  , 
bone,  and  con- 
necting one  la- 
cuna with  an- 
other. —  Ca- 
naliculi pe- 
trosi,  two 
very  small  ca- 
nals, or  in 
some  cases 
channels,  on 
the  upper  sur- 
face of  the  pe- 
trous portion 
of  the  tem- 
poral bone, 
transmitting 
the  large  and 
small  superfi- 
cial petrosal  nerves.— Canaliculi  vasculosi,  the  nutri- 
tious and  Haversian  canals  of  bone.— Canaliculus  pha- 
rjmgeus,  a  groove  on  the  under  surface  of  the  vaginal 
process  of  the  pterygoid  process  of  the  sphenoid  bone, 
more  or  less  completely  converted  into  a  canal  by  the  sphe- 
noid process  of  the  palatine  bone.  It  transmits  the  ptery- 
gopalatine vessels  and  the  pharyngeal  or  pterygopalatine 
nerve.  Also  called  pteryyopalatine  eanal.^  Canaliculus 
pterygopalatinus,  sphenopalatinus,  sphenopha- 
ryngeus.  Same  as  canaliculus  pluiryiiyeus. —  Canalicu- 
lus tympanicus,  the  minute  canal  in  the  petrous  portion 
of  the  temporal  lione  which  transmits  Jacobson's  nerve. 


us  bone  in  which  the  coclilear  portion  otmc  mem-     ..u.....^^    l..,,™....^.,      ,.„,  ^      r/  -MT  ^nnn 

labyrinth  is  contained.- Spiral  canal  Of  the  canallferous  (kan-a-lif'e-rus),  a.    [<  ^L>.  cana- 

.S,  a  minute  spiral  can.al  at  the  base  of  the  osse-     ]ifcritS,  <  L.  canalis,  canal,  +  jerre  =  Hi.  bear';] 
'  "  Having  a  channel  or  canal. 

Canalirostra  (ka-nal-i-ros'tra),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
L.  canalis,  a  canal,  +  rnstrtitn,  pi.  rostra,  a 
beak,  mod.  rostrum.]  A  superfamily  of  hemip- 
terous  insects,  consisting  of  the  Tingidw,  Ara- 


Alps,  canallinij  the  American  Isthmus,  piercing  the  Ara- 
bian desert.  Emerson,  Works  and  Days. 

canaP  (ka-nal'),  «•    Same  as  canaille,  2. 

canal-l)oat  (ka-nal'bot),  n.  A  comparatively 
long  and  narrow  boat  used  on  canals  for  the 
conveyance  of  goods  or  passengers,  and  com- 
monly moved  by  traction. 

canal-coal  (kan'al-kol),  n.  A  corrupt  form  of 
cannel-coal. 

canales,  «•    Plural  of  canalis. 

canalicular  (kan-a-lik'ii-lar),  a.  [<  L.  canali- 
culus,  dim.  of  canalis,  a  channel:  see  canal'-, 
n.,  channel^.']  1.  In  anat.  and  zodl.,  resembling 
a  small  canal ;  canal-shaped. 

A  dividing  of  the  mesoderm  occurs,  which  takes  the 
form  either  of  canalicular  cavities,  or  of  a  complete  split- 
ting of  the  mesoderm  into  an  outer  plate  attached  to  the 
ectoderm,  and  an  inner  one  attached  to  the  endoderm. 

Gegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  50. 


the  Canalirostra. 
canalis  (ka-na'lis),  n. ;  pi.  canales  (-lez).  [L., 
a  channel,  pipe,  groove,  etc.:  see  canal'-,  ».] 
In  anat.  and  sooL,  same  as  canal,  3  and  4.— Ca- 
nales laqueiformes,  the  loops  of  Henle  in  the  kidneys.- 
CanaliS  carotiCUS.  See  carotid  caiial,  under  carotid.— 
Canalis  Cloqueti,  the  hyaloid  canal.— Canalis  cocMese 
osseus  the  entire  spiral  osseous  canal  of  the  cocmea, 
containing  the  scala  vestibuli,  scala  cochlea;  or  canalis 
cochlearis,  and  scala  tympani.— Canalis  condyloiaeus, 
the  canal  opening  at  the  posterior  conaylon!  foramen,  it 
transmits  a  vein  to  the  lateral  sinus.—  Canalis  cranio- 
pharyngeus,  the  cranlopharyngeal  canal,  connecting  tne 
cerebral  with  the  buccal  cavity.  See  cravwj^harynueaL— 
Canalis  gynscophorus,  a  gyna;cophore.—  Canalis  ny- 
poglossi,  the  anterior  condyloid  foramen,  wbicli  trans- 
mits the  twelfth  or  liypoglossal  nerve.— Cai-anS  mClSl- 
vus  the  canal  leading  down  from  the  nasal  lossa  on  either 
side  to  join  its  fellow  aiid  form  or  open  into  the  anf^rioi 
nalatine  canal  or  fossa.  It  transmits  the  anterior  palaw»e 
Also  called  incisor  canal,  anterior  palatine  eanai. 


vessels. 


canalis 

incisor, foramen,  and/oramen  o/««jOT7t.— Canajls  mus- 
CUlOtubariUS,  the  joint  canals  for  the  Eustachian  tube 
and  the  tensor  tympani.-CanaUsnasolacnrmaUs.  See 
nasal  canal  mider  canaiL- Canalis  reuniens,  the  ca- 
nal by  \yhich  the  sacculus  of  the  internal  ear  comrauni- 
cates  With  the  canalis  cochlearis.-CanaUs  vaginaUs. 
See  sheathing  canal,  under  canall. 

canalization  (ka-nal-i-za'shon),  n.  [<  canalize 
after  F.  canalisation.']  1.  The  construction  of 
canals,  or  the  establishment  of  eommimicatiou 
by  means  of  canals. 

Canalisation  on  a  grand  scale— the  uniting  of  seas  and 
oceans  by  navigable  canals— had  been  "iu  the  air"  ever 
snice  the  nuddle  of  the  century. 

Edinburgh  Rev.,  CLXIV.  9. 

SpeeificaUy— 2.  The  conversion  of  a  natui'al 
stream  or  a  chain  of  lakes  or  marshes  into  a 
contmuous  canal,  suitable  for  navigation,  by 
means  of  weirs,  ban-ages,  locks,  short  cuttings, 

fi.^L/^^l"^'^?,  ^'■'^  common  in  France  ;  in  the 

United  Mates  the  Monongahela  and  Kanawha  rivers  af- 
ford mstances.  The  Suez  canal  is  in  part  the  result  of 
the  canalization  of  natural  bodies  of  water 

Also  spelled  canalisation. 
•canalize  (ka-nal'iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  canal- 
ized, ppr.  canalizing.  [<  canal  +  -ize;  after  F 
canaliser.-]  1.  To  make  a  canal  through :  pro- 
vide mth  a  canal  or  canals.— 2.  To  convert 
into  a  canal:  as,  to  canalize  a  river. 


785 


cancel 


Canarese,  Kanarese  (kan-a-res'  or -rez'),  a.  and    Canaries,  Barbary,  and  Italy,  and  is  extensivelv  cultivated 

n.     [<  Vanara,  Kanara  (see  def.),  +  -c.se.]    I.    elsewhere  for  canary-birdb^    The  rcercTna™^^^^^^ 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  either  of  two  districts  in   whk'  h  Y«ThP 'ri'.'h  '•"'"'"•"'/pecios,  a  variegated  fonii  of 
western  India,  called  respectively  North  and  "'^'^°"-8™fs  of  gardens. 

South  Canara  (or  Kanara)  ^  canary-moss  (ka-na'ri-mos),  n.  A  name  of  the 

II.  M.  1.  sing,  and  pi.    A  native  or  natives  of     b-i  "'^  tinctoria  etc.,  which  yield  ar- 

either  ofthesedistric4s.-2.  AlanSiSTthe    cS  iSei  '^^^^<^ '^^""ry-wced.  See 

Dravidian  group,  nearly  allied  to  Telu<ni  beint'  „2  (oc  iil. 

one  of  sevlral  langua/es  spoken  in  these  dfs^-  <=f5^*^y-seed  (ka-na'ri-sed),  n.    The  seed  of 
tricts,  and  over  a  1ar|e  trict  as  far  Sh  as  .^^'fJ^'-^T^^^'f^d  for  feeding  birds. 
Bidar.    Also  called  A'«r«a to.  ''""'^      canary-stone  (ka-na'n-ston),  «.  Averybeau- 

canarin,  canarine  (kan'a-rin),  «.    r<  caium/  +  ^  somewhat  rare  variety  of  eamelian, 

-/«2  -»*c2  ]    A  compound  (OsNoS^H)  us«  hi        "^"'"'^  ^''5™/^*^ 

dyeing,  formed  by  oxicUzing  sulphocyanide  of  canary-weed  (ka-na'n-wed),  n.  Same  as  ca- 
potassium  with  chlorate  of  potassium  in  the  ol'i!'^vZ''^^^A  -  •  -in 

presence  of  sulphuric  and  hydi-ochlorie  acid  ^anary-wopd  (ka-na'n-wud),  n.  The  hand- 
Tt^,.^,i„„„„  „„,„r*„„^       —  dciu.    some,  dark-colored,  mahogany-like  wood  of 


The  Blavet  is  canalized  throughout  its  course  through 
the  department.  £najc.  Brit.,  XVI.  813. 

-Also  spelled  canalise. 
•canal-lift  (ka-nal'lift),  n.    1.  A  hydraulic  ele- 
vator for  raising  a  tank  filled  with  water  in 
which  a  eanal-boat  may  float.  Such  an  appliance 

IS  used  on  the  canal  near  Manchester,  England,  to  trans- 
fer boats  from  one  level  to  another. 
2.  A  cradle  on  which  a  canal-boat  may  rest 
and  be  drawn  up  by  cable  along  an  inclined 
raih-oad.  A  lift  of  this  kind  is  in  use  on  the 
MoiTis  canal  in  New  Jersey, 
■canal-lock  (ka-nal'lok),  w.  An  inclosure  with 
gates  at  each  end,  forming  a  connection  be- 


i  -   1'"  —       ""--1  ijjMiwv,ij.iL>mj  aciu 

It  produces  very  fast  yellow  shades  on  cotton 
Canarium  (ka-na'ri-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  canari,  an 
t^.  ind.  name.]  A  genus  of  large  evergreen 
trees,  of  the  natural  order  Burscracece,  chiefly 
of  tropical  Asia  and  the  adjacent  islands.  There 

are  many  species,  abounding  in  fragrant  re.sins,  thou"h 
the  larger  number  are  but  little  known.  The  black  dam 
wwi,''?''  °'  l""^'"',  f-  yields  a  brilliant  black  gum 

which  IS  used  medicinally  and  for  other  purposes.  Manila 
e  emi  is  supposed  to  be  the  pro.iuct  of  C.  cmnmune,  a  "pe^ 
cies  cultivated  in  the  Jloluccas  and  elsewhere  for  its  fruit 
which  IS  edible  and  furnishes  a  pleasant  oil 
canary  (ka-na^ri)  n.  and  a.  [<  Sp.  Pg.  canario 
(dance  and  bu-d)  =  F.  canari  (bird),  canarie 
(.aance);  et.  d.  kanarienvogel,  canary-bird: 
named  with  reference  to  the  Canary  islands 
which  take  their  name  from  Gran  Canaria, 
one  of  the  principal  islands  of  the  group,  L 
Canaria  insula,  so  called  because  of  its  large 
dogs,  canaria  being  fem.  of  canarius,  pertainihg 
to  dogs,  <  canis,  a  dog:  see  Canis.]  I  pf 
canaries  (-riz).  1.  Wine  made  in  the  Canary 
islands,  it  was  anciently  included  under  the  general 
name  sack.   In  the  eighteenth  century,  and  as  late  as  1820, 


I'crsca  Indica  and  Apollonias  Canaricnsis  lau- 
raeeous  trees  of  the  Azores  and  Madeira:  so 
called  because  it  was  brought  originally  from 
the  Canaries.  Also  called  Madeira  mah(x/ani/. 
canaster  (ka-nas'ter),  n.  [=  MLG.  kanaster  = 
h.-canastrc,  <  Pg.  canastra  =  Sp.  canastro,  ca- 
nasto,  usually  canasta,  a  large  basket,  <  Gr. 
KavaoTfjop,  a  wicker  basket:  see  canister.]  1.  A 
rush  basket  made  in  the  Spanish  countries  of 
South  America  and  used  for  packing  tobacco 
for  exportation.  The  tobacco  sent  to  Europe 
packed  in  these  baskets  takes  from  them  the 
name  of  canaster  tobacco.  Hence  — 2.  A  kind 
of  tobacco  for  smoking,  consisting  of  the  dried 
leaves  coarsely  broken. 

Meanwhile  I  will  smoke  my  canaster. 
And  tipple  my  ale  in  the  shade. 

Thackeray,  Imitation  of  Horace. 
canatillo(kan-a-tel'yo),  w.    [Mex.]    The  Mex- 
leaii  name  of  a  plant  of  the  genus  Ephedra, 
used  as  a  styptic  and  as  a  remedy  in  syphilitic 
complaints. 


r:  ■ ^'s'^-ccui,!!  i;ciiLui-y,  anu  as  late  as  1820,  ^^oiuuiainrs. 

aU^Sn^randnrf^ti""^"^'^       The  principal  brands  Can-bottle  (kan'bot"l),  „.     The  long-tailed  tit- 

Ccinary  was  the  Drink  of  our  wise  Forefathers  'tis  Bal-  °T;  ^.^^"^ 

samick,  and  saves  the  charge  of  'Pothecaries'  Cordials  Can-DUOy  (kan  boi),  n.    A  large  cylindrical  or 

J^^ra.  CenHiore,  Bold  Stroke,  iii.  conical  floating  buoy,  used as  a  mark  for  shoals 

*2t.  A  lively  French  and  English  dance,  of  dis-  ^ee  buoi/.  ' 

puted  origin,  similar  to  the  jig:  named  from  cancan  (kan'kan),  n.    [<  F.  canca?i,  a  dance 

tne  Canary  islands.    Often  written  canaries.  dei.);  a  slang  or  cant  term,  perhaps  a  par- 

That.abletobreltt^?if--t^o?I,tr  ^^t^i^T^'^^^XI^'^S^'^ 

Quicken  a  rock,  and  make  you  dance                 ^  ^^^J l^J^^^^ ^tt 


Canal-lock. 

yi,  vertical  longitudinal  section ;  B,  plan  ;  e.  lock-chamber  : 
^.     .  gates  ;  «t,  «,  underground  conduits. 

tween  the  upper  and  lower  levels  of  a  canal 
enabling  boats  to  pass  from  one  to  the  other. 

pee  lock,  in  the  accompanying  cut  e  reoresents  thp 
inclosure  technically  called  a  ?oc/t-?Aam6.r  A  boat  hav 
aml'ttn^P  „  t  "'  chamber  from the  gates  at  g'  are  closed 
and  those  at  g  opened;  the  water  in  e,  being  thus  rein- 

fevef  trth  if^'^.l^'^'^  'l""'''  rises  to  the  same 

level  with  it,  and  the  boat  proceeds. 

canam  (ka-nam'),  n.  A  dry  measure  of  Pondi- 
eherry  India,  equal  to  72  liters,  or  2  United 
btates  bushels. 

Cananeet,  a.    [ME.]    An  obsolete  form  of  Ca- 

naanitish. 

The  woman  Cananee.  Chaucer,  Second  Nun's  Tale,  1.  69. 
Cananga  (ka-nang'ga),  n.  [NL.,  from  the' Ma- 
layan name.]  A  genus  of  large  anonaeeous 
evergreen  trees,  including  three  species,  all  Ma- 
layan. The  most  common  species  is  C.  odorata,  the  ilam^- 
ilang,  which  IS  cultivated  throughout  India  and  in  other 
tropical  countries.  The  large  fragrant  flowers  yield  an 
attar,  and  an  oil  is  expressed  from  the  seeds. 

vanara  butter.   See  butter'^. 
canard  (ka-niir'  or  ka-niird'),  n.     [<  F  ca- 
nard, a  hoax,  a  broadside,  a  quack,  a  particu- 
lar use  of  canard,  m;  or  f.,  a  duck,  prop,  onlv 
m.,  a  dxake,  <  cane,  f.,  a  duck  (cf.  ML.  canar- 
dus,  a  kind  of  boat).    Origin  unknown:  sup- 
posed by  some  to  be  connected  with  MLG  LG 
tone  (>  G.  kahn)  =  D.  kaan,  a  boat.    The  con- 
nection of  the  sense  'a  hoax,  cheat'  with  the 
orig.  sense  'a  duck'  is  prob.  to  be  explained 
trom  the  old  phrase  vendeur  de  canard  a  moitie 
a  cozener  giiller,  liar,  lit.  one  who  half-sells  a 
duck  that  IS  (appar.),  pretends  to  seU,  and 
eneats  m  the  operation;  an  expression  prob 
due  to  some  local  incident.    In  def.  2  cf  Pa- 
risian P.  canard,  a  newspaper,  canarciier,  a  iour- 
naiist.J    1.  An  absurd  story  or  statement  in- 
tended as  an  imposition;  a  fabricated  story  to 
which  currency  is  given,  as  by  a  newspaper; 
a  hoax.    Hence -2.  A  broadside  cried  in  the 
streets:  so  called  from  the  generaUy  sensa- 
tional nature  of  its  contents.    Imp.  Bid 
50 


I'll  make  you  a  dish  of  calves'  feet  dance  the  Canaries 
And  a  consort  of  cramm'd  capons  fiddle  to  'era  ' 
Fletcher  (and  others),  Bloody  Brother,  ii.  2 

3t.  A  melody  intended  for  such  a  dance,  written 
m  sextuple  (or  sometimes  quadruple)  rhythm 
—4.  A  canary-bird  (which  see).— 5.  A  sov- 
ereign (gold  coin):  so  called  from  its  color. 
[Prov.  Eng.]  — 6.  A  kept  mistress.  [Prov. 
l^ng.J  — 7t.  A  word  put  by  Shakspere  in  its 
angular  and  plural  forms  into  the  mouth  of 


 xiAAvAviitr  tij^trs  itie 

proper  pronunciation  of  this  word  was  the  sub- 
ject of  fierce  contention,  one  party  pronoun- 
cing It  can-can,  and  the  other  c^uancptam  "),  but 
prob.  <  cancaner,  tattle,  chatter,  gossip,  appar 
an  imitative  reduplication,  to  be  compared 
with  the  E.  cackle,  quack,  etc.]  A  kind  of  dance 
performed  m  low  resorts  by  men  and  women, 
who  indulge  m  extravagant  postures  and  las- 
civious gestures ;  hence,  a  quadrille  or  a  similar 
dance  performed  in  this  manner. 


Mrs.  (^mckly  m  the  explanation  of  which  com-  can-cart  (kan'kart),  n.  A  light  two-wheeled 
mentators  differ.  It  is  probably  an  intentional  vehicle  with  a  bent  axle  for  supporting  a  laree 
blunder  for  quandary.  can  hung  on  trunnions  between  the  wheels 

You  have  brought  her  into  such  a  canaries,  as  'tis  won-  ^^^^  ^'^^  carrying  milk,  etc.  ' 
dertul.   The  best  courtier  of  them  all  .  .  .  could  never  Cancel  (kan'sel),  n.    [In  older  E.  form  chancel, 


have  brought  her  to  such  a  canary, 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  ii.  2. 
II.  a.  Of  the  color  of  the  domestic  canarv- 
bird;  bright-yellow.  ^ 
canaryt  (ka-na'ri),  v.  i.    [<  canary,  n.,  2.]  To 
dance ;  frolic ;  perform  the  old  dance  called  a 
canary. 

Jig  off  a  tune  at  the  tongue's  end,  canary  to  it  with  your 
feet,  humour  it  with  turning  up  your  eyelids. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iii  i 
canary-bird  (ka-na'ri-berd),  n.  Aa  oscine 
passerine  bird  of  the  family  Fringillidw,  so 
called  because  indigenous  to  the  Canary  isl- 
ands ;  a  kind  of  finch,  Fringilla  canaria,  or  Car- 
duehs  canaria,  one  of  the  commonest  and  best 


q.  v.,  <  OF.  chancel  =  Sp.  cancel  =  Pg.  cancello 
caneella  =  It.  cancello,  a  lattice,  grating,  <  Ml' 
cancellus,  caneella,  L.  *cancellus,  always  in  pi' 
cancelh,  a  lattice,  grating,  raiUng,  bar  in  a  court 
ot  justice,  ban-ier  in  public  spectacles  (see  ca7i- 
celli),  dim.  of  cancer,  pi.  cancri,  a  lattice  :  a 
word  scarcely  used.  See  the  verb.]  If  Lattice- 
work or  one  of  the  cross-bars  in  latticework; 
a  latticework  or  gi-ated  inclosure;  hence,  a 
barrier;  a  limit. 

A  prison  is  but  a  retirement,  and  opportunity  of  serious 
thoughts  to  a  person  whose  spirit  .  .  .  desires  no  enlarge! 
ment  beyond  the  cancels  of  the  body  eniarge- 
Jer.  Taylor,  Life  of  Christ,  III.,  Disc.  xv.  §  9. 


known  cage-birds,  e've^^hCT^rept  and  bred  ot'l,!^  t?^""''/'^  ^  printing  a  page,  sheet,  or 
m  confinement.  The  native  bird  is  dark  and  streaked  A  ,  P*"!*."!  printed  work  suppressed  and 
snmewhnt  ro«,„i.i;  i  S  'lf  "" streaked,     destroved  befarp  iiii>.li«of;^„  .  +i,„  5„^  . 


,   ,  ,  ,  .  The  native  bird  is  dark  and  streaked 

somewhat  resembling  a  linnet  or  siskin,  the  uniforrai; 
bright-  or  pale.yellow  color  which  commonly  distinguishes 
sele?tZ''°Thi  l^""g  the  result  of  artificial 

Pnn«irWoM  f-  "'"t"'^*!'^  Varieties  are  numerous,  with 
b?^1«  win M?'^/''"*^-''^  ^'"1  "^'^■■e  are  many  hy- 

brids with  allied  species,  as  the  goldfinch,  linnet  siskin 

;rfl«'"^?^'"-  i°fi-o<hiced  into  Europe  n 

the  fifteenth  orsixteenth  century.-Canary-bird  flower 
(«)  A  species  of  Tropoeoluni,  T". %e.c-,rH,,,^».°t^th  deTply 
cut  leaves  and  bright  canary-yellow  flowers,  the  lower 


destroyed  before  pubUcation ;  the  act  of  reiect- 

mg  a  part  of  a  printed  work.    The  cancel  ordered 

t"r  susfXT-r'  unpublished  printed  nS 

ter  IS  usually  followed  by  correct  reprinting;  but  a  cancel 
IS  sometimes  made  without  reprinting 
3.  [<  cancel,  v.]  In  music,  the  sign  0,  when  used 
to  nullify  the  effect  of  a  shai-p  or  a  flat  iire- 
\aously  occurring  either  in  the  signature  or  as 
an  accidental. 


^"r  .'^■''o^^'Ji'n  urignt  canary-yellow  flowers,  the  lower  acciiientai. 


creeper,    (b)  Same  as  bird-jjlant. 

canary-creeper  (ka-na'ri-kre"per),  n  The 
eanary-bu-d  flower  (which  see,  under  canarii- 
hird).  •' 

canary-finch  (ka-na'ri-finch),  n.    The  canaiy- 

canary-grass  (ka-na'ri-gras),  «.  Phalaris  Ca- 
nariensis,  natm'al  order  Gramineoe,  a  native  of 
the  Canary  islands,    its  seed  is  used  as  food  in  the 


cancelled,  ppr.  canceling  or  cancelling.  [For- 
merly also  cancell;  <  F.  canceller.  OF.  canceller 
canceler  =  Pr.  Pg.  cancellar  =  Sp.  cancelar  = 
It.  cancellare,  <  L.  cancellare,  make  like  a  lat- 
tice, esp.  to  strike  out  a  ivriting  bv  drawint^ 
lines  across  in  the  form  of  lattieewbrk,  <  can- 
celh, pi.,  a  lattice,  grating,  railing,  bar  in  a  court 
ot  justice,  barrier  in  public  spectacles:  see 
cancel,  n.    Hence  ult.  «  L.  cancelli)  also  chan- 


cancel 

eel,  chancellor,  etc.]  I,  trans.  1+.  To  inclose 
with,  latticework  or  a  railing. 

A  little  ubscure  jilace  cancelled  in  with  iron-work  is  the 
pillar  or  stump  at  which  .  .  .  our  Saviour  was  scourged. 

Uveltjn. 

2.  To  di-aw  lines  across  (something  written)  so 
as  to  deface ;  blot  out  or  obliterate :  as,  to  can- 
cel several  lines  in  a  manuscript. 

The  sums  you  borrow  il  are  return'd,  the  bonds 
Cancell'd,  and  your  acquittance  formally  seal'd. 

Beau,  and  Ft,,  Laws  of  Candy,  iv.  2. 
The  indentiu'es  were  cancelled.  Thadceray. 

3.  To  annul  or  destroy;  make  void;  set  aside: 
as,  to  cancel  a  debt  or  an  engagement. 

Know  then,  I  liere  forget  all  former  griefs. 

Cancel  all  grudge.  Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  v.  4. 

His  subjects  slain. 
His  statutes  cancell'd,  and  his  treasure  spent. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  v.  4. 

4.  (a)  In  math.,  to  strike  out  or  eliminate,  as 
a  number  or  quantity  constituting  a  common 
factor  in  a  dividend  and  divisor  or  the  numera- 
tor and  denominator  of  a  fraction,  or  a  common 
term  in  the  two  members  of  an  equation,  {h) 
In  printing,  to  strike  out,  reject,  or  throw  aside, 
as  some  portion  of  a  printed  work,  (c)  In  m  usic, 
to  suspend  the  power  of  (a  sharp  or  a  flat)  by  in- 
serting the  sign  J.  =  Syn.  2.  Erase,  Expunge,  etc.  (see 

•  efface),  strike  out ;  destroy,  scratch  out,  rub  out,  wipe  out. 
—  3.  Repeal,  Rescind,  etc.    See  abolish. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  become  obliterated  or  void. 
[Rare.] 

A  rash  oath  that  cancell'd  in  the  making.  Cowleij. 

cancelation,  cancellation  (kan-se-la'shon), 
n.  The  act  of  canceling;  specifically,  in  math., 
the  striking  out  or  removal  of  a  common  factor 
or  tei-m.    See  cancel,  v.  t.,  4  {a). 

canceleert,  canceliert  (kau-se-ler'),  n.  [<  F. 
*cuncclcr,  assibilated  chuncehr  {*eschanccJcr) 
(:=  Pr.  cancheler,  chancelar),  reel,  stagger,  wa- 
ver, lit.  go  in  zigzags,  being  the  same  word  as 
canceler,  draw  Hues  across  in  the  form  of  lat- 
ticework :  see  cancel,  v.']  The  turn  of  a  hawk 
upon  the  vnng  to  recover  itself,  after  miss- 
ing in  the  first  stoo}).    Also  written  canceller. 

The  fierce  and  eager  hawks,  down  thrilling  from  the  skies. 
Make  sundry  cancelcers  ere  they  the  fowl  can  reach. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xx.  229. 

canceleert,  canceliert  (kan-se-ler'),  v.  i-  [< 
canceleor,  ».]  In  falconry,  to  turn  two  or  three 
times  on  the  wing  before  seizing  the  prey,  as 
a  hawk  in  stooping,  especially  when  it  misses. 
Also  written  canceller. 

The  partridge  sprung, 
He  [the  hawk]  makes  his  stoop ;  but,  wanting  breath,  is 
forced 

To  cancelier.  Massinger,  The  Guardian,  ii.  1. 

canceler,  canceller^  (kan'sel-er),  «.  One  who 
or  that  which  cancels  ;  specifically,  a  hand- 
stamp  or  stamping-machine  for  the  cancela- 
tion of  postage-stamps ;  a  canceling-stamp. 

canceliert,  "■  and  v.    See  canceleer. 

canceling-stamp  (kan'sel-ing-stamp),  «.  A 
hand-stamp  for  defacing  and  canceling  post- 
age-stamps or  checks. 

cancellarean  (kan-se-la're-an),  a.  Same  as 
canceJlarian^.  [Bare.] 

cancellareate  (kan-se-la'rf-at),  a.  [<  ML.  can- 
cellarius:  see  cliancellor.']  Belonging  to  a  chan- 
cellor. [Rare.] 

Cancellaria  (kan-se-la'ri-a),  n.  [NL.  (Lamarck, 
1801;  dt.Mlj.  cancellarius:  chancellor),  <  L. 
cancelU,  a  grating:  see  cancel,  v.'\  The  typical 
genus  of  Cancellariidm,  having  an  oval  cancel- 
lated shell  with  the  last  whorl  ventricous,  aper- 
ture oblong  and  canaliculated,  canal  short,  and 
columella  obliquely  plicate.  There  are  many 
species,  of  which  C.  reticulata  is  an  example. 

The  shell  ia  almost  always  marked  off  into  squares  by 
transverse  ribs  and  revolving  lines,  which  gives  rise  to  the 
name  of  the  principal  genus  Cancellaria. 

Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.  337. 

cancellarian^  (kan-se-la'ri-an),  a.  [<  ML.  can- 
cellarius :  see  chancellor.']  Relating  or  pertain- 
ing to  a  chancellor ;  cancellareate.  Also  spelled 
cancellarean.  [Rare.] 

cancellarian^  (kan-se-la'ri-an),  a.  [<  Cancel- 
laria +  -an.']  In  conch.,  pertaining  to  the  Can- 
cellaria or  to  the  Cancellariidw. 

cancellariid  (kan-se-la'ri-id),  n.  A  gastropod 
of  the  family  Cancellariidm. 

Cancellariidse  (kan'se-la-ri'l-de),  m.  pZ.  [NL., 
<  Cancellaria  +  -idm.]  A  family  of  toxoglos- 
sate  prosobranchiate  gastropods,  typified  by 
the  genus  Cancellaria,  having  the  proboscis 
rudimentary,  the  teeth  two-rowed,  and  the 
shell  cancellated  and  inopereulate.  They  are 
vegetarians. 


Cancellate  Structure  of  Bone. — Upper 
part  of  femur,  in  section. 


786 

cancellarioid  (kan-se-la'ri-oid),  a,  [<  Cancel- 
laria +  -oid.]  Resembling  the  members  of  the 
genus  Cancellaria  ;  cancellarian. 
cancellate,  cancellated  (kan'se-lat,  -la-ted), 
a.  [<  L.  canccllatus,  pp.  of  cancellare,  make  like 
or  provide  with  a  lattice :  see  cancel,  v.]  Sep- 
arated into  spaces  or  divisions,  as  by  caneelli. 

Specifically — (a)  In  zodi.,  marked  by  lines  crossing  each 
other ;  marked  latticewise ;  reticulated ;  showing  a  net- 
work of  lines.  The  shell  of  Cancellaria  reticulata  is  a 
good  example. 

The  tail  of  the  castor  is  almost  bald,  though  the  beast 
is  very  hairy;  and  cancellated  with  some  resemblance  to 
the  scales  of  fishes.  N.  Grew,  Museum. 

(/()  In  anat. ,  same  as  in  zoology,  but  especially  said  of  the 
light  spongy  or  porous  texture  of  bone  resulting  from 
numexous  thin  osseous 
lamina;  with  intervening 
spaces  large  enough  to 
be  readily  seen  by  the 
naked  eye.  Such  te.vture 
occurs  in  the  ends  of 
long  bones,  as  the  hume- 
lus  and  femur,  and  in 
the  interior  of  most 
short,  flat,  or  irregular 
bones.  The  spaces  are 
chiefly  vascular  chan- 
nels, filled  with  connec- 
tive tissue,  fat,  etc.,  be- 
tween plates  or  layers  of 
more  compact  bone-tis- 
sue, (c)  In  bot.,  applied 
to  leaves  consisting  en- 
tirely of  veins,  without 
connecting  parenchyma, 
so  that  the  whole  leaf 
looks  like  a  sheet  of  open 
network  ;  in  mosses,  applied  to  cell-structiu'e  having  such 
appearance. 

Also  cancellous. 
cancellation  (kan-se-la'shon),  n.     [<  L.  can- 
ccUafio(n-),  <  cancellare,  pp.  cancellatiis :  see 
cancel,  ».]     1.  See  cancelation. —  2.  In  anat., 
reticulation ;  the  state  of  being  cancellated : 
as,  the  cancellation  of  bone, 
canceller^,  n.    See  canceler. 
canceller^t,     and  v.    Same  as  canceleer. 
caneelli  (kan-sel'i),  n.  i^l.    [L.,  a  lattice,  etc.: 
see  cancel,  n.]    Cross-pieces  or  reticulations 
forming  a  latticework  or  gi'ating.  Specifically— 

(a)  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  the  parts  of  a  latticework  parti- 
tion between  the  choir  and  the  body  of  the  church,  so  ar- 
ranged as  not  to  intercept  the  view. 

The  Altar  is  inclos'd  with  Caneelli  so  as  not  to  be  ap- 
proach'd  by  any  one  but  the  Priest,  according  to  the  fash- 
ion of  the  Greek  Clunches. 

Maundrell,  Aleppo  to  Jerusalem,  p.  27. 

(b)  In  zobl.  and  anat.,  the  reticulations  or  intersections 
constituting  cancellated  structure  or  reticulated  texture  ; 
a  composition  of  many  spaces  lunnuled  liy  lines  or  sm'faees 
forming  a  network  or  lattice-like  an-angeiiieut,  such  as  the 
light,  spongy,  cancellated  tissue  of  bones.  The  word  is 
little  used  except  for  this  kind  of  osseous  texture,  and  the 
singular,  cancelhis,  is  not  in  use.   See  cancellate,  (h). 

cancellous  (kan'se-lus),  a.  [<  L.  cancellosus,  < 
caneelli :  see  cancel,  v.]    Same  as  cancellate. 

On  examining  a  section  of  any  bone,  it  is  seen  to  be  com- 
posed of  two  kinds  of  tissue,  one  of  which  is  dense  and 
compact  in  texture,  like  ivory ;  the  other  consisting  of 
slender  fibres  and  lamellae,  whifch  join  to  form  a  reticular 
structure ;  this,  from  its  resemblance  to  lattice-work,  is 
called  cancellous.  II.  Gray,  Anat.,  p.  ib. 

cancer  (kan'ser),  n.  [L.  cancer  (cancr-)  =  Gr. 
Kapnivog,  a  crab,  also  in  astronomical  and  medi- 
cal senses;  cf.  in  same  senses  Skt.  JcarJeata, 
JcarJcataM,  >  Hind.  Jcark,  Hindi  lekra,  a  crab, 
also  in  astronomical  sense.  Hence  (from  L.), 
through  AS.,  canker,  q.  v.,  and,  through  F., 
chancre,  q.  v.]  1.  [cap.]  [NL.]  In  sool., 
the  typical  genus  of  brachyurous  decapodous 


The  Constellation  Cancer. 


Common  Crab  of  the  Paciiic  Coast  ( Cancer  magister). 

crustaceans  of  the  family  Cancridce:  formerly 
more  than  conterminous  vrith  the  order  De- 
capoda,  now  restricted  to  the  common  edible 
crab  of  Europe,  C.  pagiirus,  and  its  immediate 
congeners.  See  cra&i. —  2.  [cap.]  In  astron., 
a  constellation  and  also  a  sign  of  the  zodiac, 
represented  by  the  form  of  a  crab,  and  show- 
ing the  limits  of  the  sun's  course  northward  in 
summer;  hence,  the  sign  of  the  summer  sol- 
stice (marked  S). —  3.  In  patliol.,  a  malignant 
tumor  technically  named  carcinoma  (which 
see) ;  also,  by  extension,  any  malignant  tumor. 


cancrid 

as  one  of  certain  adenomata  and  sarcomata. 
— 4t.  A  plant,  possibly  cancerwort. 

Who  taught  the  poore  beast  having  poison  tasted. 
To  seek  th'  hcarbe  cancer,  and  by  that  to  ctu'e  him. 

Great  Britaine's  Troije,  1.  1000. 
Adenoid  cancer,  an  adenocarcinoma. — Alveolar  can- 
cer, colloid  can- 
cer, encepha- 
loid  cancer.  See 
the  adjectives. — 

Tropic  of  Can- 
cer.   See  tropic. 

cancerate 

(kan '  se  -  rat), 
V.  i. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  caw cer a  fed, 
ppr.  cancer at- 
ing.  [<  can- 
ceratus,  adj., 
prop.  pp.  of 
*cancerare,  in- 
ceptive can- 
cerascere,  be- 
come cancer- 
ous, <  cancer, 
a  cancer:  see 
cancer.]  To 
grow  into  a 
cancer;  be- 
come cancer- 
ous. 

canceration  (kan-se-ra'shon),  )(.    [<  L.  as  if 

*  cancer  atio{n-),  <  canceratus :  see  cancerate.]  A 
growing  caneeroiis,  or  into  a  cancer. 

cancer-bandage  (kan'ser-ban^daj),  n.  Aband- 
age  so  arranged  as  to  resemble  the  legs  of  a 
crab.    Also  called  the  split-cloth  of  eight  tails. 

cancer-cell  (kan'ser-sel),  n.  In  pathoh,  a  cell 
characterized  by  a  large  nucleus,  bright  nucle- 
olus, and  irregular  form,  frequently  occurring 
in  malignant  tumors. 

cancerine  (kan'se-rin),  M.  [<  L.  cancer,  a  crab. 
+  -ine'^.]  An  artificial  guano  prepared  from 
liorseshoe  and  other  crabs  in  Newfoundland, 
New  Jersey,  and  elsewhere. 

cancerite  (kan'se-rit),  n.  [<  L.  cancer,  a  crab, 
+  -itc^.]  A  petrified  crab;  a  fossil  brachyu- 
rous crustacean. 

cancer-juice  (kan'ser-jos),  n.  A  milky  liquid 
which  can  be  squeezed  out  of  a  divided  cancer. 

cancer-mushroom  (kan '  ser  -  mush  "  rom),  n . 
The  mushroom-shaped  mass  produced  by  can- 
cer of  the  uterus  when  it  affects  the  parts  about 
the  OS  and  leaves  tlie  cervix  intact. 

cancerous  (kan'se-rus),  a.  [=  F.  cancereux,  < 
ML.  cancerosHS,  <  L.  cancer,  a  cancer.]  Like 
cancer;  virulent;  also,  affected  with  cancer. 

There  is  a  cancerous  malignity  in  it  whicli  must  lie  cut 
forth.  Hallam. 

cancerously  (kan'se-rus-li),  adv.  lu  the  man- 
ner of  a  cancer. 

cancerousness  (kan'se-rus-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  cancerous. 

cancer-root  (kan'ser-rot),  n.  A  name  in  the 
United  States  of  several  plants  belonging  to 
the  natural  order  Orohanchacew,  more  particu- 
larly Epiphegus  Virginiana,  Conopholis  Ameri- 
cana, and  Aphyllon  uniflorum.  All  are  low  herbs 
without  green  color,  white,  pale-brown,  or  purplish,  and 
parasitic  on  the  roots  of  trees. 

cancer-weed  (kan'ser-wed),  n.  The  rattlesnake- 
root,  Prenanthes  alba,  of  the  United  States,  a 
milky-juiced  composite  having  an  intensely 
bitter  root,  which  is  used  as  a  domestic  tonic. 

cancerwort  (kan'ser-wert),  n.  1.  The  common 
name  of  the  annual  species  of  Linaria,  L.  spuria 
and  L.  Elatine,  common  European  weeds. —  2t. 
An  old  name  for  a  species  of  Veronica. 

canch  (kanch),  «.  [E.  dial.]  It.  A  small  quan- 
tity of  corn  in  the  straw  put  into  the  corner  of 
a  barn;  a  small  mow. —  2t.  A  short  turn  or 
spell  at  anything. —  Sf.  A  crench  cut  sloping  to 
a  very  narrow  bottom. — 4f.  A  certain  breadth 
in  digging  or  treading  land. —  5.  In  coal-min- 
ing, that  part  of  the  floor  or  roof  of  a  gangway 
which  has  to  be  removed  in  order  to  equalize 
the  grade,  when  there  has  been  a  slight  fault 
or  break  in  the  strata. 

canchalagua  (kan-cha-la'gwa),  n.  [Sp.,  also 
canchelagua,  cancMlagua.]  The  Spanish  name 
in  Chili  and  California  of  species  of  the  gen- 
tianaeeous  genus  Eryt]n-a'a,uHed  as  bitter  tonics. 

canciller  (Sp.  pron.  kan-thel-yar'),  [Sp. : 
see  chancellor.]   In  Mexican  laiv,  a  chancellor. 

cancra,  n.    Plural  of  cancrum. 

cancredt  (kang'kerd),  a.  An  obsolete  form  of 
cankered. 

cancrid  (kang'krid),  n.  A  crab  of  the  family 
Cancridai. 


Oancrida 

Cancridae  (kang'kri-de),  «.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Cancer 
( Caiicr-)  +  -(V/fP.]    The  family  of  crabs  of  which 
the  genus  Cancer  is  the  type ;  the  central  fam- 
ily of  braehyui-ous  decapod  crustaceans,  its  defi- 
nitiun  vanes  with  ditferent  systems  of  classification  but 
in  any  case  tlie  genera  are  many.    The  species  are  mostly 
littoral  and  numerous,  being  represented  in  almost  every 
region.    See  cut  under  cancer. 
.cancriform  (kang'kri-fonn),  a.    [=  F.  cancri- 
forme,  <  L.  cancer,  a  crab,  a  cancer,  +  forma, 
shape.]    1.  Having  the  form  of  a  crab;  re- 
sembling or  related  to  a  crab  in  structure; 
brachyurous  and  decapod,  as  a  cmstacean ;  ear- 
cmomorphie.  Also  cancroid— 2.  Cancerous, 
cancrine  (kang'krin),  a.    [<  L.  as  if  *cancrinus, 
<  cancer,  a  crab :  see  cancer.']  Having  the  quali- 
ties of  a  crab. 
Cancrinea  (kang-krin'e-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Cancer 
(Cancr-)  +  -inea.']    A  group  or  legion  of  can- 
croidean  crustaceans,  containing  the  typical 
manne  representatives  of  the  superfamily  Can- 
croidea,  and  especially  the  families  Cancridw 
and  Portunklm. 
cancrinite  (kang'kri-nit),  n.  [<  Cancrm  (a  Rus- 
sian minister  of  finance,  1773-1845)  +  -jfe2.] 
In  mineral.,  a  silicate  related  to  nephelite,  but 
peculiar  in  containing  carbon  dioxid.  it  occurs 
massive  and  in  indistinct  crystals,  white  to  yellow  and 
red  111  color.  '  It  is  found  in  the  Ural  mountains  Norway 
Transylvania,  and  Maine. 

cancrisocial  (kang-ki-i-so'shal),  a.  [<  L.  can- 
cer (cancr-)  +  E.  social.]  Social  with  crabs; 
associated  with  a  crab  in  vital  economy  :  ap- 


787 


Annals.- Sea-anemone  (Sas-arda  parcisitica)on  a 
^yl^tafdS""'"  ""''''"""^  mhabited  by  a  hermit-crab  I.Pa^,tyus 

plied  to  sea-anemones  and  other  animals  which 
grow  on  the  shell  of  a  crab,  or  on  a  shell  of 
which  a  hermit-crab  has  also  taken  possession 

In  some  cases  the  association  seems  to  be  not  merely  for- 
tuitous, but  to  involve  some  community  of  vital  interest 

cancrivorous  (kang-kriv'6-rus),  a.  [<  L  can- 
cer 'cancr-),  a  crab,  -f  vorare,  eat,  devour-.] 
Crab-eatmg;  carcinophagous :  applied  to  sun- 
dry animals.    Also  cancrophagous. 

cancrizans  (kang'kri-zanz),  a.  [<  ML.  cancri- 
zans,  ppr.  of  cancrizare,  walk  backward  like  a 
crab^  <  L.  cancer  {easier-),  a  crab.]  Going  or  mov- 
ing backward,  like  a  crab:  in  music,  used  of  a 
canon  the  subject  of  which  is  repeated  in  the 
answer  backward  instead  of  forward. 

cancroid  (kang'kroid),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  cancer 
{cancr-),  a  cancer,  crab,  +  Gr.  fZJof,  form.]  I. 
a.  1.  In  j)a<7to?.,  of  the  nature  of  or  resembling 
cancer.  — 2.  In  zodl.,  same  as  cancriform,  1. 

II.  n.  In  pathol.:  (a)  An  epitheUoma.  (b) 
An  adenoma,    (c)  A  keloid. 

Cancroidea  (kang-kroi'de-a),  n.  pi  [NL.,  < 
Cancer  (Cancr-)  +  -oidea.'  Cf.  cancroid.l  A 
superfamUy  or  tribe  of  brachyui'ous  decapod 
crustaceans,  containing  the  families  Cancridce 
and  Portunidm:  it  corresponds  to  Cyclometopa. 

Itiey  have  the  carapace  usually  transverse  and  the  antero- 
hrcf^'^i-™''''^','''^.?'''^''*;*^'  "''^  mouth-cavity  subquadrate,  9 
branchiae  with  efferent  channels  terminating  at  the  palate 
and  the  niale  organs  in  the  bases  of  the  fifth  pair  of  le^s  ' 

cancroidean  (kang-kroi'de-an),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Cancroidea.'  " 

(Jfang-kro'ma),  n.  [NL.  (Linnjeus, 
i^bb),  named  with  reference  toF.  crabier,  crab- 
eater  (m  zool.  and  ornith.),  <  L.  cancer  (cancr-), 
a  crab.  For  the  form,  cf.  L.  cancro)na,  can- 
ceroma,  under  carcinoma.]  A  genus  of  altricial 
pallatorial  birds,  of  the  order  Herodiones  and 
family  Ardeidw ;  the  boatbills  or  boat-billed 
herons  of  tropical  America,  characterized  by 
the  dilatation  and  inflation  of  the  cochleari- 

rorm  bill.  There  is  but  one  well-established  species,  C. 
cocnleana  The  genus  is  typical  of  a  subfamily  Caniro- 
mime.   Also  called  Cancrophagus.  See  boatbill 


Cancromidae  (kang-krom'i-de),  «.  7)7.  [NL.,  < 
Cancroma  +  -idw.]  The  boat-billed  herons, 
or  Cancrominw,  elevated  to  the  rank  of  a  family. 
See  Cancrominai. 

Cancrominae  (kang-kro-mi'ne),  n.  2)1.  [NL.,  < 
Cancroma  +  -ina-.]  A  subfamily  of  herons,  of  the 
iamily  Ardeida;  represented  by  the  single  genus 
Cancroma,  characterized  not  only  by  the  foi-m 
of  the  bill  (see  Cancroma),  but  also  by  the  pos- 
session of  4  instead  of  3  or  2  powder-down 
tracts :  a  group  sometimes  elevated  to  the  rank 
of  a  family.  See  cut  under  boatbill. 
cancrophagous  (kang-krof 'a-gus),  a.  [<  L.  can- 
cer (cancr-),  a  crab,  +  Gr.  '^aydv,  eat.]  Same 
as  cancrivorous. 
cancrum  (kang'krum),  n. ;  pi.  cancra  (-kra). 
[NL.,  a  neut.  form  of  L.  cancer  (masc),  a  can- 
cer.]   A  rapidly  progressive  ulcer.- cancrum 

oris  (gangrenous  stomatitis)  and  cancrum  nasi  (gangre- 
nous rhinitis),  very  fetid  destructive  ulcerations  of  the 
walls  of  the  ljuccal  and  nasal  cavities,  usually  seen  in  ill- 
fed,  delicate  children.  Also  called  noma. 
cand  (kand),  n.  [CL  W.  can,  brightness.]  In 
Cornwall,  England,  fluor-spar  or  fluorite  occur- 
ring as  a  veinstone :  called  by  the  Derbyshire 
miners  blue-john.  \ot  used  in  America,  wliere  this 
kind  of  veinstone  is  of  rare  occurrence,  although  abundant 
in  certain  mining  regions  of  Europe. 

candareen  (kan-da-ren'),  «.  [<  Malay  l-on- 
drin.]  The  name  given  by  foreigners  in  China 
and  the  far  East  to  the  Chinese  fun,  the  100th 
part  of  a  liang  or  ounce.  As  a  weight  it  is  equal  to 

about  ^.8  grams  troy,  and  as  a  money  of  account  it  may 
be  considered  equal  to  1.4  cents.    See"  liang  and  tael. 

candavaig  (kan'da-vag),  «.  [Sc.,  perhaps  < 
Gael,  ceann,  head,  +  "dnbhacli,  <  dubli,  black; 
foul  salmon  being  called  'black  fish'  (Jamie- 
son).]  A  foul  salmon;  one  that  remains  in 
fresh  water  till  summer,  without  going  into  the 
sea.    [Local,  Scotch.] 

candelf,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  candle. 

candelabrum  (kan-de-la'brum),  n. ;  pi.  candela- 
6?-a  (-bra).  [L.,<  candela,  a  candle :  see  candle.] 
1.  Inantiq.:  (a)  A  candlestick,  (b)  A  lamp- 
stand  ;  a  kind  of  stand  used  among  the  Eomans 
to  support  a  lamp  or  lamps.  Such  stands  vary  in 
height  from  those  of  only  a  few  inches,  and  intended  to 
rest  upon  a  table  or  shelf,  to  those  of  4  feet  or  more 
winch  raised  the  lamps  to  a  height  sufficient  to  illuminate 
an  apartment.  In  general,  such  candelabra  consist  of  a  long 
shaft  or  rod  rising  from  a  base  with  three  feet,  and  support- 
ing a  circular  cap  or  disk  with  elaborate  ornamentation, 
home  examples  are  of  enormous  size  and  weight,  covering 
at  the  base  a  triangle  of  6  or  7  feet  on  each  side,  and  ris- 


candid 


Candelabra  of  Bronze.-  Fi.gt  example,  epoch  of  N'apoleon  I. ;  second 
example,  Roman,  from  Pompeii. 

ing  to  a  proportionate  height ;  these,  often  made  of  marble 
were  used  m  connection  with  religious  observances  and 
were  rather  monuments  or  votive  offerings  than  utensils 

2.  Any  branched  candlestick  differing  fi-om  a 
chandelier  or  bracket  in  resting  upon  a  foot. 
Some  very  beautiful  candelabra  exist  in  churches,  most 
commonly  made  to  hold  seven  candles.  One  in  Milan  ca- 
thedral,  of  bronze,  dating  from  the  twelfth  century,  is  per- 
haps the  ricliest  in  existence.  The  "  seven-branclied  kn- 
candelabra"         Hebrews  (see  candlestick)  are  properly 

3.  A  variety  of  arabesque  in  which  a  strongly 
marked  vertical  motive  is  present.  Tims  a  shaft 

or  a  sort  of  pilaster  from  which  the  scrollwork  of  the  de- 
sign IS  given  off  is  called  a  candelabrum,  and  gives  the 
name  of  candelabrum  to  the  design  itself 


-  ,>v-  i^.,^^  vicaiyn  IL&CII. 

4.  pi.  In  sponges,  branching  terminal  spines. 
Encyc.  Brit. 

candencyt  (kan'den-si),  n.    [<  L.  candentia, 
whiteness,  <  eanden{t-)s :  see  candent]  Heat 
fervor.  ' 

candent  (kan'dent),  a.    [<  L.  canden(t-)s,  ppr. 
otcandere,  be  white  or  hot:  see  candid.]  1 
Whitening;  making  white.  [Rare.] 


Civilizing  the  stems  of  his  trees  annually  with  liquid 
lime,  and  meditating  how  to  extend  that  candent  baptism 
even  to  the  leaves.  Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  26. 

2.  Very  hot;  heated  to  whiteness:  trlowintr 
with  white  heat. 

The  candent  vessel.  Boyle,  Works,  I.  482. 

canderos  (kan'de-ros),  w.  [E.  Ind.]  An  East 
Indian  gum  resembling  amber,  but  rather  wliito 
in  color  and  more  pellucid.  It  is  sometime.s 
fashioned  into  toys  of  various  kinds,  which  are 
very  light  and  take  a  good  polish, 
candescence  (kan-des'ens),  n.  [<  L.  cande- 
scvn(t-)s:  sea  candescent]  Same  a.s  incatides- 
concc.  [Rare.] 
candescent  (kan-des'ent),  a.  [<  L.  cande- 
sccn(t-)s,  ppr.  of  candescere,  become  white,  be- 
gin to  glow,  inceptive  of  candere,  be  white  or 
hot,  glow:  see  candid.]  Same  as  incande.fcent. 
[Rare.] 

At  sight  of  the  star  yet  above  the  cave,  though  less  can- 
descent than  before.  L.  Wallace,  Ben-IIur,  p.  75. 
candicantt  (kan'di-kant),  a.  [<L.  candican(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  candicure,  be  whitish,  <  candere,  be  white : 
see  candid.]    Waxing  white.  Bailey. 
candid  (kan'did),  a.  [<  F.  candidc  =  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
Candida,  <  L.  candidits,  bright,  radiant,  pure, 
clear,  sincere,  frank,  <  candere,  shine,  glitter, 
glisten,  be  bright,  be  white,  glow,  glow  with 
heat  (in  comp.  uccendere  and  incendere,  set  on 
fire:  see  accend,  incense,  incendiary,  etc.),  akin 
to  Gr.  ^avdog,  golden-yeUow  (see  xantlio-),  m- 
Oapoa  clear,  clean,  pure  (see  cathartic),  LGr. 
Kavihpoc,  a  coal,  and  to  Skt.  (^chandra,  Chandra, 
shining,  Chandra,  chandramas,  the  moon,  <  •/ 
^chand,  chand,  orig.  *skandh,  shine.  Hence  also 
(<  L.  candere)  candle,  q.  v.]    If.  Bright ;  white. 
The  box  receives  all  black :  but  poiir'd  from  thence 
The  stones  came  candid  forth,  the  hue  of  innocence. 

Dryden. 

2.  Honest  and  frank;  open  and  sincere;  in- 
genuous; outspoken:  of  persons:  as,  to  be 
candid  with  you,  I  think  you  are  wrong. 

Open,  candid,  and  generous,  his  heart  was  the  constant 
companion  of  his  hand,  and  his  tongue  the  artless  index 
°f      """d-  Cannin,,. 

I  must  be  catuUd  with  you,  my  dear  Jeffrey,  and  tell 
you  that  I  do  not  like  your  ai  ticle  on  the  Scotch  Courts. 

Sydney  Smith,  To  Francis  Jeffrey. 

3.  Free  from  undue  bias;  fair;  just;  impar- 
tial :  of  persons  or  their  acts :  as,  a  candid  view' 
or  construction. 

Candid  and  dispassionate  men.  Irving. 
=  Syn.  2  and  3.   Candid,  Fair,  Open,  Frank,  Inqemiovs 
A  aire,  .'sincere,  unprejudiced,  unbiased.    The  first  seven, 
words  apply  to  the  spirit,  expression,  or  manner.  The  can- 
did man  is  able  to  look  impartially  on  both  sides  of  a  sub- 
ject, especially  giving  due  weight  to  arguments  or  opinions 
opposed  to  his  own,  and  due  credit  to  the  motives  of  op- 
ponents ;  candid  speech  is  essentially  the  same  as  frank 
speech,  sometimes  going  so  far  as  to  l,e  blunt.  Fair  belongs, 
primarily  to  conduct,  but  in  reganl  to  speech  and  thought 
It  IS  the  same  as  cfoidtd:  as,  a  man  preeminently  fair  m 
dealing  with  opposing  views.    Open  is  opposed  to  con- 
cealment ;  the  open  man  does  not  cultivate  a  politic  re- 
serve, but  expresses  his  opinions  freely,  without  stopping 
to  think  of  their  effect  upon  his  own  interests.  Frank 
iiterally,/ree;  the  freedom  may  be  in  regard  to  one's  own 
opinions,  which  is  the  same  as  opemuss,  or  in  regard  to- 
things  belonging  to  others,  where  the  freedom  may  go  so- 
far  as  to  be  unpleasant,  or  it  may  disregard  conventional 
Ideas  as  to  reticence.    Hence,  while  openness  is  consistent 
with  timidity, /raninCTs  implies  some  degree  of  boldness 
Ingenuous  implies  a  permanent  njoral  (luality,  an  elevated 
inability  to  be  other  than  honest  or  open,  even  to  ones 
own  loss;  there  is  a  peculiar  subjective  cast  to  the  word 
as  though  the  man  stood  most  in  awe  of  the  disappro- 
bation of  his  own  judgment  and  conscience ;  hence  the 
close  connection  between    ingenuousness  and  modestv 
Aa<!)c  expresses  a  real  or  an  assumed  unconsciousness  of 
the  way  in  which  one's  words  meet  conventional  rules  or 
of  the  construction  which  may  be  put  upon  them  by  others  • 
naiveti  is  thus  an  openness  or  frankness  proceedin.^  from 
native  or  assumed  simplicity  or  artlessness.    Sincere  ex- 
presses the  spirit  and  language  tliat  go  ^^  ^th  the  love  of 
truth  ;  Xbe  sincere  man  is  necessarily  candid  and  fair  and 
as  open  and  frank  as  seems  reciuired  by  truth. 

He  [Dryden]  was,  moreover,  a  man  of  singularly  open 
Pven'  ^  f-™"fident  enough  to  be  ca,idid 

even  with  himself.  Lozcell,  Among  my  Ji<joks,  1st  ser.,  p.  7. 
I  like  not/ai>  terms  and  a  \  illaiii's  mind. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  3. 
True,  some  are  open,  and  to  all  men  known. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  i.  51. 
O  'Truth  is  easy,  and  the  light  shines  clear 
In  hearts  kept  open,  honest  and  sincere ! 

A.  Coles,  The  Evangel. 
Vi'ith  frank  and  with  uncurbed  plainness 
Tell  us  the  dauphin's  mind.       Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  i.  2. 
If  an  ingenuous  detestation  of  falsehood  be  but  care- 
fully and  early  instilled,  that  is  the  tine  and  genuine 
method  to  obviate  dishonesty.  Locke. 

Infuse  into  their  young  breasts  such  an  inr/enuous  and 
noble  ardour,  as  will  not  fail  to  make  many  of  them  re- 

Milton,  Education. 
He  makes  no  secret  of  his  view  that  poetry  stands  high- 
est among  the  arts,  and  that  he  [-William  Wordsworth]  is 
at  the  head  of  it.    He  expresses  such  opinions  in  the  most 
naive  manner.  Caroline  Fox,  Journal  p  143 


candid 

But  had  thy  love,  still  cHliously  pretended, 

Been,  as  it  ought,  sincere,  it  would  have  taught  thee 

Far  other  reasonings.  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  874. 

candidacy  (kan'di-da-si),  H.  [<  cn)i<lida{tc)  + 
-0)/.]  The  state  of  being  a  candidate,  espe- 
cially for  an  elective  of&ee ;  candidatiu'e. 

candidate  (kan'di-dat),  ii.  [=  F.  candidat,  < 
L.  aindidatiis,  a  candidate,  lit.  'wliite-robed' 
(so  called  because  in  Rome  those  who  sought 
office  wore  a  glittering  white  toga),  <  candidiis, 
white,  shiuing:  see  candid,  which  has  thus  an 
etymological  connection  with  candidate.']  A 
person  who  seeks  or  is  pnt  forward  by  others 
for  an  office  or  honor;  one  who  offers  himself 
or  is  proposed  for  office  or  preferment,  by  elec- 
tion or  appointment:  as,  a  candidate  for  the  of- 
fice of  sheriti,  or  for  a  degree. 

He  had  anticipated  having  all  the  mixed  and  miserable 
feelings  of  one  about  making  his  appearance  in  the  pulpit 
as  a  candidate  on  t-xliibition. 

W.  M.  Baker,  New  Timothy,  p.  1.55. 

candidate  (kan'di-dat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  can- 
didated,  ppr.  candidating.  [<  candidate,  «.] 
I.t  trans.  To  render  qualified  as  a  candidate. 

Without  quarrelling  with  Rome,  we  can  allow  tliis  pur- 
gatoi-y,  to  purify  and  cleanse  us,  that  we  nuiy  be  the  better 
candidated  for  the  court  of  heaven  and  glory. 

Felthain,  Resolves,  ii.  57. 

II.  iutmns.  To  become  a  candidate;  seek 
or  aspire  to  some  office  ;  offer  one's  self  or  one's 
services  as  a  candidate,  as  a  clergyman  seeking 
a  parish  or  a  charge ;  compete  with  others  as  a 
candidate. 

Let  him  put  the  question  to  some  [choir-singers]  who 
every  spring  have  to  candidate  for  a  situation. 

The  Century,  XXVIII.  308. 

candidatesMp  (kan'di-dat-ship),  n.  [<  candi- 
date +  -ship.]  Candidatiu-e. 

candidature  (kan'di-da-tiu-),  n.  [<  F.  candi- 
dature, <  candidat,  candidate.]  The  state  of 
being  a  candidate ;  eandidateship ;  candidacy. 

candidatus  (kan-di-da'tus),  n.  [L. :  see  can- 
didate, ».]  A  candidate  for  a  public  office  at 
Rome.  Shetli. 

candidly  (kan'did-li),  adv.  In  a  candid  man- 
ner ;  openly ;  frankly ;  without  trick  or  disguise ; 
ingenuously. 

Not  so  faii'ly  and  candidly  as  he  ought. 

Camden,  Elizabeth,  an.  1598. 

No  doubt  an  overestimate  of  ourselves  and  of  our  own 
doings  is  a  very  common  liuman  failing,  as  we  are  all 
ready  to  admit  when  we  candidly  consider  our  neighbors. 

Lowell,  Stanley. 

candidness  (kan'did-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  candid;  openness  of  mind  or  manner; 
frank  honesty  or  truthfidness ;  fairness;  in- 
genuousness. 

The  candidness  of  an  upright  judge. 

Feltham,  Resolves,  ii.  26. 

candied  (kan'did),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  candy},  v.] 
1.  Preserved  with  sugar,  or  incrusted  with  it; 
covered  with  crystals  of  sugar,  or  with  matter 
resembling  it :  as,  c«wdiecZ  raisins. —  2.  Wholly 
or  partly  crystallized  or  congealed:  as,  candied 
honey. — 3.  Figuratively,  honeyed ;  flattering; 
glozing. 

Why  should  the  poor  be  flatter'd? 
No,  let  tlie  candied  tongue  licl<  absurd  pomp, 
And  crooli  the  pregnant  hinges  of  the  knee 
Where  tlirif t  may  follow  fawning. 

Slialc,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 

candify  (kan'di-fi),  V.  t.  or  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  can- 
dified,  ppr.  candifying.  [<  candy'^  +  -fy.]  To 
make  or  become  candied ;  candy.  [Rare.] 

Candiot,  Candiote  (kan'di-ot,  -6t),  a.  and  n. 
[<  It.  Candia,  Crete  (<  Ar.  Khandeh  :  see  def.), 
+  -of^,  -ote.']  I,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Candia, 
the  name  given  by  the  Venetians  to  the  island 
of  Crete  and  its  chief  city,  from  the  Arabic 
name  of  the  latter ;  Cretan.  [Now  little  used.] 
II.  n.  An  inhabitant  of  Candia  or  Crete ;  a 
modern  Cretan. 

candite  (kan'dit),  n.  [<  Candy  (see  def.)  + 
-ite^.~\  A  variety  of  spinel  from  Candy,  Cey- 
lon.   Also  called  ceylonite  or  ceylanite. 

canditeer  (kan-di-ter'),  n.  [Origin  uncertain.] 
la  fort.,  a  frame  used  to  lay  brushwood  or  fagots 
upon,  to  protect  or  cover  a  working  party. 

candle  (kan'dl),  w.  [<  ME.  candel,  candele,  < 
AS.  candel  =  F.  cJiandelle  —  Pr.  Sp.  catidela  — 
Pg.  candea  —  It.  candela  =  Wall.  candel  =  Olr. 
cainel,  cainnel,  Ir.  coinneal  =  Gael,  coinnell  = 
W.  canwyll  -  OBulg.  Jcanicdilo,  Bulg.  kundilo  — 
Serv.  kandilo  =  Russ.  kandilo,  kandeli  —  NGr. 
Kavdr/la  =  Ax.  (jandil  (>  Turk,  e/andll,  Sp.  can- 
(lil,  a  lamp),  <  L.  candela,  a  candle,  <  candere, 
be  white,  bright,  shining  :  see  candid.  Hence 
(through  F.)  chandler,  chandelier,  chandry,  etc.] 
1,  A  taper;  a  cylindrical  body  of  tallow,  wax, 


788 

spermaceti,  or  other  fatty  material,  formed  on  a 
wick  composed  of  linen  or  cotton  threads  woven 
or  twisted  loosely,  or  (as  formerly)  of  the  pith  of 
a  rush,  and  xised"  as  a  source  of  artificial  light. 
Miche  of  my  candel  in  waaste  y  spende, 
Manye  wickid  windis  hath  wastid  It  away. 

Hymns  to  Virgin,  etc.  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  69. 

Neither  do  men  light  a  candle,  and  put  it  under  a  bushel, 
but  on  a  candlestick.  -Mat.  v.  15. 

2.  One  candle-power:  used  as  a  standard  of 
comparison.  See  cavdle-pourr. —  3.  In  soda- 
manuf.,  a  name  given  to  the  jets  of  sulphureted 
hydrogen  and  carbonic  o.xid  which  escape  from 
various  parts  of  the  roasted  mixture  of  sodium 
sulphate,  coal,  and  limestone,  during  the  pro- 
cess of  manufacture —  Bell,  book,  and  candle.  See 

Candles' ends.    »ee  candle-end. 

Faith  !  'tis  true,  Sir, 
We  are  but  spans  and  candles'  ends. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  iii.  5. 

Electric  candle,  a  form  of  tlie  electric-arc  lamp,  as  the 
Jal)lochkoff  candle,  Mhich  resembles  an  ordinary  candle 
in  form.  See  electric  li<jht,  under  fZertr/c— Excommu- 
nication by  candle,  a  form  of  exconnnunication  in 
wliicli  the  ottender  was  allowed  time  to  repent  oidy  while 
a  candle  liurneU  out. —Flat  candle,  the  candle  burned 
in  a  flat  candlestick  (whicli  see,  under  candlestick). 

The  idea  of  a  girl  with  a  really  fine  head  of  hair,  having 
to  do  it  by  one  flat  candle  and  a  few  inches  of  looking- 
glass.  Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend,  iv. 

Mineral  candle,  a  kind  of  candle  made  from  a  semi-fluiil 
naplitha  obtained  from  wells  sunk  in  the  neighborhood  of 
tlie  Irrawaddy  river  in  Burma.— Not  fit  to  hold  a  (or 
the)  candle  to  (one),  very  inferior.  Tlie  allusion  is  to 
link-boys  who  held  torches  or  candles  to  light  passengers. 

Some  say,  compared  to  Buononcini 

That  llynheer  Handel's  but  a  ninny; 

Others  aver  that  he  to  Handel 

Is  scarcely  fit  to  liold  a  candle. 
Byroni,  Feuits  between  Handel  and  Buononcini. 
Rush  candle,  a  candle  made  of  tlie  pith  of  certain  ruslies, 
peeled  except  on  one  side,  and  dipped  in  tallow. — Sale  by 
candle.    See  auction  by  inch  of  candle,  under  auction. — 

The  game  is  not  worth  the  candle  (le  jeu  ne  vaut  pas 

la  ciiuiidi'llc),  tlie  object  is  not  worth  the  pains  requisite 
for  its  attaiiinu'iit :  a  plirase  of  French  origin.— To  burn 
the  candle  at  both  ends,  to  lie  reckless  and  extravagant ; 
live  too  fast,  especially  by  the  exhaustion  of  vitality  by 
overwork,  the  combination  of  hard  work  with  dissipation 
or  fatiguing  pleasures,  or  the  like. 

You  can't  burn  the  candle  at  both  ends,  and  make  any- 
thing by  it  in  the  long  run  ;  and  it  is  the  long  pull  that 
you  are  to  rely  on.  S.  Bowles,  in  Merriam's  Bowles,  I.  2!)9. 
To  drink  Ofif  candles'  endst  (that  is,  the  melted  tallow 
at  the  burning  ends  of  candles),  a  feat  at  one  time  practised 
by  amorous  gallants  to  afford  a  strong  testimony  of  zeal 
for  the  lady  whose  health  was  drunk. 

Drinks  off  candles'  ends  for  flapdragons. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

Carouse  her  health  in  cans 
And  candles'  ends. 

Fletcher,  Monsieur  Thomas,  ii.  2. 

Yellow  candle,  a  Russian  tallow  prepared  from  the  fat 
of  oxen. 

candle-'balance  (kan'dl-baP'ans),  «.  A  device 
used  in  photometric  research  for  measuring 
the  rate  of  consumption  of  a  burning  candle. 
It  consists  of  a  balanced  lever  or  scale,  on  tlie  shorter  arm 
of  which  the  candle  is  supported,  while  a  weight  is  hung 
on  the  longer  arm  or  scale-beam  in  such  a  way  as  to  bal- 
ance it  exactly.  The  candle  is  then  lighted,  and  the  weight 
is  shifted  to  a  known  weight,  say  one  ounce.  When  the 
candle  has  lost  one  ounce  in  weight,  the  scale  again  bal- 
ances, and  this  closes  an  electric  circuit  and  gives  a 
signal. 

candle-bark  (kan'dl-bark),  n.  A  candle-case. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

candle-beam  (kan'dl-bem),  n.  In  old  churches, 
a  horizontal  bar,  rail,  or  beam  furnished  with 
prickets  for  holding  candles,  around  each  of 
which  was  a  saucer  to  catch  the  drippings. 

Candle-beams  were  placed  over  or  near  the  altar,  and  also 
at  the  entrance  to  the  choir  or  chancel,  where  the  rood- 
beam  or  rood-screen  was  placed  in  richer  churches, 
candle-bearer  (kan'dl-bar''''er),  n.    A  candle- 
beam. 

There  shall  be  a  candle-bearer,  enriched  with  a  carving 
of  the  Holy  Trinity ;  on  the  top  of  which  three  candles 
shall  be  burnt,  on  Sundays  and  Feast-days,  so  long  as  the 
means  of  the  Gild  allow  it. 

English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  263. 

candleberry  (kan'dl-ber*i),  n.  •  pi.  candleberries 
(-iz).  1.  The  fruit  of  Aleurites  triloba,  the 
candleberry-tree :  so  named  because  the  ker- 
nels, when  dried  and  stuck  on  a  reed,  are  used 
by  the  Polynesians  as  candles.  Also  called 
candlenut. —  2.  The  wax-myrtle,  Myrica  ceri- 
fera,  and  its  fruit.    See  Myrica. 

candleberry-tree  (kan'dl-ber"i-tre),  n.  The 
Aleurites  triloba.    See  Aleurites. 

candle-bomb  (kan'dl-bom),  n.  A  small  glass 
bubble  filled  with  water,  which  when  placed  in 
the  wick  of  a  candle  explodes  from  the  force 
of  the  steam  that  is  generated. 

candle-case  (kan'dl-kas),  n.  A  cylindrical  box 
used  for  holding  candles. 


Candlemas-bell 

Petruchio  is  coming  in  a  new  hat  and  an  old  jerkin  ;  a 
pair  of  old  breeches,  thrice  turneil ;  a  pair  of  boots  that 
have  been  candle-cases,  one  buckled,  another  laced. 

Shale,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  2. 

candle-coal,       See  canncl-coal. 
candle-end  (kan'dl-end),  n.    The  fag-end  of  a 
candle  burned  down;  hence,  a  petty  saving;  a 
scrap;  a  fragment;  a  worthless  trifle:  chiefly 
in  the  plural.  [Archaic] 

candle-fir  (kan'dl-fer),  w.  Fir  that  has  been 
buried  in  a  moss-  or  peat-bog  for  a  long  time. 
It  is  split  and  used  in  some  places,  especially  in  the  rural 
parts  of  Ireland,  to  burn  for  light. 

candle-fish  (kan'dl-fish),  n.    1.  The  eulachon, 

Thaleich  th ysjiacijicus,  an  anadromous,  deep-sea. 


Candle-fish  ( Thaleichthys pacijicus). 


salmonoid  fish  of  the  smelt  family,  Argentinidcc, 
resembling  a  smelt  in  form,  but  with  weaker 
dentition,  smaller  scales,  dusky  coloration,  and 
attaining  a  length  of  nearly  a  foot,    it  occurs  in 

immense  shoals  off  the  northwest  coast  of  America  in  the 
spring,  and  ascends  all  the  rivers  north  of  the  Columbia 
to  spawn.  At  the  time  of  the  runs  the  fish  is  extremely 
fat,  and  is  not  only  used  for  food,  as  a  favorite  pan-flsh, 
but  for  the  manufacture  of  eulaclion-oil,  proposed  as  a 
substitute  for  cod-liver  oil  in  medicine ;  and  it  is  also  made 
to  serve  as  a  natural  candle  by  inserting  in  it  the  pith  of 
a  rush  or  a  strip  of  bark  as  a  wick  (whence  the  name). 
2.  An  acanthopterygian  fish  of  the  west  coast 
of  North  America,  Ano}>loponia  fimbria,  type  of 
the  family  Anoplopomida;,  resembling  a  pollock, 


Candle-fish  {Aiwplopoma fttytbria). 

and  attaining  a  length  of  20  inches  and  a  weight 
of  5  pounds.  See  Anoplopomidw.  Also  called 
black  candle-fish,  horse-mackerel,  and  beshoio. 

candle-fly  (kau'dl-fli),  ».  If.  A  firefly.  Florio. 
—  2.  A  (Chinese  and  East  Indian  lantern-fly,  of 
the  family  Fulgoridm  and  genus  Fulgora,  such 
as  F.  candclaria.    See  cut  under  lantern-fly. 

candle-holder  (kan'dl-hoF'der),  n.  A  person 
who  holds  a  candle  ;  hence,  one  who  remotely 
assists,  but  is  otherwise  not  a  sharer,  in  some 
affair  or  undertaking. 

I'll  be  a  candle-holder  and  look  on. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  4. 

candle-light  (k.an'dl-lit),  n.  [<  ME.  candel-liht, 
<  AS.  candel-lcoht,  <  candel,  candle,  +  leoht, 
light.]  1.  The  light  of  a  candle ;  illumination 
by  candles. 

That  children  hath  bi  candelliht 

Heore  [their]  sliadowe  on  the  wall  isen  [seen]. 

Early  Eng.  Poems  (ed.  Furnivall,  1862),  p.  138. 
In  darkness  candle-light  may  serve  to  guide  men's  steps, 
which  to  use  in  the  day  were  madness. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Pol.,  II.  iv.  §  7. 

2.  The  time  at  which  candles  or  lamps  are  light- 
ed: an  expression  much  used  in  places  or  re- 
gions where  no  correct  standard  of  time  is  easi- 
ly accessible :  as,  the  evening  service  will  begin 
at  early  candle-light. 

Between  daylight  and  candle-light.  Swift. 

Candlemas  (kan'dl-mas),  n.  [<  ME.  candel- 
masse,  -messe  (cf.  Dan.  kyndelmisse  —  Sw.  kyn- 
delsmessa,  after  E.),  <  AS.  candel-mwsse,  <  can- 
del,  candle,  +  ma'sse,  mass.  The  ML.  terms 
were  candclaria,  candelatio,  candelosa,  also  can- 
dela.] An  ecclesiastical  festival  held  on  the 
second  day  of  February  in  honor  of  the  pre- 
sentation of  the  infant  Christ  in  the  temple  and 
the  purification  of  the  Virgin  Mary.  It  seems  to 
have  been  instituted  in  the  first  half  of  the  fifth  centuiy, 
though  some  authorities  believe  it  to  be  older.  It  was 
first  observed  in  the  East.  The  feast  takes  its  name  from 
the  custom,  as  old  as  the  seventh  century,  of  carrying 
lighted  candles  in  procession  in  memory  of  Simeon's  words 
at  the  presentation  of  the  infant  (Luke  ii.  32),  "  a  light  to 
lighten  the  Gentiles,  and  the  glory  of  thy  people  Israel.' 
On  this  day  Roman  Catholics  consecrate  the  candles  and 
tapers  to  be  used  in  their  churches  throughout  the  ensuing 
year.  The  feast  is  retained  in  the  Anglican  Church,  and 
is  also  observed  by  the  Lutherans.  It  is  also  called  the 
Purification,  and  in  the  Greek  Church  the  Hypa^ante. 
In  .Scotland  the  date  of  this  festival,  February  2d,  is  one 
of  the  quarter-days  for  paying  and  receiving  rents,  inter- 
est, school-fees,  etc. 

Candlemas-bell  (kan  '  dl-mas-bel),  n.  The 
snowdrop,  Galantlriis  nivalis:  so  called  from 
the  time  of  its  flowering. 


candle-mine 

candle-mine  (kan'dl-inin),  n.  A  mine  of  grease 
or  tallow:  a  term  which  Shakspere  makes 
Prmee  Henry  apply  to  Falstaff  on  account  of 
his  fatness. 

candle-mold  (kan'dl-mold),  n.  A  cylindrical 
metal  mold,  or  frame  of  such  molds,  used  in 
making  candles. 

candlenut  (kan'dl-nut),  n.  Same  as  candle- 
berrii,  1. 

candle-power  (kan'dl-pou"er),  n.  The  illumi- 
nating power  of  a  candle;  specifically,  the 
illummatmg  power  of  a  candle  of  determinate 
composition  and  rate  of  burning,  taken  as  a 
unit  in  estimating  the  luminosity  of  any  illumi- 
nating agent:  as,  a  gas-jet  of  25  candle-power. 
Ihe  standard  usually  employed  for  this  purpose  is  a  sper- 
maceti candle  burning  at  the  rate  of  120  grains  of  sperm 
per  hour. 

candle-quencherst,  n.  jil.  Candle-snuffers. 


789 


Candelquenchers,  and  forsothe  where  the  snoffes  ben 
quenchid,  be  thei  maad  of  nioost  puyr  gold. 

Wyclif,  Ex.'.xxv.  33(Oxf.). 

candle-rush  (kan'dl-rush),  «.    A  popular  name 
of  Jiinciis  effusus,  from  the  fact  that  its  pith  is 
used  in  Em-ope  for  rush-lights, 
candle-shearst  (kan'dl-shgrz),  m.  pi    [<  late 
ME.  candelschers.}    An  old  name  for  snuffers, 
candlestick  (kan'dl-stik),  «.    [Early  mod.  E 
also  contr.  caiistick;  <  ME.  candelstik,  -stikicc,  < 
AS.  candel-sticca,  <  candel,  candle,  +  sticca.  a 
stick.]    An  instrument  or  utensil  for  holding 
a  candle.  Candlesticks  are  of  several  sorts :  those  with 
a  pricket  upon  which  the  candle  is  set,  and  usually  hav- 
ing a  saucer  or  bowl  surrounding  the  pricket  to  "catch 
the  drippings ;  those  with  a  forceps  (see  clip-candlestick)  ■ 
and  those  made  with  a  socket  or  nozle.    The  last  is  the 
common  form. --Flat  candlestick,  a  bedroom  candlestick 
with  a  broad  flat  foot  or  dish.-  Seven-branched  candle- 
stick, a  candelabrum  having  a  central  shaft  ami  three 
branches  on  each  side,  common  in  the  churches  of  the  mid- 
dle ages,  in  allusion  to  the  candlestick  of  the  tabernacle 
(L.x.  X.XV.  31)  and  the  seven  lamps  of  the  Apocalypse 

■candle-tree  (kan'dl-tre),  n.    [Tr.  of  the  Sp. 

palo  de  velas:  palo,  a  cudgel,  pole,  etc.,  <  L 
pahis  (see  pafei);  de,  <  L.  de,  of;  velas,  pi.  of 
vela,  watchfulness,  also  candle,  <  L.  vigil 
watchful:  see  vigilant.']  1.  A  bignoniaeeous 
tree  of  the  isthmus  of  Panama,  Parmentiera 
cerifera,  the  fruit  of  which,  nearly  4  feet  long, 
has  the  appearance  of  a  yellow  wax  candle  and 
a  peculiar  apple-like  smell,  and  is  eaten  by 
cattle.— 2.  In  the  United  States,  the  Catalna 
bignonioides,  from  its  long  round  pods, 
candle-waster  (kan'dl-was"ter),  n.  One  who 
wastes  candles ;  specifically,  in  contempt  or  re- 
proach, one  who  wastes  or  consumes  candles  in 
occupations  considered  unprofitable  or  harm- 
ful, as  dissipation  or  excessive  or  late  study 
[Now  rare.]  *^ 

Patch  grief  with  proverbs;  make  misfortune  drunk 
With  candle-wasters.  Shale.,  Much  Ado,  v.  1. 

A  whoreson  book-worm,  a  candle-waster. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iii.  2. 
candlewood  (kan'dl-wud),  n.    1.   A  name 
given  in  the  British  West  Indies  to  several 
trees,  as  (a)  to  Amyris  balsamifera  or  rhodes- 
wood,  (b)  to  Ouratea  Guianensis,  and  (c)  to  Scia- 
dophyllum  capitatum.—  2.  The  genus  Fouquiera 
of  northern  Mexico  and  the  adjacent  United 
States,  including  several  species  with  erect, 
slender,  very  resinous,  and  often  leafless  stems, 
and  large  bright-scarlet  flowers, 
candlingt,  ».    [<  candle  +  -i/jf/i.]    A  supper 
given  by  landlords  of  ale-houses  to  their  cus- 
tomers on  Candlemas  eve.  Wright. 
cando  (kan'do),  m.    A  measure  of  length  used 
m  Groa,  formerly  equal  to  47  English  inches,  but 
now  usually  taken  as  equal  to  the  Portuguese 
vara  (43.2  inches), 
candock  (kan'dok),  n.    [<  co«2  +  docU.  Cf. 
equiv.  G.  kannen-Jcraut,  lit.  'canwort.']    1.  A 
local  English  name  for  one  or  more  species  of 
Equisetum,  or  horsetails,  given  because  some 
ot  the  kinds  are  employed  in  polishing  tin  cans 
and  other  metallic  vessels. 

Let  the  pond  lie  dry  six  or  twelve  months,  ...  to  kill 
the  water  weeds,  as  water  lilies,  candoclcs,  reate  and  bul- 
I-  Walton,  Complete  Angler. 
^■'^^^J^'^^ow  water-lily,  Nvphar  luteum:  so 
called  from  its  dock-like  leaves  and  flagon- 
shaped  seed-vessels. 

candor,  candour  (kan'dor),  n.  [The  latter 
spelling  still  used  in  England;  <  P.  candeur  = 
Pr.  bp.  Pg.  candor  =  It.  candore,  <  L.  candor, 
acc.  candorem,  brightness,  radiance,  purity, 
clearness,  sincerity,  frankness,  <  candere,  be 
white  or  bright:  see  candid.-]  If.  Whiteness; 
clearness;  brilliancy.  Sir  T.  Browne.— 2. 
Openness  of  heart ;  a  disposition  to  treat  sub- 


jects with  fairness ;  freedom  from  reserve  or 
disguise;  frankness;  ingenuousness;  sincerity. 

»  ^       P<^''siiade  you  to  dispense 

A  little  with  your  candour,  and  consent 
I'o  make  your  house  the  stage  on  which  we'll  act 
A  comic  scene.    Massinger,  Parliament  of  Love,  iv.  .3. 
A  candour  which  is  only  found  where  men  fight  for  truth 
and  not  for  victory.        Lady  Holland,  .Sydney  .Smith,  ii. 

candredt,  ».    See  cantrcd. 

candroy  (kau'droi),  n.  [Origin  unknown.]  A 
machine  used  in  preparing  cotton  cloths  for 
printing. 

canduc  (kan'duk),  M.   [N.African.]   The  name 
ot  a  North  African  fox,  Vulj>es  adusta. 
candyi  (kan'di),  n.  and  a.    [<  F.  candi  (also 
Sucre  candi,  where  candi  is  regarded  as  pp.  of 
the  verb),  <  It.  catidi  {zucchero  candito)  =  Sp. 
candi,  asucar  candi,  or  cande,  =  Pg.  candi,  can- 
dil(asstccar  candi),  <  Ar.  qandi,  made  of  sugar  < 
qand,  qanda  (sokker  qanda)  =  Pers.  qand,  sugar 
sugar-candy, <  Hind,  khdnd,  sugar,  prob.<  A7;«/,f/ 
a  piece  (ef.  khandat,  khandit,  broken),  <  Skt. 
khanda,  a  piece,  a  portion  (cf.  khandava,  sweet- 
meat^), <ykhand,  break.]    I,  n.;  pi.  candies 
(-diz).    A  solid  preparation  or  confection  of 
sugar  or  molasses,  or  both,  boiled,  inspissated 
and  worked  by  pulling  to  a  crystalline  consis- 
tence, either  alone  or  combined  with  flavoring 
and  coloring  substances;  hence,  any  confec- 
tion having  sugar  as  its  basis,  however  pre- 
pared.   Candy  made  of  or  with  molasses  is 
specifically  called  molasses  candy  and  tajfii  — 
Candy-puU,  a  gathering  of  young  people  for  the  purpose 
of  making  and  eating  molasses  candy.    The  name  is  de- 
rived from  the  process  of  pulling  required  in  making  the 
caiiay.    [ U.  8.] 

Il.t  a.  Sugared;  sweet. 

Why,  what  a  candy  deal  of  courtesy 
This  fawning  greyhound  then  did  proffer  me  ' 
Tt  •  J.  ,   .  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  3. 

It  IS  a  cordial  of  a  candy  taste. 

Middleton,  Micro-Cynicon,  Prol.  to  bk.  i. 

candyl  (kan'di),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  candied,  ppr. 
candying.  [The  verb  seems  to  appear  in  E 
before  the  noun,  but  is  due  to  the  noun :  F. 
candir,  <  It.  candire,  to  make  into  candy  < 
candi:  see  candy''-,  n.]  I,  trans.  1.  To  form 
into  congelations  or  crystals ;  congeal  in  a  crys- 
talline form  or  inspissated  concretion:  as  to 
candy  sugar,  honey,  etc.— 2.  To  preserve  or  in- 
erust  with  sugar,  as  fruits,  by  immersing  them 
m  it  while  boiling  and  removing  them  sepa- 
rately or  m  mass.— 3.  To  cover  or  incrust  with 
concretions  or  crystals,  as  of  ice. 

The  cold  brook. 
Candied  with  ice.  Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  3. 

Now  no  more  the  frost 
Candies  the  grass.  Carew,  Spring. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  take  the  form  of,  or  be- 
come mcrusted  by,  candied  sugar:  as,  pre- 
serves candy  with  long  keeping.— 2  To  be- 
come crystallized  or  congealed. 

In  manufacturing  candy  from  molasses,  .  .  .  the  can- 
dying results  from  boiling  the  molasses  to  free  it  from 

develop  the  colorless  saccharine  crystals  which  serve  to 
hide  the  dark  impurities.  Nichols,  Fireside  Science,  p.  99. 
<=^P^y^>  kandy  (kan'di),  «. ;  pi.  candies  (-diz). 
[<  Tamil  kandi  =  Marathi  kJiandi,  a  measure 
ot  weight,  <  Skt.  kJianda,  a  portion,  piece :  see 
candy^.]  An  East  Indian  unit  of  weight,  usual- 
ly 20  maunds,  but  sometimes  21  or  22,  and  vary- 
ing m  different  locaUties  and  for  every  com- 
modity. The  most  usual  value  is  from  494  to  560  pounds 
avoirdupois.  The  candy  is  sometimes  considered  as  a  dry 
measure,  varying  from  15  to  30  United  States  bushels. 

In  an  ordinary  season  the  yield  of  a  plot -or,  as  the 
natives  can  It  poda-of  an  acre  and  three  quarters  [of 
madder]  will  be  about  eight  ca7idies  of  500  lbs.  eacli 

A.  F.  Eliot  James,  Indian  Industries,  p.  118. 
candy-sugar  (kau'di-shug'-'ar),  n.  Same  as 
rock-cundy  or  Gibraltar  rock.  "  [Great  Britain.! 
candytuft  (kan'di-tuft),  n.  [<  Candy,  F.  Can- 
die,  Candia,  the  ancient  Crete,  +  tiift.]  The 
popular  name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Iberis 
especially  /.  unibellata,  having  tufted  flowers' 
brought  from  the  island  of  Candia.  See 
Iberis. 

canel  (kan),  n.   [<  ME.  cane,  canne,  <  OP.  cane 
canne  (also  assibilated  cliane,  chanyie),  F.  canne 
=  Pr.  cana  =  Sp.  cana  =  Pg.  canna,  cana  =  It 
cama,  a  reed,  a  cane  (and  hence,  as  a  measure 
ot  length,  F.  canne  =  Sp.  cana,  perhaps  directly 
\  Heb.  qdncJi,  as  a  measiu'e  of  length:  see 
caneh),  <  L.  canna,  in  ML.  also  cana,  <  Gr.  mwa 
Kavvri,  a  reed,  cane,  perhaps  of  Eastern  origin  '■ 
el.  ILeb.  qaneh,  a  reed.]    1.  A  rather  long  and 
slender  jointed  woody  stem,  more  or  less  ri<^id 
hollow  or  pithy,  as  that  of  some  palms,  gi-asses' 
and  other  plants,  such  as  the  ratan,  bamboo' 


canel-bone 


and  sugar-cane;  also,  tlic  stem  of  raspberries 
or  blackbemes. 

He  spoke  of  his  tropical  home  in  the  canea  by  the  purple 
Teymyson,  The  Wreck. 

2.  Sugar-cane:  as,  a  plantation  of  ea/ie;  cane- 
sugar.— 3.  The  V^^nt  Arundinaria  macrosperma 
of  the  southern  United  States,  forming  cane- 
brakes.  See  Arundinaria. — 4.  The  stem  of  a 
plant,  as  the  bamboo,  used  as  a  walking-stick  • 

hence,  any  walking-stick.  The  word  was  not  applied 
to  a  walking-stick  earlier  than  the  sixteenth  century  •  a. 
cane  "  garnished  with  gold  having  a  perfume  in  tlie  top  " 
and  other  conveniences  attached  to  it  is  mentioned  in  an 
inventory  of  Henry  VIII. 's  time  ;  but  it  was  not  until  tlie 
reign  of  Louis  XIV.  that  the  cane  became  almost  universal 
in  the  hands  of  men  of  quality.  At  this  time  canes  were 
generally  made  of  the  length  now  common,  that  is,  2  feet 
10  inches  to  3  feet;  but  in  the  eighteenth  century  it  be- 
came usual  to  have  them  very  long,  4  feet  or  more,  and 
ornamented  with  a  great  buncli  of  ribbons  tied  near  the 
top.  huch  canes  were  can  ied  by  women  as  well  as  men 
1  lie  heads  of  these  canes  frequently  contained  perfume- 
bottles  or  vinaigrettes;  they  were  sometimes  fitted  with 
eye-glasses,  which  could  be  opened  and  shut;  and  occa- 
sionally a  crutcli-shapcd  handle  was  utilized  as  a  small 
telescope,  the  cros.s-piece  being  made  tubular  and  fitted 
with  lenses.  The  lieads  were  of  porcelain,  enameled  metal 
and  other  rich  materials.   See  sword-cane  and  yistol-can^. 

5.  A  lance  or  dart  made  of  cane.  [Rare.] 

The  flying  skirmish  of  the  darted  cane.  Dryden. 
Cane  chair,  (a)  A  chair  made  of  ratan,  the  main  supports 
arms,  back,  and  the  like  being  composed  of  the  solid 
canes,  deprived  of  their  smooth  siliceous  surface  either 
singly,  or  grouped  in  twos  and  threes,  the  parts  being 
bound  together  by  split  or  shaved  cane,  and  the  seat  and 
back  formed  of  woven-work  of  the  same  material  (6)  A 
chair  having  the  seat,  or  the  seat  and  back,  made  of  thin 
strips  of  cane,  retaining  their  natural  smooth  surface 
interlaced  or  woven  together.-  Clouded  cane.  Same  as 
Malacca  cane. 

Sir  Plume,  of  amber  snuff-box  justly  vain 
And  the  nice  conduct  of  a  clouded  cane.  ' 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  iv.  124. 
CoUecting-cane,  a  cane-gun  used  by  naturalists  for  co\- 
^p^I't'I'^^'J!-  ,  '^ee  cane-jwH.- Hydraulic  cane. 

See  AiyrfraMZic- Malacca  cane,  a  cane  nfade  of  the  brow li 
mottled  or  clouded  stem  of  the  palm  Calamus  Scipionum 
without  removal  of  the  bark,  brought  from  Singapore  and 
Malacca,  but  produced  chiefly  in  Sumatra.  Alsoscalled 
clouded  cane.  =Byn.i.  See  staff. 

canel  (kan),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caned,  ppr.  can- 
mg.  [<  c««ei,  «.]  1.  To  beat  or  flog  with  a 
cane  or  walking-stick. 

I  know  you  have  too  much  respect  for  yourself  to  cane 
me  in  this  honourable  habit.       Steele,  Spectator,  No.  88. 

2.  To  fm-nish  or  complete  with  cane ;  fill  the 
center  of  the  back  or  the  seat  with  interwoven 
strips  of  cane :  as,  to  cane  chairs. 
cane2  cain  (kan),  n.    [Sc.,  <  OF.  cane  (ML 
cana,  canum),  a  tax,  perhaps  a  particular  use 
ot  cane,  rule  or  order,  measure,  ult.  identical 
with  cane,  a  reed,  etc.,  but  with  sense  of  the 
deriv.  canon :  see  cane^  and  canon't.]    In  Scot- 
land, rent  paid  in  kind,  as  in  poultry,  eggs, 
etc.;  hence,  any  tax,  tribute,  or  duty  exacted, 
cane^t,  ».    An  obsolete  form  of  can'^. 
cane-^t,       An  obsolete  form  of  A7(a«l 
cane-brake  (kan'brak),  n.    A  thicket  of  canes ; 
in  the  United  States,  a  tract  of  land  thickly 
overgrown  with  Arundinaria. 

.Slow  work  it  was,  something  like  hacking  and  hewinsr 
and  s<iueezing  one's  way  through  a  cane-brake  after  a  bear 
W.  M.  Baker,  New  Timothy,  p.  118 

cane-colored  (kan'kul'ord),  a.   Of  the  color  of 

cane ;  straw-colored, 
caned  (kand),  a.     [Origin  unknown.]  Filled 
with  white  matter;  made  white;  mothery 
said  of  vinegar.  HalliweU. 
cane-gamet  (kan'gam),  «.    The  game  of  quin- 
tain: so  called  because  hollow  canes  were 
sometimes  iised  instead  of  lances.  Sfrutt 
cane-gun  (kan'gun'),  n.   A  weapon  comprisins 
a  gun-barrel  with  its  discharging  devices  ar- 
ranged so  as  to  present  the  appearance  of  an 
ordinary  walking-stick.    E.  H.  Enight 
caneh,  kaneh  (ka'ne),  n.    [Heb.  qaneh,  a  reed : 
see  cane^.]    A  Hebrew  measure  of  6  cubits, 
translated  reed  in  the  authorized  version  of 
the  Bible,  equal  to  10  feet  11  inches, 
cane-harvester  (kan'har"ves-ter),  n.    A  ma- 
chine, resembling  in  form  the  common  corn- 
harvester,  used  to  cut  and  gather  sugar-cane 
or  sorghum. 

cane-hole  (kan'hol),  n.  A  hole  or  trench  for 
planting  the  cuttings  of  cane  on  sugar-planta- 
tions. 

cane-killer  (kan'kil'-'er),  n.    In  Jamaica,  an 
annual  serophulariaceous  plant,  Alcctra  Brasi- 
hcnsis,  which  is  parasitic  upon  the  roots  of 
sugar-cane,  etc. 
canelif,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  canneU. 
canel^t,  n.    See  canned. 
CanePt,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  kenned. 
canel-bonot,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  channel- 
bone. 


canell 


790 


C12H22O1I)  whether  derived  from  cane,  sor- 


canell  (ka-nel'),  «.    Same  as  canaille,  2. 

Canellai  (ka-nel'a),  w.  [NL.  (>  F.  cannelle,  ca-  gfmrn,  sugar-beet,  or  maple,  to  distinguish  it 
iicllcr  (>  E.  cannel'^,  q.  v.)  =  Sp.  canela  =  Pg.  from  the  glucoses,  milk-sugar,  maltose,  etc. 
miiela,  canella  =  It.  canncUa,  formerly  also  canet  (ka'net),  n.  [Origin  not  ascertained.] 
canclla),  <  ML.  canella,  canncUa,  cinnamon:  see  A  name  of  the  bamboo  mole-rats  of  the  genus 
<-rtH«<72.]  1.  A  genus  of  low  aromatic  trees,  Bhi~onn/s,  as  li.  sumatranus.  E.  Bhjth. 
representative  of  the  order  Canellaccw,  of  only  cane-trash  (kau' trash),  n.  1.  Insiajar-making, 
two  species.  Tlie  principal  species  is  C.  olba,  the  refuse  of  caues  or  macerated  rinds  of  canes, 
whitewood      wild  eiiiiianiDii  of  tiie  West  Imlies  and    used  as  fuel  in  boiling  the  cane-juice ;  bagasse. 

soutlieni  Klui  iila.  wIhlIi  yields  canella  or  wliite  cinnamon 
bark.  This  bark  has  a  pleasant  cinnamon  like  odor  and 
a  bitter  pungent  taste,  and  is  used  in  the  West  Indies  as 
a  condiraent'and  in  medicine  as  an  aromatic  stimulant. 
2.  [I.  c]  [Pg.]  A  common  name  in  Brazil  for 
various  lauraceous  and  other  aromatic  trees. 
The  canella  preta  (black  cinnamon)  is  Ncc- 
tandra  mollis.— 3.  il.  c]  The  bark  of  Canella 
alba.  See  def.  1. 
canella^  (ka-nel'a),  n.  [Genoese  dial.,  <  It. 
cannella,  dim.  of  canna :  see  cane'^  and  cannd^, 

and  of.  Canella'^.']     A  Genoese  measure  of  canevast,       An  obsolete  form  of  canvas. 
length,  of  9,  10,  lOi,  or  12  palmi  of  9.81  inches  can-frame  (kan'fram), )(.    A  cotton-roving  ma- 


—  2.  The  dead  leaves  of  the  sugar-cane  torn 
off  to  allow  the  stalk  to  ripen, 
canette  (ka-nef),  w.    [F.,  a  beer- jug,  dim.  of 
OF,  cane,  a  can:  see  can'^.']    A  pitcher  or  jug 

with  a  cover,  holding  from  li  to  3  pints,  in        .  ,■  t  -^s 

shape  it  is  cylindrical  or  nearly  so,  and  sometimes  has  the  CaniCUlC  (kan  i-KUi),  n. 
cylindrical  body  raised  on  a  sort  of  foot.    By  far  the 
greater  number  of  canettes  are  of  stoneware  or  fine  earth- 
enware, with  a  cover  of  pewter  or  the  like. 

The  canette  of  white  ware  ...  is  richly  ornamented. 
Wheatlcy  and  Delamotte,  Art  Work  in  Earthenware,  p.  GO. 


each 

Canellacese  (kan-e-la'se-e),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Ca- 

nelUA  +  -ucece.']  A  small  natural  order  of  thala- 
mifloral  plants,  consisting  of  fi-agrant  and  aro- 
matic trees  belonging  to  the  genera  Canella  and 
Cinnamodendron  of  tropical  America,  and  Cin- 
namosma  of  Madagascar,  and  comprising  only 
live  known  species.  The  affinities  of  the  order 
are  obscure,  but  it  is  perhaps  related  to  the 
Bixacece. 

canellaceous  (kan-e-la'shius),  a.    [<  Canella 


chine  in  which  the  roving  is  received  into  cans, 
canful  (kan'fiil),  n.    [<  ca»2  +  full.']    As  much 
as  a  can  will  hold. 

cangt,  «•  and  n.  [ME.,  also  hang.  Cf.  cajifci.] 
I.  a.  FooUsh. 

Nis  he  a  cang  knit  [knight]  tlietsecheth  resteithe  uihte 
[in  the  flght]?  Ancren  Riuie,  p.  358. 

To  kesten  kang  eien  upon  gunge  wummen. 

Ancren  Riuie,  p.  56. 

II.  n.  A  fool. 

Thet  is  al  thes  canges  hlisse.        Ana-en  Rhole,  p.  214 


canine 

{dies  caniculares,  dog-days) :  see  Canicula.']  Pei-- 
taining  to  Canicula,  the  dog-star,  or  to  the  dog- 
days. 

The  sun,  incens'd  by  eastern  wind, 
Afflicts  me  witli  canicular  aspect. 
Oreene  and  Lodge,  Looking  Glass  for  Lond.  and  Eng. 
I'll  never  dig  in  quarry  of  an  heart 

To  have  no  part ; 
Nor  roast  in  fiery  eyes,  which  always  are  canicular. 

Donne,  Dialogue. 

Canicular  days,  a  certain  number  of  days  before  and 
after  the  heliacal  rising  of  Canicula.    See  dog-days. 

Unto  some  [such  as  are  south  of  the  equinox]  the  ca  /iiCH^a  r 
dai/K  are  in  the  winter.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iv.  13. 
Canicular  year,  the  Egyptian  natural  year,  which  was 
computed  from  one  heliacal  rising  of  Canicula  to  the  next. 

 [<  F.  Canicule,  <  L. 

Canicula :  see  Canicula.]    Same  as  Canicula. 
canid  (kan'id),  n.    A  carnivorous  mammal  of 
the  family  Canidw. 

Canidse  (kan 'i -de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Canis  + 
-id(e.]  A  family  of  digitigrade  carnivorous 
mammals,  of  the  order  Ferw,  suborder  Fissipe- 
dia,  and  series  Cynoidea;  the  dog  tribe,  Cani- 
na,  or  canine  quadi-upeds,  such  as  dogs,  wolves, 
and  foxes.  The  paroccipital  processes  of  the  skull  are 
closely  applied  to  the  auditory  bulla ;  the  mastoid  process 
is  small  or  obsolete ;  the  external  auditory  meatus  is  short 
or  imperfect ;  the  carotid  canal  is  well  developed,  open- 
ing into  the  posterior  lacerate  foramen ;  the  condyloid 
and  glenoid  foramina  are  distinct ;  tliere  is  an  mtestinal 
ca;cimi ;  the  prostate  gland  is  salient  and  the  penis-bone 
large ;  the  teeth  are  typically  42  in  number,  but  range  from 


see  -aceous.]   In  hot.,  related  or  belonging  canga  (kang'ga),  w.  [The  name  is  said  by  Esch- 

wege  to  be  an  abbr.  of  an  African  word  tapan- 
lioacanga,  meaning  'negro's  head,'  and  applied 
to  the  rock  on  account  of  its  rough  surface,  as  it 
weathers  in  round,  concretionary  forms.]  A 
breccia  composed  chiefly  of  massive  brown  iron 
ore,  irregularly  mixed  with  ferruginous  mica- 
slate,  clay-slate,  and  quartz,  and  sometimes 
containing  fine  crystals  of  gold.  [A  term  used 
by  writers  on  Brazilian  geology  and  mining.] 
cahgan,  kangan  (kang'gan),  n.  .A  kind  ?f 
coarse  cotton  cloth  manufaotui-ed  in  China,  m 
pieces  19  inches  broad  and  6  yards  long.  Imp. 
Diet. 

canget,  <•  [ME.  cangen,  also  acangen  ;  <  cang, 
«.]    To  befool. 

We  .am  cangede.  Ancren  Riuie,  p.  362. 

cangeantt,  «•  [OP.,  ppr.  of  cangen;  unassibi- 
lated  form  of  changer,  change :  see  change,  v.] 
Changing. 

Rich  gold  tissue,  on  a  ground  of  green. 
Where  th'  artfuU  shuttle  rarely  did  encheck 
The  camieant  colour  of  a  mallard's  neck. 

Sylveater,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas,  The  Decay,  1.  107. 

cangle  (kang'gl),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cangled, 
ppr.  cangling.  [Sc.,  appar.  freq.  of  cank^,  q.  v.] 
1.  To  quarrel.— 2.  To  cavil.  Jamieson. 
canglyt [<  ME.  cangliche;  <  cayig,  a.,  + 
-Z(/2.]  Foolishly. 

Forthui  thet  te  wummen  lokede  cangliche  o  weopmen 
[on  men].  Ancren  Riwle,  p.  338. 

cangO  (kang'6),  n.  [Jap.]  Same  as  Icago. 
cangue  (kang),  w.  [<  Pg.  cangue,  a  wooden  col- 
lar (accom.  to  Pg.  canga,  a  yoke),  <  Chinese 
kang,  bear  on  the  shoulders,  +  kia,  a  wooden 
collar  worn  by  criminals.]  The  name  given  by 
foreigners  to  the  Chinese  kia,  or  portable  pil- 
lory, which  persons  convicted  of  certain  petty 
crimes  are  condemned  to  kang,  or  carry  on  the 
shoulders,  for  periods  varying  from  a  few  days 
to  three  months.  It  consists  of  a  square  wooden  col- 
lar from  20  to  60  pounds  in  weight,  with  a  round  hole  for 
the  neck.  As  it  usually  measures  3  or  4  feet  across,  the 
convict  is  unable  to  reach  his  nioutli  or  defend  himself 
from  insects,  and  is  thus  dependent  on  the  good  offices  of 
his  friends. 

cangy  (kan'ji),  a.  [E.  dial.,  also  camgy ;  prob. 
<  cang  +  -?/i.]  Cross;  crabbed;  peevish;  ill- 
humored.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

can-hook  (kan'huk),  n.  A  contrivance  for  sling- 
ing a  cask  by  the  ends  of  its  staves,  formed  by 
reeving  a  piece  of  rope  through 
two  flat  hooks  and  fastening 
the  ends,  the  tackle  being 
hooked  in  the  middle  of  the 
bight 


to  the  order  Canellacea- 

canella-wood  (ka-nel'a-wud),  n.  A  beautiful 
cabinet-wood  from  Giiiana,  the  product  of  a 
lauraceous  tree,  Aydendron  canella.  Also  writ- 
ten cannela-icood. 

canellet  (ka-nel'a),  a.    [OF.,  pp.  of  caneller, 
fluted,  grooved,  channeled:  see  caneU,  cannel^, 
v.,  clinnncl'^.']    In  her.,  same  as  invected. 
canelle-brown  (ka-nel'broun'),     [<  F-  canelle, 
cannelle,  cinnamon  (see  cannel^),+  brown.]  Cin- 
namon-brown; also,  a  dye  of  this  color.  See 
jyheuylene  brown,  un- 
der brown,  n. 
cane-mill  (kan'mil),??. 
A  mill  for  gi-inding 
sugar-canes   for  the 
manufacture  of  sugar. 
See  sugar-mill. 
canepHore     (kan ' e - 
for),       [<  L.  canepho- 
ra,  also  canephoros,  < 
Gr.  Kavrjd>6pog,  basket- 
bearer,  <  mveov,  a  bas- 
ket of  reed  or  cane  (< 
Kdvva,    a   reed :  see 
cane^,    +    -<p6pog,  < 
<l>£petv  =  E.  bear'^.]  1. 
One  of  the  bearers  of 
the  baskets  contain- 
ing the  implements  of 
sacrifice  in  the  pro- 
cessions of  the  Dio- 
nysia,  Panathensea, 
and  other  ancient  Gre- 
cian festivals.  The  of- 
fice was  one  of  honor, 
much  coveted  by  vir- 
gins.—2.  In  arch.,  a  female  figure  bearing  a 
basket  on  her  head.    Sometimes  improperly 
confounded  with  caryatid. 
canephoros  (ka-nef '9 -ros),  n.;  pi.  canephon 

(-ri).    [L.]    Same  as  canephore. 
canescence  (ka-nes'ens),  ».    [<  canescent:  see 

-ence.]  A  whitish  or  hoary  color, 
canescent  (ka-nes'ent),  a.  [<  L.  canescen{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  canescere,  tJecome  white  or  hoary,  in- 
ceptive of  canere,  be  white  or  hoary,  <  canus, 
white  or  hoary.]  Growing  white  or  hoary; 
tending  or  approaching  to  white ;  whitish :  ap- 
plied to  hoary,  whitish  pelage,  plumage,  or  other 
covering  of  animals,  and  to  plants  with  gray  or 
hoary  pubescence. 

cane-scraper  (kan'skra"per),  n.    A  machine 
for  removing  the  woody  bark  of  ratan  canes 


Canephore  from  the  Parthenon 
frieze. 


cane-splitter  (kan'splifer),  n.    An  apparatus  Canicula  (ka-nik  n-la),  m.  [li 


for  cutting  and  riving  splints  from  ratan. 
H.  Knight. 

cane-stripper  (kan'strip"er),  m.  A  knife  for 
stripping  the  stalks  of  the  sugar-cane  and  cut- 
ting off  their  tops. 

cane-sugar  (kan'shug'''ar),«.  1.  Sugar  obtained 
from  the  sugar-cane,  as  distinguished  from 
beet-root  sugar,  grape-sugar,  starch-sugar,  etc. 
See  sugar.— 2.  A  general  name  for  saccharose, 


(>  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  Canicula  =  It. 
Canicola)  (also  in  E.  and  F. 
form  Canicule),  dim.  of  canis,  a  dog:  see  Cmis.] 
A  star  of  the  first  magnitude  in  the  constella- 
tion Canis  Major,  the  largest  and  brightest  of 
all  the  fixed  stars.    Also  called  the  dog-star  and 
Sirius.    See  first  cut  under  Canis. 
canicular  (ka-nik'u-lar),  a.    [<  late  ME.  canic- 
ular, <  L.  canicularis,  <  Canicula,  the  dog-star 


Skull  of  a  Fox  {Urocyon  l(ttoralts),  illustrating  canine,  cranial,  and 
dental  characters. 

38  to  46,  according  to  the  varying  number  of  molars,  the 
molars  being  i  to  -J,  the  premolars  },  the  canines  },  and 
the  incisors  § ;'  the  claws  are  non-retractile ;  the  muzzle 
is  produced ;  and  the  belly  is  usually  pinched.  The  lead- 
ing genera  are  Canis,  Cyan,  Lycaoii,  Icticyon,  hycalopex, 
Pseiidalopex,  Vulpes,  ITrocyon,  and  Nyctereutes,  constitut- 
ing the  subfamily  CaniMce,  and  M egalotis  (ov  Otocyon),  rep- 
resenting a  subfamily  Megalotina'. 
Canina'^(ka-ni'na),  n.jil.  [NL.,  <  Canis  +  -ina^. 
Cf .  L.  caninus,  pertaining  to  a  dog :  see  canine.] 
A  group  of  digitigrade  carnivorous  mammals, 
coincident  with  the  family  Canidw;  the  dog 
tribe.    See  Cynoidea. 

Caninse  (ka-ni'ne),  n.  i)l.  [NL.,  <  Canis  + 
-inw.  Cf.  caiiine.]  The  typical  subfamily  of 
the  family  Canidw,  embracing  all  of  the  family 
excepting  the  genus  Megalotis,  having  the  up- 
per molars  2  or  only  1  (3  in  Megalotis)  and  the 
sectorial  teeth  elongated.    See  Canidce. 

caninalt  (ka-ni'nal),  a.  [<  canine  +  -al]  Ca- 
nine. 

Cnninal  anger,  vented  by  snapping  and  snarling  spirits 
on  both  sides.  Fuller. 

canine  (ka-nin'  or  ka'nin),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  ca- 
ninus, pertaining  to  a  dog,  <  canis,  a  dog:  see 
Canis.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  dog; 
having  the  character  or  qualities  of  dogs; 
characteristic  of  dogs ;  like  or  likened  to  a  dog. 

—  2.  Specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Ca- 
nidm. — 3.  Affecting  or  derived  from  dogs:  as, 
caxiHe  rabies;  cawiwe  virus. — 4.  Pertaining  to 
a  canine  or  dog-tooth  Canine  appetite,  a  mor- 
bidly voracious  appetite ;  an  inordinate  or  insatiable  de- 
sire for  food ;  bulimia. 

An  exorbitant  appetite  of  usual  things,  which  they  will 
take  in  such  quantities  till  they  vomit  them  up  like  dogs  ; 
whence  it  is  called  canine.  Arbuthnot. 

His  foible  is  a  canine  appetite  for  popularity  and  fame. 

Jefferson,  Correspondence,  II.  89. 
Canine  eminence,  a  vertical  prominence  on  the  outer 
surface  of  the  superior  maxillary  bone,  caused  by  the 
root  of  the  canine  tooth.    Also  called  canim  prominence. 

—  Canine  fossa,  a  shallow  fossa  between  the  alveolar 
prominence  of  the  canine  tooth  and  the  base  of  the  malar 
process  of  the  superior  maxilla.— Canine  laugh,  in  pa- 
thai,  a  facial  expression  resulting  from  spasm  of  the  ca- 
nine muscle,  or  levator  anguli  oris  (elevator  of  the  corner 
of  the  mouth),  the  corners  of  the  mouth  being  drawn  up 
and  showing  the  side  teeth,  as  is  done  by  a  dog  m  snarling. 
Also  called  the  sardonic  smile  (risus  sn)-(/on(cus).— Camne 
letter,  the  letter  R.  See  /J.— Canine  madness,  rabies; 
hydrophobia :  so  called  because  it  most  fn  M"i^"tb'  aitects 
dogs  and  other  canine  quadrupeds,  and  is  iisually  com- 
municated by  them  by  inoculation  with  saliva  m  the  act 
of  biting.— Canine  muscle,  the  levator  ani,'uli  oris,  bee 
levator.— Camne  prominence.  Same  av,  camne  emx- 
Moice.— Canine  teeth.  («)  The  canines.  See  11.,  i.  W 
The  conical  processes  on  the  inside  of  the  mandible  ol  an 
insect,  toward  its  apex. 

II.  n.  1.  A  dog.  [CoUoq.  or  humorous.]  — 
2.  Technically,  in  zodl.,  one  of  the  Canidw  or 


canine 

Canina;  a  dog,  wolf,  fox,  fennee,  or  jackal;  a 
cynoid,  thooid,  or  alopeeoid.— 3.  One  of  the 
four  sharp-pointed  tearing-teeth  of  most  mam- 
mals, situated  one  on  each  side  of  each  jaw,  op- 
posite one  another,  between  the  incisors  or  cut- 
ting-teeth and  the  molars  or  grinders.  They  are 
long  and  especially  efficient  in  the  dog,  whence  the  name. 
In  the  wild  boar  they  are  developed  into  two  pairs  of  pro- 
jecting tusks.  The  upper  canines  in  the  human  jaw  are 
called  ejie-tceth,  and  the  lower  ones  stomach-teeth. 

caniniform  (ka-nin'i-fdrm),  a.  [<  L.  caninus 
(sc.  deits  =  E.  tooth),  canine,  +  forma,  shape.] 
Kesembling  a  canine  tooth. 

No  caniinfonn  premolars  in  either  jaw  [of  Tragulidml 
Encyc.  Brit.,  XV.  430. 

canionsf  (kan'yonz),  n.  pi.    See  cannon,  n.,  7. 
caniplet  (kan'i-pl),  «.    [A  corruption  of  OF. 
canivel,  also  canivet,  dim.  of  canif,  knife:  see 
A«(fe.]    A  small  knife  or  dagger. 
Canis  (ka'nis),  n.    [L.,  a  dog,  =Gr.  K.VUV  (kVV-) 
=  E.  hound,  q.  v.]    The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Canidce  and  subfamily  Canina;.  The 
name  is  used  with  varying  latitude ;  it  was  formerly  co- 
extensive with  the  family,  but  is  now  usually  restricted  to 
the  dogs  and  the  true  wolves  and  jackals  having  42  teeth 
the  typical  canine  dentition.   The  genus  is  cosmopolitan. 

The  common  do 


791 


ySirlus 

.  /■  ^  •  J 

r/\*\ 

-  '   /    •  N 

'  L 1.    Adaj-a,:lf.  \ 

i  i    A  '1' </f                          >.  \ 

Phttrud 

m 

Canis  fand 
liaris;  it  is  not, 
however,  a  spe- 
cies which  exists 
in  natirre,  but  is 
an  artificial  pro- 
duct, the  result 
of  domestication, 
including  the  de- 
scendants of  prol)- 
ably  several  feral 
stocks.  The  com- 
mon wolf  is  Canis 
lupus;  the  jack- 
al, Canis  aureus. 
The  foxes  and  the 
fox-like  or  hyena- 
like canine  quad- 
rupeds are  now 
usually  placed  in 
other genera  than 
Canis,  as  Vulpes, 
Lycaon,  Icticyon, 
etc.  See  dor/,  and 
cut  under  Cani- 
dce.—Cajois  Ma- 
li jor.  the  Great 
Dog,  a  constellation  following  Orion,  and  containing  the 
great  white  star  Sirius,  the  brightest  in  the  heavens  — 
Canis  Minor,  the  Little  Dog,  a  small  ancient  constella- 
tion following  Orion  and 
south  of  Gemini.  It  con- 
tains the  star  Procyor,  of 
the  first  magnitude. 

canister  (kan'is-  ^r), 

n.  [Formerly  ilso 
cannister,  <  L.  cxnis- 
trum,  a  basket  woven 
from  reeds,  =  MLG. 
hanaster,  <  Gr.  kuvi- 
€Tpov,  Kavaarpov,  a 
wicker  basket,  also 
an  earthen  vessel 
(cf .  F.  canastre,  <  Pg. 
canastra  =  Sp.  canas- 
tre, usually  canasta, 


The  Constellation  Canis  Major,  according  to 
ancient  descriptions  and  figures. 


....... 

Gome 

.-.  / 

ProcyonHi(:r 

■  ■  'M 

The  Constellation  Canis  Minor. 


a  basket:  see  canaster),  <  Kawa,  a  reed:  see 
caneK']  If.  Properly,  a  small  basket  made  of 
reeds,  twigs,  or  the  like. 

Wliite  lilies  in  full  canisters  they  bring. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Eclogues. 

2.  A  small  box  or  ease  for  tea,  coffee,  etc.— 

3.  In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,  the  metallic  vessel 
used  to  contain  the  altar-breads  or  wafers  be- 
fore consecration.  See  altar-bread.— 4i.  Can- 
ister-shot. 

canister-shot  (kan'is-ter-shot),  n.  Same  as 
case-shot,  1. 

canities  (ka-nish'i-ez),  n.  [L.,  white,  hoary, 
esp.  of  the  hair  of  the  aged,  <  canus,  white, 
white-haired,  cani,  n.  pi.,  white  hair.]  In  pa- 
thoJ.,  whiteness  or  grayness  of  the  hair. 

canitudet,  ».  [<  L.  canitudo,  hoariness,  <  canus, 
tioaj:y:  see  canons.2    Hoariness.  Blount,lQ5Q. 

can,5lca-W00d  (kan' ji-ka-wud),  n.  A  South 
Amencan  wood,  lighter'  and  of  a  yellower 

brown  than  rosewood,  it  is  exported  from  Brazil 
'.n  trimmed  logs  from  6  to  10  inches  in  diameter,  for  the 
<ise  of  cabinet-makers  and  turners.  Also  angica-wood. 
cauki  (kangk),  V.  i.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  a  var.  of 
campl,  talk,  etc. ;  but  cf.  Icel.  kankast,  refl., 
.leer,  gibe,  kank,  n.,  gibe;  cf.  also  cackle.']  1. 
io  talk.  3alUivell.—2.  To  cackle.  (Trov. 
Eng.] 

cank^  (kangk),  v.  i.  [E.  dial.,  perhaps  a  short 
lorm  of  conquer  (*conker),  taken  as  a  freq. 
verb.]  To  preserve;  overcome;  conquer;  eon- 
tmue.    Halliwell.    [Prov.  Eng.] 


cankS  (kangk),  w.  [E.  dial. ;  origin  unknown.] 
The  local  name  in  the  eoal-regions  of  Derby- 
shire and  Leicestershire,  Enghind,  of  a  hard, 
ferruginous  sandstone,  sometimes  called  bur 
m  other  districts, 
canker  (kang'ker),  n.  [<  ME.  canker,  kankw, 
<  AS.  cancer  =  D.  kanker  =  OHG.  chanchar, 
cancur,  G.  kanker  (ME.  also  cancrc,  <  OF.  dial. 
cancre  (F.  chancre,  >  E.  chancre,  q.  v;)  =  Sp. 
Pg.  cancro,  also  cancer,  =  It.  cancro,  canehero, 
formerly  also  cancaro),  a  canker,  <  L.  cancer,  a 
crab,  a  cancer:  see  cancer.']  1.  A  cancerous, 
gangrenous,  orulcerous  sore  or  disease,  whether 
in  animals  or  plants;  hence,  any  corroding  or 
other  noxious  agency  producing  ulceration, 
gangrene,  rot,  decay,  etc. 

And  their  word  will  eat  as  doth  a  canker.  2  Tim.  ii.  17. 
Specifically  — (a)  Cancrum  oris  (which  see,  under  can- 
crtttn).  (b)  A  disease  or  fungus  attacking  trees  or  other 
plants  and  causing  slow  decay,  (c)  In  /,„•,■,>,  v  a  disease  in 
horses'  feet,  causing  a  discharge  of  fetid  matter  from  the 
cleft  in  the  middle  of  the  frog,  generally  originating  in 
a  diseased  thrush. 

2.  A  canker-worm  or  insect-larva  that  injures 
plants  by  feeding  on  them. 

To  kill  canlcers  in  the  musk-rose  buds. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  3. 

3.  Figm-atively,  anything  that  corrodes,  cor- 
rupts, destroys,  or  irritates;  irritation;  pain; 
grief;  care. 

Banish  the  canker  of  ambitious  thoughts 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  i.  2. 
Grief,  that's  beauty's  canker.         Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2. 
AVhat  is  this  but  a  new  learning,  a  new  canker  to  rust 
and  corrupt  the  old  truth?  Latimer,  Misc.  Sel. 

The  worm,  the  canker,  and  the  grief 
Are  mine  alone ! 

Byron,  On  my  Thirty-sixth  Year. 

4.  Eust.  [Prov.  Eng.]— 5.  In  hot.:  (a)  The 
canker-rose  or  field-poppy,  Papaver  Bhceas.  (b) 
The  wild  dogi-ose,  Bosa  canina. 

To  put  down  Richard,  that  sweet  lovely  rose, 
And  plant  this  thorn,  this  canker,  Bolingbroke 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  3. 
_    ,  .  He  held  out  a  rose, 

io  draw  the  yielding  sense,  which,  come  to  hand 
He  shifts,  and  gives  a  canker. 

Middleton  and  Roioley,  Fair  Quarrel,  iii.  2. 

(c)  A  toadstool.    [Prov.  Eng.] -Black  canker, 

a  disease  in  turnips  and  other  crops  produced  by  a  species 
of  caterpillar.    See  Athalia. 

canker  (kang'ker),  V.  [<  ME.  cancren  (after 
ML.  cancerare),  <  canker,  n.]  I.  trans.  To  in- 
fect with  canker,  either  literally  or  figuratively ; 
eat  into,  corrode,  or  corrupt ;  infect  as  with  a 
poisonous  influence ;  render  ill-conditioned  or 
venomous;  make  sour  and  ill-natured. 
Restore  to  God  His  due  in  tithe  and  time ; 
A  tithe  purloined  cankers  the  whole  estate. 

G.  Herbert,  Church  Porch,  xv. 
The  bramble 
No  wise  man  ever  planted  by  the  rose, 
It  cankers  all  her  beauty. 

Fletcher,  Mad  lover,  iv.  4. 
May  this  angel 
New  mould  his  cankered  heart.  Coleridge. 
II.  intrans.  1.  To  corrode;  grow  corrupt; 
be  infected  with  some  poisonous  or  pernicious 
influence;  be  or  become  ill-conditioned  or  ma- 
lignant. 

And  as,  with  age,  his  body  uglier  grows, 
So  his  mind  cankers.  Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

2.  To  fret;  become  peevish.    Jamieson. — Sf. 
To  decay  or  waste  away  by  means  of  any  nox- 
ious cause ;  grow  rusty  or  discolored  by  oxida- 
tion, as  a  metal. 
Silvering  will  sully  and  canker  more  than  gilding. 

Bacon,  Phys.  and  Med.  Remains, 
cankerberry  (kang'ker-ber'i),  n. ;  pi.  canker- 
berries  (-iz).    In  Jamaica,  the  fruit  of  Solanum 
Bahamense. 

canker-bit  (kang'ker -bit),  a.  Bitten  with  a 
cankered  or  envenomed  tooth.  Shak. 
canker-bloomt  (kang'ker-blom),  n.  [=  D.  kan- 
kerbloem,  wild  rose,  wild  poppy.]  1.  A  bloom 
or  flower  eaten  by  canker.— 2.  A  bloom  or 
flower  of  the  dogrose. 

The  canker-blooms  have  full  as  deep  a  dye 
As  the  perfumed  tincture  of  the  roses. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  liv. 

canker-blossom  (kang'ker-blos'''um),  «.  l  A 
canker-bloom.- 2.  That  which  causes  canker 
m  a  blossom. 

O  me !  you  juggler  !  you  canker-blossom  ' 
You  thief  of  love !  Shak.,  U.  N.  D.,  iii.  2. 

canker-dortt, )?.  IME.,  <  canker  +  dort.]  Anxi- 
ety; distress. 

Was  Troilus  naught  in  a  canker-dort. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1752 
cankered  (kang'kerd),  p.  a.    [Pp.  of  canker,  v.] 
1.  Affected  with  canker:  as,  a  cawitered  tree.— 


canker-'worm 

2.  Ill-natured;  cross;  crabbed;  venomous;  ma- 
lignant; wicked. 

The  baser  mind  it  selfe  displayes 
In  cancrcd  malice  and  revengefull  spight. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  vii.  1. 
A  canker'd  grandame's  will !         Shak.,  K.  John,  ii.  1. 
The  Governor.  .  .  a.ssured  His  Majesty  that  never  were 
courtesy  and  gentleness  so  ill  reiiuited  as  his  had  been  bv 
this  ingrate  and  cankered  Duke. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  460. 

cankeredly  (kang'kerd-li),  adv.   In  a  cankered 

manner;  crossly;  erabbedly.    Mir.  for  Maqs 
cankeredness  (kang'kerd-nes),  n.    The  state 
of  being  cankered;  crabbedness. 
canker-fly  (kang'k6r-fli),  n.  Any  fly  that  preys 
on  fruit. 

cankerfrett  (kang'ker-fret),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  can- 
crefrete,  eaten  into  by  a  canker,  <  canker  + 
frete,  pp.  of  freten,  fret,  eat :  see  canker  and 
Jret>-.]    To  eat  into  like  a  canker. 

If  God  break  off  the  soul  betimes  from  this  sin,  ere  it 
have  canker/retted  the  soul.  D.  Hor/ers. 

cankerfrett  (kang'ker-fret),  n.    [<  cankerfret, 
v.]     1.  A  cankerous  sore  or  blister  in  the 
mouth. —  2.  Copperas, 
cankerlyt  (kang'ker-li),  a.    [<  canker  +  -lu'^.] 
Cankered. 

canker-nail  (kang'ker-nal),  n.  A  hangnail 
[Scotch.] 

cankerous  (kang'ker-us), a.  [<  canker  +  -ous; 
after  cancerous,  q.  v.]  1.  Of  the  nature  of  or 
resembling  canker;  corrosive;  ulcerous;  gan- 
grenous: as,  a  cankerous  sore  or  eruption. — 2. 
Causing  canker;  chafing;  corroding;  ulcerat- 
ing. 

,         ,  ,  Tyrannic  rule 

Unknown  before,  whose  cankerous  shackles  seiz'd 
The  envenom'd  soul.  Thomson,  Liberty,  iv. 

Hither  may  come  the  prisoner,  escaping  from  his  dark 
and  narrow  cell  and  cankerous  chain. 

Hawthorne,  Old  Manse. 

canker-rash  (kang'ker-rash'),  n.  In  pathol,  a 
variety  of  scarlet  fever  complicated  with  ulcer- 
ations in  the  throat, 
canker-root  (kang'ker-rot),  n.  A  name  of  va- 
rious astringent  or  bitter  roots  used  as  a  remedy 
for  aphthae,  as  Statice  Caroliniana,  Coptis  tr'i- 
folia,  etc. 

cankert  (kang'kert),  a.  A  Scotch  form  of  can- 
kered. 

Nor  anxious  fear,  nor  cankert  care, 
E'er  mair  come  near  him. 

Burns,  Elegy  on  Robert  Ruisseaux. 

canker-'Weedt  (kang'ker-wed),  n.  An  old  name 
of  the  plant  ragwort, 
canker-'worm  (kang'ker-werm),  n.  A  name 
given  to  certain  caterpillars  which  are  very 
destructive  to  fruit-  and  shade-trees.  The  sprina 
canker-worm,  Anisopteryx  vernata,  is  found  in  the  United 


Fig.  2. 

Spring  Canker-worm  (Anisopteryx  uernata). 

in  ^5;^Vf;.="",T^,°""^^'^'■''*•  5'  enlarged  (natural  size  shown 

vtw^     ^ ^  =  J°>n'.  enlarged,  side  and  dorsal 

i^f„^!'„f  •  /'r""',^  ^^"^  female  moths,  both  natural  size:  c. 

i?,  antenna  of  female  moth  ;  rf,  joint  of  her  abdomen,  showing 

spmes;     her  ovipositor,    (c.  rf,  and  f  enlarged.)  ,  snowing 

States  from  ilaine  to  Texas.    The  eggs  are  deposited  upon 
trees.    The  larva;,  after  feeding  upon  the  foliage  for  about 
a  month,  sometimes  entirely  destroying  it,  descend  by 
threads  to  the  ground,  in  which  they  burrow  and  undergo 
transformation,  the  moths  i.ssuing  in  April,  or  sometimes 
in  March.    The  male  is  winged,  but  the  female  is  wind- 
less, and  is  obliged  to  climb  up  the  tree-trunk  in  order 
to  deposit  her  eggs.    Hence,  an  obstructive  bandage  oil- 
trough,  or  tarred  band  placed  about  trees  is  a  common 
mode  of  protecting  them.    Tlie  fall  canker-worm  Aniso- 
pteryx pometaria,  is  more  distinctively  a  northern  species 
The  moths  issue  mainly  in  the  fall,  and  the  eggs  are  ex- 
posed.   See  geometrid,  measurer,  and  span-worm. 
And  oft  he  lets  his  cancker-wfinnes  light 
Upon  my  braunches,  to  worke  me  more  spight. 

Spemer,  Shep.  Cal.,  February. 
That  which  the  locust  hath  left  hath  the  canker-worm 
^'''^^■i'  Joel  i.  4. 


cankery 


792 


cannon 


cankery  (kang'ker-i),  a.  [<  canker  +  1. 
Cankered;  corroded;  rusty. —  2.  Ill-natured; 
crabbed ;  venomous ;  vexing :  as,  "  O  cankric 
care,"  Burns. 

canking  (kang'king),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  cank^,  r.] 
Whining;  dissatisfied.  [Prov.  Eng.  (Derby- 
shire).] 

canna^  (kan'a),  n.  [L.,  a  reed,  cane :  see  cawei.] 
1.  [cnp.']  [NL.]  A  genus  of  reed-like  plants, 
natural  order  Marantacew,  several  species  of 
which  are  known  by  the  name  of  Indian  shot, 
from  their  round,  shining,  hard,  heavy  seeds. 
They  are  natives  of  the  tropics,  and  tliere  are  many  spe- 
cies and  varieties  in  cultivation  for  their  singidar  showy 


Indian  Shot  [Canna  Indica). 
a,  foliage ;  d,  flower ;  c,  fruit,  dehiscing. 


flowers  and  very  ornamental  foliage.  The  common  In- 
dian shot  of  gardens  is  C.  Indica.  The  rootstocks  are 
farinaceous,  and  the  tuberous  roots  of  some  species  are 
used  as  a  vegetable.  A  species  cultivated  in  the  West  In- 
dies, supposed  to  be  the  C.  edvUsoi  South  America,  yields 
a  kind  of  starch  or  arrowroot  known  as  tous-len-mois. 

2.  The  upright  shaft  or  stem  of  any  ornamen- 
tal object  or  utensil,  especially  when  of  metal, 
as  of  a  candlestick. — 3.  Eccles.,  the  pipe  or 
tube  by  which  the  sacred  wine  was  taken  from 
the  chalice.  See  calamus,  4.  These  tubes  were 
made  of  precious  material,  frequently  of  silver.  In  a  few 
cases  the  canna  seems  to  have  been  fixed  to  the  chalice. 

4.  A  linear  measure  in  use  in  some  parts  of 
Italy.  Its  length  varies  from  44  to  118  inches,  accord- 
ing to  the  locality  in  which  it  is  used  and  the  material 
to  which  it  is  applied.  The  canna  of  JIalta  is  82.2  inches. 

5.  [cap.']  [NL.]  A  genus  of  lepidopterous  in- 
sects. Walker,  1865. —  6.  A  name  of  the  eland, 
Oreas  canna. 

canna^  (kan'a),  n.  [<  Gael,  canach,  cotton, 
cotton-grass,  cat's-tail,  =  Ir.  canach,  cotton, 
down.]  Cotton-grass,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Eri- 
ophorum. 

still  is  the  carina's  hoary  beard. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  ii.  15. 

canna^  (kan'a).  [Sc.,  prop,  can  na,  cannot: 
na  =  E.  Mol.]    Cannot.  [Scotch.] 

cannabene  (kan'a-ben),  n.  [<  Cannabis  +  -ene.'] 
A  colorless  oil  (C18H20)  obtained  fi-om  Canna- 
bis Indica. 

cannabic  (kan'a-bik),  a.  [<  L.  cannabis,  hemp, 
+  -ic]  Of  or  pertaining  to  hemp — Cannabic 
composition,  a  substitute  for  papier  m&ch^,  made  of  a 
mixture  of  hemp  and  resin, 

cannabin,  cannabine^  (kan'a-bin,  -bin),  n.  [< 
Cannabis  +  -in^,  -ine'^.']  A  resin  obtained  from 
the  plant  Cannabis  Indica.  It  is  probably  the 
active  principle  of  the  drug  hashish. 

Oannabinaceae  (kan"a-bi-na'se-e),  n.2)l.  [NL., 
<L.  cannabis,  hemp,  4-  -acece.}  A  natural  order 
of  plants,  the  hemp  family,  properly  included 
in  the  order  Urticacece. 

cannabine^,  n.    See  cannabin. 

cannabine^  (kan'a-bin),  a.  [<  L.  cannabinus,  < 
cannabis  =  E.  hemp.]  Pertaining  to  hemp ; 
hempen.  [Rare.] 

Cannabinese  (kan-a-bin'e-e),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  L. 

cannabis,  hemp,  +  -ece.]  In  some  classifica- 
tions, a  suborder  of  plants^  of  the  natural  order 
Urticacece ;  the  hemp  famaly  as  a  suborder. 

Cannabis  (kan' a-bis),  n.  [L.,  =  E.  hemp,  q.  v.] 
A  genus  of  urticaceous  plants,  of  a  single  spe- 
cies, C.  Indica.    See  bhang  and  hemp. 

canned  (kan),  n.  [P.,  cane:  see  cawei.]  If. 
An  old  spelling  of  cawei. — 2.  A  French  mea- 
suxe  of  length,  varying  according  to  locality 
from  L78  to  2.62  meters,  or  1.95  to  2.87  yards. 

canne^t,  «•    An  obsolete  spelling  of  ca»'2. 

canne^,  n.    See  kanne. 

canneli  (kan'el),  n.  [<  ME.  canel  (also  assibi- 
lated  Chanel,  >  mod.  E.  channel),  <  OF.  canel, 
chenal,  <  L.  canalis,  a  channel:  see  channel^, 


kennel^,  and  canal^,  doublets  of  cannel^.]  If.  A 
channel ;  a  stream  of  water;  the  bed  of  a  stream. 

Thei  grutchiden  ajens  this  water,  and  dronken  podel 
water  of  the  canel. 

WycUf,  Select  Works  (ed.  Arnold),  II.  335. 
Again  he  did  the  waters  ga. 
Til  thair  canels  that  thai  comen  fra. 

Cursor  Mundi,  i,  1866. 

2\.  A  conduit ;  a  pipe. 

Canels  or  pipes  \vynes  forth  to  lede 
Into  the  vat. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  IS. 

3t.  The  throat. 

So  now  thou  hats  thi  hert  hoUe,  hitte  me  bihou[e]s ; 
Halde  the  now  the  hyge  hode,  that  Arthur  the  ragt, 
&  kepe  thy  hand  at  this  kest,  if  hit  keuer  may. 
Sir  Gawayne  am  'if.  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2298. 

4.  The  lowest  pai  h  of  the  edge  of  a  tool,  which 
has  received  the  fiivshing;  the  finishing  bevel 
of  a  knife,  ax,  or  otntr  eag'-d  tool. 

It  [a  pocket-knife]  must  be  held  [in  honing]  at  an  angle  of 
20  to  25  degrees,  and  have  an  edge  similar  to  a  chisel.  This 
is  technically  called  the  cannel,  and  is  marked  on  all  new 
knives  by  a  fine  white  line,  which  dot ;  not  remove  or  touch 
the  polished  surface.  A  1  ,'"Je  Circular,  1887. 

5.  [<  cannel^,  v.]  A  style  of  weaving,  making 
a  corded  or  rep  tissue.    E.  H.  Knight. 

cannel^  (kan'el),  t.  [<  P.  cannelcr,  formerly 
caneler,  canellcr,  channel,  flute,  groove,  <  canc'l, 
a  channel,  groove:  see  cannel'^,  n.,  and  cf.  chan- 
»ieZi,  ?'.]  To  channel;  groove;  chamfer.  Jamie- 
son. 

cannel-t  (kan'el),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  canel, 
<  ME.  canel,  canele,  candle  =  MD.  D.  kaneel  = 
MLG.  kannel,  LG.  kaneel,  kneel  =  late  MHG. 
kanel,  G.  cancel,  kancl  =  Sw.  Dan.  kancl,  <  OF. 
canelle,  F.  cannelle  =  Pr.  Sp.  canela  =  Pg.  ca- 
nela,  canella  =  It.  canella,  now  cannella,  <  ML. 
canella,  cannella,  cinnamon,  so  called  from  the 
form  of  a  roll  or  quill  which  it  assumes  in  dry- 
ing, lit.  a  little  pipe  (OF.  canelle,  P.  cannelle,  a 
qiuil,  faucet,  cock,  spout,  etc.),  dim.  of  (L.) 
cana,  canna  (OF.  cane,  F.  canne,  etc.),  a  cane, 
reed :  see  cawei,  and  cf .  cannon.]  Cinnamon. 

In  Arabia  is  store,  mir  and  canel. 

Trevisa,  tr.  of  Higden's  Polychronicon,  I.  99. 

AUe  maner  of  spicerie,  ...  as  of  gyngevere,  clowe-gylo- 
fres,  canelle,  zedewalle,  notemuges,  and  maces. 

Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  187. 

cannel^t,  " .    -An  obsolete  form  of  kennel^. 

cannela-wood,  n.    Same  as  canella-wood. 

cannel-coal,  candle-coal  (kan'el-,  kan'dl-kol), 
n.  A  highly  bituminous  coal,  very  compact, 
and  burning  readily  with  a  bright  flame,  it  is 
not  so  distinctly  stratified  as  ordinary  bituminous  coal,  but 
breaks  into  more  or  less  regularly  formed  cubical  frag- 
ments. The  term  is  said  to  be  applied  to  coals  of  this  kind 
because  they  burn  like  a  candle.  See  coal.  Also  written 
canal-cnal,  kennel-coal. 

cannellated  (kan 'e -la-ted),  a.  {<.canneP-  + 
-ate^  +  -ed'^.]  In  arch.,  channeled  or  fluted: 
as,  "cannellated  pilasters,"  C.  C.  Perkins,  Ital- 
ian Sculpture,  Int.,  p.  xlvii. 

cannelure  (kan'e-luj),  n.  [P.,  <  canneler,  gi-oove, 
flute:  Bee  cannel^,  v.]  1.  A  groove  or  channel 
on  a  decorative  surface,  as  the  channeling  on 

Doric  columns.  IVIuch  of  the  decoration  of  the  eigh- 
teenth century  is  in  scroll-formed  or  spiral  cannelures. 
2.  A  rectangular  groove  cut  around  the  cylin- 
drical part  of  a  bullet  to  contain  the  lubricant, 
which  consists  generally  of  bayberry  tallow  or 
Japan  wax.  There  may  be  from  3  to  5  cannelures ;  there 
are  3  in  the  United  States  regulation  bullet.  The  lubri- 
cant prevents  leading  and  fouling  of  the  bore  in  firing. 
See  cut  under  cartridge. 

cannelure  (kan'e-liir), t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  canne- 
lured,  ppr.  canneluring.  [<  cannelure,  n.]  To 
form  a  groove  or  channel  on:  as,  a  cannelured 
bullet. 

cannequin  (kan'e-kin),  n.  [P.,  also  canequin; 
origin  unknown.]  White  cotton  cloth  from 
the  East  Indies.    E.  H.  Knight. 

cannery  (kan'e-ri),  n. ;  pi.  canneries  (-riz).  [< 
carfl  +  -ery.]  An  establishment  for  canning 
or  preserving  meat,  fish,  or  fruit  in  cans  or  tins 
hermetically  sealed. 

Several  new  canneries  have  been  established,  one  on 
Bristol  Bay,  where  four  hundred  cases  of  canned  and  thir- 
ty-two hundred  and  fifty  barrels  of  salted  salmon  were  put 
i;p  during  the  season.  Science,  Iv.  475. 

cannett  (kan'et),  n.  [=  p.  canette,  <  OP.  canet, 
m.,  canette,  f.,  a  young  duck,  dim.  of  cane,  a 
duck:  see  canard.]  In  her.,  a  bearing  repre- 
senting a  duck  without  beak  or  feet,  it  is  dis- 

tingui.slitd  from  the  martlet  in  being  without  the  forked 
tail  iif  the  latter. 

cannetet,  n.  [ME.,  =  It.  canneto,  <  L.  canne- 
tii.m,  a  thicket  of  reeds,  <  canna,  a  reed.]  A 
thicket  of  reeds. 

Cannetes  olde  eke  tyme  is  nowe  to  wede 
And  of  to  kytte  it  that  thaire  root  uneseth. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  81. 


cannibal  (kan'i-bal),  n.  and  a.  [Formerly  also 
canibal;  —  P.  can'nibale  —  G.  canibate,  now  can- 
nibalc,  <  Sp.  canibal  =  Pg.  canibal  (NL.  cani- 
balis),  a  cannibal,  a  savage,  a  corruption  of  Cari- 
bal  (NL.  Caribalis),  a  Carib,  the  form  used  by 
Columbus  (Oct.,  1498),  and  afterward  changed 
to  canibal,  "propter  rabiem  caninam  antbropo- 
phagorum  gentis,"  to  express  the  canine  vora- 
city of  the  Caribs,  who  were  said  to  be  man-eat- 
ers ;  as  if  from  L.  canis,  a  dog.  The  more  cor- 
rect form  is  preserved  in  Sp.  Caribe,  a  Carib, 
also  a  cannibal,  savage,  >  E.  Caribbee :  see  Carib. 
In  the  Carib  tongue  the  word  is  said  to  have 
signified  '  a  valiant  man.']  I,  n.  1,  A  human 
being  who  eats  human  flesh;  a  human  man- 
eater  or  anthropophagite. 

That  face  of  his  the  hungry  cannibals 
Would  not  have  touch'd.    Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  4. 
Is  there  anything  here  to  eat 
But  one  another,  like  a  race  of  cannibals? 

Fletcher,  Kule  a  Wife,  iii.  2. 

Hence — 2.  Any  animal  that  eats  the  flesh  of 
members  of  its  own  or  kindred  species. 

They  [worms]  are  cannibals,  for  the  two  halves  of  a  dead 
worm  placed  in  two  of  the  pots  were  dragged  into  the  bur- 
rows and  gnawed.  Darwin,  Vegetable  Mould,  p.  36. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  can- 
nibals or  cannibalism:  as,  " cannibal  tevocity," 
Mccaulatj,  Hist.  Eng.,  xiv. 
Ca.  klibalism  (kan'i-bal-izm),  n.  [<  cannibal  + 
-ism.]  1.  The  eating  of  himian  flesh  by  human 
beings. 

It  is  rath  'V  stai'iling  to  find  that  just  two  hundred  years 
ago  in  Londo,;  tlie  i'liysician  in  Ordinary  to  the  King  rec- 
ommended cai'nibaiisni  *o  Englishmen  without  the  small- 
est apology  o'  lic'Citation. 

F.  J  .  Cobbe,  Peak  in  Darien,  p.  179. 

Hence — 2.  Tho  eating  of  any  animal  by  an- 
other individual  of  t  L  e  same  species, 
cannibalistic  (kan-  i-ba-lis'tik),  a.    [<  cannibal 
+  -istic]  Characterised  by  cannibalism;  given 
to  eating  its  own  Miut. 

cannibally  (kan'i-bal-i),  adv.  In  the  manner 
of  a  cannibal:  as,  "»i&a%  given"  (addict- 
ed to  cannibalism),  t!i"L,  Cor.,  iv.  5.  [Rare.] 
cannie,  a.  and  adv.  S'  ;  canny. 
cannikin  (kan'i-Mn),  v  [<  can"^  +  euphonic 
-i-  +  dim.  -kin.]  1 .  A  J  i  *  le  can  or  cup.  Also 
written  canakin. 

And  let  me  the  carwl  in  clink. 

Siiaic,  Othello,  ii.  3  (song). 
2.  Awooden bucket forholding  sugar,  rice,  etc. 
cannily  (kan'i-li),  adv.    [;■  ■  ,  also  written  can- 
nilie  ;<  canny  + -ly'^.]    In     '"•luiy  "lanner. 
He  lean'd  him  ower  hi  f     He  bow, 
And  cannilie  kiss'd  his  .  e. 
Duhe  of  AthuVs  Nurse,  in  Chi      Ballads,  VIII.  228. 
canniness  (kan'i-nes),  n.    I    Ci'nny  +  -ness.J 
Caution;  shrewdness, 
cannionst,  «•  i?'.   See  canna     ,  7. 
cannipert  (kan'i-per),  n.    A  'oi'vuption  of  cali- 
per. 

cannoid  (kan'oid),  a.  [<  Gr.  Kui  i  a,  a  reed,  a 
tube,  +  eWof,  form,  shape:  see  mne^  and  -oid.] 
Tubular;  having  tubes:  applied  to  the  skeleton 
of  certain  radiolarians. 

cannon  (kan'pn),  n. ;  pi.  cannons  <  -onz)  or  can- 
non. [Early  mod.  E.  also  c«MO»;  .  r>.kanon  = 
G.  canone,  now  kanone,  —  Dan.  Sw.  a  can- 

non (gun),  <  F.  canon,  a  gun  (can  m),  barrel 
of  a  gun,  any  tube  or  pipe  {canon  pa  .matoire, 
a  sm'gical  tube),  a  graft,  a  canno7i-b;  .  a  roll  or 
cuff  {canon  de  chausses,  or  simplv  ci  'ions,  pi., 
E.  canons,  cannons,  cantons,  cwi  'iivn^)  (Cot- 
grave),  cannon-bone,  OF.  canon,  a  tubo,  pipe, 
conduit,  bobbin,  =  Sp.  caHon,  a  guii  (( ;  anon), 
tube,  pipe,  funnel,  quill,  lamp-chi)  \ ,  can- 
non-bit, spindle,  roller-fold  in  cloth  E.  canon, 
canyon,  q.  v.),  =  Pg.  canhao,  a  gim  (caijnon), 
cannon-bit,  pi.  rolls  (cannons),  =_It.  c  wne, 
a  gun  (cannon),  barrel  of  a  gun,  pipe,  <  ■  duit, 
cannon-  bit  (Plorio),  tube,  bobbin  (>NG  '6vi, 
a  cannon),  <  ML.  canon,  a  tube,  pipe,  g  'in- 
non)  {canonus,  a  bobbin),  prop.  aug.  of  L.  ■  na, 
ML.  canna,  cana,  a  reed,  pipe,  tube,  bu  ^ed 
with  the  nearly  related  canon,  a  rule,  i  "  lit. 
sense  of  'a  straight  rod,'  <  Gr.  kqvojv,  a  -  '  'illit 
rod,  a  rule,  <,  Kavr/,  a  rare  form  of  mvi  "a, 
L.  canna,  a  reed:  see  cane'^  and  carton^.  he 
minor  senses  2,  3,  4,  etc.,  also  spelled  crt  .  b'dt 
prop,  cannon.  In  the  sense  of  '  cannoi  uoae, 
cf.  It.  cannoli  (Florio),  cannon-bones,  (annella, 
arm-bone  (cf.  canned).]  1.  An  engine,  sup- 
ported on  a  stationary  or  movable  frame  c.iHed 
a  gun-carriage,  for  throwing  balls  and  other  mis- 
siles by  the  force  of  gunpowder;  a  big  {^n;  a 
piece  of  ordnance.  Cannons  are  made  of  iron,  brass, 
bronze,  steel,  or  steel  wire,  and  carry  balls  ol  from  ;i  or 
4  pounds  weight  up  to  2,000  pounds  and  more.  Ti.je  cali- 
ber or  power  of  cannon  may  be  expressed  (]  ■  'he 


cannon 

weiglit  of  the  shot  fired  :  as,  a  32-pounder  •  (2)  by  the  di- 
ameter of  the  bore  :  as,  a  12-mch  gun  ;  or  (3)  by  the  weicht 
of  the  gun  itself;  as,  an  8-hunclredweight  gun;  a  25-ton  gun 
Before  the  introduction  of  armor-plating,  the  naval  guns 
inuseinlme-of-battle  ships  and  frigates  were  68-pounders 
(95  hundredweight),  8-inch  shell-guns  (65  hundredweight) 


793 

The  first  [torpedo]  struck  one  of  the  iron-clads  just  abaft 
the  fore-chains,  .  .  .  did  not  explode,  but  carmoiu'd  off  as 
It  were  to  the  shore.  A'.  A.  JCev.,  CXXVII.  :m 


Steel  Field-gun  (Amy). 
C.  elliptical  chamber;  D.  trunnion-ring;  A. 
f %rtifih%"''3'  '^^  base-nng:  H,  interrupted  screw  fermlture 
/,  treiregas-check  or  obturator;  CA,  bore. 

and  32-pounders  (42  to  58  hundredweight).    Now  ships  are 
said  to  carry  6-inch,  12-iiich,  etc.,  or  18- ton,  etc.,  guns,  the 
18-tou  gun  throwing  400-pouud  projectiles,  and  the  25-tou 
gun  60q-pound,  and  so  on,  the  weight  of  the  ball  risingwith 
the  weight  of  the  piece.  Cannon  weighing  more  than  100 
tons  have  seldom  been  constructed.    The  100-ton  gun  is 
charged  with  340poundsof  powder,  and  discharges  a  )jolt  of 
steel  or  chilled  iron  weighing  2,000  pounds.  Cannon  of  the 
smaller  calibers  are  mounted  on  wheeled  carriages  for  ser- 
^     vice  as  field-pieces.  In  the  United  States  army  the  guns  in 
m     service  are  8-,  10-,  13-,  15-,  and  20-inch  smooth-bore  Rodman 
^    guns,  and  3-,  3.2-,  3.6-,  5-,  8-,  10-,  12-inch  breech-loading  rifled 
gnns.  It  IS  proposed  to  build  breech-loading,  rifled,  coast- 
defense  guns  of  le-inch  caliber.  The  3.2-inch  gun  is  a  steel 
field-piece.    In  the  United  States  navy,  6-,  8-,  10-  12-  and 
13-mch  steel  guns  have  been  adopted  for  ships  of  recent 
design.  The  principal  parts  of  a  cannon  are;  1st,  the  breech 
which  IS  the  mass  of  metal  behind  the  bottom  or  end  of  the 
bore,  and  extending  to  the  base-ring;  2d,  in  muzzle-loading 
cannon,  the  cascafteZ,  a  projection  in  rear  of  the  base-riii" 
including  the  knob,  the  spherical  part  between  the  knoTj 
and  the  base-riiigbeing  called  the  base  of  the  breech -3^]  the 
reinforce,  the  thickest  part  of  the  cylinder, extending  from 
the  base-ring  forward  ;  4tli,  the  trunnions,  which  project 
on  each  side,  and  serve  to  support  the  cannon  ;  5th  the 
bore  ,n- caliber,  the  interior  of  the  cylinder,  wherein  the 
^'^"'^  ^''"^  lodged,  and  wtiich  may  be  smooth  or 
rifled,  though  rifled  cannons  liave  virtually  superseded  the 
smootli-bores  ;  6th,  the  muzzle  or  nwuth  of  the  bore  ■  7th 
111  modern  breech -loading  ordnance,  the  breech-phig  with 
its  mechanism.  Cannon  are  often  made  so  as  to  be  loaded 
at  the  breech, various  devices  being  employed  to  effect  this 
object.    Cannon  were  formerly  classed  as  whole  cannons, 
demi-cannons,  culverins,  sakers,  etc.,  but  are  now  classi- 
fied as  guns,  howitzers,  carronades,  and  mortars  ;  also  as 
neld-,  mountain-,  coast-,  sea-,  and  siege-guns.   See  gun. 
Z.  in  mach.,  a  hollow  cylindrical  piece  through 
which  a  revolving  shaft  passes,  and  which  may 
revolve  independently, 
and  with  a  greater  or  less 
speed  than   that  of  the 
shaft.     Such,  for  example,  is 
the  prolongation  of  the  eye  of  a 
wheel  when  bored  to  fit  a  spindle 
or  shaft  on  which  it  is  intended 

to  work  loose,  as  the  part  a  of  the  wheel  A,  loose  on  the 
shaft  0. 

3.  That  part  of  a  bit  let  into  the  horse's  mouth. 
-Also  canon,  cannon-hit,  canon-bit. —  4.  The  can- 
non-bone.— 5.  The  ear  or  loop  of  a  bell  by  which 
it  IS  suspended.    Also  spelled  canon. 

Church  bells  used  always  to  be  hung  by  6  long  ears 
called  canons,  which  cut  a  large  piece  out  of  the  stock' 
and  weakened  it  very  much.  ' 

Sir  E.  Beckett,  Clocks  and  "Watches,  p.  368. 

6.  In  surg.,  an  instrument  used  in  sewing  up 
wounds.— 7t.  i>l-  Ornamental  roUs  which  ter- 
minated the  breeches  or  hose  at  the  knee.  Min- 
sheu,  1617.  Also  written  cantons,  cannions,  and 
canons. 

'Tis  pity  that  thou  wast  ever  bred  to  be  thrust  through 
a  pair  of  canions;  thou  wouldst  have  made  a  pretty  foolish 
waiting-woman. 

Middleton,  More  Dissemblers  Besides  Women,  i.  4. 

Chausses  A  queue  de  merlus,  round  breeches  with  strait 
caimions,  having  on  the  seat  a  piece  like  a  fishes  tail 
and  worn  by  old  men,  scholars,  and  such  niggardly  or 
needy  persons.  Cotgrave. 

(Lord's  Day.)  This  morning  I  put  on  my  best  black  cloth 
suit,.  .  .with  my  black  silk  knit  canons  I  bought  a  month 

Pepys,  Diary,  II.  69. 
8.  [<  cannon,  v.,  2.]  In  hiWards,  a  carom :  little 
used  in  the  United  States,  but  common  in  Great 
Britain.  See  ea>-o/«.- cannon  of  sevent,  cannon 
01  eigntt,  cannon  with  a  7-  or  8-inch  bore.  The  latter 
was  termed  a  cannon  royal  (which  see,  below). 

In  the  morning  come  Mr.  Chichly  to  Su-  \T.  Coventry 
to  tell  him  the  ill  success  of  the  guns  made  for  the  Loyali 
l.ondon ;  which  is,  that  in  the  trial  every  one  of  the  <Teat 
guns,  the  whole  cannon  of  seven,  as  I  take  it,  broke  in 
P'^'^^s.  Pepys,  Diary,  II.  404. 

Caimon  royal,  a  cannon  or  big  gun  formerly  in  use  It 
weighed  8.000  pounds,  and  was  12  feet  long,  the  diam-ter 
ot  the  bore  being  8  inches.  It  carried  a  charge  of  32^ 
pounds  of  powder,  and  a  ball  weighing  48  pounds.  Als5 
?7r,«  "f  eiffht  (that  is,  8-inch  bore).    E.  Phillips, 

i/ub.— Killed  cannon,  or  rifle  cannon,  a  piece  of  ord- 
nance in  the  surface  of  whose  bore  spiral  grooves  or  rifles 
are  cut  to  impart  rotation  to  the  projectile, 
cannon  (kan'on),  V.  i.  [<  F.  canonner  =  Sp. 
canonear  =  Fg.  canhonear  =zlt.  cannonare;  from 
the  noun.]  1.  To  discharge  cannon;  cannon- 
ade.—2.  In  bilUards,  to  make  a  cannon  or 
carom;  hence,  to  strike  one  thing  and  then 
rebound  and  strike  another;  carom.  FGrreat 
Britain.] 


 n-bone  of 

left  hind  leg  of 
horse,  seen  from 
behind. 

I,  the  cannon- 
bone,  being  the 
middle  metatar- 
sal bone,  bearinp 
2  and  3,  the  two 
splint-bones,  or 
reduced  metatar- 
sal bones.  The 
whole  is  the  me- 
tatarsus of  the 
horse,  extend- 


The  train  sent  her  violently  forward  against  a  woman 
Irom  whom  she  cannoned  off  against  the  brick-layer. 

Miss  Toosey's  Mission,  p.  80. 

cannonade  (kan-on-ad'),  n.  [=  G.  canonade, 
kanonade,  <  F.  canonnade  (=  Pg.  canhonada  = 
It.  cannonata),  <  canon,  cannon:  see  cannon 
and  -ade^.}  A  continued  discharge  of  cannon 
or  artillery;  specifically,  such  a  discharge  di- 
rected against  an  enemy, 
cannonade  (kan-on-ad'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  eaw- 
nonadcd,  ppr.  cannonading.  [<  cannonade,  w.] 
I.  trans.  To  attack  with  ordnance  or  artillery ; 
batter  with  cannon. 

II.  intrans.  To  discharge  can- 
non ;  fire  large  guns. 

Both  armies  cannonaded  all  the  ensu- 
"ig  day-  Tatler,  No.  63. 

cannon-ball  (kan'on-bal),  n.  A 
ball  or  missile,  originally  of  stone, 
but  now  usually  of  cast-iron  or 
steel,  designed  to  be  thrown  from 

a  cannon.  Spherical  projectiles  are 
now  to  a  great  extent  superseded  by  elon- 
gated ones,  so  that  the  term  ball  as  applied 
to  them  is  not  literally  coiTect.— Can- 
non-ball mill,  amill  forgrinding  certain 
kinds  of  diy  materials.  It  consi-sts  of  a 
cylinder  m  which  revolving  cannon-balls 
effect  the  desired  grinding.— Cannon- 
ball  tree,  the  Couroupita  Guianensis,  of 
tropical  America,  bearing  a  large  globose 
fruit  with  a  woody  shell. 

cannon-baskett  (kan'on-bas'ket), 
n.    A  gabion, 
cannon-bit  (kan'on-bit),  n.  Same 
as  cannon,  3. 
cannon-bone  (kan'qn-bon),  n.  In 
farriery  and  vet.  surg.,  one  of  the 
functional  and  complete  meta-  ^orse 
carpal  or  metatarsal  bones  of  a  ing  between  the 
hoofed  quadruped,  supporting  the  Th?  co^rS^ndl 
weight  of  the  body  upon  the  feet    '"s  cannon-bone 
The  former,  in  the  fore  leg,  extends  from  k 
the  carpus  or  so-called  "knee  "to  the  fet-   are  the  meticar 
lock-jomt,  and  the  latter,  in  the  hind  leg,  pus. 
from  the  tarsus  or  "hock"  to  the  fetlock- 
joint.    In  a  solidungulate,  as  the  horse,  the  cannon-bone 
IS  the  single  (third)  metacarpal  or  metatarsal :  in  cloven- 
footed  quadrupeds,  as  the  ox,  it  is  composed  of  two  meta- 
carpals or  metatarsals  fused  in  one.    The  rudimentary  or 
incomplete  lateral  metacarpals  or  metatarsals,  on  either 
side  of  the  cannon-bone,  are  called  splint-bones    The  can- 
non-bone represents  the  extent  of  the  limb  from  the  carpo- 
metacarpal or  tarsometatarsal  articulation  to  the  meta- 
earpo-  or  metatarsophalangeal  articulation.   Also  sneUed 
cation-bone.  ^ 

cannon-bullet  (kan'on-btd'et),  n.  A  cannon- 
ball.  [Eare.] 
cannoneer  (kan-on-er'),  n.  [Also  written  can- 
nonier;  <  F.  canonnier  (=  It.  cannoniere),  < 
canon,  cannon :  see  cannon  and  -eer.]  One  who 
takes  part  in  the  loading  and  discharging  of 
cannon;  an  artilleryman. 

Let  the  kettle  to  the  trumpet  speak. 
The  trumpet  to  the  cannoneer  without. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

cannoneering  (kan-on-er'ing),  n.    [<  cannoneer 
+  -ingi.^    The  act  or  art  of  using  cannons; 
practice  with  cannons.    Also  cannoniering. 
Gunnery,  cannoneering,  bombarding,  mining. 

Burke,  Vind.  of  Nat.  Society 

cannoningt  (kan'on -ing),  n.    {YevhaX  n.  of 
cannon,  v.~\    A  loud  noise,  as  of  cannon, 
cannon-lock  (kan'on-lok),  n.    A  contrivance 
placed  over  the  touch-hole  of  a  cannon  to  ex- 
plode the  charge, 
cannon-pinion  (kan'on-pin"yon),  «.   In  a  clock 
or  watch,  a  squared  tubular  piece,  placed  on  the 
arbor  of  the  center-wheel,  and  adapted  to  hold 
the  minute-hand.    E.  H.  Knight. 
cannon-proof  (kan'on-prof),  a.    Proof  against 
cannon-shot, 
cannon-range  (kan'on-ranj),  ??.    The  range  of 
a  cannon ;  the  whole  field  that  can  be  reached 
with  projectiles  from  a  cannon,  or  the  cannon 
of  a  given  battery  or  port ;  cannon-shot :  as,  to 
come  within  cannon-range. 
cannonry  (kan'on-ri),  n.    K  cannon  +  -r»  ] 
Artillery;  cannon  in  general.  [Rare.] 
cannon-shot  (kan'on-shot),  M.     1.  A  ball  or 
shot  for  cannon.— 2.  The  range  or  distance  a 
cannon  will  throw  a  ball, 
cannon-stove  (kan'on-stov),  n.    A  tall  cylin- 
drical stove,  somewKat  resembling  a  cannon  set 
up  on  its  breech. 

Cannopylea  (kan'o-pi-le'a),  «.  ^)/.    [XL  < 
Gr.  Kavva,  a  reed,  +  ■jrh/.Tj,  a  gate.]    A  gi-oup  or 
legion  of  radiolarians:  same  as  Pliaodaria. 
Cannoraphididae  (ka-nor-a-fld'i-de),  n.  pi 
[NL.,  <  Cannoraphis  {-phid-)  +  -id(E.]    A  fam- 


canoe 

ily  of  phsBodarian  radiolarians  with  a  skeleton 
consisting  of  detached  hollow  tubes  or  reticu- 
lated pieces  of  silex,  deposited  tangentially 
around  the  central  capsule.  Also  called  Can- 
norhaphida.  Haeclcel. 
Cannoraphis  (ka-nor'a-fis),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
K&vva,  a  reed,  -t-  pa^d/f,  a'needle,  also  a  needle- 
shaped  fish,  <  panrnv,  sew.]  The  typical  genus 
of  the  family  Cannorajjhididw.  Also  Cannorha- 

p/lis. 

Ca,nnosphaera  (kan-6-sfe'ra),  n.     [XL.,  <  Gr. 

Kdvpa,  a  reed,  4-  ccfiaipa,  sphere.]     The  typieai 

dfenus  of  the  family  Cannosj/haridce. 
annosphaeridae  (kan-6-sfe'ri-de),  n.  pi  [XL., 
<  Cannosphwra  +  -idte.']  A  family  of  pha3o- 
darian  radiolarians  with  a  fenestrated  shell, 
spherical  or  subspherical,  and  double.  The  in- 
ner shell  (medullar  layer)  is  composed  simply  of  .solid 
beams ;  the  outer  (cortical  layer),  of  hollow  tubes  with  ra- 
dial spicules  at  the  nodes  of  junction.  The  two  layers 
are  connected  by  hollow  radial  rods.  Also  Cannospherida. 
ilaeckel.  • 

cannot  (kan'ot).  A  way  of  writing  can  not, 
due  to  the  silencing  in  pronunciation  of  one  of 
the  7i's. 

cannula  (kan'u-la),  n.  [L.  (ML.  also  canula), 
dim.  of  canna,  a  reed,  pipe:  see  c«»ci.]  1.  A 
small  tube  used  by  surgeons  for  various  pur- 
poses, as  for  a  sheath  to  a  stylet  or  other  sharp 
mstrument,  along  with  which  it  is  thrust  into  a 
cavity  or  tumor  containing  a  fluid.  The  perfo- 
ration bemg  made,  the  sharp  instrument  is  w  ithdrawn  and 
the  tube  left,  m  order  that  the  fluid  may  pass  through  it 
Also  canula.  a  • 

2.  Eccles.,  a  cruet  for  use  at  the  altar.  See 
crMet--BeUocq's  cannula,  an  instrument  for  plugging 
the  posterior  nares  to  stop  bleeding  from  the  nose 

cannular  (kan'u-lar),  a.  [<  cannula  +  -a/-3.] 
Tubular;  having  the  form  of  a  tube.  Also  can- 
ular. 

cannulate  (kan'ii-lat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  can- 
tmlated,  ppr.  cannulating.  [<  cannula  +  -ate^.1 
To  make  hollow,  Hke  a  cannula.- Cannulated 

needle,  a  surgeon  s  needle  made  hollow  to  allow  a  wire 
or  thread  to  pass  through  its  entire  length 

canny,  cannie  (kan'i),  a.  [Sc.,  of  uncertain 
origm;  popularly  associated  with  ca«i,  n.,  sMU 
knowledge,  ability,  ^nUcunning'^,  knowing,  and 
thus  ult.  with  v.,  know;  but  perhaps  ult 
, -^i*?  I'^^'l-  ^'"^W"  (for  ^<enn,  i.  e.,  l;oenn),  ^-ise, 
skilful,  expert,  clever,  =  AS.  cene,  bold,  E.  Tceen, 
sharp  (cf.  E.  sharp  in  a  similar  sense):  see 
/reeni.]  A  term  of  commendation  of  various 
application.  1.  Knowing;  cautious;  prudent; 
wary;  watchful;  cunning;  artful;  crafty. 


I  trust  in  God  to  use  the  world  as  a  cannu  and  cunning- 
master  doth  a  knave  servant.  Rutherford,  Letters. 


^Vhate■er  he  wins  I'll  guide  with  canny  care. 

Ramsay. 

^'u'^'hy  ^^'^^^^  are  very  canny,  and  know  perfectly 
weU  what  threatens  danger  and  what  does  not. 

T.  Roosevelt,  Hunting  Trips,  p.  113. 
2.  SkLLLed;  handy;  expert. 

His  wife  was  a  cannie  body,  and  could  dress  things  very 
weU  for  aiie  m  her  line  o'  business.  Scott,  Old  Mortality,  v. 
3  Moderate;  reasonable.  («)  in  expense:  Frugli- 
not  extravagant,  (h)  In  charges  or  exactions :  Not  extor- 
tionate,   (c)  In  conduct :  Not  severe. 

■H'^fl  ^^^J.'r.^'^^h  Q"''^'  disposition  ;  gen- 
tle ,  tractable.    (6)  Quiet  in  movement ;  stUl ;  slow. 

I'll  be  her  nurse,  and  I'll  gang  aboot  on  my  stockin' 
soles  as  canny  as  pussy. 

Sr.  John  Brown,  Kab  and  his  Friends, 
(c)  Snug;  comfortable;  neat. 

Edge  me  into  some  canny  post.  Ramsay. 
5.  Safe;  not  dangerous ;  fortunate;  luekv— 6 
Good;  worthy.— 7.  Possessed  of  supernatural 
power;  skUled  in  magic. 
Canny  Elshie,  or  the  Wise  Wight  o'  Muckelstane  Moor. 

Scott,  Black  Dwarf,  p.  39. 

canny,  cannie  (kan'i),  adv.    [Sc.]   In  a  canny 
manner;  cannily ;  cautiously ;  gently;  slowly. 
Ye'U  tak  me  in  your  anns  twa,  lo,  lift  me  cannie 

Bonnie  Annie,  in  Child's  Ballads,  III.  48. 
Speak  her  fair  and  canny.  Scott,  Pirate,  I.  66.' 

Ca'  cannie  (literally,  drive  gently),  proceed  ^vitli  caution  • 
don  t  act  rashly.    [.Scotch.]  <»">"uu, 

canoat,  «.  [See  canoe.']  A  canoe.  Baleigh. 
Canobic  (ka-no'bik).  a.  Same  as  Canopic. 
canoe  (ka-no'),  n.  and  a.  [Earlv  mod.  E.  canoo 
canoic,  canoice,  orig.  canoa;  ='Pg.  It.  canoa  = 
V.canot  =  D.  kanoo  =  Sw.  lanot  =  Dan.  kano, 
<  Sp.  canoa,  <  candoa,  the  native  West  Intiian 
(Carib)  name.]  I.  n.  A  light  boat  designed  to 
be  propelled  by  a  paddle  or  paddles  held  in  the 
hands  without  fixed  supports.  The  canoes  of  sav- 

age  races  are  constructed  of  bark  (as  the  birch-bark  canoe 
ot  the  American  Indians)  or  hides,  or  formed  of  the  tninks 
ot  trees,  excavated  by  burning  or  cutting  them  into  a  suit- 
able shape,  llie  birch-bark  canoes  are  light  and  can  be 
earned  on  the  shoulders,  one  large  enough  for  fom-  per- 


canoe 

sons  sometimes  weighing  no  more  than  40  or  50  pounds. 
Ttie  niociein  canoe,  employed  chietly  for  pleasure,  is  a  light 
boat,  carvel-  or  clinker-built,  sharp  at  both  ends  and  with 
a  beam  one  eighth  or  one  sixth  its  length ;  it  is  usually 


War-canoe  of  tl 


ket  Indians,  Alaska. 


built  of  wood,  but  sonielimes  of  canvas,  paper,  galvanized 
iron,  or  other  material,  and  often  provided  with  sails.  The 
typical  w.i.iden  cruising  canoe  is  about  14  feet  long,  27  to 
30  iui  lK  s  beam,  decked  over,  and  fitted  with  water-tight 
conipartmcuts.  The  paddle  is  8  or  10  feet  long,  and  the 
sails  are  usually  lugs. 

I  encountered  with  two  Canowes  of  Indians,  who  came 
aboord  me.  Capt.  John  Siitith,  Works  (.'\Tber),  p.  10. 
To  paddle  one's  own  canoe,  to  make  one's  own  way  in 
life ;  depend  upon  one's  own  unaided  exertions  for  suc- 
cess. [Colloq.) 

II.  (I.  Canoe-shaped,  (a)  Applied  .by  Pennsylvania 
geologists  to  the  mountains  of  that  State  whose  structure 
gives  them  a  resemblance  in  form  to  an  Indian  canoe. 
There  are  anticlinal  ami  synclinal  canoe  mountains,  the 
one  being  like  the  other  inverted,  (b)  Applied  in  embry- 
ology to  an  earlv  state  of  a  vertebrate  embryo,  when  it  has 
acquired  a  definite  long  axis  and  bilaterally  symmetrical 
sides  curved  in  over  tlie  yolk-sac,  as  in  man. 

canoe  (ka-no'),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  canoed,  ppr. 
eanoeing.  [<  canoe,  «.]  To  paddle  a  canoe; 
sail  in  a  canoe. 

canoe-bircll  (ka-no 'berch),  n.  A  tree,  Betula  pu- 
jjyrifcm  or  pafujracea,  also  known  as  tbe  paper- 
birch,  and  sometimes  as  the  white  birch,  the 
tough  durable  bark  of  whi«h  is  used  for  making 
canoes  in  North  America  by  the  Indians  and 
others.  The  bark  of  the  young  trees-is  challjy- 
white. 

canoe-cedar  (ka-nii'se'-'dar),  n.    See  cedar,  2. 
canoeing  (ka-n8'ing),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  canoe, 
V.']    The  art  or  practice  of  managing  a  canoe. 

Canoeinq,  as  the  term  is  now  [1883]  understood,  dates 
back,  in  the  Vnited  States,  to  1871,  when  the  New  York 
fauo'e  Club  was  organized.      Forest  and  Stream,  XXI.  5. 

canoeist  (ka-no'ist),  w.    [<  canoe  +  -isf]  One 
who  paddles  a  canoe ;  one  skilled  in  the  man- 
agement of  a  canoe. 
All  this  country  lies  within  the  reach  of  the  canoeist. 

Harper's  Mar/.,  LXX.  226. 

canoeman  (ka-no'man),  n. ;  pi.  canoemcn  (-men). 

One  oceupied  or  skilled  in  managing  a  canoe. 
canoe-'WOOd  (ka-no 'wud),  n.    The  tulip-tree, 

Lh-'todcHdron  TuHpifera. 

canoni  (kan'on),  n.  [<  ME.  canon,  canomi,  a 
rule,  <  AS.  canon,  a  rule,  canon  {canones  hoc, 
the  book  of  the  canon),  =  D.  canon  =  G.  canon, 
kanon  =  Sw.  Dan.  kanon  =  F.  canon  —  Sp.  canon 
=  Pg.  canon  =  It.  canone  =  W.  canon  =  Euss. 
kanonu,  <  L.  canon,  a  rule,  in  LL.  also  the  cata- 
logue of  sacred  writings,  <  Gr.  Kavuv,  a  rule, 
the  catalogue  of  the  sacred  writings,  a  rule  of 
the  church;  the  orig.  sense  being  'a  straight 
rod,'  <  fiavt/,  a  rare  form  of  Kavvr!,  mvva,  a  reed : 
see  ca«6i.  Cf .  cannon,  a  doublet  of  canonl,  and 
mnon^,  a  deriv.]    1.  A  rule  or  law  in  general. 

Contrary  to  thy  established  proclaimed  edict  and  conti- 
nent canon.  Sliak. ,  L.  L.  L. .  i.  1. 

O,  that  this  too  too  solid  flesh  would  melt, 

Thaw,  and  resolve  itself  into  a  dew  ! 

Or  that  the  Everlasting  had  not  fixed 

His  canon  'gainst  self-slaughter ! 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 

She  shocked  no  canon  of  taste. 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  v. 

The  scientifie  canon  of  excluding  from  calculation  all 
incalculable  dataplaces  Metaphysics  on  the  same  level  with 
Physics.    (?.  H.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  §  54. 

2.  Eccles. :  (a)  A  law  or  rule  of  doctrine  or  dis- 
cipline, enacted  by  a  council  or  other  compe- 
tent ecclesiastical  authority. 

Various  canons,  which  were  made  in  councils  held  in 
-the  second  century.  Hook. 

In  the  wording  of  a  canon,  it  is  not  enough  to  admonish 
or  to  express  disapprobation  ;  its  wording  must  be  expli- 
citly permissive  or  prohibitory,  backed  by  the  provision, 
expressed  or  admittedly  understood,  that  its  infringement 
will  be  visited  with  punishment. 

The  Churchman,  LIV.  462. 

(6)  In  liturgies,  that  part  of  the  liturgy  or  mass 
which  includes  the  consecration,  great  obla- 
tion, and  great  intercession.  It  begins  after  the 
Sanctus  (in  the  Roman  liturgy,  and  other  Latin  liturgies 
influenced  by  the  Roman,  with  the  words  Te  igitiir),  and 
ends  just  before  the  Lord's  Prayer,  sometimes  counted  a 


794 

part  of  it.  The  Roman  canon  is  divided  into  ten  portions 
or  paragraphs,  generally  named  from  their  initial  words. 

See  litnrifi/. 

3.  The  books  of  the  Holy  Scripture  accepted  by 
the  Christian  church  as  containing  an  authori- 
tative rule  of  religious  faith  and  practice.  With 
the  exception  oj  the  books  called  antilegoinena,  the  canon- 
icity  of  which  was  not  at  first  universally  recognized,  the 
canon  of  the  New  Testament  has  always  consisted  of  the 
same  bonks.  The  books  comprised  in  the  Hebrew  Bililc, 
and  1  iiii^itituting  the  Hebrew  canon,  that  is  to  say,  the 
Looks  of  the  Oid  Testament  as  given  in  the  authorized 
w  rsiou  from  Genesis  to  Malaehi  inclusive,  are  universal- 
ly r>H  oniiizcd  as  canonical.  The  canonical  character  of 
the  books  not  found  in  the  Hebrew,  but  contained  in  the 
Sept\iagint  or  V\dgate,  was  disputed  by  many  in  the  early 
chinch  ;  and  altliough  they  are  received  without  distinc- 
tion by  the  Greek  Church,  aiul,  with  the  exception  of  some 
among  theunnilper,  by  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  they  are 
not  accounted  canonical  by  the  Anglican  Church  (which, 
however,  treats  them  as  ecclesiastical  hooks,  that  is,  books 
to  be  read  in  the  church),  nor  by  any  of  the  Protestant 
churches.  See  antiler/omena,  apocrypha,  2,  deuterocanoni- 
cal,  and  ecclesiastical. 

4.  The  rules  of  a  religious  order,  or  of  persons 


canonic 

Ovid  was  not  only  a  fine  poet,  but  (as  a  man  may  speak) 
a  great  Canon  lawyer.  Selden,  'Table-Talk,  p.  85. 

Canon  of  Lyslppus,  in  Gr.  art,  a  system  of  typical  pro- 
portions for  the  human  body,  based  upon  the  works  of 
the  sculptor  Lysippus  of  Sicyon.  Lysippus  made  the 
head  smaller  than  his  predecessors,  and  sought  to  express 
a  strongly  marked  nmscular  development. — Canon  of 
PolycletUS,  in  Or.  art,  the  system  of  typical  proportions 
for  the  hunum  body  elaborated  by  the  sculptor  Polycletus, 
or  deduced  from  his  works.  It  is  held  to  be  particularly 
illustrated  in  his  figure  called  the  doniplioriis  (which  see). 
—  Canons  of  inheritance,  in  Um',  niles  directing  the  de- 
ikcntof  real  property.  — Circular  canon,  in  music:  (a)  A 
canon  whose  subject  returns  into  itself ;  an  infinite  or  per- 
petual canon,  (i)  A  canon  whose  subject  ends  in  a  key 
one  semitone  above  that  in  which  it  began,  so  that  twelve 
repetitions  traverse  the  circle  of  keys.— Enigmatical 

canon,  canon  senigmaticus,  riddle  canon,  in  old  mu- 
sic, a  canon  in  which  one  part  was  «  ritten  out  in  full  and 
the  number  of  parts  was  given  ;  the  l  euuiining  parts  were 
to  be  written  out  by  the  student  in  accordance  with  the 
requirements  of  an  enigmatical  inscription  written  upon 
the  nuisic.  See  insci-iption. — Perpetual  canon,  in  m  usic, 
a  canon  so  constructed  that  it  may  be  repeated  any  num- 
ber of  times  without  break  in  time  or  rhythm.  =  Syn,  Or- 
dinance, Regulation,  etc.    See  ?om'1. 


devoted  to  a  strictly  religious  life,  as  monks  canon^  (kan'on),  n.  [<  ME.  canon,  canoun 
and  nuns ;  also,  the  book  in  which  such  rules  "  ""     -    -  ' 

are  written. —  5.  A  catalogue  or  list;  specifi- 
cally, the  catalogue  of  members  of  the  chapter 
of  a  cathedral  or  collegiate  chtu'ch. —  6.  A  cat- 
alogue of  saints  acknowledged  and  canonized, 
as  in  the  Roman  Catholic  and  Eastern  churches. 
—  7.  In  art,  a  rule  or  system  of  measvu-es  of 
such  a  character  that,  the  dimensions  of  one  of 
the  parts  being  given,  those  of  the jyhole  may  be 
deduced,  and  vice  versa.  A  canon  is  established, 
for  instance,  when  it  is  shown  that  the  length  of  any  well- 
proportioned  figure  is  a  certain  number  of  times  that  of 
the  head  taken  as  a  unit,  and  that  the  length  of  the  heaij  is 
contained  a  certain  number  of  times  in  the  torso  or  the  legs. 

8.  In  music,  a  kind  of  fugal  cojnposition  in  two 
or  more  parts,  constructed  according  id  the 
strict  rrdes  of  imitation.  One  voice  or  instruiuent 
liegius  a  melody,  and  after  a  few  beats,  the  number  de- 
pending hpon  the  character  of  the  melody,  a  second  takes 
up  the  same  melody  at  the  beginning,  at  the  same  pitch 
or  at  some  delinite  iuter\  al,  and  repeats  it  noteior  note, 
and  generally  interval  for  interval.  The  principle  of  the 
canon  is  that  the  second  voice  or  instrument,  whftn  it  be- 
gins the  melody,  must  combine  continuously,  according 
to  the  strict  rules  of  harmony,  with  that  part  at  which  the 
first  voice  has  arrived,  and  when  the  third  voice  begins  it 
must  combiife  in  the  same  manner  with  those  parts  at 
which  the  other  two  have  arrived,  and  so  on  for  any  num- 
ber of  voices.  A  round  is  sometimes  improperlyx;alled  a 
canon. 

Here  we  had  a  variety  of  brave  Italian  and  Spanish 
songs,  and  a  canon  for  eight  voices,  which  Jlr.  Lock  had 
lately  made  on  these  woi'ds  :  "  Domine  salvum  fac  Regem." 

Pepys,  Diary,  I.  26. 

9.  In  math. :  {a)  A  general  rule  for  the  solu- 
tion of  cases  of  similar  nature,  {h)  An  exten- 
sible table  or  set  of  tables,  (f)  A  collection  of 
formulas. — 10.  In  logic,  a  fiuulamental  and 
invariable  maxim,  such  as.  Nothing  ought  to 
be  done  without  a  reason. — 11.  In  the  Kantian 
2^hilosopliy,  the  science  which  determines  the 
right  use  of  any  faculty  of  cognition :  as,  piu'e 
logic  is  the  canon  of  the  formal  use  of  the  im-  canon^t,  « 


canun,  assibilated  chanoun,  <  OF.  canone,  as- 
sibilated  chanone,  chanoinne,  F.  chanoine  =  Pr. 
canonge  =  Bp.  candnigo  =  Pg.  conego  =  It.  ca- 
nonico  =  AS.  canonic,  ME.  kanunk  =  MD.  ka- 
nonicTc,  D.  kanoniek  =  late  MHG.  kanonike,  G. 
canonich,  now  usually  canonicus,  =  Icel.  kanoki, 
kanuki  -  -  Sw.  kanik,  also  kanonicus,  -  Dan. 
kannik  =  Russ.  kanoniku,  <  LL.  ML.  canonicus 
(also  canonius),  a  canon  or  prebendary  (prop, 
adj.,  pertaining  to  the  rules  or  institutes  of  the 
church  canonical:  see  canonic,  canonical),  later 
also  (ML.)  simply  canon  (LGr.  Kaviiv,  a  canon, 
prebendary),  <  L.  canon,  <  Gr.  navcov,  a  rule:  see 
cawonl.]  A  dignitary  who  possesses  a  prebend 
or  revenue  allotted  for  the  performance  of  di- 
vine service  in  a  cathedral  or  collegiate  church ; 
a  member  of  the  chapter  of  a  cathedral  or  col- 
legiate church.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in 
England  and  elsewhere  canons  were  formerly  divided  into 
three  classes,  regular,  secular,  and  )io7iorary.  The  regu- 
lar eanons  lived  in  monastei'ies,  and  added  the  profession 
of  vows  to  their  other  duties.  Secular  or  lay  canons  did 
not  live  in  monasteries,  but  they  kept  the  canonical  hours. 
Honorary  canons  were  not  obliged  to  keep  the  hours.  The 
name  foreign  canons  was  given  to  such  as  did  not  offi- 
ciate in  their  canonries:  opposed  to  inansionary  or  resi- 
dentiary canons.  Canons  of  the  English  cathedrals  nmst 
be  in  residence  for  three  months  each  year.  Collectively, 
with  the  dean  at  their  head,  they  form  the  chapter.  There 
are  also  canons  of  a  lower  grade,  called  minor  canons,  who 
assist  in  performing  the  daily  choral  service  in  the  cathe- 
dral. Honora  rg  canons  may  also  be  appointed,  but  receive 
no  emolument. 

In  the  Chirche  of  Seynt  Sepulchre  was  wont  to  ben 
Chanounsoi  theordreof  seynt  Augustyn,  and  hadden  a 
Priour :  but  the  Patriark  was  here  Sovereygne. 

Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  79. 

Because  they  were  enrolled  in  the  list  of  clergy  belong- 
ing to  the  chiu'ch  to  which  they  became  associated,  the 
cathedral  and  collegiate  clergy  of  the  higher  grades  con- 
tinued to  be,  and  are  yet,  called  canons. 

Bock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  83. 

See  cannon,  7. 


derstanding  and  reason;  transcendental  ana-  caiion,  canyon  (kan'yon;  Sp.  pron.  ka-nyon') 


lytics  is  the  canon  of  the  use  of  the  imder- 
standing  a  priori,  and  so  on. — 12.  In  phar.,  a 
rule  for  compounding  medicines. — 13.  In  Gr. 
hijmnology,  a  hymn  consisting  normally  of  a 
succession  of  nine  odes,  but  usually  of  eight 
(sometimes  of  only  three  or  four),  the  sec- 
ond being  omitted,  except  in  Lent,  the  num- 
bers of  the  third,  fourth,  etc.,  however,  remain- 


n.  [The  E.  spelling  canyon  (like  the  ult.  iden- 
tical canyon)  suits  the  pronunciation,  Sp.^i  be- 
ing equiv.  to  E.  ny  ;  <  Sp.  canon,  aug.  of  cafia,  a 
tube,  funnel,  cannon:  see  cannon  and  cane^.'] 
The  name  given  throughout  the  Cordilleran  re- 
gion of  the  United  States  to  any  rather  narrow- 
valley  with  more  or  less  precipitous  sides,  and 
also  frequently  applied  to  what  would  properly 


ing  unaltered.    See  ode,  tetraodion,  triodion. — '  be  called  in  English  a  defile,  ravine,  or  gorge 
14t.  Annual  charge  for  use  of  land;  rent;  a    This  use  of  the  word  rafton  is  peculiar  to  the  Unite 
quit-rent. — 15.  Iw  printing,  a.  large  text  print- 


ing-type,  in  size  about  17f  lines  to  the  linear 
foot :  so  called  from  its  early  employment  in 
printing  the  canon  of  the  mass  and  the  ser- 
vice-books of  the  church — Ancyrene  canons.  See 
^?ic)/re?»e.— Apostolic  canons.  See  apostolic—  Boole's 
canon  in  math.,  a  certain  rule  according  to  which  a  dif- 
ferential equation  can  be  integrated  if  certain  sufficient 
but  not  necessary  conditions  m-e  fulfilled.— •Canon  can- 
crizans. 


it  being  rare  in  Mexico,  and  not  at  all  known  in  Spain  or 
in  Spanish  South  America.  The  word  used  in  Spain  and 
the  Argentine  Republic  is  canada ;  in  Peru,  quebrada ;  and 
in  Chili,  garganta.  A  small  and  steep  cafion,  called  in  Eng- 
lish ravine,  gorge,  or  gulch,  is  known  in  Spain  and  Spanish 
America  as  barranca  and  quiebra.  =  Syn.  Gorge,  etc.  See 
valley. 

canon,  canyon  (kan'yon),  v.  i.  [<  cafion,  can- 
yon, «.]  To  enter  a  defile  or  gorge:  said  of  a 
stream.    [Western  U.  S.] 

 n.    Same  as  cannon,  3. 


See  carwrizans.- Canon  law,  rules  or  laws  ganon-bit  (kan'on-bit) 
reiau.i.g  uu  faith,  morals,  and  discipline  enjoined  on  the  hrnip  n   "See  cannon-oone. 

meniliel-s  of  any  church  communion  by  its  lawful  ecclesi-  CanOn-DOne,  n.  ^^^^  OttWAfO't-oo^e.  , 
astical  authority;  specifically,  a  collection  of  rules  of  ec-  canonCSS  (kan'on-es),  n.  [<  ML.  canomssa  (? 
clesiastical  order  and  discipline  embodied  in  the  Corpus    p.  chanoinesse),  a  fem.  lorm  of  canon:  see  can- 


Juris  Canonici  (body  of  canon  law).  It  is  a  compilation 
from  the  canons  of  councils,  the  decrees  of  the  popes  and 
fathers,  and  the  decretals  and  canonical  replies  made  to 
questions  put  at  various  times  to  the  Roman  pontiffs. 
The  principal  parts  of  which  it  consists  are  the  Decretum, 
or  collection  of  decrees  made  by  Gratian  A.  D.  1151,  and 
the  decretals  of  Gregory  IX.,  to  which  are  added  the  decre- 
tals of  Boniface  VIII.,  the  Clementine  constitutions,  and 
the  books  called  the  Extravagantes  of  John  x.xii.  and  the 
Extravagantes  Communes.  The  canon  law  of  the  Church  canOnialt  «•  [<  ME.  canoniel,  <  ML.  as  if 
of  England  consists  of  canons  passed  in  national  and  pro-  .         V  canonia.  a  canonicate,  <  canon,  a 

vincial  synods  and  foreign  canons  adopted  by  custom  and    noniailh,  \  cunoniu,  ^nJnnor-al 
common  law.   The  canon  law  of  the  Greek  Church  is  em-    canon:  see  Ca??0>(2.]     is&me  &S  canomcai. 
bodied  in  the  collections  called  the  Syntagma  Canonum,  canoniC  (ka-non'ik),  a.  and  n.     [<  L.  canomCUS, 
Nomocanon,  and  Synagoge  Canonum  of  Photius.    See  no-    ^lertainine'tO  a  cauon  or  rule,  esp.  (in  ML.)  to 

m«anon.- Canon  lawyer,  a  person  versed  in  the  canon   1^^^  Scriptural  or  ecclesiastjcal  canons,  <  Gr. 


on'^  and  -ess.]  Eccles.,  a  member  of  a  commu- 
nity of  women  living  under  a  rule,  but  not 
obliged  to  make  any  vows  or  to  renounce  the 
world. 

There  are  in  popish  countries  women  they  call  secular 
canunesses,  living  after  the  example  of  secular  canons. 

Ayliffe,  Parergoii. 


canonic 

KavoviKo^,  <  Kav6)v  {mvov-),  >  L.  canon,  a  ride, 
etc. :  see  canon^  and  cano)fi.'\    I.  a.  Same  as 
canonical. 
You  are  my  learned  and  canonic  neighbour. 

B.  Jomon,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  i.  3. 
Canonic  imitation,  in  nuvtic,  the  exact  or  methodical 
imitation  of  one  voice-part  by  another.    See  canonl,  8. 

II.  n.  [Gr.  TO  KavoviKov,  ueut.  of  iiavovtK.6q':  see 
above.]  In  the  Epicurean  iMlosoj^hy,  a  name 
for  logic,  considered  as  supplying  a  norm  or 
rule  to  which  reasoning  has  to  conform, 
canonical  (ka-non'i-kal),  a.  and  n.  [As  ca- 
nonic +  -ah  Cf.  ML.  canonicalis,  pertaining  to 
a  canon,  <  canonicus,  a  canon  or  prebendary- 
see  caiion^.}  I,  a.  1.  Of  the  natm-e  of  or 
constituting  a  canon  or  rule;  accepted  as  a 
norm  or  rule :  as,  canonical  writings. 

The  term  canonical  signified  normal,  as  constitutin"-  a 
rule  and  source  of  faith,  or  it  was  used  as  a  synonyin  of 
authorized,  or  approved  in  this  character. 

G.  P.  Fisher,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.  57.3. 
2.  Fonning  a  part  of  the  sacred  canon.  See 
canon^,  3. —  3.  Conformed  or  conforming  to 
nile;  fixed  or  determined  by  rule;  specifically, 
regulated  by  or  in  accordance  with  the  canons 
of  the  chui-ch ;  authorized :  as,  canonical  age ; 
■canonical  hom-s. 

These  two  prelates  [Giso  of  Wells  and  Walter  of  Here- 
ford], having  doubts  about  the  canonical  competency  of 
Archbishop  .Stigand,  went  to  Nicolas  II.  in  1061,  and  re- 
ceived consecration  at  his  hands. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  704. 


We  have  one  [successful  epicjiiere,  subdivided  into  ten 
distinct  poems,  each  of  which  suits  the  canonical  require- 
ment, and  may  be  read  at  a  single  sitting. 

Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  177. 
Canonical  age.  See  age.—  Canonical  books,  or  ca- 
nonical Scriptures,  those  books  or  writings  wlJich  are 
received  by  the  church  as  the  rule  of  faith  and  practice 
(See  apocrypha,  2.)  —  Canonical  dissection,  in  math  a 
standard  mode  of  cutting  up  a  Riemann's  surface  —  Ca- 
epistles,  an  appellation  given  to  those  epistles 
ot  the  .New  restaraent  which  are  called  general  or  caih- 
chc.  They  are  the  epistles  of  Peter,  John,  James,  and 
Jude  — Canonical  form,  in  alg.,  the  simplest  form  to 
which  a  (luantic  can  be  reduced  without  loss  of  gener- 
ality. Thus,  a  biliary  quantic  of  the  (2  m  -f  l)th  degree 
can  be  expressed  -as  the  sum  of  m  +  1  powers  —  Ca- 
nonical hours,  certain  stated  times  of  the  day  fixed  by 
ecclesiastical  laws,  appropriated  to  the  oflices  of  prayer 
and  devotion.  In  tlie  Eoman  Catholic  Church  the  ca- 
nonical hours  are  the  seven  periods  of  daily  prayer  viz 
matins  (consisting  of  nocturns  with  lauds),  prime  terce' 
sext,  nones,  evensong  or  vespers,  and  complin.  In  Eng- 
frnm  „/;  S?™?  name  is  also  Sometimes  given  to  the  hours 
tiom  eight  o  clocl£  m  the  forenoon  to  three  in  the  after. 
noon„befoi;e  and  after  which  marriage  cannot  be  leiaUy 
performed  in  a  parish  church  without  a  special  license 
canonical  letters,  letters  formerly  inteichanaed  by  the 
th»    Itf  ''^  testimonials  of  their  faitli,  to  keep  up 

w»f  coimuumon,  and  to  distinguish  them  from 

heretics  -Canonical  life,  the  method  or  rule  of  living 
It  w.'",ef  Clergy  who  lived  in  community! 

It  was  less  rigid  than  the  monastic  life.-Canonlcal  ohl- 
^'nlpf  •  f!'"  as  regiUated  by  the  caS,  ,°  an 

ecc  esmstic  of  lower  rank  to  his  superior,  as  of  a  presbyter 
me  ,tV.;sH?PT^^?°''^<'^^„P'^°i^^ments,  such  punish- 
•»^oH  inflict,  as  excomnmnication,  deg- 

1  catreriV?f'Sbn'i''',;~?^'l°°i''^^ 

foundation     pJ^'  supported  upon  an  episcopal 

toundatioii  — Canonical  sms,  in  the  ancient  church 
Mnl'f.""'  ^'"■/'"'^•i  C'lpital  punishment  was  inflicted, 
Idolatry,  murder,  adultery,  heresy,  etc. 

r  -1  '^'n?''"  t^^"  ^(tnonicce  vestes,  canoni- 
cals.] The  di-ess  or  habit  prescribed  by  canon 
to  be  worn  by  the  clergy  when  they  officiate ; 
hence,  the  prescribed  official  costume  or  deco- 
ration of  any  functionary,  as,  in  English  usage, 
the  pouch  on  the  gown  of  an  M.D.,  the  coif  of  a 
ser]eant-at-law,  the  lambskin  on  the  hood  of  a 
B  A.,  the  strings  of  an  Oxford  undergraduate, 
the  tippet  on  a  barrister's  gown,  proctors'  and 
subproetors'  tippets,  etc. 
An  ecclesiastic  in  full  canonicals.  Macaulay. 

canonically  (ka-non'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  conform- 
ity with  a  canon  or  rule ;  specifically,  in  con- 
tormity  with,  or  in  the  manner  prescribed  by 
the  canons  of  a  church:  as,  " canonicalli/  ad- 
mitted bishops,"  Bp.  Bale,  Apology,  p.  23 

canonicalness  (ka-non'i-kal-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  canonical. 
The  canonicalness  of  the  Apostolic  Constitutions 

Bj}.  Burnet,  Hist.  Own  Times,  an.  1711. 

''^H??^^**®  (ka-non'i-kat),  n.  [=F.  canonicaf, 
<.  ML,,  canonicatus,  n.,  office  of  a  canon;  ef 
canonicatus,  pp.  of  canonicare,  make  a  canon, 
<.  canonicus,  a  canon :  see  canonic,  canon^.l  The 
office  of  a  canon ;  a  eanonry. 

^'z  (kan-o-nis'i-ti),  n.    [=  F.  eanonicite, 

^  ML.  canomcita(t-)s,  <  canonicus,  canonical.] 
ihe  quality  of  being  canonical ;  canonicalness. 
Knnt!  f  that  is,  the  divine  authority,  of  the 

t;ooks  of  the  New  Testament. 

J.  H.  Newman,  Development  of  Christ.  Doct.,  iii.  4. 

canonisation,  canonise,  etc.  See  canonization, 
canonise,  etc. 


795 

canonism  (kan'pn-izm),  «.    [<  canon'i-  +  -ism.l 
Adherence  to  canon  or  rule, 
canonist  (kan'pn-ist),  n.    [=  p.  canoniste ;  < 
canonX  +  One  skilled  in  ecclesiastical 

or  canon  law. 

He  must  be  a  canonist :  that  is  to  say,  one  that  is  brou'dit 
up  in  the  study  of  the  pope's  laws  and  decrees. 

Latimer,  SeiTOoii  of  the  Plough. 
West  and  Clark,  the  Bishops  of  Ely  and  of  Bath 
were  both  celebrated  canonists  and  devoted  adherents  of 
the  old  religion.      B.  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  i. 

AH  through  the  Middle  Ages  the  lawyer  who  was  avow- 
edly a  priest  held  his  own  against  the  lawyer  who  pro- 
fessed to  be  a  layman ;  and  ours  [England]  is  the  oiilv 
country  in  which,  owing  to  the  peculiar  turn  of  our  legal 
history,  it  is  difficult  to  see  that,  on  the  whole,  the  canon- 
ist exercised  as  much  influence  on  the  course  of  legal  de- 
velopment as  the  legist  or  civilian. 

Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  27. 
canonistic  (kan-o-nis'tik),  a.  [<  canonist +^ic.'\ 
Of  or  pertaining  to  canonists. 

They  became  the  apt  scholars  of  this  canonistic  exposi- 
Milton,  Tetrachordon. 

canonizant  (ka-non'i-zant),  n.  [<  canonize  + 
-«»<!.]  In  math.,  a  certain  covariant  used  in 
reducing  quanties  to  the  canonical  forms.  The 

V  canonizant  of  a  quantic  of  odd  order  is  the  oatalecticant 
of  the  penultimate  emanant.  Thus,  the  canonizant  of  the 
quantic  (a,  b,  c,  d,  e,  f)  (x,  y)5  is 

^  ax  +  by,   bx  +  cy,    cx  +  c 

bx  +  cy,  cx  +  dy,  dx  +  e, 
cx  +  dy,  dx  +  ey,   ex-\-  fy. 


canopy 

canon-wiset  (kan'on-wiz),  a.  Ver.sed  in  the 
canon  law:  as,  ''canon-wise  prelate,"  Milton, 
Eeformation  in  Eng.,  i. 

caiion-wren  (kan'yon-ren),  n.  A  bird  of  the 
family  Troglodijtidai  and  genus  Catherpes,  aa 


Cailon-wren  [Calherfrs  mexicanus) 


canonizatet  (ka-non'i-zat),  v,  t.  [<  ML.  canoni- 
zatiis,  pp.  of  canonizare,  canonize :  see  canon- 
ize.']   To  canonize.  * 

canonization  (kan on  -  i  -  za '  shon),  n.  [=  F 
canonisation,  <  ML.  "canonizare,  "canonize  •  see 
canonize."]  In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,.the  act  of 
enrolling  a  beatified  person  among  the  saints. 
See  beatification,  originally  each  bishop  was  accus. 
tomed  to  declare  that  particular  deceased  persons  should 
be  regarded  as  saints  ;  but  tlie  exercise  of  this  power  was 
gradually  assumed  by  the  popes,  who  since  1179  have  ex- 
ercised the  exclusive  right  of  canonization.  In  order  to 
canonization,  it  must  be  shown  that  two  miracles  have 
been  wrought  by  the  candidate  before  beatification,  and 
two  more  after  it  by  his  intercession.  The  pope  on  ap- 
plication, resumes  the  case  of  the  beatified  person  with 
the  view  of  testing  his  qualifications  for  the  higher  rank 
\vhich  is  claimed  for  him.  A  secret  consistory  is  sum- 
nioiied  at  which  three  cardinals  are  appointed  to  inquire 
into  the  matter,  who  make  their  report  at  a  second 
private  meeting.  In  the  third,  which  is  a  public  consis- 
tory, one  person,  called  the  advocatus  diabuli,  or  devil's 
advocate,  attacks  the  person  to  be  canonized,  raises  doubts 
as  to  the  miracles  said  to  have  been  wrought  by  him  and 
exposes  any  want  of  formality  in  the  procedure ;  while 
another  person,  called  advocatus  Dei,  or  God's  advocate 
supports  his  claim.  Lastly,  a  fourth  consistory  is  held  in 
which  the  votes  of  the  prelates  are  taken  for  or  a<>aiiist 
the  canonization.  If  a  plurality  of  votes  are  cast  in  favor 
ot  the  candidate,  the  pope  announces  the  day  appointed 
for  the  ceremony,  which  takes  place  at  St.  Peter's.  Also 
spelled  canonisation. 

canonize  (kan'on-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  can- 
onized,  ppr.  canonizing.  [=  F.  canoniser,  < 
ML.  canonizare,  canonize,  put  into  the  canon 
or  catalogue  of  the  saints,  <  canon,  a  canon, 
catalogue  of  the  saints,  etc.  :  see  canonX.]  1. 
To  enroll  officially  in  the  canon  or  catalogue 
of  the  saints;  declare  to  be  a  saint;  regard  as 
a  saint.    See  canonization. 

The  king,  desirous  to  bring  into  the  house  of  Lancaster 
celestial  honour,  became  suitor  to  Pope  Julius,  to  canonize 
King  Henry  VI.  for  a  saint.  Bacon,  Hist.  Hen.  VII. 

The  best  of  them  will  never  be  canonized  for  a  saint 
when  she's  dead.  Goldsmith,  Good-Natiured  Man,  i. 

And  has  a  Champion  risen  in  arms  to  try 
His  Country's  virtue,  fought,  and  breathes  no  more  ■ 
Him  in  their  hearts  the  people  canonize. 

Wordsworth,  Eccles.  Sonnets,  i.  32. 

2.  To  admit  into  the  canon,  as  of  Scripture. 
[Rare.] 

Bathsheba  was  so  wise  a  woman  that  some  of  her  coun- 
sels are  canonized  for  divine.        Bp.  Hall,  David's  End. 

3.  To  embody  in  canons.  [Rare.] 
Planting  our  faith  one  while  in  the  old  convocation 

House  ;  and  another  while  in  the  chapel  at  Westminster  • 
when  all  the  faith  and  religion  that  shall  be  there  canon- 
ized IS  not  sufficient  without  plain  convincement,  and  the 
charity  of  patient  instruction.  Milton,  Areopagitioa,  p.  55. 
Also  spelled  canonise. 
canonizer  (kan'pn-i-zer),  n.  One  who  canonizes. 
Also  spelled  canoniser. 

canonlyt  (kan'pn-li),  a.  [<  canon^  -h  -lyl.]  Ac- 
cording to  the  canon;  canonically. 
eanonry  (kan'pn-ri),  «. ;  -pi.  ca)ionries  (-riz).  [< 
canon2  -F  -nj.]   The  benefice  filled  by  a  canon. 

'The  patronage  of  the  canonries  was  secured  to  the  Arch- 
bishop of  York  by  the  Act  13  and  14  ^'ict.,  c.  98,  s.  25. 

N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  IX.  479. 

canonst  (kan'onz),  n.  pi.    See  cannon,  n.,  1. 
canonship  (kan'on-ship),  n.  [<  canon'^  -I-  -ship.] 
Ihe  position  or  office  of  canon;  eanonry. 


C.  mexicanus:  so  called  from  its  frequenting 
canons.    Cones.    See  Catherpes. 
canooskie  (ka-nos'ki),  n.  A  local  name  in  Alaska 
of  the  crested  auklet,  Simorhynchus  cristatellus. 
H.  W.  Elliott. 

can-opener  (kan'6"pn-er),  n.  An  implement  for 
cutting  open  one  end  of  a  sealed  tin  can. 

Canopic(ka-n6'pik),  a.  [<  L.  Canopicus,  <  Cano- 
pus:  seeCanopus.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  Canopus, 
an  ancient  city  of  Bgypt.  Also  written  Canobic. 
—  CanopiC  vases,  vases  of  a  special  tyiie,  with  tnps  in  the 
form  of  lieads  (jf  human  litings  or  divinities,  used  in  an- 
cient Egy])t  to  liold  the  entrails  of  embalmed  bodies  four 
being  provided  for  each  body.  They  were  made  in  large 
numbers  at  Canopus,  whence  their  name.  Their  form  is 


Etruscan  Canopic  Vases. 


that  of  a  reversed  truncated  cone  rounded  off  above  hemi- 
spherically  with  the  opening  in  the  top,  which  is  closed 
by  the  head  as  a  lid.  Their  material  is  generally 'terra- 
cotta, but  frequently  some  valuable  stone.  The  name  is 
also  given  to  vases  of  similar  form  containing  the  ashes 
of  the  dead  found  in  Etruscan  tombs  of  the  eighth  and 
seventh  centuries  B.  c.  The  Etruscan  examples  have  han- 
dles, and  bear  human  arms  as  well  as  the  head,  represent- 
ed either  in  low  relief  along  the  body  of  the  vase,  or  in 
complete  relief,  and  sometimes  articulated  to  the  handles. 

Against  the  walls  [of  the  mummy-chamber]  were  piled 
.  .  .  libation  jars  of  bronze  and  terra  cotta,  and  canopic 
vases  of  precious  Lycopolitan  alabaster. 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXV.  187. 

Canopus  (ka-no'pus),  n.  [L.,  the  brightest 
star  m  the  constellation  Argo,  named  from 
Canopus,  <  Gr.  KavuTvog,  earlier  Kavujiog,  a  to-wn 
in  Lower  Egypt.]  The  brightest  star  but  one 
in  the  heavens,  one  magnitude  brighter  than 
Arcturus  and  only  half  a  magnitude  fainter 
than  Sinus,  it  is  situated  in  one  of  the  steering-paddles 
of  Argo,  about  35  south  of  Sirius  and  about  the  same 
distance  east  of  Achenar;  it  is  of  a  white  or  yellowish 
color,  and  IS  conspicuous  in  Florida  in  winter.  Astrono- 
mers call  It  a  or  alpha  Argus,  or  a  or  aMia  Carince  See 
cut  under  ^cjro. 
canopy  (kan'o-pi), «. ;  pi.  canopies  (-piz).  [Early 
mod.  h.  also  canapij,  canapie;  =  D.  kanapee  = 
Or.  canapee,  kanapee,  a  canopied  couch,  sofa,  <  F. 
canape  (after  It.),  prop,  conopee  (Cotgrave)  = 
if;  =  Sp.  Pg.  canape  =  It.  canape 

=  Wall,  canapeu,  a  canopy,  canopied  couch,  < 
ML.  canapeum,  canapeium,  cajuipium,  canopinm, 
prop,  conopeum,  a  mosquito-net,  a  tent,  pa- 
vilion, <  Gr.  Kuvcj-dov,  Kuvu-euv,  an  Egyptian 
bed  with  mosquito-cm-tains,  a  pa\'ilion,  <" 
{kuvc),,-),  a  gnat,  mosquito,  perhaps  an  accom. 
ot  a  foreign  (Egj^itian  f )  word,  but  appar.  *  cone- 
taeed,'  as  if  from  some  fancied  likeness  to  a 
cone,  <  Koi^of,  a  cone,  -t-  ijf,  face :  see  cone  and 
optic]    1.  In  general,  any  suspended  covering 


Canopy. 

Portal  of  the  church  of  St.  P4re-sous-VeEe- 
lay,  France.  ( From  VioUet-le-Duc's  "  Diet, 
de  r  Architecture. " ) 


canopy 

that  serves  as  a  protection  or  shelter,  as  an 
awniug,  the  tester  of  a  bed,  or  the  like;  espe- 
cially, an  ornamental  covering  of  cloth  siispeud- 
ed  on  posts  over  a  throne  or  the  seat  of  a  high 
dignitary,  or  any  covering  of  cloth  so  disposed. 

He  was  escorted  by  the  luilitary  of  the  city  under  a 
royal  canopy  borne  by  the  deputies. 

Prescott,  Feid.  and  Isa.,  li.  12. 

2.  In  specific  figurative  use,  the  sky :  as,  any- 
where under  the  canopy,  or  the  canopy  of  heaven. 
But,  of  wliat  substance  shall  I,  after  thee 
(0  Matcldess  Maker),  make  Heav'ns  Canapey? 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas,  Weeks,  i.  2. 
And  now 

The  forest's  solemn  canopies  were  changed 
For  the  uniform  and  lightsome  evening  sky. 

Shelley,  Alastor. 

8.  In  arch.,  a  decorative  hood  or  cover  sup- 
ported or  sus- 
pended over  an 
altar,  throne, 
chair  of  state, 
pulpit,  and  the 
like ;  also  the  or- 
namented pro- 
jecting head  of 
a  niche  or  taber- 
nacle. The  label- 
molding  or  drip- 
stone which  sm'- 
rounds  the  head  of 
a  door  or  window, 
if  ornamented,  is 
also  called  a  can- 
opy. 

4.  Naut. :  (a) 
A  light  awning 
over  the  stern- 
sheets  of  a  boat. 
(b)  The  brass 
framework  over 
a  hatch. —  5.  A 
large  smoke- 
beU.  Sees;woA-e- 
bell.  Car-Build- 
er's Diet. 
canopy  (kan'o- 
pi),  i>.  t.;  pret. 
and  pp.  canopied,  ppr.  canopying.  [<  canopy,  «.] 
To  cover  with  a  canopy,  or  as  with  a  canopy. 

Trees  .  .  . 

Which  erst  from  heat  did  canopy  the  herd. 

Sliak.,  Sonnets,  xii. 
Canopied  with  golden  clouds.       Chapman,  Iliad,  xiii. 
A  bank 

With  ivy  canopied.      Milton,  Comus,  1.  544. 
Beneath  thy  pinions  canopy  my  head.  Keats. 
canorse  (ka-no're),  M.  2^1-    [NL.,  fern.  pi.  (sc. 
aves,  birds:  see  Aiws)  of  L.  canorus:  see  cano- 
rous.}  The  singing  birds.   See  Cantatores  and 
Cantores. 

canorous  (ka-no'ms),  a.  [<  L.  canorus,  sing- 
ing, musical,  <  canere,  sing:  see  ca»<2.]  Mu- 
sical; tuneful.  [Rare.] 

Birds  that  are  canorous  .  .  .  are  of  little  throats  and 
short  necks.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  vii.  14. 

The  Latin  has  given  us  most  of  our  canorous  words,  only 
they  must  not  be  confounded  with  merely  sonorous  ones, 
still  less  with  phrases  that,  instead  of  supplementing  the 
sense,  encumber  it. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  75. 

canorously  (ka-no'rus-U),  adv.  Melodiously; 
tunefully. 

canorousness  (ka-no'rus-nes),  n.  Musicalness. 

Spenser  .  .  .  chooses  his  language  for  its  rich  canorous- 
ness  rather  than  for  intensity  of  meaning. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  184. 

canoust,  «•  [<  L-  canns,  white,  hoary,  esp.  of 
the  gray  hair  of  the  aged.]    Hoary;  gray. 

cansh  (kansh),  71.  A  small  mow  of  corn,  or  a 
small  pile  of  fagots,  etc.  Ealliwell.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

canstickf  (kan'stik),  n.  A  contraction  of  can- 
dlestick. 

I  had  rather  hear  a  brazen  canstick  turn'd. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  1. 

canstowt.    An  old  abbreviation  of  canst  thou. 

canti  (kant),  n.  [=  D.  kant,  border,  edge,  side, 
brink,  margin,  comer,  =  OFries.  kant  (in 
comp.),  side,  =  MLG.  kant,  kante,  LG.  kante  (> 
G.  kante  =  mod.  Icel.  kantr  =  Dan.  Sw.  kant), 
border,  edge,  margin,  prob.  <  OF.  cant,  corner, 
angle,  =  Sp.  Pg,  It.  canto,  side,  edge,  corner, 
angle,  <  ML.  cantus,  side,  corner.  Of  uncertain 
and  prob.  various  origin:  (1)  in  part,  like  W. 
cant,  the  rim  of  a  circle,  <  L.  canthns,  ML.  can- 
tus, contus,  the  tire  of  a  wheel  (in  ML.  also 
explained  as  the  nave  or  spokes  of  a  wheel,  in 
L.  also  poet,  a  wheel) ;  ef .  Gr.  navduc,  the  felly 
of  a  wheel  (a  late  word,  perhaps  due  to  the  L., 
which  was,  according  to  Quintilian,  a  barbarous 


796 

Hispanian  or  African  word) ;  (2)  cf.  Gr.  Kavddc, 
the  corner  of  the  eye  (see  can  thus) ;  (3)  cf .  OBulg. 
ka'^tu  =  Bulg.  kilt  =  Sloven,  kot  —  Serv.  kut  = 
Bohem.  kont  -  Pol.  ka'H  =  Russ.  kutii  =  Lett. 
hintc,  a  corner.  In  some  senses  the  noim  is 
from  the  verb.  Hence,  cantle,  canton'^.'}  If. 
A  corner;  an  angle;  a  niclie. 

The  .  .  .  principal  person  in  the  temple  was  Irene,  or 
Peace  ;  she  was  placed  aloft  in  a  cant. 

B.  Jonson,  Coronation  Entertainment. 

2.  The  corner  of  a  field. — 3.  An  external  or 
salient  angle :  as,  a  six-canted  bolt,  that  is,  one 
of  six  cants,  or  of  which  the  head  has  six  angles. 
— 4.  One  of  the  segments  forming  a  side  piece 
in  the  head  of  a  cask. —  5.  A  ship's  timber, 
near  the  bow  or  stern,  lying  obliquely  to  the 
line  of  the  keel. —  6.  A  piece  of  wood  which 
supports  the  bulkheads  on  a  vessel's  deck. 
[Eng.]  —  7.  A  log  that  has  received  two  side 
cuts  in  a  sawmill  and  is  ready  for  the  next  cut. 
—  8.  An  inclination  from  a  horizontal  line;  a 
sloping,  slanting,  or  tilted  position. 

When  the  berg  first  came  in  contact  with  the  ship,  a 
large  tongue  of  ice  below  the  water  was  forced  under  the 
bows  of  the  vessel,  raising  her  somewhat,  and  with  the 
help  of  the  wind  giving  her  a  cant. 

C.  F.  Hall,  Polar  Exp.,  p.  245. 

9.  A  toss,  thrust,  or  push  with  a  sudden  jerk : 
as,  to  give  a  ball  a  cant. — 10.  In  u'lialc-iisliing, 
a  cut  in  a  whale  between  the  neck  and  fins. 
E.  B. 

canti  (kant),  V.  [=  D.  kanten,  cut  off  an  angle, 
square,  =  G.  kanten,  cant,  tilt,  =  Sw.  kanta, 
bevel,  =  LG.  freq.  kanteln,  kantern,  turn  over, 
tilt,  af-kantein,  cut  off  an  angle,  =  Dan.  ka'ntre, 
upset,  capsize,  cant ;  from  the  notm.]  I.  trans. 
1.  To  put  or  set  at  an  angle ;  tilt  or  move  from 
a  horizontal  line :  as,  to  cantov  cant  uj)  a  plank ; 
to  cant  over  a  pail  or  cask. —  2.  Naut.,  to  turn 
(something)  so  that  it  is  no  longer  fair  and 
square ;  give  (a  ship)  an  inclination  to  one  side, 
as  in  preparing  her  to  be  careened. — 3.  To  set 
upon  edge,  as  a  stone. — 4.  To  throw  with  a 
sudden  jerk;  toss:  as,  to  cant  a  ball. 

The  sheltie  canted  its  rider  into  the  little  brook. 

Scott,  Pirate. 

5.  To  cut  off  an  angle  of,  as  of  a  square  piece 
of  timber. 

II.  in  trans.  To  tilt  or  incline ;  have  a  slant. 

The  table  is  made  to  cant  as  usual,  being  clamped  in 
position  by  a  nut  screwed  up  against  a  quadrant  under- 
neath. Ure,  Diet.,  IV.  963. 

cant^  (kant),  v.  [First  at  the  end  of  the  16th 
century;  usually  referred  to  L.  cantare  (>ult. 
E.  chant,  q.  v.),  sing  (in  form  a  freq.  of  canere, 
pp.  cantus,  sing,  from  a  root  represented  in  E. 
by  the  noun  hen,  q.  v.),  in  eccl.  use  (ML.)  also 
perform  mass  or  divine  service,  and,  as  a  noun, 
an  anniversary  service  for  the  dead,  alms,  esp. 
when  given  as  an  anniversary  observance  (see 
cant^,  n.  and  a.).  The  word  can  t  may  thus  have 
become  associated  with  beggars ;  but  there  may 
have  been  also  an  allusion  to  a  perfunctory 
performance  of  divine  service,  and  hence  a  hy- 
pocritical use  of  religious  phrases.]   I.  intrans. 

1.  To  speak  with  a  whining  voice  or  in  an 
affected  or  assumed  tone  ;  assume  a  particular 
tone  and  manner  of  speaking  for  the  purpose 
of  exciting  compassion,  as  in  begging;  hence, 
to  beg. 

You  are  resolved  to  cant,  then  ?  where,  Savil, 
Shall  your  scene  lie? 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Scornful  Lady,  v.  3. 

2.  To  make  pharisaieal,  hypocritical,_  or  whin- 
ing pretensions  to  goodness ;  affect  piety  with- 
out sincerity ;  sham  holiness. 

I  could  not  cant  of  creed  or  prayer. 

Scott,  Rokeby,  i.  18. 

3.  To  talk  in  a  certain  special  jargon ;  use  the 
words  and  phraseology  peculiar  to  a  particular 
sect,  party,  profession,  and  the  like. 

A  merry  Greek,  and  cants  in  Latin  comely. 

B.  Junson,  New  Inn,  ii.  2. 

The  Doctor  here, 
Wlien  he  discourseth  of  dissection, 
Of  vena  cava  and  of  vena  porta. 
Of  miseraics  and  the  mesenterium. 
What  does  he  else  but  cant  ? 

B.  Jonson,  Staple  of  News,  iv.  1. 

II.  trans.  To  use  as  a  conventional  phrase- 
ology or  jargon. 

Is  it  so  difficult  for  a  man  to  cant  some  one  or  more  of  the 
good  old  English  cants  which  his  father  and  grandfather 
canted  before  him,  that  he  must  learn,  in  the  schools  of 
the  Utilitarians,  a  new  sleight  of  tongue,  to  make  fools 
clap  and  wise  men  sneer? 

Macaulay,  On  West.  Eeviewer's  Def.  of  Mill. 

cant2  (kant),  n.  and  a.  [<  cant^,  v.']  I.  n.  1. 
A  whining  or  singing  manner  of  speech ;  spe- 


Cantab. 

cifically,  the  whining  speech  of  beggars,  as  in 
asking  alms. —  2.  The  language  or  jargon 
spoken  by  gipsies,  thieves,  professional  beg- 
gars, or  the  like,  and  containing  many  words 
different  from  ordinary  English ;  a  kind  of  slang 
or  argot. — 3.  The  words  and  phrases  peculiar 
to  or  characteristic  of  a  sect,  party,  or  profes- 
sion ;  the  dialect  of  a  class,  sect,  or  set  of  peo- 
ple :  used  in  an  unfavorable  sense. 

Of  all  the  cants  which  are  canted  in  this  canting  world, 
though  the  cant  of  hypocrites  may  be  the  worst,  the  cant 
of  criticism  is  tlie  most  tormenting. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iii.  12. 
The  cant  of  party,  school,  and  sect 
Provoked  at  times  his  honest  scorn. 

Whittier,  My  Namesake. 
4.  A  pretentious  or  insincere  assumption,  in 
speech,  of  a  religious  character ;  an  ostenta- 
tious or  insincere  use  of  solemn  or  religious 
phraseology. 

That  lie  [Richard  Cromwell]  was  a  good  man,  he  evinced 
by  proofs  more  satisfactory  than  deep  groans  or  long  ser- 
mons, by  humility  and  suavity  when  he  was  at  the  height 
of  human  greatness,  and  by  cheerful  resignation  under 
cruel  wrongs  and  misfortunes  ;  but  the  c«)if  then  common 
in  every  guard-room  gave  him  a  disgust  which  he  had  not 
always  the  prudence  to  conceal.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 
Supplied  with  cant  the  lack  of  Christian  grace. 

Whittier,  Daniel  Neall. 

Hence  —  5.  Any  insincerity  or  conventionality 
in  speech,  especially  insincere  assumption  or 
conventional  pretense  of  enthusiasm  for  high 
thoughts  or  aims. 

But  enthusiasm,  once  cold,  can  never  be  warmed  over 
into  anything  better  than  cant. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  157. 
=  Syil.  2  and  3.  Cant,  Slang,  Colloquialism.  Cant  be- 
longs to  a  class  ;  .slang  to  no  one  class,  except  where  it  is 
specified  :  as,  college  slang  ;  parliamentary  slang.  Slang 
is  generally  over-vivid  in  metaphor  and  threadbare  from 
use,  and  is  often  vulgar  or  ungranimatical ;  cant  may  be 
correct,  but  unintelligible  to  those  outside  of  the  class 
concerned.  Cant  has  also  the  meaning  of  insincere  or 
conventional  use  of  religious  or  other  set  phrases,  as  above. 
A  colloquialism  is  simply  an  expression  that  belongs  to 
common  conversation,  but  is  considered  too  liomely  for 
refined  speech  or  for  writing. 

The  Cant  or  flash  language,  or  thieves'  jargon,  was  scarce- 
ly known  even  by  name  in  the  United  States  until  .  .  . 
some  forty  years  ago.  Science,  V.  380. 

The  use  of  sla7ig,  or  cheap  generic  terms,  as  a  substitute 
for  differentiated  specific  expressions,  is  at  once  a  sign 
and  a  cause  of  mental  atrophy. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  275. 

Colloquialisms  have  a  place  in  certain  departments  of 
literature,  namely,  familiar  and  humorous  writing,  but  in 
grave  compositions  they  are  objectionable. 

J.  De  Millc,  Rhetoric,  §  270. 

II.  a.  Of  the  nature  of  cant  or  jargon. 

The  affectation  of  some  late  authors  to  introduce  and 
multiply  cant  words  is  the  most  ruinous  corruption  in  any 
language.  Swift. 

cant^  (kant),  n.  [Said  to  be  vagabonds'  slang. 
Cf .  ML.  cantare,  pi.  cantaria,  alms :  see  canf^,  c.'i 
Something  given  in  charity.    Imp.  Diet. 

cant^  (kant),  n.  [Short  for  OF.  encant,  F.  en- 
can  =  Pr.  enquant,  encant  =  OSp.  encante  =ilt. 
incanto  (ML.  incantum,  incantus,  inquantus),  an 
auction,  orig.  a  call  for  bids  at  an  auction,  <  L. 
in  quantum,  for  how  much?  See  quantum, 
quantity,  etc.]  An  auction;  sale  by  auction. 
Gnrose.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

Numbers  of  these  tenants  are  now  offering  to  sell  their 
leases  by  cant.  Swift,  Hist.  Eng.,  Wm.  II. 

cant*  (kant),  V.  t.  [<  cant^,  n.  Cf.  equiv.  ML. 
ineantare,  inquantare'.']    1.  To  sell  by  auction. 

Is  it  not  the  general  method  of  landlords  to  .  .  .  cant 
their  land  to  tlie  highest  bidder? 

Swift,  Against  the  Bishops. 

2t.  To  enhance  or  inerep,se,  as  by  competitive 
bidding  at  an  auction.  [Prov.  Eng.  in  both  uses.] 
When  two  monks  were  outvying  each  other  in  canting 
the  price  of  an  abbey,  he  [William  Rufus]  observed  a  third 
at  some  distance,  who  said  never  a  word :  the  king  de- 
manded why  he  would  not  offer ;  the  monk  said  he  was 
poor,  and  besides  would  give  nothing  if  he  were  ever  so 
rich ;  the  king  replied,  Then  you  are  the  fittest  person  to 
have  it,  and  immediately  gave  it  him. 

Swift,  Hist.  Eng.,  Wm.  II. 

cants  (kant),  a.  [E.  dial,  and  Sc.,  sAso  canty;  < 
ME.  cant,  kant,  kaunt,  bold,  brave;  origin  ob- 
scure.] Bold;  strong;  hearty;  lusty.  Now 
usually  canty  (which  see). 

And  Nestor  anon,  with  a  nowmber  grete 
Of  knightes  &  cant  men,  cairyt  him  with 
Lyuely  to  his  londe,  &  leuyt  hym  noght. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3573. 
The  king  of  Beme  was  cant  and  kene, 
Bot  there  he  left  both  play  and  pride. 

Minot,  Poems,  p.  30. 

cants  (kant),  V.  i.  [E.  dial.,  <  cant^,  a.]  To  re- 
cover or  mend ;  grow  strong, 
can't  (kant  or  kant).    A  colloquial  contraction 

of  cannot. 

Cantab,  (kan'tab).  1.  An  abbreviation  of  the 
Latin  adjective  Cantabrigiensis  (see  Cantabri- 


Cantab. 

gian):  as,  John  Jones,  M.  A.  Cantab,  (that  is. 
Master  of  Arts  of  Cambridge  University).— 2. 
[As  a  noun.]  A  member  or  graduate  of  the 
University  of  Cambridge  in  England. 

Tlie  rattle-pated  trick  of  a  young  cantab.  Scott. 

Cantabs  are  sketched  m  a  series  of  Academical  portraits 
and  University  life  then  was  apparently  much  the  same  as 
It  IS  now,  Fortiiiyhthj  Rev.,  N.  S.,  XL.  65. 

3  [As  an  adjective.]  Of  or  belonging  to  the 
University  of  Cambridge. 

How  oft  the  Cantab  supper,  host  and  guest 
"  ould  echo  helpless  laughter  to  your  jest ! 

Tennyson,  To  the  Rev.  W.  H.  Brookfleld. 

cantabank  (kan'ta-bangk),  n.  [A  pi.  cayita- 
banqxi  is  cited  in  Halliwell;  <  It.  cmitambanco, 
formerly  mntinbanco  (Florio),  a  mountebank, 
a  ballad-smger,  lit.  one  who  sings  on  a  bench, 
<  cantare,  sing,  +  in,  on,  +  banco,  bench :  see 
cant^,  inl,  bank'^.  Cf.  mountebank,  saltimbarico.l 
A  strolling  singer;  a  common  ballad-singer: 
used  in  contempt.  [Rare.] 

He  was  no  tavern  cantabank  that  made  it 
But  a  squire  minstrel  of  your  Highness'  court 

Sir  H.  Taylor,  Ph.  van  Artevelde,  I.,  iii.  2. 

cantabile  (kan-ta'be-le),  a.    [It.,  <  L.  cantabi- 
lis,  that  may  be  sung :  see  cantable.^    In  mn.Hc, 
executed  in  the  style  of  a  song;  flowing;  sus- 
tained: lyrical, 
cantablet,  «.    [<  L.  cantaUUs,  that  may  be 
sung,  <  cantare,  sing:  see  canf^.    Cf.  chantable.l 
That  may  be  sung.    Baileij,  1727. 
■Cantabrian  (kan-ta'bri-an),  a.    [L.  Cantabria, 
Cantabria,  m  northern  Spain.]    Pertaining  to 
the  Cantabri,  an  ancient  people  of  northern 
bpam,  or  to  Cantabria,  the  region  formerly  in- 
habited by  them. 
•Cantabrigian  (kan-ta-brij'i-an),  a.  and  n.  [< 
ML.  Cantabrigiensis,  pertaining  to  Cambridge 
<CaHtabrigia,  Cambridge.]    I.  a.  Eelating  to 
Cambridge,  England,  or  to  its  university.  Also 
incorrectly  spelled  Cantabridgian. 

II.  n.  1,  An.  inhabitant  or  a  native  of  Cam- 
bridge.—2.  A  student  or  graduate  of  Cam- 
bridge University.  Abbreviated  Cantab. 
Cantabrigically  (kan-ta-brij'i-kal-i),  adv.  Af- 
ter the  manner  of  the  students  "in  Cambrido-e 
University.  [Humorous  and  rare.] 
cantaliver,  cantilever  (kan'ta-liv-er,  kan'ti- 
lev-er),  n.  and  a.  [Also  written  cantiliver,  can- 
talever,  canteliver 


797 

cantankerosity  Ckan-tang.ke-ros'i-ti),  n.  [< 
cantankerous  + -ity.;\  Cantanterousiiess.  [Hu- 
morous.] 

Sir  the  gentleman  from  South  Carolina  made  a  speech  • 
and  If  I  may  be  allowed  to  coin  a  word,  I  will  say  it  had 
more  cantankerosity  in  it  than  any  speech  I  ever  heard  on 
tins  floor. 

A.  Burlingame,  Speech  in  House  of  Repr.,  June  21, 18.-)0. 

cantankerous  (kan-tang'ke-rus),  a.  [Prop, 
dial.,  with  suffix  -ous,  <  ^i.  dial,  cantankcr, 
contanker,  a  corruption  (by  assimilation  of 
adjacent  syllables)  of  ME.  conteckour,  contc- 
kour,  prob.  also  *contackour,  *contakom;  a  quar- 
relsome person,  <  conteck,  contack,  contck,  con- 
tnk,  contention,  quarreling:  see  conteck,  con- 
teckour.'] Given  to  or  marked  by  ill-tempered 
contradiction  or  opposition;  contradictory; 
mulish;  contentious;  cross;  waspish;  ill-na- 
tured: as,  "  a,  cantankerous  humour,"  Thackerau 
[CoUoq.] 

There's  not  a  more  bitter  cantankerous  toad  in  all  Chris- 
tendom. Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  ii. 

I  hope  Mr.  Falkland,  as  there  are  three  of  us  come  on 
purpose  for  the  game,  you  won't  be  so  cantankerous  as  to 
spoil  the  party  by  sitting  out.    Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  v.  3. 

cantankerously  (kan-tang'ke-rus-li),  adv.  In 
a  cantankerous  manner;  ill-naturedly;  wasp- 
ishly;  crossly.  [Colloq.] 
cantankerousness  (kan-tang'ke-rus-nes),  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  cantankerous; 
ill-tempered  opposition;  crossness;  waspish- 
ness.  [Colloq.] 

By  all  means  tell  the  truth,  we  reply,  but  we  refuse  to 
believe  that  the  truth  is  to  be  found  in  cantaiikerousness. 

London  Times,  Aug.  14,  1863. 


canterbury 

cant-block  (kant'blok),  n.  A  largo  block  used 
in  canting  whales,  that  is,  turning  them  over 
in  flensing.    K.  H,  Kniglit. 

cant-board  (kant'bord),  n.  A  division  made 
in  the  conveyor-box  of  a  flour-bolt  to  separate 
different  grades. 

cant-body  (kaufbod'^i),  n.  In  ship-building, 
the  portion  of  a  vessel  which  contains  the  cant- 
frames. 

The  s(|iiare  body  ends  and  the  cant-body  commences 
just  where  the  angles  between  the  level  lines  and  square 
stations  in  the  half-breadth  plan  begin  to  deviate  greatly 
from  right  angles,  or  where  a  diiriculty  is  found  in  obtain- 
ing suitable  timber  owing  to  the  bevelling  required. 

Thearle,  Naval  Arch.,  §  .'54. 

cant-chisel  (kant'ehiz'^el),  n.    A  large  strong 
chisel  having  a  rib  and  the  basil  on  one  side, 
cant-dog  (kant'dog),  n.    Same  as  cant-hook,  1. 
Brockctt.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
canted  (kan'ted),  a.    [<  cant^  +  -erfS.] 
Having  cants  or  angles:  in  arch.,  applied  to 
pillars,  turrets,  or  towers  the  plan  of  which  is  a 
polygon.— 2.  Tilted  to  one  side, 
canteen  (kan-ten'),  n.    [Also  cantine;  <  F.  can- 
tinc,  <  It.  cantina,  a  cellar,  cave,  grotto  (cf. 
dim.  cantinctta,Sb  small  cellar,  ice-pail,  cooler), 
=  Sp.  cantina;  dim.  of  It.  8p.  canto,  a  side, 
corner,  angle :  see  cant^.]    1 .  A  sort  of  sutler's 
shop  m  barracks,  camps,  garrisons,  etc.,  where 
provisions,  liquors,  etc.,  are  sold. 

The  king  of  France  established  a  sufficient  number  of 
canteens  for  furnishing  his  troops  with  tobacco.  Mees,  Cyc, 


Cantalivers.— House  on  Fifth  Avenue 
New  York. 


of  uncertain  origin. 
The  form  can  taliver 
(accented  cantaW- 
ver  in  Bailey,  1733 
— canti'liver,  John- 
son, 1755)  appears 
to  be  the  earliest, 
and  is  nearest  the 
probable  original, 
namely,  <  L.  (NL.) 
quanta  libra,  of 
what  weight  or  bal- 
ance (L.  quanta, 
abl.  fern,  of  quan- 
tus,  how  much  (see 
quantity) ;  libra, 
abl.  of  Ub}-a,  a 
pound,  weight,  bal- 
ance, counterpoise 
(see  libra,  livre) ; 
cf.  caliber,  caliver, 

prob.  of  similar  formation),  a  phrase  which,  if 
-used  technically  in  early  modern  (NL. )  works 
on  architecture,  would  naturally  take  in  E.  the 
forms  given.  Hardly,  as  by  some  supposed, 
<  cant\  an  angle,  +  -a-,  -i-,  a  mere  syllable  of 
transition,  +  lever,  a  support ;  cf .  E.  dial,  lever, 
the  support  of  the  roof  of  a  house.]  I.  n.  1. 
A  block  or  large  bracket  of  stone,  me'tal,  or 
wood,  framed  into  the  waU  of  a  building,  and 
projecting  from  it,  to  support  a  molding,  a  bal- 
cony, eaves,  etc.  Cantalivers  serve  the  same 
end  as  modillions  and  brackets,  but  are  not  so 
regularly  applied.  Hence  — 2.  One  of  two  long 
brackets  or  arms  projecting  toward  each  other 
trom  opposite  banks  or  piers,  serving  to  form  a 
bridge  when  united  directly  or  by  a  girder. 

II.  a.  Formed  on  the  principle  of  the  canta- 
liver, or  with  the  use  of  cantalivers.- cantaliver 
bridge,  see  bridge^.  vtintduver 

cantaloup  (kan'ta-lop  or  -lop),  n.  [Also  writ- 
ten cantaloupe,  cantaleup,  canteloup,  canteloupe, 
etc.;  <  F.  cantaloup,  <  It.  cantalupo,  a  canta- 
loup, so  called  from  Cantalupo,  a  town  in  Italy 
■where  it  was  first  grown  in  Eui-ope.]  A  va- 
riety of  muskmelon,  somewhat  ellipsoidal  in 
shape,  ribbed,  of  pale-green  or  yellow  color, 
and  of  a  delicate  flavor. 


cantar  (kan'tar),  n.  [=  It.  cantaro  =  Bulg. 
kcmtar,  kentar  =  Serv.  kantar,  <  Turk,  qantdr 
(kantar),  <  Ar.  qintar,  a  hundredweight,  quin- 
tal (>  It.  quintale  =  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  F.  quintal, 
>h.  kintal,  quintal,  q.  v.),  <  L.  centenarius,  con- 
sisting of  a  hundred  (pounds,  feet,  years,  etc  )  • 
see  centenary,  centner,  and  quintal,  allult.  doub- 
lets of  cantar.]  An  Arabian  and  Turkish  unit 
of  weight,  a  hundred  rotls  or  pounds.  Many  dif- 
ferent rotls  are  lu  use  in  Mohammedan  countries  for  dif- 
ferent commodities,  and  each  has  its  cantar.  The  cantar 
thus  has  all  values  from  98.05  pounds  avoirdupois  (the 
government  cantar  of  Alexandria)  to  880  pounds  (the 
.  great  cantar  of  Aleppo).  The  cantar  of  Constantinople 
.  IS  124.65  pounds,  that  of  Sm.vrna  127.43  pounds;  that  of  the 
calif  Almamun  (a.  d.  813-.33)  was  103.4  pounds. 

cantara  (kiin'ta-ra),  «.  [<  Sp.  cdntara  =  Pg. 
cantara,  also  cantaro,  a  liquid  measure  (see 
def.),  <  cantara,  cantaro  =  It.  cantaro,  a  jar  or 
pitcher,  <  L.  cantharus,  a  drinking- vessel:  see 
cantharus.]  In  Spain  and  Portugal,  same  as 
arroba. 

cantata  (kan-ta'ta),  M.  [It.,  <  cantare,  <  L 
cantare,  sing:  see  cant^.]  OriginaUy,  a  musical 
recitation  of  a  short  drama  or  stoiy  in  verse 
by  one  person,  without  action,  accompanied  by 
a  single  instrument,  and  later  with  airs  or 
melodies  interspersed ;  now,  a  choral  composi- 
tion, either  sacred  in  the  manner  of  an  oratorio, 
but  shorter,  or  secular,  as  a  lyric  drama  or  story 
adapted  to  music,  but  not  intended  to  be  acted. 
Cantate  (kan-ta'te),  n.  [L.,  2d  pers.  pi.  pres. 
impv.  of  cantare,  sing:  see  cant^.]  The  ninety- 
eighth  psalm,  so  called  from  the  first  words 
m  Latin,  Cantate  (0  sing),  more  fully  Cantate 
Domino  (Sing  ye  unto  the  Lord),  it  is  appointed 
in  the  Book  of  tommoii  Prayer  to  be  used  as  a  canticle 
after  the  first  lesson  at  Evening  Prayer,  except  when  it 
IS  read  m  the  ordinary  course  of  the  Psalter  on  the  nine- 
teenth day  of  the  month.  In  the  English  hook  it  is  the 
alternate  of  the  Magnificat.  In  the  American  book  it 
has  the  Bonum  est  confiteri  as  its  alternate,  and  is  itself 
since  1886,  an  alternate  of  the  Magnificat. 

cantationt  (kan-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  can  tatio{n-), 
<  cantare,  pp.  cantatus,  sing:  see  canf^.]  A 
singing.  Cockeram. 

Cantatores  (kan-ta-to'rez),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  pi.  of 

L.  cantator,  singer,  <  cantare,  pp.  contains, 
sing:  see  cant^.]  In  ornith.,  a  group  of  pas- 
serine perching  birds,  more  or  less  nearly  co- 
extensive with  Passeres,  Cantores,  or  Oscines  ■ 
the  singing  birds  or  songsters,  in  Macgiiiivray's 

system  (1839),  where  the  term  is  first  technically  used 
the  Cantatores  are  the  fifth  order  of  birds  ;  the  order  as 
there  constituted,  however,  is  not  exactly  conterminous 
with  any  now  recognized  group  of  birds,  but  includes 
some  heterogeneous  non-oscine  forms. 

cantatory  (kan'ta-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *can- 
tatorius,  <  canta'tor',  singer:  see  Cantatores.] 
Ot  or  pertaining  to  singing  or  to  singers.  Dr 
iS.  Miller.  [Rare.] 

cantatrice  (kan'ta-tres;  It.  pron.  kan-ta-tre'- 
che),  n.  [F.  cantatrice,  <  It.  cantatrice,  <  L 
cantatncem,  acc.  of  cantatrix,  fem.  of  cantator 
a  singer:  see  Cantatores.]  A  female  sino-er- 
applied  especially  to  one  who  sings  in  opera 
or  public  concerts. 


Much  of  the  time  formerly  wasted  in  the  canteen,  to  the 
injury  alike  of  health  and  morals,  is  now  devoted  to  read- 
'"S-  -Or.  J.  Brown,  Spare  Hours,  3d  ser.,  p.  181. 

2.  A  vessel  used  by  soldiers  for  carrying  water 
or  liquor  for  dl-ink.  in  the  British  army  the  canteen 
IS  a  small  vessel  capable  of  containing  3  pints,  which  is 
carried  by  each  soldier  on  the  march,  on  foreign  service 
or  111  the  held.  In  the  United  States  army  the  regulation 
canteen  is  of  tin,  covered  with  a  woolen  fabric,  is  circular 
111  shape,  with  sharp  periphery  and  bulging  sides  like  a 
double-convex  lens,  fitted  with  a  cylindrical  spout  stop- 
ped by  a  cork,  and  holds  about  3  pints;  it  is  slung  over 
the  shoulder.  A  much  larger  kind,  of  the  same  materials 
l)Ut  with  flat  sides,  and  holding  a  gallon  or  more,  is  some- 
times used,  but  not  commonly  carried  on  the  person. 

3.  A  square  box,  fitted  up  with  compartments, 
m  which  British  ofScers  on  foreign  service  pack 
a  variety  of  articles,  as  spirit-bottles,  tea  and 
sugar,  plates,  knives,  forks,  etc. 

cantelt,  «.    See  cantle. 
canteleup,  canteloup,  n.    See  cantaloup. 
canteri  (kan'ter),  n.   [An  abbr.  of  Canterbury 
gallop:  see  gallop.]    1.  A  moderate  running 
pace  of  a  horse ;  a  moderate  or  easy  gallop. 

The  canter  is  to  the  gallop  very  much  what  the  walk  is 
to  the  trot,  though  probably  a  more  artificial  pace. 

Youatt,  The  Horse,  p.  547. 
2.  Figuratively,  a  brisk  but  easy  movement  of 
any  kind;  a  running  over  or  through;  a  run; 
a  scamper. 

A  rapid  ca7iter  in  the  "  Times  "  over  all  the  topics  of  the 
'"'J-  _    _  Sir  J.  Stephen. 

"^.9.^?  ™  ^  canter,  in  horse-racing,  to  distance  all  the 
other  horses  so  much  that  urging  toward  the  end  of  the 
race  is  unnecessary ;  hence,  figuratively,  to  overcome  an 
opponent  easily. 

canteri  (kan'ter),  V.    [<  canter''-,  n.]   I.  intrans. 

1.  To  move  in  a  canter:  said  of  horses.- 2. 
To  ride  a  cantering  horse. 

II.  trans.  To  cause  to  canter. 
canter2  (kan'ter),  n.  [<  cant'^,  v.,  -)-  -erl.]  1. 
One  who  cants  or  whines ;  a  professional  beg- 
gar or  vagrant. 

Jugglers  and  gypsies,  all  the  sorts  of  canters,  and  colo- 
nies of  beggars.  b.  Jonson. 

2.  One  who  talks  cant,  in  any  sense  of  the 
word ;  especially,  a  canting  preacher. 

You  are  the  second  part  of  the  society  of  canters  out- 
laws to  order  and  discipline,  and  the  only  priviieeed 
church-robbers  of  Christendom. 

B.  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  v.  2. 
On  Whitsunday  I  went  to  the  church  (w*  is  a  very  faire 
one)  and  heard  one  of  the  canters,  who  dismissed  the  as- 
sembly  rudely  and  without  any  blessing. 

Kcelyn,  Diary,  June  4,  1652. 

canter3  (kan'ter),  n.   [<  cant^,  v.,  +  -eri.]  One 
who  bids  at  an  auction.    See  extract. 


A  class  of  men  called  canters,  who  were  accustomed  to 
bid  for  the  tithe  of  their  neighbours  land,  and  who  by 
u  hiteboy  terrorism  were  almost  eNtii  jiatcd  fi  oni  Minister. 

Lcckg,  Eng.  in  Istli  Cent.,  xvi. 

canterbury  (kan'ter-ber-i),  n.  [<  Canterbury 
(a  city  of  England),  in  AS.  Cantuaraburh,  gen. 
and  dat.  -byrig,  <  Cantwara,  gen.  pi.  of  Cant- 
ware,  people  of  Kent  (<  Cant,  Cent,  Kent,  + 
ware,  pi.,  inhabitants,  related  to  irer,  a  man: 
see  wer),  +  burh,  city:  see  borough'^,  buri/^.] 
A  stand  with  divisions,  for  holding  music,  port- 
folios, loose  papers,  etc.,  usually  made  some- 


canterbury 

what  ornamental  as  a  piece  of  furniture,  and 
moiinted  on  casters. 

canterbury-bell  (kan'ter-ber-i-ber)t  Tlie 
popular  name  of  the  plant  Campanula  Trachc- 
Uum,  given  to  it  by  Gerard  because  of  its  abun- 
dance about  Canterbury,  England.  The  common 
canterbnry-liell  of  tlie  i;.ii'ileiis  is  C.  Meilium,  a  native  of 
central  Europe,  of  wiuch  there  are  several  varieties.  See 
ent  under  Co injin iiiila. 

Canterbury  gallop.  See  gallop. 
canterinet,  [ME.  cantcnjnc,  <  L.  canterinus, 
cautlwrinus,  of  a  horse  (lionleum  canterinum, 
horse-barley,  winter  barley),  <  canterius,  cau- 
therius,  a  gelding.]  Of  a  horse — Canterine 
barley,  horse-barley. 

This  raoone  is  sowe  eke  barly  canteryne; 
Lande  lene,  or  fatte,  or  drie,  is  for  it  digne. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  187. 

cant-fall  (kant'fal),  «.  The  fall  rove  through 
the  cant-blocks  at  the  mainmast-head  of  a 
■whaler,  forming  a  purchase  for  turning  a  whale 
over  while  flensing,  or  cutting  oft'  the  blubber. 

cant-file  (kant'fil),  n.  A  file  the  cutting  faces 
of  which  form  an  obtuse  angle,  it  is  used  for 
filing  interior  faces  in  machine-work,  as  of  spanners  or 
wrenches. 

cant-frames  (kant'framz),  n.  pi.  In  sliip-luild- 
ing,  the  frames  or  ribs  of  a  ship  which  are  near 
the  extremities,  and  are  canted  away  from  the 
perpendicular. 

Cantharellus  (kan-tha-rel'us),  )(.  [NL.  (Jus- 
sieu,  1789),  dim.  of  L.  cantliarus,  a  drinking- 
cup  (see  cantliarus),  with  ref .  to  the  shape  of 
the  fimgus;  but  prob.  suggested  by  the  F. 
clianterdle,  a  mushi'oom  {Agaricus  caniliarcllus, 
Linneeus,  1753):  see  chanterelle.]  A  genus  of 
hymenomyeetous  fungi,  allied  to  Agaricus. 
The  chanterelle,  Cantharellus  cibaris,  is  a  well- 
known  edible  species. 

canthari,  «.    Plm-al  of  cantharus. 

cantharid  (kan'tha-rid),  «.  [<  ME.  cantharide, 
cantaride  =  F.  cantharide  —  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  canta- 
rida  =  It.  cantaride,  <  L.  cantharis  (-rid-):  see 
Cantharis.'i  If.  Some  worm-insect  injurious 
to  plants. 

Bestes  forto  sle 
That  dooth  thi  vjnies  harm  let  sle  the  flie, 
The  cantliaride  in  roses  that  we  se. 

Paltadius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  32. 

2.  A  beetle  of  the  genus  Cantharis  or  group 
Cantharides ;  especially,  C.  vcsicatoria.  See 
cut  imder  Cantharis. 

Cantharidse  (kan-thar 'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Cantharis  +  -idee.']  A  family  of  coleopterous 
insects,  the  type  of  which  is  the  genus  Can- 
tharis. Other  genera  are  MeloU  and  Mylahris. 
cantharidal  (kan-thar'i-dal),  a.  [<  canthari- 
des, 2,  -t-  -«?.]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature 
of  cantharides;  composed  of  or  treated  with 
eantharidin. 

cantharidate  (kan-thar 'i-dat),  11.  {<  cantharid- 
ic  +  -afei.]    A  salt  of  cantharidic  acid. 

Cantharides  (kan-thar'i-dez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi. 
of  L.  cantharis  {-rid-),  the  Spanish  fly:  or  P. 
j)h  cantharide:  see  Ca)itharis.2  1.  In  sooL, 
a  group  of  beetles  containing  the  genus  Cantha- 
ris and  a  number  of  closely  related  genera. — 
2.  \_l.  c]  A  medicinal  preparation  of  Spanish 
flies,  used  for  blistering  and  other  pui-poses. 

cantharidian  (kan-tha-rid'i-an),  a.  [<  L.  can- 
tharis (-rid-),  the  Spanish  fly,  +  -ian.']  Pertain- 
ing to  beetles  of  the  genus  Cantharis;  made  of 
cantharides. 

Oh,  how  they  Are  the  heart  devout, 

Like  cantharidian  plasters.     Burns,  Holy  Fair. 

cantharidic  (kan-tha-rid'ik),  a.  [<  cantliarid-in 
4-  -ic]  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  ean- 
tharidin. 

eantharidin,  cantharidine  (kan-thar'i-din),  n. 

[<  L.  cantharis  (-rid-),  the  Spanish  fly,  +  -in^, 
-ine^.'i  A  peculiar  poisonous  substance  (C5Hg 
62)  existing  in  the  Cantharis  vesicatoria  (Span- 
ish fly)  and  other  Insects,  and  causing  vesica- 
tion. It  is  a  volatile  crystalline  body,  very  soluble  in 
ether,  alcohol,  and  essential  oils.  Cantharidin  is  even  bet- 
ter prepared  from  Mylahris  cichorii  than  from  the  Spanish 
fly,  as  tlie  former  insect  contains  less  fat.  It  is  only  in 
solution  that  this  substance  possesses  blistering  powers. 

Cantharina  (kan-tha-ri'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Cantharus,  3,  +  -ina^'.}  In  Griinther's  classifica- 
tion of  fishes,  the  first  group  of  Sparidcc,  having 
more  or  less  broad  trenchant  teeth  in  front  of 
the  jaws,  no  molars  nor  vomerine  teeth,  and 
the  lower  pectoral  rays  branched.  The  spe- 
cies are  mostly  vegetable-feeders.  Also  Can- 
tharina, Cantharini. 

Cantharis  (kan'tha-ris),  n.  [L.  (>  E.  cantharid, 
q.  v.),  <  Gr.  Kavdapig,  a  blistering  fly,  <  KavdapoQ, 
a  kind  of  beetle.  Cf .  cantharus^  1 .  A  genus  of 
coleopterous  insects  havtng  the  head  separated 


798 

from  the  thorax  by  a  neck ;  the  type  of  the  family 
Cantharidw.  The  best-known  species  is  that  which  is 
called  the  Spanish  or  hlisteriwj  jiy,  C.  vesicatoria.  This 


canting-coin 

lower  or  anterior  and  ]>osterior  extremities  of 
the  compound  eyes  of  insects,  (h)  A  corneous 
process  of  the  clypeus,  completely  or  partly  di- 
viding the  compound  eye.  It  is  found  in  certain 
beetles,  which  thus  appear  to  have  four  eyes, 
cantict,  cantickt,  n.  [<  L.  canticum,  q.  v.]  A 
song. 

[He]  gave  thanks  unto  God  in  some  flue  canticles  made 
in  praise  of  the  Divine  bounty. 

Urquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  i.  23. 

cantica,  n.    Plural  of  canticum. 
cantickt,       See  cantic. 

cantick-quoin  (kan'tik-koin),  n.  Same  as  cant- 
ing-coin. 

canticle  (kan'ti-kl),  n.  [<  ME.  canticle,  <  L. 
canticulum,  dim.  of  canticum  (>  also  AS.  cantic), 
a  song,  <  cantus,  a  singing,  <  canere,  sing:  see 
cant^,  chant.']  1.  One  of  the  non-metrical 
hymns  recorded  in  the  Bible  as  sung  on  some 
special  occasion,  and  expressive  of  joy,  thanks- 
giving, or  confidence  in  God's  help. —  2.  One  of 
these  hymns,  or  a  composition  of  similar  char- 
acter, arranged  for  chanting,  and  so  used  in 
church  service.  Both  the  Roman  Catholic  and  the 
Greek  churches  use  as  canticles  the  songs  of  Moses  (Ex., 
XV.  1-19  and  Deut.  xxxii.  1-43),  Hannah  (1  Sam.  ii.  1-10), 
and  Habakkuk  (iii.  2-19).  In  Isaiah  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic Church  has  canticles  taken  from  chapters  xii.  and 
xxxviii.  (10-20),  and  the  Greek  from  chapter  xxvi.  (9-20). 
The  Roman  Catholic,  Greek,  and  Anglican  churches  all  use 
the  Benedicite  as  found  in  the  third  chapter  of  Daniel 
in  the  Septuagint  and  Vulgate,  comprising  verses  35-66- 
of  the  Song  of  the  Three  Holy  Children  in  the  English 
Apocrypha;  the  Greek  Church  also  employs  the  preced- 
ing verses  (3-34)  as  a  separate  canticle.  The  three  taken 
from  the  gospels,  and  accordingly  known  as  the  Evangel- 
ical Co/i(ictes  (namely,  the  Ma(jnijk-at,  the  Benedictns,  and 
the  Nunc  Dimittis),  arc  also  used'  by  all  the  three  churches, 
just  named.  The  Te  Deum  is  accounted  a  canticle,  al- 
though not  found  in  the  Bible.  The  English  and  Ameri- 
can Books  of  Common  Prayer  also  use  certain  psalms  as 
canticles,  namely,  psalms  Ixvii.  (Dens  Misereatur),  xcviii. 
(Cantate),  and  c.  {Jubilate'),  to  which  the  American  book 
adds  xcii.  (Bvmim  est)  and  ciii.  (Benedic).  Some  writers 
also  account  the  Venite  (psalm  xcv.),  the  Gloria  in  Excel- 
sis,  and  the  Trisariion  canticles. 
Specifically — iS.  [cap.]  pi.  The  Songs,  other- 
wise called  the  Song  of  Songs,  or  Song  of  Sol- 
omon (LL.  Canticum  Canticorum  Salomonis), 
one  of  the  books  of  the  Old  Testament.  Until 
the  nineteenth  century  it  was  universally  ascribed  to  Solo- 
mon, but  some  critics  now  think  it  of  later  date. 
4t.  A  division  of  a  song  or  poem;  a  canto. 
Spenser. 

laver.  Now  generally  called j)/w'flte. — 3.  [cap.]  canticum  (kan'ti-kum),  «. ;  pi.  cantica  (-ka). 
[NL.]  A  genus  of  acanthopterygian  fishes,  of  [l.  :  nee  canticle.]  1.  In  the  ancient  Koman 
the  family  Sparida;.  C.  griseus,  a  British  spe-  drama,  any  passage  sung  by  the  actors ;  espe- 
cies,  is  known  as  the  Mack  bream,  or  Mack  sea-  cially,  in  comedy,  a  solo  accompanied  by  dan- 
hream.  Cuvier,  1829.— 4:.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  ge-  cing  and  music— 2.  [LL.]  A  canticle.- Canti- 
uus  of  moUusks.    Montfort,  1808.  cum  Canticorum,  the  Song  of  Songs,  or  Canticles, 

canthi,       Plm-al  of  canthus.  cantilate,  cantilation,  etc.  See  cantillatc,  eta. 

canthitis  (kan-thi'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  canthus  +  cantilet,  v.  t.  An  erroneous  spelling  of  cantle. 
-itis.]  Inflanunation  of  one  or  both  canthi  of  cantilena  (kan-ti-le'na),  n.  [=  F.  cantilene  — 
the  eye.  ^  Sp.  cantilena,  cantinela  =  Pg.  cantilena  =  It. 

Canthon  (kan'thon),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  navduv,  a  cantilena,  <  L.  cantilena,  a  song,  in  classical  use 
pack-ass,  applied  humorously  in  Aristophanes  an  old  song,  gossip,  <  cantillare,  dim.  of  cantare, 
(Pax  82)  to  a  beetle;  cf.  icavdapoc,  a  kind  of  sing:  see  cant^,  chant.]  1.  In  medieval  music : 
beetle:  see  cantharus.]  A  genus  of  lamellicorn  («)  A  singing  exercise  or  solfeggio.  (6)  A 
■beetles,  of  the  family  Scarabwidw,  containing  cantus  firmus,  or  melody  for  chm-ch  use. —  2. 
dung-beetles  resembling  those  of  the  genus  in  modern  music,  a  ballad  or  light  popular  song. 
Copris  in  having  nan-ow  epiplem-ee,  hornless  cantilever,  «.  See  cantaliver. 
liead  and  prothorax,  and  slender  curved  hind  cantillate  (kan'ti-lat),  v.  t.  and  i.  [<  L.  cantil- 
tibife.  C.  iojuis  is  a  common  United  States  spe-  Jatus,  pp.  of  cantillare,  sing  low,  huin,  dim.  of 
cies,  black,  and  half  an  inch  long.  cantare,  sing,  chant:  see  cant"^.]    To  chant, 

cant-hook  (kant'huk),  n.  1.  A  wooden  lever  intone,  or  recite  in  a  half-singing  style,  as  in 
vtdth  an  iron  hook  hinged  at  the  end  for  canting   Jewish  synagogues.    Also  spelled  cantilate. 


Spanish  Fly  {Cantharis  •vesicatoria). 
a,  female ;     male.   (Vertical  lines  show  natural  sizes.) 

insect  is  9  or  10  lines  in  length,  of  a  shining  green  color 
mixed  with  azure.  It  has  a  nauseous  smell,  and  is  when 
bruised  extensively  used  as  the  active  element  in  vesica- 
tory or  lilistering  plasters.  It  feeds  upon  the  leaves  of 
trees  and  shrubs,  preferring  the  ash.  The  flies  are  col- 
lected in  Spain,  Italy,  Hungary,  and  southern  Russia ;  the 
Russian  ones  are  the  largest  and  most  esteemed. 

2.  [?.  0. ;  pi.  «n(W(rt;-/(?fs  (kan-thar'i-dez).]  A 
member  of  the  genus  Cantharis. 
cantharus  (kan'tha-rus),  n. ;  pi.  canthari  (-ri). 
[L.  c((ntharus  (ML',  also  cantharum,  cantarus, 
cantarius,  a  tankard,  >  It.  cantaro  =  Sp.  cantaro, 
cantara :  see  cantara),  a  large  drinking-cup  with 
handles,  a  tankard,  pot,  also  a  kind  of  sea-fish, 
etc.,  <  Gr.  Kavdapog,  a  sea-fish,  the  sea-bream,  a 
kind  of  beetle,  etc.,  also  a  kind  of  drinking-cup, 
atanlcard,  a  pot.]  1.  In  classical  antiq.,  a  wide- 
mouthed  cup  or  vase,  with  a  foot,  and  two  han- 
dles rising  above  the  rim.  It  was  used  espe- 
cially for  drinking  wine. — 2.  [LL.]  A  fountain 
or  cistern  in  the  atrium  or  courtyard  before  an- 
cient and  some  Oriental  churches,  where  per- 
sons could  wash  before  entering  the  church ;  a 


or  turning  over  heavy  logs. —  2.  A  sling  with 
hooks,  used  to  empty  casks  by 
raising  and  tipping  them, 
canthoplastic  (kan-th9-plas'- 
tik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  consist- 
ing in  canthoplasty :  as,  a  can- 
thoplastic operation, 
canthoplasty  (kan'tho-plas-ti), 
w.    [<  Gr.  mvdoQ,  the  comer  of 


[Rare.] 

cantillation  (kan-ti-la'shon),  V.    [<  L.  as  if 

*cantillatio(n-),<  cantillare:  see  cantillate.] _  A 
chanting,  intoning,  or  recitation  in  a  half-sing- 
ing style :  especially  used  in  Jewish  synagogues. 
Also  spelled  cantilation.  [Rare.] 
cantillatory  (kan'ti-la-to-ri),  a.  Chanted,  or 
arranged  for  chanting:  as,  cantillatory  re- 
sponses.   -A.ISO  spelled  cantilatory. 


the  eye  (see  canthus),  +  irAaaTog,  verbal  adj.  of  cantily  (kan'ti-li),  adv.    In  a  canty  manner', 
TzMaotiv,  form,  mold.]    The  operation  of  slit-    cheerfully;  livelily.  [Scotch.] 
ting  up  the  outer  canthus,  or  corner  of  the  eye,  cantine  (kan-ten'),  n.    See  canteen. 

so  as  to  enlarge  the  opening  between  the  lids.  '■• —  /i-c-'+j^-n 

canthus  (kan'thus),  n. ;  pi.  canthi  (-thi).  [NL., 
<  Gr.  Kavdog,  the  corner  of  the  eye:  see  cant^.] 
1.  The  angle  formed 


a,  inner  Canthus ;  b,  outer  Can- 
thus. 


canting  (kan'ting),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  cant"^,  v.]  1. 
Affectedly  or  hypocritically  pious;  whining: 
as,  a  canting  hypocrite  ;  a  canting  lone  of  voice. 

A  pedant,  canting  preacher,  arid  a  ciuack, 
fjy  lue  jLLuuuiuii  ui.  tiic  Are  load  enough  to  break  one  ass's  back, 

eyelids.   The  two  canthi  Dryden,  Prol.  to  Pilgrim,  1.  49. 

ttSra"sX"olt:  2.  In  7..r   allusive  ;  ^^^f  P^^/^  ^-^^ 

temporal,  or  lesser,  and  name,  estate,  or  the  like.    See  allusive  aims, 

the  iuTier,  nasal,  or  great-  under  ar»j2._  Canting  coat,  a  coat  of  arms  in  which 

er.    In  most  animals  the  allusive  bearings  are  used. 

S'thf'loS^r  and  cauting-coin  (kan'ting-koin),  «    A  triangular 

^uHor  wooden  block  with  which  a  cask  is  chocked  to 

2.  In  entom. :  (a)  One  keep  it  from  rolling  when  stowed.    Also  called 

of    the   upper   and  cantick-quoin. 


cantingly 

cantingly  (kan'ting-li),  adv.  In  a  canting 
manner;  whiningly;  hypocritically. 

canting- wheel  (kan 'ting-hwel),  «.  A  star- 
wheel  for  an  endless  chain,  the  cogs  having 
the  corners  cut  off  or  canted.    E.  U.  Knight. 

cantini^re  (kan-te-nyar'),  n.  [F.,  fern,  of  can- 
timer,  sutler,  <  cantine,  a  sutler's  shop,  a  can- 
teen :  see  canteen.'\  A  female  sutler  to  a  regi- 
ment ;  a  vivandiere. 

cantino  (kan-te'no),  n.  [It.,  <  cantare,  <  L.  can- 
tare,  sing:  see  cant^,  chant.^  The  treble  string 
of  a  violin. 

cantiont  (kan'shon),  n.     [=  F.  chanson  (see 
chanson),  <  L.  cantioOn-),  a  song,  <  canere,  pp. 
cantus,  sing:  see  cant\  v.]     A  song;  anything 
that  is  sung. 
Singing  a  Cantion  of  Colins  making. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  October,  Glosse. 
cantle  (kan'tl),  n.    [<  ME.  cantel,  cantil,  <  OF. 
cantel  (F.  chanteau)  =  Pr.  cantel,  a  corner,  a 
piece,  bit  (cf.  Sp.  cantillo,  a  little  stone),  < 
ML.  cantellus,  dim.  of  cantus,  side,  comer:  see 
cant^.    Hence  ult.  scantle,  scantlet,  scantling, 
q.  v.]    1.  A  corner;  fragment;  piece;  portion. 
See  how  tliis  river  comes  me  cranlting  in, 
And  cuts  me,  from  the  best  of  all  my  land, 
A  huge  half-moon,  a  monstrous  cantle  out 

Shale,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  l. 

„         ,    ^  Do  you  remember 

ine  cantle  of  immortal  cheese  you  carried  with  you  ? 

Fletcher  (and  another).  Queen  of  Corinth,  ii.  4. 

2.  The  protuberant  part  of  a  saddle  behind ; 
the  hind  bow.  in  the  war-saddles  of  the  middle  ages 
after  the  thirteenth  century,  the  cantle  was  made  hin-h 
and  strong  enough  to  bear  the  weight  and  pressure  of  tlie 
person  of  the  rider,  who,  when  he  put  lance  in  rest  to  char°-e 
stood  up  m  the  stirrups  and  braced  himself  against  it 
cantlet  (kan'tl),  v.  t.  [<  cantle, «.]  To  cut  into 
pieces ;  cut  a  piece  out  of. 

The  Duke  of  Lorraine  was  for  cantling  out  some  part  of 
France,  which  lay  next  his  territories. 

Dryden,  Vind.  of  Duke  of  Guise, 
cantlet  (kant'let),  n.    [Dim.  of  cantle,  n.  Cf. 
scantlet.^  A  corner;  piece;  fragment;  a  cantle. 
Huge  cantlets  of  his  buckler  strew  the  ground. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metaiiiorph.,  xii. 
Thanks  to  his  clasp-knife,  he  was  able  to  appropriate  a 
wmg  of  fowl  and  a  slice  of  ham  ;  a  catitlet  of  cold  custard- 
puddmg  he  thought  would  harmonize  with  these  articles. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxxiii. 
cantling  (kant'ling),  n.     [<  cant^  +  -ling'i-,'] 
The  lower  course  of  bricks  inclosing  a  briek- 
clamp. 

cantlyt,  adv.    [<  cant^,  a.,  +  -li/^.']  Boldly. 

Then  criet  he  full  cantly  the  knightes  vpon. 
And  the  tyde  men  of  Troy,  with  a  tore  steuyn. 
In  hast  for  to  bye  to  there  bed  prinse. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  6504. 

cant-molding  (kanfmol'ding),  n.  A  molding 
with  a  beveled  face. 

canto  (kan'to),  n.  [<  It.  canto  (=  Pg.  Sp.  caiito 
=  F.  cha7it,  >  E.  chant),  <  L.  cantus,  a  song,  < 
canere,  sing:  see  cant^,  chant.^  1.  A  part  or 
division  of  a  poem  of  some  length :  as,  the  six 
cantos  of  "The  Lady  of  the  Lake."— 2.  In  mu- 
sic, the  highest  voice-part  in  concerted  music ; 
soprano. 

canto  fermo  (kan'to  fer'mo).  [It.,  <  ML. 
cantus  firmus :  L.  cantus,  song;  firmus,  firm: 
see  chant,  canto,  and  firm.^  1.  Firm  or  fixed 
song;  the  ancient  traditional  vocal  music  of 
the  Christian  church:  so  called  because,  its 
form  being  settled  and  its  use  prescribed  by 
ecclesiastical  authority,  it  was  not  allowable  to 
alter  it  in  any  manner,  it  was  originally  sung  in  uni- 
son, or  in  octaves  only,  and  in  its  strictestform  one  note  was 
assigned  to  each  syllable  of  the  words.  After  the  third  cen- 
tury It  was  allowable  to  add  other  parts  in  harmony  with 
the  canto  fermo,  which  was  then  assigned  to  the  tenor  voice 
and  sung  without  change,  the  other  parts  moving  above 
and  below  it  in  counterpoint  more  or  less  free,  the  com- 
poser being  at  liberty  to  give  to  each  syllable  as  many 
notes,  and  to  arrange  them  in  such  manner,  as  his  taste 
and  his  Ideas  of  harmony  and  fitness  dictated.  These  ad- 
ditional parts,  being  more  elaborate  and  ornamental  than 
the  canto  fermo,  were  called,  in  contradistinction  to  it 
canto  jigurato. 

2.  A  theme  or  subject  taken  by  a  composer 
from  the  ancient  canto  fermo  of  the  church, 
for  contrapuntal  treatment.  The  term  is  also  techni- 
caUy  applied  to  themes  written  in  imitation  of  the  ancient 
canto  fermo,  and  treated  contrapuntally.  See  plain-song. 

canto  figurato  (kan'to  fig-6-ra't6).  [It.,  <  ML. 
cantus  figuratus:  L.  cantus,  song;  figuratus, 
figured,  flond:  see  chant,  canto,  and  figured.'] 
igiu-ed  or  florid  song.    See  canto  fermo. 

cantoni  (kan'ton),  n.  [=  G.  canton  (but  Swiss 
<j.  usually  ort:  see  ord),  <  F.  ca»to;i=  Sp.  can- 
ton =  Pg.  cantao  =  It.  cantone,  <  ML.  canto{n-) 
(also  cantonum),  a  region,  district,  quarter  of 
a  city,  also  a  squared  stone,  <  cantus  (>  OF.  cant 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  canto),  a  corner:  see  cant^.j  1, 


till. 


799 

An  angle  or  corner ;  also,  an  angular  space  or 
nook. 

In  a  canton  of  the  wall,  right  against  the  North  end  of 
the  Sepulchre,  there  is  a  clift  in  the  rock. 

Sandys,  Travailes,  p.  148. 

2.  A  portion  of  space ;  a  parcel  of  ground. 
There  are  no  grotesques  in  nature ;  not  any  thing  framed 

to  All  up  empty  cantons,  and  unnecessary  spaces. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  i.  15. 

3.  A  small  district;  a  subdivision  of  a  country. 
Specifically —((I)  In  Switzerland,  one  of  the  separate  terri- 
torial members  of  the  confederation,  constituting  a  dis- 
tinct state  or  government. 

The  canton  of  Underwald  consists  only  of  villages  and 
boroughs,  although  it  is  twenty-five  miles  in  length  and 
seventeen  in  breadth.  J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  316. 

(6)  In  France,  the  territorial  division  be- 
low an  ariondissement  and  above  a  com- 
mune. See  arrondissement. 
4.  In  her.,  a  part  of  the  chief, 
cut  off  on  either  the  left-  or  the 
right-hand  upper  corner,  it  is  al- 
ways bounded  by  straight  horizontal  and 
vertical  lines,  and  is  generally  consid- 
ered one  of  the  subordinaries.  See  or- 
dinary. 

The  King  gave  us  the  armes  of  England  to  be  borne  in 
a  canton  in  our  armes.         Evelyn,  Diary,  Aug.  21,  1662. 

5.  A  distinct  part  or  division :  as,  the  cantons 
of  a  painting  or  other  representation,  or  of  a 
flag. 

A  square  piece  or  canton  of  the  fish  Tuny  salted  and 
condited.  Holland,  Pliny,  II.  434. 

canton!  (kan'ton),  v.  t.  [=  F.  cantonner;  from 
the  noun.]  1.  To  divide  into  cantons  or  dis- 
tricts, as  territory;  divide  into  distinct  por- 
tions; with  out,  to  cutout  and  separate. 

They  canton  out  to  themselves  a  little  Goshen  in  the 
intellectual  world.  Locke,  Conduct  of  Understanding,  §  i. 
You  shall  hear  how  I  have  canton'd  out  the  day. 

Mrs.  Centlivre,  Love  at  a  Venture,  i. 
2.  To  allot  separate  quarters  to  the  different 
divisions  or  parts  (usually  regiments)  of:  as, 
to  canton  an  army  or  a  detachment.  [In  this 
sense  pronounced  kan-ton'  and  kan-ton'.] 

The  practice  of  cantoning  a  body  of  soldiers  near  the 
plain  where  the  kings  are  elected,  has  been  adopted  by 
several  foreign  powers  for  near  a  century. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  376. 


Cantuarian 

cawtowMPj*,  canton :  see  crtJitoni,  ?;.]  1.  Apart 
or  division  of  a  town  or  village  assigned  to  a 
particular  regiment  of  troops;  csiifciallv,  in 
India,  a  permanent  military  station  forming 
the  nucleus  of  the  European  quarter  of  a  city. 

You  find  by  degrees  that  an  Indian  station  consists  of 
two  parts:  the  cantonments  of  the  Europeans,  the  native 
city  and  bazaar.  W.  //.  Russell,  Diary  in  India,  I.  180. 
2.  pi.  The  dwelling-places  occupied  by  an 
army  during  any  suspension  of  active  opera- 
tions in  the  field ;  the  tomporai-y  shelter,  other 
than  that  of  tents,  which  an  army  may  oc- 
casionally take,  as  when,  during  a  season  of 
excessive  heat,  the  troops  are  distributed  in 
villages,  houses,  etc.,  but  so  as  not  to  be  widely 
scattered;  military  quarters;  specifically,  the 
winter  quarters  of  an  army. 

The  troops  lay  principally  in  cantonments  aliout  the 
mouth  of  the  Thames.    Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  S!), 


Argent,  a  Canton 
ermine. 


canton^t,  n.    A  variant  of  canto. 

Write  loyal  cantons  of  contemned  love, 
And  sing  them  loud  even  in  the  dead  of  night 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  5. 

cantonal  (kan' ton -al),  a.  [<  F.  cantonal  (= 
Pr.  cantonal),  <  canton :  see  canton'^.']  Pertain- 
ing to  or  consisting  of  a  canton  or  cantons. 
Canton  crape.  See  crape. 
cantone  (kan-ton-a'),  a.  [F.  cantonne,  pp.  of 
cantonner:  see  canton'^-,  v.]  In  her.,  same  as 
cantoned,  1. 

cantoned  (kan'tond),  a.  [<  cantonl  -i-  -ed^: 
after  F.  cantonne.]  1.  In  her.,  between  or 
surrounded  by  charges  which  occupy  the  cor- 
ners: said  of  a 
cross  when  de- 
picted of  the 
full  size  of  the 
field,  as  an  hon- 
orable ordinary. 
—  2.  Furnished 
at  the  angles  or 
sides  with  some 
projecting  part: 
in  arch.,  applied 
to  a  building  of 
which  the  cor- 
ners are  deco- 
rated with  pro- 
jectingpilasters 
or  coins.  The 
expression  is  more 
particularly  em- 
ployed in  describ- 
ing pillars  such  as 
those  of  the  Renais- 
sance style,  which 

have  a  projecting  shaft  on  each  of  their  faces  or  on  each 
of  their  angles. 

Canton  flannel.   See  flannel. 
cantonite  (kan'ton-it),  n.    [<  Catiton  (see  def.) 
-I-  -«fe2.]    Copper  sulphid  (covellite)  in  cubic 
crystals,  probably  pseudomorphous,  from  the 
Canton  mine  in  Georgia. 

cantonize  (kan'ton-Iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  can- 
tonized,  ppr.  cantonising.  [<  canton'^  4-  -ize.] 
To  canton  or  divide  into  small  districts. 

Thus  was  all  Ireland  cantonized  among  ten  persons  of 
the  English  nation.  Sir  J.  Davies,  State  of  Ireland. 

cantonment  (kan'ton-  or  kan-ton'ment;  in 
India,  kan-ton'ment)',  n.   [<  F,  cantonnement,  < 


Cantoned  Building. 

1.  Hotel  de  ViUe,  Arras.  France. 

2.  College  of  the  Sapienza,  Rome. 


cantoon  (kan-ton'),  n.  A  strong  cotton  cloth 
smooth  on  one  side  and  corded  on  the  other. 
See  corded. 

cantor  (kan'tor),  n.    [L.,  a  singer,  <  canere, 
sing:  see  cant'^,  v.]    Eccles.,  an  officer  whose 
duty  is  to  lead  the  singing  in  a  cathedral  or  in 
a  collegiate  or  parish  church;  a  precentor, 
cantoral  (kan'to-ral),  a.     i<  cantor  +  -al.] 
Relating  or  pertaining  to  a  cantor  or  precentor: 
as,  a  cantoral  staff. 
Cantores  (kan-to'i-ez),  n.  pi.    [L.,  pi.  of  can- 
tor, a  singer,  <  canere,  sing:  see  cant^,  v.]  In 
Blyth's  classification  (1849),  the  fourth  order  of 
birds,  including  the  restricted  Fasseriiia;  or  the 
Passerincc  of  Cuvier  divested  of  all  their  hetero- 
geneous elements :  it  was  thus  equivalent  to  the 
order  Passeres  of  modern  naturalists.   See  Can- 
tatores,  Oscincs,  and  Passeres. 
cantoris  (kan-to'ris),  a.    [L.,  gen.  of  cantor,  a 
singer:  see  cantor.]    Eccles.,  of  or  belonging  to 
the  cantor  or  precentor:  as,  the  cantoris  side 
of  the  choir,  the  side  on  the  left  or  north  of  one 
facing  the  altar:  opposed  to  the  decani  side. 
Cantor's  tlieorem._  See  theorem. 
cant-piece  (kant'pes),  n.    In  ship-huilding,  one 
of  the  pieces  of  timber  secured  to  the  angles 
of  fishes  and  sidetrees,  to  take  the  place  of  any 
piece  that  may  prove  deficient.  Weale. 
cant-rail  (kant'ral),  «.    1.  A  triangular  rail. 
HaUiwell.    [Prov.  Eng.]  — 2.  A  fire-pole.  Hal- 
liwell.    [Prov.  Eng.]— 3.  A  timber  running 
along  the  tops  of  the  upright  pieces  in  the  sides 
of  the  body  of  a  railway-carnage  and  supporting 
the  roof  and  roof-sticks.    [Eng.]    Called  in  the 
United  States  a  2>late.    Car-Builder's  Diet. 
cantraip,  cantrap,  n.   See  cantrip. 
cantrea  (kan'tred),  n.    [Also  cantref,  cantrev, 
l-antry;<  ME.  candrede  (Mh.  cantredus,  candre- 
diis,  cantaredus),  <  W.  cantref,  a  hundred  (i.  e., 
a  district  so  called),  <  cant  {=  L.  centum  =  E. 
hund-red)  +  tref,  also  tred,  tre,  a  dwelling- 
place,  homestead,  town.]    In  Wales,  a  division 
of  country;  a  hundred. 

The  principal  land  measure  [of  Wales]  was  the  erw 
which  seems  to  have  contained  about  the  same  area  as 
our  English  acre.  Four  erws  constituted  a  tyddyn  or  ten- 
ement ;  12,800  erws  formed  the  territorial  division  called 
a  cymwd,  and  about  double  that  number  a  cantrev 

Edinburgh  Rev.,  CLXV.  75. 

cantrip,  cantrap  (kan 'trip,  -trap),  n.  [Sc., 
also  written  cantraip;  origin  unknown.  Ac- 
cording to  one  conjecture,  <  Icel.  gandr,  witch- 
craft, -f  trapp,  tramping ;  according  to  another, 
<  can  <2,  in  sense  of  '  charm  or  incantation , '  4-  So. 
raip=z'E.  rope,  a  cord,  and  orig.  meaning  'magie 
cord,'  cords  knotted  in  various  ways  figuring 
frequently  in  old  spells  or  charms."  Cf.  con- 
traption.]  1.  A  charm;  a  spell;  an  incanta- 
tion. Ramsay. 

And  by  some  deev'lish  cantrip  slight 
Each  in  its  cauld  hand  held  a  light. 

Burnti,  Tam  o'  Shanter. 
2.  A  piece  of  mischief  artfully  or  adroitly  per- 
formed ;  a  trick. 

As  Waverley  passed  him,  .  .  .  approaching  his  stirrup 
lie  bade  "Tak'  heed  the  auld  Wliig  played  hiiu  iiae  can- 
'''V-  Scott,  Waverley,  xxix. 

cant-robin  (kant'rob'in),  n.  The  dwarf  doe- 
rose.  [Scotch.]  ^ 
cant-spar  (kant'spar),  n.  Xaut.,  a  small  pole 
or  spar  fit  for  making  a  small  mast  or  vard,  a 
boom,  or  the  like, 
cant-timber  (kant'tim"ber),  n.  In  ship-build- 
ing, one  of  the  timbers  at  the  end  of  a  ship 
which  rise  obliquely  from  the  keel.  The  pair  at 

the  stem  (called  knight-head.^)  form  a  bed  for  the  recep- 
tion of  the  Ijowsprit,  and  incline  forward,  while  the  pair 
at  the  stern  incline  aft. 

Cantuarian  (kan-tii-a'ri-an),  a.  [<  ML.  Can- 
tuarius,  Cantuarensis,  of'  Canterbm-y,  <  AS. 


Cantuarian 

Canticare,  pi.,  the  iuliabitants  of  Kent  (or  Can- 
terbm-y):  see  canterhunj.']  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Cauterbiiry,  especially  as  the  archiepis- 
eopal  see  of  the  primate  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land. 

cantUS  (kan'tus),  n. ;  pi.  cantus.  [L. :  see  chant, 
canto.']  A  song  or  melody;  especially,  an  ec- 
clesiastical meTody  or  style  of  music — Cantus 

Ambrosianus  irj,.l,  the  styU- uf  c-lmrc-li  nm>ic-  iiistituteil 
liv  Ainliinse,  tlie  Hist  stvlf  uf  plain-soim  (uliuh  st-e).— 

Cantus  ecclesiasticus  l-\n..|.  («')  chmxii  imisu-  m  -cn- 

eral.  I'lniu-scni'-;  in  partiiiilar.  (i-)  A  nnisu-al  ifinU'iniLr 
of  a  litm-yy.  as  contiastfil  with  mere  reading.— Cantus 
figuratUs'lMf..],  tiuuiateil  plaiu-soim'.  or  eouuterpoint. 
Seet-adM  — Cantus  firmus  IML.I,  the  meleilyiii 

plain-soiri  (ori-i)iallv  jiiveii  to  tlie  tenor  voiee),  or  a  melody 
taken  as  the  tlienie  or  snbjeet  for  eontrapnntal  eoniposi- 
tion.  See  canto  /Vrxio.— Cantus  Gregorianus  IML.I, 
the  style  of  church  music  institiited  liy  t!re;.;ory  tlie  IJreat, 
the  se'coud  style  of  plain-son^.—  Cantus  mensurabllis 
[ML.],  measured  or  metrical  melody,  havinu'  all  its  notes 
commensurate  in  duration  :  invented  about  the  twelfth 
century.  — Cantus  planus  [ML.],  plain-song. 

canty  (kan'ti),  u.  [North  E.  and  Sc.,  also  cant; 
<  ME.  cant,  hint,  spirited,  bold:  see  cant^.] 
Lively;  sprightly;  cheerful:  applied  to  persons 
and  things. 

Contented  wi'  little  and  cantie  wi'  mair.    Burns,  Song. 
Then  at  her  door  the  canty  dame 
Would  sit,  as  any  linnet  gay. 

Wordsworth,  Goody  Blake, 
There  were  the  bailie's  wife,  and  the  bailie's  three 
daughters,  and  the  bailie's  grown-up  s<in,  and  three  or 
four  stout,  ljushy  eyebrowed,  canty  old  Scotch  fellows. 

Dickens,  Pickwick,  xli.x. 

Canuck,  Kanuck  (ka-nuk'),  «•  and  a.  [Of 
Amer.  Ind.  origin.]    I.  n.  A  Canadian :  a  nick- 
name in  the  United  States. 
II.  a.  Canadian. 

canula,  «.    See  cannula. 

canut  (ka-ntif),  n.  [<  NL.  canutus,  specific 
name  of  the  knot:  see  Inof^.]    A  book-name 


800 

canvas,  «.]  1.  To  pro-vdde  or  cover  with  can- 
vas. 

The  door  had  been  nailed  up  and  canvassed  over. 

Dickens. 

2t.  To  toss  as  in  canvas;  shake;  take  to  task. 
I'll  canms  thee  between  a  pair  of  sheets. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

3.  To  sift;  examine;  discuss:  in  this  sense 
now  usually  spelled  canvass  (which  see), 
canvasback  (kan'vas-bak),  n.  A  North  Amer- 
ican duck  of  the  family  Anatida;  and  stibfamily 
FidiguJuup,  the  Fiiligula  (or  Aristonetta)  vallis- 
ncria,  highly  esteemed  for  the  delicacy  of  its 

flesh.  It  is  found  in  North  America  at  large,  breeding 
from  the  Northern  States  northward,  and  wintering  in  the 
Middle  States  and  southward,  being  especially  abunilant 
in  winter  along  the  Atlantic  coast,  where  it  feeds  much  on 


Canvasbacks  (/^!</i£i</ii  [Aristonetta)  valtisneria). 

the  wild  celery,  Vallisneria  spiralis,  and  is  then  in  the 
best  condition  for  the  table.  The  name  is  derived  from 
the  color  of  the  back,  which  is  white,  very  finely  verniic- 
ulated  with  narrow,  zigzag,  blackish  bars  or  rows  of  dots. 
In  geiiei'al,  the  canvasback  closely  resembles  the  common 
pochard  or  redhead,  Fuliyula  ferina,  but  the  bill  and  head 
are  ditferently  shaped.  The  head  is  not  coppery-red,  as  in 
the  pochard,  but  dusky  reddish-brown,  and  the  size  is 
greater. 


who  goes  aloft  to  handle  sails.  [Rare.] 
From  the  ladder-tackle  washes  off 
A  canims-climber.  Shak.,  Pericles,  iv.  1. 


of  a  sandpiper,  the  knot,  Tringa  canutus 
knot^.  Edwards. 

canutillo  (ka-uo-te'lyo),  n.  [Sp.  caflutillo,  lit.  a 
small  pipe  or  tube,  dim.  of  cafiuto,  a  pipe,  part 

of  a  cane  from  knot  to  knot,  <  cana,  a  cane,  .i.     n     >      i   j-//a«\         a  ,v,„«b^r,^ 

pipe :  see  caneK]  In  the  United  States  of  Co-  canvas-CUtter  (kan'vas-kuf'er),  n.  A  machine 
Fombia   one  of  the  fine  separate  crystals  of   f?r  cutting  canvas,  cardboard,  and  other  fab- 

more  valuable  ^^--^  ^'^^^^^^^^ 
JSncijc.  Brit.,  VIII.  170.   merely  a  particular  use  of  canvas,  v.  (ct.  UJ^ . 


caoutchouc 

legislature  disclosed  a  majority  of  six  in  favor 
of  the  measure. —  3.  A  seeking;  solicitation; 
specifically,  systematic  solicitation  for  the  votes 
and  support  of  a  district  or  of  individuals  by  a 
candidate  for  office  or  by  his  friends. 

No  previous  canoass  was  made  for  me. 

Burke,  Speech  at  Bristol,  Nov.  3,  1774. 

The  fall  campaign  in  this  city  has  been  begun  already  by 
the  organization  of  a  great  anti-'rammany  movement,  with 
a  general  committee  of  twelve  hundred  "and  all  the  appli- 
ances of  an  active  canvass.         Tlic  Xation,  XXVII.  18. 

4.  Discussion;  debate. 

Worthy  Ihecanvass  and  discussion  of  sober  and  consid- 
erate men.       Dr.  II.  More,  Pre-e.\istence  of  the  Soul,  Pref. 

can'vasser  (kan'vas-er),  11.  1.  One  who  solicits 
votes,  mercantile  orders,  etc. 
As  a  canms.<:er  he  [Wharton]  was  irresistible. 

Macautay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xx. 

2.  One  who  examines  the  returns  of  votes  cast 
for  a  public  officer;  a  scrutineer, 
canvas-stretcher  (kau'vas-strech-'er),  n.  A 
wooden  frame  consisting'  of  four  strips  mor- 
tised together,  upon  which  canvas  is  stretched 
for  artists  to  paint  upon. 

can'vas-'WOrk  (kan'vas-werk),  n,  1.  Embroi- 
dery upon  cloth  over  which  canvas  has  been 
laid  to  guide  the  stitches,  the  threads  of  the 
canvas  being  then  pulled  out. — 2.  A  kind  of 
embroidery  done  in  Berlin  wool  upon  silk  can- 
vas with  plush-stitch,  which  when  completed 
has  the  appearance  of  velvet  pile.  Also  called 
raised  canvas-work.  Diet,  of  Needlework. 
cany  (ka'ni),  a.  [<  cane^  +  -yi.]  1.  Consisting 
or  made  of  cane. 

Of  Sericana,  where  Chineses  drive 

With  sails  and  wind  their  cany  waggons  light. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  439. 

2.  Abounding  with  canes :  as,  cawy  brakes. 


^^'^^  canvas-climbert  (kau'vas-ldl'mer),  w.  A  sailor  canyon,  n.  and  v.    See  canon. 


stones. 

canvas  (kan'vas),  M.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  canvesse,  canmesse,  <  ME.  canvas,  kanvas, 
canevas  =  D.  kancfas=  G.  cannevas,  kanevas  = 
Sw.  kanfass  =  Dan.  kannevas  =  Russ.  kanva,  < 
OF.  canevas,  canevers,  also  (inderiv.)  *canabas, 
also  assibilated  clianevas,  chancra~,  chanvcnas, 
mod.  F.  canevas  —  Pr.  canahas  =  Sp.  caUama- 
zo  -  Pg.  canhamago  =  It.  canavaccio,  formerly 
also  canevaccio,  cannevaccio,  canapazzo,  can- 
vas, hempen  cloth,  <  ML.  cannevasium,  canaha- 
cius,  prop.  *cannahaceum,  *cannabaceus,  neut.  or 
masc.  of  adj.  cannahaceus  (>  OF.  chanevace),  of 
hemp,  <  L.  cannabis='E.  hemp:  see  hemp,  Canna- 
bis, and  -aceous.  Hence  canvas,  v.,  and  canvass, 
V.  and  «.]  I.  n. ;  pi.  canvases,  sometimes  can- 
vasses. 1.  Aclosely  woven,  dense,  heavy  cloth 
of  hemp  or  flax,  used  for  any  purpose  for  which 
strength  and  durability  are  required.  Specifi- 
cally—(a)  Sail-cloth  (wliich  see),  (h)  A  carefully  woven 
fabric  used  as  a  surface  or  support  for  oil-painting.  It  is 
prepared  by  stretching  it  on  long  frames,  and  covering 
it  with  one  or  two  coats  of  neutral-colored  paint.  Four 
kinds  are  known  in  trade  :  single  prime,  smooth,  Koman, 
and  twilled. 

Touch'd  the  canvas  into  life. 

Addison,  To  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller. 

2.  A  fabric  woven  in  small  square  meshes,  used 
for  working  tapestry  or  embroidery  with  the 
needle. 

And  on  the  flore  yeast  a  canevas. 
Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  386. 

3.  Naut.,  cloth  in  sails,  or  sails  in  general: 
as,  to  spread  as  much  canvas  as  the  ship  will 
bear. 

In  the  north,  her  canvas  flowing, 
Piose  a  ship  of  France. 

Tennyson,  The  Captain. 

Boll  of  canvas.  See  boll^.—  Chess-board  canvas.  See 
chess-board.— To  be  or  live  under  canvas,  to  be  or  live 
in  tents.—  To  give  one  the  canvas,  to  receive  the  can- 
vas, to  dismiss  a  person,  or  to  be  dismissed  :  old  phrases 
equivalent  respectively  to  to  give  oiu  the  sack  and  to  yet 
the  sack,  said  to  be  in  allusion  to  the  canvas  used  for  me- 
chanics' tool-bags. 

Rid.  If  she  would  affect  one  of  us,  for  my  part  I  am  in- 
different. 

Vent.  So  say  I  too,  but  to  give  us  both  the  canvas  ! 

Shirley,  Hyde  Park,  i.  1. 

II,  a.  Made  of  canvas. 

Where-e'er  thy  navy  spreads  her  canvas  wings. 
Homage  to  thee  and  peace  to  all  she  brings. 

Waller,  To  the  King. 

canvas  (kan'vas),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  canvased 
or  canvassed,  ppr.  canvasing  or  canvassing.  [< 


canabasscr,  "to  canvas,  curiously  to  examine, 
search  or  sift  otit  the  depth  of  a  matter"— Cot- 
grave),  lit.  sift  as  through  canvas,  this  fabric  in 
its  coarser  texture  having  been  used  as  a  sifting- 
clotli ;  <  canvas,  n.  Cf .  bolt,  v.,  sift,  examine,  of 
similar  origin.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  examine;  scru- 
tinize. 

The  .  .  .  merits  of  the  petitioners  are  canvassed  by  the 
people.  Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  xxiii. 

As  it  life  offered  nothing  b<it  a  variety  of  diversions,  and 
it  was  incumbent  upon  one  who  appreciated  life  at  its  true 
value  to  canvass  that  variety  in  the  shortest  space  possi- 
ble. J.  Hawthorne,  Dust,  p.  288. 

Specifically— 2.  To  sift  or  examine  by  way  of 

discussion;  discuss;  debate. 

An  opinion  that  we  are  likely  soon  to  canvass. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

To  canvass  with  official  breath 
The  future  and  its  viewless  things. 

M.  Arnold,  A  Wish. 

The  very  nndue  disposition  of  what  is  questionably 
called  "good  society"  to  canvass  in  an  ill-natured  manner 
the  character  and  position  of  one  who  did  not  stoop  to 
flatter  its  many  vulgar  fancies. 

Gladstone,  Gleanings,  I.  83. 
3.  To  sift  or  investigate  by  inquiry;  examine 
as  to  opinions,  desires,  or  intentions ;  apply  to 
or  address  for  the  purpose  of  influencing  ac- 


canzont,  n.  [<  It.  canzona,  canzone,  a  song,  bal- 
lad: see  canzona.']    A  poem;  a  song. 

Cannot  the  body  weep  without  the  eyes? 
Yes,  and  frame  deepest  canzons  of  lament. 

Middleion,  Solomon  Paraphrased,  xvii. 

canzona,  canzone  (kan-zo'nii,  -ne),  n.  [It.,  a 
song,  ballad,  ode,  =  F.  chanson  =  E.  cantion,  < 
L.  cantio(n-),  a  song:  see  chanson  and  cantion.] 

1.  A  particular  variety  of  lyric  poetry  in  the 
Italian  style,  and  of  Provencal  origin,  which 
closely  resembled  the  madrigal.  Grove. 

The  Cauzoniere  includes  also  a  few  political  poems— a 
canzone  to  Italy,  one  supposed  to  be  addressed  to  Cola  di 
Kienzi,  and  several  sonnets  against  the  court  of  Avignon. 

Encyc.  Brit,  XIII.  504. 

2.  In  music :  (a)  A  setting  of  such  poetry,  dif- 
fering from  the  madrigal  in  being  less  elaborate 
and  artistic,  (b)  An  instrumental  piece  resem- 
bling a  madrigal. 

canzonet  (kan-zo-nef),  «•  [<  It-  canzonetta, 
dim.  of  canzone:  see  caiizona.]  1.  A  little  or 
short  song,  shorter  and  less  elaborate  than  the 
aria  of  oratorio  or  opera. 

The  canzonet  and  roundelay. 

Rogers,  An  Italian  Song. 

I  amused  the  fair  Discretion  with  some  canzonets,  and 
other  toys,  which  could  not  but  be  ravishing  to  her  inex- 
perienced ears.  Scott,  Mona'stery,  II.  96. 

He  drank  a  few  cups  of  claret,  and  sang  (to  himself)  a 
strophe  or  two  of  the  canzonettes  of  the  divine  Astrophel. 

Scott,  Monastery,  II.  131. 

Poor  soul !  I  had  a  maid  of  honour  once ; 
She  wept  her  true  eyes  blind  for  such  a  one, 
A  rogue  of  canzonets  and  serenades. 

Tennyson,  The  Princess,  iv. 

2.  In  music,  a  short  concerted  air;  a  madrigal. 


tion,  or  of  ascertaining  a  probable  result:  as,  to  canzonette,  -n.    Same  as  canzonet 
canvass  the  people  of  a  city  with  reference  to  caouane,  caouanne  (ka-wan' ),  n.__  [A  F.  spell- 


an  approaching  election,  for  the  promotion  of 
a  public  undertaking,  or  the  like.— 4.  To  tra- 
verse for  the  purpose  of  inquiry  or  solicitation ; 
apply  to  or  address  the  inhabitants  of  with  ref- 
erence to  prospective  action:  as,  to  canvass  a 
district  for  votes,  for  subscriptions,  etc. —  5t. 
To  shake;  take  to  task.  See  canvas,  v.  t.,  2. 
II.  intrans.  To  solicit  or  go  about  soliciting 


votes,  interest,  orders,  subscriptions,  or  the  caOUtchouc  (ko'chiik) 


iug  of  a  native  W.  Ind.  name  (NL.  caouana).] 
A  name  of  the  loggerhead  tui-tle,  Thalasso- 
chelys  caretta  or  T.  caouava.  J.  E.  Gray. 
caoutchin,  caoutchine  (ko'chin),  n.  [<  caout- 
ch(ouc)  +  -1/(2,  -inc'^.]  An  inflammable  vol- 
atile oil  produced  by  distillation  of  caoutchouc 
at  a  high  temperatui-e.  Also  caoutchoucin  and 
caoutclioucine. 


like :  followed  by  for :  as,  to  canvass  for  an 
office  or  preferment ;  to  canvass  for  a  friend ; 
to  canvass  for  a  mercantile  firm, 
canvass  (kan'vas),  n.  [<  canvass,  v.]  1.  Ex- 
amination; close  inspection;  scrutiny:  as,  a 
canvass  of  votes.  Specifically- 2.  An  exami- 
nation or  scrutiny  of  a  body  of  men,  in  order  to 
ascertain  their  opinions  or  their  intentions,  es- 
pecially whether  they  will  vote  for  or  against  a 
given  measure  or  candidate;  an  estimate  of 
the  number  of  votes  cast  or  to  be  cast  for  or 
against  a  candidate  or  bill ;  as,  a  canvass  of  the 


[=  Gr.  caoutschuch 


_  Kuss.  kauchuku,  <  F.  caoutchouc,  formerly 
also  caoutcJmi,  from  the  native  S.  Amer.  name 
cahuchu.]  An  elastic  gummy  substance,  the 
inspissated  milky  juice  of  various  tropical 
trees  belonging  to  the  natural  orders  Apocy- 
nacem,  Urticacew,  and  Euphorbiacem ;  india- 
rubber  (which  see) — Artificial  caoutchouc,  a 

thick  solution  of  glue  to  which  sodium  tungstate  and 
hydrochloric  acid  are  added.  A  precipitate  of  glue  and 
tungstic  acid  is  formed,  which,  when  cool,  can  be  made 
into  sheets.- Caoutchouc  cement.  Same  as  rubber  ce- 
ment, (b).  See  ceirtf  /if.— Mineral  caoutchouc.  See  mm- 
grai.— Vulcanized  caoutchouc.   See  vulcanization. 


801 

olevlhl^fZ  T^d'^  cannon,  a  piece  of  lead  laid 
n2l,,     r!^      ^^"'^■t^"  'I'-y.    Also  called  an 

^rlrrr,9l^^°t  ^^^y-    Sane  as  cap  of  vmintenanoe. 

?£.  estate,  hanie  as  cap  of  maintenance.— Ca,V 
Ot  tence,  any  defensive  head-dress;  snecifleallv  one 
quilted,  stufted,  or  lined  with  iron,  or  having  p  ates  of 
ni?If thicknesses.  See  coat  o)  j'L" 
under  Cap  of  liberty^   See  J-hrwian  cap,  below.' 

^,yP  '"I'"     "xfcfmail  (which  see,  under 

coy;.— oap  of  maintenance  " 
cornered  cap,  the 
universities  and  p 
the  head,  anil  is  s 


caoutchoucin 
caoutchoucin,  caoutchoucine  (ko'chu-sin),  n 

bame  as  caoutchin. 

^^P^U^'^P^'  Early  mod.  E.  also  cappe, 

<  ME.  cappe,  coppe,  keppe,  <  AS.  cwppe,  also 

S2?^A*'t^^,^"®^-  ''"i'''^  =  MD.  kappe,  D.  kap  = 
MLG.  hG.  kapjye  =  OHG.  chappa,  MHG.  G.  Z;a»»c 
=  Norw.  Mppa  =  Sw.  fo(;)j(;a  =  Dan.  kappe  = 
Oi.  cape,  F.  cape,  also  cheque  (<  ML.  c«»pa),  a 
cap,  hood,  cowl ;  parallel  with  (2)  E.  copgi  < 
ME.  co2Je,  earUer  cdjje,  <  AS.  z=  Icel.  kdpa 
=  Norw.  kaapa  =  Sw.  =  Dan.  kaabe  « 

ML.  capa);  (3)  E.  cffjjel,  <  ME.  ccq)e,  <  Pr.  Sp 
^g-  capa  =  It.  ca^y^ff,  a  hood,  eape,  cloak  :  all 

<  ML  cappa,  also  ca/;«,  a  cape,  a  hooded  cloak, 
a  word  of  uncertain  origin;  said  to  be  <  L.  ca- 
pere,  take  take  in,  "quia  quasi  totum  capiat 
honunem,"  because  it  envelops,  as  it  were,  the 
whole  person  (Isidorus  of  Seville,  19,  31);  bv 
others  referred  to  L.  caput,  head;  but  neither 
derivation  is  satisfactory.  See  cape^^  and  cope^ 
doublets  of  crtpi,  and  the  deriv.  chapel,  chaplet, 
chaplain,  chaperon,  etc.]     1.  A  covering  for 
the  head;  a  hood;  now,  especially,  a  head- 
covering  or  head-di-ess  made  of  soft  material       "  "oman  in  regard  to  a  man. 
and  usually  fitting  more  closely  to  the  head  ^'^P  (^^-P)'     !  Pret.  and  pp.  capyyed,  ppr.  can- 
than  a  hat.  Men's  caps  are  usually  made  of  cloth,  silk     P"''J-     [.<Cap\n.-\    1.  trans.  1.  To  put  a  cap 

,  are  without  a  Ijnm,  except  sometimes  a  neak  i,     Onj  COVer  With  or  as  with  n,  Pitn  I'r,  or,,,  cr.^J^ 


capacious 

cap  An  abbreviation  (a)  of  capitaV-;  (h)  of 
Latm  caput  or  capitulum,  chapter:  (c)  in  print- 
mg,  of  cupttahze.  if 
capa,  (ka'pii)  «  [Sp.,  a  cloak,  cape :  see  cape^, 
cup^-i  1.  A  Spanish  cape  or  cloak.— 2  A 
Cuban  tobacco  of  fine  quality,  specially  suited 
or  wrappers  of  the  best  cigars. 

•abilities 
apabilis, 

^;i7r;,T";7>r/,V\'V'''/'',"''"''™,,"y  a  square  tiat  hoard  mea-  ^"'Pii'Jio:  see  capaoic.]  The  quality  of  beinfi 
hT"SiS'ca%°;;^t5l'1i""a^?/t=-^^^^^^  IZ^^'r'  ^OvLi.e,        pov^^or\o  ^! 

front,  commonly  worn  by  Im^  of  tt;  people  of  As  a    nh    f  ^      Undergoing  or  of  doing  ;  capacity 
Minor  m  classical  times,  and  considered  by  the  Greek^  as    ability  ;  Capableness 
c^'  fnmp'' T,'-'''?     '^'r^--"^      contrasted\vith  Hellentc  ^ 
thl  n^,^'^r  V  of  -^'aP  IS  now  received  as  the  type  of 

tlie  cap  of  liberty.  See  cut  under  bracce.- Statute  cap 
a  woolen  cap  enjoined  to  be  worn  by  an  En. vbsh  statute 
passed  m  1571  in  the  interest  of  the  cap-makerS  as, ''plain 
fatute-caps,"  Sha/c,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2.- To  Set  One's  cant 
to  deceive,  beguile,  or  cheat  one. 
Yit  this  maunciple  sette  here  aller  [=  of  them  all]  cappe. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  0.  T.,  1.  586 

re°a^rd*or°,ttL?f'P  ^*f°''  measures  to  gain  the 

egard  oi  attections  of;  aim  to  secure  in  marriage:  said 
of  a  woman  in  regard  to  a  man. 


<ir  fi,.-  o,..^   r     T  "ouaiij.  iiiaue  VL  CIOHI,  SUK, 

or  fill,  aie  w  thout  a  bnm,  except  sometimes  a  pekk  in 
in  oiWT"'  °f       •^'^ad,  and  are  worn  as 

an  outdoor  covering.  Women's  caps  are  made  of  lace 
muslm  ribbons  and  otiier  light  materials,  and  somet  mes 

ton''  rtl"''  ''"■^"'^  ^'"^  ^"'"^^  °f  "^ad,  as  wen  as  the 
top.  Ihey  are  worn  as  an  indoor  covering  or  ornament 
Caps  are  in  many  cases  made  to  serve,  by  their  for,  color 
ornamentation,  etc.,  as  insignia  of  rank  or  dig  ml  'or  e?^ 
blems  of  particular  principles  or  occupations,  as  tl  e  ec- 
clesiastical  cap  (see  biretta),  the  cap  of  liberty  (see  PA™- 
g««  cap,  below),  the  fool's  cap,  the  nurse's  capj  etc  ^ 

-<}.  Anything  resembling  a  cap  in  appearance, 

position,  or  use.  Specifically- («)  I„  bat.,  the  pileus 
of  a  mushroom.  See  pileus.  (6)  In  amith.,  the  p  lemii  o? 
top  of  a  bird  s  head,  especially  when  in  any  way  i  otable 
as  by  special  coloration.  See  pileum.  (c)  A  percussion 
nl^nf  'T'.^  Pi^'<^  ''""-"'^  as  a  covL- ove?tlie  move- 

ment  or  "works"  of  some  kinds  of  watches:  now  i^arlv 
disused  (e)  Naut. :  (1)  A  covering  of  metal  or  of  tared 
canvas  for  the  end  of  a  rope,  to  prevent  frayin-  (2  A 
large  thick  block  of  wood,  strengthened  by  iron^bandf 

whfi  -f  ^  "^ast  to  the  head  of  another  above 

which  It  IS  erected.  The  square  hole  of  the  lower  can  is 
fixed  firmly  on  the  tenon  in  the  head  of  the  owe?  m?st 
while  the  topmast  traverses  through  the  rounHoTe  The 
topmast-cap  is  secured  in  the  same  way  on  the  head  of  t  e 
topmast  the  topgallantmast  passing  Urongh  the  round 
hole.  Ihe  bowsprit  also  is  fitted  with  a  cap,  through  wl  ch 
the  Jib-boom  passes.  (3)  One  of  the  square  blocks  of  wood 
laid  upon  others  on  which  the  keel  of  a  vessel  rests  in  the 
process  of  building.  /)  In  bookbinding,  the  enveloo  of 
paper  which  the  binder  puts  around  the  edges  of  a  l  ook 
cover  to  protect  it  from  injury  while  he  is  at  work  on 
other  parts  of  the  book,  (g)  In  Lack.  :  (1)  The  upper  hal 

a.  Kmght.  (2)  The  tire  or  face  of  a  glaze-wheel.  (3)  The 
Tl  ?  °'  a  pipe  having  a  plug  at  the  end  U) 

Th^  hf  i"''''''""^  pump-rod  with  a  working-beam 
.  band  connecting  the  handstaff  and  swingel  of  a 

windmill.  (0  In  carp.,  the  uppermost  of  any  assemblacre 
of  parts,  as  the  lintel  of  a  door  or  window-frame  T 1  oH 
zontal  beam  joining  the  heads  of  a  row  of  piles,  etc  ) 
In  mmtnff,  as  sometimes  used,  any  kind  of  rock  beneath 
which  miners  expect  or  hope  to  find  ore  in  payin-  quanta 
ties.  Sometimes,  though  rarely,  it  is  usea  fohutcrop 
especially  when  this  is  comparatively  barren  of  ore  W 
unproductive  rock,  whether  it  be  apportion  of  a  vein  o^ 

benea'ih'it  if^t^'"''  '^^"t"'',  "  ^^'"^'^^^  *^  f""  >" 
Deneath  it.  In  such  cases  the  lode  might  be  said  bv  some 
to  be  caijped.  (Ic)  In  ooal-^mninff,  the  bluish  halo  of  i-iiited 
gas  appearing  above  and  around  the  flame  of  a  safety -lamp 
7t^Z  a  faugerous  amount  of  fire-damp  is  present.^  AlsS 
called  blue-cap.  (I)  In  her.,  the  figure  of  a  cap  used  in 
charges,  and  as  part  of  a  crest  or  an  accessory  in  a  coat  o" 
arms  sometimes  of  very  conventional  shape 
^.  [<  foolscap,  orig.  used  with  ref.  to  the  old 
water-mark  of  the  fool's  cap  and  bells.]  A  name 
given,  with  distinctive  qualifications,  to  several 

sizes  of  writing-paper.  Foolscap,  usually  folded  the 
cap  folded  the  narrow  way,  is  of  the  same  dimensions 

caffs  17  x  ?x  S;r^^^^^^^  '  ' 

cap  IS  17  X  28  inches.  In  England  pot  is  121  x  15A  inches     A  l^r.  rrnin 
and  foolscap  or  cap  is  13i  x  16A  inches.  Sxkame  canisli    ^'^o  frtiip. 
thin  high  y  calendered  paper  o-f  good  quality,  Se^^^^      Cap3  (kap),  V 
stocky  and  used  for  printing  bills  of  exchange,  etc?  Pi"^/-     [<  D 

4.  The  head,  chief,  or  top ;  the  acme. 

Thou  art  the  cap  of  all  the  fools  alive 
e:    „     ,  Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  3. 

o.  Head,  chief,  or  master.  [Prov.  Eng  ]  —  6 
An  act  of  respect  performed  by  uncovering  the 


on ;  cover  with  or  as  with  a  cap,  in  any  sense 
of  that  word ;  cover  the  head,  top,  end,  or  some 
particular  part  of:  as,  to  cap  a  dunce  at  school  • 
to  cap  (the  nipple  of)  a  gun.  ' 
The  cloud-capp'd  towers.  Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

Bones  capped  by  a  layer  of  hard  cement. 

Otuen,  Anat.  Vert. 

Hampstead  Heath  is    .  .  formed  of  London  clay  capwrf 
by  Lower  Bagshot  sand.       Huxley,  Physiography,  p.  25. 
The  snow  has  capped  yon  distant  hill. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  An  Old  Year  Song. 

2.  To  complete ;  consummate  ;  crown ;  bring 
to  a  chmax  ;  follow  up  with  something  more  re- 
markable than  what  has  previously  been  done : 
as,  to  ca/>  a  story  with  its  moral:  he  ca/)»^'f/ this  "  'i  ,  v 
exploit  by  another  still  more  kudaclmis  -3  "f,iv  ^''"'^  ^^^''^"^ 
To  puzzle.  [North.  Eng.] -4t.  To  deprive  of 
the  cap.  ^ 


There  are  nations  in  the  East  so  enslaved  by  custom  that 
they  seem  to  have  lost  all  power  of  change  except  tl  e "a- 
pa/uUt!/  of  being  destroyed.  If.  J{.  Clifford,  Lectui'es,  1. 105 

nn^T.",!;,?"  '"'"''-''  stage  where  new  capabilities  are 

no  longer  imperiously  demanded  by  the  advancement  of 
WeUh,  Eng.  Lit.,  I.  298. 

capable  (ka'pa-bl),  a.  [<  F.  capable,  capable, 
able,  sufticient,  able  to  hold,  <  LL.  capabiUs, 
comprehensible,  susceptible  (the  modem  senses 
in  part  coinciding  with  those  of  L.  capax,  ca- 
pacious), <  L.  capcre,  take  hold  of,  seize,  hold, 
etc.  (whence  ult.  a  great  number  of  E.  words 
as  capacious,  captious,  captive  =  caitiff ,  capture, 
accept,  except,  intercept,  precept,  conceive,  de- 
ceive, perceive,  receive,  coyiception,  deception,  etc 
receptacle,  recipient,  occupy,  etc.),  =  Goth,  haf- 
jan  =  AS.  hebbaH,E.  heave,  lift,  rai.se,  orig. 

hold' :  see  heave.J  If.  Able  to  hold  or  eontai£; 
sufficiently  capacious  (for) :  followed  by  of 

^^0%^T  ^•'""•fOTcfic.'T 

2t.  Capacious;  extensive;  comprehensive:  as 
acajMble  and  wide  revenge,"  ^ihak.,  Othello' 
111.  3.— 3  Able  to  receive;  open  to  influences; 
impressible;  receptive;  susceptible;  admitting: 
usually  followed  by  of:  as,  capable  o/pain  and 

f^l^  JJ'^^A  duration ;  eajmble  of  be- 

g^j^g^^^^^  ^^^^  abso- 


As  boys  sometimes  used  to  cap  one  another. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 
5.  To  salute  by  taking  off  the  cap :  as,  to  cap 
a  proctor. 

You  would  not  cap  the  Pope's  commissioner. 

Teniiyson,  Queen  Mary,  iv.  2 

™n^wffh  9««'-«^  -Capped  raU,  an  iron 

rail  w  th  a  steel  cap  or  tread.  See  rail.— To  cap  a  rODe 
{naut.),  to  cover  the  end  of  it  with  tarred  canvas  or  metil 
—  10  cap  off,  in  glass-maldng,  to  detach  (a  cylinder  of 
blown  glass)  by  drawing  a  circle  around  the  closed  end  — 
ro  cap  texts  or  proverbs,  to  quote  texts  or  proverbs 
below*^       "1  emulation  or  contest.    See  to  cap  verses, 

I  will  cap  that  proverb  with  —  There  is  flattery  in  friend- 
Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  7. 
Henderson  and  th'  other  masses. 
Were  sent  to  cap  texts  and  put  cases. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  III.  ii.  1240. 
To  cap  the  climax,  to  go  to  the  utmost  limit  in  words  or 
action  ;  exceed  expectation  or  belief :  as,  that  story  caps 
absurdTty^'  ""s  affair  caps  the  climax  ot 

In  due  time  the  old  gentleman  cap2)ed  the  climax  of  his 
favors  by  dying  a  Christian  death. 

Hawthorne,  Twice-Told  Tales,  I.  445. 
To  cap  verses,  to  quote  alternately  verses  each  be"-innin"- 
with  the  same  letter  with  which  the  last  ended  The  cap° 
ping  of  Latin  verses  is  a  common  game  in  classical  schools 
ISO  verse  may  be  used  twice,  and  no  hesitation  or  delay  is 
permitted ;  so  that  a  moderate  proficiency  in  the  game 
supposes  several  thousand  verses  arranged  in  the  memory 
alphabetically.  If  the  correctness  of  a  verse  is  challen<'ed 
the  player  who  gave  it  must  show  where  it  occurs  °  ' 
II.  vitrans.  To  uncover  the  head  in  rever- 
ence or  civility. 

Still  capping,  cringing,  applauding— waiting  at  men's 
doors  with  all  affability.      "^"^        gurton,  Anit  of  Mel 

1  "^^^^^       ''f^^^  =  q-  sntea,  accomplished.  ' 

iircrt?^Tsco'tchY"^°*^"''''^'^°'^^^^-  capableness. (ka'pa-bl-nes),  n.    The  state  or 

..."  '^ISf  r  T  -r^'  -  Tt  xr^^L« 

ping.    L<,  u.  kapen  (=  Sw.  kapa),  seize,  catch,    ner.  i">'"ie  m<iu 

make  prize  of,  as  a  privateer  or  pirate  (>  D.  capacifyt  (ka-pas'i-fi),  v.  t 
kaap,  privateermg);  appar.  <  L.  capere,  take,   pac),  capable,  +  -/*/,  q.  v.] 


His  form  and  cause  conjoin'd,  preaching  to  stones, 
VV  ould  make  them  capable.         Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 

thp*kin^^'5=''f';in  'f^^-H  "-^ """K^  ">0"  must  know 

the  king  is  full  of  grief.  shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 

„.,  To  his  capaftfe  ears 

Silence  was  music  from  the  holy  spheres. 

-Keats,  Endymion,  ii. 
We  have  no  right  to  conclude,  then,  that  the  order  of 
events  is  always  cai^aiieo/ being  explained.  ""^  °* 
W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  149. 
4t.  Able  to  be  received.  [Rare.] 

.  Lean  upon  a  rush, 

I  he  cicatrice  and  capable  impressure 
Ihy  palm  some  moment  keeps. 
kj.    TTi-ij-  J  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  5. 

&t.  -bitted  or  deserving  to  receive:  as,  "capa- 
ble of  mercy,"  Lord  Herbert. 

mJmLS  'ot"""  ^^"'-^^  l^"^  tl'i'-ks  his 

B.  Jonson,  Pref.  to  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour. 

6.  Sufficiently  able  (to  do  something):  as 
a  man  capable  of  judging.  ' 

Every  mind  seems  capable  of  entertaining  a  certain 
quantity  of  happiness  which  no  institutions  "In  increase 
.  0  circumstances  alter  and  entirely  independent  of  fo?! 

holdsmith.  Citizen  of  the  World,  xliv. 

7.  Having  legal  power  or  capacity:  as,  a  'bas- 
tard is  not  cajjable  of  inheriting  an  estate. 

T      .      ,  Of  uiy  land. 

Loyal  and  natural  boy,  I'll  work  the  means 
To  make  thee  capable.  shak.,  Lear,  ii.  1. 

8  Possessing  a  good  degree  of  intelligence  or 
ability;  qualified;  able;  competent:  &s,&  capa- 
ble judge ;  a  capable  instructor. 

T,nn^  P-fH*"""'  7?*"  """^  ^^^^^^  as  "^"^^  a  fate  as  to  be  bom 
poor  and  capable.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXV.  487 

fT,?^J^ff?-,i^"'''''^^'^;-1"'^.'''  adapted,  efficient,  clever,  skil'- 
lul,  gifted,  accomplished.  ' 

n. 


Give  a  cap  and  make  a  leg  in  thanks.  Fuller 
7a_^  cap-sheaf  (which  see).— 8.  pi.  Eunsri 
C^o^- .Eng.]-9t.  A  eape.  See  ca»ei._A 
featherin  one's  cap.  See/eaWiec.-Belt-railcan  See 
belt-rail.--B\^C\s.  cap.  (a)  The  cap  worn  by  a  jud|fwheii 

over  thl'be'.d'nf"'"'""^--  Thecap  dmw 

Wed  ro«  „°*  '"^  T""?al  immediately  before  he  is 
in  "°  r;;,^^^  copped,  m  her.,  a  bycocket  used  as  a  bear- 
cfelT  crown.  111  her.,  the  cap  within  the  rim  or 

circle  of  the  crown,  and  covering  the  head  Such  cans 
are  represented  of  different  coloi's,  which  are  mentione^d 


seize,  capture :  see  capable,  captive,  capture, 
etc.  Heneem^)er3andcapper3,v.]  1.  To  arrest. 
Twelve  shillings  you  must  pay,  or  I  must  cap  you 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  iii.  2. 
Ralph  has  friends  that  will  not  suffer  him  to  be  capt  for 
ten  times  so  much. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  iii.  2. 
2.  To  seize;  lay  hold  of  violently;  specifically 
to  seize  (a  vessel)  as  a  prize;  hence,  to  entrap 
or  msuare.  [Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.] 
cap4  (kap),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  capped,  ppr. 
capping.  [Unassibilated  form  of  cluqA,  chojA 
q.  v.]  1.  To  chap,  as  the  hands.— 2.  To  wrin- 
kle.—3.  To  coagulate.    [Prov.  Eng.] 


[<  L.  capax  (ca- 
 ,     ^    To  qualify. 

lU^I^ii'!??!,-'"^"'"^^*  "S  '°  pleasantly  and  innocently 
all  good  things.  Barrow,  Sermons,  I.  i. 

capacious  (ka-pa'shus),  a.  [<  L.  caj>ax  (capac-), 
able  to  contain,  able  to  contain  much,  wide 
large,  spacious,  also  capable,  susceptible  «  ca- 
pere, hold,  contain:  see  capable),  +  -ous  For 
the  term.,  cf.  audacious,  fallacious.^  If.  Capa- 
^fon*  I'^f."^"?  or  holding:  as,  a  jar  capacious 
ot  20  gallons.— 2.  Capable  of  holding  much- 
roomy;  spacious:  as,  a  cajjacions  vessel;  ca- 
pacious bay  or  harbor;  a  capacious  mind  or 
memory. 

Down  sunk  a  hollow  bottom  broad  and  deep 
Capacious  bed  of  waters.       Milton,  p.  L.,  vii.  290. 


capacious 

The  fancy  wliich  he  [Edmund  Burke]  had  in  common 
with  all  mankind,  and  very  probably  in  no  eminent  de- 
gree, in  him  was  urged  into  nnusual  activity  under  the 
necessities  of  his  capadoits  understanding. 

De  Quincey,  Rhetoric. 

3t.  Disposed  to  receive  or  take  comprehensive 

views  (of). 

For  I  write  not  to  such  translators,  but  to  men  capacious 
of  the  soul  and  genius  of  their  authors,  without  which  all 
theii-  labour  will  be  of  no  use  but  to  disgrace  themselves, 
and  injure  the  author  that  falls  into  their  slaughter-house. 

Driiden,  Life  of  Lucian. 

capaciously  (ka-pa'sMs-li),  adv.  In  a  capa- 
cious manner  of  degree. 

capaciousness  (ka-pa'shns-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  capacious,  (a)  Wideness;  large- 
ness; extensiveness.  (b)  Comprehensiveness;  power  of 
taking  a  wide  survey :  applied  to  the  mind. 

capacitate  (ka-pas'i-tat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
capacitated,  ppr.  capacitating.  [<  capacity  + 
-ate2.  Cf.  the  equiv.  It.  capacitare,  from  an  as- 
sumed 'L.*capacitare.']  1.  To  make  capable ; 
enable. 

By  this  Instruction  we  may  be  capacitated  to  observe 
these  en-ors.  Dryden. 
Specifically  —  2.  To  furnish  with  legal  powers ; 
qualify :  as.  to  capacitate  one  for  an  oflice. 

capacitation  (ka-pas-i-ta'shon),  n.  [<  capaci- 
tate :  see  -ation.}  The  act  of  making  capable. 
[Rare.]  ^  .  , 

capacity  (ka-pas'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  capacities  (-tiz). 
[<  F.  capacite  =  Pr.  capacitat  =  Sp.  capaci- 
dad  =  Pg.  capacidade  =  It.  capacita,  <  L.  <•«- 
pacita{t-)s,  <  cai)ax  (capac-),  able  to  contam: 
see  capacioKS.'i  1.  The  power  of  receiving 
or  containing ;  specifically,  the  power  of  con- 
taining a  certain  quantity  exactly;  cubic  con- 
tents. 

Our  globe  is  sailing  on  through  space,  like  some  huge 
ocean  steamer,  whose  capacity  for  coal  is  strictly  limited. 
B  J)  Hitchcock,  Address  48th  Anniv.  Un.  Theol.  Sem. 


2.  Eeeeptivity;  susceptibility  to  being  pas 
sively  affected  in  any  way ;  power  of  receiving 
impressions,  or  of  being  acted  upon. 

Faculty  ...  is  properly  limited  to  active  power,  and, 
therefore,  is  abusively  applied  to  the  mere  passive  atfec- 
tions  of  mind.  Capacity,  on  the  otlier  hand,  is  more  prop- 
erly limited  to  these.  Its  primary  signification,  whicli  is 
literally  room  for,  as  well  as  its  employment,  favors  this ; 
although  it  cannot  be  denied  that  there  are  examples  of  its 
usage  in  an  active  sense.  Leibnitz,  as  far  as  I  know,  was 
the  first  who  limited  its  psychological  application  to  the 
passivities  of  mind.  .  .  .  The  active  [power]  may  be  called 
faculty,  and  perhaps  the  passive  might  be  called  capacity, 
or  receptivity.  ,    ....        ,  ... 

Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Metaphysics,  Bowen  s  Abridgment,  viu. 

Capacity  signifies  greater  passiveness  or  receptivity  than 
[power  or  faculty].  Hence  it  is  more  usually  applied 
to'  that  in  the  soul  by  which  it  does  or  can  suffer,  or  to 
dormant  and  inert  possibilities  to  be  aroused  to  exertions 
of  strength  or  skill,  or  to  make  striking  advances  through 
education  and  habit.     N.  Porter,  Human  Intellect,  §  3b. 

3.  Active  power;  ability:  &s,-mentsL\  capacity ; 
the  capacity  of  a  substance  to  resist  pressure. 

Hate  and  fear,  and  remorse,  and  crime  have  in  them  the 
capacity  of  stirring  in  us  a  horror  of  moral  repugnance 
such  as  pagan  art  had  no  means  of  awakening.   J .  Caird. 

Man's  capacities  have  never  been  measured. 

Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  12. 

Powhatan  gaue  him  Namontack  his  trustie  servant,  and 
one  of  a  shrewd,  subtill  c(ipaci7te.  , 

Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith,  True  Travels,  I.  167. 

4.  Ability  in  a  moral  or  legal  sense ;  legal  quali- 
fication ;  legal  power  or  right :  as,  a  man  or  a 
corporation  may  have  a  capacity  to  give  or  re- 
ceive and  hold  estate ;  A  was  present  at  the 
meeting  in  his  capacity  of  director  (that  is,  m 
virtue  of  his  legal  qualification  as  a  director). 

Ouer  that,  that  the  same  Master  and  Wardeyns,  and 
their  successours,  shuld  be  perpetuall  and  haue  capacite. 

English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  310. 

He  had  been  restored  to  his  capacity  of  governing  by 
renouncing  the  errors  of  Popery.  Brougham. 
Hence  —  5 .  Character ;  profession ;  occupation ; 
function. 

You  desire  my  thoughts  as  a  friend,  and  not  as  a  mem- 
ber of  parliament :  they  are  the  same  in  both  capacities. 

Swijt. 

6t.  A  license ;  authorization. 

They  gave  the  monks  leave  to  depart,  and  most  of  them, 
they  said,  desired  capacities  or  licenses  to  depart  to  be 
granted  to  them,  though  some  desired  to  be  assigned  to 
other  places  of  religion.  „.  ^  i,  *  -o 

R.  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  v. 

Breathing  capacity.  Same  as  differential  capacity.— 
Capacity  for  heat,  the  amount  of  heat  required  to  raise 
the  temperature  of  any  object  one  degree,  being  the  pro- 
duct of  its  mass  into  its  specific  heat.  Also  sometimes 
used  as  a  synonym  of  specific  heat,  when  it  is  generally 
called  the  specific  capacity  for  AeaJ.— Capacity  01  a 
conductor,  in  eUct.,  the  quantity  of  electricity  required 
to  raise  its  potential  from  zero  to  unity.  The  capacity 
of  a  sphere  is  proportional  to  its  radius,  and  in  the  C 
S  system  is  numerically  equal  to  its  radius  expressed  in 
centimeters.  The  capacity  is  increased  by  proximity  to  a 
charge  of  an  opposite  kind,  as  is  shown  by  a  condenser 


802 

like  the  Leyden  jar.  The  unit  of  capacity  is  the  farad 
or,  practically,  the  microfarad.  See/arad.— Differentlaa 
capacity,  extreme  differential  capacity,  ,o''  '^tal 

capacity  the  amount  of  air  wliicli  can  \w  expelled  from 
the  lungs  by  the  greatest  possilile  expiratiun  after  the 
greatest  possible  inspiration.  It  is  usually  about  214  cu- 
bic inches.- Specific  inductive  capacity,  m  elect  the 
ratio  of  capacity  of  an  accumulator  formed  of  the  di- 
electric substance  whose  specific  capacity  is  spoken  of  to 
the  capacity  of  an  accumulator  of  the  same  form  and  size 
filled  with  air.—  Standard  measure  of  capacity.  See 
«i«asMre.— Thermal  capacity  of  a  body,  in  thermody- 
namics, the  quantity  of  heat  required  to  raise  its  tem- 
perature by  one  degree  on  the  absolute  thermodynamic 
scale.  Sir  W.  Thomson,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XI.  576.  — Vital  ca- 
pacity. Same  as  differential  capacity. =Syn.  1.  Dimen- 
sions.—3.  Aptitude,  Faculty  (see  <)enius),  turn,  forte  apt- 
ness ;  Ability,  Capacity  (see  ability).—  5.  Ottice,  sphere, 
post,  function.  . 

capade  (ka-pad'),  «•  [Origin  imcertam.]  In 
hat-makiriq,  a  bat.    E.  H.  Eniglit. 

cap-a-pie  (kap-a-pe' ),  adv.  [Earlier  also  cap-a- 
pe, cap-a-pee,  mpapee,  cape-a-pe  ;  <  OF.  de  cap 
a  pie,  from  head  to  foot  (now  de  pied  en  cap, 
from  foot  to  head):  cap,  head  (see  cape^);  pic, 
pied,  <  L.  pes  (ped-)  =  E.  foot,  q.  v.]  From 
head  to  foot ;  all  over.  Also  written  cap-a-pie. 
See  cuts  under  armor. 

Ai-m'd  at  all  points,  exactly,  cap-a-pe.     ,  ^  .  „ 
Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 

A  yellow  ointment,  with  which,  after  they  [the  Indians] 
have  bathed,  they  anoint  themselves  capapee. 

Beverley,  Virginia,  lu.  Tl  42. 

Far  from  being  disheartened,  however,  he  was  seen, 
armed  cap-a-pie,  on  horseback  from  dawn  to  evening. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  4. 

caparison  (ka-par'i-son),  n.  [<  OF.  caparas- 
soii,  caperassoii,  F.  caparagon,  <  Sp.  caparazon 
=  Pg.  caparacao,  a  cover  for  a  saddle,  a  cover 
for  a  coach,  a  kind  of  aug.  of  cajja,  a  cloak, 
cover,  <  ML.  capa,  cappa,  a  cape :  see  cajji  and 
cfli»ei.]  1.  A  cloth  or  covering,  more  or  less 
ornamented,  laid  over  the  saddle  or  furniture 
of  a  horse,  especially  of  a  sumpter-horse  or 
horse  of  state. 

What  cares  he  now  for  curb  or  pricking  spur? 
For  rich  capaWsoms  or  trapping  gay  ?  ,  „„„ 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  286. 

Hence— 2.  Clothing,  especially  sumptuous 
clothing;  equipment;  outfit. 

My  heart  groans 

Beneath  the  gay  caparison.   

Smollett,  The  Regicide,  ui.  4. 

caparison  (ka-par'i-son),  V.  t.    [<  caparison,  «.] 
1.  To  cover  with  a  caparison,  as  a  horse. —  2. 
To  dress  sumptuously ;  adorn  with  rich  dress, 
caparisoned  (ka-par'i-sond),  p.  a.   [Pp.  of  ca- 


War-horse  Caparisoned,  from  seal  of  Philip  of  Burgundy. 


jyarison,  ».]    1.  Covered  Avith  a  caparison  or 
decorated  cloth,  as  a  horse;  decked;  adorned. 
The  steeds,  caparison'd  with  purple,  stand 
With  golden  trappings,  glorious  to  behold.  Dryden. 
2.  In  her.,  harnessed:  used  of  a  horse  when 
saddled  and  prepared  for  the  field —  Caparisoned 
ancient,  in  her.,  covered  with  barding  and  housse.— Ca- 
parisoned modem,  in  her.,  having  saddle,  etc.,  like  a 
modern  cavalry  charger.  ... 
capcaset  (kap'kas),  n.    A  case  for  containing 
caps,  collars,  or  other  articles  of  apparel;  a 
small  traveling-case.    In  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury it  seems  to  have  become  a  receptacle  for 
papers,  money,  etc. 
A  capcase  for  your  linen  and  your  plate. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Noble  Gentleman,  v.  1. 

.Shut  up  in  a  silver  capcase.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel. ,  p.  602. 

capei  (kap),  n.  [<  ME.  cape,  <  OF.  cape,  F.  cape, 
also  assibHated  chape,  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  capa  = 
It.  cappa,  a  cloak,  cape,  <  ML.  cajM,  cappa,  a 
cape,  whence  also  by  different  channels  E.  cap^ 
and  co/jel,  which  are  thus  doublets  of  cape'^ :  see 
caiA,  co;>ei.]  1.  A  circular  covering  for  the 
shoulders  and  adjacent  parts,  either  separate 
or  attached  to  the  top  of  a  garment,  as  that 
of  a  gown  or  an  overcoat.— 2.  A  short  circu- 


capellane 

lar  garment  hanging  from  the  shoulders,  worn 
for  protection  against  the  weather. —  3.  The 
coping  of  a  wall.  [North.  Eng.]— 4.  pi. 
Ears  of  corn  broken  off  in  thrashing.  [North. 
Eng.] 

cape2  (kap),  n.  [<  F.  cap,  a  cape,  headland, 
head  of  a  ship,  also  lit.  a  head,  <  It.  capo  =  Sp. 
Pg.  caho,  a  cape,  headland,  end,  extremity, 
It.  also  lit.  a  head,  <  L.  caput,  head:  see  caput, 
capital,  etc.]  1.  A  piece  of  land  jutting  into 
a  sea  or  a  lake  beyond  the  adjoining  coast-line. 
—  2.  [cap.]  A  wine  resembling  sheiTy  or  canary, 
from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope — cape  ash.  see 

a.57il.— Cape  chestnut,  Jasmin,  etc.    .See  the  nouns. 

cape2  (kap),  V.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  ca^wd,  ppr. 
caping.  [<  cape'^,  n.,  after  the  orig.  P.  cap,  in 
sense  of  'head  of  a  ship';  cf.  F.  mcttre  le  cap 
au  nord  (sitd,  etc.),  bear  north  (south,  etc.).] 
Naut,  to  keep  a  course ;  head  or  point:  as,  how- 
does  she  cape  f 

cape3  (ka'pe),  n.  [ML.,  2d  pers.  sing.  pres. 
impv.  of  L.  capere,  take :  see  capable.']  In  Eng- 
land, a  judicial  writ,  now  abolished,  used  in 
proceedings  by  the  king  or  a  feudal  lord  to  re- 
cover land  on  the  default  of  a  tenant :  called 

cape  from  its  initial  word.  The  cape  magnum,  or 
grand  cape,  was  the  writ  for  possession  when  the  tenant 
failed  to  appear.  The  cape  parvum,  or  petit  cape,  was  the 
shorter  writ  issued  when  the  plaintiff  prevailed  after  the 
tenant  had  appeared, 
cape^t,  V.  i.  [ME.  capen  =  MLG.  LG.  Icapen  = 
OHG.  chapfen,  MHG.  kajjfen,  gaze,  stare,  gape: 
in  form  a  diff.  word  from  ga})e,  in  which  in  E. 
it  is  now  absorbed :  see  gape.  ]    To  gaze ;  gape. 

This  Nicholas  sat  aye  as  stille  as  stoon, 
And  evere  caped  [var.  gapyd]  upward  into  the  eir. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  287. 

cape-a-pet,  adv.   See  cap-a-pie. 
cape-cloakt  (kap'klok),  n.  A  cloak  with  a  cape, 
caped  (kapt),  a.    [<  cape^  -¥  -ed2.]  Furnished 
with  a  cape  or  tippet. 

He  [Lord  Kilmarnock]  wears  a  caped  riding  coat,  and 
has  not  even  removed  his  laced  hat. 

N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  X.  422. 

capelif,  caple^t,  [ME.,  also  caput,  etc.,  = 
Icel.  Tcapall,  <  Gael,  capull  =  Ir.  capull,  capal,  < 
L.  caballus,  a  horse:  see  cabal^  and  cheval.]  A 
horse. 

And  gaf  hym  capeles  to  hws  cart. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  xxii.  333. 

Bothe  hey  and  cart  and  eek  his  caples  thre. 

Chaucer,  Friar's  Tale,  1.  256. 

capel2,  caple2  (ka'pl),  n.  [Origin  unknown.] 
In  mining,  a  wall  of  a  lode :  so  called  by  Cornish 
miners,  and  chiefly  when  the  country  closely  ad- 
jacent to  the  lode  itself  has  been  more  or  less 
altered  by  those  chemical  agencies  under  the 
influence  of  which  the  latter  was  formed.  This 
alteration  usually  shows  itself  in  a  silicification  and  harden- 
ing of  the  rock.  The  capels  are  sometimes  themselves  so 
impregnated  with  metalliferous  particles  as  to  be  worth 
working ;  in  such  cases  they  are  usually  recognized  as 
forming  a  part  of  the  lode.  If  barren  of  ore,  they  are 
considered  as  belonging  to  the  country.  At  the  Mary  Ann 
wheal  (or  mine)  in  Cornwall,  and  perhaps  in  other  mines, 
the  capel  is  called  the  cab ;  it  is  there  described  as  con- 
sisting of  chalcedonic  quartz,  and  is  considered  as  being 
a  part  of  the  lode,  although  barren  of  ore.  The  word  is 
rarely  heard  outside  of  Cornwall.  In  the  United  States 
casinq  takes  its  place  to  some  extent, 
capel^  (ka'pl),  n.  [Cf.  cajji,  n.,  2,  and  caphng.] 
The  horn  joint  which  connects  the  two  parts 
of  a  flail.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

capelan  (kap'e-lan),  n.  1.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Oadiclw,  Gadus  minutus,  the  poor.— 2.  Same  as 
caplin^. 

capelin  (kap'e-Un),  n.  Same  as  caphn^. 
capeline,  capelline  (kap'e-lin), «.  [<  F.  cape- 
line  =  Sp.  Pg.  capellina  =  It.  cappelhna,  <  mii. 
capellina,  capelina,  cappilina, 
dim.  of  capella,  itself  a  dim. 
of  cajya,  cappa,  a  cap,  hood: 
see  cap\  cape'^.]  A  small 
skull-cap  of  iron  worn  by  light- 
armed  men,  such  as  archers, 
in  the  middle  ages.  -Also 
written  cappeline,  chapeline. 
Capella  (ka-pel'a),  «.  [L.,  a 
star  so  called,  lit.  a  she-goat,  capeiine,  13*  cen- 
dim.  of  capra,  a  she-goat:  see  ^->;-i,"-i,!,'J  J- 
capcr^.']    A  star,  the  fifth  in  tached  to  it.  (From 


v^vj^v-.    .J     — _  ,  .  viollet-le-Uuc's  "  Diet. 

the  heavens  m  order  of  bngnt-      Mobiiier  fran9ais."  > 

neSS.  It  is  situated  on  the  left 
slioulder  of  Auriga,  in  front  of  the  Great  Bear,  nearly  on  a 
line  with  the  two  northernmost  of  the  seven  stars  forming 
Charles's  Wain ;  and  it  is  easily  recognized  by  tlie  prox- 
imity of  "the  Kids,"  three  stars  of  the  fourth  ms^gmUwe 
forming  an  isosceles  triangle.  The  color  of  Capella  is 
nearly  the  same  as  that  of  the  sun.  See  cut  under  ^wijrn. 
capellanet  (kap'e-lan),  n.  [<  ML.  capellamts: 
see  chaplain.']  A  chaplain ;  a  curate  ot  a  chap- 
el. Fuller. 


capellet 

capellet  (kap'e-let),  «.  [<  F.  capelet,  <  LL. 
capelletum,  capelletus,  a  little  cap,  dim.  of  ca- 
pella,  a  cap,  cape,  hood,  dim.  of  capa,  cappa,  a 
cap,  cape:  see  cap^,  cape^.~\  A  kind  of  swell- 
ing like  a  wen,  growing  on  the  back  part  of  a 
horse's  hock,  or  on  the  point  of  the  elbow.  Also 
written  capulet. 

capellina  (Sp.  pron.  ka-pe-lye'na),  n.   [Sp.,  an 

ii'on  helmet,  the  headpiece  of  a  helmet:  see 
capeUne.'\  In  the  western  mining  districts  of 
the  United  States,  a  vessel  employed  in  sepa- 
rating the  quicksilver  from  the  amalgam.  H. 
W.  Hailed:. 

capelline,  «.    See  capeline. 

capellmeister,  n.    See  kapellmeister. 

cape-merchantt,  cap-merchantt,  ».    [An  E. 

accom.  of  It.  capo,  head  (see  cape'^),  +  mercante, 
merchant  (see  merclian  0 .]  A  master  merchant. 
Specifically — (a)  The  purser  or  supercargo  of  a  ship,  (b) 
The  chief  manager  of  a  trading  expedition  or  of  a  factory. 

Euery  of  the  pettie  marchants  to  shewe  his  reclsoning 
to  the  cape  marchant,  when  they,  or  any  of  theui,  shall  be 
required.  Hakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  228. 

The  president  and  Captain  Martin's  sickness  compelled 
me  to  be  cape-merchant. 

Captain  John  Smith,  Quoted  in  Tyler's  Amer.  Lit.,  I.  23. 

caper^  (ka'per),  V.  i.  [Short  for  equiv.  capri- 
ole, formerly  spelled  capreall,  <  It.  capriolare, 
caper,  leap  about  as  a  goat  or  kid  {capriola,  > 
F.  capriole,  now  cabriole,  a  caper,  a  capriole),  < 
capriolo,  a  kid  (as  dim.  of  caprio,  a  roebuck,  a 
wild  goat),  <  L.  capreolus,  a  kind  of  wild  goat, 
dim.  of  (ML.)  capreiis,  in  fern,  form  caprea,  a 
wild  goat,  prop,  adj.,  <  caper,  m.  (ML.  also  ca- 
l)ro(n-}),  a  he-goat,  capra,  f.,  a  she-goat  (>  It. 
capro,  m.,  capra,  f.,  =  Sp.  cabroii,  m.,  cabra,t., 
=  Pg.  cabro,  m.,  cobra,  f.,  =Pr.  cabra,  f.,  =F. 
cabri  (<  ML.  capritus),  m.~  OF.  chevre,  chievre, 
F.  chevre,  f.,  >  ult.  E.  cheveril,  chevrette,  chevron, 
etc.).  Cf.  Gr.  Ka-rrpoc,  a  boar;  AS.  hcefer  =lce\. 
ha/r,  a  buck,  a  he-goat.  See  capret,  capriole.^ 
To  leap ;  skip  or  jump ;  prance ;  spring :  as,  to 
caper  about  (as  a  lamb  or  a  child);  "making 
a  roan  horse  caper,"  Tennyson,  Lancelot  and 
Elaine. 

He  capers,  he  dances,  he  has  eyes  of  youth. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  2. 

caper^  (ka'per),  n.  [<  caper'^,  v.]  A  leap ;  a 
skip  or  spring,  as  in  dancing  or  mirth,  or  in  the 
frolic  of  a  kid  or  lamb,  or  a  child ;  hence,  a 
sportive  or  capricious  action ;  a  prank. 

We  that  are  true  lovers  run  into  strange  capers. 

Shak.,  As  you  Lilie  it,  ii.  4. 

To  cut  capers.  See  cut. 
caper^  (ka'per),  n.  [Of  the  product,  usually  in 
pi.  capers;  ME.  caperis,  cappares,  capperis,  after 
L. ;  <  F.  capre,  cappre,  now  cdpre  =  It.  cappero 
(=  Sp.  Pg.  with  Ar.  article  alcaparra)  =  D.  kaj)- 
per  =  G.  kaper  =  Dan.  kapers  =  Sw.  kapris,  <  L. 
capparis,  <  Gr.  Kd-K-rrapiQ,  the  caper-plant,  a  ca- 
per, <  Ar.  kabbar,  qabbdr  =  Pers.  kabar,  capers.] 
A  plant,  Capparis  spinosa,  the  buds  of  which 
(called  capers)  are  much  used  as  a  condiment. 
The  bush  is  a  low  shrub,  gi'owing  on  old  walls,  in  fissures 
of  rocks,  or  among  rubbish,  in  the  countries  bordering  the 


Caper-bush  ( Capparis  spinosa). 


Mediterranean.  The  buds  are  collected  and  preserved  in 
vinegar.  In  some  parts  of  Italy  the  unripe  fruit  is  era- 
ployed  in  the  same  way.  Also  caUed  caper-bush  or  caper- 
plant,  and  formerly  caper-tree. 

The  caper  plant,  with  its  white-and-purple  blossoms, 
flourishes  among  the  piles  of  rubbish. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  206. 

Bean-caper,  the  Zygophylhnn  Fabngn,  the  flower-buds  of 
which  are  used  as  capers. — Wild  caper,  the  caper-spurge. 
Euphorbia  Lathyris,  whose  immature  capsules  are  used 
as  a  substitute  for  real  capers. 


803 

caper^  (ka'pfer),  n.  [=  G.  kaper  =  F.  caprc,  < 
D.  kaper  (=  Dan.  kaper  =  Sw.  kapare),  a  priva- 
teer, <  kapen  =  Sw.  kapa  (ef.  G.  kapern  =  Dan. 
kaprc,  from  the  noun),  take,  seize,  make  a  prize 
of  at  sea :  see  cap'^.']  Naut.,  a  light-armed  ves- 
sel of  the  seventeenth  century,  used  by  the 
Dutch  for  privateering. 

The  trade  into  the  Straight  can  neither  be  secured  Ijy 
our  own  convoys,  nor  by  tlie  French  fleets  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, from  the  Dutch  capers. 

Sir  W.  Temple,  To  the  Duke  of  Ormond,  Works,  1. 122. 

caperatet,  «•  [<  L.  caperatus,  pp.  of  caperare, 
wrinkle,  (Iraw  together  in  wrinkles.]  To  frown. 
Cotes,  1717. 

caper-bush  (ka'p6r-bush),  n.    Same  as  caper^. 

capercaillie,  capercailzie  (ka-per-kal'ye),  n. 
[A  book-word  of  uncertain  etym.,  and  hence 
of  unstable  form ;  also  written  capercally,  and 
formerly  capercaille,  -cayllic,  -caile,  -callic,  -cali, 
-cabj,  -ically,  -caleg,  -call,  -kaillie,  cobber-kchj ; 
also  capercailyie,  '^capercailye  or  wilde  horse" 
(Boeee,  tr.,  A.  D.  1536),  caper calyeane,  and  (with 
z  repr.  the  old  form  of  y,  and  properly  pro- 
nounced*/) capercailzie  (a.  d.  1G21),  -cnlse  (said 
to  have  been  first  used  a.  d.  1578),  -kailzci,  etc. ; 


Capercaillie  { Tetrao  itrogallus). 


Latinized  capricalca;  a  Sc.  word  of  Gael,  ori- 
gin, the  Gael,  form  being  cupull-coille,  explained 
as  the  'cock  of  the  wood,'  or  lit.  the  'horse  of 
the  wood'  (appar.,  Uke  the  NL.  name  urogal- 
lus,  'ox-cock,'  in  ref.  to  its  size),  <  capull,  horse, 
or  rather  mare  (see  capeU),  +  coille,  a  wood, 
forest.  But  the  Gael,  form  may  be  an  accom. 
one,  and  the  word  is  otherwise  explained  as  < 
Gael,  cabhar,  a  hawk,  any  old  bird,  +  coileach, 
a  cock.  Cf .  Gael.  comp.  coileach-coille,  a  wood- 
cock (coille,  a  wood) ;  coileach-dubh,  a  black- 
cock (dubh,  black) ;  coileach-fraoich,  a  moor- 
cock or  red-grouse  cock  (fraoch,  heath,  moor) ; 
coileach-oidhche,  an  owl,  lit.  night-cock  (oidhche, 
night) .]  The  Scotch  name  for  the  wood-grouse, 
Tetrao  iirogallus,  the  largest  of  the  gallinaceous 
birds  of  Europe,  the  male  sometimes  weighing 
12  to  13  pounds.  It  is  most  frequently  found  in  the 
nortliern  parts  of  the  continent  of  Europe,  Norway  and 
Sweden  being  its  favorite  homes.  For  some  time  it  was 
almost  or  wholly  extinct  in  Great  Britain;  but  it  now 
again  holds  a  place  in  the  British  fauna,  and  constitutes 
one  of  its  greatest  ornaments.  The  male  is  commonly 
called  the  mountain-cock  or  cock-of-the-woods. 

capercalzet,  n.    Same  as  capercaillie. 
capercla'wt,  capperclawt,  v.  t.  [Erroneous 

forms  of  clapper claio.~\    To  tear  with  the  nails ; 

clapperclaw;  abuse. 

He  caperclaweth  Beza  very  sore.  Birch. 
caper-cutting  (ka'per-kuf'ing),  a.   Dancing  in 

a  frolicsome  manner ;  flighty.  Beau,  and  Fl. 
caperde'WSiet,  n.     [Origin  unknown.]  The 

stocks. 

I  here  engage  myself  to  loose  ye. 
And  free  your  heels  from  caperdewsie. 

S.  Butler,  Hndibras,  II.  i.  831. 

caperer  (ka'per-er),  n.  One  who  capers,  leaps, 
and  skips  about,  or  dances  frolicsomely. 

The  nimble  caperer  on  the  cord. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires. 

caperkaillief  (ka-per-kal'ye),  n.  Same  as  ca- 
jiercaillie. 

caperlash  (ka'per-lash), «.  [E.dial.]  Abusive 
language.    JSalliicell.    [North.  Eng.] 

caperlonger  (ka-per-long'ger),  n.  [<  It.  cappa 
longa  (now  lunga),  pi. ''  cappeJonghe,  a  kinde  of 
long  skallops  or  cockles"  (Florio):  cappa,  a 
cape;  longa,  lunga,  fern,  of  longo,  Inngo,  long: 
see  cape^  and  long^.l  A  bivalve  mollusk  of  the 
family  Pinnidw  or  wing-sheUs,  Pinna  pectinata. 


capibara 

having  a  wedge-shaped  shell  gapingatthe  l)road 
end  :  the  largest  of  British  bivalves.  [Local  at 
I'lymoutli  in  England.] 
capernoity  (kap-or-noi'ti),  a.  [Also  capper- 
noity,  -Hoitie,  -nutic,  -noitcd;  formation  uncer- 
tain.] Crabbed;  imtable;  peevish.  Jamieson. 
[Scotch.] 

capernoity  (kap-er-noi'ti),  n.  [Cf.  capernoity, 
«.]    The  noddle.   Jamieson.  [Scotch.] 

caperont,  »•  [*^  It.  cujiperone,  aug.  of  capparo, 
caper.]    A  kind  of  caper.    See  extract. 

Caj)j>eroni  [It.],  a  kind  of  great  capers  for  sallets,  called 
caperons.  Floritt. 

caper-plant  (ka'pcr-plant),  n.  Same  as  caper^. 
capers  (ka'perz),  n.  pi.    The  buds  of  the  eaper- 

plaut.    See  caper'^. 
caper-sauce  (ka'per-sas),  n.    A  sauce  seasoned 

with  or  containing  capers:  usually  a  white 

sauce. 

caper-spurge  (ka'p6r-sperj),  n.  A  plant,  Eu- 
jiliorbia  Lathyris,  also  called  tcild  caper.  See 
capcr"^  and  spurge. 

caper-tea  (ka'per-te),  n.  A  peculiar  kind  of 
black  tea,  with  a  knotty  curled  leaf,  so  named 
from  its  fancied  resemblance  to  the  caper. 

caper-tree  (ka'per-tre).  n.  The  Capparis  no- 
bilis,  a  small  tree  of  Australia,  with  a  pulpy 
fruit  of  the  size  of  a  large  orange. 

Capetian  (ka-pe'shian),  a.  [After  F.  Capiticn, 
<  Cap)et.']  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  pos- 
terity of  Hugh  Capet,  founder  of  the  dynasty 
which  succeeded  the  Prankish  Carolingians  on 
the  throne  of  France  (a.  d.  987) :  as,  the  Cape- 
tian family  or  dynasty;  Capetian  documents. 

The  succeeding  royal  houses  (that  of  Valois,  1328,  and  that 
of  Bourbon,  1589)  l)eing  of  the  same  blood,  Capet  was  poi)U- 
larly  considered  their  family  name ;  hence  Louis  XVI.  was 
arraigned  before  the  National  Convention  under  the  name 
of  Louis  Capet. 

capeuna  (kap-e-o'na),  n.    [Braz.]    A  fish  of 

the  family  Hcemtdonidce,  Hcemulon  trivittatum 
or  quadrilineatum.  It  has  a  more  slender  body  and 
smaller  mouth  tlian  most  of  its  congeners,  and  the  body 
has  tliree  or  four  distinct  longitudinal  golden  streaks  on 
the  sides.  It  inhabits  the  Caribbean  sea  and  Brazilian 
coast.    Also  called  white  grunt. 

cape-weed  (kap'wed),  n.  1.  The  archil  lichen, 
lioccella  tinctoria :  so  called  from  the  Cape 
Verd  islands,  whence  the  article  is  exported. 
—  2.  In  Australia,  the  Cryptostemma  calendula- 
cca,  a  composite  plant  of  South  Africa  (the 
Cape),  allied  to  the  marigold,  which  has  become 
extensively  naturalized  in  some  districts. 

capful  (kap'fiil),  n.    [<  cajA  +  -ful.']    As  much 
as  fills  a  cap ;  a  small  quantity. 
There  came  a  capful  of  grape  right  in  our  faces. 

W.  II.  Russell. 

A  capful  of  wind  (naut.),  a  moderate  gale  lasting  only  a 
siiort  time. 

I  warrant  you  you  were  frightened,  wa'n't  you,  last 
night,  when  it  blew  but  a  capful  of  wind. 

Defoe,  Robinson  Cmsoe. 

caph,  kaph  (kaf),  n.  [Heb.  kaph."]  An  ancient 
Jewish  liquid  measure,  equal  to  about  pints. 

caphar  (kaf'ar),  n.  [Ar.  khafar,  road-guard, 
road-toll,  <  khafara,  watch,  guard.]  1.  A  post 
or  station  where  money  is  collected  from  pas- 
sengers for  maintaining  the  security  of  the 
roads. 

I  and  my  horse  swam  separately  ashore ;  at  a  small  dis- 
tance from  thence  was  a  caphar,  or  turnpike. 

Bruoe,  Source  of  the  Nile,  Int.,  p.  Ivi. 

2.  The  tax  so  collected. 

These  Caphars  are  certain  duties  which  Travellers  are 
obliged  to  pay,  at  several  passes  upon  the  Road,  to  OfH- 
eers,  who  attend  in  their  appointed  Stations  to  receive 
them.  Maundrell,  Aleppo  to  Jenisalem,  p.  4. 

In  the  self  same  place  a  Temple  was  erected,  .  .  .  unto 
which  the  Arabians  would  not  suffer  us  to  ascend,  .  .  . 
nntill  we  had  payed  the  caphar  tliey  demanded. 

Sandys,  Travailes  (1052),  p.  135. 

capias  (ka'pi-as),  n.  [L.,  take  (impv.),  2d  pers. 
sing.  pres.  subj.  (an  impv.  use)  of  capcre,  take: 
see  capable.]  In  law,  a  writ  in  a  civil  action 
directing  that  the  person  of  the  defendant  be 
taken  into  custody.  Tlie  conmionest  kinds  are  the 
capias  ad  respondendum  (take  to  answer),  which  is  is- 
sued to  arrest  before  judgment  (this  is  tlie  usual  sense 
when  the  word  capias  is  used  alone),  and  the  capias  ad 
satisfaciendum  (take  to  satisfy,  usually  abl)reviated  to 
ca.  sa.),  which  is  issued  after  judgment,  for  execution 
against  the  person.  A  testatum  capias  was  a  second  or 
further  writ,  allowed  in  certain  cases  where  the  return  uf 
the  first  attested  the  absence  of  the  defendant. 

capibara  (kap-i-ba'rii),  n.  [Sp.  Pg.,  from  the 
native  name.]  Tlie  eabiai,  earpincho,  or  gi- 
gantic water-eavy  of  South  America,  Hydro- 
choerns  capibara,  the  largest  li^^ng  quadruped 
belonging  to  the  hystrieomorphie  series  of  the 
simplicident  rodents  ;  the  type  and  only  known 
representative  of  the  family  Tlydrochttrida'.  it 
is  related  to  the  Caciiitcp,  liut  distinguisheil  from  them  by 
certain  cranial  and  dental  characters.  The  animal  is  a 


capibara 

or  4  feet  long,  has  a  massive  body,  a  lieavy  flat  lieatl,  broad 
obtuse  muzzle,  small  eyes  and  ears,  short  stout  U-^s  witli 
hoof-like  claws,  a  mere  stump  of  a  tail,  (.-oarse  iieUmo,  and 
brownish  coloration,  and  weighs  about  lOO  pounds.  It 
abounds  iu  tropical  rivers,  and  is  especially  common  in 


804 


Capibara,  or  Water-cavy  {Hydrochatrus  capibara). 

Brazil  and  among  the  islands  of  the  La  Plata,  living  gen- 
erally in  small  companies  in  tlie  heavy  vegetation  of  the 
baulis,  and  on  alarm  taking  to  the  water,  in  which  it 
swims  and  dives  with  ease.  It  is  mild  and  inoffensive  in 
disposition,  and  is  easily  tamed.  The  flesh  is  edible.  Also 
called  water-ho(!  and  water-pig.  Also  written  capybara, 
capibar,  capimra. 

In  shaded  nooks  beneath  the  boughs,  the  capybaras, 
rabbits  as  large  as  sheep,  went  paddling  sleepily  round 
and  round.  Kinysley,  Westward  Ho,  p.  S'lO. 

capidgi  (kap'i-ji),  n.  [<  Turk,  qapiji,  lit.  a  por- 
ter, doorkeeper,  <  qapi,  door,  gate.]  -Aji  execu- 
tioner in  Turkey  and  Persia. 

In  Turkey  and  Persia,  when  the  enemies  of  a  great  man 
have  sufficient  influence  to  procure  a  warrant  for  his  deatli, 
a  capidgi  or  executioner  is  despatched  with  it  to  the  vic- 
tim, who  quietly  submits  to  his  fate. 

T.  H.  Home,  Introd.  to  Study  of  Holy  Script.,  III.  1-JO. 

capillaceous  (kap-i-la'sliius),  a.  [<  L.  capiUa- 
€eus,  hair-like,  of  hair,  <  capiUits,  hair:  see 
•caplllcmj.']  Hair-like  in  dimensions  or  appear- 
ance ;  capillary. 

capillaire  (kap-i-lar'),  n.  [F.,  the  maidenhair 
fern  (=E.  capillary, «.,  3),  and  a  syrup  made  from 
it,  <  LL.  capillaris  (sc.  herba,  herb),  maidenhair: 
see  capillnnj.'l  1 .  The  maidenhair  fern,  Adian- 
tum  Capaius-reneris.—  2.  A  kind  of  syrup  pre- 
pared with  maidenhair  fern ;  also,  by  extension, 
any  simple  syrup,  as  of  sugar  or  honey,  flavored 
with  orange-flowers  or  orange-flower  water. 

capillament  (ka-pil'a-ment),  «.  [<  L.  cupilla- 
mentitm,  the  hair,  hairy  fibers  of  plants,  <  ca- 
jnlliis,  hair:  see  capillary.']  A  filament  or  fine 
fiber;  specifically,  in  hot.,  the  filament  form- 
ing the  stalk  of  the  stamen;  a  small  fine  thread 
like  a  hair. 

The  solid  capillaments  of  the  nerves. 

Bp.  Berkeley,  Siris,  §  224. 

capillarimeter  (kap'i-la-rim'e-ter),  n.  [<  L. 
capillaris  (see  capillary)  +  metrtim,  measure.] 
A  device  for  testing  oils  by  the  size  of  the 
drops  which  fall  from  a  point  of  standard  size 
under  fixed  conditions  of  temperature,  etc.. 

capillariness  (kap'i-la-ri-nes  or  ka-pil'a-ri-nes), 
n.  The  state  of  being  capillary;  capillarity. 
[Eare.] 

capillarity  (kap-i-lar'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  capillaris 
(see  capillary)  +  -ity.]  The  state  or  condition 
of  being  capillary ;  capillary  attraction. 

I  was  already  perfectly  familiar  with  the  notion  of  a 
skin  upon  tlie  surface  of  liquids,  and  I  had  been  taught  by 
means  of  it  to  work  out  problems  in  capillarity. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  147. 

capillary  (kap'i-la-ri  or  ka-pil'a-ri),  a.  and  n. 
[<  L.  capillaris,  pertaining  to  the  hair  (LL. 
herha  capillaris,  maidenhair  fern),  <  capillus, 
the  hair,  prop,  of  the  head  (for  *capitlus1),  < 
cajmt  (capit-),  head:  see  caput.}  I.  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  hair:  as,  a  capillary 
lotion;  capillary  fifiers  or  threads. —  2.  Specifi- 
cally, in  bot.,  resembling  hair  in  the  manner  of 
growth:  applied  in  this  sense  by  Ray,  Boer- 
haave,  and  other  early  botanists  to  ferns. 

Capillary  or  capillaceous  plants  are  such  as  have  no 
main  stalk  or  stem,  but  grow  to  the  ground,  as  hairs  on 
i  the  head ;  and  wliich  bear  their  seeds  in  little  tufts  or 
'  protuberances  on  tlie  backside  of  their  leaves.  Qmncy. 
3.  Resembling  a  single  hair;  specifically,  in 
anat.,  having  (as  a  tube)  so  small  a  bore  that 
water  eamiot  be  poured  into  it,  and  will  not 
run  through  it.— 4.  Pertaining  to  a  capillary 
or  to  capillaries :  as,  capillary  circulation. 

The  quickness  with  which  a  withered  slip  revives  on 
being  placed  in  water,  shows  us  tlie  part  which  capillary 
action  plays.  //.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  S  12. 

5.  Pertaining  to  the  phenomena  of  the  rise 
of  fluids  in  tubes  and  chinks,  and,  more  gen- 
erally, to  the  collecting  of  liquids  in  drops, 


their  spreading  over  surfaces  (as  oil  on  water), 
and  various  other  phenomena  explicable  proxi- 
mately by  surface-tension  and  ultimately  by 
cohesion  and  adhesion,  considered  as  forces 
acting  at  finite  but  insensible  distances. —  6. 
In  surg.,  linear:  descriptive  of  a  fracture  of 
the  skidl  without  separation  of  the  parts  of 
the  injured  bones — Capillary  antennae,  in  entom., 

antenniB  in  which  the  joints  are  long,  slender,  and  very 
loosely  articulated,  the  outer  ones  being  generally  a  lit- 
tle longer ;  this  is  regarded  as  a  modiflcation  of  the  cla- 
vate  tvpe.— Capillary  attraction,  capiUary  repul- 
sion, the  excess  or  deflcieiicy  of  the  attraction  of  one  of 
two  fluids  (the  other  being  generally  air)  for  the  wall 
of  a  vessel  with  which  they  have  a  common  line  of  con- 
tact. The  common  surface  of  the  wall  and  of  the  more 
attracted  fluid  makes  the  acuter  angle  with  the  common 
surface  of  the  fluids.  Capillary  attraction  is  proximately 
accounted  for  by  surface-tension  ;  but  the  latter  has  to  be 
explained  by  the  attractions  between  the  molecules  of  the 
fluids.  See  capillary  tuhrx,  below.— Capillary  bottle, 
a  bottle  with  a  droppiiig-tnlie,  used  in  preparing  objects 
for  the  microscope.— Capillary  broncllitis.  See  bruii- 
c/iiJi.s'.— Capillary  electrometer.  See  electro-capMary. 
—  Capillary  filter,  a  simple  water-filter,  consisting  of 
a  cord  of  loose  fiber,  as  a  cotton  candle-wick,  one  end  of 
which  is  placed  in  the  water,  while  the  other  end  liaugs 
over  the  edge  of  the  vessel.  The  water  is  drawn  through 
the  cord  liy  capillary  action,  without  its  impurities.— Ca- 
pillary pyrites,  in  mineral.  .See  oi/HcriJc—  Capillary 
repulsion.  See  capillam  (ittraction,  aiiove.—  Capillary 
tubes,  tubes  with  very  small  bores,  of  which  the  diameter 
is  only  a  half,  a  third,  a  fourth,  etc.,  of  a  line.  If  a  tube 
of  this  sort,  open  at  both  ends,  is  taken  and  one  of  its 
ends  immersed  in  water,  the  water  will  rise  within  the  tube 
to  a  sensible  height  aliove  the  surface  of  the  water  in  the 
vessel,  the  height  being  inversely  as  the  diameter  of  the 
bore ;  that  is,  the  smaller  the  bore  the  greater  the  height. 
Uirterent  liquids  rise  in  capillary  tubes  to  diflerent  heights. 
The  rise  is  explained  by  the  action  of  cohesion  as  a  force 
acting  at  insensible  distances  (hence  called  capillary  at- 
traction), which  produces  a  tension  of  the  superficial  film 
of  the  liquid  (see  surface-tension)  that  exerts  a  pull  up- 
ward where  the  surface  is  concave,  as  when  the  tube  is 
moistened  by  the  liquid  (as  glass  or  metal  by  water  alco- 
hol, etc.),  but  a  pressure  downward  where  the  surface  is 
convex  ;  consequently,  those  liquids  which  do  not  adhere 
to  or  wet  tlie  surface  of  the  tube  immersed  in  them  stand 
lower  within  than  without.  Mercury,  for  example,  is  de- 
pressed iu  a  glass  tube,  but  rises  in  one  of  tin,  to  which  it 
can  adhere.  The  oil  rises  in  the  wick  of  a  lamp  or  candle 
by  this  principle.— Capillary  vessels,  in  anat.,  the  capil- 
laries. 

II.  «. ;  ]y\.  cainllaries  (-viz).  1.  A  tube  with 
a  smallbore.  Specifically— 2.  In  anat:  (a) 
One  of  the  minute  blood-vessels  which  form 
a  network  between  the  terminations  of  the 
arteries  and  the  beginnings  of  the  veins.  They 

are  formed  of  a  single  endotlielial  coat,  and  the  finer  ones 
may  be  no  larger  in  diameter  than  is  suHicieiit  to  allow 
the  passage  of  a  blood-corpuscle,  (fc)  One  of  the  mi- 
nute lymphatic  ducts,  (c)  One  of  the  intercel- 
lular passages  in  the  liver  which  unite  to  form 
the  bile-ducts.— 3t.  In  bot,  a  fern:  especially 
applied  to  such  ferns  as  grow  like  tufts  of  hair 
on  walls.  Sir  T.  Broivne.  See  I.,  2. 
capillationt  (kap-i-la'shon),  M.  [<  L.  capilla- 
tio(n-),  prop,  being  hairy,  <  capillatus,  hairy,  < 
capiUus,ha,iv:  see  capilhm/.'i  1.  A  blood-ves- 
sel like  a  hair;  a  capillary.  Sir  T.  Browne..— 
2.  Hairiness;  a  making  a  thing  hairy.  Badcy, 

ITU. 

capillaturet  (ka-pil'a-ti\r),  n.  [<  L.  capillatura, 
the  hair,  esp.  false  hair,  <  capillatus,  hairy :  see 
capillation.']  A  bush  of  hair;  frizzling  of  the 
hair.  [Rare.] 

capilli  (ka-pil'i),  n.  pi.  [L.  (NL.),  pi.  of  capil- 
lus, hair:  see  capillary.']  In  entom.,  hairs  on 
the  upper  part  or  front  and  vertex  of  an  in- 
sect's head. 

capillifolious  (ka-pil-i-fo'li-us),  a.  [<  L.  capil- 
lus, hair,  +  folium,  leaf :  see  folio.]  Havmg 
hair-like  leaves. 

capilliform  (ka-pil'i-form),  a.  [<  L.  capillus, 
hair,  +  forma,  form.]  In  the  shape  or  form  of 
a  hair  or  hairs :  as,  a  capilliform  fiber, 
capillitium  (kap-i-lish'i-um),  «.  [L.,  the  hair 
collectively,  <  capillus,  hair:  see  capillary.]  In 
bot.:  («)  The  variously  constituted  intricate 
filamentous  structure  which  together  with  the 
spores  fills  the  spore-case  of  many  of  the  low- 
er fungi,  especially  the  Myxomycetcs.  (b)  The 
thready  or  hair-like  filaments  developed  with- 
in the  spore-capsules  or  sporangia  of  certain 
Mycetozoa. 

capillose  (kap'i-los),  a.  [<  L.  capillosus,  <  ca- 
jx'Hms,  hair:  see  capillary.]  Hairy;  abounding 
vrith  hair. 

capirote  (kap'i-rot),  n.  A  name  of  the  com- 
mon blackcap  warbler  of  Europe,  Sylvia  atri- 
capilla. 

capistra,  n.    Plural  of  capistrum.. 
capistrate  (ka-pis'trat),  a.    [<  L.  capistratus, 
pp.  of  capistrare,  tie  with  a  halter,  bind,  fas- 
ten, <  capistrum,  a  halter:  see  capistrum.]  In 
ornith.,  cowled  or  hooded;  masked;  having  the 


capital 

front  of  the  head  covered,  as  if  by  a  mask,  with 
marked  color. 

capistrum  (ka-pis'trum),  n. ;  pi.  capistra  (-tra). 
[L.,  a  halter,  a  muzzle,  a  band,  <  capere,  hold : 
see  capable]  1.  A  bandage  worn  by  ancient 
flute-players  to  yirevent  the  undue  distention  of 
the  cheeks  in  blowing  their  instruments. —  2.  In 
surg.,  a  bandage  for  the  head. — 3.  In  ornith. : 
(a)  Properly,  the  face  of  a  bird;  the  part  of 
the  head  about  the  bill,  especially  when  dis- 
tinguished in  any  way,  as  by  a  mask  of  color. 
Sundevall.  (b)  A  mask  of  color  enveloping  more 
or  less  of  the  head  like  a  hood,  as  in  the  hooded 
gull,  Larus  capistratus. 
capita,  n.  Latin  plural  of  caput. 
capitaine  (kap'i-tan),  n.  [F.  capitaine,  a  cap- 
tain.] A  labroid  fish,  Lachnolcvmus  maximus 
or  falcatus,  better  known  as  hogjish.  See  cut 
under  hogfish . 

capital!  (kap'i-tal),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  capital,  < 
OF.  and  F.  capital  (AS.  capital,  in  comp.  capi- 
tol-ma'sse,  first  mass)  —  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  capital  = 
It.  capitale,  <  L.  capitalis,  relating  to  the  head, 
and  hence  to  life,  dangerous,  capital,  also  chief, 
preeminent,  <  caimt  (capit-),  head:  see  cajmt.'] 
I.  «.  If.  Relating  to  the  head;  situated  on  the 
head. 


Needs  must  the  serpent  now  his  capital  bruise 
Expect  with  mortal  pain.        Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  383. 

2.  Used  at  the  head  or  beginning,  as  of  a  sen- 
tence, line,  or  word.  See  capital  letters,  below. 
—3.  Affecting  the  head  or  life;  incm'ring  or 
involving  the  forfeitm-e  of  life;  pimishable 
with  death:  as,  treason  and  murder  are  capital 
offenses  or  crimes ;  hence,  fatal ;  most  serious : 
as,  a  capital  mistake. 

By  the  lawes  of  all  kingdomes  It  is  a  capitall  crime  to 
devise  or  purpose  the  death  of  the  king. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

The  law  which  made  forgery  capital  in  England  was 
passed  without  the  smallest  reference  to  the  state  of  so- 
ciety in  India.  Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

4.  First  in  importance ;  chief ;  principal. 

This  had  been 
Perhaps  thy  capital  seat,  from  whence  had  spread 
All  generations.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  343. 

Whatever  is  capital  and  essential  in  Christianity. 

Is.  Taylor. 

The  capital  peculiarity  of  the  eloquence  of  all  times  of 
revolution  ...  is  that  the  actions  it  persuades  to  are  the 
highest  and  most  heroic  which  men  can  do. 

It.  Chuate,  Addresses,  p.  173. 
A  ministry  which  has  been  once  defeated  on  a  capital 
question  rarely  recovers  its  moral  force.  ,  „    ,  . 

Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  1. 

5.  Very  good;  excellent;  first-class:  as,  a 
capital  singer  or  player;  a  capital  dinner;  a 
capital  fellow. 

When  the  reading  was  over,  nobody  said  capital,  or  even 
good,  or  even  tolerable.      T.  Hook,  Gilbert  Gurney,  I.  ii. 

In  a  dirty  little  inn,  ill-kept  by  friendly,  simple  people, 
I  had  a  capital  breakfast. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  52. 

Capital  cross.  See  crossi.— Capital  letters  (capital  A, 
B,  C,  etc.),  in  ivriting  and  printing,  letters  of  a  larger  face 
than'  and  ditfering  more  or  less  in  form  from,  the  letters 
constituting  the  bulk  of  the  text  (small  or  lower-case  let- 
ters) and  corresponding  in  the  main  (especially  in  print- 
ing) to  the  majuscules  of  ancient  inscriptions  and  manu- 
scripts, which  were  wholly  written  in  such  letters:  so 
called  because  used  in  headings,  and  at  the  beginning  or 
liead  of  sentences,  lines  of  poetry,  proper  names,  etc.— 

Capital  manset.  See  manse.—  Capital  offense,  cmne, 

or  felony  a  crime  or  offense  which  involves  the  penalty 
of  death.  All  the  more  serious  offenses  against  society 
were  punishable  with  death  until  comparatively  recent 
times  (the  number  in  England  in  Blackstones  time, 
without  benefit  of  clergy,  being  160) ;  but  now  the  only 
civil  crimes  generally  treated  as  capital  are  murder,  pi- 
racy, and  treason,  to  which  rape,  arson,  and  one  or  two 
others  are  added  in  some  countries  or  states.— Capital 
stock.  See  capital'^,  n.,  and  sfoc7f.=Syn.  4.  Leading, 
prominent,  important,  essential.— 5.  Prime,  splendid,  per- 
il, n.  1 .  The  city  or  town  which  is  the  of- 
ficial seat  of  government  in  a  country,  state, 
or  province,  or  of  justice  in  a  county. —  2.  A 
capital  letter  (which  see,  under  I.).  Abbre- 
viated cap  Rustic  capitals,  in  early  Roman  manu- 
scripts a  form  of  letters  differing  from  the  square  capitals 
in  that  the  lines  are  more  free  and  the  forms  more  slender 
and  less  angular.— Square  capitals,  in  early  Roman 
manuscripts,  a  form  of  letters  in  which  the  horizontal 
lines  are  carefully  made  at  right  angles  with  the  vertical 
strokes.  The  forms  are  based  on  those  of  the  lapidary 
inscriptions.  The  rustic  and  square  capitals  were  used 
contemporaneously,  and  were  generally  superseded  by  the 
uncial  characters  as  early  as  the  sixth  century, 
capital^  (kap'i-tal),  n.  [=  D.  kajntaal  =  (r. 
Dan.  ka2}ital  =  g'w.  capital.  <  F.  cajntal  =  bp. 
Pg.  cajntal  — It.  capitale,  <  ML.  capitale,yfes.\va., 
stock  (whence  also  ult.  the  earlier  E.  forms 
chattel  and  cattle,  q.  v.),  prop.  neut.  oi  lj.  capv- 
talis,  principal,  chief :  see  capital'^.]  1 .  In  po- 
lit  econ.,  that  part  of  the  produce  of  industry 
which,  in  the  form  either  of  national  or  ot  m- 


capital 

dividual  wealth,  is  available  for  further  pro- 
duction; an  accumulation  of  tlie  products  of 
past  labor  capable  of  being  used  in  the  support 
of  present  or  f  utm-e  labor. 

What  capital  does  for  production  is  to  afford  the  shel- 
ter, protection,  tools,  and  materials  which  tlie  work  re- 
quires, and  to  feed  and  otherwise  maintain  the  laliorers 
during  the  process.  .  .  .  Wiatever  things  are  destined  for 
this  use — destined  to  supply  productive  labor  with  these 
various  prerequisites  —  are  capital. 

J.  S.  Mill,  Pol.  Econ.,  r.  iv.  §  1. 

Capital  ...  is  that  part  of  wealth,  excluding  unim- 
proved land  and  natural  agents,  .  .  .  which  is  devoted  to 
the  production  of  wealth.     F.  A.  Walker,  Pol.  Econ.,  §  73. 

2.  Specifically,  the  wealth  employed  in  carry- 
ing on  a  particular  trade,  manufacture,  busi- 
ness, or  undertaking ;  stock  in  trade ;  the  actual 
estate,  whether  in  money  or  property,  which  is 
owned  and  employed  by  an  individual,  firm,  or 
corporation  in  business.  As  commonly  used  to  in- 
dicate financial  resources,  it  implies  ownership,  and  does 
not,  without  qnaliflcation,  include  borrowed  money. 
With  reference  to  a  corporation,  it  is  the  aggregate  of  the 
sum  subscribed  and  paid  in,  or  secured  to  be  paid  in,  hy 
the  sliareholders,  with  the  addition  of  all  undivided  gains 
or  profits  realized  in  the  use  and  investment  of  tliose  sums ; 
or  if  losses  have  been  incurred,  then  it  is  tlie  residue  after 
deducting  sucli  losses.    See  gtock. 

3.  Figuratively,  productive  resources  of  any 
kind,  whether  physical  or  moral ;  means  of  in- 
fluence or  of  increasing  one's  power. 

The  Lords  have  no  constituents  to  talk  to,  and  no 
speeches  to  make  merely  as  political  capital.  Quart.  Rev. 
Active  capital.    See  active.— Circulating  capital, 

that  part  of  capital  wliich  is  consumed  in,  or  assumes  a 
new  form  by  the  effect  of,  a  single  use,  or,  having  been 
once  used,  ceases  to  be  directly  available  for  the  same  ser- 
vice, as  the  wages  of  laborers,  or  the  raw  materials  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  any  article. 

Capital  which  .  .  .  fulfils  tlie  whole  of  its  office  in  the 
production  in  which  it  is  engaged,  by  a  single  use,  is  called 
Circulating  Capital.  J.  S.  Mill,  Pol.  Econ.,  I.  vi.  §  1. 
Fixed  capital,  capital  which  is  of  a  permanent  character 
and  is  available  for  more  than  a  single  use,  as  the  build- 
ings in  which  and  the  machinery  by  which  articles  are 
manufactured. 

Capital  which  exists  in  any  of  these  durable  shapes,  and 
the  return  to  which  is  spread  over  a  period  of  correspond- 
ing duration,  is  called  Fixed  Capital. 

J.  S.  Mill,  Pol.  Econ.,  I.  vi.  §  1. 
To  make  capital  of,  to  seize  and  use  for  the  furtherance 
of  private  advantage  or  party  purposes. 

capital^  (kap'i-tal),  n.  [<  ME.  eapitale,  prop. 
*capitel,  =  OF.  chapitel,  F.  chapiteau  =  Pr.  Sp. 
Pg.  capitel  =  It.  capitello  =  G.  capital,  kapitdl 
=  D.  kapiteel  =  Dan.  'kapit(vl  =  Sw.  kapitdl,  <  L. 
capitellum,  the  head  of  a  column  or  pillar,  also 
lit.  a  little  head  (see  capitellum  and  cadet),  dim. 
of  caput  (capit-),  head :  see  capital^,  caput.']  1. 
The  head  or  uppermost  member  of  anything. 

Specifically,  in  arch.,  the  uppermost  part  of  a  column, 
pUlar,  or  pilaster,  which  serves  as  the  crown  of  the  shaft. 


Medieval  Capital. —  Abbey  of  Vezelay,  t^\h  century.   (From  Viollet- 
le-Duc's  '■  Diet,  de  1' Architecture.") 

and  as  a  member  of  transition  between  it  and  the  entab- 
lature, or  other  portion  of  the  structure  above  the  pillar. 
In  classical  architecture  the  different  orders  have  their 
respective  appropriate  capitals  ;  but  in  the  Egyptian,  In- 
dian, Moorish,  Byzantine,  and  medieval  styles  the  capitals 
are  endlessly  diversified. 

2.  In  fort.,  the  line  which  bisects  the  salient 
angle  of  a  ravelin. —  3.  The  head  of  a  still,  a 
chmmey,  etc — Angular  capital,  a  term  applied  to 
the  modern  Ionic  capital,  which  has  four  similar  sides  and 
all  its  volutes  placed  at  an  angle  of  135'  with  the  plane  of 
the  frieze.  See  angle-capital.— Axis  Of  the  Ionic  capi- 
tal. See  axigl. 
capital^  (kap'i-tal),  V.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  capi- 
tated or  capitaUed,  ppr.  capitaling  or  capitalUng. 
[<  capital'^,  «.]  To  furnish  or  crown  with  a 
capital,  as  a  pillar  or  column.  [Eare.] 

The  white  column  cupitalled  with  gilding. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Villette,  XX. 


805 

capital'*!  (kap'i-tal),  n.  [<  ME.  capitel,  capitlc 
(partly  <  AS.  capitid),  also  assibilated  chapi- 
tel, chapittc,  chapitre,  <  OF.  capitlc,  chapiile, 
chapitrc,  F.  chapitre  =  Sp.  capitulo  =  Pg.  ca- 
pitulo  =  It.  capitolo  =  D.  kapjiitel  =  G.  capitel 
=  Dan.  kapitel  =  Sw.  capitel,  <  L.  capitidum,  a 
chapter,  lit.  a  little  head,  dim.  of  caput  (cajiit-), 
head :  see  caput,  and  cf.  chapter,  chapiter,  doub- 
lets of  capital^.]  A  chapter  or  section  of  a 
book. 

capitalisation,  capitalise.   See  capitalisation, 

capitali'c. 

capitalism  (kap'i-tal-izm),  n.  [<  capital^  + 
-ism.]  1.  The  state  of  having  capital  or  prop- 
erty ;  possession  of  capital. 

Tlie  sense  of  capitalism  sobered  and  dignified  Paul  de 
Florae.  Thackeray,  Newcoraes,  xlvi. 

2.  The  concentration  or  massing  of  capital  in 
the  hands  of  a  few ;  also,  the  power  or  influence 
of  large  or  combined  capital. 

Industry  is  carried  on  by  the  concentration  of  large 
sums  of  capital ;  it  is  there  |in  England)  that  capitalism  has 
developed  most  largely,  and  has  tlius  prepared  the  causes 
of  its  own  destruction. 

Orpen,  tr.  of  Lavelaye's  Socialism,  p.  209. 

The  working-men  find  the  journals  out  of  sympathy 
with  theu'  aims  and  aspirations,  and  have  learnt  to  regard 
them  as  hopelessly  subservient  to  what  they  call  capital- 
ism. jV.  a.  Rev.,  CXLIII.  312. 

capitalist  (kap'i-tal-ist),  n.  [<  capitaV^  +  -ist; 
=  F.  capitaliste.]  One  who  has  capital ;  espe- 
cially, a  man  of  large  property  which  is  or  may 
be  employed  in  business. 

I  take  the  expenditure  of  the  capitalist,  not  the  value 
of  the  c"apital,  as  my  standard.   Burke,  A  Regicide  Peace. 

I  wish  to  see  workmen  becoming  by  degrees  their  own 
capitalists, —  sharers  in  all  the  profits  and  all  the  advan- 
tages which  capital  confers.  Jevons,  Social  Eeform,  p.  IIS). 

capitalistic  (kap"i-ta-lis'tik),  a.  [<  capitalist 
+  -ic]  Of  or  pertaining  to  capital  or  capital- 
ists; representing  or  carried  on  by  capital  or 
capitalists ;  founded  on  or  believing  in  capital- 
ism: as,  capitalistic  production;  capitalistic 
opinions. 

He  [Lassalle]  tells  the  workingmen  .  .  .  that  the  great 
industrial  centres  are  the  germs  of  the  future  state,  in 
which  the  capitalistic  shall  be  superseded  by  the  socialistic 
method  of  production.    G.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  63. 

The  characteristic  feature  of  the  capitalistic  system  of 
production  is  that  industry  is  controlled  by  capitalists 
employing  free  wage-labour ;  that  is,  while  the  capitalist 
owns  and  controls  the  means  of  production,  the  free  la- 
bourer has  lost  all  ownership  in  land  and  capital  and  has 
nothing  to  depend  on  but  his  wage. 

Encxjc.  Brit.,  XXII.  212. 

capitalization^  (kap  *  i  -  tal  -  i  -  za '  shon),  n.  [< 
capitalise^  +  -ation.]  The  use  of  capital  let- 
ters at  the  beginning  of  words  in  writing  or 
printing.    Also  spelled  capitalisation. 

capitalization^  (kap "  i -tal-i - za '  shon),  ji.  [< 
capitalize'^  +  -ation ;  =  Y.  capitalisation.]  The 
act  of  capitalizing,  (a)  The  application  of  wealth  as 
capital,  especially  in  large  amounts,  to  the  purposes  of 
trade,  manufactures,  etc. 

Economics,  then,  is  not  solely  the  science  of  Exchange 
or  Value  :  it  is  also  the  science  of  Capitalisation. 

Jevons,  Pol.  Econ.,  p.  241. 

(b)  The  act  of  computing  or  realizing  the  present  value 
of  a  periodical  payment,  (c)  Conversion  into  capital :  as, 
the  creditors  consented  to  the  capitalization  of  half  their 
claims.    Also  spelled  cajtitalisation. 

capitalize^  (kap'i-tal-iz),  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
capitalized,  ppr.  capitalizing.  [<  capital^  + 
•dze.]  To  begin  with  a  capital  letter:  as,  to 
capitalize  the  tirst  word  of  a  sentence.  Also 
spelled  capitalise,  and  abbreviated  to  cap. 

capitalize^  (kap'i-tal-iz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cap- 
italized, ppr.  capitalizing.  [<  capitaV^  +  -ize ;  = 
F.  capitaliser.]  To  convert  into  capital  or  into 
an  equivalent  capital  sum.  (a)  To  convert  (wealth 
or  other  property)  into  capital  which  may  be  used  for 
purposes  of  trade,  manufactures,  etc.  (6)  To  compute  or 
realize  the  present  value  of  in  money:  applied  to  the 
conversion  of  a  periodical  payment  for  a  definite  or  an  in- 
definite length  of  time  into  a  single  payment  or  capital 
sum:  a.s,to  capitalize  a, yeasion;  to  capitalize  rents. 

As  to  the  project  of  capitalizing  incomes,  that  Is  an- 
other affair.  London  Times,  Jan.  22,  1856. 

(c)  To  convert  (floating  debt)  into  stock  or  shares.  Also 
spelled  cnpitali!<i'. 

capitally  (kap'i-tal-i),  adv.  1.  By  the  loss  of 
one's  head  or  life. 

He  was  punished  capitally. 

Bp.  Patrick,  Paraphrases  and  Com.,  Gen.  xliii.  15. 

2.  In  a  capital  manner;  in  a  preeminent  de- 
gree; excellently;  finely:  as,  she  s&ng  cajntalli/. 

Away  here  in  the  wild  Balkan  mountains,  there  is  old 
Mr.  Somebodypoff's  son,  .  .  .  who  talks  English  captfoH!/. 

J.  Baker,  Turkey,  p.  221. 

capitalness  (kap'i-tal-nes),  w.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  capital;  preeminence. 
[Rare.] 


capitibranchiate 

Capitan-pacha,  «■    Sec  raptain-pasha. 

capitata,  ".    Plural  of  capitatum. 

capitate  (kap'i-tat),  a.  [<  L.  capitatus,  having  a 
head,  <  caput  (capit-),  head:  see  cajmt.]  1.  In 
bot.,  head-shaped,  or  collected  in  a  head,  as  a 
dense  terminal  cluster  of  sessile  or  nearly  ses- 
sile flowers ;  having  a  rounded  head:  as,  a  capi- 
tate stigma. —  2.  In  ornith.,  having  an  enlarged 
extremity:  as,  the  capitate  feather  of  a  pea- 
cock's tail. —  3.  In  entom.,  suddenly  enlarged 
at  the  end  so  as  to  form  a  ball  or  oval  mass: 
applied  to  the  antennae  of  insects  when  this 
form  is  produced  by  several  expanded  terminal 
joints,  as  in  most  of  the  Curculionidw. 

capitation  (kap-i-ta'shon),  »i.  [=  F.  capitation, 
poll-tax,  <  LL.  capitatio{n-),  the  poll-tax,  <  L. 
cajmt  (capit-),  head:  see  caput.]  1.  Numera- 
tion by  the  head;  a  numbering  of  persons,  as 
the  inhabitants  of  a  city. 

"  Baptize  all  nations  "  must  signify  all  that  it  can  sig- 
nify, all  that  are  reckoned  in  the  capitations  and  accounts 
of  a  nation.  Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1S35),  I.  127. 

2.  A  tax  or  imposition  upon  each  head  or  per- 
son ;  a  poll-tax.  Sir  T.  Browne.  Also  called 
a  capitation-tax. 

No  cajntation  or  other  direct  tax  .shall  be  laid  unless  in 
proportion  to  the  census  or  enumeration  herein  before  di- 
rected to  be  taken.  Const,  of  If.  S. 

Capitation  grant,  a  grant  of  so  much  per  head ;  specifi- 
cally, in  Great  ISritain,  a  grant  annually  paid  by  govern- 
ment to  schools  on  account  of  each  j)upil  who  pa.sses  a 
certain  test  examination,  and  to  volunteer  military  com- 
panies on  account  of  sucli  members  as  reach  the  stage  of 
"efficients." 

capitatum  (kap-i-ta'tum),  n.;  pi.  capitata 
(-ta).  [NL.,  neut.  of  L.  capitatus,  headed:  see 
capitate.]  The  large  capitate  bone  of  the 
carpus,  more  fully  called  os  capitatum;  the  os 
magnum.    See  cut  under  hand. 

Capitella  (kap-i-tel'a),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  dim,  of  L. 
caput  (capit-),  head:  see  caput.]  1.  The  typi- 
cal genus  of  the  family  Capitellidce :  synony- 
mous with  Lumbriconais. —  2.  [/.  c]  Plural  of 
capitellum. 

capitellar  (kap-i-tel'ar),  a.  [<  L.  capitellum,  a 
small  head,  the  capital  of  a  column,  dim.  of 
caput  (capit-),  head:  see  capitellum.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  capitellum. 

capitellate  (kap-i-tel'at),  a.  [<  NL.  capitella- 
tus,  <  L.  capitellum,  a  little  head:  see  capitel- 
lum.] 1.  In  bot.,  growing  in  small  heads. — 2. 
Having  a  capitellum  or  capitulum. 

Capitellidae  (kap-i-tel'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Capitella  +  -('(/«•.]  A  fainily  of  marine  poly- 
chaBtous  annelids,  typified  by  the  genus  Ca- 
pitella, lacking  parapodia,  and  having  the 
vascular  system  reduced  or  wanting.  Other 
genera  of  this  family  are  Xotomastus  and  Da- 
sijhranclius. 

capitelliform  (kap-i-tel'i-form),  a.  [<  L.  capi- 
tellum (see  capitellum)  +  forma,  form.]  Same 
as  capituliform. 

capitellum  (kap-i-tel'um),  n. ;  pi.  capitella  (-a). 
[L.,  a  small  head,  dim.  of  caput  (capit-),  head: 
see  caput,  capital^,  and  cadet^.]  1.  In  anat.: 
(a)  The  rounded  convex 
articular  eminence  upon 
the  distal  extremity  of 
the  humerus  (capitellum 
humeri),  which  is  re- 
ceived in  the  cup-shaped 
head  of  the  radius,  (b) 
The  head  of  a  rib  (capi- 
tellum costw),  as  distin- 
guished from  the  tuber- 
ctiliun  or  shoulder.  Also 
called  capitulum. —  2.  In 
zoiil.,  the  tentacular  por- 
tion of  the  body  or  the 
hydranth  of  a  hydroid 
polyp;  that  part  of  the 
hydranth  which  bears 
tentacles  and  appears  to  be  analogous  to  a 
head. 

The  aboral  pole  grows  out  into  a  stalk-like  part,  which 
carries  the  head,  and  is  distinguished  as  the  capitellum  or 
hydranth.  Gegenbaur,  Conip.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  92. 

Capitibranchia,  Capitibranchiata  (kap  i-ti- 

brang'ki-a,  -brang-la-a'ta).  n.  pi.  [NL. :  see 
capitibranchiate.]  Same  as  Ccjihalobranchia. 
capitibranchiate  (kap  i-ti-brang'ki-at),  rt.  [< 
NL.  capitibranchiatus,  also  capitobranchiatus,  < 
L.  caput  (capit-),  hea.d,  +  branchiw,  gills.]  Same 
as  cephalobranchiate. 

In  the  tubicolous  capito-branchiate  forms. 

Claus,  Zoology  (trans.),  p.  377. 
In  some  cajiito-hranchiate  Cha;topods  cartilage  forms  a 
skeletal  support  for  the  gill-plumes. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  676. 


Lower  end  of  Left  Human  Hu- 
merus (front  view). 
a,  internal  epicondyle;  ^, 
external  epicondyle  ;  c,  troch- 
lea; d,  capitellum. 


Capito 

Capito  (kap'i-to),  n.  [L.,  a  fish  with  a  large 
head,  prop,  adj.,  large-headed,  <  caput  {capit-), 
head:  seecopwi.]  A  genus  of  barbets,  typical 
of  the  subfamily  Capitonince  as  restricted  by 
G.  R.  Gray  in  1841  to  the  American  seansorial 
barbets  or  thickheads.  The  word  was  originally  used 
in  this  connection  by  Vieillot  in  1816 ;  it  was  transferred 


Peruvian  Barbet  [Capito perievtanjts). 

In  1820  by  Tennuinck  to  tlie  puff-birds,  or  American  fissi- 
rostral  barbets,  of  the  family  Buccoiiidtv,  and  subseijuently 
became,  at  the  hands  of  other  writers,  a  loose  synonym  of 
various  genera  of  old-  as  well  as  new-world  barbets,  in- 
cluded in  families  known  as  Mertalcemidce,  Capitonidce, 
etc.  Its  proper  and  now  current  sense  is  that  here  indi- 
cated.   See  barbet'i,  Bucconidce,  Capitonidce. 

Capitol  (kap'i-tol),  n.    [(ME.  *capitoile,  capa- 
toijlle)  =  F.  cap'itole  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  eapitoUo,  <  L. 
capitoUum,  <  caput  (capit-),  the  head:  see  ca- 
put.']   1.  In  Eome,  and  in  Eoman  cities  and 
colonies,  the  precinct  and  temple  of  Jupiter 
Optimus  Maximus,  the  protector  of  the  city. 
The  Capitol  at  Rome,  situated  on  the  southwestern  sum- 
mit of  the  Capitoline  hill,  was  the  center  of  the  official 
religion  of  the  state.   In  it  the  cult  of  Juno  and  of  Mi- 
nerva was  associated  with  that  of  Jupiter.    It  was  three 
times  destroyed  by  fh-e,  and  each  time  restored  with  aug- 
mented magnificence;  the  last  edifice  continued  to  exist, 
though  despoiled,  till  about  the  tenth  century.  The  whole 
of  the  Capitoline  hill  (originally  Mons  Saturnius  or  Tar- 
peius)  was  also  called  the  Capitol ;  on  the  second  of  its  two 
summits  was  the  citadel.  The  modern  Capitol,  or  museum 
of  the  Capitol,  stands  in  the  space  between  the  sum- 
mits.   Meetings  of  the  senate  and  other  legislative 
bodies  have  been  held  in  or  on  the  Capitol  in  both 
ancient  and  modern  times.    Literary  references  or 
inscriptions  prove  the  existence  of  a  capitol  on  the 
model  of  that  in  Rome  in  more  than  twenty  provin- 
cial cities  of  Italy,  Gaul,  Spain,  Africa,  and  the  East ; 
and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  a  similar  foundation 
was  established  in  every  regularly  constituted  Ro- 
man colony.  The  Roman  capitol  of  Toulouse,  which 
has  been  more  than  once  renewed,  has  been  the 
chief  seat  of  authority  in  that  city  from  medieval 
times  to  the  present  day. 

The  cake-bakers,  being  returned  to  Lern6,  went 
presently,  before  they  did  either  eat  or  drink,  to  the 
Capitol,  and  there  before  their  king,  called  Picro- 
chole,  .  .  .  made  their  complaint,  showing  their 
panniers  broken,  their  coats  torn,  etc. 

Rabelais  (tr.  by  l!rquhart),  Gargantua,  xxvi. 

2.  In  the  United  States,  the  edifice  occupied 
by  Congress  at  Washington ;  also,  in  the 
separate  States,  the  state-house,  or  house 
in  which  the  legislature  holds  its  sessions. 
Capitolian  (kap-i-to'li-an),  a.  Same  as  Capi- 
tiiiuie. 

Capitoline  (kap'i-to-lin),  a.  [<  L.  Capitoliniis, 
<  CapitoUum,  the  Capitol.]  Pertaining  to  any 
Roman  Capitol,  or  to  Jupiter  the  Protector,  of 
whose  worship  the  Capitol  was  the  official  seat ; 
specifically,  pertaining  to  the  Capitol  at  Rome, 
or  to  the  hill  on  which  it  stood :  as,  the  Capito- 
line Museum — Capitoline  games,  in  ancient  Rome, 
annual  games  originally  instituted  by  Camillus  in  honor 
of  Jupiter  Capitolinus,  and  in  commemoration  of  the  pres- 
ervation of  the  Capitol  from  the  Gauls.  They  were  rein- 
stituted,  after  having  fallen  into  disuse,  by  Domitian,  and 
were  thereafter  celebrated  every  fifth  year. 

Capitonidse  (kap-i-ton'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Capito(n-)  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  non-passerine 
zygodaetyl  birds,  the  seansorial  barbets,  inhab- 
iting the  warmer  parts  of  both  hemispheres. 

Leading  genera  are  Po;;orwrhy)ichus,  Meyalcema,  Calo- 
rkamphus,  etc.,  of  the  old  world,  and  Capito  of  the  new. 
The  family  name  is  almost  inextricably  confused  with 
Bucconidce.  See  barhet'i  and  Megalcemidce,  and  cuts  un- 
der Capito  and  Pogonorhynchus. 

Capitoninse  (kap''''i-to-ni'ne),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Capito{n-)  +  -inw.']  A  subfamily  of  Megalw- 
niidos,  typified  by  the  genus  Capito  ;  the  thick- 
heads, or  American  seansorial  barbets,  confined 
to  Central  and  South  America,  and  represent- 
ed by  about  12  species  of  the  genera  Capito  and 
Tetragonops.  See  cut  under  Capito. 
capitonine  (kap'i-to-nin),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  characiers  of  the  Capitonidm  proper 
or  Capitoninw, 


806 

capitopedal  (kap*i-t6-ped'al),  a.  [<  L.  capxit 
(capit-),  head,  +  pes  (ped-),  foot,  -i-  -al.]  Per- 
taining to  the  head  and  foot. 

Right  and  left  of  tlie  neck  [in  Patella]  are  seen  a  pair  of 
minute  oblong  yellow  bodies,  which  were  originally  de- 
scribed by  Lankester  as  orifices  possibly  connected  with 
the  evacuation  of  the  generative  products.  On  account 
of  their  position  they  were  termed  by  him  the  capito- 
pedal orifices,  being  placed  near  the  junction  of  head  and 
foot.  Uncyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  646. 

capitula,  n.    Plural  of  capitulum. 

capitulant  (ka-pit'u-lant),  n.  [<  ML.  capitu- 
la)i(t-)s,  ppr.  ot'  capitulare :  see  capitulate.] 
One  wlio  capitulates  or  surrenders.  Alison, 
Hist.  Europe. 

capitulante  (Sp.  pron.  ka-pe-to-lan'te),  n. 
[Sp.,  prop.  pp.  of  capitular,  <  ML.  capitulare, 
arrange  in  heads  or  chapters:  see  capitulate.] 
A  contractor.  [Use  in  parts  of  the  United 
States  acquired  from  Mexico.] 
capitular  (ka-pit'u-lar),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  capitu- 
laire  =  It.  capitotare,  a.  and  n.,  <  ML.  capitu- 
laris,  pertaining  to  a  chapter  (cf.  LL.  capitulare, 
neut.,  a  poll-tax),  <  L.  capitulum,  a  chapter  (sec- 
tion of  a  book,  or  a  council),  lit.  a  little  head : 
see  cajntulum,  chapter,  &nd  capital^^.]  I,  a.  1. 
Belonging  to  a  chapter,  in  any  sense  of  that 
word.    Also  capitulary. 

The  next  step  would  have  been  to  impose  monastic  vows 
upon  all  the  capitular  clergy. 

D.  A.  Freeman,  Hist.  Norm.  Conq.,  II.  SOI. 

2.  In  hot.,  growing  in  a  capitulum  or  head. 
See  capitate. —  3.  In  zool.  and  anat.,  pertain- 
ing to  a  capitulum — Capitular  mass.  Seemassi. 
—  Capitular  process,  in  anat.,  a  small  process'or  prom- 
inence on  a  vertebra,  with  which  the  capitulum  of  a  rib 
articulates  ;  the  articular  facet  for  the  head  of  a  rib.  See 
cuts  under  atlas  and  cervical. 

II.  n.  1.  An  act  passed  in  a  chapter,  as  of 
knights  or  canons. —  2.  pi.  The  body  of  laws 
or  statutes  of  a  chapter  or  of  an  ecclesiastical 
council.  This  name  is  also  given  to  the  laws,  civil  and 
ecclesiastical,  made  by  Charlemagne  and  other  princes  in 
general  counuils  and  assemblies  of  the  people.  They  are 
so  called  because  divided  into  chapters  or  sections. 

That  great  legislator  knew  too  well  the  importance 
attached  by  all  mankind  to  local  customs,  to  allow  his 
imperial  capitulars  to  interfere,  unnecessarily,  with  tlie 
Frisian  laws.  Nolle'/,  Uutcli  Republic,  I.  22. 


Capitol  of  the  United  bt.ites.  \1  ablimato 


3.  A  member  of  a  chapter. 

Statutes  which  shall  bind  the  chapter  itself,  and  all  its 
members,  or  capitulars.  Ayliffe,  Parergon. 

In  the  preceding  senses  also  capitulary. 

4.  [Sp.,  <  ML. :  see  above.]  In  parts  of  Amer- 
ica settled  by  Spaniards,  a  regidor  elected  to 
the  ayuntamiento  or  town  council,  as  distin- 
guished from  one  appointed  by  the  executive 
authority. 

capitularly  (ka-pit'u-lar-li),  adv.  In  the  form 
or  manner  of  a  chapter,  as  of  a  religious  order. 

The  keeper,  Sir  Simon  Harcourt,  alleged  you  could  do 
nothing  but  when  all  three  were  capitularly  met. 

Swift,  To  Mr.  St.  John. 

capitulary  (ka-pit'u-la-ri),  a.  and  n.    I.  a. 

Same  as  capitular,  1. 
The  capitulary  acts  of  York  Cathedral. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  iii.  §  35. 

II.  n. ;  pi.  capitidaries  (-riz).  Same  as  capit- 
ular, 1,  2,  and  3. 

More  than  one  law  was  made,  forbidding  all  Sunday 
labour,  and  this  prohibition  was  reiterated  by  Charle- 
magne in  his  Capitularies.    Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  259. 

capitulate  (ka-pit'ii-lat),  V.  i.;  pret.  and  pp. 
capitulated,  ppr.  capitulating.  [<  ML.  capitu- 
latus,  pp.  of  capitulare,  arrange  in  heads  or 
chapters,  hence  arrange  conditions  (esp.  of  sur- 
render), <  L.  capitulum,  a  chapter:  see  capiitu- 
lum,  capitular,  and  chapter.]  1.  To  draw  up  a 
writing  in  chapters,  heads,  or  articles;  hence, 
to  draw  up  articles  of  agi-eement;  arrange 


capitulum 

terms  of  agreement ;  treat ;  also,  to  enter  into 
an  agreement ;  confederate. 

Do  not  bid  me 
Dismiss  my  soldiers,  or  capitulate 
Again  with  Rome's  mechanics.    Shak.,  Cor.,  v.  3. 

Percy,  Northumberland, 
The  archbishop's  Grace  of  York,  Douglas,  Mortimer, 
Capitulate  against  us.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 

He  who  took  so  hainously  to  be  offer  d  nineteen  Propo- 
sitions from  the  Parlament,  capitulates  heer  with  God 
almost  in  as  many  Articles.    Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxv. 

2.  To  surrender  to  an  enemy  on  stipulated  con- 
ditions. Used  especially  regarding  an  army  or  a  garri- 
son, wlien  the  terms  of  surrender  are  specified  and  agreed 
to  by  the  parties. 

Mondragon  was  determined  not  to  yield  at  discretion, 
although  very  willing  to  capitulate. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  528. 
I  am  ashamed  to  think  how  easily  we  capitulate  to  badges 
and  names,  to  lai'ge  societies  and  dead  institutions. 

Emerson,  Self-reliance. 

capitulate,  capitulated  (ka-pit'u-lat,  -la-ted), 
a.  [<  NL.  capitidatus,  <  L.  capitulum :  see 
capitidum.]  1.  Having  a  capitulum  or  knob. 
Specifically — 2.  In  bat.,  head-like:  applied  to 
the  apothecium  of  a  lichen  when  it  is  irregu- 
larly rounded  or  globular  and  seated  on  the 
apex  of  a  stem-like  portion  of  the  thallus,  as  in 
Cladonia.  Lindsay. 

capitulation  (ka-pit-u-la'shon),  n.  [=  D.  fco- 
pitula  tie  -  -  F.  capitulation  (>  G.  capitulation  = 
Dan.  hapitulation)  =  Sp.  capitidacion  =  Pg.  ca- 
pitulagao  =  It.  cajntolazione,  <  ML.  *capitula- 
tio(n-)  (cf.  capitulatio(n-),  an  index  of  chapters), 
<  cap^^^^tere,  capitulate :  see  capitulate]  1.  An 
article  or  articles  of  agreement ;  formal  agree- 
ment. [Rare.] 

With  special  capitulation  that  neitlier  the  Scots  nor  the 
French  shall  refortify.    Bp.  Burnet,  Records,  No.  50,  i.  2. 

Specifically  —  2.  The  act  of  capitulating  or  sur- 
rendering to  an  enemy  upon  stipulated  terms  or 
conditions ;  also,  the  treaty  or  instrument  con- 
taining the  conditions  of  such  a  suiTender. 

My  idea  was,  that  all  persons  taken  in  war  were  to  be 
deemed  prisoners  of  war.  That  those  who  surrender  on 
capitulation  (or  convention)  are  prisoners  of  war  also. 

Jefferson,  Correspondence,  I.  164. 

3.  (a)  In  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  the  con- 
tract or  pledge  entered  into  by  the  elected  em- 
peror, before  receiving  coronation,  with 
the  electors,  in  which  the  latter  generally 
secured  some  concession  as  the  price  of 
their  votes.  (&)  pi.  (1)  The  name  given 
by  Europeans  to  those  treaties  and  con- 
cessions of  the  early  sultans  of  Turkey 
which  secure  to  foreigners  residing  there 
rights  of  exterritoriality,  in  continuation 
of  similar  privileges  granted  to  foreign 
residents  by  the  Byzantine  empire. 

These  privileges  are  in  general  called  Capitula- 
tions; noi  in  the  sense  now  usual  of  a  surrender  of 
right,  for  they  were  a  free  grant,  but  in  the  old 
sense  of  an  agreement  under  heads  and  articles — 
"Capitula."  The  word  was  not  unusual  in  such  a 
sense  in  old  Frencli  treaties  and  conventions,  for 
we  read  of  a  "Capitulation  and  Contract  of  Mar- 
riage" between  Dom  Pedro  of  Portugal  and  the 
Princess  Marie  of  Savoy. 

E.  Schuyler,  Amer.  Diplomacy,  pp.  59,  60. 

(2)  Conventions  formerly  entered  into  by 
the  Swiss  cantons  to  regulate  the  employment 
of  Swiss  troops  by  the  popes,  the  Netherlands, 
and  the  kings  of  Spain,_  Naples,  and  France, 
capitulator  (ka-pit'ii-la-tor),  n.  [<  ML.  as  if 
*c(ipitulator,  <  capitulare :  see  capitulate.]  One 
who  capitulates. 

capitulatory  (ka-pit'ii-la-to-ri),  a.  [<  cajntu- 
late  +  -ory.]  1.  Briefly  stated;  drawn  up  in 
heads  or  chapters. —  2.  Relating  to  or  of  the 
nature  of  a  capitulation  or  surrender  on  con- 
ditions. 

capitule  (kap'i-tul),  n.  [<  L.  capitulum,  a  chap- 
ter: see  capitulum  and  chapter.]  If.  A  chapter. 

The  contents  of  this  capitule  [are]  by  you  much  to  be 
poiidred.  Hakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  229. 

2.  In  hot.,  same  as  capitulum.,  3. 
capituliform  (ka-pit'u-li-form),  a.    [<  L.  capi- 
tulum, a  little  head,  +  forma,  shape.]  Resem- 
bling a  small  head  or  capitulum.  -Also  capitel- 
lifnrm. 

capitulum  (ka-pit'u-lum),  n. ;  pi.  capitula  (-Iii). 
[L.,  a  small  head,  a  capital  or  head  of  a  column, 
a  chapter,  dim.  of  caput  (capit-),  head:  see 
caput,  and  cf.  capitellum,  capitular;  see  also 
capital'^,  chapiter,  chapter.]  1.  In  anat.,  the 
head  of  a  bone ;  especially,  the  head  of  a  rib, 
as  distinguished  from  its  shoulder  or  tuber- 
culum.  Also  called  capitellum.  See  cut  un- 
der endoskeleton.—  2.  In  Cirripedia,  specifi- 
cally, the  valves  of  the  shell  coUeotively,  in- 


capitulum 

closing  more  or  less  of  the  body  of  the  animal, 
as  distinguished  from  the  peduncular  part  of 
the  creature,  when  a  peduncle  exists,  as  in  Lepas,  it 
IS  the  lunder  part  of  the  body  which  is  inclosed  in  the  capi- 
tulum. 

3.  In  bot.,  a  close  head  of  sessile  flowers,  as  in 
the  Compositce;  also,  as  used  by  some  early 
botanists,  the  receptacle  of  various  fungi;  in 
mosses,  a  close,  dense  cluster  of  leaves.  Also 
called  capitule.—4:.  In  entom. :  (a)  The  enlarged 
terminal  portion  of  the  halter  or  poiser  of  a  dip- 
terous msect.  (b)  The  enlarged  terminal  por- 
tion of  the  sucking  mouth  of  a  fly,  formed  by 
two  suctorial  flaps  caUed  labella.  (c)  The 
knob  at  the  end  of  a  capitate  antenna.— 5.  One 
of  the  stalked  spheroidal  sporangia  of  certain 
mycetozoans. 

capivara,  n.    Same  as  capibara. 

capivi  (ka-pe'vi),  n.    Same  as  copaiba. 

caplei,  caple2.    See  capen,  capel^. 

caplini  (kap'lin),  n.  [<  capl  +  dim.  -lin.'\  The 
cap  or  band  of  leather  on  a  flail  through  which 
the  thongs  pass  that  connect  the  swingel  to  the 
staff.    Also  capling. 

caplin2  (kap'lin),  n.  [Also  capelin,  caplan, 
capelan,  and,  by  corruption,  Ubling,  kibbling; 
<  F.  caplan,  capelan;  origin  unlmown.]  A 
fish,  formerly  referred  to  the  Salmonidm  under 
the  name  Salmo  arcticus,  now  known  as  Mallotus 
villosus,  and  assigned  to  the  smelt  family,  Ar- 

gentinidw.  it  is  6  or  8  inches  long,  and  resembles  a 
smelt  in  appearance,  but  is  more  closely  related  to  the 


807 


Caplin  {MaHottis  uitlosus). 


eulachon  or  candle-fish,  from  which  it  differs  chiefly  in 
the  broader  many-rayed  pectoral  fins  and  the  peculiar 
scales  of  the  male.    In  that  sex  there  is  a  raised  band 
along  the  sides  of  the  body  above  the  lateral  line  con- 
sistmg  of  elongated  imbricated  scales  with  free  project- 
PSP*^'  Siymg  a  villous  appearance  like  the  pile  of  vel- 
vet. The  caplin  occurs  in  Immense  shoals  in  all  the  north- 
ern seas,  and  is  an  important  food-fish  to  the  natives 
though  its  chief  use  is  as  bait  for  cod.  ' 
capling  (kap'ling),  n.    Same  as  caplinK 
cap-merchantt,  n.    See  cape-merchant. 
cap-moneyt  (kap'muii"i),  n.    In  fox-hunting, 
the  money  formerly  collected  for  the  hunts- 
man on  the  death  of  the  fox. 
capnomancy  (kap'no-man-si),  n.   [=  P.  capno- 
mantie  (Cotgrave)  =  Sp.  Pg.  capnomancia,  <  Gr. 
Kanvdc,  smoke  (akin  to  Lith.  Tcvapas,  vapor,  =  L. 
vapor,  etc. :  see  vapor),  -f-  /xavTeia,  divination.] 
Divination  by  the  ascent  or  motion  of  smoke, 
capnomor,  kapnomor  (kap'no-mor),  n.   [<  Gr. 
KaTTvoc,  smoke,  +  /zolpa,  a  part  (or  stem  >op-), 
<  fietpeadai,  divide,  apportion,  allot.]    A  trans- 
parent, colorless,  oil-like  fluid  (C20H22O2)  ob- 
tained from  the  smoke  of  organic  bodies  or 
from  the  tar  of  wood, 
capo  (ka'po),  n.    [E.  dial.,  var.  of  capeU.']  A 
working-horse.  Grose.  [Prov.  Eng.  (Cheshire).] 
capoc  (kap'ok),  n.    [Punjabi  kajidh.  Hind,  ka- 
pas,  cotton.]    A  fine  short-stapled  cotton  of 
the  East  Indies,  used  chiefly  to  stuff  cushions 
line  palanquins,  etc.  ' 
capocchiat  (ka-pok'ia),  n.    [It.,  fern,  of  capoc- 
chio,  dull,  heavy,  silly,  lit.  big-headed,  a,ug.  of 
capo,  the  head :  seecopeS]    The  feminine  form 
of  capocchio,  a  fool:  used  eoaxragly  in  the  fol- 
lowing passage. 

Alas,  poor  wretch  1  a  poor  capocchia. 

Shak.,  T.  andC,  iv.  2. 
capocht,  n.  and  v.  t.  See  capouch. 
capon  (ka'pon),  n.  [<  ME.  capon,  capun  (also 
assibilated  chapoun,  after  P.  chapon),  <  AS.  ca- 
pUn  =  MD.  kappoen,  D.  Jcapoen,  kapuin  =  LG. 
Sw.  Dan.  kapun  =  MHG.  kapUn,  G.  kapaim  = 
P.  chapon  =  Pr.  Sp.  capon  =  Pg.  capao  =  It. 
cappone,  <  L.  capo{n-)  (also  capus,  >  OHG. 
chappo,  MHG.  kappe)  (ML.  also  caponus),  < 
Gr.  Kanav,  a  capon,  prob.  <  */ca7r,  repr.  by 
KOTTTELv,  cut.]  1.  A  castratcd  cock;  a  cock- 
chicken  castrated  for  the  purpose  of  improv- 
ing the  flesh  for  table, 

.  .  .  ,   ,  Oh,  a  capon, 

A  bird  of  grace,  an 't  be  thy  will  I  I  honour  it. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  v.  2. 
2t.  [So  called,  it  is  said,  because  letters  were 
often  conveyed  inside  of  fowls.    Cf .  P.  poulet,  a 
fowl,  also  a  love-letter,  a  billet-doux.]  A  letter. 
0  thy  letter,  thy  letter ;  he's  a  good  friend  of  mine : 
btand  aside,  good  bearer.    Boyet,  you  can  carve  • 
Break  up  this  capon.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  1. 

NorfoUl  capon,  a  red  herring.    [Local,  Eng.] 


capon  (ka'pon),  V.  t.     [=  G.  kapaunen  =  P. 
chaponner  =  Pr.  caponar  =  It.  capponare;  from 
the  noun.]    To  make  a  capon  of;  caponize. 
caponett  (ka'pon-et),  n.    [<  capon  +  dim.  -e«2.] 
A  youug  capon. 

caponiere,  caponniere  (kap-6-ner'),  n.  [<  p. 
caponniere  =  It.  capponieru,  'a  covered  lodg- 
ment, <  Sp.  caponcra  {=  Pg.  capoeira),  a  covered 
lodgment,  a  cage  or  coop  in  which  to  fatten 
fowls,  <  Sp.  capmi  =  Pg.  capao,  a  capon :  see 
capon.']  lnfo7-t. :  (a)  A  covered  lodgment  sunk 
4  or  5  feet  into  a  ditch  for  its  defense,  encom- 
passed with  a  parapet  about  2  feet  high,  serv- 
ing to  support  several  planks  laden  with  earth. 
(b)  A  passage  from  one  part  of  a  work  to  an- 
other, protected  on  the  right  and  left  by  a  wall 
or  parapet,  and  sometimes  covered  overhead. 
When  there  is  a  parapet  on  one  side  only,  it  is 
called  a  demi-caponiere.  (c)  One  of  a  series  of 
bomb-proof  arched  structures  for  receiving 
cannon  which  fire  through  embrasures  pierced 
in  the  front  or  mask-wall  of  the  casemates: 
used  for  flanking  ditches.  Mahan.—  Double  ca- 
poniere, m  fort..,  a  ditch-defense  arranged  for  flankin" 
purposes.  The  double  caponiere  is  generally  placed  in 
the  middle  of  the  ditch,  so  as  to  fire  in  both  directions 
caponize  (ka'pon-iz),  V.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  ca- 
iwnized,  ppr.  capionieing.  [<  capon  +  -ize.]  To 
make  a_  capon  of.  Also  spelled  caponise. 
caponniere,  n.  See  caponiere. 
capon's-feather  (ka'ponz-feth'er),  n.  Same  as 
capon's-tail. 

capon's-tail  (ka'ponz-tal),  n.  1.  A  species  of 
valerian:  so  called  from  its  spreading  white 
flowers.— 2.  The  columbine,  Aquilegia  vulgaris. 
—  Capon's-tail  grass,  a  species  of  fescue,  Festuca  Mvu- 
n/.s. 

caporcianite  (ka-por'shian-it),  m.    l<  Capor- 
ciano  (see  def.)  +  -ite^.y  A  mineral  related 
to,  or  perhaps  identical  with,  laumontite,  from 
Monte  de  Caporeiano,  Tuscany, 
capot  (ka-pof),  «.     [P.,  of  uncertain  origin, 
perhaps  connected  with  capote:  see  capote.'] 
A  winning  of  all  the  tricks  at  the  game  of 
piquet.    It  counts  40. 
capot  (ka-pof),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  capotted, 
ppr.  capottmg.    [<  capot,  n.]    In  the  game  of 
piquet,  to  win  all  the  tricks  from. 
That  last  game  I  had  with  my  sweet  cousin  I  capotted 
Lamb,  Mrs.  Battle  on  Whist, 
capo  tasto  (It.  pron.  ka'po  tas'to).    [It. :  capo,  < 
L.  caput,  head  (see  cape^);  tasio,  key,  touch,  < 
tastare,  touch,  feel:  see  taste.]    A  contrivance 
attached  to  stringed  instruments  with  frets, 
like  the  guitar,  for  the  purpose  of  raising  the 
pitch  of  all  the  strings  at  once.    Also  capo  di 
tasto. 

capote  (ka-pof),  n.  [P.  capote,  f.  (formerly 
also  capot.  cap2)ot,  m.)  (=  Sp.  Pg.  capote  =  It. 
cappotto,  >  Turk,  qaput,  qapud),  dim.  of  cape, 
a  hood  or  cape :  see  cape^.]  1.  A  large  coarse 
cloak,  properly  with  a  hood.  Specifically -(a)  In 
some  military  uniforms,  the  regulation  outer  garment  con- 
sistmg  of  a  very  long  and  full  cloth  coat.  (6)  An  outer  gar- 
ment for  women,  made  of  camlet  or  cloth,  covering  the 
person  completely  and  reaching  nearly  to  the  ground 
(c)  An  outer  garment  forming  a  usual  part  of  the  costume 
and  worn  by  both  women  and  men,  among  many  tribes 
of  the  Levant.  It  is  made  either  of  rough  cloth  or  of 
skins  retaining  their  hair. 

She  [an  Albanian  woman]  went  and  put  on  a  new  capote 
a  sort  of  white  frock  coat,  without  sleeves,  embroidered 
in  bright  colours  down  the  seams,  which  showed  her  fig- 
ure to  advantage.  R.  Curzon,  Monast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  211. 

2.  The  hood  or  top  of  a  wagon,  as  of  a  buggy, 
or  any  similar  protection  for  a  vehicle, 
capouch  (ka-p6sh'),  n.  [Also  cajMch,  capuche  = 
G.  kapuze  =  Dan.  kabiids;  <  P.  capuche,  also 
capuce,  <  It.  caxypuccio,  <  ML.  caputitm,  capi- 
tium,  capuccium,  cappucium,  etc.,  a  cowl  or 
hood:  see  caputium.]  A  monk's  hood  or  cowl ; 
especially,  a  hood  of  peculiar  pointed  form 
worn  by  the  Capuchin  monks, 
capoucht  (ka-posh'),  V.  t.  [Also  capoch,  ca- 
puche; <  capouch,  n.]  1 .  To  cover  with  a  hood. 

Between  the  cicada  and  that  we  call  a  grasshopper  the 
differences  are  very  many,  for  first,  they  are  diltereiitly 
cucullated  or  capouched  upon  the  head  and  back. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  v.  3. 
2.  To  blind  or  hoodwink, 
cappadine  (kap'a-din),  w.  [CL  capiton.]  A 
sort  of  silk  flock  taken  from  the  upper  part  of 
the  silkworm's  cocoon  after  the  true  silk  has 
been  wound  off,  used  for  shag  in  making  ru"-s. 
Cappadocian  (kap-a-do'shian),  a.  and  n.  "[< 
Cuppa docia  +  -an.]  I,  a.  Pertaining  to  Cap- 
padocia,  an  ancient  province  and  kingdom  of 
Asia  Minor,  now  part  of  Asiatic  Turkey. 

II,  w.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Cappa- 
docia. 


Caprellidse 
Cappagh  brown.   See  brown. 
cap-paper  ( kap '  pa'per),  n.    1 .  A  coarse  paper, 
so  called  from  being  used  to  make  caps  to  hold 
commodities. —  2.  A  kind  of  writing-paper  in 
large  sheets.   See  cap^,  n.,  3. 
capparid  (kap'a-rid),  n.    [<  Capparis  (-rid-),  q. 
V.J    In  bot.,  a  plant  of  the  natural  order  Cap- 
paridacew. 

Capparidacese  (kap'a-ri-da'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Capparis  (-rid-)  +  -acca:.]  A  natural  order  of 
plants,  sometimes  shrubs  or  trees,  nearly  re- 
lated to  the  Cruciferw,  from  which  they  differ 
in  having  six  or  more  stamens  which  are  not 
tetradynamous,  the  pod  without  a  partition 
and  often  stalked,  and  kidney-shaped  seeds 
with  a  coiled  embryo.  They  are  natives  chiefly  of 
tropical  aiKl  subtropical  regions,  and  possess  more  or  less 
acrid  qualities.  The  principal  genera  are  Capparis  and 
Cleorne.  Some  species  of  Gynandropsis  and  Polanisia,  gen- 
era of  this  order,  are  cultivated  for  ornament.  See  cuts 
under  caper'.!  and  Cleome. 

capparidaceous  (kap'^a-ri-da'shius),  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  Capparidacea'. 
capparideous  (kap-a-rid'e-us),  a.     Same  as 

capparidaceous. 

Capparis  (kap'a-ris),  n.  [L.,  the  caper-bush, 
the  caper :  see  cape7'2.]  A  genus  of  shrubby 
plants,  of  tropical  and  warm  regions,  of  which 
the  most  familiar  species  is  the  caper,  C.  spinosa. 
See  caper^.  The  products  of  some  species  are  used  as 
irritants  or  as  antispasmodics,  and  .some  tropical  Ameri- 
can species  are  said  to  be  poisonous.  The  berries  of  C. 
Sodada,  which  is  abundant  in  tropical  Africa,  are  used  for 
food. 

cap-peak  (kap'pek),  n.  The  peak  or  stiff  pro- 
.jecting  front  piece  of  some  kinds  of  caps, 
cappeline,  «.  See  capeline. 
capperi  (kap'er),  w.  [<  capi  + -eri.]  1.  One 
whose  business  is  the  making  or  selling  of  caps. 
[Rare.] — 2.  A  tool  for  fitting  percussion-caps 
to  shells. 

capper^t  (kap'er),  n.  A  Scotch  form  of  cup- 
per, a  cupbearer.  See  cap"^  and  cupper. 
cappers  (kap '  er),  v.  t.  [Cf.  Dan.  kapre  =  G. 
kapern,  seize;  from  the  noun  ca;jer3  (Dan. 
kaper,  etc.)  or  freq.  of  the  verb  cap^,  seize: 
see  cap^  and  caperA.]  To  seize;  lay  hold  of 
violently;  specifically,  to  seize  (a  vessel)  as  a 
prize.  [Scotch.] 

capper*  (kap'er),  n.    [Appar.  <  cap3  +  .g^i  ijt. 
'  seizor';  but  in  def,  1  perhaps  associated  with 
attercap  =  attercop,  a  spider,  and  in  def.  '2  per- 
haps a  particular  use,  in  allusion  to  "the  spider 
and  the  fly."]   1.  A  spider.— 2.  A  stool-pigeon 
in  a  gambling-house,  or  a  person  employed  at 
auctions  to  raise  bids  deceptively,  [Slang.] 
capperclawt,  v.  t.   See  cajwrclaw. 
cappernoity,  a.    See  capemoitij. 
cap-piece  (kap'pes),  n.    In  carp.,  a  piece  of 
timber  covering  the  heads  of  a  series  of  uprights 
or  other  vertical  structure, 
capping-plane  (kap'ing-plan),  n.    In  joifiery,  a 
plane  used  for  working  the  upper  surface  of 
staircase-rails, 
cap-pot  (kap'pot),  n.    In  glass-maUng,  a  cru- 
cible having  a  lid  or  cap, 
cap-pudding  (kap'pud''''tng),  «.   a  pudding 
rounded  at  the  top,  which  top  consists  of  cur- 
rants, raisins,  or  the  like,  and  resembles  a  cap. 
Imp.  Diet. 

Capra  (ka'pra),  n.  [L.,  a  she^goat :  see  caper'^.] 
A  genus  of  hollow-horned  ruminants,  of  the 
family  Bovida,  typical  of  the  subfamily  Capri- 
na>,  and  typified  by  the  common  goat,  Capra 
hircus.  There  are  several  other  species,  among 
them  the  ibexes,  Capra  ibex,  C.  pyrwnica,  etc. 
See  goat,  and  cuts  imder  cegagrus  and  ibex. 
caprantilopine  (kap-ran-til'6-pin),  a.  [<  L. 
ca2rra,  a  she-goat,  +  NL.  antilopinus:  see  ca- 
per's, and  antilopine.]  Partaking  of  the  char- 
acters of  both  a  goat  and  an  antelope ;  nemo- 
rhsedine. 

caprate  (kap'rat),  n.  [<  capr{ic)  +  -afei.]  A 
salt  of  caprie  acid, 
capreallf,  caprelt,  «.  Old  forms  of  capriole. 
Oaprella  (ka-prel'a),  n.  [NL.,  dim.  from  L. 
capra,  a  she-goat:  see  «yjeri.]  The  typical 
genus  of  the  family  Caprellida-.  c.  linearis  is  a 
sluggish  inhabitant  of  rocky  tide-pools  of  the  Atlantic 
coast  of  Europe,  preying  on  various  animals,  as  hydroids 
and  polyzoans.    See  )itantis:'ihriiiip  and  sjiecter-shriiiip. 

Caprellidse  (ka-prel'i-de),  «.  p?.    [NL.,  <  Ca- 

prella  +  -ida^.]  A  family  of  edrioplithalmous 
Isemodipodous  cru.staceans,  t^-pnied  by  the  ge- 
nus Caprella,  characterized  by  the  attenuate 
foiTO,  the  rudimentary  abdomen,  and  the  cer\-i- 
cally  placed  anterior  legs.  Some  of  the  forms  are 

called  mantLi-shnmps,  from  their  superficial  resemblance 
to  the  insect  known  as  mantis,  and  specter-shrimps  from 
their  strange  aspect. 


Gaprellidse 

The  CaprelUdae  are  long  and  slender  forms  with  well- 
developed  antennEB  and  antennnla;.  They  live  in  salt 
water,  walking  around  on  submarine  plants  in  a  very 
deliberate  manner,  and  progress  by  a  doubling  >ip  of  the 
body  in  about  the  same  way  that  the  measuring-worm 
does.  The  most  common  species  on  the  Atlantic  coast 
received  its  name  (Caprella  geometriea)  from  tliis  habit. 

Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  II.  73. 

caprelline  (ka-prel'in),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
having  tlie  characters  of  the  CaprelUda;. 

capreolt,  capreolet,  «•  [=  MF.  capreolc,  ca- 
preolle,  capriole,  a  tendril,  <  L.  capreolus :  see 
capreolus.~\  1.  A  buck  or  he-goat. — 2.  A  ten- 
dril ;  a  capreolus. 

capreolary  (kap'rf-o-la-ri),  a.  [<  NL.  capreo- 
lariiis,  <  L.  capreolus,  a  tendril :  see  capreolus.} 
Same  as  capreolate_,  2. 

capreolate  (kap're-o-lat),  a.  [<  L.  capreolus, 
a  tendril  (see  capreolus),  +  -afei.]  1.  In  bat., 
provided  with  tendrils. —  2.  In  anat.,  resem- 
bling tendrils :  applied  to  the  spermatic  vessels, 
or  vasa  capreolaria,  from  their  twisted  appear- 
ance. 

capreoli,  «.   Plm-al  of  capreolus. 

capreoline  (ka-pre'o-lin),  a.  [<  Capreolus,  3,  -1- 
-Hiei.]  Pertaining  to  the  subgenus  Capreolus; 
specilieally,  relating  or  akin  to  the  roebuck. 

capreolus  (ka-pre'o-lus),  pi.  capreoli  (-li). 
[L.  capreolus,  ML.  also  capriolus,  a  wild  goat, 
roebuck,  chamois,  a  tendril  of  a  plant,  dim.  of 
*capreus,  fern,  caprea,  a  wild  goat:  see  caper^ 
and  capriole.']  If.  A  buck  or  he-goat.  E. 
Phillips,  1706.— 2.  The  tendril  of  a  plant.— 
3.  [cap.']  [NL.]  A  subgenus  of  deer,  includ- 
ing the  roebuck,  Capreolus  caprma.  Hamilton 
Smith,  1827. 

caprett,  «•  [ME.  (translating  L.  caprea  in  Vul- 
gate), —  OF.  *chevret,  m.,  chevrete,  chevrette,  a 
kid  (as  dim.  of  chevre,  a  goat),  a  wild  goat,  F. 
chevrette,  f.,  a  doe,  roe  (see  chevrette),  =  It.  ca- 
pretto,  m.,  capretta,  f.,  <  ML.  capretus,  m.,  *ca- 
preta,  f.,  equiv.  to  capreolus,  capreola,  a  wild 
goat :  see  capreolus,  coperi.]   A  roebuck ;  a  roe. 

As  capret  and  hert  thou  shalt  ete.   Wydif,  Deut.  xii.  15. 

A  moost  swift  renner,  as  con  of  the  caprettis  [var.  ca- 
pretis]  that  dwelleu  in  wodis. 

WycUf,  2  Ki.  [2  Sam.]  ii.  18. 
caprlc  (kap'rik),  a.     [<  L.  caper,  a  goat:  see 
caperl.]    Of  or  pertaining  to  a  goat.  Also 

caprinic. — CapriC  acid,  CioHonOi,  a  peculiar  acid  first 
discovered  by  Chevreul  in  the  butter  of  cows'  milk.  It 
occurs  also  in  goats'  milk,  in  cocoanut-oil,  and  in  several 
kinds  of  fusel-oil.  It  is  crystalline,  somewhat  soluble  in 
hot  water,  and  has  a  faint  goat-like  smell  when  cold,  which 
becomes  more  offensive  on  heating.  Also  called  rutic  acid. 

capiiccio  (ka-prich'io),  n.  [<  It.  capriccio : 
see  cajmce.]  if.  A  caprice ;  a  whim.  Also 
caprichio. 

Will  this  ca»ricio  hold  In  thee,  art  sure? 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  3. 
Sometimes 
(In  quite  opposed  capriccios)  he  climbs 
The  hardest  rocks  and  highest,  every  way 
Running  their  ridges.    Chapman,  Homeric  Hymns. 

2.  A  musical  composition  in  a  free,  irregular, 
and  often  whimsical  style:  first  applied  to  de- 
viations from  strict  forms,  like  the  fugue,  espe- 
cially when  in  quick  tempo,  but  now  extended 
to  any  fancifully  irregular  piece.  Also  caprice. 

capriccioso  (ka-pre-chio  '  so),  adv.  [It.,  <  ca- 
priccio, caprice  :  see  capriccio,  caprice,  and  ca- 
pricious.]   In  music,  in  a  free,  fantastic  style. 

caprice  (ka-pres'),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ca- 
priche,  capritch,  and  caprichio,  capriccio,  after 
It. ;  <  F.  caprice,  <  It.  capriccio  =  Sp.  Pg.  ca- 
pricho,  a  caprice,  whim;  of  disputed  origin; 
usually,  but  without  sufficient  evidence,  de- 
rived from  It.  caprio,  a  goat  (as  if  orig. '  a  goat- 
leap')-  Gi.  caper'^a.ndi  capriole.]  1.  A  sudden 
start  of  the  mind ;  a  sudden  change  of  opinion 
or  humor,  without  apparent  or  adequate  mo- 
tive ;  a  whim,  freak,  or  particular  fancy. 

I  found  the  night  as  full  of  beaiity  as  the  day,  when 
caprice  led  me  from  the  brilliancy  of  .St.  Mark's. 

Howells,  Venetian  Life,  ii. 

2.  The  habit  of  acting  according  to  varying 
impulses ;  capriciousness. 

Everywhere  I  observe  in  the  feminine  mind  something 
of  beautiful  caprice,  a  floral  exuberance  of  that  charm- 
ing wilfulness  which  characterizes  our  dear  human  sis- 
ters, I  fear  through  all  worlds.  De  Quincey. 

3.  Same  as  capriccio,  2.=  syn.  1.  Vagary,  humor, 

whim,  crotchet.— 2.  Fickleness. 

caprichet,  capritcht,  [See  caprice.]  A  ca- 
price. 

Shall  a  man  fear  capirichi's  ? 

Chapman,  Gentleman  Usher,  v.  1. 

0  hold,  for  pity,  Sir, 
I  am  too  great  a  sufferer, 
Abus'd  as  you  have  been  b'  a  witch, 
But  conjur'd  Int'  a  worse  capritch. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  III.  i.  310. 


808 

caprichiot,       See  capriccio,  1. 
capricious  (ka-prish'us),  a.    [Formerly  also  ca- 
priccions ;  —  F.  capricieux  =  Sp.  Pg.  capricho- 

so  It.  capriccioso,  capricious;  from  the  noim: 

see  caprice.  ]  Characterized  by  caprice  ;  apt  to 
change  opinions  suddenly,  or  to  deviate  from 
one's  purpose ;  imsteady ;  changeable ;  fickle ; 
subject  to  change  or  irregularity:  as,  a  man 
of  a  capricious  temper. 

Nor  unnoted  pass 
The  sycamore,  capricious  in  attire. 
Now  green,  now  tawny,  and  ere  autumn  yet 
Have  chang'd  the  woods,  in  scarlet  honours  bright. 

Cmoper,  The  Task,  i.  318. 
The  king,  .  .  .  under  the  influence  of  capricimis  pas- 
sions, suddenly  dissolved  .  .  .  parliament. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  X.  379. 
A  bud  taken  from  any  one  of  the  branches,  and  grafted 
on  another  tree,  produces  either  one  of  the  pure  kinds  or 
a  capricious  tree  producing  the  three  kinds. 

Darwin,  Var.  of  Animals  and  Plants,  p.  357. 
=  Syn.  Freakish,  unsteady,  fanciful,  whimsical,  fitful, 
crotcliety,  uncertain. 

capriciously  (ka-prish'us-li),  adv.    In  a  capri- 
cious manner ;  whimsically ;  irregularly. 

The  unskilled  laborer  has  ceased  to  be  at  the  mercy  of 
a  master  ;  but  the  force  that  the  master  once  applied  to 
him  capricioiL^ly  is  now  applied  to  him  instead  by  his 
whole  social  environment,  and  that  not  capriciously,  but 
with  the  regularity  of  a  natural  law. 

W.  H.  Mallock,  Social  Equality,  p.  191. 

capriciousness  (ka-prish'us-nes),  n.  1.  The 
quality  of  being  capricious;  whimsicalness ; 
unsteadiness  of  purpose  or  opinion :  as,  "great 
capriciousness  of  taste,"  Pennant,  Brit.  ZooL, 
Class  4;  "the  capriciousness  of  a  sickly  heart," 
Irving,  Sketeh-Book,  p.  94. — 2.  Unsteadiness; 
liableness  to  sudden  changes;  irregularity:  as, 
the  capriciousness  of  fortune. 
Capricorn  (kap'ri-korn),  n.  [=  P.  Capricorne  = 
It.  Capricorno  (=  Sp.  Pg.  Capricornio,  after  ML. 
Capricornium) ;  <  L.  Capricornus,  a  zodiacal 
constellation  (see  def.)  (>  ML.  capricornium, 
the  winter  solstice),  lit.  'goat-horned'  (and 
hence  in  ML.  capricornus,  a  steiubok,  ibex),  < 
coper  (capr-),  goat,  +  cornu  =  E.  horn.  Cf .  Gr. 
alyoKFpug,  goat-horned,  the  constellation  Capri- 
corn.] 1.  An  ancient  zodiacal  constellation 
between  Sagittarius  and  Aquarius ;  also,  one  of 
the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac,  the  winter  sol- 
stice: represented  on  ancient  monuments  by 
the  figure  of  a  goat,  or  a  figure  having  the  fore 


The  Constellation  of  Capricorn,  according  to  ancient  descriptions 
and  figures. 

part  like  a  goat  and  the  hind  part  like  a  fish.  Its 
symbol  is     —  2t.  [L  c]  An  ibex;  a  steinbok. 

He  shew'd  two  heads  and  homes  of  the  true  capricorne, 
which  animal,  he  told  us,  was  frequently  kill'd  among 
the  mountaines.  Evelyn,  Diary  (1646),  p.  189. 

Capricorn  beetles,  beetles  of  the  family  CeramhycidcB 
(which  see).— Tropic  Of  CapriCOm.    See  tropic. 

Capricornifyt  (kap-ri-k6r'ni-fi),  V.  t.  [<  Capri- 
corn (with  allusion  to  horn,  v.)  +  -i-fu-]  To 
horn;  cuckold.  [Low.] 

caprid  (kap'rid),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Capridce  or  Caprinw;  relating  to  a  goat ;  hircine. 

Capridsei  (kap'ri-de),  n.  p>l.  [NL.,  <  Capra  + 
-idee.]  The  Caprinm,  or  goat  tribe,  elevated  to 
the  rank  of  a  family  of  hollow-horned  rumi- 
nants. 

Capridse^  (kap'ri-de),  n. pi.   Same  as  Caproidm. 

caprificate  (kap'ri-fi-kat),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
caprificated,  ppr.  caprificating .  [<  L.  caprifi- 
catus,^Tl).otcaprificare:  see  cajirify .]  To  ripen 
by  caprification ;  caprify. 

caprification  (kap'-'ri-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [<  L. 
caprificatio{n-),  <  caprificare :  see  caprify.]  A 
process  intended  to  accelerate  the  ripening 
of  the  fig,  and  to  improve  the  fruit,    it  consists 

in  suspending  branches  of  the  wild  fig  (see  caprifig)  in 
tlie  cultivated  trees,  and  subjecting  the  fruit  to  the  at- 
tacks of  the  gall-insects  which  are  thus  introduced.  The 
practice  is  one  of  great  antiquity,  but,  though  still  fol- 
lowed in  many  localities,  is  of  very  doubtful  utility. 
Caprification  is  also  effected  by  planting  an  occasional 
wild  fig  among  the  others.  In  some  portions  of  France 
the  same  object  is  attained  by  touching  a  drop  of  oil  to 


caprimulgine 

the  orifice  of  the  fruit,  by  wliicli  its  ripening  is  hastened 
nearly  a  week. 

caprificus  (kap-ri-fi'kus),  n.  [L.,  the  wild  fig- 
tree,  lit.  'goat-fig,'  <  caper  {capr-),  a  goat,  + 
ficns,  fig:  see  capcr^  and  fig.]    The  caprifig. 

caprifig  (kap'ri-fig),  «.  [<  L.  caprificus,  a  wild 
fig,  the  second  element  being  aceom.  to  E. 
fig:  see  caprificus.]  The  uncultivated  male 
form  of  the  common  fig,  Ficus  Carica,  which 
is  practically  dicBcious,  though  staminate  and 
pistillate  flowers  are  found  upon  the  same  tree. 
The  fruit  of  the  caprifig  is  hard  and  useless,  but  is  the 
home  of  a  snuill  gnat-like  gall-insect,  Blastophaga  gran- 
sorum,  wliich  in  escaping  from  the  orifice  covers  itself 
witli  pollen  and  thus  becomes  a  means  for  effecting  the 
fertilization  of  the  edible  fig.    See  caprification. 

caprifolef,  caprifolyt  (kap'ri-fol,  -fo-li),  w.  [= 
D.  kamperfoelie  =  Dan.  kaprifolium  =  F.  chevre- 
feuille  =  It.  caprifoglio,<.  ML.  caprifolium,  wood- 
bine, honeysuclde:  see  caprifolium.]  Wood- 
bine; honeysuckle. 

There  was  a  pleasaunt  Arber,  not  by  art 

But  of  the  trees  owne  inclination  made,  .  .  . 

With  wanton  yvie  twine  entrayld  atliwart, 

And  Eglantine  and  Caprifole  eniong. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  vi.  44. 

Caprifoliaceae  (kap-ri-fo-li-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL., 

<  Caprifolium  +  -acem.]  A  natural  order  of 
monopetalous  dicotyledons,  aUied  to  the  Ridn- 
aceee.  it  includes  a  number  of  erect  or  twining  shrubs 
and  lierbaceous  plants,  comprising  the  honeysuckle,  elder, 
viburnum,  and  snowberry.  The  cliaracteristics  of  the 
order  are  opposite  leaves  without  stipules,  an  inferior 
ovary,  4  or  5  stamens  upon  the  tube  of  the  regular  or 
irregular  corolla,  and  the  fruit  usually  a  berry  or  drupe. 
Many  species  are  cultivated  for  ornament,  but  the  order 
is  otherwise  of  little  value. 

caprifoliaceous  (kap-ri-fo-li-a'shius),  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  Caprifoliacew. 

caprifolium  (kap-ri-fo'li-um),  n.  [ML.,  wood- 
bine, honeysuckle,  lit.  'goat-leaf,'  <  L.  caper 
{capr-),  a  goat,  +  folium,  leaf:  see  caper'^  and 
foil'^.  Sometimes  erroneously  explained  as  for 
*capparifoUuni,  <  L.  capparis,  caper,  -t-  folium, 
leaf,  ■with  ref .  to  the  likeness  of  its  leaf  to  that 
of  the  caper:  see  caper^.]  1.  Woodbine  or 
honeysuckle. — 2.  [ca^).]  A.  section  of  the  nat- 
ural order  Caprifoliacew,  including  the  trum- 
pet honeysuckle,  the  yellow  honeysuckle,  and 
the  American  woodbine. 

caprifolyt,  ».    See  caprifole. 

capriform  (kap'ri-f 6rm),  a.  [<  L.  caper  {capr-), 
a  goat,  +  forma,  shape.]  Having  the  form  of 
a  goat,  or  of  something  belonging  to  a  goat; 
goat-like :  as,  capriform  horns. 

caprify  (kap'ri-fi),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caprified, 
ppr.  caprifying.  [<  ME.  caprifien,  <  F.  as  if 
*caprifier  =  Sp.  caprihigar  =  Pg.  caprificar,  <  L. 
caprificare,  subject  figs  to  the  stinging  of  the 
gall-insect,  <  caprificus,  the  wild  fig-tree:  see 
caprificus.]  To  subject  to  caprification  (which 
see). 

In  Juyn,  as  sonne  is  hiest,  to  caprifie 

The  tig-tree  is,  that  is  to  signifle 

The  figges  grene  of  caprifigtree  rende 

With  tree  made  like  a  sawe  on  hem  suspends. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  125. 

caprigenous  (kap-rij'e-nus),  a.  [<  L.  caprige- 
nus,  <  caper  {capr-),  a  goat,  -1-  -genus,  -born: 
see  -genous.]  Produced  by  a  goat;  belonging 
to  the  goat  kind. 

Caprimulgidae  (kap-ri-mul'ji-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 

<  Caprimulgus  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  fissi- 
rostral  cypseliform  non-passerine  birds,  of  the 
conventional  order  Picarice;  the  goatsuckers 
or  night-jars.  They  are  chiefly  of  nocturnal  or  cre- 
puscular habits,  have  a  broad,  flattened  head,  large  eyes 
and  ears,  and  a  very  small  bill  with  deeply  cleft  rictus 
generally  provided  with  long  bristles.  They  have  very 
small  feet,  frequently  of  an  abnormal  number  of  phalanges, 
the  hind  toe  being  short  and  usually  elevated,  the  front 
toes  webbed  at  the  base,  and  the  middle  claw  usually  pec- 
tinate. Their  plumage  is  soft  and  lax,  and  the  wings  and 
tail  are  variable  in  development.  There  are  about  14 
genera  and  upward  of  100  species,  of  the  temperate  and 
tropical  portions  of  both  hemispheres.  They  are  divided 
into  4  subfamilies,  Podargince,  Steatornithince,  Nyctibii- 
nce,  and  CapriinulgincB. 

Caprimulginae  (kap'ri-mul-jrue),  n.  pi.    [NL. , 

<  Caprimulgus  +  -inw.]  The  typical  subfamily 
of  Caprimulgida;,  including  the  true  goatsuck- 
ers and  night-jars.  These  birds  are  of  nocturnal  or 
crepuscular  habits,  insectivorous,  and  in  temperate  coun- 
tries migratory  ;  the  young  are  downy  at  birth,  contrary 
to  the  rule  among  AUrices.  The  Caprimvlginoe  are  very 
generally  distributed  in  both  hemispheres.  Caprimtd- 
qus,  the  leading  genus,  is  confined  to  the  old  world. 
Leading  American  genera  are  Nyetidromus,  Antrostomits, 
and  Chordeiles.  See  cuts  under  Antrostomus  and  goat- 
sucker. 

caprimulgine  (kap-ri-mul'jin),  a.  and  n.    I.  a. 

Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Caprimulgidm  or  the 
genus  Caprimulgus. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Caprimulgidce ;  a  bird  of 
the  goatsucker  family. 


809 


Caprimulgus 

Caprimulgus  (kap-ri-mul'gus),  n.  [L.,  a  milk- 
er ot  goats;  also  a  bird  so  called,  the  goat- 
sucker (see  ffoatsucker) ;  <  caper,  fern,  capra,  a 

goat  +  mulgere  =  E.  milk.:    The  typical  akd  capriped  (kap'ri-ped),  a.   [<  L.  caprines  (-ped-) 

-^^T"       goatsuckei^,  of  the  a  goa^  +  j^ei^  (/J-  =K 

suMamily  Capnmidgina;,  formerly  contermi-    Havmg  feet  like  those  of  a  goat    ^  "  ■^••^'''''■J 
nous  with  the  family  Caprimidgidcc,  but  now  capritcht,  n.    See  capriche. 
commonly  restricted  to  species  strictly  con-  caprizailt  (kap'ri-zant),  a.    {<  F  canrismit  - 
^TZyTll        European  goatsueker/night-    "^S- caprizant^  =  It.  mprizzaL,<llu  TaprT 
«^'„f^  T  Caprimidgus  elro-   f^Ws,  ppr.  of  *c«pr4re,  leap  like  a  goat, 

■     ,/.%^,lfr,?PiJ;l'°l\,.l."^«  senus,  none  of  the    <  L- co/Jer,  a  goat.  Cf.  mjmce.]  Leaping:  used 


Capsidse 


»;'o„'!.!,'itef  tt^^f^^^^^  caproyl  (kap'ro-il),       [<  «n,ro(ic)  +  -yl,  <  Gr. 

Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  I.  vii.  10. 

M^,  matter.]   The  radical  {Cq'R-.-.O)  of  caproie 


acid  and  its  derivatives, 
capryl  (kap'ril),  n.  [<  capr(ic)  +  -yl.-]  An  or- 
ganic radical  (CgHiy)  not  existing  in  the  free 
state,  but  found  in  a  number  of  compounds 
caprylic  (ka-pril'ik),  «.  [<  capryl  +  -jc]  Ec- 
lated to  or  containing  the  radical  capryl,  Cg 
Hl7—  Caprylic  acid,  CVH,bCO.OII,  a  volatile  fatty  acid 
ouiKl  combniud  .-is  an  ether  in  cows'  butter,  and  in  much 
Iar<;er  quantity  in  cocoaiiut-oil.  At  ordinary  tempera- 
tures It  IS  a  h(|Uid,  soluble  in  lioilin;;  water 


^     _    «v^v.v,t^vtn.i^jxi       Liie  Kenus.  none  nf  rhp 

species  are  American,  the  American  wln'pporwnis  etc 
being  now  usually  included  in  the  ge  us  Xh'osLTOs' 
Ihere  are  upward  of  30  species  of  CaprimulfTpZZ 

caprin.  caprine^  (kap'rin),  n.   [<  capr(ic)  '+ 

-«rte2  ]    A  substance  found  iif  butter  ^A^tXr^f  "'"''^I'X:''''!',  "-    l->  c«i«-o(ic;  + -afei.]    oermen,  a  rough  capstan  built  on  a  raft, 
which,  with  butyi-in  and  caprone,  gives  the  butl    with  a  bas™  ^"'"^  Capsaria  (kap-sa'ri-a),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Capsus 


W  H^?of  !f-         I  1^  ^^'^T  *°  ^^'^^P'        ^mPer-    "..es  u  is  a  lK,ni.l,  soluble  in  boiling  water.  " 

bv  0  f^!ul.^T^         "  ^"'"^^  succeeded  capsal  (kap'sal),  n.   [A  eorruption  of  capstan.^ 

cllrJltl7].Ztr^  ,      A  capstan;  specifically,  among  American  lum- 

caproate  (kap  ro-at),  n.    [<  cajn-o(ic)  +  -ate^.-]    bermen,  a  rough  capstan  built  on  a  raft 


[NL.,  fem.  of  L.  ca- 


ter  Its  peculiar  taste  and  odor.    It  is  a  com-        rork Xr.'rn>^  .    t    7   ^    •  ■  "f"'':^   ^^  division  of  heteropterous  insects 

pound  of  caprie  acid  and  glycerin,  or  a  caprate    tum  imm^dfi^Jw  ^•H'"!^!"?* ^  containing  broadly  ovate  foi-ms.    See  Capmlw. 

of  glycerin.  ^         ™°i.i»i™ediately  under  which  the  lead-bearing  cap-screw  (kap'skro),  w.    A  screw-bolt  with 

Caprina  (ka-pri'na),  n.    [NL.,  fem.  of  L.  ca-    rfl'°®^^^^?^'^  to  y^^en  and  become  productive,    a  cubical  head,  used  in  securing  the  ends  of 

"   L^6*?  i^egions  ot  the  upper  Mississippi.]  steam-cylinders. 

K^o/t'''/''"''^^' .  ^1  assumed  cap-scuttle  (kap'skut'l),  w.    iV^rt«t,  a  covering 

tai^^t^a  S-'^f-'^S'^ -^'-^  ^K""^  P^^-  *7,f  l^atch  madesoastofitover'theoutsidf 
m  3.    ^  ^     '  ^^^^  ^  go^*-    ^Iso    of  the  coaming,  to  keep  out  water. 

I3i  ^I'l-.-Caproic  acid,  CeHiaOo,  the  sixth  in  the  Capsella  (kap-sel'ii),  n.    [L.,  a  small  box  or 


i^riMMs,  relating  to  a  goat ;  in  "'allusion  to' the"            regions  of  the  upper  Mississippi.]         "  steam-cylinders, 
shell,  which  resembles  a  goat's  horn  1    A  a-p                (ka-pro  ik),  «.     [<  capro-,  assumed  cap-scuttle  (kap'skut'l),  w. 
mis  c\t  fr>oc,;i  —  ,       „  ..J   ^  &^     Stem  ot  L.  caner.  n.  crnnf  -I-  _^/.  i    f\t   tVir.  o  i,r,f„i.  „„j  


series  of  fatty  acids,  a  clear  mobile  liil'^^hich  togetlVer 
eoanufo''i?"nn>"  "''"^y '^^  Prepared  from  butter,  from  co- 
coanut-oil,  and  from  various  other  sources ;  its  salts  are 

mable  3bf "    ^  '""."""^  colorlessftnHam- 
f  \      ,  y'^.^y.^'cid  and  penetrating  taste. 

I.  a.  Of  or  per- 


or  Doar-hsh.   Also  Capndce.    See  cut  under  boar-fish. 

pn,w'i,i*lf/%"',''''  and  the  Ca/»-o/rf«B  exhibit  a  very  sin- 
gular n  ode  of  locomotion.  This  is  to  a  large  extent  ef- 
fected by  a  scarcely  perceptible  vibratory  nTotion  of  the 

unon  thPi^  ^■•'^  thus  enabled  to  teal 

upon  their  victims  unnoticed.   Stand.  Nat.  Hist. ,  III.  209. 


shell,  which  resembles  a  goat's  horn.]  A  ge- 
nus of  fossil  bivalve  mollusks  of  the  Creta- 
ceous period,  by  some  regarded  as  a  member 
ot  the  Eiuhstm,  or  family  Hippuritidce,  and  bv 
others  as  the  type  of  a  family  Cmmnidw. 
Caprmse  (ka-pri'ne),  w.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Capra  + 

-inw.:    The  goat  tribe  considered  as  a  subfam-    „,o, ,        ,  -   

ily  of  Bovidw,  characterized  by  having  horns  p^-^^l 

which  are  subangular  in  section,  curved  back-  ^'f?^?^^  «•  ^""^  « 

ward,  with  an  anterior  rectiUnear  ridge  con-    Naming  to  the, C«^,ro»rffe 

tmuous  around  the  convex  curve 
caprinel  (kap'rin),  a.    [<  L.  caprinus,  <  caper 

(capr-),  a  goat:  see  ca^^eri.]    Like  a  goat;  hir- 

cme;  pertaining  to  the  CopriMfe. 
Their  physiognomy  is  canine,  vulpine,  caprine 

Bp.  Gauden,  Life  of  Bp.  Brownrigg,  p.  236. 
caprine^,  n.    See  caprin. 
Caprinella  (kap-ri-nel'a),  n.   [NL.,  dim.  of  Ca- 

prma,  q  v.]    The  typical  genus  of  the  family 

Caprmellidce. 

Caprinellidse  (kap-ri-nel'i-de),  M.        [NL.,  <     .   o»™ 

typica  forms  have  a  subconical  right  valve  with  a  li-'a     «PT,ti<1  1^^  +1  ^^^aru 
mental  furrow  on  its  convex  side  and  a  large  hinge  tooth  „     t®*^  S®'^'^^ 
supported  by  an  oblique  plate,  while  thi  left  valve  is  Capromys  (kap'ro-mis),  « 
spiral  and  provided  with  two  teeth,  of  which  the  anterio?    "       "  ^        '  "  '  " 
IS  borne  on  a  plate  that  longitudinally  traverses  the  ui 
bona  cavity.    By  some  the  species  are  referred  to  tlre  if  «- 
puntidce,  and  by  others  to  the  Chamidai.    They  lived  dur- 
ing the  Cretaceous  epoch, 
caprinic  (ka-prin'ik),  a.     [<  caprin  +  -ic.l 

Same  as  capric. 
Caprinidae  (ka-prin'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Ca- 
prina +  -idai.:    A  family  of  extinct  bivalve 

mollusks,  typified  by  the  genus  Ca  " 

which  different  limits  have  been  given.  Bv  some 

It  is  restricted  to  the  genus  Caprina;  by  others  it  is  ex- 

nrn}ft    "r^^i^f the  genera  Caprina,  Caprinella,  and  Ca- 

protina    All  the  species  lived  in  the  Cretaceous  keas 
capriole  (kap'ri-61),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also 

caprtol,  caprioll,  capreall  (whence  by  abbr 

caper:  see  coperi),  also  later  cabriole  (and  Se 

caprel) ;  =  D.  capriool  =  G.  capriole  =  Sw,  M- 

pnol  =  Dan.  kapriole,  <  F.  capriole  (16th  cen- 
tury), now  cabriole  =  Sp.  Pg.  cabriola,  <  It.  ca- 

pnola  also  cavriola,  cavriuola,  a  caper,  capriole, 

frisk,  leap,  lit.  a  leap  Uke  that  of  a  kid  or  goat  n^Z'^i-fL  ^ 

<  eaprtolo,  cavriolo,  m.,  capriola,  cavriola,  t  a  ^.^P'^Otma  (kap-ro-ti'na),  n.  [NL.,<L.  Capro- 
kid,  a  fawn  (Plorio),  also,  without  dim.  for^^  cognomen  of  Jm-  -  « 


coffer,  dim.  of  capsa,  a  box:  see  case2.]  A 
small  genus  of  cruciferous  plants;  shepherd's- 
pm-se  (which  see). 

cap-sheaf  (kap'shef),  n.  1.  The  top  sheaf  of  a 
stack  of  gram ;  theerowner.  Hence  —  2  Fig- 
uratively, the  summit;  the  extreme  degree  of 
anything:  as,  this  letter  is  the  cap-sheaf  of  his 
impudence. 


II.  n.  A  fish  of  the  family  Caproidm. 
Caproidse  (ka-pro'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Capros 
+  -idw.\    A  family  of  acanthopterygian  fishes, 
represented  by  the  genus  Capros,  and  related 

ii^\noutv:rrproK  ^  _  ^—n,  II.  29. 


Success  in  foreign  commerce  will  be  the  cap-sheaf  the 
crowning  glory,  of  Philadelphia.  ^ 

Buchanan,  in  Curtis,  II.  29. 


-  -,— —  V — X-  -y  ™  ...  [<  Capromys  + 
■an.\  A  rodent  quadruped  of  the  group  repre- 
sented by  the  genus  Capromys. 
.apromys  (kap'ro-mis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  K&^po?, 
a  wild  boar  (cf.  L.  caper,  a  goat :  see  caper^, 
P-v^  =  E.  mouse.-]  A  genus  of  hystricomorphic 
rodent  mammals,  of  the  family  Octodontidm  and 
subtamily  Echmomyinm,  or  hedgehog-rats,  pe- 
culiar to  the  island  of  Cuba,  where  two  species 
OCCUI-,  C.  pilorides  and  C.  iwehensilis,  called  re- 
spectively the  hutia-conga  or  jnlori-rat  and  the 

 J        ^„^^^j  „i  cji.uijn^t  uivaive  "Utia-carabali. 

"'^'•^r^?^  typified  by  the  genus  Caprina,  to  Caprone  (kap'ron),  n.    [<  capr(ic)  +  -one  1  A 

which  dnffpr«.f  i,^,f„  i,„™  V  _  clear  coloriess  oil  obtained  fiom  butter  and  to 

which  with  caprine  the  peculiar  flavor  of  butter 
is  partly  due.    It  is  a  ketone  of  caproie  acid 
capromc  (kap-ron'ik),  a.    [<  caprone  +  4c  ] 
bame  as  caproie. 

Capros  (kap'ros),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  /cdTrpo?,  a  wild 
boar,  also  a  sea-fish.]  A  genus  of  acanthop- 
terygian fishes,  of  the  family  Carangidm,  or  the 
type  of  a  distinct  family  Caproidm.  C.  aper  is 
the  boar-fish.  Lacepede,  1804.    See  cut  under 


Cap-shore  {a). 


kid,  a  fawn  (Plorio),  also,  without  dim.  force 
a  wild  goat,  a  roebuck,  =  Cat.  Pr.  cabirol  = 
Vl< .  cheverol,  chevroil,  F.  clievreuil,  m.,  OF.  clie- 
vrolle,  chevreulle,  f.,  <  L.  capreolus,  m.,  LL.  ca- 
preola,  f .,  ML.  also  capriolus,  capriola,  a  wild 
goat,  roebuck,  roe :  see  capreolus  and  caper-i-.  Cf 
t .  capnot,  n.,  caprioter,  v.,  caper  (Cotgrave).] 

1.  A  caper  or  leap,  as  in  dancing;  a  sudden 
bound;  a  spring.  [Archaic] 

With  lofty  turnes  and  capriols  in  the  ayre 
Which  with  the  lusty  tunes  accordeth  faire. 

Sir  J.  Davics,  Dancing,  st.  68. 
His  teeth  doe  caper  whilst  he  eates  his  meat 
Uis  heeles  doe  caper  whilst  he  takes  his  seate  • 
His  very  soule,  his  intellectual, 
Is  nothing  but  a  mincing  capreall. 

Marston,  Scourge  of  Villanie,  xi. 
w  "?  ''"■P™^es  of  fancy,  but  with  scope  enough 

for  the  outbreak  of  savage  instincts. 

Hawthorne,  Blithedale  Romance,  ix. 

2.  In  the  manege,  an  upward  spring  or  leap 
made  by  a  horse  without  advancing,  the  hind 
legs  being  jerked  out  when  at  the  height  of  the 
leap.— 3f  A  kind  of  head-dress  worn  by  women 

capnole  (kap'ri-61),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  capri- 


T.;,,  1  °n  "  J}mo-]  A  genus  of  fossil 
bivalve  mollusks,  considered  by  some  to  be  typi- 
cal of  a  family  Caprotinidw. 
Caprotinidae  (kap-ro-tin'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL  < 
Caprotina  + -idw.2  'A  family  of  fossil  bivai've 
mollusks,  tj-pified  by  the  genus  Caproiina.  The 
valves  are  nearly  alike  iu  form,  but  dissimilar  in  sculptm'e! 


Right  valve.  Left  valve. 

Caprotina  striata, 
a.a',  positions  of  adductor  muscles;  c  r,  cartilage-pits :  I.  I  liea- 
inental  inflections;  t,  /  ,  teeth.  ^ 

the  right  being  striated  or  ribbed,  and  the  left  flat  or  convex 
with  a  marginal  umbo.  The  interior  is  shown  in  the  Iii^ 
nexed  cuts.  The  species  have  been  referre<i  variously  to 
tlie  fannlies  Hippuritidce,  Chamidce,  anil  Caprinidce-  l\\ 
are  confined  to  the  Cretaceous  seas  "^'^Primaai,  all 


t^e!^^^t^  c^S^Se^:  CaPyo?  (k^P'ps):":.    [NL.,  <  L.  caper,  a 

cibrioler  =  Sp^ caMar  Tl^^^^^  fi°^*'  ^  '"'!^'  ^  '■^^'^P' =     ^""'•^  ^  subgenus  of 

caper,  leap ;  Lm  he  noun  •  Bee'cSl  f  ,  \     \  ^^"^"^^  2^'^  mcluding  several  species  of  wild 

To  execute  'a  cajole  ;  ^e^p  •  skip    ^       '  f^^'^i     the  moufflon  of  Sardinia'^and  Corsica 

V  loie  ,  leap ,  sKip.  and  the  argali  of  Asia.    See  cut  under  argali 


 ^Tr^  ~  "  •••  a,  auiaLi  Buar 

supportmg  the  forward  edge  of  the  cap  of  a 
lower  mast. 

capsicin,  capsicine  (kap'si- 

sm),  n.  [<  Capsicum  +  -in^, 
-ine^.J    An  active  principle 
(C9H14O2)    obtained  from 
the  fruit  Of  several  species 
of  the  genus  Capsicum,  ap- 
pearing in  colorless  crys- 
tals and  extremely  acrid,  it 
is  soluble  in  alcohol,  and  forms 
crystallizable  salts  with  acetic,  ni- 
tric, and  sulphuric  acids. 
Capsicum  (kap'si-kum),  n. 
[NL.   (so  called  from  the 
shape  of  the  fruit),  <  L. 
capisa,  a  box:  see  case^.] 
1.   A  genus   of  herbace- 
ous   or     shrubby  South 
American    plants,  natural 
order   Solanacew,    with  a 
.    ,.         ,  wheel-shaped  corolla,  pro- 

jecting and  converging  stamens,  and  a  many- 
seeded  berry.  Many  of  the  species  are  very  exten- 
sively cultivated  for  their  fruit,  which  contains  an  ex- 
ceedingly pungent  principle,  capsicin.    The  fruit  or  pod 

times  inflated  and  as  large  as  an  orange.    It  is  used  for 
pickles,  sauces,  etc.,  and  also  in 
medicine  as  a  valuable  local  and 
general  stimulant.    Cayenne  or 
red  pepper  consists  of  the  ground 
pods  of  various  species,  especially 
of  C.  fastigiatum,  the  African  or 
Guinea  pepper,  or  spur-pepper, 
and  of  the  common  red  pepper  of 
the  garden,   C.  annuum.  The 
pods  of  both  of  these  species 
are  also  known  as  chillies,  and 
before  they  are  ground  as  pod 
pepjMrs.  C.  baccatumis  the  berry- 
bearing  capsicum,  or  bird-pepper 
and  C.  Jruticosum  is  the  goat-pep- 
per. The  bonnet-pepper,  C.  tetra- 
gonum,  has  a  large  and  very  fleshy 
fruit,  and  is  much  cultivated  in 
the  West  Indies.   The  cherry-pep- 
per, C.  cerasiforme,  with  small 
round  fruit,  is  sometimes  culti- 
vated for  ornament.    The  bell-pepper  is  a  large-podded 
variety  of  C.  annuum,  of  which  there  are  many\arietics 

'i.  L'-  C.J  A  plant  of  this  genus  or  its  fruit, 
capsid  (kap'sid),  w.    One  of  the  Capsidw. 
Capsidae  (kap'si-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Capsus  + 
-Idee.}    A  family  of  heteropterous  hemipterous 
insects,  of  the  series  Geocores  or  land-bugs 
typified  by  the  genus  Capsus,  and  founded  bv 
Westwood  in  1840.    it  is  of  large  extent,  containing 
many  small  prettily  colored  species  of  conve.x  form     T  e 
antennai  are  long,  often  with  the  second  joint  thickened 
at  the  tip  and  very  slender  terminal  joints;  the  labrum  is 
viH".°^    f  are  wanting  ;  the  legs  are  long  and  sleiuier, 
Tl,i  f^n        .  >*o'"etimes  provided  with  pnlvilli 

si  it  ,  nfw  tU'"!'",  '^f,'"''^'"  o"P"sitor  received  in  a 

s ht  under  the  abdomen.    They  are  active  bugs,  and  sub- 

il^w  f  ^f'"^^  °l  P'-''"'"  ''■"^  '''^^s ;  some  Sre  particu- 
larly  fond  of  ripe  fruit    Several  groups,  corresponding 

Capsida,  Capsma,  and  Capsini.  ' 


Red  Pepper 
{Capsicittn  annuitm). 


cap-sill 

cap-sill  (kap'sil),  n.  The  upper  horizontal  beam 


810 


captain 


2.  In  Mol.,  a  fossil  echinite  (sea-urchin)  of  the 
iirthe  timber-framing  of  a*  bridge,  viaduct,  etc.    genus  Conulim :  so  named  from  its  resemblance 
Capsina  (kap-si'na),  M.        l^lt.,  <  Capsus  +    to  a  cap. 

-ina.l    A  group  of  heteropterous  insects.    See  capstringt,  «•    See  capstan.       ,   ,  ,  „     ,  „ 

Capsida:  capsula  (kap'su-la),  n. ;  pi.  capsulce  (-le).    [L.]  capsuled  (kap  siild),  a.    Same  as  capsulate. 

capsize  (kap-siz'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  capsized,    Same  as  capsule.  "  ,  ,  ,    capsuliferous  (kap-su-life-rus),  a.    [<  L.  cap 

[Origin  unknown ;  the  Dan.  capsulaescic  (kap-su-les'ik),  a.    [<  L.  capsula    siita  (see  capside)  +  Jerre  =  E.  fteari.] 


Suprarenal  capsule,  a  sumll  flattened  body,  somewhat 
glaiuUilar  in  appearance,  but  with  no  duct,  wliicli  in  many 
animals  surmounts  the  Itidney.  Also  called  mprarenal 
body  and  adrenal.  See  cut  under  kidney. — Urticatlng 
capsule,  a  nematocyst,  cnida,  or  thread-cell. 


ppr.  capsizing. 


In  hot. 


rounds  every  movable  articulation,  and  contains  the  sy 
novia  like  a  bag.  See  diarthrosis. —  Capsular  vein,  the 
suprarenal  vein. 

capsulary  (kap'su-la-ri),  a.    Same  as  capsular. 
capsulate,  capsulated  (kap'su-lat,  -la-ted),  a.  „„,,„h,s 
[<  capsule  +  -flfei.]    Inclosed  in  a  capsule,  or    '""j'^iX™'^  ^Var,  «,",  ' 
is  in  a  chest  or  box.    Also  capsuled.  ^ 
-    -    -  -)n,Ti.Sw.  J:rtr),sflL    sula  {see  capsuie)  -T  m 


<  F.  capsule  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  capsula,  <  L.  capsida, 
a  small  box  or  chest  (cf .  capsella),  dim.  of  capsa, 
a  box:  see  case2.]  1.  A  small  casing,  envelop, 
covering,  etc.,  natural  or  artificial,  usually  thin 
or  membranous ;  a  cover  or  container  of  some 
small  object  or  quantity  of  matter.  Specifi- 
cally— 2.  In  hot.,  a  dehiscent  pod  or  seed-ves- 
sel, either  membranous  or  woody,  composed  of 


Capsules,  after  dehiscen 
a,  asphodel ;  *,  argemone  ; 


lapsejse  is  from  E.]  "1.  intrans.  To  turn  over 
or  upset :  as,  take  care  that  the  boat  does  not 
capsize. 

The  boat  swept  sheer  over  the  dam  with  all  on  board, 
filling  and  capsizing  instantly. 

J.  T.  Trowbridge,  Coupon  Bonds,  p.  299. 

II,  trans.  1.  To  upset;  overturn  (a  boat  or 
vessel). 

What  if  carrying  sail  capsize  the  boat? 

Btirun,  Don  Juan,  ix.  18. 

2.  To  move  (a  hogshead  or  other  vessel)  for- 
ward by  turning  it  alternately  on  the  heads. 
Halliwell.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

capsize  (kap-siz'),  n.    [<  capsize,  «.]    An  up- 
set ;  an  overturn.  .  .  ^  ^^...^  ...j,„,..  

cap-square  (kap'skwar),  n.  In  gun.,  one  of  the  capsule  (kap'sul),  «.  [=  D.  G.  Dan.  Sw.  kapsel. 
strong  plates  of  iron  or  brass  which  are  fatted  -  .  , 

over  the  trunnions  of  a  gun  and  secure  it  on 
the  carriage.  See  cut  under  gun-carriage. 

capstan  (kap'stan),  w.  [Formerly  also  capstane, 
capstand  (simulating  stand),  capstern  (simulat- 
ing stern),  once  capstring  (simulating  string), 
capisten,  canton  (dial,  capsal,  q.  v.);  =  MD. 
kapestant,  D.  kaapstander  (simulating  kaajj- 
stander,  a  lighthouse,  <  Jcaap,  MD.  kape,  =  E. 
cape^,  +  stander,  axletree,  MD.  stander,  stan- 
dacrd,  a  column,  pillar,  mill-post,  standard,  D. 
standaard,  a  banner,  =  E.  standard)  =  G.  kahe- 
stan,  <  F.  cahestan  =  Pr.  cahestan,  <  Sp.  cahe- 
strante,  usually  cabrestante  (=  Pg.  cahrestante) 
{simulating  cabra,  a  goat,  an  engine  for  throw- 
ing stones,  -I-  estante,  a  shelf,  naut.  a  prop  of 
a  cross-beam,  as  adj.  fixed,  lit.  standing,  <  L. 
stan(t-)s,  ppr.  of  stare,  stand),  a  capstan,  prob. 
<  cabestrar,  <  L.  capistrare,  tie  vTith  a  halter,  < 
capistrum  (>  Sp.  cahestro  =  Pg.  cahresto  =  It. 
capestro  =  Pr.  ccfbestre  =  OF.  chevestre,  F.  cJie- 
vetre),  a  halter,  muzzle,  band,  <  capere,  hold :  see 
capistrum  and  capable.']  An  apparatus  work- 
ing on  the  principle  of  the  wheel  and  axle, 
used  for  raising  weights  or  applying  power,  it 

■consists  of  an  upright  barrel,  either  smooth  or  having  ribs 
called  whelps,  which  are  arranged  about  a  spindle.  Above 

the  barrel  is  the 
capstan-head, 
which  has  holes 
to  receive  the 
ends  of  levers  or 
bars  by  which  the 
barrel  is  revolv- 
ed. At  the  bottom 
of  the  barrel  is  a 
pawl-head,  with 
pawls  to  catch  a 
ratchet-ring  or 
pawl-rim,  whicli 
is  secured  to  the 
floor  or  platform. 
A  capstan  differs 
from  a  windlass 
in  having  a  verti- 
cal instead  of  a 
horizontal  axis. 
The  capstan  em- 
ployed to  draw 
coal  from  pits  is 
usually  called  a 
gin,    and  when 

worked  by  horses  a  wldm-gin.  On  board  ship  it  is  used 
for  weighing  the  anchor,  warping  ship,  etc.— Chinese 
capstan,  a  differential  device  for  hoisting  or  hauling.  It 
is  the  same  as  the  differential  windlass  (which  see,  under 
windlass),  except  that  its  axis  is  vertical.— Power-cap- 
Stan,  a  capstan  in  which,  by  the  application  of  cog-wheels, 
great  power  may  be  gained  at  the  expense  of  speed.— 
Steam-capstan,  a  capstan  turned  by  a  steam-engine.— 
To  come  up  with,  the  capstan,  to  turn  it  the  contrary 
way,  so  as  to  slacken  the  rope  aliout  it.— To  heave  at 
the  capstan,  to  cause  it  to  turn  by  pushing  with  the 
breast  against  the  bars.— To  man  the  capstan,  to  place 
the  sailors  at  it  in  readiness  to  heave.— To  pawl  the 
capstan,  to  fix  the  pawls  so  as  to  prevent  the  capstan 
from  recoiling.— To  rig  the  Capstan,  to  prepare  it  for 
heaving  hy  fixing  the  bars  in  the  holes  or  otherwise.— To 
SVirge  the  capstan,  to  slacken  the  rope  wound  round 
upon  it. 

capstan-bar  (kap'stan -bar),  n.    One  of  the 

levers,  generally  of  wood,  by  which  a  capstan 
is  turned — To  swifter  the  capstan-bars,  to  fasten  a 

small  rope  round  the  outer  ends  of  all  the  capstan-liars 
before  heaving  round,  so  that  they  cannot  be  accidentally 
unshipped. 

capstan-barrel,  «.   See  capstan. 

capstanet,  capstandt,  «•   See  capstan. 

capsternt,  «•    See  capstan. 

capstone  (kap'ston),  w.  1.  In  arc/;.,  the  upper- 
most or  finishing  stone  of  a  structtire,  as  of  a 
parapet,  a  turret,  etc.  Flat  capstones,  or  flags,  are 
often  laid  upon  walls  of  bricks  or  small  stones  to  protect 
the  joints  from  infiltration  of  water,  as  well  as  to  bind 
the  structure  together. 


(see  capsule)  +'  asc-idus,  horse-chestnut  (see    and  rooL,  bearing  capsules. 
esculin),  4-  -jc]    Derived  from  capsules  of  the  capsuligerous  (kap-su-lij'e-rus),  a.    [<  L.  cop- 
horse-chestnut— capsulaescic  acid,  an  acid  found   sula  (see  capsule)  +  gerere,  bear.]    Same  as 
in  the  capsules  of  horse-chestnuts.  capsuliferous. 
capsular  (kap'sii-lar),  a.     [<  L.  capsula  (see  capsulitis  (kap-sii-li'tis),  w.    [KL.,  <!,.  capsula 
capsule)  +  'Hollow,  like  a  chest  or  cap-    (see  capsule)  +  -itis.']   Inflammation  of  the  cap- 

sule ;  pertaining  to  or  having  the  structure  of    sule  of  the  lens  of  the  eye. 

a  capsule  capsular  artery,  the  middle  suprarenal  capsulogenous  (kap-su-loj'e-nus),  a.    [<  L. 

artery.— Capsular  ligament,  the  ligament  whicii  sur-    capsula  (see  capsule)  +  -genus,  producing:  see 


Capstan. 

a,  capstan-head  :      barrel :  c,  pawl-rim  and 

pawls ;  d,  capstan-bar. 


two  or  more  carpels,  which  at  maturity  becomes 
dry  and  opens  by  regular  valves  corresponding 
in  number  to  the  carpels,  or  twice  as  numerous. 
The  term  is  sometimes  applied  to  any  dry  dehiscent  fruit, 
and  even  to  the  spore-cases  of  various  cryptogamic  plants. 
3.  In  chem. :  (a)  A  small  saucer  made  of  clay  for 
roasting  samples  of  ores,  or  for  melting  them. 
(b)  A  small  shallow  vessel  made  of  Berlin  ware, 
platinum,  etc.,  for  evaporations,  solutions,  and 
the  like.— 4.  In  anat.  and  zool.,  a  membrane 
or  ligament  inclosing  some  part  or  organ  as 
in  a  bag  or  sac ;  a  saccular  envelop  or  invest- 
ment :  as,  the  capsule  of  the  crystalline  lens  of 
the  eye ;  the  capsule  of  a  joint,  as  the  hip. —  5, 
In  anat.,  some  part  or  organ  likened  to  a  cap- 
sule: as,  the  adrenal  capsules. — 6.  In  Protozoa, 
the  included  perforated  test  of  a  radiolarian. — 
7.  In  entom.,  a  horny  case  inclosing  the  eggs 
of  an  insect,  as  those  of  the  cockroach.  .Also 
called  ootheca. —  8.  A  cap  of  thin  metal,  such  as 
tin-foil,  put  over  the  mouth  of  a  corked  bottle 
to  preserve  the  cork  from  drying,  wine  of  good 

quality  when  bottled  was  formerly  sealed  with  wax  upon 
the  cork,  but  the  use  of  the  capsule  is  now  almost  univer- 
sal, the  grower's  or  dealer's  name  or  device  being  com- 
monly stamped  upon  it. 

9.  A  small  gelatinous  case  or  envelop  in  which 
nauseous  medicines  are  inclosed  to  be  swal- 
lowed.— 10.  The  shell  of  a  metallic  cartridge  or 
of  a  fulminating  tube — Adrenal  capsule,  an  ad- 
renal (which  see).— Atrahiliary  capsule,  the  suprarenal 
capsule,  or  adrenal.— Bonnet's  capsule,  the  posterior 
part  of  the  tunica  vaginalis  of  the  eye,  behind  the  point  of 
perforation  of  the  tendons  of  the  muscles  of  the  eyeballs. 
—Bowman's  capsule,  the  capsule  of  a  Malpighian  body 
of  the  kidney.— Capsule  of  Glisson,  the  sheath  of  con- 
nective tissue  enveloping  the  branches  of  the  portal  vein, 
hepatic  artery,  and  hepatic  duct  as  they  ramify  in  the  liver. 
—  Capsule  of  the  kidney,  the  smooth  fibrous  membrane 
closely  investing  the  kidney,  and  forming  its  outer  coat. — 
Capsule  of  the  lens,  the  transparent,  elastic,  brittle,  and 
structureless  membrane  inclosing  the  lens  of  the  eye.— 
Central  capsule,  the  capsule  of  a  radiolarian.— Exter- 
nal capsule,  the  layer  of  white  nervous  substance  be- 
tween tlie  claustrum  and  the  putamen  of  the  brain. — In- 
ternal capsule,  the  layer  of  nerve-fibers  passing  upward 
in  the  Ijrain  from  the  crura  cerebri  to  the  cortex,  between 
the  caudate  nucleus  and  the  optic  thalamus  on  the  one 
side  and  the  lenticular  nucleus  on  the  other.— Marsupial 
capsule,  in  Pijlyzua(ov Bryuzoa),  an  individual  of  a  colony 
servingoiily  for  the  reception  of  ova.— Nidamental  cap- 
sule, in  conch.,  a  case  in  which  the  embryos  of  certain 
mollusks  are  contained. 

The  nidamental  capsules  [of  the  whelk,  Buccinum]  are 
aggregated  in  roundish  masses  which,  when  thrown  ashore 
and  drifted  by  the  wind,  resemble  corallines.  Each  cap- 
sule contains  five  or  six  young. 

S.  P.  Woodward,  Mollusca,  2d  ed.,  p.  219. 


genoits.]  Producing  a  capsule :  specifically  ap- 
plied to  certain  glands  of  earthworms,  opening 
on  the  surface  by  papillae  and  supposed  to  assist 
in  the  secretion  of  the  capsule  or  cocoon  of 
those  animals. 

lot'o-mi),  n.    [<  L.  cap- 
iMGr.  ro^ia,  a  cutting:  see 
anatomy.']    In  surg.,  incision  of  the  capsule  of 
the  lens  of  the  eye. 

Capsus  (kap'sus),  n.  [NL. :  said  to  be  <  Gr, 
Kdnrm',  gulp  down  ;  cf .  kq^'ic,  a  gulping  down.] 
A  genus  of  insects,  typical  of  the  family  Cap- 
sida;, founded  by  Fabricius  in  1803.  As  now  re- 
stricted, it  contains  bugs  usually  of  medium-^ize  and 
broadly  ovate  form,  with  moderate  or  narrow  neck,  per- 
fect wings  and  hemelytra,  and  second  antennal  joint  long- 
est and  clavate.    C.  tn/asciatus  is  an  example. 

captt  (kapt),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  cap\  v.]  Overcome 
in  argument. 

capt.  -Aa  abbre-viation  of  captain. 
captain  (kap'tan),  «.  and  a.  [<  ME.  captain, 
capitain,  -ein,  -eyn,  =  D.  kapitein  -  Dan.  kaptejn, 
kapitajn  =  Sw.  kapten,  <  OF.  capitain,  capitaine 
(vernacular  form  chevetaine,  >E.  chieftain,  q.  v.), 
F.  capitaine  =  Pr.  capituni  =  Sp.  capitan  =  Pg. 
capitao  =  It.  capitano,  <  ML.  capitaneus,  -anius, 
-anus,  a  captain  (also,  and  prop.,  an  adj.,  princi- 
pal, chief),  <  L.  caput  (capit-),  head :  see  capital^, 
etc.  Cf.  headman  and  hetman.]  I,  n.  1.  One 
who  is  at  the  head  of  or  has  authority  over 
others;  a  chief;  a  leader;  a  commander,  espe- 
cially in  military  affairs,  in  the  Bible  the  term  is 
applied  to  a  king  or  prince,  to  a  general  or  commander  of 
an  army,  to  the  governor  of  a  province,  etc. 
Captain  of  the  host  of  the  Lord.  Jos.  v.  14. 

Anoint  him  to  be  captain  over  my  people.  1  Sam.  ix.  16. 


Great  Mars,  the  captain  of  us  all. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  5. 

Great  in  council  and  great  in  war. 

Foremost  captain  of  his  time. 

Tennyson,  Duke  of  'Wellington. 
More  specifically- (a)  In  the  array,  the  officer  who  com- 
mands a  company,  whether  of  infantry,  cavalry,  or  artil- 
lery, (ft)  In  the  navy,  an  officer  next  in  rank  above  a  com- 
mander, and  ranking  in  the  United  States  service  with  a 
colonel,  and  in  the  British  with  a  lieutenant-colonel,  and 
after  three  years'  service  with  a  colonel,  in  the  army.  Offi- 
cers of  this  grade  in  the  British  service  were  formerly  desig- 
nated post-captains,  (c)  The  commander  or  master  of  a 
merchant  jfessel.  (d)  In  some  of  the  public  schools  of  Eng- 
land, a  title  given  to  the  senior  scholar,  (e)  In  base-ball, 
rowing,  etc.,  the  head  or  leader  of  the  nine,  the  crew,  or 
the  body  of  players  on  one  side.  (/)  In  mining,  the  head 
man  or  superintendent  of  the  mining  operations ;  the  per- 
son who  directs  and  is  responsible  for  the  miners' work.  As 
a  title,  often  abbreviated  capt. 

2.  A  name  commonly  given,  in  the  form  long- 
finned  captain,  to  the  fish  otherwise  kno-wn  as  the 
lanthorn  gurnard —  Captain  en  piedt,  a  captain  kept 
in  pay,  that  is,  not  refonned.  See  captain  rej'orrned,  below. 
E.  Phillips,  1706.— Captain  of  the  poll,  in  the  University 
of  Cambridge,  England,  the  first  in  rank  among  those  who 
graduate  without  honors,  known  as  the  polloi  or  poll. 

There  are  also  many  men  every  year  contending  for  the 
Captaincy  of  the  Poll,  some  for  the  honor,  such  as  it  is, 
others  because  it  will  help  them  to  get  Poll  pupils  after- 
wards. C.  A.  Bristed,  English  University,  p.  310. 
Captain  reformedt,  a  captain  who  upon  the  reducing 
of  forces  lost  his  company,  but  was  continued  as  captain, 
either  as  second  to  another  or  without  a  post.    See  refor- 

mado.  E.  Phillips,  1700.— Captains  Of  tops,  captains 
of  the  forecastle,  captains  of  the  afterguard,  and 

captains  of  the  hold,  ratings  of  petty  otticers  in  the 
United  States  navy,  whose  duties  are  to  superintend 
the  men  in  their  different  departments.— Fleet  captain, 
in  the  United  States  navy,  an  officer  temporarily  appointed 
by  the  Navy  Department  to  act  as  chief  of  start'  to  the  C'om- 
niander-in-chief  of  a  fleet  or  squadron.  Also  called 
captain.  t-,  i  j. 

II  t  a.  [The  orig.  (ML.)  use,  but  in  E.  later 
than  the  noun  use.]  1.  Of  chief  rank,  excel- 
lence, or  value;  chief;  principal. 

Like  stones  of  worth  they  thinly  placed  are. 

Or  cajitain  jewels  in  the  carcanet.  Shale,  Sonnets,  m. 

2.  Of  commanding  character ;  fitted  to  lead. 

Why  then  women  are  more  valiant 
That  stay  at  home,  if  bearing  carry  it. 
And  the  ass  more  captain  than  the  lion. 

Mai.,  T.  of  A.,  111.  5. 


captain 

captain  (kap'tan),  v.  t.  [<  captain,  m.]  To  act 
as  leader  to;  be  captain  over;  command. 

It  was  natural  that  men  who  captained  or  accompanied 
the  exodus  from  existing  forms  and  associations  into  the 
doLibtful  wilderness  that  led  to  the  promised  land  should 
find  more  to  their  purpose  in  the  Old  Testament  than  in 
the  New.  Loivell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  238 


811 


captaincy  (kap'tan-si),  n.    [<  captain  +  -cw.] 

The  rank,  post,  or  commission  of  a  captain, 
captaincy-general  (kap  '  tan  -  si  -  jen '  e  -  ral),  « 
[<  captaincy  +  general.    Cf.  Sp.  capitania  qe- 
neral.2    The  office  or  jurisdiction  of  a  captain- 
general;  specifically,  one  of  the  military  divi- 
sions of  Spain.    Also  captain-generalcy. 
captainess  (kap'tan-es),  n.    [<  captaiii  +  -ess. 
<ut.  chief  tainess.^  A  female  commander.  [Rare.] 
Out !  traitor  Absence  !  Darest  tliou  counsel  me 
From  my  dear  Captainess  to  run  away? 

Sir  P.  Sidneij,  in  Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  547. 

captain-general  (kap'^tan-jen'e-ral),  n.  [<  cap- 
tain +  general.  Cf.  Sp.  capitd'n  general.']  The 
commander-in-chief  of  an  army  or  of  the  mili- 
tia; specifically,  the  commander  of  a  militarv 
division  in  Spaia. 

The  magnanimous  and  most  illustrious  .  .  .  captain- 
general  of  the  Grecian  army,  Agamemnon. 

Shah.,  T.  and  C,  iii.  3. 
[The  governor  of  Rhode  Island  is  by  title  captain-general 
of  theSUt?]    "'""^  ^^'^  military  and  naval  forces 

captain-generalcy  (kap'-'tan-jen'e-ral-si),  n. 
[<  captain-general  +  -cy.}  Same  as  captaincy- 
general. 

captain-lieutenantt  (kap*tan-lii-ten'ant)  n 
Formerly,  m  Great  Britain,  an  oflicer  wEo,  with 
the  rank  of  captain  and  pay  of  a  lieutenant, 
commanded  a  company  or  troop.  The  first  or 
colonel's  company  of  a  regiment  of  infantry  was 
commanded  by  a  captain-lieutenant. 

captainlyt  (kap'tan-li),  a.  [<  captain  +  -Zi/i.l 
Pertaining  to  or  befitting  a  captain. 

captain-pasha,  capitan-pacha  (kap"tan-,  kap'- 
i-tan-pash'a),  n.  [<  captain  or  capitan  (repr. 
Turk._  qapttan  or  qapudan  (Jeaptan,  kapudan) 
-pasha)  +  pasha:  see  captain  and  r^asha.] 
Formerly,  the  coUoquial  title  of  the  Turkish 
mmister  of  marine,  and  of  the  chief  admiral  of 
the  Turkish  fleet.  Also  written  capudan-pasha. 
captamryt  (kap'tan-ri),  n.  [<  P.  capitainerie, 
<  ML,,  cajntaneria,  captainship,  <  capitanus  : 
see  captain.]  The  power  or  command  over  a 
certain  district;  chieftainship.  Spenser. 
captainship  (kap'tan-ship),  n.  [<  captain  + 
-ship.]  1.  The  office  of  captain,  or  of  chief 
commander. 

Therefore,  so  please  thee  to  return  with  us, 
And  of  our  Athens  (thine  and  ours)  to  take 
The  captainship.  Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  v.  2. 

2t.  The  command  of  a  clan  or  government  of 
a  certain  district;  chieftainship. 

To  diminish  the  Irish  lords  he  did  abolish  their 
usurped  captainships.      Sir  J.  Davies,  State  of  Ireland! 
3.  Skill  as  a  captain  or  leader:  as,  he  displayed 
good  captainship. 

captal  (kap'tal),  n.  [Pr.,  <  L.  capitalis,  chief: 
see  capitan.]  A  medieval  title  of  dignity  and 
military  authority  in  the  south  of  Prance :  as 
the  Captal  de  Buch  fought  on  the  English  side 
in  Gascony,  etc.,  under  Edward  III. 

Captantes  (kap-tan'tez),  n.  jjI.  [NL.,  pi.  of  L 
captan(t-)s,  ppr.  of  captare,  take,  catch:  see 
captation.]    Same  as  Baptores.    A.  E.  Brehm 

captation  (kap-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  captatio(n-), 
a  reaching  after  something,  <  captare,  pp.  cap- 
tatus,  reach  after,  desire  eagerly,  allure,  freq. 
of  capere,  pp.  captus,  take,  seize :  see  capable.] 
If.  Ihe  act  or  practice  of  gaining  favor  or  ap- 
plause by  flattery  or  address.  Eikon  Basilike. 
—  2.  A  name  given  by  Descourtis  to  the  open- 
ing stage  of  the  hypnotic  or  mesmeric  trance. 
Sometimes  called  fascination. 

caption  (kap'shon),  n.  [<  L.  captio{n-),  a  tak- 
ing, seizing,  fraud,  deceit,  fallacy,  <  capere, 
pp.  cajHus,  take:  see  capable.]  1.  Seizure;  cap- 
ture; taking;  catching.  [Rare.]  — 2f.  Captious 
or  specious  arguments  or  caviling;  the  act  of 
caviling  or  taking  exception;  sophism;  quib- 
ble or  quibbling. 

It  is  manifest  that  the  use  of  this  doctrine  is  for  caption 
and  contradiction.    Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  ii. 

I  beseech  you,  sir,  to  consider  with  what  strange  cap- 
tiovi:  you  have  gone  about  to  delude  youi-  king  and  coun- 
Chilhngworth,  Kelig.  of  Protestants,  i.  2. 
3.  The  act  of  taking  or  apprehending  by  a  iu- 
dicial  process.  [Rare.]-4.  In  Mo,  a  certifi- 
cate stating  the  time  and  place  of  executing  a 
commission  in  chancery,  or  of  taking  a  depo- 
sition, or  of  the  finding  of  an  indictment,  and 
the  court  or  authority  before  which  such  act 


was  performed,  and  such  other  particulars  as 
are  necessary  to  render  it  legal  and  valid,  writ- 
ten upon  or  attached  to  the  document  to  which 
it  relates.—  5 .  The  heading  or  title  of  a  legal  in- 
strument or  of  a  chapter,  article,  section,  orpage: 
as,  the  caption  of  Genesis  i. ;  an  editorial  imder 
the  caption  "A  new  Force  in  Politics."  [U.  S  ] 

—  Letters  of  caption,  in  Scuts  law,  a  writ  (now  obso- 
lete) issued  at  the  instance  of  a  creditor,  commanding  an 
othcer  to  take  and  imprison  a  debtor  or  obligant  till  he 
pays  the  debt  or  performs  the  obligation.   See  horninn 

—  Process  caption,  in  Scots  law,  a  summary  warrant  of 
incarceration  for  the  purpose  of  forcing  back  a  process, 
that  IS  the  documents  or  any  document  belonging  to  a 
lawsuit  vvhich  may  have  been  unduly  and  contumaciously 
retained  by  the  party  whose  receipt  stands  therefor  in 
the  court  books. 

captious  (kap'shus),  a.  [<  P.  captieux  =  Pr. 
capcios  =  Sp.  Pg.  capcioso  =  It.  capzioso,  <  L. 
captiosus,  deceptive,  fallacious,  sophistical,  < 
captooCw-),  deception,  fallacy,  sophism :  see  cap- 
tion. In  def.  3  associated  with  capacious  or 
capable,  in  the  orig.  sense  'taking':  see  capa- 
cious.] 1.  Apt  to  notice  and  make  much  of  un- 
important faults  or  defects ;  disposed  to  find 
fault  or  raise  objections ;  prone  to  cavil ;  diffi- 
cult to  please ;  faultfinding;  touchy :  as,  a  cap- 
tious man. 

A  vulgar  man  is  captious  and  jealous.  Chesterfield. 
A  captious  skeptic  in  love,  a  slave  to  fretfulness  and 
whim-- who  has  no  difflfculties  but  of  his  own  creating— 
IS  a  subject  more  fit  for  ridicule  than  compassion. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  3. 

2.  Proceediag  from  a  faultfinding  or  caviling 
disposition ;  fitted  to  harass  or  perplex ;  censo- 
rious; carping;  hence,  insidious :  crafty:  as,  a 
captious  question. 
Captious  or  fallacious  ways  of  talking.  Locke. 
With  these  modifications  and  with  all  branches  of  the 
Government  m  political  harmony,  and  in  the  absence  of 
partisan  incentive  to  captious  obstruction,  the  law  as  it  was 
left  by  the  amendment  of  1863  was  much  less  destructive 
01  executive  discretion.   Appleton's  Ann.  Cyc. ,  1886,  p.  244. 

3t.  Capable  of  receiving;  capacious. 

Yet,  in  this  captious  and  intenible  sieve, 
I  still  pour  in  the  waters  of  my  love. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  i.  3. 
4.  Insnaring;  captivating.  [Rare  and  humor- 
ous.] 

Away  with  despair,  no  longer  forbear 
To  fly  from  the  captious  coquette. 

Byron,  Hours  of  Idleness. 
=  Syil.  1.  Captious,  Carping,  Caviling,  faultfindine  hv- 
percritical,  crabbed,  testy,  pettish,  splenetic,  all  elpress 
unamiable  temper  and  behavior,  with  wrongheadedness 
Captious  expresses  a  disposition  to  catch  at  little  or  in- 
oftensive  things,  and  magnify  them  into  great  defects  af- 
ironts,  etc  Carping  is  a  strong  word  noting  faultfinding 
tnat  IS  both  unreasonable  and  unceasing ;  it  applies  more 
to  criticism  on  conduct,  while  caviling  applies  to  objec- 
tions to  arguments,  opinions,  and  the  like  :  as,  it  is  easier 
to  cavil  than  to  disprove.    See  petulant. 

He  frequently  found  fault,  was  captious,  and  seemed 
ready  for  an  outbreaking.       Franklin,  Autobiog.,  p.  92. 
Avoid  the  censures  of  the  carping  world. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  5. 
I  write  not  to  content  each  cavilling  brain 
But  eyes  of  noblest  spirits. 

Ford,  Ded.  of  Honour  Triumphant, 
captiously  (kap'shus-li),  adv.    1.  In  a  cap- 
tious, critical,  or  faultfinding  manner. 

Use  your  words  as  captiously  as  you  can,  in  your  arguing 
on  one  side,  and  apply  distinctions  on  the  other.  Locke. 
2.  So  as  to  catch  or  insnare ;  insnarinelv :  can- 
tivatingly.    [Rare.]  e  j ,  .^p 

captiousness  (kap'shus-nes),  n.    The  quality 
of  being  captious ;  disposition  to  find  fault ; 
inclination  to  object ;  peevishness. 
Captiousness  is  another  fault  opposite  to  civility. 

Locke,  Education,  §  143. 

captivancet,  n.  [Also  written  captivaunce :  < 
h.  captivan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  cnptivare,  take  captive : 
see  captivate,  v.]  Captivity. 

At  length  he  spyde  whereas  that  wofull  Squyre 
Whom  he  liad  reskewed  from  captivaunce 
Of  his  strong  foe,  lay  tombled  in  the  myre. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  vii.  45. 
captivate  (kap'ti-vat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cap- 
tivated, ppr.  captivating.  [<  L.  captivatus,  pp. 
of  captivare,  take  captive,  <  captivus,  captive : 
see  captive,  a.  and  v.]  If.  To  seize  by  force, 
as  an  enemy  m  war,  or  anything  belonging  to 
an  enemy ;  capture ;  take  captive. 

The  French  king  captivated  to 
The  English  nionarcke. 

Warner,  Albion's  England,  v.  28. 
It  does  not  institute  a  magnificent  auction  of  finance 
where  captivated  provinces  come  to  general  ransom  bv 
bidding  against  each  other. 

Burke,  Conciliation  with  America. 
2t.  To  bring  into  bondage  ;  subdue  ;  place  in 
subjection. 

Let  us  Cliristian  men  grant  nothing  contrary  to  the 
Scripture,  but  ever  captivate  om  reason  unto  tliat. 

Fryth,  Works,  p.  18. 


captive 

He  deserves  to  be  a  slave  that  is  content  to  have  the 
liberty  of  ins  will  so  captivated.  Eikon  BaHlike. 

God  uses  not  to  captivate  [a  man]  under  a  perpctuall 
childhood  of  prescription,  but  trusts  him  with  the  gift  of 
reason  to  be  his  own  chooser.  Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  17. 
3.  To  overpower  and  hold  by  excellence  or 
beauty;  charm  or  lure  by  any  moans;  engage 
the  regard,  esteem,  or  aflections  of;  fascinate. 
Anon  he  rears  upriglit,  curvets  and  leaps 
As  who  should  say  "Lo,  thus  my  strength  is  tried  • 
And  this  I  do  to  captivate  the  eye." 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  281. 
Wisdom  so  captivates  him  with  her  appearance  that  he 
gives  himself  up  to  her.  Addison,  Guardian. 

I  was  captivated  with  the  beauty  and  retirement  of  the 
P^^'=^-  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  514. 

It  is  not  merely  what  he  [Chaucer]  has  to  say,  but  even 
more  the  agreeable  way  he  has  of  saying  it,  tliat  captivates 
our  attention  and  gives  him  an  assured  place  in  litera- 
ture. Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  260. 

=  Syn.  3.  To  enslave,  enchant,  lead  captive,  enamour  be- 
witcli.  ' 

captivatet  (kap'ti-vat),  a.  [<  L.  captivatus, 
pp. :  see  the  verb.]  Taken  captive ;  made  pris- 
oner; fascinated;  insnared. 

What  though  I  be  enthrall'd?  .  .  . 
Tush !  women  have  been  captivate  ere  now 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  3. 
captivating  (kap'ti-va-ting),  p.  a.    [Ppr.  of 
captivate,  v.]    Having  power  to  engage  the  re- 
gard, esteem,  or  affections;  winning;  fasci- 
nating; bewitching. 

Her  understanding  excellent,  her  mind  improved  and 
her  manners  captivating. 

Jane  Austen,  Pride  and  Prejudice,  p.  160. 

captivation  (kap-ti-va'shon),  n.    [<  L.  capti- 
vatio(n-),  <  captivare,  take  captive:  see  capti- 
vate, v.]    The  act  of  captivating;  the  state  or 
condition  of  being  captivated. 
The  captivation  of  our  understanding. 

Bp.  Hall,  Remains,  p.  21. 
captive  (kap'tiv),  a.  and  n.  [In  earlier  E. 
caitiff,  now  with  different  sense  (see  caitiff); 
=  P.  captif,  fem.  captive,  OF.  chetif,  etc.  (see 
caitiff),  =  Pr.  cajitiu,  caitiu  =  OGat.  caitiu=  OSp. 
cajHivo,  Sp.  cautivo  =  Pg.  cativo,  cajHivo  =  It. 
cattivo,  <  L.  captivus,  a  captive,  prop,  adj.,  taken 
prisoner,  <  captus,  pp.  of  capere,  take,  seize, 
capture,  etc.:  see  capable.]  I.  a.  1.  Made 
prisoner,  as  in  war;  kept  in  bondage  or  con- 
finement. 

When  many  times  the  captive  Grecians  fall 
Even  in  the  fan  and  wind  of  your  fair  sword 
You  bid  them  rise  and  live.      Shak.,  T.  and'c,  v.  3. 
The  captive  bird  that  sings  within  thy  bow'r. 

Pope,  Summer,  1.  46. 

2.  Bound  or  held  by  other  than  physical  means, 
as  by  the  ties  of  love  or  other  passion ;  capti- 
vated. 

_      ,  My  woman's  heart 

Grossly  grew  captive  to  his  honey  words. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  1. 

3,  Holding  in  confinement:  as,  captive  chains. 
—Captive  balloon.  See  ballooni.~To  take  captive 
to  capture  ;  make  a  prisoner  of.  ' 

II.  n.  1.  One  who  is  taken  prisoner,  espe- 
cially a  prisoner  taken  in  war  by  an  enemy ; 
one  taken  and  kept  in  confinement. 

Like  captives  bound  to  a  triumphant  car. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  i. 
2.  Figuratively,  one  who  is  charmed  or  sub- 
dued by  beauty  or  excellence,  by  the  lower 
passions  of  his  own  nature,  or  by  the  wiles  of 
others ;  one  whose  affections  are  seized,  or  who 
IS  held  by  strong  ties  of  love  or  any  other  pas- 
sion. 

Yet  hath  he  been  my  captive  and  my  slave, 
And  begg'd  for  that  which  thou  unask'd  shalt  have. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  101. 
i^^y?-  ^-  f  "soMf,  Captive.  The  word  pri.ioner  emphasizes 
the  Idea  of  restraint  of  liberty,  but  is  not  rhetorical  or  espe- 
cially associated  with  feeling :  the  prisoner  of  war  and  the 
prisoner  for  crime  may  be  shut  up  in  a  prison,  kept  by 
guards  withm  defined  limits,  or  given  a  restricted  liliertv 
on  parole.  Tlie  word  captive  suggests  being  completely  in 
the  power  of  another,  whether  confined  or  not ;  it  has  come 
to  be  a  rhetorical  word,  suggesting  heljilessness  and  re- 
sulting unhappiness.  Captured  soldiers  under  guard  are 
stnctly  prisoners,  but  are  often  and  pi-operiy  called  cap- 
lives.  Wlien  we  speak  of  a  captive  bird,  we  suggest  its 
longing  for  liberty.  Tlie  rights  and  interests  of  a  prison- 
er  are  likely  to  be  respected,  but  the  captive  may  be  abused 
or  even  sometimes  sold  into  slavery.  See  captivity. 
Come,  Sleep  :  0  Sleep  !  the  certain  knot  of  peace. 

The  baiting-place  of  wit,  tlie  liahii  of  woe. 
The  poor  man's  wealtli,  tlie  pri.wner's  release, 
Th'  indifferent  judge  between  tlie  high  and  low. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Astrophel  and  Stella,  st.  39. 
Go,  see  the  captive  bartered  as  a  slave ! 
Crushed  till  his  high,  lieroic  spirit  bleeds. 

Rogers,  Pleasures  of  llemoi-y,  ii. 

captive  (kap'tiv),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  captived, 
ppr.  captiving.    [=  F.  captivcr  =  Pr.  captivar  = 


captive  812 

Sp.  cauticar  =  Fg.  caiicar,  captivar  =  lt.  cattl-  capucciot  (ka-pueh'io),  n.  [It.,  prop. coppMCoio : 
van;  <  L.  vapticare  (see  captivate,  v.),  <  capUrun,    see  capouch,  w.]   A  capuchin  or  hood.  Spenser. 


captive:  see  captive,  a.  aud  j;.] 
captive;  bring  into  subjection. 

Captio'd  eternally  in  yron  mewes. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  v.  27. 

insnare.  [Rare.] 


2.  To  captivate 

Love  now  captiv'd  liis  heart,  which  erst  was  free. 

Ford,  HoiKUir  Triumphant,  i. 
Beauty,  which  captives  all  tliiiins,  sets  lue  free. 

Dnidi  ii,  Kpistles,  iii.  38. 
She  who  captired  Anthony, 
The  Serpent  of  old  Nile. 

R.  11.  Stoddard,  Shakespeare. 

captivity  (kap-tiv'i-ti),  n .  [<  F.  captivitc  =  Pr. 
captivitut=  Sp.  cautividad  —  Pg.  catireiro  =  It. 
cattivitd,  <  L.  captivita{t-)s,  <  captivus,  captive: 
see  captive.']  1.  The  state  of  being  a  prisoner, 
or  of  coming  into  the  power  of  an  enemy  by- 
force  or  the  fortune  of  war. 

And  but  for  Owen  Glendower  had  been  king, 
Who  kept  him  in  captivity  till  he  died. 

SAnA-.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  2. 

2.  Subjection ;  the  state  of  being  under  con- 
trol; bondage;  servitude. 

Bringing  into  captivity  every  thought  to  the  obedience 
of  Clirist.  2  Cor.  x.  5. 

Thou  hast  led  captivity  captive.  Ps.  l.\viii.  18. 

3t.  Captives  collectively;  a  body  of  captives. 

When  God  bringeth  back  the  captivity  of  his  people, 
Jacob  shall  rejoice,  and  Israel  shall  be  glad.      Ps.  liii.  C. 


It.  To  make  capucet,  capuchet,  »•    Same  as  capouch. 

Capuchin^  (kap'u-chin  or  kap-6-shen'),  n. 
[=  F.  capucin  —  Sp.  capuchino  =  Pg.  capuchinho, 
m.,  a  monk,  and  F.  capucine  —  Sp.  capucMna 
=  Pg.  capuchiitha,  f.,  a  nun,  of  the  order  of  St. 
Francis,  <  It.  cappuccitio,  a  Franciscan  monk,  so 
called  from  the  cowl  he  wore,  dim.  of  cappiiccio, 
a  cowl,  >  F.  capuche,  capuce,  >  E.  capuche,  ca- 
pouch: see  cajioiich.']  1.  A  member  of  a  men- 
dicant order  of  Franciscan  monks,  founded  in 
Italy  in  1528  by  Matteo  di  Bassi,  and  named 
from  the  long  pointed  capouch  or  cowl  which  is 
the  distinguishing  mark  of  their  dress.  According 

to  the  statutes  of  the  order,  drawn  iip  in  1029,  the  monks 
•were  to  live  by  begging ;  they  were  not  to  use  gold  or  silver 
or  silk  in  the  decoration  of  their  altars,  and  the  chalices 
were  to  be  of  pewter.  The  Capuchins  are  most  numerous 
in  Austria.  In  the  United  States  they  have  convents  in 
the  dioceses  of  Green  Bay,  Milwaukee,  Leavenworth,  and 


car 

stance  in  the  spiniil  cord.— Caput  gaUlnaginis,  the 

snipe's  head;  the  crista  uretlu'a;  (which  see,  under  urethra). 

—  Caput  medusse,  the  network  of  dilated  veins  radiating 
from  tlie  umbilicus,  seen  when  the  portal  circulation  is 
ol)structed  in  tlie  liver,  as  in  cirrhosis,  and  this  collateral 
circulation  is  developed  in  compensation. — Caput  mor- 
tuum,  literally,  a  dead  liead.  (a)  A  fanciful  term  used 
by  the  old  chemists  to  denote  the  residuum  of  cliemicals 
when  all  tlieir  volatile  matters  liad  escaped  ;  speciflcally, 
o.xid  of  iron,  whicli  is  the  residue  left  when  sulphate  of 
iron  is  distilled  at  a  red  heat.  Hence  —  (b)  Anything  from 
which  all  that  rendered  it  valuable  has  been  taken  away. 

"  Everytliing  of  life  aud  beauty,"  writes  the  critic,  "  has 
been  extracted,  and  a  caput  mortmiiii — tliat  is,  Charles 
Kean's  Mephistopheles  — remain's. ' 

Fortnightly  Rev.,  N.  S.,  XL.  66. 
Caput  Obstipum  spastlcum,  spasm  in  the  region  of  the 
e.xternal  branch  of  tlic  spinal  accessory  nerve;  wryneck. 

—  Caput  SUCCedaneum,  an  edematous  swelling  of  the 
presenting  portion  of  the  sc.ilp  of  tlie  new-born. 

caputal  (kap'ut-al),  a.  [Improp.  <  caput  +  -al; 
distinguished  from  the  proper  form  capital.^ 
In  cntom.,  pertaining  to  or  situated  on  the 
head.  [Rare.] 


2!"[H/i  A  whS^'^f  pigeon  with  a  range  of  capn^a.;..  Plural  of  c«i,«««,«^ 
inverted  feathers  on  the  back  of  the  head? like  Caputiatl^  (ka-pu-shi-a_ti),  n.jl 


[ML.,  pi.  of 


the  cap  or  cowl  of  a  monk. —  3.  [/.  c]  A  South 
American  monkey,  Cchiis  capucinus,  having 
black  on  the  head,  like  the  hood  or  cowl  of  a 
Capuchin;  hence,  any  sapajou  or  monkey  of 
the  genus  Cehus.  Also  written  capucine.  See 
cut  under  CeUna. — 4.  [I.  c]  One  of  the  bald- 
headed  fruit-crows  of  South  America,  Gymno- 
cejyhahis  calvus.—  Ca,v>vLClnTi  cross.  See  cross. 


=  Syn.  Imprisonment,  Captivity,  Confineme7it  Incarcera-  caBUCMn^t  (kap  '  u -"chin  or  kap -U -  shen ')»  « 


lutting  wuaiu  vvituft,  la  iiuw  iiccij 

;nse  it  suggests  depth  of  separation  pa„npiTin/1f>+ 

nds,  home,  or  the  world,  and  small  t<ipui,lIld.ucT, 

)r  coming  out.   (See  servitudii  and  -ade,  -acieJ-.J 


tix)n,  Immurement.  There  is  the  same  distinction  between 
imprisonment  and  captivity  as  between  prisoner  and  cap- 
tive. (See  captive.)  Confinement  is  the  most  general  word 
for  being  kept  within  bounds  against  one's  will,  as  by  force 
or  sickness;  we  speak  of  solitary  confinement,  and,  figur- 
atively, of  too  great  confinement  (though  voluntary)  to 
one's  books.  Incarceration  is  the  being  put  into  a  jail  or 
prison ;  the  word  is  rhetorical,  suggesting  ignominy,  with 
narrow  range  and  great  safeguards  against  escape.  Im- 
murement, literally  shutting  within  walls,  is  now  freely 
figurative  ;  in  either  sense  ' 
or  seclusion  from  friends 
likelihood  of  getting  or  coming  out.  (S 
serf.) 

Even  like  a  man  new  haled  from  the  rack, 
So  fare  my  limbs  with  long  imprisonment. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  Tl.,  ii.  5. 

But  made  hereby  obnoxious  more 

To  all  the  miseries  of  life. 

Life  in  captivity 

Among  inhuman  foes.       Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  108. 
Though  luy  person  is  in  confinement,  my  mind  can  ex- 
patiate on  ample  and  useful  subjects  with  all  the  freedom 
imaginable.  S.  Johnson,  Life  of  Savage. 

Enforced  detention,  incarceration  within  four  walls, 
was  another  method  of  coercion  which  grew  and  gained 
favour  under  the  feudal  system.    Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  747. 
The  chains  of  earth's  immurement 
Fell  from  lanthe's  Spirit. 

Shelley,  Queen  Mab,  i. 

captor  (kap'tpr),  n.    [<  L.  captor,  <  capere,  pp. 


[Prop.  *capuchoH  '=  Dan.  capuchon,  <  F.  capn- 
chon,  <  capuche,  a  hood:  see  capouch,  and  cf. 
Capuchin^.']  1.  A  large  loose  hood  worn  by 
women  in  the  eighteenth  century. —  2.  A 
hooded  cloak  of  the  same  period. 

My  aunt  pulled  off  my  uncle's  shoes,  and  carefully 
wrapped  his  poor  feet  in  her  capuchin. 

Smollett,  Humphrey  Clinker. 

n.    [F.,  <  capucin,  Capuchin,  -I- 
A  Capuchin's  tirade ;  a  weak  ser- 
mon or  discoiu'se. 

It  was  a  vague  discourse,  the  rhetoric  of  an  old  profes- 
sor, a  mere  Capucinade.     Smollett,  tr.  of  Gil  Bias,  vii.  4. 

capucine^  (kap'ii-sin),  n.    [<  F.  capucin  (NL.  capybara,  n. 

capttcinus),  lit.  a  Capuchin  monk:  see  Capu-  car  (.Kar),  n. 
chin'^.']  Same  as  capuchin'^,  3. 
capucine^  (kap'u-sin),  n.  [<  F.  capucine,  nas- 
turtium, also  the  color  of  its  flower,  <  It.  cap- 
puccina,  nasturtium  (so  called  from  the  form  of 
the  corolla),  <  cappuccio,  a  hood:  see  capouch.'] 
A  rich  redd!ish-orange  color;  the  color  of  the 
flower  of  the  nasturtium  Capucine  madder,  a 

madder  lake  of  the  above  color. 

capudan-pasha  (kap'u-dan-pash'a),  n.  Same 
as  captain-jmsha. 
capult,  n.    See  c.apel'^ 


caputiatus,  pp.  of  caputiarc,  cover  the  head  with 
a  hood,  <  caputium,  prop,  capitium,  a  hood, 
capouch:  see  caputium,  capouch,  ??.]  A  short- 
lived semi-political  and  communistic  sect  de- 
voted to  the  Virgin  Mary,  which  appeared  in 
the  interior  of  France  about  1182:  so  called 
from  their  hood  or  capouch. 
caputium  (ka-pu'shi-um),  n.;  pi.  capuiia{-&h\-fi), 
[ML.,  also  capticium,  capuccium,  cai>puccium 
(after  the  Rom.  forms.  It.  cappuccio,  formerly 
also  cixpuccio,  =  Sp.  Pg.  capucho  —  F.  capuce, 
whence  E.  capuche,  capouch,  q.  v.),  also  capi- 
tium, as  if  <  L.  caput  {capit-),  head  (cf .  cabbage^, 
cabbage"^,  caboche),  but  prop.  <  capa,  cappa,  a 


cape,  hood,  cowl :  see  cap'-,  cape'-,  cope'- 


Henc© 


captus,  take,  capture:  see  capable,  and  cf.  ca/;-  capulet  (kap'u-let;  F.  pron.  ka-pii-la'),  w.  1. 
ture.]  One  who  captures  or  takes  (a  person  or  ^  hood  worn  by  the  peasant  women  of  the 
thing)byforce,  stratagem,  or  surprise;  one  who  French  slope  of  the  Pyrenees.  It  is  made  of 
takes  a  prisoner  or  a  prize.  fine  white  or  red  cloth,  sometimes  bordered 

captorial  (kap-to'ri-al),  a.    [<  L.  captor,  one    yjrith  black  velvet. — 2.  Same  as  copellet. 
who  takes  (see  cn;^<or),  4- -?aL]  In  ^ooL,  adapted  capulid  (kap'u-lid),  w.  A  gastropod  of  the  fam- 
,j  i.      1  Capididw. 


for  taking,  seizing,  or  holding;  raptorial, 
aptura " 

-able.'] 


capturable  (kap'tur-a-bl),  «.     [<  capture  +  Capulidse  (ka-pu'li-de),  m.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Capulus 
Capable  of  being  captured;  liable  to    + -idw.']    The  subfamily  CapM^Ho;  elevated  to 


capture.  Carlijle. 
capture  (kap'tur),  n.  [<  F.  capture  =  Pr.  Sp. 
Pg.  captura  =  It.  cattura,  <  L.  captura,  a  taking, 
catching  (of  animals),  <  capere,  pp.  captus,  take : 
see  capable,  captive.]  1.  The  act  of  taking  or 
seizing;  seizure;  arrest:  as,  the  capture  of  an 


the  rank  of  a  family.  P.  P.  Carpenter,  1861 
Capulinae  (kap-u-li'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Capulus 
+  -inm.]  A  subfamily  of  gastropods,  typified  by 
the  genus  Capulus.  The  animal  closely  resembles 
the  slipper-limpet,  but  the  muscle  is  not  fixed  to  any  shelly 
support  in  the  form  of  a  cup  or  deck.  The  shell  is  irreg- 
e  ^  -K^...+,.        •P/^r.«.^   o,,^     ularly  conical,  and  more  or  less  twisted  at  the  apex, 

enemy,  of  a  ship,  or  of  booty,  by  force,  sur-  Capulus  (kap'u-lus),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  capulus,  a 
prise,  or  stratagem;  the  captttre  of  a  criminal.  .Iso  a  senulcher.  tomb  <  camre.  hoid. 


handle,  also  a  sepulcher,  tomb,  <  capere,  hold, 
contain:  see  capable.]  A  genus  of  pectini- 
branchiate  gastropods  with  a  pyramidal  shell, 
belonging  to  the  subfamily  Capulinm  and  family 
Cahjptrwidw  :  synonymous  with  Pileopsis. 
U  capture,  n.]  iVTo  take  or  caput  (kap'ut),  n.;  pi.  capita,  v&ve\j  caputs 
or  stratagem,  as  an  (-i-ta,  -utz).  [L.,  the  head,  prob.  =  AS.  hea- 
fod,E.head,q^.v.  Uenae  capital^,  cajntaV,  etc., 
captain,  chief,  chieftain,  chef,  cliieve'^,  achieve, 
etc.]  1.  In  anat., the  head;  the  head  or  upper 
extremity  of  some  part  of  the  body. —  2t.  -Aji 
abbreviation  of  the  phrase  caput  senatus  (liter- 
ally, head  of  the  senate),  a  council  or  ruling 
body  in  the  University  of  Cambridge,  England. 


The  capture  of  Alclwyd  by  his  [Eadberht's]  allies,  the 
Piets,  in  756,  seemed  to  leave  the  rest  of  Strath-Clyde  at 
his  mercy.  J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  263. 

2.  The  thing  taken;  a  prize, 
capture  (kap'tur),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  ■pTpj^captured, 
ppr.  capturing. 
seize  by  force,  surprise 

enemy  or  his  property ;  take  captive ;  make  a 
prize  or  prisoner  of:  as,  to  capiwre  a  vessel  or  a 
fortress;  to  capiwre prisoners. 

The  absorption  of  animal  matter  from  captured  insects 
explains  how  Drosera  can  flourish  in  extremely  poor  peaty 
soil.  Danvin,  Insectiv.  Plants,  p.  17. 

2.  To  -win  by  ingenuity  or  skill  against  resist- 
ance or  competition:  as,  to  capture  a  prize  for 
marksmanship. 

Capuan  (kap'u-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Capua  +  -an.] 
I,  a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  Capua,  an  an- 
cient city  of  Campania  in  Italy. 

To  the  enervating  contagion  of  Capuan  effeminacy  his- 
torians have  always  attributed  the  want  of  success  which 
subsequently  attended  the  Carthaginian  commander  in 
his  Italian  campaigns.  Encyc.  Brit.,  V.  79. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Capua. 


Your  caputs,  and  heads  of  colleges. 

Lamb,  Christ's  Hospital. 

3.  In  Bo7n.  law,  the  standing  before  the  law, 
or  the  personal  status,  of  a  citizen.  A  deprivation 
of  liberty  or  civic  rights,  or  a  modification  of  family  re- 
lation by  adoption,  etc.,  was  termed  capitis  diiriinutio, 
which  was  characterized  as  maxima,  media,  or  minima,  ac- 
cording as  it  affected  the  first,  second,  or  third  of  the  ele- 
ments above  nained.— Caput  COli,  the  head  of  the  colon  ; 

the  caecum.— Caput  comu,  caput  comu  posterloris, 
the  expanded  extremity  of  the  posterior  horn  of  gray  sub- 


(from  caputium)  capouch,  capuche.  Capuchin, 
etc.]  1.  In  general,  a  hood  attached  to  a  gar- 
ment in  ecclesiastical  or  other  canonical  cos- 
tume, as  the  hood  of  a  Bachelor  of  Arts,  or  of  a 
fellow  of  an  English  imiversity,  or  that  attached 
to  a  monk's  go-wn,  a  cope,  or  the  like. —  2.  A 
short  hooded  cloak  similar  to  the  armilausa. 
See  capibara. 

[Early  mod.  E.  also  carre,  <  ME. 
carre  (also  assibilated  char,  charre,  chare,  cf. 
charet,  chariot),  <  OF.  car,  also  carre  (assibilated 
char,  >  P.  char),  =  Pr.  car  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carro  = 
D.  kar  =  MLG.  kare  =  OHG.  carra,  charra, 
charro,  MHG.  G.  karre  (also  OHG.  garra,  garro, 
MHG.  garre)  =  Icel.  kerra  =  Dan.  karre  =  Sw. 
karra  =  Bohem.  kdra  =  Pol.  kara  =  Lith.  karas, 
<  ML.  carrus,  m.,  carra,  f.,  a  wheeled  vehicle, 
L.  carrus,  a  two-wheeled  vehicle  for  transport- 
ing burdens ;  of  Celtic  origin :  Bret,  karr,  a  char- 
iot, =  W.  car,  a  raft,  frame,  drag,  =  OGael.  car, 
a  car,  cart,  or  raft,  =  Ir.  carr,  a  cart,  drag, 
wagon;  perhaps  akin  to  L.  currus,  a  chariot, 
currere,  run,  Skt.  -/  char,  move.  Hence  ult. 
carack  {carich,  carrick),  career,  cargo^,  carica- 
ture, caroche,  carriage,  carry,  carruca,  cart, 
charge,  charet,  chariot,  discharge,  etc.]  1.  A 
wheeled  vehicle  or  conveyance,  especially  one 
having  only  two  wheels,  (a)  The  two-wheeled  pas- 
senger-conveyance much  used  in  Ireland  and  specifically 
called  a  jaunting-car.  (b)  The  low-set  two-wheeled  vehi- 
cle of  burden  used  in  many  parts  of  Great  Britain,  espe- 
cially for  hogsheads  and  the  like,  (c)  In  Birmingham  and 
other  towns  of  England,  a  four-wheeled  hackney-carriage, 
as  distinguished  from  a  hansom,  which  is  called  a  cab. 
Did  ye  not  hear  it?— No ;  'twas  but  the  wind, 
Or  the  car  rattling  o'er  the  stony  street. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iii.  22. 

2.  A  chariot  of  war,  triumph,  or  pageantry ;  in 
poetic  and  figurative  usage,  any  elaborate  con- 
veyance used  in  proceedings  characterized  by 
dignity,  solemnity,  or  splendor:  as,  Phoebus's 
car;  the  car  of  Juggernaut ;  a  triumphal  car. 

Let  the  bell  be  toU'd : 

And  a  reverent  people  behold 

The  towering  car,  the  sable  steeds. 

Tennyson,  Duke  of  Wellington. 

3.  A  vehicle  running  upon  rails.  See  horse-car, 
railway-car.  [U.  S.]— 4.  The  basket  of  a  bal- 
loon, in  which  the  aeronaut  sits — Adhesion-car. 
See  ad Aesion.— Aerial  car.  See  aeriai.— BobtaUed  car. 
See  bobtailed.—  Cabin-car,  a  conductor's  car-  on  a  freight- 
train;  a  caboose.— Drawing-room  car,  a  radroad  pas- 
senger-car more  luxurious  in  its  appointments  than  an  or- 
dinary car.  It  generally  contains  arm-chairs,  footstools, 
sofas,  etc.  Also  called  parlor-car  and  palace-car.  [U.  S. 
and  Canada.  ]  —  Irisn  jaunttag-car.  See  jaunting-car.— 
Pneumatic  car,  a  car  driven  on  rails  or  tramways  Dy 
compressed  air  contained  in  reservoirs  filled  by  means  of 
air-pumps.—  Revolving  car,  a  cylindrical  receptacle  or 
car  which  revolves  as  it  travels.— The  Northern  Car,  a 
name  for  the  constellation  of  the  Great  Bear,  commonly 
known  in  England  as  Charles's  Wain,  and  in  the  United 
States  as  the  Great  Dipper.    See  cut  under  Ursa. 

car2  (kar),  n.  [ME.  ker,  <  Icel.  kjarr,  pi.  kjorr, 
copse,  brushwood  (cf.  kjarrmyrr,  a  marsh  over> 


car 

grown  with  brushwood:  myrr  =  E.  mire)  — 
Norw.  l-jerr,  kjarr,  a  marsh,  esp.  a  marsh  over- 
grown with  brushwood,  =  Sw.  kdrr,  a  marsh, 
fen,  morass,  moor,  =  Dan.  kar,  formerly  kjwr 
a  marsh,  bog,  thicket,  pool.  Cf.  carsc^.^  1 
A  wood  or  grove,  generally  of  alders,  on  a  moist 
soil.—  2.  Any  hollow  place  or  marsh.  [Prov. 
Eng.  in  both  senses.] 
car^t  (kar),  a.  [Sc.,  also  written  Jcar,  her,  cair, 
cam;  carry,  <  ME.  car,  kerre,  <  Gael,  caerr,  left, 
left-handed,  awkward.]  Left,  as  opposed  to 
right. 

In  a  knot,  bi  a  clyffe,  at  the  kerre  side 
Ther  as  the  rogh  rocher  vii-rydely  watj  fallen, 
Thay  ferden  to  the  fyndyng,  &  frekeg  lieni  after. 
kir  (^awayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1431. 

car*  (kar),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  carred,  ppr.  ear- 
ring.   [E.  dial.,  abbr.  of  carry.l    To  carry. 
[Prov.  Eng.  (Kent).] 
«ar5  (kar),  n.     [<  ME.  *car,  *carre,  <  AS. 
(ONorth.)  carr,  a  rock,  appar.  <  Gael,  carr,  a 
rocky  shelf  or  projecting  part  of  a  rock.  Cf 
cairn.2    A  rock.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
car.    An  abbreviation  of  carat. 
car-.    See  caer-. 
Carabaya  bark.   See  bark^. 
Carabici  (ka-rab'i-si),  n.        [WL.,  pi.  of  *Ca- 
rahicus,  dim',  of  Carabus,  q.  v.]    In  Latreille's 
system  of  classification,  a  group  of  carnivorous 
or  adephagous  pentamerous  Coleoptera,  embra- 
cing the  caraboid  beetles, 
carabid  (kar'a-bid),  n.   A  beetle  of  the  family 

Carabidw;  a  caraboid  ;  aground-beetle. 
Carabidae  (ka-rab'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Carabus 
+  -idee.]  A  family  of  Coleoptera  or  beetles 
whose  metasternum  has  an  antecoxal  piece 
separated  by  a  weU-marked  suture,  reaching 
from  one  side  to  the  other,  and  extending  in  a 
triangular  process  between  the  hind  coxaa,  with 
the  antennas  11-jointed,  and  the  hind  coxse 
movable  and  small.  The  antenna,  arise  at  the  side 
of  the  head  between  tlie  base  of  the  mandibles  and  the 
eyes  The  species  are  usually  large  and  adorned  with  bril- 
liant  metal  he  colors,  and  are  either  wingless  or  have  wino-s 
not  adapted  for  flying.  There  are  more  than  6,000  known 
species,  all  of  which  are  commonly  called  ground-beetles 
l?n,^fh=  ve''y  minute  size  up  to  2  or  3  inches  in 

length  The  bombardier-beetle,  Brachinus  crepitans  be- 
longs to  this  family  Other  names  of  the  caraboid  gi^oup 
of  insects  are  Cctrafei,  Carabici,  Carabida,  CarabinL  Cara- 
boidai.Carabites,  Carabidea,  Carabides,  Carabina.  See  cuts 
under  bombardier-beetle  and  ground-beetle 
carabideous  (kar-a-bid'e-us),  a.  [<  Carabidw 
+  -eous.i  Of  or  pertaining  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  the  Carabidw. 
carabidoid  (ka-rab'i-doid),  a.  Same  as  cara- 
boid, 2. 

Carabinae  (kar-a-bi'ne),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Cara- 
bus -^■  -mw.']    The  typical  subfamily  of  Cara- 
bidw, containing  large  handsome  species  whose 
mesosternal  epimeron  reaches  the  coxa,  and 
whose  middle  coxal  cavities  are  not  entirely 
closed  by  the  sterna, 
carabinet,  n.  See  carbine. 
carabineer,  n.    See  carbineer. 
caraboid  (kar'a-boid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  KopaBoet- 
hke  a  carabus,  <  napapog,  a  carabus,  +  eZdo?, 
form.]    I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  genus 
Carabus;  resembling  a  carabus.— 2.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  second  larval  stage  of  insects 
which  undergo  hypermetamorphosis,  as  the 
blister-beetles,  Meloidw.    The  caraboid  stage 
succeeds  the  triunguline  and  precedes  the  scar- 
abseoid  stage.    Also  carabidoid. 

II.  w.  A  member  of  the  genus  Carabus,  or  of 
the  family  Carabidw;  a  carabus. 
Carabus  (kar'a-bus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KapaBoc,  a 
liorned  beetle,  also  the  sea-crawfish  or  spiny 
lobster  (also  a  kind  of  light  ship).  See  cara- 
•  ^  typical  genus  of  Carabinw,  now 
restricted  to  species  of  medium  or  large  size 
and  handsome  coloration,  having  the  third  an- 
tennal  joint  cylindrical,  the  labrum  not  fur- 
cate, the  mandibles  with  no  external  setigerous 
puncture,  the  posterior  coxEe  contiguous,  and 
tlie  anterior  coxal  cavities  open  behind.  There 
are  many  species,  especially  in  Europe,  wliere  the  genus 
reaches  its  highest  development.  C.  serratus  is  the  com- 
monest American  species,  f  to  -|  of  an  inch  long  black 
Tdig  punctate*^"'  °*  prothor'ax  and  elytra,  the  l^Uer 
2.  [j.  c]  A  member  of  this  genus,  or  of  the  fam- 
ily Carabidw.— 3i.  II.  c]  A  caravel, 
caract,  ».    See  carack. 

caracal  (kar'a-kal),  n.  [<  F.  caracal,  said  to 
be  <  lurk,  qara  qulaq:  qara,  black;  qulaq,  ear.] 
A  carnivorous  digitigi-ade  quadi-uped  of  the  Fe- 
tidw,  or  .cat  family,  and  genus  Lipix,  L.  cara- 
cal, inhabiting  portions  of  northern  Africa  and 
southwestern  Asia,  it  is  about  the  size  of  a  fox 
IS  ol  a  uniform  deep-brown  or  wine-red  color  above,  ex- 


-  813 

hn?r  whi^h't""'^?''  ^"'l  0'  'OIK  black 

hair  which  terminate  the  ears,  whence  its  name.  It  pos- 
sesses great  strength  and  ferocity,  and  is  sometimes  used 


Car.ical  (Lynx  caracal). 

in  the  chasje  of  the  smaller  quadrupeds  and  of  the  larger 
kinds  of  birds.  It  has  been  supposed  to  lie  the  lynx  of 
the  ancients,  and  is  sometimes  called  Persian  lynx  Also 
called  anak-el-ard. 

caracara  (kar-a-kar'ii),  n.  [So  called  in  imita- 
i,**^®^^  hoarse  cry.]  The  popular  name 
ot  the  hawks  of  the  subfamily  Polyborinw  and 
genera  Polyborus,  Plialcobmnus,  Senex,  Milvaqo, 
Ibycter,  and  Daptrius,  all  of  which  are  confined 
to  America.  The  name  is  specially  applicable  to  the 
species  of  Polyborus,  of  which  tliere  are  several  as  P 
cherimy  P.  auduboni,  and  P.  hUosus,  of  the  southern 
United  States  and  warmer  parts  of  America.  These  are 
large  vulture-Iike  liawks,  of  terrestrial,  ambulatory,  not 
saltatory,  habits,  preying  chiefly  upon  carrion.    The  head 


Caracara  (Polyborus  cherivay). 

and  neck  are  extensively  denuded ;  the  legs  and  wings  are 
comparatively  long;  the  beak  is  toothless,  with  the  cere 
endmg  vertically,  the  nostrils  high  up,  linear,  and  oblique, 
witli  concealed  tubercle.  Though  viilturine  in  general  asl 
pect  and  economy,  the  caracaras  approach  the  typical  fal- 
cons in  some  anatomical  characters,  as  in  the  peculiar 
structure  of  the  shoulder-joint,  the  extensively  ossified 
nasal  bones  with  central  nasal  tubercle,  and  the  anterior 
Keel  ot  the  palate.  The  common  caracara  is  much  varied 
with  white  and  black  barring  of  the  plumage,  and  is  about 
12.  inches  long.   Also  called  carcara  and  carrancha 

Caraccesque,  Carraccesque  (kar-a-chesk'),  a. 
In  art,  resembling  or  characteristic  of  the  Ca- 
racci  or  Can-acci,  Italian  painters  of  the  latter 
part  of  the  sixteenth  and  the  earlier  part  of 
the  seventeenth  century,  founders  of  the  eclec- 
tic or  Bolognese  school  of  painting, 
carack,  carrack  (kar'ak),  n.  [Also  written 
carac,  carick,  carrick,  carrock,  <  ME.  caracke 
carnk;  =  D.  kraak  =  G.  karacke,  kracke,  <  OF. 
carraque,  F.  caraque  =  Sp.  Pg.  carraca  =  It. 
caracca,  <  ML.  carraca,  caraca  (also  caracata 
(i.  e.,  carricata)  navis,  'laden  ship'),  prop,  car- 
rica,  a  ship  of  burden,  <  carricare,  load  a  car, 
<  L.  carrus,  a  car:  see  car^,  caricature,  cargo^, 
and  charge.']  A  large  round-built  vessel  of  con- 
siderable depth,  fitted  for  fighting  as  well  as  for 
burden,  such  as  were  used  by  the  Portuguese 
and  Spaniards  in  trading  with  America  and 
the  East  Indies. 

The  Genuois  comen  in  sundry  wises 
Into  this  land  with  diuers  marchandises 
In  great  Caracks,  arrayed  withouten  lacke 
With  cloth  of  gold.        Hakluyfs  Voyages,  I.  193. 
On  corsair's  galley,  carack  tall, 
And  plundered  Christian  caraval. 

Whittier,  Derne. 
caracoli  (kar'a-kol),  n.    Same  as  caracole,  2. 
caracoPt  (kar'a-kol),  n.   An  obsolete  foi-m  of 
caracora. 

caracole  (kar'a-kol),  w.  [Also  written  caracol 
(esp  m  sense  2),  <  F.  caracole,  a  caracole,  a 
gambol,  a  spiral  staircase,  formerly  caracol,  a 
snail,  <  Sp.  caracol  =  Cat.  caragol  =  Pg.  cara- 
col, a  snail,  a  winding  staircase,  a  caracole,  = 


Caramania  gum 

It.  caragolo,  also  caragnolo,  caragnola,  a  snail, 
winding  stair,  caracollo,  a  caracole,  =  OF.  ca- 
qucrolc,  F.  dial,  coquercullc,  a  snail.  Origin  un- 
certain ;  erroneously  derived  by  the  Spanish 
Academy  from  L.  cochlea,  coclea,  a  snail,  snail- 
shell  :  see  cochlea.']  1.  In  the  maneqe,  a  semi- 
round  or  half-turn  which  a  horseman  makes, 
either  to  the  right  or  to  the  left.— 2.  In  arch., 
a  spiral  staircase, 
caracole  (kar'a-kol),  V.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  cara- 
coled, ppr.  caracoling.  [<  caracole,  n. ;  =  F. 
caracolcr  =  Sp.  caracolear  =  Pg.  caracolar  = 
It.  caracollarc.]  1.  To  move  or  advance  in  a 
series  of  caracoles ;  prance. 

I'l  ince  .lolm  caracoled  within  the  lists  at  the  head  of  his 
jovial  party.  gcott,  Ivanhoe,  I.  92. 

Gay  youths,  in  rich  brilliant  dresses,  caracole  up  to  the 
carriages  on  fiery  steeds. 

J.  E.  Cooke,  Virginia  Comedians,  II.  xxi. 
2.  To  wheel,  as  cavalry, 
caracoli,  n.    See  caracoly. 
caracolite  (kar'a-ko-lit),  n.    [<  Caracoles  (see 
def.)  +  -jte2.]    A  rare  mineral  from  Caracoles, 
Chih,  consisting  of  oxychlorid  of  lead  and  sul- 
phate of  sodium.    It  occurs  in  colorless  ortho- 
rhombic  crystals,  which  are  hexagonal  in  aspect 
through  twinning, 
caracolla  (kar-a-kol'a),  n.    [NL. ;  also  writ- 
ten, less  prop.,  caroco'lla;  <  Sp.  caracol,  a  snail : 
see  caracole.]    1.  A  snail  of  the  family  Helici- 
dw,  with  the  whorls  of  the  shell  flattened  to- 
ward and  keeled  at  the  edges. — 2t.  \_cap.]  A 
genus  of  such  land-snails, 
caracoly,  caracoli  (kar'a-kol-i),  n.  [Origin 
unknown.]    An  aUoy  of  gold,  silver,  and  cop- 
per, of  which  an  inferior  kind  of  jewehy  is 
made  by  the  Caribs. 
caracora  (kar-a-ko'ra),  n.    [Formerly  also 
caracol;  a  Malay  word.]    A  proa  of  Borneo 
and  other  islands  of  the  East  Indies, 
caractif,  n.   [Also  charact,  <  ME.  caract,  carect, 
<  OF.  cai-act,  charact,  m.,  caracte,  carecte,  ka- 
recte,  carate,  f.  (z=  Pr.  carecta,  f.),  character, 
sign,  mark,  shortened  from  caracter,  ME.  car- 
acter:  see  character.]    1.  A  distinctive  mark, 
especially  as  indicating  character  or  value. 

They  are  men  that  set  the  caract  and  value  upon  things 
as  they  love  them.  B.  Jonson,  Discoveries. 

2.  Character;  kind;  sort. 

No,  beauty,  no  ;  you  are  of  too  good  caract 
To  be  left  so,  without  a  guard. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  iii.  2. 

3.  Estimate. 

You  do  mistake 
My  caract  of  your  friendship  all  this  while, 
Or  at  what  rate  I  reckon  your  assistance. 

B.  J onso?i,  Magnetick  Lady,  i.  1. 

4.  A  formula  of  enchantment. 
He  shulde  make  his  sacrifice 
And  rede  his  carect  in  the  wise, 
As  she  him  taught. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  II.  247. 
Whan  that  a  man 
With  his  carecte  him  wolde  enchaunte. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  I.  57. 

caractSf,  w.    An  obsolete  form  of  carat. 

A  mark  being  an  ounce  troy,  is  divided  into  twenty- 
four  equal  parts,  called  caracts.  Cocker. 
Diamonds,  two  whereof 
Do  double  the  twelfth  caract.  Carturight. 

caractert,  n.  An  earlier  form  of  character. 
Caradoc  sandstone.  See  sandstone. 
carafe,  caraffe  (ka-raf),  n.  [=  D.  karaf=  G 
karaffe  =  Dan.  karaffe,  kar  a jf el,  <  F.  carafe, 
<  it.  caraffa  =  Sp.  Pg.  garrafa,  a  vessel  for 
cooling  liquids,  prob.  <  Ar.  ghiraf,  a  vessel,  < 
gharaja,  draw,  as  water.]  A  glass  water-bottle 
or  decanter. 

Caragana  (kar-a-ga'nii),  w.    [NL.,  <  caragan, 
the  name  of  the  original  species  among  the 
Mogul  Tatars.]    A  genus  of  leguminous  trees 
or  shi-ubs,  all  Asiatic  and  chiefly  Siberian,  with 
feathery  pale-green  foliage  and  yellow  flowers 
appearing  m  early  spring.    The  species  are  aU 
ornamental,  and  several  are  in  cultivation, 
carageen,  n.    See  carrageen. 
caragenin,  n.    See  carrageenin. 
caragheen,  w.    See  carrageen. 
caraingt,  «.    An  obsolete  form  of  carrion. 
caraipi  (kar-a-e'pe),  n.    [S.  Amer.]    The  pot- 
tery-tree of  Para,  Moquilea  ufilis,  the  powdered 
bark  of  which  is  mixed  with  clay  for  making 
vessels  for  domestic  use.  Pottery  thus  made  is 
capable  of  withstanding  a  high  degi-ee  of  heat. 
Caraite,  ».    See  Karaite. 
cara,jara,  carajura  (kar-a-ja'ra,  -jo'ra).  n.  [A 
native  S.  Amer.  name.]    A  red  coloring  mat- 
ter obtained  from  Bignonia  chica.    See  chico. 
Caramania  gum.  Same  as  Bassora  gum  (which 
see,  under  gum'^). 


caramba 

caramba  (ka-ram'ba),  n.    Same  as  carambola. 
carambola  (ka-ram'bo-la),  n.    [E.  Ind.]  The 

acid  fi-uit  of  the  Averrhoa  Carambola  of  tropi- 
cal Asia,  which  resembles  the  bilimbi,  and  is 
often  cultivated.  It  is  used  for  making  tarts, 
etc. 

carambolet  (kar-am-bol'),  «•  [<  F.  carambole 
=  STp.Pg.lt.  carambola;  origin  unknown.  In 
E.  now  shortened  to  carom,  q.  v.]  In  billiards : 
(a)  The  red  ball  placed  on  the  mark.  (6)  A 
carom  (which  see). 

carambolet  (kar-am-bol'),  v.  i.  [<  F.  caram- 
boler  {—  G.  larambolieren  =  Dan.  Mrambolere 
—  Sp.  caramholcar  =  Pg.  carambolar),  carom, 
<  carambole,  carom  (in  billiards).  In  E.  now 
shortened  to  carom,  q.  v.]  In  billiards,  to 
carom. 

caramel  (kar'a-mel),  n.  [<  F.  caramel,  burnt 
sugar,  =  It.  caramella  =  Sp.  Pg.  caramelo,  a 
lozenge,  sugar-candy,  prob.  a  corruption  of 
ML.  calameUus  {mellitus),  sugar-cane  (also  by 
simulation er(Hrtwe?te,  cannamella,  and  separate- 
ly cana  mellis,  'cane  of  honey'),  calamellus  be- 
ing prop.  dim.  of  calamus,  a  reed,  cane:  see 
calamus.']  1.  Anhydrous  or  bm-nt  sugar,  a  pro- 
duct of  the  action  of  heat  upon  sugar,  when  cane- 
sugar  is  heated  in  an  oil  or  metal  bath  to  between  210°  and 
220"  C,  it  begins  to  assume  a  brown  color  of  continually  in- 
creasing depth,  and  when  the  tumefaction  has  ceased  the 
vessel  contains  a  black  substance  to  which  tlie  name  of 
caramel  has  been  given.  It  has  a  high  luster,  like  an- 
thracite, and  dissolves  readily  in  water,  giving  it  a  fine 
sepia  tint.  Its  composition  is  the  same  as  that  of  cane- 
sugar  in  its  compound  with  oxid  of  lead.  It  is  used  for 
giving  a  brown  color  to  spirits,  soups,  gravies,  etc. 
2.  A  sweet,  variously  composed  and  flavored, 
but  generally  consisting  of  chocolate,  sugar, 
and  butter,  and  dark-colored. 
Sometimes  spelled  caramel. 

caramelization  (kar-a-mel-i-za'shon),  M.  [< 
caramelize  +  -ation.']  The  transformation  of 
sugar  into  caramel. 

caramelize  (kar'a-mel-iz),  V.  t.)  pret.  and  pp. 
caramelized,  ppr.  caramelizing.  [<  caramel  + 
-ize.]  To  transform  or  convert  into  caramel: 
as,  caramelized  sugar. 

caramote  (kar'a-mot),  n.  [F. ;  cf.  Sp.  cara- 
muyo  =  Pg.  caramujo,  a  kind  of  sea-snail,  =  It. 
caramogio,  a  dwarf,  a  shrimp.]  A  rather  large 
species  of  shrimp,  Penteus  caramote,  common  in 
the  Mediterranean,  where  it  is  caught  in  great 
numbers  and  salted  for  exportation. 

carangid  (ka-ran' jid),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Carangidce. 

Carangidae  (ka-ran'ji-de),  n.  pi.   [NL.,  <  Ca- 

ranx  {-rang-)  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  acanthopte- 
rygian  fishes,  represented  by  the  genus  Caranx, 
to  which  various  limits  have  been  assigned. 

(o)  In  Gunther's  system,  a  family  of  Acanthoptenjgii  cotto- 
scombriformes,  with  the  skeleton  firm,  no  bony  stay  for  the 
preoperculum,  teeth  conical  or  triangular  if  present,  the 
spinous  portion  of  the  dorsal  present  (sometimes  rudi- 
mentary), the  body  compressed,  oblong  or  elevated,  with 
10  abdominal  and  14  caudal  vertebrse.  In  this  sense  it 
has  been  used  by  most  European  ichthyologists  since  1862. 
It  Includes  fishes  which  have  been  distributed  by  others 
in  the  families  Carangidce,  Pomatomidoe,  Psettidce,  Zan- 
elidce,  Caproidce,  Erjuulidce,  etc.  (6)  In  Gill's  system  re- 
stricted to  Scornhroidea  with  10  abdominal  and  from  14 
to  16  caudal  vertebrie,  a  short  or  atrophied  first  dorsal 
fin,  second  dorsal  and  anal  long,  opposite,  and  nearly 
alike,  generally  two  anal  spines  detached  and  forming  a 
finlet,  and  non-protractile  jaws.  These  limits  have  been 
adopted  by  most  recent  American  ichthyologists.  It  em- 
braces numerous  species  of  tropical  fishes,  the  best-known 
of  which  are  the  cavallies,  pompanos,  and  pilot-fish. 

Carangidce  is  the  family  name  for  the  fishes  generally 
known  as  cavally  or  crevalle,  jack,  pompano,  scad,  etc. 

Staiid.  Nat.  Hist.,  III.  186. 

Garanginse  (kar-an-ji'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
ranx {-rang-)  +  -inw.']  A  subfamily  of  Carangi- 
dce; the  cavallies  or  horse-mackerels.  The  pre- 
maxillaries  are  protractile,  the  pectoral  fins  long  and  fal- 
cate, the  anal  fin  is  like  the  second  dorsal  and  with  its  base 
longer  than  the  abdomen,  the  maxillary  has  a  supplemen- 
tary bone,  the  dorsal  outline  is  more  curved  than  the  ven- 
tral outline,  and  the  back  and  abdomen  are  rounded.  Also 
Carancini,  Carangini.    See  cut  under  Caranx. 

carangine  (ka-ran'jin),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Per- 
taiuing  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Ca- 
rangincB  or  Carangidce. 

It.  n.  A  member  of  the  subfamily  Carangince. 
carangoid  (ka-rang'goid),  a.  and  n.    [<  NL. 
Caranx  {-rang-)  +  Gr.  eUo^,  shape.]    I,  a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  Carangidce, 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Carangidce. 
caranna  (ka-ran'a),  n.    Same  as  carauna. 
carantot,  n.    Same  as  coranto. 

Come,  gallants,  who'le  run  a  caranto,  or  leape  a  le valto  ? 

Marston,  The  Fawne,  ii.  1. 

Caranx  (kar'anks),  w.  [NL.,  appar.  <  Sp.  ca- 
rangue,  curanga,  a  kind  of  flatfish  in  the  West 
Indies.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  family  Ca- 
rangidce.   Caranx  chrysoii,  C.  hippos,  and  C.  latus  are 


814 


caravan 


mackerel  {Caranx  hippos') 


visitors  to  the  coast  of  the  United  States,  and  are  known 
as  h(/rse-mnckerels. 

Oarapa  (kar'a-pa),  n.  [NL.  (Pg.  caraipa),  <  ca- 
raipi,  a  native  Guiana  name.]  1.  A  genus  of 
tropical  trees,  natural  order  Meliacece.  a  South 

American  species,  C.  Guianensis,  is  a  fine  large  tree,  the 
bark  of  which  is  in  repute  as  a  febrifuge.  Oil  made  from 
its  sseds  (called  carap-oil  or  crab-oil)  is  used  for  lamps. 
Tlie  wood,  called  carapa-wood  or  crab-wood,  is  light  and 
takes  a  good  polish  ;  it  is  used  for  making  furniture,  and 
also  for  the  spars  of  ships.  The  oil  of  the  African  species, 
C.  'fouloucouna,  called  coondi,  kundah,  or  tallicoona  oil, 
is  used  by  the  negroes  for  making  soap  and  anointing  their 
bodies,  its  taste  being  so  bitter  that  it  serves  as  a  defense 
against  bites  of  vermin.  The  oil  of  the  South  American 
carapa  is  used  for  the  same  purpose. 
2.  [l.  c]  A  tree  belonging  to  this  genus, 
carapace  (kar'a-pas),  m.    [Also  carapax;  <  F. 

carapace,  <  Cat.  cara- 


ing  one  i 


and  ending  at  a  marginal  plate  ; 
If,  interclavicular  scute,  or  ento- 
plastron  ;  hp,  hyosternal  scute,  or 
epiplastron. 


I. Carapace  of  Tortoise  {Emys), 
dorsal  surface,  outside.  The 
heavy  lines  indicate  the  divi- 
sions of  the  epidermal  plates  or 
scutes  forming  the  tortoise-shell ; 
the  light  lines  show  the  sutures 
of  the  bony  plates  underlying 
and  supporting  the  shell.  1-8, 
expanded  neural  spines  of  ver- 
tebras :  rl-rS.  expanded  costal 
plates  of  ribs ;  nil,  nuchal  plate;  /j',  pygal  plate ;  m,  series  of  mar- 
ginal plates. 

imder  shell  being  called  the  plastron.  See  also 
cut  under  Chelonia. —  2.  In  Mammalia,  the  shell 
of  an  armadillo. — 3.  In  Cirripedia,  the  multi- 
valvular shell,  test,  or  case.— 4.  In  higher  Crus- 
tacea, the  shield  covering  the  cephalothorax, 
sometimes  separable  into  a  cephalostegite  and 
an  omostegite.   See  cut  under  Apus.—  b.  One 


jewelers  is  seldom  over  18  carats  flue,  except  In  wedding- 
rings,  the  standard  fineness  of  which  is  22  carats.  Gold 
of  18  carats  flue  is  almost  invarialily  used  in  mounting 
diamonds,  while  14-carat  gold  is  said  to  be  ordinarily  used 
in  the  United  States  for  gold  chains,  etc. 

4.  A  unit  of  weight  for  precious  stones,  divided 
by  jewelers  into  4  grains,  called  diamond-grains, 
but  equal  to  about  3^  troy  grains,  151|  English 
carats  being  taken  as  equal  to  an  ounce  troy. 
In  1877  the  weight  of  the  carat  was  fixed  by  a  syndicate 
of  London,  Paris,  and  Amsterdam  jewelers  at  205  milli- 
grams, or  151.76  carats  to  the  troy  ounce.  Under  the 
translated  form  Kepdnoi',  or  ceratiiDU,  siliquawas  adopted 
by  Constantine  into  the  system  of  weights  of  the  empire 
as  of  an  ounce,  equal  to  189  milligrams.  In  Italy  it  re- 
mained as  a  part  of  the  system  of  weights,  in  general  with 
the  same  relation  to  the  ounce  and  with  nearly  the  same 
value.  The  Arabic  qirat  was  the  24th  part  of  the  mithlcal, 
and  was  subdivided  sometimes  into  4,  sometimes  into  3 
grains,  its  value  for  gems  being  very  nearly  3  grains, 
troy.  The  Castilian  carat,  of  a  Castilian  ounce,  or 
3.164  troy  grains,  was,  like  the  rest  of  the  Castilian  sys- 
tem, adopted  from  the  Arabs.  From  Spain  this  has  passed 
to  the  rest  of  Europe  and  to  America,  with  only  smalli 
modifications,  less  than  unlegalized  units  commonly  un- 
dergo, under  the  name  of  the  Amsterdam  or  diamond 
carat,  which  is  usually  divided  into  64ths.  Pearls  are  sold; 
by  the  diamond-grain  and  not  by  the  carat,  while  small 
baroque  pearls,  coral,  rough  garnets,  and  the  inferior 
kinds  of  stones  are  sold  by  the  ounce  troy.  The  subdi- 
visions of  the  carat  are  always  expressed  in  fourths,  eighths, 
sixteenths,  etc. 
Often  abbreviated  car.  or  K. 
bassa  =  Sp.  carapacho  carat  (kar'at),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  caract; 
—  It.  dial,  caravazza,  a  <  carat,  caract,  «.]  To  try  or  refine  (gold), 
goiu'd:  see  calabash.]  Caiatiarc,  to  touch  or  trie  gold,  to  refine  or  make  per- 
1.  The  shell  of  a  turtle    feet,  to  caract.  Florid). 

or  tortoise;  speciflcal-  carate  (ka-ra'te),  n.   [S.  Amer.]    A  cutaneous 
ly,  the  upper  shell,  the   disease  occurring  in  South  America,  which  pro- 
2  duces  scarlet,  brown,  or  blue  blotches,  espe- 

T,  s  cially  on  the  face,  hands,  and  feet. 

carauna  (ka-ra'na),  n.  [Also  written  carana, 
caranna  (NL.  cafanu);  native  name.]  A  soft, 
greenish-brown,  balsamic  oleo-resin  produced 
by  a  burseraceous  tree,  probably  Protimn  Ca- 
rana,  found  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Amazon 

and  Orinoco.  It  is  exported  in  little  masses,  rolled  up 
in  leaves  of  flags.  It  has  an  agreeable  aromatic  smell,  and 
a  bitterish  slightly  pungent  taste.  It  was  formerly  usetl 
in  plasters. 


2.  Cross-section  of  Carapace  and 
Plastron  of  Tortoise,  c,  centrum  of 
a  vertebra;  its  expanded  neu- 
ral spine  ;  r,  expanded  rib,  foi 


lateral  scute  caravan  (kar'a-van  or  kar-a-van'). 


[=  D. 


karavaan  =  6.  karawane  =  Dan.  karavane  = 
Sw.  karavan,  <  P.  caravane,  <  Sp.  caravana  = 
Pg.  caravana  =  It.  carovana  (ML.  caravanna, 
caravenna,  carvanna,  carvanus=  MGr.  Kap(iaviov, 
NGr.  Kapftavi)  =  Turk,  kdrwdn  {kydrwdn.)  =  Ar. 
kairawdn-=  Hind,  kdrwdn,  <  Pers.  kdrwdn,  kdra- 
wan,  a  caravan.  Prob.  orig.  Pers.,  but  by  some 
considered  orig.  Ar. ;  cf.  Pers.  kdr,  business, 
work,  Ar.  kair,  trade,  profession,  kird,  kirwa, 
hire,  hiring.  In  sense  3  shortened  to  van :  see 
vani.]  1 .  A  company  of  travelers,  pilgrims,  or 
merchants,  in  many  parts  of  Asia  and  Africa, 


of  the  many  hard  cases,  tests,  or  shells  which  who  associate  together  that  they  may  travel 
are  likened  to  a  carapace,  as  those  of  certain  with  greater  security,  especially  through  des- 


infusorians ;  a  lorica, 
carapacial  (kar-a-pa'shal),  a.    [<  carapace  + 
-ial.]    Of  or  pertaining  to  a  carapace. 

The  lateral  portions  of  the  carapacial  ridge,  becoming 
deeper,  are  converted  into  branchiostegites,  and  the  cav- 
ities which  they  overarch  are  the  branchial  chambers. 

Huxley,  Crayfish,  p.  217. 

carapax  (kar'a-paks),  n.    Same  as  carapace. 

carap-oil  (kai-'ap-oil),  n.  Oil  obtained  from 
Carapa  Guianensis.    See  Carapa,  1. 

carasow,  n.    See  curassow. 

Carassius  (ka-ras'i-us),  n.  [NL.,  <  F.  carassin, 
a  carp :  see  crucian.]  A  genus  of  carps  or  cyp- 
i-inoid  fishes  containing  the  common  goldfish, 
C.  auratus.    See  goldfish. 

carassow,  n.    See  curassow. 

carat,  karat  (kar'at),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
caract  (simulating  caract,  character,  a  charac- 
ter, mark,  stamp) ;  =D.  karaat=G.  karat{MB.G. 
karat,  gardt)  =  Dan.  Sw.  karat,  <  F.  carat  —  Pr. 
carat  =  It.  carato  =  Sp.  Pg.  quilate,  OPg.  cui- 
rate  —  Turk.  Pers.  qirat,  <  Ar.  qirdt,  qirrat,  a 


erts  or  regions  infested  by  robbers.  Nearly  all 
commerce  in  these  countries  was  formerly  carried  on  by 
caravans,  using  camels  chiefly  for  transportation;  and 
they  are  still  numerous,  though  largely  superseded  by- 
other  methods. 

Men  who  pass 
In  troop  or  caravan.      Milton,  P.  R.,  i.  323. 
Great  caravans,  formerly  composed  of  Pagans,  now  of 
Mahometans,  passed  from  west  to  east,  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  in  ancient  times,  to  buy  and  disperse  India  goods 
through  Africa.  Bruce,  Source  of  the  Nile,  II.  61. 

2.  Figuratively,  any  large  number  of  persons 
traveling  together,  especially  when  moving 
slowly  or  with  much  baggage ;  poetically,  any 
large  number  of  persons,  or  even  animals,  con- 
sidered as  traveling  together  to  a  common  des- 
tiuation. 

Their  aery  caravan,  high  over  seas 
Flying.  Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  428.^ 

When  thy  summons  comes  to  join 
The  innumerable  caravan,  which  moves 
To  that  mysterious  realm  ...  of  death. 

Bryant,  Thanatopsis. 

3.  A  large  covered  carriage  used  for  conveying 


carat,  the  twenty-fourth  of  an  ounce,  four  bar-  passengers,  or  a  company  of  people  traveling 

leycorns,  also  a  pod,  husk  (=  LL.  cerates),  <  together,  or  a  traveling  exhibition  or  sliow; 

Gr.  KEpdriov,  the  fruit  of  the  locust-tree,  also,  hence,  any  large  covered  wagon  or  cart -for 

like  L.  siliqua  (see  siliqita),  a  weight,  the  carat,  travel  or  transport:  often  abbreviated  to  van. 


also  and  lit.  a  little  horn,  dim.  of  Kspa^  {Kepar-), 
a  horn,  akin  to  E.  horn :  see  cerato-  and  horn.] 
If.  An  old  weight  equal  to  a  scruple,  or  the 
twenty-fourth  part  of  an  ounce  troy. — 2t.  A 
unit  of  mass  formerly  used  in  various  countries 
for  weighing  gold.  It  was  generally  the  24th  part  of 
a  mark  of  gold,  and  was  subdivided  into  12  grains.  It  was 
commonly  equal  to  about  150.5  troy  grains. 

Hence — 3.  A  twenty-fourth  part :  specifically 
used  in  expressing  the  fineness  of  gold  when 

used  as  jewelry.  Thus,  pure  gold  being  considered  as 
24  carats  fine,  if  two,  six,  or  ten  twenty-fourths  of  alloy 
(commonly  copper  or  silver)  is  present,  the  gold  is  said  to 
be  22, 18,  or  14  carats  fine,  and  ao  on.   The  gold  used  by 


Alike,  gay  widow,  virgin,  wife, 
Ingenious  to  diversify  dull  life. 
In  coaches,  chaises,  caravans,  and  hoys, 
Flv  to  the  coast  for  daUy,  nightly  joys. 

Cowper,  Retuement. 
He  had  never  seen  such  a  fat  boy  in  or  out  of  a  travel- 
ling caravan.  Dickens,  Pickwick,  II.  xxvi. 
4t.  A  number  of  vessels  or  barks  in  company, 
or  an  expedition  with  such  vessels. 

Their  galleys  still  spread  over  the  Levant  and  came 
back  victorious  from  their  caravans,  as  then-  cruises 
against  the  Moslems  were  called.  Prescoti. 
5t  A  hood  with  hoops  or  springs  of -whalebone 
and  an  adjustable  veil  for  the  face  Fairholt. 


caravan-boiler 

caravan-boiler  (kar'a-van-boi'aer),  n.  An  old 
form  of  steam-boiler,  resembling  a  wagon. 

caravaneer  (kar*a-van-er'),  n.  [<  F.  carava- 
nier  (=  Sp.  caravdnero  =  Pg.  caravaneiro),  <  ca- 
ramne,  caravan.]  One  who  leads  the  camels, 
etc.,  of  a  caravan. 

caravansary  (kar-a-van'sa-ri),  n. ;  pi.  carava7i- 
saries  (-nz).  [=  F.  caravanserai,  -serail  =  It 
caravanserai  =  Sp.  caravanserrallo  =  Pg.  cara- 
vangara  =  Turk,  kertcdnsaraij  =  Hind,  kdrwdn- 
sara,  <  Pers.  kdrwdnsardi,  <  kdrwdn,  caravan  + 
sarai,  a  palace,  a  public  edifice,  an  inn:  see 
seragho.;\  In  the  East,  a  place  appointed  for 
receiving  and  lodging  caravans ;  a  kind  of  inn 


815 


Interior  of  Caravansary  at  Aleppo. 

where  the  caravans  rest  at  night,  being  a  large 
square  buildmg,  with  a  spacious  court  in  the 
J^i  rfV  Here  travelers 'find  shelter  and  accommoda- 
=  "^^'Sed,  if  they  have  not  brouglit  their  own 

supplies  to  procure  provisions  and  all  necessaries  for  botli 
men  and  beasts  at  the  neighboring  bazaar.  Also  written 
caravanserai,  caravansera. 

iJij^-  ^^^''^  caravansary,  fit  for  a  man  of  genius  to 
lodge  in,  but  not  to  live  m.      0.  W.  Holmes,  Autocrat,  i. 

caravel,  carvel  (kar'a-vel,  kiir'vel),  n.  [=  D. 
karveel  =  G.  krafeel,  cravel  =  F.  caravelle  =  It 
caravella  (>  Turk,  qaravela),  <  Sp.  caravela.  also 
carabela  (=  Pg. 
caravela),  a  car- 
avel, dim.  of  ca- 
raba  =  Fg.  cara- 
vo,  also  careho, 
crevo,  a  small 
vessel,  <  ML. 
carabus,  a  kind 
of  boat,  <  Gr. 
Kapaf^og,  a  kind 
of  light  ship 
(NGr.  KapaBi)  • 
prob.  a  particu- 
lar use  of  Kapa- 
Pog,  a  beetle, 
a  sea-crawfish : 
see  Carabus.'] 
Naut.,  the  name 
of  several  kinds 


Caravel,  15th  century. 


from      tn  ;r;n  t  ""'^'^     I^o^iigal,  is  a  vessel  of 

frr^  150  tons  burden :  another  is  a  fishing- vessel  of 

from  10  to  15  tons  ;  and  a  tlurd  is  a  large  Turkisli  ship  of 
war  Ihe  name  was  also  given  to  a  small  ship  used  by 
the  Spaniards  and  Portuguese  in  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth 
voyages.  It  was  narrow  at  the  poop 
and  wide  at  the  bow,  and  carried  a  double  tower  at  its 
stern  and  a  single  one  at  its  bows.  It  had  four  masts  and 
a  bowsprit,  and  the  principal  sails  were  lateen  sails.  Two 
of  the  vessels  with  which  Columbus  crossed  the  Atlantic 
and  discovered  America  were  of  this  description. 

?,'.^'?r'f"Sal  minded  to  arme  certaine  Camels 
to  discouer  this  Spicerie.  Hakluyfs  Voyages,  I.  217. 

The  armament  consisted  of  two  caravels,  or  light  vessels 
without  decks,  and  a  third  of  larger  burden. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  16. 
The  seas  of  our  discovering  over-roll 
Hini  and  his  gold;  the  frailer  caravel. 
With  what  was  mine,  came  happily  to  the  shore. 

Tennyson,  Columbus. 

carawala  (kar-a-wa'la),  n.  A  venomous  ser- 
pent of  southern  India  and  Ceylon,  Hypnale 
nepa,  a  viviparous  species  of  the  viperine  series 
caraway  (kar'a-wa),  n.  [Also  written  carra- 
way,  early  mod.  E.  also  caroway,  <  Sp.  alcara- 
hueya,  caraway,  <  Ar.  al,  the,  +  karwiyd,  kara- 
loiya,  caraway-seeds,  caraway-plant,  prob.  <  Gr 
Kapov,  caraway,  >  L.  careum,  NL.  carum  (>  It 
caro— Florio),  cumin,  caraway.  Another  form 
IS  E.  dial,  and  Sc.  carvy,  carvey,  <  F.  carvi  =  It 
carvi  ==  D.  karwei  =  MLG.  karive,  Q.  karve, 
karbe,  karwei  =  Dan.  karve,  <  Sp.  carvi,  short  for 
alcaravea  =  Pg.  alcaravia,  variants  of  the  forms 
betore  mentioned,  or  directly  from  the  Ar.  with- 
out the  article.]  1.  A  biennial  plant,  Carum 
carm,  of  the  natural  order  Umbelliferm,  with  a 
tapenng  root  like  a  parsnip,  which  when  young 
IS  used  a  food,  but  has  a  very  strong  flavor. 


It  IS  a  native  of  Europe  and  Asia,  and  is  frequently  culti- 
vated for  its  fruit,  or  so-called  seeds,  which  have  an  aro- 
matic smell  and  a  warm  pungent  taste.  They  are  used  as 
a  carminative  in  medicine,  and  for  flavoring  cakes,  etc 
and  a  volatile  oil  is  obtained  from  them  by  distillation.  ' 
<i.  ihe  Nigella  sativa  or  black  caraway,  a  ra- 
nunculaeeous  plant  of  southern  Europe,  the 
seeds  of  which  are  aromatic  and  used  for  the 
same  purposes  as  common  caraway.— 3.  Col- 
lectively, the  seeds  of  the  caraway. 

Blaunderelle,  or  pepyns,  with  carawey  in  conflte. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  p.  166. 

4t.  A  kind  of  sweet  cake  or  comfit  containing 
caraway-seeds. 

Tlien  cheese  with  fruite  On  the  table  set. 
With  Bisketes  or  Carowayes,  As  you  may  get. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  343. 
A  dish  of  caraivays.  shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  3. 

5.  A  kind  of  apple.  Mason. 
Caraynet,  «.    An  old  form  of  carrion. 
carbamate  (kar'ba-mat),  n.    [<  carbam(ic)  + 
-ate^.]    A  salt  of  carbamic  acid, 
carbamic  (kar-bam'ik),  a.    [<  carb(onic)  +  am- 
(ide)  +  -jc]  Relating  to  a  substituted  carbonic 
acid  containing  the  amide  radical  NHo.—car 
bamic  acid,  CONHgOH,  an  acid  not  known  in  the  free 
pamJi  Ar,u'''"'?f  ^''"^  as  methyl  carbamate, 

LUJNH2OLU3.    Its  ammonium  salt  occurs  in  commercial 
ammonium  carbonate, 
carbamide  (kar'ba-mid  or  -mid),  n.    [<  carb(on) 
+  amide.]    1 .  A  compound  identical  with  urea 

n,^r''f  tJ^®  ^°^}^}'^^  CO(NH2)2.  It  is  found  in 
many  ot  the  animal  juices,  and  occurs  most  abundantlv 
in  urine.  -^-uijij 

2.  A  general  name  for  the  derivatives  of  urea 
carbazptate  (kar-baz'o-tat),  n.  [<  carbazotiic) 
+  -afei.]  A  salt  formed  by  the  union  of  car- 
bazotie  acid  with  a  base, 
carbazotic  (kar-ba-zot'ik),  a.  [<  carb(on)  + 
azote  +  -ic]  Composed  of  or  pertaining  to  car- 
bon and  azote. -Carbazotic  acid,  CfiH.,(NOo),OH 
picric  acid  ;  a  crystallizable  acid  obtained  by  the  action  of 
nitric  acid  on  phenol,  indigo,  and  other  animal  and  vegeta- 
ble substances.  It  forms  shining  yellow  crystals,  sparingly 
soluble  in  cold  water,  and  having  an  intensely  bitter  taste 
It  is  used  chiefly  in  dyeing.  When  silk  which  has  been 
treated  with  a  mordant  of  alum  or  cream  of  tartar  is  im- 
mersed 111  a  solution  of  this  acid,  it  is  dyed  a  beautiful 
permanent  yellow  color;  and  by  the  use  of  indigo  and 
picric  acid  together  various  shades  of  green  are  obtained 
Its  salts  explode  violently  when  struck 

carberry  (kar'ber'^'i),  n.;  pi.  carberries  (-iz). 

The  gooseberry.    [North.  Eng.] 
carbhydrate  (karb-hi'drat),  ».    Same  as  car- 
bon ydr  ate. 

carbide  (kiir'bid  or  -bid),  n.  [<  carb(on)  + 
-idei-.]  A  compound  of  carbon  with  a  metal. 
b  ormerly  called  carburet. 
carbineH  (kar'bin),  n.  [Early mod.  E.  also  cara- 
bme,  carabm,  carbeene,  a  musketeer,  <  P.  cara- 
Un,  "a  carbine  or  curbeene  [misprinted for  ca?-- 
beene],  an  arquebuzier  armed  with  a  murrian 
and  breastplate,  and  serving  on  horseback" 
(Cotgrave),  mod.  F.  carabin,  a  surgeon's  ap- 
prentice, earlier  OF.  calabrin,  calabrien,  orig. 
one  who  worked  a  war-engine,  <  calabre,  a  war- 
engme:  see  calabre^.  In  this  sense  obsolete, 
being  replaced  by  carbineer.  ]  A  soldier  armed 
with  a  carbine ;  a  carbineer ;  a  musketeer. 

TT  V     ^    ,.,  Nay,  I  knew, 

However  he  wheel  d  about  like  a  loose  carbine 
He  would  charge  home  at  length  like  a  brave  gentleman. 

Fletcher,  Wit  without  Money,  v.  1. 
carbine^  (kar'bin),  n.  [Formerly  also  carabine, 
=  D.  karabijn=G.  karabiner  =  Dan.  karabin  = 
Sw.  karbtn,  <  F.  carabine,  <  It.  carabina  =  Sp. 
Pg.  carabina  (>  Ar.  quarabina,  qarbdna),  a  car- 
bine ;  from  carbine^.]  1 .  In  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury, a  firearm ;  one  of  the  many  names  given 
to  the  lighter  form  of  harquebuse.— 2.  In  mod- 
em times,  a  short  rifle,  especially  one  adapted 
to  the  use  of  mounted  troops, 
carbineer  (kar-bi-ner'),  «.  [=  D.  karabinier  = 
Dan.  karabiner  =  Sw.  karbinerare,  <  F.  cara- 
binier  (=  Sp.  carabinero  =  Pg.  carabineiro  =  It. 
carabiniere,  caraiino),<  carabine:  see  carbine^.] 
A  soldier  armed  with  a  carbine.  Also  foi-merly 
written  carabineer. 

carbine-thimble  (kar'bin-thim'''bl),  n.  a  stiff 
socket  of  leather  fastened  to  a  D-ring  on  the 
right  side  of  a  saddle,  to  hold  the  muzzle  of  a 
carbine. 

carbo  (kar'bo),  n.    [NL.  (L.);  so  caUed  from 

theu-  coal-black  color:  see  carbon.]  ^  name 
of  several  black  water-birds.  („)  The  black  guilie- 
mot  of  the  North  Pacific,  Uria  carbo.  (b)  The  common 
cormorant,  Phalacrocorax  carbo.  (ct)  [cap  ]  A  genus 
,of  cormorants,  giving  name  to  the  Carbonidoe.  Laci- 
pide,  1800. 

carboclet,  n.  A  Middle  English  form  of  car- 
buncle. Chaucer. 

carbohydrate  (kar-bo-hi'drat),  n.  [<  carbon 
+  hydrate.]    A  general  name  for  a  group  of 


carbon 

organic  bodies  containing  6  carbon  atoms  or 
some  multiple  of  6,  and  hydrogen  and  oxygen 
in  the  proportion  in  which  they  form  water 
(H2O),  that  is,  twice  as  many  hydrogen  as 
oxygen  atoms,  as  starch,  sugar,  and  cellulose. 
Also  carbhydrate. 
carbohydrbus  (kiir-bo-hi'drus),  a.  [<  carbo- 
hydr{utc)  +  -ous.]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  na- 
ture of  a  carbohydrate. 

Borodin  .  .  .  maintains  .  .  .  that  the  energy  of  the 
respiration  in  leafy  slioots  under  constant  external  condi- 
tions IS  a  function  of  the  carbohydrous  material  which  is 
present  in  the  plant.      Smithsonian  Report,  1881,  p  393 


carbolated  (kUr'bo-la-ted),  a.    [<  carhol{ic)  + 
-ate"^  +  -«/2.]   Impregnated  with  carbolic  acid, 
carbolic  (kiir-bol'ik),  a.     [<  carb(on)  4-  -ol  + 
-tc]    Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  carbon  or 

coal — Carbolic  acid,  a  substance  (C^H-jm)  found  in 
tliat  part  of  the  heavy  oil  of  coal-tar  which  distils  over 
between  32V  and  374°  b'.    From  this  product  of  coal-tar  it 
IS  almost  exclusively  prepared.    It  has  feeble  acid  prop, 
erties,  but  in  chemical  structure  is  allied  to  the  alcohols 
and  belongs  to  a  class  of  compounds  called  phenols.  When 
pure  It  crystallizes  in  white  orcoloiless  needles,  which  have 
the  odor  of  creosote  and  a  burning  taste.    They  delicjuesce 
readily  and  become  liquid.    It  is  an  irritant  poison  when 
taken  111  large  doses,  but  in  doses  of  from  1  to  3  gi-ains  it 
is  used  internally  as  a  therapeutic  agent.    Its  chief  medi- 
cinal use,  however,  is  as  a  disinfectant  in  antiseptic  sur- 
gery, and  as  an  external  application  to  unhealthy  sores 
compound  fractures,  abscesses  after  they  have  been  openl 
ea,  and  ^ssues  that  are  exposed  as  a  result  of  surgical  opera- 
tions.   The  action  of  the  acid  is  not  only  to  exclude  germs 
that  induce  putref.action,  but  also  to  destroy  such  as  may 
have  been  admitted,  for  which  reason  it  is  introduced 
iiito  the  interior  of  the  wound.   Also  called  phe7iic  acid  — 
OarOollc-acid  paper,  wrapping-paper  saturated  with 
stearin  and  carbolic  acid,  used  for  preserving  meats  etc 
carbolize  (kar'bol-iz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  car- 
bolized,  ppr.  carbolizing.    [<  carbol-ic  +  -ize.] 
io  impregnate  with  carbolic  acid.  Also  spelled 
carboUse. 

carboluria  (kar-bo-lu'ri-a),  n.  [<  carbolic  +  Gr 
ovpov,  urme.]    A  condition  of  the  urine  charac- 
terized by  dark  discoloration,  symptomatic  of 
poisoning  by  carbolic  acid, 
carbon  (kar'bon),  n.    [=  F.  carbone  =  Sp.  car- 
boHo  =  Pg.  carbone  =  It.  carbonio,  <  NL.  car- 
bo(n-),  carbon,  mod.  forms,  in  chem.  sense  :  cf 
F.  charbon  z=Pr.  carbo  =Sp.  carbon  =  Pg.  cari  ao 
=  It.  carbone,  a  coal,  coal,  older  forms,  in  orig 
sense ;  <  L.  carbo(n-),  a  coal,  whether  a  glowing 
coal  or  a  dead  coal,  charcoal.]  1 .  Chemical  sym- 
bol, C;  atomic  weight,  12.   An  element  found 
m  nature  m  two  distinct  forms:  the  diamond 
which  IS  extremely  hard,  of  high  specific  grsLV- 
ity  (3.5),  usually  colorless  and  transparent,  with 
bnlliant  adamantine  luster,  and  crystallizes  in 
octahedrons;  and  graphite,  which  is  very  soft 
of  low  specific  gravity  (2),  black  and  opaque^ 
with  metallic  luster,  and  crystallizes  in  hexag- 
onal plates.  See  diamond  and  graphite,  its  phvs 
ical  properties  vary  gi-eatly  with  its  different  forms.    It  is 
combustible,  burning  to  carbonic  acid  (COo).   In  combina- 
vp°^!.t,Vf  "'."^^sally  distributed  through'the  animal  and 
vegetable  kingdoms  being  a  constituent  of  every  living 
tissue.   By  the  action  of  heat  on  such  tissues,  with  partial 
or  complete  exclusion  of  air,  carbon  is  procured  in  amor- 
phous form  more  or  less  mixed  with  other  matters.  Such 
products  are  animal  charcoal,  lampblack,  wood  charcoal 
coke,  and  gas-carbon.    The  number  of  its  compounds  with 
the  other  elements  is  endless;  and  at  present  more  com- 
pounds of  carbon  are  known,  probably,  than  of  all  other 
elements  taken  together.    It  is  present  in  the  atmosphere 
as  carbon  dioxid,  or  carbonic-acidgas,  and  in  the  same  form 
in  some  mineral  waters ;  it  also  appears  in  the  salts  called 
carbonates,  as  calcium  carbonate  in  coral,  in  the  shells  of 
many  sea-aiiimals,  in  the  common  mineral  calcite,  includ- 
ing chalk,  limestone,  marble,  etc.,  and  as  iron  carbonate 
in  the  mineral  siderite,  etc. 

2.  The  form  of  the  diamond  generally  called 
carbonado;  the  black  diamond.— 3.  In  electric 
lighting,  a.  ca,rhon-Tpoiixt  (see  below). -Bisulnhld 
hif^'^n.'^J^r  ''f'  f'-^"''-'"'' -  Carbon  dioxid.  slmeafc^r^ 
tionic  acid  (which  see,  under  caW<o)iic).— Carbon-Doints 
m  electric  lighting,  two  rods  of  very  hard,  compact  carbon' 
between  which  the  electric  arc  is  formed,  producing  a  li-ht 
of  great  brilliancy.    See  voltaic  arc,  under  arc,  and  decfr/c 
light,  under  electric- Carbon  process,  in  photoq.,  a  pro- 
cess of  producing  photograpliic  positive  pictures  in  a  pig- 
ment composed  of  carbon,  in  order  to  insure  their  pernil- 
nency.    Ihe  thin  paper  on  which  the  impression  from  the 
negative  IS  taken  is  coated  with  gelatin  colored  with  the 
carbon  pigment,  and  sensitized,  usually  with  bichromate  of 
potash     After  exposure  to  light  under  the  negative  it  is 
affixed  face  downward  upon  another  sheet  of  paper  and  is 
plunged  with  it  into  a  hot-water  bath,  which  detaches  the 
first  paper  and  leaves  the  gelatin  film  uncovered.  Ihe 
water  dissolves  those  portions  of  the  film  which  have  not 
been  rendered  insoluble  by  the  action  of  light  through  the 
transparent  portions  of  the  negative  upon  the  sensitizing 
medium,  and  the  more  or  less  insoluble  portions  of  the 
nim  tonn  a  positive  i)icture,  which  is,  however,  reveised 
in  its  relations  of  right  and  left.    If  a  second  transfer  of 
tne  mm  from  Its  support,  to  restore  these  relations  in  the 
finished  m  int,  is  required,  the  first  transfer  is  not  made  to 
a  paper  surface.  Init  to  a  sheet  of  glass,  zinc,  or  caoutchouc. 
tr,Lf!ll."t  accomplished  without  the  second 

transfer,  by  stripping  the  negative  film  from  the  glass  and 
Fift'^Vfir  "f  f'^ce  outward,  by  reversing  the  right  and 
left  of  the  negative  by  the  use  of  a  prism,  or  by  other  de- 


carbon 

vices.  Carbon  spax,  a  name  given  to  several  mineral 

carbonates,  as  carbonate  of  nuiKnt-sinni,  of  zinc,  etc.—  Car- 
■bon  telephone,  a  form  of  teleplioiie  invented  by  Edison, 
in  which  the  vibrations  of  tlie  diaiilnaym  of  the  month- 
piece  proilnce,  by  varial)le  pressure  upon  a  piece  of  com- 
pressed carbon  placed  in  the  circnit,  variations  in  tlie 
electric  current  wliich  indnce  sonorous  vil)rations  in  the 
receiver.— Gas-carbon,  a  form  of  amorphous  carbon 
whicli  is  produced  in  the  retorts  where  coal  is  heated  for 
the  mamifactm-e  of  Illuminating  gas.  It  forms  an  n-on- 
gray  deposit  on  the  sides  and  upper  part  of  the  retort.  It 
is  extremely  hard,  ami  is  a  good  conductor  of  heat  and 
electricity.  It  is  used  in  the  preparation  of  carlxui  bat- 
tery-plates, and  also  for  the  carbon-points  used  with  the 
electric  arc-light.  Also  called  coal-i/as  charcoal  and  gas- 
graphite. 

carbona  (kar-bo'nii),  «.  [NL.:  see  carbon.^ 
In  mininq,  a  mass  of  stanniferous  rock,  irregu- 
lar in  form,  and  not  possessing  the  general 
character  of  a  lode.  Such  a  mass,  however,  is  ordi- 
nai-ilv  subordinate  to  a  lode  in  its  immediate  vicinity.  The 
....  .        ,   — "and 


carbona  is  in  some  respects  analogous  to  the ''  pipes  anu  „„ „ +i rkiir-ho-na '  shon')  n 
"flats  "of  the  North  of  England  lead-mines.  Thecarbona  Car  Donation  ^iIal^  "^g„na  bnon;,  )i. 
of  the  St.  Ives  lode  in  Cornwall,  England,  was  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  of  these  occurrences,  and  one  of  the  first 
to  which  this  name  was  given.  It  was  composed  of  feldspar, 
quartz,  blaclc  tourmalin  (schorl),  tin  ore  (cassiterite),  and 
some  cupriferous  ore.  It  also  contained  fluor-spar,  which 
was  not  present  in  the  lode  itself. 

carbonaceous  (kar-bo-na'shius),  a.  [<  carbon 
+  -aceous.'\  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  car- 
bon; containing  carbon  or  coaly  matter — Car- 
bonaceous shale,  a  soft  shaly  rocli  through  which  coaly 
or  bituminous  matter  is  abundantly  dirt'used  in  fine  parti- 
cles. Such  shales  are  abundant  in  some  parts  of  the  United 
States,  especially  in  the  Devonian  and  Silurian  series. 

carbonadet  (kar-bo-nad'),       [=      Dan.  l^ar- 


816 

In  chem.,  a  compound  formed  by  the  union  of 
carbonic  acid  with  a  base:  as,  calcium  carbo- 
nate; CO'p'pev  carbonate.  The  carbonates  are  an  im- 
portant class  of  salts,  many  of  them  being  extensively  used 
in  the  arts  and  in  medicine. 

2.  pi.  The  common  name  in  the  Cordilleran 
mining  region  of  ores  consisting  in  large  part 
of  carbonate  of  lead,  and  usually  containing 
silver.  This  is  an  important  class  of  ores  in 
Colorado  and  Utah. —  3.  Same  as  carbonado  or 
bort.  [Rare.]— Hard  carbonates,  salts  containing 
carbonic  acid  with  iron  for  a  base.—  Soft  carbonates, 
salts  containing  carbonic  acid  with  a  base  of  lead. 

carbonate'^  (k 

carbonated,  ppr. 
-rtfc2 ;  =  F.  c«  " 

impregnate  or  saturate  with  carbonic  acid. — 

Carbonated  springs,  springs  of  water  impregnated  with 
carlionic-acid  gas.  They  are  common  in  volcanic  countries. 

[<  carbo- 
nate'^: see  -ation.']  The  act  or  process  of  caus- 
ing combination  with  carbonic  acid;  specifi- 
cally, a  process  of  defecating  beet-,  sorghum-, 
or  cane-juice  by  the  addition  of  milk  of  lime, 
and  subsequently  precipitating  the  lime  as  car- 
bonate by  leading  into  the  solution  a  stream  of 
earbonic'-acid  gas.  Also  carbonatation. 
carbto-black  (kar'bon-blak),  n.  A  fine  lamp- 
black used  in  making  printing-inks  and  paints. 
It  is  made  by  directing  the  flames  of  gas-lamps,  fed  by 
natural  gas  from  wells,  against  cold  surfaces,  and  collect- 
ing by  machinery  the  sooty  deposit.  It  is  almost  pure  car- 


carboy 

ica,  is  separable  into  three  more  or  less  distinct  groups : 
the  coal-measures,  the  millstone-grit,  and  the  mountain 
limestone.  The  flrst  of  these  tliree  is  a  series  of  shales 
and  clays,  with  which  the  coal-beils  themselves  are  inter- 
stratitted.  This  part  of  the  series  is  sometimes  several 
thousand  feet  in  thickness,  and  the  number  and  thickness 
of  tlie  intercalated  coal-beds  ditfer  greatly  in  different  re- 
gions. The  millstone-grit  is  a  detrital  rock  ordinarily 
([uite  silicious,  and  assuming  all  degrees  of  fineness,  from 
that  of  a  fine-grained  gritstone  to  that  of  a  coarse  conglom- 
erate. Its  thickness  varies  greatly  in  various  regions.  The 
mountain  limestone  is  a  calcareous  rock,  often  rich  in  fos- 
sils of  marine  origin,  and  sometimes  having  a  thickness 
of  over  0,000  feet.  See  coal,  coal-mcaxures,  millstone-r/rit, 
and  mountain  limestone  (under  limestone).  [In  technical 
use,  conmionly  with  a  capital.; 

•boniza- 


ar  bo-nat)  v.  t. ;  pret  and  pp.  carbonisation,  carbonise,  etc.  See  carl 
w.  carbonatuig.    [<  carbon{ic)  +  ^.^^^ 

rbonater  =  Sp.  carbonatar.-\    To  iTintioTi  (kar"bo-ni-za'shon\  n.  \ 


 ^  _  _  bon  in  a  finely  divided  form. 

bonade,  <  F.  carbonade,  carbonnade,  <  It.  car-  carbon-bronze  (kar'bon-bronz),  «.  An  anti- 
bonata  (=  Sp.  carbonada  =  Pg.  caravonada),  friction  alloy  of  which  the  principal  constitu- 
carbonade,  <  carbone  (=  Sp.  carbon  =  Pg.  car-  ent  is  copper.  It  was  invented  by  Baldman  and 
vao),  a  coal:  see  carbon.l  In  cookery,  a  piece  Weisman,  and  is  used  for  journal-bearings,  etc. 
of  meat,  fowl,  or  game  cut  across,  seasoned,  carbon-button(kar'bon-but"n),M.  A  small  disk 
and  broiled;  a  chop.    Also  carbonado.  of  carbon,  usually  of  compressed  lampblack, 

I  will  make  thee  slice  the  brawns  of  thy  arms  into  car-    used  in  a  form  of  telephone  invented  by  Edison. 


bonades,  and  eat  them. 

Marlowe,  Tamburlalne  the  Great,  I.,  iv.  i. 
If  I  come  in  his  [way]  willingly,  let  him  make  a  carbo- 
nado of  me.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  v.  3. 

Broil  them  on  the  coals 
For  carbonadoes. 

Massinger,  The  Bondman,  iii.  3. 

carbonadet,  carbonado^t  (kar-bo-nad',-na'd6), 
V.  t.  [<  carbonade,  (/.]  1.  To  make  a  carbo- 
nade of ;  score  across  and  grill. 

Will  he  have  a  brace, 
Or  but  one  partridge,  or  a  short  legg'd  hen, 
Daintyly  carbonadoed  ? 

Fletcher  (and  another).  Love's  Pilgrimage,  i.  1. 

2.  To  cut  or  hack,  as  in  fighting. 

Draw,  vou  rogue,  or  I'll  so  carbonado  your  shanks. 

Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  2. 
With  his  keen-edged  spear 
He  cut  and  carbonaded  them. 

Massinger,  Picture,  ii.  1. 
Who  could  surmise  a  man  ever  could  rise 
Who'd  been  thus  carbonado'd,  cut  up,  and  dissected? 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  230. 

carbonado!  (kar-bo-na'do),  n.  [Sp.,  <  carbona, 
carbon :  see  carboii.']    Same  as  bort,  2. 

carbonado^t  (kar-bo-na'do),  n.  and  v.  Same  as 
carbonade. 

Carbonari,  n.   Plural  of  Carbonaro. 
Carbonarism  (kar-bo-nii'rizm),  n.  [<  Carbonari 
-i-  -ism.~i   The  principles,  deeds,  or  cause  of  the 
Carbonari ;  sympathy  with  or  support  of  them. 

The  determination,  the  self-forgetfulness,  the  audacity 
of  the  Nihilists,  compared  with  whose  conspiracies  the 
plots  of  Carbonarism  are  merely  child's  play,  are  a  fact  so 
foreign  to  our  nature  that  we  can  hardly  understand  it. 

Orpen,  tr.  of  Lavelaye's  Socialism,  p.  196. 

■Carbonaro  (kar-bo-na'ro),  ».;  pi.  Carbonari 
(-ri).  [it.,  lit.  (as  carbonajo),  a  charcoal-burn- 
er, <  L.  carbonarius,  a  charcoal-burner,  a  col- 
lier, <  carbo{n-)  (>  It.  carbone),  coal,  charcoal: 
see  carbon.']  One  of  the  members  of  a  secret 
political  society  called  the  Carbonari,  formed 
in  the  kingdom  of  Naples  during  the  reign  of 
Murat  (1808-14)  by  republicans  and  others  dis- 
satisfied with  the  French  rule.  They  were  origi- 
nally refugees  among  the  mountains  of  the  Abruzzi  prov- 
inces, and"  took  their  name  from  the  mountain  charcoal- 
burners.  Their  aim  was  to  free  their  country  from  foreign 
domination.  After  having  aided  the  Bourbons  in  the  expul- 
sion of  the  French,  the  organization  spread  over  all  Italy 
as  the  champions  of  the  national  liberal  cause  against  the 


The  resistance  which  it  offers  to  the  passage  of  an  electric 
current  depends  upon  the  pressure  to  which  it  is  sub- 
jected, so  that  when  it  forms  a  part  of  a  circuit  of  con- 
stant electromotive  force  the  current  strength  will  vary 
with  variations  of  pressure  on  the  disk, 
phone,  under  carbon. 


carbonization  (kar"bo-ni-za'shpn),  n.  [<  car- 
bonize (see  -ation) ;  =  F.  carbonisation  =  Sp. 
carbonizacion  =  'Pg.  carbonizagao.']  1.  The  oper- 
ation of  converting  wood  or  other  organic  sub- 
stance into  coal  or  charcoal.  The  volatile  constit- 
uents are  driven  off  by  combustion,  and  a  more  or  less 
pure  carbon  remains  behind.  The  term  is  also  used  for 
the  slow  transformation  of  wood  into  coal  by  natural  pro- 

C6SS6S 

2.  Same  as  carburization. —  3.  Same  as  car- 
bonation.  Also  spelled  carbonisation. 
carbonization-bed  (kar"bo-ni-za'shon-bed),  n. 
In  charcoal-burning,  a  rectangular  wooden  box, 
higher  at  the  rear  than  at  the  front,  contain- 
ing wood  covered  with  a  layer  of  earth,  it  has  a 

hearth  at  the  front  or  lower  end,  and  forms  a  kind  of  kiln ; 
the  fire  gradually  extends  backward  from  the  hearth,  and 
the  charcoal  is  withdrawn  as  fast  as  it  is  made. 

carbonize  (kar'bo-niz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  car- 
bonized, ppr.  carbon izing.  [  <  carbon  +  -ize;  =  F. 
carboniser=zSp.  Pg.  carbonizar —  It.  carbonis- 
zarc.}  1.  To  convert  into  carbon  by  combus- 
tion or  the  action  of  fire,  or  by  other  natural  pro- 
cesses.—  2.  To  cover  with  carbon  (in  the  form 
of  charcoal  or  lampblack).— 3.  To  carburize. 

Also  spelled  carbonise. 
Carbonizing-fumace,  an  apparatus  for  carbonizing 
 wood,  disintegrating  loclvS,  etc.    E.  H.  Knight. 

See  carbon  tele-  carbonizer  (kiir'bo-ni-zer),  n.    A  tank  of  ben- 
zol or  other  hydrocarbon,  through  which  air 


'orpoumi'oMwf^^^^  ca^bonohydrous  (kar'^bo-no-hi'dms),  a  [< 
e.reo"oitss,  without  smelir22   carbon  +  hydr(ogcn)  +  -ous.]    Composed  of 


carbonic  (kar-bon'ik),  a.    [=  F.  carbomque  =  jg  passed  to  carry  off  an  inflammable  vapor. 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  carbonico,  <  NL.  carbonicus,  <  car-  ^  j)    ^jg^  spelled  carboniser. 
bo{n-),  carbon:  see  carbon  and  -tc..']    Pertam-  carbon-light  (kar'bon-lit),  n.    An  electric  arc- 
ing to  carbon,  or  obtained  from  it — Carbonic  Hgi^t. 

acid,  CO.),  more  properly  ca"  -^      ..i.,...,-,.  ,       j-  -. 
carbon  dioxid,  a  gaseous  comp 

of  carbon  and  32  of  oxygen,  c„  — ,  .        ^         .  ,  ■,  y    i  - 

times  as  heavy  as  hydrogen,  and  existing  in  the  atmosphere    carbon  and  liydrogen. 

to  the  extent  of  1  volume  in  2,500.  It  is  reduced  to  a  carbonomcter  (kar-bo-nom'e-ter),  W.  [<  NL. 
liquidby  high  pressure  and  cold;  and  It  IS  obtained  as  a    „„,./,q/,(N   carbon,  +"L.  metrum,  a  measure.] 

StfthT'^sSn^  Xansior^f*'ihe  "l^id  '^^Si        iltiUent  for  detecting  the  presence  of 
lowed  to  escape  from  pressure.    It  has  a  pleasant,  acidu-    carbonic  acid  by  its  action  on  lime-water. 
lous,  pungent  taste,  and  aerated  beverages  of  all  kinds—  garbonOUS  (kar'bo-nus),  a.     [<  carbon  +  -OUS.] 
beer  champagne,  and  carbo^^^^^^^  Pertaining  to  Or  containing  carbon.-  Carbonous 

"^so^^s  wh^n'tak^e^rinto'he'lin^^^  OXld.  Samf  as  c^o.^.id  (which  see,  uiider  carbomc)^ 

taken  into  the  stomach  in  moderate  quantity.    Dissolved  carbon-paper  (kar'bon-pa*per),  n.  Paper  tacea 


■with  carbon  or  lampblack:  used  between  two 
sheets  of  paper  for  the  purpose  of  reproducing 
upon  the  lower  sheet  anything  which  may  be 
written  or  drawn  upon  the  upper  sheet,  or 
printed  upon  it  by  a  type-writer. 


in  water,  it  forms  a  dibasic  acid,  C0(0H)2,  whose  salts,  the 
carbonates,  are  widely  and  abundantly  distributed  m  na- 
ture. It  is  incapable  of  maintaining  combustion  or  animal 
life  acting  as  a  narcotic  poison  when  present  in  the  air  to 
the  extent  of  only  4  or  5  per  cent.     It  is  disengaged  from 

fermenting  liquors  and  from  decomposing  vegetable  and  ^  ,u   

animal  substances,  and  is  largely  evolved  from  fissures  in  ^  ,       nnint.  (kar'bou-Wnt),  n.    See  carbon- 
the  earth,  constituting  the  choke-damp  of  mines.  From  its  Car  DOn-pOini;  (.Kai  uou  point;, 
weight  it  has  a  tendency  to  subside  into  low  places,  vaults,    jwints,  VJia&v  carbon.  .        .  v 

and  wells,  rendering  some  low-lying  places,  as  the  upas  carbon-print  (kar'bon-prmt),  n.  A  photograph 
valley  of  Java,  and  many  caves,  uninhabitable.  This  g^s  .  „g,.njanent  inks  or  colors.  See  carbon prOCeSS, 
is  formed  and  given  out  during  the  respiration  of  animals,  J,,^^'™^",,"  and  wondburutime 
and  in  all  ordinary  combustion,  from  the  oxidation  of  car-  under  ca»  Oo»,  ana  M  W)ayti/-//y//^e.  . 
bon  in  the  fuel.  It  is  evolved  from  the  colored  parts  of  the  carbonyl  (kar'bon-ll),  n.  [<  carbon  -f  -yi.  J  A 
flowers  of  plants  both  by  night  and  day,  and  from  the  green  hypothetical  organic  radical  having  the  formula 
parts  of  plants  during  the  night.   In  direct  or  diffuse  day- 

light,  plants  absorb  it  energetically  from  the  atmosphere  ^artoTundum  ^kar-bo-run'dum),  ?i.  A  product 
through  their  leaves,  and  decompose  it,  assimilating^the  CajBOTUnaum  ( Kar  ;  1 


.....OUgh  .    -  .  ■        ,        ■  n 

carbon  and  returning  most  of  the  oxygen  to  the  air.  —  Oar^ 
boniC-acld  engine.  («)  A  fire-engine  from  which  water 
is  ejected  by  the  pressure  of  carbonic-acid  gas,  which  is 
evolved  in  a  chamber  connected  witli  the  water-reservoir. 
(b)  An  engine  which  is  moved  by  the  expansive  force  of 
condensed  carbonic  acid.  — CarboniC-acid  water.  See 
aerated  loaders,  under  aerate.- Carbonic  or  carbonous 
OXid.  a  substance  (CO)  obtained  by  allowing  carbonic  acid 


of  the  electric  furnace  used  in  place  of  emery 
as  an  abrasive  material.  The  reaction  of  the 
furnace  is  Si02+3Cz=SiC  +  2CO. 
carbovinate  (kar-bo-vi'nat),  n.  [<  NL;  far- 
bo(n-),  carbon,  +  L.  vin{ttm),  wine  (for  alco- 
hol'), +  -ate^.i  See  carbovinate  of  potassium, 
under  potassium. 


as  the  champions  01  ine  uauonai  iioerai  cause  iiyauiiiv  u.c  .      r---.  „ 

reactionary  governments.  At  one  time  the  Carbonari  num-  CarbomdSB  (kar-bon  1-de),  n.pl.  "j^  h"'"^" 


topa'ssoverred-hot'fragments  of  charcoal,  contained  in  a        ,  /iciir'bok-sil),  w.    [<  carb(on)  +  OX- 

tube  of  iron  and  porcelain,  and  also  by  several  other  pro-  carboxyi  (Kdi  \  •  J-    organic  radical 

cesses.  It  is  a  colorless,  inodorous  gas,  a  little  lighter  tlian  (ygcn)  +  -yl-i  A  hypotneticai  oigaui . 
air  has  neither  acid  nor  alkaline  properties,  is  very  poison- 
ous and  burns  with  a  pale-lavender  flame.  This  substance 
is  produced  when  a  coal-fire  burns  with  a  smokeless  flame, 
and  the  pale-lavender  flame  produced  by  its  combustion 
may  often  he  observed  playing  over  such  a  fire. 


is(,<  ui  all 


bered  several  hundred  thousand  adherents.  They  were 
concerned  in  the  various  revolutions  of  the  times  until 
crushed  out  by  the  Austrian  power  in  Italy.  About  1820 
they  spread  into  France,  and  played  an  important  part  in 
French  politics  until  the  revolution  of  1830. 

Louis  Napoleon  began  as  a  Carbonaro  and  conspirator, 
and  narrowly  escaped  the  fate  which  terminated  the  course 
of  his  elder  brother  and  removed  at  least  one  rival  out  of 
his  way.  W.  Ii.  Greg,  Misc.  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  154. 

-carbonatation  (kar-'bo-na-ta'shon),  n.  Same 

as  carbonation. 
-carbonate!  (kar'bo-nat),  w.    [<  carbon{ic)  + 

-ate^;  =  F.  carbonate  —  Sp.  Pg.  carbonato.]  1. 


(iiqe)i)       „  ^ 

having  the  formula  COOH.   It  may  be  i  .  p;i:M.  d  as 
a  compound  radical  made  up  of 
droxyl  (OH).    This  carboxyi  group  (COOU) 
organic  acids,  its  hydrogen 
being  replaceable  by  a  basic 
element  or  group,  thus  form- 
ing a  salt,  as  acetic  acid  (CH3 
COOH),  sodium  acetate  (CH3 
COON  a),  etc. 


boin-)  +  -iV/a-.]    A  name  of  the  cormorant  fam- 
ily. ^.  F.  i?ra«fK,  1839.   See  Phalacrocoracida.  ^.^.^^^^ 
carboniferous  (kar-bo-nif'e-rus),  a.    [<  L.  car-  carbov  (kiir'boi), «.  [Ult. 
bo{n-),  coal,  +ferre  =  E.  &e«ri.]    Containing  ^f^^ll  pe^s.  qardba,  a 
or  yielding  carbon  or  coal,    in  r/eoZ.,  almost  ex- 
clusively used  in  designating  that  assemblage  of  strata 
from  which  the  coal  of  England,  France,  Germany,  and  the 
United  States  is  for  the  most  part  obtained.    The  Carbon- 
iferous series  is  of  the  Paleozoic  age,  and  is  the  most  re- 
cent portion  of  the  Paleozoic.   It  is  overlaid  by  the  Permian 
rocks,  which  belong  to  the  closing  era  of  the  Carbonifer- 
ous age,  and  is  underlaid  by  the  Devonian.    The  Carlion- 
iferous  over  large  areas  both  in  Europe  and  North  Amer- 


large  flagon.]     If.  A 
demijohn. 

Six  carboys  of  Isphahan  Wine. 
Hanway,  1754,  quot.  in  Yule  Carboy. 

[ancl  Burnell's  Glossary. 
2   A  large  globular  bottle  of  green  glass,  pro- 
tected by  an  outside  covering  consisting  either 


carboy 

of  basketwork  or  of  a  wooden  box:  used  chiefly 
for  containing  certain  acids  (such  as  vitriol  or 
sulphuric  acid)  and  other  highly  corrosive  li- 
quids likely  to  act  chemically  upon  stoneware 
car-brake  (kar'brak),  w.  A  brake  used  to  ar- 
rest the  motion  of  a  railroad-car.  when  oner 
ated  by  hand,  it  comprises  a  brake-wheel,  brake-shaft 
brake-chani,  brake-lever,  and  brake-shoe,  with  their  va- 
rious parts.  (See  brake-shaft,  brake-shoe,  and  brake- 
wheel.)  Wliere  other  than  hand-power  is  used,  the  brake 
consists  essentially  of  the  shoe  and  lever  and  some  means 
(as  a  coiled  spring,  steam,  compressed  air,  or  the  pressure 
of  the  air  acting  in  a  vacuum)  for  developing  power  and 
applying  It  to  operate  the  brake-lever.  When  all  the 
brakes  of  a  tram  are  operated  together  by  a  single  an- 
w?.    Ti?  *e  •'iPP'ii-atus  is  called  a  con(i«Mois 

brake  The  most  important  forms  of  such  brakes  are  the 
Westinghouse  brake  and  the  vacuum-brake.  (.See  air- 
brake.) borne  continuous  brakes,  as  the  improved  West- 
ingliouse,  are  operated  by  the  breaking  apart  of  the  cars 

See  ^Uiiuie'r' ""^-"^''"^ 

car-bumper  (kfir'buni'''p6r),  w.  A  buffer, 
carbuncle  (kiir'bung-kl),  n.  [<  ME.  carbuncle, 
-boncle,  also  assibilated  charbuncle,  -boncle, 
-bocle,  -bucle,  <  OF.  carbuncle,  -boucle,  assibi- 
lated charbuncle,  -bucle,  -boucle,  -bocle,  sclier- 
buncle,  F.  escarboucle  =  Pr.  carbuncle,  car- 
boncle  =  Sp.  Pg.  carhunclo  =  It.  carbonchio  = 
D.  karbonkel  =  MHG,  karbunJcel,  also  karfun- 
kel,  G-.  karfunkel  (as  if  connected  with  funke, 
a  spark)  =  Dan.  karfunkel  (prob.  <  G.)  =  Sw 
karbunkel,  <  L.  carbunculus  (ML.  also  carvun- 
cidus,  carvuculus),  a  gem,  an  inflamed  tumor  or 
boil,  a  disease  of  plants  caused  by  hoar-frost 
also  lit.  a  little  coal,  dim.  of  carbo(n-),  a  glow- 
ing coal:  see  carbon.^  1.  A  beautiful  gem  of 
a  deep-red  color,  inclining  to  scarlet,  found 

ftVot«^/'',*^^^''^*  H'^^^-  ^'^"^  •^'^I'l  "P  t°  the  sun 
:t  loses  Its  deep  tinge,  and  becomes  of  the  color  of  a  burn- 
ing coal.  It  was  formerly  believed  to  be  capable  of  shin- 
ing  in  darkness.  The  carbuncle  of  the  ancients  is  believed 
to  have  been  a  garnet,  some  varieties  of  which  still  go  bv 
the  sphief '      "^'^  included  also  the  ruby  and 

^;  ^  patlwl.,  a  circumscribed  inflammation 
ot  the  subcutaneous  connective  tissue,  result- 
ing m  suppuration  and  sloughing,  and  having 
a  tendency  to  extend  itself,  undermining  the 
skin.  It  is  somewhat  similar  to  a  boil,  but 
more  serious  in  its  effects. 


817 


^  It  was  a  pestilent  fever,  but  there  followed  no  car- 
^'  Baco?i. 
3.  In  Iter. :  (a)  A  charge  or  bearing  generally 
consisting  of  8  radiating  staffs  or  scepters,  4  of 
which  are  vertical  and  horizontal  and  4  diag- 
onal or  saltierwise,  and  supposed  to  represent 
the  precious  stone  carbuncle.  Also  called  es- 
mrbuncle.  (b)  The  tincture  red,  when  describ- 
ing a  nobleman's  escutcheon  according  to  the 
system  of  blazoning  by  precious  stones.  See 
blazon  n.,  2.— 4.  A  whelk  or  "toddy-blossom" 
on  a  drunkard's  face, 
carbuncled  (kiir'bung-kld),  a.  [<  carbuncle  + 
-ea-^.J    1.  Set  with  carbuncles. 

He  has  deserv'd  it  [armour],  were  it  carbuncled 
Like  holy  Phojbus'  car.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  8. 


Same&s  ethylene.-Ught  carbureted  hydrogen,  a  com- 

m'^npiM'"^"""  I'ydroge..  (VIU)  which  occ'urs'in  coal- 
mines  (Hre-damp)  and  about  stagnant  pools 

carbureter,  carburetor  (kiir'ba-ret-er,  -or),  «. 
[<  carburet  +  -eri,  -or.  ]  1 .  Ai  apparatus  for 
aadmg  iiydrocarbons  to  non-luminous  or  poor 
gases,  for  the  purpose  of  producing  an  illumi- 
nating gas.  This  is  effected  by  the  addition  of  volatile  hy- 
tl  e  P''"^'"?  material  rich  in  hydrocarljons  in 

H  vnn  1,*??  '  f'!''  gas-retort,  or  by  causing  the  gas  to  pass 
tlirough  liquid  hydrocarbons  to  take  up  the  more  volatile 
vapors.  Air-carl)ureters  are  of  this  last  class.  Various 
devices  are  employed  to  saturate  the  air  with  the  vapor 
but  all  are  essentially  alike. 

2.  A  hydrocarbon  used  for  this  purpose. 

The  lightest  distillates  of  American  petroleum  Sher- 
wood oil,  or  shale,  have  been  much  investigated  in  regard 
to  use  as  anaesthetics  or  as  carburetters. 

A ,  ,       ,  Diet,  III.  399. 

Also  carburetter,  carburettor. 
carburetted,  i^.  a.    See  carbureted. 
carburisation,  carburise.    See  carburization, 
carburi~e.  ' 

carburization  (kar"bu-ri-za'shon),  n.  [<  car- 
bunze  +  -ation.']  The  process  "of  adding  car- 
bon, especially  to  iron;  any  process  which 
has  as  its  chief  result  the  increasing  of  the 
amount  of  carbon  present  in  a  metal.  Thus  ce- 
ment-steel is  iron  which  has  been  changed  to  steel'  bv 
being  carburized  by  the  so-called  cementation  process 
Also  spelled  carburisation. 

carburize  (kar'bu-riz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  car- 
burized, ppr.  carburizing.  [<  carbur(et)  +  -ize.'\ 
To  cause  to  unite  with  carbon  or  a  hydrocar- 
bon, as  when  the  illuminating  power  of  a  gas 
is  increased  by  mingling  with  it  the  vapor  of 
volatile  hydrocarbons.  Also  carburise,  carburet. 
carburometer  (kar-bii-rom'e-ter),  n.  [<  car- 
bur(et)  +  -0-meter,  <  L.  metrum,  a  measure.] 
An  apparatus  invented  by  M.  Coquillon  for  de- 
termmmg  the  amount  of  carbonic  oxid,  hydro- 
gen, etc.,  ia  gases  contained  in  fuels.  E.  H 
Knight. 

carbyl  (kar'bil),  n.  [<  carb(on)  +  -yU  A 
name  given  by  Magnus  to  the  hydrocarbon 
ethylene  when  it  acts  as  a  basic  radical,  as  car- 
byl sulphate,  032:4(803)2. 
carcajou  (kar'ka-jo),  n.  [F.,  from  a  native 
name.]     1.  The  American  wolverene,  Gulo 

luscus.    See  ivolverene. —  2.  Erroneously  (a) 

the  American  badger,  Taxidea  americana :  (b) 
the  cougar,  Felis  concolor. 

The  wolverene  has  been  confused  not  only  with  the 
iyiix  and  cougar  in  early  times,  but  also  quite  recently 
witli  the  American  badger,  Taxidea  americana.  Thus 
F  Cuvier(supp.  to  Buffon,  ed.  1831,  I.  267)  treats  at  length 
of  le  carcajou  oil  blaireau  am^ricain,"  ...  to  which  he 
misconceives  the  name  carcajou  to  belong. 

Coues,  Fur-bearing  Animals,  p.  45 


Carchariidae 

and  perhaps  derived  from  (as  the  'shell'  or 
case'  left  by  the  departed  spirit),  (2)  OF 
carquain,  carcois.  carauoix.  V  ,.„r^„..ic  „  ' 


Carcass. 


2.  Afilieted  with  carbuncle,  or  having  the  color 
of  a  carbuncle;  glowing  like  a  carbuncle,  as 
from  drmk:  as,  "a  carbuncled  face,"  Brome, 
The  Good  Fellow. 

carbuncular  (kar-bung'kil-lar),  a.  [<  L.  car- 
bunculus, carbuncle,  +  -drK^  Belonging  to  a 
carbuncle;  resembling  a  carbuncle;  red;  in- 
flamed.- Carbuncular  fever.  Same  as  malignant  an- 
thrax (which  see,  under  anthrax). 

carbunculate  (kar-bung'kii-lat),  a.  Same  as 
carbuncular. 

carbunculation  (kar-bung-ku-la'shon),  n.  [< 
L.  carbunculatio{n-),  <  carbunculare,"-pj,.  carbun- 
culatus,  have  a  carbuncle,  or  (of  plants)  the 
disease  called  carbuncukis :  see  carbuncle.^  The 
blasting  of  the  young  buds  of  trees  or  plants  bv 
excessive  heat  or  cold. 

carbunculinet  (kar-bung'ku-lin),  a.  [Cf.  equiv. 
L.  carbunculosus,  containing  red  sandstone  < 
carbunculus,  red  sandstone.]  Containing  red 
sandstone. 

In  sandy  lande  thai  [chestnuts]  stande  if  that  it  wepe 
Black  erthe  is  apte,  and  londe  carbuncuhjne 
And  ragstoon  all  to  rapte  is  for  hem  digne. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.°E.  T.  S.),  p.  216. 
carburett  (kar'bii-ret),  n.  [=  Sp.  Pg.  carbureto, 
Pg.  also  carburo,  =  F.  carbure,  <  NL,  carbo  • 
see  carbon.']    Same  as  carbide. 
carburet  (kiir'bu-ret),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  car- 
oureted,  carburetted,  ppr.  carbureting,  carburet- 
ttng.    [<  carburet,  w.]    Same  as  carburize. 
^SfTDureted,  carburetted  (kar'bu-ret-ed),  ».  a. 
LPp.  of  carburet,  v.]    Combined  with  carbon 
m  the  manner  of  a  carburet  or  carbide :  as,  car- 
*«reted  hydrogen.- Heavy  carbureted  hydrogen. 


carcan  (kar'kan),  n.    [<  F.  carcan :  see  carca- 
net.\    Same  as  carcanet. 
carcanet  (kar'ka-net),  n.    [Formerly  also  car- 
kanet,  sometimes  carquenet  (with  dim.  -et  or 
for  *carcant),  =  D.  karkant,  <  OF.  carcant,  car- 
can,  carchant,  charchant,  cherchant,  mod  F 
carcan  =  Pr.  carcan  =  It.  carcame  (ML.  carcaii- 
num,  carchannum),  a  collar  of  jewels,  an  iron 
collar;  (1)  perhaps,  with  suffix  -ant  (cf.  OF. 
carcaille,  a  carcanet,  with  suflSx  -aille,  =  E 
-al),  <  OHG.  gMej-ca  =  Icel.  kverk  =  Dsiu.' kvmrk, 
the  throat :  see  querken.    (2)  Less  prob.  ML 
carcannum  =  crango,  a  collar,  appar.  <  OHG 
crage,  chrage,  throat,  neck,  MHG.  krage,  throat' 
neck,  collar,  G.  kragen,  collar,  cape,  gorget,  dial, 
neck:  see  crag'i.    (3)  Some  refer  to  Bret,  ker- 
chen,  the  bosom,  breast,  the  circle  of  the  neck 
same  as  kelchen,  collar,  <  kelch,  a  circle,  circuit, 
akin  to  W.  celch,  round,  encircling.]  1 .  A  neck- 
lace or  collar  of  jewels. 
Jewels  in  the  carcanet.  Shale,  Sonnets,  lii. 

About  thy  neck  a  carkanet  is  bound. 
Made  of  the  Rubie,  Pearle,  and  Diamond. 

Herrick,  To  Julia. 
Then  in  the  light's  last  glimmer  Tristram  show'd 
And  swung  the  ruby  carcanet. 

Tennyson,  The  Last  Tournament. 
2t.  A  circlet  of  gold  and  jewels  worn  as  an  or- 
nament for  the  hair. 
Curled  hairs  hung  fidl  of  sparkling  carcawts.  Marston. 
carcara  (kar-kar'a),  n.    Same  as  caracara. 
carcass,  carcase  (kar'kas),  n.    [Early  mod.  E. 
also  carcasse,  carkass,  cdrkis,  <  ME.  carkes  car- 
keys,  karkeis,  carcays:  (1)  <  OF.  carcas,  carcois 
also  assibilated  charcois,  charcos,  charquois 
charchois,  mod.  F.  dial,  charcois,  charquois,  m. 
OF.  also  carquasse,  mod.  F.  carcasse,  f.,  car- 
cass, skeleton,  frame,  OF.  also  flesh,  =  Sp.  car- 
casa  =  Pg.  carcassa,  carcass,  =  It.  carcassa,  t., 
a  shell,  bomb,  skeleton,  hulk  (ML.  carcasium 
carcoisium,  a  carcass ;  cf.  It.  carcame,  a  carcass 
—  a  corrupt  form,  or  diff .  word) ,  associated  with, 


carquats,  carcois,  carquois,  F.  carquois,  m.  = 
bp.  carcaa;  =  Pg.  carcas  =  It.  carauiso,  m.  (A«L 
carcaissum;  Croatian  karka.ih),  a  quiver,  prob. 
a  corruption  (appar,  simulating  initially  l' 
caro  (cam-),  flesh;  cf.  carrion)  of  ML.  tarcasius, 
MGr.  ra/)/fa(T«oi',  a  quiver,  =  Turk.  Hind,  tarkash 
<  Pcrs.  tarkash,  a  quiver.]  1.  The  dead  body 
or  an  animal;  a  corpse:  not  now  commonly  ap- 
plied to  adead  hunmn  bodv.  except  in  contempt 
Wheresoever  the  carcase  is,  there  will  the  ca^iies  be 
gathered  together.  Mat.  ^iv.  28. 

Beside  the  path  the  unburied  carcass  lay. 

Ilnjant,  The  Ages,  x. 

2.  The  body  of  a  living  animal,  especially  of 
a  large  animal ;  in  contempt,  the  human  body. 

To  pamper  his  own  carcass.        South,  Sermons,  IV.  ii. 

3.  Figui^atively,  the  decaying  remains'  of  a 
bulky  thing,  as  of  a  boat  or  ship. 

JP^^  Goodwins,  ...  a  very  dangerous  flat  and  fatal. 
Where  the  carcases  of  many  a  tall  ship  lie  buried. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iiL  1. 
Some  ruinous  bones  ...  and  stonie  Reliques  of  the 
carkasses  of  more  than  foure  thousand  Places  and  Cities. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  319. 

4  The  frame  or  main  parts  of  a  thing  unfin- 
ished, or  without  ornament,  as  the  timber- 
work  of  a  house  before  it  is  lathed  or  plas- 
tered or  the  floors  are  laid,  or  the  keel,  ribs 
etc.,  ot  a  ship.— 5.  An  iron  case,  shell,  or  hol- 
low vessel  filled  with  combustible 
and  other  substances,  as  gunpow- 
der, saltpeter,  sulphur,  broken  glass, 
tui-pentine,  etc.,  thrown  from  a  mor- 
tar or  howitzer,  and  intended  to  set 
fire  to  a  building,  ship,  or  wooden 
Cletense.    it  has  two  or  three  apertures 
from  which  the  fire  blazes,  and  is  sometimes  made  to  servl 
by  Its  light  as  a  guide  in  throwing  shells.    It  is  some- 
times equipped  with  pistol-barrels  loaded  with  powder  to 
the  muzzle  whicli  explode  as  the  composition  burns  down 
to  them.— Carcass-flooring,  in  building,  a  grated  frame 
of  timberwork  which  supports  the  boarding  or  Hoor! 
boards  above  and  the  ceiling  below.- Carcass-roofing 
a  grated  frame  of  timberwork  which  sp^^s  the  buiS' 
and  carries  the  boarding  and  other  covering.—  Carcas^I 
saw,  a  kind  of  tenon-saw,  having  a  backing  of  metal  bent 
over  and  hammered  down  to  strengthen  the  back 
Oarcavelnos  (kar-ka-val'yos),  n.  [Pg   <  Car- 
cavelkos,  a  village  in  Portugal.  Commoner 
terms  in  England  are  calcavella  and  calcavel- 
los.]    A  sweet  vnne  grown  in  the  district  of 
tJie  same  name  in  Portugal, 
carcel  (kar-sel'),  n.    [See  Carcel  lamp.l  The 
i  reneh  unit  of  artificial  illumination,  equal  to 
the  light  emitted  by  a  standard  lamp  with  a 
flame  40  millimeters  high  and  burning  42  grams 
ot  colza-oil  an  hour, 
carcelagef  (kar'se-laj),  n.    [<  OF.  carcelage  = 
bp.  carcelaje,  carceraje  —  Pg.  carceragem,  prison 
tees,  mcarceration,  <  ML.  carcelaglum,  equiv 
to  carcerarium,  prison  fees,  <  L.  career,  a  pris- 
on.]   Prison  fees.    E.  Phillips,  1706. 
Carcel  lamp  (kar-sel'  lamp).    [From  the  name 
ot  the  inventor.]    A  lamp  in  which  the  oil 
IS  fed  to  the  wick  by  means  of  a  pump  op- 
erated by  clockwork,  sometimes  used  in  light- 
houses and  as  a  domestic  lamp, 
carceralt,  a.  [<  L.  carceralis,  <  career,  a  prison, 
=  Sicilian  Gr.  KapKopov.]    Of  or  belonging  to  a 
prison:  as,  "ca?w«Z  endurance,"  Eoxe. 
carceratet  (kiir'se-rat),  V.  t.    [<  LL.  carceratus, 
pp.  of  carcerare,  imprison,  <  L.  carce?;  prison : 
see  carceral.    Cf.  incarcerate.]    To  imprison; 
incarcerate. 

carcerular  (kar-ser'6-lar),  a.    [<  carcerule  + 
-ar^  •  =  F.  carceridaire.]    Pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling a  carcerule. 
carcerule  (kar'se-rol),  n.    [z=  F.  carcerule,  < 
NL.  carcerula,  dim.  of  L.  career,  a  prison.]  In 
bot. :  (af)  A  now  obsolete  name  for  one  of  the 
component  parts  of  a  schizocarp  (which  see). 
(b)  A  dry  indehiscent  pericarp  with  several 
cells  and  many  seeds, 
carcharisedian  (kar"ka-ri-e'di-an),  n.   A  shark 
of  the  family  Carchariid(B  or  Galeorhinidw. 
Sir  J.  Richardson. 
Carcharias  (kiir-ka'ri-as),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kcp- 
Xap^ac,  a  kind  of  shark,  so  called  from  its  sharp 
or  jagged  teeth,  <  Kapxapo^,  sharp,  jagged.]  1. 
The  typical  genus  of  selachians  of  the  family 
Carchariidw.—2.  Same  as  Carcharinus. 
3.  An  early  name  of  the  genus  Odontaspis. 
Rafinesque,  1810. 
carchariid  (kar-kar'i-id),  n.    A  shark  of  the 
family  Carchaviida:. 

Carchariidae  (kiir-ka-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Carcharias  +  -ida;.']  A  family  of  anarthrous 
sharks,  exemplified  by  the  genus  Carcharias, 


Carchariidae 


818 


card 


to  which  different  limits  have  been  assigned 

by  various  ichthyologists,  (n)  in  GUnthei  's  system 
of  classiticatioii  it  is  a  family  of  Selachoidei,  iliaracteiizeil 
by  the  nictitating  membrane  of  tlie  eye,  tlie  presence  of  an 
anal  tin,  anil  two  developed  dorsal  fins,  (b)  By  Jordan  and 
IJilbert  it  was  substituted  for  Odontaspidce  (which  see). 

Carchariinae  (kar'''ka-ri-i'ne),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

VurcUarias  +  -ince.'\  In  Giiuther's  system  of 
classification,  a  subfamily  of  Carcliariidcc,  hav- 
ing the  teeth  unicuspid,  sharp-edged,  smooth 
or  serrate,  and  erect  or  oblique,  and  the  snout 
produced  longitudinally. 

Carcharinus  (kar-ka-ri'nus),  «.  [NL.,  <  L. 
curcharus,  a  kind  of  'shark  or  dogfish  (cf.  Gr. 
Kapxapiac,  a  kind  of  shark),  <  Gr.  Kapxapog, 
sharp,  jagged.    Cf.  Carcharias.']    A  genus  of 


Blue  Shark  i^Carcharinus £'taucus). 


sharks,  of  the  family  Galeorhinidce,  comprising 
some  of  the  largest  and  most  voracious  of  sela- 
chians. The  blue  shark  is  C.  glaucus.  Also 
Carcharias. 

The  genus  Carcharinus  embraces  the  blue  sharks,  the 
sharks  of  story.  .  .  .  The  species  of  Carcharinus  share 
with  the  species  of  Carcharodon  the  name  man-eater 
sharks.  .Stand.  Xat.  Hist,  III.  82. 

carcharioid  (kar-kar'i-oid),  a.  and  «.    [<  Gr. 

Kapxapia^,  a  kind  of  shark,  +  fMo?,  shape.]  I. 
a.  Resembling  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
CarchariidcB. 
II.  n.  A  carehariid. 

Garcliarodon  (kar-kar'o-don),  «.  [NL. :  see 
carcharodont.']  A  genus  of  man-eater  sharks 
of  enormous  size  and  with  serrate  teeth,  of 
the  family  Lamnidie.  The  only  species,  C.  rondeleti, 
attains  a  length  of  40  feet,  and  is  found  in  all  tropical  and 
temperate  seas.  Teeth  of  extinct  members  of  this  genus 
indicate  species  of  still  more  enormous  dimensions. 

carcharodont  (kar-kar'6-dont),  a.  [<  NL.  car- 
charodon{t-),  <  Gr.  Kopxap^duv,  commonly  nap- 
Xap66ov(,  with  sharp  or  jagged  teeth,  <  mpxa- 
pog,  sharp,  jagged,  +  bdovg  (oSovt-)  =  E.  toof/i.] 
1.  Having  compressed  trenchant  teeth,  like 
those  of  members  of  the  genus  Carcharias. 

—  2.  Having  acute  or  pointed  teeth:  as,  "all 
snakes  are  carcharodont,"  Giinther,  Encyc.  Brit., 
XX.  432. 

carchesium  (kar-ke'si-um),  w.    [L.,  <  Gr.  mp- 

X'laiov,  a  drinking-cup,  the  masthead  of  a  ship.] 
1.  PI.  carchesia  (-a).  lu  classical  antiq.,  a 
drinking-vase,  resembling  the  cantharus,  but 
having  its  bowl  narrower  in  the  middle  than 
above  and  below,  and  its  projecting  handles 
strengthened  by  being  connected  with  the 
bowl  at  about  the  level  of  the  rim.  Also  kar- 
chesion. —  2.  [cap.']  [NL.]  A  genus  of  peritii- 
chous  ciliate  infusorians,  of  the  family  Vorti- 
cellidie.  The  animalcules  are  associated  in  den- 
driform colonies.    C.  pohjpinum  is  an  example. 

In  Carchesium  the  zooids  are  united  in  social  tree-like 
clusters,  but  the  muscle  of  the  pedicle  does  not  extend 
through  the  main  trunk ;  the  individuals  can  withdraw 
themselves  to  the  point  of  branching  of  their  stock,  but 
the  colony  cannot  withdraw  itself  from  its  position. 

Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.  45. 

carcini^  n.    Plural  of  carcinus. 

Carcininse  (kar-si-ni'ne),  11.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Car- 
cinus, 2,  +  -ince.']  A  subfamily  of  crabs,  of  the 
family  Portunidce,  typified  by  the  genus  Carci- 
nus. The  carapace  is  but  slightly  if  at  all  transverse,  and 
the  chelipeds  are  rather  small.  Its  best-known  repre- 
sentatives belong  to  the  genera  Portunus,  Carcinus,  and 
Platyonychus,  which  last  includes  the  lady-crab  of  the 
United  States.  See  cuts  under  Carcinus  and  Platyonychus. 

carcinoid  (kar'si-noid),  a.  [=  P.  carcinoide,  < 
Gr.  KapKivog,  a  crab,  +  elSog,  shape.]  1.  Crab- 
like ;  specifically,  pertaining  to  the  Carcinoida. 

—  2.  Cancroid;  carcinomorphic. 
Carcinoida  (kar-si-noi'da),  n.  pi.    [NL. :  see 

carcinoid.]  In  Latreille's  system  of  classifica- 
tion, a  section  of  his  Branchiopoda,  incongru- 
ously composed  of  the  zoese  of  various  crus- 
taceans, the  genera  Nebalia,  Cuma,  Condylura, 
and  certain  copepods,  as  Cyclops.  [Not  now 
in  use.] 

carcinological  (kar'si-no-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  car- 
cinology  +  -ical;  =  Sp.  carcinoldgico.']  Per- 
taining to  carcinology. " 
carcinologist  (kar-si-nol'o-jist),  n.  [<  carci- 
nology +  -ist.]  One  versed  in  the  science  of 
carcinology. 
The  sanction  of  many  eminent  cardnologists. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  VI.  655. 

carcinology  (kar-si-nol'o-ji),  n.    [==  F.  carci- 
nologie  =  Bp.  carcinologia,  <  Gr.  Kapnivog,  a  crab 


(=  L.  cancer:  see  cancer),  +  -Tioyia,  <  Xkyuv, 
speak:  see  -ology.~\  That  department  of  zo- 
ology which  relates  to  crustaceans,  or  crabs, 
shrimps,  etc.  Also  called  crustaceology  and 
/«  alacostracology. 
carcinoma  (kiir-si-no'ma),  n. ;  pi.  carcinomata 
(-ma-ta).  [L.  (also  in  aecom.  form  canceroma, 
cancroina)  (>  F.  carcinome  -  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carci- 
noma), <  Gr.  KapnivDjua,  a  cancer,  <  napKLvovv,  af- 
fect with  cancer,  <  Kaptiivog,  a  crab,  cancer:  see 
carcinus  and  cancer.]  A  tumor  which  grows 
more  or  less  rapidly,  tends  to  break  down  and 
ulcerate  in  its  later  stages,  propagates  itself 
in  neighboring  or  more  distant  parts,  and  af- 
ter excision  very  frequently  recurs ;  a  cancer, 
in  the  stricter  sense  of  that  word,  a  carci- 
noma is  characterized  microscopically  by  trabeculiie  and 
nodular  masses  of  cells  of  epithelial  form  and  origin, 
running  in  a  stroma  of  tissue  of  raesoblastic  origin.  Sev- 
eral types  are  distinguished :  (1)  flat-celled  epithelioma ; 
(2)  cylinder-celled  epithelioma ;  (3)  simple  carcinoma  (car- 
cinoma simplex),  a  variety  of  glandular  carcinoma  forming 
nodular  tumors  of  considerable  consistency  ;  (4)  carcinoma 
scirrhosum,  or  scirrhous  cancer,  a  variety  forming  very 
hard  nodules  of  almost  the  consistency  of  cartilage ;  (5) 
carcinoma  gelatinosum,  or  cancer  with  colloid  degenera- 
tion of  the  epithelial  parts ;  colloid  cancer ;  (6)  carcinoma 
myxomatodes,  or  cancer  with  the  stroma  consisting  of  mu- 
cous tissue  ;  (7)  cylindroma  carcinomatodes ;  (8)  carcinoma 
gigantocellulare ;  (9)  nielanocarcinoma.  Certain  pathol- 
ogists exclude  the  epitheliomata  from  the  carcinomata, 
and  hold  that  the  latter  are  not  of  epithelial  origin,  but 
are  purely  a  mesoblastic  formation.  Some,  again,  founding 
the  definition  of  carcinomata  entirely  on  anatomical  fea- 
tures, independently  of  histogenetic  considerations,  in- 
clude in  them  the  sarcomata  alveolaria.  The  softer  carci- 
nomata are  as  a  rule  the  more  rapidly  fatal.  The  earlier 
a  cancer  is  removed,  the  greater  is  the  prolongation  of  life 
and  the  chance  of  escaping  a  return.  See  cylindroma, 
epithelioma,  sarcoma.— Alveolax  carcinoma.  See  alve- 
olar. 

carcinomatous  (kar-si-nom'a-tus),  a.  [<  car- 
c{nomtt{t-)  +  -ous ;  =  F.  carcinomateux  =  Pg. 
carcinoma  toso.]  Pertaining  to  carcinoma ;  can- 
cerous; like  a  cancer,  or  tending  to  become 
one. 

Carcinomorpha  (kar''''si-n6-m6r'fa),  7i.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  KapKwog,  a  crab,  +  P-op<pv,  form.]  In 
Huxley's  system  of  classification,  the  cancroid 
or  carcinoid  crustaceans,  as  crabs  and  crab- 
like, short-tailed,  10-footed,  stalked-eyed  crus- 
taceans. It  is  nearly  the  same  as  Brachyura  in  an  or- 
dinary sense,  but  includes  such  forms  as  Ranina,  Homola, 
and  Drvinia. 

carcinomorphic  (kar"si-no-m6r'fik),  a.  [As 
Carcinomorpha  +  -ic]  Carcinoid  or  cancroid; 
specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Carcino- 
morpha. 

carcinophagOUS  (kar-si-nof'a-gus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
KupKivoq,  a  crab,  +  (jiayeiv,  eat.]  Eating  crabs 
and  other  crustaceans ;  cancrivorous. 
carcinus  (kar'si-nus),  n. ;  pi.  carcini  (-ni).  [NL., 
<  Gr.  KapKivog,  a  crab,  cancer,  =  L.  cancer :  see 
cancer.  Cf.  carcinoma.]  1.  Inpathol.,  a  can- 
cer or  carcinoma. —  2.  [cap.]    In  zodl.,  a  ge- 


Green  Crab  {Carcinus  mcenas). 


nus  of  brachyurous  decapod  crustaceans;  the 

shore-crabs.    C.  m/ienas,  the  green  crab,  is  a  very  com- 
mon British  species  of  small  size,  much  used  for  food, 
car-coupling  (kar'kup*ling),  n.    An  arrange- 
ment for  connecting  the  ears  of  a  railroad- 
train.    See  coupling. 

cardl  (kard),  n.  [<  ME.  card  =  D.  Mart  =  G. 
karte  =  Dan.  kort,  a  card,  a  map,  =  Sw.  kort, 
a  card,  karta,  a  chart,  <  F.  carte,  a  card,  ticket, 
bill,  map,  chart,  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carta,  <  ML. 
carta,  also  charta,  a  card,  paper,  a  writing, 
chart,  charter,  <  L.  charta,  a  leaf  of  paper,  pa- 
per, a  writing,  a  tablet,  <  Gr.  x^^P'^V,  also  X^^PTK, 
a  leaf  of  paper,  a  separated  layer  of  the  papyrus- 
bark,  any  thin  leaf  or  sheet,  as  of  lead.  See 
chart,  a  doublet  of  card^,  and  cartel,  charter, 
etc.]    if.  Apaper;  awriting;  achart;  amap. 

I  haue  caused  that  your  Lordship  shall  receiue  herewith 
a  little  Mappe  or  Carde  of  the  world. 

Uakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  215. 

The  places  are  Modon  and  Coron,  which  are  but  twelve 
miles  distant  the  one  from  the  other ;  and  do  stand  in 
our  way  to  Scio,  as  you  may  plainly  see  by  the  card. 

Campum,  in  Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  53. 


He  is  the  card  or  calendar  of  gentry. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2: 

2.  A  piece  of  thick  paper  or  pasteboard  pre- 
pared for  various  purposes.  Specifically  — (a)  A 
piece  of  cardboard  on  which  are  various  figures,  spots, 
names,  etc.,  used  in  playing  games;  especially,  one  of  a 
set  of  52  such  pieces  of  cardboard  (distinctively  called 
playing-cards)  arranged  in  4  suits  of  13,  each  suit  consist- 
ing of  10  pieces  on  which  are  printed  colored  spots  varying 
in  number  from  1  to  10,  different  in  form  in  the  different 
suits,  and  called  spades,  clubs,  diamonds,  and  hearts,  ac- 
cording to  their  shape,  and  3  face-cards,  called  the  king, 
queen,  and  knave  or  jack.  The  color  of  the  sjjades  and 
clubs  is  black  ;  that  of  the  diamonds  and  hearts,  red.  An 
additional  card,  the  joker,  is  sometimes  used  in  euchre. 
See  euchre,  whist,  etc. 

Sche  seyd  that  ther  wer  non  dysgysyngs,  ner  harpyng, 
ner  lutyng,  ner  syngyn,  ner  non  lowde  dysports,  but 
pleyng  at  the  tabyllys,  and  schesse,  and  cards. 

Paston  Letters  (ed.  1875),  III.  314. 
The  European  world  is,  I  think,  here  at  an  end  :  there 
is  surely  no  card  left  to  play. 

Sydney  Smith,  in  Lady  Holland,  vi. 
(6)  A  piece  of  cardboard  on  which  is  written  or  printed 
the  name,  or  the  name,  address,  etc.,  of  the  person  pre- 
senting it,  as  in  making  a  social  visit,  announcing  the 
nature  and  place  of  one's  business,  etc.    Cards  intended 
for  the  former  use  are  called  visiting-cards,  and  for  the 
latter  business  cards,    (c)  A  paper  on  which  the  points  of 
the  compass  are  marked  :  used  with  a  movable  magnetic- 
needle  to  form  a  compass.    See  compass  and  compass-card. 
All  the  quarters  that  they  know 
1'  the  shipman's  card.     Shah.,  Macbeth,  i.  3. 
The  card  of  goodness  in  your  minds,  that  shews  ye 
When  ye  sail  false  ;  the  needle  touch'd  with  honour. 
That  through  the  blackest  storm  still  points  at  happiness. 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  iii.  2> 
On  life's  vast  ocean  diversely  we  sail. 
Reason  the  card,  but  passion  is  the  gale. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  ii.  108. 
(d)  A  piece  of  pasteboard  or  heavy  note-paper  on  which  is; 
written  or  printed  an  invitation  to  a  public  or  private 
entertainment,  especially  an  invitation  to  or  announce- 
ment of  a  wedding. 

3.  A  short  advertisement  of  one's  business,  or 
a  personal  statement  of  any  kind,  in  a  news- 
paper or  other  periodical. —  4.  Anything  re- 
sembling a  card  in  shape  or  use :  as,  a  card  of 
matches;  '■'cards  of  yellow  gingerbread,"  B.  T. 
Cooke,  Somebody's  Neighbors,  p.  393. —  5.  A 
frame  filled  with  honeycomb ;  a  sheet  of  honey- 
comb. P/hh,  Diet.  Apieultui'e,p.  20. — 6.  A  per- 
forated sheet  of  cardboard  or  metal,  used  in  a 
Jacquard  loom  as  a  guide  for  the  threads  in 
weaving  a  pattern. —  7.  An  eccentric  person, 
or  any  one  who  has  some  notable  peculiarity; 
a  character.  [Slang.] 

A  card  in  our  Northern  parts  signifies  a  brawling  vaga- 
bond. Goldsmith,  Works  (ed.  1885),  IV.  454. 

Such  an  old  card  as  this,  so  deep,  so  sly.  Dickens. 
Commanding  cards,  in  whist  and  other  games,  the  best 
cards  unplayed  in  their  respective  suits.—  Cooling  cardt,. 
probably,  a  card  the  playing  of  which  is  so  decisive  of  the 
game  as  to  cool  the  courage  of  the  adversary ;  hence,  figura- 
tively, something  to  damp  one's  hopes  or  aidor.  Other  ex- 
planations are  given. 

There  all  is  marr'd ;  there  lies  a  cooling  card. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VL,  v.  3. 
These  hot  youths, 
I  fear,  will  find  a  cooling  card. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Island  Princess,  i.  3. 
On  the  cards,  publicly  made  known  as  likely  to  take  place  : 
said  in  reference  to  "events"  in  horse-racing,  as  inscribed 
or  written  down  in  proper  form  ;  hence,  anything  likely 
or  possible  to  happen  :  as,  it  is  quite  on  the  cards  that  the 
ministry  may  go  out.— To  call  a  card.  See  cain,  v.— To 
speak  by  the  card,  to  speak  with  precision,  as  from  exact 
information. 

We  must  speak  by  the  card,  or  equivocation  will  undo 
us.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  1. 

card^t  (kard),  V.  i.  [<  ME.  *carden  (in  verbal  n. 
cardying,  cardinge,  carclyng);  from  the  noun.] 
To  play  at  cards. 

card^  (kard),  n.  [<  ME.  carde  =  D.  kaarde  =. 
MLG.  karde  =  OHG.  karta,  charta,  MHG.  karte, 
G.  karde,  dial,  kardel,  kartel  —  Dan.  karte,  karde 
=  Sw.  karda  (cf.  Icel.  karri)  =  F.  carde  =  Sp. 
Pg.  carda  =  It.  cardo,  a  card  (cf .  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
cardo,  a  thistle;  cf.  F.  chardon,  a  plant  the 
head  of  which  is  used  as  a  flax-comb,  G.  kar- 
dendistel  (also  kardetschdistel),  the  thistle  which 
is  used  as  a  flax-comb:  see  cardoon),  <  ML.  car- 
dus,  a  thistle,  a  card,  for  L.  carduus,  a  thistle 
(used  for  carding),  <  carere,  card;  cf.  Gr.  Kclpetv, 
shear,  =  E.  s7iear.]  1.  A  brush  with  wire  teeth, 
used  in  disentangling  fibers  of  wool,  flax,  or 
cotton,  and  laying  them  parallel  to  one  another 
preparatory  to  spinning,  in  hand-cards  the  wires 
are  short  and  are  passed  slantingly  through  leather,  which 
is  then  nailed  upon  a  board.  Two  of  these  brushes  are 
used,  one  in  each  hand,  and  in  use  are  drawn  past  each 
other,  the  fll)ers  being  between  them.  In  the  carding- 
machine,  which  has  superseded  hand-carding,  the  cards 
are  formed  by  hard-drawn  wire  staples,  each  furnishmg 
two  teeth,  drawn  through  leather  and  bent  at  a  certain, 
angle.  The  material  thus  prepared  is  called  card-clothmg. 
See  cardinq -machine. 

2.  Acarding-machine.— 3.  A  currycomb  mad© 
from  a  piece  of  card-clothing. 


card 

card2  (kard),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  carden  (=  D.  haarden 
=  LG.  Jcaarteii  =  G.  harden  =  Dan.  Icarte,  Icarde 
=  Sw.  Icarda  (cf.  Icel.  harra)  =  F.  carder  =  Pr. 
Sp.  Pg.  cardar  =  lt.  car  dare);  <  card^,  n.]  1.' 
To  comb  or  open,  as  wool,  flax,  hemp,  etc.,  with 
a  card,  for  the  purpose  of  disentangling  the 
fibers,  cleansing  fi-om  extraneous  matter,  sep- 
arating the  coarser  parts,  and  making  fine  and 
soft  for  spinning. 

Go  card  and  spin, 
And  leave  the  business  of  the  war  to  men. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metamorpli.,  xii. 


819 


„,  ,,  Perhaps  to  card 

Wool  for  the  Housewife's  spindle. 

Wordsworth,  Michael 


Obverse.  Reverse. 
Cardecu  (quart  d'ecu)  of  Henry  IV.  of  France,  in  the  British  Museum 
( Size  of  the  original. ) 


We  don't  card  silk  with  comb  that  dresses  wool. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  74. 

2t.  To  mingle ;  mix ;  weaken  or  debase  by  mix- 
ing. 

You  card  your  beer,  if  you  see  your  guests  begin  to  be 
di-unk,  haU  small,  half  strong. 

Greene,  Quip  for  an  Upst.  Courtier. 
The  slapping  king  .  .  .  carded  Iiis  state. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 
Cardamine  (kar-dam'i-ne),  n.  [NL.  (cf.  F.  car- 
damine  =  Sp.  cardamiiio  =  Pg.  cardamina  =  It. 
cardamine),  <  L.  cardamina,  <  Gr.  Kapiaiuvri,  also 
Kapdafiii,  a,  cress-like  herb,  prop.  adj.  'cress- 
like/  <  KdpSafiov,  a  kind  of  cress,  nastiu-tium,  = 
Skt.  kardama,  a  certain  plant.  Cf.  cardamom.'] 
A  genus  of  annual  or  perennial  pungent  herbs, 
natui-al  order  Cruciferce,  natives  of  the  cooler  re- 
gions of  the  northern  hemisphere,  with  leaves 
usually  pinnate  and  racemes  of  white  or  pur- 
ple flowers.  It  includes  the  cuckoo-flower  or  lady's- 
smock  (C.  pratensis),  bitter-cress  (C.  amara),  and  other 
species,  the  leaves  of  which  are  pleasantly  pungent  are 
eaten  as  a  salad,  and  have  had  a  reputation  as  an  anti- 
scorbutic and  purifier  of  the  blood.  The  genus  is  some- 
times made  to  include  the  toothwort,  Dentaria. 

cardamom  (kar'da-mom),  n.  [Also  cardamum, 
and  formerly  cardamome,  cardamon  ;  =  D.  kar- 
damom  =  MHG.  kardamuome,  kardemuome,  car- 
demome,  G.  kardamomen  (dim.  kardamumel)  = 
Dan.  kardemome  =  Sw.  kardemumma,  <  F.  car- 
damome (OF.  cardemoine)  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carda- 
momo  (Pg.  also  cardamo.  It.  also  cardamone),  < 
L.  cardamomum,  <  Gr.  Kapdd/iufiov,  cardamom, 
for  *Kap6aiLidfiuiuov,  <  KapSajuov,  a  kind  of  cress,  + 
aiiufiov,  a  kind  of  Eastern  spice-plant :  see  Car- 
damine and  Amomum.~\  One  of  the  capsules  of 
different  species  of  plants  of  the  genera  Amo- 
mum  and  Elettaria,  natural  order  Zingiberacew : 
generally  used  in  the  plural.  These  capsules  are 

thm  and  filled  with  brown  aromatic  seeds,  which  are  used 
in  medicine  as  a  carminative  and  stomachic,  as  well  as 
in  making  sauces,  curries,  and  cordials,  seasoning  cakes 
etc.  The  cardamoms  of  commerce  are  the  product  of 
hlettana  Cardamomum,  a  native  of  the  forests  of  south- 
ern  India,  where  it  is  also  cultivated,  and  of  a  larger- 
muted  variety  of  the  same  species  found  in  Cejlon  The 
plant  IS  reed-hke,  with  large  lanceolate  leaves,  and  grows 
to  the  height  of  from  6  to  10  feet.  Various  other  kinds 
are  used  in  the  East  Indies  and  in  China,  chiefly  tlie  round 
or  cluster  cardamoms  of  Siam  and  Java,  the  fruit  of  Amij- 
mum  Cardamomum;  the  wild  or  bastard  cardamoms  of 
biam,  obtained  from  A.  xanthioides ;  the  Bengal  carda- 
moms, from  A.  aromaticum;  the  Javan,  from  A.  maxi- 
7num,  etc. 

Cardan's  rule.   See  rule. 

cardass  (kar-das'),  n.  [=  G.  kardetsche,  for- 
merly kartatsche,  <  F.  cardasse,  <  It.  cardasso, 
also  aug.  cardassone  (obs.)  (cf.  Sp.  carduza  = 
Pg.  carduga),  a  card  (to  card  wool  with),  < 
cardo,  a  card :  see  cards.]  a  card  to  card  wool 
with. 

card-basket  (kard'bas"ket),  w.  An  ornamental 
basket  for  holding  visiting-cards  which  have 
been  received. 

cardboard  (kiird'bord),  w.  A  stiff  kind  of  pa- 
per made  by  pasting  together  two  or  more 
thicknesses  of  paper,  drying  and  pressing;  a 
thm  pasteboard. 

card-case  (kard'kas),  n.  A  smaU  pocket-ease, 
generally  of  an  ornamental  kind,  for  holding 
the  visiting-cards  of  the  bearer. 

card-catalogue  (kard'kat"a-log),  n.  A  cata- 
logue, as  of  books  in  a  library,  in  which  the 
entries  are  made  on  separate  cards,  which  are 
then  arranged  in  order  in  boxes  or  drawers 

card-clotbing  (kard'klo  'THing),  11.  Wire  card 
used  to  cover  the  cylinders  and  slats  of  a  eard- 
mg-machine  and  for  other  purposes.  See  card"^. 

card-cutter  (kard'kuf'er),  n.  A  machine  or  an 
instrument  for  trimming,  squaring,  and  cutting 
cardboard. 

cardecuf,  cardicuet  (kar'de-kii),  n.    [<  f. 

quart  Wecu:  quart,  fourth  part  (see  quart);  de, 
of;  ecu,  shield,  crown-piece,  <  OF.  escu  =  Sp. 
Pg.  escudo  =  It.  scudo,  shield,  kind  of  coin,  <  L. 
scutum,  shield:  see  scndo  and  escutcheon.']  A 
quarter-crown  {quart  d'ecu),  an  old  French  sU- 


ver  coin.  The  weight  of  the  specimen  repre- 
sented in  the  above  cut  is  146  grains. 

You  see  this  cardecu,  the  last  and  the  only  quintessence 
of  fifty  crowns.  Beau,  and  Fl.,  Thierry  and  Theodoret,  v.  1. 
I  could  never  yet  finger  one  cardicue  of  her  bounty. 

Chapman,  Monsieur  D'Olive,  ii.  l. 
A  set  of  hilding  fellows.  .  .  .  The  bunch  of  them  were 
not  worth  a  cardecu.  Scott. 

cardel  (kar'del),  n.    A  hogshead  containing  64 
gallons,  in  use  among  whalers. 
Cardellina  (kar-de-U'na),  n.    [NL.  (cf.  Sp. 

cardclina  z=  It.  cardelUno,  carderino,  cardello 
(Florio),  also  cardelletto,  goldfinch,  thistle- 
finch),  <  L.  carduelis,  goldfinch  (see  Carduelis), 
+  -witti.]  A  genus  of  beautiful  American  os- 
eme  passerine  birds,  of  the  family  Mniotiltidm 
and  subfamily  Setophaginm ;  the  rose  fly-eatch- 

™?  1"'^^  P^ii'ine  in  shape  and  scarcely 

notched,  tlie  wings  are  long  and  pointed,  tlie  tail  is  short 
and  even  and  the  plumage  is  richly  colored.  C.  amicta  or 
C.  rubnfrons  is  the  red-fronted  warbler;  C.  rubra  is  the 
rose  warbler,  entirely  red  with  silvery  auriculars ;  both 
are  found  in  Te.xas  and  southward.  C.  versicolor  inhabits 
Guatemala. 

carderH  (kar'der),  n.  {_<  card'i-,v.,  +  -er^.]  One 
who  plays  at  cards ;  a  gamester :  as,  "  coggers, 
carders,  dicers,"  £p.  Woolton,  Christian  Manual, 
I.  vi. 

carder2  (kar'der),  K.  [<  card'i,  v.,  4-  -erl ;  =  D. 
kaardster  {^ums.  -ster)  =  G.  karder  =  F.  cardeur 
=  Pr.  cardaire  =  Sp.  cardador  =  It.  cardatorc] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  cards  wool ;  specifi- 
cally, the  machine  employed  in  carding  wool. 

The  spinsters,  carders,  fullers,  weavers. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  2. 

2.  [cap.]  One  of  an  association  of  Irish  rebels 
who  tortured  their  victims  by  driving  a  wool- 
or  flax-card  into  their  backs  and  then  dragging 
it  dovm  along  the  spine. 

This  shall  a  Carder,  that  a  White-boy  be  ; 
Ferocious  leaders  of  atrocious  bands.  Sood. 
carder^  (kar'der),  n.    [E.  dial.,  prob.  a  corrup- 
tion of  caddow,  q.  v.]  A  jackdaw.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
carder-bee,  carding-bee  (kiir'der-,  kar'ding- 
be),  n.    A  name  given  to  several  species  of 
large  bees  of  the  genus  Bombus,  especially  the 
European  Bombus  muscorum,  from  theu-  habit  of 
eardiag  and  plaiting  the  moss  with  which  their 
nests  are  constructed,  when  building,  the  bees  form 
a  line  from  the  nest  to  the  moss  which  is  to  be  used  all  of 
them  facing  toward  the  moss.    The  first  bee  bites  off  some 
sprigs  of  moss,  cards  and  rolls  it  with  the  jaws  and  feet 
and  passes  it  to  the  second,  who  further  manipulates  it 
before  passing  it  to  the  third,  and  so  on  until  the  material 
reaches  the  nest,  where  other  bees  are  employed  in  feltin" 
and  plaiting  the  bits  with  wax  into  a  dome-like  form  made 
to  harmonize  with  the  irregularities  of  the  ground  so  that 
It  IS  hardly  distinguishable.    In  the  beginning  of  tlie  year 
the  bees  work  singly,  each  female  starting  a  new  colony 
card-grinder  (kard' grin "der),  n.   A  machine 
for  sharpening  the  teeth  of  the  cards  used  in 
carding  wool,  flax,  and  cotton.    See  card^. 
cardia  (kar'di-a),  n.    [NL.  (>  F.  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
cardia,  the  cardiac  orifice),  <  Gr.  napdia  =  L.  cor 
(cord-)  =  E.  heart,  q.  v.]   1 .  The  heart.  Wilder. 
—  2.  The  upper  part  of  the  stomach,  where  the 
esophagus  or  gullet  enters  it.    See  cardiac. 
cardiac  (kar'di-ak),  a.  and  n.  [In  JIE.  cardiacle, 
n.,  q.  V. ;  =  F.  cardiaque  =  Sp.  cardiaco  =  Pg. 
It.  cardiaco,  <  L.  cardiacus,  <  Gr.  Kapd/aKdg,  < 
KapSia  =  E.  heart.]    I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  heart.— 2.  Exciting  action  in  the  heart ; 
having  the  quality  of  stimulating  action  in  the 
circulatory  system.    Hence  — 3.  Cordial:  pro- 
ducing strength  and  cheerfulness.— 4.  Per- 
taining to  the  esophageal  portion  of  the  stom- 
ach: opposed  to  pyloric.-caj:dia.c  aorta.  See 

aorta.— Cardiac  arteries  and  veins,  tlie  coronary  ar- 
teries and  veins  of  the  heart.— Cardiac  astlima,  dysp- 
noea due  to  imperfect  action  of  the  heart.  —  Cardiac 
csecimi,  the  cardiac  end  of  the  stomach,  when  it  is  elon- 
gated and  convoluted  like  a  caecum,  as  in  the  blood-suckin-' 
bats,  Des;»M)rfi<te.— Cardiac  Crisis,  an  attack  of  angina 
pectoris  and  irregular  pulse,  especially  such  as  occurs  in  the 
course  of  locomotor  ataxia.— Cardiac  dullness,  the  dull- 
ness of  the  sound  produced  by  percussion  over  that  part  of 
the  chest  where  tlie  heart  lies.  The  area  of  superficial  dull- 
ness maybe  marked  out  by  light  percussion,  and  represents 
the  space  where  the  heart  is  uncovered  by  the  luug  The 


cardiid  ' 

area  of  deep  (hillness,  which  marks  the  outlines  of  the  heart 
Itself,  cuii  hi;  (listinguislied  only  by  strong  peicu,ssion.— 

Cardiac  ganglion.    See  jran^/iioji.— Cardiac  glands 

tiihulur  glaiid.s  of  the  mucous  uieinbraue  of  the  stomach' 
most  numerous  in  the  cardiac  region.  The  portion  next 
the  orifice,  lined  with  epithelium  like  that  of  the  surface  of 
the  gastric  mucous  membrane,  is  short,  and  two  or  more 
tubules  open  into  it.  These  are  lined  with  short,  columnar 
coarsely  granular  cells  called  principal  or  central  cells 
and  between  these  and  the  basement  membrane  the  so- 
called  parietal  cells  are  found.  — Cardiac  line  in  t/tiro- 
mmici/.  the  line  of  the  lieart,  which  runs  across  "the  palm 
from  the  outer  side  toward  the  base  of  the  first  finger  — 
Cardiac  orifice,  the  esoijhageal  opening  of  the  stomach 
—  Cardiac  passiont,  an  old  name  for  heartburn  See 
cardialc/,a.^Caidia.c  plate,  cardiac  ossicle,  a  trans- 
verse arched  calcification  extending  across  the  stomach 
in  some  crustaceans,  as  a  crawfish,  and  articulating  at 
each  end  with  a  pteiocardiac  ossicle.  .See  cut  under 
^»(acirf<e.— Cardiac  plexus,  the  plexus  formed  by  the 
anastomosis  of  piieumogastric  and  sympathetic  and  other 
nerves  going  to  the  heart.— Cardiac  sacs,  in  ecliino- 
denns,  radial  dilatations  or  diverticula  of  the  stomach,  as 
of  a  starfish.  Each  may  be  more  or  less  sacculated,  and 
extend  some  way  into  the  ray  or  arm  to  which  it  corre- 
sponds.—Cardiac  tube,  a  primitive,  rudimentary,  or  em- 
bryonic heart,  m  a  simply  tubular  stage.— Cardiac  ves- 
sels, the  arteries  and  veins  of  the  heart.  — Cardiac 
wneel,  in  mech.,  a  heart-wheel ;  a  cam-wlieel  in  the  form 
of  a  heart.  See  /icar^-carn.- Middle  cardiac  nerve  the 
largest  of  the  three  cardiac  nerves,  arising  from  the  mid- 
dle cervical  sympathetic  ganglion,  and  proceeding  to  the 
deep  cardiac  plexus.  Also  called  nermis  cardiacus  maq- 
nus. 

II.  11.  A  medicine  which  excites  action  in  the 
stomach  and  animates  the  spu-its ;  a  cordial, 
cardiacal  (kar-di'a-kal),  a.    Same  as  cardiac. 
cardiacet,  «.  [Appar.  <  Gr.  KapdiaKfj,  fem.  of  Kap- 
iiuKoc,  relating  to  the  heart :  see  cardiac]  A 
heart-shaped  precious  stone.  Crabb. 
Cardiacea  (kar-di-a'se-a),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Car- 
dium  +  -acea.]    1.  In'Cuvier's  system  of  clas- 
sification, the  fourth  family  of  his  testaceous 
acephals,  approximately  corresponding  to  the 
modem  family  CardiidcB.—2.  A  superfamily  of 
bivalve  moUusks,  formed  for  the  families  Car- 
diidce,  Adacnidie,  Veniliida;,  and  Glossidw. 
Cardiaceae  (kar-di-a'se-e),  n.  2)1.    [NL.,  <  Car- 

dium  +  -acea;.]    Same  as  Cardiidw. 
cardiaclef,  «.    [ME.,  with  unorig.  term.  -Ic,  < 
OF.  cardiaque,  n.,  <  L.  cardiacus,  having  pain 
about  the  heart :  see  cardiac]    A  pain  about 
the  heart.  Chaucer. 
cardiac-pulmonic  (kar"di-ak-pul-mon'ik),  a. 

Same  as  cardiopulmonary. 
Cardiadse  (kiir-di'a-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Car- 
dium  +  -ada;.]    Same  as  Cardiidce. 
cardiagra  (kar-di-ag'ra),  11.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kapdia, 
=  E.  heart,  +  dypa,  a  catching.    Cf.  chiragra, 
iwdagra.]  Inpathol.,  pain  or  gout  of  the  heart, 
cardiagraphy  (kar-di-ag'ra-fi),  n.    A  less  cor- 
rect form  of  cardiography,"!. 
cardialgia  (kar-di-al'ji-a),  11.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  aap- 
dia'Ayla,  heartbm-n,  <  Kap6ia?.y7jc,  having  the 
heartburn,  <  Kap6ta,  =  E.  heart,  +  a'Ayog,  pain.] 
Inpathol.,  the  heartburn;  a  burning  sensation 
m  the  upper,  left,  or  cardiac  orifice  of  the 
stomach,  rising  into  the  esophagus,  due  to  in- 
digestion; gastralgia. 
cardialgy  (kar-di-al'ji),  n.    [=  F.  cardialgie  = 
bp.  Pg.  It.  cardialgia,  <  NL.  cardialgia,  q.  v.] 
Same  as  cardialgia. 


cardianastrophe  (kar"di-a-nas'tr6-fe),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  Kapdia,  =  E.  heart,  +  dvaa-po(p?/,  a 
tumijig  back:  see  anastrophe.]  A  malforma- 
tion in  which  the  heart  is  placed  upon  the  right 
instead  of  the  left  side. 

cardiasthma  (kar-di-ast'ma),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

Kapdia,  r=  E.  heart,  +  a<T6>//o;' asthma :  see  astli- 
ma.] Inpa  thoh,  dyspnoea  caused  by  disease  of 
the  heart ;  cardiac  dyspnoea, 
cardiatrophia  (kar"di-a-tr6'fi-a),  11.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  Kapdia,  =  E.  heart,  +  dTpo(j>iaj  want  of  nour- 
ishment: see  atrophy.]  In  pathol,  atrophv  of 
the  heart.  >       i  j' 

cardicentesis  (kar"di-sen-te'sis),  n.    Same  as 
cardiocentesis. 
cardicuet,  «■    See  cardecu. 
Cardidse  (kar'di-de),  n.  pi.    Same  as  Cardiidce. 
cardiectasis  (kar-di-ek'ta-sis),  n.    [NL.  (>  F. 
cardiectasie),  <  Gr.  Kapdia','=  E.  heart,  +  kK-actg, 
stretching  out,  dilatation:  see  ectasis.]  Dila- 
tation of  the  heart. 

cardiform  (kar'di-form),  a.  [<  ML.  cardu.%  a 
card  (see  card"^),  +  L.  forma,  shape.]  In  ichth., 
ha-ving  the  appearance  of  a  card  (see  card"^); 
having  slender  teeth  closely  set  like  those  of  a 
card. 

cardigan  (kar'di-gan),  n.  [Named  from  the 
Earl  of  Cardigan  (1797-1868).]  A  close-fit- 
ting knitted  woolen  jacket  or  waistcoat.  Also 
called  cardigan  jacket. 
cardiid  (kar'di-kl),  H.  A  bivalve  moUusk  of 
the  family  Cardiidw. 


Gardiida 

Cardiidse  (kar-di'i-de),  w.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Cardi- 

um  +  -id(v.'\  The  family  of  cockles,  typified 
by  the  gemis  Cardium.  it  is  a  group  of  siphonate 
lieailless  mollusks  or  tracheate  laiuellibvanclis,  eonsistini; 
of  the  cockles  and  their  allies,  having  equivalve  convex 
shells,  witli  prominent  umbones  or  l)eaks  cur\'ed  toward 
the  hinge,  which,  viewed  sidewise,  give  a  heart-shaped  lig- 
nre.  SeeCwdiuin.  Other  forms  are  Carrfi'nci'CE,  Cardiadiv, 
Cardidce. 

cardinal  (kar'di-B,il),  a.  and  «.    [I.  a.  <  ME. 

cardinal  =  I),  kardihaal  =  G.  Dan.  Sw.  lardinal- 
(iised  only  in  comp.)  =  F.  cardinal  —  Pr.  carde- 
nal  =  Sp.  cardinal  —  Pg.  cardcul  =  It.  cardi'nale, 
important,  chief,  <  h.^cardinalis,  pertaining  to 
a  hinge,  hence  applied  to  that  on  which  some- 
thing turns  or  depends,  important,  principal, 
chief  (cf.  a  somewhat  similar  use  of  E.  pivotal). 
n.  n.  <  ME.  cardinal,  cardenal  (after  OF.),  late 
AS.  cardinal  =  D.  kardinaal  —  MHG.  lardendl, 
G.  kardinal  =  Dan.  Sw.  kardinal  -  OF.  cardi- 
nal, cardenal,  F.  cardinal  =  Pr.  Sp.  cardenal 
=  Pg.  cardeal  =  It.  cardinale  =  Kuss.  kardinalu, 


820  cardiogmus 

Shrimps,  lobsters,  crabs,  and  cray-flshes,  which  are  car. 
dlnalized  witli  boiling.      Urquhart,  tr.  of  Ral)elai8,  i.  39. 

cardinal-red  (kar'di-nal-red),  a.   Of  a  cardinal 
color. 

cardinalship  (kar'di-nal-ship),  11.    [<  cardinal 

+  -ship.']    Same  as  cardinalatc^.    Bp.  Mall. 
cardines,  w.    Plural  of  car  do. 

A  rich  deep-red.color,  somewhat  less  vivid  S^'^rd^l^^"'"''"'^  ^^^^ 

Use  not  dyceing  nor  carding  ;  the  more  yow  use  them 
the  lesse  yow  wil  be  esteemed. 

Bahces  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  SCO. 


century:  so  named  from  its  similarity  in  shape 
and  color  to  one  of  the  vestments  of  a  cardinal. 

At  a  later  period  the  material  as  well  as  the  color  varied. 
Malcolm,  writing  in  1807,  says  the  cardinal  was  almost 
always  of  black  silk  richly  laced.    See  mozetta. 

Sir,  I  must  take  leave  of  ray  mistress  ;  she  has  valuables 
of  mine  :  besides,  my  cardinal  and  veil  are  in  her  room. 

Slieridan,  The  Duenna,  i.  3, 


rirginianus,  and  some  related  species,  as  C.  iff- 
■ncHS  and  others.  (6)  A  name  applied  to  sev- 
eral other  crested  finches  of  America,  as  the 
species  of  the  genus  Paroaria,  and  the  Guber- 
vatrix  ci'istatclla. —  CarAinaVs  hat,  in  her.  See  hat, 
and  cut  above.— Texas  cardinal,  Pyrrhuloxia  sinuata. 
^  See  Pyrrhuloxia. 

<  ML.  cardinalis,  a  chief  presbyter,  a  cardinal,  cardinalate^  (kar'di-nal-at),  n.  [=  D.  kardina- 
from  the  adj. ;  <  L.  cardo  (cardiii-),  a  hinge ;  cf.  laat  -  -  F.  cardinalat  =  Sp.  cardenalato  =  Pg. 
Gr.  Kpa6av,  swing.]    I.  a.  1.  Of,  pertaining   cardinalado,cardealado  =  li.cardinalato,<.'Mlj 


than  scarlet :  named  from  the  color  of  the  vest- 
ments of  a  cardinal. —  4.  A  hot  drink  similar 
to  bishop,  but  usually  made  with  claret  instead 
of  port,  of  which  bishop  is  compoimded. —  5. 
In  ornitli. :  (a)  A  bird  of  the  genus  Cardinalis 

(which  see),  as  the  cardinal  redbird,  Ca«?umi/.  ^^^^^^-^  (kar'ding),  n.    [<  ME.  cardyng ;  ver- 

bal  n.  of  carcP,  v.]  1.  The  process  of  comb- 
ing wool,  flax,  or  cotton. — 2.  A  loose  roll  of 


My  Lord  is  little  at  home,  minds  his  cardinrj  and  little 
else,  takes  little  notice  of  any  body.  Pepys,  Diary,  II.  113. 


to,  or  of  the  nature  of  a  hinge ;  noting  that  on 
which  something  else  hinges  or  depends ;  hence, 
chief;  fundamental;  preeminent;  of  special  im- 
portance: as,  cardinal  virtues  or  sins;  the  car- 
dinal doctrines  of  a  creed;  the  cardinal  points. 


cardinalatus,  <  cardinalis,  a  cardinal:  see  cardi- 
nal and  -ate'i.']    The  office,  rank,  dignity,  or  in- 
cumbency of  a  cardinal.    Also  cardinnhhip. 
An  old  friend  of  his  was  advanced  to  a  cardinalate. 

Sir  J{.  L  Estrange. 

„,  .  .  X      1,  ,     J      J-    7  .,  .n,„ii,-       Beaufort  had  made  the  great  mistake  of  his  life  in  1426, 

by^r.i^L"^l^^srar,KUtt^s^L^^^^^^^^^^  accepting  the  cardinal!te.    StuO.s,  Const  Hist.,  S  657. 

filosofes  speke.     Ayenbite  of  inwit  (E.  E.  T.  s.),  p.  124.  cardinalate^f  (kar'di-nal-at),  V.  t.    [<  cardinal, 

Every  man  gradually  learns  an  art  of  catching  at  the    n    +  -«te2.]     To  make  a  cardinal  of  ;  raise  to 
leading  words,  and  the  cardinal  or  hinge-joints  of  transi-    the  omce  01  cardinal.     Jip.  Mail. 
tion,  which  proclaim  the  general  course  of  a  writer's  specu-  cardinal-bird  (kar'di-nal-berd),  «.    The  cardl- 

  '    nal,  cardinal  gi-osbeak,  or  cardinal  redbird,  Car- 

dinalis  virginianns,  an  oseine  passerine  bird  of 


cotton  or  wool  as  it  comes  from  a  carding-ma- 
chine :  chiefly  in  the  plural. 

The  motion  thus  communicated  to  the  carding  twisted 
it  spirally ;  when  twisted  it  was  wound  upon  the  spindle  ; 
another  carding  was  attached  to  it,  drawn  oittand  twisted. 

A.  Barlow,  Weaving,  p.  384. 

carding-bee,  n.    See  carder-bee. 

carding-engine  (kar'ding-en"jin),  n.  Same  as 
carding-niuchine. 

carding-machine  (kar'ding-ma-shen"),  n.  A 
machine  for  carding  fibers  of  wool,  flax,  or 
cotton,  preparatory  to  di-awing  and  spinning. 

In  the  earlier  carding-maohines  the  fibers  were  fed  by 
hand  to  a  cylinder  upon  which  card-clothing  was  laid  in 
strips  parallel  to  the  axis,  and  were  removed  from  these 


lation.        "  -De  Quincey,  Style,  i. 

Even  in  societies  like  our  own,  there  is  maintained  in 
the  army  the  doctrine  that  insubordination  is  the  cardinal 
offence.  H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  632. 

2.  In  conch.,  of  or  relating  to  the  hinge  of  a  bi- 
valve shell:  as,  cardmrt/ teeth.— 3.  In  cntom., 
pertaining  to  the  cardo  or  base  of  the  maxilla, 
which  is  sometimes  called  the  cardinal  j^iece. — 
4.  [See  II.,  3.]  Of  a  rich  deep-red  color,  some- 
what less  vivid  than  scarlet — Cardinal  abbot.  See 
abbot.— Caidinal  bishop,  priest,  deacon.  See  li.,  i. 
—Cardinal  finch,  cardraal  grosbeak.   See  caniinal- 

iini.— Cardinal  margin,  the  upper  margin  or  hinge  of 
a  bivalve  shell,  containing  the  teeth.— Cardinal  num- 
bers, the  numbers  one,  two,  three,  etc.,  in  distinction  from 
_/j)-.<f,  second,  third,  etc.,  which  are  called  ordinal  numbers. 
— Cardinal  points.  («)  Ingeog.,  north  and  south,  east 
and  west,  or  the  four  intersections  of  the  horizon  with  the 
meridian  and  the  prime  vertical  circle,  (b)  In  astral.,  the 
rising  and  setting  of  the  sun,  tlie  zenith,  and  the  nadir. — 
Cardinal  redbird.  See  co rd i nal -bird.— Cardinal  signs, 
in  astron.,  Aries,  Libra,  Cancer,  and  Capricorn. —  Cardi- 
nal tanager,  a  Xorth  American  tanager  of  the  genus  Pt- 

ranga,  as  the  scarlet  tanager  or  the  summer  redbird,  P.  ^„_j^„_i,-„  /i,:iT  rli  TiT'liq"!  n  TNTj 
rubra  or  P.  a;.-<tim:  so  called  from  the  red  color.- Cardi-  CardinallS  (kai-ttl-na  ll_s;,  ?i.  li^U. 
naJ  teeth,  the  hinge-teeth  of  a  bivalve  close  to  the  um- 
bones, as  distinguished  from  those  further  away,  called  the 
lateral  teeth.  See  cut  under  bimlre.—  Cardinal  trilost, 
a  local  English  (Cornwall)  name  of  sting-rays  witli  two 
spines.  See  «raos«.— Cardinal  Virtues,  the  most  impor- 
tant elements  of  good  character;  specifically,  in  ancient 
philosophy,  justice,  prudence,  temperance,  and  fortitude. 

As  there  are  four  cardinal  virtues,  upon  which  the 
whole  frame  of  the  court  doth  move,  so  are  these  the 
four  cardinal  properties,  without  which  the  body  of  com- 
pliment moveth  not.  B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 
Cardinal  winds,  those  which  blow  from  the  cardinal 
points. 

II.  n.  1.  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  member 
of  the  Sacred  College,  a  body  of  ecclesiastics 
who  rank  in  dignity  next  to  the  pope  and  act  as 
his  counselors  in  the  government  of  the  church. 

In  case  of  a  vacancy  in  the  papal  ottice  they  maintain  order 
in  the  church  and  protect  its  interests  till  a  new  pope  is 
elected  by  themselves  from  their  own  number.  They  are 
appointed  by  the  pope,  and  are  divided  into  three  classes 
or  orders,  called  in  full  cardinal  bishops  (fi),  cardinal  jiriests 
(50),  and  cardinal  deacons  (14).    A  cardinal  priest  may  be 

a  liishop  or  an  arch- 


the  family  Fringillidw,  called  by  Cuvier  the  car- 
dinal finch.  It  is  from  8  to  9  inches  in  length,  and  of  a 
fine  red  color,  including  the  bill,  the  female  being  duller 
in  color  than  the  male.  Its  face  is  black  and  the  head 
crested.  It  is  sometimes  called  the  Virginia  nightingale, 
on  account  of  its  song,  and  also  scarlet  grosbeak.  It  is 
common  in  many  parts  of  tlie  United  States,  especially  in 
the  south.  The  name  is  extended  to  other  species  of  the 
genus  Cardinalis  and  to  some  related  genera.  See  car- 
dinai,  n.,  5.    See  cut  under  Cardinalis. 

cardinal-flo-wer  (kiir'di-nal-flou"er),  n.  The 
name  commonly  given  to  Lobelia  cardinalis, 
because  of  its  large,  very  showy,  intensely  red 
flowers :  it  is  a  native  of  North  America,  and 
is  often  cultivated  in  gardens.  A  similar  species, 

L.  syphilitica,  with  bright-blue  flowers,  is  sometimes  called 
blue  cardinal-flower. 
When  fades  the  cardinal-flower,  whose  heart-red  bloom 
Glows  like  a  living  coal  upon  the  green 
Of  the  midsununer  meadows. 

R.  W.  Gilder,  An  Autumn  Meditation. 

see  cardi- 
nal.']   1.  A  genus  of  cardinal-birds,  or  cardinal 


Cardinal-bird  (Cardinalis  virginiatius). 


dom  full,  vacancies 
nearly  always  exist- 
ing. The  dress  of  a 
cardinal  is  a  red 
soutane  or  cassock, 
a  rochet,  a  short 
purple  mantle,  and 
a  low-crowned, 
broad -brimmed  red 
hat  (not  actually 
worn),  with  two 
cords  depending 
from  it,  one  from 
either  side,  each 
having  fifteen  tas- 
sels atitsextremity. 

2.  A  cloak,  ori- 
ginally of  scarlet  cloth,  with  a  hood,  much  worn 
by  women  at  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth 


Carding-machine. 
main  cylinder;  /),  ^.      G,  tootlied  rollers ;  /.bearings;  A',  roller; 
L,  toothed  drum,  or  dofFer. 

strips  by  hand  as  they  became  full.  In  modern  cotton- 
carding  machines  a  loose  roll  of  fibers,  called  a  lap,  is 
placed  in  guides  and  rests  upon  a  roller,  which  as  it  re- 
volves unwinds  the  lap  and  delivers  it  to  the  feed-roll,  on 
passing  through  which  it  is  seized  by  the  card-teeth  upon 
a  small  cylinder,  called  the  licker-in,  from  which  it  is 
drawn  by  the  teeth  of  the  clothing  of  the  main  cylinder. 
Other  small  cylinders  successively  remove  the  fibers 
from  and  deliver  them  to  the  main  cylinder.  The  tufts, 
tangles,  or  knots  which  are  not  loosened  by  the  action  of 
these  cylinders  project  beyond  the  teeth  of  the  main  cylin- 
der, and  are  caught  by  the  teeth  of  a  succession  of  wooden 
slats  called  card-tops,  top-cards,  or  top-flats,  from  which 
they  are  cleared  or  stripped  by  hand  or  by  mechanical  de- 
vices. The  fibers  upon  tlie  main  cylinder  are  laid  parallel 
upon  it,  and  are  removed  by  means  of  the  doffer,  a  cylin- 
der moving  in  an  opposite  direction  from  the  main  cylin- 
der and  at  a  very  much  slower  rate,  and  whose  whole  sur- 
face is  covered  by  card-clothing.  The  cotton  is  stripped 
from  the  doffer  in  a  thin  continuous  sheet  of  its  full  width, 
by  means  of  a  comb  vibrating  vertically  in  contact  with 
the  teeth  of  the  doflfer.  This  sheet  of  fibers  is  drawn  to- 
gether into  a  ribbon,  traverses  a  funnel  or  trumpet,  and  is 
passed  between  successive  pairs  of  rolls,  which  draw  out 
and  condense  the  sliver,  and  finally  deliver  it  into  the  can 
ready  for  the  drawing-frame,  where  it  is  doubled  and 
drawn  preparatory  to  twisting  or  spinning.  For  fine  work, 
the  operation  of  carding  is  repeated.  The  preparatory 
card  or  cards  are  called  breakers,  and  those  machines  on 
which  the  carding  is  completed  are  called  flnishers.  The 
principle  of  the  wool-carding  machine  is  identical  with 
that  of  the  cotton-carding  machine,  and  it  is  chiefly  distin- 
guished from  the  latter  by  agi-eat  number  of  small  cylinders 
called  urchins,  which  work  in  pairs  and  are  called  workers 
and  cleaners.  The  worker  is  the  larger  of  the  two ;  it  strips 
the  wool  from  the  large  main  cylinder,  and  is  itself  clean- 
ed by  the  smaller  cylinder  or  cleaner,  which  delivers  the 
wool  back  to  the  main  cylinder,  when  it  is  again  seized 
by  the  next  worker.  Wool-fibers  are  oiled  to  facilitate 
carding  and  to  prevent  felting, 
cardio-.  [NL.,  etc.,  cardio-,  sometimes  less 
prop,  cardia-,  <  Gr.  napdio-,  combining  form  of 
Kupiia  =  E.  heart]  An  element  in  some  words 
of  Greek  origin,  meaning  heart. 

n.     [<  Gr.  KapSia,  = 


Cardinal's  Hat  used  heraldically  as 
the  armorial  achievement  of  a  car( 


3art  of 
.nal. 


bishop,  and  a  car- 
dinal deacon  may 
be  of  any  ecclesias- 
tical grade  below  .,        .     -ti-t     i      •  i 
bishop.  The  college    grosbeaks,  of  the  family  Fringillidw,  having  red 

of  cardinals  is  sel-    as  the  chief  color.  The  bill  is  stout,  conical,  and  red,   „  , 

the  wings  are  very  short  and  rounded,  and  the  tail  is  cardiocele  (kar'di-6-sel)'^ 

roimded  and  longer  than  the  wings.   It  includes  several  ^                A-  Mr,  tnVnnr  1    Tn  •nnfhnl    the  nro- 

species  of  the  warmer  parts  of  America.  Heecardinal,  n.,  E.  heart,  +  !<vAn,  tumor.J    in  P™ 

5;  and  cardinal-bird.  trusion  of  the  heart  through  a  wound  of  the 

2.  [I.e.]  In  brachiopods,  a  muscle  which  opens  diaphragm.                _         _               -r  , 

the  shell.  cardiocentesis  (kar"di-o-sen-te'sis),  n.   [NL.,  < 

cardinalitial  (kar-'di-na-lish'ial),  a.    [<  cardi-  Gr.  Kapdia,  =  E.  heart,  +  KhrTjatg,  a  pricking,  < 

nal  +  -itial.    Cf.  Sp.  cardenalicio  =  Pg.  cardi-  Kevrelv,  prick,  puncture:  see  center.]   In  thera- 

nalicio  =  lt.  cardinalizio.]    Of  or  pertaining  to  peutics,  intentional  puncture  of  the  walls  of 

a  cardinal;  of  the  rank  of  a  cardinal.   [Rare.]  the  heart,  as  for  the  purpose  of  asptratioi'. 

Raised  him  to  the  cardinalitial  dignity.  Another  form  is  cardicentesis. 

Card.  Wiseman,  Lives  of  the  Last  Four  Popes,  cardiodynia  (kar''''dl-0-din  1-a),  n.     [NL.,  <.  W. 

cardinalize  (kiir'di-nal-iz),  v.  t.    [<  cardinal  +  KapSia,  =  E.  heart,  +' bdvvTi,  pain.]    In  pathol, 

-ize;  =Y.cardinaliser  =  ^^.cardenalizar.]   1.  pain  in  the  heart.   ^                       -n  , 

To  make  a  cardinal  of.    Sheldon.   [Rare .]  —  2.  cardiogmust,  « •    [NE. ,  <  Gr.  mpSia,  =  E.  heart, 

To  make  cardinal  in  color.    [Rare.]  -1-  6y//of,  a  furrow.]     In  j;af/(oi.,  cardialgia, 


The  Cardioid. 


cardiogmus 

aneurism  of  the  heart  or  aorta;  dilatation  of 
the  heart ;  angina  pectoris. 

cardiognostict,  a.  [<  Gr.  Kap&ia,  =  E.  heart,  + 
yi^uCT-fAOf,  knowing.]  Knowing  the  heart;  know- 
ing the  secret  thoughts  of  men.    Kersey,  1708. 

cardiogram  (kar'di-9-gram),  «.  [<  Gr.  KapSia, 
=  E.  heart,  +  ypd/jjua,  a  writing.]  In  physiol., 
a  tracing  taken  with  the  cardiograph  from  the 
beating  of  the  heart. 

cardiograph  (kar'di-o-graf),  n.  [<  Gr.  Kap6ia,  = 
E.  heart,  +  ypa<psiv,  write.]  Jn  physiol.,  an  ap- 
paratus for  recording  by  a  tracing  the  move- 
ments of  the  heart,  it  consists  essentially  of  a  device 
(as  a  liollow  cup  containing  a  spring  pressed  against  the 
cliest)  for  producing  in  an  elastic  diaphragm  vibrations 
which  correspond  to  the  movements  of  the  heart  these 
vibrations  being  recorded  by  means  of  a  lever  in  a  tracinn- 
upon  a  revolving  cylinder.  It  was  invented  liy  Marcy  ; 
in  his  original  experiments  he  introduced  hollow  sounds 
ending  in  elastic  ampullaj  into  the  auricles  and  ventricles 
of  the  heart  of  a  horse. 

cardiography  (kar-di-og'ra-fi),  n.  [Also  writ- 
ten (in  sense  1)  less  correctly  cardiagrajjhy  ; 
=  F.  cardiographie,  and  less  correctly  cardia- 
graphie,  <  Gr.  Kapdla,  =  E.  heart,  +  -ypacjiia,  < 
ypd^ecv,  write.]  1.  An  anatomical  description 
of  the  heart.— 2.  Examination  with  the  cardio- 
graph. 

Cardiorjmphij,  in  which  a  tracing  is  obtained  of  the  pul- 
sations of  the  heart.  Pop.  Sci.  No.,  XXV.  193. 

cardioidl  (kar'di-oid),  n.     [<  Gr.  KapSioeiS^^, 
heart-shaped,  <  Kapdia,  =  E.  heart,  +  eldoc, 
form.]    A  curve  which  may  be 
considered  as  the  path  of  a 
point  on  the  circumference  of 
a  circle  which  rolls  on  another 
circle  of  equal  size. 
cardioid2  (kar'di-oid),  a.  [< 
Cardium  +  -oid.']  Eesembling 
or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Cardiidw. 
Cardioidea  (kar-di-oi'de-a),  11. 
pi.    [NL.,  <  Cardium  +  '-oidea.'\    A  group  of 
cardioid  bivalves, 
cardio-inhibitory  (kar'^'di-o-in-hib'i-to-ri),  a. 
[<  Gr.  iiapdia,  —  E.  heart,  +  inhibitory.^  In 
physiol.,  stopping  the  pulsations  of  the  heart 
or  diminishing  their  frequency  and  strength, 
cardiology  (kar-di-ol'6-ji),  n.    [=  F.  cardiolo- 
gie  (cf.  Sp.  Pg.  cardialogia),  <  NL.  cardiologia, 

<  Gr.  Kapdia,  =  E.  heart,  +  -'Aoyia,  <  Myecv,  speak : 
see  -ology.']  In  anat.  and  physiol.,  a  discourse 
or  treatise  on  the  heart ;  a  scientific  statement 
of  the  facts  relating  to  the  heart. 

cardiomalacia  (kar'di-o-ma-la'shi-a),  w.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  Kapdia,  =  E.  heart,  +  paXada',' softness,  < 
palaKog,  soft.]  In  pathol.,  morbid  softening  of 
the  muscular  tissue  of  the  heart,  especially  from 
obstruction  of  a  branch  of  the  coronary  arteries. 

cardiometry  (kar-di-om'e-tri),  11.  [<  Gr.  Kap6ia, 
=  E.  heart,  +  phpov,  measure.]  In  anat,  the 
process  of  ascertaining  the  dimensions  of  the 
heart  without  dissection,  as  by  means  of  per- 
cussion or  auscultation. 

cardiopalmus  (kar"di-o-pal'mus),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  mpdia,  z=  E.  heart,'  +  ■KaT.poq,  palpitation, 
quivering, <  -KakXuv,  poise,  sway,  swing,  quiver.] 
In  pathol.,  palpitation  of  the  heart. 

cardiopericarditis  (kar"di-6-per"i-kar-di'tis), 
n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  /capA'a,  =  E.  heart,  +  TrepiKopSiov, 
pericardium:  see  pericardium.']  In  pathol.,  in- 
flammatiou  of  the  heart-muscle  and  pericar- 
dium. 

cardiopneumatic  (kar-'di-o-nu-mafik),  a.  [< 
Gr.  mpdia,  =  E.  heart,  +  ■Kvevpa{T-),  lung:  see 
pneumatic.']  Pertaining  both  to  the  heart  and 
to  the  air  of  the  lungs  and  air-passages:  as, 
cardiopneumatic  movement,  the  movement  of 
the  air  in  the  air-passages  by  the  beating  of  the 
heart. 

cardiopulmonary  (kar'-'di-o-pul'mo-na-ri),  a. 
[<  Gr.  Kapdia,  =  E.  heart,  +  L.  imlmo{n-),  lung: 
see  pulmonary.]  Pertaining  both  to  the  heart 
and  to  the  limgs.    Also  cardiac-pulmonic. 

cardiopylorlc  (kar"di-6-pi-lor'ik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
Kapdta,  =  E.  heart,  +  nvAupog,  pylorus :  see  py- 
lorus, pyloric]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  cardiac 
and  pyloric  portions  of  the  stomach.— Cardio- 
pylorlc muscle  (of  the  stomach  of  certain  crustaceans 
as  the  crawfish),  one  of  a  pair  of  muscles  which  pass  one 
on  each  side,  beneath  the  lining  of  the  stomach,  from  the 
cardiac  to  the  pyloric  ossicles. 

cardiorhexis  (kar"di-o-rek'sis),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

mpdia,  =  E.  heart,  +  pijitg,  a  breaking,  rupture, 

<  pvyv'uvat,  break.]    Rupture  of  the  heart, 
cardiostenosis  (kar"di-o-ste-no'sis),  n.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  mpdia,  =  E.  heart,  +  arei/uatc,  a  narrow- 
ing, <  oTEvovv,  make  narrow,  <  orevdf,  narrow.]  A 
narrowing  of  the  conus  arteriosus  of  the  heart. 


821 

cardiotomy  (kar-di-ot'o-mi),  n.  [=  F.  cardio- 
tomie,  <  Gr.  mp6ia,  =  "E.  heart,  +  ropt/,  a  cut- 
ting: see  anatomy.]    Dissection  of  the  heart. 

cardiotromus  (kiir-di-ot'ro-mus),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  mpdia,  =  E.  heart,  +  rpipeiv  =  L.  tromerc, 
tremble:  see  tremble.]  In  ;>ai/<o;.,  fluttering  of 
the  heart,  especially  a  slight  degree  of  that  af- 
fection. 

carditis  (kiir-di'tis),  n.  [NL.  (>  F.  cardite), 
<  Gr.  mpdia,  =  E.  heart,  +  -itis.]  In  pathol., 
inflammation  of  the  muscular  substance  of  the 
heart;  myocarditis. 

Cardium  (kiir'di-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  mpdia  =  'E. 
heart,  q.  v.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Cardiidw,  embracing  the  true  cockles,  of  which 
the  best-known  species  is  the  common  edible 
one,  C.  edule.  The  large  prickly  cockle  is  C.  aculcatum. 
in  tins  genus  the  foot  is  largely  developed,  and  used  not 
only  in  progression,  but  also  in  the  excavation  of  hollows 
in  tlie  sand  or  mud.  By  some  authors  the  C.  costatum  of 
Alnca  IS  considered  as  the  type,  while  by  others  it  is  re- 
garded as  representing  a  distinct  genus,  TroiMocardium. 
See  cut  under  corkle. 

card-maker  (kard'ma"ker),  n.  One  who  makes 
cards;  specifically,  one  who  makes  cards  for 
combing  wool  or  flax. 

Am  not  I  Christopher  Sly,  old  Sly's  son,  of  Burton- 
heath  ;  by  liirth  a  pedler,  by  education  a  card-maker,  by 
transmutation  a  bear-herd,  and  now  by  present  profession 
^  tinker?  shalc,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  ii. 

card-match  (kard'mach),  n.  One  of  the  matches 
formerly  made  by  dipping  in  melted  sulphur 
(now  in  the  usual  preparation  for  friction- 
matches)  a  thin  strip  of  wood  in  the  form  of  a 
toothed  card. 

It  should  be  my  care  to  sweeten  and  mellow  the  voices 
of  these  itinerant  tradesmen,  .  .  .  and  to  take  care  in  par- 
ticular that  those  may  not  make  the  most  noise  who  have 
the  least  to  sell,  which  is  very  observable  in  the  venders 
of  card-matches.  Addison,  London  Cries 


cardo  (kar'do),  n. ;  pi.  cardines  (-di-nez).  [L., 
fi.h.\nge:  see  cardinal.]   1.  In  cowc7«.,  the  hinge 
of  a  bivalve  shell.— 2.  In  entom.,  the  basal  joint 
of  the  maxilla,  a  narrow  transverse  piece,  artic- 
ulating with  the  lower  side  of  the  head.  See 
cuts  under  Eymenoptera  and  Insecta.—S.  In 
Myriapoda,  the  distal  or  exterior  one  of  two 
pieces  of  which  the  protomala  or  so-called 
mandible  consists,  the  other  piece  being  the 
stipes.    See  protomala,  and  cut  under  epila- 
brim.    A.  S.  Packard. 
cardol  (kar'dol),  ?i.  [<NL.  (ana)card(ium),  q.y., 
+  -ol.]    An  oily  liquid  (CgiHgoOg)  contained 
m  the  pericarp  of  the  cashew-nut,  Anacardium 
occidentale.    It  is  a  powerfid  blistering  agent, 
cardoon,  chardoon  (kar-,  char-don'),  «.   [<  ME. 
cardoun,  <  OF.  cardon,  chardon,  P.  cardon  =  Sp. 
cardan,  cardo,  cardoon,  lit.  thistle,  <  ML.  car- 
do(n-),  another  form  of  cardus,  carduus,  a  this- 
tle :  see  card^.]    If.  A  thistle.— 2.  The  Cynara 
Carduncidus,  a  perennial  plant  belonging  to 
the  same  genus  as  the  artichoke,  and  some- 
what resembling  it.    it  is  a  native  of  the  countries 
bordering  the  Mediteiranean.   Its  thick  flesliy  stalks  and 
the  ribs  of  its  leaves  are  blancheil  and  eaten  iu  Spain  and 
J  ranee  as  a  vegetable, 
cardophagus  (kar-dof 'a-gus),  w. ;  pL  cardo- 
phagi  (-ji).    [<  Gr.  mpdo'i{=  L.  carduus),  a  this- 
tle (see  card'^),  +  <payeiv,  eat.]     An  eater  of 
thistles;  hence,  a  donkey.  [Humorous.] 

Kick  and  abuse  him,  you  who  have  never  brayed ;  but 
bear  with  him  all  lionest  fellow  cardnphagi ;  long-eared 
messmates,  recognize  a  brother  donkey  I 

Thackeray,  Virginians,  xix. 

card-party  (kard'par'ti),  n.    A  number  of  per- 
sons met  for  card-playing, 
card-player  (kard'pla"er),  n.     One  who  plays 
at  games  of  cards, 
card-plajdng  (kard'pla''''ing),  «.     Playing  at 
games  of  cards, 
card-rack  (kard'rak),  n.  1 .  A  rack  or  frame  for 
holding  cards,  especially  visiting-cards. 

The  empty  card-rack  over  tlie  mantelpiece.  Thackeray. 
2.  A  small  shelf  or  case  on  the  outside  of  a 
freight-car,  used  to  hold  the  shipping  direc- 
tions. [U.  S.] 
card-sharper  (kard'shar'^per),  n.  One  who 
cheats  in  playing  cards;  one  who  makes  it  a 
business  to  fleece  the  unwary  in  games  of 
cards. 

card-table  (kard'ta'-'bl),  V.    A  table  on  which 
cards  are  played, 
card-tray  (kard'tra),  n.    A  small  salver  for  a 
servant  to  receive  and  deliver  visiting-cards  on. 
carduet,  «.    [ME.  cardue,  <  L.  carduus,  a  this- 
tle: see  c«rd2.]    A  thistle. 
The  cardue,  that  is,  a  low  erlie,  and  ful  of  thornes. 

Wydif,  i  [2]  Ki.  xiv.  9  (Purv.). 
Carduelis  (kar-du-e'lis),  n.     [L.,  the  thistle- 
finch,  goldfinch..  <  carduus,  a  thistle :  see  card^.] 


care 

A  genus  of  oscine  passerine  birds,  of  the  fam- 
ily Fringillid(r,  having  as  type  Fringilla  cardue- 
lis, the  European  goldfinch,  now  usually  called 
Carduelis  elegans.  The  limits  of  the  genus  vary  crcat- 
ly ;  to  It  are  often  referred  the  siskin,  CardudU  spinus  and 
the  canary,  C.  canaria.  It  has  been  extended  to  include 
the  American  goldllnches,  now  usually  refeired  to  Ckryso- 
nntris  or  Astrayalinus.    See  goldjiiicli. 

Carduus  (kiir'du-us),  w.  [L.;  a  thistle:  see 
card^.]  A  genus  of  erect  herbs,  natural  order 
Composita',  resembling  the  thistles  (Cnicus), 
from  which  they  are  distinguished  by  the  fact 
that  the  bristles  of  the  pappus  are  not  plumose. 
They  are  mostly  natives  of  the  Mediterranean  region, 
riie  most  common  species  is  the  blessed  thistle,  C.  (or 
Cnicus)  henedictus,  or  Centaurea  benedicia,  sometimes  cul- 
tivated for  ornament,  and  widely  naturalized.  In  former 
times  it  was  held  in  liigh  esteem  as  a  remedy  for  all  man- 
ner of  disea.ses. 
care  (kar),  n.  [<  ME.  care,  sorrow,  anxiety,  < 
AS.  cearu,  cam,  sorrow,  anxiety,  grief,  =  OS. 
kara,  lament,  =  OHG.  kara,  chara,  lament  (esp. 
in  comp.  chara-sang,  a  lament,  MHG.  Kartac 
(tac  =  E.  day),  also  Karvritac,  G.  Ear-,  Char- 
freitag,  Good  Friday,  MHG.  Karwoche,  G.  Ear-, 
Chfir-wochc,  Passion  week;  cf.  E.  Care  Sunday, 
Chare  Thursday),  ^Goih.  kara,  son-ow;  cf.Icel. 
kwra,  complaint,  murmur;  akin  to  OHG.  que- 
ran,  sigh.  The  primary  sense  is  that  of  inward 
gi-ief,  and  the  word  is  not  connected,  either 
in  sense  or  form,  with  L.  cura,  care,  of  which 
the  primary  sense  is  pains  or  trouble  bestow- 
ed upon  something:  see  cure.  Doublet  chare 
(in  Chare  Thursday);  deriv.  chart/,  q.  v.]  If. 
Grief;  sorrow;  afa'iction;  pain;  distress. 
He  was  feeble  and  old, 
And  wyth  care  and  sorwe  ouercorae. 

Hob.  of  Gloucester,  p.  301. 
Fro  pointe  to  pointe  I  wol  declare 
And  writeii  of  my  woful  care. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  i  44. 
"Phoebus,  that  first  fond  art  of  medicine," 
Quod  she,  "and  coude  in  every  wightes  care 
Remede  and  rede,  by  herbes  he  knew  fyne." 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  660. 

2.  Concern;  solicitude;  anxiety;  mental  dis- 
turbance, unrest,  or  pain  caused  by  the  appre- 
hension of  evil  or  the  pressure  of  many  burdens. 

Care  keeps  his  watch  in  every  old  man's  eye. 
And  where  care  lodges  sleep  will  never  lie. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  3. 
If  I  have  cares  in  my  mind  I  come  to  the  Zoo,  and  fancy 
they  don't  pass  the  gate. 

Thackeray,  Round  about  the  Christmas  Tree. 

3.  Attention  or  heed,  with  a  view  to  safety  or 
protection;  a  looking  to  something;  caution; 
regard ;  watchfulness :  as,  take  care  of  yourself. 

I  am  mad  indeed. 
And  know  not  what  I  do.    Yet  have  a  care 
Of  me  in  what  thou  dost. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iil  2. 
Want  of  Care  does  us  more  Damage  than  Want  of  Know- 
ledge. Franklin,  Poor  Richard  s  Almanack,  1758. 

4.  Charge  or  oversight,  implying  concern  and 
endeavor  to  promote  an  aim  or  accomplish  a 
purpose:  as,  he  was  under  the  care  of  a  phy- 
sician. 

That  which  cometh  upon  me  daily,  the  care  of  all  the 
churches.  2  Cor.  xi.  28. 

In  most  cases  the  care  of  orthography  was  left  to  the 
Pointers.  Southey,  Life  of  Bunyan,  p.  40. 

The  musical  theatre  was  very  popular  in  Venice  as  early 
as  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century ;  and  the  care  of 
the  state  for  the  drama  existed  from  the  first. 

Howells,  Venetian  Life,  v. 

5.  An  object  of  concern  or  watchful  regard  and 
attention. 

Is  she  thy  care?  Dryden. 
His  first  care  is  his  dresse,  the  next  his  bodie,  and  in  the 
vniting  of  these  two  lies  his  soule  and  its  faculties. 

Bp.  Earle,  Micro-cosmographie,  A  Gallant. 

Extraordinary  care,  ordinary  care.  See  the  adjec- 
tives.—Take  care,  be  careful;  beware.— To  have  a 
care.  See  Aaue.- To  have  the  care  of,  to  have  charge 

ot.  =  Syn.  Care,  Concern,  Solicitude,  Anxietii.  Care  is  the 
widest  in  its  range  of  meaning  ;  it  may  be  with  or  without 
feeling,  with  or  witliout  action  :  as,  the  care  of  a  garden 
In  Its  strongest  sense,  care  is  a  painful  burden  of  thought 
perhaps  from  a  multiplicity  and  constant  pressure  of 
things  to  he  attended  to  :  as,  the  child  was  a  great  care  to 
her.  Concern  and  solicitude  are  a  step  higher  in  intensity 
Concern  is  often  a  regret  for  painful  facts.  Care  and  con- 
cern may  represent  the  ol)ject  of  the  thought  and  feeliu"  • 
the  others  represent  only  the  mental  state  :  as,  it  shall  be 
my  chief  concern.  Soliciliuh'  is  sometimes  tenderer  than 
concern,  or  is  atteniied  witli  more  manifestation  of  feelin" 
Anxiety  is  the  strongest  of  the  four  words  ;  it  is  a  restless 
dread  of  some  evil.  As  compared  with  solicitude,  it  is 
more  negative  :  as,  solicitude  to  obtain  preferment,  to  help 
a  friend  ;  anxiety  to  avoid  an  evil.  We  speak  of  care  for 
an  aged  parent,  concern  for  her  comfort,  solicitude  to  leave 
nothing  undone  for  her  welfare,  anxiett/  as  to  the  effect  ot 
an  exposure  to  cold.  (For  apprehension  and  higher  de- 
grees of /ear,  see  atarw.) 

It  was  long  since  observed  by  Horace  that  no  shin  could 
leave  care  behind.  Johiuon. 


care 


822 


He  [Sir  Thomas  More)  thought  any  unusual  degree  of  sor-  carecnagS  (ka-re'naj),  n.     [<  careen  +  -age 


row  and  concern  improper  on  such  an  occasion  [his  deatli] 
as  liad  nothing  in  it  which  could  deject  or  terrify  him. 

Addison,  Spectator,  Ko.  349. 

Can  your  solicitude  alter  the  cause  or  unravel  the  in- 
tricacy of  human  events?  Blair,  Sermons. 

Education  is  the  only  interest  worthy  the  deep,  control- 
ling anxiety  of  the  thoughtful  man. 

W.  Phillips,  Speeches,  Idols. 

care  (kar),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cared,  ppr.  ear- 
in  i;.  [<  ME.  caren,  car  ten,  be  anxious,  be 
gi-ieved,  <  AS.  cearian,  be  anxious,  =  OS.  ha- 
ron,  lament,  complain,  =  OHG.  karon,  charon, 
complain,  =  Goth,  laron,  be  anxious;  of.  leel. 
hmra  =  Sw.  Kara  =  Dan.  kwre,  complain;  from 
the  noun.]    If.  To  feel  grief  or  sorrow;  grieve. 

Ther  ne  ne  schulen  heo  neuer  karien  ne  svvinken. 

Old  Eng.  Homilies  (ed.  Moi-ris),  I.  193. 

Be  ay  of  chier  as  light  as  lef  on  lynde, 
And  let  hem  care  and  wepe  and  w  ryng  and  wayle. 

Chaucer,  Clerks  Tale,  1.  1135. 

2.  To  be  anxious  or  solicitous ;  be  concerned 
or  interested:  commonly  with  about  ov  for. 

Master,  carest  thou  not  that  we  perish  ?     Mark  iv.  38. 

Our  cause  then  must  be  intrusted  to  and  conducted  by 
its  own  undoubted  friends,  those  whose  hands  are  free, 
whose  hearts  are  in  the  work,  who  do  care  for  the  result. 
Lincoln,  Speech  before  111.  State  Convention,  1858. 

3.  To  be  inclined  or  disposed ;  have  a  desire : 
often  with  for. 

Not  carimj  to  observe  the  wind.  Waller. 
An  author,  who,  I  am  sure,  would  not  care  for  being 
praised  at  the  expense  of  another's  reputation.  Addison. 

I  will  only  say  that  one  may  find  grandeur  and  consola- 
tion in  a  starlit  night  without  caring  to  ask  what  it  means, 
save  grandeur  and  consolation. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  376. 

4.  To  have  a  liking  or  regard :  with  for  before 
the  object. —  5.  To  be  concerned  so  as  to  feel 
or  express  objection ;  feel  an  interest  in  oppos- 
ing :  chiefly  with  a  negative :  as.  He  says  he  is 
coming  to  see  you.  I  don't  care.  Will  you 
take  something?  I  don't  care  if  I  do.  [Colloq.] 
—To  care  for.  (u)See2.  (&)Sameas3.  (o)  To  look  to ; 
take  care  of ;  perform  what  is  needed  for  the  well-being 
or  good  condition  of :  as,  the  child  was  well  cared  for. 
(d)  Same  as  4. 

careawayt,  «•   -A-  reckless  fellow. 

But  [such]  as  yet  remayne  without  eyther  forcast  or 
consideration  of  anything  that  may  afterward  turn  them 
to  benefit,  playe  the  wanton  yonkers  and  wilfuU  Care- 
awai/es.  Touchstone  of  Complexions,  p.  99. 

care-clotht,  n.    [In  Palsgrave^  (1530),  carde 


after  F.  cdrenage.y  1,  A  place  in  which  to 
careen  a  ship. 

The  scourings  of  slave-ships  had  been  thrown  out  at  the 
ports  of  debarkation  to  mix  with  the  mud  of  creeks,  ca- 
reenages, and  mangi'ove  swamps. 

N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXXIX.  340. 

2.  The  cost  of  careening, 
career  (ka-rer'},  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  careere, 
carreer,  carrier,  careire,  <  F.  carriere,  now  car- 
riere,  road,  race-course,  course,  career,  <  OF. 
cariere,  a  road  (=  Pr.  carriera  =  Sp.  carrera  = 
Pg.  carreira  =  It.  carriera,  career),  <  carier, 
transport  in  a  vehicle,  carry:  see  carry.']  1. 
The  ground  on  which  a  race  is  ruji;  a  race- 
course ;  hence,  course ;  path ;  way. 

They  had  run  themselves  too  far  out  of  breath  to  go 
back  again  the  same  career.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

2.  A  charge  or  run  at  full  speed,  as  in  justing. 

Make  a  tlu-ust  at  me,  .  .  .  come  in  upon  the  answer, 
control  yom  point,  and  make  a  full  career  at  the  body. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  i.  4. 
Full  merrily  .  .  . 
Hath  this  career  been  run.   Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 
Such  combat  should  be  made  on  horse, 
On  foaming  steed,  in  full  career. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  iv.  31. 

3.  General  course  of  action  or  movement; 
procedure ;  course  of  proceeding ;  a  specific 
course  of  action  or  occupation  forming  the  ob- 
ject of  one's  life:  as,  "honom-'s  fair  career," 
Dryden. 

Brief,  brave,  and  glorious  was  his  young  career.  Byron. 
This  pressing  desire  for  careers  is  enforced  by  the  pref- 
erence for  careers  which  are  thought  respectable. 

U.  Spencer,  Man  vs.  State,  p.  29. 

[Sometimes  used  absolutely  to  signify  a  definite  or  con- 
spicuous career  of  some  kind:  as,  a  man  with  a  career 
before  him.] 

4.  In  the  manege,  a  place  inclosed  with  a  bar- 
rier, in  which  to  run  the  ring. —  5.  In  falconry, 
a  flight  or  tour  of  the  hawk,  about  120  yards. 

career  (ka-rer'),  V.  i.  [<  career,  n.]  To  move 
or  run  rapidly,  as  if  ia  a  race  or  charge. 

When  a  ship  is  decked  out  in  all  her  canvas,  every  sail 
swelled,  and  careering  gaily  over  the  curling  waves,  how 
lofty,  how  gallant  she  appears ! 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  22. 

Thus  the  night  Hed  away,  as  if  it  were  a  winged  steed, 
and  he  careering  on  it.       Hawthorne,  Scarlet  Letter,  xx. 

careering  (ka-rer 'ing),  p.  a.    In  Iter.,  running, 
but  placed  bendwise  on  the  field:  said  of  a 
—    -       ,         -        ,    -  horse  used  as  a  bearing. 

clothe,  appar.  for  carre  cloth :  OF.  carre,  square,  careful  (kar'ful),  a.  and  n.     [<  ME.  careful, 


broad,  carr(,  squared,  square,  mod.  F.  carre,  a 
(square)  side,  carre,  square.]  A  cloth  held 
over  the  heads  of  a  bride  and  bridegi'oom  dur- 
ing the  marriage  ceremony  as  performed  in 
England  in  the  middle  ages.  See  the  extracts. 

At  the  "  Sanctus,"  both  the  bride  and  bridegroom  knelt 
near  the  altar's  foot ;  and  then,  if  neither  had  been  mar- 
ried before,  over  them  a  pall,  or,  as  it  used  to  be  called, 
the  care-cloth,  was  held  at  its  four  corners  by  as  many 
clerics.  Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  ii.  173. 

In  the  bridal  mass,  the  York  varied  somewhat  from  the 
Sarum  use :  only  two  clerics  held  the  care-cloth,  and  a 
blessing  was  bestowed  by  the  priest  with  the  chalice  upon 
the  newly  married  folks. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  ii.  175. 

care-crazed  (kar'krazd),  a.  Crazed  or  mad- 
dened by  care  or  trouble. 

A  care-craz'd  mother  to  a  many  sons. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  lii.  7. 

carectt,  «•    Same  as  caract^. 

careen  (ka-ren'),  v.  [Formerly  carine,  <  F. 
carener,  now  carener  (=  Sp.  carenar  =  Pg.  que- 
renar  =  It.  carenare),  careen,  <  carene,  carine, 
now  carene,  =  It.  carena,  <  L.  carina,  the  keel 
of  a  ship:  see  carina.']  I.  trans.  Naut.,  to 
cause  (a  ship)  to  lie  over  on  one  side  for  the 
purpose  of  examining,  or  of  calking,  repairing, 
cleansing,  paying  with  pitch,  or  breaming  the 
other  side. 

II.  intrans.  To  lean  to  one  side,  as  a  ship 
under  a  press  of  sail. 

Sloops  and  schooners  constantly  come  and  go,  careening 
in  the  wind,  their  white  sails  taking,  if  remote  enough,  a 
vague  blue  mantle  from  the  delicate  air. 

T.  W.  Higginson,  Oldport,  p.  199. 

Such  a  severed  block  will  be  found  by  the  geologist  to 
have  careened,  one  side  or  edge  going  down  while  the 
other  came  up.  Science,  III.  481. 

careen  (ka-ren'),  n.  [<  careen,  v.]  A  slanting 
position  in  which  a  ship  is  placed,  that  the  keel 
may  be  repaired ;  the  place  where  this  is  done. 

They  say  there  are  as  many  Gallies  and  Galeasses  of  all 
sorts,  belonging  to  St.  Mark,  either  in  Course,  at  Anchor, 
in  Dock,  or  upon  the  Careen,  as  there  be  Days  in  the  Year. 

Howdl,  Letters,  I.  i.  28. 
And  they  say  it  [the  galeas]  is  the  self -same  Vessel  still, 
though  often  put  upon  the  Careen  and  trimmed. 

Howell,  Letters,  I.  i.  31. 


earful,  <  AS.  cearfid,  earful,  anxious,  <  cearu, 
anxiety,  -I-  ftdl,  full :  see  care  and  -ftd,  1.]  I.  a. 
If.  Full  of  care  or  grief;  grieving;  sorrowful. 

This  .  .  .  wyf  that  caref  ul  widue  was. 
St.  Edm.  Conf.  (Early  Eng.  Poems,  ed.  Furnivall),  1.  465. 
Ac  the  careful  may  crye  and  carpen  atte  sate, 
Bothe  afyngred  and  a-thurst ;  and  for  chele  quake. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  x.  58. 

2.  Full  of  care;  anxious;  solicitous.  [Archaic] 
Martha,  thou  artcare/ui  and  troubled  about  many  things. 

Luke  X.  41. 
Be  not  so  careful,  coz ;  your  brother's  well. 

Shirley,  Maid's  Revenge,  ii.  4. 


carene 

troubled.— 6.  Provident,  thoughtful,  heedfuL— 6.  Pru- 
dent, wary,  etc.    See  list  under  cautious. 
Il.t  n.  One  full  of  care  or  soitow. 

Thus  liaue  I  ben  his  heraude  here  and  in  belle, 
And  contorted  many  a  careful  that  after  his  coraynge 
wayten.  Piers  Plowman  (B),  xvi.  248. 

carefully  (kar'ful-i),  adv.  [<  ME.  earfulli, 
canfidUcltc,  etc.,  <  AS.  carfullice,  <  earful:  see 
careful  and  -ly'^.]    If.  Sorrowfully. 

Carfulli  to  the  king  criande  sche  saide  (etc.). 

William  of  Palerne,  1.  4347. 

2.  With  care,  anxiety,  or  solicitude ;  with  pains- 
taking. 

He  found  no  place  of  repentance,  though  he  sought  it 
carefully  with  teai's.  Heb.  xii.  17. 

3.  Heedfully;  watchfully;  attentively;  cau- 
tiously; providently. 

If  thou  carefully  hearken  unto  the  voice  of  the  Lord. 

Deut.  XV.  5. 

carefulness  (kar'fiil-nes),  n.  [<  ME.  care-, 
carfulness,  <  AS.  carfulnys,  *cearfulnes,  <  cear- 
ful,  careful,  +  -nen,  -ness:  see  careful  and 
-ncss.]    1.  Anxiety;  solicitude.  [Archaic] 

Drink  thy  water  with  trembling  and  with  carefulness. 

Ezek.  xii.  18. 

He  had  a  particular  carefulness  in  the  knitting  of  his 
brows,  and  a  kind  of  impatience  in  all  his  motions. 

Addison,  The  Political  Upholsterer. 

2.  needfulness;  caution;  vigilance  in  guard- 
ing against  evil  and  providing  for  safety. 

care-killing  (kar '  kil "  ing),  a.  Destroying  or 
preventing  care ;  removing  anxiety. 

careless  (kar'les),  a.  [<  ME.  eareles,  <  AS.  ear- 
leds,  *eearleds,  without  anxiety  (=  Icel.  kceru- 
lauss,  quit,  free),  <  caru,  cearu,  anxiety,  +  -leas, 
-less:  see  care  and  -less.]  1.  Free  from  care 
or  anxiety ;  hence,  undisturbed ;  cheerful.' 

In  blessed  slumbers 
Of  peaceful  rest  he  careless  rests  in  peace. 

Ford,  Fame's  Memorial. 

Thus  wisely  careless,  innocently  gay, 
Cheerful  he  played. 

Pope,  Epistle  to  Miss  Blount,  1.  11. 

The  jocund  voice 
Of  insects  chirping  out  their  careless  lives 
On  these  soft  beds  of  thyme-besprinkled  turf. 

Wordswoi  th,  Excursion,  iii. 

2.  Giving  no  care;  heedless;  negligent;  tm- 
thinking ;  inattentive ;  regardless ;  unmindful. 

A  woman,  the  more  curious  she  is  about  her  face,  is  com- 
monly the  more  careless  about  her  house.        B.  Jonson. 

O  ye  gods, 
I  know  you  careless,  yet,  behold,  to  you 
From  childly  wont  and  ancient  use  I  call. 

Tennyson,  Lucretius. 

3.  Done  or  said  without  care;  unconsidered: 

as,  a  careless  act ;  a  careless  expression. 

With  such  a  cat-eless  force,  and  forceless  care, 
As  if  that  luck,  in  very  spite  of  cunning. 
Bade  him  win  all.  Shak.,  1.  and  C,  v.  5. 

He  framed  the  careless  rhyme. 

Beattie,  The  Minstrel,  ii.  6. 

4t.  Not  recei-ving  care ;  uncared  for.  [Rare.] 


=  SJT1. 


Their  many  wounds  and  carelesse  harmes. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  iv. 
2  and  3.   Supine,  Indolent,  etc.  (see  listless) ; 


.,1  T  -i.   J    .  cautious,  tnougntiess,  remiss,  lorgetiui,  ijiuuuaiueiaLc. 

3t.  Filling  with  care  or  solicitude;  exposing  g^relessly  (kar'les-li),  In  4  careless  man 
frv  or^iiooTT.  nnviptv.  or  trouble  :  care-causins- :  i-f'icicooj.jr  >,  »  •  _ii  


to  concern,  anxiety,  or  trouble ;  care-causing 
painful. 

Either  loue,  or  sor[r]ow,  or  both,  did  wring  out  of  me 
than  certaine  carefull  thoughtes  of  my  good  will  towardes 
him.  Aschain,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  90. 

By  Him  that  rais'd  me  to  this  careful  height 
From  that  contented  hap  which  I  enjoy'd. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 

4t.  Excited;  eager;  vehement. 

Then  was  the  King  carefull  &  kest  for  wrath 
For  too  bring  that  beurde  in  baile  for  euer. 

Alisaunder  of  Macedoine  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  671. 

5.  Attentive  to  aid,  support,  or  protect ;  pro-vi- 
dent :  formerly  with  for,  now  generally  with  of, 
before  the  object. 

Thou  hast  been  careful  for  us  with  all  this  care. 

2  Ki.  iv.  13. 

Are  God  and  Nature  then  at  strife, 
That  Nature  lends  such  evil  dreams? 
So  carefxtl  of  the  type  she  seems, 

So  careless  of  the  single  life. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  Iv. 

6.  Giving  good  heed ;  watchful ;  cautious :  as, 
be  careful  to  maintain  good  works ;  be  careful 
of  your  conversation. 

Have  you  been  careful  of  our  noble  prisoner, 
That  he  want  nothing  fitting  for  his  greatness? 

Beau,  and  FL,  King  and  No  King,  iv.  2. 
A  luckier  or  a  bolder  fisherman, 
A  carefuller  in  peril  did  not  breathe. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

7.  Sho-snng  or  done  'with  care  or  attention :  as, 
care/lt/I  consideration.  =Syn.  2.  Concerned,  disturbed, 


ner  or  way;  negligently;  heedlessly;  inatten- 
tively ;  without  care  or  concern. 

An  ant  and  a  grasshopper,  walking  together  on  a  green 
the  one  carelessly  skipping,  the  other  carefully  prying 
what  winter's  provision  was  scattered  in  the  way. 

Greene,  Conceited  Fable. 

carelessness  (kar'les-'nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  careless ;  heedlessness ;  inat- 
tention; negligence. 

care-lined  (kar'Und),  a.  Marked  by  care ;  hav- 
ing lines  deepened  by  care  or  trouble,  as  the 
face. 

That  swells  with  antic  and  uneasy  mirth 

The  hollow,  care-lined  cheek.  J.  Baillie. 

carencyt  (ka'ren-si),  n.  [=  F.  carence  —  Pr. 
Sp.  Pg.  carencia  =  It.  carensa,  carenzia,  <  ML. 
earentia,  <  L.  earen{t-)s,  ppr.  of  carere,  want, 
be  without.  Of.  caret^.]  Want;  lack;  defi- 
ciency. Bp.  Eiehardson. 

carene^t  (ka-ren'),  n.  [<  ME.  carene,  carine, 
karine,  karin  =  MLG.  karene,  karine,  <  ML.  ca- 
rena, a  fast  of  forty  days,  Lent,  corrupted  (after 
the  OF.  form,  and  prob.  by  association  -with  L. 
carere,  want,  lack,  ML.  earentia,  want,  penury: 
see  carency)  from  qnadragintana,  equiv.  to  qua- 
dragesima  (>  OF.  earesme,  F.  careme  —  Pr.  ca- 
resma,  carema,  carama,  quaresme,  quarcme  — 
Cat.  quaresma  =  Sp.  cuaresma  =  Pg.  qiiaresma 
=  It.  quaresima),  Lent,  lit.  (L.)  fortieth,  <  L. 
quadraginta,  forty :  see  quadragesima,  quaran- 
tine.]   A  forty  days'  fast  formerly  imposed  by 


carene 

a  bishop  upon  clergy  or  laity,  or  by  an  abbot 
upon  monks.    Smith's  Bid.  Christ.  Antiq. 

Also  Pope  Siluester  grauntyd  to  all  theym  y'  dayly  gothe 
to  the  chirche  of  Saint  Peter  the  iij.  part  of  alle  his  synnes 
releced,  .  .  .  and  aboue  this  is  grauntyd  xxviij  C.  yere  of 
pardon,  and  the  merytis  of  as  many  lentis  or  karym. 

Arnold's  Chronicle,  1502  (ed.  1811,  p.  146). 

Here  folow'  the  knowelege  of  what  a  kanjne  ys.  It  is  too 
goo  wulward  and  barfott  vij.  yere.  Item,  to  fast  on  bred 
and  watter  the  Fryday  vij.  yere.  Item,  in  vij.  yere  not 
too  slepe  oon  nyght  there  ne  slepith  a  nother.  Item,  in 
vij.  yere  nott  to  com  vndir  noo  couered  place  butyf  it  bee 
too  here  masse  in  the  chyrch  dore  or  porche.  Item,  in 
vij.  yere  not  to  ete  nor  dryncke  out  of  noo  vessel  but  in 
the  same  that  he  made  hys  auow  in.  Item,  he  that  fulflll- 
eth  alle  thes  poyntis  vij.  yere  during,  dothe  and  wynnethe 
a  Karyne,  that  ys  to  sey  a  Lenton.  Thus  may  a  man  haue 
at  Rome  gi-et  pardon  and  soule  helth. 

Arnold's  Chronicle,  1502  (ed.  1811,  p.  150). 

carene^t  (ka-ren'),  n.  [<  L.  carenum,  carwnum, 
<  Gr.  aapoivov,  Kapvivov,  Kapwov.  ]  A  sweet  mne 
boiled  down. 

Carene  is  boyled  nere 
From  three  til  two. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  204. 

carentanet  (kar'en-tan),  91.  [<  ML.  quarentena, 
carenteua,  also  carena,  an  indulgence  or  exemp- 
tion from  the  fast  of  forty  days :  see  carene^  and 
qicarantine.']  A  papal  indulgence,  multiplying 
the  remission  of  penance  by  forties. 

caress  (ka-res'),  n.  [<  F.  caresse,  <  It.  caresza 
=  Sp.  caricia  =  Pg.  caricias  (pL),  endearment, 
fondness,  <  ML.  caritia,  dearness,  value,  <  L. 
cdrus,  dear  (whence  also  ult.  E.  cheer^,  charity, 
cherish,  q.  v.),  prob.  orig.  * cmtirus  =  Skt.  kamra, 
beautiful,  charming,  <  -/  kam,  love,  desire,  per- 
haps =  L.  amare  (for  *camare  ?),  love :  see  amor, 
etc.  Cf.  W.  caru,  love,  =  Ir.  caraim,  I  love, 
cara,  a  fi-iend.]  An  act  of  endearment;  an 
expression  of  affection  by  touch,  as  by  strok- 
ing or  patting  with  the  hand:  as,  "conjugal 
caresses,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  56. 

Chilling  his  caresses 
By  the  coldness  of  her  manners. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  xx.  1. 
caress  (ka-res'),  v.  t.    [<  F.  caresser  {=  It.  ca- 
rezzare;  cf.  Sp.  a-cariciar  =  'Pg.  cariciar,  a-cari- 
ciar),  <  caresse,  a  caress.]    1.  To  bestow  ca- 
resses upon ;  fondle. 

Caress'd  or  chidden  by  the  dainty  hand. 

Tennyson,  Sonnets  to  a  Coquette. 

Hence— 2.  To  treat  with  fondness,  affection, 
or  kindness. 
Caressed  at  court  and  at  both  the  universities. 

Baker,  Charles  II.,  an.  1683. 
caressing  (ka-res'ing),  p.  a.   [Ppr.  of  caress,  ?'.] 
Treating  with  endearment;  fondling;  affection- 
ate ;  fond :  as,  a  caressing  manner, 
caressingly  (ka-res'ing-U),  adv.    In  a  caressing 
manner. 

Care  Sunday  (kar  sun 'da).  [E.  dial.,  also 
Carling  Sunday,  Carle  Sunday,  Curling,  <  care, 
grief,  +  Sunday.  Cf.  Chare  Thursday  and  the 
similar  G.  Char-,  Kar-freitag,  Good  Friday. 
See  care,  w.]  The  fifth  Sunday  in  Lent ;  Passion 
Sunday.  _  [Prov.  Eng.]    See  Carling. 

caret!  (ka'ret),  n.  [<  L.  caret,  there  is  wanting, 
3d  pers.  sing.  pres.  ind.  of  carere,  want,  lack : 
see  carency.']  A  mark  ( ^ )  used  in  writing,  in 
correcting  printers' proofs,  etc.,  to  indicate  the 
proper  place  of  something  that  is  interlined  or 
written  in  the  margin. 

carets  (ka'ret),  n.  [<  NL.  caretta,  name  of  a 
turtle,  <  Sp.  careta,  a  mask  of  pasteboard,  a 
wire  mask  used  by  bee-keepers,  dim.  of  cara, 
the  face :  see  c/ieeri.]  A  name  of  the  hawkbiU 
sea-turtle,  Eretmochelys  inihricata. 

caretaker  (kar'ta"ker),  n.  One  who  takes  care 
of  something.  Specifically  —  (as)  One  who  is  employed 
at  a  wharf,  quay,  or  other  exposed  place,  or  in  a  building 
or  on  an  estate  during  the  absence  of  the  owner,  to  look 
after  goods  or  property  of  any  kind,  (b)  A  person  put 
upon  the  premises  of  an  insolvent  to  take  care  that  none 
of  tile  property  is  removed. 

care-tuned  (kar'tiind),  a.   Tuned  or  modulated 
by  care  or  trouble ;  mournful. 

More  health  and  happiness  betide  my  liege. 
Than  can  my  care-tun'd  tongue  deliver  him. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  iii.  2. 

care-worn  (kar'worn),  a.  Worn,  oppressed,  or 
burdened  with  care ;  showing  marks  of  care  or 
anxiety:  as,  he  was  weary  and  care-worn;  a 
care-worn  countenance. 

And  Philip's  rosy  face  contracting  grew 
Careworn  and  wan.         Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

Carex  (ka'reks),  n.  [L.,  a  sedge  or  rush.]  1. 
A  large  genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Cypera- 

cece;  the  sedges.  They  are  perennial,  grass-like  herbs 
growmg  chiefly  in  wet  places,  with  triangular  soliil  culms 
and  unisexual  flowers  aggregated  in  spikelets.  The  herb- 
age is  coarse  and  innutrltious,  and  the  genus  is  of  com- 
paratively little  value.    A  variety  of  C.  acuba,  however 


823 

which  is  abundant  in  some  parts  of  Oregon,  is  remark- 
able for  yielding  an  excellent  quality  of  hay  ;  and  the 
roots  of  the  sea-sedge,  C.  arenaria,  found  on  the  sliores  of 
the  Baltic,  are  used  as  a  substitute  for  sarsaparilla.  Aliout 
700  species  are  known,  distributed  all  over  the  world, 
though  they  are  rare  in  tropical  regions. 

2.  [I.  c. ;  pi.  carices  (ka'ri-sez).]  A  plant  of 
this  genus. 

A  sand-bank  covered  with  scanty  herbage,  and  imper- 
fectly bound  together  by  bent-grass  and  carices. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XI.  631. 

caresmet,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  carrion. 
carft.    A  Middle  English  (Anglo-Saxon  cearf) 
preterit  of  kervcn,  carve. 

carfaxt  (kiir'faks),  n.  [<  ME.  carfax,  carphax, 
carfans,  corruptions  of  carfoukcs,  also  carfowgh, 
<  OF.  carrefourgs,  carrefor,  carrefour,  quarre- 
fotir,  F.  carrefour  (whence  also  E.  carrefour)  = 
Pr.  carreforc,  <  ML.  quadrifurcus,  having  four 
forks,  <  L.  quatuor,  =  E.  four,  +  furca,  >  AS. 
fore,  >  E.  fork.']  A  place  where  four  (or  more) 
roads  or  streets  meet:  now  used  only  as  the 
name  of  such  a  place  in  Oxford,  England. 
Then  thei  enbusshed  hema-gein  3.carfowghol  vj  weyes. 

Merlin  (ed.  Wh'eatley),  ii.  273. 

carfoukest,  n.    See  carfax. 

carfuffle  (kar-fuf 'l),  v.  and  n.  Same  as  cur- 
fuffle.  [Scotch.] 

carga  (kar'ga),  ».  [Sp.,  a  load:  see  cargo''-  and 
charge,  w.]  A  Spanish  unit  both  of  weight  and 
of  measure,  varying  in  different  places  and  for 
different  commodities,  but  generally  about  275 
pounds  avoirdupois  as  a  weight  and  40  gallons 
as  a  measure. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  c«r7a  — the  "burro"  or  donkey 
carga  of  150  lbs.,  and  the  "mule"  carya  of  300. 

L.  Hamilton,  Mex.  Handbook,  p.  28. 

cargazont  (kar'ga-zon),  n.  [Also  written  car- 
gason;  Sp.  cargakon  Q  F.  cargaison),  a  cargo, 
aug.  of  cargo,  carga,  a  load:  see  cargo^.']  A 
cargo. 

The  ship  Swan  was  sailing  home  with  a,  cargazon  valued 
at  £80,000.  Howell,  Letters,  I.  vi.  42. 


caribou' 


Doe  of  the  Virginia  Deer  {Ca 


virgtHtanus). 


cargeese,  n.  Plural  of  car  goose. 
cargo!  (kar'go),  n. ;  pi.  cargoes  or  cargos  (-goz). 
[Sp.,  also  carga,  a  burden,  load,  freight,  cargo 
(=  Pg.  cargo,  a  charge,  office,  carga,  a  burden, 
load,  =  It.  carico,  earica,  also  carco,  =  OF.  charge 
(AF.  *cark,  kark,  >  ME.  kark,  cark :  see  cark), 
F.  charge,  a  burden,  etc.,  >  E.  charge,  n.),  < 
cargar  =  F.  charger,  load,  >  E.  charge,  v. :  see 
charge.]  1.  The  lading  or  freight  of  a  ship; 
the  goods,  merchandise,  or  whatever  is  con- 
veyed in  a  ship  or  other  merchant  vessel.  The 

lading  within  the  hold  is  called  the  inboard  cargo,  in  dis- 
tinction from  freight,  such  as  horses  and  cattle,  carried 
on  deck.  The  term  is  usually  applied  to  goods  only,  but 
in  a  less  technical  sense  it  may  include  persons. 

Vessels  from  foreign  countries  have  come  into  our  ports 
and  gone  out  again  with  the  cargoes  they  brought. 

S.  Adams,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  457. 

2.  [Appar.  a  slang  use,  perhaps  of  other  ori- 
gin. Cf.  cargo^.]  A  term  of  contempt  applied 
to  a  man,  usually  explained  as  ' '  bully  "  or  "  bra- 
vo": foimd  only  in  the  folio-wing  passage. 

Will  the  royal  Augustus  cast  away  a  gentleman  of  wor- 
ship, a  captain  and  a  commander,  for  a  couple  of  con- 
demned caitiff  calumnious  cargos  ? 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  v.  1. 
To  breat  out  a  cargo.  See  break. 
cargo'-^t  (kar'go),  interj.  [Appar.  a  corruption 
of  It.  cancro,_  a  canker,  used  also,  like  E.  j)ox,  as 
an  imprecation :  see  canker.  Less  prob.  based 
on  It.  coraggio,  courage,  used  as  an  encourag- 
ing exclamation:  see  courage.']  An  exclama- 
tion of  surprise  or  contempt. 
But  cargo!  my  fiddlestick  cannot  play  without  rosin. 

WUkins,  Miseries  of  Enforced  Marriage  (1607). 
Twenty  pound  a  year 
For  three  good  lives?   Cargo !  hai  Trincalo  ! 

T.  Tomkis  (?),  Albumazar. 
cargo-block  (kiir'go-blok),  n.    A  tackle  for 
hoisting  bales  and  packages,  which  disengages 
itself  automatically. 

cargoose  (kar'gos),  n. ;  pi.  cargeese  (-ges).  [< 
car-  (perhaps  <  Gael,  cir,  a  cock's  comb  or  crest) 
+  goose.]  The  gaunt  or  great  crested  grebe, 
Podiceps  cristatus.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
cariacou,  carjacou  (kar'i-a-ko,  kar'ja-ko),  n. 
[S.  Amer.]  The  native  name  of  some  kind  of 
South  American  deer,  extended  to  all  Ameri- 
can deer  of  the  genus  Cariacits  (which  see). 
Cariacus  (ka-n'a-kus),  n.  [NXi.  (J.  E.  Gray), 
<  cariacou.]  The  genus  of  deer  (Cerrida)  of 
which  the  Virginia  or  common  white-tailed 
deer  of  North  America,  Cariacus  rirginianus,  is 


cariama,  Qariama  (kiir-,  sar-i-a'ma),  n.  [Braz. 
cariama  (Brisson,  Marcgrave),  later  written 
^ariama,  ceriema,  sariama,  serietna,  scriama.] 
1.  The  native  name  of  a  grallatorial  bird  of 
South  America,  the  seriema. —  2.  [cap.]  [NL.] 
A  genus  of  birds  (Brisson,  1760),  the  type  be- 
ing the  seriema,  the  Palamedea  crista  ta  (Lin- 
naeus), Microdactylus  marcgravii  (Geoffroy  St. 
Hilaire),  Dicholophus  cristatus  (llligev),-no-w  usu- 
ally called  Cariama  cristata :  a  bird  of  uncertain 
affinities,  sometimes  classed  with  cranes,  some- 
times with  hawks,  and  again  left  by  itself. 
Cariamidae  (kar-i-am'i-de),  M.  pi.  [NL.  (Bona- 
parte, 1850),  <  Cariama  +  -ida:.]  The  family  of 
birds  formed  for  the  reception  of  the  Cariama 

cristata,  or  seriema.  The  form  Cariamina'  (G.  R. 
Gray,  1871)  is  found  as  a  subfamily  name.  Besides  the  seri- 
ema, the  family  contains  a  related  though  ()uite  distinct 
species,  Chnnga  burmeisteri.    Also  called  Dicholojjhidce. 

cariamoid  (kar'i-a-moid),  a.    Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  characters  of  the  Cariamoidem. 
Cariamoidese  (kar"i-a-moi'de-e),  n.  pi.  [NL., 

<  Cariama  +  -oidece.J  A  superfamUy  provided 
for  the  accommodation  of  the  Cariamidce,  upon 
.the  supposition  that  these  birds  are  either 
crane-like  hawks  or  hawk-like  cranes. 

Carian  (ka'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Caria  (Gr. 
Kapia)  -f  -««.]  I,  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  the 
ancient  kingdom  and  province  of  Caria,  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  Asia  Minor. 

II.  n.  A  native  of  Caria,  or  the  language  of 
the  primitive  people  of  Caria,  who  were  dis- 
possessed by  the  Greeks. 

cariatedt  (ka'ri-a-ted),  a.  [<  ML.  cariatus,  pp. 
oicariare,ilj.  carian{t-)s,  adj.,  decaying,  rotten, 

<  caries,  decay:  see  caries.]   Same  as  carious. 
Oarib,  Caribbee  (kar'ib,  -i-be),  n.   [<  Sp.  Pg. 

Carihe,  a  Carib,  a  cannibal,  <  VV.  Ind.  Carib, 
said  to  mean  orig.  a  valiant  man.  Hence  ult. 
cannibal,  q.  v.]  One  of  a  native  race  inhabit- 
ing certain  portions  of  Central  America  and  the 
north  of  South  America,  and  formerly  also  the 
Caribbean  islands. 

Caribbean  (kar-i-be'an),  a.  [NL.  Caribwus, 
Caribbwus;  <  Caribbee  +  -an.]  Pertaining  to 
the  Caribs  or  Caribbees,  or  to  the  Lesser  An- 
tilles, formerly  inhabited  by  them,  comprising 
the  eastern  and  southern  chains  of  the  West 
Indies,  or  to  the  sea  between  the  West  Indies 
and  the  mainland  of  America.  Also  speUed 
Carribbean.- Caribbean  bark.  See  bark2. 

Caribbee,  «.  See  Carib.  Also  spelled  Caribee, 
Carribbee. 

caribe  (kar'i-be),  n.  [Sp.,  a  Carib,  a  cannibal : 
see  Carib  and  cannibal.]  The  vernacular  name 
of  a  very  voracious  South  American  fish,  Ser- 
rasalmo  piraya,  and  other  charaeins  of  the 
subfamily  Serrasalmonince  (which  see). 

In  some  localities  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  catch  fishes 
with  the  hook  and  line,  as  the  fish  hooked  is  immediately 
attacked  by  the  canfte  .  .  .  and  torn  to  pieces  before  it  caii 
be  withdrawn  from  the  water.   Stand.  Nat.  Ui-it.,  III.  134. 

Caribee,  n.    See  Caribbee. 


typical.  It  also  includes  the  black-tail  or  mule-deer  (C. 
macrotis).  the  Columbian  deer(C.  coin  inbiatius),  and  others, 
all  of  which  are  smaller  than  the  stags  (the  genus  Cenms) 
and  otherwise  different.    See  also  cut  under  mule-deer. 


Caribou  IRangifir  earitau). 


caribou 

caribou,  cariboo  (kar'i-bo),  n.  [Canadian  F. 
caribou,  Amer.  Ind.]  The  American  woodland 
reindeer,  llangifer  caribou  or  li.  turandus,  in- 
habiting northerly  North  America  as  far  as  the 
limit  of  trees,  where  it  is  replaced  by  the  bar- 
ren-ground reindeer,  to  which  the  name  is  also 
extended,  it  is  a  variety  of  the  reindeer,  and  has  never 
been  domesticated,  but  is  an  object  of  cluise  for  tlie  sake  of 
itsflesli.  Also  spelled  c«/Ti6oo.  See  cut  on  preceding  page. 

Carica  (kar'i-kii),  «.  [NL.,  a  new  use  of  L.  ca- 
rica,  a  kind  of  diy  fig  (sc.  ficus,  fig),  lit.  Carian; 
fern,  of  Caricus,  K  Caria :  see  Carian.']  1.  A 
genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Papayacece,  con- 
sisting of  about  20  species,  which  are  natives 
of  tropical  America.  The  best-known  is  C.  Pa- 
paya, the  papaw  (which  see). —  2t.  A  kind  of 
dry  fig  ;  a  leuten  fig.    E.  Phillips,  1706. 

caricature  (kar'i-ka-tur),  n.  [Formerly  in  It. 
form  caricatura  ■  D.  Tcarikatuur  -  -  G.  carica- 
tur,  karikatur  —  Dan.  Sw.  karikatur,  <  F.  cari- 
cature, <  It.  caricatura  (=  Sp.  Pg.  caricatura), 
a  satirical  pictiire,  <  caricare,  load,  overload, 
exaggerate,  =  F.  charger,  load,  >  E.  charge,  q. 
v.]  A  representation,  pictorial  or  descriptive, 
in  which  beauties  or  favorable  points  are  con- 
cealed or  pers'erted  and  peculiarities  or  defects 
exaggerated,  so  as  to  make  the  person  or  thing 
represented  ridiculous,  while  a  general  like- 
ness is  retained. 

Now  and  then,  indeed,  he  [Dryden]  seizes  a  very  coarse 
and  niiirked  distinction,  and  gives  us,  not  a  likeness,  l)ut 
a  strong  caricature,  in  which  a  single  peculiarity  is  pro- 
truded, and  everything  else  neglected. 

Macaulay,  Dryden. 
Perhaps  a  sketch  drawn  by  an  alien  hand,  in  the  best 
faith,  might  have  an  air  of  caricature. 

JJowells,  Venetian  Life,  xx. 
=  Syil.  Caricature,  Burlesque,  Parody,  Travestij.  The  dis- 
tinguishing mark  of  a  caricature  is  that  it  absurdly  ex- 
aggerates that  which  is  characteristic,  it  may  be  by  pic- 
ture or  by  language.  A  burlesque  renders  its  subject  lu- 
dicrous by  an  incongruous  manner  of  treating  it,  as  Viy 
treating  a  grave  subject  lightly,  or  a  light  subject  gravely. 
Burlesque  may  be  intentional  or  not.  A  parody  inten- 
tionally burlesques  a  literary  composition,  generally  a 
poem,  by  imitating  its  form,  style,  or  language.  In  a 
parody  the  characters  are  changed,  while  in  a  travesty 
they  are  retained,  only  the  language  being  made  absurd. 
(See  travesty.)  In  a  burlesque  of  a  literary  work  the  char- 
acters are  generally  changed  into  others  which  ludicrously 
suggest  their  originals. 

caricature  (kar'i-ka-tur),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

caricatured,  ppr.  caricaturing.  [<  caricature, 
ji. ;  =  F.  caricaturer  =  Sp.  caricaturar.]  To 
make  or  draw  a  caricature  of;  represent  in 
the  manner  of  a  caricature ;  burlesque. 

Hogarth  caricatured  Churchill  under  the  form  of  a  ca- 
nonical bear,  with  a  club,  and  a  pot  of  beer. 

Walpole,  Anecdotes,  IV.  Iv. 

So  much  easier  it  is  to 
caricature  life  from  our 
own  sickly  conception  of 
it,  than  to  paint  it  in  its 
noble  simplicity. 
Lowell,  Among  my  Books, 
[1st  sen,  p.  376. 

caricature-plant 

(kar'i-ka-tur-plant), 
n.  An  acanthaceous 
plant  of  the  Indian 
archipelago,  Grapto- 
j)hylluni  hortensc :  so 
called  from  the  cu- 
rious variegation  of 
the  leaves,  which  are 
often  so  lined  as  to 
present  gi'otesque 
likenesses  to  the  hu- 
man profile, 
caricaturist  (kar'i- 

ka-tur-ist),  n.  [<  caricature  +  -ist;  =  F.  carica- 
turiste  =  Sp.  caricatiirista.']  One  who  draws  or 
writes  caricatures ;  specifically,  one  who  occu- 
pies himself  with  drawing  pictorial  caricatures. 

carices,  ».    Plural  of  carex,  2. 

caricin,  caricine  (kar'i-sin),  «.  [<  Carica  + 
-ine^.]  A  proteolytic  ferment  contained 
in  the  juice  of  the  green  fruit  of  the  papaya- 
tree,  Carica  Papaya.  Also  called  papain  and 
jJapayotin. 

caricography  (kar-i-kog'ra-fi),  n.  [<  L.  carex 
(caric-),  sedge,  +  Gr.  -ypa<pia,  writing,  <  ypcKpeiv, 
write.]  A  description  or  an  account  of  sedges 
of  the  genus  Carex. 

caricologist  (kar-i-kol'o-jist),  71.  [<  *caricol- 
ogy  (<  L.  carex  {caric-),  sedge,  +  Gr.  -Aoyia,  < 
Myeiv,  speak:  see  -ology)  +  -ist.']  A  botanist 
who  especially  studies  plants  of  the  genus 
Carex. 

caricous  (kar'i-kus),  a.  [<  L.  carica,  a  kind 
of  dry  fig  (see  Carica),  +  -ous.]  Resembling  a 
fig :  as,  a  caricous  tumor. 

Oarida  (kar'i-da),  n.  pi.    Same  as  Caridea. 


Caricature-plant  ( Graptophylltim 
hortense). 


824 

Caridea  (ka-rid'e-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  /cap/? 
(napid-),  a  shrimp  or  prawn:  see  Caridcs.]  A 
series  or  division  of  macrurous  decapod  crus- 
taceans, containing  the  shrimps,  prawns,  etc. 
It  is  a  large  and  varied  group,  characterized  by  the  sepa- 
ration of  the  carapace  from  the  mandibular  and  antennal 
segments,  by  the  large  basal  scale  of  the  antennae,  and  by 
only  one  or  two  pairs  of  chelate  limbs.  It  corresponds  to 
Latreille's  Carides,  or  fourth  section  of  such  crustaceans, 
and  is  divided  into  several  modern  families,  as  Alpheidce, 
Cranyonidce,  Palcemonid(e,  and  Penceidce. 

caridean  (ka-rid'e-an),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Cari- 
dea :  caridomorphic. 

II,  n.  A  member  of  the  Caridea  or  Carido- 
morphu. 

Carides  (kar'i-dez),  «.  p/.    [NL.,  pi.  of  *Caris, 

<  Gr.  Kop/f,  pi.  K.api6e^,  later  Kapidec;,  a  small  crus- 
tacean, prob.  a  shrimp  or  prawn.]  A  synonym 
of  Crustacea,  Haeckel. 

Carididse  (ka-rid'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  *Caris 
(see  Carides)  +  -idw.]  In  some  systems  of 
classification,  a  family  of  macrurous  decapod 
crustaceans ;  the  prawns  and  shrimps.  It  con- 
tains such  genera  as  Palmmon,  Penaius,  Crangon, 
Pontonia,  Alpheus,  and  is  conterminous  with 
Caridea. 

Caridomorpha  (kar"i-do-m6r'fa),  ».  pi.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  ^ap^f  (napiS-),  a  shrimp  or  prawn,  +  fiop<t>//, 
form,  shape.  See  Caridea,  Carides,  etc.]  A  di- 
vision of  macrurous  Cr  ustacea  ;  caridean  crusta- 
ceans proper,  as  prawns  and  shrimps.  Huxley. 

caridomorphic  (kar"i-d9-m6r'fik),  a.  [<  Cari- 
domorpha +  -ic]  Pertaining  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  the  Caridomorpha;  caridean. 

caries  (ka'ri-ez),  n.  [=  F.  carie  =  Sp.  caries  = 
Pg.  carie,  caries  =  It.  carie,  <  L.  caries  (ML. 
also  caria),  decay,  prop,  a  hard,  dry  decay,  as 
of  wood,  bones,  walls,  etc.]  1.  A  destructive 
disease  of  bone,  causing  a  friable  condition  and 
worm-eaten  appearance,  attended  with  suppu- 
ration. It  is  probable  that  several  distinct 
pathological  processes  lead  to  this  morbid  con- 
dition.—  2.  A  disease  of  the  teeth,  resulting  in 
the  disintegration  of  their  substance  and  the 
formation  of  cavities.  In  man  and  carnivorous 
animals  it  is  supposed  to  be  caused  by  one 
of  the  bacteria,  Leptothrix  huccalis.  See  Lep- 
tothrix. —  3.  In  bat,  decay  of  the  walls  of  the 
cells  and  vessels. 

carillon  (kar'i-lon),  n.  [<  F.  carillon,  formerly 
also  carrillon,  quarillon  (Cotgrave)  (>  It.  cari- 
glione  (FloTio)  =  Fg.  carriZ/tao  =  ML.  carillomts), 
a  var.  of  OF.  *carignon,  carenon,  quarregnon,  a 
chime  of  bells,  a  carillon,  orig.  appar.  a  set  of 
four  bells,  being  identical  with  OF.  carillon, 
cOtrrillon,  quarillon,  karillon,  also  carignon,carri- 
gnon,  earrinon,carenon,  carrenon,  carregnon,  car- 
reignon,  quarreignon,  etc.,  a  square,  a  square  of 
parchment,  parchment  or  paper  folded  square, 

<  ML.  quaternio{n-),  a  paper  folded  in  four 
leaves,  a  quire  (prop.,  as  in  LL.  quaternio{n-), 
a  set  of  four),  equiv.  to  quaternium,  quaternus, 
quaternum,  paper  folded  in  four  leaves,  a  quire, 
>  OF.  quaer,  qiiaier,  quayer  (>  E.  quire^),  cayer, 
mod.  F.  cahier,  <  L.  quaterni,  four  each,  <  qua- 
ter,  four  times,  <  quatuor  =  E.  four ;  see  quater- 
nion, a  doublet  of  carillon,  quire^  and  cahier, 
approximate  doublets,  and  quadrille,  carreV^, 
etc.,  square,  etc.,  related  words.]  1.  A  set 
of  stationary  bells  tuned  so  as  to  play  regu- 
larly composed  melodies,  and  sounded  by  the 
action  of  the  hand  upon  a  keyboard  or  by  ma- 
chinery. It  differs  from  a  chime  or  peal  in  that  the  bells 
are  fixed  instead  of  swinging,  and  are  of  greater  number. 
The  number  of  bells  in  a  chime  or  peal  never  exceeds  12; 
a  carillon  often  consists  of  40  or  50.  The  carillons  of  the 
Netherlands  were  formerly  famous,  but  the  best  are  now 
found  in  England.  The  carillon  of  Antwerp  cathedral 
consists  of  60  bells ;  that  of  Bruges  is  much  larger. 

2.  A  small  instrument  furnished  with  bells, 
properly  tuned,  and  with  finger-keys  like  those 
of  the  pianoforte. —  3.  A  simple  air  adapted  to 
be  performed  on  a  set  of  bells. — 4.  The  rapid 
ringing  of  several  large  bells  at  the  same  time, 
with  no  attempt  to  produce  a  tune  or  the  effect 
of  tolling. 

carina  (ka-ri'nii),  n. ;  pi.  carinw  (-ne).  [L.,  the 
keel  of  a  boat:" see  careen.]  1.  A  keel.  Specifi- 
cally—(a)  la  bot.,  same  as  keel,  4.  (b)  In  zool.  and  anat., 
a  median,  inferior  part  of  a  thing,  like  or  likened  to  a 
keel :  especially  applied  in  ornithology  to  the  keel  of  the 
breast-bone  which  most  birds  possess,  such  birds  being 
called  carinate,  and  constituting  a  prime  division,  Cari- 
natce.    See  carinate. 

2.  An  intermediate  piece,  between  the  tergum 
and  the  scutum,  of  the  multivalve  carapace  of  a 
cirriped,  as  a  barnacle  or  an  acorn-shell.  See 

cuts  under  Balanus  andZepas  Carina  fomicis, 

the  keel  of  the  fornix,  a  median  longitudinal  ridge  upon 
the  under  surface  of  that  part  of  the  brain. 


Carinart'a  cymtiium. 


Garinellidse 

carinal  (ka-ri'nal),  a.  [<  carina  +  -al;  =  F. 
carinul.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  a  ca- 
rina.—  2.  In  hot.,  having  the  keel  or  two  lower 
petals  of  a  flower  inclosing  the  otliers :  applied 
to  a  form  of  estivation  which  is  peculiar  to  a 
tribe  ( Cwsalpinco)  of  the  Leguminoscc. 
Carinaria  (kar-i-na'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  carina, 
a  keel;  from  the  shape.  See  careen.]  A  ge- 
nus of  nucleobranchiate  mol- 
luscous animals,  of  the  order 
Heteropoda,  referable  to  the 
family  Firolidw,  or  Pterotra- 
cheidw,  or  made  the  type  of  a 
family  Carinariidce.  The  vis- 
ceral sac  is  a  projecting  saccular 
mass,  placed  at  the  limit  of  the  hinder  region  of  the  foot, 
covered  with  the  mantle  and  a  hat-shaped  shell.  'I'he 
shells  are  known  to  collectors  imder  the  names  of  Vetius's- 
slipper  and  ytass-nautilus.  The  gills  are  pi'otected  by  a 
small  and  very  delicate  shell  of  glassy  translucence.  The 
animal  itself  is  about  2  inches  long,  and  is  of  oceanic  hab- 
its. It  is  so  transparent  that  the  vital  functions  may  be 
watched  with  the  aid  of  a  microscope, 
carinarian  (kar-i-na'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  I,  a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  genus  Carinaria  or  family 
Carinariida;. 

II.  71.  A  member  of  the  genus  Carinaria  or 
family  Carinariidce  ;  a  carinariid. 
carinariid  (kar-i-na'ri-id),  7i.   A  heteropod  of 
the  family  Carinariida;. 

Carinariidae  (kar"i-na-ri'i-de),  n.  j)l,  [NL.,  < 
Carinaria  +  -idai.]  A  family  of  gastropod 
mollusks,  of  the  ordef  Hete^'opoda,  represented 
by  the  genera  Carina7'ia  and  Cardiapoda.  They 
have  a  greatly  reduced  visceral  mass  and  a  hyaline  shell, 
well-developed  tentacles,  projecting  gills  beneath  the  mar- 
gin of  the  shell,  and  a  prominent  mesopodium  or  middle 
lobe  of  the  foot,  produced  like  a  keel  or  vertical  fin  from 
the  under  surface  of  the  body,  whence  the  name.  See 
cut  luider  Carinaria. 

Carinatae  (kar-i-na'te),  m.  pi.    [NL.,  fern.  pi. 

of  L.  carinatus,  keel-shaped:  see  carinate.] 
One  of  two  prime  divisions  of  birds  instituted 
by  Merrem  in  1813 ;  his  Aves  carinatce,  including 
all  birds  then  known  to  have  a  carinate  sternum, 
as  opposed  to  Aves  ratitce,  or  "flat-breasted" 
birds,  consisting  of  the  struthious  or  ratite  birds. 

The  division  was  adopted  in  1867  by  Huxley,  who  ranged 
the  class  Aves  in  the  three  "  orders  "of  Saururoe,  Ratitce, 
and  Carinatce,  and  it  is  now  generally  current.  The  Cari- 
natce include  all  ordinary  birds  (all  living  birds  excepting 
the  Ratitce).  They  have  no  teeth ;  a  carinate  sternum 
(see  cut  under  carinate) ;  few  caudal  vertebrae  ending  in  a 
pygostyle ;  wings  developed,  and  with  rare  exceptions  fit 
for  flight ;  metacarpals  and  metatarsals  ankylosed ;  nor- 
mally in  adult  life  no  free  tarsal  bones  and  only  two  free 
carpal  bones;  heterocoelous  or  saddle-shaped  vertebrae; 
the  scapula  and  coracoid  (with  few  exceptions)  meeting 
at  less  than  a  right  angle ;  and  the  furculum  usually  per- 
fected. The  Carinatce  are  made  by  Coues  one  of  Ave  sub- 
classes of  Aves. 
carinate  (kar'i-nat),  a.  [<  L.  carinatus,  keel- 
shaped,  pp.  of  carinare,  furnish  with  a  keel  or 
shell,  <  carina,  keel,  shell,  etc. :  see  careen.] 
Shaped  like  or  furnished  with  a  keel ;  keeled. 

Specifically — (a)  In  bot.,  having  a  longitudinal  ridge  like  a 
keel,  as  the  glume  of  many  grasses.    (6)  In  zobl.,  ridged 


"/n  a; 


Carinate  Sternum  of  Common  Fowl,  side  and  front  views,  showing;  ca, 
the  carina  or  keel  characteristic  of  Cnrinaia,  borne  upon  the  lopho- 
steon.  which  extends  from  r,  the  rostrum  or  manubrium,  to  tnx,  the 
middle  xiphoid  process  or  xiphisternum  ;  pto,  pleurosteou,  bearing  cp, 
the  costal  process :  and  mo,  the  bifurcated  metosteon. 

lengthwise  beneath,  as  if  keeled  :  specifically  applied  in 
ornithology  to  the  keeled  sternum  of  most  birds,  and  to 
the  birds  possessing  such  a  sternum. 

carinated  (kar'i-na-ted),  a.  Having  a  keel; 
keeled. 

carinet,  v.  and  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  careen. 

Carinella  (kar-i-nel'a),  n.  [NL.,  dim.  of  L. 
carina,  keel,  vessel,  shell,  etc. :  see  carina,  ca- 
reen.] The  typical  genus  of  the  family  Cari- 
neUidw. 

Carinellidse  (kar-i-nel'i-de),  w.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Carinella  +  -idm.]  Afamilyof  rhynchocoelous 
turbellarians,  or  nemertean  worms,  represented 
by  the  genus  Carinella,  having  the  lowest  type 
of  structure  among  the  Nemertea.    The  family 


Carinellidse 

typifies  a  prime  division  of  the  Nemertea,  called 
Palceonemertea  (which  see). 

carioiform  (ka-rin'i-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  carina, 
keel,  +  forma,  shape.]  Carinate  in  form ;  hav- 
ing the  shape  or  appearance  of  a  carina  or 
keel :  specifically  applied  to  the  long,  thin, 
sharp  adipose  fin  of  certain  silui-oid  fishes. 

carinolateral  (ka-ri-no-lat'e-ral),  a.  [<  L. 
carina,  a  keel,  +  latus,  side:  see" lateral.']  In 
Cirripcdia,  lying  on  each  side  of  the  carina. 
See  cut  under  Balanus. 

On  each  side  of  the  carina  is  a  compartment  termed  ca- 
rino-lateral.  Huxley,  Auat.  Invert.,  p.  254. 

Carinthian  (ka-rin'thi-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Ca- 
rinthia  +  -an.]  I,  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  Carin- 
thia,  a  crown-land  and  duchy  of  the  Austrian 
empire  lying  to  the  east  of  the  Tyrol  and  north- 
east of  Italy:  as,  the  Carinthian  Alps  Carin- 

thlan  process,  in  metal.,  a  process  in  use  in  C'arinthia  for 
converting  pig.  into  wrought-iron,  the  metal  being  treated 
in  the  form  of  thin  disks  which  are  worked  into  blooms, 
ready  to  be  hammered  out  into  bars. 
II.  H.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Carinthia. 

Cariole  (kar'i-61),  w.  [=  Dan.  kariol,  <  F.  cari- 
ole,  now  carriole,  =  Pr.  carriol,  m.,  carriola,  f., 
<  It.  carriuola  =  Sp.  carriola,  a  small  vehicle, 
dim.  of  It.  Sp.  Pg.  carro,  a  vehicle,  car:  see 
carl.  Hence  by  simulation  E.  carryall.]  1.  A 
small  open  carriage;  a  kind  of  calash. — 2.  A 
covered  cart. 

cariopsis,  w.    See  caryopsis. 

cariosity  (ka-ri-os'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  cariosus,  cari- 
ous, +  -ity.]    The  state  of  being  carious. 

carious  (ka'ri-us),  a.  [=  F.  carieux  =  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  carioso,  <  L.  cariosus,  <  caries,  decay :  see 
caries.]  1.  Afieeted  with  caries;  decayed  or 
decaying,  as  a  bone. —  2.  Having  a  coiToded 
appearance :  applied  in  entomology  to  surfaces 
which  are  thickly  covered  with  deep  and  very 
irregular  depressions,  with  jagged  ridges  be- 
tween them,  like  a  metal  plate  that  has  been 
exposed  to  a  strong  acid. 

cariousness  (ka'ri-us-nes),  n.  Same  as  cariosity. 

caritative  (kar'i-ta-tiv),  a.  [=  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
caritatico,  <  ML.  c'aritativus,  <  L.  carita{t-)s, 
love,  charity:  see  charity.]  Benevolent;  be- 
neficent ;  charitable.  [Rare.] 

Then  follows  the  caritative  principle,  .  .  .  the  princi- 
ple of  brotherly  love,  as  seen  in  voluntary  action  in  behalf 
of  others.    R.  T.  Ely,  Past  and  Present  of  Pol.  Econ.,  p.  53. 

car-jack  (kar'jak),  n.  A  screw  or  hydraulic 
jack  used  in  lifting  cars  or  locomotives,  or  in 
replacing  them  on  the  track  when  derailed. 

carjacou,  n.    See  cariacou. 

cark  (kark),  n.  [<  IVIE.  carh,  trouble,  anxiety 
(the  alleged  AS.  *carc,  *cearc,  *be-carcia)i,  *be- 
cearcian  are  not  found),  <  AF.  *cark,  kark,  a 
load,  burden,  weight,  the  unassibilated  form 
of  OF.  charge,  >  iLE.  charge  (which  varies  with 
cark  in  some  instances),  a  load,  burden;  cf. 
cark,  chark^,  v.,  also  charge  and  cargo.  The 
W.  care,  care,  anxiety  (>  carcus,  solicitous),  = 
Gael,  care,  care,  =  Bret,  karg,  a  load,  burden,  are 
prob.  from  E.  or  F.  The  resemblance  to  care, 
with  which  cark  is  alliteratively  associated,  is 
accidental.]  1+.  A  load;  a  burden;  a  weight; 
specifically,  an  old  measure  of  weight  for  wool, 
equal  to  the  thirtieth  part  of  a  sarplar. —  2.  A 
burden  of  care ;  a  state  of  anxious  solicitude ; 
care;  concern;  trouble;  distress.  [Archaic] 
Now  I  see  that  al  the  cark  schal  fallen  on  myn  heed. 

Gamelyn,  1.  754. 
And  what  then  follows  all  your  carke  and  caring 
And  self -affliction?        Massinger,  Roman  Actor,  ii.  1. 
And  at  night  the  swart  mechanic  comes  to  drown  his  cark 
and  care, 

Quaffing  ale  from  pewter  tankards,  in  the  master's  antique 
chair.  Longfellow,  Nuremberg. 

cark  (kark),  v.  [<  cark,  n.  •  <  ME.  carken,  also 
charken,  varying  with  chargen,  load,  burden,  < 
AF.  *carker  (m  eomp.  sorkarker,  surcharge, 
deskarker,  discharge),  unassibilated  form  of 
OF.  charger,  load:  see  cark,  n.,  and  charr/e,  v.] 
I.  trans.  1 .  To  load ;  burden ;  load  or  oppress 
with  grief,  anxiety,  or  care;  worry;  perplex; 
vex.  [Archaic] 

Carkid  [var.  charkicl]  wit  care.    Cursor  Mandi,  1.  23994. 
Thee  nor  earketh  care  nor  slander. 

Tennyson,  A  Dirge. 

2t.  To  bring  to  be  by  care  or  anxiety;  make  by 
carking. 

Care  and  cark  himself  one  penny  richer.  South. 
Il.t  intrans.  To  be  full  of  care,  anxious,  so- 
licitous, or  concerned. 

Carkinjj  and  caring  all  that  ever  you  can  to  gather  goods 
and  rake  riches  together.     Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  5. 

Hark,  my  husband,  he's  singing  and  hoiting,— and  I'm 
fain  to  cark  and  care. 

fi-t,,.        PI,,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  i.  3. 


825 

carking  (kar'king),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  cark,  v.] 
Distressing;  perplexing;  giving  anxiety:  now 
scarcely  used  except  in  the  phrase  carking  care 
or  cares. 

Thrice  happy  and  ever  to  be  envied  little  Burgh,  .  .  . 
without  vainglory,  without  riches,  without  learning,  and 
all  their  train  of  carking  cares. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  1G2. 
carkled  (kar'kld),  a.    [E.  dial.]  Crumpled; 
wavy. 

And  the  blades  of  grass  that  straightened  to  it  turned 
their  points  a  little  way;  ...  yet  before  their  carkled 
edges  bent  more  than  a  driven  saw,  down  the  water  came 
again.  B.  D.  Blackrnore,  Lorna  Doone,  p.  118. 

carl  (karl),  M.  [(1)  Early  mod.  E.  and  Sc.  also 
carle,  <  ME.  carl,  carle,  <  AS.  carl,  a  man,  churl, 
as_a  proper  name  Carl  (after  OHG.),  in  carles 
icwn,  'the  carl's  or  churl's  wain,'  now  Charleses 
Wain  (q.  v.,  under  wain),  and  (after  Scand.)  in 
comp.,  '-man,'  in  hutse-carl,  ship-man,  hUs-carl, 
hOs-karl,  'house-carl,' one  of  the  king's  body- 
guard (=  OFries.  hus-kerl,  a  man  (vassal),  = 
Icel.  hUs-karl,  a  man  (vassal),  one  of  the  king's 
body-guard),  or  'male,'  'he-,'  as  in  carl-man, 
ME.  carman  (Icel.  karl-madhr),  a  man  (as  op- 
posed to  a  woman),  *carl-cat  (North.  E.  carl- 
cat),  a  male  eat,  *carl-fugel  {=  Icel.  karl-fugl), 
a  male  bh-d  (the  last  two  forms  in  Somner,  but 
not  found  in  use),  OD.  kaerle,  a  man,  husband, 
churl,  fellow,  D.  karel,  a  fellow,  =  OHG.  karl, 
karal,  chart,  charal,  MHG.  karl  (OHG.  also 
charlo,  charle,  MHG.  charle,  karle),  a  man,  hus- 
band, G.  (after  LG.)  kerl,  a  feUow,  z=  Icel.  karl, 
a  man  (as  opposed  to  a  woman),  a  churl,  an  old 
man  (also  in  comp.,  'male,'  'he-'),  =  Norw.  Sw. 
Dan.  karl,  a  man,  fellow ;  used  also  as  a  proper 
name,  AS.  Carl,  E.  Carl,  Earl  (after  G.)  z=  D. 
Xarel  =  Dan.  Karl,  Carl  =  Sw.  Karl  =  OHG. 
Karl,  Karal,  MHG.  Karl,  Karel,  Karle,  G.  Karl, 
Carl,  whence  (from  OHG.)  ML.  Carlus,  Caro- 
lus,  Karlus,  Karohis,  Karulus,  NL.  Carolus,  > 
It.  Carlo  =  Sp.  Pg.  Carlos  =  OF.  Karlus,  F. 
Charles,  >  E.  Charles  (see  carolus,  carolin,  Caro- 
line, etc.);  the  same,  but  vrith  diff.  orig.  vowel, 
as  (2)  MLG.  kerle,  LG.  kerl,  kerel,  kirl  (>  G. 
ke7-l)  =  OD.  keerle,  D.  kerel,  a  man,  churl,  fel- 
low, =  OFries.  kerl  (in  comp.  hUs-kerl,  above 
mentioned),  Fries,  tzerl,  tzirl  =  AS.  ceorl,  a 
churl,  E.  churl,  q.  v. ;  appar.,  with  formative  -I, 
from  a  root  *kar,  *ker,  and  by  some  connected, 
doubtfully,  with  Skt.  jdra,  a  lover.]  1 .  A  man ; 
a  robust,  strong,  or  hardy  man ;  a  fellow.  [Now 
only  poetical,  or  prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
The  mellere  was  a  stout  carl  for  the  nones. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  545. 
Why  sitt'st  thou  by  that  ruined  hall, 
Thou  aged  carle  so  stern  and  gray  ?  Scott. 

2.  A  rustic;  a  boor;  a  clown;  a  churl. 
Therein  a  cancred  crabbed  Carle  does  dwell, 
That  has  no  skill  of  Com-t  nor  courtesie. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  is.  3. 
It  seems  as  if  you  had  fallen  asleep  a  carle,  and  awak- 
ened a  gentleman.  Scott,  ilonastei-y,  I.  223. 

3.  Same  as  carl-hemp.  [Scotch.] 
carlt  (karl),  i;.  i.  l<carl,n.]  To  act  like  a  churl. 

They  [old  persons]  carle  many  times  as  they  sit,  and  talk 
to  themselves ;  they  are  angry,  waspish,  displeased  with 
themselves.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  132. 

carl-cat  (karl'kat),  n.    A  male  eat;  a  tomcat. 

Grose.    [North.  Eng.] 
carl-crab  (karl'krab),  n.    A  local  Scotch  name 
of  the  male  of  the  common  black-clawed  sea- 
crab,  Cancer  pagurus. 
carlei,  n.  and  v.    See  carl. 
carle^,  n.    Same  as  caurale. 
Carle  Sunday  (kiiri  sun'da).    See  CarlingT-,  1, 
and  Care  Sunday. 
carlet  (kar'let),  n.    [<  F.  carrelet,  a  square  file, 
a  three-edged  sword  (>  Sp.  carrelet,  a  straight 
needle  with  a  triangular  point),  dim.  of  OF. 
carrel,  F.  carreau,  a  square,  tile,  pane:  see 
carrel^  and  quarrel^.]    A  single-cut  file  with 
a  triangular  section,  used  by  comb-makers, 
carl-hemp  (karl'hemp),  n.   'Male  hemp.  Also 
ca)i.    [Scotch.]    In  the  following  passage  it  is  used  as 
a  s>inbol  of  robustness  of  character. 

Come,  firm  Resolve,  take  thou  the  van, 
Thou  stalk  o'  carl-hemp  in  man  ! 

Burn.';,  To  Dr.  Blacklock. 

carlick  (kar'lik),  71.    [E.  dial,  form  of  charlock, 

q.  v.]  Same  as  charlock.  [Local,  Eng.] 
carlie  (kar'li),  «.  [Sc.,  dim.  of  carl.]  1.  A 
little  carl. —  2.  A  boy  who  has  the  appearance 
or  manners  of  a  little'  old  man.  Jamieson. 
carlin,  carline^  (kar'lin),  ».  [Also  carling,  < 
Icel.  karlinna,  a  woman,  =  Dan.  kwlling,  prop. 
*ka;rUng,  =  Sw.  kdrung,  an  old  woman,  a  crone ; 
cf.  karl,  a  man:  see  carl.]  An  old  woman:  a 
contemptuous  term  for  any  woman.  [Scotch.] 


Carlist 

The  carline  she  was  stark  and  sture, 
She  aff  the  hinges  dang  tlie  dure. 

Cospatriik  (Child's  Ballads,  T.  155). 
Oarlina  (kar-H'na),  n.  [NL.  (>  F.  carline  —  Sp. 
It.  carlina) ;  so  called,  it  is  said,  after  the  em- 
peror Charlemagne  (OHG.  Karl),  whose  army, 
according  to  the  doubtful  story,  was  saved  from 
a  plague  by  the  use  of  this  root.]  A  genus 
of  Compositw  differing  from  the  true  thistles 
in  having  the  scales  of  the  involucre  scarious 

and  colored.  Tlie  species  are  all  natives  of  Europe  and 
the  Meditenaneaii  region.  The  most  common  is  the  car- 
line  thistle,  C.  vulgaris,  the  scales  of  which  are  so  hygro- 
scopic that  the  heads  are  used  as  a  natural  weather-glass. 
The  root  of  C.  acauiis,  also  called  carline  thistle,  liad  for- 
merly a  high  reputation  for  medicinal  virtues  in  various 
diseases. 

carline^,  «.    See  carlin. 

carline^  (kiir'lin),  n.  [<  F.  carlin,  <  It.  carlino  : 
see  carlino.]    Same  as  carlino,  1. 

carline^  (kiir'lin),  a.  and  n.  [<  F.  carline,  the 
thistle,  so  called :  see  Carlina.]  I.  a.  Belong- 
ing to  the  genus  Carlina :  as,  the  carline  thistle. 

II.  V.  A  kind  of  thistle,  Carlina  vulgaris  or 
C.  acaulis.    See  Carlina. 

carline*,  carling^  (kar'lin,  -ling),  w.  [<  r.  car- 
linguez=iip.  Pg.  carlinga=  Huss.  karlinsU;  ori- 
gin imknown.]  1.  A  piece  of  timber  in  a  ship, 
ranging  fore  and  aft  from  one  deck-beam  to  an- 
other, and  forming  with  the  beams  a  framing 
for  the  deck-planks  to  rest  upon. —  2.  A  trans- 
verse iron  or  wooden  bar  placed  across  the  top 
of  a  railroad-car  from  side  to  side  to  support 
the  roof -boards.  Sometimes  called  a  rafter. — 
Carline  knees.  See  knee. 

Carlingif  (kar'ling),  n.  [Short  for  Carling  Sun- 
day, also  Carlin  Sunday,  Carle  Sunday,  appar. 
corruptions  of  Care  Sunday,  q.  v.]  1 .  The  Sun- 
day before  Palm  Sunday ;  the  fifth  Sunday  in 
Lent,  commonly  known  as  Passion  Sunday. 
It  was  an  old  custom  to  eat  a  certain  kind  of 
peas  on  that  day.  Hence  — 2.  [I.  c]  pi.  The 
peas  eaten  on  Passion  Simday;  "grey  peas 
steeped  all  night  in  water,  and  Med  next  day 
in  butter"  {Brockett). 

carling2,  n.    See  carline^. 

Carling  Sunday  (kar'ling  sun'da).  Same  as 
Carling'^,  1. 

carlino  (kar-le'no),  n.  [It.,  also  Carolina  (>  F. 
Sp.  carlin  =  Pg.  carlim,  carlino):  named  from 
the  emperor  Charles  (It.  Carlo:  see  carl)  VI., 
in  whose  time  the  coin  was  first  issued,  about 


Obverse.  Reverse. 
Carlino  of  Pope  Clement  XIV.,  British  Museum. 
\  Size  of  the  original. ) 


1730.]  1 .  An  Italian  silver  coin  formerly  cur- 
rent in  Naples,  Sicily,  and  Eome.  The  Roman 

carlino  here  represented  weighs  nearly  43  grains.  The 
value  of  tlie  carlino  of  Rome  was  about  16  United  States 
cents,  of  that  of  Naples  8,  and  of  that  of  Sicily  4.  Also 
called  carline. 

2.  A  Sardinian  gold  coin  of  Charles  Emmanuel 
L  (1735),  of  the  value  of  120  lire,  or  about  §28. 
carlisht  (kar'lish),  a.  [<  ME.  carlisch,  karli.sche, 
common;  <  carl  +  -ish^.   Cf.  churlish.]  Churl- 
ish.   [Old  and  prov.  Eng.] 

Her  father  hath  brought  her  a  carlish  knight, 
Sir  John  of  the  north  countrkye. 

Percy's  Reliques,  p.  88. 

carlishnesst  (kar'lish-nes),  n.  Churlishness. 
Carlism  (kiir'lizm),  n.  [<  F.  Carlisme  =  Sp. 
Carlismo  =  It.  Carlisnio,  <  NL.  ^Carli.ynius.  <  Car- 
lus, Carolus  (>  F.  Charles  =  Sp.  Carlos  =  lt.  Car- 
lo, Charles):  see  carl  and  -ism.]  The  claims 
or  opinions  of,  or  devotion  to,  the  Carlists  of 
France,  or  of  Spain.  See  Carlist. 
Carlist  (kar'list),  n.  and  a.  [<  F.  Carliste  =  Sp. 
Carlista  =  It.  Carlisfa,  <  NL.  *Carlista,  <  Car- 
lus, Carolus,  Charles:  see  Carlism.]  I.  n.  1. 
Formerly,  one  of  the  partizans  of  Charles  X. 
of  France,  and  of  the  elder  line  of  the  French 
Bourbons,  afterward  called  Legitimists. —  2.  A 
follower  of  the  fortimes  of  Don  Carlos  de  Bor- 
bon,  second  son  of  Charles  IV.  of  Spain;  a  sup- 
porter of  the  claims  of  Don  Carlos,  and  of  his 
successors  of  the  same  name,  to  the  Spanish 
throne,  based  upon  his  asserted  right  of  suc- 
cession in  1833,  in  place  of  his  niece  Isabella  II., 
which  has  caused  several  outbreaks  of  civil ^n-ar. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  Carlism,  or  to  the  Carl- 
ists. 


4 


car-load 

car-load  (kar'lod),  «.  The  load  eai-ried,  or  that 
can  be  carried,  by  a  car,  especially  a  freigbt-car. 
As  a  unit  of  measure  for  freight  it  varies  on  different  rail- 
roads from  24,000  to  30,000  pounds.  The  following  are, 
approximately,  the  amounts  of  various  commodities  com- 
monly designated  by  the  word  :  salt,  75  barrels;  flour,  160 
barrels ;  corn,  300  bushels ;  wheat.  340  bushels. 

carlock  (kar'lok),  »i.  [=  F.  carlock,  <  Russ. 
lartukii.']  A  sort  of  isinglass  obtained  from 
Eussia,  made  of  the  sturgeon's  bladder,  and 
used  in  clarifying  wine. 

carlotf  (kar'lot),  n.  [A  dim.  of  carl,  q.  v.]  A 
countryman ;  a  churl ;  a  clown. 

The  cottage  .  .  . 
That  the  old  carlot  once  was  master  of. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  5. 

Carlovingian  (kar-lo-vin'ji-an),  a.  and  n.  Same 

as  Carolintjian. 

The  Carlovingian  dynasty  ended  and  that  of  the  Capets 
commenced.  Sir  E.  Creasy,  Eng.  Const.,  p.  53. 

Carlsbad  twins.    See  tioin. 

carl-tangle  (karl'tang^gl),  n.  Same  as  cairn- 
tangle.  [Scotch.] 

Cariudovica  (kar"lu-d9-vi'ka),  m.  [NL., 
named  in  honor  of  Charles  (Sp.  Carlos)  IV.  of 
Spain  and  his  consort,  Maria  Louisa  (ML.  Lu- 
dovica)  of  Parma.]  1.  A  small  genus  of  palm- 
like plants,  of  the  natural  order  Pandanacew. 
They  are  natives  of  tropical  America,  and  are  either  stem- 
less  or  have  climbing  stems  which  cling  to  the  trunks  of 
trees  by  aerial  roots.  The  large  fan-like  leaves  of  C. 
palmata  are  the  material  of  which  the  well-known  Pan- 
ama hats  are  made,  each  hat  being  plaited  from  a  single 
leaf. 

Hence  —  2.  [?.  c]  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
a  Panama  hat.    Imp.  Diet. 
Carlylean,  Carlyleian,  a._   See  Carhjlian. 
Carlylese  (kiir-li-les'  or  -lez'),  a.  and  n.   I.  a. 
Same  as  Carlylian. 
II.  n.  Same  as  CarlijUsm,  1. 
Carlylian  (kar-li'li-an),  a.    Relating  to  or  re- 
sembling the  opinions  or  style  of  Thomas  Car- 
lyle,  a  noted  Scotch  writer  (1795-1881).  Also 
Carlylean,  Carlyleian. 

He  [Thomas  Hughes]  is  Carlyleian  in  his  view,  plus  a 
deep  and  earnest  faith  in  the  people. 

R.  J.  Hinton,  Eng.  Radical  Leaders,  p.  104. 

Carlylism  (kar-li'lizm),  n.  1.  The  style  or  a 
peculiarity  of  the  style  of  Thomas  Carlyle.  it  is 
characterized  by  conversational  and  irregular  sentences 
anil  a  copious  diction  abounding  in  metaphor  and  allusion. 
It  is  marred  by  the  forced  use  of  words,  the  coinage  of  un- 
couth terms  to  suit  the  purpose  of  the  moment,  and  the 
introduction  of  many  foreign  idioms. 

2.  The  leading  ideas  or  teachings  of  Thomas 
Carlyle,  who  inculcated  especially  the  impor- 
tance of  individual  force  of  character,  and  men's 
need  of  rulers  and  leaders  of  strong  character. 

carmagnole  (kar-ma-nyol'),  n.  [P.  carmagnole 
(>  Sp.  carmakola),  of  uncertain  origin,  but  prob. 

<  Carwa.(/«ota  in  Piedmont.]  1.  [caj).]  A  popu- 
lar dance  and  song  among  republicans  in  the 
first  French  revolution. — 2.  A  garment  and 
costume  worn  in  France  during  the  revolution, 
and  considered  as  identified  with  the  revolu- 
tionary party.  The  name  first  became  known  in  1792 
as  that  of  the  coat  worn  by  the  Marseillese  in  Paris,  and 
generally  adopted  by  the  revolutionists,  having  short  cling- 
ing skirts,  a  broad  collar  and  lapels,  and  several  rows  of 
buttons.  It  was  afterward  extended  to  a  costume,  com- 
prising in  addition  large  black  woolen  pantaloons,  a  red 
cap,  and  a  tricolored  girdle.  The  name  of  the  song  and 
dance  was  taken  from  that  of  the  garment. 

3.  The  wearer  of  such  a  dress;  any  violent 
revolutionist. — 4.  A  bombastic  report  of  the 
successes  and  glories  of  the  French  arms  during 
the  revolutionary  wars ;  hence,  any  bombastic 
address  or  doeimient. 

carman^  (kar'man),  n. ;  pi.  carmen  (-men).  A 
man  who  drives  a  ear  or  cart. 

The  carwen  and  coachmen  in  the  city  streets,  mutually 
look  upon  each  other  with  ill-will. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  174. 

carman-t,  n.   [ME.,  also  careman,  for  "carlman, 

<  AS.  carlman,  <  Icel.  karlmadhr,  a  man,  <  karl, 
a  man  (male),  -I-  madhr,  man  (person).  See 
carl,  and  cf.  carlin.']    A  man. 

Carefulle  caremane,  thow  earpez  to  lowde. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  957. 

carmele,  carmylie  (kar'mel,  kar-me'li),  n. 
[Also  written  carameil  and  cormeille,  and  sim- 
ply corr,  <  Gael,  caermeal,  the  heath-pea.]  The 
heath-pea,  Lathyrus  macrorrhisus.  [Scotch.] 

Carmelint,  «.    Same  as  Carmelite. 

Carmelite  (kar'mel-it),  n.  and  a.  [=  Sp.  Pg. 
carmelita  =  It.  carmelito  (carmelitano)  (cf.  F. 
carme:  see  carmes),  <  LL.  Carmelites,  fem.  Car- 
melitis,  <  Gr.  KapiirjAirriQ,  fem.  Kap/xri'AiTi(,  an  in- 
habitant of  Mount  Carmel  (ML.  Carmelites,  a 
friar  of  the  Carmelite  order),  <  KapfirjWo^,  L. 
CarmeZM,s,  Carmel.]  I.  w.  1 .  A  mendicant  friar 
of  the  order  of  Our  Lady  of  Mount  Carmel. 


826 

This  mountain,  overlooking  the  bay  of  Acre  in  northwest- 
ern Palestine,  has  been  from  early  times  a  resort  for  her- 
mits, and  in  1156  Berthold,  a  Calabrian  monk,  in  obedience 
to  a  professed  revelation  from  the  prophet  Elijah,  biiilt 
ther^  a  tower  and  a  church  and  gathered  around  him  about 
ten  companions.  From  this  small  beginning  arose  the 
Carmelite  order.  According  to  an  early  rule,  the  monks 
were  to  live  in  separate  cells,  to  abstain  from  meat,  and 
to  observe  a  strict  fast  from  the  Exaltation  of  the  Cross 
(September  14th)  to  Easter,  Sundays  being  excepted. 
Owing  to  Mohammedan  persecutions,  the  Carmelites  aban- 
doned Mount  Carmel  and  established  themselves  in  1238 
in  Cyprus  and  elsewhere.  In  the  sixteenth  century  St. 
Theresa,  a  Spanish  lady  of  noble  family,  built  a  convent 
at  Avila  and  established  a  discalced  or  reformed  branch 
of  the  order,  consisting  of  both  monks  and  nuns,  sometimes 
called  barefooted  Carmelites.  The  habit  of  the  order  is  a 
cassock,  scapular,  and  hood  of  brown  color,  and  a  white 
cloak,  the  hood  covering  the  head  and  face  and  having 
holes  for  the  eyes.  In  the  United  States  there  are  con- 
vents of  the  order  in  the  dioceses  of  Leavenworth,  Newark, 
Pittsburgh,  Baltimore,  St.  Louis,  and  New  Orleans.  The 
three  convents  last  named  follow  the  rule  of  St.  Theresa. 
2.  [L  c]  A  variety  of  pear. — 3.  [Z.  c]  A 
woolen  material  similar  to  beige  cloth. 

II.  a.  Belonging  to  the  order  of  Carmelites. 
Carmest,  n.pl.    [ME.,  <  OF.  carme,  pi.  carmes, 
contr.  of  *carmeiite.']  Carmelite  friars.  Mom. 
of  the  Rose. 

carminate  (kar'mi-nat),  n.  [<  carmin-ic  + 
-rtffi.]    A  salt  of  carminic  acid. 

carminated  (kiir'mi-na-ted),  a.  [<  carmine  + 
-ate'^  -\-  -erf2.]  Mixed  with  or  made  of  carmine : 
as,  carminated  color —  Carminated  lake.  See  lake. 

carminative  (kar-min'a-tiv),  «.  and  ii.  [= 
F.  carminatif  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carminativo,  <  NL. 
(A.  D.  1622)  carminativus,  <  *carminare  (Sp.  car- 
minar),  expel  wind,  prob.  a  particular  use  of 
L.  carminare'^,  card,  as  wool,  hence  cleanse,  < 
carmen'^  {carmin-},  a  card  for  wool,  <  carere, 
card  (see  card^);  or,  less  prob.,  of  ML.  car- 
minarc'^,  use  incantations,  charm,  L.  make 
verses,  <  carmen'^  (carmin-),  a  song,  verse,  in- 
cantation, charm.]  I.  a.  Expelling,  or  having 
the  quality  of  expelling,  wind  from  the  alimen- 
tary canal. 

II.  w.  A  medicine  which  tends  to  expel  wind, 
and  to  remedy  colic  and  flatulence.  Carminatives 

ai'e  chieHy  obtained  from  the  vegetable  kingdom,  the  prin- 
cipal being  ginger,  cardamoms,  aniseed,  and  caraway -seeds. 
Several  of  the  essential  oils  are  also  used  as  carminatives, 
as  those  of  peppermint,  anise,  caraway,  and  jiniiper  ;  also 
ardent  spirits,  especially  in  the  form  of  aromatic  tinctures. 

—  Dalby's  carminative,  a  preparation  used  especially 
for  children,  for  which  the  following  is  a  common  for- 
mula :  oil  of  peppermint  1  part,  oil  of  nutmeg  2,  oil  of  ani- 
seed 3,  tincture  of  castor  30,  tincture  of  asafetida  15,  com- 
pound tincture  of  cardamoms  30,  peppermint-water  960. 

carmine  (kar'min  or  -min),  n.        D.  karmijn 

—  G.  Dan.  Sw.  karmin  =  Russ.  kartninu,  <  P. 
carmin  =  It.  carminio,  <  Sp.  carmin  (=  Pg. 
carmim),  a  contr.  form  of  carmesin  (now  car- 
mesi,  after  the  Ar.  form)  =  Pg.  carmesim  =  It. 
carmesino  (also  cremisi,  cremisino)  =  OF.  *cra- 
moisin,  cramoisyne  (>  ME.  cramosin,  cremosyn, 
crimisine,  crimosin,  E.  crimson,  q.  v.),  F.  cra- 
moisi  =  G.  karmesin  =  D.  karmczijn  =  Dan. 
karmesin  =  Russ.  karmazinit,  <  ML.  carmesinus, 
kermesinvs,  crimson,  carmine,  <  kermcs  (Sp. 
carmes,  also  with  Ar.  art.  alkermes,  alquermes), 
the  cochineal  insect  (see  kermes),  <  Ar.  and 
Pers.  qirmizi,  crimson,  qirmiz,  crimson,  <  Skt. 
krimija,  produced  by  an  insect,  <  krimi,  a  worm, 
an  insect  (=  E.  loorm.,  q.  v.),  -t-  y/  jan,  produce, 
=  Gr.  ■[/  *yev  =  L.  -v^  *gcn  =  AS.  ccnuan,  etc., 
produce:  see  genus,  generate,  etc.,  and  ken^.'] 
1.  The  pure  coloring  matter  or  principle  of 
cochineal,  to  which  the  formula  Ci7Hx8C)io  1*3,8 
been  assigned.  It  forms  a  purple  mass  sol- 
uble in  water. — 2.  That  one  of  two  or  more 
lakes  of  different  strengths  prepared  from  the 
same  coloring  matter  which  contains  the  great- 
est proportion  of  coloring  matter  to  the  base, 
whiehis  generally  alumina.  Specifically — 3.  A 
pigment  made  from  cochineal,  it  is  a  transparent 
crimson  of  considerable  luminosity  and  intense  chroma. 
It  is  prepared  from  a  decoction  of  cochineal,  the  coloring 
matter  being  precipitated  by  some  aluminous  salt,  foi'm- 
ing  a  lake.—  Burnt  carmine.a  pigment  obtained  by  par- 
tially charring  carmine.   It  is  a  reddish  purple  of  extreme 

richness.— Carmine  of  indigo,  indigo  caxmine.  See 

indigo.— Carmine  spar.    Same  as  carminite. 
carminic  (kar-min'ik),  a.    [<  carmine  +  -ic] 
In  chem.,  pertaining  to  or  derived  from  carmine, 
the  coloring  principle  of  cochineal  Carminic 

acid,  C17H18O10,  an  acid  found  in  the  buds  of  some 
plants,  but  most  abundantly  in  the  cochineal  insect.  It 
forms  a  red  amorphous  mass,  and  with  the  alkalis  pro- 
duces carmine-colored  salts, 
carminite  (kar'min-it),  n.  [<  carmine  +  -ite^.'] 
An  arseniate  of  iron  and  lead,  occurring  in 
clusters  of  needles  having  a  carmine-red  color. 
Also  called  carmine  spar. 

carmot  (kar'mot),  n.  The  name  given  by  the 
alchemists  to  the  matter  of  which  they  sup- 
posed the  philosopher's  stone  to  be  constituted. 


carnality 

carmylie,  «.    See  carmele. 

cam  (kiirn),  n.  [The  proper  Celtic  (nom.)  form 
of  cairn,  q.  v.]  A  rock,  or  heap  of  rocks.  See 
cairn.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

carnadinet  (kar'na-den),  n.  [Miswritten  car- 
vardine;  <  It.  '■^  cdrnadino,  a  carnation  colour" 
(Florio),  <  L.  as  if  *carnatus  (see  carnation^),  < 
caro  {cam-),  flesh.  Cf.  incarnadine.^  Carna- 
tion, or  something  having  that  color. 
The  rosy-coloured  carnardine. 

Middlcton,  Anything  for  a  Quiet  Life,  ii.  2. 

carnage  (kar'naj),  n.  [<  F.  carnage  =  Pr.  car- 
natge  =  Sp.  carnaje  =  Pg.  carnagem  =  It.  car- 
naggio,  slaughter,  butchery,  <  ML.  carnaticum, 
a  kind  of  tribute  of  animals,  also  prob.  used, 
like  its  equiv.  carnatum,  in  the  additional 
sense  of  'time  when  it  is  lawful  to  eat  flesh' 
(>  F.  charnage  =  Pr.  carnatgue  (cf.  Sp.  Pg.  car- 
nal), season  when  it  is  lawful  to  eat  flesh ;  cf . 
ML.  reflex  carnagium,  a  dinner  of  flesh),  <  L. 
caro  {earn-),  flesh :  see  carnal.'\  If.  The  flesh  of 
slain  animals ;  heaps  of  flesh,  as  in  shambles. 
His  ample  maw  with  human  earnaije  filled. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  ix.  352. 

2t.  The  flesh  that  is  given  to  dogs  after  the 
chase. —  3.  Great  destruction  of  men  or  ani- 
mals by  bloody  violence;  slaughter;  butchery; 
massacre. 

In  the  camafie  of  Sedgemoor,  or  in  the  more  fearful 
carnage  of  the  Bloody  Circuit.    Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ix. 

Inspiring  appetites  which  had  tasted  of  blood  with  a 
relish  for  more  unlicensed  carnage. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  3. 

A  battle  was  attempted  by  a  large  miscellaneous  mass 
of  students,  peasantry,  and  burghers.  It  soon  changed 
to  a  carnage,  in  which  the  victims  were  all  on  one  side. 

Motley,  Dutch  Kepublic,  III.  89. 
=  Syn.  3.  Butchery,  etc.    See  massacre,  n. 

carnage  (kar'naj),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  carnaged, 
ppr.  carnaging.  [<  carnage,  ?».]  To  strew  or 
cover  with  carnage  or  slaughtered  bodies :  as, 
"that  carnaged  plain,"  Sonthey,  Joan  of  Arc,  ix. 

carnal  (kar'nal),  a.  [<  ME.  carnal  =  OF.  car- 
vel, F.  charnel  =  Pr.  camel  =  Sp.  Pg.  carnal  = 
It.  carnale,  <  L.  carnalis,  fleshly,  of  the  flesh 
(ML.,  natural,  of  the  same  blood  or  descent), 
<  caro  {cam-),  flesh,  =  Gr.  npea^,  flesh,  =  Skt. 
kravya,  raw  flesh,  corpse,  carrion,  =  AS.  hraw 
(=  OS.  hreu,  hreo  =  OFries.  lire  (in  eomp.)  = 
OHG.  hreo,  MHG.  re  =  Icel.  lirce  =  Goth.  Jiraiw, 
in  comp.),  a  corpse;  prob.  akin  to  AS.  hredw, 
E.  raw,  q.  v.,  and  L.  crudus,  raw,  >  E.  crude, 
and  ult.  E.  cruel,  q.  v.  From  L.  carnalis  comes 
also  E.  charnel,  q.  v.]  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
flesh;  hence,  flesh-eating;  ravenous;  bloody. 

This  carnal  cur 
Preys  on  the  issue  of  his  mother's  body. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  Iv.  4. 

2t.  Of  the  same  blood  or  descent;  natural; 
kindred;  german. 

In  the  next  territories  adioyning  doe  inhabite  two  car- 
nail  brothers,  dukes  of  the  Tartars,  namely.  Burin  and 
Cadan,  the  sonnes  of  Thyaday.    Hakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  66. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  flesh  or  the  body,  its  pas- 
sions and  its  appetites ;  fleshly;  sensual;  lust- 
ful; gross;  impure. 

Our  carnal  stings,  om-  unbitted  lusts. 

Shak.,  Othello,  i.  3. 
Not  sunk  in  carnal  pleasure.      Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  693. 

4.  Not  spiritual ;  merely  human ;  not  partak- 
ing of  anything  divine  or  holy ;  unregenerate ; 
unsanctified. 

The  carnal  mind  is  enmity  against  God.      Rom.  viii.  7. 

Meats  and  drinks,  and  divers  washings,  and  carnal  or- 
dinances. Heb.  ix.  10. 

All  appearances  of  mirth  and  pleasantry,  which  were 
looked  upon  as  marks  of  a  carnal  mind. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  494. 

Carnal  knowledge,  sexual  intercourse.  =83^.  3  and  4. 

See  worldly  and  sensual. 

carnalism  (kar'nal-izm),  n.  [<  carnal  +  -ism.'] 
Carnality;  the  indulgence  of  carnal  appetites. 

carnalist  (kar'nal-ist),  n.  [<  carnal  +  -ist.] 
One  given  to  the  indulgence  of  sensual  appe- 
tites. 

They  are  in  a  reprobate  sense,  mere  carnalists,  fleshly 
minded  men.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  633. 

carnalite  (kar'nal-it),  n.  [<  carnal  +  -ite^.']  A 
worldly-minded  man ;  a  carnalist.  Ant.  Ander- 
son. [Rare.] 

carnality  (kar-nal'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  carnalities  (-tiz). 
[z=  OF.  carnaliteit,' F.  charnalite  =  S]p.  carnali- 
dad  =  Pg.  carnalidade  =  It.  carnalitd,  -tade, 
-fate,  <  L.  carnalita{t-)s,  <  carnalis,  carnal:  see 
carnal.  ]  The  state  of  being  carnal ;  fleshliness ; 
fleshly  lusts  or  desires,  or  the  indulgence  of 
them  ;  sensuality ;  want  of  spirituality. 

Tliey  wallow  ...  in  all  the  carnalities  of  the  world. 

South,  Sermons,  I.  x. 


carnality 

If  the  forme  of  the  Ministry  be  grounded  in  the  worldly 
degrees  of  autority,  honour,  temporall  jurisdiction,  we 
see  it  with  our  eyes  it  will  turne  the  inward  power  and 
purity  of  the  Gospel  into  the  outward  carnality  of  the  law. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  i.  3. 

carnalize  (kar'nal-iz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  car- 
nalized, ppr.  carnalizing.  [<  carnal  +  ■dze.'] 
To  make  eamal ;  debase  to  carnality.  [Rare.] 

A  sensual  and  carnalized  spirit. 

J.  Scott,  Christian  Life,  i.  §  2. 

carnallite  (kar'nal-it),  n.  [Named  after  Von 
Carnall,  a  Prussian  mineralogist  (1804-74).]  A 
milk-white  or  pink-colored  mineral  obtained  «a„ia+inn2i 
from  the  salt-mines  of  Stassfnrt,  Prussia,  it  is  t, 
a  hydrous  chlorid  of  magnesium  and  potassium,  contain- 
ing small  quantities  of  sodium,  rubidium,  csesium,  and 
bromine. 

carnally  (kar'nal-i),  adv.  In  a  carnal  manner; 
according  to  the  flesh ;  not  spiritually. 

The  Apostle  doth  very  fitly  take  the  law  .  .  .  either  spir- 
itually or  carnally,  according  to  the  differing  sentiments 
of  those  to  whom  he  wrote  the  epistles. 

R.  Nelson,  Life  of  Bp.  Bull. 

carnal-minded  (kar'nal-min"ded),  a.  Having 

a  carnal  or  fleshly  mind ;  unspiritual. 
carnal-mindedness  (kar'nal-mia''''ded-nes),  n. 

Carnality  of  mind. 

Concupiscence  and  carnal-mindedness. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Kepentance,  v.  §  3. 

carnardinet,  n.    See  camadine. 

Carnaria  (kar-na'ri-a),  n.pl.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
L.  carnarius,  pertaining  to  flesh,  <  caro  (cam-), 
flesh :  see  carnal.  Cf .  Carnassia.']  In  Cuvier's 
system  of  classification  as  altered  by  his  editors, 
the  flesh-eaters  or  thii-d  order  of  mammals,  con- 
taining not  only  the  Carnivora  proper,  as  now 
understood,  but  also  the  Imectivora,  the  CMrop- 
tera,  and  sundry  carnivorous  marsupials ;  the 
carnassiers.  The  marsupials  were  subsequent- 
ly placed  in  a  separate  group,  Marsupiata. 
Also  called  Carnassia.  [Disused.] 

carnaryt  (kar'na-ri),  n.  ~  " 


827 

beauty.  Under  cultivation,  in  place  of  the  original  lilac- 
purple  of  the  wild  state,  it  has  assumed  a  wide  variety  of 
tints,  and  numberless  combinations  of  form  and  color. 
These  varieties  are  grouped  by  florists  into  three  classes, 
viz.,  bizarres,  flakes,  and  picotees.    Also  called  carnation 

pink.  (J))  The  Cwsalpinia pulcherrima,  the  Span- 
ish carnation,  a  leguminous  shrub  with  very 
showy  flowers,  often  cultivated  in  tropical  re- 
gions. -Also  formerly,  by.  corruption,  corona- 
tion. 

Bring  Coronations,  and  Sops  in  ^vine, 
Worne  of  Paramoures. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  April. 
n.    [<  ME.  carnacion,  short  for  in- 
carnacion:  seQ  incarnation.']  Incarnation. 

These  beleuid  not  in  vergyn  Marie, 
Ne  treuly  in  Cristes  carnacione. 

Old  Eng.  Miscell.,  p.  216. 

carnationed  (kar-na'shond),  a.  [<  carnation  + 
-ed2.]    Having  a  color  like  carnation;  pink. 

Lovelace. 

carnation-grass  (kar-na'shon-gras),  n.  Cer- 
tain sedges,  especially  Carex'glauca  and  C.pa- 
nicea,  so  called  from  the  resemblance  of  their 
leaves  to  those  of  the  carnation, 
carnauba  (kar-na-o'ba),  M.  [Braz.]  1.  The 
Brazilian  name  of  the  palm  Copernicia  cerifera. 
See  Copernicia. —  2.  The  wax  obtained  from 
this  palm. 

carneity  (kar-ne'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  carneus,  of  flesh : 
see  carneous.]  Fleshiness.  [Rare.] 
carnelt  (kar'nel),  n.  [ME.,  also  kernel,  Jcirnel, 
lajmel,  <  OF.  camel,  later  carneau,  F.  cr6neau 
=  Pr.  camel  (ML.  reflex  carnellus,  quarnellits), 
<  ML.  crenellus,  an  embrasure,  battlement :  see 
crenelle.']  A  battlement ;  an  embrasure ;  a  loop- 
hole. 

So  harde  sautes  to  the  cite  were  geuen. 
That  the  komli  kemeles  were  to-clatered  with  engines. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2858. 
And  alle  the  waUes  beth  of  Wit,  to  holde  Wil  theroute; 
The  carnels  beth  of  Cristendam,  the  kuynde  to  saue. 

Piers  Plowman  (A),  vi.  78. 


[Also  written  carwane, 

<ML.  carnaria,  a,\so  carnarium,<lj.  caro  (cam-),  „„„_ii_„  n  ■■     i-      ->^  n 

flesh:  see  canlal.^    A  bone-h'ouse  attached  {I  ^K^^^.V.?^^^^^^^^^ 
a  church  or  burial-place ;  a  charnel-house. 
Carnassia  (kar-nas'i-a),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  adapted 
from  F.  carnassiers  (Cuvier),  carnivora  (see 
carnassier) ;  afterward  changed  by  his  editors 
to  Carnaria.']    Same  as  Carnaria. 
carnassial  (kar-nas'i-al),  a.  and  n.    [<  F.  car- 
nassiere,  the  sectorial  tooth  (orig.  fem.  (sc. 
dent,  tooth)  of  carnassier,  carnivorous:  see 
carnassier),  +  -al.]    I.  a.  Sectorial;  adapted 
for  cutting  and  tearing  flesh:  applied  to  the 
specialized  trenchant  or  cutting  molar  or  pre- 
molar of  the  Carnivora. 

It  .  .  .  appears  that  the  sectorial  or  carnassial  teeth  in 
the  two  jaws  [of  the  dog]  differ  in  their  nature,  the  upper 
being  the  last  premolar,  the  lower  the  anterior  molar. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  357. 

II.  n.  A  sectorial  tooth;  the  last  upper  pre- 
molar or  first  lower  molar  tooth  of  those  Car 


[More  correctly  cornelian  (changed  to  carnelian 
in  simulation  of  L.  caro  {cam-),  flesh),  <  P.  cor- 
naline,  <  It.  cornalina  =  Pr.  Pg.  cornelina  =  Sp. 
cornerina,  carnelian;  It.  also  corniola  (>  E.  car- 
neol,  q.  v.) ;  a  dim.  form,  <  L.  cornu  =  E.  horn; 
so  called  from  its  horny  appearance ;  cf .  onyx, 
which  means  lit.  'a  finger-nail  or  claw.']  A 
siliceous  stone,  a  variety  of  chalcedony,  of 
a  deep-red,  flesh-red,  or  reddish-white  color. 
It  is  tolerably  hard,  capable  of  a  good  polish,  and  is  used 
for  seals,  etc.  The  finest  specimens  come  from  Cambay 
(hence  also  called  Cambay  stones)  and  Surat,  in  India, 
where  they  are  found  as  nodules  of  a  blackish-olive  color, 
in  peculiar  strata,  30  feet  below  the  surface.  The  nodules, 
after  two  years'  exposure  to  the  sun,  are  boiled  for  two 
days,  and  thereby  acquire  the  beautiful  colors  for  which 
they  are  prized. 

carneolt,  n.  [=  D.  Tcameool  =  G.  Tcarniol  = 
Sw.  Dan.  Jcarneol,  <  It.  corniola :  see  carnelian.] 


,  .  ,  ,  .    „  Carnelian.    E.  Phillips,  1706. 

mwm  which  have  a  typically  carmvorous  den-  Oarneospongiffi  (kar"ne-6-spon' ji-e),  n.  pi. 
t.,tinn  «.«  t,l.„  o.t     ^.cr     n,n.n  <  L.  camcus,  fleshy  (see  car  neons),  -\- 


tition,  as  the  cat  or  dog.  Owen 

carnassier  (kar-nas'i-a),  w.  [F.,  a  carnivorous 
mammal,  <  carnassier,  fem.  carnassiere,  former- 
ly carnacier,  <  Pr.  carnacier  (=  Sp.  carnicero 
=  Pg.  carniceiro),  carnivorous,  fleshly,  <  car- 
naza  (=  Sp.  carnaza  =  Pg.  carnaz,  carniga), 
flesh,  <  L.  caro  (cam-),  flesh:  see  carnal.']  1. 
One  of  the  Carnaria;  a  carnivorous  mammal. 
See  Carnaria. —  2.  [<  F.  carnassiere:  see  car- 
nassial.]   A  carnassial  tooth. 

carnatet  (kar'nat),  a.  Invested  with  or  em- 
bodied in  flesh:  same  as  the  modem  incarnate, 
which,  however,  is  used  in  the  following  extract 
as  if  the  in-  were  privative. 

I  fear  nothing  .  .  .  that  devil  carnate  or  incarnate  can 
fairly  do  against  a  virtue  so  established. 

Richardson,  Clarissa  Harlowe,  v.  46. 

carnation^  (kar-na'shon),  n. 
<  It.  carnagione,  flesh-^color, 
also  fleshiness,  =  Sp.  carna- 
cion (cf.  Pg.  encarnacao), 
flesh-color,  <  L.  carnatio(n-), 
fleshiness,  <  caro  (cam-), 
flesh:  seecama?.]  1.  Flesh- 
color;  pink. 

Her  complexion  of  the  most  daz- 
zling carnation.    Bulwer,  Pelham. 

2.  In  7JaiH^iwi7,  the  represen- 
tation of  flesh ;  the  nude  or 
undraped  parts  of  a  figure. — 

3.  In  hot. :  (a)  The  common 
name  of  the  pink  Dianthits 
Caryophyllns,  a  native  of 
southern  Em-ope,  but  cul- 
tivated from  very  ancient 
times  for  its  fi-agi-anee  and  ''^'^t;:/,^!^]':'" 


[<  F.  carnation, 


spongia,  a  sponge.]  Fleshy  sponges :  a  class  of 
Porifera  contrasted  with  Calcispongice.  it  con- 
tains the  multitude  of  sponges  having  as  conmion  char- 
acters a  very  thick  mesoderm,  a  supply  and  drainage  sys- 
temlike that  of  ordinary  commercial  sponges,  the  ectoderm 
and  endoderm  as  in  the  Leucones,  and  the  skeleton,  when 
present,  either  ceratodous  or  siliceous,  with  its  elements 

radiately  or  irregularly  disposed.  Most  sponges  belong  to  /vk,,  ^"  \ 

this  class,  which  is  divided  by  Hyatt  into  the  orders  Bali-  CamiVOra  (kar-niv  O-ra),  W.  pi 
sarcoidea,  Gumminince,  Ceratoidea,  Cerato-Silicoidea,  and 
Silicoidea. 

carneospongian  (kar'''ne-o-spon'ji-an),  a.  and 
n.  I.  a.  Fleshy,  as  a  spbiige ;  speci'iicaUy,  per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Car- 
neospongice. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Carneospongice ;  a  fleshy 
sponge. 

carneous  (kar'ne-us),  a.  [<  L.  carneus,  of 
flesh,  <  caro  (cam-),  flesh:  see  carnal,  and  cf. 
carnous.']  1.  Fleshy;  having  the  qualities  of 
flesh:  as,  "carneous  fibres," i^ay,  Works  of  Cre- 
ation, ii. —  2.  Flesh-colored;  pink  with  a  tinge 
of  yellow. 

carneyi  (kar'ni),  n.  [Prob.  <  L.  carneus,  fleshy: 
see  carneous.]    A  disease  of  horses,  in  which 

the  mouth  is  so  furred  that  they  cannot  eat.   

Carney2  (kar'ni),  n.    [Also  spelled  carny ;  a  carniVOTacity  (kar'''"ni-v6-ras'i-ti),  n 

slang  word,  or  unknown  origin.]    Flattering,  "     '  .... 

hypocritical  talk ;  flattery.  [Slang.] 
Carney2  (kar'ni),  v.    [<  camey^,  n.]    I.  trans. 

To  insinuate  one's  self  into  the  good  graces  of; 

flatter;  wheedle.  [Slang.] 

II.  intrans.  To  interlard  one's  discourse  with 

hypocritical  terms  or  tones  of  flattery  or  en- 
dearment. [Slang.] 
carnifez  (kar'ni-feks),  n.    [L.,  also  carnufex, 

<  caro  (earn.),  flesh  (see  carnal),  +  facerc. 


camivorat 

make.]  1.  A  public  executioner ;  a  hangman; 
hence,  as  a  term  of  abuse,  a  ■wretch. 

Let  the  carni/exes  scour  their  throats  ! 

Middleton  aiul  Rowley,  Fair  Quarrel,  iv.  4. 

2.  [cap.]  In  ornith. :  (a)  A  genus  of  hawks : 
same  as  Micrastur.  Lesson,  1842.  [Not  in  use.] 
(b)  A  genus  of  birds:  same  as  Phmniccrcus. 
iSundevall,  1835.  [Not  in  use.] 
carnification  (kar"ni-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [<  F.  car- 
nijication  =  Sp.  carneficatio,  carnificacion  =  Pg. 
carnificagao  =  It.  carnificazionc,  <  L.  as  if  "car- 
nijicatio(n-),  <  carnificarc,  pp.  carnificatm:  see 
carnify.]  The  act  of  camifying;  in  pathol.,  a 
state  of  certain  organs  in  which  the  tissue  be- 
comes changed  so  as  to  resemble  that  of  fleshy 
parts.  In  the  lungs  it  is  equivalent  either  to 
the  condition  seen  in  atelectasis  or  to  hepati- 
zation. 

carnify  (kar'ni-fl),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  carnified, 
ppr.  camifying.  [<  F.  carnifier  =  Sp.  Pg.  carni- 
ficar-se  (refl.)  =  It.  carnificare,  <  L.  carnificarc, 
also  carnuficare,  only  in  sense  of  'behead,'  < 
caro  (cam-),  flesh,  +  facere,  make.  See  car- 
nifex.]  1.  To  form  flesh  ;  grow  fleshy.  [Rare.] 

I  walk,  I  see,  I  hear,  I  digest,  I  sanguify,  I  carnify. 

Sir  31.  Hale,  Orig.  of  Jlankind,  p.  31. 

2.  In  pathol.,  to  lose  the  normal  structure  and 
become  fleshy.  See  carnification. 
carnin,  carnine  (kar'nin),  n.  [<  L.  caro  (carrir-), 
flesh  (see  carnal),  +  -i«2,  -ine'^.']  A  substance 
(C7H8N4O3)  found  in  muscular  tissue,and  hence 
in  the  extract  of  meat,  it  is  a  white  crystalline  pow- 
der, not  readily  soluble  in  cold  water.  It  forms  a  distinctly 
crystalline  salt  with  hydrochloric  acid. 

carnival  (kar'ni-val),  n.  [Formerly  carnaval 
=  D.  karnaval  =  Dan.  Sw.  G.  karneval,  <  F. 
carnaval  =  Sp.  Pg.  carnaval,  <  It.  carnovale, 
carnevale,  the  last  three  days  before  Lent ;  un- 
derstood in  popular  etymology  as  made  up  of 
It.  came,  flesh,  and  vale,  farewell,  as  if  'fare- 
well, flesh!'  but  prob.  a  corruption  of  ML. 
carnelevamen,  also  carneJevarium,  carnilevaria, 
carnelevale,  Shrovetide,  lit.  the  'solace  of  the 
flesh,'  permitted  in  anticipation  of  the  Lenten 
fast,  for  L.  carnis  levamen  (or  ML.  *levarium): 
carnis,  gen.  of  caro,  flesh  (see  carnal) ;  levamen, 
solace,  lightening,  <  levare,  lighten,  <  levis, 
light:  see  alleviate.  The  season  was  also ' 
called  carnem-laxare,  'flesh-relaxing,'  carnisca- 
pium,  'flesh-taking,'  carnivora,  'flesh-eating,' 
as  well  as  carniprivium,  '  flesh-privation,'  prop, 
applied  to  the  beginning  of  Lent.]  1.  The  feast 
or  season  of  rejoicing  before  Lent,  observed  in 
Roman  Catholic  countries  with  public  merri- 
ment and  revelry,  feasts,  balls,  operas,  con- 
certs, etc.  Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  feasting 
or  revelry  in  general. 

Love  in  the  sacred  halls 
Held  carnival.  Tennyson,  Princess,  vii. 

Carnival  lace,  a  variety  of  reticella  lare  made  in  Italy, 
Spain,  and  France  during  the  sixteenth  century. 

carnivalesque  (kar"ni-va-lesk'),  a.  [<  carni- 
val +  -esque;  after  It.  carnovalesco.]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  a  carnival ;  suitable  to  or 
in  keeping  with  a  carnival.  [Rare.] 

I  ought  fairly  to  confess  that  my  last  impression  of  the 
Carnival  was  altogether  carnivalesque. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  133. 

[L.,  neut.  pi. 

of  carnivorus :  see  carnivorous.'^  1.  [Z.  c]  In 
general,  carnivorous  animals;  animals  that 
feed  on  flesh. —  2.  In  Cuvier's  system  of  classi- 
fication, the  carnivorous  mammals  proper;  the 
Carnaria  or  Carnassia  of  Cuvier  without  the 
Insectivora,  the  Chiroptera,  and  the  carnivorous 
Marsupialia,  forming  the  third  family  of  his 
Carnaria,  and  divided  into  the  tribes  Planti- 
grada,  Digiiigrada,  and  Amphibia  (or  Pinni- 
grada,  the  seals,  etc.).  The  term  was  long  almost 
universally  used  in  this  sense,  and  is  still  current;  but  it 
is  now  usually  superseded  by  Ferce  as  an  order  of  mam- 
mals, divided  into  Fissipedia  and  Pinnipedia,  or  terres- 
trial and  amphibial  carnivores.  The  technical  characters 
of  the  order  are  given  under  Ferce  (which  see). 
3.  In  entom.,  in  Latreille's  system,  the  first 
family  of  pentamerous  Coleoptera,  or  beetles : 
synonymous  with  Adephaga. 

-    .  .        .     . ,  car- 

nivorous;  the  term,  after  voracity.]  (Greedi- 
ness of  appetite  for  flesh.  Pope.  [Rare.] 
Carnivorse  (kar-uiv'o-re),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  fem.  pi. 
oi  1j.  carnivorus :  see  carnivorous.]  in  ichth., 
a  division  of  cyprinodont  flshes.  See  Cyprino- 
don  tidw. 

carnivoral  (kar-niv'o-ral),  a.  [<  Carnivora  -f- 
-al.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  mammalian  order 
Carnivora  or  Fcrce  (which  see).  B.  G.  Wilder, 
-Amer.  Neurol.  Ass.  Trans.,  1882. 


carnivore 

carnivore  (kar'ni-vor),  II.  [=  F.  carnivore,  < 
L.  carnivorus :  see  carnivorous.^  A  carnivo- 
rous animal;  one  of  the  Carnivora. 

That  the  carnivore  may  live  lierbivores  must  die. 

II.  Spencer,  Data  o£  Ethics,  p.  17. 

carnivority  (kar-ni-vor'i-ti),  n.  Same  as  car- 
niroroitsness.  [Rare.] 

carnivorous  (kar-niv'o-ms),  a.  [=  F.  carni- 
vore =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carnivoro,  <  L.  carnivorus, 
flesh-eating,  <  caro  {cam-),  flesh  (see  carnal), 
+  vorare,  eat,  devour.]  1.  Eating  or  feeding 
on  flesh ;  subsisting  upon  animal  food :  applied 
to  animals  which  naturally  seek  animal  food, 
as  the  lion,  tiger,  dog,  wolf,  etc. ;  also  to  plants 
which  feed  upon  iusect3,  as  the  Drosera  or  sun- 
dew, the  Pinguicula,  the  Dionwa  or  Venus's  fly- 
trap, and  the  various  pitcher-bearing  plants. 

Semper  states  tliat  Dr.  Holmgrin  has  been  able  to  trans- 
form the  gizzard  ot  a  pigeon  into  a  carnivorous  stomach 
by  feeding  the  bird  on  meat  for  a  long  time. 

W.  K.  Brooks,  Law  of  Heredity,  p.  93. 

2.  Specifically — (a)  In  mammal.,  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Carnivora;  earnivoral;  carnassial. 
(fi)  In  entom.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Carnivo- 
ra; adephagous  ;  predatory. — 3.  In  odontog., 
trenchant ;  sectorial ;  carnassial :  as,  a  carnivo- 
rous molar  or  premolar, 
camivorously  (kar-niv'o-ms-li),  adv.  In  a  car- 
nivorous manner. 

carnivorousness  (kar-niv'o-rus-nes),  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  carnivorous  or  flesh- 
eating. 

G.  Arcangeli  has  observed  the  rise  of  temperature  in 
several  species  of  Aracefe,  but  does  not  consider  that 
there  is  sufficient  evidence  to  warrant  the  assumption  of 
carnivorous  habits  in  these  plants.  ...  It  seems  as  if 
some  other  explanation  than  that  of  carnivorousness 
would  have  to  be  sought  for. 

Jour,  of  Bot.,  Brit,  and  Foreign,  1883,  p.  266. 

carnokt,  «•  [ME. ;  origin  obscure.]  A  mea- 
sure of  four  bushels,  or  half  a  quarter  of  corn. 

Every  sak  [of  coal]  be  tryed  and  provid  to  be  and  holde 
a  carnok;  and  the  ij.  sakkes  to  holde  a  quarter,  wliatsoevir 
the  price  be,  vpon  peyne  of  brennyng  of  the  sakkes  and 
pai-te  of  the  colys.         English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  426. 

carnose  (kar'nos),  a.    Same  as  carnous. 

carnosity  (kar-nos'i-ti), «. ;  pi.  carnosities  (-tiz). 
I—  F.  carnosite  =  Pr.  carnositat  =  Sp.  carnosidad 
=  Pg.  carnosidade  =  It.  carnositd,  <  ML.  carno- 
sita(t-)s,  fleshiness,  <  L.  carnosus,  fleshy:  see 
carnous.']    If.  Fleshiness. 

The  olives,  indeed,  be  very  small  there,  and  no  bigger 
than  capers;  yet  commended  they  are  for  their  car?iosi<?/. 

Hvltand. 

2.  A  fleshy  grovrth. 

Carnot's  tneorem.   See  theorem. 

carnous  (kiir'nus),  a.  [=  F.  cliarneux  =  Pr.  car- 
nos  —  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carnoso,  <  L.  carnosus,  fleshy, 
<  caro  {cam-),  flesh:  see  carnal,  and  cf.  car- 
neoit.s.']  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  flesh ;  fleshy:  as, 
"  carnous  matter,"  Holland,  tr.  of  PUny,  xv.  3. — 
2.  In  hot.,  of  a  fleshy  consistence :  said  of  suc- 
culent leaves,  stems,  etc. 
Also  carnose. 

cam-tangle,  «.    See  cairn-tangle. 

carny,  «.  and  v.    See  carney^. 

caroacht,  n.    See  caroche. 

carob  (kar'ob),  «.  [Also  called  carob-tree;  = 
F.  caroube,'  OF.  carobe  =  Pr.  carohla,  <  It.  car- 
riibo,  carrubbio  =  Sp.  garrobo,  al-garrobo  =  Pg. 
alfarrobeira,  carob-tree  ;  It.  carruba  =  Sp.  gar- 
roba,  al-garroba,  garrofa  =  Pg.  alfarroba,  carob- 
bean,  St.  John's  bread;  <  Ar.  kharrub,  bean- 
pods.]  The  common  English  name  of  the  plant 
Ceratonia  Siliqua.    See  Ceratonia. 

The  path  led  through  a  grove  of  carob  trees,  from  which 
the  beans  known  in  Germany  as  St.  John's  bread  are  pro- 
duced. B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  42. 

carob-bean  (kar'ob-ben),  n.  The  pod  or  fruit 
of  the  carob  ;  St.  John's  bread.   See  Ceratonia. 

carochet,  caroacht  (ka-roch'),  n.  [Also  caroch, 
caroce,  carosse;  —  MHG.  karrdsche,  karrotsche, 
karrutsch.  karrosche,  G.  karosse,  karotze  =  'D&ti. 
karosse,  \  OF.  earache,  F.  carrosse  =  Sp.  dim. 
carrocilla  and  carrocin  =  Pg.  carroqa,  dim.  car- 
rocim,  <  It.  carroccio,  carrozza,  formerly  also 
carroccia,  a  carriage,  <  carro,  a  car:  see  carl. 
This  word  seems  to  have  helped  to  give  a  con- 
crete sense  to  carriage,  q.  v.]  A  kind  of  plea- 
sure-carnage; a  c^ach:  as,  "coaches  and  ca- 
roches,"  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel. 

His  caroches  shining  with  gold,  and  more  bright  than 
the  chariot  of  the  sun,  wearing  out  the  pavements. 

Chapman  and  Shirley,  Chabot,  Admiral  of  France,  iii. 
The  carosse  of  the  Marquis  of  Rosny 
Conducted  him  along  to  th'  arsenal. 

Chapman,  Byron's  Tragedy,  v.  1. 
let  the  caroch  go  on,  and  'tis  his  pleasure 
You  put  out  all  your  torches  and  depart. 

Webster,  'White  Devil,  i.  2. 


828 

carociiedt  (ka-rochf),  «.    [<  caroche  +  -ed^.] 
Placed  in  a  caroche. 
Old  honour  goes  on  crutches,  beggary  rides  caroched. 

Massinger,  Virgin-Martyr,  iii.  3. 

caroignet,      A  Middle  English  form  of  carrion. 

caroli  (kar'ol),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also  carrol, 
Carroll,  <  ME.  carol,  carolle,  carole,  a  dance,  a 
song,  <  OF.  carole,  a  kind  of  dance,  also  a  carol 
or  Christmas  song  ( >  ML.  It.  Sp.  carola),  <  Bret. 
koroll,  a  dance,  korolla,  korolli,  dance,  move  in 
cadence,  =  Corn,  carol,  a  choir,  concert,  =  W. 
carol,  a  carol,  song,  caroli,  carol,  coroli,  dance, 
move  in  a  circle,  =  Manx  carval,  a  carol,  = 
Gael,  carull,  caireall,  harmony,  melody:  from 
the  root  seen  in  Gael,  car,  cuir,  a  tui'n,  a  bar  of 
music,  movement,  =  Ir.  car,  a  turn,  cor,  a  turn, 
music,  circular  motion,  =W.  cor,  a  circle,  choir; 
and  in  E.  car^,  q.  v.]  If.  A  kind  of  circular 
dance. 

For-thy  wonderly  thay  woke,  &  the  wyn  dronken, 
Daunsed  ful  dregly  wyth  dere  carolez. 
Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1026. 
Festes,  instruments,  caroles,  daunces. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1073. 
[It  is  often  difficult  to  tell  from  the  context  whether  carol 
is  the  dance  or  the  song  that  seems  to  have  been  sung  as 
an  accompaniment  to  it ;  but  iu  Chaucer  it  usually  means 
simply  the  dance.] 

2.  A  song,  especially  one  expressive  of  joy; 
often,  specifically,  a  joyous  song  or  ballad  in 
celebration  of  Christmas. 

Ko  night  is  now  with  hymn  or  carol  bless'd. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  2. 
They  heard  her  singing  her  last  song,  . 
Heard  a  carol,  mournful,  holy. 

Tennyson,  Lady  of  Shalott,  iv. 

caroll  (kar'ol),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caroled  or  car- 
olled, ppr.  caroling  or  carolling.  [<  ME.  car- 
olen,  <  OF.  caroler  =  Pr.  carolar  =  It.  carolare ; 
from  the  noun.]  I,  intrans.  To  sing;  warble; 
sing  in  joy  or  festivity. 
Hark !  Iiow  the  cheerefuU  birds  do  chaunt  theyr  laies, 
And  Carroll  of  Loves  praise. 

Spenser,  Epithalamion,  1.  79. 

II,  trans.  1.  To  sing  joyously. 
Hovering  swans,  their  throats  releas'd 
From  native  silence,  carol  sounds  harmonious. 

Prior,  Second  Hymn  to  Callimachus. 

2.  To  praise  or  celebrate  in  song. 

The  shepherds  at  their  festivals 

Carol  her  goodness.        Milton,  Comus,  1.  849. 

caroPt,  carrolt  (kar'ol),  n.  [<  ME.  karolc,  a 
wreath,  <  ML.  carola,  a  lattice,  railing,  inclo- 
sure,  lit.  'a  circle';  same  word  as  carola,  a 
dance:  see  caroP-.]  1.  A  ring  of  leaves  or 
flowers;  a  garland;  a  wreath. 

Scho  putte  ilke  resche  in  other 

And  made  a  karole  iu  a  stounde  ; 

The  ton  [the  tone,  the  one]  bende  touched  the  grounde 

And  the  other  scho  helde  on  Iieygh. 

Seven  Sages,  1.  2884. 

2.  In  arch. :  {a)  A  small  closet  or  inclosure  in 
which  to  sit  and  read,    (i)  A  bay-window.  Ox- 
ford Glossary. 
Also  vrritten  carrel,  carrcll,  carrall. 

carola  (kar'o-la),  n.  [It.,  a  dance,  ring-dance: 
see  caroP-.]  A  dance  resembling  the  carma- 
gnole, popular  in  Prance  during  the  revolution. 

caroli,  «.    Plural  of  carolus. 

carolin  (kar'o-lin),  n.  [<  ML.  Carolinus,  adj., 
<  Carolus,  Charles:  see  carl,  and  cf.  carlino.'] 
1 .  A  gold  coin  flrst  issued  in  1732  by  Charles 
Philip,  Elector  of  the  Palatinate,  and  afterward 


Obverse.  Reverse. 
Carolin  of  Frederick  of  Wiirtember^,  i8io,  British  Museum.    ( Size 
of  the  original.  J 

adopted  in  various  parts  of  Germany,    it  was 

worth  slightly  less  than  the  American  half-eagle  and  a 
little  more  than  the  British  sovereign.  There  were  24 
carolins  to  the  Cologne  mark. 

2.  A  Swedish  gold  coin,  worth  about  two  dol- 
lars. 

Carolina  bark,  pink,  etc.   See  the  nouns. 

Caroline  (kar'o-lin  or  -lin),  a.  [<  ML.  Caro- 
linus: see  carotin.']  Of  or  relating  to  a  person 
named  Carolus  or  Charles.  Specifically— (n)  Be- 
longing to  or  characteristic  of  the  times  of  Charles  I.  and 
II.  of  England  :  as'  the  Caroline  divines. 

He  discovers  that  this  venerable  clergyman  of  the  Caro- 
line age  had  no  idea  of  his  own  language. 

The  Church7nan  (New  York),  LII.  2. 
(b)  Same  as  Carolingian. 


caroon 

Carolingi  (kar'o-ling),  a.  Same  as  Carolin- 
gian. 

caroling^,  carolling  (kar'ol-ing),  n.  [<  ME. 
carolinge,  carolyng;  verbal  li.  of  curol^,  v.]  The 
act  of  one  who  carols ;  a  song  of  joy,  praise,  or 
devotion. 

Ophelia's  wild  snatches  and  the  sweet  carolings  of  "As 
you  Like  it."  Coleridge,  Lit.  Bemains,  I.  82. 

Carolingian  (kar-o-lin'ji-an),  a.  and  n.  [Also 
Carlovingian,  after  F.  Car'lovingien ;  =  Sp.  Car- 
lovingeo  =  It.  Carolingio,  Carlovingio,  Carolina, 

<  ML.  Carolingi,  the  successors  of  Charlemagne, 

<  OHG.  Earling,  Charling,  MHG.  Kdrlinc,  Ear- 
line,  patronymic  deriv.  of  Karel,  Karl,  Charles : 
see  carl  and  -ing^.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Prankish  royal  and  imperial  family  or  dy- 
nasty which  succeeded  the  Merovingians:  so 
called  from  Charles  Martel,  duke  of  the  Franks 

and  mayor  of  the  palace.  Charles  exercised  royal 
power  without  the  royal  title.  His  son  Pepin  the  Short 
deposed  the  last  of  the  Merovingians  and  made  himself 
king  A.  D.  761  or  752.  Pepin's  grandson  Charlemagne,  or 
Charles  the  Great,  renewed  the  Western  Empire  by  con- 
quest, and  was  crowned  emperor  over  Germany,  France, 
and  Italy  in  800.  The  empire  was  subsequently  divided 
into  subordinate  kingdoms,  and  was  finally  bioken  up  in 
888,  though  the  title  emperor  was  not  at  once  abandoned. 
Carolingian  kings  continued  to  reign  in  Germany  till  911 
(Louis  the  Child),  and  in  France  till  987  (Louis  'V.). 

II.  n.  A  member  or  one  of  the  sovereigns  of 
the  Carolingian  family  or  dynasty. 

Carolinian  (kar-o-lin'i-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Caro- 
lina +  -ian.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  'the  Car- 
olinas,  or  to  either  of  the  two  States  of  North 
and  South  Carolina. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  either 
North  or  South  Carolina. 

carolino  (kar-o-le'no),  ?(.    See  carlino. 

carolitic,  car'olytic  (kar-o-lit'ik),  a.  [Ori- 
gin (appar.  Gr.) 
not  obvious.]  In 
arch.,  decorated 
witJi  branches 
and  leaves,  as  a 
column.  Gwilt. 
Also  'written  car- 
aletic.  [Not  in 
use.] 

Carollia  (ka-rol'i- 

a),M.  [NL.]  Age- 

nus  of  small  South 

American  phyl- 

lostomine  bats, 

connecting  the 

genus  Vampyrus 

with  Glossophaga. 

C.  brevicauda  so 

closely  resembles 

species  of  Glosso- 

jjhaga  as  to  have 

been  often  con- 
founded 'BT.th  it. 
carolling,  «.  See 

caroling^. 

carolus  (kar ' 5  - 
lus),  n. ;  pi.  caroli 
(-li).  [ML.  form 
of  Charles :  see 
carl.]  The  com- 
mon name  of  a 
gold  coin  of 
CJharles  I.  of  England,  worth  20,s.,  officially 
called  the  unite. 

carol'wriset,  (idv.  [ME.  carolewyse;  <  caroU  + 
tvise^.]    In  the  manner  of  a  carol. 

Aftyr  that  they  wentyn  in  cumpas 
Daunsynge  aboute  this  flour  an  esy  pas, 
And  songyn,  as  it  were,  in  carolewyse. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  201  (1st  version). 

carolytic,  a.    See  carolitic. 

carom  (kar'om),  71.  [Short  for  earambole,  n., 
q.  v.]  In  billiards,  the  hitting  of  two  or  three 
balls  in  succession  by  the  cue-ball  from  one 
stroke  of  the  cue :  in  Great  Britain  sometimes 
called  cannon.    Also  spelled  carrom. 

carom  (kar'om),  V.  i.  [<  carom,  n.,  or  short  for 
earambole,  v.,  q.  v.]  1.  In  billiards,  to  make 
a  carom  (which  see). — 2.  To  strike  or  collide 
against  a  thing  and  then  rebound  or  glance  off 
again ;  cannon :  usually  with  on,  and  common 
in  racing  slang:  as.  Eclipse  caromed  on  High- 
flyer and  injured  his  chance  of  winning. 
Also  spelled  carrom. 

caromel  (kar'o-mel),  n.    See  caramel. 

caroomet,  n.  '  A  corruption  of  carroon^. 

caroon  (ka-ron'),  n.  [Prob.  <  Gael,  caorunn, 
the  mountain-ash  or  rowan-tree,  caorunn,  cao- 
rann,  and  in  simple  form  caor,  the  berry  of  the 
same,  =  Ir.  caor,  a  berry,  grape,  >  caorthainn, 


Unite  or  Carol 


of  Charles  I.,  British 
(Size  of  the  original.) 


caroon 

the  mountain-ash.]    A  species  of  cherry.  Sim- 

monds.    Also  spelled  carroon. 
carosse^t,  «•    Same  as  caroche. 
carosse'-^,  n.    See  kaross. 
carotel,  caroteel  (kar-o-tel',  -tel'),  n.  [E.  Ind.] 

I.  An  Oriental  weight  varying  from  5  to  9 
pounds. — 2.  In  Eastern  commerce,  a  bundle, 
generally  of  dried  fruits,  weighing  about  7 
himdredweight.  A  carotel  of  mace  is  3  hun- 
dredweight. 

carotic  (ka-rot'ik),  a.    1=  F.  carotique  =  Sp. 
cardtico,  <  Gr.  KapuriKdc,  stupefying,  <  mpovv, 
stupefy,  <  Kapog,  stupor,  torpor,  heavy  sleep: 
see  car  us.']    1.  Relating  to  or  of  the  nature  of 
stupor  or  carus.— 2.  Same  as  carotid. 
caroticotympanic  (ka-rot'i-ko-tim-pan'ik),  a. 
[<  carotic  +  tympanic.']  In  anat.,  pertaining  to 
the  carotid  canal  and  the  tympanum, 
carotid  (ka-rot'id),  n.  and  a.    [=  F.  carotide, 
n.,  carotidien,  a.,  =  Sp.  carotlda,  n.,  carotideo, 
a->  =  Pg-  carot'idas,  n.  pL,  =  It.  carotidi,  n.  pi., 
<  NL.  carotis,  pi.  carotides  (of.  ML.  caroticm, 
carotids),  <  Gr.  Kapuric,  usually  in  pi.  Kapurideg, 
the  two  great  arteries  of  the  neck,  so  called,  it 
is  said,  from  a  belief  that  sleep  was  caused 
by  an  increased  flow  of  blood  to  the  head 
through  these  vessels,  <  mpoeiv,  napohv,  plunge 
into  sleep,-  stupefy,  <  Kopof,  stupor:  see  carotic] 
I.  n.  The  principal  artery  of  the  neck  of  the 
higher  vertebrates.    There  are  usually  two  carotids 
right  and  left,  giving  off  few  if  any  branches  in  the  neclc 
Itself,  but  supplying  the  head.    In  man,  the  right  carotid 
arises  in  coraiuon  with  the  right  subclavian  from  the  in- 
nominate artery  ;  the  left  arises  dii-ectly  from  the  arch  of 
the  aorta;  both  ascend  the  neck  neaWy  vertically  but 
somewhat  divaricating  from  each  other,  in  front  of  the 
spinal  column  and  on  each  side  of  the  trachea,  inclosed 
with  the  pneiiinogastric  nerve  and  internal  jugular  vein  in 
the  carotid  sheatli,  and  divide  opposite  the  upper  border 
of  the  thyroid  cartilage  into  the  internal  and  external 
carotids;  up  to  this  division  the  right  and  left  carotids  are 
termed  the  common  carotids.    The  external  carotids  are 
the  outer  of  the  terminal  branches  of  the  common  carotids 
supplying  mainly  parts  of  the  head  outside  the  brain-cav- 
ity ;  then-  branches  are  the  superior  thyroid,  lingual,  facial 
occipital,  posterior  auricular,  ascending  pharyngeal  in- 
ternal maxillary,  and  temporal  arteries.    The  internal 
carotids  are  the  inner  of  the  terminal  branches  of  the  com- 
mon carotids,  ascending  deeply  along  the  side  of  the  neck 
and  entering  the  cavity  of  the  cranium  through  the  carotid 
canal  in  the  temporal  bone,  supplying  the  brain  and  asso- 
ciate structures.    (See  cuts  under  embryo  and  lunq  )  A 
similar  arrangement  of  the  carotids  is  substantially  re- 
peated in  mammals.  In  birds  the  disposition  of  these  arte- 
ries varies  mnch,  but  in  most  cases  there  is  but  one  carotid 
the  left,  or  sinistrocarotid.    Also  carotis.  ' 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  two  gi-eat  arteries 
of  the  neck :  as,  the  carotid  canal.  Also  carotic 
—  Carotid  arteries.  See  I.— Carotid  canal,  the  pas- 
sage by  which  the  internal  carotid  artery  enters  the  cavity 
of  the  cranium  ;  in  man,  a  sinuous  canal  through  the  pe- 
trous portion  of  the  temporal  bone.— Carotid  foramen 
See /orawen.— Carotid  gangUon,  a  small  sympathetic 
ganglion  occasionally  fountl  on  the  under  surface  of  the 
internal  carotid  artery  while  in  the  carotid  canal  —  Ca- 
rotid gland,  in  embryol.,  the  termination  of  the  first  or 
anterior  primitive  aortic  arch,  whence  the  internal  and 
external  carotids  arise.—  Carotid  groove,  the  sigmoid 
groove  on  either  side  of  the  body  of  the  sphenoid  bone 
where  the  internal  carotid  artery  and  cavernous  sinus  lie 
Also  called  camrnous  groove. —  Carotid  nerve  (a)  A 
Ijranch  of  the  glossopharyngeal  which  accompanies  the  in- 
ternal carotid  artery.  (6)  The  large  deep  petrosal  nerve 
(c)  The  sympathetic  nerve  running  up  along  the  internal 
carotid  artery  from  the  first  cervical  ganglion  —  Carotid 
plexus,  the  plexus  of  sympathetic  fibers  lying  on  the 
outer  side  of  the  internal  carotid  while  in  the  carotid 
canal.— Carotid  sheath,  a  membranous  envelop  en- 
sheatlimg  the  common  carotid  artery,  internal  jugular 
vein,  and  pneumogastric  nerve.— Carotid  tubercle  the 
prominent  anterior  tubercle  of  the  transverse  process  of 
the  sixth  cervical  vertebra,  against  which  the  common 
carotid  artery  may  be  compressed.— Cerebral  carotid 
artery.    Same  as  internal  carotid.    See  I. 

carotidal  (ka-rot'i-dal),  a.    Carotid.  [Bare.] 
carotides,  n.    Plural  of  carotis. 
carotin,  carotine  (kar'6-tin),       [<  L.  carota, 

carrot,  -I-  -in^,  -4ne^.]    The  coloring  matter  of 

the  carrot. 

carotis  (ka-ro'tis),  m. ;  pi.  carotides  (ka-rot'i- 
dez).    [NL. :  see  carotid.]    Same  as  carotid. 

carouge  (ka-roj'),  n.  [Appar.  the  F.  form  of 
a  native  name.  F.  carouge  is  otherwise  a  var. 
of  caroube,  carob:  see  carob.]  Cuvier's  name 
for  a  bird  of  his  genus  Xantliornus:  applied 
to  various  American  orioles,  hangnests,  or  ba- 
nana-birds of  the  family  Icteridw,  as  the  Balti- 
more bird  and  orchard-oriole. 

carousall  (ka-rou'zal),  n.    [<  carouse  +  -al; 
the  form  being  suggested  perhaps  by  the  older 
carousal'^,  carousel.]   A  feast  or  festival : 
a  noisy  drinking-bout  or  revel. 
The  swains  were  preparing  for  a  carousal. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  vii.  43. 
=Syn.  Revel,  Carousal,  Wassail,  Spree,  Debauch,  Satur- 
nalia, Orgy  agree  in  expressing  times  of  excess  in  drinking  • 
same  of  them  include  other  sensual  pleasures.  They  are 
in  the  order  of  strength  and  consequent  reprobation  im- 
pUed.    A  revel  is  accompanied  with  some  drunkenness 


829 


disorder,  and  noise.  A  carousal  is  by  derivation  a  time  of 
drinking  deeply  ;  it  may  be  a  bacchanalian  feast,  a  noisy 
unrestrained  drinking-bout.  Wassail  is  limited  by  its 
associations  with  the  past  so  as  to  be  chiefly  poetic  or  to 
express  deep  drinking.  Spree  is  considered  a  colloquial 
word,  but  seems  likely  to  win  recognition  as  a  convenient 
word  for  a  period  of  drunkenness  which  incites  to  wild 
and  reckless  action.  Debaxwh  is  distinctively  excess,  hav- 
ing less  reference  now  than  formerly  to  eating,  applying 
chiefly  to  gross  lewdness  or  drunkenness,  which  is  often 
prolonged.  Saturnalia,  like  wassail,  has  historical  asso- 
ciations ;  it  is  a  strong  word  for  license,  noisy  revelry 
gross  and  continued  debauchery.  Orgy  is  by  derivation  a 
.secret  nocturnal  debauch,  and  by  usage  a  tiiiie  of  joining 
in  a  wild  or  frantic  abandonment  to  drunkenness  or  lust" 
or  both— the  extreme  in  that  kind  of  misconduct.  See 
feast. 

0  that  men  should  put  an  enemy  in  their  mouths  to 
steal  away  their  brains !  that  we  should,  with  joy,  pleas- 
ance,  revel,  and  applause,  transform  ourselves  into  beasts  ' 

Shah.,  Othello,  ii.  3. 
The  carousals  in  the  castle-halls ;  the  jollity  of  the  ban- 
quet tables.  /.  D'Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  IV.  322. 
We  did  but  talk  you  over,  pledge  you  all 
In  wassail.  Tennyson,  Princess,  Prol. 
Fat  Luxury,  sick  of  the  night's  debauch, 
lay  groaning.         Pollok,  Course  of  Time,  vii.  69. 
Among  the  dependencies  of  Athens  seditions  assumed 
a  character  more  ferocious  than  even  in  France,  during 
the  reign  of  terror— the  accursed  Saturnalia  of  an  ac- 
cursed bondage. 

Macaulay,  Mitford's  Hist.  Greece,  p.  188. 
Amid  its  fair  broad  lands  the  abbey  lay, 
Sheltering  dark  orgies  that  were  shame  to  tell. 

Bryant,  The  Ages,  xx. 
carousal^,  carousel  (kar'o-zal,  -zel),  n.  [Prop 
carousel,  <  F.  carrousel,  a  tilt,  tilting-mateh,  < 
It.  carosello,  a  form  altered  (by  confusion  with 
carricello,  dim.  of  carro,  a  car,  chariot)  from 
garosello,  a  festival,  a  tournament,  lit.  a  fight, 
quarrel,  <  garosello,  quarrelsome,  dim.  fi'om 
garoso,  quarrelsome,  <  gara,  strife,  contention, 
perhaps  another  form  of  guerra,  war,  <  OHG. 
2verra=E.  war,  q.  v.]  If.  A  tilting-match  or 
similar  pageant;  military  exercises ;  a  tourna- 
ment in  which  cavaliers  executed  various  evo- 
lutions, sometimes  intermingled  with  allegori- 
cal dances  and  scenic  representations. 

Before  the  crystal  palace,  where  he  dwells, 
The  armed  angels  hold  their  carousels. 

Marvell,  Lachrymae  Musarum  (1650). 
A  royal  carousal  given  by  Charles  the  Fifth  of  France  to 
the  Emperor  Charles  the  Fourth. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  I.  245. 
Leaving  out  the  warlike  part  of  the  carousals. 

Dryden,  Pref.  to  Albion  and  Albanius. 

2.  See  carrousel,  2. 
carouse  (ka-rouz',  formerly ka-rous'),  n.  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  caroiose  and  garouse;  <  OF.  carous, 
later  carousse,  F.  carrousse,  a  drinking-bout,  = 
Sp.  caraos,  formerly  carduz,  drinking  a  full 
bumper  to  one's  health,  orig.  an  adv.,  <  G. 
garaiis,  adv.,  quite  out,  all  out,  as  substantive 
a  finishing  stroke  (cf.  allaus,  E.  all  out,  formerly 
used  in  the  same  way,  of  emptying  a  bumper), 

<  gar,  quite,  completely  (=  E.  yare),  +  aus  = 
E.  out.]  If.  A  hearty  drink  or  full  draught  of 
liquor:  as,  to  quaff  or  drink  carouse. 

And  here  with  a  carowse  after  a  blessing  begins  the  feast. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  206. 
A  fuU  carouse  of  sack.  Davies,  State  of  Ireland. 

With  my  poniard  will  I  stab  my  flesh. 
And  quaff  carouses  to  thee  of  my  blood. 

Lust's  Dominion,  i.  1. 
The  Prelats  revell  like  Belshazzar  with  their  full  ca- 
rouses m  Goblets  and  vessels  of  gold  snatcht  from  Gods 
^^™Ple.  Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  ii. 

2.  A  carousal ;  a  noisy  banquet. 

The  early  feast  and  late  carouse.  Pope. 
=  Syn.  2.  See  carousall. 

carouse  (ka-rouz'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  caroused, 
ppr.  carousing.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  carowse 
and  garouse;  <  OF.  carousser,  drink,  quaff,  swill, 

<  caroMs,  a  carouse :  see  the  noun.]  I.  intrans. 
To  drink  freely  and  with  jollity;  revel  noisily 
or  intemperately. 

"A  health,"  quoth  he,  as  if 
He  had  been  aboard,  carousing  to  his  mates 
After  a  storm.  Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  lii.  2. 

Having  all  day  carous'd  and  banqueted. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  u.  1. 
I  said,  0  soul,  make  merry  and  carouse. 

Tennyson,  Palace  of  Art. 

Il.t  trans.  To  drink  up ;  drink  to  the  bottom. 

He  in  that  forest  did  death's  cup  carowse. 

Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  646. 
[Roderigo]  To  Desdemona  hath  to-night  carous'd 
Potations  pottle-deep.  Shak.,  Othello,  u.  3. 

Homer,  to  whom  the  Muses  did  carouse 
A  great  deep  cup  with  heavenly  nectar  flU'd. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Dancing. 

carousel,  n.    See  carousal^  and  carrousel. 
carouser  (ka-rou'zer),  n.   [<  carouse,  v.,  +  -eri. 
Formerly  also  flrarot<ser.]   One  who  carouses ;  a 


carp  - 

drinker ;  a  toper ;  a  noisy  reveler  or  bacchana- 
lian. 

carousingly  (ka-rou'zing-li),  adv.  In  a  carous- 
ing manner, 
carpi  (karp),  V.  [<  ME.  carpcn,  speak,  say, 
tell,  <  Icel.  Icarpa,  boast,  brag  {karp,  bragging), 
=  Sw.  dial,  karpu,  brag,  boast,  appar.  the  same 
as  Sw.  dial,  garpa  =  Norw.  garpa,  brag,  boast ; 
cf.  Iccl.  garpr  =  OSw.  gnrp  =  Norw.  garp,  a 
warlike  or  boastful  man,  also  a  term  applied  in 
the  middle  ages  to  the  Ilanseatic  traders  in 
Sweden  and  Norway.  Tlio  orig.  sense  'speak' 
or  'talk'  has  taken  in  mod.  use  a  sinister  ad- 
dition, 'talk  censoriously,'  appar.  by  associa- 
tion with  the  L.  carpcrc,  carp  at,  slander,  calum- 
niate, revile,  also,  figuratively,  pluck,  pick, 
crop,  gather,  tear  off,  pull  in  pieces,  perhaps 
akm  to  Gr.  impTror,  fruit  (that  which  is  gath- 
ered), and  to  E.  harvest,  q.  v.]  I.  intrans.  If. 
To  speak;  tell. 

When  he  told  hade  bis  tale  tomly  (leisurely]  to  the  ende, 
He  enclinet  the  kyng,  and  carpit  no  more. 

Destruct  ion  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2448. 
Now  we  leven  Joseph,  and  of  the  kyng  carpen. 

Joseph  of  Arimathie,  I.  175. 
Hwen  thu  art  on  eise,  carpe  toward  Ihesu  and  aeie  thise 
wordes.     Old  Eng.  Homilies,  1st  ser.  (ed.  Morris),  p.  287. 

I  will  now  carp  of  kings.  Percy  MS. 

2t.  To  talk;  babble;  chatter. 

In  felaweschipe  wel  cowde  sclie  lawghe  and  carpe. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  L  474. 
Kepe  thi  knyfe  both  clene  &  scherpe, 
And  be  not  besy  foi  to  kerpe. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  23. 

3.  To  censure,  cavil,  or  find  fault,  particularly 
without  reason  or  petulantly:  used  absolutely 
or  followed  by  at. 

Other  of  your  insolent  retinue 
Do  hourly  carp  and  quarrel.         Shak.,  Lear,  L  4. 
No,  not  a  tooth  or  nail  to  scratch 
And  at  my  actions  carp  and  catch.   G.  Herbert. 
Il.t  trans.  1.  To  utter;  speak. 

With  corage  kene  he  carpes  thes  wordes. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  1725. 
Then  our  king  full  of  courage  carped  these  words. 

2.  To  blame ;  find  fault  with ;  chide. 

Suspecting  that  Euphues  would  be  carped  of  some  curi- 
ous Reader.  Lyly,  Euphues  and  his  England,  p.  214. 
My  honest  homely  words  were  carp'd  and  censured. 

Dryden. 

carpif  (karp),  n.  [ME. :  see  carpi  v.]  Speech: 
talk ;  conversation. 

When  non  wolde  kepe  hym  with  carp  he  coged  ful  hyse 
Ande  rimed  hym  ful  richley,  &  ryjt  hym  to  speke. 

Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  307. 

carp2  (kiirp),  n.  [<  ME.  carpe  (not  found  in 
AS.)  z=  D.  karper  =  OHG.  charpho,  carfo, 
MHG.  carjihe,  karpe,  G.  karpfen,  karpfe  =  Icel. 
karfi  =  Sw.  karp  =  Dan.  karpe;  hence  (from 
Tout.)  ML.  (LL.)  carpa  (>  F.  carpe  =  Pr.  es- 
carpa  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carpa  =  Wall,  crap),  later 
carpo{n-),  carpio{n-)  (>  It.  carpio,  carpione),  and 
prob.  Pol.  karp  =  Serv.  karpa  =  Russ.  karpU 
=  Bohem.  kapr  =  Lett,  karpa ;  also  W.  carp, 
Gael,  carbhatiach,  a  carp.  Prob.  an  orig.  Teut. 
word ;  if  so,  the  other  forms  are  borrowed.]  1. 
Ateleostean  fish  of  the  family  Cyprinida;,Cypri- 
nus  carpio.  The  normal  form  has  a  long  compressed  body 
large  scales  (35  to  39  being  along  the  lateral  line)  a  loncJ 
dorsal  with  a  strong  serrate  spine  and  17  to  22  rays,  a  short 
anal  with  3  simple  and  5  branched  rays,  and  4  barbels  upon 
the  upper  jaw.  It  is  said  to  have  been  introduced  into 
England  in  the  fourteenth  century.  It  is  an  excellent  fish 
lor  ponds,  as  it  breeds  rapidly,  grows  to  a  large  size,  some- 
times attainmg  the  length  of  4  feet,  and  lives  for  many 
years.  In  old  age  its  scales  become  gray  and  white  There 
are  numerous  varieties,  the  most  notable  bein"  (a)  the 
normal  form  or  scale-carp  just  described,  (i)  the  mirror- 
carp,  distinguished  by  very  large  scales  below  the  dorsal, 


Mirror-Carp  {Cyprinus  carpio).  (From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Com- 
mission, 1884.) 


above  the  anal,  and  in  a  median  posterior  row,  and  (c) 
the  leather-carp,  characterized  by  its  almost  or  quite  na- 
ked skin.  The  last  two  have  long  been  the  subjects  of 
special  culture,  and  have  been  widely  distributed  in  the 
United  States. 

2.  A  fish  related  to  the  common  carp.  The  best- 
known  is  the  gold  carp  or  goldfish,  Carassius  auratus.  See 
cut  under  goldfish. 

3.  A  name  on  the  northeast  coast  of  Ireland 
for  the  common  sea-bream,  Pagellus  centrodon- 
tus.—4:.  An  English  name  of  the  opah.— 5. 


caxp 

In  the  United  States,  a  carp-sucker;  a  catos- 
tomoid  fish  of  the  subfamily  Ictiobinw  and  ge- 
nus Carpiodes  Norwegian  carp,  a  name  of  the  Se- 

bastes  marinus. — Prussian  carp,  an  English  book-name 
of  the  Ciim-tsius  imlgnris  ov  <iibelio. 

carpadelium  (kar-pa-de'li-um),  n. ;  pi.  carpa- 
delia  (-ii).  [NL.  (>  F.  carpadcle),  <  Gr.  Kapirog, 
fioiit,  +  a6r]'ko(;,  not  manifest:  see  Adela."]  In 
hot.,  same  as  crcmocarp. 

carpal (kar'pal),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  cnrpalis,  <  car- 
2>HS,  q.  v.]  1.  rt.  1.  Pertaining  to  the  carpus  or 
wrist. — 2.  In  en  toin.,  pertaining  to  the  carpus  or 
pterostigma  of  an  insect's  wing — Carpal  angle, 

in  oriiith. ,  the  bend  of  the  wing ;  the  salience  formed  at  the 
wrist-joint  or  carpns  when  the  wing  is  closed.  It  is  an 
important  point  in  descriptive  ornithology,  since  the  regn- 
lar  measurement,  called  "length  of  wing,"or  "  the  wing," 
is  from  the  carpal  angle  to  the  end  of  the  longest  quill- 
feather.— Carpal  ossicles.    See  ossicle. 

II.  w.  Any  one  of  the  bones  of  the  wrist  or 
carpus;  a  earpale. 

carpale  (kar-pa'le),  n.;  pi.  carpalia  (-li-ii). 
[NL.,  neut.  of  carpalis:  see  carpal.'}  1.  Any 
bone  of  the  carpus  or  wrist. —  2.  A  bone  of  the 
distal  row  of  the  carpus,  articulating  directly 
with  the  metacarpal  bones.    See  carpus. 

Carpathian  (kar-pa'thi-an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  range  of  mountains  in  the  northern  and 
eastern  parts  of  the  Austrian  empire,  called  the 
Carpathians,  forming  the  northern  and  north- 
eastern boundary  of  Hungary  and  inclosing 
Transylvania. 

carp-bream  (karp'brem),  n.  An  English  name 
of  the  bream  when  its  color  resembles  that  of 
the  carp.  Day. 

carpe  diem  (kar'pe  di'em).  [L.,  seize  the  day: 
carpe,  2d  pers.  pres.  impv.  of  carpere,  seize  (see 
carpi);  diem,  acc.  of  dies,  day:  see  dial.']  En- 
joy the  present  day ;  take  advantage  of,  or  make 
the  most  of,  the  present :  a  maxim  of  the  Epi- 
cureans. 

carpel  (kar'pel),  «.  [=  F.  carpelle,  <  NL.  carpel- 

lum,  dim.,  <  Gr. 
KapKog,  fruit :  see 
carjji.]  In&ot,a 
simple  pistil,  or 
one  of  the  sever- 
al members  com- 
posing a  com- 
pound pistil  or 
fruit.  In  its  most 
general  sense  it  is 
that  organ  of  a  plant 
which  bears  ovules. 
A  carpel  is  regarded 
as  a  modified  leaf ; 
hence  the  term  car- 
pophyl,  which  has  been  proposed  as  a  substitute.  Also 
called  carpid  or  carpidium. 

carpellary  (kar'pe-la-ri),  a.  [<  NL.  carpellum, 
carpel,  +  -ary"^ ;  z.F.  carpellaire.']  Belonging 
to  or  having  some  relation  to  a  carpel. 

These  structures,  which  may  be  called  carpellary  leaves, 
show  their  relationship  to  ordinary  foliage  leaves  in  hav- 
ing pinnae  toward  their  summits.    Bensey,  Botany,  p.  400. 

The  carpellary  leaves  are  the  foliar  structures  of  the 
flower  which  stand  in  the  closest  genetic  and  functional 
relationships  to  the  ovules.  They  either  produce  and  bear 
the  ovules  or  are  constructed  so  as  to  enclose  them  in  a 
chamber.  Sachs,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  429. 

carpentt  (kar'pent),  n.  [ME.  carpent,  <  L.  car- 
pentum,  a  two-wheeled  covered  caiTiage,  coach, 
or  chariot,  a  cart,  ML.  also  timber-  or  carpen- 
ter-work, framing  (in  this  sense  also  carpenta, 
>  F.  eharpente ;  cf.  carpenter),  prob.  of  Celtic 
origin;  ef.  Ir.  and  Gael,  carbad,  a  carriage, 
chariot,  litter,  Ir.  and  OGael.  carb,  a  basket, 
carriage,  Ir.  cairbli  =  Gael,  cairb,  a  chariot,  a 
ship;  perhaps  akin  to  L.  corbis,  a  basket.]  A 
cart. 

And  for  an  acre  lande,  saithe  ColumeUe, 
Carpentes  XXIIII  is  to  telle. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  179. 

carpentet,       An  erroneous  form  of  carpet. 
Laye  carpentes  aboute  the  bedde,  or  wyndowes. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  283. 

carpentedf  (kar'pen-ted),  a.  Carpeted. 

carpenter  (kar'pen-ter),  n.  [<  ME.  carpenter, 
<  OF.  carpentier,  F.  charpentier  =  Pr.  carpen- 
tier  =  Sp.  carpintero  —  Pg.  carpinteiro,  <  It.  car- 
pentiere,  <  ML.  carpentarius,  a  carpenter,  L. 
a  wagon-maker,  carriage-maker,  later  also  a 
coachman,  prop,  adj.,  pertaining  to  a  caiTiage 
or  cart,  <  L.  carpentum,  a  two-wheeled  carriage, 
coach,  or  chariot,  a  cart:  see  carj^ent.]  1.  An 
artificer  who  works  in  timber ;  one  who  exe- 
cutes by  hand  the  woodwork  of  houses,  ships, 
or  similar  constructions.  The  occupations  of 
carpenter  and  joiner  are  often  combined.  See 
joiner. —  2.  An  officer  of  a  ship,  whose  duty  it  is 
to  keep  under  supervision  and  maintain  in  order 
the  frame  of  the  ship  and  all  the  wooden  fittings 


830 

about  her  Carpenter's  crew(n(i"<.),  a  set  of  men  em- 
ployed under  the  carpenter.  See  2.— Carpenter's  mate, 

a  petty  oflicer  of  a  vessel  of  war  who  assists  the  carpenter. 
See  2. —  Carpenter's  rule,  a  graduated  scale  with  slides, 
used  to  measiu'e  timber  and  cast  up  the  contents  of  car- 
penters' work. 

carpenter  (kiir'pen-ter),  V.  i.  [<  carpenter,  n.~\ 
'Po  do  carpenters'  work ;  practise  carpentry. 

He  varnished,  he  carpentered,  he  glued. 

Jane  Austen,  Persuasion,  xi. 
Mr.  Grimwig  plants,  fishes,  and  carpenters  with  great 
ardour.  Dickens,  Oliver  Twist,  liii. 

carpenter-bee  (kar'pen-ter-be),  n.  The  com- 
mon name  of  the  different  species  of  hymenop- 
terous  insects 
of  the  genus 
Xylocopa.  One 
species,  -V.  viola- 
cea,  inhabits  the 
south  of  Europe  ; 
in  Asia,  Africa, 
and  America  the 
species  are  nu- 
merous. They  re- 
semble common 
bumblebees  in 
general  appeai'- 
ance.  They  usu- 
ally form  their 
nests  in  pieces  of 
half-rotten  wood, 
cutting  out  vari- 
ous apartments 
for  depositing 
their  eggs.  They 
have  sharp-point- 
ed triangular 
mandibles,  well 
adapted  to  bore 
holes  in  wood. 

carpentering  (kar'pen-ter-ing),  n.  [<  carpen- 
ter +  -ing^.]  The  employment  or  work  of  a 
cai-penter ;  carpentry. 

carpenter-moth  (kar'pen-ter -moth),  «.  A 
name  given  to  certain  large  bombycid  moths 

of  the  subfamily  Cossinw.  The  larvso  are  wood- 
borers,  and  often  do  great  damage  to  forest-trees.  The 
larvaof  the  locust  carpenter-moth,  Xyleutesrubi)iia'{Peck), 


Carpenter-bee  [^Xylocopa  uiolacea),  one  half 
natural  size. 

a,  a  piece  of  wood  bored  by  the  bee,  showing 
grubs  and  food  deposited  ta  the  cells  :  b,  two 
cells  on  larger  scale. 


a.  i) 

Carpels. 

a.  flower  of  Acteza,  with  simple  pistil ; 
b,  tricarpellary  fruit  of  aconite. 


Male  Ijocust  Carpenter-moth  {Xylentes  robiytiff),  natural  size. 

bores  into  the  wood  of  the  locust-tree,  Rnhinia.  It  re- 
mains in  the  larval  state  tliree  years,  and  attains  a  length 
of  2J  inches.  It  transforms  to  a  pupa  within  a  silk-lined 
cell  In  its  burrow,  and  issues  as  a  moth  in  the  spring  and 
summer.  The  European  carpenter-moths  are  called  goat- 
moths  by  English  writers,  on  account  of  their  character- 
istic odor. 

carpenter' s-herb  (kar'pen-terz-erb),  n.  The 
plant  heal-all,  y'r((we/ta  vulgaris,  its  corolla  when 
seen  iu  profile  resemljles  a  bill-hook,  and,  in  .accordance 
with  the  doctrine  of  signatinx's,  the  plant  was  believed  to 
heal  wounds  from  edged  tools. 

carpentry  (kar'pen-tri),  n.  [<  ME.  carpentrie, 
-turyc,  <  OF.  carpentcrie,  F.  charpenterie  —  Pr. 
Carpentaria  —  Sp.  carpenteria,  carpinteria  =  Pg. 
Carpentaria  =  It.  carpenteria,  <  ML.  Carpenta- 
ria, a  carpenter-shop,  L.  a  carriage-maker's 
shop,  prop.  fem.  of  carpentarius,  pertaining  to 
a  carriage  or  cart:  see  carpenter.']  1.  The  art 
of  cutting,  framing,  and  joining  the  timbers  or 
woodwork  of  buildings  and  similar  construc- 
tions by  means  of  hand-tools. 

Idealism  is  a  hypothesis  to  accoimt  for  nature  by  other 
principles  than  those  of  carpentry  and  chemistry. 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  56. 

2.  Carpenters'  work ;  any  work  of  the  kind  done 
by  carpenters. 

A  handsome,  panelled  door,  the  most  finished  piece  of 
carpentry  in  Silverado. 

R.  L.  Stevenson,  Silverado  Squatters,  p.  145. 

carper  (kiir'per),  n.  [ME.  carpare,  a  talker; 
<  carpi  4-  -e^i.]    If.  A  talker. —  2.  One  who 

carps ;  a  caviler.  Shale. 
The  carpers  against  feminine  eccentricity. 

Philadelphia  Telegraph,  XL.  1. 

carpet  (kar'pet),  n.  [ME.  carpette,  <  OF.  car- 
pite,  a  carpet,  a  sort  of  cloth,  F.  carpette,  a  rug, 
=  Sp.  carpeta,  a  table-cover,  =  It.  carpita,  a 
rug,  <  ML.  carpita,  carpeta,  a  kind  of  thick 
woolen  cloth,  cf.  carpia  (>  It.  carpia  =  F.  char- 
jne  (>  E.  charpie)  =  G.  scharpie),  lint,  <  L.  car- 
pere, pluck,  pull  in  pieces:  see  carji'^.]  1.  A 
thick  fabric,  usually  woven  of  wool,  or  of  wool 
on  a  linen  ground  or  back,  and  in  more  or  less 
ornamental  designs,  used  for  covering  floors, 
stairs,  etc.    Formerly  the  carpet  (usually  in  a  single 


carpet-bagger 

piece,  like  the  Persian  carpet)  was  also  used  (as  it  still  is  in 
the  East)  for  covering  beds,  couches,  tables,  etc.,  and  for 
hangings.  (See  tapestrij.)  The  first  woven  carpets  were  pro- 
duced in  Egypt,  Babylonia,  Persia,  and  Hindustan,  whence 
they  were  introduced  into  Europe,  where  they  are  sui)posed 
to  have  been  first  manufactured  by  the  French  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  IV.,  and  next  in  England,  at  Mortlake  in  Sur- 
rey, in  the  reign  of  James  I.  The  smaller  carpets  of  the 
East  are  now  commonly  called  rugs.    See  rug. 

Wyndowes  &  cupbordes  layde  with  carpcttes  and  cuys- 
shyns.  Babces  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  2S3. 

Cast  on  a  feather-bed,  and  spread  on  the  sheets 
Under  a  brace  of  your  best  Persian  carpets. 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  iv.  2. 
A  Carpet  to  cover  the  Table. 

Heyimod,  Woman  Killed  with  Kindness. 

2.  Especially,  a  covering  of  this  material  for  a 
floor  or  stair,  made  of  several  widths  sewed  to- 
gether and  intended  to  cover  all  the  floor-space 
of  a  room,  as  distinguished  from  a  rug,  which 
is  usually  woven  in  one  piece  of  a  definite  shape 
(either  oblong  or  square),  and  is  designed  to 
cover  a  part  of  the  floor  only. 

Take  care  my  house  be  handsome. 
And  the  new  stools  set  out,  and  boughs  and  rushes, 
And  flowers  for  the  window,  and  the  Turkey  carpet. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Coxcomb,  iv.  3. 

3.  Figuratively,  anything  used  as  a  carpet,  or 
serving  the  purpose  of  a  carpet. 

The  grassy  carpet  of  this  plain.  Shah.,  Eich.  II.,  iii.  3, 
To  cover  the  wet  earth  with  a  thick  carpet  of  fern. 

Macavlay. 

Aubusson  carpet,  a  carpet  made  at  Auhusson  in  France. 
It  is  made  in  one  piece,  in  the  hand  or  needlework  style 
of  the  Indian  carpets,  and  is  highly  esteemed  for  the  ele- 
gance of  its  designs  and  coloring, —  Axmlnster  carpet, 
a  variety  of  Turkish  carpet  with  a  chain  of  flax  or  jute,  and 
awoolen  or  worsted  filling  made  into  a  pile  :  so  named  from 
the  town  of  Axminster  in  Devonshire,  England,  where  it 
was  formerly  manufactured. —  Brussels  carpet,  a  carpet 
of  a  kind  originally  made  in  Brussels,  having  a  hea\'y  linen 
web  inclosing  worsted  yarns  of  different  colors,  which  are 
raised  in  loops  to  form  the  pattern.  In  the  ordinary  Brus- 
sels carpet  both  the  pattern  and  the  ground  are  left  with 
the  loops  uncut;  in  the  imperial  Brussels  carpet  the  pat- 
tern is  raised  above  the  ground,  and  its  loojis  are  cut  so 
as  to  form  a  pile,  those  of  the  ground  being  uncut. —  Che- 
nille carpet,  a  carpet  in  which  the  weft  is  of  chenille  in- 
stead of  yarn.  The  pattern  is  dyed  in  the  chenille  itself, 
nothing  showing  at  the  surface  of  the  carpet  but  the  ends 
of  the  chenille  fringe.— Felt  carpet,  a  carpet  in  which 
the  fibers  are  matted  or  felted  together  without  spinning 
or  weaving.— Ingrain  carpet,  a  carpet  made  of  wool  dyed 
in  the  grain,  or  before  it  is  manufactured.  It  is  called 
Scotch  or  (in  England)  Kidderminster,  from  the  place 
where  it  is  made,  and  two-ply  or  three-ply,  according  to  the 
number  of  webs  composing  the  fabric. —  Paper  carpet,  a 
floor-covering  (plain  or  in  imitation  of  ornamental  woods) 
made  of  a  hard  and  tenacious  paper  called  hession,  which 
is  made  by  subjecting  the  paper  pnlp  to  the  action  of  chlo- 
rid  of  zinc  and  then  to  strong  pressure,  by  which  means 
the  product  is  rendered  hard  and  tough  like  leather. — 
Persian  carpet,  a  carpet  made  in  one  piece,  instead  of 
in  breadths  or  strips  to  be  joined.  The  warp  and  weft  are 
of  linen  or  hemp,  and  the  tufts  of  colored  wool  are  inserted 
by  twisting  them  around  the  warp  all  along  the  row  ac- 
cording to  the  wearer's  taste,  no  pattern  being  used.  A 
line  of  tufts  being  inserted,  a  shoot  of  the  weft  is  made,  and 
then  beaten  up  to  close  the  fabric—  Pile  Carpet,  a  caipet 
made  in  the  same  way  as  Brussels  carpet,  but  having  its 
loops  cut,  thus  forming  a  pile  or  soft  surface  — Printed 
carpet,  a  carpet  dyed  or  printed  in  colors ;  it  is  either 
woven  in  undyed  colors  and  printed  like  calico,  or  the 
yarn  is  dyed  in  sections,  which  are  adjusted  according  to 
their  future  position  in  the  fabric. —  Scotch  carpet.  Same 
as  ingrain  carpet.— To  be  on  the  carpet  (more  common- 
ly on  the  tapis:  see  below),  literally,  to  be  on  the  table- 
cloth or  table,  as  for  consideration;  hence,  to  be  under 
discussion ;  be  the  subject  of  deliberation  or  of  intended 
action :  a  translation  of  the  French  phrase  Hre  sur  le  tapis 
[tapis,  table-cloth,  carpet,  etc.  :  see  tapestry).-~1viiTia.sh 
or  Turkey  carpet,  a  carpet  similar  to  the  Persian,  dis- 
tinguished liy  the  selection  of  the  tufts  of  colored  wool 
according  to  the  pattern  followed,  and  the  manner  of  their 
attachment  to  the  back.  The  cutting  of  the  yarn  gives  it 
the  appearance  of  velvet.— Venetian  carpet,  a  carpet 
with  a  warp  or  chain  of  worsted,  generally  arranged  in 
different-colored  stripes.— Wllton  carpet,  a  variety  of 
Brussels  carpet  in  which  the  loops  are  cut  open  into  an 
elastic  velvet  pile  :  so  named  from  being  made  originally 
at  Wilton  in  England. 

carpet  (kar'pet),  v.  t.  [<  carpet,  «.]  1.  To 
cover  with  or  as  with  a  carpet;  spread  with 
carpets:  as,  to  carpet  a  room. —  2.  To  bring 
upon  the  carpet  or  under  consideration ;  make 
a  subject  of  investigation ;  hence,  to  reprimand ; 
"haul  over  the  coals." 

carpet-hag  (kar'pet-bag),  n.  and  a.  I.  n.  A 
traveling-bag  made  of  carpeting  on  a  frame; 
hence,  by  extension,  a  traveling-bag  of  any- 
kind  similarly  formed. 

II,  a.  Of  or  characteristic  of  carpet-baggers : 
as,  carpet-bag  government;  carpet-bag  politics. 
[U.  S.  slang.] 

carpet-bag  (kar'pet-bag),  V.  i.  [<  carpet-bag- 
ger.] To  act  or  live  in  the  manner  of  a  carpet- 
bagger.   [U.  S.  slang.] 

carpet-bagger  (kar'pet-bag'''er),  n.  One  who 
travels  with  a  carpet-bag ;  specifically,  a  person 
who  takes  up  his  residence  in  a  place,  with  no 
more  property  than  he  brings  in  a  carpet-bag, 
with  a  view  of  making  his  way  by  enterprise. 


carpet-bagger 

(at)  In  the  western  United  States,  a  "wildcat"  banker, 
that  is,  one  who  had  no  local  abiding-place,  and  could  not 
be  found  when  wanted.  (6)  In  the  Southern  States,  after 
the  civil  war,  a  new-comer  from  the  North:  an  opprolui- 


831 

carpet-moth  (kar' pet -moth),  n.  A  name  of 
sundry  geometrid  moths,  from  their  variegated 
coloration. 


ous  term  applied  properly  to  a  class  of  adveiiturei-s  who  carpet-rod  (kar'pet-rod),  n.  One  of  the  rods 
took  adv;intatre  of  the  Hisor^mni^pn  ^•/^iKliU^.,  .^f  ^ .     ■,       ^        V.  'J     .     yxty^         Kiic  i.v^uo 


took  advantage  of  the  disorganized  condition  of  political 
affairs  in  the  earlier  years  of  reconstruction  to  gain  con- 
trol of  the  public  offices  aud  to  use  their  influence  over  the 
negro  voters  for  their  own  selfish  ends.  The  term  was 
often  extended  to  include  any  unpopular  person  of  North- 
ern origin  living  in  the  South. 

A  good  deal  of  bitterness  of  feeling  has  been  shown  in 
all  the  conventions  in  regard  to  the  presence,  and  great 
prominence  as  members,  of  what  the  Louisiana  people 


fised  to  keep  a  stair-carpet  in  its  place, 
carpet-snake  (kar'pet-snak),  n.    A  large  Aus- 
tralian serpent,  Morelia  variegata,  a  kind  of  _ 
python  or  boa:  so  called  from  its  variegated  Carpinus 
coloration.  " 
carpet-strainer  (kar'pet-stra,'''ner),  n.  Same  as 
ccirpct-sfrclclicr. 


Garpocratian 

boring  wood,  one  of  the  commonest  species  to  which 
the  name  is  given  is  the  California  woodpecker,  Mela- 

nerpes  Jormici- 
varus;  another 
is  the  Gila 
woo  d  pecker, 
Cenlurus  uro- 
pygialis. 


call  carpe«.6a;7(/«)S-men,  that  is,  who  are  new-comers  in  Carpct-StrCtcher  (kar' pet-streeh'''er'),  W.  A 

the  countT.  The  Nation,  VI.  123  (1868).    tool  for  stretching  a  carpet  and  holding  it  firm- 

ly while  being  tacked  to  the  floor, 
carpet-sweeper  (kar'pet-swe"per),  n.    A  me- 
chanical sweeper  or  broom  for  cleaning  ear- 
pets  and  collecting  the  dust  in  a  closed  pan. 

It  is  sometimes  operated  by  means  of  a  crank  on  the 
handle,  but  commonly  a  cylindrical  brush  is  moved  by 
the  roller-wheels  that  support  the  apparatus  on  the  floor, 
the  pushing  forward  of  the  machine  by  the  handle  serving 
to  keep  it  in  operation. 

A  heavy, 
a  soft  satin- 


carpet-baggism  (kar'pet-bag"izm),  n.  [<  car- 
pet-bag +  -ism.']  Government  by  carpet-bag- 
gers; the  practices  or  methods  of  carpet-bag- 
gers.   See  carpet-bagger,  (b).    [U.  S.  slang.] 

Whichever  party  is  successful  this  year,  the  vile  scandal 
known  as  carpet-baijgUin  is  doomed,  and  the  states  lately 
in  rebellion  are  snre  at  last  of  being  left  to  themselves. 
C.  F.  Adains,  quoted  in  Merriam's  Life  of  Bowles,  II.  195. 

carpet-beater  (kar'pet-be"ter),  «.  l.  A  per-  mrnp-i- fhroa/1  cva,.'r.of  +v,^«.i\  „ 
son  employed  in  clining  carpets  by  beaLg  '^Ifet^^ft^^ilVt^^^^ 


maeS^'e  cfv^""""",?-  f  f  ^.^t-^l^.^^^g  like  finish,  used  for  sewing  breadths  of  ca-rp^^t 
macnine.    it  consists  usually  of  vibratmg  rods  that  toffether 

shake  the  dust  from  the  fabric,  and  revolving  cylinders  „„™„*     "  n  ,  /i  ■■  ,     ^  ^ 

covered  with  brushes  to  complete  the  process.  Carpet-Walkt  (kar  pet-wak), 


(kar-pi'nus), 
n.  [L.,  horn- 
beam.] A 
small  genus 
of  trees  or 
tall  shrubs, 
of  the  natu- 
ral order  Cu- 
puUferce.  The 

species  have  de- 
ciduous leaves, 
like  those  of  the 
beech,  and  hard 
tough  wo<j(l, 
and  are  natives 
of  Europe,  the 
Levant,  and 
North  Ameri- 
ca. The  horn- 
beam of  Europe,  C.  Betulus,  and  tlie  hornbeam  or  blue 
beech  of  the  United  States,  C.  Caroliniana,  are  small  trees 
with  heavy,  very  hard,  and  strong  wood,  which  is  some- 
times used  for  levers,  the  handles  of  tools,  cogs,  etc. 


Carpinits  Betulus. 
,  fruitintr  brancli ;  *.  single  nutlet,  with 
bract,  on  a  larger  scale. 


together. 

_        alkt  (kar 'pet-wak),  n.    A  walk  on 
carpet-bedding  (kar'pet-bed"ing),  n. '  In  hort.,    smooth  turf.  Evelyn. 
a  system  of  bedding  in  which  neat  dwarf -grow-  carpet-wayt  (kar 'pet-wa),  ?i.    A  green  way;  a 

ing  foliage-plants  alone  are  used  in  the  form  strip  or  border  of  greensward  left  round  the  carp-lice  (karp'lis),  n.  jil.  A  general  name  of 
of  mosaic,  geometrical,  or  other  designs.   Also    iiiargin  of  a  plowed  field.    Bay.  the  small  parasitic  crustaceans  or  fish-lice  of 

called  ribbon-bedding  in  the  United  States.        carpet-weed  (kar'pet-wed),  «.    The  popular         family  Argulidce,  forming  vrith  some  au- 
carpet-beetle  (kar'pet-be'tl),  n.     A  popular   name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Mollugo,  ineon-   thors  a  suborder  .Bmnc/(iM?Y;,  by  others  referred 
name  of  Anthrenus  scrophularice,  a  beetle  of  the    spicuous  annuals,  somewhat  resembling  plants    *o        Branchiopoda :  so  called  because  they 

of  the  genus  Galium  in  their  habit,  found  in  the    uifest  carp  or  cyprinoid  fishes, 
warmer  regions  of  both  hemispheres.   M.verti-  carpmealst,  carpnelt,  n.    [Origin  unknown; 
cillata  is  most  widely  distributed.  cf.  carpet.]    A  kind  of  coarse  cloth  formerly 

carpet-worsted  (kar'pet-wurs"ted),  n.    A   made  in  the  north  of  England, 
coarse  kind  of  worsted  sewing-thread,  sold  in  carpo-.    [<  Gr.  KapTzo-,  combining  form  of  /cap- 
balls.    Diet,  of  Needlework.  Trdf,  fruit :  see  ca/pi.]    An  element  in  certain 
carpholite  (kar'fo-Ut),  n.    [Also  written  Icar-    compound  words,  meaning  fruit. 
pholite;  <  Gr.  Kdp(pog,  a  dry  stalk,  straw  (<  Kdp-  carpobalsamum  (kar-po-bal'sa-mum),  n.  [NL. 
(psiv,  dry  up,  wither),  -f-  /.idoc,  a  stone.]    A    i>     carpobal.same  =  Sp.  Fg.lt.  carpobalsamo), 
hydrous  silicate  of  aluminium  and  manganese,    ^      k^P'^^c,  fi-uit,-f-  Pa/.aafiov,  balsam.]   1.  The 
occurring  in  delicate  radiating  tufts  of  a  straw-   dried  fruit  of  Commiphora  (Balsamodendrun) 
yellow  color  at  the  Bohemian  tin-mines.  Opobalsamum,  the  tree  which  yields  balm  of  Gi- 
carphologia  (kar-fo-lo'ji-a),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.    lead. —  2.  An  aromatic  volatile  oU  resembUng 
mptpo'Aoyia,  a  gathering  of  dry  sticks  (or  bits  of        of  cloves,  obtained  from  this  fruit, 
wool,  etc.),  <  Kdp<pog,  straw,  dry  sticks,  bits  of  Carpocapsa  (kar-po-kap'sa).  n.     [NL.  (>  Sp. 
wool,  etc.,  +  ?i(}etv,  gather,  pluck.]   In pathol.,    car2>ocapso),  <  Gr.  KapTrdg,  fruit,  +  Kaxpic,  the  act 
a  delirious  picking  at  the  bedclothes  in  sick- 
ness ;  floceillation. 

carphology  (kar-fol'o-ji),  n.  [=  F.  carplwlogie 
=  Sp.  carfologia  =  Pg.  carphologia,  <  NL.  car- 
phologia:  see  carphologia.]  Same  as  carpho- 
logia. 

Carphophis  (kar'fo-fis),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

a  small  dry  body,  -f-  6<j>ic,  a  serpent.]  A  genus 
of  small  harmless  woi-m-like  serpents,  of  the 
family  Calamariidce,  containing  the  common 
worm-snake  of  the  United  States,  C.  amoena, 
formerly  called  Celuta  amoena. 


Carpet-beetle  {Aptthrenus  scrophularus).    a,  beetle  : 
(Vertical  lines  show  natural  sizes.) 


of  devouring,  <  kAtttuv,  gulp' down,  devour.] 
1.  A  genus  of  tortrieid  moths,  or  lepidopterous 


family  Dermestidm  :  so  called  from  its  destruc- 
tiveness  to  carpets  and  other  woolen  fabrics. 
It  was  brought  into  the  United  States  from  Europe  at  a 
recent  period.  The  beetle  is  about  3  millimeters  in  length, 
short-oval  in  form,  moderately  convex,  and  black ;  the  un- 
der side  is  densely  covered  with  white  scales,  while  the  up- 
per side  is  beautifully  variegated  with  patches  of  red  and 
white  scales.  The  larva  is  more  elongate,  dirty-white  in 
color,  and  easily  recognized  from  the  tufts  of  rather  lou] 


stiff  hair  on  the  sides,  and  especially  at  the  end  of  the  Carphosiderite  (kar-fo-sid'e-rit),  n.    [<  Gr.  K&p- 

^;f-^traw,  +  o.6,pi^^  of  ii^on,  <  oiS^,  ironf] 
as  buffalo-tnig.  See  Anthrenus.  ^  nydrous  iron  sulphate,  Occurring  m  straw- 

carpet-broom,  carpet-brush  (kar'pet-brom,    yellow  incrustations, 
-brush),  n.    A  broom  or  brush  for  sweeping  or  carpi,  n.    Plural  of  carpus. 
cleaning  carpets.  carpid  (kar'pid),  n.    [=  P.  carpidie,  <  NL.  car- 

carpet-dance  (kar'pet-dans),  w.  A  dance  or  a  P'dium,  <  Gr.  as  if  *Kap7Ti6iov,  dim.  of  KapiroQ, 
dancing-party  of  an  easy  and  unceremonious    fiiiit.].  Same  as  carpel. 

character,  the  carpet  not  being  lifted  for  the  carpidium  (kar-pid'i-um),  n.  •  pi.  carpidia  (-a), 
occasion,  as  for  a  ball.    Dickens.  [NL. :  see  carpid.]    Same  as  carpel. 

carpet-friend  (kar'pet-frend),  n.    One  whose  carpincho  (kar-pin'cho),  n.    [Native  name  in 


friendship  has  no  strength  or  sincerity. 
Max.  Shall  I  forsake  you  in  my  doubts? 
Aecixts.  You  must. 

Max.  I  must  not,  nor  I  will  not.    Have  I  Uv'd 
Only  to  be  a  carpet-friend,  for  pleasure? 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Valentinian,  iv.  2. 
carpeting  (kar'pet-ing),  n.  [<  carpet,  n.,  + 
-mg'i^.]  Cloth  for  carpets ;  eai-pets  in  general, 
carpet-knight  (kar 'pet -nit),  n.  A  person 
knighted  on  some  ground  other  than  that  of 
military  service  or  distinction ;  a  knight  who 
has  not  known  the  hardships  of  the  field.  So 
Shakspere  speaks  of  "a  knight  dubbed  with 
unbacked  rapier  and  on  carpet  consideration." 

You  are  women. 
Or,  at  the  best,  loose  carpet-knights. 

Massinger,  Maid  of  Honour,  ii.  5. 
His  square-turned  joints,  and  strength  of  limb, 
Showed  him  no  carpet-knight  so  trim, 
But,  in  close  fight,  a  champion  grim. 
In  camps  a  leader  sage.         Scott,  Marmion,  L  5. 


Brazil.]  A  narae  of  the  giant  water-cavy  or 
capibara. 


Jumping-seed  Carpocapsa  (C.  sallitans). 
a.  larva  ;  *,  pupa  ;  <r,  moth.    ( Cross  and  perpendicular  lines  show 
natural  sizes. ) 

insects,  of  the  family  Tortricidce,  whose  larvse 
are  highly  destructive  to  fruit,  c.  pomonana  or  »o- 
monella  infests  all  Europe  where  apples  and  pears  are  cul- 
tivated, depositing  its  eggs  in  the  fruit  as  soon  as  it  is  set 
Its  larvse  come  to  their  full  size  in  July,  when  the  fruit  is 
about  two  thirds  grown,  and  then  escape  by  boring  their 
way  to  the  outside.  The  larva  of  C.  saltitam  (West.),  the 
jumping-seed  carpocapsa,  infests  the  seed  of  a  species  of 
Euphorbia.  When  heat  is  applied  to  the  seed  the  larva 
within  jumps ;  hence  the  name. 

2.  [?.  c]  An  insect  of  this  genus. 


T?f^Jv£^r?T?'^;«l^w  ^r-^'"^^'  T^^^  carpocephalum  (kar-p6-sef'a-lum),  n. ;  pi.  car- 
n.oicarp\v.]   It.  Speech;  talk;  conversation,    pocephala  {-la).  <.  Gii.  tiapioc  i^i  -f 


Ther  carpinge  comynUche  of  conceill  arisith. 

Richard  the  Redeless,  i.  87. 
When  thou  sest  any  man  drynkjTig 
That  taketh  hede  of  thy  karpyng, 
Soon  a-non  thou  sece  thy  tale, 
Whethur  he  di-ynke  wyne  or  Ale. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  14. 

2.  The  act  of  caviling;  a  cavil;  unreasonable 
criticism  or  censure. 

*u'"i?^^  c.- • ■ P^ss^g'' t^o"gh  Garpocratian  (kar-po-kra'shian),  n.  [=  F 
the  Red  Sea.  C.  Leslie,  Short  Method  with  Deists.    Carpocratisn,  <  Carpoirates  :  see  def .]  A  mem- 


Ke<l>aAii,  head.]_   In  Hepaticce,  a  cephalate  struc- 
ture upon  which  the  spore-eases  are  borne. 
Carpocephalum  entire  at  margin,  or  nearly  so. 

Bull,  of  III.  State  Laboratory,  II.  31. 

carpocerite  (kar-pos'e-nt),  n.    [<  Gr. 
the  wrist,  carpus,  +  Kipag,  horn.]    In  Crusta- 
cea, that  one  of  the  joints  of  an  antenna  which 
is  borne  upon  the  ischiocerite. 


Leslie,  Short  Method  with  Deists. 

carping  (kar'ping),  p.  a.    [Ppr.  of  carpi,  j,.] 

Faultfinding;  over-critical.  =syn.  CariZinr?, etc.  See 
captious. 

carpingly  (kar 'ping-n),  adv.  In  a  carping  man- 
ner; captiously. 


carpet-monger  (kar'pet-mung'Ver)  M  1  A  Carpintero  (kar-pin-ta'ro),  n.  [Sp.  pajaro  car- 
dealer  in  carpets.— 2.  One  most  at  home  on  a  P^'^^ero,  woodpecker,  lit.  'carpenter-bird';  car- 
carpet;  a  lover  of  ease  and  pleasui-e.  pmtero  real,  the  ivory-billed  woodpecker,  lit. 

A  whole  book  full  of  these  quondam  carpet-mongers  ^^^^^  carpenter':  see  carpenter.]    A  name  of 

whose  names  yet  run  smoothly  in  the  even  road  of  a  blank  several  species  of  woodpeckers  in  the  south- 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  2.  western  United  States,  from  their  tapping  and 


ber  of  a  sect  of  Gnostics  of  the  second  century, 
followers  of  Carpocrates  or  Carpocras  of  Alex- 
andria. He  taught  the  doctrine  of  metempsychosis  and 
the  pree.fistence  of  the  soul,  and  maintained  that  the 
world  was  created  by  inferior  spirits ;  that  Jesus  was  the 
sou  of  Joseph,  and  like  other  men,  except  that  his  soul 
was  pure  and  steadfast ;  that  he  received  from  the  Great 
First  Cause  special  power  to  overcome  the  evils  of  the 
world  through  intimate  recollection  of  his  previous  exist- 
ence in  an  exalted  state;  and  that  in  proportion  as  men 
attain  to  this  recollection  in  their  otvn  case  they  are  freed 
from  the  restraints  of  the  moral  law,  faith  and  charity 
being  the  only  necessary  virtues. 


Carpodacus 


J. 

bite, 


Carpodacus  (kar-pod'a-kus),  n.  j|NL.  (J. 
Kaup,  1829),  <  Gr.  KapKoc;,  fruit,  +  SaKog,  a  bi 
a  stiug,  <  SaKvetv,  bite.]  An  extensive  genus  of 
beautiful  oscine  passerine  birds,  of  the  family 
Fringillidw ;  the  piu'ple  finches  or  purple  bull- 


Purple  Finch  (Carpodacus piirpiireus). 

finches,  species  of  which  are  found  in  both 
temispheres.  Some  shade  of  red  is  the  principal  color 
of  the  males.  The  conmion  E\iropean  species  is  C.  ery- 
thrinus;  the  common  purple  finch  of  the  United  States 
is  C.  purpureus ;  the  burion  or  house-finch  of  the  south- 
western United  States  is  C.  frontalis. 

Carpodectes  (kar-po-dek'tez),  n.  [NL.  (O.  Sal- 
vin,  1864),  <  Gr.  aaptro^,  fruit,  +  diKTtjg,  a  re- 
ceiver, a  beggar,  <  Sexeodai,  dtKeoOai,  receive, 
take.]  A  genus  of  beautiful  tropical  American 
birds,  of  the  subfamily  Cotinginw,  the  type  of 
which  is  C.  nitidus  of  Costa  Rica. 

carpogenic  (kiir-po-jen'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  Kapndg, 
fruit,  +  -ym]<;,  producing  (see  -genotis),  +  -ic] 
In  hot. ,  fruit-producing :  applied  in  algology  to  a 
cell,  or  system  of  cells,  which  develops  after  fer- 
tilization into  spores  and  a  mature  cystoearp. 

The  carpoffenic  cell  or  system  varies  in  the  different 
genera.  Farlow,  Marine  Algie,  p.  20. 

carpogenous  (kar-poj'e-nus),  a.  [As  carpogen- 
ic +  -OMS.]    Same  as  carpogenic. 

One  or  more  of  tlie  cells  termed  carj'ogenous  cells  di- 
vide. Encyc.  Brit.,  XX.  425. 

carpogon,  carpogone  (kar'po-gon,  -gon),  n. 

Same  as  carpogoniunK 

carpogonilim  (kar-po-go'ni-um),  n. ;  pi.  carpo- 
gonia  (-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kapndg,  fruit,  +  -yovo^, 
producing:  see -gomj.']  In  6 o<.,  the  female  or- 
gan in  the  Carposporem  ;  the  cell,  or  system  of 
cells,  which  after  fertilization  produces  the  sex- 
ual spores,  in  whatever  manner ;  in  Ftoridem, 
the  carpogenic  cell  or  system;  the  proearp. 
The  term  is  most  properly  used  of  Floridece, 
which  are  the  typical  Carposporem. 

carpolite  (kar'po-lit),  n.  [=  F.  carpolithe  = 
Sp.  carpolito  =  Pg.  carpoUthos,  <  Gr.  napirdg, 
fruit,  +  XlOo^,  stone.]  A  fossil  fruit.  Also 
carpolith. 

carpological  (kar-p6-loj '  i-kal),  a.  [<  carpol- 
ogy  +  -ical.  Cf.  F.  carpologique  =  Sp.  carpolo- 
gico.']    Pertaining  to  carpology.  Balfour. 

I  trust  that  in  the  sequel  the  critical  botanist  will  excuse 
me  for  having  neglected  the  strict  terminology  of  carpo- 
logical science,  and  made  no  distinction  between  seeds  and 
fruits.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIII.  603. 

carpologist  (kar-pol'o-jist),  «.  [<  carpology  + 
-ist.']  One  who  studies  or  treats  of  carpology. 

carpology  (kar-pol'o-ji),  n.  [=  F.  carpologie 
=  Sp.  carpologia  =  It.  carpologia,  <  Gr.  Kapirdg, 
fruit,  +  -Xoyia,  <  Xiyuv,  speak :  see  -ology.'] 
That  division  of  botany  which  relates  to  the 
structure  of  fruits  in  general. 

carpometacarpal  (kar'po-met-a-kar'pal),  a. 
[<  carpus  +  metacarpus  +  -aL]  Pertaining 
both  to  the  carpus  and  to  the  metacarpus :  as, 
the  carpometacarpal  articulation. 

carpopedal  (kar-po-ped'al),  a.  [=  F.  carpo- 
pedal,  <  NL.  carpus,  carpus,  +  L.  pes  (ped-)  = 
E.  foot.']  Affecting  both  the  hands  (or  wrists) 
and  the  feet.— carpopedal  spasm,  (a)  Spasm  of  the 
feet  and  hands,  occurring  in  children  in  laryngismus  stri- 
dulus and  in  other  diseases.  (6)  Laryngisnms  stridulus. 
[Rare.]    See  laryngismus. 

Carpophaga  (kar-pof 'a-ga),  n.    [NL.  (P.  J. 

Selby,  1835)  (>  Sp.  cdrpofago),  <  Gr.  Kapiro- 
ipdyoi;,  living  on  fruit,  <  Kapndg,  fruit,  +  (fiayeiv, 
eat.]  1.  A  genus  of  fruit-pigeons,  giving  name 
to  a  snMsLmily  Carpophagi7ice. — 2.  A  group 
of  fruit-eating  marsupial  mammals,  consisting 
chiefly  of  the  phalangers  or  Phalangistidce. 
Owen,  1839. 

carpophagous  (kar-pof 'a-gus),  a.  l<  Carpo- 
phaga  +  -ous.    Cf.  F.  cdrpophage,  carpopha- 


Carpophore 
els) 

of  an  umbelli- 
fer. 


(with 


832 

gous.]  Fruit-eating;  frugivorous;  specifically, 
of  or  pertaining  («)  to  the  genus  of  pigeons  of 
which  Carpophaga  is  the  type;  (b)  to  the  mar- 
supial Carpophaga. 

The  typical  group  of  the  carpophagous  marsupials  is 
that  of  tlie  I'halangistida)  or  phalangers. 

Nicolson,  Manual  of  Zoijl.,  p.  638. 

CarpopMlus  (kar-pof'i-lus),  n.  [NL.  (F.  car- 
pophile,  a.,  fruit-loving),  <  Gr.  KapniQ,  fruit,  + 
^iXoq,  loving.]  A  genus  of  clavicorn  beetles, 
of  the  family  NitiduUdw,  having  a  bilobed  la- 
brum,  11-jointed  antennae  with  a  3-jointed 
oval  club,  legs  moderate,  tibioe  widening  at 
tip,  dilated  tarsi,  simple  claws,  and  2  or  3  dor- 
sal segments  beyond  the  elytra.  C.  hemiptc- 
rus  is  a  small  species  of  wide  geographical 
distribution. 

carpophore  (kar'po-for),  n.  [=  F.  carpophore 
=  Sp.  carpdforo,  i  NL.  carpopho- 
rum,  <  Gr.  Kapno(p6pog,  bearing  fruit, 
<  KapTTog,  fniit,  +  -^opog,  <  (pepeiv  z= 
E.  6e«)-i.]  In  hot.,  the  prolongation 
of  the  floral  axis  which  bears  the 
carpels  of  some  compound  fruits, 
as  in  Geranium  and  many  Vmbel- 
liferw.  It  is  sometimes  applied,  but  less 
properly,  to  any  stipe  supporting  an  ovary, 
as  in  the  Capparidacece. 

carpophyl  (kar'po-fil),  n.    [=  F. 
carpophylle,  <  NL.  carpophyllum,  < 
Gr.  KopTrdf,  fruit  (see  carp^),  + 
<pb?i?Mv  =  L.  folium,  leaf.]    In  bot.,  same  as 
carjjel. 

carpopodite  (kar-pop'o-dlt),  «.  [<  Gr.  mprrdg, 
the  wrist,  carpus,  +  novg  (ivoS-)  =  E.  foot.'] 
In  Crustacea,  the  fifth  joint  of  a  developed 
endopodite,  between  the  meropodite  and  the 
propodite.  Milne-Edwards.  See  cut  under  eii- 
dojwdite. 

carpopoditic  (kar-pop-o-dit'ik),  a.  [<  carpopo- 
dite +  -ic]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  carpopodite. 
Huxley. 

carpospore  (kar'po-spor),  n.  [<  Gr.  mpTrdc, 
fruit,  -f-  arropd,  seed.]  One  of  the  spores  in  red 
algsB  (Ftoridew)  that  are  produced  in  the  cysto- 
earp as  a  result  of  sexual  fertilization. 

The  cystocarpic  spores,  or  carpospores,  are  always  pyri- 
form  and  undivided,  and  accompanied  by  paraphyses. 

Farlow,  Marine  Alga;,  p.  178. 

Carposporese  (kar-po-sp6're-e),  n.  2)1.  [NL., 
as  carpospore  +  -e«'.]  In  hot.,  a  proposed 
division  of  thallophytes  in  which  sexual  re- 
production takes  place,  the  product  of  fertili- 
zation being  a  nimiber  of  spores  (carpospores 
or  ascospores),  iisually  within  an  envelop,  the 
whole  forming  a  sporocarp  (cystoearp).  it  in- 
cludes tlie  Floridece  among  algee,  and  according  to  some 
authors  tlie  Ascomycetes  and  £a.s£(iioHij/ce(es  among  fungi. 

carpostome  (kar'po-stom),  n.  [<  Gr.  Kapirog, 
fruit,  +  ard/ia,  mouth.]  In  bot.,  a  narrow  open- 
ing formed  in  the  cortex  of  the  frond  of  some 
algffi,  by  which  the  cystoearp  discharges  its 
spores. 

The  cystocarps  discharge  their  spores  through  carpo- 
stnmes  or  narrow  canals  formed  in  tlie  cortex  of  the 
fronds.  Farlow,  Marine  Algte,  p.  144. 

carp-sucker  (karp'suk"er),  n.  A  catostomoid 
fish  of  the  subfamily  Ictiobinw,  having  a  small 


Right  Carpus  of  a 
Chelonian  {Chety- 
ofra ),  showing  nearly 
symmetrical  disposi- 
tion of  the  carpal 
bones.  R.  radius ;  0. 
ulna.  The  proximal 
series  are  :  r,  radiale: 
«,  ulnare  ;  i,  interme- 
dium; f-.centrale;  1-5, 
the  five  carpalia,  or 
distal  carpals,  known 
as  carpale  I,  carpale 
11,  etc. ;  I-V,  the  cor- 
responding metacar- 
pals. 


Carp-sucker  (Ictiobits  carpz'o). 

mouth  protractile  downward,  and  narrow  pha- 
ryngeal bones  with  numerous  thin  teeth.  Tiie 
species  attain  a  large  size,  and  abound  in  the  Mississippi 
valley  and  Great  Lake  region  ;  one,  Carpiodes  cyprinus, 
also  occurs  in  the  Atlantic  watershed.  They  superficially 
resemble  the  European  carp,  and  are  sometimes  called 
carjj ;  they  are  also  known  as  buffalo-fish. 
carpus  (kar'pus),  w. ;  pi.  carpi  (-pi).  [NL.  (> 
F.  carpe  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carpo),  <  Gr.  Kapirog,  the 
wrist.]  1.  The  wrist,  vrrist-joint,  or  carpal  ar- 
ticulation ;  the  proximal  segment  of  the  manus 
or  hand,  corresponding  to  the  tarsus  of  the  foot ; 
the  joint  by  which  the  hand  or  distal  division  of 
the  fore  limb  is  connected  with  the  forearm. 
Thus,  in  a  horse,  the  so-called  "knee"  is  the 
carpus. —  2.  Especially  the  carpal  bones  or 
carpalia,  collectively  considered ;  a  number  of 
small  irregularly  nodular  bones  intervening  be- 
tween the  bones  of  the  antebrachium  and  those 


carriage 

of  the  metacarpus,  and  constituting  the  prox- 
imal division  of  the  skeleton  of  the  manus  or 
hand,  in  man  the  carpus  consists  of  8  bones  in  2  rows 
of  4  each,  viz. :  in  the  pro.ximal  row  from  the  radial  to  the 
ulnar  side,  tlie  scaplioid,  semi-lunar, 
cuneiform,  and  pisiform ;  in  the  distal 
row,  the  trapezium,  trapezoid,  mag- 
num, and  unciform.  In  other  verte- 
brates the  number  of  bones  varies 
mucli ;  in  birds  the  free  carpals  are 
normally  reduced  to  two.    See  hand. 

3.  In  Crustacea,  the  fifth  joint 
of  the  normally  7-jointed  leg, 
between  the  meros  and  the  pro- 
podos. — 4.  In  entom.,  a  name 
sometimes  applied  to  the  ptero- 
stigma  or  colored  spot  on  the 
anterior  edge  of  the  wings  in 
many  insects. 

carquaise  (kar-kaz'),  n.  [F., 
also  carcaise :  see  carcass.]  An 
annealing-arch  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  plate-glass.  JS. 
H.  Knight. 

carquenett,  «■    See  carcanet. 

Carraccesque,  a.    See  Carac- 
cesque. 

carrack,  w.    See  caracJc. 

carrageen,  carragheen  (kar'a- 
gen),  V.  [From  Carragheen, 
near  Waterford  in  Ireland, 
where  it  abounds.]  A  marine  alga  very  com- 
mon on  rocks  and  stones  on  the  coasts  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  it  is  a  very  variable  weed,  with 
a  flat  dichotomously  branching  frond  of  a  deep  purple- 
brown  color  and  of  a  cartilaginous  texture.  When  dried 
and  exposed  to  sunlight  it  becomes  whitish,  and  in  this 
condition  is  known  as  Irish  moss,  and  is  used  for  making 
soups,  blanc-mange,  size,  etc.  Also  spelled  carageen,  cara- 
gheeti,  carrigeen. 

carrageenin,  carrageenine  (kar-a-ge'nin),  n. 

[<  carrageen  +  -ine^.]  The  mucilaginous 
constituent  of  carrageen,  represented  by  some 
chemists  under  the  formula  Ci2H2oOiO>  ^t^^j 
like  starch,  sugar,  etc.,  appearing  to  be  a  car- 
bohydrate.   Also  caragenin,  lichinin. 

carragheen,  n.    See  carrageen. 

carramet,  n.  A  Middle  English  form  of  carrion. 

carrallt,  n.    An  old  form  of  carol'^. 

Carrarese  (kar-a-res'  or-rez'),  a.  and  n.  I.  a. 
Pertaining  or  belonging  to  Carrara  in  Italy. 

Obstacles  were  thrown  in  Michelangelo's  way,  and  the 
hostility  of  tlie  Carrarese  workmen  was  excited  against 
him.  C.  C.  Perkins,  Italian  Sculpture,  p.  276,  note. 

II.  n.  An  inhabitant  of  Carrara. 

carratt,  «.    A  former  spelling  of  carat. 

carraway,  n.    See  caraway. 

carrawitchet,  n.    See  carriwitchet. 

carre^t,  carre^t,  etc.    See  cari,  etc. 

carr6  (ka-ra'),  n.  [F.,  prop.  pp.  of  carrer,  make 
square:  see  quadrate.]  A  vegetable  tracing- 
paper,  in  size  18  by  22  inches. 

carreau  (ka-ro'),  n. ;  pi.  carreaux  (-roz'),  [F., 
<  OF.  carrel:  see  carrel^,  quarrel^.]  If.  A 
dart ;  a  quarrel. —  2.  An  old  French  game,  simi- 
lar to  bowls.  Striitt. — 3.  A  square  of  glass,  es- 
pecially a  small  one,  used  in  ornamental  glaz- 
ing. 

carrel^  (kar'el),  n.  [<  OF.  carrel,  also  quarrel 
(>  ME.  quarel,  E.  quarrel"^),  later  carreau,  quar- 
reau,  F.  carreau  =  Pr.  cairel  —  OCat.  quadrel  = 
Sp.  quadrillo  =  It.  quadrello,  <  ML.  quadrellus, 
a  square  tile,  a  dart:  see  quarrel^.  Cf.  carlet,'] 
1.  Same  as  quarrel'^. — 2.  A  mixed  fabric  of  silk 
and  worsted  used  in  the  sixteenth  century. 
Fail-holt. —  3.  [Appar.  a  'square'  inclosure; 
but  cf.  caroP.]  A  closet  or  pew  in  a  monastery. 

carrel^t  (kar'el),  n.    Same  as  carol^. 

carrelage  (kar'el-aj),  n.  [F.,  <  OF.  carrel,  a. 
square,  pane  (see  carrel^),  +  -age.]  Tiling  in 
general;  specifically,  the  decorated  tiling  in 
terra-eotta  in  use  in  the  middle  ages  for  floors 
and  the  like,  and  imitated  in  modern  times. 
See  tile,  and  encaustic  tile,  tmder  encaustic. 

carrellt  (kar'el),  n.    Same  as  carol^. 

carriable  (kar'i-a-bl),  a.  [<  cairy  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being'carried.  Sherwood. 

carriage  (kar'aj),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ca- 
riage,  <  ME.  cariage,  burden,  baggage,  trans- 
port, <  OF.  cariage,  chariage,  mod.  F.  chorriage 
{ >  Pg.  carruagem,  a  carriage,  cart,  =  It.  car- 
riagio,  baggage ;  ML.  cariagium,  act  or  price  of 
transporting),  <  carier,  carry:  see  carry.  The 
concrete  sense  of  'vehicle'  is  partly  due  to  co- 
roche,  q.  v.]  1.  The  act  of  carrying,  bearing, 
transporting,  or  conveying. 

Fil  nat  thy  spone,  lest  in  the  cariage 

It  went  beside,  whiche  were  nat  commendable. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  30. 
The  carriage  of  sounds.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 


carnage  833 

The  Streets  be  appointed  and  set  forth  very  commodious 
and  handsome,  both  for  carriarre,  and  also  against  the 
winds.  Sir  T.  More,  Utopia  (tr.  by  Robinson),  ii.  2. 

Specifically — 2.  The  carrying  of  goods,  per- 
sons, etc. ;  the  business  of  transportation. 

I  then  affirm  tliat,  it  in  time  of  war  our  business  had  tlie 
good  fortune  to  increase,  and  at  the  same  time  a  large, 

nay  the  largest  proportion  of  cacnaye  liad  been  engrossed    ,    ^. .„.„„.. 

by  neutral  nations,  it  ought  not  in  itself  to  have  been  con-  carri a  pa  hip  rkir'ni  n  hn  n 
sidered  as  a  cncumstance  of  distress.  i-<*i_i_lclgeaDXe  (KHi  a]-a-iH),  a. 


nage,  a  railway  carriage  made  up  of  compaitments  of 
different  classes,  as  first,  second,  and  third:  in  use  in  Eng- 
land and  on  the  continent  of  Europe. —Motor  carriage 
an  automubile  carriage.  — Sea-COast  carriage,  a  carriage 
for  supporting  heavy  guns,  used  on  the  scalioard.  These 
(■ari  ia;;es  are  not  used  for  transportation.  —  State  car- 
riage, the  carriage  of  a  prince  or  sovereign,  uscrl  wlien 
he  appears  publicly  in  state.  =  SjTl.  9.  Deportment,  De- 
mfitnor,  etc.    See  hehamor. 


Burke,  Late  State  of  Nation. 

3t.  That  which  is  carried ;  goods  transported; 
load;  burden;  freight;  baggage. 

After  those  days  we  took  up  our  carriages,  and  went  up 
to  Jerusalem.  Acts  xxi.  15. 

David  left  his  carriage  in  the  haud  of  the  keeper  of  the 
carriage.  1  Sam.  xvii.  22. 

The  marchants  of  Constantinople  aduised  me  ...  to 
by  uncouered  cartes  of  mine  owne  (such  as  the  Russians 
carrie  their  skins  in),  and  to  put  all  our  carriages,  wliicli 
I  would  daylie  take  out,  into  them. 

Hakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  94. 
The  coachman  rashly  driving  on, 
Till  coach  and  carriage  both  are  quite  o'erthrown. 

Middleton  and  Bowleg,  Spanish  Gypsy,  iii  1. 

4.  In  Scots  law,  the  ser^'ice  of  a  horse  and  cart. 
—  5.  The  price  or  expense  of  carrying. 
The  carriage  of  letters  will  be  very  cheap. 

Addison,  The  Newspaper. 

6.  That  which  is  used  for  carrying  or  transport- 
ing, especially  on  or  over  a  solid  surface, 
wheeled  vehicle  for  the  conveyance  of  persons, 


.„..,,  ^  carriage  + 
able]  1.  Capable  of  being  conveyed  in  a  car- 
riage or  carriages. — 2.  Passable  by  caiTiages. 

We  drove  on  for  some  distance  over  an  old  Roman  road, 
as  carriageable  as  when  it  was  built. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  232. 
carriage-bridge  (kar'aj-brij),  n.  Mim.,a.  bridge 
made  to  bo  moved  on  wlioels,  for  use  m  attack- 
ing fortifications. 

carriage-company  (kar'aj-kum"pa-iii),  n.  Peo- 
ple wlio  keep  their  carriages;  persons  wealthy 
enough  to  pay  visits,  etc., in  their  own  carriages. 

There  is  no  phrase  more  elegant  and  to  my  taste  than 
that  m  which  people  are  described  as  "seeing  a  gi-eat  deal 
oi  carnage-company."  Thackeray,  Newcomes,  ix. 

carriagedt  (kar'ajd),  a.  [<  carriage,  n.,  9,  + 
-ed2.]    Behaved;  mannered.    See  carriage,  9. 

A  fine  lady,  .  .  .  very  well  carWajrcrf  and  mighty  discreet. 

Pepys,  Diary,  June  14,  16G4. 

carriage-free  (kar'aj-fre),  a.  Free  of  charge 
for  carnage. 

(a)  A  carriage-guard  (kar'aj-giird). 


A  plate  on 


A  landau  drove  up,  a  magnificent  yellow  carriage.  ^  carriage  where  the  fore  wheel  rubs 

Thackeray,  Pendennis,  xxxvi.    ^^^}^  the  carnage  IS  turned. 
<6)  A  wheeled  stand  or  support:  commonly  in  composi-  Carriage-lock  (kar'aj-lok),  n.    A  brake  for  a 
tion  :  as,  a  gun-carriaf^e,  a  block-carrinj^e  for  mortars,  etc.    carriage.    E.  H.  Knight. 

c  carriage-piece  (kar'aj-pes),  n.    in  carp.,  one 

of  the  slanting  pieces  on  which  the  steps  of  a 
wooden  staircase  are  laid. 

carriage-spring  (kar '  aj  -  spring),  n.  A  spring 
fitted  to  the  gearing  of  a  can-iage.    The  term  is 

applied  especially  to  fine  springs  used  on  light  vehicles, 
as  distinguished  from  wagon-springs  and  car-springs! 
When  of  metal  they  are  usually  classed  as  elliptical  ami 
C  sprnigs,  the  two  kinds  being  combined  and  used  in  a 
great  variety  of  ways.  Wood  is  used  for  springs  in  the 
side-bar  system  of  suspension  and  in  the  buckboard,  and 
is  sometimes  combined  in  both  cases  with  steel  springs. 
See  side-bar  and  buckboard. 

carriageway  (kar'aj-wa),  n.  The  part  of  a 
road,  street,  or  bridge  intended  to  be  used  by 
wheeled  vehicles ;  a  roadway. 

In  1845  the  area  of  the  carriage-way  of  the  city  was 
estimated  at  418,000  square  yards.  Mayhem. 

carriboo,  «.    See  caribou. 


See  gun-carriage. 

Six  6-in.  4J-ton  broadside  guns,  mounted  on  Vavasseur 
carriages.  Sci.  Amer.  Supp.,  p.  8695. 

(c)  Any  part  of  a  machine  which  carries  another  part:  as, 
the  carriage  of  a  niule-spinner,  a  shafting,  a  type-writer' 
etc.  (d)  That  part  of  the  frame  of  the  old  liand  printing! 
press  which  supported  and  carried  the  form  of  types  on 
the  bed  (or  coffin,  as  it  was  then  called),  in  its  movement  to 
and  from  the  platen  or  impressing  surface.  Hand-presses 
are  now  made  without  carriage-frames,  and  with  ribs  run- 
ning in  grooved  rails,  (e)  In  carp.,  the  timber-frame 
which  supports  the  steps  of  a  wooden  stair.  (/)  The  straps 
or  bands  by  which  the  sword  was  hung  from  the  waist- 
belt  iu  the  sixteenth  century.    See  hanger. 

Ham.  What  call  you  the  carnages.?  .  .  . 

Osr.  The  carriages,  sir,  are  the  hangers. 

Ham.  The  phrase  would  be  more  german  to  the  matter 
if  we  could  carry  cannon  by  our  sides.  Shak. ,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

7t.  The  act  of  carrying  or  taking  from  an  ene- 
my; conquest;  acquisition. 


Solyman  resolved  to  besiege  Vienna,  in  good  hope  that  Carrick^  (kar'ik),  n.     [Origin  obscure.]  1 


by  the  carriage  ...  of  that  the  other  cities  would  . 
be  yielded.  Knolles,  Hist.  Turks, 

8t.  Tax;  imposition. 

By  pryvey  raveyns  or  by  comune  tributus  or  cariages. 

Chaucer,  Boethius,  i.  prose  4, 
9.  The  manner  of  carrying  or  managing  one's 


The  ball  or  block  of  wood  used  in  the  game 
of  shinty.— 2.  The  game  of  shinty.  [Scotch.] 
carrick^  (kar'ik),  ?i.  See  carack. 
carrick-bend  (kar'ik-bend),  n.  Naut., 
a  particular  kind  of  knot  for  joining 
two  cables  or  hawsers. 


person;  hence, behavior;  conduct;  deportment;  carrick-bitt  (kar'ik-bit),  n.  Naut.,  one 

of  the  bitts  which  support  the  windlass, 
carried  (kar 'id),  p.  a.  1.  So  ab- 
stracted as  to  lose  the  power  of  atten- 
tion to  matters  at  hand. —  2.  In  an  im- 
paired state  of  mind ;  not  in  full  pos- 
session of  one's  mental  powers,  as  an 
effect  of  fever. 


manners. 

A  sad  face,  a  reverend  carriage,  a  slow  tongue. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  4. 

This  afternoon  Mr.  Waith  was  with  me,  and  did  tell  me 
much  concerning  the  Chest,  which  I  am  resolved  to  look 
into ;  and  I  perceive  he  is  sensible  of  Sir  W.  Batten's  car- 
nage; and  is  pleased  to  see  anything  work  against  him. 

Pepys,  Diary,  I.  308. 

But,  sir,  your  air  is  noble  —  something  so  liberal  in  your 
carriage,  with  so  penetrating  an  eye,  and  so  bewitchiu"  a 
smile  !  Sheridan,  The  Duenna,  ii.  2. 

lOf.  The  act  or  manner  of  carrying  out  busi- 
ness ;  management. 

The  violent  carriage  of  it 
WiU  clear,  or  end,  the  business. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  iii.  1. 
They  observed  in  the  sachem  much  state,  great  com- 
mand over  his  men,  and  marvellous  wisdom  in  his  answers 
and  the  carriage  of  the  whole  treaty. 

Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  229. 

lit.  Bearing;  import;  tenor;  meaning. 

The  Hebrew  text  hath  no  other  carriage. 

Time's  Storehouse,  p.  112. 
As,  by  the  same  cov'iiant 
And  carriage  of  the  article  design'd. 
His  [moiety]  fell  to  Hamlet.    Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  1. 
Well,  now  you  know  the  carriage  of  the  business. 
Your  constancy  is  all  that  is  required. 

B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  iv.  2. 

12.  In  equity  practice,  control  or  conduct,  it 
implies  the  priority  of  right  to  go  forward  witli  a  pro- 
ceeding in  the  prosecution  of  which  others  also  are  inter- 
ested. 

The  party  «  hich  is  entrusted  with  the  execution  of  the 
dedimus  is  said  to  have  the  carriane  of  the  commission, 
and  if  the  first  commission  is  lost  by  reason  of  the  default 
or  neglect  of  the  party  who  had  the  carriage  of  it  the 
ramage  of  the  second  will  be  given  to  the  adverse  iiarty 

D.  G.  Lube. 

13.  A  drain;  a  fiuTow  cut  for  the  purpose  of 
carrying  off  water.  Grose.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 14. 
A  customary  dry  measure  used  for  lime,  con- 
sisting of  64  heaped  bushels.- composite  car- 


He  [David  Deans]  was  heard  to  mutter  some- 
thing about  national  defections,  right-hand  ex- 
tremes, and  left-hand  fallings-off  ;  but,  as  May 
Hettly  observed,  his  head  was  carried  at  the  time. 

Scott,  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,  xlix.  Carrick- 

3.  Elevated  in  mind;  transported  with 

joy  or  some  other  strong  emotion ;  beside  one's 

self.    [Obsolete  or  Scotch  in  these  uses.] 

They  lose  their  own  souls,  whilst  covetously  carried. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  596. 
All  are  passionate,  and  furiously  carried  sometimes. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  328. 

carrier!  (kar'i-er),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  car- 
rijer,  carryar,  carter,  <  ME.  cari/are;  <  carry  + 
-e?-l.]  1.  One  who  or  that  which  carries  or  con- 
veys. 

The  air  ...  is  ...  a  carrier  of  sounds. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

The  oxidation  in  the  body  is  carried  on  by  the  tis.sues 
themselves ;  .  .  .  the  blood  is  merely  a  carrier,  and  the 
lungs  are  the  vehicle  of  discharge. 

W.  L.  Carpenter,  Energy  in  Nature,  p.  198. 

Specifically — 2.  One  who  for  hire  undertakes 
the  conveyance  of  goods  or  persons.  The  law 

distinguishes  between  common  carriers  and  private  or 
special  carriers.  One  who  carries  not  as  a  business,  but 
only  on  occasion  by  special  agreement,  is  termed  a  private 
or  special  carrier.  One  who  holds  himself  out  as  a  car- 
rier, inviting  the  employment  of  the  public  generally,  is  a 
common  carrier.  He  is  bound  to  serve  without  favoritism 
all  who  desire  to  employ  him,  and  is  liable  for  the  safety 
of  goods  intrusted  to  him,  except  by  losses  from  the  act 
of  God  or  from  public  enemies,  or  unless  special  exemp- 
tion has  been  agreed  upon ;  and  in  respect  to  the  safety 
of  passengers  carried  he  is  liable  for  injuries  which  he 


carrion . 

might  have  prevented  by  special  care.  The  most  familiar 

classes  of  common  carriers  are  railroad  companies,  stage- 
coach proprietors,  expressmen,  truckmen,  ship  owners, 
steamboat-lines,  lightermen,  and  ferrymen.  The  special 
rules  of  liability  which  the  law,  for  rea.sons  of  public 
policy,  imposes  on  common  carriers  have  not  been  applied 
in  their  full  extent  to  the  business  of  drovers,  owners  of 
tow-boats,  log-drivers,  and  others  who  do  not  literally 
cany  the  property  intrusted  to  them ;  nor  are  telegraph 
companies  deemed  common  carriers  in  respect  to  the 
messages  they  transmit. 

3.  A  caiTicr-pigeon. —  4t.  One  who  manages  or 
arranges  affairs. 

A  master  of  the  duel,  a  carrier  of  the  differences. 

B.  Jonum,  Mercury  Vindicated. 

5.  In  mnch. :  (a)  A  piece  of  iron  fixed  by  a  set- 
screw  on  the  end  of  a  shaft  or  spindle  to  be 
turned  in  a  lathe,  or  to  a  mandrel  on  which 
a  round  object  is  driven  for  tlio  purpose  of  be- 
ing turned;  a  lathe-dog.  A  projection  in  the 
center-chuck  or  face-plate  drives  the  carrier 
around,  (b)  The  distributing-roller  of  a  eard- 
ing-machine.  E.  U.  Enight.  (c)  A  roller  be- 
tween the  drum  and  the  feeding-rollers  of  a 
scribbling-machine,  for  spinning  wool.  E.  H. 
Knight,  (d)  In  a  braiding-machine,  a  spool- or 
bobbin-holder  which  follows  in  a  curved  path 
intersecting  the  paths  of  other  bobbins,  and  so 
lays  up  the  thread  into  a  braid.  E.  H.  Knight, 
(e)  A  hoist,  as  the  mold-carrier  in  sugar-works. 
(/)  Part  of  the  breech-action  of  a  magazine- 
gun.  See  carrier-ring. — 6.  An  oyster  that 
will  bear  transportation  well.  [U.  S.]  —  Bar- 
bary  carrier.   Same  as  barb'-^,  2.— Carrier's  sauce, 

poor  man's  sauce.    See  sauce. 

carrier^t,  «.  and  v.    An  old  spelling  of  career. 

carrier-bird  (kar'i-er-berd),  n.  Same  as  car- 
rier-pigeon. 

As  light  as  carrier-birds  in  air. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  xxv. 

carrier-pigeon  (kar'i-er-pij"on),  «.  A  pigeon 
of  a  particular  breed  trained  to  convey  from 
one  place  to  another  -written  messages  tied  to 
the  neck  or  wing,  or  more  commonly  to  the  leg. 
The  destination  of  the  message  must  be  some  point  near 
the  pigeon's  home,  whither  it  will  fly  back  from  any  place 
to  which  it  has  been  carried;  hence  it  is  also  called  the 
Iwming-pigeon.  The  distance  from  which  it  will  return  to 
its  home,  when  in  perfect  condition,  may  be  a  thousand 
miles  or  more. 

Prayeris  Innocence's  friend  ;  and  willingly  flieth  incessant 
'Twixt  the  earth  and  the  sky,  the  carrier-pigeon  of  heaven. 

Longfellow,  Children  of  the  Lord's  Supper. 

carrier-ring  (kar'i-er-ring),  n.  A  steel  ring 
for  supporting  the  breech-screw  of  a  steel  field- 
piece  when  it  is  withdrawn  from  its  position 
in  the  breech  and  is  swung  round  to  open  the 
breech  for  loading. 

The  stops,  which  are  fitted  into  the  carrier-ring  .  .  . 
and  hold  the  plug  when  the  carrier-ring  is  swung  back. 

Report  of  Chief  of  Ordnance,  U.  S.  A.,  1884,  p.  512. 

carrier-shell  (kar'i-er-shel),  n.  A  name  of 
shells  of  the  family  Phoridw,  as  Xenophora  con- 
ch ylophora,  given  because 
they  attach  to  themselves 
foreign  bodies,  as  shells, 
stones,  and  corals.  Also 
called  conchologist  and 
mineralogist. 

carrikt,  carriket,  w.  Mid- 
dle English  forms  of  ca- 
rack. 

carrion  (kar'i-on),  n.  and 
a.  [<  ME.  carion,  carynu, 
also  caroin,  caroyne,  ca- 
reyne,  caraync,  caraigne, 
caren,  ete.,<  OF.  caroigne, 
charoigne,  carongne,  F. 
carogne  =  Pr.  caronha  =  Sp.  carroiia  =  It.  ca- 
rogna,  <  ML.  caronia,  a  carcass,  <  L.  caro,  flesh: 
see  carnal.]  I.  tt.  If.  A  dead  body;  a  corpse; 
a  carcass;  flesh. 

The  chirche  schal  haue  my  careyne  and  kepe  mi  bones. 

Piers  Plou-man  (.\),  vii.  84. 
They  did  eat  the  dead  carrions  and  one  another  soon 
after.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

Ravens  are  seen  in  flocks  where  a  carrion  lies. 

Sir  W.  Temple. 

Hence — 2.  A  mere  carcass:  used  of  a  li\'ing 
person,  as  a  term  of  contempt. 

That  foolish  carrion.  Mistress  Quickly. 

Shak.,  Sr.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  3. 
Yon  island  carrioiu,  desperate  of  their  bones, 
Ill-favour'dly  become  the  morning  field. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  2. 

3.  The  dead  and  putrefying  body  or  flesh  of 
animals ;  flesh  so  corrupted  as  to'  be  unfit  for 
food. 

As  one 

That  smells  a  foul-flesh  d  agaric  in  the  holt. 
And  deems  it  carrion  of  some  woodland  thing. 

Tennyson,  Gareth  and  Lyuette. 


Carrier-shell 
{Xenophora  concjiy loJ>hora'\. 


carrion 

n.t  a.    Dead  and  putrefying,  as  a  carcass. 
Carrion  men  groaning  for  burial.      Shak. ,  J.  C. ,  iii.  1. 

carrion-beetle  (kar'i-ou-be"tl),  «.  A  necroph- 
agous eoleopter;  a  beetle  that  feeds  upon  or 
deposits  its  eggs  in  carrion. 

carrion-crow  (kar'i-on-ki-o),  n.  1.  The  com- 
mon crow  of  Europe,  Corviis  coronc:  so  called 
because  it  often  feeds  on  carrion.  See  cut 
iinder  crow. —  2.  The  \mibu  or  black  vulture 
of  America,  Cathnrista  airatn,  a  common  bird 
of  the  southern  United  States,  resembling  the 
turkey-buzzard,  and  feeding  entirely  upon  car- 
rion.—  3.  The  common  crow  of  America,  Cor- 
vus  americaiiHs. —  4.  A  name  of  the  European 
rook,  Co7Tt(s  fnigilef/us. 

carrion-feeder  (kar '  i  -  on  -  f  e  "  der),  n .  An  ani- 
mal that  feeds  upon  carrion:  said  especially  of 
vultures  and  caracaras.  Darwin. 

carrion-flower  (kar'i-on-tlou'''er),  n.  A  name 
given  to  various  plants  the  flowers  of  which 
have  an  offensive  carrion-like  odor,  especially 
to  species  of  the  genus  Stapelia  and  to  Smilax 
hcrhacea. 

carrion-hawk  (kar'i-on-hak),  n.  A  hawk  or 
other  bii-d  of  prey  tiiat  feeds  upon  carrion; 
one  of  the  Catluirtidce  or  Folyborince,  as  a  con- 
dor, turkey-vulture,  or  caraeara.  Darwin. 
•  carrion-vulture  (kar'i-on-vul"tui'),  n.  A  vul- 
ture that  feeds  on  carrion ;  especially,  an  Amer- 
ican vultui'e  of  the  tamilj  Catkartida' :  as,  "con- 
dors, like  other  carrion-vultures,"  Darwin. 

carritch  (kar'ich),  n.  [Also  •written  caritch, 
and  in  quasi-plural  form  caritchcs,  a  humorous 
perversion  of  catechism,  q.  v.]  A  catechism. 
[Scotch.] 

carriwitchet  (kar'i-wich-et),  n.  [Also  spelled 
carrawitchet,  carawitchet,  carwhicliet,  prob.,  like 
carritch,  a  humorous  perversion  of  catechism, 
q.  v.]  An  absurd  question ;  a  quibble ;  a  co- 
nimdrum;  a  pun ;  a  piece  of  jocularity  or  face- 
tiousness.    [Obsolete  or  rare.] 

A  bare  clinch  will  serve  the  turn ;  a  carwichet,  a  quar- 
ter-quibble, or  a  pun.       Drydeii,  The  Wild  Gallant,  i.  1. 

He  has  all  sorts  of  echoes,  rebuses,  chronograms,  etc., 
besides  cnrwlnchets,  clenches,  and  quibbles.  Butler. 

Sir  John  had  always  his  budget  full  of  punns,  conun- 
drums, and  carrawitchels.  Arbuthnol. 

Fun,  pun,  conundrum,  carriwitchet. 

Garrick,  Correspondence,  etc.,  II.  29G. 

carro  (kar'6),  n.  [It.,  prop,  a  cart-load:  see 
carl.]  A.  wine  measure  of  Lombardy  and  Nice, 
equal  to  130  United  States  (wine)  gallons,  108 
imperial  gallons,  or  492.5  liters. 

carroccio  (ka-roeh'io),  li.  [It.,  a  ear,  carriage, 
coach,  aug.  of  carro,  a  car:  see  earache  and 
ca/'i.]  The  car  of  war,  on  which  the  standard 
■was  borne  into  battle,  peculiar  to  the  Italian 
republics  of  the  middle  ages. 

The  carroccio,  or  "great  car,"  that  bore  the  standard  of 
the  commune,  was  a  symbol  of  independence  widely  in 
use  among  the  free  cities  of  Italy.  Its  invention  is  as- 
cribed to  Eriberto,  Archbishop  of  Milan  in  the  eleventh 
century. 

C.  E.  Norton,  Church-building  in  Middle  Ages,  p.  110. 

carrock,  n.    See  caracJc.  » 

carrolt,  «.    See  carol^,  carol^. 

carrollite  (kar'o-lit),  w.  [<  Carroll  (see  def.) 
-I-  -ite'^.~\  A  sujphid  of  copper  and  cobalt  ob- 
tained from  Carroll  county,  Maryland. 

carrom,  ».  and  v.    See  carom. 

carronade  (kar-o-nad'),  n.  [<  Carron,  in  Scot- 
land, where  it  was  first  made,  -I-  -ade^,  as  in 
grenade,  etc. ;  hence  F.  caronade  =  Sp.  Pg.  ca- 
ronada.']  A  short  piece  of  ordnance  having  a 
large  caliber 
and  a  cham- 
ber for  the 
powder,  like 
a  mortar. 

carron-oil 
(kar'on-oil), 
n.     A  lini- 
ment     com-  Carronade. 

posed  of  lin- 
seed-oil and  lime-water :  so  called  from  being 
much  used  for  burns  at  the  Carron  Iron  Works 
in  Stirlingshire,  Scotland. 

carroon^,  «.   See  caroon. 

carroon^  (ka-ron'),  71.  [Also  in  corrupt  form 
caroome;  prob.  <  OF.  carron,  P.  charron,  <  ML. 
caro(n-)  for  *carro(n-),  a  wagon-maker,  cart- 
wright,  prob.  also  (like  the  similar  L.  carpen- 
tariiis,  a  wagon-maker:  see  carpenter)  a  cart- 
driver,  <  L.  carrus,  a  car,  cart :  see  carl.]  A 
license  from  the  lord  mayor  of  London  to  keep 
a  cart.  Wharton. 

carrosset,  «•    See  earache. 


834 

carrot  (kar'ot),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  carot, 
carote ;  —  G.  carotte,  Jcarotte,  <  F.  carote,  now  ca- 
rotte  =  It.  carota,  <  L.  carota,  prob.  <  Gr.  Kapurdv, 
a  carrot.]  1.  The  common  name  of  plants  of 
the  umbelliferous  genus  Da  ucns,  the  best-known 
species,  D.  Carota,  yielding  in  cidtivation  the 
vegetable  of  the  same  name,  it  is  a  native  of  Eu- 
rope and  northern  Asia,  and  was  used  as  a  vegetable  in 
early  times.  The  wild  carrot  is  the  same  species  growing 
spontaneously  in  the  fields,  where  it  becomes  a  noxious 
weed  with  a  small  and  tough  white  root.  Tlie  seeds  are 
used  as  a  diuretic  and  stimulant.  The  native  carrot  of 
Australia  is  D.  liracltiatiis.   See  cut  under  Daucus. 

2.  The  tap-root  of  Daucus  Carota,  cultivated  for 
the  table  and  for  cattle.  There  are  numerous  varie- 
ties, diftering  much  in  size  and  shape.  The  grated  root  is 
used  in  poultices  for  ulcers,  and  the  juice  for  the  coloring 
of  butter. 

3.  A  solid  round  piece  of  rock,  cut  out  in  a 
hole  made  by  a  machine-drill:  called  in  the 
United  States,  and  often  in  England,  a  core. — 

4.  jil.  Rolls  of  tobacco  formed  by  placing  the 
moist  prepared  leaves  together  in  large  hand- 
fuls,  and  winding  about  them  grasses  or  strips 
of  dry  fibrous  wood,  thus  partially  consolidat- 
ing the  leaves,  so  that  they  require  only  to  be 
ground,  or  rasped  and  sifted,  to  make  the  finest 
and  pm-est  snuff,  called  rappee. —  5.  pi.  [From 
the  resemblance  of  color.]  Yellowish-red  hair 
on  a  human  being.    [Slang.]  — Candy  or  Cretan 

carrot,  the  Athamanta  Cretensia,  an  umbelliferous  spe- 
cies of  the  Levant,  the  seeds  of  which  have  properties 
similar  to  those  of  Daucus  Carota. —  Deadly  Carrot,  the 
Thapsia  Garijanica,  an  umbellate  of  soutliern  Europe,  an 
acrid  irritant,  formerly  used  in  plasters  for  the  relief  of 
rheumatic  and  other  local  pains.— Oil  of  carrot,  a  vol- 
atile oil,  whose  composition  is  not  known  with  certainty, 
obtained  in  small  quantity  by  distilling  the  roots  of  car- 
rots with  water. 

carrot  (kar'ot),  v.  t.  [<  carrot,  the  oil  of 
carrot  being  one  of  the  preparations  used  for 
this  purpose.]  Among  furriers,  to  drgss,  as  a 
pelt,  by  rubbing  a  preparation  into  it  designed 
to  preserve  it  from  the  ravages  of  insects. 

Staple  furs  .  .  .  dressed,  carroted,  and  cut  from  the  skin. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  IX.  837. 

carrotiness  (kar'ot-i-nes),  n.  [<  carroty  -f- 
-?(css.]  The  condition  of  being  of  a  carroty  or 
reddish-yellow  color;  especially,  this  condition 
of  the  hair. 

carrot-tree  (kar'ot-tre),  «.  A  curious,  some- 
what woody,  umbelliferous  plant,  Monizia  cdu- 
lis,  found  only  upon  the  uninhabited  islands 
lying  southeast  of  Madeira,  on  high  cliffs  over- 
hanging the  sea.  The  roots  are  sometimes  used  for 
food  in  case  of  need  by  temporary  sojourners  upon  the 
islands. 

carroty  (kar'ot-i),  a.  [<  carrot  +  -?/i.]  Like  a 
caiTot  in  color:  an  epithet  given  to  yellowish 
or  reddish  hair. 

carrousel  (kar'6-zel),  w.  [F.]  1.  ^ee  carousaV^, 

1.  — 2.  A  merry-go-round  (which  see).  Also 
written  carousal,  carousel. 

carrow^t  (kar'6),  n.  [<  Ir.  and  Gael,  carach, 
cunning,  deceitful,  <  car,  a  twist,  turn,  trick.] 
In  Ireland,  one  who  wandered  about  and  made 
his  living  by  cards  and  dice ;  a  strolling  game- 
ster. Spenser. 

carrow^  (kar'6),  n.  [Cf.  caruca,  carue.']  An 
ancient  Irish  subdivision  of  land. 

The  Ceathran-hadh,  carrow  or  quarter. 

W.  K.  Sullivan,  O'Curry. 

carr-swallow,  n.    See  car-swallow. 
carruca,  n.   See  caruca. 
carrucaget,  n.    See  carucage. 
carrucatet,  «•    See  carucatc. 
carry  (kar'i),  ». ;  pret.  and  pp.  carried,  ppr.  car- 
rying.   [Early  mod.  E.  also  carrie,  cary,  carie, 

<  ME.  carien,  <  OF.  carier,  caroicr  (>  F.  char- 
rier,  also  charroyer)  =  Pr.  carregar  =  OCat. 
carrcjar  =  OSp.  carrcar  =  It.  carreggiare  (ML. 
carrieare),  carry,  orig.  transport  in  a  vehicle, 

<  L.  carrus  (>  OF.  car,  etc.),  a  cart,  car:  see 
carl.  Hence,  from  ML.  carrieare,  ult.  E.  cari- 
cature, cark,  cargo,  charge,  etc.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  bear  or  convey  from  a  starting-point,  or  in 
going;  take  along  or  transport  by  the  use  of 
physical  strength  or  means;  move  or  cause  to 
be  moved  along  with  one:  as,  to  carry  a  cane 
in  the  hand,  or  goods  in  a  ship. 

When  he  dieth,  he  shall  carry  nothing  away. 

Ps.  xlix.  17. 

They  will  carry  their  riches  upon  the  shoulders  of  young 
asses.  Isa.  xxx.  6. 

Nay,  daughter,  carry  the  wine  in ;  we  will  drink  within. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  1. 

2.  To  be  the  means  of  conveying;  serve  as  the 
vehicle  of,  or  as  a  transporting  or  transmitting 
agency  for:  as,  a  ship  or  a  wagon  carries  goods 
to  market ;  the  wind  carried  the  ship  out  of  her 
course;  the  atmosphere  carries  sounds. 


carry 

Her  own  feet  shall  carry  her  afar  off  to  sojourn. 

Isa.  xiii.  7. 

I  must  carry  her  word  quickly. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  5. 

We  shall  probably  not  be  far  wrong  in  saying  that  the 
Thames  carries  down  to  the  sea,  every  year,  14  million 
cubic  feet  of  solid  matter.  Huxley,  I'hysiog.,  p.  148. 

3.  To  lead  or  conduct  in  going ;  escort,  urge, 
or  drive  along:  as,  to  carry  off  a  friend,  or  a 
squad  of  prisoners. 

And  he  carried  away  all  his  cattle.  Gen.  xxi.  18. 

Why  hast  thou  dealt  thus  with  us,  to  carry  us  forth  out 
of  Egypt?  Ex.  xiv.  11. 

I  carried  him  home  to  dinner  with  me. 

Smollett,  Roderick  Random,  Ixviii. 

4.  To  lead  or  project  in  a  specified  direction, 
physically  or  mentally;  direct  or  continue  to 
or  toward  some  point  in  space,  time,  or  contem- 
plation: as,  to  carry  forward  a  line  of  survey, 
or  an  undertaking;  he  carried  his  history,  or 
his  readers,  back  to  the  remotest  times;  he 
carried  his  theory  to  its  logical  result. 

Manethes,  that  wrote  of  the  Egyptians,  hath  carried  up 
their  government  to  an  incredible  distance. 

Sir  M.  Hale,  Orig.  of  Mankind. 
War  was  to  be  diverted  from  Greece  by  being  carried 
into  Asia.  Mit/urd. 

Nothing  short  of  a  miracle  could  carry  far  the  improve- 
ments which  have  been  attempted  and  in  part  begun. 

Brojigham. 

Like  all  beliefs  found  successful  in  one  subject,  it  was 
carried  over  into  another.    W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectui'es,  1. 143. 

Hence  —  5.  To  impel;  drive:  as.  the  gale  car- 
ried the  fleet  out  of  its  coui-se. —  6.  To  put  or 
place  forward;  transfer  to  an  advanced  posi- 
tion or  stage :  as,  to  carry  a  case  into  court,  or 
up  to  the  supreme  court;  in  adding,  we  set 
down  the  units  and  carry  the  tens  (that  is,  trans- 
fer them  to  the  next  column  in  advance). —  7. 
To  conduct ;  manage :  often  with  an  indefinite 
it:  as,  to  carry  matters  with  a  high  hand;  he 
carried  it  bravely :  archaic,  except  with  on:  as, 
to  carry  on  business.  See  phrases  below. 
Will  the  elephant  Ajax  carry  it  thus? 

Shak.,  T.  and  0.,  ii.  3. 
We  have  carried  the  business  nobly. 

Middleton  (and  others).  The  Widow,  i.  2. 
He  being  reconciled  the  day  before,  all  things  were  car- 
ried very  lovingly  amongst  all. 

Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  91. 

8.  To  bear  to  a  consummation ;  conduct  to  a 
desired  or  a  successful  issue ;  gain  or  achieve 
by  management :  as,  to  carry  a  legislative  mea- 
sure, or  an  election;  to  carry  out  one's  purpose. 

I  look  by  her  means  for  a  reformation, 

And  such  a  one,  and  such  a  rare  way  carried^ 

That  all  the  world  shall  wonder  at. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Valentinian,  i.  2. 

You  must  either  carry  the  Bill,  or  make  it  as  clear  as- 
day  that  you  have  done" all  in  your  power  to  do  so. 

Sydney  Smith,  To  the  Countess  Grey. 

9.  To  gain  by  effort  or  contest;  gain  posses- 
sion or  control  of ;  succeed  in  gaining  or  taking ; 
take  or  win  from  or  as  from  an  enemy ;  cap- 
ture :  as,  to  carry  a  fortress  by  assault ;  to  car- 
ry a  district  in  an  election;  to  carry  off  a  prize. 

Gonsalvo,  availing  himself  of  these  friendly  dispositions, 
pushed  forward  his  successes,  carryiny  one  stronghold 
after  another.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  2. 

The  Republicans  had  carried  the  country  upon  an  issue 
in  which  ethics  were  more  distinctly  and  visibly  mingled 
with  politics  than  usual.    Lowell,  Study  W  indows,  p.  157. 

Hence  — 10.  To  succeed  in  electing;  as,  to  car- 
ry  a  candidate.  [Eng.]  — 11.  To  lead  or  draw 
mentally ;  transport,  urge,  or  impel  the  mind 
of ;  influence  to  a  course  of  action,  thought,  or 
feeling:  as,  the  speaker  carried  his  audience 
with  him;  his  passion  carried  him  away  or 
astray ;  he  was  carried  out  of  himself. 

Why  doth  thine  heart  carry  thee  away  ?       Job  xv.  12. 

Ill-nature,  passion,  and  revenge  will  carry  them  too  far 
in  punishing  others.  Locke. 

12.  To  bear  up  and  support,  whether  in  mo- 
tion or  at  rest;  move,  hold,  or  sustain  the  mass 
or  weight  of :  as,  to  carry  the  body  gracefully ; 
he  carries  his  wounded  arm  in  a  sliag ;  the  bridge 
carries  a  permanent  load  of  so  many  tons ;  the 
wall  cannot  can-y  such  a  weight. 

To  carry  up  the  body  faire,  is  decent,  and  doth  shew 
A  comely  grace  in  any  one.  Where  ever  he  doth  goe. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  295. 
Set  them  a  reasonable  depth,  and  they  will  carry  more 
shoots  upon  the  stem.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

13.  To  bear,  or  bear  about,  as  a  fixed  or  inher- 
ent accompaniment,  physical  or  moral ;  hold  aa 
an  appurtenance,  quality,  or  characteristic:  as, 
he  carries  a  bullet  in  his  body;  his  opinions  car- 
ry great  weight. 

No  man  hath  ...  an  attaint  but  he  carries  some  stain 
of  it.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  2. 


carry 

,,  ^  The  name 

Of  mend  s  too  narrow  for  him,  and  I  want 
A  word  that  carries  more  divinity. 

Shirley,  Love's  Cruelty,  i.  1. 
In  some  vegetables  we  see  something  that  carries  a  l<ind 
of  analogy  to  sense.  Sir  M.  Hale,  Orig.  of  Manlcind. 

14.  To  hold  or  bear  the  charge  of;  keep  in  pos- 
session or  on  hand  for  disposal  or  management : 
as,  to  carry  a  large  stock  of  goods ;  to  carry  stocks 
or  bonds  for  a  customer.— 15.  Reflexively,  to 
behave  ;  demean ;  deport.  [Now  rare  in  this 
sense,  bear  being  used  instead.] 

He  carried  himself  so  insolently  in  the  house,  and  out 
of  the  house,  to  all  persons,  that  he  became  odious. 

Clarendon. 

16 1.  To  hold  or  entertain  as  an  opinion ;  uphold. 

Divers  other  foul  errors  were  discovered,  whicli  had 
been  secretly  carried  by  way  of  inquiry,  but  after  were 
mamtamed  by  Mrs.  Hutchinson  and  others. 

Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  304. 

17t.  To  bear  up  under ;  endure;  undergo. 

Is  it  in  the  power 
Of  flesh  and  blood  to  carry  this,  and  live  ? 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Pliilaster,  v.  5. 
Carry  arms  (milit.),  an  order  to  a  company  or  regiment 
directing  the  muslcet  or  rifle  to  be  held  in  tlie  right  hand, 
the  barrel  nearly  vertical  and  resting  in  the  hollow  of  the 
shoulder  witli  the  guard  to  the  front,  the  arm  hanging  its 
full  length  near  the  body,  the  thumb  and  forefinger  em- 
bracing the  guard,  the  stock  just  under  the  hammer  being 
grasped  by  tlie  remaining  fingers,  with  the  little  finger  rest- 
ing on  tlie  hammer.— To  carry  a  bone  in  the  mouth. 

bee  6o«(!l.  — To  carry  a  scent,  in  fox-hunting,  to  follow 
the  scent  —To  carry  away,  (a)  Naut.,  to  brealj  off :  as, 
the  ship  has  earned  awai/ her  jib-boom  (that  is,  has  brolien 
It  off).  Also  said  of  a  rope  or  chain  parted  by  violence. 

A  spar  is  carried  awaij  when  it  is  broken  or  disabled. 

Qualtrough,  Boat-Sailer's  Manual,  p.  244. 
(6)  Figuratively,  to  transport ;  absorb  the  attention  of ; 
lead  astray  or  beyond  bounds :  as,  J,o  be  carried  away  by 
music ;  his  passion  carried  him  away. 

Carried  away  by  the  delusions  of  fancy,  I  almost  ima- 
gine myself  surrounded  by  the  shades  of  the  departed,  and 
holding  sweet  converse  with  the  worthies  of  antiquity. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  146. 

To  carry  a  -weather  helm  (naut.),  to  keep  the  helm 
or  have  it  kept,  as  a  ship,  a  little  to  the  windward  side 
in  steering  a  straight  course,  close-liauled.— To  carry 
COalst,  to  bear  injuries ;  put  up  with  an  alfront. 
Gregory,  o"  my  word,  we'll  not  carry  coals. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  1. 
To  carry  coals  to  Newcastle,  to  take  things  to  a  place 

vi-here  they  already  abound,  Newcastle  being  in  a  great 
coal-producing  region ;  lience,  to  perform  unnecessary  la- 
bor ;  lose  one's  labor.  —  To  carry  it  Off,  to  bear  out ;  face 
through  ;  brazen  a  thing  out.  — To  carry  off.  (a)  To  re- 
move to  a  distance,  (b)  To  kill :  as,  to  be  carried  off  by 
sickness. 


835 

4.  To  propel  a  missile ;  exert  propelling  force : 
as,  a  gun  or  mortar  carries  -well  or  ill. 

If  any  man  impute  these  victories  of  ours  to  the  long- 
bow, as  carrying  further,  piercing  more  strongly,  and 
quicker  of  discliarge  tliaii  the  French  crossbow  ;  my  an- 
swer is  ready.  Raleigh,  in  Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  71. 
5t.  To  behave  or  deport  one's  self. 

He  carried  so  mutinously  and  seditiously,  as  that  he  was 
for  the  same,  and  for  liis  turbulent  carriages  towards  botli 
magistrates  and  ministers,  in  the  presence  of  tlie  court 
sentenced  to  find  sureties  for  his  good  behaviour. 

N.  Morton.,  New  England's  Memorial,  p.  20:i. 

6.  In  falconry,  to  fly  away  vrith  the  quarry: 
said  of  a  hawk.— 7.  In  hunting,  to  run  on 
ground  or  hoar  frost  which  sticks  to  the  feet, 
as  a  hare. — Sf.  To  ride. 

TIius  in  peryl,  &  payne,  &  plytes  ful  harde, 
Bi  contrary  cari/ej  tliis  knyjt,  tyl  kryst-masse  euen. 
Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  734. 

To  carry  on.  (a)  Naut.,  to  continue  carrying  a  larue 
spread  of  canvas. 

A  vessel  close  hauled  could  have  shown  no  more  than  a 
single  close-reefed  sail ;  but  as  we  were  going  before  it 
[the  wind],  we  could  carry  on. 

B.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  386. 
(b)  To  conduct  one's  self  in  a  wild,  frolicsome,  or  thought- 
less manner;  riot ;  frolic.  [Colloq.] 
Master  Jeremy  carried  on  so  and  laughed. 

R.  D.  Blackmore,  Lorna  Doone,  p.  380. 
To  fetch  and  carry.  See  fetch. 
carry  (kar'i),  n. ;  pi.  carries  (-iz).  [<  carry,  v.'] 
1.  Land  which  separates  navigable  waters  and 
across  which  a  canoe  or  other  boat  must  be  car- 
ried ;  a  detour  around  obstructions  in  a  stream ; 
a  portage.— 2.  The  act  of  carrying  a  canoe  or 
boat  and  its  freight  over  land  separating  nav- 
igable waters,  or  around  obstructions  in  a 
stream.— 3.  The  motion  of  the  clouds  as  they 
are  carried  by  the  wind;  the  clouds  themselves 
thus  carried;  cloud-drift.  [Scotch.] 
The  carry  is  now  brisk  from  the  west. 

Caledonian  Mercury. 


carte 


Hence  — 4.  The  firmament  or  sky.  [Scotch.] 


Mirk  and  rainy  is  the  niglit. 
No  a  starn  in  a'  the  carry. 


Tannaldll. 


This  was  followed  by  a  fit  of  sickness,  which  had  like  to 
have  carried  her  o/last  winter.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  95. 
To  carry  on,  to  manage  or  be  engaged  in ;  continue  to 
prosecute  ;  keep  in  progress :  as,  to  carry  on  husbandry  or 
war ;  to  carry  on  a  person's  business  in  his  absence. 

They  endeavoured  in  the  War  time  to  have  Printed 
Monthly  Transactions  or  Memoires  after  the  manner  of 
ours  in  London ;  but  could  not  carry  them  on  above  two 
Volumes  or  Years,  for  without  great  Correspondence  tliis 
can  hardly  be  done.  Lister,  Journey  to  Paris,  p.  78. 

To  carry  one's  bat,  in  cricket,  not  to  be  put  out :  said  of 
that  one  of  tlie  last  two  batsmen  on  one  side  who,  though 
not  put  out,  has  to  cease  playing  when  his  partner  is  put 
out.— To  carry  out.   (a)  To  bear  from  within. 
When  I  have  said  good-night  for  evermore. 
And  you  see  me  carried  out  from  the  threshold  of  the  door. 

Tennyson,  May  Queen,  ii. 
(6)  To  prosecute  to  the  end  ;  bring  to  a  consummation ;  ac- 
complish ;  finish  ;  execute  :  as,  he  carried  out  his  purpose. 
—To  carry  the  day,  to  be  successful  against  opposition  • 
triumph,  as  or  as  if  in  battle. 

In  the  mind  of  a  mental  pathologist  the  progress  of 
spiritualism,  with  its  revived  thirst  for  miracles,  might 
awaken  unpleasant  recollections  of  the  second  century— 
the  eve  of  the  era  when  St.  Gregory  Thaumatui-gus  ear- 
ned the  day  against  the  protests  of  the  Roman  Huxleys 
and  Carpenters.  Poyj.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXII.  475. 

To  carry  the  house  (theat.),  to  gain  enthusiastic  ap- 
plause from  all  parts  of  the  house;  gain  the  favor  or 
approval  of  all  present.— To  carry  the  Wind,  in  the 
manige,  to  toss  the  nose  as  higli  as  tlie  ears :  said  of  a 

horse.— To  carry  the  world  before  one,  to  meet  with 
uninterrupted  success  ;  be  very  successful  in  spite  of  op- 
position. 

Gentlemen  with  broad  chests  and  ambitious  intentions 
do  sometimes  disappoint  their  friends  by  failing  to  carry 
the  world  before  them.  George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  ii.  4. 
To  carry  through,  to  support  to  the  end ;  sustain  or 
Keep  from  falling  or  failing ;  accomplish. 

II,  intrans.  1.  To  act  as  a  bearer;  be  em- 
ployed in  transportation. 
A  horse  cannot  fetch,  but  only  carry. 

Shak.',  T.  G.  of  V.,  iii.  1. 

2.  To  bear  the  head  in  a  particular  manner,  as 
a  horse,  when  a  hofse  holds  his  head  high,  with  an 
arching  neck,  he  is  said  to  carry  well;  when  he  lowers  his 
head  too  much,  he  is  said  to  carry  low. 

3.  To  act  as  a  conductor;  be  a  guiding  or  im- 
pelling agent. 

Those  flames  of  lusts  which  haue  come  from  hell  and 
came  thither.  Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  68. 


5.  A  wagon.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 6.  In  falconry, 
the  manner  in  which  a  hawk  flies  away  with 
the  quarry.—  7.  The  position  of  a  weapon  when 
the  military  command  to  carry  arms  is  complied 
with :  as,  to  bring  a  rifle  to  the  carry.—  8.  In 
golf,  the  distance  from  the  spot  from  which 
a  ball  is  driven  to  the  place  where  it  first 
alights.    W.  Park,  Jr. 

carryall  (kar'i-al),  n.  [Altered  from  cariole, 
simulating  carry  +  all.']  A  light,  covered,  four- 
wheeled  family  carriage,  with  two  seats,  drawn 
by  one  horse.  [U.  S.] 
carrying  (kar'i-ing),  a.  and  n.  [Ppr.  and  verbal 
n.  ot  carry,  v.]  I.  a.  1.  Bearing;  conveying; 
supporting:  as,  the  carrying  capacity  of  a  ves- 
sel.—  2.  Requiring  or  necessitating  portage. 

The  waters  leading  into  the  Mississippi  and  St.  Law- 
rence,  and  the  carrying  places  between  them,  .  .  .  were 
made  common  higliways  and  forever  free. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  Const,  II.  114. 

II.  n.  The  act  of  bearing  or  conveying;  the 

business    of    transportation  Carrying -cloth 

Same  as  fenrinj-ciot A.— Carrying-trade,  the  trade  or 
business  of  transporting  goods,  especially  by  water,  from 
country  to  country,  or  from  place  to  place, 
carrying-on  (kar'i-ing-on),  n.  1.  Frolicsome 
or  riotous  behavior :  usually  in  the  plural,  car- 
ryings-on. [Colloq.]  — 2.  Naut,  the  keeping 
of  an  excessive  press  of  sail  on  a  ship, 
carry-talet  (kar'i-tal),  ».    A  tale-bearer. 

Some  carry-tale,  some  please-man,  some  slight  zany  . 
Told  our  intents  before.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.'  v.  -2. 

carsackie  (kar-sak'i),  n.  A  coarse  loose  jacket 
with  a  waist-band,  worn  by  workmen  over  their 
clothes ;  a  jumper.  [Scotch.] 
carse^t,  ».  An  obsolete  form  of  cress. 
carse2  (kars),  n.  [Sc.,  formerly  leers,  kerss;  per- 
haps a  pi.  form  of  car,  a  bog  or  fen,  low  wet 
land:  see  car^.  Cf.  W.  cors,  bog,  fen,  corsen 
=  Bret,  cors,  corsen,  bog-plant.  The  Gael. 
cars,  curse,  seems  to  be  borrowed  from  Sc.] 
In  Scotland,  a  stretch  of  fertile  alluvial  land 
along  the  side  of  a  stream  ;  the  low-lying  part 
of  a  valley  that  is  watered  by  a  river,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  higher  grounds:  as,  the 
carsG  of  Gowrie ;  the  carse  of  Stirling.  Carses 
are  no  w  regardedby  geologists  as  raised  beaches 
or  terraces. 

carse3  (kars),  n.  A  dry  measure  formerly  used 
in  some  parts  of  France. 

car-seal  (kar'sel),  n.  A  clasp  of  soft  metal  de- 
signed to  bind  the  ends  of  a  wire  passed  through 
the  lock  of  the  door  of  a  freight-car.  By  merns 


of  a  hand-tool  the  clasp  is  firmly  joined  to  the  ends  of  the 
wire,  thus  sealing  the  door,  which  caimot  be  opened  with- 
out cutting  the  wire  or  breaking  the  seal, 
car-spring  (kar'spring),  n.  A  spring  serving  to 
lessen  the  jar  of  a  railroad-car.  The  devices  used 
for  this  purpose  are  exceedingly  numerous,  consisting  of 
elastic  cushions,  levers,  or  plates  like  ordinai-y  carriage- 
springs,  crimped  plates,  spiral  and  lielical  springs,  etc. 

car-standard  (kar'stan^dard),  n.    In  Iter.,  a. 
bearing  rei)resenting  a  standard  borne  on  a 
four-wheeled  car.    See  carroccio. 
car-starter  (kar'star''''ter),  n.    1.  A  device  by 
which  the  momentum  of  a  street-car  is  utilized 
in  overcoming  its  inertia  in  starting  again  af- 
ter stopping:  this  is  usually  effected  by  means 
of  springs.— 2.  One  who  gives  the  order  or 
signal  for  starting  a  horse-car  or  railway-train 
at  a  station;  a  car-  or  train-despateher. 
car-s'wallo'w^  carr-swallow  (kar'swol"6), 
[Prob.  <  car^,  a  marshy  place  (where  it  always 
breeds),  +  swallow'^.']  A  name  of  the  black  tern, 
tStcrna  or  Hydrochelidon  fssijies. 
cart  (kart),  n.    [<  ME.  cart,  hart,  <  AS.  crmt, 
transposed  from  *cccrt,  =  D.  Irat,  krct  =  leel. 
kartr;  of  Celtic  origin:  <  W.  cart  =  Gael,  and 
It.  cairt,  a  cart,  dim.  of  Ir.  carr  =  Gael,  car,  a 
car:  see  ca?-i,  and  cf.  charet,  chariot.]    If.  A 
ear  or  chariot. 

Wliat  the  sonnes  sonne  . 
That  highte  Plietoun  [PhaethonJ  wolde  lede 
Algate  his  fader  carte. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  ii.  4.33. 

2.  A  two-wheeled  vehicle,  shorter  and  higher 
set  than  a  car,  usually  for  one  horse  and  often 
without  springs,  for  the  conveyance  of  goods. 

Provide  some  carts, 
And  bring  aw.ay  the  aniiour  that  is  tliere. 

Shale,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  2. 
Packing  all  his  goods  in  one  poor  cart. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires. 

3.  A  cart-load.  A  cart  of  coals  was  formerly  in 
England  8 J  hundredweight  by  statute.— 4.' An 
open,  two-wheeled  pleasure  carriage  for  one 
horse  :  as,  a  village  cart,  a  dog-ca/'i'.— Toput(or 
set)  the  cart  before  the  horse,  to  reverse  the  proper 
order  of  (two)  tilings. 

Nowe,  hitherto  tlie  chiefe  care  of  governaunce  hath  bin 
to  the  land,  being  the  meaneste  ;  and  to  the  liodie  being 
the  better,  very  small ;  but  to  the  mynde,  being  the  best 
none  at  all,  which  niethinkes  is  playnely  to  sett  the  carte 
before  the  horse. 

Quoted  in  Forewords  to  Babees  Book(^.  E,  T.  S.),  p.  xxiii. 
Village  cart,  an  uncovered  two-wheeled  carriage  fur  one 
horse,  with  a  low  body  and  but  one  seat.— Whltechapel 
cart,  a  light  two-wlieeleil  spring-cart,  sucli  as  is  used  by 
butchers,  etc.,  for  delivering  goods  to  their  customers  ■  so 
named  from  being  a  style  of  vehicle  originally  mucli  used 
about  Whltechapel  in  L(jndon.  Often  called  chapel-cart 
cart  (kart),  V.  [<  ME.  carten,  <  cart,  n.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  carry  or  convey  in  a  cart:  as,  to 
cart  goods. 

Thespis  was  first,  who,  all  besmear'd  with  lee, 
Began  this  pleasure  for  posterity: 
And  witli  his  carted  actors,  and  a  song, 
Amus'd  tlie  people  as  lie  pass'd  along. 

Dryden,  Art  of  Poetry,  iii.  495. 

2t.  To  expose  in  a  cart,  by  way  of  punishment. 
_  Thou  slialt  therefore  bee  taken  out  of  thy  proude  Char- 
iot, and  bee  carted.        Dekker,  Seven  Deadly  Sins,  p.  29. 
She  chuckled  when  a  bawd  was  carted.  Pope. 
II.  intrans.  To  use  carts  for  carriage. 

Oxen  are  not  so  good  for  draught  where  you  have  occa- 
sion to  cart  much,  but  for  winter  ploughing. 

Mortimer,  Husbandry. 

cartaceous,  a.   See  chartaceous. 
cartage  (kar'taj),  n.    [<  cart  +  -age.]    1.  The 
act  of  carrying  in  a  cart.— 2.  The  price  paid  for 
carting. 

cartaret  (kar'ta-ret),  n.  [Appar.  from  the  prop- 
er name  Carteret.]  A  sleeping-cot.  Stephens. 
cart-aver    (kart '  a "  ver),   «.     A  cart-horse. 
[Scotch.] 

cart-body  (kart'bod'i),  n.  [<  ME.  cartehodii ;  < 
cart  +  body.]  That  portion  of  a  cart  which 
rests  on  the  axle,  and  contains  or  supports  the 
burden. 

cart-bote  (kart'bot),  «.  in  old  Eng.  law,  wood 
to  which  a  tenant  was  entitled  for  making  and 
repairing  agricultural  implements, 
cartel  (kart),  n.  [F.,  a  card:  see  cardi-.]  1.  A 
bill  of  fare  at  a  hotel  or  restaui'aut.  See  «  la 
carte. —  2.  An  abbreviation  fov  carte-de-visite  ■ 
usually  called  card. 

cartel  (kart),  n.  [Also  written  quartc,  <  F. 
quarte,  a  movement  in  fencing,  lit  fourth  :  see 
quart.]  A  movement  in  fencing,  consisting  in 
throwing  the  hand  as  far  as  possible  on  the  in- 
side, with  the  point  of  the  sword  toward  the 
adversary's  breast.  Also  written  quarte. 
The  mystery  of  carte  and  tierce. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  xvi.  119. 
High  carte,  a  thrust  given  inside  the  arm  and  aimed 
at  the  right  breast,  the  wrist,  in  supination,  raised  about 


carte 

three  inches  above  the  crown  of  the  head,  during  the 

allongenieiit  of  the  right  foot.  Jtolaniio  (ed.  Forsyth). — 
Low  carte,  a  thrust  differing  from  high  carte  in  tliat  tlie 
wrist  is  raiseil  only  as  liigli  as  tlie  uuuitli,  and  tlie  point 
aimed  at  tlie  pit  of  tlie  stoinaeh.    Rulaiuio  (ed.  I'orsyth). 

carte  blanche  (kart  bloush).  [¥.,  =  Sp.  carta 
hlanca  =  Pg.  carta  hranca  =  It.  carta  bianco,  lit. 
blank  paper:  see  carcU  and  hlancli^.l  1.  A 
blank  paper ;  speeifieally,  a  paper  duly  authen- 
ticated with  signature,  etc.,  and  intrusted  to  a 
person  to  be  tilled  np  at  his  discretion ;  hence, 
figuratively,  permission  or  authority  in  a  par- 
ticular matter,  without  condition  or  qualifica- 
tion; uni'estricted  power  to  act  or  decide. 

Lord  Grey  was  armed  with  ...  a  carte  blanche  to  cre- 
ate any  niunber  of  peers  necessary  to  insure  its  success. 

Disraeli,  Coningsby,  i.  2. 

2.  In  the  game  of  piquet,  a  hand  without  a 

king,  queen,  or  knave. 

carte-de-visite  (kart'de-vi-zef),  «•    [F.,  lit.  a 

visiting-card:  see  card^  and  visit.']  A  photo- 
graphic likeness  moimted  on  a  card,  formerly 
of  the  size  of  a  visiting-card.  Also  called  card- 
picture  and  card. 

A  carte-de-visite  portrait  of  the  hon.  member  for  Chelsea 
as  he  appears  when  addressing  the  House  of  Commons. 

R.  J.  Hinton,  Eng.  Radical  Leaders,  p.  37. 

cartel  (kar'tel),  «.  [<  F.  cartel,  <  It.  cartello 
=  Sp.  Pg.  cartel,  <  ML.  cartellus,  equiv.  to  char- 
tula,  dim.  of  charta,  carta,  a  paper,  a  writing: 
see  crt/-(/i,  cliart,  and  charter.']  1.  A  writing 
or  an  agreement  between  states,  especially 
when  at  war,  as  for  the  exchange  of  prisoners, 
or  for  some  mutual  advantage. 

A  cartel  for  the  exchange  of  prisoners  had  been  a  subject 
of  negotiation.  Prescott. 

2.  A  letter  of  defiance  or  challenge ;  a  chal- 
lenge to  single  combat. 

He  is  cowed  at  the  very  idea  of  a  cartel,  though  it  come 
but  from  a  fool  and  a  swine-herd.      Scott,  Ivanhoe,  xxv. 

To  the  unknown  libeller  who  had  reflected  on  the  origin 
of  the  Dudleys,  ...  Sir  Philip  Sydney,  in  the  loftiest 
tone  of  chivah-y,  designed  to  send  a  cartel  of  defiance. 

/.  D  israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  102. 

Formerly  also  chartel. 
Cartel-ship,  a  ship  employed  in  the  exchange  of  prison- 
ers, or  in  communicating  with  an  enemy. 

cartelt  (kar'tel),  v.  t.  [<  cartel,  w.]  To  defy ; 
challenge  to  a  duel.    Also  chartel. 

Come  hither,  you  shall  chartel  him,  I'll  shew  you  a 
trick  or  two  .  .  .  you  shall  kill  him  with  at  pleasure. 

B.  Jomon,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  i.  4. 

carter  (kar'ter),  n.  [<  ME.  carter,  cartere;  < 
cart  +  -eri.]    If.  A  charioteer. 

The  cartere  overryden  with  his  carte. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1164. 

2.  A  man  who  drives  a  cart,  or  one  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  drive  a  cart  or  transport  goods 
in  carts. 

Let  me  be  no  assistant  for  a  state,  and  keep  a  farm,  and 
carters.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

3.  A  kind  of  fish.  See  whiff.— 4:i.  A  kind  of 
insect.    Eennett.  {Halliwell.) 

Carteria  (kar-te'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  after 
H.  J.  Carter  of  Bombay,  who  wrote  on  the 
natural  history  of  the  lac-insect  (1861).]  A 
genus  of  scale-insects,  family  Coccidce.  The  East 
Indian  C.  lacca  is  of  great  commercial  value,  yielding  the 
lac  which  is  used  for  making  varnishes,  sealing-wax,  etc. 
carterly  (kar 'ter-li),  a.  [<  carter  +  -ly'^.] 
Rude,  like  a  carter,  or  like  a  carter's  occupa- 
tion. [Rare.] 

Aristippus  a  Philosopher,  yet  who  more  courtly?  Dio- 
genes a  Philosopher,  yet  who  more  carterly? 

Lyly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  40. 
A  carterly  or  churlish  trick.  Cotgrave. 

Cartesian  (kar-te'zian),  a.  and  n.  [<  F.  Car- 
tesien  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  Cartesiano,  <  Cartesius, 
Latinized  form  of  Cartes  in  the  name  Descartes 
(Des  Cartes),  of  which  the  first  element  is  a 
removable  prefix.]  I,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
French  philosopher  Rene  Descartes  (1596- 
1650),  to  his  philosophy,  or  to  his  geometrical 
method,  in  order  to  put  philosophy  on  a  sound  basis, 
Descartes  professed  to  begin  by  doubting  all  things.  But 
the  doubt,  the  thought,  could  not  be  doubted  ;  hence  the 
fundamental  proposition  of  his  philosophy,  Cor/ito,  ergo 
sum  (I  think,  therefore  I  am).  This  proposition  (which  is 
not  a  syllogism  nor  any  formal  mode  of  inference)  means 
that,  recognizing  the  fact  that  I  think.  I  am  irresistibly 
led  to  believe  and  clearly  to  discern  that  I  exist,  with- 
out being  able  to  account  for  the  inference.  According 
to  Descartes,  the  consideration  that  the  conception  of  a 
deity  involves  the  conception  of  a  reality  surpassing  my 
own  leads  to  the  irresistible  belief  and  clear  perception  of 
the  existence  of  a  God.  Also,  since  veracity  is  an  at- 
tribute of  God,  all  that  is  clearly  and  distinctly  appre- 
hended must  be  true.  This  is  the  so-called  Cartesian 
criterion  of  truth.  Substances,  he  taught,  are  of  two  rad- 
ically different  kinds  :  the  material,  which  are  extended 
and  not  conscious,  and  the  spiritual,  which  are  conscious 
and  not  extended  — a  doctrine  which  is  called  Cartesian 
dualism.  The  Cartesian  doctrine  of  divine  assistance,  or 
occasionalism,  which  was  not  fully  developed  by  Des- 
cartes himself,  is  that  whenever  the  soul  makes  a  voli- 


836 

tion  God  intervenes  to  cause  the  corresponding  motion 
of  the  body.  He  also  taught  that  brutes  are  mere  ma- 
chines without  consciousness  (the  Cartesian  automatism), 
and  that  all  space  is  tilled  with  matter,  which  turns  about 
in  vm'tices,  and  so  produces  the  motions  of  the  heavenly 
bodies.  — Cartesian  coordinates,  in  geom.,  the  lines  in- 
troduced (Ui;i7)  liy  Kene  Descartes  for  defining  the  posi- 
tions of  points  in  a  plane.  Two  straight  lines,  OX  and 
OY,  are  adopted  arbitrarily  as  axes 
of  coiirdinates,  to  which  all  posi- 
tions are  referred.  Their  point  of 
intersection,  O,  is  called  the  origin 
of  coordinates.  From  any  point,  P, 
whose  position  is  to  be  defined,  a 
line,  Ml',  is  drawn  piirallel  to  OY, 
and  meeting  the  axis  OX  in  M.  The 
length  PM,  or  the  vriiinate,  and  the 
length  OM,  or  the  abscissa,  being  i;iven,  tlie  iiosition  of  P 
is  determined ;  these  lines  are  called  tlie  Cn lirxin ii  coiirdi- 
nates of  the  point  P.  The  term  is  sonietinies  extended  to  a 
similar  system  for  three  dimensions. — Cartesian  CUTVe. 

See  II.,  2. —Cartesian  devil, 
Cartesian  diver,  or  bottle- 
imp,  a  philosophical  toy  used 
to  illustrate  the  principle  of 
specific  gravity.  It  consists  of 
a  hollow  figure,  usually  in  the 
fancied  form  of  a  demon,  with 
a  hole  at  some  distance  from 
the  top.  The  figure  is  filled 
with  air  in  the  upper  part  and 
with  water  in  the  lower,  and 
floats  in  a  tall  glass  vessel  near- 
ly full  of  water  and  covered 
air-tight  with  india-rubber  or 
a  piece  of  bladder.  Wlien  this 
cover  is  pressed  down,  the  air 
underneath  is  compressed,  and 
water  enters  the  figure  by  the 
hole  so  as  to  bring  the  air  with- 
in the  figure  to  an  equal  degree 
of  compression.  The  figure  con- 
sequently sinks,  and  does  not 
rise  again  until  the  pressure  is 
removed.— Cartesian  geometry,  geometry  treated  by 
means  of  coordinates ;  analytical  geometry.  See  Cartesian 
coordinates,  above.— Cartesian  lens,  a  lens  so  shaped 
that  there  is  no  spherical  aberration  ;  especially,  a  con- 
cavoconvex  lens  having  one  surface  spherical  and  the  other 
ellipsoidal.  Sucli  lenses  were  proposed  by  Descartes,  but 
never  successfully  executed,  and  were  shown  later  to  be 
needless.— Cartesian  measure  of  force,  the  measure 
of  force  as  proportional  to  the  velocity,  founded  on  the 
observation  that  the  same  force  is  required  to  raise  one 
pound  two  feet  as  to  raise  two  pounds  one  foot.  Owing 
to  the  confused  notions  of  force  of  Descartes  and  his  fol- 
lowers, it  is  impossible  to  say  whether  the  principle  as 
enunciated  by  them  is  correct  or  not ;  but  its  errors  ap- 
pear, at  any  rate,  to  have  been  corrected  in  the  final  de- 
velopment of  the  doctrine,  though  it  is  now  superseded.— 
Cartesian  oval,  a  curve,  the  locus  of  a  point  whose  dis- 
tances from  two  fixed  points  are  connected  by  any  given 


Cartesian  U 


Confocal  Cartesian  Ovals. 
F,  F,  F'  are  the  foci  ;  the  ovals  a  and  A  form  one  quartic  curve, 
likewise  b  and  B.  c  and  C,  d  and  D;  x  is  the  intermediate  circle,  y 
the  orthogonal  circle. 

linear  equation.  A  Cartesian  oval  is  a  real  branch  of  a 
Cartesian  curve.  These  ovals  were  first  imagined  by  Des- 
cartes in  connection  with  the  theory  of  optics.  The  evo- 
lute  of  a  Cartesian  oval  is  the  diacaustic  of  a  circle. 

II.  n.  1.  One  who  adopts  the  philosophy  of 
Descartes;  a  follower  of  Descartes. —  2.  Any 

   curve    of  the 

fourth  order 
having  two 
cusps  on  the 
absolute.  There 
are  three  genera 
of  Cartesians.  The 
first  consists  of 
curves  of  the  sixth 
class,  composed  of 
a  pair  of  Cartesian 
ovals,  one  inside 
the  other.  The 
second  genus  con- 
sists of  curves  of 
the  fourth  class, 
which  are  lima- 
<;ons.  Curves  of 
this  kind  generally 
have  an  acnode 
which  may  become 

a  crunode.  The  third  genus  consists  of  the  cardioid, 
which  is  a  curve  of  the  third  class  with  a  real  cusp. 
Every  Cartesian  has  a  single  bitangent.— Twisted  Car- 
tesian, a  curve  in  space,  the  locus  of  a  point  whose  dis- 
tances from  three  fixed  points  are  connected  by  two  linear 
equations. 


Cartesians. 
The  full-line  curve  is  a  limat^on :  without 
it  and  within  the  loop  is  a  Cartesian  of  two 
ovals.    On  the  other  side  of  the  lima^on  is 
a  Cartesian  having  only  one  real  oval. 


cartilage 

Cartesianism  (kiir-te'zian-izm),  n.  [<  F.  Car 
tesianisme  i=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  i'artesianismo :  see  Car 
tesian  and  -isni.]  The  philosophy  of  Descartes 
as  set  forth  by  him,  and  as  further  developed 
by  his  followers.    See  Cartesian,  a. 

cartful  (kiirt'ful),  «.    [<  cart  +  -Jul,  2.]  As 
much  as  a  cart  will  hold ;  a  cart-load. 

Carthagena  bark.   See  harh'^. 

Carthaginian  (kilr-tha-jin'i-an),  a.  and  «. 
[After  equiv.  L.  Carihaginieiisis,  <  Carthago 
(Carthagiii-),  also  Karthago,  Kartago  (Gr.  Kap- 
XV^<^v),  Carthago.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  ancient 
Carthage,  a  city  and  state  on  the  northern 
coast  of  Africa,  near  the  modern  Tunis,  founded 
by  the  Phenioians  of  Tyre  in  the  ninth  century 
B.  c.  See  ru7nc — Carthaginian  faith.  See  faith. 
II,  «.  Au  inhabitant  or  a  native  of  Carthage. 

carthamic  (kiir-tham'ik),  a.  [<  carthamin  + 
-ic]  Of  or  pertaining  to  carthamin :  as,  "car- 
thamic  acid,  a  red  eoloiu'ing  matter  of  saf- 
flower,"  Ure,  Diet.,  I.  660. 

carthamin,  carthamine  (kar'tha-min),  n.  [< 
Carthamus  +  -iifi,  -ine'^ ;  —  F.  cartharnine  =  Sp. 
cartamina.]  A  preparation  from  saflflower,  Car- 
thamus tinctorius.  In  thin  films  it  appears  of  a  gold- 
green  hue ;  against  the  light  it  appears  red.  It  is  used  for 
surface  coloring  or  dyeing.  When  repeatedly  dissolved  and 
precipitated  it  becomes  safflower-carmine.  Mixed  with 
French  chalk  it  forms  rouge,  which  is  used  as  a  cosmetic. 

Carthamus  (kiir'tha-mus),  n.  [NL.  (>  F.  car- 
thanie  =  Sp.  cdrtamo  —  Pg.  It.  cartamo),  <  Ar. 
qurtion,  qirtim,  <  qartama,  paint:  so  called  be- 
cause the  flowers  yield  a  fine  color.]  A  small 
genus  of  annual  plants,  natiu-al  order  Comxiositm. 

The  best-known  species  is  C.  tinctorius,  safllower  or  bas- 
tard saft'ron,  extensively  cultivated  for  its  yellow  flowers, 
which  are  employed  in  dyeing.   See  safflower, 

cart-horse  (kart'hors),  n.  [<  ME.  carthors, 
cartehors,  <  AS.  crwtehors,  <  crwt,  cart,  +  hors, 
horse.]  A  horse  that  draws  a  cart,  or  is  in 
tended  or  suitable  for  such  work. 

Carthusian  (kar-thu'zian),  n.  and  a.  [=  F. 
Chartreux,  Sp.  Cartujano,  a.,  Cartujo,  n.,  Pg. 
Cartuxo,  It.  Certosano,  Certosino ;  of.  D.  Kar- 
thiiizer,  G.  Earthduser,  Dan.  Kartheuser,  <  ML. 
Cartnsiensis,  also  Carturiensis,  Cartunensis,  a 
Carthusian,  <  Catorissium,  Caturissium,  Chai- 
trousse,  name  of  the  village  near  which  the 
first  Carthusian  monastery  was  built.]  I.  «.  1. 
One  of  a  contemplative  order  of  monks  founded 
in  1086  by  St.  Bruno  in  the  Grande  Chartreuse, 
a  wild  mountain  group  in  the  diocese  of  Gre- 
noble in  France.  They  are  remarkable  for  their  aus- 
terity. They  support  themselves  by  manual  labor,  men- 
dicancy being  forbidden.  Their  habit  is  a  haircloth  shirt, 
a  white  tunic,  and,  when  out  of  doors,  a  black  cloak  and 
a  cowl.  The  order  was  introduced  into  England  about 
1180,  and  built  the  Charterhouse  (corruption  of  Chartreuse, 
used  as  the  generic  name  of  any  Carthusian  monastery) 
in  London  in  1371.  The  monks  of  Chartreuse  now  derive 
a  considerable  revenue  from  the  sale  of  the  well-known 
cordial,  of  their  invention,  which  bears  the  name  of  the 
monastery.  (See  chartreuse,  2.)  The  Carthusian  nuns 
originated  about  1230,  and,  with  some  modifications,  fol- 
low the  rules  of  the  Carthusian  monks. 

2.  A  scholar  of  the  Charterhouse  in  London. 
See  Charterhouse. 

Here  [in  the  chapel  of  the  Charterhouse]  is  the  handsome 
memorial  of  the  Carthusians  slain  in  the  wars,  and  on  the 
walls  is  a  commemorative  tablet  to  Thackeray. 

The  Century,  XXVI.  834. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  order  of  monks  above 
named. 

cartilage  (kar'ti-laj),  n.  [<  F.  cartilage  =  Pr. 
cartilage  =  Sp.  cartilago  =  Pg.  cartilagem  =  It. 
cartilagine,  <  L.  cartilago  {cartilagin-),  gristle; 
origin  unknown.]  A  non-vascular  animal  tis- 
sue belonging  to  the  connective-tissue  group  ; 

gristle.-  Typical  hyaline  cartilage  is  a  translucent  sub- 
stance, of  firm  elastic  consistence,  constructed  of  roundish 
cells  embedded  in  a  nearly  homogeneous  intercellular  sub- 
stance. Fibrocartilage  dirt'ers  in  that  the  intercellular  sub- 
stance becomes  flbrillated ;  it  thus  approaches  ordinary 
connective  tissue.  Reticular,  yellow,  or  elastic  cartilage, 
as  that  constituting  in  man  the  epiglottis,  the  cornicula 
laryngis,  the  Eustachian  tube,  and  gristly  parts  of  the 
outerwear,  oontains  interlacing  elastic  fibers  in  consider- 
able quantity.  In  the  two  latter  forms  the  homogeneous 
substance  remains  unchanged  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  the  cells,  forming  their  hyaline  capsules.  Chondrin.  a 
substance  resembling  gelatin,  may  be  extracted  from  car- 
tilage by  boiling.  Cartilage  usually  persists  in  parts  of 
the  skeleton  of  adult  vertebrates,  as  on  the  articular  ends 
of  bones,  in  the  thorax,  and  in  various  passages  which  re- 
quire to  be  kept  open,  as  the  windpipe,  nostrils,  and  ears. 

—Alar  cartilage.  See  alar.—  Articular  cartilage,  an 

incrustation  of  hyaline  cartilage  on  the  articular  ends  or 
surfaces  of  bones,  not  covered  by  perichondrium  on  its  free 
surface,  with  a  finely  granular  matrix  and  small  cells,  show- 
ing no  tendency  to  ossify,  its  density,  smoothness,  and  elas- 
ticity contributing  to  the  free  movement  of  the  parts.— 
Arytenoid  cartUages,  two  triangular  pyramidal  carti- 
lages seated,  one  on  each  side,  on  the  summit  of  the  poste- 
rior portion  of  the  cricoid  cartilage.  To  them  are  attached 
the  posterior  ends  of  the  vocal  cords.— Cartilage  Of 
Wrisberg,  a  small  cartilage  on  either  side  in  the  aryteuo- 
epiglottic  fold.    Also  called  cuneiform  cartilage.^  OaXw.- 


cartilage 


837 


lages  of  Santorini,  the  liorns  of  the  larynx,  or  cornicula  cartman  ('kart'man')  «  •  nl  rnrfmpn  (.mt^-n^ 
hirvnyis,  borne  upon  the  arytenoid  cartilages.- CeUular     \  oT^tZ.}^^^c^  i  •'  V^-  carimcn  ^-men;. 

cartilage,  a  variety  of  cartilage  of  which  the  notochord  ^ jarter;  oue  engaged  in  carting, 
chierty  consists,  composed  almost  entirely  of  large  cells  Cartographer,  cartograpMc,  etc.  See  chartog- 

with  the  intercellular  matrix  at  a  minimum.  — Circiun-    rapllcr,  etc. 

I'erential  cartilage,  an  annular  piece  of  HtirocartilaL,'e  oarf.nma-no-v  Cli-iir'tfi  tvioti  cl^^  «  r  1?  „^^t^ 
formingarimaround  and  deepening  some  articular  cuv-  „5,.P.^  2^  (iwr  tO-man-Sl),  M.  [=  F.  Carto- 
ity.  as  in  the  shoulder-joint  or  hip- joint.— Connecting  =  bp-  eg.  CM-toniancia,  <  ML.  carta,  a 


cartridge-paper 


-"'■"•"a  «».  ^  "••VI  iivji^jji-iiiij^  ouiuv;   (11  111- III. n    »_  ti  v  - 

ity.  as  in  the  shoulder-joint  or  hip- joint.— Connecting 
cartilage,  a  kind  of  fibrocartilage  occurring  in  joints  of 
slight  mobility  or  none,  as  the  pubic  symphysis,  the  sacro- 
iliac synchondrosis,  and  the  intervertebral  articulations. 

—  Costal  cartilage,  the  piece  of  cartilage  which  prolongs 
the  bony  part  of  a  rib  to  or  toward  the  sternum  ;  a  heniapo- 
physis ;  a  sternal  rib  when  unossifled.  In  man  all  the  ribs 
have  costal  cartilages  ;  7  of  these  reach  the  sternum,  3  are 
connected  only  with  one  another,  and  2  form  cartilaginous 
tips  of  the  floating  ribs.  — Cricoid  cartilage,  the  cricoid. 

—  Cuneiform  cartilage,    same  as  cartilage  of  Wrisberrj. 

—  Dental  cartilage,  the  ma-Killary  ridge  (which  see, 
under  frtaj;/«()i-i/).  — Ensiform  cartilage,  the  xiphoid 
appendage  of  the  sternum  ;  the  last  segment  of  the  ster- 
num, or  the  xiphisternum  when  unossifled,  as  in  man.— Fi- 
brous cartilage,  cartilage  mixed  with  inelastic  white  or 
elastic  yellow  Hbrous  tissue  :  usually  called  fibrocartilage 
(which  see).  —  Hyaline  cartilage,  true  or  pure  cartilage  or 
gristle.  It  is  of  a  pale-livid  or  pearly-bluish  color,  and  con- 
sists of  roundish  cells  embedded  in  a  nearly  homogeneous 
intercellular  substance,  that  is,  unmixed  with  fibrous  tis- 


card,  +  Gr.  jxavrda,  divination.]  Divination  by- 
means  of  playing-cards. 

In  cartomamy,  the  art  of  fortune-telling  with  packs  o( 
cards,  there  is  a  sort  of  nonsensical  sense  in  such  rules 
as  tliat  two  queens  mean  friendship  and  four  mean  chat- 
tering, or  that  tlie  knave  of  hearts  prophesies  a  brave 
young  man  who  will  come  into  the  family  to  be  useful, 
unless  his  purpose  be  reversed  by  liis  card  being  upside 
'•"W'l-  B.  Tylur,  Prim.  Culture,  I.  114. 

carton (kar'ton),M.  [F.:  seo cartoon.']  l.Akind 
of  thin  pasteboard.— 2.  A  bo.x  made  from  such 
pasteboard. — 3.  Same  as  cartoon.— 4l.  In  rijle 
practice:  (a)  A  white  disk  fi.xed  on  the  bull's-eye 
of  a  target.  It  is  of  much  smaller  size  than  the 
bull's-eye,  and  is  chiefly  used  in  deciding  ties 
and  at  a  pool,  (b)  A  shot  striking  the  carton 
as,  to  make  two  bull's-eyes  and  a  carton 


coronation  assumed,  in  addition  to  his  family  or  personal 
name,  an  official,  regal,  or  throne  name,  which  took  its 

place  beside  the 
former,  generally 
preceding  it,  and 
thus  gave  occasion 
to  a  double  car- 
touche. In  imita- 
I  ion  ut  the  (Jerman 
•w'A/W,- employed  in 
a  heraldic  Ben.se, 
the  cartouche  is  in 
linglihh  sometimes 
styled  a  shield  or 
i  Kcutcheon,  or  more 
often  merely  an 
oval. 

Two  names  in  an 
oblong  inclosure 
called  a  cartouche. 
S.  Sharpe,  Hist. 
[Egypt. 

.An  elliptical  curve,  or  oval,  inclosing  a  name,  always 
signified  that  the  inclosed  name  was  that  of  a  king  or 
queen  ;  and  C'hampollion  gave  it  tlie  name  of  cartoxixlie, 


Cartouche  of  CIco- 
patr.'i. 


Cartouche  of  Ra- 
meses  II. 


ercellular  substance,  that  is,  unmixed  with  fibrous  tis-    ^s,  10  make  two  bull's-eyes  and  a  carton. 

The  articular  and  costal  cartilages,  and  the  temporary  CartonnagC  (kar'ton-ai),  M.  <  carton,  mste 

tilages  of  the  fetal  skeleton,  are  of  this  kind — t-nt.or-    T^«„,„i .  .»  :* -i  ' ,  4^ 


cartilages  of  the  fetal  skeleton,  are  of  this  kind. — inter 
articular  cartilage,  a  meniscus  ;  a  cartilaginous  dis- 
coidal,  crescentic,  annular,  or  otherwise  shaped  piece 
occurring  free  in  the  interior  of  certain  joints,  and  con- 
sisting of  fibrocartilage,  such  as  the  semilunar  cartilages 
of  the  knee-joint.  In  man  interarticular  cartilages  occur 
in  the  temporomaxillary,  sternoclavicular,  acromiocla- 
vicular, ulnocarpal,  and  femorotibial  articulations.— In- 
terosseous cartilage^  a  piece  of  interarticular  carti- 


board:  see  cartoon.]  "Pasteboard;  boards  such 
as  are  used  in  bookbinding.  Speciiicaliy,  in  Einm. 
tology,  a  thin  layer  or  coat  of  a  material  of  the  nature  of 
paper-pulp,  applied  over  the  body  of  the  most  costly  mum- 
mies, painted  over  the  face  to  represent  the  features  of  the 
dead,  and  otherwise  ornamented  elsewhere.  The  material 
was  also  used  for  mummy-cases. 

lage  -&r?'»age'''1e\".VS?J"';^^^^^  muler    •  The  carton_n.<,e  of  Queeii  Ahmes  Nofretari  is  impressed 
.oS  -PaSaVc^S.    llZ  t  tZaliirXol    "^Part- with  a  reticulated  sexagonal  pattern.  ^ 
—Permanent  cartilage,  that  which  remains  unossifled  aarpers  Mag.,  IJLV.  192. 

throughout  life. -Semilunar  cartilage,  one  of  tlie  pair  carton-p§,te  (P.  pron.  kar-ton'piit ' ),  n.  FF 

of  large,  free,  crescentic  interarticular  cartilages  (.f  the    msteboard-  •iPP.  i>firtnnn  anrl  nnot^  T  G„-,v,i 

knee-jomt.  See  cut  under  iuee.- Sesamoid  cartUage.  YnlfnTn^Jt:.  &n<i  pa^te.]    Same  as 

one  of  several  small  lateral  cartilages  of  the  nose. —    i^ui  ivn-pwri  c. 

Siphon-hinge  cartilage,  in  cephaiopods,  one  of  two  carton-pierre  (F.  pron.  kar-toh'piar'),  n.  [P. 

cartilaginous  sockets  on  either  side  of  the  funnel,  into  lit.  stone  pasteboard:  see  cartoon  and  nierl 
whichrteshyknobsof  the  mantle-skirt  are  fltted.— Strati-    Stphiarir  TiQ<;foV.rvQ../^l  •  „  „P         •  l^^'-J 

form  cartilage,  a  layer  of  fibrocartilage  in  an  osseois  ^^atuary  pasteboard;  a  kmd  of  papier-mache, 

groove  along  whicii  a  tendon  glides.— Tarsal  cartilage,  ^^^^  01  ^  mixtiu'e  ot  paper-pulp,  bole,  chalk, 

a  piece  of  fibrocartilage  embedded  in  the  eyelid,  contribut-  and  animal  glue,  in  imitation  of  stone  or  bronze 

ing  to  preserve  its  shape.   KXsti  <^sX\eA  palpebral  cartilage.  It  is  well  adapted  for  molding,  and  is  largely 

—  Temporary  cartilage,  that  cartilage  whchs  replaced  noorl  f„,.cfof„nV.-„                     <-     '^"'^ ^'^igcij' 

by  bone  in  the  process  of  Ossification  used  tor  statuary  and  architectural  decorations, 

cartilage-bone  (kar'ti-laj-bon),  n.    Bone  that  CartOOn  (kar-ton'),  n.    [<  F.  carton,  <  It.  car- 

is  developed  or  preformed  in  cartilage,  as  dis-  ''^^'^  =  *P-  9'^''ton  =  Pg.  cartao,  <  ML.  *car- 
tinguished  from  membrane-bone. 
Cartilaginei  (kar"'ti-la-jin'e-i),  n.pl.  [NL., 
pi.  of  L.  cartilagineus :  see  car'tilagineous.]  The 
cartilaginous  fishes.    See  Cliondropterijgi 


cartilagineoust  (kar'ti-la-jiu'e-us),  d.~  [<  L. 
cartilagineus,  of  eartUage",  <  ca'rtilago :  see  car- 
tilage.]   Same  as  cartilaginous. 

Cartilagines  (kar-ti-laj'i-nez),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 


to(7i-),  pasteboard,  a  cartoon,  aug.  of  carta, 
paper:  see  carrfi.]  1.  In  art,  a  design  of  the 
same  size  as  an  intended  decoration  or  pat- 
tern to  be  executed  in  fresco,  mosaic,  or  tapes- 
try, and  transferred  from  the  strong  paper  on 
which  it  is  usually  di-awn  either  by  cutting 
out  the  figure  and  outlining  it  on  the  surface 
to  be  decorated  with  a  sharp  point,  or,  in  the 


L.  cartilago  (cartilagin-),  cartilage:  see  carti-  ^  composition,  by  pricking,  and  poun- 
lage.]  An  order  of  fishes  having  or  supposed  '^'^''^  ^  ^^S  of  muslin  filled  with  charcoal- 
to  have  a  cartilaginous  skeleton :  nearly  the  f^^^-  Colored  cartoons  intended  to  be  woven  in  tapes- 
same  as  Choildropteri/gii.  ;'7       ™' ^t"P^.  P^^t^^d  under  the  web,  and  exactly 

cartilaginification  (kar"ti-la-jin"i-fi-ka'shon),  lTct!lLTo7l7^^J%^^^^^^ 
n.  [z=  F.  cartilaginification,  <  NL.  as  if  *carti-  2.  A  picture,  either  a  caricature  or  a  symboli- 
lagimficatio(n-),  <  L.  cartilago  (cartilagin-),  car-  cal  composition,  designed  to  advocate  or  attack 
tilage,  -f-  -ficare,  <  facere,  make.]  The  act  or  some  political  or  other  idea  of  present  interest 
process  of  converting  into  cartilage ;  chondrifi-  or  some  prominent  person :  as,  the  cartoons  of 
cation.  "Punch." 

cartilaginoid  (kar-ti-laj'i-noid),  a.    [<  L.  car-     Sometimes  written  carton, 
tilago  {cartilagin-),  cartilage,  -I-  -oid.]    Hard  cartoon  (kar-ton'),  t'.      l<  cartoon,  n.]    1.  In 
and  gristly,  like  cartilage;  cartilaginous  in  ap-  jminting,  to  make  a  working  design.    See  car- 
pearance  or  consistency.  toon,  n.,  1. 

A  well-developed  cartilaginoid  skeleton.  The  quality  of  finish  in  poetic  execution  is  of  two  kinds 

E.  R.  Lankester,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  431.-  The  first  and  highest  is  that  where  the  work  has  been  ali 

cartilaginous  (kar-ti-laj'i-nus),  a.     [=  F.  car-   mentally  cartooned,  as  it  were,  beforehand. 
tilagineux  =  Pr.  cartillaginos  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  car-  o  rp        ■  ^-     ^^^^^etti,  p.  410. 

tilaginoso,  <  L.  cartilaginosus,  full  of  cartilage,  »  caricature  or  ridicule  by  a  cartoon;  make 
<  cartilago,  cartilage :  see  cartilage.]  1.  Gristly;  ^'^l  subject  of  a  cartoon. 

consisting  of  cartilage;  being  in  the  state  or (^ar-ton  ist),  n.  [<  cartoon  +  -ist.] 
form  of  eartUage.— 2.  In  ichth.,  having  a  gris-  ^'■'^^^^  ^^^"^^  cartoons, 
tly  skeleton ;  chondropterygian  :  as,  a  cartilaqi-  .Z^t'^  cartoonist  first  prepared  his  sketch  on  a  small  scale, 
nous  fish.-'3.  Like  or  likened  to  cartUa|e.  t^en  made  his  studies  from  nature.  E.u^ye.  Brit.,lX.lU. 
Specifically— (a)  In  entom..,  an  epithet  applied  to  a  sub- '^^"'O'lCne,  CartOUCn  (kar-tosh'),  n.  [In  first 
stance  thicker  than  a  membrane  (but  not  so  thick  as  to  Sense  formerly  written  cartrage,  now  cartridge 
^t*KT'^'^/;^^7"'^"f^'l°'"*''''^'''l'^'''i^P''^^"''  "exibie,  and  q.  V. ;    -  D.  kartets  =  G.  karduse,  kartdtsche  - 

whitish.    (6)  In  6o(.,  firm  and  tough;  parchment-like,  as  J)ar,   knrtrp^l-c  —  ^/,.■/„oA^  7  7~ 

the  carpels  of  the  apple.- CartUaginous  branchial  *       f^aitaske  ==  tew.  kai  tuscli,  <  F.  cartouche, 

basket.  See  Marnpobranchii.  formerly  cartoche,  cartuclie,  =  Sp.  cartucho=  Pg. 

cartisanet  (kar'ti-zan),  ?i.  [F.]  A  small  strip  <'(ff't>'^o  z=TuTk.qartuj=  Ar.  qartds  =  1lmd.  kar- 
o_f  parchment  or  vellum  covered  with  thread  of        <  It.  cartoccio,  a  cartridge,  an  angular  roll 

silk  or  gold,  or  the  like,  wound  closely  around  of  paper,  aug.  of  carta,  paper:  see  carrfl.]  1. 

it,  used  in  the  making  of  some  old  varieties  of  ^  roll  or  case  of  paper  holding  a  charge  for 

passement,  guipure,  or  their  imitations.    See  ^  firearm;  a  cartridge.— 2.  A  cartridge-box 

passe7nent  and  guipure.  ,  (which  see).— Sf.  A  ease  of  wood  bound  about 

Cartist  (kar'tist),  n.    [<  Sp.  Pg.  carta,  charter,  with  marline,  containing  several  iron  balls  of 

+  -ist.    Cf.  Chartist.]  A  supporter  of  the  eon-  a  pound  each  and  about  400  musket-balls,  to 

stitutional  charter  in  Spain  or  Portugal.  be  fii-ed  from  a  cannon  or  howitzer.  Farrow 

cart-jade  (kart'jad),  ?j.    A  sorry  horse  ;  a  horse  Mil.  Encyc. — 4.  An  oval  or  oblong  figure  on 

used  in  drawing,  or  fit  only  to  draw,  a  cart.   Sir  ancient  Egyptian  monuments  and  in  papyi-i 

P.  Sidney.  containing  groups  of  characters  expressing  the 

cart-load  (kart'lod),  n.  [<  ME.  cartlode  ;  <  cart  names  or  titles  of  royal  per.sonages  and,  rare- 

+  load.]  A  load  borne  on  a  cart ;  as  much  as  is  ly>  of  deities:  a  name  given  by  Champollion. 
usually  carried  at  once  on  a  cart,  or  as  is  suifi-       extension  it  now  commonly  signifies  both  the  inclos- 

cienttoloadit.  Itisanindefiniteunitof  weight  J"S  "ng  and  its  contents    From  a  very  early  date,  if  not 

cigut.  from  the  beginning,  an  Egyptian  king  at  the  moment  of 


Center-fire  Cartridge. 
A.  metallic  case  of  copper  or  brass;  B, 
bullet;  C,  cannelures;  A  cup  ;  it",  crimp; 
F,  fulminate  ;  t,  two  vents  ;  H,  powder. 


liy  which  it  is  now  called. 

H.  S.  Osbom,  Ancient  Egypt,  p.  21. 
6.  A  painted,  engi'aved,  or  sculptured  orna- 
ment of  irregular  or  fantastic  fonn,  inclosing  a 
plain  central  space  used  as  a  field  for  inscrip- 
tions, etc.  Such  ornaments  were  much  used  during  the 
sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries  to  decorate  wain- 
scotings  and  the  title-pages  of  books. 

6.  In  her.,  a  name  given  in  England  to  the 
oval  escutcheon  often  seen  in  Italian  heraldry, 
and  generally  considered  to  be  peculiar  to  ec- 
clesiastics. Italian  escutcheons  are  often  egg-shaped  ; 
but  the  shield  designated  by  the  word  cartouche  has  both 
ends  equally  curved,  and  therefore  approximates  to  an 
ellipse. 

cartouset,  n.  A  variant  of  cartouche.  Bailey, 
1731. 

cartridge  (kar'trij),  «.  [Formerly  cartrage,  a 
corruption  of  cartouche,  q.  v.]  A  case  of  paste- 
board, parchment,  copper,  tin,  serge,  or  other 
material,  holding  the  exact  charge  of  gunpow- 
der, in  the  ease  of  big  guns,  and  of  powder 
and  bullet  or  shot  for  other  firearms.— Blank 
cartridge,  a  cartridge  without  ball  or  .shot  —  Blastine 

cartridge.  See  Uastmg-cartridge.—  CBntBi-txe  car- 
tridge, a  cartridge 

havingthe  fulminate       D  F        A  T  R 

in  an  axial  position  ^•'>  <<  <  — — —  " 
instead  of  bung 
about  the  periphery 
of  the  flanged  cap- 
sule. Sometimes 
called  center-primed 
cartridge.  —  Lime 
cartridge,  a  car- 
tridge containing 

compressed  lime,  the  expansion  of  which,  when  wet 
causes  It  to  burst.— Seminal  or  spermatic  cartridge' 

in  cephaiopods.    See  spermatophore.  ' 
cartridge-bag  (kar'trij-bag),  n.   In  gun.,  a  bag, 
made  of  serge  or  some  similar  material,  in 
which  the  charge  of  a  cannon  is  contained, 
cartndge-belt  (kar'trij-belt),  «.    a  belt  worn 
about  the  waist  or  over  the  shoulder,  having 
pockets  or  loops  for  cartridges, 
cartridge-block  (kar'trij-blok),  n.    A  wooden 
block  aiTangedto  receive  cartridges,  and  which 
can  be  secured  to  the  gun  in  a  convenient  posi- 
tion for  loading, 
cartridge-box  (kar'trij-boks),  «.    A  portable 
case  or  box  of  leather,  with  cells  for  holding 

HnPtVnn^ff use  foUowed  very  closely  on  the  intro- 
duction of  the  cartridge  itself.    It  was  certainly  in  use 

magZlnlJ-  Magazine  cartridge"boi  sle 

cartridge-capper  (kar'trij-kap'er),  n.  An  im- 
plement used  to  place  caps  on  center-fire  car- 
tridge-cases. It  consists  of  a  pivoted  lever  with 
a  stud  below,  which  presses  the  cap  firmly  into 

irs  sP3(t. 

cartridge-case  (kar'trij-kas),  n.  1.  A  eartridge- 
box  — ,sJ.  the  tube  in  which  the  powder  of  a 
cartridge  is  contained.  See  cartridge. 
cartridge-gage  (kar'trij-gaj),  n.  l.  in  artil- 
lery, a  flat  steel  gage  for  verifying  the  dimen- 
sions of  metallic  ammunition  for  small  arms 
Ihe  gage  IS  pierced  with  holes  giving  the  maximum  and 
minimum  diameters  of  the  head  and  body  of  the  shell,  and 
the  diameters  of  the  projectUe ;  on  the  edges  are  cut 
profiles  for  verifying  the  length  and  form  of  the  cartridge- 
thickness  of  the  head,  the  length  and  foVm 
ot  the  bullet,  and  the  number  and  position  of  the  canne- 
lures. 

2.  A  gun-metal  ring  of  the  required  size,  with 
a  handle,  on  which  is  stamped  the  nature  and 
size  of  the  cartridge.  Thev  were  of  two  kinds:  one 
for  testing  the  diameter  of  the  fllled  cartridge,  the  other 
for  showing  the  length  of  the  cartridge 
cartridge-loader  (kar'trij-lo'der),  n.  An  ap- 
paratus for  loading  cartridge-shells, 
cartridge-paper  (kiir'trij-pa'per),  n.  A  thick 
sort  of  paper  originally  manufactured  for  sol- 
diers' cartridges,  but  extensively  used  in  the 
arts,  its  rough  surface  being  well  adapted  for 


cartridge-paper 

drawing  and  for  other  purposes,  such  as  wall- 
paper. 

cartridge-pouch  (kiir'trij-pouch),  n.  A  leather 
pouch  liued  with  sheepskin  with  the  wool  on, 
lonnerly  used  by  mounted  soldiers  to  carry 
metallic  cartridges.  It  was  attached  to  the 
waist-belt. 

cartridge-primer  (k;ir '  trij  - pri  "  mer),  n.  The 
percussion-cap  used  in  firing  metallic  cartridges, 
set  in  a  recess  in  the  head  of  the  shell.  See 
carfrid<;e. 

car-truck  (kar'truk),  n.  The  wheeled  carriage 
which  supports  a  railroad-ear.  in  Europe  the  ped- 
estals for  tlie  axle-boxes  are  eommonly  attached  to  the  body 
of  the  car.  In  the  United  States  tlie  car-body  is  supported 
upon  two  independent  trucks  placed  beneath  it.  Eacli  of 
these  may  have  two,  but  usually  four,  and  occasionally  six 
wheels  tixed  upon  revolving  a.\les,  whose  journal-boxes 
vibrate  vertically  in  pedestals  secured  to 
the  framework  of  the  truck.  The  bolster  or 
cross-beam  which  directly  supports  the  car- 
body  is  in  the  middle  of  the  framework, 
and  is  suspended  fi'om  it  by  equalizing  bars 
and  iuspensinn-straps,  in  such  away  as  to 
distribute  the  weight  upon  all  the  wheels 
and  allow  for  the  sway,  or  freedom  of  mo- 
tion, essential  to  easy  riding.  Springs  and 
brake  mechanism  are  attached  to  the  truck. 

—  Side  bearings  of  a  car-truck.  See 

henrinri. 

cart-saddle  (kart'sad"l),  w.  The 
small  saddle  put  upon  the  back 
of  a  draft-horse  when  harnessed. 
Sl-eat. 

cart-saddlet  (kart'sad'-'l),  r.  t.  [< 
ME.  mrt-satlelen ;  from  the  noun.] 
To  harness ;  yoke. 

Let  <;aff-.?adt'fc  vr  Commissarie ;  vr  Cart  he 
schal  drawe.   Piers  Pluwman  (A),  ii.  154. 

cart-tail  (kart'tal),  n.    The  tail  or 
back  part  of  a  cart. 

If  a  poor  Quaker  was  to  be  scourged  at  the 
cart-tail,  .  .  .  they  waited  in  Dedham  for 
orders  from  the  metropolis. 

Everett,  Orations,  II.  183. 

cartulary,  n. ;  pi.  cartularies.  [< 
ML.  cui  tiilarium :  see  chartidartj .1 
See  chartulary. 

The  Duke  of  Devonshire  will  publish  .it 
his  own  expense  the  cartularies  of  Furness  Abbey.  .  .  . 
Cartularies  were  the  official  records  of  monasteries. 

The  American,  VIII.  267. 

cartway  (kart'wa),  n.  [<  ME.  carteway,  cart- 
u-eij  ;  <  cart  +  M'«y.]  A  way  along  which  carts 
or  other  wheeled  vehicles  may  conveniently 
travel. 

Where  your  woods  are  large,  it  is  best  to  have  a  cart- 
way along  the  middle  of  them.       Mortimer,  Husbandry. 

cartwright  (kart'rit),  n.  [<  ME.  cartwright 
(spelled  Icartioryght),  <  cart  +  wright.']  An 
artificer  who  makes  carts. 

caruaget,  [Also  misread  and  miswritten  car- 
rage 


838 


carve 


found  in  the  Hundred  Rolls,  as,  indeed,  almost  every-  cula  :  see  caruncle.l  Having  a  fleshy  excres- 
where  else,  in  the  use  of  another  word  in  the  place  of  pp„p„  o,.  coft  flfishv  nrotiibfirnncp  •  cnriiTicnlnr 
hide,  when,  instead  of  the  anciently  as.sessed  hidage  of  a  ^^^^'^  °\  SOIt  nesny  protUDerance ,  caiuncular. 
manor,  its  more  modern  actual  taxable  value  is  examined  CarUUCUlOUS  (ka-rung  KU-lus),  a.     [=  op.  it. 

-  -  Ca- 


into  and  expressed.  This  new  word  is  carucate — the 
land  of  a  plough  or  plough  team. 

Seebohm,  Eng.  Vil.  Community,  p.  40. 

caruet  (kar'6),  n.  [Later  misread  and  miswrit- 
ten carve;  <  ME.  carue,  <  OF.  caruc,  caruee,  < 
ML.  carucata,  carrucata,  a  certain  portion  of 
land:  see  carucate.^    A  carucate  (which  see). 

And  a  Carve  of  Land,  Carucata  terroe,  or  a  Hide  of  Land, 
Hida  terrse  (which  is  all  one),  is  not  of  any  certain  content, 
b\it  as  much  as  a  Plough  can  plough  in  a  Year,  and  there- 
with agrees  Lambard  verbo  Hyde.  And  a  Carve  of  Land 
may  contain  an  House,  Wood,  Meadow,  and  Pasture,  be- 
cause by  them  the  Ploughman  and  the  Beasts  of  the 
Plough  are  maintained. 

Anthony  Lowe's  Case  (1610),  9  Coke,  123,  124. 


Side  Elevation  and  Section  of  Passenger-car  Truck, 
a,  (T.  longitudinal  timbers  of  frame  :        transverse  timbers :  f,  swinging  bolster :  rf,  center  casting : 
e,  e,  gum-springs :  y.  _/",  equalizing  bar ;  i', elliptic  springs ;  /f,  suspension-bar  ;  t,  i,  yokes  :  j,  swing- 
bars  ;  ^,  fc,  hangers  :  fn,  jn^  upper  boxes  of  the  axle  ;      p,  wheels  ;  r,  tension-bar,  or  tie  ;  s,  s,  and  v, 
safety-stirrups;  /,  ^,  brace-rods  :  pedestals :       brake-shoe  ;  ;*r,  brake-bar :         diagonal  brace- 

rods  for  the  pedestals  ;  z,  reUeving  springs. 


And  it  was  agreed  that  common  way  be  appendant  to  a 
Carve  of  Land,  .  .  .  and  so  a  Carve  of  Land  consists  of 
Land,  Meadow,  and  Pastitfe,  as  it  appears  by  Tirring- 
ham's  case,  4  Coke,  37  b. 
Mors  V.  Webbe  (1652),  2  Brownlow  (&  Goldsborough),  p.  297. 

Carum  (ka'rum),  V.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kapov,  cara- 
way: see  caraway. ~\  A  considerable  genus  of 
plants,  natural  order  Vmhelliferw.  The  species  are 

glabrous  herbs  with  perennial  fusiform  edible  roots,  pin- 
nate or  more  divided  leaves,  and  white  or  yellow  flowers. 
C.  Carui  is  the  caraway-plant,  the  fruit  of  which  is  the  so- 
called  caraway-seed.  (See  caraway.)  Three  species  are 
found  in  the  United  States  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
the  tuberous  roots  of  which  are  an  important  article  of 
food  to  the  Indians. 

biit  the  u  is  prop,  a  vowel:  see  carue.']  caruncle  (kar'ung-kl),  w.    [A.\s,o  cartmcula;  = 


Same  as  carucage. 
carucat,  carrucat  (ka-ro'ka),  v.  [ML.,  a  plow, 
L.  carruca,  a  four-wheeled  carriage,  <  carrns, 
a  car:  see  car^.  Cf.  carue.']  In  ancient  village 
eommimities  in  England — (a)  A  plow,  {h)  A 
plow-team  of  oxen,  yoked  four  abreast. 

Information  from  the  same  source  [Statistical  Account 
of  Scotland]  also  explains  the  nse  of  the  word  caruca  for 
plough.  For  the  construction  of  the  word  involves  not  4 
yoke  of  oxen,  but  4  oxen  yoked  alireast,  as  are  the  horses 
in  the  caruca  so  often  seen  upon  Roman  coins.  And  the 
"statistical  account"  informs  us  that  in  some  districts  of 
Scotland  in  former  times  "the  ploughs  were  drawn  by  4 
oxen  or  horses  yoked  abreast ;  one  trod  constantly  upon 
the  tilled  surface,  another  went  in  the  furrow,  and  two 
upon  the  stubble,  or  white  land.  The  driver  walked  back- 
wards, holding  his  cattle  by  halters,  and  taking  care  that 
each  beast  had  its  equal  share  in  the  draught." 

Seebohm,  Eng.  Vil.  Community,  p.  6.3. 

carucage,  carrucage  (kar'o-kaj), «.  [<  ML.  car- 
rucagium  (for  *carrucaticum),  also  carruagium 
(after  OF.  carruage),  <  carruca,  a  plow:  see  ca- 
ruca.] 1.  The  act  of  plowing. —  2.  A  former  tax 
on  land  or  landholders,  fixed  at  a  specified  sum 
on  each  carucate,  or  about  100  acres  of  land. 
It  succeeded  the  Danegeld  (which  see). 


Sj).  caruHcula  =  Pg.  carmiculai=z  It.  cartincola,  < 
L.  caruncula,  a  caruncle,  dim.  of  caro,  flesh:  see 
carnal.]  1.  A  small  fleshy  excrescence,  either 
natural ormorbid.  Specifically — 2.  Inornith., 
a  fleshy  excrescence  on  the  head  of  a  bird,  as 
the  comb  or  one  of  the  wattles  of  a  hen. 

It  is  especially  important  that  the  fresh  colors  of  the 
[bird's]  bill,  cere,  gums,  eyes,  and  feet,  or  caruncles,  or 
bare  skin,  if  there  be  any,  should  be  noted,  as  the  colors 
of  these  parts  all  change  after  the  preparation  of  a  speci- 
men. C.  F.  Hall,  Polar  Exp.,  1876,  p.  654. 

3.  In  6o^.,  a  protuberance  surrounding  the  hilum 
of  a  seed,  strictly,  it  is  an  outgrowth  of  the  micropyle, 
or  external  orifice  of  the  ovule. 

4.  In  entom.,  a  naked,  more 
or  less  rounded,  fleshy  eleva- 
tion of  the  surface,  especially 
on  the  body  of  a  caterpillar  or 
other  insect-larva — Lacrymal 

caruncle,  a  small,  reddisli,  fleshy 
papilla  at  the  inner  canthus  of  the 
eye,  filling  the  lacus  lacrynialis,  con- 
sisting of  a  cluster  of  follicles  like 
the  Meibomian,  and  covered  with 
mucous  membrane.  See  cut  under 
eye. 


Caruncle. 
Carunculate  Seed  of 
communis, 
cut  longi- 


entire  at 
tudinally. 


The  other  remarkable  matter  of  the  year  1198  is  the  CarUUCUla  (ka-rung'ku-la),  «. ;  pi.  carunculw 


imposition  of  a  carucage  —  a  tax  of  five  shillings  on  each 
carucate  or  hundred  acres  of  land. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  150. 

Also  formerly  caruage. 
carucate,  carrucate  (kar'6-kat),  n.    [<  ML. 
carucata,  carrucata,  <  carruca,  a  plow :  see  caru- 
ca.] Formerly,  as  much  land  as  could  be  culti- 
vated by  one  caruca :  usually  about  ICQ  acres, 


(-le).   [L.]   Same  as  mrM?jcfe  Carunculse  myr- 

tiformes.the  slight  elevations  on  the  margin  of  the  va- 
ginal orifice,  the  remains  of  the  hymen. —  Caxuncula 
mammillaris,  a  small  low  eminence  of  gray  matter  be- 
tween the  external  and  internal  roots  of  the  olfactory 
nerve  or  tract.  Also  called  tuber  olfactorium  or  olfactory 
tubercle. — Caruncula  sublingualis,  a  small  papilla  un- 
der the  tongue,  on  either  side  of  the  frenum,  on  which 
Wharton's  duct  opens.    Also  called  caruncula  salivaris 


but  the  quantity  varied  according  to  the  nature  caruncular  (ka-nmg'ku-lar),  a.    [=  Sp.  carun- 

of  the  soil  and  the  practice  of  husbandry  in  dif-  cular,  <  L.  caruncula  :  see  caruncle.]  Pertain- 

ferent  districts.    Also  carue.  ing  to  or  having  the  form  of  a  caruncle. 

A  trace  at  least  of  the  original  reason  of  the  varying  CarUUCUlate,  CarUUCUlated  (ka-rung' kii-lat, 

contents  and  relations  of  the  hide  and  virgate  is  to  be  -la-ted),  a.     [=  bp.  carunculado,  <  L.  carun- 


carunculoso,  <  L.  caruncula :  see  caruncle.] 
runcular;  carunculate. 
carus  (ka'rus),  n.  [NL.  (>  F.  Pg.  earns),  <  Gr. 
Kcipoi;,  heavy  sleep,  torpor,  stupor.]    In  patJiol., 
complete  insensibility,  which  no  stimidus  can 
remove  ;  the  last  degree  of  coma, 
caruto  (ka-ro'to),  n.    [South  Amer.  name  of 
the  plant.]    A  beautiful  dye  of  a  bluish-black 
color,  obtained  from  the  fruit  of  Genipa  Ameri- 
cana, of  the  natural  order  liubiaceas,  a  shrub  of 
the  West  Indies  and  Guiana, 
car'^acrol  (kar'va-krol),  n.    [<  carvy  (F.  Sp. 
It.  carvi),  caraway,  -I-  L.  acer  {acr-),  sharp,  -l- 
-ol.]    A  'viscid  oily  substance,  of  a  very  dis- 
agreeable odor  and  strong  taste, 
made  from  oil  of  caraway.    In  medi- 
cine it  has  been  found  serviceable 
in  relieving  toothache, 
car'vaget  (kar'vaj),  n.    See  caruage. 
carval  (kar'val),  n.     [Manx,  =  E. 
carol^,  q.  v.]    A  song,  carol,  or  bal- 
lad, especially  one  on  a  sacred  sub- 
ject, among  the  peasantry  of  the  Isle 
of  Man.    Also  carvel. 

The  Manx  have  a  literature  —  a  native  ver- 
nacular Gaelic  literature.  .  .  .  This  literature 
consists  of  ballads  on  sacred  subjects,  which 
are  called  carvals.  ...  It  was  formerly  the 
custom  in  the  Isle  of  Man  for  the  young  peo- 
ple who  thought  themselves  endowed  with 
the  poetic  gift  to  compose  carols  some  time 
before  Christmas,  and  to  recite  them  in  the 
parish  churches.  Those  pieces  which  were 
approved  of  l)y  the  clergy  were  subsequently 
clianted  by  their  authors  through  their  im- 
mediate neighbourhoods,  both  before  and 
after  the  holy  festival.  Many  of  these  songs 
have  been  handed  down  by  writing  to  tlie 
present  time.  .  .  .  The  carvals  are  preserved 
in  uncouth-looking,  smoke-stained  volumes, 
in  low  farm-houses  and  cottages  situated  in 
mountain  gills  and  glens. 

Quoted  in  Introd.  to  Kelly's  Manx  Ch'arn- 
[mar,  p.  xiv. 

car'Ve^  (karv),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  carved, 
old  and  poetical  pp.  carven,  ppr.  carv- 
ing. [Early  mod.  E.  also  kerve,  <  ME.  Jcerven 
(pret.  sing,  carf,  karf),  <  AS.  ceorfan  (pret. 
cearf,  pL  curfon,  pp.  corfcn),  carve,  cut,  = 
OFries.  kerva  =  D.  kcrven,  cut,  =  OHG.  *kerban 
(not  recorded),  MHG.  G.  kerben,  notch,  indent, 
=  Icel.  kyrfa  =  Sw.  karfva,  cut,  =  Dan.  karve, 
cut;  prob.  =  Gr.  ypafeiv,  write,  orig.  scratch: 
see  graphic.  Carve  is  the  older  word  for  'cut' ; 
in  the  general  sense  it  is  now  displaced  by  cut.] 
I.  trans.  1.  To  cut  with  an  edged  tool  or  sharp 
instrument.    [Obsolete  or  archaic] 

As  a  coltour  in  clay  cerues  the  forses  [furrows]. 

Alliterative  Poems  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  it.  1547. 
Or  they  will  buy  bis  sheepe  out  of  the  cote. 
Or  they  will  carven  the  shepheards  throte. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  September. 
My  good  blade  carves  the  casques  of  men. 

Tennyson,  Sir  Galahad. 

Specifically — 2.  To  cut  into  pieces  or  slices, 
as  meat  at  table ;  divide  by  cutting,  or,  figura- 
tively, by  parceling  out :  as,  to  carve  a  fowl ; 
to  carve  up  an  estate. 

He  had  been  a  keeper  of  his  flocks,  both  from  the  vio- 
lence of  robbers  and  his  own  soldiers ;  who  could  easily 
have  carved  themselves  their  own  food.  South. 

3.  To  cut  (some  solid  material)  in  order  to 
produce  the  representation  of  an  object  or 
a  design;  fashion  by  cutting:  as,  to  carve  a 
block  of  marble  into  a  statue. 

Carved  with  figures  strange  and  sweet. 
All  made  out  of  the  carver's  brain. 

Coleridge,  Christabel,  i. 

4.  To  produce  by  cutting ;  form  by  cutting  or 
hewing;  grave  or  engrave;  sculpture:  as,  to 
carve  an  image ;  to  carve  a  design  in  boxwood. 

We  carved  not  a  line,  we  raised  not  a  stone. 
But  we  left  him  alone  with  his  glory. 

Wolfe,  Burial  of  Sir  J.  Moore. 
The  names  he  loved  to  hear 
Have  been  carved  for  many  a  year 
On  the  tomb. 

0.  ir.  Holmes,  The  Last  Leaf. 

5.  To  decorate  by  carving;  produce  cut  or 
sculptured  designs  upon :  as,  to  carve  a  capital ; 
to  carve  a  cherry-stone. 

The  Stone  that  made  the  Canopy  was  five  yards  aiid 
three  quarters  square,  and  carv'd  round  with  a  handsoni.- 
Cornish.  Maundrell,  Aleppo  to  Jerusalem,  p.  21. 

The  carven  cedarn  doors. 

Tennyson,  Arabian  Nights. 

Amid  the  carven  gray  stone-work  of  the  cathedral. 

Lathrop,  Spanish  Vistas,  p.  5. 

6.  To  mark  as  with  car-ving. 


carve 

A  million  wrinkles  carved  his  skin. 


839 


Tetmyson,  Palace  of  Art. 
To  carve  out.  (a)  To  make  or  form  by  carving  or  parcel- 
ing ;  cut  out :  as,  to  carve  out  a  smaller  estate  from  a 
larger  one. 

With  his  brandish'd  steel  .  .  . 
Carv'd  out  his  passage.      Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  3. 
The  bright  share  carved  out  the  furrow  clean. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  202. 
(6)  Figuratively,  to  achieve  by  exertion  or  skill :  as,  to 
carve  out  a  career  for  one's  self. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  exercise  the  trade  of  a  carwllichett  (kar^h\vich-et), 
carver;  engrave  or  cut  figures. — 2.  To  cut  up 
meat:  as,  to  carve  for  all  the  guests. 

And  car/ before  his  fader  at  the  table. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  I.  100. 

To  carve  for  one's  self,  to  do  as  one  pleases ;  act  inde- 
pendently. 


has  a  conical  tread  and  a  flange  projecting  beyond  the 
tread  at  its  inner  edge,  to  prevent  derailment.  The 
coning  of  the  tread  or  rim  gives  a 
greater  diameter  on  the  inner  or 
flange  side  than  at  the  outer  edge, 
and  is  designed  to  counteract  in 
part  any  tendency  of  the  wheel  to 

leave  the  rail. — Paper  car-Wheel, 

a  car-wheel  with  a  steel  tile  and  a 
web  of  compressed  ijuper  between 
plates  which  are  bolted  to  the  hub 
and  the  tire.    E.  II.  Kniijht. 


Washburn  Car-wheel ; 
side  elevation  and  dia- 
metric section. 


Those  up  the  river  have  carved  largely  for  themselves, 
which  .  .  .  they  will  after  repent,  when  they  see  what 
helps  they  have  deprived  themselves  of. 

Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  469. 

carve^  (karv),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  carved,  ppr. 
carving.  [E.  dial. ;  origin  obscure.]  To  grow 
sour;  curdle:  said  of  cream.  Grose;  Halliwell. 
[Cheshire,  Eng.] 

carve^t,  n.    See  carue. 

carvel^  (kar'vel),  n.  [Contr.  of  caravel,  q.  v.] 
1.  ^ee  caravel. —  2t.  A  jelly-fish. 

The  carvel  is  a  sea-fome,  floating  upon  the  surface  of 
the  ocean,  of  a  glohous  form. 

Sir  T.  Herbert,  Travels  in  Africa,  p.  26. 

3.  A  basket;  also,  a  chicken-coop.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

carveP  (kar'vel),  M.    See  carval. 

carvel-built  (kar'vel-bilt),  a.  Built  with  the 
planks  all  flush  and  not  overlapping :  said  of  a 
ship  or  boat. 

carvel-joint  (kar'vel-joint),  n.  A  flush  joint; 
specifically,  one  between  the  planks  or  plates 
of  a  ship  or  boat. 

carvel-work  (kar'vel-werk),  n.  In  ship-build- 
ing, the  putting  together  of  the  planking  or 
plates  with  flush  joints,  as  distinguished  from 
clincher-icork. 

carveni  (kar'vu).  Old  and  poetical  past  parti- 
ciple of  carve. 

carven^t,  i'- 1-  [Spenser's  imitation  of  ME.  ker- 
ren,  inf.,  carve:  see  carve^.']    To  cut;  carve. 

carvene  (kar'ven),  n.  [<  carvy  (F.,  etc.,  carvi), 
caraway,  +  -ene.^  An  almost  tasteless  and 
odorless  liquid  (CioHig)  found  in  oil  of  cara- 
way. 

carver  (kar'ver),  n.  [<  ME.  kerver,  <  kerven, 
carve:  see  can'gi.]  1.  One  who  carves,  (a) 
One  who  cuts  up  meat  into  portions  for  the  table.  (6) 
One  who  cuts  ivory,  wood,  or  the  like  in  a  decorative  way ; 
a  sculptor. 

The  master  painters  and  the  carvers  came.  Dryden. 

(c)  Figuratively,  one  who  makes,  shapes,  or  molds,  in  any 
sense. 

Be  his  own  carver,  and  cut  out  his  way 
To  find  out  right  with  wrong. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  3. 

2.  A  large  table-knife  used  for  carving  meat, 
carving  (kar'ving),  n.  [<  ME.  kervinge,  verbal 
n.  of  kerven,  carve:  see  c«/i-ei.]  1.  The  act 
or  art  of  carving.  Specifically — 2.  A  branch 
of  sculpture  consisting  of  work  of  decorative 
character  rather  than  statuary  or  monumental 
relief. —  3.  A  device  or  figure  carved;  a  design 
produced  by  carving:  as,  a  tomb  ornamented 
with  carvings. 

The  lids  are  ivy,  grapes  in  clusters  lurk 
Beneath  the  carving  of  the  curious  work. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Eclogues,  iii.  59. 
4.  In  coal-mining,  nearly  the  same  as  cutting 
(which  see).    [Leicestershire,  Eng.]  —  carving- 
chisel.    See  chisel. 
carving-fork  (kar'ving-fork),  n.    A  large  fork 


Same  as  carriwitchet. 
Carya  (ka'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  Kapha,  the  walnut-tree,  <  Kclfma,  prop.  Kdfwa 
pacLlua  or  TTcpaiKa,  royal  (i.  e.,  Persian)  or  Per- 
sian nuts  (cf.  E.jJcacli^,  idt.  <  Gr.  rcepaiKUv),  pi. 
of  Kapvov,  a  nut  (of  any  kind),  prob.  akin  to 
Kfpaf,  horn,  E.  horn,  etc.]  A  genus  of  North 
American  trees,  natural  order  Jiiglandacew, 
confined  to  the  region  east  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains.   There  are  8  species,  including  the  pecan  (C.  olivae- 

J'ormis),  the  shellbark  hickory  (C.  alba),  and  other  hick-  .  ... 

ories.    The  wood  is  in  general  heavy,  hard,  strong,  and  CarVOCinCSiS  (kar'i-O-si-ne'sis),  n. 
tough,  and  is  extensively  used  as  fuel  and  in  the  maim-  ' 
facture  of  agricultural  implements,  carriages,  handles  of 
tools,  hoops,  etc.   The  bark  yields  a  yellow  dye. 
caryatic  (kar-i-at'ik),  a.    [<  L.  Caryates,  Cary- 
ans;  in  architectural  sense,  <  L.  Caryatides: 
see  caryatid.']    Pertaining  to  the  Caryans  (in 
this  sense  with  a  capital)  or  to  caryatids :  as, 
"Persian  and  Caryatic  figures,"  E.  Stuart. — 

Caryatic  order,  in  arch.,  an  oriler  in  which  the  entab- 
lature is  supported  by  female  figures  instead  of  columns, 
caryatid  (kar-i-at'id),  n.  anda.  [=  F.  caryatide, 
cariatide  =  Sp.  caridtide  =Pg.  It.  cariatide,  <  L. 
-pi.  Caryatides,  <  Gr.  KapvanSsg,  caryatids  (cf.  Ka- 
pvaTiSe^,  the  priestesses  of  Artemis  at  Caryse, 
pi.  of  Kapvan^,  a  name  of  Artemis),  lit.  'women 
of  Caryce,'  <  Kapvat,  Caryae,  a  place  in  Laconia, 
Greece,  with  a  famous  temple  of  Artemis.  Cf. 
atlantes,  canephore,  2,  and  telamon.]  I.  n. ;  pi. 
caryatids,  caryatides  (-idz,  -i-dez).    In  arch.,  a 

figure  of  a  woman  dressed  in  long  robes,  serving  caryophyllaceous  (kar*i-o-fi-la'shius),  a.  [< 


caryopsls 

arthriticus  is  a  species  of  the  southern  United 
States,  infesting  the  palmetto. 
Caryobranchia  (kar'i-o-brang'ki-a),  «.  pi. 

[NL.,  <  Gt.  Kapvoi;  a,  nut  (nucleus), ('■)/3d}';f(a, 
gills.]  An  order  of  gastropods:  proposed  as 
a  substitute  for  Xuclcobranchiata  (which  see) : 
same  as  Hetcropoda.  Menke,  1828;  Swuimon, 
1839. 

Caryocar  (ka  -ri'o-kar),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kapvov,  a 
nut  (see  Carya),  +  K&pa,  head ;  the  globose  fruit 
is  often  as  large  as  a  child's  head.]  A  genus 
of  plants,  nattrral  order  Ternslrwmiucew,  con- 
sisting of  8  species  of  lofty  trees,  natives  of 
tropical  America.  They  produce  good  timber,  and 
their  fruits  contain  3  or  4  large  kidney-shaped  seeds  in- 
closed ill  an  extremely  hard  woody  shell,  reddish-brown 
in  color  and  covered  with  roundish  protuljcrances.  They 
are  called  souari-nuts  or  buttemutH,  have  a  pleasant  nutty 
flavor,  and  yield  a  bland  oil.  The  chief  source  of  these 
nuts  is  C.  nuciferum,  a  tree  frequently  reaching  the  height 
of  100  feet,  common  in  the  forests  of  British  Guiana,  par- 
ticularly on  the  banks  of  the  rivers  Essequibo  and  licrbice. 
Its  flowers  are  large  and  of  a  deep  purplish-red  color. 

[NL.,  <  Gr. 

Kapvov,  a  nut  (nucleus),  +  KivT/aic,  movement, 
change:  see  kinesis.]  In  emhryol.,  the  series  of 
active  changes  taking  place  in  the  nucleus  of 
a  living  cell  in  the  process  of  division.  Also 
written  karyokincsis. 

Caryophyllaceae  (kar'i-o-fi-la'se-e),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Caryophyllus  +  -aceai.]  A  natural  order 
of  polypetalous  plants,  the  pink  tribe,  includ- 
ing over  800  species  of  bland  herbs,  distributed 
all  over  the  globe,  with  stems  generally  swollen 
at  the  nodes,  and  opposite  leaves,  the  bases  of 
which  are  frequently  united.  The  flowers  are  reg- 
ular, and  the  numerous  seeds  are  attached  to  a  central 
placenta.  The  greater  number  of  the  species  are  incon- 
spicuous weeds,  like  chickweed,  spurrey,  sandwort,  etc., 
but  many  are  found  as  favorite  plants  in  gardens,  as  the 
pink,  carnation,  sweet-william,  etc.  The  largest  genera 
are  Dianthus,  Silene,  Lychnis,  and  Arenaria.  See  cut 
below. 


as  a  column  to  support  an  entablatui-e  or  to  fill 
any  other  ofiice  of  a  column.  Vitruvius  relates 
that  the  city  of  Caryae  sided  with  the  Persians  after  the 


Caryophyllaceous  Flower 
\Dlanlhtls). 


m.  Caryatids. 
Porch  of  the  Erechtheum  at  Athens. 


battle  of  Thermopylae,  and  that  it  was  on  this  account 
sacked  Ijy  the  other  Greeks,  who  took  the  women  cap- 
tive, and  to  perpetuate  this  event  erected  trophies  ' 


Caryophyllacew.]  Pertaining  to  the  Caryophyl- 
lacece :  especially  applied 
to  flowers  having  five  pet- 
als with  long  claws  in  a 
tubular  calyx.  Also  cary- 
ophy lions,  ca ryophylleous. 
Caryophyllseidae  (kar  '  i  - 
o-fi-le'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Caryophyllwus  +  -idee.] 
A  family  of  cestode  platy- 
helminths,  or  tapeworms, 
characterized  by  having 
only  one  proglottis,  the 
body  elongated  and  un- 
segmented,  the  head-armature  weak,  consist- 
ing of  a  lobed  fringe  without  hooks,  and  eight 
sinuous  longitudinal,  canals  of  the  excretory 
system. 

Caryophyllaeus  (kar"i-o-fi-le'us),  n.  [NL. 
(Gmelin,  1790),  <  Caryophyllus,  q.  v.]  A  genus 
of  Cestoidea,  or  tapeworms,  the  species  of  which 
are  endoparasitic  in  cyprinoid  fishes,  it  repre- 
sents the  simplest  cestoid  form,  resembling  a  trematode 
in  structure,  having  no  trace  of  alimentary  canal,  but  be- 
ing furnished  with  a  single  set  of  hermaphrodite  repro- 
ductive organs  and  a  water-vascular  system  ;  the  body  is 
elongated,  dilated,  and  lobate  at  one  end,  like  a  clove, 
whence  the  name.  It  is  the  typical  genus  of  the  family 
CaiyophtjlUeidce.  C.  wutabilis  is  found  in  the  intestine 
of  cyprinoid  fishes.    Originally  Caryophyllus. 


_  ,  ^   o-   atid;  caryatic. 

used  to  hold  meat  while  it  is  being  carved,  and  caryatidean  (kar"i-at-i-de'an),  a.  [<  caryatid 
generally  provided  with  a  guard  to  prevent  cut-    +  -can.}    Supported  by  caryatids. 

i'rli^.^cr'' V^ffl  'fv-^^                         A  1         ,  '^'"^  Canmtidean  portico  [of  the  Erechtheum]  displays 

Carving-kmie  (kar  vmg-mf),  «.    A  large  knife  very  clearly  the  arrangement  of  the  ceiling. 

used  for  carving  meat  at  table.  Eiwyc.  Brit.,  11.  408. 

carving-lathe  (kar'ving -laTH),  n.     A  lathe  caryatides,       'L&tm -pluial  ot  caryatid. 

adapted  for  the  grooving,  ehanneUng,  and  or-  caryin,  caryine  (kar'i-in),  n.    [<  Carya  +  -in^, 

namentmg  of  columns,  balusters,  legs  of  tables,  -iiie^.]  A  crystaUine  principle  found  in  the  bark 

of  Carya  tomentosa  (the  mockernut  or  white- 

caryistt(kar  vist),  n.    [Etym.  unknown ;  hard-  heart  hickory),  believed  to  be  identical  with 

ly    a  corruption  of  carry-fist"  (from  being  car-  quereitrin. 

ried  on  the  hand),  as  usually  gue.ssed.]    In  carylnite  (ka-ri'i-nit),  w. 


which  figures" of  women  dressed  in  the  Caryatic" manner  f.flr'O'OTilivnpmic!  Ckar''i  K  ftV^ ii^^      '  c?PTr,o 
were  used  to  support  entablatures.   This  story  is  proba-  l-aryopnyiieOUS  (,Kar  1-o-ni  e-US),  «.    bame  as 
bly  imaginary,  but  no  doubt  the  name  and  perhaps  the  caryophyllaceous. 

idea  of  the  caryatids  were  derived  from  Carya;.  Caryophyllin,  Caryophylline  (kar"i-o-fil'in). 

Two  great  statues.  Art  \<.  Caryophylhis  + -in'^,  -ine'^.]    A 'crystal- 

And  Science,  Caryatids,  lifted  up  line  Substance  obtained  from  cloves  by  treat- 

A  weight  of  emblem.    Tennyso/i,  Princess,  iv.    ing  them  with  alcohol. 
II,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  form  of  a  cary-  caryophylloid  (kar"i-o-fil'oid),  n.    [<  Caryo- 

phyllus  + -oid.]    In        ha\ingthe  formof  the 
Ca  ryoph yllus  ;  clove-shaped, 
cary'ophyllous  (kar"i-o-fil'us),  a.    Same  as 
caryophyllaceous. 

Caryophyllus  (kar"i-o-fil'us),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

Kapvd(pv'AAov,  the  clove-tree,  lit.  'nut-leaf,'  < 


falconry,  a  young  hawk 

carvol  (kar'vol),  w.  [<  carvy  (F.,  etc.,  carvi), 
caraway,  +  -ol.]  A  liquid  (C10H14O)  of  pleas- 
ant odor  contained  in  oil  of  caraway. 

carvy  (kar'vi),  n.  [<  F.  carvi,  caraway:  see  car- 
away.]   Caraway.    [Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.] 

car-'wheel  (kar'hwel),  «.  A  wheel  of  a  car,  es- 
pecially of  a  railroad-car.  in  raUroad-cars  the  wheel 


[<  caryin  +  -ite'^.] 
An  arseniate  of  lead,  manganese,  and  calcium, 
occurring  massive,  of  a  brown  color,  at  the 
lead-mines  of  L&ngban,  Sweden. 
Oaryoborus  (kar-i-ob'o-rus),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  /cd- 
pi>oy,  nut,  +  /iopof,  eating.]    A  genus  of  rhyn 


Kapvov,  a  nut,  +  <pv/.Aov  =  L.  folium,  a  leaf. 
Hence  ult.,  from  the  Gr.  Kapv6(pv/2ov,  E.  gilli- 
flower,  q.  v.]  1.  Among  early  botanists,  the 
name  of  two  genera,  one  furnishing  the  clove 
of  commerce,  the  other  including  the  clove- 
pink,  Dianthus,  from  the  similarity  of  odors. 
It  was  retained  by  Linnaeus  only  for  the  former, 
and  this  is  now  referred  to  the  genus  Eugenia. 
—  2.  In  zodl.:  (a)  Same  as  Caryophyllceus,  of 
which  it  is  the  original  form,  (h)  A  genus 
of  crinoids:  synonymous  with  Eugeniacrinm. 
Scheuchzer.    Also  Caryophyllites.  Knorr. 


chophorous  coleopters  or  weevils,  of  the  fam-  caryopsis  (kar-i-op'sis),  «.  [NL.  (>¥.  caryopse), 
ily  Bruchida,  differing  from  Bruchus  by  having  <  Gr.  Kapvov,  a  nut,  +  6^i^,  appearance,  <  ■/  "ott, 
the  fore  C0X8B  separated  by  the  prostemum.   C.    see :  see  Oi^ttc]    In  6ot,  a  small,  one-seeded. 


caryopsis 

dry,  indehiseent  fniit,  iu  which  the  thin  seed- 
coat  is  adherent  throughout  to  the  very  thin 
pericarp,  as  in  wheat  and  all  other  cereal  grains. 
Also  spelled  cariopsis. 

Caryota  (kar-i-6'ta),  n.  [NL.  (L.,  in  Gr.  sense) 
(>  F.  carijote),  <  Gfr.  Kapvuruc;  <poavf,  a  palm  with 
walnut-like  fruit,  lit.  nut-like  palm:  napvurd^, 
nut-like,  <  napvov,  a  nut,  waluut ;  (poivi^,  palm : 
see  phcnix.'\  A  genus  of  large  jialms,  natives 
of  India  and  the  Malay  archipelago,  with  bipin- 
nate  leaves  and  wedge-shaped  leaflets,  strongly 

toothed  at  the  extremity.  The  best-known  species, 
C.  iirens,  ealleii  tlie  bastard  sa'jo.  is  a  native  of  India,  and 
is  of  great  value.  By  severing  the  ends  of  the  successive 
flowering  stems  a  sweet  sap  is  obtained,  \vhich  is  either 
boiled  down  into  syrup  and  sugar,  or  made  by  fermenta- 
tion into  toddy,  which  yields  arrack  by  distillation.  The 
soft  pith  .abounds  in  sago-like  farina,  which  is  made  into 
bread  or  eaten  as  gruel.  The  outer  part  of  the  stem  is 
hard,  strong,  and  durable,  and  is  much  used  for  building 
and  for  .agricult\iral  implements;  and  the  sheaths  of  the 
leaves  yield  a  very  strong  tiber,  known  as  kittul  fiber, 
which  is  said  to  be  indestructible. 

cast,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  case^. 

casa  (ka'sa),  n.  [L.,  a  cottage,  hut,  cabin, 
shed,  ML.  also  a  house  in  general  (>  It.  Sp.  Pg. 
casa,  a  house,  =  (as  if  <  L.  neut.  *casttm)  F. 
cMz,  in  prep,  che:,  abbr.  of  en  cites,  =  OSp.  en 
cas  =  It.  in  casa  or  a  casa,  in  the  house  (of),  at 
(my,  his,  etc.)  house,  with);  prob.  akin  to  cas- 
trtim,  a  castle,  fort,  pi.  a  camp  (see  castriim, 
Chester),  and  to  cassis,  a  helmet;  orig.  a  cover 
or  shelter;  ef,  Skt.  -y/  chhad,  cover,  cover  over. 
Hence  ult.  ca'sale,  cassocJc,  casula,  chasuble,  etc.] 
A  house. 

ca.  sa.  In  law,  the  usual  abbreviation  of  capias 
ad  satisfaciendum.    See  capias. 
casal  (ka'sal),  a.   [<  casc'^,  6,  +  -aZ.]  In  gram., 
of  or  belonging  to  case.  [Bare.] 

The  casal  termination  of  the  Saxon  possessive  is  es  or  is, 
as  appears  in  such  phrases  as  'Godes  sight,'  'king(«  crown.' 

J.  M.  McCulloch. 

casalet,  n.  [<  It.  casale,  a  hamlet,  village,  for- 
merly also  a  farm-house,  manor-house,  dairy, 
=  Sp.  Pg.  casal,  a  farm-house,  <  ML.  casale, 
also  casalis,  a  farm-house,  villa,  hamlet,  village, 
<  L.  casa,  a  house.]    A  hamlet;  a  village. 

And  Saterday  in  ye  mornynge  we  landyd  there,  and  wente 
to  suche  cascUes  as  we  founde  and  refresshed  vs. 

Syr  R.  Gtiylforde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  56. 

casarca  (ka-sar'ka),  w.  [NL.,  <  Russ.  cacharka, 
the  sea-swallow.]  A  name,  specific  or  generic 
(in  this  case  with  a  capital),  of  the  ruddy  shel- 
drake. Anas  casarca  or  Casarca  rutila,  a  bird 
of  the  family  Anatidce  and  subfamily  Anatince, 
inhabiting  Europe,  Asia,  and  .Africa.  As  a  ge- 
neric term  it  includes  several  other  species,  as 
C.  tadornoides,  C.  variegata,ete,. 

casa'Va,  casa'Ve  (ka-sa'va,  -ve),  n.   See  cassava. 

casbaldt,  n.  [Late  ME.,  also  cashalde;  origin 
uncertain.]   A  term  of  contempt.    York  Plays. 

casban  (kas'ban),  n.  A  cotton  fabric  similar 
to  jaconet,  but  stouter,  sometimes  having  a 
glossy  surface  like  satin,  and  used  chiefly  for 
linings. 

cascabel  (kas'ka-bel),  n.  [Sp.,  a  little  bell,  the 
button  at  the  breech  of  a  cannon,  also  casca- 
billo,  =  Pg.  Pr.  cascavel;  origin  uncertain.] 
That  part  of  a  cannon  which  is  behind  the 
base-ring,  including  the  base  and  knob. 

cascade^  (kas-kad'),  11.  [<  F.  cascade  =  Sp.  cas- 
cada  =  Pg.  cascata,  <  It.  cascata,  a  waterfall,  < 
cascare,  fall,  appar.  associated  in  thought  with 
L.  cadere,  pp.  casus,  fall,  but  prob.  (like  Sp. 
cascar,  break  in  pieces,  beat,  strike,  =  Pg.  cas- 
car,  strike)  an  extension  of  L.  casare,  cassare, 
variant  of  quassare,  shake,  shatter,  shiver,  freq. 
of  quatere,  pp.  quassum,  shake :  see  quash,  con- 
cuss, discuss,  etc.  Cf.  cascalho,  cascarilla,  cask, 
casque,  etc.]  1.  A  fall  or  flowing  of  water 
over  a  precipice  or  steep  rocky  declivity  in  a 
river  or  other  stream;  a  waterfall,  whether 
natural  or  artificial,  but  smaller  than  a  cataract. 

The  river  Teverone  throws  itself  down  a  precipice,  and 
falls  by  several  cascades  from  one  rock  to  another. 

Addison,  Travels  in  Italy. 

2.  In  elect.,  a  peculiar  arrangement  of  Leyden 
jars  in  which  the  outer  coating  of  the  first  jar 
which  receives  the  charge  is  connected  to  the 
inner  coating  of  the  second,  and  so  on. —  3.  A 
trimming  of  lace  or  other  soft  material,  folded 
in  a  zigzag  fashion  so  as  to  make  a  broken  or  ir- 
regular band,  as  down  the  front  of  a  gown.  Diet, 
of  Needleivork. — 4.  The  falling  water  in  the  con- 
stellation Aquarius.  See  Aqtiarius. —  Charged  or 
discharged  in  cascade.  See  battery,  8.=Syn.  1.  Cas- 
cade, Cataract.  A  cataract  is  greater  than  a  cascade,  but 
may  not  be  so  steep  ;  one  descent  of  water  may  be  by 
several  cascades,  as  in  the  quotation  above  from  Addison. 
The  distinguishing  marks  of  a  cataract  are  volume  of  wa- 
ter and  rapidity  of  descent. 


cas- 
To 


840 

cascade^  (kas-kad'),  V.  i.;  pret.  and  pp. 
cadcd,  ppr.  cascading.  [<  cascade^,  ».] 
form  cascades ;  fall  in  cascades. 

In  the  middle  of  a  large  octagon  piece  of  water  stands 
an  obelisk  of  near  seventy  feet,  for  a  Jet-d'Eau  to  cascade 
from  the  top  of  it.     Defoe,  Tour  thro'  G.  Britain,  II.  218. 

The  town  [of  Subiaco)  ...  is  built  on  a  kind  of  cone 
rising  from  the  midst  of  a  v.alley,  .  .  .  witli  a  superb 
mountain  horizon  around  it,  and  tlie  green  Anio  cascading 
at  its  feet.  Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  271. 

cascade^  (kas-kad'),  V.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  cas- 
caded, ppr.  cascading.  [Appar.  a  perverted 
use  of  cascade'^.  Cf.  E.  dial,  cast,  vomit.]  To 
vomit.  ,[Colloq.] 

cascalho  (kas-kal'yo),  71.  [Pg.  (=  Sp.  cascajo), 
pebbles,  gravel,  <  cascar,  strike,  Sp.  break  in 
pieces,  shatter:  see  cascade'^,  ».,  and  cascarilla, 
and  as  to  meaning  cf.  brasli^,  breccia,  debris.'} 
Gravel,  coarse  or  fine,  mixed  with  more  or  less 
sand ;  detrital  material  in  general ;  the  material 
in  which  Brazilian  diamonds  are  found,  as  also 
gold  to  some  extent. 

cascan,  cascane  (kas-kan',  -kan'),  n.  [F.  cas- 
cane.']  In  fort.,  a  hole  or  cavity,  resembling  a 
well,  made  near  a  rampart,  from  which  an 
underground  gallery  extends,  or  which  serves 
to  give  vent  to  an  enemy's  mine  and  diminish 
its  destructive  effect, 
cascara  amarga,  sagrada.  See  bark'^. 
cascarilla  (kas-ka-ril'a),  n.  [=  F.  cascariUe, 
<  Sp.  cascarilla  (=  Pg.  cascarilha  —  It.  cas- 
carilla, cascariglia), 
dim.  of  cascara,  bark, 
rind,  peel,  husk  (cf. 
casca,  husks,  bark, 
casco,  a  skull,  shard, 
helmet,  cask,  etc.,  > 
E.  w/sfcl),  <  cascar, 
break,  burst  open : 
see  cascade'^,  v.,  and 
C(7,s7i  l.]  The  aromatic 
bitter  bark  of  Croton 
Elutcria,  a  West  In- 
dian shrub  or  small 
tree  of  the  natural 
order  Euphorbiacew, 
and  a  native  of  the 
Bahama  islands.  It 
occurs  in  small  thin  frag- 
ments and  brittle  rolls  like 
quills,  and  is  used  in  medicine  for  its  mild  ."itimulating, 
tt)nic  jirojierties.  Also  called  Eh'uthera.  or  sirert/mml  fmrk. 

cascarillin,  cascarilline  (kas-ka-ril'in),  [< 
cascarilla  +  -in^,  -ine^.']  A  white,  crystalline, 
odorless,  bitter  substance  (C12HX8O4)  obtained 
from  cascarilla. 

caschrom  (kas'krom),  n.  [Also  improp.  writ- 
ten gascromh ;  Gael,  caschrom,  <  cas,  a  foot,  leg, 
shaft,  haft,  handle,  +  crom,  crooked:  see  crom- 
lech.'\    A  long  pick  with  a  cross-handle  and 

'  projecting  foot-piece ;  a  foot-pick :  used  in  the 
Scottish  Highlands  for  digging  in  stony  ground 
where  no  other  instrument  can  be  introduced. 

casco  (kas'ko),  n.  [Pg.,  prop,  the  keel  or  bottom 
of  a  ship,  =  Sp.  casco,  the  hull  of  a  ship ;  same 
as  Pg.  Sp.  It.  casco,  helmet,  casque,  cask:  see 
cask^,  casque.]    A  boat  of  the  Philippines,  used 


Cascarilla-plant  {Croton 
Eluteria). 
,  male  flower  ;  b,  female  flower ; 
c,  fruit. 


Casco  of  M.uiila. 

chiefly  on  the  river  at  Manila,  almost  rectan- 
gular in  form,  very  flat  and  very  durable,  and 
much  used  for  conveying  cargoes  to  and  from 
ships. 

case^  (kas),  n.  [<  ME.  cas,  caas,  case,  <  OF.  cas, 
F.  cas  —  Pr.  cas  =  Pg.  Sp.  It.  caso,  circumstance, 
event,  hap,  chance,  <  L.  casus  (casu-),  a  falling, 
change,  event,  accident,  misfortune,  <  cadere, 
pp.  casus,  fall  (>  also  cadent,  cadence,  chance, 
accident,  etc.):  see  cadent.']  1.  Literally,  that 
which  happens  or  befalls,  (a)  Hap;  contingency; 
event;  chance. 


case 

Than  he  tolde  hem  alle  worde  for  worde  how  the  cas 
was  be  fallen.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  5(50. 

Wisdom  behouith  to  lete  go  and  passe 
W  hich  tluit  men  mow  noglit  amend  in  no  cas. 

lioin.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  1.  6223. 
(b)  State  ;  condition  ;  state  of  circumstances. 
Cumforteth  him  in  his  caas,  coueiteth  not  his  goodes. 

Piers  Plowman  (A),  viii.  52. 
Like  Angels  life  was  then  mens  happy  cace. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vii.  16. 
Tib.  I  come  to  have  thee  walk. 
Ovid.  No,  good  Tibullus,  I'm  not  now  in  case. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  i.  1. 
They  lay,  therefore,  all  day  on  Saturday,  in  lamentable 
case,  as  before.  Banyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  177. 

2.  A  particular  determination  of  events  or  cir- 
cumstances; a  special  state  of  things  coming 
under  a  general  description  or  rule. 

The  ceremonies  attendant  upon  death  and  burial  are 
nearly  the  same  in  the  cases  of  men  and  women. 

E.  W.  Lane,  Modern  Egyptians,  II.  286. 

3.  In  med.,  an  instance  of  disease  under  or 
requiring  medical  treatment,  or  the  series  of 
occurrences  or  symptoms  which  characterize 
it:  as,  the  doctor  has  many  cases  of  fever  in 
hand;  the  patient  explained  his  case. — 4.  A 
state  of  things  invol'ving  a  question  for  dis- 
cussion or  decision. 

Tell  hym  how  the  caas  stant  all  as  it  is. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  491. 
Acres.  I  don't  choose  to  mention  names,  but  look  on 
me  as  on  a  very  ill-used  gentleman. 
Sir  Lvc.  Pray,  what  is  the  case  ? 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  i. 
The  plainest  case  in  many  words  entangling.  J.  Baillie. 

Specifically — 5.  In  law:  (a)  A  cause  or  suit  in 
court ;  any  instance  of  litigation :  as,  the  case 
was  tried  at  the  last  term,  in  this  sense  case  is 
nearly  synonymous  with  cause,  which  is  tlie  more  technical 
term.  Case  includes  special  proceedings,  as  well  as  actions 
at  law,  suits  in  equity,  and  criminal  prosecutions;  and  it 
implies  not  only  a  controversy,  but  also  legal  proceedings. 
More  loosely,  however,  it  is  used  for  cause  of  action  :  as, 
he  has  a  good  case. 

This  false  juge  ...  sat  in  his  Cousistorie, 
And  gaf  his  doomes  upon  sondry  cas. 

Chaucer,  Doctor's  Tale,  1.  163. 
Force  a  composition  or  wrangle  out  some  broken  Title, 
or  breake  the  necke  of  the  Case  with  a  Prohibition. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  133. 

(&)  The  state  of  facts  or  the  presentation  of 
e'vidence  on  which  a  party  to  litigation  relies 
for  his  success,  whether  as  plaintiff  or  defen- 
dant :  as,  in  cross-examining  plaintift''s  witness, 
defendant  has  no  right  to  go  beyond  the  limits 
of  the  direct  examination,  for  such  inquiries 
are  part  of  his  own  case,  (c)  Under  American 
procedure,  a  document  prepared  by  the  appel- 
lant on  an  appeal,  containing  the  evidence,  or 
the  substance  of  it,  and  the  proceedings  on 
the  trial  in  the  court  below,    it  is  intended  to 

enable  the  appellate  court  to  review  the  evidence  and 
the  facts,  as  well  as  to  pass  upon  alleged  errors  of  law, 
and  in  this  differs  from  a  bill  of  exceptions,  which  pre- 
sents only  alleged  errors  of  law.  Called  specifically  case 
on  appeal. 

6.  In  gram.,  in  many  languages,  one  of  the 
forms  having  different  offices  in  the  sentence 
which  together  make  up  the  inflection  of  a 
noun:  as,  the  nominative  case,  that  of  the  sub- 
ject of  the  verb,  as  he,  clominus  (Latin) ;  the 
accusative  or  objective  case,  as  him,  dominum  ; 
the  genitive  or  possessive  case,  as  Ms  (John's), 

domini.  These  are  the  only  cases  in  modern  English, 
and  the  objective  is  not  distinguished  in  form  from  the 
nominative  e.vcept  in  a  few  pronouns.  In  addition  to 
the  three  cases  found  in  English,  Greek  and  German  have 
a  dative,  Latin  has  a  dative,  an  ablative,  and  a  vocative, 
and  Sanskrit  further  an  instrumental  and  a  locative.  The 
French  has  lost  all  case-distinction  in  nouns.  Some  lan- 
guages, as  the  Fimiish  and  Hungarian,  have  many  more 
cases,  even  fifteen  or  twenty.  All  the  cases  but  the  nomi- 
native are  called  oblique  cases. 

7.  A  person  who  is  peculiar  or  remarkable  in 
any  respect :  as,  a  queer  case;  a  hard  caser  some- 
times used  without  qualification:  as,  he  is  a 
case.  [Colloq.] 

•'  Well,  the  General  can  tell  you,"  says  the  hunter,  glan- 
cing at  that  individual,  "  what  a  terrible  hard  case  I've 
been."  W.  M.  Baker,  New  Timothy,  p.  114. 

8.  In  logic,  a  proposition  stating  a  fact  coming 
under  a  general  rule;  a  subsumption — Action 
on  the  case,  in  law,  a  general  form  of  action  (the  phrase 
being  originally  equivalent  to  action  on  the  circumstances} 
adopted  to  enlarge  the  legal  remedies  at  a  time  when 
forms  of  action  existed  for  trespasses  with  violence  and 
for  debts  resting  in  bond,  but  no  form  had  been  provided 
for  wrongs  without  violence,  such  as  negligence,  or  oral 
or  implied  promise.  It  became  the  most  widely  used  of 
all  common-law  forms,  and  equally  applicable  to  conse- 
quential injury  to  the  real  or  personal  property  and  to  the 
personal  character  of  the  party  by  whom  it  was  brought. 
—  Amistad  case,  a  noted  case  in  the  courts  of  he 
Uinted  States,  in  which  Spaniards  claimed  as  their  slai  es 
negroes  who  had  been  kidnapped  in  Africa,  and  who  while 


case 


841 


case 


being  carried  to  Cuba  (in  1839)  rose  against  their  captors, 
took  possession  of  tlie  vessel,  and  after  changing  her  course 
were  taken  by  a  United  States  vessel  off  the  American  coast. 
The  courts  held  that  they  were  free,  and  not  pirates  or  rob- 
bers.—Bankers'  case,  or  case  of  the  bankers,  the  peti- 
tion of  Hornblee  and  others  to  the  barons  of  the  exchequer 
in  1691  (14  How.  St.  Tr.,  1)  for  the  payment  of  certain  &n- 
nuities  granted  by  Charles  II.  to  repay  money  originally 
loaned  to  him  on  the  security  of  the  revenues.  On  ap- 
peal,  the  House  of  Lords  decided  that  the  grant  was  bind- 
ing upon  his  successor,  and  continued  a  charge  upon  the 
revenue. — Bates's  case,  an  English  prosecution  (160B) 
of  a  merchant,  in  wliich  the  claim  of  James  I.  to  impose 
duties  as  a  personal  prerogative  was  sustained  :  a  ques- 
tion afterward  settled  tlie  other  way  under  Cromwell. 
Also  called  the  ca.se  of  the  impositions. — Bradlaugh's 
case,  a  prolonged  controversy  (1881-86)  over  the  claim 
of  Charles  Bradlaugh  (a)  to  take  a  seat  in  the  House  of 
Commons  without  taking  the  oath  required  of  members, 
he  declaring  that  he  did  not  acknowledge  or  believe  in  its 
obligation;  and  later  (b)  to  have  the  oath  administered. 
Two  notable  legal  decisions  were  reached  in  the  course  of 
the  controversy.  In  1884  (12  Law  Rep.,  Q.  B.  D.,  271),  in 
the  case  of  Charles  Bradlaugh  v.  Francis  R.  Gossett,  ser- 
geant-at-arras  of  the  House  of  Commons,  arising  out  of 
a  resolution  excluding  plaintiflf  from  the  House  until  he 
should  engage  not  to  disturb  its  proceedings  by  demand- 
ing to  take  the  oath  as  a  member,  it  was  held  that  courts 
cannot  control  the  House  in  its  administration  of  laws  re- 
lating merely  to  its  internal  procedure,  nor  inquire  into 
the  propriety  of  a  resolution  restraining  a  member  from 
doing  in  the  House  what  he  had  a  lawful  right  to  do, 
and  that  action  will  not  lie  against  the  sergeaut-at-arms 
for  obeying  such  resolution.  In  1885  (14  Law  Rep.,  Q. 
B.  D.,  667),  in  the  Court  of  Appeal,  the  case  of  tlie  At- 
torney-General V.  Bradlaugh,  for  penalties  under  the  Par- 
liamentary Oaths  Act,  for  voting  in  the  House  without 
having  been  sworn  as  a  member,  it  was  decided  that  a 
member  who  does  not  believe  in  a  Supreme  Being,  and 
upon  whom  an  oath  is  binding  only  as  a  promise,  is  in- 
capable of  taking  the  prescribed  oath  ;  but  if  he  goes 
through  the  form  of  taking  it  (as  Bradlaugh  did  by  ad- 
ministering the  oath  to  himself  at  the  bar  of  the  House), 
he  is  liable  for  violation  of  the  act. —  Burr's  case,  the 
prosecution  of  Aaron  Burr  for  treason  against  the  United 
States,  tried  before  Chief  Justice  Marshall  in  1807. — Cal- 
vin's case,  also  called  the  case  of  the  postnati,  1608(2  How. 
St.  Tr.,  559;  7  Coke,  1),  an  action  turning  on  questions  of 
allegiance  and  natural-born  subjects.  It  was  brouglit  to 
recover  lands  by  Robert  Calvin  against  Richard  and  Nich- 
olas Smith,  to  which  defendants  pleaded  that  the  plaintiff 
was  an  alien,  and  incapable  of  bringing  the  action,  because 
he  was  born  in  Scotland,  though  after  the  crown  of  Eng- 
land descended  to  James  I.,  who  was  also  king  of  Scot- 
land. It  was  argued  by  lawyers  and  judges  of  the  great- 
est renown,  including  Lords  Bacon,  Coke,  EUesmere,  Yel- 
verton,  and  Warburton,  and  was  decided  in  favor  of  the 
plaintiff.  — Case  agreed,  or  case  stated,  in  law,  a  state- 
ment of  facts  agreed  on  by  the  parties,  or  made  by  an- 
other court,  to  be  submitted  merely  for  decision  of  a 

point  of  law.—  Case  law.  Seefait).— Case  of  conscience. 
See  conscience. —  Case  Of  the  Caroline,  a  name  given  to 
the  case  of  the  People  v.  McLeod.  See  McLeod  case,  be- 
low.— Case  of  the  claimant.  See  Tichbome  case,  be- 
low.—Case  of  the  seven  bishops.  See  bishop. —  Case 
reserved,  case  made,  a  statement  presenting  ijoints  of 
law  reserved  by  the  judge  or  parties  for  decision  by  the  full 
court. — Civil  rights  cases.  See  ctcfi.— Clinton  bridge 
case,  an  important  litigation  in  the  United  States  Su- 
preme Court  (1870),  which  established  the  doctrine  by 
which  railroad  bridges  may  be  said  to  have  gained  clear 
recognition  of  their  rights  of  way  in  preference  to  the  nav- 
igable waters  crossed  by  them,  through  the  power  of  Con- 
gress to  regulate  inter-state  commerce.— Criminal  cases. 
See  criminal.— Cro-wn  cases  reserved.  See  crown.-- 
Darnell's  case,  a  noted  case  in  English  constitutional 
law  (1627),  in  which  the  imprisonment  of  Sir  Thomas  Dar- 
nell and  four  others,  for  refusing  to  subscribe  to  a  forced 
loan,  was  sanctioned,  the  agitation  resulting  from  which 
was  followed  by  the  granting  of  the  Petition  of  Right.— 
Dartmouth  College  case,  the  leading  American  case 
(1819)  on  the  vested  rights  of  corporations,  reported  as 
Trustees  of  Dartmouth  College  v.  Woodward  (4  Wheaton, 
518),  deciding  that  a  corporate  charter,  even  though  it  be 
a  British  charter  granted  before  the  revolution,  cannot 
be  materially  altered  by  a  State  legislature,  it  being  a  con- 
tract within  the  meaning  of  the  provision  of  the  United 
States  Constitution  which  deprives  the  States  of  the  power 
to  impair  the  obligation  of  a  contract. — Dr.  Bonham's 
case,  an  important  decision  upon  English  constitutional 
law,  rendered  in  1609,  in  the  case  of  Thomas  Bonham  v. 
the  College  of  Physicians  (8  Coke,  107),  for  false  imprison- 
ment. It  was  held  that  an  act  of  Parliament  which  is 
against  common  right  and  reason,  or  is  impossible  to 
be  performed,  is  void  by  the  common  law ;  also,  that 
where  the  power  to  commit  to  prison  is  vested  by  patent 
or  act  of  Parliament  in  parties  not  being  a  court,  their 
proceedings  ought  to  be  of  record,  and  the  facts  upon 
which  such  power  is  exercised  are  traversable. — Dred 
Scott  case,  a  case  of  great  historical  importance  among 
the  events  which  preceded  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the 
United  States,  in  which  the  Supreme  Court  held  (in  1857) 
that  a  free  negro  of  slave  ancestry  was  not  a  citizen,  and 
could  not  sue  or  be  protected  as  such  in  the  United  States 
courts.  The  statement  that  the  Africans  in  America  had 
long  been  considered  a  subordinate  race  having  "  no  rights 
which  the  white  man  is  bound  to  respect,"  which  was  con- 
tained in  the  opinion  of  the  chief  justice,  gained  universal 
attention  as  a  point  of  attack  in  the  controversy  about  slav- 
ery.—Five  per  cent,  cases,  a  decision  of  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court  in  1884  (110  U.  S.,  471),  holding  that  an  act 
of  Congress  by  which  a  percentage  of  the  proceeds  of  land 
"sold  by  Congress"  is  reserved  to  certain  public  uses  of  a 
State  does  not  include  lands  disposed  of  by  the  United  States 
in  satisfaction  of  military  land-warrants.— General  case, 
in  math.,  that  special  state  of  things  which  is  considered 
when,  in  studying  an  analytical  expression,  it  is  assumed 
that  there  is  no  peculiar  relation  between  the  constants 
denoted  by  letters.  The  general  case  may  be  very  excep- 
tional. Thus,  in  linear  associative  algebra,  in  the  general 
case  the  vanishing  of  a  product  implies  the  vanishing  of 
one  of  the  factors,  yet  among  the  innumerable  possible 
algebras  there  are  but  three  in  wliich  such  an  inference  is 


valid.— Hampden's  case.  Seeco»«  of  ship-money,  under 
ship-money.— In  case,  in  the  event  or  contingency  ;  if  it 
should  so  fall  out  or  happen  that ;  supposing. 

A  sure  retreat  to  liis  forces,  in  case  they  should  have  an 
ill  day  or  an  unlucky  chance  in  the  field. 

Bacon,  Hist.  Hen.  VII. 

Irreducible  case,  in  math.,  the  case  in  which  a  cubic 
equation  has  three  real  roots,  when  Cardan  s  method  of 
solution  involves  imaginarics, — Kendall's  case,  a  deci- 
sion of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  (IS.'iS),  noted  in 
American  constitutional  law,  that  the  court  may  compel  a 
cabinet  oHicer  to  perform  a  ministerial  duty. — Koszta'S 
case,  the  facts  and  resulting  diplomatic  correspondence 
(1853)  by  which  tile  United  States  government  maintained 
the  claim  that  Martin  Koszta,  a  native  of  Hungary,  was 
entitled  to  protection  as  an  American  citizen  from  sei- 
zure by  the  Austrian  govermnent  while  in  Turkish  juris- 
diction, he  having  previously  legally  declared  his  intention 
to  become  an  American  citizen.— Marbury's  case,  a  deci- 
sion of  the  United  States  Supreme  ttourt  (1803),  noted  in 
American  constitutional  history,  which  established  the 
power  of  that  court  to  declare  an  act  of  Congress  void  for 
contravening  the  United  States  Constitution,  and  defined 
the  extent  to  whicli  members  of  the  cabinet  are  amenable 
to  the  courts.— McLeod  case,  a  controversy  between  the 
United  States  and  Canada,  arising  out  of  the  incident  of 
the  destruction  of  the  American  steamer  Caroline  by  tlie 
Canadi  an  authorities  (18.37),  in  the  course  of  which  a  man 
was  killed.  McLeod  was  arrested  as  one  of  the  attacking 
party,  and  was  indicted  (1841)  in  New  York  State  for  mur- 
der ;  but  he  proved  an  alilii,  and  was  acquitted.  Also  called 
the  case  of  the  Caroline.— NegTO  case.  See  Soniinersett's 
case,  below.—  SheUey'S  case,  the  decision  in  1581  (1  Coke, 
89-106),  by  all  the  judges  of  England,  of  the  case  of  Nicho- 
las Wolfe  against  Henry  Shelley,  in  ejectment,  involving 
questions  upon  the  law  of  common  recoveries.  It  is  chiefly 
celebrated  for  a  precise  and  clear  statement  by  defendant's 
counsel  of  a  previously  well-established  rule  of  law  concern- 
ing the  effect  of  the  word  "heirs " in  certain  conveyances, 
since  known  as  the  rule  in  Shelley's  case.  This  rule,  which 
is  now  regarded  as  a  rule  of  interpretation  rather  than  a 
rule  of  law,  is  to  the  effect  that  wherever  there  is  a  limi- 
tation to  a  man,  which  if  it  stood  alone  would  convey  to 
him  a  particular  estate  of  freehold,  followed  by  a  limita- 
tion to  his  heirs  or  to  the  heirs  of  his  body  (or  equivalent 
expressions),  either  immediately  or  after  the  interposition 
of  one  or  more  particular  estates,  the  apparent  gift  to  the 
heir  or  heirs  of  the  body  is  to  be  construed  as  a  limitation  of 
the  estate ;  that  is  to  say,  not  a  gift  to  the  heir,  but  a  gift  to- 
the  person  first  named  of  an  estate  of  inheritance,  such  as 
his  heir  may  take  by  descent.— Sommersett'S  case,  a  fa- 
mous habeas  corpus  case  in  England  in  1772,  before  Lord 
Mansfield,  brought  on  behalf  of  Thomas  Sommersett,  a  ne- 
gro. It  established  the  principle  that  a  slave  brouglit  upon 
Englishsoil  became  thereby  free.  Also  called  the  ncrjro  case. 
—  Special  case,  a  statement  of  facts  agreed  to  on  behalf 
of  two  or  more  litigant  parties,  and  submitted  for  the 
opinion  of  a  court  of  justice  as  to  the  law  bearing  on  the 
facts  so  stated.  In  Scots  law,  in  civil  jury  causes,  a  special 
case  differs  from  a  special  verdict  only  in  this,  that  the 
special  verdict  is  returned  by  the  jury,  whereas  the  spe- 
cial case  is  adjusted  by  the  parties  themselves,  or  by  their 
counsel,  and  sets  forth  the  special  facts  on  which  they 
are  agreed  without  the  evidence.— Taltarum'S  case,  a 
noted  decision  in  the  Englisii  courts  in  1473,  establishing 
the  power  of  a  tenant  in  tail  to  convert  the  estate  into  a 
fee  simple  absolute  by  suffering  a  common  recovery. — 
Tennessee  bond  cases,  a  name  given  to  seventeen  causes 
decided  by  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  in  1885  (114 
U.  S.  Sup.  Ct.,  663),  wherein  it  was  held  that  the  statutory 
lien  upon  railroads  created  by  act  of  the  Tennessee  Legis- 
lature, Feb.  11th,  1852,  was  for  the  benefit  of  the  State,  and 
not  of  the  holders  of  State  bonds  issued  under  that  act. — 
Tichbome  case,  also  called  the  case  of  the  claimant, 
the  name  given  to  the  history  and  proceedings  of  Thomas 
Castro,  otherwise  Arthur  Orton,  in  his  claim  to  be  Sir 
Roger  Tichborne,  and  heir  to  the  estate  and  baronetcy  of 
Tichborne  in  England  (1868-74),  which  he  prosecuted  by 
suits  in  Chancery  and  in  the  Courts  of  Probate  and  of 
Common  Pleas,  and  which  culminated  in  his  trial  and 
sentence  to  fourteen  years'  imprisonment  for  perjury. 
The  case  is  celebrated  for  the  conflicting  nature  of  the 
testimony  as  to  his  identity,  and  for  the  great  public 
interest  excited  by  it.— To  put  the  case,  to  suppose  the 
event  or  a  certain  state  of  things ;  state  a  question,  espe- 
cially in  a  manner  to  invite  decision. — Tweed's  case,  the 
proceedings  against  William  M.  Tweed  and  others,  known 
as  the  Tweed  Ring,  for  frauds  perpetrated  while  they 
were  municipal  officers  of  New  York,  by  which  tliey  ob- 
tained over  six  million  dollars  from  the  county  of  New 
York.  In  a  civil  case  it  was  decided  by  the  Court  of  Appeals 
of  New  York  in  1874  (People  v.  Ingersoll,  58  N.  Y.,  1)  that 
an  action  for  money  fraudulently  obtained  from  a  county 
could  not  be  brought  in  the  name  of  the  people  of  the  State. 
This  was  subsequently  remedied  by  statute,  and  a  judg- 
ment obtained.  In  a  criminal  case,  Tweed  was  found  guilty 
on  twelve  counts  for  similar  offenses  in  one  indictment, 
and  was  separately  sentenced  to  one  year's  imprisonment 
on  each,  with  the  direction  that  service  of  one  sentence 
should  not  begin  until  the  completion  of  service  on  a 
prior  sentence.  After  completing  tlie  term  of  his  first 
sentence,  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus  was  served  on  his 
jailer,  and  the  Court  of  Appeals  in  1875  (People  ex  rel. 
Tweed  v.  Liscomb,  60  N.  Y.,  559)  decided  that,  under  the 
statutes  conferring  the  power  to  sentence,  cumulative  sen- 
tences in  such  cases  were  not  lawful,  and  discharged  him ; 
but  he  was  immediately  imprisoned  in  default  of  bail  in 
preceding  civil  suits.  Other  minor  decisions  on  questions 
of  procedure  are  also  included  under  this  term.-  Twyne's 
case,  the  leading  case  in  English  law  (1603)  holding  that  a 
conveyance  intended  to  defraud  creditors  is  void  as  against 
them,  if  not  taken  in  good  faith  and  for  valuable  consid- 
eration.— Tyrrel's  case,  a  noted  decision  in  English  law 
(1.558),  in  which  after  Parliament,  by  the  statute  of  uses, 
had  thought  to  put  an  end  to  the  holding  of  land  in  the 
name  of  one  person  to  the  use  of  another,  the  courts  intro- 
duced the  doctrine  of  a  use  upon  a  use,  leading  to  the  pres- 
ent law  of  trusts.— 'Virginia  coupon  cases,  the  generic 
name  under  which  are  known  a  number  of  suits  determined 
by  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  in  1884,  enforcing  a 
Virginia  statute  which  declared  coupons  on  bonds  of  that 
State  receivable  in  payment  of  State  taxes,  notwithstanding 


the  repeal  of  that  statute.— 'Wheeling  bridge  case,  the 

case  of  Pennsylvania  v.  Wheeling  and  Belmont  Bridge 
Co.,  decided  liy  the  United  States  .Supreme  Court  (in  1851 
and  1855),  concerning  a  bridge  across  ttie  Ohio  river  at 
Wheeling,  Virginia.  After  holding  in  1851  (13  How.,  518), 
by  a  divided  court,  that  a  bridge,  though  entn-ely  within 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  State  that  autliorized  its  construc- 
tion, could  be  enjoined  as  a  nuisance  by  the  courts  of  the 
United  States  it  it  obstructed  inter-state  navigation,  the 
court  held  in  1855  (18  IIow.,  421)  that  Congress,  under  the 
constitutional  power  to  regulate  commerce  between  the 
States,  may  determine  what  shall  or  shall  not  be  deemed 
an  obstruction  to  navigation,  and  may  declare  a  l>ridge, 
when  erected,  to  Ije  a  lawful  structure  so  a.s  to  avoid  the 
effect  of  its  having  been  judicially  declared  a  nuisance.— 
'Wild's  case,  an  Esglish  decision,  in  1.599  (6  Co.  Kep.,  16 
b),  in  the  case  of  Richardson  v.  Vardley,  in  ejectment:  .so 
called  because  involving  a  devise  to  one  Rowland  Wild, 
which  established  the  rule  for  the  construction  of  wills 
known  as  the  rule  in  Wilti's  case,  viz.,  "that  If  A  devises 
his  lands  to  B  and  his  children  or  issues,  and  he  hath  not 
any  issue  at  the  time  of  the  devise,  that  the  same  is  an 
estate  tail."=Syil.  Situation,  condition,  state,  circimi- 
stances,  plight,  predicament. 

case^t  (kas),  V.  i.  [<  cft.sei,  h.]  To  put  cases; 
bring  forward  propositions. 

They  fell  presently  to  reasoning  and  cnsing  upon  the 
matter  with  him,  and  laying  distinctions  before  liini. 

Sir  H.  L' Kstranrje. 

case^  (kas),  M.  [<  ME.  casse,  kace  =  D.  lias  =  G. 
kasse  =  Sw.  Icassa  =  Dan.  Icasse,  <  OF.  cause  (F. 
casse,  a  chase,  caisse,  a  ease,  also  chdsse,  a  chase, 
shrine)  =  Pr.  caijssa,  caissa  =  Cat.  capsa  =  Sp. 
caja,  obs.  caxa  —  Pg.  caixa,  obs.  caxa  =  It.  cas- 
sa,  <  L.  capsa,  a  chest,  box,  receptacle,  <  ca- 
pere,  receive,  contain,  hold:  see  capable,  cajia- 
cious.  The  same  word,  in  later  forms,  appears 
as  cas7(2  and  chase'^.']  1.  That  which  incloses 
or  contains;  a  covering,  box,  or  sheath:  as,  a 
case  for  knives;  a  case  for  books  ;  a  watch-ca.se; 
a  pillow-case.    Specifieally  —  2t.  A  quiver. 

The  arwes  in  the  caas 
Of  the  goddesse.clatren  faste  and  rynge. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1500. 

3.  The  skin  of  an  animal;  in  lie?-.,  the  skin  of 
a  beast  displayed  with  the  head,  feet,  tail,  etc. 

0,  thou  dissembling  cub !  what  wilt  thou  be. 
When  time  hath  sow'd  a  grizzle  on  thy  case  f 

Shale,  T.  N.,  V.  1 
Thus  wise  men 
Repair  the  hurts  they  take  by  a  disgrace. 
And  piece  the  lion's  witli  the  fox's  case. 

Fletcher,  Beggars'  Bush,  ill.  1. 

4.  The  exterior  portion  of  a  building ;  an  outer 
coating  for  walls. 

The  case  of  the  holy  house  is  nobly  designed  and  exe- 
cuted by  great  masters.  Addison,  Travels  in  Italy. 

5.  Aboxandits  contents;  hence,  a  quantity  con- 
tained in  a  box.  Specifically — (a)  Apair;  aset. 

Pray  thee,  corporal,  stay  ;  the  knocks  are  too  hot ;  and 
for  mine  own  part,  I  have  not  a  case  of  lives. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  2. 

Lictors,  gag  him  ;  do. 
And  put  a  case  of  vizards  o'er  his  head, 
That  he  may  look  bifronted,  as  he  speaks. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  v.  1. 
An  inseparable  case  of  coxcombs,  .  .  .  the  Gemini,  or 
twins  of  foppery. 

B.  Jonson,  Pref.  to  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour. 
(h)  Among  glaziers,  225  square  feet  of  cro-wn- 
glass ;  also,  120  feet  of  Newcastle  or  Normandy 
glass. — 6.  In  printing,  a  shallow  tray  of  wood 
divided  by  partitions  into  small  boxes  of  differ- 
ent sizes,  in  which  the  characters  of  a  font  of 
printing-types  are  placed  for  the  use  of  the 
compositor.  The  ordinary  case  is  about  16  inches  wide, 
32  inches  long,  and  has  boxes  1  inch  deep.  Two  forms  of 
case  are  required  for  a  full  font  of  Roman  type :  the  upper 
case  (so  called  from  its  higher  position  on  the  inclined 
composing-frame),  of  98  boxes,  which  contains  the  capitals, 
small  capitals,  reference-marks,  fractions,  and  other  types 
in  small  request ;  and  the  loiver  case,  of  55  boxes  of  un- 
equal size,  which  contains  the  small-text  types,  spaces,  and 
points  most  frequently  required.  The  cases  and  boxes  are 
arranged  so  that  the  types  oftenest  used  are  most  easily 
reached  by  the  compositor.  For  music,  Greek,  and  He- 
brew, as  well  as  for  display  or  jobbing  type,  or  for  any  font 
of  printing-types  that  has  more  or  fewer  characters  than 
those  of  Roman-text  type,  cases  of  special  form  are  made. 

7.  In  bookbinding,  a  book-cover  made  separate- 
ly fi'om  the  book  it  is  intended  to  inclose. —  8. 
A  triangular  sac  or  cavity  in  the  right  side  of 
the  nose  and  upper  portion  of  the  head  of  a 
sperm-whale,  containing  oil  and  spennaceti, 
which  are  together  called  head-matter. —  9. 
In  milit.  engin.,  a  square  or  rectangular  frame 
made  from  four  pieces  of  plank  joined  at  the 
corners,  used  (in  juxtaposition  to  si  milar  frames) 
to  form  a  lining  for  a  gallery  or  branch. — 10. 
In  loam-molding,  the  outer  portion  of  a  mold. 
Also  called  cope. — 11.  In  porcelain-making, 
same  as  saggar. — 12.  Milit.,  same  as  case-shot. 
— 13.  In  mining,  a  fissure  through  which  water 
finds  its  -way  into  a  mine.  [Cornwall.  Rarely 
used.]  — 14.  The  wooden  frame  in  -which  a 
door  is  hung.  Also  called  casing. — 15.  The 
wall  surrounding  a  staircase.  Also  called ca«n^. 


case 

—  Case-smoothing  machine,  a  machine  for  smoothing 
the  cases  or  corners  of  books. —Limp  case,  or  flexible 
case,  ill  bookbindinir,  a  case  stretched  over  paper  doublets 
instead  of  boards.— To  work  at  Case,  in  printing,  to  set 
type. 

case-  (kas),  v. ;  pi-et.  and  pp.  cased,  ppr.  casing. 
[<  >(.]    I.  truus.  1.  To  cover  or  surround 

with  a  case  ;  siu-round  with  any  material  that 
incloses  or  protects ;  incase. 

To  be  casi'd  up  and  hung  by  on  tlie  wall. 

£.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  iii.  3. 
The  jewel  is  cax'd  up  from  all  men's  eyes. 

Middletvn,  Women  Beware  Women,  i.  1. 
Specifically —(a)  In  arch.,  to  face*-  cover  (tlie  outside 
wall  of  a  building)  with  material  of  a  better  quality  than 
that  of  the  wall  itself. 

The  wall  [of  the  Hatyra]  is  built  of  solid  stone,  about 
five  feet  in  height  and  four  iu  thickness,  cased  all  over 
with  white  marble. 

Burckhardt,  in  Burton's  El-Medinah,  p.  374. 
(6)  In  plastering,  to  plaster  (as  a  house)  with  mortar  on 
the  outside,  and  strike  a  ruler  laid  on  it  while  moist  with 
the  edge  of  a  trowel,  so  as  to  mark  it  with  lines  resem- 
bling the  joints  of  freestone,  (c)  In  glass-making,  to 
"plate  "  or  cover  (glass)  with  a  layer  of  a  different  color, 
(rf)  In  bookbinding,  to  cover  with  a  case.  See  case2,  n.,  7. 

After  stitching,  books  which  are  to  be  cased  up  with 
uncut  edges  have  their  face  and  tail  cut  square  by  means 
of  a  trimming-machine.  Encgc.  Brit.,  IV.  44. 

2.  In  prin  ting,  to  put  into  the  proper  compart- 
ments of  compositors'  cases;  lay:  as,  to  case  a 
font  of  type. — St.  To  remove  the  ease  or  skin 
of;  unease;  skin. 

We'll  make  you  some  sport  with  the  fox,  ere  we  case  him. 

Shak.,  All  s  Well,  iii.  6. 
Cased  glass,  glass  made  in  several  layers,  usually  of  dif- 
ferent colors,  by  cutting  through  which  to  different  depths 
an  effect  like  that  of  cameo  is  produced.  The  ancient 
Roman  glass  of  this  kind  was  cut  by  hand  in  the  man- 
ner of  gem-cutting.  The  process  in  use  at  the  present 
day  consists  in  covering  the  outside  of  a  colorless  glass 
ball  with  a  thin  case  of  colored  glass,  and  fusing  the 
two  together,  repeating  the  operation  as  often  as  desired ; 
the  whole  is  then  blown  into  the  shape  required  before 
the  cutting  is  done.  Also  called  cameo-glass. — Cased 
sash-frames,  sash-frames  which  have  their  interior  ver- 
tical sides  hollow  to  admit  the  weights  which  balance  the 
sashes,  and  at  the  same  time  conceal  them. 

II.  intrans.  To  cover  one's  self  with  some- 
thing that  constitutes  a  casing. 

Case  ye  ;  on  with  your  visors.     Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  2. 

Casearia  (kas-f-a'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  from 
J.  Caseariiis,  a  Dutch  botanist  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury, and  missionary  to  Cochin  China.]  The 
principal  genus  in  the  natural  order  Samyda- 
cea,  including  about  80  species  of  tropical  trees 
or  shrubs,  chiefly  American,  of  little  value.  The 
leaves  and  bark  of  some  species  have  medicinal  prop- 
erties, and  the  fruit  of  some  is  used  in  India  to  poison 
fish. 

caseatel  (ka'se-at).  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caseated, 
ppr.  C((seatiiig'.  [<  L.  cascus,  cheese,  -I-  -ate'^.'} 
In  pnthol.,  to  undergo  caseous  degeneration; 
become  like  cheese. 

caseate^  (ka'se-at),  n.  [<  case(ic)  +  -sfci.]  In 
chem.,  a  salt  resulting  from  the  \inion  of  caseic 
acid  with  a  base. 

caseation  (ka-se-a'shon),  n.  [<  caseatc'^  (see 
-ation);  z=  F.  caseation  =  Sp.  caseacion  =  Pg. 
caseai^uo  -  It.  caseazione.']  1.  The  coagulation 
of  milk. —  2.  In  pathol.,  transformation  into  a 
dull  cheese-like  mass,  as  in  pus,  tybercle,  etc. 

case-bay  (kas'ba),  n.  In  carp.,  the  space  be- 
tween a  pair  of  girders  in  naked  flooring. 

case-bearer  (kas 'barker),  n.  A  case-bearing 
larva. 

case-bearing  (kas'bar"ing),  a.  In  entom.,  pro- 
vided with  a  case  or  covering:  applied  to  cer- 
tain larvse,  both  aquatic  and  terrestrial,  that 
conceal  themselves  within  a  case  which  they 
form,  and  fi-om  which  they  protrude  the  ante- 
rior portion  of  the  body  when  moving  about. 
See  cuts  under  Acrohasis  and  Coscinnptcra. 

case-binding  (kas 'bin "ding),  n.  A  form  of 
bookbinding  in  which  the  finished  ease  (in- 
cluding the  back)  is  made  apart  from  the  book. 

The  case  is  made  first,  and  the  sewed  book  is  afterward 
inserted  in  it.  The  term  case-biruling  in  the  United  States 
is  usually  applied  to  cloth-bound  books, 
case-bottle  (kas'bot'a),  w.  A  bottle,  often 
square  in  form,  made  so  as  to  fit  into  a  case 
with  others. 

case-char  (kas'char),  n.  A  name  of  the  com- 
mon char,  Salmo  salvelinus,  or  Salveliniis  alpi- 
nus. 

case-divinityt  (kas'di-vin"i-ti),  «.  Casuistry. 
Fuller. 

case-ending  (kas 'en "ding),  n.  In  gram.,  the 
letter  or  syllable  added  in  inflected  "languages 
to  the  root  or  stem  of  a  noim  to  indicate  its  case. 
See  easel,  n.,  6. 

casefied  (ka'sf-fid),  p.  a.  [<  L.  caseus,  cheese, 
+  -fy  +  -erf^.]  Cheesy  in  consistence  or  ap- 
pearance. 


842 


cash 


case-harden  (kas'har"dn),  v.  t.    To  harden  the    Barrack  casemate.  See  fcarroct.— Defensible  case- 
outer  part  or  surface  of,  as  anything  made  of    mate,  a  casemate  having  embrasures  or  loopholes, 
iron,  by  converting  the  iron  into  steel.    See  casemate^t,  n.    An  erroneous  form  of  case- 
case-hardening,  ment,  (c). 

case-hardened  (kas'har"dnd),  p.  a.  l.  Having  ca^enia'te-carriage  (kas'mat-kar'aj),  n.  A 
the  outside  hardened^  as  iron  tools,  etc. —  2.    carriage  used  in  mounting  casemate-^guns. 
Figuratively,  not  sensitive ;  ha-ving  no  sense  of  casemated  (kas'ma-ted),  a.    [<  casemate"^  + 
shame;  indifferent  to  reproof  or  dishonor.  -erf^.]    Furnished  with  a  casemate  or  case- 

case-hardening  (kas'hard'ning),  n.    In  metal.,  mates, 
a  rapid  process  of  cementation,  in  which  the  casemate-gun  (kas '  mat -gun),  -n.    A  gun  so 
surface  of  wrought-iron  is  converted  into  steel    placed  as  to  be  fired  through  the  embrasure  of 
by  heating  the  article  to  be  treated  in  an  iron    a  casemate. 

box,  in  contact  -with  some  animal  matter,  such  casemate-truck  (kas'mat-truk),  n.  A  heavy 
as  bone,  parings  of  horses'  hoofs,  or  leather.    ^^'^^  carriage  mounted  on  three  wheels,  the  for- 


This  is  done  in  a  smith's  forge,  or  in  any  suit 
able  furnace, 
caseic  (ka'sf-ik),  «.    [<  L.  caseus,  cheese,  + 
-ic;  =z  F.  caseique  =  Sp.  caseico.']    Of,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  derived  from  cheese.- Caseic  acid,  an 

acid  obtained  from  cheese. 

casein,  caseine  (ka'se-in),  n.  [<  L.  caseus, 
cheese,  4-  -in"^,  -inc'^;  =  F.  caseine  =  Sp.  case- 
«■««.]  The  chief  nitrogenous  ingredient  of  milk. 
It  does  not  coagulate  spontaneously,  like  fibrin,  nor  by 
heat,  like  albumen,  but  by  the  action  of  acids  and  of  ren- 
net. Cheese  made  from  skimmed  milk  and  well  pressed 
is  nearly  pure  coagulated  casein.  It  is  closely  allied  to, 
if  not  identical  with,  legumin,  which  occurs  in  many  vege- 
tables. Casein  is  one  of  the  most  important  elements  of 
animal  nutrition  as  found  in  milk  and  leguminous  plants. 
Its  chemical  constitution  is  not  fully  understood.  It  con- 
tains carbon,  hydrogen,  oxygen,  a  little  sulphur,  and  about 
15.5  per  cent,  of  nitrogen.  Also  called  C(iieu?)t.— Casein 
glue,  a  glue  made  by  dissolving  casein  in  a  strong  solution 
of  borax,  used  as  a  substitute  for  ordinary  glue  by  book- 
binders and  joiners. 

case-knife  (kas'nif),  v.    l.  A  knife  carried  in 
a  case  or  sheath. 

The  poet,  being  resolved  to  save  his  heroine's  honour, 

has  so  ordered  it  that  the  king  always  acts  with  a  great  r^^cama-nt-aA   /Vf;,,'  i  -    '  *  ji 

casc-tei/'e  stuck  in  his  girdle,  which  the  lady  snatches  from  t"»'oeniem;ea  (Kas  -  or  Kaz  men -tea),  a 
him  in  the  struggle,  and  so  defends  herself.  "  "* 


ward  wheel  being  pivoted  to  facilitate  changes 
of  direction :  used  for  transporting  cannon  and 
ammunition  within  the  galleries  of  permanent 
works. 

casement  (kas'-  or  kaz'ment),  n.    [Short  for 

incascwcnt,  <  OF.  cncassement,  later  assibilated 
enchassemcnt  (>  E.  cnchasement,  q.  v.),  lit.  a  set- 
ting in  or  incasing:  see  incase  and  -ment.']  In 
arch.:  (a)  A  frame  for  glass,  as  forming  a  win- 
dow or  part  of  a  window,  and  made  to  open  by 
swinging  on  hinges  which  are  generally  affixed 
to  a  vertical  side  of  the  opening  into  which  it 
is  fitted. 

I  released 
The  casement,  and  the  light  increased 
With  freshness  in  the  dawning  east. 

Teimyson,  The  Two  Voices. 

(6)  A  compartment  between  the  mullions  of 
a  window,  (cf)  A  deep  hollow  molding  used 
chiefly  in  cornices,  and  similar  to  the  scotia  of 
classical  or  cavetto  of  Italian  architecture.  Ox- 
ford Glossary.  Sometimes,  erroneously,  case- 
mate. 

casement  +  -ed'^.']    Having  casements. 


2.  An  old  name  for  a  table-knife,  still  some- 
times used. 

caseling  (kas'ling),  n.  [E.  dial.,  <  case2  -f-  -ling.'] 
The  skin  of  a  beast  that  has  died  by  accident 
or  violence.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
Casella's  anemometer.    See  anemometer. 
case-lock  (kas'lok),  «.    A  box-lock  fastened  to 

the  face  of  a  door  by  screws, 
case-maker  (kas'ma"ker),  n.    In  bookbinding, 

a  maker  of  cases  or  covers  for  books, 
caseman  (kas'njan),  n. ;  pi.  casemen  (-men).  [< 
casc'^  +  man.]  One  who  works  at  case  or  sets 
type ;  a  compositor.  [Rare.] 
casemate^  (kas'mat),  n.  [Formerly  also  casa- 
viate,  casamat  (after  It.);  =  D.  kasemat  =  G. 
casemattc,  kasemattc,  formerly  casamat  (after 
It.),  =  Dan.  kasematte  =  Sw.  kasematt  =  Euss. 
kazematu,,  <  F.  casemate,  formerly  also  chasmate, 
=  It.  casamatta  =  Sp.  l?g.  casamata  (ML.  casa- 
malta,  for  *casamatta),  a  casemate ;  of  imcer- 
tain  formation:  explained  as  (1)  orig.  It.,  <  It. 
(Sp.  Pg.)  casa  (<  L.  casa),  a  house,  a  little 
house,  -I-  matta,  fern,  of  matto,  foolish,  mad, 
weak,  dial,  also  false,  and  dim,  dark  (as  if 
•false,'  'dark,'  or  'concealed  chamber' 1?);  or 
(2)  orig.  Sp.,  as  if  casa  de  *mata,  for  matanza, 
'  a  house  of  slaughter,'  like  the  equiv.  E.  slaugh- 
ter-house, a  casemate  (see  quotations  from  Flo- 
rio  and  Cotgrave),  or  the  G.  mord-kcller  ('mur- 
dering-cellar'),  a  casemate:  casa,  a  house;  de 
(<  L.  de),  of;  matanza,  slaughter,  <  matar  =  Pg. 
matar,  <  L.  mactare,  slaughter:  see  mactation, 
mactator,  matador.] 


Addison,  Travels  in  Italy.  CaSCOUS  (ka'se-us),  «.      [<  L.  CUSeus,  cheese,  -|- 


ous;  =  F.  caseeux  =  Sp.  Pg.  caseoso  =  It.  caci- 
oso.]  Pertaining  to  cheese ;  resembling  or  hav- 
ing the  qualities  of  cheese — Caseous  degener- 
ation or  transformation,  in  pathol.,  the  transformation 
of  a  tissue  into  a  dead,  cheese-like  mass,  as  in  pus,  tuber- 
cle, etc. 

case-paper  (kas'pa'per),  n.  The  outside  quires 
of  a  ream.    £.  H.  Knight.    See  casse-paper. 

caser  (ka'ser),  n.  [<  case"^,  v.,  +  -eri.]  One 
who  cases. 

case-rack  (kas'rak),  «.  in  printing,  a  square 
upright  frame  of  wood  with  parallel  cleats, 
made  to  hold  type-cases  which  are  not  in  use. 
Most  composing-stands  have  the  lower  part 
fitted  up  as  a  case-rack. 

casern  (ka-zern'),  n.  [=  D.  kazerne  =  G.  kaserne 
—  Dan.  kaserne  =  Sw.  kasern,  <  F.  caserne,  <  Pg. 
caserna  (=  Sp.  caserna  —  It.  caserma,  >  G.  dial. 
kasarme,  kasarm),  orig.  appar.  a  room  for  four 
(cf.  E.  quarter.':!),  <  L.  quatcrna,  fem.  of  quater- 
nus,  pi.  quaterni,  four  each,  four  together:  see 
quaternary,  quaternion,  and  cf.  carillon,  quire^.'] 
A  lodging  for  soldiers  in  garrison  towns,  usual- 
ly near  the  ramparts ;  a  barrack. 

case-shot  (kas' shot),  n.  1.  A  collection  of 
small  projectiles,  such  as  musket-balls,  grape- 
shot,  etc.,  put  in  cases,  to  be  discharged  from 
cannon.    Also  called  canister-shot. 

A  continual  storm,  not  of  single  bullets,  but  of  chain- 
shot  and  case-sliot.  Camden. 

2.  In  a  more  modern  sense,  a  shrapnel-shell, 
that  is,  a  spherical  iron  case  inclosing  powder 
and  a  number  of  bullets  and  exploded  by  a  fuse. 
Also  called  case. 

[NL.,  <  L.  caseus, 


1.  In  fort. :  (a)  A  vault  of 
stone  or  brickwork,  usually  built  in  the  thick- 
ness of  the  rampart  of  a  fortress-,  and  pierced  caseum  (ka'se-um),  n. 
in  front  with  embrasures,  through  which  artil-    cheese.]    Same  as  casein 
lery  may  be  fired. 

Casamatta  (It.l,  a  kinde  of  fortification  called  in  Eng- 
lish a  Casamat  or  a  slaughter  house,  and  is  a  jjlace  built 
low  under  the  wall  or  bulwarcke,  not  arriuing  vnto  the 
height  of  the  ditch,  seruing  to  skoure  the  ditch,  aimoying 
the  enemie  when  he  entreth  into  the  ditch  to  skale  the 
wall.  Florio  (1598). 

Chasmate  [F.],  a  casemate  in  fortification  :  a  murthering 
house  placed  in  the  ditch,  to  plague  the  assailants  of  a 
fortress.  Cotgrave. 

Each  bastion  was  honeycombed  with  casemates  and  sub- 
terranean storehouses.     Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  151. 

(6)  A  shell-proof  vault  of  stone  or  brick  de- 
signed to  protect  troops,  ammunition,  etc. 

Take  a  garrison  in  of  some  two  hundred. 
To  beat  those  pioneers  off,  that  carry  a  mine 
Would  blow  you  up  at  last.    Secure  your  casamates. 

B.  Jonson,  Staple  of  News,  i.  1. 

(cf)  An  embrasure. 


Casemate  [F.],  a  case-mate;  a  loop,  or  loop-hole  in  a 
fortified  wall.  Cotgrave. 
2.  The  armored  bulkhead  surrounding  guns  in 
iron-clad  ships  of  war,  and  pierced  with  port- 
holes through  which  the  guns  are  run  out. — 


caseweed  (kas'wed),  n.  [Formerly  also  casse- 
weed;  <  case^  (=  caslfi,  a  money-box,  a  purse) 
+  iveed^.]  A  name  of  the  shepherd's-purse, 
Capsella  Bursa-pastoris. 
case-work  (kas'werk),  w.  1.  In  hoolchinding: 
(a)  The  making  of  eases  or  covers  in  which 
sewed  books  are  bound,  (b)  A  book  glued  on 
the  back  and  stuck  into  a  cover  prepared  be- 
forehand to  receive  it. — 2.  In  printing,  type- 
setting; composition. 
case-'WOrm  (kas'werm),  n.  Same  as  caddis- 
worm. 

cash^t  (kash),  V.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  cass^ 
(q.  v.),  <  ME.  cassen,  <  OF.  casser,  disehargej 
cashier,  =  Pg.  cassar  (obs.)  =  It.  cassare,  an- 
nul, <  L.  cassare,  bring  to  naught,  destroy,  an- 
nul, <  cassus,  empty,  void.  This  is  the  same 
word  as  quash,  annul  (see  quaslfi),  but  differ- 
ent from  quash^,  ult.  <  L.  quassare,  hieak:  see 
quashX.  Cashier'^  is  also  the  same  word,  with 
G.  suffix:  see  cashier'^.]  To  discard;  dislDai^d; 
cashier. 


cash 

Cashinii  the  greatest  part  of  his  land  army,  he  only  re- 
tained 1000  of  the  best  soldiers. 

Sir  A.  Gorr/es,  in  Purchas's  Pilgrimage. 

cash^t,  «•       casli^,  r.]  Disbandment. 
cash^  (kash),  n.    [=  D.  kas,  cash,  also  box, 

chest,  =  Sw.  kassa  =  Russ.  kasxa,  money,  <  F. 

casse  (E.  -sh,  <  F.  -sse,  cf.  quash,  abolish,  etc.), 


843 

cash-carrier  (kash'kar'''i-er),  n.  A  device  for 
conveying  the  money  received  at  the  counters 
of  a  shop  or  store  to  the  cashier  and  returning 

the  change,  it  usually  consists  of  a  car  or  receptacle 
traveling  upon  an  overhead  track  or  wire  extending  from 
the  counters  to  a  central  office  or  desk.  Another  common 
form  is  that  of  a  pneumatic  tube. 


casings  - 

sicren  =  Dan.  kasscrc  =  Sw.  kassera,  cast  off, 
discharge,  discard,  cashier,  annul,  <  OF.  casser, 
discharge,  cashier,  >  E.  cash^,  q.  v.]  1.  To  dis- 
miss from  an  office  or  place  of  trust  by  an- 
nulling the  commission  by  virtue  of  which  it  is 
held. 


a  box,  ease,  chest,  money-box,  coiznter,  now  a  cash-credit  (kash'ki-ed"it),  n.  Same  as  cash- 
printer's  case,  a  crucible :  same  word  as  caisse,    "«_o(f«^  2. 

aease,  etc. :  see  case2  and  c/(ase2^  of  which  cas/<2  cash-day  (kash'da),  n.    A  day  on  which  cash 


is  a  doublet.]  If.  A  receptacle  for  money ;  a 
money-box. 

Twenty  thousand  pounds  are  known  to  be  in  her  cash. 

Sir  a.  Winwood,  Memorials,  iii.  281. 
This  bank  is  properly  a  general  cash  where  every  one 
lodges  his  money.      Sir  W.  Temple,  United  Provinces,  ii. 

2.  Money ;  primarily,  ready  money ;  money  on 
hand  or  at  command. 


is  regularly  paid ;  a  pay-day  or  settling-day. 
casher-box  (kash'er-boks),  n.    [<  *  cosher  (per- 
haps <  F.  easier,  a  pigeonhole,  case  of  j)igeon- 
holes,  <  ca.se,  <  L.  casu,  a  house)  4-  A 
table  used  in  the  manufacture  of  glass,  it  is 

covered  with  coal-cinders,  and  on  it  the  glolie  of  glass  is 
rested  while  the  blowing-tube  is  disconnected  and  a  rod 
attached  to  the  other  pole  of  the  globe  preparatory  to  the 
operation  of  flashing.    E.  H.  Knight. 


The  real  wealth  of  a  nation,  consisting  in  its  labor  and  CasheW  (ka-sho'),  «.    [Also  written  caelju  (= 

  F.  cachou  in  special  sense,  a  sweetmeat :  see 

cachou)  ;  =  Pg.  caju  =  Sp.  cayou  (E.  also  acajou 
=  G.  acajou-,  acajanuss,  after  F.  acajou  a,  pom- 
mes,  the  cashew-tree,  noix  d'acajou,  the  cashew- 
nut,  by  confusion  with  acajou,  mahogany:  see 
acajou'^),  <  Hind.  kajH,  kdjiju,  the  cashew-nut.] 
1.  The  Anacardium  occidcntale  and  its  fruit. 
See  Anacardium  and  casheiv-nut. —  2.  Same  as 
cachou — Cashew  gum.  See  gum. 
cashew-bird  (ka-sho'berd),  n.  The  name  given 
in  Jamaica  to  one  of  the  tanagers,  the  Tana- 


commodities,  is  to  be  estimated  by  the  sign  of  that  wealtli 
—  its  circulating  cash.  A.  Hamilton,  Works,  I.  225. 

Hard  cash,  (a)  Hard  money;  coin;  specie.  (6)  Money 
in  hand ;  actual  money,  as  distinguished  from  other  prop- 
erty. =Syn.  2.  See  mo  M  l/. 
cash2  (kash),  r.  t.  [<  cash^,  ».]  1.  To  turn  into 
money,  or  to  exchange  for  money :  as,  to  cash 
a  note  or  an  order. —  2.  To  pay  money  for:  as, 
the  paying  teller  of  a  bank  cashes  notes  when 
presented. 

cash^  (kash),  n.  [An  E.  corruption  of  an  E. 
Ind.  word,  Telugu  and  Canarese  kdsu,  Tamil 
kas,  a  small  copper  coin, 
also  coin-money  in  gener- 
al. The  Pg.  caia;a,  a  name 
applied  to  tin  coins  found 
by  the  Poi'tuguese  at  Ma- 
lacca in  1511,  brought 
thither  from  the  Malabar 
coast  in  India,  is  perhaps 
the  same  word,  accom.  to 
Pg.  caixa,  a  ease,  box, 
chest,  also  a  cashier,  = 
E.  c«s/(2  — case2,  q.  v.]  1. 
The  name  given  by  for- 
eigners to  the  only  coin 
in  use  among  the  Chinese,  and  called  by  them 
tsien  (pronounced  eheu).  it  is  a  round  disk  of  cop- 
per alloy,  with  a  square  hole  in  the  middle  for  convenience 
in  stringing,  and  is  of  the  value  of  one  tenth  to  one  four- 
teenth of  a  cent.  The  characters  above  and  below  the 
S(iuare  hole  indicate  the  reign  in  which  the  coin  was  cast ; 
those  on  each  side  (reading  from  right  to  left)  are  called 
t'uny  pao,  and  mean  current  coin,  or  money.  A  string 
o.f  cash  is  a  sum  of  500  or  1,000  cash,  according  to  local- 
ity, strung  together,  in  divisions  of  50  or  100.  The  name 
is  also  applied  to  a  similar  coin  (called  a  rin)  in  circula- 
tion in  .lapan,  one  tliousand  being  equal  to  a  yen  or  dollar 


Chinese  Cash  of  the  reign 
Lung-K'inK  (1567-73).  the 
last  but  four  of  the  Mine  dy- 
nasty.  (Size  of  the  original.) 


Cashew-bird  i,Spindatis  nigricephala). 

gra  zena  of  Gosse,  now  Spindalis  nigricephala. 
an  oscine  passerine  bird  of  the  family  Tanagri- 
.„  .,.„.n,  un.  .uuu..„u  oco.g  .quat  .0  n  ye.,  or  uoi.ar.    f^f*"' ^hich  feeds  On  the  bfrries  of  the  buUy-tree. 
2.  The  name  sometimes  given  by  foreigners  cashew-nut  (ka-sho  nut),H.  The  kidney-shaped 
to  a  H  (pronounced  le),  or  thousandth  part  of   ^^^^     ™e  Anacardium  oc- 


a  Chinese  liaug  or  ounce. — 3.  A  copper  com 
used  for  currency  in  Madras  under  the  East 
India  Company. —  4.  A  coin  of  Pondicherry, 
having  a  value  of  one  third  of  a  cent. —  5.  A 
money  of  account  in  Sumatra,  worth  about  3 
cents. 

cash'^  (kash),  n.  [Cf.  Ir.  coislighe,  Gael,  coisich, 
a  path,  <  Ir.  Gael,  cos,  foot.]  A  prehistoric 
wooden  road,  resembling  an  American  plank- 
road,  or  corduroy  road.  Roads  of  this  kind  have  been 
found  in  Ireland  in  many  localities,  and  in  some  cases  are 
evidently  connected  with  the  crannogs.  • 

cash^  (kash),  n.  [Origin  uncertain.]  In  coal- 
mining, soft  shale  or  bind.  [Scotland.] 

cash-account  (kash'a-kount"),  n.  1.  An  ac- 
count of  money  received,  paid,  or  on  hand. — 
2.  In  banking,  a  credit  given  by  a  bank  to  an 
amoimt  agreed  upon  to  any  individual  or  house 


cidentale  {see  Anacardium), 
consisting  of  a  kernel  in- 
closed in  a  very  hard  shell, 
which  is  borne  upon  a 
swollen  pear-shaped  edible 

stalk.  The  shell  is  composed  of 
two  hard  layers,  between  which 
is  contained  an  acrid  and  almost 
caustic  juice,  producing  on  the 
skin  a  very  painful  and  persistent 
vesicular  eruption.  This  acrid 
(luality  is  removed  by  heat,  and 
the  kernel  then  becomes  edible 
and  is  much  esteemed,  furnish- 
ing also  a  sweet  oil.— Oriental 
cashew-nut,  or  marking-nut,  a 
similar  fruit  of  an  allied  tree  of 
the  East  Indies,  Semecarpiis  An- 
acardium.   The  juice  becomes 


Anacardium  occidentals. 
I,  I,  I,  cashew-nuts. 


He  had  the  insolence  to  cashier  the  captain  of  the  lord- 
licutenant's  own  liody-guard.  Macaulay. 

Hence — 2.  Figuratively,  to  dismiss  or  discard 
from  service  or  from  association. 

The  king  that  expelled  the  Tartars  about  two  hundred 
yeares  since,  established  this  their  present  Politic,  .  .  . 
casseerinij  all  the  anCient  Nobilitie  and  Magistrates,  that 
none  is  now  great  but  tlie  King. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  440 
Your  son,  an't  please  you,  sir,  is  new  cashier'd  yonder, 
Cast  from  his  mistress'  favour. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  v.  4. 
They  have  already  cashiered  several  of  their  followers 
as  mutineers.  Addison 

3.  To  reject;  put  out  of  account;  disregard. 
[Kare.] 

Some  cashier,  or  at  least  endeavour  to  invalidate,  all 
other  arguments.  Locke. 

4t.  To  abolish  ;  do  away  with ;  get  rid  of. 
Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  ii. 
cashier^  (kash-er'),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also 

cashecr ;  —  D.  kassicr  =  G.  kassierer,  kassirer, 
prop,  kassicr,  =  Dan.  hisscrer  =  Sw.  kassor,  < 
F.  caissicr  (=  Sp.  cajero  =  Pg.  caixeiro  =  It. 
cassierc),  a  cashier,  <  caisse,  a  money-box:  see 
caslfi,  case'^,  and  -ier,  -eer.]  1.  One  who  has 
charge  of  cash  or  money;  one  who  superin- 
tends the  routine  monetary  transactions  of  a 
bank  or  other  commercial  concern;  a  cash- 
keeper. —  2t.  A  money-box ;  a  cash, 
cashierer  (kash-er'er),  II.  One  who  cashiers, 
rejects,  or  discard.^:  as,  "a  cashierer  of  mon- 
arehs,"  Burke. 
cash-keeper  (kash'ke'per),  n.  One  intrusted 
with  the  keeping  of  money  and  money-ac- 
counts; a  cashier, 
cashmere  (kash'mer),  n.  and  a.  [Also  written 
cachemere  (and  with  altered  form  and  sense  casi- 
viire,  cassimere,  keiseymere,  q.  v.);  =  F.  cache- 
inire  =  D.  kashemire  -  G.  Kasclmir  (-schawls) 
z=  Dan.  kasimir  =  Turk,  (idzmir,  cashmere,  so 
called  because  first  made  in  Cashmere  (F.  Cache- 
mire,  G.  Easchmir),  now  commonly  written 
Kashmir,  repr.  Kashmir,  the  native  name  (Skt. 
Kaqmira),  a  state  and  valley  in  the  Himalaya 
moxmtains  north  of  the  Panjab.]  I.  A  fine 
and  soft  woolen  fabric  used  for  dress-goods.  It 
differs  from  merino  in  being  twilled  on  one 
side  only. 

II.  a.  Made  of  the  dress-fabric  so  named. 
—  Cashmere  shawl,  or  India  shawl,  a  shawl  originally 
made  in  tlie  valley  of  Cashmere,  and  afterward  in  the  Pan- 
jab, from  the  fine  downy  wool  found  aliout  the  roots  of  the 
hair  of  the  wild  goat  of  Tibet  and  the  Himalayas.  It  is  also 
kn(jwn  as  the  cameVs-liair  shaiol,  from  the  popular  notion 
that  the  fiijcst  were  formerly  made  of  tliat  material, 
cashmerette  (kash-me-ref),  n.  [Dim.  of  cash- 
mere.~\  A  textile  fabric  for  women's  dresses, 
made  with  a  soft  and  glossy  surface,  in  imita- 
tion of  cashmere. 
3'\  Cashmerian  (kash-me'ri-an),  a.  [<  Cashmere 
(see  cashmere)  -i-  -ian.']  "Of  or  pertaining  to 
Cashmere,  a  valley  and  tributary  state  of  India, 
in  the  Himalaya  mountains  north  of  the  Panjab. 
Also  spelled  Kashmir  ian. 
cash-note  (kash'not),  n.  A  note  for  the  pay- 
ment of  money. 


cashoo,       See  catechu. 
black  on  exposure,  and  is  employed  in  marking  cotton  cash-rOgistor  (kash'rej"is-ter),  n.    A  cash-bo 

^^el^%!^^^-n.    The  tree.  Ana    --P-^^  ^  --^--^  — ^ 


comprising  a  mecnanism  tor  recording  auto- 
matically the  sums  of  money  deposited  in  it. 
See  Cassia. 


of  business  on  receipt  of  a  bond  with  securities, 

generally  two  in  number,  for  the  repayment  on  cardium  occidentale,  producingthe  cashew-nut.  J^'^':'-^'^" 
demand  of  the  sums  actually  advanced,  with  Cashgar  cloth.    Sa.me  as  jnitto.  L»asia,_  " 

interest  on  each  advance  from  the  day  on  which  cash-girl  (kash'gerl),  «.  A  girl  who  performs  casimiret,  w.  aee  cassimere. 
It  was  made.    Persons  having  such  accounts  draw  upon    the  same  duties  as  a  cash-boy. 

cashie  (kash'i),  «.  [Sc. ;  cf.  ieel.  A-ars^v,  brisk, 
bold,  hale,  hearty,  =  Sw.  Dan.  karsk,  hale, 
hearty.]  1.  Luxiu'iant  and  succulent:  applied 
to  vegetables  and  shoots  of  trees. — 2.  Growing 
very  rapidly;  hence,  delicate;  unable  to  en- 
dure fatigue. — 3.  Flaccid;  soft.  Jamieson. 
cashaw  (ka-sha'),  n.    A  name  of  the  algarroba    [Scotch.]  -,    .      ■,  n       ^  ,   .  > 

or  honey-mesquit,  Prosopis  mliflora.  cashielawst,  n.    [Sc.]    An  old  Scotch  mstru- 

  -         ment  ot  torture,  consisting  of  a  heated  iron 

case  for  the  leg.   Also  called  caspielaws,  cas- 
piecaws,  caspieclaws. 

The  three  principal  tortures  that  were  habitually  ap- 
plied, were  the  pennywinkis,  the  boots,  and  the  caschie- 
lau'is.  The  first  was  a  kind  of  thumb-screw;  the  second 
was  a  frame  in  which  the  leg  was  inserted,  and  in  whicli  it 
was  broken  by  wedges,  driven  in  by  a  hammer ;  the  third 
was  also  an  iron  frame  for  the  leg,  which  was  from  time  to 
time  heated  over  a  brazier.      Lecky,  Rationalism,  I.  147. 


them  for  whatever  sums  within  their  amount  they  have 
occasion  for,  repaying  these  advances  as  they  find  oppor- 
tunity, but  generally  within  short  periods.  Interest  is 
charged  only  on  the  average  balance  which  may  be  due  to 
the  bank.  Also  called  bank-credit  and  cash-credit,  cash- 
account  being  more  especially  a  Scotch  name.  The  sys- 
tem of  granting  such  credits  seems  to  have  been  initiated 
l.iy  the  Scotch  banks. 


cash-book  (kash'buk),  n.  [<  cash^  +  book;  = 
D.  kasboek.']  A  book  in  which  is  kept  a  regis- 
ter or  an  account  of  money  received  and  paid. 
—  Petty  cash-book,  a  book  in  which  small  receipts  and 
payments  are  entered. 

cash-box  (kash'boks),  n.    A  metal  or  wooden 

box  for  keeping  money, 
cash-boy  (kash'boi),  «.    A  boy  employed  in  a 

shop  or  store  to  carry  the  money  received  by 


salesmen  from  customers  to  a  cashier  and  bring  cashier^  (kash-er'),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  cas- 
back  the  proper  change.  seere  (cf.  cash'^  —  cass^),  <  D.  casseren  =  G.  cas- 


casing  (ka'sing),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  case'^,  i-.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  expressed  by  the  verb 

case.  Specifically— («)  The  process  of  blowing  one  piece 
of  glass  witliin  another  of  a  different  color,  while  plas- 
tic, and  then  uniting  them  by  firing,  (b)  In  bookbind- 
inij,  the  operation  of  inserting  the  sewed  sections  of  a 
book  into  its  case  or  cover.  The  work  of  pasting  down 
the  cover-leaves,  clearing  out  the  waste,  and  pressing  the 
book  is  a  part  of  the  process  of  casing. 

2.  A  case;  a  covering;  an  inelosure.  .Specifi- 
cally— (a)  The  framework  around  a  door  or  window. 
Also  called  case,  (b)  A  wooden  tunnel  for  powder-hose  in 
blasting,  (c)  A  covering  surrounding  the  smoke-stack  or 
funnel  of  a  steamboat  to  protect  the  deck  from  the  heat. 
(d)  The  cast-iron  liody  of  a  tubed  or  converted  gun.  (e) 
That  portion  of  the  wall  of  a  blast-furnace  which  lies 
between  the  stuffing  and  the  mantle.  (./')  In  mining, 
the  altered  portion  of  the  "  country  "  not  closely  adjacent 
to  the  lode :  almost  the  exact  eiiuivalent  of  the  Cornish 
capel  (which  see).  See  also  gouge  and  selvage.  (Cordille- 
ran  mining  region.] 

casings  (ka'singz),  «.  7)/.  [E.  dial.,  also  cassons, 
cazzons,  and  formerly  caseng,  <  ME.  casen  (also 
casard),  cow-dung,  prob.  <  Dan.  kase,  dung  {ko- 


casings 

kase,  cow-dung).]  Dried  cow-dung,  used  for 
fuel.  Also  called  cow-blakes.  [North.  Eng.] 
casino  (ka-se'u6),  n.  [It.,  a  house,  sumtaer- 
hotise,  gaming-house,  dim.  of  msa,  a  house,  < 
li.  msa,  a  cottage,  hut:  see  casa.'\  1.  A  small 
country-house ;  a  lodge ;  a  summer-house  or 
retreat. —  2.  A  club-house  or  public  room  used 
for  social  meetings,  gaming,  dancing,  music, 
etc.;  a  public  dancing-saloon. 

The  times  are  such  that  one  scarcely  dares  allude  to 
that  kind  of  company  wliicli  tliousands  of  our  young-  men 
of  Vanity  Fair  are  fretjuenting  every  day,  wliieh  nightly 
fills  casinos  and  dancing-rooms.    Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair. 

3.  A  game  of  cards,  in  which  the  players,  two 
or  more  in  number,  strive  to  obtain  as  many 
cards  as  possible,  especially  certain  cards  of 
a  counting  value,  as  the  ten  of  diamonds  and 
two  of  spades.  Tricks  are  taken  by  pairinri,  that  is, 
by  matching  a  card  on  tlie  table  with  one  in  the  hand  ; 
comhinini),  or  grouping  togetlier  from  the  board,  cards 
the  number  of  pips  on  wliicli  eciuals  tlie  number  on  tliat 
played  from  the  hand  ;  and  buiUliwi,  or  combining  cards 
on  the  board  with  one  in  tlie  hand,  the  trick  to  be  taken 
at  tlie  player  s  ne\t  turn.  In  tliis  sense  also  spelled  cas- 
iiiio.  —  Big  or  great  casino,  the  ten  of  diamonds,  which 
in  tlie  game  of  casino  counts  two. — Little  or  small  ca- 
sino, the  two  of  spades,  which  in  the  game  of  casino 
counts  one. 

cask^  (kask),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  caske,  <  F. 
casque,  a  cask,  a  helmet,  =  It.  casco,  a  helmet, 
<  Sp.  Pg.  casco,  a  cask,  wine-vat,  also  helmet, 
casque,  hull,  coat  of  an  onion,  shard,  skull,  < 
cascar,  break  in  pieces,  burst:  see  cascade^, 
n.,  and  quaslA.^  1.  A  close,  water-tight  ves- 
sel formed  like  a  barrel  with  staves,  headings, 
and  hoops,  and  used  for  containing  liquids  or 
substances  which  may  become  liquid:  a  ge- 
neric term  comprehending  the  pipe,  hogshead, 
butt,  barrel,  etc. — 2.  An  irregular  measure  of 

capacity,  a  cask  of  almonds  is  3  liundredvveight ;  a  cask 
of  cloves,  etc.,  300  pounds :  a  cask  of  pilch,irds,  50  gal- 
lons. The  name  is  also  applied  to  various  foreign  mea- 
sures of  capacity,  as  the  Russian  bochka,  the  Polish  beczka, 
etc. 

3.  In  dyeing,  an  apparatus  for  steaming  and 
thus  fixing  the  colors  of  cloths  which  are 
printed  with  a  mixture  of  dyestuffs  and  mor- 
dants. It  consists  rif  a  hollow  cylinder,  within  which  the 
cloth  is  suspended,  the  steam  being  admitted  to  the  in- 
terior of  the  drum. 

4.  A  helmet.  [In  this  sense  now  usually  spelled 
casque  (which  see).]  — Bulged  cask,  a  task  swelling 
in  the  middle. — Splayed  cask,  a  cask  having  a  flaring 
or  conical  form. 

cask!  (kask),  V.  t.    [<  c«sA-i,  «.]    1.  To  put  into 
a  cask. —  2.  To  provide  with  or  put  on  a  casque 
or  helmet. 
Royally  casked  in  a  helme  of  Steele. 

Marston,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  I.,  v. 

casket,  »■  [An  irreg.  var.  of  cash",  1,  a  chest, 
appar.  by  confusion  with  casA;!.]  A  casket;  a 
case  or  shell. 

A  jewel,  lock'd  into  the  woefuU'st  cask 
That  ever  did  contain  a  thing  of  worth. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 
Onely  the  heart  and  soule  is  cleane,  yet  feares  the 
taincture  of  this  polluted  caske,  and  would  have  passage 
[by  thy  revenging  handj  from  this  loathsome  prison  and 
filthy  truncke.      Speed,  Hist.  Great  Britain  (1611),  p.  379. 

casket^t  (kas'ket),  n.    See  casquefl. 

casket^  (kas'ket),  «.  [Formerly  also  casquet 
(cf.  caskefl  =  casquefl),  <  late  ME.  casket,  <  OF. 
and  F.  cassette  (=  Pr.  caisseta  =  Cat.  capseta  = 
It.  cassetta),  a  casket,  coffer,  chest,  dim.  of 
casse,  a  chest,  box,  >  E.  cash",  and,  earlier,  E. 
case^:  see  cash^,  c«.se2.]  1.  A  smaU  chest  or 
box  for  jewels  or  other  small  articles. 

The  same  quayer  to  be  put  in  a  bo.xe  called  a  Casket, 
loken.  English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  379. 

Here,  catch  this  casket ;  it  is  worth  the  pains. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  ii.  6. 
Caskets  full  of  pardons.        Stnjpe,  Edw.  \'I.,  an.  1549. 

2.  A  fanciful  name  applied  to  a  book  con- 
sisting of  a  number  of  selected  literary  or 
musical  pieces :  as,  a  casket  of  literary  gems. 
[Rare.] — 3.  A  coffin,  especially  a  costly  one: 
used  as  a  softened  synonym  of  coffin.  [U.  S.] 
—  4.  A  stalk  or  stem.  [North.  Eng.] 
casket^  (kas'ket),  V.  t.  [<  casket'^,  w.]  To  put 
into  a  little  chest. 

I  have  writ  my  letters,  casketed  my  treasure. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  5. 


Casquetel,  time  of  Edward  IV., 
back  views. 


The  jewel  safely  casketed. 
casket^  (kas'ket),  n.    Same  as  gasket. 
casknet,  «.    A  corruption  of  casket^. 
casmalo&l  (kas'ma-los),  w.    [Native.]    A  name 

of  the  long-billed  crested  black  parrot,  Micro- 

glossKS  aterrimus,  of  New  Guinea. 

caspiecawst,  caspieclawst,  caspielawst, 

Same  as  cushielaws. 
casque  (kask),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  reg.  cask,  caske, 
<  F.  casque,  a  helmet,  <  It.  casco,  a  helmet,  <  Sp. 


844 

casco,?!,  helmet,  skull,  etc.:  see  m.si;l.]  1.  A 
helmet  of  any  kind.    [Chiefly  poetic] 

My  good  blade  carves  the  casques  of  men, 
My  tough  lance  tlirusteth  sure. 

Tennyson,  Sir  Galahad. 

2.  In  sool.,  some  process  or  formation  on  the 
head  resembling  a  helmet;  a  galea.  Especially 

applied  in  ornitliology  to  the  horn  of  tlie  bill  of  the  horii- 
bills,  and  to  the  frontal  boss  or  sliield  of  various  birds,  as 
coots,  gallinules,  and  sundry  species  of  tlie  family  Icte- 
nd(e.  The  head  of  tlie  cassowary,  Casuarius  galeatus, 
otters  a  good  e.vaniiile.    See  cut  under  cassowary. 

casquet^t  (kas'ket),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  casket  = 
D.  kaskct  z=  G.  casquet  =  Dan.  kaskjet,  a  cap,  < 
F.  casquet,  <  It.  caschetto,  a  little  helmet,  dim. 
of  m.sro,  a  helmet:  see  cask'^,  casque.]  A  head- 
piece without  a  movable  vizor,  worn  in  the  six- 
teenth century 
and  later. 

casquet-t,  See 
cdskc  . 

casquetel+,».  [F., 

dim.  of  casque.] 
A  small  steel  cap 
or  open  helmet 
without  beaver 
or  vizor,  but  hav- 
ing a  projecting  umbril  and  overlapping  plates 
behind  for  ease  in  throwing  the  head  back. 
cassH  (kas),  v.  t.    [Older  form  of  cash'^,  q.  v.] 
1.  To  quash;  defeat;  annul. —  2.  To  dismiss; 
cashier. 

To  cass  all  old  and  unfaithful  bands. 

Raleigh,  Arts  of  Empire,  p.  14. 

cass^t,  [Contr.  of  caddis,  as  case-twrm  for 
caddis-worm.]    A  caddis-worm. 

Lumbrici  [It.],  little  easses  [corrected  casses,  ed.  1611]  or 
earth-wormes.  Florio  (1598). 

cassada,  cassado,  n.    Same  as  cassava. 

Cassandra  (ka-san'dra),  w.  [NL.,  <  L.  Cas- 
sandra, <  Gr.  KaaaavSpa,  in  Greek  legend  a 
daughter  of  Priam  and  Hecuba.]  In  hot.,  a 
genus  of  ericaceous  plants,  of  a  single  species, 
native  of  the  cooler  portions  of  Europe,  Asia, 
and  North  America.  C.  calyculata  is  a  low  shrul)  of 
the  nortlieru  I'nited  States,  witli  coriaceous  evergreen 
leaves  (hence  its  common  name  of  leather-leaf),  and  cylin- 
drical white  flowers  appearing  in  early  spring. 

cassareep,  cassireepe  (kas'a-,  kas'i-rep),  v. 

[Also  spelled  cassaripe ;  the  South  American 
name.]  A  sauce  made  of  cassava  or  manioc- 
root. 

cassate  (kas'at),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cassated, 
ppr.  cassating.  [<  L.  cassatns,  pp.  of  cassare, 
annul,  >  E.  cass'^  =  cash'>-  —  quash^  =  cashier'^: 
see  these  words.]  To  vacate,  annul,  or  make 
void. 

This  opinion  supersedes  and  cassates  the  best  medium 
we  liave.  Ray,  Works  of  Creation. 

The  laws  must  not  so  tolerate,  as  by  conserving  persons 
to  destroy  tliemselves,  and  the  public  benefit :  but  if  there 
be  cause  for  it,  they  must  be  cassated. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  II.  387. 

cassation^  (ka-sa'shon),  n.  [<  F.  cassation  = 
Sp.  casacion  =  Pg.  cassai^do  -  -  It.  ca.ssasione 
(cf.  D.  cassatie),  <  L.  as  if  *cassatio(n-),  <  cas- 
sare,  annul,  quash :  see  cassate.]  The  act 
of  annulling,  reversing,  or  canceling;  annul- 
ment. Tlie  Court  of  Cassation  is  the  highest  court  of 
France,  and  receives  appeals  from  all  other  courts. 

The  confederacy  of  nobles,  too,  was  dissolved,  having 
accomplished  little,  .  .  .  and  liaving  lost  all  credit  with 
the  people  by  the  formal  cassation  of  the  Compromise  in 
consequence  of  the  Accord  of  August. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  38. 

cassation^  (ka-sa'shon),  n.  In  music,  during 
the  eighteenth  century,  a  song  or  an  instru- 
mental piece  similar  to  the  serenade,  intended 
for  performance  in  the  open  air. 
cassava  (ka-sa'vji),  n.  [Formerly  also  casava, 
casave,  cassada,  cassado;  NL.  cassava;  <  F. 
cassave,  <  Sp.  casabe,  cazaho  =  Pg.  cassave,  < 
Haytian  kasabi.]  1 .  The  name  of  several  spe- 
cies of  Manihot,  a  euphorbiaeeous  genus  of 
stout  herbs,  extensively 
cultivated  for  food  in 
tropical  America  and  on 
the  coast  of  Africa,  from 
the  tuberous  roots  of 
which  cassava -bread, 
cassava-starch,  and  tapi- 
oca are  made.  The  kinds 

that  are  chiefly  used  are  M. 
utilissima  (bitter  cassava),  M. 
Aipi  (sweet  cassava),  and  M. 
Carthayinensis.  Also  known 
as  mandioc,  manioc,  or  ma- 
niocca.    See  manioc. 

„     .  -   2.  The  starch  prepared 

Branch  of  Cassava  (J/anzAo^     a  j.        5  j.i 

Htiiissima).  trom  the  roots  of  the 


Cassia 

cassava-plant.  The  roots,  which  are  sometimes  a  yard 
in  length,  are  grated,  and  the  pulp  is  freed  from  its  milky 
juice.  This  is  done  by  nuians  of  sacks  made  of  matting, 
which  are  tilled  and  suspended  from  a  beam,  weights  being 
attached  to  the  lower  end.  The  meal  tluis  dried  is  often 
made  immediately  into  bread  by  baking  it  in  broad  thin 
cakes.  Starch  is  obtained  by  washing  tlie  meal  in  water 
and  allowing  the  farinaceous  portion  to  settle.  This  starch, 
when  dried  upon  heated  plates,  is  converted  into  tapioca. 
The  juice  itself,  especially  that  from  the  bitter  cassava, 
contains  a  considerable  amount  of  hydrocyanic  acid,  and 
is  very  poisonous. 

cassava-wood  (ka-sa'va-wud),  n.    The  Turpi- 

nia  occidcntalis,  a  stapliyleaeeous  tree  of  tlin 
West  Indies, 
casset,  r.  t.    See  cassi. 

casseaoinet,  »•    An  old  form  of  chalcedony. 

casseeret,  r-  t.    An  earlier  fonn  of  cashier'^. 

Cassegrainian  (kas-e-gra'ni-an),  a.  Eelating 
to  one  Cassegrain,  who  in  lG7i!  described  a  new 
form  of  reflecting  telescope  essentially  difCer- 
ent  from  those  of  Newton  and  Gregory.  There  is 

a  hole  at  the  center  of  the  large  mirror  (as  in  the  Gre- 
gorian form),  but  the  rays  leaving  that  mirror,  before 
coming  to  a  focus,  strike  a  small  convex  mirror,  and  are 
reflected  through  the  hole  to  the  eyepiece.  The  telescope 
is  shorter  than  the  Gregorian,  the  spherical  aberration  is 
ptu'tly  eliminated,  and  the  loss  of  light  is  about  that  of  the 
Newtonian.    See  telescope. 

Cassel  brown,  green,  etc   See  the  nouns. 

Casselmann's  green.   See  green. 

cassen  (kas'en).  An  English  dialectal  form  of 
the  past  participle  of  cast^. 

cassena  (ka-se'na),  n.  [Also  cas.iina,  NL.  Cas- 
sinc.]    A  name  of  the  yaupon,  Ilex  Cassine. 

casse-paper  (kas'pa'''per),  n.  [=  D.  kuspapier;  < 
casse,  F.  casse,  broken,  pp.  of  casser,  break  (see 
ca.scade'^,  n.,  and  quash^),  +  jjapcr.]  Broken, 
wrinkled,  or  imperfect  paper  set  aside  by  the 
paper-maker. 

Casserian  (ka-se'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  See  Gas- 
serian. 

casserole  (kas'e-rol),  n.  [=  G.  kasserol  =  Dan. 
kasserulle  =  It.  casseruoJa  =  Pr.  cassarola,  <  F. 
casserole,  a  stew-pan  (also  dial,  castrolc,  >  G. 
dial,  kastrol,  kastrolle  =  Sw.  kastrull  =  D.  kas- 
trol),  dim.  of  OF.  casse  -  Cat.  cassa  —  It.  cazza 
(ML.  ca:;a,  cazia,  cazeola,  catiola),  a  crucible, 
ladle,  =  Sp.  Prtco  =  Pg.  cago,  a  frying-pan, 
saucepan,  <  OHG.  checzi  {*k.assi),  a  kettle,  with 
dim.  chezzil  =  E.  kettle,  q.  v.]  1.  A  stew-pan 
or  saucepan.  Hence  —  2.  A  dish  prepared  in 
such  a  pan;  a  sort  of  stew:  as,  a  casserole  of 
mutton. — 3.  A  sort  of  cup  made  of  rice,  mashed 
potatoes,  or  the  like,  and  browned  in  the  oven, 
designed  to  contain  some  delicate  and  highly 
flavored  dish. —  4.  Less  properly,  a  rim  or  edg- 
ing, as  of  rice,  around  the  edge  of  a  dish  of  stew, 
or  the  like. —  5.  A  small  handled  dish,  almost 
as  deep  as  it  is 
wide,  made  of 
porcelain,  and 
holding  from 
5to20oimces, 
used  in  chemi- 
cal   laboratO-  Casserole. 

ries  for  evap- 
orating solutions  to  dryness  and  for  other  pur- 
poses. 

casserole-fish (kas'e-rol-fish),  n.  ACreolename 
of  the  horseshoe  crab  or  king-crab,  Limulus 
polyphemus :  from  its  resemblance  to  a  sauce- 
pan. 

cassette  (ka-sef),  n.  [F.  (=  Pr.  caisseta  =  Cat. 
capseta  —  It.  cassetta),  a  casket,  box:  see  cas- 
ket^.] In  the  manufacture  of  chinaware,  a 
utensil  made  of  potters'  clay  with  sand,  in 
which  the  ware  is  baked.  It  is  usually  round, 
with  a  flat  bottom.    Also  called  coffin. 

cassetur  breve  (ka-se'ter  bre've).  [L.,  let  the 
brief  be  annulled :  cassetur,  3d  pers.  sing.  pres. 
subj.  pass,  of  cassare,  annul;  breve,  a  short 
writing:  see  cassate  and  brief.]  In  old  law,  an 
entry  on  the  record,  made  "by  a  plaintiii  who 
is  met  by  a  well-founded  plea  in  abatement, 
whereby  an  end  is  put  to  the  action,  and  he  can 
begin  anew. 

casseweedt  (kas'wed),  n.   An  obsolete  form  of 

caseweed. 

Cassia  (kash'ia)^  n.  [L.,  more  correctly  casia, 
<  Gr.  naaia,  Kaoaia,  <  Heb.  qetsi'dth,  cassia,  a  pi. 
form,  <  qetsi'dn,  cassia-bark,  <  qatsa',  cut.]  1. 
A  very  large  genus  of  leguminous  herbs,  shrubs, 
and  trees,  mostly  of  tropical  or  warm  regions. 

They  have  abruptly  pinnate  leaves,  nearly  regular  flowers, 
and  distinct  stamens  with  the  anthers  opening  by  pores. 
The  leaves  of  several  species  constitute  the  well-known 
cathartic  drug  called  senna..  The  purging  cassia,  C.  Fis- 
tula, an  ornamental  tree  of  the  old  world,  but  frequently 
planted  in  tropical  America,  has  very  long  cylindrical 
pods  containing  a  sweetish  pulp  which  is  used  in  medi- 
cine as  a  mild  laxative.    The  seeds  of  C.  occidentalis  are 


Cassia 

used  in  the  tropics  as  a  substitute  for  coffee,  and  are  known 
as  negro  or  Mogdad  coffee,  tliough  they  contain  no  caf- 


845 

Species  of  Casgida  and  allied  forms  are  recognized  by 
the  excessively  wide  margins  of  the  prothorax  and  elytra, 
and  by  the  head  being  partly  or  wholly  concealed  beneath 
the  forward  margin  of  the  prothorax,  the  whole  insect 
thus  presenting  a  flattened,  roundish,  scale-like  aspect. 

SInml.  Nat.  Hint.,  II.  .-jU. 


[NL.]   Samo  as  Cas- 


Flowers  and  Pruit  of  Cassia  Fistttla, 

fein.  Some  species  furnish  ornamental  woods,  and  several 
are  in  cultivation,  many  having  handsome  foliage  and 
conspicuous  yellow  flowers. 

2.  \\.  c]  The  cinnamon  cassia,  wild  cassia,  or 
cassia-bark.    See  cassia-lignea  Clove  cassia, 

the  bark  of  Dieypellium  caryophyllatuin,  a  little-known 
lauraceous  tree  of  Brazil.  It  has  a  clove-like  odor  and 
the  taste  of  cinnamon,  and  is  used  for  mixing  with  other 
spices. 

cassia-buds  (kash'ia-budz),  «.  pi.  The  com- 
mercial name  for  the  immature  fruit  of  the 
Chinese  tree  which  yields  cassia-lignea.  They 
are  used  as  a  spice. 

cassia-lignea  (kash'ia-lig'nf-a),  n.  [NL.,  lit. 
ligneous  or  woody  cassia :  see  Caasia  and  ligne- 
ous.~\  Cassia-bark,  or  wild  cassia,  also  known 
as  Chinese  cinnamon,  a  species  of  cinnamon 
obtained  chiefly  from  the  Cinnamomum  Cassia 
of  southern  China,  it  closely  resembles  Ceylon  cinna- 
mon, and  is  used  for  the  same  purposes.  Inferior  kinds 
are  largely  exported  from  southern  India,  Sumatra,  and 
other  East  Indian  islands,  the  product  of  C.  iners  and 
other  species. 

cassia-oil  (kash'ia-oil),  11.  A  volatile  oil  ob- 
tained from  cassia-lignea,  resembling  oil  of  cin- 
namon. 

cassia-pulp  (kash'ia-pulp),  n.  The  sweet  pulp 
which  exists  in  the  pods  of  Cassia  Fistula.  It 
is  used  in  medicine  as  a  mild  purgative.  See 
Cassia,  1. 

cassicau  (kas'i-kan),  n.  [=  F.  cassican;  < 
Cassicus  +  -an.']  1.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Cas- 
sicus.  Cuvier. —  2.  An  Australian  and  Papuan 
corvine  bird  of  either  of  the  genera  Gymnorhina 
and  Strepera ;  a  piping-crow.    See  Barita,  (c). 

Cassicinae(kas-i-si'ne),  n.pl.  [NL.,<  Cassicus 
+  -ince.']  A  subfamily  of  Icteridw,  typified  by 
the  genus  Cassicus;  the  caciques.  They  have 
naked  exposed  nostrils  and  the  mesorhrnium 
expanded  into  a  frontal  shield. 

Cassicus  (kas'i-kus),  n.  [NL.  (Brisson,  17C0) : 
see  Cacicus,  cacique.']    See  Cacicus. 

Cassida  (kas'i-da),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  cassis  (cas- 
sid-),  also  cassida,  a  helmet.]    A  genus  of  mo- 


Helmet-shell  { Cassis  flammea). 


Black-legged  Tortoise-beetle  {.Cassida  nigripes). 
a,  larva:  b.  larva,  cleaned  and  enlarged;  c.  pupa.   (Vertical  lines 
show  natural  sizes. ) 

nilicorn  beetles,  giving  name  to  the  family  Cas- 
sidiJcc^;  the  tortoise-beetles. 


Cassidse  (kas'i-de),  n.2)l- 

sididcE. 

cassideous  (ka-sid'e-us),  «.    [<  L.  cassis  {cas- 
sid-),  a  helmet,  -t-  -eons.]  In  ho/., 
helmet-shaped,  as  the  upper  .sl'- 
l^al  in  the  gemiB  AconiUmi. 

cassidid  (kas'i-did),  n.   A  gas- 
tropod of  the  family  Cassididw. 

Cassididsel  (ka-sid'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Cassida  +  -ida;.]  In 
eutom.,  a  family  of  phytophagous 
tetramerous  Coleoptcra  or  bee- 
tles, having  a  rounded  body, 
whence  the  name  of  the  group, 
Cyclica,  in  which  they  were  for- 
merly ranged.  They  are  known  as  turtoise-heetleis  and 
helmet-beetles,  the  dilated  thorax  forming  a  sort  of  liel- 
niet  covering  the  head.  The  genera  and  species  are  nu- 
merous. Also  written  Cassidce  and  Cassidiadoe.  See  cut 
under  Cassida. 

Cassididae^  (ka-sid'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Cassis 
(Cassid-)  +  -idee.]  In  conch.,  a  group  of  gastro- 
pod mollusks,  typified  by  the  genus  Cassis,  for- 
merly referred  to  the  Buccinidw,  now  forming  a 
separate  family;  the  helmet-shells,  or  cameos. 

They  are  characterized  by  a 
generally  thick  heavy  shell, 
with  a  short  spire,  a  cana- 
liculate aperture,  a  callous 
columellar  lip,  and  both  lips 
toothed  or  ribbed ;  and  by  a 
large  head  and  foot,  anil  a 
protrusile  proboscis.  The 
lingual  ribbon  has  7  rows  of 
teeth ;  the  median  rows  are 
transverse  and  multidentate, 
tlie  inner  lateral  broad  and 
multidentate,  and  the  outer 
lateral  unguiculate.  The  gen- 
era are  Cassis,  Cassidaria, 
and  Oniscia.  Also  written 
Cassidiadoe,  Cassidce.  See 
helmet-shell  and  cameo-shell. 

Cassidina  (kas-i-di'na), 
n.  [NL.,<  L.  cassis  (cas- 
sid-), a  helmet,  -b  -ina^.] 
A  genus  of  isopod  crustaceans,  the  species  of 
which  are  known  as  sMeld-slaters.  Edwards,  1840. 
Cassidix  (kas'i-diks),  )*.  [NL.  (Lesson),  appar. 
made  out  of  a  F.  *cassidiques,  pi.,  <  L.  as  if  *cas- 
sidicus,  adj.,  <  cassis  (cassid-),  a  helmet.]  1.  A 
genus  of  grackles,  or  American  oscine  passer- 
ine birds,  of  the  family  IcteridcB  and  subfamily 
Quiscalina,  having  thick  bills  and  boat-shaped 
tails:  same  as  Scapliidurus  (Swainson,  1831). 
R.  P.  Lesson,  1831. —  2.  [I.  c]  The  specific  name 
of  the  hornbill  of  Celebes,  Buceros  cassidix.  C. 
J.  Temminck,  1820. —  3.  A  generic  name  of  the 
same.  C.  L.  Bonaparte,  1849. 
cassidonyl  (kas'i-do-ni),  n.  A  corruption  of 
chalcedony. 

cassidony2  (kas'i-do-ni),  n.  [A  corruption  of 
L.  stcechas  Sidonia,  the  stoechas  of  Sidon,  where 
the  plant  is  indigenous.]  The  popular  name 
of  the  plant  Lavandula  Stcechas,  or  French  lav- 
ender. 

Cassidula  (ka-sid'u-la),  n.  [NL.  (Humphreys, 
1797),  dim.  of  L.  cassis  (cassid-),  a  helmet.]  1. 
The  typical  genus  of  sea-urchins  of  the  family 
Cassidulidce^.  Also  Cassiduhts ;  iMmarck,  1816. 
— 2.  In  conch.,  a  genus  of 
basommatophorous  pul- 
monate  gastropods,  of  the 
family  Auriculidw,  having 
a  squarish  body-whorl, 
very  short  spire,  and 
toothed  lips.  The  species 
inhabit  the  sea-shores  of  the  Indo-Pacific  re- 
gion.    Also  Cassiduhts ;  Latreille,  1825. 

Cassidulidaei  (kas-i-dii'li-de),  n.  jd.  [NL.,  < 
Cassidula,  1,  -i-  -ida;.]  A  family  of  exoeyclic 
or  petalostichous  echinoderms,  or  irregular 
sea-urchins,  known  as  heart-urchins,  having  a 
rounded  or  oval  form,  very  fine  spines,  and  no 
faseioles.  It  includes  the  subfamilies  Echino- 
neinw  and  Nucleolinw. 

Cassidulidae^  (kas-i-du'li-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Cassidulus  +  -idm.]  A  family  of  proboscis-bear- 
ing peetinibranehiate  gastropods,  typified  by 
the  genus  Cassidulus.  They  are  characterized  by  a 
long  neck  and  small  head,  tentacles  small  and  near  the  end 
of  the  head,  and  teeth  on  the  lingual  ribbon  in  3  rows,  the 
central  moderately  broad,  and  the  lateral  versatile  and 
bidentate  ;  the  shell  is  pear-shaped  or  obconic,  and  with 
a  produced  canal.  The  species  are  inhabitants  of  tropical 
seas. 

Cassidulus  (ka-sid'ii-lus),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  ca.ssis 
(cassid-),  a  helmet.]    1.  A  name  of  a  genus  of 


Cassiopeia 

gastropods  taken  for  the  type  of  the  family  Cas- 
sidulidce^:  synonymous  with  Melongena. —  2. 
Samo  as  Cassidula. 
cassimere  (kas'i-mer),  n.  [Also  easimirc;  cor- 
I'upted  to  Iccrscymere,  q.  v. ;  -  D.  Icasimivr  =  G. 
Dan.  Sw.  kasiniir,  <  F.  casimir,  prob.  <  Sp.  casi- 
niiro  — .  Pg.  casimira  =  It.  casimiro,  >  Turk,  qdz- 
niir,  cassimere;  ult.  the  same  word  as  cashmere, 
q.  v.]  A  woolen  cloth  about  .30  inclies  in  width, 
used  for  men's  wear;  specifically,  a  twilled 
clotli  of  the  above  description,  used  principally 
for  trousers. 

cassina  (ka-si'nii),  w.    Same  as  cassena. 

cassine  (ka-seu'),  n.  [F.,  <  It.  casino,  a  coun- 
try-houso,  etc.:  see  casino.]  A  small  house, 
especially  in  the  open  country;  specifically,  a 
house  standing  alone,  where  soldiers  may  lie 
hid  or  take  a  position. 

cassinet,  n.    Same  as  cassincite. 

cassinette  (kas-i-nef),  «.  [=  G,  cassinet,  Sp. 
casinatc ;  a  sort  of  dim.  of  cassimere.]  A  cloth 
made  of  a  cotton  warp  and  a  woof  of  very  fine 
wool,  or  wool  and  silk,  used  for  waistcoats. 
Also  called  kerseynette.    E.  IJ.  Knight. 

Cassinian  (ka-sin'i-an),  a.  and  n.  I,  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  member  of  the  Italian  and  French 
family  Cassini,  which 
produced  four  genera- 
tions of  astronomers, 
1G25-1845.  Also  Ca.ssi- 
noid. 

If  we  wish  the  plane  of  mo- 
tion to  be  of  limited  extent,  we 
must  make  its  boundary  one  of 
tlie  Cassinian  ellipses. 
Miiuhin,  Uniplanar  Kinemat- 

[ics,  VI.  iii.  130. 
Cassinian  oval,  or  Cassin- 
ian, a  bicircular  quartic  curve, 
the  locus  of  a  point  the  pro- 
duct of  whose  distances  from 
two  fixed  points  is  constant. 
The  Cartesian  equation  is 
(a;2  +  ?y2  +  a2)2  —  4a2x2  =  mi.  If  mS  <^  a'^,  the  real  curve 
consists  of  two  ovals  ;  if  m-  y  a-,  it  consists  of  one ;  and 
if  m'2  =  a^,  it  becomes  the  lemniscate.  Cassinians  are 
curves  of  the  eighth  class  (except  the  lemniscate,  which 
is  of  the  sixth),  and  have  four  stationary  tangents  on  the 
absolute. 

II,  n.  A  Cassinian  oval. 

cassinite  (kas'i-nit),  n.  A  kind  of  feldspar  from 
Delaware  county,  Pennsylvania,  remarkable  for 
containing  several  per  cent,  of  baryta. 

cassino,  n.    See  casino,  3. 

cassinoid  (kas'i-noid),  M.  and  a.  [As  Cas- 
sin-ian  -{-  -oid;  =  F.  cassino'ide.]  I.  n.  In  math., 
a  plane  curve,  the  locus  of  a  point  the  product 
of  whose  distances  from  a  number  of  fixed  points 
is  constant ;  a  logarithmic  potential  curve.  See 
Cassinian. 
II.  a.  [cap.]  Same  as  Cassinian. 

Cassiope  (ka-si'o-pe),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  Cassiope,  < 
Gr.  KaaawTTTj,  a  fem.  proper  name.  Cf.  Cassio- 
peia.] A  small  genus  of  ericaceous  plants,  low 
evergreen  shrubs,  resembling  heaths,  natives 
of  alpine  and  arctic  regions,  chiefly  of  North 
America.  C.  hypnoides,  of  Labrador  and  Greenland 
and  the  mountains  of  New  York  and  New  England,  is  also 
a  native  of  Lapland  and  arctic  Siberia. 

Cassiopeia  (kas"i-o-pe'ya),  n.  [L.,  also  written 
Cussiopea,  Cassiepeia,  -pea,  and  Cassiojie  (>  F. 
Cassiopee  =  Sp.  Casiopea  =  Pg.  It.  Cassiopea), 
<  Gr.  Ka(jGi6-eia,  KacjaiiTreta,  and  KaGowrrr/,  in 
myth,  the  wife  of  Cepheus,  king  of  Ethiopia, 
and  mother  of  Andromeda ;  afterward  placed 


Four  Confocal  Cassinian 
Ovals. 

J^,  F,  foci.  Putting  2rt  for 
the  distance  between  them, 
the  equations  of    the  ovals 

represented  are  Y pp  =  o.8a, 
V PP  =  a  (the  lemniscate. 
or  figure-8  curve),  V pp  = 
l.sa,  y  pp'  =  1.5a. 


Cassidula  auris-felis. 


The  Constellation  Cassiopeia,  according  to  the  description  of  Ptolenjv 


Cassiopeia 

among  the  stars.  ]  1 .  A  beautiful  eirciunpolar 
constellatiou,  supposed  to  represent  the  wife  of 
Cepheus  seated  in  a  chair  and  liolding  up  both 

arms,  it  contains  30  stars  brigliter  than  the  sixth  mag- 
uitiule,  ami  is  always  fonntl  opposite  tlie  Great  Bear  on  tlie 
otiier  side  of  the  pole-star.  In  this  constellation  appeared  in 
1572  a  temporary  star  brighter  than  \  enus  at  its  brightest. 

2.  [NL.]  In  .;od7.,  the  typical  genus  of  the  fam- 
ily Cassiopeudw.  C.  barbonica  of  the  Mediterranean  is 
an  example.  C.frnndosa  inhabits  the  Florida  keys.  Origi- 
nally Cassiopea.    Peron  and  Lesson,  1809. 

Cassiopeiidse  (kas'i-o-pe'j-i-de),  n.  jjl  [NL., 
<  Casttiojieia  +  -iV/<r.]  '  A  family  of  rhizostomous 
diseophorous  hydrozoans,  represented  by  the 

genus  Cassiopeia.  The  species  are  attached  in  the 
adult  state  instead  of  free-swimming,  being  usually  found 
upon  coral  mud. 

cassique,  «.  See  cacique. 
cassireepe,  n.  See  cassarcep. 
Cassis  (kas'is),  ».  [NL.  (Klein,  1734  in  eehino- 
derms,  and  1753  in  mollusks),  <  L.  cassis,  hel- 
met.] A  large  genus  of  prosobranchiate  gas- 
tropodous  mollusks,  known  as  helmet-sJiells,  for- 
merly placed  with  the  Buccinidce  or  whelks,  or 
with  the  DoUid(e,  but  now  made  the  type  of  a 
family  Cassididw.  See  cut  under  Cassididw^. 
cassiterite  (ka-sit'e-rit),  n.  [<  L.  cassiterum  (< 
Gr.  mmiTspog,  tin;  prob.  of  Phenician  origin: 
of.  Ar.  qasdir,  pewter,  tin,  Skt.  histira,  tin)  + 
-ife2;  =F.  cassiteridc.^  Native  tin  dioxid,  Sn02, 
a  mineral  crystallizing  in  tetragonal  forms,  usu- 
ally of  a  brown  to  black  color,  and  having  a 
splendent  adamantine  luster  on  the  crystalline 

faces.  Its  specific  gravity  is  very  liigh,  nearly  equal  to 
that  of  metallic  iron  ;  it  generally  occurs  in  irregular 
masses  and  grains,  disseminated  in  granite,  gneiss,  clay 
slate,  mica  slate,  and  porphyry  ;  also  in  reniform  shapes 
with  fibrous  radiated  structure  (wood-tin),  and  in  rolled 
pieces  or  grains,  as  sand,  in  which  last  condition  it  is  known 
as  stream-tin.  It  is  the  principal  source  of  metallic  tin, 
occurring  in  many  localities,  the  most  important  of  which 
are  Cornwall  in  England,  the  Erzgebirge  in  Saxony  and 
Bohemia,  Finland,  the  island  of  Banca  near  Sumatra,  and 
Queensland  in  Australia.  It  has  recently  been  found  in 
some  quantity  in  Dakota.  The  supply  at  present  is  chiefly 
drawn  from  Australia, 
cassius  (kash'ius),  n.  [Named  from  its  discov- 
erer, Andreas  Cassius,  a  German  chemist  of  the 
17th  century.]  A  certain  purple  pigment.  See 
purple. 

cassock  (kas'ok),  n.  [<  F.  casaque,  a  cassock 
(>  casaquin,  a  small  cassock,  a  corset,  >  Dan. 
TcasseJciug,  a  jacket,  jerkin),  <  It.  casacca  (=  Sp. 
Pg.  casaca),  a  great-coat,  surtout,  lit.  a  house 
(cf.  casaccia,  a  large,  ugly  old  house),  <  casa,  a 
house :  see  casa,  casino,  and  cf.  chasuble,  from 
the  same  ult.  source.]  1.  Any  loose  robe  or 
outer  coat,  but  particularly  a  military  one. 

The  muster-file,  rotten  and  soutkI,  upon  my  life,  amounts 
not  to  fifteen  thousand  poll;  half  of  the  which  dare  not 
shake  the  snow  from  ofl:  their  cassocks,  lest  they  shake 
themselves  to  pieces.  Shale,  Alls  Well,  iv.  3. 

This  small  piece  of  service  will  bring  him  clean  out  of 
love  with  the  soldier  for  ever.  He  will  never  come  within 
the  sign  of  it,  the  sight  of  a  cassock,  or  a  musket-rest  again. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  ii.  3. 

2.  A  long  clerical  coat,  buttoned  over  the  breast 
and  reaching  to  the  feet,  and  confined  at  the 
waist  by  a  broad  sash  called  a  circline.   in  the 

Roman  Catholic  Church  its  color  varies  with  the  dignity 
of  the  wearer  :  priests  wear  black  ;  bishops,  purple  ;  car- 
dinals, scarlet ;  and  popes,  white.  In  the  Anglican  Church 
black  IS  worn  by  all  the  three  orders  of  the  clergy,  but 
bishops  upon  state  occasions  often  wear  purple. 

The  custom  was,  both  here  and  in  the  other  northern 
parts  of  Christendom,  for  all  clergymen,  whether  secular 
or  of  a  religious  order,  to  have  the  gown  we  now  call  a 
cassock,  lined,  like  the  garments  of  the  laity,  thi'onghout 
with  furs,  in  Latin,  pelles  :  hence  this  vesture  got  its  name, 
"  pellicea  "  or  pelisse.  Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  20. 
cassocked  (kas'okt),  a.  [<  cassock  +  -erfa.] 
Clothed  with  a  cassock. 

A  cassock' d  huntsman  and  a  fiddling  priest! 

Cowpei;  I'rog.  of  Err.,  1.  111. 

cassolette  (kas'o-let),  n.  [P.,  <  Sp.  cazoleta, 
pan  of  a  musket-loek,  a  kind  of  perfume,  lit.  a 
little  pan,  dim.  of  cazo,  a  saucepan :  see  casse- 
role.'] 1.  A  censer;  a  vessel  with  a  pierced  cover 
for  burning  perfumes.— 2.  A  vessel  or  box  for 
holding  perfumes  and  provided  with  a  perfo- 
rated cover  to  perniit  the  diftusion  of  them. 

cassonade  (kas-o-nad'),  n.  [<  P.  cnssonade  (> 
Pg.  cassonada),  <  OF.  casson,  mod.  F.  caisson  = 
Pg.  caixao,  a  large  chest  (cf.  OSp.  cason,  brown 
sugar,  because  the  sugar  is  imported  in  large 
chests):  see  caisson  and  case2.]  Raw  sugar; 
sugar  not  refined. 

cassone  (ka-s6'ne),  n. ;  pi.  cassoni  (-ni).  [It., 
aug.  of  cnssa,  a  chest:  see  cassoon,  caisson.] 
A  great  chest ;  specifically,  one  of  the  Italian 
bridal  chests  or  richly  decorated  coffers  which 
were  made  in  Italy  in  the  middle  ages  and  later 
to  contain  the  more  costly  part  of  the  bridal 
outfit. 


846 

The  Cassoni,  or  large  trousseau  coffers,  on  which  the 
most  costly  and  elaborate  decorations  were  often  lavished. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  855! 

cassons  (kas'onz),  n.    Same  as  casings. 

cassoon  (ka-son'),  n.  [<  It.  cassone  {=  OF. 
casson,  F.  caisson  (>  E.  caisson)  =  Pg.  caixao), 
a  large  chest,  aug.  of  cassa,  a  chest :  see  case^, 
cash^.]  A  deep  panel  or  coffer  in  a  ceiling  or 
soffit. 

cassoumba  (ka-s6m'ba),  «.  [Native  name.] 
A  pigment  made  in  Ariiboyna,  Moluccas,  from 
the  burnt  capsules  of  the  plant  Sterculia  Ba- 
langhas. 

cassowary  (kas'o-wa-ri),  n.;  pi.  cassowaries 
(-riz).  [=  P.  casoar  =  Sp.  casoario,  casobar,  ca- 
suel  —  It.  casuario  =  D.  casuaar,  Jcasuaris  =  G. 
Dan.  Sw.  Tcasuar  (NL.  casuarius),  <  Malay  kassu- 
waris,  the  cassowary.]  A  large  struthious  bird 


Cassowary  ( Casuarius  galealiis). 


of  the  genus  Casuarius,  subfamily  Casuariinm, 
and  family  Casuariidw,  inhabiting  Australia  and 

the  Papuan  islands,  it  resembles  the  ostrich,  and  is 
nearly  as  large,  l)Ut  has  shorter  and  thicker  legs  in  pro- 
portion, and  three  toes.  It  is  characterized  by  a  ratite 
sternum,  plumage  with  large  aftershafts,  rudimentary 
wings  represented  externally  by  several  spine-like  pro- 
cesses, fleshy  caruncles  or  lappets  upon  the  throat,  and  a 
large  casque  or  helmet  upon  the  head.  It  runs  with  great 
rapidity,  outstripping  the  s\\  iltcst  horse.  The  cassowary 
leaves  its  few  eggs  to  be  hatchrd  by  the  heat  of  the  sun. 
cassumunar  (kas-u-mu'nitr),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  An 
aromatic  root  used  as  a  tonic  and  stimulant,  ob- 
tained from  Zingiber  Cassumunar. 
castl  (kast),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cast,  ppr.  casting. 
[<  ME.  casten,  kcsicn,  <  leel.  kasta  -  Sw.  kas'ia 
=  Dan.  kasfe,  throw ;  a  purely  Scaud.  word, 
not  found  in  the  other  Teut.  tongues,  where 
the  orig.  word  for  '  throw'  is  warp  with  its  cog- 
nates.] I.  trans.  1.  To  throw,  either  literally 
or  figuratively :  as,  to  cast  a  stone  at  a  bird ;  to 
cast  light  on  a  subject;  to  cast  a  shadow;  to 
cast  a  slur  on  one's  reputation. 

Thei  brought  tlire  mantels  furred  witli  ermyn,  and  the 
cloth  was  scarlet,  and  thei  caste  hem  v]iou  the  two  kynges. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S,),  iii.  607. 
Uzziah  prepared  for  them  .  .  .  slings  to  cast  stones. 

2  Chron.  xxvi.  14. 
Both  the  chariot  and  horse  are  cast  into  a  dead  sleep. 

Ps.  Ixxvi.  6. 

Sir,  I  forgive  you  heartily, 
And  all  youi-  wrong  to  me  I  cast  behind  me. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  v.  3. 
I  shall  desire  all  indifferent  eyes  to  judge  whether  these 
men  do  not  endeavour  to  cast  unjust  envy  upon  me. 

Milton,  On  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 

Round  his  soul  her  net  she  strove  to  cast. 
Almost  despite  herself. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  107. 

2.  To  throw  with  violence  or  force;  fling; 
hurl:  usually  with  some  adjunct,  such  as  away, 
down,  into,  off,  out,  etc.    See  phrases  below. 

On  the  heighte  of  that  Pynacle,  the  Jewes  setten  Seynt 
Jame,  and  casted  him  down  to  the  Erthe,  that  first  was 
Bisschopp  of  Jerusale.  MandeoiUe,  Travels,  p.  87. 

Noting  thereon  the  casting  dotvne  of  the  Forts  on  Tigris, 
and  amongst  them  the  Temple  of  Belus  there  erected. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  77. 
And  the  Lord  turned  a  mighty  strong  west  wind,  which 
took  away  thelocusts,  and  cast  them  into  the  Red  Sea. 

Ex.  X.  19. 

Specifically — 3.  To  throw  to  the  ground,  as 
in  wrestling;  especially,  to  throw  a  horse  or 
other  animal  to  the  ground,  as  in  training,  or 
for  a  surgical  operation  or  slaughter. 
I  made  a  shift  to  cast  him.  Shak.,  Slaobeth,  ii.  3. 


cast 

„    ,  Eying  him. 

As  eyes  the  butcher  the  cast  panting  ox 
That  feels  his  fate  is  come,  nor  struggles  more. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  25. 

4t.  To  decide  or  bring  in  a  verdict  against,  as  in 
a  lawsuit ;  condemn  as  guilty ;  hence,  to  defeat. 
If  the  whole  power  of  my  estate  can  cast  him. 
He  never  shall  obtain  me. 

Middleton  (and  others).  The  Widow,  ii.  1. 

The  Commons  by  far  the  greater  number  cast  him  :  the 
Lords,  after  they  had  been  satisfied  in  a  full  discourse  by 
the  Kmgs  Solicitor,  and  the  opinions  of  many  Judges  de- 
livered 111  their  House,  agreed  likewise  to  the  Sentence  ot 
^'■e-'is""-  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  ii. 

Were  the  case  referred  to  any  competent  judge,  they 
would  inevitably  be  cast.  Decay  of  Christian  Piety. 

His  father  left  him  fourscore  pounds  a  year  ;  but  he  has 
cast  and  been  cast  so  often,  tliat  he  is  not  now  worth 
"■""■'y'  Addison,  Sir  Roger  at  the  Assizes. 

5t.  To  disband  or  break  up  (a  regiment  or  com- 
pany) ;  hence,  to  dismiss ;  reject ;  cashier ;  dis- 
card. 

When  a  company  is  cast,  yet  the  captain  still  retains  the 
title  of  captain.  Chapman,  All  Fools,  v.  1. 

The  state  .  .  . 
Cannot  with  safety  cast  him.      Shak. ,  Othello,  i.  ] . 
His  regiment  is  cast,  that  is  most  certain. 
And  his  command  in  the  castle  given  away. 

Fletcher,  Double  Marriage,  i.  1. 

6.  To  shed  or  throw  off;  part  with  ;  lose:  as, 
trees  cast  their  fruit ;  a  serpent  casts  his  skin ; 
''to  cast  the  rags  of  sin,"  Drydcn;  "casted 
slough,"  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  1. 

He  cast  al  his  colour  and  bi-com  pale,  and  eft  red  as  rose 
in  a  litel  while.     William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  881. 
Your  colt's  tooth  is  not  cast  yet. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  3. 
You  likewise  will  do  well. 
Ladies,  in  entering  here,  to  cast  and  fling 
The  tricks  which  make  us  toys  of  men. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 

7t.  To  throw  out  or  up ;  eject ;  vomit. 
We  all  were  sea-swallow'd,  though  some  cast  again. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  ii.  1. 
His  filth  within  being  cast,  he  would  appear 
A  pond  as  deep  as  hell.        Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 

8.  To  form  by  throwing  up  earth ;  raise. 
Thine  enemies  shall  cast  a  trench  about  thee. 

Luke  xix.  43. 

The  blind  mole  casts 
Copp'd  hills  toward  heaven.    Shak. ,  Pericles,  i.  1. 

9t.  To  emit  or  give  out. 

This  casts  a  sulphureous  smell.  Woodward. 

10.  To  bestow;  confer  (upon)  or  transfer  (to). 

The  government  I  cast  upon  my  brother. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2. 

11.  To  turn;  direct:  as,  to  cast  a  look  or 
glance  of  the  eye. 

She  kneel'd,  and,  saint-like, 
Cast  her  fair  eyes  to  heaven,  and  pray'd  devoutly 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iv.  1. 
In  casting  his  eyes  about,  the  commodore  beheld  that 
the  shore  abounded  with  oysters. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  123. 
12t.  Reflexive  :  To  think  or  propose  to  (one's 
self) ;  intend. 

And  cast  him  to  lyue 
In  ydelnesse  and  in  ese  and  by  others  trauayle. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  x.  151. 
Who  that  cast  hym  thys  reule  for  to  kepe, 
Mot  conforme  hym  like  in  enery  thyng. 
Where  he  shall  byde,  vnto  the  felyshype. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  26. 

13t.  To  consider;  think  out;  hence,  to  plan; 
contrive;  arrange. 

He  that  casteth  all  doubts,  shal  neuer  be  resolued  in 
any  thing.  Lyly,  Euphues  and  his  England,  p.  354. 

Cast  it  also  that  you  may  have  rooms  both  for  summer 
and  winter.  Bacon,  Building. 

I'll  do't  with  ease,  I  have  cast  it  all. 

B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  iv.  1. 
The  plot  was  cast  by  me,  to  make  thee  jealous. 

Fletcher,  Sijanish  Curate,  v.  2. 
I  serv'd  you  faithfully. 
And  cast  your  plots  but  to  preserve  your  credit. 

Fletcher  and  Shirley,  Night- Walker,  v.  2. 
The  cloister  .  .  .  would  have  been  proper  for  an  orange- 
house  ;  and  had,  I  doubt  not,  been  cast  for  that  purpose. 

Sir  W.  Temple. 

I  shall  cast  what  I  have  to  say  under  two  principal  heads. 

Addison,  Charge  to  the  Jury. 

14.  Theat. :  (a)  To  distribute  or  allot  the  parts 
among  the  actors  :  said  of  a  play:  as,  to  "cast 
the  'Merchant  of  Venice,'"  Addison. 

I  should  have  thought,  now,  that  it  [the  piece]  might 
have  been  cast  (as  the  actors  call  it)  better  at  Drury-lane. 

Sheridan,  The  Critic,  i.  1. 

(6)  To  assign  a  certain  part  or  role  to :  as,  to 
cast  an  actress  for  the  part  of  Portia. — 15.  To 
find  or  ascertain  by  computation;  compute; 
reckon  ;  calculate:  as,  to  cast  accounts;  to  cast 
a  nativity. 

She  cast  my  destiny, 
I  being  but  a  child.      B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  iii.  1. 


cast 


847 


cast 


He  is  the  Faustus, 
That  casteth  figures  ami  can  conjure. 

B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  iv.  4. 
You  cast  the  event  of  war,  niy  noble  lord, 
And  summ'd  tlie  account  of  chance. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1. 
The  mariner  was  left  to  creep  along  the  coast,  while  the 
astronomer  was  casting  nativities. 

Everett,  Orations,  I.  248. 

16.  To  bring  forth  abortively. 

Thy  ewes  and  thy  slie  goats  have  not  cast  their  young. 

Gen.  xx.xi.  38. 

17.  To  found;  form  into  a  particular  shape  or 
object,  as  liquid  metal,  by  pouring  into  a  mold. 

Whom  I've  power  to  melt. 
And  cast  in  any  mould.    B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  i.  1. 

18.  To  form  by  founding;  make  by  pouring 
molten  matter  into  a  mold. 

Thou  Shalt  cast  four  rings  of  gold  for  it.      Ex.  xxv.  12. 

19.  In  falconry,  to  place  (a  hawk)  upon  his 
perch. —  20.  To  winnow  (grain)  by  throwing 
in  the  air,  or  from  one  side  of  a  barn  or  thresh- 
ing-floor to  the  other — To  be  cast  down,  to  be  de- 
pressed or  dejected. 

Why  art  thou  cast  down,  0  my  soul?  Ps.  xlii.  5. 

T«ll  your  master  not  to  be  cast  down  by  this. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  ii.  2. 

To  cast  a  ballot.  See  ballot— To  cast  a  colt's  tooth. 
See  coi?.— To  cast  a  nativity,  see  nativit!/.— To  cast 

anchor,  to  moor  a  vessel  by  letting  the  anchor  or  anchors 
drop.  See  anchori.— To  cast  a  point  Of  traverse,  in 
navigation,  to  prick  down  on  a  chart  the  point  of  the  com- 
pass any  land  bears  from  you.  E.  Phillips,  1706.~To  cast 
aside,  to  dismiss  or  reject  as  useless  or  inconvenient. 
This  poor  gown  I  will  not  cast  aside 

Until  himself  arise  a  living  man, 

And  bid  me  cast  it.  Tennyson,  Geraint. 

To  cast  away,  (a)  To  reject.  Lev.  xxvi.  44.  (6)  To 
throw  away ;  lavish  or  waste  by  profusion  ;  tm-n  to  no 
use  :  as,  to  cast  away  life  ;  to  cast  away  a  golden  oppor- 
tunity. 

She  has  cast  away  herself,  it  is  to  be  fear'd. 
Against  her  uncle's  will,  nay,  any  consent, 
But  out  of  a  mere  neglect,  and  spite  to  herself, 
Married  suddenly  without  any  advice. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Wit  at  Several  Weapons,  v.  2. 

(c)  To  \vreck :  as,  the  ship  was  cast  away  on  the  coast  of 
AJfrica. 

Cast  away,  and  sunk,  on  Goodwin  Sands. 

Shale,  K.  John,  v.  5. 
The  last  of  Nouember,  saith  May,  we  departed  from  La- 
guna  in  Hispaniola,  and  the  seuenteenth  of  December  fol- 
lowing, we  were  cast  away  vpon  the  North-west  of  the  Ber- 
mudas. Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Sinith,  True  Travels,  II.  118. 

To  cast  behind  the  back.  See  backi.—  To  cast  by,  to 

reject ;  fling  orthrow  by.— To  cast  forth,  to  throw  out  or 
reject,  as  from  an  inclosed  place  or  confined  space  ;  emit 
or  send  out. 

He  shall  grow  as  the  lily,  and  cast  forth  his  roots  as  Leb- 
anon. Hos.  xiv.  5. 
To  cast  in,  to  throw  into  the  bargain. 

Such  an  omniscient  church  we  wish  indeed  ; 
'Twere  worth  both  Testaments,  cast  in  the  creed. 

Dryden,  Religio  Laici. 
To  cast  in  one's  lot  ■with,  to  share  the  fate  or  fortune 
of.— To  cast  in  the  teeth  of,  to  upbraid  with  ;  charge 
or  twit  with.— To  cast  lots.  See  lot.— To  cast  off.  (a) 
To  discard  or  reject ;  drive  away. 

The  prince  will,  in  the  perfectness  of  time. 

Cast  o/his  followers.        Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  4. 

He  may  cast  you  off,  and  with  you  his  life. 

Beau,  and,  FL,  Laws  of  Candy,  ii.  1. 
(6)  Naut.,  to  unloose  or  let  go  :  as,  to  cast  off  a  vessel  in 
tow.  (c)  In  hunting,  to  leave  behind,  as  dogs  ;  set  loose 
or  free. 

Away  he  scours,  .  .  .  casts  off  the  dogs,  and  gains  a  wood. 

Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 

His  falconer  cast  off  one  falcon  after  the  heron,  and  the 
earl  another.  Strutt,  Sports  and  Pastimes,  p.  87. 

(d)  In  knitting,  to  finish  (the  work)  at  any  part  by  work- 
ing off  the  stitches,  so  that  it  remains  firm  and  permanent. 

(e)  In  printing,  to  compute  the  space  required  for  each 
column  or  division  of,  as  a  table,  a  piece  of  music,  or  the 
like,  so  that  the  matter  furnished  may  properly  fit  the 
space  at  command.— To  cast  Off  copy,  in  printing,  to 
compute  the  number  oi  words  in  written  copy,  in  order 
to  find  the  space,  or  the  number  of  pages,  which  the  mat- 
ter will  fill  when  in  type.— To  cast  on.  (a)  To  refer  or 
resign  to.  SoiUh.  (b)  In  knitting,  to  begin  (the  work)  by 
putting  the  yarn,  cotton,  or  the  like  upon  the  needles  in 
loops  or  stitches.— To  cast  out.  (a)  To  reject  or  turn  out. 

Thy  brat  hath  been  cast  out,  .  .  . 
No  father  owning  it.         Shak.,  W.  T.,  iii.  2. 
(6)  To  speak  or  give  vent  to.    Addison.— To  cast  the 

balance.  See  balance.— To  cast  the  cavel  or  keveL 

See  cavel.— To  cast  the  draperies,  in  the  Jine  arts,  to 
dispose  the  folds  of  the  garments  with  which  the  figures 
in  a  picture  are  clothed  ;  dispose  the  main  lines  of  a  pic- 
ture generally.— To  cast  the  fly,  to  angle  with  rod  and 
artificial  lure,  in  distinction  from  fishing  with  bait  or  a 
hand-line.— To  cast  the  lead,  to  heave  the  lead.  See 
lead.— To  cast  up.    (a)  To  compute  ;  reckon  ;  calculate. 

Casting  up  the  cost  beforehand.  Dryden. 

The  Mindanaians  are  no  good  Accomptants  ;  therefore 
the  Chinese  that  live  here,  do  cast  up  their  Acconipts  for 
them.  Dampier,  Voyages,  I.  360. 

Now  casting  vp  the  Store,  and  finding  sufficient  till  the 
next  harvest,  the  feare  of  starving  was  abandoned. 

Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith,  True  Travels,  I.  222. 
(6)  To  eject ;  vomit. 

Their  villany  goes  against  my  weak  stomach,  and  there- 
fore I  must  cast  it  up.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  2. 


Cast  up  the  poison  that  infects  thy  mind.  Dryden. 

(c)  To  twit  or  upbraid  with  ;  recall  to  one's  notice  for  the 
purpose  of  annoying :  witli  to. 

Lady  W.'s  maid  is  always  casting  uj>  to  me  how  happy 
her  lord  and  ladyship  is.  Lever. 

(d)  To  raise  ;  throw  up. 

Throws  down  one  mountain  to  cast  up  a  higher. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  i.  4. 

Buried  him  in  the  ground,  and  cast  vp  an  high  liill  ouer 
him.  Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  87. 

To  cast  upon,  to  refer  to. 

If  things  were  cast  upon  this  issue,  that  God  should 
never  prevent  sin  till  man  deserved  it,  the  best  would  sin 
aiul  sin  for  ever.  South. 
To  cast  (a  person's)  watert,  to  examine  urine  in  diagnos- 
ing a  disease. 

If  thou  couldst,  doctor,  cast 
The  water  of  ray  land,  find  her  disease. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  3. 

=  Syn.  Fling,  etc.    See  hurl. 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  throw;  shoot. 

At  loners,  lowpes.  Archers  had  plente. 

To  cast,  draw,  and  shete,  the  diH'ence  to  be 

That  non  wordly  man  myght  no  wyse  it  take. 

Rom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1176. 

2t.  To  throw  up ;  vomit. 

These  verses  too,  a  poison  on  'em  !  I  cannot  abide  them, 
they  make  me  ready  to  cast.      B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  i.  1. 

3.  To  turn  or  revolve  something  in  the  mind ; 
ponder;  consider;  scheme. 

Hast  thou  cast  how  to  accomplish  it? 

Marlowe,  Edward  II.,  v.  4. 
The  best  way  to  represent  to  life  the  manifold  use  of 
friendship  is  to  cast  and  see  how  many  things  there  are 
which  a  man  cannot  do  himself.         Bacon,  Friendship. 
This  way  and  that  I  cast  to  save  my  friends.  Pope. 

4.  To  make  calculations ;  sum  up  accounts. 

Oh  !  who  would  cast  and  balance  at  a  desk? 

Tennyson,  Audley  Court. 

5.  To  warp ;  become  twisted  or  distorted. 

Stuff  is  said  to  cast  or  warp  when  ...  it  alters  its  flat- 
ness or  straightness.       J.  Moxon,  Mechanical  Exercises. 

6.  To  lose  color ;  fade.  [Scotch.]  —  7.  To  re- 
ceive form  or  shape  in  a  mold. 

A  mass  that  is  immediately  malleable,  and  will  not  run 
thin,  so  as  to  cast  and  mould.  Woodivard,  Fossils. 

8.  Naut. :  (a)  To  fall  off  or  incline,  so  as  to 
bring  the  side  to  the  wind :  applied  particularly 
to  a  ship  riding  with  her  head  to  the  wind 
when  her  anchor  is  first  loosened  in  getting  im- 
der  way.    (6)  To  tack ;  put  about ;  wear  ship. 

I  cast  to  seaward  again  to  come  with  the  island  in  the 
morning  betimes. 

Roger  Bodenham,  in  Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I,  35. 

9.  In  hunting,  to  search  for  the  scent  or  trail  of 
game. 

In  his  work  the  foxhound  is  peculiar  for  dash,  and  for 
always  lieing  inclined  to  cast  forwards,  instinctively  ap- 
pearing to  be  aware  that  the  fox  makes  his  point  to  some 
covert  different  from  that  in  which  he  was  found. 

Dogs  of  Great  Britain  and  America,  p.  62. 

10.  Of  bees,  to  swarm.  [Scotch.]  — 11.  Of 
the  sky,  to  clear  up.  [Scotch.] -To  cast  about. 

(a)  Naut.,  to  tack  ;  put  about ;  wear  ship. 

My  pilot,  having  a  son  in  one  of  those  small  vessels, 
entreated  me  to  cast  about  towards  them. 

Roger  Bodenham,  in  Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  35. 
(6)  In  hunting,  to  go  about  in  different  directions  in  order 
to  discover  a  lost  scent. 

But  not  a  sign  of  them  [the  hares  in  the  game  of  hare- 
and-hound]  appears,  so  now  .  .  .  there  is  nothing  for  it 
but  to  cast  about  for  the  scent. 

T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Rugby,  i.  7. 
(c)  To  consider ;  search  in  the  mind  for  some  contrivance 
by  which  to  accomplish  one's  end  ;  scheme. 

To  cast  about  how  to  perform  or  obtain.  Bacon. 

Let 's  cast  about  a  little,  and  consider. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  ii.  1. 

Contrive  and  casJ  about  how  to  bring  such  events  to 
pass.  Bentley. 

I  .  .  .  began  to  cast  about,  with  my  usual  care  and  anx- 
iety, for  the  means  of  obtaining  feasible  and  safe  meth- 
ods of  repeating  the  famous  journey  to  Palmyra. 

Bruce,  Soui'ce  of  the  Nile,  Int.,  p.  li. 
To  cast  back,  (a)  To  throw  the  memory  back ;  refer  to 
something  jjast. 

You  cast  back  for  hundreds  of  years,  and  rake  up  every 
bit  of  pleasure  I  ever  had  in  my  life.  Mrs.  Ridde.ll. 

(b)  To  return  toward  some  ancestral  type  or  character; 
show  resemblance  to  a  remote  ancestor. —  To  cast  be- 
yond the  moon,  to  indulge  in  wild  conjectures  ;  conjec- 
ture. 

Bellaria,  .  .  .  maruailing  at  such  vnaccustomed  frownes, 
began  to  cast  beyoml  the  moone,  and  to  enter  into  a  1000 
sundry  thoughts,  which  way  she  slionld  ofiend  her  hus- 
band.     Greene,  Pandosto,  or  the  Triumph  of  Time,  1588. 

To  cast  off.  (a)  To  loosen  a  boat  from  its  connection 
with  a  pier,  ship,  or  the  like,  and  start  it  toward  another 
place.  (6)  In  knittinn,  to  slip  and  bind  the  last  loops  from 
the  needles,  thus  releasing  the  finished  work  from  them ; 
bind  off. — To  cast  On,  in  Imitting,  to  begin  by  slipping 
the  loops  or  stitches  on  the  needle. — To  cast  OUt,  to 
quarrel;  fall  out.  [Scotch.] — To  cast  up,  to  turn  up  or 
be  forthcoming. 

Others  may  be  Unionists  ...  by  fits  and  starts ;  .  .  . 
Unionists  when  nothing  more  excitins:,  or  more  showy, 
or  more  profitable,  casts  up.    It.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  442. 


castl  (kast),  J3.  a.   [Pp.  of  casfi-,  r.]    1.  Thrown 

aside  as  useless;  rejected;  cast-oflE:  as,  cast 
clothes. 

He  hath  bought  a  pair  of  cast  lips  of  Diana. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  4. 
You  never  yet  had  a  meal's  meat  from  my  table, 
Nor,  as  I  remember,  from  my  wardrobe 
Any  cast  suit. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Honest  Man's  Fortune,  ii.  3. 
I  deny  not  but  that  he  may  deserve  for  liis  pains  a  cast 
Doublet.  Miltun,  Apology  for  Smectymnuus. 

2.  Condemned:  as,  " a  cas<  criminal,"  .S'ouWi, — 
3t.  Cashiered;  discarded. 

He's  the  son 
Of  a  poor  cast  captain,  one  Octavio. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  i.  1. 

4.  Faded  in  color.  [Scotch.]  —  5.  Made  by 
fotmding  or  casting:  as,  cast-ivou  or  -steel. 
^ee  cast-iron. —  6t.  Rank;  vile. 

Neuer  kyld  no  Kyng,  ne  no  knight  yet, 

That  a-counted  was  kene,  but  with  cast  treson. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  10448. 

castl  (kast),  M.  [<c«s<i,  v.]  1.  The  act  of  cast- 
ing. Specifically— (a)  In  fishing:  (1)  The  act  of  throw- 
ing the  line  on  the  water.   (2)  The  act  of  throwing  a  net. 

A  fisherman  stood  on  the  beach,  .  .  .  the  large  siinare 
net,  with  its  sinkers  of  lead,  in  his  right  hand,  ready  for  a 
cast.  B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  41. 

(6)  In  hunting,  a  search  for  the  scent  or  trail  of  game, 
(c)  Naut.,  the  act  of  heaving  the  lead. 

2.  The  leader  with  flies  attached,  used  in  an- 
gling. Sportsman^ s  Gazetteer. —  3.  A  throw; 
the  distance  to  which  a  thing  may  be  thrown ; 
reach;  extent. 

These  other  com  ridinge  a  softe  pase  till  thei  com  as 
nygh  as  the  caste  of  a  ston.      Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  219. 

Frome  thens  descendynge  aboute  a  stones  caste,  we  come 
to  a  place  where  our  Sauyour  Criste  lefte  Peter,  James, 
and  John.  Sir  R.  Guylforde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  32. 

Specifically — 4.  A  throw  of  dice;  hence,  a 
state  of  chance  or  hazard. 

I  have  set  my  life  upon  a  cast. 
And  I  will  stand  the  hazard  of  the  die. 

Shak.,  Rich.  IIL,  v.  4. 
If  thou  canst  not  fling  what  thou  wouldst,  play  thy  cast 
as  well  as  thou  canst.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  365. 

In  the  last  war,  has  it  not  sometimes  been  an  even  cast 
whether  the  army  should  march  this  way  or  that  way? 

Soxith. 

5t.  Occasion;  opportunity. 

The  end  whereof  He  keepe  untill  another  cast. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  viii.  51. 

6t.  A  contrivance ;  plot ;  design. 

The  derke  tresoun  and  the  castes  olde. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1610. 
Hadde  thei  knowe  the  kast  of  the  Kyng  stern. 
They  had  kept  well  his  cumnie  with  carefnll  dintes. 

Alisaunder  of  Macedoine  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  146. 

7t.  A  stroke ;  a  touch ;  a  trick. 

It  hath  been  the  cast  of  all  traitors  to  pretend  nothing 
against  the  king's  person. 

Latimer,  4th  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 

Another  cast  of  their  politicks  was  that  of  endeavouring 
to  impeach  an  innocent  lady.  Swift. 

8.  Motion  or  turn  (of  the  eye) ;  direction,  look, 
or  glance ;  hence,  a  slight  squint :  as,  to  have 
a  cast  in  one's  eye. 

They  ...  let  you  see  with  one  cast  of  an  eye. 

Addison,  Ancient  Medals. 

9.  A  t-wist  or  contortion.  [Scotch.]  — 10. 
Bent;  tendency. 

There  is  such  a  mirthful  cast  in  his  behaviour,  that  he 
is  rather  beloved  than  esteemed.  Addison. 

11.  Manner;  outward  appearance ;  air;  mien; 
style. 

New  names,  new  dressings,  and  the  modern  cast. 

Sir  J.  Denham,  To  Sir  R.  Fanshaw. 

12.  A  tinge  ;  a  shade  or  trace;  a  slight  color- 
ing, or  a  slight  degi-ee  of  a  color:  as,  a  cast  of 
green. 

The  native  hue  of  resolution 
Is  sicklied  o'er  with  the  pale  cast  of  thought. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 
There  was  a  soft  and  pensive  grace, 
A  cast  of  thought  upon  her  face, 
That  suited  well  the  forehead  high, 
The  eyelash  dark,  and  downcast  eve. 

.Scott,  Rokeby,  iv.  5. 

13.  That  whicl;  is  formed  by  founding;  any- 
thing shaped  in  or  as  if  in  a  mold  while  in 
a  fluid  or  plastic  state;  a  easting:  often  used 
figiu-atively. 

Something  of  a  neat  cast  of  \evse.  Pope,  Letters. 

Cunning  casts  in  clay.      Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  cxx. 

14.  An  impression  formed  in  a  mold  or  matrix ; 
in  genJ.,  the  impression  of  an  animal  of  a  for- 
mer epoch  left  in  soft  earth  which  has  become 
stone :  as,  a  cast  of  a  man's  face  taken  in  plas- 
ter; a  cast  of  a  trilobite. 

At  Valdivia  there  is  some  sandstone  with  imperfect 
casts  of  shells,  which  possibly  may  belong  to  the  recent 
period.  Darwin,  Geol.  Observations,  ii.  414. 


cast 

Hence  — 15.  An  impression  in  general;  an 
imparted  or  derived  appearance,  character,  or 
characteristic ;  stamp. 

Weepest  thou  to  take  the  cast 
Of  those  dead  lineaments  that  near  thee  lie? 

Tennyiioii,  Sonurts  to  a  Coquette,  iii. 

16.  One  of  the  worm-like  coils  of  sand  pro- 
duced by  the  higworm. — 17.  Ill  founding:  {a) 
A  tube  of  wax  fitted  into  a  mold,  (h)  A  hollow 
cvliudrieal  piece  of  brass  or  copper,  slit  in  two 
lengthwise,  to  form  a  canal  or  conduit  in  a 
mold  for  conveying  metal,  (c)  A  small  brass 
funnel  at  one  end  of  a  mold  for  casting  pipes, 
by  means  of  which  the  melted  metal  is  poured 
into  the  mold,  (f?)  The  type  or  plate  made 
from  melted  tj-pe-metal  by  a  type-founder  or 
stereotyper.  (e)  The  act  of  foimdiug  or  mak- 
ing printing-types  or  electroplates. — 18.  A 
mass  of  feathers,  fur,  bones,  or  other  indigesti- 
ble matters  ejected  from  the  stomach  by  a  hawk 
or  other  bird  of  prey.    Also  called  casting. 

The  coai-ser  parts  of  the  useless  matters  are  probably- 
rejected  by  the  mouth,  as  a  hawk  or  an  owl  rejects  his 
casts.  Huxley,  Crayfish,  p.  KT. 

And  where  the  two  contrived  their  daughter's  good, 
Lies  the  hawk  s  cast,  the  mole  has  made  his  run. 

Tenniisdn,  Aylmer's  Field. 

19.  An  assignment  of  the  parts  of  a  play  to  the 
several  actors ;  the  company  of  actors  to  whom 
the  parts  of  a  play  are  assigned:  as,  the  play 
was  produced  with  a  very  strong  cast. —  20.  An 
allowance  ;  an  amoimt  given,  as  of  food :  as,  a 
cast  of  hay  for  the  horses. 

I  hope  she'll  be  ruled  in  time,  .  .  .  and  not  be  caiTied 
away  with  a  cast  of  manchets,  a  bottle  of  wine,  or  a  cus- 
tai'd.  Middleton,  Jlichaelmas  Term,  ii.  3. 

21.  A  couple;  a  pair:  used  especially  of  hawks. 

It  sprung 

From  a  mere  trifle  first,  a  cast  of  hawks. 

Whose  made  the  swifter  flight,  wliose  could  mount  highest. 

Middh'tun  and  Rouiey,  Spanish  Gypsy,  ii.  2. 
Yonder's  a  cast  of  coach-mares  of  the  gentlewoman's,  the 
strangest  cattle  !         Beau,  and  Fl.,  Scornful  Lady,  ii.  1. 

22.  Assistance;  a  lift;  especially,  a  seat  ac- 
corded a  pedestrian  or  wayfarer  in  a  vehicle 
or  other  conveyance  for  a  part  of  the  way. 

We  therefore  bargained  with  the  driver  ...  to  give  us 
a  cast  to  the  next  stage.    Smollett,  Roderick  Random,  xi. 

In  literature,  quotation  is  good  only  when  the  writer 
whom  I  follow  .  .  .  gives  me  a  cast. 

Emerson,  Quotation  and  Originality. 

23.  In  hcer-making,  the  amount  of  water  used 
in  preparing  any  given  amount  of  beer,  or  in 
any  stage  of  the  process  of  brewing.  The  quan- 
tity of  water  in  the  niasli-tun  into  which  the  crushed  malt 
is  thrown  is  the  Jirst  cast;  subsequent  additions  are  the 
second  cast,  third  cast,  etc. 

24.  In  apiculture,  an  after-swarm  of  bees  led 
by  a  maiden  queen. —  25.  Yield:  applied  to 
grain-crops.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  26.  Four,  as  a 
unit  of  tale  in  counting  hen-ings,  haddocks, 
oysters,  etc.,  as  being  the  number  lifted  at 
once  (two  in  each  hand).  [Scotch.]  —  27.  An 
irregular  unit  of  capacity,  about  8  gallons. — 
28t.  A  breed;  race;  species  Bridling  cast,  a 

stirrup-cup  ;  a  parting  drink. 

Let's  have  a  bridling  cast  before  you  go. 

Fill 's  a  new  stoop.  Beau,  and  FL,  Scornful  Lady,  ii.  2. 
Cast  after  cast,  a  method  of  raising  excavated  material 
from  the  bottom  of  a  mine  or  other  working,  t)y  shoveling 
it  up  from  one  platform  to  another. — Measuring  cast, 
in  a  game,  a  cast  or  throw  that  requires  to  be  measured, 
or  that  cannot  be  distinguished  from  another  without 
measuring. 

When  lusty  shepherds  throw 
The  bar  by  turns,  and  none  the  rest  outgo 
So  far,  but  that  the  best  are  measuring  casts. 
Their  emulation  and  their  pastime  lasts.  Waller. 

Renal  or  urinary  cast,  a  microscopic  subcylindrical  cast 
of  a  portion  of  a  uriniferous  tubule,  found  in  the  urine  in 
renal  disease.  Hyaline,  granular,  fatty,  epithelial,  blood, 
and  waxy-looking  casts  are  distinguished.  —  The  last  cast, 
(a)  The  last  throw  of  the  dice  ;  the  last  stake  ;  the  ventur- 
ing of  all  that  remains  to  one  on  one  throw  or  one  effort ; 
the  last  chance. 

So  Euphues,  which  at  the  first  increasing  of  our  f  amiliar- 
itie,  was  very  zealous,  is  now  at  the  last  cast  become  most 
faithlesse.  LylV,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  89. 

Will  you  turn  recreant  at  the  last  cast  ?  Dryden. 
(6t)  The  last  gasp;  the  last  extremity. 

Where's  this  man  now 
That  has  took  all  this  care  and  pains  for  notliing? 
The  use  of  him  is  at  the  last  cast  now. 
Middleton,  More  Dissemblers  besides  Women,  iv.  1. 
Sir  Thomas  Bodley  is  even  now  at  the  last  cast,  and  hath 
lain  speechless  and  without  knowledge  since  yesterday  at 
noon.  Letter  dated  1612. 

[Spenser  uses  utmost  cast  in  the  same  sense. 

Whereas  he  last 
Had  left  that  couple  nere  their  utmost  cast. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  v.  9.) 
To  makB  a  cast,  to  search  for  the  scent  of  game. 

Notwithstanding  the  strong  scent  of  the  otter,  he  often 
escapes  the  hounds,  and  then  a  cast  has  to  be  made. 

Bncyc.  Brit.,  XII.  396. 


Castalta  arnbigita. 


848 

cast^t  (kast),  «.    The  older  English  spelling  of 

castc"^. 

cast.    Contracted  form  of  casteth,  third  person 

singular  present  tense  of  cast. 
castaldyt,  [Also  castaldic  (Minsheu),  and 
improp.  castaldick  (Kersey),  <  ML.  *cast<ddiu, 
gustaldia  (>  It.  castaldia),  the  office  of  a  prefect 
or  steward,  <  castaldus,  gastaldus  (>  It.  castuldo, 
dial,  gastaldo),  also  gastaldius,  castaldio{n-), 
gastaldio{n-)  (>  It.  castaldione),  a  prefect,  stew- 
ard, prob.  <  Goth.  *gastalds,  in  eomp.  striving 
to  obtain  or  possess  (possessing),  <  gastaldan, 
obtain,  possess  (ef.  AS.  gcsteald,  an  abode, 
dwelling),  <  ga-  (see  gc-)  +  *staldan  =  AS. 
stciildan,  possess.]  Stewardship. 
Castalia  (kas-tfi'li-ii),  [NL.:  see  Casialiat>.'\ 
1.  A  genus  of  bivalve  mollusks,  of  the  family 
Iridinida',  confined  to 
the  fresh  waters  of 
South  America.  The 
best-known  species  is 
C.  ambigua.  The  genus 
was  founded  by  La- 
marck in  1819.— 2.  A 
genus  of  ehffitopodous 
annelids,  of  the  family 
Hesion  ida'. — 3.  A  genus 
of  coleopterous  insects. 
Laporte,  1838. — 4.  A  genus  of  lepidopterous 
insects.  Boisduval,  1858. — 5.  In  bot.,  see  Aj/w- 
phiea,  2. 

Castalian  (kas-ta'lian),  a.  [<  L.  CastaUs,  be- 
longing to  Castalia,  Gr.  KaaraAta,  a  mythical 
fountain  of  inspiration  on  Mount  Parnassus, 
sacred  to  the  Sluses,  whose  waters  had  the 
power  of  inspiring  those  who  drank  them ;  per- 
haps akin  to  KaOapo^,  L.  castus,  pm-e  :  see  caste'^.'] 
Pertaining  to  Castalia. 

Castanea  (kas-ta'ne-ji),  n.  [L.,  the  chestnut- 
tree,  a  chestnut:  see  chesten,  chestnut.']  A  ge- 
nus of  plants,  natiu'al  order  Ciqmliferm,  con- 
sisting of  trees  or  shrubs  with  straight-veined 
leaves  and  naked  unisexual  flowers,  the  male 
in  catkins  and  the  female  solitary.  The  nuts  are 
contained  in  a  prickly  4-valved  envelop.  Only  two  species 
are  known,  the  common  chestnut,  C.  vesca,  and  the  chin- 
kapin, C.  pumila.    See  cut  under  chestnut. 

Castanella  (kas-ta-nel'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  cas- 
tanea, a  chestnut,  +  dim.  -ella.]  The  typical 
genus  of  radiolarians  of  the  family  CastanclHdw. 

Gastanellidse  (kas-ta-nel'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Castanella  +  -idw.']  A  family  of  tripylean  ra- 
diolarians with  a  fenestrated  shell  which  is 
spherical,  simple,  and  composed  of  solid  rods, 
and  has  at  one  point  a  large  principal  opening, 
often  armed  with  coronal  spicules,  and  with  or 
without  radial  spicules.  It  contains  such  gen- 
era as  Castanella,  Castanidium,  etc. 

castaneous  (kas-ta'ne-us),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *cas- 
taneus,  <  castanea,  a  chestnut:  see  Castanea.] 
Chestnut-colored ;  of  a  reddish  or  brownish-red 
color. 

Castanet  (kas'ta-net),  n.  [=  F.  castagnette,  < 
Sp.  castaneta  (=  Pg.  castanheta),  a  castanet,  < 
castuna  =  Pg.  castanha,  <  L. 
castanea,  a  chestnut;  from 
the  resemblance.]  One  of  a 
pair  of  slightly  concave 
spoon-shaped  shells  of  ivory 
or  hard  wood,  loosely  fas- 
tened together  at  the  base, 
and  used  (slung  over  the 
thumb)  in  beating  time  to 
music  or  dancing.  Castanets 
are  used  by  the  Spaniards  and  Moors 
as  an  accompaniment  to  their 
dances  and  guitars,  and  are  now 
widely  introduced  among  other  na- 
tions, with  some  variations  of  form. 

Castanopsis  (kas-ta-nop'-  ^-s-ne«. 
sis),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kaaravog,  the  chestnut-tree, 
-I-  ciipig,  appearance.]  A  genus  of  shrubs  and 
trees  intermediate  between  the  oak  and  chest- 
nut, of  a  dozen  species,  natives  of  eastern  Asia, 
with  a  single  species  on  the  Pacific  slope  of 
North  America.    See  chinkapin,  1. 

casta'Way  (kast'a-wa),  n.  and  a.  [<cast,  pp.  of 
crt.vA,  r.,  +  away.']  I.  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  has  been  cast  away  or  lost ;  specifically, 
a  ship  wrecked  or  lost  on  an  unfrequented  coast, 
or  a  person  shipwrecked  on  such  a  coast. 

A  castaway 
ITpon  the  lonely  rocks  of  life. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  331. 
Hence — 2.  An  outcast;  a  reprobate  ;  one  mor- 
ally lost  or  ruined. 

But  I  keep  under  my  body,  and  bring  it  mto  subjection  ; 
lest  that  by  any  means,  when  I  have  preached  to  others, 
I  myself  should  be  a  castaway.  1  Cor.  ix.  27. 


castellar 

II.  a.  In  or  pertaining  to  the  state  of  being 
a  castaway;  wrecked;  ruined:  as,  a  castaway 
sliip. 

\\'e  ,  .  .  only  remember,  at  our  castaway  leisure,  the 
imprisoned  immortal  soul.  Raleigh,  Hist,  of  World. 

cast-by  (kast'bi),  n.    A  discarded  person  or 
thing;  a  castaway.  [Scotch.] 
Wha  could  tak  interest  in  sic  a  cast-by  as  I  am  now? 

Scott,  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,  xx. 
caste^t,  A  Middle  English  variant  of  chaste, 
caste'-^  (kast),  n.  [Formerly  cast,  only  recently 
as  F.  caste,  <  Pg.  casta  (>  Sp.  casta),  breed,  race, 
caste ;  first  applied  to  the  classes  of  the  Hindus 
by  the  Portuguese,  who  were  the  earliest  colo- 
nists in  India ;  prop.  fem.  of  casta,  <  L.  castus, 
pure,  >  OF.  chaste,  E.  chaste,  q.  v.]  1.  One  of 
the  artificial  di-visions  or  social  classes  into 
which  the  Hindus  are  rigidly  separated  accord- 
ing to  the  religious  law  of  Brahmanism,  and  of 
which  the  privileges  or  disabilities  are  trans- 
mitted by  inheritance.  The  principal  castes  are  four 
in  number :  1st,  the  Brahmans,  or  the  sacerdotal  caste ;  2d, 
the  Kshatriyas,  modern  Rajputs,  or  military  caste ;  3d, 
the  Vaisyas,  or  husbandmen  and  merchants,  who  have  now 
in  many  districts  become  merged  in  the  second  and  fourth 
castes  ;  4tli,  the  Sudras,  or  laborers  and  mechanics.  The 
Bralimans  are  supposed  to  have  sprung  from  the  mouth 
of  Brahma,  the  Kshatriyas  from  his  arms,  the  Vaisyas 
from  his  belly  and  thighs,  and  the  Sudras  from  his  feet. 
The  Brahman  represents  religion;  the  Kshatriya,  war; 
tlie  Vaisya,  connuerce  and  wealth ;  and  the  Sudra,  labor. 
There  are  many  subdivisions  of  caste,  and  although  the 
Sudras  are  degraded  far  below  the  Brahmans,  Kshatriyas, 
and  Vaisyas,  there  are  reckoned  thirty-six  subdivisions 
lower  than  the  Sudras.  Lowest  of  all  are  the  Pariahs,  who 
are  supposed  to  be  of  no  caste,  and  mere  outcasts  from 
humanity.  Of  the  castes,  the  first  three  are  the  natural 
and  gradually  established  divisions  of  the  Aryan  invaders 
and  conquerors  of  India  ;  the  fourth  was  made  up  of  the 
subjugated  aborigines.  The  Sanskrit  name  for  caste  is 
varna,  color,  the  different  castes  having  been  at  first 
marked  by  differences  of  complexion,  according  to  race, 
and  in  some  degree  according  to  occupation  and  conse- 
quent exposure.  Besides  the  original  castes,  numerous 
mixed  classes  or  castes  have  sprung  up  in  the  progress 
of  time,  and  are  dependent  upon  trade,  occupation,  or 
profession ;  in  fact,  the  essential  principle  in  the  system 
of  caste  is  the  confining  of  employments  to  hereditary 
classes.  Castes  are,  according  to  Indian  social  standards, 
either  "high  "  or  "low."  The  same  term  is  also  used  of 
somewhat  similar  classes  in  other  countries. 

The  system  of  caste  involves  the  worst  of  all  wrongs  to 
humanity  — that  of  hallowUig  evil  by  the  authority  and 
sanction  of  religion.  Faiths  of  the  World,  p.  30. 

To  be  subjugated  by  an  inferior  caste  was  a  degradation 
beyond  all  other  degradation.         Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng. 

Offensive  as  is  the  Inw-caste  Indian,  ...  I  had  rather 
see  the  lowest  Pariahs  of  the  low,  than  a  single  trim, 
smooth-faced,  smooth-wayed,  clever  high-caste  Hindoo  on 
my  lands  or  in  my  colony. 

W.  G.  Palgrave,  in  Fortnightly  Rev. 

Hence — 2.  A  division  of  society,  or  the  princi- 
ple of  gi'ading  society,  according  to  external 
conditions;  a  class  or  grade  separated  from 
others  by  differences  of  wealth,  hereditary  rank 
or  privileges,  or  by  profession  or  employment. 

Where  the  operations  became  hereditary,  a  system  of 
castes  arose.  This  system  has  never  been  rigid  in  Western 
Europe,  however,  as  it  has  been  in  India  and  other  coun- 
tries of  the  East. 

D.  W.  Ross,  German  Land-holding,  Notes,  p.  134. 

Her  manner  had  not  that  repose 
Which  stamps  the  caste  of  Vere  de  Vere. 

Tennyson,  Lady  Clara  Vere  de  Vere. 

The  spirit  of  caste  morally  tortures  its  victims  with  aa 
much  coolness  as  the  Indian  tortures  his  enemy. 

H.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  221. 

To  lose  caste,  to  be  degraded  from  the  caste  to  which 
one  belongs  ;  lose  social  position. 

castellan  (kas'te-lan), «.  [<  ME.  castellain,  cas- 
telein,  <  OF.  castellain,  chastelain,  F.  chatelain 
(cf.  chatelaine)  —  Pr.  Sp.  castellan  =  Cat.  cas- 
telld  =  Pg.  castelldo  =  It.  castellano,  <  ML.  cas- 
tellamis,  keeper  of  a  castle,  <  L.  castellvm,  a  cas- 
tle :  see  castle.]  A  governor  or  constable  of  a 
castle.    Also  written  castellain, 

castellano  (kas-tel-ya'no),  n.  [Sp.,  an  ancient 
Spanish  coin,  the  fiftieth  part  of  a  mark  of 
gold,  etc.,  prop,  adj.,  Castilian,  Spanish.  See 
Casiilian.]  A  South  American  weight  for  gold, 
equal  to  71.07  grains. 

castellany  (kas'te-la-ni),  »i. ;  pi.  castellanies 
(-niz).  [Same  as  chatellany  (<  F.  chatellenie) ; 
—  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  castellania,  <  ML.  castellania, 
<  castellanus,  a  castellan :  see  castellan.]  The 
jurisdiction  of  a  castellan ;  the  lordship  belong- 
ing to  a  castle,  or  the  extent  of  its  land  and  ju- 
risdiction.   Also  called  chatellany. 

Earl  Allan  has  within  his  castellany,  or  the  jiu"isdiction 
of  his  castle,  200  manors,  all  but  one. 

Kelham..  Domesday  Book,  p.  147. 

castellar  (kas'te-lar),  a.  [<  ML.  as  if  "castel- 
laris,  <  L.  castellum,  castle :  see  castle.]  Be- 
longing or  pertaining  to  a  castle. 

Ancient  castellar  dungeons.     Walpole,  Letters,  IV.  48a 


castellate 

castellate  (kas'te-lat),  11.  [<  ML.  castellatum, 
the  precinct  of  a  castle,  <  L.  castellum,  a  castle.] 
A  lordship  or  castellany. 

Here  we  entered  into  the  province  of  Candia,  and  the 
castellate  of  Kenurio. 

Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  II.  249. 

castellated  (kas'te-la-ted),  a.  [<  ML.  castel- 
latKS,  pp.  of  casti'Uare,  furnish  with  turrets  or 
battlements,  fortify,  <  L.  castellum,  a  castle: 
see  castle.']  1.  Furnished  with  turrets  and  bat- 
tlements, like  a  castle ;  built  in  the  style  of  a 
castle:  as,  a  castellated  mansion. 

Tlie  room  lay  in  a  higli  turret  of  tlie  castellated  abbey. 

Poe,  Tales,  I.  461. 

2.  Inclosed  in  a  building,  as  a  fountain  or  cis- 
tern. Johnson. 

castellation  (kas-te-la'shon),  n.  [<  ML.  cas- 
tellatio{n-),  <  castellare :  see  castellated.']  1. 
The  st9.te  of  being  castellated. —  2.  The  act  of 
fortifying  a  house  and  rendering  it  a  castle,  or 
of  gi\dng  it  the  appearance  of  a  castle  by  pro- 
viding it  with  battlements,  etc. 

castellet  (kas'te-let),  n.  [<  ME.  castelet,  <  OF. 
castelet,  F.  chdtelet  =  Pr.  castelet  =  Sp.  castil- 
lejo  =  Pg.  castellejo,  castellete  —  It.  castelletto,  < 
ML.  castelletum,  like  castellulum,  dim.  of  L.  cas- 
tellum, a  castle:  see  castle  and  -et.]  A  small 
castle ;  a  peel-tower  or  other  fortified  residence 
too  small  to  rank  as  a  castle.  Also  written  cas- 
tlet.  [Bare.] 

castelryt,  «•    See  castlerij. 

castent.  Obsolete  past  participle  of  casf^. 
Chaucer. 

caster  (kas'ter),  n.  [<  ME.  castere;  <  casf^,  v., 
+  -«•!.]  1.  One  who  casts,  (a)  One  who  throws 
dice ;  a  gambler. 

The  jovial  caster's  set,  and  seven's  the  nick, 
Or — done  !  —  a  thousand  on  the  coming  trick. 

Byron,  Eng.  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers. 
(6)  One  who  computes ;  a  calculator ;  especially,  a  calcu- 
lator of  nativities. 

In  licnesse  of  a  deuynour  and  of  a  fals  castere  he  eymeth 
that  he  knowith  not.  Wyclif,  Prov.  xxiii.  7  (Oxf.). 

(c)  One  who  assigns  the  parts  of  a  play  to  the  actors,  (d) 
One  who  makes  castings ;  a  founder. 

2.  A  vessel  used  to  contain  things  in  a  powder- 
ed, liquid,  or  vaporous  form,  and  to  cast  them 
out  when  needed;  specifically,  a  bottle,  vial, 
cruet,  or  other  small  vessel  used  to  contain  con- 
diments for  the  table ;  also,  a  stand  containing 
a,  set  of  such  vessels.  See  casting-bottle, pepper- 
caster,  etc. 

Thuribulus,  a  castere  of  cense. 

A.  S.  and,  Old  Eng.  Vocah.  (2d  ed.  Wright), 
[col.  616,  1.  21. 

3.  A  small  wheel  on  a  swivel,  attached  to  the 
leg  of  a  piece  of  furniture,  in  order  to  facilitate 

moving  about  without  lifting, 
ffl  In  this  sense  also  improperly 
llll  spelled  castor. — 4t.  A  cloak. 
Ij  jl  Dekker. —  5.  A  horse  sold  out  of 
nil       a  regiment  as  useless.  [Anglo- 

^^^(f^^  -caster.  A  suffix  in  place-names, 
/^Y  ^«r"        appearing    in    several  other 
\(  (s/ J  forms,  as  -cester,  -Chester.  See 
  Chester. 

Table-leff  Caster,  CaSter-Wheel  (kas'tcr-hwel),  W. 

toUms^  c  T"'"""""  wheel  which  tm-ns  about  an 
axis  held  in  a  stock,  which  itself 
turns  on  a  pivot  or  vertical  spindle  placed  at  a 
considerable  distance  in  front  of  the  bearing- 
point  of  the  face  of  the  wheel :  a  construction 
which  enables  the  wheel  to  swerve  readily  to 
either  side  of  the  line  of  draft.  It  is  a  very  com- 
mon attachment  to  agricultural  implements,  as 
plows,  harvesters,  etc. 

castetet,  «•   A  Middle  English  form  of  chastity. 

cast-gate  (kast'gat),  n.  In  founding,  the  chan- 
nel through  which  the  metal  is  poured  into  a 
mold. 

castice  (kas'tis),  n.  \_—  F.  castice  =  Sp.  castizo, 
<  Pg.  castigo,  prop,  an  adj.,  castigo,  fern,  castiga, 
of  good  birth,  <  casta,  race,  family:  see  caste'^.] 
A  person  of  Portuguese  parentage  born  and 
living  in  the  East  Indies.  Compare  Creole. 
Also  spelled  castees. 

castificatiout  (kas"ti-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [<  LL.  as 
if  *castificatio{n-),  <  castificare,  pp.  castificatus, 
purify,  <  L.  castas,  pure,  chaste,  4-  -Jicare,  <  fa- 
cere,  make.]  The  process  of  making  chaste ; 
purification  in  a  moral  sense ;  chastity ;  purity. 

Let  no  impure  spirit  defile  the  virgin  purities  and  "cas- 
tifications  of  the  soul,"  as  St.  Peter's  phrase  is. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  I.  708. 

castigate  (kas'ti-gat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cas- 
tigated, ppr.  castigating.    [<  L.  castigatus,  pp. 

.  of  castigare,  purify,  correct,  chastise,  <  castas, 
p'ore  (>  E.  chaste),  +  agere,  do,  make;  cL  pur- 
54 


849 

gare  (>  E.  purge),  <  purus,  pure,  +  agere.  Older 
E.  fonns  from  castigare  are  chasten  and  chas- 
tise, q.  v.]  1.  To  chastise;  punish  by  stripes; 
correct  or  punish,  in  general. 

If  thou  didst  put  this  sour-cold  habit  on 
To  castiyate  thy  pride,  't  were  well. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  3. 

2.  To  subject  to  a  severe  and  critical  scrutiny; 
criticize  for  the  purpose  of  correcting ;  emend : 
as,  to  castigate  the  text  of  an  author. 

He  had  adjusted  and  castiyated  the  then  Latin  Vulgate. 

Bentley,  Letters,  p.  237. 
A  castiyated  copy  of  it  [a  work  of  (Cervantes]  was  printed 
by  .i^rrieta.  Tickiwr,  Span.  Lit.,  II.  122. 

castigation  (kas-ti-ga'shon),  n.  [<  castigate  : 
see  -ation.]  The  act  of  castigating,  (a)  Punish- 
ment by  whipping;  correction;  chastisement;  discipline. 

Violent  events  do  not  always  argue  the  anger  of  God ; 
even  death  itself  is,  to  his  servants,  a  fatlierly  castiyation. 

Bp.  Hall,  The  Seduced  Prophet. 
The  keenest  castiyation  of  her  slanderers.  Irviiiy. 
(6)  Critical  scrutiny  and  emendation  ;  correction  of  tex- 
tual errors. 

castigator  (kas'ti-ga-tor),  n.  [=  Pr.  cistigador 
=  Sp.  Pg.  castigador,  <  L.  castigator,  <'  castigare: 
see  castigate.]    One  who  castigates  or  corrects. 

castigatory  (kas'ti-ga-to-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
castigatorius,  <  castigator,  a  corrector:  see  cas- 
tigator.]  I.  a.  Serving  to  castigate;  tending 
to  correction;  corrective;  punitive. 

Penalties  .  .  .  eitlier  probatory,  castigatory,  or  exem- 
plary. Abj).  Bramhall,  Against  Hobbes. 

II.  M. ;  pi.  castigatories  (-riz).  Something  that 
serves  to  castigate  ;  specifically,  an  apparatus 
formerly  used  in  punishing  scolds.   Also  called 
ducking-stool  and  trebucket. 
Castile  soap.    See  soap. 

Castilian  (kas-til'ian),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  Castil- 
lan  =  Pg.  Castelhano,  <  Sp.  Castellano,  <  Castilla, 
Castile ;  so  called  from  the  numerous  forts  {cas- 
tillos :  see  crtsWe)  erected  on  the  frontiers.]  I. 
a.  Pertaining  to  Castile  (formerly  written  Cas- 
tille),  a  former  kingdom  in  the  central  part  of 
Spain,  now  divided  into  the  provinces  of  Old 
and  New  Castile — Castilian  furnace.  See/urnace. 
II,  n.  An  inhabitant  or  a  native  of  Castile. 

Castilleia  (kas-ti-le'ya), [NL.,  <  Castillcjo, 
a  Sisanish  botanist.]  A  large  genus  of  herlja- 
ceous  plants,  natural  order  Scrophulariacece, 
mostly  perennials,  natives  of  North  America 

and  Asia.  There  are  about  25  species  in  the  United  States. 
Tlieir  yellow,  purple,  or  scarlet  flowers  are  in  terminal 
spikes,  witli  large  colored  bracts  often  more  showy  than 
the  flowers.  C.  coccinea,  the  common  species  of  the  At- 
lantic States,  is  popularly  known  as  painted-cuj). 

Castilloa  (kas-ti-16'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Sp.  Castilla, 
CJastile:  see  Castilian.]  A  genus  of  plants,  of 
one  or  two  arboreous  species,  natives  of  tropi- 
cal America,  of  the  natural  order  Urticacece,  and 
allied  to  the  breadfruit,   c.  elastica  is  valuable  as 


Flowering  Branch  of  Castilloa  elastica. 


the  source  of  the  india-rubber  of  Central  America.  The 
milky  juice  of  the  tree  is  obtained  by  incisions  in  the  bark, 
and  is  coagulated  by  the  addition  of  alum  or  of  a  decoc- 
tion of  the  moon-plant,  Calonyction  speciosum.  A  large 
tree  is  said  to  yield  eight  gallons  of  milk  when  first  cut, 
each  gallon  making  about  two  pounds  of  rubber. 

casting  (kas'ting),  11.  [ME.  casting ;  verbal  n. 
of  cast^,  v.]  1.  The  act  or  process  of  foundLog. 
It  is  no  coining,  sir. 
It  is  but  castiny.  B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  iii.  2. 
2.  In  the^we  arts,  the  process  of  taking  easts 
or  impressions  of  statues,  medals,  etc.,  in  clay, 
pitch,  plaster,  or  fused  metal. — 3.  That  which 
has  been  cast,  or  formed  by  running  melted 
metal  into  a  mold  of  any  desired  form.  When 
used  without  qualification,  the  word  usually  de- 
notes a  casting  of  iron. — 4.  Anything  appear- 
ing as  if  cast  in  a  mold ;  specifically,  a  string- 
shaped  mass  of  earth  voided  by  an  earthworm ; 
a  worm-cast. 

I  resolved  ...  to  weigh  all  the  castinys  thrown  up 
within  a  given  time  in  a  measured  space,  instead  of  ascer- 
taining the  rate  at  which  objects  left  on  the  surface  were 
buried  by  worms.  Darwin,  The  Earth-worm. 


casting-'weigjit 

5f.  Vomiting;  vomit. 

The  hound  turnyde  agen  to  his  castyny. 

Wyclif,  2  Pet.  ii.  22. 

6.  Same  as  casf^,  18. —  7f.  A  purge  consisting; 
of  pellets  of  hemp,  cotton,  feathers,  or  the  like, 
given  to  hawks. 

Ric.  We  have  been  used  too  long  like  hawks  already. 

Ubald.  VVe  are  not  so  high  in  our  flesh  now  to  need  cast- 
iny. Massiiiyer,  The  Picture,  v.  1. 

8t.  Contrivance;  distribution;  arrangement. 

Distributio  is  that  useful  castiny  of  all  rooms  for  ollice, 
entertainment,  or  pleasure.  Wotton,  Elem.  of  Architecture. 

9.  In  sail-making,  the  calculated  dimensions 
and  shape  of  each  cloth  in  a  sail. —  lOf.  Luck, 
as  in  dealing  cards. 

Tai.  I'd  beastly  castiny,  .Tack. 

Jack.  O,  abominable,  sir !  you  had  the  scurviest  hand. 

Middleton,  Your  Five  Gallants,  iv.  2. 

Cllilled  casting,  a  metal  casting  the  surface  of  which 
has  been  hardened  either  by  casting  in  an  iron  mold  or  by 
exposure  while  red-hot  to  sudden  cooling  by  air  or  water, 
or  by  contact  with  any  good  conductor  which  is  at  a  coni- 
liai  atively  low  temperature.  The  effect  is  to  give  a  surface 
of  extreme  hardness.  Such  castings  are  used  for  a  nmlti- 
tude  of  purposes,  as  for  rolls,  anvils,  plowshares,  mold- 
boards,  stamps,  etc.,  wherever  much  attrition  is  to  be 

sustained.— ciich6  casting.  See  cliche.—  Compression 

casting,  a  method  of  casting  in  molds  of  potters'  clay, 
with  surticient  pressure  to  force  the  metal  into  the  most 
delicate  tracery  left  by  the  jiattern.  It  is  used  in  casting 
stamps,  letters  and  iiumliors  for  houses,  liouse-builders' 
hardware,  etc. — Dry  casting,  a  method  of  casting  in 
which  the  molds  are  niiide  of  sand  and  aftenvard  dried. 

casting-bottlet  (kas'ting-bot"l),  n.  A  small 
vial  for  holding  or  for  sprinkling  perfumes ;  a 
caster.    Also  called  casting-glass. 

Enter  Secco  with  a  castiny-bottle,  sprinkling  his  hat  and 
face,  and  a  little  looking-glass  at  his  girdle,  setting  his 
countenance.  Ford,  Fancies,  i.  2. 

Hast  thou  no  perfumes  and  sweet  bags,  or  any  handsome 
castiny  bottles  of  the  newest  mode? 

Scott,  Kenilworth,  II.  6. 

casting-box  (kas'ting-boks),  w.  1.  In  founding, 
a  flask  which  holds  the  mold. —  2t.  Probably, 
a  small  box  used  like  a  casting-bottle. 

They  have  a  chain. 
My  rings,  my  castiny-box  of  gold,  ray  purse  too. 

Fletcher  and  Shirley,  >'ight- Walker,  iii.  5.  . 

casting-glasst  (kas'ting-glas),  «.  Same  as 
castifig-bottle. 

His  civet  and  his  castiny-ylass 
Have  helpt  him  to  a  place  amongst  the  rest. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  iv.  4. 

casting-ladle  (kas'ting-la'^dl),  w.  An  iron 
ladle  with  handles,  used  to  pour  molten  metal 
into  a  mold. 

casting-net  (kas' ting-net),  n.  A  net  which 
is  cast  and  immediately  drawn,  in  distinction 
from  one  which  is  set. 

We  Govern  this  War  as  an  imskilful  Man  does  a  Cast- 
iny-Xet.  Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  116. 

casting-pit  (kas'ting-pit),  n.  The  space  in  a 
f  ouudi-y  in  which  the  molds  are  placed  and  the 
eastings  made. 

In  the  centre  of  the  [Bessemer]  castiny-pit  is  fixed  a 
hydraiUic  crane.  .  .  .  The  crane,  after  the  ladle  has  re- 
ceived the  charge  of  molten  steel  from  the  converter,  is 
rotated  in  a  horizontal  plane  over  the  tops  of  the  moulds 
around  the  periphery  of  the  pit,  and  the  taphole  of  the 
ladle  is  thus  brought  successively  over  the  centre  of  each 
mould,  into  which  the  metal  from  the  ladle  is  tapped. 

ir.  //.  Greenivood,  Iron  and  Steel,  p.  469. 

casting-pot  (kas'ting-pot),  n.  A  pot  or  cruci- 
ble of  plumbago,  fire-clay,  or  other  material, 
in  which  metals  or  other  fusible  substances  are 
melted. 

casting-press  (kas' ting -pres),  «.  A  press  in 
which  metal  is  cast  under  pressure. 

casting-slab  (kas 'ting- slab),  n.  In  glass- 
manuf.,  the  slab  or  phlte  of  a  casting-table. 

casting-table  (kas'ting-ta"bl),  n.  In  glass- 
manuf.,  a  table  on  which  molten  glass  is  poured 
in  making  plate-glass.  Its  top  is  a  large  polished 
plate  of  metal,  commonly  iron,  liaving  metal  flanges  of  the 
same  depth  as  the  thickness  of  the  glass,  to  keep  the  glass 
from  running  off  at  the  sides.  A  massive  copper  cylin- 
der extends  entirely  across  the  table,  resting  on  the  side 
flanges,  and  this,  being  set  in  motion,  spreads  the  glass  out 
into  a  sheet  of  uniform  breadth  and  thickness. 

casting-'vrote  (kas'ting-v6t'),  «.  The  vote  of 
a  presiding  officer  in  an  assembly  or  council, 
thrown  to  decide  a  question  when  the  votes  cast 
by  the  members  are  equally  di\'ided.  if  the  pre- 
siding officer  is  a  member  of  the  body,  he  nuiy  give  the  cast- 
ing-vote, although  he  lias,  by  already  voting  as  a  mem- 
ber, created  the  tie  or  equal  division.  [Commonly  written 
as  two  words.] 

Ill  the  time  of  Hastings  the  Governor  had  only  one  vote 
in  council,  and,  in  case  of  an  ei|ual  division,  a  castiny  vote. 

Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

casting-weight  (kas'ting-wat),  n.  A  weight 
that  turns  the  scale  of  a  balance,  or  makes  one 
side  preponderate. 


casting-weight 

A  man's  true  merit  'tis  not  hard  to  find  ; 
But  eaeli  ftian's  secret  standard  in  liis  mind, 
Tliat  castin;i-ivei;ilit  pride  adds  to  emptiness, 
Tliis,  wlio  can  gratify,  for  who  can  guess'? 

Pope,  Prol.  to  Satires,  I.  177. 

cast-iron  (kast'i  "ern),  w.  and  «.  I.  n.  Iron 
which  has  been  east,  that  is,  melted  and  run  into 
a  mold  in  which  it  assumes  the  desii-ed  form. 
Most  cast-iron  is  pig-iron  wliich  lias  been  remelteil  in  a 
cupola  furnace;  but  some  castings  for  special  purposes 
are  made  by  remelting  in  a  re\ erberatory  furnace,  and 
occasionally  direct  from  tlie  blast  4'nnuuf.  "The  iron  made 
from  ore  by  smelting  in  the  lilast  liu  iiaco  is  in  fact  cast- 
iron,  and  its  properties  are  not  altered  by  remelting,  but 
it  is  commonly  known  as  pig-iron,  or  simply  as  pir/.  See 
foundnj  and  iron. 

II.  a.  1.  Made  of  east-iron:  as,  a  cast-iron 
pot. —  2.  Having  the  qualities  of  or  resembling 
cast-iron;  hence,  inflexible;  unyielding:  as,  a 
cast-iron  rule. 

His  [Spenser's]  fine  ear,  abhorrent  of  barbarous  disso- 
nance, .  .  .  made  piissil)le  the  transition  from  the  cast- 
iron  stiffness  of  "  Fcrrcx  and  Porrex"  to  the  Damascus 
pliancy  of  Fletcher  and  Shakespeare. 

Lowdl,  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXX.  361. 

cast-knitting  (kast'nit'''ing),  n.  That  kind  of 
knitting  in  which  the  needle  is  passed  through 
the  mesh  from  the  inside  of  the  piece  of  hosiery 
which  is  being  knitted,  and  the  yarn  with 
which  the  new  mesh  is  made  is  held  on  the 
outside. 

castle  (kas'l),  11.  [<  ME.  castle,  castel,  a  castle, 
village,  <  AS.  castel,  a  \'illage,  =  D.  lasted  = 
leel.  Icasfali  =  Sw.  Icastell  =  Dan.  lastel  =  OF. 
castel,  chiistel,  F.  castel,  chdteau  (>  E.  chateau) 
-  -  Pr.  castelli  =  Cat.  castell  =  Sp.  Castillo  =  Pg. 
It.  castello,  <  L.  castelltim,  a  castle,  fort,  citadel, 
stronghold,  dim.  of  castnim,  a  castle,  fort,  for- 
tified place,  usually  in  pi.  castra,  an  encamp- 
ment, a  camp,  a  military  station,  a  town  of 
military  origin  (>  AS.  ceaster :  see  -caster  and 
Chester);  connected  with  casa,  a  cottage,  hut: 
see  Cffso,  casino,  cassock,  etc.]  1.  A  building, 
or  series  of  connected  buildings,  fortified  for 
defense  against  an  enemy;  a  fortified  resi- 
dence ;  a  fortress.  Castles,  in  the  .sense  of  fortihed 
residences,  were  an  outgrowth  or  institution  of  feudalism, 
and  were  first  brought  to  a  high  pitch  of  strength  and 
completeness  by  the  A'ormans.  In  England  there  were  few 


850 

Our  castle's  strength 
Will  laugh  a  siege  to  scorn. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  5. 
The  house  of  every  one  is  to  him  as  his  castle  and  for- 
tress, as  well  for  defence  against  injui-y  and  violence  as 
for  his  repose. 

Sir  E.  Coke,  Reports,  Semayne's  Case,  v.  fol,  91a. 
2.  In  her.,  a  representation  of  two  or  more 


castor 

lany.']  1.  The  government  of  a  castle;  tenure 
of  a  castle. 

The  said  Robert  and  his  heirsi  ...  are  chief  banner- 
bearers  of  London  in  fee,  for  the  castelnj  which  he  and 
his  ancestors  have,  of  Baynard's  castle  in  the  said  city. 

Blount,  Ancient  Tenures,  p.  110. 

2.  A  demain  or  fief  maintaining  a  castle. 


towers  connected  by  curtains,  often  ha-nng  a  castle-stead  (kas'l-sted),  n.    A  castle  and  the 

gateway  in  one  of  the  curtains,  and  always  em-  l-'uildings  belonging  to  it. 

battled.     When  the  towers  are  represented  with  the  Castlct  (kast'let),  n.     Same  as  Castellet. 

wmdows  and  the  joints  between  the  stones  of  colors  dif-  Castle-tOWn  (kas'l-toun),  v.     TME  casteltutl  < 

ferent  from  that  of  the  wall  they  are  said  to  be  masoned  castel,  castle,  +  Urn,  town  1    The  hainlot  cIosa 

or  windowed  yules,  or,  or  tlie  like.    When  the  windows  bv  or  uihIpv  tlio  wL  L^v  i;;.if  \-    '^^^^^  ^ 

are  shown  of  the  color  of  the  field,  the  castle  is  said  to  be  ,  ^       1"     ,             ^       protection  of  a  castle : 

voidedo/the  field,  or  sometimes  ajour^.  The  door  is  called  ^leJlce  lastletoivn,  Castleton,  the  names  of  sev- 

the^wrt;  if  it  has  a  portcullis,  this  and  its  color  are  men-  eral  to-wns  and  villages  in  Great  Britain  and 

tioned  in  the  blazon.  Ireland                                          ■  ""'"^ 

3.  The  house  or  mansion  of  a  person  of  rank  or  castle-ward  (kas'l-ward),  n.  Same  as  castle- 
wealth:  somewhat  vaguely  applied,  but  usually  ./mird  od,uie  a,h  6asf(e- 
to  a  large  and  more  or  less  imposing  building.-  castlewick  (kas'l-wik),  n.    The  territorv  at- 

4.  A  piece  made  m  the  form  of  a  castle,  donjon,  tached  to  or  under  the  jm-isdiction  of  a  castle 
or  tower,  used  m  the  game  of  chess;  the  rook.  ?ui^wou  oi  a  casus. 
—  5.  A  kind  of  helmet. — 6.  Naitt.,  a  kind  of 
fighting-tower  formerly  erected  on  war-galleys, 
etc.,  near  the  bow  and  stern,  and  called  re- 
spectively/(wec«sWe  and  affcastle.  See  cut  un- 
der cadenas. 


der. 


castlingt  (kast'ling),  «.  and  a.    [<  cast^,  v.,  I., 
16,  -t-  dim.  -lingi.}    I.  n.  An  abortion. 

We  should  rather  rely  on  the  urine  of  a  caslling's  blad- 
''•  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

IP,.  rn(ienn<i    a  •  ■       .    ^    .       ^  II.  «.  Abortive.    S.  Butler,  Hudibras. 

lei  caaenas.-A.  castle  m  the  air,  or  in  Spain,  a  Castnia(kast'ni-a')  n    FNL  CEabnVina  ^Rm\  ^ 

ision.ary  project;  a  vague  imagination  of  possible  wealth,     TlTp  ftni^ri  '■tl     V  f,""°^"^.'/°"' ^-f 

fame,  happiness,  or  the  like  ;  a  day-dream  (See  below  )—  ^.  tyPiC^l  genus  of  moths  of  the  family  Cast- 
To  buUd  castles  in  Spain,  to  build  castles  in  the  air. 

(Seebelow  )  Theoriginof  thisphrase(whichistracedback  Castnian  (kast'ni-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL  Ctt'it- 
m  French  literature  to  I  bp  thirfponfh  f.B.>t.„.„        !„  !?.,„      ..  •      i         ^-i     -r       -W'  .         ^  vyuot 


in  French  literature  to  the  thirteenth  century,  and  in  Eng 
lish  to  the  fourteenth)  is  doubtful.  It  has  been  attributed 
to  the  boasting  by  Spanish  adventurers  in  F'rance  of  their 
lordly  residences,  which  existed  only  in  their  imaginations; 
and  less  probably  to  a  supposed  prohibition  at  some  time 


nia  +  -an.']  I.  «.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  the  genus  Castniu. 

II.  w.  A  member  of  the  genus  Castea  or  fam- 
ily Castniidw. 


againsttheerectionoffoiliticationsinSpain.  Littriithinks  rincitniifljp  ("Vast-  tii'i  r!5N  «   „7     rXTT     /  n^„t  ■ 
theidea  is  simply  that  of  an  imaginary  castle  in  any  foreign  ^a-SDnUCiae  (J^ast-ni  l-Cle)  n.pl.    [NL.,  <  Castma 
country,  other  nameshaving  been  sihiilarly  used,  and  that        -""''•J    ^  family  ot  Lepidoptera,  comprising 

the  moths  which  connect  the  sphinxes  -witli 
the  butterflies,  typified  by  the  genus  Castnia. 
They  are  sometimes  called  motli-spliinxes. 
castnioid  (kast'ni-oid),  a.  and  v.  [<  Castnia  + 
-aid.]  I.  a.  Refeembling  a  moth  of  the  genus 
Castnia:  as,  a  eostoto«Z  butterfly. 

II.  n.  A  hesperian  butterfly  of  the  tribe 
Castnioidcs, 


„  1  sihiilarly 

of  Spain  prevailing  as  most  familiar ;  to  which  may  be 
added  that  its  real  origin  is  probably  to  be  found  in  the  no- 
tion, always  prev;dent,  of  the  attainment  of  great  wealth 
tluough  emigration  or  foreign  adventure, 


Thou  Shalt  make  castels  thanne  in  Spayne, 
And  dreme  of  joye,  alle  but  in  vayne.  ' 

Roui.  of  the  Rose,  1.  2573. 

To  build  (or  maket)  castles  in  the  air,  to  form  schemes 

that  have  no  practical  foundation ;  entertain  projects  that 


cannot  he  carried  out;  indulge,  either  seriously  or  in  mere  CastnioidCS  (kast-ni-oi  '  dez),  w.  pi.  [NL.  < 
play  of  the  imaiiiiiation.  in  nleasinir  dav-dre.-inis.  esneciiil.     t,....^.:..    i      _.-\7^^-i      .    ,  .-,       />        j"-     L-^i^-i.,  x 


Castle  of  Coucy,  Aisne,  France.   (From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "Diet,  de 
I'Atchitecture." ) 

or  no  castles,  properly  speaking,  till  the  time  of  William 
the  Conqueror,  after  which  a  great  many  were  constructed 
*n  the  Norman  model.  At  first  the  donjon  or  keep  was  the 
only  part  ot  the  castle  of  great  strength,  and  the  other 
buildings  in  connection  with  it  were  of  a  more  or  less  tem- 
porary nature.  In  the  thirteenth  century,  however,  the  de- 
sign of  the  castle  became  more  fully  developed,  and  the  keep 

formed  only  the  central  part  of  a  group  of  buildings,  all  pnotlpH  fkas'ld"*  n  r<  rnitJ^ 
supporting  one  anottier,  and  mutually  contributing  to  the  t-^o^i-ea  J^Kaf,  lu;,  a.  1^  casue 
strength  and  commodiousness  of  the  whole.  The  cut 
■  shows  the  castle  of  Coucy,  near  Laon,  France,  built  in  the 
thirteenth  century.  In  the  foreground  is  the  outer  bailey 
oresplanade,  fortified,  and  containing  a  chapel,  stables,  and 
other  buildings.  The  outer  entrance  to  this  was  formed 
by  a  barbican  or  antemural  (see  plan  under  anfoHwrai).  a 
is  the  foss,  20  yards  broad ;  b,  the  gate,  approached  by 
two  swing-bridges,  defended  by  two  guard-rooms,  and  hav- 
ing a  double  portcullis  within,  giving  entrance  to  vaulted 
guard-rooms  with  sleeping-apartments,  etc.,  above,  c  ;  d, 
inner  bailey  or  courtyard ;  e,  covered  buildings  for  the 
men  defending  the  walls  or  curtains ;  /,  apartments  for 
the  family,  entered  by  the  grand  staircase,  g ;  h,  great 
hall,  with  storerooms  and  vaults  below  ;  i,  donjon  or  keep 
(the  chapel  is  seen  behind  it),  tlie  strongest  part  of  the 
castle,  with  walls  of  immense  thickness,  suited  to  form 
the  last  retreat  of  tlie  garrison.  At  i;  is  a  postern  lead- 
ing from  the  donjon  and  communicating  with  an  outer 
postern,  drawbridge,  etc. ;  I,  m,  n,  o  are  the  chief  towers 
flanking  the  outer  walls. 

At  the  foot  of  the  Mount  Syon  is  a  faire  Castelle  and  a 
strong,  that  the  Soudan  leet  make. 

Mandeiiille,  Travels,  p.  92. 


play  of  the  imagination,  in  pleasing  day-dreaiiis,  especial- 
ly of  great  wealth  or  power. 
When  I  build  castles  in  the  aire. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  Author's  Abstract. 
I  build  great  castles  in  the  skies, 
.  .  .  rear'd  and  raz'd  yet  without  hands. 

E.  of  Stirling,  Sonnets,  vi. 
We  had  no  right  to  build  castles  in  the  air  without  any 
material  for  building,  and  have  no  ground  for  complaint 
when  the  airy  fabric  tumbles  about  our  ears. 

H.  JV.  Oxenham,  Short  Studies,  p.  21. 
=  S3m.  1.  See  fort  ification. 

castle  (kas'l),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  castled,  ppr. 
castling.  [<  castle,  n.,  4.]  In  chess,  to  move 
the  king  from  his  own  square  two  squares  to 
the  right  or  left,  and  bring  the  rook  or  castle 
to  the  square  the  king  has  passed  over.  Castling 
is  allowed  only  wlu-ii  neither  the  king  nor  the  castle  has 
moved,  when  there  is  no  piece  between  them,  and  when 
the  king  is  not  in  check  and  does  not,  in  castling,  move 
ovrr  ill-  to  a  .square  which  is  attacked  by  an  enemy's  man 
tliat  is,  througli  or  into  check. 

castle-builder  (kas'l-bil"der),  n.  1.  One 
who  builds  castles, —  2.  Especially,  one  who 
builds  castles  in  the  air;  a  visionary;  a  day- 
dreamer. 

I  ...  am  one  of  that  species  of  men  who  are  properly 
denominated  castle-builders,  who  scorn  to  be  beholden  to 
the  earth  for  a  foundation.       Steele,  Spectator,  No.  167. 

castle-building  (kas'l-bil^ding),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  building  castles.— 2.  Especially,  building 
castles  in  the  air ;  day-dreaming. 

The  pleasant  languor,  the  dreamy  tranquillity,  the  airy 
castle-building  which  in  Asia  stand  in  lieu  of  the  vigorous, 
intensive,  passionate  life  of  Europe. 

J{.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  23. 

+  -cd2.]  Fur- 
nished with  a  castle  or  castles. 

The  castled  crag  of  Drachenfels 
I'rowns  o'er  the  wide  and  winding  Rhine. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iii.  55. 

castle-gartht  (kas'l-garth),  n.    The  precincts 

of  a  castle;  a  eastle-yard. 
castle-guard  (kas'l-gard),  n.  1.  The  guard 
which  defends  a  castle. — 2.  A  feudal  charge 
'or  duty  due  from  a  tenant  to  his  lord,  payable 
either  in  personal  service  in  defending  the 
lord's  castle  or  by  commutations  in  money  in 


Castnia  +  -oides.']  A  tribe  of  hesperian  lepi- 
dopterous  insects  combining  in  some  respects 
the  characters  both  of  moths  and  of  butterflies, 


Yucca-borer  {Megathytnus y 
a,  egg,  enlarged  ;  *,  b.  b,  eggs,  natur.il  si^e 
(line  shows  natural  size)  :  d,  fen 

but  justly  regarded  as  having  most  affinities 
with  the  latter.  They  are  characterized  by  a  small 
head,  a  very  large  abdomen,  unarmed  front  tibia;,  and 
very  small  spurs  of  the  middle  and  hind  tiliia-.  The  tribe 
IS  typified  by  the  yucca-borer,  Megathgmus  yuccce,  for- 
merly Castnia  yuccm,  and  includes  the  genus  yEgiale. 

castock  (kas'tok),  n.    Same  as  ciistoclc. 
cast-off  1  (kast'of),  a.    [<  cast^  (pp.)  -I-  of.] 
Laid  aside ;  rejected :  as,  cast-off  livery. 

We  are  gathering  up  the  old  cast-off  clothes  of  others, 
intellectually  above  us,  it  is  said. 

G.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  154. 
cast-off2  (kast'of),  n.  [<  casfi-  (inf.)  -1-  off.]  1. 
In  firearms,  the  outward  bend  of  a  gun-stock, 
by  which  the  line  of  sight  is  brought  inward 
to  meet  the  eye  more  readily. — 2.  In  printing, 
the  computatio'n  of  the  particular  space  to  be 
allowed  for  each  column  or  division  of  a  table, 
a  piece  of  music,  or  the  like :  as,  to  pass  the 
cast-off  (that  is,  to  communicate  to  other  com- 
positors the  result  of  such  a  computation). 


certain  cases.    Hence  — 3.  The  tenure  or  hold  castont,       An  obsolete  form  of  capstan 

1  ^J'^'^^P^m,'^'^  ^^^^  granted  castor^  (kas'tor),  w.  and  a.    [=  F.  Sp.  Pg.  cas- 

tor =  It.  castro,  castore,  <  L.  castor,  a  beaver 
(for  which  the  native  L.  is  fiber  =  E.  beareri^),  < 


him  by  his  lord. — 4.  The  circuit  around  a  cas- 
tle sulDject  to  taxation  for  its  maintenance. 
Also  called  castle-ward. 
castlery,  castelryt  (kas'l-ri,  -tel-ri),  n.;  pi. 
eastleries,  castelriesf  (-riz).  [<  OF.  castellerie,  < 
ML.  castellaria,  equiv.  to  castellania :  see  castel- 


Gr.  Kaarup,  a  beaver,  a  word  of  Eastern  origin : 
cf .  Skt.  icastm-i,  >  Hind.  Malay  Iristiiri,  musk ; 
Pers.  M«^,  a  beaver.]  I.  v.  1.  A  beaver. — 2. 
leap.]    Among  French  Canadians,  one  of  the 


castor 

party  which  called  itself  the  national  party,  the 
beaver  being  the  national  emblem  of  Canada. — 
3.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  seiuromorphic  ro- 
dent mammals,  typical  of  the  family  Castoridm. 

The  type  and  only  living  representative  is  tlie  beaver, 
Castor  fiber,  of  aquatic  habits,  liaving  tlie  feet  4-toeil,  the 
fore  feet  small, 
the  hinder  large, 
webbed,  with  the 
second  toe  dou- 
ble-clawed ;  the 
tail  broad,  flat, 
oval,  naked,  and 
scaly ;  and  the 
body  thick-set, 
especially  be- 
hind. On  each 
side,  above  and 
below,  the  in- 
cisors are  1,  ca- 
nines 0,  prenio- 


851    .  casual " 

its  weight  of  alcohol,  and  filtering  the  liquid,  castrate  (kas'trat),  r.  U  ;  pret.  andpp.  castrated, 


Skull  of  Beaver  ( Castor  fiber). 


lars  1,  and  molars  3,  making  20  teeth  in  all.  The  skull  re- 
sembles that  of  the  Scmridee,  but  lacks  postorbital  pro- 
cesses.  See  beaverl. 

4.  A  beaver  hat ;  by  extension,  a  silk  hat. 

I  have  always  been  known  for  the  jaunty  manner  in 
which  I  wear  my  castor.  Scott. 

"Even  so,"  replied  the  stranger,  making  diligent  use 
of  his  triangular  castor  to  produce  a  circulation  in  the 
close  air  of  the  woods.  Cooper,  Last  of  Mohicans,  ii. 

5.  A  heavy  quality  of  broadcloth  used  for  over- 
coats. 

II.  a.  Made  of  beaver-skin  or  -fur,  or  of  the 
cloth  called  beaver. 

castor^  (kas'tor),  n.  [Also  called  castoreum,  of 
which  castor  is  a  shortened  form ;  =  P.  casto- 
reum =  Sp.  castoreo  =  Pg.  It.  castoreo,  <  L.  cas- 
toreum, <  Gr.  Kaaroptov,  castor,  a  secretion  of  the 
beaver,  <  Kaarcop,  the  beaver:  see  castor^.l  A 
reddish-brown  substance  consisting  of  the  pre- 
putial follicles  of  the  beaver  and  their  contents, 
dried  and  prepared  for  commercial  purposes. 
It  has  a  strong,  penetrating,  enduring  odor,  and 
was  formerly  of  high  repute  in  medicine,  but  is 
now  used  chiefly  by  perfumers. 

castor^  (kas'tor),  n.  [Named  from  Castor  in 
Gr.  myth. :  see  Castor  and  Pollux.']  A  mineral 
found  in  the  island  of  Elba  associated  with 
another  called  pollux.  it  is  a  silicate  of  aluminium 
and  lithium,  aiid  probably  a  variety  of  petalite.  It  is 
colorless  and  transparent,  with  a  glistening  luster.  Also 
callcQ  castorite. 

castor^,  n.    See  caster,  3. 

Castor  and  Pollux  (kas'tor  and  pol'uks). 

[Named  from  Castor  (Gr.  Kdarup)  and  Pollux 
(Gr.  YloMevKtjg),  in  Gr.  myth,  twin  sons  of  Zeus 
or  Jupiter,  in  the  form  of  a  swan,  and  Leda, 
wife  of  Tyndareus,  king  of  Sparta;  or  produced 
from  two  eggs  laid  by  her,  one  containing  Cas- 
tor and  Clytaemnestra,  the  other  Pollux  (or  Poly- 
deuces)  and  Helen ;  or  all,  according  to  Homer, 
children  of  Leda  and  Tyndareus,  and  hence 
called  Tyndaridce.  Castor  and  Pollux  are  joint- 
ly called  the  Dioscuri,  sons  of  Zeus  or  Jupiter.] 
\.  In  astron.,  the  constellation  of  the  Twins, 
or  Gemini,  and  also  the  zodiacal  sign  named 
from  that  constellation,  although  the  latter  has 
moved  completely  out  of  the  former.  Castor,  a 
Geminorum,  is  a  greenish  star  of  the  magnitude  1.6,  the 
more  northerly  of  the  two  that  lie  near  together  in  the 
heads  of  the  Twins.  Pollux,  3  Geminorum,  is  a  very  yel- 
low star  of  the  magnitude  1.2,  the  more  southerly  of  the 
same  pair.    See  cut  under  Gemini. 

2.  An  ancient  classical  name  of  the  corposant, 
or  St.  Elmo's  fire. — 3.  ll.c.~\  The  name  given  to 
two  minerals  found  together  in  granite  in  the 
island  of  Elba.    See  the  separate  names. 

castorate  (kas'to-rat),  n.  [<  castor{ic)  +  -afei.] 
In  cheni.,  a  salt  produced  from  the  combination 
of  eastoric  acid  with  a  salifiable  base. 

castor-bean,  n.    See  hean^. 

castoreum  (kas-to're-um),  n.  [L.]  Same  as 
castor'^. 

eastoric  (kas-tor'ik),  a.  [<  castor'^  +  -ic]  Of, 
pertaining  to,  or  derived  from  castoreum :  as, 
eastoric  acid. 

Oastoridae  (kas-tor'i-de),  n.iyl.  [NL.,  <  Castor^, 

3,  4-  -idce.~\  A  family  of  seiuromorphic  simpliei- 
dent  rodent  quadrupeds,  typified  by  the  genus 
Castor,  the  beaver,  itsonly  living  representative. 
There  are,  however,  several  fossil  genera,  as  Eucastor  and 
Steneofiber,  and  probably  others.  The  tibia  and  fibula 
unite  in  old  age,  contrary  to  the  rule  in  the  sciurine  se- 
ries of  rodents ;  the  skull  is  massive,  without  postorbital 
processes ;  the  dentition  is  powerful,  with  rootless  or  only 
late-rooting  molars ;  clavicles  are  present ;  there  is  an  ac- 
cessory carpal  ossicle ;  the  salivary  glands  are  enormous, 
and  the  stomach  has  a  glandular  appendage  ;  the  urogen- 
ital system  opens  into  a  cloaca,  and  the  Weberian  bodies 
are  developed  as  a  uterus  masculinus ;  and  large  preputial 
glands  or  scent-bags  secrete  the  substance  known  as  cas- 
tor.   See  castor!  and  beaverl. 

castorin,  castorine^  (kas'to-rin),  «.  [<  castor^ 
+  -in^,  -ine^;  =  Sp.  castorina.]  An  animal 
principle  obtained  by  boiling  castor  in  six  times 


from  which  the  castorin  is  deposited. 

Castorina  (kas-to-ri'na),  n.  jd.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  LL.  castori'nus,  of  the  beaver,  <  L.  castor : 
see  castor'^.']  The  beaver  tribe  :  a  family  of  ro- 
dent animals,  comprising  the  beaver,  the  coypu, 
and  the  muskrat  or  musquash.    [Not  in  use.] 

castorinei  (kas'to-rin),  n.  [z=  F.  castorine,  < 
LL.  castorinus,  ot  the  beaver:  see  Castorina.'] 
A  cotton-velvet  fabric. 

castorine^,  «.    See  castorin. 

castorite  (kas'to-rit),  n.  [<  castor^  +  -ite?.] 
Same  as  castor^. 

Castoroides  (kas-to-roi'dez),  n.    [NL.  (J.  W. 

Foster,  1838),  <  Gr.  Kaaroip,  castor,  +  eHof, 
form.]    The  typical  genus  of  the  family  Casto- 

roididw.  There  is  but  one  species,  C.  ohioemis,  the  so- 
called  fossil  beaver  of  North  America,  which  was  of  about 
the  size  of  the  black  bear,  ami  hence  somewhat  exceeded 
in  size  the  capibara,  the  largest  of  living  rodents.  The 
skull  alone  was  about  a  foot  long.  The  known  remains 
are  all  from  Quaternary  deposits,  in  localities  from  Texas 
and  South  Carolina  to  Michigan  and  New  York. 

Oastoroididse  (kas-to-roi'cU-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Castoroides  +  -idee.']'  A  family  of  rodents,  in- 
stituted for  the  reception  of  the  genus  Casto- 
roides, related  on  the  one  hand  to  the  Casto- 
ridm or  beavers,  and  on  the  other  to  the  chin- 
chillas, cavies,  and  capibaras.  other  genera,  as 

Amblyrhiza  and  Loxomylus,  are  considered  to  be  prolmbly 
referable  to  this  family.  The  skull  resembles  that  of  the 
Castoridm,  but  the  dentition  is  entirely  different,  resem- 
bling that  of  chinchillas  and  capibaras. 

castor-oil  (kas' tor-oil'),  n.  [<  castor"^  (from 
some  supposed  resemblance  to  that  substance) 


Castor-oil  Plant  {Ricznus  communis'), 

+  oil.]  The  oil  yielded  by  the  seeds  of  Ricinus 
communis  (the  castor-oil  plant),  a  native  of  In- 
dia, but  now  distributed  over  all  the  warmer 
regions  of  the  globe.  The  oil  is 
obtained  from  the  seeds  by  bruising 
them  between  rollers  and  then  pj-essing 
them  in  hempen  bags  in  a  strong  press. 
The  oil  that  first  comes  away,  called 
cold-drawn  castor-oil,  is  reckoned  the 
best ;  an  inferior  quality  is  obtained  by 
heating  or  steaming  the  pressed  seeds, 
aiid  again  subjecting  them  to  pressure. 
The  oil  is  afterward  heated  to  the 
boiling-point,  in  order  to  sepai'ate  the 
albumen  and  impurities.  Castor-oil 
is  used  medicinally  as  a  mild  but  effi- 
cient purgative.  It  is  also  used  as  a 
fixing  agent  in  cotton-dyeing,  especial- 
ly in  dyeing  a  Turkey-red  color  from 
madder.  In  its  saponified  state  it  is 
sold  under  various  names,  as  Turkey- 
red  oil,  alizarin  oil,  sulphate.d  oil,  solu- 
ble oil,  etc.— Castor-oil  plant,  the  plant  Ricinus  com 


fruit  of  castor-oil 
t ;    b,  seed ;  c, 
section  of  same. 


pla 


ppr.  castrating.  [<  L.  castratus,  pp.  of  cas- 
trare  (>  OF.  *castrir,  *castrer  (cf.  castri,  cas- 
trated), F.  chdtrer  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  castrar  =  It. 
castrare),  castrate,  prune,  curtail,  f'xi)iirgate; 
akin  to  Skt.  ^astra,  a  knife.]  1.  To  deprive 
of  the  testicles;  geld;  emasculate. —  2.  In  hot., 
to  deprive  (a  flower)  of  its  anthers.    Jkirivin. — 

3.  To  remove  something  objectionable  from, 
as  obscene  ])arts  from  a  writing;  exj)urgate; 
destroy  the  strength  or  virility  of;  emasculate. 

The  following  letter,  which  I  have  castrated  in  some 
places.  Addison,  .Spectator,  No.  179. 

4.  To  take  out  a  leaf  or  sheet  from,  and  ren- 
der imperfect ;  mutilate. 

A  castrated  set  of  Holinshed's  chronicles.  Todd. 

5.  Figuratively,  to  take  the  vigor  or  spirit 
from;  mortify. 

Ye  castrate  the  desires  of  the  flesh,  and  shall  obtain  a 
more  ample  reward  of  grace  in  heaven. 

T.  Martin,  Marriage  of  J'riestes,  Sig.  Y,  i.  b. 

castrate  (kas'trat),  a.  and  n.  I—  F  castrat,  n., 
=  Sp.  castrado,  a.  and  n.,  =  Pg.  castrado,  n.,  = 
It.  castrato,  n.,  <  L.  castratus,  pp.:  see  the 
verb.]  I.  a.  1.  Gelded;  emasculated. —  2.  In 
6o<.,  deprived  of  the  anthers;  anantherous:  ap- 
plied to  stamens  or  flowers. 

II.  n.  One  who  or  that  which  has  been  cas- 
trated, gelded,  or  emasculated ;  a  eunuch, 
castrater  (kas'tra-ter),  n.  [=  F.  chdtreur  =  Sp. 
Pg.  castrador  =  It.  castratore,  <  LL.  castrator, 
<.  h.  castrare :  see  castrate,  v.]  One  who  cas- 
trates. 

castrati,  n.    Plural  of  castrato. 

castration  (kas-tra'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  castra- 
cioun,  <  F.  castration  ='Pr.  castrado  =  ^t^.  cos- 
tracion  =  Pg.  castragdo  =  It.  castrazione,  <  L. 
castratio(;n-),  <  castrare,  castrate:  see  castrate, 
v.]  The  act  of  castrating,  or  state  of  being 
castrated. 

castrato  (kas-tra'to),  n. ;  pi.  castrati  (-te).  [It. : 
see  castrate,  a.  and  n.]  A  male  person  emas- 
culated during  childhood  for  the»purpose  c" 
preventing  the  change  of  voice  which  natu- 
rally occiu's  at  puberty;  an  artificial  or  male 

soprano.  The  voice  of  such  a  person,  .ifter  arriving  at 
adult  age,  combines  the  high  range  and  sweetness  of  the 
female  with  the  power  of  the  male  voice. 

castrelt,        Same  as  kestrel.    Beau,  and  Fl. 

castrensial  (kas-tren'shial),  a.   [<  L.  castrensis 
(>  Sp.  Pg.  It.  castrense),  pertaining  to  a  camp, 
<  castra,  a  camp.]    Belonging  to  a  camp.    Sir  ■ 
T.  Browne.  [Rare.] 

castrensian  (kas-tren'shian),  a.  Same  as  cas- 
trensial.   Coles,  1717.  [Rare.] 

castrilt,        Same  as  l-estrel. 

castrum  (kas'trum),  n.;  pi.  castra  (-trii).  [L., 
a  castle,  fort,  fortress,  a  fortified  town,  in  pi. 
castra,  a  camp ;  hence  ult.  E.  -caster,  Chester, 
and  (through  dim.  castellum)  castle,  q.  v.]  A 
Roman  military  camp.    See  canip"^. 

The  ancient  castle  occupies  the  site  of  a  Roman  cas- 
trum. Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  254. 

cast-shadow  (kast'shad"6),  n.  In  painting,  a 
shadow  cast  by  an  object  within  the  picture, 
and  serving  to  bring  it  out  against  the  objects 
behind  it. 

cast-steel  (kast'stel),  n.  Steel  which  has  been 
rendered  homogeneous  by  remelting  in  cruci- 
bles or  ijots :  for  this  reason  sometimes  called 
crucible  or  homogeneous  steel.  This  process  was  in- 
vented by  Benjamin  Huntsman  (born  in  Lincolnshire, 
England,  in  1704),  and  brought  to  pei-fection  some  time 
before  1770.  Cast-steel  is  made  by  the  melting  of  blister- 
steel,  bar-iron,  or  puddled  steel,  with  the  addition  of  bar- 
iron,  carbon,  manganese  ore,  or  spiegeleisen,  in  small 
quantities,  according  to  tlie  character  o^f  the  steel  desired 
to  be  produced.  The  finest  cast-steel  is  made  from  Swed- 
ish bar-iron  manufactured  from  ore  practically  free  from 
sulphur  and  phosphorus.    See  iron  and  .'itcel. 


which  produces  castor-oil.    It  is  often  cultivated  Casuai  (Kaz  u-al),  a.  and  n.    [<  AlE.  casitel,  <  F. 


for  ornament  under  the  name  of  Palma  Christi,  grows  to 
a  height  of  6  or  8  feet  or  more,  with  broad  palmate  leaves, 
and  varies  much  in  the  color  of  its  stem,  leaves,  etc. 
castoryt  (kas'to-ri),  n.  [<  Gr.  KaarSpiov,  a  cer- 
tain color,  neut.  of  Kaardpio^,  pertaining  to  the 
beaver,  <  Kacrup,  the  beaver:  see  castor'^,  and 
cf.  castor^.]    A  color  of  an  unknown  shade. 

As  polisht  yvory 
Which  cunning  Craftesmau  hand  hath  overlayd 
With  fayre  vermilion  or  pure  Castory. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  U.  ix.  41. 
castra,  n.  Plural  of  castrum. 
castrametation  (kas  "  tra  -  me  -  ta '  shon),  n .  [= 
F.  castrametation  =  casirametacion  =  Pg. 
castrametaeao  =  It.  castrametazione,  <  ML.  cas- 
trametatio(n-),  <  LL.  castrametari,  pp.  castra- 
metatus,  pitch  a  camp,  <  L.  castra,  a  camp  (see 
castle),  +  metari,  measure. 1  The  art  or  act  of 
encamping ;  the  marking  or  laying  out  oi  a  camp . 


casuel  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  casual  =  It.  casuale,  <  LL. 
casualis,  of  or  by  chance,  <  L.  casus  (casn-), 
chance,  accident,  event,  >  E.  case''-,  q.  v.]  I. 
a.  1.  Happening  or  coming  to  pass  without 
(apparent)  cause,  without  design  on  the  part  of 
the  agent,  in  an  imaccoimtable  manner,  or  as 
a  mere  coincidence  or  accident;  coming  by 
chance;  accidental;  fortuitous;  indeterminate: 
as,  a  casual  encounter. 

Eny  brother  of  this  ffraternyte.  that  hath  don  hys  dew- 
teys  well  and  trewly  to  the  ffraternite,  come  or  fall  to 
pouerte  by  the  visitacion  of  god,  or  by  casuell  auenture, 
and  hath  not  wher-of  to  leve,  that  he  uiaye  haue,  every 
weke,  of  the  almys.  English  Gilds  (E.  E".  T.  S.),  p.  319. 
^  That  which  seemeth  most  casual  and  subject  to  fortune 
IS  yet  disposed  by  the  ordinance  of  God. 

Raleigh,  Hist,  of  World. 
He  tells  how  casual  bricks  in  airy  climb 
Encountered  casual  cow-hair,  casual  lime. 

H.  and  J.  Smith,  Rejected  .Addresses. 


casual 

There  is  an  expression,  evidently  not  casual  or  acci- 
dental, but  inserted  with  liesign.  D.  Webster,  Oct.  12, 1832. 

2.  Occasioual ;  coming  at  uncertain  times,  or 
Avithout  regularity,  in  distinction  from  stated 
or  regular;  incidental:  as,  c«s«tf/ expenses. 

Is  it  a  certain  business  or  a  casual? 

B.  Jonson,  Staple  of  News,  iii.  2. 

The  revenue  of  Ireland  certain  and  casual. 

Sir  J.  Dai'ies,  State  of  Ireland. 

Any  one  may  do  a  casual  act  of  good  nature. 

Sterne,  Sentimental  J  ourney,  p.  5.3. 
Casual  ejector,  in  law,  the  name  given  to  the  defen- 
dant in  tlie  tiotitioMs  actinn  of  ejeotnient  formerly  allowed 
by  the  common  law,  whui-e  the  real  object  of  tile  action 
was  to  detcrmim-  a  title  to  land.  To  form  tlie  ground  of 
such  an  action,  the  person  laying'  claim  to  tile  land  granted 
a  lease  of  it  to  a  tii  titioiis  ]iei  soii,  nsnally  designated  John 
Doe,  and  an  action  was  tlien  l)l■on^ht  in  tlie  name  of  John 
Doe  against  another  fictitious  jieison,  usually  designated 
Hicliaid  Koe  (tile  casual  ejector),  wlio  was  stated  to  have 
illegally  ejected  J(.lin  Doe  from  the  land  whicli  he  held  on 
lease.  The  landln rider  was  peiniittcd  to  defend  in  place 
of  Richard  Roe,  and  thus  tlie  detei  iniiiatioii  of  the  action 
involved  the  proving  of  tlie  lessor  s  right  to  grant  a  lease. 
This  fiction  is  now  everywhere  abolished.  =SjTl.  1.  Acci- 
dental, Chance,  etc.    See  occasional. 

II.  V.  1.  A  person  who  receives  relief  and 
shelter  for  one  night  at  the  most  in  a  work- 
house or  police-station,  or  who  receives  treat- 
ment in  a  hospital  for  an  accidental  injury. — 
2.  A  laborer  or  an  artisan  employed  only  ir- 
regularly. Mn!/hctv.-Ca.s\ial  ward,  the  ward  in  a 
workhouse  or  a  hospital  where  casuals  are  received. 

casualism  (kaz'u-al-izm),  [<  casual  +  -ism.} 
The  doctrine  that  all  things  are  governed  by 
chance  or  accident.  [Bare.] 

casualist  (kaz'u-al-ist),  n.  [<  casiial  +  -ist.'] 
One  who  believes  in  the  doctrine  of  casualism. 

Casuality  (kaz-ii-arj-ti),  «.  [<  casual  +  -ity. 
Cf.  casualty.']    The  quality  of  being  casual. 

casually  (kaz'u-al-i),  adn.  [ME.  casuelhj,  < 
casuel:  see  casual.]  In  a  casual  manner;  ac- 
cidentally; fortuitously;  without  design;  by 
chance:  as,  to  meet  a  person  casually ;  to  re- 
mark casually. 

Their  gettings  in  this  voyage,  other  commodities,  & 
theii'  towiis,.were  casually  consumed  by  fire. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  757. 
That  it  might  casually  have  been  formed  so. 

Brntley,  Sermons,  v. 
The  sqnash-vines  were  clambering  tiimultuously  upon 
an  old  wooden  framework,  set  casualhj  aslant  against  the 
fence.  Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  xvi. 

casualness  (kaz'u-al-nes),  n.  [<  casual  +  -ncss.] 
The  state  of  being  casual ;  casuality. 

.casualty  (kaz'u-al-ti),  n. ;  pi.  casualties  (-tiz). 
[<  IVIE.  casuelte,  <  OF.  *casuelte,  F.  casuaUte  - 
Sp.  casualidad  =  Pg.  casualidade  =  It.  casualita, 
<  ML.  casualitas  {-tat-),<  LL.  casualis,  of  chance, 
casual:  see  casual.]  1.  Chance,  or  what  hap- 
pens by  chance  ;  accident;  contingency. 
Losses  that  befall  them  by  mere  casualty. 

Raleigh,  Essays. 

There  were  some  .  .  .  who  frankly  stated  their  impres- 
•  sion  that  the  general  scheme  of  things,  and  especially  the 
casualties  of  trade,  required  you  to  hold  a  candle  to  the 
devil.  George  Eliot,  Jliddlemarch,  I.  170. 

2.  .Aji  unfortunate  chance  or  accident,  espe- 
cially one  resulting  in  bodily  injm-y  or  death ; 
specifically,  disability  or  loss  of  life  in  battle  or 
military  service  from  wounds,  etc. :  as,  the  ca.s- 
ualties  were  very  numerous. 

The  Colonel  was,  early  in  the  day,  disabled  by  a  casualti/. 

Emerson,  Address,  Soldiers'  Moimment,  Concord. 
Numerous  applications  for  pensions,  based  upon  the 
casualties  of  the  existing  war,  have  already  been  made. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  174. 

3.  In  Scots  law,  an  emolument  due  fi-om  a 
vassal  to  his  superior,  beyond  the  stated  yearly 

duties,  upon  certain  casual  events  Casualty  of 

wards,  the  mails  and  duties  due  to  the  superiors  in  ward- 
holdings.— Casualty  ward,  the  ward  in  a  hospital  in 
which  patients  suffering  from  casualties  or  accidents  are 
treated. 

■Casuariidse  (kas"u-a-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Casuarius  +  -idic]  "l.  A  family  of  struthious 
birds,  of  the  order  or  subclass  Edtitce,  having 
three  toes,  the  wings  rudimentary,  and  the  af- 
tershafts  of  the  feathers  highly  developed,  it 

is  confined  to  the  Australian  and  Papuan  regions,  and  is 
divided  into  the  Casuariince  and  the  Droniaiince,  two  sub- 
families which  contain  the  cassowaries  and  the  emus  re- 
spectively.   See  cuts  under  cassowary  and  emu. 

2.  The  Casuariince  alone,  elevated  to  the  rank 
of  a  family,  the  emus  in  this  case  being  sep- 
arated as  another  family,  Bromwidce. 

Casuarlinae  (kas-ii-ar-i-i'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Casuarius  +  -inw.]  The  typical  subfamily  of 
the  family  Casuariidce,  containing  the  casso- 
waries only,  as  distinguished  from  the  emus, 
and  coextensive  with  the  genus  Casuarius. 

Casuarina  (kas'''u-a-ri'na),  n.  [NL.,  <  casuu- 
rius,  the  cassowary;  from  the  resemblance  the 
branches  bear  to  the  feathers  of  that  bird.  ]  1 .  A 


852 

genus  of  peculiar  plants,  of  Australia  and  adja- 
cent islands,  nearly  related  to  the  birches  and 
oaks,  and  constituting  the  natiu-al  order  Casu- 
arinaccw.  They  are  jointed  le.-ifless  trees  and  shrubs, 
very  much  like  gigantic  horsetails  or  equisetums.  Some 
of  the  species  afford  wood  of  extreme  hardness,  as  the 
forest  oak  of  Australia,  C.  suberosa,  etc.,  and  the  she-oak 
C.  strtcta.    See  bee/wood.  ' 

2.  [/.  c]  A  plant  of  this  genus. 
Casuarlnacese  (kas-u-ar-i-na'se-e),  n.pl.  [NL., 

<  Casuarina  +  -acete.]  A  natural  order  of 
plants,  of  which  Casuarina  is  the  typical  and 
only  genus. 

Casuarius  (kas-u-a'ri-us),  n.  [NL.  (Linnrous, 
1735):  see  cassowary.]  The  typical  and  only 
genus  of  the  subfamily  Casuariiiiw;  the  casso- 
waries. About  12  different  species  are  known,  one  of  them 
being  the  Stnttliio  casuarius  of  Linnoeus,  now  known  as 
the  Caxiiarius  galeatus,  or  C.  emeu,  of  the  island  of  Cerain 
in  tlie  Moluccas.  Em  u.  is  said  to  be  the  native  name  of  this 
species  ;  but  tlie  bird  now  called  emu  belongs  to  a  differ- 
ent genus  (Droma'us)  and  subfamily.  The  common  Aus- 
tralian cassowary  is  C.  australis.  C.  bicarunculatus  in- 
habits New  Guinea.  C.  bennetti  is  from  New  Britain.  See 
cassou'ary. 

Casuaroidese  (kas'u-a-roi'de-e),  n.  pi.  [NL., 

<  Casuarius  +  -oidcw.]  A  siiperfamily  of  birds 
containing  both  the  emus  and  the  cassowaries: 
same  as  Casuariida;,  1. 

casuary  (kas'u-a-ri),  n. ;  pi.  casuaries  (-riz) .  [< 
NL.  casuarius:  see  cassowary.]  A  cassowary 
or  an  emu ;  any  bird  of  either  of  the  subfami- 
lies Casuariince  and  Bromwinw.  P.  L.  Sclater. 
[Rare.] 

casuist  (kaz'u-ist),  n.  [<  F.  casuiste  =  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  casuista  (It.  also  casista),  <  NL.  casuista,  a 
casuist,  <  L.  casus,  a  case.]  1.  One  versed  in 
or  using  casuistry;  one  who  studies  and  re- 
solves cases  of  conscience,  or  nice  points  re- 
garding conduct. 

The  judgment  of  any  casuist  or  learned  divine  concern- 
ing the  state  of  a  man's  soul  is  not  sufBcient  to  give  him 
confidence.  South. 

Those  spiritual  guardians,  .  .  .  the  only  casuists  who 
could  safely  determine  the  doubtful  line  of  duty. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  17. 
Hence — 2,  An  over-subtle  reasoner;  a  sophist. 

To  call  a  man  a  mere  casuist  means  that  he  is  at  liest  a 
splitter  of  hairs  ;  to  call  a  chain  of  argument  casuistical 
is  a  rather  less  unpolite  way  of  saying  that  it  is  dishonest. 

H.'N.  Oxenham,  Short  Studies,  p.  91. 

casuistt  (kaz'u-ist),  zi. «.  casuist,  n.]  To  play 
the  part  of  a  casuist.  Milton. 
casuistic,  casuistical  (kaz-u-is'tik,  -ti-kal),  a. 
[<  casuist  +  -ic,  -ical;  =  F.'  casuistique  '=  Sp. 
Pg.  casuistico.]  Pertaining  to  casuists  or  cas- 
uistry; relating  to  cases  of  conscience,  or  to 
doubts  concerning  conduct;  hence,  over-sub- 
tle;_  intellectually  dishonest;  sophistical, 
casuistically  (kaz-u-is'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  a  cas- 
uistic manner. 

casuistics  (kaz-u-is'tiks),  n.  [PI.  of  casuistic- 
see  -ics.]  Casuistry. 

The  question  is  raised  in  the  castiistics  of  Mohammedan 
ritual,  whether  it  is  right  to  eat  the  flesh  of  the  Nesnas. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXI.  600. 

casuistry  (kaz'ii-ist-ri),  n. ;  pi.  casuistries  (-riz). 
[<  casuist  +  -ry.]  1.  In  ethics,  the  solution  of 
special  problems  of  right  and  duty  by  the  ap- 
plication of  general  ethical  principles  or  theo- 
logical dogmas ;  the  answering  of  questions  of 

conscience.  In  the  history  of  Jewish  and  Christian  the- 
ology, casuistry  has  often  degenerated  into  hair-splitting 
and  sophistical  arguments,  in  which  questions  of  right 
and  wrong  were  construed  to  meet  selfish  aims. 

All  that  philosophy  of  right  and  wrong  which  has  be- 
come famous  or  infamous  under  the  name  of  casuistry 
had  its  origin  in  the  distinction  between  mortal  and  venial 
sin.  Cambridge  Essays,  1856. 

May  he  not  have  thought  that  he  found  there  some 
stupendous  exemplifications  of  what  we  read  of,  in  books 
of  casuistry,  the  "  dialectics  of  conscience,"  as  conflicts  of 
duties'?  jR.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  329. 

Hence  —  2.  Over-subtle  and  dishonest  reason- 
ing; sophistry. 

casula  (kas'6-la),  n.  [ML.  (>  E.  casule),  dim. 
of  L.  casa,  a  house;  cf.  cassock,  chasuble.]  A 
priest's  vestment;  a  chasuble, 
casulet,  n.  [<  ML.  casula,  q.  v.]  A  chasuble, 
casus  belli  (ka'sus  bel'i).  [L. :  casus,  a  ease, 
matter ;  helU,  gen.  of  helium,  war:  see  case^  and 
bellicose.]  A  matter  or  occasion  of  war ;  an  ex- 
cuse or  a  reason  for  declaring  war :  as,  the  right 
of  search  claimed  by  Great  Britain  constituted 
a  ca.sus  belli  in  18^2. 
cati  (kat),  n.  [<  ME.  cat,  catt,  kat,  katt,  <  AS. 
cat,  catt  (only  in  glosses),  m.,  =  OFries.  katte, 
f.,  =  MD.  D.  kater,  m.,  MD.  katte,  D.  kat,  f.,  — 
MLG.  kater,  m.,  katte,  t.,  LG.  kater,  m.,  katte,  f., 
=  MHG.  kater,  katero,  G.  kater,  m.,  OHG.  chazza, 
casza,  cazd,  MHG.  G.  katze,  t,  =  Icel.  kottr,  m., 
ketta,  f.,  =  Norw.  hatt,  m.,  katta,  f.,  =  Sw.  katt, 


cat 

m.,  katta,  f.,  =  Dan.  kat,  m.,  f.  (not  recorded  in 
Goth.);  cf.  W.  cath  =  Corn,  cath  =  It.  cat  = 
Gael,  ca  t  =  Manx  cayt  =  Bret,  kaz ;  OBulg.  ko- 
teli,  m.,  kotuka,  f.,  =  Bohem.  kot,  kocour,  m., 
kote,  kochka,  f.,  =  Pol.  kot,  koczor  ='Rus8.  kotu, 
m.,  koshka,  t,  =  OPruss.  catto  =  Lett,  kakjis  ; 
Hung,  kaczcr  =  Finn,  katti  =  Turk,  qadi  =  Ar. 
cjitt,  qutt,  a  cat;  Hind,  katds,  a  wildcat,  polecat; 
LGr.  kdrra,  f.,  NGr.  Kara,  yara,  f.,  Korof,  ydrof, 
m. ;  OF.  cat,  F.  chat,  m.,  chatte,  f.,  =  Pr.  cat, 
m.,  cata,  f.,  =  Cat.  gat,  cat,  m.,  cata,  f.,  =  Sp. 
Pg.  gato,  m.,  gata,  f.,  =  It.  gatto,  m.,  gatta, 
f.,  a  cat;  the  oldest  known  foi-ms  being  L., 
namely,  LL.  catus  {cdtus  or  catus :  catus  occurs 
in  Palladius,  about  A.  d.  350),  m.,  L.  catta  (once 
in  Martial),  f.,  ML.  cattus,  m.,  catta,  f.,  a  cat 
(a  domestic  cat,  as  opposed  to  felts,  prop,  a 
wildcat :  see  Felis),  a  word  found  earlier  in  the 
dim.  catulus,  in  common  classical  use  in  the 
extended  sense  of  'the  young  of  an  animal,  a 
Idtten,  whelp,  cub,  pup,'  etc.  (of  a  cat,  lion, 
tiger,  panther,  wolf,  bear,  hog,  and  esp.  of  a 
dog,  being  regarded  in  this  sense  as  a  dim.  of 
canis,  a  dog:  see  Canis).  The  original  source 
of  the  name  is  uukno-vm.  It  is  supposed,  as  the 
cat  was  first  domesticated  in  Egypt,  that  the 
word  arose  there,  and,  being  established  in  Ita- 
ly, spread  thence  throughout  Europe.  Hence 
kitten,  kitling,  kittle'^,  q.  v.  In  the  naut.  sense 
the  word  is  found  in  most  of  the  languages 
cited  (cf.  D.  Dan.  kat,  naut.  eat,  katblok,  cat- 
block,  D.  katrol,  'cat-roller,'  pulley,  etc.),  and 
is  generally  regarded  as  a  particular  use  of  cat, 
the  animal;  cf.  dog  and  horse,  as  applied  to  va- 
rious mechanical  contrivances.  The  connec- 
tion is  not  obvious.]  1.  A  domesticated  car- 
nivorous quadruped  of  the  family  Felida  and 

genus  Felis,  F.  domestica.  it  is  uncertain  whether 
any  animal  now  existing  in  a  wild  state  is  the  ancestor  of 
the  domestic  cat;  probably  it  is  descended  from  a  cat 
originally  domesticated  in  Egypt,  though  some  regard  the 
wildcat  of  Europe,  F.  catus,  as  the  feral  stock.  The  wild- 
cat is  much  larger  than  the  domestic  cat,  strong  and  fero- 
cious, and  very  destructive  to  poultry,  lambs,  etc. 

2.  In  general,  any  digitigr'ade  carnivorous 
quadruped  of  the  family  Felicia;,  as  the  lion, 
tiger,  leopard,  jaguar,  etc.,  especially  (ft)  of 
the  genus  Felis,  and  more  particularly  one  of 
the  smaller  species  of  this  genus;  and  (b)  of 
the  shoi't-tailed  species  of  the  genus  Lynx. — 

3.  A  ferret.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 4.  A  gossipy, 
meddlesome  woman  given  to  scandal  and  in- 
trigue. [Colloq.]  — 5.  A  catfish.— 6.  A  whip: 
a  contraction  of  cat-o^ -nine-tails. —  7.  A  double 
tripod  having  six  feet:  so  called  because  it  al- 
ways lands  on  its  feet,  as  a  cat  is  proverbially 
said  to  do.-— 8t.  In  the  middle  ages,  a  frame 
of  heavy  timber  with  projecting  pins  or  teeth, 
hoisted  up  to  the  battlements,  ready  to  be 
dropped  upon  assailants.  Also  called  prickly 
cat. —  9.  A  piece  of  wood  tapering  to  a  point  at 
both  ends,  used  in  playing  tip-cat. — 10.  The 
game  of  tip-cat.    Also  called  cat-and-dog. 

In  the  midst  of  a  game  of  cat.  Southey. 
11.  In/«ro,  the  occurrence  of  two  cards  of  the 
same  denomination  out  of  the  last  three  in  the 
deck. — 12.  In  coal-mining,  a  clunchy  rock.  See 
chinch.  [South  Staffordshire,  Eng.]  — 13.  [Ap- 
arently  in  allusion  to  the  sly  and  deceitful 
abits  of  the  cat.]  A  mess  of  coarse  meal, 
clay,  etc.,  placed  on  dovecotes,  to  allure  stran- 
gers. Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 14.  In  plaster- 
ing, that  portion  of  the  first  rough  coat  which 
fills  the  space  between  the  laths,  often  project- 
ing at  the  back,  and  serving  to  hold  the  plaster 
firmly  to  the  walls. — 15.  The  salt  which  crys- 
tallizes about  stakes  placed  beneath  the  holes 
in  the  bottom  of  the  troughs  in  which  salt  is  put 
to  drain. — 16.  [Perhaps  a  different  word;  cf. 
Icel.  kati,  a  small  vessel.]  A  ship  formed  on 
the  Norwegian  model,  having  a  narrow  stern, 
projecting  quarters,  and  a  deep  waist. — 17. 
Naut.,  a  tackle  used  in  hoisting  an  anchor  from 
the  hawse-hole  to  the  cat-head  a  cat  in  the 

meal,  a  danger  prepared  and  concealed :  drawn  from  a 
fable  of  jEsop,  in  which  a  cat  hides  herself  in  meal  to  catch 
certain  mice.— A  cat  in  the  pan,  a  falsehood  given  out  as 
coming  from  one  who  did  not  originate  it.— Aigora  cat, 
oneof  the  finest  varieties  of  the  domestic  cat,  distinguished 
for  its  size  and  beautiful  long  silky  hair.  It  was  originally 
from  Angora  in  Asia  Minor.  Also  called  Persian  cat.  and 
sometimes,  erroneously,  Angola  cat. — Blue  cat.  (a)  A 
Siberian  cat,  valued  for  its  fur.  (b)  A  name  for  the  Mal- 
tese cat :  so  given  from  the  blue-gray  color  of  its  fur.  (c) 
A  local  name  in  the  United  States  of  the  channel  catfish, 
Ictalurus  punetatus. —  Cat  and  dOg.  See  cat-and-dog. — 
Cat  of  the  Mediterranean,  a  fish,  the  Chimwra  mon- 
s«ma.— Enough  to  make  a  cat  speak  or  laugh,  some- 
thing astonishing  or  out  of  the  way. 

Old  liquor  able  to  make  a  cat  speak,  and  man  dumb. 

The  Old  and  Young  Courtier  (Percy's  Reliques). 


cat 


853 


catacomb 


Talk,  miss !  It's  enough  to  make  a  Tom  cat  speak  FrencR 
grammar,  only  to  see  how  she  tosses  her  head. 

Dickens,  Nicholas  Nickleby. 
Maltese  cat,  a  variety  of  cat  distinguished  by  its  fur, 
wliieh  is  of  a  blue-gray  color.    Sometimes  called  blue  cat. 

—  Manx  cat,  a  tailless  variety  of  cat  from  the  Isle  of  Man. 

—  Persian  cat.  Same  as  Angora  cat.  Staiid.  Nat.  Hist. — 

To  bell  the  cat.  See  belli.— To  grin  ixke  a  Cheshire 

cat,  to  show  the  gums  and  tet- th  in  hmghing :  a  local  Eiiy- 
lisli  proverbial  expression,  of  unknown  origin. 

"Please,  would  you  tell  me,"  said  Alice,  a  little  timid- 
ly, ..  .  "why  your  cat  .(/ci/ss  iife  that?"  "  It's  a  Cheshire 
cat,"  said  the  Duchess,  "and  that's  why." 

L.  Carroll,  Alice  ui  Wonderland,  vi. 
Lo  1  like  a  Cheshire  cat  our  court  will  (/riti. 

Wolcot  (P.  Pindar). 

To  let  the  cat  out  of  the  bag,  to  disclose  a  trick ;  let 
out  a  secret :  said  to  have  liad  its  origin  in  a  trick  prac- 
tised by  country  people  of  substituting  a  cat  for  a  young 
pig  and  bringing  it  to  market  in  a  bag  to  sell  to  some  one 
thouglitless  enough  to  "  buy  a  pig  in  a  poke."  The  pur- 
chaser son\etimes  tliought,  however,  of  opening  the  bag  be- 
fore the  bargain  was  concluded,  and  tluis  let  out  tlie  cat 
and  disclosed  the  trick. — To  rain  cats  and  dogs,  to  pour 
down  rain  violently  and  incessantly. — To  turn  a  cat-in- 
pan,  to  make  a  sudden  change  of  party  in  politics  or  reli- 
gion from  interested  motives.  "The  phrase  seems  to  be 
the  lYench  tourner  cote  en  peine  (to  turn  sides  in  trouble). " 
Brewer. 

When  George  in  pudding-time  came  o'er. 
And  moderate  men  looked  big,  sir, 

1  turned  a  cat-in-pan  once  more. 
And  so  became  a  Whig,  sir.         Vicar  of  Bray. 

cat^  (kat),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  catted,  ppr.  catting. 
[<  cat^,  n.']  I.  trans.  1.  To  draw  (an  anchor) 
up  to  tlie  cat-head. 

All  hands  —  cook,  steward,  and  all  —  laid  hold  to  cat 
the  anchor.       R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  123. 

Everything  was  now  snug  forward,  the  auahov  catted  and 
fished,  and  the  decks  clear. 

W.  C.  Russell,  Sailor's  Sweetheart,  iii. 

2.  [Cf.  cat^,  n.,  14.]  To  fill  with  soft  clay,  as 
the  intervals  between  laths :  as,  a  chimney  well 
catted. 

II.  intrans.  To  fish  for  catfish.  [CoUoq., 
western  U.  S.] 

cat^  (kat),  n.  An  abbreviated  form  of  catama- 
ran. [Newfoundland.] 

ca't-.    The  form  of  cata-  before  a  vowel. 

ca'ta-.  [L.,  etc.,  cata-,  <  Gr.  Kara-  (before  a 
vowel  KaT-,  before  an  aspirate  md-),  prefix,  /card, 
prep.,  do'wn,  downward,  through,  on,  against, 
concerning,  according  to,  etc.]  A  prefix  of 
words  of  Greek  origin,  meaning  down,  do'wn- 
ward,  against,  in  accordance  with,  sometimes 
merely  intensive,  and  sometimes  (like  English 
6e-i)  giving  a  transitive  force.  See  words  fol- 
lowing.   Also  sometimes  kata-. 

cataballitive  (kat-a-bal'i-tiv),  a.  [<  Gr.  Kara- 
(iaX'Aeiv,  throw  down  (<  /card,  down,  -\-  jiaXkeiv, 
throw),  +  -itive.']    Depressing.  [Rare.] 

catabaptist  (kat-a-bap'tist),  n.  [<  LGr.  Kara- 
PaTTTiarr/c,  lit.  '  one  who  drowns,'  coined  by 
Gregory  of  Nazianzus,  as  opposed  to  /SaKTiGTr/c, 
a  baptizer,  <  Gr.  KaTaljaTrri^ecv,  dip  under  water, 
drown,  <  /card,  down  (here  used  in  the  sense  of 
'against'),  +  /SaTrr/Ceii',  dip.]  One  who  opposes 
baptism. 

catabasia  (kat-a-ba'si-a),  «.;  pi.  catabasice  (-e) 
(or,  as  Gr.,  catabasiai).  [Gr.  Karapaaia,  also  m- 
raijiaaia,  equiv.  to  KarajSaaig,  a  coming  down, 
descent  (ef.  naraiiaaLog,  also  Kuraifidawc,  coming- 
down,  descending),  <  KaTafiaivuv,  come  down : 
see  catahasis.']  In  the  Gr.  Ch.,  a  kind  of  tro- 
parion  or  short  hymn  simg  by  the  two  sides  of 
the  choir  united  in  the  body  of  the  church.  It 
is  so  called  from  their  descending  from  their 
places  for  that  purpose. 

A  sticheron,  in  which  the  two  choirs  come  down  (/cara- 
fiaii'ovai),  and  join  together  in  the  body  of  the  church. 
The  hirmos  are  sometimes  said  at  the  end  of  their  respec- 
tive odes  as  catabasiai. 

J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  845. 

catabasion  (kat-a-ba'si-on),  n.]  pi.  catabasia 
(-a).    Same  as  caiabasis. 

catabasis  (ka-tab'a-sis),  n.  •  pi.  catabases  (-sez). 
[L.  catabasis,  <  Gr.  KarajSacric;,  a  going  down,  de- 
scent, declivity,  also  in  MGr.  like  KaTafiaaiov,  a 
place  for  relies  under  the  altar,  <  Karapaiveiv,  go 
down,  descend,  <  /card,  down,  +  (iaiveiv,  go,  >  jid- 
cT/f,  agoing:  see  &asis.  Ct.  anabasis.']  1.  A  go- 
ing down;  descent:  opposed  to  rt>ia&«sis  (which 
see). — 2.  In  the  Gr.  Ch.,  a  chamber  or  vault 
situated  under  the  altar,  and  used  as  a  chapel 
to  contain  relics. 

catabolic  (kat-a-bol'ik),  a.  [<  catabol-ism  -f-  -ic] 
Relating  to  or  of  the  nature  of  eatabolism. 

This  total  change  which  we  denote  by  the  term  "meta- 
bolism" as  consisting  on  the  one  hand  of  a  downward 
series  of  changes  (katabolic  changes). 

M.  Foster,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  13. 
eatabolism  (ka-tab'o-lizm),  n.    [<  Gr.  Karajiolr/, 
a  throwing  or  laying  down  (<  KarafiaTileLv:  see 
cataballitive),  +  -ism.']    In  physiol.,  that  phase 


of  metabolism  which  consists  in  "a  downward 
series  of  changes  in  which  complex  bodies  are 
broken  down  with  the  setting  free  of  energy 
into  simpler  and  simpler  waste  bodies"  {M. 
Foster) :  opposed  to  anabolism. 

The  ingenious  speculations  of  Hering,  that  specific  col- 
dur-scnsations  are  due  to  the  relation  of  assimilation 
(iiiiabolism)  to  dissimilation  (katabolisin)  of  protoplasmic 
visual  substances  in  the  retina  or  in  the  brain. 

M.  Foster,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  22. 

catacathartic  (kafa-ka-thar'tik),  n.  [<  Gr. 
Kara,  down,  -I-  KadapTindg,  purging:  see  ca- 
tliartic]  A  medicine  that  pui'ges  downward. 
[Rare.] 

cataca'UStic  (kat-a-kas'tik),  a.  and  n.    [<  Gr. 

/card,  against,  -I-  KavoTudt;,  caustic:  see  caustic] 
I.  a.  In  geom.,  belonging  to  caustic  curves 
formed  by  reflection. 

II.  n.  In  optics,  a  caustic  ciu've  fonned  by 
the  reflection  of  the  rays  of  light:  so  called 


The  Catacaustic  of  a  Circle,  with  its  Asymptotes. 
The  curve  runs  from  M  to  the  cusp      thence  to  the  cusp  B,  thence 
to  the  cusp  A' ,  thence  to  jl/',  and  through  infinity  to      ,  thence  to  the 
cusp  D,  thence  to  N,  and  throuj^h  infinity  back  to  M ;  C,  center ;  F, 
focus. 

to  distinguish  it  from  the  diacaustie,  which  is 
formed  by  refracted  rays.  See  caustic,  n.,  3. 
catachresis  (kat-a-kre'sis),  n. ;  pi.  cataclireses 
(-sez).  [L.  (>  F.  catachrese  =  Sp.  catacresis  = 
Pg.  catachrese  =  It.  catacresi),  <  Gr.  KaTaxpvoig, 
misuse  of  a  word,  <  KaraxpijaOai,  misuse,  <  kotcu, 
against,  +  xPV<^^<^h  nse.]  1.  Izirhet. :  (a)  A  fig- 
ure by  which  a  word  is  used  to  designate  an  ob- 
ject, idea,  or  act  to  which  it  can  be  applied  only 
by  an  exceptional  or  undue  extension  of  its 
proper  sphere  of  meaning :  as,  to  stone  (pelt)  a 
person  with  bricJcs;  b, palatable  tone;  to  display 
one's  horsemanship  in  riding  a  mule;  to  di-ink 

from  a  horn  of  ivory.  Catachresis  differs  from  meta- 
phor in  that  it  does  not  replace  one  word  with  another 
properly  belonging  to  a  different  act  or  object,  but  e.\tends 
the  use  of  a  word  in  order  to  apply  it  to  something  for 
wliich  the  language  supplies  no  separate  word.    (J)^  A 

violent  or  inconsistent  metaphor :  as,  to  bend 
the  knee  of  one's  heart;  to  take  arms  against 
a  sea  of  troubles,  (c)  In  general,  a  -violent  or 
forced  use  of  a  word. — 2.  In  philol.,  the  em- 
ployment of  a  word  imder  a  false  form  through 
misapprehension  in  regard  to  its  origin :  thus, 
causeway  and  crawfish  or  crayfish  have  their 
forms  by  catachresis. 

catachrestic,  catachrestical  (kat-a-kres'tik, 
-ti-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  Karaxp'/oTiKoc;,  misused,  misap- 
plied (of  words  and  phrases),  <  KaraxpijaOat,  mis- 
use :  see  catachresis.]  In  rhet. :  (a)  Pertaining 
to,  consisting  in,  or  characterized  by  catachre- 
sis; applied  in  an  improper  signification.  (6) 
Wrested  from  the  riglit  meaning  or  form ; 
contrary  to  proper  use  ;  forced;  far-fetched. 

catachrestically  (kat-a-kres'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In 
a  catachrestical  manner;  by  catachi'esis. 

There  are  .  .  .  collections  of  beings,  to  whom  the  no- 
tion of  number  cannot  be  attached,  except  catachresticallii, 
because,  taken  individually,  no  positive  point  of  real 
agreement  can  be  found  between  them,  by  which  to  call 
them.  J.  H.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  46. 

catachthonic  (kat-ak-thon'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  Kara, 
down,  below,  +  x^'^'^t  earth,  +  -ic]  Situated 
beneath  the  surface  of  the  earth;  undergrotmd. 

Professor  Milne  of  Japan,  says  the  "Athenseum,"  has  es- 
tablished in  the  Takashima  coal-mine,  near  Nagasaki,  an 
underground,  or,  as  he  prefers  to  call  it,  a  catachthonic, 
observatory.  Science,  IV.  206. 

cataclysm  (kat'a-klizm),  n.-  [=  F.  catachjsme 
=  Sp.  It.  cataclismo  =  Pg.  catachjsmo,  <  L.  cata- 
clysmos,  <  Gr.  KaraK?iva/i6g,  a  flood,  deluge,  < 
KaraKlv^eiv,  dash  over,  flood,  inimdate,  <  mrd, 
do'wn,  +  K?Lvi;etv,  wash,  dash,  as  waves;  cf.  L. 
cluere,  cleanse.]  1.  A  deluge  or  an  ovei-flow- 
iug  of  water;  a  flood;  specifically,  the  Noa- 
chian  flood. — 2.  In  geol.,  an  inundation  or  del- 
uge, or  other  -sriolent  and  sudden  physical  ac- 
tion of  great  extent,  supposed  to  have  been  the 


efficient  cause  of  various  phenomena  (as  of  the 
deposition  of  different  fonnations  of  diluvium 
or  drift)  for  which  the  gradual  action  of  mod- 
erate currents,  or  that  of  ice,  is  considered  to 
have  been  inadequate. 

This  war  is  no  accident,  but  an  inevitalile  result  of  long- 
incubating  causes ;  inevitable  as  the  cataclysms  that  sweep 
away  the  monstrous  births  of  primeval  nature. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  82. 

3.  Figuratively,  a  sudden  or  violent  action  of 
overwhelming  force  and  e.xtendcd  sweep. 

In  minds  accustomed  to  j)hilosophic  thought  a  change 
of  opinion  docs  not  come  by  abrupt  cataclysm,  but  liy  grad- 
ual development.         J.  R.  Seeley,  Nat.  Jieligion,  p.  2;il. 

Theory  of  cataclysms,  or  of  catastrophes,  also  called 

the  doctrine  of  violent  iij/heavals,  the  view  that  there  lias 
been  in  geological  time  a  succession  of  catastrophes  which 
destroyed  all  living  things,  and  necessitated  repeated  cre- 
ative acts  to  rcpeople  the  eaith.  See  catastrophe. 
cataclysmal  (kat-a-kliz'mal),  «.  [<  cataclysm 
+  -ah]  1.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  of  the  na- 
ture of  a  cataclysm. 

The  question  is  not  yet  settled  whether  they  [elevations 
and  subsidcncesj  were  of  a  slow  and  gradual  nature  like 
some  now  in  progress,  or  whether,  like  others  that  have 
occurred  in  connection  with  earthquakes,  they  may  have 
been  raind  and  cataclysmal. 

J.  W.  Dawson,  Nature  and  the  Bible,  p.  161. 

The  French  Revolution  has  been  so  often  lifted  by  sen- 
sational writers  into  the  region  of  cataclysmal  and  almost 
superhuman  occurrences,  that  a  narrative  is  especially 
acceptable  which  tends  to  range  it  among  the  facts  wliich 
appeal  to  our  ordinary  experience. 

Westminster  Rev.,  CXXV.  568. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  cataclysmists ;  holding 
the  doctrine  of  -violent  upheavals :  as,  the  cat- 
aclysmal school  of  geologists, 
cataclysmic  (kat-a-kliz'mik),  a.  [<  cataclysm 
+  -ic;  z=  F.  cataciysmique.]  Pertaining  to,  of 
the  nature  of,  or  characterized  by  cataclysms. 

In  the  reign  of  his  [Frederick's]  grandnephew,  whose 
evil  lot  fell  on  the  cataclysmic  times  of  Napoleon. 

Lowe,  Bismarck,  I.  43. 

There  has  always  been  in  Geology  a  tendency  to  cata- 
clysmic theories  of  causation ;  a  proneness  to  attribute  the 
grand  changes  experienced  by  the  earth's  crust  to  extra- 
ordinary causes.     J.  Croll,  Climate  and  Cosmology,  p.  11. 

cataclysmist  (kat -a -kHz 'mist),  ??.  [<  cata- 
clysm +  -ist.]  One  who  believes  that  many 
important  geological  phenomena  are  due  to 
cataclysms. 

catacomb  (kat'a-kom),  11.  [=  G.  IcataJcombe  = 
Sw.  Dan.  katakomb  =  Russ.  katakombui,  pi.,  < 
F.  catacombe  =  Pr.  cathacumba  —  Sp.  catacumba 
z=  Pg.  catacumba  (usually  in  plural),  <  It.  cata-. 
comba  (Sp.  also  occasionally  caiatumba,  It.  dial. 
catatomba,  simulating  Sp.  tumba,  It.  tomba, 
tomb:  see  tomb),  <  LL.  catacumba,  a  sepulchral 
vault,  <  Gr.  mrd,  do-wnward,  below,  +  kv/jP?;,  a 
hollow,  ca-vity,  >  ML.  cumba,  a  tomb  of  stone: 
see  comb^,  coomb.'}  Originally,  the  name  of  a 
locality  near  Rome,  the  "Hollows,"  in  which 
the  church  of  St.  Sebastian,  with  extensive 
bm-ial-vaults,  was  built;  but  afterward  ajiplied 
to  the  vaults  themselves,  and  to  similar  imder- 
ground  burial-places.  The  most  celebrated  of  these 
subterranean  vaults  are  those  in  and  about  this  spot,  the 
work  of  the  early  Christians.  They  consist  of  a  labyrinth 
of  narrow  galleries,  from  4  to  5  feet  wide,  at  different  lev- 


Catacomh. 

Tomb  of  St.  Cornelius.  Catacombs  of  CaLtxtus,  Rome,  3d  century. 
(From  Roller's  "  Catacoinbes  de  Rome.") 

els,  excavated  in  the  soft  granulai-  tufa  underljing  the 
Campagna.  In  each  wall  loculi,  or  berth-like  recesses, 
contained  the  bodies  of  the  dead.  The  entrances  to  these 
were  closed  with  slabs  of  stone,  carefully  sealed,  and 
marked  with  inscriptions  or  rude  pictures.  In  some  cases 
small  rooms,  called  cubicula,  were  set  apart  for  families  of 
distinction  in  the  church,  especially  for  martyrs.  Though 


catacomb 

these  catacombs  probably  served  to  some  extent  as  places 
of  refuge  and  couccalraeiit  for  Christians  during  the  ear- 
lier persecutions,  the  orisiual  idea  of  their  constnictioti 
was  undoubtedly  that  thcv  sliould  hu  used  only  as  burial- 
vaults.  The  length  of  tlie  gallerirs  in  the  Koukui  cata- 
combs lias  been  variously  estimatoil  at  from  'SM  to  900 
miles,  and  the  number  of  bodies  there  inti  ired  is  said  to 
be  over  ti,000,000.  Similar  underground  burial-places  are 
found  at  Naples,  Cairo,  Paris,  etc."  Those  of  I'aris  are  aban- 
doned quarries  extending  under  a  large  portion  of  the 
■city,  vifhich  were  made  into  a  bonery  in  17^t^  "  lien  tlie  in- 
tramural cemeteries  of  the  city  were  eondeiiined  and  the 
bones  were  removed  thither. 

catacorolla  (kaf  a-ka-rol'ii),  v.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Kara,  against,  +  corolla,  q.  v.]  A  second  co- 
rolla formed  iu  a  flower  outside  of  and  iuelos- 
ing  the  jirimary  corolla,  thus  producing  a  kind 
of  ■' hose-in-hose  "  flower. 

catacoustics  (kat-a-kos'tiks  or  -kous'tiks),  71. 
[<  Gr.  Kara,  against  (with  ref.  to  reflection),  + 
acoustics.  Cf.  F.  catacoKStiqne  =  Sp.  cataciis- 
tica  =  Pg.  It.  catactistica.}  That  part  of  the 
science  of  acoustics  which  treats  of  reflected 
sounds,  or  of  the  properties  of  echoes ;  cata- 
phonies. 

catacrotic  (kat-a-krot'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  Kara,  down, 
+  KpoTog,  a  beating,  knocking.]  In  pJnjsioL, 
noting  that  form  of  pulse-tracing  in  which  the 
secondary  elevations  appear  on  the  descending 
portion  of  the  eiu-ve. 

catadioptric,  catadioptrical  (kat*a-di-op'trik, 

-tri-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  Kara,  down,  against  (with 
ref.  to  reflection),  +  dioptric.  Cf.  F.  catadiop- 
trique  =  Sp.  catadioptrico  =  It.  catadiottrico.'] 
Pertaining  to  or  involving  both  the  refraction 
and  the  reflection  of  Ught —  Catadioptric  tele- 
scope, a  retlecting  telescope, 
catadioptrics  (kat "  a-di-op '  triks),  n.  [PI.  of 
catadioptric :  see  -ic's.']  That  branch  of  optics 
wliich  embraces  phenomena  in  which  both  the 
reflection  and  the  refraction  of  light  are  in- 
volved. 

Catadrome  (kat'a-drom),  n.  [<  Gr.  Karddpo/iog, 
a  race-course,  <  KaraSpafielv  (second  aor.  asso- 
ciated with  pres.  Kararpexctv),  run  down,  <  mrd, 
down,  +  Spa/ieii;  run.  Ct.  hippodrome.]  1.  A 
race-course. — 2.  A  machine  like  a  crane,  for- 
merly used  by  builders  for  raising  and  lower- 
ing heavy  weights.— 3.  A  fish  that  goes  down 
to  the  sea  to  spawn. 

catadromous  (ka-tad'ro-mus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
dpoftog,  overrun  (taken  in  the  sense  of  '  run- 
ning down'),  <  Kara,  down,  +  Spa/uelv,  run.] 
Eunning  down  ;  descending :  applied  to  cer- 
tain fishes  which  descend  streams  to  the  sea  to 
spawn  :  opposed  to  anadromous. 

The  eel  is  .  .  .  an  example  of  a  ca;a(//-0)nous  fish  —  that 
is,  one  descending  from  the  fresh  water  into  the  sea  to 
breed.  Smithsonian  Rep.,  1880,  p.  372. 

catadupet  (kat'a-dup),  «.  [<  r.  catadupc,  cata- 
doupe  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  cutadupa,  a  cataract,  <  L. 
Catadiipa,  the  cataracts  of  the  Nile,  Catudiipi, 
those  dwelling  near,  <  Gr.  KarddovTroi,  a  name 
given  to  the  cataracts  of  the  Nile,  <  KaraSovn-dv, 
fall  with  a  loud,  heavy  sound,  <  Kara,  down,  -I- 
SovTTciv,  sound,  <  SoiiTToc,  a  dull,  heavy  sound.] 

1.  A  cataract  or  waterfall. 
As  to  the  catatlupes,  those  high  cataracts  that  fell  with 

such  a  noise  that  they  made  the  inhabitants  deaf,  I  take 
all  those  accounts  to  be  fabulous. 

Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  I.  122. 

2.  A  person  living  near  a  cataract. 

The  Egyptian  katadupes  never  heard  the  roaring  of  the 
fall  of  Nilus,  because  the  noise  was  so  familiar  unto  them. 

A.  Brewer  ('!),  Lingua,  iii.  7. 

Catadysas  (ka-tad'i-sas),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Karddv- 
cii;,  a  dipping  under  water,  setting,  <  Karadveiv, 
dip  under  water,  go  down,  sink,  <  Kara,  down,  + 
6veiv,  get  into,  dive.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Cutadysidm.    C.  pumilus  is  an  example. 

Catadysidae  (kat-a-dis'i-de),  m.  ^jI.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
tadysas +  -«ri(c.]  ■  A  family  of  spiders,  repre- 
sented by  the  genus  Catadysas.  They  have  the 
palpi  inserted  near  tlie  extremity  of  the  maxilla;,  and  the 
niaudiliular  claw  longitudinally  directed,  as  in  the  Thera- 
jihnxiilir,  hut  are  said  to  have  only  two  pulmonary  sacs 
and  otlierwise  to  resemble  the  Lycusidce.  The  species  are 
North  American. 

catafalcot  (kat-a-fal'ko),  n.    Same  as  cata- 
falque. 

catafalciue  (kat'a-falk),  n.  [Also  in  It.  form 
catafalvo;  =  D.  Can.  G.  katafalk  =  Euss.  katu- 
falkii,  <  F.  catafalque,  <  It.  catafalco,  a  funeral 
canopy,  stage,  scaffold,  =  Sp.  Pg.  catafalco,  a 
funeral  canopy,  =  Pr.  cadafalc  =  OF.  escafaut, 
*escafalt  (>  E.  scaffold),  F.  echafaud  (ML.  cata- 
faltus,  etc.),  a  scaffold:  see  scaffold,  which  is  a 
doublet  of  catafalque.^  A  stage  or  scaffolding, 
erected  usually  in  the  nave  of  a  chui-ch,  to  sup- 
port a  cofiin  on  the  occasion  of  a  ceremonious 
funeral,  in  the  middle  ages  it  was  common  to  erect  a 
canopy  upon  this,  covering  the  coffin ;  the  whole  structure 


854 

was  made  somewhat  to  resemble  an  ecclesiastical  edifice 
of  the  style  then  prevailing,  and  was  allowed  to  remain  for 
some  little  time  after  the  ceremony.  The  modern  cata- 
falque is  generally  without  a  canopy,  and  in  Roman  Cath- 
olic countries  is  surrounded  by  large  tapers,  which  are 
burned  during  a  day  or  two  preceding  the  burial.  The 
catafalque  is  sometimes  used  as  a  hearse  in  carrying  the 
body  to  the  grave  or  tomb  at  a  public  or  ceremonious  fu- 
neral. 

The  tomb  was  a  simple  catafalque,  covered  with  the  usual 
.  a.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  471. 

catagenesis  (kat-a-jen'e-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Kara,  down,  -t-  ytveaig,  generation:  see  genesis.'] 
In  biol.,  creation  by  retrograde  metamorphosis 
of  energy.  H.  D.  Cope. 
catagmatic  (kat-ag-mat'ik),  a.  and  n.  [=  F. 
catagmatique  =  Sp.  catagmdtico  =  Pg.  catag- 
matico,  <  Gr.  Karay/ia^r-),  a  breakage,  <  Kar'a- 
yvvvai,  break  in  pieces,  <  Kurd  intensive  +  dyvb- 
vat,  break.]  I.  a.  In  med.,  having  the  property 
of  consolidating  broken  parts;  promoting  the 
union  of  fractured  bones. 

II.  11.  In  med.,  a  remedy  believed  to  pro- 
mote the  imion  of  fractured  parts.  Dunglison. 
catagmatical  (kat-ag-mat'i-kal),  a.  Pertaining 
to  catagmatics.  Coles. 

catagrapht  (kat'a-graf),  n.  [<  L.  catagrapha, 
n.  pi.,  profile  paintings,  <  Gr.  KaTaypq<p/},  a  draw- 
ing, outline,  <  Kardypaipog,  drawn  in  outline,  < 
Karaypd^eiv,  draw  in  outline,  write  down,  <  icard, 
down,  +  ypd<j)uv,  write.]  1.  The  first  draft  of 
a  picture. —  2.  A  profile. 

Cataian,  Cathaian  (ka-ta'an,  -tha'an),  a.  and 
[<  Cathay,  formerly  pronounced  Catay, 
called  Kitai  by  Marco  Polo;  said  to  be  a  Per- 
sian corruption  of  Ei-tan,  the  name  of  a  Tatar 
tribe  who  ruled  the  northern  part  of  China 
from  A.  D.  1118  to  1235,  under  the  title  of  the 
Kin,  or  golden  dynasty,]  I,  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Cathay. 

II.  n.  A  native  of  Cathay  (an  early,  and  now 
only  a  poetic,  name  for  China) ;  a  foreigner  gen- 
erally ;  hence,  in  old  writers,  an  indiscriminate 
term  of  reproach. 

I  will  not  believe  such  a  Cataian,  though  the  priest  o' 
the  town  commended  him  for  a  true  man. 

Shak.,  M.  \V.  of  W.,  ii.  1. 
Catalan  (kat'a-lan),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  Catalan, 
<  Sp.  C'rt;«to«J' pertaining  to  Cataluna,  Catalo- 
nia, <  Gothalania,  the  land  of  the  Goths  and 
Alans,  who  settled  in  it  in  the  5th  century.] 
I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Catalonia,  a  former  province 
of  Spain  (now  a  geographical  division  compris- 
ing several  provinces),  or  to  its  inhabitants  or 
language — Catalan  forge  or  furnace.  See  furnace. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  of  Catalonia,  Spain;  es- 
pecially, one  belonging  to  the  indigenous  race 
or  people  of  Catalonia,  wherever  found,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  other  Spaniards.— 2.  The  lan- 
guage of  Catalonia,  Valencia,  and  the  Balearic 

isles.  It  holds  a  position  similar  to  the  Proven<,'al,  to 
which  it  is  closely  related,  Catalonia  having  been  ruled  by 
a  line  of  French  counts  for  several  centuries  before  its  union 
with  Aragon  in  1137.  The  language  was  early  cultivated 
and  had  a  considerable  literature, 
catalectic  (kat-a-lek'tik),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  cata- 
lectiquc  =  Sp.  catalectico  =  Pg.  catalectico  =  It. 
catalettico,  <  LL.  catalecticus,  <  Gr.  Kara?,rjKTtK6g, 
leaving  off,  <  Karalr/yeiv,  leave  off,  <  Kara  inten- 
sive +  liiyeiv,  leave  off,  cease.]  I.  a.  In  jyros. : 
(a)  Wanting  part  of  the  last  foot:  as,  a  catalec- 
tic line  or  verse:  opposed  to  acatalectic.  in  the 
following  couplet  the  second  line  is  catalectic,  the  first 
acatalectic. 

Tell  me  I  not.  In  |  mournfai  |  numbers, 
Life  Is  I  but  an  |  empty  |  dream  ! 
Verses  consisting  of  feet  of  three  or  more  syllables  are  de- 
scribed as  catalectic  in  a  syllable,  a  disyllabic,  or  a  trisyl- 
lable, according  to  the  number  of  syllables  in  the  last  "or 
incomplete  foot. 

If  the  first  halt  of  the  line  has  its  12  short  times,  the 
second  or  catalectic  part  would  seem  to  have  but  11 ;  but 
Aristoxenus,  as  we  have  seen,  rejects  the  foot  of  11  shorts 
as  being  unrhythmical.  J.  Hadley,  Essays,  p.  10.5. 

(&)  In  a  wider  sense,  wanting  part  of  a  foot 
or  measure:  as,  a  catalectic  colon;  a  verse 
doubly  catalectic.  See  hr  achy  catalectic,  dicata- 
lectic,  hypercatalectic,  and  procatalectic. 
II.  n.  A  catalectic  verse, 
catalecticant  (kat-a-lek'ti-kant),  n.  [<  Gr. 
Kara'leKTcov,  to  be  reckoned  up  or  counted,  ver- 
bal adj.  of  Kara'Myetv,  lay  down,  pick  out,  count, 
<  Kara,  down,  +  Xeyeiv,  lay.]  In  math.,  the  in- 
variant whose  vanishing  expresses  that  a  quan- 
tic  of  order  2»  can  be  reduced  to  the  sum  of  n 
powers  of  order  2n.  The  catalecticant  of  the  sextic 
{«,  b,  c,  d,  e,  f,  g)  (x,  y)6  is 

a,  b,    c,  d 

b,  c,    d,  e 

c,  d,    e,  f 

d,  e,    f,  g, 

and  those  of  other  orders  are  formed  in  the  same  way. 


catalogue 

catalepsy  (kat'a-lep-si),  v.   [Also,  as  LL.,  cata- 

lepsis  (>  F.  catalepsie  =  Sp.  Pg.  catalepsia  = 
It.  catalessia),  <  Gr.  Kardh/ip/g,  a  grasping,  seiz- 
ing, <  KaTa'Aa/if)dvai>,  seize  upon,  <  mrd,  down 
-(-  'Aaixpdveiv  (■/  *lali),  seize,  take.  Cf.  vpilepsy.~\ 
-An  affection,  generally  connected  with  hyste- 
ria, characterized  by  attacks  resembling  hys- 
terical coma,  with  a  peculiar  muscular  rigidity 
of  the  hmbs;  a  similar  abnormal  state  pro"- 
duced  artificially  in  the  healthy  body  in  certain 
mesmeric  states, 
cataleptic  (kat-a-lep'tik),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  cata- 
leptique  =  Sp.  cataleptico  =  Pg.  cataleptico  =  It. 
catalettico,  <  LL.  catalepticus,  <  Gr.  KaraXTj-n-riKog, 

<  KOTdhi^ii^:  BQQ  catalepsy. ~\  J.  a.  Pertaining 
to,  of  the  nature  of,  or  affected  with  catalepsy. 

Silas's  cataleptic  fit  occurred  during  the  prayer-meeting. 

George  Eliot,  Silas  Marner,  i. 
The  young  lady  was  able  to  execute  [on  the  pianoforte] 
in  the  cataleptic  state,  wliat  she  apparently  had  not  learned 
and  could  not  execute  when  out  of  that  state. 

Pop.  Sci.  No.,  Xlll.  450. 

II.  n.  A  person  affected  with  catalepsy, 
cataleptiform  (kat-a-lep'ti-form),  a.     [<  LL. 
catalepsis  {-lept-} -{-"L.  fortna,  torm.;\  Eesem- 
bling  catalepsy. 

cataleptize  (kat-a-lep'tiz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

cataleptized,  j>pv."  cataleptieing.  [<  catalept-ic 
+  -ize.']    To  render  cataleptic. 

A  most  remarlvable  phenomenon  may  be  observed  in 
some  instances  :  by  merely  opening  one  eye  of  the  lethar- 
gic patient  the  corresponding  side  of  the  body  is  catalep- 
tized.  Fortnightly  Rev.,  N.  S.,  XLI.  733. 

We  read  of  priests  being  cataleptized  at  the  altar  in  the 
attitude  of  elevating  the  sacrament. 

Quoted  in  Fortnightly  Rev.,  N.  S.,  XLI.  739. 

cataleptoid  (kat-a-lep'toid),  a.    [<  catalepsis 

i-lept-)  +  -old.']    Eesembling  catalepsy, 
catalexis  (kat-a-lek'sis),  n.    [<  Gr.  Kardlrj^ii, 
an  ending,  termination  (in  prosody  as  in  def.), 

<  mraXijyuv,  leave  off :  see  catalectic.^  In  pros., 
incompleteness  of  the  last  foot  or  measure  of 
a  verse ;  in  a  wider  sense,  incompleteness  of 
any  foot  in  a  verse.  Catalexis  is  not  the  suppression 
of  any  rhythmical  element,  but  the  want  of  a  correspond- 
ing syllable  or  syllables  in  the  words  to  fill  out  a  time 
(mora)  or  times  necessary  to  the  metrical  completeness  of 
the  line.  This  space  is  filled  out  by  a  pause— in  the  quan- 
titative poetry  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  either  by  a  pause 
or  by  prolonging  the  preceding  syllable. 

Lines  therefore  will  be  so  divided  into  feet  that  the  ictus 
shall  always  fall  on  the  first  syllable  of  each  foot,  admit- 
ting anacrusis  and  catalexis  wherever  necessary. 

Trans.  Amer.  Philol.  Ass.,  XVI.  84. 

Catallacta  (kat-a-lak'ta),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

*KaTd'A'AaKTog,  verbal  adj.'of  Kara'Aldaaeiv,  change, 
exchange:  see  cataUactics.']  A  group  of  endo- 
plastic  Protozoa,  the  type  of  which  is  the  genus 
Magosphm-a,  established  by  Haeckel  in  1871: 
now  called  Catallactidw  (which  see).  See  cut 
under  Magosphaira. 
catallacticaliy  (kat-a-lak'ti-kal-i),  adv.  [< 
*catatlactic,  implied  in  catallactics,  q.  v.]  In 
exchange ;  in  return.  [Eare.] 

You  may  grow  for  your  neighbour,  at  your  liking,  grapes 
or  grapeshot ;  he'  will  also  catallacticaliy  grow  grapes  or 
grapeshot  for  you,  and  you  will  each  reap  what  you  have 
sown.  Raskin,  Unto  this  Last,  iv. 

catallactics  (kat-a-lak'tiks),  n.  [<  Gr.  KaraX- 
/[anTiKdg,  easy  to  reconcile,  but  taken  in  its  lit- 
eral sense  of  'changeable,  having  to  do  with  ex- 
change,' <  *mTd?i2.aKTog,  verbal  adj.  of  /caraAAau- 
asiv,  change  (money),  exchange,  also  reconcile, 

<  /card,  down,  against,  +  dXAdaaeiv,  change,  < 
dAAof  =  L.  alius,  other:  see  eUe.l  The  science 
of  exchanges :  adopted  by  Whately  as  a  desig- 
nation of  political  economy. 

One  eminent  writer  has  proposed  as  a.n^me  for  Political 
Economy  Catallactics,  or  the  science  of  exchanges. 

J.  S.  Mill,  Pol.  Econ.,  III.  i.  §  1. 

Catallactidae  (kat-a-lak'ti-de),  «.  pi.   [NL.,  < 

Catallacta  -i-  -idee.']'  A  family  of  pelagic  poly- 
mastigate  pantostomatous  infusorians,  corre- 
sponding to  Haeekel's  group  of  Catallacta,  co- 
herent in  social  clusters,  with  their  anterior  and 
exposed  border  clothed  with  long  vibratile  fla- 
gella,  and  with  no  distinct  oral  aperture, 
catalog  (kat'a-log),  n.  A  recent  spelling  of 
catalogue. 

catalogue  (kat'a-log),  n.  [Also  recently  cata- 
log ;  =  D.  kataloog  =  G.  catalog,  Icatalog  =  Dan. 
Sw.  katalog  =  Euss.  katalogu,  <  F.  catalogue  = 
Pr.  cathalogue  =  Sp.  catdlogo  =  Pg.  It.  catalogo, 

<  LL.  catalogus,  <  Gr.  KardAoyoc,  a  list,  register, 

<  KaraMyeiv,  reckon  up,  tell  at  length,  <  Kord, 
down,  +  MyEiv,  tell,  say.]  .  A  list  or  register 
of  separate  items ;  an  itemized  statement  or 
enumeration;  specifically,  a  list  or  enumera- 
tion of  the  names  of  men  or  things,  with  added 
particulars,  disposed  in  a  certain  order,  gener- 
ally alphabetical :  as,  a  catalogue  of  the  students 


catalogue 

of  a  college,  of  the  stars,  or  of  a  museum  or  a 
library.    See  card-catalogue. 

Jlyself  cuuUi  show  a  catalogue  of  doubts,  never  yet 
imagined  or  questioned. 

Sir  T.  Bro  wne,  Religio  Medici,  i.  21. 

She  is  to  be  added  to  the  catalnfiue  of  republics,  the  in- 
scription upon  whose  ruin  is,  "They  were,  but  they  are 
not."  Story,  Salem,  Sept.  18,  1828. 

Ugly  catalogues  of  sins  and  oaths  and  drunkenness  and 
brutality.  Froade,  Sketches,  p.  47. 

Catalogue  raisomi6  (F.,  literally  reasoned  catalogue), 
a  catalogue  of  books,  paintings,  or  the  like,  classed  ac- 
cording to  their  subjects,  usually  witli  more  or  less  full 
comments  or  e.\pIanations.  =  Syn.  LiM,  Catalogue.  List 
means  a  mere  enumeration  of  individual  persons  or  arti- 
cles, while  catalogue  properly  supposes  some  description, 
with  the  names  in  a  certain  order.  Thus  we  speak  of  a 
subscription  list,  but  of  the  catalogue  of  a  museum  or  a 
liluary. 

catalogue  (kat'a-log),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cata- 
logued, ppr.  cataloguing.  [<  catalogue,  n. ;  =  F. 
cataloguer.']  To  make  a  catalogue  of ;  enter  in 
a  catalogue. 

It  [Scripture]  cannot,  as  it  were,  bemapped  or  its  contents 
catalogued.  J.  H.  Newman,  Development  of  Christ.  Doct. 

cataloguer  (kat'a-log-er), «.  [<  catalogue  +  -eri; 
=  F.  catalog ueur.]  One  who  arranges  and  pre- 
pares a  catalogue,  as  of  books,  plants,  stars,  etc. 

The  supposed  cases  of  disappearance  [of  stars!  arose  from 
cataloguers  accidentally  recording  stars  in  positions  where 
none  e.\isted.  Newcomb  and  Holden,  Astron.,  p.  446. 
Cataloguist  (kat'a-log-ist),  n.  [<  catalogue  + 
-ist]  One  who  is  "skilled  in  making  catalogues ; 
a  professional  cataloguer.  [Eare.] 

Though  not  made  by  cataloguists,  let  me  mention  a  some- 
what similar  mistake  caused  by  a  misleading  title. 

JV.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  166. 

cataloguize  (kat'a-log-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

cataloguized,  ]yTpv.  ' cataloguizing.  [<  catalogue 
+  -ize.']  To  insert  or  arrange  in  a  catalogue; 
catalogue.  [Rare.] 

Catalonian  (kat-a-lo'ni-an),  a.  [<  Catalonia 
(Sp.  Cataluna)  +  -ian.  "  Cf.  Catalan.']  Of  or 
pertaining  to  Catalonia.    See  Catalan. 

catalpa  (ka-tal'pa),  n.  [The  Amer.  Indian 
name  in  Carolina  for  the  first  species  mentioned 
below.]  1.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Catalpa. —  2. 
[cap.]  [NL.]  A  small  genus  of  bignoniaceous 
trees,  with  large  simple  leaves,  terminal  pan- 
icles of  showy  flowers,  and  long  linear  pods 

with  winged  seeds.  C.  bignonioides  and  C.  speciosa 
are  natives  of  the  United  States,  and  are  common  in  culti- 
vation as  ornamental  trees.  The  wood  is  light  and  soft, 
but  durable,  and  is  much  used  for  railroad-ties,  fence-posts, 
etc.  The  bark  is  bitter,  and  has  been  employed  as  a  vermi- 
fuge. Two  similar  species  from  China  and  Japan  are  occa- 
sionally cultivated.  The  other  species  are  West  Indian ; 
one  of  these,  C.  longissima,  is  known  as  French  oak,  and 
its  bark  is  rich  in  tannin, 
catalysis  (ka-tal'i-sis),  «. ;  pi.  catalyses  (-sez). 
i—  F.  catalyse  =  Sp.  catalisis,  <  NL.  catalysis, 

<  Gr.  KardTivaic:,  dissolution,  <  Karalveiv,  dis- 
solve, <  Kara,  down,  -1-  Xiieiv,  loose.  Cf.  analysis.] 

1.  Dissolution;  destruction;  degeneration;  de- 
cay.   [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

Sad  catalysis  and  declension  of  piety.  Evelyn. 
The  sud  catalysis  did  come,  and  swept  away  eleven  hun- 
dred thousand  of  the  nation.  Jer.  Tat/lor. 

2.  A  decomposition  and  new  combination 
supposed  by  Berzelius  and  other  chemists  to 
be  produced  among  the  proximate  and  elemen- 
tary principles  of  one  or  more  compounds,  by 
virtue  of  the  mere  presence  of  a  substance  or 
substances  which  do  not  of  themselves  enter 
into  the  reaction .  it  is  at  present  believed  that  bodies 
which  cause  catalysis  do  in  some  way  take  part  in  the 
chemical  reactions  involved,  though  they  are  in  the  coui'se 
of  it  always  brought  back  to  their  original  condition. 

I  am  strongly  disposed  to  consider  that  the  facts  of 
Catalysis  depend  upon  voltaic  action,  to  generate  which 
three  heterogeneous  substances  are  always  necessary. 

U'.  R.  Grove,  Con:  of  Forces,  p.  6. 

catalysotype  (kat-a-lis'o-tip),  n.  [Irreg.  <  ca- 
talysis +  type.']  In  pliotog.,  a  calotype  process 
in  which  iron  iodide  is  used  in  the  preparation 
of  the  paper,  in  place  of  potassium  iodide. 

catalytic  (kat-a-lit'ik),  a.  [=  F.  cafalytique  = 
Sp.  catalitico,  <!  Gr.  KaTa'AvrtKog,  able  to  dissolve, 

<  *KaTdAvTog,  verbal  adj.  of  naTokvuv,  dissolve: 
see  catalysis  and  -ic]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or 
characterized  by  catalysis ;  having  the  power 
of  decomposing  a  compound  body  apparently 
by  mere  contact ;  resulting  from  catalysis. 

It  is  not  improbable  that  the  increased  electrolytic 
power  of  water  by  the  addition  of  some  acids,  such  as  the 
sulphuric  and  phosphoric,  where  the  acids  themselves  are 
not  decomposed,  depends  upon  a  catalytic  etfect  of  these 
acids.  W.  R.  Grove,  Corr.  of  Forces,  p.  169. 

Catalytic  agent,  (a)  A  body  which  produces  chemical 
changes  in  another  apparently  by  mere  contact.  Thus 
yeast  resolves  sugar,  by  contact,  into  carbonic  acid  and 
alcohol,  (b)  A  medicine  which  is  presumed  to  act  by  the 
destruction  or  counteraction  of  morbid  agencies  in  the 
"blood. — Catalytic  force,  the  power  seemingly  possessed 
by  some  bodies  to  produce  changes  in  others  by  contact, 
•without  themselves  undergoing  permanent  change. 


855 

cataljrtical  (kat-a-lit'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  cata- 
lytic. 

catalytically  (kat-a-lit'i-kal-i),  adr.  In  a  cat- 
alytic manner;  ao  a  catalytic  agent. 

Platinum  black  .  .  .  absorbs  800  times  its  vidurae  of 
o.xygen  from  the  air,  and  in  virtue  thereof  is  a  most  active 
oxidizing  agent,  which,  in  general,  acts  catalytically,  be- 
cause the  black,  after  having  given  up  its  oxygen  to  the 
oxidizable  substance  presunt,  at  once  takes  up  a  fresh 
supply  from  the  atmosphere.        Encyc.  ISril.,  XI.\.  191. 

catamaran  (kat"a-ma-ran'),  n.  [=  F.  catima- 
roH,  <  Hind,  katmaran,  <  Malayalam  kettamaram 
(Tamil  kattumaram),  lit.  'tied  logs,' <  ketta  (= 
Tamil,  Telugu,  and  Canarese  kattu,  a  binding,  a 
bond,  tie,  <  kattu  (cerebral  tt),  bind)  +  maram  = 
Tamil  maram,  a  tree,  wood,  timber.]  1.  A  kind 
of  float  or  raft  usedby  various  peoples,  it  consists 

usually  of  several  pieces  of  wood  lashed  together,  the  mid- 
dle piece  or  pieces  Iteiiig  longer  than  the  others,  and  having 
one  end  tm'iied  up  in  the  form  of  a  bow.  It  is  used  on  the 
coasts  of  Coromandel,  and  particularly  at  Madras,  for  con- 
veying letters,  messages,  etc.,  through  the  surf  to  the  ship- 
ping in  the  roads.  Catamarans  are  also  used  in  sliort 
navigations  along  the  sea-shore  in  the  West  Indies,  and  on 
the  coast  of  South  America  very  large  ones  are  employed. 
The  name  was  also  applied  to  the  flat-bottomed  fire-boats 
built  by  the  English  in  1804,  and  despatched,  without  suc- 
cess, against  the  French  flotilla  collected  in  Boulogne  syid 
neighboring  harliors  for  the  invasion  of  England. 

2.  Any  craft  with  twin  hulls,  the  inner  faces  of 
which  are  parallel  to  each  other  from  stem  to 
stern,  and  which  is  propelled  either  by  sail  or 
by  steam.  Sometimes  shortened  to  cat. —  3. 
A  quaiTelsome  woman ;  a  vixen ;  a  scold :  a  hu- 
morous or  arbitrary  use,  with  allusion  to  cat  or 
catamount.    See  cat^,  4. 

At  his  expense,  you  catamaran  !  Dickens. 
She  was  such  an  obstinate  old  catamaran. 

Macmillan's  Mag. 

catamenia  (kat-a-me'ni-a),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

KaTafifjvia,  prop.  neut.  pi.  of  KarafiTjVLoi;,  monthly, 
<  Kara,  according  to,  +  fiijv,  a  month,  =  L.  men- 
sis,  a  month  (see  menses),  akin  to  E.  month, 
q.  v.]  The  monthly  Sowings  of  women;  the 
menses. 

catamenial  (kat-a-me'ni-al),  a.  [<  catamenia 
+  -al;  =  F.  catamenial.]  '  Pertaining  to  or  of 
the  natui'e  of  the  catamenia. 

Catametopa  (kat-a-met'o-pa),  n,  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  nard,  down,  -t-  Metopa,  a  genus  of  crusta- 
ceans.] In  De  Blainville's  system  of  classifi- 
cation, one  of  four  families  of  brachyurous  de- 
capod crustaceans ;  the  Ocypodidce  in  a  broad 
sense:  now  called  Ocypodoidea  (which  see). 
Also  spelled  Catometopa. 

catamite  (kat'a-mit),  n.  [<  F.  catamite,  <  L. 
catamitus,  so  called  from  Catamitus,  -meitus, 
corrupt  form  of  Ganymedes :  see  Ganymede.] 
A  boy  kept  for  rmnatural  purposes. 

catamount  (kat'a-mount),  n.  [Also  catamoun- 
tain;  for  cat  o'  mount,  cat  o'  mountain  :  a,  o',  for 
of,  asinakin,  anew,  cat-o'-nine-tails,  o'clock,  etc. : 
see  caA,  a*,  mounf^-.]  1.  The  cat  of  the  moun- 
tain; the  Em-opean  vnldcat. — 2.  In  her.,  this 
animal  when  used  as  a  bearing,  it  Is  generally 
represented  nearly  like  a  panther,  and  is  always  guardant, 
and  therefore  its  position  is  not  mentioned  in  the  blazon. 

3.  In  the  United  States  and  Canada :  (a)  A  wild- 
cat; a  lynx;  any  species  of  the  genus  Lynx, 
which  contains  several  large  wildcats  with 
short  tails,  penciledears,  and  reddish  or  reddish- 
gray  coloration,  much  variegated  with  lighter 
and  darker  markings,  as  the  bay  lynx,  Lynx 
rufus,  or  the  Canada  lynx,  L.  canadensis.  See 
cut  under  Lynx,  (b)  The  cougar,  puma,  or 
mountain  lion,  Felis  concolor.    See  cougar. 

catamountain  (kat'a-moun'tan),  n.  and  a.  I. 
M.  Same  as  catamount. 

The  owl  is  abroad,  the  bat,  and  the  toad, 
And  so  is  the  cat-a-mmintain. 

B.  Jonson,  Masque  of  Queens. 
The  glai'ing  catamountain  and  the  quill-darting  porcu- 
pine. Martinus  Scriblerus. 

II.  a.  Like  a  wildcat ;  ferocious ;  wildly  sav- 
age: as,  "cat-a-mountain  looks,"  Shak.,  M.  W. 
of  W.,  ii.  2.  [Rare.] 

catanadromous  (kat-a-nad'ro-mus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
Kara,  down,  4-  dvddpofioc:,  running  lip :  see  anad- 
romous.]  Passing  at  fijxed  intervals  from  salt 
water  ipto  fresh,  and  retm-ning :  applied  to  such 
fishes  as  the  salmon  and  the  shad.  Also  writ- 
ten catandromous. 

Catananche  (kat-a-nang'ke),  n.    [NL.,  prop. 

*Catanance,  <  L.  catanance,  <  Gr.  KOTavdyKr/,  a 
plant  of  the  vetch  kind,  from  which  love-potions 
{tpuTiKol  Karavdykai)  were  made,  a  particular  use 
of  KaravdyKT],  force,  <  Kara,  down,  +  dvd) Krj,  com- 
pulsion, force,  necessity.]  A  genus  of  ciehori- 
aceous  plants  of  southern  Europe.  The  blue 
cupidone,  C.  cwrulea,  is  cultivated  for  its  flow- 
ers. 


cataphracted 

cat-and-dog  (kat'and-dog'),  a.  and  n.     I.  a. 

(Quarrelsome,  as  a  cat  and  a  dog;  di.sposed  to 
disagree  or  fight ;  inharmonious :  as,  to  lead  a 
cat-and-dog  life. 
II.  /(.  Same  as  tip-cat. 
catandromous  (ka-tan'dro-mus),  a.    See  cat- 
anadromous. 

catapan  (kat-a-pan'),  n.  [F.  catapan,  ete.,<  ML. 
catapunus,  catipunus,  <  MGr.  Kart-avo^  =  ()\iuss,. 
kotopanic  —  OHerv.  kotopnnl,  a  catapan,  a  trans- 
position of  It.  capitano  (>  Turk,  qupuddn,  qup- 
tan,  etc.),  ML.  capitanus,  a  leader,  eaptq,in:  see 
captain.]  A  high  official  of  the  Byzantine  em- 
pire ;  the  governor  of  a  south  Italian  i)rovince 
under  the  Greek  emperors. 

A  late  unsuccessful  revolt  against  the  Oreek  Catapan. 

C.  C.  Perkins,  Italian  Sculpture,  Int.,  p.  xxx. 

catapasm  (kat'a-pazm),  n.  [=  F.  catapasme  = 
Sp.  catapasma,  <  Gr.  KurdTzaajia,  powder,  <.  kotg- 
irdaaeiv,  sprinkle  over,  <  Kara,  down,  over,  + 
Trdaanv,  sprinkle.]  A  (h-y  powder  employed  by 
the  ancients  to  sprinkle  on  ulcers,  absorb  per- 
spiration, etc. 

catapeltict  (kat-a-pel'tik),  a.  and  n.     [<  Gr.  ' 

Kara~e'A-iii6<;,  pertaining  to  a  catapult,  <  Kara- 
TTklrriQ,  a  catapult:  see  catapult.]    1.  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  catapult. 
II.      A  catapult. 

catapetalous  (kat-a-pet'a-lus),  a.  [<  Gr.  Kara, 
against,  +  -ha'/ov,  a  leaf,  mod.  a  petal,  -f-  -ous.] 
In  hot.,  having  the  petals  united  only  through 
their  cohesion  to  the  base  of  a  column  of  united 
stamens,  as  in  the  mallow. 

cataphasia  (kat-a-fa'zia),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kara, 
down,  +  (pddL^,  a  saying,  speaking,  <  <pdvai,  speak ; 
cf.  KaTd^aa(Q,  an  affirmation.]  In  pathol.,  a  dis- 
turbance of  speech  in  which  the  patient  repeats 
the  same  word  several  times  in  answer  to  a 
question. 

cataphonic  (kat-a-fon'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  Kara, 
against,  +  <po}r>/,  sound.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
eataphonics. 

cataphonics  (kat-a-fon'iks),  n.    [PI.  of  cata- 

phonic ;  =  F.  cataphonique  =  Sp.  catafdnica,  cat- 
aphonies.]  The  theory  of  reflected  sounds,  a 
branch  of  acoustics ;  eatacoustics. 

cataphora  (ka-taf'o-ra),  n.  [NL.  (>  F.  eata- 
phora  —  Sp.  catdfora),  <  Gr.  KaracSiopd,  a  lethar- 
gic attack,  a  bringing  down,  a  fall,  <  KaTa(pipeiv, 
bring  down,  <  Kara,  down,  -|-  tptpeiv,  bring,  bear, 
=  E.  bear^.]  In  pathol. ,  a  kind  of  lethargy  or 
somnolency  attended  with  short  remissions  or 
intervals  of  imperfect  waking. 

cataphoric  (kajt-a-for'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  KaraipoptKOQ, 
violent,  <  aa-dipopoc:,  rushing  down,  <  Ka-atpepEtv, 
bring  down :  see  cataphora.]  Having  the  power 
to  produce  motion,  as  of  a  liquid,  through  a  dia- 
phragm in  the  phenomenon  sometimes  called 
electrical  endosmose  (see  endosmose) :  said  of 
an  electric  current. 

cataphract  (kat'a-frakt),  n.  and  a.  [=  F.  cata^ 
phracte,  <  L.  caiaphracta,  -tes,  <  Gr.  KaTa<ppa- 
KT?/?,  a  coat  of  mail,  <  KaTd<f)paKTog,  mailed,  pro- 
tected, <  nara^pdaaeiv,  cover  with  mail,  <  m-d, 
against,  -I-  (ppdaaeiv  (y/  *<ppaK),  fence  in,  pro- 
tect.] I.  n.  1.  An  ancient  defensive  armor 
composed  of  scales  of  metal  or  other  material 
sewed  to  a  garment  of  leather  or  stuff,  and  cov- 
ering often  the  whole  body  and  the  limbs,  but 
not  the  head,  upon  which  a  helmet  .of  another 
material  was  placed.  Horses  were  also  covered  with 
the  same  defensive  armor.  This  dress  was  associated  by 
Romans  of  the  early  empire  with  eastern  nations,  such  as 
the  Parthians  and  Sarraatians. 

Archers  and  slingers,  cataphracts  and  spears. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1619. 

2.  In  zooL,  the  armor  of  plates  or  strong  scales 
protecting  some  animals.    J.  D.  Dana. 

II.  a.  1.  Fenced  in;  provided  with  bulwarks 
or  a  protecting  covering;  covered;  protected: 
as,  a  cataphract  war-galley. —  2.  Same  as  cata- 
phracted. 

C/ataphracta  (kat-a-frak'ta),  n.pl.  [NL.,neut. 

pi.  of  L.  cataphractus,  mailed:  see  cataphracti.] 
In  herpet.,  a  systematic  name  for  the  shield- 
reptiles.  («)  In  Latreille's  classification,  a  division  of 
reptiles  composed  of  the  chelonians  and  crocodilians.  ('<) 
In  J.  E.  Gray  s  classification  (Is;51),  a  large  group  or  sec- 
tion of  reptiles  with  the  quadrate  bone  immovalrly  united 
with  the  cranium  and  the  body  generally  covered  with 
angular  embedded  plates.  It  comprises  the  orders  or 
groups  £i;im/n.w(»n' (crocodilians),  Rhynchocephalia,  die- 
Innia  (tortoises),  and  Aiupln'sbcenia. 

cataphracted  (kat'a-fi-ak-ted),  a.  [<  caia- 
phract  +  -cd".]  In  zoiil.,  covered  with  horny 
or  bonj-  plates  or  scales  closely  joined  togeth- 
er, or  with  a  thick  hardened  skin.  Also  cata- 
phract. 


cataphracti 

cataphracti  (kat-a-frak'ti),  n.  pi.  [L.  cata- 
phracti, mailed  soldiers,  pi.  of  mtaphractus, 

<  Gi:  Kard<j>paKrog,  mailed:  see  cataphmct.]  1. 
A  name  given  by  the  Romans  to  men  wearing 
the  cataphraet ;  speeitieally,  a  body  of  troops 
introduced  into  the  Roman  army  itself  in  the 
foiu'th  century  A.  D.,  and  forming  at  a  later 
time  perhaps  the  most  formidable  part  of  the 
Byzantine  armies. —  2.  [crtj*.]  [NL.]  In  Miil- 
ler's  and  Giinther's  systems  of  elassifieation : 
(rt)  A  family  of  aeanthopterygian  fishes,  having 
a  bony  stay  for  the  angle  of  the  preoperculum, 
which  is  armed,  and  the  body  completely  cui- 
rassed  by  bony-keeled  plates  or  scales,  (i)  The 
foiu'th  group  of  Triglida;  with  the  body  com- 
pletely cuirassed  by  bony-keeled  plates  or 
scales,  and  having  pyloric  appendages  in  small 
or  moderate  number. —  3.  {_c(ip.']  [NL.]  A  fam- 
ily of  plectognathous  fishes:  same  as  Ostra- 
cionfida:    Fit^iiiger,  1873. 

cataphractic  (kat-a-frak'tik),  a.  [<  cata- 
phruct  +  -('c]  Pertaining  to  a  cataphract;  re- 
sembling a  catapkract. 

Cataphrygian  (kat-a-fi-ij'i-an),  n.  [<  LL.  Ca- 
taphrygcs,  pi.  (<  Gr.  Vara,  according  to,  +  '^pv- 
yia,  Phrygia,  the  native  country  of  Montanus), 
+  -ian.']  One  of  the  ancient  sect  of  heretics 
now  commonly  called  Montanists.  See  Monta- 
nist. 

cataphyl  (kat'a-fil),  «.    Same  as  caiaphylhun. 
cataphylla,       Plural  of  cataphyUim. 
cataphyllary  (kat-a-fil'a-ri),  «.  [_<.  eataphyUum 
+  -ffr(/i.]    Of  the  nature  of  a  cataphyllum. 

The  two  most  common  forms  of  leaves  are  the  scales  or 
"cataphyllary  leaves  "  and  the  foliage  leaves. 

Sachs,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  193. 

cataphyllum  (kat-a-fil'um),  n.;  pi.  cataphylla 
(-a).  [NL.  (cf.  Gr.  Kard0i'A?.of, 
leafy), <Gr.  /card,  down,  upon, 
4-  ((lillov  =  L,.  folium,  leaf.] 
Inbot.,  one  of  the  rudimen- 
tary leaves  which  precede 
a  stage  of  growth,  as  the  co- 
tyledons of  an  embryo,  the 
scales  of  a  bud,  the  scales 
of  a  rhizome,  etc.  Also  cata- 
phyl. 

cataphysic,  cataphysical 

(kat-a-tiz'ik, -i-kal),  rt.  [<Gr. 
Kara,  down,  against,  +  (pi  oig, 
nature :  see  j)hysical.']  Con- 
trary or  opposed  to  nature : 
as,  cataphysical  laws, 
cataplasm  (kat'a-plazm),  n. 
[=  F.  cataplasine  =  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  cataplasma,  <  L.  cataplas- 
ma,  a  plaster,  poultice,  <  Gr. 
KardnAaaiM,  poultice,  <  Kara- 
TrMaoEiv,  spread  over,  <  Kara, 
down,  +  ■n^Aaaciv,  form,  shape :  see  plaster.'] 
In  med.,  a  soft  and  moist  substance  to  be  ap- 
plied to  some  part  of  the  body;  a  poultice, 
cataplectic  (kat-a-plek'tik),  a.  [=  F.  c.ataplcc- 
tique,  <  Gr.  naTaTTAr/KTinog,  striking,  <  Karan^iriKTOQ, 
astonishing,  lit.  'striking  down,'  verbal  adj.  of 
KCTa-Ar/aceiv,  strike  down:  see  cataplexy  and 
-ic]  Pertaining  to  cataplexy;  causing  cata- 
plexy; shocking  the  nervous  system.  [Rare.] 

The  catapUctic  effect  of  massive  stimulation. 

Proc.  Soc.  Psych.  Researcli,  Oct.,  188G. 

Catapleiite  (kat-a-ple'it),  n.  A  silicate  of  zir- 
conium and  sodium,  occurring  in  tabular  hex- 
agonal crystals  of  a  yellowish-brown  color. 

cataplexy  (kat'a-plek-si),  w.  [=  F.  cataplexie 
=  Sp.  Pg.  cataplexia,  <  NL.  *cataplexia,  <  Gr. 
Kura-'Aij^,  stricken,  struck  (cf.  KaTaTr?,?/^/^,  con- 
sternation), <  KaTanArjaaeiv,  strike  down,  <  Kara, 
down,  +  TT'/Jiaaeiv  (■\/ *7r'Ar/}',  *iT/My),  strike:  see 
pleetritm,  plague.]  A  sudden  nei-vous  shock 
which  immobilizes  or  paralyzes  the  subject. 

A  state  wliich  f)Vir  ancestors  called  Sideration,  and  which 
we  now  call  cdUiplrxy.  .  .  .  This  word  was  coined,  I 
believe,  by  rie\  >  r,  and  applied  to  the  condition  of  hens 
staring  at  a  olialk-liue. 

Proc.  Sue.  Psych.  Research,  Oct.,  1886,  p.  143. 

catapotiont,  catapotiumt,  «.   [L.  catapotinm, 

<  Gr.  mTaTvdTtov,  Kara-oToi',  a  pill,  orig.  that 
which  can  be  gulped  down  (ef.  KardTrna/g,  deg- 
lutition), <  Karairiveiv,  gulp  down,  <  Kara,  down, 
+  TTiveiv  (•;/  *7rt,  *tto),  drink:  see  potion.]  1. 
A  pill. 

Here  he  began  to  taste  the  fragrant  smack, 
The  catapotion  of  heart-easing  love. 

Ford,  Fame's  Memorial. 

2.  Deglutition, 
catapucet  (kat'a-pus),  n.    [ME.,  also  catapus,  < 
F.  catapucc  =  Sp.  Pg.  catainiciu  =  It.  catapuzza, 
spurge,  prob.  <  L.  cutapotium  :  see  catapotion.] 
The  herb  spm-ge,  Euphorbia  Lathyris.  Chaucer. 


856 

catapult  (kat'a-pult),  «.  [=  F.  catapnlte  = 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  cutapulta,  <  L.  catapulta,  <  Gr.  ko- 
Taixi'ATtK  (occasionally  -Trd/lrw),  an  engine  for 
throwing  stones,  prob.  <  *KaTaT^d7Jknv,  throw 
down,  in  pass.  KaTaTrd'ATitadaij  leap  down,  <  mrd, 
down,  +  TrdXAciv,  brandish,  swing,  hurl.]  1. 
In  Bom.  antiq.,  a  military  engine  used  to  throw 
darts  of  great  size,  caljed  phalarica  or  trifux. 


Conn  of  Crocus  with 
Cataphylla. 


Catapult. 

Its  construction  is  nowhere  explained  with  any  fullness, 
a,nd  it  is  uncertain  whetlier  its  action  was  that  of  a  cross- 
bow or  whether  springs  were  the  propelling  power.  By 
later  authors  the  catapult  and  ballista  seem  to  be  con- 
founded. In  the  middle  ages  the  name  is  hardly  used, 
e.xcept  where  a  writer  is  evidently  seeking  to  give  a  clas- 
sical form  to  his  composition.  In  the  annexed  cut,  which 
represents  a  catapult  of  the  later  period  when  no  dis- 
tinction was  made  between  it  and  the  ballista,  F  is  the 
end  of  a  strong  lever,  which  revolves  on  an  axis  and  is 
held  down  by  a  windlass,  A.  At  the  extremity  is  a  fork, 
E  E,  with  the  prongs  curving  slightly  upward  so  as  to  af- 
ford a  bed  for  a  barrel  of  combustible  matter  or  a  heavy 
missile  confined  by  a  rope  with  a  loop  at  the  end,  the  loop 
being  passed  through  a  hook,  D.  Wlien  the  lever  was  re- 
leased it  bounded  suddenly  upward,  the  centi'ifugal  force 
causing  the  loop  C  to  slip  off  the  hook,  whereupon  the  bar- 
rel held  on  the  fork  was  liberated  and  projected  toward 
its  oliject.  B  shows  rings  of  iron,  stone,  or  lead,  intended 
to  increase  the  rebound  due  to  the  stretched  cables  or 
other  devices  which  furnished  the  propelling  force. 
Bring  up  the  catapults,  and  shake  the  wall. 

Fletcher,  Bonduca,  iv.  4. 
All  the  bombards  and  catapnlti,  and  other  engines  of 
war,  thundered  furiously  upon  the  city,  doing  great  dam- 
age. Irving,  Granada,  p.  409. 

2.  A  small  forked  stick  to  each  prong  of  which 
is  attached  an  elastic  band,  generally  provided 
with  a  piece  of  leather  in  the  middle,  used  by 
boys  for  throwing  small  missiles,  such  as  stones, 
peas,  paper  pellets,  and  the  like. 

catapultic  (kat-a-pul'tik),  a.  [<  catapult  +  -ic. 
Cf.  catapcUic]    Pertaining  to  a  catapult. 

catapultier  (kat"a-pul-ter'),  it.  [<  catapult  + 
-icr,  as  in  grenadier,  etc.]  One  who  discharges 
missiles  from  a  catapult.    C.  lieadc. 

cataract  (kat'a-rakt), «.  [<  ME.  cateracte  =  F. 
cataractc  =  Pi",  cataracta  =  Sp.  Pg.  catarata  = 
It.  cateratta  —  D.  G.  Dan.  Sw.  katarakt  =  Russ. 
kataralctu,  <  L.  cataracta,  also  catarracta  and 
catarractcs,  <  Gr.  KaTappdiiriK,  a  waterfall,  also 
a  portcullis  (as  adj.,  down-rusliing) :  either  (1) 
<  Karappriyvvvai  (second  aor.  Karappa}  ?/vat),  break 
down,  in  pass,  rush  down,  <  Kara,  down,  +  pr/- 
yvi'vai,  break;  or  (2),  being  also  spelled  mrapd- 
KTT/c,  <  KarapaaaEiv,  dash  down,  break  in  pieces, 
fall  headlong,  <  Kara,  down,  +  apdaaecv,  strike 
hard,  dash  in  pieces.]  1.  A  descent  of  water 
over  a  steeply  sloping  but  not  perpendicular 
surface,  as  the  cataracts  of  the  Nile  and  the 
Orinoco ;  hence,  especially  in  poetical  use,  any 
large  waterfall,  as  that  of  the  Niagara. 

You  cataracts  and  hurricanoes,  spout ! 

Shale,  Lear,  iii.  2. 

The  tremendous  cata  racts  of  America  thundering  in  their 
solitudes.  Irviiiy. 

2.  Any  furious  rush  or  downpour  of  water. 

The  hollow  oceau-ridges  roaring  into  cataracts. 

Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 

3.  A  disease  of  the  eye,  characterized  by  opa- 
city of  the  lens,  it  is  jnoduced  in  various  ways,  often 
as  a  senile  change,  being  then  a  sclerosis  of  the  lens.  Cap- 
sular cataracts,  so  called,  do  not  involve  an  opaqueness 
of  the  capsule  of  the  lens  itself,  but  of  that  part  of  the 
lens  which  is  next  to  the  capsule,  or  are  due  to  a  deposit  of 
opaque  matter  externally  upon  the  capsule.  A  secondary 
cataract  is  one  due  to  an  earlier  disease  of  the  eye.  Cata- 
r.acts  are  probably  incurable  except  liy  surgical  treatment. 
The  lens  is  commonly  entirely  removed  by  an  incision  into 
the  eye,  or  it  is  broken  up  with  a  fine  needle  and  left  to  be 
absorbed. 

Almost  blind 
With  ever-growing  cataract. 

Tennyson,  Tlie  Sisters. 

4.  In  fort.,  a  herse. —  5.  A  regulator  for  sin- 
gle-acting steam-engines,  invented  by  Smea- 
ton.  E.  H.  Knight. —  6t.  The  plungeon,  a  kind 
of  cormorant :  so  called  because  of  its  violent 
downward  flight  in  seizing  its  prey.  E.  Phil- 
lips, 1706.  — Discission  of  cataract.  See  discission. 
—  Syn.  1.  Cascade,  Cataract.    See  cascade^. 


catasarfia 

cataractine  (kat-a-rak'tin),  a.  [<  cataract  + 
-/Hf'i.]  Pertaining  to  a  cataract  or  waterfall; 
giving  rise  to  a  fall  of  water.  [Rare.] 

The  plain  below  these  cataractine  glaciers  was  pilingup 
witli  tlio  debris,  while  torrents  of  the  melted  rubbish  found 
their  way,  foaming  and  muddy,  to  the  sea,  carrying  gravel 
and  rocks  along  with  them.  Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  I.  334. 

cataractous  (kat'a-rak-tus),  «.  [<  cataract  + 
-ous.]  Partaldng  of  the  nature  of  a  cataract 
in  the  eye. 

cataract-spoon  (kat'a-rakt-spon),  n.  A  spoon 
or  curette  for  removing  the  lens  of  the  eye  in. 
operations  for  cataract. 

Catarhina,  w.  pi.    See  Catarrhina. 

catarhine,  a.  and  w.    See  catarrhine. 

Catarhini  (kat-a-ri'ni),  ii.j)l.  Same  as  Catar- 
rhina. 

cataria  (ka-ta'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  LL.  catus  (see 
caf^)  +  -aria,  q.  v.]  A  name  of  the  catnip, 
Ncpeta  Cataria. 

catarrh  (ka-tar'),  n.  [=  F.  catarrhe  =  Pi\  ca- 
tar  =  Pg.'catarrho  =  Sp.  It.  catarro,  <  L.  ca- 
tarrkus,  <  Gr.  Kardppooc,  a  catarrh,  lit.  a  flowing 
down,  <  Karappeiv,  flow  down,  <  mrd,  down,  + 
peiv,  flow.]  Inflammation  of  a  mucous  mem- 
brane, especially  of  the  air-passages  of  the  head 
and  throat,  with  an  exudation  on  its  free  surface 
containing  mucin  and  epithelial  cells,  but  not 
involving  a  destruction  of  the  epithelial  layer 
or  the  formation  of  patches  of  false  membrane, 
as  occurs  in  diphtheritic  inflammation:  as,  gas- 
tric catarrh;  vaginal  catarrh. 

catarrhal  (ka-tii'ral),  a.  [<  catarrh  +  -al;  = 
F.  catarrhal  '=  Sp.  catarral  =  Pg.  catarrhal  = 
It.  catarrale.]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature 
of  catarrh;  produced  by  or  attending  catarrh: 
as,  a  catarrhal  fever.  Also  catarrhous.  —  Catar- 
rhal pneumonia.  Same  as  bronchopneumonia.  Sec  also 
pneumonia. 

catarrheous  (ka-tii're-us),  a.  [<  catarrh  + 
-cous;  cf.  catarrhous.]    Same  as  catarrhal. 

Catarrhina,  Catarhina  (kat-a-ri'na),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  Kara,  down,  +  pic,  p!v,  the  nose.]  A 
section  of  quadrumanous  mammals,  including 
those  monkeys  and  apes  which  have  the  nos- 


Skeleton  and  Outline  of  a  Catarrhine  Monkey  {Cercopiihecus). 
pa,  parietal :  oc,  occipital ;  rna,  mandible ;  C,  cervical  vertebrae; 
■   D,  dorsal  vertebr.'e  :  L,  lumbar  vertebrae  :  st,  sternum  ;  Int,  humerus; 
ra,  radius :  ut,  ulna  ;  cf,  carpus ;  tnc,  metacarpus :  it,  ilium  ;  p€, 
pelvis;  fe,  femur;  pat,  patella  ;  Jib,  fibula  ;  tib,  tibia  ;  iar,  tarsus; 
met,  metatarsus ;  p,  phalanges. 

trils  approximated,  the  aperture  pointing  down- 
ward, and  the  intervening  septum  narrow,  as 
all  the  apes  of  the  old  world.  The  Barbary  ape,  go- 
rilla, chimpanzee,  oraug,  etc.,  are  included  in  this  section. 
Opposed  to  Platyrrhina.  Also  written  Catarrhini,  CatOr 
rltini. 

catarrhine,  catarhine  (kat'a-rln  or  -rin),  a. 
and  n.  [<  Catarrhina.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  monkeys  classed  as  Catarrhina. 

The  catarhine  monkeys  are  restricted  entirely  to  the  Old 
World.  //.  A.  Nicholson. 

II.  n.  A  monkey  of  the  section  Catarrhina. 
Catarrhini  (kat-a-ri'ni),  n.  j^l.    Same  as  Catar- 
rhina. 

catarrhish  (ka-tii'rish),  a.  [<  catarrh  +  -w/A.] 
Like  catarrh;  catarrhal. 

catarrhous  (ka-ta'rus),  a.    Same  as  catarrhal. 

catasarca^t,  [NL.,  <  Gr.  nard,  upon,  +  odpKa, 
acc.  of  cfdp^,  skin.]  Same  as  anasarca.  E.  Phil- 
lips, 1706. 

catasarca^  (kat-a-silr'ka),  n.  [<  MGr.  (ro)  Kard- 
oapm,  that  which  is  Kara  adpm,  next  the  skin, 
inside  or  beneath  the  outer  covering:  see  cata- 
sarca^.]  In  the  Gr.  Ch.,  the  inner  or  lower 
altar-cloth,  spread  immediately  upon  the  top 
of  the  altar,  and  covered  by  the  ependytes,  or 
outer  altar-cloth. 

At  the  angles  of  the  mensa  are  placed  four  small  pieces 
of  cloth,  symbolizing  tlie  four  evangelists,  called  from 
them,  and  adorned  with  their  respective  emblems  ;  over 
these  the  catasarica  of  silk  or  stuff  is  spread,  having  four 
strings  or  tassels  at  its  extremity. 

J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  187. 


catastagmus 

catastagmusf ,  «.  [NL. ,  <  Gr.  KaTaaray/ioc,  a  run- 
ning at  the  nose,  <  haracrrdf f /r,  drop  down,  <  mra, 
down,  +  cTa^eiv,  drop,  trickle.]  In  mcd.,  an  old 
term  for  coryza  and  pharyngeal  and  bronchial 
catari'h. 

catastaltic  (kat-a-stal'tik),  a.  [=  Sp.  catastdl- 
tico,  <  LL.  catasialticus,  <  Gr.  KaTaoTokrLKdq,  fit- 
ted for  cheeking,  <  KaTaareXXetv,  keep  down, 
check,  <  mra,  down,  +  OTiXXeiv,  aiTange,  send.] 
Having  power  to  cheek,  repress,  or  restrain ; 
inhibitory :  applied  to  medicines  which  repress 
abnormal  action,  as  astringents,  styptics,  and 
sedatives. 

catastasis  (ka-tas'ta-sis),  n.;  pi.  catastases 
(-sez).  [NL.  (>  F.  ccitastase),  <  Gr.  mraaTaci.^, 
a  settling,  arranging,  setting  forth,  <  Kadicrdvai, 
settle,  constitute,  <  Kara,  down,  +  lardvai,  set 
up,  mid.  stand,  =  E.  stand.'\  1.  In  rhet.,  that 
part  of  the  exordium  in  which  the  speaker  seeks 
to  dispose  his  hearers  to  a  view  of  the  ease  fa- 
vorable to  his  own  side,  especially  by  removing 
from  their  minds  what  might  prejudice  them 
against  it. — 2.  That  part  of  the  Greek  drama 
in  which  the  action,  initiated  in  the  epitasis, 
is  sustained,  continued,  and  prepared  for  the 
catastrophe. —  3.  In  med.,  constitution,  state, 
or  condition. 

catastate  (ka-tas'tat),  n.  [<  Gr.  *K.araaTaro^, 
verbal  adj.  of  Kadiaraadat,  settle  down,  <  Kara, 
down,  -I-  laraadat,  stand.]  Any  one  of  the  suc- 
cessive states  in  a  continuous  series  of  eata- 
bolic  processes,  in  such  a  series  each  state  differs 
from  the  preceding  in  exhibiting  greater  stability,  less 
complexity,  and  less  contained  energy.  The  correspond- 
ing term  regarding  an  anabolic  process  is  anastate.  Also 
katastate. 

In  the  animal-cell  the  initial  anastates  seem  always  or 
at  least  generally  more  complex  than  the  final  katastates. 

M.  Foster,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  19. 

catastatic  (kat-a-stat'ik),  a.  [<  catastate  +  -ic] 
Of  or  relating  to  catastates. 

catasterism  (ka-tas'te-rizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  Kara- 
CTtpiauo^,  a  placing  among  the  stars  (Karatrrf- 
piafioL  being  the  name  of  a  treatise  attributed 
to  Eratosthenes,  giving  the  legends  of  the 
different  constellations),  <  KaTaaTspii^civ,  place 
among  the  stars,  <  /card,  down,  4-  aarepiCetv, 
make  into  a  star,  <  anrr/p,  a  star:  see  asterism.] 
A  placing  among  the  stars;  a  cataloguing  or 
catalogue  of  the  stars. 

His  catalogue  contains  no  bright  star  which  is  not  found 
in  the  catasterisms  of  Eratosthenes. 

Whewell,  Hist.  Induct.  Sciences,  I.  iv.  §  1. 

catastomid,  Catastomidas,  etc.  See  catosto- 
mid,  etc. 

catastrophe  (ka-tas'tro-fe),  ?».  [Formerly  also 
catastrophy ;  =  F.  catastrophe  =  Sp.  catdstrofe 
=  Pg.  catastrophe  =  It.  catastrofe  =  D.  hata- 
strofe  =  G.  katastrophe  =  Dan.  hatastrofe  =  Sw. 
katastrof,  <  L.  catastropha,  <  Gr.  KaTaaTpo(p//,  an 
overthrowing,  a  sudden  turn  or  end,  <  Kara- 
cTpe(peLv,  overturn,  turn  suddenly,  end,  <  Kara, 
down,  +  oTpk^etv,  turn:  see  strophe.']  1.  The 
arrangement  of  actions  or  interconnection  of 
causes  which  constitutes  the  final  event  of  a 
dramatic  piece;  the  unfolding  and  winding  up 
of  the  plot,  clearing  up  difficulties,  and  closing 
the  play;  the  denouement.    The  ancients  divided  a 

play  in  to  the  protasis,  epitasis,  catastasis,  and  catastrophe ; 
that  is,  the  introduction,  continuance,  heightening,  and 
development  or  conclusion. 
Pat,  he  comes,  like  the  catastrophe  of  the  old  comedy. 

Shak.,  Lear,  i.  2. 

All  the  actors  must  enter  to  complete  and  make  up  the 
catastrophe  of  this  great  piece. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  i.  47. 

The  Catastrophe  of  the  Poem  is  finely  presaged  on  this 
occasion.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  327. 

Tlie  catastrophe,  indeed  the  whole  of  the  last  act,  is 
beautifully  written.  Gifford,  Int.  to  Ford,  p.  xxix. 

2.  A  notable  event  terminating  a  connected 
series ;  a  finishing  stroke  or  wind-up ;  specifi- 
cally, an  unfortunate  conclusion ;  hence,  any 
great  calamity  or  disaster,  especially  one  hap- 
pening suddenly  or  from  an  irresistible  cause. 

Here  was  a  mighty  revolution,  the  most  horrible  and 
portentous  catastrophe  that  nature  ever  yet  saw. 

Woodtvard,  Ess.  towards  a  Nat.  Hist,  of  the  Earth. 
He  fell,  but  one  sufferer  in  a  common  catastrophe. 

W.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  6. 

3.  In  geoL,  an  occurrence  of  geological  impor- 
tance not  in  harmony  with  preceding  events, 
and  not  the  result  of  causes  acting  always  in  a 
given  direction ;  a  cataclysm,  it  was  once  gener- 
ally believeil  that  the  earth  has  "  undergone  a  succession 
of  revolutions  and  aqueous  catastrophes  interrupted  by 
long  intervals  of  trantiuillity  "  (Lyell).  The  deluge  was 
one  of  these  great  catastrophes.  A  similar  view  is  the 
once  common  idea  that  all  the  living  organisms  on  the 
earth's  surface  had  been  again  and  again  e* terminated,  to 
be  succeeded  by  new  creations  of  plants  and  animals. 


857  . 

Great  changes  of  a  kind  and  intensity  quite  different 
from  the  corinnon  course  of  events,  and  which  may  there- 
fore properly  be  called  catastrophes,  have  taken  place 
upon  tlie  earth's  surface.  Whewell. 

The  old  notion  of  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  earth  having 
been  swept  away  by  catastrophes  at  successive  iieriods  is 
very  generally  given  up,  even  by  those  geologists,  as  l^lle 
de  Beauaiont,  Murchison,  Barrande,  etc.,  wliosc  general 
views  would  naturally  lead  them  to  this  conclusion. 

Darwin,  Origin  of  Species,  p.  299. 
Theory  of  catastrophes.  See  theory  of  cataclysms,  un- 
der catii.i-l!/sm.  =  Siya.  2.  Disaster,  Calamity,  etc.  (see  mis- 
forluiii-);  c-DnsnnHnation,  finale. 

catastrophic  (kat-as-trof 'ik),  a.  [<  catastrophe 
+  -«c.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a 
catastrophe ;  cataclysmic. 

Revolution  seems  to  contain  in  every  syllable  of  its  ter- 
rifying name  something  catastrophic. 

Contemporary  Rev.,  L.  436. 

2.  Relating  to  or  in  conformity  with  the  views 
of  the  catastrophists ;  cataclysmal. 

The  hypothesis  of  uniformity  caimot  possess  any  essen- 
tial simplicity  which,  previous  to  inciuiry,  gives  it  a  claim 
upon  our  assent  superior  to  that  of  the  opposite  cata- 
strophic hypothesis.  iVhewell. 

3.  Subversive  in  a  momentous  degree  of  settled 
usage  or  law. 

The  catastrophic  creation  of  Peers  for  the  purpose  of 
swamping  the  upper  house  is  ...  a  power  only  to  be 
used  on  great  occasions,  when  the  object  is  immense,  and 

,  the  party  strife  unmitigated. 

Bagehot,  Eng.  Const.  (Boston  ed.),  p.  30.5. 

catastrophism  (ka-tas'tro-fizm),  n.  [<  catas- 
trophe 4-  -ism;  =  F.  catastropMsme .]  The  theo- 
retical view  of  geological  events  which  has  as  its 
essential  basis  the  idea  of  a  succession  of  catas- 
trophes :  the  opposite  of  uniformitarianism.  See 
catastrophe,  3,  and  cataclysm,  2. 

I  find  three,  more  or  less  contradictory,  systems  of  geo- 
logic thought,  each  of  which  might  fairly  enough  claim 
these  appellations,  standing  side  by  side  in  Britain.  I 
shall  call  one  of  them  Catastrophism,  another  Uniformi- 
tarianism, the  third  Evolutionism.  By  Catastrophism,  I 
mean  any  form  of  geological  speculation  which,  in  order 
to  account  for  the  jilienomena  of  geology,  supposes  the 
operation  of  forces  different  in  their  nature,  or  immeasur- 
ably different  in  power,  from  those  which  we  at  present 
see  in  action  in  the  universe.  Huxley,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  229. 

catastrophist  (ka-tas'tro-fist), «.  [<  catastrophe 
+  -ist.']  One  who  believes  in  catastrophism ;  a 
eataclysmist.  The  term  is  used  in  geology  by  writei-s 
on  theoretical  dynamic  geology  as  the  opposite  of  uniformi- 
tarian,  that  is,  of  one  who  considers  tliat  geological  causes 
now  in  action  are,  and  have  been,  essentially  the  same  from 
the  beginning.  The  catastrophist  maintains  that  there 
have  been  catastrophes,  or  sudden  violent  changes  in  the 
order  of  nature,  such,  for  instance,  as  would  cause  tlie  ex- 
termination of  all  forms  of  life  upon  the"  globe,  or  cover  it 
with  ice. 

The  catastrophist  is  affirmative,  the  uniformitarian  is 
negative  in  his  assertions.  Whewell. 

For  a  generation  after  geologists  had  become  uniformi- 
tarians  in  Geology,  they  remained  catastrophists  in  Biol- 
ogy. H.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  17. 

catastrophyt  (ka-tas'tro-fi),  n.  Obsolete  spell- 
ing of  catastrophe. 

Ca'tawba  (ka-ta'ba),  n.  1.  A  variety  of  native 
grape,  with  red  fruit,  much  cultivated  in  the 
middle  United  States,  taking  its  name  from  the 
Catawba  river  in  the  Carolinas,  where  it  was 
first  raised. — 2.  The  wine  made  from  this  grape. 

It  is  a  light  wine,  of  rich  muscadine  flavor,  much  used  hi 
the  United  States.  Both  still  and  sparkling  Catawba  wines 
are  made. 

Very  good  in  its  way 

Is  the  Verzenay-, 
Or  the  Sillery  soft  and  creamy  ; 

But  Catawba  wine 

Has  a  taste  more  divine. 
More  dulcet,  delicious,  and  dreamy. 

Lomifellow,  Catawba  Wine. 

cat-back  (kat'bak),  n.  Naut.,  a  small  rope  fas- 
tened to  the  hook  of  the  cat-block  to  facilitate 
hooking  into  the  ring  of  the  anchor. 

cat-beamt  (kat'bem),  n.  Naut.,  the  longest 
beam  of  a  ship,  and  one  of  the  principal  ones. 

catbill  (kaf- 
bil),  11.  A  wood- 
pecker. [North. 
Eng.] 

catbird  (kaf- 
berd),  n.  A  well- 
known  oscine 
passerine  bird 
of  North  Amer- 
ica, Mimus  caro- 
liiiensis,  one  of 
the  moeking- 
thrushes,  relat- 
ed to  the  mock- 
ing-bird. It  is  of 
a  dark  slate-color, 
with  a  black  cap 
and  a  red  vent,  and 
is  so  called  because 
its  cry  of  alarm  re- 
sembles the  mewing  of  a  cat.  Its  proper  song  is  voluble, 
varied,  and  highly  musical.    It  abounds  in  the  shrubbery 


Catbird  {Mirmts  carotiftcHsis). 


catch 

of  the  eastern  United  States,  builds  a  coarse  nest  in  bushes, 
lays  from  4  to  6  dark  gieen  eggs,  and  is  migratory  and  in- 
sectivorous, 
cat-blash  (kat'blash),  n.  Anything 
thifi  or  sloppy,  as  weak  tea.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

cat-block  (kat'blok),  n,  [=  D.  Dan. 

kaltilol: :  seecai^  and  block'^.']  Naut., 

a  two-  or  three-fold  block  with  an 

iron  strap  and  large  hook,  used  to 

draw  up  an  anchor  to  the  cat-head. 

cut  under  cat-head. 
cat-boat  (kat'bot),  n.    A  lioat  having  a  cat-rig. 

In  England  cat-boats  are  known  as  Una-hoats.  probably 

from  the  name  of  the  first  cat-rigged  boat  used  there. 
The  impudence  with  which  a  cat-boat  will  point  into  the 

wind's  eye  is  simply  marvellous. 

Qualtrough,  Boat-Sailer's  Manual,  p.  .3!). 

catbrain  (kat'bran),  n.  A  kind  of  rough  clay 
mixed  with  .stone.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

cat-brier  (kat'bri"er),  n.  A  name  given  in  the 
United  States  to  species  of  Smilax. 

catcall  (kat'kal),  n.  [<  cat^  +  call^.']  A 
squeakinfj  instrument  used  in  playhouses  to 
express  disapprobation  or  weariness  of  the  per- 
formance, or  a  sound  made  in  ituitation  of  the 
tone  of  this  instrument. 

The  cat-call  has  struck  a  damp  into  generals  and  fright- 
ened heroes  off  the  stage.  Addison,  The  Cat-Call. 
He  [play-writer]  sees  his  branded  name,  with  wild  affright. 
And  hears  again  the  catcalls  of  the  niglit.  Crabbe. 

catcall  (kat'kal),  v.  t.  [<  catcall,  n.]  To  ex- 
press disapprobation  of  by  sounds  produced  by 
or  like  those  of  the  catcall. 

His  cant,  like  Merry  Andrew's  noble  vein. 
Catcalls  the  sects  to  draw  'em  in  again. 

Dryden,  Prol.  to  Pilgrim,  1.  40. 
She  had  too  much  sense  not  to  know  that  it  was  better 
to  be  hissed  and  catcalled  by  her  daddy  than  by  a  whole 
sea  of  heads  in  the  pit  of  Drury  Lane  tlieatre. 

Macaulay,  Madame  D'Arblay. 

cat-castle  (kat'kas-l),  n.  In  the  military  engi- 
neering of  the  middle  ages,  a  kind  of  movable 
tower  to  cover  the  sappers  as  they  advanced  to 
a  besieged  place.    Farrow,  Mil.  Encyc. 

catch'^  (kach),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  cavght  (ob.so- 
lete  or  vulgar  catched),  ppr.  catching.  [<  ME. 
catchen,  cachen,  cacchen,  kachen,  kacchen  (also 
kecchen,  >  E.  dial,  ketch)  (pret.  caught,  cought, 
caughte,  caugte,  cahte,  cagte,  kagtc,  etc.,  rarely 
cached,  katched,  pp.  caught,  caght,  kauht,  caht, 
cagt,  etc.,  rarely  cached,  cachet)  —  D.  kaatsen 
=  MLG.  katzen,  play  at  tennis,  <  OP.  cacher, 
cachier,  cacier  (Picard),  reg.  assibilated  chacier, 
F.  chasser  (>  E.  chasc^,  q.  v.)  =  Pr.  cassar  = 
OSp.  cabzar,  Sp.  cazar  =  Pg.  cagar  =  It.  cacci- 
are,  chase,  hunt,  <  ML.  *captiare  (for  which  only 
caciare  is  found),  an  extended  form  of  L.  cap- 
tare,  catch,  catch  at,  chase,  freq.  of  capcre,  pp. 
c^^/>^MS,take :  see  capable,  captive,  etc.  Cf.  chase^, 
a  doublet  of  Crt<c7(i.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  chase; 
drive ;  hunt. 

Ase  thet  bote  weter  [hot  water]  cacheth  thane  hond 
[hound]  out  of  the  kecheue  [kitchen]. 

Ancren  liiwle,  p.  171. 

Likes  nan  of  thaim  my  play 

Bot  alle  thar  kache  [var.  chasse]  me  away. 

Eny.  Metrical  Homilies  (ed.  J.  Small),  p.  151. 
As  thow  seest  in  the  sauter  in  psalme  one  or  tweyne, 
How  contriciouii  is  commended ;  for  it  caccheth  awey 
synne.  Piers  Plou'man  (B),  .xil.  178. 

Nowe  kyngis,  to  cache  all  care  away 
Sen  3e  ar  comen  oute  of  youre  kytht, 
Loke  noglit  ye  legge  agayne  oure  lay, 
Uppon  peyne  to  lose  botli  lyme  and  litht. 

■"  York  Plays,  p.  131. 

2t.  To  approach ;  go  to  seek  speech  with. 

The  knyghte  coueride  on  his  knees  with  a  kaunt  herte. 
And  caiighte  his  Creatoure  that  comfurtlies  us  alle. 

Morte  Arthtcre  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2195. 

Sf.  To  reach ;  arrive  at. 

The  comely  coste  of  Normandye  they  cachene  fuUe  evene, 
And  blythely  at  Bartlete  theis  liolde  are  arryfede, 
And  fyndys  a  flete  there  of  frendez  ynewe. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  834. 

4.  To  reach  in  pursuit  or  l)y  special  eifort,  as 
a  moving  object  or  one  about  to  move ;  come 
up  to:  as,  I  caught  my  friend  on  the  road,  or 
just  starting;  to  catch  the  traiti. —  5.  To  lay 
hold  of;  grasp;  seize;  take:  as,  to  catch  a 
sword  by  the  handle. 

William  curtesli  caujt  the  quen  of  hire  palfray. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  4302. 
The  mild  hind 
Makes  speed  to  catch  the  tiger. 

Skak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  2. 
Eeady  to  catch  each  other  by  the  throat. 

Shak.,  Rich.  IIP,  i.  3. 
Giving  my  book  to  ray  servant  when  I  nieasure<l,  a  young 
man  caught  it  out  of  his  hand  and  ran  away  with  it. 

I'ococke,  Description  of  the  East,  I.  11.'!. 

Specifically — 6.  To  intercept  and  seize  (some- 
thing approaching  or  passing,  especially  in  the 


catch 


.  858 


catching 


air) :  as,  to  catch  a  ball. — 7.  To  take  captive, 
as  in  a  snare  or  trap;  take  with  a  lure  or  bait; 
insnare;  entrap:  as,  to  catch  mice  or  birds;  to 
catch  fish  :  often  used  figiu-atively  in  this  sense. 
Vn-to  my  ciiseipillis  will  I  so  agayne, 
Kyiulely  to  coiiiforte  Uiaiii 
Tliat  kaechid  are  in  caie.      York  Playx,  j).  243. 
Thoy  semi  unto  him  cei  tain  of  the  Pliarisees  and  of  tlie. 
Ileroilians,  to  calch  him  in  liis  m  orels.  Jlark  xii.  13. 

I  dill  eat  a  dish  of  niackarel,  newly  catclied,  for  my 
breakfast.  Pfilis,  Diary,  I.  77. 

This  North  Ameriean  speeies  [Drosera  Jili/armu]  .  .  . 
catches,  aecordins;  to  Mrs.  Treat,  an  extraordinary  num- 
ber of  small  and  large  insects. 

Darwin,  Insectiv.  Plants,  p.  281. 

8.  To  seize  after  pursuit  or  search ;  apprehend; 
arrest:  as,  to  catch  a  thief  or  a  runaway  horse. 

This  year,  I  hope,  my  friends,  I  shall  scape  prison, 
For  all  your  cares  to  catch  me. 

Fletcher,  Beggars'  Bush,  iv.  3. 

9.  To  get ;  obtain ;  gain  possession  of ;  acquire. 

Therfore,  lady,  &  it  like  yo\i,  lighten  your  chere ; 
Comford  you  kyndly,  kacclies  sum  rest. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3303. 
No  couert  mist  thei  kacche,  the  cuntre  was  so  playne. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2217. 
This  Kingdome  was  diuersly  rent,  euery  one  catching  so 
much  as  his  miglit  could  bestow  on  his  ambition. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  281. 
Torment  myself  to  catch  the  English  crown. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

10.  To  seize  upon  by  attraction  or  impression; 
take  and  fix  the  attention  of;  hence,  to  gain  in- 
tluenee  over;  captivate. 

You  think  you  have  caught  me,  lady ;  you  think  I  melt 
now,  like  a  dish  of  May-butter,  and  run  all  into  brine  and 
passion.  Beau,  and  Fl.,  \\'oman-Hater,  iii.  1. 

The  soothing  arts  that  catch  the  fair.  Dryden. 

The  fluency  and  the  personal  aiivantages  of  the  young 
orator  instantly  caught  the  ear  and  the  eye  of  his  audi- 
ence. Macaulay,  William  Pitt. 

The  gross  and  carnal  temper  in  man  is  far  more  easily 
caught  by  power  than  by  love. 

Gladstone,  Might  of  Right,  p.  60. 

11.  To  seize  or  apprehend  by  the  senses  or  the 
intellect:  as,  to  catch  sight  of  something. 

In  an  yll  tyme 
Kaughtst  thou  in  that  craft  cnnnyng  of  happes. 

Alisaunder  of  Macedoine  (E.  E.  T.  fl.),  1.  1087. 
Cleopatra,  catching  but  the  least  noise  of  this,  dies  in- 
stantly. Shak.,  A.  and  C,  i.  2. 
I  caught  a  glimpse  of  liis  face.      Tennyson,  Maud,  xiii. 
Men  remark  figure :  women  always  catch  the  expres- 
sion.                                         Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  338. 

12.  To  get;  receive. 

He  that  cacchilh  to  him  an  yuel  name, 
It  is  to  him  a  foule  fame. 

Bahees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  39. 
Fight  closer,  or,  good  faith,  you'll  catch  a  blow. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 
The  Church  of  Carnac  by  the  strand 
Catches  the  westering  siui's  la.^t  fires. 

^[.  Arnold,  Stanzas  from  Carnac. 

13.  To  be  affected  or  influenced  by ;  become  af- 
fected by  or  infected  with;  take:  as,  to  catch 
cold  or  the  measles;  to  catch  fire. 

A  man  takes  mercury,  goes  out  of  doors  and  catches  cold. 

J.  S.  Mill,  Logic,  iii.  5. 

14.  To  entangle  with  or  entrap  in:  as,  she 
caught  the  fringe  of  her  shawl  on  the  door-knob. 
— 15.  To  seize  upon  or  attack;  fasten  upon;  be- 
come communicated  to:  as,  the  fire  caught  the 
adjoining  buildings. — 16.  To  come  on  sudden- 
ly, unexpectedly,  or  accidentally :  as,  they  were 
caught  in  the  act. 

We  shall  catch  them  at  their  sport  | 

And  our  sudden  coming  there 

Will  double  all  their  mirth  and  chere. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  953. 

Catch  me !  (catch  him !  catch  her  I)  an  emphatic  phrase 

meaning  that  there  is  no  likelihooil  or  possibility  of  one's 
doing  sometliiTig  suugestrd :  as,  Will  you  lend  him  the 
niiini'y'?  Ccdrli  m"  .'  [rolloii.]  —  Catch  the  ten,  a  game 
of  cards  coniinon  in  Sidtland,  so  named  from  the  desira- 
bility of  catching  the  ten  of  trumps,  which  counts  10  and 
can  be  taken  by  any  honor-card.  The  game  resembles 
whist,  except  that  the  knave  counts  11,  the  ace  i.  the  king 
3,  and  the  (jueen  2 ;  it  is  played  with  36  cards,  all  belosv 
the  six-spot  l)ein'4  thrown  out,  and  100  jioints  make  game. 

—  First  catch  your  hare,  a  direction  occurring  in  later 
editions  of  the  well-known  cookery-book  attributed  to  ilrs. 
Glasse,  and  used  as  an  aphorism  to  the  effect  tl]:it,  before 
disposing  of  a  thing,  yon  ought  to  make  sure  of  thi'  pos- 
session of  it.  In  reality  the  saying  arose  from  a  niisiirint, 
catch  being  an  error  for  case,  in  the  sense  of  to  skin.  I'rop- 
erly,  therefore,  the  direction  is,  "First  case  (skin)  your 
hare. "  etc.  See  crt.s-sa,  jj.  <. — To  catch  a  crab.  HeeeralA. 

—  To  catch  a  Tatar.  .See  Tatar.— To  catch  hold  of, 

to  take  or  lay  liohl  of.— To  Catch  it,  to  get  a  .scoliliiig, 
a  beating,  or  other  unpleasant  treatment  or  experience. 
ICoUoq.]^ 

We  caught  it.  though,  on  reaching  the  Bay  of  Biscay, 
for  we  came  in  for  the  roll  left  by  a  big  Atlantic  storm. 

E.  Sartorius,  In  the  Soudan,  p.  2. 
To  catch  leavet,  to  take  leave. 

P^edeli  as  swithe 
Ful  curteisle  of  the  couherde  he  cacces  his  hue. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  353. 


Thanne  sei3  tliei  no  soconr  but  sunder  thanne  tliei  moste ; 
With  clipping  &  kessing  thei  kan;;t  here  leue. 

WHliain  of  Palerne  (H.  E.  T.  .S.),  1.  1053. 

To  catch  one  a  hlOW,  to  intlict  a  blow  on  one.  [Colloq.] 
—  To  catch  one  on  the  hip,  to  get  the  advantage  of 
one;  get  one  under  ones  power.  See /ii/jl. —  TO  CatCh 
out,  in  base-ball,  cricket,  and  similar  games,  to  put  (the 
striker)  out  by  catching  a  batted  ball  before  it  has  timched 
the  ground.  See  base-ball.— To  catCh  up.  («)  To  take 
up  suddenly  ;  snatch  up. 

I  caught  up  a  little  garden-girl,  .  .  .  put  a  napkin  in 
her  hand,  and  made  her  my  butler. 

Lady  Holland,  Sydney  Smith,  I.  vii. 
(ft)  To  lift  or  raise  to  a  higher  elevation. 

I  knew  a  man  .  .  .  caught  up  to  the  third  heaven. 

2  Cor.  xii.  2. 

Her  child  was  caught  up  unto  God,  and  to  his  throne. 

Rev.  xii.  5. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  take  hold  with  the  hand 
or  hands;  grasp.  Speeifieally  —  2.  To  act  as 
catcher  in  the  game  of  base-ball. —  3.  To  ac- 
quire possession. 

Have  is  have,  however  men  do  catch. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  i.  1. 

4.  To  be  entangled  or  impeded ;  become  fixed ; 
remain  fast :  as,  his  clothes  caugh  t  in  the  briers ; 
the  lock  catches. 

Don't  open  your  mouth  as  wide  as  that,  young  man,  or 
it'll  catch  so  and  not  shut  again  some  day. 

Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend,  iv.  16. 

The  little  island  has  such  a  celebrity  in  travel  and  ro- 
mance, that  I  feel  my  pen  catching  in  the  tatters  of  a 
threadbare  theme.  Ilowells,  Venetian  Life,  xiii. 

5.  To  take  proper  hold  so  as  to  act:  as,  the 
bolt  does  not  catch. — 6.  To  be  communicable 
or  infectious  ;  spread  by  or  as  if  by  infection. 

Does  the  sedition  catch  from  man  to  man,' 
And  run  among  their  ranks '!   Addison,  Cato,  ii.  6. 
His  eloquence  caught  like  a  flame, 
From  zone  to  zone  of  the  world. 

Tennyson,  Dead  Prophet. 

7.  To  endeavor  to  lay  hold  of ;  be  eager  to  get, 
use,  or  adopt :  -with  at. 

Saucy  lictors 
Will  catch  at  us,  like  strumpets. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  v.  2. 
Now,  like  those  that  are  sinking,  they  catcA  round  at  that 
which  is  likeliest  to  hold  them  up. 

Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  ii. 

He  can  receive  no  pleasure  frcmi  a  casiuvl  glimpse  of 
Nature,  but  must  catch  at  it  as  an  object  of  instruction. 

Lamb,  Old  and  New  Schoohnaster. 
Catch  as  catch  can,  in  wrestling,  to  grapple  in  any  or- 
dinary and  legitimate  manner. — To  catch  on,  to  appre- 
hend ;  understand.  [Slang,  U.  S.]— To  catch  up,  to  get 
to  the  same  point  (in  place  or  in  work);  get  even  or 
abreast,  usually  by  special  fffort,  as  in  a  race,  a  journey, 
study,  etc.:  absolute,  or  with  unth. 
catchl  (kach),  n.  [<  catch^,  v.  Cf.  cha.^c^,  «.]  If. 
The  act  of  catching  or  seizing;  seizure. 

She  would  faine  the  catch  of  Strephon  flie. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  i. 

Specifically — 2.  In  hasc-hall  and  similar  games, 
the  catching  and  holding  of  a  batted  or.  thrown 
ball  before  it  touches  the  ground. — 3.  Any- 
tliing  that  seizes  or  takes  hold,  that  cheeks  mo- 
tion or  the  like,  as  a  hook,  a  ratchet,  a  pawl,  a 
spring-bolt  for  a  door  or  lid,  or  any  other  con- 
trivance employed  in  machinery  for  the  pur- 
pose of  stopping  or  checking  certain  move- 
ments.— 4.  A  choking  or  stoppage  of  the  breath. 

Heard  the  deep  catches  of  liis  labouring  breath. 

Macmillan's  Mag. 

5.  The  posture  of  seizing ;  a  state  of  prepara- 
tion to  catch,  or  of  watching  an  opportunity  to 
seize.  [Archaic] 

Both  of  them  lay  upon  the  catch  for  a  great  action. 

Addison,  Ancient  Medals. 

6.  Anything  caught;  especially,  a  prize  or 
booty;  something  valuable  or  desirable  ob- 
tained or  to  be  obtained ;  a  gain  or  an  advan- 
tage ;  often,  colloquially,  one  desirable  as  a 
husband  or  •wife  on  accoimt  of  wealth  or  posi- 
tion. 

Hector  shall  have  a  great  catch  if  he  knock  out  either 
of  your  brains.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  1. 

She  entered  freely  into  the  state  of  her  affairs,  asked 
liis  advice  upon  money  matters,  and  fully  proved  to  his 
satisfaction  that,  independent  of  her  beauty,  she  wonld 
be  a  much  greater  catch  than  Fran  Vandei'sloosli. 

Marryat,  Snarleyyow,  I.  xx. 

Specifically — 7.  In  fishing,  the  quantity  of  fish 
taken :  as,  the  catch  on  the  Banks  during  the 
season. 

In  order  to  arri-ve  at  a  measure  of  the  increase  or  de- 
crease of  the  shad  fisheries  of  the  Atlantic  coast  rivers,  it  is 
necessary  to  compare  the  aggregate  catch  in  the  princi- 
pal rivers.  Science,  VI.,  No.  145,  Supp. 

8.  A  snatch ;  a  short  interval  of  action. 

It  has  been  writ  by  catches.  Locke. 

9.  A  hold  ;  a  grasp;  a  grip. —  lOf.  A  slight  or 
partial  recollection. 


We  retain  a  catch  of  those  pretty  stories,  and  our  awak- 
ened  imagination  smiles  in  the  recollection. 

Ulaneille,  Seep.  Sci. 

11.  A  trick ;  something  by  which  one  may  be 
entrapped. 

To  [too]  Kynde,  ne  to  Kepyng,  and  warre  Knavis caccAes. 

liabees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  9. 

12.  In  nnmic,  originally,  an  unaccompanied 
round  for  three  or  more  voices,  written  as  a 
continuous  melody,  not  in  score.  Later,  a  round 
the  words  of  which  were  so  selected  that  it  was  possible, 
either  by  means  of  the  pronunciation  or  by  the  interweav- 
ing of  the  words  and  phrases,  to  give  to  the  different  voices 
or  parts  ludicrous  effects.  Grove. 

Shall  we  rouse  the  night-owl  in  a  catch  that  will  draw 
three  smils  out  of  one  weaver?  Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  3. 

catch-f,  ».    An  obsolete  form  of  ketch^. 

Tlie  tleete  did  sail,  about  103  in  all,  besides  small  catches. 

Pepys,  Diary,  April  25,  1665. 

catchable  (kach'a-bl),  a.  [<  catch^  +  -able.'] 
(Japable  of  being  caught. 

Tlie  eagerness  of  a  knave  niaketh  him  often  as  catchable 
as  the  ignorance  of  a  fool.  Lord  Halifax. 

catch-all(kach'al),  Ji.  l<  catch'^  +  ohj.  all.}  1. 
Something  used  as  a  general  receptacle  for  odds 
and  ends,  as  a  table,  bureau,  chest,  etc. ;  espe- 
cially, a  basket  or  bag  provided  for  the  purpose. 
[Colloq.]  —  2.  A  tool  for  recovering  broken 
tools  from  a  boring. 

catch-bar  (kach'bar),  «.  A  bar  which  depresses 
the  jacks  of  a  knitting-machine. 

catch-basin  (kach'ba*sn),  v.  1.  A  reservoir 
placed  at  the  point  of  discharge  of  a  pipe  into  a 
sewer,  to  retain  matter  which  would  not  pass 
readily  through  the  sewer.  Such  basins  are 
arranged  so  that  they  can  be  emptied  as  often 
as  is  necessary. —  2.  A  reservoir,  especially  for 
catching  and  retaining  surface-drainage  over 
large  areas. 

It  may  fairly  be  questioned  .  .  .  whether  any  exten- 
sion of  forests,  or  system  of  catch-basins  or  reservoirs, 
could  possibly  retain  or  mitigate  to  any  considerable  ex- 
tent such  general  and  overwhelming  floods. 

Science,  III.  372. 

catch-bolt  (kach'bolt),  n.  A  door-bolt  which 
is  pressed  backward  as  the  door  closes,  but 
when  the  door  is  shut,  springs  forward  into  a 
socket  in  the  jamb. 

catch-club  (kaeh'klub),  n.  A  club  or  society 
formed  for  singing  catches,  etc. 

catch-drain  (kach' dran),  M.  1.  A  drain  along 
the  side  of  a  canal  or  other  conduit  to  catch 
the  surplus  water. —  2.  A  drain  running  along 
sloping  ground  to  catch  and  convey  the  water 
flowing  over  the  siu-face.  When  a  meadow  is  of 
considerable  extent,  and  has  an  abrupt  descent,  the  water 
is  often  stopped  at  intervals  by  catch-drains,  so  as  to  spread 
it  over  the  adjoining  surface. 

catcher  (kach'er),  71.  [<  ME.  cachere,  a  hunter; 
<  catch  +  -cj-i.  Cf.  c/tase>-l.]  If,  A  chaser;  a 
hunter. 

Then  thise  cacheres  that  couthe  cowpled  hor  houndej. 
Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (13.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1139. 

2.  One  who  catches ;  that  which  catches,  or  in 
which  anything  is  caught. 
That  great  catcher  and  devourer  of  souls. 

South,  Sermons,  x. 

Specifically- (rt)  In  base-ball  and  similar  games,  the  player 
who  stands  behind  the  bat  or  home-base  to  catch  the  ball 
when  pitched.  See  base-hall,  (b)  In  mining:  (1)  An  ar- 
rangement to  prevent  overwinding,  or  raising  the  cage 
too  liigh  as  it  conies  out  of  the  shaft.  Also,  in  Leicester- 
shire, England,  the  equivalent  of  cage-slivts  (which  see). 
(2)  In  general,  any  arrangement  at  the  month  of  the  shaft, 
or  on  the  pump,  by  means  of  which  accidents  may  be  pre- 
vented in  case  a  part  of  the  machinery  gives  way.  (c)  pi. 
In  ornith.,  the  raptorial  birds,  or  birds  of  prey:  a  term 
translating  Captantes,  one  of  the  names  of  the  order. 
3t.  One  who  sings  catches. 

But  where  be  my  catchers?  Come,  a  round,  and  so  let 
us  drink.  Brome,  Jovial  Crew,  iv. 

catcherelf,  n.  [ME.  cacherel  (ML.  reflex  ca- 
charcUus),  <  cacheri,  catchen,  catch,  +  term,  -erel, 
as  in  cockerel.  Cf.  catchpoll.'}  A  catchpoll. 
TVrigh  t. 

catch-feeder  (kach'fe'''der),  «.  A  ditch  for  ir- 
rigation. 

catch-fly  (kach'fli),  «.  The  popular  name  of 
species  of  plants  belonging  to  the  genus  Silcne, 
and  of  Lychnis  Viscaria,  given  on  account  of 
their  glutinous  stems,  which  sometimes  retain 
small  insects.  The  sleepy  catch-fly  is  Silene 
.antirrhina. 

catch-hook  (kaeh'huk),  n.  An  iron  barwith  a 
hinged  tongue,  used  in  hauling  large  iron  pipes. 
The  hinged  end  is  pushed  into  the  bore  of  the  pipe,  and 
the  tongue  jams  and  is  firmly  held  against  its  inner  sur- 
face when  the  bar  is  pulled. 

catching  (kaeh'ing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  caic/A,  v.} 
1.  Communicating,  or  liable  to  be  communi- 
cated, by  contagion;  infectious. 


catching 

'Tis  time  to  give  them  pliysic,  their  diseases 
Are  growu  so  catchiiij.       Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  3. 
Your  words  are  a  grenadier's  march  to  my  heart  1  I  be- 
lieve coiu-age  must  be  catchiwi ! 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  4. 

2.  Captivating;  charming;  attracting:  as,  a 
catching  melody;  a  catching  manner. 

That  Rhetorick  is  best  which  is  most  seasonable  and 
most  catching.  Selden,  Table- Talk,  p.  95. 

St.  Acquisitive;  greedy. 

Thei  made  be  brought  luellis  and  alle  othir  richesse, 
and  yaf  it  to  hym  to  se  whedir  he  wolde  be  couetouse  and 
cacchynge.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  i.  lOG. 

catching-'bargain  (kaeh'ing-bar'''gan),  n.  In 
laic,  a  bargain  made  with  the  heir  apparent  or 
expectant  of  a  succession  for  the  pui'chase  of 
his  expectancy  at  an  inadequate  price. 

catch-land  (kaeh'land),  n.  Formerly,  in  Eng- 
land, land  the  tithes  of  which  for  any  year  fell 
to  the  minister  who  first  claimed  them  for  that 
year,  because  it  was  not  known  to  which  of  two 
parishes  the  land  belonged. 

catch-line  (kach'lin),  )(.  In  printing,  a  short 
line  of  small-sized  type  between  two  longer 
lines  of  larger  displayed  type. 

catch-match  (kach '  mach),  n.  An  agreement 
concluded  hastily,  so  that  one  party  is  taken  at 
a  disadvantage. 

catch-meadow  (kaeh'med"o),  M.  A  meadow 
which  is  irrigated  by  water  from  a  spring  or 
rivulet  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill. 

catchment  (kach'ment),  n.  [<  catcli^  +  -meiU.'] 
•Drainage :  rarely  used  except  in  the  following 
phrases — Area  of  catchment,  among  hydraulic  engi- 
neers, tlie  area  the  rainfall  or  drainage  of  which  is  to  be 
made  available  for  furnishing  water  at  a  desired  point. — 
Catchment-basin.  Same  as  drainage-basin. — CatCh- 
ment-basin  map,  a  map  on  which  the  water-shed  limit- 
ing the  whole  of  each  subdivision  of  any  river-system  is  ac- 
curately laid  down,  so  that  the  position  and  acreage  of  any 
particular  area  of  catchment  maybe  determined  from  it. 

cat-chop  (kat'chop),  11.  A  species  of  fig-mari- 
gold, Mesembrianthemumfelinum,  from  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope. 

catchpenny  (kach'pen"i),  n.  and  a.  [<  catch'^  + 
obj.  1,  n.;  T^l.  catchpennies  {-\2.).  Some- 

thing of  little  value,  adapted  to  attract  popu- 
lar attention  and  thus  secure  a  quick  sale ;  any- 
thing externally  attractive,  made  merely  to  sell. 

You  Imow  already  by  the  title,  that  it  is  no  more  than  a 
catch-penny.    Goldsmith,  Letter  to  Rev.  Henry  Goldsmith. 

The  whole  affair  is  a  manifest  catchpenny. 

Hawthorne,  Main  Street. 

II,  a.  Made  or  got  up  to  gain  money;  put 
forth  merely  to  sell:  as,  &  catchpenny  pamphlet. 

I  call  this  the  popular  or  utilitarian  aspect,  because  it 
belongs  to  the  catchpenny  theory  of  human  lite  according 
to  which  the  value  of  a  thing  is  just  as  much  as  it  will 
bring.  Stubbs,  Medieval  and  Modern  Hist.,  p.  106. 

catchpolei,  «.   See  catchpoll. 

catchpole^  (kach'pol),  n.  [<  catch'^  (attrib.)  -I- 
j50?ei.]  An  implement  formerly  used  for  seiz- 
ing and  securing  a  man  who  would  otherwise 
be  out  of  reach,  it  was  carried  by  foot-soldiers  in  com- 
bats with  horsemen,  and  later  by  civil  officers  in  appre- 
hending criminals.  The  head,  made  of  light  metal  bars, 
was  provided  with  strong  springs,  so  arranged  as  to  hold 
tu'mly  anything,  as  the  neck  or  a  limb  of  one  pm'sued,  over 
which  it  was  forced. 

catchpole^  (kach'pol),  n.  [Sc.,  also  catchpule, 
cachepole,  <  D.  kaatsspel,  tennis  (cf.  kaatshal, 
tennis-ball),  <  kaats,  chase  (=E.  chase'^,  catch^), 
+  spel,  game.]   The  game  of  tennis.  [Scotch.] 

catchpoll  (kach'pol),  n.  [Also  catchpole,  early 
mod.  E.  catchpot,  <  ME.  catchepoll,  cachepol,  a 
baiUff,  earlier  a  tax-gatherer,  <  OF.  *cacipol, 
chacipol,  chacepol,  chassipol  (ilL.  reflex  cache- 
polus,  cacepollus,  chacipollus,  cacipulcus),  also 
*chacipolier,  chassipoier,  a  tax-gatherer  (cf. 
chassipolerie,  defined  as  a  tribute  paid  by  vas- 
sals to  their  lord  for  the  privilege  of  asylum  in 
his  castle  in  time  of  war,  j\IL.  cltacipoleria,  the 
office  and  emoluments  of  a  tax-gatherer) ;  of 
imeertain  formation,  appar.  <  caeier,  cacher  (> 
ME.  cachcn,  E.  catch'^),  chacier  (>  ME.  chacen, 
E..  chase^),  in  the  sense  of  'catch,  take,'  or 
'chase,  hunt,'  -f-  *pol,  of  uncertain  meaning. 
Usually  explained  as  catch'^  -I-  obj.  poll,  the 
head;  but  the  earliest  sense  known  is  'tax- 
gatherer,'  and  j3o'^  as  associated  with  'tax'  does 
not  seem  to  occur  in  ME.,  and  it  is  not  found 
in  any  sense  in  OF.  or  ML.  The  W.  ceisbwl,  a 
baUiff,  catchpoll,  is  prob.  an  accom.  of  the  E. 
word.  Cf.  ME.  cachercl,  equiv.  to  cachepol.'] 
If.  A  tax-gatherer. 

Matheus,  thet  wes  cachepol  [in  orig.  AS.  text  tollere, 
toller],  thene  he  iwende  to  god-spellere. 

Old.  Eng.  Homilies  (ed.  Morris),  1st  ser.,  p.  97. 

2.  A  sherifiPs  officer,  bailiff,  constable,  or  other 
person  whose  duty  is  to  make  arrests. 


859 

Saul  sente  catchepollis  [L.  lictores]  for  to  take  David. 

Wyclif,  1  Ki.  \ix.  20. 
Quikliche  cam  a  cacchepol  and  craked  a-two  liere  legges. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  .\xi.  70. 
Let  not  thy  scores  come  robbe  thy  needy  purse, 
Make  not  the  catchpot  rich  by  thine  arrest. 

Gascoigne,  Steele  Glas,  p.  07.  (Arber.) 
There  shall  be  two  Serjeants  at  Mace,  of  whom  the  first 
named  serjeant  at  mace  shall  execute  all  writs,  mandates, 
processes  and  such  like  within  the  said  borough  and  lib- 
erties of  tile  same,  and  shall  be  called  the  Catchpole,  ac- 
cording to  the  name  anciently  given  in  that  place  to  the 
same  officer.  Municip.  Corp.  Reports,  1S35,  p.  '2(i.')l. 

catchup,  ketchup  (kach'up,  keeh'up),  n.  [< 
E.  Iiid.  kitjup.']  A  name  common  to  several 
kinds  of  sauce  much  used  with  meat,  fish, 
toasted  cheese,  etc.  Also  written  catsup,  kat- 
sup — Mushroom  catchup,  a  sauce  made  from  the 
common  musliroom,  Ayaricus  campestris,  by  breaking 
the  fungi  into  small  i)ieces  and  mixing  with  salt,  whicli 
has  the  effect  of  reducing  the  whole  mass  to  an  almost 
liquid  state.  It  is  then  strained,  spiced,  and  boiled. — 
Tomato  catchup,  a  sauce  made  from  tomatoes  by  a 
similar  process. —Walnut  catchup,  a  sauce  made  from 
unripe  walnuts  Ijefore  the  shell  is  hardened.  They  are 
beaten  to  a  pulp,  and  the  juice  is  separated  by  straining  ; 
salt,  vinegar,  and  spices  are  added,  and  the  whole  is  boileii. 

catchwater  (kach'wa"ter),  n.   [<  catch^  +  obj. 

icater.']    Same  as  catchwork. 
catchweed  (kach' wed),  n.    [<  catch'^  +  weecU.] 

A  weed  which  readily  catches  hold  of  what 

comes  in  contact  with  it;  cleavers, 
catchweight  (kaeh'wat), n.  [<  catch^  +  weight: 

that  is,  the  weight  one  has  at  the  moment.]  In 

horse-racing,  a  weight  left  to  the  option  of  the 

owner  of  a  horse,  wlio  naturally  puts  up  the 

Lightest  weight  possible. 

catchweight  (kaeh'wat),  adv.    [<  catchweight, 
«.]    In  horse-racing,  without  being  handicap- 
ped: as,  to  ride  catchweight. 
Come,  I'll  make  this  a  match,  if  you  like :  you  shall  ride 

catchweight.  which  will  be  about  11  st.  7  lb.  Lawrence. 

catchword  (kach'werd),  n.    [<  catch^  -f  xcord.'] 

1.  In  old  writing  and  printing,  a  word  of  the 
text  standing  by  itself  in  the  right-hand  corner 
of  the  bottom  of  a  page,  the  same  as  the  first 
word  of  the  next  page,  to  mark  the  connection 
or  proper  sequence.  In  old  manuscript  books  a 
catchword  was  at  first  inserted  only  at  the  end  of  a  sheet 
or  quire  (that  is,  the  quantity  folded  together) ;  in  print- 
ing it  was  the  practice  until  the  nineteenth  century  to 
insert  one  at  the  foot  of  every  page. 

Catch-words  to  connect  the  quires  date  back  to  the  12th 
century.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  144. 

2.  In  the  drama,  the  last  word  of  a  speaker, 
which  serves  to  remind  the  one  who  is  to  follow 
him  of  what  he  is  to  say;  a  cue. —  3.  A  word 
caught  tip  and  repeated  for  effect;  a  taking 
word  or  phrase  used  as  a  partizan  cry  or  shib- 
boleth: as,  the  catchword  of  a  political  party. 

The  catch-words  which  thrilled  our  forefathers  with 
emotion  on  one  side  or  the  other  fall  with  hardly  any 
meaning  on  our  ears.    J.  McCarthy,  Hist.  Own  Times,  v. 

Liberty,  fraternity,  equality,  are  as  much  as  ever  the 
party  cntch-words.  Quarterly  Rev. 

catchwork  (kach'werk),  n.  [<  catcli^  +  work.'] 
An  artificial  watercourse  or  series  of  water- 
courses for  irrigating  such  lands  as  lie  on  the 
declivities  of  hills;  a  catch-drain.  Also  called 
catchwater. 

catchy  (kach'i),  a.  Same  as  catching,  2. 
[Colloq.] 

cate  (kat),  n.  [By  apheresis  from  acate,  q.  v.] 
An  article  of  food ;  a  viand ;  more  particularly, 
rich,  luxurious,  or  dainty  food ;  a  delicacy ;  a 
dainty:  a  later  form  of  acate:  most  commonly 
used  in  the  plural.    [Archaic  or  poetic] 

I  had  rather  live 
With  cheese  and  garlic  in  a  windmill,  far. 
Than  feed  on  cates,  and  have  him  talk  to  me. 

Shal(..  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  1. 
Xot  the  ale,  nor  any  other  cates  which  poor  Elspeth's 
stores  afforded,  could  prevail  on  the  Sub-Prior  to  break 
his  fast.  Scott,  Monastery,  I.  118. 

That  day  a  feast  had  been 
Held  in  high  hall,  and  many  a  viand  left. 
And  many  a  costly  cate. 

Tennyson,  Gareth  and  Lynette. 

catechetic  (kat-e-ket'ik),  a.  [=  F.  catechetique, 
<  Gr.  Karr/xTrrifidc,  <  na-r/xr/rr'/c.  an  instructor,  < 
KaTTjxt'v,  instruct,  teach  by  word  of  mouth ;  see 
catechize.]  Consisting  of  question  and  answer: 
applied  to  a  method  of  teacMng  by  means  of 
questions  put  by  the  teacher  and  answered  by 
the  pupil,  vvhether  the  questions  are  addressed 
to  the  understanding,  as  by  Socrates  in  his 
dialogical  method,  or  to  the  memory. 

catechetical  (kat-e-ket'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  cat- 
echetic. 

Socrates  introduced  a  catechetical  method  of  arguing. 

Addison,  Spectator. 
Catechetical  schools,  schools  established  in  the  early 
chuich  for  the  instruction  of  catechumens. 


catechize 

Catechetically  (kat-r'-ke£'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
a  catechetical  manner ;  by  question  and  an- 
swer. 

catechetics  (kat-f-ket'iks),  n.  [PI.  of  cate- 
chetic :  .see  -ics.]  The  art  or  practice  of  teach- 
ing by  means  of  question  and  answer.  See 

c/itrchrtic. 

catechin,  catechine  (kat'e-chin),  ».  [<  cate- 
chu +  -in'^,  -ine'^.]  A  principle  (CigHjjjOg)  ex- 
tracted from  catechu,  liaviiig  a  snow-white  silky 
appcaniiice,  and  crystallizing  in  fine  needles. 
Also  called  catechidc  acid  and  catechuin. 

catechisation,  catechise,  etc.  See  catechiza- 
lion,  etc. 

catechism  (kat'e-kizm),  «.  l=:F.  catechi'sme 
=  Sp.  catecismo,  catcquismo  =  Pg.  catcchismo  = 
It.  catcchismo,  catecismo  =  D.  caterhismus  —  G. 
katechismus  =:Da.n.  katckismus  (cf.  .kuteches), 

<  LL.  catechismus,  <  Gr.  *Ka-Tjxioij6c,  <  KarrixK^iv, 
catechize :  see  catechize.]  1.  A  form  of  instruc- 
tion by  means  of  questions  and  answers,  par- 
ticularly in  the  principles  of  religion. — 2.  An 
elementary  book  containing  a  summaiy  of  prin- 
ciples in  any  science  or  art,  but  especially  in 
religion,  reduced  to  the  fonn  of  questions  and 
answers,  and  sometimes  with  notes,  explana- 
tions, and  references  to  authorities,  iiie  follow- 
ing are  the  principal  authoritative  clinrcli  catechisms :  The 
Lutheran,  prepared  by  Luther  (152H),  still  in  general  use 
in  the  German  Protestant  churches ;  the  Genevan,  \>Te- 
pared  by  Calvin  (1536) ;  the  Heidelberg,  published  at  Hei- 
delberg (1503),  and  still  a  recognized  doctrinal  standard  in 
the  Reformed  (Dutch)  Church  ;  the  Anglican  (1549-1004), 
contained  in  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer  and  directed  by 
rubric  to  be  taught  systematically  to  cldldren ;  the  West- 
minster Assembly's,  in  two  fonns.  Shorter  and  Larger  Cate- 
chisms (1647),  in  use  in  the  Presbyterian  and  to  some  ex- 
tent in  Congregational  churches  ;  the  Methodist  (United 
States,  1852),  in  three  fomis.  The  Tridentine  catechism 
(1560)  is  a  statement  of  doctrines  prepared  in  obedience 
to  a  decree  of  the  Council  of  Trent,  and  is  of  high  though 
not  absolute  authority  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  but 
is  not  intended  for  use  in  the  instruction  of  childien. 
The  Cracovian  and  Racovian  catechisms  (1574,  1605)  are 
Polish  in  origin  and  Socinian  in  doctrine.  Numerous 
other  catechisms  have  been  prepared  by  individuals,  but 
they  possess  no  ecclesiastical  authority. 

catechismal  (kat-e-kiz'mal),  a.  [<  catechism 
+  -al.]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  in  the  style  of  a 
catechism;  interrogatory;  catechizing;  cate- 
chetical. 

Children  hate  to  be  bothered  with  questions,  .  .  .  and 
yet  how  we  bore  them  with  catechismal  demands. 

J.  T.  Fields,  Underbrush,  p.  124. 

catechist  (kat'e-kist),  n.  [_—F.  catechiste  =  Sp. 
catequista  =  P^.  It.  catechista,  <  LL.  catechista, 

<  Gr.  *Kar7jxioT7jc,  <  Ka-r/x'^en;  catechize :  see  cat- 
ec/fice.]  One  who  instructs  orallj',  or  by  ques- 
tion and  answer;  acatechizer;  specifically,  one 
appointed  to  instruct  catechumens  in  the  prin- 
ciples of  religion  as  a  preparation  for  baptism. 

This  was  a  special  function  in  the  early  church,  as  it  has 
also  been  to  some  extent  in  later  times ;  but  catechists 
have  never  constituted  a  distinct  ecclesiastical  order. 

The  word  Catechist  implied  ...  a  function,  not  a  class. 

Smith,  Diet.  Christ.  Antiq. 

In  the  absence  of  the  regular  clergyman  the  catechist 
conducts  the  service  [at  Godhavn,  Greenland). 

C.      Hall,  Polar  Exp.,  1876,  p.  54. 

catechistic,  catechistical  (kat-e-lds'tik,  -ti- 
kal),  a.  [<  catechist  +  -ic,  -ical.  Cf.  F.  cateche- 
tique =  Sp.  catequistico  =  Pg.  It.  catechistico.] 
Pertaining  to  a  catechist  or  a  catechism;  of  a 
catechizing  character. 

Some  of  them  are  in  the  catechistical  method. 

Burke,  Abridg.  of  Eng.  Hist,,  ii.  2. 

catechistically  (kat-e-kis'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  a 
catechistic  maimer  ;  by  question  and  answer. 

catechization  (kat'f-ki-za'shon),  n.  [<  cate- 
chize +  -ation;  =  F.  catechisation  =  Pg.  cate- 
chizagao  =  G.  katechisation.]  The  act  of  cat- 
echizing; examination  by  questioning.  Also 
spelled  catechisation. 

The  catechisation  of  the  man  born  blind.  • 

Schaff,  Hist.  Christ.  Church.  I.  §  83. 

catechize  (kat'e-kiz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cate- 
chized, ppr.  catechizing.  [=  F.  catechiser  =  Pr. 
cathezizar  =  Sp.  catequizar  =  Pg.  catechizar  = 
It.  catechizzare  =  D.  catechiseren  =  G.  katechi- 
siercn  =  Dan.  katekisere,  <  LL.  catechizare,  cat- 
echize, <  Gr.  Ka-JixiZ^iv,  catechize,  a  later  ex- 
tended form  of  Karrixt'tv,  catechize,  instruct, 
teach  by  word  of  mouth,  particularly  in  reli- 
gion, also  resound,  <  na-n,  down,  -I-  rjxeiv,  sound; 
cf.  i]x'],  a  sound,  iixo),  echo,  >  E.  echo.]  1.  To 
instruct  orally  by  asking  questions;  receiving 
answers,  and  offering  explanations  and  correc- 
tions ;  specifically,  so  to  instruct  on  points  of 
Christian  doctrine. 
Catechize  gioss  ignorance. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  MeL ,  To  the  Reader,  p.  68. 


catechize 


860 


cater 


2.  To  question;  inteiTogate,  especially  in  a 
minute  or  impertinent  manner ;  examine  or  try 
by  questions. 

I'm  stopp'd  by  all  the  fools  I  meet 

And  catechised  in  every  street.  Stri/t. 

Also  spelled  catechise. 
catechizet,  «.    [<  catechize,  V.    Cf.  catechism.'] 
A  catechism.  [Colloq.] 

They  are  carefuU  to  instrnc  t  tlu  ir  chihiren,  that  so  when 
I  come  they  might  be  ready  to  answer  ttifir  Catechize. 

T.  Shepard,  Clear  .Sunshine  of  tlie  Gospel,  p.  27.' 

catechizer  (kat'e-ki-zer),  n.  One  who  cate- 
chizes; cue  v.'ho  instructs  by  question  and 
answer,  particularly  in  the  rudiments  of  the 
Christian  religion.    Also  spelled  catechiser. 

catechu  (kat'e-cho),  n.  [NL.  catechu,  Sp.  ca- 
tecu,  F.  cachoti,  etc.  (cf.  cutch);  of  E.  Ind,  ori- 
gin. Cf.  Hind,  katihd,  catechu.]  A  name  com- 
mon to  several  astringent  extracts  prepared 
from  the  -wood,  bark,  and  fruit  of  various 
plants.  The  true  catechu,  or  cutch,  of  commerce  is  a 
dark-brown,  hard,  and  brittle  substance,  extracted  by  de- 
coction and  evaporation  from  the  wood  of  Acacia  Cuteclia 
and  A.  suina.  East  Indian  trees.  It  is  one  of  the  best  astrin- 
gents to  be  found  in  the  materia  medica,  and  is  largely 
used  in  tanning,  calico-printing,  etc.  Pale  or  cjainbier 
catechu  is  obtained  from  a  rubiaceous  climber,  Uncaria 
gambier  (see  gambier).  A  kind  of  catechu  is  also  made 
from  the  nut  of  the  betel-palm,  ^recn  Catechu,  but  it  is 
not  an  article  of  commerce.  An  artificial  catechu,  service- 

.  able  in  dyeing,  is  obtainable  from  mahogany  and  similar 
woods.    Also  cashoo. 

catechuic  (kat-e-cho'ik),  a.  [<  catechu  +  -;c.] 
Pertaiuiug  to  or  derived  from  catechu  Cate- 
chuic acid.   Same  as  catechin. 

catechuin  (kat-e-cho'in),  n.  [<  catechu  +  -in^.] 
Same  as  catechin. 

catech'uiuen  (kat-f-ku'men),  «.  [(Cf.  ME.  cnte- 
cumeling,  simulating  cumeliiig,  a  comer)  =  F. 
catechumeiie  =  Sp.  cateciimeno  =  Pg.  catechu- 
mow  =z  It.  catecumeno,  <  LL.  catechumenus,  < 
Gr.  Karr/xobfievoc,  one  instructed,  ppr.  pass,  of 
KaTT/xeiv,  instvnct:  see  catechize.]  1.  One  who 
is  under  instruction  in  the  tlrst  rudiments  of 
Christianity ;  a  neophyte.   lu  the  primitive  church 

catechumens  were  the  children  of  believing  parents,  or 
Jews  or  pagans  not  fully  initiated  in  the  principles  of  the 
Christian  religion.  They  were  admitted  to  this  state  by 
the  imposition  of  hands  and  the  sign  of  the  cross,  were  di- 
vided into  two  or  more  classes,  and  in  public  worship  were 
dismissed  or  retired  to  an  outer  court  of  the  church  before 
the  liturgical  or  communion  service. 

The  heavens  open,  too,  upon  us ;  and  the  Holy  Ghost 
descends,  to  sanctify  the  waters,  and  to  hallow  the  cate- 
chumen.  Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  I.  98. 

The  prayers  of  the  church  did  not  begin,  in  St.  Austin's 
time,  till  the  catechumeiis  were  dismissed.  Stillingjiect. 

Of  these  Catechumens  there  were  two  kinds,  the  Audi- 
tores,  who  had  merely  expressed  a  wish  to  become  Cliris- 
tians,  and  the  C'onipetentes,  who  were  tliought  worthy  of 
holy  Baptism.  J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  209. 

2.  Figuratively,  one  who  is  beginning  to  acqiure 
a  knowledge  of  any  doctrines  or  principles. 

The  same  language  is  still  held  to  the  catechumens  in 
Jacobitism.  Bolingbroke,  To  Windham. 

catechumenal  (kat-e-kii'me-nal),  a.  [<  catc- 
chumcH  +  -al.]    Pertaining  to  a  catechumen. 

He  had  laid  aside  his  white  catechumenal  robes. 

C.  C.  Perkins,  Italian  Sculpture,  Int.,  p.  liv. 

catechumenate  (kat-e-kii'me-nat),  «.  [<  cate- 
chumen +  -ate^;  =  F.  catechumenat  =  Sp.  catc- 
cumenado  =  Pg.  catcchumenaclo,  -nato.]  The 
state  or  condition  of  a  catechumen. 

catechumenical  (kat"e-ku-men'i-kal),  a.  [< 
catechumen  + -ical.  CI.  Hp.  catecumenico,']  Be- 
lon<,'ing  to  catechumens;  catechumenal. 

catechumenistt  (kat-e-kii'me-nist),  n.  [<  cntc- 
ehumen  +  -ist.]   A  catechumen.   Bp.  Morton. 

categorem  (kat'e-gor-em),  n.  [—  F.  categoreme 
=  Sp.  cutegoremo,  <  Gr.  liaTTiyopj/iia,  a  predicate, 
<  Kareyofjui;  predicate,  assert:  see  category.] 
Originally,  a  predicate;  in  logic  —  (a)  as  used 
by  the  Stoics,  a  term  which  can  be  made  the 
subject,  or  more  especially  the  predicate,  of  a 
proposition;  (b)  as  used  by  the  Peripatetics, 
the  thing  coiTCsponding  to  a  category. 

categorema  (kat-e-go-re'ma),  n.;  pi.  catcgorc- 
mitta  (-ma-t;i).    Same  as  categorem. 

categoreniatic  (kat-e-gor-e-mat'ik),  a.  and  n. 
[=  F.  categorematique  =  Sp.  categorematico,  < 
Gr.  KaTTiydp?!im(T-),  a  predicate:  see  categorem.] 
I.  a.  Conveying  a  whole  term,  that  is,  either 
the  subject  or  the  predicate  of  a  proposition, 
in  a  single  word.  Sometimes  incorrectly  writ- 
ten categoreumutic  or  cathegreumatic. 

It  is  not  every  word  that  is  categoreniatic,  that  is,  capa- 
ble of  being  employed  by  itself  as  a  term. 

Whately,  Logic,  II.  i.  §  3. 

II.  «.  In  logic,  a  word  which  is  capable  of 
being  employed  by  itself  as  a  term, 
categorematical  (kat-e-gor-e-mat'i-kal),  a. 
Same  as  categorematic. ' 


categor  ematically  (kat  -  e  -  gor  -  e  -  mat '  i-  kal  -  i ), 

adr.  In  a  categorematic  manner ;  as  a  cate- 
gorematic. 

categorical  (kat-e-gor'i-kal),  a.  and  «,    [=  F. 

catcgorique  =  S-p.  categor ico  =  Pg.  It.  catcgorico, 

<  LL.  categoricus,  <  Gr.  KaT)/}Of)iiiui;,  <  aaniyopia, 
a  category:  see  categori/ and -ic,  -ical.]  I.  a. 
1.  Pertaining  to  a  category  or  the  categories: 
opposed  to  transcendental. —  2.  Stated  imcon- 
ditionally;  not  limited  to  a  hypothetical  state 
of  things:  as,  a  categorical  proposition  (that  is, 
a  simple,  imconditioual  proposition). — 3.  Ap- 
plicable to  the  actual  circumstances;  stating 
the  fact ;  pertinent ;  positive ;  precise ;  clear : 
as,  a  categorical  answer  (that  is,  an  answer  that 
clearly  meets  the  question) — Categorical  imper- 
ative, the  unconditional  command  of  conscience. — Cate- 
gorical syllogism,  a  syllogism  containing  only  categori- 
cal propositions. 

II.  n.  In  logic,  a  proposition  which  aiBrms  a 
thing  absolutely  and  without  any  hypothesis. 

Categoricals  are  subdivided  into  pure  and  modal.  A  pure 
categorical  asserts  unconditionally  and  unreservedly  :  as, 
I  live ;  man  is  mortal.  A  modal  categorical  asserts  with  a 
qualification :  as,  the  wisest  man  may  possibly  be  mistaken ; 
a  prejudiced  historian  will  probably  misrepresent  facts. 

ca'tegorically  (kat-f-gor'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  a  cat- 
egorical manner;  absolutely;  directly;  ex- 
pressly; positively:  as,  to  af&vm  categoricalhj. 

categoricalness  (kat-f-gor'i-kal-nes),  «.  Tlie 
quality  of  being  categorical,  positive,  or  abso- 
lute. 

categorist  (kat'e-go-rist),  n.  [<  category  + 
-ist.]  One  who  classifies  or  arranges  in  cate- 
gories. Emerson. 

categorization  (kat-e-gor-i-za'shon), «.  [<  cate- 
gorize +  -ation.]  The  act  or  process  of  placing 
in  a  category  or  list ;  a  classification.  [Rare.] 

categorize  (kat'e-go-riz),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
categorized,  ppr.  categorizing.  [<  category  + 
-ize;  =F.  categoriser.]  To  place  in  a  category 
or  list;  classify.  [Rare.] 

category  (kat'e-go-ri),  M. ;  pi.  categories  (-riz). 
[=  F.  categoric  =  Sp.  categoria  =  Pg.  It.  catc- 
goria,  <  LL.  categoria,  <  Gr.  KatT/yopla,  an  accu- 
sation, charge,  later  also  a  predicate  or  predi- 
cable,  usually,  in  Aristotle  and  later  writers, 
a  category,  predicament,  head  of  predicables, 

<  KaTJiyopnv,  accuse,  declare,  assert,  predicate, 

<  Kara,  against,  +  ayopevuv,  declaim,  address 
an  assembly,  <  ayopa,  an  assembly:  see  agora.] 

1.  In  logic,  a  highest  notion,  especially  one 
derived  from  the  logical  analysis  of  the  forms 

of  proposition.  The  word  was  introduced  by  Aristotle, 
who  applies  it  to  his  ten  predicaments,  things  said,  or 
suinma  genera,  viz.,  substance,  quantity,  quality,  relation, 
action,  passion,  where,  when,  posture  or  relative  position 
of  parts,  habit  or  state.  These  are  derived  from  sucli  an 
analysis  of  the  proposition  as  could  be  made  before  the 
developed  study  of  grannnar.  The  categories  or  highest 
intellectual  concepts  of  Kant  are :  categories  of  quantity 
—  unity,  plurality,  totality ;  categories  of  quality  —  reality, 
negation,  limit  between  thesc'^  categories  of  relation  — 
substance  and  accident,  cause  and  effect,  action  and  re- 
action ;  categories  of  modality — possibility,  imi)OSsibility, 
actuality,  non-actuality,  necessity,  non-necessity.  Modern 
formal  logic  furnishes  this  list :  (1)  qualities,  or  singular 
characters;  (2)  simple  relations,  or  dual  characters;  (3) 
complex  relations,  or  plural  characters.  Many  lists  of 
categories  have  been  given  not  founded  on  fornud  logic. 

The  categories,  or  forms  and  conditions  of  human  \m- 
derstanding,  though  doubtless  innate  in  the  naturalist's 
sense  of  the  term,  that  is  inherited,  are  only  the  ways  and 
facilities  of  the  higher  exercise  of  the  faculty  of  reflection. 

C.  Wright. 

The  categories  are  not  instruments  which  the  mind  uses, 
but  elements  in  a  whole,  or  the  stages  in  a  complex  process, 
which  in  its  unity  the  mind  is.     E.  Caird,  Hegel,  p.  157. 

2.  A  summum  genus,  or  widest  class. — 3.  Any 
very  wide  and  distinctive  class ;  any  compre- 
hensive division  or  class  of  persons  or  things. 

Shakespeare  is  as  much  out  of  the  category  of  eminent 
authors  as  he  is  out  of  the  crowd.    Emerson,  Shakespeare. 

catelt,       Middle  English  form  of  cattle. 

ca'telectrode  (kat-e-lek'trod),  n.  [<  Gr.  Kara, 
down,  -f  electrode!]  Faraday's  name  for  the 
negative  electrode  or  cathode  of  a  voltaic  bat- 
tery.   See  cathode  and  electrode. 

catelectrotonic  (kat-f-lek-tro-ton'ik),  a.  [<  cat- 
clcctrotonus  +  -ic]  Pertaining  to  or  exhibiting 
catelectrotonus. 

catelectrotonus  (kat'^f-lek-trot'o-nus),  w.  [< 

cat{hode)  +  electrotonus.]  The  changed  physical 
and  physiological  condition  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  cathode  when  a  constant  electrical 
current  is  passed  through  a  piece  of  nerve  or 
muscle.  Also  cathelectrotonus.  See  electrotonus. 
catena  (ka-te'na),  w. ;  pi.  catena  (-ne).  [L.,  a 
chain,  >  ult.  E.  chain,  q.  v.]  1 .  A  chain ;  a  con- 
nected series  of  notions,  arguments,  or  objects 
generally ;  a  series  of  which  each  part  or  mem- 
ber has  a  close  connection,  like  that  of  a  link, 
with  the  preceding  and  following  parts. 


We  possess  therefore  a  catena  of  evidence  reaching  back 
continuously  from  the  date  of  the  Jloabite  stone  to  that 
of  the  stone  tables  of  the  law. 

Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  I.  139. 

That  great  poem  of  aphoristic  epigrams,  tlie  Essay  on 
Man,  tliat  has  never,  i)erliaps,  in  any  language  beei» 
equalled  !is  a  catena  of  pithy  wit  and  philo.sophic  quota- 
bility.  jV.  and  Q.,  Cth  scr.,  IX.  287. 

2.  A  methodized  series  of  selections  from  dif- 
ferent authors  to  elucidate  a  doctrine  or  a  sys- 
tem of  doctrines;  specifically,  such  a  set  of 
quotations  from  the  church  fathers  to  assist 
in  the  study  of  Christian  dogmatics  or  biblical 
exegesis:  as,  the  Catena  Anrea.  of  St.  Thomas 
Aquinas. — 3.  An  Italian  measure  of  length,  a 
chain,  equal  in  Naples  to  52.07  feet,  and  in  Pa- 
lermo to  26.09  feet. 

Catenaria  (kat-e-na'ri-a),  M.    [NL.,  fern.  sing. 

of  L.  catenarius:  see  catenary.]    The  typical 

genus  of  Catenariida'. 
catenarian  (kat-e-na'ri-an),  a.    [<  catenary  + 

-an.]    Same  as  catenary. 

To  say  another  word  of  the  catenarian  arch.  .  .  .  Its 
nature  proves  it  to  be  in  equilibrio  in  every  point. 

Jefferson,  Correspondence,  II.  416. 

Catenariidse  (kaf'e-na-ri'i-de),  ^i.j)l.  [NL.,  < 
Catenaria  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  Chilostomata 
with  zooecium  radicate,  segmented,  and  each 
internode  (except  at  a  bifurcation)  formed  of 
a  single  zooecium.    Also  Catenicellida'. 

catenary  (kat'e-na-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  cate- 
narius, <  catena,  a  chain:  see  chain.]  I.  a.  Re- 
lating to  a  chain; 

U'--  like  a  chain.  Also 
catcnariem.  —  Cate- 
nary or  catenarian 
curve,  in  geom.,  the 
curve  of  a  perfectly  Hex- 
ilile,  inextensible,  infi- 
nitely fine  cord  when  at 
rest  under  the  action  of 
forces.  The  common 
catenary  is  what  the 
catenary  becomes  when 
the  forces  are  parallel 
and  proportional  to  the 
length  of  the  cord,  as  in 
The  Catenary.  the  case  of  a  heavy  cord 

The  cord,  a.  c.  b,  hanps  in  a  portion  of    of  uniform  weight  un- 
the  common  catenary.  der  the  influence  of 

gravitation.  It  is  in- 
teresting on  account  of  the  light  it  throws  on  the  theory 
of  arches,  and  also  by  reason  of  its  application  to  the  con- 
struction of  suspension-bridges. 

II.  «.;  pi.  caicManes  (-riz).  A  catenary  curve, 
catenate  (kat'e-nat),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  mte- 
nated,  ppr.  catenating.  [<  L.  catenatus,  pp.  of 
cafenare,  chain,  <  catena,  a  chain:  see  catena 
and  chain.]  To  chain,  or  connect  in  a  series 
of  links  or  ties ;  concatenate. 

catenate,  catenated  (kat'e-nat,  -na-ted),  a.  [< 
L.  catenatus,  pp. :  see  the  verb.]  Having  the 
structure  or  appearance  of  a  chain :  applied  in 
zoology  to  impressed  lines  which  are  broken 
at  regular  intervals,  to  double  stria3  connected 
by  numerous  short  lines,  etc. 

catenation  (kat-e-na'shon),  n.  [=  F.  catdna- 
tion,  <  L.  catenatio{n-),  <  catcnare :  see  catenate, 
v.]  Connection  of  links;  union  of  parts,  as  in 
a  chain ;  regular  connection ;  concatenation. 

Which  catenation  or  conserving  union. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  v.  5. 

Catenipora  (kat-e-nip'o-rii),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  ca- 
tena, a  chain,  -1-  porus,  a  pore.]  Chain-coral, 
occurring  fossil  in  Paleozoic  strata  (in  Great 
Britain  only  in  the  Silurian) :  so  called  from 
the  chain-like  aiTangement  of  its  pores  or  cells 
in  polished  specimens.  Also  called  Halysites. 

Catenula  (ka-ten'ii-la),  «.  [NL.,  dim.  of  L.  ca- 
tena, a  chain :  see  chain.]  The  typical  genus  of 
the  family  Catenulidev.   C.  lemme  is  an  example. 

catenulate  (ka-ten'u-lat),  a.  [<  L.  catenula, 
dim.  of  catena,  a  chain.  Cf.  catenate]  1. 
Consisting  of  little  links  or  chains. —  2.  In  hot., 
formed  of  parts  united  end  to  end,  like  the 
links  of  a  chain. 

Catenulidse  (kat-e-nu'li-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
tenula +  -ida-.]  A  family  of  aproctous  rhabdo- 
coelous  turbellarians,  in  which  reproduction 
takes  place  asexually  by  transverse  fission. 
The  animals  when  incompletely  separated  swim 
about  in  chains,  whence  the  name. 

cater^t  (ka'ter),  n.  [By  apheresis  from  acater, 
as  cate,  q.  v.,  from  acate :  see  acater,  acate.] 
A  caterer ;  a  purveyor ;  an  acater. 

I  am  cook  myself  and  mine  own  cater. 

Fletcher,  Women  Pleased. 

[He]  has  but  a  eater's  place  on 't,  and  provides 
All  for  another's  table. 

Middleton,  Women  Beware  Women,  iii.  3. 

cateri  (ka'ter),  V.  i.  [<  cater'^,  «.]  To  make 
provision,  as  of  food,  entertainment,  etc. ;  act 


cater 


861 


catharize 


&a  a  purveyor:  as,  to  cater  to  a  depraved  ap- 
petite. 

And  He  that  doth  the  ravens  feed, 
Yea,  providently  caters  for  the  sparrow, 
Be  comfort  to  my  age.  Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  3. 
We  have  had  a  regular  feed  all  round,  and  exult  to  thiuk 
we  need  no  catering  for  the  morrow. 

Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  II.  90. 

cater^  (ka'ter),  n.  [Also  quater;  <  F.  quatre, 
<  L.  quatuor  —  E.  four :  see  four,  and  quater, 
quaternary,  etc.]  The  four-spot  of  cards  or  dice. 

cater^  (ka'ter),  v.  I.  [<  cater'^,  «.]  To  cut  di- 
agonally.   [Prov.  Eng.  and  U.  S.] 

cateran  (kat'er-an),  n.  [Sc.,  <  Gael,  ccathair- 
neach,  a  soldier,  =  Ir.  ceatharnach,  a  soldier  (> 
E.  hern,  which  is  thus  the  same  word  as  cater- 
an), <  Gael,  and  Ii-.  cath,  battle,  =  AS.  heathu, 
battle.]  1.  A  kern;  a  Highland  or  Iri.sh  ir- 
regular soldier. —  2.  A  Highland  freebooter  or 
reaver.  [Scotch.] 

eater-cornered  (ka'ter-kor'nerd),  a.  [<  cater^, 
n.,  +  corner  +  -erP.']  Diagonal;  set  diagonally. 
[Prov.  Eng.  and  U.  S.] 

cater-cousin  (ka'ter-kuz'^n),  n.  [Also  written 
quater-,  quatre-cousin;  <  cater^,  F.  quatre,  four 
(fourth),  +  cousin.'\  A  fourth  cousin;  aremote 
relation ;  hence,  a  friend. 

His  master  and  he  .  .  .  are  scarce  cater-cousins. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  ii.  2. 

cater-COUSinship  (ka'ter-kuz"n-ship),  »i.  [< 
cater-cousin  +  -ship.']  The  state  of  being 
eater-cousins,  or  of  being  distantly  related. 

Thank  Heaven  he  [the  second-rate  Englishman]  is  not 
the  only  specimen  of  cater-cousinship  from  the  dear  old 
Mother  Island  that  is  shown  to  us  ! 

Lou-ell,  Study  Windows,  p.  G9. 
caterer  (ka'ter-er),  71.  A  provider  or  purveyor 
of  food  or  provisions ;  one  who  provides  for  any 
want  or  desire. 

That  [sect]  called  Chenesia  is  the  principall:  whose 
Priests  doe  feed  on  Horse-flesh.  Such  Horses  as  are  unfit 
for  service,  their  Caterers  doe  buy  and  fat  for  their  palats. 

Sarulys,  Travailes,  p.  96. 

cateress  (ka'ter-es),  n.  [<  cater'^  +  -ess.]  A 
woman  who  caters ;  a  female  provider. 

She,  good  cateress, 
Means  her  provision  only  to  the  good. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  764. 

■  caterfoilt,  n.  Same  as  quatrefoil. 
caterpillar  (kat'er-pil-ar),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  caterpiller,  caterpiler,  <  ME.  *caterpeler, 
found  only  once,  in  the  abbr.  form  catyrpel,  < 
OF.  *cattepeleure  or  a  similar  form  represented 
by  mod.  (Guernsey  dial,  catte-pelaeure,  a  wood- 
louse,  a  weevil,  otherwise  by  the  assibilated 
forms  OF.  chatepclose,  chatepelouse,  chattepe- 
louse,  chatepeteuse,  chattepelleuse,  also  chateplue, 
a  caterpillar,  also  a  weevil,  a  mite,  mod.  dial. 
(Picard)  capleuse,  capeluche,  capture,  carplure, 
(Norm.)  carplouse,  (Bret.)  charpelouse ;  appar. 
(by  popular  etymology)  'hairy  cat'  (OF.  *pelos, 
jjelous,  fern,  pelouse,  <  L.  pilosus,  hairy:  see 
pilous),  but  prob.  orig.  'pill-cat,'  <  OF.  catte, 
assibilated  chatte,  mod.  F.  cliatte,  f.,  a  cat,  -f- 
*peleure,  pilleure,  pilleuse  (Palsgrave),  F.  dial. 
pilure,  pelure,  a  pill,  <  L.  pilula,  >  also  E.  inW^: 
'cat'  being  a  fanciful  name  applied  to  the 
caterpillar  (ef.  It.  dial,  gatta,  gattota,  a  cater- 
pillar, <  gatto,  a  eat;  G.  dial.  (Swiss)  teufels- 
katz  (lit.  devil's  eat),  a  caterpillar;  F.  chenille, 
a  caterpillar  (see  chenille),  <  L.  canicula,  a  little 
dog),  and  '  pill '  having  reference  to  its  rolling 
itself  up  in  a  little  ball  (ef.  E.  pill-hug  and  pilU 
beetle).']  1.  Properly,  the  larva  of  a  lepidop- 
terous  insect,  but  also  applied  to  the  larvae  of 
other  insects,  such  as  members  of  the  family 
Te»jifc?-erf»!w7rt,',  or  saw-flies.  Caterpillars  are  produced 
immediately  from  the  egg ;  they  are  furnished  ^vith  three 
pairs  of  true  feet  and  a  number  of  fleshy  abdominal  legs 
named  prolegs.  and  have  the  shape  and  appearance  of  a 
worm.  The  old  idea  of  Swammerdam  that  the  pupa  and 
imago  are  already  concealed  under  the  skin  of  the  cater- 
pillar is  only  partially  founded  in  truth.  The  pupal  skin 
is  formed  from  the  hypodermis  of  the  larva,  and  the  mus- 
cles contract  and  change  its  form.  The  larval  skin  is  then 
thrown  off,  and  the  insect  remains  quiescent  for  some  time, 
the  imago  or  perfect  insect  forming  beneath  the  pupal  en- 
velop. Caterpillars  generally  feed  on  leaves  or  succulent 
vegetables,  and  are  sometimes  very  destructive.  See  larva, 

2.  A  cockchafer.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  Sf.  An  envi- 
ous person  who  does  mischief  without  provo- 
cation. E.  Phillips,  11Q&. — 4t.  One  who  preys 
upon  the  substance  of  another ;  an  extortioner. 

They  that  be  the  children  of  this  world,  as  .  .  .  extor- 
tioners, .  .  .  caterpillars,  usurers,  think  you  they  come  to 
Gods  storehouse?  Latimer. 

5.  The  popular  name  of  plants  of  the  genus 
Scorpiurus — CaterpiUar  point-lace,  (a)  A  needle- 
made  lace  produced  in  Italy  during  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, and  named  from  the  resemblance  of  the  sprig  which 
formed  its  pattern  to  the  bodies  of  caterpillars.  (6)  A 
light  fabric  spun  by  caterpillars  in  the  process  of  eating 
food  spread  for  them  upon  a  smooth  stone,  while  they 


avoid  the  oil  with  which  a  pattern  has  been  drawn  upon 
it ;  this  so-called  lace  is  of  remarkable  lightness,  a  square 
yard  weighing  only  43  grains.    Diet.  0/  yeedlewurk. 

caterpillar-catcher  (kat'er-pil-ar-kach"er),  n. 
A  bird  of  the  family  Campophagidie.  Also  called 
caterpillar-eater,  caterpillar-hunter,  and  cuckoo- 
shrike . 

caterpillar-eater  (kat'er-pil-ar-e"ter),  n.  1.  A 
name  given  to  the  larvae  of  certain  ichneumon- 
flies,  from  their  being  bred  in  the  bodies  of  cat- 
erpillars and  eating  their  way  out. —  2.  Same  as 
caterpillar-catcher. 

caterpillar-fungus  (kat'er-pil-iir-fxmg*gus),  n. 
A  fungus  of  the  genus  Cordyceps,  which  grows 
upon  tlie  larvaj  of  insects.    See  Cordyceps. 

caterpillar-hunter  (kat'er-pil-ar-hun"ter),  n. 
Same  as  caterpillar-catcher. 

cater-pointt,  n.  The  numTaer  four  at  dice. 
Kersey,  1708. 

caters  (ka'terz),  w.  pi.  [Also  written  quatcrs, 
<  F.  quatre,  four:  see  cafc>-2.]  The  collective 
name  of  the  changes  which  can  be  rung  upon 
nine  bells :  so  called  because  four  pairs  of  bells 
change  places  in  the  order  of  sounding  every 
time  a  change  is  rung. 

caterwaul  (kat'er-wal),  V.  i.  [A  var.  of  earlier 
caterwaw,  after  tvaid:  see  catcrwaw  and  tvaul.] 
To  cry  as  cats  under  the  influence  of  the  sex- 
ual instinct;  make  a  disagreeable  howling  or 
screeching. 

The  very  cats  caterwauled  more  horribly  and  pertina- 
ciously there  than  I  ever  heard  elsewhere. 

Coleridge,  Table-Talk. 

caterwauling  (kat'er-wa-ling),  w.  [Verbal  n. 
oicatcru-aul,  v.]  The  crying  of  cats ;  a  howling 
or  screeching. 

What  a  caterwauling  do  you  keep  here ! 

Stiak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  3. 

caterwawt,  v.  i.  [ME.  caterwawen,  <  cater-  (ef. 
D.  kater,  m.,  a  cat;  cf.  also  caterpillar)  for  cat 
(see  cat^)  +  wawen,  howl,  waul;  an  imitative 
word:  see  waid  and  caterwaul.]  Same  as  cat- 
erwaul. 

caterwawedt,  n.  [ME.  (appar.  a  pp.,  but 
really  a  verbal  noun),  <  caterwaw,  q.  v.]  Cater- 
wauling. 

But  forth  she  (the  cat]  wol,  er  any  day  be  dawed. 
To  shewe  hir  skyn  and  gon  a  caterwawed. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  3bi. 

cateryt  (ka'ter-i),  n.  [By  apheresis  from  aca- 
tery,  q.  v.]  A  place  for  keeping  provisions. 
Also  ca  try. 

cat-eyed  (kat'id),  a.  Having  eyes  like  a  cat; 
hence,  seeing  well  in  the  dark. 

cat-fall  (kat'fal),  n.  Nant.,  the  rope  which, 
being  rove  in  the  cat-block  and  cat-head,  forms 
the  tackle  for  heaving  up  the  anchor  from  the 
water's  edge  to  the  cat-head.  Also  called  cat- 
tacMe  fall.    See  cut  under  cat-head. 

catfish  (kat'fish),  n.  [<  cat^  +  fish.]  1.  A 
name  of  the  wolf-fish,  Anarrhichas  lupus,  from 
its  dentition  and  its  ferocity  when  caught. 
See  tcolf-fish. — 2.  A  name  generallj^  given  in 
the  United  States  to  species  of  the  family  Si- 
luridw,  which  when  taken  out  of  the  water 
emit  a  sound  like  the  purring  of  a  cat.  The 
North  American  species  are  roljust  fusiform  fishes  with 
8  barbels,  a  short  dorsal  with  a  strong  pointed  spine  in 
front,  a  posterior  adipose  fin,  and  a  moderate  anal.  They 
have  been  referred  to  five  genera,  Ainiurus,  Gronias, 
Ictalurus,  Leptops,  and  Noturus.  The  species  of  the  first 
two  are  of  some  economical  importance,  and  contribute 
considerably  to  the  food  of  the  poorer  classes  at  least. 
The  most  common  in  tlie  eastern  streams  are  the  A.  iietm- 
losus  and  A.  albidus,  and  iu  the  west  the  A.  melas.  The 


Catfish  {Amiurus  tnelas). 


largest  are  the  A.  nigricans  of  the  great  lakes  and  the  A. 
ponderosus  of  the  Mississippi,  the  latter  sometimes  attain- 
ing a  weight  of  100  pounds.  Tlie  most  esteemed  is  the  /. 
punctatus  of  the  great  lakes  and  the  Mississippi  valley, 
recognizable  by  its  slender  head  and  forked  tail.  The 
name  has  been  also  extended  to  similar  fishes  iu  various 
parts  of  the  world,  and  even  to  species  of  diflferent  but 
related  families. 

3.  A  name  given  in  some  parts  of  England  to 
the  weever,  Trachimts  draco. — 4.  A  local  Eng- 
lish name  of  the  scyllioid  shark,  Scyllium  caiu- 
lus. —  5.  A  local  English  name  of  the  torsk, 
Brosmius  brosme. — 6.  A  name- in  New  Zealand 
for  fishes  of  the  family  Vranoscopidce,  espe- 
cially the  Ichthyscopus  monopterygius. 


cat-foot  (kat'fut),  n.  A  short,  round  foot,  hav- 
ing the  toes  arched  and  the  knuckles  high. 

cat-footed  (kat'fut 'ed),  a.  1.  Having  feet  like 
a  cat's  ;  specifically,  in  zoiil.,  digitigrade,  with 
sharp,  retractile  claws,  as  a  cat;  seluropodous. 
J.  E.  Gray. —  2.  Noiseless;  quiet;  stealthy. 

1  stole  from  comt 
With  Cyril  and  with  Florian,  unperceived, 
Cat-footed  thro'  the  town.     Tennymn,  Princess,  i. 

cat-gold  (kat'gold),  n.  A  variety  of  mica  of  a 
yellowish  color.  The  name  is  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  iron  pyrites. 

catgut  (kat'gut),  71.  [Appar.  <  cat^  +  gut  (cf. 
e(iuiv.  catling,  2);  but,  as  catgut  does  not  seem 
ever  to  have  been  prepared  from  cats'  intes- 
tines, the  word  is  supposed  to  stand  for  *kitgut 
(ef.  equiv.  kitstring),  by  confusion  of  kit^,  a 
little  cat,  with  kif^ja,  fiddle.]  1 .  The  intestines 
of  sheep  (sometimes  of  the  horse,  the  ass,  or 
the  mule),  dried  and  twisted,  used  for  strings 
of  musical  instruments  and  for  other  purposes; 
a  string  of  this  kind. — 2.  A  sort  of  linen  or 
canvas  with  wide  interstices. —  3.  (a)  A  name 
for  one  of  the  olive  seaweeds,  Chorda  fdiim, 
which  is  allied  to  Lnminaria.  (b)  The  plant  Te- 
phrosia  Virginiana  :  so  called  on  account  of  its 
long,  slender,  and  very  tough  roots. 

catgut-scraper  (kat'gut-ski'a'ptr),  n.  A  deri- 
sive name  for  a  violinist ;  a  fiddler. 

Cath.    An  abbreviation  of  Catholic. 

cath-.  A  form  of  cat-  for  cata-  before  the  aspi- 
rate, oeeuiTing  in  words  of  Greek  origin. 

Catha  (kath'ii;,  n.  [NL.,  <  Ar.  kat,  khat.]  A 
genus  of  plants,  belonging  to  the  natural  order 
Cclastracete,  mostly  natives  of  Africa.  The  most 

interesting  species  of  the  genus  is  C.  edulis,  cultivated 
by  the  Arabs,  and  kiu)wn  as  khat  or  kafta.  It  is  a  shrub 
growing  to  about  10  feet  in  height,  with  smooth  leaves  of 
an  elliptical  form  about  2  inches  in  length  by  1  iiidi  iu 
width.  The  leaves  and  twigs  are  used  in  the  preparation 
of  a  beverage  possessing  properties  analogous  to  those  of 
tea  and  coffee.  The  use  of  khat  is  of  great  antiquity,  hav- 
ing preceded  that  of  coffee,  and  it  foruis  a  considerable 
article  of  commerce  among  the  Aralis. 

cathag  (kat'aeh),  7i.  [Gael,  cathag,  a  daw,  jack- 
daw.] A  name  for  the  jackdaw,  Corvus  mone- 
dula.    MacgiUirray.  [Scotch.] 

Cathaian,  »■  and  »(.    See  Cataian. 

cat-hammed  (kat'hamd),  «.  Clumsy;  awk- 
ward; without  dexterity.  Grose;  Halliwell. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

Cathari  (kath'a-ri),  n.  2>l.  [<  ML.  Catharus,  a 
pm-itan,  <  Gr.  Kadapog,  pure.]  An  appellation 
of  different  early  and  medieval  religious  sects; 
the  Catharists.    See  Catharist. 

Catharian  (ka-tha'ri-an),  71.    A  Catharist. 

Ca'tharina,  n.  pi.    Saine  as  Catarrhina. 

catharine-wheel  (kath'a-rin-hwel),  n.  [So 
called  from  St.  Catharine  of  Alexandria,  who 
is  represented  with  a  wheel,  in  allusion  to  her 
martyrdom.]  1.  In  arch.,  a  window,  or  com- 
partment of  a  •window,  of  a  circular  form,  vrith 
radiating  divisions  or  spokes.  See  rosc-icindow. 
—  2.  In  her.,  a  wheel  with  sharp  hooks  project- 
ing from  the  tire,  supposed  to  represent  the 
wheel  upon  which  St.  Catharine  suflered  mar- 
tyrdom.—  3.  A  kind  of  firework  ha\nng  a  spiral 
tube  which  revolves  as  the  fire  issues  from  it ; 
a  pin-wheel. —  4.  In  embroidery,  a  round  hole 
in  muslin  or  other  material  filled  by  twisted  or 
braided  threads  radiating  like  the  spokes  of  a 
wheel. 

Also  spelled  catherine-ivheel. 
catharism  (kath'a-rizm),  7i.  [<  Gr.  KadapiGfiSg,  a 
cleansing,  <  Kadafjti^eiv,  cleanse :  see  catharize.] 
The  process  of  making  a  surface  chemically 
clean. 

Catharist  (kath'a-rist),  «.  [=  F.  cathariste,  < 
ML.  cutharistcc,  pl.,<  Gr.  Kadapog,  pure:  see  m- 
thartic]  Literally,  a  pui-itan;  one  who  pre- 
tends to  more  pui'itj'  than  others  possess  :  used 
as  a  distinctive  ecclesiastical  name.  This  name 

has  been  specifically  applied  to  or  used  by  several  bodies 
of  sectaries  at  various  periods,  especially  the  Xovatians 
in  the  third  century,  and  the  antisacerdotal  sects  (Albi- 
genses,  etc.)  in  the  south  of  France  and  Piedmont  in  the 
twelfth  century.  They  differed  considerably  among  them- 
selves in  doctrine  and  in  the  degree  of  their  opposition  to 
the  Church  of  Rome,  but  agreed  in  denying  its  supreme 
authority. 

Catharista  (kath-a-ris'ta),  »i.    [NL.  (Vieil- 

lot,  1816),  <  Gr.  as  if  ^KaiJapiar/jc,  <  Kadapi^uv, 
cleanse:  see  catharize.]  A  genus  of  American 
vultures,  of  the  family  Cathartida,  the  type  of 
which  is  the  black  vulture  or  earrion-crow,  C. 
at  rat a. 

catharization  (kath'a-ri-za'shoni,  «.  [<  cath- 
arize +  -ation.]  The  act  of  cleansing;  the 
process  of  making  chemically  clean. 

catharize  (kath'a-riz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  catha- 
rized,  ppr.  catharizing.  [<  Gr.  KoOapt^eiv,  cleanse. 


catharize 


see  cathartic.']  To  ren- 
as  a  glass  vessel,  by  the 


<  Kodapd^,  clean,  piire 

der  alssolutely  clean, 

use  of  solvents, 
catharma  (ka-thar'ma),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KiiOapfia, 

refuse,  residuum,  <  Kadalpetv,  cleanse,  purge : 

see  cathartic.']    In  mcd.,  excrement;  anji:hing 

purged  from  the  body,  naturally  or  by  art. 
cat-harpin,  cat-harping  (kat'har'piii,  -ping), 

M.    [Origin  obseui'e.]    Xaiti.,  one  of  the  short 


ropes  or  (now  more  commonly)  iron  cramps 
used  to  bind  in  the  shrouds  at  the  masthead, 
so  that  the  yards  may  be  braced  up  sharply. 

Our  ship  was  nothing  but  a  mass  of  hides,  from  the  cat- 
harpins  to  the  water  s  edge. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  264. 

catharsis  (ka-thar'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KaOapatg, 
purification,  purgation,  <  mdaipetv,  cleanse,  pu- 
rify: see  cathartic]  In  med.,  a  natural  or  ar- 
tificial purgation  of  any  passage,  especially 
the  bowels.   Also  called  apocatharsis. 

cathartate  (ka-thar'tat),  n.  [<  cathart{ic)  + 
-afpi.]    A  salt  of  cathartic  acid. 

Cathartes  (ka-thar'tez),  «.  [NL.  (>  F.  ca- 
tharte),  <  Gr.  Kadaprr/^,  a  cleanser,  <  Kadaipeiv, 
cleanse:  see  cathartic]   A  genus  of  American 


Turkey-buzzard  {Cathartes  aura). 


vultures,  giving  name  to  the  family  Cathartido". 

Formerly  applied  to  all  the  species  iiuliscriniinately  ;  now 
usually  restricted  to  tlie  turlcey-buzzard,  C.  aura,  and  its 
immediate  congeners. 

cathartic  (ka-thar'tik),  a.  and  n.  F.  cathar- 
tique,  <  Gr.  KudapriKd^,  cleansing,  purgative,  < 
Kadaipeiv,  cleanse,  purify,  <  KoBapd^,  pure,  clean, 
akin  to  L.  castus,  pure,  >  E.  chaste,  q.  v.]    I.  a. 

1.  Purgative;  purifying,  in  medicine  often  restrict- 
ed to  the  second  grade  of  purgation,  laxative  l)eing  used 
for  the  first,  and  drastic  for  the  third.    Also  apocathartic. 

The  civil  virtues  —  wisdom,  courage,  temperance,  and 
justice — are  retained;  but  higher  than  these  are  placed 
the  purifying  or  cathartic  virtues,  by  which  the  soul 
emancipates  itself  from  subjection  to  sense. 

G.  P.  Fisher,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.  179. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  cathartin. — 
Cathartic  acid,  a  glucoside  of  wealc  acid  character, 
blacli  and  uncrystallizable.  It  is  the  active  purgative  prin- 
ciple of  senna. 

II,  n.  A  cathartic  medicine ;  a  purge ;  a  pur- 
gative. 

cathartical  (ka-thar'ti-kal),  a.    Same  as  ca- 

thartic. 

cathartically  (ka-thar'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  the 
manner  of  a  cathartic. 

catharticalness  (ka-thar'ti-kal-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  promoting  discharges  from  the  bow- 
els. 

Cathartidae  (ka-thar'ti-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
thartes +  -idw.]  A  family  of  vultures,  of  the 
order  Raptores  and  suborder  Cathartides.  They 
are  confined  to  America,  and  chiefly  iulialiit  its  warmer 
parts.  The  Andean  condor  (Sarcurhaiiiphus  gryphus),  the 
Califomian  condor  (Pseudoffryphus  calif vrniatius),  the 
king-vulture  (Sarcorhamplius  papa),  the  turkey-buzzard 
{Cathartes  aura),  and  the  carrion-crow  (Catharista  atrata) 
are  the  leading  species.    They  aie  characterized  by  hav- 


862 

ing  the  head  and  part  of  the  neck  more  or  less  completely 
bare  of  feathers,  and  sometimes  caruncular ;  the  eyes  Husli 
witli  the  side  of  tlie  head  and  witlioiit  superciliary  shield ; 
the  plumage  somber  in  color;  the  wings  long  and  ample  ; 
the  tail  moderate ;  the  phuuage  without  aftersliafts ;  two 
carotids  and  a  large  crop ;  the  beak  toothless,  contracted 
in  tlie  continuity,  with  large  perforate  nostrils  ;  the  in- 
ilex-digit  clawed  ;  the  oil-gland  tuf tless ;  no  syrinx  nor 
cseca;  and  diurnal  habits  and  gressorial  gait.  They  sub- 
sist entirely  on  carrion.    See  cut  under  Cathartes. 

Cathartides  (ka-thiir'ti-des),  n.  jd.  [NL.,  < 
Cathartes  +  -ides.]  A  superfamily  or  suborder 
of  raptorial  birds,  conterminous  with  the  fam- 
ily Cathartidw;  the  American  vultures. 

Cathartinae  (kath-ar-ti'ne),  v.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
thartes +  -iixv.]  The  American  vultures  as  a 
subfamily  of  the  family  Vulturidw.  [Not  in  use.] 

cathartogenic  (ka-thiir-to-jen'ik),  a.  [<  ca- 
thart-ic  +  -genie,  <  L.  ''gen,  produce.]  Derived 
from  cathartic  acid — Cathartogenic  acid,  a  yel- 
low isii-iirown  powder  produced  from  cathartic  acid  by 
l>oiling  with  acids. 

cathartomannit  (ka-thar-to-man'it),  «.  [< 
catliart-ic  +  manna.]  A  peculiar  non-ferment- 
able crystalline  saccharine  principle  found  in 
senna. 

Catharus  (kath'a-rus),  n.  [NL.  (Bonaparte, 
1850),  <  Gr.  Kadapo^,  clear,  pure,  clean :  see  ca- 
thartic] A  genus  of  thrushes,  of  the  family 
Turdida',  containing  a  number  of  species  pecu- 
liar to  the  warmer  parts  of  America.  C.  melpo- 
mene  is  an  example. 

cat-haws  (kat'haz),  n.  pi.    The  fruit  of  the 

whitethorn.    Brockett.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
cat-head  (kat'hed),  w.    1.  A  large  timber  or 

heavyironbeam 

projecting  from 

each  bow  of  a 

ship,  and  hav- 
ing sheaves  in 

its   outer  end. 

Its  use  is  to  aflford 

a  support  by  which 

to  lift  tlie  anchor 

after  it  has  been 

raised  to  the  wa- 
ter's edge  by  the 

chain.    The  inner 

end  of  the  cat-head, 

which  is  fastened 

to  the  ship's  beam 

or  frame,  is  called 

the  cat-tail. 


A,  Cat-head ;  B,  Cat-block  ;  C,  Cat-fall. 


We  pulled  a  long,  heavy,  silent  pull,  and  .  .  .  the  an- 
chor came  to  the  cat-head  pretty  slowly. 

R.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  12.3. 

2.  In  mining,  a  small  capstan. — 3.  Nodular  or 
ball  ironstone.    [North.  Eng.] 

Tlie  nodules  with  leaves  in  them,  called  cat-heads,  seem 
to  consist  of  a  sort  of  ironstone.         Woodward,  Fossils. 

Cat-head  stopper  (naut.),  a  piece  of  rope  or  cliain  by 
which  the  anchor  is  hung  at  the  cat-head.    Also  called 

cut-xtoppcr. 

cathead  (kat'hed),  v.  t.  Naut.,  to  attach  to  the 
oat-head. 

cathedra  (kath'f-dra  or  ka-the'dra),  n. ;  pi. 
catltedrw  (-dre).  [=  Sp.  cdtedra  =  Pg.  cathe- 
dra =  It.  cattedra  =  D.  G.  Dan.  katheder  =  Sw. 
Jcatedcr,  <  L.  (ML.)  cathedra,  <  Gr.  KadiSpa,  a 
seat,  bench,  pulpit,  <  Kara,  down,  -1-  Mpa,  a 
seat,  <  eCeadai  (■/  *t'd)  =  L.  scdere  =  E.  sit,  q.  v. 
Hence  (fromL.  caWtedm,  through  F.)  E.  chair 

and  chaise  : 
see  chair.  Cf. 
cathedral.]  1. 
The  throne  or 
seat  of  a  bishop 
in  the  cathedral 
or  episcopal 
church  of  his  di- 
ocese. Formerly 
the  bishop's  throne 
or  cathedra  was 
generally  situated 
at  the  east  end  of 
the  apse,  behind 
the  altar,  and  was 
often  approached 
by  a  flight  of  steps ; 
but  it  is  now  al- 
most universally 
placed  on  one  side 
of  the  choir,  usual- 
ly the  south  side. 
That  of  St.  Peter's  at  Rome  is  especially  liouored  as  reputed 
to  have  been  the  chair  of  St.  Peter,  and  it  is  now  inclosed 
in  a  bronze  covering. 

Hence  —  2.  The  official  chair  of  any  one  entitled 
or  professing  to  teach  with  authority,  as  a  pro- 
fessor— Ex  cathedra,  literally,  from  the  chair;  hence, 
with  authority  ;  authoritatively. 

cathedral  (ka-the'dral),  a.  and  n.  [First  in 
the  jihrase  cathedral  church  (so  in  ME.),  trans- 
lating ML.  ecclesia  cathedralis,  a  church  con- 
taining the  bishop's  throne :  L.  ecclesia,  an  as- 
sembly, ML.  a  church;  ML.  cathedralis,  adj., 


Cathedra  in  the  Cathedral  of  Augsburg, 
Germany.  Probably  of  Qth  century.  (From 
Viollet-le-Duc's  "Diet,  de  P Architecture.") 


Catherpes 

<  cathedra,  a  chair,  esp.  a  bishop's  thi-one,  also 
applied  to  the  cathedral  cliurch  itself:  see 
cathedra.]  1.  a.  1 .  Containing  a  bishop's  seat, 
or  used  especially  for  episcopal  services;  serv- 
ing or  adapted  for  use  as  a  cathedral:  as,  a 
cathedral  church. 

Tlie  parish  church  of  those  days  lias  become  the  cathe- 
dral church  of  the  new  diocese  of  Newcastle. 

Churchman  (New  York),  Dec.  17,  1887. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  cathedral ;  connected  with  or 
suggesting  a  cathedral ;  characteristic  of  cathe- 
drals :  as,  a  cathedral  service ;  cathedral  music ; 
the  cathedral  walks  of  a  forest. 

Huge  cathedral  fronts  of  every  age, 
Grave,  florid,  stern,  as  far  as  eye  could  see. 

Tennyson,  Sea  Dreams. 

3.  Emanating  from  or  relating  to  a  chair  of 
ofiice  or  official  position ;  hence,  having  or  dis- 
playing authority ;  authoritative. 

Hood  an  ass  in  rev'rend  purple. 
So  you  can  hide  his  two  ambitious  ears. 
And  he  shall  pass  for  a  catliedral  doctor. 

B.  Jonson. 

A  wi'iter  must  be  enviably  confident  of  his  own  percep- 
tive inerrancy,  thus  to  set  up,  with  scornful  air  and  ca- 
thedral dogmatism,  his  individual  aversion  and  approba- 
tion as  criteria  for  the  decisions  of  his  fellow-beings. 

F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  196. 
Cathedral  beardt,  a  style  of  beard  worn  by  clergymen 
in  the  sixteenth  century  in  England,  long,  full,  and  flow- 
ing on  the  breast.  i">()/ioii.— Cathedral  churcli.  See 
II. — Cathedral  music,  music  composed  to  suit  the  form 
of  service  used  in  cathedrals. 

II.  n.  The  principal  church  in  a  diocese,  which 
is  specially  the 
church  of  the 
bishop :  so  call- 
ed from  the  fact 
that  it  con- 
tains the  epis- 
copal chair  or 
cathedra.  Many 

cathedrals,  partic- 
ularly the  French 
and  Italian,  furnish 
the  most  magnifi- 
cent examples  of 
the  architecture  of 
the  middle  ages. 
Those  in  England 
are  among  the 
most  interesting, 
though,  unlike  the 
continental  cathe- 
drals, they  were  de- 
signed originally, 
almost  without  ex- 
ception,notas  met- 
ropolitan, but  as 
monastic  churches. 
The  cut  shows  the 
arrangement  of  the 
various  parts  in 
Wells  cathedral, 
one  of  the  most 
'beautiful  in  Eng- 
land. For  the  offi- 
cial establishment 
of  a  cathedral,  see 
chapter,  2. 

cathedralic  (kath-e-dral'ik),  a.  [<  cathedral  + 

-ic]    Pertaining  to  a  cathedral, 
cathedratedt  (kath'e-dra-ted),  a.  [<  ML.  cathe- 

dratus,  placed  in  the  cathedra,  <  cathedra:  see 

cathedra.]   Pertaining  to  or  vested  in  the  chair 

or  ofiice  of  a  teacher. 

With  the  cathedrated  authority  of  a  pra;lector  or  publick 
reader.  Wliitlock,  Manners  of  Eng.  People,  p.  385. 

cathedratic  (kath-e-drat'ik),  a.  and  n.   [<  ML. 

cathedraticus,  belonging  to  the  cathedra,  <  ca- 
thedra: see  cathedra.]  I.  a.  Promulgated  ex 
cathedra,  or  as  if  with  high  authority.  [Eare.] 

There  is  the  prestige  of  antiquity  which  adds  the  author- 
ity of  venerability  to  cathedratic  precepts.  Frazcr's  May. 

II,  n.  \_<.  MJj.  cathedraticum.]  Asimioftwo 
shillings  paid  to  the  bishop  by  the  inferior 
clergy  in  token  of  subjection  and  respect.  E. 
rhilUps,  1706. 

cathegumen  (kath-e-gu'men),  n.    [<  Eccl.  Gr. 

Kad?fyo'ii/j.£vog,  an  abbot:  see  hegumen.]  Same  as 
hcgumen. 

cathelectrotonus  (kath  "e-  lek  -  trot '  o  -nus),  n. 

Same  as  catelectrotonus. 

catheretic  (kath-f-ret'ik),  n.  [=  F.  catherc- 
tique,  <  Gr.  mdaipcTtnog,  destructive,  <  Kadaipeiv, 
destroy,  <  Kara,  down,  4-  aipeiv,  grasp.]  A  sub- 
stance used  as  a  mild  caustic  in  eating  down 
or  removing  warts,  exuberant  granulations,  etc. 

catherine-wheel,  «.    See  catharine-wheel. 

Catherpes  (ka-ther'pez),  n.  [NL.  (S.  F.  Baird, 
1858),  <  Gr.  KaOep-Keiv,  creep,  steal  down,  <  ko-to, 
down,  -I-  epireiv,  creep.]  A  genus  of  canon- 
wrens,  of  the  subfamily  Campijlorhynchinw, 
family  Troglodi/tida',  found  in  the  southwest- 
ern United  States  and  southward,  d  mexica- 
nus  is  an  example.    See  cut  under  cation-wren. 


Plan  of  Wells  Cathedral,  Enf;land. 

,  apse  or  apsis  ;  B,  altar,  altar-platform, 
and  altar-steps  ;  D,  E,  eastern  or  lesser  tran- 
sept ;  F,  G,  western  or  greater  transept :  H, 
central  tower ;  /,  J.  western  towers ;  K,  north 
porch;  L,  library  or  register;  M,  principal 
or  western  doorway.:  N,  N,  western  side 
doors  ;  O,  cloister-yard  or  garth  ;  P,  Q,  north 
and  south  aisles  of  choir  :  J,  east  and  west 
aisles  of  transept ;  T,  U,  north  and  south 
aisles  of  nave  ;  R.  R,  chapels ;  V.  rood-screen 
or  organ-loft ;  IV,  altar  of  lady  chapel. 


cathetal 

Cathetal  (kath'e-tal),  a.  [<  cathetus  +  -al.']  Re- 
lating to  a  cathetus. 

catheter  (kath'e-ter),  «.  [=  F.  catheter  =  Sp. 
cateter  =  Pg.  catheter  =  It.  catetere  =  D.  G. 
.Dan.  kathcter  =  Sw.  kateter,  <  LL.  catheter,  < 
Gr.  mdcTf/p,  a  catheter,  a  plug,  <  mOETog,  let 
down,  perpendicular,  <  Kadikvai,  send  down,  let 
down,  thrust  in,  <  aara,  down,  +  Itvai,,  send, 
caus.  of  Uvai  =  L.  ire,  go:  see  j/o.]  In  surg.  : 
(rt)  A  tubular  instrument  introduced  througli 
the  urethi-a  into  the  bladder,  to  draw  off  the 
m-ine  when  its  discharge  is  arrested  by  disease 
or  accident,  (h)  A  tube  for  introduction  into 
other  canals:  as,  a  Eustachian  catheter — Cath- 
eter-gage, a  plate  having  graduateil  perforations  form- 
ing measures  of  tlie  diameters  of  catlieters. 

catheterism  (kath'e-ter-izm),  n.  [=  F.  cathe- 
terisme  -  Sp.  cateterismo  =  Pg.  catheterismo,  < 
LL.  catheterismus,  <  Gr.  Ka6tT?]ptG/i6(:,  a  putting 
in  of  the  catheter,  <  Kaderr/p,  catheter.]  The 
operation  of  using  a  catheter ;  catheterization. 

catheterization  (kath'e-ter-i-za'shon),  71.  [< 
catheter ize  -\-  -ation.']  The  passing  of  a  catheter 
through  or  into  a  canal  or  cavity. 

catheterize  (kath'e-ter-iz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
catheterized,  ppr.  catheter izing.  [=  F.  cathete- 
riser  =  Sp.  cateterizar,  <  Gr.  *Ka6eT7!pt^eiv  (im- 
plied in  KadeT7ipi(T/i6c,  catheterism) :  see  catheter 
and  -ize.}    To  operate  on  with  a  catheter. 

catheti, ».  Plural  of 
cathetus. 

dathetometer  (kath- 
e-tom'e-ter),  n.  [< 
Gr.  Kaderog,  perpen- 
dicular, a  perpen- 
dicular line,  +  /if- 
Tpov,  ■  a  measure.] 
An  instrument  for 
measuring  small 
differences  of  level 
between  two  near 
points,  as,  for  ex- 
ample, the  distance 
between  the  levels 
of  the  mercury  in 
the  cistern  and  in 
the  tube  of  a  barom- 
eter. It  consists  essen- 
tially of  a  vertical  gradu- 
atedrod  carefully  leveled, 
upon  which  slides  a  hor- 
izontal telescope.  With 
the  telescope  the  obser- 
ver sights  in  succession 
the  two  objects  under  ex- 
amination, and  the  dis- 
tance on  the 
graduated  rod 

•  traversed  by 
the  telescope 
is  the  measure 
of  the  differ- 
ence of  height 
between  the 
two  objects. 
As  construct- 
ed for  the  physicist,  >vlth  numerous  arrangements  to  in- 
sure accuracy,  the  cathetometer  is  an  instrument  of  a  high 
degree  of  accuracy. 

cathetus  (kath'e-tus),  w. ;  pi.  catheti  (-ti).  [L.,  < 
Gr.  mdeTOQ,  perpendicular,  a  perpendicular  line : 
see  catheter.']  If.  In  geoni.,  a  line  falling  per- 
pendicularly on  another  line  or  a  surface,  as 
the  two  sides  of  a  right-angled  triangle. — 2. 
In  arch. :  (a)  A  perpendicular  line  supposed  to 
pass  through  the  middle  of  a  cyliadrieal  body. 
(6)  The  axis  or  middle  line  of  the  Ionic  volute. 

cathism  (kath'izm),  n.    Same  as  cathisma. 

cathisma  (ka-thiz'ma),  pi.  cathismata  (-ma- 
ta).  [<  Gr.  Kadiana,  a  portion  of  the  psalter 
(see  def.),  a  seat,  the  seat,  <  KadtC,uv,  sit  down, 
<  naTa,  down,  -f-  iC.eLV,  sit,  akin  to  ei^eadai  =  L. 
sedere  =  E.  sit:  see  sit.]  In  the  Gr.  Ch.:  (a) 
A  portion  of  the  psalter,  containing  from  three 
to  eleven  (usually  about  eight)  psalms.  The  ii9th 

psalm  constitutes  a  single  cathisma.  There  are  altogether 
twenty  catliismata,  and  each  is  subdivided  into  three  sta- 
.  ,  seis.  See  stasis  and  psalter,  (ft)  A  troparion  or  short 
hymn  used  as  a  response  at  certain  points  in 
the  offices. 

The  Greeks  rarely  sit  in  church :  the  cathismata  are 
therefore  pauses  for  rest ;  and  are  longer  than  the  usual 
troparia.  J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  844. 

cathodal  (kath'o-dal),  a.  [<  Gr.  KadoSo(;,  a 
going  down  (see  cathode),  +  -al.']  1.  In  hot., 
lower ;  on  the  side  furthest  from  the  summit. 
[Rare.] — 2.  [<  cathode  +  -al.]  Pertaining  to 
the  cathode. 
Also  spelled  kathodal. 

cathode  ( kath '  6d) ,  ?».  [<  Gr.  Ko^odof,  a  going  down , 
a  way  do  wn,  <  Kara,  do  wn ,  -(-  oSoc,  way.  ]  The  neg- 
ative pole  of  an  electric  current:  opposed  to 


Cathetometer. 


863 

anelectrode  or  anode.  Also  spelled  kathode.  Also 

called  catelcctrode  Cathode  rays.  See  ray. 

cathodic  (ka-thod'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  Kadochg,  a  going 
down  (see  cathode),  +  -ic]  Proceeding  down- 
ward :  applied  to  the  efferent  course  of  action 
of  the  nervous  influence.  G.  <S'.  Hall.  Also 
spelled  kathodic.  [Rare.] 
cathodograph  (ka-tho'.do-graf),  n.  [(.cathode 
+  Gr.  ypd^EW,  write.]  A  photograph  taken  with 
the  X-rays.    See  ray. 

cat-hole  (kat'hol),  n.    Naut.,  one  of  two  small 

holes  astern  above  the  gun-room  ports,  for  the 
passage  of  a  hawser  or  cable  in  heaving  astern, 
catholic  (kath'o-lik),.  a.  and  «.  [Not  found  in 
ME.  or  earlier  (in  AS.  the  ML.  catholicus  is 
translated  geledfful  or  geledflic,  i.  e.,  believing, 
faithful,  orthodox) ;  -  D.  catholijk,  kalholijk, 
katholiek.  katholisch  =  G.  katholisch,  adj.,  katho- 
lik,  n.,  —  Dan.  katholsk,  kathoUk,  -  Sw.  katolsk, 
katolik,  =  F.  catholique  =  Pr.  catolic  =  Sp. 
catdlico  —  Pg.  catholico  =  It.  cattoUco  (=  Russ. 
JcatolikU,  n.,  katoUcheskil,  adj.,  =  Turk,  qatolik, 
n.),  <  L.  catholicus,  imiversal,  general  (neut. 
pi.  catholiea,  all  things  together,  the  universe), 
in  LL.  and  ML.  esp.  eccles.,  general,  common, 
that  is,  as  applied  to  the  church  (catholiea  ec- 
clesia)  or  to  the  faith  {catholiea  fides),  orthodox 
(in  ML.  commonly  used  synonymously  with 
Christianus,  Christian) ;  <  Gr.  KaOokucdc,  general, 
imiversal  (??  nadoXtK?/  EKiAr/ala,  the  universal 
church),  <  KadoAov,  adv.,  on  the  whole,  in  gen- 
eral, also  as  if  adj.,  general,  universal,  prop, 
two  words,  Kad'  bXov :  naff  for  Kar',  for  Kara,  ac- 
cording to ;  u?iov,  gen.  of  6/lof,  whole,  =  L.  sol-id- 
tis,  >  E.  solid:  see  cata-,  holo-,  and  solid.]  I.  a. 

1.  Universal;  embracing  all ;  wide-extending. 

If  you,  my  son,  should  now  prevaricate. 
And  to  your  own  particular  lusts  employ 
So  great  and  eatholic  a  bliss,  lie  sure 
A  curse  will  follow.      B.  Jonsvn,  Alchemist,  ii.  L 

2.  Not  narrow-minded,  partial,  or  bigoted;  free 
foom  prejudice ;  liberal ;  possessing  a  mind 
that  appreciates  all  truth,  or  a  spirit  that  ap- 
preciates all  that  is  good. 

With  these  exceptions  I  can  read  almost  anything.  I 
bless  my  stars  for  a  taste  so  catholic,  so  unexcluding. 

Lamb,  Books  and  Reading. 
There  were  few  departments  into  which  the  catholic  and 
humane  principles  of  Stoicism  were  not  in  some  degree 
carried.  Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  ai5. 

3.  In  theol. :  (a)  Originally,  intended  for  all 
parts  of  the  inhabited  world;  not  confined  to 
one  nation,  like  the  Jewish  religion,  but  fitted 
to  include  members  of  all  human  races :  applied 
to  the  Christian  religion  and  church. 

Catliolic  in  Greek  signifies  universal :  and  the  Christian 
Church  was  so  call'd,  as  consisting  of  all  Nations  to  whom 
the  Gospel  was  to  be  preach't,  in  contradistinction  to  the 
Jewish  Church,  which  consisted  for  the  most  part  of  Jews 
only.  Milton,  True  Religion. 

(b)  [cap.]  Constituting,  conforming  to,  or  in 
liarmony  with  the  visible  church,  which  ex- 
tended throughout  the  whole  Roman  empire 
and  adjacent  countries,  possessed  a  common 
organization  and  a  system  of  intercommunion, 
and  regulated  disputed  questions  by  ecumeni- 
cal councils,  as  distinguished  from  local  sects, 
whether  heretical  or  simply  schismatic,  but  es- 
pecially from  those  which  did  not  accept  the 
Secrees  of  ecumenical  councils:  as,  the  Catholic 

Church  ;  the  Catholic  faith,  in  this  sense  it  is  regu- 
larly applied  to  the  ancient  historical  church,  its  faith  and 
organization  down  to  the  time  of  the  great  schism  between 
the  sees  of  Rome  and  Constantinople :  as,  a  Catholic  bish- 
op or  synod,  as  distinguished  from  a  Nestorian  or  Jaco- 
bite prelate  or  council. 

The  importunity  of  heretics  made  them  [the  Church  of 
Christ]  add  another  name  to  this  [Christian],  viz.,  that  of 
catholic  ;  which  was,  as  it  were,  their  surname  or  charac- 
teristic, to  distinguish  them  from  all  sects,  who,  though 
they  had  party  names,  yet  sometimes  sheltered  them- 
selves under  the  common  name  <jf  Cliristians. 

LHiuihaiii,  Antiq.,  I.  i.  §  7. 
The  test  of  Catholic  doctrine,  the  maintenance  of  which 
distinguishes  the  Catholic  Church  in  any  place  from  he- 
retical or  schismatical  cominuriioiis,  has  been  described  as 
that  which  has  been  taught  always,  everywhere,  by  all. 

Blunt,  Theol.  Diet.  (Episcopal). 

(c)  [cap.]  Historically  derived  from  the  ancient 
undivided  ehm-ch  before  the  gi'eat  schism,  and 
acknowledging  the  decrees  of  its  councils  as 
recognized  by  the  Greek  or  Eastern  Church. 

The  official  title  of  that  church  is,  The  Holy  Orthodox 
Catholic  Apostolic  Oriental  Church  (>j  ayia  bp&oSo^oi  /(ai>o- 
Ai/(7)  aTTOcTToAtKr)  araroAiKr)  €«KAr)<7ia).  (f^)  [ca]).]  Claim- 
ing unbroken  descent  (through  the  apostolic 
succession)  from  and  conformity  to  the  order 
and  doctrine  of  the  ancient  luldi^^ded  church, 
and  acknowledging  the  decrees  of  its  coimcils 
as  received  by  both  the  Greek  and  the  Latin 
Church.  In  this  sense  the  word  Catholic  is 
applied  by  Anglican  writers  to  their  own  com- 


catholicity 

munion.  (e)  [cap.]  Claiming  to  possess  exclu- 
sively the  notes  or  characteristics  of  the  one, 
only,  true,  and  universal  church  —  unity,  visi- 
bility, indefectibilify,  succession,  universality, 
and  sanctity:  used  in  this  sense,  with  these 
qualifications,  oidy  by  the  Church  of  Rome,  as 
applicable  only  to  itself  and  ils. adherents,  and 
to  their  faith  and  organization;  often  (jualified, 
especially  by  those  not  acknowledging  these 
claims,  by  prefixiiig  tlio  word  Itomtui.  {/)  More 
specifically,  an  epithet  distinguishing  the  faith 
of  the  universal  Christian  church  from  those 
opinions  which  are  peculiar  to  special  sects.  (</) 
A  designation  of  certain  of  the  epistles  in  the 
New  Testament  which  are  addressed  to  believ- 
ers generally  and  not  to  a  particular  church. 
The  catholic  epistles  are  .James,  Peter  I.  and 
II.,  .John  I.,  and  Jude.  John  II.  and  III.  are 
also  usually  included,  (/t)  Belonging  as  prop- 
erty to  the  church  at  large,  as  distinguished 
from  a  parish  or  a  monastic  order:  in  ancient 
ecclesiastical  literature  used  to  designate  cer- 
tain church  buildings,  as  a  bishop's  church  in. 
contrast  with  a  parish  church,  or  a  parish 
church  which  was  open  to  all  in  distinction 
from  monastic  churches — Catholic  apostolate. 
See  nposfoZrttc— Catholic  Apostolic  Church.  See  Ir- 

vinyite. — Catholic  creditor,  in  Scots  late,  a  creilitor 
whose  debt  is  secured  over  several  subjects,  or  o\'er  all  the 
subjects  belonging  to  his  debtor.— Catholic  Majesty,  a. 
title  or  style  assumed  by  the  kings  and  ((ueens  of  Spam. 
It  was  conferred  by  the  pojie  as  a  recognition  of  devotion 
to  the  Roman  Catholic  religion,  and  was  first  given  to  the 
Asturian  prince  Alfonso  I.,  about  the  middle  of  the  eighth 
century. 

II.  n.  1.  [cap.]  A  member  of  the  universal 
Christian  church. — 2.  [cap.]  A  member  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church. — 3.  Same  as  catholi- 
cos. 

The  orthodox  monarchs  of  Georgia  and  Abkhasia  each 
sujjported  his  own  Catholic. 

J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  9. 

Catholic  Emancipation  Act,  an  English  statute  of  182* 
(10  Geo.  IV.,  c.  7),  repealing  former  laws  which  imposed  dis- 
abilities upon  Roman  Catholics,  and  allowing  them  (except 
priests)  to  sit  in  Parliament,  and  to  hold  civil  and  military 
offices  with  certain  exceptions.  The  measure  was  urged 
with  special  reference  to  the  Roman  Catholics  of  Ireland. 
—  Old  Catholics,  (a)  The  name  used  by  a  small  body  of 
believers  in  Jansenism  in  Holland,  with  an  arehiepiscopal 
see  in  Utrecht.  They  have  continued  since  1723  to  recog- 
nize the  authority  of  the  pope  by  sending  him  notice  of 
each  new  election  of  a  bishop,  which  he  always  disregards. 
(Jj)  A  reform  party  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  founded 
after  the  proclamation  of,  and  in  opposition  to,  the  dogma, 
of  papal  infallibility  proclaimed  by  the  Vatican  Council  in 
1870.  A  schism  with  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  was  not 
intended,  but  it  resulted  ;  the  leaders  were  excommuni- 
cated and  new  congregations  formed.  No  bishop  having- 
joined  the  movement,  the  ordination  of  a  bishop  was  ob- 
tained from  the  Old  Catholic  bishop  of  Deventer  in  Hol- 
land. Old  Catholics  have  departed  in  few  respects  from 
theu'  former  ecclesiastical  customs  as  Roman  Catholics. 
Auricular  confession  and  fasting  are,  however,  voluntary 
with  them,  and  priests  are  allowed  to  marry.  JIass  is  per- 
mitted to  be  said  in  tlie  vernacular.  They  are  found  chiefly 
in  Germany  and  in  Switzerland,  where  tliey  call  themselves 
Christian  Catholics.— Koma.n  Catholic  Relief  Acts^  a 
series  of  English  statutes  removing  the  political  disabili- 
ties of  Roman  Catholics  :  as,  1829  (10  Geo.  IV.,  c.  7),  per- 
mitting them  to  sit  in  Parliament  and  to  hold  offices,  with 
certain  exceptions ;  1833  (3  and  4  Wm.  IV.,  c.  102),  enabling 
their  clergymen  to  celebrate  marriages  between  Protes- 
tants, etc.,  extended  to  Scotland  in  1834  (4  and  5  Wm.  IV., 
c.  28);  1843  (6  and  7  Vict.,  c.  28),  abolishing  a  certain  oatli 
as  a  qualification  for  Irish  voters;  1844  (7  and  8  Vict., 
c.  102)  and  1846  (9  and  10  Vict.,  c.  59),  repealing  statutes 
against  them  ;  1867  (.30  and  31  Vict.,  c.  62),  abolishing  the 
declaration  against  transubstantiation,  etc.,  and  (id.,  c.  75) 
making  all  sulijects  eligiljle  to  the  office  of  lord  chancellor 
of  Ireland.  The  term  also  includes  the  Promissory  Oaths 
Act,  1868  (which  see,  under  oath). 

catholicalf  (ka-thol'i-kal),  a.  [<  catholic  +  -al.] 
Catholic. 

The  Potent  Kyng  of  kyngis  all 

Preserue  all  Prencis  Catholicall. 

Lauiler,  Dewtie  of  Kyngis  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  540. 

catholicate  (ka-thol'i-kat),  n.  [<  ML.  cathoU- 
catus,  <  catholicus,  the  prelate  so  called :  see 
catholicos  and  -ate^.]  '  The  region  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  a  catholicos:  as,  the  catholicate 
of  Ethiopia. 

It  is  certain  that,  in  the  vast  Catholicate  of  Chaldaea, 
monarchs  were  sometimes  invested  with  the  priestly  dig- 
nity. J.  M.  yeale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  114. 

Catholicise,  v.    See  Catholicize. 

Catholicism  (ka-thol'i-sizm),  n.  [=  F.  catholl- 
cisinc  =  Sp.  ca  toUcisino  -  Pg.  catholicisnio  =  It. 
cattolicismo  -  -  D.  catliolicismus  —  G.  kathoUcis- 
nius,<.  'N'L.*catholicis»iiis:  see  catholic  and  -isvi.] 

1.  Same  as  .catholicity,  1  and  2. 

Not  an  infallible  testimony  of  the  Catholicism  of  the 
doctrine.  Jer.  Taylor,  Diss,  from  Popery,  ii..  Int. 

2.  [cap.]  Adherence  to  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  ;  the  Roman  Catholic  faith  :  as,  a  con- 
vert to  Catholicism. 

catholicity  (kath-o-lis'i-ti),  n.  [<  catholic  + 
-ity;  —  F.  cathoUcite.]  "1.  The  quality  of  being 


catholicity 

catholic  or  universal;  catholic  character  or 
position;  universality:  as,  the  catholicity  a 
doctrine.    Also  sometimes  Catholicism. 

All  appeal  to  tlie  catholicity  of  the  cliurch  in  proof  tliat 
its  doctrines  aie  true.    J.  H.  JSewman,  Occ.  Serm.,  p.  lis. 

The  wide  range  of  support  given  to  tlie  institution 
(Edinburgli  iiifirinary]  only  corresponds  to  the  catholiciti/ 
of  tlie  charity  it  dispenses.  Scutsman. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  catholic  or  liberal- 
minded;  freedom  from  prejudices  or  narrow- 
mindedness:  as,  the  catholicity  of  one's  taste 
for  literature.    Also  sometimes  Catholicism. — 

3.  [cap.']  The  Roman  Catholic  Church,  or  its 
doctrines  and  usages. 

Catholicize  (ka-thol'i-siz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp. 
Catholicised,  ppr.  Catholicizing.    [<  Catholic  + 
-i-c.]  I.  in  trans.  To  become  a  Catholic.  [Rare.] 
II.  trans.  To  convert  to  the  Roman  Catholic 
faith. 

Also  spelled  Catholicise. 
catholicly  (kath'o-lik-li),  adv.    In  a  catholic 
manner;  universally.  [Rare.] 
That  marriage  is  indissoluble  is  not  catholicly  true. 

Milton,  Tetrachordon. 

catholicness  (kath'o-lik-nes),  n.  Universality ; 
catholicity. 

One  may  judge  of  the  catholickness  wliich  Romanists 
brag  of.  lirccint,  Saul  and  Samuel  at  Endor,  p.  10. 

catholiconf  (ka-thol'i-kon),  n.  [=  F.  catholi- 
coii,  <  ML.  catholicon,  catholicum,  a  universal 
remedy,  also  a  general  or  comprehensive  work, 
as  a  dictionary,  <  Gr.  Kado'/Mov  (sc.  iaua,  reme- 
dy), neut.  of  naSo'kiKog,  universal:  see  catholic] 
A  remedy  for  all  diseases ;  a  universal  remedy ; 
a  panacea;  specifically,  a  kind  of  soft  purgative 
electuary  so  called. 

catholicos,  catholicus  (ka-thol'i-kos,  -kus),  n. 
[ML.,  usually  catholicus,  <  MGr.  mOoAtKog,  a  pro- 
curator, a  prelate  (see  def.),  prop,  adj.,  Gr. 
Ka^o/;/cdf,  general,  universal :  see  catholic]  1. 
In  the  later  Roman  empire,  a  receiver-general 
or  deputy-receiver  in  a  civil  diocese. —  2.  Ec- 
cles.,  in  Oriental  countries  :  (a)  A  primate  hav- 
ing under  him  metropolitans,  but  himself  sub- 
ject to  a  patriarch,  (b)  The  head  of  an  inde- 
pendent or  schismatic  communion.  The  general 
force  of  the  title  seems  to  have  been  that  of  a  superinten- 
dent-general of  missions  or  of  churches  on  and  beyond  the 
borders  of  the  Roman  empire.  It  is  also  the  title  of  the 
head  of  Ihe  Armenian  Church,  and  has  been  used  by  the 
Jacobites,  and  for  the  nietran  of  Ethiopia  (Abyssinia). 
See  mriplirian.    Also  called  catholic. 

-cathood  (kat'hiid),  n.    [<  cat^  +  -hood.]  The 
state  of  being  a  cat.  [Rare.] 
Decidedly  my  kitten  should  never  attain  to  cathood. 

Southey,  Doctor,  xxv. 
cat-hook  (kat'hixk),  n.    Xaut.,  the  hook  of  a 
cat-block. 

cathoscope  (kath'o-skop),  «.  [<  catho{dc)  + 
-scope,  as  in  telescope.]  A  machine  for  exhibit- 
ing tbe  optical  effects  of  the  X-rays,  it  com- 
prises a  fliioroscope,  a  vacuum-tube,  batteries,  etc. 

■cat-ice  (kat'is),  n.  A  very  thin  layer  of  ice  from 
luider  which  the  water  has  receded. 

Catilinarian  (kat"i-li-na'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [< 
L.  Catilinarius,  <  Catilina,  a  proper  name,  orig. 
dim.  adj.,  <  catus,  sharp,  shrewd,  cunning.] 
I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Catiline  (died  62  b.  c),  a 
Roman  conspirator:  as,  the  Catilinarian 

II.  n.  One  who  resembles  or  imitates  Cati- 
line. 

Catilinism  (kat'i-li-nizm),  n.  [<  Catiline  + 
■dsm.]  The  practices  or  principles  of  Catiline, 
the  Roman  conspirator,  or  jjractices  and  prin- 
ciples resembling  his ;  conspiracy. 

cat-in-clover  (kat'in-klo'ver),  w.  The  bird's- 
foot  trefoil,  Lotus  corniculatus,  which  has  the 
foliage  of  a  clover  and  claw-shaped  pods. 

cation, kation  (kat'i-on),  n.  [<  Gr. 
KUTiuv,  going  down,  ppr.  of  Kardvai, 
go  down,  <  Kara,  down,  +  It  mi,  go : 
see  go.]  The  name  given  by  Fara- 
day to  the  element  or  elements  of 
an  electrolyte  which  in  electro- 
chemical decompositions  appear 
at  the  negative  pole  or  cathode. 
See  ion. 

catkin  (kat'krn),  n.  [=  MD.  Icat- 
tekcn  =  G.  kdtzchen,  catkin,  lit.  a 
little  cat  (cf.  D.  Jcatje,  F.  chat 
and  chaton,  E.  cattail,  catkin),  in 
allusion  to  its  resemblance  to 
a  cat's  tail;  <  caf^  +  dim.  -Hn. 
Cf.  catling,  .3.]  In  hot.,  a  scaly 
spike  of  unisexual  flowers,  usual- 
ly deciduous  after  flowering  or 
fruiting,  as  in  the  willow  and  mrch^^TBttu°i 
birch ;  an  ament.    Also  called  «, 

„„..„. 7  male;   0,  o.  fe- 

CattaiL  male. 


864 

And  from  the  alder's  crown 
Swing  the  long  catkitis  brown. 

C.  Thaxter,  March. 

cat-lap  (kat'lap),  w.  A  thin,  poor  beverage  (usu- 
ally tea),  fit  only  to  give  to  cats, 
cat-like  (kat'lik), «.  [<  cat^  +  like.]  Like  a  cat ; 
feline;  watchful;  stealthy. 

A  lioness,  with  udders  all  drawn  dry, 

Lay  coucliing,  head  on  ground,  with  catlike  watch. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iv.  3. 
catling  (kat'ling),  n.    [<  cn/l  +  dim.  -ling.  Cf. 
kitting.]    1.  A  little  cat;  a  kitten. 
For  never  cat  nor  catlinri  I  shall  find. 
But  mew  sliall  tliey  in  Pluto's  palace  blind. 
Drumtnond,  Thillis  on  tlie  Death  of  lier  Sparrow. 

2t.  Catgut;  the  string  of  a  lute,  ■violin,  etc. 

What  music  will  be  in  him  wlien  Hector  has  knocked 
out  his  brains,  I  know  not ;  but,  I  am  sure,  none,  unless 
the  fiddler  Apollo  get  his  sinews  to  make  catUnqs  on. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iii.  3. 

3.  The  down  or  moss  which  grows  about  cer- 
tain trees  and  resembles  the  hair  of  a  cat. 
Harris. — 4.  A  double-edged  knife  used  by  sur- 
geons for  dismembering.    Also  catlin. 

catlinite  (kat'li-nlt),  n.  [After  George  Catlin, 
an  American  traveler.]  A  red  clay-stone  used 
by  the  North  American  Indians  for  making 
pipes.  It  is  allied  to  agalmatolite,  but  is  rather  a  rock 
than  a  mineral  species.  It  is  obtained  from  Pipestone 
county  in  southwestern  Minnesota. 

catmallison  (kat'mal-i-son),  n.  [Appar.  <  cat^ 
+  malison :  a  place  cursed  by  the  cat  because  it 
keeps  the  food  out  of  his  reach !]  A  cupboard 
near  the  chimney  in  which  tU-ied  beef  and  provi- 
sions are  kept.  Grose;  Hall i well.  [North.  Eng.] 

catmint  (kat'mint),  n.  [Formerly  cat's  mint, 
ME.  kattes  mintc ;  the  alleged  AS.  cattes  mint 
(Somner)  is  not  authenticated;  <  cat^  +  mint'^; 
=  Dan.  kattemynte  =  Sw.  kattmynta.]  A  plant 
of  the  genus  Xepeta,  JSf.  Cataria:  so  called  be- 
cause cats  are  fond  of  it.  it  is  stimulant  and  slight- 
ly tonic,  and  is  a  domestic  remedy  for  various  ailments. 
Malabar  catmint  is  Aninontetes  Malaharica,  a  similar  labi- 
ate, used  by  the  natives  of  India  as  a  tonic  and  febrifuge. 
Also  catnip. 

cat-nap  (kat'uap),  n.  A  short  light  sleep;  a 
brief  nap. 

Tlie  anecdotes  told  of  Brougham,  Napoleon,  and  others, 
who  are  said  to  liave  slept  but  four  or  five  hours  out  of 
the  twenty-four,  but  who,  we  suspect,  took  a  good  many 
cat-naps  in  the  day-time,  liave  done  much  harm. 

W.  Mathews,  Getting  on  in  tlie  World,  p.  267. 

catnar  (kat'nar),  n.  A  class  of  sweet  wines, 
both  red  and  white,  produced  in  Moldavia. 
Also  spelled  cotnar. 

A  cup  of  our  own  Moldavia  fine, 

Cotnar,  for  instance,  green  as  May  sorrel, 

And  ropy  with  sweet.  Browning. 

catnip  (kat'nip),  n.  [Prob.  a  corruption  of 
catmint,  the  syllable  -nip  not  having  any  ob'vi- 
ous  meaning.  Hardly  connected  with  the  L. 
name  nepcta,  catmint.]    Same  as  catmint.  ' 

cat-nut  (kat'nut),  n.  The  round  tuberous  root 
of  Bunium  Jlexnosum. 

Catoblepas  (ka-tob'le-pas),  n.  [NL.  (Hamil- 
ton Smith,  1827),  <  L.  catohlepas  (Pliny),  <  Gr. 
KaTup'Aetji,  also  naTuftlencm,  -fiAtnov  (with  ppr. 
suffix),  name  of  an  African  animal,  perhaps  the 
gnu,  lit.  'down-looker,'  <  kcltu,  adv.,  down  (< 
Kara,  prep.,  down:  see  cata-),  +  P'AtJteiv,  look.] 
A  genus  of  ruminating  quadrupeds,  ■with  large 
soft  muzzle,  and  horns  bent  down  and  again 
turned  up.  It  belongs  to  the  antelope  subfam- 
ily, and  contains  the  gnu  of  South  Africa :  same 
as  Connochwtes.    See  cut  under  gnu. 

catocathartic  (kat"6-ka-thar'tik),  a.  and  n. 
[<  Gr.  Karo),  down,  +  nadapTinoc,  cathartic]  I, 
a.  Purging  downward,  or  producing  alvine  dis- 
charges. 

II.  «.  A  purging  medicine ;  a  cathartic. 

CatOChet,  catochust,  n.  [<  Gr.  Karoxv,  kutoxoc, 
catalepsy,  lit.  a  holding  down  or  fast,  <  Karixetv, 
hold  down,  <  /lOrd,  down,  +  £;f«i',  hold.]  A  vari- 
ety of  catalepsy  in  which  the  body  is  kept  rigid. 

Catodon  (kat'o-don),  n.  [NL.  (Linnaeus,  1735) : 
see  catodont.]  1.  A  genus  of  cetaceans;  the 
sperm-whales:  so  called  from  having  under 
teeth  only,  or  teeth  only  in  the  lower  jaw :  now 
superseded  .by  Physeter.  The  sperm-whale  or  cacha- 
lot, formerly  Physeter  catodon,  or  Catodon  inacroccphalus, 
is  now  usually  called  Physeter  macrocephalus. 
2.  A  genus  of  ophidians,  gi'ving  name  to  the 
Catodonta.    Biancril  and  Bihron,  1844. 

catodont  (kat'o-dont),  a.  [<  NL.  catodon(t-), 
<  Gr.  iMTO),  do'wn,  -I-  odoiV  (oSovt-)  =  E.  tooth.] 
Having  teeth  in  the  lower  jaw  only,  as  a  serpent 
or  a  cetacean ;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Catodonta,  Catodontidai,  or  Phi/sctcridm. 

Catodonta  (kat-o-don'ta),  n.  2)1.  [NL.,  <  Cato- 
don(t-),  2,  -I-  -«2.]  In  herpet.,  a  suborder  of 
Ophidia,  conterminous  ■with  the  family  Steno- 


catoptric 

stomida.  it  includes  nngiostomatous  serpents  having 
the  opisthotic  bone  intercalated  in  the  cranial  walls,  no 
ectopterygoid  bone,  the  maxillary  fixed  to  the  prefrontal 
and  premaxiUary,  and  a  pubis  present. 


Catodont  Dentition  of  Physeter  macrocephaUts. 

1.  Side  view  of  lower  jaw,  with  portion  of  upper  jaw.   a.  Top  view  of 

lower  jaw. 

Catodontidae  (kat-o-don'ti-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Catodon{t-),  1,  +  -i'do!.]  A  family  of  cetaceans, 
.named  from  the  genus  Catodon,  now  usually 
called  Physctcridai ;  the  sperm-whales  or  ca- 
chalots. 

Catometopa  (kat-o-met'o-pa),  n.  pi.  Same  as 
Catametopa. 

cat-o'-mountain  (kat '  6  -  moun '  tan),  n.  Same 
as  catamount. 

And  in  thy  wrath,  a  nursing  cat-o'-mountain 
Is  calm  as  her  babe's  sleep  compared  with  thee ! 

Ilatleck,  Red  Jacket. 

Catonian  (ka-to'ni-an),  a.  [<  L.  Catonianus,  < 
Cato{n-),  a  Roman  c6gnomen,<  catus,  sagacious, 
wise,  shrewd.]  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
either  Cato  the  censor  (died  149  b.  c.)  or  Cato 
Uticensis  (95-46  b.  c),  Romans,  both  remark- 
able for  severity  of  manners  and  morals ;  hence, 
grave;  severe;  inflexible. 

cat-o'-nine-tails  (kat-o-nin'talz),  «.  l.  A 
nautical  and  sometimes  military  instrument  of 
pimishment,  generally  consisting  of  nine  pieces 
of  knotted  line  or  cord  fastened  to  a  handle, 
used  to  flog  offenders  on  the  bare  back.  Also 
called  cat. 

I'll  tell  you  what — if  I  was  to  sit  on  a  court-martial 
against  such  a  fellow  as  you,  .  .  .  you  should  have  tlie 
cat  ()'  nine  tails,  and  be  forced  to  run  the  gauntlet,  from 
Coxlieath  to  Warley  Common.    Sheridan,  Tlie  Camp,  i.  1. 

2.  Same  as  cattail,  1. 

catoose  (ka-tos'),  n.  [Appar.  a  corruption  of 
F.  cartouche,  a  roll  of  paper,  etc. :  see  cartouche, 
cartridge.]  In  her.,  an  ornamental  scroll  with 
which  any  ordinary  or  bearing  may  be  deco- 
rated. 

catoosed  (ka-tosf),  rt.  l<  catoose  + -ed^.]  Dee- 
orated  with  catooses.  See  cross  catoosed,  under 
cross. 

Catopsilia  (kat-op-sil'i-a),  n.  [NL.  (Hiibner, 
1816),  <  Gr.  hdrw,  downward,  +  ijiMt;,  smooth.] 
A  genus  of  butterflies,  of  the  family  Papilionidai 
and  subfamily  Pierina',  containing  many  showy 
species,  mostly  yellow  and  of  large  size.  c. 
philea,  a  golden  and  orange  species,  expands  4  or  6  inches ; 
it  inhabits  tropical  America.  C.  eubule,  a  citron-yellow 
species,  is  found  from  Canada  to  Patagonia. 

catopter  (ka-top'ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  lidronrpov,  a 
mirror,  <  Karon-,  stem  of  fut.  of  Kadopiiv,  look 
down,  look  upon,  <  Kara,  down,  opav,  see,  in 
part  supplied  from  v'  *o;r,  see,  >  E.  ojHic,  etc.]  A 
reflecting  optical  glass  or  instrument ;  a  mirror. 
Also  catoptron. 

catoptric  (ka-top'trik),  a.  [=  F.  catoptrique 
-  Sp.  catdptrico  =  Pg.  catoptrico  ;  <  Gr.  imTon- 
Tpuiog,  of  or  in  a  mirror,  <  mToirTpov,  a  mirror: 
see  catopter  and  -ic]  Relating  to  the  branch 
of  optics  called  catoptrics;  pertaining  to  inci- 
dent and  reflected  light. 

In  his  dedication  to  the  Prince  he  [Myles  Davies]  pro- 
fesses "to  represent  writers  and  writings  in  -Acatoptrick 
view."  /.  D' Israeli,  Calam.  of  Auth.,  I.  51. 

Catoptric  Cistula,  a  box  with  several  sides  lined  with 
mirrors,  so  as  to  reflect  and  multiply  images  of  any  object 
placed  in  it.  E.  II.  Kniyht.  —  Catoptric  dial,  a  dial  that 
shows  tbo  hours  by  means  of  a  minor  adjusted  to  reflect 
the  solar  i  :.\  i  iip\. .  rd  to  the  ceiling  of  a  room  on  which  the 
hour-lin'  S  are  delineated. —  Catoptric  light,  in  a  light- 


Catoptric  Light. 
Horizontal  sectional  view,  showing  but  one  tier  of  reflectors. 
«,  n,  chandelier  ;     fixed  shaft  in  center  to  support  the  whole  ;  o,  o. 
reflectors,  and  p,  p.  fountains  of  their  lamps. 


catoptric 

house,  a  form  of  light  in  which  reflectors  are  employed 
instead  of  the  usual  arrangement  of  lenses  and  prisms. — 
Catoptric  telescope,  a  telescope  which  exhibits  objects 
by  reflection.   More  commonly  called  rejlecting  telescope. 

catoptrical  (ka-top'tri-kal),  a.  Same  as  catop- 
tric. 

catoptrically  (ka-top'tri-kal-i),  adv.  In  a  ca- 
toptric manner;  by  reflection. 

catoptrics  (ka-top'triks),  11.  [PI.  of  catoptric: 
see -jcs.  Cf.  It.  catottnca,  etc.]  That  branch  of 
the  science  of  optics  whi^h  explains  the  prop- 
erties of  incident  and  reflected  light,  and  par- 
ticularly the  principles  of  reflection  from  mir- 
rors or  polislied  surfaces. 

catoptromancy  (ka-top'tro-man-si),  n.  [<  Gr. 
KCLToTtrpov,  a  mirror  (see  catopter),  +  jxavrda, 
divination.]  A  species  of  divination  among 
the  ancients,  performed  by  letting  down  a  mir- 
ror into  water  for  a  sick  person  to  look  at  his 
face  in  it.  if  the  countenance  appeared  distorted  and 
ghastly,  it  was  an  ill  omen ;  if  fresh  and  healthy,  it  was 
favorable. 

catoptron  (ka-top'tron),  n.  Same  as  catopter. 

catostome  (kat'os-tom),  n.  [<  Catostomus.']  A 
fish  of  the  family  Catostomidw.  Also  catastome. 

Gatostomi  (ka-tos'to-ml),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of 
Catostomus.^  A  tribe  of  cj^riuoid  fishes :  same 
as  the  family  Catostomidw.    Also  Catastomi. 

catostoinid  (ka-tos'to-mid),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  characteristic  of  the  Catostomidce. 
II.  n.  A  fish  of  the  family  Catostomidce. 
Also  catastomid. 

Catostomidse  (kat-os-tom'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 

<  Catostomus  +  -id(B.~\  A  family  of  eventogna- 
thous  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Catostomus, 
having  the  margin  of  the  iipper  Jaw  formed  at 
the  sides  by  the  supramaxillary,  numerous  pha- 
ryngeal teeth,  and  two  basal  branchihyals.  The 

species  are  mostly  peculiar  to  North  America,  and  are  popu- 
larly known  as  suckers,  carp,  buffalo-fish,  etc.  The  family 
is  by  some  authors  divided  into  three  subfamilies,  Catosto- 
mince,  Cycleptince,  and  Ictiobinae.    Also  Catastomidce. 

Catostomina  (ka-tos-to-ml'na),  n.  pi.  [NL., 

<  Catostomus  +  -ina.'\  In  Giinther's  classifica- 
tion of  fishes,  the  first  group  of  Cijprinidce,  hav- 
ing the  air-bladder  divided  into  an  anterior  and 
a  posterior  portion,  not  inclosed  in  an  osseous 
capside,  and  the  pharyngeal  teeth  in  a  single 
series,  and  extremely  numerous  and  closely  set. 
Also  Catastomina. 

Catostominas  (ka-tos-to-mi'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL., 

<  Catostomus  +  -inw.']  A  subfamily  of  Catosto- 
midw with  the  dorsal  fin  short.  Most  of  the  rep- 
resentatives of  the  family  belong  to  it,  and  are  known  in 
the  United  States  chiefly  as  suckers  and  mullets  or  mullet- 
suckers.    Also  Catastomince. 

catostomine  (ka-tos'to-min),  «.  and  n.   I.  a. 

Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Catostomina;. 

II.  n.  A  fish  of  the  subfamily  Catostomina;. 

Also  catastomine. 
catostomoid  (ka-tos'to-moid),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL. 
Catostomus,  q.  v.,  +  Gr.  eWof,  shape.]    I.  a. 
Resembling  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Catostomidce. 

II.  n.  A  fish  of  the  family  Catostomidce. 

tUso  catastomoid. 
Catostomus  (ka-tos'to-mus),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
KQ-u,  down,  +  ardfia,  mouth.]  A  genus  of  even- 
tognathous  fishes,  giving  name  to  the  family 
Catostomidce.  By  Lesueur  and  the  old  authors  it  was 
made  to  embrace  all  the  Catostomidce,  but  it  was  gradually 
restricted,  and  is  now  generally  limited  to  the  species  like 
the  C.  teres  or  common  sucker  of  the  United  States.  Also 
Catastoiims. 

catotretous  (ka-tot're-tus),  a.  [<  NL.  catotre- 
tus,  <  Gr.  Ka-u,  down,  +  rpr/ro^,  verbal  adj.  of 
TSTpaiveiv,  perforate.]  In  ^-067.,  having  inferior 
or  ventral  apertures;  hypostomous,  as  an  in- 
fusorian. 

cat-owl  (kat'oul),  n.  A  name  of  the  large 
horned  owls  of  the  genus  Bubo,  as  the  great 
horned  owl,  £ubo  virgin ianus :  so  called  from 
their  physiognomy.    See  cut  under  Bubo. 


865 

boom  and  managed  in  the  same  manner  as  the 

mainsail  of  a  sloop.    The  cat-rig  is  the  typical 

rig  of  small  American  «ail-boats. 
cat-rigged^  (kat'rigd),  a.    Having  the  cat-rig. 
cat-rigged2(kat'rigd),a.  Ridged;  badly  creased, 

as  linen.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
cat-rope  (kat'rop),  n.    Same  as  cat-back  rope. 

See  cat-back. 
cat-rush  (kat'rush),  n.  A  name  of  plants  of  the 

genus  Equisetum. 
catryt,  «•    Same  as  eatery. 
cat-salt  (kat'salt),  ».    A  sort  of  beautifully 

gi-anulated  salt  formed  from  the  bittern  or  leach- 
brine  used  for  making  hard  soap, 
cat's-brains  (kats'branz),  11.  pi.  Sandstones 

traversed  in  every  direction  by  little  branching 

veins  of  calcite.  [Eng.] 

cat's-claw  (kats'kla), «  .  1.  A  name  given  in  the 
West  Indies  («)  to  the  Bignonia  unguis,  a  climb- 
ing vine  vnth  claw-shaped  tendrils,  and  (b)  to 
the  Pithecolobium  Unguis-cati,  on  account  of  its 
curved  pod. — 2.  In  western  Texas,  a  name  of 
several  species  of  Acacia  with  hooked  thorns, 
as  A.  Greggi  and  A.  Wrighti. 

cat's-cradle(kats'kra"dl),  n.  A  children's  game 
in  which  one  player  stretches  a  looped  cord 
over  the  fingers  of  both  hands  in  a  symmetri- 
cal figure,  and  the  other  player  has  to  insert  his 
fingers  and  remove  it  in  such  a  way  as  to  pro- 
duce a  different  figure.  Also  called  cratch-cradle 
and  scratch-cradle. 

cat's-ear  (kats'er),  11.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Hypochceris,  weedy  chicory-like  composites  of 
Europe :  so  called  from  the  shape  of  the  leaves. 
The  name  is  also  applied  to  Gnaphalium  dioicum  . 

cat's-eye  (kats'i),  n.  1.  A  variety  of  quartz, 
very  hard  and  semi-transparent,  and  from  cer- 
tain points  exhibiting  a  yellowish  opalescent 
radiation  or  chatoyant  appearance,  whence  the 
name.  Also  called  sunstone.  The  same  name  is  also 
given  to  other  gems  exhibiting  like  chatoyant  effects,  more 
especially  to  chrysoberyl,  which  is  sometimes  called  the 
true  cat's-eye. 

2.  A  species  of  the  plant  scabious,  Scabiosa 
stellata. 

cat's-foot  (kats'fut),  11.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  ground-ivy  or  giU,  from  the  shape  of 
its  leaves,  and  to  Gnaphcdium  dioicum,  from  its 
soft  flower-heads.    Also  called  cat's-paw. 

cat-shark  (kat'shark),  n.  A  shark  of  the  fam- 
ily Galeorhinidce,  Triads  semifasciatus,  occur- 
ring along  the  coast  of  California. 

cat's-head  (kats'hed),  i>.  1.  A  kind  of  large 
apple. —  2.  A  nodule  of  hard  gritstone  in  shale. 
[Leinster,    Ireland.]— cat's-head    hammer  or 

sledge.    Same  as  bully-head. 
cat-shipt  (kat'ship),  n.    A  ship  with  a  narrow 

stern,  projecting  quarters,  and  a  deep  waist, 
cat-silver  (kat'sil"ver),  n.    [=  Sw.  kattsilfver.'] 

A  name  sometimes  given  to  a  variety  of  silvery 

mica. 

Catskill  (kats'kil),  a.  In  American  geol.,  an 
epithet  applied  to  the  upper  division  of  the 
Devonian  age,  characterized  by  the  red  sand- 
stone of  eastern  New  York. 

catskin  (kat'skin),  n.  Icel.  Jcattskinn  —  Dan. 
katteskind.']    The  fur  or  furry  pelt  of  the  cat. 

This  is  often  dyed  in  imitation  of  costly  furs,  and  in  the 
Netherlands  and  elsewhere  cats  are  bred  for  the  sake  of 
their  fur,  which  is  an  article  of  commerce.  The  fur  of  the 
wild  cat  of  Hungary  is  prettily  mottled,  and  is  used  with- 
out dyeing. 

cat's-milk  (kats'milk),  n.  A  plant,  the  Eu- 
phorbia Melioscopia.  Also  called  sun-spurge  and 
wartweed  or  wartivort. 

catsot  (kat'so),  n.  [<  It.  casso  (pron.  kat'so), 
an  obscene  term  of  contempt,  also  used  as  an  ex- 
clamation.]   A  base  fellow;  a  rogue;  a  cheat. 

These  be  our  nimble-spirited  catsos,  that  have  their 
evasions  at  pleasure. 

B.  Joiison,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  ii.  1. 


cat-pipe  (kat'pip) 

uratively,  one 
who  uses  a  cat- 
pipe  or  catcall, 
cat-rake  (kaf- 

rak),  n.  A  ratch- 
et-drill. E.  H. 
Knight. 
cat-rig  (kat'rig), 
11.  Naut.,  a  rig 
consisting  of 
a  single  mast, 
stepped  very 
near  the  stem, 
and  a  sail  laced 
to  a  gaff  and 
55 


cat's-paw,  catspaw  (kats'pa),  n.     1.  Naut.-. 
(a)  A  light  air  perceived  in  a  cabn  by  a  slight 
A  catcall. — 2.  Fig-   rippling  of  the  surface  of  the  water. 

We  were  now  in  the  calm  latitudes,  the  equatorial  belt 
of  baffling  cat's-paws  and  glassy  seas. 

H'.  C.  Russell,  Sailor's  Sweetheart,  ix. 

(&)  A  peciiliar  tvrist  or  hitch  in  the  bight  of  a 
rope,  made  to  hook  a  tackle  on. 

When  the  mate  came  to  shake  the  catspaw  out  of  the 
downhaul,  and  we  began  to  boom-end  the  sail,  it  shook 
the  ship  to  her  center. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  387. 
2.  One  whom  another  makes  use  of  to  ac- 
complish his  designs ;  a  person  used  by  another 
to  serve  his  purposes  and  to  bear  the  conse- 
quences of  his  acts ;  a  dupe :  as,  to  make  a  per- 
son one's  cafs-paw.  An  allusion  to  the  story  of  the 
monkey  which,  to  save  its  own  paw,  used  the  paw  of  the 
Cat-boat.  cat  to  draw  the  roasted  chestnuts  out  of  the  fire. 


cattle 

They  took  the  enterprise  upon  themselves,  and  made 
themselves  the  people's  cat's-paw.  But  now  the  chestnut 
is  taken  from  the  embers,  and  tlie  n)onkey  is  coming  in  for 
the  Ijeneflt  of  the  cat's  subserviency.         London  Tiine». 

He  refrained  from  denouncing  the  peculators  whose 
witless  cat's-paw  he  claimed  to  have  been. 

jV.  A.  Ree.,  CXXIII.  408. 

3.  In  hot.,  same  as  cat'.s-foot. — 4.  In  bookbind- 
ing, the  mark  made  on  the  covers  or  edges  of  a 
book  by  a  sponge  containing  color  or  staining- 
fluid. 

cat's-purr  (kats'per),  n.  In  pathol.,  a  peculiar 
purring  thrill  or  soimd  heard  in  auscultation  of 
tlio  chest. 

cat-sq.uirrel  (kat'skvrar'''el),  n.  1.  A  name  of 
the  fox-squirrel.  [Local,  eastern  U.  S.]  —  2. 
A  name  of  the  ring-tailed  bassaris,  Bassaris 
astuta.    [Southwestern  U.  S.] 

cat's-tail  (kats'tal),  w.  1.  Same  as  ca<<aj/,  1. — 
2.  A  name  for  the  plant  Equisctum  arvense  and 
other  species  of  that  genus. —  3.  Same  as  cirrus 
cloud.  See  cZo«(d.— Cat's-tail  grass,  in  Europe,  the 

conmion  name  of  the  grasses  belonging  to  the  genus  I'hle- 
mn,  because  of  their  dense  spikes  of  flowers.  Also  called 
cattail.    See  Phleum. 

cat-stane  (kat'stan),  n.  [Sc.,  appar.  <  caA  + 
stane  =  E.  stone ;  but  the  first  element  is  un- 
certain, being  referred  by  some  to  Gael,  cath, 
a  battle  (see  catcran).']  1.  A  conical  cairn  or 
monolith  found  in  various  parts  of  Scotland, 
and  supposed  to  mark  the  locality  of  a  battle. 
—  2.  One  of  the  upright  stones  which  support 
a  grate,  there  being  one  on  each  side.  "  The 
term  is  said  to  originate  from  this  being  the 
favorite  seat  of  the  cat"  (Jamieson). 

cat-stick  (kat'stik),  n.  A  stick  or  flat  bat  em- 
ployed in  playing  tip-cat. 

Prithee,  lay  up  my  cat  and  cat-stick  safe. 

Middleton,  Women  Beware  Women,  i.  2. 

He  could  not  stay  to  make  my  legs  too,  but  was  driven 
To  clap  a  pair  of  cat-sticks  to  my  knees. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Captain,  ii.  1. 

cat-stopper  (kat'stop'er),  11.  Same  as  cat-head 
stojjijjer  (which  see,  under  cat-head). 

catsup  (kat'sup),  11.    Same  as  catdhup. 

ca't-tackle  (kat'tak"l),  n.  Naut.,  tackle  used 
for  raising  the  anchor  to  the  cat-head  cat- 

tackle  fall.    Same  as  cat-fall. 

cattail  (kat'tal),  n.  [<  ca«i  +  taiV-.']  1.  The 
common  name  of  the  tall  reed-like  aquatic 
plant  Typha  latifolia :  so  called  from  its  long 
cylindrical  furry  spikes :  often  popularly  call3d 
bulrush  and  cat-o' -nine-tails.  Also  cat's-tail. — 
2.  Same  as  cat's-tail  grass  (which  see,  under 
cat's-tail). —  3.  Same  as  catkin. — 4.  Naut.,  that 
end  of  a  cat-head  which  is  fastened  to  the  ship's 
frame.    [Properly  cat-tail.'] 

catter  (kat'er), t;.  (.  To  thrive.  Grose;  Halli- 
tvell.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

cattery  (kat'e-ri),  n. ;  pi.  catteries  (-riz).  [<  cat^ 
+  -ery.  Cf.  piggery,  camelry,  fernery,  pinery, 
etc.]  A  place  for  the  keeping  and  breeding 
of  cats.    Southey.  [Rare.] 

cat-thrasher  ( kat ' thrash "er),  «.  A  clupeoid 
fish,  Clupea  cestivalis.    [Maine,  U.  S.] 

cattimandoo  (kat-i-man'do),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A 
kind  of  gum  obtained  in  the  East  Indies  from 
an  angular  columnar  species  of  Euphorbia,  E. 
Cattimandoo.  It  is  used  as  a  cement  and  as  a 
remedy  for  rheumatism. 

cattish  (kat'ish),  a.  [<  cai^  +  -e's/il.]  Having 
the  qualities  or  ways  of  a  cat ;  cat-like ;  feline. 

The  cattish  race. 

Drummond,  Phillis  on  the  Death  of  her  Sparrow. 

cattle  (kat'l),  n.  sing,  and  pi.  [<  ME.  catel, 
katel,  assibilated  chatel  (>  chattel,  q.  v.),  prop- 
erty, capital,  =  MLG.  katcl,  katele,  <  OF.  catel, 
katel,  assibilated  chatel,  chateil,  chaptel,  chatal, 
chastal,  chetel,  chatei,  etc.,  =  Sp.  caudal  (cf.  Pg. 
caudal,  a.,  abundant),  <  ML.  captale,  capitate, 
capital,  property,  goods  {vivum  capitale,  live 
stock,  cattle),  whence  mod.  E.  capital"^,  q.  v. 
Thus  cattle  =  chattel  —  capital^.']  If.  Prop- 
erty ;  goods ;  chattels  ;  stock :  in  this  sense  now 
only  in  the  form  chattel  (which  see). 

His  tythes  payede  he  ful  fayre  and  wel. 
Bothe  of  his  owne  swinke,  and  his  catel. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  540. 

2.  Live  stock;  domestic  quadrupeds  which 
serve  for  tillage  or  other  labor,  or  as  food  for 
man.  The  term  may  include  horses,  asses,  camels,  all 
the  varieties  of  domesticated  beasts  of  the  bovine  genus, 
sheep  of  all  kinds,  goats,  and  even  swine.  In  this  general 
sense  it  is  used  in  the  Scriptures.  In  common  use,  how- 
ever, the  word  is  restricted  to  domestic  beasts  of  the  cow 
kind.    In  the  language  of  the  stable  it  means  horses. 

The  first  distinction  made  of  live  stock  from  other  prop- 
erty was  to  call  the  former  quick  cattle. 

Sir  J.  Harington,  Epig.  i.  91. 


cattle 

They  must  have  other  cattle,  as  horses  to  draw  their 
plough,  and  for  carriage  of  things  to  markets. 

Latimer,  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1550. 
In  a  guarantee  of  drafts  against  shipments,  cattle  may 
include  swine. 

Decatur  Bank  v.  St.  Louis  Bank,  21  Wall.,  294. 
It  was  well  known  that  Lord  Steepleton  Kildare  had 
lately  ridden  from  Simla  to  Uraballa  one  night  and  back 
the  ne.\t  day,  ninety-two  miles  each  way,  with  constant 
change  of  cattle.  F.  M.  Crawford,  Mr.  Isaacs,  p.  254. 
3.  Human  beings :  in  contempt  or  ridicule. 

Boys  and  women  are  for  the  most  part  cattle  of  this 
colour.  Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  2. 

Last  year,  a  lad  hence  by  his  parents  sent 
With  other  cattle  to  the  city  went. 

Swift,  To  Sir.  Congreve. 

Neat  cattle.    See  ?iean.  _ 
cattle-feeder  (kat'l-fe'-'der),  n.    A  device  for 
supplying  feed  in  regulated  quantities  to  racks 
or  mangers. 

cattle-guard  (kat'l-gard),  n.  A  device  to  pre- 
vent cattle  from  straying  along  a  railroad-track 
at  a  highway-crossing. 

cattle-heron  (kat'l-her^'on),  n.  A  book-name 
of  the  small  herons  of  the  genus  BubuJcus,  as  B. 
ibis. 

cattle-pen  (kat'l-pen),  n.  A  pen  or  inclosure 
for  cattle. 

cattle-plague  (kat'l-plag),  n.    A  virulently 

contagious  disease  affecting  cattle ;  rinderpest 

(which  see), 
cattle-range  (kat'l-riinj),  n.    An  uninclosed 

tract  of  land  over  which  cattle  may  range  and 

graze. 

cattle-run  (kat'l-run), «.  A  wide  extent  of  graz- 
ing-ground.    [U.  S.  and  the  British  colonies.] 

cattle-show  (kat'l-sho),  n.  An  exhibition  of 
domestic  animals  for  prizes,  with  a  view  to  the 
promotion  of  their  improvement  and  increase  : 
in  the  United  States  usually  combined  with  a 
sort  of  agricultural  fair. 

cattle-stall  (kat'l-stal),  n.  An  arrangement 
other  than  a  halter  or  tie  for  securing  cattle  to 
their  racks  or  mangers.    E.  H.  Knight. 

Cattleya  (kat'lf-ii),  n.  [NL.;  named  after  Wil- 
liam Cattleji,  an  English  collector  of  plants. ]  A 
genus  of  highly  ornamental  epiphytic  orchids, 
natives  of  tropical  America  from  Mexico  to 

Brazil.  Jlany  of  the  species  are  highly  prized  by  orchid- 
growers,  and  their  flowers  are  among  the  largest  and 
handsomest  of  the  order. 

catty  (kat'i),  ». ;  pi.  catties  (-iz).  [<  Malay  Mti, 
a  "pound,"  of  varying  weight.  See  caddyi.'] 
The  name  given  by  foreigners  to  the  Chinese 
kin  or  pound.  The  value  of  the  catty  was  fl.xed  by  tlie 
East  India  Company  in  1770  at  IJ  pounds  avoirdupois. 
The  usual  Chinese  weight  is  1.325  pounds ;  that  fixed  by 
the  Chinese  custom-liouse  in  1858  is  1.3316  pounds;  that 
of  the  royal  mint  at  Peking  is  1.348  pounds.  The  name 
is  also  given  in  different  localities  to  slightly  different 
weights. 

Iron  ores  sufficient  to  smelt  ten  catties  of  tin. 

Jour,  of  Anthrop.  Inst.,  XV.  288. 


866 

mon  aocount  it  is  a  corruption  of  cancers'  meeting, 
a  term  said  to  have  been  applied  in  derision  by 
the  Tories  to  meetings  of  citizens,  among  whom 
were  calkers  and  ropemakers,  held  to  protest 
against  the  aggressions  of  the  royal  troops,  and 
especially  against  the  "Boston  Massacre"  of 
March  5th,  1770.  But  such  a  conniption  and  f or- 
getf uluess  of  the  orig.  meaning  of  a  word  so  fa- 
miliar as  calkers  is  improbable,  and,  moreover, 
the  word  caucus  occurs  at  least  7  years  earlier, 
in  the  following  passage  in  the  diary  of  John 


caudle 

See  caudad. —  3.  In  en  torn.,  pertaining  to  or  on 
the  end  of  the  abdomen:  as,  a  caudal  style;  a, 
caudal  spot.- Caudal  fln,  the  tail-fin,  or  that  at  the 
posterior  end  of  the  body.  See  cut  under  /)'«.— Caudal 
flexure.    See  flexure. 

II.  ft.  1.  In  ichtli.,  the  caudal  fin  of  a  fish.— 

2.  In  anat.,  a  caudal  or  coccygeal  vertebra. 
Abbreviated  cd.  in  ichthyological  formulas, 
caudalis  (ka-da'lis),        pi.  caudales  (-lez), 
[NL.:  see  caudal.;\    In  ichth.,  the  caudal  fin. 
Giiiither,  1859. 

Adams:  "Feb.  7.'. ,  1763— Thisdaylearned^that  Caudata  (ka-da'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
the  Caucus  Club  meets  at  certain  times  in  the  see  caudate.']    In  herpet.,  the  tailed 

garret  ofTom  Dawes,  the  adjutant  of  the  Boston  ^"'0<iele  batrachians:  same  as  Urodela  :  op- 
(militia)  regiment."    This  indicates  the  origin  Ecaudata  or  Auura^.    Oppel,  1811. 

of  the  term  caucus,  as  a  private  meeting  for  caudatal  (ka-da'tal),  a.  [<  caudatum  +  -a/.] 
political  purposes,  in  the  name  of  a  club  of  th.it    t'ertaming  to  the  caudatum  of  the  brain. 


political  purposes,  in  the  name  of  a  club  of  that 
nature,  called  the  "Caucus  Club."  The  origin 
of  the  name  as  applied  to  the  club  is  not  known, 
but  if  not  an  arbitrary  term,  chosen  for  its  allit- 
erative form  and  feigned  mysterious  import,  it 
may  have  been  a  learned  adoption,  in  allusion  to 
the  convivial  or  symposiac  feature  of  the  club,  of 
the  ML.  caucus,  <  MGr.  kqvko^  (also  KavKT/,  mvna, 
with  dim.  Kavaiov),  a  cup.]  1.  In  Z7.  S. politics  : 
(a)  A  local  meeting  of  the  voters  of  a  party  to 
nominate  candidates  for  local  offices,  or  to  elect 
delegates  to  a  convention  for  the  nomination 
of  more  important  officers,  in  the  latter  sense, 
caucuses  are  now  generally  called  primaries.  Admis- 
sion to  a  party  caucus  is  generally  open  only  to  kiiin\  ii 
and  registered  members  of  the  party.  (/;)  A  similar 
congi-essional,  legislative,  or  other  gathering  of 
leading  members  of  a  party  for  conference  as 
to  party  measm-es  and  policy.    Candidates  for  the 

presidency  and  vice-presidency  of  the  United  States  were 
nominated  by  party  caucuses  of  members  of  Congress  from 
1800  to  1824. 

More  than  fifty  years  ago,  Mr.  Samuel  Adams's  father, 
and  twenty  others,  one  or  two  from  tlie  north  end  of  tlie 
town,  wliere  all  the  ship  business  is  carried  on,  used  to 
meet,  make  a  caucus,  and  lay  their  plan  for  introducing 
certain  persons  into  places  of  trust  and  power. 

Gordon,  Hist,  of  the  Revolution  (1788),  I.  365. 

A  ca«ct<s  (excuse  the  slang  of  politics)  was  held,  as  I  am 
informed,  by  the  delegations  |of  three  Western  States]  fur 
the  purpose  of  recommending  some  character  to  the  Pi'esi- 
dent  [for  Judge  of  Supreme  Court]. 

John  Randolph,  quoted  in  H.  Adams,  p.  210. 

Hence  —  2.  Any  meeting  of  managers  or  of 
interested  persons  for  the  purpose  of  deciding 
upon  a  line  of  policy,  an  arrangement  of  busi- 
ness, etc.,  to  be  brought  before  a  larger  meet- 


caudate  (ka'dat),  a.  [<  NL.  caudalus,  <  L.  Cau- 
da, a  tail:  see  cauda.]  1.  Having  a  tail.— 2. 
Having  a  tail-like  appendage,  (a)  In  bot,  applied 
to  seeds  or  other  organs  wliicli  have  such  an  appendage  (6) 
In  entom.,  having  a  long,  tail-like  process  on  the  margin 
as  tlie  posterior  wings  of  many  Lepido2>tera.—  Ca.uAa.ti 
lobe  of  the  liver,  in  hmnan  anat,  the  lobus  candatus, 
a  small  elevated  band  of  hepatic  substance  continued 
from  tlie  under  surface  of  the  riglit  lobe  to  the  base  of  the 
Spigelian  lobe.— Caudate  nucleus,  in  ana<.,  the  cau- 
datum or  nucleus  caudatus,  tlie  upper  gray  ganglion  of 
the  corpus  striatum,  projecting  into  the  lateral  ventricle 
and  separated  from  the  lenticular  nucleus  by  the  internal 
capsule. 

caudated  (ka'da-ted),  a.    Same  as  caudate. 
caudation  (ka-da'shon),  n.    [<  caudate  +  -eo».} 
The  condition  of  having  a  tail. 

He  really  suspected  premature  caudation  had  been  in- 
flicted on  him  for  his  crimes. 

C.  Rcade,  Never  too  Late  to  Mend,  Ixxvi. 

caudatum  (ka-da'tum),  m.    [NL.,  neut.  (sc.  L. 

corpus,  ^30^iY)  ot  caudatus:  see  caudate]  The 
caudate  nucleus  of  the  striatum  or  striate  body 
of  the  brain;  a  part  of  this  ganglion  distin- 
guished from  the  lenticulare. 
caudex  (ka'deks),  n.;  pi.  caudices,  caudexes  (-di- 
sez,  -dek-sez).  [L.,  later  codex,  the  stem  of  a 
tree:  see  codex  and  code.]  In  hot.,  as  used  by- 
early  writers,  the  stem  of  a  tree ;  now,  the  trunk 
of  a  palm  or  a  tree-fern  covered  with  the  re- 
mains of  leaf -stalks  or  marked  with  their  scars ; 
also,  frequently,  the  perennial  base  of  a  plant 
which  sends  up  new  herbaceous  stems  from  year 
to  year  in  place  of  the  old.-Caudex  cerebri,  the 

middle  trunk-like  i)ortion  of  the  brain,  comprising  the 
corpora  striata,  the  thalamenceplialon,  the  mesencepha- 
lon, the  pons,  and  the  medulla  oblongata. 


local  committee  of  voters  for  the  management 
of  all  electioneering  business  of  its  party :  call- 
ed the  Birmingham  system,  from  its  introduction 
at  Birmingham  about  1880. 
caucus  (ka'kus),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caucused  or 
caucussed,  ppr.  caucusing  or  caucussing.  [<  cau- 
cus, n.]  To  meet  in  caucus ;  come  together  and 
Catullian  (ka-tul'i-an),  a.  [<  L.  Cafullianus,  <  confer. 
Catullus,  a  proper  name.]  Pertaining  to,  char-  They,  too,  had  conferred  or  ca-ucused  and  had  decided, 
acteristie  of,  or  resembUng  the  Roman  lyrical  ^  Philadelphia  Times,  No.  2894,  p.  2. 

poet  Catullus,  celebrated  for  his  amatory  verses  caud  (kad),  a.  A  dialectal  form  (like  cauld)  of 
and  the  elegance  of  his  style ;  resembling  the  '^o^'^- 


mg,  as  a  convention.— 3.  lu  Eng  politics,  a  large  caudicle  (ka'di-kl),  n.    [=  F.  caudicule,  <  NL 


style  or  works  of  Catullus 

Herrick,  the  most  Catullian  of  poets  since  Catullus. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  341. 

CaturidSB  (ka-tU'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Caturus 
+  -id(B.]  A  family  of  extinct  amioid  ganoid 
fishes  of  the  Oolitic  and  Cretaceous  periods, 
having  a  persistent  notoehord,  but  the  vertebrae 
partially  ossified,  a  homocercal  tail,  fins  with 
fulcra,  and  small,  pointed  teeth  in  a  single  row. 
Caturus  (ka-tu'rus),  n.  [NL.  (Agassiz,  1834), 
<  Gr.  Kara,  down,  -f-  ovpa,  tail.]  The  typical  ge- 
nus of  fishes  of  the  family  Caturidce. 
catyogle  (kat'i-6-gl),  n.  [Also  latogle;  <  Sw.  Mtt- 
ngla,  <  katt,  =  E.  cat^,  +  ugla  =  E.  owl]  A  name 
in  Shetland  of  the  eagle-owl.  Bubo  maximum. 
Caucasian  (ka-ka'sian  or  ka-kash'ian),  a.  and 
n.  [<  ML.  "Caucasi'anus  (L.  Caucasius,  <  Gr. 
KavKamog),  <  MGr.  KavKaaiavog,  pi.  KavKaaiavoi, 
inhabitants  of  Caucasus,  <  Gr.  KavKuoog.]  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  Caucasus,  a  range  of  moun- 
tains between  Asia  and  Europe ;  specifically, 
appellative  of  one  of  the  races  into  which  Blu- 
m<^nbach  divided  the  human  family.    See  II. 

II.  n.  In  Blumenbach's  ethnological  system,     -  -  ,  -r^i     i  » 

the  highest  type  of  the  human  family,  including  caudae,  n.    Plural  of  cauda. 


caudicula,  dim.  of  L.  caudex  (caudic-) :  see  cau- 
dex.]   In  bot.,  the  stalk  attached  to  the  pollen- 
masses  of  orchideous  plants, 
caudicula  (ka-dik'u-la),  «.;  pi.  caudiculce  (-le). 

[NL.]    Same  as  caudicle. 
caudiduct  (ka'di-dukt),  v.  t.    [<  L.  cauda,  tail, 
-I-  ductus,  pp.  of  ducere,  draw:  see  duct.]  To 
draw  toward  the  tail;  retroduct;  carry  back- 
ward or  caudad. 

Secure  the  arm  caudiducted,  so  as  to  stretch  the  mus- 
cles. Wilder  and  Gage,  Anat.  Tech.,  p.  231. 

Caudisona  (ka-dis'o-na),  n.  [NL.  (Laurenti, 
1768),  <  L.  cauda,  tail,  +  sonus,  sound:  see 
sound^,  n.]  A  genus  of  rattlesnakes:  same  as 
Crotalus  or  Crotalophorus. 
caudisonant  (ka-dis'o-nant),  a.  [<  L.  cauda, 
tail,  -t-  sonan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  sonarc,  sound:  see 
sounds,  v.]  Making  a  noise  with  the  tail,  as  a 
rattlesnake.  [Rare.] 

thdr  roots  present  within  the  spinal  column:-^ Cauda  cauditruuk  (ka'di-trunk),  n.   [<  L.  Cauda,  tail, 

gain,  a  term  applied  m  American  geology  to  the  lowest     +  trmiciit  trunk  1  In  fishps  and  niqciforrr,  ^nm 
member  of  the  corniferous  division  of  the  Devonian  a^e         iruiicus,  truuK.j  m  nsnes  ana  pisciloim  mam- 
characterized  by  the  cauda  galli  grit  of  eastern  New  York ':    mals,  the  combination  of  the  trunk  Or  abdomi- 
so  called  in  allusion  to  a  common  fossil  of  this  name  (lit-    nal  portion  and  the  caudal  portion,  including 
erally,  cock's  tail)  having  a  featliery  form  and  supposed  to    all  the  body  behind  the  head.  aHl. 

beaseaweed.— Cauda  hellClS,  the  interior  and  posterior  ^onilTa  m   

portion  of  the  helix  of  the  external  ear.— Cauda  navl-  ^"'^^^f  }'^^  "Y' 
CUlariS,  a  boat-shaped  tail.    See  boat-shaped.— CRUCia,     "  ~ 
striatl,  the  tail  or  narrow  posterior  part  of  the  caudate 
nucleus  of  the  brain.    Also  called  surcinr/le. 

caudad  (ka'dad),  adv.  [<  L.  cauda,  tail,  +  -ad, 
to:  see  -ad^.]  Toward  the  tail;  backward  in 
the  long  axis  of  the  body ;  in  the  opposite  di- 
rection from  cephalad.  it  is  downward  in  man,  liack- 
ward  in  most  animals,  but  is  used  without  reference  to 
the  posture  of  the  body,  and  said  of  any  part  of  the  body  : 
thus,  in  man,  the  mouth  is  caudad  with  respect  to  the 
nostrils  ;  the  lower  eyelid  is  caudad  with  respect  to  the 
upper  one. 


Cauda  (ka'da),  n.;  pi.  caudw  (-de).  [L.,  also 
written  coda"(see  coda),  a  tail.]  1 .  In  zodl.  and 
anat.,  a  tail  or  tail-like  appendage. —  2.  In  bot., 
a  tail-like  appendage.— Cauda  equina  (mare's  tail), 

the  leash  of  nerves,  chiefly  lumbar  or  sacral  and  coc- 
cygeal, in  which  the  spinal  cord  terminates,  excepting, 
usually,  the  terminal  filament  of  the  cord  itself :  so  called 
from  the  great  length  of  these  nerves,  and  the  appearance 


nearly  all  Europeans,  the  Circassians,  Arme~ 
nians,  Persians,  Hindus,  Jews,  etc.  He  gave  this 

name  to  the  race  because  he  regarded  a  skull  he  had  obtain- 
ed from  the  Caucasus  as  the  standard  of  the  human  type. 

cauchiet,  «•    See  causeway. 

Cauchy's  formula.    See  formula. 

cauciont,  «.    An  obsolete  form  of  caution. 

caucus  (ka'kus),  n.  [This  word  originated  in 
Boston,  Massachusetts.    According  to  a  com- 


cauda^  (ka'dal),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  Sp.  caudal  = 
It.  codale,  <  NL.  caudalis,  <  L.  cauda,  a  tail:  see 
Cauda.]  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  situated  near 
the  tail ;  having  the  nature  or  appearance  of 
a  tail.  Specifically — 2.  In  anat.,  having  a 
position  or  relation  toward  the  tail  when  com- 
pared with  some  other  part:  the  opposite  of 
cephalic  (which  see).  Thus,  the  neck  is  a  cau- 
dal part  of  the  body  with  reference  to  the  head. 


[<  ME.  caudel,  <  OF.  caudel, 
chaudel  (F.  chaudeau),  a  warm  drink,  dim.  from 
*caud,  caut,  chaud,  chaut,  chald  (F.  chaud,  dial. 
caud),  warm  (cf.  Sp.  Pg.  caldo,  broth,  ML.  cali- 
dum,  a  warm  drink),  <  L.  calidns,  caldus,  warm, 
hot :  see  calid,  and  cf.  caldron.]  A  kind  of  warm 
drink  made  of  wine  or  ale  mixed  with  bread, 
sugar,  and  spices,  and  sometimes  eggs,  given 
to  sick  persons,  to  a  woman  in  childbed,  and 
her  visitors. 

Wan  ich  am  ded,  make  me  a  caudel. 

Rob.  of  Gloucester,  p.  661. 
He  had  good  broths,  caudle,  and  such  like. 

Wiseman,  Surgery. 
Hark  ye,  master  Holly-top,  your  wits  are  gone  on  wool- 
gathering ;  comfort  yourself  with  a  caiidle ;  thatch  your 
brain-sick  noddle  with  a  woolen  night-cap. 

Scott,  Abbot,  I.  230. 

Hempen  caudle.   See  hempen. 
caudle  (ka'dl),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  candled,  ppr. 
caudUng.    [<.  caudle,  n.]    1.  To  make  into  cau- 
dle.—  2.  To  serve  as  a  caudle  for ;  refresh^ 
comfort,  or  make  warm,  as  with  caudle. 


caudle 

Will  the  cold  brook, 
Candied  with  ice,  caudle  thy  morning  taste, 
To  cure  thy  o'er-night's  siirfeit? 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  3. 

caudle-cup  (ka'dl-kup),  «.  A  vessel  or  cup  for 
holding  caudle,  a  caudle-cup  and  a  set  of  apostle- 
spoons  formerly  constituted  the  sponsor's  gift  to  the  child 
at  a  christening. 

Still  in  Llewellyn  Hall  the  jests  resound, 

For  now  the  caudle-cup  is  circling  there  ; 

Now,  glad  at  heart,  the  gossips  breathe  their  prayer, 

And,  crowding,  stop  the  cradle  to  admire. 

Rogers,  Human  Life. 

Caudle  lecture.    See  lecture. 

caudotibial  (ka-do-tlb'l-al),  a.  [<  NL.  caudo- 
tibiaUs,  q.  v.]  Pertaining  to  or  connecting  the 
caudal  portion  of  the  body,  or  the  tail,  with  the 
lower  leg  or  tibia:  as,  a  caudotibial  muscle. 

caudotibialis  (ka"d9-tib-i-a'lis),  n. ;  pi.  caudo- 
tibiales  (-lez).  [NL.,  <  L.  cauda,  tail,  +  tihia, 
shin-bone  (cf.  tibialis,  belonging  to  the  shin- 
bone):  see  Cauda,  tibia,  tibial^  A  muscle  which 
in  some  animals,  as  seals,  connects  the  tibia 
with  the  anterior  caudal  vertebrae,  and  is  con- 
sidered to  replace  the  semi-membranosus  and 
semi-tendinosus  muscles. 

caudula  (ka'dii-la),  w. ;  caudulm{-\e).  [NL., 
dim.  of  L.  cawda,  a  tail :  see  cauda.']  laentom., 
a  little  tail-like  process  of  a  margin. 

cauf  (kaf ),  n.    [A  corruption  of  corf  for  corb, 
a  basket:  see  co?/ and  corfci.]   1.  A  chest  with 
holes  for  keeping  fish  alive  in  water. — 2.  Same 
as  corb^,  1. — 3.  In  mining,  same  as  corf. 
Also  spelled  cawf. 

caufle  (ka'fl),  n.    Same  as  coffle. 

cauf-ward  (kaf'ward),  n.    Same  as  calf-ward. 

caught  (kat).  Preterit  and  past  participle  of 
catch^. 

caufcl  (kak),  n.  [E.  dial,  and  Sc.  imassibilated 
form  of  chalk,  q.  v.]  1.  Chalk;  limestone. 
Also  spelled  cawlc.  [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
— 2.  An  English  miners'  name  for  sulphate  of 
baryta  or  heavy-spar. 

cauk'-^  (kak),  v.  t  cauken :  see  caZfcl.]  1. 

To  tread,  as  a  cock. —  2.  To  calk.    See  caZfci. 
cauk^,  n.    See  calk'^. 

cauker^  (ka'ker),  n.  [Sc.,  also  written  cawJcer 
and  caulker.  Origin  uncertain ;  perhaps  <  Icel. 
halkr  =  Sw.  Dan.  kalk,  a  cup,  <  L.  calix,  >  E. 
cfeaZice,  q.  v.]  1.  A  dram  ;  any  small  quantity 
of  spirits  to  be  drunk.  [Slang.] 

Take  a  caulker  ?  .  .  .  No  ?  Tak'  a  drap  o'  kindness  yet 
lor  auld  langsyne.  Eingsley,  Alton  Locke,  xxi. 

2.  An  astonishing  falsehood ;  a  lie.  [Slang.] 

I  also  took  care  that  she  should  never  afterwards  be  able 
to  charge  me  with  having  told  her  a  real  caulker. 

W.  C.  Russell,  Jack's  Courtship,  xxxi. 

cauker^  (ka'ker),  n.    Same  as  calk^. 

cauking  (ka'king),  n.  In  joinery,  a  dovetail 
tenon-and-mortise  joint  used  to  fasten  cross- 
timbers  together:  employed  in 
fitting  down  the  beams  or  other 
timbers  upon  wall-plates.  E.  H. 
Knight. 

cauky  (ka'ki),  a.  [<caMA;i-l--?/i.] 
Pertaining  to  cauk;  like  cauk. 
Also  spelled  cawky. 

cauli(kal),?i.  [Early mod.  E.  also 
call;  <  ME.  calle,  kalle  (also  kelle, 
>  E.  kell,  q.  v.),  <  OP.  cale,  a  kind 
of  cap ;  of  Celtic  origin :  cf .  Ir.  calla  =  OGael. 
call,  a  veil,  hood,  akin  to  L.  cella,  a  cell :  see  cal- 
lofl,  calotte,  and  cell.]  1.  In  the  middle  ages, 
and  down  to  the  seventeenth  century — (a)  A 
net  for  confining  the  hair,  worn  by  women. 

The  proudest  of  hem  alle. 
That  werith  on  a  coverchief  or  a  calle. 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  162. 
Her  head  with  ringlets  of  her  hair  is  crown'd, 
And  in  a  golden  caiU  the  curls  are  bound. 

Dryden,  jEneid,  vii. 

(jb)  More  rarely,  a  head-dress  like  a  flat  turban. 
— 2.  Any  kind  of  small  net ;  a  net. 

An  Indian  mantle  of  feathers,  and  the  feathers  wrought 
into  a  caul  of  packthread.  N.  Grew,  Museum. 

The  very  spider  weaves  her  cauls  with  more  art  and 
cunning  to  entrap  the  fly.      Middleton,  Mad  World,  i.  1. 

3.  A  popular  name  for  a  membrane  investing 
the  viscera,  such  as  the  peritoneum  or  part  of 
it,  or  the  pericardium. 

The  caul  that  is  above  the  liver.  Ex.  xxix.  13. 

The  caul  of  their  heart.  Hos.  xiii.  8. 

The  reins  and  the  caul.       I^^y,  Works  of  Creation,  ii. 

4.  In  anat.,  the  great  or  gastrocolic  omentum; 
the  large  loose  fold  of  peritoneum  which  hangs 
like  an  apron  in  the  abdominal  cavity  in  front 
of  the  intestines,  depending  from  the  stomach 
and  transverse  colon. — 5.  A  portion  of  the  am- 
nion or  membrane  enveloping  the  fetus,  which 


Cauking. 


867 

sometimes  encompasses  the  head  of  a  child 

when  bom.  This  caul  was  (and  still  Is  by  some)  sup- 
posed to  betoken  great  prosperity  for  the  persmi  l)orn 
with  it,  and  to  be  an  infallible  preservative  against  drown- 
ing, as  well  as  to  impart  the  gift  of  eloquence.  During 
the  eighteenth  century  seamen  often  gave  from  $50  to  S150 
for  a  caul. 

You  were  bom  with  a  cawl  on  your  head. 

B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  i.  1. 

caul^  (kal),  n.  [<  F.  cale,  a  wedge,  of  uncer- 
tain origin  ;  perhaps  <  G.  kail,  a  wedge,  <  OHG. 
cMl  =  Icel.  keilir,  a  wedge.]  A  form  used  in 
gluing  veneers  to  curved  surfaces,  it  is  shaped 
to  the  exact  curve  or  form  of  the  piece  to  be  veneered,  and 
is  clamped  against  the  veneer  until  the  glue  has  set. 

cauFt  (kal),  n.  [ME.  caule,  <  L.  caulis,  a  stalk, 
stem:  see  caulis  and  cole^.]    1.  A  stalk;  stem. 

An  esy  wyne  a  man  to  make  stronge. 

Take  leef,  or  roote,  or  cattle  of  nialowe  agrest, 

And  boyle  it,  kest  it  so  thyne  wyne  amonge. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  200. 

2.  A  cabbage. 

cauld^  (kald),  a.  and  n.  A  form  representing 
the  Scotch  pronunciation  of  cold. 

cauld^  (kald),  11.  [Also  written  caul,  a  dam- 
head;  as  a  verb  in  the  expression  "caul  the 
bank"  of  a  river,  that  is,  lay  a  bed  of  loose 
stones  from  the  channel  backward  (Jamieson). 
Origin  obscure.]  A  dam  in  a  river  or  other 
stream;  a  weir.  [Scotch.] 

cauldrife  (kald'rif),  a.  1=  coldrife,  q.  v.]  1. 
Chilly;  cold;  susceptible  to  cold. —  2.  Without 
animation:  as,  a  cawWri/e  sermon.  [Scotch.] 

cauldron,  n.    See  caldron. 

Caulerpa  (ka-ler'pa),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  kuvUc  (= 
L.  caulis:  see  caulis),  a  stalk,  +  kpireiv,  creep.] 
A  large  genus  of  green  srngle-ceUed  algae,  pecu- 
liar to  warm  climates,  and  much  eaten  by  sea- 
turtles. 

caules,  11.    Phu'al  of  caulis. 

caulescent  (ka-les'ent),  a.  [=  F.  caulescent,  < 
L.  caulis,  a  stalk  (see  caulis),  +  -escent,  as  in 
adolescent,  etc.]  In  bot.,  having  an  obvious 
stem  rising  above  the  groimd.  Also  cauliferous. 

caulicle  (ka'li-kl),  n.  {=  F.  caulicule,  <  L.  cauli- 
culus,  also  coliculus,  dim.  of  caulis,  a  stalk :  see 
caulis.']  In  bot.,  a  little  or  rudimentary  stem: 
applied  to  the  initial  stem  (more  frequently  but 
incorrectly  called  the  radicle)  in  the  embryo,  to 
distinguish  it  from  the  cotyledons.  Also  cau- 
licule and  cauliculns. 

caulicole  (ka'li-kol),  n.    Same  as  cauliculus,  1. 

caulicolous  (ka-lik'o-lus),  a.  [<  L.  caulis,  a 
stalk  (see  caulis),  +  colere,  inhabit.]  Growing 
or  living  upon  a  stem:  as,  a  caulicolous  fimgus. 

Cauliculata  (ka-lik-u-la'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  LL.  caulictdatus :  see  caidictdate.]  A  sys- 
tematic name  for  the  black  or  antipatharian  cor- 
als :  synonymous  with  Antipatharia.  Edwards 
and  Haime,  1850. 

cauliculate  (ka-lik'u-lat),  a.  [<  LL.  caulicu- 
latus,  furnished  with  a  stem,  <  L.  cwuliculus : 
see  caidicle.']  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  char- 
acters or  quality  of  the  Cauliculata;  antipatha- 
rian, as  a  coral. 

caulicule  (ka'li-kiil),  n.    Same  as  cauliculus. 
cauliculus  (ka-lik'u-lus),  n.;  pi.  cauUculi  {-]1). 

[Li.,  dim.  of  cau- 
lis, a  stalk :  see 

caulis.]     1.  In 

arch.,  one  of  the 

lesser  branches 

or  leaves  in  the 

typical  Corin- 
thian capital, 

springing  from 

the    caules  or 

main  stalks 

which  support 

the  volutes. 

They  are  some- 
times confounded 

with     the  main 

stalks  from  which 

they     spring,  or 

with    the  helices 

in  the  middle  of 

the  sides  of  the  capital.    Also  caulicolus,  caulicole,  and 

caulicule. 

2.  In  bot.,  same  as  caulicle. 
cauliferous  (ka-lif'e-rus),  a.    [=  F.  caulifire,  < 
L.  caulis,  a  stalk,  -I-  ferre  =  E.  6earl.]    In  bot., 

same  as  caulescent. 

cauliflower  (ka'li-flou-er),  n.  [Earlier  colli- 
flower,  collyflory,  colieflorie,  cole  florie,  modified, 
in  imitation  of  E.  cole^,  L.  caulis,  and  E.  flower, 
from  the  F.  name  choux  floris  or  fleuris  (Cot- 
grave):  choux,  pi.  of  chou  =  E.  cole,  cabbage, 
<  L.  caulis,  a  cabbage,  orig.  a  stalk  (see  cole^, 
caulis);  floris,  fleuris,  pp.  pi.  of  florir,  later 


Detail  of  Corinthian  Capital, 
caulis :  B,  cauliculus. 


caup  . 

^?<nr,  flourish :  see  flourish.  The  present  F. 
form  is  choufleur  =.  Sp.  coliflor  =  Pg.  couveflor 
=  It.  cavol  fiore,  lit.  'cole-flower':  see  cote^ 
and  flower.]  A  garden  variety  of  Jirassica  ole- 
racea,  or  cabbage,  the  inflorescence  of  which  is 
condensed  while  young  into  a  depressed  fleshy 
head,  which  is  highly  esteemed  as  a  vegetable. 

—  Cauliflower  excrescence,  epithelial  cancer  of  the 
mouth  of  the  uterus.-   Cauliflower  Wig.    Hec,  wig. 

cauliform  (ka'li-f  6rm),  a.  [<  L.  caulis,  a  stalk, 
-i-  forma,  form.]  In  bot.,  having  the  form  of  a 
stem. 

cauligenous  (ka-lij'e-nus),  a.  [<  L.  caulis,  a 
stalk,  4-  -genus,  -producing,  -borne :  see  -ge- 
nous.]    In  bot,  borne  upon  the  stem. 

caulinary  (ka'li-na-ri),  a.  [<  cuuline  -¥  -ary ; 
=  F.  caulinaire  =  fep.  caulinario.]  In  bot.,  be- 
longing to  the  stem :  specifically  applied  to 
stipules  which  arc  attached  to  the  stem  and  free 
from  the  base  of  the  petiole. 

cauline  (ka'lin),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  "caulinus,  <  Gr. 
kclvAlvo^,  <  tiav'Aoc,  a  stalk,  stem :  see  caulis.]  In 
bot.,  of  or  belonging  to  a  stem:  as,  cauline 
leaves. 

When  flbro-vascular  bundles  are  formed  in  the  stem 
having  no  connection  with  the  leaves,  they  are  termed  by 
Nageli  cauline  bundles.       Sachs,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  134. 

caulis  (ka'lis),  n.;  pi.  caules  (-lez).  [L.,  also 
colis  (>  E.  colc'^,  q.  v.),  <  Gr.  kuvIo^,  a  stalk,  a 
stem.]  1.  In  arch.,  one  of  the  main  stalks  or 
leaves  which  spring  from  between  the  acanthus- 
leaves  of  the  second  row  on  each  side  of  the 
typical  Corinthian  capital,  and  are  cai-ried  up 
to  support  the  volutes  at  the  angles.  Compare 
caulictdus,  1. —  2.  In  bot.,  the  stem  of  a  plant. 

caulk,  V.  t.    See  eaZfcl. 

caulker'^,  n.    See  calker'^. 

caulker^,  n.    See  cauker'^. 

caulkingi,  «.    See  calking^. 

caulking^,  «.    See  calking^. 

caulocarpic  (ka-16-kar'pik),  a.  [As  caulocarp- 
ous  +  -ic]    Same  as  caulocarpous. 

caulocarpous  (ka-lo-kar'pus),  a.  [=  F.  caulo- 
carpe,  <  Gr.  mvXof;  (=  L.  caulis),  a  stem,  -I-  KaprrSg, 
fruit.]  In  bot.,  bearing  fruit  repeatedly  upon 
the  same  stem :  applied  to  such  plants  as  have 
perennial  stems. 

caulome  (ka'lom),  n.  [<  Gr.  KavXog,  a  stem: 
see  caulis  and  cole^.]  In  bot.,  the  stem  or  stem- 
like portion  of  a  plant;  the  stem-structure  or 
axis. 

caulophyllin  (ka-lo-fil'in),  n.  [<  Caidophyllum 
+  -in^.]  A  resinous  substance  precipitated  by 
water  from  the  tincture  of  the  plant  C'aulo- 
phyllum  thalictr aides. 

Caulophyllum  (ka-lo-fil'um),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

KavMg  (=  L.  caulis),  stem,  stalk,  +  (fivXkov  —  L. 
folium,  leaf.]  A  genus  of  plants,  natural  order 
Berberidacece,  including  one  North  American 
and  two  Asiatic  species,  perennial  tuberous- 
rooted  herbs,  bearing  usually  a  single  leaf  and 
a  raceme  of  flowers,  succeeded  by  blue  berries. 
The  American  species,  C.  thalictroides,  known 
as  blue  cohosh,  is  reputed  to  have  medicinal 
properties. 

Oaulopteris  (ka-lop'  te-ris),  71.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

KavMg,  a  stem,  -h  irrepi^,  a  fern,  <  TtTepov,  a  wing, 
=  E.  feather.]  One  of  the  generic  names  given 
by  fossil-botanists  to  fragments  of  the  trunks 
of  tree-ferns  characterized  by  the  forms  of  the 
impressions,  or  scars,  as  they  are  called,  mark- 
ing the  place  where  the  petioles  were  attached, 
found  in  the  Devonian  and  in  the  coal-mea- 
SUl'es.  In  Caulopteris  these  scars  are  ovate  or  elliptical, 
and  their  inner  disk  is  usually  marked  by  linear  bands, 
which,  however,  are  sometimes  effaced  by  impressions  of 
the  rootlets.  Stemmatopteris  and  Megaphytim  are  forms 
closely  allied  to  Caulopteris,  differing  from  that  genus  only 
in  some  slight  and  uncertain  details  in  the  form  and  ar- 
rangement of  the  scars. 

caumat  (ka'ma),  n.  [LL.,  <  Gr.  Kov/ja,  heat :  see 
calm'^.]  In  med.,  heat;  inflammation;  fever:  a 
word  formerly  used  in  the  designation  of  vari- 
ous diseases,  especially  those  exhibiting  inflam- 
mation and  fever,  as  cauma  pleuritis,  pleurisy; 
cauma  podagricum,  gout;  but  also  cauma  ha>- 
morrhagicum,  so-called  active  hemorrhage. 

caumatict  (ka-mat'ik),  a.  [<  cauma{t-)  +  -ic] 
In  tned.,  of  the  nature  of  cauma. 

caunter,  caunter-lode  (kan'ter,  -lod),  n.  [Dial, 
var.  of  counter{-lode).]    Same  as  counter-lode. 

caupl  (kap),  V.  t.  [E.  dial.  var.  of  cheap,  v., 
after  Icel.  kaupa,  buy  or  sell,  bargain,  =  D. 
koopen,  buy,  etc. :  see  cheap),  v.]  To  exchange. 
[North.  Eng.] 

There  is  a  wonderful  sameness  about  the  diet  on  board 
a  smack,  but  the  quantity  consumed  is  prodigious.  It 
certainly  is  sometimes  a  little  varied  by  kauping,  or  ex- 
changing on  board  of  passing  ships,  and  occasional  par- 
cels by  the  carrier.    Quoted  in  iV.  and  Q. ,  7th  ser. ,  IV.  16S. 


caup 

caup2  (kap),  M.  [Same  as  cap^,  q.  v.]  A  cup 
or  wooden  bowl.  [Scotch.] 

caup^t  (kap),  ».  and  r.    See  coup^. 

cauponatet  (ka'po-nat),  v.  i.  [<  L.  caupona- 
ttis,  pp.  of  cauponari,  traffic,  <  caupo{n-),  a  petty- 
tradesman,  huckster,  innkeeper.  See  cheap.} 
To  keep  a  victualing-house  or  an  inn;  hence, 
to  engage  in  petty  trafficking;  huckster. 

cauponationt  (ka-po-na'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if 
*C(U(ponatio{ii-),  <  cauponaius :  see  cauponate.'] 
Low  trafficking;  huckstering. 

Better  it  were  to  have  a  deformity  in  preaching,  so  that 
some  would  preacli  tlie  truth  of  God,  and  that  which  is  to 
be  preached,  wilhmt  cauponation  a.\n\  aiiulteration  of  the 
word,  .  .  .  tliau  to  liave  such  a  uniformity  tliat  the  silly 
people  should  be  thereby  occasioned  to  continue  still  in 
their  lamentable  ignorance. 

Latimer,  Sermons  and  Remains,  ii.  347. 
I  shall  now  trace  and  expose  their  corruptions  and  cau- 
ponatiom  of  the  gospel.  Bentlcy. 

cauponizet  (ka'po-nlz),  ».  i.  1<'L.  caupoH{ari) 
+  -ize.  See  cauponate.']  To  sell  wine  or  vict- 
uals. 

The  rich  rogues  who  cauponized  to  the  armies  in  Ger- 
many. Warburton,  To  Hurd,  Letters,  cl.wi. 

caurale  (ka'ral),  «.  A  name  of  the  sun-Mttern, 
l^'O'Hl'!/!/"  litHds.    Also  called  carle. 

Caurus  (ka'rus),  n.  [L.,  also  Corus,  the  north- 
west mud;  prob.  for  *scaurus=  Goth,  stura,  a 
storm  (ski'tra  winclis,  a  stoi-m  of  wind),  =  AS. 
sciir,  E.  shower:  related  to  L.  obsciirns,  obscure: 
see  shower  and  obscure.]  The  classical  name  of 
the  northwest  wind,  which  in  Italy  is  a  stormy 
one. 

A  swifte  wynde  that  heyhte  Chonis. 

Chaucer,  Boethius,  i.  meter  3. 
The  ground  by  piercing  Caurtis  sear'd. 

Thomson,  Castle  of  Indolence,  st.  76. 

causable  (ka'za-bl),  a.  [<  came  +  -able.]  Ca- 
pable of  being  caused,  produced,  or  effected. 

For  that  may  be  miraculously  effected  in  one  which  is 
naturally  causable  in  another. 

Sir  T.  Browm,  Vulg.  Err.,  lii.  21. 

causal  (ka'zal),  a.  and  n.     [=  F.  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 

causal  =  lt.  causale,  <  Ij.causalis,  <  causa,  cause: 
see  cause,  n.]    I.  a.  1.  Constituting  or  being  a 
cause ;  producing  effects  or  results ;  causative ; 
creative :  as,  causal  energy. 
In  quietness  yield  thy  soul  to  the  causal  soul. 

Marrj.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  20. 

2.  Eelating  to  a  cause  or  causes ;  implying  or 
containing  a  cause  or  causes;  expressing  a 
cause. 

Causal  propositions  are  where  two  propositions  are 
joined  by  causal  words,  as  .  .  .  that  ...  or  ...  be- 
cause. Watts,  Logic. 
Causal  deflnition,  a  definition  which  expresses  the  causes 
essential  to  the  existence  of  the  thing  defined. 

II.  n.  In  (/)•«»;.,  a  word  that  expresses  a  cause, 
or  introduces  a  reason. 

causalgia  (ka-zal'ji-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kavodg, 
burning,  -I-  d/.;of,  pain.]  In  pathol,  an  intense 
burning  pain. 

causality  (ka-zal'i-ti),  n.;  pi.  causalities  (-tiz). 
[=  F.  causalite  -  Sp.  causalidad  =  Pg.  causali- 
dade  =  It.  causalitd,  <  L.  as  if  *causalitas,  < 
causalis,  causal:  see  causal.]  1.  That  which 
constitutes  a  cause;  the  activity  of  causing; 
the  character  of  an  event  as  causing. 

As  he  created  all  things,  so  is  he  beyond  and  in  them 
all,  in  his  very  essence,  as  being  the  soul  of  their  causali- 
ties, and  the  essential  cause  of  their  existences. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

2.  The  relation  of  cause  to  effect,  or  of  effect 
to  cause ;  the  law  or  principle  that  nothing  can 
happen  or  come  into  existence  without  a  cause. 
See  law  of  causation,  under  causation. 

Although,  then,  the  law  of  causality  permits  us  to  say 
that  for  every  given  event  there  is  a  series  of  events  from 
which  it  must  follow,  it  does  not  permit  us  to  say  what 
these  events  are.  Adamson,  Philos.  of  Kant. 

3.  In  phren.,  the  faculty,  localized  in  an  or- 
gan or  division  of  the  brain,  to  which  is  attrib- 
uted the  tracing  of  effects  to  their  causes.— 


868 


Principle  of  causality.  See  law  of  causation,  under 
causation. 

causally  (ka'zal-i),  adv.  As  a  cause;  accord- 
ing to  the  order  of  causes ;  by  tracing  effects 
to  causes.    Sir  T.  Browne. 

The  world  of  experience  must  be  for  intelligence  a  system 
of  things  causally  connected.    Adamson,  Philos.  of  Kant. 

causalty  (ka'zal-ti),  M.  [Origin  imcertain.]  In 
mining,  the  lighter,  earthy  parts  of  ore  carried 
off  by  washing. 

causation  (ka-za'shon),  n.  [<  cause,  v.,  + 
-ation;  =  F.  causation"  L.  causatio(n-)  has  only 
the  deflected  sense  of  '  a  pretext,  excuse,'  ML. 
also  'controversy,'  <  causari,  plead,  pretend: 
see  cause,  v.]  The  act  of  causing  or  producing ; 
the  principle  of  causality ;  the  relation  of  cause 
to  effect,  or  of  effect  to  cause. 


In  contemplating  the  series  of  causes  which  are  them- 
selves the  effects  of  other  causes,  we  are  necessarily  led  to 
assume  a  Supreme  Cause  in  the  order  of  causation,  as  we 
assume  a  Fii-st  Cause  in  the  order  of  succession. 

Wkewell,  Nov.  Org.  Renovatum,  III.  x.  §  7. 
Physics  knows  nothing  of  causation  except  tliat  it  is  the 
invariable  and  unconditional  sequence  of  one  event  upon 
another.  J.  Fiske,  Cosmic  Philos.,  I.  127. 

An  adequate  consciousness  of  causation  yields  the  ir- 
resistible belief  that  from  the  most  serious  to  the  most 
trivial  actions  of  men  in  society  there  must  flow  conse- 
quences wliich,  quite  apart  from  legal  agency,  conduce  to 
well-being  or  ill-being  in  greater  or  smaller  degree. 

H.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  19. 
Law  Of  causation,  or  principle  of  causality,  the  law 
or  doctrine  that  every  event  is  the  result  or  sequel  of 
some  previous  event  or  events,  without  which  it  could 
not  have  taken  place,  and  which  being  present  it  must 
take  place. 

causationism  (ka-za'shon-izm),  n.  [<  causa- 
tion +  -ism.]  The  theory  or  law  of  causation. 
See  causation. 
causationist  (ka-za'shon-ist),  n.  [<  causa- 
tion +  -ist.]  A  believer  in  the  law  of  causa- 
tion. 

All  successful  men  have  agreed  in  one  thing,— they 
were  causationists.  They  believed  that  things  went  not 
by  luck,  but  by  law.  Emerson,  Power. 

causative  (ka'za-tiv),  a.  and  n.    [=F.  causatif 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  cdusativo,  <  L.  causativus,  causa- 
tive, pertaining  to  a  lawsuit,  accusative,  <  cau- 
sa, cause:  see  cause,  n.]    I.  a.  1.  Effective  as 
a  cause  or  an  agent ;  causal. 

The  notion  of  a  Deity  doth  expressly  signify  a  being  .  .  . 
potential  or  causative  of  all  beings  beside  itself. 

Bp.  Pearson,  Expos,  of  Creed,  i. 

2.  In  grraw.,  expressing  causation :  as,  a  causa- 
tive verb :  for  example,  to  fell  (cause  to  fall),  to 
set  (cause  to  sit)  ;  the  causative  conjugation  of 
a  verb,  such  as  is  common  in  Sanskrit.  Also 
sometimes  applied  to  the  case  by  which  cause 
is  expressed,  as  the  Latin  ablative. 

II.  n.  A  form  of  verb  or  noun  having  causa- 
tive value. 

causatively  (ka'za-tiv-li),  adv.    In  a  causative 
manner. 

causativity  (ka-za-tiv'i-ti),  n.     [<  causative  + 
-it;/.]    The  state  or  quality  of  being  causative, 
causatort  (ka-za'tor),  n.    [Cf.  ML.  cansator,  a 
party  to  a  suit;  <  L.  causare,  cause.]   One  who 
causes  or  produces  an  effect. 
The  invisible  condition  of  the  first  causator. 

Sir  T.  Broume,  Vulg.  Err. 

cause  (kaz),  n.    [<  ME.  cause,  <  OF.  cause,  also 
cose,  a  cause,  a  thing  (F.  cause,  a  cause,  chose,  a 
thing:  see  chose'^),  =Pr.  causa  =S-p.  It.  causa, 
cosa  =  Pg.  causa,  cousa,  coisa,  <  L.  causa,  also 
spelled  caussa,  a  cause,  reason,  in  ML.  also  a 
thing;  origin  uncertain.  See  accuse,  excuse.]  1. 
That  by  the  power  of  which  an  event  or  thing 
is;  a  principle  from  which  an  effect  arises; 
that  upon  which  something  depends  per  se;  in 
general,  anything  which  stands  to  something 
else  in  a  real  relation  analogous  to  the  mental 
relation  of  the  antecedent  to  the  consequent 
of  a  conditional  proposition.    Nominalist  philoso- 
phers commonly  hold  that  every  eff^ect  is  the  result  not 
of  one  but  of  many  causes  (see  total  cause,  below) ;  but 
the  usual  doctrine  is  that  the  effect  is  an  abstract  ele- 
ment of  a  thing  or  event,  while  the  cause  is  an  ab- 
stract element  of  an  antecedent  event.    Four  kinds  of 
causes  are  recognized  by  Aristotelians  :  the  material 
formal,  efficient,  and  final  cause.    Material  cause  is  that 
which  gives  being  to  the  thing,  the  matter  by  the  de- 
termination of  which  it  is  constituted ;  formal  cause, 
that  which  gives  the  thing  its  characteristics,  the  form  or 
determination  by  which  the  matter  becomes  the  thing ;  effi- 
cient  cause,  an  external  cause  preceding  its  effect  in  time, 
and  distinguished  from  material  and  formal  cause  by 
being  external  to  that  which  it  causes,  and  from  the  end 
or  filial  cause  in  being  that  by  which  something  is  made 
or  done,  and  not  merely  that  for  the  sake  of  which  it  is 
made  or  done ;  final  cause,  an  external  cause  followin"- 
after  that  which  it  determines  (called  the  means),  the 
end  for  which  the  effect  exists.    Other  divisions  of  causes 
are  as  follows :  subordinate  or  second  cause,  one  which  is 
itself  caused  by  something  else ;  first  cause,  that  which 
is  not  caused  by  anything  else ;  proximate  or  immediate 
cause,  one  between  which  and  the  effect  no  other  cause 
intervenes,  or,  in  law,  that  from  which  the  efi'ect  might 
be  expected  to  follow  without  the  concurrence  of  any  un- 
usual circumstances ;  remote  cause,  the  opposite  of  proxi- 
mate cause;  total  cause,  the  aggregate  of  all  the  ante- 
cedents which  suffice  to  bring  about  the  event;  partial 
cause,  something  which  tends  to  bring  about  an  effect, 
but  only  in  conjunction  with  other  causes;  emanative 
cause,  that  which  by  its  mere  existence  determines  the 
effect ;  active  cause,  that  which  brings  about  the  effect  by 
an  action  or  operation,  termed  the  causation;  immanent 
cause,  that  which  brings  about  some  effect  within  itself, 
as  the  mind  calling  up  an  image ;  transient  cause,  that 
whose  effect  lies  outside  itself ;  free  cause,  that  which  is 
self-determined  and  free  to  act  or  not  act:  opposed  to 
necessary  cause;  principal  cause,  that  upon  which  the 
effect  mainly  depends ;  instrumental  cause,  a  cause  sub- 
servient to  the  principal  cause.    The  above  are  the  chief 
distinctions  of  the  Aristotelians.    The  physicians,  follow- 
ing Galen,  recognized  three  kinds  of  causes,  the  proca- 
tarctK,  proegumenal,  and  synectic.  The  procatarctic  cause 
IS  an  antecedent  condition  of  things  outside  of  the  princi- 


cause 

pal  cause,  facilitating  the  production  of  the  effect  •  the 

proegumenal  cause  is  tliat  within  the  principal  cause 
which  either  predisposes  or  directly  excites  it  to  action  ■ 
and  the  stjnectic,  containing,  or  continent  cause  is  the  es- 
sence of  the  disease  itself  considered  as  the  cause  of  the 
symptoms ;  thus  typhoid  fever  might  be  referred  to  as 
the  continent  cause  of  ocher-stools  or  a  quickened  pulse 
Other  varieties  are  the  occasional  cause  (see  occasionalism)  '■ 
moral  cattse,  the  person  inciting  the  agent  to  action  •  ob' 
jective  cause,  the  ideas  which  excite  the  imagination  of 
the  agent ;  and  sufiicient  cause,  one  which  suffices  to  bring 
about  the  effect  (see  sufficient  reason,  under  reason). 

In  virtue  of  his  character  as  knowing,  therefore  we  are 
entitled  to  say  that  man  is,  according  to  a  certain  well- 
denned  meaning  of  the  term,  a  free  cause. 

T.  II.  Green,  Prolegomena  to  Ethics,  §  74. 
Cause  is  the  condensed  expression  of  the  factors  of  any 
phenomenon,  the  effect  being  the  fact  itself. 

G.  II.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Miiid,  II.  v.  §  19. 
Of  these  two  senses  of  the  word  cause,  viz.,  that  which 
brings  a  thing  to  be,  and  that  on  which  a  thing  under 
given  circumstances  foUows,  the  former  is  that  of  which 
our  experience  is  the  earlier  and  more  intimate,  being 
suggested  to  us  by  our  consciousness  of  willing  and  doing 
J.  II.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  Gs! 

Specifically — 2.  An  antecedent  upon  which  an 
effect  follows  according  to  a  law  of  nature ;  an 

efficient  cause.  The  common  conception  of  a  cause 
as  producing  an  effect  similar  to  itself  at  a  later  time  and 
without  essential  reference  to  any  third  factor,  is  at  vari- 
ance with  the  established  principles  of  mechanics.  Two 
successive  positions  of  a  system  must  be  known,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  law  of  the  force,  before  a  position  can  be  pre- 
dicted; but  the  common  idea  of  a  cause  is  that  of  a 
single  antecedent  determining  a  consequent  of  the  same 
nature.  Moreover,  tlie  action  of  a  force  is  strictly  con- 
temporaneous with  it  and  comes  to  an  end  with  it ;  and 
no  known  law  of  nature  coordinates  events  separated  by 
an  interval  of  time. 

3.  The  reason  or  motive  for  mental  action  or 
decision ;  ground  for  action  in  general. 

I  have  full  cattse  of  weeping ;  but  this  heart 
Shall  break  into  a  hundred  thousand  flaws, 
Or  ere  I'll  weep.  Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  4. 

This  was  the  only  Funeral  Feast  that  ever  I  was  at 
among  them,  and  they  gave  me  cause  to  remember  it. 

Dumpier,  Voyages,  II.  i.  92. 

4.  In  law,  a  legal  proceeding  between  adverse 
parties;  a  case  for  judicial  decision.  See 

case^,  5. 

Hear  the  causes  between  your  brethren,  and  judge  right- 
eously between  every  man  and  his  brother,  and  the  stran- 
ger that  is  with  him.  Deut.  i.  16. 

Remember  every  cause 
Stands  not  on  eloquence,  but  stands  on  laws. 

Story,  Advice  to  a  Young  Lawyer. 

5.  In  a  general  sense,  any  subject  of  question 
or  debate  ;  a  subject  of  special  interest  or  con- 
cern; business;  affair. 

What  counsel  give  you  in  this  weighty  cause? 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  Hi.  1. 
The  cause  craves  haste.  Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1295. 

I  think  of  her  whose  gentle  tongue 
All  plaint  in  her  own  cause  controll'd. 

M.  Arnold,  A  Southern  Night. 

6.  Advantage;  interest;  sake. 
I  did  it  not  for  his  cause  that  had  done  the  wrong. 

2  Cor.  vii.  12. 

7.  That  side  of  a  question  which  an  individual 
or  party  takes  up;  that  object  to  which  the 
efforts  of  a  person  or  party  are  directed. 

They  never  fail  who  die 
In  a  great  cause.    Byron,  Marino  Faliero,  ii.  2. 
A  cause  which  is  vigorous  after  centuries  of  defeat  is  a 
cause  baffled  but  not  hopeless,  beaten  but  not  subdued. 

G.  II.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  §  7. 
Cause  of  action,  in  law,  the  situation  or  state  of  facts 
whicli  entitles  a  party  to  sustain  an  action  ;  a  right  of 
recovery.  —  Country  cause,  in  Fng.  legal  pi-aetice,  a  suit 
against  a  defendant  residing  more  than  twenty  miles  from 
London.— Degrading  causes,  in  geol.    See  degrading. 

—Entitled  in  the  cause.    See  ejifiHe.- Fallacy  of 

false  cause.  See  fallacy.— Toi  cause,  for  a  legally 
sufficient  reason  :  as,  some  officers  are  not  removable  ex- 
cept for  cause  (used  in  contradistinction  to  at  pleasure). 

—  Matrimonial  causes.  See  inatrimonial.—  Onerovis 

cause.  See  onejoMS.— Probable  cause  (used  with  ref- 
erence to  criminal  prosecutions),  such  a  state  of  facts  and 
circumstances  as  would  lead  a  man  of  ordinary  caution 
and  prudence,  acting  conscientiously,  impartially,  reason- 
ably, and  without  prejudice,  upon  the  facts  within  his 
knowledge,  to  believe  that  the  person  accused  is  guilty.— 

The  First  Cause,  God.  See  def.  i,  above.— To  make 
common  cause  with,  to  join  with  for  the  attainment  of 
some  object ;  side  with  strongly  ;  aid  and  support. 
She  found  I  was  a  devil  and  no  man, — 
Made  common  cause  with  those  who  found  as  much. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  613. 
To  show  cause,  to  present  a  reason  :  as,  an  order  of 
court  requiring  a  person  to  show  cause  why  he  should 
not  be  punished  for  contempt.— Town  cause,  in  Eng. 
legal  practice,  a  suit  against  a  defendant  residing  not 
more  than  twenty  miles  from  London, 
cause  (kaz),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caused,  ppr.  caus- 
ing. [<  ME.  causen  =  F.  causer  =  Sp.  Pg.  causar 
=  It.  causare,  cause  (cf .  L.  causari,  give  as  a  rea- 
son, pretend,  ML.  causare,  litigate,  plead,  >  P. 
causer,  etc.,  talk:  see  causeuse);  from  the  noun: 
see  cause,  n.]  I,  trans.  1.  To  act  as  a  cause 
or  agent  in  producing;  effect ;  bring  about;  be 
the  occasion  of. 


cause 


869 


cauterization 


They  caused  great  joy  unto  all  the  brethren.    Acts  xv.  3. 
You  cannot  guess  who  caused  your  father's  death. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  ii.  2. 
July  does  not  cattse  August,  though  it  invariably  pre- 
cedes it.  J.  Fiske,  Cosmic  Philos.,  I.  154. 

2.  To  make ;  force ;  compel :  with  an  infinitive 
after  the  object:  as,  the  storm  caused  him  to 
seek  shelter. 

1  will  cause  him  to  fall  by  the  sword.  2  Ki.  xix.  7. 

And  so  ever  ony  Sarazin  comyth  by  that  Sepulcre  lie 
cast  a  stonne  ther  att  with  grett  violence  and  Dispite  by 
cause  the  seyd  Absoloa  pursued  hys  father,  king  David, 
and  cause  hym  to  flee. 

Torkington,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travell,  p.  28. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  show  cause ;  give  reasons. 
But  he,  to  shifte  their  curious  request, 
Gan  causen  why  she  could  not  come  in  place. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  ix.  26. 

causefult  (kaz'fiil),  a.  l<  cause  + -ful,  1.1  Hav- 
ing a  real  or  sufficient  cause.  Spenser. 
Wail  thyself !  and  wail  with  causefull  tears. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  in  Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  550. 

causeless  (kaz'les),  a.  [<  cause  +  -less.l  1. 
Having  no  cause  or  producing  agent;  self- 
originated;  uncreated. 

Beach  the  Almighty's  sacred  throne, 
And  make  his  catweicss  power  the  causeof  all  things  known. 
,  — '  Sir  R.  Blackmore,  Creation. 

2.  Without  just  ground,  reason,  or  motive : 
as,  cawseZess  hatred;  causeless  f.e&v. 

Your  causeless  hate  to  me  I  hope  is  buried. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  i.  2. 
Causeless  wars  that  never  had  an  aim. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  332. 

causelesst  (kaz'les),  adv.  Without  cause. 
Chaucer. 

causelessly  (kaz'les-U),  adv.    In  a  causeless 
manner;  ■without  cause  or  reason. 
Carelessly  and  causelessly  neglect  it. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Repentance,  x.  §  4. 

causelessness  (kaz'les-nes),  n.    [<  causeless  + 
-ncss.l    The  state  of  being  causeless, 
causer  (ka'zer),  n.    One  who  or  that  which 
causes ;  the  agent  or  act  by  which  an  effect  is 
produced. 

Is  not  the  causer  of  the  timeless  deaths 
Of  these  Plantagenets  .  .  . 
As  blameful  as  the  executioner  ? 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  2. 

causeuse  (ko-zez'),  n.  [F.,  prop.  fem.  of  cau- 
seur,  talkative,  a  talker,  <  causer,  talk:  see 
cause,  V. «'.]  A  small  sofa  or  settee  for  two  per- 
sons. 

cause'way,  causey  (kaz'wa,  ka'zi),  n.  [Prop. 
causey  (the  form  causeway,  <  ME.  cawcewey, 
cawcy  wey  (Prompt.  Parv.),  being  a  popular  per- 
version, in  simulation  of  way,  a  road),  early 
mod.  E.  also  cuusay,  coasay,  <  ME.  cauci,  kauce, 
cawse,  cawsee,  also  cauchie,  cawchie,  <  OF.  *cau- 
eie,  cauchie,  cauchiee,  chaucie,  F.  chaussee  =  Pr. 
caussada  =  Sp.  calzada,  <  ML.  calceata,  rarely 
calciata  (also  calcea,  calceia,  after  the  OF.  form), 
a  paved  road  (sc.  L.  via,  a  way,  road;  cf.  E. 
street,  ult.  <  LL.  strata  (sc.  L.  via),  a  paved 
road),  prop.  fem.  of  *calceatus,  *calciatus,  pp. 
of  *calceare,  calciare,  pave,  make  a  road  or 
causeway  (Pg.  cal^ar,  pave;  cf.  OF.  cauchier, 
chancier,  traverse  a  road),  <  L.  calx  (calc-,  calci-), 
limestone,  lime,  chalk,  the  verb  having  refer- 
ence to  the  use  of  broken  limestone,  and,  appar. 
in  a  more  general  application,  of  any  broken 
stone,  or  of  gravel  (cf .  L.  dim.  calculus,  a  pebble, 
gravel,  calculosus,  calculous,  gravelly),  or  less 
prob.  to  the  use  of  lime  or  mortar,  in  making 
such  roads:  see  calx,  chalk,  calculus.  The  verb 
is  by  some  identified  with  L.  calceare,  also  cal- 
ciare (>0F.  cauchier,  Gaucher,  caucer,  P.  chausser 
=  Pr.  caussar  =  Sp.  calsar  =  Pg.  calgar  =  It. 
calzare),  shoe,  provide  with  shoes,  <  L.  calceus, 
a  shoe :  see  calceate.  Causeway,  being  now 
known  to  be  a  false  form,  is  beginning  to  be 
avoided  by  some  writers.]  1.  A  road  or  path 
raised  above  the  natural  level  of  the  ground 
by  stones,  earth,  timber,  fascines,  or  the  like, 
serving  as  a  dry  passage  over  wet  or  marshy 
ground,  over  shallow  water,  or  along  the  top  of 
an  embankment. 

At  the  foote  of  the  castell  was  the  maras,  depe  on  alle 
sides,  and  ther-to  was  noon  entre  saf  a  litill  cawchie  that 
was  narowe  and  straite  of  half  a  myle  of  lengthe. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  380. 

Such  are  the  making  and  repayring  of  Bridges,  Causeyes, 
Conduits  to  conuey  water  to  their  Hospitalls  or  Temples. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  297. 

It  is  strange  to  see  the  chargeable  pavements  and  cause- 
ways in  the  avenues  and  entrances  of  towns  abroad  be- 
yond the  seas. 

Bacon,  Charge  upon  the  Commission  for  the  'Verge. 
The  other  way  Satan  went  down 
The  causey  to  hell-gate.         Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  415. 


A  narrow  girdle  of  rough  stones  and  crags, 
A  rude  and  natural  causeway,  interposed 
Between  the  water  and  a  winding  slope 
Of  copse  and  thicket. 

Wordsworth,  Naming  of  Places,  iv. 
The  old  <ind  ponderous  trunks  of  prostrate  trees 
That  lead  from  knoll  to  knoll  a  causey  rude. 

Bryant,  Entrance  to  a  Wood. 

2.  A  sidewalk,  or  path  at  the  side  of  a  street  or 

road  raised  above  the  carriageway  Crown  of 

the  causey.  See  crown. —  Giant's  Causeway,  a  jnom- 
ontory  of  columnar  basalt  covering  large  Hat  areas  on  the 
coast  of  Antrim,  in  tlie  north  of  Ireland,  where  the  for- 
mations are  finely  displayed  in  the  close-fitting  hexagonal 
pillars,  distinctly  marked,  and  varying  in  diameter  from 
15  to  20  inches,  with  a  height  of  20  feet  in  some  places. 
See  basalt. 

causeway,  causey  (kaz'wa,  ka'zi),  v.  t.  [< 
causeway,  causey,  ».]  To  pro'vide  with  a  cause- 
way ;  pave,  as  a  road  or  street,  with  blocks  of 
stone. 

The  white  worn  stones  which  causewayed  the  piiddle  of 
the  path.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Jane  Eyre,  xii. 

causey,  «.  and  v.  See  causeway. 
causia  (ka'sia),  n.  [<  Gr.  Kavaia,  <  Ka'tu,  KavGig.'] 
A  broad-brimmed  felt  hat,  with  a  very  low 
cro-wn,  or  sometimes  no  distinct  crown,  form- 
ing part  of  the  national  costume  of  the  ancient 
Macedonians  and  of  related  peoples,  as  the 
Illyrians.  it  was  worn  by  kings,  dyed  purple  and  sur- 
rounded by  a  white  or  gold  embroidered  diadem  in  the 
form  of  a  narrow  band,  of  which  the  fringed  ends  hung 
down  at  the  back. 

The  kausia  .  .  .  had  a  very  broad  brim  and  a  very  low 
crown,  and  belonged  to  the  Macedonian,  ^tolian,  lUyrian, 
and  also  perhaps  Thessalian  costume. 

C.  0.  Mailer,  Manual  of  Archseol.  (trans.),  §  338. 

causid  (ka'sid),  n.   A  snake  of  the  family  Cau- 

sidcc. 

Causidae  (ka'si-de),  n.  pi.  [KL.,  <  Causus  + 
-idce.2  A  family  of  solenoglyph  Ophidia,  typified 
by  the  genus  Causus,  ha\'ing  the  maxillary  bone 
not  excavated,  the  poison-fang  grooved  in  front, 
and  a  postfrontal  bone  present.  The  genera  be- 
sides Causus  are  Heterophis  and  Dinodipsas.  They  are 
venomous  serpents,  most  nearly  related  to  the  Viperidoe 
or  vipers. 

causidical  (ka-sid'i-kal),  a.    [<  LL.  causidicalis, 
<  L.  causidicus,  an  advocate  or  pleader,  <  causa, 
a  cause,  +  dicere,  say.]    Pertaining  to  an  advo- 
cate, or  to  pleading  or  the  defense  of  suits, 
caussont,  n.    Same  as  cavezon. 
caustic  (kas'tik),  a.  and  n.    [=  F.  caustique  = 
Sp.  cdustico  =  Pg.  caustico  =  It.  caustico,  <  L. 
causticiis,  <  Gr.  mvariKdq,  caustic,  corrosive,  ca- 
pable of  burning,  <  Kavarog,  verbal  adj.  of  Kakiv, 
burn:  see  calm'-,  cauma,  causus,  and  cf.  encaus- 
tic.']    1,  a.  1.  Capable  of  burning,  corroding, 
or  destroying  the  tissue  of  animal  substances. 
See  causticity. — 2.  Figuratively,  severely  crit- 
ical or  sarcastic;  cutting:  as,  a  caustic  remark. 
Let  their  humom-  be  never  so  caustic. 

Smollett,  Humphrey  Clinker. 
Those  illusions  of  fancy  which  were  at  length  dispelled 
by  the  caustic  satire  of  Cervantes. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  Int. 

Caustic  alcohol,  barley,  etc.  See  the  nouns.— Caustic 

curve,  in  math.  See  II.,  3.— Caustic  potash,  potassium 
hydrate,  KOH,  ahard,  white,  brittle  substance,  easily  solu- 
ble in  water  and  deliiiuescent  in  air.  It  is  a  strong  base, 
forming  stable  crystalline  compounds  with  all  acids.  It  is 
a  powerful  caustic,  quickly  destroying  animal  and  vegeta- 
ble tissues.  Caustic  potash  is  used  in  medicine  as  a  cau- 
tery, and  in  numberless  ways  in  the  arts,  as  a  detergent, 
as  a  base  for  making  salts  of  potash,  and  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  soap.— Caustic  soda,  sodium  hydrate,  NaOH,  a 
white,  brittle  solid,  having  nuich  the  same  chemical  and 
physical  properties  as  caustic  potash,  and  similar  uses  in 
the  arts.  The  soaps  made  with  caustic  soda  are  hard  ; 
those  made  with  caustic  potash  are  soft.  =  Syn.  2.  Stinging, 
pungent,  acrid,  sarcastic. 

II.  n.  1.  Inmed.,  any  substance  which  burns, 
corrodes,  or  disorganizes  the  tissues  of  animal 
structure's;  an  escharotic. —  2.  Figuratively, 
something  pungent  or  severely  critical  or  sar- 
castic.   See  causticity. 

Your  hottest  causticks.  B.  Jonson,  Elegy  on  Lady  Pawlet. 
When  we  can  endure  the  caustics  and  correctives  of  our 
spiritual  guides,  in  those  things  in  which  we  are  most 
apt  to  please  ourselves,  then  our  obedience  is  regular  and 
humble.  Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  I.  ()2. 

3.  In  math.,  an  envelop  of  rays  of  light  pro- 
ceeding from  a  fixed  point  and  reflected  or 
refracted  by  a  surface  or  a  curve.  Caustics  are 

consequently  of  two  kinds,  catacaustics  and  diacaustics, 
the  former  being  caustics  by  reflection  and  the  latter  caus- 
tics by  refraction.— Lunar  caustic,  a  name  given  to  silver 
nitrate  when  cast  into  sticks  for  the  use  of  surgeons,  etc. 
See  nifrofc- Secondary  caustic,  the  orthogonal  trajec- 
tory of  the  reflected  or  refracted  rays;  an  involute  of  a 
plane  caustic— 'Vieima  caustic,  a  mixture  of  potassium 
hydrate  and  lime  in  equal  proportions,  forming  a  powder 
used  in  medicine  as  a  caustic,  and  milder  than  potassium 
hydrate  alone. 

caustical  (kas'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as  caustic. 
[Rare.] 

caustically  (kas'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  a  caustic  or 
severe  manner :  as,  to  say  something  caustically. 


causticity  (kas-tis'i-ti),  )(.  [<  caustic  +  -ity ; 
—  F.  causticite  =  Sp.  causticidad  —  Pg.  caustici- 
dadc  =  It.  causticitd.]  1.  The  property  of  be- 
ing caustic,  that  is,  of  corroding  or  disorganizing 
animal  matter,  or  the  quality  of  combining  with 
the  principles  of  organized  substances  so  as  to 
destroy  the  tissue ;  corrosiveness.  This  prop- 
erty belongs  to  concentrated  acids,  pure  alkalis, 
and  some  metallic  salts. —  2.  Figuratively,  se- 
verity of  language ;  pungency ;  sarcasm. 

He  was  a  master  in  all  the  arts  of  ridicule  ;  and  hi.s  in- 
exhaustible spirit  only  required  some  permanent  subject 
to  have  rivalled  the  causticity  of  Swift. 

/.  D  israeli,  Quarrels  of  Authors,  p.  218. 
I  shall  be  sorry  to  miss  his  pungent  speech.  I  know  it 
will  be  all  sense  for  the  Church,  ami  all  causticity  for 
Schism.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xviii. 

He  had,  besides,  a  ready  causticity  of  tongue. 

Georye  Bitot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  i.  7. 

causticnesst  (kas'tik-nes),  n.    The  quality  of 

being  caustic ;  causticity, 
caustify  (kas'ti-fi),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  causti- 
Jied,  ppr.  caustifyitiff.  [<  caustic:  see -fy.]  To 
render  caustic ;  convert  into  caustic.  For  exam- 
ple, soda  ash  or  carbonate  of  soda  is  caustified  by  boiling 
with  milk  of  lime,  which  removes  the  carbonic  acid  and 
converts  the  sodium  into  caustic  soda, 
causus  (ka'sus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kavmg,  burning 
heat,  causus,  <  Ka/e(v,  burn.  Ci.  cauma.]  1.  In 
med.,  a  highly  ardent  fever. —  2.  [cap.]  In 
herpet.,  the  typical  genus  of  Causidce.  J.  Wag- 
ler. 

cautelt  (ka'tel),  n.  [=  Sc.  cautele,  <  ME.  cautel, 
cautele,  <  OF.  cautele  =  F.  cautele  —  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  cautcla,  <  L.  cautela,  caution,  precaution,  < 
cautus,  pp.  of  cavcre,  take  heed:  see  caution.] 

1.  Caution;  wariness;  prudence. 
But  in  all  things  this  cautel  they  use,  that  a  less  pleasure 

hinder  not  a  bigger ;  and  that  the  pleasure  be  no  cause  of 
displeasvire,  which  they  think  to  follow  of  necessity,  if  the 
pleasure  be  unhonest. 

Robinson,  tr.  of  Sir  T.  More's  Utopia,  ii.  7. 

2.  Subtlety;  craftiness;  ctmning;  deceit;  fraud. 
Thus  joure  cautell  to  the  comoune  hath  combred  30U  all. 

Richard  the  Redeless,  i.  78. 
No  soil,  nor  cautel,  doth  besmirch 
The  virtue  of  his  will.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 

3.  Eccles.,  a  detailed  caution  or  written  direc- 
tion concerning  the  proper  manner  of  celebrat- 
ing the  holy  communion. 

cautellyt,  adv.  [ME.  cautely;  <  cautel  +  -ly'^.] 
Cautiously. 

Jlake  a  crye,  and  cautely  thou  cal' 

York  Plays,  p.  328. 

cauteloust  (ka'te-lus),  a.  [<  ME.  cautelous  = 
F.  cauteleux  =  Pr.  cautelos  =  Sp.  Pg.  cauteloso, 
<  ML.  cautelosus,  <  L.  cautela :  see  cautel  and 
-ous.]  1.  Cautious;  wary;  provident:  as,  "cau- 
telous though  young,"  Drayton,  Queen  Margaret. 

Mar.  Danger  stands  sentinel: 
Then  I'll  retire. 

Ger.  We  must  be  cautelous. 

Middleton,  Family  of  Love,  ii.  4. 
My  stock  being  small,  no  marvel  'twas  soon  wasted ; 
But  you,  without  the  least  doubt  or  suspicicin. 
If  cautelous,  may  make  bold  with  your  master's. 

Massinger,  City  Madam,  ii.  1. 
Swear  priests,  and  cowards,  and  men  cautelous, 
Old  feeble  carrions,  and  such  suffering  souls 
That  welcome  wrongs.  Shak.,  J.  C,  ii.  1. 

2.  Cunning;  treacherous;  'wily. 

They  are  (for  the  most  part)  soe  cautelous  and  wylye- 
headed,  specially  being  men  of  soe  small  experience  and 
practize  in  lawe  matters,  that  you  would  wonder  whence 
they  borrowe  such  subtiltyes  and  slye  shiftes. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

cautelouslyt  (ka'te-lus-li),  af?c.  1.  Cautiously; 
warily. —  2.  Cimningly;  slyly;  craftily, 
cautelousnessf  (ka'te-lus-nes),  n.  Cautious- 
ness ;  prudence. 

These  two  great  Christian  virtues,  cautelousness,  repen- 
tance. Hales,  Golden  Remains,  p.  254. 

cautert  (ka'ter),  n.  [LL.,  <  Gr.  Kavrijp,  a  sear- 
ing-u-on,  <  Katsiv,  burn.]  A  searing-iron.  Min- 
sheu. 

cauterant  (ka'ter-ant),  n.    [For  *cauteriant.  < 
ML.  cauterian{t-)s,  ppr.  of  cauteriare,  cauter- 
ize: see  cauterize.]    A  cautery;  a  caustic, 
cauterisation,  cauterise.    See  cauterization, 

cauterize. 

cauterism  ('ka'ter-izm),  n.  [<  cautery  -I-  -ism. 
Cf.  cauterize.]  The  application  of  a  cautery, 
cauterization  (ka'ter-i-za'shon),  n.  [<  cauter- 
ize +  -ation ;  =  F.  cauterisation  =  Pr.  cauteri- 
zacio  =  Sp.  cauterizacion  =  Pg.  cauterizagao  = 
It.  cauterizzazione.]  1.  In  surt/.,  the  act  of  cau- 
terizing or  searing  some  morbid  part  by  the  ap- 
plication of  a  hot  iron,  or  of  caustics,  etc. —  2. 
The  effect  of  the  application  of  a  cautery  or 
caustic. 
Also  spelled  cauterisation. 


cauterize 

cauterize  (ka'ter-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cauter- 
ised, ppr.  cauterizing.  [=  P.  cauteriner  =  Pr. 
<;aMteri«n-=  Sp.  Pg.  cauterizar  =  lt.  cauterizmre, 
<  ML.  cauteri::are,  also  cauteriare,  <  Gr.  navrrj- 
pidCen;  cauterize,  <  KaiTt/piov,  a  searing-iron :  see 
Cttutery.'\  1.  To  bum  or  sear  with  lire  or  a  hot 
iron,  or  with  caustics,  as  morbid  llesh. 

Fugitive  slaves  are  marked  and  ca  uterlzed  with  burning 
irons.  Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  I.  387. 

The  flame  from  the  pistol  liad  been  so  close  that  it  had 
actually  cmitei-ized  the  wound  inflicted  by  the  ball. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  III.  539. 

2.  To  sear,  in  a  figiu-ative  sense. 
They  have  cauterised  consciences. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  195. 
The  more  cauterized  our  conscience  is,  the  less  is  the  fear 
of  hell.  Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Dying,  i.  603. 

Also  spelled  cauterise. 
cautery  (ka'ter-i),  n. ;  pi.  cauteries  (-iz).  [= 
F.  cautere  =  Pr.  cauteri  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  cauterio,  < 
L.  cauterium,  <  Gr.  Kav->/piov,  a  branding-iron, 
a  brand,  dim.  of  Kavrf/p,  a  branding-iron,  a 
burner:  see  mMter.]  1.  A  bm-ning  or  searing, 
as  of  morbid  flesh,  by  a  hot  iron  or  by  caustic 
substances  that  burn,  corrode,  or  destroy  the 
solid  parts  of  an  animal  body.  The  burning  by  a 
hot  iron  is  termed  actual  cautery  ;"that  by  caustic'niedi- 
cines,  potential  cautery. 

His  discourses,  like  Jonathan's  arrows,  may  shoot  short, 
or  shoot  over,  but  not  wound  where  they  should,  nor  open 
those  humours  that  need  a  lancet  or  a  cautery. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  I.  586. 
The  mad  bite 
Must  have  the  cautery. 

Tennyson,  Queen  Mary,  iii.  4. 

2.  The  instrument  or  drug  employed  in  cauter- 
izing—  Corrigan'S  cautery.  Same  as  Corrigan's  but- 
ton (which  see,  under  6 u«o;i).— Galvanic  caiitery,  an 
instrument  for  cauterizing  which  is  heated  by  the  passage 
through  it  (if  an  electric  current. 

cautery-electrode  (ka'ter-i-e-lek'trod),  n.  A 
name  applied  to  any  of  the'  various  forms  of 
wires  and  bands  of  platinum  which  constitute 
the  heated  and  cauterizing  part  of  a  galvanic 
cautery. 

cauting-iron  (ka'ting-i"em),  w.  [Appar.  short 
for  cantering-  or  catiterising-iron.  See  cauter.'] 
A  searing-iron.    E.  H.  Knight. 

caution  (ka'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  caucion,  caucioun 
(def.  7)  -  F.  caution  =  Pr.  cautio  =  Sp.  cau- 
cion =  Pg.  eauguo  z=  It.  cauzione  (cf.  D.  cautie 
=  G.  caution  =  Dan.  Sw.  kaution,  chiefly  in  le- 
gal senses),  <  L.  caiitio{n-),  caution,  precaution, 
secm-ity,  bond,  waiTanty,  <  cautus,  pp.  of  ca- 
vere,  be  on  one's  guard,  take  heed,  look  out, 
beware,  ult.  =  AS.  sceawian,  look  at,  behold, 
i:,.  show:  see  sliow.~\  1.  Prudence  in  regard  to 
danger;  wariness,  consisting  in  a  careful  at- 
tention to  probable  and  possible  results,  and  a 
judicious  course  of  conduct  to  avoid  failure  or 
disaster. 


^'^0  cavalier 
8.  Something  to  excite  alarm  or  astonishment ;  Entering  the  new  chamber  cautiously 

somethmg  extraordinary:   absolutely  or  with  The  glory  of  great  heaps  of  gold  could  see. ' 

some  fanciful  addition  :  as,  the  way  they  scat-  William  Morris,  Earthly  I'aradise,  I.  327. 

tered  was  a  caution  to  snales.  [Slang.]  —Bond  of  cautiousness  (ka'shus-nes),  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
P^."*?;?'?;' 'HT?- " *'orethought,jorecast,  heed,  ing cautious ;  watchfulness ;  provident  care ;  eir- 
"  " '        ' cuinspeetion;  prudence  with  regard  to  danger, 

cautor  (ka'tor),  n.    [<  L.  cautor,  one  who  is  on 
his  guard  or  is  wary,  also  one  who  is  security 
•  bail,  <  cavere,  be  on  one's  guard,  etc. :  see 


vigilance,  watchfulness,  circumspection. — 2.  Admonition 

caution  (ka'shon),  V.  t.  [<  caution,  n.]  To  give 
notice  of  danger  to ;  warn ;  exhort  to  take  heed. 

You  cautioned  me  against  their  charms.  Swift. 

cautionary  (ka'shon-a-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  caution 
+  -anj ;  =  F.  cautio'nnaire  =  Sp.  Pg.  caucio- 
««>•.]  I,  a.  1.  Containing  a  caution,  or  warn- 
ing to  avoid  danger:  as,  cautionary  advice. 

You  will  see  that  these  ways  are  made  cautionan/ 
enough.  Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  ii. 

Waved  his  unoccupied  hand  with  a  cautionary  gesture 
to  his  companions.  Barhatn,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  148. 
2.  Given  as  a  pledge  or  in  security. 

Has  the  enemy  no  cautionary  towns  and  seaports  to  give 
us  for  securing  trade?  Swift,  Conduct  of  the  Allies. 

Cautionaiy  town,  a  town  the  control  and  revenues  of 
which  are  granted  by  the  government  to  a  foreign  power  to 
secure  the  payment  of  a  debt  or  the  performance  of  an  ob- 
ligation ;  notably,  cert.iiu  strongholds  in  the  Netherlands 
which  were  thus  pledged  to  the  English  crown  in  the  time 
of  Elizabeth,  particularly  the  cities  of  Flushing,  Briel,  and 
Rammekens. 

And  it  is  resolved  that  it  [a  benevolence  raised  for  the 
crown  m  Devon]  shall  only  be  employed  for  the  payment 
of  his  debts,  as  namely  for  Ireland,  the  Navy,  and  the 
Cautionary  Towns  in  the  Low  Countries  ;  and  so,  leaving 
the  carriage  of  this  business  to  your  discretions  and  wis- 
doms, we  bid  you  heartily  farewell. 

Letter  from  the  Lords  in  Council  of  James  I. 
By  the  treaty  of  peace  between  James  and  Philip  III., 
although  the  king  had  declared  himself  bound  by  the 
treaties  made  by  Elizabeth  to  deliver  up  t\\e  cautionant 
towns  to  no  one  but  the  United  States,  he  promised  Spaiii 
to  allow  those  States  a  reasonable  time  to  make  peace 
with  the  Archdukes.     Motley,  John  of  Barneveld,  II.  67. 
II.  n.  Same  as  cautionry. 
cautioner  (ka'shon-er),  n.    1.  One  who  cau- 
tious or  ad-dses.— 2.  In  recent  Eng.  law,  one 
who  tiles  a  caution  with  the  registrar  of  land- 
titles.    See  caution,  n.,  4.-3.  [Generally  pro- 
nounced ka'zhon-er.]    In  Scots  law,  the  person 
who  is  bound  for  another  to  the  performance  of 
an  obligation, 
cautionizet  (ka'shon-iz),  V.  t.  [<  caution  +  -?re.] 
To  promote  caution  in ;  make  prudent ;  place 
under  seem-ity  or  guaranty. 

The  captaiiie  of  the  Janissaries  rose  and  slew  the  Bul- 
lar,  and  gave  his  daughter  in  marriage  to  one  Asian  Begh 
.  .  .  of  a  bordering  province,  to  i-a  i(fio)i!?f  that  part. 

Continuation  of  Knolles,  1414  (Ord  MS.), 
caution-money  (ka'shon-muu"i),  n.  Money 
deposited  as  soeunty ;  specifically,  a  sum  paid         ,  , 
£ls  security  by  a  student  on  his  matriculation  in  cavalcadet  (kav-al-kad  ),v.  i. 
an  English  university. 

The  genteel  amercements  of  a  young  man  of  fashion  in 
a  silver  tankard  or  his  caution  money  ought  not,  in  any 
wise,  to  be  considered  as  part  of  his  education. 

Remarks  on  the  Expence  of  Education,  1788. 


In  the  afternoon  we  walked  out  to  see  the  City.    But  cautioury  (ka'shon-ri),  w.     [<  caution  +  -rv.l 

In  ,'^cots  law,  the  act  of  gmng  security  for  an- 
other ;  the  promise  or  contract  of  one,  not  for 
himself,  but  for  another.  Also  written  cau- 
tionary. 

cautious  (ka'shus),  a.  [<  caution,  on  type  of 
ambitious,  <  ambition,  etc. ;  the  older  E.  adj. 
was  cautelous,  q.  v.,  and  the  L.  adj.  is  cautus, 
prop.  pp.  of  cam-e,  take  heed,  ^ee  caution.']  1. 
Possessing  or  exhibiting  caution  ;  attentive  to 
probable  effects  and  consequences  of  actions 
■with  a  view  to  avoid  danger  or  misfortune ; 
prudent ;  circumspect ;  wary ;  watchful :  as,  a 
cautious  general;  a  cautious  advance. 
These  same  cautious  and  quick-sighted  gentlemen. 

Bentley,  Sermons,  ii. 
Like  most  men  of  cautious  tempers  and  prosperous  for- 
tunes, he  had  a  strong  disposition  to  support  whatever 
existed.  Macaulay. 

2.  With  o/ before  the  object  of  caution:  wary 
in  regard  to  the  risks  of ;  afraid  or  heedful  of 
the  dangers  involved  in. 

Having  one  Man  surprized  once  by  some  Spaniards  lying 
there  in  ambush,  and  carried  off  by  them  to  Panama,  we 
were  after  that  more  cautious  of  Straggling. 

Dampier,  Voyages,  I.  177. 
By  night  he  fled,  and  at  midnight  return'd 
From  compassing  the  earth  ;  cautious  of  day. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  59. 

3t.  Over-prudent ;  timorous ;  timid. 

You  shall  be  received  at  a  postern-door,  if  you  be  not 
cautious,  by  one  whose  touch  would  make  old  Nestor 
young-  Massinger. 
=  Syn.  Prudent,  careful,  wary,  vigilant,  heedful,  thought- 
ful, scrupulous. 

cautiously  (ka'shus-li),  adv.     In  a  cautious 
manner ;  with  caution ;  warily. 

Then  know  how  fickle- common  lovers  are  : 
Their  oaths  and  vows  are  cautiously  believed  ; 
For  few  there  are  but  have  been  orice  deceived. 

Dryden. 


we  thought  fit,  before  we  enter'd,  to  get  License  of  the 
Governour  and  to  proceed  with  all  caution. 

Maundrell,  Aleppo  to  Jerusalem,  p.  134. 
The  first  thing  I  did  at  Alexandria  was  to  pace  round 
the  walls,  and  take  the  bearings  ;  which  I  did  with  so 
much  caution,  that  I  thought  I  could  only  have  been  ob- 
served by  the  Janizary  that  attended  me. 

Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  I,  3. 

2.  Anything  intended  or  serving  to  induce  wari- 
ness ;  a  warning  given  either  by  word  of  mouth 
or  in  any  other  way ;  monitory  advice. 

In  way  of  caution,  I  must  tell  you, 
Y'ou  do  not  understand  yourself  so  clearly 
As  it  behooves  my  daughter  and  your  honor. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 
Indulge,  my  son,  the  cautions  of  the  wise. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  xxiii.  114. 

3t.  Provision  or  security  against  something; 
provident  care ;  precaution. 

In  despite  of  all  the  rules  and  cautions  of  government, 
the  most  dangerous  and  mortal  of  vices  will  come  otf. 

Sir  a.  L' Estrange. 

4.  In  recent  Eng.  law,  a  written  warning  or 
caveat  filed  with  the  registrar  of  land-titles 
against  dealings  with  the  land  without  notice 
to  the  cautioner,  or  person  who  files  the  warn- 
ing.—  5.  Security;  guaranty;  pledge;  bail. 
[Now  confined  to  Scotch  law.] 

The  parliament  would  yet  give  his  majesty  sufficient 
caution  that  the  war  should  be  prosecuted.  Clarendon. 

6.  A  person  who  gives  security;  a  surety;  a 
cautioner.  [Scotch,  and  generally  pronoimced 
ka'zhon,  as  also  in  sense  5.] 

The  King  of  ,Spain  now  offers  himself  for  Caution,  for 
putting  in  Execution  what  is  stipulated  in  behalf  of  the 
Roman  Catholics  tliroughout  his  Majestv  of  Great-Britain's 
Dominions.  Howell,  Letters,  I.  iii.  21. 

7t.  Bond;  bill. 

Take  thi  caucion,  and  sitte  down  soone  and  write  fifti. 

Wyclif,  Luke  xvi.  6. 


caution.']    A  cautioner.  [Eare.] 

A  caution  means  that  a  sale  cannot  be  effected  without 
notice  to  the  cautor  and  opportunity  of  oljjection. 

Contemporary  Hev.,  XLIX.  201. 

cauzi,  n.    See  cazi. 

cavai  (ka'va),  v.;  pi.  cava;  {-ve).  [NL.,  fem. 
(sc.  vena,  vein)  of  L.  cavus :  see  caval  and  vein.'] 
A  caval  vein ;  one  of  the  vense  cavffi.  See  ca- 
val,  H. 

The  division  of  the  heart  into  which  these  cavai  open, 
o  ,    „  Huxley. 

cava'',  «.    Plural  of  cavum. 
cava^,  ka-wa  (ka'va,  -wii),  n.    The  Polynesian 
name  of  an  iutoxicating  beverage  prepared 
from  the  shrub  Macropiper  latifolium. 
cavae,  «.    Plural  of  caval. 
cava!  (ka'val),  a.  and  w.    [<  L.  cavus,  hollow 
(see  cavc'i-),  +  -ul.]    I.  a.  1.  In  anat.,  hollow 
and  comparatively  large:  as,  a  caval  sinus. 
Specifically — 2.  Pertaining  to  the  cavse.  See 
vena  and  cava^. 

II.  n.  A  cava,  or  caval  vein;  either  one  of 
the  two  largest  veins  of  the  body,  emptying 
blood  into  the  right  auricle  of  the  heart,  in 

man  these  veins  are  commonly  called  superior  and  inferior 
caoals,  or  veiia  caoa  superior  and  inferior;  their  more  gen- 
eral names  are  precaval  and  postcaval.  See  these  words, 
and  cuts  under  heart  and  lung. 

cavalcade  (kav-al-kad'),  n.  [<  P.  cavalcade,  < 
It.  cavalcata  (=  Pr.  cavalcada  =  Sp.  cabalgada, 
cabalgata  z=  Pg.  cavalgada),  a  troop  of  horse- 
men, <  cavalcare,  ride,  <  caval  to,  <  L.  cabalhis, 
a  horse :  see  cabal^,  capel^,  cavalry,  chevalier, 
chivalry,  and  cf.  chevachie,  a  doublet  of  caval- 
cade.] A  procession  or  train,  as  of  persons  on 
horseback  or  in  carriages. 

We  went  from  Sienna,  desirous  of  being  present  at  the 
cavalcade  of  the  new  Pope  Innocent  X.,  who  had  not  yet 
made  the  grand  procession  to  St.  John  de  Laterano. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Nov.  2,  1644. 
Onward  came  the  cavalcade,  illuminated  by  two  hun- 
dred thick  waxen  torches,  in  the  hands  of  as  many  horse- 
"len-  Scott,  Kenilworth,  II.  117. 

He  [King  James]  made  a  progress  through  his  kiivgdom, 
escorted  by  long  cavalcades  of  gentlemen  from  one  lordly 
mansion  to  another.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xviii. 

[<  cavalcade,  n.] 
To  ride  in  or  form  part  of  a  procession. 

He  would  have  done  his  noble  friend  better  service  than 
cavalcading  with  him  to  Oxford.    North,  Examen,  p.  112. 

cavalerot  (kav-a-le'ro),  n.  [Also  cavaliero, 
repr.  Sp.  cavaliero,  now  caballero :  see  cavalier.] 
A  cavalier ;  a  gay  military  man ;  a  gallant. 

I'll  drink  to  master  Bardolph,  and  to  all  the  cavaleroes 
about  London.  Sliak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  3. 

cavalier  (kav-a-ler'),  n.  and  a.  [Also  formerly 
cavalero  and  cavaliero,  after  Sp.  or  It.;  —  D. 
Tcavalier  =  G.  cavalier  =  Dan.  kavaler  =  Sw. 
kavaljer  =  Ax.  kewdlir,  <  P.  cavalier  =  Pr.  caval- 
lier,  <  It.  cavaliere  =  Sp.  caballero  =  Pg.  cava- 
Iheiro,  cavalleiro  =  P.  chevalier  (>E.  chevalier), 
<  ML.  caballarius,  a  horseman,  knight,  <  LL. 
cahallus,  a  horse :  see  cabal^,  cavalcade,  etc.,  and 
chevalier.]  I.  n.  1.  A  horseman,  especially  an 
armed  horseman ;  a  knight. 

Nineteen  French  marquesses  and  a  hundred  Spanish 
cavaliers.  Tatler,  No.  260. 

Hence  —  2.  One  who  has  the  spirit  or  bearing 
of  a  knight ;  especially,  a  bold,  reckless,  and 
gay  fellow. 

Who  is  he  .  .  .  that  will  not  follow 
Tliese  cuU'd  and  choice-drawn  cavaliers  to  France? 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  (cho,). 

3.  [cap.]  The  appellation  given  to  the  partizans 
of  Charles  I.  of  England  in  his  contest  with 
Parliament. 

During  some  years  they  were  designated  as  Cavaliers 
and  Roundheads.  They  were  subsequently  called  Tories 
and  Whigs.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng..  i. 

4 .  A  man  attending  on  or  escorting  a  woman, 
or  acting  as  her  partner  in  dancing ;  a  gallant ; 
a  beau. 

I'll  take  a  dance,  said  I ;  so  stay  you  here.  A  sunburnt 
daughter  of  Labour  rose  up  from  the  group  to  meet  me  as 
I  advanced  towards  them.  .  .  .  We  want  a  cavalier,  said 
she,  holding  out  both  her  hands,  as  if  to  offer  them.— 
And  a  cavalier  ye  shall  have,  said  I,  taking  hold  of  both 
of  them.  Sterne. 

5.  In  medieval  fort.,  a  mound  defended  by  walls 
and  the  like,  raised  so  as  to  command  the 
neighboring  ramparts;  hence,  in  modern  fort., 


cavalier 


871 


caveach 


a  raised  work  commonly  situated  within  the 
bastion,  but  sometimes  placed  in  the  gorges,  or 
on  the  middle  of  the  curtain,   it  is  lo  or  12  feet 

higher  than  tlie  rest  of  the  works,  and  is  used  to  command 
all  tlie  adjacent  works  and  the  surrounding  country,  ft 
is  designed  chiefly  to  bring  a  plunging  fire  to  bear  on  tlie 
assailants'  works  exterior  to  the  enceinte. 

6.  In  the  manege,  one  v/ho  understands  horse- 
manship ;  a  skilled  or  practised  rider  Cavalier 

battery.    See  battery. 

II.  a.  If.  Kjiightly;  brave;  warlike. 
The  people  are  naturally  not  valiant,  and  not  much 
cavalier.  Suckling. 

2.  Gay;  sprightly;  easy;  offhand;  frank;  care- 
less. 

The  plodding,  persevering,  scrupulous  accuracy  of  the 
one,  and  the  easy,  cavalier  verbal  fluency  of  the  other, 
form  a  complete  contrast.  Hazlitt. 

3.  Haughty;  disdainful;  supercilious:  as,  a 
rude  and  cavalier  answer. 

Here's  the  house  :  lie  knock  at  the  door. —  'What,  shall 
1  do't  in  the  caualier  humour,  with,  "Whose  within  there, 
ho  !  or  in  the  Puritan  humour,  with,  By  your'  leaue,  good 
brother?  Heywood,  If  you  Know  not  Me,  ii. 

4.  [cap.l  Belonging  or  relating  to  the  party  of 
Charles  I.  of  England. 

'Tis  an  old  Cavalier  family.  Disraeli,  Coningsby,  iii.  3. 
ca'Valier  (kav-a-ler'),  v.  i.  [<  cavalier,  «.]  To 
act  as  a  cavalier ;  ape  the  manners  of  a  cava- 
lier; carry  one's  self  in  a  disdainful  or  high- 
handed fashion :  sometimes  followed  by  ii.-  as, 
to  try  to  cavalier  it  over  one's  associates. 

An  old  drunken,  cavaliering  butler. 

Scott,  Old  Mortality,  i. 

ca'Valierish  (kav-a-ler'ish),  a.  [<  cavalier  + 
-ish^.^  Of  or  belonging  to  a  cavalier,  or  to  the 
party  of  Charles  I.  of  England. 

The  cavalierish  party.  Ludlmv,  Memoirs,  II.  168. 

The  land  is  full  of  discontents,  &  the  Cavaleerish  party 
doth  still  e.xpect  a  day  &  nourish  hopes  of  a  Revolution. 
Quoted  in  Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  Istser.,  p.  259. 

cavalierism  (kav-a-ler'izm),  n.  [<  cavalier  + 
-ism.']  The  practice  or  principles  of  cavaliers. 
Scott. 

ca'valierly  (kav-a-ler 'li),  adv.  In  a  cavalier 
manner;  arrogantly;  disdainfully;  supercili- 
ously. 

He  has  treated  our  opinion  a  little  too  cavalierly. 

Junius,  Letters. 

I  protest  I  do  not  understand  all  this ;  .  .  .  you  treat  me 
very  cavalierly.  Goldsmith,  Good-natured  Man,  iv. 

Those  who  cavalierly  reject  the  Theory  of  Evolution,  as 
not  adequately  supported  by  facts,  seem  quite  to  forget 
that  their  o-wn  theory  is  supported  by  no  facts  at  all. 

H.  Spencer,  Universal  Progress,  p.  377. 

cavalierness  (kav-a-ler'nes),  n.  [<  cavalier, 
a.,  +  -Mess.]  The'  quality  of  being  cavalier; 
arrogance;  a  disdainful  manner.  [Rare.] 

ca'valierot,  «•  [Intended  for  It.  cavaliere :  see 
cavalier.]    A  cavalier;  a  gallant. 

Then  this  brave  cavaliero 

Is  openly  baftled  in  his  mistress'  sight, 

And  dares  not  fight  himself. 

Beau,  and  Fl.  (?),  Faithful  Friends,  i.  2. 
It  occurred  to  him  [the  author)  that  the  more  serious 
scenes  of  his  narrative  might  be  relieved  by  the  humour 
of  a  cavaliero  of  the  age  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 

Scott,  Monastery,  Int. 

■ca'vallard  (kav-a-lyard'),  n.  [<  Sp.  cahaUardo, 
a  drove  of  horses,  <  cahallo,  a  horse :  see  cabaP.] 
A  name  in  some  parts  of  the  western  United 
States  for  a  drove  of  horses  or  mules.  Also 
cavayard. 

ca'Valleria  (Sp.  pron.  ka-val-ya-re'a),  w.  Amea- 
sui-e  of  land  used  in  Cuba,  equal  to  33.1  acres, 
being  a  little  less  than  the  Castilian  zugada. 
There  is  a  Mexican  cavalleria  of  131  acres. 

ca'Valli,  n.    See  cavally. 

cavallo  (It.  pron.  ka-val'lo),  n.  [It.,  lit.  a  horse : 
see  cabal^,  capel'^.]  A  Neapolitan  coin,  equal 
to  about  T3  of  a  United  States  cent. 

cavally,  cavalli  (ka-val'i),  n. ;  pi.  cavallies,  ca- 
vallis  (-iz).    [Also  cavalle,  and  crevally,  crevalle, 

<  Sp.  caballa  {=  Pg.  cavalla),  a  horse-mackerel, 

<  cahallo  =  Pg.  cavalho,  a  horse:  see  cabal^.'] 
A  fish  of  the  genus  Caranx.  See  Caranx  and 
horse-mackerel. 

The  cavalli  has  a  pointed  head  and  snout,  with  moder- 
ately large  conical  and  pointed  teeth. 

Sportsman's  Gazetteer,  p.  392. 

cavalott,  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  An  old  form  of 
cannon  made  of  wrought-iron,  and  firing  a 
charge  consisting  of  one  pound  of  lead  bullets. 

cavalry  (kav'al-ri),  n.  [Formerly  cavallerie,  < 
F.  cavallerie,  now  cavalerie,  <  It.  cavalleria, 
cavalry,  knighthood  (=  Sp.  cdballeria  =  Pg. 
cavallaria  =  OF.  chevalerie,  >  E.  chivalry),  < 
cavaliere,  a  horseman,  knight :  see  cavalier.]  A 
class  of  soldiers  who  march  and  fight  on  horse- 
back ;  that  part  of  an  army,  or  of  any  military 


force,  which  consists  of  troops  that  serve  on 
horseback,  as  distinguished  from  infantry,  or 

foot-soldiers.  'J'heir  elficacy  and  general  importance 
arise  from  their  adaptation  to  rapid  movements,  tlms  en- 
aliling  a  commander  to  avail  himself  of  decisive  oppor- 
tunities, as  in  tlie  exposure  of  weak  points  in  tlie  enemy's 
lines,  or  tlie  occurrence  of  disorder  in  his  ranks.  Tliey  are 
also  employed  for  intercepting  the  enemy's  supplies,  fur- 
nishing detachments  and  escorts,  procuring  intelligence, 
protecting  the  center  or  wings  of  an  army,  or  covering  a 
retreat.  The  uses  of  cavalry,  however,  are  necessarily 
limited  by  the  nature  of  tlie  ground.  Modern  cavalry  con- 
sists of  two  grand  classes,  heavy  and  light  (distinguished 
by  weight  of  men,  horses,  and  equipments),  wliicli  are  sus- 
ceptible of  subdivision  according  to  the  service  requu'ed, 
as  cuirassiers,  dragoons,  lancers,  hussars,  etc. 

cavalryman  (kav'al-ri-man),  n. ;  pi.  cavalrymen 
(-men).  A  soldier  trained  to  fight  on  horse- 
back ;  a  member  of  a  cavalry  regiment. 

Each  cavalryman  had  tieen  required  to  start  with  ten 
pounds  of  grain  for  his  horse.  The  Century,  XXVIII.  138. 

cavan  (ka-van'),  n.    Same  as  caban. 
cavas,  n.    See  cavass. 

cavasina  (kav-a-si'na),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Carangidce,  Seriola  dorsalis;  a  kind  of  amber- 
fish.  [California.] 

cavass,  kavass  (ka  -vas'),  71.  [Turk.  Qawas,  ([a- 
wds  {kawas,  kawwds).]  1.  An  armed  and  uni- 
formed attendant  attached  to  the  suite  of  a  per- 
son of  distinction  in  Turkey. 

Their  cavass  brought  up  a  native  who  told  them  that 
Gjolbaschi  was  only  about  three  leagues  off,  and  offered  to 
guide  them.  Fortnightly  Rev.,  N.  S.,  XXXIX.  813. 

2\.  A  Turkish  police-officer. 

Also  cavas,  cawass,  kawass. 

cavassont,  n.    See  cavezon. 

cavate  (ka'vat),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cavated, 
ppr.  cavating.  [<  L.  cavatus,  pp.  of  cavare, 
make  hollow,  <  cavus,  hollow:  see  cawel.]  To 
make  hollow;  dig  out;  excavate.  [Rare.] 

cavatina  (kav-a-te'na),  n.  [It.,  >  F.  cavatine.] 
In  music,  a  melody  of  simpler  character  than 
the  aria,  and  without  a  second  part  and  a  da 
capo  or  return  part.  The  term  is  occasionally 
applied,  however,  to  airs  of  any  kind. 

cavation  (ka-va'shon),  n.  [<  It.  cavazione,  < 
L.  cavatioin-"),  an  excavation,  <  cavai-e :  see  ca- 
vate.] 1.  The  act  of  hollowing  or  excavating; 
specifically,  in  arch.,  the  digging  or  excavating 
of  the  earth  for  the  foundation  of  a  building; 
the  trench  or  excavation  so  dug.  In  the  spe- 
cific use  also  spelled  cavasion. — 2.  In  fencing, 
a  method  of  evading  a  low  thrust  by  drawing 
the  haunch  backward,  thus  withdrawing  the 
abdomen  and  chest  from  the  reach  of  the  ad- 
versary's weapon.    Rolando  (ed.  Forsyth). 

cavayard  (kav-a-yard'),  n.    Same  as  cavallard. 

cavazlon,  n.    See  cavation,  1. 

cave^  (kav),  n.  [<  ME.  cave,  <  OF.  cave,  caive,  a 
cave  (var.  cage,  a  cage,  >  E.  cage),  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  cava,  <  L.  cavea,  a  cave,  also  a  cage,  <  cavus, 
hollow  (neut.  cavum,  a  cave),  akin  to  Gr.  Kvap, 
a  hole  (ef.  Gr.  KoiXog,  orig.  *KaFilog{1),  hollow,  = 
L.  cwlum,  orig.  *cavilum,  the  sky :  see  ceil,  n. ,  ce- 
lestial, etc.),  <  Kveiv,  Kvdv,  conceive,  swell,  orig. 
contain.  Hence  cavern,  cage,  concave,  excavate, 
etc.]  1.  A  hollow  place  in  the  earth;  espe- 
cially, a  natural  cavity  of  considerable  size, 
extending  more  or  less  horizontally  into  a  hUl 
or  mountain ;  a  cavern ;  a  den.  caves  are  princi- 
pally met  with  in  limestone  rocks,  in  gypsum,  sometimes 
in  sandstone,  and  in  volcanic  rocks.  Some  of  tliem  have 
a  very  grand  and  picturesque  appearance,  such  as  Fin- 
gal's  Cave  in  Staffa,  on  the  west  coast  of  Scotland,  tlie  en- 
trance to  which  is  formed  by  columnar  ranges  of  basalt 
supporting  an  arch  60  feet  high  and  33  feet  wide.  Some, 
as  the  Mammoth  Cave  of  Kentucky,  which  incloses  an 
extent  of  about  40  miles  of  subterraneous  windings,  are 
celebrated  for  their  great  extent  and  subterranean  waters, 
or  for  their  gorgeous  stalactites  and  stalagmites.  Others 
are  of  interest  to  the  geologist  and  archieologist  from  the 
occurrence  in  them  of  osseous  remains  of  animals  of  the 
Pleistocene  period,  or  for  the  evidence  their  clay  floors 
and  rudely  sculptured  walls,  and  the  implements  found 
in  them,  offer  of  the  presence  of  prehistoric  man. 

And  Lot  went  up  out  of  Zoar,  .  .  .  and  he  dwelt  in  a 
cave,  he  and  his  two  daughters.  Geu.  .xix.  30. 

He  slow  [slew]  Cacus  in  a  cave  of  stoon  [stone]. 

Chaucer,  Monk's  Tale,  1.  117. 
A  hollow  cave  or  lurking-place.    Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  v.  2. 
2.  A  cellar;  a  subterranean  chamber.  [Obso- 
lete or  local.] 

But  nowe  there  stondeth  neuer  a  house,  but  oonly  two 
Towres  and  certayne  caws  vnder  the  grounde. 

Sir  R.  Guylforde,  Pylgryniage,  p.  16. 

3t.  Any  hollow  place  or  part ;  a  cavity. 

The  cave  of  the  ear.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

4.  The  ash-pit  of  a  glass-furnace. — 5.  [cap.]  A 
name  given  to  a  party  in  the  British  Parliament 
who  seceded  from  the  Liberals  on  the  reform  bill 
introduced  by  them  in  1866.  See  AduUamitc. 
Hence — 6.  Any  small  faction  of  seceders  or 
dissidents  in  Parliament. 


cave^  (kav),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caved,  ppr.  caving. 
[<  cave,  w. ;  =  F.  caver  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  cavar  —  It. 
cavare,  <  L.  cavare,  make  hollow,  hoUow  out, 
excavate,  <  cavus,  hollow:  see  carcl,  «.,  from 
which  the  E.  verb  is  in  part  directly  derived. 
In  def.  II.,  2,  as  in  the  jihrase  care  in,  the  verb, 
though  now  completely  identified  with  cave^,  v., 
with  ref.  to  the  noun  cdve"^,  is  in  its  origin  an 
accommodation  of  the  dial,  calve,  calve  in,  <  calf, 
a  detached  mass  of  earth :  see  calve,  v.,  2,  and 
calf^,  «.,  7,  8,  9.]  I.  trans.  To  make  hollow; 
hollow  out. 

The  mouldred  earth  had  cav'd  the  banke. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  v.  33. 

U.  intrans.  1.  To  dwell  in  a  cave.  [Rare.] 

It  may  be  heard  .at  court  that  such  as  we 
Cave  here,  hunt  here,  are  outlaws. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iv.  2. 

2.  To  fall  in  and  leave  a  hollow,  as  earth  on 
the  side  of  a  well  or  pit :  absolutely,  or  with 
in:  as,  the  earth  began  to  cave. — 3.  Figura- 
tively, to  break  down  ;  yield;  give  up ;  submit ; 
knock  under :  absolutely,  or  with  in :  as,  at  this 
he  caved.  [Slang.] 

A  puppy,  three  weeks  old,  joins  the  chase  witli  heart 
and  soul,  liut  caves  in  at  about  tlfty  yards,  and  sits  liim 
down  to  liark.  //.  Kingsley,  Geoffry  Uanilyn,  xxviii. 

cave^,  kave  (kav),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caved,  kuved, 
ppr.  caving,  kaving.  [Sc.  also  keave,  Jceve,  <  ME. 
caven,  keven,  <  Norw.  kava,  throw,  toss,  snatch, 
move  the  hands  as  in  scattering,  stirring,  row- 
ing, etc.,  also  kaava,  snatch,  stir,  shake  (cf. 
kafsa  in  similar  sense),  appar.  a  particular  use 
of  or  confused  with  kava  =  Icel.  kafa,  dip,  dive, 
S'wim,  plunge,  tr.  dip,  plunge,  refl.  dip,  dive, 
impers.  sink,  founder,  also  der.  kejja,  <  Norw. 
kav,  a  dive,  plunge,  the  sea,  the  deep,  also  stir, 
agitation,  quick  motion  of  the  hand.s,  =  Icel. 
kaf,  a  dive,  a  plunge,  poet,  the  deep,  the  sea. 
Hence  cai'je^.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  toss  or  pitch: 
as,  to  cave  hay. —  2.  To  toss  in  a  threatening  or 
haughty  manner :  as,  to  cave  the  horns  (said  of 
homed  cattle) ;  to  cave  the  head. — 3.  To  clean 
(threshed  grain)  by  tossing  or  raking  (it)  on  a 
barn-floor  or  a  threshing-floor.  [Old  and  prov. 
Eng.  and  Scotch  in  all  uses.] 

And  nygh  it  make  a  place  high,  plain,  and  pure, 
When  nede  is  tlierto  cave  upon  thi  corne, 
This  wol  availle,  and  make  it  longe  endure. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  37. 

Il.t  intrans.  1.  To  move;  rush. 
I  .  .  .  blusched  [looked]  on  the  burghe  as  I  forth  dreued 

[hastened] 
Byjonde  the  brok  fro  me  warde  keued. 

Alliterative  Poems  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  979. 

2.  To  sink;  be  plunged  or  buried. 

Thou  wylnej  oner  tliis  water  to  weue, 
Er  moste  thou  ceuer  to  other  counsayl. 
Thy  corse  in  clot  mot  calder  [colder]  keue. 

Alliterative  Poems  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  i.  318. 

cave^,  kave  (kav),  w.  {<.cave'^,kave,v.]  A  toss, 
as  of  the  head.    [Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.  ] 

cavea  (ka'vf-a),  «. ;  pi.  cavern  (-e).  [L.,  a  cage ; 
see  cage,  cave'^.]  Among  the  ancient  Romans : 
(a)  A  cage  or  den  for  wild  beasts,  etc. ;  liter- 
ally, any  cavity  or  hollow  place.  (6)  In  gen- 
eral, the  auditorium  of  a  theater  or  amphithea- 


Cavea. —  Odeum  of  Rejfilla,  Athens. 


ter:  so  called  from  its  concave  form,  and  by 
analogy  with  the  similar  apjilieation  by  the 
Greeks  of  the  word  koI'/ov,  a  hollow. 

A  very  rude  low  wall  divides  the  rnrea,  cut  entirely  out 
of  the  side  of  tlie  liill,  from  the  orcliestra  lielow.  partly 
formed  on  made  gi-ound,  and  another  runs  across  where 
the  stage  sliould  be.  Athenceum,  Xo.  3084,  p.  751. 

[By  synecdoche,  the  word  cavea  was  often  used  to  denote 
tlie  whole  theater  or  amphitheater.] 

caveach  (ka-vech'),  ■  [<  Sp.  Pg.  escabeche, 
pickles,  souse,  sauce  for  fish.]  Pickled  mack- 
erel.   [West  Indian.] 


caveacli 

caveach  (ka-vech'),  v.  t.  [<  caveach,  ».]  To 
pickle  (mackerel)  according  to  a  "West  Indian 
method. 

cavese,  «.    Plural  of  cavea. 

caveat  (ka've-at),  n.  [L.,  let  him  Ijeware;  3d 
pers.  sing.  pres.  subj.  of  cavere,  beware,  take 
heed:  see  caution.}  1.  In  law,  a  notice  filed 
or  noted  in  a  public  office  to  prevent  some 
proceeding  being  had  except  after  warning  to 
the  caveator,  or  person  making  the  caveat :  as, 
a  caveat  filed  with  the  probate  court  against  the 

probate  of  a  will,  a  caveat  filed  in  the  United  States 
Patent  Office  by  one  who  is  engaged  upon  an  in\  ention  enti- 
tles liini  to  notice  of  any  application  for  a  patent  for  an  in- 
terfering invention  during  one  year,  while  he  is  perfecting 
his  own. 

2.  Figuratively,  intimation  of  caution;  warn- 
ing; admonition;  hint. 

Let  our  bands  take  this  caueat  also,  if  the  enemie  re- 
tire, not  to  make  any  long  pursuit  after  him. 

Hakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  63. 

To  giue  a  Caxieat  to  al  parents,  how  they  might  bring 
their  children  vp  in  vertue. 

Lyly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  122. 

In  the  midst  of  his  prosperity,  let  him  remember  tliat 
caveat  of  Moses,  "Beware  that  he  do  not  forget  the  Lord 
his  God."  Burton,  Anat.  of  ilel.,  p.  87. 

caveat  (ka've-at),  V.  i.  [<  caveat,  «.]  1.  To 
enter  a  caveat.— 2.  In  fencing,  to  shift  the 
sword  from  one  side  of  an  adversary's  sword 
to  the  other. 

caveator  (ka' ve-a-tor),  n.  [<  caveat  +  -or.~\ 
One  who  enters  a  caveat. 

cave-bear  (kav'bar),  n.  A  fossil  bear,  Ursus 
spela-KS,  of  the  Quaternary  epoch,  contempo- 
rary with  man  in  the  eaves  of  Eui-ope. 

cave-cricket  (kav'krik'et),  n.  A  cricket  of  the 
genus  Badenwcus,  inhabiting  caverns.  S.  H. 
Scudder. 

cave-dweller  (kav'dwel''''er),  n.  1.  One  who 
dwells  in  a  cave;  a  troglodyte;  specifically,  a 
member  of  the  prehistoric  race  of  men  who 
dwelt  in  natural  caves,  subsisting  on  shell-fish 

and  wild  animals.  Many  of  tlie  caves  which  they  in- 
habited contain  theii-  rude  implements  and  sculptured 
drawings,  together  with  animal  and  sometimes  human 
bones,  in  superimposed  layers,  separated  by  limestone  or 
other  deposits.    See  bone-cave.    Also  called  caveman. 

Our  knowledge  of  primitive  man  in  Europe,  during  the 
paleolithic  age,  is  mainly  confined  to  what  has  been 
learned  in  regard  to  the  life  and  habits  of  the  so-called 
cave-dwellers.  Science,  III.  489. 

2.  pi.  [cap.l  A  name  given  to  the  Bohemian 
Brethren  (which  see,  under  Bohemian),  because 
they  hid  in  eaves  to  escape  persecution, 
cave-fish  (kav'fish),  w.  a  fish  of  the  family 
Amblyopsidce  that  inhabits  caves.  There  are  sev- 
eral species,  all  viviparous,  some  of  them  blind,  inhabiting 
cave-streams  of  the  southern  and  western  United  States, 
as  Amblyopsis  spelams  and  Typhlichthiis  subterraneus. 
Choloffaster  papilUfer,  C.  ai/assizi,  and  C.  cnrnulus,  of  the 
same  fanuly,  are  found  in  open  ditches  in  South  Carolina 
See  cut  under  Amblyopsis. 

cave-hyena  (kav'hi-e"na),  n.  A  species  of  fos- 
sil hyena,  Hyasna  spelceu's,  remains  of  which  oc- 
cur in  bone-caves, 
cave-keeper  (kav'ke'-'per),  n.    One  who  lives 
in  a  cave.  [Rare.] 

I  thought  I  was  a  cave-keeper, 
And  cook  to  honest  creatures. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iv.  2. 
cave-keeping  (kav'ke"ping),  a.    Dwelling  in  a 
cave;  hidden.  [Rare.] 

In  men,  as  in  a  rough-grown  grove,  remain 
Cave-keepiiirj  evils  that  obscurely  sleep. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1250. 

caveli,  cavili,  keveli,  kevili  (kav'el,  -il,  kev'- 

el,  -il),  n.  [Also  written  Icavel,  and  formerly 
assibilated  clievil;  <  ME.  *cavel  (not  recorded  in 
this  sense,  but  see  caveV^),  kevel,  kevil,  a  cleat, 
clamp,  gag,  <  (1)  Icel.  kefii,  a  piece  of  wood,  a 
stick,  a  gag,  a  cylinder,  a  mangle  (also  in 
comp.  runkefli,  a  rune-staff),  =  Norw.  kjevle,  a 
round  stick,  cylinder,  roller,  rolling-pin,  gag,  = 
Sw.  dim.  kdfling,  a  small  roundish  billet;  (2) 
Icel.  kafli,  a  piece,  a  bit,  a  buoy  for  a  cable  or 
net  (medhalkafli,  a  sword-hilt),  =  Norw.  kavle,  a 
roller,  cylinder,  rolling-pin,  gag,  kavl,  a  buoy 
for  a  cable  or  net,  =  Sw.  kafle,  a  roller,  cylinder, 
roller  of  a  mangle,  hilt,  =  MD.  D.  kavel  =  MLG. 
LG.  kavel  =  G.  kabel,  lot,  part,  share  (whence 
E.  cavel'i),  orig.  a  stick  or  rune-staff  used  in  cast- 
ing lots.]    If.  A  bit  for  a  horse. 

In  Icetril  and  bridel  [infrcenu  et  canio]  thair  chekes  straite. 
2f .  A  gag.  ^  version)! 

Hwan  Grim  him  [Havelok]  hauede  faste  bounden, 
And  sithen  in  an  eld  cloth  wounden, 
A  keuel  of  clutes  ful  unwraste  [foul] 
That  he  [ne]  moucte  speke  ne  fnaste  [breathe]. 

Havelok,  1.  545. 

3.  Naut.,  a  large  cleat  of  wood  or  iron  to  which 
sheets,  tacks,  or  braces  are  belayed.  Also  che- 


872 


inl.  E.  Phillips,  1706.— 4.  A  stone-masons'  ax, 
with  a  flat  face  for  knocking  off  projecting 
angular  points,  and  a  pointed  peen  for  reducing 
a  surface  to  the  desired  form ;  a  jedding-ax  — 
To  cast  the  cavel,  to  throw  the  hammer. 

cavel2,  caviP,  keveP,  kevil^  (kav'el,  -il,  kev'- 
el,  -il),  n.  [<  ]VIE.  carel,  pi.  caflis,  <  MD.  D 
kavel  =  MLG.  LG.  kavel  =  G.  kahel,  lot,  part, 
share :  see  caven.l  If.  Originally,  the  stick  or 
rune-staff  used  in  casting  lots  ;  a  lot:  as,  to  cast 
cavels. 

0  we  cuist  cavels  us  amang. 
William  Giiiseman  (Child's  Ballads,  III.  52). 

2.  A  part  or  share;  lot. 
No  one,  not  being  a  brother  of  the  gild,  shall  buy  wool 

hides,  or  skins,  to  sell  again,  or  shall  cut  cloths  save 
stranger-merchants  in  the  course  of  trade.  Such  a  one 
shall  have  neither  Lot  nor  Cavil  with  any  brother. 

English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.)',  p.  342. 

3.  A  parcel  or  allotment  of  land.  [Obsolete 
or  provincial  in  both  senses.] 

cave-lion  (kav'li"on),  n.  A  lion  the  remains  of 
which  occur  in  European  bone-caves.  It  is 
closely  related  to  if  not  identical  with  the  liv- 
ing lion,  Felis  Ico. 
caveman  (kav'man),  «.;  pi.  cavemen  (-men). 
Same  as  cave-dweller,  1. 

The  bones  and  implements  of  the  Cave-men  are  found 
in  association  witli  remains  of  the  reindeer  and  bison,  the 
arctic  fo,\,  the  mammoth,  and  the  woolly  rhinoceros. 

J.  Fiske,  Evolutionist,  p.  45. 

cavendish  (kav'en-dish),  11.  [From  the  proper 
name  Cavendish.'\  Tobacco  which  has  been 
softened,  pressed  into  quadrangular  cakes,  and 
sweetened  with  syrup  or  molasses,  for  chew- 
ing or  smoking.    Also  called  7icgro-head.-Cnt 

cavendish,  cavendish  tobacco  cut  into  small  shreds 
cave-pika  (kav'pi'ka),  n.  A  kind  of  pika  or 
calhng-hare,  fossil  remains  of  which  are  found 
in  bone-caves.  See  Lagomys. 
caveri  (ka'ver),  ?(.  [Uncertain.]  1.  A  person 
stealing  ore  from  the  mines  in  Derbyshire, 
England,  and  punishable  in  the  barmote  or 
miners'  court.— 2.  An  officer  belonging  to  the 
Derbyshire  mines. 

caver2,  kaver  (kav'er),  n.   a  gentle  breeze. 

[West  coast  of  Scotland.] 
cavern  (kav'ern),  n.    [rz  F.  caverne  =  Pr.  Sp. 
Pg.  It.  caverna,  <  L.  caverna,  <  cams,  hollow: 
see  cauel,  w.]    A  large  natural  cavity  under  the 
surface  of  the  earth;  a  cave ;  a  den. 

Where  wilt  thou  find  a  cavern  dark  enough 
To  mask  thy  monstrous  visage?    Shak.,  J.  C,  ii.  1. 
The  oracular  caverns  of  darkness. 

Long/elloiv,  Evangeline,  ii.  3. 
cavern  (kav'em),  V.  t.  [<  cavern,  «.]  To  hollow 
out ;  form  like  a  cave  by  excavating :  with  out. 

But  I  find  the  gayest  castles  in  the  air  that  were  ever 
piled  far  better  for  comfort  and  for  use  than  the  dungeons 
in  the  air  that  are  daily  dug  and  cavemed  out  by  grum- 
bling, discontented  people. 

Emerson,  Considerations  by  the  Way. 
cavernalt  (kav'er-nal),  a.     [<  cavern  +  -al.'] 
Cavernous.  Faber. 
cavemed  (kav'ernd),  a.  [<  cavern,  n.,  +  -ed^.] 

1 .  Full  of  caverns  or  deep  chasms ;  having  cav- 
erns; formed  like  a  cavern:  as,  "the  cavern'd 
ground,"  Philips. 

Beneath  the  cavemed  cliff  they  fall. 

Scott,  Marmion,  vi.  19. 

2.  Inhabiting  or  found  in  a  cavern:  as,  "cav- 
ern'd hermit,"  Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iv.  42; 
"  cavemed  gems,"  Hemans,  A  Tale  of  the  Four- 
teenth Century. 

cavernicolous  (kav-er-nik'o-lus),  a.  [<  L.  ca- 
verna, cavern,  +  colere,  dwell  in,  inhabit.]  In- 
habiting caverns;  dwelling  in  caves, 
cavernose  (kav'er-nos),  a.  Same  as  cavernous. 
M.  C.  Cooke. 
cavernous  (kav'er-nus),  a.  [=  F.  caverneux  = 
Pr.  cavernos  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  cavernosa,  <  L.  caver- 
nosus,  <.  caverna,  a  cavern.]  1.  Formed  into  a 
cavern  or  caverns ;  containing  caverns ;  hence, 
deeply  hollowed  out;  deep-set:  as,  cavernous 
mountains  or  rocks ;  cavernous  eyes. — 2.  Filled 
with  small  cavities,  as  a  sponge;  reticulated; 
honeycombed.  Applied  in  anatomy  to  vessels  or  vas- 
cular structures  in  which  the  blood-vessels  are  traversed 
by  numerous  trabecula;  dividing  them  up,  or  in  which 
they  form  frequent  and  close  anastomoses  with  one  an- 
other. In  either  case  a  structure  of  sponge-like  te.xture 
is  produced.— Cavernous  bodies  (corpora  cavernosa), 
tlie  highly  vascular  and  nervous  flbrocelliilar  structures 
which  compose  the  greater  part  of  the  erectile  tissue  of 
the  penis  and  of  the  clitoris,  the  rest  being  known  as  the 
spungy  &odi/.— Cavemous  groove,  in  anat.,  the  carotid 
groove  (which  see,  under  carol  id).— Ca,vemous  nerves, 
nerves  coming  from  the  prostatic  plexus,  and  distributed 
to  the  erectile  or  cavernous  tissue  of  the  penis.—  Cavern- 
ous rale,  a  gurgling  rale  sometrmes  heard  in  auscultation 
over  a  pulmonary  cavity  of  considerable  size,  especially  in 
inspiration,  when  the  cavity  is  partly  filled  with  liquid, 
through  which  the  air  bubbles  as  it  enters.- Cavernous 


cavicorn 

respiration,  the  respiratory  sounds  sometimes  heard  in 
auscultation  over  a  cavity  in  a  lung.  The  inspiration  is 
blowing,  neither  vesicular  nor  tubular  in  quality  and 
lower  ui  pitch  than  tubular  breathing;  the  expiration  is 
ot  the  same  quality  as  tlie  inspiration,  but  lower  in  pitch 
—  Cavernous  sinus,  a  venous  sinus  of  the  cranial  cavitv' 
lying  on  the  side  of  the  body  of  the  sphenoid  Ijone.  It  re- 
ceives the  ophthalmic  vein  in  front,  and  communicates, 
with  the  cavernous  sinus  of  the  other  side  tlii  ougli  the 
transverse  and  circular  sinuses.- Cavernous  texture, 
in  geoL,  that  texture  of  aggregated  compound  rocks  wliich 
IS  characterized  by  the  presence  of  numerous  small  cavi- 
ties, as  in  lava.-- Cavernous  tissue,  the  substance  of 
the  cavernous  bodies  of  the  penis  and  clitoris  -  Cavern- 
ous whisper,  in  auscultation,  whispering  resonance  as 
inodihed  by  transmission  through  a  cavity,  characterized 
by  a  uon-tulnilar  blowing  quality  of  low  pitch 

Cavernularidae  (kav"er-nu-lar'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Caver nularia,  the  typical  genus  (<  L* 
cavermda  (see  cavernule)  +  -aria),  +  -ido!.]  A 
family  of  veretillous  pennatuloid  polyps  with 
long  calcareous  bodies. 

cavernule  (kav'er-nul),  n.    [<  L.  cavermda, 
dim.  of  caverna,  a  cavern.]    A  small  cavity, 
cavernulous  (ka-ver'nii-lus),  a.    [<  cavermde 
+  -ous.]    Full  of  little  cavities;  alveolar:  as, 
cavermdous  metal, 
cavesson,  n.    See  cavezon. 
cave-swallow  (kav'swol"6),  n.  A  "West  Indian 
swallow,  Hirundo  pceciloma,  which  affixes  its 
nest  of  mud  to  the  roofs  and  walls  of  caves, 
cave-tiger  (kav'ti"ger),  n.    A  species  of  fossil 
tiger  or  jaguar,  Felis  spelwus,  remains  of  which 
occur  in  the  bone-caves  of  South  America, 
cavetto  (ka-vet'o),  «.  [it.,  dim.  of  cavo,  hollow : 
see  cawl,  w.]     1.  In  arch.,  a  hollow  member, 
or  round  concave  molding,  containing  at  least 
the  quadrant  of  a  circle,  used  in  cornices,  be- 
tween the  tori  of  bases,  etc.— 2.  In  decorative 
art,  a  hollow  or  recessed  pattern :  the  reverse 
of  relief  and  rilievo.-m  cavetto,  said  of  any  design 

stamped  or  impressed,  and  dirt'ering  from  intaglio  in  not. 
being  incised  as  with  a  sharp  instrument.  Thus  a  design 
impressed  in  tiles,  clay,  or  plaster  is  properly  said  to  be 
^n  cavetto.  The  field  may  also  be  recessed,  with  a  device 
in  relief  upon  it,  as  in  the  style  of  work  known  as  cavo- 
rilievo;  in  this  case  the  field  is  said  to  be  in  cavetto. 

A  design  in  relief  was  impressed  upon  them,  leaving  the 
ornamental  pattern  in  cavetto. 

C.  T.  Davis,  Bricks  and  Tiles,  p.  412. 
cavey,  n.    See  cavie^. 

cavezon,  cavesson  (kav'e-zon,  -son), «.  [For- 
merly also  cavasson;  <  F.  cavesson,  cavegon,  <  It. 
cavezzone,  aug.  of  cavezza,  a  halter,  =  OF.  che- 
vcce,  neck,  =  Pr.  cabeissa,  wig,  =  Sp.  cabeza  =  Pg. 
cabega,  head,  <  L.  cajmt,  head :  see  caput,  and 
ef .  cabega.]  A  sort  of  nose-band  of  iron,  leather, 
or  wood,  sometimes  flat  and  sometimes  hollow 
or  twisted,  which  is  put  on  the  nose  of  a  horse 
to  wi-ing  it,  in  order  to  facilitate  breaking  him. 
Also  called  causson. 

Cavia  (ka'vi-a),  n.  [NL.  and  Pg.,  from  native 
Indian  name,  >  E.  cavy.]  The  typical  genus  of 
the  family  Caviidce  and  subfamily  Caviince,  con- 
taining the  cavies  propei-,  as  the  guinea-pig. 
See  cavy,  Caviidm. 
cavian  (ka'vi-an),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  cavien  ;  <  Ca- 
via +  -an.]  1.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  the  genus  Cavia  or  the  familj 
Caviidce. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  cavies;  a  caviid. 
caviar,  caviare  (kav-i-ar'or  ka-ver'),  n.  [Also 
formerly  caviary  ;  —  D.  kaviaar  =  G.  Dan.  Sw. 
kaviar,  <  F.  caviar,  formerly  cavial,  <  It.  caviale, 
formerly  also  caviaro,  =  Sp.  caviar,  caviar,  ca- 
bial,  sausage  made  with  caviar,  =  Pg.  caviar, 
cavial,  caviar  (ML.  caviarium,  NGr.  mjiiapt),. 
<  Turk,  havyar,  caviar  ;  said  to  be  of  Tatar  ori- 
gin.  The  Russ.  name  is  ikra.]  A  preparation 
for  the  table  of  the  roe  of  certain  large  fish  pre- 
served by  salting.    The  best  is  made  from  the  roes  of 
the  sterlet,  sturgeon,  sevruga,  and  beluga,  caught  in  the- 
lakes  and  rivers  of  Russia.   Caviar  was  regarded  as  a  deli- 
cacy too  refined  to  be  appreciated  by  the    ulgar  taste; 
hence  Shakspere  s  application  of  the  word  to  a  play  which 
the  vulgar  could  not  relish. 
'Twas  caviare  to  the  general.         Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 
A  pill  of  caviary  now  and  then, 
Which  breeds  choler  adust. 

Fletclier  (and  another).  Love's  Cure,  ill.  2. 
The  eggs  of  a  sturgeon,  being  salted,  and  made  up  into 
a  mass,  were  first  brought  from  Constantinople  by  the 
Italians  and  called  caviare.  N.  Grew,  Museum. 

Hark  ye  !  a  rasher  of  bacon,  on  thy  life  !  and  some  pick- 
led sturgeon,  and  soure  krcut  and  caviar,  and  good  strong 
cheese.  Landor,  Peter  the  Great. 

caviaryt,  n.  Same  as  caviar. 
cavicorn  (kav'i-korn),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  cavi- 
cornis,  <  L.  eavus,  hollow  (see  cave^,  +  cormc 
=  E.  horn.]  I.  a.  Hollow-horned,  as  a  rumi- 
nant ;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Cavi- 
cornia. 

II.  n.  A  hollow-homed  ruminant;  specifi- 
cally, one  of  the  Cavicornia. 


Cavicornia 


873 


Cazton 


Cavicornia  (kav-i-kor'ni-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (Illi- 
ger,  1811),  neut.  pi.  of  cavicornis :  see  cavi- 
corit.2  The  hoUow-horned  ruminants  consid- 
ered as  a  family  or  other  zoological  group  of 
mammals,  contrasting  with  the  solid-horned 
ruminants,  or  deer,  Cervidce.  The  Cavicornia  are 
tlie  oxen,  sheep,  goats,  and  antelopes  ;  and  the  group  is 
exactly  conterminous  with  Bovidce  in  the  now  current  ex- 
tended sense  of  the  latter  term.  The  horns  are  perma- 
nent and  two  or  four  in  number,  appear  in  both  sexes  or 
in  the  male  only,  and  consist  of  a  sheath  of  horn  upon  a 
bony  core  formed  by  a  process  of  the  frontal  bone.  The 
pronghorn  of  North  America,  Antilocapm  americana,  is 
anomalous,  having  horns  of  this  description  and  being 
thus  truly  cavicorn,  yet  shedding  its  horns  annually  like 
a  deer. 

Cavidse  (kav'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Cavia  +  -idw.'] 
Same  as  Caviidm. 

cavie^,  cavey  (ka'vi),  n.  [Sc.,  =  D.  kevie  =  G. 
kdfig,  kdfe,  ORG.  chevia,  <  ML.  cavia  for  L.  cavea, 
a  cage,  a  cave :  see  cave^  and  cage.']  A  hencoop. 

Ahint  the  chicken  cavie.  Burns,  Jolly  Beggars. 

cavie^  (ka'vi),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cavied,  ppr.  ca- 
I'ljiiig.  [Sc.:  see  cave^.]  1.  To  rear  or  prance, 
as  a  horse.— 2.  To  toss  the  head,  or  to  walk 
with  an  airy  and  affected  step.  Jamieson.  See 
caye2,  v.  t,  2. 

caviid  (kav'i-id),  n.  A  rodent  of  the  family 
Caviidw. 

Caviidse  (ka-vi'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Cavia  + 
-idee.]  A  family  of  hystricomorphic  simplici- 
dent  mammals,  of  the  order  Bodentia  or  Glires, 
peculiar  to  South  America ;  the  cavies.  Exclud- 
ing the  capibara  as  type  of  a  separate  family  Hydrochatri- 
dce,  the  Caviidce  are  characterized  by  comparatively  short 
incisors  and  by  other  dental  and  cranial  peculiarities,  im- 
perfect clavicles  (commonly  said  to  be  wanting),  very  short 
or  rudimentary  tail,  uncleft  upper  lip,  and  4-toed  fore 
feet  and  3-toed  hind  feet,  both  ending  in  somewhat  hoof- 
like claws.  The  leading  genera  are  Cavia  and  Dolichotis. 
See  cavy.    Also,  less  correctly,  Caviadce,  Cavidce. 

Caviinae  (kav-i-i'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Cavia  + 
-ince.]  The  typical  subfamily  of  the  family 
Caviidce,  containing  the  cavies  proper,  when 
the  giant  eavy  or  capibara  is  retained  in  the 
family:  equivalent  to  Caviidw  without  the  ge- 
nus Hydrochcerus. 

caviine  (kav'i-in),  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
cavies  or  Caviidm. 
cavil^,  «.    See  caveU. 
caviP,  n.    See  cavel^. 

caviP  (kav'U),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  caviled  or  cav- 
illed, ppr.  caviling  or  cavilling.  [<  OF.  cavil- 
ler =  Sp.  cavilar  =  Pg.  cavillar  =  It.  cavillare, 
<  L.  cavillari,  jeer,  mock,  quibble,  cavil,  <  ca- 
villa,  also  cavillum,  a  jeering,  scoffing.]  I.  in- 
trans.  To  raise  captious  and  frivolous  objec- 
tions; find  fault  without  good  reason;  carp: 
frequently  followed  by  at. 

But  in  the  way  of  bargain,  mark  ye  me, 
I'll  cavil  on  the  ninth  part  of  a  hair. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  1. 
Let's  fight  it  out,  and  not  stand  cavilling  thus. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 
He  says  much  that  many  may  dispute. 
And  cavil  at  with  ease,  but  none  refute. 

Coti'per,  Truth. 

Il.t  trans.  To  receive  or  treat  with  objec- 
tions ;  find  fault  wdth. 

Wilt  thou  enjoy  the  good, 
Then  cavU  the  conditions?        Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  759. 

cavil^  (kav'il),  n.  [<  cavil^,  v.  Cf.  L.  cavilla, 
n.]  A  captious  or  frivolous  objection ;  an  ex- 
ception taken  for  the  sake  of  argument ;  a  carp- 
ing argument. 

That's  but  a  cavil;  he  is  old,  I  young. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 
The  cavils  of  prejudice  and  unbelief.  South. 
I  cannot  enlarge  on  every  point  which  brings  convic- 
tion to  my  own  mind,  nor  answer  at  length  every  cavil  or 
even  every  serious  argument. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  131. 

caviler,  cr.'Tiller  (kav'il-er),  n.   One  who  cav- 
ils; one  who  is  apt  to  raise  captious  objec- 
tions ;  a  carping  disputant. 
Socrates  held  all  philosophers  ca  vilers  and  madmen. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  167. 
The  candour  which  Horace  shows  is  that  which  distin- 
guishes a  critick  from  a  caviller.        Addison,  Guardian. 

caviling,  cavilling  (kav'il-ing),  «.  [Verbal  n. 
of  cavil'i,  v.]  _  The  act  of  raising  captious  and 
frivolous  objections;  an  objection  of  a  cap- 
tious nature:  as,  '■'cavillings  and  menaeings," 
Jer.  Taylor  (?),  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  66. 

ca-Tiling,  ca-villing  (kav'il-ing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of 
cavil^,v.']  Raising  frivolous  objections ;  fault- 
finding. =sjra.  Carping,  etc.  See  captious. 

cavilingly,  cavillingly  (kav'il-ing-li),  adv.  In 
a  caviling  manner. 

cavillationt  (kav-i-la '  shon),  n.  [ME.  cavilla- 
cioun,  cavilaciou,  <  OF.  cavlllacion,  cavillation  = 
F.  cavillation  _  Pr.  cavilhatio  =  Sp.  caviladon 


=  Pg.  cavillagao  =  It.  cavillasione,  <  L.  eavilla- 
tio(n-),  <  cavillari,  pp.  cavillaius  :  see  cavil'^,  v.] 
The  act  or  practice  of  caviling  or  raising  cap- 
tious objections ;  a  caviling  or  quibbling  ob- 
jection or  criticism. 

Withouten  fraude  or  cavillacioun. 

Chaucer,  Summoner's  Tale,  1.  428. 

Who  should  doe  thus,  I  confesse,  should  requite  the  ob- 
iectious  made  against  Poets,  with  like  eauillations  against 
Philosophers.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Apol.  for  Poetrie. 

Parma  signified  his  consent  to  make  use  of  that  treaty 
as  a  basis,  "  provided  always  it  were  interpreted  healthily, 
and  not  dislocated  by  camllations  and  sinister  interpreta- 
tions." Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  III.  420. 

caviller,  ca'villing,  etc.    See  caviler,  etc. 

caviloust,  cavilloust  (kav'il-us),  a.  [<  L.  cavil- 
losus,  <  cavilla:  see  cavil^,  ».]  Captious;  apt  to 
object  or  criticize  without  good  reason  ;  quib- 
bling.   Ayliffe.  [Rare.] 

ca'Tilouslyt,  cavillouslyt  (kav'il-us-li),  adv.  In 
a  cavilous  or  carping  manner ;  captiously :  as, 
"cavillou.sly  urged,"  Milton,  Art.  of  Peace  with 
Irish.  [Rare.] 

cavilousnesst,  cavillousnesst  (kav'il-us-nes), 

n.  Captiousness ;  disposition  or  aptitude  to 
raise  frivolous  objections.  [Rare.] 

cavin(kav'in),  n.  [<  F.  cavin,  <  cave,  <  L.  cavus, 
hollow:  see  cavei,  cage.']  Milit.,  a  hollow  way 
or  natural  hollow,  adapted  to  cover  troops  and 
facilitate  their  approach  to  a  place. 

ca'Ving-rake  (ka'ving-rak),  11.  [<  caving-s  + 
rake.]  In  agri.,  a  rake  for  separating  the  chaff 
or  cavings  from  grain  spread  out  on  a  barn- 
floor  or  a  threshing-floor.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

ca'TingS  (ka'vingz),  n.  pi.  [PI.  of  caving,  verbal 
n.  of  cave^,  v.]  The  short  broken  straw  sepa- 
rated from  threshed  grain  by  means  of  the  ca- 
ving- or  barn -rake ;  chaff.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

Cavitaria  (kav-i-ta'ri-a),  n.  2)1.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  *cavitariiis :  see  cavitary.]  In  Cuvier's 
system  of  classification,  a  group  of  intestinal 
worms,  one  of  the  divisions  of  Entozoa ;  the 
Ccelelmintha  of  Owen.    See  cavitary,  a.,  2. 

cavitary  (kav'i-ta-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  *cavi- 
tarius,  <  L.  as  if  *cavitas:  see  cavity  +  -ary^.] 

1,  a.  1.  Hollow;  caval;  cavernous;  having  a 
cavity;  specifically,  in  6ioL,  coelomatous ;  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  eoeloma,  or  the  perivisceral 
space  or  body-cavity ;  having  a  body-cavity. 

Certain  portions  of  the  hollow  cavitary  system,  which 
forms  the  haemal  passages,  are  converted  into  contractile 
vessels  by  the  development  of  muscles  in  their  walls. 

Gegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  51. 

2.  Having  an  enteric  cavity  or  intestinal  tract ; 

enteric ;  intestinal.  Formerly  specifically  applied  to 
the  cavitaries,  or  certain  intestinal  parasitic  worms  (in- 
testinal in  the  sense  of  having  an  intestine  of  their  own, 
not  as  inhabiting  the  intestines  of  other  animals),  as  the 
threadworms  or  Nematoidea,  as  distinguished  from  the 
anenterous  worms,  as  the  tapeworms  and  flukes,  which 
have  no  intestinal  cavity. 

II.  n.  A  worm  or  entozoon  having  an  in- 
testinal canal  in  a  distinct  abdominal  cavity ; 
one  of  the  Cavitaria. 
cavitied  (kav'i-tid),  a.  [<  cavity  +  -ed^.]  Hav- 
ing cavities ;  specifically,  having  an  intestinal 
cavity ;  cavitary,  as  the  nematoid  worms  or  cav- 
itaries. Owen. 

cavity  (kav'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  cavities  (-tiz).    [<  F. 

cavite  =  Sp.  cavidad  —  Pg.  cavidade  =  It.  cavi- 
td,  <  L.  as  if  *cavitas,  <  cavus,  hollow :  seecave^.] 
1.  A  hollow  place  ;  a  hollow ;  a  void  or  empty 
space  in  a  body :  as,  the  abdominal  cavity;  the 
thoracic  cavity  ;  the  cavity  of  the  mouth. —  2t. 
The  state  of  being  hollow ;  hoUowness. 
The  cavity  or  hollowness  of  the  place. 

Goodwin,  Works,  III.  565. 

Amnlotie  cavity.  See  arnnio<ic.— Arachnoid  cavity, 
an  old  name  for  the  subdural  space. — Axial  cavity,  bran- 
chial cavity,  buccal  cavity.     See  the  adjectives.— 

Cleavage  cavity.  See  cleavage. — Consonatlng  cavi- 
ties. See  consonating.— 'Digital  cavity,  hemal  cavity, 
medullary  cavity,  etc.    see  the  adjectives. 

caviuna-WOOd  (kav-i-6'na-wud),  n.  A  species 
of  rosewood  obtained  from  Dalbergia  nigra,  a 
tall  leguminous  tree  of  Brazil. 

Cavolinia  (kav-o-lin'i-a),  n.    [NL.,  <  Cavolini, 
an  Italian  naturalist.]    The  typical  genus  of 
the  family  Cavoliniidce :  sy- 
nonymous with  Hyalcca.    C.  /f^^^'^^^'^'^sfir^'''''"^ 
tridentata  is  an  example. 

cavoliniid  (kav-o-lin'i-id),  n.  I^^HT^ 
A  pteropod  of  the  family  /l^^^SK 
CavoUniidce.  // 

CavoliniidaB(kav*6-li-ni'i-  //  ^  \| 
de),  n.  pi.    [NL.  (D'Orbigny,       |  ? 

1842),   <    Cavolinia    +    -ida'.]      CavoUnia  tr-idtntata. 

A  family  of  thecosomatous 
pteropods  with  large  lobate  fins,  an  abdominal 
branchial  pouch,  no  operculigerous  lobe,  three 
rows  of  teeth,  the  lateral  unciform,  and  an 


inoperculate  non-spiral  symmetrical  shell :  sy- 
nonymous with  HyaUcidw. 

cavolinite  (kav-6-le'nit),  n.  [<  Cavolini,  an  Ital- 
ian naturalist,  ■\-  -ite^.]    Same  as  nephelite. 

cavo-rilievo  (kii'vo-re-lya'vo),  v.  [It.,  <  cava, 
hollow, -I- nWew,  relief:  see  carei  and /-e/ie/.  Cf. 
alto-rilievo,  basso-rilievo,  bas-relief.]  In  sculi)., 
a  kind  of  relief  in  which  the  highest  surface  is 
level  with  the  plane  of  the  original  stone,  which 
is  left  around  the  outlines  of  the  design,  sculp- 
ture of  this  kind  is  much  employed  in  the  decoration  of 
the  walls  of  Egyptian  temples.  Also  written  cavo-relievo, 
and  also  called  coelanaglyphic  sculpture. 

Porphyritic  monoliths,  skilfully  filled  in  cavo-relievo  with 
symbolic  groups.  Encyc.  Amer.,  I.  281. 

cavort  (ka-v6rt'),  V.  i.  [Said  to  be  a  corruption 
of  curvet.]  1.  To  curvet;  prance  about:  said 
of  a  horse.  Hence  —  2.  To  bustle  about  nim- 
bly or  eagerly:  said  of  a  person.  [Amer.  slang.] 

They  [the  soldiers)  have  cavorted  around  the  suburbs  in 
sufficient  numbers  to  pillage  with  impunity. 
Richmond  Dispatch,  copied  in  N.  Y.  Herald,  June  9, 1862. 

cavum  (ka'vum),  n. ;  pi.  cava  (-va).  [L.,  neut. 
of  ca?;M.s,  hollow :  seecauci.]  Ina>mi.,ahollow; 
the  cavity  of  any  organ :  chiefly  used  with  ref- 
erence to  the  cavities  or  sinuses  of  the  heart, 
with  a  Latin  adjective. 

In  all  Reptilia,  except  crocodiles,  there  is  but  one  ven- 
tricular cavity  [of  the  heart],  though  it  may  be  divided 
more  or  less  distinctly  into  a  cavum  venosum  and  a  cavum, 
arteriosum.  .  .  .  The  aortic  arches  and  the  pulmonary 
artery  all  arise  from  the  caimm  venosum,  or  a  special  sub- 
division of  that  cavity  called  the  cavum  imlmonale. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  88. 

ca'Vy  (ka'vi),  M. ;  pi.  cavies  (-viz).  [See  Cavia.] 
A  rodent  of  the  genus  Cavia  or  family  Caviidce. 

There  are  several  species,  of  which  the  guinea-pig,  C.  co- 

baya,  is  the  best  known. —  Giant  cavy,  or  water-cavy, 

the  capibara  (which  see).  —  Mountain  cavy,  Cavia  bolivi- 
ensis. — Patagonian  cavy,  or  inara,  Dolichotis  piatacho- 
7iica. — Restless  cavy,  Cavia  aperea. — Rock-cavy,  Cavia 
rupestris,  of  Brazil. — Southern  cavy,  Cavia  australis. 

ca'wi,  ka'W  (ka),  v.  i.  [Formerly  also  kaa;  imi- 
tative of  the  sound.  Similar  imitative  forms 
occur  in  many  and  diverse  languages  to  ex- 
press the  cry  of  or  as  a  name  for  the  crow  and 
other  corvine  birds.  Cf .  croak,  and  see  caddow, 
coe'^,  cliougli,  and  daw'^.]  To  cry  like  a  crow, 
rook,  raven,  or  jackdaw. 

Like  a  jackdaw,  that  when  he  lights  upon 
A  dainty  morsel,  kaa's  and  makes  his  brag. 

Chapman,  All  Fools,  iii.  1. 
The  building  rook  'ill  caio  from  the  windy  tall  elm-tree, 
And  the  tufted  plover  pipe  along  the  fallow  lea. 

Tennyson,  May  Queen,  ii. 

ca'W^,  kaw  (ka),  n.  [<  caic'^,  kaw,  v.']  The  cry 
of  the  crow,  rook,  raven,  or  jackdaw. 

ca'W^  (ka),  V.  t.  [Sc.,  =  ca2.]  To  drive  :  as,  to 
caw  a  nail ;  to  caio  cattle  to  mai'ket.  Often  ab- 
breviated to  ca\    [Scotch.]  —To  caw  one's  hogs 

to  the  hill,  to  snore. 

cawass,  n.    See  cavass. 

cawchiet,       An  obsolete  form  of  causeway. 

cawf,  n.    See  canf. 

cawk,  n.    See  cauk^,  1. 

ca'wker  (ka'ker),  n.    Same  as  calk^. 

ca'wky,  a.    See  cauky. 

cawlt,       An  old  spelling  of  caul'^. 

cawney,  cawny  (ka'ni),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  mea- 
sure of  land  used  in  some  parts  of  India,  and 
varying  slightly  according  to  locality.  In  the 
Madras  presidency  it  is  equal  to  1.322  acres. 

cawqua'W  (ka'kwa),  n.  [Amer.  Ind.  name.]* 
The  urson,  or  Canadian  porcupine,  Erethizon 
dorsatum,  whose  spines  are  often  used  for  or- 
namentation by  the  Indians,  its  chief  food  consists 
of  living  bark,  which  it  strips  from  the  branches  as  cleanly 
as  if  a  sharp  knife  had  been  used.  It  begins  with  the  high-, 
est  branches  and  eats  its  way  I'egularly  down.  One  caw- 
quaw  mil  destroy  a  hundred  trees  in  a  single  season.  See 
cut  under  porcupine. 

caxo,  caxoni  (kak'so,  -son),  n..  [<  Sp.  cajon,  for- 
merly caxon,  a  chest  (=  Pg.  caixao  =  F.  cais- 
son =  It.  cassone :  see  caisson  and  cassoon),  aug. 
of  caja,  formerly  caxa  —  Pg.  caixa,  a  chest,  = 
E.  case^,  q.  v.]  A  chest  of  burnt  and  ground 
ores.    McElrath,  Com.  Diet. 

caxon^  (kak'son),  n.  [Origru  obscure.]  An  old 
cant  term  for  a  wig. 

He  had  two  wigs,  both  pedantic,  but  of  different  omen. 
The  one  serene,  smiling,  fresh  powdered,  betokening  a 
mild  day.  The  other,  an  old,  discoloured,  unkempt,  angiy 
caxon,  denoting  frequent  and  bloody  execution. 

Lamb,  Christ's  Hospital. 

Caxton  (kaks'ton),  n.  The  name  applied  to  any 
book  printed  by  William  Caxton  (died  1491  or 
1492),  originally  an  English  merchant  in  the 
Netherlands,  who  in  advanced  age  learned  the 
art  of  printing  and  introduced  it  into  England. 

The  Caxtons  are  all  in  black-letter.  The  "Recuyell  of  the 
Historyes  of  Troye,"  translated  from  the  French  and  print- 
ed by  Caxton  either  at  Bruges  or  Cologne,  probably  in  1474, 


I  Caxton. 


A  Device  of  Willi 

fr.  C.  represent  the  initials 
of  his  name.  The  rude  form 
of  the  fissures  74,  in  the  center, 
is  supposed  to  mean  the  year 
1474,  when  he  began  as  a  print- 
er. The  small  letters,  s,  c,  are 
interpreted  by  some  as  Saftc- 
ta  Colonia  I  Cologne,  the  city 
alleged  as  the  one  in  which  he 
wastauffhtprinting);  byothers 
a%stffillurn  Caxtonti,  theseal 
of  Caxton.  ( From  Hansard's 
'*  Typographia.") 


Caxton 

is  considered  the  earliest  specimen  of  typosraphy  in  theEng- 
lish  language.  •  ■  The  Game  and  Playe  of  the  Chesse, "  printed 
by  hini  m  1474-5,  was  the  second  English  book  printed,  and 
■  The  Diotes  and  Sayings  of  the 
Philosophers,"  printed  by  him 
at  Westminster  in  1477,  was 
probably  tlie  first  work  printed 
in  England.   The  list  of  known 
publications  printed  by  hhn 
from  1474  to  1490  includes  sev- 
enty-one titles.   Some  of  them 
were  translated   by  himself 
from  the  French  and  Dutch, 
cay  (ka),  n.  [<  Sp.  myo; 
E.  usually  written  inj : 
■    see  keij^,  quay.']  Same 
as  heij^.  [Rare.] 

Its  harbour  is  formed  by  a 
long  cay,  called  Hog  Island, 
which  stretches  for  three  miles 
from  east  to  west,  about  half 
a  mile  from  the  shore. 

Fortnightly  Rev.,  N.  S., 
[XXXIX.  176. 

caya  (ka'ya),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  kind  of 
satinwood  obtained  from  San  Domingo. 

cayagiumt,  «.  [ML.]  In  old  Eng.  law,  a  toll 
or  duty  exacted  by  the  king  for  landing  goods 
at  a  quaj'. 

Cayenne  pepper.   See  pepper. 

Cayleyan  (ka'le-an),  n.  [<  Cayley  (see  def.) 
+  -an.']  In  math.,  a  eui-ve  of  the  sixth  order 
and  third  class,  invented  by  the  English  mathe- 
matician Arthur  Cayley  (1853),  and  called  by 
him  the  pippian.  It  is  the  envelop  of  the  pairs 
of  right  lines  which  constitute  polar  conies  rela- 
tive to  any  cubic  curve. 

Cayley's  theorem.   See  theorem. 

cayman  (ka'man),  n.  [<  Sp.  caiman  =  Pg.  cai- 
mao  --  F.  caiman;  from  the  native  Guiana 
name.]  A  name  applied  popularlv  to  the  alli- 
gators of  the  West  Indies  and  South  America, 
but  properly  only  to  Crocodilus  or  Caiman  jml- 
jjebrosus  and  C.  trigonatus  (Cuvier).  See  aUi- 
gator. 

caynardt,  kaynardt,  «.  [ME.]  A  wretch:  a 
rascal ;  a  good-for-nothing. 

cayote  (ka-yo'te),  71.    Same  as  coyote. 

caytivet,  «.  and  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  caittf. 

cayuse  (ki-iis'),  «.  [Amer.  Ind.  name.]  Apoiiy 
or  small  horse  ;  specifically,  an  Indian  pony  of 
the  peculiar  breed  formerly  in  use  among  the 
Cayuse  Indians  of  the  northern  Rocky  Moim- 
tains.    [Northwestern  U.  S.] 

With  one  last  wicked  shake  of  the  head  the  wiry  cai/t«e 
breaks  into  his  easy  lope,  and  away  go  horse  and  rider. 

Harper's  Mar;.,  LXXI.  190. 
A  common  Indian  pony  is  called  a  cayuse,  one  of  the  few 
terms  which  stock-men  have  inherited  from  the  tribes.  It 
has  come  to  be  used  in  a  depreciative  sense,  being  applied 
to  any  poor,  broken-down  jade.  L.  Swinburne. 

cazi,  cauzi  (ka'zi),  n.  [Variously  written  cau- 
zy,  caicee,  l-azy,  qazee,  etc.,  more  precisely 
Hmd.  dial,  kaji,  repr.  Turk,  qadi,  qazi,  Ar.  qadi 
(palatal  d,  resembling  z),  a  judge,  the  source 
also  of  E.  iMdi  and  alcalde,  q.  v.]  One  of  two 
high  officers  of  the  Turkish  government  who 
preside  in  the  high  court  of  Moslem  sacred  law 
at  Constantinople,  and  are  the  next  in  author- 
ity to  the  sheikh  ul  Islam,  who  is  the  chief  re- 
ligious and  doctrinal  authority. 

cazimi  (ka-ze'mi),  n.  [Perhaps  of  Ar.  origin: 
cf.  Ai-.  qalb,  heart,  shams,  sun.]  In  astrol.,  the 
heart  of  the  sun ;  the  part  of  the  zodiac  within 
17  minutes  of  the  center  of  the  sun. 

cazique  (ka-zek'),  w.  _  See  cacique. 

cazo  (Sp.  pron.  ka'tho),  n.  [Sp.,  of  Teut.  ori- 
gin, from  same  ult.  source  as  E.  kettle :  see 
casserole  and  kettle.]    A  copper  vessel  or  cal- 

•  dron  in  which  ores  of  silver  are  treated  in  the 
hot  process. 

cazzon  (kaz'pn),  n.    Same  as  casings. 

Cb.    The  chemical  symbol  for  columbium. 

C.  B.  An  abbreviation  of  Companion  of  the 
Bath.    See  bath^. 

C.  C.  An  abbreviation  of  County  Commissioner 
and  of  Coimty  Court. 

C.  C.  P.  -An  abbreviation  of  Court  of  Common 
Pleas. 

Cd.    The  chemical  symbol  for  cadmium. 

cd.  In  anat.,  an  abbreviation  used  in  vertebral 
formulas  for  caudal,  or  coccygeal:  as,  cd.  12 
(that  is,  12  caudal  vertebrae). 

-cel.  [<  ME.  -s,  -es,  <  AS.  -es :  see  -si  and-esl.] 
A  disguised  modern  spelling  of  the  genitive 
suffix  -si,  -es-i,  as  used  adverbially  in  hence, 
thence,  whence,  once,  twice,  thrice:  erroneously 
spelled  -ce  in  conformity  with  that  termination 
in  words  of  French  origin.  See  -ce2  -ce3  and 
-ce4. 

-ce2.  [<  ME.  -s,  -es:  see  -s2  .^^.2.]  a  disguised 
spelling  (a)  of  original  final  -s  (of  the  root)  in 


874 

ice,  advice,  device,  etc.,  and  the  plurals  lice, 
mice,  or  {b)  of  the  original  plural  suffix  -s^,  -cs^, 
m  dice,  jience :  erroneously  spelled  -ce  in  con- 
formity with  that  termination  in  words  of 
French  origin.  See  -cc3,  etc. 
-ce3.  [ME.  -ce,  often  -se,  <  OF.  -ce,  <  L.  -tius, 
-tia,  -tiiini,  or  -cius,  -eta,  -ciim,  as  in  tertius, 
tertta,  tcrtium,  justitia,  solatium,  etc.]  The 
terminal  element  of  many  words  derived 
through  French  from  Latin,  as  in  tierce,  justice, 
solace,  absence,  etc.,  occurring  especially  in 
the  suffixes  -ace,  -ice,  -ance  (which  see).  See 
also  -cy. 

-ce*.  A  termination  of  other  origin  than  as 
above,  particularly  in  fence,  defence,  offence, 
irretence,  expence,  etc.  The  first  remains  unchanged  ■ 
the  last  IS  now  always  and  the  others  are  frequently  ac- 
cording to  their  etymology  (-oise,  <  F.  -erne,  <  L.  -ensa) 
spelled  with  " 

Ce.  The  chemical  symbol  for  cerium,. 
C.  E.  An  abbreviation  of  Civil  Engineer. 
Cean  (se'an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Ceus,  pertaining 
to  Cea  (Gr.  \itug,  later  Kia),  now  Zia,  one  of  the 
Cyclades,  the  birthplace  of  Simonides.]  I.  «. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Grecian  island  of  Ceos : 
specifically  applied  to  the  poet  Simonides,  born 
in  Ceos  in  the  sixth  century  B.  c. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Ceos. 
Ceanothus  (se-a-no'thus),  w.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Ksai-uOog,  a  name  applied  by  Theophi-astus  to 
a  kind  of  thistle.]  A  genus  of  rhamnaceous 
shrubs,  natives  of  North  America,  and  espe- 
cially of  California.  Theyarefree  bloomers,  and  some 
species  are  occasionally  cultivated  for  ornament  The 
leaves  of  the  common  species  of  the  Atlantic  States,  C. 
Americamis,  known  as  New  Jersey  tea  or  red-root  have 
been  used  as  a  substitute  for  tea.  The  root  is  a  useful 
astringent  and  furnishes  a  reddish  dye.  The  blue  myrtle 
of  t  ahfornia,  C.  thyrsijlorus,  becomes  a  small  tree. 

cease  (ses),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ceased,  ppr.  ceas- 
ing.  [<ME.  ceesen,  cesen  (also  cessen,  sessen, 
whence  obs.  cessl,  q.  v.),  <  OF.  cesser,  F.  cesser 
=  Pr.  cessar,  sessar  =  Sp.  ccsar  =  Pg.  cessar  = 
It.  cessare,  <  L.  cessare,  loiter,  go  slowly,  cease, 
freq.  of  cedere,  pp.  cessus,  go  away,  withdraw, 
yield:  see  cede.]  I.  in  trans.  1.  To  stop  mov- 
ing, acting,  or  speaking ;  leave  off ;  give  over ; 
desist ;  come  to  rest :  followed  hy  from  before 
a  noun:  as,  cease  from  anger,  labor,  strife. 

He  walketh  round  about  from  place  to  place  and  ceas- 
^™  Latimer,  Sermon  of  the  Plough. 

We  cease  to  grieve,  cease  to  be  fortune's  slaves, 
Nay,  cease  to  die  by  dying.    Webster,  Wliite  Devil,  v.  2. 
The  lives  of  all  who  cease  from  combat,  spare.  Dryden. 
The  ministers  of  Christ  have  ceased  from  their  labors. 

Bp.  Sprat. 

2.  To  come  to  an  end ;  terminate  ;  become  ex- 
tinct ;  pass  away :  as,  the  wonder  ceases ;  the 
storm  has  ceased. 

For  naturall  affection  soone  doth  cesse. 
And  quenched  is  with  Cupids  greater  flame. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  i.\.  2. 
I  would  make  the  remembrance  of  them  to  cease  from 
among  men.  Ueut.  xxxii.  26. 

The  inhabitants  of  the  villages  ceased,  they  ceased  in 
Israel.  Judges  v.  7. 

Preaching  in  the  first  sence  of  the  word  ceas'd  as  soon  as 
ever  the  Gospels  were  written.   Se.lden,  Table-Talk,  p.  91. 

II.  trans.  To  put  a  stop  to ;  put  an  end  to ; 
bring  to  an  end:  as,  cease  your  clamor;  he 
ceased  debate.  [Now  chiefly  used  with  ref- 
erence to  self-restraining  or  self-limiting  ac- 
tion.] 

And  in  the  Gulfe  aforseyd,  Seyiit  Elyne  kest  on  of  the 
holy  nayles  in  to  the  see  to  sease  the  tempest. 

Torldngton,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travell,  p.  57. 
I  go  thus  from  thee,  and  will  never  cease 
My  vengeance  till  I  find  thy  heart  at  peace. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iii.  2. 
But  he,  her  fears  to  cease. 
Sent  down  the  meek-eyed  Peace. 

Milton,  Nativity,  1.  45. 

ceaset  (ses),  n.  [<  cease,  v.]  Cessation;  ex- 
tinction ;  failure. 

The  cease  of  majesty 
Dies  not  alone  ;  but,  like  a  gulf,  doth  draw 
What's  near  it  with  it.  Sliak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  3. 

ceaseless  (ses'les),  a.  [<  cease  -f-  -less.]  1. 
Without  a  stop  or  pause  ;  incessant ;  continual ; 
that  never  stops  or  intermits;  unending;  never 
ceasing. 

All  these  with  ceaseless  praise  his  works  behold. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  679. 
Wearying  with  ceaseless  prayers  the  gods  above. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  318. 
The  victim  of  ceaseless  intrigues,  who  neither  compre- 
hended his  position,  nor  that  of  their  country. 

Disraeli,  Coningsby,  ii.  1. 
2.  Endless;  enduring  forever :  as,  the  ceaseless 
joys  of  heaven 


Cebrio 

ceaselessly  (ses'les-li),  adv.    Incessantly ;  per- 
petually. 

Flowers 
Still  blooming  ceaselessly. 

Drummoad,  The  Faii-est  Fair. 

ceaselessness  (ses'les-nes),  n.    [<  ceaseless  + 
-ness.]    1.   The  state  or  condition  of  being 
ceaseless,  or  without  cessation  or  intermission  • 
lucessancy.— 2.  The  state  or  condition  of  en- 
during forever ;  endlessness, 
cebadilla,  n.    See  cevadilla. 
cebellt,       In  music,  a  melody  for  the  lute  or 
violm  in  quadi-uple  rhythm  and  in  phrases  of 
four  bars  each,  distinguished  by  more  or  less 
alternation  of  very  high  and  very  low  notes 
cebid  (seb'id),  n.    A  monkey  of  the  family  Ce- 
hidw. 

Cebidae  (seb'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Cebus  +  -idm  ] 
A  family  of  new-world  monkeys,  the  platyi-- 
rhme  simians,  distinguished  by  their  denti- 
tion from  the  old-world  monkeys,  having  one 
premolar  more  on  each  side  of  each  jaw  than 
the  latter  or  36  teeth  in  all.  The  nose  is  flat- 
tened  and  has  a  broad  septum,  thus  rendering  the  nos- 
trils proportionally  discrete ;  the  bony  meatus  of  the  ex- 
ternal ear  is  reduced  to  an  annular  tympanic  bone ;  the 
thumb  IS  undeveloped,  or  not  perfectly  apposable  ■  the 
tail  111  most  cases  is  prehensile  ;  and  both  cheek-pouches 
and  ischial  callosities  are  absent.  In  current  usage  all 
American  Quadrumana  except  the  marmosets,  or  Mididce 
are  included  in  the  Cebidce.  They  are  divided  into  the 
siibtamilies  Mycetmce,  Celjina;,  A'ljctipithecince,  and  Pithe- 
ciince.  There  are  eleven  living  genera,  and  the  species  are 
numerous. 

cebidichthyid  (seb-i-dik'thi-id),  n.  A  fish  of 
the  family  Cebidichthyidw. 
Cebidichthyidse  (seb'''i-dik-thi'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Cebidichthys  +  -ida:.]  A  family  of  blen- 
nioid  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Cebidichthys. 
The  only  species,  C.  violaceus,  belongs  to  the  superfamily 
Blennwidea,  and  has  an  elongated  body  with  numerous 
yertebrie,  the  dotsal  fin  divided  into  spinous  and  soft  por- 
tions, no  ventrals,  and  pyloric  ca;ca.  The  species  is  Cali- 
fornian. 

Cebidichthyinse  (seb-i-dik-thi-i'ne),  ».  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Cebidichthys  +  -inw.]  A  subfamily  of 
fishes,  represented  by  the  genus  Cebidichthys, 
referred  to  the  family  Blcnniidw :  same  as  Cebi- 
dich  thy  ida-. 

Cebidichthys  (seb-i-dik'this),  «.  [NL.  (W.  O 
Ayres,  1856),  <  Gr.  K^jSog,  a  monkey  (see  Cebus), 
+  ixdk,  a  fish.]  The  typical  genus  of  fishes 
of  the  family  Cebidichthyidw :  so  called  because 
the  face  was  supposed  to  resemble  a  monkey's. 
Cebinae  (se-bi'ue),  w. pi.  [NL.,  <  Cebus  +  -inm.] 
The  typical  subfamily  of  Cebidw,  containing  the 
prehensile-tailed  monkeys  of  America.  They 
have  the  hyoid  bone  and  associate  structures  moderate 
(thus  excluding  the  Mycetince  or  howlers) ;  the  incisors  not 


Capucine  Monkey  ( Cebus  capitcinits). 


Thou  ceaseless  lackey  to  eternity. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  967. 


proclivous ;  the  posterior  cerebral  lobes  overlapping  the 
cerebellum  ;  and  the  cerebral  convolutions  well  marked 
The  genera  are  Cebus,  Sapajou  (or  Ateles),  Eriodes  (or 
Bracliytdes),  and  Lanothrix. 

Ceblepyrinse  (seb-lep-i-ri'ne),  n.  pi.  fNL. 
(Swainson,  1837),  <  Ceblepyris  +  -ince.]    A  sub- 
family of  birds,  the  caterpillar-hunters:  a  loose 
synonym  of  Campophagiiue. 
ceblepjnrine  (seb-lep  'i-rin),  «.    Pertaining  to 
or  liaving  the  characters  of  the  Ceblepyrino) ; 
campophagine. 
Ceblepyris  (seb-lep 'i-ris),  n.    [NL.  (Cuvier, 
1817),  <  Gr.  KejiTiijTTvpig,  the  redcap,  redpoll,  a 
bird,  <  /ce/3A?/,  contr.  of  Keipa'Aij,  head,  +  nvp  =  E. 
fire.]   A  generic  name  given  by  Cuvier  to  the 
birds  he  called  caterpillar-hunters :  a  loose  syn- 
onym of  Campophaga,  sometimes  still  employed 
for  some  section  of  that  large  genus.  Also  writ- 
ten CeblephyriSj  Ceblepyrus. 
Cebrio  (seb'ri-o),  M.    [NL.]    The  typical  genus 
of  the  family  Cebrionidw,  having  the  labrum 
separate  from  the  front,  and  the  fore  tibiae  en- 
tire.   C.  bicolor  inhabits  the  southern  United 
States. 


Cebrionidse 

Cebrionidse  (seb-ri-on'i-de),  «.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Ce- 

brio{n-)  +  -icke.^  A  family  of  raalacodermatous 
pentamerous  coleopterous  insects,  related  to 
the  Elateridce  (-which  see),  but  having  six  ab- 
dominal segments,  well-developed  tibial  spurs, 
anterior  tibise  expanded  at  the  apex,  and  the 
labrum  close  to  the  front. 

Cebus  (se'bus),  n.  [NL.  (Erxleben,  1777),  <  Gr. 
KijSog,  also  K?/7rof.  a  long-tailed  monkey:  see  o/'c] 
The  typical  genus  of  the  family  Cebidw  and  sub- 
family Cebiiuc,  containing  the  ordinary  prehen- 
sile-tailed and  thumbed  South  American  mon- 
keys. The  monkeys  carried  about  by  orgau- 
grinders  generally  belong  to  this  genus.  See 
cut  under  Cehinw. 

cecal,  cecally.    See  cmcal,  ccecally. 

cecchint,  «■    See  sequin. 

Cecidomyia  (ses^i-do-mi'l-a),  «.  [NL.  (Meizen, 
1803),  <  Gr.  K?iK!g  {m/kiS-),  a  gallnut  (produced 
by  the  oozing  of  sap  fi-om  punctui'es  made  by 
insects;  cf.  k?)kIc,  juice,  K^Kieiv,  gush  forth),  -1- 
fivla,  a  fly.]  A  genus  of  nemocerous  Diptera, 
or  small  two-winged  flies,  typical  of  the  family 
Cecidomyiidcc,  containing  such  as  the  Hessian- 
fly,  C.  destructor,  noted  for  the  ravages  of  its 
larvae  upon  crops.  C.  tritici  is  the  wheat-fly.  The 
genus,  comprises  a  vast  number  of  minute,  slender-ljodiecl 
midges,  which  are  of  special  interest  on  account  of  their 


Clover-seed  Mid^e  {Cecidomyia  legitminicoln'], 
<t.  female  fly,  highly  magnified  ;  b,  c,  d,  head,  tip  of  ovipositor,  and 
antennal  joints,  on  still  larger  scale. 

mode  of  life,  the  peculiar  structure  exhibited  in  the  larvse, 
and  the  economic  importance  attached  to  several  species. 
In  most  cases  the  female  lays  her  eggs  in  the  stems,  leaves, 
or  buds  of  various  plants,  producing  gall-like  excrescences 
of  various  forms,  inhabited  by  the  larvie.  These  are  sub- 
cylindrical,  legless  grubs,  mostly  of  a  reddish  or  yellow 
color,  and  are  furnished  on  the  ventral  side  of  the  thoracic 
joints  with  a  corneous  plate,  usually  forked,  called  the 
breast-bone.  Some  species,  however,  do  not  produce  galls, 
and  among  these  the  most  familiar  are  the  Hessian-fly  and 
the  clover-seed  midge,  C.  leguminicola  (Lintner),  which 
latter  infests  the  seeds  of  clover,  causing  great  damage  in 
the  more  northern  parts  of  the  United  States.  See  also 
cut  under /!/2. 

cecidomyian  (ses'^i-do-mi'l-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Ce- 
cidomyia +  -an.']  I.  a.  Gall-making,  as  a  fly 
of  the  family  Cecidomyiidce;  of  or  pertaining  to 
this  family  of  insects. 

II,  n.  A  member  of  the  genus  Cecidomyia; 
a  cecidomyiid. 

cecidomyiid  (ses"i-do-mi'i-id),  n.  Amember  of 
the  family  Cecidomyiida. 

Cecidomyiidae  (ses"i-do-mi-i'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Cecidomyia  +  -idie.']  '  The  family  of  nemoce- 
rous dipterous  insects  of  which  the  genus  Ceci- 
domyia is  the  type ;  the  gall-flies.  They  are  most- 
ly gall-makers,  producing  excrescences  by  piercing  soft 
growing  wood  with  their  ovipositors  and  laying  their  eggs 
in  the  punctures. 

cecidomyiidous  (ses^i-do-mi-i'l-dus),  a.  [<  ceci- 
domyiid +  -ous.]  Pertaining  to  or  produced 
by  the  Cecidomyiidce  or  gaU-flies :  as,  a  cecido- 
myiidous gall. 

Cecilia,  Cecilise,  etc.   See  Coeeilia,  etc. 

cecils  (se'silz),  ».  pi.  [Appar.  from  the  name 
Cecil.']  In  cookery,  minced  meat,  crumbs  of 
bread,  onions,  chopped  parsley,  etc.,  with  sea- 
soning, made  up  into  balls  and  fried. 

cecity  (se'si-  or  ses'i-ti),  »«.  [Also  ccecity,  af- 
ter the  L. ;  <  P.  cocite  =  Pr.  cecitat,  ceguetat  — 
Sp.  ceguedad  (ef.  Pg.  cegueira)  =  lt.  cecita,  <  L. 
ccecitas,  blindness,  <  ccecus,  blind:  see  c(BCum.] 
Blindness.    [Now  rare.] 

There  is  in  them  [moles]  no  cecity,  yet  more  than  a  ce- 
cutieucy.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iii.  18. 

Here  [in  Arabia],  as  in  Egypt,  a  blind  Muezzin  is  pre- 
ferred, and  many  ridiculous  stories  are  told  about  men 
who  for  years  have  coimterfeited  cecitv  to  live  in  idleness. 

R.  F.  B«)-«on,"EI-Medinah,  p.  383. 

cecograph  (se'ko-graf),  n.  [<  F.  cecographe,  < 
L.  ccecus,  blind,  +  Gr.  ypdcpeiv,  write.]  A  writ- 
ing-machine for  the  blind.    E.  H.  Knight. 


875 

cecomorph  (se'ko-morf),  n.  One  of  the  Ceco- 
morjilnr. 

Cecomorphse  (se-ko-mor'fe),  «.  pd.  [NL.  (Hux- 
ley, 1867),  <  Gr.  Kr/i  {kt/k-),  var.  Kaiiai,  Kam/^,  kt/v^ 
(see  Ceyx),  a  sea-bird,  perhaps  the  tarn  organ- 
net,  +  fJop<l)//,  form.]  A  superfamily  group  of 
palmiped  schizognathous  earinate  birds,  in- 
cluding the  short-winged,  long-winged,  and 
tube-nosed  swimming  and  diving  birds  of  the 
current  orders  Pygopodes,  Longipeiines,  and 
Tubinares,  or  the  Alcidw,  Colymbidw,  Podicipe- 
didce,  Procellariidce,  and  Laridce. 

cecomorphic  (se-ko-m6r'fik),  a.  [<  Cecomor- 
phce  +  -ic]  Having  the  characters  of  the  Ce- 
comorphic; of  or  pertaining  to  the  Cecomorphce. 

Cecropia  (se-kro'pi-a),  M.    [NL. :  see  Cecrops.] 

1 .  A  genus  of  beautiful  tropical  American  trees, 
with  milky  juice,  natui'al  order  UrticacecB.  c. 
peltata,  the  trunipet-tree,  is  remarkable  for  its  hollow  stem 
and  branches,  the  former  being  made  by  the  Indians  into 
a  kind  of  drum  and  the  latter  into  wind-instrument.s. 
Tlie  light  porous  wood  is  used  by  them  for  prociu-ing  fire 
by  friction.  The  inner  bark  is  fibrous  and  strong,  and  is 
used  for  cordage. 

2.  [I.  c]  In  entom..  a  moth,  Attacus  cecropia. 
Cecrops  (se'krops),  «.    [NL.  (Leach,  1813), 

after  Cecrops,  the  mythical  founder  and  first 
king  of  Athens.]  A  ge- 
nus of  siphonostomous 
crustaceans,  of  the  fam- 
ily Caligidw,  parasitic 
upon  the  skin  or  gills 
of  marine  fishes.  C.  la- 
treillei  is  an  example.  cecnps  latrMiei. 

cecum,  n.    See  cmcum. 

cecutiencyt  (se-kii'shien-si),  n.  [<  L.  cacu- 
tien(t-)s,  ppr.  'of  caeciitire,  be  blind,  <  emeus, 
blind.]  Cloudiness  of  sight ;  partial  blindness 
or  tendency  to  blindness.  See  first  extract  un- 
der cecity. 

cedant  arma  togse.  [L.,  from  a  Latin  poem 
quoted  by  Cicero :  cedant,  3d  pers.  pi.  pres.  subj. 
of  cedere,  yield;  arma,  arms;  togce,  dat.  of  toga, 
agovsTi:  see  cede,  arm'^,  and  toga.]  Literally, 
let  arms  yield  to  the  gown ;  that  is,  let  war 
give  way  to  peace,  and  military  operations  to 
peaceful  pursuits:  it  is  iised  as  the  motto  of 
Wyoming  Territory. 

cedar  (se'dar),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
ceder,  <  ME.  ceder,  cedre,  <  OF.  cedre,  F.  cedre 
=  Pr.  cedre  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  cedro  =  AS.  ceder 
(also  in  comp.  ceder-bedm,  ceder-treow,  cedar- 
tree)  =  D.  ceder  =  MHG.  ceder,  zeder,  G.  ceder, 
seder  =  Sw.  Dan.  ceder  =  Bohem.  ceclr  =  Pol. 
cedr,  cedar,  <  L.  cedrus  =  Russ.  kedrii,  cedar, 
=  Pol.  Jceder,  kieder,  a  kind  of  larch,  <  Gr.  Kt- 
6pog,  a  cedar-tree.  Theopkrastus  uses  the  word 
both  for  the  Cedrus  Libani  of  Syria  and  (as  also 
prob.  Homer)  for  the  juniper  {Juniperus  Oxyce- 
drus).]  1,  n.  1.  A  tree  of  the  coniferous  genus 
Cedrus,  of  which  three  species  are  known.  The 

most  noted  is  the  cedar  of  Lebanon,  C.  Libani,  native 
among  the  mountains  of  Syria,  Asia  Minor,  and  Cyprus. 
On  Lebanon  itself  there  still  remains  a  grove  of  about  400 
trees,  some  of  them  exceeding  40  feet  in  girth.  The  other 


Atlas  Cedar  {Cedrus  Attantica). 

representatives  of  the  genus  are  the  Atlas  cedar,  C.  At- 
lantica,  a  native  of  Algeria,  and  the  deodar  or  Himalayan 
cedar,  C.  Deodara.  In  their  native  forests  they  are  of 
very  slow  growth,  and  form  hard,  durable  timber. 

They  have  taken  cedars  from  Lebanon  to  make  masts 
for  thee.  Ezek.  xxvii.  5. 

Under  the  covert  of  some  ancient  oak 
Or  cedar  to  defend  him  from  the  dew. 

Milton,  P.  R.,  i.  306. 

2.  The  name  given,  usually  with  qualifying 
terms,  to  various  coniferous  trees,  chiefly  Noiih 
American,  and  of  genera  nearly  allied  to  Cedrus. 
The  white  cedar  of  the  eastern  United  States  is  the  Cha- 
tncecyparis  sphceroidea,  of  swamps  near  the  coast,  and  also 


cede 

the  arbor-vitse.  Thuya  occidental^ ;  on  the  Pacific  coast  it 
is  the  Libocedrun  (/ecurren*  (also  known  as  Oantard,  pijrt,  or 
xnceiiite  cedar),  and  also  Ctiamtjucyparvi  Lawnonianu,  the 
Port  Orford  or  Oregon  cedar.  The  red  cedar  is  usual  ly  the 
Juniperus  Vinjiniaiui,  tlie  odorous  wood  of  which  ia  often 
called  pencil-cedar,  from  its  extensive  use  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  lead-pencils ;  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  the  red 
cedar  is  the  Thuya  giyantea,  aLso  called  canoe-cedar.  The 
cedar  of  Bermuda  and  Barbado.?  is  J uniperus  Bermudi- 
ana ;  tlie  Japan  cedar,  Cryptomeria  Japonica.  The  stink- 
ing cedars  of  the  United  States  are  species  of  Torreya. 
The  Himalayan  cedar  is  the  Juniperus  excelsa ;  its  wood 
resembles  that  of  the  pencil-cedar,  but  is  harder,  and  has 
less  of  its  peculiar  odor.  Wa.shington  cedar  is  the  big-tree 
of  California,  Sequoia  giijantea.  The  wood  of  most  of 
these  trees  is  soft,  fine-grained,  of  a  reddish  color,  and 
often  fragrant. 

3.  A  name  popularly  given  in  tropical  regions 
to  a  considerable  number  of  trees,  mostly  of 
the  natural  order  Meliacew,  in  no  way  related 

to  the  preceding.  That  known  variously  as  the  West 
Indian  cedar,  the  bastard  or  sweet-seente<l  Barbados  cedar, 
the  Jamaica  red  cedar,  and  the  Spanish,  Havana,  or  Hondu- 
ras cedar  is  the  Cedrela  odorata.  The  cedar  of  India  and 
New  South  Wales  is  C.  Toona;  the  red  cedar  of  India,  Soy- 
iriida  febrifurja;  and  the  bastard  cedar  of  India,  Melia 
Azedarach.  (Hee  azedarach.)  The  white  cedar  of  Austra- 
lia is  M.  composita,  and  the  red  cedar  Flindersia  australis. 
Among  trees  of  other  orders,  tlie  bastard  cedar  of  the  West 
Indies  is  Guazuma  tomentosa  or  G.  ulmifolia  ;  the  white 
cedar  of  Guiana,  Protium  altissiinum  ;  and  the  white  cedar 
of  Dominica,  Birjnonia  Leucoxylon.  In  India  the  name 
red  cedar  is  sometimes  given  to  the  euphorbiaceous  Bis- 
choffia  Javanica. 

4.  The  wood  of  the  cedar-tree  (Cedrus),  or 
(with  or  vdthout  a  qualifying  term)  of  any  kind 
of  tree  called  a  cedar. 

The  wisest  man 
Feasted  the  woman  wisest  then  in  halls 
Of  Lebanonian  cedar.  Tennyson,  Princess. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  cedar ;  made  of  cedar : 
as,  a  cedar  twig. 

He  shall  uncover  the  cedar  work.  Zeph.  ii.  14. 

cedar-apple  (se'dar-ap"l),  n .  A  fungus  belong- 
ing to  the  genus  Gymnospo- 
rangium.  Species  of  this  genus 
are  parasitic  upon  cedar-trees. 
Some  of  them  form  globular  dis- 
tortions with  appendages,  and 
develop  into  yellow  gelatinous 
masses  during  the  spring  rains. 
Also  called  cedar-ball.  See  Gym- 
nosporangium. 

cedar-bird  (se'dar-berd),  n. 
The  popidar  name  of  the 
common  American  wax- 
wing,  Ampelis  cedrorum  or 
Bomby cilia  carolinensis :  so 
called  in  the  United  States 
from  its  fondness  for  ju- 
niper-berries, the  fruit  of 
Juniperus  Virginiana,  com- 
monly called  cedar.  Also 
called  cedar-lark.  See  Am- 
pelis and  waxwing. 

cedared  (se'dard),  a.    [<  ce- 
dar +  -ed^.]    Covered  or  furnished  with  ce- 
dars: as,  a  cefZ«>"ed  moimtain-slope. 

We  did  not  explore  the  Malahoodus  far,  but  left  the 
other  birch  to  thread  its  cedared  solitudes,  while  we 
turned  back  to  try  our  fortunes  in  the  larger  stream. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  140. 

cedar-gum  (se'dar-gum),  n.  A  yeUow,  trans- 
parent, fragrant  resin  obtained  from  Callitris 
arborea,  a  coniferous  tree  of  the  mountains  of 
South  Africa.  It  is  used  in  making  vamish, 
and  in  preparing  plasters  and  various  medici- 
nal articles. 

cedar-lark  (se'dar-lark),  n.  Same  as  cedar- 
bird. 

cedarn  (se'dam),  a.  [<  cedar  4-  -n  for  -chS,  as 
in  oaken,  etc.]    Of  cedar;  made  of  cedar. 

West  winds,  with  musky  wing, 
About  the  cedarn  alleys  fling 
Nard  and  cassia's  balmy  smells. 

Milton,  Comus,  I.  990. 
The  carven  cedarn  doors.     Tennyson,  Arabian  Nights, 
cedar-tree  (se'dar-tre),  n.    Specifically,  a  tree 
of  the  genus  Cedrus ;  also  (with  or  without  a 
qualifying  term),  a  tree  of  any  of  the  genera 
known  as  cedars.    See  cedar. 
cedar-wood  (se'dar-wud),  n.    1.  The  wood  of 
the  cedar,  in  any  use  of  the  name. — 2.  A  wood 
or  assemblage  of  cedar-trees. 

Thou  wert  bom,  on  a  summer  mom, 
A  mile  beneath  the  cedar-wood. 

Tennyson,  Eleanore. 
Cedar-wood  oil,  an  aromatic  oil  distilled  from  the  wood 
of  the  Ceilrela  odornta. 

cede  (sed),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ceded,  ppr.  ceding. 
[=  OF.  ceder,  F.  ceder  =  Pr.  cedar  —  Sp.  Pg. 
ceder  =  It.  cedere,  <  L.  cedere  (pp.  cessus),  intr. 
go,  withdraw,  pass  away,  jneld,  tr.  yield,  grant, 
give  up:  related  to  cadere,  fall:  see  cadent, 
case^,  etc.  L.  cedere  is  the  ult.  source  of  many 
E.  words,  as  cede,  accede,  concede,  exceed,  pre- 


Cedar-apple  ( Gymruf- 
sporangium  macropus) 
growing  upon  red  cedar 
{Juniperus  Virginiana). 


cede 


876 


celantes 


eede,  profvcd,  ncedc,  secede,  abscess,  access,  etc., 
cvs.'iioii,  accession,  concession,  etc.,  cease,  decease, 
antecedoit,  decedent,  etc.,  ancestor,  antecessor, 
predecessor,  etc.']  I.  intrans.  1.  To  yield;  give 
way;  submit. —  2.  To  pass;  be  trausf eiTed ; 
lapse.    [Archaic  or  obsolete  in  both  senses.] 

This  fertile  glebe,  tliis  fair  iluinaiii. 
Had  well-niffli  ceded  to  tlie  slothful  liaiuis 
Of  monks  libidinous.        Shenstviu;  Kuined  Abbey. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  yield  or  foimally  resign  and 
surrender  to  another;  relinquish  and  transfer; 
give  up;  make  over:  as,  to  cede  a  fortress, 
province,  or  country  by  treaty. 

Of  course,  Galicia  was  not  to  be  ceded  in  this  summary 
manner.  //.  S.  Edwards,  Polish  Captivity,  II.  ii. 

The  people  must  cede  to  the  government  some  of  their 
rights.  Jail. 
2.  To  yield;  grant.  [Rare.] 

Back  rode  we  to  my  father  s  camp,  and  found 
He  thrice  had  sent  a  herald  to  the  gates, 
To  learn  if  Ida  yet  would  cede  our  claim. 

Tennyson,  Princess. 
=  Syn.  To  transfer,  deliver,  convey,  grant. 

cedent  (se'dent),  a.  [<  L.  ceden{t-)s,  ppr.  of  ce- 
drre,  yield:  see  cede.]  Yielding;  gi^ang  way. 
See  extract  under  cessionary.  [Kare.] 

cedilla  (sf-dil'a),  «.  [=  F.  cedille,  <  Sp.  cedilla, 
now  zedilla  =  Pg.  cedilha  =  It.  cedif/lia,  the 
mark  cedilla,  the  letter  c  with  this  mark,  orig. 
cs,  dim.  of  Sp.  ceda,  now  zeda,  etc.,  <  L.  zcta, 
Gr.  L,i/Ta,  the  Gr.  name  of  z:  see  z,  zed,  zeta. 
The  character  f  is  thus  a  contraction  of  cz,  a 
former  mode  of  indicating  that  c  had  the  sound 
of  s  in  certain  positions ;  thus,  F.  leczon,  now 
IcQon  (>  E.  lesson).]  A  mark  placed  under  the 
letter  c  (thus,  f ),  especially  in  French  and  Por- 
tuguese, and  formerly  in  Spanish,  before  a,  o,  or 
V,  to  indicate  that  it  is  to  be  sounded  like  s,  and 
not  like  k;  as  it  usually  is  before  those  vowels. 

cedrate,  cedrat  (se'drat,  -drat),  ?(.  [<  F.  cedrat 
=  It.  cedrato,  <  cedro,  the  citron  (prop.  *citro, 
confused  in  form  with  cedro,  cedar),  <  L.  citrus, 
citron :  see  Citrus,  citron.]  The  citron,  Citrus 
medica. 

cedratit  (se-dra'ti),  n.  [<  It.  cedrato,  lime,  lime- 
tree,  lime-water:  see  cedrate.]  A  perfume  de- 
rived from  the  citron. 

If  we  get  any  nearer  still  to  the  torrid  zone,  I  shall  pique 
myself  on  sending  you  a  present  of  cedrati  and  orange- 
flower  water.  Walpole,  Letters,  II.  199. 

Cedrela  (sed're-la),  n.  [NL.,  shortened  from 
L.  cedrelate,  <  Gr.  Kedptlarrj,  a  cedar  fir-tree,  < 
KcSpog,  a  cedar,  +  Dicitt],  the  silver  fir.]  A  ge- 
nus of  plants,  of  the  natural  order  Meliacece, 
allied  to  the  mahogany,  and  consisting  of  large 
trees,  natives  of  the  tropics.  The  principal  species 

of  tropical  America  is  C  odorata,  a  valuable  timber-tree, 
popularly  known  as  cedar.  All  parts  of  it  are  bitter,  and 
the  old  wood  is  fragrant.  The  C.  Toona  of  India,  also  called 
cedar,  is  a  handsome  tree  with  durable  an<l  beautifully 
marked  wood,  used  for  furnitvu'e  and  ornamental  work. 
It  yields  a  resinous  gum,  and  the  bark  is  astringent  and 
felirifugal.    tfee  cedar,  3. 

cedrelaceous  (sed-re-la'shius),  a.  [<  Cedrela 
+  -aceous.]  In  bot.,  resembling  or  related  to 
Cedrela :  same  as  meliaceous. 

cedrene  (se'dren),  n.  [<  L.  cedrus,  cedar,  + 
-ene.]  In  chem.,  a  volatile  hydrocarbon  (C^s 
H24)  found  in  the  oil  of  red  cedar,  Jiinipcrus 
Virginiana. —  CeArene  camphor.  See  campfior. 

cedrin,  cedrine''^  (se'drin),  n.  [<  cedr{on)  +  -nfl, 
-ine'^.]  A  neutral  crystallizable  body  yielded 
to  alcohol  by  the  cedron  after  it  has  been  ex- 
hausted by  ether.  The  crystals  resemble  silky  nee- 
dles. It  is  intensely  and  persistently  bitter,  and  is  re- 
garded by  some  as  the  active  pi  inciple  of  the  fruit. 

cedrinei  (se'drin),  a.  [<  L.  cedrinus,  <  Gr. 
KeSpivog,  of  cedar,  <  Kedpoc,  cedar:  see  cedar, 
and  of.  cedar n.]  Belonging  to  or  resembling 
cedar.  Johnson. 

cedrine^,  «.    See  cedrin. 

cedrium  (se'dri-um),  n.  [L.,  cedar-oil,  <  Gr. 
Kcdpcov  (also  Kedpe/Miov),  cedar-oil, <  KtSpoQ,  cedar : 
see  cedar.]   The  pitch  of  the  cedar-tree,  Cedrus. 

It  is  rubbed  on  woolens  to  preserve  them  from  moths,  and 
was  one  of  the  ingredients  used  by  the  ancient  Egyptians 
in  embalming. 

cedrola  (se'dro-la),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  cedrus,  cedar : 
see  cedar.]  A  solid  crystalline  compound  dis- 
tilled from  the  oil  of  cedar-wood. 

cedron  (se'dron),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  cedrus,  cedar, 
+  -0/;.]  The  seed  of  the  tree  Simaba  Cedron, 
natural  order  Simarubacece,  a  native  of  the 
United  States  of  Colombia.  The  fruit  is  a  pear- 
shaped  drupe,  of  the  size  of  a  lemon,  containing  a  single 
large  seed,  which,  like  other  parts  of  the  tree,  is  very  bitter. 
In  its  native  country  this  seed  is  used  as  a  remedy  for 
serpent-bites,  hydrophobia,  and  intermittent  fever.  Its 
qualities  are  supposed  to  depend  on  the  presence  of  the 
principle  cedrin. 

Cedrus  (se'drus),  n.  [L. :  see  cedar.]  A  genus 
of  coniferous  trees  closely  allied  to  the  larch, 


which  they  resemble  in  having  the  leaves  grow- 
ing in  tufts  or  bunches,  but  from  which  they  are 
distinguished  by  being  evergreen  (the  leaves 
not  falling  in  autumn),  and  by  the  form  of  the 
cones.  It  includes  only  three  species,  the  C.  Libani,  or 
cedar  of  Lebanon  ;  C.  Deodara,  or  deodar;  and  C.  Atlan- 
tica,  or  -•Vtlas  cedar.    See  cedar,  1. 

cedryt  (se'dri),  a.  [For  *cedary,  <  cedar  +  -yl.] 
Eesembling  cedar;  cedrine. 

Cedrij  colour.  Evelyn,  Sylva,  II.  iii.  §  2. 

cedula  (sed'u-la),  n.  [Sp.,  =  E.  cedule,  sched- 
ule :  see  schedule.]  A  name  sometimes  used 
for  a  promissory  note  given  by  one  of  the 
South  American  republics. 

cedulet,  «.  [<0F.  cedule:  see  schedule.]  An  ob- 
solete form  of  schedule.  Cotgrave. 

ceduoust,  a.  [<  L.  cKduus,  fit  for  cutting,  <  cw- 
dere,  cut.]    Fit  to  be  felled. 

Greater  and  more  ceduous,  fruticant,  and  slu'ubby. 

Evelyn,  Sylva,  Int. 

ceel^t,  u.  and  v.    See  ceil. 

ceel'^t,     and  v.  An  obsolete  improper  spelling 
of  .seal^. 
ceel-*,  V.    See  seel. 

ceiba  (sa'i-ba;  Sp.  pron.  tha'i-ba),  j».  [Sp.;  of 
native  origin.]  The  siUi-cotton  tree,  Bombax 
Ceiba.  See  Bombax,  1. 
cellt,  cielt,  ».  [A  word  found  in  this  spelling 
only  in  the  derived  verb  ceil  and  the  verbal 
noun  ceiling,  q.  v. ;  early  mod.  E.  cele,  seele,  late 
ME.  cele,  cyll,  syll,  syle,  <  OF.  del,  mod.  F.  del  — 
Pr.  eel  —  Cat.  eel  —  Sp.  cielo  =  Pg.  ceo  =  It.  cielo, 
heaven,  a  canopy,  tester,  roof,  ceiling,  etc.,  <  L. 
ccelum,  less  prop,  caelum  (ML.  also  celum),  OL. 
also  ca;l,  L.  and  LL.  also  cwlus,  the  sky,  heaven, 
in  ML.  also  a  canopy,  tester,  roof,  ceiling,  etc., 
perhaps  orig.  *canluin  {=  Gr.  koVXo^,  dial.  Koi'Aoq, 
Kui'/.og,  KoiiXog,  orig.  *KoFilog,  hollow),  <  cams, 
hollow:  see  c«wl,  cage,  and  (from  L.  ca'lum) 
celest,  celestial,  etc.,  and  (from  Gr.  KoiAof)  caiia, 
ccelo-,  etc.  The  noun  ceil,  earlier  cele,  seele,  cyll, 
syll,  seems  to  have  been  confused  with  sill,  syll, 
AS.  syl,  the  base  of  a  door  or  window;  cf.  Sc. 
cyle,  syle,  the  foot  of  a  rafter,  a  rafter,  North. 
Eng.  syles,  the  principal  rafters  of  a  building.] 
A  canopy  of  state. 

The  chanmier  was  hanged  of  red  and  of  blew,  and  in 
it  was  a  cyll  of  state  of  cloth  of  gold. 

Fyancells  of  Margaret. 

In  this  wise  the  king  shall  ride  opyn  heded  undre  a  seele 
of  cloth  of  gold  baudekyn,  with  four  staves  gilt. 

Rutland  Papers  (Camden  Soc),  p.  5. 

And  seik  to  your  soverane,  semely  on  syll. 

Gawan  and  Gologras. 

ceil  (sel),  V.  t.  [(1)  Early  mod.  E.  also  ceel,  seel, 
seile,  syle,  prop,  to  canopy  or  provide  with  a 
canopy  or  hangings,  <  ceil,  del,  cele,  seele,  cyll, 
syle,  a  canopy  (see  the  noun),  but  confused  in 
sense  and  sjK'lliHg  with  another  verb,  (2)  ME. 
ceelen,  celen,  selen,  wainscot,  cover  the  sides  or 
roof  of  a  room  with  carved  or  embossed  work, 
lit.  emboss,  <  L.  ccelare  (ML.  also  written  ce- 
lare),  engrave  in  relief  upon  metals  or  ivory, 
carve,  emboss,  later  also  embroider,  <  cwluin, 
a  chisel,  burin,  graver,  <  ca'dere,  cut,  hew ;  and 
perhaps  with  (3)  ME.  seelen,  selen,  <  OF.  seelcr, 
F.  sceller,  <  L.  sigillare,  ornament  with  figures 
or  images,  <  sigillum,  a  seal,  pi.  little  figures 
or  images :  see  seal^.  The  first  two  verbs  are 
merged  in  definitions  2  and  3.  From  the  second 
are  derived  celature,  celure,  q.  v.]  If.  To  can- 
opy ;  provide  with  a  canopy  or  hangings. 

All  the  tente  within  was  syled  with  clothe  of  gold  and 
blew  velvet.  Hall,  Henry  VIII.,  p.  a2. 

2.  To  overlay  or  cover  the  interior  upper  sur- 
face of  (a  room  or  building)  with  wood,  plaster, 
cloth,  or  other  material.  See  ceiling,  2.  Former- 
ly with  special  reference  to  ornamental  hangings,  or,  as  in 
the  first  quotation,  to  carved  woodwork,  either  on  the  roof 
or  the  sides  of  a  room :  in  the  latter  use,  same  as  defini- 
tion 8. 

Ceelyn  with  syllure,  celo.  Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  651. 

These  wallys  shal  be  celyd  with  cyprusse.  The  rofe  shal 
be  celed  vautwyse  and  with  cheker  work. 

Ilorman,  Vulgaria  (Way). 

And  the  greater  house  he  deled  with  fir-tree. 

2  Chron.  iii.  5. 

How  will  he,  from  his  house  ceiled  with  cedar.  l)e  con- 
tent with  his  Saviour's  lot,  not  to  have  where  to  lay  his 
head?  Decay  of  Christian  Piety. 

3t.  To  wainscot ;  also,  by  extension,  to  floor. 

Lambrisser  [¥.],  to  wainscot,  seel;  fret,  embow. 

Cotgrave. 

Plancher  [¥.],  to  plank  or  floor  with  planks,  to  seel  with 
bords.  Cotgrave. 

ceiled  (seld),  p.  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  deled, 
ceeled,  seeled,  syled;  pp.  of  ceil,  v.]  If.  Canopied. 
See  ceil,  v.,  1. —  2.  Provided  with  a  ceiling. 


The  place  itself  (a  kitchen]  is  weird  and  terrible,  low- 
ceiled,  witli  the  stone  hearth  Imilt  far  out  into  the  room, 
and  the  nu'lodraniatic  implements  of  Venetian  cookery 
dangling  tragically  from  the  wall. 

Howells,  Venetian  Life,  vii. 

Sf.  Wainscoted, 
ceiling  (so'ling),  «.  [Earlymod.  E.  also  deling, 
ceding,  seeling,  earlier  cyling,  siling,  syting  ;  ver- 
bal n.  of  ceil,  v.]  If.  A  canopy;  hangings; 
properly,  hangings  overhead,  but  by  extension 
also  side-hangings;  tapestry. 

The  French  kyng  caused  the  lorde  of  Countay  to  stande 
secretly  behynde  a  silyitg  or  a  liangyng  in  his  chamber. 

JJall,  Edward  IV.,  p.  43. 
And  now  the  thickened  sky 
Like  a  dark  ceiling  stood.      Milton,  P.  L.,  xl.  742. 

2.  The  interior  overhead  surface  of  an  apart- 
ment, usually  formed  of  a  lining  of  some  kind 
affixed  to  the  under  side  of  joists  supporting 
the  floor  above,  or  to  rafters;  the  horizontal 
or  curved  surface  of  an  interior,  opposite  the 
floor.  In  ordinary  modern  buildings  it  is  usu- 
ally finished  with  or  formed  of  lath-and-plaster 
work. —  3.  Wainscoting;  wainscot.  [Now  only 
prov.  Eng.] 

Lanibris  [F.],  wainscot,  seeling;  also  a  frettized  or  em- 
bowed  seeling.  Cotgrave. 
Menniserie  [F.],  deling,  wainscotting,  joyners  work. 

Cotgrave. 

4.  The  lining  of  planks  on  the  inside  of  a 
ship's  frame — Ceiling-Joists,  small  beams  to  which 
the  ceiling  of  a  room  is  attached.  They  are  mortised  into 
the  sides  of  the  binding-joists,  nailed  to  the  under  side  of 
these  joists,  or  suspended  from  them  with  straps.—  Coffer- 
work  ceiling,  a  ceiling  divided  into  ornamental  panels 
or  soffits ;  a  coffered  ceiling.  See  cut  under  coffer. — 
Compartment  ceiling,  in  arch.,  a  ceiling  divided  into 
jianels,  whicli  are  usually  surrounded  by  moldings. — 

Groined  ceUing,  groined  vaulting.   See  groin  and 

miiltiiig. 

ceilinged  (se'lingd),  «.  [<  ceiling  +  -ed2.]  Fur- 
nished with  a  ceiling. 

The  \ov/-cdlrnged  room  was  full  of  shadows. 

F.  W.  Robinson. 

ceintt,  n.  [ME.  ceinte,  <  OF.  ceinte,  cinte=  Pr. 
eintha  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  cinta,  <  ML.  cincta,  also 
(after  Rom.)  cinta,  fem.,  also  cinctum,  neut.,  a 
girdle,  <  L.  cincta,  fem.  {cinctum,  neut.)  of  duc- 
tus, pp.  of  cingere,  gird:  see  cincture.]  A  gir- 
dle.   Chaucer;  Goicer. 

ceinturef,  n.    [ME.,  <  OF.  cdnture,  later  cemc- 

ture,  mod.  F.  cdnture,  <.  L.  cinctura,  a  girdle: 

see  cincture.]    Same  as  ceint. 
celadet,  «.    [<  F.  celade,  <  It.  celata  (cf .  celate) : 

see  scdlefi.]     An  old  spelling  of  sallet"^,  a 

helmet. 

celadon  (sel'a-don),  n.  and  a.  [<  F.  celadon,  a 
sea-green  color,  also  a  sentimental  lover:  so 
called  from  Celadon,  the  sentimental  hero  of  a 
once  popular  romance,  "L'Astree,"  by  Honor6 
d'Urf6  (died  1625),  <  L.  Celadon,  in  Ovid,  a  com- 
panion of  Phineus,  also  one  of  the  Lapithse, 

<  Gr.  Ke?id(iuv,  roaring  (used  as  the  name  of  a 
river),  <  Ke'Ad('ie/v,  KtlaSdv,  sound,  roar,  shout, 
idladoQ,  a  noise,  shout.]  I,  n.  A  pale  and 
rather  grayish  green  color  occurring  espe- 
cially in  porcelain  and  enameled  earthenware. 

The  shades  are  mimerous.  In  Oriental  wares  the  celadon 
glaze  is  often  crackled ;  and  the  Japanese  and  Chinese 
])orcelain  decorated  in  this  way,  without  other  ornamen- 
tation, is  particularly  esteemed.  It  is  also  one  of  the  fa- 
vorite colors  of  the  porcelain  of  Sfevres.  Compare  sea- 
green. 

To  all  the  markets  of  the  world 
These  porcelain  leaves  are  wafted  on, — 
Liglit  yellow  leaves  with  spots  and  stains 
Of  violet  and  of  crimson  dye,  .  .  . 
And  beautiful  with  celadon. 

Longfellow,  K6ramos. 
II,  rt.  Having  the  color  celadon, 
celandine  (sel'an-din),  n.    [Formerly  celadine, 

<  ME.  celidoinej'celydon,  celydoun,  seladony,  etc., 

<  OF.  celidoine,  F.  chelidoinc  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
celidonia,<.  L.  ehelidonia  (NL.  chelidonium),<  Gr. 
;;(e?icd6viov,  swallowwort,  <  ;^;E/li(5^J^'  {-6ov-)  =  L. 
hirundo{n-),  a  swallow:  see  Chelidon,  Hirundo.] 

1.  The  Chelidonium  majus,  a  papaveraceous 
plant  of  Europe,  naturalized  in  the  United 
States,  having  glaucous  foliage,  bright-yellow 
flowers,  and  acrid  yellow  juice,  which  is  some- 
times emjjloyed  as  a  purgative  and  as  a  remedy 
for  warts.  To  distinguish  it  from  the  following 
plant,  it  is  often  called  the  greater  celandine.— 

2.  The  pilewort.  Ranunculus  Ficaria,  called  in 
England  the  les.ser  or  small  celandine. 

There  is  a  flower,  the  Lesser  Celandine, 
Tliat  shrinks  like  many  more  from  cold  and  rain ; 
And  the  first  moment  that  the  smi  may  shine, 
Bright  as  the  sun  himself,  'tis  out  again ! 

Wordsworth,  A  Lesson. 

Tree-celandine,  a  cultivated  species  of  Bocconia  from 
the  West  Indies,  I},  fruiescens. 
celantes  (se-lan'tez), «.  In  logic,  the  mnemonic 
name  of  an  indirect  mood  of  the  first  figure  of 


celantes 


877 


celestial 


syllogism,  having  the  major  premise  and  conclu- 
sion universal  negatives  and  the  minor  prem- 
ise a  universal  affirmative,  it  is  the  same  argument 
as  catMiies  (whicli  see),  but  witli  transposed  premises. 
Five  of  the  letters  of  the  word  are  significant :  c  signifies 
reduction  to  celarent  and  s  the  simple  conversion  of  the 
conclusion,  while  tlie  three  vowels  show  the  quantity  and 
quality  of  the  three  propositions.    See  rnood^. 

celarent  (sf-la'rent), «.  In  logic,  the  mnemonic 
name  of  a  mood  of  the  first  figure  of  syllogism. 
Its  major  premise  is  a  universal  negative,  its  minor  a  uni- 
versal afllrmative,  and  its  conclusion  a  universal  negative 
proposition.  For  example  :  No  one  enslaved  by  his  ap- 
petites is  free  ;  every  sensualist  is  enslaved  by  his  appe- 
tites ;  therefore,  no  sensualist  is  free.    See  )«ood2. 

Celastraceae  (sel-as-tra'se-e),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Celastrus  +  -ace(c.'\  A  natural  order  of  poly- 
petalous  exogens,  consisting  of  shrubs  or  trees 
of  temperate  and  tropical  regions,  allied  to  the 
miamnacece,  from  which  they  differ  especially 
in  having  the  stamens  opposite  to  the  sepals, 
and  in  the  arillate  seeds.  The  most  prominent 
genera  are  Celastrus  and  Euonymus,  the  staff- 
tree  and  spindle-tree  (which  see). 

celastraceous  (sel-as-tra'shius),  a.  Belonging 
to  the  natural  order  of  plants  Celastracecc. 

celastrin,  celastrine  (se-las'trin),  «.  [<  Celas- 
trus +  -iifi,  -ine'^.~\  A  bitter  principle  obtained 
from  the  leaves  of  the  Abyssinian  Celastrus 
ohscurus. 

Celastrus  (se-las'trus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kr/Xaurpa, 
KtjAaaTpog,  commonly  Kijlaarpov,  an  evergreen 
tree,  privet  or  holly.]  A  genus  of  shrubby 
climbers  or  trees,  natural  order  Celastracecc, 
natives  of  America  and  of  the  mountains  of 
India,  China,  Japan,  and  parts  of  Africa :  com- 
monly called  staff-trees.  The  common  species  of  the 
United  States,  C.  scandens,  known  as  climbing  bittersweet 
or  waxwork,  has  a  very  ornamental  fruit,  the  orange-color- 
ed capsules  disclosing  on  dehiscence  reddish-brown  seeds 
coated  with  a  scarlet  aril.    See  cut  under  bittersiceet. 

celatet,  »•  [<  It.  celata:  see  sallet^;  cf.  celade.'] 
An  old  spelling  of  sallet^,  a  helmet. 

celaturet  (sel'a-tur),  n.  [<  L.  ccelatura,  <  cw- 
lare,  pp.  cwlaius,  carve,  engrave,  emboss :  see 
ceil,  V.  Doublet,  celure,  q.  v.]  1.  The  act  or 
art  of  engraving,  chasing,  or  embossing  metals. 
— 2.  Engraved,  chased,  or  embossed  decoration 
on  metal. 

They  admitted,  even  in  the  utensils  of  the  church,  some 
celatures  and  engravings. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  I.  205. 

-cele.  [<  Gr.  KTpJj,  Attic  KoAri,  a  tumor.]  The 
final  element  in  many  medical  terms,  signifying 
a  tumor :  as,  bronchoceZe,  varicocete. 

celebrablet  (sel'e-bra-bl),  a.  [ME.,  <  OF.  cele- 
brable,  F.  celebrable  =  Pg.  celebravel  =  It.  cele- 
brabile,  <  L.  eelebrabilis,  <  celebrare :  see  cele- 
brate.'] That  may  be,  or  is  proper  to  be,  cele- 
brated. [Bare.] 
Hercules  is  celebrable  for  his  hard  travaile.  Chaucer. 

celebrant  (sel'f-brant),  n.  l=F.  celebrants 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  celebranie,  <  L.  celebran{t-)s,  ppr.  of 
celebrare:  see  celebrate.]  One  who  celebrates  ; 
specifically,  in  the  Roman  and  Anglican 
churches,  the  chief  ofiQeiating  priest  in  offering 
mass  or  celebrating  the  eucharist,  as  distin- 
guished from  his  assistants. 

celebrate  (sel'e-brat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cele- 
brated, ppr.  celebrating.  [<  L.  celebratus,  pp.  of 
celebrare  (>  F.  celebrer  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  celebrar  = 
It.  celebrare),  frequent,  go  to  in  great  nimibers, 
celebrate,  honor,  praise,  <  celeber,  also  Celebris, 
frequented,  populous.]  1.  To  make  known, 
especially  with  honor  or  praise  ;  extol ;  glorify. 

For  the  grave  cannot  praise  thee,  death  cannot  celebrate 
thee.  Isa.  xxxviii.  18. 

The  Songs  of  Slon  .  .  .  were  .  .  .  psalms  and  pieces  of 
poetry  that  .  .  .  celebrated  the  Supreme  Being. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  405. 
To  celebrate  the  golden  prime 
Of  good  Haroun  Alraschid. 

Tennyson,  Arabian  Nights. 
The  reproach  so  often  brought  against  the  literature  of 
classic  times,  that  the  great  poets  of  Greece  and  Eome  never 
celebrate  the  praises  of  natural  scenery,  does  not  lie  at  the 
door  of  the  Persian  bards.  ^V.  A.  Rev.,  CXL.  330. 

2.  To  commemorate  or  honor  with  demonstra- 
tions of  joy,  sorrow,  respect,  etc. :  as,  to  cele- 
brate a  birthday  or  other  anniversary ;  to  cele- 
brate a  victory. 

From  even  unto  even  shall  ye  celebrate  your  sabbath. 

Lev.  xxiii.  32. 
Some  say,  that  ever  'gainst  that  season  comes 
Wherein  our  Saviour's  birth  is  celebrated. 
The  bird  of  dawning  singeth  all  night  long. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  1. 

3.  To  perform  solemnly  or  with  appropriate 
rites  and  ceremonies :  as,  to  celebrate  mass  ;  to 
celebrate  a  marriage  or  a  public  funeral. 

Yet  there,  my  queen. 
We'll  celebrate  their  nuptials.    Shak.,  Pericles,  v.  3. 


=  Syil.  1.  To  laud,  magnify,  glorify. —  2,  3.  Keep,  Observe, 
Solemnize,  Celebrate,  Commemorate.  Keep  is  an  idiomatic 
word  for  observe :  as,  to  keep  the  Sabbath ;  to  keep  Lent 
or  feast-days.  To  observe  is  to  pay  regard  to,  in  a  rever- 
ent and  especially  a  religious  way.  (See  observance.)  We 
speak  of  observing  the  Sabbatli,  of  observing  the  wishes  of 
one's  father.  To  solemiiize  is  to  celebrate  religiously.  To 
celebrate  is  to  mark,  distinguish,  or  perform  with  joy  and 
honor  :  as,  to  celebrate  an  anniversary ;  to  celebrate  a  mar- 
riage. To  commemorate  is  to  keep  in  memory  public  and 
solemn  acts  :  as,  to  commemorate  the  resurrection  by  ob- 
serving Easter. 

The  lioliest  of  all  holidays  are  those- 
Kept  by  ourselves  in  silence  and  apart. 

Longfellow,  Holidays. 
With  twenty  popish  tricks  and  ceremonies, 
Which  I  have  seen  thee  careful  to  observe. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  v.  1. 
And  when  your  honours  mean  to  solemnise 
The  bargain  of  your  faith,  I  do  beseech  you, 
Even  at  that  time  I  may  be  married  too. 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  iii.  2. 
On  theatres  of  turf,  in  homely  state. 
Old  plays  they  act,  old  feasts  they  celebrate. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires,  iii.  286. 
Sir,  we  are  assembled  to  commemorate  the  establishment 
of  great  public  principles  of  liberty. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Bunker  Hill,  June  17,  1825. 

celebrated  (sel'e-bra-ted),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  cele- 
brate, v.]  Having  celebrity;  distinguished; 
mentioned  with  praise  or  honor;  famous;  weU- 
known. 

Tlie  celebrated  works  of  antiquity,  which  have  stood  the 
test  of  so  many  different  ages.  Addison. 

=  Syn.  A'oted,  Renowned,  etc.    See  famous. 

celebratedness  (sel'e-bra-ted-nes),  n.    [<  cele- 
brated +  -ness.]    The  state  or  condition  of  be- 
ing celebrated.    Scott.  [Rare.] 
celebrater,  celebrator  (sel'f-bra-ter,  -tor),  «. 
One  who  celebrates. 

I  am  really  more  a  well-\visher  to  your  felicity,  than  a 
celebrater  of  your  beauty. 

Pope,  To  Mrs.  A.  Fermor  on  her  Marriage. 

celebration  (sel-e-bra'shpn),  n.  [=F.  celebra- 
tion =  Sp.  celebracion  =  Pg.  eelebragao  =  It.  ce- 
lebrazione,  <  L.  celebratio{n-),  a  numerous  as- 
semblage, a  festival,  a  praising,  <  celebrare :  see 
celebrate.]  1.  The  act  of  celebrating,  (a)  The 
act  of  praising  or  extolling ;  commemoration  ;  commen- 
dation ;  honor  or  distinction  bestowed,  whether  by  songs 
and  eulogies  or  by  rites  and  ceremonies. 
His  memory  deserving  a  particular  celebration. 

Lord  Clarendon. 

(b)  The  act  of  performing  or  observing  with  appropriate 
rites  or  ceremonies :  as,  the  celebration  of  a  marriage ;  the 
celebration  of  mass. 
Celebration  of  mass  is  equivalent  to  offering  mass. 

Cath.  Diet. 

2.  That  which  is  done  to  celebrate  anything; 
a  commemorative,  honorific,  or  distinguishing 
ceremony,  observance,  or  performance :  as,  to 
arrange  for  or  hold  a  celebration ;  the  ode  is  a 
celebration  of  victory. 

What  time  we  will  a  celebration  keep 
According  to  my  birth.         Shak.,  T.  N.,  iv.  2. 

celebrator,  n.    See  celebrater. 

celebrioust  (se-leb'ri-us),  a.  [<  L.  Celebris,  cele- 
brated, -I-  -ous.]    Famous ;  renowned.  Strype. 

celebriouslyt  (se-leb'  ri-us-li),  fl^Zu.  With  praise 
or  renown.  [Rare.] 

celebriousnesst (se-leb'ri-us-nes), «.  Fame;  re- 
nown. [Rare.] 

celebrity  (se-leb'ri-ti),  n.;  pi.  celebrities  (-tiz). 
[=  F.  celebrite  -  Pr.  celebritat  =  Sp.  celebridad 
=  Pg.  celebridade  =  It.  celebritd,  <  L.  celebri- 
ta(t-)s,  a  multitude,  fame,  renown,  <  celeber: 
see  celebrate.]  1.  The  condition  of  being  cele- 
brated ;  fame ;  renown ;  distinction :  as,  the  ce- 
lebrity of  George  "Washington;  the  celebrity  of 
Homer  or  of  the  lUad. 
An  event  of  great  celebrity  in  the  history  of  astronomy. 

Whewell. 

Egypt  has  lost  the  celebrity  which  it  enjoyed  in  ancient 
times  for  its  fine  linen. 

E.  W.  Lane,  Modern  Egyptians,  II.  3. 

2.  A  celebrated  person  or  (very  rarely)  thing: 
as,  a  celebrity  at  the  bar  or  in  the  church;  what 
are  the  celebrities  of  this  town? — Sf.  Celebra- 
tion. 

The  manner  of  her  receiving,  and  the  celebrity  of  the 
marriage,  were  performed  with  great  magnificence.  Bacon: 

celebrousf  (sel'f-brus),  a.  [<  L.  celeber,  cele- 
brated, -I-  -ous;  c£.  F.  celebre  =  Sp.  celebre  = 
Pg.  It.  celebre.]  Celebrated. 

celemin  (Sp.  pron.  thel-a-men'),  n.  [Sp.,  =  Pg. 
celamim,  selamim.]  1.  Same  as  aZ/HMd. —  2.  A 
Spanish  measure  of  land,  equal  to  48  square 
estadals,  or  about  one  eighth  of  an  acre. 

celeomorph  (sel'e-o-m6rf),  n.  A  celeomorphie 
bird,  as  a  woodpecker. 

Celeomorphae  (sel"e-6-m6r'fe),  «.  pi.  [NL. 
(Huxley,  1867),  <  Celeus  +  Gr.  fiop<liTi,  form.] 


The  woodpeckers  as  a  sup*  rfaraUy  of  bird';  of 
desmognathous  afiSnities  but  uncertain  mor- 
phological position,  the  group  being  ilefined 
with  special  reference  to  its  peculiarities  of 
palatal  structure,  and  comprehending  only  the 
families  Picidw  and  lyngidw.  Also  called  Sau- 
rognuthw. 

celieomorphic  (sel''''e-6-m6r'fik),  a.  [<  Celeo- 
morplta;  +  -ic]  Picine ;  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Celeotnor2)hce. 

celer^t,  »•    An  obsolete  spelling  of  cellar'^. 

celer-t,  "•    See  celure. 

celerert,  n.  A  Middle  English  form  of  cellarer. 

celeres  (sel'e-rez),  n.  pi.  [L.,  pi.  of  ceter,  swift : 
seecclerity.]  1.  hxllom.  antiq.,  a  body  of  knights 
or  horsemen  of  the  patrician  order,  n\imbering 
originally,  according  to  tradition,  300,  first  or- 
ganized by  Romulus,  100  being  selected,  10  from 
each  curia,  from  each  of  the  three  tribes.  Their 

commander  was,  from  the  time  of  TuIIus  Hostilius,  the 
second  officer  of  the  state.  Their  number  was  gradually 
increased,  and  at  the  close  of  the  dynasty  of  the  Tarquins 
they  were  merged  in  the  e(iuites.  The  title  was  resumed 
under  Augustus  by  tlie  kniglits,  as  tlie  body-guard  of  the 
emperor. 

2t.  [cap.]  An  old  division  of  domestic  dogs,  in- 
cluding swift-footed  kinds,  of  which  the  grey- 
hound is  the  type :  distinguished  from  Sagaces 
and  Pugnaces. 
celeriac  (se-ler'i-ak),  n.  [<  celery  +  -ac]  A 
variety  of  celery  raised,  especially  on  the  con- 
tinent of  Europe,  for  the  root,  which  is  enlarged 
like  a  turnip.  Also  called  turnipi-rooted  celery. 
See  celery. 

celerity  (sf-ler'i-ti),  n.  [=  F.  celerite  =  Pr.  cele- 
ritat  =  Sp.  celeridad  =  Pg.  celeridade  —  It.  cele- 
ritd,  <  L.  celerita{t-)s,  <  celer,  swift,  quick,  akin 
to  Gr.  a  racer,  Skt.  -y/  leal,  drive,  urge 

on.]  Rapidity  of  motion;  swiJtness;  quick- 
ness; speed. 

No  less  celerity  than  that  of  thought. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  (cho.). 
When  things  are  once  come  to  the  execution,  there  is  no 
secrecy  comparable  to  celerity.  Bacon,  Delays. 

The  bigness,  the  density,  and  the  celerity  of  the  body 
moved.  Sir  K.  Digby. 

Tlie  tidings  were  borne  with  the  usual  celerity  of  evil 
news.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  3. 

=  Syn.  Velocity,  Swiftness,  eic.    See  quickness. 

celery  (sel'e-ri),  n.  [Prop,  with  initial  s,  as  in 
early  mod.  E.  selery,  sellery;  =  D.  selderij  =  G. 
sellerie,  selleri  =  Dan.  Sw.  selleri,  <  F.  celeri,  <  It. 
dial,  seleri.  It.  sedano,  celery,  <  L.  selinon,  pars- 
ley, <  Gr.  oiAivov,  a  kind  of  parsley,  in  MGr.  and 
NGr.  celery.  See  parsley,  vlt.  <  Gr.  TverpoaeXi- 
vov,  rock-parsley.]  An  umbelliferous  plant, 
Apium  grareolens,  a  native  of  Europe,  and  long 
cultivated  in  gardens  for  the  use  of  the  table. 

The  green  leaves  and  stalks  are  used  as  an  ingredient  in 
soups,  but  ordinarily  the  stems  are  blanched.  There  are 
many  varieties  In  cultivation,  the  stems  blanching  pink, 
yellow,  or  white.    See  celeriac. 

celestt  (se-lesf),  a.  [<  F.  celeste  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  celeste,  <  L.  cmlestis,  of  heaven,  of  the  sky,  < 
ccelum,  heaven:  see  ceil,  n.  Cf.  celestial.]  Heav- 
enly; celestial. 

To  drynke  of  this,  of  waters  first  and  best, 
Licoure  of  grace  above,  a  thyng  celest. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  17. 

celeste  (se-lesf),  a.  [An  abbrev.  of  F.  bleu  ce- 
leste, sky-blue:  see  blue  and  celest.]  In  ceram., 
sky-blue. 

celestial  (se-les'tial),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  celestial, 
celestiall,  <  OF.  celestial,  celestiel  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
celestial  =  It.  celestiale,  <  L.  cwlestis,  of  heaven, 
<  c<eZm>«,  heaven:  see  celest,  ceil,  n.]  I.  a.  1. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  sky  or  visible  heaven : 
as,  the  celestial  globe;  ''the  twelve  celestial 
signs,"  Sliak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

So  to  glorifie  God,  the  author  of  time  and  light,  which 
the  darkened  conceits  of  the  Heathens  ascribed  to  the 
Planets  and  bodies  coelestiall,  calling  the  moneths  by  their 
names.  Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  123. 

2.  Heavenly;  belonging  or  relating  to,  or 
characteristic  of,  heaven;  dwelling  in  heaven; 
hence,  of  superior  excellence,  delight,  purity, 
etc.:  as,  &  celestial  "being;  celestial  felicity. 

Thys  lady  hym  saide  that  it  myght  not  bee, 
Hit  please  ne  wold  the  king  celestiall. 

Rom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3795. 

Desire  of  power,  on  earth  a  vicious  weed, 
Yet  sprung  from  high  is  of  celestial  seed  : 
In  God  'tis  glory  ;  and  when  men  aspire, 
'Tis  but  a  spark  too  much  of  heavenly  fire. 

Dryden,  Abs.  and  Achit.,  1.  305. 
Thus  far,  nations  have  drawn  their  weapons  from  the 
earthly  armories  of  Force,  unmindful  of  these  others  of 
celestial  temper  from  the  house  of  Love. 

Sut}i)ier,  Orations,  L  1(M. 

Celestial  crown,  in  her.,  a  bearing  resembling  the  an- 
tique crown,  and  having  each  of  its  rays  charged  with  a 


celestial 

Stat  at  the  point.— CeleatiaJ  globe,  magic,  etc.  See  the 
nouns.--The  Celestial  Empire,  a  common  name  for 
China,  probably  due  to  the  Chinese  custom  of  speaking 
of  the  reigning  dynasty  as  Tien-chao,  or  Heavenly  Dynasty, 
a  designation  baseil  no  doubt  on  the  claim  of  the  founder 
of  each  successive  dynasty  to  have  received  the  command 
of  Heaven  to  punish  and  supersede  a  line  of  wicked  rulers, 
he  and  his  successors  thus  becoming  Tien-tsii,  or  Sons  of 
Heaven. 

II.  «.  1.  An  inhabitant  of  heaven. 

The  unknown  celestial.  Pope,  Odyssey,  i.  166. 

2.  [crtp.]  A  popular  name  for  a  native  of  China, 
the  "Celestial  Empire." 

celestialize  (se-les'tial-iz),  i.  [<  celestial 
+  -('re.]  To  make  celestial.  Quarterlu  Bev. 
[Rare.] 

celestially  (se-les'tial-i),  adv.  In  a  celestial 
or  heavenly  manner. 

celestialness  (sf-les'tial-nes),  n.  [<  celestial  4- 
-ncss.']    The_ quality  of  being  celestial. 

celestifyt  (se-les'ti-fi),  v.  t.  [<  OF.  celestifier, 
make  heavenly  or  divine,  <  L.  ccelestis,  heaven- 
ly (see  celest),  +  -ficare,  <  facere,  make:  see 
-/v.]  To  communicate  something  of  a  heaven- 
ly nature  to;  make  heavenly.  [Rare.] 

Heaven  but  earth  celeatitied,  and  earth  but  heaven  ter- 
restrified.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iv.  13. 

celestina  (sel-es-ti'na),  n.  [<  L.  ccelestinus, 
heavenly:  see  Celestine.)    Same  as  hifara. 

Celestine  (sel'es-tin),  n.  [<  L.  Ca-lcitinvs,  per- 
taining to  Ca'lestitis,  a  proper  name ;  lit.  heaven- 
ly, <  ccelestis:  see  celestial.^  1.  An  adherent  of 
Pelagianism:  so  called  from  Cselestius,  one  of 
the  early  supporters  of  Pelagius. — 2.  One  of 
an  order  of  Benedictine  monks,  now  nearly 
extinct,  so  named  when  their  foimder  became 
pope  as  Celestine  V.  in  1294.  He  was  Pietro  Ange- 
lerier,  and  was  known  as  Pietro  da  ilurrone,  from  the 
mountain  he  inhabited  as  a  hermit,  whence  the  monks 
(organized  about  1254)  were  originallj-  called  Murronians. 
The  brethren  rise  two  houi-s  after  nddnight  to  say  matins, 
eat  no  flesh,  fast  often,  and  wear  a  white  gown  and  a  black 
capouch  and  scapular.  For  several  centuries  the  Celes- 
tines  were  very  numerous  and  prosperous,  especially  in 
Italy  and  France. 

3.  A  member  of  an  extinct  order  of  Franciscan 
hermits. 

Celestinian  (sel-es-tin'i-an),  n.  Same  as  Cel- 
estine. 

celestite  (sel'  es-tit),  n.  [<  L.  cwlestis,  of  heaven 
(see  celest),  +  -ite^.']  In  mineral.,  ■a&tive  stron- 
tium sulphate.  It  is  found  in  orthorhombic  crystals  re- 
sembling those  of  barite  in  form,  also  massive  and  fibrous. 
The  color  is  white,  or  a  delicate  blue  (whence  the  name). 
It  occurs  finely  crystallized  in  Sicily,  with  native  sulphur, 
at  many  other  localities  in  Europe,  and  in  America  on 
Strontian  island  in  Lake  Erie,  at  Lockport  in  New  York, 
etc.    Also  celestin,  cch',ftine,  ca'lestin,  ca'lentine. 

celestivet,  a.  [ME.  celestif,  <  OF.  celestif,  ce- 
lestial; as  celest  +  -ive.']  Celestial. 

Full  gladly  thay  wold  I  shold  use  my  life 
Here  as  for  to  pray  our  lord  celestif 
For  thaim  and  for  you  in  especiall, 
That  in  paradise  he  vs  do  put  all. 

Rom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3288. 

Celeus  (sel'e-us),  11.  [NL.  (Boie,  1831),  <  Gr. 
KeAeof,  the  green  woodpecker,  Picus  viridis.']  A 
genus  of  South  American  woodpeckers,  con- 
taining such  as  C.  flavus  and  C.  flavescens  of 
Brazil.    It  gives  name  to  the  Celeomorphce. 

celia,  n.    See  coclia. 

celiac,  coeliac  (se'li-ak),  a.  [<  L.  coeliacus,  < 
Gr.  Koi/uaKOg,  <  Koi'Ala,  the  belly,  <  koUoc,  hollow.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  the  cavity  of  the  abdomen; 
abdominal  or  ventricular.  Now  chiefly  used  in 
the  phrase  celiac  axis.— 2.  Same  as  coelian.— 
3.  In  med.,  an  old  term  applied,  in  the  phrase 

celiac  passion,  to  a  flux  or  diarrhea  Celiac  axis 

See  axisl.— Celiac  canal,  in  crinoids.  a  continuation  of 
the  coeloma  or  body -cavity  into  the  arms,  separated  by  a 
transverse  partition  from  the  subtentacular  canal,  as  in 
species  of  Antedon  or  Comatula. 

celiadelphus,  «.    See  cceliadelphm. 
celiagra,  «.    See  coeliagra. 
celialgia,  n.    See  cwlialgia. 
celian,  a.    See  coelian. 

celibacy  (sel'i-ba-si),  n.  [<  celibate:  see  -act/.] 
The  state  of  being  celibate  or  unmarried;  a 
single  life;  voluntary  abstention  from  mar- 
riage :  as,  the  celibacy  of  the  clergy. 

[St.  Patrick]  informs  us  that  his  father  was  a  Deacon, 
and  his  grandfather  a  Priest— a  sufficient  proof  that  the 
Celibacy,  which  Rome  now  enforces  on  her  Clergy  in  Ire- 
land, was  no  part  of  Ecclesiastical  discipline  in  the  age 
and  country  of  Ireland's  Apostle. 

Bp.  Chr.  Wordsworth,  Church  of  Ireland,  p.  32. 
A  Monk  (Ra'hib)  must  have  submitted  to  a  long  trial  of 
his  patience  and  piety,  and  made  a  vow  of  celibacy,  before 
his  admission  into  the  monastic  order. 

E.  W.  Lane,  Modern  Egyptians,  II.  316. 
No  part  of  the  old  system  had  been  more  detested  by 
the  Reformers  than  the  honours  paid  to  celibacy. 

Macaulay. 

celibatariant  (seF'i-ba-ta'ri-an),  n.    [<  celibate 
+  -anaw.]    Same  as  celibate,  2. 


878 

celibate  (sel'i-bat),  «.  and  a.    [=  F.  cSlibat  = 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  celibato,  <  L.  cwlibatus,  celibacy,  a 
single  Life,  <  ccelebs  (cwlib-),  immamed:  see 
cwlebs.;\    I.  n.  If.  A  single  life ;  celibacy. 
The  forced  celibate  of  the  English  clergy. 

Bp.  Hall,  Honour  of  Married  Clergy,  p.  312. 
He  .  .  .  preferreth  holy  celibate  before  the  estate  of 
marriage.  Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  I.  273. 

2.  One  who  adheres  to  or  practises  celibacy; 
a  bachelor,  especially  a  confirmed  bachelor. 
II.  a.  Unmarried;  single:  as,  a,  celibate  hie. 
celibate  (sel'i-bat),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  celibated, 
ppr.  celibating.  [<  celibate,  «.]  To  lead  a  single 
life.    Fortnightly  Bev. 

celibatist  (sel'i-ba-tist),  n.  [<  celibate  +  -ist.J 
One  who  lives  umnarried;  a  celibate.  [Rare.] 

celibian  (se-lib'i-an),  a.  [Also  spelled  calibian, 
<  L.  ca'lebs,  coelelis,  a  bachelor,  +  -i-an.']  Un- 
married; celibate.  [Rare.] 

celidography  (sel-i-dog'ra-fl),  «.  [<  Gr.  ht/Xi^ 
{liil'/.id-),  a  spot,  4-  -)pa^ia,  <  ypa<j,eLv,  write.]  A 
description  of  the  spots  on  the  disk  of  the  sun 
or  on  planets. 

Celine,  a.    See  cceline. 

cell  (sel),  n.  [<  ME.  ceUe,  selle  =  D.  eel  =  G. 
celle,  selle  =  Dan.  celle  =  Sw.  cell,  <  OF.  celle, 
mod.  F.  celle  =  Pr.  cella  =  Sp.  celda  =  Pg.  cella 
=  It.  cella,  <  L.  cella,  a  small  room,  a  hut,  barn, 
granary  (NL.,  in  anatomy,  biology,  etc.,  a  cell), 
=  AS.  hcall,  E.  hall,  a  room,  house,  etc.,  =  Gr. 
!<a/<id,  a  hut,  barn,  granary,  —  Skt.  kal,  gala,  a 
hut,  house,  room,  .stable  (ef.  garana,  a  shed, 
hut,  as  adj.  protecting),  and  related  to  L.  celare 
=  AS.  helaii,  cover,  conceal,  =  Skt.  *gar,  *gal, 
cover,  protect :  see  hall,  hele'^,  hole,  and  con- 
ceal.'] 1.  A  small  or  close  apartment,  as  in  a 
convent  or  a  prison. 

It  was  more  dark  and  lone  that  vault, 
Thau  the  worst  dungeon  cell. 

Scott,  Marmion,  ii.  17. 

2.  A  small  or  mean  place  of  residence,  such  as 
a  cave  or  hermitage ;  a  hut. 

Then  did  religion  in  a  lazy  cell. 

In  empty  airy  contemplations  dwell. 

Sir  J.  Denhatii. 

In  cottages  and  lowly  cells 
True  piety  neglected  dwells. 

Somerville,  Epitaph  upon  H.  Lumber. 

3.  In  eccles.  hist.,  a  dependent  religious  house 
founded  on  the  estate  of  an  abbey  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  abbot  of  the  mother  church. 
Aljout  the  middle  of  the  eleventh  century,  owing  to  the 
creation  of  a  new  dignitary  (the  prior,  in  the  abliey  of 
Cluny),  such  establishments  received  the  designation  of 
priories.    Walcott,  Sacred  Archajology. 

Tliis  lord  was  kepere  of  the  selle. 

Cliaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  172. 

A  place  called  Woodkirk,  where  there  was  a  cell  of  Aus- 
tin Friars,  in  dependance  on  the  gi-eat  house  of  St.  Oswald 
at  Nostel.  A.  W.  Ward,  Eng.  Dram.  Lit.,  I.  35. 

4.  In  arcJi.  See  cella,  1.—  5.  In  biol.:  (a)  The 
fundamental  form-element  of  every  organized 

body.  It  is  a  bioplastic  mass  of  protoplasm,  varying  in 
size  and  shape,  generally  of  microscopic  dimensions,  capa- 
ble under  proper  conditions  of  performing  the  functions 
of  sensation,  nutrition,  reproduction,  and  automatic  or 
spontaneous  motion,  and  constituting  in  itself  an  entire 
organism,  or  being  capable  of  entering  into  the  structure 
of  one.  Such  a  cell  as  a  rule  has  a  nucleus,  and  is  usually 
also  provided  with  a  wall  or  definite  boundary  ;  but  neither 
cell-nucleus  nor  cell-wall  necessarily  enters  into  its  struc- 
ture. In  ultimate  morphological  analysis,  all  organized 
tissue  is  resolvable  into  cells  or  cell-products.  See  proto- 
plasm, and  cell  theory,  below.  Specifically,  a  nu- 
cleated eapsulated  form-element  of  any  struc- 
ture or  tissue ;  one  of  the  independent  proto- 
plasmic bodies  which  build  up  an  animal  fab- 


cell 

If  a  single  cell,  under  appropriate  conditions,  becomes 
a  nian  m  the  space  of  a  few  years,  there  can  surely  be  no 
difficulty  in  understanding  how,  under  appropriate  con- 
ditions, a  cell  may  in  the  course  of  untold  millions  of  years 
give  origin  to  the  human  race. 


Cells. 

A,  !L  few  cells  from  the  chorda  dorsalis  of  the  lamprey  :  a,  cell-wall ; 
d,  cell-contents;  c,  nucleus;  nucleolus.  B,  multipolar  nerve-cell 
(with  many  processes)  from  human  spinal  cord  :  r,  nucleus  and  nu- 
cleolus. C,  an  oval  nerve-cell.  Z),  cartilage-cell.  I:,  hepatic  or  liver 
cells,    .f ,  pigmentary  cell,  from  skin  of  frog.    (All  magnified. ) 

ric ;  a  body  consisting  of  cell-substance,  cell- 
wall,  and  cell-nucleus :  as,  hone-xells,  cartilage- 
cells,  muscle-cfZfe,  neTYe-cells,  fat-cells,  cells  of 
connective  tissue,  of  mucous  and  serous  mem- 
brane, etc.,  of  the  blood,  lymph,  etc.  This  is  the 
usual  character  of  cells  in  animals,  and  is  the  ordinary 
technical  anatomical  sense  of  the  word. 


H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  118. 
However  complicated  one  of  the  higher  animals  or  plants 
may  be,  it  begins  its  separate  existence  under  the  form  of 
a  nucleated  cell.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  19. 

(c)  In  Polyzoa,  one  of  the  cases  or  cups  of  the 
ectocyst  or  exoskeleton  of  a  polyzoariiim,  con- 
taining an  individual  zooid  or  polypid.  See  cuts 
under  Flumatella  and  Polyzoa.— 6.  In  anat.  and 
zoiil.,  some  little  cavity,  compartment,  camera, 
or  hollow  place;  a  cella  or  cellula;  a  vesicle;  a 
capsule ;  a  follicle  ;  a  corpuscle,  etc. :  as,  the 
cells  of  honeycomb;  the  cells  (not  osteoblasts) 
of  cancellous  bone-tissue ;  the  cells  (compart- 
ments, not  form-elements)  of  cellular  or  con- 
nective tissue ;  the  cells,  or  cancelli,  of  the  re- 
ticulated structure  of  an  insect's  wing  (that  is, 
the  spaces  between  the  nervures  or  veins) ;  the 
cells  of  a  foraminiferous  or  radiolarian  shell; 
the  cells  (ventricles,  cavities)  of  the  brain ;  spe- 
cifically, in  entom.,  the  basal  inclosed  space  of 
the  -vving  of  a  lepidopterous  insect,  bounded 
by  the  subcostal  and  median  veins,  which  are 
joined  exteriorly.— 7.  A  division  of  the  brain 
as  the  seat  or  abode  of  a  particular  faculty. 
[Poetical.] 

Manye  [mania] 
Engendered  of  humour  nialencolyk 
Byforen  in  his  selle  fantastyk. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  518. 
Mine  eyes  he  closed,  but  open  left  the  cell 
Of  fancy,  my  internal  sight.  Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  469. 

8.  In  elect.,  a  single  jar  or  element  of  a  voltaic 
battery,  a  simple  cell  ordinarily  consists  of  plates  of 
two  different  metals  joined  by  a  wire  and  immersed  in  a 
liquid  (called  the  exciting  liquid)  which  acts  chemically 
upon  one  plate  ;  this,  the  positive  or  generating  plate,  at 
the  expense  of  which  the  electrical  current  is  maintained, 
is  usually  zinc ;  the  negative  plate  is  often  copper,  but  may 
be  platinum,  carbon,  silver,  etc.  The  exciting  liejuid  is  com- 
monly dilute  sulphuric  acid,  but  solutions  of  sal  ammoniac, 
common  salt,  etc.,  are  also  used.  The  current  flows  through 
the  liquid  from  the  positive  plate  (zinc)  to  the  copper,  and 
through  the  wire  from  the  positive  pole  to  the  negative 

pole.  (See  figure.) 
The  current  from 
a  simple  voltaic 
cell  soon  loses  its 
strength,  because 
hydrogen  bubbles, 
liberated  in  the 
chemical  action  on 
the  negative  plate, 
form  a  film  over  it. 
This  polarization 
of  the  negative 
plate  (see  polariza- 
tion) may  be  par- 
tially avoided  by 
inechanical  means 
in  a  siiiglc-fvid  cell, 
by  using  platinum, 
or  silver  covered 
with  finely  divided 
platinum,  as  in  the 
Siiiee  cell,  or  plati- 
nized carbon,  as  in  the  Walker  cell.  It  is  more  eft'ectnally 
prevented  in  a  two-fluid  cell  by  the  addition  of  a  second 
liquid  (the  depolarizing  liquid),  with  which  the  hydrogen 
combines  chemically.  In  the  Grenet  cell,  or  bottle-cell,  bi- 
chromate of  potash  is  mixed  with  the  sulphuric  acid  (being 
hence  called  a  bichromate  cell)in  a  vessel  of  bottle  form,  and 
the  zinc  and  carbon  are  immersed  in  them  ;  the  zinc,  how- 
ever, is  raised  out  of  the  liquid  when  the  cell  is  not  in  use. 
Practically,  the  depolarizing  liquid  is  usually  separated 
from  the  exciting  liquid,  as  in  the  compound  cell.  One  of 
the  best  of  these  is 
the  Daniell  cell,  which 
consists  of  a  zinc  plate 
immersed  in  dilute 
sulphuric  acid  con- 
tained in  a  porous  ves- 
sel, outside  of  which 
is  a  perforated  copper 
plate  surrounded  by 
a  solution  of  copper 
sulphate.  The  action 
is  as  follows  :  The  re- 
action between  the 
zinc  and  sulphuric 
acid  produces  zinc 
sulphate  and  hydro- 
gen ;  the  latter,  fiow- 
ever,  instead  of  col- 
lecting on  the  copper 
plate,     unites     with  Daniell  Cell, 

the  copper  sulphate,     ^,        p,^,^.  ,3  ^^33^,.  c, 

forming        sulphuric    copper  plate  ;  R,  receptacle  for  crystals 
acid  and  metallic  cop-  of  copper  sulphate, 
per.   The  former  goes 

to  keep  up  the  supply  of  acid  in  the  inner  vessel,  and  the 
latter  is  deposited  on  the  copper  plate.  The  consumption 
of  copper  sulphate  is  made  good  by  a  supply  of  crystals 
in  a  receptacle  at  the  top.  A  modified  form  of  the  Daniell 
cell  is  the  gravity  cell,  in  which  the  porous  vessel  is  done 
away  with,  and  the  two  liquids  are  separated  by  theii-  spe- 
cific gravities  ;  the  copper  sulphate  surrounds  the  copper 
plate  at  the  bottom,  and  the  zinc  sulphate  the  zinc  plate  at 
the  top.  This  is  the  form  of  cell  most  used  for  telegraphic 
purposes  in  the  United  States.  Other  forms  of  the  com- 
pound cell  are  the  Grove,  in  which  platinum  and  nitric 


Simple  Voltaic  Cell. 
C,  copper  plate  ;      zinc  plate. 


cell 

acid  take  the  place  of  the  copper  and  copper  sulphate  of 
the  Daniell ;  the  Bunsen,  whidi  is  like  the  Grove  except  in 

tlie  use  of  carbon 
instead  of  plati- 
num ;  and  tliere 
are  many  otliers. 
The  Leclanchi  cell, 
much  used  in  con- 
nection with  elec- 
tric call-bells  (as 
also  with  the  tele- 
plione),  consists  of 
a  rod  of  zinc  im- 
mersed in  a  solu- 
tion of  sal  ammo- 
niac, and  a  plate 
of  carbon,  some- 
times, though 
not  necessarily,  in 
a  separate  por- 
ous vessel  packed 
about  with  pow- 
dered manganese 
dioxid  and  carbon. 
This  cell  rapidly 
becomes  polar- 
ized, but  if  left  to 
itself  soon  regains 


Gravity  Cell. 
C,  copper  plate  :  .Z,  zinc  plate. 


its  strength,  and  hence  is  especially  valuable  for  inter- 
mittent use  ;  it  has  also  the  advantage  that  there  is  no 
waste  of  the  zinc  by  local  action  when  not  in  use.  The 
silver-chlorid  cell,  as  devised  by  De  la  Rue,  consists  of  zinc 
acted  upon  by  sal  ammoniac  and  a  rod  of  silver  surround- 
ed by  a  cylinder  of  silver  chlorid.  The  Latimer -Clark 
standard  cell  consists  of  zinc  and  pure  mercury  separated 
by  a  paste  made  from  sulphates  of  zinc  and  mercury ; 
when  suitably  arranged  it  maintains  a  very  constant  elec- 
tromotive force,  and  hence  has  been  used  as  a  standard. 
9.  A  structure  of  wrouglit-iroii,  consisting 
usually  of  fom-  plates  riveted  to  angle-irons. 
— 10.  A  small  frame  or  box  employed  to  hold 
or  inclose  a  microscopic  object. — 11.  One  of 
the  water-tight  compartments  into  which  the 
space  between  the  inner  and  outer  shells  of  a 
war-vessel,  or  other  metal  ship,  is  divided. — 

AdelomorpllOUS  cells.    Same  as  principal  cells.— Alax 

cells.  See  «Za;-.— Amoeboid  cell,  amoeblform  cell,  a 

cell  which  has  no  determinate  form,  or  which  is  capable 
of  executing  amoeboid  movements,  and  so  of  changing  its 
form,  and  even  of  moving  about,  like  an  amoeba.  Cor- 
puscles of  chyle  and  lymph  are  of  this  character ;  so  like- 
wise are  the  white  corpuscles  of  the  blood. —  Antipo- 
dal cells.    See  antipodal.  —  AviCSOi  cell.    See  apical. — 

Beaker-cells.  Same  as  goblet-cells.— Beale's  ganglion- 
cells,  the  bipolar  cells  of  the  abdominal  sympathetic 
nerve  of  the  frog,  in  which  one  process  is  coiled  spirally 
around  the  other. — Cell  family,  a  row  or  group  of  uni- 
cellular plants  wliich  have  originated  from  a  parent  cell 
and  still  remain  attached ;  a  colony. — Cells  Of  Purkinje, 
large  branching  cells  in  the  cerebellar  cortex. —  Cell  theo- 
ry, the  doctrine  that  the  bodies  of  all  animals  and  plants 
consist  either  of  a  cell  or  of  a  number  of  cells  and  their 
products,  and  that  all  cells  proceed  from  cells,  as  expressed 
in  the  phrase  onmis  cellula  e  cellula:  a  doctrine  fore- 
shadowed by  Kaspar  Friedrich  Wolff,  who  died  in  1794, 
and  by  Karl  Ernst  von  Baer  (born  1792) ;  it  was  established 
in  botany  by  Schleiden  in  1838,  and  in  zoology  by  Theodor 
Schwann  about  1839.  Its  complete  form,  including  the 
ovum  as  a  simple  cell  also,  is  the  basis  of  the  present  state 
of  the  biological  sciences.  —  Chalice-cells.  Same  as  goblet- 
cells. —  Collared  cell,  a  cell  one  end  of  which  has  a  raised 
rim  or  border,  like  a  collar,  as  that  of  a  collar-bearing  mo- 
nad, or  choanoflagellate  infusorian. — Condemned  cell. 
See  conde^irecd.— Daughter-cell.  See  'mother-cell,  below. 
— Delters's  cells,  certain  cells  intimately  connected  with 
the  external  hair-cells  of  the  cochlea ;  also,  the  cells  of  the 
neuroglia  :  sometimes  applied  to  the  large  cells  of  the  an- 
terior cornua  of  the  spinal  cord,  which  give  off  Deiters's 
processes.  Named  from  Deiters,  a  German  anatomist 
(1834-63). — Electrolytic  cell,  a  name  sometimes  given  to 
the  vessel  in  which  a  liquid  is  placed  for  electrolysis.— 
Flagellate  cell,  a  cell  with  only  one  flagellura. —  Gob- 
let-cells, columnar  epithelial  cells  in  which  the  free  end 
is  distended  with  mucin,  so  that  the  cell  presents  the 
form  of  a  goblet.     Also  called  chalice-  or  beaker-cells.— 

Granule-cell.    See  granule. —  Gustatory  cells.  See 

(;«sto«ori/.— Hair-cells,  in  anat.,  cells  having  on  their 
upper  surfaces  very  fine  hair-like  processes,  lying  on  the 
outer  (external  hair-cells)  or  inner  (internal  hair-cells)  side 
of  the  rods  of  Corti  (which  see,  under  rod).— Indifferent 
cells  or  tissues,  cells  or  tissues  not  differentiated  into 
any  of  the  definite  permanent  forms.— Langerhans'  cell, 
a  certain  pecu- 
liar structure  e'  E  e- 
embedded     in  7 

the  epithelium,        /      •oT-'^a''  /- 

in    whiih    the       ,'  ■ 
nerve-flbers  ter-       ' ' 
minate.  —  Lat-     \"  ~  ~ 
ticed     cells.  \ 

See  cambiform. 

—Mother-cell,  \ 

a  cell  which 
multiplies  it- 
self by  the  divi- 
sion of  its  pro- 
toplasmic con- 
tents and  the 
secretion  of  a 
wall  of  cellulose 
about  each  por- 
tion. The  new 
cells  are  called 
daughter  •  cells. 

—  Peaucellier 
cell,  iu  mech., 

a  plane  linkage  cD,  de.  ef.  fc,  af,  ad,  BC,  are  stiff  bars 

discovered     by  jointed  at  a,  C,  D,  E,  F.    a  and  B  are  fixed  in 

Lieut   PeaUCel-  PO^'^'*^"  ^t  a  distance  equal  to  BC,  and  tiiere  is 

lior     in      iQAi  apencilat^".  As  C  turns  about  .5,  describing  the 

"v..  , 5    '  ^"■'^  <:Cc',  the  point  E  describes  the  right  line 

wnicn         first  e^eVco'c/'andir'rfVy  aIetwopo5itionsofC£>^/^ 


■  ■  ■ 


Plan  of  the  Parthenon. 
Ay  cella  ;  B,  opisthodomus  (or  Par- 
thenon )  ;  C,  pronaos ;  D,  epinaos  (or 
opisthodomus) ;  E,  site  of  the  statue 
of  Athena. 


879 

solved  the  celebrated  prolilem  of  parallel  motion.  It  io 
aomposed  of  two  long  links  of  equal  length,  pivoted  toge- 
ther at  one  end  and  at  tlie  other  pivoted  to  the  opposite 
angles  of  a  rhombus  composed  of  four  equal  and  shorter 
links.  For  use,  the  junction,  A,  of  the  two  long  links  is 
fixed  ill  position,  and  an  extra  link,  BC,  is  attached  to  the 
angle  of  tlie  liiombus  nearest  to  ^.  The  other  end,  B,  of 
the  extra  link  is  fixed  in  position,  usually  at  a  distance  from 
A  equal  to  BC.  In  this  case,  when  BC  turns  about  B  as  a 
center,  the  vertex,  E,  of  the  rhombus  most  distant  from  A 
will  describe  a  right  line.  The  production  of  this  effect 
by  link-work  alone  had  been  much  sought  after  since  the 
invention  of  the  steam-engine.- Principal  cells,  the  cen- 
tral cells  of  the  cardiac  glands  of  the  stomach.  Also  called 
adehvmorphous  cells. — Selenium  cell.  See  resistance  and 
photOfihone. 

cell  (sel),  «.      l<cell,  n.]    To  shut  up  in  a  cell; 
place  iu  a  cell.  [Rare.] 
cella  (sel'a),  n. ;  pi.  cellw  (-e).    [L. :  see  cell,  «.] 

1.  The  room  or  chamber  which  formed  the 
nucleus  of  an  an- 
cient Greek  or  Ro- 
man temple  and  con- 
tained the  image  of 
the  deity,  as  distin- 
giushed  from  the 
additional  rooms, 
porticos,  etc.,  often 
combined  with  the 
cella  to  form  the 
complete  temple. 

The  word  is  now  often 
applied  to  the  corre- 
sponding part  of  the  tem- 
ples of  other  peoples, 
as  of  the  ancient  Egyp- 
tians.   Also  cell. 

The  next  class  of  tem- 
ples, called  pseudo-pe- 
ripteral (or  those  in 
which  the  cella  occupies 
the  whole  of  the  after 
part),  are  generally  more 
modern,  certainly  more 
completely  Roman,  than 
these  last. 

Fergusson,  Hist.  Archi- 

[tecture,  I.  307. 
The  front  of  the  cella 
includes  a  small  open 
peristyle. 
B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the 
[Saracen,  p.  296. 

2.  [NL.]  In  anat., 
hiol.,  and  zodl.,  a 

cell;  a  cellula.  [Rare.] — 3.  A  hole  or  hollow 
formed  at  the  foot  of  a  waterfall  or  rapid  by  the 
continued  action  of  the  water.  [Canadian.]  — 
Cella  media,  in  anat.,  the  central  part  of  the  lateral 
ventricles  of  the  brain,  from  which  the  cornua  proceed, 
cellaeform  (sel'f-form),  a.  [Prop,  celliform,  < 
NL.  cella,  a  cell",  +  L.  forma,  shape.]  Of  the 
form  of  a  cell ;  like  a  cell  in  aspect,  but  not  of 
the  morphological  nature  of  a  cell. 

In  the  layer  of  protoplasm  from  which  the  pseudopodia 
proceed,  cellceform  bodies  of  a  bright  yellow  colour,  which 
have  been  found  to  contain  starch,  are  usually  developed. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  85. 

cell-animal  (sd'an^'i-mal),  n.  A  cell  as  an  in- 
dividual animal  or  organism ;  an  animal  that 
is  a  single  cell,  or  a  number  of  cells  not  histo- 
logically differentiated. 

cellar!  (sel'ar),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  celler,  <  ME. 
ccller,  celer,  '<  OF.  celier,  F.  cellier  -  -  Pr.  celier 
=  Cat.  celler  =  Pg.  celleiro  =  It.  celliere  =  D. 
kelder  =  OHG.  chellari,  MHG.  Jcelre,  heller,  G. 
l-eller  =  leel.  Icjallari  =  Sw.  Mllare  —  Dan. 
Jcjcelder,  <  L.  cellarium,  a  pantry,  prop.  neut.  of 
cellarius,  pertaining  to  a  cell,  <  cella :  see  cell, 
n.  In  the  comp.  saltcellar,  q.  v.,  -cellar  is  of 
different  origin.]  1.  A  room  under  a  house  or 
other  building,  either  wholly  or  partly  under 
ground,  not  adapted  for  habitation,  but  for  the 
storage  of  provisions,  wine,  lumber,  fuel,  etc. 

In  some  of  the  overcrowded  parts  of  large  towns,  how- 
ever, cellars  are  converted  into  habitations  for  people  of 
the  poorest  classes. 

By  nygte  sette  it  in  a  soft  cleer  eir,  or  ellis  in  a  coold 
seler.  Book  of  Quinte  Essence  (ed.  Fui-nivall),  p.  8. 

She's  brought  them  down  to  yon  cellar, 
She  brought  them  fifty  steps  and  three. 

The  Knight's  Ghost  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  211). 

2t.  A  receptacle  or  case  for  bottles. 
Kun  for  the  cellar  of  strong  waters  quickly. 

JS.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  iii  1. 
His  wife  afterwards  did  take  me  into  my  closet,  and  give 
me  a  cellar  of  waters  of  her  own  distilling. 

Pepys,  Diary,  April  1,  1668. 

cellar^  (sel'ar),  a.  [<  L.  cellarius,  pertaining  to 
a  cell:  see  cellar'^.']  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  cell; 
cellular:  as,  ceZ/ar  walls.  [Rare.] 

cellaret,  »■    See  celure. 

cellarage  (sel'ar-aj),  n.    [<  cellar'^  +  -aqe.']  1. 

The  space  occupied  by  a  cellar  or  cellars ;  a 

cellar  or  cellars  collectively. 

Come  on  —  you  hear  this  fellow  in  the  cellarage  — 
Consent  to  swear.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  5. 


Gellepora 

2.  Room  or  storage  in  a  <;eUar.  —  3.  A  charge 
for  storage  in  a  cellar. 

cellar-book  (serar-buk),  «.  A  book  containing 
details  regarding  the  wines  or  other  liquors  re- 
ceived into  and  given  out  from  a  wine-cellar; 
a  book  kept  by  a  butler  showing  the  general 
state  of  the  wine-cellar. 

Here  he  checked  the  housekeeper's  account,  and  over- 
hauled the  butler's  cellar-book.  Thackeray. 

cellarer  (sel'ar-er),  H.  [<  ME.  celerer,  celerere, 
<  OF.  celerier,  F.  cellerier  -  -  Pr.  cellarier  = 
OCat.  cellerer  -  -  Sp.  cillerero  =  Pg.  ccllerciro, 
celleireiro  =  lt.  cellerajo,  celler ario  (ML.  cellarius, 
cellerarius),  <  L.  cellurarius,  a  steward,  butler, 
<.  cellarium,  a  pantry:  see  ceiZari.]  1.  An  officer 
in  a  monastery  who  has  the  care  of  the  cellar,  or 
the  charge  of  procuring  and  keeping  the  pro- 
visions ;  also,  an  officer  in  a  chapter  who  has 
the  care  of  the  temporals,  and  particularly  of 
the  distribution  of  bread,  wine,  and  money  to 
canons  on  account  of  their  attendance  in  the 
choir. 

The  cellarer  was  a  sly  old  fellow  with  a  thin  gi  ey  beard, 
and  looked  as  if  he  could  tell  a  good  story  of  an  evening 
over  a  flagon  of  good  wine. 

h.  Curzon,  Monast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  347. 

2.   Same  as  cellarman. — 3.   One  who  keeps 
vrine-  or  spirit-cellars ;  a  spirit-dealer  or  wine- 
merchant. 
Also  cellarist. 

cellaret  (sel'ar-et),  n.  [<  cellar!  +  dim.  -e^.] 
A  ease  for  holding  bottles  or  decanters,  as  of 
wine,  cordials,  etc.,  sometimes  also  several 
liqueur-glasses. 

cellar-flap  (sel'ar-flap),  n.  A  wooden  lifting 
door  covering  the  descent  to  a  cellar.    [U.  S.] 

Cellaria  (se-la'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  of  L.  cella- 
rius, <  cella,  a  chamber,  cell:  see  cell,  n.~\  The 
typical  genus  of  the  family  Cellariidce. 

Cellariidse  (sel-a-ri'i-de),  pi.  [NL.,<  Cella- 
ria +  -if/cr.]  A  family  of  gymnoleematous  chi- 
lostomatous  polyzoans,  typified  by  the  genus 
Cellaria.    Also  Ccllariadw. 

cellaring  (sel'ar-iug),  n.  [<  cellar^  +  -ing'^.']  1. 
A  range  or  system  of  cellars;  cellarage. 

Ah  !  how  blessed  should  I  be  to  live  with  you  in  a  re- 
tired and  peaceful  cottage,  situated  in  a  delightful  sport- 
ing country,  with  attached  and  detached  offices,  roomy 
cellaring,  and  commodious  attics. 

Morton,  Secrets  worth  Knowing,  iii.  4. 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  storing  goods  in  cel- 
lars. 

cellarino  (It.  pron.  chel-la-re'no),  ?).  [It.]  In 
the  Roman  or  Renaissance  Tuscan  and  Doric 
orders  of  architecture,  the  neck  or  necking  be- 
neath the  ovolo  of  the  capital. 

cellarist  (sel'ar-ist),  n.  [<  cellar^  +  -is*.]  Same 
as  cellarer. 

cellarman  (sel'ar-man),  n.;  pi.  cellar  men  (-men). 
A  person  employed  in  a  wine-cellar;  a  butler; 
also,  a  spirit-dealer  or  wine-merchant.  Also 
called  cellarer. 

cellarous  (sel'ar-us),  a.  [icellar'^  +  -ous.']  Be- 
longing to  or  connected  with  a  cellar ;  subter- 
ranean; excavated.  [Rare.] 

Certain  cellarous  steps. 

Dickens,  Uncommercial  Traveller,  ix. 

cellar-rat  (sel'ar-rat),  M.  A  contemptuous 
name  for  a  custom-house  officer  employed  in 
looking  after  the  storage  of  imported  goods. 

There  was  to  be  a  standing  army  kept  up  in  time  of  peace : 
custom-house  officers,  tide-waiters,  and  cellar-rats. 

J.  B.  McMaster,  People  of  the  United  States,  I.  461. 

cellar-snail  (sel 'iir-snal),  71.  Aland-snail, 

Hyaliiia  cellaria,  of  the  family  Vitrinidw  and 
subfamily  Zonitino',  ha\dug  a  small,  depressed, 
polished  shell :  so  called  fi-om  being  foimd  in 

cellars,  it  is  a  European  species  which  has  been  intro- 
duced into  the  United  States,  and  is  common  in  the  Atlan- 
tic seaport  towns. 

cell-capsule  (serkap"sul),  n.  A  thick  ceU-'wall 
or  readily  separable  cell-membrane. 

When  such  membranes  attain  a  certain  degree  of  thick- 
ness and  independence  as  regards  the  body  of  the  cell, 
they  are  known  as  cell-capsules. 

Frey,  Histol.  and  Histo-chem.  (trans.),  p.  S3. 

celled  (seld),  a.  [<  cell  +  -erf2.]  Ha\nng  a  cell 
or  cells;  composed  of  a  cell  or  cells;  cellular: 
used  separately  or  in  compounds :  as,  a  celled 
organ  ;  one-celled ;  many-celled. 

cell-enamel  (sd'e-nam^el),  n.  Cloisonne  en- 
amel. [Rare.] 

Gellepora  (se-lep'o-ra),  n.  [NL.,  better  Celli- 
pora,  <  NL.  cella,  a  cell,  +  L.  porus,  a  passage: 
see  pore.']  The  typical  genus  of  polyzoans  of 
the  family  Celleporida;  having  a  median  avicu- 
lariimi  behind  the  posterior  lip  of  the  mouth  of 
the  ceU.    Also  Cellipora. 


Gelleporidse 

CelleporidSB  (sel-e-por'i-de),  ».  [NL.,  < 
Cellepora  +  -iihv.l  A  f amily  of  chilostomatous 
polyzoans  with  zooeeia  uroeolate,  erecfor  sub- 
erect,  irregularly  heaped  together,  and  often 
forming  several  superimposed  layers. 

Celleporina  (sel"e-p6-ri'na),  ».  2)1.  [NL.,  < 
Cellepora  +  -iiia^.2  'A  sup'erfamily  group  of 
chilostomatous  polyzoans,  having  the  zocecium 
calcareous,  rhomboid  or  oval,  and  a  terminal 
mouth.  It  contains  the 
and  Beteporidcv.  Clans. 

cellerif,  ».    An  obsolete  spelling  of  cellar^. 

celler^t,  ».    See  celure. 

cellerert  (sel'er-er),  n.  Older  form  of  cellarer. 
celliferous  (se-lif '  e-rus),  a.    [<  NL.  cella,  a 

cell,  +  L.  ferre,  =  fi.  bear^,  +  -ous.2  Bearing 

or  producing  cells, 
celliform  (sel'i-form),  «.    [<  NL.  cella,  a  cell. 


880 


laria. 


Celticism 


The  polyzoary  is  erect,  jointed,  phytoid.dichoto-  Celotomy  (se-lot'6-mi),  «.  F    c6lotomie — 

^^.}^'^'^::^^-?^-^<^^-^^?--<^^^'^^st^^'^    Sp.  celotomia,  <  dr.  «^Lr;/./a7<  1)4,  a  t^o;; 

+  -TOfiia,  <  Tifiveiv  (■/  *Tafi),  cut.]  lu  surg. :  (a) 
The  operation  of  cutting  the  constriction  in 
strangulated  hernia.  (6)  An  operation  former- 
ly employed  for  the  radical  cure  of  inguinal  her- 
nia,   (e)  Castration. 


same  way,  the  apertures  large,  oval,  anil  membranous  ami 
the  avicularia,  when  present,  sessile,  and  either  lateral  or 
anterior.    Also  Cellularidce,  Celhdariadce. 

Cellularina  (sel  "ii-la-ri'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Cellularia,  2,  +  -W(a2.]"  a  superfamily  group  of 
chilostomatous  polyzoans,  having  the  zooecium 


corneous  and  infundibulate.    It  contains  the  celsitudet  (sel'si-tud),  w.    [ME.  celcitude,  <  OF, 


families  Celleporidce  /.Ti';;;!';,  f         ff  f^^^  f  f  "f'"^?^^- 

^         cellulated  (sel  u-la-ted),  a.    [<  cellula  +  -ate^ 
+  -fd2.]    Having  a  cellular  structure, 
cellule  (sel'ul),  w.    [=  F.  celhde  =  It.  cellula,  < 
L.  (NL.)  cellula :  see  cellula.']    A  little  cell. 

Specifically— («)  In  entom.,  one  of  the  little  spaces,  sur- 
rounded by  veins,  on  the  wing  of  an  insect,  especially  of 
the  Neuroptera  and  Fseudoneuroptera.  (b)  In  bot.,  one 
of  the  cells  which  constitute  the  areolar  structure  of  a 
moss,  or  of  a  le.af  or  similar  vegetable  organ. 


+  h.  forma,  shape.]    HaA'ing  the  foi-m  but  not  Cellulicolae  (sel-u-lik'6-le),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  cel- 


the  morphological  natui-e  of  a  cell 
Cellipora  (se-lip'o-ra),  71.   [NL.]   Same  as  Cel- 
lepora. 

cellist  (chel'ist),  n.  An  abbreviated  form  of 
violoncellist :  often  m-itten  'cellist. 


lula. 


q.  v.,  +  L.  colore,  inhabit:  see  cidt.]  A 


celsitude  =  Sp.  celsitud  =  Pg.  celsitude  =  It.  celsi- 
tudinc,  <  L.  celsitudo  (-tudin-),  a  lofty  bearing, 
later  a  title  equiv.  to  '  Highness,'  <  celsus,  raised 
high,  lofty,  pp.  of  *cellere,  rise  high,  in  comp. 
exccUcre,  etc. :  see  excel,  excelsior.']  1.  Height; 
elevation;  altitude.— 2.  Highness;  excellency: 
sometimes  used  humorously. 
Honor  to  the  .  .  .  and  to  thy  celcitude. 

Court  of  Love,  1.  611. 
In  most  lamentable  forme  complaineth  to  your  .  .  .  cel- 
situde, your  distressed  orators.     Marston,  The  Fawne,  v. 


group  of  spiders,  of  the  ovder  Pidmoiiaria,  whieli  Celsius  thermometer.  Same  as  centigrade  ther- 
form  their  nests  in  slits  beneath  the  bark  of  mometer  (which  see,  under  centigrade). 
trees,  in  the  cavities  of  stones  and  rocks,  or  in  Celt^,  Kelt  (selt,  kelt),  n.    [F.  Celte  =  Sp  Pg 


burrows  in  the  ground.    [Not  in  use.] 


Cellite  (sel'it),  n.    [F.  Cellite  =  Sp.  Celito,  <  Cellulifera(sel-u-lif'e-ra),  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 

"  "■■      -    '  -      •-  --       -  of  celluliferus :  see  celluliferous.]  A  systematic 

name  of  the  polyzoans  or  moss-animalcules, 
celluliferous  (sel-u-lif'e-rus),  a.  [=  F.  cellu- 
lifere,  <  NL.  celluliferus,  <  cellula,  q.  v.,  4-  L. 
ferre  =  E.  ftearl.]  Bearing  or  producing  little 
cells ;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Cellu- 
lifcra. 

celluline  (sel'u-lin),  n.  and  a.    [<  cellula  + 
-iiic^.]    Same  as  cellulose^. 
cellulitis  (sel-u-li'tis),  «.   [NL.,  <  celhda,  q.  v., 
+  -itis.]   In  pathol.,  inflammation  of  cellular  or 
connective  tissue,  especially  in  its  looser  forms. 


ilL.  CelUtee,  pi.,  <  L.  cella,  a  cell.]"  Same  as 
Lollard,  1. 

cell-membrane  (sel'mem'-'bran),  n.  In  biol., 
the  investing  membrane  or  wall  of  a  cell. 

A  distinct,  independent  pellicle,  separable  from  the  cell- 
body,  and  known  as  the  cell-uieinbraiie. 

Frey,  Histol.  and  Histo-chem.  (trans.),  p.  64. 

cell-mouth  (sel'mouth),  n.    The  oral  opening 

of  a  unicellular  animal ;  a  eytostome. 
cello  (chel'o),  n.  An  abbreviation  of  violoncello: 

often  written  ^cello. 
cell-parasite  (serpar'-'a-sit),  n.    An  extremely 


minute  parasite  which  lives  within  a  single  cell  celluloid  (sel'u-loid),  ?(.    [<  cellul(ose^)  +  -oid.] 

...  A  substance  made  of  guncotton,  camphor,  and 

some  other  ingredients,  imitating  ivory,  or, 
when  colored,  tortoise-shell,  coral,  amber,  mal- 
achite, etc.  Many  articles,  useful  and  orna- 
mental, are  manufactured  from  it. 
cellulosel  (sel'u-los),  a.  [<  NL.  as  if  *cellulo- 
SMS,  <  cellula,  q.  v.]  Containing  cells, 
cellulose^  (sel'u-los),  n.  and  a.  [<  cellula  + 
-osc.]  I.  n.  In' bot.,  the  essential  constituent 
of  the  primary  wall-membrane  of  all  cells,  a 


of  the  tissues  of  its  host,  as  a  coccidium. 
cell-parasitism  (sel'par'a-si-tizm),  w.  Intra- 
cellular parasitism  ;  parasitic  life  within  a  cell, 
cell-sap  (sel'sap),  n.    Fluid  or  semi-fluid  ceU- 

substanee ;  fluidie  protoplasm, 
cell-substance  (sel'sub'stans),  n.    The  con- 
tents of  a  cell;  the  general  protoplasm  com- 
posing the  body  of  a  cell, 
cellula  (sel'u-la),  n.;  pi.  cellulm  (-le).  [NL. 
use  of  L.  cellula,  a  small  storeroom,  dim.  of 
cella,  a  cell,  storeroom:  see  cell,  n.]    A  little 
cell ;  a  cellule, 
cellular  (sel'u-lar),  a.  and  n.    [<  F.  cellulaire  = 
Sp.  celular  ='  Pg.  cellular  =  It.  cellulare,  <  NL. 
cellularis,  <  L.  (NL.)  cellula  :  see  cellula,  cell] 
I.  a.  Consisting  of,  con- 
taining,  or  resembling 
cells ;  pertaining  to  a  cell 
or  to  cells:  as,  cellular 
structure;  a  cellular  ap- 
pearance. 

A  very  good  example  of  such 
a  cellular  parenchyma  is  to  be 
found  in  the  substance  known 
as  Rice-paper. 

W.  B.  Carpenfer,  Micros.,  §351. 
Cellular  beam.  See  beam.— 
Cellular  cartilage.  See  car- 
^itof/e.— Cellular  system,  in 
bot.,  that  p<n  tion  of  the  struc- 
ture of  plants  which  is  com- 
posed of  fundamental  cellular 
tissue,  or  parenchyma,  in  distinction  from  tlie  flbrovascu- 
lar  and  epidermal  systems.— Cellular  theory.  Same  as 
cell  theory  (yi\\ic\\  see,  under  ceiO-— Cellular  tissue,  in 
plants,  parenchyma  (which  see).— Cellular  tissue,  cel- 
lular membrane,  in  animals,  areolar  tissue  (which  see, 
under  areolar).    See  ail  and  tixx}ie. 

II.  11.  In  bot.,  a  plant  having  no  spiral  ves- 
sels. Lindley. 


It.  Celta,  usually  in  pL,  <  L.  Celta;,  pi.,*  sing. 
*Celta,  <  Gr.  KslTai  (sing.*KiAr?/f ),  earlier  KeAro/ 
(smg.  *KfAr(5f),  a  name  at  first  vaguely  applied 
to  a  Western  people,  afterward  the  regular  des- 
ignation of  the  Celtic  race.  Origin  imknown ; 
perhaps  akin  to  the  equiv.  L.  Galli,  the  'Gauls,' 
and  to  the  Celtic  Gael,  q.  v.  The  W.  Celfiad 
(as  if  'a  dweller  in  coverts,'  <  celt,  a  covert, 
shelter,  <  celu,  hide,  conceal,  <  L.  celare,  hide : 
see  cell  and  conceal),  a  Celt,  Gael.  Ceiltich  and 
Coilltich,  pL,  Celts,  are  prob.  due  to  the  L.  Celtw. 
The  reg.  Eng.  spelling  is  Celt  and  the  reg.  Eng. 
pron.  selt ;  but  the  spelling  Kelt,  after  G.  Kelt, 
Gr.  KtATai,  W.  Celtiad  (pron.  kel'ti-ad),  is  pre- 
ferred by  some  recent  writers.]  A  member  of 
one  of  the  peoples  speaking  languages  akin  to 
those  of  Wales,  Ireland,  the  Highlands  of  Scot- 
land, and  Brittany,  and  constituting  a  branch 
or  principal  division  of  the  Indo-European  fam- 
ily. Formerly  these  peoples  occupied,  partly  or  wholly 
France,  Spain,  northern  Italy,  the  western  parts  of  Ger- 
many, and  the  British  islands.  Of  the  remaining  Celtic 
languages  and  peoples  there  are  two  chief  divisions,  viz., 
the  Gadhelic,  comprising  the  Highlanders  of  Scotland,  the 
Irish,  and  the  Manx,  and  the  Cymric,  comprising  the 
Welsh  and  Bretons  ;  the  Cornish,  of  Cornwall,  related  to 
the  latter,  is  only  recently  extinct. 


secretion  from  the  contained  protoplasm,  isom-celt2  (selt),  n.    [<  W.  ' cellt,  a  flintstone.l  In 


Cellular  Structure. 
Section  of  Leaf  of  the  Apple 
aa,  epidermal  cells:  d.  pali- 
sade cells;  c,  spongy  paren- 
chyma :  ^,  c,  cellular  tissue  of 
the  leaf. 


erous  with  starch  in  its  composition,  and  al 
lied  to  starch,  sugar,  and  inulin.  it  rarely  or  never 
exists  in  a  simple  condition  unmixed  with  coloring  or 
mineral  matters,  etc.  ;  and  with  age  it  becomes  largely 
transformed  into  lignin,  suberin,  or  mucilage.  Cotton 
and  the  bleached  fiber  of  flax  and  hemp  are  nearly  pure 
cellulose,  and  in  some  filter-paper  it  is  almost  chemically 
pure.  Cellulose  is  remarkable  for  its  insolubility,  being 
dissolved  without  change  only  by  an  ammoniacal  solu- 
tion of  oxid  of  copper,  from  which  it  may  be  again  pre- 
cipitated. Under  the  action  of  concentrated  or  boiling 
acids,  or  of  caustic  alkalis,  many  different  products  are 
obtained,  according  to  the  method  of  treatment.  It  is 
changed  to  glucose  by  long  boiling  with  dilute  sulphuric 
or  hydrochloric  acid;  a  substance  resembling  parchment 
is  obtained  by  treating  unsized  paper  with  cold  sulphu- 
ric acid ;  strong  nitric  acid,  or  a  mixture  of  nitric  and 
sulphuric  acids,  converts  forms  of  cellulose  into  guncot- 
ton, etc.  In  its  unchanged  condition  it  is  not  colored  by 
iodine  except  usually  with  a  faint  yellowish  tint,  which 
becomes  a  bright  blue  on  the  addition  of  strong  sulphuric 
acid.  Cellulose  is  also  said  to  exist  in  the  tunics  of  Ascidia 
and  in  other  invertebrates.— Starch-cellulOse,  the  deli- 
cate skeleton  of  cellulose  which  remains  when  starch- 
granules  are  dissolved  in  saliva  or  pepsin. 

II.  a.  Formed  of  cellulose, 
cellulosic  (sel-u-16'sik),  a.    [<  cellulose^  +  -4c.] 
Of  or  relating  to  cellulose ;  produced  by  or  made 
of  cellulose:  as,  "  ceM-wtosic  fermentation,"  Nine- 
teenth Century. 
celort,  n.    Same  as  celure 


naieiv,  bum ;  from  the 


Cellulares  (sel-ii-la'rez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  Celosi'a  (se-16'si-a),  w.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  w/Aeof,  burn 
cellularis:  see  cellular.]  In  De  CandoUe's  sys-  ' 
tem  of  classification,  a  name  given  to  that  di- 
vision of  the  vegetable  kingdom  more  usually 
called  Cryptogamia,  including  plants  which  are 
formed  wholly  or  chiefly  of  cellular  tissue. 
Strictly  limited,  it  should  include  only  the 
mosses,  Hepaticce,  and  lower  cryptogams. 
Cellularia  (sel-u-la'ri-a),  n.  j)l.  [NL.  (Cuvier), 
neut.  pi.  of  ceZZw/aris,"  cellular :  see  cellular.] 
1 .  In  Cuvier's  system  of  classification,  the  sec- 
ond family  of  the  Corallifera,  defined  as  having 
each  polyp  adhering  to  a  horny  or  calcareous 
cell  with  thin  walls,  and  no  apparent  connec- 
tion with  one  another  except  by  a  very  thin 
epidermis  or  by  pores  in  the  walls  of  the  cells. 

[Not  in  use.] — 2.  [Used  as  a  singular.]   The  celostomy  (se-los'to- 
typical  and  only  genus  of  the  family  Cellulari-    mi),  n.    [<  Gr.  koiXo- 
idm.    C.  peachi  is  an  example. 
Cellulariidae  (sel"u-la-ri'i-de),  n.        [NL.,  < 
Cellularia,  2,  +  -idee/]    A  family  of  chilosto- 
matous polyzoans,  typified  by  the  genus  Cellu- 


ing,  later  /c/;Aof,  dry,  < 
bui-ned  appearance  of 
the  flowers  of  some 
species.]  A  genus  of 
plants,  natural  order 
Amarantacece,  for  the 
most   part  tropical. 

The  cockscomb  common  in 
cultivation  is  C  cristata; 
but  the  cultivated  form  of 
this  plant,  with  a  broad 
flattened  stem  and  a  ter- 
minal crest,  is  very  unlike 
its  natural  condition,  be- 
ing a  monstrosity  formed 
by  the  union  or  fasciation 
of  the  branches. 


arofiia,  <  koI'Ao^,  hollow 
(see  ceil,  n.),  +  oTofia, 

the  mouth.]  The  act  of  speaking  with  a  hol- 
low voice. 


Cockscomb  {Celosia  cristata 


arcltwol.,  an  implement  or  weapon  widely  used 
among  primitive  and  uncivilized 
races,  and  having  the  general 
form  of  a  chisel  or  an  ax-blade. 
In  the  eighteenth  century  the  name  was 
given  to  the  stone  and  bronze  imple- 
ments of  this  general  shape,  without 
careful  consideration  of  their  proba- 
ble uses.  The  stone  celts  are  all  of  a 
form  more  or  less  closely  resembling 
the  head  of  a  hatchet,  differing  only  in 
being  sometimes  flatter  and  with  a 
longer  cutting  edge,  sometimes  of  a 
section  nearly  circular,  pointed  at  one  Celts, 
end,  and  coming  abruptly  to  an  edge 
at  the  other.  The  bronze  celts,  the  forms  of  which  are 
very  varied,  may  be  divided  into  three  principal  classes  : 
First,  chisel-shaped  blades  without  sockets,  but  with  raised 
rims  on  each  side  forming  a  pair  of  grooves,  apparent- 
ly intended  to  retain  a  wooden  handle  fitted  on  in  the  di- 
rection of  the  length  of  the  blade ;  these  may  be  consid- 
cred  as  sp.ades  intended  for  agricultural  labor.  Second, 
chisel-shaped  blades,  having  a  deep  socket  at  the  end  op- 
posite the  cutting  edge,  and  usually  fitted  with  a  loop  or 
pierced  ear  on  one  side.  Third,  blades,  also  with  a  socket, 
but  shorter  and  broader ;  these,  which  have  often  been 
called  ax-heads,  are  thought  rather  to  be  ferrules  for  the 
butt-end  of  spear-shafts  and  the  like,  the  edge  enabling 
them  to  be  driven  into  the  ground.  See  amijarn,  paal- 
stab,  pot-celt,  and  socket-celt. 

Celtiberian  (sel-ti-be'ri-an),  a.  and  «.  [<  L. 
Celtiberi  (Gr.  KeXrifti/peg),  the  inhabitants  of 
Celtiberia,  <  Celtw,  the  Celts,  +  Jberi,  the  Ibe- 
rians, the  supposed  original  inhabitants  of 
Spain.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Celtiberia  and  its 
inhabitants,  the  Celtiberi,  an  ancient  people 
of  Spain  formed  by  a  union  of  Celts  and  Ibe- 
rians. 

II.  n.  A  member  of  the  dominant  race  of 
ancient  Celtiberia,  a  region  in  central  Spain. 
Celtic,  Keltic  (sel'-,  kel'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
Celticus  (Gr.  KeXriKSg),  <  Celtce,  Gr.  KeXrai :  see 
Celt^.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Celts,  or  to  their 
language :  as,  Celtic  tribes ;  Celtic  tongues ;  Cel- 
tic customs ;  of  Celtic  origin — Celtic  monuments. 

See  megalithic  monuments,  under  megalitliic.— Celtic 
pipe.    See/dirj/yipes.- Celtic  pottery.    See  pottery. 

II.  n.  The  language  or  group  of  dialects 
spoken  by  the  Celts,  including  Welsh,  Armoric 
or  Breton,  Irish,  Gaelic,  and  Manx. 
Celticism,  Kelticism  (sel'-,  kel'ti-sizm),  n. 

1.  The  manners  and  customs  of  the  Celts. — 

2.  A  Celtic  idiom  or  mode  of  expression. 
Also  Celtism,  Keltism. 


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